{"id": "PMID:922458", "title": "5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of penile and urethral condylomata acuminata.", "content": "5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) cream was compared with podophyllin 25 percent in alcohol for treating genital and urethral condylomata acuminata. The cure rate after four weeks was found to be 6 of 18 patients treated with 5-FU and 10 of 19 treated with podophyllin. By changing the treatment  for those not cured, warts regressed after four weeks in four more patients in each group. Patients were followed up for four to nine months; 10 of 27 treated with 5-FU and 14 of 31 treated with podophyllin remained in remission. It is not possible to support earlier reports on the successful treatment of meatal warts using 5-FU cream. More than half of the patients given 5-FU reported side effects after 10 to 14 days' treatment, which in some cases led them to stop using the cream. Twenty-one men considered to be treatment failures or relapses were examined by urethroscopy. No intraurethral condylomata were found but three cases of warts in the fossa navicularis were doscovered; this prompted us to introduce an instrument to examine the urethral meatus and the fossa navicularis.", "contents": "5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of penile and urethral condylomata acuminata. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) cream was compared with podophyllin 25 percent in alcohol for treating genital and urethral condylomata acuminata. The cure rate after four weeks was found to be 6 of 18 patients treated with 5-FU and 10 of 19 treated with podophyllin. By changing the treatment  for those not cured, warts regressed after four weeks in four more patients in each group. Patients were followed up for four to nine months; 10 of 27 treated with 5-FU and 14 of 31 treated with podophyllin remained in remission. It is not possible to support earlier reports on the successful treatment of meatal warts using 5-FU cream. More than half of the patients given 5-FU reported side effects after 10 to 14 days' treatment, which in some cases led them to stop using the cream. Twenty-one men considered to be treatment failures or relapses were examined by urethroscopy. No intraurethral condylomata were found but three cases of warts in the fossa navicularis were doscovered; this prompted us to introduce an instrument to examine the urethral meatus and the fossa navicularis."}
{"id": "PMID:922459", "title": "Gumma of the testis and penis.", "content": "The case is described of a patient suffering from gummata of the testes and of the penis, and asymptomatic neurosyphilis. The diagnosis was made on the clinical findings and the strongly positive serological tests for syphilis. It was further supported by the response to penicillin.", "contents": "Gumma of the testis and penis. The case is described of a patient suffering from gummata of the testes and of the penis, and asymptomatic neurosyphilis. The diagnosis was made on the clinical findings and the strongly positive serological tests for syphilis. It was further supported by the response to penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:922460", "title": "Circinate vulvitis in Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of Reiter's syndrome in women are described. The diagnosis was based on the presence of increased vaginal and cervical discharge containing excess leucocytes, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and HLA B27 tissue-typing antigen. In addition circinate lesions developed on the vulva similar to those seen on the glans penis. No previous description of these lesions has been traced and the name 'circinate vulvitis' is suggested for these lesions.", "contents": "Circinate vulvitis in Reiter's syndrome. Two cases of Reiter's syndrome in women are described. The diagnosis was based on the presence of increased vaginal and cervical discharge containing excess leucocytes, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and HLA B27 tissue-typing antigen. In addition circinate lesions developed on the vulva similar to those seen on the glans penis. No previous description of these lesions has been traced and the name 'circinate vulvitis' is suggested for these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:922475", "title": "Apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the rat nucleus accumbens septi-tuberculum olfactorium.", "content": "The nucleus accumbens septi and tuberculum olfactorium (NAS-TO), which from part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and the striatum, which is part of the nigrostriatal dopamingeric system, contain high levels of both dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine and resemble each other in some other biochemical properties. We determined whether blockade or stimulation of DA receptors by agonists or antagonists affects the cholinergic neurons in this brain structure. The DA receptor antagonists haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine and clozapine had no effect on the acetylcholine level in the NAS-TO even at 2-8 times the minimum dose required to maximally decrease striatal acetylcholine. Similarly, D-amphetamine and bromocriptine (CB 154), DA receptor stimulating drugs, had no effect on the acetylcholine level in this brain area at doses up to 3 times higher than those that produced a maximum increase in the striatum. Piribedil (15-120 mg/kg) and apomorphine (4 mg/kg) did increase acetylcholine in the NAS-TO but the action was not blocked by pimozide and is therefore not attributable to DA receptor action. The data thus indicate an apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the NAS-TO.", "contents": "Apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the rat nucleus accumbens septi-tuberculum olfactorium. The nucleus accumbens septi and tuberculum olfactorium (NAS-TO), which from part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and the striatum, which is part of the nigrostriatal dopamingeric system, contain high levels of both dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine and resemble each other in some other biochemical properties. We determined whether blockade or stimulation of DA receptors by agonists or antagonists affects the cholinergic neurons in this brain structure. The DA receptor antagonists haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine and clozapine had no effect on the acetylcholine level in the NAS-TO even at 2-8 times the minimum dose required to maximally decrease striatal acetylcholine. Similarly, D-amphetamine and bromocriptine (CB 154), DA receptor stimulating drugs, had no effect on the acetylcholine level in this brain area at doses up to 3 times higher than those that produced a maximum increase in the striatum. Piribedil (15-120 mg/kg) and apomorphine (4 mg/kg) did increase acetylcholine in the NAS-TO but the action was not blocked by pimozide and is therefore not attributable to DA receptor action. The data thus indicate an apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the NAS-TO."}
{"id": "PMID:922476", "title": "A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. I. Effects on the skin and deep receptor structures in man.", "content": "The possibility of use of focused ultrasound (focused beam of high-frequency mechanical waves) for stimulation of nerve structures was investigated. The stimulation of human hand resulted in various sensations: tactile, temperature, pain etc. The corresponding thresholds were determined and characteristic features of ultrasonically induced sensations were studied. The modality of temperature sensation (warmth-cold) was found to depend on the environmental temperature. The character of pain was dependent upon the type of tissue stimulated. Effective factors in ultrasonic stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. I. Effects on the skin and deep receptor structures in man. The possibility of use of focused ultrasound (focused beam of high-frequency mechanical waves) for stimulation of nerve structures was investigated. The stimulation of human hand resulted in various sensations: tactile, temperature, pain etc. The corresponding thresholds were determined and characteristic features of ultrasonically induced sensations were studied. The modality of temperature sensation (warmth-cold) was found to depend on the environmental temperature. The character of pain was dependent upon the type of tissue stimulated. Effective factors in ultrasonic stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922477", "title": "A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. II. Effects on the animal receptor structures.", "content": "The possibility of stimulation of receptor structures with focused ultrasound (focused beam of high frequency mechanical waves) was investigated. Stimulation of single Pacinian corpuscle isolated from cat's mesentery resulted in receptor and action potentials. Stimulation of frog's ear labyrinth resulted in evoked potentials recorded from midbrain auditory area, their characteristics being much the same as those for responses to adequate sound stimuli. It is concluded that focused ultrasound is an advantageous agent for stimulation of various mechanoreceptors both isolated and, especially, located deep in the body. Some problems related to sensory specificity are discussed.", "contents": "A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. II. Effects on the animal receptor structures. The possibility of stimulation of receptor structures with focused ultrasound (focused beam of high frequency mechanical waves) was investigated. Stimulation of single Pacinian corpuscle isolated from cat's mesentery resulted in receptor and action potentials. Stimulation of frog's ear labyrinth resulted in evoked potentials recorded from midbrain auditory area, their characteristics being much the same as those for responses to adequate sound stimuli. It is concluded that focused ultrasound is an advantageous agent for stimulation of various mechanoreceptors both isolated and, especially, located deep in the body. Some problems related to sensory specificity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922478", "title": "Odorant responses in taste neurons of the rat NTS.", "content": "In the experiment reported in this paper, 22 of 35 neurons in the gustatory NTS were found to respond to odorant as well as taste stimuli. This odorant response was apparently mediated by the ethmoid nerve and at least one other odorant-responsive system, possibly other nasal trigeminal afferents. These gustatory neurons responded to odorants, as they did to taste stimuli, in a manner consistent with an encoding of stimulus quality information. Thus at least some of the neurons of the gustatory NTS carry information concerning several of the senses involved in ingestion.", "contents": "Odorant responses in taste neurons of the rat NTS. In the experiment reported in this paper, 22 of 35 neurons in the gustatory NTS were found to respond to odorant as well as taste stimuli. This odorant response was apparently mediated by the ethmoid nerve and at least one other odorant-responsive system, possibly other nasal trigeminal afferents. These gustatory neurons responded to odorants, as they did to taste stimuli, in a manner consistent with an encoding of stimulus quality information. Thus at least some of the neurons of the gustatory NTS carry information concerning several of the senses involved in ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:922479", "title": "Monoamine oxidase in developing chick retina.", "content": "The developmental changes in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in chick retina were investigated. The whole pattern of the developmental changes in MAO activity towards 5-HT was similar to that towards PEA, even though the activity towards 5-HT was much lower than that towards PEA during the period from the 12th day of incubation to the 14th day after hatching. The MAO activities on the 12th day of incubation were low and increased remarkably until the 18th day of incubation. Then they remained unchanged until the 7th day after hatching; therefore, they decreased. The activities measured on the 14th day after hatching are on the same level as those of an adult. The multiplicity of MAO in the retinae of a chick on the 12th day of incubation and of an adult was also studied with specific inhibitors. The result showed that the major part of MAO in chick retina is type B enzyme; that type A MAO in the retina of an adult is, however, relatively higher than that in the retina of the embryo on the 12th day of incubation. It was found that an appreciable amount of MAO activity towards 5-HT in chick retina is due to type B MAO.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase in developing chick retina. The developmental changes in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in chick retina were investigated. The whole pattern of the developmental changes in MAO activity towards 5-HT was similar to that towards PEA, even though the activity towards 5-HT was much lower than that towards PEA during the period from the 12th day of incubation to the 14th day after hatching. The MAO activities on the 12th day of incubation were low and increased remarkably until the 18th day of incubation. Then they remained unchanged until the 7th day after hatching; therefore, they decreased. The activities measured on the 14th day after hatching are on the same level as those of an adult. The multiplicity of MAO in the retinae of a chick on the 12th day of incubation and of an adult was also studied with specific inhibitors. The result showed that the major part of MAO in chick retina is type B enzyme; that type A MAO in the retina of an adult is, however, relatively higher than that in the retina of the embryo on the 12th day of incubation. It was found that an appreciable amount of MAO activity towards 5-HT in chick retina is due to type B MAO."}
{"id": "PMID:922480", "title": "On the origin of substance P and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the substantia nigra.", "content": "Knife cuts in the frontal plane separating the anterior part of the caudate-putamen from the globus pallidus resulted in marked decreases in substances P levels in the reticular part of the substantia nigra. More caudal knife cuts were required in order to effect maximal decreases in nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase levels. Thus, there is a clear anatomical dissociation between the striatal neurons which project to the reticular part of the substantia nigra and which contain SP, and the more caudally located GAD-containing striatal and pallidal neurons, all of which travel through the globus pallidus on their way to the substantia nigra.", "contents": "On the origin of substance P and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the substantia nigra. Knife cuts in the frontal plane separating the anterior part of the caudate-putamen from the globus pallidus resulted in marked decreases in substances P levels in the reticular part of the substantia nigra. More caudal knife cuts were required in order to effect maximal decreases in nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase levels. Thus, there is a clear anatomical dissociation between the striatal neurons which project to the reticular part of the substantia nigra and which contain SP, and the more caudally located GAD-containing striatal and pallidal neurons, all of which travel through the globus pallidus on their way to the substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:922483", "title": "Localization of a brain protein metabolically linked with behavioral plasticity in the goldfish.", "content": "Immunofluorescent methods were used to map the distribution of a soluble, 32,000 dalton brain protein, the synthesis of which increases when goldfish master a vestibulomotor task. The protein was found to be associated with a family of approximately 15,000 cells which vary in diameter from 8 to 15 micrometer and possess multiple processes. These cells are distributed near periventricular and external surfaces from the spinal cord up through the forebrain, but are most abundant in the broad ependymal zones of the optic tectum and vagal lobes. This localization pattern suggests that one of the major changes in brain protein metabolism associated with performance of the 'float-training' task in goldfish may reflect the activity of a non-neuronal population of brain cells.", "contents": "Localization of a brain protein metabolically linked with behavioral plasticity in the goldfish. Immunofluorescent methods were used to map the distribution of a soluble, 32,000 dalton brain protein, the synthesis of which increases when goldfish master a vestibulomotor task. The protein was found to be associated with a family of approximately 15,000 cells which vary in diameter from 8 to 15 micrometer and possess multiple processes. These cells are distributed near periventricular and external surfaces from the spinal cord up through the forebrain, but are most abundant in the broad ependymal zones of the optic tectum and vagal lobes. This localization pattern suggests that one of the major changes in brain protein metabolism associated with performance of the 'float-training' task in goldfish may reflect the activity of a non-neuronal population of brain cells."}
{"id": "PMID:922485", "title": "Conditions for dominance of one eye during competitive development of central connections in visually deprived cats.", "content": "Three groups of visually deprived cats were studied for evidence that one eye gained a competitive advantage over the other during development of central connections. We attempted to detect such an advantage by measuring lateral geniculate cell sizes, by recording the proportion of lateral geniculate Y-cells and the ocular dominance of cortical neurons, and/or by testing visual orienting behavior. Three cats were raised with one eye covered by the lids, and the other, by the nictitating membrane. Lids reduce illumination by 3--4 log units, nictitating membranes, by about one log unit, and both eliminate spatial patterns. Neither eye in these cats appeared to develop with a competitive advantage over the other. Four cats raised with monocular nictitating membrane closure developed with a clear advantage to the open eye, and in all ways data from these cats were indistinguishable from those previously reported for monocularly lid sutured cats. Finally, 4 cats reared with binocular lid closure, but with additional, temporally modulated stimulation through the right lids, showed no evidence of a competitive advantate to either eye. We conclude that interocular differences in light intensity or temporal patterns do not confer a significant competitive advantage to either eye during development of central connections.", "contents": "Conditions for dominance of one eye during competitive development of central connections in visually deprived cats. Three groups of visually deprived cats were studied for evidence that one eye gained a competitive advantage over the other during development of central connections. We attempted to detect such an advantage by measuring lateral geniculate cell sizes, by recording the proportion of lateral geniculate Y-cells and the ocular dominance of cortical neurons, and/or by testing visual orienting behavior. Three cats were raised with one eye covered by the lids, and the other, by the nictitating membrane. Lids reduce illumination by 3--4 log units, nictitating membranes, by about one log unit, and both eliminate spatial patterns. Neither eye in these cats appeared to develop with a competitive advantage over the other. Four cats raised with monocular nictitating membrane closure developed with a clear advantage to the open eye, and in all ways data from these cats were indistinguishable from those previously reported for monocularly lid sutured cats. Finally, 4 cats reared with binocular lid closure, but with additional, temporally modulated stimulation through the right lids, showed no evidence of a competitive advantate to either eye. We conclude that interocular differences in light intensity or temporal patterns do not confer a significant competitive advantage to either eye during development of central connections."}
{"id": "PMID:922494", "title": "The effect of lesions in the locus coeruleus on the physiological responses of the cerebral blood vessels in cats.", "content": "The effects of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of lesions placed stereotactically in or near the locus coeruleus were studied in 15 lightly anesthetized cats; 5 control cats in which the electrode was placed but no lesion created, and 10 experimental cats in which a lesion was created. The response of CBF to changes in Paco2 and in mean arterial blood pressure was determined by 133Xe-washout studies 10 days after the stereotactic procedures. The sites of the lesions were studied histologically, and their effects on catecholamine concentrations in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and parietal cortex were determined by radio-chemical assay. Control animals and those with lesions near, but not in, the locus coeruleus had normal Paco2--CBF response curves and normal catecholamine concentrations in the areas of biopsy. Bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus was confirmed in 3 animals on histological examination and in these animals there were decreased levels of catecholamines in the areas of assay, higher resting CBFs at normocapnia, and significantly abnormal CBF--Paco2 response curves. The autoregulatory response to changes in perfusion pressure was preserved. Thus, noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus may contribute to the control of intraparenchymal cerebral vessels and disturbance of this control may be important in the pathology of cerebral ischemia.", "contents": "The effect of lesions in the locus coeruleus on the physiological responses of the cerebral blood vessels in cats. The effects of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of lesions placed stereotactically in or near the locus coeruleus were studied in 15 lightly anesthetized cats; 5 control cats in which the electrode was placed but no lesion created, and 10 experimental cats in which a lesion was created. The response of CBF to changes in Paco2 and in mean arterial blood pressure was determined by 133Xe-washout studies 10 days after the stereotactic procedures. The sites of the lesions were studied histologically, and their effects on catecholamine concentrations in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and parietal cortex were determined by radio-chemical assay. Control animals and those with lesions near, but not in, the locus coeruleus had normal Paco2--CBF response curves and normal catecholamine concentrations in the areas of biopsy. Bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus was confirmed in 3 animals on histological examination and in these animals there were decreased levels of catecholamines in the areas of assay, higher resting CBFs at normocapnia, and significantly abnormal CBF--Paco2 response curves. The autoregulatory response to changes in perfusion pressure was preserved. Thus, noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus may contribute to the control of intraparenchymal cerebral vessels and disturbance of this control may be important in the pathology of cerebral ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:922495", "title": "Ionic determinants of excitability in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord cells.", "content": "The ionic components of the action potentials of mouse spinal cord (SC) cells and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were studied in dissociated cell cultures. It was found that the action potentials of SC cells required Na+ in the medium and were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 micron). Action potentials of DRG cells, on the other hand, were not blocked by TTX (up to 10 micron) and were observed in Na-free media in the presence of 8 mM Ca2+. In low Na (31 mM), low Ca2+ (0.1 mM) medium, action potentials were not observed but could be obtained if the Ca2+ concentration was increased. Action potentials of DRG cells investigated in low Na concentration in the presence of 1 mM or 8 mM Ca2+ became larger in amplitude and shorter in duration when the sodium concentration was increased. Na+ has this effect even in the presence of TTX. It is concluded that the action potentials of SC cells result mainly from a TTX-sensitive Na component. The action potentials of DRG cells on the other hand have both a TTX-insensitive Na component and a Ca2+ component.", "contents": "Ionic determinants of excitability in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord cells. The ionic components of the action potentials of mouse spinal cord (SC) cells and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were studied in dissociated cell cultures. It was found that the action potentials of SC cells required Na+ in the medium and were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 micron). Action potentials of DRG cells, on the other hand, were not blocked by TTX (up to 10 micron) and were observed in Na-free media in the presence of 8 mM Ca2+. In low Na (31 mM), low Ca2+ (0.1 mM) medium, action potentials were not observed but could be obtained if the Ca2+ concentration was increased. Action potentials of DRG cells investigated in low Na concentration in the presence of 1 mM or 8 mM Ca2+ became larger in amplitude and shorter in duration when the sodium concentration was increased. Na+ has this effect even in the presence of TTX. It is concluded that the action potentials of SC cells result mainly from a TTX-sensitive Na component. The action potentials of DRG cells on the other hand have both a TTX-insensitive Na component and a Ca2+ component."}
{"id": "PMID:922496", "title": "Regional acetylcholine turnover rates in the brains of three inbred strains of mice: correlation with some interstrain behavioural differences.", "content": "The hypothesis that the genetically determined behavioural differences which exist between the inbred mouse strains Balb/c, DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 may be related to differences in acetylcholine metabolism in certain regions of the brain has been tested. In vivo ACh turnover rates have been measured in three regions (hippocampus, caudate nucleus and frontal-parietal cortex) of the brains of each strain by following the rate of formation of labelled ACh, in these regions, after a pulse intravenous injection of a tracer dose of 3H labelled choline. Focused microwave procedures were used for the rapid fixation of brain tissue and Ch and ACh radioactivities were determined following their electrophoretic separation. Steady-state concentrations of Ch and ACh were measured by a sensitive radio-enzymatic method. Significant interstrain differences in ACh turnover rates are reported for each of the brain regions studied with the order of metabolic activity being Balb/c greater than DBA/2 greater than C57 Bl/6 in each case.  These results are interpreted as being in agreement with previous reports on correlations between learning ability or locomotor activity and regional activities of choline acetyltransferase in the brains of these inbred strains. The correlations between the in vivo ACh turnover rates and (1) interstrain differences in behavioural measures and (2) regional choline acetyltransferase activities are discussed.", "contents": "Regional acetylcholine turnover rates in the brains of three inbred strains of mice: correlation with some interstrain behavioural differences. The hypothesis that the genetically determined behavioural differences which exist between the inbred mouse strains Balb/c, DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 may be related to differences in acetylcholine metabolism in certain regions of the brain has been tested. In vivo ACh turnover rates have been measured in three regions (hippocampus, caudate nucleus and frontal-parietal cortex) of the brains of each strain by following the rate of formation of labelled ACh, in these regions, after a pulse intravenous injection of a tracer dose of 3H labelled choline. Focused microwave procedures were used for the rapid fixation of brain tissue and Ch and ACh radioactivities were determined following their electrophoretic separation. Steady-state concentrations of Ch and ACh were measured by a sensitive radio-enzymatic method. Significant interstrain differences in ACh turnover rates are reported for each of the brain regions studied with the order of metabolic activity being Balb/c greater than DBA/2 greater than C57 Bl/6 in each case.  These results are interpreted as being in agreement with previous reports on correlations between learning ability or locomotor activity and regional activities of choline acetyltransferase in the brains of these inbred strains. The correlations between the in vivo ACh turnover rates and (1) interstrain differences in behavioural measures and (2) regional choline acetyltransferase activities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922497", "title": "Regional differences in the sensitivity of cholinergic neurons to dopaminergic drugs and quipazine in the rat striatum.", "content": "Marked differences were found in the activity of choline acetylase (ChAc) in various discrete areas of the rat striatum. The richest cholinergic innervation was observed in the centrolateral part of the structure. A similar distribution was obtained by measuring acetycholine (ACh) levels in punches taken from frozen frontal serial slices. As revealed by the analysis of the topographical distributions of ChAc activity, ACh, 5-HT and DA, the regional cholinergic innervation differed markedly from that of aminergic terminals. Changes in ACh levels induced by drugs could be estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched from frozen slices. Apomorphine and haloperidol, which increased and decreased ACh levels respectively, induced similar effects in the various striatal areas examined. By contrast quipazine, a drug acting on 5-HT uptake and release and on serotoninergic receptors, selectively increased ACh levels in some areas of the striatum but not in others. The regional changes in ACh levels induced by quipazine were satisfactorily correlated with the regional distribution of 5-HT but not with that of DA. These results suggest that a limited population of striatal cholinergic neurons is under the inhibitory control of serotoninergic neurons. They also indicate that some striatal cholinergic neurons influenced by dopaminergic neurons are not controlled by serotoninergic neurons.", "contents": "Regional differences in the sensitivity of cholinergic neurons to dopaminergic drugs and quipazine in the rat striatum. Marked differences were found in the activity of choline acetylase (ChAc) in various discrete areas of the rat striatum. The richest cholinergic innervation was observed in the centrolateral part of the structure. A similar distribution was obtained by measuring acetycholine (ACh) levels in punches taken from frozen frontal serial slices. As revealed by the analysis of the topographical distributions of ChAc activity, ACh, 5-HT and DA, the regional cholinergic innervation differed markedly from that of aminergic terminals. Changes in ACh levels induced by drugs could be estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched from frozen slices. Apomorphine and haloperidol, which increased and decreased ACh levels respectively, induced similar effects in the various striatal areas examined. By contrast quipazine, a drug acting on 5-HT uptake and release and on serotoninergic receptors, selectively increased ACh levels in some areas of the striatum but not in others. The regional changes in ACh levels induced by quipazine were satisfactorily correlated with the regional distribution of 5-HT but not with that of DA. These results suggest that a limited population of striatal cholinergic neurons is under the inhibitory control of serotoninergic neurons. They also indicate that some striatal cholinergic neurons influenced by dopaminergic neurons are not controlled by serotoninergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:922498", "title": "GABA receptor binding in rat striatum: localization and effects of denervation.", "content": "Intrastriatal injection of 2 microgram of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, causes degeneration of GABAergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum while sparing axons of extrinsic neurons terminating in or passing through the region. From 2 to 15 days after striatal lesion with kainate, the sodium-independent binding of [3H]-psi-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to striatal membranes is increased 200% above that of control. Differences in the amount of endogenous GABA contaminating the membrane preparations do not account for the increased receptor binding. Scatchard analysis reveals an increased affinity of the GABA receptor in the kainate-lesioned striatum with no change in the number of binding sites. The subcellular distribution of the receptor as well as the sensitivity of the receptor to several agonists and antagonists is unchanged by the kainate lesion. Ablation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by nigral injection of 8 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces by 22% the specific binding of [3H]GABA in the ipsilateral striatum and attenuates by 33% the increase in GABA receptor binding produced by the striatal kainate lesion. These studies demonstrate that (1) the sodium independent binding sites for GABA in striatum are localized on axons of extrinsic neurons, and (2) the affinity of these receptors for GABA increases in response to GABAergic denervation.", "contents": "GABA receptor binding in rat striatum: localization and effects of denervation. Intrastriatal injection of 2 microgram of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, causes degeneration of GABAergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum while sparing axons of extrinsic neurons terminating in or passing through the region. From 2 to 15 days after striatal lesion with kainate, the sodium-independent binding of [3H]-psi-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to striatal membranes is increased 200% above that of control. Differences in the amount of endogenous GABA contaminating the membrane preparations do not account for the increased receptor binding. Scatchard analysis reveals an increased affinity of the GABA receptor in the kainate-lesioned striatum with no change in the number of binding sites. The subcellular distribution of the receptor as well as the sensitivity of the receptor to several agonists and antagonists is unchanged by the kainate lesion. Ablation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by nigral injection of 8 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces by 22% the specific binding of [3H]GABA in the ipsilateral striatum and attenuates by 33% the increase in GABA receptor binding produced by the striatal kainate lesion. These studies demonstrate that (1) the sodium independent binding sites for GABA in striatum are localized on axons of extrinsic neurons, and (2) the affinity of these receptors for GABA increases in response to GABAergic denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:922499", "title": "Effects of the Areca nut constituents arecaidine and guvacine on the action of GABA in the cat central nervous system.", "content": "Arecaidine and guvacine, constituents of the nut of Areca catechu, inhibited the uptake of GABA and beta-alanine, but not that of glycine, by slices of cat spinal cord. In cats anesthetised with pentobarbitone, electrophoretic arecaidine enhanced the inhibitory actions of GABA and beta-alanine, but not those of glycine or taurine, on the firing of spinal neurones. Similarly, electrophoretic guvacine enhanced the inhibition of spinal neurones by GABA but not that by glycine. The uptake of GABA by slices of cat cerebellum was inhibited by arecaidine, and the effect of electrophoretic GABA on the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells was enhanced by electrophoretic arecaidine. When administered intravenously arecaidine failed to affect synaptic inhibitions considered to be mediated by GABA. Intravenous arecaidine had no effect on either spinal prolonged (presynaptic) inhibition (20mg/kg), dorsal root potentials (20mg/kg) or basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells (250 mg/kg), although topical arecaidine (6.6-10 x 10(-3) M) blocked this latter inhibition. Large doses of arecaidine (1 g/kg subcutaneous) marginally reduced the lethal effects of bicuculline in mice but appeared to have little or no anticonvulsant activity.", "contents": "Effects of the Areca nut constituents arecaidine and guvacine on the action of GABA in the cat central nervous system. Arecaidine and guvacine, constituents of the nut of Areca catechu, inhibited the uptake of GABA and beta-alanine, but not that of glycine, by slices of cat spinal cord. In cats anesthetised with pentobarbitone, electrophoretic arecaidine enhanced the inhibitory actions of GABA and beta-alanine, but not those of glycine or taurine, on the firing of spinal neurones. Similarly, electrophoretic guvacine enhanced the inhibition of spinal neurones by GABA but not that by glycine. The uptake of GABA by slices of cat cerebellum was inhibited by arecaidine, and the effect of electrophoretic GABA on the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells was enhanced by electrophoretic arecaidine. When administered intravenously arecaidine failed to affect synaptic inhibitions considered to be mediated by GABA. Intravenous arecaidine had no effect on either spinal prolonged (presynaptic) inhibition (20mg/kg), dorsal root potentials (20mg/kg) or basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells (250 mg/kg), although topical arecaidine (6.6-10 x 10(-3) M) blocked this latter inhibition. Large doses of arecaidine (1 g/kg subcutaneous) marginally reduced the lethal effects of bicuculline in mice but appeared to have little or no anticonvulsant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:922504", "title": "Afferent connections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis in the cat as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique.", "content": "Using a retrograde tracer technique with protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), attempts were made to determine afferent projections to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD). As a control, the injection of the HRP was also made into one of the following structures adjacent to the NRD: (1) mesencephalic periaque ductal gray; (2) nucleus linearis intermedius; and (3) third cranial nucleus. The present results indicate that the NRD, particularly is rostral part, receives direct projections arising from: (1) locus coeruleus complex (locus coeruleus, locus coerulus alpha, and locus subcoeruleus); (2) parabrachial nuclei (nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis); (3) nucleus laterodorsalis tegmenti; (4) griseum centrale pontis, particularly the caudal part of the nucleus incertus; (5) substantia nigra; (6) lateral habenular nucleus; (7) hypothalamic areas, particularly dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas; (8) preoptic areas; (9) anarea dorso-lateral to the inferior olivary complex and medial to the lateral reticular nucleus; and (10) raphe nuclei; particularly nucleus linearis intermedius, centralis superior, pontis and magnus. The present findings thus confirm some previous reports on the afferent projections to the NRD described in the cat and rat, and further indicate the richness of afferent connections of the NRD. Some problems of the peroxidase technique have also been discussed.", "contents": "Afferent connections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis in the cat as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Using a retrograde tracer technique with protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), attempts were made to determine afferent projections to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD). As a control, the injection of the HRP was also made into one of the following structures adjacent to the NRD: (1) mesencephalic periaque ductal gray; (2) nucleus linearis intermedius; and (3) third cranial nucleus. The present results indicate that the NRD, particularly is rostral part, receives direct projections arising from: (1) locus coeruleus complex (locus coeruleus, locus coerulus alpha, and locus subcoeruleus); (2) parabrachial nuclei (nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis); (3) nucleus laterodorsalis tegmenti; (4) griseum centrale pontis, particularly the caudal part of the nucleus incertus; (5) substantia nigra; (6) lateral habenular nucleus; (7) hypothalamic areas, particularly dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas; (8) preoptic areas; (9) anarea dorso-lateral to the inferior olivary complex and medial to the lateral reticular nucleus; and (10) raphe nuclei; particularly nucleus linearis intermedius, centralis superior, pontis and magnus. The present findings thus confirm some previous reports on the afferent projections to the NRD described in the cat and rat, and further indicate the richness of afferent connections of the NRD. Some problems of the peroxidase technique have also been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922507", "title": "The internal organization of the mouse caudate nucleus: evidence for cell clustering and regional variation.", "content": "From paraffin-embedded brains of adult mice, ten-micron sections were taken through the entire-extent of the caudate nucleus. Coronal, horizontal or sagittal sections stained with cresyl violet were used to examine two aspects of the internal organization of the nucleus: regional variation and cell clustering. A core of large cells located centrally in the head of the nucleus and ventrally in the body was described. This core is bounded by zones containing medium cells. Slightly larger medium cells occur laterally in the head of the nucleus than elsewhere. Based on these results, three zones have been described in the head of the nucleus: a lateral periphery, a central core area and a medial periphery. The dorsal area of the body of the nucleus probably corresponds most nearly to the lateral periphery, and the ventral area to the central core. Cell clustering is dominant pattern of organization within each zone. Only one large cell was seen per clumped cell grouping, and this cell could occupy either a peripheral or central position in the cluster. Medium cells participated in the clumped arrangement of cells, and also formed rings around fibers of the internal capsule.", "contents": "The internal organization of the mouse caudate nucleus: evidence for cell clustering and regional variation. From paraffin-embedded brains of adult mice, ten-micron sections were taken through the entire-extent of the caudate nucleus. Coronal, horizontal or sagittal sections stained with cresyl violet were used to examine two aspects of the internal organization of the nucleus: regional variation and cell clustering. A core of large cells located centrally in the head of the nucleus and ventrally in the body was described. This core is bounded by zones containing medium cells. Slightly larger medium cells occur laterally in the head of the nucleus than elsewhere. Based on these results, three zones have been described in the head of the nucleus: a lateral periphery, a central core area and a medial periphery. The dorsal area of the body of the nucleus probably corresponds most nearly to the lateral periphery, and the ventral area to the central core. Cell clustering is dominant pattern of organization within each zone. Only one large cell was seen per clumped cell grouping, and this cell could occupy either a peripheral or central position in the cluster. Medium cells participated in the clumped arrangement of cells, and also formed rings around fibers of the internal capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:922508", "title": "Antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats: neurophysiological and behavioral studies.", "content": "The present studies extend previous findings that probing the vaginal cervix of rats blocks withdrawal reflexes and induces immobilization44. In the present studies, we report that this effect is apparently not due to an action on the final motor pathway, for limb or facial movement induced by electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract was not suppressed by the probing. In contrast, the sensory response of neurons in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus to noxious pinch stimulation was markedly attenuated by probing the vaginal cervix. However, the response of these neurons to gentle tactile stimulation was not attenuated, indicating a selective antinociceptive effect of the probing. The antinociceptive effect was not necessarily related to changes in arousal. These findings were supported by behavioral studies in which probing the vaginal cervix blocked vocalization in response to tail shock, and elevated the current threshold for eliciting vocalization in response to tail shock. Furthermore, during the probing, the rats were found to be capable of vocalizing in response to presumably non-noxious (lifting) stimulation, even though their vocalization response to noxious tail shock was suppresed. These studies suggest that probing the vaginal cervix rats exerts an analgesic action.", "contents": "Antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats: neurophysiological and behavioral studies. The present studies extend previous findings that probing the vaginal cervix of rats blocks withdrawal reflexes and induces immobilization44. In the present studies, we report that this effect is apparently not due to an action on the final motor pathway, for limb or facial movement induced by electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract was not suppressed by the probing. In contrast, the sensory response of neurons in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus to noxious pinch stimulation was markedly attenuated by probing the vaginal cervix. However, the response of these neurons to gentle tactile stimulation was not attenuated, indicating a selective antinociceptive effect of the probing. The antinociceptive effect was not necessarily related to changes in arousal. These findings were supported by behavioral studies in which probing the vaginal cervix blocked vocalization in response to tail shock, and elevated the current threshold for eliciting vocalization in response to tail shock. Furthermore, during the probing, the rats were found to be capable of vocalizing in response to presumably non-noxious (lifting) stimulation, even though their vocalization response to noxious tail shock was suppresed. These studies suggest that probing the vaginal cervix rats exerts an analgesic action."}
{"id": "PMID:922509", "title": "Perinatal malnutrition: effects on brain norepinephrine content.", "content": "Timed-gestation Wister rats were given free access to isocaloric diets containing 8% protein (malnourished) or 24% protein (controls). The dietary regimen was initiated on the 12th day of gestation and continued to the dams throughout the remainder of gestation and lactation. Postweaning rats were continued on the respective diets until studies were performed. Whole brain norepinephrine concentration was slightly increased on Day 21 after birth and was significantly increased on Day 35 in malnourished rats as compared with controls.", "contents": "Perinatal malnutrition: effects on brain norepinephrine content. Timed-gestation Wister rats were given free access to isocaloric diets containing 8% protein (malnourished) or 24% protein (controls). The dietary regimen was initiated on the 12th day of gestation and continued to the dams throughout the remainder of gestation and lactation. Postweaning rats were continued on the respective diets until studies were performed. Whole brain norepinephrine concentration was slightly increased on Day 21 after birth and was significantly increased on Day 35 in malnourished rats as compared with controls."}
{"id": "PMID:922510", "title": "Neuronal firing patterns during generalized penicillin epilepsy in the awake cat.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded in the neocortex of awake cats during spontaneous spike wave discharges. Ongoing activity was interrupted during paroxysmal events and was replaced by (1) bursts of action potentials coincident with the EEG spike and cessation of firing during the wave, or (2) cessation of firing for the duration of the paroxysm. Other units which displayed little or no background activity were recruited to fire during the EEG spike. Surface cerebellar stimulation at high frequencies led to decreased neuronal activity while single pulse shocks resulted in short latency activation. These results were compared to studies of spike wave activity elicited by electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Neuronal firing patterns during generalized penicillin epilepsy in the awake cat. Single unit activity was recorded in the neocortex of awake cats during spontaneous spike wave discharges. Ongoing activity was interrupted during paroxysmal events and was replaced by (1) bursts of action potentials coincident with the EEG spike and cessation of firing during the wave, or (2) cessation of firing for the duration of the paroxysm. Other units which displayed little or no background activity were recruited to fire during the EEG spike. Surface cerebellar stimulation at high frequencies led to decreased neuronal activity while single pulse shocks resulted in short latency activation. These results were compared to studies of spike wave activity elicited by electrical stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:922511", "title": "Dorsal raphe, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus: interconnections with each other and the neostriatum.", "content": "Using a retrograde axonal transport method, direct projections to the neostriatum were demonstrated from the dorsal raphe nucleus, a large area of the ventral midbrain tegmentum (including the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the substantia nigra pars compacta, reticulata and suboculomotoria), and the tegmentum ventral to the caudal red nucleus. A direct projection was also found from the mediodorsal part of the substantia nigra to the rostral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Projections from the entopeduncular nucleus (pallidum) and the lateral hypothalamic area to the lateral habenular nucleus, and from the latter to the dorsal raphe nucleus were also found. This habenular projection arises primarily from large neurons in the medial part of the lateral habenula and also from another group of small cells immediately adjacent to the medial habenular nucleus. A non-reciprocal connection of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the locus coernuleus was also found. On the basis of these results and the data available in the literature on the possible neurotransmitters used by these various structures, it is suggested that the dorsal raphe nucleus may play an important role in brain stem modulation of neostriatal function.", "contents": "Dorsal raphe, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus: interconnections with each other and the neostriatum. Using a retrograde axonal transport method, direct projections to the neostriatum were demonstrated from the dorsal raphe nucleus, a large area of the ventral midbrain tegmentum (including the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the substantia nigra pars compacta, reticulata and suboculomotoria), and the tegmentum ventral to the caudal red nucleus. A direct projection was also found from the mediodorsal part of the substantia nigra to the rostral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Projections from the entopeduncular nucleus (pallidum) and the lateral hypothalamic area to the lateral habenular nucleus, and from the latter to the dorsal raphe nucleus were also found. This habenular projection arises primarily from large neurons in the medial part of the lateral habenula and also from another group of small cells immediately adjacent to the medial habenular nucleus. A non-reciprocal connection of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the locus coernuleus was also found. On the basis of these results and the data available in the literature on the possible neurotransmitters used by these various structures, it is suggested that the dorsal raphe nucleus may play an important role in brain stem modulation of neostriatal function."}
{"id": "PMID:922514", "title": "Two satiety systems revealed by hypothalamic knife cuts in hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "When pituitaries are intact, hypothalamic knife cuts produce obesity in adult rats but not in weanlings. Knife cut weaning females do not usually begin to become obese until after they are 7 weeks old. When pituitaries are removed, symmetrical or asymmetrical knife cuts produce obesity promptly in both adults and weanlings. Obesity indices that correct for stunted linear growth reveal that in adults the degree of obesity is independent of the presence or absence of the pituitary. Based on these findings we speculate that there may be two appetite regulating systems, a juvenile one involving the pituitary, and an adult one involving the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Two satiety systems revealed by hypothalamic knife cuts in hypophysectomized rats. When pituitaries are intact, hypothalamic knife cuts produce obesity in adult rats but not in weanlings. Knife cut weaning females do not usually begin to become obese until after they are 7 weeks old. When pituitaries are removed, symmetrical or asymmetrical knife cuts produce obesity promptly in both adults and weanlings. Obesity indices that correct for stunted linear growth reveal that in adults the degree of obesity is independent of the presence or absence of the pituitary. Based on these findings we speculate that there may be two appetite regulating systems, a juvenile one involving the pituitary, and an adult one involving the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:922515", "title": "Response of temperature-sensitive medullary neurons to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded by means of five-barrel micropipettes from temperature-sensitive neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata in urethanized cats. Acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were applied microiontophoretically to the immediate vicinity of the neurons. Both thermally sensitive and insensitive units responded to ACh (82.0%) and 5-HT (93.0%) by increasing discharge rate. Iontophoretically applied atropine, but not hexamethonium, antagonized the excitatory responses to ACh. NE was shown to have different effects on the medullary neurons. Most temperature-insensitive units were either nonresponsive (52.4%) or excited (28.6%) by NE, while a majority of warm-sensitive (61.8%) and cold-sensitive (55.6%) neurons were inhibited by NE. Iontophoretically application of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, or the beta-antagonists, propranolol, or sotalol, produced no effect on the inhibitory responses to NE. These results tend to support the current concept of the transmitter role of monoamines in thermoregulation.", "contents": "Response of temperature-sensitive medullary neurons to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Single unit activity was recorded by means of five-barrel micropipettes from temperature-sensitive neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata in urethanized cats. Acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were applied microiontophoretically to the immediate vicinity of the neurons. Both thermally sensitive and insensitive units responded to ACh (82.0%) and 5-HT (93.0%) by increasing discharge rate. Iontophoretically applied atropine, but not hexamethonium, antagonized the excitatory responses to ACh. NE was shown to have different effects on the medullary neurons. Most temperature-insensitive units were either nonresponsive (52.4%) or excited (28.6%) by NE, while a majority of warm-sensitive (61.8%) and cold-sensitive (55.6%) neurons were inhibited by NE. Iontophoretically application of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, or the beta-antagonists, propranolol, or sotalol, produced no effect on the inhibitory responses to NE. These results tend to support the current concept of the transmitter role of monoamines in thermoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:922548", "title": "Purine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The metabolism of adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenosine was studied in rat liver cell suspensions, prepared by collagenase perfusion. Oxygen supply was a critical variable in the preparation and subsequent incubationof the cells, as judged on the basis of the ratio of radioactivity in ATP to that in ADP after incubation with [14C]adenine. This ratio is suggested as an additional criterion of cell function. Adenine nucleotides synthesized from [14C]adenine were slowly catabolized to allantoin, with little incorporationof radioactivity into other purine compounds. [14C]Adenine is thus suitable for prelabelling the adenine nucleotide pool. [14C]Guanine and [14C]hypoxanthine were rapidly catabolized to allantoin, whereas nucleotide synthesis was low. [14C]Adenosine was initially phosphorylated and deaminated at about equal rates, but with continued incubation catabolic products predominated. Isolated hepatocytes were found suitable for studies of purine metabolism, in which the liver has important functions for the whole organism.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. The metabolism of adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenosine was studied in rat liver cell suspensions, prepared by collagenase perfusion. Oxygen supply was a critical variable in the preparation and subsequent incubationof the cells, as judged on the basis of the ratio of radioactivity in ATP to that in ADP after incubation with [14C]adenine. This ratio is suggested as an additional criterion of cell function. Adenine nucleotides synthesized from [14C]adenine were slowly catabolized to allantoin, with little incorporationof radioactivity into other purine compounds. [14C]Adenine is thus suitable for prelabelling the adenine nucleotide pool. [14C]Guanine and [14C]hypoxanthine were rapidly catabolized to allantoin, whereas nucleotide synthesis was low. [14C]Adenosine was initially phosphorylated and deaminated at about equal rates, but with continued incubation catabolic products predominated. Isolated hepatocytes were found suitable for studies of purine metabolism, in which the liver has important functions for the whole organism."}
{"id": "PMID:922550", "title": "Translocation of spin-labelled radioactive lipids from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "Translocation of membrane-bound labelled lipids from guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes was studied. When microsomal membranes containing known amounts and composition of spin-labelled radioactive lipids were incubated with unlabelled mitochondrial membranes, reisolated mitochondria contained spin- and radioactive-lipids in an amount which could not be accounted for by the microsomal contamination of reisolated mitochondria, establishing therefore the translocation of labelled lipids from microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. The effect of addition of crude 105000 X g supernatant on the translocation was studied. The translocation of labelled lipids in aged membranes was also described. The rate of loss of paramagnetism in microsomal and reisolated mitochondrial membranes was measured and found to be different, supporting the conclusion that the translocation of labelled lipids between membranes took place. Data from these studies suggested that the translocatndrial membranes probably occurred. Furthermore, our results suggest that the mechanism by which lipid translocation takes place does not necessarily involve soluble cytosol proteins. In view of experimental data, possible mechanisms for the translocation of lipids between biological membranes were discussed.", "contents": "Translocation of spin-labelled radioactive lipids from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. Translocation of membrane-bound labelled lipids from guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes was studied. When microsomal membranes containing known amounts and composition of spin-labelled radioactive lipids were incubated with unlabelled mitochondrial membranes, reisolated mitochondria contained spin- and radioactive-lipids in an amount which could not be accounted for by the microsomal contamination of reisolated mitochondria, establishing therefore the translocation of labelled lipids from microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. The effect of addition of crude 105000 X g supernatant on the translocation was studied. The translocation of labelled lipids in aged membranes was also described. The rate of loss of paramagnetism in microsomal and reisolated mitochondrial membranes was measured and found to be different, supporting the conclusion that the translocation of labelled lipids between membranes took place. Data from these studies suggested that the translocatndrial membranes probably occurred. Furthermore, our results suggest that the mechanism by which lipid translocation takes place does not necessarily involve soluble cytosol proteins. In view of experimental data, possible mechanisms for the translocation of lipids between biological membranes were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922551", "title": "The relative utilization of different molecular species of unsaturated 1,2-diacyglycerols by the acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The possible selectivity of the acyl-CaA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes towards different molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols was studied. Triacylglycerol synthesis was determined by monitoring the entry of radioactive palmitate from [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA into triacylglycerol in the presence of various diacylglycerols. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase did not exhibit any selectivity against hexaenoic precursors under the assay conditions used (0.25 mM diacylglycerol in medium) and the rates of triacylglycerol synthesis observed with various diacylglycerols were not significantly different when the data were analyzed statistically. The results that the extremely low level of docosahexaenoic acid in triacylglycerols cannot be attributed to a discrimination of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase against 1-saturated 2-docosahexaenoyl precursors.", "contents": "The relative utilization of different molecular species of unsaturated 1,2-diacyglycerols by the acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes. The possible selectivity of the acyl-CaA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes towards different molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols was studied. Triacylglycerol synthesis was determined by monitoring the entry of radioactive palmitate from [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA into triacylglycerol in the presence of various diacylglycerols. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase did not exhibit any selectivity against hexaenoic precursors under the assay conditions used (0.25 mM diacylglycerol in medium) and the rates of triacylglycerol synthesis observed with various diacylglycerols were not significantly different when the data were analyzed statistically. The results that the extremely low level of docosahexaenoic acid in triacylglycerols cannot be attributed to a discrimination of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase against 1-saturated 2-docosahexaenoyl precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:922552", "title": "Breakdown of mucin and plant polysaccharides in the human colon.", "content": "To obtain an estimate of the extent to which complex carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria in the human colon, aqueous extracts of colon contents from four human subjects were separated into high and low molecular weight fractions by chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column. The composition of these fractions was compared with the composition of similar fractions from ileal contents, i.e., from material entering the colon. In all four subjects, high molecular weight carbohydrate concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum, indicating that breakdown of complex carbohydrate occurs in the colon. The high molecular weight carbohydrate fraction contained sugars characteristic of plant polysaccharides (arabinose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose) as well as sugars characteristic of mucin (fucose, hexosamines, sialic acids). Concentrations of most of these sugars were uniformly lower in the colon than in the ileum. Since high molecular weight protein concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum of two of the four subjects tested, some degradation of protein  may also occur in the colon.", "contents": "Breakdown of mucin and plant polysaccharides in the human colon. To obtain an estimate of the extent to which complex carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria in the human colon, aqueous extracts of colon contents from four human subjects were separated into high and low molecular weight fractions by chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column. The composition of these fractions was compared with the composition of similar fractions from ileal contents, i.e., from material entering the colon. In all four subjects, high molecular weight carbohydrate concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum, indicating that breakdown of complex carbohydrate occurs in the colon. The high molecular weight carbohydrate fraction contained sugars characteristic of plant polysaccharides (arabinose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose) as well as sugars characteristic of mucin (fucose, hexosamines, sialic acids). Concentrations of most of these sugars were uniformly lower in the colon than in the ileum. Since high molecular weight protein concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum of two of the four subjects tested, some degradation of protein  may also occur in the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:922553", "title": "A skin test for pseudorabies virus infection in swine.", "content": "Heat-inactivated pseudorabies virus caused cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitive reactions when injected intradermally on the dorsolateral aspect of the thorax and tips of the ears of pigs previously exposed to the homologous virus. The reaction induced by subcutaneous injection in the lower eyelid was more easily administered and evaluated. Nonexposed control pigs did not react to the antigen and exposed and control pigs did not react when injected with a cell control antigen prepared in a similar manner. A positive response was detectable as early as seven days after exposure, reached near maximal levels by 28 days, and remained at similar levels for at least 90 days.", "contents": "A skin test for pseudorabies virus infection in swine. Heat-inactivated pseudorabies virus caused cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitive reactions when injected intradermally on the dorsolateral aspect of the thorax and tips of the ears of pigs previously exposed to the homologous virus. The reaction induced by subcutaneous injection in the lower eyelid was more easily administered and evaluated. Nonexposed control pigs did not react to the antigen and exposed and control pigs did not react when injected with a cell control antigen prepared in a similar manner. A positive response was detectable as early as seven days after exposure, reached near maximal levels by 28 days, and remained at similar levels for at least 90 days."}
{"id": "PMID:922554", "title": "Histological features of respiratory epithelium of calves held at differing temperature and humidity.", "content": "The effect of ambient temperature and humidity on the structure of respiratory epithelium of calves was studied. Four calves of each of three experiments were acclimatized to a nonoperational environmental chamber for six days and then exposed to constant extremes of temperatures and relative humidity of one of 30 degrees C --35%, or 27 degrees C--92%, or 5 degrees C--92% respectively in this chamber for eight days each. Five calves (3 and 2) were similarly acclimatized then exposed to 1 degrees C--40%. Nasal swabs were taken from all animals at regular intervals. Swabs of three animals yielded Mycoplasma spp. and one swab yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Detailed histological studies of respiratory epithelium of nose, trachea, major bronchus and terminal bronchioli were conducted at four sites. Goblet cells were least in calves held in hot and dry air; calves held in dry air had the least polymorphonuclear cells and the greatest prevalence of hypochromatic cell layers and vacuolation of epithelial cells. Differences between experiments were evident most for sites of trachea and major bronchus.", "contents": "Histological features of respiratory epithelium of calves held at differing temperature and humidity. The effect of ambient temperature and humidity on the structure of respiratory epithelium of calves was studied. Four calves of each of three experiments were acclimatized to a nonoperational environmental chamber for six days and then exposed to constant extremes of temperatures and relative humidity of one of 30 degrees C --35%, or 27 degrees C--92%, or 5 degrees C--92% respectively in this chamber for eight days each. Five calves (3 and 2) were similarly acclimatized then exposed to 1 degrees C--40%. Nasal swabs were taken from all animals at regular intervals. Swabs of three animals yielded Mycoplasma spp. and one swab yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Detailed histological studies of respiratory epithelium of nose, trachea, major bronchus and terminal bronchioli were conducted at four sites. Goblet cells were least in calves held in hot and dry air; calves held in dry air had the least polymorphonuclear cells and the greatest prevalence of hypochromatic cell layers and vacuolation of epithelial cells. Differences between experiments were evident most for sites of trachea and major bronchus."}
{"id": "PMID:922555", "title": "A comparison of various Haemophilus somnus strains.", "content": "Sixty-eight Haemophilus somnus strains isolated from the bovine in Canada and the U.S.A. were compared. In media enriched with 5% ovine serum, 5% bovine serum and 10% yeast extract, H. somnus fermented glucose, levulose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose, but failed to ferment arabinose, dulcitol, galactose, inositol, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin and sucrose. The organisms acidified litmus milk, produced cytochrome oxidase, indole and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The motility, methyl-red, acetylmethyl-carbinol urease catalase, citrate, malonate, lysine, ornithine and arginine tests were negative. Haemophilus somnus was resistant to lincomycin, neomycin and triple sulfa, but susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. No antigenic differences were noted between strains when tested against rabbit antisera of eight strains using agglutination, complement-fixation, immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Low titre cross-reactions were found in the agglutination tests with some of the anti-H. somnus rabbit sera with Actinobacillus lignieresi and Moraxella bovis. No distinct antigenic similarities to nine other species of pathogenic bacteria of animal origin were found. No difference was observed between H. somnus isolates from Ontario and those from western Canada and the U.S.A.", "contents": "A comparison of various Haemophilus somnus strains. Sixty-eight Haemophilus somnus strains isolated from the bovine in Canada and the U.S.A. were compared. In media enriched with 5% ovine serum, 5% bovine serum and 10% yeast extract, H. somnus fermented glucose, levulose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose, but failed to ferment arabinose, dulcitol, galactose, inositol, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin and sucrose. The organisms acidified litmus milk, produced cytochrome oxidase, indole and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The motility, methyl-red, acetylmethyl-carbinol urease catalase, citrate, malonate, lysine, ornithine and arginine tests were negative. Haemophilus somnus was resistant to lincomycin, neomycin and triple sulfa, but susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. No antigenic differences were noted between strains when tested against rabbit antisera of eight strains using agglutination, complement-fixation, immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Low titre cross-reactions were found in the agglutination tests with some of the anti-H. somnus rabbit sera with Actinobacillus lignieresi and Moraxella bovis. No distinct antigenic similarities to nine other species of pathogenic bacteria of animal origin were found. No difference was observed between H. somnus isolates from Ontario and those from western Canada and the U.S.A."}
{"id": "PMID:922556", "title": "Prevention of thiopental and thiopental/halothane cardiac sensitization to epinephrine in the sheep.", "content": "The effects of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) on ten unanesthetized sheep were experimentally tested: all sheep displayed serious arrhythmias. Sheep anesthetized with thiopental and thiopental/halothane combination displayed cardiac arrhythmias of the order of 10% and 20% respectively. Challenge injections of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) to ten sheep anesthetized with thiopental, and to the same number of animals after 45 minutes of anesthesia with thiopental/halothane, produced serious arrhythmias. However, following preanesthetic treatment with acepromazine maleate (0.5 mg/kg) to 15 sheep, serious arrhythmias were prevented in all of them when they were given arrhythmic doses of epinephrine.", "contents": "Prevention of thiopental and thiopental/halothane cardiac sensitization to epinephrine in the sheep. The effects of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) on ten unanesthetized sheep were experimentally tested: all sheep displayed serious arrhythmias. Sheep anesthetized with thiopental and thiopental/halothane combination displayed cardiac arrhythmias of the order of 10% and 20% respectively. Challenge injections of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) to ten sheep anesthetized with thiopental, and to the same number of animals after 45 minutes of anesthesia with thiopental/halothane, produced serious arrhythmias. However, following preanesthetic treatment with acepromazine maleate (0.5 mg/kg) to 15 sheep, serious arrhythmias were prevented in all of them when they were given arrhythmic doses of epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:922557", "title": "Interaction of heparin with canine coagulation proteins: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "The effects of heparin on the coagulation profile and on specific factor activity in canine plasma have been examined both in vivo and in vitro. The results show that the prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time of plasma produced by heparin is, at least in part, the result of the interaction of heparin with the intrinsic Factors VIII, IX and XI and the inhibition of their procoagulant activity by heparin. A significant correlation was found between the partial thromboplastin time assay and the circulating heparin activity following intravenous administration of heparin to dogs. The results confirm the suitability of the partial thromboplastin time assay for monitoring heparin therapy in the dog.", "contents": "Interaction of heparin with canine coagulation proteins: in vivo and in vitro studies. The effects of heparin on the coagulation profile and on specific factor activity in canine plasma have been examined both in vivo and in vitro. The results show that the prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time of plasma produced by heparin is, at least in part, the result of the interaction of heparin with the intrinsic Factors VIII, IX and XI and the inhibition of their procoagulant activity by heparin. A significant correlation was found between the partial thromboplastin time assay and the circulating heparin activity following intravenous administration of heparin to dogs. The results confirm the suitability of the partial thromboplastin time assay for monitoring heparin therapy in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:922558", "title": "Evaluation of techniques for counting bovine platelets.", "content": "Visual and electronic techniques for counting bovine platelets were investigated. The reference method used was hemacytometer counting of platelets in whole blood diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution. A whole blood platelet-rich plasma technique was imprecise and inaccurate. Isopycnic centrifugation of blood diluted in 8.01% NaCl solution (same density as platelets) was a precise technique, but the whole blood platelet count was underestimated. The most precise and accurate technique investigated was unit gravity sedimentation of a 1:100 dilution of blood with 10 ml of Isoton followed by electronic counting of platelets in the supernatant. This technique correlated very well with visual counting of bovine platelets (N = 77, y = 55 + 0.80x, r = 0.89, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Evaluation of techniques for counting bovine platelets. Visual and electronic techniques for counting bovine platelets were investigated. The reference method used was hemacytometer counting of platelets in whole blood diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution. A whole blood platelet-rich plasma technique was imprecise and inaccurate. Isopycnic centrifugation of blood diluted in 8.01% NaCl solution (same density as platelets) was a precise technique, but the whole blood platelet count was underestimated. The most precise and accurate technique investigated was unit gravity sedimentation of a 1:100 dilution of blood with 10 ml of Isoton followed by electronic counting of platelets in the supernatant. This technique correlated very well with visual counting of bovine platelets (N = 77, y = 55 + 0.80x, r = 0.89, P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:922559", "title": "A comparison of parameters used to assess liver damage in sheep treated with carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "Changes in serum enzyme levels, liver histology and liver function tests have been correlated to determine the usefulness of these tests in assessing liver status. The effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on these parameters has been determined in a group of 20 sheep. Normal levels, elevated levels after injury and the effect of elapsed time after injury are reported for serum glutamic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-1-phosphate adlolase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins. Variation in the time of elevation of enzyme activities may be useful in determining the elapsed time between acute injury and serum sampling. In comparison to sheep fed an adequate diet, a diet with a restricted protein intake was associated with increased severity of histological lesions and decreased liver function.", "contents": "A comparison of parameters used to assess liver damage in sheep treated with carbon tetrachloride. Changes in serum enzyme levels, liver histology and liver function tests have been correlated to determine the usefulness of these tests in assessing liver status. The effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on these parameters has been determined in a group of 20 sheep. Normal levels, elevated levels after injury and the effect of elapsed time after injury are reported for serum glutamic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-1-phosphate adlolase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins. Variation in the time of elevation of enzyme activities may be useful in determining the elapsed time between acute injury and serum sampling. In comparison to sheep fed an adequate diet, a diet with a restricted protein intake was associated with increased severity of histological lesions and decreased liver function."}
{"id": "PMID:922560", "title": "Some effects of acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go-26) on cardiovascular dynamics in dogs.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of two types of acupuncture, needling with twirling and moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) were studied in dogs with chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeter probes, during 0.75% halothane anesthesia with a succinylcholine drip to allow controlled ventilation. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, acid-base and blood gases were measured over a two hour period. During and following moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) there was a generally significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output and stroke volume and an initially significant increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. There was a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following needling with twirling. It was observed in this investigation that moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) produced more significant changes in cardiovascular dynamics in dogs than needling with twirling.", "contents": "Some effects of acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go-26) on cardiovascular dynamics in dogs. The cardiovascular effects of two types of acupuncture, needling with twirling and moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) were studied in dogs with chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeter probes, during 0.75% halothane anesthesia with a succinylcholine drip to allow controlled ventilation. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, acid-base and blood gases were measured over a two hour period. During and following moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) there was a generally significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output and stroke volume and an initially significant increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. There was a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following needling with twirling. It was observed in this investigation that moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) produced more significant changes in cardiovascular dynamics in dogs than needling with twirling."}
{"id": "PMID:922561", "title": "Quantitative assessment of the morphology of the pig's head used as a model in surgical experimentation part 2: results of measurements.", "content": "We recorded 32 measurements from the surface of the head of healthy pigs at five, 11, 21 and 37 weeks of age. Average absolute growth gains were smallest in the orbit and nose and greatest in the anterior-posterior and circumferential measurements of the head. Average relative increases were smallest in measurements of the orbit and greatest in the circumference of the head and \"face\". Average absolute growth gain per week was greatest during the second stage (between 11 and 21 weeks of age). Similarities in splanchnocranial growth in humans and pigs were noted, confirming the applicability of these measurements in facial reconstruction research in man.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of the morphology of the pig's head used as a model in surgical experimentation part 2: results of measurements. We recorded 32 measurements from the surface of the head of healthy pigs at five, 11, 21 and 37 weeks of age. Average absolute growth gains were smallest in the orbit and nose and greatest in the anterior-posterior and circumferential measurements of the head. Average relative increases were smallest in measurements of the orbit and greatest in the circumference of the head and \"face\". Average absolute growth gain per week was greatest during the second stage (between 11 and 21 weeks of age). Similarities in splanchnocranial growth in humans and pigs were noted, confirming the applicability of these measurements in facial reconstruction research in man."}
{"id": "PMID:922562", "title": "Drug resistance in coccidia: a robenidine-resistant strain of eimeria tenella.", "content": "Tests for resistance to a recently introduced anticoccidial drug, robenidine, were performed on a strain of Eimeria tenella recovered from broiler chickens infected with acute cecal coccidiosis. The strain was identified previously and again confirmed by the timing of mortality of the infected chickens (five to six days postinfection), the appearance of lesions and parasites in ceca only, and the measurements (21.6 +/- 1.9 micron X 19.8 +/- 2.4 micron) of the oocysts. The tests showed that the strain of E. tenella could establish infections in chickens medicated with fourfold the recommended level of robenidine in feed but no oocysts could be recovered from the feces of infected chickens when the level of drug was increased to eightfold. The decrease in mortality, in the severity of lesions and oocyst output and the increase in the average weight gain of infected chickens followed closely the increase in the level of robenidine in feed. In contrast, no infections were found in chickens infected with a sensitive strain of E. tenella and maintained on feed mixed with the recommended level of robenidine. This and other findings discussed here show that resistance to robenidine is developing in coccidia commonly found in broiler houses.", "contents": "Drug resistance in coccidia: a robenidine-resistant strain of eimeria tenella. Tests for resistance to a recently introduced anticoccidial drug, robenidine, were performed on a strain of Eimeria tenella recovered from broiler chickens infected with acute cecal coccidiosis. The strain was identified previously and again confirmed by the timing of mortality of the infected chickens (five to six days postinfection), the appearance of lesions and parasites in ceca only, and the measurements (21.6 +/- 1.9 micron X 19.8 +/- 2.4 micron) of the oocysts. The tests showed that the strain of E. tenella could establish infections in chickens medicated with fourfold the recommended level of robenidine in feed but no oocysts could be recovered from the feces of infected chickens when the level of drug was increased to eightfold. The decrease in mortality, in the severity of lesions and oocyst output and the increase in the average weight gain of infected chickens followed closely the increase in the level of robenidine in feed. In contrast, no infections were found in chickens infected with a sensitive strain of E. tenella and maintained on feed mixed with the recommended level of robenidine. This and other findings discussed here show that resistance to robenidine is developing in coccidia commonly found in broiler houses."}
{"id": "PMID:922563", "title": "Bioavailability, disposition kinetics and dosage of sulfadimethoxine in dogs--a correction.", "content": "A reevaluation of the disposition kinetics and extent of absorption of sulfadimethoxine in normal dogs following intravenous and oral dosage has been made. The tissue to plasma level ratio at the peak tissue level (k12/k21) was 0.55, while the tissue to plasma level ratio after distribution equilibrium (k12/k21-beta) was 0.926. The systemic availability of sulfadimethoxine from the oral suspension was 48.8% (24.4-86.2) when corrections for intrasubject variability were made.", "contents": "Bioavailability, disposition kinetics and dosage of sulfadimethoxine in dogs--a correction. A reevaluation of the disposition kinetics and extent of absorption of sulfadimethoxine in normal dogs following intravenous and oral dosage has been made. The tissue to plasma level ratio at the peak tissue level (k12/k21) was 0.55, while the tissue to plasma level ratio after distribution equilibrium (k12/k21-beta) was 0.926. The systemic availability of sulfadimethoxine from the oral suspension was 48.8% (24.4-86.2) when corrections for intrasubject variability were made."}
{"id": "PMID:922566", "title": "Emotional factors in strabismus.", "content": "Emotional disturbance may cause strabismus which disappears when the disturbance is relieved. It is frequently the cause of a deterioration in the control of an esotropia particularly that associated with a high AC/A ratio. Two cases are reported. In the first, a concomitant esotropia was present in an adult with paranoid schizophrenia. This resolved completely after psychiatric treatment. The second case resembled a lateral rectus palsy. This also resolved on psychiatric treatment.", "contents": "Emotional factors in strabismus. Emotional disturbance may cause strabismus which disappears when the disturbance is relieved. It is frequently the cause of a deterioration in the control of an esotropia particularly that associated with a high AC/A ratio. Two cases are reported. In the first, a concomitant esotropia was present in an adult with paranoid schizophrenia. This resolved completely after psychiatric treatment. The second case resembled a lateral rectus palsy. This also resolved on psychiatric treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:922567", "title": "The value of pancuronium in prolonged intraocular operations.", "content": "We wished to determine the effectiveness of Pancuronium, a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, in prolonged intraocular operations. We compared the variations in intraocular pressure when using four different methods of induction of general anesthesia. With Pancuronium the intraocular pressure fell initially and then rose to just below pre-induction levels and remained there. Our study suggests that pancuronium stabilizes intraocular pressure at a level which is highly desirable for intraocular surgery.", "contents": "The value of pancuronium in prolonged intraocular operations. We wished to determine the effectiveness of Pancuronium, a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, in prolonged intraocular operations. We compared the variations in intraocular pressure when using four different methods of induction of general anesthesia. With Pancuronium the intraocular pressure fell initially and then rose to just below pre-induction levels and remained there. Our study suggests that pancuronium stabilizes intraocular pressure at a level which is highly desirable for intraocular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:922568", "title": "Radial sponges in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Radial silicone sponge explants were used in the repair of 100 retinal detachments. The radial sponges were particularly effective in treating retinal detachments with horseshoe tears posterior to the equator, large retinal breaks, and elongated radial tears. In 90 of these cases an encircling silicone band was used in addition to the radial sponge. The silicone band was employed to close other small retinal breaks and to relieve vitreous traction in aphakes and myopes. The success rate of reattachment was 94% and the final vision was better or the same post-operatively in 88% of cases.", "contents": "Radial sponges in retinal detachment surgery. Radial silicone sponge explants were used in the repair of 100 retinal detachments. The radial sponges were particularly effective in treating retinal detachments with horseshoe tears posterior to the equator, large retinal breaks, and elongated radial tears. In 90 of these cases an encircling silicone band was used in addition to the radial sponge. The silicone band was employed to close other small retinal breaks and to relieve vitreous traction in aphakes and myopes. The success rate of reattachment was 94% and the final vision was better or the same post-operatively in 88% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:922569", "title": "Progression of glaucomatous field defects despite successful filtration.", "content": "It is generally assumed that successful filtering surgery, by maintaining intraocular pressure at a low level, will protect a glaucoma patient's remaining visual field. We present three patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and typical visual field changes. In each case, filtering surgery was performed because of progressive loss of visual filed and inadequate pressure control. Despite excellent pressure levels after operation, field loss continued in the operated eye. Certain genetic and systemic factors may contribute to further loss of visual field in the presence of normal intraocular pressures. We stress the importance of careful and continuous examination of the visual fields in all glaucoma patients regardless of the response of pressure to treatment.", "contents": "Progression of glaucomatous field defects despite successful filtration. It is generally assumed that successful filtering surgery, by maintaining intraocular pressure at a low level, will protect a glaucoma patient's remaining visual field. We present three patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and typical visual field changes. In each case, filtering surgery was performed because of progressive loss of visual filed and inadequate pressure control. Despite excellent pressure levels after operation, field loss continued in the operated eye. Certain genetic and systemic factors may contribute to further loss of visual field in the presence of normal intraocular pressures. We stress the importance of careful and continuous examination of the visual fields in all glaucoma patients regardless of the response of pressure to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:922570", "title": "Vitrectomy in retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "Pars plana vitrectomy has provided an approach to those situations in which treatment of a retinal detachment becomes impossible due to vitreous pathology. The records of the first 207 pars plana vitrectomies performed by one of us (M.S.) were reviewed and attention was focused on the combined vitrectomy-scleral buckle procedures, particularly with regard to anatomical reattachment and visual improvement. This group was then divided into those in which a one-handed technique was used (29 procedures on twenty-eight eyes, involving 27 patients) and those in which a two-handed technique was used (22 procedures on twenty-two eyes of twenty-two patients). A combined vitrectomy scleral buckle approach has succeeded in reattaching the retina in a number of cases and provided a number of patients with worthwhile visual improvement.", "contents": "Vitrectomy in retinal detachment surgery. Pars plana vitrectomy has provided an approach to those situations in which treatment of a retinal detachment becomes impossible due to vitreous pathology. The records of the first 207 pars plana vitrectomies performed by one of us (M.S.) were reviewed and attention was focused on the combined vitrectomy-scleral buckle procedures, particularly with regard to anatomical reattachment and visual improvement. This group was then divided into those in which a one-handed technique was used (29 procedures on twenty-eight eyes, involving 27 patients) and those in which a two-handed technique was used (22 procedures on twenty-two eyes of twenty-two patients). A combined vitrectomy scleral buckle approach has succeeded in reattaching the retina in a number of cases and provided a number of patients with worthwhile visual improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:922571", "title": "Intubation of obstructions in the lacrimal system.", "content": "It maybe difficult to maintain the patency of the lacrimal system in some cases of congenital obstruction after chronic infection or after trauma. Intubation is carried out using silicone tubing to which is attached a stainless steel wire probe which has a knob on the end. This is engaged by a special hook which is used to draw the wire out from under the inferior turbinate. After leaving the tubes in place for 4 to 6 months the obstructed area is usually epithelialised.", "contents": "Intubation of obstructions in the lacrimal system. It maybe difficult to maintain the patency of the lacrimal system in some cases of congenital obstruction after chronic infection or after trauma. Intubation is carried out using silicone tubing to which is attached a stainless steel wire probe which has a knob on the end. This is engaged by a special hook which is used to draw the wire out from under the inferior turbinate. After leaving the tubes in place for 4 to 6 months the obstructed area is usually epithelialised."}
{"id": "PMID:922572", "title": "Particulate phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork endothelium.", "content": "We studied the phagocytic response in the trabecular meshwork of rabbits to the debris released by photocoagulation of the iris. Four cell types exhibited phagocytosis: native meshwork endothelium, histiocytic macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and corneal endothelial cells. Nienty days after the photocoagulation both the lining cells and the trabecular beams of the meshwork had returned to normal.", "contents": "Particulate phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork endothelium. We studied the phagocytic response in the trabecular meshwork of rabbits to the debris released by photocoagulation of the iris. Four cell types exhibited phagocytosis: native meshwork endothelium, histiocytic macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and corneal endothelial cells. Nienty days after the photocoagulation both the lining cells and the trabecular beams of the meshwork had returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:922573", "title": "Material and thickness: the important factors in the impact resistance of spectacle lenses.", "content": "The identify the population at risk of permanent visual impairment from injuries associated with spectacles, we analysed 446 cases of penetrating ocular injury occurring over a ten year period. Sixteen injuries (3.6%) were due to spectacles; 40% of these were adult male amateur athletes. We used the drop-ball test to determine the important factors in the resistance to impact of 177 used spectacle lenses (29 plastic C39, 40 heat-tempered glass, 108 non-tempered glass). We found that material and thickness were the most important. The plastic lenses were the most impact resistant and non-tempered glass lenses the least, with heat-tempered glass lenses falling between. Plastic lenses of adequate centre thickness mounted in plastic frames are recommended for all children and all adults involved in athletics.", "contents": "Material and thickness: the important factors in the impact resistance of spectacle lenses. The identify the population at risk of permanent visual impairment from injuries associated with spectacles, we analysed 446 cases of penetrating ocular injury occurring over a ten year period. Sixteen injuries (3.6%) were due to spectacles; 40% of these were adult male amateur athletes. We used the drop-ball test to determine the important factors in the resistance to impact of 177 used spectacle lenses (29 plastic C39, 40 heat-tempered glass, 108 non-tempered glass). We found that material and thickness were the most important. The plastic lenses were the most impact resistant and non-tempered glass lenses the least, with heat-tempered glass lenses falling between. Plastic lenses of adequate centre thickness mounted in plastic frames are recommended for all children and all adults involved in athletics."}
{"id": "PMID:922574", "title": "Infrared transillumination stereophotography of normal iris.", "content": "We studied the structure of the normal iris as seen in infrared transillumination photographs of variously pigmented eyes in subjects of different age and sex. To transilluminate the iris infrared light was passes via a fiber-glass optic through the lateral wall of the globe and photographs were taken with a Zeiss stereo slit-lamp camera. The photographs showed that the structural pattern of the iris was similar in both blue and brown eyes of either sex. The iris was rather dense in children, well developed in adults and somewhat atrophic in the elderly. On the posterior surface of the iris the radial contraction folds and the structural folds of Schwalbe and circular contraction folds were seen; they were delicate in children and more pronounced in adults and the elderly. The pupillary part of the iris ballooned forward in young people whereas in the elderly the whole iris had this configuration.", "contents": "Infrared transillumination stereophotography of normal iris. We studied the structure of the normal iris as seen in infrared transillumination photographs of variously pigmented eyes in subjects of different age and sex. To transilluminate the iris infrared light was passes via a fiber-glass optic through the lateral wall of the globe and photographs were taken with a Zeiss stereo slit-lamp camera. The photographs showed that the structural pattern of the iris was similar in both blue and brown eyes of either sex. The iris was rather dense in children, well developed in adults and somewhat atrophic in the elderly. On the posterior surface of the iris the radial contraction folds and the structural folds of Schwalbe and circular contraction folds were seen; they were delicate in children and more pronounced in adults and the elderly. The pupillary part of the iris ballooned forward in young people whereas in the elderly the whole iris had this configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:922575", "title": "An improved screen for use with the auto-plot perimeter.", "content": "The Auto-Plot perimeter is a projection perimeter designed for analysis of the central 30 degrees of the visual field. It supplies clean test spots, which can easily be varied in size and colour, and the results can be recorded rapidly. However, because the screen is flat, the size and illumination of the projected spots of light vary as the targets are moved outward from the fixation point. We have devised a very inexpensive curved screen which eliminates these disadvantages.", "contents": "An improved screen for use with the auto-plot perimeter. The Auto-Plot perimeter is a projection perimeter designed for analysis of the central 30 degrees of the visual field. It supplies clean test spots, which can easily be varied in size and colour, and the results can be recorded rapidly. However, because the screen is flat, the size and illumination of the projected spots of light vary as the targets are moved outward from the fixation point. We have devised a very inexpensive curved screen which eliminates these disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:922576", "title": "Electron probe X-ray analysis of an intraocular foreign body.", "content": "We describe a simple and rapid method of electron probe x-ray analysis on a foreign body removed from the eye. We demonstrated the presence of copper in an intraocular foreign body which has originated from a blank 0.22 calibre cartridge. Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulpher and chlorine were also detected. It seems likely that these elements were derived from the biological milieu in which the intraocular foreign body had rested for some 2 years and 9 months.", "contents": "Electron probe X-ray analysis of an intraocular foreign body. We describe a simple and rapid method of electron probe x-ray analysis on a foreign body removed from the eye. We demonstrated the presence of copper in an intraocular foreign body which has originated from a blank 0.22 calibre cartridge. Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulpher and chlorine were also detected. It seems likely that these elements were derived from the biological milieu in which the intraocular foreign body had rested for some 2 years and 9 months."}
{"id": "PMID:922577", "title": "An instrument for ultrasonic biometry.", "content": "A simple instrument has been developed for measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth. It is pocket sized, and the digital output is easy to interpret. The long term accuracy of 0.2 mm is ideal in helping to eliminate errors of lens selection.", "contents": "An instrument for ultrasonic biometry. A simple instrument has been developed for measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth. It is pocket sized, and the digital output is easy to interpret. The long term accuracy of 0.2 mm is ideal in helping to eliminate errors of lens selection."}
{"id": "PMID:922578", "title": "Intra-operative hyphema: a complication of retinal detachment surgery with the Choyce pseudo-phakos.", "content": "During retinal reattachment surgery in an eye with a Choyce pseudo-phakos a large hyphema developed. The probable mechanism was rupture of blood vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber during drainage of sub-retinal fluid as all the eye structures collapsed around the rigid pseudo-phakos.", "contents": "Intra-operative hyphema: a complication of retinal detachment surgery with the Choyce pseudo-phakos. During retinal reattachment surgery in an eye with a Choyce pseudo-phakos a large hyphema developed. The probable mechanism was rupture of blood vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber during drainage of sub-retinal fluid as all the eye structures collapsed around the rigid pseudo-phakos."}
{"id": "PMID:922579", "title": "Responses to electrical stimulation, noradrenaline, serotonin, and vasopressin in the isolated ear artery of the developing lamb and ewe.", "content": "Responses of isolated helical strips of ovine ear artery to electrical stimulation of postganglionic adrenergic neurons and exogenous agonists were studied at various stages of development from 110 days of gestation through to adulthood. Only rudimentary responses were observed at 110-115 days of gestation. A parallel development of responses to noradrenaline (NA), serotonin, and lysine vasopressin began sometime after 110-115 days of gestation and continued until 133-137 days of gestation but there was little development of the latter responses until more than 3-5 days post partum. Development of responses to exogenous agonists was incomplete 2-3 weeks post partum. The development of postganglionic adrenergic responses lagged behind those to exogenous NA. Two to three weeks post partum the NA maximal response was one-third that of adult tissue whereas the response to 16 Hz (highest frequency used) was one-sixth that of adult tissue. The NA threshold concentration was lower in arterial strips of adult animals than it was in those of younger animals. The data suggest that development of functional post-ganglionic adrenergic innervation of vascular smooth muscle begins late in gestation and continues well after birth; this development is preceded by development of vascular mechanisms involved in the response to several agonists.", "contents": "Responses to electrical stimulation, noradrenaline, serotonin, and vasopressin in the isolated ear artery of the developing lamb and ewe. Responses of isolated helical strips of ovine ear artery to electrical stimulation of postganglionic adrenergic neurons and exogenous agonists were studied at various stages of development from 110 days of gestation through to adulthood. Only rudimentary responses were observed at 110-115 days of gestation. A parallel development of responses to noradrenaline (NA), serotonin, and lysine vasopressin began sometime after 110-115 days of gestation and continued until 133-137 days of gestation but there was little development of the latter responses until more than 3-5 days post partum. Development of responses to exogenous agonists was incomplete 2-3 weeks post partum. The development of postganglionic adrenergic responses lagged behind those to exogenous NA. Two to three weeks post partum the NA maximal response was one-third that of adult tissue whereas the response to 16 Hz (highest frequency used) was one-sixth that of adult tissue. The NA threshold concentration was lower in arterial strips of adult animals than it was in those of younger animals. The data suggest that development of functional post-ganglionic adrenergic innervation of vascular smooth muscle begins late in gestation and continues well after birth; this development is preceded by development of vascular mechanisms involved in the response to several agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:922580", "title": "On the mechanism of central hypotensive action of clonidine.", "content": "The hypotensive effect of clonidine in anaesthetised (pentobarbitone) cat has been analysed with the help of pharmacological tools. Application of clonidine (0.1%) to the exposed ventral surface of medulla oblongata produced hypotension (28.6%) and bradycardia (18%). Similar application of glycine (5%) and GABA (10%) also lowered the blood pressure of cat by 20.3% and 29.3%, respectively. The hypotension as well as the bradycardia owing to clonidine were significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by similar prior application of atropine methylnitrate (1%) and hemicholinium-3 (HC3, 1%), whereas HC3 pretreatment only insignificantly blocked the hypotension produced by glycine (p greater than 0.80) and GABA (p less than 0.70). Topical application of atropine (1%) also blocked (p less than 0.05) the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Intravenous administration of clonidine (50 microgram/kg) produced hypotension (34.6%) after an initial hypertensive response and bradycardia (38.8%). The hypotension was significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by pretreatment of the cat with intracerebroventricular atropine (4 mg) or HC3 (0.5 mg). Topical application of atropine (1%) to the ventral surface of medulla also significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the hypotension and bradycardia resulting from intravenous administration of clonidine. It is concluded that an intact cholinergic link in the brainstem is essential for the hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "contents": "On the mechanism of central hypotensive action of clonidine. The hypotensive effect of clonidine in anaesthetised (pentobarbitone) cat has been analysed with the help of pharmacological tools. Application of clonidine (0.1%) to the exposed ventral surface of medulla oblongata produced hypotension (28.6%) and bradycardia (18%). Similar application of glycine (5%) and GABA (10%) also lowered the blood pressure of cat by 20.3% and 29.3%, respectively. The hypotension as well as the bradycardia owing to clonidine were significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by similar prior application of atropine methylnitrate (1%) and hemicholinium-3 (HC3, 1%), whereas HC3 pretreatment only insignificantly blocked the hypotension produced by glycine (p greater than 0.80) and GABA (p less than 0.70). Topical application of atropine (1%) also blocked (p less than 0.05) the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Intravenous administration of clonidine (50 microgram/kg) produced hypotension (34.6%) after an initial hypertensive response and bradycardia (38.8%). The hypotension was significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by pretreatment of the cat with intracerebroventricular atropine (4 mg) or HC3 (0.5 mg). Topical application of atropine (1%) to the ventral surface of medulla also significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the hypotension and bradycardia resulting from intravenous administration of clonidine. It is concluded that an intact cholinergic link in the brainstem is essential for the hypotensive effect of clonidine."}
{"id": "PMID:922581", "title": "Adenosine uptake by the isolated epithelium of guine pig jejunum.", "content": "The uptake of [8-14C]adenosine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum was faster than that of inosine, hypoxanthine, or adenine. The initial velocity of adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side of the epithelium exhibited saturation kinetics. The apparent Km, V, and passive permeability of luminal adenosine uptake were all lower than the corresponding values of antiluminal uptake. p-Nitrobenzyl-thioguanosine inhibited adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side, whilst hexobendine decreased the uptake only from the antiluminal side of the epithelium. The results suggest that adenosine enters the intestinal epithelium by a carrier-mediated process in addition to passive diffusion. The antiluminal transport system for adenosine seems similar to that of other tissues with respect to hexobendine inhibition; the luminal transport mechanism, however, exhibits different properties, being insensitive to hexobendine.", "contents": "Adenosine uptake by the isolated epithelium of guine pig jejunum. The uptake of [8-14C]adenosine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum was faster than that of inosine, hypoxanthine, or adenine. The initial velocity of adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side of the epithelium exhibited saturation kinetics. The apparent Km, V, and passive permeability of luminal adenosine uptake were all lower than the corresponding values of antiluminal uptake. p-Nitrobenzyl-thioguanosine inhibited adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side, whilst hexobendine decreased the uptake only from the antiluminal side of the epithelium. The results suggest that adenosine enters the intestinal epithelium by a carrier-mediated process in addition to passive diffusion. The antiluminal transport system for adenosine seems similar to that of other tissues with respect to hexobendine inhibition; the luminal transport mechanism, however, exhibits different properties, being insensitive to hexobendine."}
{"id": "PMID:922582", "title": "Salvage of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenisine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum.", "content": "The metabolism of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine (labelled with 14C in the carbon 8 position) at a concentration of 5 X 10(-6) M was studied in isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum. When adenosine or adenine was added to the antiluminal side of the epithelium, two-thirds or one-half, respectively, of cellular radioactivity was incorporated into the nucleotide fraction, mainly in the form of adenine nucleotides. Nucleotides synthesis from inosine or hypoxanthine was significantly smaller than that from adenosine. By contrast, another metabolic patern was found after luminal administration of adenosine, inosine, or hypoxanthine: the incorporation rate into the nucleotide fraction was equally high and the label was recovered in IMP and adenine nucleotides to about the same extent with all three substrates. Purine riboside (10(-4) M) significantly depressed nucleotide formation from adenosine, with respect to IMP formation in particular, while no change was observed in inosine or hypoxanthine salvage. The results suggest compartmentation of the enzymes of purine metabolism within the intestinal mucosa. The significance of this conclusion with regard to the salvage pathway is discussed.", "contents": "Salvage of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenisine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum. The metabolism of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine (labelled with 14C in the carbon 8 position) at a concentration of 5 X 10(-6) M was studied in isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum. When adenosine or adenine was added to the antiluminal side of the epithelium, two-thirds or one-half, respectively, of cellular radioactivity was incorporated into the nucleotide fraction, mainly in the form of adenine nucleotides. Nucleotides synthesis from inosine or hypoxanthine was significantly smaller than that from adenosine. By contrast, another metabolic patern was found after luminal administration of adenosine, inosine, or hypoxanthine: the incorporation rate into the nucleotide fraction was equally high and the label was recovered in IMP and adenine nucleotides to about the same extent with all three substrates. Purine riboside (10(-4) M) significantly depressed nucleotide formation from adenosine, with respect to IMP formation in particular, while no change was observed in inosine or hypoxanthine salvage. The results suggest compartmentation of the enzymes of purine metabolism within the intestinal mucosa. The significance of this conclusion with regard to the salvage pathway is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922585", "title": "Species and strain differences in the lethal factor of the mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "The differences in susceptibility of animals to the lethal factor extracted from the mouse submandibular gland and magnitude of its lethality were compared among various species, strains, ages, and sex of mice. Comparisons of LD50 values computed by an IBM 360/System computer using a programmed probit analysis yielded the following significant results. The lethal factor of adult male mice was lethal to all species and strains of animals tested. Strain differences were observed in five inbred strains of mice, and varying degrees of resistance against the lethal factor were demonstrated. The lethality was strongest in the submandibular gland of our subline BALB/c mice, and the highest susceptibility to the lethal factor was demonstrated by female C57BL mice. This factor was found to be lethal not only to mice but also to other species of animals, Mongolian gerbils being most susceptible and New Zealand rabbits next.", "contents": "Species and strain differences in the lethal factor of the mouse submandibular gland. The differences in susceptibility of animals to the lethal factor extracted from the mouse submandibular gland and magnitude of its lethality were compared among various species, strains, ages, and sex of mice. Comparisons of LD50 values computed by an IBM 360/System computer using a programmed probit analysis yielded the following significant results. The lethal factor of adult male mice was lethal to all species and strains of animals tested. Strain differences were observed in five inbred strains of mice, and varying degrees of resistance against the lethal factor were demonstrated. The lethality was strongest in the submandibular gland of our subline BALB/c mice, and the highest susceptibility to the lethal factor was demonstrated by female C57BL mice. This factor was found to be lethal not only to mice but also to other species of animals, Mongolian gerbils being most susceptible and New Zealand rabbits next."}
{"id": "PMID:922586", "title": "Electrocardiograms of male rats fed rapeseed oil.", "content": "Frontal plane electrocardiograms (standard limb leads) were recorded on male Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 14 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of Brassica napus cv. Tower or B. campestris cv. Span rapeseed oil or fractions isolated from Span rapeseed oil. Control diets were rat Chow or semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of either safflower oil or corn oil. The amplitude of the P, Q, R, S, and T waves, the duration of the P wave, QRS complex, and P-R interval, and the cardiac rate were measured in the electrocardiograms and differences between groups compared statistically. While there were statistically significant differences in the amplitude of some of the wave forms, there were no consistent differences which could be attributed to the feeding of rapeseed oil or its fractions. The duration of the P wave and the QRS complex were significantly longer in some of the control groups than those in most of the treated groups. There was no correlation between the presence of a Q wave and the incidence of myocardial lesions in any group. Cardiac rate was essentially the same in all groups.", "contents": "Electrocardiograms of male rats fed rapeseed oil. Frontal plane electrocardiograms (standard limb leads) were recorded on male Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 14 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of Brassica napus cv. Tower or B. campestris cv. Span rapeseed oil or fractions isolated from Span rapeseed oil. Control diets were rat Chow or semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of either safflower oil or corn oil. The amplitude of the P, Q, R, S, and T waves, the duration of the P wave, QRS complex, and P-R interval, and the cardiac rate were measured in the electrocardiograms and differences between groups compared statistically. While there were statistically significant differences in the amplitude of some of the wave forms, there were no consistent differences which could be attributed to the feeding of rapeseed oil or its fractions. The duration of the P wave and the QRS complex were significantly longer in some of the control groups than those in most of the treated groups. There was no correlation between the presence of a Q wave and the incidence of myocardial lesions in any group. Cardiac rate was essentially the same in all groups."}
{"id": "PMID:922587", "title": "Massive liver enlargement accompanied by decreased drug metabolism. Effect of anterior pituitary extract on hepatic ultrastructure, zoxazolamine paralysis, and metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The relationship between liver enlargement and drug metabolism was investigated in female rats. Hepatomegaly (e.g., 31% increase in liver weight in a 17-day experiment) was induced by injection of lyophylized anterior pituitary (LAP) extract. The liver enlargement seemed to be due to an increase in the number and the size (enhanced water content and PAS-positive material) of hepatocytes. Electron microscopic examination of the liver revealed slight proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and pronounced fragmentation and dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Zoxazolamine paralysis time was significantly prolonged (+55% and +102%) after 4 and 17 days, respectively, of treatment with LAP. Metabolism of zoxazolamine by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of the liver of rats given LAP for 17 days was reduced by 73%. Thus, the marked hepatomegaly induced by LAP was associated with a prolonged action of the drug which may result from a decrease in hepatic drug metabolism.", "contents": "Massive liver enlargement accompanied by decreased drug metabolism. Effect of anterior pituitary extract on hepatic ultrastructure, zoxazolamine paralysis, and metabolism in the rat. The relationship between liver enlargement and drug metabolism was investigated in female rats. Hepatomegaly (e.g., 31% increase in liver weight in a 17-day experiment) was induced by injection of lyophylized anterior pituitary (LAP) extract. The liver enlargement seemed to be due to an increase in the number and the size (enhanced water content and PAS-positive material) of hepatocytes. Electron microscopic examination of the liver revealed slight proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and pronounced fragmentation and dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Zoxazolamine paralysis time was significantly prolonged (+55% and +102%) after 4 and 17 days, respectively, of treatment with LAP. Metabolism of zoxazolamine by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of the liver of rats given LAP for 17 days was reduced by 73%. Thus, the marked hepatomegaly induced by LAP was associated with a prolonged action of the drug which may result from a decrease in hepatic drug metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:922589", "title": "Pentobarbital sleeping time and waking blood levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Pentobarbital sleeping times and blood levels on arousal were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (WKR). Sleeping time for SHR was significantly less than for WKR, but blood levels of [14C]pentobarbital at awakening were not significantly different. The shorter sleeping time in SHR appears not to result from decreased brain sensitivity to pentobarbital. Instead, SHR appear to differ from WKR in the rate of metabolic clearance of the drug or in the distribution of the drug between blood and brain.", "contents": "Pentobarbital sleeping time and waking blood levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pentobarbital sleeping times and blood levels on arousal were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (WKR). Sleeping time for SHR was significantly less than for WKR, but blood levels of [14C]pentobarbital at awakening were not significantly different. The shorter sleeping time in SHR appears not to result from decreased brain sensitivity to pentobarbital. Instead, SHR appear to differ from WKR in the rate of metabolic clearance of the drug or in the distribution of the drug between blood and brain."}
{"id": "PMID:922590", "title": "Resistance to heat stress in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Thermal resistance as determined by survival time was examined in different age groups of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats during terminal heating. A comparison with age or weight matched controls indicated that the thermal resistance of SHR animals was markedly inferior to that of normotensive animals as evidenced by 56% and 36% decreases in the total heating time to the lethal temperature, respectively. The decrease in thermal resistance in SHR animals occurred after 8 weeks of age and was coincident with the elevation of mean blood pressure to about 150 mmHg. The observation of significantly decreased total body water and rates of evaporation at critical colonic temperatures (39-40 degrees C) suggested the possibility of a reduced ability for water mobilization for thermoregulatory purposes in hypertensive animals although it appeared that other factors affecting heat gain or loss were involved.", "contents": "Resistance to heat stress in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Thermal resistance as determined by survival time was examined in different age groups of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats during terminal heating. A comparison with age or weight matched controls indicated that the thermal resistance of SHR animals was markedly inferior to that of normotensive animals as evidenced by 56% and 36% decreases in the total heating time to the lethal temperature, respectively. The decrease in thermal resistance in SHR animals occurred after 8 weeks of age and was coincident with the elevation of mean blood pressure to about 150 mmHg. The observation of significantly decreased total body water and rates of evaporation at critical colonic temperatures (39-40 degrees C) suggested the possibility of a reduced ability for water mobilization for thermoregulatory purposes in hypertensive animals although it appeared that other factors affecting heat gain or loss were involved."}
{"id": "PMID:922595", "title": "Response of microbial populations in arctic tundra soils to crude oil.", "content": "Experimental crude oil spillages of 5 and 12 litre/m2 were established on the four major topographically distinguished soils of Arctic coastal polygonized tundra. The response of microbial populations to contaminating oil was found to depend on soil type and depth. Increases in numbers of heterotrophs were initially restricted to the top 2 cm of the soils. Increase in oil-degrading populations were found in oil-treated soils. Increases in microbial populations in subsurface soils paralleled downward migration of the oil. Some of the observed population increases probably resulted from input of plant residues and products from oil biodegradation.", "contents": "Response of microbial populations in arctic tundra soils to crude oil. Experimental crude oil spillages of 5 and 12 litre/m2 were established on the four major topographically distinguished soils of Arctic coastal polygonized tundra. The response of microbial populations to contaminating oil was found to depend on soil type and depth. Increases in numbers of heterotrophs were initially restricted to the top 2 cm of the soils. Increase in oil-degrading populations were found in oil-treated soils. Increases in microbial populations in subsurface soils paralleled downward migration of the oil. Some of the observed population increases probably resulted from input of plant residues and products from oil biodegradation."}
{"id": "PMID:922596", "title": "[Quantitative changes in the principal cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta during sporogenesis].", "content": "Changes in the relative abundance of cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta Hall & Dunn were studied during the various differentiation phases leading to the formation of zygospores. The highest total protein (43%) and nucleic acid (5.2% RNA and 0.2% DNA) concentrations were found in the exponential growth phase; these concentrations decreased regularly as the mycelium aged. The amount of lipids was four times larger at the prespore and spore stage (about 25%) than at the exponential mycelial stage. The zygospore contained a very high concentration of chitin (about 17%), three times more than the mycelial concentrations. However, the percentage of polysaccharides without chitin, but including glycogen, was higher in the deceleration phase mycelium (34%) than in the spore (25%). A physiological model of the sexual sporulation of E. virulenta based on these data has been presented.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes in the principal cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta during sporogenesis]. Changes in the relative abundance of cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta Hall & Dunn were studied during the various differentiation phases leading to the formation of zygospores. The highest total protein (43%) and nucleic acid (5.2% RNA and 0.2% DNA) concentrations were found in the exponential growth phase; these concentrations decreased regularly as the mycelium aged. The amount of lipids was four times larger at the prespore and spore stage (about 25%) than at the exponential mycelial stage. The zygospore contained a very high concentration of chitin (about 17%), three times more than the mycelial concentrations. However, the percentage of polysaccharides without chitin, but including glycogen, was higher in the deceleration phase mycelium (34%) than in the spore (25%). A physiological model of the sexual sporulation of E. virulenta based on these data has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:922597", "title": "The taxonomy of some new isolates of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria.", "content": "The interrelationships between 92 isolates of sporing and non-sporing sulfate-reducing bacteria were determined. Of the 116 biochemical and physiological characteristics examined, only 25 were useful for discrimination of groups. Responses to most of the test were negative. A similarity coefficient and a principal component factor analysis of these data were made. The deoxyribonucleic acids buoyant densities (DNA) from all strains and the electrophoretic properties of adenylylsulfotransferase (ATP-sulfurylase), adenylphosphosulfate (APS)-reductase, and sulfite reductase of selected isolated were determined. On the basis of these various data eight groups were recognized. Isolated of seven of these groups appeared to be similar to one or more named strains. Isolates of group E(DNA buoyant density, 1.708) were different from previously named strains. Sporins strains were not isolated from the Papua New Guinea location. Halophilic and non-halotolerant strains were isolated from highly saline locations in Australia. Results pertinent to the taxonomy and ecology of the sulfate-reducing bacteria are discussed.", "contents": "The taxonomy of some new isolates of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria. The interrelationships between 92 isolates of sporing and non-sporing sulfate-reducing bacteria were determined. Of the 116 biochemical and physiological characteristics examined, only 25 were useful for discrimination of groups. Responses to most of the test were negative. A similarity coefficient and a principal component factor analysis of these data were made. The deoxyribonucleic acids buoyant densities (DNA) from all strains and the electrophoretic properties of adenylylsulfotransferase (ATP-sulfurylase), adenylphosphosulfate (APS)-reductase, and sulfite reductase of selected isolated were determined. On the basis of these various data eight groups were recognized. Isolated of seven of these groups appeared to be similar to one or more named strains. Isolates of group E(DNA buoyant density, 1.708) were different from previously named strains. Sporins strains were not isolated from the Papua New Guinea location. Halophilic and non-halotolerant strains were isolated from highly saline locations in Australia. Results pertinent to the taxonomy and ecology of the sulfate-reducing bacteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922598", "title": "Hepatic lesions and bacterial changes in mice during infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum.", "content": "Liver abscesses were induced in male albino mice within 1 week after intraperitoneal inoculation of viable Fusobacterium necrophorum LA19 culture. Fusobacteremia was transitory and reached a peak 2 h after inoculation then sharply declined until its disappearance 24 h post inoculation. By contrast, the number of fusobacteria in the liver increased rapidly during the first 4 h post inoculation and continued to do so less rapidly until the last sampling time (48 h post inoculation). There were small or large areas of necrosis, usually surrounded by inflammatory cells, small focal accumulations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in areas of parenchyma with no degenerations, generalized proliferation of Kupffer cells, and a few accumulations of fibrin and leukocytes on the surface. Ultrathin sections of infected liver tissues reveled both intact and partially degraded F. necrophorum cells enclosed in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles of mononuclear cells, The results indicate that macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver abscesses.", "contents": "Hepatic lesions and bacterial changes in mice during infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum. Liver abscesses were induced in male albino mice within 1 week after intraperitoneal inoculation of viable Fusobacterium necrophorum LA19 culture. Fusobacteremia was transitory and reached a peak 2 h after inoculation then sharply declined until its disappearance 24 h post inoculation. By contrast, the number of fusobacteria in the liver increased rapidly during the first 4 h post inoculation and continued to do so less rapidly until the last sampling time (48 h post inoculation). There were small or large areas of necrosis, usually surrounded by inflammatory cells, small focal accumulations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in areas of parenchyma with no degenerations, generalized proliferation of Kupffer cells, and a few accumulations of fibrin and leukocytes on the surface. Ultrathin sections of infected liver tissues reveled both intact and partially degraded F. necrophorum cells enclosed in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles of mononuclear cells, The results indicate that macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver abscesses."}
{"id": "PMID:922599", "title": "Comparison of fatty acid composition of stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by three differnet mechanisms.", "content": "The total saponifiable fatty acids of three stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by cycloserine, methicillin, and lysostaphin were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Five separate preparations of each of the three variants were examined. Twenty-nine fatty acids were identified. The fatty acid patterns of the three variants were very similary.", "contents": "Comparison of fatty acid composition of stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by three differnet mechanisms. The total saponifiable fatty acids of three stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by cycloserine, methicillin, and lysostaphin were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Five separate preparations of each of the three variants were examined. Twenty-nine fatty acids were identified. The fatty acid patterns of the three variants were very similary."}
{"id": "PMID:922600", "title": "Concentric bodies in two species of he loculoascomycetes.", "content": "Concentric bodies were found in vegetative and pycnidial cells of Podoxythium tricothecium and in ascostromal paraphyses of Rhytidhysterium rufulum, two representatives of the Loculoascomycetes. They averages 185 nm in diameter in P. trichothecium and 255 nm in R. rufulum and consisted of three zones.", "contents": "Concentric bodies in two species of he loculoascomycetes. Concentric bodies were found in vegetative and pycnidial cells of Podoxythium tricothecium and in ascostromal paraphyses of Rhytidhysterium rufulum, two representatives of the Loculoascomycetes. They averages 185 nm in diameter in P. trichothecium and 255 nm in R. rufulum and consisted of three zones."}
{"id": "PMID:922601", "title": "Purification and biochemical properties of Egtved viral RNA.", "content": "32P-labeled Egtved virus RNA was released from highly purified virus by phenol-SDS extraction. The single-stranded nature of the RNA was demonstrated by (1) its buoyant density of 1.69 g/cm3 in Cs2-SO4, (2) its susceptibility to digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease in either 1 X SSC or 0.01 X SSC (standard saline citrate), (3) its base composition (29.3% C, 23.6% A, 14.5% U. 32.6% G). This Egtved virus is different from the other rhabdoviruses since the base composition of its genomic RNA is lower in its composition of A + U. Such a result could have possible taxonomic implications concerning the orignin and evolution of Egtved Virus relative to the other known rhabdoviruses.", "contents": "Purification and biochemical properties of Egtved viral RNA. 32P-labeled Egtved virus RNA was released from highly purified virus by phenol-SDS extraction. The single-stranded nature of the RNA was demonstrated by (1) its buoyant density of 1.69 g/cm3 in Cs2-SO4, (2) its susceptibility to digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease in either 1 X SSC or 0.01 X SSC (standard saline citrate), (3) its base composition (29.3% C, 23.6% A, 14.5% U. 32.6% G). This Egtved virus is different from the other rhabdoviruses since the base composition of its genomic RNA is lower in its composition of A + U. Such a result could have possible taxonomic implications concerning the orignin and evolution of Egtved Virus relative to the other known rhabdoviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:922602", "title": "Heterogeneity and the modelling of bacterial spore death: the case of continuously decreasing death rate.", "content": "Models for the inactivation of bacterial spores for the case of continuously decreasing death rate are reviewed and extended to show that it is not possible to distinguish between one particular model based upon the innate heterogeneity of the population and that based upon the acquisition of heat resistance during the heating process. Two innate heterogeneity models have been fitted to published data.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and the modelling of bacterial spore death: the case of continuously decreasing death rate. Models for the inactivation of bacterial spores for the case of continuously decreasing death rate are reviewed and extended to show that it is not possible to distinguish between one particular model based upon the innate heterogeneity of the population and that based upon the acquisition of heat resistance during the heating process. Two innate heterogeneity models have been fitted to published data."}
{"id": "PMID:922603", "title": "A light and electron microscope study of the interaction of soil bacteria with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopic examination showed that bacteria became associated with the hyphae and asexual reproductive structures of P. cinnamomi in soil. In suppressive soils this association appears to be correlated with hyphal lysis, inhibition of zoospore production, and sporangial breakdown. One notable feature of the microbial association between P. cinnamomi and soil bacteria is the formation of extensive slime material. Many of the bacteria isolated from the fungal hyphosphere display antagonism to the growth of P. cinnamomi in vitro. The bacteria are morphologically varied and include Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. These observations suggest that the appropriate manipulation of the antagonistic bacteria may provide a means of biological control of P. cinnamomi.", "contents": "A light and electron microscope study of the interaction of soil bacteria with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Light- and electron-microscopic examination showed that bacteria became associated with the hyphae and asexual reproductive structures of P. cinnamomi in soil. In suppressive soils this association appears to be correlated with hyphal lysis, inhibition of zoospore production, and sporangial breakdown. One notable feature of the microbial association between P. cinnamomi and soil bacteria is the formation of extensive slime material. Many of the bacteria isolated from the fungal hyphosphere display antagonism to the growth of P. cinnamomi in vitro. The bacteria are morphologically varied and include Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. These observations suggest that the appropriate manipulation of the antagonistic bacteria may provide a means of biological control of P. cinnamomi."}
{"id": "PMID:922604", "title": "Ultrastructural and immunological demonstration of the nodulation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule endophyte.", "content": "The inoculation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by a crushed-nodule inoculum, prepared with the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule, was successful. Fluorescein- and ferritin-labelled antibodies, specific against the A. crispa var. mollis root nodule endophyte (Lalonde et al. 1975), demonstrated the idenity of this endophyte in the resulting nodules. The nodulation process of this abnormal host-endophyte system was studied by light and electron microscopy. An excretion of host blebs containing electron-dense polysaccharide material, resulting in the formation of exo-encapsulation threads containing presumptive endophytic bacterial cells, was associated with deformed root hairs. Originating from an exoencapsulation thread, the endophyte penetrates the root hair cell and then migrates as a hypha toward the cortical cells of the root. Its migration in the cortical cells of the primary nodule results in the induction of a lateral root which develops as the true nodule. The ultrastructure of the A. crispa var. mollis endophyte developing in the primary and true nodule of the abnormal A. glutinosa host was similar to the one induced inside its normal A. crispa var. mollis host. The actinomycetal intruder was a branched and septate hypha able to produce septate vesicles. The endophyte was always encapsulated in an electron-dense polysaccharide material surrounded by a host plasma membrane envelope. However, in this abnormal host-endophyte system, the number of primary nodules formed per root system was drastically reduced, and their appearance was delayed by 1 to 2 weeks. The delayed nodules were effective in fixing nitrogen and able to support satisfactory plant growth in a nitrogen-free medium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and immunological demonstration of the nodulation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule endophyte. The inoculation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by a crushed-nodule inoculum, prepared with the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule, was successful. Fluorescein- and ferritin-labelled antibodies, specific against the A. crispa var. mollis root nodule endophyte (Lalonde et al. 1975), demonstrated the idenity of this endophyte in the resulting nodules. The nodulation process of this abnormal host-endophyte system was studied by light and electron microscopy. An excretion of host blebs containing electron-dense polysaccharide material, resulting in the formation of exo-encapsulation threads containing presumptive endophytic bacterial cells, was associated with deformed root hairs. Originating from an exoencapsulation thread, the endophyte penetrates the root hair cell and then migrates as a hypha toward the cortical cells of the root. Its migration in the cortical cells of the primary nodule results in the induction of a lateral root which develops as the true nodule. The ultrastructure of the A. crispa var. mollis endophyte developing in the primary and true nodule of the abnormal A. glutinosa host was similar to the one induced inside its normal A. crispa var. mollis host. The actinomycetal intruder was a branched and septate hypha able to produce septate vesicles. The endophyte was always encapsulated in an electron-dense polysaccharide material surrounded by a host plasma membrane envelope. However, in this abnormal host-endophyte system, the number of primary nodules formed per root system was drastically reduced, and their appearance was delayed by 1 to 2 weeks. The delayed nodules were effective in fixing nitrogen and able to support satisfactory plant growth in a nitrogen-free medium."}
{"id": "PMID:922605", "title": "Studies on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. VIII. Avirulence induced by temperature and ethidium bromide.", "content": "When tumorigenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were subcultured at temperatures between 31.5 and 37 degrees C or in broth containing ethidium bromide, they lost their capacity to induce tumors in tomato plants. The sensitivities of curing virulence (tumorigenicity) depended on the density of the population of cells, fewer cells (100/ml) being more sensitive to curing than higher densities (10(6)/ml). The loss of virulence need not require the total loss of the virulence-specifying plasmid, but may result from a loss of a small segment of that plasmid. Virulent strains made avirulent by temperature or ethidium bromide treatment still harbor a large plasmid of 70-80 megadaltons size compared with the 100- to 120-megadalton plasmid in the untreated strains.", "contents": "Studies on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. VIII. Avirulence induced by temperature and ethidium bromide. When tumorigenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were subcultured at temperatures between 31.5 and 37 degrees C or in broth containing ethidium bromide, they lost their capacity to induce tumors in tomato plants. The sensitivities of curing virulence (tumorigenicity) depended on the density of the population of cells, fewer cells (100/ml) being more sensitive to curing than higher densities (10(6)/ml). The loss of virulence need not require the total loss of the virulence-specifying plasmid, but may result from a loss of a small segment of that plasmid. Virulent strains made avirulent by temperature or ethidium bromide treatment still harbor a large plasmid of 70-80 megadaltons size compared with the 100- to 120-megadalton plasmid in the untreated strains."}
{"id": "PMID:922606", "title": "Nitrate-reductase electron-transport cofactors in Veillonella alcalescens.", "content": "Studies on the effects of inhibitors of the nitrate-reducing activity of Veillonella alcalescens extracts suggest the participation of a naphthoquinone, a b-type cytochrome, and non-heme iron in electron transport to nitrate. A nitrate-reductase-deficient mutant displayed a longer doubling time and a decreased molar growth yield on nitrate media. This mutant was phenotypically restored by the addition of molybdate to the growth medium, giving evidence for the functioning of molybdenum in the nitrate-reductase enzyme of V. alcalescens.", "contents": "Nitrate-reductase electron-transport cofactors in Veillonella alcalescens. Studies on the effects of inhibitors of the nitrate-reducing activity of Veillonella alcalescens extracts suggest the participation of a naphthoquinone, a b-type cytochrome, and non-heme iron in electron transport to nitrate. A nitrate-reductase-deficient mutant displayed a longer doubling time and a decreased molar growth yield on nitrate media. This mutant was phenotypically restored by the addition of molybdate to the growth medium, giving evidence for the functioning of molybdenum in the nitrate-reductase enzyme of V. alcalescens."}
{"id": "PMID:922607", "title": "Arthrobacter sialophilus sp. nov.; a neuraminidase-producing coryneform.", "content": "A new species of Arthrobacter is described for which the name A. sialophilus is proposed. The organism was obtained by elective culture from soil using Collocalia mucoid, and can readily be induced in replacement minimal media with appropriate substrates, to form the enzyme neuraminidase. It undergoes sphere-rod-sphere morphogenesis, is gram-variable, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, fails to release acid or gas from saccharides, has a GC content of 56.0 mol % and can grow at temperatures up to 45 degrees C. The peptidoglycan composition of its spherical form contains neither diaminopimelic acid nor arabinose as components, but does manifest the presence of glycine. Its generation time at 30 degrees C on tryptone-yeast extract medium is 1.6 h. Accessory growth factors do not appear to be required. The organism, though colorless in the dark, provides a bright yellow water-insoluble pigment after exposure to light. The foregoing combination of properties distinguishes this isolate from other well-described Arthrobacter spp.", "contents": "Arthrobacter sialophilus sp. nov.; a neuraminidase-producing coryneform. A new species of Arthrobacter is described for which the name A. sialophilus is proposed. The organism was obtained by elective culture from soil using Collocalia mucoid, and can readily be induced in replacement minimal media with appropriate substrates, to form the enzyme neuraminidase. It undergoes sphere-rod-sphere morphogenesis, is gram-variable, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, fails to release acid or gas from saccharides, has a GC content of 56.0 mol % and can grow at temperatures up to 45 degrees C. The peptidoglycan composition of its spherical form contains neither diaminopimelic acid nor arabinose as components, but does manifest the presence of glycine. Its generation time at 30 degrees C on tryptone-yeast extract medium is 1.6 h. Accessory growth factors do not appear to be required. The organism, though colorless in the dark, provides a bright yellow water-insoluble pigment after exposure to light. The foregoing combination of properties distinguishes this isolate from other well-described Arthrobacter spp."}
{"id": "PMID:922608", "title": "Occurrence in Monia rectirostris (Cladocera: Daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888).", "content": "Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and D. magna, was described by Metchnikoff in 1888. Because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. However, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of P. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (BSPN) that was recently described in Meloidogyne. As a result of these similarities, a search for P. ramosa was initiated. An organism resembling P. ramosa was found infecting Moina rectirostris, a member of the Daphnidae and a new host for the bacterium. Photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs of the parasite indicated that the morphology of this organism was similar to the descriptions and illustrations presented by Metchnikoff. Morphological features of this newly described parasite also indicated that the bacterium is similar to the BSPN.", "contents": "Occurrence in Monia rectirostris (Cladocera: Daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and D. magna, was described by Metchnikoff in 1888. Because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. However, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of P. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (BSPN) that was recently described in Meloidogyne. As a result of these similarities, a search for P. ramosa was initiated. An organism resembling P. ramosa was found infecting Moina rectirostris, a member of the Daphnidae and a new host for the bacterium. Photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs of the parasite indicated that the morphology of this organism was similar to the descriptions and illustrations presented by Metchnikoff. Morphological features of this newly described parasite also indicated that the bacterium is similar to the BSPN."}
{"id": "PMID:922621", "title": "Risks of discontinuing anticoagulant therapy in a selected group of patients with atherosclerotic heart disease: a prospective study.", "content": "In 134 patients with coronary artery disease, long-term oral anticoagulant therapy (mean duration, 56 months) for acute myocardial infarction (98 patients), acute coronary insufficiency (25 patients) or severe chronic angina (11 patients) was terminated abruptly in 50 patients (group 1) and gradually in 84 (group 2). The 134 patients represented a homogeneous population of patients with coronary artery disease since most patients older than 75 years and those with conditions known to increase the risks of thromboembolic complications were excluded. The two groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, presence of risk factors, duration of anticoagulant therapy, and presence of angina and abnormal resting electrocardiograms during therapy. Patients were evaluated 6 months after cessation of anticoagulant therapy and, since abrupt withdrawal of therapy did not carry a higher risk than gradual discontinuation, data for groups 1 and 2 were tabulated together.Of the 84 patients with angina at the end of therapy 15 experienced an increase in its severity and this symptom appeared in another patient (relapse rate, 18%). Angina progressed to fatal acute myocardial infarction in four (mortality, 3%) and nonfatal infarction in two; however, all six had extensive coronary artery disease and poor left ventricular function. The results of this study suggest that neither abrupt nor gradual cessation of anticoagulant therapy is associated with an inordinate exacerbation of heart disease.", "contents": "Risks of discontinuing anticoagulant therapy in a selected group of patients with atherosclerotic heart disease: a prospective study. In 134 patients with coronary artery disease, long-term oral anticoagulant therapy (mean duration, 56 months) for acute myocardial infarction (98 patients), acute coronary insufficiency (25 patients) or severe chronic angina (11 patients) was terminated abruptly in 50 patients (group 1) and gradually in 84 (group 2). The 134 patients represented a homogeneous population of patients with coronary artery disease since most patients older than 75 years and those with conditions known to increase the risks of thromboembolic complications were excluded. The two groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, presence of risk factors, duration of anticoagulant therapy, and presence of angina and abnormal resting electrocardiograms during therapy. Patients were evaluated 6 months after cessation of anticoagulant therapy and, since abrupt withdrawal of therapy did not carry a higher risk than gradual discontinuation, data for groups 1 and 2 were tabulated together.Of the 84 patients with angina at the end of therapy 15 experienced an increase in its severity and this symptom appeared in another patient (relapse rate, 18%). Angina progressed to fatal acute myocardial infarction in four (mortality, 3%) and nonfatal infarction in two; however, all six had extensive coronary artery disease and poor left ventricular function. The results of this study suggest that neither abrupt nor gradual cessation of anticoagulant therapy is associated with an inordinate exacerbation of heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:922622", "title": "Transvascular removal of catheter fragments from the great vessels and heart.", "content": "Embolization of catheter fragments or fractured spring guidewires used during cardiac catheterization or fractured central venous pressure (CVP) lines is not uncommon. Although CVP lines are usually used in seriously ill patients, often with complications secondary to prior surgical intervention, if the catheter fragments are not removed they can give rise to serious illness or death in about 50% of patients. Experience with the removal of nine such catheter fragments is reported. In eight patients a helical basket was available for removal through a Dotter retrieval catheter. With prolonged hyperalimentation therapy polyethylene catherters become very brittle. They are relatively easy to grip with the wire basket. Silicone elastomer catheters remain pliable but are so bouncy that they are difficult to grip. For removal of catheter fragments from vessels of small diameter, such as the subclavian vein, or vessels in which the catheter has to take an acute bend to enter, such as the right or left pulmonary artery, a smaller, more pliable Bean-Smith-Mahorner biliary stone helical basket was adapted by extending the length of wire to 100 cm. For removal of catheter fragments from the right pulmonary artery it is probably better to use a softer, 100-cm-long no. 8 French right heart catheter. A Dotter retriever catheter set with both large and small helical wire baskets should be available in any cardiac catheterization laboratory.", "contents": "Transvascular removal of catheter fragments from the great vessels and heart. Embolization of catheter fragments or fractured spring guidewires used during cardiac catheterization or fractured central venous pressure (CVP) lines is not uncommon. Although CVP lines are usually used in seriously ill patients, often with complications secondary to prior surgical intervention, if the catheter fragments are not removed they can give rise to serious illness or death in about 50% of patients. Experience with the removal of nine such catheter fragments is reported. In eight patients a helical basket was available for removal through a Dotter retrieval catheter. With prolonged hyperalimentation therapy polyethylene catherters become very brittle. They are relatively easy to grip with the wire basket. Silicone elastomer catheters remain pliable but are so bouncy that they are difficult to grip. For removal of catheter fragments from vessels of small diameter, such as the subclavian vein, or vessels in which the catheter has to take an acute bend to enter, such as the right or left pulmonary artery, a smaller, more pliable Bean-Smith-Mahorner biliary stone helical basket was adapted by extending the length of wire to 100 cm. For removal of catheter fragments from the right pulmonary artery it is probably better to use a softer, 100-cm-long no. 8 French right heart catheter. A Dotter retriever catheter set with both large and small helical wire baskets should be available in any cardiac catheterization laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:922623", "title": "Arteriosclerotic femoral artery aneurysms.", "content": "Arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the femoral artery are uncommon lesions that occur in elderly men. In 30 patients 36 aneurysms were repaired at the Toronto Western Hospital from January 1965 to June 1977. Half of the patients presented with ischemia and one quarter with an enlarging mass, and one quarter had no symptoms. Two thirds had other aneurysms and one third had suffered from cerebral or myocardial ischemia. The technique of repair changed from reconstructive aneurysmorrhaphy before 1970 to use of an interposition arterial prosthesis thereafter. Minimal groin dissection, internal control of blood flow in the deep femoral artery, and use of an appropriate arterial prosthesis provided excellent results. Surgical repair is recommended for most symptomatic ones when the patient's life expectancy is more than 2 years.", "contents": "Arteriosclerotic femoral artery aneurysms. Arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the femoral artery are uncommon lesions that occur in elderly men. In 30 patients 36 aneurysms were repaired at the Toronto Western Hospital from January 1965 to June 1977. Half of the patients presented with ischemia and one quarter with an enlarging mass, and one quarter had no symptoms. Two thirds had other aneurysms and one third had suffered from cerebral or myocardial ischemia. The technique of repair changed from reconstructive aneurysmorrhaphy before 1970 to use of an interposition arterial prosthesis thereafter. Minimal groin dissection, internal control of blood flow in the deep femoral artery, and use of an appropriate arterial prosthesis provided excellent results. Surgical repair is recommended for most symptomatic ones when the patient's life expectancy is more than 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:922655", "title": "Clinical course and management of accidental adriamycin extravasation.", "content": "Adriamycin infiltration into subcutaneous tissues during intravenous administration results in an intense inflammatory response, which may progress to full-thickness skin ioss and irreversible damage to underlying tendons and neurovascular structures. An analysis of 10 patients seen with Adriamycin in filtration indicated that healing of ulcerated lesions is often prolnged and associated with significant morbidity. Seven patients suffered skin ulcerations and three had severe functional impairment due to joint contractures. Adriamycin should not be infused near joints if possible . Surgical excision of ulcers is advocated if healing is prolonged. Proper local therapy, as well as early attention to proper splinting and physical therapy, can help reduce ultimate functional disability.", "contents": "Clinical course and management of accidental adriamycin extravasation. Adriamycin infiltration into subcutaneous tissues during intravenous administration results in an intense inflammatory response, which may progress to full-thickness skin ioss and irreversible damage to underlying tendons and neurovascular structures. An analysis of 10 patients seen with Adriamycin in filtration indicated that healing of ulcerated lesions is often prolnged and associated with significant morbidity. Seven patients suffered skin ulcerations and three had severe functional impairment due to joint contractures. Adriamycin should not be infused near joints if possible . Surgical excision of ulcers is advocated if healing is prolonged. Proper local therapy, as well as early attention to proper splinting and physical therapy, can help reduce ultimate functional disability."}
{"id": "PMID:922656", "title": "Optic nerve glioma: the role of radiation therapy.", "content": "Sixteen patients with optic nerve gliomas were treated with radiation therapy between 1962 and 1975. Surgical extirpaton was not attempted. Fifteen patients had biopsies with histologic confirmation: one had a craniotomy without biopsy. With a follow-up of 1 to 14 years, mean 6.3 years, 12 of the 16 patients are alive without evidence of disease. Vision was preserved or improved in all surviving patients. No patients who received 5000 rad or greater had a recurrence of his tumor, whereas four of seven patients receiving doses less than 5000 rad had recurrences and eventually died. We currently recommend 5000-rad megavoltage photon irradiation, delivered with standard fractionation, for all patients with optic nerve gliomas.", "contents": "Optic nerve glioma: the role of radiation therapy. Sixteen patients with optic nerve gliomas were treated with radiation therapy between 1962 and 1975. Surgical extirpaton was not attempted. Fifteen patients had biopsies with histologic confirmation: one had a craniotomy without biopsy. With a follow-up of 1 to 14 years, mean 6.3 years, 12 of the 16 patients are alive without evidence of disease. Vision was preserved or improved in all surviving patients. No patients who received 5000 rad or greater had a recurrence of his tumor, whereas four of seven patients receiving doses less than 5000 rad had recurrences and eventually died. We currently recommend 5000-rad megavoltage photon irradiation, delivered with standard fractionation, for all patients with optic nerve gliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:922657", "title": "Radiotherapy of choroidal metastases: breast cancer as primary site.", "content": "Forty-two cases of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid treated by radiation therapy were reviewed. Fifteen patients (36%) had bilateral and 27 patients (64%) had unilateral choroidal involvement. In 12 patients (29%) the choroid was the first site of dissemination. The median survival period after choroidal metastases was 10 months. Most patients were treated with Co60 in doses of 2500 rads tumor dose (TD) in ten fractions, 2500 rads, (TD) in five fractions and 3000 rads (TD) in ten fractions. An early group of patients had orthovoltage therapy. Good visual responses were obtained with each of the above treatment programs. Radiation treatment in the range of 2500-3000 rads TD in a short course is recommended for palliation of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of choroidal metastases: breast cancer as primary site. Forty-two cases of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid treated by radiation therapy were reviewed. Fifteen patients (36%) had bilateral and 27 patients (64%) had unilateral choroidal involvement. In 12 patients (29%) the choroid was the first site of dissemination. The median survival period after choroidal metastases was 10 months. Most patients were treated with Co60 in doses of 2500 rads tumor dose (TD) in ten fractions, 2500 rads, (TD) in five fractions and 3000 rads (TD) in ten fractions. An early group of patients had orthovoltage therapy. Good visual responses were obtained with each of the above treatment programs. Radiation treatment in the range of 2500-3000 rads TD in a short course is recommended for palliation of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid."}
{"id": "PMID:922658", "title": "Breast cancer mammography patterns.", "content": "Mammography studies, from 1963 through 1972, on 5,918 women over age 30 years with 327 breast cancer on initial studies, were prospectively categorized on a scale of 1 to 4 of increasing amounts of fibroglandular tissue. Approximately 60% of the cancers occurred in classes 1 and 2 breasts, about one-third of the patients, while 40% of the cancer were in the remaining two-thirds, comprising classes 3 and 4. There were 54 cancers that developed in breast that previously were free of symptoms, clinical signs, and x-ray abnormality. Up to 36 months one cancer was found in class 1, while 26 cancers were detected in class 4 breasts; two cancers developed in class 2 and seven in class 3. Cancers developing 38 to 88 months after normal examination had an incidence of 0.23% in combined classes 1 and 2 and an incidence of 0.21% in classes 3 and 4. Dense fibroglandular tissue delays detection of breast cancer by mammography. Apparent increase in cancer risk in such breasts is due to this delay. More than a 3-year follow-up is required to assess the life history of breast cancer by mammography.", "contents": "Breast cancer mammography patterns. Mammography studies, from 1963 through 1972, on 5,918 women over age 30 years with 327 breast cancer on initial studies, were prospectively categorized on a scale of 1 to 4 of increasing amounts of fibroglandular tissue. Approximately 60% of the cancers occurred in classes 1 and 2 breasts, about one-third of the patients, while 40% of the cancer were in the remaining two-thirds, comprising classes 3 and 4. There were 54 cancers that developed in breast that previously were free of symptoms, clinical signs, and x-ray abnormality. Up to 36 months one cancer was found in class 1, while 26 cancers were detected in class 4 breasts; two cancers developed in class 2 and seven in class 3. Cancers developing 38 to 88 months after normal examination had an incidence of 0.23% in combined classes 1 and 2 and an incidence of 0.21% in classes 3 and 4. Dense fibroglandular tissue delays detection of breast cancer by mammography. Apparent increase in cancer risk in such breasts is due to this delay. More than a 3-year follow-up is required to assess the life history of breast cancer by mammography."}
{"id": "PMID:922659", "title": "Modulation of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by subpopulations of transforming lymphocytes.", "content": "The finding of less-than-expected lymphocyte transformation by both PHA-P and PWM acting together supports the possibility that subpopulations of lymphocytes may interact to suppress their transformation and thereby help regulate the immune response.", "contents": "Modulation of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by subpopulations of transforming lymphocytes. The finding of less-than-expected lymphocyte transformation by both PHA-P and PWM acting together supports the possibility that subpopulations of lymphocytes may interact to suppress their transformation and thereby help regulate the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:922660", "title": "Ultrastructure of unusual cytoplasmic inclusions in a case of myeloproliferative disorder.", "content": "An unusual case of myeloproliferative disorder in which mature and immature myeloid cells were found to contain unusual cytoplasmic inclusions is reported. By light microscopy, these inclusions could be observed with Wright's stain. By electron microscopy they appeared to consist of a pale, finely granular material without surrounding membranes. Although their exact nature remains unknown, we speculate that they may represent the results or products of autophagocytosis of a portion of degenerated cytoplasm.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of unusual cytoplasmic inclusions in a case of myeloproliferative disorder. An unusual case of myeloproliferative disorder in which mature and immature myeloid cells were found to contain unusual cytoplasmic inclusions is reported. By light microscopy, these inclusions could be observed with Wright's stain. By electron microscopy they appeared to consist of a pale, finely granular material without surrounding membranes. Although their exact nature remains unknown, we speculate that they may represent the results or products of autophagocytosis of a portion of degenerated cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:922661", "title": "Ultrastructure of an infantile hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "A tumor in the back of a 12-year-old Japanese girl is reported. Although the exact onset of its occurrence was unknown, the tumor conformed in all the other respects to the criteria of infantile hemangiopericytoma; namely, it was subcutaneous, multinodular, with prominent fibrosis, and with features of both hemangiopericytoma and hemangioendothelioma. Electron microscopic study demonstrated the perivascular tumor-cell showing differentiations to various vasoformative elements. Most cells appeared to differentiate toward mature pericytes; however, some cells did show characteristics of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infrequently, smooth muscle cells. This supports the concept that the pericytes are poorly differentiated cells with potentials of transformation into other cell types, and that infantile hemangiopericytomas are better differentiated and benign, compared with adult-type tumors. In addition, fibrillar inclusion bodies were found in the tumor cell nuclei; their significance is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of an infantile hemangiopericytoma. A tumor in the back of a 12-year-old Japanese girl is reported. Although the exact onset of its occurrence was unknown, the tumor conformed in all the other respects to the criteria of infantile hemangiopericytoma; namely, it was subcutaneous, multinodular, with prominent fibrosis, and with features of both hemangiopericytoma and hemangioendothelioma. Electron microscopic study demonstrated the perivascular tumor-cell showing differentiations to various vasoformative elements. Most cells appeared to differentiate toward mature pericytes; however, some cells did show characteristics of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infrequently, smooth muscle cells. This supports the concept that the pericytes are poorly differentiated cells with potentials of transformation into other cell types, and that infantile hemangiopericytomas are better differentiated and benign, compared with adult-type tumors. In addition, fibrillar inclusion bodies were found in the tumor cell nuclei; their significance is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:922662", "title": "Basal cell carcinoma with intraneural invasion.", "content": "Two cases of basal cell carcinoma had diffused infiltration that included not only perineural but endoneurial invasion. One patient presented with trigeminal neuralgia, and the other patient developed localized neuralgia when the tumor recurred. Nests and indian files of carcinoma cells were in the endoneurium, a region that anatomically is devoid of lymphatics. The involved nerves displayed axonal degeneration. Such intraneural invasion by basal cell carcinoma is very rare, even in the scelerosing variety of basal cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Basal cell carcinoma with intraneural invasion. Two cases of basal cell carcinoma had diffused infiltration that included not only perineural but endoneurial invasion. One patient presented with trigeminal neuralgia, and the other patient developed localized neuralgia when the tumor recurred. Nests and indian files of carcinoma cells were in the endoneurium, a region that anatomically is devoid of lymphatics. The involved nerves displayed axonal degeneration. Such intraneural invasion by basal cell carcinoma is very rare, even in the scelerosing variety of basal cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:922663", "title": "Small cell cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Forty-one patients with small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were evaluated and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1962 to 1974. Eighteen patients (44%) developed widespread metastases and died of recurrent cancer within 2 years of therapy. Common sites of metastases included the lung, liver, and bone. There was a significantly lower incidence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in small cell cancers than the keratinizing or nonkeratinizing squanmous cell carcinomas of the cervix. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of unstimulated regional lymph nodes in patients with small cell cancer when compared with the lymph nodes of patients with the other cell types of cervical cancer. These data suggest that small cell cancer of the cervix is a highly aggressive tumor similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung and behaves quite differently from other types of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Radiation therapy was superior to radical surgery in eradicating pelvic disease, but prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine the effect of adjunctive chemotherapy in patients with this rare tumor.", "contents": "Small cell cancer of the uterine cervix. Forty-one patients with small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were evaluated and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1962 to 1974. Eighteen patients (44%) developed widespread metastases and died of recurrent cancer within 2 years of therapy. Common sites of metastases included the lung, liver, and bone. There was a significantly lower incidence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in small cell cancers than the keratinizing or nonkeratinizing squanmous cell carcinomas of the cervix. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of unstimulated regional lymph nodes in patients with small cell cancer when compared with the lymph nodes of patients with the other cell types of cervical cancer. These data suggest that small cell cancer of the cervix is a highly aggressive tumor similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung and behaves quite differently from other types of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Radiation therapy was superior to radical surgery in eradicating pelvic disease, but prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine the effect of adjunctive chemotherapy in patients with this rare tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:922664", "title": "Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa:  report of two autopsy cases.", "content": "Two autopsy cases of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa proper are presented. Consecutive histologic examinations confirmed that adenoid transformation had occurred directly from within the pre-existing usual squamous cell carcinoma during the course of the disease. The adenoid pattern was reproduced in the lymph node metastases in both cases. The behavior and autopsy findings were not significantly different from those of usual squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa.", "contents": "Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa:  report of two autopsy cases. Two autopsy cases of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa proper are presented. Consecutive histologic examinations confirmed that adenoid transformation had occurred directly from within the pre-existing usual squamous cell carcinoma during the course of the disease. The adenoid pattern was reproduced in the lymph node metastases in both cases. The behavior and autopsy findings were not significantly different from those of usual squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:922665", "title": "Chromosomal aberrations in human neuroblastomas.", "content": "Six human neuroblastomas were analyzed by Giemsa and fluorescence banding techniques to identify chromosomal aberrations. Two neuroblastomas were primary tumors from untreated children, and four were well lines established from human neuroblastomas. Five of the six tumors studied were diploid or near diploid; one was near tetraploid. A 1p- was found in three of the neuroblastomas examined. The 1p-was present in both primary tumors, and in one it was the only abnormality detected. This deletion was also found in the cells of an established line, in addition to other abnormalities. Giant markers of different origins were found in the four cell lines, and no double-minute chromosomes were found in the primaries or the cell lines studied. Thus, a 1p-deletion was the most consistent abnormality found in the six human neuroblastomas examined in this study. We attempt to correlate this finding with Knudson's hypothesis on the origin of childhood cancer. Additional studies of primary tumors should clarify whether this specific chromosomal abnormality is related to the the acquisition of malignant behavior in human neuroblastomas.", "contents": "Chromosomal aberrations in human neuroblastomas. Six human neuroblastomas were analyzed by Giemsa and fluorescence banding techniques to identify chromosomal aberrations. Two neuroblastomas were primary tumors from untreated children, and four were well lines established from human neuroblastomas. Five of the six tumors studied were diploid or near diploid; one was near tetraploid. A 1p- was found in three of the neuroblastomas examined. The 1p-was present in both primary tumors, and in one it was the only abnormality detected. This deletion was also found in the cells of an established line, in addition to other abnormalities. Giant markers of different origins were found in the four cell lines, and no double-minute chromosomes were found in the primaries or the cell lines studied. Thus, a 1p-deletion was the most consistent abnormality found in the six human neuroblastomas examined in this study. We attempt to correlate this finding with Knudson's hypothesis on the origin of childhood cancer. Additional studies of primary tumors should clarify whether this specific chromosomal abnormality is related to the the acquisition of malignant behavior in human neuroblastomas."}
{"id": "PMID:922666", "title": "Correlations among serum protein-bound carbohydrates, serum glycoproteins, lymphocyte reactivity, and tumors burden in cancer patients.", "content": "Levels of glycoprotein-associated carbohydrates (neutral hexoses, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined in the serum of patients with either local, regional or metastatic cancer, patients clinically cured of cancer, and controls (smokers and nonsmokers). Total protein-bound carbohydrates were compared with levels of 17 normal serum glycoproteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and with lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutin (PHA). Tumor burden was directly related to protein-bound carbohydrate levels in patient groups. Levels of bound carbohydrates reflect the sum of all the changes in serum glycoproteins, but primarily changes in the acute-phase proteins (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin) found in the alpha-globulin fraction of serum. Increases in protein-bound carbohydrates in tumor-bearers were not related to increases in CEA. Increased levels of the acute-phase proteins occurred in individuals with depressed in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to PHA. A significant positive correlation was found between lymphocyte reactivity and level of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. The results suggest that serum protein-bound carbohydrates or glycoproteins may be of adjunctive value is assessing tumor burden and immune reactivity in cancer patients.", "contents": "Correlations among serum protein-bound carbohydrates, serum glycoproteins, lymphocyte reactivity, and tumors burden in cancer patients. Levels of glycoprotein-associated carbohydrates (neutral hexoses, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined in the serum of patients with either local, regional or metastatic cancer, patients clinically cured of cancer, and controls (smokers and nonsmokers). Total protein-bound carbohydrates were compared with levels of 17 normal serum glycoproteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and with lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutin (PHA). Tumor burden was directly related to protein-bound carbohydrate levels in patient groups. Levels of bound carbohydrates reflect the sum of all the changes in serum glycoproteins, but primarily changes in the acute-phase proteins (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin) found in the alpha-globulin fraction of serum. Increases in protein-bound carbohydrates in tumor-bearers were not related to increases in CEA. Increased levels of the acute-phase proteins occurred in individuals with depressed in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to PHA. A significant positive correlation was found between lymphocyte reactivity and level of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. The results suggest that serum protein-bound carbohydrates or glycoproteins may be of adjunctive value is assessing tumor burden and immune reactivity in cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:922667", "title": "Neutrophil function in cured cancer patients.", "content": "Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction was evaluated in 86 individuals cured of various types of solid malignancies and in 55 healthy adults. Oxygen consumption tests, at rest and during phagocytosis, were performed with polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 22 patients and 10 controls, chosen at random. The results revealed an impaired capacity of patients' neutrophils to reduce NBT. The decrease in the stimulated reduction values was more pronounced (p less than 0.0005) than in spontaneous values (p less than 0.01), and was also noticed in patients who had been treated by surgery alone and in those with a disease-free interval of 10 years or more. Oxygen consumption by patients' leukocytes was similar to that of controls. The present results, especially those of the endotoxin-stimulated NBT test, might reflect a neutrophil dysfunction in cured cancer patients. The nature of such an abnormality and its possible clinical implication are still obscure.", "contents": "Neutrophil function in cured cancer patients. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction was evaluated in 86 individuals cured of various types of solid malignancies and in 55 healthy adults. Oxygen consumption tests, at rest and during phagocytosis, were performed with polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 22 patients and 10 controls, chosen at random. The results revealed an impaired capacity of patients' neutrophils to reduce NBT. The decrease in the stimulated reduction values was more pronounced (p less than 0.0005) than in spontaneous values (p less than 0.01), and was also noticed in patients who had been treated by surgery alone and in those with a disease-free interval of 10 years or more. Oxygen consumption by patients' leukocytes was similar to that of controls. The present results, especially those of the endotoxin-stimulated NBT test, might reflect a neutrophil dysfunction in cured cancer patients. The nature of such an abnormality and its possible clinical implication are still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:922668", "title": "Unicystic ameloblastoma: a prognostically distinct entity.", "content": "The occurrence of unicystic ameloblastoma has been studied in 20 patients presenting with unilocular cystic lesions whose clinical, radiographic and gross features were those on non-neoplastic cysts. In the majority of these, the lesion mimicked dentigerous cyst. The rate of recurrence for this group of lesions as determined by long term follow-up observation available for the majority of patients was distinctly lower than that associated with multicystic character of the lesion throughout its course, is indicative of a much less aggressive variety of neoplasm. The adequacy of simple enucleation as a modality of treatment in the majority of patients with this type of lesion is suggested. It was not possible to answer the question whether or not the ameloblastoma began in antecedent non-neoplastic cyst.", "contents": "Unicystic ameloblastoma: a prognostically distinct entity. The occurrence of unicystic ameloblastoma has been studied in 20 patients presenting with unilocular cystic lesions whose clinical, radiographic and gross features were those on non-neoplastic cysts. In the majority of these, the lesion mimicked dentigerous cyst. The rate of recurrence for this group of lesions as determined by long term follow-up observation available for the majority of patients was distinctly lower than that associated with multicystic character of the lesion throughout its course, is indicative of a much less aggressive variety of neoplasm. The adequacy of simple enucleation as a modality of treatment in the majority of patients with this type of lesion is suggested. It was not possible to answer the question whether or not the ameloblastoma began in antecedent non-neoplastic cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:922669", "title": "Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of primary paraganglioma of the lung in a 63-year-old woman is presented. The tumor arose from a segmental pulmonary artery and had typical epithelioid cell nests in a \"Zellballen\" pattern surrounded by reticulum. An electron microscopic study revealed cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules. As in eight previously reported cases, in the English literature, the tumor was benign. The tumor has occurred in seven women and two men with an age range of 43 to 69 years. All patients were asymptomatic, and the diagnosis has never been made prior to operation.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of primary paraganglioma of the lung in a 63-year-old woman is presented. The tumor arose from a segmental pulmonary artery and had typical epithelioid cell nests in a \"Zellballen\" pattern surrounded by reticulum. An electron microscopic study revealed cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules. As in eight previously reported cases, in the English literature, the tumor was benign. The tumor has occurred in seven women and two men with an age range of 43 to 69 years. All patients were asymptomatic, and the diagnosis has never been made prior to operation."}
{"id": "PMID:922670", "title": "Low incidence of estrogen receptor in breast carcinomas with rapid rates of cellular replication.", "content": "The results of assay for estrogen receptor (ER) in the tumor cytosol and thymidine labeling indices (TLI) of 63 primary invasive carcinomas of the breast were analyzed. The ER assay was performed by using dextran-charcoal to adsorb unbound tritiated estradiol-17beta (E2) in cytosol. The TLI was measured as the number per hundred of neoplastic cell nuclei labeled by tritiated thymidine. A significant association between low TLI and presence of ER was found. Wereas all 19 tumors with TLI less than 2.5 contained ER in the primary lesion or in axillary metastases and ER was found in 25 of 30 tumors with TLI between 2.5 and 10, only 4 of 14 tumors with TLI greater 10 contained ER (p less than 0.001). TLI and saturable binding of E2 were significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.436,P. less than 0.001). It is concluded that dedifferentiation in breast carcinomas is associated with both high TLI and absence of ER, and suggested that the carcinomas with the most rapid proliferative rates will include the highest proportion of tumors unresponsive to hormonal therapy.", "contents": "Low incidence of estrogen receptor in breast carcinomas with rapid rates of cellular replication. The results of assay for estrogen receptor (ER) in the tumor cytosol and thymidine labeling indices (TLI) of 63 primary invasive carcinomas of the breast were analyzed. The ER assay was performed by using dextran-charcoal to adsorb unbound tritiated estradiol-17beta (E2) in cytosol. The TLI was measured as the number per hundred of neoplastic cell nuclei labeled by tritiated thymidine. A significant association between low TLI and presence of ER was found. Wereas all 19 tumors with TLI less than 2.5 contained ER in the primary lesion or in axillary metastases and ER was found in 25 of 30 tumors with TLI between 2.5 and 10, only 4 of 14 tumors with TLI greater 10 contained ER (p less than 0.001). TLI and saturable binding of E2 were significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.436,P. less than 0.001). It is concluded that dedifferentiation in breast carcinomas is associated with both high TLI and absence of ER, and suggested that the carcinomas with the most rapid proliferative rates will include the highest proportion of tumors unresponsive to hormonal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:922671", "title": "Inverted papilloma of the lacrimal sac, the paranasal sinuses and the cervical region.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman presented with a lacrimal sac mass which on biopsy was an inverted papilloma. Two years later an ipsilateral cervical mass was removed, which contained inverted papilloma with a histologically typical pattern. Subsequently, the patient had a medial maxillectomy and remains well 5 years later. The cervical mass may represent inverted papilloma arising in a branchial cleft cyst or it may be a metastasis of benign papilloma to a regional lymph node. This is the second such case reported and the first with substantial followup.", "contents": "Inverted papilloma of the lacrimal sac, the paranasal sinuses and the cervical region. A 22-year-old woman presented with a lacrimal sac mass which on biopsy was an inverted papilloma. Two years later an ipsilateral cervical mass was removed, which contained inverted papilloma with a histologically typical pattern. Subsequently, the patient had a medial maxillectomy and remains well 5 years later. The cervical mass may represent inverted papilloma arising in a branchial cleft cyst or it may be a metastasis of benign papilloma to a regional lymph node. This is the second such case reported and the first with substantial followup."}
{"id": "PMID:922672", "title": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with renal candidiasis in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported that was associated with renal candidiasis occuring in a patient with Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte depletion histology) with profound cellular immunodepression.", "contents": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with renal candidiasis in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported that was associated with renal candidiasis occuring in a patient with Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte depletion histology) with profound cellular immunodepression."}
{"id": "PMID:922673", "title": "Bone marrow examination: for metastatic tumor: aspirate and biopsy.", "content": "A 6-year experience with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies (96 cases) positive for metastatic carcinoma is reviewed. Marrow examination detected secondary carcinoma in 58 cases (60%) despite negative roentgenographic and/or bone scan examinations. Breast carcinoma was the most frequent primary site. The bone marrow biopsy was superior to the aspirate in finding carcinoma (97% vs. 72%). However, in an occasional case, tumor was found only in aspirate preparations. Both procedures should be considered complementary and are recommended in the marrow evaluation of patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "Bone marrow examination: for metastatic tumor: aspirate and biopsy. A 6-year experience with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies (96 cases) positive for metastatic carcinoma is reviewed. Marrow examination detected secondary carcinoma in 58 cases (60%) despite negative roentgenographic and/or bone scan examinations. Breast carcinoma was the most frequent primary site. The bone marrow biopsy was superior to the aspirate in finding carcinoma (97% vs. 72%). However, in an occasional case, tumor was found only in aspirate preparations. Both procedures should be considered complementary and are recommended in the marrow evaluation of patients with carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:922674", "title": "Solitary secretory plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy.", "content": "A case of solitary plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy is reported. The diagnosis was made after a lobectomy was performed for the presence of a mass in the right lung. Two aspects of this case are of particular interest: the young age of the patient and the disappearance after 2 months of the M-protein of of the IgG-k type which was present in the serum.", "contents": "Solitary secretory plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy. A case of solitary plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy is reported. The diagnosis was made after a lobectomy was performed for the presence of a mass in the right lung. Two aspects of this case are of particular interest: the young age of the patient and the disappearance after 2 months of the M-protein of of the IgG-k type which was present in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:922675", "title": "Myelopathy due to spinal metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "The first case of a gallbaldder carcinoma with metastasis to dura and epidural space causing myelopathy is described. The mode of metastasis remains obscure because there was no involvement of liver or retroperitoneal veins. It is possible that the spread was by the vertebral venous plexus, which could account for a spinal metastasis in the absence of liver involvement.", "contents": "Myelopathy due to spinal metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. The first case of a gallbaldder carcinoma with metastasis to dura and epidural space causing myelopathy is described. The mode of metastasis remains obscure because there was no involvement of liver or retroperitoneal veins. It is possible that the spread was by the vertebral venous plexus, which could account for a spinal metastasis in the absence of liver involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:922676", "title": "Myofibroblastic contraction in spontaneous regression of multiple congenital mesenchymal hamartomas.", "content": "Subcutaneous nodules from a newborn boy with \"multiple fibromatosis\" involving the head, neck, trunk, and all four extremities were studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent techniques. Light microscopy suggested a hamartomatous process with fibroblastic adipose, vasoformative and apparent smooth muscle components. The principal cell population combined ultrastructural characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Immunofluorescent studies revealed binding of human anti-smooth muscle antibody to the cytoplasm of the spindle cell population of the subdermal nodules but not to fibroblasts of the overlying un-involved skin. The ultrastructural and immunofluorescent studies revealed the previously underscribed fact that fibrous hamartoma of infancy is principally a proliferation of myofibroblasts. At age 8 months, there was complete spontaneous regression of all subcutaneous nodules not previously altered by excisional biopsy. The authors conclude that myofibroblasts are fibrocontractile cells, which play a role in shrinkage and eventual disappearance of these subdermal hamartomas.", "contents": "Myofibroblastic contraction in spontaneous regression of multiple congenital mesenchymal hamartomas. Subcutaneous nodules from a newborn boy with \"multiple fibromatosis\" involving the head, neck, trunk, and all four extremities were studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent techniques. Light microscopy suggested a hamartomatous process with fibroblastic adipose, vasoformative and apparent smooth muscle components. The principal cell population combined ultrastructural characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Immunofluorescent studies revealed binding of human anti-smooth muscle antibody to the cytoplasm of the spindle cell population of the subdermal nodules but not to fibroblasts of the overlying un-involved skin. The ultrastructural and immunofluorescent studies revealed the previously underscribed fact that fibrous hamartoma of infancy is principally a proliferation of myofibroblasts. At age 8 months, there was complete spontaneous regression of all subcutaneous nodules not previously altered by excisional biopsy. The authors conclude that myofibroblasts are fibrocontractile cells, which play a role in shrinkage and eventual disappearance of these subdermal hamartomas."}
{"id": "PMID:922677", "title": "The nasopharyngoscope and camera examination of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx.", "content": "The site of origin, the histology, the morphology, the extent, and the T category of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx and their correlations, including incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis, of 159 consecutive cases seen in a period of four years are studied.", "contents": "The nasopharyngoscope and camera examination of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx. The site of origin, the histology, the morphology, the extent, and the T category of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx and their correlations, including incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis, of 159 consecutive cases seen in a period of four years are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:922678", "title": "A quantitative measurement of peritoneal drainage in malignant ascites.", "content": "With a two-compartment model, a method is described for quantitative determination of peritoneal drainage rates in malignant ascites. Data on twenty-four patients are presented and comparison is made with the qualitative assessment of the integrity of diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics on the basis of lymphoscintigrams. It is concluded that flow rates less than 50 ml/hour are usually associated with abnormalities of the diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics, indicating that tumor permeation of these structures is a significant contributing factor to persistent, intractable ascites in patients with malignant diseases.", "contents": "A quantitative measurement of peritoneal drainage in malignant ascites. With a two-compartment model, a method is described for quantitative determination of peritoneal drainage rates in malignant ascites. Data on twenty-four patients are presented and comparison is made with the qualitative assessment of the integrity of diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics on the basis of lymphoscintigrams. It is concluded that flow rates less than 50 ml/hour are usually associated with abnormalities of the diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics, indicating that tumor permeation of these structures is a significant contributing factor to persistent, intractable ascites in patients with malignant diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:922679", "title": "Psychological and social adjustment to mastectomy: a two-year follow-up study.", "content": "A consecutive series of 160 women admitted to hospital for breast tumor biopsy was assessed prior to, and at 3, 12, and 24 months following operation for marital, sexual, interpersonal and work adjustment, depression, and personality characteristics by means of rating scales based on structures interviews and standard tests. By 2 years there wery no significant differences in social adjustment between mastectomy patients and benign breast disease controls; 70% of cancer patients were no longer stressed by mastectomy at 1 year. Factors predicting poor adjustment to mastectomy were high preoperative scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Neuroticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory; deterioration in sexual adjustment was associated with biological or chronological perimenopausal status. Significantly more cancer than benign disease patients were dissatisfied with the information they received about operation and diagnosis. Implications of these findings for the care of the mastectomy patient are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological and social adjustment to mastectomy: a two-year follow-up study. A consecutive series of 160 women admitted to hospital for breast tumor biopsy was assessed prior to, and at 3, 12, and 24 months following operation for marital, sexual, interpersonal and work adjustment, depression, and personality characteristics by means of rating scales based on structures interviews and standard tests. By 2 years there wery no significant differences in social adjustment between mastectomy patients and benign breast disease controls; 70% of cancer patients were no longer stressed by mastectomy at 1 year. Factors predicting poor adjustment to mastectomy were high preoperative scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Neuroticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory; deterioration in sexual adjustment was associated with biological or chronological perimenopausal status. Significantly more cancer than benign disease patients were dissatisfied with the information they received about operation and diagnosis. Implications of these findings for the care of the mastectomy patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922680", "title": "The prognostic significance of lymphocytic infiltration in malignant melanoma of the choroid.", "content": "Lymphocytic and plasmocytic infiltration surrounding a malignant tumor probably represents an immunologic response of the host directed against the neoplasm. It has been documented that lymphocytic infiltration has a favorable effect on prognosis in a number of human tumor systems, including cutaneous melanoma. In the present study, 309 consecutive cases of choroidal melanoma were examined for cellular infiltration, and these data were correlated with other histologic parameters and with prognosis. A intense cellular infiltration was found in 15 tumors (4.9%) and a moderate infiltration in 37 (12.0%). Tumors with cellular infiltration were significantly larger and more vascularized than the remaining tumors, which may be related to the accessibility of the immune system to the tumor. There was a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumors among the tumors with cellular infiltration. However, it does not appear the cellular infiltration favorably influences the prognosis of choroidal melanoma. The 5-year survival rates of patients with like cell types did not depend upon the degree of cellular infiltration demonstrated by the primary tumor. Although choroidal melanomas are capable of inciting an immune response, this response is apparently ineffective in preventing metastatic spread.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of lymphocytic infiltration in malignant melanoma of the choroid. Lymphocytic and plasmocytic infiltration surrounding a malignant tumor probably represents an immunologic response of the host directed against the neoplasm. It has been documented that lymphocytic infiltration has a favorable effect on prognosis in a number of human tumor systems, including cutaneous melanoma. In the present study, 309 consecutive cases of choroidal melanoma were examined for cellular infiltration, and these data were correlated with other histologic parameters and with prognosis. A intense cellular infiltration was found in 15 tumors (4.9%) and a moderate infiltration in 37 (12.0%). Tumors with cellular infiltration were significantly larger and more vascularized than the remaining tumors, which may be related to the accessibility of the immune system to the tumor. There was a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumors among the tumors with cellular infiltration. However, it does not appear the cellular infiltration favorably influences the prognosis of choroidal melanoma. The 5-year survival rates of patients with like cell types did not depend upon the degree of cellular infiltration demonstrated by the primary tumor. Although choroidal melanomas are capable of inciting an immune response, this response is apparently ineffective in preventing metastatic spread."}
{"id": "PMID:922683", "title": "Introductory statement on the progress of The National Large Bowel Cancer Project: its goals, objectives, and programs.", "content": "The introductory lecture updates the state of the art bearing on cancer of the large bowel. Topics discussed include etiological factors, the pathology of the disease, the role of animal models, the early diagnosis of the disease, including biochemical markers, with emphasis on immunology, and finally therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the immunological approaches to therapy as identified in the ongoing activities of the National Large Bowel Cancer Project. Interesting aspects of complementing the traditional ways of treating colorectal disease are noted in the discussion of new approaches to chemotherapeutic treatment based on rational developments obtained throught the study of cell kinetics and cell turnover. It is pointed out that this and other interrelationships considered in the multidisciplinary experimental and clinical approaches provide important leads toward the understanding of the mechanisms of disease, discovery of causes and means of prevention, methods of earlier diagnosis, improved rational modalities of treatment, and, one hopes, more successful management.", "contents": "Introductory statement on the progress of The National Large Bowel Cancer Project: its goals, objectives, and programs. The introductory lecture updates the state of the art bearing on cancer of the large bowel. Topics discussed include etiological factors, the pathology of the disease, the role of animal models, the early diagnosis of the disease, including biochemical markers, with emphasis on immunology, and finally therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the immunological approaches to therapy as identified in the ongoing activities of the National Large Bowel Cancer Project. Interesting aspects of complementing the traditional ways of treating colorectal disease are noted in the discussion of new approaches to chemotherapeutic treatment based on rational developments obtained throught the study of cell kinetics and cell turnover. It is pointed out that this and other interrelationships considered in the multidisciplinary experimental and clinical approaches provide important leads toward the understanding of the mechanisms of disease, discovery of causes and means of prevention, methods of earlier diagnosis, improved rational modalities of treatment, and, one hopes, more successful management."}
{"id": "PMID:922685", "title": "The large bowel carcinogenic effects of hydrazines and related compounds occurring in nature and in the environment.", "content": "Five substituted hydrazines that induce large bowel and other types of cancer in laboratory animals are described. Two of these compounds, which originate in nature, are 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, a tobacco ingredient, and methylhydrazine, formed from a chemical present in the edible wild mushroom Gyromitra esculenta. The human population is therefore exposed to them considerably. In addition, both compounds are manufactured and used in rocket fuel. The other three chemicals, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride,1-methyl-2-butylhydrazine dihydrochloride and trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride, are manufactured synthetically only and apparently are not found in substantial quantities in the environment.", "contents": "The large bowel carcinogenic effects of hydrazines and related compounds occurring in nature and in the environment. Five substituted hydrazines that induce large bowel and other types of cancer in laboratory animals are described. Two of these compounds, which originate in nature, are 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, a tobacco ingredient, and methylhydrazine, formed from a chemical present in the edible wild mushroom Gyromitra esculenta. The human population is therefore exposed to them considerably. In addition, both compounds are manufactured and used in rocket fuel. The other three chemicals, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride,1-methyl-2-butylhydrazine dihydrochloride and trimethylhydrazine hydrochloride, are manufactured synthetically only and apparently are not found in substantial quantities in the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:922686", "title": "Nitrosamines and nitrosamides in the etiology of gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "It has been amply demonstrated that N-nitroso compounds are formed by interaction of nitrite with secondary and tertiary amino compounds, and that this reaction can occur in vivo as well as in food processed with nitrite. The favored site of reaction in vivo is the stomach. It is likely that N-nitroso compounds formed in this way, especially nitrosamides, could reach the colon and contribute to the induction of colon tumors.", "contents": "Nitrosamines and nitrosamides in the etiology of gastrointestinal cancer. It has been amply demonstrated that N-nitroso compounds are formed by interaction of nitrite with secondary and tertiary amino compounds, and that this reaction can occur in vivo as well as in food processed with nitrite. The favored site of reaction in vivo is the stomach. It is likely that N-nitroso compounds formed in this way, especially nitrosamides, could reach the colon and contribute to the induction of colon tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:922687", "title": "Inhibition of carcinogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) by various chemicals.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of butylated hydroxyanosole (BHA), disulfiram, calcium chloride, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the intestinal and urothelial carcinogenicity of bracken fern (BF) was determined in albino rats. Of 10 groups of rats, one group received a normal diet, one received a BF-containing diet (one-third of diet by weight), four received a normal diet with one of the following supplements, and four received BF-containing diet with one of the following: BHA (5 mg/g diet); disulfiram (5 mg/g diet); PVP (50 mg/g diet); or calcium chloride (20 mg/g diet). At 12 months of the experiment, the following  results were noted: in the BF-treated group, 30 rats (100%) exhibited intestinal tumors and 22 of 30 (73%) urinary bladder tumors. In the BF-BHA group, 15 of 20 rats (75%) showed intestinal tumors and 12 of 20 rats (60%) urinary bladder tumors. Of the 16 rats in the BF-disulfiram group, 12 (80%) had intestinal and 10 (62.5%) had urinary bladder tumors. In the BF-calcium chloride group, intestinal tumors arose in 16 of 23 rats (70%) and urinary bladder tumors in 4 of 23 rats (17%), while in the 28 BF-PVP rats, 26 (93%) exhibited tumors of the intestine and 5 (18%) tumors of the urinary bladder. Dietary BHA, disulfiram and calcium chloride decreased the incidence of intestinal tumors by about 25--30% (p less than 0.01). Similarly, PVP and calcium chloride inhibited BF-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis by about 80% (p less than 0.001). No tumors were detected in groups receiving either normal diet or normal diet supplemented with BHA, disulfiram, calcium chloride or PVP.", "contents": "Inhibition of carcinogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) by various chemicals. The inhibitory effect of butylated hydroxyanosole (BHA), disulfiram, calcium chloride, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the intestinal and urothelial carcinogenicity of bracken fern (BF) was determined in albino rats. Of 10 groups of rats, one group received a normal diet, one received a BF-containing diet (one-third of diet by weight), four received a normal diet with one of the following supplements, and four received BF-containing diet with one of the following: BHA (5 mg/g diet); disulfiram (5 mg/g diet); PVP (50 mg/g diet); or calcium chloride (20 mg/g diet). At 12 months of the experiment, the following  results were noted: in the BF-treated group, 30 rats (100%) exhibited intestinal tumors and 22 of 30 (73%) urinary bladder tumors. In the BF-BHA group, 15 of 20 rats (75%) showed intestinal tumors and 12 of 20 rats (60%) urinary bladder tumors. Of the 16 rats in the BF-disulfiram group, 12 (80%) had intestinal and 10 (62.5%) had urinary bladder tumors. In the BF-calcium chloride group, intestinal tumors arose in 16 of 23 rats (70%) and urinary bladder tumors in 4 of 23 rats (17%), while in the 28 BF-PVP rats, 26 (93%) exhibited tumors of the intestine and 5 (18%) tumors of the urinary bladder. Dietary BHA, disulfiram and calcium chloride decreased the incidence of intestinal tumors by about 25--30% (p less than 0.01). Similarly, PVP and calcium chloride inhibited BF-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis by about 80% (p less than 0.001). No tumors were detected in groups receiving either normal diet or normal diet supplemented with BHA, disulfiram, calcium chloride or PVP."}
{"id": "PMID:922688", "title": "Biology of colon cancer: an overview.", "content": "The altered growth characteristics of neoplastic cells have recently been associated with changes in membrane glycoproteins present on the cell surface. Since the carbohydrate moieties of surface membrane glycoproteins are asymmetrically located on the external cell surface, these glycoconjugates are likely candidates for providing cell surfaces with many of their biological properties. Using specific external cell surface labeling techniques, we have broadened our investigation of tumor cell surface glycoconjugates to include studies on cultured human epithelial cells from fetal intestine and from colonic carcinoma. We have isolated by affinity chromatography and gel filtration and integral membrane glycoprotein, termed Galactoprotein I, from a cultured human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, which appears to be identical in many respects to CEA. Further examination of cell surface glycoproteins regarding quantitative and qualitative alterations and topographical redistribution should provide an insight into the biological aspects of tumor development.", "contents": "Biology of colon cancer: an overview. The altered growth characteristics of neoplastic cells have recently been associated with changes in membrane glycoproteins present on the cell surface. Since the carbohydrate moieties of surface membrane glycoproteins are asymmetrically located on the external cell surface, these glycoconjugates are likely candidates for providing cell surfaces with many of their biological properties. Using specific external cell surface labeling techniques, we have broadened our investigation of tumor cell surface glycoconjugates to include studies on cultured human epithelial cells from fetal intestine and from colonic carcinoma. We have isolated by affinity chromatography and gel filtration and integral membrane glycoprotein, termed Galactoprotein I, from a cultured human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, which appears to be identical in many respects to CEA. Further examination of cell surface glycoproteins regarding quantitative and qualitative alterations and topographical redistribution should provide an insight into the biological aspects of tumor development."}
{"id": "PMID:922690", "title": "Studies on translocation of immunoglobulins across intestinal epithelium.", "content": "The issue of how immunoglobulins are transported across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen was examined by immunohistocytochemical techniques. IgA, IgM, IgG and secretory component (SC) in human small intestine at light and electron microscopic levels were localized by the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. By light microscopy, IgA, IgM and SC, but not IgG, were found associated with columnar epithelial cells in gland crypts. By electron microscopy, SC was found in the perinuclear membranes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes of these cells. IgA and IgM as well as SC were found in the basolateral plasma membranes and cytoplasmic vacuoles of the cells. It was concluded that in the human small intestine 1) SC is synthesized by columnar secretory epithelial cells; 2) IgA and IgM, but not IgG, are transported through these cells; 3) IgA and IgM could combine during transport with SC on plasma membranes or within the cytoplasm of these cells. In additional experiments, in vitro binding of peroxidase-labeled dimeric IgA to specific sites, corresponding to the sites of SC, on human intestinal epithelial cells, was demonstrated.", "contents": "Studies on translocation of immunoglobulins across intestinal epithelium. The issue of how immunoglobulins are transported across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen was examined by immunohistocytochemical techniques. IgA, IgM, IgG and secretory component (SC) in human small intestine at light and electron microscopic levels were localized by the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique. By light microscopy, IgA, IgM and SC, but not IgG, were found associated with columnar epithelial cells in gland crypts. By electron microscopy, SC was found in the perinuclear membranes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes of these cells. IgA and IgM as well as SC were found in the basolateral plasma membranes and cytoplasmic vacuoles of the cells. It was concluded that in the human small intestine 1) SC is synthesized by columnar secretory epithelial cells; 2) IgA and IgM, but not IgG, are transported through these cells; 3) IgA and IgM could combine during transport with SC on plasma membranes or within the cytoplasm of these cells. In additional experiments, in vitro binding of peroxidase-labeled dimeric IgA to specific sites, corresponding to the sites of SC, on human intestinal epithelial cells, was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:922691", "title": "Influence of gonadal hormones and age on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis.", "content": "BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats received weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 15 mg/kg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) beginning at either 35, 120 or 210 days of age and continuing for 20 weeks. Control animals received only the DMH vehicle. Additional BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats of the three age groups were gonadectomized at 21, 106 and 196 days. Beginning 14 days after gonadectomy, the rats received 15 mg/kg of DMH by s.c. injection once a week for 20 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 35 weeks after the initial DMH injection. Control rats of the appropriate age and sex did not develop colon tumors. BD-IX rats are apparently more sensitive to DMH than BD-II rats. The incidence of DMH-induced cancer is less in females than in males in both the BD-II and BD-IX animals. Gonadectomy does not affect cancer incidence in either BD-II males or females nor in the BD-IX females but reduced the incidence in BD-IX males exposed initially at either 120 or 210 days. Administration of androgen to castrate BD-IX males (120-day-old group) increases the incidence of colon cancer to that approaching the intact animal but has little effect in the BD-II castrate male. These data suggest a genetically influenced susceptibility to DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis between BD-II and BD-IX rats. Furthermore, a sex difference is evident in both BD lines but age appears to be a factor only in older BD-IX females. Apparently, androgens influence DMH-induced tumorigenesis in BD-IX males only if the initial exposure of DMH occurs after sexual maturity.", "contents": "Influence of gonadal hormones and age on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats received weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 15 mg/kg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) beginning at either 35, 120 or 210 days of age and continuing for 20 weeks. Control animals received only the DMH vehicle. Additional BD-II and BD-IX male and female rats of the three age groups were gonadectomized at 21, 106 and 196 days. Beginning 14 days after gonadectomy, the rats received 15 mg/kg of DMH by s.c. injection once a week for 20 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 35 weeks after the initial DMH injection. Control rats of the appropriate age and sex did not develop colon tumors. BD-IX rats are apparently more sensitive to DMH than BD-II rats. The incidence of DMH-induced cancer is less in females than in males in both the BD-II and BD-IX animals. Gonadectomy does not affect cancer incidence in either BD-II males or females nor in the BD-IX females but reduced the incidence in BD-IX males exposed initially at either 120 or 210 days. Administration of androgen to castrate BD-IX males (120-day-old group) increases the incidence of colon cancer to that approaching the intact animal but has little effect in the BD-II castrate male. These data suggest a genetically influenced susceptibility to DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis between BD-II and BD-IX rats. Furthermore, a sex difference is evident in both BD lines but age appears to be a factor only in older BD-IX females. Apparently, androgens influence DMH-induced tumorigenesis in BD-IX males only if the initial exposure of DMH occurs after sexual maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:922692", "title": "Ultrastructure of the \"transitional\" mucosa adjacent to large bowel carcinoma.", "content": "The transitional mucosa immediately adjacent to large bowel carcinoma was examined in 13 patients by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and this was correlated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM). Marked abnormalities were present in this mucosa in 9/13 patients with distortion and loss of the normal architecture. Examination of adenomas showed abnormalities also to be present adjacent to the neoplastic mucosa. In all patients, the transitional mucosa was compared with two pieces of normal mucosa; in one patient, typical changes of transitional mucosa were found in this region. In the remaining patients, normal mucosa by SEM was found to consist to large deep furrows (primary crypts) as well as the crypts of Lieberkuhn (secondary crypts). The secondary crypts structure showed marked individual variation between patients but one type was present in nine patients. It is uncertain whether this is a pattern with a high incidence in the general population, or whether patients with this type of mucosa are particularly predisposed to large bowel carcinoma. SEM may, therefore, play a part in identifying patients particularly likely to develop large bowel carcinoma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the \"transitional\" mucosa adjacent to large bowel carcinoma. The transitional mucosa immediately adjacent to large bowel carcinoma was examined in 13 patients by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and this was correlated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM). Marked abnormalities were present in this mucosa in 9/13 patients with distortion and loss of the normal architecture. Examination of adenomas showed abnormalities also to be present adjacent to the neoplastic mucosa. In all patients, the transitional mucosa was compared with two pieces of normal mucosa; in one patient, typical changes of transitional mucosa were found in this region. In the remaining patients, normal mucosa by SEM was found to consist to large deep furrows (primary crypts) as well as the crypts of Lieberkuhn (secondary crypts). The secondary crypts structure showed marked individual variation between patients but one type was present in nine patients. It is uncertain whether this is a pattern with a high incidence in the general population, or whether patients with this type of mucosa are particularly predisposed to large bowel carcinoma. SEM may, therefore, play a part in identifying patients particularly likely to develop large bowel carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:922693", "title": "Phenotypic markers in human skin fibroblasts as possible diagnostic indices of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) and its Gardner's syndrome variant, an autosomal dominant trait, indicate a propensity for neoplasia. The present study describes the growth abnormalities of cultured human skin fibroblasts derived from normal-appearing cutaneous biopsies of ACR genotypes and a portion of the clinically asymptomatic ACR progeny, first filial generation, and their differential susceptibility to transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. These skin fibroblasts, but not cells derived from unaffected individuals, showed lack of contact inhibition, decreased serum requirement for growth, elevated levels of plasminogen activator, and alterations in the intracellular distribution of actin cables; they did not, however, grow in the absence of anchorage, nor did they form palpable tumors in congenitally athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice, and they were normal with regard to cholesterol feedback regulation. Skin fibroblasts from ACR subjects were 100- to 1000-fold more susceptible to transformation by the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus than were normal cells. The virally transformed skin fibroblasts were anchorage-independent and formed tumors in athymic mice. These growth abnormalities represent steps in the changing phenotypic expression of cells undergoing neoplastic transformation. Identification of abnormal expressions associated with oncogenesis may facilitate their use as diagnostic indices for the detection of latent forms of colon cancer in man.", "contents": "Phenotypic markers in human skin fibroblasts as possible diagnostic indices of hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR) and its Gardner's syndrome variant, an autosomal dominant trait, indicate a propensity for neoplasia. The present study describes the growth abnormalities of cultured human skin fibroblasts derived from normal-appearing cutaneous biopsies of ACR genotypes and a portion of the clinically asymptomatic ACR progeny, first filial generation, and their differential susceptibility to transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. These skin fibroblasts, but not cells derived from unaffected individuals, showed lack of contact inhibition, decreased serum requirement for growth, elevated levels of plasminogen activator, and alterations in the intracellular distribution of actin cables; they did not, however, grow in the absence of anchorage, nor did they form palpable tumors in congenitally athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice, and they were normal with regard to cholesterol feedback regulation. Skin fibroblasts from ACR subjects were 100- to 1000-fold more susceptible to transformation by the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus than were normal cells. The virally transformed skin fibroblasts were anchorage-independent and formed tumors in athymic mice. These growth abnormalities represent steps in the changing phenotypic expression of cells undergoing neoplastic transformation. Identification of abnormal expressions associated with oncogenesis may facilitate their use as diagnostic indices for the detection of latent forms of colon cancer in man."}
{"id": "PMID:922695", "title": "Surgical and medical measures in prevention of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Traditional methods for prevention of large bowel cancer rely on surveillance of patients with known precursors of bowel cancer, namely ulcerative colitis and those genetically linked polyposis syndromes that have malignant potential. Identification of heritable bowel cancer families and solitary polyp--cancer families provide additional populations that merit intensive scrutiny. Persuasive, if circumstantial, evidence suggests that maintaining patients free of large bowel polyps reduces the risk of developing large bowel cancer. Prospects for prevention of large bowel cancer are extended by recognition that a diet low in fat may reduce the risk of large bowel cancer. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence in animals that a variety of antioxidants limit large bowel carcinogenesis and preliminary evidence in man that these agents may control large bowel neoplasia.", "contents": "Surgical and medical measures in prevention of large bowel cancer. Traditional methods for prevention of large bowel cancer rely on surveillance of patients with known precursors of bowel cancer, namely ulcerative colitis and those genetically linked polyposis syndromes that have malignant potential. Identification of heritable bowel cancer families and solitary polyp--cancer families provide additional populations that merit intensive scrutiny. Persuasive, if circumstantial, evidence suggests that maintaining patients free of large bowel polyps reduces the risk of developing large bowel cancer. Prospects for prevention of large bowel cancer are extended by recognition that a diet low in fat may reduce the risk of large bowel cancer. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence in animals that a variety of antioxidants limit large bowel carcinogenesis and preliminary evidence in man that these agents may control large bowel neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:922699", "title": "Methylation of intestinal and hepatic DNA in rats treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "content": "Descending colon is the most sensitive segment of rat intestine and is at least as sensitive as liver to the carcinogenic effects of methylazoxymethanol acetate. To determine whether a relationship exists between tumor induction and level of DNA methylation, we measured the levels of 7-methylguanine in the DNA isolated from duodenum, descending colon, and liver of rats treated with this carcinogen. Because radiolabeled methylazoxymethanol acetate is not available, we utilized high pressure liquid chromatography whereby methylated purines could be detected in amounts as little as 100-300 pmoles. DNA isolated from liver of carcinogen-treated rats had significant amounts of 7-methylguanine. On the contrary, DNA isolated from descending colon of rats treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate had minimal amounts of 7-methylguanine; these data suggest that the level of 7-methylguanine does not correlate with sensitivity to tumor induction by methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "contents": "Methylation of intestinal and hepatic DNA in rats treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate. Descending colon is the most sensitive segment of rat intestine and is at least as sensitive as liver to the carcinogenic effects of methylazoxymethanol acetate. To determine whether a relationship exists between tumor induction and level of DNA methylation, we measured the levels of 7-methylguanine in the DNA isolated from duodenum, descending colon, and liver of rats treated with this carcinogen. Because radiolabeled methylazoxymethanol acetate is not available, we utilized high pressure liquid chromatography whereby methylated purines could be detected in amounts as little as 100-300 pmoles. DNA isolated from liver of carcinogen-treated rats had significant amounts of 7-methylguanine. On the contrary, DNA isolated from descending colon of rats treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate had minimal amounts of 7-methylguanine; these data suggest that the level of 7-methylguanine does not correlate with sensitivity to tumor induction by methylazoxymethanol acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:922700", "title": "Changes in chromosomal proteins in colon cancer: the complexity and DNA-binding properties of tumor-associated proteins and evidence for their association with the malignant state in human colonic epithelium.", "content": "The properties of two classes of nonhistone nuclear proteins (NHNP) whose appearance has been correlated with the process of carcinogenesis in the colonic epithelium of rats given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) have been investigated. NHNP isolated from adenocarcinomas of the colon were tested for their binding to homologous DNA. The tumor-specific protein class TNP1 (molecular weight ca. 44,000) shows high affinity for DNA while the second class of tumor-specific proteins (TNP2; molecular weight ca. 62,000) does not bind to DNA. When tumor chromatin is subjected to a limited digestion with DNAse I under conditions that are known to preferentially digest active genes, the TNP1 proteins are selectively released, suggesting that this protein fraction is associated with the actively transcribing portions of the genome. The complexity of both tumor-specific protein classes has also been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method reveals a high degree of complexity both in TNP1 and TNP2. Protein classes similar to TNP1 and TNP2 that are also found in human colonic adenocarcinomas are not detectable in polyps from familial polyposis-affected patients at times when no sign of malignancy has yet appeared.", "contents": "Changes in chromosomal proteins in colon cancer: the complexity and DNA-binding properties of tumor-associated proteins and evidence for their association with the malignant state in human colonic epithelium. The properties of two classes of nonhistone nuclear proteins (NHNP) whose appearance has been correlated with the process of carcinogenesis in the colonic epithelium of rats given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) have been investigated. NHNP isolated from adenocarcinomas of the colon were tested for their binding to homologous DNA. The tumor-specific protein class TNP1 (molecular weight ca. 44,000) shows high affinity for DNA while the second class of tumor-specific proteins (TNP2; molecular weight ca. 62,000) does not bind to DNA. When tumor chromatin is subjected to a limited digestion with DNAse I under conditions that are known to preferentially digest active genes, the TNP1 proteins are selectively released, suggesting that this protein fraction is associated with the actively transcribing portions of the genome. The complexity of both tumor-specific protein classes has also been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method reveals a high degree of complexity both in TNP1 and TNP2. Protein classes similar to TNP1 and TNP2 that are also found in human colonic adenocarcinomas are not detectable in polyps from familial polyposis-affected patients at times when no sign of malignancy has yet appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:922702", "title": "Feasibility of fecal occult-blood testing for detection of colorectal neoplasia: debits and credits.", "content": "A screening program for colorectal cancer and adenomas has been applied to 6,579 mostly asymptomatic men and women age 40 years and older utilizing fecal occult-blood testing followed by investigation of patients with positive slides by air-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy. A control population of 7,325 patients had sigmoidoscopy only and no occult-blood testing. Approximately 1% of the patients had positive slides; most patients had only one or two slides positive. Approximately 50% of patients with positive slides had significant neoplastic lesions, including 23 patients with large adenomas and 7 patients with cancers. Pathological staging of cancers was more favorable in the screened asymptomatic group as compared with the control group. Neoplastic lesions seen on sigmoidoscopy in screened patients who had negative fecal occult-blood tests included 2 cancers and 15 large adenomas. Reasons for false negativity include possible conversion of initially positive slides to negative. Screening for colorectal cancer and adenomas with fecal occult-blood testing appears to be feasible approach with good patient compliance, and manageable rate of positive slides productive of a high percentage of neoplastic lesions. The number of false-positives seems to be low. False negativity has been observed and will require further study.", "contents": "Feasibility of fecal occult-blood testing for detection of colorectal neoplasia: debits and credits. A screening program for colorectal cancer and adenomas has been applied to 6,579 mostly asymptomatic men and women age 40 years and older utilizing fecal occult-blood testing followed by investigation of patients with positive slides by air-contrast barium enema and colonoscopy. A control population of 7,325 patients had sigmoidoscopy only and no occult-blood testing. Approximately 1% of the patients had positive slides; most patients had only one or two slides positive. Approximately 50% of patients with positive slides had significant neoplastic lesions, including 23 patients with large adenomas and 7 patients with cancers. Pathological staging of cancers was more favorable in the screened asymptomatic group as compared with the control group. Neoplastic lesions seen on sigmoidoscopy in screened patients who had negative fecal occult-blood tests included 2 cancers and 15 large adenomas. Reasons for false negativity include possible conversion of initially positive slides to negative. Screening for colorectal cancer and adenomas with fecal occult-blood testing appears to be feasible approach with good patient compliance, and manageable rate of positive slides productive of a high percentage of neoplastic lesions. The number of false-positives seems to be low. False negativity has been observed and will require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:922704", "title": "Hereditary polyposis coli I: the diagnostic value of colonoscopy, barium enema, and fecal occult blood.", "content": "In families with one of the Mendelian hereditary polyposes, one can predict the proportion of patients at risk and thus obtain a denominator against which colonoscopy, barium enema, and fecal occult blood can be validated. Colonoscopy is more sensitive than barium enema. There were 42 positive colonoscopies, 12 positive barium enemas, both being positive in 10 of these. There were 141 negative enemas, 133 negative colonscopies, and 118 negative for both. Occult blood was positive in 30% of patients with polyposis, five to seven times more frequently than in those without evident polyposis. Colonoscopy detected polyposis in 30% of the progeny of affected people. The shortfall, compared with the 50% expected under the Mendelian hypothesis, is readily explained by removal of affected cases from the study by surgery or death from cancer.", "contents": "Hereditary polyposis coli I: the diagnostic value of colonoscopy, barium enema, and fecal occult blood. In families with one of the Mendelian hereditary polyposes, one can predict the proportion of patients at risk and thus obtain a denominator against which colonoscopy, barium enema, and fecal occult blood can be validated. Colonoscopy is more sensitive than barium enema. There were 42 positive colonoscopies, 12 positive barium enemas, both being positive in 10 of these. There were 141 negative enemas, 133 negative colonscopies, and 118 negative for both. Occult blood was positive in 30% of patients with polyposis, five to seven times more frequently than in those without evident polyposis. Colonoscopy detected polyposis in 30% of the progeny of affected people. The shortfall, compared with the 50% expected under the Mendelian hypothesis, is readily explained by removal of affected cases from the study by surgery or death from cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:922706", "title": "Selective inhibition with sodium cyanate of protein synthesis in colon cancer cells.", "content": "Sodium cyanate, which in its tautomeric acidic form, isocyanic acid, acts as a protein carbamylating reagent, has been previously shown to inhibit selectively both DNA and protein synthesis in a variety of solid tumors. We have now compared its effects on protein synthesis in normal colonic epithelium and in colon tumors induced by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats. The incorporation of 3H-amino acids into cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions was suppressed to a much greater extent in the tumor tissue than in colonic epithelial tissue surrounding the tumors of cyanate-treated rats. Despite its effect on tumor protein synthesis in whole animals, cyanate had little or no effect on cultured cells (HT-29) derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the colon, nor on other malignant cell lines such as HeLa S3 cells, chick fibroblasts transformed by the Rous sarcoma virus, mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, or rat Novikoff hepatoma cells. However, the administration of cyanate i.p. does suppress amino acid incorporation by Novikoff hepatoma cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats. The implication that the mechanism of cyanate inhibition of protein synthesis in tumors may require its in vivo metabolism or utilization to produce a postsynthetic modification of circulatory factors is discussed.", "contents": "Selective inhibition with sodium cyanate of protein synthesis in colon cancer cells. Sodium cyanate, which in its tautomeric acidic form, isocyanic acid, acts as a protein carbamylating reagent, has been previously shown to inhibit selectively both DNA and protein synthesis in a variety of solid tumors. We have now compared its effects on protein synthesis in normal colonic epithelium and in colon tumors induced by the administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to rats. The incorporation of 3H-amino acids into cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions was suppressed to a much greater extent in the tumor tissue than in colonic epithelial tissue surrounding the tumors of cyanate-treated rats. Despite its effect on tumor protein synthesis in whole animals, cyanate had little or no effect on cultured cells (HT-29) derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the colon, nor on other malignant cell lines such as HeLa S3 cells, chick fibroblasts transformed by the Rous sarcoma virus, mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, or rat Novikoff hepatoma cells. However, the administration of cyanate i.p. does suppress amino acid incorporation by Novikoff hepatoma cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats. The implication that the mechanism of cyanate inhibition of protein synthesis in tumors may require its in vivo metabolism or utilization to produce a postsynthetic modification of circulatory factors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922707", "title": "Restoration of in vitro growth control to malignant cells.", "content": "A glycoprotein (molecular weight, ca. 160,000) from culture medium of contact-inhibited hamster melanocytes restores contact inhibition of growth to malignant melanocytes of man, mouse, and hamsters, and also effectively inhibits growth in vitro of a broad spectrum of malignant and normal cell types of ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal origins, including human colon carcinomas. The melanocyte contact inhibitory factor (MCIF) produces G1 growth arrest in malignant melanocytes; inhibition of all cell types is reversible, does related, and nontoxic at concentrations below 200 microgram/ml, but selectively lethal to malignant cells at higher concentrations. An electrophoretically identical protein is present in culture media of contact-inhibited melanocytes, fibroblasts, and epidermal cells, but absent from those of colon carcinomas, HeLa cells and malignant melanomas. Nevertheless, an MCIF-like band is present in whole cell homogenates of human colon carcinomas and hamster melanomas. MCIF may permit normal surface interactions required for feedback inhibition of growth.", "contents": "Restoration of in vitro growth control to malignant cells. A glycoprotein (molecular weight, ca. 160,000) from culture medium of contact-inhibited hamster melanocytes restores contact inhibition of growth to malignant melanocytes of man, mouse, and hamsters, and also effectively inhibits growth in vitro of a broad spectrum of malignant and normal cell types of ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal origins, including human colon carcinomas. The melanocyte contact inhibitory factor (MCIF) produces G1 growth arrest in malignant melanocytes; inhibition of all cell types is reversible, does related, and nontoxic at concentrations below 200 microgram/ml, but selectively lethal to malignant cells at higher concentrations. An electrophoretically identical protein is present in culture media of contact-inhibited melanocytes, fibroblasts, and epidermal cells, but absent from those of colon carcinomas, HeLa cells and malignant melanomas. Nevertheless, an MCIF-like band is present in whole cell homogenates of human colon carcinomas and hamster melanomas. MCIF may permit normal surface interactions required for feedback inhibition of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:922708", "title": "Human colonic tumor cell kinetics: potential for therapy.", "content": "Using new in vitro techniques developed at the Cancer Research Unit, cell kinetic measurements were obtained in primary and metastatic human colonic tumors, polyps and normal bowel that did not require in vivo 3HTdR and required only single samples of tissue. These techniques included the measurement of the number of cells in DNA synthesis (LI), an estimate of the DNA synthesis time (Ts) and the growth fraction of tissues by means of the primer-available DNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay (PDP). From these data, the potential doubling time and the cell cycle time (Tc) of the tumors were calculated. Early preliminary data on human colonic specimens presented in Tables 1 and 2 indicate that there is an increase in LI from the low polyps to higher adenocarcinomas. There is little difference between primary and metastatic tumor cell kinetics. Growth fraction estimates (PDP) of the various colonic tissue types are also not significantly different and except for villous adenomas, DNA synthesis times are constant. The median 3HTdR labeling indices of 7% primary adenocarcinomas include a number of samples (approximately 20% of all samples) with high labeling indices (in the 10--20% range). These high labeling tumors may be those that show objective response to S-phase active drugs, e.g., 5-FU.", "contents": "Human colonic tumor cell kinetics: potential for therapy. Using new in vitro techniques developed at the Cancer Research Unit, cell kinetic measurements were obtained in primary and metastatic human colonic tumors, polyps and normal bowel that did not require in vivo 3HTdR and required only single samples of tissue. These techniques included the measurement of the number of cells in DNA synthesis (LI), an estimate of the DNA synthesis time (Ts) and the growth fraction of tissues by means of the primer-available DNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay (PDP). From these data, the potential doubling time and the cell cycle time (Tc) of the tumors were calculated. Early preliminary data on human colonic specimens presented in Tables 1 and 2 indicate that there is an increase in LI from the low polyps to higher adenocarcinomas. There is little difference between primary and metastatic tumor cell kinetics. Growth fraction estimates (PDP) of the various colonic tissue types are also not significantly different and except for villous adenomas, DNA synthesis times are constant. The median 3HTdR labeling indices of 7% primary adenocarcinomas include a number of samples (approximately 20% of all samples) with high labeling indices (in the 10--20% range). These high labeling tumors may be those that show objective response to S-phase active drugs, e.g., 5-FU."}
{"id": "PMID:922710", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer (Dukes' class C): prolongation of disease-free interval and survival.", "content": "The poor postsurgical prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer of the Dukes' C classification has prompted a clinical trial of adjuvant immunotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy intended to prolong either the disease-free interval or the overall survival or both. One hundred and twenty-one patients have been entered on this study. Fifty-two patients received BCG alone and 69 patients received the combination of 5-FU and BCG. The disease-free interval and the overall survival were compared with similar parameters in a group of historical controls with similar prognostic characteristics who were operated on in our institution prior to the initiation of the current study. There was no difference as yet between BCG alone and the combination of 5-FU + BCG in terms of both the disease-free interval and the survival. Both treatments, however, had significantly better results than the surgical controls. Adjuvant therapy, especially with BCG is advocated for patients with colorectal carcinoma, Dukes' C class, following potentially curative surgery.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in colorectal cancer (Dukes' class C): prolongation of disease-free interval and survival. The poor postsurgical prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer of the Dukes' C classification has prompted a clinical trial of adjuvant immunotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy intended to prolong either the disease-free interval or the overall survival or both. One hundred and twenty-one patients have been entered on this study. Fifty-two patients received BCG alone and 69 patients received the combination of 5-FU and BCG. The disease-free interval and the overall survival were compared with similar parameters in a group of historical controls with similar prognostic characteristics who were operated on in our institution prior to the initiation of the current study. There was no difference as yet between BCG alone and the combination of 5-FU + BCG in terms of both the disease-free interval and the survival. Both treatments, however, had significantly better results than the surgical controls. Adjuvant therapy, especially with BCG is advocated for patients with colorectal carcinoma, Dukes' C class, following potentially curative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:922711", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy potential for the treatment of large bowel cancer.", "content": "Active specific immunotherapy, harnessing the strength and specificity of the host immune response to destroy neoplastic cells, may offer an ideal surgical adjuvant treatment modality for human colon cancer. Unfortunately, achievement of this goal has been obscured by 1) the effect of excess residual disease to interfere with the host's destructive response, 2) the weak nature of tumor resistance, 3) the potential adverse effect of concomitant treatments such as chemotherapy, and 4) the present limitation of poorly defined immunogens to induce, as well as insensitive assay systems to detect, host sensitizaion. Recent immunologic and chemical research revealing distinctive surface membrane structures on colon cancer cells suggests that a controlled trial of irradiated, autochtonous cell vaccines (without mycobacterial adjuvants) may provide a new therapeutic tool for Dukes B2 and C stages of human colon cancer.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy potential for the treatment of large bowel cancer. Active specific immunotherapy, harnessing the strength and specificity of the host immune response to destroy neoplastic cells, may offer an ideal surgical adjuvant treatment modality for human colon cancer. Unfortunately, achievement of this goal has been obscured by 1) the effect of excess residual disease to interfere with the host's destructive response, 2) the weak nature of tumor resistance, 3) the potential adverse effect of concomitant treatments such as chemotherapy, and 4) the present limitation of poorly defined immunogens to induce, as well as insensitive assay systems to detect, host sensitizaion. Recent immunologic and chemical research revealing distinctive surface membrane structures on colon cancer cells suggests that a controlled trial of irradiated, autochtonous cell vaccines (without mycobacterial adjuvants) may provide a new therapeutic tool for Dukes B2 and C stages of human colon cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:922720", "title": "Tissue changes resulting from the injection of gamma-irradiated cells into the gynogenetic teleost, Poecilia formosa.", "content": "In previous studies a clone of the gynogenetic fish, Poecilia formosa (the Amazon molly), was successfully used as a test animal to identify ultraviolet-induced damage. This work has been extended, and the fish system was used to detect damage caused byionizing radiation. Fish cells, exposed in vitro to 250 and 500 rads, were injected into young isogenic recipients, and 9 months later the fish were examined grossly and histologically. Two of the most conspicuous changes that resulted were the development of extensive invasive thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy body, with an apparent reduction in the amount of hemato-poietic tissue in the head kidney and spleen. We discuss the difference between the responses of the recipient fish to cells exposed to ionizing radiation and to cells exposed to ultraviolet light.", "contents": "Tissue changes resulting from the injection of gamma-irradiated cells into the gynogenetic teleost, Poecilia formosa. In previous studies a clone of the gynogenetic fish, Poecilia formosa (the Amazon molly), was successfully used as a test animal to identify ultraviolet-induced damage. This work has been extended, and the fish system was used to detect damage caused byionizing radiation. Fish cells, exposed in vitro to 250 and 500 rads, were injected into young isogenic recipients, and 9 months later the fish were examined grossly and histologically. Two of the most conspicuous changes that resulted were the development of extensive invasive thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy body, with an apparent reduction in the amount of hemato-poietic tissue in the head kidney and spleen. We discuss the difference between the responses of the recipient fish to cells exposed to ionizing radiation and to cells exposed to ultraviolet light."}
{"id": "PMID:922721", "title": "Separation of cells from mouse solid tumors by centrifugal elutriation.", "content": "Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells dissociated from two hypotetraploid mouse solid tumors, a fibrosarcoma and a sarcoma derived from L-P59 cells, based on their sedimentation rates. The separation was rapid, requiring less than 1 hr; yielded about 80 percent cell recovery; and resulted in little loss of cell viability. Aanlysis of DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated the synchrony obtained with these tumor cells. The fractions with the lowest sedimentation rates contained predominantly normal cells, those with intermediate sedimentation rates contained predominantly tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and those with the highest sedimentation rates contained mostly tumor cells in S or G2. The clonogenicity of L-P59 cells, assayed in culture, markedly increased with increasing sedimentation rates. In contrast, the clonogencity of fibrosarcoma cells, assayed in vivo by a lung colony assay, was lower for the smaller cells, but was essentially constant among the larger cells. Autoradiography of cells labeled in vivo with tritiated thymidine demonstrated no differences in the proportions of cycling cells in various fractions. These results demonstrate that subpopulations differing in cell type, phase of the cell cycle, and clonogencity can be rapidly separated from solid tumors by centrifugal elutriation.", "contents": "Separation of cells from mouse solid tumors by centrifugal elutriation. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate cells dissociated from two hypotetraploid mouse solid tumors, a fibrosarcoma and a sarcoma derived from L-P59 cells, based on their sedimentation rates. The separation was rapid, requiring less than 1 hr; yielded about 80 percent cell recovery; and resulted in little loss of cell viability. Aanlysis of DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated the synchrony obtained with these tumor cells. The fractions with the lowest sedimentation rates contained predominantly normal cells, those with intermediate sedimentation rates contained predominantly tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and those with the highest sedimentation rates contained mostly tumor cells in S or G2. The clonogenicity of L-P59 cells, assayed in culture, markedly increased with increasing sedimentation rates. In contrast, the clonogencity of fibrosarcoma cells, assayed in vivo by a lung colony assay, was lower for the smaller cells, but was essentially constant among the larger cells. Autoradiography of cells labeled in vivo with tritiated thymidine demonstrated no differences in the proportions of cycling cells in various fractions. These results demonstrate that subpopulations differing in cell type, phase of the cell cycle, and clonogencity can be rapidly separated from solid tumors by centrifugal elutriation."}
{"id": "PMID:922724", "title": "Rosette formation and inhibition in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.", "content": "Total and early rosettes and rosette inhibition were measured in patients with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Both total and early rosettes were significantly depressed in patients with carcinoma in situ; early rosettes were also significantly lower than were controls in women with severe dysplasia. Rosette inhibition titers were increased in most patients with moderate dysplasia and in all patients with either severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. Thus, the Rosette inhivition test may be useful in detecting, in a precancerous state, patients at risk for cancer.", "contents": "Rosette formation and inhibition in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Total and early rosettes and rosette inhibition were measured in patients with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Both total and early rosettes were significantly depressed in patients with carcinoma in situ; early rosettes were also significantly lower than were controls in women with severe dysplasia. Rosette inhibition titers were increased in most patients with moderate dysplasia and in all patients with either severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. Thus, the Rosette inhivition test may be useful in detecting, in a precancerous state, patients at risk for cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:922725", "title": "Correlation of cytotoxicity and mitotic spindle dissolution by vinblastine in mammalian cells.", "content": "In two hamster cell lines that differed 100-fold in their vinblastine sensitivity, dissolution of the mitotic spindle by vinblastine in living cells correlated with cytotoxicity from vinblastine expressed as suppression of colony formation. The effect on the spindle apparatus occurred in 30 sec or less and thus provides a rapid assay for determining the cytotoxic effects of the Vinca alkaloids, as well as the potential for quantitative assay of solutions of Vinca derivatives.", "contents": "Correlation of cytotoxicity and mitotic spindle dissolution by vinblastine in mammalian cells. In two hamster cell lines that differed 100-fold in their vinblastine sensitivity, dissolution of the mitotic spindle by vinblastine in living cells correlated with cytotoxicity from vinblastine expressed as suppression of colony formation. The effect on the spindle apparatus occurred in 30 sec or less and thus provides a rapid assay for determining the cytotoxic effects of the Vinca alkaloids, as well as the potential for quantitative assay of solutions of Vinca derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:922726", "title": "Morphogenesis of early 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lesions and latent period reduction of colon carcinogenesis in mice by a variant of Citrobacter freundii.", "content": "The morphogenesis of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced lesions in the colon of outbred NIH Swiss mice was determined for up to 5 months of treatment. The effect of hyperplasia on DMH carcinogenesis was also evaluated by introducing a transient hyperplastic stimulus to the colon during the chronic weekly treatment regimen of DMH. The hyperplastic stimulus was a naturally occurring disease of mice, transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, which is caused by a variant of Citrobacter freundii. In control mice, those not receiving the bacterium, weekly injections of the carcinogen induced neoplastic changes first detectable at two months of treatment in all segments of the colon and in both sexes. The changes increased in frequency and severity with time. Diffuse mucosal hyperpladia and chronic inflammatory and degenerative changes were also associated with DMH after prolonged treatment. The hyperplastic stimulus of C. freundii reduced the latent period for appearance of early DMH tumors, but it had no influence on already established DMH tumors.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of early 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lesions and latent period reduction of colon carcinogenesis in mice by a variant of Citrobacter freundii. The morphogenesis of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced lesions in the colon of outbred NIH Swiss mice was determined for up to 5 months of treatment. The effect of hyperplasia on DMH carcinogenesis was also evaluated by introducing a transient hyperplastic stimulus to the colon during the chronic weekly treatment regimen of DMH. The hyperplastic stimulus was a naturally occurring disease of mice, transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia, which is caused by a variant of Citrobacter freundii. In control mice, those not receiving the bacterium, weekly injections of the carcinogen induced neoplastic changes first detectable at two months of treatment in all segments of the colon and in both sexes. The changes increased in frequency and severity with time. Diffuse mucosal hyperpladia and chronic inflammatory and degenerative changes were also associated with DMH after prolonged treatment. The hyperplastic stimulus of C. freundii reduced the latent period for appearance of early DMH tumors, but it had no influence on already established DMH tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:922727", "title": "Kinetics of cell proliferation and polyamine synthesis during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth.", "content": "The kinetics of cell proliferation and polyamine synthesis during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth were studied. The steady deceleration of the specific growth rate with increasing tumor mass that was observed was attributable to a prolongation of the cell cycle, particularly of the S and G2 phases. The cell cycle time (Tc) was 43.3 hr (TG1 equals 10.8, TS equals 26.8, and TG2 equals 5.7 hr) on the seventh day of growth and 76.0 hr (TG1 equals 14.0, TS equals 52.0, and TG2 equals 10.0 hr) on the tenth day of growth. The growth fraction showed a decrease from 0.77 to 0.60 during the 7- to 10-day tumor growth interval. The cell death rate remained low and essentially unchanged during this period. A high correlation was found between polyamine synthesis (ornithine decarboxylase activity) and the specific growth rate; the correlation coefficient was 0.985. There was also a high positive correlation between the cellular polyamine (spermidine and spermine) and nucleic acid content (spermidine: DNA equals 0.916, spermine: DNA equals 0.947, spermidine:RNA equals 0.907, and spermine: RNA equals 0.881). These observations suggest that there may be a functional coupling between polyamines and nucleic acids, and they support the hypothesis that polyamines play an important role in DNA replication and cell division.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell proliferation and polyamine synthesis during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth. The kinetics of cell proliferation and polyamine synthesis during Ehrlich ascites tumor growth were studied. The steady deceleration of the specific growth rate with increasing tumor mass that was observed was attributable to a prolongation of the cell cycle, particularly of the S and G2 phases. The cell cycle time (Tc) was 43.3 hr (TG1 equals 10.8, TS equals 26.8, and TG2 equals 5.7 hr) on the seventh day of growth and 76.0 hr (TG1 equals 14.0, TS equals 52.0, and TG2 equals 10.0 hr) on the tenth day of growth. The growth fraction showed a decrease from 0.77 to 0.60 during the 7- to 10-day tumor growth interval. The cell death rate remained low and essentially unchanged during this period. A high correlation was found between polyamine synthesis (ornithine decarboxylase activity) and the specific growth rate; the correlation coefficient was 0.985. There was also a high positive correlation between the cellular polyamine (spermidine and spermine) and nucleic acid content (spermidine: DNA equals 0.916, spermine: DNA equals 0.947, spermidine:RNA equals 0.907, and spermine: RNA equals 0.881). These observations suggest that there may be a functional coupling between polyamines and nucleic acids, and they support the hypothesis that polyamines play an important role in DNA replication and cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:922728", "title": "Cellular attachment to implanted foreign bodies in relation to tumorigenesis.", "content": "Previous experiments demonstrating a reduction of tumorigenicity by roughening the surfaces of plastics implanted in rodents, or by increasing the pore size of cellulose filter implants, were repeated with observations on cellular attachment to these objects and to filters strengthened and made impermeable by bonding to plastic. Round 13-mm discs of methylmethacrylate implanted S.C. in A/BiF/F50 + mice produced sarcomas in 12 percent of mice at 64 weeks. Tumor incidence increased to 60 percent (p less than 0.001) in mice receiving discs to which cellulose filters with pore sizes of 0.025 to 0.1 micrometer were bonded. No tumors occurred with discs covered by 0.45-micrometer filters, followed up to 83 weeks. Vinyl coverslips 15 mm square also produced no sarcomas when covered by 0.45 micrometer filters; plain vinyl produced sarcomas in 40 percent of mice at 64 weeks (p less than 0.001). Sanding of vinyl surfaces reduced tumorigenicity (p less than 0.05). Permeability, fragility, and storage capacity of filters are apparently not related to tumorigenicity. Surface roughness probably is related. Cells, mostly macrophages, were densely and uniformly attached to nontumorigenic surfaces from 24 hr to 2 years after inplantation but were distinctly fewer and not uniformly distrubuted on tumorigenic surfaces. Topology favoring attachment was inherent in 0.45-mum filters and was produced in plastic by gouging irregular excavations 10 to 15 micrometer deep.", "contents": "Cellular attachment to implanted foreign bodies in relation to tumorigenesis. Previous experiments demonstrating a reduction of tumorigenicity by roughening the surfaces of plastics implanted in rodents, or by increasing the pore size of cellulose filter implants, were repeated with observations on cellular attachment to these objects and to filters strengthened and made impermeable by bonding to plastic. Round 13-mm discs of methylmethacrylate implanted S.C. in A/BiF/F50 + mice produced sarcomas in 12 percent of mice at 64 weeks. Tumor incidence increased to 60 percent (p less than 0.001) in mice receiving discs to which cellulose filters with pore sizes of 0.025 to 0.1 micrometer were bonded. No tumors occurred with discs covered by 0.45-micrometer filters, followed up to 83 weeks. Vinyl coverslips 15 mm square also produced no sarcomas when covered by 0.45 micrometer filters; plain vinyl produced sarcomas in 40 percent of mice at 64 weeks (p less than 0.001). Sanding of vinyl surfaces reduced tumorigenicity (p less than 0.05). Permeability, fragility, and storage capacity of filters are apparently not related to tumorigenicity. Surface roughness probably is related. Cells, mostly macrophages, were densely and uniformly attached to nontumorigenic surfaces from 24 hr to 2 years after inplantation but were distinctly fewer and not uniformly distrubuted on tumorigenic surfaces. Topology favoring attachment was inherent in 0.45-mum filters and was produced in plastic by gouging irregular excavations 10 to 15 micrometer deep."}
{"id": "PMID:922731", "title": "Correlation of DNA distribution abnormalities with cytogenetic findings in human adult leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "Pulse cytophotometric analysis of bone marrow cells from 175 patients with leukemia or lymphoma showed abnormalities of cellular DNA distribution in 29 patients for an overall incidence of 16.6 percent. Comparative standard cytogenetic examination indicated that high-degree chromosomal aberrations (less than or equal to 44, greater than or equal to 53 chromosomes) can generally be detected on DNA histograms, whereas patients with diploid, pseudodiploid, 45-hypodiploid, and 47-hyperdiploid abnormalities usually escape recognition by this technique. There were 11 patients with normal diploid or near-diploid karyotypes exhibiting marked DNA deviations; this discrepancy may reflect lack of proliferation of some leukemic clones which is a prerequisite for cytogenetic identification.", "contents": "Correlation of DNA distribution abnormalities with cytogenetic findings in human adult leukemia and lymphoma. Pulse cytophotometric analysis of bone marrow cells from 175 patients with leukemia or lymphoma showed abnormalities of cellular DNA distribution in 29 patients for an overall incidence of 16.6 percent. Comparative standard cytogenetic examination indicated that high-degree chromosomal aberrations (less than or equal to 44, greater than or equal to 53 chromosomes) can generally be detected on DNA histograms, whereas patients with diploid, pseudodiploid, 45-hypodiploid, and 47-hyperdiploid abnormalities usually escape recognition by this technique. There were 11 patients with normal diploid or near-diploid karyotypes exhibiting marked DNA deviations; this discrepancy may reflect lack of proliferation of some leukemic clones which is a prerequisite for cytogenetic identification."}
{"id": "PMID:922732", "title": "Antitumor effect of two oral steroids, mepitiostane and fluoxymesterone, on a pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumor (TPDMT-4).", "content": "Pregnancy-dependent TPDMT-4 mammary tumors, characterized by requiring estrogen, progesterone, and pituitary hormones for growth, grew continuously in female DDD mice carrying pituitary isografts. The experimental model was used to investigate the antitumor effects of two p.o. steroids, mepitiostane and fluoxymesterone. When tumors implanted with pituitary isografts into the fat-pad reached palpable size, animals received 6 doses/week of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg of either steroid intragastrically. Mepitiostane significantly suppressed tumor growth with regression in 25 and 29 percent of animals at 1.0 and 3.0 mg, respectively, but had no inhibitory effects at other doses. Fluoxymesterone retarted tumor growth during the first week of treatment at 3.0 mg but finally had no inhibitory effects at any doses. Under similar conditions ovariectomy caused tumor regression immediately, and epitiostanol, the parent steroid of mepitiostane, significantly suppressed tumor growth when given in 3 injections/week of 0.5 mg s.c. Tumous had papillary structures and almost lacked secretory activity. A comparison of these findings to those obtained with earlier generations suggests that TPDMT-4 tumors became less sensitive to the antitumor effect of epitiostanol and were able to grow at lower hormone levels with succeeding generations. Morphologically, progression to more cancer and less secretory activity was noticed.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of two oral steroids, mepitiostane and fluoxymesterone, on a pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumor (TPDMT-4). Pregnancy-dependent TPDMT-4 mammary tumors, characterized by requiring estrogen, progesterone, and pituitary hormones for growth, grew continuously in female DDD mice carrying pituitary isografts. The experimental model was used to investigate the antitumor effects of two p.o. steroids, mepitiostane and fluoxymesterone. When tumors implanted with pituitary isografts into the fat-pad reached palpable size, animals received 6 doses/week of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg of either steroid intragastrically. Mepitiostane significantly suppressed tumor growth with regression in 25 and 29 percent of animals at 1.0 and 3.0 mg, respectively, but had no inhibitory effects at other doses. Fluoxymesterone retarted tumor growth during the first week of treatment at 3.0 mg but finally had no inhibitory effects at any doses. Under similar conditions ovariectomy caused tumor regression immediately, and epitiostanol, the parent steroid of mepitiostane, significantly suppressed tumor growth when given in 3 injections/week of 0.5 mg s.c. Tumous had papillary structures and almost lacked secretory activity. A comparison of these findings to those obtained with earlier generations suggests that TPDMT-4 tumors became less sensitive to the antitumor effect of epitiostanol and were able to grow at lower hormone levels with succeeding generations. Morphologically, progression to more cancer and less secretory activity was noticed."}
{"id": "PMID:922733", "title": "Enhanced induction of immune resistance by concanavalin A-bound L1210 vaccine and an immunopotentiator prepared from Coriolus versicolor.", "content": "Combined administration of a vaccine consisting of a small number (2 X 10(6)) of L1210 murine leukemic cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A and a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation of Coriolus versicolor induced synergistic resistance to L1210 leukemia in BALB/c X DBA/2CrF1 mice. This effect was dependent on the dose and timing of the administration of the protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, being most effective at the time of or 1 day after the second vaccination. Induced resistance was not cross-reactive with P388 murine leukemia, indicating specificity of resistance. This immunopotentiation by the protein-bound polysaccharide did not occur when L1210 cells treated with glutaraldehyde, but not with concanavalin A, were used as a vaccine.", "contents": "Enhanced induction of immune resistance by concanavalin A-bound L1210 vaccine and an immunopotentiator prepared from Coriolus versicolor. Combined administration of a vaccine consisting of a small number (2 X 10(6)) of L1210 murine leukemic cells treated with glutaraldehyde and concanavalin A and a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation of Coriolus versicolor induced synergistic resistance to L1210 leukemia in BALB/c X DBA/2CrF1 mice. This effect was dependent on the dose and timing of the administration of the protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, being most effective at the time of or 1 day after the second vaccination. Induced resistance was not cross-reactive with P388 murine leukemia, indicating specificity of resistance. This immunopotentiation by the protein-bound polysaccharide did not occur when L1210 cells treated with glutaraldehyde, but not with concanavalin A, were used as a vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:922735", "title": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of rat lymphocytes against gross virus-induced tumor cell lines as measured by [125I]iododeoxyuridine and tritiated proline microcytotoxicity assays.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from rat spleens that mediate \"natural\" cytotoxicity are described, and the subpopulation responsible for this activity is partially identified. These naturally cytotoxic cells have been designated \"N-cells\" and appear to be lymphocytes that lack both detectable immunoglobulin and complement receptors and are therefore not mature B-cells. They are different from the classic \"null cells\", which have immunoglobulin and/or complement recepters. This subpopulation of cells is responsible for the natural activity present is normal spleens and in spleens from immunized animals. These results indicate that the same subpopulation of cells responsible for natural activity in the short-term assays is also responsible for natural activity in the long-term microcytotoxicity assays reported here. In addition, these mononuclear cells are active against both nonadherent cells and monolayer targets. Natural activity as measured by the long-term assays appears to be somewhat less age specific than that reported previously with the short-term chromium assay. Appropriate base lines are described in an attempt to better document natural activity in these assays. This natural activity must be closely monitored in any system purporting to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of rat lymphocytes against gross virus-induced tumor cell lines as measured by [125I]iododeoxyuridine and tritiated proline microcytotoxicity assays. Mononuclear cells from rat spleens that mediate \"natural\" cytotoxicity are described, and the subpopulation responsible for this activity is partially identified. These naturally cytotoxic cells have been designated \"N-cells\" and appear to be lymphocytes that lack both detectable immunoglobulin and complement receptors and are therefore not mature B-cells. They are different from the classic \"null cells\", which have immunoglobulin and/or complement recepters. This subpopulation of cells is responsible for the natural activity present is normal spleens and in spleens from immunized animals. These results indicate that the same subpopulation of cells responsible for natural activity in the short-term assays is also responsible for natural activity in the long-term microcytotoxicity assays reported here. In addition, these mononuclear cells are active against both nonadherent cells and monolayer targets. Natural activity as measured by the long-term assays appears to be somewhat less age specific than that reported previously with the short-term chromium assay. Appropriate base lines are described in an attempt to better document natural activity in these assays. This natural activity must be closely monitored in any system purporting to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:922737", "title": "Relationship between effects on nucleic acid synthesis in cell cultures and cytotoxicity of 4-demethoxy derivatives of daunorubicin and adriamycin.", "content": "Four new derivatives of daunorubicin and two new derivatives of Adriamycin characterized by the absence of the methoxyl groups at the C-4 position have been studied in cell cultures in vitro to establish structure-activity relationships. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin was 27 to 100 times more active than was daunorubicin when inhibiting the cloning efficiency of exponential-phase HeLa cells and, like daunorubicin, was slightly active on early plateau-phase cells. DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts stimulated by fetal calf serum was inhibited equally by the two compounds, although 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin was slightly more active than was daunorubicin when inhibiting RNA synthesis. The beta anomer of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin showed a reduced activity on HeLa cells compared to its alpha anomer, but it was equally active on DNA synthesis. The stereoisomers of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin bearing the inverted configuration in positions 7 and 9 were devoid of significant cytotoxic activity and were only slightly active on DNA synthesis at the doses tested. 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4'-epi-adriamycin were 65 to 500 times more active than was Adriamycin on HeLa cell cloning efficiency and about 10 times more active on DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Cell uptake in mouse embryo fibroblasts was also investigated for all the new derivatives tested.", "contents": "Relationship between effects on nucleic acid synthesis in cell cultures and cytotoxicity of 4-demethoxy derivatives of daunorubicin and adriamycin. Four new derivatives of daunorubicin and two new derivatives of Adriamycin characterized by the absence of the methoxyl groups at the C-4 position have been studied in cell cultures in vitro to establish structure-activity relationships. 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin was 27 to 100 times more active than was daunorubicin when inhibiting the cloning efficiency of exponential-phase HeLa cells and, like daunorubicin, was slightly active on early plateau-phase cells. DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts stimulated by fetal calf serum was inhibited equally by the two compounds, although 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin was slightly more active than was daunorubicin when inhibiting RNA synthesis. The beta anomer of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin showed a reduced activity on HeLa cells compared to its alpha anomer, but it was equally active on DNA synthesis. The stereoisomers of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin bearing the inverted configuration in positions 7 and 9 were devoid of significant cytotoxic activity and were only slightly active on DNA synthesis at the doses tested. 4-demethoxyadriamycin and 4-demethoxy-4'-epi-adriamycin were 65 to 500 times more active than was Adriamycin on HeLa cell cloning efficiency and about 10 times more active on DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Cell uptake in mouse embryo fibroblasts was also investigated for all the new derivatives tested."}
{"id": "PMID:922740", "title": "Age-related differences in the trends of fatal Hodgkin's disease as a consequence of immune experience.", "content": "It has been proposed by MacMahon, on the basis of the variations among populations in the age distribution of fatal Hodgkin's disease, that there are two etiological factors, one important in young adults and the other important in middle-aged and elderly people. Correa has extended this by suggesting that those who died of the disease as young adults in developed countries would have succumbed to the disease as children under less favorable circumstances. In England and Wales, the mortality rate from Hodgkin's disease doubled from 1911 to 1970. If there were two etiologies, it seems unlikely that they would remain in step with one another over such a long period, when it was clear that some factor of major etiological importance was changing. Examination of the trends with time of the age-specific rates confirmed the previously reported decline in children and rise in elderly people and revealed a rapid rise in the mortality of young adults of both sexes. These changes were not compatible with any reasonable variations in the diagnosis or classification of Hodgkin's disease. Our data are compatible with the hypotheses that the etiology of the disease in young adults in different from that in elderly people and that the rise in the mortality of young adults is due to a transfer of deaths from the disease in childhood.", "contents": "Age-related differences in the trends of fatal Hodgkin's disease as a consequence of immune experience. It has been proposed by MacMahon, on the basis of the variations among populations in the age distribution of fatal Hodgkin's disease, that there are two etiological factors, one important in young adults and the other important in middle-aged and elderly people. Correa has extended this by suggesting that those who died of the disease as young adults in developed countries would have succumbed to the disease as children under less favorable circumstances. In England and Wales, the mortality rate from Hodgkin's disease doubled from 1911 to 1970. If there were two etiologies, it seems unlikely that they would remain in step with one another over such a long period, when it was clear that some factor of major etiological importance was changing. Examination of the trends with time of the age-specific rates confirmed the previously reported decline in children and rise in elderly people and revealed a rapid rise in the mortality of young adults of both sexes. These changes were not compatible with any reasonable variations in the diagnosis or classification of Hodgkin's disease. Our data are compatible with the hypotheses that the etiology of the disease in young adults in different from that in elderly people and that the rise in the mortality of young adults is due to a transfer of deaths from the disease in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:922741", "title": "Stimulation of the synthesis of mouse epidermal histones by tumor-promoting agents.", "content": "Topical application of 17 nmoles of the potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, resulted in a stimulation of the incorporation of [(3)H]lysine into epidermal histones. Maximum incorporation occurred 24 hr after treatment, concurrent with maximum DNA synthesis. The effects of phorbol and two phorbol esters on histone synthesis were related to their tumor-promoting activities. Treatment with hydroxyurea partially prevented the phorbol ester-induced stimulation of both DNA and histone synthesis, although it had no effect on the stimulation of protein synthesis. These findings are consistent with the likelihood that phorbol ester-induced epidermal histone synthesis is the result of a coupling between DNA synthesis and histone synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of the synthesis of mouse epidermal histones by tumor-promoting agents. Topical application of 17 nmoles of the potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, resulted in a stimulation of the incorporation of [(3)H]lysine into epidermal histones. Maximum incorporation occurred 24 hr after treatment, concurrent with maximum DNA synthesis. The effects of phorbol and two phorbol esters on histone synthesis were related to their tumor-promoting activities. Treatment with hydroxyurea partially prevented the phorbol ester-induced stimulation of both DNA and histone synthesis, although it had no effect on the stimulation of protein synthesis. These findings are consistent with the likelihood that phorbol ester-induced epidermal histone synthesis is the result of a coupling between DNA synthesis and histone synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:922742", "title": "Sequential alteration of the pancreas during carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine.", "content": "A systematic histological-pancreatographic study indicated that, during pancreatic carcinogenesis by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine, the ductular cells (cells of intercalated or intralobular ductules and especially those of peri-and intrainsular ductules) are most responsive. The initial proliferation (multiplication) and distension of ductules seemed due to primary hyperplasia of ductular cells, followed by metaplasia, atypia, and malignant alteration. Among 75 induced adenocarcinomas, most were of ductular origin, whereas only a few seemed to arise from ductal epithelium (interlobular, secondary, and main ducts). There was no preferential segment for tumor development. However, about one-third of the adenocarcinomas in the head of the pancreas had a periampullary location, while most neoplasms in other pancreatic lobes arose along the main pancreatic ducts. There was evidence of \"leaking\" of pancreatic juice through altered epithelium of main ducts, and this may have caused a marked periductal chronic inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Sequential alteration of the pancreas during carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. A systematic histological-pancreatographic study indicated that, during pancreatic carcinogenesis by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine, the ductular cells (cells of intercalated or intralobular ductules and especially those of peri-and intrainsular ductules) are most responsive. The initial proliferation (multiplication) and distension of ductules seemed due to primary hyperplasia of ductular cells, followed by metaplasia, atypia, and malignant alteration. Among 75 induced adenocarcinomas, most were of ductular origin, whereas only a few seemed to arise from ductal epithelium (interlobular, secondary, and main ducts). There was no preferential segment for tumor development. However, about one-third of the adenocarcinomas in the head of the pancreas had a periampullary location, while most neoplasms in other pancreatic lobes arose along the main pancreatic ducts. There was evidence of \"leaking\" of pancreatic juice through altered epithelium of main ducts, and this may have caused a marked periductal chronic inflammatory reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:922743", "title": "Decreased retention of actinomycin D as the basis for cross-resistance in anthracycline-resistant sublines of P388 leukemia.", "content": "Sublines of P388 leukemia resistant to Adriamycin and daunorubicin were cross-resistant to actinomycin D in vivo and in vitro. The Adriamycin-resistant cell line was 1000-fold resistant to actinomycin D on 1-hr exposure in vitro and 370-fold resistant when exposed to the drug for 16 hr. The immediate binding of radioactive actinomycin D to sensitive and resistant cells was similar, and the uptake of the drug by the resistant cells was only about 27% less than the rate of uptake by sensitive cells. There was a dramatic difference in efflux of drug from sensitive and resistant sublines. Equivalent cytotoxicity of actinomycin D for the sensitive and resistant sublines was obtained at concentrations of the drug that resulted in approximately equivalent levels of net retention of actinomycin D (retained drug minus background levels of immediate binding of the drug to the cells). Incubation of cells in the presence of actinomycin D plus either Tween 80 or acridine orange incresed the rate of uptake and the percentage of actinomycin D retained by the resistant cells on short-term assays but did not reverse the resistance. It is concluded that these tumors must retain appreciable concentrations of actinomycin D for several hr in order to be killed. The anthracycline-resistant sublines are cross-resistant to actinomycin D by virtue of their inability to retain the drug.", "contents": "Decreased retention of actinomycin D as the basis for cross-resistance in anthracycline-resistant sublines of P388 leukemia. Sublines of P388 leukemia resistant to Adriamycin and daunorubicin were cross-resistant to actinomycin D in vivo and in vitro. The Adriamycin-resistant cell line was 1000-fold resistant to actinomycin D on 1-hr exposure in vitro and 370-fold resistant when exposed to the drug for 16 hr. The immediate binding of radioactive actinomycin D to sensitive and resistant cells was similar, and the uptake of the drug by the resistant cells was only about 27% less than the rate of uptake by sensitive cells. There was a dramatic difference in efflux of drug from sensitive and resistant sublines. Equivalent cytotoxicity of actinomycin D for the sensitive and resistant sublines was obtained at concentrations of the drug that resulted in approximately equivalent levels of net retention of actinomycin D (retained drug minus background levels of immediate binding of the drug to the cells). Incubation of cells in the presence of actinomycin D plus either Tween 80 or acridine orange incresed the rate of uptake and the percentage of actinomycin D retained by the resistant cells on short-term assays but did not reverse the resistance. It is concluded that these tumors must retain appreciable concentrations of actinomycin D for several hr in order to be killed. The anthracycline-resistant sublines are cross-resistant to actinomycin D by virtue of their inability to retain the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:922745", "title": "Disordered nocturnal prolactin regulation in women with breast cancer.", "content": "Mean 24-hr prolactin concentrations were determined in 25 female control subjects, 16 women with benign breast masses, and 23 subjects with breast cancer. This evaluation performed before breast surgery revealed significantly decreased (p less than 0.02) nocturnal (12 a.m. to 7 a.m.) prolactin concentrations in 12 postmenopausal breast cancer subjects that contrasted with significantly increased (p less than 0.05) nocturnal prolactin levels in five luteal-phase premenopausal women with breast cancers. Prolactin concentrations in patients with benign breast disease were not significantly different from control subjects. Two of the premenopausal breast cancer patients had marked preoperative elevations in their mean 24-hr prolactin levels, and they were two of the three subjects who have since expired. Nocturnal prolactin secretion was significantly decreased (p less than 0.03) in four premenopausal breast cancer patients when they were studied 1 year after surgery; however, it remained the same in the eight postmenopausal breast cancer patients similarly evaluated. Although disordered prolactin regulation has been found in these women with breast cancer, its role in the etiology and progression of human cancer is still uncertain.", "contents": "Disordered nocturnal prolactin regulation in women with breast cancer. Mean 24-hr prolactin concentrations were determined in 25 female control subjects, 16 women with benign breast masses, and 23 subjects with breast cancer. This evaluation performed before breast surgery revealed significantly decreased (p less than 0.02) nocturnal (12 a.m. to 7 a.m.) prolactin concentrations in 12 postmenopausal breast cancer subjects that contrasted with significantly increased (p less than 0.05) nocturnal prolactin levels in five luteal-phase premenopausal women with breast cancers. Prolactin concentrations in patients with benign breast disease were not significantly different from control subjects. Two of the premenopausal breast cancer patients had marked preoperative elevations in their mean 24-hr prolactin levels, and they were two of the three subjects who have since expired. Nocturnal prolactin secretion was significantly decreased (p less than 0.03) in four premenopausal breast cancer patients when they were studied 1 year after surgery; however, it remained the same in the eight postmenopausal breast cancer patients similarly evaluated. Although disordered prolactin regulation has been found in these women with breast cancer, its role in the etiology and progression of human cancer is still uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:922746", "title": "Twenty-four-hour preoperative endocrine profiles in women with benign and malignant breast disease.", "content": "Mean 24-hr growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations determined preoperatively in 16 women with benign breast masses and 17 patients with breast cancer were similar to those levels found in 25 age- and weight-matched control subjects. Mean 24-hr testosterone levels, however, were significantly elevated in women with breast cancer evaluated in the luteal phase of their cycles and were normal in postmenopausal breast cancer women. In addition, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were normal in these subjects. Plasma cortisols and urinary 17-hydroxysteroid excretion tended to be higher in both the benign and malignant breast disease group and probably reflected preoperative anxiety. Hence, we have found normal concentrations of a variety of endocrine and other biochemical agents that can stimulate breast tissue growth and/or have been previously reported to be disordered in women with breast cancer.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour preoperative endocrine profiles in women with benign and malignant breast disease. Mean 24-hr growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations determined preoperatively in 16 women with benign breast masses and 17 patients with breast cancer were similar to those levels found in 25 age- and weight-matched control subjects. Mean 24-hr testosterone levels, however, were significantly elevated in women with breast cancer evaluated in the luteal phase of their cycles and were normal in postmenopausal breast cancer women. In addition, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were normal in these subjects. Plasma cortisols and urinary 17-hydroxysteroid excretion tended to be higher in both the benign and malignant breast disease group and probably reflected preoperative anxiety. Hence, we have found normal concentrations of a variety of endocrine and other biochemical agents that can stimulate breast tissue growth and/or have been previously reported to be disordered in women with breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:922747", "title": "Estrogen receptor as an independent prognostic factor for early recurrence in breast cancer.", "content": "The usefulness of estrogen receptor measurements in primary breast tumors in the prediction of early recurrence was examined in a series of 145 patients. The absence of estrogen receptor in such tumors was associated with early recurrence independent of other known prognostic factors such as axillary lymph node status and tumor size.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor as an independent prognostic factor for early recurrence in breast cancer. The usefulness of estrogen receptor measurements in primary breast tumors in the prediction of early recurrence was examined in a series of 145 patients. The absence of estrogen receptor in such tumors was associated with early recurrence independent of other known prognostic factors such as axillary lymph node status and tumor size."}
{"id": "PMID:922749", "title": "Chemotherapy for adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Fourteen of 21 adult patients (67%) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission (CR) after receiving combination chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). Eight of the 14 CRs developed after a single course and four of 14 after two courses of induction therapy making initial hospitalization relatively brief (median, 38 days). Four of five patients greater than 60 years old achieved CR. The induction therapy was repeated monthly up to the dosage limits imposed by daunorubicin cardiotoxicity in an attempt to lengthen subsequent remission duration. The media duration of CR was 12 months which compares favorably with previously reported series. In this series, treatment with 3 days of daunorubicin and 7 days of ara-C proved to be a highly effective induction regimen for patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia regardless of age. The improved duration of CR may be a manifestation of the extent of initial leukemic cell-kill in successful induction and consolidation therapy rather than an effect of maintenance therapy cycles.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside. Fourteen of 21 adult patients (67%) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission (CR) after receiving combination chemotherapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C). Eight of the 14 CRs developed after a single course and four of 14 after two courses of induction therapy making initial hospitalization relatively brief (median, 38 days). Four of five patients greater than 60 years old achieved CR. The induction therapy was repeated monthly up to the dosage limits imposed by daunorubicin cardiotoxicity in an attempt to lengthen subsequent remission duration. The media duration of CR was 12 months which compares favorably with previously reported series. In this series, treatment with 3 days of daunorubicin and 7 days of ara-C proved to be a highly effective induction regimen for patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia regardless of age. The improved duration of CR may be a manifestation of the extent of initial leukemic cell-kill in successful induction and consolidation therapy rather than an effect of maintenance therapy cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:922750", "title": "Methyl-CCNU versus methyl-CCNU and 5-fluorouracil in carcinoma of the large bowel.", "content": "5-Flourouracil (5-FU) and methyl-CCNU have demonstrated separate sensitivities in carcinoma of the large bowel. This study was an attempt to see if methyl-CCNU versus methyl-CCNU plus 5-FU would demonstrate different responses in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Forty-nine patients have been evaluated, 14 receiving methyl-CCNU and 35 receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. One partial response has been seen with methyl-CCNU alone in a patient with liver metastasis. Thirteen partial responses have been noted in patients treated with the two-drug combination. There was a significant difference in the median survival of the responders versus the nonresponders for the two-drug group. Side effects were expected: nausea and vomiting, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen and urine arylsulfatase were measured in all patients and correlated well with response.", "contents": "Methyl-CCNU versus methyl-CCNU and 5-fluorouracil in carcinoma of the large bowel. 5-Flourouracil (5-FU) and methyl-CCNU have demonstrated separate sensitivities in carcinoma of the large bowel. This study was an attempt to see if methyl-CCNU versus methyl-CCNU plus 5-FU would demonstrate different responses in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Forty-nine patients have been evaluated, 14 receiving methyl-CCNU and 35 receiving 5-FU plus methyl-CCNU. One partial response has been seen with methyl-CCNU alone in a patient with liver metastasis. Thirteen partial responses have been noted in patients treated with the two-drug combination. There was a significant difference in the median survival of the responders versus the nonresponders for the two-drug group. Side effects were expected: nausea and vomiting, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen and urine arylsulfatase were measured in all patients and correlated well with response."}
{"id": "PMID:922751", "title": "Characterization and responsiveness of the Madison 109 lung carcinoma to various antitumor agents.", "content": "The Madison 109 (M109) tumor was discovered in 1964 in the lung of a BALB/c mouse. This experimental carcinoma is maintained in vivo by sc passage in the right axillary region. When implanted im (5 X 10(5) cells) into the right hind leg of BALB/c mice for testing, the primary progresses with metastases to the lung, spleen, and liver. The metastases to the lung are visible within 3 weeks and result in the death of the host in about 35 days after tumor implant. Implantation of a lung nodule is tumorigenic and lethal. Pyran polymer therapy delayed the appearance of lung metastases, inhibited the growth of the primary tumor, and significantly increased the lifespan of BALB/c mice inoculated with the M109 tumor. No spontaneous regression has been observed and very few \"no takes\" have occurred in untreated BALB/c mice inoculated with at least 500 M109 cells. Of the 82 agents tested so far, the M109 model has selected active agents such as actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunorubicin, DNA, procarbazine, and pyran polymer. It has not shown sensitivity as tested to several standard therapeutic agents including cytosine arabinoside, BCNU, hydroxyurea, mechlorethamine, melphalan, triethylenemelamine, and vincristine.", "contents": "Characterization and responsiveness of the Madison 109 lung carcinoma to various antitumor agents. The Madison 109 (M109) tumor was discovered in 1964 in the lung of a BALB/c mouse. This experimental carcinoma is maintained in vivo by sc passage in the right axillary region. When implanted im (5 X 10(5) cells) into the right hind leg of BALB/c mice for testing, the primary progresses with metastases to the lung, spleen, and liver. The metastases to the lung are visible within 3 weeks and result in the death of the host in about 35 days after tumor implant. Implantation of a lung nodule is tumorigenic and lethal. Pyran polymer therapy delayed the appearance of lung metastases, inhibited the growth of the primary tumor, and significantly increased the lifespan of BALB/c mice inoculated with the M109 tumor. No spontaneous regression has been observed and very few \"no takes\" have occurred in untreated BALB/c mice inoculated with at least 500 M109 cells. Of the 82 agents tested so far, the M109 model has selected active agents such as actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunorubicin, DNA, procarbazine, and pyran polymer. It has not shown sensitivity as tested to several standard therapeutic agents including cytosine arabinoside, BCNU, hydroxyurea, mechlorethamine, melphalan, triethylenemelamine, and vincristine."}
{"id": "PMID:922752", "title": "Phase II trial of Baker's antifol in metastatic sarcoma.", "content": "Iv Baker's antifol (BAF) (250 mg/m2/day X 3 consecutive days) was administered to 34 patients with metastatic sarcoma. All patients had received extensive prior therapy including prior chemotherapy and had progressive disease at the start of the study. Liver and renal functions were normal in all patients. Of 29 patients evaluable for response, 25 demonstrated progressive disease and four had stable disease for periods of from 1 to 6 months. No objective responses were observed. The other five patients died from 3 to 12 days after initiation of therapy. Toxicity included myelosuppression of significant degree in nine patients, gastrointestinal effects of nausea and vomiting in seven, stomatitis in three, and dermatitis in four. Most toxicity was mild to moderate, although one drug-related death due to marked myelosuppression was seen. In conclusion, BAF is considered to be insignificantly active in the secondary treatment of metastatic sarcomas at the dose and schedule studied.", "contents": "Phase II trial of Baker's antifol in metastatic sarcoma. Iv Baker's antifol (BAF) (250 mg/m2/day X 3 consecutive days) was administered to 34 patients with metastatic sarcoma. All patients had received extensive prior therapy including prior chemotherapy and had progressive disease at the start of the study. Liver and renal functions were normal in all patients. Of 29 patients evaluable for response, 25 demonstrated progressive disease and four had stable disease for periods of from 1 to 6 months. No objective responses were observed. The other five patients died from 3 to 12 days after initiation of therapy. Toxicity included myelosuppression of significant degree in nine patients, gastrointestinal effects of nausea and vomiting in seven, stomatitis in three, and dermatitis in four. Most toxicity was mild to moderate, although one drug-related death due to marked myelosuppression was seen. In conclusion, BAF is considered to be insignificantly active in the secondary treatment of metastatic sarcomas at the dose and schedule studied."}
{"id": "PMID:922753", "title": "Passive immunotherapy for mouse leukemias with antisera of \"directed\" specificity: synergism with the action of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Antileukemia sera with \"directed\" specificity are produced by immunization of rabbits with mouse leukemia cells admixed with normal antigen blocking (NAB) serum. Addition of NAB serum to the leukemia cells inhibits production of antibodies to normal cell components and directs specificity toward leukemia cell antigens. The resulting antileukemia serum (ALK-NABS) was not sufficiently potent to produce more than moderate therapy in the standard L1210 leukemia therapy assay. When given together with noncurative doses of cyclophosphamide (CTX), ALK-NABS acts synergistically. It is most effective when given early after injection of the leukemia cells and prior to injection of CTX. Daily repeated injections of a given dose are more effective than a single injection of that dose. Most important, small doses of ALK-NABS produce a significant prolongation of lifespan in conjunction with CTX. Results of therapy for BW-A leukemia with ALK-NABS in conjunction with CTX were negative.", "contents": "Passive immunotherapy for mouse leukemias with antisera of \"directed\" specificity: synergism with the action of cyclophosphamide. Antileukemia sera with \"directed\" specificity are produced by immunization of rabbits with mouse leukemia cells admixed with normal antigen blocking (NAB) serum. Addition of NAB serum to the leukemia cells inhibits production of antibodies to normal cell components and directs specificity toward leukemia cell antigens. The resulting antileukemia serum (ALK-NABS) was not sufficiently potent to produce more than moderate therapy in the standard L1210 leukemia therapy assay. When given together with noncurative doses of cyclophosphamide (CTX), ALK-NABS acts synergistically. It is most effective when given early after injection of the leukemia cells and prior to injection of CTX. Daily repeated injections of a given dose are more effective than a single injection of that dose. Most important, small doses of ALK-NABS produce a significant prolongation of lifespan in conjunction with CTX. Results of therapy for BW-A leukemia with ALK-NABS in conjunction with CTX were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:922754", "title": "Cellular response to treatment with 4-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-cis-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative.", "content": "The lethal effects of 4-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-cis-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cis-acid), a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative, were investigated on a human lymphoma cell line. The survival of asynchronous cells exposed to increasing concentrations of the drug was characterized by a threshold exponential curve (Do = 20 microgram/ml; Dq = 20 microgram/ml, 1 hour) similar to that of other nitrosourea derivatives. cis-Acid exerted its main killing effect on cells in early S and in late G2 phase. Cells in mid S and early G1 phase were tenfold more resistant. Changes in survival response as a function of cell cycle stage were reflected primarily by changes in the extent of the shoulder region of the survival curve. In contrast to other nitrosoureas, the lethal effectiveness of cis-acid in solution was stable and the drug could sterilize large numbers of cells in short periods of time. Another important major difference observed for cis-acid with respect to classic nitrosourea derivatives was the capacity of treated cells to recover from sublethal and potentially lethal damage. Our studies have shown that cis-acid is as effective in killing cultured human lymphoma cells as other nitrosoureas, but possibly with a mechanism different from that of these compounds. The major shortcoming noted for cis-acid, namely the capacity of treated cells to recover from drug-induced damage, is offset by the relatively long stability of its killing effect. This, and the fact that cis-acid can be administered in an aqueous solution, make this agent an appealing compound for clinical trials.", "contents": "Cellular response to treatment with 4-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-cis-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative. The lethal effects of 4-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-cis-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (cis-acid), a water-soluble nitrosourea derivative, were investigated on a human lymphoma cell line. The survival of asynchronous cells exposed to increasing concentrations of the drug was characterized by a threshold exponential curve (Do = 20 microgram/ml; Dq = 20 microgram/ml, 1 hour) similar to that of other nitrosourea derivatives. cis-Acid exerted its main killing effect on cells in early S and in late G2 phase. Cells in mid S and early G1 phase were tenfold more resistant. Changes in survival response as a function of cell cycle stage were reflected primarily by changes in the extent of the shoulder region of the survival curve. In contrast to other nitrosoureas, the lethal effectiveness of cis-acid in solution was stable and the drug could sterilize large numbers of cells in short periods of time. Another important major difference observed for cis-acid with respect to classic nitrosourea derivatives was the capacity of treated cells to recover from sublethal and potentially lethal damage. Our studies have shown that cis-acid is as effective in killing cultured human lymphoma cells as other nitrosoureas, but possibly with a mechanism different from that of these compounds. The major shortcoming noted for cis-acid, namely the capacity of treated cells to recover from drug-induced damage, is offset by the relatively long stability of its killing effect. This, and the fact that cis-acid can be administered in an aqueous solution, make this agent an appealing compound for clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:922755", "title": "Preparation and antitumor evaluation of water-soluble derivatives of dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II).", "content": "The structure of the antitumor agent, dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) (NSC-194814), was modified by replacing the chlorides with organic or inorganic anions. Eighteen new platinum complexes were so isolated and their antitumor properties against the L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice were evaluated. Most of the complexes were readily soluble in water and some had enhanced antitumor activity compared to the parent dichloro complex. In addition, increased solubility with retention of significant antitumor activity was obtained by oxidizing the parent dichloroplatinum(II) complex with halogen or peroxide to give two platinum(IV) complexes. Some previously reported platinum complexes with phosphorus, selenium, or tellurium electron donor ligands were also synthesized and assessed for antitumor action, but these did not show appreciable activity.", "contents": "Preparation and antitumor evaluation of water-soluble derivatives of dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II). The structure of the antitumor agent, dichloro(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) (NSC-194814), was modified by replacing the chlorides with organic or inorganic anions. Eighteen new platinum complexes were so isolated and their antitumor properties against the L1210 leukemia in C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice were evaluated. Most of the complexes were readily soluble in water and some had enhanced antitumor activity compared to the parent dichloro complex. In addition, increased solubility with retention of significant antitumor activity was obtained by oxidizing the parent dichloroplatinum(II) complex with halogen or peroxide to give two platinum(IV) complexes. Some previously reported platinum complexes with phosphorus, selenium, or tellurium electron donor ligands were also synthesized and assessed for antitumor action, but these did not show appreciable activity."}
{"id": "PMID:922756", "title": "Chemotherapy for mustard-resistant ovarian adenocarcinoma: a randomized trial for CCNU and methyl-CCNU.", "content": "In view of the need for drugs which have antitumor activity in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian cancer or which might be more potent than standard agents, a randomized trial of two nitrosoureas, CCNU and methyl-CCNU, has been conducted. Of 31 evaluable patients who received at least one dose of CCNU (100 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), there were only two patients who experienced even transient improvement; 18 of these patients had two or more doses over a trial period of greater than or equal to 12 weeks. Of 26 evaluable patients who received at least one dose of methyl-CCNU (150 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), there was one patient who experienced transient improvement; this group included 14 patients receiving at least two doses and whose trial lasted greater than or equal 12 weeks. All patients had been previously treated with mustard-type alkylating agents. None of the responses were clinically useful. Thus, women with ovarian adenocarcinoma who have a history of prior chemotherapy are not likely to benefit from treatment with these nitrosoureas.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for mustard-resistant ovarian adenocarcinoma: a randomized trial for CCNU and methyl-CCNU. In view of the need for drugs which have antitumor activity in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian cancer or which might be more potent than standard agents, a randomized trial of two nitrosoureas, CCNU and methyl-CCNU, has been conducted. Of 31 evaluable patients who received at least one dose of CCNU (100 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), there were only two patients who experienced even transient improvement; 18 of these patients had two or more doses over a trial period of greater than or equal to 12 weeks. Of 26 evaluable patients who received at least one dose of methyl-CCNU (150 mg/m2 orally every 6 weeks), there was one patient who experienced transient improvement; this group included 14 patients receiving at least two doses and whose trial lasted greater than or equal 12 weeks. All patients had been previously treated with mustard-type alkylating agents. None of the responses were clinically useful. Thus, women with ovarian adenocarcinoma who have a history of prior chemotherapy are not likely to benefit from treatment with these nitrosoureas."}
{"id": "PMID:922757", "title": "Whole body computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal and thoracic malignancy: review of 600 cases.", "content": "Whole-body computed tomography (CT) was performed on 600 patients with known or suspected malignancy at the National Institutes of Health. This new diagnostic modality utilizes a finely columnated X-ray source mounted opposite a computer-linked detector bank to generate anatomic cross-sectional images of the body part being scanned. CT proved valuable in defining many pathologic processes and was, at times, deemed the only test short of exploratory surgery that yielded diagnostic information. This latter benefit was most acutely emphasized in lesions affecting the retroperitoneum, adrenal glands, pelvis, liver, and immediate subpleural pulmonary parenchyma.", "contents": "Whole body computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal and thoracic malignancy: review of 600 cases. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) was performed on 600 patients with known or suspected malignancy at the National Institutes of Health. This new diagnostic modality utilizes a finely columnated X-ray source mounted opposite a computer-linked detector bank to generate anatomic cross-sectional images of the body part being scanned. CT proved valuable in defining many pathologic processes and was, at times, deemed the only test short of exploratory surgery that yielded diagnostic information. This latter benefit was most acutely emphasized in lesions affecting the retroperitoneum, adrenal glands, pelvis, liver, and immediate subpleural pulmonary parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:922796", "title": "An in vivo stathmokinetic study of cell proliferation in human gastric carcinoma and gastric mucosa.", "content": "Cell production rates were studied in a group of eleven patients with carcinoma of the stomach using an in vivo technique with vincristine. In normal pyloric mucosa estimates ranged from 8 to 15 cells/1000 cells/hr, and in the carcinomas from 3 to 24 cells/1000 cells/hr. Because of the very large variation in the data, comparison between individual tumours and normal mucosa is not regarded as being worth-while at this stage. The implications of these results for previous human in vivo stathmokinetic experiments are also discussed.", "contents": "An in vivo stathmokinetic study of cell proliferation in human gastric carcinoma and gastric mucosa. Cell production rates were studied in a group of eleven patients with carcinoma of the stomach using an in vivo technique with vincristine. In normal pyloric mucosa estimates ranged from 8 to 15 cells/1000 cells/hr, and in the carcinomas from 3 to 24 cells/1000 cells/hr. Because of the very large variation in the data, comparison between individual tumours and normal mucosa is not regarded as being worth-while at this stage. The implications of these results for previous human in vivo stathmokinetic experiments are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922797", "title": "Effects of uterine distension and oestradiol on cell kinetics in the endometrial epithelium of ovariectomized rats.", "content": "Cell kinetics in the uterine epithelium of ovariectomized rats were studied after uterine distension and/or an oestradiol injection, by cumulative 3H-TdR labelling and percentage of labelled mitoses (PLM). With both methods it was found that distension shortens the total cell cycle at the expense of G1 more than does oestradiol. Both treatments act in a cumulative manner since the greatest reduction in T c is observed after distension plus oestradiol. PLM curves showed that distension and/or oestradiol induce a 30% reduction S phase duration. The evolution of percentages of labelled cells and colchicine-blocked mitoses after these treatments confirms their additive effects and indicates that the mitogenic action of oestradiol is delayed compared to that of distension. It is suggested that these factors stimulate epithelial cell division in the uterus through partly different metabolic channels.", "contents": "Effects of uterine distension and oestradiol on cell kinetics in the endometrial epithelium of ovariectomized rats. Cell kinetics in the uterine epithelium of ovariectomized rats were studied after uterine distension and/or an oestradiol injection, by cumulative 3H-TdR labelling and percentage of labelled mitoses (PLM). With both methods it was found that distension shortens the total cell cycle at the expense of G1 more than does oestradiol. Both treatments act in a cumulative manner since the greatest reduction in T c is observed after distension plus oestradiol. PLM curves showed that distension and/or oestradiol induce a 30% reduction S phase duration. The evolution of percentages of labelled cells and colchicine-blocked mitoses after these treatments confirms their additive effects and indicates that the mitogenic action of oestradiol is delayed compared to that of distension. It is suggested that these factors stimulate epithelial cell division in the uterus through partly different metabolic channels."}
{"id": "PMID:922798", "title": "Cell loss from three established lines of the C3H mouse mammary tumor: a comparison of the 125I-UdR and the 3H-TdR-autoradiographic methods.", "content": "The 125I-UdR method for measuring cell loss from solid tumors has been reevaluated. The rate of tumor cell loss from three established lines (S 102F, S102S and Slow) of the C3H mouse mammary tumor was determined by the 125I-UdR method and the results were compared to the estimates for cell loss as determined by the combined approach of cellular 3H-TdR autoradiography and volumetric growth-rate determinations. This detailed comparison shows that the two methods complement each other but cannot substitute for one another because they give different quantitative information. The combined approach measures the flow of viable cells, as determined morphologically, from the proliferating compartment to the quiescent comparment, the quiescent compartment out of the tumor, etc., but does not evaluate the flow of degenerate cells or acellular (necrotic) debris. In contrast, the 125I-UdR method indicates the net flow of intact cells and/or dead cells as well as debris from the tumor as the 125I-labeled material is lost from the tumor, but gives limited internal information. thus, depending on the specific experiment, an investigator could choose one or the other of the methods to answer the question. Perhaps both would be desirable at times; however, in most cases, one could not substitute one method for the other. The data from the Slow tumors also indicate that in certain tumors, the quantitative information from the 125I-UdR method may be quite limited, i.e. the confidence limits within an experiment as well as the replication error between experiments may be high.", "contents": "Cell loss from three established lines of the C3H mouse mammary tumor: a comparison of the 125I-UdR and the 3H-TdR-autoradiographic methods. The 125I-UdR method for measuring cell loss from solid tumors has been reevaluated. The rate of tumor cell loss from three established lines (S 102F, S102S and Slow) of the C3H mouse mammary tumor was determined by the 125I-UdR method and the results were compared to the estimates for cell loss as determined by the combined approach of cellular 3H-TdR autoradiography and volumetric growth-rate determinations. This detailed comparison shows that the two methods complement each other but cannot substitute for one another because they give different quantitative information. The combined approach measures the flow of viable cells, as determined morphologically, from the proliferating compartment to the quiescent comparment, the quiescent compartment out of the tumor, etc., but does not evaluate the flow of degenerate cells or acellular (necrotic) debris. In contrast, the 125I-UdR method indicates the net flow of intact cells and/or dead cells as well as debris from the tumor as the 125I-labeled material is lost from the tumor, but gives limited internal information. thus, depending on the specific experiment, an investigator could choose one or the other of the methods to answer the question. Perhaps both would be desirable at times; however, in most cases, one could not substitute one method for the other. The data from the Slow tumors also indicate that in certain tumors, the quantitative information from the 125I-UdR method may be quite limited, i.e. the confidence limits within an experiment as well as the replication error between experiments may be high."}
{"id": "PMID:922799", "title": "Comparison of growth characteristics of experimental tumours and derived cell cultures.", "content": "Cells from seven different rat tumours and a mouse sarcoma have been transplanted in syngeneic animals and were cultured in vitro. Tumours produced by inoculation of cultured cells in animals have been compared with the primary tumours. For the transplanted tumours, volume doubling times, T d, have been compared with doubling times, T d(cult), of cell numbers in cultures. Volume doubling times of the transplanted tumours generally decrease with increasing volume. At volumes of about 0-5 cm3, T d values range from 2-2 days to 10 days, while T d(cult) values ranged from 11 to 24 hr. A systematic correlation between T d and T d(cult) could not be established. During sequential transplantation of the tumours for many generations, as well as during continuous propagation of derived cell cultures, significant changes occurred which resulted in a decrease in the expression of differentiation characteristics in tumours.", "contents": "Comparison of growth characteristics of experimental tumours and derived cell cultures. Cells from seven different rat tumours and a mouse sarcoma have been transplanted in syngeneic animals and were cultured in vitro. Tumours produced by inoculation of cultured cells in animals have been compared with the primary tumours. For the transplanted tumours, volume doubling times, T d, have been compared with doubling times, T d(cult), of cell numbers in cultures. Volume doubling times of the transplanted tumours generally decrease with increasing volume. At volumes of about 0-5 cm3, T d values range from 2-2 days to 10 days, while T d(cult) values ranged from 11 to 24 hr. A systematic correlation between T d and T d(cult) could not be established. During sequential transplantation of the tumours for many generations, as well as during continuous propagation of derived cell cultures, significant changes occurred which resulted in a decrease in the expression of differentiation characteristics in tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:922800", "title": "An autoradiographic study of the 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation in the regenerating mouse liver.", "content": "An autoradiographic study was made of the 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA and DNA in nucleus and cytoplasm of parenchymal cells in the regenerating liver of the mouse after a pulse time of 2 hr. After a decreased uptake of precursor into the parenchymal nucleus during the first 6 hr compared with the normal value, incorporation increased and was maximal at 36 hr; normal values were restored at 72 hr. The cytoplasmic labelling, after an initial small decrease, reached a maximum at 12 hr; this changed to normal 48 hr after hepatectomy. RNase-digestion of the liver sections left a small incorporation in both nucleus and cytoplasm: presumably DNA. This incorporation is maximal at 12 hr over the nucleus and at 24 hr over the cytoplasm. After a 2 hr pulse of 3H-thymidine, there was a marked uptake of the precursor into DNA about 24 hr after hepatectomy. This was maximal at 48 hr and reached normal values at 72 hr. A small amount of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was seen immediately after the operation, and this population of weakly labelled nuclei was still rather large 72 hr later.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of the 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation in the regenerating mouse liver. An autoradiographic study was made of the 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA and DNA in nucleus and cytoplasm of parenchymal cells in the regenerating liver of the mouse after a pulse time of 2 hr. After a decreased uptake of precursor into the parenchymal nucleus during the first 6 hr compared with the normal value, incorporation increased and was maximal at 36 hr; normal values were restored at 72 hr. The cytoplasmic labelling, after an initial small decrease, reached a maximum at 12 hr; this changed to normal 48 hr after hepatectomy. RNase-digestion of the liver sections left a small incorporation in both nucleus and cytoplasm: presumably DNA. This incorporation is maximal at 12 hr over the nucleus and at 24 hr over the cytoplasm. After a 2 hr pulse of 3H-thymidine, there was a marked uptake of the precursor into DNA about 24 hr after hepatectomy. This was maximal at 48 hr and reached normal values at 72 hr. A small amount of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was seen immediately after the operation, and this population of weakly labelled nuclei was still rather large 72 hr later."}
{"id": "PMID:922801", "title": "Grain count threshold dependence of FLM curve pattern and cell cycle parameters of hepatocytes in vivo.", "content": "FLM curves from hepatocytes of regenerating rat liver in vivo were compared at different grain count thresholds. Estimates of cell cycle phases derived from curves with thresholds decreasing from 15 to 1 grain (background 0-2 grains per nuclear area) revealed a prolongation of ts from 6-6 to 9-5 hr, at the expense of tG2M, and tG1, whereas tc remained constant. A similar pattern was observed in FLM curves at various threshold levels for hepatocytes localized in subunits of the liver lobule along the vascular axis from afferent to efferent pole. The shapes of these FLM curves indicated an intralobular gradient of reutilizable labelled material. The use of two different threshold levels is crucial for proper selection of FLM curves to evaluate cell cycle phases in regenerating rat liver: first, threshold to exclude the autoradiographic background, and a second one to avoid errors due to reutilization of labelled DNA precursors. Each threshold has its own implications for the estimation of cell cycle phases.", "contents": "Grain count threshold dependence of FLM curve pattern and cell cycle parameters of hepatocytes in vivo. FLM curves from hepatocytes of regenerating rat liver in vivo were compared at different grain count thresholds. Estimates of cell cycle phases derived from curves with thresholds decreasing from 15 to 1 grain (background 0-2 grains per nuclear area) revealed a prolongation of ts from 6-6 to 9-5 hr, at the expense of tG2M, and tG1, whereas tc remained constant. A similar pattern was observed in FLM curves at various threshold levels for hepatocytes localized in subunits of the liver lobule along the vascular axis from afferent to efferent pole. The shapes of these FLM curves indicated an intralobular gradient of reutilizable labelled material. The use of two different threshold levels is crucial for proper selection of FLM curves to evaluate cell cycle phases in regenerating rat liver: first, threshold to exclude the autoradiographic background, and a second one to avoid errors due to reutilization of labelled DNA precursors. Each threshold has its own implications for the estimation of cell cycle phases."}
{"id": "PMID:922802", "title": "Replicon number and growth rate in fathead minnow cells cultured at 14 and 34 degrees C.", "content": "DNA fiber autoradiography was performed on cells of the fathead minnow cultured at 14 and 34 degrees C. Replicon growth rates were found to be about twice as fast at the higher temperature, but there was no appreciable difference in the number of replicons.", "contents": "Replicon number and growth rate in fathead minnow cells cultured at 14 and 34 degrees C. DNA fiber autoradiography was performed on cells of the fathead minnow cultured at 14 and 34 degrees C. Replicon growth rates were found to be about twice as fast at the higher temperature, but there was no appreciable difference in the number of replicons."}
{"id": "PMID:922803", "title": "Estimation of the migration of thoracic duct lymphocytes to non-lymphoid tissues. A comparison of the distribution of radioactivity at intervals following i.v. transfusion of cells labelled with 3H, 14C, 75Se, 99mTc, 125I and 51Cr in the rat.", "content": "The distribution of radioisotopes in tissues was measured following i.v. injection of labelled thoracic duct lymphocytes into syngeneic rats. The rate of elution of an isotope from the labelled cells and the subsequent fate of the eluted isotope were shown to be the most important factors limiting the usefulness of such isotopes for measuring cell localization particularly in non-lymphoid tissues. Comparison of labelling procedures using [3H] and [14C]uridine, [3H] and [14C]leucine, [75Se]-L-selenomethionine, [99mTc]sodium pertechnetate and [51Cr]sodium chromate in vitro and [3H]thymidine in vivo showed that 51Cr had the fewest disadvantages in the present context. Using 51Cr-labelled cells, the radioactivity was measured in a wide range of non-lymphoid tissues, and estimates of cell traffic were obtained. In skin, for example, the results indicate a cell flux in the range of 10(4)-10(5) lymphocytes/gm/hr. Evidence is presented which suggests that the early substantial localization of labelled cells in the lung is not an artefact due to sequestration or embolization of traumatized cells but probably reflects a slow intravascular transit time through this capillary bed. The primary lymphoid organs, thymus and bone marrow were shown to include a subpopulation of lymphocytes which belong to the recirculating pool. The thymus always contained a greater concentration of radioactivity at 24 hr than all non-lymphoid tissues except liver and kidney (approx. 0-1% of the recirculating lymphocyte pool) and the bone marrow was capable of temporarily accepting a substantial proportion (approx.25%) of the injected cells.", "contents": "Estimation of the migration of thoracic duct lymphocytes to non-lymphoid tissues. A comparison of the distribution of radioactivity at intervals following i.v. transfusion of cells labelled with 3H, 14C, 75Se, 99mTc, 125I and 51Cr in the rat. The distribution of radioisotopes in tissues was measured following i.v. injection of labelled thoracic duct lymphocytes into syngeneic rats. The rate of elution of an isotope from the labelled cells and the subsequent fate of the eluted isotope were shown to be the most important factors limiting the usefulness of such isotopes for measuring cell localization particularly in non-lymphoid tissues. Comparison of labelling procedures using [3H] and [14C]uridine, [3H] and [14C]leucine, [75Se]-L-selenomethionine, [99mTc]sodium pertechnetate and [51Cr]sodium chromate in vitro and [3H]thymidine in vivo showed that 51Cr had the fewest disadvantages in the present context. Using 51Cr-labelled cells, the radioactivity was measured in a wide range of non-lymphoid tissues, and estimates of cell traffic were obtained. In skin, for example, the results indicate a cell flux in the range of 10(4)-10(5) lymphocytes/gm/hr. Evidence is presented which suggests that the early substantial localization of labelled cells in the lung is not an artefact due to sequestration or embolization of traumatized cells but probably reflects a slow intravascular transit time through this capillary bed. The primary lymphoid organs, thymus and bone marrow were shown to include a subpopulation of lymphocytes which belong to the recirculating pool. The thymus always contained a greater concentration of radioactivity at 24 hr than all non-lymphoid tissues except liver and kidney (approx. 0-1% of the recirculating lymphocyte pool) and the bone marrow was capable of temporarily accepting a substantial proportion (approx.25%) of the injected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:922804", "title": "Circadian rhythms of presumptive stem cells in three different epithelia of the mouse.", "content": "Variation in the percentage of labelled cells (LI), mitoses (MI) and apoptosis (AI: i.e. shrinkage necrosis) have been studied throughout a 24 hr period (40 min after labelling with 3H-TdR) for tongue epithelium, epidermis and intestinal epithelium in the mouse. A room with reversed light cycle was used to obtain data for half of the 24 hr period. All three tissues showed marked variations in LI with peak values between 24.00 and 03.00 hours. In the intestine a maximum value for MI was observed 3-6 hr after that for LI and with a maximum value for AI slightly later. In all three epithelia the circadian rhythm was most striking in cells at positions which can be correlated with presumptive stem cell activity; e.g. in the crypts the labelling and mitotic peaks reflecting a circadian rhythm were most clearly distinguishable at the basal part of the crypts. These observations are discussed in relation to the validity of various proliferative models.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of presumptive stem cells in three different epithelia of the mouse. Variation in the percentage of labelled cells (LI), mitoses (MI) and apoptosis (AI: i.e. shrinkage necrosis) have been studied throughout a 24 hr period (40 min after labelling with 3H-TdR) for tongue epithelium, epidermis and intestinal epithelium in the mouse. A room with reversed light cycle was used to obtain data for half of the 24 hr period. All three tissues showed marked variations in LI with peak values between 24.00 and 03.00 hours. In the intestine a maximum value for MI was observed 3-6 hr after that for LI and with a maximum value for AI slightly later. In all three epithelia the circadian rhythm was most striking in cells at positions which can be correlated with presumptive stem cell activity; e.g. in the crypts the labelling and mitotic peaks reflecting a circadian rhythm were most clearly distinguishable at the basal part of the crypts. These observations are discussed in relation to the validity of various proliferative models."}
{"id": "PMID:922805", "title": "Serial transplantation, histology and cellular kinetics of a rat adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Data are reported on the growth, histology and cell population kinetics of a spontaneous mammary tumour in the rat at the 1st and 35-40th transplantation generation. With serial transplantation subcutaneously in isologous animals, the macroscopic growth characteristics of the tumour did not alter. The tumour had a volume doubling time of approximately 1.6 days at 400 mm3, increasing to about 7 days at 20,000 mm3. The histology, however, changed dramatically from that of a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma with a well defined vascular pattern and minimal necrosis to become by the 35th generation a poorly differentiated pleomorphic cellular tumour in which stromal elements and associated vascular supply were minimal and necrosis prominent. These changes were not manifested in the median cycle time of its cells, 16-18 hr, but by an increase in the growth fraction from 0.36 to 0.59 with a commensurate increase in the cell loss factor from 0.04 and 0.30.", "contents": "Serial transplantation, histology and cellular kinetics of a rat adenocarcinoma. Data are reported on the growth, histology and cell population kinetics of a spontaneous mammary tumour in the rat at the 1st and 35-40th transplantation generation. With serial transplantation subcutaneously in isologous animals, the macroscopic growth characteristics of the tumour did not alter. The tumour had a volume doubling time of approximately 1.6 days at 400 mm3, increasing to about 7 days at 20,000 mm3. The histology, however, changed dramatically from that of a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma with a well defined vascular pattern and minimal necrosis to become by the 35th generation a poorly differentiated pleomorphic cellular tumour in which stromal elements and associated vascular supply were minimal and necrosis prominent. These changes were not manifested in the median cycle time of its cells, 16-18 hr, but by an increase in the growth fraction from 0.36 to 0.59 with a commensurate increase in the cell loss factor from 0.04 and 0.30."}
{"id": "PMID:922806", "title": "Prediction of the complete growth pattern of human multiple myeloma from restricted initial measurements.", "content": "A method is presented for predicting the complete growth pattern of human IgG multiple myeloma from a few initial measurements of tumour cell number. This permits identification of patterns of undisturbed neoplastic growth in individual patients whose therapy cannot ethically be withheld for long periods. Since the unperturbed growth pattern is a necessary part of the information required for the prediction of individual patient response to alternative treatment schedules, the prospects for improved treatment of human multiple myeloma by optimal scheduling of drug administration are greatly increased.", "contents": "Prediction of the complete growth pattern of human multiple myeloma from restricted initial measurements. A method is presented for predicting the complete growth pattern of human IgG multiple myeloma from a few initial measurements of tumour cell number. This permits identification of patterns of undisturbed neoplastic growth in individual patients whose therapy cannot ethically be withheld for long periods. Since the unperturbed growth pattern is a necessary part of the information required for the prediction of individual patient response to alternative treatment schedules, the prospects for improved treatment of human multiple myeloma by optimal scheduling of drug administration are greatly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:922807", "title": "Morphological alterations and functional changes of interhepatocellular junctions induced by bile duct ligation.", "content": "The effect of bile duct ligation on the intercellular junctions of hepatocytes was investigated. The features and the arrangement of the bile canaliculi and the zonulae occludentes alter concomitant to the increase of the intracanalicular pressure. The lumen of the bile canaliculi enlarges and the microvilli disappear. The array of the zonulae occludentes becomes irregularly shaped, the number of strands diminishes and interruptions of the strands occur. With peroxidase a leakage in the bile-blood barrier is detected. Furthermore a disappearance of gap junctions between the hepatocytes after bile duct ligation is observed. The present investigation shows that the zonulae occludentes are mobile structures which are changed by increased unilateral pressure. Due to their ultrastructural alterations, a leakage of the permeability barrier between physiological compartments is found.", "contents": "Morphological alterations and functional changes of interhepatocellular junctions induced by bile duct ligation. The effect of bile duct ligation on the intercellular junctions of hepatocytes was investigated. The features and the arrangement of the bile canaliculi and the zonulae occludentes alter concomitant to the increase of the intracanalicular pressure. The lumen of the bile canaliculi enlarges and the microvilli disappear. The array of the zonulae occludentes becomes irregularly shaped, the number of strands diminishes and interruptions of the strands occur. With peroxidase a leakage in the bile-blood barrier is detected. Furthermore a disappearance of gap junctions between the hepatocytes after bile duct ligation is observed. The present investigation shows that the zonulae occludentes are mobile structures which are changed by increased unilateral pressure. Due to their ultrastructural alterations, a leakage of the permeability barrier between physiological compartments is found."}
{"id": "PMID:922808", "title": "Specific synaptic systems in reaggregated spherules from dissociated chick cerebellum cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Studies were performed on spherules of approximately 100-300 micrometer in diameter obtained from in vitro cultures of reaggregates of embryonic fragments of cerebellum from 10-12 day-incubated chick embryos, dissociated with trypsin and cultivated in a rotating shaker for a maximum of 21 days. The differentiated neurons within these spherules included a few Purkinje cells, many granule cells and type II Golgi cells, as well as many glial cells. Zones rich in synaptic knobs and other simple synaptic structures as well as complex synaptic systems with numerous active points of contact, were visible in various parts of the spherule. Typical \"glomeruli\" consisting of a varicosity of \"rosette\" joined to the dendritic claws of the granule cells, and \"en marron\" systems with perikarya of type II Golgi cells were easily recognised. The complete absence of extracerebellar afferents confirms that both the granule and Golgi cells are capable of making synaptic connections with afferents different from those normally formed by extracerebellar mossy or climbing fibres. The experimental findings confirm that the recipient neurons determine the specific synaptic pattern regardless of the nature of the afferents, and furthermore demonstrate that the clinging activity of the recipient neuron determines the synaptogenic behaviour of nervous pathways.", "contents": "Specific synaptic systems in reaggregated spherules from dissociated chick cerebellum cultivated in vitro. Studies were performed on spherules of approximately 100-300 micrometer in diameter obtained from in vitro cultures of reaggregates of embryonic fragments of cerebellum from 10-12 day-incubated chick embryos, dissociated with trypsin and cultivated in a rotating shaker for a maximum of 21 days. The differentiated neurons within these spherules included a few Purkinje cells, many granule cells and type II Golgi cells, as well as many glial cells. Zones rich in synaptic knobs and other simple synaptic structures as well as complex synaptic systems with numerous active points of contact, were visible in various parts of the spherule. Typical \"glomeruli\" consisting of a varicosity of \"rosette\" joined to the dendritic claws of the granule cells, and \"en marron\" systems with perikarya of type II Golgi cells were easily recognised. The complete absence of extracerebellar afferents confirms that both the granule and Golgi cells are capable of making synaptic connections with afferents different from those normally formed by extracerebellar mossy or climbing fibres. The experimental findings confirm that the recipient neurons determine the specific synaptic pattern regardless of the nature of the afferents, and furthermore demonstrate that the clinging activity of the recipient neuron determines the synaptogenic behaviour of nervous pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:922809", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the mandibular glands of Kalotermes flavicollis fabr. (isoptera; calotermitidae).", "content": "The mandibular glands of Kalotermes were examined in different castes. They show sexual dimorphism in the soldiers and primary reproductives, Moreover, in female soldiers and queens, mandibular gland cells contained numerous crystalline structures of mitochondrial origin. The role of these glands (secretion of saliva or pheromone) is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the mandibular glands of Kalotermes flavicollis fabr. (isoptera; calotermitidae). The mandibular glands of Kalotermes were examined in different castes. They show sexual dimorphism in the soldiers and primary reproductives, Moreover, in female soldiers and queens, mandibular gland cells contained numerous crystalline structures of mitochondrial origin. The role of these glands (secretion of saliva or pheromone) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922810", "title": "Fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.", "content": "In the intestine of the filtering zooids of B. schlosseri three segments can be distinguished. In the intermediate segment the epithelium, which is encrusted by the ampullae of the pyloric gland, shows marked aspects of alteration. In the proximal and distal segments, ciliated mucous, vacuolated and endocrine-like cells are recognizable. Ciliated mucous cells, widely distributed along the intestine, possess the apical region filled with numerous mucous granules, which are extruded with merocrine modality. Variations in morphology of the granules are visible especially between cells of different regions. Vacuolated cells appear involved in absorptive function. They are characterized by developed microvilli, numerous apical small vesicles and great supranuclear vacuoles containing heterogeneous material. The vacuolated cells of the proximal segment resemble the gastric vacuolated cells of B. schlosseri. The vacuolated cells of the distal segment show many morphological similarities with protein absorbing cells of various animals for the presence of a giant vacuole and an apical network of vesicles and tubules with fuzzy coating on the luminal face. The intestinal endocrine-like cells are rare and characterized by strongly electron dense granules distributed in all the cytoplasm, but predominantly in the basal region.", "contents": "Fine structure of the intestinal epithelium of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. In the intestine of the filtering zooids of B. schlosseri three segments can be distinguished. In the intermediate segment the epithelium, which is encrusted by the ampullae of the pyloric gland, shows marked aspects of alteration. In the proximal and distal segments, ciliated mucous, vacuolated and endocrine-like cells are recognizable. Ciliated mucous cells, widely distributed along the intestine, possess the apical region filled with numerous mucous granules, which are extruded with merocrine modality. Variations in morphology of the granules are visible especially between cells of different regions. Vacuolated cells appear involved in absorptive function. They are characterized by developed microvilli, numerous apical small vesicles and great supranuclear vacuoles containing heterogeneous material. The vacuolated cells of the proximal segment resemble the gastric vacuolated cells of B. schlosseri. The vacuolated cells of the distal segment show many morphological similarities with protein absorbing cells of various animals for the presence of a giant vacuole and an apical network of vesicles and tubules with fuzzy coating on the luminal face. The intestinal endocrine-like cells are rare and characterized by strongly electron dense granules distributed in all the cytoplasm, but predominantly in the basal region."}
{"id": "PMID:922811", "title": "The time sequence of response of the prolactin cells of the freshwater teleost, Poecilia reticulata, to an altered environmental salinity.", "content": "The time sequence of the ultrastructural changes in the prolactin cells of the adult guppy, Poecilia reticulata, was studied in freshwater fish transferred to 1/3 seawater for 1, 4, 11 and 28 days. The morphological changes were slight and only detectable by quantitative (morphometric) procedures. The secretory granules showed a \"biphasic' response to the altered environmental salinity, but the volume density of the Golgi apparatus progressively declined throughout the experiment. After an initial decrease in the volume density of the RER, that organelle regained its original prominence by 11 days in 1/3 seawater. The volume density of the nucleus was markedly higher in fish 28 days after transfer to 1/3 seawater than in any other group. Cell volume estimations showed that a shrinking of the cytoplasm rather than a swelling of the nucleus accounted for the high volume density figure. The changes in the volume density of the mitochondria closely paralleled those of the RER. Profiles of exocytosed granules were rarely found in any of the groups, but were least frequent in fish kept in 1/3 seawater for 28 days, when dense (lysosomal?) bodies were most abundant. The quantitative methods high-lighted some discrepancies in the rate and magnitude of the changes shown by some organelles and have led the authors to suggest that during adaptation of fish to dilute seawater, synthesis and release may not be coupled processes in the prolactin cell of P. reticulata.", "contents": "The time sequence of response of the prolactin cells of the freshwater teleost, Poecilia reticulata, to an altered environmental salinity. The time sequence of the ultrastructural changes in the prolactin cells of the adult guppy, Poecilia reticulata, was studied in freshwater fish transferred to 1/3 seawater for 1, 4, 11 and 28 days. The morphological changes were slight and only detectable by quantitative (morphometric) procedures. The secretory granules showed a \"biphasic' response to the altered environmental salinity, but the volume density of the Golgi apparatus progressively declined throughout the experiment. After an initial decrease in the volume density of the RER, that organelle regained its original prominence by 11 days in 1/3 seawater. The volume density of the nucleus was markedly higher in fish 28 days after transfer to 1/3 seawater than in any other group. Cell volume estimations showed that a shrinking of the cytoplasm rather than a swelling of the nucleus accounted for the high volume density figure. The changes in the volume density of the mitochondria closely paralleled those of the RER. Profiles of exocytosed granules were rarely found in any of the groups, but were least frequent in fish kept in 1/3 seawater for 28 days, when dense (lysosomal?) bodies were most abundant. The quantitative methods high-lighted some discrepancies in the rate and magnitude of the changes shown by some organelles and have led the authors to suggest that during adaptation of fish to dilute seawater, synthesis and release may not be coupled processes in the prolactin cell of P. reticulata."}
{"id": "PMID:922813", "title": "Microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "Tannic acid in glutaraldehyde was used to stain microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve. In the majority of areas the tannic acid failed to penetrate the unmyelinated axons whilst penetrating neighbouring myelinated axons, suggesting a difference in the ability of the two types of nerves to exclude tannic acid. Where tannic acid had penetrated the unmyelinated axons the 13 protofilament substructure and size of the microtubules appeared identical to those seen in the myelinated axons.", "contents": "Microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve. Tannic acid in glutaraldehyde was used to stain microtubules in myelinated and unmyelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve. In the majority of areas the tannic acid failed to penetrate the unmyelinated axons whilst penetrating neighbouring myelinated axons, suggesting a difference in the ability of the two types of nerves to exclude tannic acid. Where tannic acid had penetrated the unmyelinated axons the 13 protofilament substructure and size of the microtubules appeared identical to those seen in the myelinated axons."}
{"id": "PMID:922814", "title": "Fine structure of capillaries in the conus papillaris of the limbless lizard, Ophisaurus apodus (anguidae, lacertilia).", "content": "The conus papillaris of Ophisaurus apodus consists of blood vessels and pigment cells. The capillary walls are formed by endothelial cells, scarce pericytes and basal laminae. The cell bodies are attenuated and the plasmalemma of their luminal and abluminal surfaces forms microvilli. The perivascular space is well developed, containing nerve fibers and their terminals. Similar localization and ultrastructure of avian pecten oculi and lacertilian conus papillaris suggest homology of these structures.", "contents": "Fine structure of capillaries in the conus papillaris of the limbless lizard, Ophisaurus apodus (anguidae, lacertilia). The conus papillaris of Ophisaurus apodus consists of blood vessels and pigment cells. The capillary walls are formed by endothelial cells, scarce pericytes and basal laminae. The cell bodies are attenuated and the plasmalemma of their luminal and abluminal surfaces forms microvilli. The perivascular space is well developed, containing nerve fibers and their terminals. Similar localization and ultrastructure of avian pecten oculi and lacertilian conus papillaris suggest homology of these structures."}
{"id": "PMID:922815", "title": "Intrapulmonary neuro-epithelial bodies in newborn rabbits. Influence of hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypercapnia, nicotine, reserpine, L-DOPA and 5-HTP.", "content": "Neonatal rabbit neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB) were investigated under various experimental conditions with light microscopy, microspectrography, morphometry and electron microscopy. (1) Hypoxia causes a decreased amine fluorescence intensity and an increased secretory exocytosis of dense core vesicles (DCV). Otherwise the NEB appear structurally normal. (2) Hypercapnia also produces a decreased fluorescence and an increased exocytosis; ultrastructurally, however, the dense core of DCV fragmentizes. (3) Hyperoxia does not appear to affect significantly either fluorescence or exocytosis. (4) The uptake of biogenic amines such as 5-HTP and L-DOPA was demonstrated by fluorometry and electron microscopy. (5) Reserpine, on the other hand, provokes an amine depletion with a decrease of the NEB fluorescence and an ultrastructural palor of the DCV. (6) Intratracheally administered nicotine is accompanied by a decreased fluorescence and a distinct exocytosis of fragmented DCV. The reaction of NEB to hypoxia and hypercapnia suggests that these corpuscles could be intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (in addition to the classically known central and peripheral chemoreceptors), inducing a reflex reaction through the liberation of DCV at the corpuscular sensible nerve endings and via the CNS. In addition, they may subserve a local intrapulmonary effect by modulating directly the hypoxic and hypercapnic pulmonary vasoconstriction and thus the V/Q ratio.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary neuro-epithelial bodies in newborn rabbits. Influence of hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypercapnia, nicotine, reserpine, L-DOPA and 5-HTP. Neonatal rabbit neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB) were investigated under various experimental conditions with light microscopy, microspectrography, morphometry and electron microscopy. (1) Hypoxia causes a decreased amine fluorescence intensity and an increased secretory exocytosis of dense core vesicles (DCV). Otherwise the NEB appear structurally normal. (2) Hypercapnia also produces a decreased fluorescence and an increased exocytosis; ultrastructurally, however, the dense core of DCV fragmentizes. (3) Hyperoxia does not appear to affect significantly either fluorescence or exocytosis. (4) The uptake of biogenic amines such as 5-HTP and L-DOPA was demonstrated by fluorometry and electron microscopy. (5) Reserpine, on the other hand, provokes an amine depletion with a decrease of the NEB fluorescence and an ultrastructural palor of the DCV. (6) Intratracheally administered nicotine is accompanied by a decreased fluorescence and a distinct exocytosis of fragmented DCV. The reaction of NEB to hypoxia and hypercapnia suggests that these corpuscles could be intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (in addition to the classically known central and peripheral chemoreceptors), inducing a reflex reaction through the liberation of DCV at the corpuscular sensible nerve endings and via the CNS. In addition, they may subserve a local intrapulmonary effect by modulating directly the hypoxic and hypercapnic pulmonary vasoconstriction and thus the V/Q ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:922816", "title": "Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy of the red pulp of dog spleen with special reference to the terminal structure of the cordal capillaries.", "content": "In order to obtain direct morphological information about the three-dimensional fine structure of the splenic terminal vascular bed, especially the terminating mode of the cordal capillaries, stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed and freeze-fractured red pulp of a normal dog spleen was undertaken. An improved method of perfusion-fixation was utilized in which the hydrostatic pressures of the splenic artery and vein were maintained at approximately the same levels as those in the living state. Stereoscopic observations of scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated the three-dimensional fine architecture of the splenic sinuses, the spongy cordal reticular tissue and the intracordal vasculature. The cordal capillaries terminate in the labyrinthine cordal space according to a certain mode in which the walls of the terminals are transformed into a meshwork structure continuous with the cordal reticular tissue owing to an increase in number and size of fenestrations. No evidence could be detected to prove or suggest any direct continuity of the capillary end with the splenic sinus. These results strongly support the concept of an \"open circulation\", at least in the red pulp of the dog spleen, with the possibility of a \"functionally closed circulation\" under some physiological conditions.", "contents": "Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy of the red pulp of dog spleen with special reference to the terminal structure of the cordal capillaries. In order to obtain direct morphological information about the three-dimensional fine structure of the splenic terminal vascular bed, especially the terminating mode of the cordal capillaries, stereoscopic scanning electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed and freeze-fractured red pulp of a normal dog spleen was undertaken. An improved method of perfusion-fixation was utilized in which the hydrostatic pressures of the splenic artery and vein were maintained at approximately the same levels as those in the living state. Stereoscopic observations of scanning electron micrographs clearly demonstrated the three-dimensional fine architecture of the splenic sinuses, the spongy cordal reticular tissue and the intracordal vasculature. The cordal capillaries terminate in the labyrinthine cordal space according to a certain mode in which the walls of the terminals are transformed into a meshwork structure continuous with the cordal reticular tissue owing to an increase in number and size of fenestrations. No evidence could be detected to prove or suggest any direct continuity of the capillary end with the splenic sinus. These results strongly support the concept of an \"open circulation\", at least in the red pulp of the dog spleen, with the possibility of a \"functionally closed circulation\" under some physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:922817", "title": "Electron microscopic study of terminal degeneration in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the anterodorsal nucleus (AD) of the thalamus were investigated under normal and experimental conditions. The large glomeruli are composed of an extensive central dendrite, probably arising from a projecting neuron, and of various terminal boutons. Besides the typical small bouton (RS) filled with round vesicles, two specializations of the large bouton (RL) containing round vesicles are found. The larger one (RL1) is characterized by a looser arrangement of synaptic vesicles and many mitochondria; it undergoes dark degeneration following unilateral lesions of the mamillary body in both AD. The intermediate type (RL2) is distinguished by a denser arrangement of vesicles; it undergoes dark degeneration following lesions of the midline nuclei of the thalamus. The two types of terminal boutons (F1 and F2) which contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles do not degenerate following lesions of the mamillary body and midline nuclei; they belong to Golgi type II interneurons.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of terminal degeneration in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus of the cat. The ultrastructure and synaptic organization of the anterodorsal nucleus (AD) of the thalamus were investigated under normal and experimental conditions. The large glomeruli are composed of an extensive central dendrite, probably arising from a projecting neuron, and of various terminal boutons. Besides the typical small bouton (RS) filled with round vesicles, two specializations of the large bouton (RL) containing round vesicles are found. The larger one (RL1) is characterized by a looser arrangement of synaptic vesicles and many mitochondria; it undergoes dark degeneration following unilateral lesions of the mamillary body in both AD. The intermediate type (RL2) is distinguished by a denser arrangement of vesicles; it undergoes dark degeneration following lesions of the midline nuclei of the thalamus. The two types of terminal boutons (F1 and F2) which contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles do not degenerate following lesions of the mamillary body and midline nuclei; they belong to Golgi type II interneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:922818", "title": "An ultrastructural analysis of the gametes and early fertilization in two bivalve molluscs, Chama macerophylla and Spisula solidissima with special reference to gamete binding.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation of the gametes and their interaction during the early events of fertilization in molluscs has been performed. A gamete binding event involving large numbers of sperm has been identified and examined in detail. The surface of the oocyte is projected into numerous microvilli which extend through the vitelline envelope. Tufts of fibrillar material radiate from the tips of these microvilli, forming a layer external to the vitelline envelope. The acrosomal vesicle of the mature spermatozoon contains two major components, which function differently during fertilization. The vesicle is indented at its adnuclear surface, constituting a preformed acrosomal tubule. This tubule does not elongate during the acrosome reaction. Completion of the reaction results in the formation of an extracellular coat, derived from on component of the acrosomal vesicle, on the anterior surface of the sperm. Sperm-egg binding is accomplished by an association of the extracellular coat on the reacted sperm and the fibrous tufts on the tips of the microvilli of the oocyte. Evidence that gamete membrane fusion occurs by fusion of the acrosomal tubule and a microcillus is presented. These observations provide a generalized pattern of molluscan fertilization.", "contents": "An ultrastructural analysis of the gametes and early fertilization in two bivalve molluscs, Chama macerophylla and Spisula solidissima with special reference to gamete binding. An ultrastructural investigation of the gametes and their interaction during the early events of fertilization in molluscs has been performed. A gamete binding event involving large numbers of sperm has been identified and examined in detail. The surface of the oocyte is projected into numerous microvilli which extend through the vitelline envelope. Tufts of fibrillar material radiate from the tips of these microvilli, forming a layer external to the vitelline envelope. The acrosomal vesicle of the mature spermatozoon contains two major components, which function differently during fertilization. The vesicle is indented at its adnuclear surface, constituting a preformed acrosomal tubule. This tubule does not elongate during the acrosome reaction. Completion of the reaction results in the formation of an extracellular coat, derived from on component of the acrosomal vesicle, on the anterior surface of the sperm. Sperm-egg binding is accomplished by an association of the extracellular coat on the reacted sperm and the fibrous tufts on the tips of the microvilli of the oocyte. Evidence that gamete membrane fusion occurs by fusion of the acrosomal tubule and a microcillus is presented. These observations provide a generalized pattern of molluscan fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:922819", "title": "The role of the haemocytes of Clitumnus extradentatus in haemolymph coagulation.", "content": "Light and electron-microscopic observations of the blood cells (haemocytes) of the stick insect Clitummus extradentatus in vitro showed that two morphologically distinct cell types, the cystocytes and granular cells are involved in haemolymph coagulation. Both these cell types contain a variable number of electron-dense granules which upon release cause progressive coagulation and precipitation of the haemolymph. In the cystocytes this release is extremely rapid (30-60s) while in the granular cells it only occurs after 1-2 min in vitro. The role of these cells in haemostasis is discussed together with the possible significance of the involvement of two cell types in the coagulation process.", "contents": "The role of the haemocytes of Clitumnus extradentatus in haemolymph coagulation. Light and electron-microscopic observations of the blood cells (haemocytes) of the stick insect Clitummus extradentatus in vitro showed that two morphologically distinct cell types, the cystocytes and granular cells are involved in haemolymph coagulation. Both these cell types contain a variable number of electron-dense granules which upon release cause progressive coagulation and precipitation of the haemolymph. In the cystocytes this release is extremely rapid (30-60s) while in the granular cells it only occurs after 1-2 min in vitro. The role of these cells in haemostasis is discussed together with the possible significance of the involvement of two cell types in the coagulation process."}
{"id": "PMID:922820", "title": "Ultrastructural tracer studies on the permeability of the Malpighian tubule of the pill millipede, Glomeris marginate (Villers).", "content": "The electron-dense tracers ferritin, and iron-dextran, and the protein horseradish peroxidase, have been used to investigate the ultrastructural basis of permeability in the upper and lower segments of the Malpighian tubules of Glomeris marginata. All these materials were able to cross the basal lamina and enter the tubule lumen of the upper segment, and it was established that horseradish peroxidase was able to enter the channels which interrupt the apical junctions. In the upper segment, ferritin, iron-dextran, and horseradish peroxidase are taken up and accumulated within intracellular vesicles. In the lower segment ferritin and iron-dextran enter the cells but become generally distributed over the cytoplasm, as well as entering membrane-bounded vacoules. The behaviour of horseradish peroxidase could not be assessed by owing to the presence of endogenous peroxidase activity in the cells. After fixation by direct application of glutaraldehyde to the undissected tubules, the extracellular spaces contained large numbers of membrane-bounded vesicles. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the physiological activities of the tubules.", "contents": "Ultrastructural tracer studies on the permeability of the Malpighian tubule of the pill millipede, Glomeris marginate (Villers). The electron-dense tracers ferritin, and iron-dextran, and the protein horseradish peroxidase, have been used to investigate the ultrastructural basis of permeability in the upper and lower segments of the Malpighian tubules of Glomeris marginata. All these materials were able to cross the basal lamina and enter the tubule lumen of the upper segment, and it was established that horseradish peroxidase was able to enter the channels which interrupt the apical junctions. In the upper segment, ferritin, iron-dextran, and horseradish peroxidase are taken up and accumulated within intracellular vesicles. In the lower segment ferritin and iron-dextran enter the cells but become generally distributed over the cytoplasm, as well as entering membrane-bounded vacoules. The behaviour of horseradish peroxidase could not be assessed by owing to the presence of endogenous peroxidase activity in the cells. After fixation by direct application of glutaraldehyde to the undissected tubules, the extracellular spaces contained large numbers of membrane-bounded vesicles. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the physiological activities of the tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:922821", "title": "The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus (crustacea: amphipoda).", "content": "The sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus, like that of other crustaceans, is composed of three elements: neurosecretory axons, glial cells and stromal sheath. Five neurosecretory axon types are identified on the basis of granule diameter, shape, and electron density, and axon matrix density. Exocytosis appears to be the major release mechanism of neurosecretory material. The preterminal regions of neurosecretory axons contain axoplasmic reticulum and neurotubules. Their arrangement in the axon and relationship with one another suggest a transport function. Multilamellar bodies are found in the terminal regions of neurosecretory axons. They arise from mitochondria and may be involved in granulolysis.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus (crustacea: amphipoda). The sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus, like that of other crustaceans, is composed of three elements: neurosecretory axons, glial cells and stromal sheath. Five neurosecretory axon types are identified on the basis of granule diameter, shape, and electron density, and axon matrix density. Exocytosis appears to be the major release mechanism of neurosecretory material. The preterminal regions of neurosecretory axons contain axoplasmic reticulum and neurotubules. Their arrangement in the axon and relationship with one another suggest a transport function. Multilamellar bodies are found in the terminal regions of neurosecretory axons. They arise from mitochondria and may be involved in granulolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:922822", "title": "A morphological study of the circadian cycle of the pineal gland of the rat.", "content": "To seek a morphological expression of circadian rhythm, we investigated cytologically pineal glands taken from rats every 2 to 4 h under a lighting regime of 12 h of illumination (6:00 to 18:00) and 12h of darkness. The changes in the number of synaptic ribbons and ribbon fields was observed by electron microscopy. The number of these intracellular elements was greatest at 2:00 and lowest at 14:00, the difference being statistically significant. There were no significant local differences in numbers with respect to the part of the pineal gland examined. The data are similar to those of Vollrath from the pineal gland of a guinea pig, and seem to confirm a circadian function in the pineal gland in mammals.", "contents": "A morphological study of the circadian cycle of the pineal gland of the rat. To seek a morphological expression of circadian rhythm, we investigated cytologically pineal glands taken from rats every 2 to 4 h under a lighting regime of 12 h of illumination (6:00 to 18:00) and 12h of darkness. The changes in the number of synaptic ribbons and ribbon fields was observed by electron microscopy. The number of these intracellular elements was greatest at 2:00 and lowest at 14:00, the difference being statistically significant. There were no significant local differences in numbers with respect to the part of the pineal gland examined. The data are similar to those of Vollrath from the pineal gland of a guinea pig, and seem to confirm a circadian function in the pineal gland in mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:922823", "title": "Biochemical lesions of respiratory enzymes and configurational changes of mitochondria in vivo. II. Early ultrastructural modifications correlated to the biochemical lesion induced by fluoroacetate.", "content": "Correlative biochemical and electron microscopic alterations were observed in chick embryo myoblasts in vitro after treatment with fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate poisoning caused an increase of citrate and a decrease of ATP in the cultures. Cell respiration was only slighly impaired by fluoroacetate in the first 10 min but was inhibited to 30% one hour after exposure to the poison. Fluoroacetate did not affect oxidative phosphorylation. The evidence suggests that fluoroacetate was transformed in myoblasts into fluorocitrate which inhibited the mitochondrial-bound aconitate hydratase as in adult tissues. Ultrastructural changes in the majority of the fluoroacetate-treated cells were observed. Very few myoblasts appeared unaffected by the poison. Mitochondria were specifically altered. The early changes occurred in the mitochondrial matrix where the inhibited enzyme is known to be located and were followed by modifications in the configuration and structure of cristae. Exogenous fluorocitrate caused ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria similar to that provoked by fluoroacetate. The localization of the early change in the mitochondrial matrix and the evaluation of the structural modifications suggest a correlation between the biochemical lesion, i.e. the inhibition of aconitate hydratase, and the change revealed in the mitochondrial structure containing the inhibited enzyme.", "contents": "Biochemical lesions of respiratory enzymes and configurational changes of mitochondria in vivo. II. Early ultrastructural modifications correlated to the biochemical lesion induced by fluoroacetate. Correlative biochemical and electron microscopic alterations were observed in chick embryo myoblasts in vitro after treatment with fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate poisoning caused an increase of citrate and a decrease of ATP in the cultures. Cell respiration was only slighly impaired by fluoroacetate in the first 10 min but was inhibited to 30% one hour after exposure to the poison. Fluoroacetate did not affect oxidative phosphorylation. The evidence suggests that fluoroacetate was transformed in myoblasts into fluorocitrate which inhibited the mitochondrial-bound aconitate hydratase as in adult tissues. Ultrastructural changes in the majority of the fluoroacetate-treated cells were observed. Very few myoblasts appeared unaffected by the poison. Mitochondria were specifically altered. The early changes occurred in the mitochondrial matrix where the inhibited enzyme is known to be located and were followed by modifications in the configuration and structure of cristae. Exogenous fluorocitrate caused ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria similar to that provoked by fluoroacetate. The localization of the early change in the mitochondrial matrix and the evaluation of the structural modifications suggest a correlation between the biochemical lesion, i.e. the inhibition of aconitate hydratase, and the change revealed in the mitochondrial structure containing the inhibited enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:922824", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations of olfactory epithelium in the chick embryo.", "content": "This paper describes maturation of the surface of the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal concha of chick embryos from the seventh day of incubation till hatching. From the earliest stages investigated onward, the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium is characterized by variability in the number and configuration of surface protrusions. The growth of olfactory cilia is described and the significance of regional differences in their density is discussed in relation to regional variations in the sensitivity of the epithelium to odorants. The maturation of the respiratory epithelium covering the inferior nasal concha is also described.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic investigations of olfactory epithelium in the chick embryo. This paper describes maturation of the surface of the olfactory epithelium of the superior nasal concha of chick embryos from the seventh day of incubation till hatching. From the earliest stages investigated onward, the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium is characterized by variability in the number and configuration of surface protrusions. The growth of olfactory cilia is described and the significance of regional differences in their density is discussed in relation to regional variations in the sensitivity of the epithelium to odorants. The maturation of the respiratory epithelium covering the inferior nasal concha is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:922825", "title": "Structure of sinuses in the human lymph node.", "content": "A casting technique has been employed to display in three dimensions, the lymphatic microcirculation within the human lymph node. The casting compound filled the marginal sinus, and diffusely permeated the cortical lymphoid parenchyma. However, deep within the lymph node in the medullary region, the medium remained within the limits of the sinus walls. The casts showed well-defined channels appearing similar to vessels. These converged into larger vessels, which drained into efferent lymphatics leaving the node at the hilus. Electron microscopic examination showed that the outer wall of the marginal sinus and the trabecular side of trabecular sinuses had an intact, continuous endothelium with a basement membrane. However, gaps were present in the inner wall of the marginal sinus, as well as in the parenchymal wall of the trabecular sinus. In the medulla, the sinuses were lined by endothelial cells which appeared similar to macrophages. The sinus lining was incomplete and possessed numerous perforations. These observations indicated that sinus walls adjacent to connective tissue served as a barrier to cell movement, but those adjacent to a large lymphoid cell population had gaps, with cells in apparent transit between sinus lumen and parenchyma.", "contents": "Structure of sinuses in the human lymph node. A casting technique has been employed to display in three dimensions, the lymphatic microcirculation within the human lymph node. The casting compound filled the marginal sinus, and diffusely permeated the cortical lymphoid parenchyma. However, deep within the lymph node in the medullary region, the medium remained within the limits of the sinus walls. The casts showed well-defined channels appearing similar to vessels. These converged into larger vessels, which drained into efferent lymphatics leaving the node at the hilus. Electron microscopic examination showed that the outer wall of the marginal sinus and the trabecular side of trabecular sinuses had an intact, continuous endothelium with a basement membrane. However, gaps were present in the inner wall of the marginal sinus, as well as in the parenchymal wall of the trabecular sinus. In the medulla, the sinuses were lined by endothelial cells which appeared similar to macrophages. The sinus lining was incomplete and possessed numerous perforations. These observations indicated that sinus walls adjacent to connective tissue served as a barrier to cell movement, but those adjacent to a large lymphoid cell population had gaps, with cells in apparent transit between sinus lumen and parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:922826", "title": "Studies on the ovotestis of the slug agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller). 2. The epithelia.", "content": "The follicle cells, nurse cells and germinal epithelia, which are closely associated with the oocyte of Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller) during its development in the ovotestis, have been studied using light and electron microscopy. The various secretory, digestive and phagocytic activities of these cells have also been investigated using electron cytochemical tests for oxidisable polysaccharide, acid phosphatase and electron-opaque tracer molecules. The oocyte lies initially between the germinal epithelia and a layer of nurse cells but, as oocyte vitellogenesis proceeds, it becomes encapsulated by a layer of follicle cells. Both the follicle and the nurse cells are active in secretion and digestion and contain Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum and acid phosphatase-rich digestive vacuoles. The significance of these activities is discussed in relation to oocyte vitellogenesis, secondary envelope formation and the digestion and recycling of cellular material.", "contents": "Studies on the ovotestis of the slug agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller). 2. The epithelia. The follicle cells, nurse cells and germinal epithelia, which are closely associated with the oocyte of Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fcller) during its development in the ovotestis, have been studied using light and electron microscopy. The various secretory, digestive and phagocytic activities of these cells have also been investigated using electron cytochemical tests for oxidisable polysaccharide, acid phosphatase and electron-opaque tracer molecules. The oocyte lies initially between the germinal epithelia and a layer of nurse cells but, as oocyte vitellogenesis proceeds, it becomes encapsulated by a layer of follicle cells. Both the follicle and the nurse cells are active in secretion and digestion and contain Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum and acid phosphatase-rich digestive vacuoles. The significance of these activities is discussed in relation to oocyte vitellogenesis, secondary envelope formation and the digestion and recycling of cellular material."}
{"id": "PMID:922827", "title": "Studies on transmembrane and paracellular phenomena in the foot of the slug agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc).", "content": "Using the enzyme peroxidase and ionic lanthanum as tracers, paracellular uptake has been demonstrated in the foot of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc). Both tracers appeared to pass between adjacent foot epithelial cells and were demonstrated in the zonula adhaerens, the septate desmosomes, and the intercellular spaces which occur beneath the septate junctions. Ferritin, a somewhat larger tracer, was excluded from all these sites. Ionic lanthanum was not normally pinocytosed in short incubation times. The epithelial cells could be induced to endocytose this marker, however, when combined with a variety of proteins. The implications these findings have on the uptake of molluscicides is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on transmembrane and paracellular phenomena in the foot of the slug agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc). Using the enzyme peroxidase and ionic lanthanum as tracers, paracellular uptake has been demonstrated in the foot of the slug Agriolimax reticulatus (M\u00fc). Both tracers appeared to pass between adjacent foot epithelial cells and were demonstrated in the zonula adhaerens, the septate desmosomes, and the intercellular spaces which occur beneath the septate junctions. Ferritin, a somewhat larger tracer, was excluded from all these sites. Ionic lanthanum was not normally pinocytosed in short incubation times. The epithelial cells could be induced to endocytose this marker, however, when combined with a variety of proteins. The implications these findings have on the uptake of molluscicides is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922828", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by insect corpora allata.", "content": "The conversion of exogenous 3H-farnesenic acid to 3H-methyl farnesoate and 3H-C16 juvenile hormone (JH) has been followed in the corpus allatum (CA) cells of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria by means of electron microscopic autoradiography. Aerobic and anaerobic 'chase' incubations have been used to modify the quantities of these three compounds within the CA cells. Under all incubation conditions, radiolabel is found associated almost exclusively with the subcellular membrane systems - smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Golgi elements - and with the mitochondria. CA cells are probably similar to vertebrate steriod-synthesizing cells in that the secretory product is synthesized in the SER and mitochondria. Radiolabel was found to be present in all cells of the CA suggesting that all cells are capable of at least the final two stages of JH biosynthesis (the esterification and epoxidation of 3H-farnesenic aid). This indicates that JH biosynthesis may be regulated through changes in the biosynthetic capabilities of individual cells rather than through changes in the total number of cells engaged in biosynthesis. Radiolabel was not observed to be associated with any distinctive cellular product, a result which provides additional evidence for the suggestion that the release of JH from the CA is governed by laws of simple physical diffusion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by insect corpora allata. The conversion of exogenous 3H-farnesenic acid to 3H-methyl farnesoate and 3H-C16 juvenile hormone (JH) has been followed in the corpus allatum (CA) cells of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria by means of electron microscopic autoradiography. Aerobic and anaerobic 'chase' incubations have been used to modify the quantities of these three compounds within the CA cells. Under all incubation conditions, radiolabel is found associated almost exclusively with the subcellular membrane systems - smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Golgi elements - and with the mitochondria. CA cells are probably similar to vertebrate steriod-synthesizing cells in that the secretory product is synthesized in the SER and mitochondria. Radiolabel was found to be present in all cells of the CA suggesting that all cells are capable of at least the final two stages of JH biosynthesis (the esterification and epoxidation of 3H-farnesenic aid). This indicates that JH biosynthesis may be regulated through changes in the biosynthetic capabilities of individual cells rather than through changes in the total number of cells engaged in biosynthesis. Radiolabel was not observed to be associated with any distinctive cellular product, a result which provides additional evidence for the suggestion that the release of JH from the CA is governed by laws of simple physical diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:922829", "title": "Endocrine cells in the human fetal small intestine.", "content": "In this report we describe the time of appearance and ultrastructural features of enteroendocrine (EECs) in the human fetal small intestine (SB) between 9 and 22 weeks gestation. Thirteen distinctive EECs were identified in fetal SB. Two of these, not found in normal adult SB, appeared within the stratified epithelium of the proximal SB at 9--10 weeks. They were arbitrarily termed \"primitive\" and \"precursor\" cells. As in all fetal EECs, the pale cytoplasm of the \"primitive\" cell contains a distinctive population of secretory granules (SGs). Primitive cell SGs average 200-330 nm; some have dense cores with lucent halos while others are filled with a homogeneous dense or flocculent material. The SGs of the \"precursor\" cells are larger, averaging up to 1 micron in diameter and their contents vary in electron density. A third group of cells not described in normal adult SB was arbitrarily termed \"transitional\" cells. These have two populations of SGs; one resembles the SGs of the \"precursor\" cells, and the other resembles the SGs of some of the specific adult type EECs. Transitional EC, S, I and G cells are seen. In addition, mature appearing EC, S, G, I, L, D, and D1 cells were identified by 12 weeks of gestation. The \"primitive\", \"precursor\", and \"transitional\" cells may represent sequential developmental precursors of adult type EECs.", "contents": "Endocrine cells in the human fetal small intestine. In this report we describe the time of appearance and ultrastructural features of enteroendocrine (EECs) in the human fetal small intestine (SB) between 9 and 22 weeks gestation. Thirteen distinctive EECs were identified in fetal SB. Two of these, not found in normal adult SB, appeared within the stratified epithelium of the proximal SB at 9--10 weeks. They were arbitrarily termed \"primitive\" and \"precursor\" cells. As in all fetal EECs, the pale cytoplasm of the \"primitive\" cell contains a distinctive population of secretory granules (SGs). Primitive cell SGs average 200-330 nm; some have dense cores with lucent halos while others are filled with a homogeneous dense or flocculent material. The SGs of the \"precursor\" cells are larger, averaging up to 1 micron in diameter and their contents vary in electron density. A third group of cells not described in normal adult SB was arbitrarily termed \"transitional\" cells. These have two populations of SGs; one resembles the SGs of the \"precursor\" cells, and the other resembles the SGs of some of the specific adult type EECs. Transitional EC, S, I and G cells are seen. In addition, mature appearing EC, S, G, I, L, D, and D1 cells were identified by 12 weeks of gestation. The \"primitive\", \"precursor\", and \"transitional\" cells may represent sequential developmental precursors of adult type EECs."}
{"id": "PMID:922830", "title": "On the yolk sac of the cat. II. Erythropoietic phases, ultrastructure of aging primitive erythroblasts, and blood vessels.", "content": "The phase of primitive erythropoiesis in the feline yolk sac lasts from the 14th to the 20th day after malting. The globular nucleated primitive erythroblasts are formed extravascularly to some extent, but they can be clearly distinguished from the endoderm. They do not undergo a denucleation and are still present in the circulating blood on the 45th day. Aging primitive erythroblasts are characterized by a loss of polysomes, by the appearance of long intracytoplasmic electron-lucent channels, and by a nuclear pyknosis which can turn into a karyolysis. Definitive erythropoiesis begins around the 17th day but, even by the 19th day, it is not particularly prominent. It ends around the 45th day. It is almost exclusively intravascular. The distinction of immature primitive erythroblasts from erythroblasts of the definitive series is difficult, because it is based upon only slight differences in the heterochromatinization, in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and in the organelle content of the cells. In the definitive series, the nuclear divisions follows the law of the rhythmical halving of the nuclear volume. The cells exhibit more clearly identifiable maturation stages here, and the 'checkerboard nucleus' is more distinct. The vascular endothelium is largely attenuated and moderately fenestrated; it lacks a distinct basement membrane. Organelle-rich adventitial cells are found in close apposition.", "contents": "On the yolk sac of the cat. II. Erythropoietic phases, ultrastructure of aging primitive erythroblasts, and blood vessels. The phase of primitive erythropoiesis in the feline yolk sac lasts from the 14th to the 20th day after malting. The globular nucleated primitive erythroblasts are formed extravascularly to some extent, but they can be clearly distinguished from the endoderm. They do not undergo a denucleation and are still present in the circulating blood on the 45th day. Aging primitive erythroblasts are characterized by a loss of polysomes, by the appearance of long intracytoplasmic electron-lucent channels, and by a nuclear pyknosis which can turn into a karyolysis. Definitive erythropoiesis begins around the 17th day but, even by the 19th day, it is not particularly prominent. It ends around the 45th day. It is almost exclusively intravascular. The distinction of immature primitive erythroblasts from erythroblasts of the definitive series is difficult, because it is based upon only slight differences in the heterochromatinization, in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and in the organelle content of the cells. In the definitive series, the nuclear divisions follows the law of the rhythmical halving of the nuclear volume. The cells exhibit more clearly identifiable maturation stages here, and the 'checkerboard nucleus' is more distinct. The vascular endothelium is largely attenuated and moderately fenestrated; it lacks a distinct basement membrane. Organelle-rich adventitial cells are found in close apposition."}
{"id": "PMID:922831", "title": "Protein turnover in the smooth muscle cell of the aortic tunica media as visualized by radioautography.", "content": "The turnover of newly formed proteins in the aortic myocyte was studied by means of quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography. Adult and young mice were sacrificed at long intervals between 4 h and 108 days after one injection of tritiated leucine. The results showed that secretory activity, important in the post-natal myocyte, persists noticeably in the mature myocyte. The similarity in sedentary protein turnover, noted in both the thoracic and abdominal aortic segments of the adult and young animals, seems to be expressed by the same labelling patterns of the myoplasma. Turnover of exportable protein, which varies with age and anatomical level, appears to be related to the higher rate of elastin synthesis in the thoracic aorta of the young animal.", "contents": "Protein turnover in the smooth muscle cell of the aortic tunica media as visualized by radioautography. The turnover of newly formed proteins in the aortic myocyte was studied by means of quantitative light and electron microscopic radioautography. Adult and young mice were sacrificed at long intervals between 4 h and 108 days after one injection of tritiated leucine. The results showed that secretory activity, important in the post-natal myocyte, persists noticeably in the mature myocyte. The similarity in sedentary protein turnover, noted in both the thoracic and abdominal aortic segments of the adult and young animals, seems to be expressed by the same labelling patterns of the myoplasma. Turnover of exportable protein, which varies with age and anatomical level, appears to be related to the higher rate of elastin synthesis in the thoracic aorta of the young animal."}
{"id": "PMID:922832", "title": "DNA synthesis associated with a DNA-nuclear-membrane complex from rat liver.", "content": "Ultrastructural analysis of M-band from nuclei of rat liver showed small amounts of chromatin, fragments of inner nuclear membrane, some amorphous nuclear material, and nucleopores. The outer nuclear membrane with its associated ribosomes was removed by Sarkosyl during the preparation of M-band sample. Morphological features of nucleopores and the inner nuclear membrane were confirmed by freez-fracture technique. The gross chemical composition of the M-band was similar to that of nuclear-membrane fractions prepared by other techniques. The M-band contained the greatest proportion of newly-labeled DNA and also supported DNA synthesis in vitro. Electron-microscopic autoradiography of the M-band showed localization of silver grains of thymidine-3H presumably over newly synthesized DNA. The DNA synthesis could not be attributed to spurious attachment of DNA polymerase to M-band during its isolation. It was partially removed from the M-band by treatment with 0.5 M KC1, phospholipase A or C; and completely, by the action of pancreatic DNase. DNA synthesis was greater in M-band fractions isolated from nuclei of 24-hour regenerating liver.", "contents": "DNA synthesis associated with a DNA-nuclear-membrane complex from rat liver. Ultrastructural analysis of M-band from nuclei of rat liver showed small amounts of chromatin, fragments of inner nuclear membrane, some amorphous nuclear material, and nucleopores. The outer nuclear membrane with its associated ribosomes was removed by Sarkosyl during the preparation of M-band sample. Morphological features of nucleopores and the inner nuclear membrane were confirmed by freez-fracture technique. The gross chemical composition of the M-band was similar to that of nuclear-membrane fractions prepared by other techniques. The M-band contained the greatest proportion of newly-labeled DNA and also supported DNA synthesis in vitro. Electron-microscopic autoradiography of the M-band showed localization of silver grains of thymidine-3H presumably over newly synthesized DNA. The DNA synthesis could not be attributed to spurious attachment of DNA polymerase to M-band during its isolation. It was partially removed from the M-band by treatment with 0.5 M KC1, phospholipase A or C; and completely, by the action of pancreatic DNase. DNA synthesis was greater in M-band fractions isolated from nuclei of 24-hour regenerating liver."}
{"id": "PMID:922833", "title": "The fine structure of the interrenal cells of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) with evidence for possible exocytotic release of steroids.", "content": "The duck interrenal cell possesses ultrastructural characteristics common to other steroid-secreting cells. Lipid droplets and mitochondria are abundant and lie principally at the apical end of the cell. Lipid droplets are not membrane-limited. Cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that are occasionally continuous with the less abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum are a prominent feature of the interrenal cell. Tubular profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum often lie tangentially to mitochondria and ribosomes are either free, grouped in polyribosomal clusters, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria possess tubular cristae in the inner regions of the gland and frequently contain a paracrystalline array of small 10nm (o.d.) tubules and less frequently a hexagonal array of 40 nm trilaminar rings. Other cytoplasmic components include dense bodies, residual bodies, microtubules, microfilaments and specialized single membrane-bound vesicles. Gap junctions, intermediate junctions and interdigitating processes constitute the main intercellular associations. No tight junctions were identified. The single membrane-bound vesicles which are occasionally filled with a low electron-dense, lipid-like material form septate-like \"junctions\" with the plasma membrane. The septa bridge an intracellular gap of 15-17 nm. The vesicles are usually located near the subendothelial space at the basal and basilateral regions of the cell. Occasionally, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. It is suggested that these vesicles represent morphological evidence for the exocytotic release of steroid hormones.", "contents": "The fine structure of the interrenal cells of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) with evidence for possible exocytotic release of steroids. The duck interrenal cell possesses ultrastructural characteristics common to other steroid-secreting cells. Lipid droplets and mitochondria are abundant and lie principally at the apical end of the cell. Lipid droplets are not membrane-limited. Cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that are occasionally continuous with the less abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum are a prominent feature of the interrenal cell. Tubular profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum often lie tangentially to mitochondria and ribosomes are either free, grouped in polyribosomal clusters, or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria possess tubular cristae in the inner regions of the gland and frequently contain a paracrystalline array of small 10nm (o.d.) tubules and less frequently a hexagonal array of 40 nm trilaminar rings. Other cytoplasmic components include dense bodies, residual bodies, microtubules, microfilaments and specialized single membrane-bound vesicles. Gap junctions, intermediate junctions and interdigitating processes constitute the main intercellular associations. No tight junctions were identified. The single membrane-bound vesicles which are occasionally filled with a low electron-dense, lipid-like material form septate-like \"junctions\" with the plasma membrane. The septa bridge an intracellular gap of 15-17 nm. The vesicles are usually located near the subendothelial space at the basal and basilateral regions of the cell. Occasionally, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. It is suggested that these vesicles represent morphological evidence for the exocytotic release of steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:922834", "title": "Quantitative autoradiographic light- and electron microscopic studies on the retinohypothalamic connections in the rat.", "content": "Light microscopic autoradiography performed subsequent to intraocular injection of 3H-leucine revealed silver grains (SG) above axons of the optic tract which could be followed into the ventral and caudal portion of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and above the contralateral anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN). By high resolution photometric measurement and computer processing the labelled areas were analysed, thus yielding statistical data of the relative grain distribution. The highest SG density was found in the ventrolateral part of both SCN (SCvl), confirming earlier reports concerning retinohypothalamic connections. That area exhibiting a cytoarchitecture different from the remaining nucleus was traversed, however, by numerous labelled axons. In the caudal part of both SCN a specific projection field of retinal fibres could be located. Here, almost no traversing fibres contribute to the rather circumscribed marked area. In the ventral part of the contralateral AHN, diffuse labelling well above background levels could be observed. Distinction between bypassing and terminating fibres within the SCvl could not be made using light microscopy. Analysis of SG distribution of the SCvl with electron microscopic autoradiography revealed a specific localization of SG within presynaptic terminals containing clear vesicles and pale mitochondria.", "contents": "Quantitative autoradiographic light- and electron microscopic studies on the retinohypothalamic connections in the rat. Light microscopic autoradiography performed subsequent to intraocular injection of 3H-leucine revealed silver grains (SG) above axons of the optic tract which could be followed into the ventral and caudal portion of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and above the contralateral anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN). By high resolution photometric measurement and computer processing the labelled areas were analysed, thus yielding statistical data of the relative grain distribution. The highest SG density was found in the ventrolateral part of both SCN (SCvl), confirming earlier reports concerning retinohypothalamic connections. That area exhibiting a cytoarchitecture different from the remaining nucleus was traversed, however, by numerous labelled axons. In the caudal part of both SCN a specific projection field of retinal fibres could be located. Here, almost no traversing fibres contribute to the rather circumscribed marked area. In the ventral part of the contralateral AHN, diffuse labelling well above background levels could be observed. Distinction between bypassing and terminating fibres within the SCvl could not be made using light microscopy. Analysis of SG distribution of the SCvl with electron microscopic autoradiography revealed a specific localization of SG within presynaptic terminals containing clear vesicles and pale mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:922835", "title": "Ultrastructural study of embryonic and post-hatching development in the pineal organ of the chicken (brown leghorn, gallus demosticus).", "content": "The pineal organ of the chicken was investigated electron microscopically during embryonic and post-hatiching development with special regard to photosensory and secretory features. Throughout the developmental period both pinealocytes and supporting cells, of which the pineal parenchyma is composed, were rich in ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, but lacked agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The outer segments of pinealocytes barely showed formation of lamellar structures (disks) at the 17th and 21st day of incubation. Before and after hatching the follicular lumen was ofter filled with amorphous material presumed to be derived from outer or inner segments. By 15 days after hatching thw whorl-like structures were occasionally connected to bulbous outer segments, and their relation appeared similar to that of the adult. Mitochondria disappeared from the inner segments after 21 days of incubation. Dense core vesicles (about 80-120 nm in diameter), regarded as secretory granules, appeared first at the 10th day of incubation in the supranuclear region of the pinealocyte. With the extending of basal processes the dense core vesicles gradually migrated into these processes, attained maximum number one month after hatching and increased further in the adult; they are located both around the Golgi apparatus and in the basal process. These results provide evidence that secretory activity is maintained from embryonic stages to adulthood.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of embryonic and post-hatching development in the pineal organ of the chicken (brown leghorn, gallus demosticus). The pineal organ of the chicken was investigated electron microscopically during embryonic and post-hatiching development with special regard to photosensory and secretory features. Throughout the developmental period both pinealocytes and supporting cells, of which the pineal parenchyma is composed, were rich in ribosomes, granular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, but lacked agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The outer segments of pinealocytes barely showed formation of lamellar structures (disks) at the 17th and 21st day of incubation. Before and after hatching the follicular lumen was ofter filled with amorphous material presumed to be derived from outer or inner segments. By 15 days after hatching thw whorl-like structures were occasionally connected to bulbous outer segments, and their relation appeared similar to that of the adult. Mitochondria disappeared from the inner segments after 21 days of incubation. Dense core vesicles (about 80-120 nm in diameter), regarded as secretory granules, appeared first at the 10th day of incubation in the supranuclear region of the pinealocyte. With the extending of basal processes the dense core vesicles gradually migrated into these processes, attained maximum number one month after hatching and increased further in the adult; they are located both around the Golgi apparatus and in the basal process. These results provide evidence that secretory activity is maintained from embryonic stages to adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:922836", "title": "Substructure of solitary cilia in mouse kidney.", "content": "Recent scanning electron microscopic studies confirm the presence of solitary cilia on most epithelial cells along the mammalian nephron and collecting ducts. By transmission electron microscopy we have found that the axonemata of such cilia consist of a maximal number of 9 doublet and no singlet filaments. 10% of the cross-sectioned cilia contain 9 doublets arranged in peripheral ring (9 + 0 pattern). 30% of the cross-sections contain 8 or 7 doublets  in peripheral ring and 1 or 2 doublets in the central region (8 + 1 and 7 + 2 patterns). Serial sections and goniometer tilt reveal the central doublets to originate as dislodged peripheral doublets. 60% of the sectioned cilia contain filament numbers between 8 and 4. In patterns of 5 and 4 filaments single microtubules predominate. The functional significance of these atypical cilia is discussed.", "contents": "Substructure of solitary cilia in mouse kidney. Recent scanning electron microscopic studies confirm the presence of solitary cilia on most epithelial cells along the mammalian nephron and collecting ducts. By transmission electron microscopy we have found that the axonemata of such cilia consist of a maximal number of 9 doublet and no singlet filaments. 10% of the cross-sectioned cilia contain 9 doublets arranged in peripheral ring (9 + 0 pattern). 30% of the cross-sections contain 8 or 7 doublets  in peripheral ring and 1 or 2 doublets in the central region (8 + 1 and 7 + 2 patterns). Serial sections and goniometer tilt reveal the central doublets to originate as dislodged peripheral doublets. 60% of the sectioned cilia contain filament numbers between 8 and 4. In patterns of 5 and 4 filaments single microtubules predominate. The functional significance of these atypical cilia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922837", "title": "Synaptic organization of the cabbage looper moth ocellus.", "content": "Chemical and electronic synapses are present in the ocellar synaptic region of the moth, Trichoplusia ni. The chemical synapses all appear to be of \"conventional\" type. Four different chemical synaptic contacts were observed: Receptor cell axons presynaptic to receptor cell axons, receptor cell axons presynaptic to 1st order interneurons, 1st order interneurons presynaptic to receptor cell axons, and 1st order interneurons presynaptic to 1st order interneurons. Two different types of contact made by electronic synapes were observed: Contacts between receptor cell axons and 1st order interneurons, and contacts between 1st order interneurons. The significance of this synaptic arrangement for the generation of \"on\" and \"off\" responses in the 1st order interneurons is discussed.", "contents": "Synaptic organization of the cabbage looper moth ocellus. Chemical and electronic synapses are present in the ocellar synaptic region of the moth, Trichoplusia ni. The chemical synapses all appear to be of \"conventional\" type. Four different chemical synaptic contacts were observed: Receptor cell axons presynaptic to receptor cell axons, receptor cell axons presynaptic to 1st order interneurons, 1st order interneurons presynaptic to receptor cell axons, and 1st order interneurons presynaptic to 1st order interneurons. Two different types of contact made by electronic synapes were observed: Contacts between receptor cell axons and 1st order interneurons, and contacts between 1st order interneurons. The significance of this synaptic arrangement for the generation of \"on\" and \"off\" responses in the 1st order interneurons is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922838", "title": "Haemocyanin synthesis in pore cells of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa.", "content": "Ultrastructural evidence is presented that the pore cells of the interrestrial snail Helix aspersa are involved in the production and secretion of haemocyanin.", "contents": "Haemocyanin synthesis in pore cells of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa. Ultrastructural evidence is presented that the pore cells of the interrestrial snail Helix aspersa are involved in the production and secretion of haemocyanin."}
{"id": "PMID:922839", "title": "Renewal of mouse gastric mucous cells following fast neutron irradiation. An ultrastructural and carbohydrate histochemical study.", "content": "Mouse gastric mucosa was studied ultrastructurally and histochemically after exposure to fast neutron irradiation, the number of cells per gastric gland was decreased and the glands were shorter. At day 9, several glands showed a dilated lumen lined by flattened cells. Between days 9 and 16, some of the glands disappeared. Parietal and chief cells disappeared from the remaining glands. At the same time, restoration of the mucosa started. At day 6, proliferative cells were scattered along the isthmus. As in controls, the isthmus contained a few undifferentiated cells many differentiating surface mucous cells (SMC) with developing rough endoplasmic reticulum and silver proteinate-reactive Golgi elements and small secretory granules. At day 9, numerous proliferative cells were clustered in foci. Almost all these cells contained silver proteinate-reactive Golgi elements, granules and vesicles. Most of them were SMC, others mucous neck cells (MNC) or intermediates. At day 16, proliferative foci were larger and consisted of differentiated mucous cells. Regenerated foveolae and glands consisted of large SMC and MNC and a few fibrillovesicular cells. In conclusion, proliferative activity is confined to undifferentiated cells and differentiating mucous cells, which identifies them as the progenitors of the other gastric cell types.", "contents": "Renewal of mouse gastric mucous cells following fast neutron irradiation. An ultrastructural and carbohydrate histochemical study. Mouse gastric mucosa was studied ultrastructurally and histochemically after exposure to fast neutron irradiation, the number of cells per gastric gland was decreased and the glands were shorter. At day 9, several glands showed a dilated lumen lined by flattened cells. Between days 9 and 16, some of the glands disappeared. Parietal and chief cells disappeared from the remaining glands. At the same time, restoration of the mucosa started. At day 6, proliferative cells were scattered along the isthmus. As in controls, the isthmus contained a few undifferentiated cells many differentiating surface mucous cells (SMC) with developing rough endoplasmic reticulum and silver proteinate-reactive Golgi elements and small secretory granules. At day 9, numerous proliferative cells were clustered in foci. Almost all these cells contained silver proteinate-reactive Golgi elements, granules and vesicles. Most of them were SMC, others mucous neck cells (MNC) or intermediates. At day 16, proliferative foci were larger and consisted of differentiated mucous cells. Regenerated foveolae and glands consisted of large SMC and MNC and a few fibrillovesicular cells. In conclusion, proliferative activity is confined to undifferentiated cells and differentiating mucous cells, which identifies them as the progenitors of the other gastric cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:922841", "title": "Fine structure of the ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid of the adult guinea pig.", "content": "The ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid of the adult guinea pig are identified by a cytochemical method. The ultimobranchial tissue has the shape of an irregular cyst, with non-specific esterase activity that is resistent to HgCl2 inhibition. The TEM reveals five different types of epithelial cell in the cyst wall: 1. cells with deeply invaginated nuclei and of varying shape, from flat to cylindrical but most of them cuboidal. 2. Mucous cells that are tall and similar to goblet cells. 3. Tall cells with big granules that have a dense core. 4. Ciliated cells similar to those in the respiratory tract. 5. C-cells crowded with the small dense granules typical for the cell type. The cyst is enveloped by rather coarse collagen fibers and many wide sinusoids.", "contents": "Fine structure of the ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid of the adult guinea pig. The ultimobranchial cysts in the thyroid of the adult guinea pig are identified by a cytochemical method. The ultimobranchial tissue has the shape of an irregular cyst, with non-specific esterase activity that is resistent to HgCl2 inhibition. The TEM reveals five different types of epithelial cell in the cyst wall: 1. cells with deeply invaginated nuclei and of varying shape, from flat to cylindrical but most of them cuboidal. 2. Mucous cells that are tall and similar to goblet cells. 3. Tall cells with big granules that have a dense core. 4. Ciliated cells similar to those in the respiratory tract. 5. C-cells crowded with the small dense granules typical for the cell type. The cyst is enveloped by rather coarse collagen fibers and many wide sinusoids."}
{"id": "PMID:922842", "title": "An ultrastruct study of the innervation of the musculature of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) with reference to peripheral neurosecretion.", "content": "The ultrastructure of nerve endings in the musculature of Lymnaea stagnalis was studied. Seventeen different types of axon ending were distinguished according to the size and morphology of the granules or vesicles they contain. Nine types of axon endings form neuromuscular synapses. Some of these types also form axo-somatic synapses on peripheral neurones. One axon may innervate several muscle cells. Furthermore more than one type of axon may innervate one muscle cell. One type of axon ending forms axo-axonic synapses on the presynaptic part of neuromuscular junctions. In the connective tissue near muscle cells seven types of free axon endings were found. These seem to be peripheral neurosecretory endings. Some of these are probably derived from known types of neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system, whereas others appear to originate from peripheral neuronal perikarya. Body wall muscles appear to be innervated by neuromusculatur synapses, whereas in the visceral musculature both neuromuscular junctions and free axon endings are found.", "contents": "An ultrastruct study of the innervation of the musculature of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) with reference to peripheral neurosecretion. The ultrastructure of nerve endings in the musculature of Lymnaea stagnalis was studied. Seventeen different types of axon ending were distinguished according to the size and morphology of the granules or vesicles they contain. Nine types of axon endings form neuromuscular synapses. Some of these types also form axo-somatic synapses on peripheral neurones. One axon may innervate several muscle cells. Furthermore more than one type of axon may innervate one muscle cell. One type of axon ending forms axo-axonic synapses on the presynaptic part of neuromuscular junctions. In the connective tissue near muscle cells seven types of free axon endings were found. These seem to be peripheral neurosecretory endings. Some of these are probably derived from known types of neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system, whereas others appear to originate from peripheral neuronal perikarya. Body wall muscles appear to be innervated by neuromusculatur synapses, whereas in the visceral musculature both neuromuscular junctions and free axon endings are found."}
{"id": "PMID:922843", "title": "Unit gravity sedimentation separation of cells comprising the caput epididymidis of the rat.", "content": "Cells from the rat caput epididymidis were separated by unit gravity sedimentation. Purest 12-ml fractions contained 88-95% basal cells or 64-76% principal cells. Ultrastructure of separated cells was similar to that of cells in intact tissue. Viability of separated cells was excellent as determined by dye exclusion tests and cellular ATP content. By combining fractions pools containing 4.0 +/- 0.9 X 10(6) cells (86 +/- 8% basal cells) and 1.4 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) cells (56 +/- 7% principal cells) were obtained. Thus, studies on the function of basal and principal cells from the rat caput epididymidis should be possible.", "contents": "Unit gravity sedimentation separation of cells comprising the caput epididymidis of the rat. Cells from the rat caput epididymidis were separated by unit gravity sedimentation. Purest 12-ml fractions contained 88-95% basal cells or 64-76% principal cells. Ultrastructure of separated cells was similar to that of cells in intact tissue. Viability of separated cells was excellent as determined by dye exclusion tests and cellular ATP content. By combining fractions pools containing 4.0 +/- 0.9 X 10(6) cells (86 +/- 8% basal cells) and 1.4 +/- 0.4 X 10(6) cells (56 +/- 7% principal cells) were obtained. Thus, studies on the function of basal and principal cells from the rat caput epididymidis should be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:922844", "title": "Cellular and subcellular localization of 3h-diethylstilboestrol in the central nervous system.", "content": "The cellular and subcellular localization of radioactivity in the brain of immature female rats was determined by dry-mount autoradiography 2 h after iv injection of 1.0 microgram of (monethyl-3H) diethylstilboestrol per 100 g body weight. A specific topographic pattern of nuclear concentration of the synthetic oestrogen was obtained similar to that for 3H-oestradiol-17 beta in specific neurons of the basal hypothalamus, preoptic region and amygdala. In competition experiments, the nuclear concentration of radioactivity in all areas studied was inhibited by unlabeled oestradiol, while unlabeled testosterone had no effect. These data suggest that although oestradiol can bind to androgen receptors, the oestrogen receptor itself can account for the localization seen after the injection of 3H-oestradiol.", "contents": "Cellular and subcellular localization of 3h-diethylstilboestrol in the central nervous system. The cellular and subcellular localization of radioactivity in the brain of immature female rats was determined by dry-mount autoradiography 2 h after iv injection of 1.0 microgram of (monethyl-3H) diethylstilboestrol per 100 g body weight. A specific topographic pattern of nuclear concentration of the synthetic oestrogen was obtained similar to that for 3H-oestradiol-17 beta in specific neurons of the basal hypothalamus, preoptic region and amygdala. In competition experiments, the nuclear concentration of radioactivity in all areas studied was inhibited by unlabeled oestradiol, while unlabeled testosterone had no effect. These data suggest that although oestradiol can bind to androgen receptors, the oestrogen receptor itself can account for the localization seen after the injection of 3H-oestradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:922845", "title": "The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells in the adult golden hamster with special reference to seasonal changes.", "content": "The fine structure of the testicular interstitium was studied in normal adult golden hamsters sacrificed in the reproductive season (spring and summer) and in the winter. The Leydig cells in the reproductively active testes contain abundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous mitochondria. The ER occurs in the form of flattened cisternae and tubules, the former prevailing. The cisternae are extremely extensive and are partly granular and partly agranular, their ends being continuous with the tubluar reticulum. Mitochondria intervening between the cisternae are closely associated with the agranular portions of the latter. Adjacent to the Golgi complex and continuous with the centrosome a unique filamentous body with a dense laminar core is often observed. In the regressive testes, the Leydig cells show a great reduction of cytoplasmic volume and a remarkable decline of the organelles, especially agranular tubules. The possible functional significance of the tubular and cisternal ER with the associated mitochondria is discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of androgens. Macrophages appear to constitute another important population of the interstitial cell clusters.", "contents": "The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells in the adult golden hamster with special reference to seasonal changes. The fine structure of the testicular interstitium was studied in normal adult golden hamsters sacrificed in the reproductive season (spring and summer) and in the winter. The Leydig cells in the reproductively active testes contain abundant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and numerous mitochondria. The ER occurs in the form of flattened cisternae and tubules, the former prevailing. The cisternae are extremely extensive and are partly granular and partly agranular, their ends being continuous with the tubluar reticulum. Mitochondria intervening between the cisternae are closely associated with the agranular portions of the latter. Adjacent to the Golgi complex and continuous with the centrosome a unique filamentous body with a dense laminar core is often observed. In the regressive testes, the Leydig cells show a great reduction of cytoplasmic volume and a remarkable decline of the organelles, especially agranular tubules. The possible functional significance of the tubular and cisternal ER with the associated mitochondria is discussed in relation to the biosynthesis of androgens. Macrophages appear to constitute another important population of the interstitial cell clusters."}
{"id": "PMID:922846", "title": "The development and ultrastructure of previously dissociated foetal human cerebral cortical cells in vitro.", "content": "Cells from foetal human cerebral cortex were mechanically dissociated and subsequently maintained in vitro for periods ranging between three and twenty-eight days. The ultrastructure of these cells at different stages of their development in culture was extensively examined. Nuclear and cytoplasmic features were extremely variable and a wide range of cell types was evidently represented. Of the three principal cell types found i.e. neurons, neuroglia and mesenchymal cells, only a minority of cells was classified with confidence, particularly during the first two weeks in culture. Extensive intercellular junctions of the adhaerens variety, common after 14 days in vitro were present at an earlier stage of development than synaptic profiles. First indications of synapse formation were observed after 21 days in vitro and after 24 days presynaptic sites filled with synaptic vesicles and with well defined presynaptic and postsynaptic thickenings were found. The significance of some of the features observed are both considered and discussed.", "contents": "The development and ultrastructure of previously dissociated foetal human cerebral cortical cells in vitro. Cells from foetal human cerebral cortex were mechanically dissociated and subsequently maintained in vitro for periods ranging between three and twenty-eight days. The ultrastructure of these cells at different stages of their development in culture was extensively examined. Nuclear and cytoplasmic features were extremely variable and a wide range of cell types was evidently represented. Of the three principal cell types found i.e. neurons, neuroglia and mesenchymal cells, only a minority of cells was classified with confidence, particularly during the first two weeks in culture. Extensive intercellular junctions of the adhaerens variety, common after 14 days in vitro were present at an earlier stage of development than synaptic profiles. First indications of synapse formation were observed after 21 days in vitro and after 24 days presynaptic sites filled with synaptic vesicles and with well defined presynaptic and postsynaptic thickenings were found. The significance of some of the features observed are both considered and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922847", "title": "Larval adhesive organs and metamorphosis in ascidians. I. Fine structure of the everting papillae of Distaplia occidentalis.", "content": "The larava of Distaplia occidentalis bears three cup-shaped adhesive papillae, each with a prominenta axial protrusion, At the onset of metamorphosis these organs rapidly evert through fenestrations in the cuticular layers of tunic exposing hyaline caps of adhesive. Additional adhesive material is secreted from collocytes during eversion. The stickiness of the papillae facilitates attachment to a variety of substrates. Each papilla is composed of more than 900 cells; six different types were identified. The wall of the cup contains about 260 myoepithelial cells with long attenuated processes. These extend from the rim of the cup to the base in the parietal (inner) layer. The apices of the myoepithelial cells are held in place by 11 pairs of specialized anchor cells bearing long bulbous microvilli. When the myoepithelial cells contract they force the axial protrusion forward and transform the papilla into a hyperboloidal configuration. The papilla is innervated by small motor fibers, but sensory fibers were not detected. The adhesive papillae of Distaplia are discussed in relationship to nine other recognizable types of papillae in the ascidians.", "contents": "Larval adhesive organs and metamorphosis in ascidians. I. Fine structure of the everting papillae of Distaplia occidentalis. The larava of Distaplia occidentalis bears three cup-shaped adhesive papillae, each with a prominenta axial protrusion, At the onset of metamorphosis these organs rapidly evert through fenestrations in the cuticular layers of tunic exposing hyaline caps of adhesive. Additional adhesive material is secreted from collocytes during eversion. The stickiness of the papillae facilitates attachment to a variety of substrates. Each papilla is composed of more than 900 cells; six different types were identified. The wall of the cup contains about 260 myoepithelial cells with long attenuated processes. These extend from the rim of the cup to the base in the parietal (inner) layer. The apices of the myoepithelial cells are held in place by 11 pairs of specialized anchor cells bearing long bulbous microvilli. When the myoepithelial cells contract they force the axial protrusion forward and transform the papilla into a hyperboloidal configuration. The papilla is innervated by small motor fibers, but sensory fibers were not detected. The adhesive papillae of Distaplia are discussed in relationship to nine other recognizable types of papillae in the ascidians."}
{"id": "PMID:922848", "title": "Fine structure of the olfactory epithelium in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. A study of retrograde degeneration.", "content": "The fine structure of the goldfish olfactory epithelium was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Six different cell types were distinguished. Identification of the olfactory receptor cell was accomplished by use of retrograde degeneration studies. Two morphologically distinct types of olfactory receptor cells were identified: one type bears radially oriented cilia (Type I cell); the other type bears microvilli (Type II cell). The other four cell types were not identifiable as olfactory receptor cells: they are ciliated cells (Type III), rod-shaped cells (Type IV), supporting cells (Type V), and basal cells (Type VI).", "contents": "Fine structure of the olfactory epithelium in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. A study of retrograde degeneration. The fine structure of the goldfish olfactory epithelium was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Six different cell types were distinguished. Identification of the olfactory receptor cell was accomplished by use of retrograde degeneration studies. Two morphologically distinct types of olfactory receptor cells were identified: one type bears radially oriented cilia (Type I cell); the other type bears microvilli (Type II cell). The other four cell types were not identifiable as olfactory receptor cells: they are ciliated cells (Type III), rod-shaped cells (Type IV), supporting cells (Type V), and basal cells (Type VI)."}
{"id": "PMID:922849", "title": "Effects of blinding on the ultrastructure of mouse pinealocytes with particular emphasis on the dense-cored vesicles.", "content": "The mammalian pineal is thought to produce an antigonadotropic principle under conditions of reduced photoperiod, constant darkness or blinding by optic enucleation. A number of previous studies on mammalina pineals have suggested that the dense-corde vesicles present in pinealocytes may represent morphological evidence of secretory activity. In the present study the ultrastructure of pinealocytes was studied in adult Charles River CD-1 mice blinded by optical enucleation. By one month following optic enucleation the mean number of dense-corde vesicles in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes adjacent to pericapillary spaces had significantly decreased by 55% when compared with intact controls, and remained at this low level at two months and six months. A relative increase in the proportion of large agranular vesicles and an increased number of large, irregular vacuoles was observed also in the pinealocytic polar processes of blinded mice. When compared to control mice the pinealocytic Golgi regions appeared to be hypertrophied in blinded mice. The apparent stimulation of pinealocytic organelles coupled with the observed decrease in dense-corde vesicles suggest an increased synthesis and release of secretory product.", "contents": "Effects of blinding on the ultrastructure of mouse pinealocytes with particular emphasis on the dense-cored vesicles. The mammalian pineal is thought to produce an antigonadotropic principle under conditions of reduced photoperiod, constant darkness or blinding by optic enucleation. A number of previous studies on mammalina pineals have suggested that the dense-corde vesicles present in pinealocytes may represent morphological evidence of secretory activity. In the present study the ultrastructure of pinealocytes was studied in adult Charles River CD-1 mice blinded by optical enucleation. By one month following optic enucleation the mean number of dense-corde vesicles in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes adjacent to pericapillary spaces had significantly decreased by 55% when compared with intact controls, and remained at this low level at two months and six months. A relative increase in the proportion of large agranular vesicles and an increased number of large, irregular vacuoles was observed also in the pinealocytic polar processes of blinded mice. When compared to control mice the pinealocytic Golgi regions appeared to be hypertrophied in blinded mice. The apparent stimulation of pinealocytic organelles coupled with the observed decrease in dense-corde vesicles suggest an increased synthesis and release of secretory product."}
{"id": "PMID:922851", "title": "Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland as revealed by radioautography after L-3H-fucose injection.", "content": "Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland was investigated by light microscope radioautography of semi-thin sections after the administration of L-3H-fucose. The incorporation of the precursor in the acini was negligible. 3H-fucose was taken up in the paranuclear region of the cells lining the intercalated, secretory, striated and excretory ducts. This labeling pattern was interpredted as addition of the precursor to glycoproteins within the Golgi apparatus. Incoropration in the intercalated duct was restricted to the cells with fine cytoplasmic granules. The glycoproteins synthesized by the intercalated and secretory ducts were transported to the saliva by the secretion granules. It is assumed that the glycoproteins synthesized in the striated and excretory ducts are plasma membrane glycoproteins which seem to renew continuously. Quantitation of the radioautographs supplied data concerning the incorporation of 3H-fucose into newly synthesized glycoproteins as well as the renewal of the labeled macromolecules in each duct.", "contents": "Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland as revealed by radioautography after L-3H-fucose injection. Glycoprotein secretion in the mouse submandibular gland was investigated by light microscope radioautography of semi-thin sections after the administration of L-3H-fucose. The incorporation of the precursor in the acini was negligible. 3H-fucose was taken up in the paranuclear region of the cells lining the intercalated, secretory, striated and excretory ducts. This labeling pattern was interpredted as addition of the precursor to glycoproteins within the Golgi apparatus. Incoropration in the intercalated duct was restricted to the cells with fine cytoplasmic granules. The glycoproteins synthesized by the intercalated and secretory ducts were transported to the saliva by the secretion granules. It is assumed that the glycoproteins synthesized in the striated and excretory ducts are plasma membrane glycoproteins which seem to renew continuously. Quantitation of the radioautographs supplied data concerning the incorporation of 3H-fucose into newly synthesized glycoproteins as well as the renewal of the labeled macromolecules in each duct."}
{"id": "PMID:922852", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic survey of the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo.", "content": "The scanning electron microscope was used to survey the brain ventricular system of the female armadille (Dasypus novemcinctus) with emphasis on the third ventricle. The walls of the lateral ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle are covered by long cilia. In the lateral ventricle, the cilia are arranged in groups; but in the aqueduct and fourth ventricle, they are evenly placed over the cellular surfaces. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle are densely ciliated except for the organum vasculosum and infundibular recess. The non-ciliated luminal surface of these areas has a pebblestone appearance punctuated by numerous microvilli and two types of supraependymal cells.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic survey of the brain ventricular system of the female armadillo. The scanning electron microscope was used to survey the brain ventricular system of the female armadille (Dasypus novemcinctus) with emphasis on the third ventricle. The walls of the lateral ventricles, aqueduct, and fourth ventricle are covered by long cilia. In the lateral ventricle, the cilia are arranged in groups; but in the aqueduct and fourth ventricle, they are evenly placed over the cellular surfaces. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle are densely ciliated except for the organum vasculosum and infundibular recess. The non-ciliated luminal surface of these areas has a pebblestone appearance punctuated by numerous microvilli and two types of supraependymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:922853", "title": "Special dendritic and axonal endings formed by the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons of the spinal cord.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurons have a dendritic process which protrudes into the central canal, and is provided with one long kinocilium and many shorter stereocilia (about 80 in the turtle) as revealed by scanning electron mecroscopy. The shape, number and arrangement of the cilia are similar to those of known receptor endings. The silver impregnated axons of these cells converge to a paired centrosuperficial tract forming terminal enlargements at the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord. Lying among glial endfeet these terminals are ultrastructurally similar to those present in known neurosecretory areas. The nerve endings are attached to the basal lamina, and they comprise many synaptic vesicles (200 to 400 A in diameter), as well as granular vesicles of different sizes (diameter 600 to 1800 A). The axons may lie within finger-like protrusions on the surface of the spinal cord, or they may terminate around vesseles. Morphological evidence suggests that these nerve terminals and the corresponding CSF contacting perikarya represent a spinal neurosecretory system possibly influenced by information taken up by its special dendrites protruding into the inner CSF space.", "contents": "Special dendritic and axonal endings formed by the cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons of the spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacting neurons have a dendritic process which protrudes into the central canal, and is provided with one long kinocilium and many shorter stereocilia (about 80 in the turtle) as revealed by scanning electron mecroscopy. The shape, number and arrangement of the cilia are similar to those of known receptor endings. The silver impregnated axons of these cells converge to a paired centrosuperficial tract forming terminal enlargements at the ventrolateral surface of the spinal cord. Lying among glial endfeet these terminals are ultrastructurally similar to those present in known neurosecretory areas. The nerve endings are attached to the basal lamina, and they comprise many synaptic vesicles (200 to 400 A in diameter), as well as granular vesicles of different sizes (diameter 600 to 1800 A). The axons may lie within finger-like protrusions on the surface of the spinal cord, or they may terminate around vesseles. Morphological evidence suggests that these nerve terminals and the corresponding CSF contacting perikarya represent a spinal neurosecretory system possibly influenced by information taken up by its special dendrites protruding into the inner CSF space."}
{"id": "PMID:922854", "title": "A new cell type in the taste buds of anurans. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed cell type within the fungiform papillae of the tongue of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) and the taste-disks of the soft palate of Bombina variegata L. was identified by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This cell type is characterized by an apical protrusion carrying numerous microvilli. Bundles of filaments are present in the cytoplasm of the protrusion. Vesicles with electron lucent content and microtubules are present thoughout the cytoplasm of the cell.", "contents": "A new cell type in the taste buds of anurans. A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. A hitherto undescribed cell type within the fungiform papillae of the tongue of the toad, Bufo bufo (L.) and the taste-disks of the soft palate of Bombina variegata L. was identified by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This cell type is characterized by an apical protrusion carrying numerous microvilli. Bundles of filaments are present in the cytoplasm of the protrusion. Vesicles with electron lucent content and microtubules are present thoughout the cytoplasm of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:922855", "title": "Immunocytochemical investigation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in birds.", "content": "The results of an immunohistochemical investigation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in several species of birds have shown that: (1) mesotocin and vasotocin are synthesized in separate neurons; (2) in all species investigated the distribution of mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic perikarya follows a common pattern; (3) the external zone of the avian anterior median eminence contains exclusively vasotocinergic nerve fibers, originating in supraoptic and ventral paraventricular regions; (4) the distribution of immunoreactive elements in the neural lobe shows a definite species-dependent pattern.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical investigation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in birds. The results of an immunohistochemical investigation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in several species of birds have shown that: (1) mesotocin and vasotocin are synthesized in separate neurons; (2) in all species investigated the distribution of mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic perikarya follows a common pattern; (3) the external zone of the avian anterior median eminence contains exclusively vasotocinergic nerve fibers, originating in supraoptic and ventral paraventricular regions; (4) the distribution of immunoreactive elements in the neural lobe shows a definite species-dependent pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:922856", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of the carotid bifurcation in the rabbit and cat: blood vessels, carotid body and carotid sinus. A fluorescence and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Two postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion enter the area of the carotid bifurcation in the rabbit and the cat. The common and external carotid arteries receive a rich adrenergic nerve supply, which can be demonstrated by fluorophores of biogenic amines appearing after formaldehyde treatment. The internal carotid artery is only sparsely innervated; however, it shows a dense sympathetic supply at the site of pressor receptors. Following removal of the superior cervical ganglion, a total loss of fluorescent adrenergic nerves occurs and degeneration of nerve endings possessing dense core vesicles is conspicuous. These nerve terminals are situated mainly subendothelially in the carotid body sinusoids; they only rarely terminate on type I cells.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of the carotid bifurcation in the rabbit and cat: blood vessels, carotid body and carotid sinus. A fluorescence and electron microscopic study. Two postganglionic branches of the superior cervical ganglion enter the area of the carotid bifurcation in the rabbit and the cat. The common and external carotid arteries receive a rich adrenergic nerve supply, which can be demonstrated by fluorophores of biogenic amines appearing after formaldehyde treatment. The internal carotid artery is only sparsely innervated; however, it shows a dense sympathetic supply at the site of pressor receptors. Following removal of the superior cervical ganglion, a total loss of fluorescent adrenergic nerves occurs and degeneration of nerve endings possessing dense core vesicles is conspicuous. These nerve terminals are situated mainly subendothelially in the carotid body sinusoids; they only rarely terminate on type I cells."}
{"id": "PMID:922857", "title": "An in vitro morphological study of the mouse visceral yolk sac and possible yolk sac immunocyte precursors.", "content": "Mouse visceral yolk sac has been organ cultured from 9 days of gestation, a time prior to the thymus being lymphoid, until 12 days of gestation, a time after which the thymus is lymphoid. During the culture period the endodermal epithelial cells survived well, erythropoiesis diminished, endothelial-lined cavities formed in the mesodermal mass, and cells developed which have been classified as large, medium and small immunocyte precursors. The cytoplasm of the immunocyte precursors contains polysomes, spherical mitochondria, a few profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, occasional granules and a large Golgi complex. This study offers morphological support for the yolk sac origin of immunocyte precursors in the mouse which may seed the thymus and liver.", "contents": "An in vitro morphological study of the mouse visceral yolk sac and possible yolk sac immunocyte precursors. Mouse visceral yolk sac has been organ cultured from 9 days of gestation, a time prior to the thymus being lymphoid, until 12 days of gestation, a time after which the thymus is lymphoid. During the culture period the endodermal epithelial cells survived well, erythropoiesis diminished, endothelial-lined cavities formed in the mesodermal mass, and cells developed which have been classified as large, medium and small immunocyte precursors. The cytoplasm of the immunocyte precursors contains polysomes, spherical mitochondria, a few profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, occasional granules and a large Golgi complex. This study offers morphological support for the yolk sac origin of immunocyte precursors in the mouse which may seed the thymus and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:922858", "title": "Electron microscopical study on the development of the nerve supply of the pituitary pars intermedia of the mouse.", "content": "The development of the nerve supply of the pituitary pars intermedia (PI) of C3H mice was studied by electron microscopy. Nerve fibres and terminal structures, most probably adrenergic, first appear in the newborn. The adult innervation pattern is achieved by the end of the first postnatal week. In the adult animal two types of nerve terminals were distinguished; type A (peptidergic or neurosecretory) and type B (adrenergic). The peptidergic fibres were scarce and exhibited no synapse-like contacts. It is suggested that they are of secondary importance in a direct nervous hypothalamic control of PI function. Type B terminals were found throughout the PI. They formed synapse-like contacts with the glandular cells, indicating that the primary innervation is exerted by adrenergic neurons. An autonomous differentiation of the glandular cells and in the adult a combined direct nervous and neurohumoral control of PI function is suggested.", "contents": "Electron microscopical study on the development of the nerve supply of the pituitary pars intermedia of the mouse. The development of the nerve supply of the pituitary pars intermedia (PI) of C3H mice was studied by electron microscopy. Nerve fibres and terminal structures, most probably adrenergic, first appear in the newborn. The adult innervation pattern is achieved by the end of the first postnatal week. In the adult animal two types of nerve terminals were distinguished; type A (peptidergic or neurosecretory) and type B (adrenergic). The peptidergic fibres were scarce and exhibited no synapse-like contacts. It is suggested that they are of secondary importance in a direct nervous hypothalamic control of PI function. Type B terminals were found throughout the PI. They formed synapse-like contacts with the glandular cells, indicating that the primary innervation is exerted by adrenergic neurons. An autonomous differentiation of the glandular cells and in the adult a combined direct nervous and neurohumoral control of PI function is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:922859", "title": "An unusual organelle in the pineal gland of the rat.", "content": "An electron microscopic survey of pinealocytes from normal rats revealed a highly organized arrangement of cytoplasmic tubules. Such tubules had been previously observed in normal rats (Lin, 1967) and in rats after melatonin administration or two weeks exposure to darkness (Freire and Cardinali, 1975). In a later publication the presence of the tubules was attributed to experimental manipulation resulting in infertility (Gusek, 1976). The present study resolves the discrepancy in the literature by establishing that the tubular organelle does indeed occur in untreated male rats, but rather rarely.", "contents": "An unusual organelle in the pineal gland of the rat. An electron microscopic survey of pinealocytes from normal rats revealed a highly organized arrangement of cytoplasmic tubules. Such tubules had been previously observed in normal rats (Lin, 1967) and in rats after melatonin administration or two weeks exposure to darkness (Freire and Cardinali, 1975). In a later publication the presence of the tubules was attributed to experimental manipulation resulting in infertility (Gusek, 1976). The present study resolves the discrepancy in the literature by establishing that the tubular organelle does indeed occur in untreated male rats, but rather rarely."}
{"id": "PMID:922860", "title": "Tight junctions of oligodendrocytes.", "content": "Freeze-fracture replicas of the rat corpus callosum revealed prominent junctional strands in fractured cell membranes of the somata of oligodendrocytes. The junctional strands were characterized by an elaborate system of straight or slightly undulating rows of linear aggregates of particles or ridges in the P face and furrows in the E face.", "contents": "Tight junctions of oligodendrocytes. Freeze-fracture replicas of the rat corpus callosum revealed prominent junctional strands in fractured cell membranes of the somata of oligodendrocytes. The junctional strands were characterized by an elaborate system of straight or slightly undulating rows of linear aggregates of particles or ridges in the P face and furrows in the E face."}
{"id": "PMID:922861", "title": "The collicular recess organ: evidence for structural and secretory specialization of the ventricular lining in the collicular recess.", "content": "The collicular recess organ and adjacent portions of the collicular recess were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In the collicular recess, the ventricular wall contains folds and is well vascularized. The adluminal ependymal cells generally bear kinocilia and microvilli on their ventricular surface. Among the cilia, many secretory droplets, some axons, and few supraependymal cells are seen. Various stages of apocrine ependymosecretion are observed. In addition to tanycytes, coelocytes are found scattered throughout the ependymal lining of the collicular recess. Coelocytes, characterized by lumina containing cilia and a few microvilli, are accumulated in ependymal and hypependymal positions of the collicular recess organ at the roof of the collicular recess.", "contents": "The collicular recess organ: evidence for structural and secretory specialization of the ventricular lining in the collicular recess. The collicular recess organ and adjacent portions of the collicular recess were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In the collicular recess, the ventricular wall contains folds and is well vascularized. The adluminal ependymal cells generally bear kinocilia and microvilli on their ventricular surface. Among the cilia, many secretory droplets, some axons, and few supraependymal cells are seen. Various stages of apocrine ependymosecretion are observed. In addition to tanycytes, coelocytes are found scattered throughout the ependymal lining of the collicular recess. Coelocytes, characterized by lumina containing cilia and a few microvilli, are accumulated in ependymal and hypependymal positions of the collicular recess organ at the roof of the collicular recess."}
{"id": "PMID:922862", "title": "The fine structure of the compound eyes of mysids (crustacea: mysidacea).", "content": "The ultrastructure of the compound eyes of five species of mysids (Crustacea: Mysidacea), Praunus flexuosus, Siriella norvegica, Mysidopsis gibbosa, Neomysis integer and Erythrops serrata, is described. The ommatidia are constructed on a common plan, but there are considerable differences in detail. Common features include the arrangement of the cornea, crystalline cone and the basement membrane. The number of retinular cells differ: in Neomysis and Erythrops there are seven, whereas in the other species there are eight, the eighth cell forming a distal rhabdom, which consequently is lacking in the ommatidia of Neomysis and Erythrops. Another difference is the epirhabdom, which is lacking in Erythrops, but present in the other species. The epirhabdom is an extracellular structure, probably serving as a dioptric element. The pigment arrangement is similar in the first four species. The pigment shield consists of the distal pigment, distal reflecting pigment, proximal pigment (in the retinular cells) and the proximal reflecting pigment. The distal and proximal pigments are dark screening pigments. In addition to these, there are basal red pigment cells, which are mainly located below the basement membrane. In Erythrops there are three kinds of pigment cells: distal pigment cells, distal reflecting pigment cells and basal red pigment cells. Besides the basal red pigment cells, the distal pigment cells contain red pigment granules.", "contents": "The fine structure of the compound eyes of mysids (crustacea: mysidacea). The ultrastructure of the compound eyes of five species of mysids (Crustacea: Mysidacea), Praunus flexuosus, Siriella norvegica, Mysidopsis gibbosa, Neomysis integer and Erythrops serrata, is described. The ommatidia are constructed on a common plan, but there are considerable differences in detail. Common features include the arrangement of the cornea, crystalline cone and the basement membrane. The number of retinular cells differ: in Neomysis and Erythrops there are seven, whereas in the other species there are eight, the eighth cell forming a distal rhabdom, which consequently is lacking in the ommatidia of Neomysis and Erythrops. Another difference is the epirhabdom, which is lacking in Erythrops, but present in the other species. The epirhabdom is an extracellular structure, probably serving as a dioptric element. The pigment arrangement is similar in the first four species. The pigment shield consists of the distal pigment, distal reflecting pigment, proximal pigment (in the retinular cells) and the proximal reflecting pigment. The distal and proximal pigments are dark screening pigments. In addition to these, there are basal red pigment cells, which are mainly located below the basement membrane. In Erythrops there are three kinds of pigment cells: distal pigment cells, distal reflecting pigment cells and basal red pigment cells. Besides the basal red pigment cells, the distal pigment cells contain red pigment granules."}
{"id": "PMID:922864", "title": "Neurosecretion. XVI. Protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules.", "content": "Protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules, comparable to those demonstrated by Castel (1977) in the mammalian neurohypophysis, were observed under various experimental conditions in the corpora cardiaca of the insects Leucophaea maderae and Periplaneta americana. Electrical stimulation in vitro of the nervus corporis cardiaci I, which elicited a marked rise in the amount of neurohormone discharged, as determined by bioassay, also yielded a significantly larger number of membrane protrusions than were observed in unstimulated controls. However, no comparable response was obtained in glands subjected to stimulation of hormone release by exposure to serotonin or high potassium concentrations. On the other hand, membrane protrusions were numerous under certain conditions not expected to stimulate neurohormone release, i.e., in tissue exposed to a zinc iodide mixture without prior fixation. The present results support the conclusion drawn by Castel that these configurations appear to be related to the process by which neurosecretory material is discharged. Too transient to be much in evidence under physiological condition, they become more prominent not only after appropriate acceleration of the rate of release, but also when such membrane arrangements are \"frozen\" by procedures that interfere with the regular milieu.", "contents": "Neurosecretion. XVI. Protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules. Protrusions of bounding membranes of neurosecretory granules, comparable to those demonstrated by Castel (1977) in the mammalian neurohypophysis, were observed under various experimental conditions in the corpora cardiaca of the insects Leucophaea maderae and Periplaneta americana. Electrical stimulation in vitro of the nervus corporis cardiaci I, which elicited a marked rise in the amount of neurohormone discharged, as determined by bioassay, also yielded a significantly larger number of membrane protrusions than were observed in unstimulated controls. However, no comparable response was obtained in glands subjected to stimulation of hormone release by exposure to serotonin or high potassium concentrations. On the other hand, membrane protrusions were numerous under certain conditions not expected to stimulate neurohormone release, i.e., in tissue exposed to a zinc iodide mixture without prior fixation. The present results support the conclusion drawn by Castel that these configurations appear to be related to the process by which neurosecretory material is discharged. Too transient to be much in evidence under physiological condition, they become more prominent not only after appropriate acceleration of the rate of release, but also when such membrane arrangements are \"frozen\" by procedures that interfere with the regular milieu."}
{"id": "PMID:922863", "title": "Testicular involution following optic enucleation. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study.", "content": "The testes of adult male Syrian hamsters underwent involution within six weeks after optic enucleation. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 39% less than controls. Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes were still present, but all steps of spermatids were completely absent from the involuted testes. Lipid droplets filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and often encroached upon the nucleus. Sertoli cells had sparse mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but Golgi cisternae were abundant. Typical Sertoli-Sertoli junctions attached contiguous Sertoli cells. With lanthanum tracers it was demonstrated that these junctions were impenetrable; therefore, the blood-testis barrier was deemed intact. Irregularly shaped protrusions often arose from the peritubular tissue and extended inward toward the seminiferous epithelium, often displacing the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The core of these protrusions consisted of irregular extensions of myoid cell cytoplasm surrounded by the myoid cells' basal lamina. External to the myoid cell basal lamina were bundles of collagen filaments with the basal lamina of the seminiferous epithelium forming the outermost layer of these protrusions. The apices of the Sertoli cells gave rise to numerous leaf-like processes that extended into and obliterated the lumen of the tubules. The Sertoli cell basal cytoplasm often contained phagocytized degenerating germ cells that appeared to give rise to the lipid droplets that filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Acid phosphatase rich lysosome-like organelles were seen fusing with the degenerating germ cells and lipid droplets. The degenerating germ cells also were shown to contain acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Testicular involution following optic enucleation. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study. The testes of adult male Syrian hamsters underwent involution within six weeks after optic enucleation. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules was 39% less than controls. Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and primary spermatocytes were still present, but all steps of spermatids were completely absent from the involuted testes. Lipid droplets filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm and often encroached upon the nucleus. Sertoli cells had sparse mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but Golgi cisternae were abundant. Typical Sertoli-Sertoli junctions attached contiguous Sertoli cells. With lanthanum tracers it was demonstrated that these junctions were impenetrable; therefore, the blood-testis barrier was deemed intact. Irregularly shaped protrusions often arose from the peritubular tissue and extended inward toward the seminiferous epithelium, often displacing the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The core of these protrusions consisted of irregular extensions of myoid cell cytoplasm surrounded by the myoid cells' basal lamina. External to the myoid cell basal lamina were bundles of collagen filaments with the basal lamina of the seminiferous epithelium forming the outermost layer of these protrusions. The apices of the Sertoli cells gave rise to numerous leaf-like processes that extended into and obliterated the lumen of the tubules. The Sertoli cell basal cytoplasm often contained phagocytized degenerating germ cells that appeared to give rise to the lipid droplets that filled the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Acid phosphatase rich lysosome-like organelles were seen fusing with the degenerating germ cells and lipid droplets. The degenerating germ cells also were shown to contain acid phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:922865", "title": "The eyes of mesopelagic crustaceans: I. Gennadas sp. (penaeidae).", "content": "The eye of the deep-sea penaeid shrimp Gennadas consists of approximately 700 square ommatidia with a side length of 15 micrometer. It is hemispherical in shape and is located at the end of a 1.5 mm long eye stalk. The cornea is extremely thin, but the crystalline cone is well-developed. A clear zone between dioptric structures and the rhabdom layer is absent. A few pigment granules are found within the basement membrane; otherwise they, too, are absent from the eye of Gennadas. The rhabdom is massive and occupies 50% of the eye. It consists of orthogonally oriented microvilli (the latter measuring 0.07 micrometer in diameter) and is 75 micrometer long. In cross sections adjacent rhabdoms, all approximately 8 micrometer in diameter, form an almost continuous sheet and leave little space for retinula cell cytoplasm. In spite of a one h exposure to light, rhabdom microvilli show no disintegration or disruption of membranes. Vesicles of various kinds, however, are present in all seven retinula cells near the basement membrane. Bundles of seven axons penetrate the basement membrane. On their way to the lamina they often combine and form larger aggregations.", "contents": "The eyes of mesopelagic crustaceans: I. Gennadas sp. (penaeidae). The eye of the deep-sea penaeid shrimp Gennadas consists of approximately 700 square ommatidia with a side length of 15 micrometer. It is hemispherical in shape and is located at the end of a 1.5 mm long eye stalk. The cornea is extremely thin, but the crystalline cone is well-developed. A clear zone between dioptric structures and the rhabdom layer is absent. A few pigment granules are found within the basement membrane; otherwise they, too, are absent from the eye of Gennadas. The rhabdom is massive and occupies 50% of the eye. It consists of orthogonally oriented microvilli (the latter measuring 0.07 micrometer in diameter) and is 75 micrometer long. In cross sections adjacent rhabdoms, all approximately 8 micrometer in diameter, form an almost continuous sheet and leave little space for retinula cell cytoplasm. In spite of a one h exposure to light, rhabdom microvilli show no disintegration or disruption of membranes. Vesicles of various kinds, however, are present in all seven retinula cells near the basement membrane. Bundles of seven axons penetrate the basement membrane. On their way to the lamina they often combine and form larger aggregations."}
{"id": "PMID:922866", "title": "Ultrastructure of rat ovarian interstitial gland cells during pregnancy.", "content": "The fine structure of the interstitial gland of the rat ovary was studied at estrus and on Days 4, 6, 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy. At estrus, ovarian interstitial cells have small nuceli with dense irregular clumps of heterochromatin. Mitochondria are small and rod-shaped and have predominantely lamellar cristae. Numerous osmiophilic lipid droplets are present. At Days 4 and 6, nuclear heterochromatin is reduced, and nucleoli are larger and complex. Mitochondria are enlarged and often bizarre-shaped and have tubular cristae. Golgi and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more conspicuous. At Day 10, prominent ultrastructural features include nuclei with conspicuous heterochromatin, smaller mitochondria with both lamellar and tubular cristae, numerous ribosomes and lipid droplets with decreased osmiophilia. At Days 14 and 18, nuclei have increased heterochromatin, mitochondria are small and have lamellated cristae and an increase in the size and number of lipid droplets occurs. These observations suggest that steroidogenic activity of interstitial cells is highest during the first half of pregnancy and regresses during the last half. It is suggested that the interstitial gland is an important ovarian source of pregnancy hormone(s) during the first half of gestation and that LH may modulate steroidogenic activity is this ovarian component.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rat ovarian interstitial gland cells during pregnancy. The fine structure of the interstitial gland of the rat ovary was studied at estrus and on Days 4, 6, 10, 14 and 18 of pregnancy. At estrus, ovarian interstitial cells have small nuceli with dense irregular clumps of heterochromatin. Mitochondria are small and rod-shaped and have predominantely lamellar cristae. Numerous osmiophilic lipid droplets are present. At Days 4 and 6, nuclear heterochromatin is reduced, and nucleoli are larger and complex. Mitochondria are enlarged and often bizarre-shaped and have tubular cristae. Golgi and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more conspicuous. At Day 10, prominent ultrastructural features include nuclei with conspicuous heterochromatin, smaller mitochondria with both lamellar and tubular cristae, numerous ribosomes and lipid droplets with decreased osmiophilia. At Days 14 and 18, nuclei have increased heterochromatin, mitochondria are small and have lamellated cristae and an increase in the size and number of lipid droplets occurs. These observations suggest that steroidogenic activity of interstitial cells is highest during the first half of pregnancy and regresses during the last half. It is suggested that the interstitial gland is an important ovarian source of pregnancy hormone(s) during the first half of gestation and that LH may modulate steroidogenic activity is this ovarian component."}
{"id": "PMID:922867", "title": "Changes in nuclear DNA and RNA during epidermal keratinization.", "content": "The distribution of nucleic acids within nuclei of epidermal cells in skin from guinea-pig ear was investigated using an indirect enzyme digestion technique to observe both DNA and RNA, and a direct Schiff-Thallium reaction technique, to observe DNA alone. Similar results were obtained by both methods. The distribution of DNA and RNA change gradually in nuclei as epidermal cells differentiate. DNA in cells of the lower strata is localized in essentially the same areas in which electron-opaque components are seen by conventional electron microscopy. With the cytochemical treatments, however, we found that DNA is not present in all electron-opaque areas of nuclei in superficial granular cells. RNA is present in the nucleoli of cells in all layers, but its density is also lower in the upper granular cells. We postulate that nucleic acids in nuclei of granular cells gradually decrease and that the space is filled with newly synthesized electron-dense protein, as part of the differentiation process.", "contents": "Changes in nuclear DNA and RNA during epidermal keratinization. The distribution of nucleic acids within nuclei of epidermal cells in skin from guinea-pig ear was investigated using an indirect enzyme digestion technique to observe both DNA and RNA, and a direct Schiff-Thallium reaction technique, to observe DNA alone. Similar results were obtained by both methods. The distribution of DNA and RNA change gradually in nuclei as epidermal cells differentiate. DNA in cells of the lower strata is localized in essentially the same areas in which electron-opaque components are seen by conventional electron microscopy. With the cytochemical treatments, however, we found that DNA is not present in all electron-opaque areas of nuclei in superficial granular cells. RNA is present in the nucleoli of cells in all layers, but its density is also lower in the upper granular cells. We postulate that nucleic acids in nuclei of granular cells gradually decrease and that the space is filled with newly synthesized electron-dense protein, as part of the differentiation process."}
{"id": "PMID:922868", "title": "The migration of osteoblasts.", "content": "The endocranial matrix surfaces of parietal bones of 2-week old Albino Wistar rats were partly denuded of osteoblasts and then cultured for various periods up to 24 h, in control or PTE-enriched medium. They were examined by scanning electron microscopy and evidence for cell locomotion was found. Osteoblasts traversed the denuded bone surface and cut edges of bone in either medium, and cells also migrated out from vascular channels. Glass spicules were placed on the otherwise undisturbed osteoblast layer in similar organ cultures for 2, 3 or 5 days. Osteoblasts migrated from the bone to populate the glass, negotiating any angle. The cells in PTE-enriched media were always aligned parallel to one another and elongated, tended to align with the edges of the glass and, in time, formed a substrate of aligned fibrils whose axes were parallel to those of the cells. Osteoblasts in control medium on glass showed variable degrees of alignment and elongation and were less influenced by edges of the glass. Non-locomotory, nearly equidiametrical cells on glass in 5d control cultures had formed a substrate of randomly oriented fibrils. Migrating osteoblasts on bone matrix did not have leading edge ruffles; isolated, migrating ones on glass did.", "contents": "The migration of osteoblasts. The endocranial matrix surfaces of parietal bones of 2-week old Albino Wistar rats were partly denuded of osteoblasts and then cultured for various periods up to 24 h, in control or PTE-enriched medium. They were examined by scanning electron microscopy and evidence for cell locomotion was found. Osteoblasts traversed the denuded bone surface and cut edges of bone in either medium, and cells also migrated out from vascular channels. Glass spicules were placed on the otherwise undisturbed osteoblast layer in similar organ cultures for 2, 3 or 5 days. Osteoblasts migrated from the bone to populate the glass, negotiating any angle. The cells in PTE-enriched media were always aligned parallel to one another and elongated, tended to align with the edges of the glass and, in time, formed a substrate of aligned fibrils whose axes were parallel to those of the cells. Osteoblasts in control medium on glass showed variable degrees of alignment and elongation and were less influenced by edges of the glass. Non-locomotory, nearly equidiametrical cells on glass in 5d control cultures had formed a substrate of randomly oriented fibrils. Migrating osteoblasts on bone matrix did not have leading edge ruffles; isolated, migrating ones on glass did."}
{"id": "PMID:922869", "title": "Arrangement of smooth muscle cells and intramuscular septa in the taenia coli.", "content": "Bands of electron-dense material beneath the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli provide attachment to thin myofilaments and to intermediate (10nm) filaments; about 50% of the cell membrane is occupied by dense bands in muscle cells transversely sectioned at the level of their nucleus, and between 50 and 100% in small cell profiles nearer the cell's ends. In addition to the known cell-to-cell junctions (intermediate contacts), more complex apparatuses anchor muscle cells together, either end-to-end or end-to-side of side-to-side. They consist of elaborate folds, invaginations and protrusions accompanied by large amounts of basal lamina material. In the end-to-end anchoring apparatuses numerous finger-like and laminar processes from the two cells interdigitate. Other muscle cells have a star-shaped profile in the last few microns of their length, or show longitudinal invaginations occupied by a thickened basal lamina and occasionally by collagen fibrils. The septa of connective tissue extend only for a few hundred microns along the length of the taenia. In taeniae fixed in condition of mild stretch the muscle cells form an angle of about 5 degrees with the septa. In muscles fixed during isotonic contraction the angle increases to about 29--22 degrees, and in longitudinal sections the muscle cells appear arranged in a herring-bone pattern. The collagen concentration in the taenia coli is 4--6 times greater than in skeletal and cardiac muscles. These various structures are discussed in terms of their possible role in the mechanism of force transmission.", "contents": "Arrangement of smooth muscle cells and intramuscular septa in the taenia coli. Bands of electron-dense material beneath the cell membrane of smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli provide attachment to thin myofilaments and to intermediate (10nm) filaments; about 50% of the cell membrane is occupied by dense bands in muscle cells transversely sectioned at the level of their nucleus, and between 50 and 100% in small cell profiles nearer the cell's ends. In addition to the known cell-to-cell junctions (intermediate contacts), more complex apparatuses anchor muscle cells together, either end-to-end or end-to-side of side-to-side. They consist of elaborate folds, invaginations and protrusions accompanied by large amounts of basal lamina material. In the end-to-end anchoring apparatuses numerous finger-like and laminar processes from the two cells interdigitate. Other muscle cells have a star-shaped profile in the last few microns of their length, or show longitudinal invaginations occupied by a thickened basal lamina and occasionally by collagen fibrils. The septa of connective tissue extend only for a few hundred microns along the length of the taenia. In taeniae fixed in condition of mild stretch the muscle cells form an angle of about 5 degrees with the septa. In muscles fixed during isotonic contraction the angle increases to about 29--22 degrees, and in longitudinal sections the muscle cells appear arranged in a herring-bone pattern. The collagen concentration in the taenia coli is 4--6 times greater than in skeletal and cardiac muscles. These various structures are discussed in terms of their possible role in the mechanism of force transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:922870", "title": "Effects of isolation and transplantation of the corpus cardiacum on hormone release from its glandular cells after flight in Locusta migratoria. A quantitative electron microscopical study.", "content": "The glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria contains secretory cells and axon terminals. It is generally accepted that the glandular cells produce an adipokinetic hormone which stimulates the release of diglycerides from the fat body. The axon terminals are supposed to be involved in the regulation of the secretory activity of these cells. CC were transplanted into locust hosts. The secretory activity of the glandular cells and axons was studied in the transplants as well as the intact host CC. Quantitative electron microscopical examination of the glandular cells of the CC in animals both at rest and after flight shows that only in the host CC the secretory activity of the glandular cells is stimulated by flight, as indicated by an increase in the activity of the Golgi zones and in the number of exocytotic pits. In the axon terminals release of secretory products, indicated by synaptic vesicles and membrane indentations, is reduced as a result of the transplantation. It is concluded that the glandular cells need excitatory input from outside the CC for stimulation of their secretory activity. Furthermore, it is proposed that the transplanted glandular cells decrease the level of activity of the intact host cells by way of a negative feedback mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of isolation and transplantation of the corpus cardiacum on hormone release from its glandular cells after flight in Locusta migratoria. A quantitative electron microscopical study. The glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria contains secretory cells and axon terminals. It is generally accepted that the glandular cells produce an adipokinetic hormone which stimulates the release of diglycerides from the fat body. The axon terminals are supposed to be involved in the regulation of the secretory activity of these cells. CC were transplanted into locust hosts. The secretory activity of the glandular cells and axons was studied in the transplants as well as the intact host CC. Quantitative electron microscopical examination of the glandular cells of the CC in animals both at rest and after flight shows that only in the host CC the secretory activity of the glandular cells is stimulated by flight, as indicated by an increase in the activity of the Golgi zones and in the number of exocytotic pits. In the axon terminals release of secretory products, indicated by synaptic vesicles and membrane indentations, is reduced as a result of the transplantation. It is concluded that the glandular cells need excitatory input from outside the CC for stimulation of their secretory activity. Furthermore, it is proposed that the transplanted glandular cells decrease the level of activity of the intact host cells by way of a negative feedback mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:922871", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of the innervation of the human spleen.", "content": "The innervation of four normal human spleens was investigated by electron microscopy. Unmyelinated nerve fibers accompanied the arterial vascular system up to the arterioles of the red pulp. Neither myelinated nerve fibers nor ganglion cells were seen in the splenic hilum or in the splenic tissue itself. The nerve fibers terminated against the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels in a manner that is typical of the autonomic nervous system. The terminal axons contained small and large granular vesicles and thus were adrenergic nerve fibers. In contrast to the results of previous studies using silver impregnation methods innervation of the red or white pulp could not be demonstrated. The findings on human spleens agree with those on mammalian spleens obtained by other authors using ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical methods.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of the innervation of the human spleen. The innervation of four normal human spleens was investigated by electron microscopy. Unmyelinated nerve fibers accompanied the arterial vascular system up to the arterioles of the red pulp. Neither myelinated nerve fibers nor ganglion cells were seen in the splenic hilum or in the splenic tissue itself. The nerve fibers terminated against the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels in a manner that is typical of the autonomic nervous system. The terminal axons contained small and large granular vesicles and thus were adrenergic nerve fibers. In contrast to the results of previous studies using silver impregnation methods innervation of the red or white pulp could not be demonstrated. The findings on human spleens agree with those on mammalian spleens obtained by other authors using ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:922873", "title": "Functional mediation of compensatory enlargement of the parotid gland.", "content": "The role of functional activity in mediating compensatory enlargement of the parotid gland after removal of the other major salivary glands was investigated. Increased levels of activity were achieved by feeding rats a bulk diet. Conversely, a liquid diet was used to reduce the functional demands on the parotid. It was found that the liquid diet completely prevented the compensatory response from occurring. Bulk diet, on the other hand, caused an even greater compensatory response than did the standard chow diet. Compensatory enlargement of the parotid, therefore, depends on its functional activity and not on other, e.g., humoral factors dissociated from function. The character of the cellular response in compensatory enlargement was also examined. The chow diet caused compensatory enlargement by an increase in cell size with little, if any, increase in cell number.", "contents": "Functional mediation of compensatory enlargement of the parotid gland. The role of functional activity in mediating compensatory enlargement of the parotid gland after removal of the other major salivary glands was investigated. Increased levels of activity were achieved by feeding rats a bulk diet. Conversely, a liquid diet was used to reduce the functional demands on the parotid. It was found that the liquid diet completely prevented the compensatory response from occurring. Bulk diet, on the other hand, caused an even greater compensatory response than did the standard chow diet. Compensatory enlargement of the parotid, therefore, depends on its functional activity and not on other, e.g., humoral factors dissociated from function. The character of the cellular response in compensatory enlargement was also examined. The chow diet caused compensatory enlargement by an increase in cell size with little, if any, increase in cell number."}
{"id": "PMID:922875", "title": "Ultrastructure of the different fibre types in axial muscles of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus.", "content": "Red, intermediate and white axial muscle fibres of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry. The mitochondrial content is more than thirty percent in red, less than one percent in white, and up to fifteen percent in intermediate fibres. About one third of the mitochondria in red fibres are accumulated close to the sarcolemma. Red fibres contain much glycogen, present as rosettes (alpha particles). Intermediate fibres contain less glycogen (as beta particles). White fibres have scarcely any visible energy reserves. Red fibres contain slightly less (4-5%) of the sarcotubular system than the other fibre types (6-8%). In all fibre types, the terminal cisternae of the SR are regularly divided by clefts. Triads or dyads are generally positioned at the Z discs, but in Galeus white fibres two dyads may be present, one on each side of the Z disc. The morphology is discussed in relation to current views on the functions of different muscle fibre types.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the different fibre types in axial muscles of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus. Red, intermediate and white axial muscle fibres of the sharks Etmopterus spinax and Galeus melastomus were studied by electron microscopy and morphometry. The mitochondrial content is more than thirty percent in red, less than one percent in white, and up to fifteen percent in intermediate fibres. About one third of the mitochondria in red fibres are accumulated close to the sarcolemma. Red fibres contain much glycogen, present as rosettes (alpha particles). Intermediate fibres contain less glycogen (as beta particles). White fibres have scarcely any visible energy reserves. Red fibres contain slightly less (4-5%) of the sarcotubular system than the other fibre types (6-8%). In all fibre types, the terminal cisternae of the SR are regularly divided by clefts. Triads or dyads are generally positioned at the Z discs, but in Galeus white fibres two dyads may be present, one on each side of the Z disc. The morphology is discussed in relation to current views on the functions of different muscle fibre types."}
{"id": "PMID:922876", "title": "Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in regenerated and dark-adapted eyes of a snail, Helix aspersa.", "content": "The role fo the Golgi apparatus and the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomal complex (GERL) in the formation of lysosomes in the photosensory cells of regenerating and dark-adapted eyes of the garden snail Helix aspersa was examined with use of acid phosphatase as a marker enzyme. In newly regenerated eyes, lead reaction deposit was restricted to the cisternae of GERL, a few small vesicles and some large secondary lysosomes. Dark-adapted sensory cells, on the other hand, were characterized by a heavy reaction product in the hypertrophied Golgi cisternae and GERL. Primary lysosomes were packaged by GERL cisternae in both the regenerating and the degenerating dark-adapted eyes. In the latter, these lysosomes may have been produced also by the Golgi apparatus. No reaction product was found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, microvilli, or large aggregations of 800 A photic vesicles in either kind of eye. In this study the lytic activity in differentiating sensory cells was significantly lower than that in degenerating cells suggesting that the increase in lysosomal activity in the latter was due to the absence of light. The effects of long dark-adaption appear to be: 1. decrease in the production of photic vesicles; 2. increase in the formation of lysosomes; and 3. breakdown of photic vesicles by lysosomal activity.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of acid phosphatase in regenerated and dark-adapted eyes of a snail, Helix aspersa. The role fo the Golgi apparatus and the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomal complex (GERL) in the formation of lysosomes in the photosensory cells of regenerating and dark-adapted eyes of the garden snail Helix aspersa was examined with use of acid phosphatase as a marker enzyme. In newly regenerated eyes, lead reaction deposit was restricted to the cisternae of GERL, a few small vesicles and some large secondary lysosomes. Dark-adapted sensory cells, on the other hand, were characterized by a heavy reaction product in the hypertrophied Golgi cisternae and GERL. Primary lysosomes were packaged by GERL cisternae in both the regenerating and the degenerating dark-adapted eyes. In the latter, these lysosomes may have been produced also by the Golgi apparatus. No reaction product was found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, microvilli, or large aggregations of 800 A photic vesicles in either kind of eye. In this study the lytic activity in differentiating sensory cells was significantly lower than that in degenerating cells suggesting that the increase in lysosomal activity in the latter was due to the absence of light. The effects of long dark-adaption appear to be: 1. decrease in the production of photic vesicles; 2. increase in the formation of lysosomes; and 3. breakdown of photic vesicles by lysosomal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:922877", "title": "On the ultrastructure of the abdominal sense organ of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (gmelin).", "content": "The abdominal sense organ of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, is composed of two cell types. The presumed receptor cells bear a single cilium 60 to 70 micrometer in length. The microvilli at the apices of these cells may also be modified into microvillous whorls. From eight to twelve ciliated cells are associated with a single mucous cell. The mucous cells have a much greater diameter than the ciliated cells and contain many electron-dense mucous granules. No function has yet been determined for the ciliated cells, although a number of theories are presented.", "contents": "On the ultrastructure of the abdominal sense organ of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (gmelin). The abdominal sense organ of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, is composed of two cell types. The presumed receptor cells bear a single cilium 60 to 70 micrometer in length. The microvilli at the apices of these cells may also be modified into microvillous whorls. From eight to twelve ciliated cells are associated with a single mucous cell. The mucous cells have a much greater diameter than the ciliated cells and contain many electron-dense mucous granules. No function has yet been determined for the ciliated cells, although a number of theories are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:922878", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the ciliated receptors of the long tentacles of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (gmelin).", "content": "The long tentacles of the Giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) have been examined with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Three types of ciliated cells have been observed, one of which is located in specialised papillae born on the distal third of the tentacle. There are two separate cell types within the papillae. Type I cells are non-ciliated supporting cells, which form a capsule within which are found the Type II cells. These cells bear up to five cilia at their apices, and it is suggested that these are the receptor cells of the organ. No function has yet been determined for the receptors, but is suggested that they might be mechanoreceptors. A third cell type, Type III cells, occur at the base of the papillae. These cells bear many cilia and also macrocilia. Another ciliated cell type occurs on the proximal two thirds of the tentacle. These cells bear many cilia that are thought to be motile and not sensory.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the ciliated receptors of the long tentacles of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (gmelin). The long tentacles of the Giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) have been examined with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Three types of ciliated cells have been observed, one of which is located in specialised papillae born on the distal third of the tentacle. There are two separate cell types within the papillae. Type I cells are non-ciliated supporting cells, which form a capsule within which are found the Type II cells. These cells bear up to five cilia at their apices, and it is suggested that these are the receptor cells of the organ. No function has yet been determined for the receptors, but is suggested that they might be mechanoreceptors. A third cell type, Type III cells, occur at the base of the papillae. These cells bear many cilia and also macrocilia. Another ciliated cell type occurs on the proximal two thirds of the tentacle. These cells bear many cilia that are thought to be motile and not sensory."}
{"id": "PMID:922879", "title": "Identification of a secretomotor centre in the brain of Locusta migratoria, controlling the secretory activity of the adipokinetic hormone producing cells of the corpus cardiacum.", "content": "After retrograde filling of axons terminating in the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria with cobalt chloride, a paired group of about 15 cobalt containing cells was demonstrated in the lateral area of the protocerebrum. The axons of these cells run via the NCC II into the glandular lobe of the CC. These small neurons have the characteristics of secretory cells; they contain secretory granules of about 1000 A in diameter. The axon terminals in the glandular lobe, making synaptic contacts with the glandular cells, contain secretory granules of the same size. It is therefore concluded that the cell groups in the protocerebrum control the activity of the glandular cells which produce an adipokinetic hormone. Arborizations of fibers of the lateral secretomotor cells are present in the dorsal neuropile of the protocerebrum, ventral of the mushroom bodies and along the tracts of the NCC I within the brain. It is proposed that these arborizations are sites of synaptic input. It is discussed that the axons of these cells might receive additional synaptic input in the storage lobe of the CC. The localization of cell bodies, the axons of which enter the storage part of the CC is described. The course of the axon tracts of the various cell groups in the protocerebrum and their connections with the NCC I and NCC II are demonstrated.", "contents": "Identification of a secretomotor centre in the brain of Locusta migratoria, controlling the secretory activity of the adipokinetic hormone producing cells of the corpus cardiacum. After retrograde filling of axons terminating in the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria with cobalt chloride, a paired group of about 15 cobalt containing cells was demonstrated in the lateral area of the protocerebrum. The axons of these cells run via the NCC II into the glandular lobe of the CC. These small neurons have the characteristics of secretory cells; they contain secretory granules of about 1000 A in diameter. The axon terminals in the glandular lobe, making synaptic contacts with the glandular cells, contain secretory granules of the same size. It is therefore concluded that the cell groups in the protocerebrum control the activity of the glandular cells which produce an adipokinetic hormone. Arborizations of fibers of the lateral secretomotor cells are present in the dorsal neuropile of the protocerebrum, ventral of the mushroom bodies and along the tracts of the NCC I within the brain. It is proposed that these arborizations are sites of synaptic input. It is discussed that the axons of these cells might receive additional synaptic input in the storage lobe of the CC. The localization of cell bodies, the axons of which enter the storage part of the CC is described. The course of the axon tracts of the various cell groups in the protocerebrum and their connections with the NCC I and NCC II are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:922880", "title": "The ultrastructure of an olfactory sensillum on the maxillary palps of locusta migratoria (L.).", "content": "The olfactory sensilla on the maxillary palp tip of Locusta migratoria (L.) resemble the surrounding contact chemoreceptors in general morphology. The perforated peg has a thicker wall than is commonly found in olfactory sensilla. The form and position of the sensilla are considered in relation of the olfactory function. The fine structure of the dendrites is discussed in relation to that described in other olfactory sensilla.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of an olfactory sensillum on the maxillary palps of locusta migratoria (L.). The olfactory sensilla on the maxillary palp tip of Locusta migratoria (L.) resemble the surrounding contact chemoreceptors in general morphology. The perforated peg has a thicker wall than is commonly found in olfactory sensilla. The form and position of the sensilla are considered in relation of the olfactory function. The fine structure of the dendrites is discussed in relation to that described in other olfactory sensilla."}
{"id": "PMID:922881", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D on the structure of the chromatoid body in the rat spermatids.", "content": "The effect of actinomycin D on the chromadoid body of rat spermatids has been studied by light and electron microscopy, high resolution autoradiography and biochemical methods. Actinomycin D caused structural changes in the chromatoid body of young round nucleated spermatids. The normal irregularily lobulated chromatoid body acquired a ring-like configuration 12 h after an intratesticular injection of 2 microgram of the drug. The labelling of the chromatoid body with 3H-uridine which can normally be seen after 12 h was also abolished by actinomycin D. These observations lead to the suggestion that the chromatoid body contains a store of long-lived mRNA molecules that are activated later during spermiogenesis when transcription in the spermatid nucleus has ceased but a high level of protein synthesis still persists.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D on the structure of the chromatoid body in the rat spermatids. The effect of actinomycin D on the chromadoid body of rat spermatids has been studied by light and electron microscopy, high resolution autoradiography and biochemical methods. Actinomycin D caused structural changes in the chromatoid body of young round nucleated spermatids. The normal irregularily lobulated chromatoid body acquired a ring-like configuration 12 h after an intratesticular injection of 2 microgram of the drug. The labelling of the chromatoid body with 3H-uridine which can normally be seen after 12 h was also abolished by actinomycin D. These observations lead to the suggestion that the chromatoid body contains a store of long-lived mRNA molecules that are activated later during spermiogenesis when transcription in the spermatid nucleus has ceased but a high level of protein synthesis still persists."}
{"id": "PMID:922882", "title": "Septate junctions in the cephalic epidermis of Turbellarians (bipalium).", "content": "In the epidermis of turbellarians septate junctions of the pleated sheet type have been demonstrated in conventional thin sections and freeze fractured preparations. The structure of these junctions entirely agrees with that found in molluscs and arthropods.", "contents": "Septate junctions in the cephalic epidermis of Turbellarians (bipalium). In the epidermis of turbellarians septate junctions of the pleated sheet type have been demonstrated in conventional thin sections and freeze fractured preparations. The structure of these junctions entirely agrees with that found in molluscs and arthropods."}
{"id": "PMID:922887", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in cell hybrids formed between teratocarcinoma and Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Viable hybrid cells have been isolated following fusion of Friend erythroleukemia cells and undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells. The hybrids formed between near-diploid parental cells resembled Friend cells in the ability to grow in suspension and to synthesize hemoglobin in the presence of the chemical inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ouabain. Erythropoietin (EPO) was effective in inducing hemoglobin synthesis in some of the hybrid cell lines. The hemoglobins synthesized by the hybrids were of the adult forms, but were quantitatively different from those hemoglobins synthesized by the parental Friend cells, suggesting that the fusion event modulated the expression of the hemoglobin chain genes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in cell hybrids formed between teratocarcinoma and Friend erythroleukemia cells. Viable hybrid cells have been isolated following fusion of Friend erythroleukemia cells and undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells. The hybrids formed between near-diploid parental cells resembled Friend cells in the ability to grow in suspension and to synthesize hemoglobin in the presence of the chemical inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ouabain. Erythropoietin (EPO) was effective in inducing hemoglobin synthesis in some of the hybrid cell lines. The hemoglobins synthesized by the hybrids were of the adult forms, but were quantitatively different from those hemoglobins synthesized by the parental Friend cells, suggesting that the fusion event modulated the expression of the hemoglobin chain genes."}
{"id": "PMID:922888", "title": "Germ line integration of moloney leukemia virus: effect of homozygosity at the m-mulV locus.", "content": "Mice genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) have been previously derived. These animals carried one copy of M-MuLV DNA in their germ line and were heterozygous for the M-MuLV locus (Jaenisch, 1976). Experiments were performed to investigate whether homozygosity at the M-MuLV locus would be compatible with normal development. Animals heterozygous for the M-MuLV locus were mated [female (+/-) X male(+/-)] and the genotype of the offspring was analyzed. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed three classes of offspring carrying two copies (++), one copy (+/-) and no (--) M-MuLV-specific DNA sequences, respectively, in their liver DNA. Genetic experiments indicated that males of the first class transmitted the virus to 100% of their offspring, males of the second class to 50% and males of the third class not at all when mated with normal females. These results demonstrated that homozygosity at the M-MuLV locus has no detectable effect on normal development of the animals and that the M-MuLV gene is transmitted from one generation to the next strictly according to Mendelian expectations. Development of M-MuLV-induced leukemia is not influenced by the genotype of these animals--that is, animals carrying two or one copies of M-MuLV in their germ line or animals congenitally infected from the mother developed disease at similar rates.", "contents": "Germ line integration of moloney leukemia virus: effect of homozygosity at the m-mulV locus. Mice genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) have been previously derived. These animals carried one copy of M-MuLV DNA in their germ line and were heterozygous for the M-MuLV locus (Jaenisch, 1976). Experiments were performed to investigate whether homozygosity at the M-MuLV locus would be compatible with normal development. Animals heterozygous for the M-MuLV locus were mated [female (+/-) X male(+/-)] and the genotype of the offspring was analyzed. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed three classes of offspring carrying two copies (++), one copy (+/-) and no (--) M-MuLV-specific DNA sequences, respectively, in their liver DNA. Genetic experiments indicated that males of the first class transmitted the virus to 100% of their offspring, males of the second class to 50% and males of the third class not at all when mated with normal females. These results demonstrated that homozygosity at the M-MuLV locus has no detectable effect on normal development of the animals and that the M-MuLV gene is transmitted from one generation to the next strictly according to Mendelian expectations. Development of M-MuLV-induced leukemia is not influenced by the genotype of these animals--that is, animals carrying two or one copies of M-MuLV in their germ line or animals congenitally infected from the mother developed disease at similar rates."}
{"id": "PMID:922890", "title": "The initiation sites for RNA transcription in Ad2 DNA.", "content": "Six restriction fragments of Ad2 DNA which contain sites for RNA initiation have been identified by their ability to hybridize nascent labeled RNA less than 1 kb in length. Four RNA initiation sites early in infection are identified in regions where previous work (Flint, 1977) had mapped mRNAs. The major late RNA initiation site is the origin of a giant nuclear transcript extending from approximately 16.3 map units to (or close to) 100 units at the end of the genome. This transcription unit encompasses at least four or five mRNA sites; processing of this long transcript appears necessary to generate the mRNA.", "contents": "The initiation sites for RNA transcription in Ad2 DNA. Six restriction fragments of Ad2 DNA which contain sites for RNA initiation have been identified by their ability to hybridize nascent labeled RNA less than 1 kb in length. Four RNA initiation sites early in infection are identified in regions where previous work (Flint, 1977) had mapped mRNAs. The major late RNA initiation site is the origin of a giant nuclear transcript extending from approximately 16.3 map units to (or close to) 100 units at the end of the genome. This transcription unit encompasses at least four or five mRNA sites; processing of this long transcript appears necessary to generate the mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:922891", "title": "The gene and messenger RNA for adenovirus polypeptide IX.", "content": "A small RNA species, distinct from the VA RNAs, has been identified in HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2. The RNA, which has been purified using a novel screening procedure, is polyadenylated, sediments at 9S and has an estimated length of 550 nucleotides. In a cell-free translation system, the 9S RNA directs the synthesis of virion polypeptide IX, molecular weight 12,000 daltons. The location of its gene has been established by hybridization of the RNA to fragments of viral DNA produced by cleavage with restriction endonucleases: it spans position 10.0 on the r strand of the viral genome. These results unexpectedly place the gene for a \"late\" protein within a region of the genome which is transcribed early during infection", "contents": "The gene and messenger RNA for adenovirus polypeptide IX. A small RNA species, distinct from the VA RNAs, has been identified in HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2. The RNA, which has been purified using a novel screening procedure, is polyadenylated, sediments at 9S and has an estimated length of 550 nucleotides. In a cell-free translation system, the 9S RNA directs the synthesis of virion polypeptide IX, molecular weight 12,000 daltons. The location of its gene has been established by hybridization of the RNA to fragments of viral DNA produced by cleavage with restriction endonucleases: it spans position 10.0 on the r strand of the viral genome. These results unexpectedly place the gene for a \"late\" protein within a region of the genome which is transcribed early during infection"}
{"id": "PMID:922971", "title": "Inhibition of colchicine binding to rat liver tubulin by aldehydes and by linoleic acid hydroperoxide.", "content": "The onset of fat accumulation within CCl4 poisoned hepatocytes, occurring as early as 1 h after treatment, is known to be provoked by a block in lipoprotein secretion. Lipoprotein secretion involves the function of the microtubular system. Several data indicate that this early block in lipoprotein secretion is not primarily the consequence of impaired protein synthesis. Therefore effects of some derivatives of lipid peroxidation, i.e. aldehydes and linoleic acid hydroperoxide were investigated. The results described in this paper shown that the above mentioned lipid peroxidation derivatives inhibit, with different activities, [3H] colchicine binding to liver high-speed supernates. Percentage binding inhibition is directly related to concentrations of aldehydes of LAHPO. LAHPO is more effective than aldehydes. Among the aldehydes tested, 4-hydroxypentenal, produced during lipid peroxidation of biological materials, was the most active. The presence of thiols, added to the incubation medium, partially protects against the inhibition of [3H] colchicine binding by aldehydes. This suggests that aldehydes act by reacting with -SH groups of tubulin. The possibility that interaction between lipoperoxidation derivatives and tubulin in vivo may contribute to the onset of fat infiltration in CCl4 poisoning is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of colchicine binding to rat liver tubulin by aldehydes and by linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The onset of fat accumulation within CCl4 poisoned hepatocytes, occurring as early as 1 h after treatment, is known to be provoked by a block in lipoprotein secretion. Lipoprotein secretion involves the function of the microtubular system. Several data indicate that this early block in lipoprotein secretion is not primarily the consequence of impaired protein synthesis. Therefore effects of some derivatives of lipid peroxidation, i.e. aldehydes and linoleic acid hydroperoxide were investigated. The results described in this paper shown that the above mentioned lipid peroxidation derivatives inhibit, with different activities, [3H] colchicine binding to liver high-speed supernates. Percentage binding inhibition is directly related to concentrations of aldehydes of LAHPO. LAHPO is more effective than aldehydes. Among the aldehydes tested, 4-hydroxypentenal, produced during lipid peroxidation of biological materials, was the most active. The presence of thiols, added to the incubation medium, partially protects against the inhibition of [3H] colchicine binding by aldehydes. This suggests that aldehydes act by reacting with -SH groups of tubulin. The possibility that interaction between lipoperoxidation derivatives and tubulin in vivo may contribute to the onset of fat infiltration in CCl4 poisoning is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:922972", "title": "Copper thionein in the kidneys of copper-poisoned sheep.", "content": "A study has been made of the distribution of copper in the kidneys of  copper-poisoned sheep, containing up to 240 microgram copper/g fresh cortex. About 64% of the copper in the cortex was present in the cytosol and 75% of this occurred in a form with molecular weight of approx. 12 000. This was partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and Bio-Gel P.10 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-25 to give three sub-fractions, which also contained zinc. The amino acid composition, copper content and chromatographic behaviour of these proteins indicated that they were copper-thioneins. No significant amounts of the proteins were detected in the plasma or erythrocytes of the copper-poisoned sheep when they were undergoing the haemolytic crisis typical of this syndrome. It is concluded that metallothionein constitutes the major copper-binding protein in the kidneys of copper-poisoned sheep. However the rapid accumulation of the protein in the kidney, and the development of kidney damage, are unlikely to have arisen from the release of the intact copper-protein from the liver and its transport via the blood to the kidneys.", "contents": "Copper thionein in the kidneys of copper-poisoned sheep. A study has been made of the distribution of copper in the kidneys of  copper-poisoned sheep, containing up to 240 microgram copper/g fresh cortex. About 64% of the copper in the cortex was present in the cytosol and 75% of this occurred in a form with molecular weight of approx. 12 000. This was partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and Bio-Gel P.10 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-25 to give three sub-fractions, which also contained zinc. The amino acid composition, copper content and chromatographic behaviour of these proteins indicated that they were copper-thioneins. No significant amounts of the proteins were detected in the plasma or erythrocytes of the copper-poisoned sheep when they were undergoing the haemolytic crisis typical of this syndrome. It is concluded that metallothionein constitutes the major copper-binding protein in the kidneys of copper-poisoned sheep. However the rapid accumulation of the protein in the kidney, and the development of kidney damage, are unlikely to have arisen from the release of the intact copper-protein from the liver and its transport via the blood to the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:922973", "title": "In vivo alkylation studies with dichlorvos at practical use concentrations.", "content": "Twenty male CFE rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0.064 microgram/l of [Me-14C] dichlorvos (113 Ci/mol) for 12 h. Analysis of the DNA and RNA from the total soft tissues of these rats revealed no methylation of the N7 atom of guanine moieties. The limits of detection of methylation were one methyl group per 6.0 X 10(11) and per 2 X 10(9) nucleotide units for DNA and RNA, respectively. Only 0.000001% of the administered dose would have needed to react with DNA in order to produce detectable methylation of this macromolecule. The exposure period employed in this study (12 h) constituted a significant fraction of the half-life of 7-methylguanine moieties in DNA (3 days). On the basis of this information and the extremely rapid metabolism of dichlorvos in a wide range of mammalian tissues and species it was concluded that dichlorvos does not methylate the nucleic acids of mammalian tissues when it is inhaled continuously at practical use concentrations.", "contents": "In vivo alkylation studies with dichlorvos at practical use concentrations. Twenty male CFE rats were exposed to atmospheres containing 0.064 microgram/l of [Me-14C] dichlorvos (113 Ci/mol) for 12 h. Analysis of the DNA and RNA from the total soft tissues of these rats revealed no methylation of the N7 atom of guanine moieties. The limits of detection of methylation were one methyl group per 6.0 X 10(11) and per 2 X 10(9) nucleotide units for DNA and RNA, respectively. Only 0.000001% of the administered dose would have needed to react with DNA in order to produce detectable methylation of this macromolecule. The exposure period employed in this study (12 h) constituted a significant fraction of the half-life of 7-methylguanine moieties in DNA (3 days). On the basis of this information and the extremely rapid metabolism of dichlorvos in a wide range of mammalian tissues and species it was concluded that dichlorvos does not methylate the nucleic acids of mammalian tissues when it is inhaled continuously at practical use concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:922974", "title": "Cytopathogenic effects of atoxyl, an ototoxic compound, on human diploid fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Atoxyl, an arsenic compound, may cause degeneration in vivo of the inner ear including cells of the stria vascularis and hair cells. The mechanism behind the cytotoxic effect is not known. The effects of atoxyl at the subcellular level were investigated in this study using human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts in monolayer cultures as an in vitro model system. Atoxyl caused a subtle but significant increase in the permeability of the fibroblast plasma membrane, as measured by release of a low molecular weight cytoplasmic marker (alpha-amino isobutyric acid). At higher concentrations or after longer incubation times, protein synthesis was impaired. This effect occurred in parallel with alterations in the cellular morphology as viewed by light microscopy. In the final stages of atoxyl intoxication the cells released also a higher molecular weight marker (nucleotide), indicating a further increased membrane permeability following the primary damage. It is concluded that atoxyl exerts a dual effect on the human fibroblasts, namely on membrane permeability and protein synthesis. Although the concentrations used were higher than those exerting the ototoxic effects in vivo, the prolonged exposure times to low concentrations obtained in whole animals may very well compensate for this fact. The effects observed in the in vitro fibroblast model system may thus be relevant to the mechanism of action of atoxyl during induction of ototoxic effects in vivo.", "contents": "Cytopathogenic effects of atoxyl, an ototoxic compound, on human diploid fibroblasts in vitro. Atoxyl, an arsenic compound, may cause degeneration in vivo of the inner ear including cells of the stria vascularis and hair cells. The mechanism behind the cytotoxic effect is not known. The effects of atoxyl at the subcellular level were investigated in this study using human diploid embryonic lung fibroblasts in monolayer cultures as an in vitro model system. Atoxyl caused a subtle but significant increase in the permeability of the fibroblast plasma membrane, as measured by release of a low molecular weight cytoplasmic marker (alpha-amino isobutyric acid). At higher concentrations or after longer incubation times, protein synthesis was impaired. This effect occurred in parallel with alterations in the cellular morphology as viewed by light microscopy. In the final stages of atoxyl intoxication the cells released also a higher molecular weight marker (nucleotide), indicating a further increased membrane permeability following the primary damage. It is concluded that atoxyl exerts a dual effect on the human fibroblasts, namely on membrane permeability and protein synthesis. Although the concentrations used were higher than those exerting the ototoxic effects in vivo, the prolonged exposure times to low concentrations obtained in whole animals may very well compensate for this fact. The effects observed in the in vitro fibroblast model system may thus be relevant to the mechanism of action of atoxyl during induction of ototoxic effects in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:922996", "title": "[Surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma in the elderly. Clinical considerations on a group of patients undergoing major surgical destruction].", "content": "A group of 24 patients in senile age was subjected to major demolition operations, for purposes of radical removal of gastric carcinoma (total gastrectomy, subtotal resection, oesophago-gastric resection). In six patients the major operation was widened by partial demolition of neighbouring organs (liver, colon, pancreas). The flattering results (both immediate and long-term) obtained from this operation and the progress reached in the knowledge and correction of the senile physiopathological alterations allow encouraging developments to be forecast for this surgery, the success of which is subject to careful tactical selections and to close multidisciplinary cooperation directed to strengthening vital reserves, assistance of main functions and prompt recognitions and treatment of any complications.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma in the elderly. Clinical considerations on a group of patients undergoing major surgical destruction]. A group of 24 patients in senile age was subjected to major demolition operations, for purposes of radical removal of gastric carcinoma (total gastrectomy, subtotal resection, oesophago-gastric resection). In six patients the major operation was widened by partial demolition of neighbouring organs (liver, colon, pancreas). The flattering results (both immediate and long-term) obtained from this operation and the progress reached in the knowledge and correction of the senile physiopathological alterations allow encouraging developments to be forecast for this surgery, the success of which is subject to careful tactical selections and to close multidisciplinary cooperation directed to strengthening vital reserves, assistance of main functions and prompt recognitions and treatment of any complications."}
{"id": "PMID:922998", "title": "[Role of the vasa vasorum in the process of remote vascularization of the Wesolowski Weavenit arterial prosthesis (experimental research)].", "content": "Experimental research was carried out for the purpose of studying the behaviour of the vasa-vasorum in a group of animals in which, by means of a Weavenit prosthesis, the section of aorta lying between the branches of the renal arteries and the trifurcation of the terminal oartic section had been substituted. From the results of the research the Authors conclude by asserting that above all the technique they used allowed excellent visualisation of the vasa-vasorum, as shown both by the histological preparation coloured with haematoxylin-eosin and by the preparations carried out under the stereomicroscope. Furthermore, in the microscopic observations there is the indisputable presence of vessels of varying calibre which, from the neo-adventitia through the meshes of the prosthesis, are carried to the level of the neointima, confirming that the vasa-vasorum constitute the most important reactive phenomenon for purposes of vascularisation of the prosthesis.", "contents": "[Role of the vasa vasorum in the process of remote vascularization of the Wesolowski Weavenit arterial prosthesis (experimental research)]. Experimental research was carried out for the purpose of studying the behaviour of the vasa-vasorum in a group of animals in which, by means of a Weavenit prosthesis, the section of aorta lying between the branches of the renal arteries and the trifurcation of the terminal oartic section had been substituted. From the results of the research the Authors conclude by asserting that above all the technique they used allowed excellent visualisation of the vasa-vasorum, as shown both by the histological preparation coloured with haematoxylin-eosin and by the preparations carried out under the stereomicroscope. Furthermore, in the microscopic observations there is the indisputable presence of vessels of varying calibre which, from the neo-adventitia through the meshes of the prosthesis, are carried to the level of the neointima, confirming that the vasa-vasorum constitute the most important reactive phenomenon for purposes of vascularisation of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:922999", "title": "[Use of mannitol and propranolol in the treatment of experimental acute renal failure (histomorphological study)].", "content": "Experimental research was carried out in order to ascertain whether administration of drugs capable of acting on the renal circulation, such as mannitol and propanol, in addition to improving the renal function, also have a protective effect on the histomorphological alterations induced by the acute renal ischemia. On the basis of the results of the research the Authors conclude by asserting that the combined use of mannitol and propanol has a real protective effect in preventing or attenuating lesions of the kidney caused by serious acute renal failure.", "contents": "[Use of mannitol and propranolol in the treatment of experimental acute renal failure (histomorphological study)]. Experimental research was carried out in order to ascertain whether administration of drugs capable of acting on the renal circulation, such as mannitol and propanol, in addition to improving the renal function, also have a protective effect on the histomorphological alterations induced by the acute renal ischemia. On the basis of the results of the research the Authors conclude by asserting that the combined use of mannitol and propanol has a real protective effect in preventing or attenuating lesions of the kidney caused by serious acute renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:923001", "title": "[Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus].", "content": "The authors describe the anatomo-clinical characteristics of a case of leiomyosarcoma of the oesophagus which came under their observation, emphasizing its rarity: 39 cases in the literature examined. They then discuss the numerous problems that this neoplasia involves, especially diagnostic differentiation from other sarcomas and the pseudo-sarcomatous reaction of the stroma during the course of carcinomas. Lastly they divide leiomyosarcoma of the oesophagus into polypoid forms and infiltrating forms, owing to the different therapeutic and prognostic implications that such distinction implies.", "contents": "[Leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus]. The authors describe the anatomo-clinical characteristics of a case of leiomyosarcoma of the oesophagus which came under their observation, emphasizing its rarity: 39 cases in the literature examined. They then discuss the numerous problems that this neoplasia involves, especially diagnostic differentiation from other sarcomas and the pseudo-sarcomatous reaction of the stroma during the course of carcinomas. Lastly they divide leiomyosarcoma of the oesophagus into polypoid forms and infiltrating forms, owing to the different therapeutic and prognostic implications that such distinction implies."}
{"id": "PMID:923002", "title": "[Value of transduodenoscopic wirsungography in the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocysts].", "content": "The radiographic pictures obtained by endoscopic wirsungraphy in a group of 24 patients suffering from pancreatic pseudocysts and subsequently examined intraoperatively by wirsungraphy and cystography are analysed and commented. Pre-operative endoscopic visualisation of the lesion was obtained in 70% of the cases. In 55% of the cases there were co-existing alterations of calibre and trend of the main pancreatic duct, chiefly attributable to chronic basic pancreatitis and to a very small extent to the pseudocystic lesion. The following are discussed: a) the diagnostic value of the endoscopic procedure, which reaches absolute values in the direct visualisation of the sac, with a power of resolution that is difficult to reach with other methods; b) the probable prognostic significance with reference to the not absolutely precluded possibilities of spontaneous regression; c) the notable usefulness of the procedure, combined with intra-operative wirsungraphy and cystography, for anatomo-topographical definition of the lesion and its relations with the ductal system, indispensable for a correct formulation of the surgical tactic.", "contents": "[Value of transduodenoscopic wirsungography in the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocysts]. The radiographic pictures obtained by endoscopic wirsungraphy in a group of 24 patients suffering from pancreatic pseudocysts and subsequently examined intraoperatively by wirsungraphy and cystography are analysed and commented. Pre-operative endoscopic visualisation of the lesion was obtained in 70% of the cases. In 55% of the cases there were co-existing alterations of calibre and trend of the main pancreatic duct, chiefly attributable to chronic basic pancreatitis and to a very small extent to the pseudocystic lesion. The following are discussed: a) the diagnostic value of the endoscopic procedure, which reaches absolute values in the direct visualisation of the sac, with a power of resolution that is difficult to reach with other methods; b) the probable prognostic significance with reference to the not absolutely precluded possibilities of spontaneous regression; c) the notable usefulness of the procedure, combined with intra-operative wirsungraphy and cystography, for anatomo-topographical definition of the lesion and its relations with the ductal system, indispensable for a correct formulation of the surgical tactic."}
{"id": "PMID:923003", "title": "[The post-cholecystectomy cystic-stump syndrome].", "content": "A study was made of five patients, all of female sex, suffering from cystic stump syndrome, occurring among a total of 726 operations on the biliary ducts performed from January 1959 to June 1975, and hence with the incidence of 0.7%. The diseases which brought the patients to the operating table consisted of two cases of long cystic stump, two cases of neuroma of the cystic stump, and one case of asymptomatic long cystic stump with the presence of a serous cyst of the head of the pancreas. The surgical operation always consisted in the removal of the long cystic stump or the neuroma and led to the patient's cure in each case. It is asserted that the cystic stump syndrome must be considered as a nosological entity in itself, affecting patients operated on the bile ducts with a by no means negligible frequency. After considering the various pathogenetic hypotheses covering this syndrome, the Authors finally conclude by reiterating the necessity of careful isolation of the cystic duct during a cholecystectomy operation and of its resection very close to the hepatocholedochus, and then to carry out reliable and effective prophylaxis of the often considerable disturbances which may threaten the results of the operation. Once the syndrome has established itself, however, removal of the cystic stump becomes essential to cure of these patients.", "contents": "[The post-cholecystectomy cystic-stump syndrome]. A study was made of five patients, all of female sex, suffering from cystic stump syndrome, occurring among a total of 726 operations on the biliary ducts performed from January 1959 to June 1975, and hence with the incidence of 0.7%. The diseases which brought the patients to the operating table consisted of two cases of long cystic stump, two cases of neuroma of the cystic stump, and one case of asymptomatic long cystic stump with the presence of a serous cyst of the head of the pancreas. The surgical operation always consisted in the removal of the long cystic stump or the neuroma and led to the patient's cure in each case. It is asserted that the cystic stump syndrome must be considered as a nosological entity in itself, affecting patients operated on the bile ducts with a by no means negligible frequency. After considering the various pathogenetic hypotheses covering this syndrome, the Authors finally conclude by reiterating the necessity of careful isolation of the cystic duct during a cholecystectomy operation and of its resection very close to the hepatocholedochus, and then to carry out reliable and effective prophylaxis of the often considerable disturbances which may threaten the results of the operation. Once the syndrome has established itself, however, removal of the cystic stump becomes essential to cure of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923004", "title": "[Pathology of Meckel's diverticulum. Apropos of a case. Notes on surgical anatomy and surgical technic].", "content": "Remembering an observed case of intestinal invagination from Meckel's diverticle the A. describe the most important anatomical and anatomo-surgical characteristics of the diverticle of Meckel, laying particular stress on the variation in form; position and size with reference to the part they have in surgical operations. The operation tecnique of transportation of the diverticle in its various pathologic cases is also a point treated in this work; the principle methods of ablation are brought up to date with synthetic iconography.", "contents": "[Pathology of Meckel's diverticulum. Apropos of a case. Notes on surgical anatomy and surgical technic]. Remembering an observed case of intestinal invagination from Meckel's diverticle the A. describe the most important anatomical and anatomo-surgical characteristics of the diverticle of Meckel, laying particular stress on the variation in form; position and size with reference to the part they have in surgical operations. The operation tecnique of transportation of the diverticle in its various pathologic cases is also a point treated in this work; the principle methods of ablation are brought up to date with synthetic iconography."}
{"id": "PMID:923006", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa following hemorrhagic shock in pigs.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa of 14 piglets subjected to transient hemorrhagic shock (3 hr duration; mean arterial pressure 40 mmHg) are described. After 30 min there was mucosal edema and extravasation of red blood cells. Microthrombi with degranulating thrombocytes and fibrin strands were seen in the capillaries. These changes were also seen in the antral mucosa where no subsequent ulceration usually occurs. At this stage the cells of the neck region of the gastric glands showed mitochondrial dilatation and their apical parts were seen to bulge into the lumen of the gastric glands. Other cell types were affected later and necrosis progressed from the surface into deeper parts of the mucosa. Mast cells and mucosal endocrine cells were relatively resistant, being mostly undamaged at the end of the shock period and later. The findings suggest that, during the shock, local formation of thrombi contributes to mucosal ischemia and ulcer formation, and that the cells at the neck region of the gastric glands form the locus of limited resistance to ulcerogenic effects.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa following hemorrhagic shock in pigs. Ultrastructural changes in the gastric mucosa of 14 piglets subjected to transient hemorrhagic shock (3 hr duration; mean arterial pressure 40 mmHg) are described. After 30 min there was mucosal edema and extravasation of red blood cells. Microthrombi with degranulating thrombocytes and fibrin strands were seen in the capillaries. These changes were also seen in the antral mucosa where no subsequent ulceration usually occurs. At this stage the cells of the neck region of the gastric glands showed mitochondrial dilatation and their apical parts were seen to bulge into the lumen of the gastric glands. Other cell types were affected later and necrosis progressed from the surface into deeper parts of the mucosa. Mast cells and mucosal endocrine cells were relatively resistant, being mostly undamaged at the end of the shock period and later. The findings suggest that, during the shock, local formation of thrombi contributes to mucosal ischemia and ulcer formation, and that the cells at the neck region of the gastric glands form the locus of limited resistance to ulcerogenic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:923007", "title": "Intestinal lysosomal enzyme activity in regional simulated shock: influence of methylprednisolone and albumin.", "content": "A 2 hr-period of regional intestinal simulated shock in cats results in small intestinal mucosal lesions and a general cardiovascular derangement, probably secondary to the release of cardiotoxic material into the intestinal venous blood. These phenomenona are accompanied by release of lysosomal and cytoplasmatic enzymes from the intestinal tissue. The effects of methylprednisolone treatment and deposition of albumin in the intestinal lumen during the regional shock period were studied. Administration of methylprednisolone early and late in the regional shock period prevented mucosal lesions and cardiovascular deterioration as well as lysosomal and cytoplasmatic enzyme release. Albumin deposition in the intestinal lumen during the regional shock period prevented lysosomal enzyme release and cardiovascular derangement and to a minor extent mucosal lesions. It is suggested that release of intestinal lysosomal enzymes is of importance for development of mucosal lesions and for production of cardiotoxic material.", "contents": "Intestinal lysosomal enzyme activity in regional simulated shock: influence of methylprednisolone and albumin. A 2 hr-period of regional intestinal simulated shock in cats results in small intestinal mucosal lesions and a general cardiovascular derangement, probably secondary to the release of cardiotoxic material into the intestinal venous blood. These phenomenona are accompanied by release of lysosomal and cytoplasmatic enzymes from the intestinal tissue. The effects of methylprednisolone treatment and deposition of albumin in the intestinal lumen during the regional shock period were studied. Administration of methylprednisolone early and late in the regional shock period prevented mucosal lesions and cardiovascular deterioration as well as lysosomal and cytoplasmatic enzyme release. Albumin deposition in the intestinal lumen during the regional shock period prevented lysosomal enzyme release and cardiovascular derangement and to a minor extent mucosal lesions. It is suggested that release of intestinal lysosomal enzymes is of importance for development of mucosal lesions and for production of cardiotoxic material."}
{"id": "PMID:923008", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamics, vascular reactivity, and metabolism during canine endotoxin shock.", "content": "Cerebral hemodynamics, vascular reactivity, and metabolic alterations were studied in anesthetized, spontaneously respiring dogs for 4-6 hr of gram-negative endotoxin shock. Cerebral venous outflow (cerebral blood flow) was measured directly from the cannulated confluence of the sagittal, straight, and lateral sinuses, with the lateral sinuses occluded. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure decreased immediately upon administration of 1,2, or 5 mg/kg endotoxin and consistently remained below control values. By the fourth hour of shock, cerebral blood flow was decreased 37, 48, and 45% respectively. Cerebral vascular resistance initially decreased, then progressively increased to levels significantly above control, and it was primarily responsible for the reduced cerebral blood flow in the later stages of shock. Cerebral autoregulatory and \"venous-arteriolar\" responses were well maintained, although cerebral vascular reactivity to arterial hypercapnia was depressed. Cerebral venous blood pH and pO2 decreased, and arterial-venous differences of percentage oxygen saturation, total CO2, and HCO3 increased. These alterations in cerebral vascular hemodynamics and tissue acid-base balance indicate that cerebral ischemia and resulting acidosis occur during canine endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamics, vascular reactivity, and metabolism during canine endotoxin shock. Cerebral hemodynamics, vascular reactivity, and metabolic alterations were studied in anesthetized, spontaneously respiring dogs for 4-6 hr of gram-negative endotoxin shock. Cerebral venous outflow (cerebral blood flow) was measured directly from the cannulated confluence of the sagittal, straight, and lateral sinuses, with the lateral sinuses occluded. Cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure decreased immediately upon administration of 1,2, or 5 mg/kg endotoxin and consistently remained below control values. By the fourth hour of shock, cerebral blood flow was decreased 37, 48, and 45% respectively. Cerebral vascular resistance initially decreased, then progressively increased to levels significantly above control, and it was primarily responsible for the reduced cerebral blood flow in the later stages of shock. Cerebral autoregulatory and \"venous-arteriolar\" responses were well maintained, although cerebral vascular reactivity to arterial hypercapnia was depressed. Cerebral venous blood pH and pO2 decreased, and arterial-venous differences of percentage oxygen saturation, total CO2, and HCO3 increased. These alterations in cerebral vascular hemodynamics and tissue acid-base balance indicate that cerebral ischemia and resulting acidosis occur during canine endotoxin shock."}
{"id": "PMID:923009", "title": "Comparative splanchnic blood flow effects of various vasodilator compounds.", "content": "We examined the visceral blood flow distribution during infusion of three vasodilators at doses that produced similar depression of systemic arterial pressure. The studies were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using the radioactive microspheres technique. Minoxidil did not alter renal, total visceral, or visceral organ flow distribution with the exception of a modest increase in relative stomach blood flow. Nitroprusside increased the percentage of total visceral flow to the spleen and the hepatic artery. Dopamine increased blood flow to the stomach, intestine, and kidney. After phenoxybenzamine, the augmentation of stomach blood flow by dopamine was greatly increased, while blood flow to the splenic, pancreatic, and hepatic arteriolar vascular beds decreased. The decreases in blood flows may be due to decreased perfusion pressure in the absence of active vasodilation or to myogenic or metabolic autoregulation. Thus, at equivalent hypotensive responses, the vasodilator compounds that we studied produced markedly different patterns of visceral blood flow.", "contents": "Comparative splanchnic blood flow effects of various vasodilator compounds. We examined the visceral blood flow distribution during infusion of three vasodilators at doses that produced similar depression of systemic arterial pressure. The studies were performed in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using the radioactive microspheres technique. Minoxidil did not alter renal, total visceral, or visceral organ flow distribution with the exception of a modest increase in relative stomach blood flow. Nitroprusside increased the percentage of total visceral flow to the spleen and the hepatic artery. Dopamine increased blood flow to the stomach, intestine, and kidney. After phenoxybenzamine, the augmentation of stomach blood flow by dopamine was greatly increased, while blood flow to the splenic, pancreatic, and hepatic arteriolar vascular beds decreased. The decreases in blood flows may be due to decreased perfusion pressure in the absence of active vasodilation or to myogenic or metabolic autoregulation. Thus, at equivalent hypotensive responses, the vasodilator compounds that we studied produced markedly different patterns of visceral blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:923010", "title": "Blood flow in rats during hemorrhagic shock: differences between surviving and dying animals.", "content": "Cardiac output distribution was measured during hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock in unanaesthetized rats. In comparison to control animals, a varying degree of decreased blood flow was found in the skin, kidneys, splanchnic bed, and carcass. Bronchial and hepatic arterial blood flows were within normal limits for the entire experiment. Whereas the coronary blood flow fluctuated between values higher and lower than normal, the cerebral blood flow values were normal or decreased. When survivors were compared to dying rats, differences were foun in the early and late stages of shock. Initially, the carcass flow in survivors was higher, while the splanchnic flow was lower, than in dying rats. This redistribution of cardiac output may be responsible for an increased venous return and improved chances for survival. At the late stages of shock, survivors had significantly higher bronchial and hepatic arterial blood flow.", "contents": "Blood flow in rats during hemorrhagic shock: differences between surviving and dying animals. Cardiac output distribution was measured during hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock in unanaesthetized rats. In comparison to control animals, a varying degree of decreased blood flow was found in the skin, kidneys, splanchnic bed, and carcass. Bronchial and hepatic arterial blood flows were within normal limits for the entire experiment. Whereas the coronary blood flow fluctuated between values higher and lower than normal, the cerebral blood flow values were normal or decreased. When survivors were compared to dying rats, differences were foun in the early and late stages of shock. Initially, the carcass flow in survivors was higher, while the splanchnic flow was lower, than in dying rats. This redistribution of cardiac output may be responsible for an increased venous return and improved chances for survival. At the late stages of shock, survivors had significantly higher bronchial and hepatic arterial blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:923011", "title": "The chemical nature of a pancreatic cardiodepressant factor.", "content": "The presence of a cardiodepressant factor of pancreatic origin has been reported in the plasma of experimental animals and man in a variety of shock states. It has been suggested that the depression of developed tension of the isolated cat papillary muscle may be caused by excess NaCl in the bathing medium rather than a specific cardiodepressant peptide. Incubated pancreatic homogenate was used as a source of this factor, and after protein precipitation, ultrafiltration (10,00 and 1,000 MW), dialysis and lyophilization, the residue was applied to a Sephadex G-10 column in order to ensure the removal of all salts. The protein effluent of the Sephadex column contained all the cardiodepressant activity of the filtered, dialyzed pancreatic homogenate and none of the salt content. To further isolate this cardiodepressant factor, the active residue was applied to a cellulose column and eluted with butanol: glacial acetic acid: water (25:26 v/v/v). This elution gave 8 distinct peptide peaks, one of which, peak 4, contained significant depressant activity. Thus, a cardiodepressant peptide of approximately 250-1,000 MW exists in pancreatic homogenates and this compound is not excess NaCl in the assay system.", "contents": "The chemical nature of a pancreatic cardiodepressant factor. The presence of a cardiodepressant factor of pancreatic origin has been reported in the plasma of experimental animals and man in a variety of shock states. It has been suggested that the depression of developed tension of the isolated cat papillary muscle may be caused by excess NaCl in the bathing medium rather than a specific cardiodepressant peptide. Incubated pancreatic homogenate was used as a source of this factor, and after protein precipitation, ultrafiltration (10,00 and 1,000 MW), dialysis and lyophilization, the residue was applied to a Sephadex G-10 column in order to ensure the removal of all salts. The protein effluent of the Sephadex column contained all the cardiodepressant activity of the filtered, dialyzed pancreatic homogenate and none of the salt content. To further isolate this cardiodepressant factor, the active residue was applied to a cellulose column and eluted with butanol: glacial acetic acid: water (25:26 v/v/v). This elution gave 8 distinct peptide peaks, one of which, peak 4, contained significant depressant activity. Thus, a cardiodepressant peptide of approximately 250-1,000 MW exists in pancreatic homogenates and this compound is not excess NaCl in the assay system."}
{"id": "PMID:923012", "title": "Effects of ganglionic blockade upon the renal and cardiovascular dysfunction induced by thermal injury.", "content": "Studies to test the effects of partial ganglionic blockade on renal and cardiovascular function were carried out in 16 mongrel dogs that under chloralose anesthesia had been subjected to full thickness flame burns to approximately 25% of their body surface. All animals received intravenous fluid replacement according to the same resuscitation formula we use in burned children. Half of the animals received 0.3 mg/kg of chlorisondamine hydrochloride 40 minutes after the burn; the remaining 8 dogs received only the vehicle. Among the variables monitored before burning and before and after blockade were glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, water and osmolar clearance, sodium and potassium excretion, cardiac output, mean arterial, right atrial, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, peak dP/dt/P, blood pH, and blood gases. Analysis of the data has revealed that pharmacologic blockade of the sympathetic system during the immediate postburn period results in a marked improvement in cardiac output and moderate improvement in kidney function.", "contents": "Effects of ganglionic blockade upon the renal and cardiovascular dysfunction induced by thermal injury. Studies to test the effects of partial ganglionic blockade on renal and cardiovascular function were carried out in 16 mongrel dogs that under chloralose anesthesia had been subjected to full thickness flame burns to approximately 25% of their body surface. All animals received intravenous fluid replacement according to the same resuscitation formula we use in burned children. Half of the animals received 0.3 mg/kg of chlorisondamine hydrochloride 40 minutes after the burn; the remaining 8 dogs received only the vehicle. Among the variables monitored before burning and before and after blockade were glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, water and osmolar clearance, sodium and potassium excretion, cardiac output, mean arterial, right atrial, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure, peripheral resistance, peak dP/dt/P, blood pH, and blood gases. Analysis of the data has revealed that pharmacologic blockade of the sympathetic system during the immediate postburn period results in a marked improvement in cardiac output and moderate improvement in kidney function."}
{"id": "PMID:923013", "title": "Skeletal muscle pH, CO2, and electrolyte balance during hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Previous reports have indicated a significant degree of hindlimb skeletal muscle vasodilation coincident with the decompensatory phase of shock induced by prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension. The first objective of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between this apparent vascular decompensation and the arterial and venous skeletal muscle PO2, PCO2, VO2, VCO2, pH, Na+ and K+. The second objective was to examine the possibility that a stable blood-borne, remotely or locally released, vasodilator substance caused the vascular decompensation. Anesthetized dogs were bled in 5 ml/kg steps into a suspended reservoir until mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 35-40 mm Hg; this pressure was maintained until signs of decompensation were apparent. The blood remaining in the reservoir was returned and the animals were followed until MAP fell below 50 mm Hg. MAP, central venous pressure (CVP), lead II of ECG, heart rate (HR), and skeletal muscle venous flow were monitored and correlated with arterial and venous CO2, O2, and electrolytes. The results suggest that the skeletal muscle vascular decompensation was not caused by a stable blood-borne substance but may at least in part be due to the increased H+ and K+ in skeletal muscle blood and to mild skeletal muscle hypoxia.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle pH, CO2, and electrolyte balance during hemorrhagic shock. Previous reports have indicated a significant degree of hindlimb skeletal muscle vasodilation coincident with the decompensatory phase of shock induced by prolonged hemorrhagic hypotension. The first objective of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between this apparent vascular decompensation and the arterial and venous skeletal muscle PO2, PCO2, VO2, VCO2, pH, Na+ and K+. The second objective was to examine the possibility that a stable blood-borne, remotely or locally released, vasodilator substance caused the vascular decompensation. Anesthetized dogs were bled in 5 ml/kg steps into a suspended reservoir until mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 35-40 mm Hg; this pressure was maintained until signs of decompensation were apparent. The blood remaining in the reservoir was returned and the animals were followed until MAP fell below 50 mm Hg. MAP, central venous pressure (CVP), lead II of ECG, heart rate (HR), and skeletal muscle venous flow were monitored and correlated with arterial and venous CO2, O2, and electrolytes. The results suggest that the skeletal muscle vascular decompensation was not caused by a stable blood-borne substance but may at least in part be due to the increased H+ and K+ in skeletal muscle blood and to mild skeletal muscle hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:923014", "title": "Histamine biosynthesis in shock.", "content": "The histidine decarboxylase activity of the lung and spleen was determined in rats made resistant to trauma either by prior sublethal exposure or by injection of extracts prepared from the spleens and plasma of trauma-resistant rats. The data describe the posttraumatic period in the normal animal as being associated with an increased histidine decarboxylase activity. In trauma-resistant animals, changes in the enzyme activity were prevented in the lung and were less pronounced in the spleen. The administration of extracts from trauma-resistant rats was similarly effective in impeding the changes in enzyme induction following trauma. It is suggested that an active humoral factor previously shown to be elaborated during conditioning and associated with the RES may act by inhibiting the activation of histidine decarboxylase.", "contents": "Histamine biosynthesis in shock. The histidine decarboxylase activity of the lung and spleen was determined in rats made resistant to trauma either by prior sublethal exposure or by injection of extracts prepared from the spleens and plasma of trauma-resistant rats. The data describe the posttraumatic period in the normal animal as being associated with an increased histidine decarboxylase activity. In trauma-resistant animals, changes in the enzyme activity were prevented in the lung and were less pronounced in the spleen. The administration of extracts from trauma-resistant rats was similarly effective in impeding the changes in enzyme induction following trauma. It is suggested that an active humoral factor previously shown to be elaborated during conditioning and associated with the RES may act by inhibiting the activation of histidine decarboxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:923015", "title": "The effects of reserpine on myocardial lesions in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Anesthetized dogs were subjected to severe hemorrhagic hypotension, with blood pressure maintained at 35 mm Hg for 30 or 90 minutes. In these dogs myocardial zonal lesions were present and subendocardial hemorrhage and necrosis resulted. In two other groups of dogs, similarly subjected to hemorrhage but previously depleted of catecholamines by a 3-day regime of reserpine treatment, there was a markedly lower or no incidence of myocardia lesions.", "contents": "The effects of reserpine on myocardial lesions in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Anesthetized dogs were subjected to severe hemorrhagic hypotension, with blood pressure maintained at 35 mm Hg for 30 or 90 minutes. In these dogs myocardial zonal lesions were present and subendocardial hemorrhage and necrosis resulted. In two other groups of dogs, similarly subjected to hemorrhage but previously depleted of catecholamines by a 3-day regime of reserpine treatment, there was a markedly lower or no incidence of myocardia lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:923016", "title": "Effects of dopamine on endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock in the canine stomach.", "content": "Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of dopamine on gastric electrophysiopathology in endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock. Intraarterial infusion of dopamine (15.5 or 31 microgram/kg/min) in the in vivo stomach preparation produced an immediate decrease in electrical potential difference (PD), which then returned and exceeded control values. No changes in resistance (R) and blood pressure were observed. These electrophysiological responses of the gastric mucosa to dopamine are very similar to the actions of epinephrine. The in vitro studies demonstrated that active transport of Na+ was stimulated with an addition of dopamine or epinephrine (2 X 10(-4) M) to the serosal solutions of the isolated gastric mucosa. In addition, the in vivo studies demonstrated that both 40% hemorrhage and 1 mg/kg of endotoxin given as an intravenous bolus decreased PD and blood pressure and increased R although dopamine was continuously infused intraarterially for 60 minutes prior to and following hemorrhage or endotoxin. Administration of endotoxin at the onset of dopamine infusion decreased both blood pressure and PD initially. While PD showed a complete recovery at a later stage, blood pressure never returned to control levels. These results, combined with previous observations, suggest that: 1) dopamine has no beneficial action on the gastric mucosa during hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock; 2) dopamine acts on the electrophysiology in vivo and Na+ fluxes in vitro in the gastric mucosa in a manner similar to epinephrine; and 3) decrease in blood flow may be responsible for the observed decrease in transmural PD after dopamine and epinephrine in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of dopamine on endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock in the canine stomach. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of dopamine on gastric electrophysiopathology in endotoxin and hemorrhagic shock. Intraarterial infusion of dopamine (15.5 or 31 microgram/kg/min) in the in vivo stomach preparation produced an immediate decrease in electrical potential difference (PD), which then returned and exceeded control values. No changes in resistance (R) and blood pressure were observed. These electrophysiological responses of the gastric mucosa to dopamine are very similar to the actions of epinephrine. The in vitro studies demonstrated that active transport of Na+ was stimulated with an addition of dopamine or epinephrine (2 X 10(-4) M) to the serosal solutions of the isolated gastric mucosa. In addition, the in vivo studies demonstrated that both 40% hemorrhage and 1 mg/kg of endotoxin given as an intravenous bolus decreased PD and blood pressure and increased R although dopamine was continuously infused intraarterially for 60 minutes prior to and following hemorrhage or endotoxin. Administration of endotoxin at the onset of dopamine infusion decreased both blood pressure and PD initially. While PD showed a complete recovery at a later stage, blood pressure never returned to control levels. These results, combined with previous observations, suggest that: 1) dopamine has no beneficial action on the gastric mucosa during hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock; 2) dopamine acts on the electrophysiology in vivo and Na+ fluxes in vitro in the gastric mucosa in a manner similar to epinephrine; and 3) decrease in blood flow may be responsible for the observed decrease in transmural PD after dopamine and epinephrine in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:923017", "title": "Platelets, fibrinogen, and pulmonary haemodynamics in early experimental septic shock.", "content": "The relationship between platelet trapping, fibrinogen, and pulmonary haemodynamics after iv injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria into dogs were studied. Platelets were labeled with 51Cr and fibrinogen with 125I. The number of circulating platelets and white cells decreased abruptly within 2 minutes after injection, remained low at 5 minutes, and thereafter slowly increased. At the same time there was a transient increase of 51Cr activity in the lung occurring simultaneously with a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary artery pressure remained constant during the first phase of the experiment and thereafter decreased. There were no signs of 125I-fibrinogen accumulation in the lungs during the 2 hours of the experiment. The results indicate that trapping of platelets and eventually leucocytes in the lungs are closely related to the initial pulmonary haemodynamic changes after injection of disintegrated bacteria, possibly both by release of vasoactive substances and mechanical blocking. This microembolism in the pulmonary microcirculation might be of importance for the development of the shock lung syndrome.", "contents": "Platelets, fibrinogen, and pulmonary haemodynamics in early experimental septic shock. The relationship between platelet trapping, fibrinogen, and pulmonary haemodynamics after iv injection of disintegrated Pseudomonas bacteria into dogs were studied. Platelets were labeled with 51Cr and fibrinogen with 125I. The number of circulating platelets and white cells decreased abruptly within 2 minutes after injection, remained low at 5 minutes, and thereafter slowly increased. At the same time there was a transient increase of 51Cr activity in the lung occurring simultaneously with a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Pulmonary artery pressure remained constant during the first phase of the experiment and thereafter decreased. There were no signs of 125I-fibrinogen accumulation in the lungs during the 2 hours of the experiment. The results indicate that trapping of platelets and eventually leucocytes in the lungs are closely related to the initial pulmonary haemodynamic changes after injection of disintegrated bacteria, possibly both by release of vasoactive substances and mechanical blocking. This microembolism in the pulmonary microcirculation might be of importance for the development of the shock lung syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:923019", "title": "Favorable influence of dopamine on left ventricular performance in patients refractory to discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Of 410 consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, 13 (3.2%) required pressor and inotropic support beyond volume replacement with whole blood and administration of CaCl2 to discontinue bypass. In 4 patients, isoproterenol was ineffective in maintaining cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure. In 12 patients addition and/or substitution of dopamine permitted discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. In 7 patients who had serial hemodynamic measurements, mean systemic arterial pressure increased by 26%; cardiac index increased by 36%; stroke volume increased by 31%; and stroke work index increased by 83% (all p less than 0.005). There were no significant changes in central venous and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, heart rate, or pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistances. Eleven of the 13 patients survived. We conclude that dopamine is an effective pressor and inotropic agent in the management of left ventricular dysfunction immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Favorable influence of dopamine on left ventricular performance in patients refractory to discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Of 410 consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, 13 (3.2%) required pressor and inotropic support beyond volume replacement with whole blood and administration of CaCl2 to discontinue bypass. In 4 patients, isoproterenol was ineffective in maintaining cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure. In 12 patients addition and/or substitution of dopamine permitted discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. In 7 patients who had serial hemodynamic measurements, mean systemic arterial pressure increased by 26%; cardiac index increased by 36%; stroke volume increased by 31%; and stroke work index increased by 83% (all p less than 0.005). There were no significant changes in central venous and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, heart rate, or pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistances. Eleven of the 13 patients survived. We conclude that dopamine is an effective pressor and inotropic agent in the management of left ventricular dysfunction immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:923020", "title": "The role of the canine spleen in cardiovascular homeostasis during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Barbiturate anesthesia is known to increase canine splenic sequestration of red blood cells. In our laboratory, high halothane concentrations have produced a decreased arterial hematocrit in the dog. In order to assess the role of the spleen in this phenomenon, central hematocrit, plasma volume, and ventricular hemodynamics were studied at low and high halothane concentrations before and after splenectomy in the same group of dogs. Although the hematocrit difference was less after splenectomy, it was not abolished. In addition, there was more cardiovascular depression by equivalent or lower halothane doses after splenectomy. It appears that the dog has other areas of red cell sequestration than the spleen accounting for the persistently lower hematocrit with high halothane concentrations after splenectomy. The modifying effect of the canine spleen on the circulatory depression produced by halothane should be taken into account when the drug is used in the dog.", "contents": "The role of the canine spleen in cardiovascular homeostasis during halothane anesthesia. Barbiturate anesthesia is known to increase canine splenic sequestration of red blood cells. In our laboratory, high halothane concentrations have produced a decreased arterial hematocrit in the dog. In order to assess the role of the spleen in this phenomenon, central hematocrit, plasma volume, and ventricular hemodynamics were studied at low and high halothane concentrations before and after splenectomy in the same group of dogs. Although the hematocrit difference was less after splenectomy, it was not abolished. In addition, there was more cardiovascular depression by equivalent or lower halothane doses after splenectomy. It appears that the dog has other areas of red cell sequestration than the spleen accounting for the persistently lower hematocrit with high halothane concentrations after splenectomy. The modifying effect of the canine spleen on the circulatory depression produced by halothane should be taken into account when the drug is used in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:923021", "title": "Pulmonary insufficiency produced by norepinephrine: a comparison with epinephrine.", "content": "An intravenous infusion of norepinephrine, 2 microgram/kg/min, for 5 hr in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs produced a statistically significant increase in the pulmonary shunt, the cardiac output, and the mean pulmonary artery pressure, but no significant change in the pulmonary wedge pressure and the pulmonary vascular resistance except at 5 min. These hemodynamic changes are qualitatively similar to those produced by the same dose of epinephrine infused for the same time period. However, there were differences in the magnitude of the hemodynamic changes between norepinephrine and epinephrine, as might on the basis of their different pulmonary pharmacologic effects, but the changes were not statistically significant at all times, and more studies are necessary to determine if the differences are real. These studies add support to the thesis that adrenergic stimulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary insufficiency associated with shock.", "contents": "Pulmonary insufficiency produced by norepinephrine: a comparison with epinephrine. An intravenous infusion of norepinephrine, 2 microgram/kg/min, for 5 hr in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs produced a statistically significant increase in the pulmonary shunt, the cardiac output, and the mean pulmonary artery pressure, but no significant change in the pulmonary wedge pressure and the pulmonary vascular resistance except at 5 min. These hemodynamic changes are qualitatively similar to those produced by the same dose of epinephrine infused for the same time period. However, there were differences in the magnitude of the hemodynamic changes between norepinephrine and epinephrine, as might on the basis of their different pulmonary pharmacologic effects, but the changes were not statistically significant at all times, and more studies are necessary to determine if the differences are real. These studies add support to the thesis that adrenergic stimulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary insufficiency associated with shock."}
{"id": "PMID:923022", "title": "Role of colonic bacteria in the pathophysiology of fecal peritonitis.", "content": "This study was designed to clarify the role of colonic bacteria in the reactions accompanying fecal peritonitis. Rats were subjected to septic or nonseptic peritonitis induced by fresh fecal suspensions or suspensions pretreated with heat or antibiotic. Measurements during 8 hr in rats with septic peritonitis recorded bacteremia, hypoglycemia dn progressive hemoconcentration, lactacidemia, and hypocapnea. Mortality was 100% by 24 hr. Nonseptic peritonitis produced significantly lesser degrees of hemoconcentration and hypocapnea. Plasma lactate remained in control ranges while plasma glucose concentrations increased slightly. Mortality was 5% in 24 hr. Parameters in control rats were stable over 8 hr. Hepatic oxygen supply was estimated in each group by multiple platinum wire electrodes. Severe hepatic hypoxia was recorded by 6 hr in rats with septic peritonitis. By contrast, nonseptic peritonitis caused a comparatively mild degree of hypoxia. The pathophysiologic developments in septic rats appear to be largely the result of hypovolemia induced by colonic bacteria. Administration of a colloid solution was effective in preventing its development.", "contents": "Role of colonic bacteria in the pathophysiology of fecal peritonitis. This study was designed to clarify the role of colonic bacteria in the reactions accompanying fecal peritonitis. Rats were subjected to septic or nonseptic peritonitis induced by fresh fecal suspensions or suspensions pretreated with heat or antibiotic. Measurements during 8 hr in rats with septic peritonitis recorded bacteremia, hypoglycemia dn progressive hemoconcentration, lactacidemia, and hypocapnea. Mortality was 100% by 24 hr. Nonseptic peritonitis produced significantly lesser degrees of hemoconcentration and hypocapnea. Plasma lactate remained in control ranges while plasma glucose concentrations increased slightly. Mortality was 5% in 24 hr. Parameters in control rats were stable over 8 hr. Hepatic oxygen supply was estimated in each group by multiple platinum wire electrodes. Severe hepatic hypoxia was recorded by 6 hr in rats with septic peritonitis. By contrast, nonseptic peritonitis caused a comparatively mild degree of hypoxia. The pathophysiologic developments in septic rats appear to be largely the result of hypovolemia induced by colonic bacteria. Administration of a colloid solution was effective in preventing its development."}
{"id": "PMID:923023", "title": "Intravascular platelet aggregation and acute respiratory insufficiency.", "content": "Respiratory effects of long-lasting episodes of intravascular platelet aggregation have been studied in cats. Animals in 1 group had the chest opened and were given mechanical ventilation with a constant tidal volume. Animals of another group were breathing spontaneously. Platelet aggregation was induced by intravenous infusion (for 1 hr) of a suspension of collagen fibrils. Such infusions caused acute respiratory distress in both groups. Severe arterial hypoxemia and rapid breathing as well as constriction of airways and lung vessels occurred. Most of these changes were reversed within 2 hr after collagen infusion had ended. Deep lung inflations markedly improved lung function. It is concluded that an acute, but reversible pulmonary insufficiency might be caused by pulmonary microembolization due to intravascular platelet aggregation. The arterial hypoxemia is suggested to be caused by disturbances in the ventilation-perfusion ratio secondary to airway constriction and closure. The present findings also imply that besides platelet aggregation, some additional factors are necessary for irreversible or progressive respiratory insufficiency to develop.", "contents": "Intravascular platelet aggregation and acute respiratory insufficiency. Respiratory effects of long-lasting episodes of intravascular platelet aggregation have been studied in cats. Animals in 1 group had the chest opened and were given mechanical ventilation with a constant tidal volume. Animals of another group were breathing spontaneously. Platelet aggregation was induced by intravenous infusion (for 1 hr) of a suspension of collagen fibrils. Such infusions caused acute respiratory distress in both groups. Severe arterial hypoxemia and rapid breathing as well as constriction of airways and lung vessels occurred. Most of these changes were reversed within 2 hr after collagen infusion had ended. Deep lung inflations markedly improved lung function. It is concluded that an acute, but reversible pulmonary insufficiency might be caused by pulmonary microembolization due to intravascular platelet aggregation. The arterial hypoxemia is suggested to be caused by disturbances in the ventilation-perfusion ratio secondary to airway constriction and closure. The present findings also imply that besides platelet aggregation, some additional factors are necessary for irreversible or progressive respiratory insufficiency to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:923024", "title": "Multiple pathways of capillary permeability.", "content": "Morphological and physiological studies indicate multiple routes for transport across capillary endothelium. However, the identification of the morphological counterparts of specific transport processes (or the assignment of specific transport roles to morphologically identifiable pathways) has been only partly achieved: the contribution of endothelial cell membranes to transport of water and small, lipid-insoluble molecules needs to be evaluated. The identification of the \"small pore\" pathway for water and lipid-insoluble molecules with the intercellular junctions still remains questionable. The contributions to total macromolecular transport of junctions, single vesicles (pinocytosis, cytopempsis), chains of vesicles, and fenestrae are not yet known.", "contents": "Multiple pathways of capillary permeability. Morphological and physiological studies indicate multiple routes for transport across capillary endothelium. However, the identification of the morphological counterparts of specific transport processes (or the assignment of specific transport roles to morphologically identifiable pathways) has been only partly achieved: the contribution of endothelial cell membranes to transport of water and small, lipid-insoluble molecules needs to be evaluated. The identification of the \"small pore\" pathway for water and lipid-insoluble molecules with the intercellular junctions still remains questionable. The contributions to total macromolecular transport of junctions, single vesicles (pinocytosis, cytopempsis), chains of vesicles, and fenestrae are not yet known."}
{"id": "PMID:923025", "title": "Effect of digitalis on left ventricular function in exercising dogs.", "content": "The effect of ouabain on left ventricular function in nonfailing hearts was assessed in 14 chronically instrumented dogs during graded treadmill exercise. At rest, ouabain increased the maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure (dp/dtmax) and stroke volume by 38% and 16%, respectively. No change occurred in end-diastolic left ventricular diameter or peak systolic left ventricular pressure. During exercise, ouabain reduced maximum running speed and limited the increments in heart rate and systolic pressure but did not alter dp/dtmax, stroke volume, or end-diastolic diameter. When atropine and ouabain were given and severe exercise was performed, there were no differences from controls in running speed, heart rate, dp/dtmax, or other parameters. When ouabain and propranolol were given dp/dtmax increased at rest and during exercise, compared with results with propranolol alone. It is concluded that the inotropic effect of ouabain is negligible during strenuous physical activity because of the presence of high levels of sympathetic stimulation. However, during exercise in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade, increases in myocardial contractility do occur in response to ouabain.", "contents": "Effect of digitalis on left ventricular function in exercising dogs. The effect of ouabain on left ventricular function in nonfailing hearts was assessed in 14 chronically instrumented dogs during graded treadmill exercise. At rest, ouabain increased the maximum first derivative of the left ventricular pressure (dp/dtmax) and stroke volume by 38% and 16%, respectively. No change occurred in end-diastolic left ventricular diameter or peak systolic left ventricular pressure. During exercise, ouabain reduced maximum running speed and limited the increments in heart rate and systolic pressure but did not alter dp/dtmax, stroke volume, or end-diastolic diameter. When atropine and ouabain were given and severe exercise was performed, there were no differences from controls in running speed, heart rate, dp/dtmax, or other parameters. When ouabain and propranolol were given dp/dtmax increased at rest and during exercise, compared with results with propranolol alone. It is concluded that the inotropic effect of ouabain is negligible during strenuous physical activity because of the presence of high levels of sympathetic stimulation. However, during exercise in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade, increases in myocardial contractility do occur in response to ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:923029", "title": "Effects of therapy on maximal walking time following femoral ligation in the rat.", "content": "Maximal walking times at a constant rate of 10 m/min were compared in normal rats, normal rats that had been exercised daily for 6 weeks, and rats that had undergone bilateral femoral artery ligation followed by 6 weeks of either an oral vasodilator, absence of sympathetic impulses to the extremities, cold exposure, or daily exercise. Rats maintained on the vasodilator could walk no farther than untreated, ligated rats. Both chronic cold exposure and sympathectomy significantly increased maximal walking distances of ligated rats and daily exercise increased maximal walking distances 7-fold. Rats that had received 6 weeks of exercise training following femoral artery ligation could walk longer than normal untrained rats; therefore, the increased exercise tolerance could not be explained solely by the restoration of normal large artery conductance by enlargement of collaterals bypassing the femoral occlusion.", "contents": "Effects of therapy on maximal walking time following femoral ligation in the rat. Maximal walking times at a constant rate of 10 m/min were compared in normal rats, normal rats that had been exercised daily for 6 weeks, and rats that had undergone bilateral femoral artery ligation followed by 6 weeks of either an oral vasodilator, absence of sympathetic impulses to the extremities, cold exposure, or daily exercise. Rats maintained on the vasodilator could walk no farther than untreated, ligated rats. Both chronic cold exposure and sympathectomy significantly increased maximal walking distances of ligated rats and daily exercise increased maximal walking distances 7-fold. Rats that had received 6 weeks of exercise training following femoral artery ligation could walk longer than normal untrained rats; therefore, the increased exercise tolerance could not be explained solely by the restoration of normal large artery conductance by enlargement of collaterals bypassing the femoral occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:923030", "title": "Effects of acute, passive hepatic congestion on blood flow and oxygen uptake in the intact liver of the cat.", "content": "Raising the hepatic venous pressure experimentally duplicates the type of hepatic congestion seen in many clinical situations including congestive heart failure. Venous pressure was controlled using a hepatic venous long circuit preparation and was raised by 6 cm blood (4.7 mm Hg) or 10 cm (7.8 mm Hg). Total splanchnic blood flow and oxygen uptake were reduced by these maneuvers but hepatic arterial flow was not altered nor was hepatic oxygen uptake. Blood flow in the portal vein decreased to 65 +/- 12% of control and gut oxygen uptake decreased to 60 +/- 14% of control. The data confirm that raised hepatic venous pressure does not produce hepatic edema in spite of massive prolonged fluid filtration across the liver into the peritoneum. In spite of a reduced (to 84 +/- 3% of control) hepatic oxygen delivery, the liver can maintain oxygen uptake (99 +/- 7% of control) by increasing oxygen extraction to appropriate levels. The hepatic artery in these cats were capable of myogenic vasoconstriction in response to altered arterial pressure, but in response to raised venous pressure no tendency for constriction was seen. This is in marked contrast to the vasoconstriction seen in isolated perfused livers where portal blood flow is held constant during the raised venous pressure.", "contents": "Effects of acute, passive hepatic congestion on blood flow and oxygen uptake in the intact liver of the cat. Raising the hepatic venous pressure experimentally duplicates the type of hepatic congestion seen in many clinical situations including congestive heart failure. Venous pressure was controlled using a hepatic venous long circuit preparation and was raised by 6 cm blood (4.7 mm Hg) or 10 cm (7.8 mm Hg). Total splanchnic blood flow and oxygen uptake were reduced by these maneuvers but hepatic arterial flow was not altered nor was hepatic oxygen uptake. Blood flow in the portal vein decreased to 65 +/- 12% of control and gut oxygen uptake decreased to 60 +/- 14% of control. The data confirm that raised hepatic venous pressure does not produce hepatic edema in spite of massive prolonged fluid filtration across the liver into the peritoneum. In spite of a reduced (to 84 +/- 3% of control) hepatic oxygen delivery, the liver can maintain oxygen uptake (99 +/- 7% of control) by increasing oxygen extraction to appropriate levels. The hepatic artery in these cats were capable of myogenic vasoconstriction in response to altered arterial pressure, but in response to raised venous pressure no tendency for constriction was seen. This is in marked contrast to the vasoconstriction seen in isolated perfused livers where portal blood flow is held constant during the raised venous pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:923031", "title": "Diffusion permeability of an isolated rete mirabile.", "content": "The rete mirabile of the swimbladder of the eeel is a countercurrent exchange organ composed of alternately disposed and venous capillaries. A countercurrent perfusion of these was set up by isolating arterial input and outflow, and venous input and outflow, and perfusing each set of capillaries with oxygenated albumin-containing Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Constant arterial infusions containing tracer albumin, inulin, 3-O-methylglucose, urea, and water were begun and tracer concentrations at the outlets of arterial and venous beds were determined. Capillary permeabilities were determined from the resulting steady state values. The method of calculation of permeability values from the data acquired in the rete involves no approximations and appears to yield unequivocal values. For the solutes, the values appear compatible with transcapillary passage by free diffusion. No evidence of increasing restriction (in comparison to the diffuse coefficients) was found over the range of molecular sizes explored. The permeability for labeled water, in relation to the solutes, was too high, and this augmentation was attributed to the larger surface available for its exchange. Despite this larger value, labeled water did not undergo flow-limited exchange. A significant barrier to its distribution is present in this capillary system.", "contents": "Diffusion permeability of an isolated rete mirabile. The rete mirabile of the swimbladder of the eeel is a countercurrent exchange organ composed of alternately disposed and venous capillaries. A countercurrent perfusion of these was set up by isolating arterial input and outflow, and venous input and outflow, and perfusing each set of capillaries with oxygenated albumin-containing Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. Constant arterial infusions containing tracer albumin, inulin, 3-O-methylglucose, urea, and water were begun and tracer concentrations at the outlets of arterial and venous beds were determined. Capillary permeabilities were determined from the resulting steady state values. The method of calculation of permeability values from the data acquired in the rete involves no approximations and appears to yield unequivocal values. For the solutes, the values appear compatible with transcapillary passage by free diffusion. No evidence of increasing restriction (in comparison to the diffuse coefficients) was found over the range of molecular sizes explored. The permeability for labeled water, in relation to the solutes, was too high, and this augmentation was attributed to the larger surface available for its exchange. Despite this larger value, labeled water did not undergo flow-limited exchange. A significant barrier to its distribution is present in this capillary system."}
{"id": "PMID:923037", "title": "Lack of correlation of plasma norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.", "content": "Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine (NE) have been determined in over 350 plasma samples from 174 subjects while resting supine (basal sample), standing, or exercising. Although increments in both NE and DBH were found with postural change, the further increase in plasma levels of NE during exertion was not attended by any change in levels of DBH. There was no significant correlation between basal levels of DBH and NE nor was there any correlation in their increments after standing or exercising. DBH activity in plasma of subjects with moderate essential hypertension was not different from that of normotensive subjects. It is concluded that plasma DBH is a poor index of acute sympathetic neuronal activity.", "contents": "Lack of correlation of plasma norepinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine (NE) have been determined in over 350 plasma samples from 174 subjects while resting supine (basal sample), standing, or exercising. Although increments in both NE and DBH were found with postural change, the further increase in plasma levels of NE during exertion was not attended by any change in levels of DBH. There was no significant correlation between basal levels of DBH and NE nor was there any correlation in their increments after standing or exercising. DBH activity in plasma of subjects with moderate essential hypertension was not different from that of normotensive subjects. It is concluded that plasma DBH is a poor index of acute sympathetic neuronal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:923038", "title": "The effect of mannitol following permanent coronary occlusion.", "content": "Quantitative comparisons of infarcts 24 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) via thoracotomy were made in 13 control and 13 dogs treated with i.v. 25% mannitol, 2 ml/min for 4 hours following occlusion. Mannitol increased serum osmolarity by 44+/-4 mOsm/L (mean +/- 1 SE) with hemodynamic effects limited to a small increase in left ventricular dP/dt. Nonperfusible tissue measured by planimetry at 24 hours was similar in both groups (46+/-4% of area defined with dye injected into the distal LAD for control versus 48+/-5% for mannitol treated dogs, P = NS). Creatine phosphokinase activity in infarcted tissues was also similar in both groups. Myocardial blood flows measured with radioactive microspheres were also similar in both groups. Collateral conductance calcultaed from retrograde flow and aortic pressure increased with the 24 hour period by 146+/-23% in the control dogs; in the mannitol treated dogs, collateral increased only 38+/-14% (P less than 0.001). Thus mannitol had no effect on ultimate infarct size. Moreover, mannitol appeared to hinder the development of collateral vessels.", "contents": "The effect of mannitol following permanent coronary occlusion. Quantitative comparisons of infarcts 24 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) via thoracotomy were made in 13 control and 13 dogs treated with i.v. 25% mannitol, 2 ml/min for 4 hours following occlusion. Mannitol increased serum osmolarity by 44+/-4 mOsm/L (mean +/- 1 SE) with hemodynamic effects limited to a small increase in left ventricular dP/dt. Nonperfusible tissue measured by planimetry at 24 hours was similar in both groups (46+/-4% of area defined with dye injected into the distal LAD for control versus 48+/-5% for mannitol treated dogs, P = NS). Creatine phosphokinase activity in infarcted tissues was also similar in both groups. Myocardial blood flows measured with radioactive microspheres were also similar in both groups. Collateral conductance calcultaed from retrograde flow and aortic pressure increased with the 24 hour period by 146+/-23% in the control dogs; in the mannitol treated dogs, collateral increased only 38+/-14% (P less than 0.001). Thus mannitol had no effect on ultimate infarct size. Moreover, mannitol appeared to hinder the development of collateral vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:923040", "title": "Analysis of left ventricular function from multiple gated acquisition cardiac blood pool imaging. Comparison to contrast angiography.", "content": "Global ventricular function was evaluated by both multiple gated cardiac blood pool scans (MUGA) and contrast ventriculograms in a group of 17 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The contrast ventriculograms were analyzed frame by frame to generate a volume versus time curve for each patient, while the tracer data were analyzed by two methods: 1) the standard method, in which the left ventricle is identified on the end-diastolic frame and the background corrected activity under the region of interest obtained from the entire cardiac cycle, and displayed as a time versus activity curve; and 2) by a semi-automatic method in which the computer applies a threshold detection program to define the ventricular borders, and activity in the chamber at each point in the cardiac cycle is defined after background correction. The tracer data in each patient were analyzed independently by four observers. The tracer data correlated with the contrast data on a point by point basis r = 0.87 for the standard method, and 0.93 for the semi-automatic technique. An F test of variance revealed the semi-automatic method superior to the standard approach (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Analysis of left ventricular function from multiple gated acquisition cardiac blood pool imaging. Comparison to contrast angiography. Global ventricular function was evaluated by both multiple gated cardiac blood pool scans (MUGA) and contrast ventriculograms in a group of 17 patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The contrast ventriculograms were analyzed frame by frame to generate a volume versus time curve for each patient, while the tracer data were analyzed by two methods: 1) the standard method, in which the left ventricle is identified on the end-diastolic frame and the background corrected activity under the region of interest obtained from the entire cardiac cycle, and displayed as a time versus activity curve; and 2) by a semi-automatic method in which the computer applies a threshold detection program to define the ventricular borders, and activity in the chamber at each point in the cardiac cycle is defined after background correction. The tracer data in each patient were analyzed independently by four observers. The tracer data correlated with the contrast data on a point by point basis r = 0.87 for the standard method, and 0.93 for the semi-automatic technique. An F test of variance revealed the semi-automatic method superior to the standard approach (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:923041", "title": "Effect of methylprednisolone upon technetium-99m pyrophosphate assessment myocardial necrosis in the canine countershock model.", "content": "Repeat DC countershock reproducibly results in myocardial necrosis in dogs. In this model, myocardial technetium-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) uptake correlates linearly with tissue creatine kinase depletion (r = -0.83). The effect of pretreatment with methylprednisolone (MP) was studied with PYP in 25 dogs. In myocardium damaged by countershock, 12 MP dogs had higher tissue radioactivity sample:normal (S:N) ratios than control (P less than 0.05), suggesting increased tissue injury. However, by several other measures of tissue damage, the two groups did not differ. MP-elevated PYP S:N ratios were explained by reduced PYP activity in normal myocardium of MP dogs. Further experiments in 21 dogs revealed that renal PYP clearance, which correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured by creatinine clearance, was increased in Mp dogs, resulting in accelerated urinary excretion of PYP (46.9+/-3.6 vs 35.8+/-2.4 percent injected dose in one hour, P less than 0.01), and reduced blood PYP. Thus MP does not modify countershock-induced myocardial injury. However, by increasing GFR, MP increased PYP excretion, resulting in lowered blood and normal zone myocardial PYP, thereby spuriously affecting myocardial PYP tissue uptake data.", "contents": "Effect of methylprednisolone upon technetium-99m pyrophosphate assessment myocardial necrosis in the canine countershock model. Repeat DC countershock reproducibly results in myocardial necrosis in dogs. In this model, myocardial technetium-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) uptake correlates linearly with tissue creatine kinase depletion (r = -0.83). The effect of pretreatment with methylprednisolone (MP) was studied with PYP in 25 dogs. In myocardium damaged by countershock, 12 MP dogs had higher tissue radioactivity sample:normal (S:N) ratios than control (P less than 0.05), suggesting increased tissue injury. However, by several other measures of tissue damage, the two groups did not differ. MP-elevated PYP S:N ratios were explained by reduced PYP activity in normal myocardium of MP dogs. Further experiments in 21 dogs revealed that renal PYP clearance, which correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as measured by creatinine clearance, was increased in Mp dogs, resulting in accelerated urinary excretion of PYP (46.9+/-3.6 vs 35.8+/-2.4 percent injected dose in one hour, P less than 0.01), and reduced blood PYP. Thus MP does not modify countershock-induced myocardial injury. However, by increasing GFR, MP increased PYP excretion, resulting in lowered blood and normal zone myocardial PYP, thereby spuriously affecting myocardial PYP tissue uptake data."}
{"id": "PMID:923042", "title": "Congenital mitral stenosis. A review of 20 years' experience.", "content": "The clinical course of 38 patients with congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is reviewed. Associated cardiac defects were present in 28 patients, including tetralogy of Fallot in five. In all but one of the eight patients with supravalvar mitral ring (SVR), there were concomitant abnormalities of the mitral valve. Delay in the diagnosis of MS was common. Serial cardiac catheterizations and pulmonary pathologic examination indicated that pulmonary vascular obstructive disease develops during childhood. Mitral valve surgery was performed in 19 of 38 patients: valvotomy alone in eight, excision of SVR in five (two ofwhom also had valvotomy) and mitral valve replacemtnt in seven. Additional non-mitral cardiac surgery was performed in 18 patients. Overall surgical mortality was 49%; mortality for surgery on the mitral valve was 26%. Only patients having mitral valve replacement or with isolated SVR which was then resected became asymptomatic and had normal hemodynamics on postoperative catheterization.", "contents": "Congenital mitral stenosis. A review of 20 years' experience. The clinical course of 38 patients with congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is reviewed. Associated cardiac defects were present in 28 patients, including tetralogy of Fallot in five. In all but one of the eight patients with supravalvar mitral ring (SVR), there were concomitant abnormalities of the mitral valve. Delay in the diagnosis of MS was common. Serial cardiac catheterizations and pulmonary pathologic examination indicated that pulmonary vascular obstructive disease develops during childhood. Mitral valve surgery was performed in 19 of 38 patients: valvotomy alone in eight, excision of SVR in five (two ofwhom also had valvotomy) and mitral valve replacemtnt in seven. Additional non-mitral cardiac surgery was performed in 18 patients. Overall surgical mortality was 49%; mortality for surgery on the mitral valve was 26%. Only patients having mitral valve replacement or with isolated SVR which was then resected became asymptomatic and had normal hemodynamics on postoperative catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:923044", "title": "Radiographic assessment of leaflet motion of Gore-Tex laminate trileaflet valves and Hancock xenograft in tricuspid position of dogs.", "content": "Six samples of various thicknessess of Gore-Tex compounds were fashioned into trileaflet valves. A radiopaque marker was placed on the center of the free margin of each cusp, and the prostheses were implanted in the tricuspid position of dogs. Two Hancock valves were studied for comparison. Catheterization revealed that the hemodynamic function was normal in all valves tested. High-speed radiography permitted analysis of leaflet movement throughout the cardiac cycle. Of the six Gore-Tex valves, five opened completely. The cusps of these five valves were fabricated from 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 layers of Gore-Tex film. The remaining valve, which was fabricated from 15 layers of Gore-Tex film, and both porcine xenograft aortic valves did not open completely. We postulate that the laminates of 12 layers or less of Gore-Tex film are suitable for further study to evaluate their potential applicability in trileaflet cardiac valve prostheses.", "contents": "Radiographic assessment of leaflet motion of Gore-Tex laminate trileaflet valves and Hancock xenograft in tricuspid position of dogs. Six samples of various thicknessess of Gore-Tex compounds were fashioned into trileaflet valves. A radiopaque marker was placed on the center of the free margin of each cusp, and the prostheses were implanted in the tricuspid position of dogs. Two Hancock valves were studied for comparison. Catheterization revealed that the hemodynamic function was normal in all valves tested. High-speed radiography permitted analysis of leaflet movement throughout the cardiac cycle. Of the six Gore-Tex valves, five opened completely. The cusps of these five valves were fabricated from 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 layers of Gore-Tex film. The remaining valve, which was fabricated from 15 layers of Gore-Tex film, and both porcine xenograft aortic valves did not open completely. We postulate that the laminates of 12 layers or less of Gore-Tex film are suitable for further study to evaluate their potential applicability in trileaflet cardiac valve prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:923045", "title": "The evolution of peripartal heart failure in Zaria, Nigeria. Some etiologic factors.", "content": "The subsequent course of 173 women with severe congestive heart failure hospitalized within 6 months of delivery has been analyzed after 4 to 7 year follow-up periods. Forty-seven normotensive women and 50 women hypertensive only during the initial 48 hours have little long term morbidity. Thirty-six women with hypertension initially improved, but many are now showing enlarging cardiac silhouettes. Morbidity is increasing in this group. A similar, less severe pattern is developing in 36 women with intermittent hypertension. The uniquely high incidence of this condition in Zaria is associated with several locale factors. These Hausa-Fulani women eat large quantities of a local lake salt, kanwa, for 40 days postpartum. The syndrome is markedly more common in the hot rainy season, when evaporative water loss is less, than in the dry season. The first postpartum days are spent confined to bed in a small heated room. Once or twice daily the new mother is given hot baths with branches which have been dipped in boiling water. The combination of excessive sodium intake and diminished evaporative water excretion seems to precipitate failure in both normotensive and hypertensive patients.", "contents": "The evolution of peripartal heart failure in Zaria, Nigeria. Some etiologic factors. The subsequent course of 173 women with severe congestive heart failure hospitalized within 6 months of delivery has been analyzed after 4 to 7 year follow-up periods. Forty-seven normotensive women and 50 women hypertensive only during the initial 48 hours have little long term morbidity. Thirty-six women with hypertension initially improved, but many are now showing enlarging cardiac silhouettes. Morbidity is increasing in this group. A similar, less severe pattern is developing in 36 women with intermittent hypertension. The uniquely high incidence of this condition in Zaria is associated with several locale factors. These Hausa-Fulani women eat large quantities of a local lake salt, kanwa, for 40 days postpartum. The syndrome is markedly more common in the hot rainy season, when evaporative water loss is less, than in the dry season. The first postpartum days are spent confined to bed in a small heated room. Once or twice daily the new mother is given hot baths with branches which have been dipped in boiling water. The combination of excessive sodium intake and diminished evaporative water excretion seems to precipitate failure in both normotensive and hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923046", "title": "Dose-response relation of diazoxide in children with hypertension.", "content": "Diazoxide was administered to sixteen pediatric patients (ages 10 months to 13 years) with secondary forms of hypertension. Admission BP was 178+/-8/130+/-5 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Diazoxide was administered rapidly intravenously in doses ranging from 2 to 7.5 mg/kg. A significant (P less than 0.001), linear log dose-response relation was obtained which showed that a 3 mg/kg dose of diazoxide lowered diastolic BP by an average of 30 mm Hg. In five patients reduction of idastolic BP by a single injection of diazoxide was no different than when the same total dose was given as two or three small injections repeated at fifteen to twenty minute intervals. It is concluded that 1) many hypertensive children respons significantly to doses of diazoxide smaller than the usually recommended 5 mg/kg; 2) diazoxide has a significant dose-response relation in hypertensive pediatric patients; and 3) the desired blood pressure response in hypertensive children can be titrated using repeated small injections of diazoxide.", "contents": "Dose-response relation of diazoxide in children with hypertension. Diazoxide was administered to sixteen pediatric patients (ages 10 months to 13 years) with secondary forms of hypertension. Admission BP was 178+/-8/130+/-5 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Diazoxide was administered rapidly intravenously in doses ranging from 2 to 7.5 mg/kg. A significant (P less than 0.001), linear log dose-response relation was obtained which showed that a 3 mg/kg dose of diazoxide lowered diastolic BP by an average of 30 mm Hg. In five patients reduction of idastolic BP by a single injection of diazoxide was no different than when the same total dose was given as two or three small injections repeated at fifteen to twenty minute intervals. It is concluded that 1) many hypertensive children respons significantly to doses of diazoxide smaller than the usually recommended 5 mg/kg; 2) diazoxide has a significant dose-response relation in hypertensive pediatric patients; and 3) the desired blood pressure response in hypertensive children can be titrated using repeated small injections of diazoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:923047", "title": "Alcohol consumption, cardiovascular risk factors, and mortality in two Chicago epidemiologic studies.", "content": "Multivariate analysis of the association at baseline between problem drinking and cardiovascular risk factors among 1,233 white male employees of the Chicago Peoples Gas Company age 40-59 showed the 38 problem drinkers with significantly higher blood pressures and cigarette consumption and significantly lower relative weights than the others. Similar analysis among 1,899 white male employees of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago age 40-55 showed the 117 men consuming 5 or more drinks per day with significantly higher blood pressures and cigarette use than the others. No significant differences were recorded between heavy drinkers and the others in serum cholesterol level. The gas company problem drinkers had significantly higher 15-year mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, and sudden death. These differences could not be entirely explained by their blood pressure, smoking, and relative weight status. The Western Electric heavy drinkers had increased 10-year mortality rates both for all causes and noncardiovascular causes.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption, cardiovascular risk factors, and mortality in two Chicago epidemiologic studies. Multivariate analysis of the association at baseline between problem drinking and cardiovascular risk factors among 1,233 white male employees of the Chicago Peoples Gas Company age 40-59 showed the 38 problem drinkers with significantly higher blood pressures and cigarette consumption and significantly lower relative weights than the others. Similar analysis among 1,899 white male employees of the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago age 40-55 showed the 117 men consuming 5 or more drinks per day with significantly higher blood pressures and cigarette use than the others. No significant differences were recorded between heavy drinkers and the others in serum cholesterol level. The gas company problem drinkers had significantly higher 15-year mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, and sudden death. These differences could not be entirely explained by their blood pressure, smoking, and relative weight status. The Western Electric heavy drinkers had increased 10-year mortality rates both for all causes and noncardiovascular causes."}
{"id": "PMID:923048", "title": "Axial cineangiography in congenital heart disease. Section I. Concept, technical and anatomic considerations.", "content": "Cineangiographic axial techniques were designed to overcome the limitations of conventional angiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Two basic patient (or equipment) maneuvers are involved; 1) long axis of the heart is aligned perpendicular to the X-ray beam, and 2) rotation of patient results in the heart being radiographically sectioned at 30 degree angles. To accomplish this with fixed vertical and horizontal X-ray tubes, three positions were developed: 1) \"hepato-clavicular,\" \"4 chamber,\" 2) \"long axial oblique,\" 3) \"anterior-posterior axial.\" A fourth, the \"sitting-up\" projection is discussed. The hepato-clavicular position profiles the posterior ventricular septum and atrial septum, separates the A-V valves, places the four cardiac chambers en face, and clarifies mitral valve-semilunar valve and outflow tract relationships. The long axial oblique profiles the anterior ventricular septum, left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve-anterior mitral valve leaflet. The sitting-up view visualizes the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk and separates true pulmonary arteries from systemic collaterals.", "contents": "Axial cineangiography in congenital heart disease. Section I. Concept, technical and anatomic considerations. Cineangiographic axial techniques were designed to overcome the limitations of conventional angiography in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Two basic patient (or equipment) maneuvers are involved; 1) long axis of the heart is aligned perpendicular to the X-ray beam, and 2) rotation of patient results in the heart being radiographically sectioned at 30 degree angles. To accomplish this with fixed vertical and horizontal X-ray tubes, three positions were developed: 1) \"hepato-clavicular,\" \"4 chamber,\" 2) \"long axial oblique,\" 3) \"anterior-posterior axial.\" A fourth, the \"sitting-up\" projection is discussed. The hepato-clavicular position profiles the posterior ventricular septum and atrial septum, separates the A-V valves, places the four cardiac chambers en face, and clarifies mitral valve-semilunar valve and outflow tract relationships. The long axial oblique profiles the anterior ventricular septum, left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve-anterior mitral valve leaflet. The sitting-up view visualizes the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk and separates true pulmonary arteries from systemic collaterals."}
{"id": "PMID:923049", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXVII. Histological abnormalities in the sinus node, atrioventricular node and His bundle associated with coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "A twenty-year-old carpenter died suddenly and unexpectedly nine years after surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta. Both before and after surgery he had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, T wave inversions in the ECG and persisting cardiac hypertrophy. At postmortem examination there was focal fibromuscular dysplasia narrowing the sinus node artery, but other small coronary arteries were normal and there was no focal fibrosis of the ventricular myocardium. Within the sinus node there were several small glomera surrounding branches of the sinus node artery. Pericardial fibrosis was present over much of the heart, including margins of the sinus node. The central fibrous body was thickened, particularly on the left, and the His bundle was smaller than normal in cross section. The His bundle appeared displaced toward the right. The artioventricular (A-V) node was split into an upper and lower half tenuously connected through the central fibrous body which divided it. In its lower half the A-V node was directly continuous with ordinary myocardial cells of the interventricular septum. Possible developmental relationships between these unusual anatomical findings in the conduction system and coarctation of the aorta are discussed. How these findings might relate to the known electrophysiological disturbances and some causes for his sudden death are considered.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XXVII. Histological abnormalities in the sinus node, atrioventricular node and His bundle associated with coarctation of the aorta. A twenty-year-old carpenter died suddenly and unexpectedly nine years after surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta. Both before and after surgery he had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, T wave inversions in the ECG and persisting cardiac hypertrophy. At postmortem examination there was focal fibromuscular dysplasia narrowing the sinus node artery, but other small coronary arteries were normal and there was no focal fibrosis of the ventricular myocardium. Within the sinus node there were several small glomera surrounding branches of the sinus node artery. Pericardial fibrosis was present over much of the heart, including margins of the sinus node. The central fibrous body was thickened, particularly on the left, and the His bundle was smaller than normal in cross section. The His bundle appeared displaced toward the right. The artioventricular (A-V) node was split into an upper and lower half tenuously connected through the central fibrous body which divided it. In its lower half the A-V node was directly continuous with ordinary myocardial cells of the interventricular septum. Possible developmental relationships between these unusual anatomical findings in the conduction system and coarctation of the aorta are discussed. How these findings might relate to the known electrophysiological disturbances and some causes for his sudden death are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:923050", "title": "Familial congenital complete heart block and maternal systemic lupus erythematosis.", "content": "A family is reported in which two siblings had congenital complete heart block with resultant congestive heart failure, the father and paternal grandfather show adult-onset conduction defects, and the mother has systemic lupus erythematosis. The interaction of heredity and environment is discussed in this context. A review of the literature on familial complete heart block suggests that so-called pure congenital-onset familial heart block, originally felt to be genetic, may in fact have an important enivronmental component, specifically related to ongoing maternal factors such as systemic lupus erythematosis.", "contents": "Familial congenital complete heart block and maternal systemic lupus erythematosis. A family is reported in which two siblings had congenital complete heart block with resultant congestive heart failure, the father and paternal grandfather show adult-onset conduction defects, and the mother has systemic lupus erythematosis. The interaction of heredity and environment is discussed in this context. A review of the literature on familial complete heart block suggests that so-called pure congenital-onset familial heart block, originally felt to be genetic, may in fact have an important enivronmental component, specifically related to ongoing maternal factors such as systemic lupus erythematosis."}
{"id": "PMID:923051", "title": "Truncus arteriosus communis. Unusual case associated with transposition.", "content": "A child with truncus arteriosus communis, characterized by the posterior origin of an individualized pulmonary trunk is presented. This relationship between the great arteries is unusual in truncus arteriosus communis and the spatial orientation resembles that seen in transposition of the great vessels. A brief discussion is proposed about a proper terminology in this type of complex anomaly.", "contents": "Truncus arteriosus communis. Unusual case associated with transposition. A child with truncus arteriosus communis, characterized by the posterior origin of an individualized pulmonary trunk is presented. This relationship between the great arteries is unusual in truncus arteriosus communis and the spatial orientation resembles that seen in transposition of the great vessels. A brief discussion is proposed about a proper terminology in this type of complex anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:923058", "title": "Improved outcome for prehospital cardiopulmonary collapse with resuscitation by bystanders.", "content": "Despite the development of trained mobile rescue squads, cardiopulmonary collapse outside the hospital continues to carry a poor prognosis. We examined retrospectively the clinical courses of 19 consecutive coronary unit patients who had experienced prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Seven patients received basic life support from bystanders within five minutes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the other 12 patients was delayed beyond five minutes pending the arrival of rescue personnel. Six of seven early-resuscitated patients survived compared with six of 12 late-resuscitated patients (P less than 0.01). The early-resuscitated patients were more alert on admission and had lower pulmonary pressures and higher cardiac outputs compared to the late-resuscitated patients. The early-resuscitated patients also had less residual central nervous system and myocardial damage on discharge than the late-resuscitated patients. On follow-up, three early-resuscitated patients had returned to full-time work compared with none in the late group. Training laymen to initiate early basic life support can benefit the cardiopulmonary collapse victim.", "contents": "Improved outcome for prehospital cardiopulmonary collapse with resuscitation by bystanders. Despite the development of trained mobile rescue squads, cardiopulmonary collapse outside the hospital continues to carry a poor prognosis. We examined retrospectively the clinical courses of 19 consecutive coronary unit patients who had experienced prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Seven patients received basic life support from bystanders within five minutes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the other 12 patients was delayed beyond five minutes pending the arrival of rescue personnel. Six of seven early-resuscitated patients survived compared with six of 12 late-resuscitated patients (P less than 0.01). The early-resuscitated patients were more alert on admission and had lower pulmonary pressures and higher cardiac outputs compared to the late-resuscitated patients. The early-resuscitated patients also had less residual central nervous system and myocardial damage on discharge than the late-resuscitated patients. On follow-up, three early-resuscitated patients had returned to full-time work compared with none in the late group. Training laymen to initiate early basic life support can benefit the cardiopulmonary collapse victim."}
{"id": "PMID:923059", "title": "Estimation of stroke volume changes by ultrasonic doppler.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to conduct a controlled evaluation of the continuous-wave Doppler technique for the estimation of stroke volume changes. Six anesthetized dogs were studied. Aortic blood velocity was recorded from the suprasternal notch by a special continuous-wave Doppler unit. Cardiac output was varied by fluid infusion and exsanguination, and over 300 simultaneous records of aortic blood velocity and thermodilution cardiac output were taken. Average stroke volume and average systolic velocity integral (SVI), the area under the Doppler velocity curve were calculated. The relationship of SVI to stroke volume was evaluated for each animal using linear regression. Average results were: correlation coefficient 0.95 +/- 0.04 SD; y-intercept 0.38 +/- 0.14 cm(SD); standare error of fit 0.29 +/- 0.03 cm (SD). These data show that the systolic integral of aortic blood velocity was essentially directly proportional to stroke volume, even over a six-fold range. Thus, this technique will provide an accurate non-invasive estimate of changes in stroke volume.", "contents": "Estimation of stroke volume changes by ultrasonic doppler. The purpose of this study was to conduct a controlled evaluation of the continuous-wave Doppler technique for the estimation of stroke volume changes. Six anesthetized dogs were studied. Aortic blood velocity was recorded from the suprasternal notch by a special continuous-wave Doppler unit. Cardiac output was varied by fluid infusion and exsanguination, and over 300 simultaneous records of aortic blood velocity and thermodilution cardiac output were taken. Average stroke volume and average systolic velocity integral (SVI), the area under the Doppler velocity curve were calculated. The relationship of SVI to stroke volume was evaluated for each animal using linear regression. Average results were: correlation coefficient 0.95 +/- 0.04 SD; y-intercept 0.38 +/- 0.14 cm(SD); standare error of fit 0.29 +/- 0.03 cm (SD). These data show that the systolic integral of aortic blood velocity was essentially directly proportional to stroke volume, even over a six-fold range. Thus, this technique will provide an accurate non-invasive estimate of changes in stroke volume."}
{"id": "PMID:923060", "title": "Comparative responses to dobutamine and nitroprusside in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure.", "content": "The acute hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and nitroprusside were compared in 19 patients with low output cardiac failure. At dosage levels yielding similar increases in cardiac index (12 patients), nitroprusside resulted in significantly lower arterial systolic and wedge pressures and did not increase heart rate suggesting advantages over dobutamine when reduction in myocardial oxygen requirement or pulmonary congestion is a major goal. Systemic arterial mean and diastolic pressures were minimally changed with dobutamine, but fell significantly with nitroprusside suggesting advantages of dobutamine over nitroprusside in patients where hypotension could limit coronary blood flow or perfusion of other vital organs. Reduction in pulmonary arteriolar resistance occurred only with nitroprusside. Arterial hypoxemia developed in three patients during nitroprusside infusion suggesting the possibility of increased right-to-left intrapulmonary shunting resulting from a direct vasodilating effect of nitroprusside on pulmonary arteriole smooth muscle. Although both inotropic and vasodilator drugs can result in hemodynamic improvement when administered to patients with chronic low output cardiac failure, significant differences of potential clinical importance exist between these two modes of therapy.", "contents": "Comparative responses to dobutamine and nitroprusside in patients with chronic low output cardiac failure. The acute hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and nitroprusside were compared in 19 patients with low output cardiac failure. At dosage levels yielding similar increases in cardiac index (12 patients), nitroprusside resulted in significantly lower arterial systolic and wedge pressures and did not increase heart rate suggesting advantages over dobutamine when reduction in myocardial oxygen requirement or pulmonary congestion is a major goal. Systemic arterial mean and diastolic pressures were minimally changed with dobutamine, but fell significantly with nitroprusside suggesting advantages of dobutamine over nitroprusside in patients where hypotension could limit coronary blood flow or perfusion of other vital organs. Reduction in pulmonary arteriolar resistance occurred only with nitroprusside. Arterial hypoxemia developed in three patients during nitroprusside infusion suggesting the possibility of increased right-to-left intrapulmonary shunting resulting from a direct vasodilating effect of nitroprusside on pulmonary arteriole smooth muscle. Although both inotropic and vasodilator drugs can result in hemodynamic improvement when administered to patients with chronic low output cardiac failure, significant differences of potential clinical importance exist between these two modes of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:923061", "title": "Occult constrictive pericardial disease. Diagnosis by rapid volume expansion and correction by pericardiectomy.", "content": "Significant pericardial disease can exist without overt manifestations. Occult constrictive pericardial disease (OCPD) is identified by normal baseline hemodynamics and normal left ventricular systolic function with a characteristic response to rapid volume infusion. Following the intravenous administration of 1000 ml of normal saline over six to eight minutes, striking elevations of filling pressures are seen; however, diagnosis depends specifically upon a) the development of typical pressure pulse morphology of constriction, b) loss or reversal or respiratory variation of right atrial pressure, and c) precise diastolic equilibration of intracardiac pressures. Nineteen patients with OCPD have been identified in a five year period. Unexplained fatigue, dyspnea and chest pain was the uniform pattern of presentation. Eleven have undergone pericardiectomy resulting in a dramatic symptomatic improvement in all. Each demonstrated gross and/or microscopic evidence of pericardial disease. Recatheterization with volume infusion in five patients following pericardiectomy has revealed return to normal or near normal hemodynamics. This study describes the method for diagnosis of OCPD and recommends pericardiectomy for the management of disabling symptoms.", "contents": "Occult constrictive pericardial disease. Diagnosis by rapid volume expansion and correction by pericardiectomy. Significant pericardial disease can exist without overt manifestations. Occult constrictive pericardial disease (OCPD) is identified by normal baseline hemodynamics and normal left ventricular systolic function with a characteristic response to rapid volume infusion. Following the intravenous administration of 1000 ml of normal saline over six to eight minutes, striking elevations of filling pressures are seen; however, diagnosis depends specifically upon a) the development of typical pressure pulse morphology of constriction, b) loss or reversal or respiratory variation of right atrial pressure, and c) precise diastolic equilibration of intracardiac pressures. Nineteen patients with OCPD have been identified in a five year period. Unexplained fatigue, dyspnea and chest pain was the uniform pattern of presentation. Eleven have undergone pericardiectomy resulting in a dramatic symptomatic improvement in all. Each demonstrated gross and/or microscopic evidence of pericardial disease. Recatheterization with volume infusion in five patients following pericardiectomy has revealed return to normal or near normal hemodynamics. This study describes the method for diagnosis of OCPD and recommends pericardiectomy for the management of disabling symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:923062", "title": "Cardiovascular function during early recovery from acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied serially to evaluate the extent and nature of functional cardiovascular impairment and the time course of recovery. Reinfarction or death occurred in six patients. Peak workload during bicycle exercise in a subgroup of 25 patients with maximal initial test and complete follow-up increased from 334 to 409 kpm/min (P less than 0.01) bwtween three and six weeks. There was further significant (P less than 0.01) improvement between three and six months from 438 to 488 kpm/min. The incidence of ischemia at a constant workload decreased between three and six weeks without any significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Mean cardiac output during exercise at three months was 6.5 and at six months 7.8 L/min (P less than 0.05). Corresponding values for stroke volume were 61 and 72 ml (P less than 0.05). The data suggest that in clinically stable patients there is an early improvement of the relation between myocardial oxygen supply and demand and a late improvement of functional capacity associated with increased stroke volume and cardiac output.", "contents": "Cardiovascular function during early recovery from acute myocardial infarction. Fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied serially to evaluate the extent and nature of functional cardiovascular impairment and the time course of recovery. Reinfarction or death occurred in six patients. Peak workload during bicycle exercise in a subgroup of 25 patients with maximal initial test and complete follow-up increased from 334 to 409 kpm/min (P less than 0.01) bwtween three and six weeks. There was further significant (P less than 0.01) improvement between three and six months from 438 to 488 kpm/min. The incidence of ischemia at a constant workload decreased between three and six weeks without any significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Mean cardiac output during exercise at three months was 6.5 and at six months 7.8 L/min (P less than 0.05). Corresponding values for stroke volume were 61 and 72 ml (P less than 0.05). The data suggest that in clinically stable patients there is an early improvement of the relation between myocardial oxygen supply and demand and a late improvement of functional capacity associated with increased stroke volume and cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:923063", "title": "Left ventricular function before and following aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with aortic valve disease were studied before and 19+/-12 months following valve replacement with a well functioning prosthesis. Biplane left ventricular angiography and pressures were utilized to determine end-diastolic volume/m2 (EDV), end-systolic volume/m2 (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass/m2 (LVM) and stroke work (SW). There were nine patients with aortic stenosis (AS), ten patients with combined stenosis and regurgitation (AS-AR), and five patients with aortic regurgitation (AR). Following surgery, patients with regurgitation preoperatively showed marked regression in EDV and ESV. All groups demonstrated regression in LVM. Fifteen patients with a normal EF preoperatively (65+/-11%) had no change after surgery; the nine patients with a low EF before surgery (38+/-8%) had a normal EF after surgery (60+/-16%). We conclude that left ventricular dilatation, hypertrophy, and reduced left ventricular pump function are largely reversible after successful aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Left ventricular function before and following aortic valve replacement. Twenty-four patients with aortic valve disease were studied before and 19+/-12 months following valve replacement with a well functioning prosthesis. Biplane left ventricular angiography and pressures were utilized to determine end-diastolic volume/m2 (EDV), end-systolic volume/m2 (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass/m2 (LVM) and stroke work (SW). There were nine patients with aortic stenosis (AS), ten patients with combined stenosis and regurgitation (AS-AR), and five patients with aortic regurgitation (AR). Following surgery, patients with regurgitation preoperatively showed marked regression in EDV and ESV. All groups demonstrated regression in LVM. Fifteen patients with a normal EF preoperatively (65+/-11%) had no change after surgery; the nine patients with a low EF before surgery (38+/-8%) had a normal EF after surgery (60+/-16%). We conclude that left ventricular dilatation, hypertrophy, and reduced left ventricular pump function are largely reversible after successful aortic valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:923064", "title": "Echocardiographic study of cardiac tamponade.", "content": "We studied 14 patients with cardiac tamponade and pulsus paradoxus; 11 were studied after relief of tamponade by pericardiocentesis. Right ventricle diastolic diameter increased during inspiration in each of 12 patients; left ventricle diastolic diameter decreased during inspiration in each of 13. Mitral valve DE amplitude decreased with inspiration in 13 of 14 patients. Mitral valve E-F slope could be measured in eight patients, and was rounded and not measurable in six. Six of the eight showed inspiratory decrease in mitral E-F slope. Similar changes were observed in two other patients with pulsus paradoxus who had chronic obstructive airway disease. Twenty patients with large pericardial effusions and no tamponade did not show these changes. These results suggest inspiratory augmentation of right ventricular filling and inspiratory diminution of left ventricular filling, not only in cardiac tamponade, but in obstructive airway disease associated with pulsus paradoxus.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study of cardiac tamponade. We studied 14 patients with cardiac tamponade and pulsus paradoxus; 11 were studied after relief of tamponade by pericardiocentesis. Right ventricle diastolic diameter increased during inspiration in each of 12 patients; left ventricle diastolic diameter decreased during inspiration in each of 13. Mitral valve DE amplitude decreased with inspiration in 13 of 14 patients. Mitral valve E-F slope could be measured in eight patients, and was rounded and not measurable in six. Six of the eight showed inspiratory decrease in mitral E-F slope. Similar changes were observed in two other patients with pulsus paradoxus who had chronic obstructive airway disease. Twenty patients with large pericardial effusions and no tamponade did not show these changes. These results suggest inspiratory augmentation of right ventricular filling and inspiratory diminution of left ventricular filling, not only in cardiac tamponade, but in obstructive airway disease associated with pulsus paradoxus."}
{"id": "PMID:923065", "title": "The utility of contrast echocardiographic techniques in the care of critically ill infants with cardiac and pulmonary disease.", "content": "In order to assess the utility of contrast M-mode echocardiography in an intensive care nursery population of critically ill newborns with cardiac and pulmonary disease and to validate contrast echo methods, we performed 200 serial contrast echoes on 40 infants via umbilical arterial or venous catheters which had been placed into these infants for clinical indications. The resulting contrast echoes recorded from the precordium or the suprasternal notch allowed the delineation of intra- and extracardiac right-to-left and left-to-right shunting patterns. Patterns identified and validated by cardiac catheterization (in cardiac patients) were: right-to-left atrial shunts, right-to-left ventricular shunts, and left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus shunts. The studies were without complication. Serial application of these echocardiographic techniques was extremely important in assessing changing physiology in these neonates. Contrast echocardiography adds physiologic flow information to the anatomical information available from M-mode echoes and is quite important in the diagnosis and sometimes in the management of critically ill newborns.", "contents": "The utility of contrast echocardiographic techniques in the care of critically ill infants with cardiac and pulmonary disease. In order to assess the utility of contrast M-mode echocardiography in an intensive care nursery population of critically ill newborns with cardiac and pulmonary disease and to validate contrast echo methods, we performed 200 serial contrast echoes on 40 infants via umbilical arterial or venous catheters which had been placed into these infants for clinical indications. The resulting contrast echoes recorded from the precordium or the suprasternal notch allowed the delineation of intra- and extracardiac right-to-left and left-to-right shunting patterns. Patterns identified and validated by cardiac catheterization (in cardiac patients) were: right-to-left atrial shunts, right-to-left ventricular shunts, and left-to-right patent ductus arteriosus shunts. The studies were without complication. Serial application of these echocardiographic techniques was extremely important in assessing changing physiology in these neonates. Contrast echocardiography adds physiologic flow information to the anatomical information available from M-mode echoes and is quite important in the diagnosis and sometimes in the management of critically ill newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:923066", "title": "A mathematical model of parasystole and its application to clinical arrhythmias.", "content": "A ventricular parasystolic focus capable of generating manifest ectopic beats should not be totally insulated from the electrical events that accompany depolarization in the surrounding tissue; the intrinsic cycle length of the ectopic discharge may be modulated by electrotonic influences transmitted across the zone of \"protection.\" To study the nature of the interaction, response patterns were examined in a mathematical model programmed to simulate an ectopic pacemaker protected, but not divorced from ventricular responses to the normal pacemaker. Computer runs covered a wide range of heart rates, and a wide range of magnitudes of the simulated electrotonic influence. Application of the results obtained in the model to published examples of complex arrhythmias revealed a remarkably close fit to many clinical examples. This findings suggests that many patterns attributed to a re-entrant \"extrasystolic\" rhythm may, in fact, represent the modulated activity of a parasystolic focus.", "contents": "A mathematical model of parasystole and its application to clinical arrhythmias. A ventricular parasystolic focus capable of generating manifest ectopic beats should not be totally insulated from the electrical events that accompany depolarization in the surrounding tissue; the intrinsic cycle length of the ectopic discharge may be modulated by electrotonic influences transmitted across the zone of \"protection.\" To study the nature of the interaction, response patterns were examined in a mathematical model programmed to simulate an ectopic pacemaker protected, but not divorced from ventricular responses to the normal pacemaker. Computer runs covered a wide range of heart rates, and a wide range of magnitudes of the simulated electrotonic influence. Application of the results obtained in the model to published examples of complex arrhythmias revealed a remarkably close fit to many clinical examples. This findings suggests that many patterns attributed to a re-entrant \"extrasystolic\" rhythm may, in fact, represent the modulated activity of a parasystolic focus."}
{"id": "PMID:923067", "title": "Suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations by tocainide.", "content": "In a previous clinical study we demonstrated that tocainide is effective in the suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations (VEDs) after single oral doses. This information provided the basis for evaluating this drug's antiarrhythmic efficacy after multiple dose administration according to a loading-maintenance regimen. Twelve patients with stable VEDs were given loading doses of tocainide (400-600 mg) with maintenance doses every 12 hours. Every 48 hours the dose was increased until either arrhythmia suppression to less than 25% of VED frequency during placebo administration or side effects occurred. Computer analysis of 12-hr telemetric ECGs taken 24-36 hr after each dosage increment documented effective suppression (76-95%) in 8 of 12 patients. Those subjects demonstrating suppression were randomly assigned to a cross-over study of placebo or active drug at the dosage found effective in the dose-ranging phase. Dosages for the cross-over stage ranged from 400 to 1100 mg every 12 hours. Comparison of the two five-day periods documented suppression in these patients (mean +/- SE = 83.3 +/- 4%). No serious side effects or undue drug accumulation occurred during the study. The data indicate that tocainide can effectively suppress VEDs for 8-12 hours in many patients and that continuous suppression could be possible on an 8-12 hr dosage regimen.", "contents": "Suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations by tocainide. In a previous clinical study we demonstrated that tocainide is effective in the suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations (VEDs) after single oral doses. This information provided the basis for evaluating this drug's antiarrhythmic efficacy after multiple dose administration according to a loading-maintenance regimen. Twelve patients with stable VEDs were given loading doses of tocainide (400-600 mg) with maintenance doses every 12 hours. Every 48 hours the dose was increased until either arrhythmia suppression to less than 25% of VED frequency during placebo administration or side effects occurred. Computer analysis of 12-hr telemetric ECGs taken 24-36 hr after each dosage increment documented effective suppression (76-95%) in 8 of 12 patients. Those subjects demonstrating suppression were randomly assigned to a cross-over study of placebo or active drug at the dosage found effective in the dose-ranging phase. Dosages for the cross-over stage ranged from 400 to 1100 mg every 12 hours. Comparison of the two five-day periods documented suppression in these patients (mean +/- SE = 83.3 +/- 4%). No serious side effects or undue drug accumulation occurred during the study. The data indicate that tocainide can effectively suppress VEDs for 8-12 hours in many patients and that continuous suppression could be possible on an 8-12 hr dosage regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:923068", "title": "Predictive implications of ventricular premature contractions associated with treadmill stress testing.", "content": "Follow-up data on future coronary events was collected on 6,500 patients who had undergone stress testing; 1,327 of these exhibited ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) associated with one or more phases of treadmill stress testing (TSTs). Eighty-three percent of all patients tested had known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The annual incidence of new coronary events (myocardial infarction, angina, cardiac death) during a five year follow-up was 1.7% among 1,067 patients without VPCs or ischemic ST changes, 6.4% in 758 patients with VPCs alone, 9.5% among 609 patients with ischemic ST changes alone and 11.4% in 569 patients with VPCs plus ischemic ST changes. The significance of VPCs associated with the TSTs rests largely upon the clinical status of the persons tested. VPCs observed among patients referred for TSTs for the evaluation of known or suspected cardiovascular disease, with or without ischemic ST abnormalities, represent a definite risk factor for future coronary events.", "contents": "Predictive implications of ventricular premature contractions associated with treadmill stress testing. Follow-up data on future coronary events was collected on 6,500 patients who had undergone stress testing; 1,327 of these exhibited ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) associated with one or more phases of treadmill stress testing (TSTs). Eighty-three percent of all patients tested had known or suspected cardiovascular disease. The annual incidence of new coronary events (myocardial infarction, angina, cardiac death) during a five year follow-up was 1.7% among 1,067 patients without VPCs or ischemic ST changes, 6.4% in 758 patients with VPCs alone, 9.5% among 609 patients with ischemic ST changes alone and 11.4% in 569 patients with VPCs plus ischemic ST changes. The significance of VPCs associated with the TSTs rests largely upon the clinical status of the persons tested. VPCs observed among patients referred for TSTs for the evaluation of known or suspected cardiovascular disease, with or without ischemic ST abnormalities, represent a definite risk factor for future coronary events."}
{"id": "PMID:923069", "title": "The influence of constitutional variables on orthogonal electrocardiograms of normal women.", "content": "Correlations between 276 orthogonal electrocardiographic measurements and constitutional variables were made in 450 normal women, aged 18 to 90 years. Advancing age led to decreases in amplitudes, left QRS axis shift, rightward and superior displacement of the ST segment, and anterior shift of the T wave. QZ was absent in 1% of normal women over age 40. In the oldest subjects, Ry amplitude was 71% and RZ amplitude was 80% of the respective values in the youngest group. Whereas QRS amplitude decreases with age leveled off at the sixth decade of life, they continued to old age for ST-T measurements. Men revealed steeper age trends than women. Blacks had larger QRS amplitudes and smaller Q/R ratios than whites. Stratification of electrocardiographic criteria according to age, sex, and race appears essential for routine interpretations and for epidemiological studies where new events, such as myocardial infarcts, need to be differentiated from normal age trends.", "contents": "The influence of constitutional variables on orthogonal electrocardiograms of normal women. Correlations between 276 orthogonal electrocardiographic measurements and constitutional variables were made in 450 normal women, aged 18 to 90 years. Advancing age led to decreases in amplitudes, left QRS axis shift, rightward and superior displacement of the ST segment, and anterior shift of the T wave. QZ was absent in 1% of normal women over age 40. In the oldest subjects, Ry amplitude was 71% and RZ amplitude was 80% of the respective values in the youngest group. Whereas QRS amplitude decreases with age leveled off at the sixth decade of life, they continued to old age for ST-T measurements. Men revealed steeper age trends than women. Blacks had larger QRS amplitudes and smaller Q/R ratios than whites. Stratification of electrocardiographic criteria according to age, sex, and race appears essential for routine interpretations and for epidemiological studies where new events, such as myocardial infarcts, need to be differentiated from normal age trends."}
{"id": "PMID:923071", "title": "A method for serum octanoate in hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "We describe a new, more efficient, and more reproducible method for determination of octanoate in serum. This method involves ethanol extraction, followed immediately by alkali addition before concentration of the extract. The concentrate is made acidic only before it is to be steam distilled (in a special all-glass apparatus with an alkali trap). The material is acidified again just before separation by gas-liquid chromatography. The yield is 89-107%. When assayed by mass spectrometry, only octanoate was found in the fraction from chromatography. Previous methods yielded only 30-55% of the expected octanoate value and the recovered materials showed impurities by mass spectrometry. Octanoate concentrations were determined in the serum of 24 fasting controls and that of 85 fasting cirrhotic patients, of whom 50 had encephalopathy. Concentrations in arterial and venous blood were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients in coma than in those not in coma, and arterial concentrations were statistically higher than venous concentrations in the cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "A method for serum octanoate in hepatic cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. We describe a new, more efficient, and more reproducible method for determination of octanoate in serum. This method involves ethanol extraction, followed immediately by alkali addition before concentration of the extract. The concentrate is made acidic only before it is to be steam distilled (in a special all-glass apparatus with an alkali trap). The material is acidified again just before separation by gas-liquid chromatography. The yield is 89-107%. When assayed by mass spectrometry, only octanoate was found in the fraction from chromatography. Previous methods yielded only 30-55% of the expected octanoate value and the recovered materials showed impurities by mass spectrometry. Octanoate concentrations were determined in the serum of 24 fasting controls and that of 85 fasting cirrhotic patients, of whom 50 had encephalopathy. Concentrations in arterial and venous blood were significantly higher in cirrhotic patients in coma than in those not in coma, and arterial concentrations were statistically higher than venous concentrations in the cirrhotic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923072", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for nitrofurantoin in plasma and urine.", "content": "The high-performance liquid-chromatographic method described here for the quantitative analysis for nitrofurantoin in urine and plasma involves direct analysis of urine samples and analysis of plasma samples after protein precipitation by methanol. The assay, which requires only 0.2 ml of biological fluid and shows a linear relationship in the range 0.02 to 200 mg/liter, can be performed in 9 min and is reproducible (CV less than 2%). Results for nitrofurantoin so obtained correlate well with those obtained by the Hyamine 10-X spectrophotometric method (CV = 2%), but the present method is more sensitive. With no modification, the present procedure can also be used for nitrofurazone. The sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience of the method make it suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies with 5-nitrofuran derivatives.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for nitrofurantoin in plasma and urine. The high-performance liquid-chromatographic method described here for the quantitative analysis for nitrofurantoin in urine and plasma involves direct analysis of urine samples and analysis of plasma samples after protein precipitation by methanol. The assay, which requires only 0.2 ml of biological fluid and shows a linear relationship in the range 0.02 to 200 mg/liter, can be performed in 9 min and is reproducible (CV less than 2%). Results for nitrofurantoin so obtained correlate well with those obtained by the Hyamine 10-X spectrophotometric method (CV = 2%), but the present method is more sensitive. With no modification, the present procedure can also be used for nitrofurazone. The sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience of the method make it suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies with 5-nitrofuran derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:923073", "title": "Evaluation of Ames' \"Clini-Tek\".", "content": "Reproducibility of reading \"N-Multistix\" dipsticks by a semi-automated urinalysis instrument (Ames' \"Clini-Tek\") has been described for artifically prepared samples. Glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, and nitrite showed high reproducibility (greater than 90%) for reading multiple samples at predetermined analyte concentrations. Determination of proteinuria showed the lowest proportion of false positives (2-3%) and false negatives (0%). Determination of hemoglobinuria and bilirubinuria by dipsticks were the least reproducible. Urobilinogen showed no interference from bilirubin in concentrations up to 32 mg/liter. Precision was high for results for quality-control capsules provided by the manufacturer.", "contents": "Evaluation of Ames' \"Clini-Tek\". Reproducibility of reading \"N-Multistix\" dipsticks by a semi-automated urinalysis instrument (Ames' \"Clini-Tek\") has been described for artifically prepared samples. Glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, and nitrite showed high reproducibility (greater than 90%) for reading multiple samples at predetermined analyte concentrations. Determination of proteinuria showed the lowest proportion of false positives (2-3%) and false negatives (0%). Determination of hemoglobinuria and bilirubinuria by dipsticks were the least reproducible. Urobilinogen showed no interference from bilirubin in concentrations up to 32 mg/liter. Precision was high for results for quality-control capsules provided by the manufacturer."}
{"id": "PMID:923074", "title": "Semi-automated vs. visual reading of urinalysis dipsticks.", "content": "Semi-automated reflectance readings of urinalysis dipsticks showed better precision than visual readings in the case of artificially prepared urine samples containing glucose, ketone, and protein. Actual pathological specimens containing glucose, protein, and nitrite also showed that instrumental readings were better than visual. Results of repeated visual readings spread over three different color blocks for certain concentrations of glucose, ketone, and protein, whereas repeated instrumental readings were never spread greater than two color blocks. Subjectivity can be reduced by semi-automated dipstick urinalysis.", "contents": "Semi-automated vs. visual reading of urinalysis dipsticks. Semi-automated reflectance readings of urinalysis dipsticks showed better precision than visual readings in the case of artificially prepared urine samples containing glucose, ketone, and protein. Actual pathological specimens containing glucose, protein, and nitrite also showed that instrumental readings were better than visual. Results of repeated visual readings spread over three different color blocks for certain concentrations of glucose, ketone, and protein, whereas repeated instrumental readings were never spread greater than two color blocks. Subjectivity can be reduced by semi-automated dipstick urinalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:923075", "title": "Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic (homovanillic) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic (vanillylmandelic) acids: gas-liquid chromatographic methods and experience with 13 cases of neuroblastoma.", "content": "We present a quantitative gas-chromatographic method for determining urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid). In this rapid technique an internal standard is used and the procedure involves ether extraction and silyl ether formation. Analytical recovery of vanillylmandelic acid averages 87.5% (CV, 0.95%), of homovanillic acid 102.3% (CV, 9.95%). Our data on 34 samples from 13 neuroblastoma patients show that homovanillic acid is more consistently elevated than is vanillylmandelic acid.", "contents": "Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic (homovanillic) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic (vanillylmandelic) acids: gas-liquid chromatographic methods and experience with 13 cases of neuroblastoma. We present a quantitative gas-chromatographic method for determining urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (vanillylmandelic acid) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid). In this rapid technique an internal standard is used and the procedure involves ether extraction and silyl ether formation. Analytical recovery of vanillylmandelic acid averages 87.5% (CV, 0.95%), of homovanillic acid 102.3% (CV, 9.95%). Our data on 34 samples from 13 neuroblastoma patients show that homovanillic acid is more consistently elevated than is vanillylmandelic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:923076", "title": "Microdetermination of plasma ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations with a luminescence biometer.", "content": "We optimized conditions for determination of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate from plasma extracted with ethanol/water (96/4 by vol). The procedures utilize the firefly luciferin/luciferase reaction, the bioluminescence being measured with a Du Pont Biometer. ATP is quantitated directly and creatine phosphate is quantitated by reaction with creatine kinase and ADP, after plasma ATP is removed by incubation with the enzyme apyrase. The method is applied to plasma from humans, rabbits, and rats, and possible clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "Microdetermination of plasma ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations with a luminescence biometer. We optimized conditions for determination of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate from plasma extracted with ethanol/water (96/4 by vol). The procedures utilize the firefly luciferin/luciferase reaction, the bioluminescence being measured with a Du Pont Biometer. ATP is quantitated directly and creatine phosphate is quantitated by reaction with creatine kinase and ADP, after plasma ATP is removed by incubation with the enzyme apyrase. The method is applied to plasma from humans, rabbits, and rats, and possible clinical applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923077", "title": "Measurement of free-circulating cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in plasma.", "content": "Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) is an anti-neoplastic agent that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. We describe an analytical method for monitoring the free drug (or its breakdown products) in plasma. The method is able to distinguish between free and protein-bound drug. Plasma samples are deproteinized by centrifugal ultrafiltration. The platinum in the ultrafiltrate is converted to a cationic species by reaction with ethylenediamine and then collected on paper impregnated with cation-exchange resin. This process concentrates the samples, increases the stability of the platinum compounds (by removing the compound from solution), and places the sample in a uniform matrix of minimum thickness, which maximizes detection capabilities. Platinum was measured directly on the ion-exchange disks by X-ray fluorescence. The detection limit for free drug is 240 microgram/liter of plasma at the 3s level and fluorescence intensity is linearly related to drug concentration in the range from 570 to 5700 microgram/liter.", "contents": "Measurement of free-circulating cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in plasma. Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) is an anti-neoplastic agent that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. We describe an analytical method for monitoring the free drug (or its breakdown products) in plasma. The method is able to distinguish between free and protein-bound drug. Plasma samples are deproteinized by centrifugal ultrafiltration. The platinum in the ultrafiltrate is converted to a cationic species by reaction with ethylenediamine and then collected on paper impregnated with cation-exchange resin. This process concentrates the samples, increases the stability of the platinum compounds (by removing the compound from solution), and places the sample in a uniform matrix of minimum thickness, which maximizes detection capabilities. Platinum was measured directly on the ion-exchange disks by X-ray fluorescence. The detection limit for free drug is 240 microgram/liter of plasma at the 3s level and fluorescence intensity is linearly related to drug concentration in the range from 570 to 5700 microgram/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:923079", "title": "Influence of oleic acid on serum lipoprotein-X in vitro.", "content": "Lipoprotein-X is no longer detectable in serum by either the agar gel-electrophoresis/polyanion precipitation technique or immunoelectrophoresis with specific antiserum after in vitro addition of oleic acid. Evidence is presented which indicates that this ostensible loss is due not to its destruction, but rather to altered electrophoretic mobility. The findings suggest an explanation for the well known post-heparin \"disappearance\" of lipoprotein-X, and indicate that caution may be needed in the interpretation of such lipoprotein-X testing of sera from subjects with increased concentrations of lysolipids in their blood.", "contents": "Influence of oleic acid on serum lipoprotein-X in vitro. Lipoprotein-X is no longer detectable in serum by either the agar gel-electrophoresis/polyanion precipitation technique or immunoelectrophoresis with specific antiserum after in vitro addition of oleic acid. Evidence is presented which indicates that this ostensible loss is due not to its destruction, but rather to altered electrophoretic mobility. The findings suggest an explanation for the well known post-heparin \"disappearance\" of lipoprotein-X, and indicate that caution may be needed in the interpretation of such lipoprotein-X testing of sera from subjects with increased concentrations of lysolipids in their blood."}
{"id": "PMID:923080", "title": "Use of gel filtration to examine the distribution of calcium among serum proteins.", "content": "Gel filtration of serum by use of dextran bisacrylamide beads (\"Sephacryl S-200,\" fractionation range: 5000-250 000 daltons), separates the serum proteins into three distinct peaks. We used an eluent containing (per liter) 140 mmol of sodium, 1.10 mmol of calcium, 0.50 mmol of magnesium, and 10 mmol of 2-([2-hydroxy-1, 1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino)ethanesulfonate buffer (pH 7.43 at 37 degrees C) to provide the physiological conditions necessary to maintain the equilibrium of bound calcium in serum. We examined the calcium binding by each of the three protein groups. Calculating the calcium bound per gram of protein in each peak, we found that proteins in the first peak (alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM, haptoglobins) bind about the same amount of calcium per gram as does albumin. The proteins of the second peak (largely IgG and IgA) bind less calcium than does albumin, which is the protein accounting for 90% or more of the third peak. We also were able to calculate intrinsic association constants for calcium/albumin under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Use of gel filtration to examine the distribution of calcium among serum proteins. Gel filtration of serum by use of dextran bisacrylamide beads (\"Sephacryl S-200,\" fractionation range: 5000-250 000 daltons), separates the serum proteins into three distinct peaks. We used an eluent containing (per liter) 140 mmol of sodium, 1.10 mmol of calcium, 0.50 mmol of magnesium, and 10 mmol of 2-([2-hydroxy-1, 1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino)ethanesulfonate buffer (pH 7.43 at 37 degrees C) to provide the physiological conditions necessary to maintain the equilibrium of bound calcium in serum. We examined the calcium binding by each of the three protein groups. Calculating the calcium bound per gram of protein in each peak, we found that proteins in the first peak (alpha2-macroglobulin, IgM, haptoglobins) bind about the same amount of calcium per gram as does albumin. The proteins of the second peak (largely IgG and IgA) bind less calcium than does albumin, which is the protein accounting for 90% or more of the third peak. We also were able to calculate intrinsic association constants for calcium/albumin under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:923081", "title": "Inhibition by concanavalin A as the basis for a specific assay of serum 5'-nucleotidase activity.", "content": "Concanavalin A inhibits serum 5'-nucleotidase activity, without causing significant inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. This observation serves as the basis for a new method for assaying the 5'-nucleotidase activity in serum, which depends upon the difference between the enzymic hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate in the presence and absence of concanavalin A. A denosine released by the 5'-nucleotidase reaction is deaminated by a coupled reaction with adenosine deaminase to liberate inosine and ammonia, and ammonia is measured colorimetrically by the Berthelot reaction. In sera from 40 healthy adult persons, 5'-nucleotidase activity averaged 6.4 U/liter (SD, +/-2.0; range, 3-12). In sera from 100 patients, measurements of 5'-nucleotidase activity by the new assay averaged 8% lower than by a generally accepted method in which phenyl phosphate is used to suppress hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate by alkaline phosphatase activity. The clinical validy of the new assay was tested by measuring serum 5'-nucleotidase activities in rats with bile duct ligation and in rats treated with thioacetamide to induce hepatocellular injury.", "contents": "Inhibition by concanavalin A as the basis for a specific assay of serum 5'-nucleotidase activity. Concanavalin A inhibits serum 5'-nucleotidase activity, without causing significant inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. This observation serves as the basis for a new method for assaying the 5'-nucleotidase activity in serum, which depends upon the difference between the enzymic hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate in the presence and absence of concanavalin A. A denosine released by the 5'-nucleotidase reaction is deaminated by a coupled reaction with adenosine deaminase to liberate inosine and ammonia, and ammonia is measured colorimetrically by the Berthelot reaction. In sera from 40 healthy adult persons, 5'-nucleotidase activity averaged 6.4 U/liter (SD, +/-2.0; range, 3-12). In sera from 100 patients, measurements of 5'-nucleotidase activity by the new assay averaged 8% lower than by a generally accepted method in which phenyl phosphate is used to suppress hydrolysis of adenosine-5'-monophosphate by alkaline phosphatase activity. The clinical validy of the new assay was tested by measuring serum 5'-nucleotidase activities in rats with bile duct ligation and in rats treated with thioacetamide to induce hepatocellular injury."}
{"id": "PMID:923082", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for normalized thyroxine with use of Sephadex columns.", "content": "We describe a reproducible radioimmunoassay, with use of Sephadex columns, for measuring normalized thyroxine. In comparison with a competitive protein-binding procedure, the present method is more specific because antibody rather than thyroxine-binding globulin is responsible for the competition between endogeneous and tracer thyroxine. In barbital buffer, various concentrations of thyroxine binding pre-albumin and albumin had no influence on the results. Values obtained by the present method correlated well with those by the free thyroxine index and a generally accepted thyroxine normalized method.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for normalized thyroxine with use of Sephadex columns. We describe a reproducible radioimmunoassay, with use of Sephadex columns, for measuring normalized thyroxine. In comparison with a competitive protein-binding procedure, the present method is more specific because antibody rather than thyroxine-binding globulin is responsible for the competition between endogeneous and tracer thyroxine. In barbital buffer, various concentrations of thyroxine binding pre-albumin and albumin had no influence on the results. Values obtained by the present method correlated well with those by the free thyroxine index and a generally accepted thyroxine normalized method."}
{"id": "PMID:923083", "title": "Some aspects of sodium nitroprusside reaction with human erythrocytes.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside is an excellent agent for lowering blood pressure in hypertensive emergencies, for producing controlled hypotension during anesthesia, and for treating acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. Toxic effects of this drug have been reported and above-normal cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations have been observed in the blood of a small proportion of subjects receiving nitroprusside. Nitrite, syanide, and thiocyanate are major decomposition products of nitroprusside, resulting from an in vitro reaction with human blood. On the basis of the conversion mechanism, we suggest that, in the cyanide/thiocyanate cycle, only cyanide is directly responsible for any acute toxicity attributed to sodium nitroprusside. In this work, the extent of cyanide production by erythrocytes in vitro was studied. The rate of detoxification of cyanide by human liver in vitro was experimentally determined and data from a search for a possible inhibitor of the nitroprusside/hemoglobin reaction are presented. Also, the possible mechanism of the nitroprusside/hemoglobin reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Some aspects of sodium nitroprusside reaction with human erythrocytes. Sodium nitroprusside is an excellent agent for lowering blood pressure in hypertensive emergencies, for producing controlled hypotension during anesthesia, and for treating acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. Toxic effects of this drug have been reported and above-normal cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations have been observed in the blood of a small proportion of subjects receiving nitroprusside. Nitrite, syanide, and thiocyanate are major decomposition products of nitroprusside, resulting from an in vitro reaction with human blood. On the basis of the conversion mechanism, we suggest that, in the cyanide/thiocyanate cycle, only cyanide is directly responsible for any acute toxicity attributed to sodium nitroprusside. In this work, the extent of cyanide production by erythrocytes in vitro was studied. The rate of detoxification of cyanide by human liver in vitro was experimentally determined and data from a search for a possible inhibitor of the nitroprusside/hemoglobin reaction are presented. Also, the possible mechanism of the nitroprusside/hemoglobin reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923084", "title": "Urinalysis by use of multi-test reagent strips: two dipsticks compared.", "content": "We compared Ames' \"N-Multistix\" with Boehringer's \"Combur-8\" (\"Chemstrip-8\") multi-test urine reagent strips by analysis of contrived urine specimens, testing accuracy, precision, specificity, and limits of detection of both products. Relative cost and ease of use were also examined. Each brand of urinary dipstick had specific advantages but it is unlikely that patient care would be adversely affected by preferential use of either product.", "contents": "Urinalysis by use of multi-test reagent strips: two dipsticks compared. We compared Ames' \"N-Multistix\" with Boehringer's \"Combur-8\" (\"Chemstrip-8\") multi-test urine reagent strips by analysis of contrived urine specimens, testing accuracy, precision, specificity, and limits of detection of both products. Relative cost and ease of use were also examined. Each brand of urinary dipstick had specific advantages but it is unlikely that patient care would be adversely affected by preferential use of either product."}
{"id": "PMID:923085", "title": "Diminished cap formation in lymphocytes from patients and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Currently, the most useful clinical laboratory aid in establishing the carrier state of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is to determine creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity in the plasma. The considerable overlap between plasma creatine kinase activities of controls and of carriers at the childbearing age contributes appreciable difficulty to genetic counseling of potential carriers. The consistent failure of lymphocyte cap formation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and carriers in this study suggests a valuable tool for the confirmation of the carrier state.", "contents": "Diminished cap formation in lymphocytes from patients and carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Currently, the most useful clinical laboratory aid in establishing the carrier state of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is to determine creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity in the plasma. The considerable overlap between plasma creatine kinase activities of controls and of carriers at the childbearing age contributes appreciable difficulty to genetic counseling of potential carriers. The consistent failure of lymphocyte cap formation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and carriers in this study suggests a valuable tool for the confirmation of the carrier state."}
{"id": "PMID:923092", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids on liver and blood cholinesterases.", "content": "The effects of oral prednisone on plasma and red blood cell cholinesterases have been studied in human volunteers. While the activity of plasma pseudocholinesterase is depressed by glucocorticoid administration, the activity of red blood cell true cholinesterase is not affected. Cortisol administration to rats, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous, inhibited liver pseudocholinesterase activity, indicating a possible depression of the enzyme protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids on liver and blood cholinesterases. The effects of oral prednisone on plasma and red blood cell cholinesterases have been studied in human volunteers. While the activity of plasma pseudocholinesterase is depressed by glucocorticoid administration, the activity of red blood cell true cholinesterase is not affected. Cortisol administration to rats, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous, inhibited liver pseudocholinesterase activity, indicating a possible depression of the enzyme protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:923093", "title": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy Africans.", "content": "Using a simple precipitation technique we observed that the serum concentrations of low density lipoproteins in healthy Africans were less than half the serum concentrations in healthy Europeans. Serum concentrations of lipids and the lipoproteins varied according to the social class of Africans. Serum triglyceride concentrations did not rise with adult age but serum cholesterol concentrations did. Contrary to the findings in Europeans, the proportion of alpha lipoprotein fraction on serum electrophoresis in the Africans was relatively higher than that of beta lipoprotein fraction.", "contents": "Serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy Africans. Using a simple precipitation technique we observed that the serum concentrations of low density lipoproteins in healthy Africans were less than half the serum concentrations in healthy Europeans. Serum concentrations of lipids and the lipoproteins varied according to the social class of Africans. Serum triglyceride concentrations did not rise with adult age but serum cholesterol concentrations did. Contrary to the findings in Europeans, the proportion of alpha lipoprotein fraction on serum electrophoresis in the Africans was relatively higher than that of beta lipoprotein fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:923094", "title": "Selective protamine sulphate inactivation of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in human post-heparin plasma: specific lipase levels in normals and in type I hyperlipoproteinaemia.", "content": "The rate of inactivation of triglyceride hydrolase activity by protamine sulphate was determined in pooled, normal, post-heparin plasma. Two distinct first-order rates of inactivation were obtained and the derived constants used to calculate the lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase contributions to the total post-heparin triglyceride hydrolase activity in normal controls and in patients with familial hyperchylomicronaemia. The lipoprotein lipase was reduced in the patients whereas the hepatic lipase was normal. There was however a marked age-related increase in the hepatic enzyme activity in normal subjects. Post-heparin lipolytic activity, assayed in vitro against lipoproteins of d less than 1.006 derived from the patients, was markedly reduced in our hyperchylomicronaemic subjects. This assay correlated well with the lipoprotein lipase activity determined by selective protamine sulphate inactivation.", "contents": "Selective protamine sulphate inactivation of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in human post-heparin plasma: specific lipase levels in normals and in type I hyperlipoproteinaemia. The rate of inactivation of triglyceride hydrolase activity by protamine sulphate was determined in pooled, normal, post-heparin plasma. Two distinct first-order rates of inactivation were obtained and the derived constants used to calculate the lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase contributions to the total post-heparin triglyceride hydrolase activity in normal controls and in patients with familial hyperchylomicronaemia. The lipoprotein lipase was reduced in the patients whereas the hepatic lipase was normal. There was however a marked age-related increase in the hepatic enzyme activity in normal subjects. Post-heparin lipolytic activity, assayed in vitro against lipoproteins of d less than 1.006 derived from the patients, was markedly reduced in our hyperchylomicronaemic subjects. This assay correlated well with the lipoprotein lipase activity determined by selective protamine sulphate inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:923095", "title": "A rapid assay for urinary porphyrins by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for the separation and quantitative assay of urinary porphyrins. Urine was directly diluted to a final concentration of 1 MHCl and the amount of porphyrins was determined from the peak-to-trough height deflection of the first derivatives of the absorption spectrum in the region of the Soret band. The ratio uro-/coproporphyrin was determined from the wavelength at which the spectrum intercepted the baseline. The specificity (as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.99 compared to the method of Doss and Schmidt (1971) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 9, 415-418), precision (coefficient of variation 5.2 percent) and sensitivity (lower detection limit approx. 0.01 mumol/l) of the present method were highly sufficient to estimate total and different porphyrins in the routine laboratory.", "contents": "A rapid assay for urinary porphyrins by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry. A procedure has been developed for the separation and quantitative assay of urinary porphyrins. Urine was directly diluted to a final concentration of 1 MHCl and the amount of porphyrins was determined from the peak-to-trough height deflection of the first derivatives of the absorption spectrum in the region of the Soret band. The ratio uro-/coproporphyrin was determined from the wavelength at which the spectrum intercepted the baseline. The specificity (as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.99 compared to the method of Doss and Schmidt (1971) Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 9, 415-418), precision (coefficient of variation 5.2 percent) and sensitivity (lower detection limit approx. 0.01 mumol/l) of the present method were highly sufficient to estimate total and different porphyrins in the routine laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:923096", "title": "Spontaneous shedding of plasma membrane fragments by human cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Human duodenal fluid, secretion fluid of a villous adenoma of the rectum, urine and culture medium of HeLa cells contain plasma membrane fragments which can be revealed by electrophoresis in different media, gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B, electron microscopy and cytochemistry. They carry plasma membrane enzymes (alkaline phosphatase EC 3.1.3.1, leucine aminopeptidase EC 3.4.1.1, 5'-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.5, maltase EC 3.2.1.20) in the same ratio as the membranes of the cells of origin. Equilibrium density centrifugation results in recovery of these plasma membrane fragments at density 1.190 (g/ml) in CsCl, 1.165 (g/ml) in sucrose, and 1.135 (g/ml) in metrizamide. Similar plasma membrane fragments were decribed previously in the serum of certain liver patients. These observations give evidence that shedding of whole plasma membrane fragments (koinozymic shedding) is a widespread feature of viable cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous shedding of plasma membrane fragments by human cells in vivo and in vitro. Human duodenal fluid, secretion fluid of a villous adenoma of the rectum, urine and culture medium of HeLa cells contain plasma membrane fragments which can be revealed by electrophoresis in different media, gel filtration on Sepharose 4-B, electron microscopy and cytochemistry. They carry plasma membrane enzymes (alkaline phosphatase EC 3.1.3.1, leucine aminopeptidase EC 3.4.1.1, 5'-nucleotidase EC 3.1.3.5, maltase EC 3.2.1.20) in the same ratio as the membranes of the cells of origin. Equilibrium density centrifugation results in recovery of these plasma membrane fragments at density 1.190 (g/ml) in CsCl, 1.165 (g/ml) in sucrose, and 1.135 (g/ml) in metrizamide. Similar plasma membrane fragments were decribed previously in the serum of certain liver patients. These observations give evidence that shedding of whole plasma membrane fragments (koinozymic shedding) is a widespread feature of viable cells."}
{"id": "PMID:923097", "title": "Human serum amine oxidase. Enzyme activity in severely burnt patients and in patients with cancer.", "content": "During a study of serum amine oxidase (SAO) levels in patients with fibrotic disease processes, 127 patients (100 adults and 27 children) with moderate to severe burns were investigated. Of these, 55 adults and 20 children, classified as severe, had enzyme levels of 2.7 +/- 0.3 and 4.6 +/- 0.9 McEwen Units (McE.U) (mean +/- S.E.) respectively, which, compared with those for normal healthy adults (18.3 +/- 0.6 McE.U), gave a difference of striking significance (t=21.05 for 130 d.f., and t=10.33 for 95 d.f., respectively). Subsequently, 125 patients with proven cancer were studied. 52 percent of the untreated and 41 percent of the treated showed remarkably low enzyme activity. The mean of the group of untreated patients was 9.6 +/- 1.1 McE.U, that of the treated 11.6 +/- 1.0 McE.U, and that of the entire group 10.7 +/- 0.7 McE.U. The difference between these values and normal activity is highly significant (p less than 10(-6)). Sequential SAO estimations on severly burnt patients and those with cancer established the time course of enzyme activity in these patients. Our observations suggest that estimation of SAO activity may be useful not only for the classification, monitoring and prognosis of severe burns, but also in the diagnosis of cancer and the evaluation of its treatment.", "contents": "Human serum amine oxidase. Enzyme activity in severely burnt patients and in patients with cancer. During a study of serum amine oxidase (SAO) levels in patients with fibrotic disease processes, 127 patients (100 adults and 27 children) with moderate to severe burns were investigated. Of these, 55 adults and 20 children, classified as severe, had enzyme levels of 2.7 +/- 0.3 and 4.6 +/- 0.9 McEwen Units (McE.U) (mean +/- S.E.) respectively, which, compared with those for normal healthy adults (18.3 +/- 0.6 McE.U), gave a difference of striking significance (t=21.05 for 130 d.f., and t=10.33 for 95 d.f., respectively). Subsequently, 125 patients with proven cancer were studied. 52 percent of the untreated and 41 percent of the treated showed remarkably low enzyme activity. The mean of the group of untreated patients was 9.6 +/- 1.1 McE.U, that of the treated 11.6 +/- 1.0 McE.U, and that of the entire group 10.7 +/- 0.7 McE.U. The difference between these values and normal activity is highly significant (p less than 10(-6)). Sequential SAO estimations on severly burnt patients and those with cancer established the time course of enzyme activity in these patients. Our observations suggest that estimation of SAO activity may be useful not only for the classification, monitoring and prognosis of severe burns, but also in the diagnosis of cancer and the evaluation of its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:923098", "title": "Serum levels of proline imino-peptidase in normal adults and children.", "content": "Serum proline imino-peptidase activities in 98 normal individuals aged 1 month to 75 years are examined. Mean enzyme activity in sera of individuals ages less than 1 year is 66.6 U; 2 to 6 years; 46.2 U; 7 to 11 years, 52.8 U; 12 to 16 years, 48.8 U; 17 to 19 years, 34.1 U; 20 to 29 years, 28.8 U; 30 to 39 years, 30.5 U; 40 to 59 years, 35.6 U; and more than 60 years, 31.6 U. Serum enzyme activities were markedly elevated in infants aged less than 1 year, then decreased with age up to 20 years. Serum proline imino-peptidase activity in 44 normal adults aged 20 to 59 years ranged from 19.9 to 43.1 U and averaged 31.5 +/- 5.8 U. There is no statistical difference in serum activities in normal adults between males and females.", "contents": "Serum levels of proline imino-peptidase in normal adults and children. Serum proline imino-peptidase activities in 98 normal individuals aged 1 month to 75 years are examined. Mean enzyme activity in sera of individuals ages less than 1 year is 66.6 U; 2 to 6 years; 46.2 U; 7 to 11 years, 52.8 U; 12 to 16 years, 48.8 U; 17 to 19 years, 34.1 U; 20 to 29 years, 28.8 U; 30 to 39 years, 30.5 U; 40 to 59 years, 35.6 U; and more than 60 years, 31.6 U. Serum enzyme activities were markedly elevated in infants aged less than 1 year, then decreased with age up to 20 years. Serum proline imino-peptidase activity in 44 normal adults aged 20 to 59 years ranged from 19.9 to 43.1 U and averaged 31.5 +/- 5.8 U. There is no statistical difference in serum activities in normal adults between males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:923099", "title": "Serum aspirin esterase activity in women with habitual aspirin intake.", "content": "A method for the determination of aspirin esterase activity in serum is described. Sera from 59 pregnant women who were habitual aspirin users were found to have a mean enzyme activity value statistically lower than those of 68 non-pregnant women controls or of 12 pregnant women controls who were either occasional users of the drug or were non-users. The distribution of enzyme activity in the experimental group was also significantly different from that of the control group. It is postulated that the low enzyme activity may further aggravate the injurious effects of high intake of aspirin.", "contents": "Serum aspirin esterase activity in women with habitual aspirin intake. A method for the determination of aspirin esterase activity in serum is described. Sera from 59 pregnant women who were habitual aspirin users were found to have a mean enzyme activity value statistically lower than those of 68 non-pregnant women controls or of 12 pregnant women controls who were either occasional users of the drug or were non-users. The distribution of enzyme activity in the experimental group was also significantly different from that of the control group. It is postulated that the low enzyme activity may further aggravate the injurious effects of high intake of aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:923100", "title": "Inorganic phosphorus measurement: an improved method.", "content": "An improved micromethod for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum and urine is outlined. The procedure requires no deproteinization and yields a stable colour. The new formulation proposed avoids the pitfalls of other techniques. The method is both accurate (recovery 99-100.4 percent) and precise (C.V. 2.19 percent).", "contents": "Inorganic phosphorus measurement: an improved method. An improved micromethod for the determination of inorganic phosphorus in serum and urine is outlined. The procedure requires no deproteinization and yields a stable colour. The new formulation proposed avoids the pitfalls of other techniques. The method is both accurate (recovery 99-100.4 percent) and precise (C.V. 2.19 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:923101", "title": "A simple slide-rule method for the assessment of renal tubular reaborption of phosphate in man.", "content": "The activity of renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man is best expressed as the ratio of the maximum rate or reabsorption to the glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR). A slide-rule method based on existing data is described for the derivation of TmP/GFR from values of phosphate and creatinine concentrations in single samples of plasma and urine. This is a simple method which is suitable both for research and for clinical purposes.", "contents": "A simple slide-rule method for the assessment of renal tubular reaborption of phosphate in man. The activity of renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man is best expressed as the ratio of the maximum rate or reabsorption to the glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR). A slide-rule method based on existing data is described for the derivation of TmP/GFR from values of phosphate and creatinine concentrations in single samples of plasma and urine. This is a simple method which is suitable both for research and for clinical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:923102", "title": "[Influence of oral contraceptive agents on the concentration of amino acids in leukocytes of supposedly healthy women (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentration of amino acids has been measured in leukocytes of women taking oral contraceptive agents and also in controls. These assays were made by means of ion exchange chromatography. The amino acid pool in leukocytes was found to be smaller in those patients taking the \"pill\". Each amino acid concentration decreased except for taurine and glutamine. Taurine represented 64.1 percent of the pool in treated women and only 23.5 percent in controls. Glutamine represented 9.5 percent of the pool in patients and 3.7 percent in controls.", "contents": "[Influence of oral contraceptive agents on the concentration of amino acids in leukocytes of supposedly healthy women (author's transl)]. The concentration of amino acids has been measured in leukocytes of women taking oral contraceptive agents and also in controls. These assays were made by means of ion exchange chromatography. The amino acid pool in leukocytes was found to be smaller in those patients taking the \"pill\". Each amino acid concentration decreased except for taurine and glutamine. Taurine represented 64.1 percent of the pool in treated women and only 23.5 percent in controls. Glutamine represented 9.5 percent of the pool in patients and 3.7 percent in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:923104", "title": "Levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in paired examinations of serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and reactive synovitis of local origin.", "content": "Levels of IgE were examined in pairs of serum and synovial fluid of the knee joint in a series of 78 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reactive synovitis during osteoarthrosis, and after injury. The IgE levels in synovial fluid were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in all groups; in RA, they were in significant correlation (r=0.6208, p less than 0.0001) and in direct linear regression to the levels in serum. In 5 patients of the whole series, however, the IgE levels in serum were lower by one order of magnitude as compared with synovial fluid. Serum levels of IgE in RA were in significant correlation and in direct linear regression to the titres of rheumatoid factors according to the latex-fixation test (r=0.3688, p=0.0249) and the haemagglutination test with sheep red cells (r=0.3721, p=0.0235).", "contents": "Levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in paired examinations of serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and reactive synovitis of local origin. Levels of IgE were examined in pairs of serum and synovial fluid of the knee joint in a series of 78 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reactive synovitis during osteoarthrosis, and after injury. The IgE levels in synovial fluid were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in all groups; in RA, they were in significant correlation (r=0.6208, p less than 0.0001) and in direct linear regression to the levels in serum. In 5 patients of the whole series, however, the IgE levels in serum were lower by one order of magnitude as compared with synovial fluid. Serum levels of IgE in RA were in significant correlation and in direct linear regression to the titres of rheumatoid factors according to the latex-fixation test (r=0.3688, p=0.0249) and the haemagglutination test with sheep red cells (r=0.3721, p=0.0235)."}
{"id": "PMID:923105", "title": "Comparative determinations of aminotransferase activities in serum with so-called \"optimised\" methods.", "content": "Comparative determinations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were made with so-called \"optimised\" methods introduced in the G.D.R., G.F.R. and Scandinavia. By means of the paired t-test significant differences could be established. These differences are partly due to different reaction conditions. For practical clinical aspects these differences should be of little relevance. In comparison with above-mentioned activites determined at 37 degrees C, aspartate aminotransferase activities measured with the IFCC reference method are lower by about 30 percent.", "contents": "Comparative determinations of aminotransferase activities in serum with so-called \"optimised\" methods. Comparative determinations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were made with so-called \"optimised\" methods introduced in the G.D.R., G.F.R. and Scandinavia. By means of the paired t-test significant differences could be established. These differences are partly due to different reaction conditions. For practical clinical aspects these differences should be of little relevance. In comparison with above-mentioned activites determined at 37 degrees C, aspartate aminotransferase activities measured with the IFCC reference method are lower by about 30 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:923106", "title": "Evidence for a dopaminergic activity of methysergide in humans.", "content": "The acute administration of 2 mg of methysergide significantly reduced plasma prolactin levels in nine normal subjects and in seven hyperprolactinaemic patients. The prolactin lowering effect of this drug was abolished by sulpiride. Morever methysergide lowered plasma GH levels in four out of nine acromegalic patients, who were also responsive to a dopaminergic drug such as bromocriptine. Although methysergide did not significantly blunt the TRH-induced prolactin release, our data suggest that this drug may affect GH and prolactin release through a dopaminergic mechanism of action. This effect should be taken into account when methysergide is employed as antiserotoninergic drug in neuroendocrinological studies.", "contents": "Evidence for a dopaminergic activity of methysergide in humans. The acute administration of 2 mg of methysergide significantly reduced plasma prolactin levels in nine normal subjects and in seven hyperprolactinaemic patients. The prolactin lowering effect of this drug was abolished by sulpiride. Morever methysergide lowered plasma GH levels in four out of nine acromegalic patients, who were also responsive to a dopaminergic drug such as bromocriptine. Although methysergide did not significantly blunt the TRH-induced prolactin release, our data suggest that this drug may affect GH and prolactin release through a dopaminergic mechanism of action. This effect should be taken into account when methysergide is employed as antiserotoninergic drug in neuroendocrinological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:923107", "title": "Is the growth-hormone response to insulin due to hypoglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia or a fall in plasma free fatty acids?", "content": "Seven normal male volunteers were given a 2 h intravenous infusion of insulin (2 mu kg-1 min-1). During the first hour, in which nomoglycaemia was maintained by glucose infusion, no detectable increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion occurred. When controlled symptomatic hypoglycaemia was produced during the second hour of the insulin infusion a brisk rise in plasma GH concentration was observed in all the subjects studied. Since it was possible that the falls in the concentration of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) occurring during infusion of insulin also acted as a stimulus to GH release the study was repeated in four subjects but normoglycaemia was maintained throughout the entire 2 h period of insulin infusion. In these experiments there was no rise in plasma GH concentration although a similar fall in plasma FFA was produced. These results clearly indicate that hypoglycaemia per se was the important stimulus to GH secretion and not hyperinsulinaemia or a lowering of plasma FFA. Furthermore there appeared to be a threshold hypoglycaemic stimulus to GH secretion. In no subject was a rise in plasma GH seen without a fall in plasma glucose greater than 1.4 mmol/l. Prolonged mild hypoglycaemia did not stimulate GH secretion.", "contents": "Is the growth-hormone response to insulin due to hypoglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia or a fall in plasma free fatty acids? Seven normal male volunteers were given a 2 h intravenous infusion of insulin (2 mu kg-1 min-1). During the first hour, in which nomoglycaemia was maintained by glucose infusion, no detectable increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion occurred. When controlled symptomatic hypoglycaemia was produced during the second hour of the insulin infusion a brisk rise in plasma GH concentration was observed in all the subjects studied. Since it was possible that the falls in the concentration of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) occurring during infusion of insulin also acted as a stimulus to GH release the study was repeated in four subjects but normoglycaemia was maintained throughout the entire 2 h period of insulin infusion. In these experiments there was no rise in plasma GH concentration although a similar fall in plasma FFA was produced. These results clearly indicate that hypoglycaemia per se was the important stimulus to GH secretion and not hyperinsulinaemia or a lowering of plasma FFA. Furthermore there appeared to be a threshold hypoglycaemic stimulus to GH secretion. In no subject was a rise in plasma GH seen without a fall in plasma glucose greater than 1.4 mmol/l. Prolonged mild hypoglycaemia did not stimulate GH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:923108", "title": "Comparison between the plasma insulin and glucose responses to five different insulin regimes in diabetic patients.", "content": "Diurnal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were studied in six diabetic patients, each treated with five different insulin regimes. Subcutaneous soluble insulin was too slow and long acting for physiological replacement of the normal insulin response to meals, but the peak insulin levels were higher than the postprandial levels of normal subjects. Intramuscular insulin, though absorbed more quickly than subcutaneous insulin, was not clinically advantageous. Three rather than two injections of soluble insulin gave improved blood glucose control but two combined injections of short and medium acting insulins gave nearly as good results. A long acting insulin was needed to prevent raised plasma glucose levels overnight.", "contents": "Comparison between the plasma insulin and glucose responses to five different insulin regimes in diabetic patients. Diurnal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were studied in six diabetic patients, each treated with five different insulin regimes. Subcutaneous soluble insulin was too slow and long acting for physiological replacement of the normal insulin response to meals, but the peak insulin levels were higher than the postprandial levels of normal subjects. Intramuscular insulin, though absorbed more quickly than subcutaneous insulin, was not clinically advantageous. Three rather than two injections of soluble insulin gave improved blood glucose control but two combined injections of short and medium acting insulins gave nearly as good results. A long acting insulin was needed to prevent raised plasma glucose levels overnight."}
{"id": "PMID:923109", "title": "The characterization of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone-like immunoreactivity in normal urine.", "content": "Using a previously described radioimmunoassay for growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH), the presence of GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity in urine has been characterized by demonstrating mobility identical to synthetic GH-RIH standard on two sephadex gel chromatographic systems, and parallelism of dilutions of the sephadex fractions with synthetic GH-RIH. Furthermore, 74% of the sephadex fraction cross-reacting in the immunoassay bound to antibody conjugated to sepharose and could be eluted by 1 M acetic acid. This immunospecific eluate showed identity with synthetic GH-RIH on both ion exchange and thin layer chromatography. Thus GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity is present in normal urine; this may have potential relevance in the search for a physiological role for this peptide.", "contents": "The characterization of growth hormone release inhibiting hormone-like immunoreactivity in normal urine. Using a previously described radioimmunoassay for growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH), the presence of GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity in urine has been characterized by demonstrating mobility identical to synthetic GH-RIH standard on two sephadex gel chromatographic systems, and parallelism of dilutions of the sephadex fractions with synthetic GH-RIH. Furthermore, 74% of the sephadex fraction cross-reacting in the immunoassay bound to antibody conjugated to sepharose and could be eluted by 1 M acetic acid. This immunospecific eluate showed identity with synthetic GH-RIH on both ion exchange and thin layer chromatography. Thus GH-RIH-like immunoreactivity is present in normal urine; this may have potential relevance in the search for a physiological role for this peptide."}
{"id": "PMID:923125", "title": "Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx: a light and electron microscopical study.", "content": "Light microscopical study of 29 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx showed evidence or origin of the tumour cells from overlying epithelium in 10 cases. In all cases the tumour cells had a distinctive cellular appearance of 'empty' chromatin deficient nuclei, prominent nucleoli and indefinite cytoplasmic margins. Electron microscopy indicated desmosomes and poorly defined tonofilaments in addition to the above cytoplasmic features. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx shows characteristic light and electron microscopic features which indicate that the tumour cells take origin from squamous epithelium, but are of an extreme degree of dedifferentiation.", "contents": "Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx: a light and electron microscopical study. Light microscopical study of 29 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx showed evidence or origin of the tumour cells from overlying epithelium in 10 cases. In all cases the tumour cells had a distinctive cellular appearance of 'empty' chromatin deficient nuclei, prominent nucleoli and indefinite cytoplasmic margins. Electron microscopy indicated desmosomes and poorly defined tonofilaments in addition to the above cytoplasmic features. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx shows characteristic light and electron microscopic features which indicate that the tumour cells take origin from squamous epithelium, but are of an extreme degree of dedifferentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:923126", "title": "Transcranial approach for cancer of the antroethmoidal area.", "content": "An improvement in the treatment results of antroethmoidal cancers may be achieved through the use of a transcranial approach, which makes an en bloc excision of the ethmoid labyrinths possible. This exposure allows dural involvement to be assessed, excised and repaired under direct vision. The technique used in the management of 9 patients is described. Eight of these patients presented with recurrent disease after previous radiotherapy and surgery. There were no deaths in the immediate postoperative period. Two patients are dead: one with disease in the frontal lobe; the other 18 months after operation, apparently free of disease. Facial deformity in patients who have undergone this operation is no greater than that associated with other operations in this area, and may be less, as a superior approach may allow the posterior ethmoidal and sphenoid area to be excised without orbital exenteration.", "contents": "Transcranial approach for cancer of the antroethmoidal area. An improvement in the treatment results of antroethmoidal cancers may be achieved through the use of a transcranial approach, which makes an en bloc excision of the ethmoid labyrinths possible. This exposure allows dural involvement to be assessed, excised and repaired under direct vision. The technique used in the management of 9 patients is described. Eight of these patients presented with recurrent disease after previous radiotherapy and surgery. There were no deaths in the immediate postoperative period. Two patients are dead: one with disease in the frontal lobe; the other 18 months after operation, apparently free of disease. Facial deformity in patients who have undergone this operation is no greater than that associated with other operations in this area, and may be less, as a superior approach may allow the posterior ethmoidal and sphenoid area to be excised without orbital exenteration."}
{"id": "PMID:923127", "title": "Pulmonary complications of methotrexate therapy.", "content": "Diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltration was first reported in 1969, occurring during intermittent methotrexate therapy and it is suggested that it represents an adverse reaction to this drug. Despite the severity of the clinical and radiological changes, the disease is usually self-limiting. An additional case is presented and the previous 28 reported cases of this syndrome are summarized. Since intermittent methotrexate therapy is becoming more widely used, the importance of recognizing this respiratory illness as a possible complicating reaction to the drug is stressed.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications of methotrexate therapy. Diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltration was first reported in 1969, occurring during intermittent methotrexate therapy and it is suggested that it represents an adverse reaction to this drug. Despite the severity of the clinical and radiological changes, the disease is usually self-limiting. An additional case is presented and the previous 28 reported cases of this syndrome are summarized. Since intermittent methotrexate therapy is becoming more widely used, the importance of recognizing this respiratory illness as a possible complicating reaction to the drug is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:923128", "title": "A two-part obturator prosthesis for use following maxillectomy in edentulous patients.", "content": "Some problems of conventional prostheses after maxillectomy are discussed. A two-part appliance which incorporates a removable, flexible obturator is described. It is simple to construct and comfortable to wear.", "contents": "A two-part obturator prosthesis for use following maxillectomy in edentulous patients. Some problems of conventional prostheses after maxillectomy are discussed. A two-part appliance which incorporates a removable, flexible obturator is described. It is simple to construct and comfortable to wear."}
{"id": "PMID:923131", "title": "A study of serum IgA levels in children undergoing tonsillectomy.", "content": "Earlier work has suggested that up to 25% of children undergoing tonsillectomy because of recurrent sore throats are relatively deficient in IgA immunoglobulin and that they do less well after the operation than 'normal' children. Measurements of serum immunoglobulin levels were carried out in 96 children undergoing tonsillectomy for recurrent sore throats. Levels of IgA, IgM and IgG were found to be similar to those in healthy children, 7-29% of those studied had 'low' IgA serum levels. There was a significant relationship between serum IgA levels and the age of the child. No relationship could be established between IgA levels and pre- or postoperative clinicaal state of the children. Low IgA serum levels are probably the result of delayed immunological maturation rather than a true immunodeficient state. IgA estimations, therefore, have no bearing on selection for operation or the prognosis after operation.", "contents": "A study of serum IgA levels in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Earlier work has suggested that up to 25% of children undergoing tonsillectomy because of recurrent sore throats are relatively deficient in IgA immunoglobulin and that they do less well after the operation than 'normal' children. Measurements of serum immunoglobulin levels were carried out in 96 children undergoing tonsillectomy for recurrent sore throats. Levels of IgA, IgM and IgG were found to be similar to those in healthy children, 7-29% of those studied had 'low' IgA serum levels. There was a significant relationship between serum IgA levels and the age of the child. No relationship could be established between IgA levels and pre- or postoperative clinicaal state of the children. Low IgA serum levels are probably the result of delayed immunological maturation rather than a true immunodeficient state. IgA estimations, therefore, have no bearing on selection for operation or the prognosis after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:923132", "title": "Squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx.", "content": "One hundred and ten patients with an oropharyngeal carcinoma seen in the period 1961--1971 at the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam are analysed. Approximately 75% of the patients were older than 60 years. About 60% of the patients had a cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of admission. Virtually all patients were treated exclusively by radiotherapy. Of the total group, the absolute survival was 26%, for tumours of the tonsil 35%, and for the base of the tongue 17%. There was no significant correlation between the histological degree of differentiation and the survival. The possibility of improving the results of selected patients is discussed.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx. One hundred and ten patients with an oropharyngeal carcinoma seen in the period 1961--1971 at the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital in Amsterdam are analysed. Approximately 75% of the patients were older than 60 years. About 60% of the patients had a cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of admission. Virtually all patients were treated exclusively by radiotherapy. Of the total group, the absolute survival was 26%, for tumours of the tonsil 35%, and for the base of the tongue 17%. There was no significant correlation between the histological degree of differentiation and the survival. The possibility of improving the results of selected patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923180", "title": "Propranolol serum levels during twenty-four hours.", "content": "Propranolol serum levels during a 24-hr period were determined every 2 hr in 9 hospitalized patients with angina pectoris after oral administration of 40 mg of propranolol 3 times a day. After the first, second, and third tablets the mean maximum serum propranolol concentrations averaged 118 +/- 71 ng/ml, 134 +/- 97 ng/ml, and 118 +/- 94 ng/ml and the mean minimum concentrations averaged 21 +/- 18 ng/ml, 45 +/- 25 ng/ml, and 54 +/- 34 ng/ml (+/-SD), respectively. These data show a very wide inter- and intraindividual variation in serum propranolol levels. No relationship was found between serum level and blood pressure or dose (related to body weight).", "contents": "Propranolol serum levels during twenty-four hours. Propranolol serum levels during a 24-hr period were determined every 2 hr in 9 hospitalized patients with angina pectoris after oral administration of 40 mg of propranolol 3 times a day. After the first, second, and third tablets the mean maximum serum propranolol concentrations averaged 118 +/- 71 ng/ml, 134 +/- 97 ng/ml, and 118 +/- 94 ng/ml and the mean minimum concentrations averaged 21 +/- 18 ng/ml, 45 +/- 25 ng/ml, and 54 +/- 34 ng/ml (+/-SD), respectively. These data show a very wide inter- and intraindividual variation in serum propranolol levels. No relationship was found between serum level and blood pressure or dose (related to body weight)."}
{"id": "PMID:923181", "title": "Propranolol-induced increments in total and free serum thyroxine in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "The effect of propranolol on serum levels of total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was investigated in 15 clinical euthyroid patients with essential hypertension. Oral propranolol in dosages from 80 to 480 mg/day for a 30-day period induced an average increase in total serum thyroxine of 15.5 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- SEM, 2 p = 0.00002) and in free thyroxine of 17.7 +/- 3.5% (2 p = 0.00009). The oral dose of propranolol correlated positively with serum propranolol (r = 0.70, 2 p = 0.007). No significant correlation between serum propranolol and changes in serum thyroxine could be demonstrated. Total and free triiodothyronine, as well as TSH, remained unchanged during propranolol treatment. The most likely explanation is a propranolol-induced decreased degradation of thyroxine. A practical consequence is that in patients with an uncertain clinical picture and slightly elevated serum thyroxine, propranolol intake should be considered.", "contents": "Propranolol-induced increments in total and free serum thyroxine in patients with essential hypertension. The effect of propranolol on serum levels of total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was investigated in 15 clinical euthyroid patients with essential hypertension. Oral propranolol in dosages from 80 to 480 mg/day for a 30-day period induced an average increase in total serum thyroxine of 15.5 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- SEM, 2 p = 0.00002) and in free thyroxine of 17.7 +/- 3.5% (2 p = 0.00009). The oral dose of propranolol correlated positively with serum propranolol (r = 0.70, 2 p = 0.007). No significant correlation between serum propranolol and changes in serum thyroxine could be demonstrated. Total and free triiodothyronine, as well as TSH, remained unchanged during propranolol treatment. The most likely explanation is a propranolol-induced decreased degradation of thyroxine. A practical consequence is that in patients with an uncertain clinical picture and slightly elevated serum thyroxine, propranolol intake should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:923183", "title": "Bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral pentazocine in man.", "content": "The bioavailability of oral pentazocine was studied in 5 healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations were determined from 30 min up to 6 hr following oral administration (two 50-mg tablets) and, at other occasions, after intravenous injection of 30 mg pentazocine. The average bioavailability was found to be 18.4 +/- 7.8% (SD, n = 5). It is shown that this low bioavailability depend almost entirely on the first-pass metabolism of pentazocine following oral administration by application of intravenous clearance concepts. The average beta-phase half-life was about the same following intravenous administration, 203 +/- 71 (SD, n = 5) min as following oral administration, 177 +/- 34 (SD, n = 5) min, with a total volume of distribution of 5.56 +/- 1.63 (SD, n = 5) L/kg. It is suggested that the variations in bioavailability of orally administered pentazocine have the potential to contribute to variations in pharmacologic effects in patients.", "contents": "Bioavailability and first-pass metabolism of oral pentazocine in man. The bioavailability of oral pentazocine was studied in 5 healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations were determined from 30 min up to 6 hr following oral administration (two 50-mg tablets) and, at other occasions, after intravenous injection of 30 mg pentazocine. The average bioavailability was found to be 18.4 +/- 7.8% (SD, n = 5). It is shown that this low bioavailability depend almost entirely on the first-pass metabolism of pentazocine following oral administration by application of intravenous clearance concepts. The average beta-phase half-life was about the same following intravenous administration, 203 +/- 71 (SD, n = 5) min as following oral administration, 177 +/- 34 (SD, n = 5) min, with a total volume of distribution of 5.56 +/- 1.63 (SD, n = 5) L/kg. It is suggested that the variations in bioavailability of orally administered pentazocine have the potential to contribute to variations in pharmacologic effects in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923185", "title": "Amitriptyline plasma levels and clinical response in primary depression.", "content": "Sixteen patients with primary depression were treated for 4 wk with amitriptyline. After clinical diagnoses were determined, patients entered a double-blind protocol (amitriptyline or placebo) and their clinical status was determined with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale by raters blind to the drug type, its dosage and plasma levels. Amitriptyline (AT) and nortriptyline (NT) plasma levels were assayed twice weekly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the 16 patients, a negative correlation between the Hamilton Score and the mean total tricyclic level (p less than 0.01), as well as with individual plasma levels, was found at the end of the treatment period. When the group was divided into clinical responders and nonresponders, the mean total tricyclic (AT + NT) levels discriminated the two groups by day 12 (p less than 0.001) as well as at the end of the protocol (day 26, 88% of the patients were classified correctly if an arbitrary level of 200 ng/ml total tricyclic plasma level was chosen). These results strongly suggest the presence of a positive correlation between plasma levels and clinical improvement in patients with primary depression.", "contents": "Amitriptyline plasma levels and clinical response in primary depression. Sixteen patients with primary depression were treated for 4 wk with amitriptyline. After clinical diagnoses were determined, patients entered a double-blind protocol (amitriptyline or placebo) and their clinical status was determined with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale by raters blind to the drug type, its dosage and plasma levels. Amitriptyline (AT) and nortriptyline (NT) plasma levels were assayed twice weekly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the 16 patients, a negative correlation between the Hamilton Score and the mean total tricyclic level (p less than 0.01), as well as with individual plasma levels, was found at the end of the treatment period. When the group was divided into clinical responders and nonresponders, the mean total tricyclic (AT + NT) levels discriminated the two groups by day 12 (p less than 0.001) as well as at the end of the protocol (day 26, 88% of the patients were classified correctly if an arbitrary level of 200 ng/ml total tricyclic plasma level was chosen). These results strongly suggest the presence of a positive correlation between plasma levels and clinical improvement in patients with primary depression."}
{"id": "PMID:923186", "title": "Effectiveness of prednisolone during phenytoin therapy.", "content": "The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the clearance of prednisolone from plasma, its bioavailability, and its biologic effectiveness were studied in 5 persons before and after daily DPH therapy for more than 3 wek. DPH decreased the mean half-time of disappearance of prednisolone from plasma by 45% and increased its metabolic clearance rate by an average of 77%. The gastrointestinal absorption of prednisolone and its first-pass clearance through splanchnic tissues were not significantly altered by DPH. The mean oral midnight dose of prednisolone required to suppress the 8 A.M. plasma level of cortisol to 5 microgram/dl was doubled following treatment of DPH. The increment in dose of prednisolone varied from 58% to 260% in the five individuals.", "contents": "Effectiveness of prednisolone during phenytoin therapy. The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on the clearance of prednisolone from plasma, its bioavailability, and its biologic effectiveness were studied in 5 persons before and after daily DPH therapy for more than 3 wek. DPH decreased the mean half-time of disappearance of prednisolone from plasma by 45% and increased its metabolic clearance rate by an average of 77%. The gastrointestinal absorption of prednisolone and its first-pass clearance through splanchnic tissues were not significantly altered by DPH. The mean oral midnight dose of prednisolone required to suppress the 8 A.M. plasma level of cortisol to 5 microgram/dl was doubled following treatment of DPH. The increment in dose of prednisolone varied from 58% to 260% in the five individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:923199", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.", "content": "Physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy are diabetogenic. If diabetes does not exist before pregnancy, it may become evident, and if diabetes pre-exists, it becomes aggravated. The changing insulin requirements and propensity for ketoacidosis require weekly visits and careful urine testing on a daily basis by the mother. In addition, microvascular complications of diabetes must be carefully monitored. Delivery is planned progressively early in the pregnancy according to diabetic class. Hospitalization is necessary one week before anticipated delivery. Urinary estriol tests, OCT, amniocentesis, and ultrasound are all helpful in managing the pregnancy. Delivery of the fetus and placenta results in a profound fall in the insulin requirement. The neonate should be carefully observed during the first few days of life because of the increased frequency of complications.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy are diabetogenic. If diabetes does not exist before pregnancy, it may become evident, and if diabetes pre-exists, it becomes aggravated. The changing insulin requirements and propensity for ketoacidosis require weekly visits and careful urine testing on a daily basis by the mother. In addition, microvascular complications of diabetes must be carefully monitored. Delivery is planned progressively early in the pregnancy according to diabetic class. Hospitalization is necessary one week before anticipated delivery. Urinary estriol tests, OCT, amniocentesis, and ultrasound are all helpful in managing the pregnancy. Delivery of the fetus and placenta results in a profound fall in the insulin requirement. The neonate should be carefully observed during the first few days of life because of the increased frequency of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:923205", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of pituitary lesions.", "content": "The primary care physician has a critical role in the recognition and early screening of pituitary lesions. Often the symptoms are nonspecific--headache, fatigue, and weakness. With menstrual irregularity, visual field loss, growth abnormality, or changes in body habitus or appearance, however, further investigation is needed. A single lateral skull X-ray may be enough to indicate pathology and warrant endocrine referral. If doubt exists even with a normal skull film, endocrine evaluation is worth undertaking. With increasing selectivity and safety of neurosurgical procedures, and with the help of physicians and radiotherapists, the neurosurgeon is able to offer the patient with a pituitary tumor a good chance of cure with minimal morbidity. However, the surgeon must often depend on the primary care physician to discover new visual field loss or endocrine changes that may signal recurrence, as well as to suspect the diagnosis of a pituitary lesion. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these lesions is best handled by an interdisciplinary team of physicians.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of pituitary lesions. The primary care physician has a critical role in the recognition and early screening of pituitary lesions. Often the symptoms are nonspecific--headache, fatigue, and weakness. With menstrual irregularity, visual field loss, growth abnormality, or changes in body habitus or appearance, however, further investigation is needed. A single lateral skull X-ray may be enough to indicate pathology and warrant endocrine referral. If doubt exists even with a normal skull film, endocrine evaluation is worth undertaking. With increasing selectivity and safety of neurosurgical procedures, and with the help of physicians and radiotherapists, the neurosurgeon is able to offer the patient with a pituitary tumor a good chance of cure with minimal morbidity. However, the surgeon must often depend on the primary care physician to discover new visual field loss or endocrine changes that may signal recurrence, as well as to suspect the diagnosis of a pituitary lesion. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these lesions is best handled by an interdisciplinary team of physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:923206", "title": "Respiratory abnormalities in hypothyroidism.", "content": "While the respiratory and oxygen transport systems are complex, they are orderly, so that they can be studied logically and systematically. There are many interactions and potential abnormalities at various levels that may combine to give the ultimate defect of inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. An understanding of these many factors using hypothyroidism as a model should enable the clinician to approach the problem rationally and manage if effectively.", "contents": "Respiratory abnormalities in hypothyroidism. While the respiratory and oxygen transport systems are complex, they are orderly, so that they can be studied logically and systematically. There are many interactions and potential abnormalities at various levels that may combine to give the ultimate defect of inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. An understanding of these many factors using hypothyroidism as a model should enable the clinician to approach the problem rationally and manage if effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:923237", "title": "[Freedom and voluntary death: suicide as ideology].", "content": "Voices have been increasing in the last years, demanding the right of men to choose time and way of ending his life, thus asking consequently the liberty for mankind of killing themselves. The most important of these ideas are explained in connection with their philosophical, psychological and sociological background and confronted with the results of modern suicide research. The outcome of this review gives, however, no reason for changes in the previous and successful ways of suicide prevention.", "contents": "[Freedom and voluntary death: suicide as ideology]. Voices have been increasing in the last years, demanding the right of men to choose time and way of ending his life, thus asking consequently the liberty for mankind of killing themselves. The most important of these ideas are explained in connection with their philosophical, psychological and sociological background and confronted with the results of modern suicide research. The outcome of this review gives, however, no reason for changes in the previous and successful ways of suicide prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:923238", "title": "[Information and evocation. Materials toward a sociopsychologically oriented psychopathology].", "content": "Psychopathology is always science of interaction, because mental illness is recognizable only in interaction. It will be useful for psychopathology to have a critical look on ideas and models of modern linguistic science. This is especially true for those tendencies which are interested in the concept of a theory of speaking and acting and work out the social implications of communicational processes beyond the formal examination of language structure. From this point of view new basic knowledge of psychopathology may accumulate. Tendencies going in that direction are examined in detail, especially the meaning of evocation, which was introduced by Lacan and which might prove to be a key conception of psychiatry.", "contents": "[Information and evocation. Materials toward a sociopsychologically oriented psychopathology]. Psychopathology is always science of interaction, because mental illness is recognizable only in interaction. It will be useful for psychopathology to have a critical look on ideas and models of modern linguistic science. This is especially true for those tendencies which are interested in the concept of a theory of speaking and acting and work out the social implications of communicational processes beyond the formal examination of language structure. From this point of view new basic knowledge of psychopathology may accumulate. Tendencies going in that direction are examined in detail, especially the meaning of evocation, which was introduced by Lacan and which might prove to be a key conception of psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:923239", "title": "Nonverbal dialogue with the brain-damaged elderly.", "content": "In a population of twelve 63- to 89-year-old residents of a nursing home, rank-ordered scores of copying errors on the revised Benton visual retention test were found to be significantly correlated with the rotational shifts in the Minnesota percepto-diagnostic test. Residents on both ends of the continuum of brain damage could paint interesting, expressive and/or original pictures, in spite of the fact that the first eight residents were on psychotropic medication and the last four were occasionally handicapped by constructional apraxia. Ten adjudicators ranked pairs of figure drawings for each resident in decreasing order of 'aesthetic pleasingness' and 'originality'. Degree of brain damage was found unrelated to both measures. Interadjudicator agreement was stronger on 'originality' than on 'aesthetic pleasingness'. Some of the beneficial and provocative results of art therapy with the elderly are elaborated ans a plea made for accepting their observed creative performance as part of the realm of legitimate art.", "contents": "Nonverbal dialogue with the brain-damaged elderly. In a population of twelve 63- to 89-year-old residents of a nursing home, rank-ordered scores of copying errors on the revised Benton visual retention test were found to be significantly correlated with the rotational shifts in the Minnesota percepto-diagnostic test. Residents on both ends of the continuum of brain damage could paint interesting, expressive and/or original pictures, in spite of the fact that the first eight residents were on psychotropic medication and the last four were occasionally handicapped by constructional apraxia. Ten adjudicators ranked pairs of figure drawings for each resident in decreasing order of 'aesthetic pleasingness' and 'originality'. Degree of brain damage was found unrelated to both measures. Interadjudicator agreement was stronger on 'originality' than on 'aesthetic pleasingness'. Some of the beneficial and provocative results of art therapy with the elderly are elaborated ans a plea made for accepting their observed creative performance as part of the realm of legitimate art."}
{"id": "PMID:923240", "title": "[Disturbances in time perception in relation to changes in experiencing music in experimental psychosis].", "content": "Music is a structure ('Gestalt') in time. The recognition of disturbances of the perception of music enhances the knowledge of disorders of perception of time. Disturbances of perception of music and time in experimental psychoses (psilocybine) are discussed in relation to the studies by Piaget on the development of the notion of time in childhood. The results allow a new interpretation of the disturbances of the perception of time in diencephalic disorders as described in the literature.", "contents": "[Disturbances in time perception in relation to changes in experiencing music in experimental psychosis]. Music is a structure ('Gestalt') in time. The recognition of disturbances of the perception of music enhances the knowledge of disorders of perception of time. Disturbances of perception of music and time in experimental psychoses (psilocybine) are discussed in relation to the studies by Piaget on the development of the notion of time in childhood. The results allow a new interpretation of the disturbances of the perception of time in diencephalic disorders as described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:923253", "title": "Changes in sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in the terminal stage of extensive myocardial infarction.", "content": "Fifty patients with acute extensive myocardial infarction, with unfavourable course, were continuously survelled from the beginning of the disease till the terminal stage with the aim to study the interdependences between changes in the sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in blood. The blood levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined fluorometrically. The activity of the kallikrein-kinin system was estimated on the basis of three components: spontaneous esterase activity, prekallikrein activity, and kallikrein inhibitor activity in blood. Within the first six hours all patients had significantly elevated adrenaline and increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in blood. At 24h before death and during the terminal stage, in patients with acute heart failure and those with cardiogenic shock the adrenaline level gradually rose, and in patients with myocardial rupture the noradrenaline level increased. The activity of the kallikrein-kinin system remained elevated throughout the follow-up period. The application of findings as diagnostic and prognostic criteria in myocardial infarction is suggested.", "contents": "Changes in sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in the terminal stage of extensive myocardial infarction. Fifty patients with acute extensive myocardial infarction, with unfavourable course, were continuously survelled from the beginning of the disease till the terminal stage with the aim to study the interdependences between changes in the sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems in blood. The blood levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined fluorometrically. The activity of the kallikrein-kinin system was estimated on the basis of three components: spontaneous esterase activity, prekallikrein activity, and kallikrein inhibitor activity in blood. Within the first six hours all patients had significantly elevated adrenaline and increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in blood. At 24h before death and during the terminal stage, in patients with acute heart failure and those with cardiogenic shock the adrenaline level gradually rose, and in patients with myocardial rupture the noradrenaline level increased. The activity of the kallikrein-kinin system remained elevated throughout the follow-up period. The application of findings as diagnostic and prognostic criteria in myocardial infarction is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:923254", "title": "Obliterative arteriosclerosis of extremities in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "In a group of 314 patients after past myocardial infarction or an episode of acute coronary insufficiency, angiological examination, repeated after a one-year interval, was performed. In the first examination, signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the lower extremities were found in 18.8% of the patients. It was noteworthy that 34% of patients with peripheral obliterative arteriosclerosis had no complaints connected with an impairment of circulation in the limbs. On the basis of the second examination, performed after a one-year interval, it was found that the annual incidence of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the lower extremities was 7.4%. In 66% of patients showing signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis at the first examination, objective impairment of peripheral circulation was observed after a one-year interval. In none of the patients did the investigators find signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the upper extremities.", "contents": "Obliterative arteriosclerosis of extremities in patients with coronary heart disease. In a group of 314 patients after past myocardial infarction or an episode of acute coronary insufficiency, angiological examination, repeated after a one-year interval, was performed. In the first examination, signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the lower extremities were found in 18.8% of the patients. It was noteworthy that 34% of patients with peripheral obliterative arteriosclerosis had no complaints connected with an impairment of circulation in the limbs. On the basis of the second examination, performed after a one-year interval, it was found that the annual incidence of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the lower extremities was 7.4%. In 66% of patients showing signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis at the first examination, objective impairment of peripheral circulation was observed after a one-year interval. In none of the patients did the investigators find signs of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the upper extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:923255", "title": "Venous tone in essential hypertension.", "content": "Peripheral venous tone was measured in 124 patients with essential hypertension and in 20 healthy persons by digital electroplethysmography according to B. E. Votchal. In patients with hypertension stage II, the venous tone significantly decreased with increasing arterial tone; in patients in stage I this tendency was statistically not significant. In orthostasis the increase in venous tone was much lesser than that in arterial tone. The close positive correlation between venous capacity and the degree of decrease in systolic and pulse pressure make it possible to assess the systemic venous pressure on the basis of findings obtained from occlusion plethysmographic measurements. In patients with hypertensive disease in stage IIA, treated with reserpine, the arterial tone and pressure decreased, whereas the venous tone significantly increased (normalized).", "contents": "Venous tone in essential hypertension. Peripheral venous tone was measured in 124 patients with essential hypertension and in 20 healthy persons by digital electroplethysmography according to B. E. Votchal. In patients with hypertension stage II, the venous tone significantly decreased with increasing arterial tone; in patients in stage I this tendency was statistically not significant. In orthostasis the increase in venous tone was much lesser than that in arterial tone. The close positive correlation between venous capacity and the degree of decrease in systolic and pulse pressure make it possible to assess the systemic venous pressure on the basis of findings obtained from occlusion plethysmographic measurements. In patients with hypertensive disease in stage IIA, treated with reserpine, the arterial tone and pressure decreased, whereas the venous tone significantly increased (normalized)."}
{"id": "PMID:923256", "title": "Abnormalities of cardiac conduction in sinus node disease. Correlation with clinical findings.", "content": "His bundle recordings, sinus recovery time and the response to atropine were studied in 28 patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. The electrophysiological data were correlated with the clinical picture and the course of the disease. The marked prolongation of sinus recovery time and a decidedly diminished responsiveness to atropine may increase the accuracy of clinical assessment of the disease but negative results of these tests do not exclude even serious dysfunction of the node. The His bundle electrogram provides a more thorough evaluation of AV conduction and should be taken into account when permanent electrotherapy is being considered.", "contents": "Abnormalities of cardiac conduction in sinus node disease. Correlation with clinical findings. His bundle recordings, sinus recovery time and the response to atropine were studied in 28 patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. The electrophysiological data were correlated with the clinical picture and the course of the disease. The marked prolongation of sinus recovery time and a decidedly diminished responsiveness to atropine may increase the accuracy of clinical assessment of the disease but negative results of these tests do not exclude even serious dysfunction of the node. The His bundle electrogram provides a more thorough evaluation of AV conduction and should be taken into account when permanent electrotherapy is being considered."}
{"id": "PMID:923257", "title": "The limitation of mitral echocardiography in combined mitral lesions.", "content": "In combined mitral stenosis and incompetence, the mitral echocardiogram is able to estimate the degree of mitral stenosis (i. e. mitral valve area) without being able to detect or quantify mitral incompetence. A diastolic closure rate of 20 mm/sec or less does not exclude significant mitral incompetence as claimed by others. Cardiac catheterization is still necessary in mitral stenosis, where concominant mitral incompetence is suspected clinically, to confirm its presence and quantify its degree.", "contents": "The limitation of mitral echocardiography in combined mitral lesions. In combined mitral stenosis and incompetence, the mitral echocardiogram is able to estimate the degree of mitral stenosis (i. e. mitral valve area) without being able to detect or quantify mitral incompetence. A diastolic closure rate of 20 mm/sec or less does not exclude significant mitral incompetence as claimed by others. Cardiac catheterization is still necessary in mitral stenosis, where concominant mitral incompetence is suspected clinically, to confirm its presence and quantify its degree."}
{"id": "PMID:923258", "title": "Case report of congenital tricuspid insufficiency.", "content": "This is a report of a 16 years old male with moderate mitral disease, probably rheumatic, and with severe tricuspid insufficiency which at surgery appeared to be a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve (absence of the anterior leaflet). A tricuspid heterograft was successfully inserted. The symptoms of congenital tricuspid insufficiency are discussed and this affection is differentiated from other causes of tricuspid insufficiency.", "contents": "Case report of congenital tricuspid insufficiency. This is a report of a 16 years old male with moderate mitral disease, probably rheumatic, and with severe tricuspid insufficiency which at surgery appeared to be a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve (absence of the anterior leaflet). A tricuspid heterograft was successfully inserted. The symptoms of congenital tricuspid insufficiency are discussed and this affection is differentiated from other causes of tricuspid insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:923259", "title": "Involution of changes in lesser circulation after closure of prolonged aortopulmonary anastomosis.", "content": "Possibilities of involution of changes in lesser circulation after closure of experimental aortopulmonary anastomosis were studied. 37 observations at various intervals after closure of anastomosis (several minutes to 13.5 months) in 25 dogs were analyzed. Before closure the anastomosis had functioned for 1-7 months. The results of histological examinations of lungs, pressure measurements in lesser circulation, heart weight, electrocardiographic and spirographic examinations were analyzed. It was found that complete involution of changes in lesser circulation was possible only in first month of existence of anastomosis, in this case with changes of both \"early\" and \"late\" types. \"Late\"-type changes after four months function of anastomosis had both reversible and irreversible character, whereas \"early\"-type changes became irreversible already after three-month duration of anastomosis. With the \"late\"-type changes, the operation itself (closure of anastomosis) was accompanied by symptoms of pulmonary vasomotor paresis and heart failure, whereas in the presence of \"early\"-type changes the operation elicited no morphological or functional changes.", "contents": "Involution of changes in lesser circulation after closure of prolonged aortopulmonary anastomosis. Possibilities of involution of changes in lesser circulation after closure of experimental aortopulmonary anastomosis were studied. 37 observations at various intervals after closure of anastomosis (several minutes to 13.5 months) in 25 dogs were analyzed. Before closure the anastomosis had functioned for 1-7 months. The results of histological examinations of lungs, pressure measurements in lesser circulation, heart weight, electrocardiographic and spirographic examinations were analyzed. It was found that complete involution of changes in lesser circulation was possible only in first month of existence of anastomosis, in this case with changes of both \"early\" and \"late\" types. \"Late\"-type changes after four months function of anastomosis had both reversible and irreversible character, whereas \"early\"-type changes became irreversible already after three-month duration of anastomosis. With the \"late\"-type changes, the operation itself (closure of anastomosis) was accompanied by symptoms of pulmonary vasomotor paresis and heart failure, whereas in the presence of \"early\"-type changes the operation elicited no morphological or functional changes."}
{"id": "PMID:923260", "title": "Prevention of ventricular fibrillation in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "The fall in the ventricular fibrillation threshold during the first half an hour following ligation of the descending branch of the left coronary artery in dog was not influenced by the i.v. injection of trimecain (Mesokain Spofa). On the other hand, an i.v. injection of methypranol (Trimepranol Spofa) given prior to ligation increased the level of ventricular fibrillation threshold 3 to 4 times compared to control value before occlusion in all 10 studied dogs. Depression of the beta-blocking adrenergic activity may thus prevent the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "Prevention of ventricular fibrillation in experimental myocardial infarction. The fall in the ventricular fibrillation threshold during the first half an hour following ligation of the descending branch of the left coronary artery in dog was not influenced by the i.v. injection of trimecain (Mesokain Spofa). On the other hand, an i.v. injection of methypranol (Trimepranol Spofa) given prior to ligation increased the level of ventricular fibrillation threshold 3 to 4 times compared to control value before occlusion in all 10 studied dogs. Depression of the beta-blocking adrenergic activity may thus prevent the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:923261", "title": "The development of myocardial changes during intermittent high altitude hypoxia in rats.", "content": "The initial phase and the development of myocardial focal necroses were studied in 50 rats adapted successively to intermittent high altitude. The altitude hypoxia was produced in a low pressure chamber (7000 m, five days a week, four hours daily). First-minute myocardial changes detected by histochemical methods were found after 4 exposures at a level of 3000 m and distinct ones after 8 exposures at a level of 4500 m. Histologically, acute focal necroses were found after 11 exposures at a level of 6000 m. Hypoxia and stress are suggested to account for these myocardial focal changes. During further adaptation no further acute focal necroses were observed.", "contents": "The development of myocardial changes during intermittent high altitude hypoxia in rats. The initial phase and the development of myocardial focal necroses were studied in 50 rats adapted successively to intermittent high altitude. The altitude hypoxia was produced in a low pressure chamber (7000 m, five days a week, four hours daily). First-minute myocardial changes detected by histochemical methods were found after 4 exposures at a level of 3000 m and distinct ones after 8 exposures at a level of 4500 m. Histologically, acute focal necroses were found after 11 exposures at a level of 6000 m. Hypoxia and stress are suggested to account for these myocardial focal changes. During further adaptation no further acute focal necroses were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:923263", "title": "Sensitivity to musical denotation and connotation in organic patients.", "content": "Musical segments convey at least two kinds of meaning: The \"real-world\" events referred to by lyrics and by occasions of performance constitute musical denotation: the formal expressive patterns suggested by such constituents as pitch, timbre, and intensity constitute musical connotation. To ascertain sensitivity to these musical facets among brain-injured patients, tests assessing appreciation of musical denotation and connotation were administered to unilaterally brain-injured subjects in the United States and Italy. On the musical denotation test, right hemisphere patients excelled on items where knowledge of lyrics was required; in contrast, anterior aphasics surpassed both posterior aphasics and right hemisphere patients on items where acquaintance with lyrics was unnecessary. On the musical connotation test, right hemisphere patients performed relatively better in matching sound patterns to temporally-sequenced designs than to gestalten; these patients also performed better than left hemisphere patients on a number of other dimensions. The relatively high performance of posterior aphasics on the connotation test, along with the lack of correlation between connotative and denotative scores received by aphasic patients, suggest a behavioral and neurological dissociation between the two forms of musical sensitivity.", "contents": "Sensitivity to musical denotation and connotation in organic patients. Musical segments convey at least two kinds of meaning: The \"real-world\" events referred to by lyrics and by occasions of performance constitute musical denotation: the formal expressive patterns suggested by such constituents as pitch, timbre, and intensity constitute musical connotation. To ascertain sensitivity to these musical facets among brain-injured patients, tests assessing appreciation of musical denotation and connotation were administered to unilaterally brain-injured subjects in the United States and Italy. On the musical denotation test, right hemisphere patients excelled on items where knowledge of lyrics was required; in contrast, anterior aphasics surpassed both posterior aphasics and right hemisphere patients on items where acquaintance with lyrics was unnecessary. On the musical connotation test, right hemisphere patients performed relatively better in matching sound patterns to temporally-sequenced designs than to gestalten; these patients also performed better than left hemisphere patients on a number of other dimensions. The relatively high performance of posterior aphasics on the connotation test, along with the lack of correlation between connotative and denotative scores received by aphasic patients, suggest a behavioral and neurological dissociation between the two forms of musical sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:923264", "title": "Further studies of tactile perception and motor coordination in agenesis of the corpus callosum.", "content": "A 12-year-old female with total agenesis of the corpus callosum has been tested on several tasks involving tactile perception and motor coordination. Her performance has been compared with a group of normals of the same age and sex and a group of subjects matched for age, sex and I.Q. On 3 of the bimanual motor coordination tasks the acallosal's performance was not clearly distinguishable from the control's. She was, however, slower than the controls on the pegboard task. On a transfer of training task (formboard) the acallosal was slower than normals and did not manifest transfer. However, transfer of training was shown on a maze-learning task. No deficit was found in the ability to tactually cross-identify objects, but a deficit in tactile cross-localization was evidenced.", "contents": "Further studies of tactile perception and motor coordination in agenesis of the corpus callosum. A 12-year-old female with total agenesis of the corpus callosum has been tested on several tasks involving tactile perception and motor coordination. Her performance has been compared with a group of normals of the same age and sex and a group of subjects matched for age, sex and I.Q. On 3 of the bimanual motor coordination tasks the acallosal's performance was not clearly distinguishable from the control's. She was, however, slower than the controls on the pegboard task. On a transfer of training task (formboard) the acallosal was slower than normals and did not manifest transfer. However, transfer of training was shown on a maze-learning task. No deficit was found in the ability to tactually cross-identify objects, but a deficit in tactile cross-localization was evidenced."}
{"id": "PMID:923265", "title": "The effect of auditory signals on the control of the rapidity of arm movements.", "content": "An experimental study of the effect of auditory signals on the rapidity of arm movements was undertaken in 32 right-handed subjects. The task (a printed tapping test) was performed with the presence of metronome clicks intended to act as pacemakers of the subject's tapping movements. The effect of preferred hand, direction of movement (i.e. left-right and right-left) and mode of acoustic presentation (monoaural or binaural) was investigated. Results indicate that the presence of acoustic signals increases (without a concomitant decrease in accuracy) the rapidity of movements, but there is not differential increase whether the signals are delivered to the right or left ear or binaurally. Repetitive movements of the right arm are faster than those of the left; and the direction in which the movements are made influences the rapidity of performance for both arms, left-right movements being faster than those made in the right-left direction. Some theoretical intrepretations of the findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of auditory signals on the control of the rapidity of arm movements. An experimental study of the effect of auditory signals on the rapidity of arm movements was undertaken in 32 right-handed subjects. The task (a printed tapping test) was performed with the presence of metronome clicks intended to act as pacemakers of the subject's tapping movements. The effect of preferred hand, direction of movement (i.e. left-right and right-left) and mode of acoustic presentation (monoaural or binaural) was investigated. Results indicate that the presence of acoustic signals increases (without a concomitant decrease in accuracy) the rapidity of movements, but there is not differential increase whether the signals are delivered to the right or left ear or binaurally. Repetitive movements of the right arm are faster than those of the left; and the direction in which the movements are made influences the rapidity of performance for both arms, left-right movements being faster than those made in the right-left direction. Some theoretical intrepretations of the findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923266", "title": "Classification of reading problems by the Q-technique of factor analysis.", "content": "The Q-technique of factor analysis was used to define subtypes of reading problems in terms of performance on 31 tests of rapid reading skills. Subjects included a group of 34 children with learning problems, language problems, and mental retardation. Three subgroups were identified within each group by the statistical classification procedure. For the reading group, one subgroup was characterized by slow oral word reading, a second by slow auditory-visual letter association, and a third by slow auditory-visual association of words and syllables. The first and second subgroups for the mixed group were essentially the same as the second and third subgroups for the reading group, and the third subgroup was characterized by slow visual matching. These results were compared with those of previous investigators, none of whom used multivariate correlational procedures for classifying reading disabilities. It was concluded that the use of statistical classification techniques would greatly facilitate the achievement of a consensus regarding the number and the types of developmental reading disabilities.", "contents": "Classification of reading problems by the Q-technique of factor analysis. The Q-technique of factor analysis was used to define subtypes of reading problems in terms of performance on 31 tests of rapid reading skills. Subjects included a group of 34 children with learning problems, language problems, and mental retardation. Three subgroups were identified within each group by the statistical classification procedure. For the reading group, one subgroup was characterized by slow oral word reading, a second by slow auditory-visual letter association, and a third by slow auditory-visual association of words and syllables. The first and second subgroups for the mixed group were essentially the same as the second and third subgroups for the reading group, and the third subgroup was characterized by slow visual matching. These results were compared with those of previous investigators, none of whom used multivariate correlational procedures for classifying reading disabilities. It was concluded that the use of statistical classification techniques would greatly facilitate the achievement of a consensus regarding the number and the types of developmental reading disabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:923267", "title": "Ability to transcribe music and ear superiority for tone sequences.", "content": "Trained musicians able to transcribe music make fewer erros in recognition of conventional melodies when the melodies are presented in the right ear, but show more right ear than left ear errors in the recognition of random note sequences. Other subjects, even though able to read music and play instruments, make more errors across all types of stimuli when stimuli are presented in the right ear. The ability to transcribe music, but not the ability to read music or to play instruments is associated with a sharp reduction in errors for stimuli presented in either ear.", "contents": "Ability to transcribe music and ear superiority for tone sequences. Trained musicians able to transcribe music make fewer erros in recognition of conventional melodies when the melodies are presented in the right ear, but show more right ear than left ear errors in the recognition of random note sequences. Other subjects, even though able to read music and play instruments, make more errors across all types of stimuli when stimuli are presented in the right ear. The ability to transcribe music, but not the ability to read music or to play instruments is associated with a sharp reduction in errors for stimuli presented in either ear."}
{"id": "PMID:923268", "title": "Hemispheric superiority in reaction time to faces: a sex difference.", "content": "In males but not females, reaction time to faces is faster when stimuli are presented to the right hemisphere than when presented to the left hemisphere. The complete lack of a hemispheric difference in females suggests that with brief exposure and immediate judgement, a lateralized mechanism specialized for faces can be activated only in males.", "contents": "Hemispheric superiority in reaction time to faces: a sex difference. In males but not females, reaction time to faces is faster when stimuli are presented to the right hemisphere than when presented to the left hemisphere. The complete lack of a hemispheric difference in females suggests that with brief exposure and immediate judgement, a lateralized mechanism specialized for faces can be activated only in males."}
{"id": "PMID:923269", "title": "The reliability of reaction time determinations.", "content": "The reliability of simple and two-choice reaction time (RT) as a function of number of trials and measure of central tendency was examined. It was found that, within the particular conditions of the study, 18 trials were sufficient to obtain a highl reliable determination of simple RT but 30 trials were required for a highly reliable determination of two-choice RT. The selection of measure of central tendency was not related to degree of reliability.", "contents": "The reliability of reaction time determinations. The reliability of simple and two-choice reaction time (RT) as a function of number of trials and measure of central tendency was examined. It was found that, within the particular conditions of the study, 18 trials were sufficient to obtain a highl reliable determination of simple RT but 30 trials were required for a highly reliable determination of two-choice RT. The selection of measure of central tendency was not related to degree of reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:923270", "title": "Functional relationship between forward and backward digit repetition and a non-verbal analogue.", "content": "It has been suggested that the forward digit span employs a verbal representation of sequences of digits, whereas the backward digit span employs a spatial representation. This was tested by comparing the two digit spans with a non-verbal analogue of the forward digit span. The latter did not explain any of the variation in the backward digit span when the forward digit span was stastically controlled. It is concluded that the two digit spans employ a common verbal representation.", "contents": "Functional relationship between forward and backward digit repetition and a non-verbal analogue. It has been suggested that the forward digit span employs a verbal representation of sequences of digits, whereas the backward digit span employs a spatial representation. This was tested by comparing the two digit spans with a non-verbal analogue of the forward digit span. The latter did not explain any of the variation in the backward digit span when the forward digit span was stastically controlled. It is concluded that the two digit spans employ a common verbal representation."}
{"id": "PMID:923271", "title": "Failure to confirm a spatial ability impairment in persons with evidence of right hemisphere speech capability.", "content": "Levy hypothesized that persons lacking strict left hemispheric dominance for language processing should be impaired in spatial processing ability. This leads to the expectation that left-handers, because they are more often not strictly left hemisphere dominant for language, would, as a group, be impaired in spatial ability relative to right-handers. Evidence regarding this hypothesis has been inconsistent. The present study systematically examined the effects of handedness, sex, and hemispheric language dominance on verbal and spatial ability in 80 right-handed and 71 left-handed university students. Males were found to be superior to females in all handedness-hemispheric language dominance groups on the spatial ability measure. No effects of handedness or hemispheric lanaguage dominance nor interactions of these factors obtained for either verbal or spatial ability measures. It was concluded that the hypothesis of verbal-spatial processing incompatibility within the same hemisphere was not supported.", "contents": "Failure to confirm a spatial ability impairment in persons with evidence of right hemisphere speech capability. Levy hypothesized that persons lacking strict left hemispheric dominance for language processing should be impaired in spatial processing ability. This leads to the expectation that left-handers, because they are more often not strictly left hemisphere dominant for language, would, as a group, be impaired in spatial ability relative to right-handers. Evidence regarding this hypothesis has been inconsistent. The present study systematically examined the effects of handedness, sex, and hemispheric language dominance on verbal and spatial ability in 80 right-handed and 71 left-handed university students. Males were found to be superior to females in all handedness-hemispheric language dominance groups on the spatial ability measure. No effects of handedness or hemispheric lanaguage dominance nor interactions of these factors obtained for either verbal or spatial ability measures. It was concluded that the hypothesis of verbal-spatial processing incompatibility within the same hemisphere was not supported."}
{"id": "PMID:923272", "title": "Self-correctional strategies in the conversational speech of aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults.", "content": "Self-correctional strategies in the conversational speech of aphasic and non-aphasic brain-damaged adults were analyzed for frequency of occurrence and percentage of success. Similar strategies were used by groups resulting in the same rank order of most to least successful for delay, association, description and generalization. Further analysis of self-correctional strategies among aphasic subgroups indicated that frequency and success of strategies were not significantly related to type of aphasia. Severity level and success of a particular strategy appeared to depend on the amount of information about the target word which was available to the subject at the time of error.", "contents": "Self-correctional strategies in the conversational speech of aphasic and nonaphasic brain damaged adults. Self-correctional strategies in the conversational speech of aphasic and non-aphasic brain-damaged adults were analyzed for frequency of occurrence and percentage of success. Similar strategies were used by groups resulting in the same rank order of most to least successful for delay, association, description and generalization. Further analysis of self-correctional strategies among aphasic subgroups indicated that frequency and success of strategies were not significantly related to type of aphasia. Severity level and success of a particular strategy appeared to depend on the amount of information about the target word which was available to the subject at the time of error."}
{"id": "PMID:923278", "title": "Experience of treatment in the Amanita phalloides poisoning (clinical and experimental observations).", "content": "Intensive care was applied in 13 patients with acute liver insufficiency and different degrees of metabolic encephalopathy due to the ingestion of Amanita phalloides. Twelve of them were subjected to hepatic assist with E.T., in three cases this measure was repeated. Ten recoveries were obtained, which denote, on the basis of the necrosis enzymes and the hepatic histo-pathological aspects from bioptic samplings, the use of the E.T. method, when applied within the first 72 hours. In pigs poisoned with Amanita phalloides, the clinico-biochemical pattern and the histopathological findings are comparable to the observations in man. Electron microscopy demonstrates peculiar lesion in the cytoplasm. The anatomo-pathological findings in the three dead patients show a liver necrosis over the 90% and the presence of cerebral edema.", "contents": "Experience of treatment in the Amanita phalloides poisoning (clinical and experimental observations). Intensive care was applied in 13 patients with acute liver insufficiency and different degrees of metabolic encephalopathy due to the ingestion of Amanita phalloides. Twelve of them were subjected to hepatic assist with E.T., in three cases this measure was repeated. Ten recoveries were obtained, which denote, on the basis of the necrosis enzymes and the hepatic histo-pathological aspects from bioptic samplings, the use of the E.T. method, when applied within the first 72 hours. In pigs poisoned with Amanita phalloides, the clinico-biochemical pattern and the histopathological findings are comparable to the observations in man. Electron microscopy demonstrates peculiar lesion in the cytoplasm. The anatomo-pathological findings in the three dead patients show a liver necrosis over the 90% and the presence of cerebral edema."}
{"id": "PMID:923282", "title": "Effects of dibenzothioline and silymarin on the dry weight of isolated hepatocytes of rats acutely poisoned with phalloidin and alpha-amanitin.", "content": "The protective action of dibenzothioline and silymarin in the acute intoxication by phalloidin and alpha-amanitin has been studied on the basis of their ability to attenuate changes in dry mass distribution and class-pattern of the hepatocytes, as evaluated by microinterferometry. Protective agents were given to male rats 30 min before toxin, and the animals were sacrificed 3.0 h later. Both dibenzothioline and silymarin markedly counteract the toxic action of phalloidin and alpha-amanitin on the hepatocyte population, as revealed by a substantial prevention (a) of the striking displacement of hepatocytes in the intervals among the classes as regards phalloidin poisoning, and (b) of the number decrease of hepatocyte classes due to disappearance of the heaviest ones, of the shift of hepatocytes to the lighter classes, of the appearance of very light cells, of the displacement of hepatocytes into the class intervals and of the decrease in nuclear dry mass as regards alpha-amanitin. It is suggested that dibenzothioline and silymarin exert their protective action by a non-specific stabilization of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Effects of dibenzothioline and silymarin on the dry weight of isolated hepatocytes of rats acutely poisoned with phalloidin and alpha-amanitin. The protective action of dibenzothioline and silymarin in the acute intoxication by phalloidin and alpha-amanitin has been studied on the basis of their ability to attenuate changes in dry mass distribution and class-pattern of the hepatocytes, as evaluated by microinterferometry. Protective agents were given to male rats 30 min before toxin, and the animals were sacrificed 3.0 h later. Both dibenzothioline and silymarin markedly counteract the toxic action of phalloidin and alpha-amanitin on the hepatocyte population, as revealed by a substantial prevention (a) of the striking displacement of hepatocytes in the intervals among the classes as regards phalloidin poisoning, and (b) of the number decrease of hepatocyte classes due to disappearance of the heaviest ones, of the shift of hepatocytes to the lighter classes, of the appearance of very light cells, of the displacement of hepatocytes into the class intervals and of the decrease in nuclear dry mass as regards alpha-amanitin. It is suggested that dibenzothioline and silymarin exert their protective action by a non-specific stabilization of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:923283", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of aortic valve stenosis.", "content": "The present review has attempted to summarize the classic symptoms and signs of aortic valve stenosis, especially in an adult. It is emphasized that all the classic signs rarely are present and their absence may mislead an unwary clinician. The diagnostic help provided by noninvasive tests, including echocardiography and phonocardiography, has been emphasized. A need for cardiac catheterization and angiography in most patients prior to corrective surgery is stressed. The natural history of the disease without operative intervention is dim and a significant risk of sudden death exists. The current surgical approach with immediate and long-term results is summarized. Finally, attention has been drawn to the special clinical circumstances when the aortic valve stenosis provides a strinkingly different clinical picture. We cannot find a better way to end this review than by quoting a warning note given by Thomas Lewis in 1920: \"It is the faint cry of an anguished and fast failing muscle, which, when it comes, all should strain to hear, for it is not long repeated. A few months, a few years at most, and the end comes.\"", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of aortic valve stenosis. The present review has attempted to summarize the classic symptoms and signs of aortic valve stenosis, especially in an adult. It is emphasized that all the classic signs rarely are present and their absence may mislead an unwary clinician. The diagnostic help provided by noninvasive tests, including echocardiography and phonocardiography, has been emphasized. A need for cardiac catheterization and angiography in most patients prior to corrective surgery is stressed. The natural history of the disease without operative intervention is dim and a significant risk of sudden death exists. The current surgical approach with immediate and long-term results is summarized. Finally, attention has been drawn to the special clinical circumstances when the aortic valve stenosis provides a strinkingly different clinical picture. We cannot find a better way to end this review than by quoting a warning note given by Thomas Lewis in 1920: \"It is the faint cry of an anguished and fast failing muscle, which, when it comes, all should strain to hear, for it is not long repeated. A few months, a few years at most, and the end comes.\""}
{"id": "PMID:923286", "title": "Papulosquamous eruptions: usefulness of biopsy in establishing diagnosis.", "content": "Papulosquamous dermatoses are caused by a variety of etiologic agents. T. rubrum in particular can produce clinicopathologic changes which mimic a spectrum of disorders. Of these, some are papulosquamos in character. Whenever patients are seen with atypical papulosquamous dermatoses, the clinical differential diagnosis should always include dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum. If skin scrapings for direct microscopic examination and culture studies are negative, a biopsy should be seriously considered as the best procedure to aid in making the correct diagnosis. Periodically, tissue diagnoses of fungal disease are made by dermatopathologists when the problem has not even been suspected by the clinician. Clinicians and pathologists should maintain a high index of suspicion for the disease spectrum which T. rubrum can cause in the human host. T. rubrum represents a great mimicker of cutaneous diseases similar to eruptions caused by Treponema pallidum and drugs. Information T. rubrum and methods have been reported.", "contents": "Papulosquamous eruptions: usefulness of biopsy in establishing diagnosis. Papulosquamous dermatoses are caused by a variety of etiologic agents. T. rubrum in particular can produce clinicopathologic changes which mimic a spectrum of disorders. Of these, some are papulosquamos in character. Whenever patients are seen with atypical papulosquamous dermatoses, the clinical differential diagnosis should always include dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum. If skin scrapings for direct microscopic examination and culture studies are negative, a biopsy should be seriously considered as the best procedure to aid in making the correct diagnosis. Periodically, tissue diagnoses of fungal disease are made by dermatopathologists when the problem has not even been suspected by the clinician. Clinicians and pathologists should maintain a high index of suspicion for the disease spectrum which T. rubrum can cause in the human host. T. rubrum represents a great mimicker of cutaneous diseases similar to eruptions caused by Treponema pallidum and drugs. Information T. rubrum and methods have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:923288", "title": "How useful is a biopsy in a case of suspected fungal infection?", "content": "In suspected cases of superficial fungal infections, biopsies are not routinely performed. This paper has analyzed some diagnostic features of histopathologic examination in dermatomycosis that are not usually emphasized. The usefulness of light microscopic observation of PAS-stained and plastic-embedded specimens has also been shown.", "contents": "How useful is a biopsy in a case of suspected fungal infection? In suspected cases of superficial fungal infections, biopsies are not routinely performed. This paper has analyzed some diagnostic features of histopathologic examination in dermatomycosis that are not usually emphasized. The usefulness of light microscopic observation of PAS-stained and plastic-embedded specimens has also been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:923289", "title": "Case of suspected connective tissue disease presenting as chronic edema or swelling of face, neck, and upper trunk.", "content": "An adequate biopsy that includes the subcutaneous tissue is very helpful in the evaluation of patients with suspected connective tissue disease. However, the histologic features must often be correlated with the clinical features and other laboratory tests for a definitive diagnosis. An objective histologic diagnosis can usually be made in scleroderma, lupus erythematosus panniculitis, amyloidosis, and angioedema, and in diseases such as lepromatous leprosy and mycosis fungoids (which are sometimes confused with connective tissue diseases). Correlation with clinical features and, sometimes, other laboratory tests is often required to establish a diagnosis of scleredema, dermatomyositis, myxedema, and lichen myxedematosus. The features in cheilitis granulomatosa usually are not specific, but a biopsy is helpful to rule out other diseases.", "contents": "Case of suspected connective tissue disease presenting as chronic edema or swelling of face, neck, and upper trunk. An adequate biopsy that includes the subcutaneous tissue is very helpful in the evaluation of patients with suspected connective tissue disease. However, the histologic features must often be correlated with the clinical features and other laboratory tests for a definitive diagnosis. An objective histologic diagnosis can usually be made in scleroderma, lupus erythematosus panniculitis, amyloidosis, and angioedema, and in diseases such as lepromatous leprosy and mycosis fungoids (which are sometimes confused with connective tissue diseases). Correlation with clinical features and, sometimes, other laboratory tests is often required to establish a diagnosis of scleredema, dermatomyositis, myxedema, and lichen myxedematosus. The features in cheilitis granulomatosa usually are not specific, but a biopsy is helpful to rule out other diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:923303", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. 3. The effect of physical training on cardiopulmonary performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "We examined the effect of physical training on cardiopulmonary function in 21 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and compared the results with similar observations in eight untrained patients. The training consisted of daily walking on a treadmill at increasing speeds and grades and other graded physical exercises. Evaluation of pulmonary function, including spirometric studies, lung volumes, and arterial blood gas levels, showed no significant change after training. Hemodynamic functions, including heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, pulmonary vascular resistance, and arteriovenous oxygen content difference, were similarly unchanged at comparable submaximal loads. Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure increased after training in the treated group at rest and during exercise, but this may be related to changes in respiratory mechanics. Consumption of oxygen and minute ventilation decreased in the treated group during treadmill exercise, suggesting improved neuromuscular coordination and efficiency of walking on the treadmill. Total work performed on the treadmill increased significantly in the trained group. This increase was unexplained by physiologic observations but was thought to be due in part to increased efficiency of walking and increased motivation. We conclude that improvement in the capacity for exercise following physical training for four weeks is not associated with improvement in cardiopulmonary function at submaximal exercise.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. 3. The effect of physical training on cardiopulmonary performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We examined the effect of physical training on cardiopulmonary function in 21 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and compared the results with similar observations in eight untrained patients. The training consisted of daily walking on a treadmill at increasing speeds and grades and other graded physical exercises. Evaluation of pulmonary function, including spirometric studies, lung volumes, and arterial blood gas levels, showed no significant change after training. Hemodynamic functions, including heart rate, cardiac index, stroke index, pulmonary vascular resistance, and arteriovenous oxygen content difference, were similarly unchanged at comparable submaximal loads. Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure increased after training in the treated group at rest and during exercise, but this may be related to changes in respiratory mechanics. Consumption of oxygen and minute ventilation decreased in the treated group during treadmill exercise, suggesting improved neuromuscular coordination and efficiency of walking on the treadmill. Total work performed on the treadmill increased significantly in the trained group. This increase was unexplained by physiologic observations but was thought to be due in part to increased efficiency of walking and increased motivation. We conclude that improvement in the capacity for exercise following physical training for four weeks is not associated with improvement in cardiopulmonary function at submaximal exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:923304", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. 4. The influence of intrathoracic pressure variations on increases in pulmonary vascular pressure during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "In the present era of direct monitoring of pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an appreciation of all factors that may influence the observed pulmonary vascular pressures is essential. Our study examines the impact of respiratory variations in intrathoracic pressure on the recorded pulmonary vascular pressures in 28 patients with COPD. Althouth pulmonary hypertension was present in only nine subjects at rest, all had an abnormal increase in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure during supine exercise. In 15 subjects, this abnormal response was, in part, related to an increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure to 15 mm Hg or more. The increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was directly related to the amplitude of the peak-to-peak respiratory variation of such wedge pressure. This variation correlated with the specific airway resistance but was not related to the arterial oxygen pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance. These findings indicate the important influence of exaggerated respiratory effort on the measurement of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pulmonary insufficiency. 4. The influence of intrathoracic pressure variations on increases in pulmonary vascular pressure during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the present era of direct monitoring of pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an appreciation of all factors that may influence the observed pulmonary vascular pressures is essential. Our study examines the impact of respiratory variations in intrathoracic pressure on the recorded pulmonary vascular pressures in 28 patients with COPD. Althouth pulmonary hypertension was present in only nine subjects at rest, all had an abnormal increase in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure during supine exercise. In 15 subjects, this abnormal response was, in part, related to an increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure to 15 mm Hg or more. The increase in pulmonary arterial wedge pressure was directly related to the amplitude of the peak-to-peak respiratory variation of such wedge pressure. This variation correlated with the specific airway resistance but was not related to the arterial oxygen pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance. These findings indicate the important influence of exaggerated respiratory effort on the measurement of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:923305", "title": "Colloid osmotic pressure as a prognostic indicator of pulmonary edema and mortality in the critically ill.", "content": "The relationship of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) to pulmonary edema and mortality in 128 critically ill patients was investigated in our critical care unit, and confirms previously reported observations. The COP in the 86 survivors was 22.0 (+/- 0.4 SEM) mm Hg versus 17.2 (+/- 0.6 SEM) mm Hg in the 42 who died (P less than 0.001). The patients were divided into three groups: 71 with no pulmonary edema, COP of 21.5 (+/- 0.5 SEM) mm Hg; 40 with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, COP of 21.4 (+/- 0.4 SEM) mm Hg; and 17 with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, COP OF 13.6 (+/- 0.8 SEM) mm Hg. Colloid osmotic pressure was significantly lower in patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (P less than 0.001). In 36 patients in whom pulmonary artery wedge pressures (PWP) were available, a COP-PWP gradient of 4.0 mm Hg or less was always associated with pulmonary edema, while a COP-PWP gradient greater than 4.0 mm Hg was never associated with pulmonary edema. Colloid osmotic pressure is a useful prognostic indicator of pulmonary edema and mortality in the critically ill.", "contents": "Colloid osmotic pressure as a prognostic indicator of pulmonary edema and mortality in the critically ill. The relationship of colloid osmotic pressure (COP) to pulmonary edema and mortality in 128 critically ill patients was investigated in our critical care unit, and confirms previously reported observations. The COP in the 86 survivors was 22.0 (+/- 0.4 SEM) mm Hg versus 17.2 (+/- 0.6 SEM) mm Hg in the 42 who died (P less than 0.001). The patients were divided into three groups: 71 with no pulmonary edema, COP of 21.5 (+/- 0.5 SEM) mm Hg; 40 with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, COP of 21.4 (+/- 0.4 SEM) mm Hg; and 17 with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, COP OF 13.6 (+/- 0.8 SEM) mm Hg. Colloid osmotic pressure was significantly lower in patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (P less than 0.001). In 36 patients in whom pulmonary artery wedge pressures (PWP) were available, a COP-PWP gradient of 4.0 mm Hg or less was always associated with pulmonary edema, while a COP-PWP gradient greater than 4.0 mm Hg was never associated with pulmonary edema. Colloid osmotic pressure is a useful prognostic indicator of pulmonary edema and mortality in the critically ill."}
{"id": "PMID:923306", "title": "Effects of digitalis on the exercise electrocardiogram in normal adult subjects.", "content": "Controversy continues regarding the effects of administration of digitalis upon the exercise electrocardiogram. Thus, maximal treadmill exercise tests were performed before and two weeks after administration of 0.25 mg of digoxin daily in 15 normal subjects (documented by cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriographic studies). Administration of digitalis induced abnormal findings on exercise tests in all 14 subjects with serum levels of digoxin greater than or equal to 0.5 ng/ml; however, at workloads greater than 75 to 90 percent of maximal predicted heart rate, the changes in the ST segment reverted to a normal configuration in all subjects, thereby providing differentiation of digitalis-induced ST-segment alterations from those due to myocardial ischemia at maximal treadmill stress.", "contents": "Effects of digitalis on the exercise electrocardiogram in normal adult subjects. Controversy continues regarding the effects of administration of digitalis upon the exercise electrocardiogram. Thus, maximal treadmill exercise tests were performed before and two weeks after administration of 0.25 mg of digoxin daily in 15 normal subjects (documented by cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriographic studies). Administration of digitalis induced abnormal findings on exercise tests in all 14 subjects with serum levels of digoxin greater than or equal to 0.5 ng/ml; however, at workloads greater than 75 to 90 percent of maximal predicted heart rate, the changes in the ST segment reverted to a normal configuration in all subjects, thereby providing differentiation of digitalis-induced ST-segment alterations from those due to myocardial ischemia at maximal treadmill stress."}
{"id": "PMID:923307", "title": "Left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical heart disease. Evaluation by systolic time intervals and echocardiography.", "content": "To examine left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of cardiac involvement, systolic time intervals (pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time index and ratio of pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time) and echocardiographic measures (percentage changes in minor axis diameter, end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter, end- diastolic volume and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume and ejection fraction), were obtained. There were 89 diabetic patients and 93 control subjects evaluated for systolic time intervals, and 40 diabetic patients and 20 control subjects evaluated by echocardiogram. The diabetic group demonstrated significant (P less than 0.001) differences from the normal control group in each of the noninvasive measures of systolic time intervals. Pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ration was increased by 25 percent and the pre-ejection period was increased by 12 percent in the diabetic patients. Among 40 diabetic patients studied by echocardiography, abnormal percentage change in minor axis diameter, (less than 30 percent) occurred in six individuals. Ejection fraction was decreased by 20 percent as compared to the control group, whereas end-diastolic pressure was not significantly different in the groups.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical heart disease. Evaluation by systolic time intervals and echocardiography. To examine left ventricular performance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of cardiac involvement, systolic time intervals (pre-ejection period, left ventricular ejection time index and ratio of pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time) and echocardiographic measures (percentage changes in minor axis diameter, end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter, end- diastolic volume and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume and ejection fraction), were obtained. There were 89 diabetic patients and 93 control subjects evaluated for systolic time intervals, and 40 diabetic patients and 20 control subjects evaluated by echocardiogram. The diabetic group demonstrated significant (P less than 0.001) differences from the normal control group in each of the noninvasive measures of systolic time intervals. Pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time ration was increased by 25 percent and the pre-ejection period was increased by 12 percent in the diabetic patients. Among 40 diabetic patients studied by echocardiography, abnormal percentage change in minor axis diameter, (less than 30 percent) occurred in six individuals. Ejection fraction was decreased by 20 percent as compared to the control group, whereas end-diastolic pressure was not significantly different in the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:923308", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse in rheumatic mitral stenosis.", "content": "Four adult women with histories of rheumatic fever and clinical findings of mitral stenosis and regurgitation had echocardiograms demonstrating moderately severe mitral stenosis (EF slope less than 20 mm/sec, mean left atrial size 3.0 cm/m2, mean anterior mitral leaflet excursion 25 mm) as well as typical mitral valve prolapse. Three patients  underwent cardiac catheterization which confirmed the presence of mitral stenosis, as well as systolic prolapse and excessive scalloping of the mitral valve with no visible mitral calcium and no coronary artery disease. One patient had associated mild aortic stenosis and regurgitation. Two patients underwent mitral valve surgery which revealed anterior and posterior commissural fusion consistent with rheumatic disease and intact chordal apparatus. Both leaflets were large and the anterior leaflets were redundant. There were no vegetations. Pathology revealed myxomatous degeneration of the valve leaflets. In the absence of heavy calcification and thickening, the presence of mitral stenosis with commisural fusion does not exclude the possibility of a redundant mitral valve. When these entities coexist, systolic clicks may be absent.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Four adult women with histories of rheumatic fever and clinical findings of mitral stenosis and regurgitation had echocardiograms demonstrating moderately severe mitral stenosis (EF slope less than 20 mm/sec, mean left atrial size 3.0 cm/m2, mean anterior mitral leaflet excursion 25 mm) as well as typical mitral valve prolapse. Three patients  underwent cardiac catheterization which confirmed the presence of mitral stenosis, as well as systolic prolapse and excessive scalloping of the mitral valve with no visible mitral calcium and no coronary artery disease. One patient had associated mild aortic stenosis and regurgitation. Two patients underwent mitral valve surgery which revealed anterior and posterior commissural fusion consistent with rheumatic disease and intact chordal apparatus. Both leaflets were large and the anterior leaflets were redundant. There were no vegetations. Pathology revealed myxomatous degeneration of the valve leaflets. In the absence of heavy calcification and thickening, the presence of mitral stenosis with commisural fusion does not exclude the possibility of a redundant mitral valve. When these entities coexist, systolic clicks may be absent."}
{"id": "PMID:923312", "title": "Primary dissecting aneurysm of the right coronary artery.", "content": "Coronary arterial dissection is extremely rare. Such dissections have been reported to occur secondary to atherosclerosis, trauma, the postpartum state, and cystic medial necrosis and to be iatrogenically induced during catheterization. The clinical picture of coronary arterial dissection is usually sudded death. A review of the literature reveals that our case is the second in which a spontaneous coronary arterial dissection has been diagnosed during life and documented by coronary arteriographic studies. This report describes a 31-year-old man who presented with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriographic studies demonstrated a dissection of the right coronary artery.", "contents": "Primary dissecting aneurysm of the right coronary artery. Coronary arterial dissection is extremely rare. Such dissections have been reported to occur secondary to atherosclerosis, trauma, the postpartum state, and cystic medial necrosis and to be iatrogenically induced during catheterization. The clinical picture of coronary arterial dissection is usually sudded death. A review of the literature reveals that our case is the second in which a spontaneous coronary arterial dissection has been diagnosed during life and documented by coronary arteriographic studies. This report describes a 31-year-old man who presented with an acute inferior myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriographic studies demonstrated a dissection of the right coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:923313", "title": "Retropharyngeal abscess following endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Retropharyngeal abscess is an unusual complication of endotracheal intubation. We present a case in which such a lesion developed following traumatic intubation in an emergency situation.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal abscess following endotracheal intubation. Retropharyngeal abscess is an unusual complication of endotracheal intubation. We present a case in which such a lesion developed following traumatic intubation in an emergency situation."}
{"id": "PMID:923314", "title": "Iatrogenic false-positive findings on cardiac scans.", "content": "Two patients subjected to cardiopulmonary resuscitation with chest massage and direct-current cardioversion had positive activity on myocardial scintiscans using radioactive 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate. Possible explanations are offered, and recent reports of false-positive findings on scans due to organic disease, as well as iatrogenic causes, are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Iatrogenic false-positive findings on cardiac scans. Two patients subjected to cardiopulmonary resuscitation with chest massage and direct-current cardioversion had positive activity on myocardial scintiscans using radioactive 99mtechnetium pyrophosphate. Possible explanations are offered, and recent reports of false-positive findings on scans due to organic disease, as well as iatrogenic causes, are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:923315", "title": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia associated with granulomatous lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A unique association between desquamative interstitial pneumonia and granulomatous lymphadenopathy in a six-year-old black girl is presented. Although clinical and laboratory improvement followed corticosteroid therapy, fairly severe restrictive pulmonary disease persisted.", "contents": "Desquamative interstitial pneumonia associated with granulomatous lymphadenopathy. A unique association between desquamative interstitial pneumonia and granulomatous lymphadenopathy in a six-year-old black girl is presented. Although clinical and laboratory improvement followed corticosteroid therapy, fairly severe restrictive pulmonary disease persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:923316", "title": "Mediastinal compression due to tension hydrothorax.", "content": "We describe a patient in whom a malignant pleural effusion accumulated with sufficient pressure to cause mediastinal compression resulting in acute respiratory distress, dysphagia, and massive edema of the lower extremities. Emergency thoracocentesis produced immediate relief to respiratory symptoms and dysphagia, with gradual disappearance of the edema and a weight loss of 6.8 kg (15 lb) without adjunctive medications. It is suggested that thoracocentesis is a life-saving measure in this circumstance and should be done immediately in patients with similar initial clinical findings, as further diagnostic evaluation or other therapy directed to the mediastinum will not releive the tension and will only delay removal of the fluid.", "contents": "Mediastinal compression due to tension hydrothorax. We describe a patient in whom a malignant pleural effusion accumulated with sufficient pressure to cause mediastinal compression resulting in acute respiratory distress, dysphagia, and massive edema of the lower extremities. Emergency thoracocentesis produced immediate relief to respiratory symptoms and dysphagia, with gradual disappearance of the edema and a weight loss of 6.8 kg (15 lb) without adjunctive medications. It is suggested that thoracocentesis is a life-saving measure in this circumstance and should be done immediately in patients with similar initial clinical findings, as further diagnostic evaluation or other therapy directed to the mediastinum will not releive the tension and will only delay removal of the fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:923317", "title": "Cardiac toxicity of clonidine.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by mild renal insufficiency and severe systemic hypertension inadvertently received an excessive amount of clonidine hydrochloride. In association with a presumed toxic level of clonidine in the serum, the patient developed abnormalities of cardiac conduction, including 2:1 atrioventricular block, complete heart block, 3:2 Wenckebach block, and first-degree atrioventricular block. The transient nature of these abnormalities, with the return of normal conduction upon the cessation of therapy with clonidine, implicates this drug as being capable of producing high-grade atrioventricular block at toxic levels.", "contents": "Cardiac toxicity of clonidine. A 22-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by mild renal insufficiency and severe systemic hypertension inadvertently received an excessive amount of clonidine hydrochloride. In association with a presumed toxic level of clonidine in the serum, the patient developed abnormalities of cardiac conduction, including 2:1 atrioventricular block, complete heart block, 3:2 Wenckebach block, and first-degree atrioventricular block. The transient nature of these abnormalities, with the return of normal conduction upon the cessation of therapy with clonidine, implicates this drug as being capable of producing high-grade atrioventricular block at toxic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:923318", "title": "Ball variance in a Harken mitral prosthesis. Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic features.", "content": "A case of ball variance in a caged-ball prosthetic valve is presented, illustrating the echocardiographic and phonocardiographic features. The swollen silicone ball was observed on echocardiographic studies to have diminished motion and to incompletely open within its cage. On phonocardiographic studies, the Q-S1 interval was prolonged, and no opening sound could be recorded. These noninvasive techniques may be helpful in predicting the need for replacement of prosthetic valves that have silicone rubber balls.", "contents": "Ball variance in a Harken mitral prosthesis. Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic features. A case of ball variance in a caged-ball prosthetic valve is presented, illustrating the echocardiographic and phonocardiographic features. The swollen silicone ball was observed on echocardiographic studies to have diminished motion and to incompletely open within its cage. On phonocardiographic studies, the Q-S1 interval was prolonged, and no opening sound could be recorded. These noninvasive techniques may be helpful in predicting the need for replacement of prosthetic valves that have silicone rubber balls."}
{"id": "PMID:923319", "title": "An unusual lethal complication associated with Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve holder.", "content": "This is the first report of an unusual fatal complication associated with the Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve holder. The patient died 51 days after replacement of his aortic valve with a Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve. The cause of death was coronary arterial embolus caused by a fragment broken off of the prosthetic aortic valve holder.", "contents": "An unusual lethal complication associated with Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve holder. This is the first report of an unusual fatal complication associated with the Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve holder. The patient died 51 days after replacement of his aortic valve with a Starr-Edwards prosthetic aortic valve. The cause of death was coronary arterial embolus caused by a fragment broken off of the prosthetic aortic valve holder."}
{"id": "PMID:923320", "title": "Echocardiographic recognition of silent aortic root dilatation in Marfan's syndrome.", "content": "Echocardiography has proven a useful and sensitive means to determine noninvasively the cardiac dimensions. This report describes the echocardiographic detection of progressive dilatation of the aortic root over an 18-month period, which led to death in a 33-year-old man with Marfan's syndrome; however, at no time was the aortic dilatation evident on chest x-ray films. This patient illustrates the sensitivity of the echocardiogram in detecting and assessing the severity of disease of the aortic root not readily assessed by other noninvasive techniques and the value of serial measurements of aortic dimensions in patients with proven or suspected dilatation of the aortic root.", "contents": "Echocardiographic recognition of silent aortic root dilatation in Marfan's syndrome. Echocardiography has proven a useful and sensitive means to determine noninvasively the cardiac dimensions. This report describes the echocardiographic detection of progressive dilatation of the aortic root over an 18-month period, which led to death in a 33-year-old man with Marfan's syndrome; however, at no time was the aortic dilatation evident on chest x-ray films. This patient illustrates the sensitivity of the echocardiogram in detecting and assessing the severity of disease of the aortic root not readily assessed by other noninvasive techniques and the value of serial measurements of aortic dimensions in patients with proven or suspected dilatation of the aortic root."}
{"id": "PMID:923321", "title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Report of a case with extraperitoneal metastasis and invasion of the spleen.", "content": "The findings in a patient with pseudomyxoma peritonei, probably of appendicular origin, are reported. As a rule, pseudomyxoma peritonei remains limited to the peritoneal cavity, but in this case, dissemination occurred to the right pleural cavity and to the pericardium. In addition, invasion of the spleen (to our knowledge, nor previously described) was noted.", "contents": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Report of a case with extraperitoneal metastasis and invasion of the spleen. The findings in a patient with pseudomyxoma peritonei, probably of appendicular origin, are reported. As a rule, pseudomyxoma peritonei remains limited to the peritoneal cavity, but in this case, dissemination occurred to the right pleural cavity and to the pericardium. In addition, invasion of the spleen (to our knowledge, nor previously described) was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:923322", "title": "Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict. Successful treatment with trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole mixture plus colistin.", "content": "Endocarditis of the tricuspid valve due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict failed to respond to therapy with gentamicin, carbenicillin, and amikacin. Clinical and bacteriologic cure was achieved with oral administration of a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole mixture plus parenteral therapy with colistin. In vitro synergism was demonstrated for the three drugs at concentrations achievable in the serum. Therapy for endocarditis due to Pseudomonas continues to be a major problem; however, the successful treatment of this patient warrants consideration for instituting therapy with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole misture plus colistin in individuals with this infection who fail to respond to standard therapeutic regimens for severe infections with Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Endocarditis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict. Successful treatment with trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole mixture plus colistin. Endocarditis of the tricuspid valve due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a heroin addict failed to respond to therapy with gentamicin, carbenicillin, and amikacin. Clinical and bacteriologic cure was achieved with oral administration of a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole mixture plus parenteral therapy with colistin. In vitro synergism was demonstrated for the three drugs at concentrations achievable in the serum. Therapy for endocarditis due to Pseudomonas continues to be a major problem; however, the successful treatment of this patient warrants consideration for instituting therapy with a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole misture plus colistin in individuals with this infection who fail to respond to standard therapeutic regimens for severe infections with Pseudomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:923323", "title": "Putrid pulmonary abscess and empyema with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been associated with many pulmonary inflammatory diseases. The origin of the hormone in these cases is the neurohypophysis, although the afferent stimulus has not been adequately characterized. A previously unreported association of this syndrome with putrid pulmonary abscess and empyema is documented.", "contents": "Putrid pulmonary abscess and empyema with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone has been associated with many pulmonary inflammatory diseases. The origin of the hormone in these cases is the neurohypophysis, although the afferent stimulus has not been adequately characterized. A previously unreported association of this syndrome with putrid pulmonary abscess and empyema is documented."}
{"id": "PMID:923330", "title": "Elimination of para-aminosalicylic acid in patients with liver disease and renal insufficiency.", "content": "The elimination of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) after the intravenous injection of 20 mg PAS sodium/kg was estimated in patients with liver disease, in uremic patients and in volunteers without damage of the liver or kidneys. The drug was estimated with a colorimetric and fluorometric method. In the volunteers, the half-lives obtained with the fluorometric method were significantly longer than those estimated with the colorimetric method. This is caused by the estimation of more PAS metabolites by the used fluorometric method. In the patients with renal insufficiency (dialysis patients) the elimination rate of unchanged PAS--estimated with the colorimetric method--was not altered, whereas the elimination of PAS and its metabolites extractable by ethyl acetate was markedly slowed in comparison with the results obtained with the volunteers. The clearance of the unchanged PAS was even increased in the uremic patients. The serum protein binding of PAS was lowered significantly in the serum of uremic patients. In patients with liver cirrhosis, acute virus hepatitis and cholangitis the elimination rate of the drug was not altered in comparison with the volunteers. The results show that the dose of PAS in patients with renal insufficiency may not be reduced. The therapeutic level of the drug cannot otherwise be reached in these patients.", "contents": "Elimination of para-aminosalicylic acid in patients with liver disease and renal insufficiency. The elimination of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) after the intravenous injection of 20 mg PAS sodium/kg was estimated in patients with liver disease, in uremic patients and in volunteers without damage of the liver or kidneys. The drug was estimated with a colorimetric and fluorometric method. In the volunteers, the half-lives obtained with the fluorometric method were significantly longer than those estimated with the colorimetric method. This is caused by the estimation of more PAS metabolites by the used fluorometric method. In the patients with renal insufficiency (dialysis patients) the elimination rate of unchanged PAS--estimated with the colorimetric method--was not altered, whereas the elimination of PAS and its metabolites extractable by ethyl acetate was markedly slowed in comparison with the results obtained with the volunteers. The clearance of the unchanged PAS was even increased in the uremic patients. The serum protein binding of PAS was lowered significantly in the serum of uremic patients. In patients with liver cirrhosis, acute virus hepatitis and cholangitis the elimination rate of the drug was not altered in comparison with the volunteers. The results show that the dose of PAS in patients with renal insufficiency may not be reduced. The therapeutic level of the drug cannot otherwise be reached in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923331", "title": "Enterohepatic circulation of a new oral cephalosporin, FR10612, and its effect on serum and tissue levels in rats.", "content": "Serum levels of FR10612 given orally to rats persisted significantly longer than did those of cephalexin. Since the elucidation of this phenomenon observed in rats is considered to be pertinent to the understanding of the drug kinetics of FR10612 in other animals including man, the present study was undertaken. From the dose-response curve of the serum levels of FR10612 in rats, it is apparent that the maximum oral absorption is obtained in the range of 100-400 mg/kg. Even when the doses were increased from 100 to 1,000 mg/kg, the tissue levels with the exception of the kidneys, did not increase significantly. However, the persistence of the tissue levels was enhanced. The serum and tissue levels of FR10612 in rats after repeated massive dosings did not increase accumulatively. From the experimental results of FR10612 in rats with ligated bile ducts and the results obtained after intravenous injection, it seems clear that the prolonged in vivo levels of FR10612 in rats after oral dosing are closely related to its enterohepatic circulation.", "contents": "Enterohepatic circulation of a new oral cephalosporin, FR10612, and its effect on serum and tissue levels in rats. Serum levels of FR10612 given orally to rats persisted significantly longer than did those of cephalexin. Since the elucidation of this phenomenon observed in rats is considered to be pertinent to the understanding of the drug kinetics of FR10612 in other animals including man, the present study was undertaken. From the dose-response curve of the serum levels of FR10612 in rats, it is apparent that the maximum oral absorption is obtained in the range of 100-400 mg/kg. Even when the doses were increased from 100 to 1,000 mg/kg, the tissue levels with the exception of the kidneys, did not increase significantly. However, the persistence of the tissue levels was enhanced. The serum and tissue levels of FR10612 in rats after repeated massive dosings did not increase accumulatively. From the experimental results of FR10612 in rats with ligated bile ducts and the results obtained after intravenous injection, it seems clear that the prolonged in vivo levels of FR10612 in rats after oral dosing are closely related to its enterohepatic circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:923332", "title": "Action of caffeine and theophylline on staphylococcal penicillinase synthesis.", "content": "Both caffeine and theophylline acting in subinhibitory concentrations inhibit the synthesis of penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus. Neither of these compounds inactivate the enzyme. Inhibition of penicillinase synthesis is attributed to the lack of formation of penicillinase rather than the elimination of the extrachromosomal plasmid.", "contents": "Action of caffeine and theophylline on staphylococcal penicillinase synthesis. Both caffeine and theophylline acting in subinhibitory concentrations inhibit the synthesis of penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus. Neither of these compounds inactivate the enzyme. Inhibition of penicillinase synthesis is attributed to the lack of formation of penicillinase rather than the elimination of the extrachromosomal plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:923365", "title": "[The Nakayama technique of shunt creation for chronic hemodialysis. Experience, complications and possibilities of their removal].", "content": "The Brescia-Cimino fistula is carried out as an end-to-end anastomosis for mechanical flow reasons. The Nakayama anastomosis in the upper plexus anesthesia is carried out as a fast and simple apparatus method. Between 1973 and June 1977, 114 Nakayama anastomoses were performed in 80 patients. Till June 1977, 61 were still usable. Time and cause of occlusion were analyzed. Early occlusion (within 30 days) was mainly caused by faulty operation. Late occlusion (within 4 months) was mainly caused by thrombosis at the tantalum ring and improper usage. Shunt occlusion was remedied by a new connection on the same or on the other arm, by vein replantation, or by construction of a vein loop. The arteria femoralis was placed in subcutaneous position when blood vessel conditions were unfavorable. Tests with Spark's prosthesis and autologous vein transplantation produced no usable vessels.", "contents": "[The Nakayama technique of shunt creation for chronic hemodialysis. Experience, complications and possibilities of their removal]. The Brescia-Cimino fistula is carried out as an end-to-end anastomosis for mechanical flow reasons. The Nakayama anastomosis in the upper plexus anesthesia is carried out as a fast and simple apparatus method. Between 1973 and June 1977, 114 Nakayama anastomoses were performed in 80 patients. Till June 1977, 61 were still usable. Time and cause of occlusion were analyzed. Early occlusion (within 30 days) was mainly caused by faulty operation. Late occlusion (within 4 months) was mainly caused by thrombosis at the tantalum ring and improper usage. Shunt occlusion was remedied by a new connection on the same or on the other arm, by vein replantation, or by construction of a vein loop. The arteria femoralis was placed in subcutaneous position when blood vessel conditions were unfavorable. Tests with Spark's prosthesis and autologous vein transplantation produced no usable vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:923366", "title": "[Hemodialysis--the arteriovenous fistula, distal to the wrist joint].", "content": "The arterio-venous fistula distal to the proc. styloides radii in the \"tabati\u00e8re\" offers a most useful additional and very peripheral vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. It in no way compromises the further construction of arteriovenous anastomoses in be forearm in fistula failure. The results of 26 such fistulas are reported.", "contents": "[Hemodialysis--the arteriovenous fistula, distal to the wrist joint]. The arterio-venous fistula distal to the proc. styloides radii in the \"tabati\u00e8re\" offers a most useful additional and very peripheral vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. It in no way compromises the further construction of arteriovenous anastomoses in be forearm in fistula failure. The results of 26 such fistulas are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:923367", "title": "[Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). Experience and technic using the LDS device].", "content": "In the period between January 1974 and 1977, a total of 358 selective proximal vagotomies were performed in patients with gastroduodenal ulcers avoiding pyloroplasty if possible. This report is concerned with intra- and postoperative experience with Burge's operating technique, incorporating LDS instruments from the USSC. The use of the instrument in preparing the proximal stomach is discussed. The instrument is recommended for reducing the time needed for emergency and simultaneous operations and for performing vagotomy in high risk patients.", "contents": "[Selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). Experience and technic using the LDS device]. In the period between January 1974 and 1977, a total of 358 selective proximal vagotomies were performed in patients with gastroduodenal ulcers avoiding pyloroplasty if possible. This report is concerned with intra- and postoperative experience with Burge's operating technique, incorporating LDS instruments from the USSC. The use of the instrument in preparing the proximal stomach is discussed. The instrument is recommended for reducing the time needed for emergency and simultaneous operations and for performing vagotomy in high risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923368", "title": "[The solvent-dried dura mater. A new dura transplant in the animal experiment].", "content": "After the excision of 7 X 5 mm abdominal muscle sections in an experiment using rats, rehydrated, solvent dried dura grafts of the same size were implanted. After three hours the tissue reaction of the transplant areas were continuously examined under a light and electron microscope for 14 months. A gradual graft decomposition advancing in a coating form from the periphery to the center and a simultaneous replacement with collagenous connective tissue of the body resulted due to an absorbent granulation tissue rich in cells and blood vessels after the initial infiltration of neutrophil granular leukocytes caused by the operation. A fibrous-rich connective tissue plate, in part forming two layers and thereby serving as a reminder of the former dura graft is decomposed in the abdominal muscles of the rats without infection or rejection and replaced with endogenous connective tissue. The duration of this decomposition and transformation process is contingent on the size of the graft and the tissue reactivity in the surrounding transplant area.", "contents": "[The solvent-dried dura mater. A new dura transplant in the animal experiment]. After the excision of 7 X 5 mm abdominal muscle sections in an experiment using rats, rehydrated, solvent dried dura grafts of the same size were implanted. After three hours the tissue reaction of the transplant areas were continuously examined under a light and electron microscope for 14 months. A gradual graft decomposition advancing in a coating form from the periphery to the center and a simultaneous replacement with collagenous connective tissue of the body resulted due to an absorbent granulation tissue rich in cells and blood vessels after the initial infiltration of neutrophil granular leukocytes caused by the operation. A fibrous-rich connective tissue plate, in part forming two layers and thereby serving as a reminder of the former dura graft is decomposed in the abdominal muscles of the rats without infection or rejection and replaced with endogenous connective tissue. The duration of this decomposition and transformation process is contingent on the size of the graft and the tissue reactivity in the surrounding transplant area."}
{"id": "PMID:923388", "title": "Association of centrioles and chromosomes observed in preparations of whole-mounted human chromosomes.", "content": "Pairs of centrioles are a frequent finding in whole-mounted, critical-point-dried chromosome preparations from normal and irradiated human lymphocyte cultures. Most frequently they are found in association with a group C chromosome, although apparently free diplosomes are not uncommon. Fibers that in every respect are the morphologic equivalent of those seen in the body of the chromatid connect to the thick-walled open-ended part of the parent centriole. These features argue for the possibility that fibers connecting centrioles are an integral part of nuclear or chromosomal chromatin. It was observed that the smaller (daughter) centriole was connected and held in the well-known angular configuration to the thick-walled opne end of the parent centriole by a few, probably only two, colchine-resistant fibers.", "contents": "Association of centrioles and chromosomes observed in preparations of whole-mounted human chromosomes. Pairs of centrioles are a frequent finding in whole-mounted, critical-point-dried chromosome preparations from normal and irradiated human lymphocyte cultures. Most frequently they are found in association with a group C chromosome, although apparently free diplosomes are not uncommon. Fibers that in every respect are the morphologic equivalent of those seen in the body of the chromatid connect to the thick-walled open-ended part of the parent centriole. These features argue for the possibility that fibers connecting centrioles are an integral part of nuclear or chromosomal chromatin. It was observed that the smaller (daughter) centriole was connected and held in the well-known angular configuration to the thick-walled opne end of the parent centriole by a few, probably only two, colchine-resistant fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:923389", "title": "In situ detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activities in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.", "content": "We have developed a cytoenzymological method for localizing DNA polymerase activities in situ and for studying their responses to various chemical agents or environmental conditions. The incubation mixtures and the stimulatory or inhibitory agents added to these media were defined with reference to in vitro biochemical tests used to detect and to characterize DNA polymerases-alpha or -beta found in eukaryotic cells. This method has already been used to study DNA polymerase activities during cell differentiation or cell senescence. Apart from two exceptions found with lower organisms, the nuclear DNA polymerase activity was always higher under conditions which favoured the in vitro expression of DNA polymerase-beta rather than DNA polymerase-alpha. --In the various cell types studied, the cellular DNA polymerase activities were almost exclusively found in the nuclei. It is hoped that this methodology will be useful for obtaining more complete biochemical data on the intracellular localization of various DNA polymerases.", "contents": "In situ detection and characterization of DNA polymerase activities in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. We have developed a cytoenzymological method for localizing DNA polymerase activities in situ and for studying their responses to various chemical agents or environmental conditions. The incubation mixtures and the stimulatory or inhibitory agents added to these media were defined with reference to in vitro biochemical tests used to detect and to characterize DNA polymerases-alpha or -beta found in eukaryotic cells. This method has already been used to study DNA polymerase activities during cell differentiation or cell senescence. Apart from two exceptions found with lower organisms, the nuclear DNA polymerase activity was always higher under conditions which favoured the in vitro expression of DNA polymerase-beta rather than DNA polymerase-alpha. --In the various cell types studied, the cellular DNA polymerase activities were almost exclusively found in the nuclei. It is hoped that this methodology will be useful for obtaining more complete biochemical data on the intracellular localization of various DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:923400", "title": "Presumed histoplasmosis.", "content": "In a follow-up study of 30 eyes of 25 patients, three types of lesions could be distinguished: 1) the classical pigment ring, found in 13 eyes of 12 patients; 2) the cystous type, observed in 4 eyes of 4 patients, and 3) the multilocular type, found in 13 eyes of 9 patients. Up to the present, the cystous type of histoplasmosis has not been described.", "contents": "Presumed histoplasmosis. In a follow-up study of 30 eyes of 25 patients, three types of lesions could be distinguished: 1) the classical pigment ring, found in 13 eyes of 12 patients; 2) the cystous type, observed in 4 eyes of 4 patients, and 3) the multilocular type, found in 13 eyes of 9 patients. Up to the present, the cystous type of histoplasmosis has not been described."}
{"id": "PMID:923394", "title": "Hereditary proximal colonic cancer.", "content": "Ten families prone to cancer of the colon (in the absence of familial polyposis coli) have been investigated. A significantly greater frequency of carcinomas of the proximal colon was evident relative to non-familial colonic cancers (65% versus less than 35%, P less than .001). Moreover, family members with proximal colonic cancers experienced significantly enhanced survival, compared with family members with distal colonic or rectal cancers. Findings consistent with a genetic predisposition included early mean age at onset (45 years) and a high frequency (40%) of multiple primary cancers in the patients studied. The results are in accord with reported findings in 11 similar kindreds from the literature, and strongly suggest the existence of a heritable variety of colonic cancer in which the proximal colon is at particularly high risk. Extraordinary early diagnostic measures, including colonoscopy, are indicated for members of such families.", "contents": "Hereditary proximal colonic cancer. Ten families prone to cancer of the colon (in the absence of familial polyposis coli) have been investigated. A significantly greater frequency of carcinomas of the proximal colon was evident relative to non-familial colonic cancers (65% versus less than 35%, P less than .001). Moreover, family members with proximal colonic cancers experienced significantly enhanced survival, compared with family members with distal colonic or rectal cancers. Findings consistent with a genetic predisposition included early mean age at onset (45 years) and a high frequency (40%) of multiple primary cancers in the patients studied. The results are in accord with reported findings in 11 similar kindreds from the literature, and strongly suggest the existence of a heritable variety of colonic cancer in which the proximal colon is at particularly high risk. Extraordinary early diagnostic measures, including colonoscopy, are indicated for members of such families."}
{"id": "PMID:923401", "title": "Photic injury to the retina and the manifestation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "content": "Findings in retinas of animals suggest a correlation between the pathological process of certain hereditary dystrophic diseases and the effect of light on the retina. One may speculate whether clinical conditions exist--apart from hereditary retinal dystrophies--in which the retina becomes more sensitive to light from strong artificial or natural sources, which are otherwise innoxious. Two case histories will be presented, clinically diagnosed as acute posterior multi-focal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in which a direct relationship seems to exist between the appearance of the fundus changes and the light impact. The role of electrodiagnostic procedures in the differential diagnosis will be discussed.", "contents": "Photic injury to the retina and the manifestation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Findings in retinas of animals suggest a correlation between the pathological process of certain hereditary dystrophic diseases and the effect of light on the retina. One may speculate whether clinical conditions exist--apart from hereditary retinal dystrophies--in which the retina becomes more sensitive to light from strong artificial or natural sources, which are otherwise innoxious. Two case histories will be presented, clinically diagnosed as acute posterior multi-focal placoid pigment epitheliopathy in which a direct relationship seems to exist between the appearance of the fundus changes and the light impact. The role of electrodiagnostic procedures in the differential diagnosis will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923398", "title": "Resolution of the appendiceal mass in Nigerian Igbos.", "content": "Appendicitis is reputed to be rare or unknown in African communities, but this is not true of the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. This paper reports the histologic features of appendices from eight Igbo patients who underwent interval appendectomy two to six months after conservative treatment for appendiceal masses that resolved satisfactorily. Resolution was complete histologically in the two children in the series. In five adult patients, one or more sections of the appendix contained residual inflammation or luminal obliteration. In the remaining adult patient, schistosomiasis coexisted with both inflammation and obliteration.", "contents": "Resolution of the appendiceal mass in Nigerian Igbos. Appendicitis is reputed to be rare or unknown in African communities, but this is not true of the Igbos of Nigeria, West Africa. This paper reports the histologic features of appendices from eight Igbo patients who underwent interval appendectomy two to six months after conservative treatment for appendiceal masses that resolved satisfactorily. Resolution was complete histologically in the two children in the series. In five adult patients, one or more sections of the appendix contained residual inflammation or luminal obliteration. In the remaining adult patient, schistosomiasis coexisted with both inflammation and obliteration."}
{"id": "PMID:923402", "title": "Subscleral trepanation in the treatment of glaucoma.", "content": "A consecutive series of 121 subcleral trepanations was studied for one year after surgery. The intraocular pressure in glaucoma simplex was less than 21 mm without therapy in 91% of Dutch white cases and in 71% of black Surinam cases. Histological examination revealed that corneal trepanations also gave good results.", "contents": "Subscleral trepanation in the treatment of glaucoma. A consecutive series of 121 subcleral trepanations was studied for one year after surgery. The intraocular pressure in glaucoma simplex was less than 21 mm without therapy in 91% of Dutch white cases and in 71% of black Surinam cases. Histological examination revealed that corneal trepanations also gave good results."}
{"id": "PMID:923403", "title": "Comparative evaluation of two new applanation tonometers-preliminary study.", "content": "Three separate intra-ocular pressure assessment preliminary studies utilising the Goldmann, E.M.T. 20 and the Digilab Model 30R pneumatonometer were carried out on a total of 114 eyes with glaucoma, and in 184 normal eyes in 162 patients. In general the E.M.T 20 gave a lower result that the Goldmann but both compared well within the normal intra-ocular pressure range. Within the normal intra-ocular pressure range the pneumatonometer generally gave a 1-3 mm Hg higher reading than the Goldmann but in the glaucomatous eyes this difference became much less and readings tended to be similar with both tonometers. The fixed calibration of the E.M.T. 20 and its accuracy for pressures in the 20 mm Hg range make it an ideal instrument for screening for glaucoma but it is not suitable for the accurate stabilization of glaucoma patients under treatment. The accuracy of the pneumatonometer in the range of intra-ocular pressure above 22 mm Hg render it the instrument of choice for the diagnosis and control of glaucoma patients. Added advantages of the pneumatonometer were the resilience of the probe to accidental damage and the ability to record the ocular pulse.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of two new applanation tonometers-preliminary study. Three separate intra-ocular pressure assessment preliminary studies utilising the Goldmann, E.M.T. 20 and the Digilab Model 30R pneumatonometer were carried out on a total of 114 eyes with glaucoma, and in 184 normal eyes in 162 patients. In general the E.M.T 20 gave a lower result that the Goldmann but both compared well within the normal intra-ocular pressure range. Within the normal intra-ocular pressure range the pneumatonometer generally gave a 1-3 mm Hg higher reading than the Goldmann but in the glaucomatous eyes this difference became much less and readings tended to be similar with both tonometers. The fixed calibration of the E.M.T. 20 and its accuracy for pressures in the 20 mm Hg range make it an ideal instrument for screening for glaucoma but it is not suitable for the accurate stabilization of glaucoma patients under treatment. The accuracy of the pneumatonometer in the range of intra-ocular pressure above 22 mm Hg render it the instrument of choice for the diagnosis and control of glaucoma patients. Added advantages of the pneumatonometer were the resilience of the probe to accidental damage and the ability to record the ocular pulse."}
{"id": "PMID:923399", "title": "A reconsideration of the ischiorectal fossa.", "content": "The ischiorectal fossae of one fresh and 47 preserved cadaver specimens were dissected to elucidate its fascial boundaries, neurovascular relationships, spatial orientation, and possible functions. Based upon measurements of approximately half of the dissected specimens, a three-dimensional model of the ischiorectal fossa was developed to clarify visually its fascial relationships and orientation within the perineum. Seven fetal specimens were also dissected for comparative purposes. A distinct fascial septum, the lamina terminalis, connecting the medial and lateral walls of the fossa to form its anterior boundary, was consistently found as a dense fibrous component attaching inferiorly to the posterior aspect of the urogenital diaphragm. The functional significance of the ischiorectal fossa in supporting the urogenital diaphragm, in anal activities, and in sparing the compression of the neurovascular supply to the perineum is discussed.", "contents": "A reconsideration of the ischiorectal fossa. The ischiorectal fossae of one fresh and 47 preserved cadaver specimens were dissected to elucidate its fascial boundaries, neurovascular relationships, spatial orientation, and possible functions. Based upon measurements of approximately half of the dissected specimens, a three-dimensional model of the ischiorectal fossa was developed to clarify visually its fascial relationships and orientation within the perineum. Seven fetal specimens were also dissected for comparative purposes. A distinct fascial septum, the lamina terminalis, connecting the medial and lateral walls of the fossa to form its anterior boundary, was consistently found as a dense fibrous component attaching inferiorly to the posterior aspect of the urogenital diaphragm. The functional significance of the ischiorectal fossa in supporting the urogenital diaphragm, in anal activities, and in sparing the compression of the neurovascular supply to the perineum is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923397", "title": "Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a follow-up report.", "content": "We believe this preoperative combined therapy is highly effective in treating squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and that a subsequent larger cooperative study with controls is indicated. This pilot study suggests that some individuals may be spared abdominoperineal resection when treated in the manner described.", "contents": "Combined therapy for cancer of the anal canal: a follow-up report. We believe this preoperative combined therapy is highly effective in treating squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal, and that a subsequent larger cooperative study with controls is indicated. This pilot study suggests that some individuals may be spared abdominoperineal resection when treated in the manner described."}
{"id": "PMID:923405", "title": "Multiple mucosal neuroma (MMN) or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 3 syndrome. Ocular manifestations: a case report.", "content": "Case report of a young man showing neuromas of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva and markedly thickened nerve fibers in both cornea. Multiple neuromas were seen on the lips and in the oral cavity. A medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was found. These symptoms pointed to the diagnosis of a MMN or MEN type 3 syndrome. There were no signs of phaeochromocytoma, however, which also belongs to this syndrome. The ophthalmologist, who may be the first to see such a patient as a child, should be aware of the malignancies which develop around puberty and of the strong and dominant heredity of this disease.", "contents": "Multiple mucosal neuroma (MMN) or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 3 syndrome. Ocular manifestations: a case report. Case report of a young man showing neuromas of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva and markedly thickened nerve fibers in both cornea. Multiple neuromas were seen on the lips and in the oral cavity. A medullary carcinoma of the thyroid was found. These symptoms pointed to the diagnosis of a MMN or MEN type 3 syndrome. There were no signs of phaeochromocytoma, however, which also belongs to this syndrome. The ophthalmologist, who may be the first to see such a patient as a child, should be aware of the malignancies which develop around puberty and of the strong and dominant heredity of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:923406", "title": "Hallermann-Streiff syndrome.", "content": "Blodi (1957) and Fran\u00e7ois (1958) recognized this syndrome as a distinct entity differing from the mandibulo-facial dysostosis (Franceschetti's syndrome). Although there are approximately 60 cases reported in the literature, only very few cases have been obtained for histological study. A report of a case with ophthalmopathological examination is given.", "contents": "Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. Blodi (1957) and Fran\u00e7ois (1958) recognized this syndrome as a distinct entity differing from the mandibulo-facial dysostosis (Franceschetti's syndrome). Although there are approximately 60 cases reported in the literature, only very few cases have been obtained for histological study. A report of a case with ophthalmopathological examination is given."}
{"id": "PMID:923407", "title": "The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.", "content": "The signs and symptoms of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome are described and the results of orbital phlebography discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of systemic administration of corticosteroids, both as a diagnostic test and as a therapeutic measure. A case history is presented.", "contents": "The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. The signs and symptoms of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome are described and the results of orbital phlebography discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of systemic administration of corticosteroids, both as a diagnostic test and as a therapeutic measure. A case history is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:923408", "title": "Duane's uniocular micro-tremor or superior oblique myokymia of Hoyt and Keane.", "content": "Two cases of intermittent unilateral motor disturbance of the superior oblique muslce are presented and compared with cases reported previously by Duane, Clark and Hoyt & Keane and briefly mentioned by Duke-Elder in his System of Ophthalmology. The first case is a girl with longstanding history of oscillopsia, vertical and tortional oscillatory diplopia. No abnormal eye movements were observed but objective evidence of the disturbance was obtained in the form of electromyography during which relationship of the superior oblique was established. In contrast, the second case experienced episodes of static vertical and tortional diplopia similar to the case reported to by Clark. Again the relationship in the condition was unilateral involving the superior oblique muscle. There was no corroboratory evidence to support the diagnosis of an intermittent superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome. Hoyt & Keane's theory based on their electromyography findings that the lesion is in the lower motor neuron unit is reported and the significance of the oscillopsia as corroboratory evidence is discussed.", "contents": "Duane's uniocular micro-tremor or superior oblique myokymia of Hoyt and Keane. Two cases of intermittent unilateral motor disturbance of the superior oblique muslce are presented and compared with cases reported previously by Duane, Clark and Hoyt & Keane and briefly mentioned by Duke-Elder in his System of Ophthalmology. The first case is a girl with longstanding history of oscillopsia, vertical and tortional oscillatory diplopia. No abnormal eye movements were observed but objective evidence of the disturbance was obtained in the form of electromyography during which relationship of the superior oblique was established. In contrast, the second case experienced episodes of static vertical and tortional diplopia similar to the case reported to by Clark. Again the relationship in the condition was unilateral involving the superior oblique muscle. There was no corroboratory evidence to support the diagnosis of an intermittent superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome. Hoyt & Keane's theory based on their electromyography findings that the lesion is in the lower motor neuron unit is reported and the significance of the oscillopsia as corroboratory evidence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923409", "title": "Vertical motor fusion.", "content": "An analysis is given of the eye movements which take place in vertical fusion. These movements are compared with the movements that occur in horizontal fusion. The differences and similarities that can lead to a model are stressed.", "contents": "Vertical motor fusion. An analysis is given of the eye movements which take place in vertical fusion. These movements are compared with the movements that occur in horizontal fusion. The differences and similarities that can lead to a model are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:923410", "title": "Electro-ophthalmology and side-effects of drugs.", "content": "Diagnostic procedures have to be directed towards the prevention of irreversible changes. In this respect, patients using chloroquine have to be examined at least once a year. The most sensitive methods for detecting early reversible changes are the electro-oculogram and static perimetry. The latter is probably more specific. Concerning ethambutol, the patients themselves are aware of the onset because a decrease in visual acuity and a central scotoma are early and reversible symptoms. In these cases electro-ophthalmology is of help when the diagnosis is doubtful. Iatrogenic effects of other drugs are not seen regularly in our electro-ophthalmological departments.", "contents": "Electro-ophthalmology and side-effects of drugs. Diagnostic procedures have to be directed towards the prevention of irreversible changes. In this respect, patients using chloroquine have to be examined at least once a year. The most sensitive methods for detecting early reversible changes are the electro-oculogram and static perimetry. The latter is probably more specific. Concerning ethambutol, the patients themselves are aware of the onset because a decrease in visual acuity and a central scotoma are early and reversible symptoms. In these cases electro-ophthalmology is of help when the diagnosis is doubtful. Iatrogenic effects of other drugs are not seen regularly in our electro-ophthalmological departments."}
{"id": "PMID:923411", "title": "Desinsertion of the superior oblique in A-patterns.", "content": "A-patterns have been treated by various techniques, with variable results. A desinsertion of the superior oblique at its insertion temporal to the superior rectus has proved to be a satisfactory treatment. This is combined with horizontal surgery. The results of this surgery in 137 cases are analysed and the complications outlined.", "contents": "Desinsertion of the superior oblique in A-patterns. A-patterns have been treated by various techniques, with variable results. A desinsertion of the superior oblique at its insertion temporal to the superior rectus has proved to be a satisfactory treatment. This is combined with horizontal surgery. The results of this surgery in 137 cases are analysed and the complications outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:923412", "title": "Nystagmus induced by intermittent photic stimulation (flash induced nystagmus (FIN).", "content": "In man, as has been shown previously in rabbits and monkeys, a nystagmus can be elicited by monocular intermittent photic stimulation. The direction of nystagmus (FIN) is always towards the stimulated eye. This nystagmus strongly resembles latent nystagmus. Here the fast phase is always directed towards the 'non-occluded' eye. The FIN may, therefore, be used as a model for the study of mechanisms underlying these pathological conditions. For further elucidation of FIN, studies were made in rabbits.", "contents": "Nystagmus induced by intermittent photic stimulation (flash induced nystagmus (FIN). In man, as has been shown previously in rabbits and monkeys, a nystagmus can be elicited by monocular intermittent photic stimulation. The direction of nystagmus (FIN) is always towards the stimulated eye. This nystagmus strongly resembles latent nystagmus. Here the fast phase is always directed towards the 'non-occluded' eye. The FIN may, therefore, be used as a model for the study of mechanisms underlying these pathological conditions. For further elucidation of FIN, studies were made in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:923413", "title": "Results of transantral decompression in hyperthyroid exophthalmos.", "content": "For the moment, transantral orbital decompression is the best procedure for the treatment of manifest exophthalmos because it is a simple and effective method with hardly any postoperative complications. If some ocular motility disturbances do not disappear spontaneously postoperatively, they can be treated successfully by muscle surgery. We found that the postoperative reduction of exophthalmos further improved during the first year with an average of 3 mm. For this reason, it is not advisable to section the infraorbital nerve in order to obtain a better immediate reduction. We are convinced that this operation is justified for some patients with a manifest exophthalmos for cosmetic reasons only. Good preoperative photographic documentation is necessary in each case.", "contents": "Results of transantral decompression in hyperthyroid exophthalmos. For the moment, transantral orbital decompression is the best procedure for the treatment of manifest exophthalmos because it is a simple and effective method with hardly any postoperative complications. If some ocular motility disturbances do not disappear spontaneously postoperatively, they can be treated successfully by muscle surgery. We found that the postoperative reduction of exophthalmos further improved during the first year with an average of 3 mm. For this reason, it is not advisable to section the infraorbital nerve in order to obtain a better immediate reduction. We are convinced that this operation is justified for some patients with a manifest exophthalmos for cosmetic reasons only. Good preoperative photographic documentation is necessary in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:923414", "title": "Slit lamp ophthalmodynamometry.", "content": "A short clinical trial of the 'Dynoptor' Slit Lamp Ophthalmodynamometer has shown it to be a practical instrument. A mean O.A.P. of 52.3 mm/hg has been recorded.", "contents": "Slit lamp ophthalmodynamometry. A short clinical trial of the 'Dynoptor' Slit Lamp Ophthalmodynamometer has shown it to be a practical instrument. A mean O.A.P. of 52.3 mm/hg has been recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:923415", "title": "The prism loupe used as a low-vision aid and in ocular surgery.", "content": "The prism-magnifier developed and constructed by Biessels has been used as a low-vision aid since 1971. It has been derived from the Carl Zeiss (W. Germany) 8 x 20 mini prism-binoculars. The system has several advantages. The prism-magnifier also enables the eye surgeon to perform microsurgery without the disadvantages of a stand-microscope.", "contents": "The prism loupe used as a low-vision aid and in ocular surgery. The prism-magnifier developed and constructed by Biessels has been used as a low-vision aid since 1971. It has been derived from the Carl Zeiss (W. Germany) 8 x 20 mini prism-binoculars. The system has several advantages. The prism-magnifier also enables the eye surgeon to perform microsurgery without the disadvantages of a stand-microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:923416", "title": "Changes in the structure of intra-ocular nylon.", "content": "When using a nylon thread for the attachment of a pseudophakos to the iris, it may happen that the suture is slung tightly around the implant-lens. In such a case this constitutes a clinical experiment where is one and the same eye one part of the nylon thread is in its normal state (the cut-off ends) and the rest is in a stretched state, both under the same environmental conditions and for the same length of time. The differences in structure of the parts of the nylon thread are thus fully comparable. Clinical observatons show that when the nylon thread is under tension it will be eroded by chemical influences. It does not make any difference whether the nylon is used for corneal, scleral or intra-ocular suturing. The duration of the observations is still too shor to predict the behaviour of nylon which is not stretched.", "contents": "Changes in the structure of intra-ocular nylon. When using a nylon thread for the attachment of a pseudophakos to the iris, it may happen that the suture is slung tightly around the implant-lens. In such a case this constitutes a clinical experiment where is one and the same eye one part of the nylon thread is in its normal state (the cut-off ends) and the rest is in a stretched state, both under the same environmental conditions and for the same length of time. The differences in structure of the parts of the nylon thread are thus fully comparable. Clinical observatons show that when the nylon thread is under tension it will be eroded by chemical influences. It does not make any difference whether the nylon is used for corneal, scleral or intra-ocular suturing. The duration of the observations is still too shor to predict the behaviour of nylon which is not stretched."}
{"id": "PMID:923417", "title": "Cryptococcal eye disease.", "content": "A survey is given of the clinical picture of an infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. The symptoms and therapy are reviewed and the case history of a 13 year old boy suffering from this fungus infection is discussed.", "contents": "Cryptococcal eye disease. A survey is given of the clinical picture of an infection with Cryptococcus neoformans. The symptoms and therapy are reviewed and the case history of a 13 year old boy suffering from this fungus infection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923419", "title": "Controversial aspects of ablative photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy (d.r).", "content": "In recent years ablative treatment of advanced diabetic retinopathy has gained more and more adherents. However, most cases of proliferative retinopathy, even if they are advanced, can be treated successfully by restricting xenon-or laser-coagulation to pathologic areas, while sparing healthy-looking parts of the retina. It is felt that destruction of large parts of the retinal periphery should be reserved for special cases only. In those cases where the fundus is clouded by abundant hemorrhages and vitrectomy does not seem advisable, ablative treatment should be tried ab externo by means of diathermy or cryoapplication.", "contents": "Controversial aspects of ablative photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy (d.r). In recent years ablative treatment of advanced diabetic retinopathy has gained more and more adherents. However, most cases of proliferative retinopathy, even if they are advanced, can be treated successfully by restricting xenon-or laser-coagulation to pathologic areas, while sparing healthy-looking parts of the retina. It is felt that destruction of large parts of the retinal periphery should be reserved for special cases only. In those cases where the fundus is clouded by abundant hemorrhages and vitrectomy does not seem advisable, ablative treatment should be tried ab externo by means of diathermy or cryoapplication."}
{"id": "PMID:923420", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy and light-coagulation.", "content": "In diabetic retinopathy, a low resistance of flow between choroid and retina is found which goes with an increased intake of tissue fluid into the retinal vessels and the appearance of retinal oedema. Light coagulation destroys the choriocapillaris which does not regenerate. As less fluid becomes available to be sucked up by the retinal vessels, the oedema will now disappear and consequently, the retinopathy subsides.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy and light-coagulation. In diabetic retinopathy, a low resistance of flow between choroid and retina is found which goes with an increased intake of tissue fluid into the retinal vessels and the appearance of retinal oedema. Light coagulation destroys the choriocapillaris which does not regenerate. As less fluid becomes available to be sucked up by the retinal vessels, the oedema will now disappear and consequently, the retinopathy subsides."}
{"id": "PMID:923421", "title": "Purtscher's disease.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy was run over by a caravan and showed the typical fundus lesions described by Purtscher in 1910. Fundus picture, fluorescein angiograms and clinical course are presented, followed by a discussion on the different theories concerning the aetiology.", "contents": "Purtscher's disease. An 8-year-old boy was run over by a caravan and showed the typical fundus lesions described by Purtscher in 1910. Fundus picture, fluorescein angiograms and clinical course are presented, followed by a discussion on the different theories concerning the aetiology."}
{"id": "PMID:923432", "title": "[Demonstration of HBs antigen with the hepanostika test, an enzyme immunoassay (author's transl)].", "content": "Sensitivity, specificity and practicability of the Hepanostika test, a newly developed enzyme immunoassay by organon Teknika for the demonstration of HBs-antigen, was compared with results of the Aursria II 125 test. Smallest demonstrable concentration of the antigen in the Hepanostika test eas 3.125 ng/ml with antigens of subgroup ad and 2.08 ng/ml in those of subgroup ay, while it was 1.04 ng/ml for both subgroups with the Austria test. Among 2930 blood donors 85 antigen carriers were discovered by both tests, while with the Hepanostison test, a passive haemagglutination test from Oranon, only nine were discovered. In serial blood samples of patients with various disease there was only a slight difference between the two tests. The Hepanostika test had 1.6--3.88% nonspecific reactions, compared with 0.5-0.8% with the Ausria II 125 test. Both tests thus gave much more specific results than passive haemagglutination. The Hepanostika test is thus a satisfactory alternative to the Ausria test. Because of its high sensitivity it can be recommended for the diagnosis of HBs antigen among blood donors and in clinical laboratories.", "contents": "[Demonstration of HBs antigen with the hepanostika test, an enzyme immunoassay (author's transl)]. Sensitivity, specificity and practicability of the Hepanostika test, a newly developed enzyme immunoassay by organon Teknika for the demonstration of HBs-antigen, was compared with results of the Aursria II 125 test. Smallest demonstrable concentration of the antigen in the Hepanostika test eas 3.125 ng/ml with antigens of subgroup ad and 2.08 ng/ml in those of subgroup ay, while it was 1.04 ng/ml for both subgroups with the Austria test. Among 2930 blood donors 85 antigen carriers were discovered by both tests, while with the Hepanostison test, a passive haemagglutination test from Oranon, only nine were discovered. In serial blood samples of patients with various disease there was only a slight difference between the two tests. The Hepanostika test had 1.6--3.88% nonspecific reactions, compared with 0.5-0.8% with the Ausria II 125 test. Both tests thus gave much more specific results than passive haemagglutination. The Hepanostika test is thus a satisfactory alternative to the Ausria test. Because of its high sensitivity it can be recommended for the diagnosis of HBs antigen among blood donors and in clinical laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:923433", "title": "[Novonal (diaethylallylacetamide) poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Novonal, a hypnotic dispensed without medical prescription in West Germany, has in the past two years been used relatively often in suicide attempts. It is quickly absorbed after oral intake, with a blood half-life of 6-11 hours, most of it being excreted by the kidneys after metabolic degradation. Analysis of 23 cases of Novonal intoxication revealed that cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and respiratory depression may occur with 6 g Novonal (contained in a pocket of 20 tablets) and must thus be rated as potentially lethal. In severe cases of poisoning haemoperfusion or haemodialysis may be useful. Pharmacological data suggest that forced diuresis is ineffective.", "contents": "[Novonal (diaethylallylacetamide) poisoning (author's transl)]. Novonal, a hypnotic dispensed without medical prescription in West Germany, has in the past two years been used relatively often in suicide attempts. It is quickly absorbed after oral intake, with a blood half-life of 6-11 hours, most of it being excreted by the kidneys after metabolic degradation. Analysis of 23 cases of Novonal intoxication revealed that cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and respiratory depression may occur with 6 g Novonal (contained in a pocket of 20 tablets) and must thus be rated as potentially lethal. In severe cases of poisoning haemoperfusion or haemodialysis may be useful. Pharmacological data suggest that forced diuresis is ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:923449", "title": "[HB's-antigen and anti-HBs in hospital staff (author's transl)].", "content": "In 826 employees from six hospitals and three theoretical clinical institutes of D\u00fcsseldorf University HBs-antigen and anti-HBs were determined. HBs-antigen was not significantly more frequent than in a control group. On the other hand anti-HBs was much more common in hospital staff. In probands with histories of liver disease and blood transfusions there was a significantly higher incidence of anti-HBs. Different occupations within the hospitals showed different anti-HBs frequencies.", "contents": "[HB's-antigen and anti-HBs in hospital staff (author's transl)]. In 826 employees from six hospitals and three theoretical clinical institutes of D\u00fcsseldorf University HBs-antigen and anti-HBs were determined. HBs-antigen was not significantly more frequent than in a control group. On the other hand anti-HBs was much more common in hospital staff. In probands with histories of liver disease and blood transfusions there was a significantly higher incidence of anti-HBs. Different occupations within the hospitals showed different anti-HBs frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:923450", "title": "[The effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors].", "content": "The role of antibiotic treatment was evaluated in 190 hospitalized patients with Salmonella enteritis and 80 with asymptomatic Salmonella infection (without typhoid or paratyphoid). The results indicate that antibiotic treatment does not shorten the duration of excretion (compared with non-treated patients). Because of the danger of prolonged bacterial excretion under antibiotic treatment in complication-free Salmonella enteritis as well as the possible development of resistant Salmonella strains, antibiotic treatment of Salmonella infections (other than typhoid or paratyphoid) should be limited to systemic forms. Treatment of complication-free Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors should be limited to intestine-cleansing measures.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of antibiotic treatment for Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors]. The role of antibiotic treatment was evaluated in 190 hospitalized patients with Salmonella enteritis and 80 with asymptomatic Salmonella infection (without typhoid or paratyphoid). The results indicate that antibiotic treatment does not shorten the duration of excretion (compared with non-treated patients). Because of the danger of prolonged bacterial excretion under antibiotic treatment in complication-free Salmonella enteritis as well as the possible development of resistant Salmonella strains, antibiotic treatment of Salmonella infections (other than typhoid or paratyphoid) should be limited to systemic forms. Treatment of complication-free Salmonella enteritis and Salmonella excretors should be limited to intestine-cleansing measures."}
{"id": "PMID:923457", "title": "[Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with sodium nitroprusside (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction, seven of whom had high and five low blood pressure measurements, sodium nitroprusside infusions were given to reduce the myocardial oxygen consumption. The dosage was between 20 and 300 mug/min. Sodium nitroprusside led to a considerable reduction of the systemic arterial pressure, while the left ventricular filling pressure was less influenced. In normotensive patients the filling pressure could often not be sufficiently lowered as a too severe reduction of arterial pressure occurred beforehand. In hypertensive patients the relationship between left ventricular filling pressure and arterial pressure was better: in all patients the arterial pressure could be lowered to normal values and the filling pressure also became normal in most cases. Angina pectoris improved markedly in all patients. These results show that sodium nitroprusside has a satisfactory effect on the haemodynamics in hypertensive infarct patients, whereas it is less suitable for the treatment of normo- or hypotensive patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with sodium nitroprusside (author's transl)]. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction, seven of whom had high and five low blood pressure measurements, sodium nitroprusside infusions were given to reduce the myocardial oxygen consumption. The dosage was between 20 and 300 mug/min. Sodium nitroprusside led to a considerable reduction of the systemic arterial pressure, while the left ventricular filling pressure was less influenced. In normotensive patients the filling pressure could often not be sufficiently lowered as a too severe reduction of arterial pressure occurred beforehand. In hypertensive patients the relationship between left ventricular filling pressure and arterial pressure was better: in all patients the arterial pressure could be lowered to normal values and the filling pressure also became normal in most cases. Angina pectoris improved markedly in all patients. These results show that sodium nitroprusside has a satisfactory effect on the haemodynamics in hypertensive infarct patients, whereas it is less suitable for the treatment of normo- or hypotensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923458", "title": "[New aspects in the treatment of puerperal mastitis (author's transl)].", "content": "36 women with postpartal breast engorgement were treated with a single oral dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (Pravidel). Significant relief was recorded in 28 patients, 6 patients required a second dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine, whereas 2 patients failed to respond. Antibiotics were at first avoided in the treatment of puerperal mastitis. 26 patients with all characteristics of breast inflammation were treated exclusively with bromocriptine: for 3 days 2.5 mg t.i.d., for the following 11 days 2.5 mg twice daily. The temperature dropped below 37C in 25 patients within 12-24 hours, tension and pain disappearing simultaneously. One patient did not respond after 36 hours, so that an antibiotic was administered additionally; in another patient who had been admitted to the hospital six days after the onset of the clinical symptoms of breast inflammation, bromocriptine failed to prevent abscess formation. The results indicate that in most cases of puerperal breast inflammation no antibiotics are required. Puerperal mastitis can be treated effectively by the exclusive administration of bromocriptine.", "contents": "[New aspects in the treatment of puerperal mastitis (author's transl)]. 36 women with postpartal breast engorgement were treated with a single oral dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine (Pravidel). Significant relief was recorded in 28 patients, 6 patients required a second dose of 2.5 mg bromocriptine, whereas 2 patients failed to respond. Antibiotics were at first avoided in the treatment of puerperal mastitis. 26 patients with all characteristics of breast inflammation were treated exclusively with bromocriptine: for 3 days 2.5 mg t.i.d., for the following 11 days 2.5 mg twice daily. The temperature dropped below 37C in 25 patients within 12-24 hours, tension and pain disappearing simultaneously. One patient did not respond after 36 hours, so that an antibiotic was administered additionally; in another patient who had been admitted to the hospital six days after the onset of the clinical symptoms of breast inflammation, bromocriptine failed to prevent abscess formation. The results indicate that in most cases of puerperal breast inflammation no antibiotics are required. Puerperal mastitis can be treated effectively by the exclusive administration of bromocriptine."}
{"id": "PMID:923459", "title": "[Influence of molsidomine on exercise-ECG'S In coronary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Molsidomine was shown to have a strong pain-relieving action in 22 coronary patients investigated one hour after oral intake of 2 mg of the substance. During comparable maximal exercise load the ST interval lowering was reduced from an average of 0.22 mV to 0.09 mV (P less than 0.0005). At the termination of exercise it was still reduced from 0.23 mV to 0.12 mV (P less than 0.0005). At the same time the exercise tolerance increased from 570 to 717 Watt-minutes (P less than 0.0025). Pectanginal complaints were clearly reduced at the same exercise loads, 11 patients became symptom-free at the same load. Even when exercise loading was stopped at higher loads a decrease of the severity of angina pectoris could be shown. Seven patients became symptom-free at that stage. The heart rate was not influenced markedly at rest and during exercise. Systolic blood pressure was reduced from 135 mm Hg to 118 mm Hg (P less than 0.0005), and in comparable submaximal loads from 177 to 165 mm Hg (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "[Influence of molsidomine on exercise-ECG'S In coronary insufficiency (author's transl)]. Molsidomine was shown to have a strong pain-relieving action in 22 coronary patients investigated one hour after oral intake of 2 mg of the substance. During comparable maximal exercise load the ST interval lowering was reduced from an average of 0.22 mV to 0.09 mV (P less than 0.0005). At the termination of exercise it was still reduced from 0.23 mV to 0.12 mV (P less than 0.0005). At the same time the exercise tolerance increased from 570 to 717 Watt-minutes (P less than 0.0025). Pectanginal complaints were clearly reduced at the same exercise loads, 11 patients became symptom-free at the same load. Even when exercise loading was stopped at higher loads a decrease of the severity of angina pectoris could be shown. Seven patients became symptom-free at that stage. The heart rate was not influenced markedly at rest and during exercise. Systolic blood pressure was reduced from 135 mm Hg to 118 mm Hg (P less than 0.0005), and in comparable submaximal loads from 177 to 165 mm Hg (P less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:923493", "title": "[Levels of immunoreactive insulin in laser irradiated rats].", "content": "The authors described the results from a study on immonoreactive insuline in rats after their irradiation in the region of the pancreas with rubine laser with beam energy of 0, 13 Joul/impulse. The irradiation was made singly with 7--10 impulses. The level of immunoreactive insulin was raised to 33,83 microliter I/ml in nonirradiated rats and to 48 microliter/ml per 24 hours after irradiation and reached its maximum of 54 microliter/ml after 48 hours of its irradiation, but then returned to its normal values after 72 hours. The same elevation of insulin was found also in rats, irradiated in the region of liver, kidney and heart. The discovered histomorphologic findings in the tissues after irradiation revealed activation of mesenchyme, interpreted as a reaction of dystrophic changes, caused by laser beams. The elevation of insuline was connected with changes in hypophysial-adrenal system, presenting the type of the general adaptation syndrome, and, on the second place, site of the realesed mediators (sympathycomymetics) in this stress reaction.", "contents": "[Levels of immunoreactive insulin in laser irradiated rats]. The authors described the results from a study on immonoreactive insuline in rats after their irradiation in the region of the pancreas with rubine laser with beam energy of 0, 13 Joul/impulse. The irradiation was made singly with 7--10 impulses. The level of immunoreactive insulin was raised to 33,83 microliter I/ml in nonirradiated rats and to 48 microliter/ml per 24 hours after irradiation and reached its maximum of 54 microliter/ml after 48 hours of its irradiation, but then returned to its normal values after 72 hours. The same elevation of insulin was found also in rats, irradiated in the region of liver, kidney and heart. The discovered histomorphologic findings in the tissues after irradiation revealed activation of mesenchyme, interpreted as a reaction of dystrophic changes, caused by laser beams. The elevation of insuline was connected with changes in hypophysial-adrenal system, presenting the type of the general adaptation syndrome, and, on the second place, site of the realesed mediators (sympathycomymetics) in this stress reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:923494", "title": "[Radiometric method of determining the phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro].", "content": "The authors describe a radiometric method for determination of phagocytic activity of macrophages, using as an object for phaging hen erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. The basic principle consists of quantitative determination of phaged cells by means of measuring the activity, found in the phagocytes. The method is described in details and the obtained results in normal mice and such with experimental leucosis NKLI are compared with those, checked by the classical methods for determining phagocytic activity in vivo and in vitro. On the basis of these data the authors indicate the advantage of the method, prepared by them, because it alows objective checking of phagocytosis on a large number of cells and thus increases the possibilities of obtaining significant results.", "contents": "[Radiometric method of determining the phagocytic activity of macrophages in vitro]. The authors describe a radiometric method for determination of phagocytic activity of macrophages, using as an object for phaging hen erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. The basic principle consists of quantitative determination of phaged cells by means of measuring the activity, found in the phagocytes. The method is described in details and the obtained results in normal mice and such with experimental leucosis NKLI are compared with those, checked by the classical methods for determining phagocytic activity in vivo and in vitro. On the basis of these data the authors indicate the advantage of the method, prepared by them, because it alows objective checking of phagocytosis on a large number of cells and thus increases the possibilities of obtaining significant results."}
{"id": "PMID:923495", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of different types of phytohemagglutinins].", "content": "The author compared the number and the percentage distribution of the preparations faseolaxin (FHA-F), produced in this country by the method of Coneva and phytohemaglutinines from the firms \"Difko\" VASTO-M and VASTO-P, by means of disc electrophoresis and acrylamide gel. He found similarity in the fractions of FHA-F and VASTO-P. The difference was in the quickly mobile components, which were respectively 6,5% and 14,5% of the total amount. The examination of the initial extract for obtaining FHF-F showed that the method of Coneva had advantages in respect of the purity of the preparation.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of different types of phytohemagglutinins]. The author compared the number and the percentage distribution of the preparations faseolaxin (FHA-F), produced in this country by the method of Coneva and phytohemaglutinines from the firms \"Difko\" VASTO-M and VASTO-P, by means of disc electrophoresis and acrylamide gel. He found similarity in the fractions of FHA-F and VASTO-P. The difference was in the quickly mobile components, which were respectively 6,5% and 14,5% of the total amount. The examination of the initial extract for obtaining FHF-F showed that the method of Coneva had advantages in respect of the purity of the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:923496", "title": "[Influence of salivary gland hormone on the number of leukocytes and level of calcium in the blood of experimental rabbits].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of single venous doses of hormone from the saliva glands on the calcium level and leucocytes in the blood of nonnarcotized experimental rabbits. They investigated the effect in the following doses: 20, 10.5 and 1 mg/kg of body weight. The indicated two indices were examined 2, 4, 6 and 10 hours after the injection of the preparation. The venous administration of all exa mined doses of the hormone from the saliva glands caused statistically significant lowering of leucocytes on the second hour and respective increase on the sixth and tenth hour since the onset of the experiment. The hormone of the saliva glands lowered the amount of calcium ions in blood, but the difference was not always statistically significant in various doses and time intervals.", "contents": "[Influence of salivary gland hormone on the number of leukocytes and level of calcium in the blood of experimental rabbits]. The authors examined the influence of single venous doses of hormone from the saliva glands on the calcium level and leucocytes in the blood of nonnarcotized experimental rabbits. They investigated the effect in the following doses: 20, 10.5 and 1 mg/kg of body weight. The indicated two indices were examined 2, 4, 6 and 10 hours after the injection of the preparation. The venous administration of all exa mined doses of the hormone from the saliva glands caused statistically significant lowering of leucocytes on the second hour and respective increase on the sixth and tenth hour since the onset of the experiment. The hormone of the saliva glands lowered the amount of calcium ions in blood, but the difference was not always statistically significant in various doses and time intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:923497", "title": "[Condensed and dispersed chromatin in the nuclei of thyroid follicular cells under normal conditions and following thyrotropic stimulation].", "content": "The author examined the changes in the nuclear size, in its form and optical density as well as the changes in the condensed and dispersed chromatin of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland after thyroid stimulation by means of the method of scanning cytophotometry. He found that after a 20-day treatment of the animals with methythyouracyl-an agent, which blocks thyroid hormonal synthesis and in this way raised the level of the thyreothropic hormone in circulation, the size of the cell nuclei was increased and at the same time its concentration of DNA was reduced. The amount of the particles of the condensed chromatin after thyreotropic stimulation diminished, but the integral space remained unchanged and the area of the dispersed chromatine was mainly increased. The obtained data are discussed in view of the possibilities of the scanning cytophotometry for evaluation of the functional activity of the cell.", "contents": "[Condensed and dispersed chromatin in the nuclei of thyroid follicular cells under normal conditions and following thyrotropic stimulation]. The author examined the changes in the nuclear size, in its form and optical density as well as the changes in the condensed and dispersed chromatin of the follicular cells of the thyroid gland after thyroid stimulation by means of the method of scanning cytophotometry. He found that after a 20-day treatment of the animals with methythyouracyl-an agent, which blocks thyroid hormonal synthesis and in this way raised the level of the thyreothropic hormone in circulation, the size of the cell nuclei was increased and at the same time its concentration of DNA was reduced. The amount of the particles of the condensed chromatin after thyreotropic stimulation diminished, but the integral space remained unchanged and the area of the dispersed chromatine was mainly increased. The obtained data are discussed in view of the possibilities of the scanning cytophotometry for evaluation of the functional activity of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:923498", "title": "[Morphologic study of teflon implanted in the prelaryngeal space of dogs].", "content": "The authors described their experimental studies on dogs, using aliomaterial teflon- in forming FTM slap in the prelaryngieal space for the purposes of the reconstructing plastica of the larynx. The teflon was a suitable material because of its good tolerance and well occuring reactions of the pathologic organization, combined with the processes of resorption and its substitution with connective tissue. The authors found the period of 10 to 20 days as the earliest and most suitable period for the usage of FTM slap.", "contents": "[Morphologic study of teflon implanted in the prelaryngeal space of dogs]. The authors described their experimental studies on dogs, using aliomaterial teflon- in forming FTM slap in the prelaryngieal space for the purposes of the reconstructing plastica of the larynx. The teflon was a suitable material because of its good tolerance and well occuring reactions of the pathologic organization, combined with the processes of resorption and its substitution with connective tissue. The authors found the period of 10 to 20 days as the earliest and most suitable period for the usage of FTM slap."}
{"id": "PMID:923499", "title": "[Muscular bioelectric activity, synchronous with respiration, following physical loading in trained and untrained individuals].", "content": "The authors aimed to examine the occurrence of biopotentials of muscles of the extremities, synchronous with respiration, and their duration after dynamic functional loadings with various length of time and intensity in trained and nontrained individuals. They carried out 60 examinations on two groups of students from the Higher Physical Institute: trained and nontrained. The following indices were recorded: muscle bioelectric activity of m. biceps brachii dex., m. quadriceps femoris dex., m . gastrocne-mius dex. and respiration before and after three types of functional loading of veloergometerfirst (2 X 30 sec. with 20 seconds of rest between them after 100 rotations/minute and 245 watts of strength) and second (5 X 1 minute with 30 seconds of rest after each minute after 90 rotations and 200 watts) were of speed character, but the third (20 minutes after 60 rotations per minute and 117 watts withminute of rest after each 5 minutes of work), developing the trait of endurance. On the basis of the obtained results the authors found that muscle bioelectrical activity, synchronous with vespiration, waw observed in the largest percentage of the examined persons after loading with speed character and in smaller percentage-after exercises for endurance, in which its duration was less as well. This precentage on its side was greater in nontrained persons in comparison with trained persons, in whom the phenomenon disappeared more quickly.", "contents": "[Muscular bioelectric activity, synchronous with respiration, following physical loading in trained and untrained individuals]. The authors aimed to examine the occurrence of biopotentials of muscles of the extremities, synchronous with respiration, and their duration after dynamic functional loadings with various length of time and intensity in trained and nontrained individuals. They carried out 60 examinations on two groups of students from the Higher Physical Institute: trained and nontrained. The following indices were recorded: muscle bioelectric activity of m. biceps brachii dex., m. quadriceps femoris dex., m . gastrocne-mius dex. and respiration before and after three types of functional loading of veloergometerfirst (2 X 30 sec. with 20 seconds of rest between them after 100 rotations/minute and 245 watts of strength) and second (5 X 1 minute with 30 seconds of rest after each minute after 90 rotations and 200 watts) were of speed character, but the third (20 minutes after 60 rotations per minute and 117 watts withminute of rest after each 5 minutes of work), developing the trait of endurance. On the basis of the obtained results the authors found that muscle bioelectrical activity, synchronous with vespiration, waw observed in the largest percentage of the examined persons after loading with speed character and in smaller percentage-after exercises for endurance, in which its duration was less as well. This precentage on its side was greater in nontrained persons in comparison with trained persons, in whom the phenomenon disappeared more quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:923512", "title": "[Cytogenic survey of 600 mentally retarded hospitalized patients].", "content": "A collaborative study (including the patients of 4 mental hospitals) was done in an attempt to evaluate the incidence of chromosomic anomalies in a large group of mentally retarded patients. A cytogenetic study was performed in 600 mentally retarded patients selected among 3.311 psychiatric patients. Chromosomic anomalies were found in 54 (9 per cent) mentally retarded patients. There were 43 autosomic anomalies (32 had trisomy 21) and 11 sexual chromosomes anomalies. This large series is consistent with the results found in the litterature. However of interest is the fact that this anomalies were frequently associated with affective deprivation, relational distorsion, disturbed family milieu and low social economic status during childhood.", "contents": "[Cytogenic survey of 600 mentally retarded hospitalized patients]. A collaborative study (including the patients of 4 mental hospitals) was done in an attempt to evaluate the incidence of chromosomic anomalies in a large group of mentally retarded patients. A cytogenetic study was performed in 600 mentally retarded patients selected among 3.311 psychiatric patients. Chromosomic anomalies were found in 54 (9 per cent) mentally retarded patients. There were 43 autosomic anomalies (32 had trisomy 21) and 11 sexual chromosomes anomalies. This large series is consistent with the results found in the litterature. However of interest is the fact that this anomalies were frequently associated with affective deprivation, relational distorsion, disturbed family milieu and low social economic status during childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:923513", "title": "[Physiological and psychological effects of biological feed-back training (alpha and EMG) among drug using college students].", "content": "Twenty-four volunteer college students, who were regular drug users, were randomly allocated to three training groups of equal size: alpha feedback, EMG feedback and a joked control group. Subjects, who were unaware of which feedback condition they received, were asked to practice at home during a six month follow-up period to achieve a relaxed state similar to that experienced during training. No group was successful in retaining gains made in their alpha levels during each session. The EMG group, however, significantly reduced their muscular activity during training and retained the improvement during follow-up. The alpha and joked groups did not significantly improve their EMG during training but at follow-up achieved the same levels as the EMG group. There was evidence to suggest a reduction in drug use among light and medium users that was maintained during follow-up. Significant and lasting improvements were made by each group in the duration and quality of their sleep. Anxiety levels were also reduced.", "contents": "[Physiological and psychological effects of biological feed-back training (alpha and EMG) among drug using college students]. Twenty-four volunteer college students, who were regular drug users, were randomly allocated to three training groups of equal size: alpha feedback, EMG feedback and a joked control group. Subjects, who were unaware of which feedback condition they received, were asked to practice at home during a six month follow-up period to achieve a relaxed state similar to that experienced during training. No group was successful in retaining gains made in their alpha levels during each session. The EMG group, however, significantly reduced their muscular activity during training and retained the improvement during follow-up. The alpha and joked groups did not significantly improve their EMG during training but at follow-up achieved the same levels as the EMG group. There was evidence to suggest a reduction in drug use among light and medium users that was maintained during follow-up. Significant and lasting improvements were made by each group in the duration and quality of their sleep. Anxiety levels were also reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:923514", "title": "[Manic depressive psychosis and hemispheric dominance with bipolar left handedness and episodic aphasia].", "content": "The author report on a manic depressive patient 66 years old which dysplayed aphasic troubles during depressive phase. As the patient was left handed and considering recent development in hemispheric specialisation, this trouble can be viewed as indicating a right hemisphere disturbance which is likely to be involved in the affective disorder.", "contents": "[Manic depressive psychosis and hemispheric dominance with bipolar left handedness and episodic aphasia]. The author report on a manic depressive patient 66 years old which dysplayed aphasic troubles during depressive phase. As the patient was left handed and considering recent development in hemispheric specialisation, this trouble can be viewed as indicating a right hemisphere disturbance which is likely to be involved in the affective disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:923515", "title": "[Lithium and water metabolism].", "content": "Interaction between lithium+ and water balance was studied in nine patients suffering manic-depressive trouble. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with polyuria and polydipsia was induced by Li+ in one case only. No trouble was apparent in eight cases. However, the applied method of investigation by lacking, and next, excess of water, vasopressin and ADH tests, measurements of urinary osmolarity and clearances, showed up a trouble of concentration in four cases, improved by ADH. The Li+ frequently (50%) induces a trouble of urinary concentration, without polyuria; it is brought to light only by biological investigations. Its origin is double, nephrogenic, which is the most important, and central by a pituitary component. In the other hand, the change in water metabolism, studied by the same tests, showed us a decrease of the clearance Li+ after lacking of water (deshydratation), and an increase after water surcharge. That result is not concordant, chiefly in regards to the water surcharge, with former experiments. It appears that our method (division by horary periods for measurement of clearance, study of circadian cycle of urinary Li+) permits some observations more precise than global gathering and measurement of clearances. That method also allows to make evident a circadian cycle of renal clearance of Li+, according to, for some part, with the renal movement of water. That remark would also have some consequence on lithium-therapy practice.", "contents": "[Lithium and water metabolism]. Interaction between lithium+ and water balance was studied in nine patients suffering manic-depressive trouble. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with polyuria and polydipsia was induced by Li+ in one case only. No trouble was apparent in eight cases. However, the applied method of investigation by lacking, and next, excess of water, vasopressin and ADH tests, measurements of urinary osmolarity and clearances, showed up a trouble of concentration in four cases, improved by ADH. The Li+ frequently (50%) induces a trouble of urinary concentration, without polyuria; it is brought to light only by biological investigations. Its origin is double, nephrogenic, which is the most important, and central by a pituitary component. In the other hand, the change in water metabolism, studied by the same tests, showed us a decrease of the clearance Li+ after lacking of water (deshydratation), and an increase after water surcharge. That result is not concordant, chiefly in regards to the water surcharge, with former experiments. It appears that our method (division by horary periods for measurement of clearance, study of circadian cycle of urinary Li+) permits some observations more precise than global gathering and measurement of clearances. That method also allows to make evident a circadian cycle of renal clearance of Li+, according to, for some part, with the renal movement of water. That remark would also have some consequence on lithium-therapy practice."}
{"id": "PMID:923516", "title": "[Clinical effects of long-term lithium treatment on sleep, appetite and sexuality].", "content": "The authors try to determine the incidence of long-term lithium treatments on sleep, appetite and sexual behaviour. The study was conducted in fifty outpatients of both sexes who have been for at least six months on lithium only and whose mood disturbances are stabilized. In two thirds of the cases of this clinical study, lithium seems to have beneficient qualitative and quantitative effects on sleep as opposed to other psychotropic drugs which cause discomforting sleepiness. Lithium seems to influence appetite slightly although it is responsible for the gain in weight in a fourth of the treated outpatients. Half of the subjects consider that lithium modifies their sexuality towards a decrease of the desire without modifying their capacities of realization. In a comparison study conducted with the psychotropic drugs that had been administered before, the repercussions of lithium on sexuality appear thus opposite to those of psychotropic drugs, major tranquilizers and antidepressants which impair the capacities without reducing the desire. Despite the specific side effects on some instinctive functions, lithium seems to be a treatment well lived by the subjects.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of long-term lithium treatment on sleep, appetite and sexuality]. The authors try to determine the incidence of long-term lithium treatments on sleep, appetite and sexual behaviour. The study was conducted in fifty outpatients of both sexes who have been for at least six months on lithium only and whose mood disturbances are stabilized. In two thirds of the cases of this clinical study, lithium seems to have beneficient qualitative and quantitative effects on sleep as opposed to other psychotropic drugs which cause discomforting sleepiness. Lithium seems to influence appetite slightly although it is responsible for the gain in weight in a fourth of the treated outpatients. Half of the subjects consider that lithium modifies their sexuality towards a decrease of the desire without modifying their capacities of realization. In a comparison study conducted with the psychotropic drugs that had been administered before, the repercussions of lithium on sexuality appear thus opposite to those of psychotropic drugs, major tranquilizers and antidepressants which impair the capacities without reducing the desire. Despite the specific side effects on some instinctive functions, lithium seems to be a treatment well lived by the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:923517", "title": "Enzymatic responses of transplanted tumour cells towards estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.", "content": "The influence of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were determined by cytochemical methods in sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma cells transplanted in male and female Swiss mice. The results revealed differential effects of the sex hormones on different enzymes which seemed to depend on the type of tumour cell studied and the sex of the host mice.", "contents": "Enzymatic responses of transplanted tumour cells towards estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The influence of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were determined by cytochemical methods in sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma cells transplanted in male and female Swiss mice. The results revealed differential effects of the sex hormones on different enzymes which seemed to depend on the type of tumour cell studied and the sex of the host mice."}
{"id": "PMID:923518", "title": "A transient increase in renal clearance of phosphate in response to continuous infusion of salmon calcitonin in rats.", "content": "The effects of intravenous carrier-free salmon calcitonin on renal clearances of phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were studied in male parathyroidectomized (PTX) and intact rats. Both natural and synthetic hormone, when infused at constant rates (0.005 approximately 0.5 MRC U/hr), produced a rapid increase (peaking at about 60-90 min) in phosphate clearance. However, the maximal increase was transient in nature in PTX rats. In intact rats, the phosphaturic response was somewhat more pronounced and the decline after the peak was rather modest. When a large amount (4 MRC U) of calcitonin was given in divided doses, the second dose produced a lesser extent of phosphaturia in both intact and PTX rats. The phosphaturic response was accompanied by an increase in sodium and potassium clearances in PTX rats and by an increase in potassium clearance in intact rats. A fall in the apparent clearance values for calcium and magnesium occurred and was maintained throughout the infusion period of hormone in both intact and PTX rats. In conclusion, PTX rats respond to the intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin with a transient phosphaturic response which is accompanied by parallel diuresis of sodium and potassium along with sustained retention of calcium and magnesium by the kidney.", "contents": "A transient increase in renal clearance of phosphate in response to continuous infusion of salmon calcitonin in rats. The effects of intravenous carrier-free salmon calcitonin on renal clearances of phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were studied in male parathyroidectomized (PTX) and intact rats. Both natural and synthetic hormone, when infused at constant rates (0.005 approximately 0.5 MRC U/hr), produced a rapid increase (peaking at about 60-90 min) in phosphate clearance. However, the maximal increase was transient in nature in PTX rats. In intact rats, the phosphaturic response was somewhat more pronounced and the decline after the peak was rather modest. When a large amount (4 MRC U) of calcitonin was given in divided doses, the second dose produced a lesser extent of phosphaturia in both intact and PTX rats. The phosphaturic response was accompanied by an increase in sodium and potassium clearances in PTX rats and by an increase in potassium clearance in intact rats. A fall in the apparent clearance values for calcium and magnesium occurred and was maintained throughout the infusion period of hormone in both intact and PTX rats. In conclusion, PTX rats respond to the intravenous administration of salmon calcitonin with a transient phosphaturic response which is accompanied by parallel diuresis of sodium and potassium along with sustained retention of calcium and magnesium by the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:923519", "title": "Subunit structure of 27 S thyroid iodoprotein.", "content": "The dissociation of thyroid 27 S iodoprotein by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and by succinic anhydride was investigated by means of ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The iodoprotein obtained from either a human or hog was dissociated into three kinds of subunits (S-19, S-17 and S-12) by SDS treatment. At increased concentrations of SDS, the S-12 subunit was predominant among the dissociation products. The succinylation of 27 S iodoprotein showed essentially the same dissociation pattern as in the case of SDS treatment. The dissociation products of the protein preparations of different animals were qualitatively the same as those of thyroglobulin of the respective animals, confirming the hypothesis that 27 S iodoprotein was composed of two molecules of thyroglobulin. However, the extent of dissociation of 27 S iodoprotein measured by S-12 formation showed higher resistancy of the protein to the dissociating agents than that of thyroglobulin. The contents of sialic acid and hexose as well as iodoamino acids of 27 S iodoprotein were found to be the same as, or not far from, those of thyroglobulin. The dissociability and chemical composition of 27 S iodoprotein was discussed with reference to the subunit structure of the protein.", "contents": "Subunit structure of 27 S thyroid iodoprotein. The dissociation of thyroid 27 S iodoprotein by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and by succinic anhydride was investigated by means of ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The iodoprotein obtained from either a human or hog was dissociated into three kinds of subunits (S-19, S-17 and S-12) by SDS treatment. At increased concentrations of SDS, the S-12 subunit was predominant among the dissociation products. The succinylation of 27 S iodoprotein showed essentially the same dissociation pattern as in the case of SDS treatment. The dissociation products of the protein preparations of different animals were qualitatively the same as those of thyroglobulin of the respective animals, confirming the hypothesis that 27 S iodoprotein was composed of two molecules of thyroglobulin. However, the extent of dissociation of 27 S iodoprotein measured by S-12 formation showed higher resistancy of the protein to the dissociating agents than that of thyroglobulin. The contents of sialic acid and hexose as well as iodoamino acids of 27 S iodoprotein were found to be the same as, or not far from, those of thyroglobulin. The dissociability and chemical composition of 27 S iodoprotein was discussed with reference to the subunit structure of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:923520", "title": "Occurrence of permanent changes in vaginal and uterine epithelia in mice treated neonatally with progestin, estrogen and aromatizable or non-aromatizable androgens.", "content": "Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain were injected daily with 100 microgram testosterone, 50 microgram testosterone propionate (TP), 100 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 50 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), for 10 days from the day of birth. Two other groups of female mice were given neonatal injections with 20 microgram estradiol-17beta and 100 microgram progesterone for 10 days, respectively. All mice were ovariectomized at 60 days of age and killed at 90 days. In 100% of neonatally estrogenized or androgenized, ovariectomized mice, the cranial part of the vagina was lined with stratified epithelium with either cornification or parakeratosis or mucification. Stratification only or stratification with superficial squamous metaplasia or cornification took place in the uterine epithelia of 18% of the TP-treated, 75% of the DHT-treated and 50% of the DHTP-treated, ovariectomized mice. In contrast, neonatally estrogenized, ovariectomized mice did not show the estrogen-independent, persistent uterine changes. Neonatal progesterone treatment failed to induce the permanent changes in the vaginal and uterine epithelia.", "contents": "Occurrence of permanent changes in vaginal and uterine epithelia in mice treated neonatally with progestin, estrogen and aromatizable or non-aromatizable androgens. Female mice of the C57 Black/Tw strain were injected daily with 100 microgram testosterone, 50 microgram testosterone propionate (TP), 100 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 50 microgram 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), for 10 days from the day of birth. Two other groups of female mice were given neonatal injections with 20 microgram estradiol-17beta and 100 microgram progesterone for 10 days, respectively. All mice were ovariectomized at 60 days of age and killed at 90 days. In 100% of neonatally estrogenized or androgenized, ovariectomized mice, the cranial part of the vagina was lined with stratified epithelium with either cornification or parakeratosis or mucification. Stratification only or stratification with superficial squamous metaplasia or cornification took place in the uterine epithelia of 18% of the TP-treated, 75% of the DHT-treated and 50% of the DHTP-treated, ovariectomized mice. In contrast, neonatally estrogenized, ovariectomized mice did not show the estrogen-independent, persistent uterine changes. Neonatal progesterone treatment failed to induce the permanent changes in the vaginal and uterine epithelia."}
{"id": "PMID:923525", "title": "The effects of light deprivation/blindness on testicular function of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon).", "content": "1. Light deprivation either by enucleation or darkness resulted in a wide-spread testicular damage. The changes consisted of loss of type A spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. 2. The atrophic testes of eyeless gerbils regenerated after 20 weeks and were indistinguishable from those of untreated, continuous light exposed animals. The reversible effects were not seen in continuous dark exposure. 3. Light deprivation (enucleation/continuous darkness) inhibits the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The testicular cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. 4. Haemoglobulin, haematrocrit and serum-transaminase levels were all the time within normal limits. Histological preparations of the liver showed normal architecture. 5. Reduced androgen production following a long term light deprivation was reflected in low levels of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei. 6. In conclusion, light deprivation caused damage to the male genital tract of gerbils.", "contents": "The effects of light deprivation/blindness on testicular function of gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon). 1. Light deprivation either by enucleation or darkness resulted in a wide-spread testicular damage. The changes consisted of loss of type A spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. 2. The atrophic testes of eyeless gerbils regenerated after 20 weeks and were indistinguishable from those of untreated, continuous light exposed animals. The reversible effects were not seen in continuous dark exposure. 3. Light deprivation (enucleation/continuous darkness) inhibits the synthesis of RNA, protein and sialic acid in the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The testicular cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity was increased. 4. Haemoglobulin, haematrocrit and serum-transaminase levels were all the time within normal limits. Histological preparations of the liver showed normal architecture. 5. Reduced androgen production following a long term light deprivation was reflected in low levels of RNA and sialic acid in the testes and epididymides and shrunken Leydig cell nuclei. 6. In conclusion, light deprivation caused damage to the male genital tract of gerbils."}
{"id": "PMID:923527", "title": "Action of testosterone in melanin metabolism in liver of toad (Bufo melanostictus).", "content": "The melanin content of liver of male toad was altered by testosterone injection. A single injection of testosterone at a dose of 1 microgram/g or 2 microgram/g of body weight caused an increase in melanin content of liver of male toad on the 3rd and 5th day after injection. With lower doses (0.1 microgram/g and 0.5 microgram/g), however, there was no alteration of melanin content of liver. Compared to the results obtained with 1 microgram of testosterone per g of body weight, the degree of response with respect to the melanin content with 2 microgram/g tended to be higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. The female toads remained unaffected with respect to melanin content of liver with these doses of testosterone used.", "contents": "Action of testosterone in melanin metabolism in liver of toad (Bufo melanostictus). The melanin content of liver of male toad was altered by testosterone injection. A single injection of testosterone at a dose of 1 microgram/g or 2 microgram/g of body weight caused an increase in melanin content of liver of male toad on the 3rd and 5th day after injection. With lower doses (0.1 microgram/g and 0.5 microgram/g), however, there was no alteration of melanin content of liver. Compared to the results obtained with 1 microgram of testosterone per g of body weight, the degree of response with respect to the melanin content with 2 microgram/g tended to be higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. The female toads remained unaffected with respect to melanin content of liver with these doses of testosterone used."}
{"id": "PMID:923528", "title": "[Effect of oxytocin on regional 3H-orotic acid uptake in rat brain].", "content": "The uptake of the RNA precursor [3H] orotic acid by 18 brain regions of male rats was measured after intracarotid injection and a survival time of 15 s. Ocytocin added to the injected solutions (final concentrations: 1 to 1000 mU/ml) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of tracer uptake by 11 areas. Some of these regions (e.g. hippocampus) are thought to be involved in the behavioral effects of vasopressin and other peptide hormones (Van Wimersma Greidanus et al., 1975 a). Results of experiments in which the net uptake of tritiated water was used as a measure of relative blood flow led us to the conclusion that the blood-brain barrier permeability to [3H] orotic acid rather than the cerebral blood flow is changed by ocytocin. The present results support the assumption that the enhanced precursor supply caused by ocytocin might contribute to the influence of this peptide hormone on memory consolidation.", "contents": "[Effect of oxytocin on regional 3H-orotic acid uptake in rat brain]. The uptake of the RNA precursor [3H] orotic acid by 18 brain regions of male rats was measured after intracarotid injection and a survival time of 15 s. Ocytocin added to the injected solutions (final concentrations: 1 to 1000 mU/ml) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of tracer uptake by 11 areas. Some of these regions (e.g. hippocampus) are thought to be involved in the behavioral effects of vasopressin and other peptide hormones (Van Wimersma Greidanus et al., 1975 a). Results of experiments in which the net uptake of tritiated water was used as a measure of relative blood flow led us to the conclusion that the blood-brain barrier permeability to [3H] orotic acid rather than the cerebral blood flow is changed by ocytocin. The present results support the assumption that the enhanced precursor supply caused by ocytocin might contribute to the influence of this peptide hormone on memory consolidation."}
{"id": "PMID:923529", "title": "[Effect of degree of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on changes in serum albumin spectra in rats].", "content": "Extreme rat hypothyreosis of identical degree was induced by radiothyroidectomy (group R-HT) and feeding of thyreostatics (groups MTU-HT and MMI-HT). External signs, growth kinetics, serum cholesterol, thyroid weight, and the iodothyrosine pattern of the thyroid glands served as references for the quality of the hypothyreotic state. Determinations of following changes (all changes significant for p less than 0.001): 1. Higher total serum protein levels in hypothyreotic rats 4 and 7 weeks after beginning the experiemnts as compared to the controls (KT). 2. After 4 weeks the relative albumin content was diminished, the relative gamma-globulin content was elevated as compared to the KT. The absolute values of albumines did not change, alpha-1-globuline and gamma-globuline contents were increased in all hypothyreotic groups. 3. After 7 weeks normal albumine values, increase of the relative and absolute alpha-1-globuline content, and decrease of the relative beta-globuline concentrations were measured. Elevated gamma-globulins were found in MMI-HT and R-HT only, and an increased absolute albumine content in MTU-HT alone. The results confirm both hyperproteinemia and dysproteinemia as characteristics of the rat hypothyreotic state. Dynamic changes of absolute and relative contents of different serum protein fractions are demonstrated in relation to the duration of hypothyreosis. This fact can possibly explain contradictory findings on type of dysproteinemia by several authors.", "contents": "[Effect of degree of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on changes in serum albumin spectra in rats]. Extreme rat hypothyreosis of identical degree was induced by radiothyroidectomy (group R-HT) and feeding of thyreostatics (groups MTU-HT and MMI-HT). External signs, growth kinetics, serum cholesterol, thyroid weight, and the iodothyrosine pattern of the thyroid glands served as references for the quality of the hypothyreotic state. Determinations of following changes (all changes significant for p less than 0.001): 1. Higher total serum protein levels in hypothyreotic rats 4 and 7 weeks after beginning the experiemnts as compared to the controls (KT). 2. After 4 weeks the relative albumin content was diminished, the relative gamma-globulin content was elevated as compared to the KT. The absolute values of albumines did not change, alpha-1-globuline and gamma-globuline contents were increased in all hypothyreotic groups. 3. After 7 weeks normal albumine values, increase of the relative and absolute alpha-1-globuline content, and decrease of the relative beta-globuline concentrations were measured. Elevated gamma-globulins were found in MMI-HT and R-HT only, and an increased absolute albumine content in MTU-HT alone. The results confirm both hyperproteinemia and dysproteinemia as characteristics of the rat hypothyreotic state. Dynamic changes of absolute and relative contents of different serum protein fractions are demonstrated in relation to the duration of hypothyreosis. This fact can possibly explain contradictory findings on type of dysproteinemia by several authors."}
{"id": "PMID:923530", "title": "The conversion of delta 5-steriods to testosterone and androstenedione in human amniotic epithelium in vitro.", "content": "3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / delta 5-4 isomerase activity was demonstrated in the human amniotic epithelium from the first trimester of pregnancy. The evidence was based on the in vitro formation of [4-14C] testosterone and [4-14C] androstenedione from [4-14C] 5-androstenediol and [4-14CA1 DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE, RESPECTIVELY. The activity of the enzyme studied in age dependent, reaching a maximum in the 8th-9th week of pregnancy and decreasing to negligible values at the end of the second trimester of gestation.", "contents": "The conversion of delta 5-steriods to testosterone and androstenedione in human amniotic epithelium in vitro. 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / delta 5-4 isomerase activity was demonstrated in the human amniotic epithelium from the first trimester of pregnancy. The evidence was based on the in vitro formation of [4-14C] testosterone and [4-14C] androstenedione from [4-14C] 5-androstenediol and [4-14CA1 DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE, RESPECTIVELY. The activity of the enzyme studied in age dependent, reaching a maximum in the 8th-9th week of pregnancy and decreasing to negligible values at the end of the second trimester of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:923531", "title": "Thyroid activity and TSH levels in pituitary gland and blood serum in response to clomid, sexovid and prostaglandins treatment in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "Thyroid activity, pituitary and serum thyrotrophic potency in response to the administration of clomid, sexovid, PGE1 and PGF2alpha, were studied in H. fossilis. Hightened thyroidal activity and CR (conversion ratio of PB 131I in blood serum in relation to total serum 131I uptake) were noticed a week after clomid (150 microgram/fish/day) and sexovid (150 microgram/fish/day) treatment. Clomid and sexovid also elevated the serum thyrotrophic potency although pituitary TSH level was unaffected. It is evident from the results that clomid and sexovid either act via hypothalamus or directly over pituitary to increase TSH secretion followed by increased thyroid activity. PGE1 and PGF2alpha (100 microgram/fish/day, each) administration increased thyroidal 131I uptake but failed to stimulate hormone output from thyroid gland. Increased TSH level in blood and decreased level of TSH in pituitary was observed in response to the above prostaglandins. It seems that PGE1 and PGF2alpha  inhibit thyroid hormone secretion like anti-thyroid drugs triggering the release of TSH into blood.", "contents": "Thyroid activity and TSH levels in pituitary gland and blood serum in response to clomid, sexovid and prostaglandins treatment in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Thyroid activity, pituitary and serum thyrotrophic potency in response to the administration of clomid, sexovid, PGE1 and PGF2alpha, were studied in H. fossilis. Hightened thyroidal activity and CR (conversion ratio of PB 131I in blood serum in relation to total serum 131I uptake) were noticed a week after clomid (150 microgram/fish/day) and sexovid (150 microgram/fish/day) treatment. Clomid and sexovid also elevated the serum thyrotrophic potency although pituitary TSH level was unaffected. It is evident from the results that clomid and sexovid either act via hypothalamus or directly over pituitary to increase TSH secretion followed by increased thyroid activity. PGE1 and PGF2alpha (100 microgram/fish/day, each) administration increased thyroidal 131I uptake but failed to stimulate hormone output from thyroid gland. Increased TSH level in blood and decreased level of TSH in pituitary was observed in response to the above prostaglandins. It seems that PGE1 and PGF2alpha  inhibit thyroid hormone secretion like anti-thyroid drugs triggering the release of TSH into blood."}
{"id": "PMID:923532", "title": "Sex-specific testosterone and FSH concentrations in amniotic fluids of mid-pregnancy.", "content": "TG and unconjugated testosterone levels were found to be significantly increased but FSH levels significantly decreased in amniotic fluids of male foetuses as compared to those of female foestuses between week 16 and 26 of pregnancy.", "contents": "Sex-specific testosterone and FSH concentrations in amniotic fluids of mid-pregnancy. TG and unconjugated testosterone levels were found to be significantly increased but FSH levels significantly decreased in amniotic fluids of male foetuses as compared to those of female foestuses between week 16 and 26 of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:923533", "title": "In vitro incorporation of progesterone-1,2-3H in Fallopian tube and uterus of rat during pregnancy and postpartum period.", "content": "In vitro incorporation of 3H-progesterone into rat Fallopian tube and uterus during pregnancy and postpartum period is studied. The uptake of progesterone in oviduct and uterus falls sharply during mid-pregnancy (day 8-12 postcoitum) followed by a significantly high uptake prior to parturition. At the time of parturition, the tubal incorporation of radioactivity declines but resumes a rising profile towards day 5 postpartum. Similar pattern of uptake is observed in the uterus.", "contents": "In vitro incorporation of progesterone-1,2-3H in Fallopian tube and uterus of rat during pregnancy and postpartum period. In vitro incorporation of 3H-progesterone into rat Fallopian tube and uterus during pregnancy and postpartum period is studied. The uptake of progesterone in oviduct and uterus falls sharply during mid-pregnancy (day 8-12 postcoitum) followed by a significantly high uptake prior to parturition. At the time of parturition, the tubal incorporation of radioactivity declines but resumes a rising profile towards day 5 postpartum. Similar pattern of uptake is observed in the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:923534", "title": "The increase of the active form of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase in stressed rats.", "content": "In rats exposed to 400 revolutions (during 6 min and 40 sec) in rotating Noble-Collip drums essentially the same increase of the active form of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase as in animals studied 6 min and 40 sec after epinephrine (50 microgram/kg) or glucagon (100 microgram/kg), both i.v., was observed. However, in rats injured daily for 6 days, on day 7 this enzyme response was substantially blunted.", "contents": "The increase of the active form of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase in stressed rats. In rats exposed to 400 revolutions (during 6 min and 40 sec) in rotating Noble-Collip drums essentially the same increase of the active form of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase as in animals studied 6 min and 40 sec after epinephrine (50 microgram/kg) or glucagon (100 microgram/kg), both i.v., was observed. However, in rats injured daily for 6 days, on day 7 this enzyme response was substantially blunted."}
{"id": "PMID:923543", "title": "Radiological protection in equine radiography and radiotherapy.", "content": "The principles of radiological protection are summarised and consideration is then given to problems, which may confront the equine practitioner, in the fulfillment of these principles during diagnostic radiography of the limbs, head, and spine of the horse. The place of anaesthesia in such procedures is discussed and the special problems associated with therapeutic radiography of the horse are considered.", "contents": "Radiological protection in equine radiography and radiotherapy. The principles of radiological protection are summarised and consideration is then given to problems, which may confront the equine practitioner, in the fulfillment of these principles during diagnostic radiography of the limbs, head, and spine of the horse. The place of anaesthesia in such procedures is discussed and the special problems associated with therapeutic radiography of the horse are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:923544", "title": "Cardiological problems in equine medicine.", "content": "This paper outlines the major problems in evaluating and assessing prognosis in horses with minor cardiac abnormalities. It emphasises that progress will only be made if adequate data on the \"natural history\" of equine cardiac disease can be collected. This will necessitate a long-term study of suitable cases and will require the collaboration of specialist institutions and general practitioners if it is to be successful.", "contents": "Cardiological problems in equine medicine. This paper outlines the major problems in evaluating and assessing prognosis in horses with minor cardiac abnormalities. It emphasises that progress will only be made if adequate data on the \"natural history\" of equine cardiac disease can be collected. This will necessitate a long-term study of suitable cases and will require the collaboration of specialist institutions and general practitioners if it is to be successful."}
{"id": "PMID:923545", "title": "The clinician's approach to equine cardiology.", "content": "The author considers some of the difficulties the clinician may be faced with when giving an opinion on a horse with a cardiac abnormality. The 3 types of cardiological cases presented to the practitioner are described. The first 2 categories both exhibit a reduction in performance either with loss of bodily conduction or without it. The third group, which is the most troublesome for the clinician, involves the horse which shows a cardiological abnormality but is otherwise apparently normal.", "contents": "The clinician's approach to equine cardiology. The author considers some of the difficulties the clinician may be faced with when giving an opinion on a horse with a cardiac abnormality. The 3 types of cardiological cases presented to the practitioner are described. The first 2 categories both exhibit a reduction in performance either with loss of bodily conduction or without it. The third group, which is the most troublesome for the clinician, involves the horse which shows a cardiological abnormality but is otherwise apparently normal."}
{"id": "PMID:923546", "title": "Pacing techniques in assessing cardiac function in the horse.", "content": "The problem of transitory cardiac arrhythmias in equidae is discussed particularly with regard to the referral of suspect cases to specialist institutions for second opinion. Recently developed electro-stimulation techniques designed to uncover problem arrythmias, are briefly described and their potential in the analysis of cardiac electrical function under varying conditions is reviewed. The author cautions on the too rapid evaluation of the techniques for this purpose while remaining optimistic of the potential of electro-stimulation in the objective analysis of cardiac electric parameters.", "contents": "Pacing techniques in assessing cardiac function in the horse. The problem of transitory cardiac arrhythmias in equidae is discussed particularly with regard to the referral of suspect cases to specialist institutions for second opinion. Recently developed electro-stimulation techniques designed to uncover problem arrythmias, are briefly described and their potential in the analysis of cardiac electrical function under varying conditions is reviewed. The author cautions on the too rapid evaluation of the techniques for this purpose while remaining optimistic of the potential of electro-stimulation in the objective analysis of cardiac electric parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:923548", "title": "The legal responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon arising from advances in equine cardiology and in the prescription of drugs for racehorses.", "content": "The paper examines the responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to the advances more recently made in the field of equine cardiology. Notwithstanding such advances it is stated that the normal established legal principles apply, in particular in relation to the preparation of certificates, namely that the veterinary surgeon must be sufficiently expert to give the opinion sought, that he must make himself fully aware of the purpose for which the certificate is required and that he must make clear the nature and limitations of any examination carried out.", "contents": "The legal responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon arising from advances in equine cardiology and in the prescription of drugs for racehorses. The paper examines the responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to the advances more recently made in the field of equine cardiology. Notwithstanding such advances it is stated that the normal established legal principles apply, in particular in relation to the preparation of certificates, namely that the veterinary surgeon must be sufficiently expert to give the opinion sought, that he must make himself fully aware of the purpose for which the certificate is required and that he must make clear the nature and limitations of any examination carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:923549", "title": "Chronic tenosynovitis of the extensor tendons and tendon sheaths of the carpal region in the horse.", "content": "Seven cases of chronic tenosynovitis affecting the extensor carpi radialis or lateral digital extensor tendon and their sheaths are described. All cases were chronic and in 4 of the cases previous treatment by drainage and local corticosteroid injection had been ineffective. Surgical exploration of 6 cases demonstrated a distinct lesion and specific surgical treatment was carried out.", "contents": "Chronic tenosynovitis of the extensor tendons and tendon sheaths of the carpal region in the horse. Seven cases of chronic tenosynovitis affecting the extensor carpi radialis or lateral digital extensor tendon and their sheaths are described. All cases were chronic and in 4 of the cases previous treatment by drainage and local corticosteroid injection had been ineffective. Surgical exploration of 6 cases demonstrated a distinct lesion and specific surgical treatment was carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:923550", "title": "Osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in two foals.", "content": "Two cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in foals are described. The lesions were gross compared with those seen in dogs. Arthrotomy and curettage of the affected area resulted in marked clinical improvement.", "contents": "Osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in two foals. Two cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in foals are described. The lesions were gross compared with those seen in dogs. Arthrotomy and curettage of the affected area resulted in marked clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:923551", "title": "Coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella in the pony.", "content": "Two cases of coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella are described in the pony. Clinical signs included outward rotation of the stifle and foot and inward rotation of the hock with the stifle and hock joints fixed in extension. One case was treated by performing a medial patellar desmotomy with a resultant significant improvement in locomotion. Other cases of hip luxation reported in the literature, some complicated by upward patellar fixation, are reviewed. Hip luxation is principally seen in ponies and it is suggested that upward fixation of the patella occurring in some of these cases is a result of rotation of the limb produced by dislocation of the hip, which alters the normal anatomy and mechanics of the femoro-patellar joint and/or interferes with the normal leverage of the rectus femoris muscle.", "contents": "Coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella in the pony. Two cases of coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella are described in the pony. Clinical signs included outward rotation of the stifle and foot and inward rotation of the hock with the stifle and hock joints fixed in extension. One case was treated by performing a medial patellar desmotomy with a resultant significant improvement in locomotion. Other cases of hip luxation reported in the literature, some complicated by upward patellar fixation, are reviewed. Hip luxation is principally seen in ponies and it is suggested that upward fixation of the patella occurring in some of these cases is a result of rotation of the limb produced by dislocation of the hip, which alters the normal anatomy and mechanics of the femoro-patellar joint and/or interferes with the normal leverage of the rectus femoris muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:923552", "title": "Syringomyelia in a thoroughbred foal.", "content": "The report describes a case of myelodysplasia involing spinal cord segments C7 to T8 of a 5 month old part-Thoroughbred foal. There was a single extensive syringomyelic and hydromyelic cavity which extended from the seventh cervical segment (C7), to the seventh thoracic segment (T7), abnormal size and shape of central canal, and disorderly differentiation of the grey and white matter. The cause of the defect is unknown.", "contents": "Syringomyelia in a thoroughbred foal. The report describes a case of myelodysplasia involing spinal cord segments C7 to T8 of a 5 month old part-Thoroughbred foal. There was a single extensive syringomyelic and hydromyelic cavity which extended from the seventh cervical segment (C7), to the seventh thoracic segment (T7), abnormal size and shape of central canal, and disorderly differentiation of the grey and white matter. The cause of the defect is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:923553", "title": "Familial methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia in the horse associated with decreased erythrocytic glutathione reductase and glutathione.", "content": "A trotter mare with a history of poor performance was found to have methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia associated with decreased erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione levels. The mare's dam, which also had a history of poor performance, was subsequently found to be similarly affected.", "contents": "Familial methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia in the horse associated with decreased erythrocytic glutathione reductase and glutathione. A trotter mare with a history of poor performance was found to have methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia associated with decreased erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione levels. The mare's dam, which also had a history of poor performance, was subsequently found to be similarly affected."}
{"id": "PMID:923554", "title": "The value of arterial blood pressure measurement in assessing the prognosis in equine colic.", "content": "Indirect arterial blood pressure was determined on 33 horses prior to surgical intervention for the diagnosis and/or correction of acute abdominal disorders and a relationship between low systolic blood pressure and non-survival was established. It is suggested that blood pressure determination should be used to augment other methods of clinical and laboratory examination in cases of equine colic.", "contents": "The value of arterial blood pressure measurement in assessing the prognosis in equine colic. Indirect arterial blood pressure was determined on 33 horses prior to surgical intervention for the diagnosis and/or correction of acute abdominal disorders and a relationship between low systolic blood pressure and non-survival was established. It is suggested that blood pressure determination should be used to augment other methods of clinical and laboratory examination in cases of equine colic."}
{"id": "PMID:923555", "title": "A case of primary lymphoid leukaemia in a horse.", "content": "Progressive leukaemic changes and a persistent anaemia were demonstrated in the blood of a 7 year old gelding, which had shown early signs of lowered performance and unthriftiness, and later developed dependent oedema and became dull and listless. The total leucocyte count, initially within the normal range although reflecting an absolute lymphocytosis, increased fourfold in 6 days from excessive lymphoid production involving predominantly the more immature cell types; lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes and large lymphocytes. The severity of the condition was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy.", "contents": "A case of primary lymphoid leukaemia in a horse. Progressive leukaemic changes and a persistent anaemia were demonstrated in the blood of a 7 year old gelding, which had shown early signs of lowered performance and unthriftiness, and later developed dependent oedema and became dull and listless. The total leucocyte count, initially within the normal range although reflecting an absolute lymphocytosis, increased fourfold in 6 days from excessive lymphoid production involving predominantly the more immature cell types; lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes and large lymphocytes. The severity of the condition was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:923556", "title": "A correlation of the endoscopic and pathological changes in subclinical pathology of the horse's larynx.", "content": "The larynges of 6 horses were examined endoscopically and the findings correlated with the gross and histological appearance of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and their nerve supply. In all cases it appeared that the balance between abductor and adductor muscle groups had been lost due to preferential atrophy of individual muscles or groups of muscles. The laryngeal abnormalities recorded were asymmetry of the larynx with asynchronous left sided abduction and fluttering or trembling of the left vocal cord and arytenoid cartilage. It is suggested that these changes represent the early signs of a progressive lesion which may result in left sided laryngeal hemiplegia.", "contents": "A correlation of the endoscopic and pathological changes in subclinical pathology of the horse's larynx. The larynges of 6 horses were examined endoscopically and the findings correlated with the gross and histological appearance of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and their nerve supply. In all cases it appeared that the balance between abductor and adductor muscle groups had been lost due to preferential atrophy of individual muscles or groups of muscles. The laryngeal abnormalities recorded were asymmetry of the larynx with asynchronous left sided abduction and fluttering or trembling of the left vocal cord and arytenoid cartilage. It is suggested that these changes represent the early signs of a progressive lesion which may result in left sided laryngeal hemiplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:923557", "title": "Effect of training on some metabolic changes associated with submaximal endurance exercise in the horse.", "content": "The effects of prolonged cantering before and after a 10 week training programme were studied in 6 horses. Determinations were carried on on venous blood for packed cell volume, glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, pH and pCO2. Exercise caused a slight increase in glucose, lactate and pH, a moderate rise in PCV, glycerol and free fatty acids, and a marked rise in 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. A decrease in venous pCO2 occurred and a slight but not significant decrease in beta-hydroxybutyrate. Training was found to cause no significant difference in the changes seen. However, there was a tendency for exercise to result in higher 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels after training.", "contents": "Effect of training on some metabolic changes associated with submaximal endurance exercise in the horse. The effects of prolonged cantering before and after a 10 week training programme were studied in 6 horses. Determinations were carried on on venous blood for packed cell volume, glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, pH and pCO2. Exercise caused a slight increase in glucose, lactate and pH, a moderate rise in PCV, glycerol and free fatty acids, and a marked rise in 11-hydroxycorticosteroids. A decrease in venous pCO2 occurred and a slight but not significant decrease in beta-hydroxybutyrate. Training was found to cause no significant difference in the changes seen. However, there was a tendency for exercise to result in higher 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels after training."}
{"id": "PMID:923558", "title": "An experimental study of autologous digital tendon transplants in the horse.", "content": "Four autologous tendon grafting techniques, bipedicle, pedicle and free grafts of the deep digital flexor tendon and free grafts from the lateral digital extensor tendon were described. The vascularization and remodelling of the transplant and the reactions in the donor, as well as the recipient tendon, were studied by means of microangiographic and histochemical methods. The results indicated that regardless of the technique used the grafts were revascularized and replaced by a highly orientated and organized tendon. The use of free grafts may therefore be worthwhile in treatment of severe tendon lesions in valuable racehorses.", "contents": "An experimental study of autologous digital tendon transplants in the horse. Four autologous tendon grafting techniques, bipedicle, pedicle and free grafts of the deep digital flexor tendon and free grafts from the lateral digital extensor tendon were described. The vascularization and remodelling of the transplant and the reactions in the donor, as well as the recipient tendon, were studied by means of microangiographic and histochemical methods. The results indicated that regardless of the technique used the grafts were revascularized and replaced by a highly orientated and organized tendon. The use of free grafts may therefore be worthwhile in treatment of severe tendon lesions in valuable racehorses."}
{"id": "PMID:923561", "title": "Acidic phosphoproteins of the 60-S ribosomal subunits from HeLa cells.", "content": "Two-dimensional analysis of the ribosomal proteins from 60-S subunits of HeLa cells revealed a triplet of acidic proteins, L40a, L40b and L40c, of identical molecular weight (13,700), which can be separated only on the basis of their charge differences. Two of the spots, L40b and L40c, become labeled after incubation of the cells with inorganic [32P]phosphate. The electrophoretic behavior and molecular weights of these proteins support the notion that the proteins L40b and L40c, are phosphorylated forms of the protein L40a. The same proteins can be phosphorylated also in vitro by a HeLa protein kinase on 60-S subunits but not on 80-S ribosomes. The inaccessibility of L40 proteins to the phosphorylation in vitro on 80-S ribosomes suggests that they are located in the interface between the 40-S and 60-S subunits.", "contents": "Acidic phosphoproteins of the 60-S ribosomal subunits from HeLa cells. Two-dimensional analysis of the ribosomal proteins from 60-S subunits of HeLa cells revealed a triplet of acidic proteins, L40a, L40b and L40c, of identical molecular weight (13,700), which can be separated only on the basis of their charge differences. Two of the spots, L40b and L40c, become labeled after incubation of the cells with inorganic [32P]phosphate. The electrophoretic behavior and molecular weights of these proteins support the notion that the proteins L40b and L40c, are phosphorylated forms of the protein L40a. The same proteins can be phosphorylated also in vitro by a HeLa protein kinase on 60-S subunits but not on 80-S ribosomes. The inaccessibility of L40 proteins to the phosphorylation in vitro on 80-S ribosomes suggests that they are located in the interface between the 40-S and 60-S subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:923564", "title": "Negatively charged reactants as probes in the study of the essential mercaptide-imidazolium ion-pair of thiolenzymes.", "content": "The reactive mercaptide-imidazolium ion-pair at the active site of papain and thiolsubtilisin was alkylated with negatively charged reactants. The reactivities of the two thiolenzymes differ considerably. The iodoacetate reaction is faster by more than 1000 times with papain than with thiolsubtilisin. On the other hand, towards 3-iodopropionate thiolsubtilisin is more reactive than papain by about a factor of 7. These findings, which are interpreted in terms of the different geometries of the two ion-pairs, offer an explanation of the basic difference between the catalytic abilities of papain and thiolsubtilisin.", "contents": "Negatively charged reactants as probes in the study of the essential mercaptide-imidazolium ion-pair of thiolenzymes. The reactive mercaptide-imidazolium ion-pair at the active site of papain and thiolsubtilisin was alkylated with negatively charged reactants. The reactivities of the two thiolenzymes differ considerably. The iodoacetate reaction is faster by more than 1000 times with papain than with thiolsubtilisin. On the other hand, towards 3-iodopropionate thiolsubtilisin is more reactive than papain by about a factor of 7. These findings, which are interpreted in terms of the different geometries of the two ion-pairs, offer an explanation of the basic difference between the catalytic abilities of papain and thiolsubtilisin."}
{"id": "PMID:923569", "title": "Transcriptional and post-transcriptional defects in beta0-thalassaemia.", "content": "Complementary DNA enriched in sequences hybridizing to beta-globin mRNA was prepared with viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and used as a probe for the presence of beta-globin mRNA in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA from two Italian patients with beta0-thalassaemia. In both cases the beta-globin gene was present and cytoplasmic mRNAbeta was absent; however, one case appeared to transcribe mRNAbeta and to fail to process it, while the other appeared transcriptionally defective. Evidence is also presented that the low levels of hybridization usually found at high RNA/cDNAbeta ratios in beta0-thalassaemia are due to  delta-globin mRNA; the melting profile of the hybrid formed has been determined and a low melting temperature relative to mRNAbeta - cDNAbeta demonstrated.", "contents": "Transcriptional and post-transcriptional defects in beta0-thalassaemia. Complementary DNA enriched in sequences hybridizing to beta-globin mRNA was prepared with viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and used as a probe for the presence of beta-globin mRNA in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA from two Italian patients with beta0-thalassaemia. In both cases the beta-globin gene was present and cytoplasmic mRNAbeta was absent; however, one case appeared to transcribe mRNAbeta and to fail to process it, while the other appeared transcriptionally defective. Evidence is also presented that the low levels of hybridization usually found at high RNA/cDNAbeta ratios in beta0-thalassaemia are due to  delta-globin mRNA; the melting profile of the hybrid formed has been determined and a low melting temperature relative to mRNAbeta - cDNAbeta demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:923570", "title": "The low-spin/high-spin transition equilibrium of camphor-bound cytochrome P-450. Effects of medium and temperature on equilibrium data.", "content": "The spin state of camphor-bound cytochrome P-450 is shown to depend largely on medium and temperature in aqueous as well as in mixed organic buffer. At sub-zero temperatures a variation of paH, ionic strength or camphor concentration modifies the spin equilibrium from nearly pure high-spin form to nearly pure low-spin form. Since the apparent pKa of transition is a linear function of log I, the spin state seems to be controlled by the electrostatic potential in the heme proximity. K+ is found to have a specific effect on the spin state. The change of enthalpy, deltaH, of the spin transition depends on the same parameters as the equilibrium constant, in the organic cosolvent as well as in aqueous buffer. As the cosolvent effect is reflected by higher deltaH values, and KCl and pH tend to lower deltaH, the cosolvent effect can easily be compensated. Therefore kinetic studies of the spin conversion might well be undertaken at sub-zero temperature in this solvent.", "contents": "The low-spin/high-spin transition equilibrium of camphor-bound cytochrome P-450. Effects of medium and temperature on equilibrium data. The spin state of camphor-bound cytochrome P-450 is shown to depend largely on medium and temperature in aqueous as well as in mixed organic buffer. At sub-zero temperatures a variation of paH, ionic strength or camphor concentration modifies the spin equilibrium from nearly pure high-spin form to nearly pure low-spin form. Since the apparent pKa of transition is a linear function of log I, the spin state seems to be controlled by the electrostatic potential in the heme proximity. K+ is found to have a specific effect on the spin state. The change of enthalpy, deltaH, of the spin transition depends on the same parameters as the equilibrium constant, in the organic cosolvent as well as in aqueous buffer. As the cosolvent effect is reflected by higher deltaH values, and KCl and pH tend to lower deltaH, the cosolvent effect can easily be compensated. Therefore kinetic studies of the spin conversion might well be undertaken at sub-zero temperature in this solvent."}
{"id": "PMID:923571", "title": "Structure of the cell wall of Bacillus species C.I.P. 76-111.", "content": "An unusual type of bacterial cell wall was encountered in a Bacillus strain referred to as Bacillus sp. C.I.P. 76-111. The major constituent of this cell wall is a high-molecular-weight anionic protein non-covalently associated to a peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex. The cell wall appeared as a multilayered structure when sections of whole cells or of isolated cell walls fixed with glutaraldehyde and postfixed with osmium tetroxide were examined by electron microscopy. The correlation  between the observed morphological features and the biochemical data suggested that a thin central electron-dense layer identifiable with the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex is located between two similar thick layers of protein. Furthermore, negative staining of isolated cell walls revealed that the outer protein layer has a regular surface array of subunits with hexagonal symmetry. Several structural properties of the cell wall peptidoglycan were investigated and were found to resemble those of other bacilli. Further characterization of the autolytic system showed that an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase and a glycosidase, presumably a N-acetylmuramidase, were associated with the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex. It was also established that this strain is devoid of membrane teichoic acid.", "contents": "Structure of the cell wall of Bacillus species C.I.P. 76-111. An unusual type of bacterial cell wall was encountered in a Bacillus strain referred to as Bacillus sp. C.I.P. 76-111. The major constituent of this cell wall is a high-molecular-weight anionic protein non-covalently associated to a peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex. The cell wall appeared as a multilayered structure when sections of whole cells or of isolated cell walls fixed with glutaraldehyde and postfixed with osmium tetroxide were examined by electron microscopy. The correlation  between the observed morphological features and the biochemical data suggested that a thin central electron-dense layer identifiable with the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex is located between two similar thick layers of protein. Furthermore, negative staining of isolated cell walls revealed that the outer protein layer has a regular surface array of subunits with hexagonal symmetry. Several structural properties of the cell wall peptidoglycan were investigated and were found to resemble those of other bacilli. Further characterization of the autolytic system showed that an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase and a glycosidase, presumably a N-acetylmuramidase, were associated with the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex. It was also established that this strain is devoid of membrane teichoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:923572", "title": "Differences in the modulations of the soluble of plasma-membrane-bound 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "The treatment of plasma membranes by a French pressure cell in sucrose medium devoid of detergents solubilized 20% of the total protein and 95--100% of 5'-nucleotidase activity. The soluble enzyme was 40--90-fold purified by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient with a 10--20% yield with respect to the orginal lysate. The purified fraction retained the same high specificity for 5'-AMP (Km = 20 micron) as in the plasma membranes and was enriched in sphingomyelin. Whereas 5'-AMP at high concentration inhibited the membrane-bound enzyme, it had no effect on the solubilized form. The soluble enzyme was stimulated by 2 X 10(-13)-2 X 10(-15) g concanavalin A without any inhibition with higher doses of lectin. The plasma-membrane bound stimulated and inhibited 5'-nucleotidase was modulated by concanavalin A concentrations higher than 0.1 microgram. Inhibition of the activity of the soluble enzyme by antiphosphorylcholine antibodies was not observed with membranes. The regulation of 5'-nucleotidase acitvity in plasma membranes might be associated with a supramolecular organization.", "contents": "Differences in the modulations of the soluble of plasma-membrane-bound 5'-nucleotidase. The treatment of plasma membranes by a French pressure cell in sucrose medium devoid of detergents solubilized 20% of the total protein and 95--100% of 5'-nucleotidase activity. The soluble enzyme was 40--90-fold purified by centrifugation in a sucrose gradient with a 10--20% yield with respect to the orginal lysate. The purified fraction retained the same high specificity for 5'-AMP (Km = 20 micron) as in the plasma membranes and was enriched in sphingomyelin. Whereas 5'-AMP at high concentration inhibited the membrane-bound enzyme, it had no effect on the solubilized form. The soluble enzyme was stimulated by 2 X 10(-13)-2 X 10(-15) g concanavalin A without any inhibition with higher doses of lectin. The plasma-membrane bound stimulated and inhibited 5'-nucleotidase was modulated by concanavalin A concentrations higher than 0.1 microgram. Inhibition of the activity of the soluble enzyme by antiphosphorylcholine antibodies was not observed with membranes. The regulation of 5'-nucleotidase acitvity in plasma membranes might be associated with a supramolecular organization."}
{"id": "PMID:923573", "title": "Properties of human erythrocyte catalases after crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. Symmetry of the quaternary structure.", "content": "Normal erythrocyte catalase, the enzyme present in the blood of Swiss acatalasemic heterozygotes, and their hybrid produced in vitro, were studied after crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. On theoretical grounds [cf. Hajdu, J., Bartha, F. & Friedrich, P. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 373--383] it is inferred from the dodecylsulphate gel electrophoretic patterns obtained after treating catalase with diimidates of various chain lengths that the enzyme is an isologous tetramer (D2 symmetry). The minimal distances between crosslinkable primary amino groups across the three domains of bonding are different. Reaction with diimidates causes a moderate loss of enzyme activity  in all three enzyme types due to amidination rather than crosslink formation. On the other hand, crosslinking stabilizes the enzyme against urea and heat inactivation. This is most prominent with heterozygote acatalasemic catalase. Crosslinking markedly prevents the development of peroxidase activity that can be elicited in catalases by urea treatment. The role of the quaternary structure of the protein in the relationship between catalase and peroxidase activities is discussed.", "contents": "Properties of human erythrocyte catalases after crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. Symmetry of the quaternary structure. Normal erythrocyte catalase, the enzyme present in the blood of Swiss acatalasemic heterozygotes, and their hybrid produced in vitro, were studied after crosslinking with bifunctional reagents. On theoretical grounds [cf. Hajdu, J., Bartha, F. & Friedrich, P. (1976) Eur. J. Biochem. 68, 373--383] it is inferred from the dodecylsulphate gel electrophoretic patterns obtained after treating catalase with diimidates of various chain lengths that the enzyme is an isologous tetramer (D2 symmetry). The minimal distances between crosslinkable primary amino groups across the three domains of bonding are different. Reaction with diimidates causes a moderate loss of enzyme activity  in all three enzyme types due to amidination rather than crosslink formation. On the other hand, crosslinking stabilizes the enzyme against urea and heat inactivation. This is most prominent with heterozygote acatalasemic catalase. Crosslinking markedly prevents the development of peroxidase activity that can be elicited in catalases by urea treatment. The role of the quaternary structure of the protein in the relationship between catalase and peroxidase activities is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923576", "title": "Adsorption equilibria of thyroid hormones in the liver cell.", "content": "The adsorptive distribution of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine at 0.04--25nM concentrations was determined in suspensions of mitochondria in soluble cytoplasmic proteins from rat livers, at protein  concentrations of 0.5--4.7 mg total protein/ml suspension. In the concentration ranges measured no saturation of both mitochondria and soluble proteins with thyroid hormones could be observed. The distribution of the hormones between the liquid phase of cytoplasmic proteins and the solid phase of the mitochondria depended mainly on the ratio of the amounts of proteins in both phases. Certain drugs such as chlorpromazine and phenobarbital in concentrations used therapeutically can interfere with the processes of adsorptive transport in vitro. Chlorpromazine, in the presence of desorptively functioning cytoplasmic proteins or serum proteins, promotes the adsorption of thyroxine and triiodothyronine onto the mitochondria. In contrast, phenobarbital weakens the binding of the hormones to the mitochondria. The processes of adsorptive binding of thyroid hormones to cell proteins in vitro are suggested as possible links in a transport chain between different compartments in vivo. The new model may also explain the effect of drugs on the distribution of thyroid hormones within the cell.", "contents": "Adsorption equilibria of thyroid hormones in the liver cell. The adsorptive distribution of L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine at 0.04--25nM concentrations was determined in suspensions of mitochondria in soluble cytoplasmic proteins from rat livers, at protein  concentrations of 0.5--4.7 mg total protein/ml suspension. In the concentration ranges measured no saturation of both mitochondria and soluble proteins with thyroid hormones could be observed. The distribution of the hormones between the liquid phase of cytoplasmic proteins and the solid phase of the mitochondria depended mainly on the ratio of the amounts of proteins in both phases. Certain drugs such as chlorpromazine and phenobarbital in concentrations used therapeutically can interfere with the processes of adsorptive transport in vitro. Chlorpromazine, in the presence of desorptively functioning cytoplasmic proteins or serum proteins, promotes the adsorption of thyroxine and triiodothyronine onto the mitochondria. In contrast, phenobarbital weakens the binding of the hormones to the mitochondria. The processes of adsorptive binding of thyroid hormones to cell proteins in vitro are suggested as possible links in a transport chain between different compartments in vivo. The new model may also explain the effect of drugs on the distribution of thyroid hormones within the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:923577", "title": "Amino acid sequences of neurotoxins I and III of the elapidae snake Naja mossambica massambica.", "content": "The amino acid sequences of two neurotoxins of the African cobra Naja mossambica mossambica have been determined using almost uniquely phenylisothiocyanate degradation in a liquid protein sequencer programmed alternatively with 'protein' and 'peptide' programs. When compared to known sequences of so-called 'short' neurotoxins belonging to other Elapidae snakes, neurotoxins I and III of Naja mossambica mossambica are very similar to the cobrotoxin, a neurotoxin isolated from the formosan cobra Naja atra atra.", "contents": "Amino acid sequences of neurotoxins I and III of the elapidae snake Naja mossambica massambica. The amino acid sequences of two neurotoxins of the African cobra Naja mossambica mossambica have been determined using almost uniquely phenylisothiocyanate degradation in a liquid protein sequencer programmed alternatively with 'protein' and 'peptide' programs. When compared to known sequences of so-called 'short' neurotoxins belonging to other Elapidae snakes, neurotoxins I and III of Naja mossambica mossambica are very similar to the cobrotoxin, a neurotoxin isolated from the formosan cobra Naja atra atra."}
{"id": "PMID:923578", "title": "Purification and properties of citrate lyase ligase from Streptococcus diacetilactis.", "content": "Citrate lyase ligase (acetate: SH--[acyl-carrier protein] enzyme ligase (AMP) from Streptococcus diacetilactis was purified 920-fold with a yield of 6.3%. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 41000; the ligase consisted of one polypeptide chain. The acetylation of 1 mol of deacetyl-citrate lyase to enzymatically active citrate lyase required 6 mol ATP. The formation of AMP and pyrophosphate in the acetylation reaction was demonstrated. Citrate lyase ligase was specific for the lyase from S. diacetilacitis and did not acetylate lyases from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Enterobacter aerogenes. The substract acetate and ATP could be replaced by propionate and dATP, repectively. The reaction rates for ATP, acetate and deacetyl-citrate lyase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km values: 26 micron for ATP, 25 mM for acetate and 38 nM for deacetyl-citrate lyase).", "contents": "Purification and properties of citrate lyase ligase from Streptococcus diacetilactis. Citrate lyase ligase (acetate: SH--[acyl-carrier protein] enzyme ligase (AMP) from Streptococcus diacetilactis was purified 920-fold with a yield of 6.3%. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 41000; the ligase consisted of one polypeptide chain. The acetylation of 1 mol of deacetyl-citrate lyase to enzymatically active citrate lyase required 6 mol ATP. The formation of AMP and pyrophosphate in the acetylation reaction was demonstrated. Citrate lyase ligase was specific for the lyase from S. diacetilacitis and did not acetylate lyases from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa and Enterobacter aerogenes. The substract acetate and ATP could be replaced by propionate and dATP, repectively. The reaction rates for ATP, acetate and deacetyl-citrate lyase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km values: 26 micron for ATP, 25 mM for acetate and 38 nM for deacetyl-citrate lyase)."}
{"id": "PMID:923581", "title": "Studies by small-angle X-ray scattering of the quaternary structure of the beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia.", "content": "Helix pomatia beta-haemocyanin was studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. The following molecular parameters were determined: molecular weight = 9.02 X 10(6), volume = 14000 nm3, radius of gyration = 18.4 nm, radius of the spherical subunits = 2.5 +/- 0.2 nm. With these data, and with information of dissociation products described in a former paper, a model of the molecule was built whose theoretical scattering curve showed good agreement with the experimental one. The model consists of 160 spherical subunits of a radius of 2.5 nm; 12 rings each built up of 10 spheres form the outer wall of a hollow cylinder; 20 subunits are situated at the inner side of each end.", "contents": "Studies by small-angle X-ray scattering of the quaternary structure of the beta-haemocyanin of Helix pomatia. Helix pomatia beta-haemocyanin was studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. The following molecular parameters were determined: molecular weight = 9.02 X 10(6), volume = 14000 nm3, radius of gyration = 18.4 nm, radius of the spherical subunits = 2.5 +/- 0.2 nm. With these data, and with information of dissociation products described in a former paper, a model of the molecule was built whose theoretical scattering curve showed good agreement with the experimental one. The model consists of 160 spherical subunits of a radius of 2.5 nm; 12 rings each built up of 10 spheres form the outer wall of a hollow cylinder; 20 subunits are situated at the inner side of each end."}
{"id": "PMID:923582", "title": "The Protein Data Bank. A computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures.", "content": "The Protein Data Bank is a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. The Bank stores in a uniform format atomic co-ordinates and partial bond connectivities, as derived from crystallographic studies. Text included in each data entry gives pertinent information for the structure at hand (e.g. species from which the molecule has been obtained, resolution of diffraction data, literature citations and specifications of secondary structure). In addition to atomic co-ordinates and connectivities, the Protein Data Bank stores structure factors and phases, although these latter data are not placed in any uniform format. Input of data to the Bank and general maintenance functions are carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory. All data stored in the Bank are available on magnetic tape for public distribution, from Brookhaven (to laboratories in the Americas), Tokyo (Japan), and Cambridge (Europe and worldwide). A master file is maintained at Brookhaven and duplicate copies are stored in Cambridge and Tokyo. In the future, it is hoped to expand the scope of the Protein Data Bank to make available co-ordinates for standard structural types (e.g. alpha-helix, RNA double-stranded helix) and representative computer programs of utility in the study and interpretation of macromolecular structures.", "contents": "The Protein Data Bank. A computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. The Protein Data Bank is a computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures. The Bank stores in a uniform format atomic co-ordinates and partial bond connectivities, as derived from crystallographic studies. Text included in each data entry gives pertinent information for the structure at hand (e.g. species from which the molecule has been obtained, resolution of diffraction data, literature citations and specifications of secondary structure). In addition to atomic co-ordinates and connectivities, the Protein Data Bank stores structure factors and phases, although these latter data are not placed in any uniform format. Input of data to the Bank and general maintenance functions are carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory. All data stored in the Bank are available on magnetic tape for public distribution, from Brookhaven (to laboratories in the Americas), Tokyo (Japan), and Cambridge (Europe and worldwide). A master file is maintained at Brookhaven and duplicate copies are stored in Cambridge and Tokyo. In the future, it is hoped to expand the scope of the Protein Data Bank to make available co-ordinates for standard structural types (e.g. alpha-helix, RNA double-stranded helix) and representative computer programs of utility in the study and interpretation of macromolecular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:923585", "title": "An analysis of the contracted sheath structure of bacteriophage Mu.", "content": "Polymers of contracted sheath particles of bacteriophage Mu were imaged by the negative-staining technique and the electron images were analyzed by optical and digital methods. By means of the three-dimensional reconstruction technique of DeRosier and Klug [Nature (Lond.) 217, 130--134 (1968)] an averaged density map of the sheath structure at a resolution of about 2.0 nm was derived. The sheath is known to consist of one type of protein with a molecular weight of about 52000 [Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastr. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976)]. The interpretation of the map has given information about packing and shape of the protein subunits. One way to describe the structure is by a set of annular rings with 6-fold symmetry. The height of these rings is about 1.8 nm and successive rings in the structure change by about 33 degrees in azimuth. The protein subunit which occupies more than one ring in the polymer, is elongated. The long axis of the protein subunit is at an angle of about 20 degrees with the plane normal to the polymer axis. These data are discussed in relation to changes in the sheath molecules upon contraction.", "contents": "An analysis of the contracted sheath structure of bacteriophage Mu. Polymers of contracted sheath particles of bacteriophage Mu were imaged by the negative-staining technique and the electron images were analyzed by optical and digital methods. By means of the three-dimensional reconstruction technique of DeRosier and Klug [Nature (Lond.) 217, 130--134 (1968)] an averaged density map of the sheath structure at a resolution of about 2.0 nm was derived. The sheath is known to consist of one type of protein with a molecular weight of about 52000 [Admiraal and Mellema, J. Ultrastr. Res. 56, 48--64 (1976)]. The interpretation of the map has given information about packing and shape of the protein subunits. One way to describe the structure is by a set of annular rings with 6-fold symmetry. The height of these rings is about 1.8 nm and successive rings in the structure change by about 33 degrees in azimuth. The protein subunit which occupies more than one ring in the polymer, is elongated. The long axis of the protein subunit is at an angle of about 20 degrees with the plane normal to the polymer axis. These data are discussed in relation to changes in the sheath molecules upon contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:923586", "title": "Structure and function of ornithine carbamoyltransferases.", "content": "The reaction catalyzed by ornithine carbamoyltransferase can participate in either the anabolism or the catabolism of arginine. The carbamoylation of ornithine, yielding citrulline, is involved in the biosynthetic sequence; the reverse reaction, the phosphorolysis of citrulline, is the second step of the arginine deiminase pathway. The ornithine carbamoyltransferases of a number of microorganisms which can fulfil both of these functions have been studied in this work. This group of organisms was found to possess two distinct ornithine carbamoyltransferases. The functions of these enzymes were surmised by determining the type of genetic regulation to which they were subjected. The kinetic properties of these various enzymes have been determined. All of them, regardless of the role they play in the cell, catalyze both the synthesis and arsenolysis of citrulline. The anabolic transferase of Pseudomonas is the only enzyme which displays functional irreversibility. A comparison of the quaternary structure of these transferases was performed and reveals interesting features in relation to the metabolic function of these enzymes. All well-characterized anabolic enzymes have low molecular weights (from 150000--105000) and are likely to be trimers. Catabolic enzymes, with the exception of those of Bacillus licheniformis and Halobacterium salinarium, display much higher molecular weights and more elaborate quaternary structure. The properties of these two groups of transferases are discussed in relation to their metabolic role in the cells.", "contents": "Structure and function of ornithine carbamoyltransferases. The reaction catalyzed by ornithine carbamoyltransferase can participate in either the anabolism or the catabolism of arginine. The carbamoylation of ornithine, yielding citrulline, is involved in the biosynthetic sequence; the reverse reaction, the phosphorolysis of citrulline, is the second step of the arginine deiminase pathway. The ornithine carbamoyltransferases of a number of microorganisms which can fulfil both of these functions have been studied in this work. This group of organisms was found to possess two distinct ornithine carbamoyltransferases. The functions of these enzymes were surmised by determining the type of genetic regulation to which they were subjected. The kinetic properties of these various enzymes have been determined. All of them, regardless of the role they play in the cell, catalyze both the synthesis and arsenolysis of citrulline. The anabolic transferase of Pseudomonas is the only enzyme which displays functional irreversibility. A comparison of the quaternary structure of these transferases was performed and reveals interesting features in relation to the metabolic function of these enzymes. All well-characterized anabolic enzymes have low molecular weights (from 150000--105000) and are likely to be trimers. Catabolic enzymes, with the exception of those of Bacillus licheniformis and Halobacterium salinarium, display much higher molecular weights and more elaborate quaternary structure. The properties of these two groups of transferases are discussed in relation to their metabolic role in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:923587", "title": "Development of a microassay for estradiol receptors.", "content": "The calculation of equilibrium binding constants for a specific receptor-hormone interaction requires the exact determination of the unbound ligand concentration and the specifically bound concentration at equilibrium. These determinations usually require corrections for the contribution of non-specific binding. We introduce several parameters allowing equilibrium concentrations to be calculated from experimental concentration values; these parameters can be measured for the particular receptor assay procedure used. These parameters are used in a microassay of estradiol-receptor complex by selective retention on DE-81 cellulose paper.", "contents": "Development of a microassay for estradiol receptors. The calculation of equilibrium binding constants for a specific receptor-hormone interaction requires the exact determination of the unbound ligand concentration and the specifically bound concentration at equilibrium. These determinations usually require corrections for the contribution of non-specific binding. We introduce several parameters allowing equilibrium concentrations to be calculated from experimental concentration values; these parameters can be measured for the particular receptor assay procedure used. These parameters are used in a microassay of estradiol-receptor complex by selective retention on DE-81 cellulose paper."}
{"id": "PMID:923589", "title": "Maintenance of the ratio of alpha and beta globin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "The synthesis of rabbit alpha and beta globins under various conditions was studied using intact reticulocytes and reticulocyte cell-free systems. Raising salt concentration of media in which reticulocytes were incubated with radioactive amino acids reduced the total protein synthesis but did not affect the ratio of alpha to beta globins produced. Using a reticulocyte lysate which had been incubated with micrococcal nuclease to remove the endogenous globin messenger RNA activity, it was found that unlike the intact cell or the untreated lysate very little alpha globin was synthesised on adding purified globin mRNA. These results are discussed in terms of their compatibility with some proposed models of coordination of alpha and beta globin production.", "contents": "Maintenance of the ratio of alpha and beta globin synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. The synthesis of rabbit alpha and beta globins under various conditions was studied using intact reticulocytes and reticulocyte cell-free systems. Raising salt concentration of media in which reticulocytes were incubated with radioactive amino acids reduced the total protein synthesis but did not affect the ratio of alpha to beta globins produced. Using a reticulocyte lysate which had been incubated with micrococcal nuclease to remove the endogenous globin messenger RNA activity, it was found that unlike the intact cell or the untreated lysate very little alpha globin was synthesised on adding purified globin mRNA. These results are discussed in terms of their compatibility with some proposed models of coordination of alpha and beta globin production."}
{"id": "PMID:923592", "title": "Adenosylhomocysteinase from yellow lupin seeds. Purification and properties.", "content": "Adenosylhomocysteinase from yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) has been purified to homogeneity. Active enzyme, Mr = 110000, consists of two probably identical subunits with Mr = 55000 as judged by gel filtration and dodecyl sulphage/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was shown to be 4.9 +/- 0.1. It was demonstrated by disc and pore gradient electrophoresis that the most purified fraction formed multimers. The enzyme shows optimum activity at pH 8.5-9.0. Km values are 2.3 micrometer, 4.6 mM and 12 micrometer for adenosine, DL-homocysteine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, respectively. The energy of activation for S-adenosylhomocysteine synthesis was estimated as 14.4 kcal/mol (60.2 kJ/mol) and temperature coefficient as 2.4. The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine amounts to 5 X 10(-7) M. Anti-sulfhydryl reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide acted as irreversible inhibitors. The enzyme exhibits high specificity for homocysteine whereas some of the rare nucleosides tested could substitute for adenosine.", "contents": "Adenosylhomocysteinase from yellow lupin seeds. Purification and properties. Adenosylhomocysteinase from yellow lupin seeds (Lupinus luteus) has been purified to homogeneity. Active enzyme, Mr = 110000, consists of two probably identical subunits with Mr = 55000 as judged by gel filtration and dodecyl sulphage/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was shown to be 4.9 +/- 0.1. It was demonstrated by disc and pore gradient electrophoresis that the most purified fraction formed multimers. The enzyme shows optimum activity at pH 8.5-9.0. Km values are 2.3 micrometer, 4.6 mM and 12 micrometer for adenosine, DL-homocysteine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, respectively. The energy of activation for S-adenosylhomocysteine synthesis was estimated as 14.4 kcal/mol (60.2 kJ/mol) and temperature coefficient as 2.4. The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine amounts to 5 X 10(-7) M. Anti-sulfhydryl reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide acted as irreversible inhibitors. The enzyme exhibits high specificity for homocysteine whereas some of the rare nucleosides tested could substitute for adenosine."}
{"id": "PMID:923593", "title": "Human alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase. 2. Activity towards natural substrates and multiple recognition forms.", "content": "Purified urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase acts as an exoglycosidase. The enzyme removes from heparan sulfate exclusively alpha-glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine residues. The pH optimum of around 4.4 towards heparan sulfate and heparin is similar to that towards synthetic arylglycosides. Urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be separated by isoelectric focusing into multiple forms with pI values between 3.3 and 6.0. The multiple forms differ in their recognition and endocytosis by cultivated skin fibroblasts. Forms with pI values of 4.8 +/- 0.3 respond best to endcytosis. From these forms up to 0.8 X 10(6) molecules may be recognized and taken up in an hour by a single cell. Sodium periodate treatment reduces the alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase recognition by fibroblasts and suggests that the recognition sites on the enzyme are associated with its carbohydrate moiety. Attempts to modify the recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by pretreatment with purified glycosidases failed.", "contents": "Human alpha-n-acetylglucosaminidase. 2. Activity towards natural substrates and multiple recognition forms. Purified urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase acts as an exoglycosidase. The enzyme removes from heparan sulfate exclusively alpha-glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine residues. The pH optimum of around 4.4 towards heparan sulfate and heparin is similar to that towards synthetic arylglycosides. Urinary alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be separated by isoelectric focusing into multiple forms with pI values between 3.3 and 6.0. The multiple forms differ in their recognition and endocytosis by cultivated skin fibroblasts. Forms with pI values of 4.8 +/- 0.3 respond best to endcytosis. From these forms up to 0.8 X 10(6) molecules may be recognized and taken up in an hour by a single cell. Sodium periodate treatment reduces the alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase recognition by fibroblasts and suggests that the recognition sites on the enzyme are associated with its carbohydrate moiety. Attempts to modify the recognition of alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase by pretreatment with purified glycosidases failed."}
{"id": "PMID:923594", "title": "Thyrotropin stimulation of a thyroid contractile protein phosphorylation.", "content": "Contractile proteins were isolated from preincubated dog thyroid slices by a procedure identical to the one used for the preparation of muscle actomyosin. At least two of these proteins (molecular weight = 26000 and 15000) were phosphorylated in the intact cell system. After one hour of incubation of the slices with thrytropin (10 mU/ml) and [32P]phosphate, the specific activity of the 26000-Mr protein was increased by a factor of three while no significant change in specific activity was observed in the 1500-Mr contractile protein. This effect of thyrotropin was already observed after 30 min of action, was elicited at hormone concentrations of the same order as those required to induce secretion and has been reproduced by dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. Cycloheximide (0.35 mM) which almost totally inhibited protein synthesis in thyroid slices, did not affect the thyrotropin stimulation of the phosphorylation of the 26000-Mr protein. The phosphorylation of serine residue(s) has been demonstrated in this protein but the presence of radioactive phosphothreonine could not be detected. On the basis of its molecular weight, the 26000-Mr protein could be similar to the inhibitory component of muscle troponin complex (TN-I).", "contents": "Thyrotropin stimulation of a thyroid contractile protein phosphorylation. Contractile proteins were isolated from preincubated dog thyroid slices by a procedure identical to the one used for the preparation of muscle actomyosin. At least two of these proteins (molecular weight = 26000 and 15000) were phosphorylated in the intact cell system. After one hour of incubation of the slices with thrytropin (10 mU/ml) and [32P]phosphate, the specific activity of the 26000-Mr protein was increased by a factor of three while no significant change in specific activity was observed in the 1500-Mr contractile protein. This effect of thyrotropin was already observed after 30 min of action, was elicited at hormone concentrations of the same order as those required to induce secretion and has been reproduced by dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. Cycloheximide (0.35 mM) which almost totally inhibited protein synthesis in thyroid slices, did not affect the thyrotropin stimulation of the phosphorylation of the 26000-Mr protein. The phosphorylation of serine residue(s) has been demonstrated in this protein but the presence of radioactive phosphothreonine could not be detected. On the basis of its molecular weight, the 26000-Mr protein could be similar to the inhibitory component of muscle troponin complex (TN-I)."}
{"id": "PMID:923597", "title": "The hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. 1. Polyanionic polymers.", "content": "Treatment of isolated hyphal walls of Mucor mucedo with nitrous acid resulted in the release of two water-soluble polyanions: (a) a glycuronan, containing all the neutral sugars and uronic acid present in the hyphal wall and (b) an inorganic polyphosphate. The glycuronan could also be extracted quantitatively with salt solutions of high ionic strength and partially with a solution of potassium hydroxide. This is presented as evidence that the glycuronan is a genuine constituent of the cell wall, non-covalently bound to glucosamine-containing polymers which are susceptible to depolymerization by nitrous acid. By treatment with acid the glycuronan was partly converted to crystalline poly(glucuronic acid) with the properties of mucoric acid. This strongly suggests that mucoric acid, which can be extracted from the walls of M. mucedo by alkali after acid treatment, is not a genuine wall component but arises by partial acid hydrolysis of the heteropolymeric glycuronan.", "contents": "The hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. 1. Polyanionic polymers. Treatment of isolated hyphal walls of Mucor mucedo with nitrous acid resulted in the release of two water-soluble polyanions: (a) a glycuronan, containing all the neutral sugars and uronic acid present in the hyphal wall and (b) an inorganic polyphosphate. The glycuronan could also be extracted quantitatively with salt solutions of high ionic strength and partially with a solution of potassium hydroxide. This is presented as evidence that the glycuronan is a genuine constituent of the cell wall, non-covalently bound to glucosamine-containing polymers which are susceptible to depolymerization by nitrous acid. By treatment with acid the glycuronan was partly converted to crystalline poly(glucuronic acid) with the properties of mucoric acid. This strongly suggests that mucoric acid, which can be extracted from the walls of M. mucedo by alkali after acid treatment, is not a genuine wall component but arises by partial acid hydrolysis of the heteropolymeric glycuronan."}
{"id": "PMID:923598", "title": "The hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. 2. Hexosamine-containing polymers.", "content": "Nitrous acid, which specifically depolymerises polymers containing hexosamines with a primary amino group, was used to analyse the hexosamine-containing polymers in the hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. N-Acetylglucosamine was found to occur in three polymeric fractions. One fraction which was solubilised by HNO2 treatment contained-N-acetylglucosamine interspersed with glucosamine; no homopolymer of glucosamine (chitosan) was detected. Another fraction became HNO2-soluble after treatment with pronase or alkali; this points to the occurrence of a heteropolymer containing N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine in which some of the glucosamine residues are linked to peptides via their amino groups. The residue remaaining after pronase and HNO* treatment appeared to consist of a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin).", "contents": "The hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. 2. Hexosamine-containing polymers. Nitrous acid, which specifically depolymerises polymers containing hexosamines with a primary amino group, was used to analyse the hexosamine-containing polymers in the hyphal wall of Mucor mucedo. N-Acetylglucosamine was found to occur in three polymeric fractions. One fraction which was solubilised by HNO2 treatment contained-N-acetylglucosamine interspersed with glucosamine; no homopolymer of glucosamine (chitosan) was detected. Another fraction became HNO2-soluble after treatment with pronase or alkali; this points to the occurrence of a heteropolymer containing N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine in which some of the glucosamine residues are linked to peptides via their amino groups. The residue remaaining after pronase and HNO* treatment appeared to consist of a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine (chitin)."}
{"id": "PMID:923599", "title": "Sulfinpyrazone and postoperative deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Small doses of subcutaneous heparin and infusions of dextran both reduce the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism after elective general surgery. But both methods have disadvantages. Therefore, the protection against deep vein thrombosis afforded by sulfinpyrazone, a drug which can be taken by mouth as well as by injection, was assessed in a prospective study of 119 patients undergoing elective general or urological surgery. The prophylactic administration of sulfinpyrazone was compared with the effects of small doses of sodium heparin and infusions of dextran-70. The 125I-fibrinogen test was carried out in all patients during their hospitalization. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in 13 of 30 patients (43%) who received sulfinpyrazone, in 9 of 29 (31%) receiving dextran-70 and in 2 of 22 (9%) having subcutaneous heparin. The difference between the sulfinpyrazone and heparin groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Sulfinpyrazone in the dose used in this trial was not effective in reducing the incidence of deep vein thrombosis during elective general surgery.", "contents": "Sulfinpyrazone and postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Small doses of subcutaneous heparin and infusions of dextran both reduce the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism after elective general surgery. But both methods have disadvantages. Therefore, the protection against deep vein thrombosis afforded by sulfinpyrazone, a drug which can be taken by mouth as well as by injection, was assessed in a prospective study of 119 patients undergoing elective general or urological surgery. The prophylactic administration of sulfinpyrazone was compared with the effects of small doses of sodium heparin and infusions of dextran-70. The 125I-fibrinogen test was carried out in all patients during their hospitalization. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed in 13 of 30 patients (43%) who received sulfinpyrazone, in 9 of 29 (31%) receiving dextran-70 and in 2 of 22 (9%) having subcutaneous heparin. The difference between the sulfinpyrazone and heparin groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Sulfinpyrazone in the dose used in this trial was not effective in reducing the incidence of deep vein thrombosis during elective general surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:923600", "title": "Effect of dextran and hyaluronic acid on the development of postoperative peritoneal adhesions in experimental animals.", "content": "The development of postoperative peritoneal adhesions was studied in rats and rabbits, the frequency of adhesions in the experimental model used being very high. In the development of an adhesion, fibrin seems to be an important contributor to the bridge between different tissues. Dextran, which modifies the fibrin network and makes it more susceptible to lysis, was used as a possible prophylactic agent, but we found no difference between treated and control groups. It is concluded that the stimulus for fibrin formation in the peritoneal adhesions using this atraumatic model was too strong to be overcome by the normal fibrinolytic system. The anti-inflammatory reaction of hyaluronic acid did not diminish the frequency or degree of adhesions.", "contents": "Effect of dextran and hyaluronic acid on the development of postoperative peritoneal adhesions in experimental animals. The development of postoperative peritoneal adhesions was studied in rats and rabbits, the frequency of adhesions in the experimental model used being very high. In the development of an adhesion, fibrin seems to be an important contributor to the bridge between different tissues. Dextran, which modifies the fibrin network and makes it more susceptible to lysis, was used as a possible prophylactic agent, but we found no difference between treated and control groups. It is concluded that the stimulus for fibrin formation in the peritoneal adhesions using this atraumatic model was too strong to be overcome by the normal fibrinolytic system. The anti-inflammatory reaction of hyaluronic acid did not diminish the frequency or degree of adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:923601", "title": "Repeated arterial embolization of rat livers by degradable microspheres.", "content": "A transient arrest of arterial blood flow can be accomplished by intra-arterial injection of a new type of degradable microsphere. The effects of single and multiple injections of these microspheres into rat hepatic arteries were studied by measurements of fractional cardiac output distribution and 133Xe washout from the liver before and after embolization. Injection of these microspheres into the hepatic artery caused a significant but transient reduction of the arterial blood flow to the liver. Repetition of the injection several times over several days produced identical effects on each embolization. No signs of hepatic cell damage were detected after repeated embolization, as suggested by assay of the serum enzymes or the Bromsulphalein retention test.", "contents": "Repeated arterial embolization of rat livers by degradable microspheres. A transient arrest of arterial blood flow can be accomplished by intra-arterial injection of a new type of degradable microsphere. The effects of single and multiple injections of these microspheres into rat hepatic arteries were studied by measurements of fractional cardiac output distribution and 133Xe washout from the liver before and after embolization. Injection of these microspheres into the hepatic artery caused a significant but transient reduction of the arterial blood flow to the liver. Repetition of the injection several times over several days produced identical effects on each embolization. No signs of hepatic cell damage were detected after repeated embolization, as suggested by assay of the serum enzymes or the Bromsulphalein retention test."}
{"id": "PMID:923602", "title": "Blood flow in normal and cholestatic dog liver as measured by intraparenchymal injection of Xenon 133.", "content": "Parenchymal liver blood flow as reflected by the wash-out of intraparenchymally injected 133Xe was studied at different stages of total cholestasis in the dog. 248 registrations at 13 laparotomies in 6 mongrel dogs showed that extrahepatic cholestasis had no statistically significant influence on the blood flow as compared to normal. A review of the literature shows little harmony between the results of this and various other studies.", "contents": "Blood flow in normal and cholestatic dog liver as measured by intraparenchymal injection of Xenon 133. Parenchymal liver blood flow as reflected by the wash-out of intraparenchymally injected 133Xe was studied at different stages of total cholestasis in the dog. 248 registrations at 13 laparotomies in 6 mongrel dogs showed that extrahepatic cholestasis had no statistically significant influence on the blood flow as compared to normal. A review of the literature shows little harmony between the results of this and various other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:923603", "title": "Myocardial radiopaque markers used to quantify minor axis shortening for follow-up studies in experimental surgery. I. Recording and analysis techniques. II. Comparison with contractility indices.", "content": "This work further validates the use of radiopaque epicardial marker motion for quantifying myocardial shortening in long duration follow-up studies. Mean velocity and extent of minor axis shortening were determined in 8 dogs filmed daily for 6--10 days postoperative. As an independent measure of contractility, peak dP/dt was also determined. A useful approximation to the mean ejection slope was developed which uses the end diastolic minor axis 50 msec after the Q wave, and end systolic minor axis 150 msec after the Q wave of the ECG.", "contents": "Myocardial radiopaque markers used to quantify minor axis shortening for follow-up studies in experimental surgery. I. Recording and analysis techniques. II. Comparison with contractility indices. This work further validates the use of radiopaque epicardial marker motion for quantifying myocardial shortening in long duration follow-up studies. Mean velocity and extent of minor axis shortening were determined in 8 dogs filmed daily for 6--10 days postoperative. As an independent measure of contractility, peak dP/dt was also determined. A useful approximation to the mean ejection slope was developed which uses the end diastolic minor axis 50 msec after the Q wave, and end systolic minor axis 150 msec after the Q wave of the ECG."}
{"id": "PMID:923604", "title": "Transmembrane fluxes of potassium in dog kidney slices. A quantitation of the effect of warm ischemia.", "content": "The effect of warm ischemia on the transmembrane transport of potassium in dog kidney slices was studied by measurement of the uptake of 42K. The requirement for steady-state conditions concerning the intracellular potassium concentration was thereby studied. The total potassium content in the slices was found to be constant between 120 and 180 min incubation at both 25 and 37 degrees C. The cell water calculated from the total tissue water and 14C-inulin space in the dog kidney slices amounted to 38 ml-100 g wet weight-1 at 37 degrees C and 45 ml-100 g wet weight-1 at 25 degrees C and was found to remain constant for the incubation interval 120--180 min. The major part of the tissue uptake of 42K could be described by one single mono-exponential function under these conditions. The transmembrane influx at 37 degrees C calculated by using a modified Keynes formula amounted to 1.70 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1 after no warm ischemia and to 0.89 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1 after 2 h warm ischemia. The corresponding values for incubation at 25 degrees C were 1.26 and 0.77 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1, respectively. In the slices incubated at 25 degrees C, the potassium content was higher and the sodium content lower than in slices incubated at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Transmembrane fluxes of potassium in dog kidney slices. A quantitation of the effect of warm ischemia. The effect of warm ischemia on the transmembrane transport of potassium in dog kidney slices was studied by measurement of the uptake of 42K. The requirement for steady-state conditions concerning the intracellular potassium concentration was thereby studied. The total potassium content in the slices was found to be constant between 120 and 180 min incubation at both 25 and 37 degrees C. The cell water calculated from the total tissue water and 14C-inulin space in the dog kidney slices amounted to 38 ml-100 g wet weight-1 at 37 degrees C and 45 ml-100 g wet weight-1 at 25 degrees C and was found to remain constant for the incubation interval 120--180 min. The major part of the tissue uptake of 42K could be described by one single mono-exponential function under these conditions. The transmembrane influx at 37 degrees C calculated by using a modified Keynes formula amounted to 1.70 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1 after no warm ischemia and to 0.89 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1 after 2 h warm ischemia. The corresponding values for incubation at 25 degrees C were 1.26 and 0.77 mmol K+-kg wet weight-1-min-1, respectively. In the slices incubated at 25 degrees C, the potassium content was higher and the sodium content lower than in slices incubated at 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:923620", "title": "Friedreich's disease--a family study.", "content": "Friedreich's disease occurring in 4 male siblings in a sibship of seven caused cardiac and neurological abnormalities and one twin of an affected member died in cardiac failure; at autopsy characteristic pathological features of Friedreich's disease were demonstrated in the nervous system and heart. One female sibling had a patent ductus arteriosus which was treated surgically and a continuous murmur was present in another sister but cardiac catheterization in childhood had been normal.", "contents": "Friedreich's disease--a family study. Friedreich's disease occurring in 4 male siblings in a sibship of seven caused cardiac and neurological abnormalities and one twin of an affected member died in cardiac failure; at autopsy characteristic pathological features of Friedreich's disease were demonstrated in the nervous system and heart. One female sibling had a patent ductus arteriosus which was treated surgically and a continuous murmur was present in another sister but cardiac catheterization in childhood had been normal."}
{"id": "PMID:923621", "title": "Traumatic myocardial infarction with subsequent normal coronary arteriogram.", "content": "A 36-yr-old man suffered from transmural anterior myocardial infarction almost immediately after being hit by a football on the chest. There were neither external signs of injury to the chest wall, nor fractures of the thoracic cage. Coronary angiography 6 wk later revealed no demonstrable obstruction in any vessel; therefore, coronary artery injury with subsequent platelet aggregates or thrombosis followed by lysis and recanalization was suspected. Myocardial contusion or coronary spasm are alternative explanations.", "contents": "Traumatic myocardial infarction with subsequent normal coronary arteriogram. A 36-yr-old man suffered from transmural anterior myocardial infarction almost immediately after being hit by a football on the chest. There were neither external signs of injury to the chest wall, nor fractures of the thoracic cage. Coronary angiography 6 wk later revealed no demonstrable obstruction in any vessel; therefore, coronary artery injury with subsequent platelet aggregates or thrombosis followed by lysis and recanalization was suspected. Myocardial contusion or coronary spasm are alternative explanations."}
{"id": "PMID:923622", "title": "Long-term survival after myocardial infarction as related to early complications.", "content": "The material consists of 404 hospitalized patients with their first AMI. After an observation time of 1 and 5 yr, respectively, the mortality was 27% and 45%, against an expected mortality of 3% and 17% in a corresponding normal population. The annual mortality rate was 5.5% from 1 to 3 yr after the acute infarction, against an expected 3.5%. 3-5 yr after occurrence of the infarction, both the observed and expected annual mortality rates were 3.5%. In patients alive 1 mth after the acute attack, congestive heart failure (CHF) or left bundle branch block (LBBB) or secondary ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the acute phase gave a lower long-term survival, as compared to patients without CHF, intraventricular block or VF, respectively. Left anterior hemiblock, complete atrioventricular block following inferior infarction, or primary VF had no influence on the long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Long-term survival after myocardial infarction as related to early complications. The material consists of 404 hospitalized patients with their first AMI. After an observation time of 1 and 5 yr, respectively, the mortality was 27% and 45%, against an expected mortality of 3% and 17% in a corresponding normal population. The annual mortality rate was 5.5% from 1 to 3 yr after the acute infarction, against an expected 3.5%. 3-5 yr after occurrence of the infarction, both the observed and expected annual mortality rates were 3.5%. In patients alive 1 mth after the acute attack, congestive heart failure (CHF) or left bundle branch block (LBBB) or secondary ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the acute phase gave a lower long-term survival, as compared to patients without CHF, intraventricular block or VF, respectively. Left anterior hemiblock, complete atrioventricular block following inferior infarction, or primary VF had no influence on the long-term prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:923626", "title": "The influence of allopurinol and size of dose on the metabolism of phenylbutazone in patients with gout.", "content": "Administration of allopurinol 300 mg/day produced minimal changes in the disappearance of phenylbutazone in each of five subjects following single doses (6 mg/kg) in clinical range and caused some prolongation (21%, 52%) of drug half-lives in two of six subjects after single small doses (0.5 mg/kg); mean half-life was not significantly altered by allopurinol at either dose level (means of 52 versus 48 at 0.5 mg/kg and 68 versus 70 h at 6 mg/kg). Size of dose altered half-life when phenylbutazone was used alone; three subjects showed considerably longer half-lives at the higher dose (86 versus 47, 91 versus 41, 65 versus 38 h). Allopurinol caused a greater than 50% prolongation of half-lives in two of five subjects who received single 0.5 g doses of probenecid. These preliminary data do not indicate a need to change the dose of phenylbutazone when subjects are receiving allopurinol.", "contents": "The influence of allopurinol and size of dose on the metabolism of phenylbutazone in patients with gout. Administration of allopurinol 300 mg/day produced minimal changes in the disappearance of phenylbutazone in each of five subjects following single doses (6 mg/kg) in clinical range and caused some prolongation (21%, 52%) of drug half-lives in two of six subjects after single small doses (0.5 mg/kg); mean half-life was not significantly altered by allopurinol at either dose level (means of 52 versus 48 at 0.5 mg/kg and 68 versus 70 h at 6 mg/kg). Size of dose altered half-life when phenylbutazone was used alone; three subjects showed considerably longer half-lives at the higher dose (86 versus 47, 91 versus 41, 65 versus 38 h). Allopurinol caused a greater than 50% prolongation of half-lives in two of five subjects who received single 0.5 g doses of probenecid. These preliminary data do not indicate a need to change the dose of phenylbutazone when subjects are receiving allopurinol."}
{"id": "PMID:923623", "title": "Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vasomotor response in patients with mitral stenosis.", "content": "In 10 patients with mitral stenosis, ingestion of 125 mg indomethacin over a 24-h period had no effect on the elevated pressure in pulmonary artery. It did, however, in all patients, slightly potentiate a fall in pulmonary pressure induced by breathing of 100% oxygen. The results do not suggest that a prostaglandin mechanism is involved in chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction or that this mechanism is responsible for acute vasodilatation of the pulmonary bed induced by oxygen inhalation.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin on pulmonary vasomotor response in patients with mitral stenosis. In 10 patients with mitral stenosis, ingestion of 125 mg indomethacin over a 24-h period had no effect on the elevated pressure in pulmonary artery. It did, however, in all patients, slightly potentiate a fall in pulmonary pressure induced by breathing of 100% oxygen. The results do not suggest that a prostaglandin mechanism is involved in chronic pulmonary vasoconstriction or that this mechanism is responsible for acute vasodilatation of the pulmonary bed induced by oxygen inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:923624", "title": "The conduction system in corrected transposition with situs inversus.", "content": "The location and course of the conduction system were investigated by serial section in two hearts with corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs inversus. In the first case, characterized by dextrocardia, the interventricular septum was intact, while in the second case with levocardia, a high ventricular septal defect was associated with pulmonary atresia. In both hearts, a regular posterior connecting AV node was present, left-sided in one case and right-sided in the other. The bundle branches were distributed in the morphologically appropriate ventricles. Extensive hemorrhage and coagulation necrosis of the common bundle and bundle branches were observed in the first case, being consequent upon surgical replacement of the right-sided tricuspid valve. The common bundle ran below the membranous septum in this case. In the heart with ventricular septal defect it was related to the postero-inferior rim of the defect. In both cases, an accessory AV node was located anteriorly in the interatrial septum but did not connect with the ventricular musculature. The different position of the atrioventricular conducting tissue in corrected transposition, between cases in situs solitus and situs inversus, is emphasized.", "contents": "The conduction system in corrected transposition with situs inversus. The location and course of the conduction system were investigated by serial section in two hearts with corrected transposition of the great arteries in situs inversus. In the first case, characterized by dextrocardia, the interventricular septum was intact, while in the second case with levocardia, a high ventricular septal defect was associated with pulmonary atresia. In both hearts, a regular posterior connecting AV node was present, left-sided in one case and right-sided in the other. The bundle branches were distributed in the morphologically appropriate ventricles. Extensive hemorrhage and coagulation necrosis of the common bundle and bundle branches were observed in the first case, being consequent upon surgical replacement of the right-sided tricuspid valve. The common bundle ran below the membranous septum in this case. In the heart with ventricular septal defect it was related to the postero-inferior rim of the defect. In both cases, an accessory AV node was located anteriorly in the interatrial septum but did not connect with the ventricular musculature. The different position of the atrioventricular conducting tissue in corrected transposition, between cases in situs solitus and situs inversus, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:923628", "title": "Serum zinc and serum copper and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics.", "content": "Serum zinc and copper levels were studied in relation to in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism in 25 alcoholics, in whom various diseases of the liver had been diagnosed by histology. Serum zinc was elevated in alcoholics with normal or fatty liver and was low in those with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. There was a significant positive correlation between serum zinc and cytochrome P-450 content of liver biopsies. The relationship between zinc and antipyrine half-life was significant and non-linear. Serum copper level was elevated in all the alcoholics and no significant relationship could be found between copper and drug metabolism in alcoholics. The findings suggest parallelism between changes in serum zinc and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics.", "contents": "Serum zinc and serum copper and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics. Serum zinc and copper levels were studied in relation to in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism in 25 alcoholics, in whom various diseases of the liver had been diagnosed by histology. Serum zinc was elevated in alcoholics with normal or fatty liver and was low in those with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis. There was a significant positive correlation between serum zinc and cytochrome P-450 content of liver biopsies. The relationship between zinc and antipyrine half-life was significant and non-linear. Serum copper level was elevated in all the alcoholics and no significant relationship could be found between copper and drug metabolism in alcoholics. The findings suggest parallelism between changes in serum zinc and indices of drug metabolism in alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:923629", "title": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fentanyl. Plasma level in dogs and man.", "content": "Antiserum to fentanyl was obtained in rabbits repeatedly injected with carboxyfentanyl conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Using the antiserum, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed, based on the dextran-coated charcoal method. It proved possible to assay the drug directly in plasma, in amounts as small as 30 picogram in 0.5 ml. The antibody was highly specific for fentanyl and no cross-reaction was observed with its major metabolites. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method was employed to determine fentanyl in plasma from six volunteers after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg, and in plasma from dogs treated both intravenously and subcutaneously with 0.02 mg/kg. The plasma level of fentanyl could be followed for up to 6 h after a therapeutic dose in dogs and man.", "contents": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for fentanyl. Plasma level in dogs and man. Antiserum to fentanyl was obtained in rabbits repeatedly injected with carboxyfentanyl conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Using the antiserum, a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed, based on the dextran-coated charcoal method. It proved possible to assay the drug directly in plasma, in amounts as small as 30 picogram in 0.5 ml. The antibody was highly specific for fentanyl and no cross-reaction was observed with its major metabolites. This sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method was employed to determine fentanyl in plasma from six volunteers after an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg, and in plasma from dogs treated both intravenously and subcutaneously with 0.02 mg/kg. The plasma level of fentanyl could be followed for up to 6 h after a therapeutic dose in dogs and man."}
{"id": "PMID:923630", "title": "Plasma renin concentration in essential hypertension during beta-adrenergic blockade and vasodilator therapy.", "content": "Plasma renin concentration (PRC) was measured in 46 patients with essential hypertension before and after treatment for 4 weeks with alprenolol 600-1200 mg daily. In 27 of these patients PRC was measured after 4 weeks of combined treatment with alprenolol and hydralizine. During alprenolol treatment PRC and blood pressure were reduced, but the changes were not correlated. Alprenolol treatment caused similar blood pressure reductions in patients with high and low PRC, and the antihypertensive efficacy of beta-adrenergic blocking agents could not be predicted from the pretreatment PRC. When beta-adrenergic blockade was supplemented with hydralazine, blood pressure was further reduced, but PRC remained unchanged. Although a causal relationship between blood pressure reduction and suppression of renin, production might exist at low doses of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, the present study did not indicate such a relationship when higher doses were used. It was shown that alprenolol inhibited the increase in PRC usually induced by hydralazine, but it is not known whether this was important for the effectiveness of the fall in blood pressure produced by hydralazine.", "contents": "Plasma renin concentration in essential hypertension during beta-adrenergic blockade and vasodilator therapy. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) was measured in 46 patients with essential hypertension before and after treatment for 4 weeks with alprenolol 600-1200 mg daily. In 27 of these patients PRC was measured after 4 weeks of combined treatment with alprenolol and hydralizine. During alprenolol treatment PRC and blood pressure were reduced, but the changes were not correlated. Alprenolol treatment caused similar blood pressure reductions in patients with high and low PRC, and the antihypertensive efficacy of beta-adrenergic blocking agents could not be predicted from the pretreatment PRC. When beta-adrenergic blockade was supplemented with hydralazine, blood pressure was further reduced, but PRC remained unchanged. Although a causal relationship between blood pressure reduction and suppression of renin, production might exist at low doses of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, the present study did not indicate such a relationship when higher doses were used. It was shown that alprenolol inhibited the increase in PRC usually induced by hydralazine, but it is not known whether this was important for the effectiveness of the fall in blood pressure produced by hydralazine."}
{"id": "PMID:923631", "title": "Suppression of anti-hapten antibody response in vitro by hapten-carrier conjugates.", "content": "Production of antibodies was stimulated or suppressed arbitrarily by antigen treatment in vitro of spleens cultured at various time intervals after in vivo immunization. Spleens of mice immunized to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl or (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl haptenic determinants produced antibodies in culture when no antigen was applied in vitro. When a conjugate of the hapten to the same carrier employed for priming was given in vitro, an initial reduction of the response was observed, the level of which was dependent on antigen dose. Subsequently, increased amounts of antibodies were measured. In contrast, in vitro exposure to the hapten conjugated to an unrelated carrier resulted in significant reduction of the response for the entire period of the test. This suppressive effect manifested with various carrier proteins (ovalbumin, bovin IgG, bovine and rabbit serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin), when when applied to cultures in doses which were potentially immunogenic.", "contents": "Suppression of anti-hapten antibody response in vitro by hapten-carrier conjugates. Production of antibodies was stimulated or suppressed arbitrarily by antigen treatment in vitro of spleens cultured at various time intervals after in vivo immunization. Spleens of mice immunized to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl or (4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenyl)acetyl haptenic determinants produced antibodies in culture when no antigen was applied in vitro. When a conjugate of the hapten to the same carrier employed for priming was given in vitro, an initial reduction of the response was observed, the level of which was dependent on antigen dose. Subsequently, increased amounts of antibodies were measured. In contrast, in vitro exposure to the hapten conjugated to an unrelated carrier resulted in significant reduction of the response for the entire period of the test. This suppressive effect manifested with various carrier proteins (ovalbumin, bovin IgG, bovine and rabbit serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin), when when applied to cultures in doses which were potentially immunogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:923632", "title": "Mechanism of lymphocyte activation: the binding of phytohemagglutinin to the lymphocyte surface.", "content": "The dynamics of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-lymphocyte interaction was studied using 125I-labeled PHA (leucoagglutinin) and pig mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes that had been depleted of erythrocytes, dead cells, adherent cells and immunoglobulin-bearing cells. Evidence was obtained that PHA stimulated the majority of the lymphocytes to transform. Binding of PHA at 37 degrees C was fairly rapid (rate constant for association: 2.6 X 10(5) M-1 sec-1), saturable, reversible and specifically inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine (Kdiss: 3 X 10(-4) M) and unlabeled PHA. A Scatchard plot was curvilinear and gave evidence for 3.6 X 10(5) binding sites per cell comprising 8.7% of high affinity sites (Kdiss: 3.7 X 10(-9) M) and 91.3% of lower affinity (Kdiss: 1.4 X 10(-7) M). About 20% of the sites were occupied under culture conditions giving maximal transformation. Alternative explanations for the curvilinear plot included negative cooperative interactions and/or increase in affinity through multivalent interaction. Negative cooperativity was supported by the demonstration that free PHA promoted the dissociation of bound PHA. Binding was not affected by metabolic inhibitors, and binding to purified lymphocyte plasma membrane resembled that to whole cells. These results suggested that PHA binding to whole lymphocytes was not grossly influenced by \"capping\", endocytosis and shedding.", "contents": "Mechanism of lymphocyte activation: the binding of phytohemagglutinin to the lymphocyte surface. The dynamics of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-lymphocyte interaction was studied using 125I-labeled PHA (leucoagglutinin) and pig mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes that had been depleted of erythrocytes, dead cells, adherent cells and immunoglobulin-bearing cells. Evidence was obtained that PHA stimulated the majority of the lymphocytes to transform. Binding of PHA at 37 degrees C was fairly rapid (rate constant for association: 2.6 X 10(5) M-1 sec-1), saturable, reversible and specifically inhibited by N-acetylgalactosamine (Kdiss: 3 X 10(-4) M) and unlabeled PHA. A Scatchard plot was curvilinear and gave evidence for 3.6 X 10(5) binding sites per cell comprising 8.7% of high affinity sites (Kdiss: 3.7 X 10(-9) M) and 91.3% of lower affinity (Kdiss: 1.4 X 10(-7) M). About 20% of the sites were occupied under culture conditions giving maximal transformation. Alternative explanations for the curvilinear plot included negative cooperative interactions and/or increase in affinity through multivalent interaction. Negative cooperativity was supported by the demonstration that free PHA promoted the dissociation of bound PHA. Binding was not affected by metabolic inhibitors, and binding to purified lymphocyte plasma membrane resembled that to whole cells. These results suggested that PHA binding to whole lymphocytes was not grossly influenced by \"capping\", endocytosis and shedding."}
{"id": "PMID:923633", "title": "Evidence for suppressor cells in Lewis rats' experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "In this work we demonstrate a suppressive activity on the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, transferable to syngeneic animals, challenged with encephalitogenic mixture (myelin basic protein, complete Freud's adjuvant plus Bordetella pertussis organisms) 24 h later. This activity is probably effected by T cells and not by (an) inhibitory serum factor(s). The induction of this specific protection could be due to the penetration of the myelin basic protein antigen into the thymus where we first found suppressive cells. From the thymus, suppressor cells could then emigrate to spleen (on day 15) and to nondraining lymph nodes (on day 17). In the course of normal EAE in Lewis rats and especially at the time of self cure, this suppression is not demonstrated, but possible.", "contents": "Evidence for suppressor cells in Lewis rats' experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. In this work we demonstrate a suppressive activity on the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, transferable to syngeneic animals, challenged with encephalitogenic mixture (myelin basic protein, complete Freud's adjuvant plus Bordetella pertussis organisms) 24 h later. This activity is probably effected by T cells and not by (an) inhibitory serum factor(s). The induction of this specific protection could be due to the penetration of the myelin basic protein antigen into the thymus where we first found suppressive cells. From the thymus, suppressor cells could then emigrate to spleen (on day 15) and to nondraining lymph nodes (on day 17). In the course of normal EAE in Lewis rats and especially at the time of self cure, this suppression is not demonstrated, but possible."}
{"id": "PMID:923634", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by factor(s) produced by Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Normal spleen cells of CBA mice or Fischer rats were cultured with mitogens or allogeneic cells, together with various substances of Schistosoma mansoni origin, and thymidine uptake was measured. The proliferation (DNA synthesis) of normal lymphocytes was inhibited by the incubation product of the parasite as well as by cell-free supernatant of schistosome culture. Inhibition was obtained only when active materials were added at the beginning of the culture. Both T and B cell proliferation were inhibited. The inhibitory activity found in cell-free supernatant suggested the release by the parasite of some factor(s) interfering with lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, serum from rats infected by S. mansoni inhibited lymphocyte proliferation also. The inhibitor(s) appeared heat resistant, dialyzable and of low molecular weight (500-1000). Incubation of normal spleen cells with S. mansoni inhibitor(s) did not enhance the release of nonspecific suppressor cell factor. The inhibition of product(s) released by the parasite could explain part of the immunosuppression status found in schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by factor(s) produced by Schistosoma mansoni. Normal spleen cells of CBA mice or Fischer rats were cultured with mitogens or allogeneic cells, together with various substances of Schistosoma mansoni origin, and thymidine uptake was measured. The proliferation (DNA synthesis) of normal lymphocytes was inhibited by the incubation product of the parasite as well as by cell-free supernatant of schistosome culture. Inhibition was obtained only when active materials were added at the beginning of the culture. Both T and B cell proliferation were inhibited. The inhibitory activity found in cell-free supernatant suggested the release by the parasite of some factor(s) interfering with lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, serum from rats infected by S. mansoni inhibited lymphocyte proliferation also. The inhibitor(s) appeared heat resistant, dialyzable and of low molecular weight (500-1000). Incubation of normal spleen cells with S. mansoni inhibitor(s) did not enhance the release of nonspecific suppressor cell factor. The inhibition of product(s) released by the parasite could explain part of the immunosuppression status found in schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:923635", "title": "Anticholinesterase and antiacetylcholine activity of 1-phenylcyclohexylamine derivatives.", "content": "The antiacetylcholine and anticholinesterase potencies of four 1-phenylcyclohexylamine derivatives were estimated by measuring their antagonism to the contractile response of smooth and striated muscles and their inhibition of cholinesterase activity. In addition, their affinities towards the central muscarinic receptor from mouse brain homogenate were determined by competition experiments in vitro. Relative to atropine, these drugs exerted mild antimuscarinic activity in both isolated smooth muscle and in the competition experiments. On the other hand, they were found to exert antinicotinic potencies equal to that of d-tubocurarine in the striated muscle. The concentration of (3H)-phencyclidine taken up by mouse brain in vivo could be correlated with its dissociation constants from the central muscarinic binding sites, as well as with the Ki values for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, both determined in vitro. Since these drugs have a similar rigid spatial molecular structure, it is proposed that the variations in the potency of their cholinergic interactions stemmed mainly from the structural changes in the region of the 'cationic head'.", "contents": "Anticholinesterase and antiacetylcholine activity of 1-phenylcyclohexylamine derivatives. The antiacetylcholine and anticholinesterase potencies of four 1-phenylcyclohexylamine derivatives were estimated by measuring their antagonism to the contractile response of smooth and striated muscles and their inhibition of cholinesterase activity. In addition, their affinities towards the central muscarinic receptor from mouse brain homogenate were determined by competition experiments in vitro. Relative to atropine, these drugs exerted mild antimuscarinic activity in both isolated smooth muscle and in the competition experiments. On the other hand, they were found to exert antinicotinic potencies equal to that of d-tubocurarine in the striated muscle. The concentration of (3H)-phencyclidine taken up by mouse brain in vivo could be correlated with its dissociation constants from the central muscarinic binding sites, as well as with the Ki values for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, both determined in vitro. Since these drugs have a similar rigid spatial molecular structure, it is proposed that the variations in the potency of their cholinergic interactions stemmed mainly from the structural changes in the region of the 'cationic head'."}
{"id": "PMID:923636", "title": "A slow-release silicone pellet for chronic amphetamine administration.", "content": "A slow release amphetamine pellet consisting of a silicone capsule containing d-amphetamine base in polyethylene glycol is described. When implanted s.c. in rats this pellet produces brain levels initially comparable to an i.p. dose of 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate; these levels gradually fall but appreciable amphetamine remains present in the brain for over 10 days. Rats implanted with these pellets exhibit sustained motor stereotypies and constant hyperactivity in stabilimeters for 2-3 days. Four days after implantation activity declines to near control levels even though amphetamine is still present in the brain. During this later stage rats show exaggerated startle responses and resist handling. This pellet is a unique tool for the study of the behavioral and physiological effects of prolonged amphetamine intoxication.", "contents": "A slow-release silicone pellet for chronic amphetamine administration. A slow release amphetamine pellet consisting of a silicone capsule containing d-amphetamine base in polyethylene glycol is described. When implanted s.c. in rats this pellet produces brain levels initially comparable to an i.p. dose of 2 mg/kg of d-amphetamine sulfate; these levels gradually fall but appreciable amphetamine remains present in the brain for over 10 days. Rats implanted with these pellets exhibit sustained motor stereotypies and constant hyperactivity in stabilimeters for 2-3 days. Four days after implantation activity declines to near control levels even though amphetamine is still present in the brain. During this later stage rats show exaggerated startle responses and resist handling. This pellet is a unique tool for the study of the behavioral and physiological effects of prolonged amphetamine intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:923637", "title": "The stability of synthetic substance P in blood.", "content": "Experiments with synthetic substance P incubated in whole blood show that apart from a moderate loss of activity immediately on exposure of the peptide to whole blood, it is inactivated slowly in this tissue, approximately 25% of control activity remaining after 30 min incubation. Incubation with plasma did not result in the degradation of substance P. The attenuation of substance P activity in blood may be due to enzymatic destruction within erythrocytes.", "contents": "The stability of synthetic substance P in blood. Experiments with synthetic substance P incubated in whole blood show that apart from a moderate loss of activity immediately on exposure of the peptide to whole blood, it is inactivated slowly in this tissue, approximately 25% of control activity remaining after 30 min incubation. Incubation with plasma did not result in the degradation of substance P. The attenuation of substance P activity in blood may be due to enzymatic destruction within erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:923638", "title": "Cooperative effects of hemicholinium-3 on high-affinity choline uptake by rat diaphragm.", "content": "Choline uptake in the end-plate rich area of rat diaphragm is saturable between 0.7 and 16 micron. This choline uptake obeys hyperbolic kinetics and indicates the presence of high-affinity carrier with Km values of 11.8 and 13.2 micron and Vmax values of 37 and 31 nmol choline/h/g tissue respectively. In the presence of hemicholinium-3 the carrier shows sigmoidal kinetics, and hemicholinium-3 is apparently a cooperative effector of choline uptake. The carrier is more calcium than sodium dependent.", "contents": "Cooperative effects of hemicholinium-3 on high-affinity choline uptake by rat diaphragm. Choline uptake in the end-plate rich area of rat diaphragm is saturable between 0.7 and 16 micron. This choline uptake obeys hyperbolic kinetics and indicates the presence of high-affinity carrier with Km values of 11.8 and 13.2 micron and Vmax values of 37 and 31 nmol choline/h/g tissue respectively. In the presence of hemicholinium-3 the carrier shows sigmoidal kinetics, and hemicholinium-3 is apparently a cooperative effector of choline uptake. The carrier is more calcium than sodium dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:923639", "title": "Presynaptic dopamine receptors as mediators of dopamine-induced inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstriction.", "content": "I.v. infusion of dopamine (10 microgram/kg/min) caused significant attenuation of renal vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, whereas renal vasoconstrictor responses to exogenously administered norepinephrine were unaffected. Desipramine treatment significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of dopamine on neurogenic vasoconstriction. Pretreatment with pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, prevented the inhibitory influence of dopamine on renal sympathetic nerve function. These results demonstrate that dopamine can inhibit neurogenic vasoconstriction by activating presynaptic dopamine receptors present on renal sympathetic nerves.", "contents": "Presynaptic dopamine receptors as mediators of dopamine-induced inhibition of neurogenic vasoconstriction. I.v. infusion of dopamine (10 microgram/kg/min) caused significant attenuation of renal vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, whereas renal vasoconstrictor responses to exogenously administered norepinephrine were unaffected. Desipramine treatment significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of dopamine on neurogenic vasoconstriction. Pretreatment with pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, prevented the inhibitory influence of dopamine on renal sympathetic nerve function. These results demonstrate that dopamine can inhibit neurogenic vasoconstriction by activating presynaptic dopamine receptors present on renal sympathetic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:923640", "title": "Naloxone-reversible peripheral electroanalgesia in intact and spinal rats.", "content": "Peripheral electrical stimulation of the rat produced a \"dose-dependent\" analgesia both in intact and in spinal animals. Naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, almost completely reversed this analgesia. It is felt that peripheral electroanalgesia acts via the release of endogenous narcotic-like substances, the enkephalins, at spinal and supraspinal centres.", "contents": "Naloxone-reversible peripheral electroanalgesia in intact and spinal rats. Peripheral electrical stimulation of the rat produced a \"dose-dependent\" analgesia both in intact and in spinal animals. Naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, almost completely reversed this analgesia. It is felt that peripheral electroanalgesia acts via the release of endogenous narcotic-like substances, the enkephalins, at spinal and supraspinal centres."}
{"id": "PMID:923642", "title": "Audiogenic seizure protection by elevated brain GABA concentration in mice: effects of gamma-acetylenic gaba and gamma-vinyl GABA, two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors.", "content": "gamma-Acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA, two catalytic irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, produce marked and sustained elevations in mouse brain GABA concentrations and protect DBA/2 mice against audiogenically induced seizures in a similar dose and time-dependent manner. The acetylenic analog also inhibits GAD activity while the vinyl compound has minimal activity against this enzyme. The increase in brain GABA concentrations induced by these compounds correlates well with attenuation of audiogenic seizure intensity (r = 0.991 and 0.962 for gamma-acetylenic and gamma-vinyl GABA respectively) and with degree of seizure protection (r = 0.974 and 0.834). Seizure intensity is reduced by 50% when brain GABA is increased to 265% and 264% of control values by the two inhibitors and seizure incidence is halved at 322% and 324%. Thus, audiogenic seizure protection in genetically susceptible mice is apparently a function of whole brain GABA concentrations.", "contents": "Audiogenic seizure protection by elevated brain GABA concentration in mice: effects of gamma-acetylenic gaba and gamma-vinyl GABA, two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors. gamma-Acetylenic GABA and gamma-vinyl GABA, two catalytic irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, produce marked and sustained elevations in mouse brain GABA concentrations and protect DBA/2 mice against audiogenically induced seizures in a similar dose and time-dependent manner. The acetylenic analog also inhibits GAD activity while the vinyl compound has minimal activity against this enzyme. The increase in brain GABA concentrations induced by these compounds correlates well with attenuation of audiogenic seizure intensity (r = 0.991 and 0.962 for gamma-acetylenic and gamma-vinyl GABA respectively) and with degree of seizure protection (r = 0.974 and 0.834). Seizure intensity is reduced by 50% when brain GABA is increased to 265% and 264% of control values by the two inhibitors and seizure incidence is halved at 322% and 324%. Thus, audiogenic seizure protection in genetically susceptible mice is apparently a function of whole brain GABA concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:923643", "title": "Studies on the capacity of mazindol and dita to act as uptake inhibitors or releasing agents for 3H-biogenic amines in rat brain tissue slices.", "content": "The effects of the anorexic and stimulant agents mazindol and dita on 3H-biogenic amine uptake and release were determined. Mazindol and dita were very potent inhibitors of 3H-norepinephrine uptake into rat brain occipital cortex slices with ED50 values (point of 50% inhibition of uptake) of 1.5 X 10(-9) M and 3.2 X 10(-9) M, respectively. Mazindol (ED50 of 2.8 X 10(-7) M) and dita (ED50 value of 8.5 X 10(-7) M) were also potent inhibitors of 3H-dopamine uptake into rat neostriatal slices and of 3H-serotonin uptake into whole brain slices (ED50 values of 5.5 X 10(-7) M and 5.1 X 10(-7) M for mazindol and dita respectively). Both compounds proved however to be extremely weak releasing agents for the 3H-biogenic amines in the respective brain areas. The effects of mazindol and dita on uptake may help to explain some of their pharmacological properties.", "contents": "Studies on the capacity of mazindol and dita to act as uptake inhibitors or releasing agents for 3H-biogenic amines in rat brain tissue slices. The effects of the anorexic and stimulant agents mazindol and dita on 3H-biogenic amine uptake and release were determined. Mazindol and dita were very potent inhibitors of 3H-norepinephrine uptake into rat brain occipital cortex slices with ED50 values (point of 50% inhibition of uptake) of 1.5 X 10(-9) M and 3.2 X 10(-9) M, respectively. Mazindol (ED50 of 2.8 X 10(-7) M) and dita (ED50 value of 8.5 X 10(-7) M) were also potent inhibitors of 3H-dopamine uptake into rat neostriatal slices and of 3H-serotonin uptake into whole brain slices (ED50 values of 5.5 X 10(-7) M and 5.1 X 10(-7) M for mazindol and dita respectively). Both compounds proved however to be extremely weak releasing agents for the 3H-biogenic amines in the respective brain areas. The effects of mazindol and dita on uptake may help to explain some of their pharmacological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:923644", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of synthetic substance P in several species.", "content": "In dogs anaesthetised with chloralose, infusion of synthetic substance P into the femoral artery caused marked elevation of femoral arterial blood flow which was well sustained during the infusion period. Doses less than 59 fmol/kg/min increased femoral arterial flow only, but larger doses caused transient hypotension accompanied by tachycardia. The administration of substance P by i.v. and intravertebral (i.vert.) arterial routes caused hypotension and tachycardia of similar pattern and magnitude to those produced by intrafemoral (i.f.) arterial infusion of equivalent doses. I.v. injection of substance P into rats and rabbits caused qualitatively similar cardiovascular effects to those in dogs, but higher doses were required for threshold responses. Substance P had little effect on the spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig heart. Like many other vasodilator substances in vivo, substance P caused constriction of the isolated perfused ear vein from the rabbit. The results suggest that the major cardiovascular effect of synthetic substance P is vasodilatation and that a direct action on vascular smooth muscle is involved.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of synthetic substance P in several species. In dogs anaesthetised with chloralose, infusion of synthetic substance P into the femoral artery caused marked elevation of femoral arterial blood flow which was well sustained during the infusion period. Doses less than 59 fmol/kg/min increased femoral arterial flow only, but larger doses caused transient hypotension accompanied by tachycardia. The administration of substance P by i.v. and intravertebral (i.vert.) arterial routes caused hypotension and tachycardia of similar pattern and magnitude to those produced by intrafemoral (i.f.) arterial infusion of equivalent doses. I.v. injection of substance P into rats and rabbits caused qualitatively similar cardiovascular effects to those in dogs, but higher doses were required for threshold responses. Substance P had little effect on the spontaneously beating isolated guinea-pig heart. Like many other vasodilator substances in vivo, substance P caused constriction of the isolated perfused ear vein from the rabbit. The results suggest that the major cardiovascular effect of synthetic substance P is vasodilatation and that a direct action on vascular smooth muscle is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:923646", "title": "Effects of diuretics on thyroid function of guinea pigs.", "content": "Uptake of radioiodide by the isolated thyroid and serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) were determined in guinea pigs pretreated with ethacrynic acid (20 mg/kg), furosemide (40 mg/kg) or hydrochlorothiazide (40 mg/kg). It was found that both ethacrynic acid and furosemide suppressed the 131I uptake by the isolated thyroid tissues. In addition, thyroid weight and serum T3 concentration were lower in ethacrynic acid-treated animals. It seems that some diuretics, particularly ethacrynic acid, depressed the function of thyroidal follicular cells.", "contents": "Effects of diuretics on thyroid function of guinea pigs. Uptake of radioiodide by the isolated thyroid and serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) were determined in guinea pigs pretreated with ethacrynic acid (20 mg/kg), furosemide (40 mg/kg) or hydrochlorothiazide (40 mg/kg). It was found that both ethacrynic acid and furosemide suppressed the 131I uptake by the isolated thyroid tissues. In addition, thyroid weight and serum T3 concentration were lower in ethacrynic acid-treated animals. It seems that some diuretics, particularly ethacrynic acid, depressed the function of thyroidal follicular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:923647", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 and indomethacin on the stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline from guinea-pig taenia.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (5.8 X 10(-8) M) markedly and reversibly reduced the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium, while it had no effects on basal outflow. Indomethacin (8.4 X 10(-6) M) increased the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium at low frequencies (2--5 HZ), while it had no effect at high frequencies of stimulation (more than 10 HZ). It was concluded that endogenous prostaglandin E1 also plays a regulatory role in adrenergic inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting the noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerve terminals of the guinea-pig taenia caecum.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 and indomethacin on the stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline from guinea-pig taenia. Prostaglandin E1 (5.8 X 10(-8) M) markedly and reversibly reduced the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium, while it had no effects on basal outflow. Indomethacin (8.4 X 10(-6) M) increased the stimulation-evoked overflow of total tritium at low frequencies (2--5 HZ), while it had no effect at high frequencies of stimulation (more than 10 HZ). It was concluded that endogenous prostaglandin E1 also plays a regulatory role in adrenergic inhibitory neurotransmission by inhibiting the noradrenaline release from adrenergic nerve terminals of the guinea-pig taenia caecum."}
{"id": "PMID:923648", "title": "The effect of verapamil on intestinal calcium transport.", "content": "Verapamil (1.5 mM) completely inhibits active calcium transport by everted rat duodenum sacs and depresses oxygen consumption by duodenal rings. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium from 0.4 mM 5.0 mM reverses the inhibition of oxygen consumption by verapamil but is without effect on the extent of inhibition of calcium active transport.", "contents": "The effect of verapamil on intestinal calcium transport. Verapamil (1.5 mM) completely inhibits active calcium transport by everted rat duodenum sacs and depresses oxygen consumption by duodenal rings. Increasing the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium from 0.4 mM 5.0 mM reverses the inhibition of oxygen consumption by verapamil but is without effect on the extent of inhibition of calcium active transport."}
{"id": "PMID:923649", "title": "Evidence for a nicotinic receptor in the sinus node.", "content": "The sinus node of the guinea pig was perfused in vitro and potassium uptake was studied in the absence and in the presence of several nicotinic agonists and antagonists. The following results were obtained: (1) the decrease in K uptake caused by a low (10(-9)M) concentration of acetylcholine was changed to an increase when acetylcholine was given in the presence of nicotinic blockade; (2) a small concentration (10(-10)M) of atropine potentiated the decrease in K uptake induced by a low concentration of acetylcholine and 10(-8)M atropine abolished it: (3) a small concentration of nicotine (10(-10)M) decreased K uptake; (4) 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) did not modify K uptake; (5) the lack of effect of DMPP was not affected by hexamethonium; (6) trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) decreased K uptake; and (7) the inhibitory effect of TMPA was abolished by decamethonium. It is concluded that a nicotinic receptor in the sinus node mediates the inhibitory action of a low concentration of acetylcholine on K uptake.", "contents": "Evidence for a nicotinic receptor in the sinus node. The sinus node of the guinea pig was perfused in vitro and potassium uptake was studied in the absence and in the presence of several nicotinic agonists and antagonists. The following results were obtained: (1) the decrease in K uptake caused by a low (10(-9)M) concentration of acetylcholine was changed to an increase when acetylcholine was given in the presence of nicotinic blockade; (2) a small concentration (10(-10)M) of atropine potentiated the decrease in K uptake induced by a low concentration of acetylcholine and 10(-8)M atropine abolished it: (3) a small concentration of nicotine (10(-10)M) decreased K uptake; (4) 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) did not modify K uptake; (5) the lack of effect of DMPP was not affected by hexamethonium; (6) trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) decreased K uptake; and (7) the inhibitory effect of TMPA was abolished by decamethonium. It is concluded that a nicotinic receptor in the sinus node mediates the inhibitory action of a low concentration of acetylcholine on K uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:923650", "title": "Potentiating effect of (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol on prostaglandin-evoked contractions of the isolated rat uterus.", "content": "The effect of (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol on prostaglandin (PGF2a and 15-methyl PGF2alpha)-evoked contractions was studied using the isolated rat uterus. After control responses to prostaglandins had been obtained the uterus was exposed to the nutrient fluid containing 10 microgram/ml of (+)-sotalol, deoxysotalol or (--) sotalol. 30 min later the responses to prostaglandins were again recorded. Both (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol potentiated PGF2alpha as well as 15-methyl PGF2alpha-induced contractions. (--)-Sotalol did not potentiate the PGF2alpha-evoked contractions of the isolated rat uterus. The possible clinical significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Potentiating effect of (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol on prostaglandin-evoked contractions of the isolated rat uterus. The effect of (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol on prostaglandin (PGF2a and 15-methyl PGF2alpha)-evoked contractions was studied using the isolated rat uterus. After control responses to prostaglandins had been obtained the uterus was exposed to the nutrient fluid containing 10 microgram/ml of (+)-sotalol, deoxysotalol or (--) sotalol. 30 min later the responses to prostaglandins were again recorded. Both (+)-sotalol and deoxysotalol potentiated PGF2alpha as well as 15-methyl PGF2alpha-induced contractions. (--)-Sotalol did not potentiate the PGF2alpha-evoked contractions of the isolated rat uterus. The possible clinical significance of the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923651", "title": "Responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to phenylephrine and norepinephrine in vivo.", "content": "A method is described for the study of guinea-pig vas deferens in vivo response to phenylephrine and norepinephrine. Tissue sensitivity to both agonists did not differ in vivo but the maximum response to phenylephrine was smaller. Responsiveness to norepinephrine was depressed in vitro after in vivo experiments. No such effect was observed for phenylephrine. This method allowed the comparison of the responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to adrenoceptor agonists in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to phenylephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. A method is described for the study of guinea-pig vas deferens in vivo response to phenylephrine and norepinephrine. Tissue sensitivity to both agonists did not differ in vivo but the maximum response to phenylephrine was smaller. Responsiveness to norepinephrine was depressed in vitro after in vivo experiments. No such effect was observed for phenylephrine. This method allowed the comparison of the responsiveness of the guinea-pig vas deferens to adrenoceptor agonists in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:923652", "title": "Central cardiovascular effects of morphinomimetic peptides in dogs.", "content": "Morphinomimetic peptides were injected into the cisterna magna of chloralosed dogs. Methionine enkepalin (500 microgram/kg i.c.) was found ineffective but beta-endorphin (50 microgram/kg i.c.) induced an initial and transient increase in blood pressure and heart rate followed by a delayed hypotension and bradycardia. The synthetic pentapeptides, [d-ala2]met-enkephalin (500 microgram/kg i.c.), [d-ala2]met-enkephalinamide 500 microgram/kg i.c.) also induced a marked hypotensive, bradycardic and sympatho-inhibitory effect. High doses of naloxone (100 microgram/kg i.v.) were required to antagonize these effects transiently.", "contents": "Central cardiovascular effects of morphinomimetic peptides in dogs. Morphinomimetic peptides were injected into the cisterna magna of chloralosed dogs. Methionine enkepalin (500 microgram/kg i.c.) was found ineffective but beta-endorphin (50 microgram/kg i.c.) induced an initial and transient increase in blood pressure and heart rate followed by a delayed hypotension and bradycardia. The synthetic pentapeptides, [d-ala2]met-enkephalin (500 microgram/kg i.c.), [d-ala2]met-enkephalinamide 500 microgram/kg i.c.) also induced a marked hypotensive, bradycardic and sympatho-inhibitory effect. High doses of naloxone (100 microgram/kg i.v.) were required to antagonize these effects transiently."}
{"id": "PMID:923686", "title": "[Adrenaline application by intraperitoneal depot capsule -- effects in the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "An intraperitoneal depot capsule was developed to improve the hitherto used in vivo test methods for chronic action of water soluble substances (repeated injections or permanent infusion which immobilizes the experimental animals). The capsule allows free movement of the animal and guarantees long-term continuous output of the substance. The effectiveness of the capsule was examined using adrenaline as test substance. In these experiments the maximum period of effectiveness and the consequences of permanent occupation of the receptors due to continued supply of adrenaline were studied.", "contents": "[Adrenaline application by intraperitoneal depot capsule -- effects in the heart (author's transl)]. An intraperitoneal depot capsule was developed to improve the hitherto used in vivo test methods for chronic action of water soluble substances (repeated injections or permanent infusion which immobilizes the experimental animals). The capsule allows free movement of the animal and guarantees long-term continuous output of the substance. The effectiveness of the capsule was examined using adrenaline as test substance. In these experiments the maximum period of effectiveness and the consequences of permanent occupation of the receptors due to continued supply of adrenaline were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:923687", "title": "Electron microscopic investigations of intracytoplasmic A particles in mouse mammary tumours.", "content": "Mouse mammary tumour cells were investigated with special regard to intracytoplasmic A particles using ultrahistochemical techniques, especially for the detection of DNA. The findings are discussed in connection with biochemical and immunological results, previously reported by several groups.", "contents": "Electron microscopic investigations of intracytoplasmic A particles in mouse mammary tumours. Mouse mammary tumour cells were investigated with special regard to intracytoplasmic A particles using ultrahistochemical techniques, especially for the detection of DNA. The findings are discussed in connection with biochemical and immunological results, previously reported by several groups."}
{"id": "PMID:923688", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the rat brain under conditions of carbon disulfide intoxication.", "content": "The brains of 35 male Wistar rats weighing 250 g were histologically and histochemically examined after a chronic intoxication due to five-month exposure to carbon disulfide. Morphologically, myelin sheath disruptions within the longitudinal tract systems of the spinal cord, destructions of individual ganglion cells in all brain regions and elective parenchyma necroses in the frontal and parietal cerebral cortices were found. The histochemical assays for enzyme activities of monoamine oxidase, ATPase, glucose 6-phosphatase, acetylcholine esterase and succinic dehydrogenase in the entire central nervous system revealed values identical to those obtained for control animals. Only succinic dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase revealed focal reduction in activities within the elective parenchyma necroses. After twenty-week duration of experiments a moderate decrease in activities of arylsulfatases and glutamic dehydrogenase in the entire central nervous system was found. Eventual causes responsible for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the rat brain under conditions of carbon disulfide intoxication. The brains of 35 male Wistar rats weighing 250 g were histologically and histochemically examined after a chronic intoxication due to five-month exposure to carbon disulfide. Morphologically, myelin sheath disruptions within the longitudinal tract systems of the spinal cord, destructions of individual ganglion cells in all brain regions and elective parenchyma necroses in the frontal and parietal cerebral cortices were found. The histochemical assays for enzyme activities of monoamine oxidase, ATPase, glucose 6-phosphatase, acetylcholine esterase and succinic dehydrogenase in the entire central nervous system revealed values identical to those obtained for control animals. Only succinic dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase revealed focal reduction in activities within the elective parenchyma necroses. After twenty-week duration of experiments a moderate decrease in activities of arylsulfatases and glutamic dehydrogenase in the entire central nervous system was found. Eventual causes responsible for these changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923689", "title": "[Aspartate aminotransferase activities in renal tissue during experimental and human chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "This study belongs to a series of comparative biochemical and semiquantitative-histological investigations in renal tissue fractions of pyelonephritis patients (human PN) and of different types of experimental pyelonephritis (experimental PN). The experiments aim at more detailed knowledge on the interrelationship of intermediary cell metabolism and histopathological changes during the different phases of human and experimental PN. The results concerning acid and alkaline phosphatase activities as well as concerning glutaminase I and glutamic dehydrogenase activities were earlier reported (Exp. Path. vols. 8, 9, 10 and 12). In the present study the author has analyzed the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.1. AspAT) the synonym of which is glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT).", "contents": "[Aspartate aminotransferase activities in renal tissue during experimental and human chronic pyelonephritis]. This study belongs to a series of comparative biochemical and semiquantitative-histological investigations in renal tissue fractions of pyelonephritis patients (human PN) and of different types of experimental pyelonephritis (experimental PN). The experiments aim at more detailed knowledge on the interrelationship of intermediary cell metabolism and histopathological changes during the different phases of human and experimental PN. The results concerning acid and alkaline phosphatase activities as well as concerning glutaminase I and glutamic dehydrogenase activities were earlier reported (Exp. Path. vols. 8, 9, 10 and 12). In the present study the author has analyzed the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.1. AspAT) the synonym of which is glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)."}
{"id": "PMID:923690", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of bromocriptine (author's transl)].", "content": "The bromination of alpha-ergokryptine, a genuine ergot alkaloid of the peptide type, in position 2 of the indol nucleus to 2-bromo-alpha-ergokryptine is described. Its transformation to the methanesulfonate led to the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine-methanesulfonate, Parlodel.", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of bromocriptine (author's transl)]. The bromination of alpha-ergokryptine, a genuine ergot alkaloid of the peptide type, in position 2 of the indol nucleus to 2-bromo-alpha-ergokryptine is described. Its transformation to the methanesulfonate led to the prolactin inhibitor bromocriptine-methanesulfonate, Parlodel."}
{"id": "PMID:923691", "title": "Inhibitory effect of antiproteoglycan serum on the biosynthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate in calf rib cartilage in vitro.", "content": "Incubation of calf rib cartilage slices with antiproteoglycan serum elevates CO2-production, but inhibits biosynthesis of proteochondroitinsulfate and of total protein. Absorbing antiserum with proteoglycan abolishes these effects.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of antiproteoglycan serum on the biosynthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate in calf rib cartilage in vitro. Incubation of calf rib cartilage slices with antiproteoglycan serum elevates CO2-production, but inhibits biosynthesis of proteochondroitinsulfate and of total protein. Absorbing antiserum with proteoglycan abolishes these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:923692", "title": "The hemolytic activity of heterocyclic n-alkyl amine oxides.", "content": "The N-alkyl derivatives of morpholine-, pyrrolidine-, piperidine- and perhydroasepine-N-oxides caused the rapid, temperature-dependent, hemolysis of human red blood cells. The most hemolytic were the amine oxides with alkyl groups having 14-18 carbon atoms.", "contents": "The hemolytic activity of heterocyclic n-alkyl amine oxides. The N-alkyl derivatives of morpholine-, pyrrolidine-, piperidine- and perhydroasepine-N-oxides caused the rapid, temperature-dependent, hemolysis of human red blood cells. The most hemolytic were the amine oxides with alkyl groups having 14-18 carbon atoms."}
{"id": "PMID:923693", "title": "[Silymarin--an inhibitor of horseradish peroxidase (author's transl)].", "content": "Silybin and silychristin non-competitively inhibit the horseradish peroxidase in vitro. Silydianin on the other hand is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Silymarin--an inhibitor of horseradish peroxidase (author's transl)]. Silybin and silychristin non-competitively inhibit the horseradish peroxidase in vitro. Silydianin on the other hand is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:923694", "title": "Isotopic composition of cattle pancreatic stones: biological and geochemical implications.", "content": "Latitudinal variations of the O18/O16-ratios of carbonate and phosphate of cattle pancreatic stones parallel a similar pattern of oxygen isotope values in rain water. C13/C12-ratios were virtually identical for the 7 cases studied. Isotopic measurements of mammalian hard tissues may be used for studying short-term climatic variations through Quaternary.", "contents": "Isotopic composition of cattle pancreatic stones: biological and geochemical implications. Latitudinal variations of the O18/O16-ratios of carbonate and phosphate of cattle pancreatic stones parallel a similar pattern of oxygen isotope values in rain water. C13/C12-ratios were virtually identical for the 7 cases studied. Isotopic measurements of mammalian hard tissues may be used for studying short-term climatic variations through Quaternary."}
{"id": "PMID:923695", "title": "On the in vitro behaviour of mouse submaxillary gland cells. II. Metabolic differences between male and female C3H mice.", "content": "Submaxillary gland cells from female C3H mice were isolated, cultivated in vitro and their metabolic properties compared with those of male derived cells. From the results it can be concluded that these cells retain their metabolic differences when grown in vitro.", "contents": "On the in vitro behaviour of mouse submaxillary gland cells. II. Metabolic differences between male and female C3H mice. Submaxillary gland cells from female C3H mice were isolated, cultivated in vitro and their metabolic properties compared with those of male derived cells. From the results it can be concluded that these cells retain their metabolic differences when grown in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:923696", "title": "Effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the activity of cystathionase in mammalian parenchymatous organs during early development.", "content": "In rats after neonatal thyroid destriction, cystathionae in liver and pancreas increased, but the enzyme activity in kidneys decreased. Substitution with thyroxine corrected these changes. Excess of thyroxine, too, had an effect on tissue cystathionase.", "contents": "Effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the activity of cystathionase in mammalian parenchymatous organs during early development. In rats after neonatal thyroid destriction, cystathionae in liver and pancreas increased, but the enzyme activity in kidneys decreased. Substitution with thyroxine corrected these changes. Excess of thyroxine, too, had an effect on tissue cystathionase."}
{"id": "PMID:923697", "title": "The alteration of the functional properties of human haemoglobin by spectrin.", "content": "Kinetic investigation by means of stopped flow techniques showed the rate of deoxygenation of haemoglobin to be slower in the presence of spectrin. At pH 7.15, the kinetic constant was 27.2 sec-1 in presence of spectrin instead of 34.3 sec-1 for haemoglobin alone. Also, equilibrium studies have revealed that the oxygen pressure for half-saturated haemoglobin decreased when spectrin was added to the reaction medium. At pH 7.35, the log (pO2)1/2 was 0.88 for haemoglobin in presence of spectrin instead of 0.93 for haemoglobin alone. From these results, an interaction between spectrin and haemoglobin may be suspected.", "contents": "The alteration of the functional properties of human haemoglobin by spectrin. Kinetic investigation by means of stopped flow techniques showed the rate of deoxygenation of haemoglobin to be slower in the presence of spectrin. At pH 7.15, the kinetic constant was 27.2 sec-1 in presence of spectrin instead of 34.3 sec-1 for haemoglobin alone. Also, equilibrium studies have revealed that the oxygen pressure for half-saturated haemoglobin decreased when spectrin was added to the reaction medium. At pH 7.35, the log (pO2)1/2 was 0.88 for haemoglobin in presence of spectrin instead of 0.93 for haemoglobin alone. From these results, an interaction between spectrin and haemoglobin may be suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:923698", "title": "Central tyramine prevents hypertension in uninephrectomized DOCA-saline treated rats.", "content": "Prevention of high blood pressure in uninephrectomized, DOCA-saline treated rats was observed after treatment with central tyramine precursors. We suggest that the high blood pressure is either due to relative lack of tyrosine, which might be caused by the hyperactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase, or to hypoactivity of the decarboxylase: in both cases the result is diminished tyramine synthesis.", "contents": "Central tyramine prevents hypertension in uninephrectomized DOCA-saline treated rats. Prevention of high blood pressure in uninephrectomized, DOCA-saline treated rats was observed after treatment with central tyramine precursors. We suggest that the high blood pressure is either due to relative lack of tyrosine, which might be caused by the hyperactivity of tyrosine hydroxylase, or to hypoactivity of the decarboxylase: in both cases the result is diminished tyramine synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:923699", "title": "Activity tests of alcohol dehydrogenases in wheat, rye and triticale.", "content": "The relative band staining intensities of ADH isoenzymes in wheat and triticale suggest alloploid genome interactions. Rye ADH is scarecely affected by anti-wheat-ADH. Despite the evolutionary divergence of their Adh genes, ADH monomers of wheat and rye form enzymatically active heterodimers in triticale.", "contents": "Activity tests of alcohol dehydrogenases in wheat, rye and triticale. The relative band staining intensities of ADH isoenzymes in wheat and triticale suggest alloploid genome interactions. Rye ADH is scarecely affected by anti-wheat-ADH. Despite the evolutionary divergence of their Adh genes, ADH monomers of wheat and rye form enzymatically active heterodimers in triticale."}
{"id": "PMID:923700", "title": "Interorder transfer of mycoplasmalike microorganisms between Drosophila paulistorum and Ephestia k\u00fchniella. II. Numbers of MLO and sterility.", "content": "A successful attempt was made to culture the mycoplasmalike microorganism causing semispecific hybrid male sterility in Drosophila paulistorum utilizing Ephestia k\u00fchniella as the intermediate host. Data gleaned from this passage indicates that the induction of sterility depends upon the quality not the quantity of infectious intracellular symbionts.", "contents": "Interorder transfer of mycoplasmalike microorganisms between Drosophila paulistorum and Ephestia k\u00fchniella. II. Numbers of MLO and sterility. A successful attempt was made to culture the mycoplasmalike microorganism causing semispecific hybrid male sterility in Drosophila paulistorum utilizing Ephestia k\u00fchniella as the intermediate host. Data gleaned from this passage indicates that the induction of sterility depends upon the quality not the quantity of infectious intracellular symbionts."}
{"id": "PMID:923701", "title": "Demonstration of lateral asymmetry in G-banded mouse embryo chromosomes.", "content": "Cells obtained from 10-day mouse embryos were cultured for 3 h in medium containing colcemid. Chromosome preparations were subjected to G-banding in either calcium-magnesium free Hank's solution or the ASG method. From one to several occurrences of lateral asymmetry (unequal banding of sister chromatids) were observed in the majority of karytotypes analyzed.", "contents": "Demonstration of lateral asymmetry in G-banded mouse embryo chromosomes. Cells obtained from 10-day mouse embryos were cultured for 3 h in medium containing colcemid. Chromosome preparations were subjected to G-banding in either calcium-magnesium free Hank's solution or the ASG method. From one to several occurrences of lateral asymmetry (unequal banding of sister chromatids) were observed in the majority of karytotypes analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:923702", "title": "Inheritable precocious opening of the vagina in laboratory rats exposed to 300 R and 200 R of X-rays on day 6 of their intrauterine life.", "content": "A highly significant inheritable advancement in opening of the vagina in laboratory rats has been induced by the X-ray application to pregnant females of different filial generations origination from the X-irradiated FO embryos. The reaction to X-rays has so far been followed through 9 filial generations.", "contents": "Inheritable precocious opening of the vagina in laboratory rats exposed to 300 R and 200 R of X-rays on day 6 of their intrauterine life. A highly significant inheritable advancement in opening of the vagina in laboratory rats has been induced by the X-ray application to pregnant females of different filial generations origination from the X-irradiated FO embryos. The reaction to X-rays has so far been followed through 9 filial generations."}
{"id": "PMID:923703", "title": "[Squamous metaplasia of human mammary epithelium in long-term organ culture].", "content": "Squamous metaplasia of the mammary epithelium was observed in human breast tissue maintained in long-term organ culture. The phenomenon occurred only in the synthetic medium 199 with Earle's salts. Insulin and/or glucose enrichment enhanced its occurrence.", "contents": "[Squamous metaplasia of human mammary epithelium in long-term organ culture]. Squamous metaplasia of the mammary epithelium was observed in human breast tissue maintained in long-term organ culture. The phenomenon occurred only in the synthetic medium 199 with Earle's salts. Insulin and/or glucose enrichment enhanced its occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:923704", "title": "Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on the kinetics of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed scopoletin oxidation.", "content": "The kinetics of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed of scopoletin oxidation were observed to be sigmoidal. The apparent KmS for scopoletin is 0.9 mM. Inhibition of scopoletin oxidation by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) appears to be non competitive. Non competitive inhibition by IAA suggests a more significant role of the peroxidase protein matrix in regulating the activity of the heme moiety.", "contents": "Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on the kinetics of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed scopoletin oxidation. The kinetics of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed of scopoletin oxidation were observed to be sigmoidal. The apparent KmS for scopoletin is 0.9 mM. Inhibition of scopoletin oxidation by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) appears to be non competitive. Non competitive inhibition by IAA suggests a more significant role of the peroxidase protein matrix in regulating the activity of the heme moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:923705", "title": "Biochemical studies on peptide alkaloids: induction of ion selective mitochondrial swelling.", "content": "The effect of frangulanine, a cyclopeptide alkaloid isolated from Hovenia dulcis Thunb., on mitochondrial swelling was studied. Frangulanine induced mitochondrial swelling in 0.15 M KCl solution at the concentration of 6.5 muM. The alkaloid showed ion selectivity on the induction of mitochondrial swelling. Upon addition of frangulanine, mitochondria underwent swelling in 0.15 M KCl or RbCl solution but in neither NaCl nor LiCl solution.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on peptide alkaloids: induction of ion selective mitochondrial swelling. The effect of frangulanine, a cyclopeptide alkaloid isolated from Hovenia dulcis Thunb., on mitochondrial swelling was studied. Frangulanine induced mitochondrial swelling in 0.15 M KCl solution at the concentration of 6.5 muM. The alkaloid showed ion selectivity on the induction of mitochondrial swelling. Upon addition of frangulanine, mitochondria underwent swelling in 0.15 M KCl or RbCl solution but in neither NaCl nor LiCl solution."}
{"id": "PMID:923706", "title": "Effect of botulinum toxin on the choline acetyltransferase activity in salivary glands of cats.", "content": "The choline acetyltransferase activity of submandibular glands that had previously received a retrograde injection of botulinum toxin via their ducts was found to be markedly lower than in the untreated contralateral glands. In the parotid glands exposed to the same treatment the activity of this enzyme was less affected.", "contents": "Effect of botulinum toxin on the choline acetyltransferase activity in salivary glands of cats. The choline acetyltransferase activity of submandibular glands that had previously received a retrograde injection of botulinum toxin via their ducts was found to be markedly lower than in the untreated contralateral glands. In the parotid glands exposed to the same treatment the activity of this enzyme was less affected."}
{"id": "PMID:923707", "title": "Reproductive consequences of mega vitamin E supplements in female rats.", "content": "Female rats fed 0, 25, 2500 and 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet for 3 months were examined for reproductive performance. On 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet, the fertility of inseminated rats was significantly reduced as compared to rats given normal or nutritional levels of vitamin E.", "contents": "Reproductive consequences of mega vitamin E supplements in female rats. Female rats fed 0, 25, 2500 and 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet for 3 months were examined for reproductive performance. On 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet, the fertility of inseminated rats was significantly reduced as compared to rats given normal or nutritional levels of vitamin E."}
{"id": "PMID:923708", "title": "On the mechanism of the amphetamine induced vasodilation at the rat's cerebral cortex.", "content": "Cerebral cortical blood flow was measured with the hydrogen clearance technique. It was found that the increase in CoBF induced by amphetamine is blocked by atropine or chlorpromazine.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the amphetamine induced vasodilation at the rat's cerebral cortex. Cerebral cortical blood flow was measured with the hydrogen clearance technique. It was found that the increase in CoBF induced by amphetamine is blocked by atropine or chlorpromazine."}
{"id": "PMID:923709", "title": "Are there 2 cholinergic thermoregulatory centres in rats?", "content": "An attempt was made to replicate the conflicting previous reports of hypo- and hyperthermic effects of intrahypothalamically administered carbachol. Despite using the same coordinates, injection parameters, and strain of rats reported by others, only hypothermia was conclusively demonstrated. It was concluded that the cholinergic system mediates heat loss mechanisms in rats.", "contents": "Are there 2 cholinergic thermoregulatory centres in rats? An attempt was made to replicate the conflicting previous reports of hypo- and hyperthermic effects of intrahypothalamically administered carbachol. Despite using the same coordinates, injection parameters, and strain of rats reported by others, only hypothermia was conclusively demonstrated. It was concluded that the cholinergic system mediates heat loss mechanisms in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:923710", "title": "Demonstration of microtubule independent protein secretion from rat liver.", "content": "The induced secretion of rat liver microsomal-beta-glucuronidase into serum is, unlike other proteins secreted from liver, not dependent upon an intact microtubule apparatus.", "contents": "Demonstration of microtubule independent protein secretion from rat liver. The induced secretion of rat liver microsomal-beta-glucuronidase into serum is, unlike other proteins secreted from liver, not dependent upon an intact microtubule apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:923711", "title": "Offset-induced audiogenic seizures.", "content": "A relatively stereotyped seizure reaction can be triggered by the \"offset\" of an intense bell sound in C57BL/6J mice. Susceptibility to this offset-induced audiogenic seizure was found to depend upon the age of the animals tested (higher in older mice) and the duration of the noise exposure (more effective with longer exposure).", "contents": "Offset-induced audiogenic seizures. A relatively stereotyped seizure reaction can be triggered by the \"offset\" of an intense bell sound in C57BL/6J mice. Susceptibility to this offset-induced audiogenic seizure was found to depend upon the age of the animals tested (higher in older mice) and the duration of the noise exposure (more effective with longer exposure)."}
{"id": "PMID:923712", "title": "Contribution of diffusive pathway in intestinal absorption of glucose in rat under normal feeding condition.", "content": "Luminal concentration of glucose determined by a specific enzymatic method was about 50 mM after meal in rat jejunum. The diffusive pathway was suggested to have an important role in intestinal absorption of glucose.", "contents": "Contribution of diffusive pathway in intestinal absorption of glucose in rat under normal feeding condition. Luminal concentration of glucose determined by a specific enzymatic method was about 50 mM after meal in rat jejunum. The diffusive pathway was suggested to have an important role in intestinal absorption of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:923713", "title": "Experimental hydrocephalus following mechanical increment of intraventricular pulse pressure.", "content": "Experimental hydrocephalus has been induced in lambs by artificial increase of the amplitude of intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oscillations related to arterial pulsations, without concomitant changes of the mean CSF-pressure. The characteristics of this hydrocephalus demonstrate that the intraventricular CSF-pulsations can play a role in the genesis of ventricular dilation. Such a method may be used to produce an original model of hydrocephalus independent of changes of CSF-circulation or absorption.", "contents": "Experimental hydrocephalus following mechanical increment of intraventricular pulse pressure. Experimental hydrocephalus has been induced in lambs by artificial increase of the amplitude of intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oscillations related to arterial pulsations, without concomitant changes of the mean CSF-pressure. The characteristics of this hydrocephalus demonstrate that the intraventricular CSF-pulsations can play a role in the genesis of ventricular dilation. Such a method may be used to produce an original model of hydrocephalus independent of changes of CSF-circulation or absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:923714", "title": "False interpretation of membrane transport data due to osmotic volume changes of cells.", "content": "It is shown theoretically that in a nonsaturable transport system across a cell membrane, the kinetical analysis yields (erroneously) apparent saturation kinetics if osmotic volume changes of the cell occur and not taken into acount. Experimentally this is illustrated for the case of exit of glycerol from beff erythrocytes.", "contents": "False interpretation of membrane transport data due to osmotic volume changes of cells. It is shown theoretically that in a nonsaturable transport system across a cell membrane, the kinetical analysis yields (erroneously) apparent saturation kinetics if osmotic volume changes of the cell occur and not taken into acount. Experimentally this is illustrated for the case of exit of glycerol from beff erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:923715", "title": "Does the long term wear of contact lenses produce a loss of corneal sensitivity?", "content": "Corneal sensitivity was measured with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in a control group of 42 people and in 82 people who had worn hard contact lenses for various amounts of years. Corneal sensitivity was found to diminish significantly after a few years of wear, thus placing the wearer at some risk.", "contents": "Does the long term wear of contact lenses produce a loss of corneal sensitivity? Corneal sensitivity was measured with the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in a control group of 42 people and in 82 people who had worn hard contact lenses for various amounts of years. Corneal sensitivity was found to diminish significantly after a few years of wear, thus placing the wearer at some risk."}
{"id": "PMID:923716", "title": "The perirenal venous arch of the rat: its functional significance.", "content": "A functional and morphological study of the perirenal venous arch of the rat has been carried out. The various drainage possibilities of this arch through its multiple collaterals are demonstrated. Venous renal blood can reach the adrenal gland via the perirenal arch. The endocrine interactions between these organs are discussed.", "contents": "The perirenal venous arch of the rat: its functional significance. A functional and morphological study of the perirenal venous arch of the rat has been carried out. The various drainage possibilities of this arch through its multiple collaterals are demonstrated. Venous renal blood can reach the adrenal gland via the perirenal arch. The endocrine interactions between these organs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923717", "title": "Monosynaptic inhibition of thalamic neurons produced by stimulation of the substantia nigra.", "content": "Electric stimulation to the substantia nigra (Pars reticulata) produced a monosynaptic inhibition of the neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus in anesthetized cats.", "contents": "Monosynaptic inhibition of thalamic neurons produced by stimulation of the substantia nigra. Electric stimulation to the substantia nigra (Pars reticulata) produced a monosynaptic inhibition of the neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus in anesthetized cats."}
{"id": "PMID:923718", "title": "Localization of a new neuroleptic in the pituitary gland of the rat.", "content": "The 14C-labelled, substituted benzamide neuroleptic Tiapride has been found to accumulate transiently in the pituitary gland of the rat following a single dose, and a prolonged retention of the drug was observed in the pars intermedia.", "contents": "Localization of a new neuroleptic in the pituitary gland of the rat. The 14C-labelled, substituted benzamide neuroleptic Tiapride has been found to accumulate transiently in the pituitary gland of the rat following a single dose, and a prolonged retention of the drug was observed in the pars intermedia."}
{"id": "PMID:923719", "title": "Methadone and brain development.", "content": "The effect of maternally administered methadone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) on brain development of offspring treated during gestation and/or lactation was studied in 21-day-old rats. Animals treated during gestation or lactation were the most severely affected, with reductions in brain weights (12% and 30%, respectively), and DNA values (50% and 34%, respectively) observed.", "contents": "Methadone and brain development. The effect of maternally administered methadone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg) on brain development of offspring treated during gestation and/or lactation was studied in 21-day-old rats. Animals treated during gestation or lactation were the most severely affected, with reductions in brain weights (12% and 30%, respectively), and DNA values (50% and 34%, respectively) observed."}
{"id": "PMID:923720", "title": "Direct toxic effect of isoproterenol on cultured cardiac muscle cells.", "content": "Isoproterenol at relatively high doses (2.5 mg/ml) has a marked toxic effect on rat heart muscle cells cultivated in vitro. This effect is not prevented by propranolol and therefore is not mediated by beta adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Direct toxic effect of isoproterenol on cultured cardiac muscle cells. Isoproterenol at relatively high doses (2.5 mg/ml) has a marked toxic effect on rat heart muscle cells cultivated in vitro. This effect is not prevented by propranolol and therefore is not mediated by beta adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:923721", "title": "Effect of clonidine on the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the limbic forebrain and on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation behavior.", "content": "The present results show that clonidine does not mimic the agonist action of norepinephrine (NE) on the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system of the limbic forebrain, but antagonizes the stimulatory effect of NE while not influencing the action of isoprenaline. In self-stimulation behavior, clonidine decreases responding and blocks the facilitation caused by d-amphetamine.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine on the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the limbic forebrain and on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation behavior. The present results show that clonidine does not mimic the agonist action of norepinephrine (NE) on the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system of the limbic forebrain, but antagonizes the stimulatory effect of NE while not influencing the action of isoprenaline. In self-stimulation behavior, clonidine decreases responding and blocks the facilitation caused by d-amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:923722", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in dog thyroid follicular cells elicit by concanavalin A in vitro.", "content": "Dog thyroid follicular cells exposed to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro showed changes in cell shape, induction of colloid droplets and alterations in the distribution of microvilli. Cells exposed to Con A plus suboptimal concentrations of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) showed pseudopods and their cytoplasm was virtually occupied with colloid droplets. This findings suggest that Con A potentiated pseudopod and colloid droplet formation induced by TSH.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in dog thyroid follicular cells elicit by concanavalin A in vitro. Dog thyroid follicular cells exposed to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro showed changes in cell shape, induction of colloid droplets and alterations in the distribution of microvilli. Cells exposed to Con A plus suboptimal concentrations of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) showed pseudopods and their cytoplasm was virtually occupied with colloid droplets. This findings suggest that Con A potentiated pseudopod and colloid droplet formation induced by TSH."}
{"id": "PMID:923723", "title": "Role of the pituitary in cyproheptadine-induced pancreatic beta-cell toxicity.", "content": "Hypophysectomized rats given cyproheptadine (40 mg/kg) for 10 days exhibited a loss of pancreatic immunoreactive insulin and ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of beta-cells. Sham-operated animals given cyproheptadine showed identical changes in pancreatic beta-cells except that cytoplasmic involvement progressed to the formation of large vacuoles. The pituitary is not directly involved with the cyproheptadine-induced depletion of pancreatic insulin but plays a role in the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles.", "contents": "Role of the pituitary in cyproheptadine-induced pancreatic beta-cell toxicity. Hypophysectomized rats given cyproheptadine (40 mg/kg) for 10 days exhibited a loss of pancreatic immunoreactive insulin and ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of beta-cells. Sham-operated animals given cyproheptadine showed identical changes in pancreatic beta-cells except that cytoplasmic involvement progressed to the formation of large vacuoles. The pituitary is not directly involved with the cyproheptadine-induced depletion of pancreatic insulin but plays a role in the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:923724", "title": "In situ noradrenaline-induced stimulation of dog thyrotrophic secretion.", "content": "Anterior pituitary microinfusions of noradrenaline in the dog causes a significant release of TSH while adrenaline and dopamine do not.", "contents": "In situ noradrenaline-induced stimulation of dog thyrotrophic secretion. Anterior pituitary microinfusions of noradrenaline in the dog causes a significant release of TSH while adrenaline and dopamine do not."}
{"id": "PMID:923725", "title": "Effect of a sesquiterpene from Aristolochia indica Linn. on fertility in female mice.", "content": "A sesquiterpene isolated from the roots of Aristolochia indica (Linn.) was found to exert 100% interceptive activity and 91.7% anti-implantation activity in mice at a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg b. wt. No toxic effect was found at the dose levels used.", "contents": "Effect of a sesquiterpene from Aristolochia indica Linn. on fertility in female mice. A sesquiterpene isolated from the roots of Aristolochia indica (Linn.) was found to exert 100% interceptive activity and 91.7% anti-implantation activity in mice at a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg b. wt. No toxic effect was found at the dose levels used."}
{"id": "PMID:923726", "title": "A centrally induced vasodepressor response after intravenous administration of whole venom of Naja mossambica pallida in cats.", "content": "Naja mossambica pallida venom administered i.v. (200 microgram/kg) produces an initial brief fall in blood pressure, due to a direct myocardial depressant effect, and a sustained fall due to central depressant effect.", "contents": "A centrally induced vasodepressor response after intravenous administration of whole venom of Naja mossambica pallida in cats. Naja mossambica pallida venom administered i.v. (200 microgram/kg) produces an initial brief fall in blood pressure, due to a direct myocardial depressant effect, and a sustained fall due to central depressant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:923727", "title": "Comparison of human adult and fetal hemoglobin: aminophenol-induced methemoglobin formation.", "content": "Human fetal hemoglobin was more susceptible to methemoglobin formation in the presence of aminophenols than was adult hemoglobin. This was due to the intrinsic properties of the proteins rather than the presence of methemoglobin reductases.", "contents": "Comparison of human adult and fetal hemoglobin: aminophenol-induced methemoglobin formation. Human fetal hemoglobin was more susceptible to methemoglobin formation in the presence of aminophenols than was adult hemoglobin. This was due to the intrinsic properties of the proteins rather than the presence of methemoglobin reductases."}
{"id": "PMID:923728", "title": "Differences in cerebral morphology in 2 stocks of mutant mice heterozygous for the loop-tail (Lp)-gene.", "content": "Adult loop-tail heterozygotes (Lp/+) from a stock of Lp-mice which consistently fail to show head wobbling exhibit normal brain morphology with respect to size and shape of lateral ventricles and nearby nuclei. Loop-tail heterozygotes from a head wobbling stock of Lp-mice show enlargement and deformity of the lateral ventricles.", "contents": "Differences in cerebral morphology in 2 stocks of mutant mice heterozygous for the loop-tail (Lp)-gene. Adult loop-tail heterozygotes (Lp/+) from a stock of Lp-mice which consistently fail to show head wobbling exhibit normal brain morphology with respect to size and shape of lateral ventricles and nearby nuclei. Loop-tail heterozygotes from a head wobbling stock of Lp-mice show enlargement and deformity of the lateral ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:923729", "title": "A quantitative analysis of plasma osmotic pressure during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.", "content": "The plasma constituents contributing to osmotic pressure are, in decreasing order: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, glucose, amino acids, urea and protein. Plasma osmotic pressure increases from 180 mmoles/1 to 200 mmoles/1 throughout development.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of plasma osmotic pressure during metamorphosis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. The plasma constituents contributing to osmotic pressure are, in decreasing order: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, glucose, amino acids, urea and protein. Plasma osmotic pressure increases from 180 mmoles/1 to 200 mmoles/1 throughout development."}
{"id": "PMID:923730", "title": "Development of intratesticular implants of rat pituitary primordia.", "content": "Intratesticular grafts of pituitary primordia from 11-13-day-old rat embryos developed in 6 weeks into round nodules approximately 1 mm in diameter. The nodules were principally composed of well differentiated glandular and nervous tissues.", "contents": "Development of intratesticular implants of rat pituitary primordia. Intratesticular grafts of pituitary primordia from 11-13-day-old rat embryos developed in 6 weeks into round nodules approximately 1 mm in diameter. The nodules were principally composed of well differentiated glandular and nervous tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:923731", "title": "[Interkinetic nuclear migration in nasal placode of chick embryo].", "content": "Cells of nasal placode of chick embryos were studied with thymidine H3 and autoradiography. Our results shown, that the nuclei in the nasal placode synthesize DNA in the outer zone, then migrate toward the inner zone to undergo division and subsequently return to the outer zone.", "contents": "[Interkinetic nuclear migration in nasal placode of chick embryo]. Cells of nasal placode of chick embryos were studied with thymidine H3 and autoradiography. Our results shown, that the nuclei in the nasal placode synthesize DNA in the outer zone, then migrate toward the inner zone to undergo division and subsequently return to the outer zone."}
{"id": "PMID:923732", "title": "Effect of propylthiouracil on intestinal tumor formation by azoxymethane in rats.", "content": "Treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU) resulted in a significant decrease in azoxymethane-induced intestinal tumors, total concentration of fecal bile acids as well as the fecal neutral steroids, cholesterol and coprostanol. Thus, a hypothyroid state induced by PTU treatment may affect intestinal carcinogenesis in this animal model by lowering the concentration of fecal bile acids and neutral steroids.", "contents": "Effect of propylthiouracil on intestinal tumor formation by azoxymethane in rats. Treatment with propylthiouracil (PTU) resulted in a significant decrease in azoxymethane-induced intestinal tumors, total concentration of fecal bile acids as well as the fecal neutral steroids, cholesterol and coprostanol. Thus, a hypothyroid state induced by PTU treatment may affect intestinal carcinogenesis in this animal model by lowering the concentration of fecal bile acids and neutral steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:923733", "title": "Changes in the thermal denaturation profiles of DNA from different developmental stages of the newt Triturus vulgaris.", "content": "The melting profiles of DNA samples from the early gastrula and early neurula of Triturus vulgaris are essentially the same, whereas DNA from mid to late gastrula possesses higher Tm values and shows a deviation from the regular sigmoidal shape at temperatures above Tm. The plot on normal probability paper indicates a second DNA fraction which melts at higher temperatures and, consequently, it has a higher GC-content than the bulk of DNA. These facts confirm our idea that differential DNA replication occurs during gastrulation.", "contents": "Changes in the thermal denaturation profiles of DNA from different developmental stages of the newt Triturus vulgaris. The melting profiles of DNA samples from the early gastrula and early neurula of Triturus vulgaris are essentially the same, whereas DNA from mid to late gastrula possesses higher Tm values and shows a deviation from the regular sigmoidal shape at temperatures above Tm. The plot on normal probability paper indicates a second DNA fraction which melts at higher temperatures and, consequently, it has a higher GC-content than the bulk of DNA. These facts confirm our idea that differential DNA replication occurs during gastrulation."}
{"id": "PMID:923734", "title": "Mitogenic action of neuraminidase.", "content": "A new effect of NCV on lymphocytes is demonstrated. This property is the capacity to act as a mitogen in and of itself. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Mitogenic action of neuraminidase. A new effect of NCV on lymphocytes is demonstrated. This property is the capacity to act as a mitogen in and of itself. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923735", "title": "Changes in rate of methemoglobin reduction and oxygen affinity of erythrocytes incubated with inosine, pyruvate and phosphate.", "content": "Incubation of human erythrocytes with inosine, pyruvate and phosphate increases several fold the ferrihemoglobin reductase activity, the values of which, however, depend on the age of blood (by 6 to 2 times with respect to the normal value of fresh blood).", "contents": "Changes in rate of methemoglobin reduction and oxygen affinity of erythrocytes incubated with inosine, pyruvate and phosphate. Incubation of human erythrocytes with inosine, pyruvate and phosphate increases several fold the ferrihemoglobin reductase activity, the values of which, however, depend on the age of blood (by 6 to 2 times with respect to the normal value of fresh blood)."}
{"id": "PMID:923736", "title": "Electrical stimulation induces clot retraction after previous in vitro platelet aggregation.", "content": "The spontaneous clot retraction of platelet-rich plasma is inhibited by previous in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The electrical stimulation of the clot always restores a maximal clot retraction, even after a prolonged previous in vitro platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation induces clot retraction after previous in vitro platelet aggregation. The spontaneous clot retraction of platelet-rich plasma is inhibited by previous in vitro ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The electrical stimulation of the clot always restores a maximal clot retraction, even after a prolonged previous in vitro platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:923737", "title": "Leukocyte mobilization by epinephrine and hydrocortisone in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "The mobilization of WBC from the bone marrow, as judged from hydrocortisone-induced leucocytosis, is markedly impaired in dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients. The release of WBC from the marginal pool by epinephrine was found to be normal.", "contents": "Leukocyte mobilization by epinephrine and hydrocortisone in patients with chronic renal failure. The mobilization of WBC from the bone marrow, as judged from hydrocortisone-induced leucocytosis, is markedly impaired in dialyzed and nondialyzed uremic patients. The release of WBC from the marginal pool by epinephrine was found to be normal."}
{"id": "PMID:923738", "title": "A lectin in Nemopanthus mucronatus to papain treated porcine erythrocytes.", "content": "Extracts of the mountain holly, Nemopanthus mucronatus, contained an agglutinin to papain treated porcine erythrocytes but not untreated or neuraminidase treated cells. Human erythrocytes similarly treated did not react.", "contents": "A lectin in Nemopanthus mucronatus to papain treated porcine erythrocytes. Extracts of the mountain holly, Nemopanthus mucronatus, contained an agglutinin to papain treated porcine erythrocytes but not untreated or neuraminidase treated cells. Human erythrocytes similarly treated did not react."}
{"id": "PMID:923739", "title": "Effect of estrogens on LH- and FSH-levels in prepuberal male and female androgenized rats.", "content": "This paper has demonstrated that neonatal androgenization increases in prepuberal male and female rats the FSH-levels without changes in LH, indicating that the sexual differences in the control of FSH is a relevant process that takes place during the differentiation of the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Effect of estrogens on LH- and FSH-levels in prepuberal male and female androgenized rats. This paper has demonstrated that neonatal androgenization increases in prepuberal male and female rats the FSH-levels without changes in LH, indicating that the sexual differences in the control of FSH is a relevant process that takes place during the differentiation of the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:923740", "title": "Radioprotective effects of cyproterone acetate.", "content": "The pretreatment of irradiated mice by cyproterone acetate had a better radioprotective effect in comparison with orchidectomy, although the weight of the thymus was lower in the cyproterone acetate group. The radioprotective mechanisms involved in both cases were discussed.", "contents": "Radioprotective effects of cyproterone acetate. The pretreatment of irradiated mice by cyproterone acetate had a better radioprotective effect in comparison with orchidectomy, although the weight of the thymus was lower in the cyproterone acetate group. The radioprotective mechanisms involved in both cases were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:923741", "title": "Effect of propranolol on various parameters of estrogen stimulation in the rat uterus.", "content": "Pretreatment with propranolol does not modify the estrogen-induced uterine eosinophilia, the water imbibition effect, nor the increase in uterine RNA and protein content. This confirms the independence of these parameters from the estrogen-induced early increase in uterine cAMP, since, when observed, the latter is suppressed by propranolol pretreatment.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on various parameters of estrogen stimulation in the rat uterus. Pretreatment with propranolol does not modify the estrogen-induced uterine eosinophilia, the water imbibition effect, nor the increase in uterine RNA and protein content. This confirms the independence of these parameters from the estrogen-induced early increase in uterine cAMP, since, when observed, the latter is suppressed by propranolol pretreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:923742", "title": "Salivary gland enlargement as a test for a new way of permanent isoproterenol application.", "content": "Low doses of isoproterenol, given permanently by a new application-method, show the same effects on salivary-gland enlargement of rats throughout approx. 6 days than 10fold higher concentrations given by previous workers as single daily injections.", "contents": "Salivary gland enlargement as a test for a new way of permanent isoproterenol application. Low doses of isoproterenol, given permanently by a new application-method, show the same effects on salivary-gland enlargement of rats throughout approx. 6 days than 10fold higher concentrations given by previous workers as single daily injections."}
{"id": "PMID:923743", "title": "Androgenic properties of gibberellic acid in the chick comb bioassay.", "content": "Gibberellic acid stimulates the growth of the comb in the male chicks, but is ineffective in females. Estrogen prevents gibberellin-induced stimulation.", "contents": "Androgenic properties of gibberellic acid in the chick comb bioassay. Gibberellic acid stimulates the growth of the comb in the male chicks, but is ineffective in females. Estrogen prevents gibberellin-induced stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:923744", "title": "Absence of beta-exotoxin in Thuricide preparations.", "content": "The biological insecticide Thuricide is produced from B. thuringiensis, Berliner, var. kurstaki (serotype 3a, 3b), a bacterial strain which does not synthesize exotoxin. Thus, our product is devoid of any C-mitotic or mutagenic potentiality such as is to be found in exotoxin.", "contents": "Absence of beta-exotoxin in Thuricide preparations. The biological insecticide Thuricide is produced from B. thuringiensis, Berliner, var. kurstaki (serotype 3a, 3b), a bacterial strain which does not synthesize exotoxin. Thus, our product is devoid of any C-mitotic or mutagenic potentiality such as is to be found in exotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:923745", "title": "Possibility of using 131I-albumin as a marker for the estimations of microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen.", "content": "Total microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen of buffaloes were estimated by isotope dilution technique, using 131I-albumin treated with tannic acid as a marker. The animals were fed groundnut cake treated with formaldehyde to meet 50% of their digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement and 2.5% urea molasses mixture was given to meet the remaining requirement of DCP. Wheat straw was fed as the basal roughage. The total average microbial protein synthesis was 58.14 g/day.", "contents": "Possibility of using 131I-albumin as a marker for the estimations of microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen. Total microbial protein synthesis rates in the rumen of buffaloes were estimated by isotope dilution technique, using 131I-albumin treated with tannic acid as a marker. The animals were fed groundnut cake treated with formaldehyde to meet 50% of their digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement and 2.5% urea molasses mixture was given to meet the remaining requirement of DCP. Wheat straw was fed as the basal roughage. The total average microbial protein synthesis was 58.14 g/day."}
{"id": "PMID:923772", "title": "[Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the thyroxine hydroxylase activity of various brain structures in rats].", "content": "The effect of chronic (8-week long) 5 percent-ethanol consumption on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase on the rat brain hypothalamus, striatum and midbrain was studied. In rats with strong ethanol prefence the enzyme activity was found to increase by 65-86 percent in the hypothalamus and to diminish by 52-68 percent and 29-68 percent in the midbrain and striatum, respectively. In rats with weak ethanol preference the enzyme activity in the brain striatum and midbrain remained unchanged, while in the hypothalamus it decreased by 25-40 percent. Chronic ethanol consumption had no effect on the inhibition of the enzyme activity neither by dopamine (8.0 X10(-4)M), nor tyrosine (in an inhibitory concentration of 3.7X(10(-4)M).", "contents": "[Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on the thyroxine hydroxylase activity of various brain structures in rats]. The effect of chronic (8-week long) 5 percent-ethanol consumption on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase on the rat brain hypothalamus, striatum and midbrain was studied. In rats with strong ethanol prefence the enzyme activity was found to increase by 65-86 percent in the hypothalamus and to diminish by 52-68 percent and 29-68 percent in the midbrain and striatum, respectively. In rats with weak ethanol preference the enzyme activity in the brain striatum and midbrain remained unchanged, while in the hypothalamus it decreased by 25-40 percent. Chronic ethanol consumption had no effect on the inhibition of the enzyme activity neither by dopamine (8.0 X10(-4)M), nor tyrosine (in an inhibitory concentration of 3.7X(10(-4)M)."}
{"id": "PMID:923773", "title": "[Central action of a new cholinesterase reactivator, diethyxime].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, whose peripheral muscarinic-cholinorecptors are blocked by m-cholinolytics (benzilyl choline) failing to penetrate into the brain, the cholinesterases reactivator diethyxime debars the centrally caused fall of the arterial pressure produced by armine, an inhibitor of cholinesterases readily gaining access into the brain. Diethyxime is also capable of abolishing the depression of the phrenic nerve action potentials produced by armine. Dipyroxime-a quaternary diethyxime analogue and also a quaternary cholinesterase reactivator fails to produce such an effect.", "contents": "[Central action of a new cholinesterase reactivator, diethyxime]. In anesthetized cats, whose peripheral muscarinic-cholinorecptors are blocked by m-cholinolytics (benzilyl choline) failing to penetrate into the brain, the cholinesterases reactivator diethyxime debars the centrally caused fall of the arterial pressure produced by armine, an inhibitor of cholinesterases readily gaining access into the brain. Diethyxime is also capable of abolishing the depression of the phrenic nerve action potentials produced by armine. Dipyroxime-a quaternary diethyxime analogue and also a quaternary cholinesterase reactivator fails to produce such an effect."}
{"id": "PMID:923774", "title": "[Effect of novocaine incorporation into the structure of a water-soluble polymer on its pharmacological activity].", "content": "The topically anesthesizing action and acute toxicity of two polymetric derivatives of novocaine-celnovocaine and polynovocaine No 5 (PN-5) were studied. The polymeric derivatives differ in the orientation of the novocaine molecule with respect to the macro-molecule of the water-soluble polymer-the modified cellulose. In celnovocaine novocaine joins the macromolecule through the intermediary of diethylamino-ethanol nitrogen and in PN-5-through the intermediary of paraaminobenzoic acid nitrogen. The ratio of the polymer-carrier (mol. weight 20 000-26 000) to novocaine is 1:1. The chemical bonding between novacaine and modified cellulose potentiates ad prolongs the infiltrative and terminal anesthesia, without changing (PN-5) or lowering  (celnovocaine) the toxicity. The extent to which the action and duration of the effect, as well as changes in the toxicity depend upon the orientation of the novocaine molecule relative to the water-soluble polymer molecule.", "contents": "[Effect of novocaine incorporation into the structure of a water-soluble polymer on its pharmacological activity]. The topically anesthesizing action and acute toxicity of two polymetric derivatives of novocaine-celnovocaine and polynovocaine No 5 (PN-5) were studied. The polymeric derivatives differ in the orientation of the novocaine molecule with respect to the macro-molecule of the water-soluble polymer-the modified cellulose. In celnovocaine novocaine joins the macromolecule through the intermediary of diethylamino-ethanol nitrogen and in PN-5-through the intermediary of paraaminobenzoic acid nitrogen. The ratio of the polymer-carrier (mol. weight 20 000-26 000) to novocaine is 1:1. The chemical bonding between novacaine and modified cellulose potentiates ad prolongs the infiltrative and terminal anesthesia, without changing (PN-5) or lowering  (celnovocaine) the toxicity. The extent to which the action and duration of the effect, as well as changes in the toxicity depend upon the orientation of the novocaine molecule relative to the water-soluble polymer molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:923775", "title": "[Action of isolanide in acute cardiac insufficiency in rats].", "content": "Acute teste staged on rats showed low doses of the cardiac glycoside isolanide to bring down the level of total lipids, cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins, without causing any changes in the content of NAD, adenyl nucleotides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and of phospholipids in themyocardium. Large doses of the drug uniformly reduce the content of all the co-enzymes fractions, the amount of ARP, ADP, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins and the raise the level of total lipids, phospholipids and NEFA. In cases of acute cardiac insufficiency the drug produces a normalizing action on the co-enzymes and adenyl nucleotides content and reduces that of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol. It appears that a definite part in the mechanism of the isolanide action plays its influence on the level of nucotinamide co-enzymes, adenyl nucleotides and lipids.", "contents": "[Action of isolanide in acute cardiac insufficiency in rats]. Acute teste staged on rats showed low doses of the cardiac glycoside isolanide to bring down the level of total lipids, cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins, without causing any changes in the content of NAD, adenyl nucleotides, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and of phospholipids in themyocardium. Large doses of the drug uniformly reduce the content of all the co-enzymes fractions, the amount of ARP, ADP, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins and the raise the level of total lipids, phospholipids and NEFA. In cases of acute cardiac insufficiency the drug produces a normalizing action on the co-enzymes and adenyl nucleotides content and reduces that of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol. It appears that a definite part in the mechanism of the isolanide action plays its influence on the level of nucotinamide co-enzymes, adenyl nucleotides and lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:923776", "title": "[Effect of mercazolyl on the course of isadrin lesions of the heart].", "content": "Tests conducted on rats established the prophylactic administration of mercazolil to produce a beneficial influence on the course of experimental isadrine-induced heart affections Administration of mercazolil concurrently with isadrine, on the contrary, tends to aggravate the course of the pathological process.", "contents": "[Effect of mercazolyl on the course of isadrin lesions of the heart]. Tests conducted on rats established the prophylactic administration of mercazolil to produce a beneficial influence on the course of experimental isadrine-induced heart affections Administration of mercazolil concurrently with isadrine, on the contrary, tends to aggravate the course of the pathological process."}
{"id": "PMID:923777", "title": "[Effect of obsidan on the systemic hemodynamics of dogs in ontogeny].", "content": "Investigations on dogs of different age have brought evidence that intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of obsidan (propranolol hydrochloride) causes in 18-22-day old puppies a fall of arterial pressure due to a reduced cardiac ejection with little changing total vascular peripheral resistance. The frequency of the rhythm and conduction in the heart are slowed down. In dogs aged 3-5 years the arterial pressure remains unchanged, since the diminution of the cardiac output is attended by a greater vascular resistance.", "contents": "[Effect of obsidan on the systemic hemodynamics of dogs in ontogeny]. Investigations on dogs of different age have brought evidence that intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of obsidan (propranolol hydrochloride) causes in 18-22-day old puppies a fall of arterial pressure due to a reduced cardiac ejection with little changing total vascular peripheral resistance. The frequency of the rhythm and conduction in the heart are slowed down. In dogs aged 3-5 years the arterial pressure remains unchanged, since the diminution of the cardiac output is attended by a greater vascular resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:923778", "title": "[Fibrinolysis in the blood of animals exposed to the chronic per os use of a heparin-urea complex].", "content": "When given per os a complex heparin-urea produces in the organism an intensive anticoagulant and fibrinolytic background which makes itself manifest in 1 hour time and continues to exist for as long as 16 hours after the last (10th) introduction. Upon abolishing the intake of the complex the study figures for the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activity return back to their physiological level. Introduction per os of the complex heparin-urea did not cause any changes in the tissues of the liver, heart, lungs, spleen and kidneys, while administration by the same route of an equivalent amount of urea caused mainly an increased non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the kidneys.", "contents": "[Fibrinolysis in the blood of animals exposed to the chronic per os use of a heparin-urea complex]. When given per os a complex heparin-urea produces in the organism an intensive anticoagulant and fibrinolytic background which makes itself manifest in 1 hour time and continues to exist for as long as 16 hours after the last (10th) introduction. Upon abolishing the intake of the complex the study figures for the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activity return back to their physiological level. Introduction per os of the complex heparin-urea did not cause any changes in the tissues of the liver, heart, lungs, spleen and kidneys, while administration by the same route of an equivalent amount of urea caused mainly an increased non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:923779", "title": "[Effect of histamine and nicotine on carbohydrate metabolic indices and the catecholamine balance in the vascular wall].", "content": "In experiments on cats subject to study was the effect of histamine and nicotine used in different doses on the level of \"key\" metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism and on the catecholamines balance in the wall of vessels of different functional purpose at the instant of the maximum, bioelectric and motor response to a vasomotor agent. It was shown that the vasodilation phase observed after introduction of the mediatory type drugs was attended by activation of the carbohydrate metabolism this proving the energy-dependence of the relaxation process. The presence of variously oriented and differently marked changes in the content of the carbohydrate metabolites in vessels vessels of diverse functional purpose made it possible to classify the vessels according to the type of metabolism, which coincides with their functional purpose.", "contents": "[Effect of histamine and nicotine on carbohydrate metabolic indices and the catecholamine balance in the vascular wall]. In experiments on cats subject to study was the effect of histamine and nicotine used in different doses on the level of \"key\" metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism and on the catecholamines balance in the wall of vessels of different functional purpose at the instant of the maximum, bioelectric and motor response to a vasomotor agent. It was shown that the vasodilation phase observed after introduction of the mediatory type drugs was attended by activation of the carbohydrate metabolism this proving the energy-dependence of the relaxation process. The presence of variously oriented and differently marked changes in the content of the carbohydrate metabolites in vessels vessels of diverse functional purpose made it possible to classify the vessels according to the type of metabolism, which coincides with their functional purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:923781", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the action of clofeline and isoglaucon on the eye].", "content": "In experiments on rabbits it was found that the developed clofelin eyedrops in the shape of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 percent solutions with a rated storage time of 2 years display a hypotensive action. The fall of the intra-ocular pressure following instillation of the drug may be put down to the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system coming as a result of the central action, as well as to the local alpha-adrenomimetic effect that brings with it a diminished secretion and improved outflow of the aqueous humor. A comparison of the effects produced by clofelin and isoglaucon on the intraocular pressure, hydro- and hemodynamics of the eyes did not reveal any essential differences between these drugs.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the action of clofeline and isoglaucon on the eye]. In experiments on rabbits it was found that the developed clofelin eyedrops in the shape of 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 percent solutions with a rated storage time of 2 years display a hypotensive action. The fall of the intra-ocular pressure following instillation of the drug may be put down to the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system coming as a result of the central action, as well as to the local alpha-adrenomimetic effect that brings with it a diminished secretion and improved outflow of the aqueous humor. A comparison of the effects produced by clofelin and isoglaucon on the intraocular pressure, hydro- and hemodynamics of the eyes did not reveal any essential differences between these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:923782", "title": "[Study of the action of x-ray contrast substances on the respiratory chain of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Subject to study was the influence of roentgen-contrast media on the respiration and linked with it phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the rats' liver. Triotrast, cardiotrast, bilignost and endografin are shown to produce no effect on the oxidative phosphorylation in concentrations that can be built up following their administration \"in vivo\", but inhibit the respiratory mitochondrial chain. Triombrin, urotrast and iodamide have no effect on the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Study of the action of x-ray contrast substances on the respiratory chain of rat liver mitochondria]. Subject to study was the influence of roentgen-contrast media on the respiration and linked with it phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the rats' liver. Triotrast, cardiotrast, bilignost and endografin are shown to produce no effect on the oxidative phosphorylation in concentrations that can be built up following their administration \"in vivo\", but inhibit the respiratory mitochondrial chain. Triombrin, urotrast and iodamide have no effect on the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:923788", "title": "[Synthesis of n-hexanoylmethylene triphenylphosphorane].", "content": "An efficient synthesis of n.hexanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (II), a fundamental intermediate for obtaining prostanoic products, is described. The crucial intermediate in the synthesis is the 2-keto-n.heptyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (VII), which is prepared via a very precise procedure.", "contents": "[Synthesis of n-hexanoylmethylene triphenylphosphorane]. An efficient synthesis of n.hexanoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane (II), a fundamental intermediate for obtaining prostanoic products, is described. The crucial intermediate in the synthesis is the 2-keto-n.heptyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (VII), which is prepared via a very precise procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:923780", "title": "[Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of immunodepressants].", "content": "The effectiveness of immunodepressants in lingering exudative processes, their inhibitory action in the proliferative phase of inflammation, depression of the phagocytic activity of leucocytes, as well as suppressive influence on the development of a toxic pulmonary edema and upon generalized anaphylaction reaction was demonstrated in tests staged on rats and mice. The antiphlogistic action of immunodepressants was not abolished during the first hours after their administration by specific metabolites, but was suppressed at the peak of the cytostatic effect together with the latter. The phlogolytic effect was not mediated through the hypophysis-adrenal system and did not include the lienic factor.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of immunodepressants]. The effectiveness of immunodepressants in lingering exudative processes, their inhibitory action in the proliferative phase of inflammation, depression of the phagocytic activity of leucocytes, as well as suppressive influence on the development of a toxic pulmonary edema and upon generalized anaphylaction reaction was demonstrated in tests staged on rats and mice. The antiphlogistic action of immunodepressants was not abolished during the first hours after their administration by specific metabolites, but was suppressed at the peak of the cytostatic effect together with the latter. The phlogolytic effect was not mediated through the hypophysis-adrenal system and did not include the lienic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:923784", "title": "[Effect of drug preparation combinations on intrauterine development].", "content": "On the 13th day of pregnancy chloridine (50 mg/kg) or 6-mercaptopurine (60 mg/kg) was administered to rats. Thirty minutes before this the anomals received insulin (40 IU/kg), pentoxyl (100 mg/kg), ethonium (15 mg/kg), dimexide (5500 mg/kg), or magnesium sulphate (250 mg/kg). Oi the 20th day of preganancy the animals were sacrificed. While chloridine and 6-mercaptopurine caused abnormal development in all live embryos, their damaging (teratogenic and embryolethal) and action was sharply reduced when teratogens were used in combination with other drugs. The author feels that the normalizing effect of the study agents is due to the influence of these compounds on the functioning of the lysosome-segregational system.", "contents": "[Effect of drug preparation combinations on intrauterine development]. On the 13th day of pregnancy chloridine (50 mg/kg) or 6-mercaptopurine (60 mg/kg) was administered to rats. Thirty minutes before this the anomals received insulin (40 IU/kg), pentoxyl (100 mg/kg), ethonium (15 mg/kg), dimexide (5500 mg/kg), or magnesium sulphate (250 mg/kg). Oi the 20th day of preganancy the animals were sacrificed. While chloridine and 6-mercaptopurine caused abnormal development in all live embryos, their damaging (teratogenic and embryolethal) and action was sharply reduced when teratogens were used in combination with other drugs. The author feels that the normalizing effect of the study agents is due to the influence of these compounds on the functioning of the lysosome-segregational system."}
{"id": "PMID:923790", "title": "Alkaloids of Ocotea brachybotra.", "content": "Aporphine, proaporphine and morphinane alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of a Brazilian Lauracea, Ocotea brachybotra (Meiss.) Mez. The known alkaloids were identified through their physico-chemical properties as: (I) (+/-)-glaziovine, (II) dicentrine, (III) ocopodine, (IV) cassynthicine, (V) predicentrine, (VI) leucoxine, (IX) sinacutine and (X) pallidine. The structure of (VI) leucoxine was confirmed by a detailed analysis of the N.M.R. spectra recorded in various conditions. New morphinane alkaloids, (XI) ocobotrine and (XII) 14-espisinomenine, having the unusual B/C-trans configuration were also isolated. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and chemical correlations.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Ocotea brachybotra. Aporphine, proaporphine and morphinane alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of a Brazilian Lauracea, Ocotea brachybotra (Meiss.) Mez. The known alkaloids were identified through their physico-chemical properties as: (I) (+/-)-glaziovine, (II) dicentrine, (III) ocopodine, (IV) cassynthicine, (V) predicentrine, (VI) leucoxine, (IX) sinacutine and (X) pallidine. The structure of (VI) leucoxine was confirmed by a detailed analysis of the N.M.R. spectra recorded in various conditions. New morphinane alkaloids, (XI) ocobotrine and (XII) 14-espisinomenine, having the unusual B/C-trans configuration were also isolated. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and chemical correlations."}
{"id": "PMID:923785", "title": "[Changes in the quantity of nucleic acids in the liver and kidneys of rats with experimental lead poisoning].", "content": "In the liver and kidneys of 125 control and test albino rats poisoned perorally daily with different doses of neutral lead acetate for 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 days the RNA and DNA contest was measured. A statistically significant increase of nucleic acids was registered in both organs, earlier and stronger pronouced in the liver than in the kidneys. The amount of DNA changed quicker than that of DNA. In all the groups of animals the rise in the content was proportional to the introduced amount of lead (20, 40 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Following poisoning with 20 mg/kg of lead acetate the DNA and RNA accretion (statistically significant) remained after the 10th day roughly the same till the 45th day. The main reason for the DNA increment in the study organs seems to be an intensive synthesis, the rise of RNA is due to an inhibited activity of ribonuclease.", "contents": "[Changes in the quantity of nucleic acids in the liver and kidneys of rats with experimental lead poisoning]. In the liver and kidneys of 125 control and test albino rats poisoned perorally daily with different doses of neutral lead acetate for 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 days the RNA and DNA contest was measured. A statistically significant increase of nucleic acids was registered in both organs, earlier and stronger pronouced in the liver than in the kidneys. The amount of DNA changed quicker than that of DNA. In all the groups of animals the rise in the content was proportional to the introduced amount of lead (20, 40 and 100 mg/kg body weight). Following poisoning with 20 mg/kg of lead acetate the DNA and RNA accretion (statistically significant) remained after the 10th day roughly the same till the 45th day. The main reason for the DNA increment in the study organs seems to be an intensive synthesis, the rise of RNA is due to an inhibited activity of ribonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:923791", "title": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazines. XIII. Dialkylaminoalkylic derivatives of 7-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino(4,5-b) (1,4)benzothiazin-1 (1OH)one and of the isomer of 7-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino(4,5-b) (1,4)benzothiazin-4 (1OH)-one].", "content": "Some derivatives of 7-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4] benzothiazin-1 (1OH)-one (VI a...d) and of 7-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-4 (1OH)-one (X a...d) substituted in the 2 and 3 positions with dialkylaminoalkyl groups are described. The compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 2,3-diazaphenothiazines. XIII. Dialkylaminoalkylic derivatives of 7-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino(4,5-b) (1,4)benzothiazin-1 (1OH)one and of the isomer of 7-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino(4,5-b) (1,4)benzothiazin-4 (1OH)-one]. Some derivatives of 7-acetylamino-2H-pyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4] benzothiazin-1 (1OH)-one (VI a...d) and of 7-acetylamino-3H-pyridazino [4,5-b] [1,4]benzothiazin-4 (1OH)-one (X a...d) substituted in the 2 and 3 positions with dialkylaminoalkyl groups are described. The compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening."}
{"id": "PMID:923783", "title": "[Effect of a number of sulfur-containing radioprotective agents on the evacuatory function of the stomach in mice].", "content": "Tests staged on mongrel albino mice demonstrated that sulphur-containing radioprotectors used in doses two orders below those exercising a radioprotective action with their peroral administration are apt to significantly modify the evacuative function of the stomach. This properties of the sulphur-containing radioprotectors depends upon their chemical structure. A particularly strong influence on the evacuative function of the stomach in mice exerts cystamine dichlorohydrate, aminoalkylamino-alkylthiophosphates and mercaptoamidines. This property is less pronounced in cystaphos and cysteamine chlorhydrate. The least effect on the delayed evacuation was found in cysteamine bitartrate and in the disodium salt-4, 4(1)-trithiobis (butane-sulphonate). These data allow it to explain the specificity of the toxic and radioprotective action produced by diverse drugs with their peroral administration.", "contents": "[Effect of a number of sulfur-containing radioprotective agents on the evacuatory function of the stomach in mice]. Tests staged on mongrel albino mice demonstrated that sulphur-containing radioprotectors used in doses two orders below those exercising a radioprotective action with their peroral administration are apt to significantly modify the evacuative function of the stomach. This properties of the sulphur-containing radioprotectors depends upon their chemical structure. A particularly strong influence on the evacuative function of the stomach in mice exerts cystamine dichlorohydrate, aminoalkylamino-alkylthiophosphates and mercaptoamidines. This property is less pronounced in cystaphos and cysteamine chlorhydrate. The least effect on the delayed evacuation was found in cysteamine bitartrate and in the disodium salt-4, 4(1)-trithiobis (butane-sulphonate). These data allow it to explain the specificity of the toxic and radioprotective action produced by diverse drugs with their peroral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:923792", "title": "[Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological characteristics of various derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole (furazan)].", "content": "The synthesis, the chemical properties, the acute toxicity, the action of frog flexor reflex of 4-methylfurazan-3-N-methylcarboxamide (II), 4-methylfurazan-3-N-isopropylcarboxamide (III), 3-methyl-4-morpholinocarbonylfurazan (IV), 3-methyl-4-pyrrolidinocarbonylfurazan (V), 3-amino-4-methylfurazan (VI), 3-acetylamino-4-methylfurazan (VII), are reported. LD50 decrease in the following order: (VI), (II), (IV), (III), (VII), (V). All compounds, except (VII), depressed frog flexor reflexes.", "contents": "[Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological characteristics of various derivatives of 1,2,5-oxadiazole (furazan)]. The synthesis, the chemical properties, the acute toxicity, the action of frog flexor reflex of 4-methylfurazan-3-N-methylcarboxamide (II), 4-methylfurazan-3-N-isopropylcarboxamide (III), 3-methyl-4-morpholinocarbonylfurazan (IV), 3-methyl-4-pyrrolidinocarbonylfurazan (V), 3-amino-4-methylfurazan (VI), 3-acetylamino-4-methylfurazan (VII), are reported. LD50 decrease in the following order: (VI), (II), (IV), (III), (VII), (V). All compounds, except (VII), depressed frog flexor reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:923793", "title": "Reaction of dichloroketene and sulfene with N,N-disubstituted 6-aminomethylene-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-ones. Synthesis of 5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(2,1-b)pyran and 5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(1,2-e)-1,2-oxathiin derivatives.", "content": "The 1,4-cycloaddition of dichloroketene to N,N-disubstituted 6-aminomethylene-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-ones afforded N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3,3-dichloro-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[2,1-b]pyran-2-ones only in the case of full or partial aromatic N-substitution. The relative adducts gave N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[2,1-b]pyran-2-ones by dehydrochlorination. The 1,4-cycloaddition with sulfene occurred readily in the case of both aliphatic and aromatic N-substitution to give N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-e]-1,2-oxathiin-2,2-dioxides. These compounds, as well as the pyran derivatives, can be considered as linear heterocyclic analogues of the Amitriptyline ring system.", "contents": "Reaction of dichloroketene and sulfene with N,N-disubstituted 6-aminomethylene-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-ones. Synthesis of 5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(2,1-b)pyran and 5H-benzo(5,6)cyclohepta(1,2-e)-1,2-oxathiin derivatives. The 1,4-cycloaddition of dichloroketene to N,N-disubstituted 6-aminomethylene-5,6,8,9-tetrahydro-7H-benzocyclohepten-7-ones afforded N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3,3-dichloro-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[2,1-b]pyran-2-ones only in the case of full or partial aromatic N-substitution. The relative adducts gave N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3-chloro-10,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[2,1-b]pyran-2-ones by dehydrochlorination. The 1,4-cycloaddition with sulfene occurred readily in the case of both aliphatic and aromatic N-substitution to give N,N-disubstituted 4-amino-3,4,10,11-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-e]-1,2-oxathiin-2,2-dioxides. These compounds, as well as the pyran derivatives, can be considered as linear heterocyclic analogues of the Amitriptyline ring system."}
{"id": "PMID:923794", "title": "[Preparation and study of phytotoxicity of N-arylalkyl substituted amides. I. Benzylamides].", "content": "A series of N-benzyl substituted amides (substances I-CV) have been prepared and tested for phytotoxicity. Preliminary tests were carried out on various common plants using both pre- and post-emergence tests at doses of 6 kg/ha. Further tests using doses of 4 and 2 kg/ha were carried out on the most interesting compounds. Some of the compounds tested showed marked phytotoxic activity. This activity appears clearly different as regards mechanism from that of homologous anilides. The amides studied appear to be quite inactive as inhibitors of the Hill reaction.", "contents": "[Preparation and study of phytotoxicity of N-arylalkyl substituted amides. I. Benzylamides]. A series of N-benzyl substituted amides (substances I-CV) have been prepared and tested for phytotoxicity. Preliminary tests were carried out on various common plants using both pre- and post-emergence tests at doses of 6 kg/ha. Further tests using doses of 4 and 2 kg/ha were carried out on the most interesting compounds. Some of the compounds tested showed marked phytotoxic activity. This activity appears clearly different as regards mechanism from that of homologous anilides. The amides studied appear to be quite inactive as inhibitors of the Hill reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:923795", "title": "Radiopaque contrast media. XLIV - Preclinical studies with a new nonionic contrast agent.", "content": "L-5-alpha-hydroxypropionylamino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid di-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propylamide), abbreviated Iopamidol, a new non-ionic water soluble contrast agent for angiography, myelography, ventriculography and for contrast reinforced computer-assisted axial tomography is described. Extensive preclinical testing showed favorable physico-chemical features of the new compound, low systemic toxicity, excellent cardiovascular and renal tolerability, very mild effects on the blood-brain barrier and on nervous tissue.", "contents": "Radiopaque contrast media. XLIV - Preclinical studies with a new nonionic contrast agent. L-5-alpha-hydroxypropionylamino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid di-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propylamide), abbreviated Iopamidol, a new non-ionic water soluble contrast agent for angiography, myelography, ventriculography and for contrast reinforced computer-assisted axial tomography is described. Extensive preclinical testing showed favorable physico-chemical features of the new compound, low systemic toxicity, excellent cardiovascular and renal tolerability, very mild effects on the blood-brain barrier and on nervous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:923834", "title": "Pregnancy following the \"insensitive ovary syndrome\".", "content": "A patient in whom the \"insensitive ovary syndrome\" was followed by a successful pregnancy is reported and discussed. Conception occurred while this patient was receiving estrogen therapy. The marked differences in her ovarian responsivity to endogenous and exogenous gonadotropin stimulation remain enigmatic.", "contents": "Pregnancy following the \"insensitive ovary syndrome\". A patient in whom the \"insensitive ovary syndrome\" was followed by a successful pregnancy is reported and discussed. Conception occurred while this patient was receiving estrogen therapy. The marked differences in her ovarian responsivity to endogenous and exogenous gonadotropin stimulation remain enigmatic."}
{"id": "PMID:923835", "title": "Microscopic vasectomy reversal.", "content": "More than 300 patients undergoing microscopic vasovasostomy have been carefully studied in an effort to determine the factors which affect the recovery of fertility after an accurate microscopic reanastomosis. The over-all pregnancy rate in an unselected group of early patients was 71%. Recovery of fertility correlated with the return of normal sperm counts and with the quality of seminal fluid in the vas deferens on the testicular side of the obstruction at the time of vasovasostomy. The three most important factors influencing return of fertility after vasovasostomy are (1) a meticulous microscopic technique for reconnection, (2) the duration of time the vas deferens has been obstructed, and (3) the presence of absence of a sperm granuloma at the site of the vasectomy, venting the long-term pressure buildup which otherwise would occur. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site generally ensured the presence of good quality sperm in the vas fluid at the time of vasovasostomy and the recovery of a good sperm count postoperatively. If all three of these factors are favorable, vasectomy should be reversible for most patients.", "contents": "Microscopic vasectomy reversal. More than 300 patients undergoing microscopic vasovasostomy have been carefully studied in an effort to determine the factors which affect the recovery of fertility after an accurate microscopic reanastomosis. The over-all pregnancy rate in an unselected group of early patients was 71%. Recovery of fertility correlated with the return of normal sperm counts and with the quality of seminal fluid in the vas deferens on the testicular side of the obstruction at the time of vasovasostomy. The three most important factors influencing return of fertility after vasovasostomy are (1) a meticulous microscopic technique for reconnection, (2) the duration of time the vas deferens has been obstructed, and (3) the presence of absence of a sperm granuloma at the site of the vasectomy, venting the long-term pressure buildup which otherwise would occur. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site generally ensured the presence of good quality sperm in the vas fluid at the time of vasovasostomy and the recovery of a good sperm count postoperatively. If all three of these factors are favorable, vasectomy should be reversible for most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923837", "title": "Clomiphene citrate in the management of male hypofertility: predictors for treatment selection.", "content": "All males treated with long-term, low-dose clomiphene citrate retrospectively were categorized as having pregerminal, primary germinal, or postgerminal hypofertility and their response to treatment was observed. Among couples in which no female factor could be identified and the husband was categorized as demonstrating pregerminal hypofertility, a pregnancy rate of 42% was established after treatment.", "contents": "Clomiphene citrate in the management of male hypofertility: predictors for treatment selection. All males treated with long-term, low-dose clomiphene citrate retrospectively were categorized as having pregerminal, primary germinal, or postgerminal hypofertility and their response to treatment was observed. Among couples in which no female factor could be identified and the husband was categorized as demonstrating pregerminal hypofertility, a pregnancy rate of 42% was established after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:923838", "title": "Artificial donor insemination with frozen human semen.", "content": "This study describes the experience with artificial donor insemination (AID) using frozen semen in 227 women who began therapy in 1974 and were followed until March 31, 1976. Ninety-one women (40%) conceived during this period. Sixty-five women (37.9%) failed to continue treatment after three or fewer cycles; follow-up on these patients was incomplete and it is presumed that most did not conceive. The cumulative pregnancy rate was 56.5% among women who persisted in AID for four or more cycles. Additional causes for infertility were found in 53 women. Excluding these, the pregnancy rate was 67.4% for apparently fertile women who had had four or more cycles of AID. Fifty-eight per cent of conceptions occurred within the first three cycles and eighty-five per cent within the first six cycles. The pregnancy rate was not significantly affected by age, occupation, cigarette smoking, or prior fertility. The large number of dropouts after a few cycles of AID suggests a need for intensive and continuous educational, emotional, and psychologic support.", "contents": "Artificial donor insemination with frozen human semen. This study describes the experience with artificial donor insemination (AID) using frozen semen in 227 women who began therapy in 1974 and were followed until March 31, 1976. Ninety-one women (40%) conceived during this period. Sixty-five women (37.9%) failed to continue treatment after three or fewer cycles; follow-up on these patients was incomplete and it is presumed that most did not conceive. The cumulative pregnancy rate was 56.5% among women who persisted in AID for four or more cycles. Additional causes for infertility were found in 53 women. Excluding these, the pregnancy rate was 67.4% for apparently fertile women who had had four or more cycles of AID. Fifty-eight per cent of conceptions occurred within the first three cycles and eighty-five per cent within the first six cycles. The pregnancy rate was not significantly affected by age, occupation, cigarette smoking, or prior fertility. The large number of dropouts after a few cycles of AID suggests a need for intensive and continuous educational, emotional, and psychologic support."}
{"id": "PMID:923839", "title": "Antigenicity of frozen and fresh spermatozoa.", "content": "Since cryopreservation of spermatozoa causes surface changes, we tested whether specific antigens associated with the plasmalemma might be dislodged or destroyed during freezing. When we compared the use of frozen sperm with the use of fresh sperm in indirect immunofluorescence tests for antisperm antibodies, we found changes in antigenicity. There was a decrease in antigenicity of the acrosomal region, and antigenicity of the sperm tail was increased with the addition of 10% glycerol, with or without cryopreservation. These results suggest that women who are infertile and, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, have antibodies to sperm may be aided by artificial insemination with the husband's cryopreserved sperm.", "contents": "Antigenicity of frozen and fresh spermatozoa. Since cryopreservation of spermatozoa causes surface changes, we tested whether specific antigens associated with the plasmalemma might be dislodged or destroyed during freezing. When we compared the use of frozen sperm with the use of fresh sperm in indirect immunofluorescence tests for antisperm antibodies, we found changes in antigenicity. There was a decrease in antigenicity of the acrosomal region, and antigenicity of the sperm tail was increased with the addition of 10% glycerol, with or without cryopreservation. These results suggest that women who are infertile and, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence, have antibodies to sperm may be aided by artificial insemination with the husband's cryopreserved sperm."}
{"id": "PMID:923840", "title": "Modification of germinal epithelium ischemia by perfusion.", "content": "Three groups of dogs underwent testicular ischemia for a 3-hour period. Group I (10 animals) was not subsequently perfused. Group II (10 animals) underwent subsequent perfusion by a new in vivo reversible method via the internal spermatic artery with heparinized saline. Group III (5 animals) underwent perfusion with Sacks' solution. At 3 weeks' time the histology of the testes of the three groups was compared. Group I showed a 75.5% decrease in the germinal epithelium. Group II showed a 21.4% decrease. Group III showed a 31.8% decrease. The survival rate of the germinal epithelium in the two perfused groups was significantly improved (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Modification of germinal epithelium ischemia by perfusion. Three groups of dogs underwent testicular ischemia for a 3-hour period. Group I (10 animals) was not subsequently perfused. Group II (10 animals) underwent subsequent perfusion by a new in vivo reversible method via the internal spermatic artery with heparinized saline. Group III (5 animals) underwent perfusion with Sacks' solution. At 3 weeks' time the histology of the testes of the three groups was compared. Group I showed a 75.5% decrease in the germinal epithelium. Group II showed a 21.4% decrease. Group III showed a 31.8% decrease. The survival rate of the germinal epithelium in the two perfused groups was significantly improved (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:923844", "title": "[Transcallosal modulation of a focus of maximal activity in the motor cortex].", "content": "In acute experiments on cats, when recording EPs from 170 symmetrical points of the motor cortex, callosal influence on the maximal activity focus (MAF) was studied in conditions of stimulation of the sciatic nerves with different stimuli. After callosal transection, weak stimuli enlarged the MAF, strong one-narrowed it. The transcallosal modulation in intact brain is supposed to aid to delineate the MAF in the motor cortex and to exaggerate the differences between MAFs occurring at stimulation with different stimuli.", "contents": "[Transcallosal modulation of a focus of maximal activity in the motor cortex]. In acute experiments on cats, when recording EPs from 170 symmetrical points of the motor cortex, callosal influence on the maximal activity focus (MAF) was studied in conditions of stimulation of the sciatic nerves with different stimuli. After callosal transection, weak stimuli enlarged the MAF, strong one-narrowed it. The transcallosal modulation in intact brain is supposed to aid to delineate the MAF in the motor cortex and to exaggerate the differences between MAFs occurring at stimulation with different stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:923848", "title": "[Nature of the hig-frequency (pessimal) block in the excitatory neuromuscular synapses of cray fish].", "content": "The characteristics of the excitatory neuromuscular transmission of the crayfish claw opener were studied with intracellular recording during high frequency stimulation . The high frequency block was of the presynaptic origin. The appearance of failures of transmission was correlated with the decrease of the conduction velocity in the axon and/or its branches. At the high rates of stimulation before the failures of transmission, the mean quantum content of the polysynaptic EPSPs on the plateau of potentiation was lower than that at the lower rates. There were no signs of the transmitter store depletion during high frequency stimulation. The stability of transmitter secretion mechanism is concluded to be higher than that of the nerve conduction.", "contents": "[Nature of the hig-frequency (pessimal) block in the excitatory neuromuscular synapses of cray fish]. The characteristics of the excitatory neuromuscular transmission of the crayfish claw opener were studied with intracellular recording during high frequency stimulation . The high frequency block was of the presynaptic origin. The appearance of failures of transmission was correlated with the decrease of the conduction velocity in the axon and/or its branches. At the high rates of stimulation before the failures of transmission, the mean quantum content of the polysynaptic EPSPs on the plateau of potentiation was lower than that at the lower rates. There were no signs of the transmitter store depletion during high frequency stimulation. The stability of transmitter secretion mechanism is concluded to be higher than that of the nerve conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:923849", "title": "[Mechanisms of release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the caudal mesenteric ganglion of dogs].", "content": "Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (N) release from the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) during preganglionic nerve stimulation is due to acetylcholine action on N--and M-cholinoreceptors of ganglion's adrenergic structures (GAS) and probably, primarily on SIF--cells, whereas during peripheral reflexes of CMG it is related to the excitation of noncholinergic afferent neurons which affect the corresponding receptors of GAS. A and N release is inhibited via M-receptors. There is a complex relationship between receptor fields of GAS. Hemicholinium as well as N--cholinoblocking agents, during first minutes of their application to the ganglion elicit A and N release both before and after preganglionic fiber degeneration, which indicates their postsynaptic effect on the cholinoreceptors. Changes in A and N in the ganglion during peripheral reflexes are increased after prolonged action of hemicholinium and chronic decentralisation of CMG.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of release of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the caudal mesenteric ganglion of dogs]. Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (N) release from the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) during preganglionic nerve stimulation is due to acetylcholine action on N--and M-cholinoreceptors of ganglion's adrenergic structures (GAS) and probably, primarily on SIF--cells, whereas during peripheral reflexes of CMG it is related to the excitation of noncholinergic afferent neurons which affect the corresponding receptors of GAS. A and N release is inhibited via M-receptors. There is a complex relationship between receptor fields of GAS. Hemicholinium as well as N--cholinoblocking agents, during first minutes of their application to the ganglion elicit A and N release both before and after preganglionic fiber degeneration, which indicates their postsynaptic effect on the cholinoreceptors. Changes in A and N in the ganglion during peripheral reflexes are increased after prolonged action of hemicholinium and chronic decentralisation of CMG."}
{"id": "PMID:923851", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of changes in the diameters of microvessels and blood flow within them during systemic shifts in hemodynamics].", "content": "In anesthetized cats, with the aid of the method of television line single out, the diameters of mesenteric microvessels and their blood flow were studied. The diameter of the flow in arterioles and venules was shown to undergo greater changes than the diameter of the microvessels proper, although a close correlation was revealed between both parameters. The above differences of the changes of diameters are more obvious during dilatory responses. The changes depend on the initial caliber of the arterioles and venules.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of changes in the diameters of microvessels and blood flow within them during systemic shifts in hemodynamics]. In anesthetized cats, with the aid of the method of television line single out, the diameters of mesenteric microvessels and their blood flow were studied. The diameter of the flow in arterioles and venules was shown to undergo greater changes than the diameter of the microvessels proper, although a close correlation was revealed between both parameters. The above differences of the changes of diameters are more obvious during dilatory responses. The changes depend on the initial caliber of the arterioles and venules."}
{"id": "PMID:923852", "title": "[Sike activity of low-threshold stretch receptors in the lungs of cats under dynamic conditions].", "content": "The disharge frequency at the end of inspiration was by 13--19% higher and during expiration--by 18--20% lower than at the corresponding lung volume under static conditions. The influence of dynamic factor on impulse activity of low-threshold pulmonary stretch receptors was relatively weak (\"volume receptors\"). Afferent output from pulmonary stretch receptors during inspiration is 8 times as great as at the expiratory phase. During inspiratory efforts after tracheal occlusion the afferent output was 2 times, and during expiratory phase--1.5 times as great as the afferent output during expiration before the occlusion. The dynamic lowering of discharge frequency in fibers o pulmonary stretch receptors aid to the shortening of expiratory phase.", "contents": "[Sike activity of low-threshold stretch receptors in the lungs of cats under dynamic conditions]. The disharge frequency at the end of inspiration was by 13--19% higher and during expiration--by 18--20% lower than at the corresponding lung volume under static conditions. The influence of dynamic factor on impulse activity of low-threshold pulmonary stretch receptors was relatively weak (\"volume receptors\"). Afferent output from pulmonary stretch receptors during inspiration is 8 times as great as at the expiratory phase. During inspiratory efforts after tracheal occlusion the afferent output was 2 times, and during expiratory phase--1.5 times as great as the afferent output during expiration before the occlusion. The dynamic lowering of discharge frequency in fibers o pulmonary stretch receptors aid to the shortening of expiratory phase."}
{"id": "PMID:923857", "title": "In vitro suppression of macrophage spreading caused by supernatants of tumour, thymus, and lymph node cells.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages washed out from C3Hf/Bu mice were cultivated in medium 199 supplemented with 35% foetal calf serum. If the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.2, there were 70% spread macrophages after six hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. We investigated the effect of tumour cells on macrophage spreading. Supernatants from cell cultures of a fibro-sarcoma of C57BL mice and lymphoma of C3Hf/Bu mice were used to determine the number of spread macrophages after 6 hours of culture in these supernatants. Supernatants from cell cultures of the kidney, thymus and lymph nodes of normal C57BL or C3Hf/Bu mice and peritoneal cells of normal C3Hf/Bu mice in medium 199 alone served as control. We observed that supernatants from both allogeneic and syngeneic tumour cell cultures reduced significantly the percentage of spread macrophages in comparison with the percentage of spread macrophages found in the kidney culture supernatants. However, a similar spreading inhibition was caused also by supernatants from the thymus and lymph node cell cultures. In these experiments we confirmed the earlier observations that tumour cells can suppress the activation of macrophages, and we also pointed to the possibility that this effect is not specific only for malignant tissues.", "contents": "In vitro suppression of macrophage spreading caused by supernatants of tumour, thymus, and lymph node cells. Peritoneal macrophages washed out from C3Hf/Bu mice were cultivated in medium 199 supplemented with 35% foetal calf serum. If the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.2, there were 70% spread macrophages after six hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. We investigated the effect of tumour cells on macrophage spreading. Supernatants from cell cultures of a fibro-sarcoma of C57BL mice and lymphoma of C3Hf/Bu mice were used to determine the number of spread macrophages after 6 hours of culture in these supernatants. Supernatants from cell cultures of the kidney, thymus and lymph nodes of normal C57BL or C3Hf/Bu mice and peritoneal cells of normal C3Hf/Bu mice in medium 199 alone served as control. We observed that supernatants from both allogeneic and syngeneic tumour cell cultures reduced significantly the percentage of spread macrophages in comparison with the percentage of spread macrophages found in the kidney culture supernatants. However, a similar spreading inhibition was caused also by supernatants from the thymus and lymph node cell cultures. In these experiments we confirmed the earlier observations that tumour cells can suppress the activation of macrophages, and we also pointed to the possibility that this effect is not specific only for malignant tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:923858", "title": "Attempts to characterize cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance to HSA in chickens.", "content": "Partial suppression of antibody formation in neonatally induced tolerance to HSA as observed during immunization at 6 weeks of age or at a later time, is caused mainly by a rapid escape from tolerance. The following findings support this view: 1. After immunization at 4 weeks of age with a larger dose of HSA, which elicits detectable circulating antibody formation in all control birds, anti-HSA antibodies cannot be demonstrated in a large majority of tolerant chickens. 2. Surgical bursectomy performed in tolerant birds on the day of hatching or 7 or 11 days after hatching increases considerably the degree of suppression of anti-HSA antibody formation and slows down the return of reactivity to HSA. These findings suggest that new immunocompetent cells originating in the bursa are responsible for escape from tolerance in this experimental system. The existence of suppressor cells in birds tolerant to HSA was not demonstrated by the transfers of spleen cell mixtures from immune and tolerant donors to young, irradiated recipients.", "contents": "Attempts to characterize cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance to HSA in chickens. Partial suppression of antibody formation in neonatally induced tolerance to HSA as observed during immunization at 6 weeks of age or at a later time, is caused mainly by a rapid escape from tolerance. The following findings support this view: 1. After immunization at 4 weeks of age with a larger dose of HSA, which elicits detectable circulating antibody formation in all control birds, anti-HSA antibodies cannot be demonstrated in a large majority of tolerant chickens. 2. Surgical bursectomy performed in tolerant birds on the day of hatching or 7 or 11 days after hatching increases considerably the degree of suppression of anti-HSA antibody formation and slows down the return of reactivity to HSA. These findings suggest that new immunocompetent cells originating in the bursa are responsible for escape from tolerance in this experimental system. The existence of suppressor cells in birds tolerant to HSA was not demonstrated by the transfers of spleen cell mixtures from immune and tolerant donors to young, irradiated recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:923859", "title": "Nucleoli in human pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells. (Microscopic classification of nucleoli).", "content": "The human pseudostratified epithelium was investigated to provide more information on the incidence of main nucleolar types in its epithelial cells. The compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas investigated by light microscopy were usually present in epithelial cells with highly basophilic cytoplasm. The absence of these nucleoli and the presence of ring-shaped nucleoli and/or micronucleoli (reflecting the decrease or inhibition of the RNA synthesis) were observed in epithelial cells which were characterized by the diminished or disappeared basophilic properties of the cytoplasm. These observations indicating the gradual inhibition of the nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA suggest that similar maturation processes may occur in investigated human pseudostratified columnar epithelium which are known for cell lines of the mesenchymal origin.", "contents": "Nucleoli in human pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells. (Microscopic classification of nucleoli). The human pseudostratified epithelium was investigated to provide more information on the incidence of main nucleolar types in its epithelial cells. The compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas investigated by light microscopy were usually present in epithelial cells with highly basophilic cytoplasm. The absence of these nucleoli and the presence of ring-shaped nucleoli and/or micronucleoli (reflecting the decrease or inhibition of the RNA synthesis) were observed in epithelial cells which were characterized by the diminished or disappeared basophilic properties of the cytoplasm. These observations indicating the gradual inhibition of the nucleolar (ribosomal) RNA suggest that similar maturation processes may occur in investigated human pseudostratified columnar epithelium which are known for cell lines of the mesenchymal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:923860", "title": "Latex particle adherence (LPA) test for identification of adherent and non-adherent leucocytes.", "content": "A new simple and rapid in vitro test is proposed for identification of adherent and non-adherent leucocyte subpopulations. The test based on adherence of latex (polystyrene) particles to the cell surface utilizes latex particle suspension commercially available for routine examination of the rheumatoid factor in blood of patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Latex particle adherence (LPA) test for identification of adherent and non-adherent leucocytes. A new simple and rapid in vitro test is proposed for identification of adherent and non-adherent leucocyte subpopulations. The test based on adherence of latex (polystyrene) particles to the cell surface utilizes latex particle suspension commercially available for routine examination of the rheumatoid factor in blood of patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:923861", "title": "Binding of bull seminal ribonuclease (AS RNase) to human tumour tissues.", "content": "Homogenates of human carcinomas of the intestine, stomach, skin, ovary and penis absorbed AS RNase more intensively than the corresponding normal tissues.", "contents": "Binding of bull seminal ribonuclease (AS RNase) to human tumour tissues. Homogenates of human carcinomas of the intestine, stomach, skin, ovary and penis absorbed AS RNase more intensively than the corresponding normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:923877", "title": "[Malignant tumors of internal organs and dermatoses].", "content": "According to the author there are five possible kinds of relationship between visceral neoplasmas and diseases of the skin. 1. Instances in which neoplasma induces dermatosis (the so-called paraneoplastic diseases). 2. Instances in which defective immune mechanism or long-lasting immune suppression promote the development of neoplasma as well as of skin diseases due to microorganism and viruses. 3. Instances in which the tumor and dermatosis are associated without causal relationship. 4. Cases of malignant lymphoma arising from neoplastic  proliferation of the cells of the reticulohistiocytic system involving visceral organs and the skin. 5. Skin metastases of internal neoplastic processes.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of internal organs and dermatoses]. According to the author there are five possible kinds of relationship between visceral neoplasmas and diseases of the skin. 1. Instances in which neoplasma induces dermatosis (the so-called paraneoplastic diseases). 2. Instances in which defective immune mechanism or long-lasting immune suppression promote the development of neoplasma as well as of skin diseases due to microorganism and viruses. 3. Instances in which the tumor and dermatosis are associated without causal relationship. 4. Cases of malignant lymphoma arising from neoplastic  proliferation of the cells of the reticulohistiocytic system involving visceral organs and the skin. 5. Skin metastases of internal neoplastic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:923878", "title": "[The Goltz-Gorlin syndrome].", "content": "The above described genodermatosis with its abundant symptomatology (ocular, dermatic, dental and bone changes) can be classified as Goltz-Gorlin Syndrom. It is believed that this case has a priority in the anomaly of the lycrymal organs which has not been described yet in the accessible literature.", "contents": "[The Goltz-Gorlin syndrome]. The above described genodermatosis with its abundant symptomatology (ocular, dermatic, dental and bone changes) can be classified as Goltz-Gorlin Syndrom. It is believed that this case has a priority in the anomaly of the lycrymal organs which has not been described yet in the accessible literature."}
{"id": "PMID:923879", "title": "[Cellular and humoral immune reactions in fungus allergy].", "content": "Cellular and humoral immune reactions upon the polysaccharide preparations of trichophyton-rubrum-cultures have been proved in the most of 185 examined patients. Quantitative and qualitative specific changes of the cells connected with their sensibilization, could be observed in the early period of trichophyton-rubrum-mycosis, in the course of the further development of the disease we also saw an accumulation of circulatory antibodies. Humoral reactions have become predominant. The peculiarity of humoral and cellular mycotic allergy may be responsible to a great extent for the polymorphism of the clinical symptoms of the disease, is persistent course and resistibility to the treatment.", "contents": "[Cellular and humoral immune reactions in fungus allergy]. Cellular and humoral immune reactions upon the polysaccharide preparations of trichophyton-rubrum-cultures have been proved in the most of 185 examined patients. Quantitative and qualitative specific changes of the cells connected with their sensibilization, could be observed in the early period of trichophyton-rubrum-mycosis, in the course of the further development of the disease we also saw an accumulation of circulatory antibodies. Humoral reactions have become predominant. The peculiarity of humoral and cellular mycotic allergy may be responsible to a great extent for the polymorphism of the clinical symptoms of the disease, is persistent course and resistibility to the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:923880", "title": "[Skin vasoconstriction effect of contact antiphlogistics].", "content": "Five contact antiphlogistics were evaluated and compared to hydrocortisone by the human skin vasoconstriction assay in 20 volunteers. The test concentrations ranged from 10(-2) to 10(-6) w/w; the duration of occlusive application was 16 h. The substances could be ranked as follows in ascending order of activity (index values in relation to hydrocortisone).", "contents": "[Skin vasoconstriction effect of contact antiphlogistics]. Five contact antiphlogistics were evaluated and compared to hydrocortisone by the human skin vasoconstriction assay in 20 volunteers. The test concentrations ranged from 10(-2) to 10(-6) w/w; the duration of occlusive application was 16 h. The substances could be ranked as follows in ascending order of activity (index values in relation to hydrocortisone)."}
{"id": "PMID:923881", "title": "Age-related changes in the reducible cross-links of human dermis collagen.", "content": "Samples of normal human dermis of different ages are reduced with tritiated sodium borohydride and changes of major reducible cross-links are compared as a function of chronological age. While lysinorleucine practically remains constant, reduced desmosine changes slightly, hydroxylysinoroleucine and dihydroxylysinonorleucine display a marked decrease with age. An unknown compound is shown to increase with aging. The data suggest a correlation between the change of aldimine cross-links and the structural and/or biochemical changes occurring with increase in age.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the reducible cross-links of human dermis collagen. Samples of normal human dermis of different ages are reduced with tritiated sodium borohydride and changes of major reducible cross-links are compared as a function of chronological age. While lysinorleucine practically remains constant, reduced desmosine changes slightly, hydroxylysinoroleucine and dihydroxylysinonorleucine display a marked decrease with age. An unknown compound is shown to increase with aging. The data suggest a correlation between the change of aldimine cross-links and the structural and/or biochemical changes occurring with increase in age."}
{"id": "PMID:923882", "title": "Hyperkeratotic form of porokeratosis Mibelli.", "content": "A case with a hyperkeratotic form of porokeratosis Mibelli is reported. The clinical characteristics were a nonfamilial occurrence, hyperkeratotic verrucous plaques with an erythema and a segmental distribution. The histopathology showed cornoid lamellae and additional atypical findings. By electron microscopic study Civatte bodies and other degenerated epidermal cells were clarified.", "contents": "Hyperkeratotic form of porokeratosis Mibelli. A case with a hyperkeratotic form of porokeratosis Mibelli is reported. The clinical characteristics were a nonfamilial occurrence, hyperkeratotic verrucous plaques with an erythema and a segmental distribution. The histopathology showed cornoid lamellae and additional atypical findings. By electron microscopic study Civatte bodies and other degenerated epidermal cells were clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:923883", "title": "Photochemotherapy in treatment of psoriatic variants.", "content": "Our procedure for treating psoriatic variants--psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) and psoriasis erythrodermica (PE)--was based on the following points: (a) to quickly obtain a good tolerance level to photochemotherapy (PUVA) by applying corticosteroids and/or methotrexate (MX); (b) to discontinue the application of systemic drugs with the help of photochemotherapy, and (c) to maintain the improved condition by applying radiation in gradually prolonged intervals, thus enabling the biologic forces of the organism to participate, undisturbed by drugs, in the healing process. In some PE cases, sole PUVA therapy was sufficient, while in others small doses of MX were added to maintain the improved condition. In PPG, skin manifestations completely disappeared and general symptoms were calmed in the first application of this combined therapeutic procedure. However, in the later relapses PUVA had little share in such a combined treatment.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy in treatment of psoriatic variants. Our procedure for treating psoriatic variants--psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) and psoriasis erythrodermica (PE)--was based on the following points: (a) to quickly obtain a good tolerance level to photochemotherapy (PUVA) by applying corticosteroids and/or methotrexate (MX); (b) to discontinue the application of systemic drugs with the help of photochemotherapy, and (c) to maintain the improved condition by applying radiation in gradually prolonged intervals, thus enabling the biologic forces of the organism to participate, undisturbed by drugs, in the healing process. In some PE cases, sole PUVA therapy was sufficient, while in others small doses of MX were added to maintain the improved condition. In PPG, skin manifestations completely disappeared and general symptoms were calmed in the first application of this combined therapeutic procedure. However, in the later relapses PUVA had little share in such a combined treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:923887", "title": "The relationship of amniotic fluid insulin levels and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Amniotic fluid insulin levels and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio were determined in 62 samples of 33 insulin-dependent diabetic patients from the 29th to the 44th week of gestation inclusive and in 42 samples of 38 gestational diabetic patients from the 35th to the 43rd week of gestation inclusive. (Gestational age was measured by ultrasonography.) The level of insulin in the amniotic fluid did not appear to affect the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio.", "contents": "The relationship of amniotic fluid insulin levels and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. Amniotic fluid insulin levels and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio were determined in 62 samples of 33 insulin-dependent diabetic patients from the 29th to the 44th week of gestation inclusive and in 42 samples of 38 gestational diabetic patients from the 35th to the 43rd week of gestation inclusive. (Gestational age was measured by ultrasonography.) The level of insulin in the amniotic fluid did not appear to affect the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:923888", "title": "Fetal movements recorder, use and indications.", "content": "A new device for recording fetal movements is presented. This device is composed of 2 sensors, incorporating a highly sensitive piezoelectric material. It is sensitive to rapid straining forces such as fetal movements and relatively insensitive to steady, slow movements such as uterine contractions and maternal respiratory movements. In this study of 20 women, the sensors were placed on 2 different zones of the abdomen, usually above the umbilicus. There was a good correlation between fetal movements recorded by the device and those felt by the patients. Seventy percent of all observed fetal movements recorded by the device were registered simultaneously by the women. The device recorded 90.4 percent and the women recorded 79.7 percent of all such movements.", "contents": "Fetal movements recorder, use and indications. A new device for recording fetal movements is presented. This device is composed of 2 sensors, incorporating a highly sensitive piezoelectric material. It is sensitive to rapid straining forces such as fetal movements and relatively insensitive to steady, slow movements such as uterine contractions and maternal respiratory movements. In this study of 20 women, the sensors were placed on 2 different zones of the abdomen, usually above the umbilicus. There was a good correlation between fetal movements recorded by the device and those felt by the patients. Seventy percent of all observed fetal movements recorded by the device were registered simultaneously by the women. The device recorded 90.4 percent and the women recorded 79.7 percent of all such movements."}
{"id": "PMID:923889", "title": "The testicular feminization syndrome: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of complete testicular feminization syndrome are presented. The relevant clinical features and laboratory findings are summarized. Some interesting aspects of this syndrome are surveyed.", "contents": "The testicular feminization syndrome: a report of two cases. Two cases of complete testicular feminization syndrome are presented. The relevant clinical features and laboratory findings are summarized. Some interesting aspects of this syndrome are surveyed."}
{"id": "PMID:923890", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of oral contraceptives during exercise.", "content": "The effects of a combined oral contraceptive pill on female hemodynamics during exercise were studied in 14 young, healthy women. The increase in blood volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output during exercise was significantly greater during combined oral contraceptive therapy than when the patients were not taking the pill. The use of combined oral contraceptive pills may be advantageous to the physical fitness of female athletes.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of oral contraceptives during exercise. The effects of a combined oral contraceptive pill on female hemodynamics during exercise were studied in 14 young, healthy women. The increase in blood volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output during exercise was significantly greater during combined oral contraceptive therapy than when the patients were not taking the pill. The use of combined oral contraceptive pills may be advantageous to the physical fitness of female athletes."}
{"id": "PMID:923891", "title": "Secondary liposarcoma of the ovary.", "content": "This report is the first description of a secondary ovarian liposarcoma. The primary growth was in the mediastinum. The growth rate of the ovarian tumor was very rapid, but the patient died of cardiopulmonary causes. The mode of spread is discussed, and it probably occurred by transcelomic migration and surface implantation.", "contents": "Secondary liposarcoma of the ovary. This report is the first description of a secondary ovarian liposarcoma. The primary growth was in the mediastinum. The growth rate of the ovarian tumor was very rapid, but the patient died of cardiopulmonary causes. The mode of spread is discussed, and it probably occurred by transcelomic migration and surface implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:923892", "title": "Psychological sequelae of sterilization in women in Singapore.", "content": "The Chinese in Singapore erroneously believe that there is an association between sterilization and castration. This belief has led to deep-seated fears that sterilization may result in obesity, physical weakness, and impairment of sexual function. Beginning in 1969, Singapore authorities introduced increasingly stronger social policies to help reduce family size. Subsequently, there was a large increase in the number of tubal ligations. It was initially thought that this might result in a high incidence of psychological sequelae. A study of 150 women who had had culdoscopic ligations showed that 6.3 percent were dissatisfied at the end of 2 years. Women with fewer than 4 children and those with fewer than 2 sons tended to be more dissatisfied with sterilization.", "contents": "Psychological sequelae of sterilization in women in Singapore. The Chinese in Singapore erroneously believe that there is an association between sterilization and castration. This belief has led to deep-seated fears that sterilization may result in obesity, physical weakness, and impairment of sexual function. Beginning in 1969, Singapore authorities introduced increasingly stronger social policies to help reduce family size. Subsequently, there was a large increase in the number of tubal ligations. It was initially thought that this might result in a high incidence of psychological sequelae. A study of 150 women who had had culdoscopic ligations showed that 6.3 percent were dissatisfied at the end of 2 years. Women with fewer than 4 children and those with fewer than 2 sons tended to be more dissatisfied with sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:923893", "title": "Amniotic fluid embolism: a review of the literature with two case reports.", "content": "Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but dramatic obstetric complication. In this study, the pathogenesis of AFE and the disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis and postmortem gross pathologic and histologic findings resulting from it are reviewed. The 2 case histories examined in this report exemplify different clinical courses of amniotic fluid embolism. In the first case, there was a predominant activation of the coagulation system, with a fatal outcome. In the second case, generalized fibrinolysis dominated, and the woman survived. Finally, the authors wish to emphasize that the administration of fibrinogen is an incorrect approach to the management of this syndrome. A combination of Macrodex and heparin might be effective in preventing the formation of microthrombi, but increased fibrinolysis has to be treated by a sufficiently high dose of fibrinolytic inhibitors.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid embolism: a review of the literature with two case reports. Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but dramatic obstetric complication. In this study, the pathogenesis of AFE and the disorders of coagulation and fibrinolysis and postmortem gross pathologic and histologic findings resulting from it are reviewed. The 2 case histories examined in this report exemplify different clinical courses of amniotic fluid embolism. In the first case, there was a predominant activation of the coagulation system, with a fatal outcome. In the second case, generalized fibrinolysis dominated, and the woman survived. Finally, the authors wish to emphasize that the administration of fibrinogen is an incorrect approach to the management of this syndrome. A combination of Macrodex and heparin might be effective in preventing the formation of microthrombi, but increased fibrinolysis has to be treated by a sufficiently high dose of fibrinolytic inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:923894", "title": "Carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Ibadan: coital characteristics.", "content": "Carcinoma of the cervix uteri has been found to be the most common female malignancy in Ibadan, excluding the reticuloendothelial tumors. In a study to investigate associated etiological factors in this environment, it was demonstrated that certain coital characteristics of women with cervical cancer can be identified. These were a common denominator which could explain the frequency of the disease among some categories of patients who engage in early sexual practice, have intercourse frequently and with multiple partners, and have many pregnancies. Support was given to the view that a sexually transmitted factor might be important in the cause of carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the cervix uteri in Ibadan: coital characteristics. Carcinoma of the cervix uteri has been found to be the most common female malignancy in Ibadan, excluding the reticuloendothelial tumors. In a study to investigate associated etiological factors in this environment, it was demonstrated that certain coital characteristics of women with cervical cancer can be identified. These were a common denominator which could explain the frequency of the disease among some categories of patients who engage in early sexual practice, have intercourse frequently and with multiple partners, and have many pregnancies. Support was given to the view that a sexually transmitted factor might be important in the cause of carcinoma of the cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:923895", "title": "Changes in menstrual cycle length and regularity after use of oral contraceptives.", "content": "This is an analysis of changes in menstrual cycle length and regularity occurring for a group of 211 women who had discontinued use of oral contraceptives. The analysis is based on prospectively recorded histories from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Program. Post-pill menstrual cycle length and regularity are compared with pre-pill averages. In the first post-pill cycle, there was an average increase of 6 days in cycle length. In subsequent cycles, however, cycle length and regularity were comparable to pre-pill norms in most cases.", "contents": "Changes in menstrual cycle length and regularity after use of oral contraceptives. This is an analysis of changes in menstrual cycle length and regularity occurring for a group of 211 women who had discontinued use of oral contraceptives. The analysis is based on prospectively recorded histories from the Menstruation and Reproduction History Program. Post-pill menstrual cycle length and regularity are compared with pre-pill averages. In the first post-pill cycle, there was an average increase of 6 days in cycle length. In subsequent cycles, however, cycle length and regularity were comparable to pre-pill norms in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:923896", "title": "The benefit of lactation amenorrhea as a contraceptive.", "content": "A group of 148 lactating women who delivered normally at El-Galaa Hospital, Cairo, were followed up monthly for 1 year to study the pattern of lactation amenorrhea, the return of menstruation and ovulation, and the incidence of pregnancy. By the end of the sixth week postpartum, only 1.3 percent of the women had begun menstruating; the percentage gradually increased to 60.2 percent by the end of the first year. The amount of blood loss and the duration of menstruation increased gradually until the fourth postpartum menstrual period. Ovulation had occurred in 58.1 percent and pregnancy in 26.1 percent of all cases at the end of the 12th postpartum month. Among menstruating, lactating mothers, ovulation occurred in 86.5 percent and pregnancy in 32.6 percent, while in amenorrheic, lactating mothers only 6.1 percent had become pregnant at 1 year postpartum.", "contents": "The benefit of lactation amenorrhea as a contraceptive. A group of 148 lactating women who delivered normally at El-Galaa Hospital, Cairo, were followed up monthly for 1 year to study the pattern of lactation amenorrhea, the return of menstruation and ovulation, and the incidence of pregnancy. By the end of the sixth week postpartum, only 1.3 percent of the women had begun menstruating; the percentage gradually increased to 60.2 percent by the end of the first year. The amount of blood loss and the duration of menstruation increased gradually until the fourth postpartum menstrual period. Ovulation had occurred in 58.1 percent and pregnancy in 26.1 percent of all cases at the end of the 12th postpartum month. Among menstruating, lactating mothers, ovulation occurred in 86.5 percent and pregnancy in 32.6 percent, while in amenorrheic, lactating mothers only 6.1 percent had become pregnant at 1 year postpartum."}
{"id": "PMID:923897", "title": "Perspectives in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of steroidal contraceptives in different parts of the world.", "content": "While differences in acceptability of steroidal contraceptives from nation to nation are generally recognized, variations in safety and effectiveness have been given little attention. Cardiovascular hazards such as thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which create such concern in developed countries, may be insignificant problems in other parts of the world where these diseases are rare in women of reproductive age. On the other hand, the influence of nutritional deficiencies, anemia, intestinal parasitism, malaria, and other widespread health problems on the effects and/or metabolism of steroids, which may be of major concern in developing countries, is just coming under study. Side effects also vary greatly among religiously and ethnically different populations, and significant differences in pregnancy protection and bleeding patterns among different populations have been reported-even with injectables. It is, therefore, important to examine and define intergroup differences and especially to recognize that safety concerns in one geographic setting cannot be automatically assumed to apply equally in other areas.", "contents": "Perspectives in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of steroidal contraceptives in different parts of the world. While differences in acceptability of steroidal contraceptives from nation to nation are generally recognized, variations in safety and effectiveness have been given little attention. Cardiovascular hazards such as thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which create such concern in developed countries, may be insignificant problems in other parts of the world where these diseases are rare in women of reproductive age. On the other hand, the influence of nutritional deficiencies, anemia, intestinal parasitism, malaria, and other widespread health problems on the effects and/or metabolism of steroids, which may be of major concern in developing countries, is just coming under study. Side effects also vary greatly among religiously and ethnically different populations, and significant differences in pregnancy protection and bleeding patterns among different populations have been reported-even with injectables. It is, therefore, important to examine and define intergroup differences and especially to recognize that safety concerns in one geographic setting cannot be automatically assumed to apply equally in other areas."}
{"id": "PMID:923899", "title": "Medicated intrauterine devices to improve bleeding events.", "content": "In an attempt to find an IUD that will cause a minimum amount of blood loss, while continuing to be effective and easily retained, we are studying 4 medicated IUDs: a copper-bearing Lipps Loop, a Copper-T-200, a progesterone-releasing U-coil, and a tranexamic-acid-releasing Lippes Loop. Inert devices of the same shape and size are used as controls. This is a comparison of the findings on menstrual blood loss and loss and changes in bleeding patterns for patients using the plain and copper-bearing Lippes Loops. Preliminary results for the progesterone-bearing U-coil and the tranexamic-acid-releasing Lippes Loop are also given, but studies of these devices are not yet complete.", "contents": "Medicated intrauterine devices to improve bleeding events. In an attempt to find an IUD that will cause a minimum amount of blood loss, while continuing to be effective and easily retained, we are studying 4 medicated IUDs: a copper-bearing Lipps Loop, a Copper-T-200, a progesterone-releasing U-coil, and a tranexamic-acid-releasing Lippes Loop. Inert devices of the same shape and size are used as controls. This is a comparison of the findings on menstrual blood loss and loss and changes in bleeding patterns for patients using the plain and copper-bearing Lippes Loops. Preliminary results for the progesterone-bearing U-coil and the tranexamic-acid-releasing Lippes Loop are also given, but studies of these devices are not yet complete."}
{"id": "PMID:923900", "title": "IUD insertions by midwives: five years' experience in Santiago, Chile.", "content": "This report includes data on insertions of Lippes Loop D, Copper-7, and Copper-T intrauterine devices (IUDs) performed by certified nurse-midwives and physicians with comparable levels of training and experience in inserting IUDs. Net 1-year pregnancy, expulsion, and removal rates were used to compare the experiences of the 2 groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in most of the event rates or in the overall method discontinuation rates. The authors conclude that, with adequate training and experience, nurse-midwives can provide this family planning service with no additional risk to patients.", "contents": "IUD insertions by midwives: five years' experience in Santiago, Chile. This report includes data on insertions of Lippes Loop D, Copper-7, and Copper-T intrauterine devices (IUDs) performed by certified nurse-midwives and physicians with comparable levels of training and experience in inserting IUDs. Net 1-year pregnancy, expulsion, and removal rates were used to compare the experiences of the 2 groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in most of the event rates or in the overall method discontinuation rates. The authors conclude that, with adequate training and experience, nurse-midwives can provide this family planning service with no additional risk to patients."}
{"id": "PMID:923901", "title": "Induction of abortion with 15(S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha (Tham) vaginal suppositories.", "content": "The repeated administration of vaginal suppositories containing 1 mg 15(S)-15 methyl PGF2alpha (Tham) sucessfully induced abortions in 60 of 62 patients. Among patients who successfully aborted, the mean abortion time was 19.0 hours. The mean abortion time was not related to gestational age or parity. Sixty (96.8 precent) aborted within 48 hours, and 53 (85.5 percent) aborted within 24 hours. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred for 33.9 percent of the patients. Diarrhea was the most frequent side effect. The abortion was complete for 40.3 percent of the patients.", "contents": "Induction of abortion with 15(S)-15-methyl PGF2alpha (Tham) vaginal suppositories. The repeated administration of vaginal suppositories containing 1 mg 15(S)-15 methyl PGF2alpha (Tham) sucessfully induced abortions in 60 of 62 patients. Among patients who successfully aborted, the mean abortion time was 19.0 hours. The mean abortion time was not related to gestational age or parity. Sixty (96.8 precent) aborted within 48 hours, and 53 (85.5 percent) aborted within 24 hours. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred for 33.9 percent of the patients. Diarrhea was the most frequent side effect. The abortion was complete for 40.3 percent of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:924011", "title": "Response to prolactin and ovarian steroids of normal mammary epithelial cell cultures.", "content": "Mouse mammary epithelial cells in confluent primary monolayer cultures retain responsiveness to the specific hormones that induce mammary growth in vivo. Simultaneous stimulation by prolactin, progesterone and estrogen, in the presence of 5 percent fetal calf serum, is required to induce an increase in both thymidine uptake into DNA and in cell replication (as judged by mitotic indexes) over the hormone-free control. This increase in mitogenic response could not be elicited in either mouse fibroblasts or in mouse mammary tumor cells, the latter known to be hormone insensitive.", "contents": "Response to prolactin and ovarian steroids of normal mammary epithelial cell cultures. Mouse mammary epithelial cells in confluent primary monolayer cultures retain responsiveness to the specific hormones that induce mammary growth in vivo. Simultaneous stimulation by prolactin, progesterone and estrogen, in the presence of 5 percent fetal calf serum, is required to induce an increase in both thymidine uptake into DNA and in cell replication (as judged by mitotic indexes) over the hormone-free control. This increase in mitogenic response could not be elicited in either mouse fibroblasts or in mouse mammary tumor cells, the latter known to be hormone insensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:924012", "title": "Binding of [3H]tamoxifen in rat uterine cytosols: a comparison of swinging bucket and vertical tube rotor sucrose density gradient analysis.", "content": "The interaction of the antioestrogen tamoxifen with rat uterine oestrogen receptor has been studied using swinging bucket and vertical tube rotor techniques of sucrose density gradient analysis. Tamoxifen inhibits the binding of [3H]oestradiol to the 8S oestrogen receptor protein whereas using the swinging bucket rotor technique of sucrose density gradient analysis [3H]-tamoxifen appears to bind to an oestradiol specific protein which sediments at 4-5S. In contrast, using rapid sucrose density gradient analysis with a vertical tube rotor [3H]tamoxifen shows oestrogen specific binding in the 8S region. It is suggested that conventional techniques of sucrose density gradient analysis are unsuited for the investigation of the low affinity ligand interactions with oestrogen receptor proteins since rapid dissociation of complexes can result in ligand binding to nonreceptor proteins.", "contents": "Binding of [3H]tamoxifen in rat uterine cytosols: a comparison of swinging bucket and vertical tube rotor sucrose density gradient analysis. The interaction of the antioestrogen tamoxifen with rat uterine oestrogen receptor has been studied using swinging bucket and vertical tube rotor techniques of sucrose density gradient analysis. Tamoxifen inhibits the binding of [3H]oestradiol to the 8S oestrogen receptor protein whereas using the swinging bucket rotor technique of sucrose density gradient analysis [3H]-tamoxifen appears to bind to an oestradiol specific protein which sediments at 4-5S. In contrast, using rapid sucrose density gradient analysis with a vertical tube rotor [3H]tamoxifen shows oestrogen specific binding in the 8S region. It is suggested that conventional techniques of sucrose density gradient analysis are unsuited for the investigation of the low affinity ligand interactions with oestrogen receptor proteins since rapid dissociation of complexes can result in ligand binding to nonreceptor proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:924013", "title": "Studies on the synergistic effect of androgen on the stimulation of progestin secretion by FSH in cultured rat granulosa cells: progesterone metabolism and the effect of androgens.", "content": "Metabolic transformations of progesterone in cultures of granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized rats treated with diethylstilbestrol were studied in relation to the synergistic action of exogenous androgen and FSH on progestin (progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone) accumulation. Androstenedione (Ad; 10 ng/ml) enhanced the sensitivity of rat granulosa cells to this steroidogenic action of FSH, lowering the threshold of the response from greater than 4 ng/ml (FSH alone) to 0.8 ng/ml in the presence of Ad. A synergistic effect with FSH was also shown by various 5alpha-androstane derivatives. They were, however, less effective than the parent delta4-3 keto androstenes. Progesterone underwent extensive 5alpha-reduction during culture, leading to accumulation of endogenous 5alpha-pregnane compounds, and to transformation of labelled progesterone into 5 alpha-reduced radiometabolites. These compounds corresponded in gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic behaviour to 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol. The rate of 5alpha-reduction of progestins was not affected by the presence of exogenous Ad (1 microgram/ml), ruling out the possibility that the effect of androgen on progestin accumulation depends on competitive inhibition of 5alpha-reductase. An involvement of androgen of thecal origin in the enhancement of the sensitivity of the FSH-responsive mechanism in granulosa cells is suggested.", "contents": "Studies on the synergistic effect of androgen on the stimulation of progestin secretion by FSH in cultured rat granulosa cells: progesterone metabolism and the effect of androgens. Metabolic transformations of progesterone in cultures of granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized rats treated with diethylstilbestrol were studied in relation to the synergistic action of exogenous androgen and FSH on progestin (progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone) accumulation. Androstenedione (Ad; 10 ng/ml) enhanced the sensitivity of rat granulosa cells to this steroidogenic action of FSH, lowering the threshold of the response from greater than 4 ng/ml (FSH alone) to 0.8 ng/ml in the presence of Ad. A synergistic effect with FSH was also shown by various 5alpha-androstane derivatives. They were, however, less effective than the parent delta4-3 keto androstenes. Progesterone underwent extensive 5alpha-reduction during culture, leading to accumulation of endogenous 5alpha-pregnane compounds, and to transformation of labelled progesterone into 5 alpha-reduced radiometabolites. These compounds corresponded in gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic behaviour to 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, 20alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-3-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol. The rate of 5alpha-reduction of progestins was not affected by the presence of exogenous Ad (1 microgram/ml), ruling out the possibility that the effect of androgen on progestin accumulation depends on competitive inhibition of 5alpha-reductase. An involvement of androgen of thecal origin in the enhancement of the sensitivity of the FSH-responsive mechanism in granulosa cells is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:924014", "title": "Nuclear translocation of the estradiol receptor: partial inhibition by ethidium bromide.", "content": "Ethidium bromide (EB), an intercalating drug, has been shown to prevent the in vitro interaction of the estrogen receptor (R) with DNA (Andr\u00e9 et al., 1976). We have now studied the effect of this drug on the nuclear translocation of R in order to determine whether DNA integrity is needed for this translocation. In a cell-free reconstituted system made of purified nuclei and cytosol, the pretreatment of nuclei by EB prevented approximately half of the R nuclear translocation, but was unable to extract more than 17% of the E2-R previously translocated. A series of indirect evidences suggests that EB inhibits the nuclear translocation of R by interacting with nuclear DNA. The degree of the inhibition was related to the amount of drug bound to nuclei and was in agreement with the degree of ultrastructural modifications of chromatin. R was not irreversibly altered by the drug. The EB inhibition was only observed with DNA-containing particles and with estrogen receptor able to bind to DNA. In surviving uteri the drug also inhibited the R nuclear translocation. These resuts indicate two types of nuclear translocation of R, one sensitive and the other resistant to EB, and suggest that DNA is required for the EB-sensitive translocation.", "contents": "Nuclear translocation of the estradiol receptor: partial inhibition by ethidium bromide. Ethidium bromide (EB), an intercalating drug, has been shown to prevent the in vitro interaction of the estrogen receptor (R) with DNA (Andr\u00e9 et al., 1976). We have now studied the effect of this drug on the nuclear translocation of R in order to determine whether DNA integrity is needed for this translocation. In a cell-free reconstituted system made of purified nuclei and cytosol, the pretreatment of nuclei by EB prevented approximately half of the R nuclear translocation, but was unable to extract more than 17% of the E2-R previously translocated. A series of indirect evidences suggests that EB inhibits the nuclear translocation of R by interacting with nuclear DNA. The degree of the inhibition was related to the amount of drug bound to nuclei and was in agreement with the degree of ultrastructural modifications of chromatin. R was not irreversibly altered by the drug. The EB inhibition was only observed with DNA-containing particles and with estrogen receptor able to bind to DNA. In surviving uteri the drug also inhibited the R nuclear translocation. These resuts indicate two types of nuclear translocation of R, one sensitive and the other resistant to EB, and suggest that DNA is required for the EB-sensitive translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:924016", "title": "In vitro synthesis of rat testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP).", "content": "Testicular tissue from immature and adult rats shows in vitro synthesis of androgen-binding protein (ABP). The ABP synthesis is dependent on a complete tissue culture medium, the incubation temperature and the age of the rats. ABP synthesis is inhibited at 0 degrees C or in the presence of cycloheximide, puromycin or sodium fluoride. Immature (17-25-day-old rat) testes showed a higher rate of ABP synthesis per 100 mg tissue than adult rat testes during 'baseline' conditions (no additions to the medium). Addition of NIH-FSH-S10 or testosterone to the medium increases the production of ABP by the testicular minces. The in vitro techniques have proved to be useful for studies of direct hormonal influence on the Sertoli cell protein synthesis.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of rat testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP). Testicular tissue from immature and adult rats shows in vitro synthesis of androgen-binding protein (ABP). The ABP synthesis is dependent on a complete tissue culture medium, the incubation temperature and the age of the rats. ABP synthesis is inhibited at 0 degrees C or in the presence of cycloheximide, puromycin or sodium fluoride. Immature (17-25-day-old rat) testes showed a higher rate of ABP synthesis per 100 mg tissue than adult rat testes during 'baseline' conditions (no additions to the medium). Addition of NIH-FSH-S10 or testosterone to the medium increases the production of ABP by the testicular minces. The in vitro techniques have proved to be useful for studies of direct hormonal influence on the Sertoli cell protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:924053", "title": "[A semi-automatic system for the analysis of ecocardiographic tracings (author's transl)].", "content": "A semi-automatic system is described for analysis of echocardiographic traces of the left ventricle. Filtering interpolating and averaging processes are discussed and the overall accuracy evaluated. The program is able to calculate ventricular indexes (strake volume, ejection fraction, circumferential velocity of fiber shortening), continuous functions (istantaneous ventricular diameter and volume, wall thickness, velocity of cavity compression and dilation) and, correlating the echo data with pressure values, circumferential stresss and ventricular compliance. Pressure is obtained along the ejection phase only from the carotidal pulse calibrated by means of the brachial pressure values. Advantages and limits of the method are discussed.", "contents": "[A semi-automatic system for the analysis of ecocardiographic tracings (author's transl)]. A semi-automatic system is described for analysis of echocardiographic traces of the left ventricle. Filtering interpolating and averaging processes are discussed and the overall accuracy evaluated. The program is able to calculate ventricular indexes (strake volume, ejection fraction, circumferential velocity of fiber shortening), continuous functions (istantaneous ventricular diameter and volume, wall thickness, velocity of cavity compression and dilation) and, correlating the echo data with pressure values, circumferential stresss and ventricular compliance. Pressure is obtained along the ejection phase only from the carotidal pulse calibrated by means of the brachial pressure values. Advantages and limits of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924057", "title": "[The antiarrhythmic effects of verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Considerations on the possible action mechanism (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 patients affected by acute myocardial infarction complicated only by ventricular extrasystoles, verapamil was highly effective in the control of the arrhythmias. This result is in agreement with the experimental finding that ischemia inactivates partially or totally early Na+ inward currents, so that fast fibers become slow fibers. The efficacy of verapamil stresses the importance of these fibers which have acquired a slow response in the genesis of arrhythmias due to acute coronary attacks and opens interesting therapeutical prospects.", "contents": "[The antiarrhythmic effects of verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Considerations on the possible action mechanism (author's transl)]. In 12 patients affected by acute myocardial infarction complicated only by ventricular extrasystoles, verapamil was highly effective in the control of the arrhythmias. This result is in agreement with the experimental finding that ischemia inactivates partially or totally early Na+ inward currents, so that fast fibers become slow fibers. The efficacy of verapamil stresses the importance of these fibers which have acquired a slow response in the genesis of arrhythmias due to acute coronary attacks and opens interesting therapeutical prospects."}
{"id": "PMID:924058", "title": "[Hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "50 non-diabetic patients, less then 70 y.o. and with fasting blood sugar (FBS) subsequently proved to be normal, consecutively admitted to the Coronary Care Unit by the 10th hour of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), have been studied. Blood sugar (BS) and white blood cell count (WBC) on admission and serum CPK every four hour until the 36th hour, have been determined. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been performed at least one week later, when FBS has been determined. In 16 patients with normal OGTT the test has been repeated twice, 4 to 15 months later, before and after a cortisone load. Data have been statistically computed. Mean blood sugar on admission was significantly higher then mean FBS. No correlation was found between BS and WBC neither between BS and maximal CPK. No significant difference has been found between the mean BS on admission among 25 patients with normal OGTT and the one among the remaining 25 patients with abnormal OGTT. The OGTT was confirmed to be normal in the 16 patients belonging to the former group, who had the test repeated, with a single exception as far as the cortisone-OGTT is concerned. The above results are consistent with the opinion that the hyperglycemia usually observed during the first hours of AMI, is related to the acute medical stress and in no way indicates subclinical and/or latent diabetes.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 50 non-diabetic patients, less then 70 y.o. and with fasting blood sugar (FBS) subsequently proved to be normal, consecutively admitted to the Coronary Care Unit by the 10th hour of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), have been studied. Blood sugar (BS) and white blood cell count (WBC) on admission and serum CPK every four hour until the 36th hour, have been determined. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been performed at least one week later, when FBS has been determined. In 16 patients with normal OGTT the test has been repeated twice, 4 to 15 months later, before and after a cortisone load. Data have been statistically computed. Mean blood sugar on admission was significantly higher then mean FBS. No correlation was found between BS and WBC neither between BS and maximal CPK. No significant difference has been found between the mean BS on admission among 25 patients with normal OGTT and the one among the remaining 25 patients with abnormal OGTT. The OGTT was confirmed to be normal in the 16 patients belonging to the former group, who had the test repeated, with a single exception as far as the cortisone-OGTT is concerned. The above results are consistent with the opinion that the hyperglycemia usually observed during the first hours of AMI, is related to the acute medical stress and in no way indicates subclinical and/or latent diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:924059", "title": "[Effects of oxyfedrine on sino-atrial function and on conduction in patients with sinus node and/or atrial dysrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of Oxyfedrine on sino-atrial function and on A-V junctional and subjunctional conduction have been studied in 16 patients with sinus node and/or atrial dysrhythmias. The following effects have been observed: --a positive chronotropic effect on the sinus node; --an essentially indirect (rate-dependent) shortening of the Functional and Effective Refractory Periods (FRP and ERP) of the atria without variation of the Intra-Atrial Conduction Time (HRA-LRA). There was no significant shortening of the Maximal Atrial Latency (max AL), of the Corrected Sinus Node Recovery Time (CSNRT) and of the Sino-Atrial Conduction Time (SACT). The limits of Zones I, II, III of the sinus node response to atrial extra-stimuli were reduced with no significant change in their duration, expressed as percentage of the Sinus Cycle Length (SCL); --an improvement in the A-V junctional conduction (shortening of the A-H interval for comparable cycle lengths) due to a relatively shortened A-V junctional ERP. The use of the drug in patients with sinus bradycardia and/or atrial dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances, is proposed.", "contents": "[Effects of oxyfedrine on sino-atrial function and on conduction in patients with sinus node and/or atrial dysrhythmias (author's transl)]. The electrophysiological effects of Oxyfedrine on sino-atrial function and on A-V junctional and subjunctional conduction have been studied in 16 patients with sinus node and/or atrial dysrhythmias. The following effects have been observed: --a positive chronotropic effect on the sinus node; --an essentially indirect (rate-dependent) shortening of the Functional and Effective Refractory Periods (FRP and ERP) of the atria without variation of the Intra-Atrial Conduction Time (HRA-LRA). There was no significant shortening of the Maximal Atrial Latency (max AL), of the Corrected Sinus Node Recovery Time (CSNRT) and of the Sino-Atrial Conduction Time (SACT). The limits of Zones I, II, III of the sinus node response to atrial extra-stimuli were reduced with no significant change in their duration, expressed as percentage of the Sinus Cycle Length (SCL); --an improvement in the A-V junctional conduction (shortening of the A-H interval for comparable cycle lengths) due to a relatively shortened A-V junctional ERP. The use of the drug in patients with sinus bradycardia and/or atrial dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances, is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:924060", "title": "[Intraventricular conduction delays, ventricular pre-excitation and ventricular repolarization anomalies of familial character (author's transl)].", "content": "An examination is made on different members of a family in which, owing to hereditary transmission of dominant autosomal type, exist alterations that sometimes manifest with disorders of the intraventricular conduction, sometimes with more or less pronounced aspects of ventricular pre-excitation and some other time with anomalies of the ventricular repolarization phase. In examining the genealogical tree of the family, there are in the fourth generation five cases of short PQ-normal QRS syndrome and one case with ventricular repolarization anomalies; in the third generation six cases with left anterior hemiblock, one case with short PQ-normal QRS syndrome, one case with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and three cases with ventricular repolarization anomalies; in the second generation three cases with bundle branch block associated with left anterior hemiblock. The clinical laboratory investigation permitted to exclude the presence of congenital or acquired heart diseases which, rather frequently are responsible for documented electrocardiographic anomalies; the morphology and cardiac volumetry, put in evidence by radiological examinations, remained within the limits of the normal.", "contents": "[Intraventricular conduction delays, ventricular pre-excitation and ventricular repolarization anomalies of familial character (author's transl)]. An examination is made on different members of a family in which, owing to hereditary transmission of dominant autosomal type, exist alterations that sometimes manifest with disorders of the intraventricular conduction, sometimes with more or less pronounced aspects of ventricular pre-excitation and some other time with anomalies of the ventricular repolarization phase. In examining the genealogical tree of the family, there are in the fourth generation five cases of short PQ-normal QRS syndrome and one case with ventricular repolarization anomalies; in the third generation six cases with left anterior hemiblock, one case with short PQ-normal QRS syndrome, one case with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and three cases with ventricular repolarization anomalies; in the second generation three cases with bundle branch block associated with left anterior hemiblock. The clinical laboratory investigation permitted to exclude the presence of congenital or acquired heart diseases which, rather frequently are responsible for documented electrocardiographic anomalies; the morphology and cardiac volumetry, put in evidence by radiological examinations, remained within the limits of the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:924061", "title": "[Congenital mitral valve malformations. Anatomical lesions and surgical treatment in paediatric age (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital mitral valve malformations are diverse. When they present clinically in infancy medical treatment is often ineffective. Mitral valve replacement with prosthesis in children carries an high operative and postoperative risk. For these reasons the Authors have undertaken in 1972 a cooperative study which includes: 1) a surgical classification of the congenital mitral valve lesions; 2) a systematic attempt to repair the mitral valve. Over 43 observed cases, 18 have been operated upon. Eleven cases (61%) presented associated cardiac lesions. Hospital mortality was 16% (3 cases). There have been either mortality nor morbidity in the follow-up period. Eight cases have been recatheterized two years after the operation. The pulmonary artery pressure has significantly decreased and the mitral insufficiency disappeared almost completely. The classification, suggested by the Authors, is explained in details.", "contents": "[Congenital mitral valve malformations. Anatomical lesions and surgical treatment in paediatric age (author's transl)]. Congenital mitral valve malformations are diverse. When they present clinically in infancy medical treatment is often ineffective. Mitral valve replacement with prosthesis in children carries an high operative and postoperative risk. For these reasons the Authors have undertaken in 1972 a cooperative study which includes: 1) a surgical classification of the congenital mitral valve lesions; 2) a systematic attempt to repair the mitral valve. Over 43 observed cases, 18 have been operated upon. Eleven cases (61%) presented associated cardiac lesions. Hospital mortality was 16% (3 cases). There have been either mortality nor morbidity in the follow-up period. Eight cases have been recatheterized two years after the operation. The pulmonary artery pressure has significantly decreased and the mitral insufficiency disappeared almost completely. The classification, suggested by the Authors, is explained in details."}
{"id": "PMID:924062", "title": "[Study of the precision and limitations in measuring left ventricular pressure and its first time-derivative (author's transl)].", "content": "The precision in measuring left ventricular pressure and its first time-derivative has been evaluated with the study of the physical caracteristics of a system currently used for pressure wave sampling. Besides the different catheters, the set-up tested consists of a nylon connector (110 cm) and of two three way stopcocks. Amplitude and phase response, from 1 to 60 Hz, have been obtained testing the system with sinusoidal pressure waves generated by an hydraulic oscillator. Despite mild differences dependent on the different catheters, the system amplifiers remarkably at frequencies above 5 Hz. Above this limit the harmonic content of the left ventricular pressure wave is negligible and can be ignored in defining the basic morphology and the absolute values of the curve. Similary, the amplification of these high frequency harmonics operated by the system does not affect appreciably pressure measurements. In the case of the pressure time-derivative the significant harmonic content is shifted toward higher frequencies. For this reason a reliable dp/dt cannot be obtained with this hydraulic set-up. A maximal hypothetic error, utilizing a Cook 5.2 F 105 cm catheter, of 8-9% and 28-31% has been estimated for pressure and time-derivative measurments respectively.", "contents": "[Study of the precision and limitations in measuring left ventricular pressure and its first time-derivative (author's transl)]. The precision in measuring left ventricular pressure and its first time-derivative has been evaluated with the study of the physical caracteristics of a system currently used for pressure wave sampling. Besides the different catheters, the set-up tested consists of a nylon connector (110 cm) and of two three way stopcocks. Amplitude and phase response, from 1 to 60 Hz, have been obtained testing the system with sinusoidal pressure waves generated by an hydraulic oscillator. Despite mild differences dependent on the different catheters, the system amplifiers remarkably at frequencies above 5 Hz. Above this limit the harmonic content of the left ventricular pressure wave is negligible and can be ignored in defining the basic morphology and the absolute values of the curve. Similary, the amplification of these high frequency harmonics operated by the system does not affect appreciably pressure measurements. In the case of the pressure time-derivative the significant harmonic content is shifted toward higher frequencies. For this reason a reliable dp/dt cannot be obtained with this hydraulic set-up. A maximal hypothetic error, utilizing a Cook 5.2 F 105 cm catheter, of 8-9% and 28-31% has been estimated for pressure and time-derivative measurments respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:924065", "title": "[The effort test in the diagnosis of typical stable effort angina (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 173 patients with typical effort angina (159 men and 14 women) which underwent exercise test and coronary angiography, significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 70%) of one or more of important coronary branches were present in 93,1% of the cases (96,3% among the males and 57% among the females). In the same group the exercise test sensitivity was 88,8%; when 3 coronary branches were involved the sensitivity rises to 94,3%. The 96,6% of patients with positive exercise test had coronary lesions too (true positives). We did not find any correspondence between the site of transient subendocardial ischemia occurred during the exercise test and coronary branch involved, when the stenosis was limited only one important coronary branch. Finally the researche of correlation between the entity of coronary disease (number of coronary vessels involved, entity of left ventricular contractility impairment) and behavior of patient during exercise test, evaluated with different parameters measured at the moment of stopping of exercise (heart rate and threshold work load, rate-pressure product, maximal downsloping of ST segment, different positivity criteria for exercise test) allowed us to show a good correlation only between the extent of coronary involvement and rate-pressure product or maximal downsloping of ST segment.", "contents": "[The effort test in the diagnosis of typical stable effort angina (author's transl)]. Among 173 patients with typical effort angina (159 men and 14 women) which underwent exercise test and coronary angiography, significant stenosis (greater than or equal to 70%) of one or more of important coronary branches were present in 93,1% of the cases (96,3% among the males and 57% among the females). In the same group the exercise test sensitivity was 88,8%; when 3 coronary branches were involved the sensitivity rises to 94,3%. The 96,6% of patients with positive exercise test had coronary lesions too (true positives). We did not find any correspondence between the site of transient subendocardial ischemia occurred during the exercise test and coronary branch involved, when the stenosis was limited only one important coronary branch. Finally the researche of correlation between the entity of coronary disease (number of coronary vessels involved, entity of left ventricular contractility impairment) and behavior of patient during exercise test, evaluated with different parameters measured at the moment of stopping of exercise (heart rate and threshold work load, rate-pressure product, maximal downsloping of ST segment, different positivity criteria for exercise test) allowed us to show a good correlation only between the extent of coronary involvement and rate-pressure product or maximal downsloping of ST segment."}
{"id": "PMID:924066", "title": "[The mechanism of the chronic supraventricular tachycardia: an intracavitary electrophysiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic Supraventricular Tachycardia (CST) or Chronic Atrial Tachycardia is a relatively rare arrhythmia. Because of very poor number of cases studied with electrophysiologic techniques its mechanism is still debated. Three cases of CST, one of persistent type and two of repetitive type, are reported. His bundle electrogram, high and low right atrial electrograms and atrial stimulation were performed in every case, ventricular stimulation in only one case. The Amiodarone, Pindolol, Verapamil and vagal manoeuvres effects were evaluated in all cases. The site of origin of tachycardia, atrial in cases 1 and 3 and junctional in case 2, was estabished by atrial map. The electrophysiologic findings suggested the presence of an ectopic focus in cases 1 and 3 and of an AV nodal re-entry circuit in case 2. Our results and those of the literature indicate that the site and the mechanism of CST, as in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, is not univocal. Their electrophysiologic evaluation by means of endocavitary techniques can allow a more satisfactory therapeutic approach.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the chronic supraventricular tachycardia: an intracavitary electrophysiological study (author's transl)]. Chronic Supraventricular Tachycardia (CST) or Chronic Atrial Tachycardia is a relatively rare arrhythmia. Because of very poor number of cases studied with electrophysiologic techniques its mechanism is still debated. Three cases of CST, one of persistent type and two of repetitive type, are reported. His bundle electrogram, high and low right atrial electrograms and atrial stimulation were performed in every case, ventricular stimulation in only one case. The Amiodarone, Pindolol, Verapamil and vagal manoeuvres effects were evaluated in all cases. The site of origin of tachycardia, atrial in cases 1 and 3 and junctional in case 2, was estabished by atrial map. The electrophysiologic findings suggested the presence of an ectopic focus in cases 1 and 3 and of an AV nodal re-entry circuit in case 2. Our results and those of the literature indicate that the site and the mechanism of CST, as in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, is not univocal. Their electrophysiologic evaluation by means of endocavitary techniques can allow a more satisfactory therapeutic approach."}
{"id": "PMID:924067", "title": "[Selective ventricular and coronary denervation (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for selective ventricular denervation is described and functional documentation of the effectiveness of this method is presented. Further evidence is presented to demonstrate that selective ventricular denervation interrupts the alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction fibers and significantly decreases the myocardial oxygen demands during sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "[Selective ventricular and coronary denervation (author's transl)]. A technique for selective ventricular denervation is described and functional documentation of the effectiveness of this method is presented. Further evidence is presented to demonstrate that selective ventricular denervation interrupts the alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction fibers and significantly decreases the myocardial oxygen demands during sympathetic nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:924068", "title": "[Urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and 11-hydroxycorticoids under job stress (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the sympathoadrenomedullary and adrenocortical systems has been assessed by measuring serially the urinary excretion of free adrenaline, noradrenaline and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in 32 healthy men under two conditions of job stress: piece-work and assembly line. The urinary levels of two catecholamines and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids rose significantly in piece work and assembly line workers, compared with the values observed respectively during salaried and \"ordinary\" work. Identical results were obtained in the same workers after six months of stressor exposure to piece-work and assembly line conditions. The results support the assumption that long-term exposure of conditions of work stress significant effects on the function under study, this being in the same direction and of the same order of magnitude as that described during short-term exposure in other types of every-day stress and distress. The methodological and clinical implication of these results are discussed.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and 11-hydroxycorticoids under job stress (author's transl)]. The role of the sympathoadrenomedullary and adrenocortical systems has been assessed by measuring serially the urinary excretion of free adrenaline, noradrenaline and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids in 32 healthy men under two conditions of job stress: piece-work and assembly line. The urinary levels of two catecholamines and 11-hydroxycorticosteroids rose significantly in piece work and assembly line workers, compared with the values observed respectively during salaried and \"ordinary\" work. Identical results were obtained in the same workers after six months of stressor exposure to piece-work and assembly line conditions. The results support the assumption that long-term exposure of conditions of work stress significant effects on the function under study, this being in the same direction and of the same order of magnitude as that described during short-term exposure in other types of every-day stress and distress. The methodological and clinical implication of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924069", "title": "[Quantitative cineangiography. Part I. Computerized volumetry of ventricular models (author's transl)].", "content": "A computerized system for cineangiograms analysis is described. Each selected frame is displayed by a TV camera on a TV monitor, allowing the physician to draw the left ventricular contour using a light-pen. The coordinates of selected points are sent to a small size digital computer to be processed. The processing techniques are outlined, while particular evidence is given to the operating procedure. Left ventricular volume is evaluated using both area-length and slice methods. Results obtained on models yield an estimation of the accuracy of the volume measurements.", "contents": "[Quantitative cineangiography. Part I. Computerized volumetry of ventricular models (author's transl)]. A computerized system for cineangiograms analysis is described. Each selected frame is displayed by a TV camera on a TV monitor, allowing the physician to draw the left ventricular contour using a light-pen. The coordinates of selected points are sent to a small size digital computer to be processed. The processing techniques are outlined, while particular evidence is given to the operating procedure. Left ventricular volume is evaluated using both area-length and slice methods. Results obtained on models yield an estimation of the accuracy of the volume measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:924070", "title": "[The biological prostheses of Hancock in our experience of 250 subjects underwent a valvular replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study we present the results of 5-years Follow-up of Clinical experimentation with biological prostheses of Hancock in 250 patients underwent a valvular replacement at the Cardiovascular Surgery Institute of Padua University in Verona. We report the immediate and long-term results with the death causes and the complications related above all with thrombo-embolic events. For such complications it was done a comparison relatively to the cases with mitral and aortic prostheses, with the results obtained from another Cardiovascular Surgery Center where are always applied artificial prostheses. From this comparison results that Hancock's biological prostheses has a major tendency to give incidence of embolic in the first months following the valvular replacement, but successively it is clearly to be prefered to artificial prostheses.", "contents": "[The biological prostheses of Hancock in our experience of 250 subjects underwent a valvular replacement (author's transl)]. In this study we present the results of 5-years Follow-up of Clinical experimentation with biological prostheses of Hancock in 250 patients underwent a valvular replacement at the Cardiovascular Surgery Institute of Padua University in Verona. We report the immediate and long-term results with the death causes and the complications related above all with thrombo-embolic events. For such complications it was done a comparison relatively to the cases with mitral and aortic prostheses, with the results obtained from another Cardiovascular Surgery Center where are always applied artificial prostheses. From this comparison results that Hancock's biological prostheses has a major tendency to give incidence of embolic in the first months following the valvular replacement, but successively it is clearly to be prefered to artificial prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:924075", "title": "[The bicycle electrocardiographic test for secondary prevention of coronary insufficiency. Results of a screening on 11,362 Italian workers (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of multi-phase mass screenings has been carried out in a number of working communities for locating, in their early stage, some socially important disease. The bicycle electrocardiographic test has been used for diagnostical purposes in order to single out all subjects affected by latent coronary heart disease and to evaluate the method as a means of prevention for the population. In the whole case-history, consisting of subjects free from coronary disease and with normal blood-pressure, mostly young or middle aged, the prevalence of positive electrocardiographic tests has been of 0.96%. The incidence of ischemic heart disease in 39 subjects with positive exercise test controlled after two-five years has been of 19%. Since the percentage of subjects with positive exercise test is extremely low on account of the not high occurrence of ischemic heart disease in our country as well as of the limited sensitivity of this method, it is believed that the electrocardiographic exercise test is not a satisfactory tool for secondary prevention of coronary disease in the Italian population.", "contents": "[The bicycle electrocardiographic test for secondary prevention of coronary insufficiency. Results of a screening on 11,362 Italian workers (author's transl)]. A series of multi-phase mass screenings has been carried out in a number of working communities for locating, in their early stage, some socially important disease. The bicycle electrocardiographic test has been used for diagnostical purposes in order to single out all subjects affected by latent coronary heart disease and to evaluate the method as a means of prevention for the population. In the whole case-history, consisting of subjects free from coronary disease and with normal blood-pressure, mostly young or middle aged, the prevalence of positive electrocardiographic tests has been of 0.96%. The incidence of ischemic heart disease in 39 subjects with positive exercise test controlled after two-five years has been of 19%. Since the percentage of subjects with positive exercise test is extremely low on account of the not high occurrence of ischemic heart disease in our country as well as of the limited sensitivity of this method, it is believed that the electrocardiographic exercise test is not a satisfactory tool for secondary prevention of coronary disease in the Italian population."}
{"id": "PMID:924076", "title": "[The atrial stimulation programmed for the research of dual A-V nodal conduction pathways (author's transl)].", "content": "Several techniques of premature atrial stimulation were used in a group of 28 not selected patients admitted to electrophysiological investigations of different rhythm troubles. The purpose of this study was the demonstration of dual A-V nodal pathways. The method consisted in the delivery of one or two atrial extrastimuli at every sixth beat, with or without atrial pacing at increasing rate, up to the either atrail or nodal refractory period. Then a curve of intranodal conduction was plotted. The different techniques led us to a curve reproducible in the 89% of the cases. Its main features are the steady increase of the A-H interval, the subsequent sudden \"jump\" of the same at critical shortening of the coupling stimulation interval and finally a third segment of steady increase until the atrial or nodal refractory period is reached. We believe that this behaviour is common in the man. The significance of the \"jump\", of the morphology of the curve and their possible relationship with the existence of dual A-V nodal pathways is discussed. Finally the different stimulation techniques are compared.", "contents": "[The atrial stimulation programmed for the research of dual A-V nodal conduction pathways (author's transl)]. Several techniques of premature atrial stimulation were used in a group of 28 not selected patients admitted to electrophysiological investigations of different rhythm troubles. The purpose of this study was the demonstration of dual A-V nodal pathways. The method consisted in the delivery of one or two atrial extrastimuli at every sixth beat, with or without atrial pacing at increasing rate, up to the either atrail or nodal refractory period. Then a curve of intranodal conduction was plotted. The different techniques led us to a curve reproducible in the 89% of the cases. Its main features are the steady increase of the A-H interval, the subsequent sudden \"jump\" of the same at critical shortening of the coupling stimulation interval and finally a third segment of steady increase until the atrial or nodal refractory period is reached. We believe that this behaviour is common in the man. The significance of the \"jump\", of the morphology of the curve and their possible relationship with the existence of dual A-V nodal pathways is discussed. Finally the different stimulation techniques are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:924077", "title": "[Subxiophoyd echocardiography: pulmonary artery or aorta (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, have been examinated by subxiophoyd echocardiography associated with ultrasonic contrast of right heart. It is detected that the vessel placed behind anterior cavity is aorta. This is confirmed by study of calcific aortic stenosis too, where the calcifications allows sure localisation of the vessel. Main pulmonary artery, or its branches, is instead visible behind aorta.", "contents": "[Subxiophoyd echocardiography: pulmonary artery or aorta (author's transl)]. Six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, have been examinated by subxiophoyd echocardiography associated with ultrasonic contrast of right heart. It is detected that the vessel placed behind anterior cavity is aorta. This is confirmed by study of calcific aortic stenosis too, where the calcifications allows sure localisation of the vessel. Main pulmonary artery, or its branches, is instead visible behind aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:924078", "title": "[Ventricular septal defect and valvular aortic insufficiency. Our experience with nineteen patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Nineteen patients with ventricular septal defect (V.S.D) and valvular aortic insufficiency (A.I.), who underwent surgical repair, were reported. In the majority of patients the V.S.D. was localized in the supracristal region and the most frequent aortic valve abnormality was a prolapsing right cusp. Closure of the V.S.D. was effected with a patch in 15 patients and by direct suture in 4. Surgical management of A.I. consisted of: a) replacement of the aortic valve in 12 patients; b) no procedure on the aortic valve in 6 patient; c) plastic repair of the aortic valve in 1 patient. Only one patient died. Conservative management of the A.I. is advocated, but this is possible only if early repair is attempted. In adults, replacement with a prosthesis is indicated for severe A.I.", "contents": "[Ventricular septal defect and valvular aortic insufficiency. Our experience with nineteen patients (author's transl)]. Nineteen patients with ventricular septal defect (V.S.D) and valvular aortic insufficiency (A.I.), who underwent surgical repair, were reported. In the majority of patients the V.S.D. was localized in the supracristal region and the most frequent aortic valve abnormality was a prolapsing right cusp. Closure of the V.S.D. was effected with a patch in 15 patients and by direct suture in 4. Surgical management of A.I. consisted of: a) replacement of the aortic valve in 12 patients; b) no procedure on the aortic valve in 6 patient; c) plastic repair of the aortic valve in 1 patient. Only one patient died. Conservative management of the A.I. is advocated, but this is possible only if early repair is attempted. In adults, replacement with a prosthesis is indicated for severe A.I."}
{"id": "PMID:924081", "title": "[General anesthesia in patients with intraventricular conduction abnormalities (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess the risk of developing complete heart block during general anesthesia in patients with bundle branch block. His bundle electrograms were recorded during sinus rhythm and after atrail pacing in 11 patients (5 LBBB, 2 RBBB, 3 RBBB and LAH, 1 RBBB and LBH) before and after administration of Pentothal 0.20 g e.v., Succinylcholine 1 mg/kg e.v., and breathing of fluothane 1%or Ethrane. Minimal effects on sinus functions and A-V node conduction was observed during anesthesia; Fluothane only increased slightly AH intervals (+11%). Both Fluothane and Ethrane effects on HV conduction was insignificant. In 9 patients HV intervals increased of 5% after Succinylcholine; 2 patients developed a complete heart block distal to his after the drug. Possible causes of the complete heart block are discussed and a direct effect of Succinylcholine is hypothesized.", "contents": "[General anesthesia in patients with intraventricular conduction abnormalities (author's transl)]. This study was undertaken to assess the risk of developing complete heart block during general anesthesia in patients with bundle branch block. His bundle electrograms were recorded during sinus rhythm and after atrail pacing in 11 patients (5 LBBB, 2 RBBB, 3 RBBB and LAH, 1 RBBB and LBH) before and after administration of Pentothal 0.20 g e.v., Succinylcholine 1 mg/kg e.v., and breathing of fluothane 1%or Ethrane. Minimal effects on sinus functions and A-V node conduction was observed during anesthesia; Fluothane only increased slightly AH intervals (+11%). Both Fluothane and Ethrane effects on HV conduction was insignificant. In 9 patients HV intervals increased of 5% after Succinylcholine; 2 patients developed a complete heart block distal to his after the drug. Possible causes of the complete heart block are discussed and a direct effect of Succinylcholine is hypothesized."}
{"id": "PMID:924082", "title": "[Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate-induced severe hypotension, bradycardia and prelypothymia in patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "100 patients with acute myocardial infarction were given 5 mg of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate within 36 hours by the onset of their symptoms. 86 patients did not show any unusual effect after the administration of the drug; their heart rate was only slightly increased and their arterial pressure slightly reduced. 14 patients developed severe systemic arterial hypotension, associated with absolute or relative bradycardia, within 30 minutes of receiving the drug. All the patients complained of fainting and sweating, 1 patient developed a syncope. Symptoms were relieved by raising patients legs in 10 cases, by 0.5 mg Atropina e.v. in 4 cases, 1 case required also external cardiac massage. There was no significant difference between the two groups as regard to the location of myocardial infarction nor to the functional class (according to Killip classification). Possible mechanism producing bradycardia, hypotension and lipothymia after nitrates administration are considered. A vagally mediate reflex possibly elicited by a fall in venous return is the most acceptable hypothesis. The study emphasizes the importance of carefull observation of patients receiving sublingual nitrates during acute myocardial infarction, and the rapid response of bradycardia, hypotension and lipothymia following nitrates administration, to a simple therapy, which avoids other potentially hazardous treatments.", "contents": "[Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate-induced severe hypotension, bradycardia and prelypothymia in patients with acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction were given 5 mg of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate within 36 hours by the onset of their symptoms. 86 patients did not show any unusual effect after the administration of the drug; their heart rate was only slightly increased and their arterial pressure slightly reduced. 14 patients developed severe systemic arterial hypotension, associated with absolute or relative bradycardia, within 30 minutes of receiving the drug. All the patients complained of fainting and sweating, 1 patient developed a syncope. Symptoms were relieved by raising patients legs in 10 cases, by 0.5 mg Atropina e.v. in 4 cases, 1 case required also external cardiac massage. There was no significant difference between the two groups as regard to the location of myocardial infarction nor to the functional class (according to Killip classification). Possible mechanism producing bradycardia, hypotension and lipothymia after nitrates administration are considered. A vagally mediate reflex possibly elicited by a fall in venous return is the most acceptable hypothesis. The study emphasizes the importance of carefull observation of patients receiving sublingual nitrates during acute myocardial infarction, and the rapid response of bradycardia, hypotension and lipothymia following nitrates administration, to a simple therapy, which avoids other potentially hazardous treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:924085", "title": "Intraoperative measurement of the bile flow resistance in the terminal portion of the common bile duct and its clinical significance in biliary surgery.", "content": "A practical method, safe and relatively simple to perform, which we have developed for the intra-operative measurement of the resistance to bile flow in the terminal portion of the common bile duct is described. This method performed routinely in conjuction with the operative cholangiography in the operating room, proved to be a powerful diagnostic acid for detecting abnormalities in the terminal portion of the common bile duct. In gallstone disease, the results by this method were compared with the operative results. It was found that minimal organic changes or functional disturbances in the terminal portion of the common bile duct, even those without jaundice, can be detected, and unnecessary choledochotomy or sphincteroplasty avoided. This method has a further advantage in that it gives universality to the resistance R and the residual pressure P as quantitative discriptive indices for the qualitative state of bile flow in the terminal portion of the common bile duct, and, if adopted as a standard and routine method, should make the comparison of works by different investigators easier and more significant.", "contents": "Intraoperative measurement of the bile flow resistance in the terminal portion of the common bile duct and its clinical significance in biliary surgery. A practical method, safe and relatively simple to perform, which we have developed for the intra-operative measurement of the resistance to bile flow in the terminal portion of the common bile duct is described. This method performed routinely in conjuction with the operative cholangiography in the operating room, proved to be a powerful diagnostic acid for detecting abnormalities in the terminal portion of the common bile duct. In gallstone disease, the results by this method were compared with the operative results. It was found that minimal organic changes or functional disturbances in the terminal portion of the common bile duct, even those without jaundice, can be detected, and unnecessary choledochotomy or sphincteroplasty avoided. This method has a further advantage in that it gives universality to the resistance R and the residual pressure P as quantitative discriptive indices for the qualitative state of bile flow in the terminal portion of the common bile duct, and, if adopted as a standard and routine method, should make the comparison of works by different investigators easier and more significant."}
{"id": "PMID:924086", "title": "The diagnostic evaluation of ERCP in pancreatic and biliary carcinoma.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 77 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 47 cases of carcinoma of the common bile duct and 45 cases of carcinoma of the gall bladder. In order to evaluate ERCP in pancreatic and biliary carcinoma, success rates of desired duct cannulation and some problems in the interpretation of ERCP findings were discussed. In 2 cases (2.6%) of pancreatic carcinoma, 6 cases (13.0%) of carcinoma of the common bile duct and 8 cases (17.8%) of carcinoma of the gall bladder were failed to visualized the desired ducts by ERCP. In pancreatic carcinoma, false negative cases in the interpretation of ERCP findings were encountered in 4 cases (4.6%). Similarly, false positive cases were encountered in 12 patients (13.6%). On the other hand, 4 false negative were encountered in cases of which carcinoma of the gall bladder could not detected and 4 false positive cases were encountered in cases with inflamatory disease of the common bile duct.", "contents": "The diagnostic evaluation of ERCP in pancreatic and biliary carcinoma. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 77 cases of pancreatic carcinoma, 47 cases of carcinoma of the common bile duct and 45 cases of carcinoma of the gall bladder. In order to evaluate ERCP in pancreatic and biliary carcinoma, success rates of desired duct cannulation and some problems in the interpretation of ERCP findings were discussed. In 2 cases (2.6%) of pancreatic carcinoma, 6 cases (13.0%) of carcinoma of the common bile duct and 8 cases (17.8%) of carcinoma of the gall bladder were failed to visualized the desired ducts by ERCP. In pancreatic carcinoma, false negative cases in the interpretation of ERCP findings were encountered in 4 cases (4.6%). Similarly, false positive cases were encountered in 12 patients (13.6%). On the other hand, 4 false negative were encountered in cases of which carcinoma of the gall bladder could not detected and 4 false positive cases were encountered in cases with inflamatory disease of the common bile duct."}
{"id": "PMID:924087", "title": "Experimental study of transductal dissemination of cancer of the pancreas.", "content": "Experimental studies on the mechanims of transductal dissemination of the pancreas carcinoma was made in rabbit by injection of VX2 carcinoma suspension into the pancreatic duct. Ductal occlusion was conductive to nidation and growth in the pancreas of intraductal floating cancer cells, but tumor growth also occured in 40% of animals in which the duct was not occluded. The mechanisms of nidation in the pancreas of intraductal floating cancer cells were direct embedding into the ductal wall, and leakage of cancer cells from the duct in the process of pancreatic fibrosis due to ductal obstruction. Expansive tumor growth in the pancreas was more vigorous the smaller the degree of fibrosis of the pancreas, and was most active where associated acute pancreatitis was seen or where the pancreas was X-irradiated one week before injection of carcinoma suspension.", "contents": "Experimental study of transductal dissemination of cancer of the pancreas. Experimental studies on the mechanims of transductal dissemination of the pancreas carcinoma was made in rabbit by injection of VX2 carcinoma suspension into the pancreatic duct. Ductal occlusion was conductive to nidation and growth in the pancreas of intraductal floating cancer cells, but tumor growth also occured in 40% of animals in which the duct was not occluded. The mechanisms of nidation in the pancreas of intraductal floating cancer cells were direct embedding into the ductal wall, and leakage of cancer cells from the duct in the process of pancreatic fibrosis due to ductal obstruction. Expansive tumor growth in the pancreas was more vigorous the smaller the degree of fibrosis of the pancreas, and was most active where associated acute pancreatitis was seen or where the pancreas was X-irradiated one week before injection of carcinoma suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:924088", "title": "The clinicopathological features of the alcoholic liver injury in Japan and its etiological relationship to hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Clinicopathological features of 73 patients with alcoholic liver injury were investigated and its etiological relationship to HBV was examined. The results obtained are as follows: 1) the symptoms and histologic changes observed in this study were slightly differed from that of acute alcoholic hepatitis reported in the United States and European countries and only few cases showed similar symptoms and histologic changes compatible to acute alcoholic hepatitis. 2) Histologically, the pattern of hepatic fibrosis extending from the protal tracts into the lobule with scanty inflammatory changes was supposed to be the most characteristic features in this study. 3) Evidence of the exposure to HBV has been presented in 19 of 55 examined cases. Three cases with persistent HBs antigenemia were occasionally associated with severe hepatic changes. However, positive tests for antibodies presumably reflect the previous infection of HBV and no continuous damage due to the infection was supposed in these cases.", "contents": "The clinicopathological features of the alcoholic liver injury in Japan and its etiological relationship to hepatitis B virus. Clinicopathological features of 73 patients with alcoholic liver injury were investigated and its etiological relationship to HBV was examined. The results obtained are as follows: 1) the symptoms and histologic changes observed in this study were slightly differed from that of acute alcoholic hepatitis reported in the United States and European countries and only few cases showed similar symptoms and histologic changes compatible to acute alcoholic hepatitis. 2) Histologically, the pattern of hepatic fibrosis extending from the protal tracts into the lobule with scanty inflammatory changes was supposed to be the most characteristic features in this study. 3) Evidence of the exposure to HBV has been presented in 19 of 55 examined cases. Three cases with persistent HBs antigenemia were occasionally associated with severe hepatic changes. However, positive tests for antibodies presumably reflect the previous infection of HBV and no continuous damage due to the infection was supposed in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:924089", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the Brunner's cyst.", "content": "A Brunner's cyst, removed from a 54-year-old woman, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The cyst was spherical, measured 1.5 cm in diameter and was located in the duodenal bulb. Histologically, the cyst, confined in the submucosa, consisted of a single layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue. The epithelial cells were composed of an orderly array of tall columnar cells containing basal round nuclei and fine granular cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells contained many secretory granules in the cytoplasm. Each secretory granule was membrane-bound and appeared electron-lucid with a dense core. They were small and sparse around the Golgi apparatus but large and numerous in the apical region. Multinucleated cells were intermingled with cells of the epithelial lining.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the Brunner's cyst. A Brunner's cyst, removed from a 54-year-old woman, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The cyst was spherical, measured 1.5 cm in diameter and was located in the duodenal bulb. Histologically, the cyst, confined in the submucosa, consisted of a single layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue. The epithelial cells were composed of an orderly array of tall columnar cells containing basal round nuclei and fine granular cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells contained many secretory granules in the cytoplasm. Each secretory granule was membrane-bound and appeared electron-lucid with a dense core. They were small and sparse around the Golgi apparatus but large and numerous in the apical region. Multinucleated cells were intermingled with cells of the epithelial lining."}
{"id": "PMID:924092", "title": "[Urological complications following gynecological surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Lesions of the urinary tract occur in a constant percentage no matter what type of gynecological operation is performed. In the last 11 years we saw 150 immediately postoperative complications, 85 of which involved the ureter, 58 the bladder and 7 the urethra. 8 lesions of the ureter healed spontaneonsly. 15 ureters were mounted with a stent. Surgical treatment had to be performed on 62 ureters. 50 of which were ureteroplasties: 21 ureteroneocystostomies, 28 ureteroplasties with a bladder flap (Boari-K\u00fcss), 1 uretero-ureteral-anastomosis. The results were good in 80%. Therapy of vesical-fistulae consisted in operative closure 3 month after the primary lesion. (54 cases: 30 vaginal approaches, 7 transvesical approaches, 14 transvesical a. with a peritoneal flap and 3 transvesical a. with interposition of the omentum.) Continence was achieved in all but one cases. Two cases required a second intervention. 4. fistulas were treated only conservative, in 3 times successfull, one event of bladder abdominal-wall fistula. The 4th case was not closed because of the rejection of the operation from the patient. All urethral fistulae could be closed successfully.", "contents": "[Urological complications following gynecological surgery (author's transl)]. Lesions of the urinary tract occur in a constant percentage no matter what type of gynecological operation is performed. In the last 11 years we saw 150 immediately postoperative complications, 85 of which involved the ureter, 58 the bladder and 7 the urethra. 8 lesions of the ureter healed spontaneonsly. 15 ureters were mounted with a stent. Surgical treatment had to be performed on 62 ureters. 50 of which were ureteroplasties: 21 ureteroneocystostomies, 28 ureteroplasties with a bladder flap (Boari-K\u00fcss), 1 uretero-ureteral-anastomosis. The results were good in 80%. Therapy of vesical-fistulae consisted in operative closure 3 month after the primary lesion. (54 cases: 30 vaginal approaches, 7 transvesical approaches, 14 transvesical a. with a peritoneal flap and 3 transvesical a. with interposition of the omentum.) Continence was achieved in all but one cases. Two cases required a second intervention. 4. fistulas were treated only conservative, in 3 times successfull, one event of bladder abdominal-wall fistula. The 4th case was not closed because of the rejection of the operation from the patient. All urethral fistulae could be closed successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:924093", "title": "[Critical observations on the rate of \"False Negative\" findings in gynecologic cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain a resonable approach to the rate of false negative findings in gynecologic cytology, all cases available to the authors for analysis with cervical carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and dysplasia during 1971 to 1973 were examined for any previous history of negative cytologic findings during the years preceding the detection of these pathologic conditions. It was found that negative results had been obtained in 11% of the patients suffering from cervical carcinoma, whereas the corresponding percentage figure was 18% negative results in carcinoma in situ patients. However, in about half of the cases, repetition of the smear had been recommended. Among the possible causes of false negative cytologic findings, the laboratory error (screening and evaluation) is the only one which can be accurately determined; in the present analysis, one-third of the false findings were found to be due to laboratory error. It is probable that the majority of the other false negative cytologic findings are mainly due to errors in sampling. As a matter of fact, rapidly growing carcinomas and carcinomas in situ are probably rare.", "contents": "[Critical observations on the rate of \"False Negative\" findings in gynecologic cytology (author's transl)]. In order to obtain a resonable approach to the rate of false negative findings in gynecologic cytology, all cases available to the authors for analysis with cervical carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and dysplasia during 1971 to 1973 were examined for any previous history of negative cytologic findings during the years preceding the detection of these pathologic conditions. It was found that negative results had been obtained in 11% of the patients suffering from cervical carcinoma, whereas the corresponding percentage figure was 18% negative results in carcinoma in situ patients. However, in about half of the cases, repetition of the smear had been recommended. Among the possible causes of false negative cytologic findings, the laboratory error (screening and evaluation) is the only one which can be accurately determined; in the present analysis, one-third of the false findings were found to be due to laboratory error. It is probable that the majority of the other false negative cytologic findings are mainly due to errors in sampling. As a matter of fact, rapidly growing carcinomas and carcinomas in situ are probably rare."}
{"id": "PMID:924094", "title": "[A casuistic contribution to therapy with gestagen in metastasizing corpus carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Casuistic contribution of a sucessfully with Gestagen treated stage IV corpus carcinoma which previously had been operated and undergone radiotherapy. Ten years after the primary treatment the patient presented herself asymptomatic and clinically free of a tumor. The possible mechanism of the effect of the Gestagen-therapy is discussed as well as the indication for the administration of Gestagen in a corpus carcinoma.", "contents": "[A casuistic contribution to therapy with gestagen in metastasizing corpus carcinoma (author's transl)]. Casuistic contribution of a sucessfully with Gestagen treated stage IV corpus carcinoma which previously had been operated and undergone radiotherapy. Ten years after the primary treatment the patient presented herself asymptomatic and clinically free of a tumor. The possible mechanism of the effect of the Gestagen-therapy is discussed as well as the indication for the administration of Gestagen in a corpus carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:924095", "title": "[The surgical treatment of pelvic thrombosis during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Pelvic venous thrombosis during pregnancy is a rare event. The treatment discussed in the literature consists mostly of recommendations for therapeutic fibrinolysis. The surgical alternative is the retrograde operative thrombectomy with concommitant Caesarean Section. Two cases were successfully treated by this method at 33 and 39 weeks gestation. The cases are reported. The operative technique is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of pelvic thrombosis during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Pelvic venous thrombosis during pregnancy is a rare event. The treatment discussed in the literature consists mostly of recommendations for therapeutic fibrinolysis. The surgical alternative is the retrograde operative thrombectomy with concommitant Caesarean Section. Two cases were successfully treated by this method at 33 and 39 weeks gestation. The cases are reported. The operative technique is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924097", "title": "[Sudden maternal death in late pregnancy: congenital diaphragmatic defect causing prolapse of the intestine into the thoracic cavity (author's transl)].", "content": "Near the end of her first pregnancy, a 17-year-old patient developed sudden epigastric pain followed shortly afterwards by restlessness, paleness and respiratory distress. A diagnosis of pneumothorax was made from the chest radiogram. Shortly after this examination the patient died from cardiocirculatory failure. Autopsy revealed a congenital defect of the diaphragm with prolapse of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity and displacement of the heart and mediastinum. The strangulated, gas-filled stomach was situated in the thoracic cavity and showed hemorrhagic erosions of the mucosa and a circumscribed mural defect which had obviously developed in the prefinal stage. This case as well as similar ones reported in the literature underline the necessity for a rapid diagnosis of unclear epigastric pain in late pregnancy. In the case of \"diaphragmatic hernia\" early surgery is indicated.", "contents": "[Sudden maternal death in late pregnancy: congenital diaphragmatic defect causing prolapse of the intestine into the thoracic cavity (author's transl)]. Near the end of her first pregnancy, a 17-year-old patient developed sudden epigastric pain followed shortly afterwards by restlessness, paleness and respiratory distress. A diagnosis of pneumothorax was made from the chest radiogram. Shortly after this examination the patient died from cardiocirculatory failure. Autopsy revealed a congenital defect of the diaphragm with prolapse of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity and displacement of the heart and mediastinum. The strangulated, gas-filled stomach was situated in the thoracic cavity and showed hemorrhagic erosions of the mucosa and a circumscribed mural defect which had obviously developed in the prefinal stage. This case as well as similar ones reported in the literature underline the necessity for a rapid diagnosis of unclear epigastric pain in late pregnancy. In the case of \"diaphragmatic hernia\" early surgery is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:924098", "title": "[Classification and estimation of risks as a preoperative requirement for risk patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase in gynecologic surgery for groups of risk patients, who, heretofore, have been considered as inoperable, forces us to systematize our procedures by estimating the surgical risk. The general surgical risk was high in 158 patients (10%). None of these patients died as a result of surgery. Suggestions were made, based on our own experience, for the extent of preoperative diagnostics, and for the form of the classification and estimation of risks. The improved possibilities for surgery can be extended to high-risk groups only when the existing risks are correctly estimated.", "contents": "[Classification and estimation of risks as a preoperative requirement for risk patients (author's transl)]. The increase in gynecologic surgery for groups of risk patients, who, heretofore, have been considered as inoperable, forces us to systematize our procedures by estimating the surgical risk. The general surgical risk was high in 158 patients (10%). None of these patients died as a result of surgery. Suggestions were made, based on our own experience, for the extent of preoperative diagnostics, and for the form of the classification and estimation of risks. The improved possibilities for surgery can be extended to high-risk groups only when the existing risks are correctly estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:924099", "title": "[Questions of liability in unsuccessful voluntary sterilization (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the June 29, 1976, decision of the Federal High Court of the Federal Republic of Germany, voluntary sterilization is permitted under certain, limited, circumstances. After the physician has thoroughly instructed the patient, the patient must give written consent in agreement with S 226 of the penal code. The physician cannot then later be charged with commiting bodily injury according to S 224 of the penal code. Recently, the German courts have tended more and more to consider the unplanned birth of a child following unsuccessful sterilization as a damage case for which the attending physician is held responsible under civil law. For most physicians, this means that the financial compensation set by the court is not, or at least not fully, covered by their medical indemnity insurance. A corresponding increase in the medical indemnity coverage or a release from all damage claims overagainst the attending physician signed by the patient is urgently indicated.", "contents": "[Questions of liability in unsuccessful voluntary sterilization (author's transl)]. Since the June 29, 1976, decision of the Federal High Court of the Federal Republic of Germany, voluntary sterilization is permitted under certain, limited, circumstances. After the physician has thoroughly instructed the patient, the patient must give written consent in agreement with S 226 of the penal code. The physician cannot then later be charged with commiting bodily injury according to S 224 of the penal code. Recently, the German courts have tended more and more to consider the unplanned birth of a child following unsuccessful sterilization as a damage case for which the attending physician is held responsible under civil law. For most physicians, this means that the financial compensation set by the court is not, or at least not fully, covered by their medical indemnity insurance. A corresponding increase in the medical indemnity coverage or a release from all damage claims overagainst the attending physician signed by the patient is urgently indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:924100", "title": "[Pelviscopic surgery in gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the fallopian tubes has today developed into pelviscopic surgery. The development of suitable instruments such as the tube set, a new endocoagulation method were prerequisites for this development. Operative therapeutic pelviscopic surgery is a development past laparotomy. It is now possible to treat adhesions in the abdomen with this method, to coagulate and divide fallopian tubes for sterilization, to aspirate ovarian cysts and resect walls of ovarian cysts, to coagulate endometriosis and to perform salpingolysis and salpingostomy. In selected cases ovariectomy and myomectomy are possible through the pelviscope. Tables and statistics on 3300 pelviscopies are presented. The indications are discussed. The use of pelviscopy following previous laparotomy (1831 cases) is discussed. The complication rate was 1.10% without death, without injury to large vessels, without embolic phenomenon. The operative risk is therefore less than that of laparotomy. The operative therapeutic pelviscopy can replace the classical laparotomy in about 25% of the cases. For the operation of tubal infertility, a laparotomy is eliminated in about 80% of the cases.", "contents": "[Pelviscopic surgery in gynaecology (author's transl)]. Surgery of the fallopian tubes has today developed into pelviscopic surgery. The development of suitable instruments such as the tube set, a new endocoagulation method were prerequisites for this development. Operative therapeutic pelviscopic surgery is a development past laparotomy. It is now possible to treat adhesions in the abdomen with this method, to coagulate and divide fallopian tubes for sterilization, to aspirate ovarian cysts and resect walls of ovarian cysts, to coagulate endometriosis and to perform salpingolysis and salpingostomy. In selected cases ovariectomy and myomectomy are possible through the pelviscope. Tables and statistics on 3300 pelviscopies are presented. The indications are discussed. The use of pelviscopy following previous laparotomy (1831 cases) is discussed. The complication rate was 1.10% without death, without injury to large vessels, without embolic phenomenon. The operative risk is therefore less than that of laparotomy. The operative therapeutic pelviscopy can replace the classical laparotomy in about 25% of the cases. For the operation of tubal infertility, a laparotomy is eliminated in about 80% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:924102", "title": "[Critical evaluation of clinical and hormonal parameters for the optimal timing of induction of ovulation with gonadotropins (author's transl)].", "content": "In 9 hypogonadotrophic, normoprolactinemic women with primary or secondary amenorrhea, who were infertile, 16 treatment cycles with menopausal gonadotropin and chorionic gonadotropin (HMG-HCG) were carried out. Nine treatment cycles were monitored indirectly with the cervical factor and hormonal cytology. The concomitant serum estradiol and progesterone values were later determined by radioimmunoassays. The other 7 treatment cycles were monitored by daily serum estradiol determinations. There were 4 pregnancies. Successful induction of ovulation with subsequent pregnancies was only obtained in the treatment cycles monitored by serum estradiol determinations (pregnancy rate 60%). Classical signs of overstimulation with ascites and hydrothorax occurred twice in treatment cycles which were monitored by clinical means only. Neither the maturation index nor the cervical factor reflected a quantitative overstimulation of the ovaries. The daily radioimmunological determination of estradiol prevented overstimulation of the ovaries, and permitted optimal timing of the induction of ovulation with HCG. In our experience, the maturation index determined from vaginal cytology and the clinical determination of the cervical factor are inappropriate parameters to monitor individually a successful induction of ovulation with HMG-HCG.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of clinical and hormonal parameters for the optimal timing of induction of ovulation with gonadotropins (author's transl)]. In 9 hypogonadotrophic, normoprolactinemic women with primary or secondary amenorrhea, who were infertile, 16 treatment cycles with menopausal gonadotropin and chorionic gonadotropin (HMG-HCG) were carried out. Nine treatment cycles were monitored indirectly with the cervical factor and hormonal cytology. The concomitant serum estradiol and progesterone values were later determined by radioimmunoassays. The other 7 treatment cycles were monitored by daily serum estradiol determinations. There were 4 pregnancies. Successful induction of ovulation with subsequent pregnancies was only obtained in the treatment cycles monitored by serum estradiol determinations (pregnancy rate 60%). Classical signs of overstimulation with ascites and hydrothorax occurred twice in treatment cycles which were monitored by clinical means only. Neither the maturation index nor the cervical factor reflected a quantitative overstimulation of the ovaries. The daily radioimmunological determination of estradiol prevented overstimulation of the ovaries, and permitted optimal timing of the induction of ovulation with HCG. In our experience, the maturation index determined from vaginal cytology and the clinical determination of the cervical factor are inappropriate parameters to monitor individually a successful induction of ovulation with HMG-HCG."}
{"id": "PMID:924103", "title": "[The purity degree of the vagina containing mycoplasmosis urogenitalis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 156 women with mycoplasmosis urogenitalis the degree of purity of the vagina was determined. In none of the patient's a first degree of purity (containing lactobacilli only) was found. This is an additional sign that mycoplasma has an optional pathogenetic importance in the female urogenital system. In order to restore a normal vaginal flora of lactobacilli, the mycoplasma has to be eliminated.", "contents": "[The purity degree of the vagina containing mycoplasmosis urogenitalis (author's transl)]. In 156 women with mycoplasmosis urogenitalis the degree of purity of the vagina was determined. In none of the patient's a first degree of purity (containing lactobacilli only) was found. This is an additional sign that mycoplasma has an optional pathogenetic importance in the female urogenital system. In order to restore a normal vaginal flora of lactobacilli, the mycoplasma has to be eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:924104", "title": "[Vaginal metastasis of renal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of vaginal metastases of renal carcinoma are reported. This is an incidence of 1.3% in 313 operated patients (from 1/1/70 to 12/31/76). A surgical treatment of primary renal carcinoma and vaginal metastasis seems to be reasonable in there cases. Since in accordance with the literature metastatic involvement of vagina and vulva seems not to be a very rare finding, the diagnostic in renal carcinoma should imply a gynecologic examination. Although in carcinoma of the left kidney metastatic spreading into the external female genitalia most probably occurs by a retrograde venous pathway (left ovarian vein), the way of dissemination in carcinoma of the right side is unclear.", "contents": "[Vaginal metastasis of renal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Four cases of vaginal metastases of renal carcinoma are reported. This is an incidence of 1.3% in 313 operated patients (from 1/1/70 to 12/31/76). A surgical treatment of primary renal carcinoma and vaginal metastasis seems to be reasonable in there cases. Since in accordance with the literature metastatic involvement of vagina and vulva seems not to be a very rare finding, the diagnostic in renal carcinoma should imply a gynecologic examination. Although in carcinoma of the left kidney metastatic spreading into the external female genitalia most probably occurs by a retrograde venous pathway (left ovarian vein), the way of dissemination in carcinoma of the right side is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:924105", "title": "[Pregnancy after conisation for atypical epithelial processes of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "At the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna Medical School, 148 females aged under 35 years at the time of conisation were examined between 1963 and 1974 to determine their desire for children, their fertility status and the course of pregnancy. After conisation a total of only 42 females (28,4%) wanted children. Of 104 patients with preinvasive carcinoma, a desire for children was reported by no more than 21 (20,2%); among the cases with dysplasia, the number of women desiring children was equally 21 (47,7%). By the end of 1976, after a followup period of 1 to 13 years, 16 of 42 females wanting children failed to conceive, while the remaining 26 gave birth to 20 children. Judging from our admittedly small material, conisation thus apparently has no effect on conception. However, the course of pregnancy was found to be impaired in some cases by the incompetent cervical function. Twelve patients required a Shirodkar operation, which failed to prevent late abortion in 2 cases and premature delivery in 4. Nine women gave birth at or at best 3 weeks before term without preventive methods.", "contents": "[Pregnancy after conisation for atypical epithelial processes of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. At the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna Medical School, 148 females aged under 35 years at the time of conisation were examined between 1963 and 1974 to determine their desire for children, their fertility status and the course of pregnancy. After conisation a total of only 42 females (28,4%) wanted children. Of 104 patients with preinvasive carcinoma, a desire for children was reported by no more than 21 (20,2%); among the cases with dysplasia, the number of women desiring children was equally 21 (47,7%). By the end of 1976, after a followup period of 1 to 13 years, 16 of 42 females wanting children failed to conceive, while the remaining 26 gave birth to 20 children. Judging from our admittedly small material, conisation thus apparently has no effect on conception. However, the course of pregnancy was found to be impaired in some cases by the incompetent cervical function. Twelve patients required a Shirodkar operation, which failed to prevent late abortion in 2 cases and premature delivery in 4. Nine women gave birth at or at best 3 weeks before term without preventive methods."}
{"id": "PMID:924135", "title": "Effects of ancestral X irradiation followed by random mating on body weight of rats.", "content": "Effects of nine generations of 450r per generation of ancestral spermatogonial X irradiation of inbred rats on body weight were examined. After six generations of random mating (avoiding inbreeding) following the termination of irradiation, descendants of irradiated males (R) were significantly lighter than their controls (C) at 3 and 6 weeks, but not at 10 weeks of age. However, differences in growth between R and C populations were small. Among-litter and within-litter variance estimates were generally larger in the R lines than in the C lines, suggesting that selection responses would be greater in R than in C lines. In conjunction with previous evidence--obtained during the irradiation phase of the experiment--this suggested that more rapid response to selection for 6-week body weight, in particular, might accrue in the R lines.", "contents": "Effects of ancestral X irradiation followed by random mating on body weight of rats. Effects of nine generations of 450r per generation of ancestral spermatogonial X irradiation of inbred rats on body weight were examined. After six generations of random mating (avoiding inbreeding) following the termination of irradiation, descendants of irradiated males (R) were significantly lighter than their controls (C) at 3 and 6 weeks, but not at 10 weeks of age. However, differences in growth between R and C populations were small. Among-litter and within-litter variance estimates were generally larger in the R lines than in the C lines, suggesting that selection responses would be greater in R than in C lines. In conjunction with previous evidence--obtained during the irradiation phase of the experiment--this suggested that more rapid response to selection for 6-week body weight, in particular, might accrue in the R lines."}
{"id": "PMID:924136", "title": "Estimates of genetic parameters of body weight in descendants of X-irradiated rat spermatogonia.", "content": "Effects of nine generations of 450r per generation of ancestral spermatogonial X irradiation of inbred rats on genetic parameters of body weight at 3, 6, and 10 weeks of age and of weight gains between these periods were studied. Covariances among relatives were estimated by mixed model and regression techniques in randomly selected lines with (R) and without (C) radiation history. Analyses of the data were based on five linear genetic models combining additive direct, additive indirect (maternal), dominance and environmental effects. Parameters in these models were estimated by generalized least-squares. A model including direct and indirect genetic effects fit more closely to the data in both R and C lines. Overdominance of induced mutations did not seem to be present. Ancestral irradiation increased maternal additive genetic variances of body weights and gains but not direct genetic variances. Theoretically, due to a negative direct-maternal genetic correlation, within full-sib family selection would be ineffective in increasing body weight at six weeks in both R and C lines. However, progress from mass selection would be expected to be faster in the R lines.", "contents": "Estimates of genetic parameters of body weight in descendants of X-irradiated rat spermatogonia. Effects of nine generations of 450r per generation of ancestral spermatogonial X irradiation of inbred rats on genetic parameters of body weight at 3, 6, and 10 weeks of age and of weight gains between these periods were studied. Covariances among relatives were estimated by mixed model and regression techniques in randomly selected lines with (R) and without (C) radiation history. Analyses of the data were based on five linear genetic models combining additive direct, additive indirect (maternal), dominance and environmental effects. Parameters in these models were estimated by generalized least-squares. A model including direct and indirect genetic effects fit more closely to the data in both R and C lines. Overdominance of induced mutations did not seem to be present. Ancestral irradiation increased maternal additive genetic variances of body weights and gains but not direct genetic variances. Theoretically, due to a negative direct-maternal genetic correlation, within full-sib family selection would be ineffective in increasing body weight at six weeks in both R and C lines. However, progress from mass selection would be expected to be faster in the R lines."}
{"id": "PMID:924137", "title": "Evaluation of the culling variate used by breeders in actual selection.", "content": "The theoretical basis and computational procedures for estimating the culling variate utilized by breeders in actual selection are presented. The essential part of this procedure is to derive the unknown culling variate in terms of a linear combination of traits based on realized indirect selection differentials of those traits and phenotypic variances and covariances among traits in the population. Special emphasis is placed on the distribution of the variables involved. The accuracy of the culling variates is estimated by use of the biserial correlation with some modifications. Numerical illustrations are given for different types of selection.", "contents": "Evaluation of the culling variate used by breeders in actual selection. The theoretical basis and computational procedures for estimating the culling variate utilized by breeders in actual selection are presented. The essential part of this procedure is to derive the unknown culling variate in terms of a linear combination of traits based on realized indirect selection differentials of those traits and phenotypic variances and covariances among traits in the population. Special emphasis is placed on the distribution of the variables involved. The accuracy of the culling variates is estimated by use of the biserial correlation with some modifications. Numerical illustrations are given for different types of selection."}
{"id": "PMID:924138", "title": "Persistence of common alleles in two related populations or species.", "content": "Mathematical studies are conducted on three problems that arise in molecular population genetics. (1) The time required for a particular allele to become extinct in a population under the effects of mutation, selection, and random genetic drift is studied. In the absence of selection, the mean extinction time of an allele with an initial frequency close to 1 is of the order of the reciprocal of the mutation rate when 4Nv less than 1, where N is the effective population size and v is the mutation rate per generation. Advantageous mutations reduce the extinction time considerably, whereas deleterious mutations increase it tremendously even if the effect on fitness is very slight. (2) Mathematical formulae are derived for the distribution and the moments of extinction time of a particular allele from one or both of two related populations or species under the assumption of no selection. When 4Nv less than 1, the mean extinction time is about half that for a single population, if the two populations are descended from a common original stock. (3) The expected number as well as the proportion of common neutral alleles shared by two related species at the tth generation after their separation are studied. It is shown that if 4Nv is small, the two species are expected to share a high proportion of common alleles even 4N generations after separation. In addition to the above mathematical studies, the implications of our results for the common alleles at protein loci in related Drosophila species and for the degeneration of unused characters in cave animals are discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of common alleles in two related populations or species. Mathematical studies are conducted on three problems that arise in molecular population genetics. (1) The time required for a particular allele to become extinct in a population under the effects of mutation, selection, and random genetic drift is studied. In the absence of selection, the mean extinction time of an allele with an initial frequency close to 1 is of the order of the reciprocal of the mutation rate when 4Nv less than 1, where N is the effective population size and v is the mutation rate per generation. Advantageous mutations reduce the extinction time considerably, whereas deleterious mutations increase it tremendously even if the effect on fitness is very slight. (2) Mathematical formulae are derived for the distribution and the moments of extinction time of a particular allele from one or both of two related populations or species under the assumption of no selection. When 4Nv less than 1, the mean extinction time is about half that for a single population, if the two populations are descended from a common original stock. (3) The expected number as well as the proportion of common neutral alleles shared by two related species at the tth generation after their separation are studied. It is shown that if 4Nv is small, the two species are expected to share a high proportion of common alleles even 4N generations after separation. In addition to the above mathematical studies, the implications of our results for the common alleles at protein loci in related Drosophila species and for the degeneration of unused characters in cave animals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924139", "title": "Age-correlated changes in expression of micronuclear damage and repair in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "In Paramecium, age is defined as the number of mitotic divisions which have elapsed since the previous cross-fertilization (conjugation) or self-fertilization (autogamy). As the mitotic interval between fertilizations increases, the percentage of nonviable progeny clones increases. In the current study, resolution of conflicting previous reports on the pattern of increase of death and reduced viability in progeny from aging parent cells is found. Some exautogamous clones exhibit a high mortality at young clonal ages, others show no mortality throughout their life span, but most (73%) show an abrupt increase in the percent death and reduced viability in progeny from cells 50-80 fissions old. Ultraviolet-irradiation-induced micronuclear mutations, repairable by photoreactivation, increased with increased clonal age when monitored by percent death and reduced viability of exautogamous progeny of irradiated cells. Loss of dark repair is considered a contributor to the increased expression of micronuclear mutations with increased clonal age.", "contents": "Age-correlated changes in expression of micronuclear damage and repair in Paramecium tetraurelia. In Paramecium, age is defined as the number of mitotic divisions which have elapsed since the previous cross-fertilization (conjugation) or self-fertilization (autogamy). As the mitotic interval between fertilizations increases, the percentage of nonviable progeny clones increases. In the current study, resolution of conflicting previous reports on the pattern of increase of death and reduced viability in progeny from aging parent cells is found. Some exautogamous clones exhibit a high mortality at young clonal ages, others show no mortality throughout their life span, but most (73%) show an abrupt increase in the percent death and reduced viability in progeny from cells 50-80 fissions old. Ultraviolet-irradiation-induced micronuclear mutations, repairable by photoreactivation, increased with increased clonal age when monitored by percent death and reduced viability of exautogamous progeny of irradiated cells. Loss of dark repair is considered a contributor to the increased expression of micronuclear mutations with increased clonal age."}
{"id": "PMID:924140", "title": "A comparison of survival and repair of UV-induced DNA damage in cultured insect versus mammalian cells.", "content": "Survival and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) were measured in a cultured insect cell line, TN-368, and a cultured mammalian cell line, V-79-4, following exposure to several fluences of ultraviolet light. TN-368 cells were approximately seven times more resistant to the lethal effects of UV than V-79 cells, as determined by colony formation. The amount of UDS per unit amount of DNA is about the same in both cell types 4 hr after 10-50 J/m2 UV irradiations.", "contents": "A comparison of survival and repair of UV-induced DNA damage in cultured insect versus mammalian cells. Survival and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) were measured in a cultured insect cell line, TN-368, and a cultured mammalian cell line, V-79-4, following exposure to several fluences of ultraviolet light. TN-368 cells were approximately seven times more resistant to the lethal effects of UV than V-79 cells, as determined by colony formation. The amount of UDS per unit amount of DNA is about the same in both cell types 4 hr after 10-50 J/m2 UV irradiations."}
{"id": "PMID:924258", "title": "Histochemical investigations of thyrosine in normal and pathological glia cells.", "content": "Investigations on thyrosine content in normal and pathological glia cells are the continuation of researches on occurrence of protein functional groups in abnormal glia cells (Szydlowska, 1970a, 1970b). The investigations carried out with the use of Caselli, Glenner and Lille methods have shown that fluctuations of thyrosine level in nuclea and cytoplasm of glia cells pathologically changed correspond to quantitative changes of other functional groups of proteins. Hence it may be assumed that the observed increase of thyrosine in pathologically changed glia cells is not connected with the change of protein composition of a cell but with the general increase of proteins in its nucleus or cytoplasm.", "contents": "Histochemical investigations of thyrosine in normal and pathological glia cells. Investigations on thyrosine content in normal and pathological glia cells are the continuation of researches on occurrence of protein functional groups in abnormal glia cells (Szydlowska, 1970a, 1970b). The investigations carried out with the use of Caselli, Glenner and Lille methods have shown that fluctuations of thyrosine level in nuclea and cytoplasm of glia cells pathologically changed correspond to quantitative changes of other functional groups of proteins. Hence it may be assumed that the observed increase of thyrosine in pathologically changed glia cells is not connected with the change of protein composition of a cell but with the general increase of proteins in its nucleus or cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:924259", "title": "Deoxyribonuclease I purification from protease contaminations.", "content": "Affinity chromatography as a tool in purification of commercial DNA-ase I preparation from protease contaminations by the use of insoluble--protease inhibitors is described.", "contents": "Deoxyribonuclease I purification from protease contaminations. Affinity chromatography as a tool in purification of commercial DNA-ase I preparation from protease contaminations by the use of insoluble--protease inhibitors is described."}
{"id": "PMID:924260", "title": "Electronmicroscopy of the replication of the ISU-2 strain of IBR/IPV-herpes virus in inoculated cultures of bovine embryo kidney (BEK) cells.", "content": "Studies on the replication of the ISU-2 strain of IBR/IPV-Herpes virus and on its behaviour in inoculated BEK cultures have shown that the replication of viral DNA as well as the production of icosahedral particles occur within the cell nucleus. Similarly like in each Herpes virus group, while passing through the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane the virus obtains an additional envelope that enlarges its diameter. The viral particles produced in a large quantity, may pass through the cell membrane into the extracellular spaces or may be caught by the cytoplasmic vacoules, where they are decomposed.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopy of the replication of the ISU-2 strain of IBR/IPV-herpes virus in inoculated cultures of bovine embryo kidney (BEK) cells. Studies on the replication of the ISU-2 strain of IBR/IPV-Herpes virus and on its behaviour in inoculated BEK cultures have shown that the replication of viral DNA as well as the production of icosahedral particles occur within the cell nucleus. Similarly like in each Herpes virus group, while passing through the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane the virus obtains an additional envelope that enlarges its diameter. The viral particles produced in a large quantity, may pass through the cell membrane into the extracellular spaces or may be caught by the cytoplasmic vacoules, where they are decomposed."}
{"id": "PMID:924261", "title": "Histochemical and autoradiographic studies of abnormal spermatozoa in mice of the inbred KE strain.", "content": "Abnormal spermatozoa in mice of the KE strain, with defective chromatin condensation, are induced by disturbances in the process of spermiogenesis. When stained with methyl green-pyronin, spermatozoa with elongated heads reveal a staining pattern characteristic of the 13th stage of development of spermatids, indicating that they are not totally transformed molecularly, like normal spermatozoa. Labeling with L-arginine-5-H3 showed a weaker incorporation of arginine in the heads of the abnormal spermatozoa particularly those with elongated heads. Errors in the process of differentiation of spermatozoa leading to abnormal shapes may be related to atypical composition of deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP).", "contents": "Histochemical and autoradiographic studies of abnormal spermatozoa in mice of the inbred KE strain. Abnormal spermatozoa in mice of the KE strain, with defective chromatin condensation, are induced by disturbances in the process of spermiogenesis. When stained with methyl green-pyronin, spermatozoa with elongated heads reveal a staining pattern characteristic of the 13th stage of development of spermatids, indicating that they are not totally transformed molecularly, like normal spermatozoa. Labeling with L-arginine-5-H3 showed a weaker incorporation of arginine in the heads of the abnormal spermatozoa particularly those with elongated heads. Errors in the process of differentiation of spermatozoa leading to abnormal shapes may be related to atypical composition of deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP)."}
{"id": "PMID:924264", "title": "[Glycerol-induced hemolysis of mammalian erythrocytes and inhibition of the lysis by fructose (author's transl)].", "content": "The mechanisms of glycerol-induced hemolysis and inhibition of the lysis by fructose were studied. Energy of activation, entropy of activation, and free energy of activation for the hemolytic process were calculated from the data on temperature change in the rate of hemolysis. The values of the thermodynamic quantities thus obtained indicated that the temperature change in the rate of hemolysis is brought about mainly by that in the viscosity of liquid. The presence of fructose in the hemolytic systems caused a reduction in both energy of activation and entropy of activation while free energy of activation remained almost unchanged. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with glycerol gave rise to complete hemolysis of the cells in hypotonic as well as hypertonic saline solutions. Thus, it appears that glycerol releases a portion of the lipids of the cell membrane into the surrounding medium and dehydrates the membrane, thereby promoting hemolysis. Fructose was considered to prevent dehydration of the membrane by glycerol.", "contents": "[Glycerol-induced hemolysis of mammalian erythrocytes and inhibition of the lysis by fructose (author's transl)]. The mechanisms of glycerol-induced hemolysis and inhibition of the lysis by fructose were studied. Energy of activation, entropy of activation, and free energy of activation for the hemolytic process were calculated from the data on temperature change in the rate of hemolysis. The values of the thermodynamic quantities thus obtained indicated that the temperature change in the rate of hemolysis is brought about mainly by that in the viscosity of liquid. The presence of fructose in the hemolytic systems caused a reduction in both energy of activation and entropy of activation while free energy of activation remained almost unchanged. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with glycerol gave rise to complete hemolysis of the cells in hypotonic as well as hypertonic saline solutions. Thus, it appears that glycerol releases a portion of the lipids of the cell membrane into the surrounding medium and dehydrates the membrane, thereby promoting hemolysis. Fructose was considered to prevent dehydration of the membrane by glycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:924265", "title": "[Effects of dobutamine on the respiration, blood pressure, and several blood components in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "In anesthetized Beagle dogs, intravenous bolus administration of dobutamine (DOB) caused an increase of systolic pressure and a decrease of diastolic pressure--increase of pulse pressure. These effects of DOB were not so pronounced as the marked depressor effect of isoproterenol (Iso) and pressor effects of epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine(NE) and dopamine (DA). The degree of the positive chronotropic effect of DOB was the same as that of DA. Incidences of ventricular extrasystole observed at the maximal dosages of catecholamines, intravenous administration of 300 microgram/kg of DOB, 3 of Iso, 10 of Epi, 10 of NE, and 300 of DA, were 1/4, 1/4, 4/4, 4/4, and 2/4, respectively. With no evidence of ventricular extrasystoles, an increase of pulse pressure was also observed in conscious dogs given an intravenous infusion of DOB (10 or 30 microgram/kg/min for 20 min). Iso infusion resulted in an increase of serum free fatty acid, and a decrease of serum Na and K. Although DA infusion increased blood glucose and serum free fatty acid, DOB infusion produced no significant concentration change of blood components. These experimental results indicate that effects of DOB on the blood pressure, heart rate, and several blood components are weaker than other catecholamines.", "contents": "[Effects of dobutamine on the respiration, blood pressure, and several blood components in dogs (author's transl)]. In anesthetized Beagle dogs, intravenous bolus administration of dobutamine (DOB) caused an increase of systolic pressure and a decrease of diastolic pressure--increase of pulse pressure. These effects of DOB were not so pronounced as the marked depressor effect of isoproterenol (Iso) and pressor effects of epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine(NE) and dopamine (DA). The degree of the positive chronotropic effect of DOB was the same as that of DA. Incidences of ventricular extrasystole observed at the maximal dosages of catecholamines, intravenous administration of 300 microgram/kg of DOB, 3 of Iso, 10 of Epi, 10 of NE, and 300 of DA, were 1/4, 1/4, 4/4, 4/4, and 2/4, respectively. With no evidence of ventricular extrasystoles, an increase of pulse pressure was also observed in conscious dogs given an intravenous infusion of DOB (10 or 30 microgram/kg/min for 20 min). Iso infusion resulted in an increase of serum free fatty acid, and a decrease of serum Na and K. Although DA infusion increased blood glucose and serum free fatty acid, DOB infusion produced no significant concentration change of blood components. These experimental results indicate that effects of DOB on the blood pressure, heart rate, and several blood components are weaker than other catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:924266", "title": "[Paper disk granuloma method for experimental granuloma in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper disk granuloma (PDG) method is a newly devised procedure for the screening of antiinflammatory drugs and was compared with the cotton pellet (CP) method. Results obtained were as follows; in the CP method, formation of granuloma was observed on the 1st day after the implantation of CP. On the 3rd day, maximum weight, protein and nucleic acids in granuloma were observed. The granuloma produced by PDG method was too small to collect on the 1st day. Weight and protein content of granuloma reached the peak on the 2nd or 3rd day. With respect to nucleic acids, maximum amounts were found on the 6th day. The incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA was increased in the early stage of the formation of granuloma in both methods. The maximum incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was noted on the 2nd day in CP method, and on the 3rd day in PDG method. Development of granuloma in the PDG method was different from that in CP method with respect to the synthesis of DNA. Antigranuloma action of fluocinolone acetonide (FA) was more marked in the PDG method than in the CP method, suggesting that the PDG method is more sensitive for screening of antiinflammatory drugs. Granuloma produced by the PDG method was also prevented and therapeutically suppressed by certain non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. ED50 values of applied FA, phenylbutazone, and 3-o-phthaloxy glycyrrhetinate were 27 microgram/kg, 91 mg/kg, and 66 mg/kg, respectively.", "contents": "[Paper disk granuloma method for experimental granuloma in rats (author's transl)]. The paper disk granuloma (PDG) method is a newly devised procedure for the screening of antiinflammatory drugs and was compared with the cotton pellet (CP) method. Results obtained were as follows; in the CP method, formation of granuloma was observed on the 1st day after the implantation of CP. On the 3rd day, maximum weight, protein and nucleic acids in granuloma were observed. The granuloma produced by PDG method was too small to collect on the 1st day. Weight and protein content of granuloma reached the peak on the 2nd or 3rd day. With respect to nucleic acids, maximum amounts were found on the 6th day. The incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA was increased in the early stage of the formation of granuloma in both methods. The maximum incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA was noted on the 2nd day in CP method, and on the 3rd day in PDG method. Development of granuloma in the PDG method was different from that in CP method with respect to the synthesis of DNA. Antigranuloma action of fluocinolone acetonide (FA) was more marked in the PDG method than in the CP method, suggesting that the PDG method is more sensitive for screening of antiinflammatory drugs. Granuloma produced by the PDG method was also prevented and therapeutically suppressed by certain non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. ED50 values of applied FA, phenylbutazone, and 3-o-phthaloxy glycyrrhetinate were 27 microgram/kg, 91 mg/kg, and 66 mg/kg, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:924268", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on expectorants (author's transl)].", "content": "Perry and Boyd's method described in 1941 appears to be the most suitable for evaluating the efficacy of expectorants. In this method, changes in volume of respiratory tract fluid (RTF) collected by postural drainage from animals breathing air kept at a constant temperature and humidity are used as criteria. We attempted to improve on the method and to establish the optimum experimental conditions for rabbits. Accordingly, an air conditioning apparatus and tracheal cannula were re-designed and basic experimental conditions essential for quantitative collection of RTF were studied. Using this method, the effects of drugs on the volume of respiratory tract fluid (VRTF) were determined. Bromhexine and emetine as expectorants increased VRTF, and the former showed far more remarkable effects. Codeine and dextromethorphan as antitussives, isoproterenol, clorprenaline and C-78 as bronchodilators decreased VTRF. On the other hand, fominoben and eprazinone as antitussives increased VRTF. Our findings with application of this new approach indicate that this method is applicable for evaluating not only the efficacy of expectorants which increase VRTF but also that of other drugs which decrease VRTF.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on expectorants (author's transl)]. Perry and Boyd's method described in 1941 appears to be the most suitable for evaluating the efficacy of expectorants. In this method, changes in volume of respiratory tract fluid (RTF) collected by postural drainage from animals breathing air kept at a constant temperature and humidity are used as criteria. We attempted to improve on the method and to establish the optimum experimental conditions for rabbits. Accordingly, an air conditioning apparatus and tracheal cannula were re-designed and basic experimental conditions essential for quantitative collection of RTF were studied. Using this method, the effects of drugs on the volume of respiratory tract fluid (VRTF) were determined. Bromhexine and emetine as expectorants increased VRTF, and the former showed far more remarkable effects. Codeine and dextromethorphan as antitussives, isoproterenol, clorprenaline and C-78 as bronchodilators decreased VTRF. On the other hand, fominoben and eprazinone as antitussives increased VRTF. Our findings with application of this new approach indicate that this method is applicable for evaluating not only the efficacy of expectorants which increase VRTF but also that of other drugs which decrease VRTF."}
{"id": "PMID:924269", "title": "[Effects of morphine on evoked potential recorded from pain-afferent pathways (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of morphine (1 mg/kg i.v.) were examined on evoked potential of somatosensory afferent pathways elicited by tooth pulp stimulation in cats. Results were as follows: In central gray (CG) of the midbrain which has a triphasic evoked potential with a short latency, morphine decreased the amplitude. In nucl. lateralis posterior(LP) and nucl. medialis dorsalis(MD) of the thalamus, association relay nuclei, which have a late component followed by a fast component with a relatively short latency, morphine decreased the amplitude of the late component but not that of fast component of the evoked potential. In nucl. centralis lateralis(CL) of the thalamus, intralaminar nuclei, and pre-central association area(PCA) of the cortex, which have monophasic and triphasic evoked potentials with a long latency, respectively, morphine markedly decreased the amplitude of both evoked potentials. In nucl. ventralis posteromedialis(VPM) and somatic sensory area I (SI), lemniscal system, which has biphasic and mutiphasic evoked potentials with a short latency, respectively, morphine had no effect on these evoked potentials. As these depressant effects of morphine on evoked potentials were antagonized by naloxone (0.2mg/kg i.v.), a specific morphine action is suggested.", "contents": "[Effects of morphine on evoked potential recorded from pain-afferent pathways (author's transl)]. Effects of morphine (1 mg/kg i.v.) were examined on evoked potential of somatosensory afferent pathways elicited by tooth pulp stimulation in cats. Results were as follows: In central gray (CG) of the midbrain which has a triphasic evoked potential with a short latency, morphine decreased the amplitude. In nucl. lateralis posterior(LP) and nucl. medialis dorsalis(MD) of the thalamus, association relay nuclei, which have a late component followed by a fast component with a relatively short latency, morphine decreased the amplitude of the late component but not that of fast component of the evoked potential. In nucl. centralis lateralis(CL) of the thalamus, intralaminar nuclei, and pre-central association area(PCA) of the cortex, which have monophasic and triphasic evoked potentials with a long latency, respectively, morphine markedly decreased the amplitude of both evoked potentials. In nucl. ventralis posteromedialis(VPM) and somatic sensory area I (SI), lemniscal system, which has biphasic and mutiphasic evoked potentials with a short latency, respectively, morphine had no effect on these evoked potentials. As these depressant effects of morphine on evoked potentials were antagonized by naloxone (0.2mg/kg i.v.), a specific morphine action is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:924270", "title": "[In vivo cytogenetic studies of 10-chloro-11b-(2-fluorophenyl)-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2, 3, 5, 11b-tetrahydrooxazolo-(3, 2-d) (1, 4) benzodiazepine-6(7H)-one (MS-4101) on rat bone marrow cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Chromosome aberrations induced by MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Female rats were administered orally via stomach tube daily doses of 200, 500 and 2000 mg/kg of MS-4101, 200 and 500mg/kg of diazepam, 40 and 200mg/kg of nitrazepam and 20 and 50 mg/kg of cylcophosphamide as the positive control for one, 5 and 10 days. In this study, we used bone marrow cells derived from rat femur at 6 or 24 hours after the last drug administration. No significant chromosome aberrations were seen in the treated groups with MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam when compared with the nontreated control. The increase of structural aberration on gap and break was observed in the group of cyclophosphamide as the positive control. These findings indicate that MS-4101, and diazepam and nitrazepam as similar comparative drugs, do not have the potential of induction of chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells.", "contents": "[In vivo cytogenetic studies of 10-chloro-11b-(2-fluorophenyl)-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2, 3, 5, 11b-tetrahydrooxazolo-(3, 2-d) (1, 4) benzodiazepine-6(7H)-one (MS-4101) on rat bone marrow cells (author's transl)]. Chromosome aberrations induced by MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Female rats were administered orally via stomach tube daily doses of 200, 500 and 2000 mg/kg of MS-4101, 200 and 500mg/kg of diazepam, 40 and 200mg/kg of nitrazepam and 20 and 50 mg/kg of cylcophosphamide as the positive control for one, 5 and 10 days. In this study, we used bone marrow cells derived from rat femur at 6 or 24 hours after the last drug administration. No significant chromosome aberrations were seen in the treated groups with MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam when compared with the nontreated control. The increase of structural aberration on gap and break was observed in the group of cyclophosphamide as the positive control. These findings indicate that MS-4101, and diazepam and nitrazepam as similar comparative drugs, do not have the potential of induction of chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:924271", "title": "[Effects of dantrolene sodium on some types of visceral muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Twitch contraction height of the outer layer of esophagus was reduced by 5 X 10(-6) g/ml of dantrolene to 7% of the height observed before the application. High-K induced contracture of this preparation and of cremaster muscle were also depressed to 14% and to 18% of the control, respectively. When dantrolene (25 X 10(-6) g/ml) was applied during the contracture induced by 9.7 X 10(-4) g/ml of caffeine, a complete relaxation was observed. Dantrolene had no effect either on the evoked twitch contraction of the smooth muscle of vas deferens or on spontaneous contractions of the taenia coli. High-K induced contracture of these smooth muscles was not affected by dantrolene. Electron micrograph showed that the outer layer of esophagus and cremaster muscle were composed of striated muscle cells in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubulus, and triadic junctions were well developed. In smooth muscle preparations, although sarcoplasmic reticula were observed, neither transverse tubula nor triadic junctions comparable to those in the striated muscle were evident. These morphological differences may explain differences in the action of the drug.", "contents": "[Effects of dantrolene sodium on some types of visceral muscles (author's transl)]. Twitch contraction height of the outer layer of esophagus was reduced by 5 X 10(-6) g/ml of dantrolene to 7% of the height observed before the application. High-K induced contracture of this preparation and of cremaster muscle were also depressed to 14% and to 18% of the control, respectively. When dantrolene (25 X 10(-6) g/ml) was applied during the contracture induced by 9.7 X 10(-4) g/ml of caffeine, a complete relaxation was observed. Dantrolene had no effect either on the evoked twitch contraction of the smooth muscle of vas deferens or on spontaneous contractions of the taenia coli. High-K induced contracture of these smooth muscles was not affected by dantrolene. Electron micrograph showed that the outer layer of esophagus and cremaster muscle were composed of striated muscle cells in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubulus, and triadic junctions were well developed. In smooth muscle preparations, although sarcoplasmic reticula were observed, neither transverse tubula nor triadic junctions comparable to those in the striated muscle were evident. These morphological differences may explain differences in the action of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:924272", "title": "[A preliminary study on the changes of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in serum following intravenous administration of lead acetate (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the mechanisms of interaction between lead acetate (Pb-Ac) and bone minerals. One hundred and eighteen male rats were used and the following experiments were carried out: (1) determination of changes in serum Ca and P following intravenous injection of Pb-Ac or sodium acetate(Na-Ac) as the control for acetate, (2) to ascertain the deposition of lead at the calcifying site of bone immediately after Pb-Ac administration. The serum Ca and P levels increased with time after Pb-Ac administration and the maximum values were noted after 1 hour in Ca (17 mg%) and 30 minutes in P (13.5mg%), respectively. Both Ca and P levels reverted to the normal range within 12 hours. The net increasing rates in both Ca and P were calculated from each value in the Pb-Ac and Na-Ac groups. Those maximum rates were found immediately after the Pb-Ac administration (0 approximately 30 sec). At the same time, deposition of lead was evident at the calcifying site of bone and insicor dentine.", "contents": "[A preliminary study on the changes of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in serum following intravenous administration of lead acetate (author's transl)]. We investigated the mechanisms of interaction between lead acetate (Pb-Ac) and bone minerals. One hundred and eighteen male rats were used and the following experiments were carried out: (1) determination of changes in serum Ca and P following intravenous injection of Pb-Ac or sodium acetate(Na-Ac) as the control for acetate, (2) to ascertain the deposition of lead at the calcifying site of bone immediately after Pb-Ac administration. The serum Ca and P levels increased with time after Pb-Ac administration and the maximum values were noted after 1 hour in Ca (17 mg%) and 30 minutes in P (13.5mg%), respectively. Both Ca and P levels reverted to the normal range within 12 hours. The net increasing rates in both Ca and P were calculated from each value in the Pb-Ac and Na-Ac groups. Those maximum rates were found immediately after the Pb-Ac administration (0 approximately 30 sec). At the same time, deposition of lead was evident at the calcifying site of bone and insicor dentine."}
{"id": "PMID:924273", "title": "[Influence of inflammation on prostaglandin metabolism in rat skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence of inflammation on prostaglandin metabolism in rat abdominal skin was studied. Prostaglandin F2alpha content was determined by the radioisotope dilution method. Prostaglandin F2alpha content in rat abdominal skin was increased by thermal burn and application of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid into prostaglandin F2alpha in rat abdominal skin was not increased by inflammation. Indomethacin caused a significant reduction of prostaglandin F2alpha content. These results suggest that the prostaglandin may play an important role in the inflammatory process of rat skin.", "contents": "[Influence of inflammation on prostaglandin metabolism in rat skin (author's transl)]. Influence of inflammation on prostaglandin metabolism in rat abdominal skin was studied. Prostaglandin F2alpha content was determined by the radioisotope dilution method. Prostaglandin F2alpha content in rat abdominal skin was increased by thermal burn and application of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The incorporation of 3H-arachidonic acid into prostaglandin F2alpha in rat abdominal skin was not increased by inflammation. Indomethacin caused a significant reduction of prostaglandin F2alpha content. These results suggest that the prostaglandin may play an important role in the inflammatory process of rat skin."}
{"id": "PMID:924274", "title": "Strain improvement in Streptomyces galilaeus, a producer of anthracycline antibiotics galirubins.", "content": "The production of epsilon-pyrromycinone glycosides in Streptomyces galilaeus increased 12-fold, with respect to the wild strain, as a result of a sequential procedure including both natural selection and treatment with mutagens (nitrous acid, UV light and gamma-irradiation). Nitrous acid exhibited the highest mutagenic effect, both in increasing the productivity and in inducing blocked mutants. A mutant strain blocked in the biosynthesis of glycosides and accumulating free epsilon-pyrromycinone as the principal metabolite was obtained.", "contents": "Strain improvement in Streptomyces galilaeus, a producer of anthracycline antibiotics galirubins. The production of epsilon-pyrromycinone glycosides in Streptomyces galilaeus increased 12-fold, with respect to the wild strain, as a result of a sequential procedure including both natural selection and treatment with mutagens (nitrous acid, UV light and gamma-irradiation). Nitrous acid exhibited the highest mutagenic effect, both in increasing the productivity and in inducing blocked mutants. A mutant strain blocked in the biosynthesis of glycosides and accumulating free epsilon-pyrromycinone as the principal metabolite was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:924275", "title": "Origin and morphology of atypical forms of Streptomyces granaticolor.", "content": "Nonfilamentous forms of Streptomyces granaticolor are formed in a medium with amino acids and glucose. They form filaments again after transfer to a medium with glucose and peptone. The nonfilamentous forms do not produce granaticin. Formation of nonfilamentous forms depends on the concentration of the inoculum, on the cultivation temperature and on the presence of simple sugars. Ultrathin sections revealed atypical septation in the nonmycelial forms and non-uniform accumulation of the wall material.", "contents": "Origin and morphology of atypical forms of Streptomyces granaticolor. Nonfilamentous forms of Streptomyces granaticolor are formed in a medium with amino acids and glucose. They form filaments again after transfer to a medium with glucose and peptone. The nonfilamentous forms do not produce granaticin. Formation of nonfilamentous forms depends on the concentration of the inoculum, on the cultivation temperature and on the presence of simple sugars. Ultrathin sections revealed atypical septation in the nonmycelial forms and non-uniform accumulation of the wall material."}
{"id": "PMID:924276", "title": "Transport of ribitol and D-glucose in the yeast Candida guillermondii.", "content": "The uptakes of the linear polyol ribitol and of D-glucose by Candida guillermondii were found to be carrier-mediated and to require metabolic energy. In glucose-grown cells ribitol possibly enters by simple diffusion but after an induction period a specific transport system is synthesized, inhibitable by higher concentrations of arabinitols, xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol. Actidione blocks the synthesis of the inducible ribitol transport system. Two systems of different affinity for substrate were found to operate in the uptake of both glucose and of ribitol. Counter-transport experiments with ribitol, D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose support the carrier nature of the uptake system.", "contents": "Transport of ribitol and D-glucose in the yeast Candida guillermondii. The uptakes of the linear polyol ribitol and of D-glucose by Candida guillermondii were found to be carrier-mediated and to require metabolic energy. In glucose-grown cells ribitol possibly enters by simple diffusion but after an induction period a specific transport system is synthesized, inhibitable by higher concentrations of arabinitols, xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol. Actidione blocks the synthesis of the inducible ribitol transport system. Two systems of different affinity for substrate were found to operate in the uptake of both glucose and of ribitol. Counter-transport experiments with ribitol, D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose support the carrier nature of the uptake system."}
{"id": "PMID:924277", "title": "Biochemical dehydrogenations of saccharides. IX. D-lyxo-5-hexulosonic acid from D-mannose by Acetomonas oxydans fermentation.", "content": "Fermentation of nutrient media by a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans with a continuous pH control gave D-lyxo-5-hexulosonate in the form of a calcium or potassium salt with a yield equal to 95% of theory. The media contained up to 20 g D-mannose per 100 ml and a small amount of a readily assimilated monosaccharide.", "contents": "Biochemical dehydrogenations of saccharides. IX. D-lyxo-5-hexulosonic acid from D-mannose by Acetomonas oxydans fermentation. Fermentation of nutrient media by a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans with a continuous pH control gave D-lyxo-5-hexulosonate in the form of a calcium or potassium salt with a yield equal to 95% of theory. The media contained up to 20 g D-mannose per 100 ml and a small amount of a readily assimilated monosaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:924278", "title": "Microbial activity in soil enriched with preparations of AS-lignin and lignofulvonic acid.", "content": "In chernozem soil, enriched with preparations of AS-lignin or lignofulvonic acid, an increased production of carbon dioxide was observed during a 4-week incubation, and, as compared with the non-amended control, an increased number of bacteria but not of actinomycetes was detected. Increased numbers of fungi were detected only in the variant with AS-lignin at the end of the incubation. The relative incidence of bacteria utilizing vanillin, syringic acid or protocatechuic acid as the only carbon sources increased in the enriched medium. Oxidation of vanillic acid, syringic acid and to a lesser extent of coumarin increased in suspensions of soils incubated with AS-lignin or fulvic acid. The results obtained indicate that bacteria are involved in the mineralization of the added substrates and confirm the relationship between metabolism of these compounds and simple aromatic derivatives.", "contents": "Microbial activity in soil enriched with preparations of AS-lignin and lignofulvonic acid. In chernozem soil, enriched with preparations of AS-lignin or lignofulvonic acid, an increased production of carbon dioxide was observed during a 4-week incubation, and, as compared with the non-amended control, an increased number of bacteria but not of actinomycetes was detected. Increased numbers of fungi were detected only in the variant with AS-lignin at the end of the incubation. The relative incidence of bacteria utilizing vanillin, syringic acid or protocatechuic acid as the only carbon sources increased in the enriched medium. Oxidation of vanillic acid, syringic acid and to a lesser extent of coumarin increased in suspensions of soils incubated with AS-lignin or fulvic acid. The results obtained indicate that bacteria are involved in the mineralization of the added substrates and confirm the relationship between metabolism of these compounds and simple aromatic derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:924279", "title": "Population dynamics of Fusarium spp. in pea rhizosphere as affected by soil amendments.", "content": "In nonamended soil, vegetative growth and sporulation of Fusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere than in the soil. Sporulation was favoured by young plants and decreased with increasing plant age. Amendments with low C/N oil-cakes enhanced vegetative growth and sporulation in root-free soil. The extent of stimulation varied with the nature of organic matter used and the stage of its decomposition. Sporulation was suppressed by castor cake and sawdust with urea amendments. Rhizosphere cf pea altered the effect of different amendments.", "contents": "Population dynamics of Fusarium spp. in pea rhizosphere as affected by soil amendments. In nonamended soil, vegetative growth and sporulation of Fusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere than in the soil. Sporulation was favoured by young plants and decreased with increasing plant age. Amendments with low C/N oil-cakes enhanced vegetative growth and sporulation in root-free soil. The extent of stimulation varied with the nature of organic matter used and the stage of its decomposition. Sporulation was suppressed by castor cake and sawdust with urea amendments. Rhizosphere cf pea altered the effect of different amendments."}
{"id": "PMID:924280", "title": "Effect of rifampicin on tryptophanase induction in normal and rifampicin-resistant Vibrio el tor.", "content": "The induction of tryptophanase was not affected by rifampicin in the rifampicin-resistant mutant of Vibrio el tor while the antibiotic inhibited the induction of tryptophanase in the normal strain at level of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of rifampicin on tryptophanase induction in normal and rifampicin-resistant Vibrio el tor. The induction of tryptophanase was not affected by rifampicin in the rifampicin-resistant mutant of Vibrio el tor while the antibiotic inhibited the induction of tryptophanase in the normal strain at level of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:924281", "title": "Production of L-aspartic acid from fumaric acid by Alcaligenes metalcaligenes CCEB 312.", "content": "Among 23 microbial strains, Alcaligenes metalcaligenes CCEB 312 was found to be most suitable for the conversion of fumaric acid to L-aspartic acid. In a growth medium containing 4% peptone, the strain produced as much as 50 g L-aspartic acid per litre.", "contents": "Production of L-aspartic acid from fumaric acid by Alcaligenes metalcaligenes CCEB 312. Among 23 microbial strains, Alcaligenes metalcaligenes CCEB 312 was found to be most suitable for the conversion of fumaric acid to L-aspartic acid. In a growth medium containing 4% peptone, the strain produced as much as 50 g L-aspartic acid per litre."}
{"id": "PMID:924282", "title": "Ultrastructure of the dikaryotic form of Cyathus bulleri Brodie.", "content": "The fine structure of the dikaryotic form of Cyathus bulleri Brodie was generally found to be similar to that of other hyphal forms of the Basidiomycetes. The nuclear walls were doubled, porous and in some cases connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of typical as well as filamentous and U-shaped mitochondria was confirmed. Other cellular structures and organelles, among them vacuoles, vesicular and myelinoid-like bodies, often associated with the cell membranes, glycogen and ribosomes were also observed in the cytoplasm. The presence of the dolipore/parenthesome apparatus and clamp connections typical of the Basidiomycetes was established.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the dikaryotic form of Cyathus bulleri Brodie. The fine structure of the dikaryotic form of Cyathus bulleri Brodie was generally found to be similar to that of other hyphal forms of the Basidiomycetes. The nuclear walls were doubled, porous and in some cases connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of typical as well as filamentous and U-shaped mitochondria was confirmed. Other cellular structures and organelles, among them vacuoles, vesicular and myelinoid-like bodies, often associated with the cell membranes, glycogen and ribosomes were also observed in the cytoplasm. The presence of the dolipore/parenthesome apparatus and clamp connections typical of the Basidiomycetes was established."}
{"id": "PMID:924283", "title": "Equipment for germ-free caesarean section and baby care.", "content": "A germ-free isolator system was designed and constructed. It permits a sterile caesarean section and rearing of an infant under germ-free conditions. The system includes a plastic surgical and rearing isolator and two supply isolators; one of the supply isolators served as a transport mobile unit of staff participating in the sterile caesarean section and in the postnatal care of the germ-free newborn underwent to a special training and all of them were able to meet the high requirements of this work. The surgery itself was without complications. The newborn was absolutely sterile up to the age of 1 month; afterwards the infant was gradually colonized with selected strains of bacteria and thus prepared for conventialization. In the course of this work further possibilities of application of gnotobiological techniques in pediatrics were proposed (e.g. care of premature, high-risk neonates).", "contents": "Equipment for germ-free caesarean section and baby care. A germ-free isolator system was designed and constructed. It permits a sterile caesarean section and rearing of an infant under germ-free conditions. The system includes a plastic surgical and rearing isolator and two supply isolators; one of the supply isolators served as a transport mobile unit of staff participating in the sterile caesarean section and in the postnatal care of the germ-free newborn underwent to a special training and all of them were able to meet the high requirements of this work. The surgery itself was without complications. The newborn was absolutely sterile up to the age of 1 month; afterwards the infant was gradually colonized with selected strains of bacteria and thus prepared for conventialization. In the course of this work further possibilities of application of gnotobiological techniques in pediatrics were proposed (e.g. care of premature, high-risk neonates)."}
{"id": "PMID:924313", "title": "[Euthanasia--Polish scientist\u015b viewpoint and in the light of the laws of the people's Republic of Poland].", "content": "Euthanasia has for a long time been the object of very lively discussions in Poland. This article contains the views of scientists from various fields of science, especially medical doctors of different specialities. All of them have very serious objections to euthanasia and are against its practical application not only from the medical point of view but first of all for purely humanitarian reasons. Polish penal law regards murder on request as delictum sui generis, i.e., as a kind of privileged crime as compared with common murder. Article No. 150 of the Polish penal law demands two features to characterise euthanasia: (1) the delinquent must act on grounds of compassion towards his victim, and (2) on the victim's request. The patient must be in such a state that gives reason for compassion. The request to shorten somebody's life must be very distinct, direct, firm, conscious and convincing. Perosns under age, mentally defective or unconscious cannot express such a wich. Polish penal law punishes with utmost severtity perpetrators of active euthanasia even in such cases in which the delinquent was moved by the most noble feelings. Only when it comes to penalty is distinction made between such a delinquent and a common murderer.", "contents": "[Euthanasia--Polish scientist\u015b viewpoint and in the light of the laws of the people's Republic of Poland]. Euthanasia has for a long time been the object of very lively discussions in Poland. This article contains the views of scientists from various fields of science, especially medical doctors of different specialities. All of them have very serious objections to euthanasia and are against its practical application not only from the medical point of view but first of all for purely humanitarian reasons. Polish penal law regards murder on request as delictum sui generis, i.e., as a kind of privileged crime as compared with common murder. Article No. 150 of the Polish penal law demands two features to characterise euthanasia: (1) the delinquent must act on grounds of compassion towards his victim, and (2) on the victim's request. The patient must be in such a state that gives reason for compassion. The request to shorten somebody's life must be very distinct, direct, firm, conscious and convincing. Perosns under age, mentally defective or unconscious cannot express such a wich. Polish penal law punishes with utmost severtity perpetrators of active euthanasia even in such cases in which the delinquent was moved by the most noble feelings. Only when it comes to penalty is distinction made between such a delinquent and a common murderer."}
{"id": "PMID:924314", "title": "[Passive euthanasia].", "content": "After having been acquainted with the historical development of euthanasia, the following steps for assitance in dying, called passive euthanasia are being discussed. a) Assistance during dying without speeding up death is the self-evident duty of a doctor. b) Assistance during death and speeding up the same as an unavoidable result of therapeutical treatment, more or less desired or more or less unavoidable. c) Assistance through letting the patient die by abandoning all therapeutical means, when these would only lead to a short extension of life time. No doctor is compelled to take measures to extend life if it is against the will of the patient. He is not even entitled to do so. A special problem is the abandoning of extended operative treatment, this borders on the so called active enthanasia. The dying patient always has the same right of treatment by a docter as well as nursing like all other suffering human beings. The decision to let a patient die should not result in leaving him by himself and to abandon all nursing as well. Such steps would include letting him lie in dirty linen, not sucking off the mucous secretion from the trachea, refusal to assist during mealtimes, non-assistance during cathetering, and the removal of the dying person to the bathroom, or any other remote orner of the hospital. No dying person should stay without help Loneliness especially is the greatest pain of a dying patient.", "contents": "[Passive euthanasia]. After having been acquainted with the historical development of euthanasia, the following steps for assitance in dying, called passive euthanasia are being discussed. a) Assistance during dying without speeding up death is the self-evident duty of a doctor. b) Assistance during death and speeding up the same as an unavoidable result of therapeutical treatment, more or less desired or more or less unavoidable. c) Assistance through letting the patient die by abandoning all therapeutical means, when these would only lead to a short extension of life time. No doctor is compelled to take measures to extend life if it is against the will of the patient. He is not even entitled to do so. A special problem is the abandoning of extended operative treatment, this borders on the so called active enthanasia. The dying patient always has the same right of treatment by a docter as well as nursing like all other suffering human beings. The decision to let a patient die should not result in leaving him by himself and to abandon all nursing as well. Such steps would include letting him lie in dirty linen, not sucking off the mucous secretion from the trachea, refusal to assist during mealtimes, non-assistance during cathetering, and the removal of the dying person to the bathroom, or any other remote orner of the hospital. No dying person should stay without help Loneliness especially is the greatest pain of a dying patient."}
{"id": "PMID:924315", "title": "Concentration levels of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in forensic material.", "content": "Concentration levels, of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-t in blood and viscera in a case of fatal intoxication with \"Tributon\" are given. Since the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-t), widely used as herbicides in domestic and agricultural situations is very low, little information exists on human toxicology and particularly on analytical data in forensic material in cases of fatal poisoning. The reason of this paper is to provide further information on the concentration levels of these compounds in viscera in cases of fatal, accidentally or suicidal, poisoning.", "contents": "Concentration levels of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T in forensic material. Concentration levels, of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-t in blood and viscera in a case of fatal intoxication with \"Tributon\" are given. Since the toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-t), widely used as herbicides in domestic and agricultural situations is very low, little information exists on human toxicology and particularly on analytical data in forensic material in cases of fatal poisoning. The reason of this paper is to provide further information on the concentration levels of these compounds in viscera in cases of fatal, accidentally or suicidal, poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:924316", "title": "Application of polar stationary phases OV-225 and OV-275 in the detection of drugs in urine samples.", "content": "A procedure for fast screening of urine sample is described. TLC and GC equipped with NPD enable detection of therapeutic doses of drugs to be made in a short time. Tables of retention values for TLC and GC are also presented. TLC detects drugs with a sequence of three reagents. GC screening is carried out with a temperature programmed run of 30 degrees C/min up to 290 degreesC. For the determination of retention indices new polar phases with suitable thermal stabilities such as OV-225 and OV-275 are used.", "contents": "Application of polar stationary phases OV-225 and OV-275 in the detection of drugs in urine samples. A procedure for fast screening of urine sample is described. TLC and GC equipped with NPD enable detection of therapeutic doses of drugs to be made in a short time. Tables of retention values for TLC and GC are also presented. TLC detects drugs with a sequence of three reagents. GC screening is carried out with a temperature programmed run of 30 degrees C/min up to 290 degreesC. For the determination of retention indices new polar phases with suitable thermal stabilities such as OV-225 and OV-275 are used."}
{"id": "PMID:924317", "title": "Identification of blood stains by non-genetic characteristics: the HBs antigen of viral hepatitis B.", "content": "In forensic cases, until recently, identification of biological stains was based on the use of genetic markers, such as blood groups. In this paper, we show that another acquired characteristic, even if not immutable during life, may afford similar possibilities. As an example, we have demonstrated that the HBs antigen, associated with the hepatitis B virus, can help in the identification of bloodstains. The requisite condition for using this new marker, is that not too much time should elapse between the time the biological stains are formed and the moment when victim and suspected individual are examined for comparison of their blood with the stain. We have shown that in a dried state, the HBs antigen is very stable for a least six months. In vivo, it persists for a few week to 6 or 7 years according to thecase. HBs antigen is a relatively rate factor, its frequency being 0.5%ew marker, is that not too much time should elapse between the time the biological stains are formed and the moment when victim and suspected individual are examined for comparison of their blood with the stain.  We have shown that in a dried state the, HBs antigen is very stable for a least six months. In vivo, it persists for a few week to 6 or 7 years according to the case. HBs antigen is a relatively rate factor its frequency being 0.5% in the Belgian population; the frequency reaches 2 to 3% in the Mediterranean population who constitute most of the immigrants in Belgium.", "contents": "Identification of blood stains by non-genetic characteristics: the HBs antigen of viral hepatitis B. In forensic cases, until recently, identification of biological stains was based on the use of genetic markers, such as blood groups. In this paper, we show that another acquired characteristic, even if not immutable during life, may afford similar possibilities. As an example, we have demonstrated that the HBs antigen, associated with the hepatitis B virus, can help in the identification of bloodstains. The requisite condition for using this new marker, is that not too much time should elapse between the time the biological stains are formed and the moment when victim and suspected individual are examined for comparison of their blood with the stain. We have shown that in a dried state, the HBs antigen is very stable for a least six months. In vivo, it persists for a few week to 6 or 7 years according to thecase. HBs antigen is a relatively rate factor, its frequency being 0.5%ew marker, is that not too much time should elapse between the time the biological stains are formed and the moment when victim and suspected individual are examined for comparison of their blood with the stain.  We have shown that in a dried state the, HBs antigen is very stable for a least six months. In vivo, it persists for a few week to 6 or 7 years according to the case. HBs antigen is a relatively rate factor its frequency being 0.5% in the Belgian population; the frequency reaches 2 to 3% in the Mediterranean population who constitute most of the immigrants in Belgium."}
{"id": "PMID:924324", "title": "[Septic temperatures in questionable ascites].", "content": "The case history of a 40 year old male with septical temperatures and ascites is presented. Because of skin-pigmentation, hypotension, low rate of electrolytes, augmented renin-activity, and septical temperatures there was a suspicion of Addison's disease. A protein-rich ascites without tumor cells and erythrocytes, but with lymphocytes gives the diagnosis of peritonitis tuberculosa. Addison's disease and peritonitis tuberculosa are late manifestations of an organ tuberculosis, about 20 years after pulmonal tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Septic temperatures in questionable ascites]. The case history of a 40 year old male with septical temperatures and ascites is presented. Because of skin-pigmentation, hypotension, low rate of electrolytes, augmented renin-activity, and septical temperatures there was a suspicion of Addison's disease. A protein-rich ascites without tumor cells and erythrocytes, but with lymphocytes gives the diagnosis of peritonitis tuberculosa. Addison's disease and peritonitis tuberculosa are late manifestations of an organ tuberculosis, about 20 years after pulmonal tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:924325", "title": "[Ultrastructure of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses].", "content": "The ultrastructure of autofluorescent residual bodies in the Jansky-Bielschowsky and Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren types of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) is variegated though the curvilinear profiles encompass the basic pattern. The infantile and Kufs' types are marked by granular cytosomes. Deposition of the lipopigments in NCL simulates the distribution of \"wear and tear\" lipofuscin enabling diagnosis by biopsy and electron microscopy in peripheral organs such as skin, rectum, and especially striated muscle. Pathological findings in the retina of the associated retinopathia pigmentosa entail typical NCL residual bodies in almost every type of retinal cells, a loss of photoreceptors, atrophy of pigment epithelial cells and displacement of melanin into inner layers of the retina. This retinopathia pigmentosa seems to be a regular finding of only the classic late infantile and juvenile human types of NCL since it is mostly absent in the adult human type and the canine NCL. As long as an enzyme deficiency of this autosomal recessive disorder remains unproven, the clinical diagnosis of NCL can only be morphologically confirmed by electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses]. The ultrastructure of autofluorescent residual bodies in the Jansky-Bielschowsky and Spielmeyer-Sj\u00f6gren types of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) is variegated though the curvilinear profiles encompass the basic pattern. The infantile and Kufs' types are marked by granular cytosomes. Deposition of the lipopigments in NCL simulates the distribution of \"wear and tear\" lipofuscin enabling diagnosis by biopsy and electron microscopy in peripheral organs such as skin, rectum, and especially striated muscle. Pathological findings in the retina of the associated retinopathia pigmentosa entail typical NCL residual bodies in almost every type of retinal cells, a loss of photoreceptors, atrophy of pigment epithelial cells and displacement of melanin into inner layers of the retina. This retinopathia pigmentosa seems to be a regular finding of only the classic late infantile and juvenile human types of NCL since it is mostly absent in the adult human type and the canine NCL. As long as an enzyme deficiency of this autosomal recessive disorder remains unproven, the clinical diagnosis of NCL can only be morphologically confirmed by electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:924326", "title": "[Hemodialysis without risk of hemorrhage. Introduction of an APTT bedside method for exact heparin monitoring--a review].", "content": "A summarized account of our experiences over 1 1/2 years is given, in relation to a minimum heparinisation technique during haemodialysis. This novel technique was made possible by the introduction of an APTT bedside method. In a comparison between the techniques employed so far for preventing a heparin-caused risk of haemorrhage and our method, the clear advantage of our method was apparent. In addition to a discussion of our methods, we describe the cases treated so far. The amounts of heparin required for dialysis are so small that a necessary coagulation can occur even in a part of the organism where there is a danger of haemorrhage. Thereby it was possible to extend the range of indication for haemodialysis substantially. By using minimum heparinisation, it is possible to perform an immediate postoperative haemodialysis. The healing of wounds, which is impaired in cases of renal insufficiency, may be improved by early dialysis without the risk of haemorrhage. Our results show that the minimum heparinisation signifies a decisive achievement in acute dialysis therapy.", "contents": "[Hemodialysis without risk of hemorrhage. Introduction of an APTT bedside method for exact heparin monitoring--a review]. A summarized account of our experiences over 1 1/2 years is given, in relation to a minimum heparinisation technique during haemodialysis. This novel technique was made possible by the introduction of an APTT bedside method. In a comparison between the techniques employed so far for preventing a heparin-caused risk of haemorrhage and our method, the clear advantage of our method was apparent. In addition to a discussion of our methods, we describe the cases treated so far. The amounts of heparin required for dialysis are so small that a necessary coagulation can occur even in a part of the organism where there is a danger of haemorrhage. Thereby it was possible to extend the range of indication for haemodialysis substantially. By using minimum heparinisation, it is possible to perform an immediate postoperative haemodialysis. The healing of wounds, which is impaired in cases of renal insufficiency, may be improved by early dialysis without the risk of haemorrhage. Our results show that the minimum heparinisation signifies a decisive achievement in acute dialysis therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:924318", "title": "Sex determination of severely burned bodies.", "content": "Kidney, thyroid gland, liver, striated muscle and cerebral cortex from ten males and six females who died with severe burns were examined with regard to sex determination using Y-chromosome detection. A control group of sixteen persons was compared. Only the kidneys offered a reliable sex determination. Thyroid gland presented high false positive values, the liver one false-negative and striated muscle and cerebral cortex both false negative and positive values. When heating liver and kidney it was demonstrated that temperatures higher than 150 degrees C made the detection difficult.", "contents": "Sex determination of severely burned bodies. Kidney, thyroid gland, liver, striated muscle and cerebral cortex from ten males and six females who died with severe burns were examined with regard to sex determination using Y-chromosome detection. A control group of sixteen persons was compared. Only the kidneys offered a reliable sex determination. Thyroid gland presented high false positive values, the liver one false-negative and striated muscle and cerebral cortex both false negative and positive values. When heating liver and kidney it was demonstrated that temperatures higher than 150 degrees C made the detection difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:924327", "title": "[Treatment of chlamydial urethro-adnexitis with erythromycin].", "content": "Besides mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas chlamydias are able to cause an urethro-adnexitis in men. Jeasts, trichomonas and herpes-viruses are in our patients of less importance. Therapy with erythromycine of chlamydial urethroadnexitis is successful.", "contents": "[Treatment of chlamydial urethro-adnexitis with erythromycin]. Besides mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas chlamydias are able to cause an urethro-adnexitis in men. Jeasts, trichomonas and herpes-viruses are in our patients of less importance. Therapy with erythromycine of chlamydial urethroadnexitis is successful."}
{"id": "PMID:924319", "title": "Case report of deaths caused by freon gas.", "content": "A report of two autopsies which is thought to be the first case of its kind in Japan is presented here. The cause of death was concluded to be oxygen deficiency from the filling of a compartment by Freon gas escaping from a cylinder. However, the authors suspect that Freon per se is not a non-toxic substance as had been believed but has some toxicity because of the existence of fat droplets in hepatocytes of mice exposed to reon gas and because of the behavioral findings on them during experiments.", "contents": "Case report of deaths caused by freon gas. A report of two autopsies which is thought to be the first case of its kind in Japan is presented here. The cause of death was concluded to be oxygen deficiency from the filling of a compartment by Freon gas escaping from a cylinder. However, the authors suspect that Freon per se is not a non-toxic substance as had been believed but has some toxicity because of the existence of fat droplets in hepatocytes of mice exposed to reon gas and because of the behavioral findings on them during experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:924328", "title": "[Vulvar neoplasms and preoperative lymphography].", "content": "20 patients with histologically verified carcinoma of the vulva fulfilled the following conditions: general operability, preoperative lymphography, radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymph node resection and histological examination of all lymph nodes. It was studied how far the preoperative lymphography plays a role for the strategy of operative treatment of carcinoma of the vulva and eventually in the limitation of risks of operative treatment. A survey of the lymphatic drainage of the vulva underlines the importance of the knowledge of the lymphatic pathways for the operation and for the lymphography as performed in this hospital since 1972. The results suggest that lymphography shows an unacceptable high number of false-negative results in cases of metastatic involvement of the inguinal nodes (7 out of 10 cases), whereas it is reliable for the judgment of the iliac and paraaortal nodes. For this reason the resection of the inguinal nodes remains a necessary part of radical vulvectomy. The additional removal of intrapelvic lymph nodes has been restricted to patients with lymphographic signs of positive nodes. In our opinion preoperative lymphography is of considerable value to minimize the operative risk for patients with carcinoma of the vulva by means of a more precise preoperative diagnosis, stage-oriented therapy and postoperative control.", "contents": "[Vulvar neoplasms and preoperative lymphography]. 20 patients with histologically verified carcinoma of the vulva fulfilled the following conditions: general operability, preoperative lymphography, radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymph node resection and histological examination of all lymph nodes. It was studied how far the preoperative lymphography plays a role for the strategy of operative treatment of carcinoma of the vulva and eventually in the limitation of risks of operative treatment. A survey of the lymphatic drainage of the vulva underlines the importance of the knowledge of the lymphatic pathways for the operation and for the lymphography as performed in this hospital since 1972. The results suggest that lymphography shows an unacceptable high number of false-negative results in cases of metastatic involvement of the inguinal nodes (7 out of 10 cases), whereas it is reliable for the judgment of the iliac and paraaortal nodes. For this reason the resection of the inguinal nodes remains a necessary part of radical vulvectomy. The additional removal of intrapelvic lymph nodes has been restricted to patients with lymphographic signs of positive nodes. In our opinion preoperative lymphography is of considerable value to minimize the operative risk for patients with carcinoma of the vulva by means of a more precise preoperative diagnosis, stage-oriented therapy and postoperative control."}
{"id": "PMID:924329", "title": "[Pregnancy in diabetic patients. A calculated risk].", "content": "In general, a diabetic woman may count upon delivering a healthy child--provided optimal antenatal care. Success or failure of pregnancy will in the individual case decisively depend on the experience and efforts of the attending physician. The directives for the care of pregnant diabetic women as practiced at the II. Univ.-Frauenklinik M\u00fcnchen are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Pregnancy in diabetic patients. A calculated risk]. In general, a diabetic woman may count upon delivering a healthy child--provided optimal antenatal care. Success or failure of pregnancy will in the individual case decisively depend on the experience and efforts of the attending physician. The directives for the care of pregnant diabetic women as practiced at the II. Univ.-Frauenklinik M\u00fcnchen are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:924330", "title": "[Hormonal regulation mechanisms during puerperium].", "content": "The regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis during puerperium is reviewed. The lactotrophic hormone prolactin is necessary for the growth of the milk producing system, initiation and maintenance of lactation. Inappropriate responsiveness of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian system causes independent of the actual prolactin serum values postpartum amenorrhea during early puerperium. However, the duration of amenorrhea depends on the duration of breast-feeding. The prolactin peaks induced by suckling interfere with the reappearance of normal cyclic ovarian regulation.", "contents": "[Hormonal regulation mechanisms during puerperium]. The regulation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis during puerperium is reviewed. The lactotrophic hormone prolactin is necessary for the growth of the milk producing system, initiation and maintenance of lactation. Inappropriate responsiveness of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian system causes independent of the actual prolactin serum values postpartum amenorrhea during early puerperium. However, the duration of amenorrhea depends on the duration of breast-feeding. The prolactin peaks induced by suckling interfere with the reappearance of normal cyclic ovarian regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:924331", "title": "[The ball deformation method, a new method in oryhopedics for the quantitative threedimensional force flow determination in bone models].", "content": "The long term results of 1135 followed up patients after coxarthrosis-operations showed, besides being very effective, typical complications and problems. The bone bearing strength and strain has to be known exactly. In the past there was no method known for quantitative 3dimensional measurement of strength flow in case of biomechanical alteration by operations. The ball deformation system is introduced which was tested on bone models.", "contents": "[The ball deformation method, a new method in oryhopedics for the quantitative threedimensional force flow determination in bone models]. The long term results of 1135 followed up patients after coxarthrosis-operations showed, besides being very effective, typical complications and problems. The bone bearing strength and strain has to be known exactly. In the past there was no method known for quantitative 3dimensional measurement of strength flow in case of biomechanical alteration by operations. The ball deformation system is introduced which was tested on bone models."}
{"id": "PMID:924334", "title": "[Mechanisms of bronchial self-cleaning. Surface studies on the bronchial mucosa, bronchial basement membrane and subepithelial connective tissue. A scanning electronmicroscopic study].", "content": "Bronchial mucosa and bronchial basement membranes of man and of healthy slaughter animals were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The surface relief of the normal human bronchus mucosa is composed of a system of bulge-like prominences and valleys. There are parallel recesses and narrow valleys which run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bronchus. Man and pig have the same kind of surface relief in bronchus. A fundamental different type of surface area relief is exhibited by the cow and the sheep. The bronchial basement membrane is a homogeneous plate with dune-like prominences and trough-shaped depressions. Often one can see perforations of variable size. The structures of the basement membranes have a great variability and no species-specifity. There are the same types of dysplasias in the bronchus mucosa in man and in animals. The differences are based upon in the wideness of the expansion and in the grade of the dysplasias in man.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of bronchial self-cleaning. Surface studies on the bronchial mucosa, bronchial basement membrane and subepithelial connective tissue. A scanning electronmicroscopic study]. Bronchial mucosa and bronchial basement membranes of man and of healthy slaughter animals were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The surface relief of the normal human bronchus mucosa is composed of a system of bulge-like prominences and valleys. There are parallel recesses and narrow valleys which run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bronchus. Man and pig have the same kind of surface relief in bronchus. A fundamental different type of surface area relief is exhibited by the cow and the sheep. The bronchial basement membrane is a homogeneous plate with dune-like prominences and trough-shaped depressions. Often one can see perforations of variable size. The structures of the basement membranes have a great variability and no species-specifity. There are the same types of dysplasias in the bronchus mucosa in man and in animals. The differences are based upon in the wideness of the expansion and in the grade of the dysplasias in man."}
{"id": "PMID:924335", "title": "[Classification of bronchial asthma].", "content": "The bronchial asthma disease is divided into 5 groups: 1. bronchial asthma caused by allergy, 2. bronchial asthma caused by infection, 3. bronchial asthma caused by physicochemical irritants, 4. bronchial asthma caused by exercise, 5. combination between the groups 1--4. Etiological factors, immunologic phenomena so far as known and pathogenic mechanisms are listed for each group and discussed.", "contents": "[Classification of bronchial asthma]. The bronchial asthma disease is divided into 5 groups: 1. bronchial asthma caused by allergy, 2. bronchial asthma caused by infection, 3. bronchial asthma caused by physicochemical irritants, 4. bronchial asthma caused by exercise, 5. combination between the groups 1--4. Etiological factors, immunologic phenomena so far as known and pathogenic mechanisms are listed for each group and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924337", "title": "[The thrombocyte aggregating effect of phosphatidic acids and their lyso-derivatives (DAS)].", "content": "In aged plasma or serum phosphatidic and lysophosphatidic acids (DAS) may occur which have been found to induce platelet aggregation in human and feline PRP (platelet rich plasma). Experiments performed on cats demonstrate that the lethal effect frequently following the i.v. injection of these substances into cats with high platelet counts is mediated via massive pulmonary microembolization. It remains to be elucidated whether the in vivo formation of these phospholipids may be of clinical interest.", "contents": "[The thrombocyte aggregating effect of phosphatidic acids and their lyso-derivatives (DAS)]. In aged plasma or serum phosphatidic and lysophosphatidic acids (DAS) may occur which have been found to induce platelet aggregation in human and feline PRP (platelet rich plasma). Experiments performed on cats demonstrate that the lethal effect frequently following the i.v. injection of these substances into cats with high platelet counts is mediated via massive pulmonary microembolization. It remains to be elucidated whether the in vivo formation of these phospholipids may be of clinical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:924339", "title": "[Corpus luteum function and female sterility. Comparative studies of endometrial biopsy and pregnanediol secretion within the same cycle].", "content": "In 129 patients with sterility or endocrine menstrual cycle disturbances the pregnandiol concentrations in the urine were measured and in the same cycle the endometrium of the 1st day of menstruation histologically examined. The length of the corpus luteum phases was classified into 6 groups (over 14, 11--14, 9--10, 7--8, 1--6, 0 days), also the endometrial findings (over stimulated, normal, slightly, moderately, significantly retarded secretory transformation, no secretory signs). In 77.5% of the cases a complete accordance between the pregnandiol output and the endometrial biopsy was found, in 18% a difference of one step between the two parameters. Only in 4.5% great discrepancies were found, which partly could be explained by simultaneous medication in the same cycle. The two methods do not compete with each other but complete each other, because pregnandiol output is a parameter for corpus luteum function and endometrial histology reveals the reaction of the target organ to the hormonal stimulus. A statement about the etiology of the corpus luteum insufficiency is not possible by these two methods. For that further examination, i.a. serial evaluation of the sexual steroids and gonadotropins in serum are necessary.", "contents": "[Corpus luteum function and female sterility. Comparative studies of endometrial biopsy and pregnanediol secretion within the same cycle]. In 129 patients with sterility or endocrine menstrual cycle disturbances the pregnandiol concentrations in the urine were measured and in the same cycle the endometrium of the 1st day of menstruation histologically examined. The length of the corpus luteum phases was classified into 6 groups (over 14, 11--14, 9--10, 7--8, 1--6, 0 days), also the endometrial findings (over stimulated, normal, slightly, moderately, significantly retarded secretory transformation, no secretory signs). In 77.5% of the cases a complete accordance between the pregnandiol output and the endometrial biopsy was found, in 18% a difference of one step between the two parameters. Only in 4.5% great discrepancies were found, which partly could be explained by simultaneous medication in the same cycle. The two methods do not compete with each other but complete each other, because pregnandiol output is a parameter for corpus luteum function and endometrial histology reveals the reaction of the target organ to the hormonal stimulus. A statement about the etiology of the corpus luteum insufficiency is not possible by these two methods. For that further examination, i.a. serial evaluation of the sexual steroids and gonadotropins in serum are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:924340", "title": "[The interaction of Ca2+ and heparin in the activation of lipoprotein lipase from adipose tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of calcium on the activation of lipoprotein lipase by heparin was studied using ammonia buffer extracts of acetone powder from guinea pig adipose tissue as the lipoprotein lipase source. Lipase activity was assayed with an artificial triglyceride emulsion that had been activated with rat high density lipoproteins. The addition of Ca2+ (2mM) alone increased the lipoprotein lipase activity about 2.5- to 3.5-fold, but heparin (1 unit/ml) alone had little effect. When both Ca2+ and heparin were added to the assay medium, the activity was increased to 4- to 5- fold above control values. When Ca2+ in the assay medium was sequestrated by EGTA, these increases by Ca2+ and heparin were completely abolished. The results suggest that the presence of Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the activation of lipoprotein lipase by heparin. Gel filtration of the mixture of acetone poder extracts and [3H] heparin showed the enzyme bound [3H] heparin whether Ca2+ was present or not. In addition to lipoprotein lipase, there were proteins in adipose tissue extracts which had an affinity for heparin.", "contents": "[The interaction of Ca2+ and heparin in the activation of lipoprotein lipase from adipose tissue (author's transl)]. The effect of calcium on the activation of lipoprotein lipase by heparin was studied using ammonia buffer extracts of acetone powder from guinea pig adipose tissue as the lipoprotein lipase source. Lipase activity was assayed with an artificial triglyceride emulsion that had been activated with rat high density lipoproteins. The addition of Ca2+ (2mM) alone increased the lipoprotein lipase activity about 2.5- to 3.5-fold, but heparin (1 unit/ml) alone had little effect. When both Ca2+ and heparin were added to the assay medium, the activity was increased to 4- to 5- fold above control values. When Ca2+ in the assay medium was sequestrated by EGTA, these increases by Ca2+ and heparin were completely abolished. The results suggest that the presence of Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the activation of lipoprotein lipase by heparin. Gel filtration of the mixture of acetone poder extracts and [3H] heparin showed the enzyme bound [3H] heparin whether Ca2+ was present or not. In addition to lipoprotein lipase, there were proteins in adipose tissue extracts which had an affinity for heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:924341", "title": "[Evaluation of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in the diagnosis of biliary diseases (author's transl].", "content": "Procedures of PTC and evaluation of this technique in the diagnosis of disorders of the pancreas and the biliary tract were described. The combination of PTC with superselective angiography proved to be an effective approach to cover the weak point of PTC and to ensure the diagnosis of the infiltrative changes outside the biliary tract.", "contents": "[Evaluation of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in the diagnosis of biliary diseases (author's transl]. Procedures of PTC and evaluation of this technique in the diagnosis of disorders of the pancreas and the biliary tract were described. The combination of PTC with superselective angiography proved to be an effective approach to cover the weak point of PTC and to ensure the diagnosis of the infiltrative changes outside the biliary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:924342", "title": "[Study on the surgery of malignant biliary tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of the surgical therapy of malignant biliary tumor lies, as in other cancers, in the extensive removal of the tumors and lymph nodes in the regional area. Nevertheless, many problems remain unsolved with biliary carcinoma because of the anatomical structure and ensuing various symptoms depending on the degree of expansion. Seventy-two cases of biliary cancer were recorded during the past 13 years of observation in our clinic. The overall removal rate was 28%, which was extremely low as compared with other cancers. The regional removal rate was 62% in the ampulla, 25% in the gallbladder and 19% in the bile duct. In the bile duct carcinoma jaundice was most frequently seen and the degree and duration of jaundice were well correlated with the operative prognosis.", "contents": "[Study on the surgery of malignant biliary tumors (author's transl)]. The principle of the surgical therapy of malignant biliary tumor lies, as in other cancers, in the extensive removal of the tumors and lymph nodes in the regional area. Nevertheless, many problems remain unsolved with biliary carcinoma because of the anatomical structure and ensuing various symptoms depending on the degree of expansion. Seventy-two cases of biliary cancer were recorded during the past 13 years of observation in our clinic. The overall removal rate was 28%, which was extremely low as compared with other cancers. The regional removal rate was 62% in the ampulla, 25% in the gallbladder and 19% in the bile duct. In the bile duct carcinoma jaundice was most frequently seen and the degree and duration of jaundice were well correlated with the operative prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:924345", "title": "On the role of glucocorticoid in glucose-induced insulin secretion.", "content": "To explore the role of endogenous glucocorticoid in insulin secretion, the plasma concentrations of insulin in the fasting state and in response to intravenous administration of glucose were determined in adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy produced a decrease in the fasting plasma insulin two days after the operation when there was found no change in the blood glucose levels. Likewise, plasma insulin response to glucose was clearly reduced in adrenalectomized rats, although there was no difference among the two groups in increment of the blood glucose after the glucose load. At this moment, a stimulatory action of insulin on glucose metabolism was rather decreased in the adipose tissue from the adrenalectomized rats when compared with that from the control rats. The pancreatic tissue from the adrenalectomized rats secreted much less amount of insulin in response to perifused glucose not only in the early phase but also in the second phase of release pattern. The pancreas from the adrenalectomized rats treated with dexamethasone showed the opposite changes. These findings support the hypothesis that the endogenous glucocorticoid may play a role in maintaining sensitivity of the B cell to insulinogenic stimuli.", "contents": "On the role of glucocorticoid in glucose-induced insulin secretion. To explore the role of endogenous glucocorticoid in insulin secretion, the plasma concentrations of insulin in the fasting state and in response to intravenous administration of glucose were determined in adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomy produced a decrease in the fasting plasma insulin two days after the operation when there was found no change in the blood glucose levels. Likewise, plasma insulin response to glucose was clearly reduced in adrenalectomized rats, although there was no difference among the two groups in increment of the blood glucose after the glucose load. At this moment, a stimulatory action of insulin on glucose metabolism was rather decreased in the adipose tissue from the adrenalectomized rats when compared with that from the control rats. The pancreatic tissue from the adrenalectomized rats secreted much less amount of insulin in response to perifused glucose not only in the early phase but also in the second phase of release pattern. The pancreas from the adrenalectomized rats treated with dexamethasone showed the opposite changes. These findings support the hypothesis that the endogenous glucocorticoid may play a role in maintaining sensitivity of the B cell to insulinogenic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:924346", "title": "Heterogeneity of extractable gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and its lipolytic activity.", "content": "Gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was extracted from the mucosa of the canine intestine and was separated into two peaks by gel filtration; Peak I (7,000 daltons) and Peak II (3,500 daltons). These two peaks were purified by means of affinity chromatography using an anti-glucagon antibody as a ligand substance. These purified gut GLIs were not composed of single component, when applied to ion exchange chromatography. These partially purified Peak I and Peak II showed lipolytic activities, though very weak in potency, in vitro on the rat fat tissue at pharmacologically high concentration (5 ng eq/ml in final). It was concluded that gut GLI, even though purified, showed heterogeneity and that gut GLI revealed lipolytic activity although weak in potency compared with pancreatic glucagon.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of extractable gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and its lipolytic activity. Gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) was extracted from the mucosa of the canine intestine and was separated into two peaks by gel filtration; Peak I (7,000 daltons) and Peak II (3,500 daltons). These two peaks were purified by means of affinity chromatography using an anti-glucagon antibody as a ligand substance. These purified gut GLIs were not composed of single component, when applied to ion exchange chromatography. These partially purified Peak I and Peak II showed lipolytic activities, though very weak in potency, in vitro on the rat fat tissue at pharmacologically high concentration (5 ng eq/ml in final). It was concluded that gut GLI, even though purified, showed heterogeneity and that gut GLI revealed lipolytic activity although weak in potency compared with pancreatic glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:924347", "title": "Metabolic effect of high environment temperature on non-diabetic and diabetic rats.", "content": "Blood lipids and glucose were studied in streptozotocin diabetic rats during hyperthermia. Blood glucose, free fatty acids (F.F.A.) and glycerol of diabetic rats with a rectal temperature of 42 degrees C (hyperthermic) were elevated significantly above those values found in normothermic (TR = 38 degrees C) diabetic or normothermic non-diabetic rats as well as hyperthermic non-diabetic rats. Streptozotocin diabetes caused an elevation in blood triglycerides of normothermic rats, but this hypertriglyceridemia was depressed in diabetic rats during hyperthermia. As in the case of diabetic animals, hyperthermia also caused a depression in the blood triglycerides of non-diabetic rats. However, unlike in the diabetic animals, the blood F.F.A. of non-diabetic rats were depressed during hyperthermia. Although hyperthermia caused a significant increase in the blood glucose of the diabetic animals, no significant change in blood glucose was shown in the hyperthermic non-diabetic rats. Blood cholesterol did not change significantly in the non-diabetic or diabetic animals during hyperthermia. The blood changes of these \"energy substrates\" are discussed with respect to their possible role in the extreme sensitivity of diabetics to high environmental temperature and \"heat stress\".", "contents": "Metabolic effect of high environment temperature on non-diabetic and diabetic rats. Blood lipids and glucose were studied in streptozotocin diabetic rats during hyperthermia. Blood glucose, free fatty acids (F.F.A.) and glycerol of diabetic rats with a rectal temperature of 42 degrees C (hyperthermic) were elevated significantly above those values found in normothermic (TR = 38 degrees C) diabetic or normothermic non-diabetic rats as well as hyperthermic non-diabetic rats. Streptozotocin diabetes caused an elevation in blood triglycerides of normothermic rats, but this hypertriglyceridemia was depressed in diabetic rats during hyperthermia. As in the case of diabetic animals, hyperthermia also caused a depression in the blood triglycerides of non-diabetic rats. However, unlike in the diabetic animals, the blood F.F.A. of non-diabetic rats were depressed during hyperthermia. Although hyperthermia caused a significant increase in the blood glucose of the diabetic animals, no significant change in blood glucose was shown in the hyperthermic non-diabetic rats. Blood cholesterol did not change significantly in the non-diabetic or diabetic animals during hyperthermia. The blood changes of these \"energy substrates\" are discussed with respect to their possible role in the extreme sensitivity of diabetics to high environmental temperature and \"heat stress\"."}
{"id": "PMID:924349", "title": "Metabolism of thyroid hormones by the isolated perfused rabbit kidney.", "content": "The metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney was monitored by specific radioimmunoassay for each hormone. The amount of thyroxine catabolised was proportional to the amount added initially and no saturation effects were observed over a wide range (3.9-82 nmol). After addition of thyroxine alone, triiodothyronine could be detected in the perfusion medium within 10 minutes but only much later in the urine. It was proposed that circulating thyroxine contributes indirectly to the level of urinary triiodothyronine.", "contents": "Metabolism of thyroid hormones by the isolated perfused rabbit kidney. The metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the isolated perfused rabbit kidney was monitored by specific radioimmunoassay for each hormone. The amount of thyroxine catabolised was proportional to the amount added initially and no saturation effects were observed over a wide range (3.9-82 nmol). After addition of thyroxine alone, triiodothyronine could be detected in the perfusion medium within 10 minutes but only much later in the urine. It was proposed that circulating thyroxine contributes indirectly to the level of urinary triiodothyronine."}
{"id": "PMID:924350", "title": "Influence of rifampicin treatment on the metabolic fate of [4-14C] mestranol in women.", "content": "[4-14C] Mestranol was administered to 2 rifampicin treated and to 3 untreated hysterectomised women with normal liver functions. The urinary excretions of mestranol, ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-ethynylestradiol and of the total radioactivity were measured within the following 5 days. After this period the total urinary excretion of radioactivity amounted to approx. 43% (38%-50%) of the administered dose and no difference was found for the rifampicin treated and untreated women. Moreover, in the urines of both of these groups the same amounts of radioactive mestranol (1.1%-6.3% of the urinary radioactivity) and 2-hydroxy-ethynylestradiol (0.9%-3.9% of the urinary radioactivity) were measured. In contrast, the urinary excretion of ethynyl-estradiol was definitely lower in the rifampicin treated women (3.5% and 4.9% of the urinary radioactivity) as compared to the control group (15%-23%).", "contents": "Influence of rifampicin treatment on the metabolic fate of [4-14C] mestranol in women. [4-14C] Mestranol was administered to 2 rifampicin treated and to 3 untreated hysterectomised women with normal liver functions. The urinary excretions of mestranol, ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxy-ethynylestradiol and of the total radioactivity were measured within the following 5 days. After this period the total urinary excretion of radioactivity amounted to approx. 43% (38%-50%) of the administered dose and no difference was found for the rifampicin treated and untreated women. Moreover, in the urines of both of these groups the same amounts of radioactive mestranol (1.1%-6.3% of the urinary radioactivity) and 2-hydroxy-ethynylestradiol (0.9%-3.9% of the urinary radioactivity) were measured. In contrast, the urinary excretion of ethynyl-estradiol was definitely lower in the rifampicin treated women (3.5% and 4.9% of the urinary radioactivity) as compared to the control group (15%-23%)."}
{"id": "PMID:924351", "title": "Effects of estradiol on in vitro nucleoside incorporation and methylation of rat uterine ribonucleic acid.", "content": "The in vitro nucleoside incorporation and methylation of uterine RNA was examined by incubating immature rat uteri with either 3H-uridine, 3H-uridine-3H-cytidine, and/or 14C-methyl-methionine. Radioactivity was determined in extracted RNA which was fractionated by gel electrophoresis or by differential solubility in zine acetate or lithium chloride. Estradiol (E2)-treated uteri respond by showing a maximum in vitro incorporation of nucleosides into total RNA and high M.W. RNA within one hr of in vivo treatment. Nucleoside incorporation into low M.W. RNA increased gradually throughout the first 3 hrs of a 4-hr hormone treatment period. E2 in vivo also caused increased in vitro methylation of total, high, and low M.W. uterine RNA fractions. Methylation of all fractions increased through the first 3 hrs of hormone treatment, but greater methylation of low M.W. RNA was apparent. The data indicate that in vivo E2 treatment stimulates an initial transitory stage of in vitro nucleoside incorporation into uterine RNA followed by a more prolonged interval of RNA methylation.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol on in vitro nucleoside incorporation and methylation of rat uterine ribonucleic acid. The in vitro nucleoside incorporation and methylation of uterine RNA was examined by incubating immature rat uteri with either 3H-uridine, 3H-uridine-3H-cytidine, and/or 14C-methyl-methionine. Radioactivity was determined in extracted RNA which was fractionated by gel electrophoresis or by differential solubility in zine acetate or lithium chloride. Estradiol (E2)-treated uteri respond by showing a maximum in vitro incorporation of nucleosides into total RNA and high M.W. RNA within one hr of in vivo treatment. Nucleoside incorporation into low M.W. RNA increased gradually throughout the first 3 hrs of a 4-hr hormone treatment period. E2 in vivo also caused increased in vitro methylation of total, high, and low M.W. uterine RNA fractions. Methylation of all fractions increased through the first 3 hrs of hormone treatment, but greater methylation of low M.W. RNA was apparent. The data indicate that in vivo E2 treatment stimulates an initial transitory stage of in vitro nucleoside incorporation into uterine RNA followed by a more prolonged interval of RNA methylation."}
{"id": "PMID:924352", "title": "Circulatory and lipolytic effects of parathyroid hormone. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was given intravenously to anesthesized adult dogs. Blood flows were measured with electromagnetic probes in different vascular areas concomitant with analysis of glycerol, free fatty acid, calcium, glucose, sodium, potassium, albumin, carbon-dioxid and creatinine. PTH consistently caused an immediate increment in blood flow in the celiac vasculature and a following, less pronounced increase in the renal artery. These changes were effectuated by a vasodilatation. The degree and duration of the flow increments were dose dependent; The celiac artery was more sensitive to the effect of PTH than the renal artery. In celiac artery maximal increase above basal flow was 58 +/- 27% (Mean +/- S.D.), in renal artery 25 +/- 12%. A significant lipolytic action of PTH was consistently notable within minutes after the administration of PTH. The other parameters analysed in blood remained unchanged sixty to ninety minutes after the PTH injections. Then a hypercalcemic effect of PTH appeared. A lipolytic action of PTH could be demonstrated with PTH doses which did not induce hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Circulatory and lipolytic effects of parathyroid hormone. An experimental study in dogs. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was given intravenously to anesthesized adult dogs. Blood flows were measured with electromagnetic probes in different vascular areas concomitant with analysis of glycerol, free fatty acid, calcium, glucose, sodium, potassium, albumin, carbon-dioxid and creatinine. PTH consistently caused an immediate increment in blood flow in the celiac vasculature and a following, less pronounced increase in the renal artery. These changes were effectuated by a vasodilatation. The degree and duration of the flow increments were dose dependent; The celiac artery was more sensitive to the effect of PTH than the renal artery. In celiac artery maximal increase above basal flow was 58 +/- 27% (Mean +/- S.D.), in renal artery 25 +/- 12%. A significant lipolytic action of PTH was consistently notable within minutes after the administration of PTH. The other parameters analysed in blood remained unchanged sixty to ninety minutes after the PTH injections. Then a hypercalcemic effect of PTH appeared. A lipolytic action of PTH could be demonstrated with PTH doses which did not induce hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:924358", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of cyproterone acetate.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for cyproterone acetate in serum has been developed. Antiserum was raised in rabbits by immunization with a conjugate of cyproterone acetate-11 alpha-hemisuccinate and bovine serum albumin. Radioactive tracers with high specific activities were synthesized by coupling the hemisuccinate with [3H]-tyrosine methyl ester of [125I]-iodohistamine. Competition studies with substances structurally related to cyproterone acetate have revealed that the structures of ring A and B are mainly responsible for binding to the antibody.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of cyproterone acetate. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for cyproterone acetate in serum has been developed. Antiserum was raised in rabbits by immunization with a conjugate of cyproterone acetate-11 alpha-hemisuccinate and bovine serum albumin. Radioactive tracers with high specific activities were synthesized by coupling the hemisuccinate with [3H]-tyrosine methyl ester of [125I]-iodohistamine. Competition studies with substances structurally related to cyproterone acetate have revealed that the structures of ring A and B are mainly responsible for binding to the antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:924359", "title": "Triiodothyronine-producing metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Thyroid hormone serum concentration was determined in a thyroidectomized patient with functional follicular thyroid carcinoma with metastases. Marked diminution of circulating serum T4 and FT4 with normal T3 serum concentration was found. The clinical implications of this shift in secretory activity are discussed.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine-producing metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid hormone serum concentration was determined in a thyroidectomized patient with functional follicular thyroid carcinoma with metastases. Marked diminution of circulating serum T4 and FT4 with normal T3 serum concentration was found. The clinical implications of this shift in secretory activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924360", "title": "Induction of precocious puberty in newborn female guinea pigs by a positive feedback action of estrogens.", "content": "The existence of a positive feedback of estrogen on the gonadotrophin-releasing mechanism at birth, was tested in the female guinea pig. Estradiol benzoate (100 ng during the first 5 days of life) or HCG (100 RU during the first 5 days of life) induced a true precocious puberty, with similar characteristics to the control animals (60% of the animals ovulated at puberty age: corpora lutea present at the ovaries). The uterus was larger in ovulating than in nonovulating animals. Reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) on 15, 17 and 19 days of age did not modify the precocious puberty induced by estradiol at birth. It is concluded that exogenous or endogenous estrogen (induced by exogenous gonadotrophin administration) have a positive feedback action on the newborn female guinea pig to release gonadotrophin and develop puberty. These results are very different than those observed in the rat and differences can be related to the stage of somatic and nervous maturation attained by the animals at birth.", "contents": "Induction of precocious puberty in newborn female guinea pigs by a positive feedback action of estrogens. The existence of a positive feedback of estrogen on the gonadotrophin-releasing mechanism at birth, was tested in the female guinea pig. Estradiol benzoate (100 ng during the first 5 days of life) or HCG (100 RU during the first 5 days of life) induced a true precocious puberty, with similar characteristics to the control animals (60% of the animals ovulated at puberty age: corpora lutea present at the ovaries). The uterus was larger in ovulating than in nonovulating animals. Reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) on 15, 17 and 19 days of age did not modify the precocious puberty induced by estradiol at birth. It is concluded that exogenous or endogenous estrogen (induced by exogenous gonadotrophin administration) have a positive feedback action on the newborn female guinea pig to release gonadotrophin and develop puberty. These results are very different than those observed in the rat and differences can be related to the stage of somatic and nervous maturation attained by the animals at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:924361", "title": "[On the preparation of intermediates in cobyrinic acid biosynthesis by suspensions of Propionibacterium shermanii (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation of a dimethyltetrahtdrouroporphyrin (Faktor II or sirohydrochlorin) using suspensions of Propionibacterium shermanii as well as a promising method for the isolation of tetrapyrrols with at least four carboxy substituents from cell-free extracts and growth media are described. Also a Faktor II-analogue with three methyl groups which are derived from L-methionine is reported. Incorporation experiments indicate that this is an intermediate in cobyrinic acid formation. Because of this, and from spectroscopic (field desorptionmass, visible absorption) studies it is concluded that the \"extra\" methyl group is located at the meso-carbon between two methylated reduced rings.", "contents": "[On the preparation of intermediates in cobyrinic acid biosynthesis by suspensions of Propionibacterium shermanii (author's transl)]. The preparation of a dimethyltetrahtdrouroporphyrin (Faktor II or sirohydrochlorin) using suspensions of Propionibacterium shermanii as well as a promising method for the isolation of tetrapyrrols with at least four carboxy substituents from cell-free extracts and growth media are described. Also a Faktor II-analogue with three methyl groups which are derived from L-methionine is reported. Incorporation experiments indicate that this is an intermediate in cobyrinic acid formation. Because of this, and from spectroscopic (field desorptionmass, visible absorption) studies it is concluded that the \"extra\" methyl group is located at the meso-carbon between two methylated reduced rings."}
{"id": "PMID:924362", "title": "Enzymatic and chemical synthesis of 3-dehydroecdysterone, a metabolite of the moulting hormone of insects.", "content": "3-Dehydroecdysterone, a less polar metabolite of ecdysterone, was synthesized in vitro using either an enzyme (edcysone oxidase, EC 1.1.3.16) or the chemical catalyst platinum. 3-Dehydroecdysterone was purified and characterized by its chromatographic behaviour, its staining properties and by UV, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. The compound is 1/15 as active as ecdysone in the Calliphora moulting hormone bioassay. Its biological relevance is discussed.", "contents": "Enzymatic and chemical synthesis of 3-dehydroecdysterone, a metabolite of the moulting hormone of insects. 3-Dehydroecdysterone, a less polar metabolite of ecdysterone, was synthesized in vitro using either an enzyme (edcysone oxidase, EC 1.1.3.16) or the chemical catalyst platinum. 3-Dehydroecdysterone was purified and characterized by its chromatographic behaviour, its staining properties and by UV, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. The compound is 1/15 as active as ecdysone in the Calliphora moulting hormone bioassay. Its biological relevance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924363", "title": "[The estradiol and estrone esters of [103Ru]ruthenocenecarboxylic acid. Synthesis, excretion and organ distribution (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the estradiol-17beta and estrone esters of ferrocenecarboxylic acid is described. The exchange reaction of these compounds with [103Ru]RuCl3 produced the corresponging [103Ru]ruthenocene compounds. The excretion and organ distribution of these estrogen esters in mice were quite different from those of [103Ru]ruthenocenecarboxylic acid and its methyl ester. The 103Ru-labelled estrogen esters are compared to 125I or 135I-labelled derivatives with respect to possible applications.", "contents": "[The estradiol and estrone esters of [103Ru]ruthenocenecarboxylic acid. Synthesis, excretion and organ distribution (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the estradiol-17beta and estrone esters of ferrocenecarboxylic acid is described. The exchange reaction of these compounds with [103Ru]RuCl3 produced the corresponging [103Ru]ruthenocene compounds. The excretion and organ distribution of these estrogen esters in mice were quite different from those of [103Ru]ruthenocenecarboxylic acid and its methyl ester. The 103Ru-labelled estrogen esters are compared to 125I or 135I-labelled derivatives with respect to possible applications."}
{"id": "PMID:924364", "title": "Complex formation of crosslinked fibrin oligomers with agarose-coupled fibrinogen and fibrin.", "content": "Soluble oligomers of fibrin were produced by limited incubation of fibrinogen with thrombin in the presence of calcium2 positive earth, cysteine and factor XIII. They were separated from fibrinogen by gel filtration. Gamma-gamma dimers were demonstrated in fractions from the void volume and the shoulder prior to the fibrinogen peak. These fractions were subjected to affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled fibrinogen and fibrin. Cross-linked oligomers of fibrin were adsorbed to agarose-coupled fibrin, whereas no adsorption occured during affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled fibrinogen. This indicates that crosslinked fibrin oligomers have no affinity to fibrinogen, yet readily form complexes with fibrin.", "contents": "Complex formation of crosslinked fibrin oligomers with agarose-coupled fibrinogen and fibrin. Soluble oligomers of fibrin were produced by limited incubation of fibrinogen with thrombin in the presence of calcium2 positive earth, cysteine and factor XIII. They were separated from fibrinogen by gel filtration. Gamma-gamma dimers were demonstrated in fractions from the void volume and the shoulder prior to the fibrinogen peak. These fractions were subjected to affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled fibrinogen and fibrin. Cross-linked oligomers of fibrin were adsorbed to agarose-coupled fibrin, whereas no adsorption occured during affinity chromatography on agarose-coupled fibrinogen. This indicates that crosslinked fibrin oligomers have no affinity to fibrinogen, yet readily form complexes with fibrin."}
{"id": "PMID:924367", "title": "The influence of oxygen deficiency and electrical stimulation on the concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and phosphotaurocyamine in the body-wall musculature of Arenicola marina.", "content": "1) Concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP, as well as phosphotaurocyamine in the body-wall musculature of Arenicola marina were determined enzymatically and by means of isotachophoresis after 12, 24, and 48 h of experimental anaerobiosis and after electrical stimulation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2) Freshly collected lugworms contained 3.5-3.8 mumol ATP, 0.8-1.0 mumol ADP, and 0.3-0.5 mumol AMP, as well as 4.5-4.7 mumol phosphotaurocyamine per g wet weight (energy charge 0.81-0.85). 3) After 48 h of anaerobiosis the concentration of ATP was decreased to one half, that of phosphotaurocyamine to one third of the initial value, while the content of ADP on the other hand nearly doubled and that of AMP trebled (energy charge 0.60-0.63). 4) Electrical stimulation in the absence of oxygen caused a rapid decrease of the ATP and phosphotaurocyamine to low levels corresponding to those found after long-term anaerobiosis; the ADP and AMP concentrations were slightly higher than those found after long-term anaerobiosis (energy charge 0.55-0.58).", "contents": "The influence of oxygen deficiency and electrical stimulation on the concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP and phosphotaurocyamine in the body-wall musculature of Arenicola marina. 1) Concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP, as well as phosphotaurocyamine in the body-wall musculature of Arenicola marina were determined enzymatically and by means of isotachophoresis after 12, 24, and 48 h of experimental anaerobiosis and after electrical stimulation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 2) Freshly collected lugworms contained 3.5-3.8 mumol ATP, 0.8-1.0 mumol ADP, and 0.3-0.5 mumol AMP, as well as 4.5-4.7 mumol phosphotaurocyamine per g wet weight (energy charge 0.81-0.85). 3) After 48 h of anaerobiosis the concentration of ATP was decreased to one half, that of phosphotaurocyamine to one third of the initial value, while the content of ADP on the other hand nearly doubled and that of AMP trebled (energy charge 0.60-0.63). 4) Electrical stimulation in the absence of oxygen caused a rapid decrease of the ATP and phosphotaurocyamine to low levels corresponding to those found after long-term anaerobiosis; the ADP and AMP concentrations were slightly higher than those found after long-term anaerobiosis (energy charge 0.55-0.58)."}
{"id": "PMID:924368", "title": "[Imidazole nucleosides, III. Nucleosides of 4(5)-aminoimidazole-5(4)-carboxamide (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis and properties of 13 nucleosides derived from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and from 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide are described. The isomers were oriented by comparison of their spectra and colour reactions. All compounds were tested for anticancer activity. 4-Amino-1-(alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl)-imidazole-5-carboxamide significantly inhibits the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (fluid form) in mice.", "contents": "[Imidazole nucleosides, III. Nucleosides of 4(5)-aminoimidazole-5(4)-carboxamide (author's transl)]. The synthesis and properties of 13 nucleosides derived from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and from 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide are described. The isomers were oriented by comparison of their spectra and colour reactions. All compounds were tested for anticancer activity. 4-Amino-1-(alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl)-imidazole-5-carboxamide significantly inhibits the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (fluid form) in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:924369", "title": "A novel semisynthetic route to insulin analogues modified at the N-terminus of the A-chain.", "content": "We report a novel route for the semi-synthetic production of insulin analogues modified at the amino-terminus of the A-chain. The route proceeds from insulin via [Nalpha-Boc-GlyA1]-insulin to [Nalpha-(Z-methionyl)-PheB1, Nepsilon-(Z-methionyl)-LysB29]des-GlyA1-insulin. We have replaced residue A1 with glycine, to give a fully crystalline resynthesized insulin, and with D-lysine.", "contents": "A novel semisynthetic route to insulin analogues modified at the N-terminus of the A-chain. We report a novel route for the semi-synthetic production of insulin analogues modified at the amino-terminus of the A-chain. The route proceeds from insulin via [Nalpha-Boc-GlyA1]-insulin to [Nalpha-(Z-methionyl)-PheB1, Nepsilon-(Z-methionyl)-LysB29]des-GlyA1-insulin. We have replaced residue A1 with glycine, to give a fully crystalline resynthesized insulin, and with D-lysine."}
{"id": "PMID:924370", "title": "Synthesis and properties of [11-serine]alpha-melanotropin.", "content": "[Ser11]alpha-melanotropin has been prepared and its melanotropic activity compared with that of alpha-melanotropin and several known analogues. Full activity does not depend on the positive charge of 11-lysine in alpha-melanotropin but on the hydrophilic character of the amino group or a corresponding residue. A shift, or even more, a loss of such a group decreases the melanotropic activity.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of [11-serine]alpha-melanotropin. [Ser11]alpha-melanotropin has been prepared and its melanotropic activity compared with that of alpha-melanotropin and several known analogues. Full activity does not depend on the positive charge of 11-lysine in alpha-melanotropin but on the hydrophilic character of the amino group or a corresponding residue. A shift, or even more, a loss of such a group decreases the melanotropic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:924371", "title": "Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver.", "content": "Human liver alkaline phosphatase is a metalloenzyme requiring Zn2 and Mg2 for full activity. Zn2 cannot be replaced by manganese, cobalt or calcium, whereas Mg2 can be replaced by manganese or calcium. The binding constants of the enzyme for different divalent cations were determined by the use of complexing agents. The enzyme is inhibited by a number of reducing and complexing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol, cyanide, nitrilotriacetic acid and EDTA. From studies using these inhibitors it is suggested that there are different mechanisms of inhibition. Reversible inhibition occurs if the free Zn2 concentration is not significantly lower than 10(-12)M. Inhibition is irreversible at lower Zn2 concentrations. Evidence is given, that the human liver alkaline phosphatase possesses different zinc binding sites, which are responsible for the catalytic function and for the integrity of the enzyme structure.", "contents": "Human alkaline phosphatases. II. Metalloenzyme properties of the enzyme from human liver. Human liver alkaline phosphatase is a metalloenzyme requiring Zn2 and Mg2 for full activity. Zn2 cannot be replaced by manganese, cobalt or calcium, whereas Mg2 can be replaced by manganese or calcium. The binding constants of the enzyme for different divalent cations were determined by the use of complexing agents. The enzyme is inhibited by a number of reducing and complexing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol, cyanide, nitrilotriacetic acid and EDTA. From studies using these inhibitors it is suggested that there are different mechanisms of inhibition. Reversible inhibition occurs if the free Zn2 concentration is not significantly lower than 10(-12)M. Inhibition is irreversible at lower Zn2 concentrations. Evidence is given, that the human liver alkaline phosphatase possesses different zinc binding sites, which are responsible for the catalytic function and for the integrity of the enzyme structure."}
{"id": "PMID:924372", "title": "Partial purification of L-ascorbate:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "L-Ascorbate:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase from rat liver microsomes was enriched about 750-fold after treatment with a non-ionic detergent with a yield of about 15%. The enriched enzyme still shows four bands in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and is a hydrophobic membrane protein.", "contents": "Partial purification of L-ascorbate:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase from rat liver microsomes. L-Ascorbate:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase from rat liver microsomes was enriched about 750-fold after treatment with a non-ionic detergent with a yield of about 15%. The enriched enzyme still shows four bands in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and is a hydrophobic membrane protein."}
{"id": "PMID:924373", "title": "The anatomy of cooperative binding between protamines and DNA.", "content": "DNA was titrated with protamine under equilibrium conditions while binding was simultaneously followed by electron microscopy and the fluorescamine technique. Positive cooperativity concluded from the binding assays was shown to be correlated with an aligned association of DNA fibres. Subsequent structural modifications, dependent upon the protamine/DNA ratio, suggests a mechanism for DNA compaction by protamines. In the framework of this model, protamine phosphorylation appears to promote formation of DNA interstrand links yielding a very pronounced filigree structure.", "contents": "The anatomy of cooperative binding between protamines and DNA. DNA was titrated with protamine under equilibrium conditions while binding was simultaneously followed by electron microscopy and the fluorescamine technique. Positive cooperativity concluded from the binding assays was shown to be correlated with an aligned association of DNA fibres. Subsequent structural modifications, dependent upon the protamine/DNA ratio, suggests a mechanism for DNA compaction by protamines. In the framework of this model, protamine phosphorylation appears to promote formation of DNA interstrand links yielding a very pronounced filigree structure."}
{"id": "PMID:924377", "title": "Purification and properties of the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes type L and M2 from chicken liver.", "content": "A procedure for the simultaneous purification of both isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase (type M2 and L) from chicken liver has been worked out. Each isoenzyme produces a single band in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Each has a molecular weight of 190 000 and contains four apparently identical subunits of Mr = 50 000. The isoenzymes differ in their isoelectric points (type L: 6.3; type M2: 8.3) and their kinetic behaviour. Pyruvate kinase type L had an S-shaped phosphoenolpyruvate saturation curve (K 0.5=0.79 mM) which was transformed into an hyperbola in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, while type M2 had a phosphoenolpyruvate saturation curve of the Michaelis-Menten type (K0.5=0.2mM). Antibodies against pyruvate kinase type L from chicken liver inactivated type L from rat and partially inactivated type M2 from chicken and rat; but the antibodies against type L did not react with type M1 from chicken breast muscle. It is therefore concluded that, contrary to a previous report (Strandholm, J.J. et al. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 2242-2246), avian liver contains pyruvate kinases type M2 and L as the mammalian liver does.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the pyruvate kinase isoenzymes type L and M2 from chicken liver. A procedure for the simultaneous purification of both isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase (type M2 and L) from chicken liver has been worked out. Each isoenzyme produces a single band in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Each has a molecular weight of 190 000 and contains four apparently identical subunits of Mr = 50 000. The isoenzymes differ in their isoelectric points (type L: 6.3; type M2: 8.3) and their kinetic behaviour. Pyruvate kinase type L had an S-shaped phosphoenolpyruvate saturation curve (K 0.5=0.79 mM) which was transformed into an hyperbola in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, while type M2 had a phosphoenolpyruvate saturation curve of the Michaelis-Menten type (K0.5=0.2mM). Antibodies against pyruvate kinase type L from chicken liver inactivated type L from rat and partially inactivated type M2 from chicken and rat; but the antibodies against type L did not react with type M1 from chicken breast muscle. It is therefore concluded that, contrary to a previous report (Strandholm, J.J. et al. (1975) Biochemistry 14, 2242-2246), avian liver contains pyruvate kinases type M2 and L as the mammalian liver does."}
{"id": "PMID:924380", "title": "[Preparative isolation of mono- and di-pyrimidine nucleotides from depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparative isolation of DNA fragments with defined sequences from hydrolysates of naturally occuring DNA is proposed as an alternative to their complicated synthesis and has been partially realised. Starting with herring sperm DNA which was depurinated in 100 g batches, one obtains 35-40 g of a pyrimidine-oligonucleotide mixture which is separated into high and low molecular weight fragments via column chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The low molecular weight pyrimidine-nucleotide mixture thus obtained is then selectively separated on a preparative scale into fragments with one and two monomer units by means of a three-step separation procedure on QAE-Sephadex.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of mono- and di-pyrimidine nucleotides from depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)]. The preparative isolation of DNA fragments with defined sequences from hydrolysates of naturally occuring DNA is proposed as an alternative to their complicated synthesis and has been partially realised. Starting with herring sperm DNA which was depurinated in 100 g batches, one obtains 35-40 g of a pyrimidine-oligonucleotide mixture which is separated into high and low molecular weight fragments via column chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The low molecular weight pyrimidine-nucleotide mixture thus obtained is then selectively separated on a preparative scale into fragments with one and two monomer units by means of a three-step separation procedure on QAE-Sephadex."}
{"id": "PMID:924381", "title": "[Scope and limitations of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, I: The reaction of aromatic sulfonyl chlorides with aliphatic tertiary amines: the microanalytical aspects of the Hinsberg test (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrary to the present understanding of the Hinsberg test, aliphatic tertiary amines (N,N-dimethylethylamine, bufotenin, hordenine, tropan alkaloids) are shown generally to react with aromatic sulfonyl chlorides yielding the N-substituted sulfonamide derivatives of the monodealkylated amines as the result of oxidative dealkylation of the aliphatic tertiary amines. Possible errors resulting from the indiscriminate use of either dansyl chloride, bansyl chloride or other aromatic sulfonyl chlorides for the direct analytical determination of secondary amines, secondary amino acids, noralkaloids etc., are pointed out.", "contents": "[Scope and limitations of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, I: The reaction of aromatic sulfonyl chlorides with aliphatic tertiary amines: the microanalytical aspects of the Hinsberg test (author's transl)]. Contrary to the present understanding of the Hinsberg test, aliphatic tertiary amines (N,N-dimethylethylamine, bufotenin, hordenine, tropan alkaloids) are shown generally to react with aromatic sulfonyl chlorides yielding the N-substituted sulfonamide derivatives of the monodealkylated amines as the result of oxidative dealkylation of the aliphatic tertiary amines. Possible errors resulting from the indiscriminate use of either dansyl chloride, bansyl chloride or other aromatic sulfonyl chlorides for the direct analytical determination of secondary amines, secondary amino acids, noralkaloids etc., are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:924382", "title": "[Scope and limitation of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, II: Formation of secondary dansyl amines by the reaction of dansyl chloride with N-oxides of aliphatic tertiary amino derivatives according to the Polonovski reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The general validity of the Polonovski reaction with sulfonyl chorides is demonstrated by the reaction of bansyl chloride and dansyl chloride with pseudotropine-N-oxide and the isomeric tropine-N-oxides yielding the corresponding N-Bansyl derivatives and N-Dansyl derivatives of the noralkalois. The consequence of this reaction for the analytical determination of secondary amino derivatives with bansyl chloride, dansyl chloride and corresponding fluorophors is that secondary amino derivatives cannot be determined in the presence of the N-oxides of these amino derivatives.", "contents": "[Scope and limitation of the analytical use of dansyl chloride, II: Formation of secondary dansyl amines by the reaction of dansyl chloride with N-oxides of aliphatic tertiary amino derivatives according to the Polonovski reaction (author's transl)]. The general validity of the Polonovski reaction with sulfonyl chorides is demonstrated by the reaction of bansyl chloride and dansyl chloride with pseudotropine-N-oxide and the isomeric tropine-N-oxides yielding the corresponding N-Bansyl derivatives and N-Dansyl derivatives of the noralkalois. The consequence of this reaction for the analytical determination of secondary amino derivatives with bansyl chloride, dansyl chloride and corresponding fluorophors is that secondary amino derivatives cannot be determined in the presence of the N-oxides of these amino derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:924383", "title": "Purification and characterization of animal porphobilinogen synthases. I. Bovine liver porphobilinogen synthase.", "content": "Porphobilinogen synthase was purified from ox liver by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat denaturation and column chromatography (purification: 400-fold; specific activity 4.72 nkat). The molecular weight of the native enzyme obtained by thin-layer gel filtration is about 280 000. Using 8M urea in the presence of dithiothreitol as reducing agent, the molecule breaks down into 8 subunits of molecular weight 36 000 (dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis); the preparation of aminoethylated subunit is described. According to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the quantitative amino acid analysis after total hydrolysis, the following compositon of the enzymes subunit was calculated ASX23-25 Thr7 Ser23-24 Glx29-31 Pro22-23 Gly22-24 Ala36-37 Val23-26 Met7 Ile9 Leu34-35 Tyr10 Phe11-12 Lys11-12 Cys6-7 His6-8 Arg22 Trp1-2. The subunits, having two free sulfhydryl groups, therefore consists of a chain of about 306 amino acids. The Dansyl-Edman procedure did not enable identification of any free N-terminal amino acid. The acyl group blocking the N-terminus is an acetyl group. It was identified, after hydrazinolysis of the enzyme, by means of chromatographic comparison with 1-formyl-2-dansyl-hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-dansylhydrazine, whose syntheses and UV spectra are described.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of animal porphobilinogen synthases. I. Bovine liver porphobilinogen synthase. Porphobilinogen synthase was purified from ox liver by ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat denaturation and column chromatography (purification: 400-fold; specific activity 4.72 nkat). The molecular weight of the native enzyme obtained by thin-layer gel filtration is about 280 000. Using 8M urea in the presence of dithiothreitol as reducing agent, the molecule breaks down into 8 subunits of molecular weight 36 000 (dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis); the preparation of aminoethylated subunit is described. According to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the above-mentioned molecular weight and to the quantitative amino acid analysis after total hydrolysis, the following compositon of the enzymes subunit was calculated ASX23-25 Thr7 Ser23-24 Glx29-31 Pro22-23 Gly22-24 Ala36-37 Val23-26 Met7 Ile9 Leu34-35 Tyr10 Phe11-12 Lys11-12 Cys6-7 His6-8 Arg22 Trp1-2. The subunits, having two free sulfhydryl groups, therefore consists of a chain of about 306 amino acids. The Dansyl-Edman procedure did not enable identification of any free N-terminal amino acid. The acyl group blocking the N-terminus is an acetyl group. It was identified, after hydrazinolysis of the enzyme, by means of chromatographic comparison with 1-formyl-2-dansyl-hydrazine and 1-acetyl-2-dansylhydrazine, whose syntheses and UV spectra are described."}
{"id": "PMID:924384", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a low molecular weight inhibitor (of chymotrypsin and human granulocytic elastase and cathepsin G) from leeches.", "content": "Two protein proteinase inhibitors were isolated and purified from the leech Hirudo medicinalis by means of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. They inhibit chymotrypsin, subtilisin and the granulocytic neutral proteases elastase and cathepsin G. They proved to be homogeneous in polyacrylamide and dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and by end group analysis; only threonine was found as N-terminal amino acid residue using the dansylation technique. These inhibitors, which we call eglins, are stable in neutral and weakly acid (pH 3) solutions and resist non-specific proteolysis. From the amino acid compositions, a molecular weight of 6 600 - 6 800 is calculated for both inhibitory proteins, which is in good agreement with a value of about 6000 estimated by dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. The eglins contain an unusually large amount of hydrophobic amino acid residues but no methionine, isoleucine or--a rarity--cysteine residues or disulfide bridges. To our knowledge, the eglins are the first examples of proteinase inhibitors of the protein type which are not stabilized by disulfide bridges.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a low molecular weight inhibitor (of chymotrypsin and human granulocytic elastase and cathepsin G) from leeches. Two protein proteinase inhibitors were isolated and purified from the leech Hirudo medicinalis by means of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. They inhibit chymotrypsin, subtilisin and the granulocytic neutral proteases elastase and cathepsin G. They proved to be homogeneous in polyacrylamide and dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and by end group analysis; only threonine was found as N-terminal amino acid residue using the dansylation technique. These inhibitors, which we call eglins, are stable in neutral and weakly acid (pH 3) solutions and resist non-specific proteolysis. From the amino acid compositions, a molecular weight of 6 600 - 6 800 is calculated for both inhibitory proteins, which is in good agreement with a value of about 6000 estimated by dodecylsulfate electrophoresis. The eglins contain an unusually large amount of hydrophobic amino acid residues but no methionine, isoleucine or--a rarity--cysteine residues or disulfide bridges. To our knowledge, the eglins are the first examples of proteinase inhibitors of the protein type which are not stabilized by disulfide bridges."}
{"id": "PMID:924385", "title": "Labelling of histones and nonhistones in lung nuclear matrix and chromatin fractions.", "content": "Rat lung tissue is labelled in vitro with [3H]leucine and nuclei are prepared. They are digested with deoxyribonuclease II and four subfractions are isolated after differential centrifugation: MgCl2-soluble (active) and MgCl2-insoluble (inactive) chromatin, nuclear matrix sediment and matrix extract using 2M NaCl. The matrix extract fraction is found to be enriched in radioactive DNA after a short pulse of [3H]thymidine. The labelling kinetics of histones are similar in each subfraction, suggesting that histones are not preferentially incorporated onto nascent DNA. Nonhistones isolated from the subfractions, except for the matrix sediment fraction, also follow closely similar incorporation kinetics with [3H]-leucine. The matrix sedimnent fraction is three times more actively labelled than nonhistones of the other fractions and displaying a unique protein composition, suggesting distinct functional properties.", "contents": "Labelling of histones and nonhistones in lung nuclear matrix and chromatin fractions. Rat lung tissue is labelled in vitro with [3H]leucine and nuclei are prepared. They are digested with deoxyribonuclease II and four subfractions are isolated after differential centrifugation: MgCl2-soluble (active) and MgCl2-insoluble (inactive) chromatin, nuclear matrix sediment and matrix extract using 2M NaCl. The matrix extract fraction is found to be enriched in radioactive DNA after a short pulse of [3H]thymidine. The labelling kinetics of histones are similar in each subfraction, suggesting that histones are not preferentially incorporated onto nascent DNA. Nonhistones isolated from the subfractions, except for the matrix sediment fraction, also follow closely similar incorporation kinetics with [3H]-leucine. The matrix sedimnent fraction is three times more actively labelled than nonhistones of the other fractions and displaying a unique protein composition, suggesting distinct functional properties."}
{"id": "PMID:924386", "title": "Membrane sialic acid and behaviour in vivo of rabbit \"stress\" macroreticulocytes.", "content": "Membranes of rabbit reticulocytes obtained by phenylhydrazine stimulation have a chemical composition different from that of normal erythrocytes; sialic acid/protein and cholesterol/protein ratios are in fact lower than normal. In vivo study of 51Cr-labelled reticulocytes show that these cells are quickly removed from blood and, after a short \"homing\" in liver, return to peripheral blood. During \"homing\" in the liver, the sialic acid/protein ratio seems to increase.", "contents": "Membrane sialic acid and behaviour in vivo of rabbit \"stress\" macroreticulocytes. Membranes of rabbit reticulocytes obtained by phenylhydrazine stimulation have a chemical composition different from that of normal erythrocytes; sialic acid/protein and cholesterol/protein ratios are in fact lower than normal. In vivo study of 51Cr-labelled reticulocytes show that these cells are quickly removed from blood and, after a short \"homing\" in liver, return to peripheral blood. During \"homing\" in the liver, the sialic acid/protein ratio seems to increase."}
{"id": "PMID:924406", "title": "Computer provides definite linen distribution and control mechanism.", "content": "For the past 10 years or so, large laundries have been concerned with productivity. While productivity has increased 10 to 20 percent, the linen replacement cost in these same laundries has more than doubled. It will not suffice for these laundries to point toward the hospitals they serve and imply that linen service and control is solely a hospital management problem. As long as proven technology is available, these laundries have an inherent responsibility to provide hospital management with the data necessary to pinpoint and correct linen consumption and replacement problems.", "contents": "Computer provides definite linen distribution and control mechanism. For the past 10 years or so, large laundries have been concerned with productivity. While productivity has increased 10 to 20 percent, the linen replacement cost in these same laundries has more than doubled. It will not suffice for these laundries to point toward the hospitals they serve and imply that linen service and control is solely a hospital management problem. As long as proven technology is available, these laundries have an inherent responsibility to provide hospital management with the data necessary to pinpoint and correct linen consumption and replacement problems."}
{"id": "PMID:924426", "title": "Collagen diseases and the biosynthesis of collagen.", "content": "Increasing knowledge concerning the molecular structure of collagen and the steps involved in its biosynthesis provides the basis for a new look at the collagen diseases. Some, like the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are now known to be the expression of primary molecular defects; others, such as scurvy and scleroderma, appear to be secondary to some process that disrupts normal controls over collagen synthesis or deposition.", "contents": "Collagen diseases and the biosynthesis of collagen. Increasing knowledge concerning the molecular structure of collagen and the steps involved in its biosynthesis provides the basis for a new look at the collagen diseases. Some, like the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are now known to be the expression of primary molecular defects; others, such as scurvy and scleroderma, appear to be secondary to some process that disrupts normal controls over collagen synthesis or deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:924430", "title": "Articular cartilage transplantation.", "content": "This report describes the biopsy findings in four of 30 patients treated with cadaver osteochondral shell allografts for osteoarthritis in the knee. This study demonstrates that graft cartilage cells can survive in excess of 25 months, and that host bone can completely replace graft bone by creeping substitution. An inflammatory reaction in synovium and bone marrow was found in only one of four cases. Graft failure was related to prolonged down time of donor cartilage in one case and mechanical factors related to osteoarthritis in the apposing femoral surface in other cases. The clinical success of these grafts is attributed to the prolonged viability of cartilage cells, the capacity of host bone to join graft cartilage without histologic reaction, and the host's immunologic tolerance, which obviates the need for immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Articular cartilage transplantation. This report describes the biopsy findings in four of 30 patients treated with cadaver osteochondral shell allografts for osteoarthritis in the knee. This study demonstrates that graft cartilage cells can survive in excess of 25 months, and that host bone can completely replace graft bone by creeping substitution. An inflammatory reaction in synovium and bone marrow was found in only one of four cases. Graft failure was related to prolonged down time of donor cartilage in one case and mechanical factors related to osteoarthritis in the apposing femoral surface in other cases. The clinical success of these grafts is attributed to the prolonged viability of cartilage cells, the capacity of host bone to join graft cartilage without histologic reaction, and the host's immunologic tolerance, which obviates the need for immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:924431", "title": "Tubulolobular invasive breast cancer: a variant of lobular invasive cancer.", "content": "Attention is directed to an apparently unique form of invasive breast cancer designated as tubulolobular invasive cancer. These neoplasms exhibit small tubules as well as cords of neoplastic cells in a lobular configuration reminiscent of lobular invasive carcinoma. The clinical and pathologic characteristics encountered in 24 examples were statistically compared with those of infiltrating ductal carcinomas without special specific features, pure tubular, and pure lobular invasive cancer. The results of these analyses as well as the morphologic characteristics of these lesions prompt the conclusion that this lesion represents a tubular variant of lobular invasive carcinoma. Short term treatment failure rates in patients with tubulolobular invasive carcinoma are intermediate between those of pure tubular cancer and lobular invasive carcinoma.", "contents": "Tubulolobular invasive breast cancer: a variant of lobular invasive cancer. Attention is directed to an apparently unique form of invasive breast cancer designated as tubulolobular invasive cancer. These neoplasms exhibit small tubules as well as cords of neoplastic cells in a lobular configuration reminiscent of lobular invasive carcinoma. The clinical and pathologic characteristics encountered in 24 examples were statistically compared with those of infiltrating ductal carcinomas without special specific features, pure tubular, and pure lobular invasive cancer. The results of these analyses as well as the morphologic characteristics of these lesions prompt the conclusion that this lesion represents a tubular variant of lobular invasive carcinoma. Short term treatment failure rates in patients with tubulolobular invasive carcinoma are intermediate between those of pure tubular cancer and lobular invasive carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:924432", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma simulating \"nonsecretory\" multiple myeloma.", "content": "A case of granulocytic sarcoma without the peripheral blood findings of myelogenous leukemia is described. The patient was a 33 year old male who developed numerous osteolytic lesions. On the basis of examination of bone marrow material, an initial diagnosis of \"nonsecretory\" multiple myeloma was made. Subsequent studies by electron microscopy and enzymatic histochemistry revealed the neoplastic cells to be composed of early myelogenous precursors indicative of granulocytic sarcoma.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma simulating \"nonsecretory\" multiple myeloma. A case of granulocytic sarcoma without the peripheral blood findings of myelogenous leukemia is described. The patient was a 33 year old male who developed numerous osteolytic lesions. On the basis of examination of bone marrow material, an initial diagnosis of \"nonsecretory\" multiple myeloma was made. Subsequent studies by electron microscopy and enzymatic histochemistry revealed the neoplastic cells to be composed of early myelogenous precursors indicative of granulocytic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:924433", "title": "Ultrastructure of a cardiac rhabdomyoma.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of a cardiac rhabdomyoma removed at open heart operation revealed large rounded or polygonal cells that contained large amounts of monoparticulate glycogen. Myofibrils in these cells were few and located either subjacent to the plasma membranes or radiating from central areas. Leptofibrils and masses of anomalous Z band material were abundant. Shallow tubular sarcolemmal invaginations and elements of free and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum were associated with the myofibrils. Desmosomes and nexuses were evident in intercellular junctions, which were extensive and randomly distributed throughout the cell surfaces. It is concluded that cardiac rhabdomyomas probably are hamartomas.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a cardiac rhabdomyoma. Electron microscopic study of a cardiac rhabdomyoma removed at open heart operation revealed large rounded or polygonal cells that contained large amounts of monoparticulate glycogen. Myofibrils in these cells were few and located either subjacent to the plasma membranes or radiating from central areas. Leptofibrils and masses of anomalous Z band material were abundant. Shallow tubular sarcolemmal invaginations and elements of free and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum were associated with the myofibrils. Desmosomes and nexuses were evident in intercellular junctions, which were extensive and randomly distributed throughout the cell surfaces. It is concluded that cardiac rhabdomyomas probably are hamartomas."}
{"id": "PMID:924436", "title": "The length of the Y-chromosomes in men examined by forensic psychiatrists.", "content": "The relative length of the Y-chromosome was investigated by a method of photometric scanning in 106 consecutive cases of men referred for forensic psychiatric examination and in 49 healthy controls. Comparison of both the mean value and the variance of the relative length of the Y-chromosome produced negative evidence for any association between the size of the Y-chromosome and mental disorder associated with criminality.", "contents": "The length of the Y-chromosomes in men examined by forensic psychiatrists. The relative length of the Y-chromosome was investigated by a method of photometric scanning in 106 consecutive cases of men referred for forensic psychiatric examination and in 49 healthy controls. Comparison of both the mean value and the variance of the relative length of the Y-chromosome produced negative evidence for any association between the size of the Y-chromosome and mental disorder associated with criminality."}
{"id": "PMID:924438", "title": "Lymphedema--distichiasis. A rare hereditary syndrome.", "content": "The syndrome of familial lymphedema (type Meige) with distichiasis was observed in father and son. The association with uvula bifida and submucous cleft to the palate is described for the first time.", "contents": "Lymphedema--distichiasis. A rare hereditary syndrome. The syndrome of familial lymphedema (type Meige) with distichiasis was observed in father and son. The association with uvula bifida and submucous cleft to the palate is described for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:924439", "title": "Yq deletion, aspermia, and short stature.", "content": "A large Yq deletion involving both the fluorescent and part of the non-fluorescent segment in a 36-year-old phenotypic normal male is presented. His short stature and aspermia gives strong support, after a complete review of the literature, to the existence of factors involved in the control of both characteristics in the non-fluorescent segment of the long arm of chromosome Y, distally within band 11.", "contents": "Yq deletion, aspermia, and short stature. A large Yq deletion involving both the fluorescent and part of the non-fluorescent segment in a 36-year-old phenotypic normal male is presented. His short stature and aspermia gives strong support, after a complete review of the literature, to the existence of factors involved in the control of both characteristics in the non-fluorescent segment of the long arm of chromosome Y, distally within band 11."}
{"id": "PMID:924440", "title": "Studies of the meiotic behavior of a translocation t(10;13)(q25;q11) in an oligospermic man.", "content": "An new type of translocation, t(10;13)(q25;q11), is observed in a phenotypically normal male who was examined for subfertility. The meiotic behavior of the rearranged chromosomes indicates that crossing-over is very frequent in a rather small segment such as the short arm of chromosome 13 and constant in the distal band of the long arm of chromosome 10.", "contents": "Studies of the meiotic behavior of a translocation t(10;13)(q25;q11) in an oligospermic man. An new type of translocation, t(10;13)(q25;q11), is observed in a phenotypically normal male who was examined for subfertility. The meiotic behavior of the rearranged chromosomes indicates that crossing-over is very frequent in a rather small segment such as the short arm of chromosome 13 and constant in the distal band of the long arm of chromosome 10."}
{"id": "PMID:924441", "title": "A sibship with hypervalinemia.", "content": "During routine screening of amino-acid disorders, we detected hypervalinemia in two sibs (a girl of 4 and a boy of 3 years of age) of a consanguineous marriage. There was no excess accumulation or excretion of leucine or isoleucine, which presumably indicates the absence of valine transaminase.", "contents": "A sibship with hypervalinemia. During routine screening of amino-acid disorders, we detected hypervalinemia in two sibs (a girl of 4 and a boy of 3 years of age) of a consanguineous marriage. There was no excess accumulation or excretion of leucine or isoleucine, which presumably indicates the absence of valine transaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:924442", "title": "Familial incidence of L-xylulosuria.", "content": "During a survey for genetic disorders, L-Xylulosuria, an autosomal recessive condition, was found to affect three cousins in an inbred family. There were no clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Familial incidence of L-xylulosuria. During a survey for genetic disorders, L-Xylulosuria, an autosomal recessive condition, was found to affect three cousins in an inbred family. There were no clinical symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:924443", "title": "Split hand and food deformity and the syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC). A report of five patients.", "content": "Five new casses of ectrodactyly are described. Two patients have the syndrome of ectrodactyly, extodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC). In one patient with the EEC syndrome, the disorder seems to represent a new mutation. One woman with isolated ectrodactyly has a daughter with the EEC syndrome. The variation in the clinical expression of this disorder among affected members of the same family makes it difficult to determine whether there may be several mutant alleles responsible for ectrodactyly and its related manifestations.", "contents": "Split hand and food deformity and the syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC). A report of five patients. Five new casses of ectrodactyly are described. Two patients have the syndrome of ectrodactyly, extodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC). In one patient with the EEC syndrome, the disorder seems to represent a new mutation. One woman with isolated ectrodactyly has a daughter with the EEC syndrome. The variation in the clinical expression of this disorder among affected members of the same family makes it difficult to determine whether there may be several mutant alleles responsible for ectrodactyly and its related manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:924444", "title": "Distribution of human chromosomes on the metaphase plate using banding techniques.", "content": "This study deals with the problem of distribution of the 46 centromeres on the human metaphase plate after treatment with colchicine and hypotonic shock. The location of the centromeres was recorded for 400 metaphases in which the chromosomes were identified by bands. A quantitative analysis of chromosome distribution ascertains the absence of proximities between homologous chromosomes. The already known ones between acrocentric chromosomes are found at a very high level. The nature and intensity of these proximities vary from one sample to another as is the case between heterologues. A three-dimensional graphic technique is proposed to summarize all of the interchromosome proximities.", "contents": "Distribution of human chromosomes on the metaphase plate using banding techniques. This study deals with the problem of distribution of the 46 centromeres on the human metaphase plate after treatment with colchicine and hypotonic shock. The location of the centromeres was recorded for 400 metaphases in which the chromosomes were identified by bands. A quantitative analysis of chromosome distribution ascertains the absence of proximities between homologous chromosomes. The already known ones between acrocentric chromosomes are found at a very high level. The nature and intensity of these proximities vary from one sample to another as is the case between heterologues. A three-dimensional graphic technique is proposed to summarize all of the interchromosome proximities."}
{"id": "PMID:924445", "title": "Risk for short arm 10 trisomy. A segregation analysis of eleven families with different translocations.", "content": "A segregation analysis has been carried out for 11 families with trisomy 10p caused by familial translocations involving a segment of the short arm of chromosome 10. The theoretical basis for the analysis is considered in some detail. No differences were found between the segregation pattern in the offspring of carrier mothers and that of carrier fathers. There was a high risk for offspring with trisomy 10p (22%). A phenotypically normal descendant also has a high risk of becoming a balanced translocation carrier (71%). This result does not deviate significantly from the theoretical value of 50%.", "contents": "Risk for short arm 10 trisomy. A segregation analysis of eleven families with different translocations. A segregation analysis has been carried out for 11 families with trisomy 10p caused by familial translocations involving a segment of the short arm of chromosome 10. The theoretical basis for the analysis is considered in some detail. No differences were found between the segregation pattern in the offspring of carrier mothers and that of carrier fathers. There was a high risk for offspring with trisomy 10p (22%). A phenotypically normal descendant also has a high risk of becoming a balanced translocation carrier (71%). This result does not deviate significantly from the theoretical value of 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:924446", "title": "Cell division and sister chromatid exchanges in 45,X/46,Xi(Xq) mosaicism.", "content": "The kinetics of cell division and sister chromatid exchanges were studied in PHA-stimulated short-term cultivations of peripheral blood by means of the BUDR/FPG technique in controls and in five patients with 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) mosaicism. No significant difference in the length of the cell cycle were observed between 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) and control 46,XX cells. The number of SCE on late i(Xq) was only nonsignificantly elevated (0.6 per i(Xq) against the value expected on the basis of its relative length.", "contents": "Cell division and sister chromatid exchanges in 45,X/46,Xi(Xq) mosaicism. The kinetics of cell division and sister chromatid exchanges were studied in PHA-stimulated short-term cultivations of peripheral blood by means of the BUDR/FPG technique in controls and in five patients with 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) mosaicism. No significant difference in the length of the cell cycle were observed between 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) and control 46,XX cells. The number of SCE on late i(Xq) was only nonsignificantly elevated (0.6 per i(Xq) against the value expected on the basis of its relative length."}
{"id": "PMID:924447", "title": "Polymorphism of red cell glyoxalase 1. With special reference to South and Southeast Asia and Oceania.", "content": "Glyoxalase polymorphism has been studied in 7296 persons from populations in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Iran and Colombia. The GLO frequencies are very low in most of Oceania, including Australia, somewhat higher in Southeast Asia, and intermediate though variable in India. In Iran the GLO frequency is similar to that in Europe. The value for the single amerindian group in Colombia is nearly 30%.", "contents": "Polymorphism of red cell glyoxalase 1. With special reference to South and Southeast Asia and Oceania. Glyoxalase polymorphism has been studied in 7296 persons from populations in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, Iran and Colombia. The GLO frequencies are very low in most of Oceania, including Australia, somewhat higher in Southeast Asia, and intermediate though variable in India. In Iran the GLO frequency is similar to that in Europe. The value for the single amerindian group in Colombia is nearly 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:924448", "title": "Syndrome +12p. Case report and review.", "content": "Familial 12/15 translocation with a child trisomic for the short arm of chromosome 12 (segment of 12.1 leads to pter) is reported. The clinical picture of the child is strikingly similar to previous reports of 12p trisomy. The main symptoms of 12p syndrome are defined.", "contents": "Syndrome +12p. Case report and review. Familial 12/15 translocation with a child trisomic for the short arm of chromosome 12 (segment of 12.1 leads to pter) is reported. The clinical picture of the child is strikingly similar to previous reports of 12p trisomy. The main symptoms of 12p syndrome are defined."}
{"id": "PMID:924458", "title": "Plant regeneration from shoot tips and callus of papaya.", "content": "Two methods of in vitro culture were employed to regenerate papaya plants. One involved regeneration of plants from callus and the other, production of multiple plants from single shoot-tip explants. Callus was induced from stem sections of papaya seedlings in a medium containing 1 mg per 1 NAA and 0.1 mg per 1 kinetin. The callus regenerated shoots and/or embryoids when transferred to a medium of lower auxin, 0 to 0.05 mg per 1 IAA, and higher cytokinin, 1 to 2 mg per 1 kinetin. Multiple shoots were produced when the excised shoot-tip explants were cultured in a medium supplemented with 0.05 mg per 1 IAA and either 5 mg per 1 kinetin or 0.5 to 1.0 mg per 1 benzyladenine. Root formation of the shoots or embryoids that derived from callus or shoot tips occurred in a medium containing 5 mg per 1 IAA and in a light intensity of 3000 to 4000 lx. The rooted plants could be established in soil and under standard greenhouse conditions after they had been acclimated by initially growing them in moist vermiculite contained in polyethylene-covered pots.", "contents": "Plant regeneration from shoot tips and callus of papaya. Two methods of in vitro culture were employed to regenerate papaya plants. One involved regeneration of plants from callus and the other, production of multiple plants from single shoot-tip explants. Callus was induced from stem sections of papaya seedlings in a medium containing 1 mg per 1 NAA and 0.1 mg per 1 kinetin. The callus regenerated shoots and/or embryoids when transferred to a medium of lower auxin, 0 to 0.05 mg per 1 IAA, and higher cytokinin, 1 to 2 mg per 1 kinetin. Multiple shoots were produced when the excised shoot-tip explants were cultured in a medium supplemented with 0.05 mg per 1 IAA and either 5 mg per 1 kinetin or 0.5 to 1.0 mg per 1 benzyladenine. Root formation of the shoots or embryoids that derived from callus or shoot tips occurred in a medium containing 5 mg per 1 IAA and in a light intensity of 3000 to 4000 lx. The rooted plants could be established in soil and under standard greenhouse conditions after they had been acclimated by initially growing them in moist vermiculite contained in polyethylene-covered pots."}
{"id": "PMID:924459", "title": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines. VII. Glycoprotein synthesis and shedding as revealed by [3H]glucosamine labeling.", "content": "We have established conditions for the study of membrane glycoprotein synthesis and turnover in cultured human malignant melanoma cell lines using the labeled precursor [3H]glucosamine. Uptake of label increased parallel with cell growth, reaching a steady state in resting cultures. Fifteen to 30% of incorporated label can be released from the cells by trypsin treatment depending on the conditions of exposure to the enzyme, and about 50% of the incorporated label is spontaneously shed from the cells within 96 hr of incubation. Labeling in exhausted medium gave a 5- to 8-fold increase in uptake which was inhibited by addition of glucose (2 mg per ml) into the culture medium. The percentage of trypsin-releasable material was identical in fresh and exhausted medium; however, the percentage shed was less in cells initially labeled in exhausted medium. These data provide background information for further studies on the antigenic composition of the glycoproteins of cultured melanoma cells.", "contents": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines. VII. Glycoprotein synthesis and shedding as revealed by [3H]glucosamine labeling. We have established conditions for the study of membrane glycoprotein synthesis and turnover in cultured human malignant melanoma cell lines using the labeled precursor [3H]glucosamine. Uptake of label increased parallel with cell growth, reaching a steady state in resting cultures. Fifteen to 30% of incorporated label can be released from the cells by trypsin treatment depending on the conditions of exposure to the enzyme, and about 50% of the incorporated label is spontaneously shed from the cells within 96 hr of incubation. Labeling in exhausted medium gave a 5- to 8-fold increase in uptake which was inhibited by addition of glucose (2 mg per ml) into the culture medium. The percentage of trypsin-releasable material was identical in fresh and exhausted medium; however, the percentage shed was less in cells initially labeled in exhausted medium. These data provide background information for further studies on the antigenic composition of the glycoproteins of cultured melanoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:924513", "title": "Liposomes in immunology: the immune response against antigen-containing liposomes.", "content": "Three ways of antigen administration to rabbits were compared with respect to the resulting immune responses. Antigen was administered free in solution, entrapped in liposomes or free in solution but together with empty liposomes. Liposomal material showed adjuvant activity when injected together with free antigen, but a much stronger adjuvant effect was found when antigen was injected entrapped in liposomes.", "contents": "Liposomes in immunology: the immune response against antigen-containing liposomes. Three ways of antigen administration to rabbits were compared with respect to the resulting immune responses. Antigen was administered free in solution, entrapped in liposomes or free in solution but together with empty liposomes. Liposomal material showed adjuvant activity when injected together with free antigen, but a much stronger adjuvant effect was found when antigen was injected entrapped in liposomes."}
{"id": "PMID:924514", "title": "Determination of antibody concentration using a stopped-flow turbidimetric technique.", "content": "The aggregation of albumin and anti-albumin is studied during the first seconds of the reaction by measuring the rate of change of the optical density of the mixture. When this rate is plotted against the antigen concentration of a constant serum dilution, bell-shaped curves are obtained. The maxima of these rate curves parallel the maxima of precipitation curves. Thus, the maximum rate establishes the antigen concentration for maximum precipitate. On the basis of these experiments a method for relative quantitation of antibody in sera is proposed. The absolute concentration of precipitating antibody can be obtained by means of an additional one-tube precipitation experiment.", "contents": "Determination of antibody concentration using a stopped-flow turbidimetric technique. The aggregation of albumin and anti-albumin is studied during the first seconds of the reaction by measuring the rate of change of the optical density of the mixture. When this rate is plotted against the antigen concentration of a constant serum dilution, bell-shaped curves are obtained. The maxima of these rate curves parallel the maxima of precipitation curves. Thus, the maximum rate establishes the antigen concentration for maximum precipitate. On the basis of these experiments a method for relative quantitation of antibody in sera is proposed. The absolute concentration of precipitating antibody can be obtained by means of an additional one-tube precipitation experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:924515", "title": "Further purification and chemical characterization of the lymphocyte-inhibiting-factor extracted from thymus (LIFT).", "content": "A thymic extract which was previously demonstrated to contain a lymphocyte-inhibiting-factor (LIFT) based on its immunosuppressive activity in vivo and its antiproliferative properties on lymphocytes in vitro, has been purified using ultrafiltration procedures. Most of the activity measured by the ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in short term cultures of mouse thymocytes, was recovered in the 10,000-50,000 m. wt fraction (I fraction). In contrast, similar extracts from non-lymphoid organs were always ineffective in decreasing DNA synthesis in thymocytes. The I fraction was also inhibitory of DNA synthesis in mouse spleen cells stimulated by PHA whatever the time at which the fraction was added after the mitogen stimulation. This fraction, as well as the crude thymic extract, was ineffective in decreasing DNA synthesis in non-lymphoid target cells. The I fraction was further purified by Sephadex G50 filtration and DEAE Sephadex chromatography. The active molecule seemed to be a heat resistant basic peptide probably bound to a ribonucleotide moiety.", "contents": "Further purification and chemical characterization of the lymphocyte-inhibiting-factor extracted from thymus (LIFT). A thymic extract which was previously demonstrated to contain a lymphocyte-inhibiting-factor (LIFT) based on its immunosuppressive activity in vivo and its antiproliferative properties on lymphocytes in vitro, has been purified using ultrafiltration procedures. Most of the activity measured by the ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in short term cultures of mouse thymocytes, was recovered in the 10,000-50,000 m. wt fraction (I fraction). In contrast, similar extracts from non-lymphoid organs were always ineffective in decreasing DNA synthesis in thymocytes. The I fraction was also inhibitory of DNA synthesis in mouse spleen cells stimulated by PHA whatever the time at which the fraction was added after the mitogen stimulation. This fraction, as well as the crude thymic extract, was ineffective in decreasing DNA synthesis in non-lymphoid target cells. The I fraction was further purified by Sephadex G50 filtration and DEAE Sephadex chromatography. The active molecule seemed to be a heat resistant basic peptide probably bound to a ribonucleotide moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:924516", "title": "Prolonged survival of hypertransfused NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "(NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid female mice were transfused fortnightly with 1 ml of packed buffy-coat-poor syngeneic erythrocytes, beginning at 3--4 months of age, in an effort to suppress erythropoiesis selectively and perhaps limit availabiliity of DNA for immune complex formation. The mean increase in survival was about 8 weeks (P less than 0-05). Repeatedly phlebotomized donor female mice tended to sicken earlier and die at younger ages. This is initial support for the hypothesis that erythroblast DNA may be involved in this SLE-like disease.", "contents": "Prolonged survival of hypertransfused NZB/NZW mice. (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid female mice were transfused fortnightly with 1 ml of packed buffy-coat-poor syngeneic erythrocytes, beginning at 3--4 months of age, in an effort to suppress erythropoiesis selectively and perhaps limit availabiliity of DNA for immune complex formation. The mean increase in survival was about 8 weeks (P less than 0-05). Repeatedly phlebotomized donor female mice tended to sicken earlier and die at younger ages. This is initial support for the hypothesis that erythroblast DNA may be involved in this SLE-like disease."}
{"id": "PMID:924517", "title": "Genetic deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) in Wistar rats.", "content": "A chance observation has led to the discovery of single component complement deficiency in Wistar rats. During serial total haemolytic activity (CH50) determinations on 10 male rats, 2 were consistently found to have values 20% or less than that of the others. An additional 30 males (200--220 g) and 20 females (180--200 g) were screened for CH50 and the defect was found in 10 of the males but none of the females. Mixtures of sera of high and low haemolytic activity gave intermediate values between the two populations arguing against the presence of an inhibitor of the complement system. Single component analysis revealed the defect to reside in the fourth component of complement (C4). Highly purified human C4 completely reconstituted the haemolytic activity of the complement deficient rat serum. A linear relationship between C4 and CH50 titres was observed. Data from preliminary selective breeding experiments point toward an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Animals with intermediate values were observed indicating a gene dosage effect with which the heterozygote may be recognized.", "contents": "Genetic deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) in Wistar rats. A chance observation has led to the discovery of single component complement deficiency in Wistar rats. During serial total haemolytic activity (CH50) determinations on 10 male rats, 2 were consistently found to have values 20% or less than that of the others. An additional 30 males (200--220 g) and 20 females (180--200 g) were screened for CH50 and the defect was found in 10 of the males but none of the females. Mixtures of sera of high and low haemolytic activity gave intermediate values between the two populations arguing against the presence of an inhibitor of the complement system. Single component analysis revealed the defect to reside in the fourth component of complement (C4). Highly purified human C4 completely reconstituted the haemolytic activity of the complement deficient rat serum. A linear relationship between C4 and CH50 titres was observed. Data from preliminary selective breeding experiments point toward an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Animals with intermediate values were observed indicating a gene dosage effect with which the heterozygote may be recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:924518", "title": "Isolation and study of murine C3.", "content": "C3 was isolated in purified form from fresh murine serum and plasma by precipitation as euglobulin followed by removal of other proteins on immunoadsorbent columns bearing antibodies raised against specifically C3 depleted serum. Recovery was 30--55% and the C3 was all in its native form. Functional activity was demonstrated by fixation of the C3 on EAC142gp cells and by interaction with lymphocyte C3 receptors. Mouse C3 in plasma and after isolation had a molecular weight of 240,000. Its cleavage by classical pathway and cobra factor induced C3 convertases and by trypsin yielded a major conversion product with molecular weight not less than 210,000, the electrophoretic mobility of which differed when it was generated from isolated C3 rather than in plasma.", "contents": "Isolation and study of murine C3. C3 was isolated in purified form from fresh murine serum and plasma by precipitation as euglobulin followed by removal of other proteins on immunoadsorbent columns bearing antibodies raised against specifically C3 depleted serum. Recovery was 30--55% and the C3 was all in its native form. Functional activity was demonstrated by fixation of the C3 on EAC142gp cells and by interaction with lymphocyte C3 receptors. Mouse C3 in plasma and after isolation had a molecular weight of 240,000. Its cleavage by classical pathway and cobra factor induced C3 convertases and by trypsin yielded a major conversion product with molecular weight not less than 210,000, the electrophoretic mobility of which differed when it was generated from isolated C3 rather than in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:924519", "title": "IgE in experiemental schistosomiasis. I. Serum IgE levels after infection by Schistosoma mansoni in various strains of rats.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in four strains of rats, before and after infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Differences were observed in basal IgE levels, depending on the strain considered. Serum IgE rose 10--20 days after infection and the maximum level, between days 30 and 50, ranged from 14 to 60 times the basal level. One of the most characteristic features of IgE production in rat schistosomiasis was the persistence of high IgE levels for a long time after rejection of the worms.", "contents": "IgE in experiemental schistosomiasis. I. Serum IgE levels after infection by Schistosoma mansoni in various strains of rats. Serum IgE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in four strains of rats, before and after infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Differences were observed in basal IgE levels, depending on the strain considered. Serum IgE rose 10--20 days after infection and the maximum level, between days 30 and 50, ranged from 14 to 60 times the basal level. One of the most characteristic features of IgE production in rat schistosomiasis was the persistence of high IgE levels for a long time after rejection of the worms."}
{"id": "PMID:924520", "title": "Classical pathway complement activation in association with paraproteinaemia.", "content": "Five of twenty-three patients with paraproteinaemia (two IgM, three IgG) have been shown to exhibit marked classical pathway complement activation. The mechanisms of hypocomplementaemia proposed for the five patients are cryoglobulinaemia in one and in vivo immunoglobulin aggregation in the other four. Three further patients had a low C1q and three a low C3 unassociated with any other complement abnormality. No association with any particular IgG subclass or obvious clinical abnormality existed in association with hypocomplementaemia.", "contents": "Classical pathway complement activation in association with paraproteinaemia. Five of twenty-three patients with paraproteinaemia (two IgM, three IgG) have been shown to exhibit marked classical pathway complement activation. The mechanisms of hypocomplementaemia proposed for the five patients are cryoglobulinaemia in one and in vivo immunoglobulin aggregation in the other four. Three further patients had a low C1q and three a low C3 unassociated with any other complement abnormality. No association with any particular IgG subclass or obvious clinical abnormality existed in association with hypocomplementaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:924521", "title": "Radiometric ear index test as a measure of delayed-type-hypersensitivity in the rat.", "content": "Intradermal skin tests performed in the pinna of the rat ear appeared to be 100 times more sensitive than classical flank skin tests in measuring Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. One of these tests was antigen-induced thickening of the pinna of the ear. It was found to be a sensitive measure of Arthus reactivity at 4 h after irritation with antigen in both actively immunized rats and recipients of precipitating immune serum. The other test, radiometric ear index determination, exploits the fact that monocytes and monocyte derived macrophages accumulate at DTH reaction sites. The test was performed by labelling the precursors of these cells with a pulse of [3H]-thymidine and by determining radioactivity in biopsy specimens taken from test sites in the pinna of the ear. At a certain antigen dose range this objective and highly sensitive method was shown to measure a purely cell mediated reaction which could be transferred to normal recipients with thoracic duct lymphocytes but not with immune serum. It also behaved as a typical DTH reacttion in response to desensitizing injections of the specific antigen. Testing with unnecessarily high antigen doses, however, should be avoided since the strong early inflammation induced by them may interfere with the determination of DTH while using this sensitive assay.", "contents": "Radiometric ear index test as a measure of delayed-type-hypersensitivity in the rat. Intradermal skin tests performed in the pinna of the rat ear appeared to be 100 times more sensitive than classical flank skin tests in measuring Arthus and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. One of these tests was antigen-induced thickening of the pinna of the ear. It was found to be a sensitive measure of Arthus reactivity at 4 h after irritation with antigen in both actively immunized rats and recipients of precipitating immune serum. The other test, radiometric ear index determination, exploits the fact that monocytes and monocyte derived macrophages accumulate at DTH reaction sites. The test was performed by labelling the precursors of these cells with a pulse of [3H]-thymidine and by determining radioactivity in biopsy specimens taken from test sites in the pinna of the ear. At a certain antigen dose range this objective and highly sensitive method was shown to measure a purely cell mediated reaction which could be transferred to normal recipients with thoracic duct lymphocytes but not with immune serum. It also behaved as a typical DTH reacttion in response to desensitizing injections of the specific antigen. Testing with unnecessarily high antigen doses, however, should be avoided since the strong early inflammation induced by them may interfere with the determination of DTH while using this sensitive assay."}
{"id": "PMID:924522", "title": "Trichinella spiralis infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Parasitological, serological and haematological studies with observations on intestinal pathology.", "content": "In six experiments the course of a Trichinella spiralis infection in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and their heterozygous thymus-bearing littermates (+/nu) was followed. In the +/nu mice worms were expelled at day 10 post infection. In nu/nu mice worms remained in the intestine until the end of the observation period (83 days post infection). In testing the yield of muscle larvae in +/nu and nu/nu mice 4--5 times more muscle larvae were isolated from nu/nu mice than from infected +/nu mice. The following phenomena were observed in +/nu mice only: anti-T. spiralis antibodies detected by immunofluorescence, intestinal plasma-cell production and intestinal eosinophilia. In nu/nu mice no blood eosinophilia was observed in contrast to the induction of eosinophilia both in infected +/nu and infected nu/nu mice reconstituted with thymuses from heterozygous littermates. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes, more numerous in +/nu than in nu/nu mice, were not attracted by Trichinella antigen. The data supported the hypothesis that worm expulsion is a T cell-dependent phenomenon. Plasma cell and antibody production as well as tissue and blood eosinophilia were shown to be thymus-dependent in a T. spiralis infection.", "contents": "Trichinella spiralis infection in congenitally athymic (nude) mice. Parasitological, serological and haematological studies with observations on intestinal pathology. In six experiments the course of a Trichinella spiralis infection in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) mice and their heterozygous thymus-bearing littermates (+/nu) was followed. In the +/nu mice worms were expelled at day 10 post infection. In nu/nu mice worms remained in the intestine until the end of the observation period (83 days post infection). In testing the yield of muscle larvae in +/nu and nu/nu mice 4--5 times more muscle larvae were isolated from nu/nu mice than from infected +/nu mice. The following phenomena were observed in +/nu mice only: anti-T. spiralis antibodies detected by immunofluorescence, intestinal plasma-cell production and intestinal eosinophilia. In nu/nu mice no blood eosinophilia was observed in contrast to the induction of eosinophilia both in infected +/nu and infected nu/nu mice reconstituted with thymuses from heterozygous littermates. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes, more numerous in +/nu than in nu/nu mice, were not attracted by Trichinella antigen. The data supported the hypothesis that worm expulsion is a T cell-dependent phenomenon. Plasma cell and antibody production as well as tissue and blood eosinophilia were shown to be thymus-dependent in a T. spiralis infection."}
{"id": "PMID:924674", "title": "Isolation of a glycoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes.", "content": "A glycoprotein was detected in Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes. Its apparent molecular weight was about 60,000, as observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It corresponded to the single band that was detected on the gels by the carbohydrate stain, periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The intensity of this stained band varied for membranes derived from cells harvested between 4 and 10 days, with maximal intensity found for cells grown for 6 days. The carbohydrate-containing polypeptide was extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate. The extracted fraction consisted of about 80 to 90% amino acids (mainly glycine and histidine) and about 7% carbohydrates (mainly glucose, galactose, and glucosamine). The fraction was immunologically active, as indicated by the complement fixation and precipitin tests with antisera against whole cells, membranes, and membrane proteins.", "contents": "Isolation of a glycoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes. A glycoprotein was detected in Mycoplasma pneumoniae membranes. Its apparent molecular weight was about 60,000, as observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It corresponded to the single band that was detected on the gels by the carbohydrate stain, periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The intensity of this stained band varied for membranes derived from cells harvested between 4 and 10 days, with maximal intensity found for cells grown for 6 days. The carbohydrate-containing polypeptide was extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate. The extracted fraction consisted of about 80 to 90% amino acids (mainly glycine and histidine) and about 7% carbohydrates (mainly glucose, galactose, and glucosamine). The fraction was immunologically active, as indicated by the complement fixation and precipitin tests with antisera against whole cells, membranes, and membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:924675", "title": "Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity to microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to tularemia vaccine.", "content": "Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide before immunization with killed tularemia vaccine in Freund incomplete adjuvant produced a prolongation and intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation reactions to tularemia antigen. Such reactions resemble those ordinarily associated with the administration of live tularemia vaccine, killed vaccine in Freund complete adjuvant, or recovery from natural infection. The immunopotentiation lasted longer than that seen previously in other antigenic systems with this drug and was dependent on the dose of vaccine used. More intense delayed skin reactivity could be transferred into normal controls by cells from immunized donors pretreated with cyclophosphamide than by cells from immunized donors that were not pretreated.", "contents": "Modulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity to microbial vaccines: effects of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to tularemia vaccine. Treatment of guinea pigs with cyclophosphamide before immunization with killed tularemia vaccine in Freund incomplete adjuvant produced a prolongation and intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation reactions to tularemia antigen. Such reactions resemble those ordinarily associated with the administration of live tularemia vaccine, killed vaccine in Freund complete adjuvant, or recovery from natural infection. The immunopotentiation lasted longer than that seen previously in other antigenic systems with this drug and was dependent on the dose of vaccine used. More intense delayed skin reactivity could be transferred into normal controls by cells from immunized donors pretreated with cyclophosphamide than by cells from immunized donors that were not pretreated."}
{"id": "PMID:924676", "title": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: mitogenic potential of mycoplasmas for mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Nonviable preparations of a wide variety of glucose-utilizing mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii and Spiroplasma citri, were found to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes. Particularly strong reactions were obtained with Mycoplasma synoviae, M. gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae, S. citri, and a strain of M. fermentans that was previously isolated from a leukemic patient. Nonviable preparations of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibited the uptake of [3H]thymidine by lymphocytes, but this effect could be reversed by heat treatment or arginine supplementation, and a stimulatory effect was then observed. Viable M. arthritidis was also found to have a mitogenic effect, as detected by an increased uptake of [3H]thymidine by normal lymphocytes and by autoradiographic techniques in which an increase in the numbers of transformed cells was seen. These observations provide the potential for enhanced immunological responsiveness or lymphokine-mediated inflammation in mycoplasma-infected hosts.", "contents": "Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: mitogenic potential of mycoplasmas for mouse lymphocytes. Nonviable preparations of a wide variety of glucose-utilizing mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii and Spiroplasma citri, were found to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes. Particularly strong reactions were obtained with Mycoplasma synoviae, M. gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae, S. citri, and a strain of M. fermentans that was previously isolated from a leukemic patient. Nonviable preparations of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibited the uptake of [3H]thymidine by lymphocytes, but this effect could be reversed by heat treatment or arginine supplementation, and a stimulatory effect was then observed. Viable M. arthritidis was also found to have a mitogenic effect, as detected by an increased uptake of [3H]thymidine by normal lymphocytes and by autoradiographic techniques in which an increase in the numbers of transformed cells was seen. These observations provide the potential for enhanced immunological responsiveness or lymphokine-mediated inflammation in mycoplasma-infected hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:924677", "title": "Adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to sheep erythrocytes in mice: enhancement of cell-mediated immunity by subcutaneous administration of adjuvant and antigen.", "content": "The subcutaneous route (s.c.) was used to study the adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (PV) on cell-mediated immunity to sheep erythorcytes (SRBC). The immune response was measured by a sensitive assay procedure in which the antigen is injected intracutaneously into the mouse ear and the inflammatory swelling is measured with calipers. PV significantly enhanced cell-mediated immunity to SRBC, and the enhancement persisted for at least 3 weeks. PV administered up to 6 days before SRBC also significantly enhanced the response; PV injected 1 or more days after SRBC was not effective. In addition, it was found that PV per se released into the suspension medium a cell-free component(s) (pertussis supernatant) that contributed significantly to adjuvanticity. The adjuvanticity of both PV and PS was completely eliminated by heat.", "contents": "Adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to sheep erythrocytes in mice: enhancement of cell-mediated immunity by subcutaneous administration of adjuvant and antigen. The subcutaneous route (s.c.) was used to study the adjuvant effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (PV) on cell-mediated immunity to sheep erythorcytes (SRBC). The immune response was measured by a sensitive assay procedure in which the antigen is injected intracutaneously into the mouse ear and the inflammatory swelling is measured with calipers. PV significantly enhanced cell-mediated immunity to SRBC, and the enhancement persisted for at least 3 weeks. PV administered up to 6 days before SRBC also significantly enhanced the response; PV injected 1 or more days after SRBC was not effective. In addition, it was found that PV per se released into the suspension medium a cell-free component(s) (pertussis supernatant) that contributed significantly to adjuvanticity. The adjuvanticity of both PV and PS was completely eliminated by heat."}
{"id": "PMID:924678", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a parvovirus of rabbits.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of a new virus from rabbit stool are described. The virus replicated in rabbit kidney cell cultures and agglutinated human group O erythrocytes at 4 degrees C. It was stable at acid pH and resistant to chloroform and heat treatment. The growth of the virus was inhibited by 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine, and virions were stained red with acridine orange, suggesting that they contain single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. The density of virions was 1.41 to 1.44 g/ml in CsCl, and the sedimentation value was 137S in sucrose at 4 degrees C. The infectious particles had cubic symmetry and were 27 to 28 nm in diameter by electron microscopy. By these properties this virus can be classified as a member of the parvovirus group. Antibody response was demonstrated in the rabbit from which this virus was recovered. A number of rabbits from a commercial source were found to contain hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to this virus.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a parvovirus of rabbits. The isolation and characterization of a new virus from rabbit stool are described. The virus replicated in rabbit kidney cell cultures and agglutinated human group O erythrocytes at 4 degrees C. It was stable at acid pH and resistant to chloroform and heat treatment. The growth of the virus was inhibited by 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine, and virions were stained red with acridine orange, suggesting that they contain single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid. The density of virions was 1.41 to 1.44 g/ml in CsCl, and the sedimentation value was 137S in sucrose at 4 degrees C. The infectious particles had cubic symmetry and were 27 to 28 nm in diameter by electron microscopy. By these properties this virus can be classified as a member of the parvovirus group. Antibody response was demonstrated in the rabbit from which this virus was recovered. A number of rabbits from a commercial source were found to contain hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to this virus."}
{"id": "PMID:924679", "title": "Evidence for plasmid contribution to the virulence of fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum.", "content": "Analysis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid complement of high- and low- virulent strains of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum showed a correlation between enhanced virulence and the presence of a 50-megadalton plasmid class. All 50-megadalton plasmids isolated from different high-virulent V. anguillarum strains were homologous as judged by the analysis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. The 50-megadalton plasmid class did not have polynucleotide sequences in common with plasmids of different incompatibility groups.", "contents": "Evidence for plasmid contribution to the virulence of fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum. Analysis of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid complement of high- and low- virulent strains of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum showed a correlation between enhanced virulence and the presence of a 50-megadalton plasmid class. All 50-megadalton plasmids isolated from different high-virulent V. anguillarum strains were homologous as judged by the analysis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. The 50-megadalton plasmid class did not have polynucleotide sequences in common with plasmids of different incompatibility groups."}
{"id": "PMID:924680", "title": "Influence of salivary components and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose on the attachment of Streptococcus mutans 6715 to hydroxyapatite surfaces.", "content": "The adsorption of (3)H-labeled Streptococcus mutans 6715 cells to disks of hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied. The number of streptococci that adsorbed was logarithmically related to the concentration of cells available up to at least 2 x 10(8) per ml; equilibrium occurred within 45 min. Assay reliability was verified by direct scanning electron microscopic counts. Untreated HA disks exposed to buffered saline (PBS)-suspended streptococci at a concentration of 1.1 x 10(8) per ml absorbed 3.2 x 10(6) cells per cm(2); approximately 3% of the surface area was, therefore, occupied by adsorbed organisms. The presence of adsorbed salivary components on HA reduced the number of attaching S. mutans cells by half. When S. mutans cells were suspended in saliva to mimic conditions existing in the mouth, the number of streptococci adsorbing to saliva-treated HA was reduced more than 30-fold compared to untreated HA. Approximately one-half of the streptococci adsorbed to untreated or to saliva-treated HA disks could be desorbed over a 4-h period with 0.067 M phosphate buffer. S. mutans cells exposed to sucrose to permit extracellular polysaccharide synthesis before or during adsorption attached in fewer numbers to both saliva-treated and untreated HA than PBS-treated organisms. When S. mutans cells adsorbed on untreated HA were exposed to sucrose, fewer organisms could be desorbed; thus, in situ polysaccharide synthesis promoted their more firm attachment to untreated HA. However, when saliva-suspended streptococci were adsorbed to saliva-treated HA surfaces, exposure to sucrose before or subsequent to adsorption did not promote more firm attachment. Evidently, the powerful adherence-inhibiting and desorptive effects of salivary components overshadowed any promoting effects attributable to glucan synthesis from sucrose. Similarly, no differences were noted in the desorption of S. mutans cells from human teeth after exposure to sucrose, glucose, or PBS relative to a strain of Streptococcus mitis (S. mitior). Thus, no evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that glucan synthesis from sucrose was essential for, or promoted, the attachment of S. mutans cells to HA surfaces exposed to saliva or to the smooth surfaces of human teeth.", "contents": "Influence of salivary components and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis from sucrose on the attachment of Streptococcus mutans 6715 to hydroxyapatite surfaces. The adsorption of (3)H-labeled Streptococcus mutans 6715 cells to disks of hydroxyapatite (HA) was studied. The number of streptococci that adsorbed was logarithmically related to the concentration of cells available up to at least 2 x 10(8) per ml; equilibrium occurred within 45 min. Assay reliability was verified by direct scanning electron microscopic counts. Untreated HA disks exposed to buffered saline (PBS)-suspended streptococci at a concentration of 1.1 x 10(8) per ml absorbed 3.2 x 10(6) cells per cm(2); approximately 3% of the surface area was, therefore, occupied by adsorbed organisms. The presence of adsorbed salivary components on HA reduced the number of attaching S. mutans cells by half. When S. mutans cells were suspended in saliva to mimic conditions existing in the mouth, the number of streptococci adsorbing to saliva-treated HA was reduced more than 30-fold compared to untreated HA. Approximately one-half of the streptococci adsorbed to untreated or to saliva-treated HA disks could be desorbed over a 4-h period with 0.067 M phosphate buffer. S. mutans cells exposed to sucrose to permit extracellular polysaccharide synthesis before or during adsorption attached in fewer numbers to both saliva-treated and untreated HA than PBS-treated organisms. When S. mutans cells adsorbed on untreated HA were exposed to sucrose, fewer organisms could be desorbed; thus, in situ polysaccharide synthesis promoted their more firm attachment to untreated HA. However, when saliva-suspended streptococci were adsorbed to saliva-treated HA surfaces, exposure to sucrose before or subsequent to adsorption did not promote more firm attachment. Evidently, the powerful adherence-inhibiting and desorptive effects of salivary components overshadowed any promoting effects attributable to glucan synthesis from sucrose. Similarly, no differences were noted in the desorption of S. mutans cells from human teeth after exposure to sucrose, glucose, or PBS relative to a strain of Streptococcus mitis (S. mitior). Thus, no evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that glucan synthesis from sucrose was essential for, or promoted, the attachment of S. mutans cells to HA surfaces exposed to saliva or to the smooth surfaces of human teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:924681", "title": "Toxicity of low and moderate multiplicities of Chlamydia psittaci for mouse fibroblasts (L cells).", "content": "When mouse fibroblasts (L cells) were infected in suspension or in monolayer with 10 to 100 50% infectious doses (ID(50)) of Chlamydia psittaci (6BC) per host cell, they showed signs of damage 24 to 48 h later. Host-cell injuries were termed multiplication dependent when both the ingestion and subsequent reproduction of C. psittaci were required; when only ingestion but not replication was needed, the injuries were considered to be multiplication independent. The time that the injury was first apparent, as well as its final magnitude, was proportional to the multiplicity of infection. When L cells ingested infectious or ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci, damage was manifested by failure to exclude trypan blue, by leakage of lactic dehydrogenase, by inhibition of reproduction as measured by ability to form colonies, by inhibition of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and eventually by cell disintegration. Infectious, but not ultraviolet-killed, chlamydiae stimulated host-cell glycolysis. Heat-killed chlamydiae were without measurable toxicity. The time of appearance of host-cell injury was always earlier, and its terminal magnitude always greater, with infectious inocula than with ultraviolet-inactivated ones. The multiplication-independent toxicity of ultraviolet-killed C. psittaci disappeared with inocula of less than 10 ID(50) per L cell, but an inoculum of only a single ID(50) of infectious chlamydiae per host cell injured most of the cells it infected, as evidenced by increased trypan blue staining and decreased efficiency of colony formation. The toxicity of multiplicities of infection between 10 and 100 ID(50) of infectious C. psittaci per host cell was the sum of both multiplication-dependent and -independent components. The effects of chloramphenicol and isoleucine deficiency on the ability of C. psittaci to injure L cells suggested that some synthesis of protein by both parasite and host may be essential for expression of multiplication-independent chlamydial toxicity. The failure of infectious chlamydiae to stimulate host-cell glycolysis in the presence of cycloheximide suggested that this multiplication-dependent consequence of chlamydial infection was also dependent on protein synthesis by the host.", "contents": "Toxicity of low and moderate multiplicities of Chlamydia psittaci for mouse fibroblasts (L cells). When mouse fibroblasts (L cells) were infected in suspension or in monolayer with 10 to 100 50% infectious doses (ID(50)) of Chlamydia psittaci (6BC) per host cell, they showed signs of damage 24 to 48 h later. Host-cell injuries were termed multiplication dependent when both the ingestion and subsequent reproduction of C. psittaci were required; when only ingestion but not replication was needed, the injuries were considered to be multiplication independent. The time that the injury was first apparent, as well as its final magnitude, was proportional to the multiplicity of infection. When L cells ingested infectious or ultraviolet-inactivated C. psittaci, damage was manifested by failure to exclude trypan blue, by leakage of lactic dehydrogenase, by inhibition of reproduction as measured by ability to form colonies, by inhibition of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and eventually by cell disintegration. Infectious, but not ultraviolet-killed, chlamydiae stimulated host-cell glycolysis. Heat-killed chlamydiae were without measurable toxicity. The time of appearance of host-cell injury was always earlier, and its terminal magnitude always greater, with infectious inocula than with ultraviolet-inactivated ones. The multiplication-independent toxicity of ultraviolet-killed C. psittaci disappeared with inocula of less than 10 ID(50) per L cell, but an inoculum of only a single ID(50) of infectious chlamydiae per host cell injured most of the cells it infected, as evidenced by increased trypan blue staining and decreased efficiency of colony formation. The toxicity of multiplicities of infection between 10 and 100 ID(50) of infectious C. psittaci per host cell was the sum of both multiplication-dependent and -independent components. The effects of chloramphenicol and isoleucine deficiency on the ability of C. psittaci to injure L cells suggested that some synthesis of protein by both parasite and host may be essential for expression of multiplication-independent chlamydial toxicity. The failure of infectious chlamydiae to stimulate host-cell glycolysis in the presence of cycloheximide suggested that this multiplication-dependent consequence of chlamydial infection was also dependent on protein synthesis by the host."}
{"id": "PMID:924682", "title": "Pathogenic mechanisms of a non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain: demonstration of invasive and enterotoxigenic properties.", "content": "A non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain isolated from the blood of a child with kwashiorkor and fever was shown to have the potential to invade as well as to produce a toxin resembling cholera toxin.", "contents": "Pathogenic mechanisms of a non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain: demonstration of invasive and enterotoxigenic properties. A non-agglutinable Vibrio cholerae strain isolated from the blood of a child with kwashiorkor and fever was shown to have the potential to invade as well as to produce a toxin resembling cholera toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:924683", "title": "Granuloma formation in lungs of mice after intravenous administration of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor): reaction intensity depends on size distribution of the oil droplets.", "content": "The intensity of the granulomatous reaction evoked in lungs of mice by trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate administered intravenously in oil-water emulsion depended on the size distribution of the oil droplets. Emulsions containing the greatest number of the largest oil droplets were the most granulomagenic.", "contents": "Granuloma formation in lungs of mice after intravenous administration of emulsified trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor): reaction intensity depends on size distribution of the oil droplets. The intensity of the granulomatous reaction evoked in lungs of mice by trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate administered intravenously in oil-water emulsion depended on the size distribution of the oil droplets. Emulsions containing the greatest number of the largest oil droplets were the most granulomagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:924690", "title": "Analysis of established human carcinoma cell lines for lymphoreticular-associated membrane receptors.", "content": "Thirty-one different long-term established human carcinoma culture cell lines were examined for the presence or absence of receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (\"Fc receptors\"), the third component of complement (C3 receptors), sheep erythrocytes and mouse erythrocytes. Included in the catalogue of lines tested were adenocarcinoma of the adrenal cortex, colon, rectum, lung, liver, breast and kidney, and carcinomas of the uterine cervix, bladder and vulva. All lines were found to be consistently Fc receptor-negative, as assayed by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes coated with subhemagglutinating amounts of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies, or bovine erythrocytes heavily coated with non-hemagglutinating anti-bovine erythrocyte antibodies. This is similar to results obtained with murine tumors: carcinomas are consistently Fc receptor-negative, while those lines which are Fc receptor-positive are invariably lymphoreticular in nature. The human carcinoma cell lines were also negative for complement (C3) receptors and spontaneous T and B rosette markers. It is proposed that, in most cases, rosette-forming cells found in primary human carcinomas are, as in the mouse or rat, representative of infiltrating non-malignant lymphoreticular cells.", "contents": "Analysis of established human carcinoma cell lines for lymphoreticular-associated membrane receptors. Thirty-one different long-term established human carcinoma culture cell lines were examined for the presence or absence of receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) (\"Fc receptors\"), the third component of complement (C3 receptors), sheep erythrocytes and mouse erythrocytes. Included in the catalogue of lines tested were adenocarcinoma of the adrenal cortex, colon, rectum, lung, liver, breast and kidney, and carcinomas of the uterine cervix, bladder and vulva. All lines were found to be consistently Fc receptor-negative, as assayed by rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes coated with subhemagglutinating amounts of anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies, or bovine erythrocytes heavily coated with non-hemagglutinating anti-bovine erythrocyte antibodies. This is similar to results obtained with murine tumors: carcinomas are consistently Fc receptor-negative, while those lines which are Fc receptor-positive are invariably lymphoreticular in nature. The human carcinoma cell lines were also negative for complement (C3) receptors and spontaneous T and B rosette markers. It is proposed that, in most cases, rosette-forming cells found in primary human carcinomas are, as in the mouse or rat, representative of infiltrating non-malignant lymphoreticular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:924691", "title": "Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France.", "content": "A world-wide comparative study of the frequency and characteristics of latent carcinoma of the prostate was undertaken in seven areas, using standardized methods and \"blind\" microscopic evaluation in order to reduce selection and observer bias. The morphological features of 350 latent carcinomas found in 1,327 prostates were examined. Two Chinese populations, from Hong Kong and Singapore, showed a low frequency of latent carcinoma in comparison with western Europeans in Sweden and the Federal Republic of Germany and negroes from Jamaica; an intermediate position was found for Israelis and black Ugandans. The frequency of small latent carcinomas was about 12% in all the areas investigated and did not vary with age. Rates for larger latent carcinomas increased sharply with age ans showed an area-to-area variation resembling that of clinical carcinoma of prostate. The small carcinomas were almost exclusively situated in the outer half of the prostate and latent carcinomas of all sizes were evenly distributed between the anterior and posterior halves of the prostate and the right and left sides of the outer prostatic shell. Certain disagreements in diagnosis were noted when the sections from each area were evaluated independently by a different pathologist. Most of these disagreements were resolved by re-reading the sections; their occurrence had no significant effect on the geographical comparisons.", "contents": "Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France. A world-wide comparative study of the frequency and characteristics of latent carcinoma of the prostate was undertaken in seven areas, using standardized methods and \"blind\" microscopic evaluation in order to reduce selection and observer bias. The morphological features of 350 latent carcinomas found in 1,327 prostates were examined. Two Chinese populations, from Hong Kong and Singapore, showed a low frequency of latent carcinoma in comparison with western Europeans in Sweden and the Federal Republic of Germany and negroes from Jamaica; an intermediate position was found for Israelis and black Ugandans. The frequency of small latent carcinomas was about 12% in all the areas investigated and did not vary with age. Rates for larger latent carcinomas increased sharply with age ans showed an area-to-area variation resembling that of clinical carcinoma of prostate. The small carcinomas were almost exclusively situated in the outer half of the prostate and latent carcinomas of all sizes were evenly distributed between the anterior and posterior halves of the prostate and the right and left sides of the outer prostatic shell. Certain disagreements in diagnosis were noted when the sections from each area were evaluated independently by a different pathologist. Most of these disagreements were resolved by re-reading the sections; their occurrence had no significant effect on the geographical comparisons."}
{"id": "PMID:924692", "title": "Immunity to MCA-induced rat sarcomas: analysis of in vivo and in vitro results.", "content": "Three in vivo techniques were used to establish the specificity of tumor immunity induced after sensitization of F344 rats to syngeneic MCA-induced sarcomas: (1) post-excision resistance to tumor challenge, (2) passive tumor neutralization (the Winn test), and (3) concomitant immunity. In general, these assays revealed unique non-cross-reactive antigens associated with each of three sarcomas, FMF1, FMM2, and FMM3. However, spleen cells from tumor-sensitized rats did not demonstrate cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro corresponding to the specificity of tumor resistance in vivo. In the (3H)-proline cytotoxicity assay, spleen cells from FMM3 tumor-bearing rats or from FMM3 tumor-immune rats were not selectively cytotoxic for cultured FMM3 target cells. Parallel analysis of spleen cells from normal or FMM3-sensitized rats using the Winn assay and the (3H)-proline assay revealed that (1) spleen cell cytotoxicity in vitro did not correlate with effective tumor protection in vivo; and (2) normal spleen cells were cytotoxic against cultured sarcoma target cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Thus, passive tumor protection by normal spleen cells in vivo corresponded with the demonstration of natural cytotoxicity in vitro, but induced specific anti-tumor reactivity was observed only in vivo.", "contents": "Immunity to MCA-induced rat sarcomas: analysis of in vivo and in vitro results. Three in vivo techniques were used to establish the specificity of tumor immunity induced after sensitization of F344 rats to syngeneic MCA-induced sarcomas: (1) post-excision resistance to tumor challenge, (2) passive tumor neutralization (the Winn test), and (3) concomitant immunity. In general, these assays revealed unique non-cross-reactive antigens associated with each of three sarcomas, FMF1, FMM2, and FMM3. However, spleen cells from tumor-sensitized rats did not demonstrate cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro corresponding to the specificity of tumor resistance in vivo. In the (3H)-proline cytotoxicity assay, spleen cells from FMM3 tumor-bearing rats or from FMM3 tumor-immune rats were not selectively cytotoxic for cultured FMM3 target cells. Parallel analysis of spleen cells from normal or FMM3-sensitized rats using the Winn assay and the (3H)-proline assay revealed that (1) spleen cell cytotoxicity in vitro did not correlate with effective tumor protection in vivo; and (2) normal spleen cells were cytotoxic against cultured sarcoma target cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Thus, passive tumor protection by normal spleen cells in vivo corresponded with the demonstration of natural cytotoxicity in vitro, but induced specific anti-tumor reactivity was observed only in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:924693", "title": "Analysis of karyotype variation following carcinogen treatment of Chinese hamster primary cell lines.", "content": "Chinese hamster primary fibroblasts derived from several embryos were treated with the carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Karyotype analysis, sister chromatid exchange frequency, evidence of transformation by growth in agar, cell morphology and reaction to cytocholasin B were tested at regular intervals over many culture passages. Carcinogen treatment was found to shorten the time period before onset of permanent karyotypically changed stem and side lines and in vitro transformation. Chromosomes X, 6 and 10 were more frequently involved in all cultures in these karyotype changes which were usually preceded by a period of chromosome variation. Spontaneous chromatid aberrations and aneuploidy increased in frequency with time in culture and generally appeared prior to the expression of transformation. No specific chromosomes were involved with the different carcinogens. There was no correlation between in vitro transformation and karyotype evolution and the criteria for transformation were present independently of one another. It is suggested that the lack of correlation between the parameters tested indicates that the expression of in vitro transformation is a result of selection for growth advantage from a cell population expressing an increasing degree of genetic instability and variation with time in culture.", "contents": "Analysis of karyotype variation following carcinogen treatment of Chinese hamster primary cell lines. Chinese hamster primary fibroblasts derived from several embryos were treated with the carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Karyotype analysis, sister chromatid exchange frequency, evidence of transformation by growth in agar, cell morphology and reaction to cytocholasin B were tested at regular intervals over many culture passages. Carcinogen treatment was found to shorten the time period before onset of permanent karyotypically changed stem and side lines and in vitro transformation. Chromosomes X, 6 and 10 were more frequently involved in all cultures in these karyotype changes which were usually preceded by a period of chromosome variation. Spontaneous chromatid aberrations and aneuploidy increased in frequency with time in culture and generally appeared prior to the expression of transformation. No specific chromosomes were involved with the different carcinogens. There was no correlation between in vitro transformation and karyotype evolution and the criteria for transformation were present independently of one another. It is suggested that the lack of correlation between the parameters tested indicates that the expression of in vitro transformation is a result of selection for growth advantage from a cell population expressing an increasing degree of genetic instability and variation with time in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:924694", "title": "Geographic variations in tumor prevalence among marine fish populations.", "content": "A global epidemiological study on the frequency of skin papillomas among various flatfish species (Pleuronectids), papillomas of eels and the virus induced lymphocystis disease has revealed particular distribution patterns. Skin papillomas are prevalent among at least 20 flatfish species of the northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Japan Sea but appear to be absent from the Atlantic, North Sea, and the Caribbean Sea. The opposite is found for lymphocystis, which is common among flatfish species of the Atlantic shores of Europe and North America. Similarly the skin papillomas of eels are restricted to relatively small region along the European coast extending from the Baltic countries to Denmark, Germany and Holland. Superimposed on this global distribution pattern are local variations in tumor prevalences which can vary from about 58% to 0.01%. The geographic distribution pattern points to the existence of areas around the globe in which flatfish or eels are able to develop skin papillomas. Outside these areas of \"potential skin papilloma risk,\" flatfish and eel populations are not afflicted with papillomas even if they inhabit estuaries or rivers with a high man-made or naturally-occurring pollution.", "contents": "Geographic variations in tumor prevalence among marine fish populations. A global epidemiological study on the frequency of skin papillomas among various flatfish species (Pleuronectids), papillomas of eels and the virus induced lymphocystis disease has revealed particular distribution patterns. Skin papillomas are prevalent among at least 20 flatfish species of the northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Japan Sea but appear to be absent from the Atlantic, North Sea, and the Caribbean Sea. The opposite is found for lymphocystis, which is common among flatfish species of the Atlantic shores of Europe and North America. Similarly the skin papillomas of eels are restricted to relatively small region along the European coast extending from the Baltic countries to Denmark, Germany and Holland. Superimposed on this global distribution pattern are local variations in tumor prevalences which can vary from about 58% to 0.01%. The geographic distribution pattern points to the existence of areas around the globe in which flatfish or eels are able to develop skin papillomas. Outside these areas of \"potential skin papilloma risk,\" flatfish and eel populations are not afflicted with papillomas even if they inhabit estuaries or rivers with a high man-made or naturally-occurring pollution."}
{"id": "PMID:924695", "title": "The effect of long-term chronic marijuana use on neuropsychological functioning.", "content": "Ten normal subjects who smoked marijuana daily for an average of 5 years and who denied other drug use were examined on a neuropsychological test battery. When compared with normal nonsmoking Ss, minimal differences were observed. It was concluded that long-term cannabis use does not cause a generalized decrement in adaptive abilities which might be related to cerebral impairments.", "contents": "The effect of long-term chronic marijuana use on neuropsychological functioning. Ten normal subjects who smoked marijuana daily for an average of 5 years and who denied other drug use were examined on a neuropsychological test battery. When compared with normal nonsmoking Ss, minimal differences were observed. It was concluded that long-term cannabis use does not cause a generalized decrement in adaptive abilities which might be related to cerebral impairments."}
{"id": "PMID:924696", "title": "Behavioral and familial correlates  of episodic heroin abuse among suburban adolescents.", "content": "Behavioral and familial correlates of predominantly White, suburban heroin abusers were investigated to determine whether such abuse was self-contained experimentation or suggestive of generalized personality disorders and impaired family relationships. Twenty of 296 male high school students recruited from 10 middle-class suburban schools had engaged in episodic heroin abuse. Of 29 antisocial behaviors other than heroin abuse assessed, heroin abusers engaged in 16 significantly more frequently. Heroin abusers found their fathers to be significantly less nice, honest, strong, and kind than did nonabusers, according to semantic differential technique. They found themselves to be significantly less strong than did nonabusers, suggesting failure to model themselves after adequately coping fathers. Heroin abusers also found their mothers to be significantly less fair, honest, and valuable than did nonabusers. It was concluded that episodic heroin abuse among suburban adolescents is suggestive both of generalized antisocial behavior and of impaired family relationships.", "contents": "Behavioral and familial correlates  of episodic heroin abuse among suburban adolescents. Behavioral and familial correlates of predominantly White, suburban heroin abusers were investigated to determine whether such abuse was self-contained experimentation or suggestive of generalized personality disorders and impaired family relationships. Twenty of 296 male high school students recruited from 10 middle-class suburban schools had engaged in episodic heroin abuse. Of 29 antisocial behaviors other than heroin abuse assessed, heroin abusers engaged in 16 significantly more frequently. Heroin abusers found their fathers to be significantly less nice, honest, strong, and kind than did nonabusers, according to semantic differential technique. They found themselves to be significantly less strong than did nonabusers, suggesting failure to model themselves after adequately coping fathers. Heroin abusers also found their mothers to be significantly less fair, honest, and valuable than did nonabusers. It was concluded that episodic heroin abuse among suburban adolescents is suggestive both of generalized antisocial behavior and of impaired family relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:924697", "title": "The United States drug problem and international trafficking. Part I. The need for more rigorous controls.", "content": "Remedies at international law for obtaining prosecutory jurisdiction over illicit drug traffickers are examined. The paper looks at extradiction, expulsion, exclusion, and reconduction as means by which a state may obtain control of the offender.", "contents": "The United States drug problem and international trafficking. Part I. The need for more rigorous controls. Remedies at international law for obtaining prosecutory jurisdiction over illicit drug traffickers are examined. The paper looks at extradiction, expulsion, exclusion, and reconduction as means by which a state may obtain control of the offender."}
{"id": "PMID:924698", "title": "Phenelzine as a stimulant drug antagonist: a preliminary report.", "content": "Phenelzine administration, monitored via a pharmacy-controlled program, was employed in 38 subjects over a 6-month period to prevent amphetamine-type drug abuse, in much the same manner as disulfiram programs are employed against alcohol abuse. Advantages of the program were apparent, with a majority of subjects abstaining during the enforced phenelzine trial. Subjects generally made use of this abstinent period to benefit from a variety of psychotherapeutic modes, and demonstrated enhanced job and school performance and improved marital relationships. Results based on subject and observer reports, reports from dispensing pharmacies, and random urinalyses for drugs were encouraging. However, the study was uncontrolled and observational, and thus results are merely suggestive at present. Potential dangers as well as benefits of administering phenelzine to such a population are discussed.", "contents": "Phenelzine as a stimulant drug antagonist: a preliminary report. Phenelzine administration, monitored via a pharmacy-controlled program, was employed in 38 subjects over a 6-month period to prevent amphetamine-type drug abuse, in much the same manner as disulfiram programs are employed against alcohol abuse. Advantages of the program were apparent, with a majority of subjects abstaining during the enforced phenelzine trial. Subjects generally made use of this abstinent period to benefit from a variety of psychotherapeutic modes, and demonstrated enhanced job and school performance and improved marital relationships. Results based on subject and observer reports, reports from dispensing pharmacies, and random urinalyses for drugs were encouraging. However, the study was uncontrolled and observational, and thus results are merely suggestive at present. Potential dangers as well as benefits of administering phenelzine to such a population are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924699", "title": "Epidemiology abuse: epidemiologic and Psychosocial perspectives on heroin maintenance.", "content": "Two perspectives on drug abuse have evolved. Epidemiologic approaches treat drug abuse as if it were an infectious disease and deal with it within the framework of host, agent, and environment. Epidemiologists, approaching drug abuse from a public health standpoint, tend to think in terms of supply reduction. Psychosocial approaches focus on the demand aspect of drug abuse. Interest centers on psychological/sociological explanations of drug-taking behavior, such as psychopathology and alienation, and on unintended consequences of supply-reduction strategies. The author proposes that the two models eomplement each other and need to be integrated. A policy of strict supply reduction for nonaddicts coupled with heroin maintenance for addicts is suggested. Such a policy combines epidemiologic emphasis on supply reduction with psychosocial stress on the impractible nature of addiction and the futility of prohibitionlike approaches.", "contents": "Epidemiology abuse: epidemiologic and Psychosocial perspectives on heroin maintenance. Two perspectives on drug abuse have evolved. Epidemiologic approaches treat drug abuse as if it were an infectious disease and deal with it within the framework of host, agent, and environment. Epidemiologists, approaching drug abuse from a public health standpoint, tend to think in terms of supply reduction. Psychosocial approaches focus on the demand aspect of drug abuse. Interest centers on psychological/sociological explanations of drug-taking behavior, such as psychopathology and alienation, and on unintended consequences of supply-reduction strategies. The author proposes that the two models eomplement each other and need to be integrated. A policy of strict supply reduction for nonaddicts coupled with heroin maintenance for addicts is suggested. Such a policy combines epidemiologic emphasis on supply reduction with psychosocial stress on the impractible nature of addiction and the futility of prohibitionlike approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:924700", "title": "Plasma levels and urinary elimination of diftalone, paracetamol, and their metabolites after single oral administration in man.", "content": "The plasma levels of diftalone, its metabolite 7-hydroxydiftalone, unconjugated and total paracetamol have been assessed in 6 healthy volunteers after oral administration of diftalone 0.75 g and of paracetamol 1.0 g, given alone and in combination in a cross-over fashion. In the same subject the urinary elimination of 7-hydroxydiftalone, and of unconjugated and total paracetamol has also been estimated. The results provide some indication of a slight increase in the plasma levels of unconjugated and total paracetamol, when the drug is administered in combination with diftalone. The increase, however, does not reach the significance level. As to diftalone and its metabolite, the differences between the plasma levels obtained after administration of the compound alone and those obtained when it was given in combination were negligible. Furthermore, the urinary recoveries of 7-hydroxydiftalone and of unconjugated and total paracetamol were very similar after administration of each compound alone and of their combination. It is concluded that the administration of single doses of diftalone and paracetamol in combination does not produce any pharmacokinetic interaction likely to be of clinical relevance.", "contents": "Plasma levels and urinary elimination of diftalone, paracetamol, and their metabolites after single oral administration in man. The plasma levels of diftalone, its metabolite 7-hydroxydiftalone, unconjugated and total paracetamol have been assessed in 6 healthy volunteers after oral administration of diftalone 0.75 g and of paracetamol 1.0 g, given alone and in combination in a cross-over fashion. In the same subject the urinary elimination of 7-hydroxydiftalone, and of unconjugated and total paracetamol has also been estimated. The results provide some indication of a slight increase in the plasma levels of unconjugated and total paracetamol, when the drug is administered in combination with diftalone. The increase, however, does not reach the significance level. As to diftalone and its metabolite, the differences between the plasma levels obtained after administration of the compound alone and those obtained when it was given in combination were negligible. Furthermore, the urinary recoveries of 7-hydroxydiftalone and of unconjugated and total paracetamol were very similar after administration of each compound alone and of their combination. It is concluded that the administration of single doses of diftalone and paracetamol in combination does not produce any pharmacokinetic interaction likely to be of clinical relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:924701", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of indomethacin and indomethacin metabolites administered continuously to patients with healthy or damaged kidneys].", "content": "After oral administration of 75 mg Indomethacin dlimination half-life of the unchanged drug is not altered in patients with severely impaired renal function. In patients with renal insufficiency half-life of Indomethacin plus metabolites is twice that of the normal value. Repeated daily administration of 75 mg for 8 days does not influence Indomethacin kinetics. In the control group and in patients with moderate by impaired renal function Indomethacin half-life does not change during chronic administration.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of indomethacin and indomethacin metabolites administered continuously to patients with healthy or damaged kidneys]. After oral administration of 75 mg Indomethacin dlimination half-life of the unchanged drug is not altered in patients with severely impaired renal function. In patients with renal insufficiency half-life of Indomethacin plus metabolites is twice that of the normal value. Repeated daily administration of 75 mg for 8 days does not influence Indomethacin kinetics. In the control group and in patients with moderate by impaired renal function Indomethacin half-life does not change during chronic administration."}
{"id": "PMID:924702", "title": "Diagnostic policies of minor depressive illness by two differently trained groups of general practitioners.", "content": "Two homogeneous general practitioner groups were differently trained for approaching minor depressive illness. One group was presented the depression problem in a traditional manner while the other was led to particularly emphasize the importance of the doctor-patient relationship, according to Balint's suggestions. Both groups adopted the same case record form. The structural analysis of diagnostic judgement based on the logistic transformation of recorded data made it possible to evidence several qualitative differences between the groups, probably deriving from the different training.", "contents": "Diagnostic policies of minor depressive illness by two differently trained groups of general practitioners. Two homogeneous general practitioner groups were differently trained for approaching minor depressive illness. One group was presented the depression problem in a traditional manner while the other was led to particularly emphasize the importance of the doctor-patient relationship, according to Balint's suggestions. Both groups adopted the same case record form. The structural analysis of diagnostic judgement based on the logistic transformation of recorded data made it possible to evidence several qualitative differences between the groups, probably deriving from the different training."}
{"id": "PMID:924703", "title": "Psychotropic drugs: influence on respiratory function.", "content": "The authors investigated, in 22 normal subjects and 22 bronchopneumopathic patients, the action of two anxiolytic drugs on ventilatory function and on the associated respiratory function. The analyses carried out before drug administration and 1, 2, 6 hours later showed that while a drug did not cause any important variation in the ventilatory parameters and O2 uptake, both in healthy subjects and in patients, the second one clearly reduced the ventilatory efficacy and O2 uptake. This behavior was quite evident 1 and 2 hours after the assumption of the drug while after 6 hours the parameters returned to the initial values. The influence of the circadian rhythm after 6 hours was more evident in both groups after the assumption of the second anxyolitic drug than with the first. Furthermore, evaluation drawn up among the healthy subjects, during simulated driving tests, demonstrated that the second anxyolytic drug provoked a standard depression unevenly distributed like that obtained after the ingestion of a fixed dose of an alcoholic drink.", "contents": "Psychotropic drugs: influence on respiratory function. The authors investigated, in 22 normal subjects and 22 bronchopneumopathic patients, the action of two anxiolytic drugs on ventilatory function and on the associated respiratory function. The analyses carried out before drug administration and 1, 2, 6 hours later showed that while a drug did not cause any important variation in the ventilatory parameters and O2 uptake, both in healthy subjects and in patients, the second one clearly reduced the ventilatory efficacy and O2 uptake. This behavior was quite evident 1 and 2 hours after the assumption of the drug while after 6 hours the parameters returned to the initial values. The influence of the circadian rhythm after 6 hours was more evident in both groups after the assumption of the second anxyolitic drug than with the first. Furthermore, evaluation drawn up among the healthy subjects, during simulated driving tests, demonstrated that the second anxyolytic drug provoked a standard depression unevenly distributed like that obtained after the ingestion of a fixed dose of an alcoholic drink."}
{"id": "PMID:924704", "title": "Influence of food intake on the absorption of diftalone in man.", "content": "An average 2.2-fold increase in the peak plasma concentrations of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent diftalone in the presence of food was observed in three studies carried out with healthy volunteers who received an oral dose of 0.75 g (6 subjects, study 1), 0.25 g (10 subjects, study II) and 0.5 g (6 subjects, study V) of the compound at 9:00 a.m. both in fasting conditions and after a meal. The effect does not depend on the unusual time (8:00 a.m., selected for experimental needs) at which the subjects were given the meal. In fact, a 2.5-fold increase in plasma concentrations was observed when an oral dose of 0.75 g of diftalone was administered to 2 subjects (study II) both at 8:00 a.m. in fasting conditions and at 1:00 p.m. after a meal. A similar enhancement in the absorption of diftalone was observed when 5 healthy volunteers (study VI) received an oral dose of 0.5 g of the compound both as plain capsules and as capsules containing dry ox bile. However, the absorption of diftalone was not modified when the compound was administered orally as an aqueous suspension or in tensioactive vehicles, or after 20 mg of metoclopramide (study II). Also, the results of a study (IV) on 2 subjects partly deprived of bile after surgery, showed that diftalone does not undergo enterohepatic circulation. The hypothesis that the increase in diftalone absorption is mainly due to bile  flow following food intake is supported by all the above experimental results.", "contents": "Influence of food intake on the absorption of diftalone in man. An average 2.2-fold increase in the peak plasma concentrations of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent diftalone in the presence of food was observed in three studies carried out with healthy volunteers who received an oral dose of 0.75 g (6 subjects, study 1), 0.25 g (10 subjects, study II) and 0.5 g (6 subjects, study V) of the compound at 9:00 a.m. both in fasting conditions and after a meal. The effect does not depend on the unusual time (8:00 a.m., selected for experimental needs) at which the subjects were given the meal. In fact, a 2.5-fold increase in plasma concentrations was observed when an oral dose of 0.75 g of diftalone was administered to 2 subjects (study II) both at 8:00 a.m. in fasting conditions and at 1:00 p.m. after a meal. A similar enhancement in the absorption of diftalone was observed when 5 healthy volunteers (study VI) received an oral dose of 0.5 g of the compound both as plain capsules and as capsules containing dry ox bile. However, the absorption of diftalone was not modified when the compound was administered orally as an aqueous suspension or in tensioactive vehicles, or after 20 mg of metoclopramide (study II). Also, the results of a study (IV) on 2 subjects partly deprived of bile after surgery, showed that diftalone does not undergo enterohepatic circulation. The hypothesis that the increase in diftalone absorption is mainly due to bile  flow following food intake is supported by all the above experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:924705", "title": "Bioavailability and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of solufenum. A comparison with ibuprofen.", "content": "Bioavailability and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of the lysine salt of ibuprofen (solufenum) were compared with those of the parent molecule in 5 healthy male volunteers. The study had a randomized, cross-over design. The average peak plasma level and the area under the curve were higher when solufenum was administered orally as compared to the same preparation given i.m. or as compared to oral ibuprofen. However, the bioavailability of the 3 preparations studied was not significantly different. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation appeared significantly different. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation appeared significantly earlier after the administration of both solufenum than after ibuprofen. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Bioavailability and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of solufenum. A comparison with ibuprofen. Bioavailability and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of the lysine salt of ibuprofen (solufenum) were compared with those of the parent molecule in 5 healthy male volunteers. The study had a randomized, cross-over design. The average peak plasma level and the area under the curve were higher when solufenum was administered orally as compared to the same preparation given i.m. or as compared to oral ibuprofen. However, the bioavailability of the 3 preparations studied was not significantly different. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation appeared significantly different. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation appeared significantly earlier after the administration of both solufenum than after ibuprofen. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924707", "title": "In vivo study of trace elements in leprous skin.", "content": "The skin of leprous patients at various stages of the disease was investigated by diagnostic x-ray spectrometry, In the active stage raised iron and slightly raised zinc levels were found. The usefulness of the method in skin investigation is foreseen.", "contents": "In vivo study of trace elements in leprous skin. The skin of leprous patients at various stages of the disease was investigated by diagnostic x-ray spectrometry, In the active stage raised iron and slightly raised zinc levels were found. The usefulness of the method in skin investigation is foreseen."}
{"id": "PMID:924724", "title": "Cutting-aspiration instruments.", "content": "Cutting-aspiration instruments are discussed in relation to design and principles of action. Experience with the Roto-extractor in over 100 cases is reviewed. Large pupillary openings were achieved in nearly all cases. No vitreous was attached to the wound postoperatively. Retinal detachment has not occurred to date in nontraumatic lenticular opacities.", "contents": "Cutting-aspiration instruments. Cutting-aspiration instruments are discussed in relation to design and principles of action. Experience with the Roto-extractor in over 100 cases is reviewed. Large pupillary openings were achieved in nearly all cases. No vitreous was attached to the wound postoperatively. Retinal detachment has not occurred to date in nontraumatic lenticular opacities."}
{"id": "PMID:924725", "title": "Surgery of traumatic cataracts.", "content": "Ninety eyes undergoing surgery for the removal of traumatic cataracts were evaluated. In the total group, the visual results fell generally into the 2 categories of satisfactory or poor. Most commonly, the latter patients sustained extensive preoperative trauma or were visually immature at the time of the injury. Forty-eight eyes, or 54% of this series, achieved an acuity of 20/80 or better, with 38, or 42%, achieving a corrected acuity of 20/20 to 20/30. There were 20 eyes in the patients 6 years of age and under, and a visual result of 20/60 or better was obtained in 7 of those eyes.", "contents": "Surgery of traumatic cataracts. Ninety eyes undergoing surgery for the removal of traumatic cataracts were evaluated. In the total group, the visual results fell generally into the 2 categories of satisfactory or poor. Most commonly, the latter patients sustained extensive preoperative trauma or were visually immature at the time of the injury. Forty-eight eyes, or 54% of this series, achieved an acuity of 20/80 or better, with 38, or 42%, achieving a corrected acuity of 20/20 to 20/30. There were 20 eyes in the patients 6 years of age and under, and a visual result of 20/60 or better was obtained in 7 of those eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:924727", "title": "Vitreous loss following infantile cataract surgery.", "content": "An improved understanding of the role of the vitreous in ocular pathology has led to a more rational approach to the prevention and management of vitreous loss during infantile cataract extractions. Infantile cataract surgery, properly performed by modifications of the Scheie aspiration and Kelman phacoemulsification techniques, should be associated with an incidence of vitreous loss no greater than that for adult extractions by current intracapsular or extracapsular techniques. Preexisting ocular lesions, faulty technique, and an inexperienced operator all contribute to the occurrence of vitreous loss. Improved techniques, surgical expertise, and an understanding of the factors that predispose to vitreous loss can reduce its incidence. Proper management of vitreous loss will decrease or eliminate its untoward sequelae; eyes so managed can be visually rehabilitated with the same ease or difficulty as similar eyes in which vitreous was not lost. The authors do not, however, advocate either the accidental or intentional disturbance of the intact vitreous body.", "contents": "Vitreous loss following infantile cataract surgery. An improved understanding of the role of the vitreous in ocular pathology has led to a more rational approach to the prevention and management of vitreous loss during infantile cataract extractions. Infantile cataract surgery, properly performed by modifications of the Scheie aspiration and Kelman phacoemulsification techniques, should be associated with an incidence of vitreous loss no greater than that for adult extractions by current intracapsular or extracapsular techniques. Preexisting ocular lesions, faulty technique, and an inexperienced operator all contribute to the occurrence of vitreous loss. Improved techniques, surgical expertise, and an understanding of the factors that predispose to vitreous loss can reduce its incidence. Proper management of vitreous loss will decrease or eliminate its untoward sequelae; eyes so managed can be visually rehabilitated with the same ease or difficulty as similar eyes in which vitreous was not lost. The authors do not, however, advocate either the accidental or intentional disturbance of the intact vitreous body."}
{"id": "PMID:924730", "title": "Retinal detachment following congenital cataract surgery.", "content": "It is hoped that the results of surgery for retinal detachment after surgery for congenital cataract, when discission and aspiration or phacoemulsification under the microscope are used, will approach the present reattachment rate that has been achieved with improved examination, instrumentation, and surgical technique in cases of senile retinal detachment. Further studies of the role of retinal pathology as lattice degeneration, vitreous pathology, and the place for prophylactic cryotherapy all must be reevaluated. In summary, the low incidence of retinal detachment following the extraction of congenital cataracts as seen in major retinal referral centers suggests that the risks of detachment are not as high as previously reported, that the cure rate approaches that of senile aphakic detachment; therefore early operative intervention to prevent amblyopia, nystagmus, and strabismus is indicated.", "contents": "Retinal detachment following congenital cataract surgery. It is hoped that the results of surgery for retinal detachment after surgery for congenital cataract, when discission and aspiration or phacoemulsification under the microscope are used, will approach the present reattachment rate that has been achieved with improved examination, instrumentation, and surgical technique in cases of senile retinal detachment. Further studies of the role of retinal pathology as lattice degeneration, vitreous pathology, and the place for prophylactic cryotherapy all must be reevaluated. In summary, the low incidence of retinal detachment following the extraction of congenital cataracts as seen in major retinal referral centers suggests that the risks of detachment are not as high as previously reported, that the cure rate approaches that of senile aphakic detachment; therefore early operative intervention to prevent amblyopia, nystagmus, and strabismus is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:924732", "title": "Intraocular lenses in children.", "content": "The intraocular lens offers an experimental alternative to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or unilateral infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lenses and amblyopia have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. In this series of 41 patients with a maximum of 24 months follow-up, it has been concluded that an IOL may be successfully implanted. I wish to reemphasize that vitreous involvement does not preclude IOL implantation providing all the vitreous is removed from the anterior chamber by the conclusion of the operation. Discissions of secondary membranes should be performed if there is any doubt as to the clarity of the membrane. All patients should be repeatedly refracted and the over-refraction prescribed to assure that the child is obtaining the best possible form vision to the aphakic eye. Bifocals are encouraged for near work. Vigorous occlusion therapy is undertaken in all patients exhibiting signs of amblyopia.", "contents": "Intraocular lenses in children. The intraocular lens offers an experimental alternative to be considered for the visual rehabilitation of children with traumatic or unilateral infantile cataracts. The disadvantages of aphakic spectacles or contact lenses and amblyopia have committed many of these eyes to the status of visual cripples. In this series of 41 patients with a maximum of 24 months follow-up, it has been concluded that an IOL may be successfully implanted. I wish to reemphasize that vitreous involvement does not preclude IOL implantation providing all the vitreous is removed from the anterior chamber by the conclusion of the operation. Discissions of secondary membranes should be performed if there is any doubt as to the clarity of the membrane. All patients should be repeatedly refracted and the over-refraction prescribed to assure that the child is obtaining the best possible form vision to the aphakic eye. Bifocals are encouraged for near work. Vigorous occlusion therapy is undertaken in all patients exhibiting signs of amblyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:924733", "title": "Correcting low vision in aphakic children.", "content": "There are many children who have subnormal vision in spite of successful cataract surgery and aphakic spectacle lenses. There are children who have lens opacities for whom the state of aphakia would not be an improvement. Careful evaluation of functional vision, careful refraction, and the prescription of high adds or other optical devices are part of complete ophthalmological care for every one of these children. The dioptric strength of the reading add is determined by the functional reading vision and the calculation of the reciprocal of the visual acuity. It is also important to realize that many children who have lens opacities do not require special aids; functional vision is adequate until their accommodative reserve wanes with age. Continuous-wear contact lenses may eventually replace spectacle corrections for the aphakic child.", "contents": "Correcting low vision in aphakic children. There are many children who have subnormal vision in spite of successful cataract surgery and aphakic spectacle lenses. There are children who have lens opacities for whom the state of aphakia would not be an improvement. Careful evaluation of functional vision, careful refraction, and the prescription of high adds or other optical devices are part of complete ophthalmological care for every one of these children. The dioptric strength of the reading add is determined by the functional reading vision and the calculation of the reciprocal of the visual acuity. It is also important to realize that many children who have lens opacities do not require special aids; functional vision is adequate until their accommodative reserve wanes with age. Continuous-wear contact lenses may eventually replace spectacle corrections for the aphakic child."}
{"id": "PMID:924734", "title": "Visual results following infantile cataract surgery.", "content": "Aspiration and its modifications have been shown to be a superior operative procedure for neonatal, congenital, infantile, and acquired cataracts. However, the visual results obtained in the infantile cataractous eye, whether the opacity is complete or partial, still remain within the same range as the results of other operative techniques reported over the last 3 decades. Adequate visual results often cannot be obtained because of the associated systemic and/or ocular defects or failure of optical and amblyopia treatment. Perhaps increased efforts should be made to perform surgery at even earlier ages in those patients with complete, or in some cases, partial, cataracts in which surgery is contemplated. In children with partial cataracts who are able to function well, the lens should be allowed to remain in place and conservative measures of visual preservation should be undertaken for as long as possible. This allows the eye more time to develop normal visual functions with an intact lens and accommodative mechanisms. It should be stressed again that the sole success or failure of surgery for infantile cataracts cannot always be the visual acuity. The real measure is the child's ability to function successfully in his environment for the remainder of his life.", "contents": "Visual results following infantile cataract surgery. Aspiration and its modifications have been shown to be a superior operative procedure for neonatal, congenital, infantile, and acquired cataracts. However, the visual results obtained in the infantile cataractous eye, whether the opacity is complete or partial, still remain within the same range as the results of other operative techniques reported over the last 3 decades. Adequate visual results often cannot be obtained because of the associated systemic and/or ocular defects or failure of optical and amblyopia treatment. Perhaps increased efforts should be made to perform surgery at even earlier ages in those patients with complete, or in some cases, partial, cataracts in which surgery is contemplated. In children with partial cataracts who are able to function well, the lens should be allowed to remain in place and conservative measures of visual preservation should be undertaken for as long as possible. This allows the eye more time to develop normal visual functions with an intact lens and accommodative mechanisms. It should be stressed again that the sole success or failure of surgery for infantile cataracts cannot always be the visual acuity. The real measure is the child's ability to function successfully in his environment for the remainder of his life."}
{"id": "PMID:924738", "title": "Intracapsular aspiration.", "content": "Through a 2-mm. limbal incision, the aspiration of the lens is accomplished; this assures a strong eye immediately after operation. It frees the eye from the complications associated with the large incision required for linear extraction of the lens. Intracapsular aspiration of the entire lens cortex and nucleus is performed through a 2-mm. hole in the anterior capsule near the equator. Posterior synechiae are prevented by leaving the anterior capsule intact and in apposition with the posterior iris surface, assuring a round, mobile pupil. An axial 5-mm. hole placed through the collapsed anterior and posterior lens capsule usually remains free of secondary membrane formation, obviating the need for further surgery. The complication of vitreous presentation in the corneoscleral incision is managed by performing an anterior vitrectomy with an instrument that cuts and aspirates the vitreous.", "contents": "Intracapsular aspiration. Through a 2-mm. limbal incision, the aspiration of the lens is accomplished; this assures a strong eye immediately after operation. It frees the eye from the complications associated with the large incision required for linear extraction of the lens. Intracapsular aspiration of the entire lens cortex and nucleus is performed through a 2-mm. hole in the anterior capsule near the equator. Posterior synechiae are prevented by leaving the anterior capsule intact and in apposition with the posterior iris surface, assuring a round, mobile pupil. An axial 5-mm. hole placed through the collapsed anterior and posterior lens capsule usually remains free of secondary membrane formation, obviating the need for further surgery. The complication of vitreous presentation in the corneoscleral incision is managed by performing an anterior vitrectomy with an instrument that cuts and aspirates the vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:924740", "title": "Biosynthesis of proteins by the retina. Inactivation by near-ultraviolet light and the effects of tryptophan, epinephrine, and catalase.", "content": "Postmitochondrial supernatant, cytosol, and microsomes were exposed to near-ultraviolet light and assayed for incorporation of (3H)leucine. The results indicate that near-ultraviolet light decreased the incorporation of radioactivity into the aminoacyl-tRNA fraction and into proteins. This effect depended on the wavelength of irradiation and the concentration of exposed protein. Tryptophan and epinephrine potentiated the effect of near-ultraviolet light, but catalase prevented this effect. Hydrogen peroxide decreased protein synthesis when it was added to unirradiated postmitochondrial supernatant. The results suggest that near-ultraviolet light would decrease protein synthesis by generating hydrogen peroxide from tryptophan and epinephrine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of proteins by the retina. Inactivation by near-ultraviolet light and the effects of tryptophan, epinephrine, and catalase. Postmitochondrial supernatant, cytosol, and microsomes were exposed to near-ultraviolet light and assayed for incorporation of (3H)leucine. The results indicate that near-ultraviolet light decreased the incorporation of radioactivity into the aminoacyl-tRNA fraction and into proteins. This effect depended on the wavelength of irradiation and the concentration of exposed protein. Tryptophan and epinephrine potentiated the effect of near-ultraviolet light, but catalase prevented this effect. Hydrogen peroxide decreased protein synthesis when it was added to unirradiated postmitochondrial supernatant. The results suggest that near-ultraviolet light would decrease protein synthesis by generating hydrogen peroxide from tryptophan and epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:924741", "title": "Vitamin A storage and peroxisomes in retinal pigment epithelium and liver.", "content": "Retinas and livers were studied with histochemical methods for catalase combined with light and electron microscopy, following intramuscular injections of C57 black mice with retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate in total doses of 0.9 to 6.7 X 10(6) I.U./kg. body weight. There were clear, dose-related increases in the numbers and sizes of vitamin A--storing lipid droplets in the stellate cells of the liver. Concomitantly, more conservative increases in similar lipid droplets occurred in the pigment epithelium but not in other cells of the retina. Such lipid droplets may represent physiological sites of vitamin A storage which are important for the maintenance of photoreceptor cells by the retinal pigment epithelium. No changes in lipids of the retina or liver were observed in mice injected with retinoic acid or with peanut oil. Both peroxisomes containing catalase and the putative vitamin A--storing lipid droplets were distributed along the basal and lateral cell surfaces of the pigment epithelium where receptors for plasma retinol-binding protein have been reported. Peroxisomes may play a role in the reactions related to the esterification and sequestering of vitamin A.", "contents": "Vitamin A storage and peroxisomes in retinal pigment epithelium and liver. Retinas and livers were studied with histochemical methods for catalase combined with light and electron microscopy, following intramuscular injections of C57 black mice with retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate in total doses of 0.9 to 6.7 X 10(6) I.U./kg. body weight. There were clear, dose-related increases in the numbers and sizes of vitamin A--storing lipid droplets in the stellate cells of the liver. Concomitantly, more conservative increases in similar lipid droplets occurred in the pigment epithelium but not in other cells of the retina. Such lipid droplets may represent physiological sites of vitamin A storage which are important for the maintenance of photoreceptor cells by the retinal pigment epithelium. No changes in lipids of the retina or liver were observed in mice injected with retinoic acid or with peanut oil. Both peroxisomes containing catalase and the putative vitamin A--storing lipid droplets were distributed along the basal and lateral cell surfaces of the pigment epithelium where receptors for plasma retinol-binding protein have been reported. Peroxisomes may play a role in the reactions related to the esterification and sequestering of vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:924743", "title": "Clinical manifestations of inherited glaucoma in the beagle.", "content": "Inherited glaucoma was exhibited in 55 beagles. The glaucomatous process was divided into early (6 to 12 months of age), moderate (13 to 30 months of age), and advanced (31 months of age). In early glaucoma the tridocorneal angles, as judged by gonioscopy, were open and without anomalies, intraocular pressure was elevated, and the tonographic facility of aqueous outflow was decreased. With moderate glaucoma, the tridocorneal angles were typically open; intraocular pressure was elevated, facility of aqueous outflow was decreased; and variable optic disc cupping and focal disinsertion of the zonules from the lens were seen. Advanced glaucoma exhibited narrow to closed tridocorneal angles, decreased facility of aqueous outflow, elevated intraocular pressure, lens dislocation, optic disc atrophy, and finally phthisis bulbi. The beagle in the early and moderate stages of glaucoma, before angle closure and lens dislocation, is an animal model for studies in open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Clinical manifestations of inherited glaucoma in the beagle. Inherited glaucoma was exhibited in 55 beagles. The glaucomatous process was divided into early (6 to 12 months of age), moderate (13 to 30 months of age), and advanced (31 months of age). In early glaucoma the tridocorneal angles, as judged by gonioscopy, were open and without anomalies, intraocular pressure was elevated, and the tonographic facility of aqueous outflow was decreased. With moderate glaucoma, the tridocorneal angles were typically open; intraocular pressure was elevated, facility of aqueous outflow was decreased; and variable optic disc cupping and focal disinsertion of the zonules from the lens were seen. Advanced glaucoma exhibited narrow to closed tridocorneal angles, decreased facility of aqueous outflow, elevated intraocular pressure, lens dislocation, optic disc atrophy, and finally phthisis bulbi. The beagle in the early and moderate stages of glaucoma, before angle closure and lens dislocation, is an animal model for studies in open-angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:924744", "title": "The effect of topical pilocarpine on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normotensive and glaucomatous beagle.", "content": "Topical 1, 2, and 4 percent pilocarpine were evaluated in the normotensive and glaucomatous beagles, comparing intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary size, and time. In normotensive beagles pilocarpine produced maximal decreases of 25 percent (5.5 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 34 percent (7.26 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 25 percent (6.9 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The maximum reductions in IOP after pilocarpine instillation in the glaucomatous beagle were 30 percent (9.1 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 44 percent (14.92 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 31 percent (10.89 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The glaucomatous beagles responded with a greater reduction of IOP than did the normotensive beagles.", "contents": "The effect of topical pilocarpine on intraocular pressure and pupil size in the normotensive and glaucomatous beagle. Topical 1, 2, and 4 percent pilocarpine were evaluated in the normotensive and glaucomatous beagles, comparing intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary size, and time. In normotensive beagles pilocarpine produced maximal decreases of 25 percent (5.5 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 34 percent (7.26 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 25 percent (6.9 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The maximum reductions in IOP after pilocarpine instillation in the glaucomatous beagle were 30 percent (9.1 mm. Hg) at 1 percent concentration; 44 percent (14.92 mm. Hg) at 2 percent concentration; and 31 percent (10.89 mm. Hg) at 4 percent concentration. The glaucomatous beagles responded with a greater reduction of IOP than did the normotensive beagles."}
{"id": "PMID:924745", "title": "Lack of levamisole effect on experimental herpes keratitis.", "content": "Levamisole, which is an anthelminthic, can restore depressed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) under some circumstances. In a controlled trial of experimental herpetic keratis in rabbits, levamisole was found to have no significant effect on acute herpetic keratitis or its recurrence rate. This is consistent with previous findings that other nonspecific CMI stimulation had no effect on recurrences of experimental herpes keratitis. Because of the known tendency of levamisole to produce agranulocytosis, we believe it should not be used in man unless proven effective in a carefully controlled double-blind study.", "contents": "Lack of levamisole effect on experimental herpes keratitis. Levamisole, which is an anthelminthic, can restore depressed cell-mediated immunity (CMI) under some circumstances. In a controlled trial of experimental herpetic keratis in rabbits, levamisole was found to have no significant effect on acute herpetic keratitis or its recurrence rate. This is consistent with previous findings that other nonspecific CMI stimulation had no effect on recurrences of experimental herpes keratitis. Because of the known tendency of levamisole to produce agranulocytosis, we believe it should not be used in man unless proven effective in a carefully controlled double-blind study."}
{"id": "PMID:924746", "title": "Tear calcium and magnesium levels of normal subjects and patients with hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia.", "content": "Tear calcium and magnesium levels were measured in eight patients with hypercalcemia and two patients with hypocalcemia and compared to that of 72 subjects with normal serum calcium and magnesium levels. No correlation was found between tear and serum calcium and magnesium levels. Tear calcium level has no diagnostic importance.", "contents": "Tear calcium and magnesium levels of normal subjects and patients with hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia. Tear calcium and magnesium levels were measured in eight patients with hypercalcemia and two patients with hypocalcemia and compared to that of 72 subjects with normal serum calcium and magnesium levels. No correlation was found between tear and serum calcium and magnesium levels. Tear calcium level has no diagnostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:924747", "title": "Capillary-free area of the fovea with advancing age.", "content": "The mean diameter of the capillary-free zone of the fovea was measured on fluorescein angiograms of 167 eyes of 158 patients. In all eyes examined, a clear-cut capillary-free area was found, although in a few cases one or two capillaries crossing the avascular zone were seen. There was a considerable individual variation in each age group. The mean diameter of the capillary-free zone was 0.53 mm. in patients between 10 and 39 years of age and 0.61 mm. after the age of 40. This difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001), indicating some occlusion or atrophy of the macular capillaries by age, but no further increase in the mean diameter of the avascular zone was observed during the fifth decade or later. Findings in the two youngest patients, 12 and 22 months of age, were roughly comparable with those observed in adults.", "contents": "Capillary-free area of the fovea with advancing age. The mean diameter of the capillary-free zone of the fovea was measured on fluorescein angiograms of 167 eyes of 158 patients. In all eyes examined, a clear-cut capillary-free area was found, although in a few cases one or two capillaries crossing the avascular zone were seen. There was a considerable individual variation in each age group. The mean diameter of the capillary-free zone was 0.53 mm. in patients between 10 and 39 years of age and 0.61 mm. after the age of 40. This difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001), indicating some occlusion or atrophy of the macular capillaries by age, but no further increase in the mean diameter of the avascular zone was observed during the fifth decade or later. Findings in the two youngest patients, 12 and 22 months of age, were roughly comparable with those observed in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:924762", "title": "Serum cystine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase activity in women with benign and malignant uterine and ovarian tumors.", "content": "The serum enzymatic activities of cystine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were measured in a group of 113 patients of whom 90 had benign uterine or ovarian tumors, and 23 had cancer of the endometrium or ovary. Thirty healthy nonpregnant women and 260 women at different stages of normal pregnancy served as control groups. The presence of pregnancy-specific enzymes in women with uterine or ovarian tumors showed once again that similar processes occur during pregnancy and malignancy. When ovarian or uterine malignancy is suspected on clinical examination, determination of the activities of these enzymes in serum may be of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Serum cystine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase activity in women with benign and malignant uterine and ovarian tumors. The serum enzymatic activities of cystine aminopeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were measured in a group of 113 patients of whom 90 had benign uterine or ovarian tumors, and 23 had cancer of the endometrium or ovary. Thirty healthy nonpregnant women and 260 women at different stages of normal pregnancy served as control groups. The presence of pregnancy-specific enzymes in women with uterine or ovarian tumors showed once again that similar processes occur during pregnancy and malignancy. When ovarian or uterine malignancy is suspected on clinical examination, determination of the activities of these enzymes in serum may be of diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:924763", "title": "Effect of routine bedside procedures on intracranial pressure.", "content": "The effect on intracranial pressure (ICP) of routine bedside procedures, such as changing the patient's position, suction, rotation, flexion or extension of the head, was investigated in 21 comatose patients with brain edema. Simple maneuvers, which under physiological conditions have no effect on ICP, often led to significant changes in the ICP in these patients. It is suggested that monitoring of ICP and adjustment of body position in accordance with the level of ICP become a standard procedure in neurosurgical wards.", "contents": "Effect of routine bedside procedures on intracranial pressure. The effect on intracranial pressure (ICP) of routine bedside procedures, such as changing the patient's position, suction, rotation, flexion or extension of the head, was investigated in 21 comatose patients with brain edema. Simple maneuvers, which under physiological conditions have no effect on ICP, often led to significant changes in the ICP in these patients. It is suggested that monitoring of ICP and adjustment of body position in accordance with the level of ICP become a standard procedure in neurosurgical wards."}
{"id": "PMID:924759", "title": "Further investigation on the radiation induced inactivation of ribonuclease and the radioprotective effect of some selenium-containing compounds.", "content": "Steady state inactivation data on dilute aqueous solutions of RNase show that all water radicals, e-aq, OH, and H are responsible for the inactivation, but the most efficient radical is H atom, only about 4 of them being required for one inactivating event. The data are, therefore, more in agreement with the conclusions of Mee et al. (1972). In the transient absorption spectra of pulse irradiated ribonuclease different components derived by the individual radicals are observed. Organic and inorganic selenium-containing compounds offer a great protection of the enzyme activity, in agreement with the data obtained in other chemical and biological systems. In particular the effects of two new secondary radicals (CNSe)-2 and SeO-3 are in good accord with the known structure of ribonuclease.", "contents": "Further investigation on the radiation induced inactivation of ribonuclease and the radioprotective effect of some selenium-containing compounds. Steady state inactivation data on dilute aqueous solutions of RNase show that all water radicals, e-aq, OH, and H are responsible for the inactivation, but the most efficient radical is H atom, only about 4 of them being required for one inactivating event. The data are, therefore, more in agreement with the conclusions of Mee et al. (1972). In the transient absorption spectra of pulse irradiated ribonuclease different components derived by the individual radicals are observed. Organic and inorganic selenium-containing compounds offer a great protection of the enzyme activity, in agreement with the data obtained in other chemical and biological systems. In particular the effects of two new secondary radicals (CNSe)-2 and SeO-3 are in good accord with the known structure of ribonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:924760", "title": "Phospholipase C treatment of mitochondria.", "content": "Heavy beef heart mitochondria depleted of phospholipids by treatment with phospholipase C followed by removal of the by products by lipase treatment or sonication in pentane were analyzed by electron microscopy, chemical analysis and assays of enzymatic activities. The results indicate that diglycerides are present after phospholipase C treatment and are inhibitors of NADH-cytochrome c reductase. After removal of diglycerides with lipase treatment, a phospholipid requirement for NADH-cytochrome c reductase could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Phospholipase C treatment of mitochondria. Heavy beef heart mitochondria depleted of phospholipids by treatment with phospholipase C followed by removal of the by products by lipase treatment or sonication in pentane were analyzed by electron microscopy, chemical analysis and assays of enzymatic activities. The results indicate that diglycerides are present after phospholipase C treatment and are inhibitors of NADH-cytochrome c reductase. After removal of diglycerides with lipase treatment, a phospholipid requirement for NADH-cytochrome c reductase could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:924764", "title": "Determinants of pattern and degree of utilization of health services in Western State, Nigeria.", "content": "A survey of the determinants of the pattern and degree of utilization of health services in two divisions of Western State, Nigeria was carried out. There was generally a close similarity between the two divisions in the choice and use of services even though one is \"urban\" and the other \"rural\" in terms of socioeconomic characteristics and available health facilities. The study showed that the choice of a particular service was based on a complex of factors, such as age, educational status, type of occupation, place of work, medical cost, the individual's perception of and attitudes towards services or dispensers of service, and the quality and location of the services. The individual effects of age, education, type of occupation or place of work on attitudes towards health services could only be inferred from the study; these need to be empirically investigated and validated. The implications of the determining factors for health planning and public health education are outlined.", "contents": "Determinants of pattern and degree of utilization of health services in Western State, Nigeria. A survey of the determinants of the pattern and degree of utilization of health services in two divisions of Western State, Nigeria was carried out. There was generally a close similarity between the two divisions in the choice and use of services even though one is \"urban\" and the other \"rural\" in terms of socioeconomic characteristics and available health facilities. The study showed that the choice of a particular service was based on a complex of factors, such as age, educational status, type of occupation, place of work, medical cost, the individual's perception of and attitudes towards services or dispensers of service, and the quality and location of the services. The individual effects of age, education, type of occupation or place of work on attitudes towards health services could only be inferred from the study; these need to be empirically investigated and validated. The implications of the determining factors for health planning and public health education are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:924765", "title": "Parasympathomimetic action of scorpion venom on the cardiovascular system.", "content": "Although the precise mechanism of the cardiovascular effects in man evoked by the venom of the yellow scorpion has yet to be completely elucidated, previous studies indicate that excessive adrenergic activity is present in many of the cases. This report describes two patients in whom yellow scorpion sting was followed by bradyarrhythmia with varying degrees of atrioventricular block which promptly regressed after the administration of atropine; this is consistent with a direct parasympathomimetic effect of the venom or with a central effect producing increased vagal tone. It is suggested that the cardiovascular actions of the venom may represent a wide spectrum of effects on the autonomic nervous system, ranging from the predominantly sympathomimetic to the predominantly parasympathomimetic.", "contents": "Parasympathomimetic action of scorpion venom on the cardiovascular system. Although the precise mechanism of the cardiovascular effects in man evoked by the venom of the yellow scorpion has yet to be completely elucidated, previous studies indicate that excessive adrenergic activity is present in many of the cases. This report describes two patients in whom yellow scorpion sting was followed by bradyarrhythmia with varying degrees of atrioventricular block which promptly regressed after the administration of atropine; this is consistent with a direct parasympathomimetic effect of the venom or with a central effect producing increased vagal tone. It is suggested that the cardiovascular actions of the venom may represent a wide spectrum of effects on the autonomic nervous system, ranging from the predominantly sympathomimetic to the predominantly parasympathomimetic."}
{"id": "PMID:924794", "title": "Disclosure and informed-consent: does it matter how we tell it?", "content": "Traditionally, informed consent has been handled by the physician in a one-to-one interchange with the patient. As standards for adequate disclosure become more rigid and demands on physician time increase, however, the physician-patient model may cease to be practical. This study evaluated four alterative disclosure models: a formal discussion, a videotape, a pamphlet, and an informal discussion, each designed and executed by a team of health educators. Study results suggest that the informed consent process is little affected by disclosure medium and that it may be possible to strive for cost-efficiency in disclosure without compromising the quality of the consent obtained. Based on these results, a two-part disclosure process is proposed which allocates certain aspects of the disclosure to the treating physician, others to health education.", "contents": "Disclosure and informed-consent: does it matter how we tell it? Traditionally, informed consent has been handled by the physician in a one-to-one interchange with the patient. As standards for adequate disclosure become more rigid and demands on physician time increase, however, the physician-patient model may cease to be practical. This study evaluated four alterative disclosure models: a formal discussion, a videotape, a pamphlet, and an informal discussion, each designed and executed by a team of health educators. Study results suggest that the informed consent process is little affected by disclosure medium and that it may be possible to strive for cost-efficiency in disclosure without compromising the quality of the consent obtained. Based on these results, a two-part disclosure process is proposed which allocates certain aspects of the disclosure to the treating physician, others to health education."}
{"id": "PMID:924795", "title": "Scales for measuring health belief model dimensions: a test of predictive value, internal consistency, and relationships among beliefs.", "content": "Critiques of research on the Health Belief Model have been directed at the need for: (1) applying the Model to behavior related to chronic illness; (2) multivariate testing of the major dimensions of the Model; (3) developing reliable scales; and (4) explicating the relationships among the beliefs. In an attempt to respond to these concerns, data are presented from a prospective study of mothers' adherence to a diet regimen prescribed for their obese children. The Model components were found, both singly and in combination, to be correlated with the study's measure of dietary compliance. Multiple regression analysis utilizing five belief indices accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in children's weight change. Questionnaire items employed in creating indices for each Model dimension are presented, together with discussion of the internal consistency of each index. Belief intercorrelations appear to demonstrate that distinct Model dimensions exist.", "contents": "Scales for measuring health belief model dimensions: a test of predictive value, internal consistency, and relationships among beliefs. Critiques of research on the Health Belief Model have been directed at the need for: (1) applying the Model to behavior related to chronic illness; (2) multivariate testing of the major dimensions of the Model; (3) developing reliable scales; and (4) explicating the relationships among the beliefs. In an attempt to respond to these concerns, data are presented from a prospective study of mothers' adherence to a diet regimen prescribed for their obese children. The Model components were found, both singly and in combination, to be correlated with the study's measure of dietary compliance. Multiple regression analysis utilizing five belief indices accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in children's weight change. Questionnaire items employed in creating indices for each Model dimension are presented, together with discussion of the internal consistency of each index. Belief intercorrelations appear to demonstrate that distinct Model dimensions exist."}
{"id": "PMID:924796", "title": "The health belief model as a conceptual framework for explaining contraceptive compliance.", "content": "The problem of compliance in family planning is discussed in relation to the lack of theoretical and conceptual clarity in research, which has produced contradictory, and often inconsistent findings. Current research has contributed little to explaining the phenomenon of compliance and to directing further research. The Health Belief Model, which has been demonstrated to have application in the areas of preventive health behavior and compliance with medical regimens, is offered as a potentially useful conceptual framework for family planning research. The generalization of the Health Belief Model to family planning behavior is seen as an out-growth of the theoretical strength of the Model and the similarities between family planning and other health behavior.", "contents": "The health belief model as a conceptual framework for explaining contraceptive compliance. The problem of compliance in family planning is discussed in relation to the lack of theoretical and conceptual clarity in research, which has produced contradictory, and often inconsistent findings. Current research has contributed little to explaining the phenomenon of compliance and to directing further research. The Health Belief Model, which has been demonstrated to have application in the areas of preventive health behavior and compliance with medical regimens, is offered as a potentially useful conceptual framework for family planning research. The generalization of the Health Belief Model to family planning behavior is seen as an out-growth of the theoretical strength of the Model and the similarities between family planning and other health behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:924797", "title": "The health belief model and contraceptive behavior: limits to the application of a conceptual framework.", "content": "The Health Belief Model is an inadequate conceptual framework for explaining the motivational dynamics of acceptance or rejection of contraception, although it does satisfy criteria of a good theory in explaining individual disease prevention behavior. Cues to action are the variables in the Model most clearly applicable to contraceptive behavior. The motivational variables, which are more important to the Model, are ambiguous at best is this area, however.", "contents": "The health belief model and contraceptive behavior: limits to the application of a conceptual framework. The Health Belief Model is an inadequate conceptual framework for explaining the motivational dynamics of acceptance or rejection of contraception, although it does satisfy criteria of a good theory in explaining individual disease prevention behavior. Cues to action are the variables in the Model most clearly applicable to contraceptive behavior. The motivational variables, which are more important to the Model, are ambiguous at best is this area, however."}
{"id": "PMID:924798", "title": "Cancer information by telephone: a two-year evaluation.", "content": "A two year evaluation of a cancer information system accessible to the general public by telephone found a reported positive impact on behavior directly related to physical health for about 40 percent of a systematic sample of callers interviewed several weeks after their initial contact with the system. Another 20 percent of the same sample reported taking some positive action not directly related to health, or reported some other positive impact such as relief of anxiety as a result of hearing one of the system's 36 pre-recorded cancer lectures. Callers showed greater cancer knowledge, when interviewed, than a sample of non-callers, but no clear conclusion could be drawn because pre-call knowledge levels of callers were not ascertained. Data also were collected from callers at the time of their initial contact; caller characteristics patterns of calling, topics selected, and source of information about the system are reported. Results of experiments to increase public response are summarized.", "contents": "Cancer information by telephone: a two-year evaluation. A two year evaluation of a cancer information system accessible to the general public by telephone found a reported positive impact on behavior directly related to physical health for about 40 percent of a systematic sample of callers interviewed several weeks after their initial contact with the system. Another 20 percent of the same sample reported taking some positive action not directly related to health, or reported some other positive impact such as relief of anxiety as a result of hearing one of the system's 36 pre-recorded cancer lectures. Callers showed greater cancer knowledge, when interviewed, than a sample of non-callers, but no clear conclusion could be drawn because pre-call knowledge levels of callers were not ascertained. Data also were collected from callers at the time of their initial contact; caller characteristics patterns of calling, topics selected, and source of information about the system are reported. Results of experiments to increase public response are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:924807", "title": "Fluorescamine, a fluorescence probe for amino groups in histochemical studies of plant cells and the effect of mercury fixation.", "content": "When fixed in mercuric chloride solutions and stained with Fluorescamine, histological plant specimens emit a strong fluorescence. The fluorophore distribution is topologically identical to the staining pattern revealed by visible light methods for nucleoproteins, but the fluorescence mode of viewing preparations gave greater sensitivity and contrast than transmitted light absorption methods. The parameters that influence the formation of the fluorescent image in plant cells are discussed. The results obtained indicate that the mercury-Fluorescamine reaction is an ideal histochemical procedure for collecting qualitative and analytical information on plant nuclei and on the changes of nucleolar architecture that occur during the cellular developmental cycle.", "contents": "Fluorescamine, a fluorescence probe for amino groups in histochemical studies of plant cells and the effect of mercury fixation. When fixed in mercuric chloride solutions and stained with Fluorescamine, histological plant specimens emit a strong fluorescence. The fluorophore distribution is topologically identical to the staining pattern revealed by visible light methods for nucleoproteins, but the fluorescence mode of viewing preparations gave greater sensitivity and contrast than transmitted light absorption methods. The parameters that influence the formation of the fluorescent image in plant cells are discussed. The results obtained indicate that the mercury-Fluorescamine reaction is an ideal histochemical procedure for collecting qualitative and analytical information on plant nuclei and on the changes of nucleolar architecture that occur during the cellular developmental cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:924808", "title": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. I. The distribution of cytoplasmic and particulate catalase and the presence of catalase-positive rods.", "content": "Catalase-positive rods of different dimensions, which frequently appeared crystalline by light microscopy, were found to be concentrated along with microbodies and cytoplasmic enzyme in the cells of the striated and extralobular excretory ducts of mouse salivary glands. When an entire mouse submandibular gland and its ducts were excised, fixed, sectioned and incubated for catalase demonstration, the excretory ducts were intensely stained relative to the remainder of the gland. Light microscopic examination of the stained ductal cells revealed particulate catalase in the form of rods and microbodies as well as reactivity due to non-particulate cytoplasmic enzyme. The cytoplasmic enzyme activity was less intense in some ductal epithelial cells (light cells) which were interspersed in mosaic arrangement among those more intensely stained (dark cells). The rods were somewhat more common in the light cells. Although the rods lack a symmetrical definitive crystal habit, their gross conformation and periodic substructure are reminiscent of crystalline catalase. No rods and relatively few peroxisomes were observed in excretory duct cells of germ-free mice although cytoplasmic catalase was abundant. These observations suggest that the catalase in salivary gland duct cells could be related in some way to the protection of the gland or the oral cavity or both against micro-organisms. Alternatively, the enzyme could be involved in the non-thyroidal biosynthesis of iodinated tyrosine derivatives.", "contents": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. I. The distribution of cytoplasmic and particulate catalase and the presence of catalase-positive rods. Catalase-positive rods of different dimensions, which frequently appeared crystalline by light microscopy, were found to be concentrated along with microbodies and cytoplasmic enzyme in the cells of the striated and extralobular excretory ducts of mouse salivary glands. When an entire mouse submandibular gland and its ducts were excised, fixed, sectioned and incubated for catalase demonstration, the excretory ducts were intensely stained relative to the remainder of the gland. Light microscopic examination of the stained ductal cells revealed particulate catalase in the form of rods and microbodies as well as reactivity due to non-particulate cytoplasmic enzyme. The cytoplasmic enzyme activity was less intense in some ductal epithelial cells (light cells) which were interspersed in mosaic arrangement among those more intensely stained (dark cells). The rods were somewhat more common in the light cells. Although the rods lack a symmetrical definitive crystal habit, their gross conformation and periodic substructure are reminiscent of crystalline catalase. No rods and relatively few peroxisomes were observed in excretory duct cells of germ-free mice although cytoplasmic catalase was abundant. These observations suggest that the catalase in salivary gland duct cells could be related in some way to the protection of the gland or the oral cavity or both against micro-organisms. Alternatively, the enzyme could be involved in the non-thyroidal biosynthesis of iodinated tyrosine derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:924809", "title": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. II. phi body: an ellipsoidal peroxisomal organelle with crystalloid axial projections.", "content": "A new distinctive and unique peroxisomal organelle with a spindle shape has been observed in luminal epithelial cells of striated and excretory ducts of mouse salivary glands. Light microscopic studies indicate it has an ellipsoidal centre from which catalase-positive filamentous or rod-like processes protrude along its major axis; hence, it is called a phi body. A role for this specialized peroxisome in the formation of nearby free filaments and rods is suggested by the frequent observation of segmentation of its axial processes. Complementary ultrastructural studies of osmium-fixed preparations show that the deformation to an oval shape results from the pressure of the extruding crystalloid coincident with the major axis of the ellipsoidal body. The size range and conformation of phi body axial processes are comparable to those of free catalase-positive rods and filaments observed in the same cells. The periodic substructure of the crystalloid in the phi body core is identical with that of nearby cytoplasmic rods. These observations are consistent with the view that the rods and filaments observed free in the cytoplasm are formed by extrusion from the crystalloid core of the phi body. phi Bodies could also be responsible for the Aver rods of leukemic leukocytes.", "contents": "Catalase in salivary gland striated and excretory duct cells. II. phi body: an ellipsoidal peroxisomal organelle with crystalloid axial projections. A new distinctive and unique peroxisomal organelle with a spindle shape has been observed in luminal epithelial cells of striated and excretory ducts of mouse salivary glands. Light microscopic studies indicate it has an ellipsoidal centre from which catalase-positive filamentous or rod-like processes protrude along its major axis; hence, it is called a phi body. A role for this specialized peroxisome in the formation of nearby free filaments and rods is suggested by the frequent observation of segmentation of its axial processes. Complementary ultrastructural studies of osmium-fixed preparations show that the deformation to an oval shape results from the pressure of the extruding crystalloid coincident with the major axis of the ellipsoidal body. The size range and conformation of phi body axial processes are comparable to those of free catalase-positive rods and filaments observed in the same cells. The periodic substructure of the crystalloid in the phi body core is identical with that of nearby cytoplasmic rods. These observations are consistent with the view that the rods and filaments observed free in the cytoplasm are formed by extrusion from the crystalloid core of the phi body. phi Bodies could also be responsible for the Aver rods of leukemic leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:924810", "title": "The apparent failure of sodium borohydride reduction to block further PAS reactivity in rat epithelial mucins.", "content": "Sections of rat small intestine were oxidized with 1% periodic acid for periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 30 min and were subsequently either (a) stained with Schiff reagent, or (b) reduced with sodium borohydride and then treated with either Schiff reagent alone or by the standard PAS procedure. It was found that whereas sodium borohydride reduction abolished all Schiff staining, initial periods of oxidation in excess of 10 min were necessary to abolish any subsequent PAS reactivity. The theoretical and practical significance of these data is discussed in relation to the recent publication of Bayliss & Adams (1976).", "contents": "The apparent failure of sodium borohydride reduction to block further PAS reactivity in rat epithelial mucins. Sections of rat small intestine were oxidized with 1% periodic acid for periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 30 min and were subsequently either (a) stained with Schiff reagent, or (b) reduced with sodium borohydride and then treated with either Schiff reagent alone or by the standard PAS procedure. It was found that whereas sodium borohydride reduction abolished all Schiff staining, initial periods of oxidation in excess of 10 min were necessary to abolish any subsequent PAS reactivity. The theoretical and practical significance of these data is discussed in relation to the recent publication of Bayliss & Adams (1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:924811", "title": "Influence of emulsion type and atmospheric oxygen on the fading of latent image in electron microscopic radioautography.", "content": "The intensity of radioautographic reactions in Ilford L4, Sakura NR-H2 and Kodak NTE emulsions was compared after exposure in either dry air or dry helium gas at 4 degrees C to test the stability of latent images in the presence or absence of oxygen. A light proof container is described in which slides bearing radioactive sections coated with the three emulsions were exposed in dry helium at a constant pressure of approximately 0.5 atm. The comparison of air and helium atmospheres during exposure of radioautographs was estimated qualitatively for 125I-labeled thyroid sections stored for several years and, in addition, quantitative data was derived from 3H-labeled methacrylate sections stored from 21 days to 1 year. With the three emulsions under study, the background fog remains low under both exposure conditions at 4 degrees C for as long as several years duration. Using L4 emulsion, similar high grain densities are obtained in air and helium, and therefore, the latent images in L4 emulsion remain stable in the presence of oxygen. In the case of NTE and NR-H2 emulsions, as the exposure time increases, substantially lower reaction intensities are observed in air than in helium. This difference in reaction intensity is evident by 3 weeks with NTE and after 4 weeks with NR-H2. Hence, there is fading of the latent images in the latter emulsions in the presence of oxygen. It is concluded that reliable results may be obtained with the L4 emulsion by exposure of radioautographs in dry air, whereas with the NR-H2 and NTE emulsions, exposure should be in an oxygen-free medium, such as is provided by a dry helium atmosphere.", "contents": "Influence of emulsion type and atmospheric oxygen on the fading of latent image in electron microscopic radioautography. The intensity of radioautographic reactions in Ilford L4, Sakura NR-H2 and Kodak NTE emulsions was compared after exposure in either dry air or dry helium gas at 4 degrees C to test the stability of latent images in the presence or absence of oxygen. A light proof container is described in which slides bearing radioactive sections coated with the three emulsions were exposed in dry helium at a constant pressure of approximately 0.5 atm. The comparison of air and helium atmospheres during exposure of radioautographs was estimated qualitatively for 125I-labeled thyroid sections stored for several years and, in addition, quantitative data was derived from 3H-labeled methacrylate sections stored from 21 days to 1 year. With the three emulsions under study, the background fog remains low under both exposure conditions at 4 degrees C for as long as several years duration. Using L4 emulsion, similar high grain densities are obtained in air and helium, and therefore, the latent images in L4 emulsion remain stable in the presence of oxygen. In the case of NTE and NR-H2 emulsions, as the exposure time increases, substantially lower reaction intensities are observed in air than in helium. This difference in reaction intensity is evident by 3 weeks with NTE and after 4 weeks with NR-H2. Hence, there is fading of the latent images in the latter emulsions in the presence of oxygen. It is concluded that reliable results may be obtained with the L4 emulsion by exposure of radioautographs in dry air, whereas with the NR-H2 and NTE emulsions, exposure should be in an oxygen-free medium, such as is provided by a dry helium atmosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:924812", "title": "Ontogeny of peptide-producing nerves and endocrine cells of the gastro-duodeno-pancreatic region.", "content": "The ontogeny of different types of endocrine cells and nerves producing different hormonal peptides was studied by immunocytochemistry. The data indicate that several endocrine cell types are more frequent in the foetal than in the adult gastro-duodeno-pancreatic region. Some cell types were found to show an over-lapping distribution. Such distributional over-laps were more frequent in foetuses and neonates than in adults. Both parallel and non-parallel patterns of development of endocrine cells and peptide-producing nerves were detected. Together with available information on the trophic effects of the gastrointestinal hormonal peptides these findings indicate that foetal and neonatal endocrine cells may participate in the regulation of growth and morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Ontogeny of peptide-producing nerves and endocrine cells of the gastro-duodeno-pancreatic region. The ontogeny of different types of endocrine cells and nerves producing different hormonal peptides was studied by immunocytochemistry. The data indicate that several endocrine cell types are more frequent in the foetal than in the adult gastro-duodeno-pancreatic region. Some cell types were found to show an over-lapping distribution. Such distributional over-laps were more frequent in foetuses and neonates than in adults. Both parallel and non-parallel patterns of development of endocrine cells and peptide-producing nerves were detected. Together with available information on the trophic effects of the gastrointestinal hormonal peptides these findings indicate that foetal and neonatal endocrine cells may participate in the regulation of growth and morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:924813", "title": "Uptake of peroxidase by calcitonin inhibited osteoclasts.", "content": "The present electron microscopic histochemical study demonstrates that osteoclasts from calcitonin treated bone are able to take up organic macromolecules even though the ruffled border has disapppeared. The absorption occurs around the entire periphery of the osteoclast, but the amount of absorbed peroxidase seems to be reduced in comparison with that of untreated cells. It is concluded that the effect of calcitonin on osteoclasts is primarily a cessation of the exocytosis and the concomitant disappearance of the ruffled border.", "contents": "Uptake of peroxidase by calcitonin inhibited osteoclasts. The present electron microscopic histochemical study demonstrates that osteoclasts from calcitonin treated bone are able to take up organic macromolecules even though the ruffled border has disapppeared. The absorption occurs around the entire periphery of the osteoclast, but the amount of absorbed peroxidase seems to be reduced in comparison with that of untreated cells. It is concluded that the effect of calcitonin on osteoclasts is primarily a cessation of the exocytosis and the concomitant disappearance of the ruffled border."}
{"id": "PMID:924814", "title": "[Special problems in the chemotherapy of bacterial infections in otolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "The different occurrences of pathogens in acute and chronic otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and infections of the respiratory tract are described, with consideration given to the development of gram-negative flora. Therapeutic plans are presented with regard to each of the possible organism patterns. Specific emphasis is given to the aminoglycoside antibiotics which can affect the auditory and vestibular systems.", "contents": "[Special problems in the chemotherapy of bacterial infections in otolaryngology (author's transl)]. The different occurrences of pathogens in acute and chronic otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and infections of the respiratory tract are described, with consideration given to the development of gram-negative flora. Therapeutic plans are presented with regard to each of the possible organism patterns. Specific emphasis is given to the aminoglycoside antibiotics which can affect the auditory and vestibular systems."}
{"id": "PMID:924815", "title": "[A comparison of tympanometric with audiometric and otoscopic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis is reported of the assessment of 233 ears by otoscopy from which the tympanic membrane appearances were classed into five groups, audiometry, tympanometry and in 57 cases middle-ear-puncture. Although observer errors must be acknowledged the findings were that the type B tympanogram does not conform to a specific pathology and may occur with different degrees of conductive hearing loss. Furthermore in the diagnosis of middle ear effusion the tympanogram does not supercede careful otoscopy and pure tone audiometry.", "contents": "[A comparison of tympanometric with audiometric and otoscopic findings (author's transl)]. An analysis is reported of the assessment of 233 ears by otoscopy from which the tympanic membrane appearances were classed into five groups, audiometry, tympanometry and in 57 cases middle-ear-puncture. Although observer errors must be acknowledged the findings were that the type B tympanogram does not conform to a specific pathology and may occur with different degrees of conductive hearing loss. Furthermore in the diagnosis of middle ear effusion the tympanogram does not supercede careful otoscopy and pure tone audiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:924816", "title": "[Olfactometry after transethmoidal surgery for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea and after head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "After transethmoidal exposure and closure of the dural defect olfactory assessments were made on 26 patients with frontal dural dehiscence. Different methods for both unilateral and bilateral assessment were applied. The incidence of abnormalities were evaluated and these were compared with a second group of 52 patients who had suffered head injury without cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. There was no significant difference in the frequency of anosmia. The practical advantage of the transethmoidal approach to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa is emphasized.", "contents": "[Olfactometry after transethmoidal surgery for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea and after head injury (author's transl)]. After transethmoidal exposure and closure of the dural defect olfactory assessments were made on 26 patients with frontal dural dehiscence. Different methods for both unilateral and bilateral assessment were applied. The incidence of abnormalities were evaluated and these were compared with a second group of 52 patients who had suffered head injury without cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. There was no significant difference in the frequency of anosmia. The practical advantage of the transethmoidal approach to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:924817", "title": "[Objective determinations of individual sound protectors (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for objective measurements of the sound attenuation provided by ear protectors is described, utilizing a head model which contains all normal human sound properties. The difficulties experienced in localizing sound sources when wearing ear protectors is explained by changing the characteristics of the individual frequency bands.", "contents": "[Objective determinations of individual sound protectors (author's transl)]. A method for objective measurements of the sound attenuation provided by ear protectors is described, utilizing a head model which contains all normal human sound properties. The difficulties experienced in localizing sound sources when wearing ear protectors is explained by changing the characteristics of the individual frequency bands."}
{"id": "PMID:924818", "title": "[Paralayrinthine cholesteatoma and tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Closed tympanoplasty techniques greatly increase the risk of recurrent cholesteatoma. This is obvious as many surgeons using these methods insist on a necessary obligatory control operation as a \"second look\". In this paper cholesteatomata are classified according to their tendency to extend within the petrous pyramid and the subsequent danger of invading semicircular canals, cochlea or cranial fossae. The predisposition to this type of growth is present in the well defined \"medial\" type of epitympanic cholesteatoma, and more in the anteriorly than the posteriorly placed ones. As infection becomes less prominent in countries with advanced medical services, especially otology, the cholesteatoma hidden behind a small dry epitympanic perforation and those even with no perforation termed \"hidden primary cholesteatoma\" become more frequent. They cause their own special symptomatology, not infrequently a slowly progressive facial palsy. Every cholesteatoma requires mandatory prophylactic surgery. This means the complete exposure of the danger area, the epitympanum, and nowadays the possibility of the syncronous complete reconstruction of a normal middle ear and external canal, i.e. osteoplastic epitympanotomy.", "contents": "[Paralayrinthine cholesteatoma and tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. Closed tympanoplasty techniques greatly increase the risk of recurrent cholesteatoma. This is obvious as many surgeons using these methods insist on a necessary obligatory control operation as a \"second look\". In this paper cholesteatomata are classified according to their tendency to extend within the petrous pyramid and the subsequent danger of invading semicircular canals, cochlea or cranial fossae. The predisposition to this type of growth is present in the well defined \"medial\" type of epitympanic cholesteatoma, and more in the anteriorly than the posteriorly placed ones. As infection becomes less prominent in countries with advanced medical services, especially otology, the cholesteatoma hidden behind a small dry epitympanic perforation and those even with no perforation termed \"hidden primary cholesteatoma\" become more frequent. They cause their own special symptomatology, not infrequently a slowly progressive facial palsy. Every cholesteatoma requires mandatory prophylactic surgery. This means the complete exposure of the danger area, the epitympanum, and nowadays the possibility of the syncronous complete reconstruction of a normal middle ear and external canal, i.e. osteoplastic epitympanotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:924819", "title": "[The effects of a high placed jugular bulb on middle ear ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of healthy and inflammed mucosal folds within the middle ear has demonstrated another although narrow airway across the tympanic cavity to the aditus and antrum. The anatomical anomaly of a high placed jugular bulb can interfere not only with ventilation and drainage of mesotypanum but also of the epitympanum and antrum.", "contents": "[The effects of a high placed jugular bulb on middle ear ventilation (author's transl)]. A study of healthy and inflammed mucosal folds within the middle ear has demonstrated another although narrow airway across the tympanic cavity to the aditus and antrum. The anatomical anomaly of a high placed jugular bulb can interfere not only with ventilation and drainage of mesotypanum but also of the epitympanum and antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:924820", "title": "[The extreme flat nose, its formation and correction (author's transl)].", "content": "The extremely flat nose is a handicap because of nasal airway obstruction, and its consequences, and cosmetic unsightliness. This problem which is rarely discussed in the literature is considered to be inherited. We feel that it is also traumatic in origin. Two patients are presented in whom trauma to the nose is known to have occurred at birth by obstetric forceps. The surgical correction of the flat nose should restore normal function and produce a cosmetically satisfactory result.", "contents": "[The extreme flat nose, its formation and correction (author's transl)]. The extremely flat nose is a handicap because of nasal airway obstruction, and its consequences, and cosmetic unsightliness. This problem which is rarely discussed in the literature is considered to be inherited. We feel that it is also traumatic in origin. Two patients are presented in whom trauma to the nose is known to have occurred at birth by obstetric forceps. The surgical correction of the flat nose should restore normal function and produce a cosmetically satisfactory result."}
{"id": "PMID:924821", "title": "[The double chisel--a new nasal osteotome (author's transl)].", "content": "A new chisel for performing osteotomy in rhinoplasty is described. It is double barrelled and consists of two flat chisels jointed together. Its advantage is that it permits clean division of the nasal bones and in combination with \"in and out fracturing\" contour irregularities are almost completely avoided.", "contents": "[The double chisel--a new nasal osteotome (author's transl)]. A new chisel for performing osteotomy in rhinoplasty is described. It is double barrelled and consists of two flat chisels jointed together. Its advantage is that it permits clean division of the nasal bones and in combination with \"in and out fracturing\" contour irregularities are almost completely avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:924832", "title": "Nitrites, nitrosamines, and meat.", "content": "Food additive regulations are frequently misunderstood and are often the basis for widely disparate views. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) does not accept the concept that zero health risk with food additives is a humanly attainable goal; however, if the USDA is to accept that zero health risk is not attainable, then the department must propose, through regulations, a socially acceptable level of risk. Nitrite is an example. On one hand, nitrite is toxic at high levels and can combine with amines to form nitrosamines, which have been shown to cause cancer in animals. On the other hand, nitrite has been shown to provide the necessary protection, in many products, against Clostridium botulinum. The USDA, however, is not content to accept this position as a final one; they will continue to urge additional studies designed to further refine and decrease nitrite usage or replace it with a safe substitute. Given adequate information as to the relative risks involved in the use of nitrite or a substitute, society itself should be in a position to make the determination as to its willingness to accept potential risks in its daily life.", "contents": "Nitrites, nitrosamines, and meat. Food additive regulations are frequently misunderstood and are often the basis for widely disparate views. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) does not accept the concept that zero health risk with food additives is a humanly attainable goal; however, if the USDA is to accept that zero health risk is not attainable, then the department must propose, through regulations, a socially acceptable level of risk. Nitrite is an example. On one hand, nitrite is toxic at high levels and can combine with amines to form nitrosamines, which have been shown to cause cancer in animals. On the other hand, nitrite has been shown to provide the necessary protection, in many products, against Clostridium botulinum. The USDA, however, is not content to accept this position as a final one; they will continue to urge additional studies designed to further refine and decrease nitrite usage or replace it with a safe substitute. Given adequate information as to the relative risks involved in the use of nitrite or a substitute, society itself should be in a position to make the determination as to its willingness to accept potential risks in its daily life."}
{"id": "PMID:924834", "title": "Trichinosis in sows slaughtered at a Kentucky abattoir.", "content": "From July 26 to 30, 1976, diaphragmatic pillar samples were collected from 513 sows slaughtered at a federally inspected abattoir in Kentucky. The sows represented 5 marketing areas: Rushville, In (186); Cincinnati, Oh )158); Indianapolis, In (70); Georgetown, Ky (54); and Columbus, Oh (45). Using the pooled-sample digestion technique, 3 dead trichina larvae were identified in 1 sample pooled from 15 diaphragms (10 g each). An attempt to identify the individually infected sow(s) was unsuccessful, but the pooled sample originated from animals marketed at Rushville, In. The prevalence (1 of 513) was 0.194%.", "contents": "Trichinosis in sows slaughtered at a Kentucky abattoir. From July 26 to 30, 1976, diaphragmatic pillar samples were collected from 513 sows slaughtered at a federally inspected abattoir in Kentucky. The sows represented 5 marketing areas: Rushville, In (186); Cincinnati, Oh )158); Indianapolis, In (70); Georgetown, Ky (54); and Columbus, Oh (45). Using the pooled-sample digestion technique, 3 dead trichina larvae were identified in 1 sample pooled from 15 diaphragms (10 g each). An attempt to identify the individually infected sow(s) was unsuccessful, but the pooled sample originated from animals marketed at Rushville, In. The prevalence (1 of 513) was 0.194%."}
{"id": "PMID:924835", "title": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a review.", "content": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in man results from the consumption of mussels, clams, and oysters that have fed on toxic dinoflagellates. Motile, marine protozoa of the dinoflagellate group often produce \"blooms,\" i.e., red tides, which color the sea. Not all genera or species are toxic to fish and mammals, nor are the toxic principles the same in all poisonous protozoa. At least 5 of the group are known to cause poisonings in man. Shellfish poisonings other than PSP are also recognized. The PSP toxin, saxitoxin, is concentrated in the viscera and occasionally in the mantle and syphon of marine bivalves. Cooking does not completely destroy the low molecular weight poisonous factor. Reported mortality ranges from 8.5 to 23.2%. The disease is of significant public health concern in some localities of the world from May to November.", "contents": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a review. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in man results from the consumption of mussels, clams, and oysters that have fed on toxic dinoflagellates. Motile, marine protozoa of the dinoflagellate group often produce \"blooms,\" i.e., red tides, which color the sea. Not all genera or species are toxic to fish and mammals, nor are the toxic principles the same in all poisonous protozoa. At least 5 of the group are known to cause poisonings in man. Shellfish poisonings other than PSP are also recognized. The PSP toxin, saxitoxin, is concentrated in the viscera and occasionally in the mantle and syphon of marine bivalves. Cooking does not completely destroy the low molecular weight poisonous factor. Reported mortality ranges from 8.5 to 23.2%. The disease is of significant public health concern in some localities of the world from May to November."}
{"id": "PMID:924837", "title": "Accidental exposure of veterinary students to rabies.", "content": "Accidental exposure to rabies occurred in more than 200 veterinary students at Texas A&M University from 1970 to 1977. Few of the animals to which the students were exposed had typical signs of rabies prior to the exposures. An accelerated preexposure rabies prophylaxis program coupled with retention of suspect tissues suitable for fluorescent antibody procedures has reduced the number of postexposure prophylaxis series.", "contents": "Accidental exposure of veterinary students to rabies. Accidental exposure to rabies occurred in more than 200 veterinary students at Texas A&M University from 1970 to 1977. Few of the animals to which the students were exposed had typical signs of rabies prior to the exposures. An accelerated preexposure rabies prophylaxis program coupled with retention of suspect tissues suitable for fluorescent antibody procedures has reduced the number of postexposure prophylaxis series."}
{"id": "PMID:924838", "title": "Control of radiation in animal facilities.", "content": "Use of radioactive materials in animals for research and clinical studies is on the increase. These studies may be undertaken with little or no disruption of normal facility operations if a few facts are considered. The primary factor of consideration is the radiopharmaceutical--its pharmacologic behavior and physical characteristics. The preferred radionuclide is one with the shortest half-life compatible with the variables to be measured. The fact that an animal is a source of radiation as well as a potential source of contamination must be kept in mind. Improper use of radiopharmaceuticals is inexcusable.", "contents": "Control of radiation in animal facilities. Use of radioactive materials in animals for research and clinical studies is on the increase. These studies may be undertaken with little or no disruption of normal facility operations if a few facts are considered. The primary factor of consideration is the radiopharmaceutical--its pharmacologic behavior and physical characteristics. The preferred radionuclide is one with the shortest half-life compatible with the variables to be measured. The fact that an animal is a source of radiation as well as a potential source of contamination must be kept in mind. Improper use of radiopharmaceuticals is inexcusable."}
{"id": "PMID:924841", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa simplex in the Collie dog.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa simplex was diagnosed in 4 Collie dogs. Three of the dogs were less than 6 months old when lesions were first noticed. Lesions were characterized by alopecia, erythema, edema, erythematous plaques, erosions, ulcers, crusts, atrophy, pigmentary changes, and (rarely) blisters affecting the skin over bony prominences and joints of the limbs, face, lips, and ears. Minimal to moderate pruritus or pain was manifested by chewing and licking at the affected areas of the limbs and by pawing and rubbing at the face and ears. Lesions could be induced by frictional trauma in areas of normal skin. Diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of affected tissues and induced lesions. Therapy with large oral doses of prednisolone and avoidance of trauma were palliative.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa simplex in the Collie dog. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex was diagnosed in 4 Collie dogs. Three of the dogs were less than 6 months old when lesions were first noticed. Lesions were characterized by alopecia, erythema, edema, erythematous plaques, erosions, ulcers, crusts, atrophy, pigmentary changes, and (rarely) blisters affecting the skin over bony prominences and joints of the limbs, face, lips, and ears. Minimal to moderate pruritus or pain was manifested by chewing and licking at the affected areas of the limbs and by pawing and rubbing at the face and ears. Lesions could be induced by frictional trauma in areas of normal skin. Diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of affected tissues and induced lesions. Therapy with large oral doses of prednisolone and avoidance of trauma were palliative."}
{"id": "PMID:924842", "title": "A serologic survey for Brucella canis in dogs on a military base.", "content": "A survey for Brucella canis antibodies in dogs was conducted at an Air Force Base in Missippi in 1976. The rapid slide agglutination test was used as a screening test prior to determination of titers by the standard tube agglutination test. Of 6 sera reacting positively by the slide technique, only 1 was confirmed positive by the tube agglutination technique. The seropositive rate among stray dogs apprehended on the base was 7.6%, whereas the seropositive rate among pet dogs was 0%.", "contents": "A serologic survey for Brucella canis in dogs on a military base. A survey for Brucella canis antibodies in dogs was conducted at an Air Force Base in Missippi in 1976. The rapid slide agglutination test was used as a screening test prior to determination of titers by the standard tube agglutination test. Of 6 sera reacting positively by the slide technique, only 1 was confirmed positive by the tube agglutination technique. The seropositive rate among stray dogs apprehended on the base was 7.6%, whereas the seropositive rate among pet dogs was 0%."}
{"id": "PMID:924843", "title": "Urogenital blastomycosis in a dog.", "content": "Blastomycosis was diagnosed in a dog by finding the causative organism in preputial exudate and urine. Prostatic involvement was confirmed by transrectal biopsy. The dog was not treated, and, after it was euthanatized, a complete necropsy was performed. The only other sites where organisms were found were the iliac lymph nodes and the lungs. Although organisms were not found in any other part fo the genitourinary tract, both kidneys had diffuse glomerulonephritis and tubular degeneration.", "contents": "Urogenital blastomycosis in a dog. Blastomycosis was diagnosed in a dog by finding the causative organism in preputial exudate and urine. Prostatic involvement was confirmed by transrectal biopsy. The dog was not treated, and, after it was euthanatized, a complete necropsy was performed. The only other sites where organisms were found were the iliac lymph nodes and the lungs. Although organisms were not found in any other part fo the genitourinary tract, both kidneys had diffuse glomerulonephritis and tubular degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:924845", "title": "Ectopic ureters in a male cat.", "content": "A 16-week-old male cat with urinary incontinence was initially diagnosed as having a right ectopic ureter. Other abnormalities of the urinary system included phimosis, hydronephrosis, and localized right megaloureter. Surgical removal of the right kidney and right ureter was partially successful in stopping the urinary incontinence. Further radiographic studies and retrospective examination of initial radiographs revealed that the left ureter was also ectopic.", "contents": "Ectopic ureters in a male cat. A 16-week-old male cat with urinary incontinence was initially diagnosed as having a right ectopic ureter. Other abnormalities of the urinary system included phimosis, hydronephrosis, and localized right megaloureter. Surgical removal of the right kidney and right ureter was partially successful in stopping the urinary incontinence. Further radiographic studies and retrospective examination of initial radiographs revealed that the left ureter was also ectopic."}
{"id": "PMID:924847", "title": "Dorsal laminectomy techniques in the dog.", "content": "The effects of various lengths of complete dorsal laminectomy were compared with the effects of Funkquist method B laminectomy on the spinal cord of dogs. Complete dorsal laminectomies were done on L1 (group 1), L1 and L2 (group 2), and L1, L2, and L3 (group 3). Dogs of group 4 had Funkquist method B laminectomies on L1 and L2. Complete dorsal laminectomy on 1 vertebra and Funkquist method B laminectomy on 2 vertebrae did not result in any clinically untoward signs. In conjuction with these results, there was no dorsoventral flattening of the spinal cords and minimal microscopic damage within the spinal cords. If 2 or 3 vertebrae had a complete laminectomy, tonic spasticity of the pelvic limbs developed after surgery. Dorsoventral flattening of the spinal cord and moderate to severe microscopic damage were seen in the spinal cords of these dogs.", "contents": "Dorsal laminectomy techniques in the dog. The effects of various lengths of complete dorsal laminectomy were compared with the effects of Funkquist method B laminectomy on the spinal cord of dogs. Complete dorsal laminectomies were done on L1 (group 1), L1 and L2 (group 2), and L1, L2, and L3 (group 3). Dogs of group 4 had Funkquist method B laminectomies on L1 and L2. Complete dorsal laminectomy on 1 vertebra and Funkquist method B laminectomy on 2 vertebrae did not result in any clinically untoward signs. In conjuction with these results, there was no dorsoventral flattening of the spinal cords and minimal microscopic damage within the spinal cords. If 2 or 3 vertebrae had a complete laminectomy, tonic spasticity of the pelvic limbs developed after surgery. Dorsoventral flattening of the spinal cord and moderate to severe microscopic damage were seen in the spinal cords of these dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:924848", "title": "Isolation of wine influenza virus in Oklahoma.", "content": "Three isolations of swine influenca virus were made from 2 swine herds in west-central Oklahoma. Many swine in these herds had signs of respiratory tract disease, and in 1 herd, some affected animals also had diarrhea. Two isolations were made in swine testicle cell line and 1 in embryonating chicken eggs. All 3 strains were cytopathogenic for swine testicle cells.", "contents": "Isolation of wine influenza virus in Oklahoma. Three isolations of swine influenca virus were made from 2 swine herds in west-central Oklahoma. Many swine in these herds had signs of respiratory tract disease, and in 1 herd, some affected animals also had diarrhea. Two isolations were made in swine testicle cell line and 1 in embryonating chicken eggs. All 3 strains were cytopathogenic for swine testicle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:924852", "title": "Tyzzer's disease in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed in 18 Syrian hamsters. The clinical signs included sudden onset of diarrhea, dehydration, and lethargy; all affected hamsters died within 48 hours. Gross lesions consisted of multiple white nodules in the heart; dilated cecum and colon containing semiliquid feces, sometimes bearing necrotic plaques on the mucosa; and occasionally, a few small scattered white spots in the liver. Microscopic study of those lesions revealed areas of necrosis and mixed cellular inflammation. The causative agent, Bacillus piliformis, was demonstrated within myocardial fibers, hepatocytes, and colonic epithelial cells. Inoculation of chicken embryos and a clinically normal hamster with a homogenate of cecal wall prepared from affected hamsters resulted in reproduction of the agent and transmission of the disease.", "contents": "Tyzzer's disease in Syrian hamsters. Tyzzer's disease was diagnosed in 18 Syrian hamsters. The clinical signs included sudden onset of diarrhea, dehydration, and lethargy; all affected hamsters died within 48 hours. Gross lesions consisted of multiple white nodules in the heart; dilated cecum and colon containing semiliquid feces, sometimes bearing necrotic plaques on the mucosa; and occasionally, a few small scattered white spots in the liver. Microscopic study of those lesions revealed areas of necrosis and mixed cellular inflammation. The causative agent, Bacillus piliformis, was demonstrated within myocardial fibers, hepatocytes, and colonic epithelial cells. Inoculation of chicken embryos and a clinically normal hamster with a homogenate of cecal wall prepared from affected hamsters resulted in reproduction of the agent and transmission of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:924853", "title": "Myopathy in guinea pigs.", "content": "Myopathy resembling nutritional muscular dystrophy occurred in a colony of 150 guinea pigs. Of 54 animals affected, 27 died. Major clinical signs were depression, conjunctivitis, and reluctance to move. Lesions were widespread throughout skeletal and cardiac musculature. Clinical signs and deaths ceased when the diet was changed to a different commercial ration. A single intramuscular injection of sodium selenite and alphatocopherol brought prompt remission of clinical signs in one group of 20 so treated.", "contents": "Myopathy in guinea pigs. Myopathy resembling nutritional muscular dystrophy occurred in a colony of 150 guinea pigs. Of 54 animals affected, 27 died. Major clinical signs were depression, conjunctivitis, and reluctance to move. Lesions were widespread throughout skeletal and cardiac musculature. Clinical signs and deaths ceased when the diet was changed to a different commercial ration. A single intramuscular injection of sodium selenite and alphatocopherol brought prompt remission of clinical signs in one group of 20 so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:924854", "title": "Self trauma and Staphylococcus aureus in ulcerative dermatitis of rats.", "content": "Eight cases of ulcerative dermatitis occurred in 7 groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from skin lesions of all affected rats; in some affected rats, coagulase-positive S aureus was also isolated from the feces and oropharynx. Amputation of toes of chronically affected rats resulted in remission of lesions. Self trauma (scratching with the hind feet) and fecal contamination of wounds with coagulase-positive S aureus were postulated as factors contributing to persistence of lesions in affected rats.", "contents": "Self trauma and Staphylococcus aureus in ulcerative dermatitis of rats. Eight cases of ulcerative dermatitis occurred in 7 groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from skin lesions of all affected rats; in some affected rats, coagulase-positive S aureus was also isolated from the feces and oropharynx. Amputation of toes of chronically affected rats resulted in remission of lesions. Self trauma (scratching with the hind feet) and fecal contamination of wounds with coagulase-positive S aureus were postulated as factors contributing to persistence of lesions in affected rats."}
{"id": "PMID:924855", "title": "Ketamine and xylazine for surgical anesthesia in rats.", "content": "The responses of 2 inbred strains of rats to intramuscular doses of ketamine and xylazine, singly and in combination, were studied. A synergistic effect was observed when the 2 drugs were administered together, which resulted in anesthesia with extended analgesia and immobility. Anesthesia was achieved in most rats given 87 mg ketamine/kg of body weight and 13 mg xylazine/kg, beginning 10 to 15 minutes after simultaneous injection and lasting 15 to 30 minutes, then followed by a relatively long period of immobility (mean, 3.8 hours) and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. Some rats required up to twice this dose for adequate surgical anesthesia. Total doses (initial and supplemental) of up to 3 times the amount were administered with apparent safety.", "contents": "Ketamine and xylazine for surgical anesthesia in rats. The responses of 2 inbred strains of rats to intramuscular doses of ketamine and xylazine, singly and in combination, were studied. A synergistic effect was observed when the 2 drugs were administered together, which resulted in anesthesia with extended analgesia and immobility. Anesthesia was achieved in most rats given 87 mg ketamine/kg of body weight and 13 mg xylazine/kg, beginning 10 to 15 minutes after simultaneous injection and lasting 15 to 30 minutes, then followed by a relatively long period of immobility (mean, 3.8 hours) and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. Some rats required up to twice this dose for adequate surgical anesthesia. Total doses (initial and supplemental) of up to 3 times the amount were administered with apparent safety."}
{"id": "PMID:924856", "title": "Trichophytobezoars in miniature swine.", "content": "Miniature swine confined indoors on concrete developed gastric trichophytobezoars that resulted in gradual weight loss and debilitation. The ability to maintain the swine on a chronic research project was threatened by premature deaths associated with the trichophytobezoar formation. The predisposing husbandry practices and history of the development of the trichophytobezoars included confinement for several years and consumption of pelleted feed directly from the concrete floor. Gastrotomy performed on 3 sows and 5 boars avoided the progression of complications leading toward starvation and resulted in clinical improvement.", "contents": "Trichophytobezoars in miniature swine. Miniature swine confined indoors on concrete developed gastric trichophytobezoars that resulted in gradual weight loss and debilitation. The ability to maintain the swine on a chronic research project was threatened by premature deaths associated with the trichophytobezoar formation. The predisposing husbandry practices and history of the development of the trichophytobezoars included confinement for several years and consumption of pelleted feed directly from the concrete floor. Gastrotomy performed on 3 sows and 5 boars avoided the progression of complications leading toward starvation and resulted in clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:924857", "title": "Surgical drainage of a submandibular air sac in an orangutan.", "content": "Continuous enlargement of a submandibular air sac was observed in a 7-year-old female orangutan. The animal was treated with tetracycline orally prior to administering phencyclidine and establishing surgical drainage. The incision into the air sac remained patent for 5 days and the cutaneous wound healed 2 weeks later.", "contents": "Surgical drainage of a submandibular air sac in an orangutan. Continuous enlargement of a submandibular air sac was observed in a 7-year-old female orangutan. The animal was treated with tetracycline orally prior to administering phencyclidine and establishing surgical drainage. The incision into the air sac remained patent for 5 days and the cutaneous wound healed 2 weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:924858", "title": "Mycotic enteritis in a chameleon and a brief review of phycomycoses of animals.", "content": "Rectal prolapse in an adult chameleon was surgically replaced. The animal was given tetracycline and dextrose orally, but became comatose 7 days postoperatively and was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed intussusception of the terminal portion of the colon. Phycomycotic hyphae accompanied by necrosis and a mixed leukocytic infiltrate were found in the area of intussusception.", "contents": "Mycotic enteritis in a chameleon and a brief review of phycomycoses of animals. Rectal prolapse in an adult chameleon was surgically replaced. The animal was given tetracycline and dextrose orally, but became comatose 7 days postoperatively and was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed intussusception of the terminal portion of the colon. Phycomycotic hyphae accompanied by necrosis and a mixed leukocytic infiltrate were found in the area of intussusception."}
{"id": "PMID:924859", "title": "Renal styphlodoriasis in a boa constrictor.", "content": "Renal styphlodoriasis was diagnosed in a 2 1/2-year-old male boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor). The snake had been anorexic for 6 months prior to its death. Necropsy revealed numerous hard, white foci of mineralization in the kidneys. Histologic examination revealed distorted renal tubules containing cross sections of trematodes or mineralized debris, tubular epithelial hyperplasia, and chronic interstitial nephritis. Several adult trematodes were recovered and identified as Styphlodora horrida.", "contents": "Renal styphlodoriasis in a boa constrictor. Renal styphlodoriasis was diagnosed in a 2 1/2-year-old male boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor). The snake had been anorexic for 6 months prior to its death. Necropsy revealed numerous hard, white foci of mineralization in the kidneys. Histologic examination revealed distorted renal tubules containing cross sections of trematodes or mineralized debris, tubular epithelial hyperplasia, and chronic interstitial nephritis. Several adult trematodes were recovered and identified as Styphlodora horrida."}
{"id": "PMID:924860", "title": "Cerebral nematodiasis in captive nutria.", "content": "Of 35 nutria (Myocaster coypus) at a city zoo, 20 died or were killed because of a progressive central nervous system disease. On the basis of histopathologic findings, a diagnosis of cerebral nematodiasis complicated by nosematosis was made. The only significant management change prior to illness was the feeding of poplar tree branches from a lowland area inhabited by skunks and raccoons. Neurologic disturbances gradually ceased within 2 months after control measures were initiated and the practice of provided poplar branches as a source of roughage was discontinued.", "contents": "Cerebral nematodiasis in captive nutria. Of 35 nutria (Myocaster coypus) at a city zoo, 20 died or were killed because of a progressive central nervous system disease. On the basis of histopathologic findings, a diagnosis of cerebral nematodiasis complicated by nosematosis was made. The only significant management change prior to illness was the feeding of poplar tree branches from a lowland area inhabited by skunks and raccoons. Neurologic disturbances gradually ceased within 2 months after control measures were initiated and the practice of provided poplar branches as a source of roughage was discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:924861", "title": "Bilateral ocular lipidosis in a cottontail rabbit fed an all-milk diet.", "content": "Lipid infiltration of the corneal stroma, sclera, and uvea occurred in a 2-year-old cottontail rabbit that had been fed an all-milk diet for 20 months. Superficial keratectomy was performed on the left eye but the rabbit died. Histologically, lipid deposits were most extensive in the anterior corneal stroma and posterior iridal epithelium.", "contents": "Bilateral ocular lipidosis in a cottontail rabbit fed an all-milk diet. Lipid infiltration of the corneal stroma, sclera, and uvea occurred in a 2-year-old cottontail rabbit that had been fed an all-milk diet for 20 months. Superficial keratectomy was performed on the left eye but the rabbit died. Histologically, lipid deposits were most extensive in the anterior corneal stroma and posterior iridal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:924862", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in a black-footed ferret.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus was tentatively diagnosed in a black-footed ferret with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, dehydration, and weight loss. Laboratory findings (marked hyperglycemia (724 mg/100 ml), glycosuria, and ketonuria) and the subsequent favorable response to insulin therapy confirmed the diagnosis. Although lesions were not observed in the pancreas, gross and histologic findings concomitant with diabetes mellitus included arteriosclerosis, with calcification of the aorta and other major vessels; mild necrotizing hepatitis; and mild proliferative glomerulonephritis. A perineal adenocarcinoma, with metastasis to an internal iliac lymph node, was an incidental finding. Special stains demonstrated adequate numbers of beta cell granules in the islets of Langerhans. Thus, the diabetes was apparently due to a lack of release of the synthesized insulin or to diminished effectiveness of the secreted insulin.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in a black-footed ferret. Diabetes mellitus was tentatively diagnosed in a black-footed ferret with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, dehydration, and weight loss. Laboratory findings (marked hyperglycemia (724 mg/100 ml), glycosuria, and ketonuria) and the subsequent favorable response to insulin therapy confirmed the diagnosis. Although lesions were not observed in the pancreas, gross and histologic findings concomitant with diabetes mellitus included arteriosclerosis, with calcification of the aorta and other major vessels; mild necrotizing hepatitis; and mild proliferative glomerulonephritis. A perineal adenocarcinoma, with metastasis to an internal iliac lymph node, was an incidental finding. Special stains demonstrated adequate numbers of beta cell granules in the islets of Langerhans. Thus, the diabetes was apparently due to a lack of release of the synthesized insulin or to diminished effectiveness of the secreted insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:924863", "title": "Tiletamine and zolazepam for immobilization of wild lions and leopards.", "content": "A 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam was used for the immobilization of lions on 26 occasions and of leopards on 22 occasions. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) positive linear relationship between duration of anesthesia and dosage for all animals in which the duration was recorded (n = 36). This response could be divided into 4 separate regressions according to species and sex; lions being more susceptible to the drug than leopards and males more so than females. When dosage was expressed in terms of metabolic weight, the duration of anesthesia depended on the sex of the animal rather than the species, males being anesthetized 15 minutes longer than females for a given dosage. The threshold dosage was higher in leopards than in lions. The amount of time that could be spent working on the animal immobilized by the drug, compared with the total time committed to its induction, anesthesia, and recovery was 35 to 55%, a proportion that is similar to that associated with the use of other irreversible intramuscular anesthetics.", "contents": "Tiletamine and zolazepam for immobilization of wild lions and leopards. A 1:1 mixture of tiletamine and zolazepam was used for the immobilization of lions on 26 occasions and of leopards on 22 occasions. There was a significant (P less than 0.001) positive linear relationship between duration of anesthesia and dosage for all animals in which the duration was recorded (n = 36). This response could be divided into 4 separate regressions according to species and sex; lions being more susceptible to the drug than leopards and males more so than females. When dosage was expressed in terms of metabolic weight, the duration of anesthesia depended on the sex of the animal rather than the species, males being anesthetized 15 minutes longer than females for a given dosage. The threshold dosage was higher in leopards than in lions. The amount of time that could be spent working on the animal immobilized by the drug, compared with the total time committed to its induction, anesthesia, and recovery was 35 to 55%, a proportion that is similar to that associated with the use of other irreversible intramuscular anesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:924864", "title": "Hematologic effects of xylazine when used for restraint of Bactrian camels.", "content": "Xylazine was found to be a safe and reliable drug for chemical restraint of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Dosages of 0.27 to 0.51 mg/kg of body weight provided adequate sedation for the performance of various procedures (e.g., tuberculin testing, lymph node biopsy, and electroejaculation). Hematologic and serum biochemical values for camels restrained manually were compared with those for camels restrained with xylazine. Xylazine-treated camels had significantly lower values for RBC, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume, and significantly higher blood glucose concentrations. Venous blood gas analyses did not reveal any major acid-base disturbances resulting from the use of xylazine. Rapid arousal from the sedative effects of xylazine occurred after the intravenous administration of doxapram hydrochloride in dosages of 0.05 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight.", "contents": "Hematologic effects of xylazine when used for restraint of Bactrian camels. Xylazine was found to be a safe and reliable drug for chemical restraint of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Dosages of 0.27 to 0.51 mg/kg of body weight provided adequate sedation for the performance of various procedures (e.g., tuberculin testing, lymph node biopsy, and electroejaculation). Hematologic and serum biochemical values for camels restrained manually were compared with those for camels restrained with xylazine. Xylazine-treated camels had significantly lower values for RBC, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume, and significantly higher blood glucose concentrations. Venous blood gas analyses did not reveal any major acid-base disturbances resulting from the use of xylazine. Rapid arousal from the sedative effects of xylazine occurred after the intravenous administration of doxapram hydrochloride in dosages of 0.05 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:924865", "title": "Capture myopathy in pronghorns in Alberta, Canada.", "content": "From 1971 to 1975, inclusive, 594 pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) were drive trapped in Alberta; subsequently, 74 of these animals were transported to enclosures. Deaths attributable to capture myopathy (CM) occurred in 20 of the trapped pronghorns and in 17 of the pronghorns that were trapped and subsequently transported. Two neonatal pronghorns that had been pursued died with signs and lesions similar to those seen in adult pronghorns affected with CM. The diagnosis of CM was based on history, clinical signs, clinico-pathologic findings, and gross and histologic lesions. Clinical signs of CM included depression, stiffness, weakness, incoordination, recumbency, and paralysis; myoglobinuria was observed in 1 neonatal animal. Of the pronghorns that died, fewer than one-half died acutely during processing, whereas the remainder died from 1 to 13 days following their release. Gross and histologic lesions were observed in the large muscles of the hindlimbs of most affected pronghorns. Values for serum enzymes, potassium, glucose, and creatinine, were higher for drive-trapped pronghorns than for tame, hand-reared pronghorns. These findings indicated extensive damage to muscle and to other organs as a result of the capture procedures.", "contents": "Capture myopathy in pronghorns in Alberta, Canada. From 1971 to 1975, inclusive, 594 pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) were drive trapped in Alberta; subsequently, 74 of these animals were transported to enclosures. Deaths attributable to capture myopathy (CM) occurred in 20 of the trapped pronghorns and in 17 of the pronghorns that were trapped and subsequently transported. Two neonatal pronghorns that had been pursued died with signs and lesions similar to those seen in adult pronghorns affected with CM. The diagnosis of CM was based on history, clinical signs, clinico-pathologic findings, and gross and histologic lesions. Clinical signs of CM included depression, stiffness, weakness, incoordination, recumbency, and paralysis; myoglobinuria was observed in 1 neonatal animal. Of the pronghorns that died, fewer than one-half died acutely during processing, whereas the remainder died from 1 to 13 days following their release. Gross and histologic lesions were observed in the large muscles of the hindlimbs of most affected pronghorns. Values for serum enzymes, potassium, glucose, and creatinine, were higher for drive-trapped pronghorns than for tame, hand-reared pronghorns. These findings indicated extensive damage to muscle and to other organs as a result of the capture procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:924866", "title": "Capture myopathy in a moose.", "content": "Of 18 moose captured by dart immobilization from a helicopter, 1 became recumbent after release. Blood samples were collected at the time of capture and on the following 2 days. Serum creatine phosphokinase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities increased, and serum potassium concentrations decreased. Necropsy revealed extensive myopathy.", "contents": "Capture myopathy in a moose. Of 18 moose captured by dart immobilization from a helicopter, 1 became recumbent after release. Blood samples were collected at the time of capture and on the following 2 days. Serum creatine phosphokinase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities increased, and serum potassium concentrations decreased. Necropsy revealed extensive myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:924867", "title": "Capture myopathy in Elk in Alberta, Canada: a report of three cases.", "content": "Acute capture myopathy was diagnosed in 3 elk (Cervus canadensis). In 2 of the elk, hindlimb lameness developed within 10 days of capture. Clinical signs were not observed in the third elk, which was found dead 7 days after its capture. Elks 1 and 2 were euthanatized and all 3 animals were necropsied. In elks 1 and 2, rupture of the semi-membranosus muscle was associated with massive hemorrhage and swelling. Microscopic findings included hemorrhage, edema, myofibril fragmentation, and evidence of attempted muscular regeneration. In elk 3, several of the large muscles of the hindlimbs as well as the biceps brachii muscles of the forelimbs appeared pale, dry, and friable. Except for lack of hemorrhage and edema, microscopic findings in this elk were similar to those of elks 1 and 2.", "contents": "Capture myopathy in Elk in Alberta, Canada: a report of three cases. Acute capture myopathy was diagnosed in 3 elk (Cervus canadensis). In 2 of the elk, hindlimb lameness developed within 10 days of capture. Clinical signs were not observed in the third elk, which was found dead 7 days after its capture. Elks 1 and 2 were euthanatized and all 3 animals were necropsied. In elks 1 and 2, rupture of the semi-membranosus muscle was associated with massive hemorrhage and swelling. Microscopic findings included hemorrhage, edema, myofibril fragmentation, and evidence of attempted muscular regeneration. In elk 3, several of the large muscles of the hindlimbs as well as the biceps brachii muscles of the forelimbs appeared pale, dry, and friable. Except for lack of hemorrhage and edema, microscopic findings in this elk were similar to those of elks 1 and 2."}
{"id": "PMID:924868", "title": "Prevalence and distribution of Setaria yehi in southeastern white-tailed deer.", "content": "Filarial worms, Setaria yehi, were found in 286 of 1,045 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 13 of 16 southeastern states. Infections were widespread in the piedmont and coastal plain physiographic provinces, but rarely occurred in deer of the mountains or in southern Florida. Infections were significantly more prevalent among fawn and yearling deer. Infections with S yehi largely accounted for a mild fibrinous peritonitis commonly observed among southeastern deer.", "contents": "Prevalence and distribution of Setaria yehi in southeastern white-tailed deer. Filarial worms, Setaria yehi, were found in 286 of 1,045 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 13 of 16 southeastern states. Infections were widespread in the piedmont and coastal plain physiographic provinces, but rarely occurred in deer of the mountains or in southern Florida. Infections were significantly more prevalent among fawn and yearling deer. Infections with S yehi largely accounted for a mild fibrinous peritonitis commonly observed among southeastern deer."}
{"id": "PMID:924869", "title": "Fascioloides magna infection in white-tailed deer of southeastern United States.", "content": "Livers of 4,023 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 13 southeastern states were examined for flukes; 514 (12.8%) harbored Fascioloides magna. Other species of liver flukes were not found. Forty-two nidi of infection were found, encompassing 56 counties in 9 states. As many as 125 flukes were recovered from a single deer. Although F magna was widely distributed throughout southeastern United States, most enzootic areas were confined to the coastal plain physiographic province. Since deer serve as reservoirs for F magna infections in domestic livestock, it was concluded that every precaution should be exercised to prevent introduction of liver flukes into areas now free of this helminth.", "contents": "Fascioloides magna infection in white-tailed deer of southeastern United States. Livers of 4,023 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 13 southeastern states were examined for flukes; 514 (12.8%) harbored Fascioloides magna. Other species of liver flukes were not found. Forty-two nidi of infection were found, encompassing 56 counties in 9 states. As many as 125 flukes were recovered from a single deer. Although F magna was widely distributed throughout southeastern United States, most enzootic areas were confined to the coastal plain physiographic province. Since deer serve as reservoirs for F magna infections in domestic livestock, it was concluded that every precaution should be exercised to prevent introduction of liver flukes into areas now free of this helminth."}
{"id": "PMID:924870", "title": "Agglutinins to Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp, with particular reference to Brucella canis, in wild animals of southern Texas.", "content": "The prevalence of agglutinins to Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp, particularly Brucella canis, was determined in 269 wild animals (14 species) in southern Texas. Serologic evidence of coxiellosis and brucellosis, including B canis infection, was shown for coyotes, raccoons, opossums, badgers, jackrabbits, and feral hogs. Using the microagglutination test, the seroprevalence of C burnetii, phases I and II (titer greater than or equal to 4) was 4.1 and 27.9%, respectively. For brucella agglutinins, prevalence rates were 7.1, 8.9, and 6.7%, as determined by the brucellosis card test, the rapid slide agglutination test, and the salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination (titer greater than or equal to 50) test, respectively.", "contents": "Agglutinins to Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp, with particular reference to Brucella canis, in wild animals of southern Texas. The prevalence of agglutinins to Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp, particularly Brucella canis, was determined in 269 wild animals (14 species) in southern Texas. Serologic evidence of coxiellosis and brucellosis, including B canis infection, was shown for coyotes, raccoons, opossums, badgers, jackrabbits, and feral hogs. Using the microagglutination test, the seroprevalence of C burnetii, phases I and II (titer greater than or equal to 4) was 4.1 and 27.9%, respectively. For brucella agglutinins, prevalence rates were 7.1, 8.9, and 6.7%, as determined by the brucellosis card test, the rapid slide agglutination test, and the salt 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination (titer greater than or equal to 50) test, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:924872", "title": "Type-A influenza viruses in the feces of migratory waterfowl.", "content": "Type-A influenza viruses were commonly recovered from cloacal swab specimens from migratory waterfowl. Experiments indicated that the the virus replicated in various cells of the digestive tract.", "contents": "Type-A influenza viruses in the feces of migratory waterfowl. Type-A influenza viruses were commonly recovered from cloacal swab specimens from migratory waterfowl. Experiments indicated that the the virus replicated in various cells of the digestive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:924873", "title": "Isolation of type A influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from migratory waterfowl in the Mississippi flyway.", "content": "Twenty-seven chicken red blood cell agglutinating agents were isolated from 187 tracheal swabbings of apparently healthy migratory mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Mississippi flyway. Twenty-four of the isolants were type A influenza virus; 3 lentogenic Newcastle disease viruses were isolated. Isolations were not made from either 65 giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis) or 60 Franklins' gulls (Larus pipixcan).", "contents": "Isolation of type A influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from migratory waterfowl in the Mississippi flyway. Twenty-seven chicken red blood cell agglutinating agents were isolated from 187 tracheal swabbings of apparently healthy migratory mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Mississippi flyway. Twenty-four of the isolants were type A influenza virus; 3 lentogenic Newcastle disease viruses were isolated. Isolations were not made from either 65 giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis) or 60 Franklins' gulls (Larus pipixcan)."}
{"id": "PMID:924874", "title": "Suspected lead toxicosis in a bald eagle.", "content": "An immature bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was submitted to the University of Maryland, College Park, for clinical examination. The bird was thin, had green watery feces, and was unable to maintain itself in upright posture. Following radiography, the bird went into respiratory distress and died. Numerous lead shot were recovered from the gizzard, and chemical analysis of liver and kidney tissue revealed 22.9 and 11.3 ppm lead, respectively. The clinical signs, necropsy findings, and chemical analysis of the eagle were compatible with lead toxicosis.", "contents": "Suspected lead toxicosis in a bald eagle. An immature bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was submitted to the University of Maryland, College Park, for clinical examination. The bird was thin, had green watery feces, and was unable to maintain itself in upright posture. Following radiography, the bird went into respiratory distress and died. Numerous lead shot were recovered from the gizzard, and chemical analysis of liver and kidney tissue revealed 22.9 and 11.3 ppm lead, respectively. The clinical signs, necropsy findings, and chemical analysis of the eagle were compatible with lead toxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:924875", "title": "Iodine-induced goiter in penguins.", "content": "Goiter caused by excessive exposure to an iodine-containing disinfectant was an incidental finding at necropsy of captive penguins dying from renal failure, believed due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. The disease was reproduced experimentally in ducklings.", "contents": "Iodine-induced goiter in penguins. Goiter caused by excessive exposure to an iodine-containing disinfectant was an incidental finding at necropsy of captive penguins dying from renal failure, believed due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. The disease was reproduced experimentally in ducklings."}
{"id": "PMID:924876", "title": "Chronic cutaneous candidiasis in bottle-nosed dolphins.", "content": "In a 20-month period, generalized chronic cutaneous candidiasis developed in 3 performing bottle-nosed dolphins kept in an indoor pool. Extensive esophagogastric ulcerations were observed in 2 of the dolphins, each of which died, presumably because of these lesions. The 3rd dolphin died during a surgical procedure and did not have any esophagogastric ulcerations. Candida albicans was the only organism isolated from skin lesions but was not isolated from adjacent normal skin of dolphins. Treatment with antifungal drugs was unsuccessful. Subsequently, immunopotentiating treatment with levamisole phosphate resulted in formation of granulation tissue and healing of the skin lesions.", "contents": "Chronic cutaneous candidiasis in bottle-nosed dolphins. In a 20-month period, generalized chronic cutaneous candidiasis developed in 3 performing bottle-nosed dolphins kept in an indoor pool. Extensive esophagogastric ulcerations were observed in 2 of the dolphins, each of which died, presumably because of these lesions. The 3rd dolphin died during a surgical procedure and did not have any esophagogastric ulcerations. Candida albicans was the only organism isolated from skin lesions but was not isolated from adjacent normal skin of dolphins. Treatment with antifungal drugs was unsuccessful. Subsequently, immunopotentiating treatment with levamisole phosphate resulted in formation of granulation tissue and healing of the skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:924890", "title": "Cephalosporins. I. Cephaloglycin analogs with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain.", "content": "Cephaloglycin analogs with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain have been prepared by nucleophilic substitution of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with appropriate azine thiols followed by 7-N-acylation with phenylglycine by the mixed anhydride method. Seventeen thiols of non-substituted or substituted pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrazines and triazines were used as the S-nucleophiles. In general, pyridazine thiols gave cephalosporins processing good antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Among them 6-hydroxypyridazine-3-thiol gave the most active compound of this series, BB-S 118 (1f), which was significantly more active than cephalexin and cephaloglycin in vitro against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria.", "contents": "Cephalosporins. I. Cephaloglycin analogs with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain. Cephaloglycin analogs with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain have been prepared by nucleophilic substitution of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with appropriate azine thiols followed by 7-N-acylation with phenylglycine by the mixed anhydride method. Seventeen thiols of non-substituted or substituted pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrazines and triazines were used as the S-nucleophiles. In general, pyridazine thiols gave cephalosporins processing good antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Among them 6-hydroxypyridazine-3-thiol gave the most active compound of this series, BB-S 118 (1f), which was significantly more active than cephalexin and cephaloglycin in vitro against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:924891", "title": "Cephalosporins. II. 7-(O-Aminomethyl-phnylacetamido) cephalosporanic acids with six membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain.", "content": "7-(o-Aminomethylphenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acids with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain were prepared by nucleophillic substitution of 7-ACA at the C-3 acetoxy group followed by N-acylation of the 7-amino group. The 7-side chain acid, o-aminomethylphenylacetic acid (5), was prepared by two new convenient routes, which involved Schmidt reaction of indanone (2) followed by cleavage of the lactam ring or reduction of o-cyanophenylacetic acid (10) starting from o-nitrotoluene. The antibacterial activity of the cephalosporins in this series depends on the heterocycle in the C-3 side chain. In general pyridazines gave cephalosporin derivatives possessing better activity than those with a pyridine or pyrimidine ring. The most active member of the new cephalosporins was 7-(o-aminomethylphenylacetamido)-3-(6-hydroxypyridazin-3-ylthilmethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BB-S 150) (1g) which has in vitro antibacterial activity superior to cephalothin and cefazolin against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The in vitro activity of BB-S 150 determined in mice was superior to cephalothin and comparable to cefazolin.", "contents": "Cephalosporins. II. 7-(O-Aminomethyl-phnylacetamido) cephalosporanic acids with six membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain. 7-(o-Aminomethylphenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acids with six-membered heterocycles in the C-3 side chain were prepared by nucleophillic substitution of 7-ACA at the C-3 acetoxy group followed by N-acylation of the 7-amino group. The 7-side chain acid, o-aminomethylphenylacetic acid (5), was prepared by two new convenient routes, which involved Schmidt reaction of indanone (2) followed by cleavage of the lactam ring or reduction of o-cyanophenylacetic acid (10) starting from o-nitrotoluene. The antibacterial activity of the cephalosporins in this series depends on the heterocycle in the C-3 side chain. In general pyridazines gave cephalosporin derivatives possessing better activity than those with a pyridine or pyrimidine ring. The most active member of the new cephalosporins was 7-(o-aminomethylphenylacetamido)-3-(6-hydroxypyridazin-3-ylthilmethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BB-S 150) (1g) which has in vitro antibacterial activity superior to cephalothin and cefazolin against both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The in vitro activity of BB-S 150 determined in mice was superior to cephalothin and comparable to cefazolin."}
{"id": "PMID:924892", "title": "Cephalosporins. III. 7-(O-Aminomethylphenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acids with bicyclic heteroaromatics in the C-3 side chain.", "content": "Bicyclic heteroaromatic thiols with a bridge-head nitrogen atom were used for nucleophilic substitution of 7-ACA at the C-3 acetoxy function followed by N-acylation of the 7-amino group with o-aminomethylphenylacetic acid to afford a series of new cephalosporins (24) with potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The most active member of this series was 7-(o-aminomethylphenylacetamido)-3-(tetrazolo-[4,5-b]pyridazin-6-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BB-S 226) (24e) with antibacterial activity superior activity superior to cephalothin and cefazolin.", "contents": "Cephalosporins. III. 7-(O-Aminomethylphenylacetamido)cephalosporanic acids with bicyclic heteroaromatics in the C-3 side chain. Bicyclic heteroaromatic thiols with a bridge-head nitrogen atom were used for nucleophilic substitution of 7-ACA at the C-3 acetoxy function followed by N-acylation of the 7-amino group with o-aminomethylphenylacetic acid to afford a series of new cephalosporins (24) with potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The most active member of this series was 7-(o-aminomethylphenylacetamido)-3-(tetrazolo-[4,5-b]pyridazin-6-ylthiomethyl)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BB-S 226) (24e) with antibacterial activity superior activity superior to cephalothin and cefazolin."}
{"id": "PMID:924893", "title": "Structure of aplasmomycin.", "content": "A new antibiotic, aplasmomycin, was isolated from a broth cultivated with a marine isolate of actinomycete, and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. It is a natural ionophore and the structure of the Ag-salt was solved by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. It has symmetric structure having boron in the centre of the molecule.", "contents": "Structure of aplasmomycin. A new antibiotic, aplasmomycin, was isolated from a broth cultivated with a marine isolate of actinomycete, and inhibits Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and Plasmodium berghei in vivo. It is a natural ionophore and the structure of the Ag-salt was solved by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. It has symmetric structure having boron in the centre of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:924894", "title": "Ribostamycin, as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of neomycin.", "content": "A mutant of a neomycin-producting Streptomyces fradiae was found which synthesizes ribostamycin instead of neomycin. After a reverse mutation new colonies were obtained producting neomycin again. Ribostamycin might thus be considered as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of neomycin.", "contents": "Ribostamycin, as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of neomycin. A mutant of a neomycin-producting Streptomyces fradiae was found which synthesizes ribostamycin instead of neomycin. After a reverse mutation new colonies were obtained producting neomycin again. Ribostamycin might thus be considered as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of neomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:924895", "title": "A new pencillin with anti-klebsiella activity: 3-(5-tetrazolyl) penam.", "content": "The in vitro activity of a new semi-synthetic penicillin, CP-35,587, 3-(5-tetrazolyl) penam, was investigated against 496 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and 113 clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci. All of the gram-positive cocci were sensitive to CP-35,587 except penicillin G resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. This antibiotic inhibited a majority of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus mirabilis at a concentration of 6.25 microgram/ml. Also, approximately half of the isolates of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. were inhibited at a concentration of 12.5 microgram/ml. CP-35,587 was inactive when high concentrations of organisms were used as inocula. CP-35,587 was more active than mezlocillin, azlocillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin against isolates of K. pneumoniae, but other penicillins were more acte than CP-35,587 against other species of gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "A new pencillin with anti-klebsiella activity: 3-(5-tetrazolyl) penam. The in vitro activity of a new semi-synthetic penicillin, CP-35,587, 3-(5-tetrazolyl) penam, was investigated against 496 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and 113 clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci. All of the gram-positive cocci were sensitive to CP-35,587 except penicillin G resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. This antibiotic inhibited a majority of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus mirabilis at a concentration of 6.25 microgram/ml. Also, approximately half of the isolates of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. were inhibited at a concentration of 12.5 microgram/ml. CP-35,587 was inactive when high concentrations of organisms were used as inocula. CP-35,587 was more active than mezlocillin, azlocillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin against isolates of K. pneumoniae, but other penicillins were more acte than CP-35,587 against other species of gram-negative bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:924896", "title": "In vitro studies with cefazaflur and other parenteral cephalosporins.", "content": "Cefazaflur has a broad-spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity equal to or greater than that of the commercially-available cephalosporins. In addition, cefazaflur has activity against isolates of Enterobacter, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus; however, this activity decreased markedly when the MIC determinations were carried out with a large inoculum size. A similar inoculum effect was observed with cefamandole, however, cefoxitin's activity was relatively unchanged at increased inoculum sizes. Human serum had a relatively small effect on the in vitro activity of cefazaflur.", "contents": "In vitro studies with cefazaflur and other parenteral cephalosporins. Cefazaflur has a broad-spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity equal to or greater than that of the commercially-available cephalosporins. In addition, cefazaflur has activity against isolates of Enterobacter, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus; however, this activity decreased markedly when the MIC determinations were carried out with a large inoculum size. A similar inoculum effect was observed with cefamandole, however, cefoxitin's activity was relatively unchanged at increased inoculum sizes. Human serum had a relatively small effect on the in vitro activity of cefazaflur."}
{"id": "PMID:924912", "title": "The effect of the absence of close supervision on the use of response cost in a prison token economy.", "content": "A naturally occurring experiment, in which direct supervision of a token economy in a penal system was removed and re-instated, is reported. A retrospective analysis revealed that in the absence of close supervision the use of response cost rose dramatically, both in terms of categories of behaviors for which response costs were levied and in the frequency of their use. The return of direct supervision led to a decreased use and and an end to the growth of categories of behaviors punished.", "contents": "The effect of the absence of close supervision on the use of response cost in a prison token economy. A naturally occurring experiment, in which direct supervision of a token economy in a penal system was removed and re-instated, is reported. A retrospective analysis revealed that in the absence of close supervision the use of response cost rose dramatically, both in terms of categories of behaviors for which response costs were levied and in the frequency of their use. The return of direct supervision led to a decreased use and and an end to the growth of categories of behaviors punished."}
{"id": "PMID:924913", "title": "Acquisition, discriminative stimulus control, and retention of increases/decreases in blood pressure of normotensive human subjects.", "content": "The aims of this study of 24 normotensive subjects were: to compare a free-operant with a discrete-trials training format; to determine the most effective training procedure by comparing instrumental conditioning with instructional set and a control; to see if both increases and decreases in blood pressure could be brought under discriminative control, and to examine the maintenance of acquired self-control of blood pressure. A 2 X 3 design was employed in which two trial formats (free operant and discrete trials) were factorially compared with three training conditions (instrumental conditioning, instructional set, and control). Instrumental conditioning was found superior to both the instructional set and control conditions in producing increases and decreases in mean diastolic blood pressure. The free-operant format led to a greater degree of learned BP control in that subjects were able to increase and decrease their blood pressure by 10% to 15% of basal value and to maintain the blood-pressure operant after contingent auditory feedback/reinforcement was removed. Training was discontinued when subjects in the other five groups failed to reach criterion after 10 consecutive acquisition sessions.", "contents": "Acquisition, discriminative stimulus control, and retention of increases/decreases in blood pressure of normotensive human subjects. The aims of this study of 24 normotensive subjects were: to compare a free-operant with a discrete-trials training format; to determine the most effective training procedure by comparing instrumental conditioning with instructional set and a control; to see if both increases and decreases in blood pressure could be brought under discriminative control, and to examine the maintenance of acquired self-control of blood pressure. A 2 X 3 design was employed in which two trial formats (free operant and discrete trials) were factorially compared with three training conditions (instrumental conditioning, instructional set, and control). Instrumental conditioning was found superior to both the instructional set and control conditions in producing increases and decreases in mean diastolic blood pressure. The free-operant format led to a greater degree of learned BP control in that subjects were able to increase and decrease their blood pressure by 10% to 15% of basal value and to maintain the blood-pressure operant after contingent auditory feedback/reinforcement was removed. Training was discontinued when subjects in the other five groups failed to reach criterion after 10 consecutive acquisition sessions."}
{"id": "PMID:924914", "title": "Temporal and climatic variables in naturalistic observation.", "content": "Home-observation data on 5- to 7-yr-old boys collected over 2 yr were examined for systematic variations in rates of desirable and undesirable behaviors associated with several temporal and climatic variables. Significant effects associated with time of day, day of the week, precipitation, and temperature were found. No significant effects on the naturalistic observation data were found for environmental factors associated with lunar phase. It was noted that the correlational nature of the findings did not obviate the necessity for control of the influence of temporal and climatic variables. Several methodological strategies for such control were discussed.", "contents": "Temporal and climatic variables in naturalistic observation. Home-observation data on 5- to 7-yr-old boys collected over 2 yr were examined for systematic variations in rates of desirable and undesirable behaviors associated with several temporal and climatic variables. Significant effects associated with time of day, day of the week, precipitation, and temperature were found. No significant effects on the naturalistic observation data were found for environmental factors associated with lunar phase. It was noted that the correlational nature of the findings did not obviate the necessity for control of the influence of temporal and climatic variables. Several methodological strategies for such control were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924915", "title": "Stimulus control in the classroom as a function of the behavior reinforced.", "content": "Eight fifth- and sixth-grade children with behavior problems performed in a classroom under three conditions: (1) unreinforced baseline, (2) reinforcement for being on task, and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate of math problems solved. The teacher was absent for a portion of the class session under each of these conditions. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior declined markedly and disruption markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In addition, the teacher's absence resulted in fewer problems attempted and decreased accuracy. However, the extent to which the children became disruptive was reduced and the number of problems attempted increased when reinforcement was contingent on academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent on being on task. The results suggest that by providing contingencies for the products of a child's classroom activities, rather than for being on task, the child will become more independent of the teacher's presence, and more under the control of the academic materials.", "contents": "Stimulus control in the classroom as a function of the behavior reinforced. Eight fifth- and sixth-grade children with behavior problems performed in a classroom under three conditions: (1) unreinforced baseline, (2) reinforcement for being on task, and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate of math problems solved. The teacher was absent for a portion of the class session under each of these conditions. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior declined markedly and disruption markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In addition, the teacher's absence resulted in fewer problems attempted and decreased accuracy. However, the extent to which the children became disruptive was reduced and the number of problems attempted increased when reinforcement was contingent on academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent on being on task. The results suggest that by providing contingencies for the products of a child's classroom activities, rather than for being on task, the child will become more independent of the teacher's presence, and more under the control of the academic materials."}
{"id": "PMID:924916", "title": "Attention training: the use of overcorrection avoidance to increase the eye contact of autistic and retarded children.", "content": "A crucial first step in teaching and training the retarded and autistic is to develop and maintain eye contact with the therapist. Functional movement training (an overcorrection procedure) plus edibles and praise were compared with edibles and praise alone as a method of developing eye contact in three such children. In both conditions, the child was given food and praise when eye contact occurred within 5 sec of the therapist's verbal prompt: \"Look at me.\" Functional movement training avoidance plus edibles and praise produced about 90% attention for the three children, while edibles and praise alone were less effective (eye contact never exceeded 55%). Functional movement training avoidance combined with edibles and praise appears to be an effective method of teaching eye contact and possibly other forms of instruction-following to behaviorally disordered children who are not always responsive to positive consequences.", "contents": "Attention training: the use of overcorrection avoidance to increase the eye contact of autistic and retarded children. A crucial first step in teaching and training the retarded and autistic is to develop and maintain eye contact with the therapist. Functional movement training (an overcorrection procedure) plus edibles and praise were compared with edibles and praise alone as a method of developing eye contact in three such children. In both conditions, the child was given food and praise when eye contact occurred within 5 sec of the therapist's verbal prompt: \"Look at me.\" Functional movement training avoidance plus edibles and praise produced about 90% attention for the three children, while edibles and praise alone were less effective (eye contact never exceeded 55%). Functional movement training avoidance combined with edibles and praise appears to be an effective method of teaching eye contact and possibly other forms of instruction-following to behaviorally disordered children who are not always responsive to positive consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:924921", "title": "Issues and implications of establishing guidelines for the use of behavioral techniques.", "content": "Several guidelines surrounding the use of behavioral procedures have recently appeared, the best of which is that of the National Association of Retarded Citizens (NARC). Some issues and implications of the establishment of guidelines are briefly reviewed in the context of the NARC guidelines. Issues include the factual versus opinion bases for guidelines and the need to continue the development of explicit behavioral criteria for assessing staff competence. Implications for programs include the impact of guidelines on the professional boundaries, administrative decision-making, and budgeting, together with the dangers of expanding the regulatory bureaucracy. Several miscellaneous impacts are noted, including a potential for curbing innovative behavioral technology.", "contents": "Issues and implications of establishing guidelines for the use of behavioral techniques. Several guidelines surrounding the use of behavioral procedures have recently appeared, the best of which is that of the National Association of Retarded Citizens (NARC). Some issues and implications of the establishment of guidelines are briefly reviewed in the context of the NARC guidelines. Issues include the factual versus opinion bases for guidelines and the need to continue the development of explicit behavioral criteria for assessing staff competence. Implications for programs include the impact of guidelines on the professional boundaries, administrative decision-making, and budgeting, together with the dangers of expanding the regulatory bureaucracy. Several miscellaneous impacts are noted, including a potential for curbing innovative behavioral technology."}
{"id": "PMID:924922", "title": "Why no guidelines for behavior modification?", "content": "This paper reviews the guidelines for behavioral programs published by the National Association of Retarded Children. The review discusses a number of reasons why guidelines should not be enunciated for behavior modification, e.g., the procedures of behavior modification appear to be no more or less subject to abuse and no more or less in need of ethical regulation than intervention procedures derived from any other set of principles and called by other terms. The review recommends alternative methods for protecting the rights of clients who participate in behavioral programs. Specifically, behavioral clinicians, like other therapists, should be governed by the ethics codes of their professions; also, the ethics of all intervention programs should be evaluated in terms of a number of critical issues.", "contents": "Why no guidelines for behavior modification? This paper reviews the guidelines for behavioral programs published by the National Association of Retarded Children. The review discusses a number of reasons why guidelines should not be enunciated for behavior modification, e.g., the procedures of behavior modification appear to be no more or less subject to abuse and no more or less in need of ethical regulation than intervention procedures derived from any other set of principles and called by other terms. The review recommends alternative methods for protecting the rights of clients who participate in behavioral programs. Specifically, behavioral clinicians, like other therapists, should be governed by the ethics codes of their professions; also, the ethics of all intervention programs should be evaluated in terms of a number of critical issues."}
{"id": "PMID:924923", "title": "What types of sex-role behavior should behavior modifiers promote?", "content": "Rekers and Lovaas (1974) reported a study using reinforcement procedures aimed at modifying the behavior of a 5-yr-old who engaged in cross-gender behavior. The use of traditional sex-role concepts in forming target behaviors is criticized and androgynous behavior is suggested as an empirically based alternative. The pathological nature of the behavior that the study was designed to prevent is also questioned, as is the ability to predict sex-role behavior from a 5-yr-old child's current behavior. These issues are raised in the context of the more general question, whom should the therapist serve?", "contents": "What types of sex-role behavior should behavior modifiers promote? Rekers and Lovaas (1974) reported a study using reinforcement procedures aimed at modifying the behavior of a 5-yr-old who engaged in cross-gender behavior. The use of traditional sex-role concepts in forming target behaviors is criticized and androgynous behavior is suggested as an empirically based alternative. The pathological nature of the behavior that the study was designed to prevent is also questioned, as is the ability to predict sex-role behavior from a 5-yr-old child's current behavior. These issues are raised in the context of the more general question, whom should the therapist serve?"}
{"id": "PMID:924924", "title": "Implications of the stereotyping and modification of sex role.", "content": "This article discusses and questions a study by Rekers and Lovaas (1974), which sought to \"normalize\" a young boy's sex-role behavior. The reasons given for treatment and the treatment itself are questioned. The ethical implications of the treatment and its outcome are then discussed, and alternative treatment procedures are suggested. Finally, the experimenters' description of the feminine sex-role is criticized.", "contents": "Implications of the stereotyping and modification of sex role. This article discusses and questions a study by Rekers and Lovaas (1974), which sought to \"normalize\" a young boy's sex-role behavior. The reasons given for treatment and the treatment itself are questioned. The ethical implications of the treatment and its outcome are then discussed, and alternative treatment procedures are suggested. Finally, the experimenters' description of the feminine sex-role is criticized."}
{"id": "PMID:924926", "title": "Automated analysis of thiamine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin A.", "content": "Methods currently used in most nutrient analysis laboratories are the classical AOAC methods. One of the major challenges facing the analytical chemist is the need for new or modified quantitative and reliable nutrient assay methods, which are rapid and less labor intensive. Recently, numerous vitamin assays have been published which use continuous flow and high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. This paper deals with some of the recent methods reported for analysis of thiamine and ascorbic acid, using continuous flow wet chemistry, and high pressure liquid chromatography for vitamin A in food products.", "contents": "Automated analysis of thiamine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin A. Methods currently used in most nutrient analysis laboratories are the classical AOAC methods. One of the major challenges facing the analytical chemist is the need for new or modified quantitative and reliable nutrient assay methods, which are rapid and less labor intensive. Recently, numerous vitamin assays have been published which use continuous flow and high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. This paper deals with some of the recent methods reported for analysis of thiamine and ascorbic acid, using continuous flow wet chemistry, and high pressure liquid chromatography for vitamin A in food products."}
{"id": "PMID:924927", "title": "Automated determination of protein-nitrogen in cereals and grains.", "content": "This paper presents the design, performance, and operational characteristics of a new direct reading instrument for determining nitrogen in cereal and grain. Precision, accuracy, range, speed, ease of operation, sensitivity, sample size, and flexibility of the instrument are presented. Results on various cereals and grains are presented and compared with those obtained by the Kjeldahl technique. The apparatus is the result of research for a rapid method for determining nitrogen in organic material. The instrument uses a combination of a unique high temperature sample oxidation, a sampling valve for separating combustion products, and thermal conductivity detection for the liberated nitrogen in a helium carrier gas.", "contents": "Automated determination of protein-nitrogen in cereals and grains. This paper presents the design, performance, and operational characteristics of a new direct reading instrument for determining nitrogen in cereal and grain. Precision, accuracy, range, speed, ease of operation, sensitivity, sample size, and flexibility of the instrument are presented. Results on various cereals and grains are presented and compared with those obtained by the Kjeldahl technique. The apparatus is the result of research for a rapid method for determining nitrogen in organic material. The instrument uses a combination of a unique high temperature sample oxidation, a sampling valve for separating combustion products, and thermal conductivity detection for the liberated nitrogen in a helium carrier gas."}
{"id": "PMID:924928", "title": "Review on computerized prediction of nutrients in thermally processed canned food.", "content": "Basic principles are briefly discussed for mathematical evaluation of nutrient concentration in thermally processed food. This evaluation is based on the use of equations for predicting the temperature of food subjected to a thermal process and for evaluating the rates of thermal degradation of a nutrient at different temperatures. Several computer programs were prepared by various researchers to minimize manual calculations required for estimating nutrient retention in thermally processed food. The computational characteristics of these programs are critically examined.", "contents": "Review on computerized prediction of nutrients in thermally processed canned food. Basic principles are briefly discussed for mathematical evaluation of nutrient concentration in thermally processed food. This evaluation is based on the use of equations for predicting the temperature of food subjected to a thermal process and for evaluating the rates of thermal degradation of a nutrient at different temperatures. Several computer programs were prepared by various researchers to minimize manual calculations required for estimating nutrient retention in thermally processed food. The computational characteristics of these programs are critically examined."}
{"id": "PMID:924930", "title": "Assuring reliable performance of antibiotic assay media.", "content": "The Microbiological Assay Branch of the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis assays over 100,000 samples of antibiotic products annually, using more than 1000 Ib dehydrated media. The media must be consistently dependable to produce accurate, reliable test results. To assure that the supply of media will meet the established requirements, each lot before purchase is subjected to a series of trials designed to examine growth support, sensitivity, and behavioral and physical factors. Actual antibiotic assays are conducted with the test medium, and performance is rated against a control medium. Controls on the system reduce the variables to allow appraisal of the medium itself.", "contents": "Assuring reliable performance of antibiotic assay media. The Microbiological Assay Branch of the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis assays over 100,000 samples of antibiotic products annually, using more than 1000 Ib dehydrated media. The media must be consistently dependable to produce accurate, reliable test results. To assure that the supply of media will meet the established requirements, each lot before purchase is subjected to a series of trials designed to examine growth support, sensitivity, and behavioral and physical factors. Actual antibiotic assays are conducted with the test medium, and performance is rated against a control medium. Controls on the system reduce the variables to allow appraisal of the medium itself."}
{"id": "PMID:924931", "title": "Effects of threonine supplementation on the slope assay for protein quality.", "content": "Several diets considered to be marginally deficient in threonine were fed to young male rats at protein levels ranging from 3 to 9%. Protein sources included lactalbumin (reference standard), soy protein with added methionine, pea protein with added methionine, rice-casein, and peanut-sesame-fish. Chemical scores and plasma amino acid scores indicated that these diets were limiting in threonine at the 3--4% protein level; increased growth resulted from supplementation with threonine. After threonine supplementation, all protein sources except pea were limiting in lysine. Increased growth at low protein levels with little or no extra growth at high protein levels due to threonine supplementation resulted in decreased slopes in the relative protein value (RPV) assay. Consequently, threonine supplementation apparently decreased RPV values for these samples but the protein efficiency ratio was not affected. It was concluded that the RPV assay underestimates the protein quality of lysine-deficient proteins.", "contents": "Effects of threonine supplementation on the slope assay for protein quality. Several diets considered to be marginally deficient in threonine were fed to young male rats at protein levels ranging from 3 to 9%. Protein sources included lactalbumin (reference standard), soy protein with added methionine, pea protein with added methionine, rice-casein, and peanut-sesame-fish. Chemical scores and plasma amino acid scores indicated that these diets were limiting in threonine at the 3--4% protein level; increased growth resulted from supplementation with threonine. After threonine supplementation, all protein sources except pea were limiting in lysine. Increased growth at low protein levels with little or no extra growth at high protein levels due to threonine supplementation resulted in decreased slopes in the relative protein value (RPV) assay. Consequently, threonine supplementation apparently decreased RPV values for these samples but the protein efficiency ratio was not affected. It was concluded that the RPV assay underestimates the protein quality of lysine-deficient proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:924932", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cholesterol and other sterols in foods.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method, using the butyryl esters of sterols, has been developed for the measurement of cholesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and campesterol in foods. An immobile phase of 1% SE-30 coated on 100-120 mesh Gas-Chrom Q packed in a 6 inch X 4 mm id glass column operated at 255 degrees C was the most satisfactory of 7 column packings evaluated. Extraction with chloroform-methanol gave 98.7% recovery with a coefficient of variation of 1.8% for cholesterol added to a variety of foods. When cholesteryl palmitate was added to vegetable oil and the butyryl derivative was prepared, followed by GLC analysis, the recovery was 99.3% with a coefficient of variation of 0.9%. Amounts as low as 1 mg/100 g food can be detected with a precision of 2.5%. The results of the analysis of a variety of foods for cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are given.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of cholesterol and other sterols in foods. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method, using the butyryl esters of sterols, has been developed for the measurement of cholesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and campesterol in foods. An immobile phase of 1% SE-30 coated on 100-120 mesh Gas-Chrom Q packed in a 6 inch X 4 mm id glass column operated at 255 degrees C was the most satisfactory of 7 column packings evaluated. Extraction with chloroform-methanol gave 98.7% recovery with a coefficient of variation of 1.8% for cholesterol added to a variety of foods. When cholesteryl palmitate was added to vegetable oil and the butyryl derivative was prepared, followed by GLC analysis, the recovery was 99.3% with a coefficient of variation of 0.9%. Amounts as low as 1 mg/100 g food can be detected with a precision of 2.5%. The results of the analysis of a variety of foods for cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are given."}
{"id": "PMID:924933", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of total inorganic iodine in milk.", "content": "Total inorganic iodine in milk is determined by conversion to iodobutanone, which is quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. As little as 10 microgram/L can be determined. The thyroid-active iodine content of milk can be determined rapidly with a relative standard deviation of 1.9%. Average recoveries for added iodide and iodine were 95.5 and 94.6%, respectively.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of total inorganic iodine in milk. Total inorganic iodine in milk is determined by conversion to iodobutanone, which is quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection. As little as 10 microgram/L can be determined. The thyroid-active iodine content of milk can be determined rapidly with a relative standard deviation of 1.9%. Average recoveries for added iodide and iodine were 95.5 and 94.6%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:924934", "title": "Polarographic determination of robenidine residues in chicken tissues, eggs, litter, soil, and plant tissue.", "content": "Polarographic residue methods have been developed for determining robenidine (Robenz), 1,3-bis[p-chlorobenzylidene)amino]-guanidine monohydrochloride, in chicken tissues, eggs, litter, soil, and plants. The compound is extracted from chicken fat, skin, muscle, liver, and eggs with ethyl acetate; from blood with acetone; from plant tissue, litter, and kidney with acidic acetone; and from soil with basic methanol. After extraction by high-speed blending or overnight shaking, the extract is cleaned up by evaporation, solvent partition and/or elution from CG-50 ion exchange resin. Robenidine is quantitated by differential cathode ray polarography, using acidic aqueous methanol or acetic acid (1+1) supporting electrolyte. Recoveries ranged from 64 to 125% with an average overall recovery of 90%. The validated sensitivity is 0.1 ppm for chicken tissues, soil, and plants, 0.01 ppm for eggs, and 1 ppm for litter.", "contents": "Polarographic determination of robenidine residues in chicken tissues, eggs, litter, soil, and plant tissue. Polarographic residue methods have been developed for determining robenidine (Robenz), 1,3-bis[p-chlorobenzylidene)amino]-guanidine monohydrochloride, in chicken tissues, eggs, litter, soil, and plants. The compound is extracted from chicken fat, skin, muscle, liver, and eggs with ethyl acetate; from blood with acetone; from plant tissue, litter, and kidney with acidic acetone; and from soil with basic methanol. After extraction by high-speed blending or overnight shaking, the extract is cleaned up by evaporation, solvent partition and/or elution from CG-50 ion exchange resin. Robenidine is quantitated by differential cathode ray polarography, using acidic aqueous methanol or acetic acid (1+1) supporting electrolyte. Recoveries ranged from 64 to 125% with an average overall recovery of 90%. The validated sensitivity is 0.1 ppm for chicken tissues, soil, and plants, 0.01 ppm for eggs, and 1 ppm for litter."}
{"id": "PMID:924935", "title": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of saccharin in alcoholic products.", "content": "After preliminary cleanup, sodium saccharin can be quantitatively determined in wines and proprietary drugs by using high pressure liquid chromatography. The preliminary cleanup removes materials that cause column deterioration, loss of baseline stability, and interfering peaks. The average experimental error found in analyses of 6 wines for sodium saccharin content was 2.3% and the standard deviation was 0.01. In the analysis of 10 cough medicines and vitamin preparations, the difference between declared and experimental values for sodium saccharin averaged 5.7%. The recovery for the extraction process ranged from 97.8 to 101.6%.", "contents": "High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of saccharin in alcoholic products. After preliminary cleanup, sodium saccharin can be quantitatively determined in wines and proprietary drugs by using high pressure liquid chromatography. The preliminary cleanup removes materials that cause column deterioration, loss of baseline stability, and interfering peaks. The average experimental error found in analyses of 6 wines for sodium saccharin content was 2.3% and the standard deviation was 0.01. In the analysis of 10 cough medicines and vitamin preparations, the difference between declared and experimental values for sodium saccharin averaged 5.7%. The recovery for the extraction process ranged from 97.8 to 101.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:924936", "title": "Isolation of chlorophenoxy herbicides on columns of glass beads.", "content": "A method for the analysis of chlorophenoxy herbicide residues has been developed based on the observed adsorptive affinity of chlorophenoxy acids for glass surfaces. Extracted residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) herbicides are adsorbed onto a column of fine mesh glass beads, and subsequently esterified with diazomethane for gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation, using an electron capture detector. Prior to injection, the esterified sample is cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to about 0.5 ppm 2,4-D and 0.01 ppm 2,4,5-T. Recoveries averaged from 81 to 101%, depending on the level added and the substrate.", "contents": "Isolation of chlorophenoxy herbicides on columns of glass beads. A method for the analysis of chlorophenoxy herbicide residues has been developed based on the observed adsorptive affinity of chlorophenoxy acids for glass surfaces. Extracted residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) herbicides are adsorbed onto a column of fine mesh glass beads, and subsequently esterified with diazomethane for gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation, using an electron capture detector. Prior to injection, the esterified sample is cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to about 0.5 ppm 2,4-D and 0.01 ppm 2,4,5-T. Recoveries averaged from 81 to 101%, depending on the level added and the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:924937", "title": "Simultaneous determination of captan and captafol in apples and potatoes by thin layer chromatography and in situ fluorometry.", "content": "A simple method is described for the simultaneous quantitative determination of captan [N-(trichloromethylthio)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide] and captafol [N-(1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio) -3a,4,7,7a - tetrahydrophthalimide] in apples and potatoes. The fungicide residues are extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned into a solution of methylene chloride in petroleum ether, separated from each other and the co-extractives on a thin layer chromatographic plate impregnated with aluminum chloride, sprayed with sodium chlorate, and heated. The fluorescence is then measured directly from the chromatogram. Recoveries were greater than 90% in the test crops at the 0.2 ppm level.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of captan and captafol in apples and potatoes by thin layer chromatography and in situ fluorometry. A simple method is described for the simultaneous quantitative determination of captan [N-(trichloromethylthio)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide] and captafol [N-(1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio) -3a,4,7,7a - tetrahydrophthalimide] in apples and potatoes. The fungicide residues are extracted with acetonitrile, partitioned into a solution of methylene chloride in petroleum ether, separated from each other and the co-extractives on a thin layer chromatographic plate impregnated with aluminum chloride, sprayed with sodium chlorate, and heated. The fluorescence is then measured directly from the chromatogram. Recoveries were greater than 90% in the test crops at the 0.2 ppm level."}
{"id": "PMID:924938", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of isosorbide dinitrate in tablets.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is described for determining isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in tablets. ISDN is extracted from tablet excipients by a 2-phase system composed of water-ethyl ether, and detected and quantitated with a flame ionization detector after separation from the internal standard (glyceryl tributyrate) on a 3% OV-210 column. Ten replicate assays on 2 different batches of tablets, each containing 5 mg ISDN, gave coefficients of variation of 1.16 and 1.48%, respectively. Comparison of results obtained for tablets containing 5, 10, and 40 mg ISDN, and for diluted isosorbide dinitrate raw material containing 25% ISDN, showed good correlation among the GLC, USP colorimetric, and USP polarographic procedures. Assay of synthetic mixtures containing ISDN, isosorbide-2-mononitrate, and isosorbide-5-mononitrate demonstrated that the GLC procedure is specific for ISDN, whereas the USP polarographic procedure is subject to interference from the mononitrates.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of isosorbide dinitrate in tablets. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is described for determining isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in tablets. ISDN is extracted from tablet excipients by a 2-phase system composed of water-ethyl ether, and detected and quantitated with a flame ionization detector after separation from the internal standard (glyceryl tributyrate) on a 3% OV-210 column. Ten replicate assays on 2 different batches of tablets, each containing 5 mg ISDN, gave coefficients of variation of 1.16 and 1.48%, respectively. Comparison of results obtained for tablets containing 5, 10, and 40 mg ISDN, and for diluted isosorbide dinitrate raw material containing 25% ISDN, showed good correlation among the GLC, USP colorimetric, and USP polarographic procedures. Assay of synthetic mixtures containing ISDN, isosorbide-2-mononitrate, and isosorbide-5-mononitrate demonstrated that the GLC procedure is specific for ISDN, whereas the USP polarographic procedure is subject to interference from the mononitrates."}
{"id": "PMID:924939", "title": "Comparison of methods for determining probenecid in tablets and flavored oral suspensions containing ampicillin.", "content": "Several methods for quantitating probenecid were compared: USP XIX method for probenecid in tablets, a modified USP extraction method for probenecid in tablets, a new column extraction method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing ampicillin, and a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing antibiotics. The first 3 methods were satisfactory for probenecid in bulks and tablets but proved unsatisfactory for oral suspeonsions containing flavors. The flavors gave positive interference for probenecid in oral suspensions. The HPLC method, although more time-consuming, separated probenecid from excipients, thus eliminating positive interference from flavors.", "contents": "Comparison of methods for determining probenecid in tablets and flavored oral suspensions containing ampicillin. Several methods for quantitating probenecid were compared: USP XIX method for probenecid in tablets, a modified USP extraction method for probenecid in tablets, a new column extraction method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing ampicillin, and a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing antibiotics. The first 3 methods were satisfactory for probenecid in bulks and tablets but proved unsatisfactory for oral suspeonsions containing flavors. The flavors gave positive interference for probenecid in oral suspensions. The HPLC method, although more time-consuming, separated probenecid from excipients, thus eliminating positive interference from flavors."}
{"id": "PMID:924940", "title": "Collaborative study of a spectrophotometric determination of ferric, ferrous, and total iron in drugs by reaction with  alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for determining Fe2+, Fe3+, and total Fe in drugs has been developed, using alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl as the colorimetric reagent. The method is applicable to tablets elixirs, injectables, and bulk powder. Eight collaborates analyzed a synthetic iron preparation and 7 commercial samples. For the synthetic iron preparation, the average recovery was 100.3% and the coefficient of variation was 1.02%. For 7 commercial samples, the average coefficient of variation was 1.44%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a spectrophotometric determination of ferric, ferrous, and total iron in drugs by reaction with  alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl. A spectrophotometric method for determining Fe2+, Fe3+, and total Fe in drugs has been developed, using alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl as the colorimetric reagent. The method is applicable to tablets elixirs, injectables, and bulk powder. Eight collaborates analyzed a synthetic iron preparation and 7 commercial samples. For the synthetic iron preparation, the average recovery was 100.3% and the coefficient of variation was 1.02%. For 7 commercial samples, the average coefficient of variation was 1.44%. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:924941", "title": "The variability of AOAC methods of analysis as used in analytical pharmaceutical chemistry.", "content": "Pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, which ordinarily deals with the analysis of formulations containing from 0.1 to 100% of active ingredient, uses methods with a reproducibility (between-laboratory variability) of about 2.5% and a repeatability (within-laboratory variability) of about half that amount. The best between-laboratory precision attainable appears to be about 1.0% and within-laboratory precision, about 0.5%. On the basis of the results available, automated methods do not appear to be any more precise than manual methods, although the studies show fewer outlying data points. Replicates (preferably blind ones) should always be conducted in a collaborative interlaboratory study in order to obtain the important information as to whether efforts should be concentrated on improving the method itself or on the performance of laboratories and analysis in applying it.", "contents": "The variability of AOAC methods of analysis as used in analytical pharmaceutical chemistry. Pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, which ordinarily deals with the analysis of formulations containing from 0.1 to 100% of active ingredient, uses methods with a reproducibility (between-laboratory variability) of about 2.5% and a repeatability (within-laboratory variability) of about half that amount. The best between-laboratory precision attainable appears to be about 1.0% and within-laboratory precision, about 0.5%. On the basis of the results available, automated methods do not appear to be any more precise than manual methods, although the studies show fewer outlying data points. Replicates (preferably blind ones) should always be conducted in a collaborative interlaboratory study in order to obtain the important information as to whether efforts should be concentrated on improving the method itself or on the performance of laboratories and analysis in applying it."}
{"id": "PMID:924943", "title": "Screening method for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone in cereals.", "content": "A screening method has been developed for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone in cereals. After extraction, the sample is cleaned up by gel filtration. The mycotoxins are separated by thin layer chromatography. The limits of detection are about 5 microgram aflatoxins, 10 microgram ochratoxin A, 50 microgram patulin, 10 microgram sterigmatocystin, and 35 microgram zearalenone/kg.", "contents": "Screening method for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone in cereals. A screening method has been developed for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone in cereals. After extraction, the sample is cleaned up by gel filtration. The mycotoxins are separated by thin layer chromatography. The limits of detection are about 5 microgram aflatoxins, 10 microgram ochratoxin A, 50 microgram patulin, 10 microgram sterigmatocystin, and 35 microgram zearalenone/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:924944", "title": "Application of linear discriminant analysis to the differentiation of pure milk from different species and mixtures.", "content": "Discriminant analysis is used to identify different milk samples on the basis of the gas chromatographic data for fatty acids in 20 samples each of milk fat from cows, sheep, and goats. The method can differentiate mixtures and pure milks with a high degree of correct classifications. A good discrimination can also be obtained by using a reduced set of variables. The method is useful for the interpretation of gas chromatographic data and should allow a higher proportion of correct classifications than is possible by visual inspection of the chromatograms.", "contents": "Application of linear discriminant analysis to the differentiation of pure milk from different species and mixtures. Discriminant analysis is used to identify different milk samples on the basis of the gas chromatographic data for fatty acids in 20 samples each of milk fat from cows, sheep, and goats. The method can differentiate mixtures and pure milks with a high degree of correct classifications. A good discrimination can also be obtained by using a reduced set of variables. The method is useful for the interpretation of gas chromatographic data and should allow a higher proportion of correct classifications than is possible by visual inspection of the chromatograms."}
{"id": "PMID:924945", "title": "Rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase reactivation.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the qualitative screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate for differentiating reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. The relative increase in activity of the enzyme in the presence of MgCl2 serves to distinguish reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. Ten samples each of pasteurized (172 degrees F for 24 sec), sterilized (about 300 degrees F for a minimum of 2 sec) half-and-half and heavy cream were analyzed. Most samples yielded negative results initially but demonstrated activity after incubation 1 hr at 34 degrees C. The average values in terms of + marks, for the half and half and heavy cream in samples without MgCl2 were less than 1 and 2.4, respectively; for samples treated with MgCl2, the values were 2.18 and 4.6, respectively, indicating reactivated phosphatase activity. In samples containing various levels of raw milk, the activity observed in the diluted, Mg2+-containing samples was less than in the undiluted samples containing no Mg, indicating residual phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase reactivation. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the qualitative screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate for differentiating reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. The relative increase in activity of the enzyme in the presence of MgCl2 serves to distinguish reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. Ten samples each of pasteurized (172 degrees F for 24 sec), sterilized (about 300 degrees F for a minimum of 2 sec) half-and-half and heavy cream were analyzed. Most samples yielded negative results initially but demonstrated activity after incubation 1 hr at 34 degrees C. The average values in terms of + marks, for the half and half and heavy cream in samples without MgCl2 were less than 1 and 2.4, respectively; for samples treated with MgCl2, the values were 2.18 and 4.6, respectively, indicating reactivated phosphatase activity. In samples containing various levels of raw milk, the activity observed in the diluted, Mg2+-containing samples was less than in the undiluted samples containing no Mg, indicating residual phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:924946", "title": "Rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese.", "content": "A visual screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate was applied to cheese by analyzing the extract obtained with 7.5% butanol. In the extraction step, all of the alcohol was added at one time, and the mixture was filtered after mixing. Analysis of 10 samples of various types of cheese resulted in data identical to that obtained by the Scharer rapid method. Quantitative data obtained by dialysis of the butanol filtrate and spectrophotometric measurement of the phenolphthalein compared favorably (r = 0.96) with data obtained by the Scharer spectrophotometric method on 13 samples of cheese.", "contents": "Rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in cheese. A visual screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate was applied to cheese by analyzing the extract obtained with 7.5% butanol. In the extraction step, all of the alcohol was added at one time, and the mixture was filtered after mixing. Analysis of 10 samples of various types of cheese resulted in data identical to that obtained by the Scharer rapid method. Quantitative data obtained by dialysis of the butanol filtrate and spectrophotometric measurement of the phenolphthalein compared favorably (r = 0.96) with data obtained by the Scharer spectrophotometric method on 13 samples of cheese."}
{"id": "PMID:924947", "title": "Acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for determining arsenic and selenium in foods: collaborative study. tpart I.", "content": "The hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method for determining As and Se in foods developed and evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and Agriculture Canada laboratories was subjected to collaborative study, Twenty-four laboratories provided results for As and 23 provided results for Se levels in 13 different samples consisting of tuna, swordfish, flounder, oyster, liver, flour, skim milk poweder, spinach, kale, and apple containing natural levels of As and Se in the ranges 0-15,000 and 0-4000 ng/g, respectively. Reference materials formed a substantial segment of samples, and a number of other laboratories using fluorometry, colorimetry, neutron activation, spark source mass spectrometry, and graphite furnace AAS provided confirmative reference values for the remaining samples. A variety of hydride generation instruments were used, ranging from commercially available devices to semiautomated and fully automated custom-made instruments. Although the accuracy of the method was fairly good, between-laboratory and between-determination (hydride evolution AAS measurement) precisions were not favorable. The main advantage of the hydride AAS method is the rapidity of the determinative step.", "contents": "Acid digestion, hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometric method for determining arsenic and selenium in foods: collaborative study. tpart I. The hydride evolution atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method for determining As and Se in foods developed and evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and Agriculture Canada laboratories was subjected to collaborative study, Twenty-four laboratories provided results for As and 23 provided results for Se levels in 13 different samples consisting of tuna, swordfish, flounder, oyster, liver, flour, skim milk poweder, spinach, kale, and apple containing natural levels of As and Se in the ranges 0-15,000 and 0-4000 ng/g, respectively. Reference materials formed a substantial segment of samples, and a number of other laboratories using fluorometry, colorimetry, neutron activation, spark source mass spectrometry, and graphite furnace AAS provided confirmative reference values for the remaining samples. A variety of hydride generation instruments were used, ranging from commercially available devices to semiautomated and fully automated custom-made instruments. Although the accuracy of the method was fairly good, between-laboratory and between-determination (hydride evolution AAS measurement) precisions were not favorable. The main advantage of the hydride AAS method is the rapidity of the determinative step."}
{"id": "PMID:924970", "title": "Microtubular structures in a stable staphylococcal L-form.", "content": "Microtubular structures, which were demonstrated as straight, dense-walled cylinders attached to cell membranes, were found in a stable staphylococcal L-form grown in the absence of antibiotic.", "contents": "Microtubular structures in a stable staphylococcal L-form. Microtubular structures, which were demonstrated as straight, dense-walled cylinders attached to cell membranes, were found in a stable staphylococcal L-form grown in the absence of antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:924971", "title": "Energy-dependent inactivation of citrate lyase in Enterobacter aerogenes.", "content": "Enterobacter aerogenes was grown in continous culture with ammonia as the growth-limiting substrate, and changes in citrate lyase and citrate synthase activities were monitored after growth shifts from anaerobic growth on citrate to aerobic growth on citrate, aerobic growth on glucose, anaerobic growth on glucose, and anaerobic growth on glucose plus nitrate. Citrate lyase was inactivated during aerobic growth on glucose and during anaerobic growth with glucose plus nitrate. Inactivation did not occur during anaerobic growth on glucose, and as a result of the simultaneous presence of citrate lyase and citrate synthase, growth difficulties were observed. Citrate lyase inactivation consisted of deacetylation of the enzyme. The corresponding deacetylase could not be demonstrated in cell extracts, and it is concluded that, as in a number of other inactivations, electron transport to oxygen or nitrate was required for inactivation.", "contents": "Energy-dependent inactivation of citrate lyase in Enterobacter aerogenes. Enterobacter aerogenes was grown in continous culture with ammonia as the growth-limiting substrate, and changes in citrate lyase and citrate synthase activities were monitored after growth shifts from anaerobic growth on citrate to aerobic growth on citrate, aerobic growth on glucose, anaerobic growth on glucose, and anaerobic growth on glucose plus nitrate. Citrate lyase was inactivated during aerobic growth on glucose and during anaerobic growth with glucose plus nitrate. Inactivation did not occur during anaerobic growth on glucose, and as a result of the simultaneous presence of citrate lyase and citrate synthase, growth difficulties were observed. Citrate lyase inactivation consisted of deacetylation of the enzyme. The corresponding deacetylase could not be demonstrated in cell extracts, and it is concluded that, as in a number of other inactivations, electron transport to oxygen or nitrate was required for inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:924972", "title": "Phycocyanin synthesis and degradation in the blue-green bacterium Anacystis nidulans.", "content": "Cellular content and rates of synthesis of the apoprotein subunits of phycocyanin in Anacystis nidulans cultures undergoing, and recovering from, nitrate starvation were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total and immunoprecipitable soluble proteins. Results indicated that (i) nitrate starvation provokes coordinate degradation of apoprotein subunits: (ii) de novo synthesis of these subunits is selectively depressed during starvation; (iii) nitrate restoration provokes coordinate increases in the rates of synthesis of these subunits, although maximal rates are not achieved for 6 to 10 h after readdition of nitrate; and (iv) illumination affects both relative and absolute rates of apoprotein formation.", "contents": "Phycocyanin synthesis and degradation in the blue-green bacterium Anacystis nidulans. Cellular content and rates of synthesis of the apoprotein subunits of phycocyanin in Anacystis nidulans cultures undergoing, and recovering from, nitrate starvation were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of total and immunoprecipitable soluble proteins. Results indicated that (i) nitrate starvation provokes coordinate degradation of apoprotein subunits: (ii) de novo synthesis of these subunits is selectively depressed during starvation; (iii) nitrate restoration provokes coordinate increases in the rates of synthesis of these subunits, although maximal rates are not achieved for 6 to 10 h after readdition of nitrate; and (iv) illumination affects both relative and absolute rates of apoprotein formation."}
{"id": "PMID:924973", "title": "Plasmid content and tumor initiation complementation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens IIBNV6.", "content": "Avirulent strains IIBNV6 and NT1, derived from virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were tested for their ability to enhance tumor initiation (complement) on coinoculation with tumorigenic strains. Strain NT1, cured of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid, failed to complement when inoculated with its virulent parental strain or with other virulent strains. Strain IIBNV6, however, complemented with all virulent strains tested. Attachment to host wound sites by both strain IIBNV6 and the virulent strain was essential for this effect. Inoculation of the tumorigenic strain at different times on leaves previously inoculated with IIBNV6 showed that the capacity to complement is lost during the period between 4 and 8 h after IIBNV6 inoculation. The rate of tumor appearance obtained with an inoculum containing IIBNV6 and a virulent auxotrophic strain was characteristic of the appearance rate obtained with prototrophic bacteria. Evidence is summarized which suggests that strain IIBNV6 can induce tumors when supplied with a substance produced or induced by a virulent bacterium at a separate site. A deoxyribonucleic acid plasmid about 40% the size of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid was obtained from strain IIBNV6. We propose that this plasmid accounts for the ability of strain IIBNV6 to complement and that it contains part of the genetic information necessary for tumor initiation.", "contents": "Plasmid content and tumor initiation complementation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens IIBNV6. Avirulent strains IIBNV6 and NT1, derived from virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were tested for their ability to enhance tumor initiation (complement) on coinoculation with tumorigenic strains. Strain NT1, cured of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid, failed to complement when inoculated with its virulent parental strain or with other virulent strains. Strain IIBNV6, however, complemented with all virulent strains tested. Attachment to host wound sites by both strain IIBNV6 and the virulent strain was essential for this effect. Inoculation of the tumorigenic strain at different times on leaves previously inoculated with IIBNV6 showed that the capacity to complement is lost during the period between 4 and 8 h after IIBNV6 inoculation. The rate of tumor appearance obtained with an inoculum containing IIBNV6 and a virulent auxotrophic strain was characteristic of the appearance rate obtained with prototrophic bacteria. Evidence is summarized which suggests that strain IIBNV6 can induce tumors when supplied with a substance produced or induced by a virulent bacterium at a separate site. A deoxyribonucleic acid plasmid about 40% the size of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid was obtained from strain IIBNV6. We propose that this plasmid accounts for the ability of strain IIBNV6 to complement and that it contains part of the genetic information necessary for tumor initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:924974", "title": "Donor strains of the soft-rot bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi and conjugational transfer of the pectolytic capacity.", "content": "Donor strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi ICPB EC16, a member of the soft-rot (pectolytic) section of the enterobacterial genus Erwinia, were obtained by chromosomal integration of an F'lac(+) plasmid originating from Escherichia coli. These stable donor strains, selected from an unstable F'lac(+) heterogenote by repeated platings of single Lac(+) colonies on lactose minimal agar, do not segregate (as does the parent F'lac(+) heterogenote) into Lac(-) or F(-) clones, in either the presence or absence of acridine orange. One representative donor strain (from the 12 that have been selected) has been examined in more detail; it can transfer ade(+), gal(+), gtu(+) (utilization of galacturonate), his(+), lac(+), leu(+), lys(+), mcu(+) (multiple carbohydrate utilization), pat(+) (production of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase), thr(+), and trp(+) in a polarized manner to appropriate recipient strains of E. chrysanthemi; the frequencies of ade(+), leu(+), and thr(+) transfer were higher than those of the other markers tested to date. This donor strain transfers lac(+) genes during a 6-h mating on membranes; most of the Lac(+) recombinants are donors of chromosomal markers. The kinetics of entry as well as the frequencies of transfer of chromosomal markers indicate that thr(+) and leu(+) enter the recipient as proximal markers and that lac(+) enters as a distal marker. Analysis of the recombinants demonstrates close linkage between thr and leu, ade and thr, his and pat, and his and trp loci. The results suggest that the integration of F'lac(+) into the chromosome of E. chrysanthemi has occurred at a region adjacent to the leu-thr loci, and that the chromosome is transferred in the following sequence: origin----leu--thr--ade--lys--mcu--pat--his--trp--gal--gtu--lac--F. Plant-tissue maceration occurs in Pat(+) recombinants and not in Pat(-) recombinants, even though both form another pectolytic enzyme, hydrolytic polygalacturonase. This genetic evidence supports the idea that the E. chrysanthemi polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase plays an essential role in bringing about plant-tissue maceration.", "contents": "Donor strains of the soft-rot bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi and conjugational transfer of the pectolytic capacity. Donor strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi ICPB EC16, a member of the soft-rot (pectolytic) section of the enterobacterial genus Erwinia, were obtained by chromosomal integration of an F'lac(+) plasmid originating from Escherichia coli. These stable donor strains, selected from an unstable F'lac(+) heterogenote by repeated platings of single Lac(+) colonies on lactose minimal agar, do not segregate (as does the parent F'lac(+) heterogenote) into Lac(-) or F(-) clones, in either the presence or absence of acridine orange. One representative donor strain (from the 12 that have been selected) has been examined in more detail; it can transfer ade(+), gal(+), gtu(+) (utilization of galacturonate), his(+), lac(+), leu(+), lys(+), mcu(+) (multiple carbohydrate utilization), pat(+) (production of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase), thr(+), and trp(+) in a polarized manner to appropriate recipient strains of E. chrysanthemi; the frequencies of ade(+), leu(+), and thr(+) transfer were higher than those of the other markers tested to date. This donor strain transfers lac(+) genes during a 6-h mating on membranes; most of the Lac(+) recombinants are donors of chromosomal markers. The kinetics of entry as well as the frequencies of transfer of chromosomal markers indicate that thr(+) and leu(+) enter the recipient as proximal markers and that lac(+) enters as a distal marker. Analysis of the recombinants demonstrates close linkage between thr and leu, ade and thr, his and pat, and his and trp loci. The results suggest that the integration of F'lac(+) into the chromosome of E. chrysanthemi has occurred at a region adjacent to the leu-thr loci, and that the chromosome is transferred in the following sequence: origin----leu--thr--ade--lys--mcu--pat--his--trp--gal--gtu--lac--F. Plant-tissue maceration occurs in Pat(+) recombinants and not in Pat(-) recombinants, even though both form another pectolytic enzyme, hydrolytic polygalacturonase. This genetic evidence supports the idea that the E. chrysanthemi polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase plays an essential role in bringing about plant-tissue maceration."}
{"id": "PMID:924975", "title": "Host-dependent, thermosensitive replication of an R plasmid, pJY5, isolated from Enterobacter cloacae.", "content": "The thermosensitive replication of an R plasmid, pJY5, isolated from Enterobacter cloacae, was studied. pJY5 consisted of 61 million daltons of covalently closed circular (CCC) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a buoyant density of 1.714 g/cm3 (55 mol % guanine plus cytosine). In Escherichia coli, this plasmid replicated stringently at 32 degrees C, but ceased its CCC DNA replication after a short incubation at 42 degrees C, resulting in production of R- segregants. The thermosensitive replication of pJY5 was not overcome by the coexistence of non-thermosensitive R plasmids. The plasmid manifested an inhibitory effect on host bacterial cell growth at 42 degrees C, although the effect was less prominent than that of R plasmids belonging to the T-incompatibility group, Rts1, R401, and R402. When the pJY5 plasmid was transferred into E. cloacae, however, no R- segregants were detected at any culture temperature, even 42 degrees C. Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis revealed that a significant amount of pJY5 CCC DNA was synthesized in E. cloacae at the high temperature but not in E. coli. Furthermore, the growth-inhibitory effect of pJY5 on hosts at 42 degrees C was not observed in E. cloacae. On the other hand, Rts1 and R401 were found to be thermosensitive in E. cloacae as well as in E. coli.", "contents": "Host-dependent, thermosensitive replication of an R plasmid, pJY5, isolated from Enterobacter cloacae. The thermosensitive replication of an R plasmid, pJY5, isolated from Enterobacter cloacae, was studied. pJY5 consisted of 61 million daltons of covalently closed circular (CCC) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a buoyant density of 1.714 g/cm3 (55 mol % guanine plus cytosine). In Escherichia coli, this plasmid replicated stringently at 32 degrees C, but ceased its CCC DNA replication after a short incubation at 42 degrees C, resulting in production of R- segregants. The thermosensitive replication of pJY5 was not overcome by the coexistence of non-thermosensitive R plasmids. The plasmid manifested an inhibitory effect on host bacterial cell growth at 42 degrees C, although the effect was less prominent than that of R plasmids belonging to the T-incompatibility group, Rts1, R401, and R402. When the pJY5 plasmid was transferred into E. cloacae, however, no R- segregants were detected at any culture temperature, even 42 degrees C. Alkaline sucrose gradient analysis revealed that a significant amount of pJY5 CCC DNA was synthesized in E. cloacae at the high temperature but not in E. coli. Furthermore, the growth-inhibitory effect of pJY5 on hosts at 42 degrees C was not observed in E. cloacae. On the other hand, Rts1 and R401 were found to be thermosensitive in E. cloacae as well as in E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:924976", "title": "Novel bacterium infecting an African snail.", "content": "Nodules found in the superficial tissues of laboratory-maintained snails (Bulinus jousseaumei) contained a bacterium of two forms. This nonmotile microorganism occurred in intracellular packets as a simple gram-negative rod that appeared to undergo intrapacket transition to a cephalotrichous form. The latter is characterized by a \"head\" from which emerge long, thick, rigid, flagella-like, helically constituted filamentous organelles with a core and an outer component that is not an extension of the bacterial envelope. Neither form was successfully cultured, but clean snails derived from eggs removed before hatching developed nodules within 1 to 3 months of exposure to infected snails. The infectivity was specific for the host snail, and no transmission occurred to snails of 5 other genera tested. The presence of nodules did not interfere with longevity or reproduction of infected snails. Details of infectivity, transition, and taxonomic position of the bacterium remain to be explored, but it is reported because of unique morphological and ultrastructural features not previously known.", "contents": "Novel bacterium infecting an African snail. Nodules found in the superficial tissues of laboratory-maintained snails (Bulinus jousseaumei) contained a bacterium of two forms. This nonmotile microorganism occurred in intracellular packets as a simple gram-negative rod that appeared to undergo intrapacket transition to a cephalotrichous form. The latter is characterized by a \"head\" from which emerge long, thick, rigid, flagella-like, helically constituted filamentous organelles with a core and an outer component that is not an extension of the bacterial envelope. Neither form was successfully cultured, but clean snails derived from eggs removed before hatching developed nodules within 1 to 3 months of exposure to infected snails. The infectivity was specific for the host snail, and no transmission occurred to snails of 5 other genera tested. The presence of nodules did not interfere with longevity or reproduction of infected snails. Details of infectivity, transition, and taxonomic position of the bacterium remain to be explored, but it is reported because of unique morphological and ultrastructural features not previously known."}
{"id": "PMID:924977", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor of a myogenic cell line, L6.", "content": "The biochemical characters of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in a myogenic cell line, L6, are as follows. 1. AChR extracted with Triton X-100 has a molecular weight of 5.5 X 10(5) determined by gel-chromatography, an apparent S value of 9.7 determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and an isoelectric point of 5.3. AChR is shown to interact with concanavalin A. 2. The association rate constant of the binding reaction between AChR and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) labelled with 125I is 1 X 10(6) M-1 with S-1 at 35 degrees C. Preincubation with d-tubocurarine blocks the binding. The half-life of the AChR-toxin complex exceeds 180 h.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor of a myogenic cell line, L6. The biochemical characters of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in a myogenic cell line, L6, are as follows. 1. AChR extracted with Triton X-100 has a molecular weight of 5.5 X 10(5) determined by gel-chromatography, an apparent S value of 9.7 determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and an isoelectric point of 5.3. AChR is shown to interact with concanavalin A. 2. The association rate constant of the binding reaction between AChR and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) labelled with 125I is 1 X 10(6) M-1 with S-1 at 35 degrees C. Preincubation with d-tubocurarine blocks the binding. The half-life of the AChR-toxin complex exceeds 180 h."}
{"id": "PMID:924979", "title": "Translocation reaction promoted by polypeptide chain elongation factor-2 from pig liver.", "content": "Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A- to the P-site in the eukaryotic system was extensively investigated using a model system, in which translocation of Phe-tRNA from the A- to the P-site was examined by using the puromycin reaction, and the following results were obtained. 1) The puromycin reaction but not the translocation reaction proceeded at 0 degrees C. Since the latter could be demonstrated at 30 degrees C, it was possible to analyze translocation per se separately from the puromycin reaction. 2) Translocation was completely dependent on the elongation factor-2 (EF-2) and required the presence of GTP, which could be replaced by GMP-P(NH)P provided that the stoichiometric amount of EF-2 with respect to the amount or ribosomes was present. It was further demonstrated that translocation observed in the presence of GTP was catalytic, while that in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P was stoichiometric, indicating that hydrolysis of GTP was required for the catalytic reutilization of EF-2. 3) Translocation promoted by EF-2 in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P could be reversed, which suggests that hydrolysis of GTP is indispensable of the translocation reaction to proceed  catalytically and unidirectionally forward.", "contents": "Translocation reaction promoted by polypeptide chain elongation factor-2 from pig liver. Translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A- to the P-site in the eukaryotic system was extensively investigated using a model system, in which translocation of Phe-tRNA from the A- to the P-site was examined by using the puromycin reaction, and the following results were obtained. 1) The puromycin reaction but not the translocation reaction proceeded at 0 degrees C. Since the latter could be demonstrated at 30 degrees C, it was possible to analyze translocation per se separately from the puromycin reaction. 2) Translocation was completely dependent on the elongation factor-2 (EF-2) and required the presence of GTP, which could be replaced by GMP-P(NH)P provided that the stoichiometric amount of EF-2 with respect to the amount or ribosomes was present. It was further demonstrated that translocation observed in the presence of GTP was catalytic, while that in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P was stoichiometric, indicating that hydrolysis of GTP was required for the catalytic reutilization of EF-2. 3) Translocation promoted by EF-2 in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P could be reversed, which suggests that hydrolysis of GTP is indispensable of the translocation reaction to proceed  catalytically and unidirectionally forward."}
{"id": "PMID:924981", "title": "Effects of gastrointestinal and related hormones on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in cultured liver cells.", "content": "When isolated rat liver cells were incubated for 15 min in the presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, gastrin, caerulein or glucagon at concentrations ranging from 0.2 microgram to 2 microgram per ml, glycogenolysis was stimulated. Among the gastrointestinal hormones or peptides tested, vasoactive intestinal peptide had the highest stimulatory activity. However, somatostatin was inhibitory for liver glycogenolysis. Combination experiments showed that somatostatin also inhibited the stimulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin, but not that of glucagon, while glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide, or glucagon and secretin showed additive effects on glycogenolysis, but secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide did not. The results suffest that the receptor site of glucagon is different from those of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Slight but significant stimulation of gluconeogenesis was also observed by vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that the so-called enterohepatic axis, in which a part of serum glucose levels is regulated directly by gastrointestinal hormones, exists and that the axis is inhibited by somatostatin.", "contents": "Effects of gastrointestinal and related hormones on glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in cultured liver cells. When isolated rat liver cells were incubated for 15 min in the presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, gastrin, caerulein or glucagon at concentrations ranging from 0.2 microgram to 2 microgram per ml, glycogenolysis was stimulated. Among the gastrointestinal hormones or peptides tested, vasoactive intestinal peptide had the highest stimulatory activity. However, somatostatin was inhibitory for liver glycogenolysis. Combination experiments showed that somatostatin also inhibited the stimulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin, but not that of glucagon, while glucagon and vasoactive intestinal peptide, or glucagon and secretin showed additive effects on glycogenolysis, but secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide did not. The results suffest that the receptor site of glucagon is different from those of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Slight but significant stimulation of gluconeogenesis was also observed by vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that the so-called enterohepatic axis, in which a part of serum glucose levels is regulated directly by gastrointestinal hormones, exists and that the axis is inhibited by somatostatin."}
{"id": "PMID:924985", "title": "Metabolism of putrescine in neuroblastoma and glioma cells during culture.", "content": "The metabolism of putrescine in neuroblastoma and glioma cells was analyzed during culture. In the former cells the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from putrescine was low and constant during the logarithmic phase and increased dramatically during the stationary phase or in cultures with low serum concentrations, while in the latter cells it was low and constant throughout culture. The formation of spermidine from putrescine in both cell lines was active at days 1-2 of culture and decreased gradually during culture. These findings indicate that spermidine formation is closely related to proliferation of the cells, and gamma-aminobutyric acid formation to differentiation or maturation of the neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "Metabolism of putrescine in neuroblastoma and glioma cells during culture. The metabolism of putrescine in neuroblastoma and glioma cells was analyzed during culture. In the former cells the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid from putrescine was low and constant during the logarithmic phase and increased dramatically during the stationary phase or in cultures with low serum concentrations, while in the latter cells it was low and constant throughout culture. The formation of spermidine from putrescine in both cell lines was active at days 1-2 of culture and decreased gradually during culture. These findings indicate that spermidine formation is closely related to proliferation of the cells, and gamma-aminobutyric acid formation to differentiation or maturation of the neuroblastoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:924986", "title": "A circular dichroic spectral study on disulfide-reduced pancreatic ribonuclease A and its renaturation to the active enzyme.", "content": "Disulfide-reduced RNase A, which could be reoxidized to give the native enzyme, was shown to have a CD spectrum quite different from that of the native enzyme or a random coil. Disulfide-reduced and fully cysteine-S-carboxamidomethylated RNase A because the derivative was stable and gave a spectrum identical to that of reduced RNase A. Curve-fitting analyses showed the presence of 14% alpha-helix and 25% beta-structure in this open chain derivative of RNase A. The time dependence of CD spectra during the oxidative renaturation of reduced RNase A was analyzed and changes in alpha-helical and beta-structure contents during the reaction were estimated. It was shown that the change in the content of beta-structure was slower than that of alpha-helix content and approximately paralleled the appearance of the enzymatic activity.", "contents": "A circular dichroic spectral study on disulfide-reduced pancreatic ribonuclease A and its renaturation to the active enzyme. Disulfide-reduced RNase A, which could be reoxidized to give the native enzyme, was shown to have a CD spectrum quite different from that of the native enzyme or a random coil. Disulfide-reduced and fully cysteine-S-carboxamidomethylated RNase A because the derivative was stable and gave a spectrum identical to that of reduced RNase A. Curve-fitting analyses showed the presence of 14% alpha-helix and 25% beta-structure in this open chain derivative of RNase A. The time dependence of CD spectra during the oxidative renaturation of reduced RNase A was analyzed and changes in alpha-helical and beta-structure contents during the reaction were estimated. It was shown that the change in the content of beta-structure was slower than that of alpha-helix content and approximately paralleled the appearance of the enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:924987", "title": "Purification and some properties of rabbit C1 inactivator.", "content": "C1 inactivator (C1 INA) was highly purified from rabbit serum. C1 INA thus purified was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 105,000 or 140,000, as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, respectively. It inhibited rabbit and also human C1, when the C1 activities were measured in terms of hydrolyses of acetylglycyl-L-lysine methylester, N-alpha-acetyl-L-arginine methylester and N-alpha-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester. These properties showed that rabbit C1 INA bears a marked structural similarity to human C1 INA. Furthermore, rabbit C1 INA was capable of inhibiting similarly both rabbit C1s and its active fragment lacking a half of the H chain of C1s, indicating that deletion of a half of the H chain did not affect the susceptibility of C1s to the inhibitory activity of C1 INA.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of rabbit C1 inactivator. C1 inactivator (C1 INA) was highly purified from rabbit serum. C1 INA thus purified was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 105,000 or 140,000, as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, respectively. It inhibited rabbit and also human C1, when the C1 activities were measured in terms of hydrolyses of acetylglycyl-L-lysine methylester, N-alpha-acetyl-L-arginine methylester and N-alpha-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester. These properties showed that rabbit C1 INA bears a marked structural similarity to human C1 INA. Furthermore, rabbit C1 INA was capable of inhibiting similarly both rabbit C1s and its active fragment lacking a half of the H chain of C1s, indicating that deletion of a half of the H chain did not affect the susceptibility of C1s to the inhibitory activity of C1 INA."}
{"id": "PMID:924988", "title": "The effect of formycin on the processing of transfer RNA precursors in the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori.", "content": "Formycin, an adenosine analog, was used in studies of RNA synthesis by silk glands of silkworms in organ culture. Formycin has been shown to inhibit preferentially the incorporation of [3H]uridine into low molecular weight RNA in the cytoplasm. When silk glands were pulse-chase labeled with [3H]uridine in the presence of formycin, the synthesis of 4.5S tRNA precursors was not affected, as determined by gel electrophoresis. However, the accumulation of mature 4S tRNA was greatly reduced in the formycin-treated system, although the precursors synthesized disappeared from the 4.5S region on chase at the same rate as in the control system. [14C]Formycin was incorporated into the 4.5S precursors but not into 4S tRNA. These findings suggest that the inhibition of tRNA synthesis by formycin is due to the existence of some degradation mechanisms of formycin-containing 4.5S precursor RNA's and the failure to process them into normal 4S tRNA.", "contents": "The effect of formycin on the processing of transfer RNA precursors in the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. Formycin, an adenosine analog, was used in studies of RNA synthesis by silk glands of silkworms in organ culture. Formycin has been shown to inhibit preferentially the incorporation of [3H]uridine into low molecular weight RNA in the cytoplasm. When silk glands were pulse-chase labeled with [3H]uridine in the presence of formycin, the synthesis of 4.5S tRNA precursors was not affected, as determined by gel electrophoresis. However, the accumulation of mature 4S tRNA was greatly reduced in the formycin-treated system, although the precursors synthesized disappeared from the 4.5S region on chase at the same rate as in the control system. [14C]Formycin was incorporated into the 4.5S precursors but not into 4S tRNA. These findings suggest that the inhibition of tRNA synthesis by formycin is due to the existence of some degradation mechanisms of formycin-containing 4.5S precursor RNA's and the failure to process them into normal 4S tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:924989", "title": "Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate from reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate was investigated with reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin. Only bacteriorhodopsin with all-trans retinal formed the 410 nm intermediate in response to light excitation. In equilibrium in the dark, both native and reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin contained about equal amounts of the all-trans and 13-cis forms over a wide range of temperature.", "contents": "Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate from reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin. Light-induced formation of the 410 nm intermediate was investigated with reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin. Only bacteriorhodopsin with all-trans retinal formed the 410 nm intermediate in response to light excitation. In equilibrium in the dark, both native and reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin contained about equal amounts of the all-trans and 13-cis forms over a wide range of temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:924990", "title": "Thermotropic transition in the states of proteins in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Interaction between protein and phospholipid molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied by measurement of the conformational fluctuation of the protein using the kinetics of the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction. It was revealed that the state of SR ATPase undergoes a phase transition at about 18 degrees C with boundary lipids, corresponding to a discrete change in the activation energy of the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase reaction.", "contents": "Thermotropic transition in the states of proteins in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Interaction between protein and phospholipid molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied by measurement of the conformational fluctuation of the protein using the kinetics of the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction. It was revealed that the state of SR ATPase undergoes a phase transition at about 18 degrees C with boundary lipids, corresponding to a discrete change in the activation energy of the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:924993", "title": "The stoichiometry of inhibition and binding of a protein proteinase inhibitor from Streptomyces (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) against subtilisin BPN'1.", "content": "The stoichiometry of inhibition and binding of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor, a protein proteinase inhibitor produced by Streptomyces albogriseolus S-3253 (Sato, S. and Murao, S. (1973) Agric. Biol. Chem. 37, 1067) against subtilison BPN' [EC 3.4.21.14] was studied. The inhibition of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by subtilisin BPN' was measured both at the pre-steady state with a stopped-flow apparatus and at the steady state. The stopped-flow study demonstrated the disappearance of the initial burst of the enzyme reaction. The ultraviolet absorption difference spectra observed on mixing the inhibitor and the enzyme suggested changes in the environment of tryptophyl and tyrosyl residues in the proteins. Titration by means either of the degree of inhibition at the steady state or of the magnitude of the ultraviolet difference absorbance revealed that the inhibitor (dimer, MW: 23,000) bound and inhibited two molecules of subtilisin BPN'. The inhibitor constant, Ki, against subtilisin BPN' was estimated to be less than 10(-9)M at pH 8.50. The type of inhibition of this inhibitor is discussed.", "contents": "The stoichiometry of inhibition and binding of a protein proteinase inhibitor from Streptomyces (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor) against subtilisin BPN'1. The stoichiometry of inhibition and binding of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor, a protein proteinase inhibitor produced by Streptomyces albogriseolus S-3253 (Sato, S. and Murao, S. (1973) Agric. Biol. Chem. 37, 1067) against subtilison BPN' [EC 3.4.21.14] was studied. The inhibition of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by subtilisin BPN' was measured both at the pre-steady state with a stopped-flow apparatus and at the steady state. The stopped-flow study demonstrated the disappearance of the initial burst of the enzyme reaction. The ultraviolet absorption difference spectra observed on mixing the inhibitor and the enzyme suggested changes in the environment of tryptophyl and tyrosyl residues in the proteins. Titration by means either of the degree of inhibition at the steady state or of the magnitude of the ultraviolet difference absorbance revealed that the inhibitor (dimer, MW: 23,000) bound and inhibited two molecules of subtilisin BPN'. The inhibitor constant, Ki, against subtilisin BPN' was estimated to be less than 10(-9)M at pH 8.50. The type of inhibition of this inhibitor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924994", "title": "Amino acid sequence of an active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIb.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of an active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIb was determined by the Edman degradation procedure and the carboxypeptidase technique. Analyses were carried out on peptides derived from the reduced and carboxymethylated active fragment by digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The active fragment consisted of a single polypeptide chain of 40 amino acid residues including 6 half-cystine residues. Degradation of the intact active fragment by trypsin and subtilisin at pH 6.3--6.4 yielded 3 cystine-containing peptides, and sequence analyses of these peptides revealed that the three disulfide linkages are located between Cys(2) and Cys(16), Cys(6) and Cys(28), and Cys(12) and Cys(38). The reactive site peptide bond of inhibitor IIb, a Lys-Ser bond, is located between positions 26 and 27. The overall sequence of the active fragment is compared with that of an active fragment of inhibitor IIa and the \"structure-specificity\" relationships of both are discussed. Correlation of the fragments to a naturally-occurring low molecular weight inhibitor is also discussed.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of an active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIb. The amino acid sequence of an active fragment of potato proteinase inhibitor IIb was determined by the Edman degradation procedure and the carboxypeptidase technique. Analyses were carried out on peptides derived from the reduced and carboxymethylated active fragment by digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The active fragment consisted of a single polypeptide chain of 40 amino acid residues including 6 half-cystine residues. Degradation of the intact active fragment by trypsin and subtilisin at pH 6.3--6.4 yielded 3 cystine-containing peptides, and sequence analyses of these peptides revealed that the three disulfide linkages are located between Cys(2) and Cys(16), Cys(6) and Cys(28), and Cys(12) and Cys(38). The reactive site peptide bond of inhibitor IIb, a Lys-Ser bond, is located between positions 26 and 27. The overall sequence of the active fragment is compared with that of an active fragment of inhibitor IIa and the \"structure-specificity\" relationships of both are discussed. Correlation of the fragments to a naturally-occurring low molecular weight inhibitor is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:924995", "title": "Role of the carbohydrate moiety in determining the survival of interferon in the circulation.", "content": "The role of the carbohydrate moiety in influencing the survival time of human lymphoblastoid interferon in the rat circulation was monitored at varying time intervals after intravenous injection. The serum survival time of native interferon was drastically reduced by prior enzymatic cleavage of the terminal sialic acid residues to yield the galactose-terminal product, asialo-interferon. This phenomenon was completely reversed by further extensive digestion with a mixture of glycosidases which effectively removed over 85% of the total carbohydrate residues. These results suggest that the intact carbohydrate structure is neither essential for normal circulation time in vivo nor for biologic activity in vitro.", "contents": "Role of the carbohydrate moiety in determining the survival of interferon in the circulation. The role of the carbohydrate moiety in influencing the survival time of human lymphoblastoid interferon in the rat circulation was monitored at varying time intervals after intravenous injection. The serum survival time of native interferon was drastically reduced by prior enzymatic cleavage of the terminal sialic acid residues to yield the galactose-terminal product, asialo-interferon. This phenomenon was completely reversed by further extensive digestion with a mixture of glycosidases which effectively removed over 85% of the total carbohydrate residues. These results suggest that the intact carbohydrate structure is neither essential for normal circulation time in vivo nor for biologic activity in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:924996", "title": "Biotin carboxylations--concerted or not concerted? That is the question!", "content": "When beta-fluoropropionyl coenzyme A is used as substrate, propionyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the formation of ADP and the elimination of fluoride ion. No F- release occurs in the absence of ATP or in the presence of avidin. ADP formation occurs as rapidly as in the presence of propionyl-CoA, but the rate of F- release is 6 times that of ADP formation. The rate of F- release is indicative of the minimal rate of abstraction of the alpha proton, and the rate of ADP formation is equivalent to the rate of formation of biotin-CO2. The results, therefore, show that hydrogen abstraction can occur without concomitant CO2 transfer from biotin-CO2 to the substrate. Therefore, the concerted mechanism which has been proposed for this, and other biotin enzymes, is not applicable when propionyl-CoA carboxylase acts on beta-fluoropropionyl-CoA. We believe the concerted mechanism is also not involved in the carboxylation of the normal substrate, propionyl-CoA.", "contents": "Biotin carboxylations--concerted or not concerted? That is the question! When beta-fluoropropionyl coenzyme A is used as substrate, propionyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the formation of ADP and the elimination of fluoride ion. No F- release occurs in the absence of ATP or in the presence of avidin. ADP formation occurs as rapidly as in the presence of propionyl-CoA, but the rate of F- release is 6 times that of ADP formation. The rate of F- release is indicative of the minimal rate of abstraction of the alpha proton, and the rate of ADP formation is equivalent to the rate of formation of biotin-CO2. The results, therefore, show that hydrogen abstraction can occur without concomitant CO2 transfer from biotin-CO2 to the substrate. Therefore, the concerted mechanism which has been proposed for this, and other biotin enzymes, is not applicable when propionyl-CoA carboxylase acts on beta-fluoropropionyl-CoA. We believe the concerted mechanism is also not involved in the carboxylation of the normal substrate, propionyl-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:924997", "title": "Purification and reconstitution of the adipocyte plasma membrane D-glucose transport system.", "content": "Rat adipocyte plasma membranes have previously been shown to retain stereospecific transport activity for D-glucose following extraction of extrinsic proteins with dimethylmaleic anhydride (Shanahan, M. F., and Czech, M. P. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6554-6561). When these extracted plasma membranes were incubated in 2% sodium cholate and centrifuged, the resultant supernatant contained only one major glycoprotein fraction of 94,000 daltons, as determined by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein fraction was combined with cholate-dispersed, exogenous phospholipids. The detergent was removed by gel filtration and vesicles composed of phospholipid and membrane protein were formed which exhibited preferential, time-dependent uptake of D- versus L-glucose when measured by a rapid filtration method. In addition, D-glucose uptake was inhibited by cytochalasin B, phlorizin, phloretin, and dipyridamole. These results suggest the direct involvement of the 94,000-dalton glycoprotein fraction in fat cell hexose transport.", "contents": "Purification and reconstitution of the adipocyte plasma membrane D-glucose transport system. Rat adipocyte plasma membranes have previously been shown to retain stereospecific transport activity for D-glucose following extraction of extrinsic proteins with dimethylmaleic anhydride (Shanahan, M. F., and Czech, M. P. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6554-6561). When these extracted plasma membranes were incubated in 2% sodium cholate and centrifuged, the resultant supernatant contained only one major glycoprotein fraction of 94,000 daltons, as determined by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein fraction was combined with cholate-dispersed, exogenous phospholipids. The detergent was removed by gel filtration and vesicles composed of phospholipid and membrane protein were formed which exhibited preferential, time-dependent uptake of D- versus L-glucose when measured by a rapid filtration method. In addition, D-glucose uptake was inhibited by cytochalasin B, phlorizin, phloretin, and dipyridamole. These results suggest the direct involvement of the 94,000-dalton glycoprotein fraction in fat cell hexose transport."}
{"id": "PMID:924998", "title": "Inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate.", "content": "Xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate is a potent inhibitor of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The enzyme was inhibited 50% at a xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate concentration of 0.56 micrometer and an enzyme concentration of 0.14 micrometer. When both ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate were added simultaneously to the enzyme, this inhibition appeared to be competitive. A preincubation of 20 to 30 min was needed for maximum inhibition. The inhibitory effect of this compound is probably exerted through its binding at the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate active site, since both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities were inhibited similarly.", "contents": "Inhibition of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate. Xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate is a potent inhibitor of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The enzyme was inhibited 50% at a xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate concentration of 0.56 micrometer and an enzyme concentration of 0.14 micrometer. When both ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and xylulose 1,5-bisphosphate were added simultaneously to the enzyme, this inhibition appeared to be competitive. A preincubation of 20 to 30 min was needed for maximum inhibition. The inhibitory effect of this compound is probably exerted through its binding at the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate active site, since both the carboxylase and oxygenase activities were inhibited similarly."}
{"id": "PMID:924999", "title": "Chloroplast biogenesis. Net synthesis of protochlorophyllide from protoporphyrin IX by developing chloroplasts.", "content": "Developing chloroplasts were isolated from greening Cucumis cotyledons in a co-factor-enriched medium and were incubated in the dark with 14C-labeled and unlabeled protoporphyrin IX. The metabolic pools between protoporphyrin and protochlorophyllide were monitored spectrofluorometrically. The incorporation of the 14C label into protochlorophyllide was also determined. It was shown that protoporphyrin IX, a postulated intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, was convertible into protochlorophyllide. Since protochlorophyllide is the immediate precursor of chlorophyll a it was concluded that protoporphyrin IX was indeed an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "Chloroplast biogenesis. Net synthesis of protochlorophyllide from protoporphyrin IX by developing chloroplasts. Developing chloroplasts were isolated from greening Cucumis cotyledons in a co-factor-enriched medium and were incubated in the dark with 14C-labeled and unlabeled protoporphyrin IX. The metabolic pools between protoporphyrin and protochlorophyllide were monitored spectrofluorometrically. The incorporation of the 14C label into protochlorophyllide was also determined. It was shown that protoporphyrin IX, a postulated intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway, was convertible into protochlorophyllide. Since protochlorophyllide is the immediate precursor of chlorophyll a it was concluded that protoporphyrin IX was indeed an intermediate of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:925001", "title": "Messenger RNA for renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). Its translation in a heterologous cell-free system and its regulation by glucocorticoids and by changes in acid-base balance.", "content": "A translational assay was used to measure the level of mRNA coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) in the rat kidney in various conditions in which the enzyme is induced. RNA extracted from whole kidneys was chromatographed on oligo(dT)-cellulose to select poly(A)-containing RNA. This crude mRNA preparation was able to stimulate amino acid incorporation into protein in a cell-free system containing an extract of wheat germ. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase could be detected among the polypeptides synthesized and quantitated by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antibody followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amount of enzyme synthesized was proportional to the quantity of RNA added. The level of mRNA coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is increased 3-fold 6 h after triamcinolone injection. Translatable enzyme mRNA also increases 3-fold within 6 h of the onset of metabolic acidosis caused by an ammonium chloride load. In both cases, the increase in functional mRNA is commensurate with the stimulation of enzyme synthesis measured in vivo. Glucocorticoid administration and acidosis cause additive increases in the level of translatable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA. The inductive effect of acidosis is preserved in the absence of the adrenals, hypophysis, thyroid, and parathyroids.", "contents": "Messenger RNA for renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP). Its translation in a heterologous cell-free system and its regulation by glucocorticoids and by changes in acid-base balance. A translational assay was used to measure the level of mRNA coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) in the rat kidney in various conditions in which the enzyme is induced. RNA extracted from whole kidneys was chromatographed on oligo(dT)-cellulose to select poly(A)-containing RNA. This crude mRNA preparation was able to stimulate amino acid incorporation into protein in a cell-free system containing an extract of wheat germ. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase could be detected among the polypeptides synthesized and quantitated by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antibody followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amount of enzyme synthesized was proportional to the quantity of RNA added. The level of mRNA coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is increased 3-fold 6 h after triamcinolone injection. Translatable enzyme mRNA also increases 3-fold within 6 h of the onset of metabolic acidosis caused by an ammonium chloride load. In both cases, the increase in functional mRNA is commensurate with the stimulation of enzyme synthesis measured in vivo. Glucocorticoid administration and acidosis cause additive increases in the level of translatable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA. The inductive effect of acidosis is preserved in the absence of the adrenals, hypophysis, thyroid, and parathyroids."}
{"id": "PMID:925002", "title": "Residual esterase activity of lima bean inhibitor-binding anhydrochymotrypsin preparations.", "content": "A search for the source of the residual esterase activity of crude lima bean protease inhibitor-binding anhydrochymotrypsin preparations was undertaken. The preparations were found to contain about 40% of protein that possesses 1% (kc/Km) to 12% (kc) of the esterase activity of alpha-chymotrypsin. The active protein was isolated by affinity chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose. It appears to be an anhydroenzyme or a mixture of a limited number of anhydroenzymes in which a serine other than the catalytically essential serine-195 of the native enzyme has been converted to dehydroalanine.", "contents": "Residual esterase activity of lima bean inhibitor-binding anhydrochymotrypsin preparations. A search for the source of the residual esterase activity of crude lima bean protease inhibitor-binding anhydrochymotrypsin preparations was undertaken. The preparations were found to contain about 40% of protein that possesses 1% (kc/Km) to 12% (kc) of the esterase activity of alpha-chymotrypsin. The active protein was isolated by affinity chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose. It appears to be an anhydroenzyme or a mixture of a limited number of anhydroenzymes in which a serine other than the catalytically essential serine-195 of the native enzyme has been converted to dehydroalanine."}
{"id": "PMID:925007", "title": "Importance of initiation factor preparations in the translation of reovirus and globin mRNAs lacking a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine.", "content": "Reovirus and globin mRNAs which lack a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine are translated in a fractionated cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Efficient translation occurs only at optimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factor preparations and does not occur at optimal concentrations of ascites initiation factor preparations or at suboptimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factor preparations. The translation of \"uncapped\" mRNA in vitro, therefore, appears to be related to the efficiency of initiation of protein synthesis. At optimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factors, mRNA containing a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine is preferentially translated in the presence of mRNA which lacks a \"cap.\" These results indicate that the 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine on mRNA has a facilitatory rather than obligatory role in translation.", "contents": "Importance of initiation factor preparations in the translation of reovirus and globin mRNAs lacking a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine. Reovirus and globin mRNAs which lack a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine are translated in a fractionated cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Efficient translation occurs only at optimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factor preparations and does not occur at optimal concentrations of ascites initiation factor preparations or at suboptimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factor preparations. The translation of \"uncapped\" mRNA in vitro, therefore, appears to be related to the efficiency of initiation of protein synthesis. At optimal concentrations of reticulocyte initiation factors, mRNA containing a 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine is preferentially translated in the presence of mRNA which lacks a \"cap.\" These results indicate that the 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine on mRNA has a facilitatory rather than obligatory role in translation."}
{"id": "PMID:925008", "title": "Priming of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on phage fd and phiX174 templates by oligoribonucleotides contaminating nucleoside 5'-triphosphates.", "content": "Commercial preparations of guanosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate are contaminated with oligoribonucleotides 4 to 6 residues in length. The oligoribonucleotides can be separated from the nucleoside 5'-triphosphates by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 or by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The oligoribonucleotides are effective primers for the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 on the single-stranded circular DNAs of phage fd and phiX174; they are covalently attached to the 5' terminus of the newly synthesized DNA. The priming activity is specific; the oligoribonucleotides do not serve as primers for DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli or for the DNA polymerase induced by phage T4.", "contents": "Priming of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on phage fd and phiX174 templates by oligoribonucleotides contaminating nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. Commercial preparations of guanosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate are contaminated with oligoribonucleotides 4 to 6 residues in length. The oligoribonucleotides can be separated from the nucleoside 5'-triphosphates by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 or by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The oligoribonucleotides are effective primers for the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 on the single-stranded circular DNAs of phage fd and phiX174; they are covalently attached to the 5' terminus of the newly synthesized DNA. The priming activity is specific; the oligoribonucleotides do not serve as primers for DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli or for the DNA polymerase induced by phage T4."}
{"id": "PMID:925010", "title": "Dissociation equilibrium constant of beta nerve growth factor.", "content": "The beta nerve growth factor (NGF) isolated from the high molecular weight 7 S NGF complex from mouse submaxillary gland is a protein of molecular weight 26,500 which contains two noncovalently associated peptide chains. A variety of techniques were employed to determine whether the NGF dimer dissociates at the low concentrations at which it is biologically active. No dissociation was detected in 48 h at low NGF concentrations using the techniques and minimum concentrations which follow: sedimentation equilibrium of NGF at 200 nM and of 125I-NGF at 2.5 nM; gel filtration chromatography of NGF at 5 nM, of 125I-NGF at 5 pM, and of 125I-NGF from which COOH-terminal arginyl residues, or NH2-terminal octapeptide had been cleaved, at 10 pM; and sucrose gradient centrifugation of 125I-NGF at 10 pM. Dissociation of heavily succinylated 125I-NGF was detected by gel filtration chromatography, and the equilibrium dissociation constant for this material is estimated to be 10 pM.", "contents": "Dissociation equilibrium constant of beta nerve growth factor. The beta nerve growth factor (NGF) isolated from the high molecular weight 7 S NGF complex from mouse submaxillary gland is a protein of molecular weight 26,500 which contains two noncovalently associated peptide chains. A variety of techniques were employed to determine whether the NGF dimer dissociates at the low concentrations at which it is biologically active. No dissociation was detected in 48 h at low NGF concentrations using the techniques and minimum concentrations which follow: sedimentation equilibrium of NGF at 200 nM and of 125I-NGF at 2.5 nM; gel filtration chromatography of NGF at 5 nM, of 125I-NGF at 5 pM, and of 125I-NGF from which COOH-terminal arginyl residues, or NH2-terminal octapeptide had been cleaved, at 10 pM; and sucrose gradient centrifugation of 125I-NGF at 10 pM. Dissociation of heavily succinylated 125I-NGF was detected by gel filtration chromatography, and the equilibrium dissociation constant for this material is estimated to be 10 pM."}
{"id": "PMID:925011", "title": "Schiff base adducts of hemoglobin. Modifications that inhibit erythrocyte sickling.", "content": "Normal and sickle erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to millimolar concentrations of 31 different carbonyl compounds. Schiff base (imine) linkages were formed with amino groups of intracellular hemoglobin. Adducts were isolated by gel electrofocusing and could be dissociated by dialysis. Aromatic aldehydes proved more reactive than aliphatic aldehydes, and ketones were unreactive. The influence of various ring substituents on the reactivity of aromatic aldehydes was found to conform closely to traditional concepts regarding electronic and steric effects. Several of the aromatic aldehydes were shown to markedly increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobins A and S. In particular, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and o-vanillin, at concentrations of 5 mM, produced 2- to 3-fold reductions in the P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at half-saturation) of sickle hemoglobin in whole blood. Since low degrees of oxygen saturation promote erythrocyte sickling, compounds of this type significantly inhibit sickling at reduced partial pressures of oxygen.", "contents": "Schiff base adducts of hemoglobin. Modifications that inhibit erythrocyte sickling. Normal and sickle erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to millimolar concentrations of 31 different carbonyl compounds. Schiff base (imine) linkages were formed with amino groups of intracellular hemoglobin. Adducts were isolated by gel electrofocusing and could be dissociated by dialysis. Aromatic aldehydes proved more reactive than aliphatic aldehydes, and ketones were unreactive. The influence of various ring substituents on the reactivity of aromatic aldehydes was found to conform closely to traditional concepts regarding electronic and steric effects. Several of the aromatic aldehydes were shown to markedly increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobins A and S. In particular, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and o-vanillin, at concentrations of 5 mM, produced 2- to 3-fold reductions in the P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at half-saturation) of sickle hemoglobin in whole blood. Since low degrees of oxygen saturation promote erythrocyte sickling, compounds of this type significantly inhibit sickling at reduced partial pressures of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:925012", "title": "A novel ketone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas cepacia. Purification and properties.", "content": "A ketone monooxygenase was purified from cells of Pseudomonas cepacia grown on 2-tridecanone as sole carbon source. Enzyme stability is maintained by the addition of ethanol, EDTA, and dithiothreitol. Stoichiometric studies show that for 1 mol of undecyl acetate formed, 1 mol of O2 is consumed and 1 mol of NADPH is oxidized. The monooxygenase, purified to homogeneity, has a molecular weight of approximately 123,000 and consists of two equal subunits with molecular weights of 55,000. The enzyme contains FAD and exhibits absorption maxima at 375 and 488 nm. Enzyme activity is inhibited by thiol-active reagents and the inhibition by the cations, cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury, is reversed by dithiothreitol, indicating the presence of essential sulfhydryl groups. Substrate specificity tests show that acetate esters are formed from methyl ketones from C-7 through C-14. The oxygenase is also active on isomers of 2-tridecanone forming esters from 3- through 7-tridecanone. With 6-tridecanone, two esters are formed, heptyl hexanoate and pentyl octanoate, indicating that oxygen is inserted on either side of the carbonyl group. In addition, the enzyme catalyzes the lactonization of the cyclic ketone, cyclopentanone, with the formation of 5-valerolactone.", "contents": "A novel ketone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas cepacia. Purification and properties. A ketone monooxygenase was purified from cells of Pseudomonas cepacia grown on 2-tridecanone as sole carbon source. Enzyme stability is maintained by the addition of ethanol, EDTA, and dithiothreitol. Stoichiometric studies show that for 1 mol of undecyl acetate formed, 1 mol of O2 is consumed and 1 mol of NADPH is oxidized. The monooxygenase, purified to homogeneity, has a molecular weight of approximately 123,000 and consists of two equal subunits with molecular weights of 55,000. The enzyme contains FAD and exhibits absorption maxima at 375 and 488 nm. Enzyme activity is inhibited by thiol-active reagents and the inhibition by the cations, cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury, is reversed by dithiothreitol, indicating the presence of essential sulfhydryl groups. Substrate specificity tests show that acetate esters are formed from methyl ketones from C-7 through C-14. The oxygenase is also active on isomers of 2-tridecanone forming esters from 3- through 7-tridecanone. With 6-tridecanone, two esters are formed, heptyl hexanoate and pentyl octanoate, indicating that oxygen is inserted on either side of the carbonyl group. In addition, the enzyme catalyzes the lactonization of the cyclic ketone, cyclopentanone, with the formation of 5-valerolactone."}
{"id": "PMID:925013", "title": "Subunit structure of the acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat leg muscle was purified 48,000-fold by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A/Sepharose and cobrotoxin/Sepharose. A control preparation containing only contaminants was made by performing a parallel purification in which alpha-bungarotoxin was added to the preparation prior to the cobrotoxin/Sepharose step. Comparison of the receptor was greater than 90% pure. Examination of the purified receptor by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed two major polypeptide chains with apparent weights of 45,000 and 51,000, along with minor components of 49,000, 56,000, 62,000, and 110,000. Polypeptides of the same molecular weight were found when purified acetylcholine receptor was radioiodinated and further purified by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Analysis of receptor purified from denervated muscles that had been incubated with [35S]methionine in organ culture showed that all of the identified polypeptide chains were radioactive, indicating that they had been synthesized de novo after denervation.", "contents": "Subunit structure of the acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat skeletal muscle. Acetylcholine receptor from denervated rat leg muscle was purified 48,000-fold by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A/Sepharose and cobrotoxin/Sepharose. A control preparation containing only contaminants was made by performing a parallel purification in which alpha-bungarotoxin was added to the preparation prior to the cobrotoxin/Sepharose step. Comparison of the receptor was greater than 90% pure. Examination of the purified receptor by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed two major polypeptide chains with apparent weights of 45,000 and 51,000, along with minor components of 49,000, 56,000, 62,000, and 110,000. Polypeptides of the same molecular weight were found when purified acetylcholine receptor was radioiodinated and further purified by sucrose gradient sedimentation. Analysis of receptor purified from denervated muscles that had been incubated with [35S]methionine in organ culture showed that all of the identified polypeptide chains were radioactive, indicating that they had been synthesized de novo after denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:925014", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane. Turnover measurements in the rat with the use of radiolabeled amino acids.", "content": "The synthesis and degradation of the renal glomerular basement membrane have been investigated in the rat with the aid of injected tracer doses of various tritiated amino acids including L-proline, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, and glycine. After incorporation into the basement membrane the turnover times of these amino acid constituents, as well as of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, were determined from the decay in their specific radioactivities. The loss of radioactivity from the proline and hydroxyproline of the glomerular basement membrane was as slow as that from tail tendon collagen in the same animals (turnover time of more than 100 days) and contrasted with the radiodecay of the proline in other glomerular proteins (turnover time of 9 days). The glycine of the membrane similarly turned over at this very slow rate. The total replacement times of the leucine, hydroxylysine, lysine, and phenylalanine constituents of the basement membrane were determined to be somewhat shorter with a range of 65 to 23 days. The nonuniform turnover of these membrane components may be a function of the polydispersity of the peptide subunits of the basement membrane observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and may reflect a subtle morphological and functional heterogeneity. The amino acid and saccharide composition of the rat glomerular basement membrane used in these studies are also reported.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of the renal glomerular basement membrane. Turnover measurements in the rat with the use of radiolabeled amino acids. The synthesis and degradation of the renal glomerular basement membrane have been investigated in the rat with the aid of injected tracer doses of various tritiated amino acids including L-proline, L-lysine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, and glycine. After incorporation into the basement membrane the turnover times of these amino acid constituents, as well as of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, were determined from the decay in their specific radioactivities. The loss of radioactivity from the proline and hydroxyproline of the glomerular basement membrane was as slow as that from tail tendon collagen in the same animals (turnover time of more than 100 days) and contrasted with the radiodecay of the proline in other glomerular proteins (turnover time of 9 days). The glycine of the membrane similarly turned over at this very slow rate. The total replacement times of the leucine, hydroxylysine, lysine, and phenylalanine constituents of the basement membrane were determined to be somewhat shorter with a range of 65 to 23 days. The nonuniform turnover of these membrane components may be a function of the polydispersity of the peptide subunits of the basement membrane observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and may reflect a subtle morphological and functional heterogeneity. The amino acid and saccharide composition of the rat glomerular basement membrane used in these studies are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:925016", "title": "alpha-Bungarotoxin binding and cholinergic receptor function on a rat sympathetic nerve line.", "content": "A clonal rat sympathetic nerve cell line, PC12, binds iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin. The binding is saturable and is inhibited by a variety of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. The pseudo-first order rate constant for binding is 2.1 x 10(5) M-1 S-1 at 22 degrees. In contrast to the alpha-bungarotoxin binding reaction found with muscle, the binding to PC12 is reversible with a first order rate constant of 4.9 x 10(-5) S-1 at 37 degrees. Toxin binds to an integral membrane component which sediments in sucrose gradients containing Triton X-100 with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 10.5 S. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of PC12 was assayed by determining the agonist-induced increase in permeability to sodium ions. Using this assay, we determined the apparent binding constants for a variety of cholinergic ligands and found no correlation between their ability to affect cholinergic function and to inhibit binding of alpha-bungarotoxin. Therefore, the site at which cholinergic ligands affect receptor function is different than the site at which cholinergic ligands inhibit toxin binding.", "contents": "alpha-Bungarotoxin binding and cholinergic receptor function on a rat sympathetic nerve line. A clonal rat sympathetic nerve cell line, PC12, binds iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin. The binding is saturable and is inhibited by a variety of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. The pseudo-first order rate constant for binding is 2.1 x 10(5) M-1 S-1 at 22 degrees. In contrast to the alpha-bungarotoxin binding reaction found with muscle, the binding to PC12 is reversible with a first order rate constant of 4.9 x 10(-5) S-1 at 37 degrees. Toxin binds to an integral membrane component which sediments in sucrose gradients containing Triton X-100 with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 10.5 S. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of PC12 was assayed by determining the agonist-induced increase in permeability to sodium ions. Using this assay, we determined the apparent binding constants for a variety of cholinergic ligands and found no correlation between their ability to affect cholinergic function and to inhibit binding of alpha-bungarotoxin. Therefore, the site at which cholinergic ligands affect receptor function is different than the site at which cholinergic ligands inhibit toxin binding."}
{"id": "PMID:925018", "title": "Biochemical properties of subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria isolated from rat cardiac muscle.", "content": "Two populations of mitochondria were observed upon ultrastructural examination of cardiac muscle tissue, one located directly beneath the sarcolemma (subsarcolemmal mitochondria) and another between the myofibrils (interfibrillar mitochondria). Subsarcolemmal mitochondria were released by treatment of heart muscle with a Polytron tissue processor, while interfibrillar mitochondria were released by nagarse digestion of the remaining tissue. These results were supported by electron microscopy of Polytron-treated heart tissue showing rupture and loss of sarcolemma with release of the underlying mitochondria but with retention of intact mitochondria between the myofibrils. Electron microscopy of the isolated mitochondria indicated that both mitochondrial types maintained their structural integrity throughout the isolation procedure. Specific activities of succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were higher in the interfibrillar mitochondria as compared to the subsarcolemmal mitochondria, while those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were nearly the same in both. Interfibrillar mitochondria oxidized all substrates tested approximately 1.5 times faster than did the subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Thus the two mitochondrial types differed not only in their respective locations in the cell, but also in certain biochemical properties.", "contents": "Biochemical properties of subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria isolated from rat cardiac muscle. Two populations of mitochondria were observed upon ultrastructural examination of cardiac muscle tissue, one located directly beneath the sarcolemma (subsarcolemmal mitochondria) and another between the myofibrils (interfibrillar mitochondria). Subsarcolemmal mitochondria were released by treatment of heart muscle with a Polytron tissue processor, while interfibrillar mitochondria were released by nagarse digestion of the remaining tissue. These results were supported by electron microscopy of Polytron-treated heart tissue showing rupture and loss of sarcolemma with release of the underlying mitochondria but with retention of intact mitochondria between the myofibrils. Electron microscopy of the isolated mitochondria indicated that both mitochondrial types maintained their structural integrity throughout the isolation procedure. Specific activities of succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were higher in the interfibrillar mitochondria as compared to the subsarcolemmal mitochondria, while those of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were nearly the same in both. Interfibrillar mitochondria oxidized all substrates tested approximately 1.5 times faster than did the subsarcolemmal mitochondria. Thus the two mitochondrial types differed not only in their respective locations in the cell, but also in certain biochemical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:925019", "title": "A sensitive endonuclease probe for lesions in deoxyribonucleic acid helix structure produced by carcinogenic or mutagenic agents.", "content": "The highly single strand-specific extracellular nuclease of Pseudomonas BAL 31 is shown to cleave non-supercoiled closed circular duplex PM2 bacteriophage DNA containing regions of altered helix structure produced in vitro by irradiation with ultraviolet light or by treatment with the carcinogen, N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. Untreated samples of this DNA are affected very little by the nuclease. The unwinding of the DNA helix associated with the above treatment renders the closed circular DNA positively supercoiled compared to untreated samples. The extent of unwinding can be accurately measured and correlated with the average number of lesions per molecule of DNA by monitoring the alterations of the electrophoretic patterns, relative to those observed for untreated DNA, of such DNA in agarose gels. Interstrand cross-links and mismatched base pairs produced by treatment of non-supercoilded circular duplex DNA with the mutagen, nitrous acid, do not detectably unwind the DNA helix. The nitrous acid-treated DNA provides substrates for cleavage by the Pseudomonas nuclease which are likely to be the interstrand cross-links rather than the mismatched base pairs. Use of the Pseudomonas nuclease in conjunction with agarose gel electrophoresis can provide a powerful method for the detection of damage in duplex DNA such as that introduced by carcinogenic and mutagenic agents.", "contents": "A sensitive endonuclease probe for lesions in deoxyribonucleic acid helix structure produced by carcinogenic or mutagenic agents. The highly single strand-specific extracellular nuclease of Pseudomonas BAL 31 is shown to cleave non-supercoiled closed circular duplex PM2 bacteriophage DNA containing regions of altered helix structure produced in vitro by irradiation with ultraviolet light or by treatment with the carcinogen, N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. Untreated samples of this DNA are affected very little by the nuclease. The unwinding of the DNA helix associated with the above treatment renders the closed circular DNA positively supercoiled compared to untreated samples. The extent of unwinding can be accurately measured and correlated with the average number of lesions per molecule of DNA by monitoring the alterations of the electrophoretic patterns, relative to those observed for untreated DNA, of such DNA in agarose gels. Interstrand cross-links and mismatched base pairs produced by treatment of non-supercoilded circular duplex DNA with the mutagen, nitrous acid, do not detectably unwind the DNA helix. The nitrous acid-treated DNA provides substrates for cleavage by the Pseudomonas nuclease which are likely to be the interstrand cross-links rather than the mismatched base pairs. Use of the Pseudomonas nuclease in conjunction with agarose gel electrophoresis can provide a powerful method for the detection of damage in duplex DNA such as that introduced by carcinogenic and mutagenic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:925022", "title": "Prevention of NH2-terminal acetylation of proteins synthesized in cell-free systems.", "content": "The NH2 terminus of ovalbumin is acetylated in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems as it is in vivo. The acetyl group is derived from acetyl-CoA and it is incorporated during translation. Acetylation can be prevented by metabolizing the available acetyl-CoA to citrate with the addition of citrate synthase and oxalacetate to the translation system. The NH2 terminus of ovalbumin synthesized under these conditions can be sequenced by automated Edman degradation. This procedure has also been applied to the sequencing of Pr 76gag, the viral core protein precursor synthesized from 35 S Rous sarcoma virus RNA.", "contents": "Prevention of NH2-terminal acetylation of proteins synthesized in cell-free systems. The NH2 terminus of ovalbumin is acetylated in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems as it is in vivo. The acetyl group is derived from acetyl-CoA and it is incorporated during translation. Acetylation can be prevented by metabolizing the available acetyl-CoA to citrate with the addition of citrate synthase and oxalacetate to the translation system. The NH2 terminus of ovalbumin synthesized under these conditions can be sequenced by automated Edman degradation. This procedure has also been applied to the sequencing of Pr 76gag, the viral core protein precursor synthesized from 35 S Rous sarcoma virus RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:925023", "title": "Can an antibody-combining site be mimicked synthetically? The possible surface simulation synthesis of two antibody-combining sites complementary to two antigenic sites of lysozyme.", "content": "Our recent determination of the complete antigenic structure of native lysozyme was made possible by our introduction of the \"surface simulation\" synthetic concept. The remarkable success afforded by this strategy in the synthetic construction of antigenic sites prompted us to investigate whether it can be applied to mimic antibody-combining sites. Two peptides, designed to be complementary to antigenic sites 2 and 3 of lysozyme, were synthesized and their immunochemistry was studied. Each of the two complementary peptides exhibited an appreciable inhibitory activity towards the reaction of lysozyme with its antisera. Peptide immunoadsorbents bound only lysozyme and not antibody or myoglobin. Neither of the two peptides had any immunochemical activity in the myoglobin or bovine serum albumin immune systems. Furthermore, it was shown that three control synthetic peptides of myoglobin, of similar charge but different sequence, had no inhibitory effect on the lysozyme immune reaction. The evidence indicates that the antibody-combining sites sgainst antigenic sites 2 and 3 of native lysozyme were successfully mimicked synthetically, at least in terms of binding function.", "contents": "Can an antibody-combining site be mimicked synthetically? The possible surface simulation synthesis of two antibody-combining sites complementary to two antigenic sites of lysozyme. Our recent determination of the complete antigenic structure of native lysozyme was made possible by our introduction of the \"surface simulation\" synthetic concept. The remarkable success afforded by this strategy in the synthetic construction of antigenic sites prompted us to investigate whether it can be applied to mimic antibody-combining sites. Two peptides, designed to be complementary to antigenic sites 2 and 3 of lysozyme, were synthesized and their immunochemistry was studied. Each of the two complementary peptides exhibited an appreciable inhibitory activity towards the reaction of lysozyme with its antisera. Peptide immunoadsorbents bound only lysozyme and not antibody or myoglobin. Neither of the two peptides had any immunochemical activity in the myoglobin or bovine serum albumin immune systems. Furthermore, it was shown that three control synthetic peptides of myoglobin, of similar charge but different sequence, had no inhibitory effect on the lysozyme immune reaction. The evidence indicates that the antibody-combining sites sgainst antigenic sites 2 and 3 of native lysozyme were successfully mimicked synthetically, at least in terms of binding function."}
{"id": "PMID:925029", "title": "Production, purification, and characterization of excitability-inducing molecule.", "content": "Excitability-inducing molecule (EIM) is a high molecular weight polymeric protein. It is a channel-forming ionophore which can induce action potential in lipid bilayers and lyse red blood cells. It is also a potent mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes. EIM is produced and secreted into a chemically defined medium during the early growth period by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 961. It is now 6000-fold purified as compared to the original egg white EIM. Production of the active material requires calcium ion. EIM contains 10 to 20% lipid by weight which is primarily composed of fatty acids, with an unsaturated 18-carbon chain. Amino acid analysis shows 18 common amino acids. The maximum specific activity of 18 common amino acids. The maximum specific activity of EIM is associated with the molecular weight of 3.6 x 10(5).", "contents": "Production, purification, and characterization of excitability-inducing molecule. Excitability-inducing molecule (EIM) is a high molecular weight polymeric protein. It is a channel-forming ionophore which can induce action potential in lipid bilayers and lyse red blood cells. It is also a potent mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes. EIM is produced and secreted into a chemically defined medium during the early growth period by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 961. It is now 6000-fold purified as compared to the original egg white EIM. Production of the active material requires calcium ion. EIM contains 10 to 20% lipid by weight which is primarily composed of fatty acids, with an unsaturated 18-carbon chain. Amino acid analysis shows 18 common amino acids. The maximum specific activity of 18 common amino acids. The maximum specific activity of EIM is associated with the molecular weight of 3.6 x 10(5)."}
{"id": "PMID:925033", "title": "Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in L cells and mouse liver cells by 15-oxygenated sterols.", "content": "Described herein are the chemical syntheses of 5alpha-cholest-8(14-en-3beta-ol-15-one, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol-15-one, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-15alpha-ol, and 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta, 7xi,15xi-triol. The effects of these compounds and of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15beta-diol, 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol, 5alpha,14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol, 5alpha,14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol, and 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15alpha-diol on sterol synthesis in L cells and primary cultures of fetal mouse liver cells grown in serum-free media have been studied. With the exception of 3beta-methoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, all of the compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis. With a few exceptions, the concentrations required to cause a 50% reduction in sterol synthesis were similar to those required to cause a 50% reduction in the level of HMG-CoA reductase activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in L cells and mouse liver cells by 15-oxygenated sterols. Described herein are the chemical syntheses of 5alpha-cholest-8(14-en-3beta-ol-15-one, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol-15-one, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15beta-ol, 3beta-methoxy-14alpha-methyl-15alpha-ol, and 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta, 7xi,15xi-triol. The effects of these compounds and of 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15beta-diol, 5alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3beta,15alpha-diol, 5alpha,14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol, 5alpha,14beta-cholest-7-en-3beta, 15alpha-diol, 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15beta-diol, and 14alpha-methyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta,15alpha-diol on sterol synthesis in L cells and primary cultures of fetal mouse liver cells grown in serum-free media have been studied. With the exception of 3beta-methoxy-5alpha-cholest-7-en-15-one, all of the compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis. With a few exceptions, the concentrations required to cause a 50% reduction in sterol synthesis were similar to those required to cause a 50% reduction in the level of HMG-CoA reductase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:925035", "title": "Studies of low molecular weight RNA from cells infected with adenovirus 2. II. Heterogeneity at the 5' end of VA-RNA I.", "content": "The 5'-terminal sequences of VA-RNA I produced in cells infected with adenovirus 2 were analyzed. The RNA contained a mixture of mono-, di-, and triphosphate ends. The largest part of the RNA has 5'-terminal mono-, di-, or triphosphoguanylic acid, but a portion of the RNA has a 5'-terminal mono-, di-, or triphosphoadenylic acid. An RNA with 5'-terminal adenylic acid was purified and gave the same oligonucleotide map as the major form of VA-RNA I, except for the 5'-terminal products. We therefore conclude that transcription of VA-RNA I can initiate at two different nearby sites.", "contents": "Studies of low molecular weight RNA from cells infected with adenovirus 2. II. Heterogeneity at the 5' end of VA-RNA I. The 5'-terminal sequences of VA-RNA I produced in cells infected with adenovirus 2 were analyzed. The RNA contained a mixture of mono-, di-, and triphosphate ends. The largest part of the RNA has 5'-terminal mono-, di-, or triphosphoguanylic acid, but a portion of the RNA has a 5'-terminal mono-, di-, or triphosphoadenylic acid. An RNA with 5'-terminal adenylic acid was purified and gave the same oligonucleotide map as the major form of VA-RNA I, except for the 5'-terminal products. We therefore conclude that transcription of VA-RNA I can initiate at two different nearby sites."}
{"id": "PMID:925036", "title": "Evolutionary microdivergence of chick and rat liver ribosomal proteins.", "content": "We have set out to establish a nomenclature for ribosomal proteins which transcends, as far as is possible, the species from which the ribosomes were isolated. Initally, we identified individual proteins of rat liver by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and comparison with the classification system established by others (Sherton, C.C., and Wool, I.G. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4460-4467). This was possible with minor modifications. We carried out a detailed comparison of the rat liver proteins with those of chick liver; parallel separate and mixed preparations of ribosomal subunits from the two species were made. Spots on the two-dimensional gels were carefully scrutinized for possible species differences. Proteins which gave congruent spots for the separate and the mixed preparations were tentatively assumed to be identical between the two species. For these proteins, a species-independent nomenclature was adopted. Contrary to earlier reports, a number of proteins were found which were not identical between the two species. These were assigned a species-specific nomenclature. In all, 7 proteins in the small subunit and 17 from the large subunit of the rat liver ribosome were found to be significantly different in the chick. The evolutionary implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Evolutionary microdivergence of chick and rat liver ribosomal proteins. We have set out to establish a nomenclature for ribosomal proteins which transcends, as far as is possible, the species from which the ribosomes were isolated. Initally, we identified individual proteins of rat liver by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and comparison with the classification system established by others (Sherton, C.C., and Wool, I.G. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 4460-4467). This was possible with minor modifications. We carried out a detailed comparison of the rat liver proteins with those of chick liver; parallel separate and mixed preparations of ribosomal subunits from the two species were made. Spots on the two-dimensional gels were carefully scrutinized for possible species differences. Proteins which gave congruent spots for the separate and the mixed preparations were tentatively assumed to be identical between the two species. For these proteins, a species-independent nomenclature was adopted. Contrary to earlier reports, a number of proteins were found which were not identical between the two species. These were assigned a species-specific nomenclature. In all, 7 proteins in the small subunit and 17 from the large subunit of the rat liver ribosome were found to be significantly different in the chick. The evolutionary implications of this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925037", "title": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. Purification and characterization of the 40 S ribosomal subunit proteins Sa, Sc, S3a, S3b, S5', S9, S10, S11, S12, S14, S15, S15', S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S26, S27', and S29.", "content": "The proteins of the small subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into five main groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5. Twenty-one proteins (Sa, Sc, S3a, S3b, S5', S9, S10, S11, S12, S14, S15, S15', S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S26, S27', and S29) were isolated from three groups (A40, C40, and D40) by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and phosphocellulose and by filtration through Sephadex. The amount of protein obtained varied from 0.1 to 11 mg. Six of the proteins (S5', S10, S11, S18, S19, and S27') had no detectable contamination; the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined.", "contents": "Isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. Purification and characterization of the 40 S ribosomal subunit proteins Sa, Sc, S3a, S3b, S5', S9, S10, S11, S12, S14, S15, S15', S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S26, S27', and S29. The proteins of the small subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into five main groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5. Twenty-one proteins (Sa, Sc, S3a, S3b, S5', S9, S10, S11, S12, S14, S15, S15', S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S26, S27', and S29) were isolated from three groups (A40, C40, and D40) by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and phosphocellulose and by filtration through Sephadex. The amount of protein obtained varied from 0.1 to 11 mg. Six of the proteins (S5', S10, S11, S18, S19, and S27') had no detectable contamination; the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:925046", "title": "Conversion of fused hips to low friction arthroplasty.", "content": "Fifty-four hips converted to low friction arthroplasty between 1965 and 1975 have been reviewed one to eleven years after operation. In many cases malposition had led to degenerative changes in the opposite hip, the lumbar spine or the knee, often with severe loss of function due to pain. It was found that total replacement could give useful relief of pain and improved function, though the range of movement obtained was not as good as in primary replacement. An outstanding feature was the correction of inequality of leg length. In general, the results were much better in cases of ankylosis acquired in adult life than in cases of spontaneous fusion after sepsis in childhood. The most important complication was a single case of sciatic palsy.", "contents": "Conversion of fused hips to low friction arthroplasty. Fifty-four hips converted to low friction arthroplasty between 1965 and 1975 have been reviewed one to eleven years after operation. In many cases malposition had led to degenerative changes in the opposite hip, the lumbar spine or the knee, often with severe loss of function due to pain. It was found that total replacement could give useful relief of pain and improved function, though the range of movement obtained was not as good as in primary replacement. An outstanding feature was the correction of inequality of leg length. In general, the results were much better in cases of ankylosis acquired in adult life than in cases of spontaneous fusion after sepsis in childhood. The most important complication was a single case of sciatic palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:925047", "title": "Arthroplasty of the hip in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "In fifty-six patients with ankylosing spondylitis three types of arthroplasty had been performed in ninety-nine hips. Forty-one of the patients were men and fifteen were women, their average age at operation being forty-two years. Primary pseudarthrosis produced well-satisfied patients, but only a fair result in five hips, whereas cup arthroplasty resulted in a poor outcome for eight hips, all of which needed revision. Total replacement of eighty-six hips, however, led to 73 per cent being graded as good or excellent up to ten years later. The main complications were deep infection of five hips, para-articular ossification around nine hips (six leading to bony ankylosis), and fibrous ankylosis of six hips.", "contents": "Arthroplasty of the hip in ankylosing spondylitis. In fifty-six patients with ankylosing spondylitis three types of arthroplasty had been performed in ninety-nine hips. Forty-one of the patients were men and fifteen were women, their average age at operation being forty-two years. Primary pseudarthrosis produced well-satisfied patients, but only a fair result in five hips, whereas cup arthroplasty resulted in a poor outcome for eight hips, all of which needed revision. Total replacement of eighty-six hips, however, led to 73 per cent being graded as good or excellent up to ten years later. The main complications were deep infection of five hips, para-articular ossification around nine hips (six leading to bony ankylosis), and fibrous ankylosis of six hips."}
{"id": "PMID:925048", "title": "Systemic disturbance from Thompson's arthroplasty: a age-matched and sex-matched controlled retrospective survey.", "content": "The records of 107 patients with displaced subcaptial hip fractures treated by Thompson's femoral head replacements have been reviewed to determine the mortality and certain aspects of systemic morbidity. Comparison was made with a group, matched exactly for age and sex, in which intertrochanteric fractures were treated by nail-plate fixation. The patients treated by Thompson's arthroplasty were further subdivided into two groups: one in which methylacrylic cement was used, and one in which it was not used. We found no difference in the mortality of the patients undergoing replacement arthroplasty and nail-plate fixation. Similarly there was no difference in the incidence of cerebrovascular incidents and myocardial infarction after operation. There was a higher incidence of transient cardiac failure following Thompson's arthroplasty. Hypotension during the operation occurred irrespective of whether cement was used; nor was the use of cement associated with increased mortality. However, it seems that methylacrylic cement does contribute to the cardiac failure that may occur after Thompson's arthroplasty.", "contents": "Systemic disturbance from Thompson's arthroplasty: a age-matched and sex-matched controlled retrospective survey. The records of 107 patients with displaced subcaptial hip fractures treated by Thompson's femoral head replacements have been reviewed to determine the mortality and certain aspects of systemic morbidity. Comparison was made with a group, matched exactly for age and sex, in which intertrochanteric fractures were treated by nail-plate fixation. The patients treated by Thompson's arthroplasty were further subdivided into two groups: one in which methylacrylic cement was used, and one in which it was not used. We found no difference in the mortality of the patients undergoing replacement arthroplasty and nail-plate fixation. Similarly there was no difference in the incidence of cerebrovascular incidents and myocardial infarction after operation. There was a higher incidence of transient cardiac failure following Thompson's arthroplasty. Hypotension during the operation occurred irrespective of whether cement was used; nor was the use of cement associated with increased mortality. However, it seems that methylacrylic cement does contribute to the cardiac failure that may occur after Thompson's arthroplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:925049", "title": "Anterior dislocation of the radial head in children: aetiology, natural history and management.", "content": "The results of operation for traumatic anterior dislocation of the head of the radius in eight children have been reviewed. We are satisfied on the basis of the results obtained and the outcome in one untreated patient that operative reduction is fully justified, provided that the annular ligament is reconstructed and internal fixation employed. We have not seen unilateral congenital dislocation and doubt its existence. Secondary subluxation of the distal radio-ulnar joint has been noted in an untreated patient.", "contents": "Anterior dislocation of the radial head in children: aetiology, natural history and management. The results of operation for traumatic anterior dislocation of the head of the radius in eight children have been reviewed. We are satisfied on the basis of the results obtained and the outcome in one untreated patient that operative reduction is fully justified, provided that the annular ligament is reconstructed and internal fixation employed. We have not seen unilateral congenital dislocation and doubt its existence. Secondary subluxation of the distal radio-ulnar joint has been noted in an untreated patient."}
{"id": "PMID:925050", "title": "Surgical management of traumatic non-infective tenosynovitis of the wrist extensors.", "content": "Traumatic tenosynovitis of the wrist extensors is a common and disabling condition associated with overuse. It has been found to be associated with hypertrophy of the bellies of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis where they overlie the radial extensor tendons in the forearm, compressing these tendons and their enveloping paratenons against the deep structures beneath. Simple surgical decompression of the sheath of these overlying muscles has been found to give quick relief of symptoms and to allow a more rapid return to strenuous work than the conservative treatments usually employed.", "contents": "Surgical management of traumatic non-infective tenosynovitis of the wrist extensors. Traumatic tenosynovitis of the wrist extensors is a common and disabling condition associated with overuse. It has been found to be associated with hypertrophy of the bellies of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis where they overlie the radial extensor tendons in the forearm, compressing these tendons and their enveloping paratenons against the deep structures beneath. Simple surgical decompression of the sheath of these overlying muscles has been found to give quick relief of symptoms and to allow a more rapid return to strenuous work than the conservative treatments usually employed."}
{"id": "PMID:925051", "title": "The cast-brace treatment of femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "Ninety-eight fractures of the shaft of the femur were seen in one unit over the two years 1974 and 1975, and the results have been assessed in sixty-nine. Of these, thirty-eight were treated by skeletal traction in a Thomas's splint followed by skin traction, and thirty-one by skeletal traction followed by a cast-brace. The technique of application is described in some detail. The average time for application of the cast-brace was six weeks after the injury, the time in hospital eight weeks and the time till removal fifteen weeks. The patients selected for a cast-brace were in hospital for just over half the time of the others and their fractures on average united more quickly, though with some trouble from angulation of fractures of the uppermost third of the shaft. It is concluded that when used with all the judgment and skill it demands, the cast-brace method is a great advance in conservative treatment.", "contents": "The cast-brace treatment of femoral shaft fractures. Ninety-eight fractures of the shaft of the femur were seen in one unit over the two years 1974 and 1975, and the results have been assessed in sixty-nine. Of these, thirty-eight were treated by skeletal traction in a Thomas's splint followed by skin traction, and thirty-one by skeletal traction followed by a cast-brace. The technique of application is described in some detail. The average time for application of the cast-brace was six weeks after the injury, the time in hospital eight weeks and the time till removal fifteen weeks. The patients selected for a cast-brace were in hospital for just over half the time of the others and their fractures on average united more quickly, though with some trouble from angulation of fractures of the uppermost third of the shaft. It is concluded that when used with all the judgment and skill it demands, the cast-brace method is a great advance in conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:925052", "title": "Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases.", "content": "Twenty patients with complete brachial plexus lesions were reviewed approximately nine and a half years after injury. Thirteen were amputees and seven had received no surgical treatment. Amputation did not alleviate pain and a prosthesis was frequently of no greater use of the patient than the useless limb it replaced: only two of the thirteen amputees were true prosthetic users and they both had dominant limb involvement, the rest adapting easily to being one-handed. Initial treatment should therefore be conservative, with intensive rehabilitation and retraining. It is recommended that amputation should not be considered until a year after injury and only if the flail limb causes repulsion, prevents sporting activities or if the patient has difficulty in converting to the non-dominant limb. In no instance should smputation be done for relief of pain.", "contents": "Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases. Twenty patients with complete brachial plexus lesions were reviewed approximately nine and a half years after injury. Thirteen were amputees and seven had received no surgical treatment. Amputation did not alleviate pain and a prosthesis was frequently of no greater use of the patient than the useless limb it replaced: only two of the thirteen amputees were true prosthetic users and they both had dominant limb involvement, the rest adapting easily to being one-handed. Initial treatment should therefore be conservative, with intensive rehabilitation and retraining. It is recommended that amputation should not be considered until a year after injury and only if the flail limb causes repulsion, prevents sporting activities or if the patient has difficulty in converting to the non-dominant limb. In no instance should smputation be done for relief of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:925053", "title": "The treatment of flexion contracture of the knee in myelomeningocele.", "content": "A follow-up study, on average four years after operation, of seventy-six cildren with myelomeningocele who had surgical treatment for flexion contracture of the knee, is reported. After a single operation sixty-eight knees (55 per cent) had a contracture of less than 20 degrees, which was the main criterion of success. About half of the cases of transplantation of the hamstrings to the femur, division or elongation of the hamstrings, or supracondylar osteotomy had successful results. Transfer of the hamstring tendons to the patella was successful in nine of twelve instances, so giving the lowest rate of failure. Forty-five patients were active walkers at follow-up as compared to eighteen before operation. However, only one of the eleven patients over twelve years of age with a motor level above T.12 was an active walker at review. Several conclusions are drawn. A flexion contracture of the hip greater than 30 degress should be corrected before operation of the knee. Supracondylar osteotomy as a primary procedure should only be used to correct flexion contracture of the knee secondary to malunited fractures. Faradic stimulation is useful in the evaluation of muslce function before operation. An intelligence quotient below 65 and weakness of the arms are relative contraindications for correction of the deformity of the knee.", "contents": "The treatment of flexion contracture of the knee in myelomeningocele. A follow-up study, on average four years after operation, of seventy-six cildren with myelomeningocele who had surgical treatment for flexion contracture of the knee, is reported. After a single operation sixty-eight knees (55 per cent) had a contracture of less than 20 degrees, which was the main criterion of success. About half of the cases of transplantation of the hamstrings to the femur, division or elongation of the hamstrings, or supracondylar osteotomy had successful results. Transfer of the hamstring tendons to the patella was successful in nine of twelve instances, so giving the lowest rate of failure. Forty-five patients were active walkers at follow-up as compared to eighteen before operation. However, only one of the eleven patients over twelve years of age with a motor level above T.12 was an active walker at review. Several conclusions are drawn. A flexion contracture of the hip greater than 30 degress should be corrected before operation of the knee. Supracondylar osteotomy as a primary procedure should only be used to correct flexion contracture of the knee secondary to malunited fractures. Faradic stimulation is useful in the evaluation of muslce function before operation. An intelligence quotient below 65 and weakness of the arms are relative contraindications for correction of the deformity of the knee."}
{"id": "PMID:925054", "title": "Clinical assessment of a new weight-relieving brace.", "content": "A new cosmetic weight-relieving brace which utilises stainless steel and light alloy in its structure is described. A clinical assessment of thirty-six patients (four bilateral cases) has shown the Salford Cosmetic brace to be suitable for over 80 per cent of patients attending for assessment. Five patients rejected the brace, and the reasons are discussed. Contra-indications which emerged during the assessment included limb shortening of more than 5 centimetres; fixed equinus of more than 10 degrees; and fixed deformity of the knee of more than 10 degrees. The safety and durability of the brace, first demonstrated in laboratory tests, are confirmed. Further possible development is outlined.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of a new weight-relieving brace. A new cosmetic weight-relieving brace which utilises stainless steel and light alloy in its structure is described. A clinical assessment of thirty-six patients (four bilateral cases) has shown the Salford Cosmetic brace to be suitable for over 80 per cent of patients attending for assessment. Five patients rejected the brace, and the reasons are discussed. Contra-indications which emerged during the assessment included limb shortening of more than 5 centimetres; fixed equinus of more than 10 degrees; and fixed deformity of the knee of more than 10 degrees. The safety and durability of the brace, first demonstrated in laboratory tests, are confirmed. Further possible development is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:925055", "title": "Joint surface incongruity and its maintenance: an experimental study.", "content": "The paper reports an experimental investigation into the mechanisms whereby the joints of living animals maintain their precise contours. The normal patter of joint incongruity in the rabbit's hip having first been established, three groups of experimental animals underwent operative procedures designed to reduce the joint pressure to a level unrealistic in normal life. In one group the hip was dislocated by manipulation; in a second group the muscles around the hip joint were divided; and in a third group the hind limb was disarticulated through the knee. When the animals were killed at intervals of a few weeks after the operations the experimental hip joint showed increased congruity in all cases. It is concluded that in immature animals there is a mechanism in joints to control the modelling of their shapes towards an ideal incongruity, and that that mechanisms is pressure sensitive.", "contents": "Joint surface incongruity and its maintenance: an experimental study. The paper reports an experimental investigation into the mechanisms whereby the joints of living animals maintain their precise contours. The normal patter of joint incongruity in the rabbit's hip having first been established, three groups of experimental animals underwent operative procedures designed to reduce the joint pressure to a level unrealistic in normal life. In one group the hip was dislocated by manipulation; in a second group the muscles around the hip joint were divided; and in a third group the hind limb was disarticulated through the knee. When the animals were killed at intervals of a few weeks after the operations the experimental hip joint showed increased congruity in all cases. It is concluded that in immature animals there is a mechanism in joints to control the modelling of their shapes towards an ideal incongruity, and that that mechanisms is pressure sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:925056", "title": "Bacterial infection and acrylic cement in the rat.", "content": "In thirty-one rat tibiae, plugs of plain acrylic cement were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus; these all remained contaminated at the end of two weeks when the animals were killed. Inoculation with known strains of Pseudomonas, Proteus and Gp. G Streptococcus resulted in 70 to 93 per cent persisting contamination. Gentamicin, to which the organisms were fully sensitive, was efficacious in controlling the infection (90 per cent plugs proving sterile after two weeks). Fucidin was less successful against Staphylococcus aureus although effective in vitro. Intravenous inoculation with a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus succeeded in contaminanting 70 per cent of sixty plain cement plugs when injected into the tail vein half an hour after closure of the leg wounds. Only 11 per cent of sixty-four plugs were so contaminanted when the injection was delayed for two weeks. This animal model is submitted as a possible future means of testing different antibiotic-cement combinations against infection.", "contents": "Bacterial infection and acrylic cement in the rat. In thirty-one rat tibiae, plugs of plain acrylic cement were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus; these all remained contaminated at the end of two weeks when the animals were killed. Inoculation with known strains of Pseudomonas, Proteus and Gp. G Streptococcus resulted in 70 to 93 per cent persisting contamination. Gentamicin, to which the organisms were fully sensitive, was efficacious in controlling the infection (90 per cent plugs proving sterile after two weeks). Fucidin was less successful against Staphylococcus aureus although effective in vitro. Intravenous inoculation with a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus succeeded in contaminanting 70 per cent of sixty plain cement plugs when injected into the tail vein half an hour after closure of the leg wounds. Only 11 per cent of sixty-four plugs were so contaminanted when the injection was delayed for two weeks. This animal model is submitted as a possible future means of testing different antibiotic-cement combinations against infection."}
{"id": "PMID:925057", "title": "The muscles in club foot--a histological histochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "In talipes equino-varus the diminished bulk of the calf muscle suggests a neuromuscular defect. Accordingly, biopsies were taken from the postero-medial and peroneal muscle groups, and occasionally from abductor hallucis, in sixty patients mostly under the age of five years; 111 were studied histochemically and histologically, and a further fifty-three by electron-microscopy. Histochemical anomalies were revealed in ninety-two specimens; the muscle fibres in the other nineteen varied in size but were abnormal at the ultramicroscopic level, as were all specimens examined with the electron microscope. Evidence of neurogenic disease was seen in most instances and was more obvious in the older patients. The pattern of abnormality was similar in both muscle groups. It is thought that shortening of the postero-medial muscles may result from a small increase of fibrosis due to minor innervation changes occurring in intra-uterine life. There is evidence that immobilisation, stretching or relaxation of muscles does not account for the anomalies observed. This study of the extrinsic muscles in talipes equino-varus indicates a dominant neurogenic factor in its causation.", "contents": "The muscles in club foot--a histological histochemical and electron microscopic study. In talipes equino-varus the diminished bulk of the calf muscle suggests a neuromuscular defect. Accordingly, biopsies were taken from the postero-medial and peroneal muscle groups, and occasionally from abductor hallucis, in sixty patients mostly under the age of five years; 111 were studied histochemically and histologically, and a further fifty-three by electron-microscopy. Histochemical anomalies were revealed in ninety-two specimens; the muscle fibres in the other nineteen varied in size but were abnormal at the ultramicroscopic level, as were all specimens examined with the electron microscope. Evidence of neurogenic disease was seen in most instances and was more obvious in the older patients. The pattern of abnormality was similar in both muscle groups. It is thought that shortening of the postero-medial muscles may result from a small increase of fibrosis due to minor innervation changes occurring in intra-uterine life. There is evidence that immobilisation, stretching or relaxation of muscles does not account for the anomalies observed. This study of the extrinsic muscles in talipes equino-varus indicates a dominant neurogenic factor in its causation."}
{"id": "PMID:925058", "title": "Analytical radiography of club feet.", "content": "A radiographic method is described for making the diagnosis of talo-navicular subluxation before ossification of the navicular bone occurs. Seven basic combinations of deformities are thought to occur in the club foot. Radiography before operation enables the surgeon to determine which of these combinations exists in a particular foot, and radiography during operation enables  him to determine wheter or not all the existing deformities have been corrected, and therefore whether or not the operation must be extended.", "contents": "Analytical radiography of club feet. A radiographic method is described for making the diagnosis of talo-navicular subluxation before ossification of the navicular bone occurs. Seven basic combinations of deformities are thought to occur in the club foot. Radiography before operation enables the surgeon to determine which of these combinations exists in a particular foot, and radiography during operation enables  him to determine wheter or not all the existing deformities have been corrected, and therefore whether or not the operation must be extended."}
{"id": "PMID:925059", "title": "Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents.", "content": "A study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in 142 children and adolescents is reported. In twelve of the seventy-nine patients followed for over a year the affected vertebra slipped further by 10 per cent or more. Increasing slip occurred mainly during the adolescent growth spurt, and was greater when spinal bifida or other vertebral anomalies were present. If at presentation the slip is less than 30 per cent then further slip beyond 30 per cent is unlikely. Decompression posteriorly is advised when signs of nerve pressure are present. Indications for spinal fusion are suggested; the intertransverse method of fusion was used in sixty-nine patients.", "contents": "Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. A study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in 142 children and adolescents is reported. In twelve of the seventy-nine patients followed for over a year the affected vertebra slipped further by 10 per cent or more. Increasing slip occurred mainly during the adolescent growth spurt, and was greater when spinal bifida or other vertebral anomalies were present. If at presentation the slip is less than 30 per cent then further slip beyond 30 per cent is unlikely. Decompression posteriorly is advised when signs of nerve pressure are present. Indications for spinal fusion are suggested; the intertransverse method of fusion was used in sixty-nine patients."}
{"id": "PMID:925062", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasound of billary tract disease. A correlative study with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasound can be useful in the diagnosis of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice by the demonstration of dilatation of the biliary tree. The present study was undertaken to test the specificity and sensitivity of gray-scale ultrasound (US) in the detection of dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts, as compared to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Forty-seven patients were studied prospectively by both techniques. In 23 patients demonstrated by PTC to have dilated intrahepatic ducts, 18 were detected by US. Of the 11 patients shown to have non-dilated ducts by PTC, all were accurately predicted by US. In 13 cases in which PTC was unsuccessful, the US study showed 12 to be non-dilated and one to be mildly dilated. Ultrasound as a non-invasive technique, should be the primary imaging technique in the evaluation of possible extrahepatic obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasound of billary tract disease. A correlative study with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Gray-scale ultrasound can be useful in the diagnosis of extrahepatic obstructive jaundice by the demonstration of dilatation of the biliary tree. The present study was undertaken to test the specificity and sensitivity of gray-scale ultrasound (US) in the detection of dilation of intrahepatic bile ducts, as compared to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Forty-seven patients were studied prospectively by both techniques. In 23 patients demonstrated by PTC to have dilated intrahepatic ducts, 18 were detected by US. Of the 11 patients shown to have non-dilated ducts by PTC, all were accurately predicted by US. In 13 cases in which PTC was unsuccessful, the US study showed 12 to be non-dilated and one to be mildly dilated. Ultrasound as a non-invasive technique, should be the primary imaging technique in the evaluation of possible extrahepatic obstructive jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:925063", "title": "Congenital cystic disease of the liver: isotope scanning, ultrasonography and angiography.", "content": "The radioisotope scanning, ultrasonic and angiographic findings in 16 patients with congenital cystic liver disease are described. Radioisotope scans are useful in determining the size, location and number of lesions. Ultrasonography is of value in differentiating solid from fluid-filled lesions, thus narrowing the differential diagnosis. At angiography, cysts produced well-defined avascular areas in the hepatogram in all 14 patients examined, enhanced by a well-defined \"rim sign\" in seven. This sign is considered pathognomonic of a cystic lesion (hydatid or congenital). Two had a \"honeycomb\" pattern at angiography, pathognomonic of congenital polycystic liver disease.", "contents": "Congenital cystic disease of the liver: isotope scanning, ultrasonography and angiography. The radioisotope scanning, ultrasonic and angiographic findings in 16 patients with congenital cystic liver disease are described. Radioisotope scans are useful in determining the size, location and number of lesions. Ultrasonography is of value in differentiating solid from fluid-filled lesions, thus narrowing the differential diagnosis. At angiography, cysts produced well-defined avascular areas in the hepatogram in all 14 patients examined, enhanced by a well-defined \"rim sign\" in seven. This sign is considered pathognomonic of a cystic lesion (hydatid or congenital). Two had a \"honeycomb\" pattern at angiography, pathognomonic of congenital polycystic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:925064", "title": "Radiology of breast tumors in the male.", "content": "Radiologic investigation of the male breast has given us a better knowledge of its physiopathology. We have reviewed more than 100 cases of breast tumors in male patients. We wish to describe the radiologic presentation of these lesions, the commonest of which is gynecomastia, to distinguish between cancer and gynecomastia, and to compare male breast cancer with female breast cancer. Examination of the breast in man is important. In the adolescent with an enlarged breast, examination may reveal a testicular tumor, whereas in the adult, where a malignant tumor of the breast must excluded, mammography is particularly helpful.", "contents": "Radiology of breast tumors in the male. Radiologic investigation of the male breast has given us a better knowledge of its physiopathology. We have reviewed more than 100 cases of breast tumors in male patients. We wish to describe the radiologic presentation of these lesions, the commonest of which is gynecomastia, to distinguish between cancer and gynecomastia, and to compare male breast cancer with female breast cancer. Examination of the breast in man is important. In the adolescent with an enlarged breast, examination may reveal a testicular tumor, whereas in the adult, where a malignant tumor of the breast must excluded, mammography is particularly helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:925065", "title": "Patterns of breast parenchyma on mammography.", "content": "The hypothesis that two of four mammographic patterns show a marked predisposition to develop breast cancer was examined in a retrospective study. Four hundred patients with breast carcinoma were randomly chosen. The xeromammograms of the opposite breasts in these patients had been done and were studied. The conclusion of Wolfe was not supported by our findings.", "contents": "Patterns of breast parenchyma on mammography. The hypothesis that two of four mammographic patterns show a marked predisposition to develop breast cancer was examined in a retrospective study. Four hundred patients with breast carcinoma were randomly chosen. The xeromammograms of the opposite breasts in these patients had been done and were studied. The conclusion of Wolfe was not supported by our findings."}
{"id": "PMID:925066", "title": "Mammographic screening for breast cancer by lateral view only: is it practical?", "content": "If a single lateral examination would suffice for mammography, sose and risk would be cut in half in screening procedures. This prospective study of 150 lateral xerographic images would indicate that, while 80% true positive rate can be achieved using a single lateral view, the projected savings in radiation exposure does not offset the losses due to cancers not detected by this single exposure screening method.", "contents": "Mammographic screening for breast cancer by lateral view only: is it practical? If a single lateral examination would suffice for mammography, sose and risk would be cut in half in screening procedures. This prospective study of 150 lateral xerographic images would indicate that, while 80% true positive rate can be achieved using a single lateral view, the projected savings in radiation exposure does not offset the losses due to cancers not detected by this single exposure screening method."}
{"id": "PMID:925067", "title": "Myocardial color scan with 43K in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "The value of myocardial scanning with 43K was assessed in 64 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography, and in five young volunteers. Myocardial scans at rest detected only 16 of the 35 transmural infarcts documented on electrocardiograms, 11 of 11 anterior infarcts and five of 24 in other sites. Myocardial scans were obtained immediately after a graded exercise test in the five normal volunteers, in nine patients with normal coronary arteriograms and in 25 patients with atherosclerotic narrowing greater than 75% involving the left anterior descending artery, with or without disease of other coronary vessels. All patients with normal coronary arteriograms had normal myocardial scans. A regional perfusion deficit was observed after exercise in all six patients with single vessel disease, but in only 11 of the 19 patients with disease involving two or three vessels. Although the technique was specific, it lacked sensitivity, due mostly to poor resolution and the location of the disease.", "contents": "Myocardial color scan with 43K in ischemic heart disease. The value of myocardial scanning with 43K was assessed in 64 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography, and in five young volunteers. Myocardial scans at rest detected only 16 of the 35 transmural infarcts documented on electrocardiograms, 11 of 11 anterior infarcts and five of 24 in other sites. Myocardial scans were obtained immediately after a graded exercise test in the five normal volunteers, in nine patients with normal coronary arteriograms and in 25 patients with atherosclerotic narrowing greater than 75% involving the left anterior descending artery, with or without disease of other coronary vessels. All patients with normal coronary arteriograms had normal myocardial scans. A regional perfusion deficit was observed after exercise in all six patients with single vessel disease, but in only 11 of the 19 patients with disease involving two or three vessels. Although the technique was specific, it lacked sensitivity, due mostly to poor resolution and the location of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:925068", "title": "The signs of a passed ureteral stone.", "content": "Ten patients with typical renal colic fortuitously passed a urinary calculus, which was retrieved during or shortly after excretory urography. Characteristic alterations in the urogram included: (a) no delay in passage of contrast medium down the entire length of the ureter, (b) decreased radiodensity of contrast on the affected as compared to that of the normal side, (c) dilatation of the ureter on the affected side and (d) a hazy appearance of the ureter with poor definition of its borders. Post-obstructive diuresis explains these changes. This constellation of findings, with accompanying absence of an opaque calculus on the plain film, correctly diagnoses a recently passed stone. The sign complex indicates that obstruction has been relieved, even when the calculus remains in situ.", "contents": "The signs of a passed ureteral stone. Ten patients with typical renal colic fortuitously passed a urinary calculus, which was retrieved during or shortly after excretory urography. Characteristic alterations in the urogram included: (a) no delay in passage of contrast medium down the entire length of the ureter, (b) decreased radiodensity of contrast on the affected as compared to that of the normal side, (c) dilatation of the ureter on the affected side and (d) a hazy appearance of the ureter with poor definition of its borders. Post-obstructive diuresis explains these changes. This constellation of findings, with accompanying absence of an opaque calculus on the plain film, correctly diagnoses a recently passed stone. The sign complex indicates that obstruction has been relieved, even when the calculus remains in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:925069", "title": "The jugular \"notch\".", "content": "A characteristic \"notch\" in the petrous bone is described in relation to the superior outline of the jugular foramen. This notch seems to be a congenital anomaly and has a close relationship with ectasia of the dome of the internal jugular vein, as was demonstrated in two patients.", "contents": "The jugular \"notch\". A characteristic \"notch\" in the petrous bone is described in relation to the superior outline of the jugular foramen. This notch seems to be a congenital anomaly and has a close relationship with ectasia of the dome of the internal jugular vein, as was demonstrated in two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:925070", "title": "Tracheal collapse following esophageal atresia repair.", "content": "Expiratory collapse of the trachea was demonstrated radiographically in three infants with esophageal atresia who developed episodes of severe upper respiratory obstruction in the first few weeks of life. The abnormality is most readily seen fluoroscopically in such patients, though tracheal narrowing may be visible on an expiratory lateral chest radiography. An unusually long tracheostomy tube may be required to bypass the site of obstruction.", "contents": "Tracheal collapse following esophageal atresia repair. Expiratory collapse of the trachea was demonstrated radiographically in three infants with esophageal atresia who developed episodes of severe upper respiratory obstruction in the first few weeks of life. The abnormality is most readily seen fluoroscopically in such patients, though tracheal narrowing may be visible on an expiratory lateral chest radiography. An unusually long tracheostomy tube may be required to bypass the site of obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:925071", "title": "Radiologic appearance of the Collis-Belsey fundoplication.", "content": "The Collis-Belsey hiatal hernia repair is distinctive radiographically. Knowledge of the operative technique allows more meaningful evaluation of the postoperative appearance of the gastroesophageal region.", "contents": "Radiologic appearance of the Collis-Belsey fundoplication. The Collis-Belsey hiatal hernia repair is distinctive radiographically. Knowledge of the operative technique allows more meaningful evaluation of the postoperative appearance of the gastroesophageal region."}
{"id": "PMID:925072", "title": "A clinician's expectation of the radiologist.", "content": "This personal viewpoint emphasizes the importance of establishing a dialogue between the clinician and the radiologist. Such a dialogue must be characterized by specificity and objectivity, and should foster a critical appraisal of attempts to solve our patients' problems.", "contents": "A clinician's expectation of the radiologist. This personal viewpoint emphasizes the importance of establishing a dialogue between the clinician and the radiologist. Such a dialogue must be characterized by specificity and objectivity, and should foster a critical appraisal of attempts to solve our patients' problems."}
{"id": "PMID:925073", "title": "Bronchial stenosis and segmental emphysema in a neonate.", "content": "An infant, with a normal chest film at birth, shortly thereafter developed hyperinflation of the apical-posterior segment of the left upper lobe due to stenosis of the aberrant bronchus supplying this segment.", "contents": "Bronchial stenosis and segmental emphysema in a neonate. An infant, with a normal chest film at birth, shortly thereafter developed hyperinflation of the apical-posterior segment of the left upper lobe due to stenosis of the aberrant bronchus supplying this segment."}
{"id": "PMID:925074", "title": "Erosion of the pituitary fossa by benign nasal polyps.", "content": "This paper presents a case of bone destruction of the walls of the sphenoid sinus including the floor of the sella turcica from benign nasal polyps.", "contents": "Erosion of the pituitary fossa by benign nasal polyps. This paper presents a case of bone destruction of the walls of the sphenoid sinus including the floor of the sella turcica from benign nasal polyps."}
{"id": "PMID:925075", "title": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. I. Survival, growth, and differentiation of catecholamine production.", "content": "To study the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation, cultures of dissociated neonatal rat sympathetic neurons virtually free of other cell types were maintained for 3-4 wk. In the absence of NGF, the neurons did not survive for more than a day. Increased  levels of NGF increased neuronal survival and growth (total protein and total lipid phosphate); saturation occurred at 0.5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. Neuronal differentiation examined by measuring catecholamine (CA) production from tyrosine also depended on the level of NGF in the culture medium. As the NGF concentration was raised, CA production per neuron, per nanogram protein, or per picomole lipid phosphate increased until saturation was achieved between 1 and 5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. Thus, NGF induces neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation of CA production in a dose-dependent fashion. Neuronal growth and differentiation were quantitatively compared in the presence of the high and low molecular weight forms of NGF; no significant functional differences were found.", "contents": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. I. Survival, growth, and differentiation of catecholamine production. To study the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation, cultures of dissociated neonatal rat sympathetic neurons virtually free of other cell types were maintained for 3-4 wk. In the absence of NGF, the neurons did not survive for more than a day. Increased  levels of NGF increased neuronal survival and growth (total protein and total lipid phosphate); saturation occurred at 0.5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. Neuronal differentiation examined by measuring catecholamine (CA) production from tyrosine also depended on the level of NGF in the culture medium. As the NGF concentration was raised, CA production per neuron, per nanogram protein, or per picomole lipid phosphate increased until saturation was achieved between 1 and 5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. Thus, NGF induces neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation of CA production in a dose-dependent fashion. Neuronal growth and differentiation were quantitatively compared in the presence of the high and low molecular weight forms of NGF; no significant functional differences were found."}
{"id": "PMID:925076", "title": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. II. Developmental studies.", "content": "Adrenergic sympathetic neurons were grown for 4 wk in submaximal and saturating concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the virtual absence of non-neuronal cells. In 0.2 or 5 microgram/ml 7S NGF, the neurons gradually decreased in number during the first week, although fewer neurons died at the higher level. No significant change in cell number was observed thereafter. Total neuronal protein, a measure of cell growth, increased linearly with age in both concentrations of NGF. At each age, neurons in high NGF exhibited greater growth per cell than those in low NGF. The ability of neurons to produce catecholamine (CA) increased dramatically during the second and third weeks in both concentrations of NGF, and along a similar time-course, although neurons in submaximal NGF developed a lesser capacity for CA production. As neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and CA production, but even in older cultures, approximately 50% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn.", "contents": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. II. Developmental studies. Adrenergic sympathetic neurons were grown for 4 wk in submaximal and saturating concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the virtual absence of non-neuronal cells. In 0.2 or 5 microgram/ml 7S NGF, the neurons gradually decreased in number during the first week, although fewer neurons died at the higher level. No significant change in cell number was observed thereafter. Total neuronal protein, a measure of cell growth, increased linearly with age in both concentrations of NGF. At each age, neurons in high NGF exhibited greater growth per cell than those in low NGF. The ability of neurons to produce catecholamine (CA) increased dramatically during the second and third weeks in both concentrations of NGF, and along a similar time-course, although neurons in submaximal NGF developed a lesser capacity for CA production. As neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and CA production, but even in older cultures, approximately 50% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn."}
{"id": "PMID:925077", "title": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. III. Effect on acetylcholine production.", "content": "The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the development of cholinergic sympathetic neurons was studied in cultures grown either on monolayers of dissociated rat heart cells or in medium conditioned by them. In the presence of rat heart cells the absolute requirement of neurons for exogenous NGF was partially spared. The ability of heart cells to support neuronal survival was due at least in part to production of a diffusable NGF-like substance into the medium. Although some neurons survived on the heart cell monolayer without added NGF, increased levels of exogenous NGF increased neuronal survival until saturation was achieved at 0.5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. The ability of neurons to produce acetylcholine (ACh) from choline was also dependent on the level of exogenous NGF. In mixed neuron-heart cell cultures, NGF increased both ACh and catecholamine (CA) production per neuron to the same extent; saturation occurred at 1 microgram/ml 7S NGF. As cholinergic neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and ACh production, but even in  older cultures approximately 40% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn. Thus, NGF is as necessary for survival, growth, and differentiation of sympathetic neurons when the neurons express cholinergic functions as when the neurons express adrenergic functions (4, 5).", "contents": "Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. III. Effect on acetylcholine production. The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the development of cholinergic sympathetic neurons was studied in cultures grown either on monolayers of dissociated rat heart cells or in medium conditioned by them. In the presence of rat heart cells the absolute requirement of neurons for exogenous NGF was partially spared. The ability of heart cells to support neuronal survival was due at least in part to production of a diffusable NGF-like substance into the medium. Although some neurons survived on the heart cell monolayer without added NGF, increased levels of exogenous NGF increased neuronal survival until saturation was achieved at 0.5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. The ability of neurons to produce acetylcholine (ACh) from choline was also dependent on the level of exogenous NGF. In mixed neuron-heart cell cultures, NGF increased both ACh and catecholamine (CA) production per neuron to the same extent; saturation occurred at 1 microgram/ml 7S NGF. As cholinergic neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and ACh production, but even in  older cultures approximately 40% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn. Thus, NGF is as necessary for survival, growth, and differentiation of sympathetic neurons when the neurons express cholinergic functions as when the neurons express adrenergic functions (4, 5)."}
{"id": "PMID:925078", "title": "Cell shape changes and the mechanism of inversion in Volvox.", "content": "Inversion is a dominant aspect of morphogenesis in Volvox. In this process, the hollow, spheroidal Volvox embryo turns inside-out through a small opening called the phialopore to bring flagella from its inner to its outer surface. Analyses of intact, sectioned, and fragmented embryos by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, suggest that shape changes preprogrammed into the cells cause inversion. First, cells throughout the embryo change from pear to spindle shape, which causes the embryo to contract and the phialopore to open. Then cells adjacent to the phialopore become flask-shaped, with long, thin stalks at their outer ends. Simultaneously, the cytoplasmic bridges joining all adjacent cells migrate from the midpoint of the cells to the stalk tips. Together, these changes cause the lips of cells at the phialopore margin to curl outward. Now cells progressively more distal to the phialopore become flask-shaped while the more proximal cells become columnar, causing the lips to curl progressively further over the surface of the embryo until the latter has turned completely inside-out. Fine structural analysis reveals a peripheral cytoskeleton of microtubules that is apparently involved in cellular elongation. Cell clusters isolated before inversion undergo a similar program of shape changes; this suggests that the changes in cellular shape are the cause rather than an effect of the inversion process.", "contents": "Cell shape changes and the mechanism of inversion in Volvox. Inversion is a dominant aspect of morphogenesis in Volvox. In this process, the hollow, spheroidal Volvox embryo turns inside-out through a small opening called the phialopore to bring flagella from its inner to its outer surface. Analyses of intact, sectioned, and fragmented embryos by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy, suggest that shape changes preprogrammed into the cells cause inversion. First, cells throughout the embryo change from pear to spindle shape, which causes the embryo to contract and the phialopore to open. Then cells adjacent to the phialopore become flask-shaped, with long, thin stalks at their outer ends. Simultaneously, the cytoplasmic bridges joining all adjacent cells migrate from the midpoint of the cells to the stalk tips. Together, these changes cause the lips of cells at the phialopore margin to curl outward. Now cells progressively more distal to the phialopore become flask-shaped while the more proximal cells become columnar, causing the lips to curl progressively further over the surface of the embryo until the latter has turned completely inside-out. Fine structural analysis reveals a peripheral cytoskeleton of microtubules that is apparently involved in cellular elongation. Cell clusters isolated before inversion undergo a similar program of shape changes; this suggests that the changes in cellular shape are the cause rather than an effect of the inversion process."}
{"id": "PMID:925079", "title": "Surface distribution of LETS protein in relation to the cytoskeleton of normal and transformed cells.", "content": "The organization of LETS protein on the surface of NIL8 hamster cells has been examined by immunofluorescence staining. The distribution of LETS protein was found to depend on the culture conditions; in subconfluent, low-serum arrested cultures the LETS protein is predominantly located at the cell-substrate interface and also in regions of cell-cell contact, whereas in dense cultures the cells are surrounded by a network of LETS protein fibrils. Transformed derivatives of these cells exhibit only sporadic staining for LETS protein, in the form of short intercellular bridges. Agents that cause alterations in cell shape and cytoplasmic filaments have been used to explore the relationship of LETS protein to the internal cytoskeletal elements. Reciprocally, perturbations of the cell surface were examined for their effects on internal filaments. The arrangement of microtubules seems to be unrelated to the presence of LETS protein in the cells studied. Actin microfilament bundles and LETS protein respond in a coordinate fashion to some perturbants but independently with respect to others. The patterns of staining for LETS protein are consistent with an involvement in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion.", "contents": "Surface distribution of LETS protein in relation to the cytoskeleton of normal and transformed cells. The organization of LETS protein on the surface of NIL8 hamster cells has been examined by immunofluorescence staining. The distribution of LETS protein was found to depend on the culture conditions; in subconfluent, low-serum arrested cultures the LETS protein is predominantly located at the cell-substrate interface and also in regions of cell-cell contact, whereas in dense cultures the cells are surrounded by a network of LETS protein fibrils. Transformed derivatives of these cells exhibit only sporadic staining for LETS protein, in the form of short intercellular bridges. Agents that cause alterations in cell shape and cytoplasmic filaments have been used to explore the relationship of LETS protein to the internal cytoskeletal elements. Reciprocally, perturbations of the cell surface were examined for their effects on internal filaments. The arrangement of microtubules seems to be unrelated to the presence of LETS protein in the cells studied. Actin microfilament bundles and LETS protein respond in a coordinate fashion to some perturbants but independently with respect to others. The patterns of staining for LETS protein are consistent with an involvement in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion."}
{"id": "PMID:925080", "title": "Cell-to-cell communication and myogenesis.", "content": "Cell-to-cell communication was characterized in prefusion chick embryo myoblast cultures, and it was determined that the prefusion myoblasts can interact via gap junctions, ionic coupling, and metabolic coupling. The biological relevance of this communication was supported by the detection of gap junctions between myoblasts in embryonic muscle. Communication was also examined in fusion-arrested cultures to determine its potential relationship to fusion competency. In cultures that were fusion arrested by treatment with either 1.8 mM ethyleneglycolbis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 3.3 X 10(-6) M 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), or 1 microgram/ml cycloheximide (CHX), both gap junctions and ionic coupling were present. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that cell communication is not a sufficient property by itself, to generate fusion between myob-asts. The potential role of communication in myogenesis is discusssed with respect to these observations.", "contents": "Cell-to-cell communication and myogenesis. Cell-to-cell communication was characterized in prefusion chick embryo myoblast cultures, and it was determined that the prefusion myoblasts can interact via gap junctions, ionic coupling, and metabolic coupling. The biological relevance of this communication was supported by the detection of gap junctions between myoblasts in embryonic muscle. Communication was also examined in fusion-arrested cultures to determine its potential relationship to fusion competency. In cultures that were fusion arrested by treatment with either 1.8 mM ethyleneglycolbis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 3.3 X 10(-6) M 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), or 1 microgram/ml cycloheximide (CHX), both gap junctions and ionic coupling were present. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that cell communication is not a sufficient property by itself, to generate fusion between myob-asts. The potential role of communication in myogenesis is discusssed with respect to these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:925081", "title": "Evidence for the autophagy of microinjected proteins in HeLA cells.", "content": "Rhodamine-conjugated proteins were microinjected into living HeLa cells. Fluorescence microscopy was then employed to study their segregation from the cytoplasm into lysosomes. Results obtained in this way were verified when the corresponding unconjugated proteins were localized by autoradiographic, histological, and antibody-staining methods after their microinjection. Most injected proteins were segregated into cytoplasmic granular structures during their removal from cells. As evidence that these were autophagic vacuoles, they were found to contain no detectable acid phosphatase activity upon formation, after which they moved to the juxtanuclear position of lysosomes and appeared to fuse with them. The segregation of microinjected proteins exhibited a high degree of selectivity. The half-times of placement of individual exogenous proteins into cytoplasmic granules varied from 3 h to nearly 3 days, and one protein, hemoglobin, was never observed to enter them. Furthermore, endogenous HeLa proteins in a size fraction near 200,000 daltons were segregated much more rapidly than those in a fraction near 40,000 daltons. In these studies, rapid protein segregation appeared to take place by a mechanism of exclusion of the injected protein from numerous cytoplasmic domains.", "contents": "Evidence for the autophagy of microinjected proteins in HeLA cells. Rhodamine-conjugated proteins were microinjected into living HeLa cells. Fluorescence microscopy was then employed to study their segregation from the cytoplasm into lysosomes. Results obtained in this way were verified when the corresponding unconjugated proteins were localized by autoradiographic, histological, and antibody-staining methods after their microinjection. Most injected proteins were segregated into cytoplasmic granular structures during their removal from cells. As evidence that these were autophagic vacuoles, they were found to contain no detectable acid phosphatase activity upon formation, after which they moved to the juxtanuclear position of lysosomes and appeared to fuse with them. The segregation of microinjected proteins exhibited a high degree of selectivity. The half-times of placement of individual exogenous proteins into cytoplasmic granules varied from 3 h to nearly 3 days, and one protein, hemoglobin, was never observed to enter them. Furthermore, endogenous HeLa proteins in a size fraction near 200,000 daltons were segregated much more rapidly than those in a fraction near 40,000 daltons. In these studies, rapid protein segregation appeared to take place by a mechanism of exclusion of the injected protein from numerous cytoplasmic domains."}
{"id": "PMID:925082", "title": "Optical diffraction of the Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle.", "content": "Optical diffraction patterns from electron micrographs of both longitudinal and cross sections of normal and anomalous canine cardiac Z bands have been compared. The data indicate that anomalous cardiac Z bands resembling nemaline rods are structurally related to Z bands in showing a repeating lattice common to both. In thin sections transverse to the myofibril axis, both electron micrographs and optical diffraction patterns of the Z structure reveal a square lattice of 24 nm. This lattice is simple at the edge of each I band and centered in the interior of the Z band, where two distinct lattice forms have been observed. In longitudinal sections, oblique filaments visible in the electron micrographs  correspond to a 38-nm axial periodicity in diffraction patterns of both Z band and Z rod. We conclude that the Z rods will be useful for further analysis and reconstruction of the Z lattice by optical diffraction techniques.", "contents": "Optical diffraction of the Z lattice in canine cardiac muscle. Optical diffraction patterns from electron micrographs of both longitudinal and cross sections of normal and anomalous canine cardiac Z bands have been compared. The data indicate that anomalous cardiac Z bands resembling nemaline rods are structurally related to Z bands in showing a repeating lattice common to both. In thin sections transverse to the myofibril axis, both electron micrographs and optical diffraction patterns of the Z structure reveal a square lattice of 24 nm. This lattice is simple at the edge of each I band and centered in the interior of the Z band, where two distinct lattice forms have been observed. In longitudinal sections, oblique filaments visible in the electron micrographs  correspond to a 38-nm axial periodicity in diffraction patterns of both Z band and Z rod. We conclude that the Z rods will be useful for further analysis and reconstruction of the Z lattice by optical diffraction techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:925083", "title": "Remodeling of neuronal membranes as an early response to deafferentation. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "The early effects of deafferentation on the postsynaptic membrane beneath the end bulb of Held in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) were studied with the freeze-fracture technique. Three distinct responses were seen on the external membrane leaflet after cochlear ablation. Within 12 h the number of nonaggregate particles increased 147% by the addition of new particles to the membrane. The increase in number of nonaggregate particles continued until 4 days after cochlear ablation. The other responses occurred later, after degenerative changes were present in the end bulb. Between 1 and 2 days after cochlear ablation, the number of perisynaptic aggregates surrounding the postsynaptic active zone decreased to 10% of normal numbers. By 4 days, all perisynaptic aggregates had disappeared from the membrane. Coated vesicles may be involved in removing these aggregates. Between 1 and 3 days, the number of junctional aggregates decreased, but the size of the aggregates increased, apparently as a result of coalescence of nearby junctional aggregates. The total number of particles in junctional aggregates in the membrane was not altered during the first 6 days after cochlear ablation. The three separate responses suggest the existence of at least three different types of intramembranous particles on the external leaflet of the principal cell membrane, with each type dependent upon different cues for its maintenance in the membrane.", "contents": "Remodeling of neuronal membranes as an early response to deafferentation. A freeze-fracture study. The early effects of deafferentation on the postsynaptic membrane beneath the end bulb of Held in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) were studied with the freeze-fracture technique. Three distinct responses were seen on the external membrane leaflet after cochlear ablation. Within 12 h the number of nonaggregate particles increased 147% by the addition of new particles to the membrane. The increase in number of nonaggregate particles continued until 4 days after cochlear ablation. The other responses occurred later, after degenerative changes were present in the end bulb. Between 1 and 2 days after cochlear ablation, the number of perisynaptic aggregates surrounding the postsynaptic active zone decreased to 10% of normal numbers. By 4 days, all perisynaptic aggregates had disappeared from the membrane. Coated vesicles may be involved in removing these aggregates. Between 1 and 3 days, the number of junctional aggregates decreased, but the size of the aggregates increased, apparently as a result of coalescence of nearby junctional aggregates. The total number of particles in junctional aggregates in the membrane was not altered during the first 6 days after cochlear ablation. The three separate responses suggest the existence of at least three different types of intramembranous particles on the external leaflet of the principal cell membrane, with each type dependent upon different cues for its maintenance in the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:925084", "title": "Evidence for \"twisted plane\" undulations in golden hamster sperm tails.", "content": "Motile spermatozoa from the golden hamster have been arrested by rapid freezing and then fixed with glutaraldehyde at low temperature after substitution with ethylene glycol. As far as can be judged, the flagellar waveforms thus stabilized are similar to those seen in living sperm; in contrast, fixation in glutaraldehyde, without prior freezing, induces agonal changes in flagellar conformation. The characteristics waveform after freeze substitution contains three bends. Approx. half of these flagella are entirely planar. The rest are three dimensional, with the third bend displaced in a regular way from the plane containing the proximal two bends. From the geometry of these flagella, it is concluded that the plane of action of a given bending cycle undergoes a clockwise twist (from a forward viewpoint) as the cycle is succeeded by new bending cycles. This \"twisted plane\" undulation is quite different from helical movement. The twisting seems to occur abruptly, between cycles, as if each bending cycle has a preferred plane of action. The mechanism underlying the twisting is uncertain. However, on the basis of the angular displacements between the preferred planes, and the findings from electron microscopy, the following idea is presented as a working hypothesis: that, if the most proximal plane of bending is topographically determined by peripheral doublet 1, then successive distal planes of action are influenced predominantly by doublets 2, 3, etc., in clockwise sequence. The merits and weaknesses of this hypothesis are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for \"twisted plane\" undulations in golden hamster sperm tails. Motile spermatozoa from the golden hamster have been arrested by rapid freezing and then fixed with glutaraldehyde at low temperature after substitution with ethylene glycol. As far as can be judged, the flagellar waveforms thus stabilized are similar to those seen in living sperm; in contrast, fixation in glutaraldehyde, without prior freezing, induces agonal changes in flagellar conformation. The characteristics waveform after freeze substitution contains three bends. Approx. half of these flagella are entirely planar. The rest are three dimensional, with the third bend displaced in a regular way from the plane containing the proximal two bends. From the geometry of these flagella, it is concluded that the plane of action of a given bending cycle undergoes a clockwise twist (from a forward viewpoint) as the cycle is succeeded by new bending cycles. This \"twisted plane\" undulation is quite different from helical movement. The twisting seems to occur abruptly, between cycles, as if each bending cycle has a preferred plane of action. The mechanism underlying the twisting is uncertain. However, on the basis of the angular displacements between the preferred planes, and the findings from electron microscopy, the following idea is presented as a working hypothesis: that, if the most proximal plane of bending is topographically determined by peripheral doublet 1, then successive distal planes of action are influenced predominantly by doublets 2, 3, etc., in clockwise sequence. The merits and weaknesses of this hypothesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925085", "title": "Reconstitution of Semliki forest virus membrane.", "content": "The spike glycoproteins of the Semliki forest virus membrane have been incorporated into vesicular phospholipid bilayers by a detergent-dialysis method. The detergent used was beta-D-octylglucoside which is nonionic and has an exceptionally high critical micellar concentration which facilitates rapid removal by dialysis. The vesicles obtained were of varying sizes and had spikes on their surface. Two classes of vesicles were preferentially formed, small protein-rich and large lipid-rich (average lipid to protein weight ratios, 0.22 and 3.5, respectively). Both classes of vesicles retained the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The proteins were attached to the lipid bilayer by hydrophobic peptide segments, as in the viral membrane. Most of the proteins were accessible to proteolytic digestion from the outside, suggesting an asymmetric orientation.", "contents": "Reconstitution of Semliki forest virus membrane. The spike glycoproteins of the Semliki forest virus membrane have been incorporated into vesicular phospholipid bilayers by a detergent-dialysis method. The detergent used was beta-D-octylglucoside which is nonionic and has an exceptionally high critical micellar concentration which facilitates rapid removal by dialysis. The vesicles obtained were of varying sizes and had spikes on their surface. Two classes of vesicles were preferentially formed, small protein-rich and large lipid-rich (average lipid to protein weight ratios, 0.22 and 3.5, respectively). Both classes of vesicles retained the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The proteins were attached to the lipid bilayer by hydrophobic peptide segments, as in the viral membrane. Most of the proteins were accessible to proteolytic digestion from the outside, suggesting an asymmetric orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:925086", "title": "Arginine deprivation in KB cells. I. Effect on cell cycle progress.", "content": "When exponentially growing KB cells were deprived of arginine, cell multiplication ceased after 12 h but viability was maintained throughout the experimental period (42-48 h). Although tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]TdR) incorporation into acid-insoluble material declined to 5 percent of the initial rate, the fraction of cells engaged in DNA synthesis, determined by autoradiography, remained constant throughout the starvation period and approximately equal to the synthesizing fraction in exponentially growing controls (40 percent). Continous [(3)H]TdR-labeling indicated that 80 percent of the arginine-starved cells incorporated (3)H at some time during a 48-h deprivation period. Thus, some cells ceased DNA synthesis, whereas some initially nonsynthesizing cells initiated DNA synthesis during starvation. Flow microfluorometric profiles of distribution of cellular DNA contents at the end of the starvation period indicated that essentially no cells had a 4c or G2 complement. If arginine was restored after 30 h of starvation, cultures resumed active, largely asynchronous division after a 16-h lag. Autoradiographs of metaphase figures from cultures continuously labeled with [(3)H]TdR after restoration indicated that all cells in the culture underwent DNA synthesis before dividing. It was concluded that the majority of cells in arginine-starved cultures are arrested in neither a normal G1 nor G2. It is proposed that for an exponential culture, i.e. from most positions in the cell cycle, inhibition of cell growth after arginine with withdrawal centers on the ability of cells to complete replication of their DNA.", "contents": "Arginine deprivation in KB cells. I. Effect on cell cycle progress. When exponentially growing KB cells were deprived of arginine, cell multiplication ceased after 12 h but viability was maintained throughout the experimental period (42-48 h). Although tritiated thymidine ([(3)H]TdR) incorporation into acid-insoluble material declined to 5 percent of the initial rate, the fraction of cells engaged in DNA synthesis, determined by autoradiography, remained constant throughout the starvation period and approximately equal to the synthesizing fraction in exponentially growing controls (40 percent). Continous [(3)H]TdR-labeling indicated that 80 percent of the arginine-starved cells incorporated (3)H at some time during a 48-h deprivation period. Thus, some cells ceased DNA synthesis, whereas some initially nonsynthesizing cells initiated DNA synthesis during starvation. Flow microfluorometric profiles of distribution of cellular DNA contents at the end of the starvation period indicated that essentially no cells had a 4c or G2 complement. If arginine was restored after 30 h of starvation, cultures resumed active, largely asynchronous division after a 16-h lag. Autoradiographs of metaphase figures from cultures continuously labeled with [(3)H]TdR after restoration indicated that all cells in the culture underwent DNA synthesis before dividing. It was concluded that the majority of cells in arginine-starved cultures are arrested in neither a normal G1 nor G2. It is proposed that for an exponential culture, i.e. from most positions in the cell cycle, inhibition of cell growth after arginine with withdrawal centers on the ability of cells to complete replication of their DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:925087", "title": "Arginine deprivation in KB cells. II. Characterization of the DNA synthesized during starvation.", "content": "DNA synthesis in cells deprived of arginine was examined. Three lines of evidence indicated that tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation in arginine-starved cells was due to replicative rather than repair DNA synthesis. (a) When made in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, the [3H]TdR-labeled DNA sedimented at hybrid density in isopycnic gradients. (b) As determined by the diphenylamine reaction, there was a 15% increase in the chemical amount of DNA per culture 30 h after arginine deprivation. (c) [3H]TdR incorporation was hydroxyurea-sensitive. Alkaline velocity sedimentation of the total DNA made during starvation revealed the existence of two distinct size classes: most of the DNA sedimented at a position analogous to that of control DNA, but 40% migrated one-third the distance of the bulk. After arginine restoration, these shorter pieces appeared to be chased into DNA of normal length; thus, one lesion in deprived cultures may cause an arrest in completion of DNA stretches to mature size. These findings, together with results of morphological studies of starved cells, suggest that changes induced by arginine deficiency effect the organization of nucleoproteins. These changes are reversible upon arginine restoration.", "contents": "Arginine deprivation in KB cells. II. Characterization of the DNA synthesized during starvation. DNA synthesis in cells deprived of arginine was examined. Three lines of evidence indicated that tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) incorporation in arginine-starved cells was due to replicative rather than repair DNA synthesis. (a) When made in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, the [3H]TdR-labeled DNA sedimented at hybrid density in isopycnic gradients. (b) As determined by the diphenylamine reaction, there was a 15% increase in the chemical amount of DNA per culture 30 h after arginine deprivation. (c) [3H]TdR incorporation was hydroxyurea-sensitive. Alkaline velocity sedimentation of the total DNA made during starvation revealed the existence of two distinct size classes: most of the DNA sedimented at a position analogous to that of control DNA, but 40% migrated one-third the distance of the bulk. After arginine restoration, these shorter pieces appeared to be chased into DNA of normal length; thus, one lesion in deprived cultures may cause an arrest in completion of DNA stretches to mature size. These findings, together with results of morphological studies of starved cells, suggest that changes induced by arginine deficiency effect the organization of nucleoproteins. These changes are reversible upon arginine restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:925088", "title": "Peripheral hyaline blebs (podosomes) of macrophages.", "content": "The plasmalemma and hyaline ectoplasm together constitute the sensory and motor organ of macrophages. The purpose of this study was to isolate this cell fraction in order to analyze it biochemically and functionally. Brief sonification of warmed rabbit lung macrophages caused release of heterodisperse hyaline blebs and filopodia, which were easily collected by differential centrifugation. Viewed in the electron microscope, these structures consisted of membrane-bounded sacs principally containing actin filaments. Some contained secondary lysosomes. They were enriched threefold over whole cell homogenates in specific adenylate cyclase activity and in trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable (125)I when derived from cells labeled with 125(I) by means of a lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction. These markers were found to have identical isopycnic densitites when macrophage homogenates were subjected to sedimentation in a focusing sucrose density gradient system, and these markers had densities distinct from those of other cytoplasmic organelles. These markers were therefore assumed to be associated with macrophage plasma membranes. The specific beta- glucuronidase activity of the bleb fraction was similar to that of homogenates, but the blebs had considerably lower specific succinic dehydrogenase activity and RNA content, and DNA was undetectable. Electrophoresis of blebs solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate on polyacrylamide gels revealed polypeptides co-migrating with macrophage actin-binding protein, myosin, and actin; blebs also had EDTA-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity characteristic of myosin. The concentrations of actin-binding protein and myosin were higher in blebs than in cells or cytoplasmic extracts, whereas actin concentrations were similar (relative to extracts) or only slightly greater (than in cells). Blebs and intact cells had high lactate dehydrogenase activities in the presence but not the absence of Triton X-100. Blebs and cells oxidased 1-[(14)C]glucose, and the rate of glucose oxidation was increased substantially in the presence of latex beads. We conclude that intact sacs of plasmalemma encasing contractile proteins and cytoplasmic enzymes can be isolated from macrophages. They are enriched in myosin and actin-binding protein, indicating that the contractile apparatus is regulated in the cell periphery. These structures have the capacity to respond to environmental signals. We suggest the name \"podosomes\" for them because of their resemblance to macrophage pseudopodia. We propose that podosome formation results from rapid dissolution of the cortical gel when the membrane is in an actively extended configuration.", "contents": "Peripheral hyaline blebs (podosomes) of macrophages. The plasmalemma and hyaline ectoplasm together constitute the sensory and motor organ of macrophages. The purpose of this study was to isolate this cell fraction in order to analyze it biochemically and functionally. Brief sonification of warmed rabbit lung macrophages caused release of heterodisperse hyaline blebs and filopodia, which were easily collected by differential centrifugation. Viewed in the electron microscope, these structures consisted of membrane-bounded sacs principally containing actin filaments. Some contained secondary lysosomes. They were enriched threefold over whole cell homogenates in specific adenylate cyclase activity and in trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable (125)I when derived from cells labeled with 125(I) by means of a lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction. These markers were found to have identical isopycnic densitites when macrophage homogenates were subjected to sedimentation in a focusing sucrose density gradient system, and these markers had densities distinct from those of other cytoplasmic organelles. These markers were therefore assumed to be associated with macrophage plasma membranes. The specific beta- glucuronidase activity of the bleb fraction was similar to that of homogenates, but the blebs had considerably lower specific succinic dehydrogenase activity and RNA content, and DNA was undetectable. Electrophoresis of blebs solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate on polyacrylamide gels revealed polypeptides co-migrating with macrophage actin-binding protein, myosin, and actin; blebs also had EDTA-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity characteristic of myosin. The concentrations of actin-binding protein and myosin were higher in blebs than in cells or cytoplasmic extracts, whereas actin concentrations were similar (relative to extracts) or only slightly greater (than in cells). Blebs and intact cells had high lactate dehydrogenase activities in the presence but not the absence of Triton X-100. Blebs and cells oxidased 1-[(14)C]glucose, and the rate of glucose oxidation was increased substantially in the presence of latex beads. We conclude that intact sacs of plasmalemma encasing contractile proteins and cytoplasmic enzymes can be isolated from macrophages. They are enriched in myosin and actin-binding protein, indicating that the contractile apparatus is regulated in the cell periphery. These structures have the capacity to respond to environmental signals. We suggest the name \"podosomes\" for them because of their resemblance to macrophage pseudopodia. We propose that podosome formation results from rapid dissolution of the cortical gel when the membrane is in an actively extended configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:925089", "title": "Evidence for contractile protein translocation in macrophage spreading, phagocytosis, and phagolysosome formation.", "content": "Macrophage pseudopodia that surround objects during phagocytosis contain a meshwork of actin filaments and exclude organelles. Between these pseudopodia at the base of developing phagosomes, the organelle exclusion ceases, and lysosomes enter the cell periphery to fuse with the phagosomes. Macrophages also extend hyaline pseudopodia on the surface of nylon wool fibers and secrete lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular medium instead of into phagosomes. To analyze biochemically these concurrent alterations in cytoplasmic architecture, we allowed rabbit lung macrophages to spread on nylon wool fibers and then subjected the adherent cells to shear. This procedure caused the selective release of beta-glucoronidase into the extracellular medium and yielded two fractions, cell bodies and isolated pseudopod blebs resembling podosomes, which are plasma-lemma-bounded sacs of cortical cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic extracts of the cell bodies eluted from nylon fibers contained two-thirds less actin-binding protein and myosin, and approximately 20 percent less actin and two-thirds of the other two proteins were accounted for in podosomes. The alterations in protein composition correlated with assays of myosin-associated EDTA-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity, and with a diminution in the capacity of extracts of nylon wool fiber-treated cell bodies to gel, a property dependent on the interaction between actin-binding protein and F-actin. However, the capacity of the remaining actin in cell bodies to polymerize did not change. We propose that actin-binding protein and myosin are concentrated in the cell cortex and particularly in pseudopodia where prominent gelation and syneresis of actin occur. Actin in the regions from which actin-binding protein and myosin are displaced disaggregates without depolymerizing, permitting lysosomes to gain access to the plasmalemma. Translocation of contractile proteins could therefore account for the concomitant differences in organelle exclusion that characterize phagocytosis.", "contents": "Evidence for contractile protein translocation in macrophage spreading, phagocytosis, and phagolysosome formation. Macrophage pseudopodia that surround objects during phagocytosis contain a meshwork of actin filaments and exclude organelles. Between these pseudopodia at the base of developing phagosomes, the organelle exclusion ceases, and lysosomes enter the cell periphery to fuse with the phagosomes. Macrophages also extend hyaline pseudopodia on the surface of nylon wool fibers and secrete lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular medium instead of into phagosomes. To analyze biochemically these concurrent alterations in cytoplasmic architecture, we allowed rabbit lung macrophages to spread on nylon wool fibers and then subjected the adherent cells to shear. This procedure caused the selective release of beta-glucoronidase into the extracellular medium and yielded two fractions, cell bodies and isolated pseudopod blebs resembling podosomes, which are plasma-lemma-bounded sacs of cortical cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic extracts of the cell bodies eluted from nylon fibers contained two-thirds less actin-binding protein and myosin, and approximately 20 percent less actin and two-thirds of the other two proteins were accounted for in podosomes. The alterations in protein composition correlated with assays of myosin-associated EDTA-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity, and with a diminution in the capacity of extracts of nylon wool fiber-treated cell bodies to gel, a property dependent on the interaction between actin-binding protein and F-actin. However, the capacity of the remaining actin in cell bodies to polymerize did not change. We propose that actin-binding protein and myosin are concentrated in the cell cortex and particularly in pseudopodia where prominent gelation and syneresis of actin occur. Actin in the regions from which actin-binding protein and myosin are displaced disaggregates without depolymerizing, permitting lysosomes to gain access to the plasmalemma. Translocation of contractile proteins could therefore account for the concomitant differences in organelle exclusion that characterize phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:925090", "title": "Continuation of mitosis after selective laser microbeam destruction of the centriolar region.", "content": "The centriole regions of prophase PTK2 cells were irradiated with a laser microbeam. Cells continued through mitosis normally. Ultrastructural analysis revealed either an absence of centrioles or severely damaged centrioles at the irradiated poles. Microtubules appeared to focus into pericentriolar cloud material.", "contents": "Continuation of mitosis after selective laser microbeam destruction of the centriolar region. The centriole regions of prophase PTK2 cells were irradiated with a laser microbeam. Cells continued through mitosis normally. Ultrastructural analysis revealed either an absence of centrioles or severely damaged centrioles at the irradiated poles. Microtubules appeared to focus into pericentriolar cloud material."}
{"id": "PMID:925091", "title": "Motility occurring in association with the surface of the Chlamydomonas flagellum.", "content": "Chlamydomonas flagella exhibit a previously undescribed form of motility. This is the rapid, bidirectional, saltatory movement of marker particles occurring in association with the extracellular surface of the flagellum.", "contents": "Motility occurring in association with the surface of the Chlamydomonas flagellum. Chlamydomonas flagella exhibit a previously undescribed form of motility. This is the rapid, bidirectional, saltatory movement of marker particles occurring in association with the extracellular surface of the flagellum."}
{"id": "PMID:925092", "title": "Evidence from serial sections that some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.", "content": "Three-dimensional reconstructions based on serial sections through cells of the chloromonadophycean alga Gonyostomum semen Diesing indicate that there are many small unbranched mitochondria in log-phase cells. These organelles are approximately ellipsoid in shape with their longest axis ranging from 0-7 to 2-0 micrometer in length. Occasionally mitochondria reaching up to 3-6 micrometer in length have been observed: these have the same general morphology as their smaller counterparts. Preliminary observations indicate that cells of a related alga, Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky, also possess many small unbranched mitochondria. These observations are discussed in relation to recent reports that some cells contain a single branched mitochondrion or, at most, a small number of these organelles. It is suggested that mitochondrial number may be related to cell volume and that large cells may contain many mitochondria.", "contents": "Evidence from serial sections that some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria. Three-dimensional reconstructions based on serial sections through cells of the chloromonadophycean alga Gonyostomum semen Diesing indicate that there are many small unbranched mitochondria in log-phase cells. These organelles are approximately ellipsoid in shape with their longest axis ranging from 0-7 to 2-0 micrometer in length. Occasionally mitochondria reaching up to 3-6 micrometer in length have been observed: these have the same general morphology as their smaller counterparts. Preliminary observations indicate that cells of a related alga, Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky, also possess many small unbranched mitochondria. These observations are discussed in relation to recent reports that some cells contain a single branched mitochondrion or, at most, a small number of these organelles. It is suggested that mitochondrial number may be related to cell volume and that large cells may contain many mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:925093", "title": "Outgrowth of human fibroblast aggregates on a substratum triggers a wide variety of morphogenetic properties in the cells.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour-old aggregates of human diploid skin fibroblasts are allowed to attach to a glass or plastic substratum. As a result of this attachment the cells in the aggregate demonstrate rapid and generalized changes in cell shape, cell surface and cytoplasm ultrastructure and in their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine. Within 24 h they grow out on the substratum to attain the regular monolayer configuration. During the process of leaving the aggregate for the substratum a great number of different morphogenetic properties are displayed by the cells, resembling the properties of embryonic or epithelial cells. The simultaneous occurrence of this great variety of cell shape and cell surface changes, many of them unusual for fibroblasts, as well as the concurrent formation of organized cytoplasmic structures - microfilaments, microtubules - at localized areas of the cells, makes this system a potentially useful tool in the study of cell behaviour.", "contents": "Outgrowth of human fibroblast aggregates on a substratum triggers a wide variety of morphogenetic properties in the cells. Twenty-four-hour-old aggregates of human diploid skin fibroblasts are allowed to attach to a glass or plastic substratum. As a result of this attachment the cells in the aggregate demonstrate rapid and generalized changes in cell shape, cell surface and cytoplasm ultrastructure and in their ability to incorporate [3H]thymidine. Within 24 h they grow out on the substratum to attain the regular monolayer configuration. During the process of leaving the aggregate for the substratum a great number of different morphogenetic properties are displayed by the cells, resembling the properties of embryonic or epithelial cells. The simultaneous occurrence of this great variety of cell shape and cell surface changes, many of them unusual for fibroblasts, as well as the concurrent formation of organized cytoplasmic structures - microfilaments, microtubules - at localized areas of the cells, makes this system a potentially useful tool in the study of cell behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:925094", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the central nervous system of insects.", "content": "The intercellular junctional complexes in the central nervous system (CNS) from a variety of insect species have been examined by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques. Of particular concern has been the fine-structural basis of the blood-brain barrier observed to be present in the outer perineurial layer around the avascular insect CNS. The basis of this has been found in the form of tight  junctions (zonulae occludentes) present both in sections and in replicas of the perineurium. In the latter, they appear as one or two simple linear ridges, lying parallel to the outer surface, which occasionally display overlapping. The complex geometry of the interdigitating perineurial cells apparently permits such a relatively simple series of ridges to function as a barrier, since tracers are found not to penetrate beyond this level into the underlying nervous tissue. Such evidence is supported by microprobe X-ray analysis of lanthanum-incubated tissues, the perineurium compared with the glia-ensheathed axons showing the presence and absence of lanthanum, respectively. Possible physiological mechanisms that could operate 'in vitro' to maintain the blood-brain barrier are also considered. Other intercellular junctions such as desmosomes, septate junctions and gap junctions are found in the perineurial layer too, the last exhibiting EF particle plaques and PF pits. Glia-glia junctions also occur in some insect species; they include desmosomes, inverted gap junctions and occasional tight junctions. Septate, gap and tight junctions are also found on the membranes of tracheoles penetrating the CNS. Short, ridge-like elaborations and other particle arrays are found on the PF on the axon surfaces and the significance of these structures is discussed.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the central nervous system of insects. The intercellular junctional complexes in the central nervous system (CNS) from a variety of insect species have been examined by thin-sectioning and freeze-fracturing techniques. Of particular concern has been the fine-structural basis of the blood-brain barrier observed to be present in the outer perineurial layer around the avascular insect CNS. The basis of this has been found in the form of tight  junctions (zonulae occludentes) present both in sections and in replicas of the perineurium. In the latter, they appear as one or two simple linear ridges, lying parallel to the outer surface, which occasionally display overlapping. The complex geometry of the interdigitating perineurial cells apparently permits such a relatively simple series of ridges to function as a barrier, since tracers are found not to penetrate beyond this level into the underlying nervous tissue. Such evidence is supported by microprobe X-ray analysis of lanthanum-incubated tissues, the perineurium compared with the glia-ensheathed axons showing the presence and absence of lanthanum, respectively. Possible physiological mechanisms that could operate 'in vitro' to maintain the blood-brain barrier are also considered. Other intercellular junctions such as desmosomes, septate junctions and gap junctions are found in the perineurial layer too, the last exhibiting EF particle plaques and PF pits. Glia-glia junctions also occur in some insect species; they include desmosomes, inverted gap junctions and occasional tight junctions. Septate, gap and tight junctions are also found on the membranes of tracheoles penetrating the CNS. Short, ridge-like elaborations and other particle arrays are found on the PF on the axon surfaces and the significance of these structures is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925095", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity in root tips by the p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline diazotate reagent and a comparison with a Gomori procedure.", "content": "The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in root tip cells of pea and mung bean by use of a heavy metal azo-dye technique. Diazotized p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline in a post-coupling procedure, using naphthol AS-BI phosphate as substrate, yielded a fine particulate reaction product within vacuoles, intercellular spaces, multivesicular bodies and at various sites throughout the cytoplasm of pea root cells and differentiating mung bean protoxylem cells. An ultrastructural comparison with a modified Gomori lead-salt precipitation method revealed differences in the subcellular location of beta-glycerophosphatase and naphthol AS-BI phosphatase. The distribution of acid phosphatases within plant meristematic cells is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase activity in root tips by the p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline diazotate reagent and a comparison with a Gomori procedure. The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in root tip cells of pea and mung bean by use of a heavy metal azo-dye technique. Diazotized p-(acetoxymercuric) aniline in a post-coupling procedure, using naphthol AS-BI phosphate as substrate, yielded a fine particulate reaction product within vacuoles, intercellular spaces, multivesicular bodies and at various sites throughout the cytoplasm of pea root cells and differentiating mung bean protoxylem cells. An ultrastructural comparison with a modified Gomori lead-salt precipitation method revealed differences in the subcellular location of beta-glycerophosphatase and naphthol AS-BI phosphatase. The distribution of acid phosphatases within plant meristematic cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925096", "title": "Accumulation of gene products in the oocytes of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea. II. Induction of annulate lamellae within dense masses during diapause.", "content": "During the 3 years  of nymphal development of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea, gene products slowly accumulate in the cytoplasm of the previtellogenic oocytes. Nuclear extrusions separate into nematosome and dense-mass components. The dense masses, RNP-containing globules of thightly packed fibrillar material, disperse throughout the oocyte cytoplasm. The last instar nymph experiences an obligatory diapause, after which oocyte development passes from mid to late previtellogenesis, and eventually to vitellogenesis proper in the adult. During diapause, annulate lamellae are induced within the dense masses. This process is continued during late previtellogenesis. The formation of annulate lamellae may be related to activation of some genetic message stored in the dense masses. The possibility of tubulin synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Accumulation of gene products in the oocytes of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea. II. Induction of annulate lamellae within dense masses during diapause. During the 3 years  of nymphal development of the dragonfly Cordulia aenea, gene products slowly accumulate in the cytoplasm of the previtellogenic oocytes. Nuclear extrusions separate into nematosome and dense-mass components. The dense masses, RNP-containing globules of thightly packed fibrillar material, disperse throughout the oocyte cytoplasm. The last instar nymph experiences an obligatory diapause, after which oocyte development passes from mid to late previtellogenesis, and eventually to vitellogenesis proper in the adult. During diapause, annulate lamellae are induced within the dense masses. This process is continued during late previtellogenesis. The formation of annulate lamellae may be related to activation of some genetic message stored in the dense masses. The possibility of tubulin synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925097", "title": "Plant protoplast agglutination and membrane-bound beta-lectins.", "content": "Plant protoplast agglutination caused by normal and immune serum and by artificial carbohydrate antigens is described. Evidence is presented that the new class of lectins, called all-beta lectins by previous authors, are present in protoplast membranes and responsible for both forms of agglutination. Some non-specific serum component and the artificial antigens are the 2 respective passive 'bridge' molecules between agglutinating protoplasts.", "contents": "Plant protoplast agglutination and membrane-bound beta-lectins. Plant protoplast agglutination caused by normal and immune serum and by artificial carbohydrate antigens is described. Evidence is presented that the new class of lectins, called all-beta lectins by previous authors, are present in protoplast membranes and responsible for both forms of agglutination. Some non-specific serum component and the artificial antigens are the 2 respective passive 'bridge' molecules between agglutinating protoplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:925098", "title": "Cytochalasin B-induced pseudo-cleavage of mouse oocytes in vitro. II. Studies of the mechanism and morphological consequences of pseudocleavage.", "content": "Mouse oocytes are induced by cytochalasin B to undergo 'pseudocleavage' in vitro into 2 compartments, only one of which possesses microvilli. It has been found that this particular response to cytochalasin B is related to oocyte size and, possibly, to the acquisition of meiotic competence by the oocyte during its growth phase. Certain of the morphological events which characterize pseudocleavage have been determined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. These events include: (i) an initial withdrawal of microvilli from the surface of the oocyte, together with the concomitant disappearance of microfilaments normally associated with the microvilli; (ii) the subsequent formation of a pseudocleavage furrow and contractile ring; and (iii) the reappearance of microvilli and associated microfilaments in one of the two resulting oocyte compartments. These changes in surface architecture are reflected in the distribution of fluorescein-conjugated lectins bound to the oocyte surface during pseudocleavage.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B-induced pseudo-cleavage of mouse oocytes in vitro. II. Studies of the mechanism and morphological consequences of pseudocleavage. Mouse oocytes are induced by cytochalasin B to undergo 'pseudocleavage' in vitro into 2 compartments, only one of which possesses microvilli. It has been found that this particular response to cytochalasin B is related to oocyte size and, possibly, to the acquisition of meiotic competence by the oocyte during its growth phase. Certain of the morphological events which characterize pseudocleavage have been determined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. These events include: (i) an initial withdrawal of microvilli from the surface of the oocyte, together with the concomitant disappearance of microfilaments normally associated with the microvilli; (ii) the subsequent formation of a pseudocleavage furrow and contractile ring; and (iii) the reappearance of microvilli and associated microfilaments in one of the two resulting oocyte compartments. These changes in surface architecture are reflected in the distribution of fluorescein-conjugated lectins bound to the oocyte surface during pseudocleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:925099", "title": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine-induced formation of virus-like particles in Naegleria gruberi EGs.", "content": "Exposure of axenic cultures of the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi EGs to the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) resulted in the induction of virus-like particles (VLP) and various structures associated with their development and presumed transmission. Previously, VLP induction could be accomplished only by growing amoebae in the presence of living bacteria as a food source. Addition of excess thymidine along with BrdU did not block induction of particles. This account demonstrates that the EGs-VLP system responded to BrdU as do a number of mammalian cell lines harbouring latent viruses, and provides the basis for future work on the infectivity of the VLPs for other amoebae as well as tissue culture cells.", "contents": "5-Bromodeoxyuridine-induced formation of virus-like particles in Naegleria gruberi EGs. Exposure of axenic cultures of the amoeboflagellate Naegleria gruberi EGs to the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) resulted in the induction of virus-like particles (VLP) and various structures associated with their development and presumed transmission. Previously, VLP induction could be accomplished only by growing amoebae in the presence of living bacteria as a food source. Addition of excess thymidine along with BrdU did not block induction of particles. This account demonstrates that the EGs-VLP system responded to BrdU as do a number of mammalian cell lines harbouring latent viruses, and provides the basis for future work on the infectivity of the VLPs for other amoebae as well as tissue culture cells."}
{"id": "PMID:925100", "title": "Development and regulation of the phosphorylase-glycogen complex in myogenic cells of the L6 line.", "content": "The development of the phosphorylase-glycogen complex was studied in cells of the myogenic line L6 at different stages of differentiation. Our results indicate that the complex is already present in mononucleated myoblasts. However, several features of the complex observed in the myoblasts, such as the total amount of phosphorylase bound to the polysaccharide, and the type of glycogen agglomerates present in the cells, differ from those of the myotubes. It is postulated that at the moment when the myoblasts differentiate, definitive metabolic events take place. At this time the protein-glycogen complex is completed, phosphorylase being bound to small glycogen particles, and the multinucleated myotubes begin to accumulate a reserve of free glycogen. This latter constituent is mobilized first upon glucose starvation.", "contents": "Development and regulation of the phosphorylase-glycogen complex in myogenic cells of the L6 line. The development of the phosphorylase-glycogen complex was studied in cells of the myogenic line L6 at different stages of differentiation. Our results indicate that the complex is already present in mononucleated myoblasts. However, several features of the complex observed in the myoblasts, such as the total amount of phosphorylase bound to the polysaccharide, and the type of glycogen agglomerates present in the cells, differ from those of the myotubes. It is postulated that at the moment when the myoblasts differentiate, definitive metabolic events take place. At this time the protein-glycogen complex is completed, phosphorylase being bound to small glycogen particles, and the multinucleated myotubes begin to accumulate a reserve of free glycogen. This latter constituent is mobilized first upon glucose starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:925102", "title": "[Rehabilitation of the portal vein. Anatomical, experimental and clinical observations of liver metastases].", "content": "We have studied the macroscopic anatomy of the portal vein to explain the distribution of metastatic emboli, by the orientation of its branches and its internal flows. Its termination seen under the microscope permits, by knowledge of the portal microcirculation of the lobule, one to localise nidation of these emboli in the hepatic sinus and, to explain their proliferation, without neglecting the dynamic role of the hepatic artery through the numerous arterio-portal anastomoses. The portal blood flow is essential to liver regeration even if arterio-biliary proliferation provides the initial impulsion. Interruption of a portal branch produces hepatic atrophy with resultant metabolic disorders. In this context, a precise physiopathological approach permits one to consider the consequences of metastases and, particularly, porto-lymphatic reflux which explains the topography and onset of new emboli. The study of the portal system is an important factor in the decision to operate widely. A nutrient route, the portal vein is followed by the metastasis, it may be interrupted by ligature to prevent the latter. Finally it is an efficacious route for destruction of macroscopic foci (chemotherapy) or prevention and destruction of infraclinical foci (active non-specific loco-regional immunotherapy).", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of the portal vein. Anatomical, experimental and clinical observations of liver metastases]. We have studied the macroscopic anatomy of the portal vein to explain the distribution of metastatic emboli, by the orientation of its branches and its internal flows. Its termination seen under the microscope permits, by knowledge of the portal microcirculation of the lobule, one to localise nidation of these emboli in the hepatic sinus and, to explain their proliferation, without neglecting the dynamic role of the hepatic artery through the numerous arterio-portal anastomoses. The portal blood flow is essential to liver regeration even if arterio-biliary proliferation provides the initial impulsion. Interruption of a portal branch produces hepatic atrophy with resultant metabolic disorders. In this context, a precise physiopathological approach permits one to consider the consequences of metastases and, particularly, porto-lymphatic reflux which explains the topography and onset of new emboli. The study of the portal system is an important factor in the decision to operate widely. A nutrient route, the portal vein is followed by the metastasis, it may be interrupted by ligature to prevent the latter. Finally it is an efficacious route for destruction of macroscopic foci (chemotherapy) or prevention and destruction of infraclinical foci (active non-specific loco-regional immunotherapy)."}
{"id": "PMID:925103", "title": "[Colonic and rectal villous tumors. Comparative study of treatment by surgery or radiotherapy. Report of 104 cases].", "content": "The authors report and analyse two series of observations of colonic and rectal villous tumours. 47 treated initially by surgical removal, 57 treated by radiotherapy, (contact radiotherapy or interstitial radium therapy). After recalling the basic pathology, they expose the results of each group of treatment and draw practical conclusions. The treatment should first be surgical, the method depending on the site and volume of the tumour; radiotherapy may be a beneficial complement when the tumour is malignant and non-invasive or when a recurrence occurs. It may exceptionally be used as a cure when the tumour has a small diameter (less than 3 cm) and is situated less than 12 cm from the anus.", "contents": "[Colonic and rectal villous tumors. Comparative study of treatment by surgery or radiotherapy. Report of 104 cases]. The authors report and analyse two series of observations of colonic and rectal villous tumours. 47 treated initially by surgical removal, 57 treated by radiotherapy, (contact radiotherapy or interstitial radium therapy). After recalling the basic pathology, they expose the results of each group of treatment and draw practical conclusions. The treatment should first be surgical, the method depending on the site and volume of the tumour; radiotherapy may be a beneficial complement when the tumour is malignant and non-invasive or when a recurrence occurs. It may exceptionally be used as a cure when the tumour has a small diameter (less than 3 cm) and is situated less than 12 cm from the anus."}
{"id": "PMID:925104", "title": "[Single ruptured pelvic hydatid cyst as an unusual manifestation of secondary peritoneal echinococcosis].", "content": "The authors report the case of a large pelvic tumour compressing the bladder, the ureters and the recto-sigmoid junction. Its sudden rupture into the peritoneum led to an emergency operation and the discovery of a hydatid cyst ruptured into the pouch of Douglas and a hepatic cyst. The most frequent presentation of peritoneal echinococcosis, peritoneal cysts are metastases from a hepatic or splenic cyst which has ruptured into the peritoneum. They are usually multiple. Single pelvic lesions are rare, their hydatid nature is in the absence of a past history of hydatid disease difficult to suspect before operation. The object of the latter is to treat in one stage the primary cyst and its peritoneal metastases. The narrow vascular connections of the pelvic cysts render cystectomy dangerous and make one prefer removal of the germinal membrane followed by marsupialisation or drainage of the remaining cavity. In the long term, the frequency of peritoneal recurrences makes prolonged supervision necessary.", "contents": "[Single ruptured pelvic hydatid cyst as an unusual manifestation of secondary peritoneal echinococcosis]. The authors report the case of a large pelvic tumour compressing the bladder, the ureters and the recto-sigmoid junction. Its sudden rupture into the peritoneum led to an emergency operation and the discovery of a hydatid cyst ruptured into the pouch of Douglas and a hepatic cyst. The most frequent presentation of peritoneal echinococcosis, peritoneal cysts are metastases from a hepatic or splenic cyst which has ruptured into the peritoneum. They are usually multiple. Single pelvic lesions are rare, their hydatid nature is in the absence of a past history of hydatid disease difficult to suspect before operation. The object of the latter is to treat in one stage the primary cyst and its peritoneal metastases. The narrow vascular connections of the pelvic cysts render cystectomy dangerous and make one prefer removal of the germinal membrane followed by marsupialisation or drainage of the remaining cavity. In the long term, the frequency of peritoneal recurrences makes prolonged supervision necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:925105", "title": "[Elective decompression of esophageal varices using Warren's distal splenorenal bypass].", "content": "Distal spleno-renal anastomosis is worth consideration in the treatment of certain forms of portal hypertension, especially when there is a satisfactory portal blood flow. Apart from the low operative mortality and morbidity its main advantages are the preservation of portal hepatic blood flow, the reduction or suppression of which may have a deleterious effect on the liver, and also avoid or reduce to a minimum the risk of portal systemic encephalopathy, while producing effective decompression of the oesophageal varices. This operation is contra-indicated in presence of a greatly reduced or inversed portal blood flow, and also in cases of ascites or marked stasis of the splanchnic or retroperitoneal lymphatic network.", "contents": "[Elective decompression of esophageal varices using Warren's distal splenorenal bypass]. Distal spleno-renal anastomosis is worth consideration in the treatment of certain forms of portal hypertension, especially when there is a satisfactory portal blood flow. Apart from the low operative mortality and morbidity its main advantages are the preservation of portal hepatic blood flow, the reduction or suppression of which may have a deleterious effect on the liver, and also avoid or reduce to a minimum the risk of portal systemic encephalopathy, while producing effective decompression of the oesophageal varices. This operation is contra-indicated in presence of a greatly reduced or inversed portal blood flow, and also in cases of ascites or marked stasis of the splanchnic or retroperitoneal lymphatic network."}
{"id": "PMID:925106", "title": "[Heterotopic cystic pancreas of the duodenal wall without associated chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Reporting a case of cystic dystrophy of ectopic duodenal pancreas without associated pancreatitis, the authors recall the special characteristics of this exceptional entity and conclude that cephalic duodene pancreatectomy is the only operation which in their opinion can confirm the diagnosis and cause the symptoms to disappear.", "contents": "[Heterotopic cystic pancreas of the duodenal wall without associated chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Reporting a case of cystic dystrophy of ectopic duodenal pancreas without associated pancreatitis, the authors recall the special characteristics of this exceptional entity and conclude that cephalic duodene pancreatectomy is the only operation which in their opinion can confirm the diagnosis and cause the symptoms to disappear."}
{"id": "PMID:925107", "title": "[The blood supply of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius muscles and surgical applications (author's transl)].", "content": "The vascular pedicles of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius muscles were identified by the authors. Although devascularisation of the tendons is of no importance in plastic operations, any technic using the fleshy part of these muscles should take care to preserve the blood supply. It is therefore important to know their anatomy.", "contents": "[The blood supply of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius muscles and surgical applications (author's transl)]. The vascular pedicles of the semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius muscles were identified by the authors. Although devascularisation of the tendons is of no importance in plastic operations, any technic using the fleshy part of these muscles should take care to preserve the blood supply. It is therefore important to know their anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:925108", "title": "Simultaneous gas chromatographic analysis of lower fatty acids, phenols and indoles using a glass capillary column.", "content": "The simultaneous gas chromatographic separation of a mixture of 14 lower fatty acis, 11 phenols and 7 indoles has been effected by using a glass capillary column. Complete separation of the mixture has been obtained, except for phenol and o-cresol and o-ethylphenol and 3,5-xylenol whose peaks overlapped, and 2- and 3-methylindoles which were poorly separated. The optimum conditions are as follows: stationary phase, FFAP or PEG-20M; column (20 m X 0.28 mm I.D.) temperature, held for 1 min at 145 degrees (FFAP) or 130 degrees (PEG-20M); column oven, heated at 4 degrees/min from 145 or 130 to 180 degrees (FFAP) or 165 degrees (PEG-20M), maintained at 180 or 165 degrees for 30 min; carrier gas (helium) flow-rate, 0.6 ml/min (FFAP), 1.3 ml/min (PEG-20M); flame ionization detector. The method has been applied to the analysis of lower fatty acids, phenols and indoles in Japanese cigarette smoke, where the peaks were identified by the disappearance method using an alkaline pre-column.", "contents": "Simultaneous gas chromatographic analysis of lower fatty acids, phenols and indoles using a glass capillary column. The simultaneous gas chromatographic separation of a mixture of 14 lower fatty acis, 11 phenols and 7 indoles has been effected by using a glass capillary column. Complete separation of the mixture has been obtained, except for phenol and o-cresol and o-ethylphenol and 3,5-xylenol whose peaks overlapped, and 2- and 3-methylindoles which were poorly separated. The optimum conditions are as follows: stationary phase, FFAP or PEG-20M; column (20 m X 0.28 mm I.D.) temperature, held for 1 min at 145 degrees (FFAP) or 130 degrees (PEG-20M); column oven, heated at 4 degrees/min from 145 or 130 to 180 degrees (FFAP) or 165 degrees (PEG-20M), maintained at 180 or 165 degrees for 30 min; carrier gas (helium) flow-rate, 0.6 ml/min (FFAP), 1.3 ml/min (PEG-20M); flame ionization detector. The method has been applied to the analysis of lower fatty acids, phenols and indoles in Japanese cigarette smoke, where the peaks were identified by the disappearance method using an alkaline pre-column."}
{"id": "PMID:925109", "title": "Gas chromatographic analysis of acetophenone oxime and its metabolites.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for monitoring the metabolic reduction of acetophenone oxime or oxidative metabolism of the corresponding amine, alpha-methylbenzylamine in liver homogenates. The oxime, amine, n-hydroxy-alpha-methylbenzylamine and acetophenone are quantitatively determined after GLC separation of components with temperature programming on an SP-2401-DB-coated column. The first three compounds were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide prior to chromatographic analysis to enhance the stability and improve the chromatographic properties of these components. The effluent gas was monitored with flame ionization detection, and permitted quantitation of components at sub-microgram/ml levels with reproducibility between injections of +/-2%. The optimal composition of enantiomeric mixtures of (R,S)-alpha-methylbenzylamines formed during metabolic reduction of acetophenone oximes were determined by conversion to diastereomeric amides and subsequent GLC analysis.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic analysis of acetophenone oxime and its metabolites. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been developed for monitoring the metabolic reduction of acetophenone oxime or oxidative metabolism of the corresponding amine, alpha-methylbenzylamine in liver homogenates. The oxime, amine, n-hydroxy-alpha-methylbenzylamine and acetophenone are quantitatively determined after GLC separation of components with temperature programming on an SP-2401-DB-coated column. The first three compounds were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-acetamide prior to chromatographic analysis to enhance the stability and improve the chromatographic properties of these components. The effluent gas was monitored with flame ionization detection, and permitted quantitation of components at sub-microgram/ml levels with reproducibility between injections of +/-2%. The optimal composition of enantiomeric mixtures of (R,S)-alpha-methylbenzylamines formed during metabolic reduction of acetophenone oximes were determined by conversion to diastereomeric amides and subsequent GLC analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:925110", "title": "Sensitive and specific gas chromatographic and extraction method for the determination of orphenadrine in human body fluids.", "content": "A gas chromatographic and extraction method for the assay of orphenadrine in plasma and urine has been developed, in which diphenhydramine is used as the internal standard. The procedure involves extraction with isopentane and alkali flame ionization (nitrogen) detection. Orphenadrine N-oxide and N-dealkylated orphenadrine did not interfere with the analysis. Orphenadrine concentrations down to 1 ng/ml can be determined. Application in a pharmacokinetic/bioavailability study is reported.", "contents": "Sensitive and specific gas chromatographic and extraction method for the determination of orphenadrine in human body fluids. A gas chromatographic and extraction method for the assay of orphenadrine in plasma and urine has been developed, in which diphenhydramine is used as the internal standard. The procedure involves extraction with isopentane and alkali flame ionization (nitrogen) detection. Orphenadrine N-oxide and N-dealkylated orphenadrine did not interfere with the analysis. Orphenadrine concentrations down to 1 ng/ml can be determined. Application in a pharmacokinetic/bioavailability study is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:925111", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of clonidine and some analogues in rat brain tissue. Brain concentrations and hypotensive activity.", "content": "A simple and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative determination of clonidine and some structurally related imidazolidines in rat brain tissue. The aqueous brain homogenates are first purified and then extracted into benzene. Samples are injected directly into the gas chromatograph. The extraction procedure is selective, and the use of a phosphorus-nitrogen detector enables accurate determinations corresponding to brain concentrations down to at least 10ng/g. The rat brain concentrations of clonidine and its derivatives achieved at the moment of maximal decrease in arterial pressure are proportional to the doses administered intravenously, and are not influenced by the effect of the compounds on the blood pressure or by the method of anaesthesia employed. It is concluded that, for the linear part of the dose-response curves for these compounds, the brain concentration is a measure of the hypotensive effect.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of clonidine and some analogues in rat brain tissue. Brain concentrations and hypotensive activity. A simple and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantitative determination of clonidine and some structurally related imidazolidines in rat brain tissue. The aqueous brain homogenates are first purified and then extracted into benzene. Samples are injected directly into the gas chromatograph. The extraction procedure is selective, and the use of a phosphorus-nitrogen detector enables accurate determinations corresponding to brain concentrations down to at least 10ng/g. The rat brain concentrations of clonidine and its derivatives achieved at the moment of maximal decrease in arterial pressure are proportional to the doses administered intravenously, and are not influenced by the effect of the compounds on the blood pressure or by the method of anaesthesia employed. It is concluded that, for the linear part of the dose-response curves for these compounds, the brain concentration is a measure of the hypotensive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:925112", "title": "Specific thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids.", "content": "A sensitive, accurate and specific spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids. It involves extraction of quinidine, dihydroquinidine and metabolites, their separation on thin layers and quantitation of the corresponding spots by direct scanning in a densitometer at 278 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between the ratio of the peak area of an unknown sample to that of the standard and the concentration of the compounds at 0.4-4microgram/ml. The recovery from plasma was from 96 to 103% for quinidine and from 93.5 to 98.5% for dihydroquinidine. A comparison was made between this thin-layer chromatographic method and the fluoriemtric assay frequently used for the determination of quinidine in plasma at present. The method is recommended for clinical assays and pharmacokinetics studies.", "contents": "Specific thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids. A sensitive, accurate and specific spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids. It involves extraction of quinidine, dihydroquinidine and metabolites, their separation on thin layers and quantitation of the corresponding spots by direct scanning in a densitometer at 278 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between the ratio of the peak area of an unknown sample to that of the standard and the concentration of the compounds at 0.4-4microgram/ml. The recovery from plasma was from 96 to 103% for quinidine and from 93.5 to 98.5% for dihydroquinidine. A comparison was made between this thin-layer chromatographic method and the fluoriemtric assay frequently used for the determination of quinidine in plasma at present. The method is recommended for clinical assays and pharmacokinetics studies."}
{"id": "PMID:925118", "title": "Determination of diminazene in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "An analytical method is described for determining diminazene levels in plasma of cattle. Diminazene is reduced to 4-aminobenzamidine which is extracted and assayed by high-performance ion pair reverse phase partition chromatography. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzamidine served as an internal standard. Diminazene levels as low as 0.1 microgram per ml were detected.", "contents": "Determination of diminazene in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. An analytical method is described for determining diminazene levels in plasma of cattle. Diminazene is reduced to 4-aminobenzamidine which is extracted and assayed by high-performance ion pair reverse phase partition chromatography. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzamidine served as an internal standard. Diminazene levels as low as 0.1 microgram per ml were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:925127", "title": "Suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) release by pyridoxine in chronic primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "A single iv dose of pyridoxine (V) (300 mg) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in 6 patients with primary hypothyroidism. There was no consistent change in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations suring the experiment. The serum prolactin (PRL) levels were also suppressed by pyridoxine administration. These findings suggest that pyridoxine inhibits TSH secretion as well PRL by a direct action on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.", "contents": "Suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) release by pyridoxine in chronic primary hypothyroidism. A single iv dose of pyridoxine (V) (300 mg) caused a significant decrease in the concentration of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in 6 patients with primary hypothyroidism. There was no consistent change in serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations suring the experiment. The serum prolactin (PRL) levels were also suppressed by pyridoxine administration. These findings suggest that pyridoxine inhibits TSH secretion as well PRL by a direct action on the hypothalamus or pituitary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:925130", "title": "Benign breast dysplasia causing hypercalcemia.", "content": "An adolescent female had hypercalcemia and massive, bilateral breast enlargement. At neck and mediastinal explorations three parathyroid glands were removed and found to be histologically normal. Following bilateral mastectomy the hypercalcemia resolved within two days and did not recur during a six-year period of followup. Microscopic examination of the excised breast tissue revealed marked dysplasia but no cancer. Those findings suggest that benign, dysplastic breast tissue can release humoral mediators of hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Benign breast dysplasia causing hypercalcemia. An adolescent female had hypercalcemia and massive, bilateral breast enlargement. At neck and mediastinal explorations three parathyroid glands were removed and found to be histologically normal. Following bilateral mastectomy the hypercalcemia resolved within two days and did not recur during a six-year period of followup. Microscopic examination of the excised breast tissue revealed marked dysplasia but no cancer. Those findings suggest that benign, dysplastic breast tissue can release humoral mediators of hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:925131", "title": "Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. IV. C Apoprotein changes in very low and intermediate density lipoproteins.", "content": "In vitro studies indicate that relative amounts of apolipoproteins CII and CIII in plasma may alter lipoprotein lipase mediated triglyceride removal from very low density lipoprotein. Therefore, we have determined relative amounts of these peptides in pregnant women in late gestation (mean 36 weeks) and 6 and 20 weeks postpartum. Very low density (d less than 1.006) and intermediate density (d 1.006-1.019) lipoproteins have been examined because they are affected similarly in pregnancy. Triglyceride and cholesterol in these two fractions increased 3 1/2 to 4 1/2-fold in pregnancy in keeping with previous reports. On a relative basis, apo CII was decreased and apo CIII1 and CIII2 increased in both VLDL and IDL at 36 weeks gestation. At 6 and 20 weeks postpartum relative amounts of C peptides returned to identical levels and were unaffected by lactation. It remains to be seen if in vivo triglyceride removal in pregnancy is altered by the reduction in apo CII relative to apo CIII.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in pregnancy. IV. C Apoprotein changes in very low and intermediate density lipoproteins. In vitro studies indicate that relative amounts of apolipoproteins CII and CIII in plasma may alter lipoprotein lipase mediated triglyceride removal from very low density lipoprotein. Therefore, we have determined relative amounts of these peptides in pregnant women in late gestation (mean 36 weeks) and 6 and 20 weeks postpartum. Very low density (d less than 1.006) and intermediate density (d 1.006-1.019) lipoproteins have been examined because they are affected similarly in pregnancy. Triglyceride and cholesterol in these two fractions increased 3 1/2 to 4 1/2-fold in pregnancy in keeping with previous reports. On a relative basis, apo CII was decreased and apo CIII1 and CIII2 increased in both VLDL and IDL at 36 weeks gestation. At 6 and 20 weeks postpartum relative amounts of C peptides returned to identical levels and were unaffected by lactation. It remains to be seen if in vivo triglyceride removal in pregnancy is altered by the reduction in apo CII relative to apo CIII."}
{"id": "PMID:925134", "title": "Influence of glucagon replacement on the hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic response to prolonged somatostatin infusion in normal man.", "content": "Somatostatin was infused for 6 h into seven normal subjects with and without a replacement dose of glucagon. The addition of glucagon to somatostatin resulted in a 30-40% rise in plasma glucagon, whereas plasma insulin declined by 40-50% in both treatment groups. Plasma glucose and glucose production initially increased 2-fold with glucagon replacement, and subsequently declined by 2-3 h to levels comparable to those observed with somatostatin alone. After 6 h plasma glucose and glucose kinetics were no different whether or not glucagon was present. The rise in blood ketones after somatostatin was not exaggerated by glucagon replacement. We conclude that glucagon lack is not a modifying factor in the late hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic response to prolonged infusions of somatostatin.", "contents": "Influence of glucagon replacement on the hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic response to prolonged somatostatin infusion in normal man. Somatostatin was infused for 6 h into seven normal subjects with and without a replacement dose of glucagon. The addition of glucagon to somatostatin resulted in a 30-40% rise in plasma glucagon, whereas plasma insulin declined by 40-50% in both treatment groups. Plasma glucose and glucose production initially increased 2-fold with glucagon replacement, and subsequently declined by 2-3 h to levels comparable to those observed with somatostatin alone. After 6 h plasma glucose and glucose kinetics were no different whether or not glucagon was present. The rise in blood ketones after somatostatin was not exaggerated by glucagon replacement. We conclude that glucagon lack is not a modifying factor in the late hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic response to prolonged infusions of somatostatin."}
{"id": "PMID:925135", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of human beta-lipotropin in unextracted plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin (betah-LPH) in unextracted plasma was developed using pur betah-LPH as tracer and standard and an antiserum not cross-reacting with human beta-MSH and hACTH. In healthy volunteers plasma betah-LPH ranged from less than 20 to 150 pg/ml at 8:00 a.m. and rose after metyrapone administration. betah-LPH was very low in panhypopituitarism, normal in most patients with untreated Cushing's disease, elevated in acromegaly and extremely high in Nelson's syndrome.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of human beta-lipotropin in unextracted plasma. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human beta-lipotropin (betah-LPH) in unextracted plasma was developed using pur betah-LPH as tracer and standard and an antiserum not cross-reacting with human beta-MSH and hACTH. In healthy volunteers plasma betah-LPH ranged from less than 20 to 150 pg/ml at 8:00 a.m. and rose after metyrapone administration. betah-LPH was very low in panhypopituitarism, normal in most patients with untreated Cushing's disease, elevated in acromegaly and extremely high in Nelson's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:925136", "title": "Human pituitary prolactin (hPRL): the entire linear amino acid sequence.", "content": "For the first time the entire linear amino acid sequence of hPRL has been ascertained. The sequence features 198 amino acid residues, leucine at the NH2-terminus, and 6 half custines. hPRL sequence identity with porcine, ovine, and rat PRL is 77, 73, and 60%, respectively. However, hPRL sequence identity with hGH is only 16%, and with human placental lactogen 13%.", "contents": "Human pituitary prolactin (hPRL): the entire linear amino acid sequence. For the first time the entire linear amino acid sequence of hPRL has been ascertained. The sequence features 198 amino acid residues, leucine at the NH2-terminus, and 6 half custines. hPRL sequence identity with porcine, ovine, and rat PRL is 77, 73, and 60%, respectively. However, hPRL sequence identity with hGH is only 16%, and with human placental lactogen 13%."}
{"id": "PMID:925137", "title": "Metabolism of catechol estrogen by human erythrocytes.", "content": "In a study designed to evaluate the kinetics of catechol estrogen formation from plasma estrone in vivo, we obtained evidence that the red blood cell (RBC) enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase, catalyzes the transformation of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone. Under in vitro conditions, the rate of conversion of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone by human RBC's was such that 7 nmol of 2-methoxyestrone were formed per h per ml of RBC.", "contents": "Metabolism of catechol estrogen by human erythrocytes. In a study designed to evaluate the kinetics of catechol estrogen formation from plasma estrone in vivo, we obtained evidence that the red blood cell (RBC) enzyme, catechol-O-methyl transferase, catalyzes the transformation of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone. Under in vitro conditions, the rate of conversion of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-methoxyestrone by human RBC's was such that 7 nmol of 2-methoxyestrone were formed per h per ml of RBC."}
{"id": "PMID:925138", "title": "Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion for the determination of insulin sensitivity.", "content": "Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion over 2 hours effectively suppressed endogenous secretion of insulin, glucagon and growth hormones. Steady state plasma glucose level (SSPG) which should be inversely proportional to insulin sensitivity was obtained. In 6 adult-onset non-obese untreated diabetics, mean value of insulin sensitivity indices was significantly reduced compared with normal. In 5 insulin-treated diabetics and in 5 subjects with borderline glucose tolerance including 2 obese subjects, insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization was also significantly diminished.", "contents": "Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion for the determination of insulin sensitivity. Glucose, insulin and somatostatin infusion over 2 hours effectively suppressed endogenous secretion of insulin, glucagon and growth hormones. Steady state plasma glucose level (SSPG) which should be inversely proportional to insulin sensitivity was obtained. In 6 adult-onset non-obese untreated diabetics, mean value of insulin sensitivity indices was significantly reduced compared with normal. In 5 insulin-treated diabetics and in 5 subjects with borderline glucose tolerance including 2 obese subjects, insulin sensitivity for glucose utilization was also significantly diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:925139", "title": "The use of tetrahydrocortisone-3-beta-D-glucuronide in the measurement of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.", "content": "THE 3-G was added to H2O and 56 urines, and the recovered THE was measured by the Porter-Silber method. The recovery from H2O was quantitative (98 +/- 2%), but highly variables from urine, ranging from 35 to 100%. The necessity of the proper standard in analysis of urinary steroid glucuronides was demonstrated. The presence in urine of endogenous inhibitors to beta-glucuronidase was confirmed.", "contents": "The use of tetrahydrocortisone-3-beta-D-glucuronide in the measurement of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. THE 3-G was added to H2O and 56 urines, and the recovered THE was measured by the Porter-Silber method. The recovery from H2O was quantitative (98 +/- 2%), but highly variables from urine, ranging from 35 to 100%. The necessity of the proper standard in analysis of urinary steroid glucuronides was demonstrated. The presence in urine of endogenous inhibitors to beta-glucuronidase was confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:925143", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of estriol-16-glucuronide.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay of estriol-16-glucuronide has been developed, using an antiserum obtained by immunization of rabbits against estriol-16-glucuronide-BSA. The assay does not require hydrolysis, extraction and purification, but only a dilution of the crude sample. This constitutes the main advantage of the precedure. Accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the method are similar to those reported for other radioimmunoassays of estriol. Its specificity is good for the measurement of estriol-16-glucuronide in urine and in amniotic fluid, but not in serum of pregnant women, which apparently contains material interfering with the radioimmunoassay, at dilutions of less than 1/100. A significant correlation was observed between estriol-16-glucuronide and total estriol in urine during pregnancy; however, the contribution of the glucuronide to the total increases as pregnancy progresses, rising from 50% for a total of 5 mg/24 h to 85% for a total of 50 mg/24 h. The present radioimmunoassay can be used as a quick and reliable method for the measurement of urinary estriol-16-glucuronide in high risk pregnancies.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of estriol-16-glucuronide. A specific radioimmunoassay of estriol-16-glucuronide has been developed, using an antiserum obtained by immunization of rabbits against estriol-16-glucuronide-BSA. The assay does not require hydrolysis, extraction and purification, but only a dilution of the crude sample. This constitutes the main advantage of the precedure. Accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the method are similar to those reported for other radioimmunoassays of estriol. Its specificity is good for the measurement of estriol-16-glucuronide in urine and in amniotic fluid, but not in serum of pregnant women, which apparently contains material interfering with the radioimmunoassay, at dilutions of less than 1/100. A significant correlation was observed between estriol-16-glucuronide and total estriol in urine during pregnancy; however, the contribution of the glucuronide to the total increases as pregnancy progresses, rising from 50% for a total of 5 mg/24 h to 85% for a total of 50 mg/24 h. The present radioimmunoassay can be used as a quick and reliable method for the measurement of urinary estriol-16-glucuronide in high risk pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:925144", "title": "Studies in the biotransformation of cortisol to cortoic acids in man. III. 21-Oxidation of 4-14C,21-3H-desoxycorticosterone.", "content": "The metabolism of (4-14C, 21-3H) desoxycorticosterone (DOC) in man has been studied. DOC, like cortisol, undergoes oxidation at C-21 with the formation of acidic metabolites (2.3-8.2% of the dose). The release of 3H into the body water, either by oxidation or exchange, is approximately twice as great as the actual formation of acidic metabolites (as judged from the recovery of 14C in the urinary acidic fraction), but both parameters were considerably smaller than the corresponding values for cortisol. The principal metabolite isolated from the urine was 21-hydroxypregnanolone, which had an isotope ratio (3H/14C) greater than that of the dose; the pregnanetriols, which were formed in lesser amounts, had significantly lower isotope ratios than the dose. The absence of the 17-hydroxy group in DOC appears to modify C-21 oxidation, decreasing its magnitude and altering the character of the products.", "contents": "Studies in the biotransformation of cortisol to cortoic acids in man. III. 21-Oxidation of 4-14C,21-3H-desoxycorticosterone. The metabolism of (4-14C, 21-3H) desoxycorticosterone (DOC) in man has been studied. DOC, like cortisol, undergoes oxidation at C-21 with the formation of acidic metabolites (2.3-8.2% of the dose). The release of 3H into the body water, either by oxidation or exchange, is approximately twice as great as the actual formation of acidic metabolites (as judged from the recovery of 14C in the urinary acidic fraction), but both parameters were considerably smaller than the corresponding values for cortisol. The principal metabolite isolated from the urine was 21-hydroxypregnanolone, which had an isotope ratio (3H/14C) greater than that of the dose; the pregnanetriols, which were formed in lesser amounts, had significantly lower isotope ratios than the dose. The absence of the 17-hydroxy group in DOC appears to modify C-21 oxidation, decreasing its magnitude and altering the character of the products."}
{"id": "PMID:925145", "title": "Demonstration of specific plasma protein binding sites for somatomedin.", "content": "Native somatomedin (SM) has an apparent mol wt of at least 60,000 daltons, while all the purified SM peptides have mol wt 5-8,000 daltsons. We have studied the behavior of somatomedin in plasma during gel filtration at pH 8.1 and pH 2.8, and by the recombination of fractions. Using porcine bioassay for SM, displacement of 125I-insulin by SM, and binding of 125I-SM to plasma proteins, we can demonstrate that the disparity in apparent mol wt of SM is due to reversible binding to plasma proteins which are themselves biologically inactive. This binding site is specific for the SM peptides, saturable, and has high affinity and relatively low capacity.", "contents": "Demonstration of specific plasma protein binding sites for somatomedin. Native somatomedin (SM) has an apparent mol wt of at least 60,000 daltons, while all the purified SM peptides have mol wt 5-8,000 daltsons. We have studied the behavior of somatomedin in plasma during gel filtration at pH 8.1 and pH 2.8, and by the recombination of fractions. Using porcine bioassay for SM, displacement of 125I-insulin by SM, and binding of 125I-SM to plasma proteins, we can demonstrate that the disparity in apparent mol wt of SM is due to reversible binding to plasma proteins which are themselves biologically inactive. This binding site is specific for the SM peptides, saturable, and has high affinity and relatively low capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:925147", "title": "Two outbreaks of Flavobacterium meningosepticum type E in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "Two separate outbreaks due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum type E occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit in March-April and July 1975. The first outbreak involved all five infants in the unit. Two infants developed meningitis, one had bacteremia, and two were colonized. During the second outbreak, five of seven infants were colonized but none developed disease. The upper respiratory tract was colonized first in most instances, and the organism persisted at this site for a mean of 17.3 days. Duration of colonization was more prolonged in infants receiving antibiotics than in untreated infants. Extensive environmental surveillance failed to demonstrate a reservoir, however, F. meningosepticum was recovered from three nasoendotracheal tubes and from an aerosol tube before colonization of four infants. The organism was resistant to most antimicrobial colonization of four infants. The organism was resistant to most antimicrobial agents tested and developed resistance to others during the treatment course of one infant. Although F. meningosepticum was not recovered from cultures of transport vehicles, several other gram-negative bacteria were isolated and were also resistant to multiple antibiotics.", "contents": "Two outbreaks of Flavobacterium meningosepticum type E in a neonatal intensive care unit. Two separate outbreaks due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum type E occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit in March-April and July 1975. The first outbreak involved all five infants in the unit. Two infants developed meningitis, one had bacteremia, and two were colonized. During the second outbreak, five of seven infants were colonized but none developed disease. The upper respiratory tract was colonized first in most instances, and the organism persisted at this site for a mean of 17.3 days. Duration of colonization was more prolonged in infants receiving antibiotics than in untreated infants. Extensive environmental surveillance failed to demonstrate a reservoir, however, F. meningosepticum was recovered from three nasoendotracheal tubes and from an aerosol tube before colonization of four infants. The organism was resistant to most antimicrobial colonization of four infants. The organism was resistant to most antimicrobial agents tested and developed resistance to others during the treatment course of one infant. Although F. meningosepticum was not recovered from cultures of transport vehicles, several other gram-negative bacteria were isolated and were also resistant to multiple antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:925148", "title": "Bacteriology of the urethra in normal men and men with nongonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Sixty-nine Caucasian males without a previous history of urethritis and who developed nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and 39 similar men without urethritis (NU) were cultured from the urethra for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, aerobes, and anaerobes. C. trachomatis infection was proven by culture of serology in 26 (38%) of the NGU group and 1 (3%) of the NU group; the C. trachomatis-negative NGU group had significantly more U. urealyticum (81%) than the C. trachomatis-positive NGU group (42%) or the NU group (59%). Aerobes were isolated from significantly more NU men (91%) than from men with NGU (66%). The aerobic and anaerobic flora of the two NGU groups were similar. The NU group had significantly more aerobic lactobacilli. Haemophilus vaginalis, alpha-hemolytic streptococci (not Streptococcus faecalis), and anaerobes, predominantly Bacteroides species. This study has provided information about the prevalence and the variety of the aerobic and anaerobic microbiological flora of the anterior urethra of sexually active males. It does not implicate any bacteria other than C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum as potential causes of NGU.", "contents": "Bacteriology of the urethra in normal men and men with nongonococcal urethritis. Sixty-nine Caucasian males without a previous history of urethritis and who developed nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and 39 similar men without urethritis (NU) were cultured from the urethra for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, aerobes, and anaerobes. C. trachomatis infection was proven by culture of serology in 26 (38%) of the NGU group and 1 (3%) of the NU group; the C. trachomatis-negative NGU group had significantly more U. urealyticum (81%) than the C. trachomatis-positive NGU group (42%) or the NU group (59%). Aerobes were isolated from significantly more NU men (91%) than from men with NGU (66%). The aerobic and anaerobic flora of the two NGU groups were similar. The NU group had significantly more aerobic lactobacilli. Haemophilus vaginalis, alpha-hemolytic streptococci (not Streptococcus faecalis), and anaerobes, predominantly Bacteroides species. This study has provided information about the prevalence and the variety of the aerobic and anaerobic microbiological flora of the anterior urethra of sexually active males. It does not implicate any bacteria other than C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum as potential causes of NGU."}
{"id": "PMID:925149", "title": "Evaluation of kanamycin-esculin bile agar for isolation and presumptive identification of Bacteroides fragilis group.", "content": "A kanamycin-esculin bile medium was useful for selective isolation and presumptive identification (24 h) of the Bacteroides fragilis group.", "contents": "Evaluation of kanamycin-esculin bile agar for isolation and presumptive identification of Bacteroides fragilis group. A kanamycin-esculin bile medium was useful for selective isolation and presumptive identification (24 h) of the Bacteroides fragilis group."}
{"id": "PMID:925150", "title": "Modified Lombard-Dowell broth as a general growth medium.", "content": "A new liquid medium (modified Lombard-Dowell broth) was inoculated with stock culture strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and compared with prereduced chopped-meat glucose inoculated with the same anaerobes. Both broths were subcultured at 48 and 72 h to aerobic and anaerobic blood agar plates, and the numbers of colonies were compared after 48-h incubation of the agar plates. This was repeated with mixed cultures of both aerobes and anaerobes. For a period of 11 months all specimens received for anaerobic-aerobic culture were inoculated into prereduced chopped-meat glucose and modified Lombard-Dowell broth plus the appropriate plate medium. Growth from subcultures was compared with primary plate isolates. Chopped-meat glucose and modified Lombard-Dowell broth isolates agreed, with the exception of one, Fusobacterium necrophorum, that did not grow in chopped-meat glucose.", "contents": "Modified Lombard-Dowell broth as a general growth medium. A new liquid medium (modified Lombard-Dowell broth) was inoculated with stock culture strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and compared with prereduced chopped-meat glucose inoculated with the same anaerobes. Both broths were subcultured at 48 and 72 h to aerobic and anaerobic blood agar plates, and the numbers of colonies were compared after 48-h incubation of the agar plates. This was repeated with mixed cultures of both aerobes and anaerobes. For a period of 11 months all specimens received for anaerobic-aerobic culture were inoculated into prereduced chopped-meat glucose and modified Lombard-Dowell broth plus the appropriate plate medium. Growth from subcultures was compared with primary plate isolates. Chopped-meat glucose and modified Lombard-Dowell broth isolates agreed, with the exception of one, Fusobacterium necrophorum, that did not grow in chopped-meat glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:925151", "title": "Neonatal calcaneous osteomyelitis related to contaminated mineral oil.", "content": "Contaminated mineral oil may have been associated with calcaneous osteomyelitis in a newborn. Staphylococcus aureus is viable for 1 month as a suspension in mineral oil.", "contents": "Neonatal calcaneous osteomyelitis related to contaminated mineral oil. Contaminated mineral oil may have been associated with calcaneous osteomyelitis in a newborn. Staphylococcus aureus is viable for 1 month as a suspension in mineral oil."}
{"id": "PMID:925152", "title": "Anxiety and actualization: a reconceptualization.", "content": "In line with Dabrowki's theory of Positive Disintegration, deGrace recently reported no significant difference in terms of anxiety level between groups of actualized and nonactualized Ss. Several methodological and theoretical flaws noted in the deGrace study led the present authors to hypothesize that actualized Ss would score significantly lower than nonactualized Ss on separate but conceptually related measures of manifest or neurotic anxiety. Ss (83 females and 42 males) were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results, which substantiate the hypothesis that levels of actualization and anxiety are correlated negatively, are discussed in relation to the conceptual distinction between debilitating and facilitating anxiety and their respective effects on psychological growth.", "contents": "Anxiety and actualization: a reconceptualization. In line with Dabrowki's theory of Positive Disintegration, deGrace recently reported no significant difference in terms of anxiety level between groups of actualized and nonactualized Ss. Several methodological and theoretical flaws noted in the deGrace study led the present authors to hypothesize that actualized Ss would score significantly lower than nonactualized Ss on separate but conceptually related measures of manifest or neurotic anxiety. Ss (83 females and 42 males) were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results, which substantiate the hypothesis that levels of actualization and anxiety are correlated negatively, are discussed in relation to the conceptual distinction between debilitating and facilitating anxiety and their respective effects on psychological growth."}
{"id": "PMID:925153", "title": "The effect of indefinite pretrial incarceration on the anxiety level of an urban jail population.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of indefinite incarceration on the anxiety levels of males (N = 60) held in a large metropolitan county jail. The IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (Self Analysis Form) was administered to 60 male Ss (18 to 26 years of age) at intervals of 1 weeks and 8 weeks after incarceration. An analysis of variance, one-way with repeated measures, on the matching IPAT Anxiety Scale scores revealed a highly significant increase in anxiety (p less than .001) from 1 week to 8 weeks. A Newman-Keuls posttest comparison also indicated that anxiety levels rose significantly (p less than .001). The results suggested that indefinite pretrail incarceration can increase anxiety to a level of psychological morbidity. The possible effect of this finding upon the guarantee of a right to speedy trial was discussed.", "contents": "The effect of indefinite pretrial incarceration on the anxiety level of an urban jail population. This study investigated the effect of indefinite incarceration on the anxiety levels of males (N = 60) held in a large metropolitan county jail. The IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (Self Analysis Form) was administered to 60 male Ss (18 to 26 years of age) at intervals of 1 weeks and 8 weeks after incarceration. An analysis of variance, one-way with repeated measures, on the matching IPAT Anxiety Scale scores revealed a highly significant increase in anxiety (p less than .001) from 1 week to 8 weeks. A Newman-Keuls posttest comparison also indicated that anxiety levels rose significantly (p less than .001). The results suggested that indefinite pretrail incarceration can increase anxiety to a level of psychological morbidity. The possible effect of this finding upon the guarantee of a right to speedy trial was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925154", "title": "The measurement of psychological androgyny: an extended replication.", "content": "The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), the recently developed measure for psychological androgyny, was administered to 344 middle-Tennessee high school and university students. The BSRS's reliability coefficients and mean scores were very similar to those reported earlier for California junior college and university students, respectively. The present scoring patterns for the BSRI remained unchanged with the introduction of the four \"familial context\" variables of sex of Ss' siblings, sex of Ss' nearest-in-age sibling, parent whom the Ss considered emotionally warmest, and parent whom the Ss would most prefer to be like. Contrary to Bem's original findings, the present results with the BSRI suggested that Ss' responses to the measure may be affected by the social desirability phenomenon. Moreover, scores on the BSRI did not correlate consistently or highly with those presently obtained with a symbolic sex-role measure and a verbal sex-role scale. This lack of construct validity has been reported previously in at least two other studies. Though apparently reliable, the validity of the BSI remains problematic.", "contents": "The measurement of psychological androgyny: an extended replication. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), the recently developed measure for psychological androgyny, was administered to 344 middle-Tennessee high school and university students. The BSRS's reliability coefficients and mean scores were very similar to those reported earlier for California junior college and university students, respectively. The present scoring patterns for the BSRI remained unchanged with the introduction of the four \"familial context\" variables of sex of Ss' siblings, sex of Ss' nearest-in-age sibling, parent whom the Ss considered emotionally warmest, and parent whom the Ss would most prefer to be like. Contrary to Bem's original findings, the present results with the BSRI suggested that Ss' responses to the measure may be affected by the social desirability phenomenon. Moreover, scores on the BSRI did not correlate consistently or highly with those presently obtained with a symbolic sex-role measure and a verbal sex-role scale. This lack of construct validity has been reported previously in at least two other studies. Though apparently reliable, the validity of the BSI remains problematic."}
{"id": "PMID:925155", "title": "Dream reports and the test of emotional styles: a convergent - discriminant validity study.", "content": "Thirty-eight undergraduates completed the forced-choice form of the Test of Emotional Styles and participated in a 4-day dream recall study. Correlational analysis was performed with the three dimensions of emotional style and two dream report aspects as variables. The dimensions failed to correlate significantly with any of the dream report variables, although the dimensions intercorrelated significantly among themselves. Doubt is expressed as to the construct validity of the subscales of the Test of Emotional Styles.", "contents": "Dream reports and the test of emotional styles: a convergent - discriminant validity study. Thirty-eight undergraduates completed the forced-choice form of the Test of Emotional Styles and participated in a 4-day dream recall study. Correlational analysis was performed with the three dimensions of emotional style and two dream report aspects as variables. The dimensions failed to correlate significantly with any of the dream report variables, although the dimensions intercorrelated significantly among themselves. Doubt is expressed as to the construct validity of the subscales of the Test of Emotional Styles."}
{"id": "PMID:925156", "title": "Choice of defense mechanisms by Indian and white adolescents.", "content": "An analysis of Defense Mechanism Inventory scores from Indian and white adolescents indicated some cultural differences. Differences between white, male-female performance scores were found in all five defense catagories. Differences between Indian, male-female performance scores were found for three of the five defense categories. Indian-white differences were found only for males and involved the two categories of turning against object and reversal. It was concluded that Indian child-rearing practices and culture may foster the development of reversal type defenses and inhibit the development of turning against object type defense within Indian males.", "contents": "Choice of defense mechanisms by Indian and white adolescents. An analysis of Defense Mechanism Inventory scores from Indian and white adolescents indicated some cultural differences. Differences between white, male-female performance scores were found in all five defense catagories. Differences between Indian, male-female performance scores were found for three of the five defense categories. Indian-white differences were found only for males and involved the two categories of turning against object and reversal. It was concluded that Indian child-rearing practices and culture may foster the development of reversal type defenses and inhibit the development of turning against object type defense within Indian males."}
{"id": "PMID:925157", "title": "A retest of MMPI prediction of admission to a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "In a previous study, Jones, Kahn, and Langsley (1965) investigated the hypothesis that the MMPI would prove clinically useful in the prediction of admission to a psychiatric hospital. They found that the MMPI had negligible predictive validity for such an application. However, several methodological flaws left the conclusion of that study in doubt. This paper retested the hypothesis that the MMPI can be predictive of the admission decision when a sophisticated multivariate classification technique and adequate sample size are used. Given our results, the hypothesis again must be rejected. Possible problems associated with testing an hypothesis such as this are discussed.", "contents": "A retest of MMPI prediction of admission to a psychiatric hospital. In a previous study, Jones, Kahn, and Langsley (1965) investigated the hypothesis that the MMPI would prove clinically useful in the prediction of admission to a psychiatric hospital. They found that the MMPI had negligible predictive validity for such an application. However, several methodological flaws left the conclusion of that study in doubt. This paper retested the hypothesis that the MMPI can be predictive of the admission decision when a sophisticated multivariate classification technique and adequate sample size are used. Given our results, the hypothesis again must be rejected. Possible problems associated with testing an hypothesis such as this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925158", "title": "A new approach to determine the reliability of the rater technique by use of Smith's Rating Scales.", "content": "Used as the base for the study a sample of ratings of 15 pilots made by supervisors during a 6-month period. This report of that evaluation confirms the validity of technique (Smith, 1974) using intraclass correlation and Spearman's rho to identify which rates were unreliable. More rigorous criteria for the elimination of unreliable raters were developed by applying the Kuder-Richardson reliability than the intraclass correlation criteria used by Smith. The proposed technique permits improved reliability by the criterious removal of the raters who are not contributing significantly to the total consistency of the behavioral scale and thus eliminates partially the inconvenience of the unavailable significant table of data to test the acceptance of the reliability.", "contents": "A new approach to determine the reliability of the rater technique by use of Smith's Rating Scales. Used as the base for the study a sample of ratings of 15 pilots made by supervisors during a 6-month period. This report of that evaluation confirms the validity of technique (Smith, 1974) using intraclass correlation and Spearman's rho to identify which rates were unreliable. More rigorous criteria for the elimination of unreliable raters were developed by applying the Kuder-Richardson reliability than the intraclass correlation criteria used by Smith. The proposed technique permits improved reliability by the criterious removal of the raters who are not contributing significantly to the total consistency of the behavioral scale and thus eliminates partially the inconvenience of the unavailable significant table of data to test the acceptance of the reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:925159", "title": "M-F: biopolar and probably multidimensional.", "content": "Scores on the MMPI MF scale and the WAIS M-F index were found not to be correlated highly with each other, but to be correlated significantly with self-rated sexual orientation in a mixed-sex group of Ss. Only when the implicit bipolarity of each of the test scales were taken into account were the scales significantly related to sexual orientation. The combination of the two M-F indices accounted for significantly more of the variance in sexual orientation than either scale alone. The results suggest that M-F may be considered accurately to be both a bipolar and a multidimensional construct.", "contents": "M-F: biopolar and probably multidimensional. Scores on the MMPI MF scale and the WAIS M-F index were found not to be correlated highly with each other, but to be correlated significantly with self-rated sexual orientation in a mixed-sex group of Ss. Only when the implicit bipolarity of each of the test scales were taken into account were the scales significantly related to sexual orientation. The combination of the two M-F indices accounted for significantly more of the variance in sexual orientation than either scale alone. The results suggest that M-F may be considered accurately to be both a bipolar and a multidimensional construct."}
{"id": "PMID:925160", "title": "Repression-sensitization and processing of favorable and adverse information.", "content": "One hundred forty-two female Ss divided into repressors and sensitizers by their median score on the R-S scale received either a favorable or an unfavorable evaluation of themselves, both discrepant at a similar degree from their own self-evaluation. Sensitizers, in comparison to repressors, exhibited greater adoption of the negative evaluation and acceptance of its source, but less acceptance of the positive evaluation and its source. These results were explained as providing support for the contention that repressors and sensitizers differ in their willingness to assign negative vs. positive qualities to one's self and to endorse internal conflict rather than in their choice of defense mechanisms in the face of threatening information.", "contents": "Repression-sensitization and processing of favorable and adverse information. One hundred forty-two female Ss divided into repressors and sensitizers by their median score on the R-S scale received either a favorable or an unfavorable evaluation of themselves, both discrepant at a similar degree from their own self-evaluation. Sensitizers, in comparison to repressors, exhibited greater adoption of the negative evaluation and acceptance of its source, but less acceptance of the positive evaluation and its source. These results were explained as providing support for the contention that repressors and sensitizers differ in their willingness to assign negative vs. positive qualities to one's self and to endorse internal conflict rather than in their choice of defense mechanisms in the face of threatening information."}
{"id": "PMID:925161", "title": "Comparability of WISC and WISC-R scores among borderline and mildly retarded children.", "content": "The comparability of WISC and WISC-R IQ scores was studied in a sample of 48 mildly retarded and borderline children. All WISC-R and WISC IQ and subtest scores were found to be related significantly, but not directly comparable. Generally, the WISC-R yielded lower scores with the exceptions of the Performance IQ score and the PC, PA, and OA subtest scores. Subtest patterning on the WISC-R for this group was similar to previously reported data on the WISC. Caution was suggested in making direct comparisons of WISC and WISC-R scores, at least within the ability range studied.", "contents": "Comparability of WISC and WISC-R scores among borderline and mildly retarded children. The comparability of WISC and WISC-R IQ scores was studied in a sample of 48 mildly retarded and borderline children. All WISC-R and WISC IQ and subtest scores were found to be related significantly, but not directly comparable. Generally, the WISC-R yielded lower scores with the exceptions of the Performance IQ score and the PC, PA, and OA subtest scores. Subtest patterning on the WISC-R for this group was similar to previously reported data on the WISC. Caution was suggested in making direct comparisons of WISC and WISC-R scores, at least within the ability range studied."}
{"id": "PMID:925162", "title": "Case studies on remediating memory deficits in brain-damaged individuals.", "content": "Two case reports illustrate the application of mnemonic techniques for the remediation of memory problems common to brain-damaged patients. A clinical paradigm for such work that includes general and specific assessment; laboratory evaluation of intervention strategies, and finally in-vitro application is described.", "contents": "Case studies on remediating memory deficits in brain-damaged individuals. Two case reports illustrate the application of mnemonic techniques for the remediation of memory problems common to brain-damaged patients. A clinical paradigm for such work that includes general and specific assessment; laboratory evaluation of intervention strategies, and finally in-vitro application is described."}
{"id": "PMID:925163", "title": "Male homosexual behavior and ego function strategies in the group encounter.", "content": "This paper analyzes characteristic patterns of interaction by male homosexuals in the group treatment context according to both psychodynamic and behavioral criteria. Extensive clinical observation has yielded an overview of high probability homosexual response in group settings to the masculine male, older male, feminine male, feminine female, older feminine female, and masculine female. The nature of self-exploration and expression of intimacy is affected deeply by certain key intrapsychic factors and subtle situational cues. The paper stresses the critical importance associated with group leaders acquiring an understanding of antecedents to personality deficits in male homosexuals.", "contents": "Male homosexual behavior and ego function strategies in the group encounter. This paper analyzes characteristic patterns of interaction by male homosexuals in the group treatment context according to both psychodynamic and behavioral criteria. Extensive clinical observation has yielded an overview of high probability homosexual response in group settings to the masculine male, older male, feminine male, feminine female, older feminine female, and masculine female. The nature of self-exploration and expression of intimacy is affected deeply by certain key intrapsychic factors and subtle situational cues. The paper stresses the critical importance associated with group leaders acquiring an understanding of antecedents to personality deficits in male homosexuals."}
{"id": "PMID:925164", "title": "The effects of rational stage directed imagery on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females.", "content": "This study examined the effect of four treatment conditions on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females. The treatments were Rational State Directed Imagery, a cognitive behavioral approach that utilized intensive muscle relaxation and vivid-emotive-imagery, a rational (cognitive) restructuring treatment, a placebo condition, and a no treatment control. Ss were assigned randomly to one of these treatment groups, which met 1 hour per week for 6 consecutive weeks, with in-vivo homework assignments also utilized. Statistically scale were noted for the RSDI group at the posttest and at a 2-month follow-up, which supports the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment. Support was found for the effectiveness of the rational (cognitive) restructuring approach immediately posttreatment; however these effects disappeared at the 2-month follow-up. The placebo and control groups showed no significant effects at either posttreatment or the follow-up. These results suggest that RSDI has potential for use as a short-term psychotherapeutic approach when self-concept modification is a primary goal.", "contents": "The effects of rational stage directed imagery on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females. This study examined the effect of four treatment conditions on self-concept and reduction of psychological stress in adolescent delinquent females. The treatments were Rational State Directed Imagery, a cognitive behavioral approach that utilized intensive muscle relaxation and vivid-emotive-imagery, a rational (cognitive) restructuring treatment, a placebo condition, and a no treatment control. Ss were assigned randomly to one of these treatment groups, which met 1 hour per week for 6 consecutive weeks, with in-vivo homework assignments also utilized. Statistically scale were noted for the RSDI group at the posttest and at a 2-month follow-up, which supports the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment. Support was found for the effectiveness of the rational (cognitive) restructuring approach immediately posttreatment; however these effects disappeared at the 2-month follow-up. The placebo and control groups showed no significant effects at either posttreatment or the follow-up. These results suggest that RSDI has potential for use as a short-term psychotherapeutic approach when self-concept modification is a primary goal."}
{"id": "PMID:925165", "title": "Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of length of hospitalization and readmission.", "content": "The present study investigated demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients in relation to the two criterion variables of length of hospitalization and readmission within 3 months of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified five variables as the optimal set of predictors for length of hospitalization: age, history of commitment, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, recent employment history, and past history of suicidal behavior (R = .451). Regression analysis also identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month prior to admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). Implications of the findings for identifying short-term treatment candidates and factors related to readmission are discussed.", "contents": "Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of length of hospitalization and readmission. The present study investigated demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients in relation to the two criterion variables of length of hospitalization and readmission within 3 months of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified five variables as the optimal set of predictors for length of hospitalization: age, history of commitment, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, recent employment history, and past history of suicidal behavior (R = .451). Regression analysis also identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month prior to admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). Implications of the findings for identifying short-term treatment candidates and factors related to readmission are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925166", "title": "Characteristics of state prisoners who demonstrate severe adjustment problems.", "content": "Hypothesis was tested that prison inmates who present serious disciplinary problems during incarceration that result in human injury, threat to personal safety, or extensive property damage also will tend to show a history of significant societal maladjustment as compared to prisoners who do not demonstrate adjustment problems. Societal maladjustment was defined to include significant problems in education, marriage, military service, and job stability. This project was an effort to present a picture of the types individuals who cause what generally are considered to be the more severe prison disturbances. The social and relevant background areas were investigated of 50 male state prison inmates who had committed serious acting-out infractions. The same background data were checked on 50 inmates who demonstrated good prison adjustment within the same time period. When background data were analyzed carefully, a trend was discovered that indicated that prisoners who create serious trouble while confined also tend to have significant histories of social failures. The results are interpreted as in favor of the hypothesis.", "contents": "Characteristics of state prisoners who demonstrate severe adjustment problems. Hypothesis was tested that prison inmates who present serious disciplinary problems during incarceration that result in human injury, threat to personal safety, or extensive property damage also will tend to show a history of significant societal maladjustment as compared to prisoners who do not demonstrate adjustment problems. Societal maladjustment was defined to include significant problems in education, marriage, military service, and job stability. This project was an effort to present a picture of the types individuals who cause what generally are considered to be the more severe prison disturbances. The social and relevant background areas were investigated of 50 male state prison inmates who had committed serious acting-out infractions. The same background data were checked on 50 inmates who demonstrated good prison adjustment within the same time period. When background data were analyzed carefully, a trend was discovered that indicated that prisoners who create serious trouble while confined also tend to have significant histories of social failures. The results are interpreted as in favor of the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:925167", "title": "Therapists' expectations for in-therapy roles of hospitalized patients.", "content": "Therapists' expectations with regard to in-therapy behavior of hospitalized patients were measured and factor analyzed. Five interpretable factors emerged and supported the conclusion that therapists' role expectations for patients complement patients' role expectations for therapists. Mean scores on the factors were independent of therapists' experience and professional training.", "contents": "Therapists' expectations for in-therapy roles of hospitalized patients. Therapists' expectations with regard to in-therapy behavior of hospitalized patients were measured and factor analyzed. Five interpretable factors emerged and supported the conclusion that therapists' role expectations for patients complement patients' role expectations for therapists. Mean scores on the factors were independent of therapists' experience and professional training."}
{"id": "PMID:925168", "title": "The therapeutic community: toward a model for implementing patients' rights in psychiatric treatment programs.", "content": "This article identifies patients' rights demands and discusses the therapeutic community's potential to act as the conceptual framework for implementing these demands. The author cites five areas in which policy and procedural changes will have to be made: philosophy, physical environment, organizational structure, program, and staff roles and attitudes. Recommendations for change are made in each area. The author concludes that the therapeutic community concept and its philosophy of treatment provide a viable alternative to traditional mental health policy and practice and have the capacity to become the conceptual framework for future residential treatment.", "contents": "The therapeutic community: toward a model for implementing patients' rights in psychiatric treatment programs. This article identifies patients' rights demands and discusses the therapeutic community's potential to act as the conceptual framework for implementing these demands. The author cites five areas in which policy and procedural changes will have to be made: philosophy, physical environment, organizational structure, program, and staff roles and attitudes. Recommendations for change are made in each area. The author concludes that the therapeutic community concept and its philosophy of treatment provide a viable alternative to traditional mental health policy and practice and have the capacity to become the conceptual framework for future residential treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:925169", "title": "Effects of positive reinforcement on physical complaints at a therapeutic summer camp.", "content": "Two studies were conducted that were designed to investigate the role of a staff nurse as an adjunct in a nonmedical therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children. Study I was designed to assess the relationship between somatic complaints and daily interpersonal successes and failures of the camper. While visits to the infirmary tended to increase as social reinforcement available elsewhere decreased, correlations generally failed to reach statistical significance. Study II demonstrated that frequency of requests by campers for medical attention could be altered predictably by varying the amount of social reinforcement dispensed by the nurse who attended camper complaints. Implications for the role of the nurse in a network of mental health service delivery were discussed.", "contents": "Effects of positive reinforcement on physical complaints at a therapeutic summer camp. Two studies were conducted that were designed to investigate the role of a staff nurse as an adjunct in a nonmedical therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children. Study I was designed to assess the relationship between somatic complaints and daily interpersonal successes and failures of the camper. While visits to the infirmary tended to increase as social reinforcement available elsewhere decreased, correlations generally failed to reach statistical significance. Study II demonstrated that frequency of requests by campers for medical attention could be altered predictably by varying the amount of social reinforcement dispensed by the nurse who attended camper complaints. Implications for the role of the nurse in a network of mental health service delivery were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925170", "title": "Use of the MMPI to predict effective hotline workers.", "content": "The present study investigated the use of the MMPI to discriminate between two groups of hotline volunteers: those who after training would become effective interviewers and those who would not. Effective interviewers were defined as those who emitted 40% or more good responses when they were responding to a crisis call. The criterion measure employed was the Therapist Error Checklist. When a specification equation based on standard MMPI scales was used, 91% of effective interviewers and 90% of ineffective interviewers were identified correctly.", "contents": "Use of the MMPI to predict effective hotline workers. The present study investigated the use of the MMPI to discriminate between two groups of hotline volunteers: those who after training would become effective interviewers and those who would not. Effective interviewers were defined as those who emitted 40% or more good responses when they were responding to a crisis call. The criterion measure employed was the Therapist Error Checklist. When a specification equation based on standard MMPI scales was used, 91% of effective interviewers and 90% of ineffective interviewers were identified correctly."}
{"id": "PMID:925171", "title": "Differences in the therapeutic functioning of paraprofessionals with varying lengths of experience.", "content": "Measured differences in the ability of paraprofessionals to discriminate and communicate facilitative conditions in psychotherapy as a function of length of experience. Hypothesis tested were that discrimination and communication abilities would be greater in Ss with longer experience and that these abilities would be correlated positively within individuals. Thirty-six mental health workers were categorized into three levels of experience and initial competency. Ss were administered the Carkhuff Discrimination Rating Scale; the level of conditions communicated to patients was assessed through replies to taped patient interviewers. Results failed to support the hypothesized relationships between functioning and experience. However, several interactions were found. Initially more competent Ss tended to improve over time and less competent Ss declined. A positive correlation between abilities within individuals was found. Results were compared with studies that measured the functioning of professional psychology trainees over time, are relevant to issues of therapist selection, and support the use of experiential training programs.", "contents": "Differences in the therapeutic functioning of paraprofessionals with varying lengths of experience. Measured differences in the ability of paraprofessionals to discriminate and communicate facilitative conditions in psychotherapy as a function of length of experience. Hypothesis tested were that discrimination and communication abilities would be greater in Ss with longer experience and that these abilities would be correlated positively within individuals. Thirty-six mental health workers were categorized into three levels of experience and initial competency. Ss were administered the Carkhuff Discrimination Rating Scale; the level of conditions communicated to patients was assessed through replies to taped patient interviewers. Results failed to support the hypothesized relationships between functioning and experience. However, several interactions were found. Initially more competent Ss tended to improve over time and less competent Ss declined. A positive correlation between abilities within individuals was found. Results were compared with studies that measured the functioning of professional psychology trainees over time, are relevant to issues of therapist selection, and support the use of experiential training programs."}
{"id": "PMID:925172", "title": "An experimental study of the effectiveness of attitude change techniques for enhancing self-esteem.", "content": "A frequent goal in psychotherapy is the modification of low self-esteem. While such modification is accomplished most often in an indirect manner, it is possible to apply attitude change techniques directly to this purpose. In this study, 36 college students who had scored poorly on a standardized measure of self-esteem were exposed to a videotaped counter-attitudinal message under conditions of either high or low credibility; controls did not view the videotape. Results were consistent across several esteem measures and demonstrated significant positive changes in esteem for Ss exposed to the high credibility communication. The possibilities of adapting attitude change techniques to psychotherapy are considered.", "contents": "An experimental study of the effectiveness of attitude change techniques for enhancing self-esteem. A frequent goal in psychotherapy is the modification of low self-esteem. While such modification is accomplished most often in an indirect manner, it is possible to apply attitude change techniques directly to this purpose. In this study, 36 college students who had scored poorly on a standardized measure of self-esteem were exposed to a videotaped counter-attitudinal message under conditions of either high or low credibility; controls did not view the videotape. Results were consistent across several esteem measures and demonstrated significant positive changes in esteem for Ss exposed to the high credibility communication. The possibilities of adapting attitude change techniques to psychotherapy are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:925173", "title": "Increase of positive self-attributions by means of demythologizing seminars.", "content": "In an attempt to change attitudes toward mental illness, as well as to increase positive self-attributions, 37 community residents were presented a series of \"demythologizing\" seminars. As predicted, the data indicated that seminar participants significantly changed their attitudes in the direction of an antimedical model position, and these attitudes remained stable on a 3-month posttest. After the seminars, participants also changed remained stable on follow-up. Implications of these results for clinical and community psychology were discussed.", "contents": "Increase of positive self-attributions by means of demythologizing seminars. In an attempt to change attitudes toward mental illness, as well as to increase positive self-attributions, 37 community residents were presented a series of \"demythologizing\" seminars. As predicted, the data indicated that seminar participants significantly changed their attitudes in the direction of an antimedical model position, and these attitudes remained stable on a 3-month posttest. After the seminars, participants also changed remained stable on follow-up. Implications of these results for clinical and community psychology were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925174", "title": "The assessment of a relationship disposition, \"fantasy withdrawal,\" from Rorschach face sheet data.", "content": "This study investigated the predictive relationship of Rorschach face sheet variables, selected on the basis of psychoanalytic considerations of the patient-examiner relationship, to a dimension of clinical-theoretical relevance in the evaluation of treatment outcome, \"fantasy withdrawal.\" The first step in the present study involved rank ordering and grouping of 19 nosological subgroups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. This ranking and grouping served as the criterion against which several quantified aspects of fantasy production on the Rorschach were assessed. The score categories were selected on an a priori basis as most likely to predict the ordering of the patient groups along  the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. A formula for such prediction was developed, applied to the original groups, and then reapplied to a patient group in the present hospital setting.", "contents": "The assessment of a relationship disposition, \"fantasy withdrawal,\" from Rorschach face sheet data. This study investigated the predictive relationship of Rorschach face sheet variables, selected on the basis of psychoanalytic considerations of the patient-examiner relationship, to a dimension of clinical-theoretical relevance in the evaluation of treatment outcome, \"fantasy withdrawal.\" The first step in the present study involved rank ordering and grouping of 19 nosological subgroups along the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. This ranking and grouping served as the criterion against which several quantified aspects of fantasy production on the Rorschach were assessed. The score categories were selected on an a priori basis as most likely to predict the ordering of the patient groups along  the dimension of fantasy withdrawal. A formula for such prediction was developed, applied to the original groups, and then reapplied to a patient group in the present hospital setting."}
{"id": "PMID:925175", "title": "The aggressive characteristics of abused and neglected children.", "content": "Awareness of child abuse as a serious social problem has risen sharply in recent years, yet there has been only limited and inadequate research on the abused child's growth and development. This study investigated the aggressive characteristics of young abused children with those of nonabused-neglected and normal children, a comparison not previously made. Results indicated that abused children exhibited significantly more aggression than the nonabused-negected and normal children on TAT stories and in a free play environment. Both the abused and the nonabused-neglected groups demonstrated significantly more aggression in a school setting than did normals. The findings lend empirical verification to previous descriptions of abused children as overly aggressive and support the social learning formulation that children exposed to aggressive parental models will demonstrate aggressive characteristics outside the home. The data are also consistent with prior research that links physical punishment in the home with hyperaggressiveness in children. The need for early identification and treatment of abused children is discussed.", "contents": "The aggressive characteristics of abused and neglected children. Awareness of child abuse as a serious social problem has risen sharply in recent years, yet there has been only limited and inadequate research on the abused child's growth and development. This study investigated the aggressive characteristics of young abused children with those of nonabused-neglected and normal children, a comparison not previously made. Results indicated that abused children exhibited significantly more aggression than the nonabused-negected and normal children on TAT stories and in a free play environment. Both the abused and the nonabused-neglected groups demonstrated significantly more aggression in a school setting than did normals. The findings lend empirical verification to previous descriptions of abused children as overly aggressive and support the social learning formulation that children exposed to aggressive parental models will demonstrate aggressive characteristics outside the home. The data are also consistent with prior research that links physical punishment in the home with hyperaggressiveness in children. The need for early identification and treatment of abused children is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925176", "title": "Body disclosure and self-disclosure--relating two modes of interpersonal encounter.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between body-disclosure and self-disclosure. The author drew upon current research in self-disclosure and body image and hypothesized that self-disclosure and body-disclosure would be directly related. Ss who volunteered for the experiment were matched for sex, past disclosure, and willingness to disclose to someone of the opposite sex. A social nudity experience was provided for one group, an outing day was provided for the second group, and a third group recieved no treatment. Testing included a tape recorded self-disclosure dialogue and ratings of self- and body attitudes. Finally, the Ss were asked to write their subjective \"experience of the experiment.\" Ss who had undergone a body-disclosure experience disclosed more to each other than did Ss in the other groups. Ss also tended to like themselves better after the social nudity experience. Furthermore, they described the body-disclosing day as a peak experience.", "contents": "Body disclosure and self-disclosure--relating two modes of interpersonal encounter. This study investigated the relationship between body-disclosure and self-disclosure. The author drew upon current research in self-disclosure and body image and hypothesized that self-disclosure and body-disclosure would be directly related. Ss who volunteered for the experiment were matched for sex, past disclosure, and willingness to disclose to someone of the opposite sex. A social nudity experience was provided for one group, an outing day was provided for the second group, and a third group recieved no treatment. Testing included a tape recorded self-disclosure dialogue and ratings of self- and body attitudes. Finally, the Ss were asked to write their subjective \"experience of the experiment.\" Ss who had undergone a body-disclosure experience disclosed more to each other than did Ss in the other groups. Ss also tended to like themselves better after the social nudity experience. Furthermore, they described the body-disclosing day as a peak experience."}
{"id": "PMID:925177", "title": "WAIS performance in young normal, young alcoholic, and elderly normal groups: an evaluation of organicity and mental aging indices.", "content": "Investigated the effects of alcoholism and advanced age on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) performance and tested the validity of indices of \"organicity\" and \"mental aging\" derived from WAIS scores. The WAIS was administered to three groups of 20 males each: young normal (mean age 31 years), young alcoholic (mean age 33 years), and elderly normal (mean age 71 years. In terms of scaled scores, the young normal group was generally superior to the other groups on Verbal and Performance subtests, and the alcoholic and elderly groups resembled each other more on the Verbal than the Performance subtests. In view of an almost 40-year difference in age between the young alcoholic and the elderly normal Ss, similarities in pattern of performance provided some evidence for the hypothesis of \"premature aging\" in alcholics.", "contents": "WAIS performance in young normal, young alcoholic, and elderly normal groups: an evaluation of organicity and mental aging indices. Investigated the effects of alcoholism and advanced age on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) performance and tested the validity of indices of \"organicity\" and \"mental aging\" derived from WAIS scores. The WAIS was administered to three groups of 20 males each: young normal (mean age 31 years), young alcoholic (mean age 33 years), and elderly normal (mean age 71 years. In terms of scaled scores, the young normal group was generally superior to the other groups on Verbal and Performance subtests, and the alcoholic and elderly groups resembled each other more on the Verbal than the Performance subtests. In view of an almost 40-year difference in age between the young alcoholic and the elderly normal Ss, similarities in pattern of performance provided some evidence for the hypothesis of \"premature aging\" in alcholics."}
{"id": "PMID:925178", "title": "Death expectancies in alcoholic and nonalcoholic persons.", "content": "The Do-It-Yourself Death Certificate (DIYDC) was administered to a group of alcoholic inpatients (N = 39) and to a group of university employees (N = 39). The groups were matched on age, sex, and race. Both alcoholics and nonalcoholics projected unrealistic expectations about their deaths when compared with actuarial cause of death data, but this was somewhat more true of those in the alcoholic group, who expected to live longer than would be expected and who only infrequently attributed their deaths to drinking. Strong preferences were expressed for a quick death, and some differences were observed between the groups with regard to seasonal expectations of time of death and attitudes toward life-prolonging techniques. The DIYDC appears to be a useful adjunct to existing methods of death research, and it may have practical applications with some clinical groups, provided that certain ethical considerations are observed.", "contents": "Death expectancies in alcoholic and nonalcoholic persons. The Do-It-Yourself Death Certificate (DIYDC) was administered to a group of alcoholic inpatients (N = 39) and to a group of university employees (N = 39). The groups were matched on age, sex, and race. Both alcoholics and nonalcoholics projected unrealistic expectations about their deaths when compared with actuarial cause of death data, but this was somewhat more true of those in the alcoholic group, who expected to live longer than would be expected and who only infrequently attributed their deaths to drinking. Strong preferences were expressed for a quick death, and some differences were observed between the groups with regard to seasonal expectations of time of death and attitudes toward life-prolonging techniques. The DIYDC appears to be a useful adjunct to existing methods of death research, and it may have practical applications with some clinical groups, provided that certain ethical considerations are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:925180", "title": "The effects of self-induced mood states on behavior and physiological arousal.", "content": "The effects of reading emotionally loaded statements on behavioral tasks and physiological measures were investigated. Statements were constructed to arouse elation, depression, or neutrality. Ss were both pre- and posttested on Writing Speed, Reaction Time, Decision Time, and Spontaneous Verbalizations. Base rates were obtained for heart rate and galvanic skin response. Elation Ss significantly outperformed both Neutral and Depression Ss on the Reaction Time task. Scores for Neutral Ss fell between those of Elation and Depression Ss on three of the four behavioral measures. No significant differneces were found on the physiological measures.", "contents": "The effects of self-induced mood states on behavior and physiological arousal. The effects of reading emotionally loaded statements on behavioral tasks and physiological measures were investigated. Statements were constructed to arouse elation, depression, or neutrality. Ss were both pre- and posttested on Writing Speed, Reaction Time, Decision Time, and Spontaneous Verbalizations. Base rates were obtained for heart rate and galvanic skin response. Elation Ss significantly outperformed both Neutral and Depression Ss on the Reaction Time task. Scores for Neutral Ss fell between those of Elation and Depression Ss on three of the four behavioral measures. No significant differneces were found on the physiological measures."}
{"id": "PMID:925181", "title": "Psychiatric symptom dimensions in the Cornell Medical Index among normal adult males.", "content": "Factor analysis of items from the psychiatric portion of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) was performed to determine the empirical symptom dimensions in a sample of 1682 normal adult males. Six factors were extracted and interpreted as Irritability, Inability to Cope, Depression, Timidity, Normal Anxiety, and Clinical Anxiety. The factors showed some correspondence to the clinical groupings in the CMI and to factors discovered in other studies. Whiel all showed small positive correlations with a measure of Neuroticism, the consistency of these results argues against the hypothesis that the CMI M-R sections measure only a urinary factor of neurotic complaining. Some modifications in the CMI are recommended that could emhance its utility as a diagnostic or personality instrument.", "contents": "Psychiatric symptom dimensions in the Cornell Medical Index among normal adult males. Factor analysis of items from the psychiatric portion of the Cornell Medical Index (CMI) was performed to determine the empirical symptom dimensions in a sample of 1682 normal adult males. Six factors were extracted and interpreted as Irritability, Inability to Cope, Depression, Timidity, Normal Anxiety, and Clinical Anxiety. The factors showed some correspondence to the clinical groupings in the CMI and to factors discovered in other studies. Whiel all showed small positive correlations with a measure of Neuroticism, the consistency of these results argues against the hypothesis that the CMI M-R sections measure only a urinary factor of neurotic complaining. Some modifications in the CMI are recommended that could emhance its utility as a diagnostic or personality instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:925182", "title": "Maladaptive antisocial aggressive behavior and outlets for intimacy.", "content": "Psychotherapy research literature suggests that maladjustment and self-disclosure patterns are related. Male psychiatric patients (23-37 years) were selected according to a stratified random sampling procedure with conditions for Ss: (a) who actually have engaged in maladaptive antisocial aggression (N = 41); (b) who exhibited aggressive impulses, urges, or fantasies (N = 111); and (c) who served as patient (N = 105) and non-patient (N = 137) controls. Results of this study supported the prediction that those patients who actually engaged in maladaptive antisocial aggression employed fewer outlets for self-disclosure than any of the other patient or non-patient groupings. Clinical implications that concerned the actual range of an individual's outlets for intimacy as predictive of maladaptive antisocial aggression in male adults were discussed.", "contents": "Maladaptive antisocial aggressive behavior and outlets for intimacy. Psychotherapy research literature suggests that maladjustment and self-disclosure patterns are related. Male psychiatric patients (23-37 years) were selected according to a stratified random sampling procedure with conditions for Ss: (a) who actually have engaged in maladaptive antisocial aggression (N = 41); (b) who exhibited aggressive impulses, urges, or fantasies (N = 111); and (c) who served as patient (N = 105) and non-patient (N = 137) controls. Results of this study supported the prediction that those patients who actually engaged in maladaptive antisocial aggression employed fewer outlets for self-disclosure than any of the other patient or non-patient groupings. Clinical implications that concerned the actual range of an individual's outlets for intimacy as predictive of maladaptive antisocial aggression in male adults were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925183", "title": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers: a replication.", "content": "Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the way in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. This paper reports a replication of recent findings on children's use of the concept of emotional disturbance. Ss were 40 fourth and sixth graders. Five vignettes that described one normal and four emotionally disturbed boys were read to individual Ss; who were interviewed about their understanding of the central figures (CFs). Interviews were coded to a 5-point scale of degree of perceived emotional disturbance. Earlier findings were replicated to a remarkable degree. Ss differentiated among the CFs in a manner congruent with clinician judges' ratings. Grade differences indicate the differential attention to and valuing of specific behaviors, rather than global differences in perception of emotional disturbance.", "contents": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers: a replication. Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the way in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. This paper reports a replication of recent findings on children's use of the concept of emotional disturbance. Ss were 40 fourth and sixth graders. Five vignettes that described one normal and four emotionally disturbed boys were read to individual Ss; who were interviewed about their understanding of the central figures (CFs). Interviews were coded to a 5-point scale of degree of perceived emotional disturbance. Earlier findings were replicated to a remarkable degree. Ss differentiated among the CFs in a manner congruent with clinician judges' ratings. Grade differences indicate the differential attention to and valuing of specific behaviors, rather than global differences in perception of emotional disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:925184", "title": "Neuropsychological differences between violent and nonviolent adolescents.", "content": "Administered the MMPI and elements of a neuropsychological assessment battery to 40 violent and 40 nonviolent adolescent males (M = 14.6 years). Multivariate analysis showed significant differences between groups on neuropsychological tests, but not on the MMPI. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the neuropsychological assessment had greater power to predict group membership of violent and nonviolent Ss than did the MMPI. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that organic impairment contributes to the impulse dyscontrol and associated violent behavior seen in some delinquent adolescents.", "contents": "Neuropsychological differences between violent and nonviolent adolescents. Administered the MMPI and elements of a neuropsychological assessment battery to 40 violent and 40 nonviolent adolescent males (M = 14.6 years). Multivariate analysis showed significant differences between groups on neuropsychological tests, but not on the MMPI. Discriminant function analysis indicated that the neuropsychological assessment had greater power to predict group membership of violent and nonviolent Ss than did the MMPI. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that organic impairment contributes to the impulse dyscontrol and associated violent behavior seen in some delinquent adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:925185", "title": "Schizophrenic performance during interpersonal competitive conditions.", "content": "Two equivalent forms of four standardized tests were administered to 41 schizophrenics, 36 patients with personality disorder diagnoses, and 36 employees at the Wyoming State Hospital. Each diagnostic group was divided into experimental and control groups; the experimental Ss from each diagnostic group took the second form of each test under paired, competitive conditions. The competitive conditions did not affect the experimental Ss' performance on any of the four tests to an acceptably significant level, although the experimental Ss from each diagnostic group performed better on a visual-motor task at a borderline level of significance. The results of the research are interpreted as supporting previous competition research that showed competitive conditions to be highly task-specific. The results do not support the numerous theories and some research studies that suggest that competitive conditions impair schizophrenic functioning.", "contents": "Schizophrenic performance during interpersonal competitive conditions. Two equivalent forms of four standardized tests were administered to 41 schizophrenics, 36 patients with personality disorder diagnoses, and 36 employees at the Wyoming State Hospital. Each diagnostic group was divided into experimental and control groups; the experimental Ss from each diagnostic group took the second form of each test under paired, competitive conditions. The competitive conditions did not affect the experimental Ss' performance on any of the four tests to an acceptably significant level, although the experimental Ss from each diagnostic group performed better on a visual-motor task at a borderline level of significance. The results of the research are interpreted as supporting previous competition research that showed competitive conditions to be highly task-specific. The results do not support the numerous theories and some research studies that suggest that competitive conditions impair schizophrenic functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:925186", "title": "Prediction of help-seeking with the MMPI: the problem of base rates.", "content": "The usefulness of combined elevation of the Depression and Psychasthenia scales of the MMPI as a predictor of psychological help-seeking was investigated for two classes at a small liberal arts college for men. Counseling service use rates during the 4 years of college for all students who scored at or above T = 60 on both MMPI scales (N = 83) were compared with rates for all other students (N = 269). Students in the high Depression-Psychasthenia group were significantly more likely to seek counseling during their freshman years than were other students (p less than .05). Among counselees the high MMPI group also made significantly more visits to the service (p less than .05). Application of a Bayesian rule disclosed that the MMPI measure would have improved decision accuracy only with respect to the prediction that a student would come in for counseling at some time during college. In this population, the MMPI measure is both a valid and a useful predictor.", "contents": "Prediction of help-seeking with the MMPI: the problem of base rates. The usefulness of combined elevation of the Depression and Psychasthenia scales of the MMPI as a predictor of psychological help-seeking was investigated for two classes at a small liberal arts college for men. Counseling service use rates during the 4 years of college for all students who scored at or above T = 60 on both MMPI scales (N = 83) were compared with rates for all other students (N = 269). Students in the high Depression-Psychasthenia group were significantly more likely to seek counseling during their freshman years than were other students (p less than .05). Among counselees the high MMPI group also made significantly more visits to the service (p less than .05). Application of a Bayesian rule disclosed that the MMPI measure would have improved decision accuracy only with respect to the prediction that a student would come in for counseling at some time during college. In this population, the MMPI measure is both a valid and a useful predictor."}
{"id": "PMID:925192", "title": "Confusions in recognizing phonemes spoken by esophageal speakers III. Terminal consonants and clusters.", "content": "A methodology was developed to determine the patterns of phonemic errors that listeners would make in receiving the terminal consonants and clusters of monosyllables spoken by esophageal speakers. Analyses of the features preserved in the errors were performed. The identified phonemic error patterns and the features found to be poorly preserved in the errors were used to structure multiple choice intelligibility practice materials for esophageal speakers.", "contents": "Confusions in recognizing phonemes spoken by esophageal speakers III. Terminal consonants and clusters. A methodology was developed to determine the patterns of phonemic errors that listeners would make in receiving the terminal consonants and clusters of monosyllables spoken by esophageal speakers. Analyses of the features preserved in the errors were performed. The identified phonemic error patterns and the features found to be poorly preserved in the errors were used to structure multiple choice intelligibility practice materials for esophageal speakers."}
{"id": "PMID:925193", "title": "Accuracy of vocal emotional communications among children and adults and the power of negative emotions.", "content": "Two tapes of six emotions (anger, fear, sadness, contentment, happiness, love) recorded by child and adult speakers were played to child and adult listeners to determine whether (a) each group of listeners responds more accurately to positive or negative emotions; (b) each group of speakers communicates positive or negative emotions more accurately; (c-g) there were specific ways in which children adn adults differ in accuracy of perceiving and communicating the six emotions studied. Two hundred and ten white, male, middle-class Ss were used. It was found that (a) all listener groups perceived negative emotions more accurately; (b) all speaker groups communicated negative emotions more accurately; (c) there was a developmental trend in the ability to accurately perceive vocal communication; (d) children and adults did not differ significantly in the ability to express emotions; (e) adults perceived fear more accurately; (f) children communicated fear more accurately; (g) adults communicated sadness more accurately than children.", "contents": "Accuracy of vocal emotional communications among children and adults and the power of negative emotions. Two tapes of six emotions (anger, fear, sadness, contentment, happiness, love) recorded by child and adult speakers were played to child and adult listeners to determine whether (a) each group of listeners responds more accurately to positive or negative emotions; (b) each group of speakers communicates positive or negative emotions more accurately; (c-g) there were specific ways in which children adn adults differ in accuracy of perceiving and communicating the six emotions studied. Two hundred and ten white, male, middle-class Ss were used. It was found that (a) all listener groups perceived negative emotions more accurately; (b) all speaker groups communicated negative emotions more accurately; (c) there was a developmental trend in the ability to accurately perceive vocal communication; (d) children and adults did not differ significantly in the ability to express emotions; (e) adults perceived fear more accurately; (f) children communicated fear more accurately; (g) adults communicated sadness more accurately than children."}
{"id": "PMID:925194", "title": "Temporal factors in the effects of masking noise on fluency of stutterers.", "content": "Nineteen stutterers read sentences under four conditions: continuous 95-db white noise over headphones; white noise preceding speech initiation; no white noise. White noise preceding speech initiation did not improve fluency, contrary to Webster's auditory interference theory. White noise presented following speech initiation led to shorter reading times and fewer disfluent words, especially for part-word repetitions. The more severe the stutterer, as measured by an external task, the greater was the ameliorative effect of auditory masking. Results indicated that white noise may attack a pathological condition existing in stutterers, and supported Timmons and Boudreau's (1972) adaptation model, which posits that stutterers have difficulty adapting to discrepancies in delays of auditory feedback through different channels.", "contents": "Temporal factors in the effects of masking noise on fluency of stutterers. Nineteen stutterers read sentences under four conditions: continuous 95-db white noise over headphones; white noise preceding speech initiation; no white noise. White noise preceding speech initiation did not improve fluency, contrary to Webster's auditory interference theory. White noise presented following speech initiation led to shorter reading times and fewer disfluent words, especially for part-word repetitions. The more severe the stutterer, as measured by an external task, the greater was the ameliorative effect of auditory masking. Results indicated that white noise may attack a pathological condition existing in stutterers, and supported Timmons and Boudreau's (1972) adaptation model, which posits that stutterers have difficulty adapting to discrepancies in delays of auditory feedback through different channels."}
{"id": "PMID:925195", "title": "Certain select variables as predictors of goal achievement in speech therapy.", "content": "A previous factor-analytic investigation indicated that 18 variables, structured within interpersonal and technical skill dimensions, contribute most significantly to supervisor's evaluations of student clinicians engaged in speech therapy. The present study was designed to extend that investigation by determining the relative contribution of the variables to the clinicians' accomplishment of the goals of the therapy session. Using the previously collected data, 17 of the resultant variables were regressed in stepwise fashion against the clinicians' accomplishment of the session's goals. The regression solution yielded a three-variable prediction system, which accounted for approximately two-thirds of the criterion variance. All three variables were related to clinicians' technical skills. The \"schedule of reinforcement\" variable was the single most valid predictor and accounted for half of the criterion variance. The other two technical skill variables were \"implements carryover procedures in therapy\" and \"changes therapeutic procedure to meet client needs.\" Implications for inclusion of these variables in interactive and microtherapy methodologies of clinical training are discussed.", "contents": "Certain select variables as predictors of goal achievement in speech therapy. A previous factor-analytic investigation indicated that 18 variables, structured within interpersonal and technical skill dimensions, contribute most significantly to supervisor's evaluations of student clinicians engaged in speech therapy. The present study was designed to extend that investigation by determining the relative contribution of the variables to the clinicians' accomplishment of the goals of the therapy session. Using the previously collected data, 17 of the resultant variables were regressed in stepwise fashion against the clinicians' accomplishment of the session's goals. The regression solution yielded a three-variable prediction system, which accounted for approximately two-thirds of the criterion variance. All three variables were related to clinicians' technical skills. The \"schedule of reinforcement\" variable was the single most valid predictor and accounted for half of the criterion variance. The other two technical skill variables were \"implements carryover procedures in therapy\" and \"changes therapeutic procedure to meet client needs.\" Implications for inclusion of these variables in interactive and microtherapy methodologies of clinical training are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925196", "title": "Parental attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering.", "content": "Parenteral attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering were studied in 50 parents of stutterers and 50 parents of nonstutterers following the development of the Parenteral Attitudes Toward Stuttering (PATS) Inventory and the Alabama Stuttering Knowledge (ASK) Test. Results indicated that the parents of nonstutterers displayed more desirable attitudes toward stuttering and more accurate knowledge of stuttering than did the parents of stutterers. Although the PATS Inventory and the ASK Test as presently constructed may be clinically useful particularly with respect to parental counseling, continued research appears warranted to enhance their usefulness as research and clinical instruments.", "contents": "Parental attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering. Parenteral attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering were studied in 50 parents of stutterers and 50 parents of nonstutterers following the development of the Parenteral Attitudes Toward Stuttering (PATS) Inventory and the Alabama Stuttering Knowledge (ASK) Test. Results indicated that the parents of nonstutterers displayed more desirable attitudes toward stuttering and more accurate knowledge of stuttering than did the parents of stutterers. Although the PATS Inventory and the ASK Test as presently constructed may be clinically useful particularly with respect to parental counseling, continued research appears warranted to enhance their usefulness as research and clinical instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:925197", "title": "Oral vibrotactile sensation: an evaluation of children with normal and defective articulation.", "content": "Lingual vibrotactile thresholds (LVTs) were determined at 125, 250, and 500 Hz for 30 children with defective articulation and 30 children with normal articulation. Secondly, attempts to predict the phonemic and distinctive feature errors from LVTs for defective articulating children is presented. Children with normal articulation show significantly lower (better) LVTs at each frequency than do children with defective articulation. Significant relationships were not found between LVTs and phonemic scores or distinctive feature errors.", "contents": "Oral vibrotactile sensation: an evaluation of children with normal and defective articulation. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds (LVTs) were determined at 125, 250, and 500 Hz for 30 children with defective articulation and 30 children with normal articulation. Secondly, attempts to predict the phonemic and distinctive feature errors from LVTs for defective articulating children is presented. Children with normal articulation show significantly lower (better) LVTs at each frequency than do children with defective articulation. Significant relationships were not found between LVTs and phonemic scores or distinctive feature errors."}
{"id": "PMID:925191", "title": "Plasma levels and bioavailability of cyclobenzaprine in human subjects.", "content": "Cyclobenzaprine was extensively metabolized in man, less than 1% of the dose being excreted unchanged in the urine. Comparison of areas under plasma level curves (AUC) after oral and intravenous doses suggests that the drug may be partly metabolized in the lumen or during its first passage through the gut wall and/or liver. Average plasma levels of the drug increased with increasing dosage, but the AUC increased less rapidly with increasing dose, possibly because of dose-dependent absorption.", "contents": "Plasma levels and bioavailability of cyclobenzaprine in human subjects. Cyclobenzaprine was extensively metabolized in man, less than 1% of the dose being excreted unchanged in the urine. Comparison of areas under plasma level curves (AUC) after oral and intravenous doses suggests that the drug may be partly metabolized in the lumen or during its first passage through the gut wall and/or liver. Average plasma levels of the drug increased with increasing dosage, but the AUC increased less rapidly with increasing dose, possibly because of dose-dependent absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:925202", "title": "The role of superior colliculus in vision: visual form discrimination in cats with superior colliculus ablations.", "content": "The rate of acquisition of visual form discriminations in cats with superior colliculus damage was measured in a testing apparatus requiring a minimal amount of stimulus localization in space. In animals with bilateral superior colliculus ablations, acquisition was imparied relative to acquisition in normal animals. In these animals, the extent of the lesion was related to the severity of the deficit. In split-brain preparations with unilateral superior colliculus ablations, acquisition with the eye ipsilateral to the lesion was impaired relative to acquisition with eye contralateral to the lesion. The deficits observed did not depend upon damage to pretectum. The results support the conclusion that the superior colliculus participates in certain aspects of form vision.", "contents": "The role of superior colliculus in vision: visual form discrimination in cats with superior colliculus ablations. The rate of acquisition of visual form discriminations in cats with superior colliculus damage was measured in a testing apparatus requiring a minimal amount of stimulus localization in space. In animals with bilateral superior colliculus ablations, acquisition was imparied relative to acquisition in normal animals. In these animals, the extent of the lesion was related to the severity of the deficit. In split-brain preparations with unilateral superior colliculus ablations, acquisition with the eye ipsilateral to the lesion was impaired relative to acquisition with eye contralateral to the lesion. The deficits observed did not depend upon damage to pretectum. The results support the conclusion that the superior colliculus participates in certain aspects of form vision."}
{"id": "PMID:925203", "title": "Abnormal development of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in a strain of genetically anophthalmic mice.", "content": "In the anophthalmic mutant of the mouse the optic primordia are \"genetically enucleated\" well before the usual emergence of retinal ganglion cell axons (Silver and Hughes, '74). In eyeless animals, a portion of the mediobasal hypothalamus and one of its constituent nuclear pairs, nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN), were markedly abnormal in the embryo and adult. It has been reported that the ventral portion of the SCN receives a substantial, direct retinal innervation (Moore and Lenn, '72) and that these nuclei may mediate several light-induced hormonal and behavioral circadian rhythms (Stetson and Whitmyre, '76). During day 13 of mutant embryogenesis, just prior to the time of optic chiasm formation in normal animals, a large portion of ependyma and adjacent brain tissue herniated into the lumen of the would-be suprachiasmatic region of the third ventricle. In 70% of the animals examined histologically during the latter phase of development and as adults, regulation occurred and the brains were largely comparable with those of controls. However, in the remaining mutant mice, the overall size of either, or sometimse both, SCN was much reduced. The basal (but not the apical) dendrites of SCN neurons failed to develop fully. Some basal dendrites normally invade the optic chiasm below. In several mutant animals one or the other SCN had greatly increased numbers of cells, while the contralateral one had diminished numbers. These observations suggest that regular formation of the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus and especially the suprachiasmatic nuclei, may depend during development upon the presence of the eye or the subjacent optic axons.", "contents": "Abnormal development of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in a strain of genetically anophthalmic mice. In the anophthalmic mutant of the mouse the optic primordia are \"genetically enucleated\" well before the usual emergence of retinal ganglion cell axons (Silver and Hughes, '74). In eyeless animals, a portion of the mediobasal hypothalamus and one of its constituent nuclear pairs, nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN), were markedly abnormal in the embryo and adult. It has been reported that the ventral portion of the SCN receives a substantial, direct retinal innervation (Moore and Lenn, '72) and that these nuclei may mediate several light-induced hormonal and behavioral circadian rhythms (Stetson and Whitmyre, '76). During day 13 of mutant embryogenesis, just prior to the time of optic chiasm formation in normal animals, a large portion of ependyma and adjacent brain tissue herniated into the lumen of the would-be suprachiasmatic region of the third ventricle. In 70% of the animals examined histologically during the latter phase of development and as adults, regulation occurred and the brains were largely comparable with those of controls. However, in the remaining mutant mice, the overall size of either, or sometimse both, SCN was much reduced. The basal (but not the apical) dendrites of SCN neurons failed to develop fully. Some basal dendrites normally invade the optic chiasm below. In several mutant animals one or the other SCN had greatly increased numbers of cells, while the contralateral one had diminished numbers. These observations suggest that regular formation of the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus and especially the suprachiasmatic nuclei, may depend during development upon the presence of the eye or the subjacent optic axons."}
{"id": "PMID:925204", "title": "Ultrastructural basis of impulse propagation failure in a nonbranching axon.", "content": "The morphological basis of intermittent conduction failure in the excitor axon innervating the crayfish opener and stretcher muscles was investigated using the electron microscope. The connective tissue component of the sheath surrounding the axon was found consistently to be thinner in the region at which blocking occurs than in control regions located one cm either proximally or distally, at which blocking does not occur. Otherwise in these regions differences in the width of the periaxonal spaces, the length or width of the mesaxons, the density of mitochondria, the width of the adaxonal glial cell layer, or the structure of lamination of the sheath are not observed. Because of the thinner connective tissue component of the sheath in the joint region, neighboring axons are distributed more densely around the excitor, and the volume of the extracellular space is reduced. The possibility that the reduced extracellular space might allow excessive accumulation of potassium during repetitive discharge, causing conduction block, is discussed. Alternative mechanisms consistent with this morphology are also considered.", "contents": "Ultrastructural basis of impulse propagation failure in a nonbranching axon. The morphological basis of intermittent conduction failure in the excitor axon innervating the crayfish opener and stretcher muscles was investigated using the electron microscope. The connective tissue component of the sheath surrounding the axon was found consistently to be thinner in the region at which blocking occurs than in control regions located one cm either proximally or distally, at which blocking does not occur. Otherwise in these regions differences in the width of the periaxonal spaces, the length or width of the mesaxons, the density of mitochondria, the width of the adaxonal glial cell layer, or the structure of lamination of the sheath are not observed. Because of the thinner connective tissue component of the sheath in the joint region, neighboring axons are distributed more densely around the excitor, and the volume of the extracellular space is reduced. The possibility that the reduced extracellular space might allow excessive accumulation of potassium during repetitive discharge, causing conduction block, is discussed. Alternative mechanisms consistent with this morphology are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:925205", "title": "Hyperphagia and obesity produced by parasagittal and coronal hypothalamic knife cuts: further evidence for a longitudinal feeding inhibitory pathway.", "content": "Hyperphagia and obesity are produced both by parasagittal knife cuts through the medial hypothalamus and by coronal knife cuts through the posterior hypothalamus. The results of this study indicate that the two types of cuts produce their overeating effect by severing the same neural pathway. Experiment 1 demonstrated that unilateral parasagittal knife cuts combined with contralateral coronal cuts in either the posterior hypothalamus or the midbrain significantly increase food intake and body weight. Experiment 2 revealed that bilateral parasagittal cuts and bilateral coronal cuts in the hypothalamus produce qualitatively similar effects on food intake, diurnal ingestive pattern, finickiness, and amphetamine anorexia. The two types of cuts differentially altered water intake, however. In Experiment 3, coronal cuts in the posterior hypothalamus, like parasagittal cuts in the medial hypothalamus, were found to increase the food intake and body weight of rats previously given bilateral parasagittal transections through the lateral perifornical region. The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of the longitudinal feeding inhibitory pathway suggested by these results are discussed.", "contents": "Hyperphagia and obesity produced by parasagittal and coronal hypothalamic knife cuts: further evidence for a longitudinal feeding inhibitory pathway. Hyperphagia and obesity are produced both by parasagittal knife cuts through the medial hypothalamus and by coronal knife cuts through the posterior hypothalamus. The results of this study indicate that the two types of cuts produce their overeating effect by severing the same neural pathway. Experiment 1 demonstrated that unilateral parasagittal knife cuts combined with contralateral coronal cuts in either the posterior hypothalamus or the midbrain significantly increase food intake and body weight. Experiment 2 revealed that bilateral parasagittal cuts and bilateral coronal cuts in the hypothalamus produce qualitatively similar effects on food intake, diurnal ingestive pattern, finickiness, and amphetamine anorexia. The two types of cuts differentially altered water intake, however. In Experiment 3, coronal cuts in the posterior hypothalamus, like parasagittal cuts in the medial hypothalamus, were found to increase the food intake and body weight of rats previously given bilateral parasagittal transections through the lateral perifornical region. The neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of the longitudinal feeding inhibitory pathway suggested by these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925206", "title": "Selenium in milk from feeding small supplements.", "content": "Supplements of 0, 1, 2, or 5 mg of selenium from sodium selenite fed per cow daily from 90 days prepartum through approximately 6 mo of lactation had no significant effect on selenium in milk of Hereford cows. Selenium in milk was assayed 2 to 3 days postpartum (average of .014 to .023 ppm) and approximately 3 mo post parturition (average of .016 to .021 ppm). The basal diet consisted of medium quality grass-legume hay (.069 mg/kg), ad libitum liquid supplement (.152 mg/kg), and 1.36 kg shelled corn (.018 mg/kg) starting in early lactation. Treatments of selenium were administered via free-choice liquid supplement.", "contents": "Selenium in milk from feeding small supplements. Supplements of 0, 1, 2, or 5 mg of selenium from sodium selenite fed per cow daily from 90 days prepartum through approximately 6 mo of lactation had no significant effect on selenium in milk of Hereford cows. Selenium in milk was assayed 2 to 3 days postpartum (average of .014 to .023 ppm) and approximately 3 mo post parturition (average of .016 to .021 ppm). The basal diet consisted of medium quality grass-legume hay (.069 mg/kg), ad libitum liquid supplement (.152 mg/kg), and 1.36 kg shelled corn (.018 mg/kg) starting in early lactation. Treatments of selenium were administered via free-choice liquid supplement."}
{"id": "PMID:925207", "title": "Use of urea by early postpartum Holstein cows.", "content": "Thirty-nine lactating Holstein cows were fed high-energy complete rations ad libitum with crude protein: 1) 11.7% (negative control); 2) 13.9% (1% urea); 3) 16.6% (1% urea); or 4) 16.6% (positive control) in a continuous 12-wk study beginning at wk 5 postpartum. Milk production of 27.7, 31.8, 34.0, and 30.4 kg/day showed the use of urea nitrogen by groups 2 and probably 3. Two digestion-nitrogen balance trials with each cow also provided evidence that urea nitrogen was used for milk secretion. Energy digestibility averaged 59.4, 64.2, 65.4, and 65.8; and lower for the negative control diet. Nitrogen solubility in the diets was 28, 36, 32, and 21%, which reflects the objective of selecting ingredients with low nitrogen solubility for use in urea diets. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen before and after feeding were 1.1, 3.3, 3.5, 4.2, and 2.2, 11.2, 11.9, and 9.3 mg/100 ml of rumen fluid. The prefeeding amounts were probably too low for maximum microbial growth. Urea-nitrogen concentrations in plasma were 8.65, 10.32, 18.00, and 17.03 mg/100 ml. These results lend support to the postulate that lactating cows in early lactation can use urea nitrogen when high-energy complete rations with ingredients of low nitrogen solubility are fed ad libitum.", "contents": "Use of urea by early postpartum Holstein cows. Thirty-nine lactating Holstein cows were fed high-energy complete rations ad libitum with crude protein: 1) 11.7% (negative control); 2) 13.9% (1% urea); 3) 16.6% (1% urea); or 4) 16.6% (positive control) in a continuous 12-wk study beginning at wk 5 postpartum. Milk production of 27.7, 31.8, 34.0, and 30.4 kg/day showed the use of urea nitrogen by groups 2 and probably 3. Two digestion-nitrogen balance trials with each cow also provided evidence that urea nitrogen was used for milk secretion. Energy digestibility averaged 59.4, 64.2, 65.4, and 65.8; and lower for the negative control diet. Nitrogen solubility in the diets was 28, 36, 32, and 21%, which reflects the objective of selecting ingredients with low nitrogen solubility for use in urea diets. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen before and after feeding were 1.1, 3.3, 3.5, 4.2, and 2.2, 11.2, 11.9, and 9.3 mg/100 ml of rumen fluid. The prefeeding amounts were probably too low for maximum microbial growth. Urea-nitrogen concentrations in plasma were 8.65, 10.32, 18.00, and 17.03 mg/100 ml. These results lend support to the postulate that lactating cows in early lactation can use urea nitrogen when high-energy complete rations with ingredients of low nitrogen solubility are fed ad libitum."}
{"id": "PMID:925208", "title": "Behavior of lactating dairy cows during total confinement.", "content": "Daytime activity of four lactating Holstein cows housed in total confinement in stanchion stalls for about 14 wk was observed continuously, and activities such as eating, drinking, resting, ruminating, and socializing were recorded. Observations were by closed-circuit television and a switch panel connected to an event recorder. During the 15 h of daytime, the cows spent an average of 45% of the time lying, 26% eating, 22% ruminating, 1% drinking, and 2% socializing. Most eating occurred during standing (98.4%) while most rumination occurred during lying (59%). The distribution of these activities by time of day was similar to that of pastured dairy cows. Periods of eating, drinking, and social activity were most intense during and shortly after the morning and afternoon milking and feeding times. Conversely, periods of greatest recumbency, rumination, and rest occurred between feeding time from midday to late afternoon. Thus, in spite of prolonged total confinement, the four cows continued to exhibit behavioral activities (duration and distribution) which are typical of less confined cattle.", "contents": "Behavior of lactating dairy cows during total confinement. Daytime activity of four lactating Holstein cows housed in total confinement in stanchion stalls for about 14 wk was observed continuously, and activities such as eating, drinking, resting, ruminating, and socializing were recorded. Observations were by closed-circuit television and a switch panel connected to an event recorder. During the 15 h of daytime, the cows spent an average of 45% of the time lying, 26% eating, 22% ruminating, 1% drinking, and 2% socializing. Most eating occurred during standing (98.4%) while most rumination occurred during lying (59%). The distribution of these activities by time of day was similar to that of pastured dairy cows. Periods of eating, drinking, and social activity were most intense during and shortly after the morning and afternoon milking and feeding times. Conversely, periods of greatest recumbency, rumination, and rest occurred between feeding time from midday to late afternoon. Thus, in spite of prolonged total confinement, the four cows continued to exhibit behavioral activities (duration and distribution) which are typical of less confined cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:925209", "title": "A technique for measurement of methylmalonic acid in cattle urine.", "content": "Methylmalonic acid was measured in cattle urine by decarboxylating it to propionate with sulfuric acid and heat and quantifying the propionate so formed by gas-liquid chromatography. Crystalline methylmalonic acid added to cow urine was recovered quantitatively.", "contents": "A technique for measurement of methylmalonic acid in cattle urine. Methylmalonic acid was measured in cattle urine by decarboxylating it to propionate with sulfuric acid and heat and quantifying the propionate so formed by gas-liquid chromatography. Crystalline methylmalonic acid added to cow urine was recovered quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:925247", "title": "Tumor conference No. 13. Fatal amelanotic nodular melanoma in a 15-year old girl.", "content": "The patient was a 15-year-old girl who was found to have a amelanotic nodular melanoma on a leg. The local malignancy was widely excised and an elective lymph node dissection was performed. On microscopic examination of the removed inguinal lymph nodes, one showed metastatic involvement. She was free of obvious disease for slightly more than one year at which time a subcutaneous metastasis was found on the chest wall. Soon thereafter she suffered dissemination of malignant melanoma and, despite systemic chemotherapy, rapidly deteriorated and died of metastatic melanoma one year later. The salient features of this patient are: (1) the onset of malignant melanoma early in life (age 15); (2) the poorer prognosis of amelanotic melanoma; (3) the often hopeless situation once distant metastases appear.", "contents": "Tumor conference No. 13. Fatal amelanotic nodular melanoma in a 15-year old girl. The patient was a 15-year-old girl who was found to have a amelanotic nodular melanoma on a leg. The local malignancy was widely excised and an elective lymph node dissection was performed. On microscopic examination of the removed inguinal lymph nodes, one showed metastatic involvement. She was free of obvious disease for slightly more than one year at which time a subcutaneous metastasis was found on the chest wall. Soon thereafter she suffered dissemination of malignant melanoma and, despite systemic chemotherapy, rapidly deteriorated and died of metastatic melanoma one year later. The salient features of this patient are: (1) the onset of malignant melanoma early in life (age 15); (2) the poorer prognosis of amelanotic melanoma; (3) the often hopeless situation once distant metastases appear."}
{"id": "PMID:925249", "title": "The management of pressure sores.", "content": "The authors review their clinical experience in diagnosis and management of over 2,500 cases of pressure sores, of which more than half (1,351) required surgical operations. Pressure sores have been classified in 4 grades, a classification that the authors believe is helpful in planning treatment. Different conservative regimens of management are given. Surgical operations are tabulated. Pre- and postoperative management is especially stressed.", "contents": "The management of pressure sores. The authors review their clinical experience in diagnosis and management of over 2,500 cases of pressure sores, of which more than half (1,351) required surgical operations. Pressure sores have been classified in 4 grades, a classification that the authors believe is helpful in planning treatment. Different conservative regimens of management are given. Surgical operations are tabulated. Pre- and postoperative management is especially stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:925252", "title": "A practical approach to preparing children for dermatologic surgery.", "content": "This paper presents a series of stratagems designed to minimize the potential psychological problems of children who require dermatological surgery. After discussing the \"normal\" critical periods of childhood, the selective approaches to children at different ages are presented. General and specific suggestions are made for pre- and postoperative management for both office and hospital surgical procedures.", "contents": "A practical approach to preparing children for dermatologic surgery. This paper presents a series of stratagems designed to minimize the potential psychological problems of children who require dermatological surgery. After discussing the \"normal\" critical periods of childhood, the selective approaches to children at different ages are presented. General and specific suggestions are made for pre- and postoperative management for both office and hospital surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:925253", "title": "Acanthoma fissuratum cutis. Report of a case and a review of previous cases.", "content": "Acanthoma fissuratum cutis is a benign cutaneous lesion apparently caused by constant minor trauma. In the case here reported it seemed to have been caused by poorly fitting spectacles. Since a lesion of this type may be mistaken for a basal-cell epithelioma, its accurate diagnosis will spare the patient needless surgery and expense.", "contents": "Acanthoma fissuratum cutis. Report of a case and a review of previous cases. Acanthoma fissuratum cutis is a benign cutaneous lesion apparently caused by constant minor trauma. In the case here reported it seemed to have been caused by poorly fitting spectacles. Since a lesion of this type may be mistaken for a basal-cell epithelioma, its accurate diagnosis will spare the patient needless surgery and expense."}
{"id": "PMID:925259", "title": "Unpredictability of theophylline saliva measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The use of saliva as an indirect, non-invasive method of theophylline plasma level measurement was evaluated in 23 older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and numerous concurrent medical problems. Simultaneously collected plasma and saliva samples were obtained on two or more occasions and analyzed for theophylline concentration by the Schack and Waxler spectrophotometric method. The mean (+/- SD) plasma:saliva ratio for 84 sample sets was 1.6 (+/- 0.5) with the saliva concentration averaging 64.8% (+/- 20.8%) of the plasma concentration. Multiplying a randomly chosen plasma:saliva ratio from each patient by the saliva concentration of a second randomly selected observation resulted in a predicted plasma concentration that differed by more than 20% of the measured concentrations for 16 of the 23 patients. Thus, use of saliva theophylline measurements obtained by the Schack and Waxler method to adjust dosage regimens cannot be recommended in these patients.", "contents": "Unpredictability of theophylline saliva measurements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The use of saliva as an indirect, non-invasive method of theophylline plasma level measurement was evaluated in 23 older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and numerous concurrent medical problems. Simultaneously collected plasma and saliva samples were obtained on two or more occasions and analyzed for theophylline concentration by the Schack and Waxler spectrophotometric method. The mean (+/- SD) plasma:saliva ratio for 84 sample sets was 1.6 (+/- 0.5) with the saliva concentration averaging 64.8% (+/- 20.8%) of the plasma concentration. Multiplying a randomly chosen plasma:saliva ratio from each patient by the saliva concentration of a second randomly selected observation resulted in a predicted plasma concentration that differed by more than 20% of the measured concentrations for 16 of the 23 patients. Thus, use of saliva theophylline measurements obtained by the Schack and Waxler method to adjust dosage regimens cannot be recommended in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:925254", "title": "The uniqueness of hair transplantation in black patients.", "content": "The author presents his own observations on hair transplant procedures in black patients. With slight modifications in the manner of obtaining donor autografts, the integrity of the hair shafts and papillae are maintained. Genrally, the aesthetic results are comparable to those obtained in white patients and often are achieved with considerably fewer autografts.", "contents": "The uniqueness of hair transplantation in black patients. The author presents his own observations on hair transplant procedures in black patients. With slight modifications in the manner of obtaining donor autografts, the integrity of the hair shafts and papillae are maintained. Genrally, the aesthetic results are comparable to those obtained in white patients and often are achieved with considerably fewer autografts."}
{"id": "PMID:925251", "title": "Extirpation of warts by a loop electrode and cutting current.", "content": "Warts are a common dermatologic problem. Electrodesiccation has been the recommended surgical approach for therapy. An alternate method utilizing a wire loop electrode and cutting current is presented. The authors feel it is the surgical treatment of choice for most warts.", "contents": "Extirpation of warts by a loop electrode and cutting current. Warts are a common dermatologic problem. Electrodesiccation has been the recommended surgical approach for therapy. An alternate method utilizing a wire loop electrode and cutting current is presented. The authors feel it is the surgical treatment of choice for most warts."}
{"id": "PMID:925255", "title": "A study of some innovations in hair transplanting.", "content": "The value of 1) cooling of plugs to induce a shorter \"resting phase\", 2) power-driven punches to produce a greater yield of hair per graft; and 3) larger grafts to produce a greater yield of hair has been studied. Cooling does not appear to shorten the \"resting phase.\" Power-driven punches produce an insignificant increase in the number of hairs yielded per graft. Using larger \"standard\" grafts does not lead to an increased yield of hair per graft and results in an overall decrease in yield from donor areas.", "contents": "A study of some innovations in hair transplanting. The value of 1) cooling of plugs to induce a shorter \"resting phase\", 2) power-driven punches to produce a greater yield of hair per graft; and 3) larger grafts to produce a greater yield of hair has been studied. Cooling does not appear to shorten the \"resting phase.\" Power-driven punches produce an insignificant increase in the number of hairs yielded per graft. Using larger \"standard\" grafts does not lead to an increased yield of hair per graft and results in an overall decrease in yield from donor areas."}
{"id": "PMID:925262", "title": "Asthma in the South Bronx: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics.", "content": "This study of the adult emergency room asthma population in an urban poverty area was performed to assess and enhance the effectiveness of medical treatment and community health care delivery. The number of visits for acute asthma decreased during the 3-yr period of observation despite an annual increase in the total number of emergency room visits. This was attributed to fewer multiple visits and earlier hospitalization. An analysis of adult and pediatric patients hospitalized for asthma was also performed and revealed that asthma was responsible for 25% of pediatric and 13% of adult female medical admissions. An asthma registry of 1,329 adult patients, compiled over a 12-mo period showed a 7:3 female to male ratio of 60% Puerto Rican predominance. The identification of patients usually refractory to outpatient treatment was hindered by the constant flux in the population base as illustrated by an 85% increase in the asthma registry over the succeeding 12-mo period. Since many of these patients were previously cared for at other metropolitan institutions the creation of a centralized data system making such records available to all emergency care facilities would allow for the rapid identification of refractory patients and enhance the management of their acute episodes.", "contents": "Asthma in the South Bronx: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. This study of the adult emergency room asthma population in an urban poverty area was performed to assess and enhance the effectiveness of medical treatment and community health care delivery. The number of visits for acute asthma decreased during the 3-yr period of observation despite an annual increase in the total number of emergency room visits. This was attributed to fewer multiple visits and earlier hospitalization. An analysis of adult and pediatric patients hospitalized for asthma was also performed and revealed that asthma was responsible for 25% of pediatric and 13% of adult female medical admissions. An asthma registry of 1,329 adult patients, compiled over a 12-mo period showed a 7:3 female to male ratio of 60% Puerto Rican predominance. The identification of patients usually refractory to outpatient treatment was hindered by the constant flux in the population base as illustrated by an 85% increase in the asthma registry over the succeeding 12-mo period. Since many of these patients were previously cared for at other metropolitan institutions the creation of a centralized data system making such records available to all emergency care facilities would allow for the rapid identification of refractory patients and enhance the management of their acute episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:925273", "title": "Contribution of foodservice programs in preschool centers to children's nutritional needs.", "content": "Seven-day nutrient intakes of 517 Head Start and day care children participating in USDA's Special Food Service Programs for Children in Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas were assessed. Protein, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid levels from diets served at the centers were judged to be adequate, while calories and B vitamins were below recommendations but proportional to each other. Calcium intake from center diets did not increase proportionately as the number of meals and snacks increased. Nutrient contributions were only slightly greater from center diets when two meals and two snacks were provided than when one meal and one snack were served. Home diets made substantial contributions to the diets of all children, resulting in little difference in total nutrient intakes between children receiving fewer or more meals and snacks at the centers. Iron was the nutrient supplied in least amount in relation to recommendations, when intakes from home and center were combined.", "contents": "Contribution of foodservice programs in preschool centers to children's nutritional needs. Seven-day nutrient intakes of 517 Head Start and day care children participating in USDA's Special Food Service Programs for Children in Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas were assessed. Protein, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid levels from diets served at the centers were judged to be adequate, while calories and B vitamins were below recommendations but proportional to each other. Calcium intake from center diets did not increase proportionately as the number of meals and snacks increased. Nutrient contributions were only slightly greater from center diets when two meals and two snacks were provided than when one meal and one snack were served. Home diets made substantial contributions to the diets of all children, resulting in little difference in total nutrient intakes between children receiving fewer or more meals and snacks at the centers. Iron was the nutrient supplied in least amount in relation to recommendations, when intakes from home and center were combined."}
{"id": "PMID:925274", "title": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. I. The target population.", "content": "The Detroit Maternity and Infant Care Project (DMICP) is funded under Title V of the Social Security Act. Records of 198 pregnant women and their infants seen by a project nutritionist in fiscal 1971-72 were studied. The women were predominantly young (below twenty years of age), black, and not enrolled in school. Most were pregnant for the first time. About a third were overweight. Mean scores on the APGAR scale for the infants at birth were high (7 to 10). More than half of these young mothers brought their infants to the project center for check-ups six to ten times during the first year.", "contents": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. I. The target population. The Detroit Maternity and Infant Care Project (DMICP) is funded under Title V of the Social Security Act. Records of 198 pregnant women and their infants seen by a project nutritionist in fiscal 1971-72 were studied. The women were predominantly young (below twenty years of age), black, and not enrolled in school. Most were pregnant for the first time. About a third were overweight. Mean scores on the APGAR scale for the infants at birth were high (7 to 10). More than half of these young mothers brought their infants to the project center for check-ups six to ten times during the first year."}
{"id": "PMID:925275", "title": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. II. Dietary, anthropometric, and hematologic indexes of pregnant women and their infants.", "content": "Low intakes by 198 pregnant women of milk, fruit, and vegetables are reported: consumption of meat and bread and cereals was satisfactory. However, mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values were within acceptable ranges for these women, indicating that supplementation apparently compensated in part for poor dietary habits. Protein intake of the infants of these mothers was above recommendations, the advisability of which is questioned. Height and weight of the male and female infants at birth were above and below the 10th percentile, respectively. By the age of four months, however, all infants were equal to or above this level. Mean hemoglobin levels were above acceptable levels.", "contents": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. II. Dietary, anthropometric, and hematologic indexes of pregnant women and their infants. Low intakes by 198 pregnant women of milk, fruit, and vegetables are reported: consumption of meat and bread and cereals was satisfactory. However, mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values were within acceptable ranges for these women, indicating that supplementation apparently compensated in part for poor dietary habits. Protein intake of the infants of these mothers was above recommendations, the advisability of which is questioned. Height and weight of the male and female infants at birth were above and below the 10th percentile, respectively. By the age of four months, however, all infants were equal to or above this level. Mean hemoglobin levels were above acceptable levels."}
{"id": "PMID:925276", "title": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. III. Relationships between developmental, medical, and nutritional variables.", "content": "Nutritional and medical records of the infants of 198 women of a low socioeconomic group were correlated with results of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. At one year, the infants' developmental age was above the norm. In addition, selected medical, nutritional, and developmental variables, as indicated by charts of the Detroit Maternity and Infant Care Project, were statistically analyzed for interrelationships. No correlation was found between hemoglobin levels, even though they were low for some infants, and developmental indexes. Prenatal weight gain of the mothers was statistically significant in relation to their infants' birth weight, height, and head circumference. Thus periodic monitoring of weight throughout pregnancy is recommended.", "contents": "Nutritional indexes of clients in a maternity and infant care project. III. Relationships between developmental, medical, and nutritional variables. Nutritional and medical records of the infants of 198 women of a low socioeconomic group were correlated with results of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. At one year, the infants' developmental age was above the norm. In addition, selected medical, nutritional, and developmental variables, as indicated by charts of the Detroit Maternity and Infant Care Project, were statistically analyzed for interrelationships. No correlation was found between hemoglobin levels, even though they were low for some infants, and developmental indexes. Prenatal weight gain of the mothers was statistically significant in relation to their infants' birth weight, height, and head circumference. Thus periodic monitoring of weight throughout pregnancy is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:925277", "title": "Meat-buying practices of Caucasians, Mexican-Americans, and Negroes.", "content": "Meat purchases were observed at supermarket checkout counters, socioeconomic data were obtained by questioning shoppers, and card questionnaires were given to 600 shoppers. Two supermarket chains in each of the three ethnic areas of Lubbock, Texas, were used on two days. Ethnic group was significantly related to the choice of half of the twelve meat cuts bought by the greastest number of shoppers and accounted for more significant effects on meat-buying variables than did chain, area, and day. Returned card questionnaires were 77 per cent accurate concerning meat-buying data.", "contents": "Meat-buying practices of Caucasians, Mexican-Americans, and Negroes. Meat purchases were observed at supermarket checkout counters, socioeconomic data were obtained by questioning shoppers, and card questionnaires were given to 600 shoppers. Two supermarket chains in each of the three ethnic areas of Lubbock, Texas, were used on two days. Ethnic group was significantly related to the choice of half of the twelve meat cuts bought by the greastest number of shoppers and accounted for more significant effects on meat-buying variables than did chain, area, and day. Returned card questionnaires were 77 per cent accurate concerning meat-buying data."}
{"id": "PMID:925278", "title": "Conventional vs. formulated foods in school lunches. II. Cost of food served, eaten, and wasted.", "content": "School lunches containing all conventional foods were designed to provide one-third or one-half the recommended allowances for elementary students. The same nutrient levels were planned in meals containing some formulated items. Each type of meal was served for five days, and total food costs and costs of food served, consumed, and wasted were calculated. At the same nutritional level, mean preparation costs of partially formulated meals were lower than for meals composed of all conventional foods. Meals providing one-half the allowances and containing formulated items cost slightly less than totally conventional meals which provided one-third of the allowances. Cost of waste was lower with partially formulated meals.", "contents": "Conventional vs. formulated foods in school lunches. II. Cost of food served, eaten, and wasted. School lunches containing all conventional foods were designed to provide one-third or one-half the recommended allowances for elementary students. The same nutrient levels were planned in meals containing some formulated items. Each type of meal was served for five days, and total food costs and costs of food served, consumed, and wasted were calculated. At the same nutritional level, mean preparation costs of partially formulated meals were lower than for meals composed of all conventional foods. Meals providing one-half the allowances and containing formulated items cost slightly less than totally conventional meals which provided one-third of the allowances. Cost of waste was lower with partially formulated meals."}
{"id": "PMID:925281", "title": "Three score and ten plus more.", "content": "The elderly in our society are required to make many social and psychologic adjustments. In addition, they have to cope with the inevitable physiologic changes associated with the aging process. These alterations in lifestyle and in body functioning call for modified dietary patterns during this phase of life. In particular, older persons should reduce caloric intake while maintaining a highly nourishing diet. Other recommended dietary modifications include a shift toward smaller meals eaten more frequently, and the use of generous amounts of fiber and liquid to avoid constipation. As a result of growing community awareness, some programs have been started to assist the elderly in overcoming problems that may cause poor nourishment.", "contents": "Three score and ten plus more. The elderly in our society are required to make many social and psychologic adjustments. In addition, they have to cope with the inevitable physiologic changes associated with the aging process. These alterations in lifestyle and in body functioning call for modified dietary patterns during this phase of life. In particular, older persons should reduce caloric intake while maintaining a highly nourishing diet. Other recommended dietary modifications include a shift toward smaller meals eaten more frequently, and the use of generous amounts of fiber and liquid to avoid constipation. As a result of growing community awareness, some programs have been started to assist the elderly in overcoming problems that may cause poor nourishment."}
{"id": "PMID:925282", "title": "Relation of long-term electronic cardiac pacing to mental status and adaptation in the institutional aged.", "content": "The long-term effects of cardiac pacemakers on the mental status and adjustment of an aged population were investigated. In an institution for the aged, 25 residents (average age, 85) in whom pacemakers had been implanted for an average of 53 months were compared to 18 residents of the same age and sex who had a slow heart rate. A semistructured interview was given to determine mental status, affective condition, perceived health, and other concerns. Cardiac status was rated for all subjects according to the criteria of the New York Heart Association. By the measures of adjustment and mental status, no differences were found between pacemaker patients and those with a slow heart rate. Cardiac status was somewhat poorer in the pacemaker group. When comparison was made between the pacemaker patients with uncompromised or only slightly compromised cardiac status and subjects with a slow heart rate and similar cardiac status, no significant differences were found in the foregoing measures. These findings suggest that although there may be changes in functioning in the acute phase following implantation of a pacemaker, there are no long-term effects on adjustment in subjects of advanced age. Adaptation in an institution for the aged may be more related to personality factors than to specific health problems.", "contents": "Relation of long-term electronic cardiac pacing to mental status and adaptation in the institutional aged. The long-term effects of cardiac pacemakers on the mental status and adjustment of an aged population were investigated. In an institution for the aged, 25 residents (average age, 85) in whom pacemakers had been implanted for an average of 53 months were compared to 18 residents of the same age and sex who had a slow heart rate. A semistructured interview was given to determine mental status, affective condition, perceived health, and other concerns. Cardiac status was rated for all subjects according to the criteria of the New York Heart Association. By the measures of adjustment and mental status, no differences were found between pacemaker patients and those with a slow heart rate. Cardiac status was somewhat poorer in the pacemaker group. When comparison was made between the pacemaker patients with uncompromised or only slightly compromised cardiac status and subjects with a slow heart rate and similar cardiac status, no significant differences were found in the foregoing measures. These findings suggest that although there may be changes in functioning in the acute phase following implantation of a pacemaker, there are no long-term effects on adjustment in subjects of advanced age. Adaptation in an institution for the aged may be more related to personality factors than to specific health problems."}
{"id": "PMID:925283", "title": "Testing as a component of continuing education programs: evaluation of conference presentations by this method.", "content": "As a means of evaluating the effect of each presentation at a national medical conference and of the meeting as a whole, the scheduled lecturers were asked to supply the testers with several questions that summarized the most important points of their talks. Audience participants at the meeting were given tests drawn from these questions--one test before the beginning of the meeting, and another at the end. The results were compared for the answers to each lecturer's 3-question group, and for the complete tests. All scores were better at the end than at the beginning of each lecture. A follow-up survey of the attitudes of participants showed a positive reaction to the use of such testing at future meetings.", "contents": "Testing as a component of continuing education programs: evaluation of conference presentations by this method. As a means of evaluating the effect of each presentation at a national medical conference and of the meeting as a whole, the scheduled lecturers were asked to supply the testers with several questions that summarized the most important points of their talks. Audience participants at the meeting were given tests drawn from these questions--one test before the beginning of the meeting, and another at the end. The results were compared for the answers to each lecturer's 3-question group, and for the complete tests. All scores were better at the end than at the beginning of each lecture. A follow-up survey of the attitudes of participants showed a positive reaction to the use of such testing at future meetings."}
{"id": "PMID:925284", "title": "Perceptions of urban versus rural hospital patients about return to their communities.", "content": "During a two-month period in 1976, male patients scheduled to be discharged from two Veterans Administration Hospitals, who were aged 55 or older, chronically ill, able to communicate rationally, and had been hospitalized at least a week for the current illness, were interviewed prior to discharge. Information was sought regarding their feelings about admission and discharge, the availability of and their need for 13 related health-related services at home, and the informal support systems available to them in their local communities. Comparisons were made between patients from distinctly rural settings (communities with less than 5,000 population) and those from larger towns or cities. Both urban and rural patients were modest in assessment of their own health-related needs, especially their need for social and ancillary health services. In almost all instances, the perceived availability exceeded perceived needs. Rural dwellers reported somewhat less apprehension about entering the hospital; they also reported more social contact in their home communities despite the fact that in this sample the rural dwellers were more likely to be older, widowed, and living alone. Rural dwellers were slightly more likely to have their own family doctor.", "contents": "Perceptions of urban versus rural hospital patients about return to their communities. During a two-month period in 1976, male patients scheduled to be discharged from two Veterans Administration Hospitals, who were aged 55 or older, chronically ill, able to communicate rationally, and had been hospitalized at least a week for the current illness, were interviewed prior to discharge. Information was sought regarding their feelings about admission and discharge, the availability of and their need for 13 related health-related services at home, and the informal support systems available to them in their local communities. Comparisons were made between patients from distinctly rural settings (communities with less than 5,000 population) and those from larger towns or cities. Both urban and rural patients were modest in assessment of their own health-related needs, especially their need for social and ancillary health services. In almost all instances, the perceived availability exceeded perceived needs. Rural dwellers reported somewhat less apprehension about entering the hospital; they also reported more social contact in their home communities despite the fact that in this sample the rural dwellers were more likely to be older, widowed, and living alone. Rural dwellers were slightly more likely to have their own family doctor."}
{"id": "PMID:925297", "title": "Pupillary examination.", "content": "Examination of the pupils is an essential part of the evaluation of patients in optometric practice. In this article, the normal pupil and pupillary reflexes are reviewed, along with a discussion of anisocoria and specific anomalies of the pupils. Explanation of step by step office examination techniques is presented, as well as a discussion of the pathophysiology of abnormal pupils.", "contents": "Pupillary examination. Examination of the pupils is an essential part of the evaluation of patients in optometric practice. In this article, the normal pupil and pupillary reflexes are reviewed, along with a discussion of anisocoria and specific anomalies of the pupils. Explanation of step by step office examination techniques is presented, as well as a discussion of the pathophysiology of abnormal pupils."}
{"id": "PMID:925298", "title": "Essentials of slit lamp biomicroscopy.", "content": "Biomicroscopy is an indispensable part of the ocular health examination performed on every patient. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the basic illumination technique so that the examiner thoroughly understands their uses and develops for himself a specific investigative procedure. This testing may progress from the lids and lashes to the anterior vitreous in a coordinated manner.", "contents": "Essentials of slit lamp biomicroscopy. Biomicroscopy is an indispensable part of the ocular health examination performed on every patient. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review the basic illumination technique so that the examiner thoroughly understands their uses and develops for himself a specific investigative procedure. This testing may progress from the lids and lashes to the anterior vitreous in a coordinated manner."}
{"id": "PMID:925299", "title": "Tonometry in optometric practice -- the current status.", "content": "The past two decades have seen enhanced optometric interest in tonometry and in other techniques to assess the ocular and/or general health status. This probably reflects several factors; an increasing role of the optometrist as a primary health care practitioner, the availability of better instrumentation for tonometry, and a far better understanding of the relationship between intraocular pressure and diseases from the group known as the glaucomas. This paper represents an attempt to provide information which may be helpful to the practitioner in determining what tonometer to use and how to utilize tonometric data most effectively.", "contents": "Tonometry in optometric practice -- the current status. The past two decades have seen enhanced optometric interest in tonometry and in other techniques to assess the ocular and/or general health status. This probably reflects several factors; an increasing role of the optometrist as a primary health care practitioner, the availability of better instrumentation for tonometry, and a far better understanding of the relationship between intraocular pressure and diseases from the group known as the glaucomas. This paper represents an attempt to provide information which may be helpful to the practitioner in determining what tonometer to use and how to utilize tonometric data most effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:925300", "title": "Gonioscopy: evaluation and interpretation.", "content": "Gonioscopy is the ocular health examination technique which offers to the practitioner the means to directly study the anterior chamber angle. Its uses are numerous and include glaucoma classification, predilation angle evaluation, and the presence of iris tumors, foreign bodies and anterior synechiae. Since a meaningful gonioscopic examination depends upon the examiner's recognition of the chamber landmarks, a detailed analysis of each structural element is presented. In addition, the techniques for performing gonioscopy with the popular lens types are viewed as is the system for interpretation and recording.", "contents": "Gonioscopy: evaluation and interpretation. Gonioscopy is the ocular health examination technique which offers to the practitioner the means to directly study the anterior chamber angle. Its uses are numerous and include glaucoma classification, predilation angle evaluation, and the presence of iris tumors, foreign bodies and anterior synechiae. Since a meaningful gonioscopic examination depends upon the examiner's recognition of the chamber landmarks, a detailed analysis of each structural element is presented. In addition, the techniques for performing gonioscopy with the popular lens types are viewed as is the system for interpretation and recording."}
{"id": "PMID:925301", "title": "Fundus contact lens and Hruby lens.", "content": "The fundus contact lens is a much overlooked diagnostic aid that can make difficult diagnosis simple. The combination of binocular vision, great light intensity and a range of magnification powers using the fundus contact lens and the slit lamp give the practitioner an excellent resolution to view the fundus.", "contents": "Fundus contact lens and Hruby lens. The fundus contact lens is a much overlooked diagnostic aid that can make difficult diagnosis simple. The combination of binocular vision, great light intensity and a range of magnification powers using the fundus contact lens and the slit lamp give the practitioner an excellent resolution to view the fundus."}
{"id": "PMID:925302", "title": "A suggested perimetric procedure for optometrists.", "content": "Perimetry is one of the most important optometric tests for the detection of pathology associated with the visual system. The fact that perimetry may be the only means of discovering certain serious abnormal conditions dictates its routine use on every patient. Suggested procedures for central and peripheral field charting as well as screening techniques are given for some selected commonly used instruments in perimetry.", "contents": "A suggested perimetric procedure for optometrists. Perimetry is one of the most important optometric tests for the detection of pathology associated with the visual system. The fact that perimetry may be the only means of discovering certain serious abnormal conditions dictates its routine use on every patient. Suggested procedures for central and peripheral field charting as well as screening techniques are given for some selected commonly used instruments in perimetry."}
{"id": "PMID:925303", "title": "Photodocumentation.", "content": "Ocular photography is an invaluable adjunct to complete, clinical optometric care. It is an easy and accurate method of documenting and following ocular anomalies and contact lens patients. This article describes the basic types of ocular photographic systems and their uses.", "contents": "Photodocumentation. Ocular photography is an invaluable adjunct to complete, clinical optometric care. It is an easy and accurate method of documenting and following ocular anomalies and contact lens patients. This article describes the basic types of ocular photographic systems and their uses."}
{"id": "PMID:925304", "title": "Sphygmomanometry.", "content": "Hypertension is a major health problem in America today, affecting one in every six adults. The problem is that one-third of those with the disease do not know it. Optometry's role as a primary provider of health care must include screening procedures (sphygmomanometry) for hypertension.", "contents": "Sphygmomanometry. Hypertension is a major health problem in America today, affecting one in every six adults. The problem is that one-third of those with the disease do not know it. Optometry's role as a primary provider of health care must include screening procedures (sphygmomanometry) for hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:925329", "title": "A rapid GC method of monitoring Mesurol (4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl carbamate) and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites and their persistence in lowbush blueberries.", "content": "A facile analytical procedure was developed for determining Mesurol (4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl carbamate) and its oxidation products in blueberries. It involved blending with acetone, partition with chloroform and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride and quantitation by gas chromatography/flame photometric detector (GC/FPD). The method showed good recoveries for Mesurol and its sulfoxide at the 0.1 ppm level and Mesurol sulfone at the 0.3 ppm level with a 25 g sample. It was applied to monitor levels of the insecticide and its oxidation products on field-treated blueberries. The sensitivity of the method may be increased 5-fold by the inclusion of a clean-up step. The optimal conditions for the detection of Mesurol TFA by the modified Bendix sulphur/phosphorus emission detector operating in the sulphur mode required an oxygen/hydrogen ratio of 0.38, for a column flow of 60 ml/min. The minimum detectable amounts of the TFA derivatives of Mesurol, its sulfoxide and sulfone were calculated as 1.3, 2.3 and 5.8 X 10(-11) g/sec, respectively.", "contents": "A rapid GC method of monitoring Mesurol (4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl carbamate) and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites and their persistence in lowbush blueberries. A facile analytical procedure was developed for determining Mesurol (4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl carbamate) and its oxidation products in blueberries. It involved blending with acetone, partition with chloroform and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride and quantitation by gas chromatography/flame photometric detector (GC/FPD). The method showed good recoveries for Mesurol and its sulfoxide at the 0.1 ppm level and Mesurol sulfone at the 0.3 ppm level with a 25 g sample. It was applied to monitor levels of the insecticide and its oxidation products on field-treated blueberries. The sensitivity of the method may be increased 5-fold by the inclusion of a clean-up step. The optimal conditions for the detection of Mesurol TFA by the modified Bendix sulphur/phosphorus emission detector operating in the sulphur mode required an oxygen/hydrogen ratio of 0.38, for a column flow of 60 ml/min. The minimum detectable amounts of the TFA derivatives of Mesurol, its sulfoxide and sulfone were calculated as 1.3, 2.3 and 5.8 X 10(-11) g/sec, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:925330", "title": "The vascularization of human flexor tendons within the digital synovial sheath region--structureal and functional aspects.", "content": "The intrinsic vascularization of human flexor tendons within the digital sheath region was studied on fresh amputation specimens with the aid of angiographic and histochemical techniques. In the flexor digitorum profundus tendon, three separate vascular systems of various origin and with no or very little communication could be verified. In the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, two such systems were observed. The volar surface of both tendons is more or less devoid of vessels. Moreover, at the proximal interphalangeal joint level, the flexor digitorum profundus tendon has a volar avascular zone, constituting about 1 mm, i.e., about one-third to one-fourth of the thickness of the tendon. It is assumed that the synovial fluid is of importance for the nutrition of the tendons and that therefore the synovial sheath should be preserved as much as possible.", "contents": "The vascularization of human flexor tendons within the digital synovial sheath region--structureal and functional aspects. The intrinsic vascularization of human flexor tendons within the digital sheath region was studied on fresh amputation specimens with the aid of angiographic and histochemical techniques. In the flexor digitorum profundus tendon, three separate vascular systems of various origin and with no or very little communication could be verified. In the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, two such systems were observed. The volar surface of both tendons is more or less devoid of vessels. Moreover, at the proximal interphalangeal joint level, the flexor digitorum profundus tendon has a volar avascular zone, constituting about 1 mm, i.e., about one-third to one-fourth of the thickness of the tendon. It is assumed that the synovial fluid is of importance for the nutrition of the tendons and that therefore the synovial sheath should be preserved as much as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:925331", "title": "Primary tendon healing: a review.", "content": "Clinical and experimental studies on primary tendon healing are reviewed and correlated. Emphasis is placed on the importance of blending the extratendinous and intratendinous elements of tendon healing to obtain optimal functional results. Studies which demonstrate the ability of tendon cells to metabolize, proliferate, and secrete collagen when isolated from paratendinous tissue are cited along with those which demonstrate the importance of the microcirculation of the tendon in tendon healing. Those factors which interfere with intratendinous healing are discussed, such as invasive suture techniques, tension on the area of repair, and interference with segmental blood supply within zone II. The importance of the synovial sheath and synovial fluid in nourishing tendon cells and the effect of ischemia in stimulating the ingrowth of adhesions are brought out. Discussion includes such factors involved in the postoperative management of tendon repairs as those which affect the strength of tendon repairs and quantitative and qualitative methods of modifying adhesion formation.", "contents": "Primary tendon healing: a review. Clinical and experimental studies on primary tendon healing are reviewed and correlated. Emphasis is placed on the importance of blending the extratendinous and intratendinous elements of tendon healing to obtain optimal functional results. Studies which demonstrate the ability of tendon cells to metabolize, proliferate, and secrete collagen when isolated from paratendinous tissue are cited along with those which demonstrate the importance of the microcirculation of the tendon in tendon healing. Those factors which interfere with intratendinous healing are discussed, such as invasive suture techniques, tension on the area of repair, and interference with segmental blood supply within zone II. The importance of the synovial sheath and synovial fluid in nourishing tendon cells and the effect of ischemia in stimulating the ingrowth of adhesions are brought out. Discussion includes such factors involved in the postoperative management of tendon repairs as those which affect the strength of tendon repairs and quantitative and qualitative methods of modifying adhesion formation."}
{"id": "PMID:925332", "title": "Flexor tendon graft through intact superficialis tendon.", "content": "During a 14-year period, the flexor profundus mechanism was reconstructed with a free tendon graft in 25 fingers. The graft was passed either through or alongside the intact superficialis tendon. Five of the profundus tendons had ruptured, and 21 had been severed. One patient was under 10 years of age and only three were over 21 years of age. The result was considered to be satisfactory if the finger flexed to 3.2 cm or less of the mid-palm, had at lease 20 degrees of voluntary flexion of the distal joint, and lacked no more than 30 degrees of extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Additionally, to be satisfactory, the combined loss of extension of the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints ahd to be 40 degrees or less for an index or middle finger, and 60 degrees or less for a ring or little finger. Using these criteria, 20 patients were satisfactory, four were unsatisfactory, and one was unchanged. Selected patients who are between the ages of 10 and 21 years will benefit from this operation, providing that the finger had limber joints and minimal scar, and the superficialis tendon flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint at least 80 degrees.", "contents": "Flexor tendon graft through intact superficialis tendon. During a 14-year period, the flexor profundus mechanism was reconstructed with a free tendon graft in 25 fingers. The graft was passed either through or alongside the intact superficialis tendon. Five of the profundus tendons had ruptured, and 21 had been severed. One patient was under 10 years of age and only three were over 21 years of age. The result was considered to be satisfactory if the finger flexed to 3.2 cm or less of the mid-palm, had at lease 20 degrees of voluntary flexion of the distal joint, and lacked no more than 30 degrees of extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Additionally, to be satisfactory, the combined loss of extension of the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints ahd to be 40 degrees or less for an index or middle finger, and 60 degrees or less for a ring or little finger. Using these criteria, 20 patients were satisfactory, four were unsatisfactory, and one was unchanged. Selected patients who are between the ages of 10 and 21 years will benefit from this operation, providing that the finger had limber joints and minimal scar, and the superficialis tendon flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint at least 80 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:925333", "title": "The role of flexor tenolysis in the palm and digits.", "content": "Seventy-seven digitis in 70 patients undergoing a technique of thorough flexor tenolysis, with instillation of local triamcinolone, and immediate motion were studied. Classification of the results utilized a method which determined the percentage of passive joint flexion potential actively achieved and by a second system which graded the results in the finger as a whole. A further categorization into three patient groups, depending on the etiology of the tendon adhesions, was carried out. Using these classifications 84% or the proximal interphalangeal joints, 86% of the distal interphalangeal joints, and 80% of the fingers as a whole were improved by this procedure. These results were comparable or superior to those of other published reports. Improvement in digital flexion was consistent, often with restoration of near-normal function. The incidence of tendon rupture, infection, and delayed wound healing have not been great.", "contents": "The role of flexor tenolysis in the palm and digits. Seventy-seven digitis in 70 patients undergoing a technique of thorough flexor tenolysis, with instillation of local triamcinolone, and immediate motion were studied. Classification of the results utilized a method which determined the percentage of passive joint flexion potential actively achieved and by a second system which graded the results in the finger as a whole. A further categorization into three patient groups, depending on the etiology of the tendon adhesions, was carried out. Using these classifications 84% or the proximal interphalangeal joints, 86% of the distal interphalangeal joints, and 80% of the fingers as a whole were improved by this procedure. These results were comparable or superior to those of other published reports. Improvement in digital flexion was consistent, often with restoration of near-normal function. The incidence of tendon rupture, infection, and delayed wound healing have not been great."}
{"id": "PMID:925334", "title": "Transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger: a clinical assessment of hand strength and complications.", "content": "A clinical study of hand strength and complications in 41 patients with a transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger found that the average prehension strength was reduced by 20% and stability of grip by almost 50%. Tendon transfers or other operative modifications did not affect the results. The most disabling complication, hyperesthesia, or painful sensitivity to light touch, in the thumb--long-finger web was present in 59% of patients and interfered with hand function in 37%.", "contents": "Transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger: a clinical assessment of hand strength and complications. A clinical study of hand strength and complications in 41 patients with a transmetacarpal amputation of the index finger found that the average prehension strength was reduced by 20% and stability of grip by almost 50%. Tendon transfers or other operative modifications did not affect the results. The most disabling complication, hyperesthesia, or painful sensitivity to light touch, in the thumb--long-finger web was present in 59% of patients and interfered with hand function in 37%."}
{"id": "PMID:925335", "title": "Radial artery cannulation in 1,000 patients: precautions and complications.", "content": "A review of 1,000 radial artery cannulations performed over a 2-year period showed that, with careful selection of patients, by means of the Allen test and Doppler studies, and with the apparatus used, only two serious complications were encountered; embolectomy was necessary in one and arterial reconstruction in another. Twenty-four percent of patients had evidence of diminution of flow, but in none did it persist for more than 2 weeks. Critical factors in reducing complications were a short period of cannulation, use of a Teflon catheter, and a continuous arterial line flush system.", "contents": "Radial artery cannulation in 1,000 patients: precautions and complications. A review of 1,000 radial artery cannulations performed over a 2-year period showed that, with careful selection of patients, by means of the Allen test and Doppler studies, and with the apparatus used, only two serious complications were encountered; embolectomy was necessary in one and arterial reconstruction in another. Twenty-four percent of patients had evidence of diminution of flow, but in none did it persist for more than 2 weeks. Critical factors in reducing complications were a short period of cannulation, use of a Teflon catheter, and a continuous arterial line flush system."}
{"id": "PMID:925336", "title": "Strain differences in the prealbumin serum esterases of JAX rabbits.", "content": "The serum prealbumin esterase phenotypes were determined for 431 adult rabbits representing the majority of the breeding stock of the genetically defined JAX rabbits. Uniform phenotypes were observed in 8 of the 15 strains where adequate samples were obtained. In all of the phenotypes where uniformity was observed, the Est-2F gene was lacking. Also, all 431 rabbits lacked the Est-3D allele commonly observed in Europe. A sex difference was seen in the f' zone, which was darker in females than in males when the staining process was twice the normal length of time.", "contents": "Strain differences in the prealbumin serum esterases of JAX rabbits. The serum prealbumin esterase phenotypes were determined for 431 adult rabbits representing the majority of the breeding stock of the genetically defined JAX rabbits. Uniform phenotypes were observed in 8 of the 15 strains where adequate samples were obtained. In all of the phenotypes where uniformity was observed, the Est-2F gene was lacking. Also, all 431 rabbits lacked the Est-3D allele commonly observed in Europe. A sex difference was seen in the f' zone, which was darker in females than in males when the staining process was twice the normal length of time."}
{"id": "PMID:925341", "title": "Characterization of antral gastrin cells with region-specific antisera.", "content": "A number of gastrin antisera, which in radioimmunoassay systems showed no or negligible cross-reactivity towards the structurally and functionally related peptide cholecystokinin were found to react with both gastrin and cholecystokinin cells when used for immunocytochemistry. This discrepancy was shown to be due either to reactivity against a COOH-terminal region common to gastrin and cholecystokinin or to the occurrence of heterogenous antibody populations in the antisera. By differential absorptions the latter type of antisera could be rendered specific for gastrin. Antisera reactive against the NH2-terminal, middle or COOH-terminal regions of human heptadecapeptide gastrin were prepared and together with a specific cholecystokinin antiserum used for the characterization of antral gastrin cells of different species. The results indicate that only the COOH-terminal region of gastrin is conserved during evolution.", "contents": "Characterization of antral gastrin cells with region-specific antisera. A number of gastrin antisera, which in radioimmunoassay systems showed no or negligible cross-reactivity towards the structurally and functionally related peptide cholecystokinin were found to react with both gastrin and cholecystokinin cells when used for immunocytochemistry. This discrepancy was shown to be due either to reactivity against a COOH-terminal region common to gastrin and cholecystokinin or to the occurrence of heterogenous antibody populations in the antisera. By differential absorptions the latter type of antisera could be rendered specific for gastrin. Antisera reactive against the NH2-terminal, middle or COOH-terminal regions of human heptadecapeptide gastrin were prepared and together with a specific cholecystokinin antiserum used for the characterization of antral gastrin cells of different species. The results indicate that only the COOH-terminal region of gastrin is conserved during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:925342", "title": "Response of the lysosomal system of the corneal epithelium to tyrosine-induced cell injury.", "content": "Rats fed excess tyrosine develop corneal epithelial disease which parallels that found in humans with tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency (tyrosinosis). In the rat, focal lesions develop within the central epithelium and contain crystals (presumably tyrosine) that disrupt cells. We have studied these lesions and localized acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase at the electron microscope level. Within 60 hr after initiation of diet, cells within the lesions showed an increase in lysosomal enzyme activity. This activity was localized inside some of the crystal ghosts and in numerous lysosomes, including autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. After 84 hr on diet the entire central corneal epithelium was disrupted and polymorphonuclear leukocytes had infiltrated the area. Crystals were phagocytosed by or developed within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We hypothesize that crystals form within epithelial cells, disrupt first their lysosomes, and then cells, leading to externalization of lysosomal enzymes. This extracellular lysosomal enzyme release may be responsible for the acute inflammatory response that ensues.", "contents": "Response of the lysosomal system of the corneal epithelium to tyrosine-induced cell injury. Rats fed excess tyrosine develop corneal epithelial disease which parallels that found in humans with tyrosine aminotransferase deficiency (tyrosinosis). In the rat, focal lesions develop within the central epithelium and contain crystals (presumably tyrosine) that disrupt cells. We have studied these lesions and localized acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase at the electron microscope level. Within 60 hr after initiation of diet, cells within the lesions showed an increase in lysosomal enzyme activity. This activity was localized inside some of the crystal ghosts and in numerous lysosomes, including autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies. After 84 hr on diet the entire central corneal epithelium was disrupted and polymorphonuclear leukocytes had infiltrated the area. Crystals were phagocytosed by or developed within polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We hypothesize that crystals form within epithelial cells, disrupt first their lysosomes, and then cells, leading to externalization of lysosomal enzymes. This extracellular lysosomal enzyme release may be responsible for the acute inflammatory response that ensues."}
{"id": "PMID:925337", "title": "Studies of the human sex ratio and factors influencing family size in Botucatu, Brazil.", "content": "During 1974--75, data on sex and family size were obtained from approximately 500 Brazilian college students and their parents. Sex ratios for the immediate and parental generations were 107:100 and 106:100, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between sexes of various children in families of the immediate generation. A significant positive relationship was found between sexes of the first two children in families of two or more children. The overall correlation between sexes of successive births was positive but not significant. Correlation coefficients between sexes separated by one or more births were not significant. The observed frequencies of combinations of sexes within the various family sizes did not differ from expected frequencies. Average numbers of children per family were 4.39 and 6.80 for the immediate and parental generations, respectively. Average family sizes decreased as the formal educational level of the parents increased. If the parents' desired both sexes of children, such preferences had no measurable influence on family size.", "contents": "Studies of the human sex ratio and factors influencing family size in Botucatu, Brazil. During 1974--75, data on sex and family size were obtained from approximately 500 Brazilian college students and their parents. Sex ratios for the immediate and parental generations were 107:100 and 106:100, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between sexes of various children in families of the immediate generation. A significant positive relationship was found between sexes of the first two children in families of two or more children. The overall correlation between sexes of successive births was positive but not significant. Correlation coefficients between sexes separated by one or more births were not significant. The observed frequencies of combinations of sexes within the various family sizes did not differ from expected frequencies. Average numbers of children per family were 4.39 and 6.80 for the immediate and parental generations, respectively. Average family sizes decreased as the formal educational level of the parents increased. If the parents' desired both sexes of children, such preferences had no measurable influence on family size."}
{"id": "PMID:925343", "title": "Electron microscope immunohistochemical localization of substance P in the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "Substance P is an undecapeptide that is distributed in many areas of the central nervous system. In order to clearly identify the structures and organelles containing substance P, an immunohistochemical localization of this peptide was performed at the ultrastructural level. Substance P was detected in dense core vesicles of many nerve endings in both the amygdaloid nucleus and the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. These findings support the hypothesis that substance P could act as a neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Electron microscope immunohistochemical localization of substance P in the central nervous system of the rat. Substance P is an undecapeptide that is distributed in many areas of the central nervous system. In order to clearly identify the structures and organelles containing substance P, an immunohistochemical localization of this peptide was performed at the ultrastructural level. Substance P was detected in dense core vesicles of many nerve endings in both the amygdaloid nucleus and the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. These findings support the hypothesis that substance P could act as a neurotransmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:925339", "title": "Male preference and family size.", "content": "The influence on family size of the sex of the first children was studied in a sample of 1851 families of students in Sevilla University. Significantly more families limited family size to two or three children when the two or three children were of the same sex than in the opposite case. Significantly more families limited family size to three children when not all the three first children were females. The frequency of families having more than three children is not increased to a larger extent when the three first children are males than in the other cases.", "contents": "Male preference and family size. The influence on family size of the sex of the first children was studied in a sample of 1851 families of students in Sevilla University. Significantly more families limited family size to two or three children when the two or three children were of the same sex than in the opposite case. Significantly more families limited family size to three children when not all the three first children were females. The frequency of families having more than three children is not increased to a larger extent when the three first children are males than in the other cases."}
{"id": "PMID:925345", "title": "Morphogenesis and morphology of the brain stem nuclei of Cetacea. I. The hypoglossal nucleus.", "content": "1. The hypoglossal nucleus of whalebone whales is composed of four major subdivisions, forming four parallel columns, here called the dorsomedial, the dorsolateral, the ventromedial and the ventrolateral XII columns. 2. The ventromedial XII column extends throughout the hypoglossal nucleus, forming in whalebone whales the rostral as well as the caudal end of the nucleus. 3. The ventrolateral XII column is lamelliformed and splits into a dorsomedial and a ventrolateral part, the former intimately related topographically to the dorsomedial column. 4. The dorsomedial XII column is torpedo-shaped, tapering in rostral direction and terminating a little short of the rostral end of the ventromedial XII column, while the blunt end terminates immediately caudal to the obex. 5. The dorsolateral XII column is the shortest subdivision, approximately one fourth of the length of the entire hypoglossal nucleus. The blunt rostral end of the torpedo-shaped column blends with the dorsomedial XII column, its tapering caudal end terminating rostral to the obex. 6. The cells of the hypoglossal nucleus vary in size from small to medium-sized and large, the small ones dominating in the dorsomedial, the large ones in the dorsolateral and ventromedial XII columns. The ventrolateral column is characterized by spindle-shaped cells. 7. In the toothed whale Phocaena communis the differentiation of the hypoglossal nucleus is less clearcut than in whalebone whales, but a similar structural priniciple is recognizable.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and morphology of the brain stem nuclei of Cetacea. I. The hypoglossal nucleus. 1. The hypoglossal nucleus of whalebone whales is composed of four major subdivisions, forming four parallel columns, here called the dorsomedial, the dorsolateral, the ventromedial and the ventrolateral XII columns. 2. The ventromedial XII column extends throughout the hypoglossal nucleus, forming in whalebone whales the rostral as well as the caudal end of the nucleus. 3. The ventrolateral XII column is lamelliformed and splits into a dorsomedial and a ventrolateral part, the former intimately related topographically to the dorsomedial column. 4. The dorsomedial XII column is torpedo-shaped, tapering in rostral direction and terminating a little short of the rostral end of the ventromedial XII column, while the blunt end terminates immediately caudal to the obex. 5. The dorsolateral XII column is the shortest subdivision, approximately one fourth of the length of the entire hypoglossal nucleus. The blunt rostral end of the torpedo-shaped column blends with the dorsomedial XII column, its tapering caudal end terminating rostral to the obex. 6. The cells of the hypoglossal nucleus vary in size from small to medium-sized and large, the small ones dominating in the dorsomedial, the large ones in the dorsolateral and ventromedial XII columns. The ventrolateral column is characterized by spindle-shaped cells. 7. In the toothed whale Phocaena communis the differentiation of the hypoglossal nucleus is less clearcut than in whalebone whales, but a similar structural priniciple is recognizable."}
{"id": "PMID:925338", "title": "Failure of chronic exposure to nonthermal FM radio waves to mutate Drosophila.", "content": "A stock of Drosophila sc VI - YS/y ac oc ptg - YL/y ac oc ptg - YL/y sc S1 B In49 ct ns v sc8 that accumulated the recessive lethals on the X chromosome was exposed to a frequency of 98.5 MHz (wave length 3.35 m) and a field strength of 0.3 V/m. The flies were kept near the base of the 300-ft antenna of a 50,000 watt transmitter for 32 weeks. There was no significant difference in the percentage of lethals between the stock exposed to 4,020 hours of nonthermal FM radio waves and the controls.", "contents": "Failure of chronic exposure to nonthermal FM radio waves to mutate Drosophila. A stock of Drosophila sc VI - YS/y ac oc ptg - YL/y ac oc ptg - YL/y sc S1 B In49 ct ns v sc8 that accumulated the recessive lethals on the X chromosome was exposed to a frequency of 98.5 MHz (wave length 3.35 m) and a field strength of 0.3 V/m. The flies were kept near the base of the 300-ft antenna of a 50,000 watt transmitter for 32 weeks. There was no significant difference in the percentage of lethals between the stock exposed to 4,020 hours of nonthermal FM radio waves and the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:925346", "title": "[Investigations on the basal dendritic tree of lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of rats after destruction of the lateral geniculate body and after dark raising (author's transl)].", "content": "The basal dendritic trees of the lamina-V-pyramidal cells of rats were investigated after 1th unilateral destruction of the dorsal lateral geniculate body (Cgld) 2nd dark raising I. Animals with destroyed Cgld. Comparing the data of free dendritic terminations (FDE), branching points (VZP), number of segments (AdD) and length of segments (LdD) no significant differences have been remarked between--controls of the same litter (non-influenced side),--influenced sides of animals of the same litter. A significant difference between the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres of animals with unilateral geniculate destruction. II. Dark raised animals There were no significant differences between dark raised animals, their controls and between dark raised animals and controls. The causes of postoperative changings have been discussed. Mainly retrograde degeneration effects may be responsible for the ascertained differences.", "contents": "[Investigations on the basal dendritic tree of lamina-V-pyramidal cells in the visual cortex of rats after destruction of the lateral geniculate body and after dark raising (author's transl)]. The basal dendritic trees of the lamina-V-pyramidal cells of rats were investigated after 1th unilateral destruction of the dorsal lateral geniculate body (Cgld) 2nd dark raising I. Animals with destroyed Cgld. Comparing the data of free dendritic terminations (FDE), branching points (VZP), number of segments (AdD) and length of segments (LdD) no significant differences have been remarked between--controls of the same litter (non-influenced side),--influenced sides of animals of the same litter. A significant difference between the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres of animals with unilateral geniculate destruction. II. Dark raised animals There were no significant differences between dark raised animals, their controls and between dark raised animals and controls. The causes of postoperative changings have been discussed. Mainly retrograde degeneration effects may be responsible for the ascertained differences."}
{"id": "PMID:925347", "title": "The effect of public policies on the demand for higher education.", "content": "A binomial logit model is fitted to the college attendance behavior of 27,046 male high-school juniors in 1960, divided into 20 subgroups defined by student ability and family income. Tuition, high admissions standards, travel costs, and room and board costs all have significant negative effects on attendance. The highest elasticities of demand are found to occur in the low-income strata and lower-middle ability quartile, suggesting that an efficient subsidy program should focus on these groups. Coefficients of forgone earnings and measures of the local payoff to college attendance are small but generally have the expected sign.", "contents": "The effect of public policies on the demand for higher education. A binomial logit model is fitted to the college attendance behavior of 27,046 male high-school juniors in 1960, divided into 20 subgroups defined by student ability and family income. Tuition, high admissions standards, travel costs, and room and board costs all have significant negative effects on attendance. The highest elasticities of demand are found to occur in the low-income strata and lower-middle ability quartile, suggesting that an efficient subsidy program should focus on these groups. Coefficients of forgone earnings and measures of the local payoff to college attendance are small but generally have the expected sign."}
{"id": "PMID:925348", "title": "The antipoverty effectiveness of in-kind transfers.", "content": "In recording its poverty statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau ignores the impact of in-kind transfers on the extent of poverty. In this paper, we estimate that when in-kind food, housing, and medical care transfers are counted and measured at their cash-equivalent value, and when Census income is adjusted for underreporting, federal taxes, and intrahousehold income-sharing, the 1972 poverty count and the poverty gap are halved. In addition, we find that in-kind transfers are relatively inefficient devices for reducing income poverty, delivering only about 31 cents of anitpoverty effect per dollar of program cost.", "contents": "The antipoverty effectiveness of in-kind transfers. In recording its poverty statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau ignores the impact of in-kind transfers on the extent of poverty. In this paper, we estimate that when in-kind food, housing, and medical care transfers are counted and measured at their cash-equivalent value, and when Census income is adjusted for underreporting, federal taxes, and intrahousehold income-sharing, the 1972 poverty count and the poverty gap are halved. In addition, we find that in-kind transfers are relatively inefficient devices for reducing income poverty, delivering only about 31 cents of anitpoverty effect per dollar of program cost."}
{"id": "PMID:925349", "title": "Population genetics of Aa and Ab immunoglobulin allotypes in wild rabbits of south-eastern Australia. I. Allotype frequencies.", "content": "Aa and Ab allotype frequencies have been investigated in wild rabbit populations throughout Victoria and South-east South Australia. The overall mean allele frequencies for thirty-three populations are 0-53:0-12:0-36 for a1:a2:a3 and 0-72:0-22:0-05 for b4:b5:b9. The b6 allele was not found anywhere. The a1 frequency has been found to increase in proportion to increases in mean annual rainfall. While considerable variations exist in allotype and allele frequencies from area to area, the relationships a1 greater than a3 greater than a2 and b4 greater than b5 greater than b9 are almost always observed. The results are discussed in terms of the historical origins of Australian wild rabbits and possible genetic mechanisms to explain the maintenance of allotype 'hierarchies' in large populations breeding at random.", "contents": "Population genetics of Aa and Ab immunoglobulin allotypes in wild rabbits of south-eastern Australia. I. Allotype frequencies. Aa and Ab allotype frequencies have been investigated in wild rabbit populations throughout Victoria and South-east South Australia. The overall mean allele frequencies for thirty-three populations are 0-53:0-12:0-36 for a1:a2:a3 and 0-72:0-22:0-05 for b4:b5:b9. The b6 allele was not found anywhere. The a1 frequency has been found to increase in proportion to increases in mean annual rainfall. While considerable variations exist in allotype and allele frequencies from area to area, the relationships a1 greater than a3 greater than a2 and b4 greater than b5 greater than b9 are almost always observed. The results are discussed in terms of the historical origins of Australian wild rabbits and possible genetic mechanisms to explain the maintenance of allotype 'hierarchies' in large populations breeding at random."}
{"id": "PMID:925350", "title": "Segregation of HLA haplotypes in 100 families with a myasthenia gravis patient.", "content": "An analysis of the HLA data of 100 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and their first degree relatives and spouses is presented. The family studies confirmed the excess of B8 in the myasthenia gravis patients and showed that the excess was not limited to the A1, B8 haplotype. An excess of B8 homozygous patients was found from the matings of two B8 heterozygous parents, suggesting the existence of a dominant B8 linked MG susceptibility. B8 homozygous individuals run a 4-7 times higher risk of acquiring myasthenia gravis than B8 heterozygous individuals.", "contents": "Segregation of HLA haplotypes in 100 families with a myasthenia gravis patient. An analysis of the HLA data of 100 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and their first degree relatives and spouses is presented. The family studies confirmed the excess of B8 in the myasthenia gravis patients and showed that the excess was not limited to the A1, B8 haplotype. An excess of B8 homozygous patients was found from the matings of two B8 heterozygous parents, suggesting the existence of a dominant B8 linked MG susceptibility. B8 homozygous individuals run a 4-7 times higher risk of acquiring myasthenia gravis than B8 heterozygous individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:925352", "title": "Gene expression of a region of chromosome 17 during murine spermatogenesis.", "content": "The presence of H-2-linked gene products on spermatozoa and their time of appearance during spermatogenesis was determined. Thymus leukaemia antigen specificities 1, 2 and 3 could not be detected on spermatozoa by absorption of the antisera. Immunofluorescent studies with anti-Slp sera did not reveal any specific reactivity with target spermatozoa. In contrast, H-2D antigens were present on somatic as well as germ line components in testes so the time of their first appearance during spermatogenesis could not be precisely specified. Cell separation experiments indicate that H-2D antigens are present on pachytene spermatocytes and increased in quantity on spermatids. The sperm-specific isoenzyme of phosphoglycerate kinase, Pgk-2, appears at a later stage of spermatogenesis than do the H-2 region antigens.", "contents": "Gene expression of a region of chromosome 17 during murine spermatogenesis. The presence of H-2-linked gene products on spermatozoa and their time of appearance during spermatogenesis was determined. Thymus leukaemia antigen specificities 1, 2 and 3 could not be detected on spermatozoa by absorption of the antisera. Immunofluorescent studies with anti-Slp sera did not reveal any specific reactivity with target spermatozoa. In contrast, H-2D antigens were present on somatic as well as germ line components in testes so the time of their first appearance during spermatogenesis could not be precisely specified. Cell separation experiments indicate that H-2D antigens are present on pachytene spermatocytes and increased in quantity on spermatids. The sperm-specific isoenzyme of phosphoglycerate kinase, Pgk-2, appears at a later stage of spermatogenesis than do the H-2 region antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:925353", "title": "PGM3 locus and its genetic polymorphism in lymphocytes of the pig.", "content": "PGM3 activity was investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. In the pig of the German Landrace three different phenotypes have been recognized: F, S and FS. Family studies suggest the occurrence of at least two alleles--PGM3F and the PGM3S at an autosomal locus.", "contents": "PGM3 locus and its genetic polymorphism in lymphocytes of the pig. PGM3 activity was investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. In the pig of the German Landrace three different phenotypes have been recognized: F, S and FS. Family studies suggest the occurrence of at least two alleles--PGM3F and the PGM3S at an autosomal locus."}
{"id": "PMID:925374", "title": "Rates of plasma porphyrin disappearance in fluorescent vs. red incandescent light exposure.", "content": "The rates of porphyrin disappearance in plasma specimens were assessed during exposure to standard fluorescent room lighting. Protoporphyrin half-life in specimens from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria appeared to be less than 30 min under these conditions. Uroporphyrin-coproporphyrin mixtures in plasmas of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were more photostable, with half-lives measurable in terms of hours. All plasma porphyrins could be protected for several days from similar photodegradation by performing all blood drawing, processing, and assay procedures under ordinary red-incandescent illumination, and by storage in the dark.", "contents": "Rates of plasma porphyrin disappearance in fluorescent vs. red incandescent light exposure. The rates of porphyrin disappearance in plasma specimens were assessed during exposure to standard fluorescent room lighting. Protoporphyrin half-life in specimens from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria appeared to be less than 30 min under these conditions. Uroporphyrin-coproporphyrin mixtures in plasmas of patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were more photostable, with half-lives measurable in terms of hours. All plasma porphyrins could be protected for several days from similar photodegradation by performing all blood drawing, processing, and assay procedures under ordinary red-incandescent illumination, and by storage in the dark."}
{"id": "PMID:925375", "title": "Potentiation of itch and flare responses in human skin by prostaglandins E2 and H2 and a prostaglandin endoperoxide analog.", "content": "The itch and erythematous responses induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the unstable prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 (t1/2 approximately 5 min at 37 degrees C) and the stable endoperoxide analog (15S)-hydroxy-9alpha, 11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid (EPA) were studied in volunteers. The compounds were given alone or in combination with histamine. All the compounds produced flare reaction in the skin; the order of potency was PGE2 greater than PGH2 greater than EPA. PGE2 and PGH2 evoked a sensation of itch in about half of the subjects whereas the same doses of EPA gave no itch response. In combination with histamine all compounds elicited itch of longer duration and flare of larger area than could be accounted for by simple additive effects of any released histamine. The results indicate that the PGs and PG intermediates formed in skin may potentiate the pruritogenic and flare-inducing effects of inflammagens in man.", "contents": "Potentiation of itch and flare responses in human skin by prostaglandins E2 and H2 and a prostaglandin endoperoxide analog. The itch and erythematous responses induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the unstable prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 (t1/2 approximately 5 min at 37 degrees C) and the stable endoperoxide analog (15S)-hydroxy-9alpha, 11alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid (EPA) were studied in volunteers. The compounds were given alone or in combination with histamine. All the compounds produced flare reaction in the skin; the order of potency was PGE2 greater than PGH2 greater than EPA. PGE2 and PGH2 evoked a sensation of itch in about half of the subjects whereas the same doses of EPA gave no itch response. In combination with histamine all compounds elicited itch of longer duration and flare of larger area than could be accounted for by simple additive effects of any released histamine. The results indicate that the PGs and PG intermediates formed in skin may potentiate the pruritogenic and flare-inducing effects of inflammagens in man."}
{"id": "PMID:925376", "title": "Induction of hyphae in cultures of Pityrosporum by cholesterol and cholesterol esters.", "content": "The effect of cholesterol and cholesterol esters on Pityrosporum cultures has been studied. A mixture of 0.25% to 2.0% of cholesterol:cholesteryl stearate:glyceryl monostearate (2.0:1.5:2.0) added to Bacto Yeast Morphology Agar plus oleic acid was able to induce hyphae in cultures of both Pityrosporum orbiculare and P. ovale. This result is discussed with respect to the cholesterol effect on cell membranes and to the occurrence of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in the scaling patches of Pityriasis versicolor.", "contents": "Induction of hyphae in cultures of Pityrosporum by cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The effect of cholesterol and cholesterol esters on Pityrosporum cultures has been studied. A mixture of 0.25% to 2.0% of cholesterol:cholesteryl stearate:glyceryl monostearate (2.0:1.5:2.0) added to Bacto Yeast Morphology Agar plus oleic acid was able to induce hyphae in cultures of both Pityrosporum orbiculare and P. ovale. This result is discussed with respect to the cholesterol effect on cell membranes and to the occurrence of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in the scaling patches of Pityriasis versicolor."}
{"id": "PMID:925378", "title": "In vitro studies on the protoporphyrin uptake and photosensitivity of normal skin fibroblasts and fibroblasts from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) are not sensitive to violet light and do not contain an excess of protoporphyrin (PP). Fibroblasts from both normal individuals and patients with EPP can take up very low concentrations of PP from culture medium. Cells grown in PP-containing medium showed a gradually increasing but limited uptake of PP and also an increased sensitivity to light. A sensitive scanning microfluorometric method has made it possible to demonstrate that the PP is mainly localized in the perinuclear granules. After exposure to violet light, cells photosensitized by PP in a culture medium showed increased membrane permeability as well as reduced reproductive capacity. Both of these photodamage effects can be repaired during postirradiation incubation in culture medium at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the protoporphyrin uptake and photosensitivity of normal skin fibroblasts and fibroblasts from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Fibroblasts derived from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) are not sensitive to violet light and do not contain an excess of protoporphyrin (PP). Fibroblasts from both normal individuals and patients with EPP can take up very low concentrations of PP from culture medium. Cells grown in PP-containing medium showed a gradually increasing but limited uptake of PP and also an increased sensitivity to light. A sensitive scanning microfluorometric method has made it possible to demonstrate that the PP is mainly localized in the perinuclear granules. After exposure to violet light, cells photosensitized by PP in a culture medium showed increased membrane permeability as well as reduced reproductive capacity. Both of these photodamage effects can be repaired during postirradiation incubation in culture medium at 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:925379", "title": "Evaluation of a UDP-glucose-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella typhi as a liver oral vaccine.", "content": "A mutant (Ty21a) of Salmonella typhi, which lacks the enzyme uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose-4-epimerase, was evaluated in volunteers for use as a live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine. Five to eight doses of vaccine (containing 3-10(10) viable organisms per dose) were given to 155 men without significant side effects. The rate of excretion of the vaccine strain in stools was low, and the majority of isolations occurred on day 1 after vaccination. Revertants able to fement galactose were not found in any of 958 stool isolates tested. The mutant, strain Ty21a, grown in brain-heart infusion broth (BHIB) with 0.1% galactose, produces more O side chain than the same vaccine strain cultivated without galactose. Volunteers vaccinated with strain Ty21a grown in galactose and then challenged with 10(5) virulen S. typhi were significantly protected from disease and also had decreased stool carriage of S. typhi as compared with controls. Strain Ty21a grown without galactose did not provide vaccinees significant protection nor decrease fecal excretion of S. typhi as compared with controls. Strain Ty21a, when grown in BHIB with 0.1% galactose, results in a safe, stable and protective oral vaccine that warrants further study in field trials.", "contents": "Evaluation of a UDP-glucose-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella typhi as a liver oral vaccine. A mutant (Ty21a) of Salmonella typhi, which lacks the enzyme uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose-4-epimerase, was evaluated in volunteers for use as a live attenuated oral typhoid vaccine. Five to eight doses of vaccine (containing 3-10(10) viable organisms per dose) were given to 155 men without significant side effects. The rate of excretion of the vaccine strain in stools was low, and the majority of isolations occurred on day 1 after vaccination. Revertants able to fement galactose were not found in any of 958 stool isolates tested. The mutant, strain Ty21a, grown in brain-heart infusion broth (BHIB) with 0.1% galactose, produces more O side chain than the same vaccine strain cultivated without galactose. Volunteers vaccinated with strain Ty21a grown in galactose and then challenged with 10(5) virulen S. typhi were significantly protected from disease and also had decreased stool carriage of S. typhi as compared with controls. Strain Ty21a grown without galactose did not provide vaccinees significant protection nor decrease fecal excretion of S. typhi as compared with controls. Strain Ty21a, when grown in BHIB with 0.1% galactose, results in a safe, stable and protective oral vaccine that warrants further study in field trials."}
{"id": "PMID:925380", "title": "Antileishmanial effect of allopurinol. II. Relationship of adenine metabolism in Leishmania species to the action of allopurinol.", "content": "Allopurinol was shown to be effective in vitro against Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania donovani as well as against Leishmania braziliensis. The major metabolic derivative of allopurinol in humans, oxipurinol, also is antileishmanial for L. donovani. The antileishmanial effect of allopurinol and oxipurinol can be specifically reversed by adenine, and its metabolic precursors and derivatives, but by no other purines or their derivative. It is proposed that the adenylosuccinate synthetase or the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase may be sites of action for these agents.", "contents": "Antileishmanial effect of allopurinol. II. Relationship of adenine metabolism in Leishmania species to the action of allopurinol. Allopurinol was shown to be effective in vitro against Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania donovani as well as against Leishmania braziliensis. The major metabolic derivative of allopurinol in humans, oxipurinol, also is antileishmanial for L. donovani. The antileishmanial effect of allopurinol and oxipurinol can be specifically reversed by adenine, and its metabolic precursors and derivatives, but by no other purines or their derivative. It is proposed that the adenylosuccinate synthetase or the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase may be sites of action for these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:925381", "title": "Immunoepidemiology of meningococcal disease in military recruits. II. Blocking of serum bactericidal activity by circulating IgA early in the course of invasive disease.", "content": "The potential role of IgA antibody to Neisseria meningitidis, which blocks bacteriolysis by IgG and IgM, in producing the susceptible state in military recruits, a population at greater than expected risk, was investigated in 28 patients with meningococcal disease. IgA was removed from acute-phase sera by immunoadsorption; IgG was separated by ion-exchange, and IgM by gel-filtration chromatography. The bactericidal activity of acute-phase sera, before and after removal of IgA, and of IgG and IgM fractions from the sera, was tested against each of the homologous infecting strains. Bactericidal activity, the correlate of protective immunity, was deficient in 24 of 28 unabsorbed sera, but uniformly present after the removal of IgA in a median titer of 1:16. IgM accounted for all or nearly all of the bactericidal activity. IgG was largely inactive. Susceptibility to meningococcal disease may be affected by the blocking of bactericidal IgM by circulating IgA.", "contents": "Immunoepidemiology of meningococcal disease in military recruits. II. Blocking of serum bactericidal activity by circulating IgA early in the course of invasive disease. The potential role of IgA antibody to Neisseria meningitidis, which blocks bacteriolysis by IgG and IgM, in producing the susceptible state in military recruits, a population at greater than expected risk, was investigated in 28 patients with meningococcal disease. IgA was removed from acute-phase sera by immunoadsorption; IgG was separated by ion-exchange, and IgM by gel-filtration chromatography. The bactericidal activity of acute-phase sera, before and after removal of IgA, and of IgG and IgM fractions from the sera, was tested against each of the homologous infecting strains. Bactericidal activity, the correlate of protective immunity, was deficient in 24 of 28 unabsorbed sera, but uniformly present after the removal of IgA in a median titer of 1:16. IgM accounted for all or nearly all of the bactericidal activity. IgG was largely inactive. Susceptibility to meningococcal disease may be affected by the blocking of bactericidal IgM by circulating IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:925382", "title": "Efficacy of live attenuated influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccine against challenge with influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus.", "content": "For evaluation of heterologous protection by live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, 42 healthy volunteers with low titers of or no antibody to A/Scotland/74  (H3N2) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) influenza viruses were given live attenuated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccine or placebo by the intranasal route with no resultant vaccine-related illness. Seventeen of 21 vaccine recipients and none of 21 placebo recipients developed antibody conversion. Thirty-seven days after administration of vaccine or placebo, all subjects were challenged intranasally with wild-type A/Victoria/3/75 influenza virus. Five placebo recipients and no vaccine recipients developed moderately severe illness, whereas 10 vaccine recipients and three placebo recipients developed no illness (p less than 0.025). Although 16 of 21 vaccine recipients fulfilled criteria of infection with the challenge virus, shedding of virus was significantly less frequent, less prolonged, and of significantly lower magnitude than that in the placebo recipients. Thus, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine showed a significant protective effect against illness following challenge with heterologous wild-type virus. The protective effect and the negligible side effects of this vaccine merit consideration of its use in a large-scale field trial.", "contents": "Efficacy of live attenuated influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccine against challenge with influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus. For evaluation of heterologous protection by live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, 42 healthy volunteers with low titers of or no antibody to A/Scotland/74  (H3N2) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) influenza viruses were given live attenuated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccine or placebo by the intranasal route with no resultant vaccine-related illness. Seventeen of 21 vaccine recipients and none of 21 placebo recipients developed antibody conversion. Thirty-seven days after administration of vaccine or placebo, all subjects were challenged intranasally with wild-type A/Victoria/3/75 influenza virus. Five placebo recipients and no vaccine recipients developed moderately severe illness, whereas 10 vaccine recipients and three placebo recipients developed no illness (p less than 0.025). Although 16 of 21 vaccine recipients fulfilled criteria of infection with the challenge virus, shedding of virus was significantly less frequent, less prolonged, and of significantly lower magnitude than that in the placebo recipients. Thus, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine showed a significant protective effect against illness following challenge with heterologous wild-type virus. The protective effect and the negligible side effects of this vaccine merit consideration of its use in a large-scale field trial."}
{"id": "PMID:925383", "title": "Standardization of a preparative ultracentrifuge method for quantitative determination or protein binding of seven antibiotics.", "content": "A preparative ultracentrifuge method was standardized for determination of quantitative binding of cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, cefaclor, erythromycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol to human serum proteins. At achievable in vivo concentrations, serum binding was 78.5% for cephalothin, 79.9% for cefamandole, 88.5% for cefazolin, 23.5% for cefaclor, 41.9% for erythromycin, 22.7% for gentamicin, and 59.5% for chloramphenicol. Techniques that use semipermeable cellophane or diaflow membranes, cross-linked dextran, inhibition of bacterial growth, protein precipitation, or liquid partitioning all have inherent problems with either the ligand or the antibiotic adversely interacting with the experimental apparatus. Ultracentrifugation provides a rapid, reproducible technique for protein-binding determinations of the classes of antibiotics described.", "contents": "Standardization of a preparative ultracentrifuge method for quantitative determination or protein binding of seven antibiotics. A preparative ultracentrifuge method was standardized for determination of quantitative binding of cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, cefaclor, erythromycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol to human serum proteins. At achievable in vivo concentrations, serum binding was 78.5% for cephalothin, 79.9% for cefamandole, 88.5% for cefazolin, 23.5% for cefaclor, 41.9% for erythromycin, 22.7% for gentamicin, and 59.5% for chloramphenicol. Techniques that use semipermeable cellophane or diaflow membranes, cross-linked dextran, inhibition of bacterial growth, protein precipitation, or liquid partitioning all have inherent problems with either the ligand or the antibiotic adversely interacting with the experimental apparatus. Ultracentrifugation provides a rapid, reproducible technique for protein-binding determinations of the classes of antibiotics described."}
{"id": "PMID:925384", "title": "Effect of hemoperfusion of clearance of gentamicin, cephalothin, and clindamycon from plasma of normal dogs.", "content": "Nine normal dogs were divided into three groups of three. Group 1 was given an overdose of gentamicin; group 2, cephalothin; and group 3, clindamycin. Group 1 had hemoperfusion with Amberlite XE-336, and groups 2 and 3 with Amberlite XAD-4 resin adsorbents, for 6 hr with a blood flow rate of 300 ml/min. The plasma clearance and removal rates of antibiotics by the hemoperfusion columns were high. The clearance rate of gentamicin from plasma (mean +/- standard deviation) ranged from 59 +/- 30 to 199 +/- 6 ml/min, of cephalothin from 66 +/- 14 to 157 +/- 8 ml/min, and of clindamycin from 55 +/- 9 to 125 +/- 16 ml/min. Of the total dose of antibiotic administered, the hemoperfusion columns removed 67% from theplasma in group 1, 41% in group 2, and 18% in group 3. The fact that antibiotics may be rapidly removed from the blood during hemoperfusion should be considered in calculation of the therapeutic dose of antibiotic required for patients who receive this preocedure. Also, hemoperfusion can effectively and rapidly remove certain antibiotics from the blood of patients who have had a potentially toxic overdose.", "contents": "Effect of hemoperfusion of clearance of gentamicin, cephalothin, and clindamycon from plasma of normal dogs. Nine normal dogs were divided into three groups of three. Group 1 was given an overdose of gentamicin; group 2, cephalothin; and group 3, clindamycin. Group 1 had hemoperfusion with Amberlite XE-336, and groups 2 and 3 with Amberlite XAD-4 resin adsorbents, for 6 hr with a blood flow rate of 300 ml/min. The plasma clearance and removal rates of antibiotics by the hemoperfusion columns were high. The clearance rate of gentamicin from plasma (mean +/- standard deviation) ranged from 59 +/- 30 to 199 +/- 6 ml/min, of cephalothin from 66 +/- 14 to 157 +/- 8 ml/min, and of clindamycin from 55 +/- 9 to 125 +/- 16 ml/min. Of the total dose of antibiotic administered, the hemoperfusion columns removed 67% from theplasma in group 1, 41% in group 2, and 18% in group 3. The fact that antibiotics may be rapidly removed from the blood during hemoperfusion should be considered in calculation of the therapeutic dose of antibiotic required for patients who receive this preocedure. Also, hemoperfusion can effectively and rapidly remove certain antibiotics from the blood of patients who have had a potentially toxic overdose."}
{"id": "PMID:925478", "title": "Characterization of pyruvate kinase from the liver of a patient with aberrant erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, PK Nagasaki.", "content": "The characterization of the L-type PK were made of PK extracted from the liver of a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia associated with an erythrocyte PK variant, PK Nagasaki. The L-type PK of PK Nagasaki showed the following parameters: slow migration on electrophoresis, high Km for PEP without F-1,6-P2, less activation by F-1,6-P2, normal Km for ADP, high utilization of UDP, acidic pH optimum, and instability to urea and heat. These tests served to differentiate this L-type PK variant from the other variants previously reported. At the same time, both the Km for PEP with F-1,6-P2 saturation and the electrophoretic mobility of L-type PK were found to be different from those of the erythrocyte PK and PK Nagasaki. Though the liver cell, with regard to L-type PK, has only the less functional and less stable mutant L-type PK there is no evidence of liver dysfunction or damage, although there is chronic hemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Characterization of pyruvate kinase from the liver of a patient with aberrant erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, PK Nagasaki. The characterization of the L-type PK were made of PK extracted from the liver of a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia associated with an erythrocyte PK variant, PK Nagasaki. The L-type PK of PK Nagasaki showed the following parameters: slow migration on electrophoresis, high Km for PEP without F-1,6-P2, less activation by F-1,6-P2, normal Km for ADP, high utilization of UDP, acidic pH optimum, and instability to urea and heat. These tests served to differentiate this L-type PK variant from the other variants previously reported. At the same time, both the Km for PEP with F-1,6-P2 saturation and the electrophoretic mobility of L-type PK were found to be different from those of the erythrocyte PK and PK Nagasaki. Though the liver cell, with regard to L-type PK, has only the less functional and less stable mutant L-type PK there is no evidence of liver dysfunction or damage, although there is chronic hemolytic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:925479", "title": "Enhancement of K transfer to intracellular fluid by cerebral artery K-loading.", "content": "Intact, UL, and pancreatectomized UL dogs were loaded with K by administration of 2 mEq KCl/kg/hr through a cerebral (vertebral) artery. K transfer to ICF was calculated and compared with that computed in control animals K-loaded through a PV. At the same rate of K administration, the change of route from PV to VA markedly increased transmembrane K transfer, even in the absence of insulin; the increase seems a specific response to K. KCl administration via a VA, with a resulting abrupt rise in the serum K concentration of cerebral blood, activates a K transfer mechanism (possibly by stimulation of a K-sensitive CNS receptor) that is strikingly unlike the insulin-mediated one stimulated by intravenous KCl. Hyperkalemic dogs may have more than one mechanism for maintaining K homeostasis, depending on the rate at which K enters the circulation.", "contents": "Enhancement of K transfer to intracellular fluid by cerebral artery K-loading. Intact, UL, and pancreatectomized UL dogs were loaded with K by administration of 2 mEq KCl/kg/hr through a cerebral (vertebral) artery. K transfer to ICF was calculated and compared with that computed in control animals K-loaded through a PV. At the same rate of K administration, the change of route from PV to VA markedly increased transmembrane K transfer, even in the absence of insulin; the increase seems a specific response to K. KCl administration via a VA, with a resulting abrupt rise in the serum K concentration of cerebral blood, activates a K transfer mechanism (possibly by stimulation of a K-sensitive CNS receptor) that is strikingly unlike the insulin-mediated one stimulated by intravenous KCl. Hyperkalemic dogs may have more than one mechanism for maintaining K homeostasis, depending on the rate at which K enters the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:925482", "title": "Effects of ethinyl estradiol on hepatic microsomal proteins and the turnover of cytochrome P-450.", "content": "The effect of ethinyl estradiol, a steroid commonly used in birth control pills and possibly associated with impaired drug metabolism in humans, on the activity of and turnover of components of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system was studied in male rats. After 5 days of ethinyl estradiol, 5 mg/kg/day, there was a significant decrease in the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase and in cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b2, and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. Cytochrome P-450 apoproteins were identified within an SDS-polyacrylamide gel system, and the rate of turnover of cytochrome P-450 apoproteins was studied by double-isotope labeling techniques. After 5 days of ethinyl estradiol administration, the rate of degradation of cytochrome P-450 apoprotein was reduced (half-life of 50 hr compared to 24 hr in control), and their relative rate of synthesis was likewise reduced, indicating that a new steady state of protein turnover associated with reduced synthesis rate had been reached. This was confirmed by studies of the effect of ethinyl estradiol on the level of microsomal cytochrome P-450 over a 10-day period.", "contents": "Effects of ethinyl estradiol on hepatic microsomal proteins and the turnover of cytochrome P-450. The effect of ethinyl estradiol, a steroid commonly used in birth control pills and possibly associated with impaired drug metabolism in humans, on the activity of and turnover of components of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system was studied in male rats. After 5 days of ethinyl estradiol, 5 mg/kg/day, there was a significant decrease in the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase and in cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b2, and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. Cytochrome P-450 apoproteins were identified within an SDS-polyacrylamide gel system, and the rate of turnover of cytochrome P-450 apoproteins was studied by double-isotope labeling techniques. After 5 days of ethinyl estradiol administration, the rate of degradation of cytochrome P-450 apoprotein was reduced (half-life of 50 hr compared to 24 hr in control), and their relative rate of synthesis was likewise reduced, indicating that a new steady state of protein turnover associated with reduced synthesis rate had been reached. This was confirmed by studies of the effect of ethinyl estradiol on the level of microsomal cytochrome P-450 over a 10-day period."}
{"id": "PMID:925487", "title": "Serum urate levels between ages 10 and 14: changes in sex trends.", "content": "Urate levels were assayed in sera of 292 subjects between 10 and 14 years of age identified through a probability sample of a natural population. The sex trends in serum urate concentrations characteristic of childhood were seen to continue into early adolescence, with girls maintaining slightly higher means. Between 10 and 14 years there was first an overlap of male and female values followed by a reversal of trends, with much higher means in boys. Serum urate concentrations peaked in girls at age 11 and gradually stabilized at lower levels. Boys, on the other hand, showed little age variation in serum urate at 10 and 11 years but by age 12 showed sharp upward trends which continued throughout adolescence. Since age and body weight are known to be important covariates of serum urate, boys were matched to girls of the same age and body weight. Significant sex differences in urate levels persisted (after matching) only for 14-year-old adolescents and thus at this age could not be ascribed to weight differentials. The study highlights a peripubertal phenomenon whose mechanism might be endocrine related.", "contents": "Serum urate levels between ages 10 and 14: changes in sex trends. Urate levels were assayed in sera of 292 subjects between 10 and 14 years of age identified through a probability sample of a natural population. The sex trends in serum urate concentrations characteristic of childhood were seen to continue into early adolescence, with girls maintaining slightly higher means. Between 10 and 14 years there was first an overlap of male and female values followed by a reversal of trends, with much higher means in boys. Serum urate concentrations peaked in girls at age 11 and gradually stabilized at lower levels. Boys, on the other hand, showed little age variation in serum urate at 10 and 11 years but by age 12 showed sharp upward trends which continued throughout adolescence. Since age and body weight are known to be important covariates of serum urate, boys were matched to girls of the same age and body weight. Significant sex differences in urate levels persisted (after matching) only for 14-year-old adolescents and thus at this age could not be ascribed to weight differentials. The study highlights a peripubertal phenomenon whose mechanism might be endocrine related."}
{"id": "PMID:925488", "title": "Retardation in the development of spontaneous hypertension in SH rats by gonadectomy.", "content": "Young normotensive, male and female rats which develop hypertension spontaneously as they mature were gonadectomized when they were 30 days old. With time, intact controls and sham-operated controls showed a progressive increase in their blood pressure, attaining systolic pressure levels of 180 to 200 mm Hg when they were 120 days old. During this same period, the gonadectomized animals manifested a slight increase in blood pressure without becoming hypertensive. In keeping with their normotensive levels, the gonadectomized rats did not develop any cardiac or renal enlargement. Orchiectomy was associated with retardation of growth, an increase in the ratio of adrenal weight/body weight, concomitant with increased circulating levels of DOC in males vs. reduced DOC levels in females. There was no change in aldosterone levels in either sex. Cmpd. B levels were increased in the gonadectomized males and were slightly reduced in the gonadectomized females. The changes in Cmpd. B, DOC, and aldosterone in these gonadectomized animals cannot account for the inhibition of the spontaneously developing hypertension.", "contents": "Retardation in the development of spontaneous hypertension in SH rats by gonadectomy. Young normotensive, male and female rats which develop hypertension spontaneously as they mature were gonadectomized when they were 30 days old. With time, intact controls and sham-operated controls showed a progressive increase in their blood pressure, attaining systolic pressure levels of 180 to 200 mm Hg when they were 120 days old. During this same period, the gonadectomized animals manifested a slight increase in blood pressure without becoming hypertensive. In keeping with their normotensive levels, the gonadectomized rats did not develop any cardiac or renal enlargement. Orchiectomy was associated with retardation of growth, an increase in the ratio of adrenal weight/body weight, concomitant with increased circulating levels of DOC in males vs. reduced DOC levels in females. There was no change in aldosterone levels in either sex. Cmpd. B levels were increased in the gonadectomized males and were slightly reduced in the gonadectomized females. The changes in Cmpd. B, DOC, and aldosterone in these gonadectomized animals cannot account for the inhibition of the spontaneously developing hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:925492", "title": "Nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "In II polyps from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the density, shape, and architecture of mucous glands were studied by the whole-mount method and compared with 102 non-cystic-fibrosis polyps. There were no differences in density which was in most polyps less than 0.5 gland/mm.2. The shape and architecture as well as other histological appearances of the polyp were also alike in both groups of polyps which could not be distinguished. The pathogenesis of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis is discussed. Apparently, it is the same as that of non-cystic-fibrosis polyps.", "contents": "Nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis. In II polyps from patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, the density, shape, and architecture of mucous glands were studied by the whole-mount method and compared with 102 non-cystic-fibrosis polyps. There were no differences in density which was in most polyps less than 0.5 gland/mm.2. The shape and architecture as well as other histological appearances of the polyp were also alike in both groups of polyps which could not be distinguished. The pathogenesis of nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis is discussed. Apparently, it is the same as that of non-cystic-fibrosis polyps."}
{"id": "PMID:925493", "title": "Nasal polyps, nasal polypectomy, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity. Their association in 445 cases of nasal polyps.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 445 patients with nasal polyps, 95 (21 per cent) had asthma. Forty-two (44 per cent) of the patients with asthma had been skin tested and 27 (60 per cent) had positive reactions. Nasal polyps were twice as common in men as women, though a woman with nasal polyps was twice as likely to have asthma as a man. The average age of onset of polyps was 39 years and of asthma was 38 years. No significant difference was found in the age of onset of polyps or asthma in various groups of patients. Two per cent of all the patients in the series had nasal polyps, asthma and hypersensitivity to aspirin (the ASA triad). Ten per cent of those with polyps and asthma were hypersensitive to aspirin and thus had the full triad. Overall, 6 per cent of all the patients in the series were recorded as being allergic to aspirin. Asthma developed more commonly before polypectomy than after in the ratio of 2.5:1. Around 1 per cent of first polypectomies and 0.5 per cent of all polypectomies were followed by the development of asthma within a few months. The onset of asthma was found to occur most frequently just before or just after the first polypectomy. Those who developed asthma after polypectomy had significantly more polypectomies than both non-asthmatics and those whose asthma preceded their polyps. Though it is possible polypectomy may on rare occasions precipitate asthma, it is felt that it does not cause it.", "contents": "Nasal polyps, nasal polypectomy, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity. Their association in 445 cases of nasal polyps. In a retrospective study of 445 patients with nasal polyps, 95 (21 per cent) had asthma. Forty-two (44 per cent) of the patients with asthma had been skin tested and 27 (60 per cent) had positive reactions. Nasal polyps were twice as common in men as women, though a woman with nasal polyps was twice as likely to have asthma as a man. The average age of onset of polyps was 39 years and of asthma was 38 years. No significant difference was found in the age of onset of polyps or asthma in various groups of patients. Two per cent of all the patients in the series had nasal polyps, asthma and hypersensitivity to aspirin (the ASA triad). Ten per cent of those with polyps and asthma were hypersensitive to aspirin and thus had the full triad. Overall, 6 per cent of all the patients in the series were recorded as being allergic to aspirin. Asthma developed more commonly before polypectomy than after in the ratio of 2.5:1. Around 1 per cent of first polypectomies and 0.5 per cent of all polypectomies were followed by the development of asthma within a few months. The onset of asthma was found to occur most frequently just before or just after the first polypectomy. Those who developed asthma after polypectomy had significantly more polypectomies than both non-asthmatics and those whose asthma preceded their polyps. Though it is possible polypectomy may on rare occasions precipitate asthma, it is felt that it does not cause it."}
{"id": "PMID:925494", "title": "The larynx in the cri du chat syndrome.", "content": "The Cri du Chat Syndrome which is caused by a chromosome abnormality is described. A summary of the laryngeal features found by various authors has been made. The characteristic cat-like cry is probably central in origin. The larynx in this condition may be normal or abnormal. If abnormal it is just another clinical manifestation of the syndrome.", "contents": "The larynx in the cri du chat syndrome. The Cri du Chat Syndrome which is caused by a chromosome abnormality is described. A summary of the laryngeal features found by various authors has been made. The characteristic cat-like cry is probably central in origin. The larynx in this condition may be normal or abnormal. If abnormal it is just another clinical manifestation of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:925495", "title": "A case of aneurysm of the internal jugular vein.", "content": "A case of swelling of the neck is presented which was clinically diagnosed as an external laryngocele but at operation was found to be an aneurysm of the internal jugular vein.", "contents": "A case of aneurysm of the internal jugular vein. A case of swelling of the neck is presented which was clinically diagnosed as an external laryngocele but at operation was found to be an aneurysm of the internal jugular vein."}
{"id": "PMID:925497", "title": "Iodoform toxicity following the use of B.I.P.P.: a potential hazard.", "content": "1. A case of severe iodoform toxicity is presented in a patient after a total maxillectomy whose cavity was packed with B.I.P.P. The patient subsequently recovered after removal of the B.I.P.P. pack. 2. A simple spectrophotometric method for measuring plasma iodine concentration is described. Plasma iodine determinations were carried out on the toxic patient and three others with iodoform containing packs. The concentrations found correspond well with the presence or absence of iodoform toxicity. 3. From the clinical and biochemical evidence presented we suggest that B.I.P.P. gauze is a satisfactory packing for small operative cavities, but that caution should be exercised if large cavities, such as those following maxillectomies, are to be packed with the material. Another iodoform containing mixture, Whitehead's varnish, is a safer alternative to B.I.P.P. gauze.", "contents": "Iodoform toxicity following the use of B.I.P.P.: a potential hazard. 1. A case of severe iodoform toxicity is presented in a patient after a total maxillectomy whose cavity was packed with B.I.P.P. The patient subsequently recovered after removal of the B.I.P.P. pack. 2. A simple spectrophotometric method for measuring plasma iodine concentration is described. Plasma iodine determinations were carried out on the toxic patient and three others with iodoform containing packs. The concentrations found correspond well with the presence or absence of iodoform toxicity. 3. From the clinical and biochemical evidence presented we suggest that B.I.P.P. gauze is a satisfactory packing for small operative cavities, but that caution should be exercised if large cavities, such as those following maxillectomies, are to be packed with the material. Another iodoform containing mixture, Whitehead's varnish, is a safer alternative to B.I.P.P. gauze."}
{"id": "PMID:925498", "title": "Intra-articular steroid injection in acute rheumatoid arthritis of the larynx.", "content": "A case of stridor due to rheumatoid arthritis of the cricoarytenoid joints is presented, with special emphasis on a new line of treatment by local intra-articular steroid injection.", "contents": "Intra-articular steroid injection in acute rheumatoid arthritis of the larynx. A case of stridor due to rheumatoid arthritis of the cricoarytenoid joints is presented, with special emphasis on a new line of treatment by local intra-articular steroid injection."}
{"id": "PMID:925499", "title": "Surface tonsillar microflora versus deep tonsillar microflora in recurrent acute tonsillitis.", "content": "One hundred patients suffering from recurrent acute tonsillitis were studied. One hundred tonsils were cultured. Surface bacteria were compared to deep bacteria. In 48 per cent of the cases a different pathogen was cultured from the interior of the tonsil as compared to the surface culture. This fact may explain recurrence of tonsillitis and makes the reliability of the conventional tonsillar culture questionable. Surgical extirpation of the tonsils seems to be the only treatment since deep bacteria remain unidentified and resist the antibiotic therapy that may affect only the surface microflora.", "contents": "Surface tonsillar microflora versus deep tonsillar microflora in recurrent acute tonsillitis. One hundred patients suffering from recurrent acute tonsillitis were studied. One hundred tonsils were cultured. Surface bacteria were compared to deep bacteria. In 48 per cent of the cases a different pathogen was cultured from the interior of the tonsil as compared to the surface culture. This fact may explain recurrence of tonsillitis and makes the reliability of the conventional tonsillar culture questionable. Surgical extirpation of the tonsils seems to be the only treatment since deep bacteria remain unidentified and resist the antibiotic therapy that may affect only the surface microflora."}
{"id": "PMID:925514", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of unsulfated lithocholates.", "content": "A simple, rapid, precise radioimmunoassay for total unsulfate species of lithocholate (lithocholyglycine, lithocholyltaurine, and lithocholate) in serum is described. Antiserum was raised in rabbits by injection of lithocholylglycine coupled to bovine serum albumin (prepared by a carbodiimide method) and emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant; antisera capable of measuring 40-120 pmol at 1:400 dilution were obtained. The tracer was [11, 12-3[H]lithocholyglycine. The radioimmunoassay featured a 2-hr binding step at 42 decrease C and a 1-hr separation step using polyethylene glycol. The antibody had the following relative specificities: lithocholyglycine and lithocholytaurine, 1; lithocholate, 1.5; chenodeoxycholyglycine, 20; and deoxycholylglycine, 55. There was no binding of various other free or conjugated sulfated and unsulfated bile acids. The mean fasting-state level in 50 healthy subjects was 0.3 mu mol/l (0.14 microgram/ml), but 11 of the 50 subjects had level too low to measure by this technique.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of unsulfated lithocholates. A simple, rapid, precise radioimmunoassay for total unsulfate species of lithocholate (lithocholyglycine, lithocholyltaurine, and lithocholate) in serum is described. Antiserum was raised in rabbits by injection of lithocholylglycine coupled to bovine serum albumin (prepared by a carbodiimide method) and emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant; antisera capable of measuring 40-120 pmol at 1:400 dilution were obtained. The tracer was [11, 12-3[H]lithocholyglycine. The radioimmunoassay featured a 2-hr binding step at 42 decrease C and a 1-hr separation step using polyethylene glycol. The antibody had the following relative specificities: lithocholyglycine and lithocholytaurine, 1; lithocholate, 1.5; chenodeoxycholyglycine, 20; and deoxycholylglycine, 55. There was no binding of various other free or conjugated sulfated and unsulfated bile acids. The mean fasting-state level in 50 healthy subjects was 0.3 mu mol/l (0.14 microgram/ml), but 11 of the 50 subjects had level too low to measure by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:925515", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of sulfated lithocholates.", "content": "A sensitive, rapid radioimmunoassay for sulfated species of lithocholic acid (sulfolithocholyglycine, sulfolithocholyltaurine, and sulfolithocholic acid) was developed and used to measure the total concentration of sulfated lithocholates in serum from healthy human subjects. Sulfolithocholylglycine was conjugated to bovine serum albumin by a carbodiimide procedure, and the reaction product, emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, was injected into rabbits. The antiserum obtained was capable to binding 40% of [3H]sulfolithocholylglycine at 1:1000 dilution. The assay featured a 2-hr binding step at 42 degrees C followed by precipitation of bound tracer with polyethylene glycol at 4 degrees C. The assay can be used with 0.1 ml of serum and was reproducible. The antibody had little affinity for the 3-sulfate of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid, a number of steroid sulfates, or unsulfated bile acids. In 50 healthy subjects, mean (+/-SE) fasting-state serum levels of immunoreactive sulfated lithocholyl conjugates (+sulfated lithocholate) was 1.6 +/- 0.1 micrometer; based on results with a separate radioimmunoassay for unsulfated lithocholyl conjugates, most of the lithocholate in serum in healthy man is present in sulfated form.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of sulfated lithocholates. A sensitive, rapid radioimmunoassay for sulfated species of lithocholic acid (sulfolithocholyglycine, sulfolithocholyltaurine, and sulfolithocholic acid) was developed and used to measure the total concentration of sulfated lithocholates in serum from healthy human subjects. Sulfolithocholylglycine was conjugated to bovine serum albumin by a carbodiimide procedure, and the reaction product, emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, was injected into rabbits. The antiserum obtained was capable to binding 40% of [3H]sulfolithocholylglycine at 1:1000 dilution. The assay featured a 2-hr binding step at 42 degrees C followed by precipitation of bound tracer with polyethylene glycol at 4 degrees C. The assay can be used with 0.1 ml of serum and was reproducible. The antibody had little affinity for the 3-sulfate of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid, a number of steroid sulfates, or unsulfated bile acids. In 50 healthy subjects, mean (+/-SE) fasting-state serum levels of immunoreactive sulfated lithocholyl conjugates (+sulfated lithocholate) was 1.6 +/- 0.1 micrometer; based on results with a separate radioimmunoassay for unsulfated lithocholyl conjugates, most of the lithocholate in serum in healthy man is present in sulfated form."}
{"id": "PMID:925516", "title": "Effects of cholesterol feeding on synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids in germfree rats.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of cholesterol feeding on cholesterol synthesis and fecal excretion of bile acids in germfree rats. Four germfree rats were fed a basal diet containing 0.004% cholesterol and four germfree rats received the same diet supplemented with 0.4% cholesterol for 2 weeks. Cholesterol synthesis was studied by assaying the HMG CoA reductase activity in the liver microsomal fraction. Cholesterol feeding decreased the HMG CoA reductase activity from 28.5 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM) to 9.1 +/- 0.7 pmol/mg protein per min. In another experiment four germfree rats received the basal diet and four germfree rats the cholesterol-enriched diet. After 6 weeks feces were collected in two 4-day pools for analysis of bile acids. The main fecal bile acids were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid (a metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid), comprising more than 95% of total bile acids. Cholic acid was increased from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 9.9 +/- 1.2 mg/kg body weight per day and beta-muricholic acid from 6.6 +/- 0.5 to 21.8 +/- 3.1 mg/kg body weight per day. The percentage of cholic acid decreased from 37.1 +/- 1.1 to 31.2 +/- 1.0%. In conclusion, germfree rats like conventional rats have the ability to compensate for an increased input of dietary cholesterol by inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and stimulation of bile acid synthesis. The synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid (implied from the fecal excretion of beta-muricholic acid) is stimulated to a greater extent than that of cholic acid.", "contents": "Effects of cholesterol feeding on synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids in germfree rats. The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of cholesterol feeding on cholesterol synthesis and fecal excretion of bile acids in germfree rats. Four germfree rats were fed a basal diet containing 0.004% cholesterol and four germfree rats received the same diet supplemented with 0.4% cholesterol for 2 weeks. Cholesterol synthesis was studied by assaying the HMG CoA reductase activity in the liver microsomal fraction. Cholesterol feeding decreased the HMG CoA reductase activity from 28.5 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SEM) to 9.1 +/- 0.7 pmol/mg protein per min. In another experiment four germfree rats received the basal diet and four germfree rats the cholesterol-enriched diet. After 6 weeks feces were collected in two 4-day pools for analysis of bile acids. The main fecal bile acids were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid (a metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid), comprising more than 95% of total bile acids. Cholic acid was increased from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 9.9 +/- 1.2 mg/kg body weight per day and beta-muricholic acid from 6.6 +/- 0.5 to 21.8 +/- 3.1 mg/kg body weight per day. The percentage of cholic acid decreased from 37.1 +/- 1.1 to 31.2 +/- 1.0%. In conclusion, germfree rats like conventional rats have the ability to compensate for an increased input of dietary cholesterol by inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and stimulation of bile acid synthesis. The synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid (implied from the fecal excretion of beta-muricholic acid) is stimulated to a greater extent than that of cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:925517", "title": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in isolated villous and crypt cells of the rat ileum.", "content": "The localization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.34) in the villous and crypt cells of the small intestine was accomplished after separating these cells from the mucosal layer by sequential dissociation in a \"dual-buffer\" system. Consistent separation was demonstrated by using the marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase, specific to the villous cell, and thymidine kinase, specific to the crypt cell. Cells obtained were 95-100% viable, and no relative difference in lability was observed, as evidenced by the equal distribution of acid phosphatase. This method of cell separation was an improvement over the \"scraping\" technique which damaged cells severely and produced villous preparations that contained little or no reductase activity. The HMG-CoA reductase specific activity in whole cell homogenates of the ileal villi was 0.47 and of the crypts was 0.27 nmol/min per mg of protein, considerably higher values than have been reported earlier. Also in comparison to the crypts, the villi incorporated 1.5-fold more [(14)C]-acetate into sterols, a ratio similar to that describing the distribution of HMG-CoA reductase in the two cell populations. These results unequivocally establish that the villi have higher HMG-CoA reductase activity than the crypts and confirm an earlier report from this laboratory that the villi are a major site of sterol synthesis. The sterol bio-synthetic capacity of the small intestine was highest in the ileum and decreased towards the jejunum. The HMG-CoA reductase specific activity of the ileum averaged 0.30 and that of the jejunum 0.10 nmol/min per mg of protein; however, the cholesterol content of the ileum was slightly lower than the jejunum. These results are discussed to suggest the possibility that the sterol content of the ileum may largely be due to in situ synthesis.", "contents": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in isolated villous and crypt cells of the rat ileum. The localization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, E.C. 1.1.1.34) in the villous and crypt cells of the small intestine was accomplished after separating these cells from the mucosal layer by sequential dissociation in a \"dual-buffer\" system. Consistent separation was demonstrated by using the marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase, specific to the villous cell, and thymidine kinase, specific to the crypt cell. Cells obtained were 95-100% viable, and no relative difference in lability was observed, as evidenced by the equal distribution of acid phosphatase. This method of cell separation was an improvement over the \"scraping\" technique which damaged cells severely and produced villous preparations that contained little or no reductase activity. The HMG-CoA reductase specific activity in whole cell homogenates of the ileal villi was 0.47 and of the crypts was 0.27 nmol/min per mg of protein, considerably higher values than have been reported earlier. Also in comparison to the crypts, the villi incorporated 1.5-fold more [(14)C]-acetate into sterols, a ratio similar to that describing the distribution of HMG-CoA reductase in the two cell populations. These results unequivocally establish that the villi have higher HMG-CoA reductase activity than the crypts and confirm an earlier report from this laboratory that the villi are a major site of sterol synthesis. The sterol bio-synthetic capacity of the small intestine was highest in the ileum and decreased towards the jejunum. The HMG-CoA reductase specific activity of the ileum averaged 0.30 and that of the jejunum 0.10 nmol/min per mg of protein; however, the cholesterol content of the ileum was slightly lower than the jejunum. These results are discussed to suggest the possibility that the sterol content of the ileum may largely be due to in situ synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:925518", "title": "Puromycin inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the rat.", "content": "The effect of puromycin on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol has been studied in rats with indwelling catheters in the left thoracic lymphatic duct. Puromycin administration to female rats produced a marked depression of cholesterol absorption under conditions where the absorption of simultaneously administered fatty acid was also dramatically inhibited. The same treatment of male rats also produced a significant depression in cholesterol absorption, but was without effect on absorption of the fatty acid. Despite the depressions of lipid absorption in puromycin-treated animals, there was no accumlation of either cholesterol or fatty acid in the intestinal mucosa of either sex. Actinomycin D treatment of fasting male and female rats, receiving constant infusions of saline, had no effect on the rate of lymph production. This suggest that altered lymph production was not responsible for the depressed lipid absorption observed in fed animals treated with protein synthesis inhibitors. The selective inhibition of cholesterol absorption in male rats also precludes the possibility that the major effect of the inhibitor is on delayed gastric emptying.", "contents": "Puromycin inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the rat. The effect of puromycin on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol has been studied in rats with indwelling catheters in the left thoracic lymphatic duct. Puromycin administration to female rats produced a marked depression of cholesterol absorption under conditions where the absorption of simultaneously administered fatty acid was also dramatically inhibited. The same treatment of male rats also produced a significant depression in cholesterol absorption, but was without effect on absorption of the fatty acid. Despite the depressions of lipid absorption in puromycin-treated animals, there was no accumlation of either cholesterol or fatty acid in the intestinal mucosa of either sex. Actinomycin D treatment of fasting male and female rats, receiving constant infusions of saline, had no effect on the rate of lymph production. This suggest that altered lymph production was not responsible for the depressed lipid absorption observed in fed animals treated with protein synthesis inhibitors. The selective inhibition of cholesterol absorption in male rats also precludes the possibility that the major effect of the inhibitor is on delayed gastric emptying."}
{"id": "PMID:925519", "title": "Suitability of [11, 12-3H2]chenodeoxycholic acid and [11, 12-3H2]lithocholic acid for isotope dilution studies of bile acid metabolism in man.", "content": "Studies were carried out to assess the stability of the label in [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid and [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid during enterohepatic cycling and thus define the suitability of these tracers for isotope dilution studies of bile acids in man. To do this, [11,12-(3)H(2)]-chenodeoxycholic acid and [24-(14)C]chenodeoxycholic acid were administered simultaneously to six healthy adults. The (3)H/(14)C ratio of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid and the specific activity of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid were determined to permit calculation of pool size and turnover rate by the conventional isotope dilution procedure of Lindstedt (1957. Acta Physiol. Scand. 40: 1). Excretion of label in urine was measured as well as the (3)H/(14)C ratio of fecal bile acids. Similar studies were carried out with [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid and [24-(14)C]lithocholic acid. With [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid, 10-15% of the label was lost during the first 24 hours, after which the (3)H/(14)C ratio of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid remained constant. The loss of (3)H caused a consistent overestimate of pool size by 10-15%, but since the fractional turnover rate of the two isotopes was identical, the calculated rate of synthesis was 10-15% greater when determined using (3)H. The loss of (3)H was attributed to the presence of (3)H in positions other than 11 and 12 occurring during the labeling procedure when the unsaturated precursor was exposed to carrier-free tritium gas. The (3)H/(14)C ratio of feces was consistently below that of bile, suggesting bacterial removal of additional (3)H during distal intestinal passage. In contrast, [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid lost (3)H continuously, so that by 2 days after administration, the (3)H/(14)C ratio had fallen to nearly half of that of the administered mixture. It is concluded that isotope dilution studies may be carried out with one preparation of [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid with an error of 10-15%; possibly a more stable preparation can be prepared with a gentler tritiation procedure. One preparation of [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid was unsatisfactory for isotope dilution studies in man.", "contents": "Suitability of [11, 12-3H2]chenodeoxycholic acid and [11, 12-3H2]lithocholic acid for isotope dilution studies of bile acid metabolism in man. Studies were carried out to assess the stability of the label in [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid and [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid during enterohepatic cycling and thus define the suitability of these tracers for isotope dilution studies of bile acids in man. To do this, [11,12-(3)H(2)]-chenodeoxycholic acid and [24-(14)C]chenodeoxycholic acid were administered simultaneously to six healthy adults. The (3)H/(14)C ratio of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid and the specific activity of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid were determined to permit calculation of pool size and turnover rate by the conventional isotope dilution procedure of Lindstedt (1957. Acta Physiol. Scand. 40: 1). Excretion of label in urine was measured as well as the (3)H/(14)C ratio of fecal bile acids. Similar studies were carried out with [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid and [24-(14)C]lithocholic acid. With [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid, 10-15% of the label was lost during the first 24 hours, after which the (3)H/(14)C ratio of biliary chenodeoxycholic acid remained constant. The loss of (3)H caused a consistent overestimate of pool size by 10-15%, but since the fractional turnover rate of the two isotopes was identical, the calculated rate of synthesis was 10-15% greater when determined using (3)H. The loss of (3)H was attributed to the presence of (3)H in positions other than 11 and 12 occurring during the labeling procedure when the unsaturated precursor was exposed to carrier-free tritium gas. The (3)H/(14)C ratio of feces was consistently below that of bile, suggesting bacterial removal of additional (3)H during distal intestinal passage. In contrast, [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid lost (3)H continuously, so that by 2 days after administration, the (3)H/(14)C ratio had fallen to nearly half of that of the administered mixture. It is concluded that isotope dilution studies may be carried out with one preparation of [11,12-(3)H(2)]chenodeoxycholic acid with an error of 10-15%; possibly a more stable preparation can be prepared with a gentler tritiation procedure. One preparation of [11,12-(3)H(2)]lithocholic acid was unsatisfactory for isotope dilution studies in man."}
{"id": "PMID:925520", "title": "Fractionation of human serum lipoproteins by single-spin gradient ultracentrifugation: quantification of apolipoproteins B and A-1 and lipid components.", "content": "A sensitive and reproducible method has been developed for separation of the major serum lipoproteins from 1 ml or less of human serum by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation. The serum, applied to a step gradient (total volume 12.8 ml), was spun for 48 hr at 38,000 rpm at 10 degrees C and, in each of the fractions, apolipoproteins B and A-I were quantified by the respective radioimmunoassays. The markers for lipid distribution used were [4-(14)C]cholesterol and [U-(14)C]lecithin, each incubated with an aliquot of serum at 20 degrees C for 75 min prior to ultracentrifugation. In control sera, three main fractions, very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL) lipoproteins were clearly separated from a bottom fraction. Their flotational, electrophoretic, and chemical properties were in good agreement with those reported for the corresponding lipoproteins separated by conventional ultracentrifugation. Both apo B and apo A-I were fully recovered. Essentially all of the apo B was found in VLDL (9.3 +/- 3.5%) and LDL (87 +/- 4.6%); of the apo A-I, 81.0 +/- 5.7% was in HDL and the remainder (17.0 +/- 5.8%) was in the bottom fraction. The peak activities of [(14)C]cholesterol coincided with the peak of apo B in both LDL and VLDL, and with the peak of apo A-I in HDL. The results with the radiolabeled cholesterol were in good agreement with those obtained by chemical analyses. Carbon 14-labeled lecithin, although fully recovered, was not an accurate marker of phospholipid distribution because, under our experimental conditions, a significant amount of the lecithin was converted into its lyso derivative. The mechanism of the conversion was not established; it appeared to be unrelated to the activities of either lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase or a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase. Besides its validity in the study of control sera, our method also proved successful in the separation of the serum lipoproteins of the few patients with dyslipoproteinemia (abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypercholesterolemia) who were examined. However, the applicability of the method to all dyslipoproteinemias was not assessed. Taken together, the results indicate that the single-spin method could be useful in clinical studies as a complement to other established techniques.", "contents": "Fractionation of human serum lipoproteins by single-spin gradient ultracentrifugation: quantification of apolipoproteins B and A-1 and lipid components. A sensitive and reproducible method has been developed for separation of the major serum lipoproteins from 1 ml or less of human serum by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation. The serum, applied to a step gradient (total volume 12.8 ml), was spun for 48 hr at 38,000 rpm at 10 degrees C and, in each of the fractions, apolipoproteins B and A-I were quantified by the respective radioimmunoassays. The markers for lipid distribution used were [4-(14)C]cholesterol and [U-(14)C]lecithin, each incubated with an aliquot of serum at 20 degrees C for 75 min prior to ultracentrifugation. In control sera, three main fractions, very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL), and high density (HDL) lipoproteins were clearly separated from a bottom fraction. Their flotational, electrophoretic, and chemical properties were in good agreement with those reported for the corresponding lipoproteins separated by conventional ultracentrifugation. Both apo B and apo A-I were fully recovered. Essentially all of the apo B was found in VLDL (9.3 +/- 3.5%) and LDL (87 +/- 4.6%); of the apo A-I, 81.0 +/- 5.7% was in HDL and the remainder (17.0 +/- 5.8%) was in the bottom fraction. The peak activities of [(14)C]cholesterol coincided with the peak of apo B in both LDL and VLDL, and with the peak of apo A-I in HDL. The results with the radiolabeled cholesterol were in good agreement with those obtained by chemical analyses. Carbon 14-labeled lecithin, although fully recovered, was not an accurate marker of phospholipid distribution because, under our experimental conditions, a significant amount of the lecithin was converted into its lyso derivative. The mechanism of the conversion was not established; it appeared to be unrelated to the activities of either lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase or a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase. Besides its validity in the study of control sera, our method also proved successful in the separation of the serum lipoproteins of the few patients with dyslipoproteinemia (abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypercholesterolemia) who were examined. However, the applicability of the method to all dyslipoproteinemias was not assessed. Taken together, the results indicate that the single-spin method could be useful in clinical studies as a complement to other established techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:925521", "title": "Identification of an adipose tissue-like lipoprotein lipase in perfusates of chicken liver.", "content": "The nature of the lipolytic activity released from chicken livers perfused with Krebs-Ringer buffer (pH 7.0) containing heparin (50 or 10 U/ml), fraction V albumin (3%), and glycerol (20%) was investigated. The nonrecirculating perfusates contained both previously described NaCl-resistant \"liver lipase\" as well as an apoLp-Gluactivated lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Crude perfusate lipolytic activity was separated on heparin-Sepharose columns into two enzymatic peaks which were eluted at mean NaCl molarities of 0.75 M (liver lipase) and 1.2 M (LPL). The liver LPL activity was stimulated 7-fold by human apoLp-Glu (half maximal activity at 1.5 microgram/ml) and inhibited by apoLp-Ala, apoLp-Ser, apoLp-GlnI, and apoLP-GlnII. Liver LPL was fully inhibited by anti-adipose LPL immunoglobulins. The \"liver lipase\" was not affected by apoLp-Glu (3-34 microgram/ml) or anti-adipose LPL immunoglobulins. The data demonstrate the presence in liver perfusates of a LPL with properties similar to adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "Identification of an adipose tissue-like lipoprotein lipase in perfusates of chicken liver. The nature of the lipolytic activity released from chicken livers perfused with Krebs-Ringer buffer (pH 7.0) containing heparin (50 or 10 U/ml), fraction V albumin (3%), and glycerol (20%) was investigated. The nonrecirculating perfusates contained both previously described NaCl-resistant \"liver lipase\" as well as an apoLp-Gluactivated lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Crude perfusate lipolytic activity was separated on heparin-Sepharose columns into two enzymatic peaks which were eluted at mean NaCl molarities of 0.75 M (liver lipase) and 1.2 M (LPL). The liver LPL activity was stimulated 7-fold by human apoLp-Glu (half maximal activity at 1.5 microgram/ml) and inhibited by apoLp-Ala, apoLp-Ser, apoLp-GlnI, and apoLP-GlnII. Liver LPL was fully inhibited by anti-adipose LPL immunoglobulins. The \"liver lipase\" was not affected by apoLp-Glu (3-34 microgram/ml) or anti-adipose LPL immunoglobulins. The data demonstrate the presence in liver perfusates of a LPL with properties similar to adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase."}
{"id": "PMID:925522", "title": "Storing covariance with nonlinearly interacting neurons.", "content": "A time-dependent, nonlinear model of neuronal interaction which was probabilistically analyzed in a previous article is shown here to be a natural generalization of the Hartline-Ratliff model of the Limulus retina. Although the primary physical variables in the model are the membrane potentials of neurons, the equations which govern the means and covariances of the membrane potentials are coupled through the average firing rates; as a consequence, the average firing rates control the selective storage and retrieval of covariance information. Motor learning in the cerebellar cortex is treated as a problem of covariance storage, and a predicition is made for the underlying synaptic plasticity: the change in synaptic strength between a parallel fiber and a Purkinje cell should be proportional to the covariance between discharges in the parallel fiber and the climbing fiber. Unlike previous proposals for synaptic plasticity, this prediction requires both facilitation and depression to occur (under different conditions) at the same synapse.", "contents": "Storing covariance with nonlinearly interacting neurons. A time-dependent, nonlinear model of neuronal interaction which was probabilistically analyzed in a previous article is shown here to be a natural generalization of the Hartline-Ratliff model of the Limulus retina. Although the primary physical variables in the model are the membrane potentials of neurons, the equations which govern the means and covariances of the membrane potentials are coupled through the average firing rates; as a consequence, the average firing rates control the selective storage and retrieval of covariance information. Motor learning in the cerebellar cortex is treated as a problem of covariance storage, and a predicition is made for the underlying synaptic plasticity: the change in synaptic strength between a parallel fiber and a Purkinje cell should be proportional to the covariance between discharges in the parallel fiber and the climbing fiber. Unlike previous proposals for synaptic plasticity, this prediction requires both facilitation and depression to occur (under different conditions) at the same synapse."}
{"id": "PMID:925523", "title": "A model for the spatial spread of an epidemic.", "content": "We set up a deterministic model for the spatial spread of an epidemic. Essentially, the model consists of a nonlinear integral equation which has an unique solution. We show that this solution has a temporally asymptotic limit which describes the final state of the epidemic and is the minimal solution of another nonlinear integral equation. We outline the asymptotic behaviour of this minimal solution at a great distance from the epidemic's origin and generalize D. G. Kendall's pandemic threshold theorem (1957).", "contents": "A model for the spatial spread of an epidemic. We set up a deterministic model for the spatial spread of an epidemic. Essentially, the model consists of a nonlinear integral equation which has an unique solution. We show that this solution has a temporally asymptotic limit which describes the final state of the epidemic and is the minimal solution of another nonlinear integral equation. We outline the asymptotic behaviour of this minimal solution at a great distance from the epidemic's origin and generalize D. G. Kendall's pandemic threshold theorem (1957)."}
{"id": "PMID:925524", "title": "Wiener-like system identification in physiology.", "content": "Applications of Wiener-like identification methods to biological systems have revealed several limitations of this technique. These practical limitations correspond to conceptual and mathematical problems intrinsic to this kind of identification of nonlinear systems.", "contents": "Wiener-like system identification in physiology. Applications of Wiener-like identification methods to biological systems have revealed several limitations of this technique. These practical limitations correspond to conceptual and mathematical problems intrinsic to this kind of identification of nonlinear systems."}
{"id": "PMID:925567", "title": "Photoperiodic control of gonadotrophin secretion in the ram: a detailed study of the temporal changes in plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone following an abrupt switch from long to short days.", "content": "Six adult Soay rams were housed under artificial lighting conditions of long days (16 h light:8 h darkness) for 4 months and this caused the animals to lapse into a state of reproductive quiescence with low levels of gonadotrophins in the circulation and regressed testes secreting very low amounts of testosterone. The photoperiod was changed abruptly to short days (8 h light:16 h darkness) to induce a resurgence of sexual activity, and a detailed study was made of the pituitary and testicular responses over the first 100 days. Plasma levels of LH and FSH first began to increase between days 6 and 12 of short days, and rose progressively until days 33-54 before declining again. Testicular growth of the rams began on days 19-26 and continued for most of the remaining period of study. Plasma testosterone levels rose in parallel with the growth of the testes, and were greatly increased by day 100 when gonadotrophin levels were reduced. At most stages there were short-term fluctuations in the plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone indicative of episodic secretion. Peaks in plasma levels of LH were especially conspicuous and from the changes in frequency and amplitude of these peaks it was possible to predict the way in which photoperiod influenced gonadotrophin secretion by its effect on hypothalamic LH-RH secretion. A slight 24 h rhythm in the plasma levels of all three hormones was observed, and the significance of this in relation to the photoperiodic response is discussed.", "contents": "Photoperiodic control of gonadotrophin secretion in the ram: a detailed study of the temporal changes in plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone following an abrupt switch from long to short days. Six adult Soay rams were housed under artificial lighting conditions of long days (16 h light:8 h darkness) for 4 months and this caused the animals to lapse into a state of reproductive quiescence with low levels of gonadotrophins in the circulation and regressed testes secreting very low amounts of testosterone. The photoperiod was changed abruptly to short days (8 h light:16 h darkness) to induce a resurgence of sexual activity, and a detailed study was made of the pituitary and testicular responses over the first 100 days. Plasma levels of LH and FSH first began to increase between days 6 and 12 of short days, and rose progressively until days 33-54 before declining again. Testicular growth of the rams began on days 19-26 and continued for most of the remaining period of study. Plasma testosterone levels rose in parallel with the growth of the testes, and were greatly increased by day 100 when gonadotrophin levels were reduced. At most stages there were short-term fluctuations in the plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone indicative of episodic secretion. Peaks in plasma levels of LH were especially conspicuous and from the changes in frequency and amplitude of these peaks it was possible to predict the way in which photoperiod influenced gonadotrophin secretion by its effect on hypothalamic LH-RH secretion. A slight 24 h rhythm in the plasma levels of all three hormones was observed, and the significance of this in relation to the photoperiodic response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925569", "title": "Measurement of free and occupied cytoplasmic and nuclear androgen receptor sites in rat ventral prostate gland.", "content": "A method has been developed which allows the estimation of occupied and unoccupied androgen receptor sites in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of rat ventral prostate. The procedure involves precipitation of receptor proteins and incubation of precipitates with labelled 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Uptake of 3H-labelled steroid at 0--4 degrees C gives an indication of free receptor, whereas binding at a raised temperature (15 degrees C) allows estimation of occupied receptor. Non-specific binding was measured in the presence of a 100-fold excess of unlabelled 5alpha-dilhydrotestosterone. The exchange method was specific for androgens, and specific binding was detected only in fractions of androgen-dependent tissues. The method can be applied to cytosol, whole nuclei, chromatin and salt-extractable and salt-resistant protein preparations from nuclear fractions, and gives a reliable estimate of total receptor sites when occupied as compared with control measurements of unoccupied sites.", "contents": "Measurement of free and occupied cytoplasmic and nuclear androgen receptor sites in rat ventral prostate gland. A method has been developed which allows the estimation of occupied and unoccupied androgen receptor sites in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of rat ventral prostate. The procedure involves precipitation of receptor proteins and incubation of precipitates with labelled 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Uptake of 3H-labelled steroid at 0--4 degrees C gives an indication of free receptor, whereas binding at a raised temperature (15 degrees C) allows estimation of occupied receptor. Non-specific binding was measured in the presence of a 100-fold excess of unlabelled 5alpha-dilhydrotestosterone. The exchange method was specific for androgens, and specific binding was detected only in fractions of androgen-dependent tissues. The method can be applied to cytosol, whole nuclei, chromatin and salt-extractable and salt-resistant protein preparations from nuclear fractions, and gives a reliable estimate of total receptor sites when occupied as compared with control measurements of unoccupied sites."}
{"id": "PMID:925570", "title": "Physiological actions of human follicle-stimulating hormone and its beta-subunit in reptiles.", "content": "The actions of human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and its beta-subunit were examined in several assays in reptiles, including effects on lizard testicular activity (growth and androgen production) in vivo, and stimulation of androgen production by snake testes and competition for binding of 125I-labeled hFSH in lizards and snakes in vitro. Binding was also examined with mammalian tissues. The hFSH was highly steroidogenic in the snake and lizard; otherwise results were similar to those observed in mammals. In all cases, the potency of the beta-subunit was only a few per cent of the intact hormone. The potency of hFSH in vivo compared with NIH-FSH ovine standards was several 100 times greater than in vitro. Results for stimulation of androgen production in vivo closely paralleled those for binding assays in both reptiles and mammals. In contrast to previous results for ovine FSH beta-subunit, human FSH beta-subunit has little if any FSH biological activity in reptiles.", "contents": "Physiological actions of human follicle-stimulating hormone and its beta-subunit in reptiles. The actions of human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and its beta-subunit were examined in several assays in reptiles, including effects on lizard testicular activity (growth and androgen production) in vivo, and stimulation of androgen production by snake testes and competition for binding of 125I-labeled hFSH in lizards and snakes in vitro. Binding was also examined with mammalian tissues. The hFSH was highly steroidogenic in the snake and lizard; otherwise results were similar to those observed in mammals. In all cases, the potency of the beta-subunit was only a few per cent of the intact hormone. The potency of hFSH in vivo compared with NIH-FSH ovine standards was several 100 times greater than in vitro. Results for stimulation of androgen production in vivo closely paralleled those for binding assays in both reptiles and mammals. In contrast to previous results for ovine FSH beta-subunit, human FSH beta-subunit has little if any FSH biological activity in reptiles."}
{"id": "PMID:925571", "title": "Immunological studies on parathyroid hormone: characterization of antisera against synthetic 1-34 human parathyroid hormone and evidence that position 30 in human parathyroid hormone is aspartic acid.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of the 1--34 human parathyroid hormone fragment (1--34 hPTH) were developed using antisera raised in rabbits against synthetic 1--34 hPTH-N (amino acid sequence proposed by Niall). Binding of 125I-labelled 1--34 hPTH-N to these antisera was optimal at pH 5-5. Limits of detection varied between 25 and 200 pg/ml. Cross-reactivity of 1--34 bovine PTH was substantial in all assays; 1--34 hPTH-B (structure proposed by Brewer), 1--84 hPTH and 1--29 hPTH cross-reacted only with antisera from one animal. 1--29 Human PTH was obtained from partial hydrolysis of both 1--84 hPTH and 1--34 hPTH-N. Production of 1--29 hPTH from 1--84 hPTH was demonstrated by comparison of the elution profiles of the reaction product and 1--29 bovine PTH on Sephadex G-50. Thus, evidence was obtained that position 30 in native hPTH is occupied by an aspartic acid residue.", "contents": "Immunological studies on parathyroid hormone: characterization of antisera against synthetic 1-34 human parathyroid hormone and evidence that position 30 in human parathyroid hormone is aspartic acid. Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of the 1--34 human parathyroid hormone fragment (1--34 hPTH) were developed using antisera raised in rabbits against synthetic 1--34 hPTH-N (amino acid sequence proposed by Niall). Binding of 125I-labelled 1--34 hPTH-N to these antisera was optimal at pH 5-5. Limits of detection varied between 25 and 200 pg/ml. Cross-reactivity of 1--34 bovine PTH was substantial in all assays; 1--34 hPTH-B (structure proposed by Brewer), 1--84 hPTH and 1--29 hPTH cross-reacted only with antisera from one animal. 1--29 Human PTH was obtained from partial hydrolysis of both 1--84 hPTH and 1--34 hPTH-N. Production of 1--29 hPTH from 1--84 hPTH was demonstrated by comparison of the elution profiles of the reaction product and 1--29 bovine PTH on Sephadex G-50. Thus, evidence was obtained that position 30 in native hPTH is occupied by an aspartic acid residue."}
{"id": "PMID:925573", "title": "Release of neurophysins I and II during and after parturition in cows.", "content": "Bovine neurophysin I and neurophysin II (bNpI and bNpII) have been assayed by radioimmunoassay in the jugular venous blood of cows during parturition. In general, low bNpI levels were detected on the day before labour began and during the first stage of labour. Neurophysin I was present in appreciable quantities in blood taken during the second stage of labour and in most cows the concentrations rose to a maximum during the expulsive stage. After delivery, the concentration of bNpI in the blood diminished. This pattern of release is similar to that reported for oxytocin at parturition in cows. As with bNpI, maximum levels of bNpII occurred during the expulsive stage of labour in some animals. In others, bNpII concentrations were very low or absent. Low concentrations of bNpII were found at the other stages of labour. Examination of the results from individual animals indicated that the release of the two neurophysins can be independent.", "contents": "Release of neurophysins I and II during and after parturition in cows. Bovine neurophysin I and neurophysin II (bNpI and bNpII) have been assayed by radioimmunoassay in the jugular venous blood of cows during parturition. In general, low bNpI levels were detected on the day before labour began and during the first stage of labour. Neurophysin I was present in appreciable quantities in blood taken during the second stage of labour and in most cows the concentrations rose to a maximum during the expulsive stage. After delivery, the concentration of bNpI in the blood diminished. This pattern of release is similar to that reported for oxytocin at parturition in cows. As with bNpI, maximum levels of bNpII occurred during the expulsive stage of labour in some animals. In others, bNpII concentrations were very low or absent. Low concentrations of bNpII were found at the other stages of labour. Examination of the results from individual animals indicated that the release of the two neurophysins can be independent."}
{"id": "PMID:925580", "title": "Venous drainage and functional control of the canine prostate gland.", "content": "The venous drainage of the canine prostate gland has been studied in nine dogs after post-mortem intravenous injection of a coloured suspension of latex. A submucosal cavernous plexus of the prostatic urethra continuous with that of the penis, and a previously unnamed vessel that drains this plexus into the prostatico-vesical vein are described. The eferential vein was found to open variably, but always into the prostatic venous system. The data support the concept that a very small retrograde blood flow would take androgen-rich blood from the deferential vein into the prostate gland.", "contents": "Venous drainage and functional control of the canine prostate gland. The venous drainage of the canine prostate gland has been studied in nine dogs after post-mortem intravenous injection of a coloured suspension of latex. A submucosal cavernous plexus of the prostatic urethra continuous with that of the penis, and a previously unnamed vessel that drains this plexus into the prostatico-vesical vein are described. The eferential vein was found to open variably, but always into the prostatic venous system. The data support the concept that a very small retrograde blood flow would take androgen-rich blood from the deferential vein into the prostate gland."}
{"id": "PMID:925581", "title": "Action of rat prolactin on plasma somatomedin levels in the rat and on somatomedin release from perfused rat liver.", "content": "Rat prolactin at a concentration of 50 ng/ml perfusion medium stimulated the production of somatomedin-like activity (SLA) from the perfused liver of normal rats. The effect was demonstrable in perfusions performed at 11.00 h in which rat prolactin caused a mean (+/- S.E.M.) increase in the uptake of [35S]sulphate into rat costal cartilage in vitro of 64 +/- 14% in comparison with controls, but at 15.00 h no effect was observed. No effect or rat prolactin on hypophysectomized rat liver was detectable at 11.00 h. Hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats were given five intravenous injections of 50 microgram rat prolactin or a similar volume of hormone solvent at 12 h intervals. Plasma somatomedin activity (SMA) and cartilage metabolism, measured by the uptake of radioactive sulphate and thymidine by costal cartilage in vitro, were similar in hypophysectomized animals given rat prolactin or hormone solvent. Sham-operated rats given rat prolactin showed a significant increase of plasma SMA and cartilage metabolism compared with control animals. The production of SLA by rat liver in response to rat prolactin may be related to the density of specific hepatic lactogenic receptors, since these are absent or present only in low numbers in hypophysectomized animals.", "contents": "Action of rat prolactin on plasma somatomedin levels in the rat and on somatomedin release from perfused rat liver. Rat prolactin at a concentration of 50 ng/ml perfusion medium stimulated the production of somatomedin-like activity (SLA) from the perfused liver of normal rats. The effect was demonstrable in perfusions performed at 11.00 h in which rat prolactin caused a mean (+/- S.E.M.) increase in the uptake of [35S]sulphate into rat costal cartilage in vitro of 64 +/- 14% in comparison with controls, but at 15.00 h no effect was observed. No effect or rat prolactin on hypophysectomized rat liver was detectable at 11.00 h. Hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats were given five intravenous injections of 50 microgram rat prolactin or a similar volume of hormone solvent at 12 h intervals. Plasma somatomedin activity (SMA) and cartilage metabolism, measured by the uptake of radioactive sulphate and thymidine by costal cartilage in vitro, were similar in hypophysectomized animals given rat prolactin or hormone solvent. Sham-operated rats given rat prolactin showed a significant increase of plasma SMA and cartilage metabolism compared with control animals. The production of SLA by rat liver in response to rat prolactin may be related to the density of specific hepatic lactogenic receptors, since these are absent or present only in low numbers in hypophysectomized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:925583", "title": "The delayed anovulation syndrome: influence of hormones and correlation with behaviour.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to assess the influence of the ovary and various steroid treatments on the development of the delayed anovulatory syndrome (DAS) in female rats. The influence of neonatally administered androgen on the development of ovarian function and female sexual behaviour was studied. It was found that neither the presence of the ovary nor the administration of oestrogen or androgen affected the time-course of the DAS. Doses of androgen which produced the DAS had little effect on female sexual behaviour and there was no evidence of time-dependent changes in sexual behaviour comparable to the time-dependent changes of ovarian physiology observed during the DAS.", "contents": "The delayed anovulation syndrome: influence of hormones and correlation with behaviour. Experiments were conducted to assess the influence of the ovary and various steroid treatments on the development of the delayed anovulatory syndrome (DAS) in female rats. The influence of neonatally administered androgen on the development of ovarian function and female sexual behaviour was studied. It was found that neither the presence of the ovary nor the administration of oestrogen or androgen affected the time-course of the DAS. Doses of androgen which produced the DAS had little effect on female sexual behaviour and there was no evidence of time-dependent changes in sexual behaviour comparable to the time-dependent changes of ovarian physiology observed during the DAS."}
{"id": "PMID:925587", "title": "Lactogenic activity in the serum of rabbits during pregnancy and early lactation.", "content": "The levels of lactogenic activity in the serum of rabbits during pregnancy and early lactation have been determined. The accuracy and sensitivity of the radioreceptor assay used were increased by several technical improvements. Lactogenic activity remained low throughout pregnancy and increased at parturition; the highest values were reached on day 5 of lactation. No lactogenic activity was detected in placental extracts of rabbits, suggesting that the lactogenic activity measured in the serum is solely of pituitary origin. These results are discussed in relation to the main stages of development of rabbit mammary glands.", "contents": "Lactogenic activity in the serum of rabbits during pregnancy and early lactation. The levels of lactogenic activity in the serum of rabbits during pregnancy and early lactation have been determined. The accuracy and sensitivity of the radioreceptor assay used were increased by several technical improvements. Lactogenic activity remained low throughout pregnancy and increased at parturition; the highest values were reached on day 5 of lactation. No lactogenic activity was detected in placental extracts of rabbits, suggesting that the lactogenic activity measured in the serum is solely of pituitary origin. These results are discussed in relation to the main stages of development of rabbit mammary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:925588", "title": "Changes in steroid concentration in the ovaries of immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "The concentrations of testosterone, progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20alpha-OHP) were measured in the ovaries of immature rats in which ovulation was induced by treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and, 48 h later, with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The concentration of testosterone in the tissue increased significantly 48 h after treatment with PMSG, reached a peak 4 h after the administration of HCG and declined to the basal level 4 h later. Increases in the levels of progesterone and 20alpha-OHP were observed 4 h after the administration of HCG. Whereas the level of 20alpha-OHP continued to rise during the subsequent 30 h, progesterone levels declined near the presumed time of ovulation (12 h after administration of HCG). It is concluded that 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is present in the immature rat ovary before ovulation and that an increase in the production of testosterone in the ovaries of rats treated with PMSG and HCG precedes increased production of progesterone and 20alpha-OHP in these ovaries.", "contents": "Changes in steroid concentration in the ovaries of immature rats treated with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin. The concentrations of testosterone, progesterone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20alpha-OHP) were measured in the ovaries of immature rats in which ovulation was induced by treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and, 48 h later, with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The concentration of testosterone in the tissue increased significantly 48 h after treatment with PMSG, reached a peak 4 h after the administration of HCG and declined to the basal level 4 h later. Increases in the levels of progesterone and 20alpha-OHP were observed 4 h after the administration of HCG. Whereas the level of 20alpha-OHP continued to rise during the subsequent 30 h, progesterone levels declined near the presumed time of ovulation (12 h after administration of HCG). It is concluded that 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is present in the immature rat ovary before ovulation and that an increase in the production of testosterone in the ovaries of rats treated with PMSG and HCG precedes increased production of progesterone and 20alpha-OHP in these ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:925590", "title": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin and its application in various physiological states.", "content": "The purification of canine prolactin and the development of an homologous radioimmunoassay including several physiological studies in the Beagle dog are described. The assay measured immunoreactive canine prolactin with a sensitivity limit of 0-6 ng/ml. Purified canine luteinizing hormone gave no significant inhibition in the assay whereas purified canine growth hormone inhibited the binding of 125I-labelled canine prolactin to antiserum only at very high dose levels. In Beagle dogs. basal serum prolactin concentrations were in the range 1-2 ng/ml in normal male, normal female (metoestrus and anoestrus) and oophorectomized-hysterectomized female dogs. The prolactin concentration in one sample of amniotic fluid was in the same range, while in hypophysectomized male dogs no serum prolactin could be detected by our assay system. Serum prolactin concentrations tended to increase during late pregnancy and parturition, remaining high during the first 9 days of lactation. In consequence, a negative correlation was suggested between serum prolactin and serum progesterone concentrations.", "contents": "Homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin and its application in various physiological states. The purification of canine prolactin and the development of an homologous radioimmunoassay including several physiological studies in the Beagle dog are described. The assay measured immunoreactive canine prolactin with a sensitivity limit of 0-6 ng/ml. Purified canine luteinizing hormone gave no significant inhibition in the assay whereas purified canine growth hormone inhibited the binding of 125I-labelled canine prolactin to antiserum only at very high dose levels. In Beagle dogs. basal serum prolactin concentrations were in the range 1-2 ng/ml in normal male, normal female (metoestrus and anoestrus) and oophorectomized-hysterectomized female dogs. The prolactin concentration in one sample of amniotic fluid was in the same range, while in hypophysectomized male dogs no serum prolactin could be detected by our assay system. Serum prolactin concentrations tended to increase during late pregnancy and parturition, remaining high during the first 9 days of lactation. In consequence, a negative correlation was suggested between serum prolactin and serum progesterone concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:925591", "title": "Suppression of ethanol-reinforced lever pressing by delaying food availability.", "content": "When food was initially available to rats under a fixed-interval 26-second schedule and each liquid-reinforced lever press delayed food availability 8 seconds, suppression of liquid-reinforced lever pressing and liquid consumption occurred when the liquid presented was 4, 8, 16, 32, and 0% ethanol. Suppression did not occur in yoked-control animals, which received food coincidentally with experimental animals but were not directly exposed to the delay dependency. After exposure to the food schedule, each ethanol solution served as a reinforcer in the absence of food presentation. Delaying food availability for increasingly long periods (8 to 2048 seconds) suppressed ethanol-reinforced lever pressing and consumption relative to baseline levels, with the maximum decrease being below the level maintained in the absence of food. However, degree of suppression did not increase monotonically with delay length. Liquid-reinforced performance of yoked-control animals indicated that suppression did not result from changes in the sequencing of food presentation alone.", "contents": "Suppression of ethanol-reinforced lever pressing by delaying food availability. When food was initially available to rats under a fixed-interval 26-second schedule and each liquid-reinforced lever press delayed food availability 8 seconds, suppression of liquid-reinforced lever pressing and liquid consumption occurred when the liquid presented was 4, 8, 16, 32, and 0% ethanol. Suppression did not occur in yoked-control animals, which received food coincidentally with experimental animals but were not directly exposed to the delay dependency. After exposure to the food schedule, each ethanol solution served as a reinforcer in the absence of food presentation. Delaying food availability for increasingly long periods (8 to 2048 seconds) suppressed ethanol-reinforced lever pressing and consumption relative to baseline levels, with the maximum decrease being below the level maintained in the absence of food. However, degree of suppression did not increase monotonically with delay length. Liquid-reinforced performance of yoked-control animals indicated that suppression did not result from changes in the sequencing of food presentation alone."}
{"id": "PMID:925602", "title": "Passive transfer of autoimmune disease with isologous IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to the tubular basement membrane in strain XIII guinea pigs: loss of self-tolerance induced by autoantibodies.", "content": "Initiation of an autoimmune tubulointerstitial disease was achieved in strain XIII guinea pigs by passive transfer of functionally pure IgG1 or IgG2 fractions of isologous anti-tubular basement membrane (TBM) serum. IgG2 appeared to be somewhat more effective than IgG1. The immunopathologic features in the IgG1 and IgG2 recipients were similar at the time of sacrifice, 14 days after transfer. The recipients that developed disease had higher than expected anti-TBM titers at 14 days. Furthermore, anti-TBM antibodies were of both IgG isotypes. In contrast, simultaneously administered IgG1 or IgG2 anti-BGG antibodies declined in titer in the recipients and were never found in the isotype fraction that had not been transferred. These findings indicate that the recipients of anti-TBM antibodies of either IgG1 or IgG2 isotype were stimulated to produce anti-TBM autoantibodies, which participated in the pathogenesis of the renal disease. The model demonstrates that autoantibodies may provide a mechanism (autoimmune amplification) for the intensification and perpetuation of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.", "contents": "Passive transfer of autoimmune disease with isologous IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to the tubular basement membrane in strain XIII guinea pigs: loss of self-tolerance induced by autoantibodies. Initiation of an autoimmune tubulointerstitial disease was achieved in strain XIII guinea pigs by passive transfer of functionally pure IgG1 or IgG2 fractions of isologous anti-tubular basement membrane (TBM) serum. IgG2 appeared to be somewhat more effective than IgG1. The immunopathologic features in the IgG1 and IgG2 recipients were similar at the time of sacrifice, 14 days after transfer. The recipients that developed disease had higher than expected anti-TBM titers at 14 days. Furthermore, anti-TBM antibodies were of both IgG isotypes. In contrast, simultaneously administered IgG1 or IgG2 anti-BGG antibodies declined in titer in the recipients and were never found in the isotype fraction that had not been transferred. These findings indicate that the recipients of anti-TBM antibodies of either IgG1 or IgG2 isotype were stimulated to produce anti-TBM autoantibodies, which participated in the pathogenesis of the renal disease. The model demonstrates that autoantibodies may provide a mechanism (autoimmune amplification) for the intensification and perpetuation of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:925603", "title": "Enzymes of heme metabolism in the kidney: regulation by trace metals which do not form heme complexes.", "content": "The in vivo regulation by metal ions of the enzymes of heme metabolism in kidney-particularly of ALAS, the rate-limiting enzyme in heine formation- was investigated. Ni(2+) and Pt(4+), metals which do not enzymatically form metalloporphyrins, were found to regulate ALAS in kidney as they do in liver. The pattern of this regulation was generally similar to that observed with heme and metal ions in liver, i.e., a late increase in enzyme activity after an early period in which ALAS activity was unaltered or inhibited. The metals did not interact with the enzyme in vitro to alter its activity. In this study no direct reciprocal relationship between ALAS activity and total cellular heine content was demonstrated. The metal ions, particularly Pt(4+), also altered the activity of other enzymes of heme biosynthesis in kidney. Pt(4+) severely inhibited the activity of ALAD and UROS. Ni(2+) and Pt(4+) were potent inducers of heme oxygenase, the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heine degradation. It is proposed that the physiological regulation of ALAS is mediated through the action of metal ions, rather than by the cellular content of heine, and that the regulation of ALAS by heine reflects the action of the central metal ion of heme rather than that of the entire metalloporphyrin complex. In this proposed mechanism for metal ion regulation of ALAS, the tetrapyrrole moiety of heine is considered to function principally as an efficient carrier of metal to the regulatory site for ALAS production, inasmuch as the tetrapyrrole ring itself has been shown in earlier studies not to have any effect on ALAS activity. The production of heine oxygenase is believed to be similarly regulated.", "contents": "Enzymes of heme metabolism in the kidney: regulation by trace metals which do not form heme complexes. The in vivo regulation by metal ions of the enzymes of heme metabolism in kidney-particularly of ALAS, the rate-limiting enzyme in heine formation- was investigated. Ni(2+) and Pt(4+), metals which do not enzymatically form metalloporphyrins, were found to regulate ALAS in kidney as they do in liver. The pattern of this regulation was generally similar to that observed with heme and metal ions in liver, i.e., a late increase in enzyme activity after an early period in which ALAS activity was unaltered or inhibited. The metals did not interact with the enzyme in vitro to alter its activity. In this study no direct reciprocal relationship between ALAS activity and total cellular heine content was demonstrated. The metal ions, particularly Pt(4+), also altered the activity of other enzymes of heme biosynthesis in kidney. Pt(4+) severely inhibited the activity of ALAD and UROS. Ni(2+) and Pt(4+) were potent inducers of heme oxygenase, the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heine degradation. It is proposed that the physiological regulation of ALAS is mediated through the action of metal ions, rather than by the cellular content of heine, and that the regulation of ALAS by heine reflects the action of the central metal ion of heme rather than that of the entire metalloporphyrin complex. In this proposed mechanism for metal ion regulation of ALAS, the tetrapyrrole moiety of heine is considered to function principally as an efficient carrier of metal to the regulatory site for ALAS production, inasmuch as the tetrapyrrole ring itself has been shown in earlier studies not to have any effect on ALAS activity. The production of heine oxygenase is believed to be similarly regulated."}
{"id": "PMID:925604", "title": "Neutralization of reovirus: the gene responsible for the neutralization antigen.", "content": "The S1 genome segment of reovirus is linked to type specificity as determined by neutralization antibody. This gene segment codes for a minor outer capsid polypeptide (sigma1). Therefore, sigma1 is the peptide responsible for induction of neutralization antibody and confers type specificity. This biologic property of reovirus was defined using hybrid recombinants clones between reovirus types 1 and 3 and 2 and 3.", "contents": "Neutralization of reovirus: the gene responsible for the neutralization antigen. The S1 genome segment of reovirus is linked to type specificity as determined by neutralization antibody. This gene segment codes for a minor outer capsid polypeptide (sigma1). Therefore, sigma1 is the peptide responsible for induction of neutralization antibody and confers type specificity. This biologic property of reovirus was defined using hybrid recombinants clones between reovirus types 1 and 3 and 2 and 3."}
{"id": "PMID:925605", "title": "Origin of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the mammary gland.", "content": "Lymphoblasts from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) of mice home to the mammary glands of syngeneic recipients late in pregnancy and during lactation, and within hours of transfer most can be shown to contain IgA. Homing does not occur in virgins, in early pregnancy, or after weaning. Homing MN lymphoblasts are sensitive to antiserum to IgA plus complement, but not to other class-specific antisera. Thus, lymphoblasts in MN with the potential to home to the mammary gland are already committed to IgA synthesis and bear surface IgA before reaching their destination. These results explain observations, made by others, of specific IgA antibodies and IgA plasma cells in milk and colostrum after oral immunization. Under natural conditions it is likely that IgA precursor cells, after stimulation in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue by intestinal antigens, migrate to the mammary gland where they secrete antibodies which constitute an important defense mechanism of the newborn. In the absence of lactation, these cells probably form part of the normal traffic to the lamina propria of the small intestine.", "contents": "Origin of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the mammary gland. Lymphoblasts from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) of mice home to the mammary glands of syngeneic recipients late in pregnancy and during lactation, and within hours of transfer most can be shown to contain IgA. Homing does not occur in virgins, in early pregnancy, or after weaning. Homing MN lymphoblasts are sensitive to antiserum to IgA plus complement, but not to other class-specific antisera. Thus, lymphoblasts in MN with the potential to home to the mammary gland are already committed to IgA synthesis and bear surface IgA before reaching their destination. These results explain observations, made by others, of specific IgA antibodies and IgA plasma cells in milk and colostrum after oral immunization. Under natural conditions it is likely that IgA precursor cells, after stimulation in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue by intestinal antigens, migrate to the mammary gland where they secrete antibodies which constitute an important defense mechanism of the newborn. In the absence of lactation, these cells probably form part of the normal traffic to the lamina propria of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:925606", "title": "Plasma cell immunoglobulin secretion: arrest is accompanied by alterations of the golgi complex.", "content": "Conditions influencing Ig secretion by plasma cells have been studied with suspensions of murine plasma cells and myeloma cells by determining the release of (3)H-Ig after a pulse of biosynthetic labeling with L- [4,5-(3)H]-leucine. Ig secretion is insensitive to a variety of hormones, mediators, cyclic nucleotide derivatives, extracellular calcium depletion, and agents acting on mierotubules or microfilaments; i.e., to a number of factors which are involved in the regulation of secretion by cells with a storage compartment. On the other hand, Ig secretion is markedly inhibited by conditions which (a) lower intracellular calcium levels (ionophore A 23187 in Ca(++)-free medium), (b) induce partial sodium/potassium equilibration (the ionophores monensin and nigericin and, in the case of myeloma cells, ouabain and incubation in K(+)-free medium) or (c) uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. The first two situations are accompanied by striking alterations of the ultrastructural appearance of the Golgi complex, different in each case. These ultrastructural observations, together with autoradiographic experiments after a short pulse with L-[4,5-(3)H]-leucine, have led to the following hypothesis: (a) under Ca(++) depletion (3)H-Ig passes to Golgi vesicles but these vesicles are incapable of fusion or migration and therefore accumulate in exaggerated numbers in the Golgi area; (b) under partial Na(+)/K(+) equilibration, (3)H-Ig passes to Golgi vesicles which have an exaggerated tendency to fuse with other Golgi elements, thereby generating large vacuoles which store increasing amounts of Ig; (c) under energy block, multiple membrane fission and fusion events are inhibited and there is therefore, little intracellular transport of (3)H-Ig or alteration of cell ultrastructure.", "contents": "Plasma cell immunoglobulin secretion: arrest is accompanied by alterations of the golgi complex. Conditions influencing Ig secretion by plasma cells have been studied with suspensions of murine plasma cells and myeloma cells by determining the release of (3)H-Ig after a pulse of biosynthetic labeling with L- [4,5-(3)H]-leucine. Ig secretion is insensitive to a variety of hormones, mediators, cyclic nucleotide derivatives, extracellular calcium depletion, and agents acting on mierotubules or microfilaments; i.e., to a number of factors which are involved in the regulation of secretion by cells with a storage compartment. On the other hand, Ig secretion is markedly inhibited by conditions which (a) lower intracellular calcium levels (ionophore A 23187 in Ca(++)-free medium), (b) induce partial sodium/potassium equilibration (the ionophores monensin and nigericin and, in the case of myeloma cells, ouabain and incubation in K(+)-free medium) or (c) uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. The first two situations are accompanied by striking alterations of the ultrastructural appearance of the Golgi complex, different in each case. These ultrastructural observations, together with autoradiographic experiments after a short pulse with L-[4,5-(3)H]-leucine, have led to the following hypothesis: (a) under Ca(++) depletion (3)H-Ig passes to Golgi vesicles but these vesicles are incapable of fusion or migration and therefore accumulate in exaggerated numbers in the Golgi area; (b) under partial Na(+)/K(+) equilibration, (3)H-Ig passes to Golgi vesicles which have an exaggerated tendency to fuse with other Golgi elements, thereby generating large vacuoles which store increasing amounts of Ig; (c) under energy block, multiple membrane fission and fusion events are inhibited and there is therefore, little intracellular transport of (3)H-Ig or alteration of cell ultrastructure."}
{"id": "PMID:925607", "title": "The genetic polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement: methodological aspects and a presentation of linkage and association data relevant to its localization in the HLA region.", "content": "The C4 polymorphism in man has been studied by immunofixation electrophoresis, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and functional detection after agarose gel electrophoresis. It has so far not been possible to reveal this polymorphism by isoelectric focusing and functional detection of C4 bands. Three common alleles and one less frequently occuring allele have been identified. In a small population sample studied by all the different techniques and verified by family segregation, the following gene frequencies have been found: C4F: 0.46, C4S: 0.32, C4F1: 0.20, and C4M: 0.02. By linkage and association studies in a family material it has been shown that a structural C4 locus is situated in the HLA region of chromosome 6 very close to the HLA-B and Bf loci.", "contents": "The genetic polymorphism of the fourth component of human complement: methodological aspects and a presentation of linkage and association data relevant to its localization in the HLA region. The C4 polymorphism in man has been studied by immunofixation electrophoresis, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and functional detection after agarose gel electrophoresis. It has so far not been possible to reveal this polymorphism by isoelectric focusing and functional detection of C4 bands. Three common alleles and one less frequently occuring allele have been identified. In a small population sample studied by all the different techniques and verified by family segregation, the following gene frequencies have been found: C4F: 0.46, C4S: 0.32, C4F1: 0.20, and C4M: 0.02. By linkage and association studies in a family material it has been shown that a structural C4 locus is situated in the HLA region of chromosome 6 very close to the HLA-B and Bf loci."}
{"id": "PMID:925608", "title": "Expression of a new cell surface antigen on activated murine macrophages.", "content": "A macrophage cell-surface antigen associated with pyran and Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages and P388D1 cells but not detectable on normal or glycogen and thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages has been described. The antigen was demonstrated both by complement-mediated cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence, using an appropriately absorbed rabbit antiserum to P388D1. This antiserum should enable the characterization of activated macrophage cell populations on an individual cell basis and should be a useful probe to study the interactions of macrophages with tumor cells and the relationship of activation to cell-surface changes.", "contents": "Expression of a new cell surface antigen on activated murine macrophages. A macrophage cell-surface antigen associated with pyran and Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages and P388D1 cells but not detectable on normal or glycogen and thioglycollate-elicited murine macrophages has been described. The antigen was demonstrated both by complement-mediated cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence, using an appropriately absorbed rabbit antiserum to P388D1. This antiserum should enable the characterization of activated macrophage cell populations on an individual cell basis and should be a useful probe to study the interactions of macrophages with tumor cells and the relationship of activation to cell-surface changes."}
{"id": "PMID:925609", "title": "Blocking of in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus.", "content": "By pretreatment with concanavalin A (Con A) both in vivo and in vitro genetically susceptible mice and their cultured macrophages have been converted to animals and cells which are phenotypically resistant to mouse hepatitus virus (MHV). Con A at 1.0 mg/mouse decreased the mortality from 100% to less than 40% by inducing a prominent inflammatory response, increasing the number of macrophages in the virus inoculation site, and producing a population of macrophages not uniformly susceptible to the virus. In addition, mediators derived from Con A-treated spleen cells conferred resistance to normally susceptible syngeneic macrophages to 100 TCID50 of MHV.", "contents": "Blocking of in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus. By pretreatment with concanavalin A (Con A) both in vivo and in vitro genetically susceptible mice and their cultured macrophages have been converted to animals and cells which are phenotypically resistant to mouse hepatitus virus (MHV). Con A at 1.0 mg/mouse decreased the mortality from 100% to less than 40% by inducing a prominent inflammatory response, increasing the number of macrophages in the virus inoculation site, and producing a population of macrophages not uniformly susceptible to the virus. In addition, mediators derived from Con A-treated spleen cells conferred resistance to normally susceptible syngeneic macrophages to 100 TCID50 of MHV."}
{"id": "PMID:925610", "title": "Complement bridges between cells analysis of a possible cell-cell interaction mechanism.", "content": "Different leukocytes (Raji, Daudi, Rael lymphoid cells; human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and guinea pig granulocytes), which had been coated with C3 by incubation of 37 degrees C for 20 min in a C3 solution, were demonstrated to form rosettes with erythrocytes coated with complement components (EAC142). The percentage of rosettes was dependent of the amount of C3 present on the cells. Loading of the lymphoid cells with C3 was a time- and temperature-dependent process. C3b was unable to serve the same purposes, although C3 and C3b occupied the C3 receptors on the lymphoid cells to a comparable degree. C3 functions in a similar manner. The C42 enzyme can be replaced by trypsin, so that bridging units may consist of C3 + C42, C5 + C42 OR C3 + trypsin, and C5 + trypsin. Bridging units can be constructed also from C4 + C1. It is suggested that enzymes on one cell liberate labile binding groups of complement components on adjacent cells, thus inducing coupling of the two cells. The possibility is raised that this type of cell interlinkage may play a role in vivo, since there is accumulating evidence that complement components are expressed in the plasma membrane of different cells.", "contents": "Complement bridges between cells analysis of a possible cell-cell interaction mechanism. Different leukocytes (Raji, Daudi, Rael lymphoid cells; human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and guinea pig granulocytes), which had been coated with C3 by incubation of 37 degrees C for 20 min in a C3 solution, were demonstrated to form rosettes with erythrocytes coated with complement components (EAC142). The percentage of rosettes was dependent of the amount of C3 present on the cells. Loading of the lymphoid cells with C3 was a time- and temperature-dependent process. C3b was unable to serve the same purposes, although C3 and C3b occupied the C3 receptors on the lymphoid cells to a comparable degree. C3 functions in a similar manner. The C42 enzyme can be replaced by trypsin, so that bridging units may consist of C3 + C42, C5 + C42 OR C3 + trypsin, and C5 + trypsin. Bridging units can be constructed also from C4 + C1. It is suggested that enzymes on one cell liberate labile binding groups of complement components on adjacent cells, thus inducing coupling of the two cells. The possibility is raised that this type of cell interlinkage may play a role in vivo, since there is accumulating evidence that complement components are expressed in the plasma membrane of different cells."}
{"id": "PMID:925611", "title": "Functional characterization of a stable, noncytolytic stage of macrophage activation in tumors.", "content": "The state in which macrophages (Mphi) from regressing Moloney sarcomas could kill tumor target cells was a highly labile one which decayed rapidly in vitro. Thereafter, regressor Mphi were noncytolytic. Mphi from several different progressing sarcomas failed to kill, even when challenged with target cells immediately after explantation. Similarly, thioglycollate-induced peritoneal Mphi (TG-Mphi) did not kill. Noncytolygic Mphi derived either from progressing sarcomas or from long-term (up to 96 h) cultures of regressor Mphi were exquisitely sensitive to stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); picogram/milliliter amounts induced killing. Similar concentrations of LPS had no demonstrable effect on TG-Mphi. Thus, tumor Mphi generally appeared to have been primed in vivo, with those in regressing sarcomas having additionally acquired cytolytic activity. Inability of progressor Mphi to kill apparently stemmed from lack of, or failure to respond to, the signal needed in vivo to trigger cytolytic activity, rather than the total absence of activation.", "contents": "Functional characterization of a stable, noncytolytic stage of macrophage activation in tumors. The state in which macrophages (Mphi) from regressing Moloney sarcomas could kill tumor target cells was a highly labile one which decayed rapidly in vitro. Thereafter, regressor Mphi were noncytolytic. Mphi from several different progressing sarcomas failed to kill, even when challenged with target cells immediately after explantation. Similarly, thioglycollate-induced peritoneal Mphi (TG-Mphi) did not kill. Noncytolygic Mphi derived either from progressing sarcomas or from long-term (up to 96 h) cultures of regressor Mphi were exquisitely sensitive to stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS); picogram/milliliter amounts induced killing. Similar concentrations of LPS had no demonstrable effect on TG-Mphi. Thus, tumor Mphi generally appeared to have been primed in vivo, with those in regressing sarcomas having additionally acquired cytolytic activity. Inability of progressor Mphi to kill apparently stemmed from lack of, or failure to respond to, the signal needed in vivo to trigger cytolytic activity, rather than the total absence of activation."}
{"id": "PMID:925612", "title": "Immunization of mice with syngeneic Moloney lymphoma cells induces separate antibodies against virion envelope glycoprotein and virus-induced cell surface antigens.", "content": "Immunization of mice with heavily irradiated syngeneic Moloney lymphoma cells evokes antibodies against the major viral envelope antigen, gp71, and the Moloney virus-induced cell surface antigen (MCSA). A9HT cells, an L-cell subline, react with the antibodies against the viral envelope antigen only; this reaction can be completely inhibited by virus or purified gp71. Reactivity to Moloney lymphoma cells (YAC) was only partially inhibited (maximum 30%) or not at all. This can be attributed to the reaction of the YAC cells with antibodies directed against MCSA, a nonvirion cell surface component according to both biological and biochemical evidence. Antibody-induced capping of gp71 or p15(E) did not change the membrane distribution of MCSA or H-2, indicating that these antigens represent distinct entities on the cell surface. MCSA showed only minimal capping and thereby differed in behavior from both H-2 and virion antigens. gp71 could be capped by the mouse antiserum as revealed by subsequent staining with monospecific anti-gp71 antiserum. Under ordinary test conditions this reactivity is overshadowed by the reaction against MCSA. The lack of MCSA capping reflects a difference in anchorage of this antigen.", "contents": "Immunization of mice with syngeneic Moloney lymphoma cells induces separate antibodies against virion envelope glycoprotein and virus-induced cell surface antigens. Immunization of mice with heavily irradiated syngeneic Moloney lymphoma cells evokes antibodies against the major viral envelope antigen, gp71, and the Moloney virus-induced cell surface antigen (MCSA). A9HT cells, an L-cell subline, react with the antibodies against the viral envelope antigen only; this reaction can be completely inhibited by virus or purified gp71. Reactivity to Moloney lymphoma cells (YAC) was only partially inhibited (maximum 30%) or not at all. This can be attributed to the reaction of the YAC cells with antibodies directed against MCSA, a nonvirion cell surface component according to both biological and biochemical evidence. Antibody-induced capping of gp71 or p15(E) did not change the membrane distribution of MCSA or H-2, indicating that these antigens represent distinct entities on the cell surface. MCSA showed only minimal capping and thereby differed in behavior from both H-2 and virion antigens. gp71 could be capped by the mouse antiserum as revealed by subsequent staining with monospecific anti-gp71 antiserum. Under ordinary test conditions this reactivity is overshadowed by the reaction against MCSA. The lack of MCSA capping reflects a difference in anchorage of this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:925614", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages: dependence on sequential activation and triggering.", "content": "Using a specific and sensitive fluorometric assay, the H2O2 release from as few as 2 X 10(5) mouse peritoneal macrophages could be detected continuously and quantitated. It is emphasized that the assay measured H2O2 release, not production. Induction of H2O2 release required sequential application of two stimuli: the administration of an activating agent to the mice from 4 days to 10 wk before all harvest, and the exposure of the cells in vitro to a triggering agent. BCG was most effective as an activating agent, resulting in peritoneal macrophages which could be triggered to release H2O2 almost as copiously (8 nmol/10(6) macrophages per 5 min) as mouse peritoneal PMN (9 NMOL/10(6) PMN per 5 min). Casein and C. parvum could also serve as activators, but thioglycollate and FCS were ineffective after single injections. PMA was a potent triggering agent, resulting in a maximal rate of H2O2 release after a latency of about 40 s for cells in suspension. Other triggering agents included the ionophore A23187, concanavalin A in the presence of cytochalasin B, and phagocytosis. H2O2 release could be attributed to macrophages and PMN in peritoneal cell suspensions or in preparations of adherent peritoneal cells, but not to lymphocytes. Indirect evidence suggested that the H2O2 detected was formed from superoxide anion. These observations appear to justify renewed interest in the idea that H2O2 may be important in macrohpage antimicrobial and antitumor mechanisms.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages: dependence on sequential activation and triggering. Using a specific and sensitive fluorometric assay, the H2O2 release from as few as 2 X 10(5) mouse peritoneal macrophages could be detected continuously and quantitated. It is emphasized that the assay measured H2O2 release, not production. Induction of H2O2 release required sequential application of two stimuli: the administration of an activating agent to the mice from 4 days to 10 wk before all harvest, and the exposure of the cells in vitro to a triggering agent. BCG was most effective as an activating agent, resulting in peritoneal macrophages which could be triggered to release H2O2 almost as copiously (8 nmol/10(6) macrophages per 5 min) as mouse peritoneal PMN (9 NMOL/10(6) PMN per 5 min). Casein and C. parvum could also serve as activators, but thioglycollate and FCS were ineffective after single injections. PMA was a potent triggering agent, resulting in a maximal rate of H2O2 release after a latency of about 40 s for cells in suspension. Other triggering agents included the ionophore A23187, concanavalin A in the presence of cytochalasin B, and phagocytosis. H2O2 release could be attributed to macrophages and PMN in peritoneal cell suspensions or in preparations of adherent peritoneal cells, but not to lymphocytes. Indirect evidence suggested that the H2O2 detected was formed from superoxide anion. These observations appear to justify renewed interest in the idea that H2O2 may be important in macrohpage antimicrobial and antitumor mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:925615", "title": "[Binding of cortisol, fluocortolone and difluocortolone to human plasma proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "The binding properties of [3H]cortisol, [3H]fluocortolone and [3H]difluocortolone by human plasma, human albumin, human- beta- and gamma-globulins have been studied by equilibrium dialysis. Cortisol, in physiological concentrations (0,4 micromol/l), is 98% bound in human plasma at 25 degrees C, fluocortolone 96% and diflucortolone 85%. Uncer physiological conditions cortisol is mainly bound to the corticosteroid binding globulin (transcortin). 2/3 of fluocortolone is bound to transcortin and 1/3 to albumin and globulins, whereas difluocortolone is mainly bound to albumin and to globulins but not to transcortin. The binding affinities of beta- and gamma-globulins are -ery low for the corticoids investigated, but they are higher for fluocortolone and difluocortolone than for cortisol.", "contents": "[Binding of cortisol, fluocortolone and difluocortolone to human plasma proteins (author's transl)]. The binding properties of [3H]cortisol, [3H]fluocortolone and [3H]difluocortolone by human plasma, human albumin, human- beta- and gamma-globulins have been studied by equilibrium dialysis. Cortisol, in physiological concentrations (0,4 micromol/l), is 98% bound in human plasma at 25 degrees C, fluocortolone 96% and diflucortolone 85%. Uncer physiological conditions cortisol is mainly bound to the corticosteroid binding globulin (transcortin). 2/3 of fluocortolone is bound to transcortin and 1/3 to albumin and globulins, whereas difluocortolone is mainly bound to albumin and to globulins but not to transcortin. The binding affinities of beta- and gamma-globulins are -ery low for the corticoids investigated, but they are higher for fluocortolone and difluocortolone than for cortisol."}
{"id": "PMID:925616", "title": "Influence of drugs on clinical chemical data for serum glucose, investigated with the automated glucose oxidase-perid method.", "content": "Fifty drugs, applied in the therapy of internal diseases, were investigated for their effect on the clinical chemical determination of serum glucose by the automated GOD-Perid method. The results showed a statistically significant depression of the reported glucose value, by 7 drugs containing the pyrazolone group and its derivatives (Baralgin, Butazolidine, Analgin, Novalgetol, Analgocain, Irgapyrin, Aminopyrin) P less than 0.001; P less than 0.01. The influence depends on the quantity of drug and on the time interval between loading and glucose analysis.", "contents": "Influence of drugs on clinical chemical data for serum glucose, investigated with the automated glucose oxidase-perid method. Fifty drugs, applied in the therapy of internal diseases, were investigated for their effect on the clinical chemical determination of serum glucose by the automated GOD-Perid method. The results showed a statistically significant depression of the reported glucose value, by 7 drugs containing the pyrazolone group and its derivatives (Baralgin, Butazolidine, Analgin, Novalgetol, Analgocain, Irgapyrin, Aminopyrin) P less than 0.001; P less than 0.01. The influence depends on the quantity of drug and on the time interval between loading and glucose analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:925617", "title": "Carcino-embryonic antigens, oestrogen receptors and androgen receptors in human breast tumours. Clinical evaluation of carcino-embryonic antigen, IV.", "content": "This paper, the fourth in a series devoted to the study of the clinical usefulness of estimations of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), describes CEA levels in extracts of metastatic breast tumours. --Two groups can be distinguished, with CEA values higher or lower than 1.5 microgram CEA per g protein. The group of tumours with a CEA level  exceeding 1.5 microgram/g (CEA-positive) included a significantly larger percentage or oestrogen receptor-positive tumours than the group with lower CEA levels (CEA-negative). --It is stated that CEA-negative metastases are most likely to be found in patients who fail to respond to hormonal therapy. --No relation was demonstrable between the presence of androgen receptors and the CEA level. All the possible permutations of CEA, oestrogen receptors and androgen receptors were encountered in the tumours examined.", "contents": "Carcino-embryonic antigens, oestrogen receptors and androgen receptors in human breast tumours. Clinical evaluation of carcino-embryonic antigen, IV. This paper, the fourth in a series devoted to the study of the clinical usefulness of estimations of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), describes CEA levels in extracts of metastatic breast tumours. --Two groups can be distinguished, with CEA values higher or lower than 1.5 microgram CEA per g protein. The group of tumours with a CEA level  exceeding 1.5 microgram/g (CEA-positive) included a significantly larger percentage or oestrogen receptor-positive tumours than the group with lower CEA levels (CEA-negative). --It is stated that CEA-negative metastases are most likely to be found in patients who fail to respond to hormonal therapy. --No relation was demonstrable between the presence of androgen receptors and the CEA level. All the possible permutations of CEA, oestrogen receptors and androgen receptors were encountered in the tumours examined."}
{"id": "PMID:925618", "title": "Determination of copper and iron in human blood serum by energy dispersive x-ray analysis.", "content": "Human blood serum has been analyzed  by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy utilizing the effect of background reduction by total reflexion of the incident X-ray beam on an optical flat as sample support. For sample preparation a drop of 10 microliter serum was pipetted onto the support and dried to a thin film. The minimum detectable limit was about 1.5 mmol/l in 1000 s and the precision in the 20 mmol/l range of the metals was 3-5%.", "contents": "Determination of copper and iron in human blood serum by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Human blood serum has been analyzed  by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy utilizing the effect of background reduction by total reflexion of the incident X-ray beam on an optical flat as sample support. For sample preparation a drop of 10 microliter serum was pipetted onto the support and dried to a thin film. The minimum detectable limit was about 1.5 mmol/l in 1000 s and the precision in the 20 mmol/l range of the metals was 3-5%."}
{"id": "PMID:925619", "title": "Comparison of control materials containing animal and human enzymes. Comparison of enzymes of human and animal origin, III.", "content": "Highly purified enzymes of diagnostic interest from human and animal organs, dissolved in pooled human serum and in bovine serum albumin solution, were compared with respect to their response to alterations in routine clinical chemical assay conditions. Their response to changes in temperature, substrate concentration and pH-value was the same. In addition, the storage stability in each matrix was identical in the lyophilized and the reconstituted state, whereas some enzymes were remarkably less stable in the pooled human serum than in bovine serum albumin. This better stability, the better availability and decreased infectious nature of the material lead to the conclusion that animal enzymes in bovine serum albumin matrix are the material of choice for the quality control of enzyme activity determinations in clinical chemistry.", "contents": "Comparison of control materials containing animal and human enzymes. Comparison of enzymes of human and animal origin, III. Highly purified enzymes of diagnostic interest from human and animal organs, dissolved in pooled human serum and in bovine serum albumin solution, were compared with respect to their response to alterations in routine clinical chemical assay conditions. Their response to changes in temperature, substrate concentration and pH-value was the same. In addition, the storage stability in each matrix was identical in the lyophilized and the reconstituted state, whereas some enzymes were remarkably less stable in the pooled human serum than in bovine serum albumin. This better stability, the better availability and decreased infectious nature of the material lead to the conclusion that animal enzymes in bovine serum albumin matrix are the material of choice for the quality control of enzyme activity determinations in clinical chemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:925620", "title": "[Determination of urea with the Merckognost test strips, and a comparison with a photometric method (author's transl)].", "content": "The precision and practicability of the Merckognost-Urea Test Strips was tested in plasma, haemolysate, capillary and venous blood. The diacetylmonoxim method using an AutoAnalyzer II was taken as the reference method. The possibility of varying haematocrit values influencing the whole blood findings was taken into consideration in the investigations.", "contents": "[Determination of urea with the Merckognost test strips, and a comparison with a photometric method (author's transl)]. The precision and practicability of the Merckognost-Urea Test Strips was tested in plasma, haemolysate, capillary and venous blood. The diacetylmonoxim method using an AutoAnalyzer II was taken as the reference method. The possibility of varying haematocrit values influencing the whole blood findings was taken into consideration in the investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:925623", "title": "[A reagent-saving modification of the glucose dehydrogenase method for the determination of glucose in venous and capillary blood using the Autoanalyzer II (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the glucose dehydrogenase method for the Autoanalyzer II is described, which permits a considerable reduction in the quantities of enzymes and coenzyme, without affecting linearity. Using the new modification and a sample frequency of 80 per hour, glucose can be determined in venous blood and in diluted capillary blood haemolysates with no change in the construction of the apparatus.", "contents": "[A reagent-saving modification of the glucose dehydrogenase method for the determination of glucose in venous and capillary blood using the Autoanalyzer II (author's transl)]. A modification of the glucose dehydrogenase method for the Autoanalyzer II is described, which permits a considerable reduction in the quantities of enzymes and coenzyme, without affecting linearity. Using the new modification and a sample frequency of 80 per hour, glucose can be determined in venous blood and in diluted capillary blood haemolysates with no change in the construction of the apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:925625", "title": "Non-destructive neutron activation analysis of copper in liver samples and other biological materials.", "content": "Neutron activation analysis via the short-lived radionuclide 66Cu was applied in the determination of the level of copper in tissues. With this procedure the samples are analysed non-destructively and can therefore be used for further histological tests. The applicability of the method in the analysis of biopsy samples is discussed.", "contents": "Non-destructive neutron activation analysis of copper in liver samples and other biological materials. Neutron activation analysis via the short-lived radionuclide 66Cu was applied in the determination of the level of copper in tissues. With this procedure the samples are analysed non-destructively and can therefore be used for further histological tests. The applicability of the method in the analysis of biopsy samples is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925626", "title": "[Biochemical data in the fluids of cystic degenerated euthyroid goiters (author's transl)].", "content": "Examinations of sera and cyst fluids in patients with cystic degenerated euthyroid goiters showed significant differences between the values of the cyst fluids and sera for almost all of the chemical substances. In the brown cyst fluids there are mostly higher values compared with the appropriate sera. Autolysis, diffusion and resorption, metabolic changes and, in the case of thyroid hormones, active incretion by wall-forming thyroid tissue, are the reasons for these differences in the concentrations.", "contents": "[Biochemical data in the fluids of cystic degenerated euthyroid goiters (author's transl)]. Examinations of sera and cyst fluids in patients with cystic degenerated euthyroid goiters showed significant differences between the values of the cyst fluids and sera for almost all of the chemical substances. In the brown cyst fluids there are mostly higher values compared with the appropriate sera. Autolysis, diffusion and resorption, metabolic changes and, in the case of thyroid hormones, active incretion by wall-forming thyroid tissue, are the reasons for these differences in the concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:925627", "title": "[Hydroxyproline fractions in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "Modified methods for the determination of bound hydroxyproline in blood are presented. The fractionated and hydrolyzed samples are separated from interfering material by ion exchange chromatography. Internal standards are used to correct for recovery. After a several fold concentration of samples it is possible to work with reduced blood volumes. Up to 6.12 mumol/l of free and peptide-bound and 11.5 mumol/l of protein-bound hydroxyproline are detectable. Using the described methods hydroxyproline was determined in a pooled human plasma and in the sera of rats.", "contents": "[Hydroxyproline fractions in blood (author's transl)]. Modified methods for the determination of bound hydroxyproline in blood are presented. The fractionated and hydrolyzed samples are separated from interfering material by ion exchange chromatography. Internal standards are used to correct for recovery. After a several fold concentration of samples it is possible to work with reduced blood volumes. Up to 6.12 mumol/l of free and peptide-bound and 11.5 mumol/l of protein-bound hydroxyproline are detectable. Using the described methods hydroxyproline was determined in a pooled human plasma and in the sera of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:925628", "title": "[A simple method for the radioimmunologic determination of sex steroids in plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for the determination of plasma steroids by radioimmunoassay is described. Essential steps are: Dissolution of extraction residues in 20 microliter ethyl alcohol or direct addition of 20 microliter alcoholic plasma extract to the incubation tubes, addition of tracer solution with known tracer mass and antiserum dilution or gelatine phosphate buffer, incubation for 40 min and separation of free from bound radioactivity by charcoal-coated florisil. Plasma steroid levels are calculated by a simple equation, an immunologic equivalent to the tracer mass serves as the reference value.", "contents": "[A simple method for the radioimmunologic determination of sex steroids in plasma (author's transl)]. A simple method for the determination of plasma steroids by radioimmunoassay is described. Essential steps are: Dissolution of extraction residues in 20 microliter ethyl alcohol or direct addition of 20 microliter alcoholic plasma extract to the incubation tubes, addition of tracer solution with known tracer mass and antiserum dilution or gelatine phosphate buffer, incubation for 40 min and separation of free from bound radioactivity by charcoal-coated florisil. Plasma steroid levels are calculated by a simple equation, an immunologic equivalent to the tracer mass serves as the reference value."}
{"id": "PMID:925629", "title": "Agarose gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins and analysis of the pherogram profiles by analog computer.", "content": "A micro-method of agarose gel electrophoresis requiring 1--3 ml of cerebrospinal fluid for quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is described. After concentration of CSF to about 50 microliter by ultrafiltration and refractometric determination of protein, approximately 20--40 microgram of total protein are used for electrophoresis. Photometric scanning of the electrophoretic pattern at two different wavelengths permits quantitative evaluation. The pherograms are analysed by means of a modified DU-PONT analog computer. Factors which influence quantitative electrophoresis are examined. In cerebrospinal fluid of normal children 15 protein fractions are demonstrated: 2 prealbumins, albumin, 5 alpha-, 3 beta- and 4 gamma-globulins.", "contents": "Agarose gel electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins and analysis of the pherogram profiles by analog computer. A micro-method of agarose gel electrophoresis requiring 1--3 ml of cerebrospinal fluid for quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is described. After concentration of CSF to about 50 microliter by ultrafiltration and refractometric determination of protein, approximately 20--40 microgram of total protein are used for electrophoresis. Photometric scanning of the electrophoretic pattern at two different wavelengths permits quantitative evaluation. The pherograms are analysed by means of a modified DU-PONT analog computer. Factors which influence quantitative electrophoresis are examined. In cerebrospinal fluid of normal children 15 protein fractions are demonstrated: 2 prealbumins, albumin, 5 alpha-, 3 beta- and 4 gamma-globulins."}
{"id": "PMID:925630", "title": "Acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytes from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation presented was to study whether the lymphocytes from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome deviate from normal with respect to acid phosphatase activity. The distribution of the activity seems to show that the patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome can be divided into two groups, viz. one in which the values are concentrated around the normal level, and another with increased values.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase activity in lymphocytes from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome. The purpose of the investigation presented was to study whether the lymphocytes from patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome deviate from normal with respect to acid phosphatase activity. The distribution of the activity seems to show that the patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's syndrome can be divided into two groups, viz. one in which the values are concentrated around the normal level, and another with increased values."}
{"id": "PMID:925634", "title": "Isolation of human urinary kallikrein by affinity chromatography. Determination of human urinary kallikrein, I.", "content": "Human urinary kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.8) was purified to electrophoretically homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by affinity chromatography on aprotinin-Sepharose. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration, is 64,000 Daltons, by dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis 45,000 Daltons and 29,000 Daltons, and it is microheterogeneous on electrofocusing, yielding isoelectric point values of 3.8, 3.9 and 4.05. The kinetic constants for hydrolysis of BZArgOEt, TosArgOMe, CbzTyrONp, and human HMW-kininogen were determined. Benzamidine and aprotinin are competitive inhibitors of human urinary kallikrein.", "contents": "Isolation of human urinary kallikrein by affinity chromatography. Determination of human urinary kallikrein, I. Human urinary kallikrein (EC 3.4.21.8) was purified to electrophoretically homogeneity by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, followed by affinity chromatography on aprotinin-Sepharose. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration, is 64,000 Daltons, by dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis 45,000 Daltons and 29,000 Daltons, and it is microheterogeneous on electrofocusing, yielding isoelectric point values of 3.8, 3.9 and 4.05. The kinetic constants for hydrolysis of BZArgOEt, TosArgOMe, CbzTyrONp, and human HMW-kininogen were determined. Benzamidine and aprotinin are competitive inhibitors of human urinary kallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:925635", "title": "[Enzyme diagnosis in lipaemic sera before and after polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride (author's transl)].", "content": "The method for the determination of enzymic activity in turbid, lipaemic sera, which involves clearing by polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride, was critically reviewed. In the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and pancreas, which are frequently associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia, only residual enzyme activities are measured in the cleared serum after polyanion treatment. In the measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase and in the Phadebas test for alpha-amylase, the enzymes are inactivated by treatment with heparin and magnesium chloride. On the other hand, as a result of polyanion precipitation gamma-glutamyl transferase is transferred, together with lipoproteins and chylomicrons, to the lipid-rich supernatant. Acid phosphatase also exhibits only residual activity in cleared serum. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and the activity of alpha-amylase in the Merckotest are not affected by polyanion treatment of the serum.", "contents": "[Enzyme diagnosis in lipaemic sera before and after polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride (author's transl)]. The method for the determination of enzymic activity in turbid, lipaemic sera, which involves clearing by polyanion precipitation with heparin and magnesium chloride, was critically reviewed. In the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and pancreas, which are frequently associated with hyperlipoproteinaemia, only residual enzyme activities are measured in the cleared serum after polyanion treatment. In the measurement of glutamate dehydrogenase and in the Phadebas test for alpha-amylase, the enzymes are inactivated by treatment with heparin and magnesium chloride. On the other hand, as a result of polyanion precipitation gamma-glutamyl transferase is transferred, together with lipoproteins and chylomicrons, to the lipid-rich supernatant. Acid phosphatase also exhibits only residual activity in cleared serum. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, cholinesterase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and the activity of alpha-amylase in the Merckotest are not affected by polyanion treatment of the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:925636", "title": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of phenyramidol (Cabral) from human urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological transformation of phenyramidol (I), some of which is also excreted unchanged, occurs by three main degradative pathways: 1. Hydroxylation of the pyridine ring in position 3 (metabolite V) and 5 (metabolite VI). 2. Cleavage of the ethanolamine chain with the formation of 2-aminopyridine (metabolite II) and presumably mandelic aldehyde. 3. Conjugation with glucuronic acid (metabolite III). Secondary reactions result in the production of: benzoyl carbinol (metabolite XV), benzoic acid (metabolite XI), mandelic acid (metabolite XII) and the glucuronides of V, VI, VII, XII and possibly II (metabolites VIII, IX, X, XIII and IV), all of which were also found as free, unconjugated compounds. A further, unusual reaction is the dimerisation of metabolite VI with the formation of a dipyridyl derivative (metabolite VII), which is excreted partly as the free compound, but mainly as the glucuronide (metabolite X). The occurrence of 2-(N-benzylamino)-pyridine (XIV) in the urine could not be explained. Four futher excretory products (metabolites XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX) were not identified; XVI and XVII were extracted at an alkaline pH, whereas XVIII and XIX were extracted under neutral conditions. They could be detected both as free compounds, and after hydrolysis with HCl or alkali, but not after treatment with beta-glucuronidase.", "contents": "[Isolation and identification of some metabolites of phenyramidol (Cabral) from human urine (author's transl)]. The biological transformation of phenyramidol (I), some of which is also excreted unchanged, occurs by three main degradative pathways: 1. Hydroxylation of the pyridine ring in position 3 (metabolite V) and 5 (metabolite VI). 2. Cleavage of the ethanolamine chain with the formation of 2-aminopyridine (metabolite II) and presumably mandelic aldehyde. 3. Conjugation with glucuronic acid (metabolite III). Secondary reactions result in the production of: benzoyl carbinol (metabolite XV), benzoic acid (metabolite XI), mandelic acid (metabolite XII) and the glucuronides of V, VI, VII, XII and possibly II (metabolites VIII, IX, X, XIII and IV), all of which were also found as free, unconjugated compounds. A further, unusual reaction is the dimerisation of metabolite VI with the formation of a dipyridyl derivative (metabolite VII), which is excreted partly as the free compound, but mainly as the glucuronide (metabolite X). The occurrence of 2-(N-benzylamino)-pyridine (XIV) in the urine could not be explained. Four futher excretory products (metabolites XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX) were not identified; XVI and XVII were extracted at an alkaline pH, whereas XVIII and XIX were extracted under neutral conditions. They could be detected both as free compounds, and after hydrolysis with HCl or alkali, but not after treatment with beta-glucuronidase."}
{"id": "PMID:925637", "title": "[A fully enzymatic triglyceride determination in a continuous flow 12-channel analyzer (author's transl)].", "content": "A fully enzymatic triglyceride determination utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis with a lipase-esterase mixture and subsequent enzymatic glycerol determination, has been adapted for use in a continuous flow 12-channel-analyzer. The method is linear up to 7.9 mmol/l (700 mg/100 ml). The analytical precision in the concentration range of 1.5 to 5.4 mmol/l (133 to 478 mg/100 ml) is characterized by relative standard deviations of 0.8 to 4.8%. In the lower measuring range at concentrations around 0.7 mmol/l (62 mg/100 ml) a mean relative standard deviation of 7.2% is found for 1140 measurements under routine conditions. For triglyceride concentrations of 0.9 to 7.7 mmol/80 to 680 mg/100 ml) a mean relative coefficient of verspill Q = 2.0 is determined. Bilirubin caused no observable interference in the determination. In comparison with the manual method by Eggstein & Kreutz (1966) Klin. Wochenschr. 44, 262-267) the results from the fully enzymatic method on the 12-channel-analyzer were lower by approximately 16%, corrected by an additive factor of 0.029 mmol/l (2.59 mg/100 ml). The accuracy controls with controls sera showed a difference of 10%.", "contents": "[A fully enzymatic triglyceride determination in a continuous flow 12-channel analyzer (author's transl)]. A fully enzymatic triglyceride determination utilizing enzymatic hydrolysis with a lipase-esterase mixture and subsequent enzymatic glycerol determination, has been adapted for use in a continuous flow 12-channel-analyzer. The method is linear up to 7.9 mmol/l (700 mg/100 ml). The analytical precision in the concentration range of 1.5 to 5.4 mmol/l (133 to 478 mg/100 ml) is characterized by relative standard deviations of 0.8 to 4.8%. In the lower measuring range at concentrations around 0.7 mmol/l (62 mg/100 ml) a mean relative standard deviation of 7.2% is found for 1140 measurements under routine conditions. For triglyceride concentrations of 0.9 to 7.7 mmol/80 to 680 mg/100 ml) a mean relative coefficient of verspill Q = 2.0 is determined. Bilirubin caused no observable interference in the determination. In comparison with the manual method by Eggstein & Kreutz (1966) Klin. Wochenschr. 44, 262-267) the results from the fully enzymatic method on the 12-channel-analyzer were lower by approximately 16%, corrected by an additive factor of 0.029 mmol/l (2.59 mg/100 ml). The accuracy controls with controls sera showed a difference of 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:925638", "title": "Inhibitory effect of histone on the peroxidase activity of the Hp/Hb complex.", "content": "The human leukocyte nuclear histones can bind to haptoglobin (Hp), and thus interfere with subsequent binding of Hb. The Hp/Hb complex possesses peroxidase activity, but a Hp/histone complex does not. The inhibitory effect of histone molecules depends directly on the Hp and Hb, as well as the histone concentrations. The biological significance of the complex Hp/Hb as a measure of intravascular hemolysis and the interference of histones in this assay is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of histone on the peroxidase activity of the Hp/Hb complex. The human leukocyte nuclear histones can bind to haptoglobin (Hp), and thus interfere with subsequent binding of Hb. The Hp/Hb complex possesses peroxidase activity, but a Hp/histone complex does not. The inhibitory effect of histone molecules depends directly on the Hp and Hb, as well as the histone concentrations. The biological significance of the complex Hp/Hb as a measure of intravascular hemolysis and the interference of histones in this assay is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925639", "title": "[Thin layer chromatography screening test for semiquantitative detection of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid (HMMA) in urine without extraction (author's transl)].", "content": "A thin layer chromatography (TLC) screening test is described, which allows the semiquantitative determination of HMMA in urine samples. From the collected 24 hour urine a measured sample is applied without extraction to a special TLC plate, which is developed in one dimension. In comparison to a series of graded standard solutions the daily HMMA output can be estimated semiquantitatively. In 102 patients over 18 years of age, suffering from high blood pressure, the daily HMMA output was estimated by both the Pisano method (Pisano, J.J., Crout, J.R. & Abraham, D. (1962), Clin. Chim. Acta 7,285--291) and the TLC method. Coincident results with both methods were obtained in 99 of these cases. The residual 3 cases show pathological results with the Pisano method and results in the normal range or the warning range, respectively, with the TLC method. These cases can probably be classified as false positive results of the Pisano method. The TLC method is recommended as a screening test for estimating the daily HMMA excretion.", "contents": "[Thin layer chromatography screening test for semiquantitative detection of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid (HMMA) in urine without extraction (author's transl)]. A thin layer chromatography (TLC) screening test is described, which allows the semiquantitative determination of HMMA in urine samples. From the collected 24 hour urine a measured sample is applied without extraction to a special TLC plate, which is developed in one dimension. In comparison to a series of graded standard solutions the daily HMMA output can be estimated semiquantitatively. In 102 patients over 18 years of age, suffering from high blood pressure, the daily HMMA output was estimated by both the Pisano method (Pisano, J.J., Crout, J.R. & Abraham, D. (1962), Clin. Chim. Acta 7,285--291) and the TLC method. Coincident results with both methods were obtained in 99 of these cases. The residual 3 cases show pathological results with the Pisano method and results in the normal range or the warning range, respectively, with the TLC method. These cases can probably be classified as false positive results of the Pisano method. The TLC method is recommended as a screening test for estimating the daily HMMA excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:925640", "title": "Determination of the activity of aminotransferases: comparison of two buffer systems with and without supplementary pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.", "content": "A comparison was made between the aminotransferase activities of a number of plasma or serum samples in 4 reaction media: phosphate buffer, phosphate buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, tris buffer and tris buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The reactions were carried out in the various buffer systems on the same day at 35 degrees C on an automatic kinetic enzyme system (AKES, Vitatron, Dieren, the Netherlands). The highest enzymic activity of both aminotransferases is observed in tris buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The activity is about 10--15% higher than in phosphate buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Without supplementary pyridoxal-5'-phosphate the differences between both buffer systems are lower or absent. It appears necessary, therefore, to determine the activity of both aminotransferases in a buffer system with tris and to add pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, since assays should be carried out in the presence of optimal concentrations of any of the necessary factors.", "contents": "Determination of the activity of aminotransferases: comparison of two buffer systems with and without supplementary pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. A comparison was made between the aminotransferase activities of a number of plasma or serum samples in 4 reaction media: phosphate buffer, phosphate buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, tris buffer and tris buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The reactions were carried out in the various buffer systems on the same day at 35 degrees C on an automatic kinetic enzyme system (AKES, Vitatron, Dieren, the Netherlands). The highest enzymic activity of both aminotransferases is observed in tris buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The activity is about 10--15% higher than in phosphate buffer + pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Without supplementary pyridoxal-5'-phosphate the differences between both buffer systems are lower or absent. It appears necessary, therefore, to determine the activity of both aminotransferases in a buffer system with tris and to add pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, since assays should be carried out in the presence of optimal concentrations of any of the necessary factors."}
{"id": "PMID:925642", "title": "Approaches to diagnosis and management of a lumg in the neck.", "content": "Malignancies of the head and neck constitute 15 percent of the malignancies of all patients seen with cancer. Those individuals who present with neck masses deserve appropriate physical and diagnostic work-up before any surgical or therapeutic approaches are contemplated. In the series of patients presented here, only six percent had unknown primary lesions.", "contents": "Approaches to diagnosis and management of a lumg in the neck. Malignancies of the head and neck constitute 15 percent of the malignancies of all patients seen with cancer. Those individuals who present with neck masses deserve appropriate physical and diagnostic work-up before any surgical or therapeutic approaches are contemplated. In the series of patients presented here, only six percent had unknown primary lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:925643", "title": "Family medicine approaches maturity.", "content": "During the past eight years, since its inception in 1969, the specialty of Family Medicine has gradually been developing toward maturity. With the specialty now firmly based in biomedical science, behavioral science, and patient management, it is prepared to accept a place of full responsibility in the spectrum of health care. This article explores the scope of family practice relating to the needs of a changing society and advocates a broad application of the skills and knowledge involved.", "contents": "Family medicine approaches maturity. During the past eight years, since its inception in 1969, the specialty of Family Medicine has gradually been developing toward maturity. With the specialty now firmly based in biomedical science, behavioral science, and patient management, it is prepared to accept a place of full responsibility in the spectrum of health care. This article explores the scope of family practice relating to the needs of a changing society and advocates a broad application of the skills and knowledge involved."}
{"id": "PMID:925644", "title": "Family medicine: behavioral science contributions.", "content": "The trend in medicine has been towards specialization which promotes a philosophy that extensive knowledge of a limited field is necessary for competence. Little emphasis has been placed on behavioral sciences as an important aspect for assisting the specialty physician in dealing with patients. Family medicine reverses this trend by emphasizing a breadth of medical knowledge with inclusion of behavioral sciences as a part of training. Behavioral sciences contribute heavily to the education of the family physician in the areas of character, culture, and counseling. The results is a humanistic physician with excellent skills in patient management. The inclusion of behavioral sciences in family medicine places this specialty at the forefront of a new direction in medicine and may well be emulated by other medical specialties.", "contents": "Family medicine: behavioral science contributions. The trend in medicine has been towards specialization which promotes a philosophy that extensive knowledge of a limited field is necessary for competence. Little emphasis has been placed on behavioral sciences as an important aspect for assisting the specialty physician in dealing with patients. Family medicine reverses this trend by emphasizing a breadth of medical knowledge with inclusion of behavioral sciences as a part of training. Behavioral sciences contribute heavily to the education of the family physician in the areas of character, culture, and counseling. The results is a humanistic physician with excellent skills in patient management. The inclusion of behavioral sciences in family medicine places this specialty at the forefront of a new direction in medicine and may well be emulated by other medical specialties."}
{"id": "PMID:925645", "title": "The family practice resident as sexual counselor.", "content": "Little research has been done on family practice residents and their sexual counseling attitudes, knowledge, and abilities. This study sought answers to five broad questions about family practice residents' perceptions of sexual counseling. Subjects were 132 residents and 21 faculty members from eight family practice training units in Minnesota, which were affiliated with the University of Minnesota. Residents regard sexual counseling as important and say they desire more training to deal with sexual problems encountered in family practice. They tend to raise the subject of sex with patients not routinely but only if there appears to be a psychosocial problem. Respondents indicate a lack of ability as well as discomfort with several areas of sexuality, notably frigidity and homosexuality. Family practice residents need to develop their skills in specific areas of sexual counseling. While these findings are most applicable to the eight units involved, the diversity in respondents' backgrounds and differences between units suggest that the results may be relevant to other residency programs.", "contents": "The family practice resident as sexual counselor. Little research has been done on family practice residents and their sexual counseling attitudes, knowledge, and abilities. This study sought answers to five broad questions about family practice residents' perceptions of sexual counseling. Subjects were 132 residents and 21 faculty members from eight family practice training units in Minnesota, which were affiliated with the University of Minnesota. Residents regard sexual counseling as important and say they desire more training to deal with sexual problems encountered in family practice. They tend to raise the subject of sex with patients not routinely but only if there appears to be a psychosocial problem. Respondents indicate a lack of ability as well as discomfort with several areas of sexuality, notably frigidity and homosexuality. Family practice residents need to develop their skills in specific areas of sexual counseling. While these findings are most applicable to the eight units involved, the diversity in respondents' backgrounds and differences between units suggest that the results may be relevant to other residency programs."}
{"id": "PMID:925646", "title": "A family practice rotation on a psychiatric service: the experiences, the opportunity, and the challenge.", "content": "There is a considerable range of mutual interests between the disciplines of family practice and psychiatry. Each field has much to offer and receive from collaborative activities in teaching programs, particularly at the level of residency training. This paper describes the goals, content, methods, and initial experience of a one-month family practice rotation on a psychiatric service with a focus on Emergency and Consultation-Liason Psychiatry.", "contents": "A family practice rotation on a psychiatric service: the experiences, the opportunity, and the challenge. There is a considerable range of mutual interests between the disciplines of family practice and psychiatry. Each field has much to offer and receive from collaborative activities in teaching programs, particularly at the level of residency training. This paper describes the goals, content, methods, and initial experience of a one-month family practice rotation on a psychiatric service with a focus on Emergency and Consultation-Liason Psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:925648", "title": "The pitfalls and perils of countersuits.", "content": "The term \"countersuit\" is taking on an enchanting status to physicians, as if it were a miracle drug to cure the malpractice malady. Despite the fact that insurance industry studies show few nefarious malpractice suits, many physicans are convinced that there would be fewer claims if patients and their attorneys knew they might be back in court as defendants for instituting a nonmeritorious suit. Eliminating these few spurious suits, which are very difficult to establish at best, would have little impact on the overall problem. One countersuit may beget another. Although a few physician have been successful, a review of reported cases reveals that most countersuits have ultimately gone against the physician. Additional problems arise when medical societies attempt to alleviate the physician's financial burden by fostering countersuit funds. The funds may relieve the legal expenses, but in turn are fraught with formidable legal consequences, including conspiracy to intimidate prospective litigants and appearance of encouraging litigation. Physicians should proceed with deliberate caution in creating funds and undertaking countersuits.", "contents": "The pitfalls and perils of countersuits. The term \"countersuit\" is taking on an enchanting status to physicians, as if it were a miracle drug to cure the malpractice malady. Despite the fact that insurance industry studies show few nefarious malpractice suits, many physicans are convinced that there would be fewer claims if patients and their attorneys knew they might be back in court as defendants for instituting a nonmeritorious suit. Eliminating these few spurious suits, which are very difficult to establish at best, would have little impact on the overall problem. One countersuit may beget another. Although a few physician have been successful, a review of reported cases reveals that most countersuits have ultimately gone against the physician. Additional problems arise when medical societies attempt to alleviate the physician's financial burden by fostering countersuit funds. The funds may relieve the legal expenses, but in turn are fraught with formidable legal consequences, including conspiracy to intimidate prospective litigants and appearance of encouraging litigation. Physicians should proceed with deliberate caution in creating funds and undertaking countersuits."}
{"id": "PMID:925649", "title": "Construction of an automated health problem inventory.", "content": "An Automated Health Problem Inventory was designed to monitor resident exposure, provide access to subgroups of the patient population, allow for study of patient care patterns over time, and aid in health-care evaluation studies. Major design steps such as choosing data and codes are discussed. Data collection documents and data reports are described. Data were collected over a 12-month period in two clinical settings - a model clinic in a residency program and a private practice clinics. These data are displayed by categories of problems and frequency of individual problems. The authors comment on the human and procedural support needed to make a data system useful.", "contents": "Construction of an automated health problem inventory. An Automated Health Problem Inventory was designed to monitor resident exposure, provide access to subgroups of the patient population, allow for study of patient care patterns over time, and aid in health-care evaluation studies. Major design steps such as choosing data and codes are discussed. Data collection documents and data reports are described. Data were collected over a 12-month period in two clinical settings - a model clinic in a residency program and a private practice clinics. These data are displayed by categories of problems and frequency of individual problems. The authors comment on the human and procedural support needed to make a data system useful."}
{"id": "PMID:925650", "title": "The use of computer generated patient profiles to evaluate resident performance in patient care.", "content": "This paper describes the way in which data from a computer-based health information system are used to review the service experiences of family practice residents. First, it discusses the development of the patient profiles that provide a chronological account of a patient's visits, their purposes, diagnoses, laboratory procedures, treatments, and outcomes. Then, through four cases, it describes the way in which these computer-generated displays are used by faculty to conduct concurrent reviews of residents' performances, to select medical records for review, and to initiate feedback and instruction to residents as they care for their patients.", "contents": "The use of computer generated patient profiles to evaluate resident performance in patient care. This paper describes the way in which data from a computer-based health information system are used to review the service experiences of family practice residents. First, it discusses the development of the patient profiles that provide a chronological account of a patient's visits, their purposes, diagnoses, laboratory procedures, treatments, and outcomes. Then, through four cases, it describes the way in which these computer-generated displays are used by faculty to conduct concurrent reviews of residents' performances, to select medical records for review, and to initiate feedback and instruction to residents as they care for their patients."}
{"id": "PMID:925651", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 7: the encounter form: problems and prospects for a universal type.", "content": "The importance of an encounter form for recording ambulatory patient information is stressed. Certain problems surrounding appropriate definition of the minimum basic data set (MBDS) are discussed as is the potential development of a uniform encounter form which would cover diagnostic information as well as items necessary for insurance companies and internal practice management.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 7: the encounter form: problems and prospects for a universal type. The importance of an encounter form for recording ambulatory patient information is stressed. Certain problems surrounding appropriate definition of the minimum basic data set (MBDS) are discussed as is the potential development of a uniform encounter form which would cover diagnostic information as well as items necessary for insurance companies and internal practice management."}
{"id": "PMID:925652", "title": "The tired patient.", "content": "One of the most challenging diagnostic problems that comes into the physician's office is the patient who complains of \"being tired.\" It can prove to be a frustrating experience for the physician (especially if the physician is also tired) and to the patient. This article will propose and describe a two-pronged systematic approach to the patient that can increase the probability of a satisfying outcome for both physician and patient. This approach assumes the \"complaint\" of every patient has both informational value (\"I think there's something wrong.\") and transactional meaning (Please take care of me.\"). Tiredness, fatigue, \"exhaustion\" need to be seen simultaneously as information and need. Both aspects require simultaneous work-up.", "contents": "The tired patient. One of the most challenging diagnostic problems that comes into the physician's office is the patient who complains of \"being tired.\" It can prove to be a frustrating experience for the physician (especially if the physician is also tired) and to the patient. This article will propose and describe a two-pronged systematic approach to the patient that can increase the probability of a satisfying outcome for both physician and patient. This approach assumes the \"complaint\" of every patient has both informational value (\"I think there's something wrong.\") and transactional meaning (Please take care of me.\"). Tiredness, fatigue, \"exhaustion\" need to be seen simultaneously as information and need. Both aspects require simultaneous work-up."}
{"id": "PMID:925662", "title": "Serum thyroxine concentrations in larval and metamorphosing anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.", "content": "Thyroxine (T4) concentrations in samples of fresh sera taken from fed and unfed larval (ammocoetes) and metamorphosing anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) were measured by means of radioimmunoassay. T4 levels in unfed ammocoetes after a 1-month period were not significantly different from those of the fed ammocoetes. Nutritional state of ammocoetes therefore does not seem to affect their serum T4 levels. Serum T4 concentrations decreased abruptly at the onset of metamorphosis and declined to levels observed in spawing adults (Leloup and Hardy, '76; Packard et al., '76) by the middle (stage 3) of metamorphosis. No significant change in serum T4 levels occurred between stage 3 to the end of metamorphosis. The possible significance of decline in serum T4 levels to the metamorphic event in lamprey is discussed.", "contents": "Serum thyroxine concentrations in larval and metamorphosing anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations in samples of fresh sera taken from fed and unfed larval (ammocoetes) and metamorphosing anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) were measured by means of radioimmunoassay. T4 levels in unfed ammocoetes after a 1-month period were not significantly different from those of the fed ammocoetes. Nutritional state of ammocoetes therefore does not seem to affect their serum T4 levels. Serum T4 concentrations decreased abruptly at the onset of metamorphosis and declined to levels observed in spawing adults (Leloup and Hardy, '76; Packard et al., '76) by the middle (stage 3) of metamorphosis. No significant change in serum T4 levels occurred between stage 3 to the end of metamorphosis. The possible significance of decline in serum T4 levels to the metamorphic event in lamprey is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925661", "title": "Inhibition of early postimplantation development of cultured mouse embryos by bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Mouse embryos were treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 24 hours at various preimplantation stages to determine its effect on early postimplantation development. The inhibitory effect of BrdUrd (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) on trophoblast outgrowth and inner cell mass (ICM) development was least severe when embryos were treated at the 2-cell stage and was most severe when they were treated at the morula stage. When embryos were treated at the blastocyst stage, the inhibitory effect on trophoblast outgrowth decreased, but that on ICM development remained severe. The severity of inhibition, particularly that on ICM development, appeared to be related to decreased cell numbers in BrdUrd-treated embryos. However, increasing the cell number by aggregating two ICM's isolated from BrdUrd-treated blastocysts did not increase their chance of survival or of forming two primary germ layers. This indicates that the decrease in cell numbers alone is not the cause of the failure of BrdUrd-treated embryos to develop. The mechanism of BrdUrd inhibition was studied by adding thymidine or deoxycytidine during BrdUrd treatments. A 10-fold excess of thymidine completely protected embryos from the inhibitory effect of BrdUrd. A 10-fold excess of deoxycytidine was less effective. Autoradiography indicated that both thymidine and deoxycytidine protected embryos by interfering with the incorporation of BrdUrd into the DNA.", "contents": "Inhibition of early postimplantation development of cultured mouse embryos by bromodeoxyuridine. Mouse embryos were treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 24 hours at various preimplantation stages to determine its effect on early postimplantation development. The inhibitory effect of BrdUrd (10(-7) to 10(-6) M) on trophoblast outgrowth and inner cell mass (ICM) development was least severe when embryos were treated at the 2-cell stage and was most severe when they were treated at the morula stage. When embryos were treated at the blastocyst stage, the inhibitory effect on trophoblast outgrowth decreased, but that on ICM development remained severe. The severity of inhibition, particularly that on ICM development, appeared to be related to decreased cell numbers in BrdUrd-treated embryos. However, increasing the cell number by aggregating two ICM's isolated from BrdUrd-treated blastocysts did not increase their chance of survival or of forming two primary germ layers. This indicates that the decrease in cell numbers alone is not the cause of the failure of BrdUrd-treated embryos to develop. The mechanism of BrdUrd inhibition was studied by adding thymidine or deoxycytidine during BrdUrd treatments. A 10-fold excess of thymidine completely protected embryos from the inhibitory effect of BrdUrd. A 10-fold excess of deoxycytidine was less effective. Autoradiography indicated that both thymidine and deoxycytidine protected embryos by interfering with the incorporation of BrdUrd into the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:925663", "title": "The effects of temperature and season of collection on the onset and duration of diapause in embryos of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri.", "content": "Annual fish are found in temporary bodies of water in habitats of alternating rainy and dry seasons. The populations survive the dry seasons in the form of embryos encased in the bottom mud. Several genera of annual fish have been reported to exhibit diapause (developmental arrest) at three specific stages of development and it has been proposed that through this adaptation the populations are able to survive the variable durations of the dry seasons. The effects of incubation ans spawning temperatures, and season of collection on the onset and duration of diapause in laboratory populations of the annual fish, Nothobranchius guentheri, were studied. At low incubation and spawning temperatures there was a prolongation of Diapause I and Diapause II. In addition, fish spawned at 25 degrees C during the short days of winter produced embryos that entered a prolonged duration of Diapause II, whereas embryos produced during the long days of summer bypassed Diapause II.", "contents": "The effects of temperature and season of collection on the onset and duration of diapause in embryos of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri. Annual fish are found in temporary bodies of water in habitats of alternating rainy and dry seasons. The populations survive the dry seasons in the form of embryos encased in the bottom mud. Several genera of annual fish have been reported to exhibit diapause (developmental arrest) at three specific stages of development and it has been proposed that through this adaptation the populations are able to survive the variable durations of the dry seasons. The effects of incubation ans spawning temperatures, and season of collection on the onset and duration of diapause in laboratory populations of the annual fish, Nothobranchius guentheri, were studied. At low incubation and spawning temperatures there was a prolongation of Diapause I and Diapause II. In addition, fish spawned at 25 degrees C during the short days of winter produced embryos that entered a prolonged duration of Diapause II, whereas embryos produced during the long days of summer bypassed Diapause II."}
{"id": "PMID:925664", "title": "Evidence against gene expression after meiosis in the male mouse.", "content": "Isozyme patterns in homogenates from various testicular cell types from mice were examined in an effort to ascertain whether the haploid genome is expressed during spermiogenesis. Male mice heterozygous for electrophoretic variants of several glycolytic enzymes were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. The enzymes examined were isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucosephosphate isomerase. The isozyme patterns produced by these dimeric enzymes reflect the relative activity of genes in each cell type. These patterns reveal the presence or absence of the transcription of specific genes during spermiogenesis. We found that the genes encoding these enzymes continue to increase during spermiogenesis. Synthesis of these enzymes most likely continues in spermatids, but this synthesis must depend upon premeiotically produced mRNA. These data provide biochemical evidence for the hypothesis that the phenotype of the haploid mammalian gamete depends upon the preceding diploid genome and that a mechanism must exist for the long term post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during spermiogenesis.", "contents": "Evidence against gene expression after meiosis in the male mouse. Isozyme patterns in homogenates from various testicular cell types from mice were examined in an effort to ascertain whether the haploid genome is expressed during spermiogenesis. Male mice heterozygous for electrophoretic variants of several glycolytic enzymes were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. The enzymes examined were isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucosephosphate isomerase. The isozyme patterns produced by these dimeric enzymes reflect the relative activity of genes in each cell type. These patterns reveal the presence or absence of the transcription of specific genes during spermiogenesis. We found that the genes encoding these enzymes continue to increase during spermiogenesis. Synthesis of these enzymes most likely continues in spermatids, but this synthesis must depend upon premeiotically produced mRNA. These data provide biochemical evidence for the hypothesis that the phenotype of the haploid mammalian gamete depends upon the preceding diploid genome and that a mechanism must exist for the long term post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression during spermiogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:925665", "title": "Termination of photorefractoriness in golden hamsters-photoperiodic requirements.", "content": "The photorefractory period of golden hamsters is characterized by the failure of short daylengths (less than 12.5 hours per 24) to induce gonadal regression. Photorefractoriness is terminated by prolonged exposure to long daylengths (greater than 12.5 hours per 24). This study was designed to determine the precise duration of long day (LD 14 hours light/24) exposure necessary to terminate refractoriness. The data indicate that 11 weeks of LD 14:10 terminate refractoriness in nearly every hamster. Exposure for fewer than 11 weeks is less effective whereas exposure for more than 11 weeks is no more effective. The data show that hamsters begin measuring long days to terminate photorefractoriness irrespective of the physiological state of the reproductive system, and, therefore, that photorefractoriness is induced some time during the period of testicular regression (during the first 10-12 weeks of short day exposure).", "contents": "Termination of photorefractoriness in golden hamsters-photoperiodic requirements. The photorefractory period of golden hamsters is characterized by the failure of short daylengths (less than 12.5 hours per 24) to induce gonadal regression. Photorefractoriness is terminated by prolonged exposure to long daylengths (greater than 12.5 hours per 24). This study was designed to determine the precise duration of long day (LD 14 hours light/24) exposure necessary to terminate refractoriness. The data indicate that 11 weeks of LD 14:10 terminate refractoriness in nearly every hamster. Exposure for fewer than 11 weeks is less effective whereas exposure for more than 11 weeks is no more effective. The data show that hamsters begin measuring long days to terminate photorefractoriness irrespective of the physiological state of the reproductive system, and, therefore, that photorefractoriness is induced some time during the period of testicular regression (during the first 10-12 weeks of short day exposure)."}
{"id": "PMID:925667", "title": "Genetic and experimental studies on three associated mutant genes in the Mexican axolotl: st (for stasis), mi (for microphthalmic) and h (for hand lethal).", "content": "Three mutant genes, st, mi, and h, were discovered in an axolotl male received from Mexico City. All three are recessive to their normal alleles, and appear to segregate independently. Larvae homozygous for st (for stasis) suffer blockage of the circulation at hatching or shortly after, and the majority soon die; any surviving live only a few weeks at most. The mi/mi (microphthalmic) can be identified at the feeding stage. None survives more than a few days. The h/h (hand lethals) live until the digits have appeared on the forelimb. They may then be recognized by the thumb-like orientation of digit 1. Transplants from st/st embryos into normal produce normal structures which persist indefinitely. Those from mi/mi and h/h donors do not survive. The structures (forelimb, gills) derived from h/h donors grow for a relatively long time, and their final death and degeneration result in defects leading to death of most of the recipients. Parabiosis is of no benefit to st/st or h/h mutants and leads to the death of the normal twin; mi/mi mutants undergo a gradual absorption by the normal twin.", "contents": "Genetic and experimental studies on three associated mutant genes in the Mexican axolotl: st (for stasis), mi (for microphthalmic) and h (for hand lethal). Three mutant genes, st, mi, and h, were discovered in an axolotl male received from Mexico City. All three are recessive to their normal alleles, and appear to segregate independently. Larvae homozygous for st (for stasis) suffer blockage of the circulation at hatching or shortly after, and the majority soon die; any surviving live only a few weeks at most. The mi/mi (microphthalmic) can be identified at the feeding stage. None survives more than a few days. The h/h (hand lethals) live until the digits have appeared on the forelimb. They may then be recognized by the thumb-like orientation of digit 1. Transplants from st/st embryos into normal produce normal structures which persist indefinitely. Those from mi/mi and h/h donors do not survive. The structures (forelimb, gills) derived from h/h donors grow for a relatively long time, and their final death and degeneration result in defects leading to death of most of the recipients. Parabiosis is of no benefit to st/st or h/h mutants and leads to the death of the normal twin; mi/mi mutants undergo a gradual absorption by the normal twin."}
{"id": "PMID:925668", "title": "Chemotactic behavior of the sperm of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora).", "content": "Observations of sperm behavior in the vicinity of gradients of egg-water or alcohol extracts of whole freshly-spawned eggs of several chitons reveal what appear to be directed movements of sperm up the gradient, resulting in the aggregation of motile sperm at the gradient source. Plots of the tracks of the sperm approaching the gradient source show that the cells increase the time during which they move toward the source and decrease the time spent moving away. Although this resembles the kinesis behavior shown by bacteria in a gradient, the path directions are markedly non-random. The reorientation behavior of thigmotactic sperm involves enlargement of the normal circular path diameter in the direction of the source and an alternation of tight loops and wide circular arcs, with the latter made in the direction of the source. The form of the path of attracted chiton sperm is like that observed during chemotaxis of the sperm of the hydroid Tubularia and the tunicate Ciona and resembles the behavior of Ciona sperm in that there is no increase in velocity as the cells move up the gradient. However, unlike the cnidarian and urochordate cases, the attracting substances extracted from chiton eggs do not act species-specifically.", "contents": "Chemotactic behavior of the sperm of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Observations of sperm behavior in the vicinity of gradients of egg-water or alcohol extracts of whole freshly-spawned eggs of several chitons reveal what appear to be directed movements of sperm up the gradient, resulting in the aggregation of motile sperm at the gradient source. Plots of the tracks of the sperm approaching the gradient source show that the cells increase the time during which they move toward the source and decrease the time spent moving away. Although this resembles the kinesis behavior shown by bacteria in a gradient, the path directions are markedly non-random. The reorientation behavior of thigmotactic sperm involves enlargement of the normal circular path diameter in the direction of the source and an alternation of tight loops and wide circular arcs, with the latter made in the direction of the source. The form of the path of attracted chiton sperm is like that observed during chemotaxis of the sperm of the hydroid Tubularia and the tunicate Ciona and resembles the behavior of Ciona sperm in that there is no increase in velocity as the cells move up the gradient. However, unlike the cnidarian and urochordate cases, the attracting substances extracted from chiton eggs do not act species-specifically."}
{"id": "PMID:925669", "title": "Nuclear decondensation of mammalian spermatozoa: changes during maturation and in vitro storage.", "content": "Swelling of the spermatozoan nucleus and decondensation of the chromatim occur soon after penetration of spermatozoa into the egg cytoplasm. This decondensation was duplicated in vitro by incubating pre-ejaculatory ram, rabbit and bovine spermatozoa and also stored post-ejaculatory bovine spermatozoa in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2.0 mM dithiothreitol. Spermatozoa obtained from the testis and epididymal caput, corpus and cauda showed a progressive resistance to nuclear decondensation, while no change was evident in the decondensation time of spermatozoa obtained from the epididymal cauda, vas deferens and ejaculated semen. There was also a significant increase in decondensation time after the spermatozoa had been stored in vitro at 25 degrees C. This increased resistance to nuclear decondensation in the in vitro stored spermatozoa, reflecting an increase in cross-linking within the spermatozoan histones by formation of disulfide bonds, may account for part of the increased embryonic mortality observed when spermatozoa are stored in vitro prior to insemination.", "contents": "Nuclear decondensation of mammalian spermatozoa: changes during maturation and in vitro storage. Swelling of the spermatozoan nucleus and decondensation of the chromatim occur soon after penetration of spermatozoa into the egg cytoplasm. This decondensation was duplicated in vitro by incubating pre-ejaculatory ram, rabbit and bovine spermatozoa and also stored post-ejaculatory bovine spermatozoa in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2.0 mM dithiothreitol. Spermatozoa obtained from the testis and epididymal caput, corpus and cauda showed a progressive resistance to nuclear decondensation, while no change was evident in the decondensation time of spermatozoa obtained from the epididymal cauda, vas deferens and ejaculated semen. There was also a significant increase in decondensation time after the spermatozoa had been stored in vitro at 25 degrees C. This increased resistance to nuclear decondensation in the in vitro stored spermatozoa, reflecting an increase in cross-linking within the spermatozoan histones by formation of disulfide bonds, may account for part of the increased embryonic mortality observed when spermatozoa are stored in vitro prior to insemination."}
{"id": "PMID:925670", "title": "The effect of light on forelimb regeneration in the newt.", "content": "The forelimb of the newt, Triturus (Notophthalamus) viridescens, was bilaterally amputated and the animals subjected to different photoperiods during the period of regeneration, namely (1) continuous light, (2) 15 hours of light/day and (3) total darkness. Animals exposed to continuous light reached the palette regeneration stage four to five days before those kept in total darkness with the 15 hours of light/day animals being intermediate. The difference in regeneration rate was first evident in the moderate early stage (blastema accumulation stage); it then increased during subsequent stages and the difference persisted during the observation period. In an attempt to determine whether the retina was the receptor of light affected, some animals were blinded at the time of amputation and subjected to continuous light. Their rate of regeneration was similar to sighted animals subjected to continuous light but greater than sighted animals in total darkness. The pineal is discussed as the likely mediator of the photo effect.", "contents": "The effect of light on forelimb regeneration in the newt. The forelimb of the newt, Triturus (Notophthalamus) viridescens, was bilaterally amputated and the animals subjected to different photoperiods during the period of regeneration, namely (1) continuous light, (2) 15 hours of light/day and (3) total darkness. Animals exposed to continuous light reached the palette regeneration stage four to five days before those kept in total darkness with the 15 hours of light/day animals being intermediate. The difference in regeneration rate was first evident in the moderate early stage (blastema accumulation stage); it then increased during subsequent stages and the difference persisted during the observation period. In an attempt to determine whether the retina was the receptor of light affected, some animals were blinded at the time of amputation and subjected to continuous light. Their rate of regeneration was similar to sighted animals subjected to continuous light but greater than sighted animals in total darkness. The pineal is discussed as the likely mediator of the photo effect."}
{"id": "PMID:925671", "title": "Timing of sperm penetration, pronuclear formation, pronuclear DNA synthesis, and first cleavage in naturally ovulated mouse eggs.", "content": "Timing of development of naturally ovulated mouse eggs from sperm penetration to first cleavage, including that of DNA synthesis, was established. In an attempt to limit variability, partial synchronization of ovulation was accomplished by shortening the length of the dark period to five hours, and partial synchronization of sperm entry was attempted by mating the females soon after the ovulated eggs reached the ampulla and by limiting the period at which mating could occur to only 20 minutes. Evidence of sperm penetration (presence of one or more sperm in perivitelline space or inside the vitellus) was found beginning 1.75 hours after the end of the mating period. Pronuclei were formed three to four hours after sperm entry. Pronuclear DNA, synthesis began about eight hours postmating, 3.25 to 4.5 hours after pronuclear formation, or about 6.25 to 8.5 hours after sperm entry; it was completed in almost all zygotes by 16 hours postmating. The first completed cleavage division was found 17 to 18 hours postmating, and almost all eggs had cleaved by 20 hours.", "contents": "Timing of sperm penetration, pronuclear formation, pronuclear DNA synthesis, and first cleavage in naturally ovulated mouse eggs. Timing of development of naturally ovulated mouse eggs from sperm penetration to first cleavage, including that of DNA synthesis, was established. In an attempt to limit variability, partial synchronization of ovulation was accomplished by shortening the length of the dark period to five hours, and partial synchronization of sperm entry was attempted by mating the females soon after the ovulated eggs reached the ampulla and by limiting the period at which mating could occur to only 20 minutes. Evidence of sperm penetration (presence of one or more sperm in perivitelline space or inside the vitellus) was found beginning 1.75 hours after the end of the mating period. Pronuclei were formed three to four hours after sperm entry. Pronuclear DNA, synthesis began about eight hours postmating, 3.25 to 4.5 hours after pronuclear formation, or about 6.25 to 8.5 hours after sperm entry; it was completed in almost all zygotes by 16 hours postmating. The first completed cleavage division was found 17 to 18 hours postmating, and almost all eggs had cleaved by 20 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:925672", "title": "The effect of nerve growth factor and limb regeneration on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of Triturus.", "content": "In Triturus administration of NGF causes hypertrophy of neuronal perikarya of third dorsal root ganglia and post-subclavian sympathetic ganglia. Two classes of neurons were characterized cytologically in the third dorsal root ganglia. Some evidence is presented which indicates that Class I neurons respond more vigorously to NGF. It is suggested that Class I neurons are similar to the medio-dorsal neuroblasts of chick embryos in their response to NGF. Forelimb amputation did not cause neuronal hypertrophy in either third dorsal root ganglia or post-subclavian sympathetic ganglia. The incorporation of (3H)-uridine increases to a highly significant extent in third dorsal root ganglia following NGF treatment or limb amputation. When NGF treatment and limb amputation were combined, no further increase in (3H)-uridine incorporation was noted. This suggests that RNA synthesis is maximally stimulated by either NGF treatment alone or limb amputation alone.", "contents": "The effect of nerve growth factor and limb regeneration on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of Triturus. In Triturus administration of NGF causes hypertrophy of neuronal perikarya of third dorsal root ganglia and post-subclavian sympathetic ganglia. Two classes of neurons were characterized cytologically in the third dorsal root ganglia. Some evidence is presented which indicates that Class I neurons respond more vigorously to NGF. It is suggested that Class I neurons are similar to the medio-dorsal neuroblasts of chick embryos in their response to NGF. Forelimb amputation did not cause neuronal hypertrophy in either third dorsal root ganglia or post-subclavian sympathetic ganglia. The incorporation of (3H)-uridine increases to a highly significant extent in third dorsal root ganglia following NGF treatment or limb amputation. When NGF treatment and limb amputation were combined, no further increase in (3H)-uridine incorporation was noted. This suggests that RNA synthesis is maximally stimulated by either NGF treatment alone or limb amputation alone."}
{"id": "PMID:925673", "title": "The presence of sperm-specific surface isoantigens on the egg following fertilization.", "content": "Sperm surface isoantigens can be detected on the surface of fertilized eggs by using cytotoxic (complement dependent) sperm-specific isoantisera. These isoantigens cannot be detected on unfertilized eggs. This may indicate their transfer from sperm to egg during fertilization.", "contents": "The presence of sperm-specific surface isoantigens on the egg following fertilization. Sperm surface isoantigens can be detected on the surface of fertilized eggs by using cytotoxic (complement dependent) sperm-specific isoantisera. These isoantigens cannot be detected on unfertilized eggs. This may indicate their transfer from sperm to egg during fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:925674", "title": "Low Na+ concentration: a factor contributing to diminished uptake and incorporation of amino acids by diapausing mouse blastocysts?", "content": "Uptake and incorporation of 14C amino acids by normal and diapausing blastocysts was found to be Na+ dependent with one exception. Delayed embryos preincubated 25 h in medium containing 124 mM Na+ had labeling characteristics independent of the Na+ concentration present during labeling. Since diapausing embryos preincubated 25 h in low Na+ medium (55mM) retained their Na+ dependent labeling characteristics, delayed blastocysts may be in a low Na+ environment in situ. Low Na+ may explain why delayed blastocysts are unable to utilize radioactive methionine in vivo (Weitlauf and Greenwald, '68).", "contents": "Low Na+ concentration: a factor contributing to diminished uptake and incorporation of amino acids by diapausing mouse blastocysts? Uptake and incorporation of 14C amino acids by normal and diapausing blastocysts was found to be Na+ dependent with one exception. Delayed embryos preincubated 25 h in medium containing 124 mM Na+ had labeling characteristics independent of the Na+ concentration present during labeling. Since diapausing embryos preincubated 25 h in low Na+ medium (55mM) retained their Na+ dependent labeling characteristics, delayed blastocysts may be in a low Na+ environment in situ. Low Na+ may explain why delayed blastocysts are unable to utilize radioactive methionine in vivo (Weitlauf and Greenwald, '68)."}
{"id": "PMID:925677", "title": "Threonine catabolism in Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "L-Threonine is catabolized by Trypanosoma brucei to give equimolar quantities of glycine and acetate. The pathway, which involves the two enzymes L-threonine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) and aminoacetone synthase (acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.29) and subsequent hydrolysis of the acetyl-CoA, is most active in cultured trypanosomes but is also present in bloodstream forms. L-Threonine dehydrogenase from both culture and bloodstream forms of trypanosomes has an apparent molecular weight of between 28 000 and 38 000, and is sensitive to a wide range of sulphydryl reagents.", "contents": "Threonine catabolism in Trypanosoma brucei. L-Threonine is catabolized by Trypanosoma brucei to give equimolar quantities of glycine and acetate. The pathway, which involves the two enzymes L-threonine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) and aminoacetone synthase (acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.29) and subsequent hydrolysis of the acetyl-CoA, is most active in cultured trypanosomes but is also present in bloodstream forms. L-Threonine dehydrogenase from both culture and bloodstream forms of trypanosomes has an apparent molecular weight of between 28 000 and 38 000, and is sensitive to a wide range of sulphydryl reagents."}
{"id": "PMID:925678", "title": "Effects of oxygen on Propionibacterium shermanii grown in continuous culture.", "content": "Growth yields, enzyme activities, cytochrome concentrations and the rates of product formation were determined in Propionibacterium shermanii cultures grown in a chemostat with lactate as the energy source at various concentrations of oxygen. Oxygen was toxic when its partial pressure in the inflowing gas was just sufficient to give measurable dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture, when it inhibited lactate oxidation and NADH oxidase activity. Below this oxygen concentration, P. shermanii behaved as a facultative anaerobe. The adaptation from anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism, however, was complex. Low partial pressures of oxygen led to decreased cytochrome and membrane-bound dehydrogenase activities and molar growth yield. Above an oxygen partial pressure of 42 mmHg in the inflowing gas stream, these changes were reversed, leading to an aerobic type of metabolism. At the highest subtoxic concentration of oxygen used (330 mmHg in the input gas), lactate was oxidized mainly to acetate and carbon dioxide and the rate of propionate formation was very low. The high molar growth yield obtained under these conditions suggested that lactate and NADH oxidation via the cytochrome electron transport system was coupled to ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of oxygen on Propionibacterium shermanii grown in continuous culture. Growth yields, enzyme activities, cytochrome concentrations and the rates of product formation were determined in Propionibacterium shermanii cultures grown in a chemostat with lactate as the energy source at various concentrations of oxygen. Oxygen was toxic when its partial pressure in the inflowing gas was just sufficient to give measurable dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture, when it inhibited lactate oxidation and NADH oxidase activity. Below this oxygen concentration, P. shermanii behaved as a facultative anaerobe. The adaptation from anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism, however, was complex. Low partial pressures of oxygen led to decreased cytochrome and membrane-bound dehydrogenase activities and molar growth yield. Above an oxygen partial pressure of 42 mmHg in the inflowing gas stream, these changes were reversed, leading to an aerobic type of metabolism. At the highest subtoxic concentration of oxygen used (330 mmHg in the input gas), lactate was oxidized mainly to acetate and carbon dioxide and the rate of propionate formation was very low. The high molar growth yield obtained under these conditions suggested that lactate and NADH oxidation via the cytochrome electron transport system was coupled to ATP synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:925679", "title": "The Dienes phenomenon: identification of the determinants of compatibility.", "content": "Two hundred and four isolates of swarming strains of Proteus species which had been typed for their ability to produce bacteriocin (proticine) and also their proticine sensitivity (P/S typing) were tested in all combinations for their Dienes compatibility with each other. Ninety-eight distinct Dienes compatibility groups were found. Physiological and genetic experiments supported the evidence of typing results that, irrespective of species, both the type of proticine a strain produces (P type) and the sensitivity of the strain to proticine (S type) were determinants of Dienes compatibility. Strains showing compatibility in the Dienes test were of the same P/S type, whereas those of different P/S types were incompatible.", "contents": "The Dienes phenomenon: identification of the determinants of compatibility. Two hundred and four isolates of swarming strains of Proteus species which had been typed for their ability to produce bacteriocin (proticine) and also their proticine sensitivity (P/S typing) were tested in all combinations for their Dienes compatibility with each other. Ninety-eight distinct Dienes compatibility groups were found. Physiological and genetic experiments supported the evidence of typing results that, irrespective of species, both the type of proticine a strain produces (P type) and the sensitivity of the strain to proticine (S type) were determinants of Dienes compatibility. Strains showing compatibility in the Dienes test were of the same P/S type, whereas those of different P/S types were incompatible."}
{"id": "PMID:925680", "title": "A technique for the rapid selection of drug-sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.", "content": "An auxotroph enrichment procedure has been developed for Phycomyces blakesleeanus which has proven useful in obtaining both auxotrophs and drug-sensitive mutants. The technique is based on the differential heat sensitivity between ungerminated auxotrophic spores and germinated prototrophic spores. Germinated spores and mycelia die when left at temperatures higher than about 35 degrees C for 16 to 24 h but ungerminated spores survive this treatment and subsequently germinate if transferred to complete medium. With the dwarf colonial strain, replica plating permits the rapid characterization of these newly selected auxotrophs.", "contents": "A technique for the rapid selection of drug-sensitive and auxotrophic mutants of Phycomyces blakesleeanus. An auxotroph enrichment procedure has been developed for Phycomyces blakesleeanus which has proven useful in obtaining both auxotrophs and drug-sensitive mutants. The technique is based on the differential heat sensitivity between ungerminated auxotrophic spores and germinated prototrophic spores. Germinated spores and mycelia die when left at temperatures higher than about 35 degrees C for 16 to 24 h but ungerminated spores survive this treatment and subsequently germinate if transferred to complete medium. With the dwarf colonial strain, replica plating permits the rapid characterization of these newly selected auxotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:925682", "title": "Genetic relationship between an influenza A and a B virus.", "content": "The base sequence homology between all eight 32P-labelled RNA segment of fowl plague virus (FPV) and the complementary RNA (cRNA) of an influenza B virus (B-mass), and between segment 8 of virus N and the cRNA of the same influenza B strain has been determined. All segments of FPV and segment 8 of virus N show a significant base sequence homology, ranging from 18 to 50% suggesting that influenza A and B viruses have a common ancestor. The conserved regions in segments 4,6 and 8 of the influenza A strains are identical to corresponding regions of the influenza B virus tested.", "contents": "Genetic relationship between an influenza A and a B virus. The base sequence homology between all eight 32P-labelled RNA segment of fowl plague virus (FPV) and the complementary RNA (cRNA) of an influenza B virus (B-mass), and between segment 8 of virus N and the cRNA of the same influenza B strain has been determined. All segments of FPV and segment 8 of virus N show a significant base sequence homology, ranging from 18 to 50% suggesting that influenza A and B viruses have a common ancestor. The conserved regions in segments 4,6 and 8 of the influenza A strains are identical to corresponding regions of the influenza B virus tested."}
{"id": "PMID:925684", "title": "Antagonism by locally applied dopamine into the nucleus accumbens or the corpus striatum of alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance behaviour.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to avoid an electric shock in a two-way shuttle-box. The local application of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens or the corpus striatum was found to antagonize the suppression of conditioned avoidance behaviour induced by systemically administered alpha-methyltyrosine, emphasizing the importance of these dopamine-rich brain structures in mediating conditioned avoidance behaviour.", "contents": "Antagonism by locally applied dopamine into the nucleus accumbens or the corpus striatum of alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance behaviour. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to avoid an electric shock in a two-way shuttle-box. The local application of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens or the corpus striatum was found to antagonize the suppression of conditioned avoidance behaviour induced by systemically administered alpha-methyltyrosine, emphasizing the importance of these dopamine-rich brain structures in mediating conditioned avoidance behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:925685", "title": "Brain-noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in Parkinson's syndrome.", "content": "1. Significantly reduced values of noradrenaline in Parkinson's disease were observable in all brain areas which were studied. 2. A topographic distribution of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) can be demonstrated in the human brain. As MHPG in the various brain areas shows a different pattern of concentration it seems that this metabolite of noradrenaline is of physiological significance and is able to reflect noradrenaline turnover. The highest values of free MHPG were found in the hypothalamus, n. accumbens, thalamus and n. ruber. 3. In a limited series of patients with Parkinson's disease post mortem analysis indicated lower values of MHPG in caudate n., putamen, s. nigra, red nucleus and n. accumbens. All other brain areas did not show significant alterations. 4. Parkinsonian patients who died during Madopar therapy demonstrated a significant increase of MHPG in caudate n., putamen, s. nigra, n. ruber, n. amygdalae and n. accumbens when compared to the untreated group, indicating an enhanced turnover of noradrenaline in these areas. 5. Bound MHPG has been estimated in various brain areas as to be in the range of 13--38 percent of free MHPG.", "contents": "Brain-noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in Parkinson's syndrome. 1. Significantly reduced values of noradrenaline in Parkinson's disease were observable in all brain areas which were studied. 2. A topographic distribution of free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) can be demonstrated in the human brain. As MHPG in the various brain areas shows a different pattern of concentration it seems that this metabolite of noradrenaline is of physiological significance and is able to reflect noradrenaline turnover. The highest values of free MHPG were found in the hypothalamus, n. accumbens, thalamus and n. ruber. 3. In a limited series of patients with Parkinson's disease post mortem analysis indicated lower values of MHPG in caudate n., putamen, s. nigra, red nucleus and n. accumbens. All other brain areas did not show significant alterations. 4. Parkinsonian patients who died during Madopar therapy demonstrated a significant increase of MHPG in caudate n., putamen, s. nigra, n. ruber, n. amygdalae and n. accumbens when compared to the untreated group, indicating an enhanced turnover of noradrenaline in these areas. 5. Bound MHPG has been estimated in various brain areas as to be in the range of 13--38 percent of free MHPG."}
{"id": "PMID:925686", "title": "The influence of bromocriptine on serotonin neurons.", "content": "Bromocriptine (CB-154) is regarded as a dopamine agonist, hence is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the paper presented a possibility of the influence of bromocriptine on central serotonin neurons has been studied. It was demonstrated that CB-154, like tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, LSD or fenfluramine in previous experiments, potentiates the flexor reflex of the spinal rat, and this effect of CB-154 is prevented by serotonin antagonists--cryproheptadine and danitracen. CB-154, like fenfluramine used as a comparative serotonergic agent, rises the body temperature in rabbits. The hyperthermic effect of CB-154 is prevented by cyproheptadine, danitracen and mianserin. Haloperidol prevents the hyperthermia caused by a lower dose of CB-154 or on fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia. The results obtained indicate that CB-154, besides a dopaminomimetic action, possesses central serotonin actions as well.", "contents": "The influence of bromocriptine on serotonin neurons. Bromocriptine (CB-154) is regarded as a dopamine agonist, hence is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the paper presented a possibility of the influence of bromocriptine on central serotonin neurons has been studied. It was demonstrated that CB-154, like tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, LSD or fenfluramine in previous experiments, potentiates the flexor reflex of the spinal rat, and this effect of CB-154 is prevented by serotonin antagonists--cryproheptadine and danitracen. CB-154, like fenfluramine used as a comparative serotonergic agent, rises the body temperature in rabbits. The hyperthermic effect of CB-154 is prevented by cyproheptadine, danitracen and mianserin. Haloperidol prevents the hyperthermia caused by a lower dose of CB-154 or on fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia. The results obtained indicate that CB-154, besides a dopaminomimetic action, possesses central serotonin actions as well."}
{"id": "PMID:925687", "title": "The effect of 4-aminopyridine on acetylcholine release.", "content": "The effect of 2-, and 4-aminopyridine (4-APYR) on the release mechanism of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminals of the Auerbach plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum, suspended in eserinized Krebs' solution, was investigated. 2- and 4-APYR increased the release of ACh from the nerve terminals at rest and at both low and high frequency stimulation. The enhanced ACh release was found to be due to increased volley output. At lower frequency of stimulation, potentiation of ACh release was much higher than at higher rate of stimulation. 4-APYR was able to increase ACh release in the absence of [Ca2+]o. However, when a Ca-chelating agent, EDTA, was also added to the Ca-free Krebs' solution, 4-APYR was entirely ineffective. The depression of ACh release induced by Mg-excess was completely antagonized by 4-APYR. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) prevented augmentation of ACh release by 4-APYR. It is suggested that 4-APYR lowers the demand of nerve terminals for [Ca2+]o required for the excitation-secretion coupling process. The presence of a low concentration [Ca2+]o, however, is essential for the action of 4-APYR.", "contents": "The effect of 4-aminopyridine on acetylcholine release. The effect of 2-, and 4-aminopyridine (4-APYR) on the release mechanism of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminals of the Auerbach plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation of the guinea-pig ileum, suspended in eserinized Krebs' solution, was investigated. 2- and 4-APYR increased the release of ACh from the nerve terminals at rest and at both low and high frequency stimulation. The enhanced ACh release was found to be due to increased volley output. At lower frequency of stimulation, potentiation of ACh release was much higher than at higher rate of stimulation. 4-APYR was able to increase ACh release in the absence of [Ca2+]o. However, when a Ca-chelating agent, EDTA, was also added to the Ca-free Krebs' solution, 4-APYR was entirely ineffective. The depression of ACh release induced by Mg-excess was completely antagonized by 4-APYR. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) prevented augmentation of ACh release by 4-APYR. It is suggested that 4-APYR lowers the demand of nerve terminals for [Ca2+]o required for the excitation-secretion coupling process. The presence of a low concentration [Ca2+]o, however, is essential for the action of 4-APYR."}
{"id": "PMID:925688", "title": "Brain monoamines in metabolic (endotoxic) coma. A preliminary biochemical study in human postmortem material.", "content": "Spectrofluorometric assays of DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were performed in different areas of postmortem brains of humans who died in hepatic and uremic coma. Brain DA showed a mild general decrease, the average reduction being 20 to 30 percent of the controls. By contrast, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were markedly increased in most brain areas, most significantly in the reticular and raph\u00e9 nuclei of the brainstem and in some parts of the limbic system. Despite individual and regional differences, the monoamine changes had similar patterns in both hepatic and uremic coma. These data in human brain which confirm previous clinical and experimental studies in hepatic encephalopathy suggest some common disorders of central monoamine metabolism in endotoxic coma of different origin. Brain edema, a constant feature in toxic coma, is probably due to increased 5-HT content in the brain, the pathophysiologic effect of 5-HT on the blood-brain barrier being well established. The prominent changes of indoleamine metabolism in the reticular brainstem and limbic systems may be related to disorders of consciousness.", "contents": "Brain monoamines in metabolic (endotoxic) coma. A preliminary biochemical study in human postmortem material. Spectrofluorometric assays of DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were performed in different areas of postmortem brains of humans who died in hepatic and uremic coma. Brain DA showed a mild general decrease, the average reduction being 20 to 30 percent of the controls. By contrast, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were markedly increased in most brain areas, most significantly in the reticular and raph\u00e9 nuclei of the brainstem and in some parts of the limbic system. Despite individual and regional differences, the monoamine changes had similar patterns in both hepatic and uremic coma. These data in human brain which confirm previous clinical and experimental studies in hepatic encephalopathy suggest some common disorders of central monoamine metabolism in endotoxic coma of different origin. Brain edema, a constant feature in toxic coma, is probably due to increased 5-HT content in the brain, the pathophysiologic effect of 5-HT on the blood-brain barrier being well established. The prominent changes of indoleamine metabolism in the reticular brainstem and limbic systems may be related to disorders of consciousness."}
{"id": "PMID:925690", "title": "Electrophoresis of unconcentrated natural cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "A rapid and simple method to perform protein electrophoresis for natural unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid is described. Hereby, pherograms with technically incontestable separations are acquired with a running time of 70 min at 180 V.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of unconcentrated natural cerebrospinal fluid. A rapid and simple method to perform protein electrophoresis for natural unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid is described. Hereby, pherograms with technically incontestable separations are acquired with a running time of 70 min at 180 V."}
{"id": "PMID:925691", "title": "Multiple sclerosis in Coloured South Africans.", "content": "Detailed case histories of seven Coloured South Africans with multiple sclerosis are presented; the summary of one South African-born Indian is included. Apart from an isolated case report in 1947, this is the first time that multiple sclerosis has been reported in detail in this South African racial group. All the Coloured patients presented for the first time during the last 12 years.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis in Coloured South Africans. Detailed case histories of seven Coloured South Africans with multiple sclerosis are presented; the summary of one South African-born Indian is included. Apart from an isolated case report in 1947, this is the first time that multiple sclerosis has been reported in detail in this South African racial group. All the Coloured patients presented for the first time during the last 12 years."}
{"id": "PMID:925692", "title": "Hydrocephalus as a cause of dementia: evaluation by computerised tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring.", "content": "To identity those patients with hydrocephalus as a basis for their presenile dementia it is suggested that such patients be screened non-invasively by CT scan. If there is ventricular dilatation and small cortical sulci, intracranial pressure should be monitored for 48 hours to detect `B' waves. Patients with significant `B' waves (10 mmHg) for at least two hours in the day might benefit from a shunt.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus as a cause of dementia: evaluation by computerised tomography and intracranial pressure monitoring. To identity those patients with hydrocephalus as a basis for their presenile dementia it is suggested that such patients be screened non-invasively by CT scan. If there is ventricular dilatation and small cortical sulci, intracranial pressure should be monitored for 48 hours to detect `B' waves. Patients with significant `B' waves (10 mmHg) for at least two hours in the day might benefit from a shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:925693", "title": "Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 4-hydroxy, 3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were estimated in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of control subjects and in some patients who probably, and others who definitely, suffered from multiple sclerosis (MS). In the control group, the concentration of HVA was lower in people who underwent lumbar puncture having fasted and been recumbent for 12 hours before the procedure than in those from whom CSF was obtained under non-standardised conditions. These studies demonstrate that a standardised procedure for lumbar puncture is required in order to obtain meaningful results. In patients suffering from MS the CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly lower than in comparable controls but the HVA concentrations did not differ. There was no relationship between metabolite concentrations, site of lesion, the duration of the disease, gamma-globulin levels nor the occurrence of relapse within the previous month.", "contents": "Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. The concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolylacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 4-hydroxy, 3-methoxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were estimated in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of control subjects and in some patients who probably, and others who definitely, suffered from multiple sclerosis (MS). In the control group, the concentration of HVA was lower in people who underwent lumbar puncture having fasted and been recumbent for 12 hours before the procedure than in those from whom CSF was obtained under non-standardised conditions. These studies demonstrate that a standardised procedure for lumbar puncture is required in order to obtain meaningful results. In patients suffering from MS the CSF 5-HIAA concentrations were significantly lower than in comparable controls but the HVA concentrations did not differ. There was no relationship between metabolite concentrations, site of lesion, the duration of the disease, gamma-globulin levels nor the occurrence of relapse within the previous month."}
{"id": "PMID:925694", "title": "Effect of nicergoline on cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured before and after intravenous injection of the cerebral vasodilator nicergoline in 13 patients with cerebrovascular disease. CBF increased in seven. The possibility that the effect of the drug in the remainder may have been masked by a fall of CBF which occurs during sequential measurement of patients at rest is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of nicergoline on cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured before and after intravenous injection of the cerebral vasodilator nicergoline in 13 patients with cerebrovascular disease. CBF increased in seven. The possibility that the effect of the drug in the remainder may have been masked by a fall of CBF which occurs during sequential measurement of patients at rest is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925695", "title": "Electroencephalographic variants and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.", "content": "Schizophrenic patients (249) were divided into those with and those without a family history of major functional psychosis. The same patients were then divided into those with entirely normal electroencephalograms and those whose traces contained some variant of normal. Traces were interpreted without knowledge of the patients' identities, and the question of the presence or absence of positive heredity had been decided without knowledge of the patients' electroencephalographic status, so that the discovery that normal electroencephalograms correlated highly significantly with positive heredity, and vice versa, commands attention. It is considered in the setting of previous work on psychoses and organic and electroencephalographic findings.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic variants and genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients (249) were divided into those with and those without a family history of major functional psychosis. The same patients were then divided into those with entirely normal electroencephalograms and those whose traces contained some variant of normal. Traces were interpreted without knowledge of the patients' identities, and the question of the presence or absence of positive heredity had been decided without knowledge of the patients' electroencephalographic status, so that the discovery that normal electroencephalograms correlated highly significantly with positive heredity, and vice versa, commands attention. It is considered in the setting of previous work on psychoses and organic and electroencephalographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:925696", "title": "Benign fibrillation potentials in normal muscle and their correlation with endplate and denervation potentials.", "content": "Fibrillation potentials in normal muscle are identical in origin with the 'spikes' in the endplate zone. The difference in shape is due to the site of the electrode. Both potential types are characterised by a high average maximal frequency and a very irregular discharge pattern. These properties distinguish them from the typical fibrillation potentials of the denervated muscle which show lower maximal discharge frequency, very small differences between consecutive time intervals, and slow up and down drifts in the discharge frequency. Less commonly, irregularly discharging fibrillation potentials are also observed in denervated muscle, which are exactly the same as those in the normal muscle, and which, therefore, may be assumed to have the same origin. It is only the rhythmically discharging fibrillation potentials which indicate a denervating process. The irregular fibrillation potentials, on the other hand, are of no pathological significance. The term benign fibrillation potentials is suggested for the latter.", "contents": "Benign fibrillation potentials in normal muscle and their correlation with endplate and denervation potentials. Fibrillation potentials in normal muscle are identical in origin with the 'spikes' in the endplate zone. The difference in shape is due to the site of the electrode. Both potential types are characterised by a high average maximal frequency and a very irregular discharge pattern. These properties distinguish them from the typical fibrillation potentials of the denervated muscle which show lower maximal discharge frequency, very small differences between consecutive time intervals, and slow up and down drifts in the discharge frequency. Less commonly, irregularly discharging fibrillation potentials are also observed in denervated muscle, which are exactly the same as those in the normal muscle, and which, therefore, may be assumed to have the same origin. It is only the rhythmically discharging fibrillation potentials which indicate a denervating process. The irregular fibrillation potentials, on the other hand, are of no pathological significance. The term benign fibrillation potentials is suggested for the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:925697", "title": "Conduction velocity and spike configuration in myelinated fibres: computed dependence on internode distance.", "content": "It has been argued theoretically and confirmed experimentally that conduction velocity (theta) should be proportional to nerve fibre diameter for myelinated fibre tracts, such as normal peripheral nerve, exhibiting 'structural' similarity'. In some axons, however, the nodes of Ranvier are more closely spaced than in normal peripheral nerve. Analytic arguments have suggested that when internodal distance (L) alone is changed, the plot of theta versus L should have a relatively flat maximum. This was confirmed by several previous computer simulations of myelinated axons, but internode lengths of less than half the normal case were not examined. In order to gain insight into impulse propagation in myelinated and remyelinated fibres with short internodal lengths, the present study examines the conduction velocity and spike configuration for a wide range of internodal lengths. As L becomes large, theta falls and finally propagation is blocked; as L becomes small, theta decreases more and more steeply. From this, it is predicted that for fibres with very short internodal lengths, small local changes in L should affect substantially the conduction velocity.", "contents": "Conduction velocity and spike configuration in myelinated fibres: computed dependence on internode distance. It has been argued theoretically and confirmed experimentally that conduction velocity (theta) should be proportional to nerve fibre diameter for myelinated fibre tracts, such as normal peripheral nerve, exhibiting 'structural' similarity'. In some axons, however, the nodes of Ranvier are more closely spaced than in normal peripheral nerve. Analytic arguments have suggested that when internodal distance (L) alone is changed, the plot of theta versus L should have a relatively flat maximum. This was confirmed by several previous computer simulations of myelinated axons, but internode lengths of less than half the normal case were not examined. In order to gain insight into impulse propagation in myelinated and remyelinated fibres with short internodal lengths, the present study examines the conduction velocity and spike configuration for a wide range of internodal lengths. As L becomes large, theta falls and finally propagation is blocked; as L becomes small, theta decreases more and more steeply. From this, it is predicted that for fibres with very short internodal lengths, small local changes in L should affect substantially the conduction velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:925698", "title": "Acute fulminant myoglobinuric polymyositis with picornavirus-like crystals.", "content": "Myoglobinuria was found in an 11 month old girl suffering from fever, dyspnoea, and muscle hypotonia. Muscle biopsy showed focal degenerative necrosis of the muscle fibres. Electronmicroscopically, picornavirus-like crystals were demonstrated in the muscle fibres. These and other findings strongly suggest that she suffered from acute myositis with myoglobinuria probably caused by Coxsackie B6 virus infection. The causal relationship of viral infection (Coxsackie, influenza, or myxo-viruses) and acute or chronic polymyositis with or without myoglobinuria is discussed.", "contents": "Acute fulminant myoglobinuric polymyositis with picornavirus-like crystals. Myoglobinuria was found in an 11 month old girl suffering from fever, dyspnoea, and muscle hypotonia. Muscle biopsy showed focal degenerative necrosis of the muscle fibres. Electronmicroscopically, picornavirus-like crystals were demonstrated in the muscle fibres. These and other findings strongly suggest that she suffered from acute myositis with myoglobinuria probably caused by Coxsackie B6 virus infection. The causal relationship of viral infection (Coxsackie, influenza, or myxo-viruses) and acute or chronic polymyositis with or without myoglobinuria is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925699", "title": "Cephalic tetanus: demonstration of a dual lesion.", "content": "A clinical and electrophysiological study of 15 cases of cephalic tetanus is reported. This condition is a form of local tetanus which commonly follows an injury to the face or head. It is characterised by muscle paralysis which is maximal close to the site of injury, while spasm is evident at mroe distant sites. As muscle paralysis improves with time it is succeeded by spasm. It is argued that paralysis is due to high local concentrations of toxin in the brainstem while lesser concentrations cause spasm by abolishing inhibition. Electrophysiological studies indicate that paralysis is of lower motor neurone type with denervation potentials, hyperirritability, loss of motor units, and marginally increased distal latencies being the features recorded.", "contents": "Cephalic tetanus: demonstration of a dual lesion. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 15 cases of cephalic tetanus is reported. This condition is a form of local tetanus which commonly follows an injury to the face or head. It is characterised by muscle paralysis which is maximal close to the site of injury, while spasm is evident at mroe distant sites. As muscle paralysis improves with time it is succeeded by spasm. It is argued that paralysis is due to high local concentrations of toxin in the brainstem while lesser concentrations cause spasm by abolishing inhibition. Electrophysiological studies indicate that paralysis is of lower motor neurone type with denervation potentials, hyperirritability, loss of motor units, and marginally increased distal latencies being the features recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:925700", "title": "Giant cell tumour of the sphenoid bone with dural extension.", "content": "A case of giant cell tumour of the sphenoid bone is reported. Besides the familiar presentation with headaches, ocular manifestations, and upper cranial nerve lesions, this case showed previously undescribed features such as grand mal seizures, hemiparesis with facial palsy, and dural extension. The reported high incidence in females is questioned. The tumour histologically showed some cartilage.", "contents": "Giant cell tumour of the sphenoid bone with dural extension. A case of giant cell tumour of the sphenoid bone is reported. Besides the familiar presentation with headaches, ocular manifestations, and upper cranial nerve lesions, this case showed previously undescribed features such as grand mal seizures, hemiparesis with facial palsy, and dural extension. The reported high incidence in females is questioned. The tumour histologically showed some cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:925701", "title": "Ulnar nerve tumours of the hand in childhood.", "content": "Two examples are presented of non-traumatic lesions of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve occuring in children. The clinical and histological features of solitary neurofibroma and neurilemmoma are compared and contrasted.", "contents": "Ulnar nerve tumours of the hand in childhood. Two examples are presented of non-traumatic lesions of the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve occuring in children. The clinical and histological features of solitary neurofibroma and neurilemmoma are compared and contrasted."}
{"id": "PMID:925702", "title": "Peripheral nerve conduction in Miller Fisher syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of acute ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and arreflexia with high CSF protein are reported (Miller Fisher syndrome). Detailed EMG and nerve conduction studies showed abnormal conduction in peripheral sensory fibres from the initial stages of the illness in both patients. Careful review up to 10 months after the onset was required to document the sensory conduction abnormality properly in one of them. The electrical findings did not differ from those that can be seen in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and provided no clues as to the mechanism of the ataxia.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve conduction in Miller Fisher syndrome. Two cases of acute ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and arreflexia with high CSF protein are reported (Miller Fisher syndrome). Detailed EMG and nerve conduction studies showed abnormal conduction in peripheral sensory fibres from the initial stages of the illness in both patients. Careful review up to 10 months after the onset was required to document the sensory conduction abnormality properly in one of them. The electrical findings did not differ from those that can be seen in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and provided no clues as to the mechanism of the ataxia."}
{"id": "PMID:925703", "title": "Diencephalic epilepsy in a patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum confirmed by computerised axial tomography.", "content": "A case of diencephalic epilepsy is described in whom stereotyped attacks of spontaneous hypothermia and diaphoresis occurred over a 20 year period. No abnormality of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis was found, and there was no evidence of an intracranial mass lesion. Pneumoencephalography and computerised axial tomography (EMI scan) demonstrated agenesis of the corpus callosum.", "contents": "Diencephalic epilepsy in a patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum confirmed by computerised axial tomography. A case of diencephalic epilepsy is described in whom stereotyped attacks of spontaneous hypothermia and diaphoresis occurred over a 20 year period. No abnormality of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis was found, and there was no evidence of an intracranial mass lesion. Pneumoencephalography and computerised axial tomography (EMI scan) demonstrated agenesis of the corpus callosum."}
{"id": "PMID:925704", "title": "Gaze-induced laughter.", "content": "Pathological laughter was stimulated by pursuit eye movements with a large extramedullary brainstem tumour. Laughter was also evoked by intense direct light. The mechanism by which visual stimuli could induce pathological laughter is discussed.", "contents": "Gaze-induced laughter. Pathological laughter was stimulated by pursuit eye movements with a large extramedullary brainstem tumour. Laughter was also evoked by intense direct light. The mechanism by which visual stimuli could induce pathological laughter is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925705", "title": "Myocardial creatine kinase isoenzyme in serum after subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "The myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) has been demonstrated in the serum of seven of 16 patients presenting with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. All patients with elevated MB CK levels exhibited at some stage either intracranial arterial spasm as demonstrated by cerebral angiography, or a focal reversible neurological deficit not due to direct pressure by either intracranial haematoma or aneurysm. The presence of MB CK isoenzymes in sera of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage may be an index of cerebral ischaemia, and may thus be of value in determining optimal timing of surgery or, ultimately, the long-term prognosis. Changes in the sympathetic nervous system may be a common factor producing both MB isoenzyme release from the myocardium and intracranial arterial spasm.", "contents": "Myocardial creatine kinase isoenzyme in serum after subarachnoid haemorrhage. The myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) has been demonstrated in the serum of seven of 16 patients presenting with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. All patients with elevated MB CK levels exhibited at some stage either intracranial arterial spasm as demonstrated by cerebral angiography, or a focal reversible neurological deficit not due to direct pressure by either intracranial haematoma or aneurysm. The presence of MB CK isoenzymes in sera of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage may be an index of cerebral ischaemia, and may thus be of value in determining optimal timing of surgery or, ultimately, the long-term prognosis. Changes in the sympathetic nervous system may be a common factor producing both MB isoenzyme release from the myocardium and intracranial arterial spasm."}
{"id": "PMID:925706", "title": "Hypothalamic and myocardial lesions after subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "The hypothalamus and myocardium of 12 patients who had died after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, and of six patients who had died from other intracranial pathology were examined. Only in the patients who had died from subarachnoid haemorrhage were histological lesions found in both the hypothalamus and myocardium. The possible significance of these findings is discussed with particular reference to the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "Hypothalamic and myocardial lesions after subarachnoid haemorrhage. The hypothalamus and myocardium of 12 patients who had died after a subarachnoid haemorrhage, and of six patients who had died from other intracranial pathology were examined. Only in the patients who had died from subarachnoid haemorrhage were histological lesions found in both the hypothalamus and myocardium. The possible significance of these findings is discussed with particular reference to the sympathetic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:925707", "title": "Radionecrosis of the brain presenting as a mass lesion: a case report.", "content": "A case of radionecrosis of the brain in a patient previously treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp is presented. Cerebral angiography revealed a mass effect primarily in the right frontal area. Computed tomography showed extensive hemispheric oedema. A frontal lobectomy was performed, and the recovery was excellent. The lower limit for brain tolerance for irradiation is about 5000 rads given in five weeks. This dose should not be exceeded when extracranial lesions are treated. Although computed tomography cannot diagnose brain necrosis, specifically, it should, along with the clinical history, be very helpful.", "contents": "Radionecrosis of the brain presenting as a mass lesion: a case report. A case of radionecrosis of the brain in a patient previously treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp is presented. Cerebral angiography revealed a mass effect primarily in the right frontal area. Computed tomography showed extensive hemispheric oedema. A frontal lobectomy was performed, and the recovery was excellent. The lower limit for brain tolerance for irradiation is about 5000 rads given in five weeks. This dose should not be exceeded when extracranial lesions are treated. Although computed tomography cannot diagnose brain necrosis, specifically, it should, along with the clinical history, be very helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:925708", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in mannitol-treated rabbits.", "content": "Equations describing the response of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure to a rapid intravenous injection of mannitol were developed by combining equations of membrane transport with equations of CSF hydrodynamics. The physiologic variables appearing in these equations were measured in anesthetized rabbits as brain water volume = 7.9 cm3, plasma osmolality = 308 mmol/kg, fractional total body water content = 0.62, time constant of blood-brain osmotic flow = 32 min, resistance to CSF absorption = 1.92 TPa-s/m3 and brain compliance = 0.173 mm3/Pa. Mannitol (5.5-27.5 mmol/kg) was administered intravenously to anesthetized rabbits while Elliott's B solution was infused (0.13-1.27 mm3/sec) into a lateral ventricle to simulate formation of CSF. Measured CSF pressure changes corresponded closely with those predicted by theory.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in mannitol-treated rabbits. Equations describing the response of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure to a rapid intravenous injection of mannitol were developed by combining equations of membrane transport with equations of CSF hydrodynamics. The physiologic variables appearing in these equations were measured in anesthetized rabbits as brain water volume = 7.9 cm3, plasma osmolality = 308 mmol/kg, fractional total body water content = 0.62, time constant of blood-brain osmotic flow = 32 min, resistance to CSF absorption = 1.92 TPa-s/m3 and brain compliance = 0.173 mm3/Pa. Mannitol (5.5-27.5 mmol/kg) was administered intravenously to anesthetized rabbits while Elliott's B solution was infused (0.13-1.27 mm3/sec) into a lateral ventricle to simulate formation of CSF. Measured CSF pressure changes corresponded closely with those predicted by theory."}
{"id": "PMID:925709", "title": "Spinal cord limb motor neurons in dystrophia myotonica.", "content": "The total numbers of limb motor neurons have been counted in 20 micron sections of the lumbosacral spinal cord obtained a autopsy from 5 control subjects who showed no evidence of neuromuscular disease and from 5 patients with dystrophia myotonica ranging in age from 42 to 64 years. No significant reduction in the total number or distribution of such neurons was found in the cases of myotonic dystrophy and the quantity of lipofuscin present in the cells was similar to that in controls. Glial cell numbers were, however, significantly increased in the cases of dystrophia myotonica and this increase was not due to shortening or \"crowding\" of the relevant cord segments; in 2 patients with dystrophia myotonica the cell body area of the motor neurons was reduced by comparison with normal controls.", "contents": "Spinal cord limb motor neurons in dystrophia myotonica. The total numbers of limb motor neurons have been counted in 20 micron sections of the lumbosacral spinal cord obtained a autopsy from 5 control subjects who showed no evidence of neuromuscular disease and from 5 patients with dystrophia myotonica ranging in age from 42 to 64 years. No significant reduction in the total number or distribution of such neurons was found in the cases of myotonic dystrophy and the quantity of lipofuscin present in the cells was similar to that in controls. Glial cell numbers were, however, significantly increased in the cases of dystrophia myotonica and this increase was not due to shortening or \"crowding\" of the relevant cord segments; in 2 patients with dystrophia myotonica the cell body area of the motor neurons was reduced by comparison with normal controls."}
{"id": "PMID:925710", "title": "The numbers of limb motor neurons in the human lumbosacral cord throughout life.", "content": "Forty-seven spinal cords from subjects between 13 and 95 years of age have been examined; in the majority death occurred suddenly or rapidly from a state of previous good health. The limb motor neurons in the lumbospinal segments have been estimated by counting nucleoli in characeteristic cells in every fifth group of 10 serial sections from the entire lumbosacral cord. No evidence exists of loss of motor neurons up to the age of 60 years, but beyond that age, although individual counts vary considerably, there is increasing evidence of a diminishing motor neuron pupulation; above 60 years, several cases showed motor neuron counts of only 50% of the counts in early adult life or middle age. Cell loss appeared to be uniform throughout all the segments and was unaccompanied by any other striking morphological change.", "contents": "The numbers of limb motor neurons in the human lumbosacral cord throughout life. Forty-seven spinal cords from subjects between 13 and 95 years of age have been examined; in the majority death occurred suddenly or rapidly from a state of previous good health. The limb motor neurons in the lumbospinal segments have been estimated by counting nucleoli in characeteristic cells in every fifth group of 10 serial sections from the entire lumbosacral cord. No evidence exists of loss of motor neurons up to the age of 60 years, but beyond that age, although individual counts vary considerably, there is increasing evidence of a diminishing motor neuron pupulation; above 60 years, several cases showed motor neuron counts of only 50% of the counts in early adult life or middle age. Cell loss appeared to be uniform throughout all the segments and was unaccompanied by any other striking morphological change."}
{"id": "PMID:925711", "title": "Fatty acid composition of myelin isolated from the brain of a patient with cellular deficiency of co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12.", "content": "Myelin fractionation and subsequent lipid isolation have been carried out on a brain from a patient who suffered from a cellular deficiency of the adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. Examination of the fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids indicated a relative enrichment of odd-chain fatty acids which were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy as C15, C15:1, C17 and C17:1. A mixture of methyl branched C17 fatty acids was also identified. Odd-chain fatty acids accounted for 9.8% of the total fatty acid in the myelin choline phospholipid conpared to control values of 1.2%. The affected brain myelin phospholipids had a lower unsaturated fatty acid content. Examination of the myelin sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cerebroside and sulfatide, yielded abnormal fatty acid profiles. The sphingomyelin contained only small amounts of C24:1 fatty acid. Both normal and hydroxy fatty acid containing cerebroside and sulfatide had reduced levels of C24 fatty acid. Determination of the relative hydroxy and normal fatty acid content of the galactolipids indicated an abnormally high hydroxy fatty acid level. Abnormal fatty acid profiles of brain cerebral sphingolipids have not been previously described in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Whether or not these alterations are characteristic will only be established by estimating sphingolipids in other such cases.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of myelin isolated from the brain of a patient with cellular deficiency of co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. Myelin fractionation and subsequent lipid isolation have been carried out on a brain from a patient who suffered from a cellular deficiency of the adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. Examination of the fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids indicated a relative enrichment of odd-chain fatty acids which were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy as C15, C15:1, C17 and C17:1. A mixture of methyl branched C17 fatty acids was also identified. Odd-chain fatty acids accounted for 9.8% of the total fatty acid in the myelin choline phospholipid conpared to control values of 1.2%. The affected brain myelin phospholipids had a lower unsaturated fatty acid content. Examination of the myelin sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cerebroside and sulfatide, yielded abnormal fatty acid profiles. The sphingomyelin contained only small amounts of C24:1 fatty acid. Both normal and hydroxy fatty acid containing cerebroside and sulfatide had reduced levels of C24 fatty acid. Determination of the relative hydroxy and normal fatty acid content of the galactolipids indicated an abnormally high hydroxy fatty acid level. Abnormal fatty acid profiles of brain cerebral sphingolipids have not been previously described in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Whether or not these alterations are characteristic will only be established by estimating sphingolipids in other such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:925713", "title": "Global spatial disorientation. Clinico-pathologic correlations.", "content": "Two patients presenting with the acute onset of bilateral parietal lobe damage showed initially the features of Balint's syndrome. After most of its manifestations had cleared, both patients exhibited severe disorders of spatial orientation: acoustic ataxia, inability to localize objects in space. In addition, 1 patient showed a topographical disorientation and abnormalities of whole body movements. This patient came to post-mortem examination, which revealed bilateral and fairly symmetrical old and recent infarctions of the superior parietal lobules. In the light of these observations and previous reports, it is suggested that the reported abnormalities of whole body movements can be explained on the basis of a visuo-motor intrahemispheric disconnection due to the bilateral lesion of the dorsal parietal lobe. In addition, the global spatial disorientation is analysed and is thought to be the manifestation of a derangement of a specific function centered in the parietal lobe. Moreover, it is pointed out that topographic disorientation does not require the concomitant failure of oculomotor mechanisms for its production. The topography of the anatomical lesion is considered in relation to current concepts on brain damage after severe hypotension and cardiac arrest. It is concluded that this group of patients is most likely at risk of developing behavioural abnormalities akin to the ones here reported.", "contents": "Global spatial disorientation. Clinico-pathologic correlations. Two patients presenting with the acute onset of bilateral parietal lobe damage showed initially the features of Balint's syndrome. After most of its manifestations had cleared, both patients exhibited severe disorders of spatial orientation: acoustic ataxia, inability to localize objects in space. In addition, 1 patient showed a topographical disorientation and abnormalities of whole body movements. This patient came to post-mortem examination, which revealed bilateral and fairly symmetrical old and recent infarctions of the superior parietal lobules. In the light of these observations and previous reports, it is suggested that the reported abnormalities of whole body movements can be explained on the basis of a visuo-motor intrahemispheric disconnection due to the bilateral lesion of the dorsal parietal lobe. In addition, the global spatial disorientation is analysed and is thought to be the manifestation of a derangement of a specific function centered in the parietal lobe. Moreover, it is pointed out that topographic disorientation does not require the concomitant failure of oculomotor mechanisms for its production. The topography of the anatomical lesion is considered in relation to current concepts on brain damage after severe hypotension and cardiac arrest. It is concluded that this group of patients is most likely at risk of developing behavioural abnormalities akin to the ones here reported."}
{"id": "PMID:925714", "title": "Muscle carnitine levels in neuromuscular disease.", "content": "The production of energy in muscle from long-chain fatty acid oxidation is dependent upon the presence of carnitine. An abnormally low level of muscle carnitine, as seen in patients with the carnitine deficiency syndrome, results in marked muscle weakness. Muscle from 83 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic muscle biopsy  was assayed for carnitine. Carnitine levels (mean +/- SEM, expressed as nmoles carnitine per mg noncollagen protein) in muscle from patients with Duchenne dystrophy (8.1 +/- 1.7) and possible Becker dystrophy (10.6 +/- 3.0) were significantly (P less than 0.001) different from histologically normal muscle (24.0 +/- 1.4). Carnitine levels in patients with limb-girdle dystrophy (16.1 +/- 3.1) and polymyositis/dermatomyositis (16.6 +/- 3.2) were also low, although not as low as in Duchenne dystrophy. Carnitine levels from patients with denervation atrophy (22.1 +/- 3.6), nonspecific fiber atrophy (21.3 +/- 1.3), and a group of miscellaneous neuromuscular diseases (20.4 +/- 1.4) were not significantly different from histologically normal muscle. The low values of carnitine seen in Duchenne dystrophy and a group of possible Becker dystrophy patients may be a nonspecific effect, related to severe muscle damage.", "contents": "Muscle carnitine levels in neuromuscular disease. The production of energy in muscle from long-chain fatty acid oxidation is dependent upon the presence of carnitine. An abnormally low level of muscle carnitine, as seen in patients with the carnitine deficiency syndrome, results in marked muscle weakness. Muscle from 83 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic muscle biopsy  was assayed for carnitine. Carnitine levels (mean +/- SEM, expressed as nmoles carnitine per mg noncollagen protein) in muscle from patients with Duchenne dystrophy (8.1 +/- 1.7) and possible Becker dystrophy (10.6 +/- 3.0) were significantly (P less than 0.001) different from histologically normal muscle (24.0 +/- 1.4). Carnitine levels in patients with limb-girdle dystrophy (16.1 +/- 3.1) and polymyositis/dermatomyositis (16.6 +/- 3.2) were also low, although not as low as in Duchenne dystrophy. Carnitine levels from patients with denervation atrophy (22.1 +/- 3.6), nonspecific fiber atrophy (21.3 +/- 1.3), and a group of miscellaneous neuromuscular diseases (20.4 +/- 1.4) were not significantly different from histologically normal muscle. The low values of carnitine seen in Duchenne dystrophy and a group of possible Becker dystrophy patients may be a nonspecific effect, related to severe muscle damage."}
{"id": "PMID:925715", "title": "Histocompatibility types and measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The relationship between HLA antigens and measles antibody titers was investigated in 105 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. HLA antigens were determined serologically by a micro-lymphocytotoxicity test and measles antibody titers were determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test. There was an increased frequency of HLA-B7 and HLA-Bw35 antigens and a decreased frequency of HLA-A2, HLA-B12, and HLA-Bw40 antigens in MS. Measles antibody titers were significantly higher in MS than in control cases. In the MS patients, the chi-square test for homogeneity did not show any significant difference between the presence or absence of antigens HLA-A3, HLA-B7, HLA-B8 HLA-A2 or HLA-B12 when compared with measles antibody titers. The chi-square test for association did not show any significant difference between the presence or absence of these antigens compared with measles antibody titers above 1:64 or 1:128 or 1:256. However, there were significantly higher measles antibody geometric mean titers in MS patients with HLA-A3 antigen or lacking HLA-A2 antigen. In the case of HLA-A3, this was reflected in the female but not in the male patients. The increased measles HI antibody titer in MS may be related to the increased frequency of HLA-A3, or the decreased frequency of HLA-A2, or both.", "contents": "Histocompatibility types and measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis. The relationship between HLA antigens and measles antibody titers was investigated in 105 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. HLA antigens were determined serologically by a micro-lymphocytotoxicity test and measles antibody titers were determined by the hemagglutination inhibition test. There was an increased frequency of HLA-B7 and HLA-Bw35 antigens and a decreased frequency of HLA-A2, HLA-B12, and HLA-Bw40 antigens in MS. Measles antibody titers were significantly higher in MS than in control cases. In the MS patients, the chi-square test for homogeneity did not show any significant difference between the presence or absence of antigens HLA-A3, HLA-B7, HLA-B8 HLA-A2 or HLA-B12 when compared with measles antibody titers. The chi-square test for association did not show any significant difference between the presence or absence of these antigens compared with measles antibody titers above 1:64 or 1:128 or 1:256. However, there were significantly higher measles antibody geometric mean titers in MS patients with HLA-A3 antigen or lacking HLA-A2 antigen. In the case of HLA-A3, this was reflected in the female but not in the male patients. The increased measles HI antibody titer in MS may be related to the increased frequency of HLA-A3, or the decreased frequency of HLA-A2, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:925717", "title": "Complex oligodendroglial invaginations within myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system during axonal degeneration.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of spinal cord in rats subjected to hyperbaric oxygen exposure and experimental spinal cord trauma have resulted in frequent degeneration of axons. In both experimental situations central nervous system myelinated fibers containing complex cytoplasmic interdigitations of electron lucent, normal appearing cytoplasm, and dense cytoplasm, interpreted as degenerative, were observed. In some of the complex profiles the electron lucent cytoplasm could be traced back to the inner mesaxon, where its relation to the latter indicated a glial origin. Cytochemical evaluation of acid phosphatase activity in the complex cytoplasmic interdigitations revealed that both components contain significant lysosomal activity. The complex structures are interpreted as being sequestrations of degenerating axoplasm by distal adaxonal oligodendroglial processes, possibly representing an unusual form of heterophagocytosis.", "contents": "Complex oligodendroglial invaginations within myelinated nerve fibers of the central nervous system during axonal degeneration. Ultrastructural studies of spinal cord in rats subjected to hyperbaric oxygen exposure and experimental spinal cord trauma have resulted in frequent degeneration of axons. In both experimental situations central nervous system myelinated fibers containing complex cytoplasmic interdigitations of electron lucent, normal appearing cytoplasm, and dense cytoplasm, interpreted as degenerative, were observed. In some of the complex profiles the electron lucent cytoplasm could be traced back to the inner mesaxon, where its relation to the latter indicated a glial origin. Cytochemical evaluation of acid phosphatase activity in the complex cytoplasmic interdigitations revealed that both components contain significant lysosomal activity. The complex structures are interpreted as being sequestrations of degenerating axoplasm by distal adaxonal oligodendroglial processes, possibly representing an unusual form of heterophagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:925718", "title": "Toxic effects of adriamycin on the ganglia of the peripherial nervous system: a neuropathological study.", "content": "Rats were injected intravenously with 10 mg/kg of adriamycin (doxorubicin). All the treated animals developed severe posterior limb ataxia on days 11 and 12 following the injection. Mild ataxia of the forelimbs was noted later. The animals were killed between days 10 and 50. Light microscopy revealed changes in ganglion cells of the peripheral nervous system with sparing of neurons in the central nervous system. In the spinal, paravertebral and trigeminal ganglia, necrosis of neurons was followed by mild lymphocytic infiltration, and ultimate loss of ganglion cells, and a marked proliferation of nerve sheath cells. Electron microscopic study revealed increased numbers of neurofilaments and the presence of membrane-bound cisterns in the affected dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. It is concluded that adriamycin, an important anticancer therapeutic agent, has neurotoxic properties and that it selectively damages the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "Toxic effects of adriamycin on the ganglia of the peripherial nervous system: a neuropathological study. Rats were injected intravenously with 10 mg/kg of adriamycin (doxorubicin). All the treated animals developed severe posterior limb ataxia on days 11 and 12 following the injection. Mild ataxia of the forelimbs was noted later. The animals were killed between days 10 and 50. Light microscopy revealed changes in ganglion cells of the peripheral nervous system with sparing of neurons in the central nervous system. In the spinal, paravertebral and trigeminal ganglia, necrosis of neurons was followed by mild lymphocytic infiltration, and ultimate loss of ganglion cells, and a marked proliferation of nerve sheath cells. Electron microscopic study revealed increased numbers of neurofilaments and the presence of membrane-bound cisterns in the affected dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. It is concluded that adriamycin, an important anticancer therapeutic agent, has neurotoxic properties and that it selectively damages the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:925719", "title": "Biochemical and behavioural effects of inhalation exposure to tetrachlorethylene and dichlormethane.", "content": "The exposure of adult male rats to 200 ppm of tetrachlorethylene t hours daily for 4 days resulted in a marked sequestration of solvent in perirenal fat 17 hours after the last exposure period. Similar exposure of similar rats to 500 ppm of dichlormethane led to a lesser accumulation of the solvent in fat as studied at the same time. Further exposures on the fifth day increased promptly the solvent contents of various organs. The exposure to tetrachlorethylene caused a diminished brain RNA content on the fifth day with simultaneous increase in the activity of non-specific cholinesterase. Similar changes in the RNA content were not seen in experiments with dichlormethane while the activity of acid proteinase increased above the control level in brain. Observations on the performance of the same animals in an open-field situation revealed that ambulation was affected in experiments with tetrachlorethylene immediately after exposure while preening pattern was changed after exposure to dichlormethane. Analysis on liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content displayed slight increases in the hemochrome content in both experiments. The present data indicated that a rather modest exposure to both solvents could cause significant solvent accumulation in the fat and brain with marked effects on rat behaviour and protein metabolism in brain while changes in liver cytochrome P-450 content might not reflect the magnitude of these changes.", "contents": "Biochemical and behavioural effects of inhalation exposure to tetrachlorethylene and dichlormethane. The exposure of adult male rats to 200 ppm of tetrachlorethylene t hours daily for 4 days resulted in a marked sequestration of solvent in perirenal fat 17 hours after the last exposure period. Similar exposure of similar rats to 500 ppm of dichlormethane led to a lesser accumulation of the solvent in fat as studied at the same time. Further exposures on the fifth day increased promptly the solvent contents of various organs. The exposure to tetrachlorethylene caused a diminished brain RNA content on the fifth day with simultaneous increase in the activity of non-specific cholinesterase. Similar changes in the RNA content were not seen in experiments with dichlormethane while the activity of acid proteinase increased above the control level in brain. Observations on the performance of the same animals in an open-field situation revealed that ambulation was affected in experiments with tetrachlorethylene immediately after exposure while preening pattern was changed after exposure to dichlormethane. Analysis on liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content displayed slight increases in the hemochrome content in both experiments. The present data indicated that a rather modest exposure to both solvents could cause significant solvent accumulation in the fat and brain with marked effects on rat behaviour and protein metabolism in brain while changes in liver cytochrome P-450 content might not reflect the magnitude of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:925720", "title": "Lumbar motoneurons of man: III. The number and diameter distribution of large- and intermediate- diameter cytons by nuclear columns.", "content": "In a recent study we estimated the number and frequency distribution of the diameters of the cytons of all of the combined motoneuron columns of L3, L4 and L5 ventral horn of the spinal cord of man. In the present study we have estimated the number and frequency distribution of the diameter of motoneuron cytons in the lateral (L) and the medial (M) groups of the ventral horns of L3, L4 and L5 spinal segments and of the three motoneuron columns [antero-lateral (AL), central (C), and combined postero-lateral and post-postero-lateral )PL + PPL)] of the L group in the L5 segment in the same 18 reference spinal cords of the earlier study. These reference morphometric values are needed to be able to determine whether the number and size of motoneuron cytons are abnormal or not, and in what way are they abnormal, in various neuromuscular diseases.", "contents": "Lumbar motoneurons of man: III. The number and diameter distribution of large- and intermediate- diameter cytons by nuclear columns. In a recent study we estimated the number and frequency distribution of the diameters of the cytons of all of the combined motoneuron columns of L3, L4 and L5 ventral horn of the spinal cord of man. In the present study we have estimated the number and frequency distribution of the diameter of motoneuron cytons in the lateral (L) and the medial (M) groups of the ventral horns of L3, L4 and L5 spinal segments and of the three motoneuron columns [antero-lateral (AL), central (C), and combined postero-lateral and post-postero-lateral )PL + PPL)] of the L group in the L5 segment in the same 18 reference spinal cords of the earlier study. These reference morphometric values are needed to be able to determine whether the number and size of motoneuron cytons are abnormal or not, and in what way are they abnormal, in various neuromuscular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:925721", "title": "Hemochromatosis associated with brain lesions--a disorder of trace-metal binding proteins and/or polymers?", "content": "A 68-year-old man, after having been diagnosed as having hepatic disease at about the age of 41 years, had been hospitalized frequently until his death. Blood sugar, iron, and copper had not increased during his illness. Although the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis had been made and he had been receiving therapy, various neurologic symptoms without disturbances of consciousness appeared six months before his death. Autopsy revealed hemochromatosis, liver cirrhosis, and pancreatic fibrosis. A large amount of iron had accumulated in the liver, the pancreas, and the thyroid gland, while considerable numbers of ceroid and lipofuscin pigment granules had accumulated diffusely in the brain. Abnormal astrocytes of the Alzheimer II type were diffusely distributed in the brain and contained no intranuclear glycogen which stained positive with the carmine stain. No spongy changes were seen in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex. Chemical analyses for trace metals in the brain, liver, and kidneys revealed a large amount of iron and increased copper in the liver, and considerable quantities of copper, manganese, calcium, and mercury in the brain. Because of changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and marked thymol turbidity seen before and after the occurrence of the neurologic symptoms, this man was suspected of having disorders of the trace-metal binding proteins and/or of their polymers.", "contents": "Hemochromatosis associated with brain lesions--a disorder of trace-metal binding proteins and/or polymers? A 68-year-old man, after having been diagnosed as having hepatic disease at about the age of 41 years, had been hospitalized frequently until his death. Blood sugar, iron, and copper had not increased during his illness. Although the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis had been made and he had been receiving therapy, various neurologic symptoms without disturbances of consciousness appeared six months before his death. Autopsy revealed hemochromatosis, liver cirrhosis, and pancreatic fibrosis. A large amount of iron had accumulated in the liver, the pancreas, and the thyroid gland, while considerable numbers of ceroid and lipofuscin pigment granules had accumulated diffusely in the brain. Abnormal astrocytes of the Alzheimer II type were diffusely distributed in the brain and contained no intranuclear glycogen which stained positive with the carmine stain. No spongy changes were seen in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex. Chemical analyses for trace metals in the brain, liver, and kidneys revealed a large amount of iron and increased copper in the liver, and considerable quantities of copper, manganese, calcium, and mercury in the brain. Because of changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and marked thymol turbidity seen before and after the occurrence of the neurologic symptoms, this man was suspected of having disorders of the trace-metal binding proteins and/or of their polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:925722", "title": "Suppression by elevated calcium of black widow spider venom activity at frog neuromuscular junctions.", "content": "Frog neuromuscular junctions were treated with both concentrated black widow spider venom (BWSV) and elevated extracellular calcium (5-50 mM). This procedure causes a dramatic increase in the frequency of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (mepps) which persists for only a few minutes. In contrast, BWSV-induced mepp activity, the venom effect (VE), continues for 20 min-1 h at junctions in elevated calcium Ringer solutions treated with doses of dilute venom or at junctions in normal calcium (1.91 mM) Ringer solution treated with concentrated venom. Following the disappearance of the VE in elevated extracellular calcium, only a few normal amplitude mepps and a few giant amplitude mepps are observed. The disappearance of the VE in these preparations is irreversible and occurs whether exposure to elevated extracellular calcium precedes or follows exposure to BWSV. Electron microscopy indicates that the major structural alterations produced by exposure to concentrated BWSV and 20 mM calcium Ringer solution are the swelling of nerve terminal mitochondria and the clumping of synaptic vesicles, large numbers of which remain in the terminals. Exposure to 20 mM calcium Ringer solution alone produces no ultrastructural modifications in these preparations. These observations can best be explained if one of the effects of BWSV is to increase the permeability of the nerve terminal membrane to calcium. Only doses of concentrated venom can sufficiently elevate intracellular calcium to a concentration at which synaptic vesicles clump together, thus interruping the transmitter release process.", "contents": "Suppression by elevated calcium of black widow spider venom activity at frog neuromuscular junctions. Frog neuromuscular junctions were treated with both concentrated black widow spider venom (BWSV) and elevated extracellular calcium (5-50 mM). This procedure causes a dramatic increase in the frequency of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (mepps) which persists for only a few minutes. In contrast, BWSV-induced mepp activity, the venom effect (VE), continues for 20 min-1 h at junctions in elevated calcium Ringer solutions treated with doses of dilute venom or at junctions in normal calcium (1.91 mM) Ringer solution treated with concentrated venom. Following the disappearance of the VE in elevated extracellular calcium, only a few normal amplitude mepps and a few giant amplitude mepps are observed. The disappearance of the VE in these preparations is irreversible and occurs whether exposure to elevated extracellular calcium precedes or follows exposure to BWSV. Electron microscopy indicates that the major structural alterations produced by exposure to concentrated BWSV and 20 mM calcium Ringer solution are the swelling of nerve terminal mitochondria and the clumping of synaptic vesicles, large numbers of which remain in the terminals. Exposure to 20 mM calcium Ringer solution alone produces no ultrastructural modifications in these preparations. These observations can best be explained if one of the effects of BWSV is to increase the permeability of the nerve terminal membrane to calcium. Only doses of concentrated venom can sufficiently elevate intracellular calcium to a concentration at which synaptic vesicles clump together, thus interruping the transmitter release process."}
{"id": "PMID:925723", "title": "Descending inputs to the cat dorsal cochlear nucleus: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "This experimental study provides identification of several types of terminals in the fusiform cell layer (FCL) of the cat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Eight types of synaptic terminal were defined in control animals. 22 experimental cats were then subjected to unilateral lesions of the superior olivary complex or SOC (Groups I and II), the inferior colliculus or IC (Groups III and IV), or the IC plus the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus or DNLL (Groups V and VI). After one to 14 days, animals were killed by perfusion-fixation and brain stems prepared for light and electron microscopic study of degeneration. After SOC lesions, the ipsilateral FCL showed degeneration of small (type 2a) endings on small dendritic shafts; the contralateral FCL showed degeneration of larger (type 5) endings mostly on fusiform cell somata and on some primary dendrites. Both sides showed mild degeneration of large, glomerular (type 1a) endings. After small IC lesions, the ipsilateral FCL demonstrated degenerating type 1a glomerular endings but the contralateral FCL showed severe degeneration of type 5a terminals (axodendritic to fusiform cells) and mild degeneration of both glomerular (type 1a) and axosomatic (type 5) endings. Combined IC-DNLL lesions caused extensive degeneration in a pattern similar to that following IC lesions. In addition retrograde degeneration of fusiform cells occurred bilaterally. These studies showed that: (1) type 2a endings originate in the ipsilateral SOC; (2) type 5 endings on fusiform cell bodies originate from the contralateral SOC; (3) type 5a endings on fusiform cell dendrites originate from the contralateral IC; and (4) type 1a glomerular endings probably arise from several sources, including the IC, the SOC and (possibly) the DNLL of both sides.", "contents": "Descending inputs to the cat dorsal cochlear nucleus: an electron microscopic study. This experimental study provides identification of several types of terminals in the fusiform cell layer (FCL) of the cat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Eight types of synaptic terminal were defined in control animals. 22 experimental cats were then subjected to unilateral lesions of the superior olivary complex or SOC (Groups I and II), the inferior colliculus or IC (Groups III and IV), or the IC plus the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus or DNLL (Groups V and VI). After one to 14 days, animals were killed by perfusion-fixation and brain stems prepared for light and electron microscopic study of degeneration. After SOC lesions, the ipsilateral FCL showed degeneration of small (type 2a) endings on small dendritic shafts; the contralateral FCL showed degeneration of larger (type 5) endings mostly on fusiform cell somata and on some primary dendrites. Both sides showed mild degeneration of large, glomerular (type 1a) endings. After small IC lesions, the ipsilateral FCL demonstrated degenerating type 1a glomerular endings but the contralateral FCL showed severe degeneration of type 5a terminals (axodendritic to fusiform cells) and mild degeneration of both glomerular (type 1a) and axosomatic (type 5) endings. Combined IC-DNLL lesions caused extensive degeneration in a pattern similar to that following IC lesions. In addition retrograde degeneration of fusiform cells occurred bilaterally. These studies showed that: (1) type 2a endings originate in the ipsilateral SOC; (2) type 5 endings on fusiform cell bodies originate from the contralateral SOC; (3) type 5a endings on fusiform cell dendrites originate from the contralateral IC; and (4) type 1a glomerular endings probably arise from several sources, including the IC, the SOC and (possibly) the DNLL of both sides."}
{"id": "PMID:925724", "title": "Penetration of systemically injected horseradish peroxidase into ganglia and nerves of the autonomic nervous system.", "content": "HRP given intravenously to rats and guinea-pigs passes within 5 minutes into the extracellular spaces of the superior cervical and coeliac ganglia, reaching the spaces between neurons and their associated satellite cells and the equivalent spaces between neuronal processes and satellite cells. The sympathetic nerve trunks have a blood-nerve barrier. The myenteric plexus does not contain blood vessels, but is permeable to tracer from the extracellular spaces of the adjacent muscle layers.", "contents": "Penetration of systemically injected horseradish peroxidase into ganglia and nerves of the autonomic nervous system. HRP given intravenously to rats and guinea-pigs passes within 5 minutes into the extracellular spaces of the superior cervical and coeliac ganglia, reaching the spaces between neurons and their associated satellite cells and the equivalent spaces between neuronal processes and satellite cells. The sympathetic nerve trunks have a blood-nerve barrier. The myenteric plexus does not contain blood vessels, but is permeable to tracer from the extracellular spaces of the adjacent muscle layers."}
{"id": "PMID:925726", "title": "Reversed visuomotor behavior mediated by induced ipsilateral retinal projections in goldfish.", "content": "1. When one optic lobe of a goldfish is removed and the optic nerve from the contralateral eye is deflected ipsilaterally, the nerve innervates the intact, previously foreign side. When the control eye is left intact, the animal shows normal swimming and coordination of head and eyes. In some cases, however, optokinetic nystagmus evoked through the experimental eye is reversed, indicating a functional ipsilateral projection which was apparently outweighed by the normal projection during swimming. 2. When the same surgical procedure is accompanied by partial or complete destruction of the control eye, the animals show overt reversal of visuomotor behavior soon after the ipsilateral projection is established. They make a spontaneous nystagmus and circle continuously. The nystagmus and the circling persist in total darkness for days before they are extinguished. They resume as soon as the animal returns to light. 3. The vestibuloocular reflex is biased differently from normal, but the sign of the gain is normal. 4. We conclude that the neurological reversal of vision triggered the nystagmus and the circling, and that the many months with reversed vision resulted in some longer lasting change in the nervous system such that the behaviors persisted even in the absence of moment-to-moment visual stimulation.", "contents": "Reversed visuomotor behavior mediated by induced ipsilateral retinal projections in goldfish. 1. When one optic lobe of a goldfish is removed and the optic nerve from the contralateral eye is deflected ipsilaterally, the nerve innervates the intact, previously foreign side. When the control eye is left intact, the animal shows normal swimming and coordination of head and eyes. In some cases, however, optokinetic nystagmus evoked through the experimental eye is reversed, indicating a functional ipsilateral projection which was apparently outweighed by the normal projection during swimming. 2. When the same surgical procedure is accompanied by partial or complete destruction of the control eye, the animals show overt reversal of visuomotor behavior soon after the ipsilateral projection is established. They make a spontaneous nystagmus and circle continuously. The nystagmus and the circling persist in total darkness for days before they are extinguished. They resume as soon as the animal returns to light. 3. The vestibuloocular reflex is biased differently from normal, but the sign of the gain is normal. 4. We conclude that the neurological reversal of vision triggered the nystagmus and the circling, and that the many months with reversed vision resulted in some longer lasting change in the nervous system such that the behaviors persisted even in the absence of moment-to-moment visual stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:925730", "title": "Optical recording of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system: simultaneous monitoring of several neurons.", "content": "1. Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we have been able to monitor action-potential activity simultaneously in 14 neurons of the supraesophageal ganglion of the barnacle. 2. Under favorable conditions, 4-mV synaptic potentials could also be detected optically.", "contents": "Optical recording of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system: simultaneous monitoring of several neurons. 1. Using an optical method for measuring membrane potential, we have been able to monitor action-potential activity simultaneously in 14 neurons of the supraesophageal ganglion of the barnacle. 2. Under favorable conditions, 4-mV synaptic potentials could also be detected optically."}
{"id": "PMID:925738", "title": "Cerebral arterial blood flow and aneurysm surgery. Part 1: local arterial flow dynamics.", "content": "Cerebral arterial blood flow was monitored in 22 patients undergoing surgery for intracranial saccular aneurysms. An electromagnetic flow probe was used to record the internal carotid artery (ICA) flow in the neck or intracranially in seven patients. The ICA flow ranged between 100 and 175 ml/min (average 144 ml/min). Intracranial flow measurements with specially designed probes were made in 17 patients. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) showed flow values between 75 and 120 ml/min (average 97 ml/min). Flow figures recorded from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were lower (average 65 ml/min), and had a wider range from 30 to 110 ml/min. Test occlusion of the terminal ICA showed a retrograde flow in the proximal ACA to the MCA ranging from 15 to 125 ml/min (average 78 ml/min). This test was used to investigate the collateral potential of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis, which is essential to the decision of whether to undertake trap ligation procedures in this location. Flow monitoring in the parent vessel was also of use in some patients to assess flow conditions after the clipping of the aneurysm neck.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial blood flow and aneurysm surgery. Part 1: local arterial flow dynamics. Cerebral arterial blood flow was monitored in 22 patients undergoing surgery for intracranial saccular aneurysms. An electromagnetic flow probe was used to record the internal carotid artery (ICA) flow in the neck or intracranially in seven patients. The ICA flow ranged between 100 and 175 ml/min (average 144 ml/min). Intracranial flow measurements with specially designed probes were made in 17 patients. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) showed flow values between 75 and 120 ml/min (average 97 ml/min). Flow figures recorded from the proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were lower (average 65 ml/min), and had a wider range from 30 to 110 ml/min. Test occlusion of the terminal ICA showed a retrograde flow in the proximal ACA to the MCA ranging from 15 to 125 ml/min (average 78 ml/min). This test was used to investigate the collateral potential of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis, which is essential to the decision of whether to undertake trap ligation procedures in this location. Flow monitoring in the parent vessel was also of use in some patients to assess flow conditions after the clipping of the aneurysm neck."}
{"id": "PMID:925739", "title": "Cerebral arterial blood flow and aneurysm surgery. Part 2: Induced hypotension and autoregulatory capacity.", "content": "A study of 21 patients was conducted to clarify the autoregulatory capacity in patients subjected to induced hypotension during intracranial surgery for saccular aneurysms. Trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) was used for induced hypotension and arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe on the internal carotid artery or one of its main intracranial branches. In Grade I and II patients the control arterial blood pressure (ABP) ranged from a mean of 90 to 135 mm Hg (average 110 mm Hg), with a lower level of autoregulation (LLAR) from 35 to 85 mm Hg (average 62 mm Hg). Grade III patients had a control ABP of between 105 and 145 mm Hg (average 124 mm Hg) and the LLAR was found to be between 60 and 95 mm Hg (average 76 mm Hg). There was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to both the control ABP and the LLAR. A surprising result obtained from these data was that the average lower autoregulatory range (the difference between control ABP and LLAR) is practically the same in the two groups. A systematic investigation of the upper limit of autoregulation was not possible for ethical reasons. In those few patients in whom spontaneous increase in the ABP made such observations possible, upper limits up to 150 mm Hg with a total autoregulatory capacity of about 75 mm Hg were observed. In some patients, however, lower limits and cing that the upper limit of autoregulation is markedly influenced by several factors.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial blood flow and aneurysm surgery. Part 2: Induced hypotension and autoregulatory capacity. A study of 21 patients was conducted to clarify the autoregulatory capacity in patients subjected to induced hypotension during intracranial surgery for saccular aneurysms. Trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) was used for induced hypotension and arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe on the internal carotid artery or one of its main intracranial branches. In Grade I and II patients the control arterial blood pressure (ABP) ranged from a mean of 90 to 135 mm Hg (average 110 mm Hg), with a lower level of autoregulation (LLAR) from 35 to 85 mm Hg (average 62 mm Hg). Grade III patients had a control ABP of between 105 and 145 mm Hg (average 124 mm Hg) and the LLAR was found to be between 60 and 95 mm Hg (average 76 mm Hg). There was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to both the control ABP and the LLAR. A surprising result obtained from these data was that the average lower autoregulatory range (the difference between control ABP and LLAR) is practically the same in the two groups. A systematic investigation of the upper limit of autoregulation was not possible for ethical reasons. In those few patients in whom spontaneous increase in the ABP made such observations possible, upper limits up to 150 mm Hg with a total autoregulatory capacity of about 75 mm Hg were observed. In some patients, however, lower limits and cing that the upper limit of autoregulation is markedly influenced by several factors."}
{"id": "PMID:925740", "title": "Reinforcement with gauze wrapping for ruptured aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery.", "content": "A 2- to 15-year follow-up study is presented of a series of 35 consecutive patients treated for ruptured aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery by reinforcement with gauze wrapping. Only one patient suffered early recurrent hemorrhage in the postoperative period, and none had a late hemorrhage. The procedure carried a relatively low mortality rate (8.6%). Morbidity was the direct sequel of preoperative conditions. Wrapping is an effective and safe treatment of these aneurysms, with a low mortality and morbidity, and freedom from occlusive infarcts.", "contents": "Reinforcement with gauze wrapping for ruptured aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery. A 2- to 15-year follow-up study is presented of a series of 35 consecutive patients treated for ruptured aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery by reinforcement with gauze wrapping. Only one patient suffered early recurrent hemorrhage in the postoperative period, and none had a late hemorrhage. The procedure carried a relatively low mortality rate (8.6%). Morbidity was the direct sequel of preoperative conditions. Wrapping is an effective and safe treatment of these aneurysms, with a low mortality and morbidity, and freedom from occlusive infarcts."}
{"id": "PMID:925742", "title": "Does dexamethasone inhibit the growth of human gliomas?", "content": "Dexamethasone (10-(4)M) was shown to inhibit the growth of human gliomas in culture. This was indicated by the inhibition of incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cells, and by the increase in the generation time of cells exposed to the drug in vitro. On the other hand, tumors obtained from patients who had received dexamethasone before craniotomy grew considerably faster in vitro than tumors from patients who had not been given the drug before operation.", "contents": "Does dexamethasone inhibit the growth of human gliomas? Dexamethasone (10-(4)M) was shown to inhibit the growth of human gliomas in culture. This was indicated by the inhibition of incorporation of radioactively labeled thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cells, and by the increase in the generation time of cells exposed to the drug in vitro. On the other hand, tumors obtained from patients who had received dexamethasone before craniotomy grew considerably faster in vitro than tumors from patients who had not been given the drug before operation."}
{"id": "PMID:925743", "title": "Genetic perspectives on craniosynostosis and syndromes with craniosynostosis.", "content": "Thirty-seven syndromes in which craniosynostosis is a feature are presented in tabular form, allowing the clinician to rapidly identify a given syndrome and gain immediate access to the pertinent literature. A plea is made to delineate unknown genesis syndromes with craniosynostosis as rapidly as possible. As an unknown genesis syndrome becomes delineated, its phenotypic spectru, its natural history, and its inheritance pattern or risk of recurrence become known, allowing for better patient care and family counseling.", "contents": "Genetic perspectives on craniosynostosis and syndromes with craniosynostosis. Thirty-seven syndromes in which craniosynostosis is a feature are presented in tabular form, allowing the clinician to rapidly identify a given syndrome and gain immediate access to the pertinent literature. A plea is made to delineate unknown genesis syndromes with craniosynostosis as rapidly as possible. As an unknown genesis syndrome becomes delineated, its phenotypic spectru, its natural history, and its inheritance pattern or risk of recurrence become known, allowing for better patient care and family counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:925744", "title": "A pressure-balanced radio-telemetry system for the measurement of intracranial pressure. A preliminary design report.", "content": "A fully implantable radio-telemetric differential intracranial pressure sensor is described with a zero-point calibration that can be confirmed repeatedly. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is measured with the device by the principle of applying a known external pressure to the scalp above the sensor and simultaneously detecting by radio-telemetry the zero-point of the sensor corresponding to a balance of pressures across it. The radio-telemetry is implemented by a resonant circuit in the sensor of which the resonant radiofrequency is detected outside the body. The sensor is passive, has built-in barametric compensation, negligible permeability of temperature drift, no calibration ambiguities, and fast dynamic response. The implanted sensor has been used successfully for short-term as well as long-term ICP monitoring. It has been implemented primarily for intermittent ICP measurements, but also adapted to continuous recording. Preliminary clinical experience with the system indicates that it is effective, safe, and simple to operate.", "contents": "A pressure-balanced radio-telemetry system for the measurement of intracranial pressure. A preliminary design report. A fully implantable radio-telemetric differential intracranial pressure sensor is described with a zero-point calibration that can be confirmed repeatedly. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is measured with the device by the principle of applying a known external pressure to the scalp above the sensor and simultaneously detecting by radio-telemetry the zero-point of the sensor corresponding to a balance of pressures across it. The radio-telemetry is implemented by a resonant circuit in the sensor of which the resonant radiofrequency is detected outside the body. The sensor is passive, has built-in barametric compensation, negligible permeability of temperature drift, no calibration ambiguities, and fast dynamic response. The implanted sensor has been used successfully for short-term as well as long-term ICP monitoring. It has been implemented primarily for intermittent ICP measurements, but also adapted to continuous recording. Preliminary clinical experience with the system indicates that it is effective, safe, and simple to operate."}
{"id": "PMID:925745", "title": "The true sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal and its diagnostic significance in cercical myelopathy.", "content": "A method is presented for measuring the true sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal on routine lateral radiograms by the use of a midline perforated ruler. Sagittal measurements were made in 92 normal adults to establish a range of normal values. The lower and upper limits were 10 mm and 17 mm, respectively, at the levels of C-3 to C-7. Comparison of the results with the anatomical measurements of dried specimens showed good agreement. Four cases of cord compression were presented and the diagnostic significance of the method in cervical myelopathy was discussed.", "contents": "The true sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal and its diagnostic significance in cercical myelopathy. A method is presented for measuring the true sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal on routine lateral radiograms by the use of a midline perforated ruler. Sagittal measurements were made in 92 normal adults to establish a range of normal values. The lower and upper limits were 10 mm and 17 mm, respectively, at the levels of C-3 to C-7. Comparison of the results with the anatomical measurements of dried specimens showed good agreement. Four cases of cord compression were presented and the diagnostic significance of the method in cervical myelopathy was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925746", "title": "Pancreatitis following spinal cord injury.", "content": "Six cases of pancreatitis following spinal cord injury are presented. No single, etiologically accepted mechanism already postulated to cause pancreatitis can account for all the cases reported. The authors hypothesize that spinal cord disruption may produce pacreatitis by sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system imbalance resulting in over-stimulation of the sphincter of Oddi. This may lead to stasis of secretions with absorption of amylase into the systemic circulation, and structural pancreatic damage. Pancreatitis in those with cord injuries is easily overlooked because abdominal pain is usually absent and fever is usually attributed to more frequently occurring pulmonary or urinary tract infections. Recognition of this complication is important in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality that follows spinal cord damage.", "contents": "Pancreatitis following spinal cord injury. Six cases of pancreatitis following spinal cord injury are presented. No single, etiologically accepted mechanism already postulated to cause pancreatitis can account for all the cases reported. The authors hypothesize that spinal cord disruption may produce pacreatitis by sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system imbalance resulting in over-stimulation of the sphincter of Oddi. This may lead to stasis of secretions with absorption of amylase into the systemic circulation, and structural pancreatic damage. Pancreatitis in those with cord injuries is easily overlooked because abdominal pain is usually absent and fever is usually attributed to more frequently occurring pulmonary or urinary tract infections. Recognition of this complication is important in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality that follows spinal cord damage."}
{"id": "PMID:925747", "title": "Embolism to the central nervous system from cardiac myxoma. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of left atrial myxoma are reviewed, both presenting as embolic phenomena. Neither patient gave a history compatible with pre-existent cardiac dysfunction. Sudden collapse and subsequent right hemiplegia resulted in one patient when an embolus lodged in the left middle cerebral artery. The second patient presented with headache and transient visual obscuration in the left eye. She showed evidence of embolism to the central retinal artery, and particulate matter could be seen within the retinal arterioles. Attention is drown to the fact that echocardiography now constitutes a simple, noninvasive, and highly reliable method of making this diagnosis. The propensity for embolic tumor fragments to grow and invade cerebral arterial walls is discussed along with its possible neurosurgical significance.", "contents": "Embolism to the central nervous system from cardiac myxoma. Report of two cases. Two cases of left atrial myxoma are reviewed, both presenting as embolic phenomena. Neither patient gave a history compatible with pre-existent cardiac dysfunction. Sudden collapse and subsequent right hemiplegia resulted in one patient when an embolus lodged in the left middle cerebral artery. The second patient presented with headache and transient visual obscuration in the left eye. She showed evidence of embolism to the central retinal artery, and particulate matter could be seen within the retinal arterioles. Attention is drown to the fact that echocardiography now constitutes a simple, noninvasive, and highly reliable method of making this diagnosis. The propensity for embolic tumor fragments to grow and invade cerebral arterial walls is discussed along with its possible neurosurgical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:925748", "title": "Focal eosinophilic granuloma of the temporal lobe. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of a case of focal temporal lobe eosinophilic granuloma, presenting with otitis media and meningitis, and evolving subsequently into a temporal lobe mass. This triad, otitis media, meningitis, focal cerebral lesion with systemic manifestations of inflammation, eosinophilia of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, should suggest eosinophilic granuloma in the differential diagnosis. The lesion is sensitive to relatively small doses of radiation.", "contents": "Focal eosinophilic granuloma of the temporal lobe. Case report. The authors describe the clinical, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of a case of focal temporal lobe eosinophilic granuloma, presenting with otitis media and meningitis, and evolving subsequently into a temporal lobe mass. This triad, otitis media, meningitis, focal cerebral lesion with systemic manifestations of inflammation, eosinophilia of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, should suggest eosinophilic granuloma in the differential diagnosis. The lesion is sensitive to relatively small doses of radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:925749", "title": "Computerized tomographic demonstration of a retroperitoneal hematoma causing femoral neuropathy. Report of two cases.", "content": "To the previously reported 28 cases of femoral neuropathy caused by a retroperitoneal hematoma in patients on anticoagulant drugs are added two cases in which the diagnosis was made by direct visualization of hematoma of the iliacus muscle by computerized tomography of the abdomen.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic demonstration of a retroperitoneal hematoma causing femoral neuropathy. Report of two cases. To the previously reported 28 cases of femoral neuropathy caused by a retroperitoneal hematoma in patients on anticoagulant drugs are added two cases in which the diagnosis was made by direct visualization of hematoma of the iliacus muscle by computerized tomography of the abdomen."}
{"id": "PMID:925750", "title": "Infantile chronic subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa diagnosed by computerized tomography. Case report.", "content": "A 9-week-old infant manifested continuous vomiting for 1 week accompanied by a tense fontanel, \"sun setting\" of the eyes, frequent opisthotonos, and hypertonicity. The head circumference was at the 50th percentile. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed acute hydrocephalus and a posterior fossa subdural hematoma. The brain stem and cerebellum were of greater density (54 Hounsfield units) than normal cerebral white matter (42 Hounsfield units) whereas the subdural hematoma was the same density as normal cerebral white matter (\"isodense\"). The cerebellum and brain stem became enhanced by contrast (68 Hounsfield units), but no enhancement occurred in the cerebral white matter or subdural hematoma. A shunt followed by occipital craniectomy resolved both the hydrocephalus and subdural hematoma. Repeat CT scan 15 days postoperatively disclosed continuing higher density of the cerebellum and brain stem (60 Hounsfield units) relative to cerebral white matter. Increased density of the infantile cerebellum has been noted previously but not to the same extent as in this patient.", "contents": "Infantile chronic subdural hematoma of the posterior fossa diagnosed by computerized tomography. Case report. A 9-week-old infant manifested continuous vomiting for 1 week accompanied by a tense fontanel, \"sun setting\" of the eyes, frequent opisthotonos, and hypertonicity. The head circumference was at the 50th percentile. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed acute hydrocephalus and a posterior fossa subdural hematoma. The brain stem and cerebellum were of greater density (54 Hounsfield units) than normal cerebral white matter (42 Hounsfield units) whereas the subdural hematoma was the same density as normal cerebral white matter (\"isodense\"). The cerebellum and brain stem became enhanced by contrast (68 Hounsfield units), but no enhancement occurred in the cerebral white matter or subdural hematoma. A shunt followed by occipital craniectomy resolved both the hydrocephalus and subdural hematoma. Repeat CT scan 15 days postoperatively disclosed continuing higher density of the cerebellum and brain stem (60 Hounsfield units) relative to cerebral white matter. Increased density of the infantile cerebellum has been noted previously but not to the same extent as in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:925751", "title": "Long-term control of recurrent cyst of the conus medullaris. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case in which decompression of an intramedullary epidermoid cyst was maintained by intermittent drainage via an implanted subcutaneous Ommaya reservoir.", "contents": "Long-term control of recurrent cyst of the conus medullaris. Case report. The authors report a case in which decompression of an intramedullary epidermoid cyst was maintained by intermittent drainage via an implanted subcutaneous Ommaya reservoir."}
{"id": "PMID:925752", "title": "Choroidal epithelial cyst. Case report.", "content": "A supratentorial cyst in the leptomeninges of an 8-month-old infant was studied with the electron microscope. The lining of the cyst consisted of a single layer of peg-shaped epithelial cells rich in organelles and glycogen. Their free border had numerous microvilli but no cilia, and their basal portions rested on a basement membrane. Tight junctions and interdigitations were frequent between contiguous cells. The blood vessels were fenestrated. Since these features characterize developing choroidal epithelial cells, we felt the diagnosis of choroidal epithelial cyst was justified. Cysts lined by choroidal epithelium may continue to secrete cerebrospinal fluid after surgical extirpation when this is incomplete. Accumulation of the fluid in the partially excised cyst bed may therefore account for recurrence of symptoms.", "contents": "Choroidal epithelial cyst. Case report. A supratentorial cyst in the leptomeninges of an 8-month-old infant was studied with the electron microscope. The lining of the cyst consisted of a single layer of peg-shaped epithelial cells rich in organelles and glycogen. Their free border had numerous microvilli but no cilia, and their basal portions rested on a basement membrane. Tight junctions and interdigitations were frequent between contiguous cells. The blood vessels were fenestrated. Since these features characterize developing choroidal epithelial cells, we felt the diagnosis of choroidal epithelial cyst was justified. Cysts lined by choroidal epithelium may continue to secrete cerebrospinal fluid after surgical extirpation when this is incomplete. Accumulation of the fluid in the partially excised cyst bed may therefore account for recurrence of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:925753", "title": "Mixed bacterial meningitis: a complication of ventriculo- and lumboperitoneal shunts.", "content": "Infectious complications of ventriculo- and lumboperitoneal shunts in two patients are presented. Cerebrospinal fluid infection due to aerobic and anaerobic enteric flora was characteristic of each case. Both infections occurred several months after shunt surgery and were associated with colonic perforation by the distal limb of the peritoneal catheter. These cases emphasize this unusual hazard of peritoneal shunts and demonstrate methods for diagnosis and effective therapy.", "contents": "Mixed bacterial meningitis: a complication of ventriculo- and lumboperitoneal shunts. Infectious complications of ventriculo- and lumboperitoneal shunts in two patients are presented. Cerebrospinal fluid infection due to aerobic and anaerobic enteric flora was characteristic of each case. Both infections occurred several months after shunt surgery and were associated with colonic perforation by the distal limb of the peritoneal catheter. These cases emphasize this unusual hazard of peritoneal shunts and demonstrate methods for diagnosis and effective therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:925754", "title": "Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage first from an intracranial and then from a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report.", "content": "A patient presented with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) which was later totally removed at surgery. The patient presented again with a new SAH from a spinal AVM that was also totally removed at surgery. Coexistence of spinal and cerebral arteriovenous malformations are exceedingly rare and hemorrhage from each is not previously reported. This case emphasizes the importance of investigating the spinal canal in otherwise unexplained spontaneous SAH.", "contents": "Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage first from an intracranial and then from a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report. A patient presented with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) which was later totally removed at surgery. The patient presented again with a new SAH from a spinal AVM that was also totally removed at surgery. Coexistence of spinal and cerebral arteriovenous malformations are exceedingly rare and hemorrhage from each is not previously reported. This case emphasizes the importance of investigating the spinal canal in otherwise unexplained spontaneous SAH."}
{"id": "PMID:925757", "title": "Effect of dietary fat level on growth and lipogenesis in the colostrum deprived neonatal pig.", "content": "Thirty male neonatal pigs were obtained by cesarean section and randomly allotted from littermate groups to three diets containing 2%, 17%, and 32% fat on a dry matter basis. Butterfat was used to replace glucose in the isoenergetic liquid, semipurified diets. Each pig was placed in a sterile isolator and fed ad libitum five times daily. After 14 days, pigs were weighed, killed, and samples of liver and backfat were obtained. The carcass of each pig was ground and samples obtained for determination of total body fat and protein. An increase in the level of dietary fat resulted in a significant increase in 14 day weight gain and a tendency for improved feed efficiency. These results demonstrate not only that the neonatal pig can utilize semipurified liquid diets high in butterfat content, but also that energy from butterfat appears to be used as efficiently as energy from glucose from growth purposes. Increasing dietary fat level decreased the activity of fatty acid synthetase and citrate cleavage enzyme in adipose tissue and liver, and decreased the activity of malic enzyme in adipose tissue. The specific activities of these three enzymes were higher in adipose tissue than in liver.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fat level on growth and lipogenesis in the colostrum deprived neonatal pig. Thirty male neonatal pigs were obtained by cesarean section and randomly allotted from littermate groups to three diets containing 2%, 17%, and 32% fat on a dry matter basis. Butterfat was used to replace glucose in the isoenergetic liquid, semipurified diets. Each pig was placed in a sterile isolator and fed ad libitum five times daily. After 14 days, pigs were weighed, killed, and samples of liver and backfat were obtained. The carcass of each pig was ground and samples obtained for determination of total body fat and protein. An increase in the level of dietary fat resulted in a significant increase in 14 day weight gain and a tendency for improved feed efficiency. These results demonstrate not only that the neonatal pig can utilize semipurified liquid diets high in butterfat content, but also that energy from butterfat appears to be used as efficiently as energy from glucose from growth purposes. Increasing dietary fat level decreased the activity of fatty acid synthetase and citrate cleavage enzyme in adipose tissue and liver, and decreased the activity of malic enzyme in adipose tissue. The specific activities of these three enzymes were higher in adipose tissue than in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:925758", "title": "Independence of glycogen accumulation and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induction in rat liver.", "content": "The responses of liver glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) to a high glucose, adequate protein diet were compared between rats previously starved 2 days, then refed a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet for 2 days, and rats previously fed the high protein diet for 4 days. Glycogen levels increased dramatically during the first day the high carbohydrate diet was fed, then decreased gradually on the second day. The response was the same regardless of whether the rats had been starved more before the high protein diet was fed. Liver G6PD activity also increased when the high carbohydrate diet was fed, and continued to increase on the second day. The increase in G6PD, however, was significantly greater in the rats which had been starved before the high protein diet was fed. It is suggested that some process occurs during starvation that predisposes the induction of G6PD upon refeeding a high carbohydrate diet, over and above any effect of glycogen accumulation and breakdown. Glucose or glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycogen does not appear to be the primary inducer of G6PD in rat liver.", "contents": "Independence of glycogen accumulation and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase induction in rat liver. The responses of liver glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) to a high glucose, adequate protein diet were compared between rats previously starved 2 days, then refed a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet for 2 days, and rats previously fed the high protein diet for 4 days. Glycogen levels increased dramatically during the first day the high carbohydrate diet was fed, then decreased gradually on the second day. The response was the same regardless of whether the rats had been starved more before the high protein diet was fed. Liver G6PD activity also increased when the high carbohydrate diet was fed, and continued to increase on the second day. The increase in G6PD, however, was significantly greater in the rats which had been starved before the high protein diet was fed. It is suggested that some process occurs during starvation that predisposes the induction of G6PD upon refeeding a high carbohydrate diet, over and above any effect of glycogen accumulation and breakdown. Glucose or glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycogen does not appear to be the primary inducer of G6PD in rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:925759", "title": "Tannic acid and oxidized tannic acid on the functional state of rat intestinal epithelium.", "content": "Diets containing tannic acid at the level of 3% of dry matter were fed to rats in order to ascertain the origin of fecal nitrogen and the effect of tannic acid on the intestinal mucosa. At the same time in order to explain the effect of oxidation of tannins, we administered diets containing oxidized tannic acid or tannic acid associated with an antioxidizer (sodium sulfite) at the level of 1% of dry matter. The increased excretion of sialic acid and glucosamine during ingestion of tannic acid indicated that the excess of fecal nitrogen mainly corresponds to the mucus hypersecretion observed by histology. Fecal analysis revealed perturbations in movements of water and ions. The study of the metabolic activity of isolated enterocytes and the activity of some enzymes in a homogenate of these cells showed an inhibition of oxygen consumption and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Addition of reducing agent (sodium sulfite) to the diet had little effect on the action of tannic acid; but previous oxidation of the tannin reduced the effects observed, particularly in the case of fecal nitrogen loss.", "contents": "Tannic acid and oxidized tannic acid on the functional state of rat intestinal epithelium. Diets containing tannic acid at the level of 3% of dry matter were fed to rats in order to ascertain the origin of fecal nitrogen and the effect of tannic acid on the intestinal mucosa. At the same time in order to explain the effect of oxidation of tannins, we administered diets containing oxidized tannic acid or tannic acid associated with an antioxidizer (sodium sulfite) at the level of 1% of dry matter. The increased excretion of sialic acid and glucosamine during ingestion of tannic acid indicated that the excess of fecal nitrogen mainly corresponds to the mucus hypersecretion observed by histology. Fecal analysis revealed perturbations in movements of water and ions. The study of the metabolic activity of isolated enterocytes and the activity of some enzymes in a homogenate of these cells showed an inhibition of oxygen consumption and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Addition of reducing agent (sodium sulfite) to the diet had little effect on the action of tannic acid; but previous oxidation of the tannin reduced the effects observed, particularly in the case of fecal nitrogen loss."}
{"id": "PMID:925760", "title": "Cystine content of legume seed proteins: estimation by determination of cysteine with 2-vinylquinoline, and relation to protein content and activity of cysteine synthase.", "content": "The cystine content of the protein of a number of different lines of legume seeds has been determined by the method of Krull et al. which selectively reacts cysteine residues of intact, reduced proteins with 2-vinylquinoline, giving an adduct with an absorption maximum at 318 nm. Some seed lines were found to have 3.5 times as much cysteine as the seed line with the lowest cysteine content, perhaps offering opportunities for improvement in the nutritional quality of bean seed proteins through breeding and selections. While no correlation between cysteine levels and protein content was observed, a positive correlation was found between the specific activity of the terminal enzyme of cysteine synthesis, cysteine synthase, and the cysteine content of seeds.", "contents": "Cystine content of legume seed proteins: estimation by determination of cysteine with 2-vinylquinoline, and relation to protein content and activity of cysteine synthase. The cystine content of the protein of a number of different lines of legume seeds has been determined by the method of Krull et al. which selectively reacts cysteine residues of intact, reduced proteins with 2-vinylquinoline, giving an adduct with an absorption maximum at 318 nm. Some seed lines were found to have 3.5 times as much cysteine as the seed line with the lowest cysteine content, perhaps offering opportunities for improvement in the nutritional quality of bean seed proteins through breeding and selections. While no correlation between cysteine levels and protein content was observed, a positive correlation was found between the specific activity of the terminal enzyme of cysteine synthesis, cysteine synthase, and the cysteine content of seeds."}
{"id": "PMID:925761", "title": "Characterization of food binding of vitamin B-6 in orange juice.", "content": "There is substantial evidence that natural vitamin B-6 exists largely in a bound form. It has been shown that the principal modes of binding represents an interaction of pyridoxal and/or pyridoxal phosphate with protein moieties. The nature and extent of binding of different forms of the vitamin in orange juice was investigated. Studies employing ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and, membrane dialysis of this food product suggested binding to a molecule of less than 3,500 daltons molecular weight. Binding was resistant to protease treatment although susceptible to heat-acid hydrolysis. Separation of pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine species of the vitamin by ion exchange chromatography was followed by fluorometric analysis with and without preparative hydrolysis. Extensive and equal binding of both pyridoxal and pyridoxine was observed by this method. Thus, the binder(s) of vitamin B-6 in orange juice is a small dialyzable molecule which is heat stable, binds both pyridoxal and pyridoxine and is non-protein in nature.", "contents": "Characterization of food binding of vitamin B-6 in orange juice. There is substantial evidence that natural vitamin B-6 exists largely in a bound form. It has been shown that the principal modes of binding represents an interaction of pyridoxal and/or pyridoxal phosphate with protein moieties. The nature and extent of binding of different forms of the vitamin in orange juice was investigated. Studies employing ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration and, membrane dialysis of this food product suggested binding to a molecule of less than 3,500 daltons molecular weight. Binding was resistant to protease treatment although susceptible to heat-acid hydrolysis. Separation of pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine species of the vitamin by ion exchange chromatography was followed by fluorometric analysis with and without preparative hydrolysis. Extensive and equal binding of both pyridoxal and pyridoxine was observed by this method. Thus, the binder(s) of vitamin B-6 in orange juice is a small dialyzable molecule which is heat stable, binds both pyridoxal and pyridoxine and is non-protein in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:925764", "title": "Variations in the mast cell population of skin and bone marrow in magnesium-deprived rats. The influence of sex hormones.", "content": "Comparative counts of Alcian Blue-Basic Fuchsin-stained mast cells of the facial skin and bone marrow have been made in young rats of different sexes and strains, fed a diet deficient in magnesium (0.8 to 1 mg/100 g dry weight) for 4 weeks. Normal rats fed a magnesium-supplemented diet (65 mg/100 g dry weight) had about three times as many mast cells in the tibial metaphysis as in the facial skin. In both males and females fed the Mg-deficient diet, the marrow mast cells increased five to six times, while their number was concomitantly decreased in the skin. The marrow mast cells became also polymorphic, an indication of a possible preferential renewal site. Gonadectomy in the males had no effect on the above pattern. The administration of large doses of testosterone to males and estradiol to females depressed the mast cell population increase in the bone marrow and at the same time, moderated the loss of skin mast cells.", "contents": "Variations in the mast cell population of skin and bone marrow in magnesium-deprived rats. The influence of sex hormones. Comparative counts of Alcian Blue-Basic Fuchsin-stained mast cells of the facial skin and bone marrow have been made in young rats of different sexes and strains, fed a diet deficient in magnesium (0.8 to 1 mg/100 g dry weight) for 4 weeks. Normal rats fed a magnesium-supplemented diet (65 mg/100 g dry weight) had about three times as many mast cells in the tibial metaphysis as in the facial skin. In both males and females fed the Mg-deficient diet, the marrow mast cells increased five to six times, while their number was concomitantly decreased in the skin. The marrow mast cells became also polymorphic, an indication of a possible preferential renewal site. Gonadectomy in the males had no effect on the above pattern. The administration of large doses of testosterone to males and estradiol to females depressed the mast cell population increase in the bone marrow and at the same time, moderated the loss of skin mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:925766", "title": "Effects of magnesium deficiency on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in vivo.", "content": "The effects of magnesium deficiency on the in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into tissue macromolecules were studied. In severe Mg deficiency developing over 4 months, total protein synthesis in spleen and thymus was depressed by 40% to 50%, while DNA synthesis was increased by as much as 350%. RNA synthesis was not significantly altered. Protein synthesis in kidney was also reduced. In the intact liver, DNA synthesis was increased and RNA synthesis reduced, but protein synthesis was unchanged. The regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy was impaired, however, which suggested that the capacity of the liver protein synthetic system was reduced. The effects of magnesium deficiency were unaltered by the ingestion of ethanol that comprised approximately 25% of total energy. Each of the organs enlarged in Mg deficiency, and the spleen was strikingly hyperplastic. The increase in splenic DNA synthesis in the presence of depressed protein synthesis may be an early stage in a lymphoproliferative process leading ultimately to neoplasia.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium deficiency on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in vivo. The effects of magnesium deficiency on the in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into tissue macromolecules were studied. In severe Mg deficiency developing over 4 months, total protein synthesis in spleen and thymus was depressed by 40% to 50%, while DNA synthesis was increased by as much as 350%. RNA synthesis was not significantly altered. Protein synthesis in kidney was also reduced. In the intact liver, DNA synthesis was increased and RNA synthesis reduced, but protein synthesis was unchanged. The regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy was impaired, however, which suggested that the capacity of the liver protein synthetic system was reduced. The effects of magnesium deficiency were unaltered by the ingestion of ethanol that comprised approximately 25% of total energy. Each of the organs enlarged in Mg deficiency, and the spleen was strikingly hyperplastic. The increase in splenic DNA synthesis in the presence of depressed protein synthesis may be an early stage in a lymphoproliferative process leading ultimately to neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:925768", "title": "Effect of low zinc intake and oral contraceptive agents on nitrogen utilization and clinical findings in young women.", "content": "In a previous paper we reported that serum, urine and fecal zinc levels fell markedly in women taking a combination oral contraceptive agent (+OCA) and in women with normal menstrual cycles (-OCA) when they consumed a low-zinc diet (less than 0.2 mg/day) for 35 days. We evaluated other biochemical and clinical data in order to determine if depletion of accessible body zinc and/or physiologic adjustment to conserve body zinc stores had occurred. Neither low zinc intake nor oral contraceptive use appeared to influence nitrogen balance or body weight. Use of contraceptive drugs appeared to influence the response of blood parameters to zinc depletion. Serum transferrin and cholesterol declined significantly in the -OCA group, whereas alkaline phosphatase and gamma-globulin changed significantly in both groups. Clinical problems developed in all the subjects with serum zinc levels below 50 microgram/dl during the study; three of the six with serum zinc levels above 50 microgram/dl also complained of clinical symptoms. The results suggest that zinc deficiency through depletion of accessible body zinc stores developed during the 35-day study.", "contents": "Effect of low zinc intake and oral contraceptive agents on nitrogen utilization and clinical findings in young women. In a previous paper we reported that serum, urine and fecal zinc levels fell markedly in women taking a combination oral contraceptive agent (+OCA) and in women with normal menstrual cycles (-OCA) when they consumed a low-zinc diet (less than 0.2 mg/day) for 35 days. We evaluated other biochemical and clinical data in order to determine if depletion of accessible body zinc and/or physiologic adjustment to conserve body zinc stores had occurred. Neither low zinc intake nor oral contraceptive use appeared to influence nitrogen balance or body weight. Use of contraceptive drugs appeared to influence the response of blood parameters to zinc depletion. Serum transferrin and cholesterol declined significantly in the -OCA group, whereas alkaline phosphatase and gamma-globulin changed significantly in both groups. Clinical problems developed in all the subjects with serum zinc levels below 50 microgram/dl during the study; three of the six with serum zinc levels above 50 microgram/dl also complained of clinical symptoms. The results suggest that zinc deficiency through depletion of accessible body zinc stores developed during the 35-day study."}
{"id": "PMID:925769", "title": "Biological activity of vitamin E compounds and natural materials by the resorption-gestation test, and chemical determination of the vitamin E activity in foods and feeds.", "content": "The biological activity of the tocopherols and tocotrienols has been re-examined by the rat resorption-gestation test. The following values have been obtained (with d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate = 100%): d-alpha-tocopherol 80%; d,l-alpha-tocopherol 59%; d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 136%; d-alpha-tocotrienol 13%; d-beta-tocopherol 45%; d-beta-tocotrienol 4%; d-gamma-tocopherol 13%; d-delta-tocopherol less than 0.4%. The possibility of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol being synergists has been tested, but no significant effect was found. The antioxidants BHT and ethoxyquin were without effect on the utilization of alpha-tocopherol by the rat. After chemical determination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols in foods and mixed feeds, these biological activities were used to calculate the vitamin E activity. For two samples of margarine and two samples of mixed feed, the calculated value of the vitamin E activity after chemical determination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols was compared with the value found by direct bioassay, and reasonably good agreement was found. The authors suggest that determination of vitamin E in foods and feeds as a rule should be carried out as a chemical determination of the individual tocopherols and tocotrienols followed by a calculation of the vitamin E activity from the biological activity of the tocopherols and tocotrienols.", "contents": "Biological activity of vitamin E compounds and natural materials by the resorption-gestation test, and chemical determination of the vitamin E activity in foods and feeds. The biological activity of the tocopherols and tocotrienols has been re-examined by the rat resorption-gestation test. The following values have been obtained (with d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate = 100%): d-alpha-tocopherol 80%; d,l-alpha-tocopherol 59%; d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 136%; d-alpha-tocotrienol 13%; d-beta-tocopherol 45%; d-beta-tocotrienol 4%; d-gamma-tocopherol 13%; d-delta-tocopherol less than 0.4%. The possibility of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol being synergists has been tested, but no significant effect was found. The antioxidants BHT and ethoxyquin were without effect on the utilization of alpha-tocopherol by the rat. After chemical determination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols in foods and mixed feeds, these biological activities were used to calculate the vitamin E activity. For two samples of margarine and two samples of mixed feed, the calculated value of the vitamin E activity after chemical determination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols was compared with the value found by direct bioassay, and reasonably good agreement was found. The authors suggest that determination of vitamin E in foods and feeds as a rule should be carried out as a chemical determination of the individual tocopherols and tocotrienols followed by a calculation of the vitamin E activity from the biological activity of the tocopherols and tocotrienols."}
{"id": "PMID:925770", "title": "Psychophysical applications of human electroretinography.", "content": "Rapid developments in human electroretinography during recent decades have greatly increased its value for investigating psychophysical problems. This review of the current status of electroretinography considers the response waveform, recording techniques, and data analysis. Several examples of electroretinal data that have psychophysical significance are presented.", "contents": "Psychophysical applications of human electroretinography. Rapid developments in human electroretinography during recent decades have greatly increased its value for investigating psychophysical problems. This review of the current status of electroretinography considers the response waveform, recording techniques, and data analysis. Several examples of electroretinal data that have psychophysical significance are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:925771", "title": "Spatiotemporal mapping of scalp potentials.", "content": "Computerized analysis and display techniques are applied to the problem of identifying the origins of visually evoked scalped potentials (VESP's). A new stimulus for VESP work, white noise, is being incorporated in the solution of this problem. VESP's for white-noise stimulation exhibit time domain behavior similar to the classical response for flash stimuli but with certain significant differences. Contour mapping algorithms are used to display the time behavior of equipotential surfaces on the scalp during the VESP. The electrical and geometrical parameters of the head are modeled. Electrical fields closely matching those obtained experimentally are generated on the surface of the model head by optimally selecting the location and strength parameters of one or two dipole current sources contained within the model. Computer graphics are used to display as a movie the actual and model scalp potential field and the parameters of the dipole generators whithin the model head during the time course of the VESP. These techniques are currently used to study retinotopic mapping, fusion, and texture perception in the human.", "contents": "Spatiotemporal mapping of scalp potentials. Computerized analysis and display techniques are applied to the problem of identifying the origins of visually evoked scalped potentials (VESP's). A new stimulus for VESP work, white noise, is being incorporated in the solution of this problem. VESP's for white-noise stimulation exhibit time domain behavior similar to the classical response for flash stimuli but with certain significant differences. Contour mapping algorithms are used to display the time behavior of equipotential surfaces on the scalp during the VESP. The electrical and geometrical parameters of the head are modeled. Electrical fields closely matching those obtained experimentally are generated on the surface of the model head by optimally selecting the location and strength parameters of one or two dipole current sources contained within the model. Computer graphics are used to display as a movie the actual and model scalp potential field and the parameters of the dipole generators whithin the model head during the time course of the VESP. These techniques are currently used to study retinotopic mapping, fusion, and texture perception in the human."}
{"id": "PMID:925772", "title": "Scotopic luminosity function and color-mixture data.", "content": "The hypothesis that rods contribute to color information has not been generally accepted primarily because of the apparent lack of a connection between the scotopic luminosity function and color-mixture data. We present analyses showing that the scotopic luminosity function is intimately related to color data over the entire spectrum, indicating that rods play a central role in normal color vision. These results, not readily explainable in terms of the trichromatic theory, suggest an alternate idea of sensing in terms of the psychophysical quantities called brightness, hue, and saturation.", "contents": "Scotopic luminosity function and color-mixture data. The hypothesis that rods contribute to color information has not been generally accepted primarily because of the apparent lack of a connection between the scotopic luminosity function and color-mixture data. We present analyses showing that the scotopic luminosity function is intimately related to color data over the entire spectrum, indicating that rods play a central role in normal color vision. These results, not readily explainable in terms of the trichromatic theory, suggest an alternate idea of sensing in terms of the psychophysical quantities called brightness, hue, and saturation."}
{"id": "PMID:925773", "title": "Chromatic two-pulse resolution with and without luminance transients.", "content": "Two-pulse discrimination thresholds determined for homochromatic pulses presented as luminance increments or decrements are invariant with wavelength. Wavelength does affect two-pulse temporal resolution if chromatic pulses are presented in hue substitution, matched in luminance (with flicker photometry) to an achromatic background field. For relatively long pulses, the wavelength effect resembles trichromatic saturation discrimination, with poorest temporal resolution at 570 nm. For shorter pulses, temporal resolution for hue substitution stimuli appears related to saturation discrimination under conditions of artificial tritanopia. Under conditions of hue substitution, short-wavelength pulses yield good temporal resolution.", "contents": "Chromatic two-pulse resolution with and without luminance transients. Two-pulse discrimination thresholds determined for homochromatic pulses presented as luminance increments or decrements are invariant with wavelength. Wavelength does affect two-pulse temporal resolution if chromatic pulses are presented in hue substitution, matched in luminance (with flicker photometry) to an achromatic background field. For relatively long pulses, the wavelength effect resembles trichromatic saturation discrimination, with poorest temporal resolution at 570 nm. For shorter pulses, temporal resolution for hue substitution stimuli appears related to saturation discrimination under conditions of artificial tritanopia. Under conditions of hue substitution, short-wavelength pulses yield good temporal resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:925797", "title": "Heterogeneity of nonlethal severe short-limbed dwarfism.", "content": "The Grebe syndrome is a nonlethal form of severe short-limbed dwarfism which was previously called \"achondrogenesis-Brazilian or Grebe type\". We have studied three patients with severe short-limbed dwarfism originally considered to have this syndrome. On re-evaluation of their clinical and radiographic features, only one of them had the typical features of the Grebe chondrodysplasia, whereas the other two appear to have clearly distinct, previously unreported skeletal dysplasias. These patients illustrate the heterogeneity that exists among the nonlethal forms of severe short-limbed dwarfism.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of nonlethal severe short-limbed dwarfism. The Grebe syndrome is a nonlethal form of severe short-limbed dwarfism which was previously called \"achondrogenesis-Brazilian or Grebe type\". We have studied three patients with severe short-limbed dwarfism originally considered to have this syndrome. On re-evaluation of their clinical and radiographic features, only one of them had the typical features of the Grebe chondrodysplasia, whereas the other two appear to have clearly distinct, previously unreported skeletal dysplasias. These patients illustrate the heterogeneity that exists among the nonlethal forms of severe short-limbed dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:925812", "title": "Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children: normal developmental changes.", "content": "A group of 359 healthy children and 49 adults were studied for the purpose of estimating the normal limits for serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation. The 144 children and seven adults who has any other laboratory evidence of iron deficiency (abnormal values of serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, hemoglobin concentration, or mean corpuscular volume) were excluded. In evaluating the 215 children and 42 adults who met the criteria to be considered normal we found that serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were significantly lower in children between the ages of 0.5 and 12 years than in adults. We conclude that in children between the ages of 0.5 and 12 years, a transferrin saturation of less than 16% constitutes good evidence of iron deficiency only in conjuction with anemia and low mean corpuscular volume.", "contents": "Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children: normal developmental changes. A group of 359 healthy children and 49 adults were studied for the purpose of estimating the normal limits for serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation. The 144 children and seven adults who has any other laboratory evidence of iron deficiency (abnormal values of serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, hemoglobin concentration, or mean corpuscular volume) were excluded. In evaluating the 215 children and 42 adults who met the criteria to be considered normal we found that serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were significantly lower in children between the ages of 0.5 and 12 years than in adults. We conclude that in children between the ages of 0.5 and 12 years, a transferrin saturation of less than 16% constitutes good evidence of iron deficiency only in conjuction with anemia and low mean corpuscular volume."}
{"id": "PMID:925814", "title": "At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants?", "content": "Prevention of iron deficiency in low-birth-weight infants requires iron supplementation before neonatal iron stores are exhausted. In order to accurately determine when this depletion occurs, we measured the hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron/iron-binding capacity, and serum ferritin in 117 low-birth-weight infants (1,000 to 2,000 gm) from 0.5 until 6 months of age. All infants received banked breast milk in the hospital and breast milk or cow milk formula later; those with odd birth dates received 2 mg iron as ferrous sulfate/kg/day starting at 0.5 months; those with even birth dates received no additional iron unless they developed anemia. The results indicate that low-birth-weight infants who receive no supplemental iron may develop iron deficiency by three months of age and that a dose of iron of 2 mg/kg/day started at two weeks of age prevents iron deficiency without providing excess.", "contents": "At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants? Prevention of iron deficiency in low-birth-weight infants requires iron supplementation before neonatal iron stores are exhausted. In order to accurately determine when this depletion occurs, we measured the hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron/iron-binding capacity, and serum ferritin in 117 low-birth-weight infants (1,000 to 2,000 gm) from 0.5 until 6 months of age. All infants received banked breast milk in the hospital and breast milk or cow milk formula later; those with odd birth dates received 2 mg iron as ferrous sulfate/kg/day starting at 0.5 months; those with even birth dates received no additional iron unless they developed anemia. The results indicate that low-birth-weight infants who receive no supplemental iron may develop iron deficiency by three months of age and that a dose of iron of 2 mg/kg/day started at two weeks of age prevents iron deficiency without providing excess."}
{"id": "PMID:925815", "title": "Blood pressure in a high school population. I. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight, height, and race to blood pressure in children 14 to 18 years of age.", "content": "This is a report on the initial from an ongoing study of blood pressure in ninth to twelfth grade students in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The purpose was to establish standards, to determine the incidence of hypertension, and to examine the relationship of blood pressure to age, weight, height, sex, and race. Subjects with persistent hypertension were to be investigated and checked annually as long as they were in high school. Students in the ninth grade at the beginning of the project were to be screened each year for four years.", "contents": "Blood pressure in a high school population. I. Standards for blood pressure and the relation of age, sex, weight, height, and race to blood pressure in children 14 to 18 years of age. This is a report on the initial from an ongoing study of blood pressure in ninth to twelfth grade students in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The purpose was to establish standards, to determine the incidence of hypertension, and to examine the relationship of blood pressure to age, weight, height, sex, and race. Subjects with persistent hypertension were to be investigated and checked annually as long as they were in high school. Students in the ninth grade at the beginning of the project were to be screened each year for four years."}
{"id": "PMID:925816", "title": "Electrophysiologic studies in sick sinus syndrome following surgery for d-transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "His bundle electrograms and atrial pacing are reported in a 10 1/2-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl, both of whom underwent Mustard repair for complete d-transposition of the great arteries. Each patient had progressive evidence of sick sinus syndrome culminating in syncope. Improvement occurred after insertion of a demand pacemaker.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic studies in sick sinus syndrome following surgery for d-transposition of the great arteries. His bundle electrograms and atrial pacing are reported in a 10 1/2-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl, both of whom underwent Mustard repair for complete d-transposition of the great arteries. Each patient had progressive evidence of sick sinus syndrome culminating in syncope. Improvement occurred after insertion of a demand pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:925817", "title": "Multiple hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities in an adolescent girl with galactorrhea.", "content": "A patient with multiple hypothalamic abnormalities is presented who had galactorrhea at seven years of age followed ten years later by secretory deficiencies of growth hormone, TSH, and gonadotropins. There was no clinical evidence of a mid-brain tumor. Patients presenting with galactorrhea and amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia may develop additional hypothalamic malfunctions over a period of several years and should be observed carefully for appearance of them as well as for evidence of brain tumors.", "contents": "Multiple hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities in an adolescent girl with galactorrhea. A patient with multiple hypothalamic abnormalities is presented who had galactorrhea at seven years of age followed ten years later by secretory deficiencies of growth hormone, TSH, and gonadotropins. There was no clinical evidence of a mid-brain tumor. Patients presenting with galactorrhea and amenorrhea associated with hyperprolactinemia may develop additional hypothalamic malfunctions over a period of several years and should be observed carefully for appearance of them as well as for evidence of brain tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:925818", "title": "Measurement of 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in sera of neonates and children.", "content": "Serum concentration of 25OHD and 24,25(OH)2D were measured in lipid extracts of serum by competitive radioassay following separation of the metabolits by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The concentration of 24,25(OH)2D in children and adolescents (3.3 +/- 1.3 SD ng/ml) was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than the levels recorded in neonates (1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml), and was approximately one-tenth the concentration of 25OHD in the two populations (children 35.2 +/- 9.2 ng/ml; neonates 14.4 +/- 3.4 ng/ml, P less than 0.01). Although 24,25(OH)2D is present in significant quantities in the sera of children and adolescents, its metabolic function remains unknown at present.", "contents": "Measurement of 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in sera of neonates and children. Serum concentration of 25OHD and 24,25(OH)2D were measured in lipid extracts of serum by competitive radioassay following separation of the metabolits by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The concentration of 24,25(OH)2D in children and adolescents (3.3 +/- 1.3 SD ng/ml) was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than the levels recorded in neonates (1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml), and was approximately one-tenth the concentration of 25OHD in the two populations (children 35.2 +/- 9.2 ng/ml; neonates 14.4 +/- 3.4 ng/ml, P less than 0.01). Although 24,25(OH)2D is present in significant quantities in the sera of children and adolescents, its metabolic function remains unknown at present."}
{"id": "PMID:925819", "title": "Intracranial calcifications in childhood leukemia. An association with systemic chemotherapy.", "content": "Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were examined for evidence of intracranial calcifications with roentgenograms of the skull and computerized tomography. Of 39 children in their initial complete remission, ten were found to have subcortical cerebral calcifications. Significant associations were found between the presence of cerebral calcifications and systemic treatment with large cumulative doses of methotrexate.", "contents": "Intracranial calcifications in childhood leukemia. An association with systemic chemotherapy. Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were examined for evidence of intracranial calcifications with roentgenograms of the skull and computerized tomography. Of 39 children in their initial complete remission, ten were found to have subcortical cerebral calcifications. Significant associations were found between the presence of cerebral calcifications and systemic treatment with large cumulative doses of methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:925820", "title": "Immunologic responses to therapy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: serum IgE value as an indicator and predictor of disease activity.", "content": "Two patients, a child and an adult, with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were studied over an 18-month period. Initially elevated total serum IgE levels fell during prednisone therapy and rose prior to and during an exacerbation. Total serum IgG fell with therapy, whereas the values of IgA and IgM remained constant. Specific IgG and IgE values against Aspergillus fumigatus as measured by radioimmunoassay were elevated in both patients. Specific IgE values increased in each patient prior to exacerbation, whereas specific IgG values increased in only one patient at the time of exacerbation. Immunologic evaluation may provide an assessment of disease activity of prospective value.", "contents": "Immunologic responses to therapy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: serum IgE value as an indicator and predictor of disease activity. Two patients, a child and an adult, with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were studied over an 18-month period. Initially elevated total serum IgE levels fell during prednisone therapy and rose prior to and during an exacerbation. Total serum IgG fell with therapy, whereas the values of IgA and IgM remained constant. Specific IgG and IgE values against Aspergillus fumigatus as measured by radioimmunoassay were elevated in both patients. Specific IgE values increased in each patient prior to exacerbation, whereas specific IgG values increased in only one patient at the time of exacerbation. Immunologic evaluation may provide an assessment of disease activity of prospective value."}
{"id": "PMID:925821", "title": "Solitary maxillary central incisor and short stature.", "content": "Seven patients, three males and four females, each with a single (unpaired) deciduous and permanent maxillary central incisor, were studied. All the males and two the female children were growth hormone deficient. One adult woman and a female infant with a single maxillary central incisor were short in stature but had normal growth hormone responses. No other dental anomalies or pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunctions were found. The dental anomaly was not familial. No eye abnormalitis were present in the patients or their families.", "contents": "Solitary maxillary central incisor and short stature. Seven patients, three males and four females, each with a single (unpaired) deciduous and permanent maxillary central incisor, were studied. All the males and two the female children were growth hormone deficient. One adult woman and a female infant with a single maxillary central incisor were short in stature but had normal growth hormone responses. No other dental anomalies or pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunctions were found. The dental anomaly was not familial. No eye abnormalitis were present in the patients or their families."}
{"id": "PMID:925822", "title": "Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: a broad and variable pattern of skeletal malformations.", "content": "A family is described in which 15 persons in five generations are affected with a complex of skeletal malformations which variably includes peculiar asymmetric facies, delayed closure of large fontanels, brachycephaly, acrocephaly, brachydactyly, cutaneous syndactyly, broad great toes, and mild shortness of stature. Although craniosynostosis is either lacking or relatively mild in the members of this family, their features are otherwise strikingly similar to those of patients with the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. We believe the findings in this family indicate that the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome comprises a broad pattern of carniofacial and other skeletal malformations in which craniosynostosis may sometimes occur.", "contents": "Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: a broad and variable pattern of skeletal malformations. A family is described in which 15 persons in five generations are affected with a complex of skeletal malformations which variably includes peculiar asymmetric facies, delayed closure of large fontanels, brachycephaly, acrocephaly, brachydactyly, cutaneous syndactyly, broad great toes, and mild shortness of stature. Although craniosynostosis is either lacking or relatively mild in the members of this family, their features are otherwise strikingly similar to those of patients with the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. We believe the findings in this family indicate that the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome comprises a broad pattern of carniofacial and other skeletal malformations in which craniosynostosis may sometimes occur."}
{"id": "PMID:925823", "title": "The chromosome 2 distal short arm trisomy syndrome.", "content": "A trisomy for the distal short arm of chromosome 2 (2p23 leads to 2pter) resulted in similar phenotypic and developmental abnormalities in three related males. The cytogenetic defect was traced to a familial balanced 2;3 translocation [t(2;3) (p23;27)]. Comparison of these patients with the seven previously published cases of 2p partial trisomy reveals a pattern of common features including severe mental and growth retardation, a characteristics facial dysmorphism particularly affecting the eyes, abnormalities of the sternum, spine, and digits, a heart defect, and, in males, cryptorchidism and a striking genital anomaly consisting of a very small penis buried in dorsally fused scrotal skin.", "contents": "The chromosome 2 distal short arm trisomy syndrome. A trisomy for the distal short arm of chromosome 2 (2p23 leads to 2pter) resulted in similar phenotypic and developmental abnormalities in three related males. The cytogenetic defect was traced to a familial balanced 2;3 translocation [t(2;3) (p23;27)]. Comparison of these patients with the seven previously published cases of 2p partial trisomy reveals a pattern of common features including severe mental and growth retardation, a characteristics facial dysmorphism particularly affecting the eyes, abnormalities of the sternum, spine, and digits, a heart defect, and, in males, cryptorchidism and a striking genital anomaly consisting of a very small penis buried in dorsally fused scrotal skin."}
{"id": "PMID:925831", "title": "The effect of cuff width on systolic blood pressure measurements in neonates.", "content": "The width of the blood pressure cuff was found to have an effect on the accuracy of systolic blood pressure measured in the arm and thigh in neonates. Data were collected in 26 infants of a variety of birth weights and gestational ages. They show that the effect of cuff size can be minimized by selecting a cuff width equal to approximately 50% of the extremity circumference.", "contents": "The effect of cuff width on systolic blood pressure measurements in neonates. The width of the blood pressure cuff was found to have an effect on the accuracy of systolic blood pressure measured in the arm and thigh in neonates. Data were collected in 26 infants of a variety of birth weights and gestational ages. They show that the effect of cuff size can be minimized by selecting a cuff width equal to approximately 50% of the extremity circumference."}
{"id": "PMID:925832", "title": "Chronic viral funisitis.", "content": "Four cases chronic funisitis, a rare variant of umbilical cord inflammation, are presented and compared with the acute and subacute forms. The distinctive findings are a predominantly lymphoplasmocytic infiltration, coagulative necorsis of the vascular media with secondary calcification, and the unusual association of chronic funisitis with chronic chorioamnionitis and chronic villitis. One fetus was stillborn, another was aborted, and two were live-born. Two fetuses were growth retarded and three had evidence of infection. Viral inclusions were identified in three placentas. The data strongly suggest that lymphoplasmocytic funisitis in these cases is the result of chronic intrauterine viral infection.", "contents": "Chronic viral funisitis. Four cases chronic funisitis, a rare variant of umbilical cord inflammation, are presented and compared with the acute and subacute forms. The distinctive findings are a predominantly lymphoplasmocytic infiltration, coagulative necorsis of the vascular media with secondary calcification, and the unusual association of chronic funisitis with chronic chorioamnionitis and chronic villitis. One fetus was stillborn, another was aborted, and two were live-born. Two fetuses were growth retarded and three had evidence of infection. Viral inclusions were identified in three placentas. The data strongly suggest that lymphoplasmocytic funisitis in these cases is the result of chronic intrauterine viral infection."}
{"id": "PMID:925833", "title": "Outbreak of influenza in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "An outbreak of influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) involving five infants in a neonatal intensive care unit is described. The clinical signs and symptoms were indistinguishable from those seen in bacterial sepsis. There was no evidence of meningoencephalitis. All infants recovered without any sequelae.", "contents": "Outbreak of influenza in a neonatal intensive care unit. An outbreak of influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) involving five infants in a neonatal intensive care unit is described. The clinical signs and symptoms were indistinguishable from those seen in bacterial sepsis. There was no evidence of meningoencephalitis. All infants recovered without any sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:925834", "title": "Cranial transillumination norms of the premature infant.", "content": "Ninety-five infants from 26 to 42 weeks of gestational age were studied with a simple standardized cerebral transillumination technique utilizing a Chun gun fitted with a clear flexible disc to establish normal measurements and to test the hypothesis that transillumination is useful in differentiating \"catch-up\" growth from hydrocephalus. One group of infants were measured at birth; the other group were infants grown to similar gestational age and serially measured. Data from these groups were found to be similar. Transillumination was not found to be a useful technique for separating \"catch-up\" growth infants from the normal population, but was found to be potentially useful in separating the normal and \"catch-up\" population from children with hydrocephalus or serious anatomic abnormalities of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cranial transillumination norms of the premature infant. Ninety-five infants from 26 to 42 weeks of gestational age were studied with a simple standardized cerebral transillumination technique utilizing a Chun gun fitted with a clear flexible disc to establish normal measurements and to test the hypothesis that transillumination is useful in differentiating \"catch-up\" growth from hydrocephalus. One group of infants were measured at birth; the other group were infants grown to similar gestational age and serially measured. Data from these groups were found to be similar. Transillumination was not found to be a useful technique for separating \"catch-up\" growth infants from the normal population, but was found to be potentially useful in separating the normal and \"catch-up\" population from children with hydrocephalus or serious anatomic abnormalities of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:925837", "title": "Intraventricular chemotherapy in neonatal meningitis.", "content": "All of 16 infants with neonatal meningitis treated during a 30-month period were found to have accompanying ventriculitis at the time of the initial ventricular puncture. Fifteen of these infants were caused by gramm-negative organisms. All infants received antibiotics systemically and intraventricularly via an implanted ventriculostomy reservoir or by direct ventricular injection. Antibiotic concentrations within the ventricular fluid were monitored during chemotherapy; the complications encountered during treatment are discussed. Fifteen infants survived the infection; of these, seven infants were normal at follow-up examinations. In our experience intraventricular chemotherapy as an adjunct to systemic administration of antibiotics has greatly reduced the mortality rate in neonatal meningitis.", "contents": "Intraventricular chemotherapy in neonatal meningitis. All of 16 infants with neonatal meningitis treated during a 30-month period were found to have accompanying ventriculitis at the time of the initial ventricular puncture. Fifteen of these infants were caused by gramm-negative organisms. All infants received antibiotics systemically and intraventricularly via an implanted ventriculostomy reservoir or by direct ventricular injection. Antibiotic concentrations within the ventricular fluid were monitored during chemotherapy; the complications encountered during treatment are discussed. Fifteen infants survived the infection; of these, seven infants were normal at follow-up examinations. In our experience intraventricular chemotherapy as an adjunct to systemic administration of antibiotics has greatly reduced the mortality rate in neonatal meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:925839", "title": "Childhood myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A boy aged five and a girl aged one year suffering from myasthenia gravis are described. Both cases had respiratory complications and were treated erroneously until their ptosis was noticed and the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis confirmed. The etiology, types, symptomatology, and treatment of the diseases are described. Attention of the pediatric ophthalmologists is called to the fact that they should consider myasthenia gravis in the differential diagnosis of ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia.", "contents": "Childhood myasthenia gravis. A boy aged five and a girl aged one year suffering from myasthenia gravis are described. Both cases had respiratory complications and were treated erroneously until their ptosis was noticed and the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis confirmed. The etiology, types, symptomatology, and treatment of the diseases are described. Attention of the pediatric ophthalmologists is called to the fact that they should consider myasthenia gravis in the differential diagnosis of ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:925840", "title": "Neonatal opsoclonus.", "content": "Three cases of opsoclonus in normal neonates are reported. There was no evidence of neuroblastoma, encephalitis, or infantile polymyoclonia. It appears that opsoclonus may occur as a transient phenomenon in healthy infants.", "contents": "Neonatal opsoclonus. Three cases of opsoclonus in normal neonates are reported. There was no evidence of neuroblastoma, encephalitis, or infantile polymyoclonia. It appears that opsoclonus may occur as a transient phenomenon in healthy infants."}
{"id": "PMID:925841", "title": "Consecutive cyclic esotropia.", "content": "A 12-year-old girl who developed a cyclic esotropia following strabismus surgery for intermittent exotropia at the age of eight years is presented. Unusual findings and surgical results are described. We suggest the term of \"consecutive cyclic esotropia\" for this clinical entity.", "contents": "Consecutive cyclic esotropia. A 12-year-old girl who developed a cyclic esotropia following strabismus surgery for intermittent exotropia at the age of eight years is presented. Unusual findings and surgical results are described. We suggest the term of \"consecutive cyclic esotropia\" for this clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:925842", "title": "Abnormal eye movements in rubella syndrome.", "content": "A patient with a characteristic picture of rubella eye disease is presented. Its interest lies in the associated finding of asymmetric nystagmus and ocular flutter. The presence of flutter would indicate cerebellar or cerebellar pathway disease, a previously unassociated finding.", "contents": "Abnormal eye movements in rubella syndrome. A patient with a characteristic picture of rubella eye disease is presented. Its interest lies in the associated finding of asymmetric nystagmus and ocular flutter. The presence of flutter would indicate cerebellar or cerebellar pathway disease, a previously unassociated finding."}
{"id": "PMID:925846", "title": "Juvenile retinal detachment.", "content": "Among the total of 537 patients treated for retinal detachment 27 (5.02%) were under the age of 20. In 44.44 percent of the cases, there was a history of trauma. In 58.33% of the fellow eyes in this group of patients, retinal pathology was found. This pathology is considered to be a predisposing factor and trauma itself is only a trigger in causing retinal detachment.", "contents": "Juvenile retinal detachment. Among the total of 537 patients treated for retinal detachment 27 (5.02%) were under the age of 20. In 44.44 percent of the cases, there was a history of trauma. In 58.33% of the fellow eyes in this group of patients, retinal pathology was found. This pathology is considered to be a predisposing factor and trauma itself is only a trigger in causing retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:925843", "title": "Pre- and post-operative treatment of constant and intermittent exotropia.", "content": "Intermittent exotropia is classified according to the AC/A ratio. Convergence amplitude measured on a light includes accommodative convergence. Amplitude measured while maintaining clear, single, binocular vision on 20/30 print utilizes only true fusional convergence.", "contents": "Pre- and post-operative treatment of constant and intermittent exotropia. Intermittent exotropia is classified according to the AC/A ratio. Convergence amplitude measured on a light includes accommodative convergence. Amplitude measured while maintaining clear, single, binocular vision on 20/30 print utilizes only true fusional convergence."}
{"id": "PMID:925847", "title": "Recording ERGs and VERs from unsedated children.", "content": "A technique for recording the electroretinogram and visual evoked response from very young or mentally retarded children without general anesthesia is presented. Illustrative results from both normal and abnormal subjects are shown. The advantages to the patient of avoiding general anesthesia in reduced risk, time, and especially expense are discussed.", "contents": "Recording ERGs and VERs from unsedated children. A technique for recording the electroretinogram and visual evoked response from very young or mentally retarded children without general anesthesia is presented. Illustrative results from both normal and abnormal subjects are shown. The advantages to the patient of avoiding general anesthesia in reduced risk, time, and especially expense are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925844", "title": "Cyclopian monster with anophthalmos.", "content": "A cyclopian monster with anophthalmos is a rare occurrence. Such a case is presented along with a case of a cyclops with synophthalmos. The many abnormalities result from an anomalous development of structures derived from the prosencephalon.", "contents": "Cyclopian monster with anophthalmos. A cyclopian monster with anophthalmos is a rare occurrence. Such a case is presented along with a case of a cyclops with synophthalmos. The many abnormalities result from an anomalous development of structures derived from the prosencephalon."}
{"id": "PMID:925889", "title": "Mechanism of surface lubrication: influence of duration of lubricant-excipient mixing on processing characteristics of powders and properties of compressed tablets.", "content": "A mathematical expression for tablet hardness was related to lubricant mixing by considering increases in the surface coverage with prolonged mixing time. The duration of lubricant mixing significantly changed the apparent bulk volume of the mix, ejection force during tableting, hardness, and disintegration and dissolution properties of tablets. These findings may provide some rationale for the changes in processing characteristics and properties of finished drug products often encountered in the scale-up of solid dosage formulations. Several lubrication mechanisms are discussed in connection with the duration of mixing effects and scanning microscopy studies.", "contents": "Mechanism of surface lubrication: influence of duration of lubricant-excipient mixing on processing characteristics of powders and properties of compressed tablets. A mathematical expression for tablet hardness was related to lubricant mixing by considering increases in the surface coverage with prolonged mixing time. The duration of lubricant mixing significantly changed the apparent bulk volume of the mix, ejection force during tableting, hardness, and disintegration and dissolution properties of tablets. These findings may provide some rationale for the changes in processing characteristics and properties of finished drug products often encountered in the scale-up of solid dosage formulations. Several lubrication mechanisms are discussed in connection with the duration of mixing effects and scanning microscopy studies."}
{"id": "PMID:925890", "title": "GLC determination of lidocaine in human plasma.", "content": "A specific, sensitive, rapid, and reproducible analytical GLC method for lidocaine in human plasma, including pharmacokinetic parameters, is described. Aminopyrine is the internal standard. The method was used to study pharmacokinetics in four healthy volunteers following the administration of a lidocaine bolus at a dose of 1 mg/kg iv and in one patient with cardiac arrhythmias who had been given a 50-mg bolus followed by a prolonged intravenous infusion for 30 hr.", "contents": "GLC determination of lidocaine in human plasma. A specific, sensitive, rapid, and reproducible analytical GLC method for lidocaine in human plasma, including pharmacokinetic parameters, is described. Aminopyrine is the internal standard. The method was used to study pharmacokinetics in four healthy volunteers following the administration of a lidocaine bolus at a dose of 1 mg/kg iv and in one patient with cardiac arrhythmias who had been given a 50-mg bolus followed by a prolonged intravenous infusion for 30 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:925891", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of blue tetrazolium reaction with corticosteroids.", "content": "The kinetics of the reaction of blue tetrazolium with corticosteroids were investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rates for various corticosteroids were determined at various temperatures, and the enthalpy and entropy of activation for these compounds were determined. A mechanism is proposed in which an electron pair and a proton are transferred to blue tetrazolium from the anion formed by the action of tetramethylammonium hydroxide on the alpha-carbonyl moiety of the corticosteroid. The proposed mechanism is consistent with previous experimental results.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of blue tetrazolium reaction with corticosteroids. The kinetics of the reaction of blue tetrazolium with corticosteroids were investigated under pseudo-first-order conditions. The reaction rates for various corticosteroids were determined at various temperatures, and the enthalpy and entropy of activation for these compounds were determined. A mechanism is proposed in which an electron pair and a proton are transferred to blue tetrazolium from the anion formed by the action of tetramethylammonium hydroxide on the alpha-carbonyl moiety of the corticosteroid. The proposed mechanism is consistent with previous experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:925892", "title": "Dosage form index: an objective criterion for evaluation of controlled-release drug delivery systems.", "content": "A dimensionless parameter, the dosage form index (DLtau) is proposed for evaluating the performance of drug delivery systems. The index is defined as the ratio of the maximum to minimum concentrations of the drug in plasma within each interdose interval (in hours), tau, during repetitive administration of the dosage form in the quasisteady state. Dosage form indexes can be averaged among subjects or within subjects at successive time periods to arrive at a mean value. As an example, two GI therapeutic systems--the 15- and 20-mg/hr acetazolamide systems that deliver drug at constant rates for 6 and 12 hr and contain 125 and 250 mg, respectively--were compared in normal subjects with a commercial sustained-release product containing 500 mg of acetazolamide. The dosage form index, DI24, was 4.9 for the sustained-release dosage form and 3.2 for the 20-mg/hr system; DI12 was 1.6 for the 15-mg/hr system.", "contents": "Dosage form index: an objective criterion for evaluation of controlled-release drug delivery systems. A dimensionless parameter, the dosage form index (DLtau) is proposed for evaluating the performance of drug delivery systems. The index is defined as the ratio of the maximum to minimum concentrations of the drug in plasma within each interdose interval (in hours), tau, during repetitive administration of the dosage form in the quasisteady state. Dosage form indexes can be averaged among subjects or within subjects at successive time periods to arrive at a mean value. As an example, two GI therapeutic systems--the 15- and 20-mg/hr acetazolamide systems that deliver drug at constant rates for 6 and 12 hr and contain 125 and 250 mg, respectively--were compared in normal subjects with a commercial sustained-release product containing 500 mg of acetazolamide. The dosage form index, DI24, was 4.9 for the sustained-release dosage form and 3.2 for the 20-mg/hr system; DI12 was 1.6 for the 15-mg/hr system."}
{"id": "PMID:925893", "title": "Effect of aspirin on a subtoxic dose of 14C-acetaminophen in mice.", "content": "The interaction of 14C-acetaminophen, 150 mg/kg (20 muCi/kg), and aspirin, 200 mg/kg po, was studied in male mice. The radiolabel was rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, achieving maximum blood levels 0.25 hr after oral dosing. Radioactivity in the blood equilibrated rapidly with the tissues and was concentrated in the liver and kidney. At 14 hr, most of the dose was eliminated in urine as the glucuronide, cysteine, sulfate, free drug, and mercapturate. Pretreatment with aspirin tended to reduce the rate and extent of acetaminophen absorption and altered the percentage of the dose excreted in the urine as sulfate, mercapturate, glucuronide, and cysteine. Interpretation of these data toxicologically as an indication of the potentiation of either toxicity or protection was not possible.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on a subtoxic dose of 14C-acetaminophen in mice. The interaction of 14C-acetaminophen, 150 mg/kg (20 muCi/kg), and aspirin, 200 mg/kg po, was studied in male mice. The radiolabel was rapidly absorbed from the GI tract, achieving maximum blood levels 0.25 hr after oral dosing. Radioactivity in the blood equilibrated rapidly with the tissues and was concentrated in the liver and kidney. At 14 hr, most of the dose was eliminated in urine as the glucuronide, cysteine, sulfate, free drug, and mercapturate. Pretreatment with aspirin tended to reduce the rate and extent of acetaminophen absorption and altered the percentage of the dose excreted in the urine as sulfate, mercapturate, glucuronide, and cysteine. Interpretation of these data toxicologically as an indication of the potentiation of either toxicity or protection was not possible."}
{"id": "PMID:925894", "title": "Colorimetric determination of aliphatic acids.", "content": "A colorimetric method for the determination of carboxylic acids based on the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-coupled reaction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazine and carboxylic acids is described. The product of the reaction is extracted into aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a blue color. This method is suitable for the analysis of aliphatic acids, but aromatic acids do not react under these conditions.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of aliphatic acids. A colorimetric method for the determination of carboxylic acids based on the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-coupled reaction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazine and carboxylic acids is described. The product of the reaction is extracted into aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce a blue color. This method is suitable for the analysis of aliphatic acids, but aromatic acids do not react under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:925895", "title": "Drug migration during drying of tablet granulations I: effect of particle size of major diluent.", "content": "Migration of a water-soluble drug, propoxyphene hydrochloride, during drying of tablet granulations was studied. Wet granulations of the drug were prepared using lactose as the major diluent and corn starch as a disintegrant. Particle-size fractions of lactose ranging from 53 to 177 micron in diameter were employed in different granulations to examine the effect of particle size of the major diluent on drug migration. Determination of drug concentration at various depths in a dried granulation bed was accomplished by using a drying cell consisting of four layers. A numerical coefficient of migration was developed to compare the extent of drug migration in the various lactose granulations. Migration increased with decreasing particle size of the major diluent, lactose. Two factors that may contribute to increased migration with smaller particles are increased entry suction due to decreased intragranular capillary size and increased intergranular contact area.", "contents": "Drug migration during drying of tablet granulations I: effect of particle size of major diluent. Migration of a water-soluble drug, propoxyphene hydrochloride, during drying of tablet granulations was studied. Wet granulations of the drug were prepared using lactose as the major diluent and corn starch as a disintegrant. Particle-size fractions of lactose ranging from 53 to 177 micron in diameter were employed in different granulations to examine the effect of particle size of the major diluent on drug migration. Determination of drug concentration at various depths in a dried granulation bed was accomplished by using a drying cell consisting of four layers. A numerical coefficient of migration was developed to compare the extent of drug migration in the various lactose granulations. Migration increased with decreasing particle size of the major diluent, lactose. Two factors that may contribute to increased migration with smaller particles are increased entry suction due to decreased intragranular capillary size and increased intergranular contact area."}
{"id": "PMID:925896", "title": "Drug migration during drying of tablet granulations II: effect of binder solution viscosity and drying temperature.", "content": "The effect of binder solution viscosity and drying temperature on the integranular migration of propoxyphene hydrochloride was studied. Wet granulations containing the drug were prepared using binder solutions with viscosities ranging from 1 to 1000 cps. Temperature studies were conducted using granulations prepared with a 3-cps binder solution and dried at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees. Drug migration decreased with increased binder solution viscosity, and insignificant migration occurred in granulations prepared with binder solutions having apparent viscosities above 90 cps. No significant effect on intergranular drug migration was observed within the drying temperature range studied. Tablets compressed from a granulation in which drug migration was high showed a greater tablet-to-tablet drug content variation than a granulation with lower migration, even though each dried granulation was thoroughly mixed before tableting.", "contents": "Drug migration during drying of tablet granulations II: effect of binder solution viscosity and drying temperature. The effect of binder solution viscosity and drying temperature on the integranular migration of propoxyphene hydrochloride was studied. Wet granulations containing the drug were prepared using binder solutions with viscosities ranging from 1 to 1000 cps. Temperature studies were conducted using granulations prepared with a 3-cps binder solution and dried at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 degrees. Drug migration decreased with increased binder solution viscosity, and insignificant migration occurred in granulations prepared with binder solutions having apparent viscosities above 90 cps. No significant effect on intergranular drug migration was observed within the drying temperature range studied. Tablets compressed from a granulation in which drug migration was high showed a greater tablet-to-tablet drug content variation than a granulation with lower migration, even though each dried granulation was thoroughly mixed before tableting."}
{"id": "PMID:925897", "title": "Direct spectrophotometric determination of sulfathiazole in presence of sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine.", "content": "A direct spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of sulfathiazole and the total pyrimidyl sulfonamide content in a mixture containing sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine is reported. This three-component system was readily reduced to the problem of a simple two-component system analysis. Based on dual isoabsorptive wavelength spectroscopy, simultaneous equations were developed that required absorbance measurements at only two selected wavelengths both isoabsorptive. The location of the isoabsorptive wavelengths was dependent on the pH of the solvent medium, and 0.1 M HCl gave the best results. The validity of the derived equations was demonstrated in a recovery study involving synthetic mixtures containing varying quantities of the three sulfonamides. The recovery was linear over a wide concentration range, and the precision of the method was about 1%.", "contents": "Direct spectrophotometric determination of sulfathiazole in presence of sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine. A direct spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of sulfathiazole and the total pyrimidyl sulfonamide content in a mixture containing sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine is reported. This three-component system was readily reduced to the problem of a simple two-component system analysis. Based on dual isoabsorptive wavelength spectroscopy, simultaneous equations were developed that required absorbance measurements at only two selected wavelengths both isoabsorptive. The location of the isoabsorptive wavelengths was dependent on the pH of the solvent medium, and 0.1 M HCl gave the best results. The validity of the derived equations was demonstrated in a recovery study involving synthetic mixtures containing varying quantities of the three sulfonamides. The recovery was linear over a wide concentration range, and the precision of the method was about 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:925898", "title": "Rapid and sensitive direct TLC fluorometric method for evaluation of impurities in oxytetracycline.", "content": "A rapid partition TLC method for the determination of oxytetracycline and its degradation products is described. Quantitative determinination of the substances is performed by direct TLC fluorometry in 2 hr using plates prepared previously.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive direct TLC fluorometric method for evaluation of impurities in oxytetracycline. A rapid partition TLC method for the determination of oxytetracycline and its degradation products is described. Quantitative determinination of the substances is performed by direct TLC fluorometry in 2 hr using plates prepared previously."}
{"id": "PMID:925899", "title": "General class of multiparticulate dissolution models.", "content": "The dissolution of multiparticulate systems under sink and nonsink conditions can be described rigorously according to a generally applicable formula on the basis of the single-particle dissolution model and the initial particle distribution. The kinetic model for log-normal systems dissolving under sink conditions is extended to nonsink conditions as a specific example. The equation presented describes a general class of multiparticulate models for various values of the dispersion parameter and the dissolution capacity coefficient.", "contents": "General class of multiparticulate dissolution models. The dissolution of multiparticulate systems under sink and nonsink conditions can be described rigorously according to a generally applicable formula on the basis of the single-particle dissolution model and the initial particle distribution. The kinetic model for log-normal systems dissolving under sink conditions is extended to nonsink conditions as a specific example. The equation presented describes a general class of multiparticulate models for various values of the dispersion parameter and the dissolution capacity coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:925900", "title": "Bioavailability of sulfadiazine in rabbits using tablets prepared by direct compression and fluidized-bed granulation.", "content": "Experimental sulfadiazine tablets prepared by direct compression, using a commercially available direct compression tablet mass, were compared with experimental sulfadiazine tablets prepared by fluidized-bed granulation and commercially available sulfadiazine tablets USP. The values for friability and the time required to release 10 and 50% of the direct compression tablets were between those of the fluidized-bed tablets and the commercial product. With the commercial tablet as a standard, the extent of bioavailability was determined in rabbits; it was slightly higher for both the direct compression and fluidized-bed tablets. A statistically significant difference was found between the direct compression tablets and the standard with respect to the extent of bioavailability and the time of the peak.", "contents": "Bioavailability of sulfadiazine in rabbits using tablets prepared by direct compression and fluidized-bed granulation. Experimental sulfadiazine tablets prepared by direct compression, using a commercially available direct compression tablet mass, were compared with experimental sulfadiazine tablets prepared by fluidized-bed granulation and commercially available sulfadiazine tablets USP. The values for friability and the time required to release 10 and 50% of the direct compression tablets were between those of the fluidized-bed tablets and the commercial product. With the commercial tablet as a standard, the extent of bioavailability was determined in rabbits; it was slightly higher for both the direct compression and fluidized-bed tablets. A statistically significant difference was found between the direct compression tablets and the standard with respect to the extent of bioavailability and the time of the peak."}
{"id": "PMID:925901", "title": "Mass spectrometry of cannabinoids.", "content": "The mechanism of fragmentation of cannabinoids to fragments m/e 314, 299, 271, 258, 246, 243, and 231 is given. Cannabidiol cannabinoidiol, cannabinol, delta6- and delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabicyclol, derivatives with pentyl, propyl, and methyl side chains, their methyl ethers, and cis-trans and ortho-para isomers were analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry using different energies for fragmentation during GLC elution. The following mechanism was distinguished: loss of a methyl radical, ring closure and rotation, McLafferty rearrangement, retro Diels-Alder, internal protonation, isomerization and internal bond formation, and one-step fragmentation to m/e 231.", "contents": "Mass spectrometry of cannabinoids. The mechanism of fragmentation of cannabinoids to fragments m/e 314, 299, 271, 258, 246, 243, and 231 is given. Cannabidiol cannabinoidiol, cannabinol, delta6- and delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabicyclol, derivatives with pentyl, propyl, and methyl side chains, their methyl ethers, and cis-trans and ortho-para isomers were analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry using different energies for fragmentation during GLC elution. The following mechanism was distinguished: loss of a methyl radical, ring closure and rotation, McLafferty rearrangement, retro Diels-Alder, internal protonation, isomerization and internal bond formation, and one-step fragmentation to m/e 231."}
{"id": "PMID:925902", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine.", "content": "The anatomical distribution of mercaptopurine was investigated in rats at dose levels of 2.5 and 25 mg/kg iv. The plasma and tissues were analyzed by radioisotopic dilution and spectrofluorometric techniques. The tissue-plasma ratios were: liver-plasma, approximately 4.0; kidney-plasma, approximately 2.4; spleen-plasma, approximately 1.7; muscle-plasma, approximately 1.4; gut lumen-plasma, approximately 3; and bone marrow-plasma, approximately 0.35. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed to simulate concentrations of mercaptopurine in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle, spleen, bone marrow, and gut lumen. The agreement between experimental and predicted plasma and tissue profiles was good. Human plasma levels of mercapto-purine were predicted and, when compared with clinical data, demonstrated reasonable agreement.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine. The anatomical distribution of mercaptopurine was investigated in rats at dose levels of 2.5 and 25 mg/kg iv. The plasma and tissues were analyzed by radioisotopic dilution and spectrofluorometric techniques. The tissue-plasma ratios were: liver-plasma, approximately 4.0; kidney-plasma, approximately 2.4; spleen-plasma, approximately 1.7; muscle-plasma, approximately 1.4; gut lumen-plasma, approximately 3; and bone marrow-plasma, approximately 0.35. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed to simulate concentrations of mercaptopurine in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle, spleen, bone marrow, and gut lumen. The agreement between experimental and predicted plasma and tissue profiles was good. Human plasma levels of mercapto-purine were predicted and, when compared with clinical data, demonstrated reasonable agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:925903", "title": "Method of obtaining drug-macromolecule binding parameters directly from dynamic dialysis data.", "content": "A new method of treating dynamic dialysis data to obtain binding parameters for drug-macromolecule interactions is presented. This method allows the determination of binding parameters directly from dialysis data according to a theoretical model. It is not necessary to determine the dialysis rate constant accurately in a separate experiment, and bias is not introduced due to differentiation. The proposed method should be applicable where the drug is substantially bound to the dialysis membrane.", "contents": "Method of obtaining drug-macromolecule binding parameters directly from dynamic dialysis data. A new method of treating dynamic dialysis data to obtain binding parameters for drug-macromolecule interactions is presented. This method allows the determination of binding parameters directly from dialysis data according to a theoretical model. It is not necessary to determine the dialysis rate constant accurately in a separate experiment, and bias is not introduced due to differentiation. The proposed method should be applicable where the drug is substantially bound to the dialysis membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:925904", "title": "Influence of granulation liquid flow rate on particle-size distribution in spray-granulate products.", "content": "Granulations were made at various air speeds and various rates of addition of granulating liquid in a spray-granulatin assembly. The ensuring particle sizes were log-normal, and the data substantiate that the process is of the nature previously described. The mean diameter obtained was approximately proportional to the liquid flow rate squared but was independent of air rate. The standard deviation was independent of both parameters.", "contents": "Influence of granulation liquid flow rate on particle-size distribution in spray-granulate products. Granulations were made at various air speeds and various rates of addition of granulating liquid in a spray-granulatin assembly. The ensuring particle sizes were log-normal, and the data substantiate that the process is of the nature previously described. The mean diameter obtained was approximately proportional to the liquid flow rate squared but was independent of air rate. The standard deviation was independent of both parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:925905", "title": "Effect of lipids on enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films.", "content": "The effect of various lipids on the enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films was studied using the subphase exchange technique described previously. Surface pressure-surface area (pi-A) curves of mixed films of enzyme with dipalmitoyllecithin, egg lecithin, cholesterol, and phospholipids extracted from pig hearts showed that the enzyme interacted with all of the lipids and that the enzyme remained in the film at pressures well above the collapse pressure of malate dehydrogenase in the absence of lipid. The surface enzyme activity was dependent on surface pressure for each lipid; in all cases, the lipids greatly broadened the range of surface pressures where surface enzyme activity was observed. The pi-A and enzyme activity data showed good correlation. Although the simple model system employed does not simulate the complexity of the biological membrane, it gives some evidence for the role of lipids in the stability of membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of lipids on enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films. The effect of various lipids on the enzymatic activity of pig heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase monomolecular films was studied using the subphase exchange technique described previously. Surface pressure-surface area (pi-A) curves of mixed films of enzyme with dipalmitoyllecithin, egg lecithin, cholesterol, and phospholipids extracted from pig hearts showed that the enzyme interacted with all of the lipids and that the enzyme remained in the film at pressures well above the collapse pressure of malate dehydrogenase in the absence of lipid. The surface enzyme activity was dependent on surface pressure for each lipid; in all cases, the lipids greatly broadened the range of surface pressures where surface enzyme activity was observed. The pi-A and enzyme activity data showed good correlation. Although the simple model system employed does not simulate the complexity of the biological membrane, it gives some evidence for the role of lipids in the stability of membrane-bound enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:925906", "title": "Effect of sorbitol on interaction of phenolic preservatives with polysorbate 80.", "content": "The effect of sorbital on the binding of several commonly used phenolic preservatives (i.e., p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben) with the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 was investigated using an equilibrium dialysis technique. The binding data were expressed in the form of Scatchard plots utilizing a modified form of the Scatchard equation. The data analysis indicated that all four phenolic preservatives were bound to two distinct loci within the polysorbate micelle; one exhibited a high affinity and a low capacity for the preservative molecules, while the other appeared to have a near-zero affinity but an almost infinite binding capacity. The high affinity site was assumed to be located near the junction of the hydrocarbon core with the polyoxyethylene region of the micelle. The interaction of the preservatives with the second class of sites apparently involved a non-specific and nonsaturable partitioning of the preservative molecules into the polyoxyethylene region of the micelle. Sorbitol was ineffective in displacing significant amounts of bound preservative from either binding site, presumably because it was too polar to partition into the micelle sufficiently to displace bound preservative.", "contents": "Effect of sorbitol on interaction of phenolic preservatives with polysorbate 80. The effect of sorbital on the binding of several commonly used phenolic preservatives (i.e., p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and propylparaben) with the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 was investigated using an equilibrium dialysis technique. The binding data were expressed in the form of Scatchard plots utilizing a modified form of the Scatchard equation. The data analysis indicated that all four phenolic preservatives were bound to two distinct loci within the polysorbate micelle; one exhibited a high affinity and a low capacity for the preservative molecules, while the other appeared to have a near-zero affinity but an almost infinite binding capacity. The high affinity site was assumed to be located near the junction of the hydrocarbon core with the polyoxyethylene region of the micelle. The interaction of the preservatives with the second class of sites apparently involved a non-specific and nonsaturable partitioning of the preservative molecules into the polyoxyethylene region of the micelle. Sorbitol was ineffective in displacing significant amounts of bound preservative from either binding site, presumably because it was too polar to partition into the micelle sufficiently to displace bound preservative."}
{"id": "PMID:925907", "title": "Binding of N-substituted anthracenecarboxamides to double-stranded DNA: an electronic spectral study.", "content": "The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of two isomeric anthracenecarboxamides substituted with quaternary alkyl ammonium groups were studied as a function of solvent polarity, solvent rigidity, and state of protonation. These relatively simple environmental perturbations of the electronic spectra were employed to interpret spectral shifts caused by complexation with the bases or base pairs of DNA. The exocyclic side chains of the compounds studied have some freedom of movement when the spectroscopic probes are bound to double-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Binding of N-substituted anthracenecarboxamides to double-stranded DNA: an electronic spectral study. The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of two isomeric anthracenecarboxamides substituted with quaternary alkyl ammonium groups were studied as a function of solvent polarity, solvent rigidity, and state of protonation. These relatively simple environmental perturbations of the electronic spectra were employed to interpret spectral shifts caused by complexation with the bases or base pairs of DNA. The exocyclic side chains of the compounds studied have some freedom of movement when the spectroscopic probes are bound to double-stranded DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:925908", "title": "Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders.", "content": "Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders were determined by measuring the maximum height of a drop of a saturated solution on a presaturated compact of the material. The results for a series of drugs are presented.", "contents": "Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders. Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders were determined by measuring the maximum height of a drop of a saturated solution on a presaturated compact of the material. The results for a series of drugs are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:925909", "title": "Small animal model for myocardial infarction.", "content": "Myocardial infarctions were produced in rats by electro-cauterization of the left anterior descending artery, and the extent of myocardial damage was measured by serial serum levels of creatine phosphokinase activity utilizing spectrophotometric analysis. All animals were also evaluated for myocardial damage by electrocardiographic wave alterations. A correlation between myocardial infarct size and serum creatine phosphokinase was demonstrated. Significant arrhythmias and death occurred only in experimental groups where myocardial infarction had been produced. This small animal model offers a quick, inexpensive, and simple method for screening therapeutic agents that alter infarct size.", "contents": "Small animal model for myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarctions were produced in rats by electro-cauterization of the left anterior descending artery, and the extent of myocardial damage was measured by serial serum levels of creatine phosphokinase activity utilizing spectrophotometric analysis. All animals were also evaluated for myocardial damage by electrocardiographic wave alterations. A correlation between myocardial infarct size and serum creatine phosphokinase was demonstrated. Significant arrhythmias and death occurred only in experimental groups where myocardial infarction had been produced. This small animal model offers a quick, inexpensive, and simple method for screening therapeutic agents that alter infarct size."}
{"id": "PMID:925910", "title": "Cactus alkaloids XXXIII: beta-phenethylamines from the Guatemalan cactus Pilosocereus maxonii.", "content": "TLC analysis of extracts of Pilosocereus maxonii (Rose) Byles and Rowley detected six identifiable alkaloids. Preparative TLC aided in the crystallization of the hydrochlorides of N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, N-methyl-3-methoxytyramine, and N,N-dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine. Traces of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (TLC and mass spectrometry), tyramine (TLC), and N-methyltyramine (TLC) were identified. While all of these compounds were isolated and/or detected previously in other cactus species, this study is the first reported crystallization of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine from a natural source.", "contents": "Cactus alkaloids XXXIII: beta-phenethylamines from the Guatemalan cactus Pilosocereus maxonii. TLC analysis of extracts of Pilosocereus maxonii (Rose) Byles and Rowley detected six identifiable alkaloids. Preparative TLC aided in the crystallization of the hydrochlorides of N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, N-methyl-3-methoxytyramine, and N,N-dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine. Traces of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (TLC and mass spectrometry), tyramine (TLC), and N-methyltyramine (TLC) were identified. While all of these compounds were isolated and/or detected previously in other cactus species, this study is the first reported crystallization of N-methyl- and N,N-dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine from a natural source."}
{"id": "PMID:925911", "title": "Effect of coadministered salicylamide on terbutaline metabolism in rats.", "content": "Concomitant oral administration of salicylamide (200 mg/kg) and 3H-terbutaline (1 mg/kg) to rats with ligated bile ducts decreased absorption of terbutaline from the gut from 73 to 56% as measured by urinary excretion of radioactivity in 48 hr. No increase in the fraction of terbutaline excreted unchanged was observed, suggesting that salicylamide does not substantially inhibit the conjugation of terbutaline with glucuronic acid. An increase in the fraction of terbutaline excreted unchanged observed in normal animals may result from enhanced excretion of terbutaline glucuronide into bile rather than from inhibition of conjugation.", "contents": "Effect of coadministered salicylamide on terbutaline metabolism in rats. Concomitant oral administration of salicylamide (200 mg/kg) and 3H-terbutaline (1 mg/kg) to rats with ligated bile ducts decreased absorption of terbutaline from the gut from 73 to 56% as measured by urinary excretion of radioactivity in 48 hr. No increase in the fraction of terbutaline excreted unchanged was observed, suggesting that salicylamide does not substantially inhibit the conjugation of terbutaline with glucuronic acid. An increase in the fraction of terbutaline excreted unchanged observed in normal animals may result from enhanced excretion of terbutaline glucuronide into bile rather than from inhibition of conjugation."}
{"id": "PMID:925912", "title": "Dehydrodiisoeugenol: a naturally occurring lignan from Aristolochia taliscana (Aristolochiaceae).", "content": "The ethanol-water extract of Aristolochia taliscana Hook and Arn (Aristolochiaceae) yielded a compound which was identified as dehydrodiisoeugenol by means of elemental analysis, IR, UV, NMR, and mass spectra, and direct comparison with a synthetic sample.", "contents": "Dehydrodiisoeugenol: a naturally occurring lignan from Aristolochia taliscana (Aristolochiaceae). The ethanol-water extract of Aristolochia taliscana Hook and Arn (Aristolochiaceae) yielded a compound which was identified as dehydrodiisoeugenol by means of elemental analysis, IR, UV, NMR, and mass spectra, and direct comparison with a synthetic sample."}
{"id": "PMID:925913", "title": "Rapid GLC determination of propranolol in human plasma samples.", "content": "A rapid GLC method for measuring plasma propranolol levels is reported. 4-Methylpropranolol was utilized as an internal standard. Pentafluoropropionate derivatives of propranolol and the internal standard eluted rapidly and gave good sensitivity under the conditions employed. The advantage of this procedure over previously reported methods is the speed of analysis, which is facilitated by rapid elution of contaminant peaks.", "contents": "Rapid GLC determination of propranolol in human plasma samples. A rapid GLC method for measuring plasma propranolol levels is reported. 4-Methylpropranolol was utilized as an internal standard. Pentafluoropropionate derivatives of propranolol and the internal standard eluted rapidly and gave good sensitivity under the conditions employed. The advantage of this procedure over previously reported methods is the speed of analysis, which is facilitated by rapid elution of contaminant peaks."}
{"id": "PMID:925914", "title": "Alterations induced in distribution and in vivo metabolism of imipramine by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.", "content": "Female rats were given pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (I) to investigate its in vivo effects on the loss of the righting reflex and the mortality rate induced by imipramine as well as the concentrations of this drug and its metabolite, desipramine, in plasma, brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The protective action of I was associated with diminished organ levels of imipramine (catatoxic mechanism), and the relationship between brain and plasma imipramine concentrations remained unaltered. Desipramine-imipramine molar ratios were increased, indicating an elevated rate of N-demethylation. The unbound imipramine in plasma was diminished, but the relationship between protein-bound and unbound imipramine levels was not modified.", "contents": "Alterations induced in distribution and in vivo metabolism of imipramine by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile. Female rats were given pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (I) to investigate its in vivo effects on the loss of the righting reflex and the mortality rate induced by imipramine as well as the concentrations of this drug and its metabolite, desipramine, in plasma, brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The protective action of I was associated with diminished organ levels of imipramine (catatoxic mechanism), and the relationship between brain and plasma imipramine concentrations remained unaltered. Desipramine-imipramine molar ratios were increased, indicating an elevated rate of N-demethylation. The unbound imipramine in plasma was diminished, but the relationship between protein-bound and unbound imipramine levels was not modified."}
{"id": "PMID:925915", "title": "Enteric-coated pellets: theoretical analysis of effect of dispersion in the stomach on blood level profiles.", "content": "The advantages of encapsulated enteric-coated pellets as dosage forms are discussed theoretically and compared to enteric-coated tablets. An enteric-coated tablet may take from approximately 0.5 to more than 8 hr to pass from the stomach to the duodenum. On the other hand, enteric-coated pellets are subjected to dispersion in the stomach, but they pass through the pyloric sphincter after a mean residence time in the stomach that would not be different from that exhibited by a suspension dosage form. The dispersion effect causes a theoretical reduction in peak blood level over that of an enteric-coated tablet of equivalent potency while maintaining bioavailability. It is hypothesized that enteric-coated pellets will reduce intestinal side effects that may occur with enteric-coated tablet preparations.", "contents": "Enteric-coated pellets: theoretical analysis of effect of dispersion in the stomach on blood level profiles. The advantages of encapsulated enteric-coated pellets as dosage forms are discussed theoretically and compared to enteric-coated tablets. An enteric-coated tablet may take from approximately 0.5 to more than 8 hr to pass from the stomach to the duodenum. On the other hand, enteric-coated pellets are subjected to dispersion in the stomach, but they pass through the pyloric sphincter after a mean residence time in the stomach that would not be different from that exhibited by a suspension dosage form. The dispersion effect causes a theoretical reduction in peak blood level over that of an enteric-coated tablet of equivalent potency while maintaining bioavailability. It is hypothesized that enteric-coated pellets will reduce intestinal side effects that may occur with enteric-coated tablet preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:925916", "title": "Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from postinfusion blood level data obtained after simultaneous administration of intravenous priming and infusion doses.", "content": "Occasionally, it is desirable to attain steady-state-state blood drug levels rapidly in pharmacokinetic studies as well as in the treatment of certain diseases. In these cases, it is useful to administer an intravenous priming dose in combination with continuous drug infusion. Mathematical relationships are presented for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters in these situations using postinfusion blood drug level data. The parameters obtained by this method are identical to the parameters obtained after a rapid intravenous injection of a drug.", "contents": "Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters from postinfusion blood level data obtained after simultaneous administration of intravenous priming and infusion doses. Occasionally, it is desirable to attain steady-state-state blood drug levels rapidly in pharmacokinetic studies as well as in the treatment of certain diseases. In these cases, it is useful to administer an intravenous priming dose in combination with continuous drug infusion. Mathematical relationships are presented for the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters in these situations using postinfusion blood drug level data. The parameters obtained by this method are identical to the parameters obtained after a rapid intravenous injection of a drug."}
{"id": "PMID:925917", "title": "Hydrolysis mechanism of 7-acetylacroninium perchlorate, a novel prodrug of acronine.", "content": "7-Acetylacroninium perchlorate was hydrolyzed at 25 degrees by both water enriched with 18O-labeled water and by unenriched water. The acronine obtained was examined by mass spectrometry, which indicated the unusual fact that hydrolysis of this ester proceeded by aryl oxygen cleavage to the extent of about 30% under those mild conditions.", "contents": "Hydrolysis mechanism of 7-acetylacroninium perchlorate, a novel prodrug of acronine. 7-Acetylacroninium perchlorate was hydrolyzed at 25 degrees by both water enriched with 18O-labeled water and by unenriched water. The acronine obtained was examined by mass spectrometry, which indicated the unusual fact that hydrolysis of this ester proceeded by aryl oxygen cleavage to the extent of about 30% under those mild conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:925918", "title": "New rapid determination of pyridoxal phosphate using tyrosine phenol-lyase.", "content": "A rapid, specific, and precise spectrophotometric assay for the determination of pyridoxal phosphate is described. The assay allows for the determination of the cofactor between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. Its applicability to pyridoxal phosphate in biological fluids was demonstrated by a determination of the plasma half-life in BDF1 mice. Pyridoxal phosphate is absorbed rapidly from the peritoneal cavity and cleared from the plasma with a half-life of about 15 min.", "contents": "New rapid determination of pyridoxal phosphate using tyrosine phenol-lyase. A rapid, specific, and precise spectrophotometric assay for the determination of pyridoxal phosphate is described. The assay allows for the determination of the cofactor between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. Its applicability to pyridoxal phosphate in biological fluids was demonstrated by a determination of the plasma half-life in BDF1 mice. Pyridoxal phosphate is absorbed rapidly from the peritoneal cavity and cleared from the plasma with a half-life of about 15 min."}
{"id": "PMID:925919", "title": "New compounds: organoboron derivatives of tetracyclines I: synthesis of carboxamido derivative of tetracycline with perhydro-2-phenyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocine.", "content": "An organoboron carboxamido derivative of tetracycline, designed for use in the 105B-thermal neutron-capture treatment of cancer, was synthesized under the conditions of the Mannich reaction using perhydro-2-phenyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocine as the amine component. Spectral data (UV, IR, and NMR) for the compound and its hydrolytic stability are discussed.", "contents": "New compounds: organoboron derivatives of tetracyclines I: synthesis of carboxamido derivative of tetracycline with perhydro-2-phenyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocine. An organoboron carboxamido derivative of tetracycline, designed for use in the 105B-thermal neutron-capture treatment of cancer, was synthesized under the conditions of the Mannich reaction using perhydro-2-phenyl-1,3,6,2-dioxazaborocine as the amine component. Spectral data (UV, IR, and NMR) for the compound and its hydrolytic stability are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925926", "title": "Design and evaluation of an automated system for in vitro dissolution testing utilizing a high-pressure liquid chromatographic multiport switching valve.", "content": "An automated system for the simultaneous dissolution testing of six samples was developed consisting of four basic units: dissolution vessels and stirring unit, a peristaltic pump, a rotary stream multiport switching valve and programmer, and a UV spectrophotometer with recorder. Among the major advantages of such a system are: (a) paddle or basket stirring with variable speed is used, (b) the tablet or capsule (wire coil required) locates reproducibly at the bottom of a round-bottom reaction flask when utilizing paddle-type stirring, (c) a USP basket for tablet or capsule dissolution testing can be used, (d) continuous or intermittent sampling is possible, (e) the flow system readily adapts to UV-visible detector or fluorescence spectroscopy, (f) the system readily adapts to automated determination of the intrinsic dissolution of a material, and (g) the cost is low because of the multiport switching valve and inexpensive UV monitor required. Studies were performed using this apparatus to demonstrate the response characteristics of the system, its reproducibility, potential problems, and precautions required. This dissolution system was used to determine the dissolution characteristics of a new steroid tablet formulation, including a formulation and lot demonstrated to be bioavailable.", "contents": "Design and evaluation of an automated system for in vitro dissolution testing utilizing a high-pressure liquid chromatographic multiport switching valve. An automated system for the simultaneous dissolution testing of six samples was developed consisting of four basic units: dissolution vessels and stirring unit, a peristaltic pump, a rotary stream multiport switching valve and programmer, and a UV spectrophotometer with recorder. Among the major advantages of such a system are: (a) paddle or basket stirring with variable speed is used, (b) the tablet or capsule (wire coil required) locates reproducibly at the bottom of a round-bottom reaction flask when utilizing paddle-type stirring, (c) a USP basket for tablet or capsule dissolution testing can be used, (d) continuous or intermittent sampling is possible, (e) the flow system readily adapts to UV-visible detector or fluorescence spectroscopy, (f) the system readily adapts to automated determination of the intrinsic dissolution of a material, and (g) the cost is low because of the multiport switching valve and inexpensive UV monitor required. Studies were performed using this apparatus to demonstrate the response characteristics of the system, its reproducibility, potential problems, and precautions required. This dissolution system was used to determine the dissolution characteristics of a new steroid tablet formulation, including a formulation and lot demonstrated to be bioavailable."}
{"id": "PMID:925927", "title": "Iodipamide kinetics: capacity-limited biliary excretion with simultaneous pseudo-first-order renal excretion.", "content": "Iodipamide was infused into three dogs with bile fistulas to achieve various steady-state blood levels. When using ultracentrifugation techniques, iodipamide was found to be highly bound to plasma protein. The total blood clearance was low relative to hepatic blood flow. For either the whole blood concentration or the unbound concentration of iodipamide, the biliary excretion was shown to be capacity limited with a transport maximum, Tm, of approximately 1.0mumole/kg/min. The steady-state renal excretion rate, plotted against the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, resulted in a concave ascending curve, which could lead to the false conclusion that iodipamide was undergoing active renal tubular reabsorption. However, when corrected for plasma protein binding, a linear relationship was obtained, suggesting that the renal excretion of iodipamide is a pseudo-first-order process. The Michaelis-Menten parameters for the extrarenal elimination, when calculated using the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, led to a similar discrepancy compared to the parameter estimates obtained from biliary excretion rate data. This discrepancy can be eliminated when one uses the unbound concentration of iodipamide in the parameter estimates.", "contents": "Iodipamide kinetics: capacity-limited biliary excretion with simultaneous pseudo-first-order renal excretion. Iodipamide was infused into three dogs with bile fistulas to achieve various steady-state blood levels. When using ultracentrifugation techniques, iodipamide was found to be highly bound to plasma protein. The total blood clearance was low relative to hepatic blood flow. For either the whole blood concentration or the unbound concentration of iodipamide, the biliary excretion was shown to be capacity limited with a transport maximum, Tm, of approximately 1.0mumole/kg/min. The steady-state renal excretion rate, plotted against the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, resulted in a concave ascending curve, which could lead to the false conclusion that iodipamide was undergoing active renal tubular reabsorption. However, when corrected for plasma protein binding, a linear relationship was obtained, suggesting that the renal excretion of iodipamide is a pseudo-first-order process. The Michaelis-Menten parameters for the extrarenal elimination, when calculated using the whole blood concentration of iodipamide, led to a similar discrepancy compared to the parameter estimates obtained from biliary excretion rate data. This discrepancy can be eliminated when one uses the unbound concentration of iodipamide in the parameter estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:925928", "title": "Physicochemical properties of beta-lactam antibiotics: oil-water distribution.", "content": "Apparent partition coefficients Papp, of beta-lactam antibiotics were determined in octanol-water and 2-methylpropanol-water systems at various pH values. The pKa values also were determined by potentiometry under the conditions of partition experiments. The intrinsic partition coefficients for the unionized form, Pu, and the ionized form, Pi, of beta-lactam antibiotics were calculated from the equation Papp = Pu[aH+/(Ka + aH+)] + Pi[Ka/(Ka + aH+)]. The correlation between Pu and Pi values and lipophilic parameters of penicillins measured in other systems was examined.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties of beta-lactam antibiotics: oil-water distribution. Apparent partition coefficients Papp, of beta-lactam antibiotics were determined in octanol-water and 2-methylpropanol-water systems at various pH values. The pKa values also were determined by potentiometry under the conditions of partition experiments. The intrinsic partition coefficients for the unionized form, Pu, and the ionized form, Pi, of beta-lactam antibiotics were calculated from the equation Papp = Pu[aH+/(Ka + aH+)] + Pi[Ka/(Ka + aH+)]. The correlation between Pu and Pi values and lipophilic parameters of penicillins measured in other systems was examined."}
{"id": "PMID:925929", "title": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition in dogs and its preliminary application to humans.", "content": "A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition developed in the rat was modified to account for the interspecies differences in tissue-to-plasma digoxin concentration ratios and applied to the dog. The model provided a quantitative assessment of the time course of digoxin concentrations in dog plasma, various tissues, and urine. It also predicted the effect of renal failure on digoxin pharmacokinetics in the dog. An attempt to scale the dog model to humans by simply considering differences in organ volumes, organ flow rates, and digoxin clearances was partially successful. Good predictions of plasma digoxin concentration and urinary digoxin excretion after a single dose and of steady-state plasma, heart, and skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations were obtained. However, the model predicted considerably higher kidney digoxin concentrations than are actually found. Although the model adequately characterized the time course of digoxin concentrations in patients with moderate renal impairment, it provided a relatively poor fit to that observed in anuric patients.", "contents": "Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition in dogs and its preliminary application to humans. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for digoxin disposition developed in the rat was modified to account for the interspecies differences in tissue-to-plasma digoxin concentration ratios and applied to the dog. The model provided a quantitative assessment of the time course of digoxin concentrations in dog plasma, various tissues, and urine. It also predicted the effect of renal failure on digoxin pharmacokinetics in the dog. An attempt to scale the dog model to humans by simply considering differences in organ volumes, organ flow rates, and digoxin clearances was partially successful. Good predictions of plasma digoxin concentration and urinary digoxin excretion after a single dose and of steady-state plasma, heart, and skeletal muscle digoxin concentrations were obtained. However, the model predicted considerably higher kidney digoxin concentrations than are actually found. Although the model adequately characterized the time course of digoxin concentrations in patients with moderate renal impairment, it provided a relatively poor fit to that observed in anuric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:925931", "title": "Kinetic parameter estimation by numerical algorithms and multiple linear regression: theoretical.", "content": "A new method is presented for the determination of kinetic parameters based on a functional relationship among experimental data derived from the postulated model. The data, even though containing errors, are manifestations of this relationship, which should be satisfied by parameters fitted to the system. The procedure involves the use of numerical integration and/or differentiation of the data, followed by multiple linear regression. It does not require initial estimates or repetitive iteration for linear systems and can be applied to nonlinear models. The accuracy of estimated parameter depends on the goodness of the particular numerical approximation method used.", "contents": "Kinetic parameter estimation by numerical algorithms and multiple linear regression: theoretical. A new method is presented for the determination of kinetic parameters based on a functional relationship among experimental data derived from the postulated model. The data, even though containing errors, are manifestations of this relationship, which should be satisfied by parameters fitted to the system. The procedure involves the use of numerical integration and/or differentiation of the data, followed by multiple linear regression. It does not require initial estimates or repetitive iteration for linear systems and can be applied to nonlinear models. The accuracy of estimated parameter depends on the goodness of the particular numerical approximation method used."}
{"id": "PMID:925932", "title": "Dissolution kinetics of soluble nondisintegrating disks.", "content": "An equation describing the isotropical dissolution of soluble nondisintegrating disks was developed. It was equivalent to the cube root law only if the height and diameter of the disk were equal. The dissolution kinetics of sodium chloride disks were examined, using a beaker equipped with a centrifugal stirrer as the dissolution chamber. The fit of the experimental data to the cube root law had a coefficient of variation of about 4-5%. It was demonstrated statistically that a fit to a square root of mass versus time relation was significantly better. With increasing porosity, the dissolution process proceeded faster than predicted on the basis of the diffusion-convection model. An explanation is proposed by assuming an increased effective dissolution surface.", "contents": "Dissolution kinetics of soluble nondisintegrating disks. An equation describing the isotropical dissolution of soluble nondisintegrating disks was developed. It was equivalent to the cube root law only if the height and diameter of the disk were equal. The dissolution kinetics of sodium chloride disks were examined, using a beaker equipped with a centrifugal stirrer as the dissolution chamber. The fit of the experimental data to the cube root law had a coefficient of variation of about 4-5%. It was demonstrated statistically that a fit to a square root of mass versus time relation was significantly better. With increasing porosity, the dissolution process proceeded faster than predicted on the basis of the diffusion-convection model. An explanation is proposed by assuming an increased effective dissolution surface."}
{"id": "PMID:925933", "title": "Determination of an anti-inflammatory methanesulfonanilide in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and chemically specific high-speed liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of 4-nitro 2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide in plasma. The method includes selective extraction of the anti-inflammatory drug and an internal standard, 2-(4'-chlorophenoxy)-4-nitromethanesulfonanilide, into benzene from acidified plasma followed by reextraction into 0.2 N NaOH. The aqueous layer is acidified, and the drug is reextracted into benzene. The benzene is evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in a small volume of acetonitrile. A 10-microliter aliquot is analyzed on a reversed-phase column. The mean overall extraction recovery, after correction for aliquot factors, is 99%. The accuracy, expressed as the relative error, is 4, 0.3, and -3% at 0.60, 1.50, and 3.00 microgram/ml, respectively. Repeated analysis of reference standards indicates that the precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, is 3% or less. The lower sensitivity limit is 0.2 microgram/ml with a 2-ml plasma sample. The method was applied successfully to the determination of plasma levels of 4-nitro-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide in humans and rats in metabolic experiments at pharmacological doses.", "contents": "Determination of an anti-inflammatory methanesulfonanilide in plasma by high-speed liquid chromatography. A sensitive and chemically specific high-speed liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of 4-nitro 2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide in plasma. The method includes selective extraction of the anti-inflammatory drug and an internal standard, 2-(4'-chlorophenoxy)-4-nitromethanesulfonanilide, into benzene from acidified plasma followed by reextraction into 0.2 N NaOH. The aqueous layer is acidified, and the drug is reextracted into benzene. The benzene is evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in a small volume of acetonitrile. A 10-microliter aliquot is analyzed on a reversed-phase column. The mean overall extraction recovery, after correction for aliquot factors, is 99%. The accuracy, expressed as the relative error, is 4, 0.3, and -3% at 0.60, 1.50, and 3.00 microgram/ml, respectively. Repeated analysis of reference standards indicates that the precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation, is 3% or less. The lower sensitivity limit is 0.2 microgram/ml with a 2-ml plasma sample. The method was applied successfully to the determination of plasma levels of 4-nitro-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide in humans and rats in metabolic experiments at pharmacological doses."}
{"id": "PMID:925934", "title": "Equilibrium reaction of pyrazolodiazepinones in aqueous solution.", "content": "This study of the behavior of some pyrazolodiazepinones in aqueous solution at near ambient temperature indicated that they form stable equilibrium mixtures consisting of ring and opened forms. Under isothermal conditions, mixtures are produced whose composition is dependent on pH and may vary from that corresponding to essentially complete ring opening to complete closure. Ring closure equilibrium constants were calculated, and the influence of methyl substitution was determined. Substitution of a methyl group for an amido hydrogen in the open form results in a fivefold increase in this constant. Methylation of the terminal amino group, however, did not cause a corresponding increase and may not significantly affect equilibrium.", "contents": "Equilibrium reaction of pyrazolodiazepinones in aqueous solution. This study of the behavior of some pyrazolodiazepinones in aqueous solution at near ambient temperature indicated that they form stable equilibrium mixtures consisting of ring and opened forms. Under isothermal conditions, mixtures are produced whose composition is dependent on pH and may vary from that corresponding to essentially complete ring opening to complete closure. Ring closure equilibrium constants were calculated, and the influence of methyl substitution was determined. Substitution of a methyl group for an amido hydrogen in the open form results in a fivefold increase in this constant. Methylation of the terminal amino group, however, did not cause a corresponding increase and may not significantly affect equilibrium."}
{"id": "PMID:925935", "title": "Thebaine content of selections of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. at different ages.", "content": "Approximately 200 accessions of Papaver species were evaluated for identification as P. bracteatum Lindl. and for thebaine content. Fifteen authentic P. bracteatum accessions were selected on the basis of chromosome count. Statistical analyses of variation in alkaloid content were made for these accessions. Four of the 15 warranted further study based on the vigor of the plant and the total thebaine present in the tissue. Significant variability in thebaine content was found in wild strains of P. bracteatum, thus requiring genetic selection studies. The data showed that total yield potential of thebain should be considered in selecting P. bracteatum strains for commercial growth rather than concentrating on strains that produce the highest thebaine concentrations. A method for the quantitative estimation of thebaine from P. bracteatum is presented.", "contents": "Thebaine content of selections of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. at different ages. Approximately 200 accessions of Papaver species were evaluated for identification as P. bracteatum Lindl. and for thebaine content. Fifteen authentic P. bracteatum accessions were selected on the basis of chromosome count. Statistical analyses of variation in alkaloid content were made for these accessions. Four of the 15 warranted further study based on the vigor of the plant and the total thebaine present in the tissue. Significant variability in thebaine content was found in wild strains of P. bracteatum, thus requiring genetic selection studies. The data showed that total yield potential of thebain should be considered in selecting P. bracteatum strains for commercial growth rather than concentrating on strains that produce the highest thebaine concentrations. A method for the quantitative estimation of thebaine from P. bracteatum is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:925937", "title": "Contaminants in commercial dapsone.", "content": "Three contaminants commonly found in commercial dapsone were identified as 2,4'-sulfonylbis(benzeneamine), 4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzeneamine, and 4-(4'-chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzeneamine. The identities were based on the spectral analysis and unambiguous synthesis of each compound. Solvent-free, pure dapsone was prepared by recrystallization from chloroform.", "contents": "Contaminants in commercial dapsone. Three contaminants commonly found in commercial dapsone were identified as 2,4'-sulfonylbis(benzeneamine), 4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzeneamine, and 4-(4'-chlorophenylsulfonyl)benzeneamine. The identities were based on the spectral analysis and unambiguous synthesis of each compound. Solvent-free, pure dapsone was prepared by recrystallization from chloroform."}
{"id": "PMID:925938", "title": "Evaluation of teratogenic potential codeine sulfate in CF-1 mice.", "content": "The most prominent defect of codeine sulfate, 100 mg/kg sc, was delayed ossification of the supraoccipital bone, paws, xiphoid, and sternebrae as well as other sternebral defects such as checkerboard sternebrae and polysternebrae. Although these anomalies were similar to the minor defects seen in the fetuses of morphine sulfate-treated mice, the major anomalies such as exencephaly, cryptorchid testes, and rib and vertebral fusions produced by morphine were not present in the fetuses of mice challenged with codeine. Thus, codeine sulfate appears to be less teratogenic than morphine sulfate. A review of the incidences of the various defects in mice treated on a single day with codeine showed that there was a range of days on which the mouse fetus was susceptible to codeine's teratogenic effects, with the most critical days of gestation being Days 8-10. Furthermore, a comparison of the defects that occurred in those treated on both Days 8 and 9 with the defects that occurred in those treated on a single day of gestation reveals an additive or cumulative teratogenic response to codeine.", "contents": "Evaluation of teratogenic potential codeine sulfate in CF-1 mice. The most prominent defect of codeine sulfate, 100 mg/kg sc, was delayed ossification of the supraoccipital bone, paws, xiphoid, and sternebrae as well as other sternebral defects such as checkerboard sternebrae and polysternebrae. Although these anomalies were similar to the minor defects seen in the fetuses of morphine sulfate-treated mice, the major anomalies such as exencephaly, cryptorchid testes, and rib and vertebral fusions produced by morphine were not present in the fetuses of mice challenged with codeine. Thus, codeine sulfate appears to be less teratogenic than morphine sulfate. A review of the incidences of the various defects in mice treated on a single day with codeine showed that there was a range of days on which the mouse fetus was susceptible to codeine's teratogenic effects, with the most critical days of gestation being Days 8-10. Furthermore, a comparison of the defects that occurred in those treated on both Days 8 and 9 with the defects that occurred in those treated on a single day of gestation reveals an additive or cumulative teratogenic response to codeine."}
{"id": "PMID:925939", "title": "GLC determination of urinary chlorthalidone levels.", "content": "A sensitive and specific GLC method for the determination of urinary chlorthalidone levels was developed using on-column methylation. Chlorthalidone is converted to a tetramethylated derivative with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol. This method which permits the determination of as little as 0.1 microgram of chlorthalidone/ml of dog urine, should be adequate for use with human subjects receiving a clinical dose.", "contents": "GLC determination of urinary chlorthalidone levels. A sensitive and specific GLC method for the determination of urinary chlorthalidone levels was developed using on-column methylation. Chlorthalidone is converted to a tetramethylated derivative with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in methanol. This method which permits the determination of as little as 0.1 microgram of chlorthalidone/ml of dog urine, should be adequate for use with human subjects receiving a clinical dose."}
{"id": "PMID:925940", "title": "Progesterone retention by rat uterus I. Pharmacokinetics after uterine intraluminal instillation.", "content": "Tritium-labeled progesterone was administered to mature female rats in the proestrous stage by three different routes, gastric intubation, subcutaneous injection, and uterine intraluminal instillation, to study the kinetics involved in the uptake and retention of radioactivity by the uterus and various other tissues. Progesterone was retained at a much higher level and for a more prolonged period in the rat uterus after uterine intraluminal instillation. Progesterone bioavailability to the uterus was 45 times higher by uterine intraluminal instillation than by either gastric intubation or subcutaneous injection. Progesterone absorption by the rat endometrium was extremely fast. The observed biphasic decrease of radioactivity from the uterine tissue was explained adequately by a pharmacokinetic model in which progesterone is assumed to be present in two compartments within the uterine tissue. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the progesterone biological half-life in the uterine tissue during the alpha-phase was about 6.5 min while that in the beta-phase was about 230 min.", "contents": "Progesterone retention by rat uterus I. Pharmacokinetics after uterine intraluminal instillation. Tritium-labeled progesterone was administered to mature female rats in the proestrous stage by three different routes, gastric intubation, subcutaneous injection, and uterine intraluminal instillation, to study the kinetics involved in the uptake and retention of radioactivity by the uterus and various other tissues. Progesterone was retained at a much higher level and for a more prolonged period in the rat uterus after uterine intraluminal instillation. Progesterone bioavailability to the uterus was 45 times higher by uterine intraluminal instillation than by either gastric intubation or subcutaneous injection. Progesterone absorption by the rat endometrium was extremely fast. The observed biphasic decrease of radioactivity from the uterine tissue was explained adequately by a pharmacokinetic model in which progesterone is assumed to be present in two compartments within the uterine tissue. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the progesterone biological half-life in the uterine tissue during the alpha-phase was about 6.5 min while that in the beta-phase was about 230 min."}
{"id": "PMID:925941", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of methadone hydrochloride oral solution.", "content": "A direct and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for methadone hydrochloride in a flavored oral solution dosage form is described. A syrup sample, one part diluted with three parts of water, is introduced onto a column packed with octadecylsilane bonded on 10 micrometer porous silica gel (reversed phase). A formic acid-ammonium formate-buffered mobile phase is linear programmed with acetonitrile. The absorbance is monitored continuously at 280 or 254 nm, using a flow-through, UV, double-beam photometer. An aqueous methadone hydrochloride solution is used for external standardization. The relative standard deviation was not more than 1.0%. Drug recovery from a syrup base was better than 99.8%.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of methadone hydrochloride oral solution. A direct and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for methadone hydrochloride in a flavored oral solution dosage form is described. A syrup sample, one part diluted with three parts of water, is introduced onto a column packed with octadecylsilane bonded on 10 micrometer porous silica gel (reversed phase). A formic acid-ammonium formate-buffered mobile phase is linear programmed with acetonitrile. The absorbance is monitored continuously at 280 or 254 nm, using a flow-through, UV, double-beam photometer. An aqueous methadone hydrochloride solution is used for external standardization. The relative standard deviation was not more than 1.0%. Drug recovery from a syrup base was better than 99.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:925942", "title": "Prednisolone bioavailability in the dog.", "content": "With a fasted dog as an animal model, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of prednisolone were studied following rapid intravenous injection and oral dosing of a prednisolone sodium phosphate solution and also following oral doses of prednisolone as tablets and a slurry. Hydrolysis of the phosphate ester to prednisolone in the body is extremely rapid and complete, thus permitting accurate calculation of the distribution volume of prednisolone. Enteral absorption of prednisolone from a slurry is superior to that from prednisolone tablets and from a prednisolone sodium phosphate solution. Reduced absorption from tablets, compared to the slurry, is probably due to tablet disintegration characteristics; reduced absorption from the solution is probably due to poor membrane permeability of the ionized drug. Information obtained from a single animal may indicate the need for expanded studies in humans.", "contents": "Prednisolone bioavailability in the dog. With a fasted dog as an animal model, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of prednisolone were studied following rapid intravenous injection and oral dosing of a prednisolone sodium phosphate solution and also following oral doses of prednisolone as tablets and a slurry. Hydrolysis of the phosphate ester to prednisolone in the body is extremely rapid and complete, thus permitting accurate calculation of the distribution volume of prednisolone. Enteral absorption of prednisolone from a slurry is superior to that from prednisolone tablets and from a prednisolone sodium phosphate solution. Reduced absorption from tablets, compared to the slurry, is probably due to tablet disintegration characteristics; reduced absorption from the solution is probably due to poor membrane permeability of the ionized drug. Information obtained from a single animal may indicate the need for expanded studies in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:925943", "title": "Teratogenicity of zinc chloride, 1,10-phenanthroline, and a zinc-1,10-phenanthroline complex in mice.", "content": "Zinc chloride, in single doses of 12.5, 20.5 and 25 mg/kg ip on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation in CF-1 albino mice, produced skeletal anomalies without accompanying soft tissue defects. Ripple ribs, the most unusual anomaly, first appeared when the zinc salt was given on Day 9  of gestation in a dose of 20.5 mg/kg, becoming more prevalent when 25 mg/kg of the drug was administered on Day 11.1,10-Phenanthroline, in single doses of 30 mg/kg ip on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation elicited skeletal defects comparable to those caused by zinc chloride as well as soft tissue anomalies, but a significant incidence of the former occurred with this agent only following its injection on Day 8 of gestation. A zinc-1,10-phenanthroline complex in single doses of 50 mg/kg on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation yielded significant incidences of skeletal and soft tissue anomalies only when the complex was administered on Day 8 or 9 of gestation. This dosage level was toxic to both the mother and fetus when given on Day 10 of gestation. However, when the complex was given on Day 8,9,10, or 11 in a dose of 25 mg/kg, neither toxic nor teratogenic effects were observed in the mother or fetus, respectively.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of zinc chloride, 1,10-phenanthroline, and a zinc-1,10-phenanthroline complex in mice. Zinc chloride, in single doses of 12.5, 20.5 and 25 mg/kg ip on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation in CF-1 albino mice, produced skeletal anomalies without accompanying soft tissue defects. Ripple ribs, the most unusual anomaly, first appeared when the zinc salt was given on Day 9  of gestation in a dose of 20.5 mg/kg, becoming more prevalent when 25 mg/kg of the drug was administered on Day 11.1,10-Phenanthroline, in single doses of 30 mg/kg ip on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation elicited skeletal defects comparable to those caused by zinc chloride as well as soft tissue anomalies, but a significant incidence of the former occurred with this agent only following its injection on Day 8 of gestation. A zinc-1,10-phenanthroline complex in single doses of 50 mg/kg on Day 8,9,10, or 11 of gestation yielded significant incidences of skeletal and soft tissue anomalies only when the complex was administered on Day 8 or 9 of gestation. This dosage level was toxic to both the mother and fetus when given on Day 10 of gestation. However, when the complex was given on Day 8,9,10, or 11 in a dose of 25 mg/kg, neither toxic nor teratogenic effects were observed in the mother or fetus, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:925944", "title": "Determination of time course of tablet disintegration I: numerical method.", "content": "A method is described for determining the time course of tabled disintegration. It involves a numerical analysis of the experimental dissolution profile of a tablet and the dissolution characteristics of the primary drug particles in the tablet. The disintegration profile is determined for an acetaminophen tablet to demonstrate the application of the method. Tablet dissolution is simulated with the disintegration-dissolution model, and the interrelationship between the two fundamental processes is studied theoretically by varying the parameters describing the two processes.", "contents": "Determination of time course of tablet disintegration I: numerical method. A method is described for determining the time course of tabled disintegration. It involves a numerical analysis of the experimental dissolution profile of a tablet and the dissolution characteristics of the primary drug particles in the tablet. The disintegration profile is determined for an acetaminophen tablet to demonstrate the application of the method. Tablet dissolution is simulated with the disintegration-dissolution model, and the interrelationship between the two fundamental processes is studied theoretically by varying the parameters describing the two processes."}
{"id": "PMID:925945", "title": "Bioavailability of three isoniazid formulations.", "content": "The bioavailability of three isoniazid formulations was assessed using a procedure specific for the free drug. Nine human volunteers, all slow acetylators, were each given 4 X 100 mg of isoniazid of three different tablet formulations at weekly intervals; the plasma drug levels were measured at different times during the first 24 hr. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) were detected among the three products as to relative bioavailability, peak plasma concentrations, Cmax, and the time of Cmax, tmax. Analysis of variance of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained according to a one-compartment open model did not demonstrate any significant formulation or time effect but revealed a significant intersubject variation in all parameters involved.", "contents": "Bioavailability of three isoniazid formulations. The bioavailability of three isoniazid formulations was assessed using a procedure specific for the free drug. Nine human volunteers, all slow acetylators, were each given 4 X 100 mg of isoniazid of three different tablet formulations at weekly intervals; the plasma drug levels were measured at different times during the first 24 hr. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) were detected among the three products as to relative bioavailability, peak plasma concentrations, Cmax, and the time of Cmax, tmax. Analysis of variance of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained according to a one-compartment open model did not demonstrate any significant formulation or time effect but revealed a significant intersubject variation in all parameters involved."}
{"id": "PMID:925946", "title": "Influence of human skin surface lipids on protection time of topical mosquito repellent.", "content": "Skin surface lipids were extracted from volunteers who had been ranked according to the duration of protection from mosquitoes by diethyltoluamide. These lipids were analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry for their fatty acid contents. Correlations were found between total skin lipid content and protection time of diethyltoluamide and between certain fatty acid concentrations in the skin lipids and the protection time of diethyltoluamide.", "contents": "Influence of human skin surface lipids on protection time of topical mosquito repellent. Skin surface lipids were extracted from volunteers who had been ranked according to the duration of protection from mosquitoes by diethyltoluamide. These lipids were analyzed by GLC-mass spectrometry for their fatty acid contents. Correlations were found between total skin lipid content and protection time of diethyltoluamide and between certain fatty acid concentrations in the skin lipids and the protection time of diethyltoluamide."}
{"id": "PMID:925947", "title": "Gonadotropin-inhibitory contaminants in partially purified pharmaceutical preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "Various commercial preparations of partially purified human chorionic gonadotropin, inactivated by heating, inhibited the uterine growth induced in immature mice with the same active gonadotropins as well as spontaneous uterine growth. The more purified preparations of chorionic gonadotropin failed to produce these effects after inactivation by boiling, suggesting that the inhibitory activity is not generated from gonadotropin by the procedure but may be related to some contaminant similar to the gonadotropin-inhibitory substance previously found in human urine.", "contents": "Gonadotropin-inhibitory contaminants in partially purified pharmaceutical preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin. Various commercial preparations of partially purified human chorionic gonadotropin, inactivated by heating, inhibited the uterine growth induced in immature mice with the same active gonadotropins as well as spontaneous uterine growth. The more purified preparations of chorionic gonadotropin failed to produce these effects after inactivation by boiling, suggesting that the inhibitory activity is not generated from gonadotropin by the procedure but may be related to some contaminant similar to the gonadotropin-inhibitory substance previously found in human urine."}
{"id": "PMID:925948", "title": "Precautionary note for use of bisulfite in pharmaceutical formulations.", "content": "The effect of sodium bisulfite on aspirin hydrolysis was studied at 40 degrees in the pH range of 6.5-7.5. Significant catalytic activity by the sulfite ion was observed. Second-order rate constants were calculated for this catalysis and compared to other buffer species. The sulfite ion was a much more efficient catalyst than acetate, phosphate, or carbonate.", "contents": "Precautionary note for use of bisulfite in pharmaceutical formulations. The effect of sodium bisulfite on aspirin hydrolysis was studied at 40 degrees in the pH range of 6.5-7.5. Significant catalytic activity by the sulfite ion was observed. Second-order rate constants were calculated for this catalysis and compared to other buffer species. The sulfite ion was a much more efficient catalyst than acetate, phosphate, or carbonate."}
{"id": "PMID:925950", "title": "Viscosity and surface tension of dilute salicylic acid-cetrimide systems.", "content": "The viscosity and surface tension of systems containing small amounts of salicylic acid in aqueous solutions of cetrimide were determined. An abrupt increase in viscosity was observed, and the molar ratio of salicylic acid to certrimide at which this viscosity increase occurred was 1:2. The surface tension of these systems also increased sharply after an initial lowering. The salicylic acid concentration at which this behavior was demonstrated was almost the same as that at maximum solubility in the surfactant solution.", "contents": "Viscosity and surface tension of dilute salicylic acid-cetrimide systems. The viscosity and surface tension of systems containing small amounts of salicylic acid in aqueous solutions of cetrimide were determined. An abrupt increase in viscosity was observed, and the molar ratio of salicylic acid to certrimide at which this viscosity increase occurred was 1:2. The surface tension of these systems also increased sharply after an initial lowering. The salicylic acid concentration at which this behavior was demonstrated was almost the same as that at maximum solubility in the surfactant solution."}
{"id": "PMID:925951", "title": "Multiple sulfa compounds: high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay and mobile phase correlation.", "content": "A mixture of sulfacetamide, sulfathiazole, and sulfabenzamide was used to develop a rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay. In addition, this study provided a means to develop concepts relating solvent molar polarization parameters and retention times. A linear correlation between molar polarization and retention time was observed and will permit reasonably rapid predictions about the dependent variable.", "contents": "Multiple sulfa compounds: high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay and mobile phase correlation. A mixture of sulfacetamide, sulfathiazole, and sulfabenzamide was used to develop a rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay. In addition, this study provided a means to develop concepts relating solvent molar polarization parameters and retention times. A linear correlation between molar polarization and retention time was observed and will permit reasonably rapid predictions about the dependent variable."}
{"id": "PMID:925952", "title": "Fluorescence characteristics of azaperone and of an azaperone mononitrogen oxide.", "content": "The structure elucidation of the compound isolated after peroxide treatment of azaperone is described. A mononitrogen oxide was formed at the piperazine N1 atom after reaction with excess hydrogen peroxide. The fluorescence characteristics of derivative were examined and compared with the native fluorescence capacities of the azaperone base; both were identical, depending on the solvent nature. The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the fluorescent properties of the azaperone molecule are principally produced by its ortho-nitrogen substituted pyridine nucleus.", "contents": "Fluorescence characteristics of azaperone and of an azaperone mononitrogen oxide. The structure elucidation of the compound isolated after peroxide treatment of azaperone is described. A mononitrogen oxide was formed at the piperazine N1 atom after reaction with excess hydrogen peroxide. The fluorescence characteristics of derivative were examined and compared with the native fluorescence capacities of the azaperone base; both were identical, depending on the solvent nature. The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the fluorescent properties of the azaperone molecule are principally produced by its ortho-nitrogen substituted pyridine nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:925954", "title": "Stereoselective metabolism, pharmacokinetics and biliary elimination of phenylethylhydantoin (Nirvanol) in the dog.", "content": "The influence of stereoisomerism on pharmacokinetics and rates of hepatic drug metabolism was investigated in four dogs using the enantiomers of phenylethylhydantoin (PEH) as model substances. After single i.v. administration of 98 micromoles of the pure enantiomers per kg b.wt., concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The l-form exhibited a longer plasma half-life (23.3 +/- S.E. 1.0 hour) than the d-form (16.3 +/- 1.0 hour, P less than .005). Volumes of distribution and renal clearances were practically identical. The differences in plasma half-lives of PEH were explained by stereoselectivity of hepatic hydroxylation: an approximately 10-fold differences was found in urinary excretion of their major metabolities, d- and l-hydroxyphenylethylhydantoin (HPEH). Furthermore, in bile 7.3 +/- 1.6 mumol of of d-HPEH were eliminated within the first 6 hours, whereas l-HPEH could not be detected. The preference in biliary output of d- compared with l-PEH is consistent with the idea that both hepatic uptake and microsomal hydroxylation of PEH contribute to the high degree of stereoselectivity. In view of similar extrahepatic, but different metabolic behavior of these enantiomers, they represent an interesting research tool for in vivo studies of drug metabolism: in otherwise identical conditions, two different rates of PEH hydroxylation may be studied.", "contents": "Stereoselective metabolism, pharmacokinetics and biliary elimination of phenylethylhydantoin (Nirvanol) in the dog. The influence of stereoisomerism on pharmacokinetics and rates of hepatic drug metabolism was investigated in four dogs using the enantiomers of phenylethylhydantoin (PEH) as model substances. After single i.v. administration of 98 micromoles of the pure enantiomers per kg b.wt., concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The l-form exhibited a longer plasma half-life (23.3 +/- S.E. 1.0 hour) than the d-form (16.3 +/- 1.0 hour, P less than .005). Volumes of distribution and renal clearances were practically identical. The differences in plasma half-lives of PEH were explained by stereoselectivity of hepatic hydroxylation: an approximately 10-fold differences was found in urinary excretion of their major metabolities, d- and l-hydroxyphenylethylhydantoin (HPEH). Furthermore, in bile 7.3 +/- 1.6 mumol of of d-HPEH were eliminated within the first 6 hours, whereas l-HPEH could not be detected. The preference in biliary output of d- compared with l-PEH is consistent with the idea that both hepatic uptake and microsomal hydroxylation of PEH contribute to the high degree of stereoselectivity. In view of similar extrahepatic, but different metabolic behavior of these enantiomers, they represent an interesting research tool for in vivo studies of drug metabolism: in otherwise identical conditions, two different rates of PEH hydroxylation may be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:925955", "title": "Plasma protein binding and metabolic clearance of phenytoin in the rat.", "content": "The purpose [corrected] of this investigation was to determine the effects of certain changes in plasma protein binding on the disposition of phenytoin after i.v. administration in the rat. Treatment of rats with sulfisoxazole and oleic acid significantly reduced plasma protein binding of phenytoin. The displacement of phenytoin from plasma proteins by sulfisoxazole had no significant effect on the elimination of phenytoin whereas comparable displacement by oleic acid produced an increase in the apparent volume of distribution and a marked decrease in the metabolic clearance of the drug. A similar difference in metabolic clearance was noted when phenytoin elimination was determined as a function of the intrinsic ability of the rat to bind phenytoin in the plasma. Rats showing relatively high plasma protein binding of phenytoin cleared the drug much more rapidly than rats showing relatively low plasma protein binding of phenytoin. Assuming that an endogenous inhibitor is responsible for both the decreased plasma protein binding and decreased metabllic clearance of phenytoin in rats with an intrinsically reduced ability to bind phenytoin in plasma, this inhibitor is evidently similar to oleic acid in its effects.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding and metabolic clearance of phenytoin in the rat. The purpose [corrected] of this investigation was to determine the effects of certain changes in plasma protein binding on the disposition of phenytoin after i.v. administration in the rat. Treatment of rats with sulfisoxazole and oleic acid significantly reduced plasma protein binding of phenytoin. The displacement of phenytoin from plasma proteins by sulfisoxazole had no significant effect on the elimination of phenytoin whereas comparable displacement by oleic acid produced an increase in the apparent volume of distribution and a marked decrease in the metabolic clearance of the drug. A similar difference in metabolic clearance was noted when phenytoin elimination was determined as a function of the intrinsic ability of the rat to bind phenytoin in the plasma. Rats showing relatively high plasma protein binding of phenytoin cleared the drug much more rapidly than rats showing relatively low plasma protein binding of phenytoin. Assuming that an endogenous inhibitor is responsible for both the decreased plasma protein binding and decreased metabllic clearance of phenytoin in rats with an intrinsically reduced ability to bind phenytoin in plasma, this inhibitor is evidently similar to oleic acid in its effects."}
{"id": "PMID:925956", "title": "Effect of the duration of infusion on the disposition of lidocaine in dogs.", "content": "Lidocaine is a commonly used and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent whose pharmacokinetics after a rapid intravenous bolus injection have been extensively studied. Due to its short half-life, a continuous infusion of lidocaine is necessary whenever therapeutic blood levels need to be maintained for prolonged periods of time. Recent work in man has shown that the elimination of lidocaine is much slower after a prolonged infusion than after a bolus. We present the results of a pharmacokinetic study of the disposition of lidocaine after the discontinuation of short (90 minutes) and long (24 hours) intravenous infusions which demonstrate that in both cases the elimination of lidocaine is best explained by a two-compartment open model with elimination from the central compartment and that the longer half-life of lidocaine after a prolonged infusion is due to an impairment of its hepatic extraction. Lidocaine hepatic elimination data obtained at the end of short- and long-term infusions confirmed the inferences drawn from the pharmacokinetic analysis by demonstrating that a long-term infusion produces an important decrease in the arterial clearance and hepatic extraction rate of lidocaine.", "contents": "Effect of the duration of infusion on the disposition of lidocaine in dogs. Lidocaine is a commonly used and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent whose pharmacokinetics after a rapid intravenous bolus injection have been extensively studied. Due to its short half-life, a continuous infusion of lidocaine is necessary whenever therapeutic blood levels need to be maintained for prolonged periods of time. Recent work in man has shown that the elimination of lidocaine is much slower after a prolonged infusion than after a bolus. We present the results of a pharmacokinetic study of the disposition of lidocaine after the discontinuation of short (90 minutes) and long (24 hours) intravenous infusions which demonstrate that in both cases the elimination of lidocaine is best explained by a two-compartment open model with elimination from the central compartment and that the longer half-life of lidocaine after a prolonged infusion is due to an impairment of its hepatic extraction. Lidocaine hepatic elimination data obtained at the end of short- and long-term infusions confirmed the inferences drawn from the pharmacokinetic analysis by demonstrating that a long-term infusion produces an important decrease in the arterial clearance and hepatic extraction rate of lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:925957", "title": "Nitrous oxide analgesia: reversal by naloxone and development of tolerance.", "content": "The objective of this study was to characterize further the nature of nitrous oxide analgesia and to establish if tolerance to nitrous oxide occurs. Methods for studying the analgesic action of a gas are described. In mice, nitrous oxide is analgesic in the phenylquinone and acetic acid abdominal constriction tests. Aspirin and very high doses of alcohol are also active in these tests; however, only nitrous oxide-induced analgesia is antagonized by narcotic antagonists. These data indicate the mechanism of action of nitrous oxide analgesia differs from that of the other two drugs. Nitrous oxide produced a dose-related analgesic response in rats (ED50, 67%) as measured by the tail-flick method. Naloxone, 5 to 30 mg/kg, also antagonized nitrous oxide analgesia in rats. Lower doses of the antagonist were not effective. Tolerance developed to the effects of nitrous oxide in both rats and mice after prolonged exposure. These data lend support to the hypothesis that nitrous oxide and opiates have a significant pharmacologic resemblance and may ultimately produce similar molecular events in the brain leading to the relief of pain.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide analgesia: reversal by naloxone and development of tolerance. The objective of this study was to characterize further the nature of nitrous oxide analgesia and to establish if tolerance to nitrous oxide occurs. Methods for studying the analgesic action of a gas are described. In mice, nitrous oxide is analgesic in the phenylquinone and acetic acid abdominal constriction tests. Aspirin and very high doses of alcohol are also active in these tests; however, only nitrous oxide-induced analgesia is antagonized by narcotic antagonists. These data indicate the mechanism of action of nitrous oxide analgesia differs from that of the other two drugs. Nitrous oxide produced a dose-related analgesic response in rats (ED50, 67%) as measured by the tail-flick method. Naloxone, 5 to 30 mg/kg, also antagonized nitrous oxide analgesia in rats. Lower doses of the antagonist were not effective. Tolerance developed to the effects of nitrous oxide in both rats and mice after prolonged exposure. These data lend support to the hypothesis that nitrous oxide and opiates have a significant pharmacologic resemblance and may ultimately produce similar molecular events in the brain leading to the relief of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:925958", "title": "Autoradiographic localization of [3H]reserpine binding sites in rat brain.", "content": "[3H]Reserpine was administered (i.v.) to rats and they were killed 7 days later. At this time, the regional localization of radioactivity paralleled the distribution of specific binding sites observed in other laboratories. Autoradiographic studies of certain areas displayed a striking localization of radioactivity. There was a marked association of autoradiographic grains with areas containing catecholamine systems. In particular, the locus ceruleus, the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, the dorsolateral septum and the infundibulum had high grain densities. In the caudateputamen, there was a clear localization of grains to the neuropil. There was also a striking association of autoradiographic grains with certain hypothalamic nuclear, i.e., the dorsal premammillary nucleus, the prelateral mammillary nucleus and the lateral mammillary nucleus. In these areas, the grains were clearly localized in the cytoplasm of the cell bodies. All of the above localizations of autoradiographic grains were blocked by administration of unlabeled reserpine before injection of [3H]reserpine. The significance of these findings and their relationship to the clinical actions of reserpine are discussed.", "contents": "Autoradiographic localization of [3H]reserpine binding sites in rat brain. [3H]Reserpine was administered (i.v.) to rats and they were killed 7 days later. At this time, the regional localization of radioactivity paralleled the distribution of specific binding sites observed in other laboratories. Autoradiographic studies of certain areas displayed a striking localization of radioactivity. There was a marked association of autoradiographic grains with areas containing catecholamine systems. In particular, the locus ceruleus, the caudate-putamen, the nucleus accumbens, the dorsolateral septum and the infundibulum had high grain densities. In the caudateputamen, there was a clear localization of grains to the neuropil. There was also a striking association of autoradiographic grains with certain hypothalamic nuclear, i.e., the dorsal premammillary nucleus, the prelateral mammillary nucleus and the lateral mammillary nucleus. In these areas, the grains were clearly localized in the cytoplasm of the cell bodies. All of the above localizations of autoradiographic grains were blocked by administration of unlabeled reserpine before injection of [3H]reserpine. The significance of these findings and their relationship to the clinical actions of reserpine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:925959", "title": "Vesicular and juxtavesicular serotonin: effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and reserpine.", "content": "An extensive analysis of subcellular serotonin (5-HT) compartmentation with and without reserpine was undertaken in order to localize further the effect of LSD on rat brain 5-HT. Modification of the subfractionation procedure resulted in an increase in purity of fractions and a decrease in variability of 5-HT content. With the modified procedure, the administration of LSD produced a significant increase in 5-HT in the nerve-ending fraction prepared from rat whole brain. LSD caused a 50% increase in 5-HT in the vesicular fraction which was recovered after osmotic disruption of nerve-endings. The increase of 5-HT in the vesicular fraction after LSD was not demonstrable in rats treated with reserpine for as long as 2 weeks postreserpine. Instead, with reserpine pretreatment the LSD-induced increase in 5-HT was localized to the intrasynaptosomally derived \"end supernatant\" as early as 48 hours postreserpine. Thus, an unanticipated \"juxtavesicular\" site capable of 5-HT retention or binding was detected. In crude subcellular fractions, by contrast, significant increase in 5-HT were not observed with LSD administration until 4 days after reserpine, at which time at least a 50% 5-HT repletion had occurred. This study of drug interactions suggests a juxtavesicular compartment that may be of functional importance in presynaptic binding or transport of 5-HT.", "contents": "Vesicular and juxtavesicular serotonin: effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and reserpine. An extensive analysis of subcellular serotonin (5-HT) compartmentation with and without reserpine was undertaken in order to localize further the effect of LSD on rat brain 5-HT. Modification of the subfractionation procedure resulted in an increase in purity of fractions and a decrease in variability of 5-HT content. With the modified procedure, the administration of LSD produced a significant increase in 5-HT in the nerve-ending fraction prepared from rat whole brain. LSD caused a 50% increase in 5-HT in the vesicular fraction which was recovered after osmotic disruption of nerve-endings. The increase of 5-HT in the vesicular fraction after LSD was not demonstrable in rats treated with reserpine for as long as 2 weeks postreserpine. Instead, with reserpine pretreatment the LSD-induced increase in 5-HT was localized to the intrasynaptosomally derived \"end supernatant\" as early as 48 hours postreserpine. Thus, an unanticipated \"juxtavesicular\" site capable of 5-HT retention or binding was detected. In crude subcellular fractions, by contrast, significant increase in 5-HT were not observed with LSD administration until 4 days after reserpine, at which time at least a 50% 5-HT repletion had occurred. This study of drug interactions suggests a juxtavesicular compartment that may be of functional importance in presynaptic binding or transport of 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:925960", "title": "Adrenal origin of the increase in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase and catecholamines induced by hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs.", "content": "Controlled hemorrhagic hypotension in anesthetized dogs causes progressive increases in dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and catecholamine (CA) plasma levels and in heart rate. The concentration (units per milliliter) and the calculated total plasma content of DBH activity [(units circulating + reservoir + samples] increased 2.6 and 2.3 times, respectively. A significant positive correlation (P less than .001) was found between the plasma levels of DBH and CA; however, the CA plasma levels increased earlier and were of greater magnitude (10-fold) than those of DBH. These results suggest that CAs are more sensitive indicators of acute changes in adrenergic activity than DBH. Surgical bilateral adrenalectomy completely abolished the increases in circulating CA and DBH levels and in heart rate induced by the hemorrhage, independently of the percentage of blood removed. These results indicate that the adrenal glands contribute almost exclusively to the rise in plasma DBH and CA caused by the bleeding stress and that high circulating CA concentrations seem to account for the tachycardia that accompanies the hemorrhagic hypotension. The infusion of the reservoir blood with a lower DBH and CA content than that present in the animal at that time produced a rapid fall in circulating CA levels (59.2 +/- 8.9 to 10.8 +/- 3.3 ng/ml) and no change in the DBH concentration (5.43 +/- 0.42 and 5.40 +/- 0.53 U/ml). A 38% increase in the calculated total plasma content of DBH occurred with the transfusion. Due to the large size of the DBH molecules, trapping in tissues during the hemorrhagic hypotension period might have occurred. The improvement in the hemodynamic conditions caused by the transfusion would facilitate the washout of the enzyme from the tissues into the circulation.", "contents": "Adrenal origin of the increase in plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase and catecholamines induced by hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. Controlled hemorrhagic hypotension in anesthetized dogs causes progressive increases in dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and catecholamine (CA) plasma levels and in heart rate. The concentration (units per milliliter) and the calculated total plasma content of DBH activity [(units circulating + reservoir + samples] increased 2.6 and 2.3 times, respectively. A significant positive correlation (P less than .001) was found between the plasma levels of DBH and CA; however, the CA plasma levels increased earlier and were of greater magnitude (10-fold) than those of DBH. These results suggest that CAs are more sensitive indicators of acute changes in adrenergic activity than DBH. Surgical bilateral adrenalectomy completely abolished the increases in circulating CA and DBH levels and in heart rate induced by the hemorrhage, independently of the percentage of blood removed. These results indicate that the adrenal glands contribute almost exclusively to the rise in plasma DBH and CA caused by the bleeding stress and that high circulating CA concentrations seem to account for the tachycardia that accompanies the hemorrhagic hypotension. The infusion of the reservoir blood with a lower DBH and CA content than that present in the animal at that time produced a rapid fall in circulating CA levels (59.2 +/- 8.9 to 10.8 +/- 3.3 ng/ml) and no change in the DBH concentration (5.43 +/- 0.42 and 5.40 +/- 0.53 U/ml). A 38% increase in the calculated total plasma content of DBH occurred with the transfusion. Due to the large size of the DBH molecules, trapping in tissues during the hemorrhagic hypotension period might have occurred. The improvement in the hemodynamic conditions caused by the transfusion would facilitate the washout of the enzyme from the tissues into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:925961", "title": "The effect of monoamine oxidase and catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors on the accumulation and metabolism of [l-3H] norepinephrine by the adventitia and media of rabbit aorta.", "content": "The effects of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on the accumulation and metabolism of [l-3H] norepinephrine ([l-3H]NE) were studied in the isolated adventitia and media of rabbit aorta. The COMT inhibitors produced a greater inhibition of O-methylation in the isolated media than in the isolated adventitia. In addition, exposure to these drugs was associated with an increased level of [l-3H]NE and increased formation of the catechol deaminated metabolites by the isolated media but not by the isolated adventitia. The effects of these drugs on the balance of the oxidized vs. reduced forms of the deaminated metabolites was interpreted to mean that 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol is formed from normetanephrine rather than from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylglycol whereas 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid is formed from 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylglycol does not seem to serve as a substrate for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol becuase it rapidly passes out of the tissue after it is formed. Parglyline and iproniazid markedly decreased deamination of [l-3H]NE and increased the tissue level of [l-3H]NE. However, these drugs produced little if any compensatory increase in O-methylation of [l-3H]NE. The effects of these drugs are compatible with the hypothesis that adrenergic nerves contain MAO and vascular smooth muscle contains MAO and COMT. Harmaline seemed to block both MAO and COMT. Based on the effects of clorgyline and deprenyl and the other MAO inhibitors tested, the isolated adventitia seems to contain primarily type A MAO and the isolated media seems to contain primarily type B MAO.", "contents": "The effect of monoamine oxidase and catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitors on the accumulation and metabolism of [l-3H] norepinephrine by the adventitia and media of rabbit aorta. The effects of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors on the accumulation and metabolism of [l-3H] norepinephrine ([l-3H]NE) were studied in the isolated adventitia and media of rabbit aorta. The COMT inhibitors produced a greater inhibition of O-methylation in the isolated media than in the isolated adventitia. In addition, exposure to these drugs was associated with an increased level of [l-3H]NE and increased formation of the catechol deaminated metabolites by the isolated media but not by the isolated adventitia. The effects of these drugs on the balance of the oxidized vs. reduced forms of the deaminated metabolites was interpreted to mean that 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol is formed from normetanephrine rather than from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylglycol whereas 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid is formed from 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethylglycol does not seem to serve as a substrate for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylglycol becuase it rapidly passes out of the tissue after it is formed. Parglyline and iproniazid markedly decreased deamination of [l-3H]NE and increased the tissue level of [l-3H]NE. However, these drugs produced little if any compensatory increase in O-methylation of [l-3H]NE. The effects of these drugs are compatible with the hypothesis that adrenergic nerves contain MAO and vascular smooth muscle contains MAO and COMT. Harmaline seemed to block both MAO and COMT. Based on the effects of clorgyline and deprenyl and the other MAO inhibitors tested, the isolated adventitia seems to contain primarily type A MAO and the isolated media seems to contain primarily type B MAO."}
{"id": "PMID:925962", "title": "Studies on the uptake and binding of propranolol by rat tissues.", "content": "The tissue distribution of propranolol after i.v. administration (1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) was studied in rats. Lung, brain and kidney showed extensive propranolol tissue binding. Propranolol uptake by lung seemed to be a saturable process. In contrast to the above tissues, liver propranolol concentrations remained low over the time period of study. An increase in the propranolol T1/2 was noted at the high dose and seemed to result from reduced systemic clearance and an increase in the apparent volume of distribution. Microsomal and mitochondrial fractions from several tissues contained substantial amounts of propranolol after i.v. administration and in vitro incubation with homogenates. Cytosol proteins did not bind significant amounts of propranolol. Equilibrium dialysis studies with rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions revealed both high affinity, low capacity propranolol binding sites and low affinity, high capacity sites. At low concentrations, propranolol interaction with rat liver microsomes produced a type I difference spectrum with high affinity binding of similar magnitude to that observed with equilibrium dialysis. Higher concentrations of propranolol produced a saturable shift in the difference spectra with reduced binding affinity for propranolol. Results from these studies indicate that particulate fractions from several tissues contribute to the extensive tissue binding of propranolol.", "contents": "Studies on the uptake and binding of propranolol by rat tissues. The tissue distribution of propranolol after i.v. administration (1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg) was studied in rats. Lung, brain and kidney showed extensive propranolol tissue binding. Propranolol uptake by lung seemed to be a saturable process. In contrast to the above tissues, liver propranolol concentrations remained low over the time period of study. An increase in the propranolol T1/2 was noted at the high dose and seemed to result from reduced systemic clearance and an increase in the apparent volume of distribution. Microsomal and mitochondrial fractions from several tissues contained substantial amounts of propranolol after i.v. administration and in vitro incubation with homogenates. Cytosol proteins did not bind significant amounts of propranolol. Equilibrium dialysis studies with rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal fractions revealed both high affinity, low capacity propranolol binding sites and low affinity, high capacity sites. At low concentrations, propranolol interaction with rat liver microsomes produced a type I difference spectrum with high affinity binding of similar magnitude to that observed with equilibrium dialysis. Higher concentrations of propranolol produced a saturable shift in the difference spectra with reduced binding affinity for propranolol. Results from these studies indicate that particulate fractions from several tissues contribute to the extensive tissue binding of propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:925965", "title": "Pharmacologic stimulation of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate production in vivo.", "content": "The ability of phosphate alone and in combination with sodium bicarbonate, vitamin C and pyruvate to elevate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels was examined in normal human subjects in vivo. Statistically significant increases in DPG levels were  noted (P less than .001) for all regimens pooled. Average rise in DPG levels reached 6% above pretreatment levels after 2 to 3 days of treatment. No changes in DPG levels were detectable in a group of control subjects over the same time period. Variation among pharmacologic trials and among subjects within trials in the actual magnitude of DPG build-up was marked. Significant differences could not be detected among the pharmacologic regimens in their ability to produce DPG increases. Previous reports suggested the use of these agents to stimulate red cell glycolysis but it seems that their effects and the mechanisms of glycolytic control in vivo are considerably more complex than has been previously suggested.", "contents": "Pharmacologic stimulation of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate production in vivo. The ability of phosphate alone and in combination with sodium bicarbonate, vitamin C and pyruvate to elevate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels was examined in normal human subjects in vivo. Statistically significant increases in DPG levels were  noted (P less than .001) for all regimens pooled. Average rise in DPG levels reached 6% above pretreatment levels after 2 to 3 days of treatment. No changes in DPG levels were detectable in a group of control subjects over the same time period. Variation among pharmacologic trials and among subjects within trials in the actual magnitude of DPG build-up was marked. Significant differences could not be detected among the pharmacologic regimens in their ability to produce DPG increases. Previous reports suggested the use of these agents to stimulate red cell glycolysis but it seems that their effects and the mechanisms of glycolytic control in vivo are considerably more complex than has been previously suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:925966", "title": "Effect of ring substitution on the metabolic fate and anti-inflammatory activity of some prodolic acid analogs.", "content": "Prodolic acid, 1-n-propyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant arthritic rats. The potency of prodolic acid is enhanced by indole ring substitution. This increase correlated well with higher and sustained drug concentrations in the serum of normal animals. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that ring substitution prolonged the serum half-life without affecting the absorption or volume of distribution. Because, in the rat, indole ring hydroxylation is a major pathway for the disposition of prodolic acid, we ascribe the increased pharmacological activity of ring substituted derivatives to the interference of substituents with the hydroxylation reaction.", "contents": "Effect of ring substitution on the metabolic fate and anti-inflammatory activity of some prodolic acid analogs. Prodolic acid, 1-n-propyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant arthritic rats. The potency of prodolic acid is enhanced by indole ring substitution. This increase correlated well with higher and sustained drug concentrations in the serum of normal animals. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that ring substitution prolonged the serum half-life without affecting the absorption or volume of distribution. Because, in the rat, indole ring hydroxylation is a major pathway for the disposition of prodolic acid, we ascribe the increased pharmacological activity of ring substituted derivatives to the interference of substituents with the hydroxylation reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:925985", "title": "Kinetics of glucose transport by the perfused mid-gut of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenberg ii.", "content": "1. Mucosal influx of [3H]glucose was examined in the mid-gut of a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using an in vitro perfusion technique. 2. [3H]glucose transfer across the apical cell membrane of the epithelium exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Jmax.in = 0-15 mumole glucose  equiv/g. min, Kt = 0-17 mM). Under Na-free conditions, glucose influx was significantly reduced and a linear function of substrate concentration, indicative of either slow cellular diffusion (KD = 7-6 X 10(3) mumole glucose equiv/g. min. mM) or a facilitated process with a low carrier affinity for the sugar. 3. Phlorizin was a potent competitive inhibitor of glucose influx (K1 = 3-6 X10(-3) mM), galactose and 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG) were weak inhibitors, and fructose had no evident effect on glucose uptake. Azide, but not iodoacetate (IAA), significantly depressed influx. 4. Absorbed [3H]glucose was rapidly metabolized by the mid-gut. The majority of accumulated activity within the tissue was in the form of phosphorylated compounds and tritiated water (THO), while only 0-3% was recovered as a free-glucose. 5. Preliminary studies examining transmural [3-H]glucose transport, however, demonstrated a significant net mucosal to serosal free-glucose flux across the prawn mid-gut which was Na-dependent and IAA- and phlorizin-sensitive. Two alternative interpretations of the data are advanced as possible mechanisms for transepithelial glucose transport: (1) group translocation, or (2) the operation of an energized, high affinity, baso-lateral sugar transport carrier.", "contents": "Kinetics of glucose transport by the perfused mid-gut of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenberg ii. 1. Mucosal influx of [3H]glucose was examined in the mid-gut of a freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using an in vitro perfusion technique. 2. [3H]glucose transfer across the apical cell membrane of the epithelium exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Jmax.in = 0-15 mumole glucose  equiv/g. min, Kt = 0-17 mM). Under Na-free conditions, glucose influx was significantly reduced and a linear function of substrate concentration, indicative of either slow cellular diffusion (KD = 7-6 X 10(3) mumole glucose equiv/g. min. mM) or a facilitated process with a low carrier affinity for the sugar. 3. Phlorizin was a potent competitive inhibitor of glucose influx (K1 = 3-6 X10(-3) mM), galactose and 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG) were weak inhibitors, and fructose had no evident effect on glucose uptake. Azide, but not iodoacetate (IAA), significantly depressed influx. 4. Absorbed [3H]glucose was rapidly metabolized by the mid-gut. The majority of accumulated activity within the tissue was in the form of phosphorylated compounds and tritiated water (THO), while only 0-3% was recovered as a free-glucose. 5. Preliminary studies examining transmural [3-H]glucose transport, however, demonstrated a significant net mucosal to serosal free-glucose flux across the prawn mid-gut which was Na-dependent and IAA- and phlorizin-sensitive. Two alternative interpretations of the data are advanced as possible mechanisms for transepithelial glucose transport: (1) group translocation, or (2) the operation of an energized, high affinity, baso-lateral sugar transport carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:925987", "title": "The response of Golgi tendon organs to single motor unit contractions.", "content": "1. Cross-correlation analysis has been used to quantify the responses of cat soleus tendon organs to repetitive twitch contractions of: (a) different motor units within the muscle, (b) single motor units at different muscle lengths, and (c) single motor units when the pulse-train pattern of stimulation delivered to the motor unit axon was altered. 2. Ib afferents were observed which responded to each of several hundred successive motor unit twitches with identical numbers of spikes and with relatively invariant latencies. 3. The present results show that tendon organs are sensitive to subtle alterations in motor unit twitch wave form and amplitude, and that this sensitivity is reflected in the precise timings of their afferent discharge. 4. Examination of these tendon organ responses indicates that the forces produced by single motor units couples to the receptor capsule are well above threshold. Calculations based on these results, and earlier soleus motor unit and muscle fibre data, suggest that the absolute force threshold for tendon  organs may be as little as 4 mg, which is less than the estimated minimum twitch force generated by individual soleus muscle fibres. 5. Considering the number of tendon organs in a muscle, and the likelihood that every motor unit is connected with at least one receptor, the sensitivity of tendon organs ensures that every twitch of every motor unit will be reflected in the population of afferent signals projecting to the spinal cord.", "contents": "The response of Golgi tendon organs to single motor unit contractions. 1. Cross-correlation analysis has been used to quantify the responses of cat soleus tendon organs to repetitive twitch contractions of: (a) different motor units within the muscle, (b) single motor units at different muscle lengths, and (c) single motor units when the pulse-train pattern of stimulation delivered to the motor unit axon was altered. 2. Ib afferents were observed which responded to each of several hundred successive motor unit twitches with identical numbers of spikes and with relatively invariant latencies. 3. The present results show that tendon organs are sensitive to subtle alterations in motor unit twitch wave form and amplitude, and that this sensitivity is reflected in the precise timings of their afferent discharge. 4. Examination of these tendon organ responses indicates that the forces produced by single motor units couples to the receptor capsule are well above threshold. Calculations based on these results, and earlier soleus motor unit and muscle fibre data, suggest that the absolute force threshold for tendon  organs may be as little as 4 mg, which is less than the estimated minimum twitch force generated by individual soleus muscle fibres. 5. Considering the number of tendon organs in a muscle, and the likelihood that every motor unit is connected with at least one receptor, the sensitivity of tendon organs ensures that every twitch of every motor unit will be reflected in the population of afferent signals projecting to the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:926000", "title": "Sodium chloride transport across the chicken coprodeum. Basic characteristics and dependence on sodium chloride intake.", "content": "1. The transport characteristics of the chicken coprodeum have been examined in vitro using the isolated mucosa. The short-circuit current (I(sc)), the transepithelial electrical potential difference (p.d.), the unidirectional transmural fluxes (J(ms), J(sm)) of sodium and chloride measured in the short-circuited state, and the unidirectional influx of sodium and chloride across the brush border membrane measured under open-circuit conditions have been studied. The effect of the sodium chloride contents of the diet on these parameters have been investigated.2. The isolated mucosa depends functionally on the presence of glucose in the incubation media. This dependence reflects the need of glucose as a fuel. There is no indication of coupling between transport of sugars and sodium across the brush border membrane. For preparations from chickens on a low sodium diet a very high and stable I(sc) can quantitatively be accounted for by the net transport of sodium. Influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is not significantly different from the net flux of sodium. By feeding the chickens a high sodium diet the I(sc) is reduced by more than 95%, the net transport of sodium is abolished, and the transepithelial electrical conductance is reduced by more than 50%.3. Both unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of chloride, and the serosa to mucosa flux of sodium appear to proceed through a paracellular shunt.4. Under the conditions of the low sodium diet the paracellular pathway appears to be anion selective. Whereas, under the conditions of the high sodium regimen the paracellular route appears to be cation selective. After adaptation to a high sodium diet the influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is only moderately reduced. Consequently the decisive event in the adaptation must be localized elsewhere.", "contents": "Sodium chloride transport across the chicken coprodeum. Basic characteristics and dependence on sodium chloride intake. 1. The transport characteristics of the chicken coprodeum have been examined in vitro using the isolated mucosa. The short-circuit current (I(sc)), the transepithelial electrical potential difference (p.d.), the unidirectional transmural fluxes (J(ms), J(sm)) of sodium and chloride measured in the short-circuited state, and the unidirectional influx of sodium and chloride across the brush border membrane measured under open-circuit conditions have been studied. The effect of the sodium chloride contents of the diet on these parameters have been investigated.2. The isolated mucosa depends functionally on the presence of glucose in the incubation media. This dependence reflects the need of glucose as a fuel. There is no indication of coupling between transport of sugars and sodium across the brush border membrane. For preparations from chickens on a low sodium diet a very high and stable I(sc) can quantitatively be accounted for by the net transport of sodium. Influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is not significantly different from the net flux of sodium. By feeding the chickens a high sodium diet the I(sc) is reduced by more than 95%, the net transport of sodium is abolished, and the transepithelial electrical conductance is reduced by more than 50%.3. Both unidirectional transepithelial fluxes of chloride, and the serosa to mucosa flux of sodium appear to proceed through a paracellular shunt.4. Under the conditions of the low sodium diet the paracellular pathway appears to be anion selective. Whereas, under the conditions of the high sodium regimen the paracellular route appears to be cation selective. After adaptation to a high sodium diet the influx of sodium across the brush border membrane is only moderately reduced. Consequently the decisive event in the adaptation must be localized elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:926004", "title": "Properties of isolated adult rat muscle fibres maintained in tissue culture.", "content": "1. Adult rat skeletal muscles were dissociated by collagenase treatment and trituration, and the isolated muscle fibres were maintained in vitro for 2-3 weeks. At various stages, the fibres were examined physiologically and morphologically. 2. The isolated fibres underwent some changes characteristic of muscle denervated in vivo. For instance, input resistance increased and extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors appeared. In addition, the beginning stages of apparent muscle fibre fragmentation were observed. 3. In other respects, the cultured isolated fibres behaved differently than in vivo denervated fibres. Fibrillation developed only occasionally in vitro. The onset of ACh supersensitivity was slower (6 days) than after denervation in vivo (2-3 days). Some fibres developed localized regions of destriation, which apparently was due to loss of in-register alignment of myofibrils.", "contents": "Properties of isolated adult rat muscle fibres maintained in tissue culture. 1. Adult rat skeletal muscles were dissociated by collagenase treatment and trituration, and the isolated muscle fibres were maintained in vitro for 2-3 weeks. At various stages, the fibres were examined physiologically and morphologically. 2. The isolated fibres underwent some changes characteristic of muscle denervated in vivo. For instance, input resistance increased and extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors appeared. In addition, the beginning stages of apparent muscle fibre fragmentation were observed. 3. In other respects, the cultured isolated fibres behaved differently than in vivo denervated fibres. Fibrillation developed only occasionally in vitro. The onset of ACh supersensitivity was slower (6 days) than after denervation in vivo (2-3 days). Some fibres developed localized regions of destriation, which apparently was due to loss of in-register alignment of myofibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:926006", "title": "A quantitative study of C-mechanoreceptors in hairy skin of the cat.", "content": "1. Single C-mechanorecptor afferent units were examined by recording from fibres dissected from the saphenous nerves of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The receptive fields, averaging 4 X 3 mm when 10-50 X threshold stimuli were used, were in the hairy skin of the leg and foot. 2. The extent and excitability of receptor terminals was tested by two-and three-point field studies. The excitability of terminals in one part of the field of a unit could be depressed without affecting the excitability of terminals elsewhere in the field. 3. The afferent units could be excited by both inward and outward movement of the stimulus probe, in appropriate conditions; that is, there was non-directional sensitivity. 4. After-discharge was found to depend on restorative movements of the skin, not on a persistence of the response of the receptor to the original movement. 5. The response to mechanical stimulation was slowly adapting with two time constants and the stimulus-response relationship was exactly described by a power function, with exponents ranging from 0-6 to 1-3. 6. The C-mechanoreceptors could be depressed by rapidly repeated or prolonged mechanical stimulation and the effect was confined to the excited terminals.", "contents": "A quantitative study of C-mechanoreceptors in hairy skin of the cat. 1. Single C-mechanorecptor afferent units were examined by recording from fibres dissected from the saphenous nerves of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The receptive fields, averaging 4 X 3 mm when 10-50 X threshold stimuli were used, were in the hairy skin of the leg and foot. 2. The extent and excitability of receptor terminals was tested by two-and three-point field studies. The excitability of terminals in one part of the field of a unit could be depressed without affecting the excitability of terminals elsewhere in the field. 3. The afferent units could be excited by both inward and outward movement of the stimulus probe, in appropriate conditions; that is, there was non-directional sensitivity. 4. After-discharge was found to depend on restorative movements of the skin, not on a persistence of the response of the receptor to the original movement. 5. The response to mechanical stimulation was slowly adapting with two time constants and the stimulus-response relationship was exactly described by a power function, with exponents ranging from 0-6 to 1-3. 6. The C-mechanoreceptors could be depressed by rapidly repeated or prolonged mechanical stimulation and the effect was confined to the excited terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:926016", "title": "Re-innervation of fast and slow twitch muscle following nerve crush at birth.", "content": "1. The frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) was significantly greater in the fast twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle (extensor) than in the slow twitch soleus, even though end-plate surface area was greater for fibres in the latter muscle. 2. Crush of the sciatic nerve at birth did not prevent the appearance of this difference in m.e.p.p. frequency. However, the frequency of the potentials in the re-innervated muscles was less than normal, even though the regenerated neuromuscular junction was qualitatively normal in morphology. 3. Though the re-innevated muscles were differentiated with respect to twitch time course, the extensor muscle was more responsive than normal to the contracture-inducing action of caffeine. 4. The Z line of the re-innervated extensor muscle was similar to that of the normal soleus in thickness. 5. Resting potential, passive electrical properties and action potential generating mechanism of the sarcolemma were normal. 6. Since the re-innervated muscles lacked muscle spindles, a role of sensory feed-back in the function of the neuromuscular junction as well as the neutrotrophic regulation of muscle is discussed.", "contents": "Re-innervation of fast and slow twitch muscle following nerve crush at birth. 1. The frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) was significantly greater in the fast twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle (extensor) than in the slow twitch soleus, even though end-plate surface area was greater for fibres in the latter muscle. 2. Crush of the sciatic nerve at birth did not prevent the appearance of this difference in m.e.p.p. frequency. However, the frequency of the potentials in the re-innervated muscles was less than normal, even though the regenerated neuromuscular junction was qualitatively normal in morphology. 3. Though the re-innevated muscles were differentiated with respect to twitch time course, the extensor muscle was more responsive than normal to the contracture-inducing action of caffeine. 4. The Z line of the re-innervated extensor muscle was similar to that of the normal soleus in thickness. 5. Resting potential, passive electrical properties and action potential generating mechanism of the sarcolemma were normal. 6. Since the re-innervated muscles lacked muscle spindles, a role of sensory feed-back in the function of the neuromuscular junction as well as the neutrotrophic regulation of muscle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926017", "title": "Load clamp analysis of maximal force potential of mammalian cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. Abrupt alterations in load (load clamps) have been imposed on cat papillary muscle during isotonic shortening and relaxation of afterloaded twitch and tetanic contractions, to assess the maximal force potential for a given contractile state. 2. These load clamps were accompanied by an initial fast lengthening reflecting an undamped series compliance. Even when exceeding isometric twitch and tetanic force, these loads could be borne for a considerable time, accompanied by a slower lengthening after the initial extension of the series compliance. At sufficiently high loads the muscle was pulled out very rapidly; a maximal supra-isometric force potential was defined as the load the muscle could bear momentarily and this was measured at times throughout contraction and relaxation. 3. This maximal force potential was determined at different initial muscle lengths. Depending on the instantaneous loading conditions, various length-force relations were obtained from : (a) peak force values of isometric twitches at different starting lengths, (b) the shortest length reached during after loaded isotonic twitches, and (c) the forces obtained in overloaded isotonic twitch contractions. 4. These results are consistent with a crossbridge model in which the delayed lengthening during isotonic overloading is due to back rotation and detachment of attached crossbridges and in which the inital phase of spontaneous isotonic relaxation is governed by the same mechanism.", "contents": "Load clamp analysis of maximal force potential of mammalian cardiac muscle. 1. Abrupt alterations in load (load clamps) have been imposed on cat papillary muscle during isotonic shortening and relaxation of afterloaded twitch and tetanic contractions, to assess the maximal force potential for a given contractile state. 2. These load clamps were accompanied by an initial fast lengthening reflecting an undamped series compliance. Even when exceeding isometric twitch and tetanic force, these loads could be borne for a considerable time, accompanied by a slower lengthening after the initial extension of the series compliance. At sufficiently high loads the muscle was pulled out very rapidly; a maximal supra-isometric force potential was defined as the load the muscle could bear momentarily and this was measured at times throughout contraction and relaxation. 3. This maximal force potential was determined at different initial muscle lengths. Depending on the instantaneous loading conditions, various length-force relations were obtained from : (a) peak force values of isometric twitches at different starting lengths, (b) the shortest length reached during after loaded isotonic twitches, and (c) the forces obtained in overloaded isotonic twitch contractions. 4. These results are consistent with a crossbridge model in which the delayed lengthening during isotonic overloading is due to back rotation and detachment of attached crossbridges and in which the inital phase of spontaneous isotonic relaxation is governed by the same mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:926018", "title": "Cation movements in normal and short-term denervated rat fast twitch muscle.", "content": "1. The earliest known change in rat fast muscle following denervation is a fall in resting membrane potential unaccompanied by change in membrane resistance. The present study tested the hypothesis that increased Na permeability (P(Na)) accounted for this early depolarization.2. In all experiments, rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were studied in vitro at 25 degrees C. Li uptake in vitro, used as a measure of P(Na), was greater in 1- and 2-day denervated muscles (and in 2-day denervated diaphragm) than in paired controls.3. The extra Li taken up by denervated muscle was not sequestered in an extracellular or freely exchangeable compartment, nor was it irreversibly bound.4. Measurements of resting membrane potential and of internal Na, K, and Li in Krebs solution before and 2 hr after replacement of NaCl by LiCl, were used to compute the ratios P(Na)/P(K) and P(Li)/P(K) for normal or denervated muscles. P(Na) and P(Li) were similar relative to P(K) within each class of muscle.5. Both P(Na)/P(K) and P(Li)/P(K) ratios were elevated more than twofold in denervated muscle, as were most estimates of relative P(Li) approximated by the flux equation.6. These data, and measurement of resting membrane potential of normal muscle in 1 mM external K-Krebs solution, support the view that an electrogenic Na-K pump does not substantially contribute to this potential of normal or denervated muscle, and that the early depolarization after denervation results from increased P(Na).7. The Na-K pump of denervated muscle was as sensitive to ouabain as normal muscle. An effect of ouabain on P(Na) may explain previously noted differential effects of ouabain on normal and denervated muscle.", "contents": "Cation movements in normal and short-term denervated rat fast twitch muscle. 1. The earliest known change in rat fast muscle following denervation is a fall in resting membrane potential unaccompanied by change in membrane resistance. The present study tested the hypothesis that increased Na permeability (P(Na)) accounted for this early depolarization.2. In all experiments, rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were studied in vitro at 25 degrees C. Li uptake in vitro, used as a measure of P(Na), was greater in 1- and 2-day denervated muscles (and in 2-day denervated diaphragm) than in paired controls.3. The extra Li taken up by denervated muscle was not sequestered in an extracellular or freely exchangeable compartment, nor was it irreversibly bound.4. Measurements of resting membrane potential and of internal Na, K, and Li in Krebs solution before and 2 hr after replacement of NaCl by LiCl, were used to compute the ratios P(Na)/P(K) and P(Li)/P(K) for normal or denervated muscles. P(Na) and P(Li) were similar relative to P(K) within each class of muscle.5. Both P(Na)/P(K) and P(Li)/P(K) ratios were elevated more than twofold in denervated muscle, as were most estimates of relative P(Li) approximated by the flux equation.6. These data, and measurement of resting membrane potential of normal muscle in 1 mM external K-Krebs solution, support the view that an electrogenic Na-K pump does not substantially contribute to this potential of normal or denervated muscle, and that the early depolarization after denervation results from increased P(Na).7. The Na-K pump of denervated muscle was as sensitive to ouabain as normal muscle. An effect of ouabain on P(Na) may explain previously noted differential effects of ouabain on normal and denervated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:926019", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on autoregulation of renal blood flow in the anasthetized dog.", "content": "1. Renal blood flow autoregulation was studied in anaesthetized greyhounds, using an electromagnetic flowmeter, before and after the administration of the prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, or phosphate buffer. 2. Indomethacin caused a reduction in renal blood flow at all levels of perfusion pressure, but did not affect the ability of the kidney to autoregulate. 3. The aburpt reinstatement of renal perfusion pressure from previously reduced levels caused a triphasic transient response in flow. Peak hyperaemia at the beginning of the transient was not affected by indomethacin. After indomethacin, the second phase of this flow transient showed an oscillatory pattern during which flow fell initially to levels significantly lower than control. 4. It is concluded that although indomethacin did not abolish steady-state autoregulation, renal prostaglandins may damp rapid oscillations in renal blood flow and thus contribute to the efficiency of autoregulation.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on autoregulation of renal blood flow in the anasthetized dog. 1. Renal blood flow autoregulation was studied in anaesthetized greyhounds, using an electromagnetic flowmeter, before and after the administration of the prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, or phosphate buffer. 2. Indomethacin caused a reduction in renal blood flow at all levels of perfusion pressure, but did not affect the ability of the kidney to autoregulate. 3. The aburpt reinstatement of renal perfusion pressure from previously reduced levels caused a triphasic transient response in flow. Peak hyperaemia at the beginning of the transient was not affected by indomethacin. After indomethacin, the second phase of this flow transient showed an oscillatory pattern during which flow fell initially to levels significantly lower than control. 4. It is concluded that although indomethacin did not abolish steady-state autoregulation, renal prostaglandins may damp rapid oscillations in renal blood flow and thus contribute to the efficiency of autoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:926020", "title": "Inhibitory processes underlying the directional specificity of simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat's visual cortex.", "content": "1. The iontophoretic application of bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA, the putative inhibitory transmitter in the visual cortex, has been used to examine the contribution of post-synaptic inhibitory processes to the directional selectivity of simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat's striate cortex.2. The directional selectivity of simple cells was significantly reduced or eliminated during the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. This supports the view that the selectivity is derived from the action of a GABA-mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input modifying their response to a non-directionally specific excitatory input.3. Complex cells were subdivided into three categories on the basis of the action of iontophoretically applied bicuculline on their directional selectivity, receptive field characteristics and distribution in terms of cortical layer. They are referred to as type ;1', ;2' and ;3' complex cells.4. The directional specificity of type ;1' complex cells was eliminated during the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. It seems likely, therefore, that they receive a non-directionally specific excitatory input and that, as for simple cells, the directional specificity derives from the action of a GABA-mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input. No type ;1' complex cells were recorded below layer IV.5. The directional specificity of type ;2' complex cells was unaffected by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, despite increases in response magnitude, a block of the action of iontophoretically applied GABA and, in some cases, changes in other receptive field properties. It is suggested that these cells receive a directionally specific excitatory input. The type ;2' complex cells were found both superficial and deep to layer IV with the majority in layer V.6. Type ;3' complex cells appear to have very similar receptive field properties to those of the cells described by other workers as projecting to the superior colliculus. They were found predominantly in layer V. Their directional specificity was not eliminated by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. However, they exhibited a powerful suppression of the resting discharge in response to stimulus motion in the non-preferred direction. Iontophoretic application of ammonium ions revealed a small excitatory response in place of the suppression. It appears from these observations that the directional specificity of the type ;3' complex cells could be determined, at least in part, by an inhibitory process which is not GABA-mediated.7. The directional specificity of hypercomplex cells found in layers II and III was unaffected by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, and they showed no suppression of their background discharge level in response to stimulus motion in the non-preferred direction. This evidence is consistent with the view that they receive a directionally specific excitatory input.", "contents": "Inhibitory processes underlying the directional specificity of simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat's visual cortex. 1. The iontophoretic application of bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA, the putative inhibitory transmitter in the visual cortex, has been used to examine the contribution of post-synaptic inhibitory processes to the directional selectivity of simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat's striate cortex.2. The directional selectivity of simple cells was significantly reduced or eliminated during the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. This supports the view that the selectivity is derived from the action of a GABA-mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input modifying their response to a non-directionally specific excitatory input.3. Complex cells were subdivided into three categories on the basis of the action of iontophoretically applied bicuculline on their directional selectivity, receptive field characteristics and distribution in terms of cortical layer. They are referred to as type ;1', ;2' and ;3' complex cells.4. The directional specificity of type ;1' complex cells was eliminated during the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. It seems likely, therefore, that they receive a non-directionally specific excitatory input and that, as for simple cells, the directional specificity derives from the action of a GABA-mediated post-synaptic inhibitory input. No type ;1' complex cells were recorded below layer IV.5. The directional specificity of type ;2' complex cells was unaffected by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, despite increases in response magnitude, a block of the action of iontophoretically applied GABA and, in some cases, changes in other receptive field properties. It is suggested that these cells receive a directionally specific excitatory input. The type ;2' complex cells were found both superficial and deep to layer IV with the majority in layer V.6. Type ;3' complex cells appear to have very similar receptive field properties to those of the cells described by other workers as projecting to the superior colliculus. They were found predominantly in layer V. Their directional specificity was not eliminated by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline. However, they exhibited a powerful suppression of the resting discharge in response to stimulus motion in the non-preferred direction. Iontophoretic application of ammonium ions revealed a small excitatory response in place of the suppression. It appears from these observations that the directional specificity of the type ;3' complex cells could be determined, at least in part, by an inhibitory process which is not GABA-mediated.7. The directional specificity of hypercomplex cells found in layers II and III was unaffected by the iontophoretic application of bicuculline, and they showed no suppression of their background discharge level in response to stimulus motion in the non-preferred direction. This evidence is consistent with the view that they receive a directionally specific excitatory input."}
{"id": "PMID:926021", "title": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on pial arteriolar calibre in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "1. The responses of individual pial arterioles and small arteries to perivascular injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine were studied in anaesthetized cats.2. Pial arteriolar calibre was measured by a television image-splitting technique.3. At normotension, the average response of pial vessels was dilatatory at injected 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-4)M.4. These pial vascular changes were, however, dependent upon the resting vessel calibre: those arterioles < 70 mum dilated universally, whereas small arteries >/= 200 mum in resting diameter tended to constrict in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine.5. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced dilatation of pial arterioles < 70 mum in resting calibre was directly dependent on mean arterial pressure, although no such relationship was observed with the larger cerebral vessels.6. It is concluded that the specific cerebrovascular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine are largely tone-dependent. The greater the resting tone of a pial arteriole, then the greater will be the tendency of that vessel to dilate in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine, and vice versa.7. The direct vascular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine are in contradistinction to the observed changes in cerebral tissue perfusion and it would therefore appear that the effects of this amine on cerebral metabolism and neuronal activity outweigh its cerebrovascular actions under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on pial arteriolar calibre in anaesthetized cats. 1. The responses of individual pial arterioles and small arteries to perivascular injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine were studied in anaesthetized cats.2. Pial arteriolar calibre was measured by a television image-splitting technique.3. At normotension, the average response of pial vessels was dilatatory at injected 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-4)M.4. These pial vascular changes were, however, dependent upon the resting vessel calibre: those arterioles < 70 mum dilated universally, whereas small arteries >/= 200 mum in resting diameter tended to constrict in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine.5. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced dilatation of pial arterioles < 70 mum in resting calibre was directly dependent on mean arterial pressure, although no such relationship was observed with the larger cerebral vessels.6. It is concluded that the specific cerebrovascular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine are largely tone-dependent. The greater the resting tone of a pial arteriole, then the greater will be the tendency of that vessel to dilate in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine, and vice versa.7. The direct vascular actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine are in contradistinction to the observed changes in cerebral tissue perfusion and it would therefore appear that the effects of this amine on cerebral metabolism and neuronal activity outweigh its cerebrovascular actions under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:926022", "title": "Differential enhancement of early and late components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials during forced-paced cognitive tasks in man.", "content": "1. Cerebral potentials evoked by random sequences of electrical stimuli to four fingers were recorded in intact man performing selective attention tasks. Eye movements and other artifacts were excluded from the averaged traces. Different finger stimuli were designated as targets to be mentally counted in alternate runs of each experiment. The high mean random rate of stimuli (150/min) fully involved the processing capacities of the subject. Vigilance changes or differential expectancy effects were excluded by the reciprocal random design with four different sensory channels. Task-related enhancements of somatosensory evoked potentials (s.e.p.) components were estimated by comparison with the s.e.p.s to physically identical finger stimuli recorded in runs when the subject attended signals in the opposite hand. The experimental design avoided subject's fatigue.2. The primary s.e.p. components N(20) and P(45) were not significantly influenced and this excluded centrifugal gating of the corticipetal signals as a mechanism.3. The earliest task-related changes in s.e.p. occurred 55-135 msec (mean 77.7 msec) after the target finger stimuli. In most cases the negative N(140) component was markedly enhanced both for target signals and for non-targets in the adjacent finger of the same hand. However, in several subjects the targets elicited a positive P(100) component instead. Both N(104) and P(100) were larger at the contralateral parietal focus than ipsilaterally. They were definitely smaller at the vertex and frontal scalp locations.4. Enhancements of N(140) were not observed in similar random four-finger experiments carried out at a 4 times slower mean rate, but they occurred in a bisensory paradigm with finger shocks and acoustic clicks at that slower rate.5. A large positive P(400) component was only elicited by target stimuli. Its voltage was maximum over the parietal region and was equal on both sides.6. At least three categories of components can be differentiated in the cortical s.e.p. on the basis of their time domains (roughly 18-70 msec, 70 to 200-250 msec and over 200 msec after the finger stimuli), cerebral hemispheres topography and cognitive parameters. Verbal instructions defining specific perceptual tasks can to a large extent switch on and off the components of the second and third categories when the processing resources of motivated subjects are fully committed in a well designed forced paced paradigm. In certain individuals physiological evidence for a different ;stimulus set' processing of target (P(100)) and non-target (N(140)) signals was documented for the first time.", "contents": "Differential enhancement of early and late components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials during forced-paced cognitive tasks in man. 1. Cerebral potentials evoked by random sequences of electrical stimuli to four fingers were recorded in intact man performing selective attention tasks. Eye movements and other artifacts were excluded from the averaged traces. Different finger stimuli were designated as targets to be mentally counted in alternate runs of each experiment. The high mean random rate of stimuli (150/min) fully involved the processing capacities of the subject. Vigilance changes or differential expectancy effects were excluded by the reciprocal random design with four different sensory channels. Task-related enhancements of somatosensory evoked potentials (s.e.p.) components were estimated by comparison with the s.e.p.s to physically identical finger stimuli recorded in runs when the subject attended signals in the opposite hand. The experimental design avoided subject's fatigue.2. The primary s.e.p. components N(20) and P(45) were not significantly influenced and this excluded centrifugal gating of the corticipetal signals as a mechanism.3. The earliest task-related changes in s.e.p. occurred 55-135 msec (mean 77.7 msec) after the target finger stimuli. In most cases the negative N(140) component was markedly enhanced both for target signals and for non-targets in the adjacent finger of the same hand. However, in several subjects the targets elicited a positive P(100) component instead. Both N(104) and P(100) were larger at the contralateral parietal focus than ipsilaterally. They were definitely smaller at the vertex and frontal scalp locations.4. Enhancements of N(140) were not observed in similar random four-finger experiments carried out at a 4 times slower mean rate, but they occurred in a bisensory paradigm with finger shocks and acoustic clicks at that slower rate.5. A large positive P(400) component was only elicited by target stimuli. Its voltage was maximum over the parietal region and was equal on both sides.6. At least three categories of components can be differentiated in the cortical s.e.p. on the basis of their time domains (roughly 18-70 msec, 70 to 200-250 msec and over 200 msec after the finger stimuli), cerebral hemispheres topography and cognitive parameters. Verbal instructions defining specific perceptual tasks can to a large extent switch on and off the components of the second and third categories when the processing resources of motivated subjects are fully committed in a well designed forced paced paradigm. In certain individuals physiological evidence for a different ;stimulus set' processing of target (P(100)) and non-target (N(140)) signals was documented for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:926023", "title": "A long-lasting potentiation of transmitter release related to an increase in transmitter stores in a sympathetic ganglion.", "content": "1. High frequency preganglionic nerve stimulation increases the acetylcholine (ACh) stores of the cat superior cervical ganglion. The increase reaches a maximum 20 min following 60 min conditioning stimulation at 20/s. The effect of this conditioning on ACh release in ganglia perfused with plasma and test stimulated at 4 or 5/s has been studied, and the relationship of ACh stores to ACh release in conditioned ganglia determined.2. The rate of ACh release in response to test stimulation at 5/s for 15 min, starting 20 min following conditioning, was 174% of the rate found in unconditioned ganglia. The ACh stores of the conditioned ganglia at the end of the test were calculated to be 173% of the control ganglion stores.3. When test stimulation at 4/s was started 5 min following conditioning, the rate of ACh release showed a variable pattern of increase and decrease over a 75 min period. The mean peak rate of release was about 150% of the control rate, and the duration of potentiation was about 75 min.4. When conditioned, unperfused ganglia were tested by stimulation at 4/s the ACh stores were found to increase and decrease in parallel with the increase and decrease in ACh release rates found in the perfusion experiments.5. It was found also that the magnitude of the increase in ACh stores and ACh release was related to the amount of ACh in the ganglionic stores at the onset of conditioning, being greater for the ganglia with the smaller initial stores.6. It is concluded that the potentiation of ACh release in ganglia conditioned in this way is directly related to the accompanying increase in ACh stores.7. The possible significance of alterations of ACh stores and ACh release as a mechanism of modulatory control of ganglionic transmission is discussed.", "contents": "A long-lasting potentiation of transmitter release related to an increase in transmitter stores in a sympathetic ganglion. 1. High frequency preganglionic nerve stimulation increases the acetylcholine (ACh) stores of the cat superior cervical ganglion. The increase reaches a maximum 20 min following 60 min conditioning stimulation at 20/s. The effect of this conditioning on ACh release in ganglia perfused with plasma and test stimulated at 4 or 5/s has been studied, and the relationship of ACh stores to ACh release in conditioned ganglia determined.2. The rate of ACh release in response to test stimulation at 5/s for 15 min, starting 20 min following conditioning, was 174% of the rate found in unconditioned ganglia. The ACh stores of the conditioned ganglia at the end of the test were calculated to be 173% of the control ganglion stores.3. When test stimulation at 4/s was started 5 min following conditioning, the rate of ACh release showed a variable pattern of increase and decrease over a 75 min period. The mean peak rate of release was about 150% of the control rate, and the duration of potentiation was about 75 min.4. When conditioned, unperfused ganglia were tested by stimulation at 4/s the ACh stores were found to increase and decrease in parallel with the increase and decrease in ACh release rates found in the perfusion experiments.5. It was found also that the magnitude of the increase in ACh stores and ACh release was related to the amount of ACh in the ganglionic stores at the onset of conditioning, being greater for the ganglia with the smaller initial stores.6. It is concluded that the potentiation of ACh release in ganglia conditioned in this way is directly related to the accompanying increase in ACh stores.7. The possible significance of alterations of ACh stores and ACh release as a mechanism of modulatory control of ganglionic transmission is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926025", "title": "Muscular nociceptors.", "content": "The discharge characteristics of various types of muscle afferents in response to mechanical and chemical painful stimulation were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. In a few experiments, heat was used as an additional stimulus. The results indicate that only among the fibre groups III and IV, units are regularly found that have high thresholds on mechanical and thermal stimulation, and that response to administration of algesic agents in pain-producing doses. The response behaviour of individual group III and group IV afferent units to the various stimuli was very similar, but when the fibre populations are compared, the group III afferents appeared to be more sensitive to the mechanical and chemical stimuli of this study. It is concluded that both the fibre groups III and IV include afferent units possessing receptive properties enabling them to serve as muscular nociceptors.", "contents": "Muscular nociceptors. The discharge characteristics of various types of muscle afferents in response to mechanical and chemical painful stimulation were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. In a few experiments, heat was used as an additional stimulus. The results indicate that only among the fibre groups III and IV, units are regularly found that have high thresholds on mechanical and thermal stimulation, and that response to administration of algesic agents in pain-producing doses. The response behaviour of individual group III and group IV afferent units to the various stimuli was very similar, but when the fibre populations are compared, the group III afferents appeared to be more sensitive to the mechanical and chemical stimuli of this study. It is concluded that both the fibre groups III and IV include afferent units possessing receptive properties enabling them to serve as muscular nociceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:926026", "title": "A pharmacological approach to elucidation of the role of different nerve fibres and receptor endings in mediation of pain.", "content": "Capsaicin, after initial stimulation, induced a long-lasting insensitivity to chemical pain stimuli without reducing the sensitivity to mechanical pain. The effect was peripheral as shown by recording action potentials from sensory nerves. In order to throw light on the receptors responsible for chemogenic pain, the specificity of the capsaicin effect was analysed. 1. In cats, capsaicin given in close arterial injection excited the slowest conducting C2 fibres as measured by the collision technique on the saphenous nerve. In rats, the frequency of action potentials evoked by s.c. injection of capsaicin was sensitized by rapid warming of the skin area, while sudden cooling had a blocking effect. On the human skin, the threshold of thermal pain was shifted from 45 degrees C to 30-31 degrees C; below this skin temperature, the burning pain and hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin treatment disappeared and cold sensation remained unimpaired. 2. On the human tongue, local capsaicin desensitization resulted in an elevated threshold of warm discrimination, while gustatory sensitivity as well as the capacity for discriminating cold or tactile stimuli remained unimpaired. 3. It is concluded that capsaicin is a selective sensory blocking agent which acts by stimulation and subsequent sensory blockage of polymodal nociceptors and warm receptors.", "contents": "A pharmacological approach to elucidation of the role of different nerve fibres and receptor endings in mediation of pain. Capsaicin, after initial stimulation, induced a long-lasting insensitivity to chemical pain stimuli without reducing the sensitivity to mechanical pain. The effect was peripheral as shown by recording action potentials from sensory nerves. In order to throw light on the receptors responsible for chemogenic pain, the specificity of the capsaicin effect was analysed. 1. In cats, capsaicin given in close arterial injection excited the slowest conducting C2 fibres as measured by the collision technique on the saphenous nerve. In rats, the frequency of action potentials evoked by s.c. injection of capsaicin was sensitized by rapid warming of the skin area, while sudden cooling had a blocking effect. On the human skin, the threshold of thermal pain was shifted from 45 degrees C to 30-31 degrees C; below this skin temperature, the burning pain and hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin treatment disappeared and cold sensation remained unimpaired. 2. On the human tongue, local capsaicin desensitization resulted in an elevated threshold of warm discrimination, while gustatory sensitivity as well as the capacity for discriminating cold or tactile stimuli remained unimpaired. 3. It is concluded that capsaicin is a selective sensory blocking agent which acts by stimulation and subsequent sensory blockage of polymodal nociceptors and warm receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:926028", "title": "The terminal arborization pattern of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord in the cat.", "content": "The spinal cords of adult cats were impregnated using the Golgi-Kopsch technique and cut in the sagittal plane. Richly arborizing axon-trees were found in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II of Rexed). Axon arborizations, characterized by a long rostro-caudal course, a single-stem fiber, multiple-arborizing side branches and large terminal and en passant boutons, were subjected to a semi-quantitative and later to a computer-aided analysis. These arborizations, presumably of primary afferent origin (R\u00e9thelyi, 1977), are arranged in narrow sheets. The sheets of the individual arborizations are tilted with respect to the sagittal plane (the dorsal edge of the sheet having a more lateral position than the ventral edge), and tilted with respect to each other's plane, but they are rigorously oriented in the rostro-caudal direction. The average thickness of the sheets encompassing the terminal and en passant bulbs of these arborizations is 16.65 micrometer (S.D. = 2.86; n = 10). Occasionally, the side branches and terminal bulbs of a single stem fiber arborize into two separate sheets. These anatomical results suggest that the activity of the peripheral fibers spreads in long and narrow neuropil fields in the substantia gelatinosa. This pattern suggests a fine scale somatotopic arrangement.", "contents": "The terminal arborization pattern of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord in the cat. The spinal cords of adult cats were impregnated using the Golgi-Kopsch technique and cut in the sagittal plane. Richly arborizing axon-trees were found in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II of Rexed). Axon arborizations, characterized by a long rostro-caudal course, a single-stem fiber, multiple-arborizing side branches and large terminal and en passant boutons, were subjected to a semi-quantitative and later to a computer-aided analysis. These arborizations, presumably of primary afferent origin (R\u00e9thelyi, 1977), are arranged in narrow sheets. The sheets of the individual arborizations are tilted with respect to the sagittal plane (the dorsal edge of the sheet having a more lateral position than the ventral edge), and tilted with respect to each other's plane, but they are rigorously oriented in the rostro-caudal direction. The average thickness of the sheets encompassing the terminal and en passant bulbs of these arborizations is 16.65 micrometer (S.D. = 2.86; n = 10). Occasionally, the side branches and terminal bulbs of a single stem fiber arborize into two separate sheets. These anatomical results suggest that the activity of the peripheral fibers spreads in long and narrow neuropil fields in the substantia gelatinosa. This pattern suggests a fine scale somatotopic arrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:926029", "title": "Sympathetic reflex responses presumably specific for nociceptive stimulation.", "content": "1. In superficially anaesthetized and in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats, tetanic stimulation of A or A + C afferent fibres of the tibial nerve evoked in renal and inferior cardiac nerves a three-phasic change of activity, which consisted of a short powerful burst of discharges, followed by an inhibitory pause and then, by a moderate excitation. When such a command appeared in sympathetic nerves, reflex rising of systemic arterial pressure was extremely fast. 2. The latencies of the three-phasic command and of the so-called very late A response are almost the same. The very late A response is evident if the central nervous system is in the same state as when repetitive stimulation of A afferents evokes the three phasic command in sympathetic nerves and a steep rise of systemic arterial pressure. This permits the assumption that the very late A response reflects the excitation of just those central structures that on repetitive stimulation organize the three-phasic command. 3. A command of this kind is shown to ensure the optimal-time-control of the heart and blood vessels. Such a control (three-phasic command) is supposed to be evoked by nociceptive stimulation, i.e., to be specific for the defence reaction.", "contents": "Sympathetic reflex responses presumably specific for nociceptive stimulation. 1. In superficially anaesthetized and in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats, tetanic stimulation of A or A + C afferent fibres of the tibial nerve evoked in renal and inferior cardiac nerves a three-phasic change of activity, which consisted of a short powerful burst of discharges, followed by an inhibitory pause and then, by a moderate excitation. When such a command appeared in sympathetic nerves, reflex rising of systemic arterial pressure was extremely fast. 2. The latencies of the three-phasic command and of the so-called very late A response are almost the same. The very late A response is evident if the central nervous system is in the same state as when repetitive stimulation of A afferents evokes the three phasic command in sympathetic nerves and a steep rise of systemic arterial pressure. This permits the assumption that the very late A response reflects the excitation of just those central structures that on repetitive stimulation organize the three-phasic command. 3. A command of this kind is shown to ensure the optimal-time-control of the heart and blood vessels. Such a control (three-phasic command) is supposed to be evoked by nociceptive stimulation, i.e., to be specific for the defence reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:926031", "title": "Visceral pain: responses of the reticular formation neurons to gallbladder distension.", "content": "Visceral projection (gallbladder distension) to the gigantocellular nucleus of the reticular formation of the cat was tested in neurons classified as pain (P), nonpain-pain (NP-P) and nonpain (NP) units, according to their responses to noxious and/or innocuous natural stimuli from the somatic areas. 96% of P neurons (23 out of 24) responded to gallbladder distension. Quantitative criteria showed comparable effectiveness of the somatic and visceral inputs. NP-P neurons reacted to the gallbladder stimulation in 71% of cases (22 out of 31); NP neurons were activated less effectively. Stimulation of either the central tegmental field or \"nonspecific\" thalamic nuclei evoked direct responses in 38% of P and 26% of NP-P units, which, in most of the P neurons were followed by excitatory and inhibitory phases. The duration of the latter was approximately one second and it greatly affected the responses of the units to somatic as well as to visceral inputs. A large proportion of P neurons responding to a visceral input documents the important role of the reticular formation in the mechanisms of visceral pain. Findings concerning comparable modifying influences upon reactions of P units both in the case of visceral and painful somatic afferentation indicated that similar control mechanisms could be involved.", "contents": "Visceral pain: responses of the reticular formation neurons to gallbladder distension. Visceral projection (gallbladder distension) to the gigantocellular nucleus of the reticular formation of the cat was tested in neurons classified as pain (P), nonpain-pain (NP-P) and nonpain (NP) units, according to their responses to noxious and/or innocuous natural stimuli from the somatic areas. 96% of P neurons (23 out of 24) responded to gallbladder distension. Quantitative criteria showed comparable effectiveness of the somatic and visceral inputs. NP-P neurons reacted to the gallbladder stimulation in 71% of cases (22 out of 31); NP neurons were activated less effectively. Stimulation of either the central tegmental field or \"nonspecific\" thalamic nuclei evoked direct responses in 38% of P and 26% of NP-P units, which, in most of the P neurons were followed by excitatory and inhibitory phases. The duration of the latter was approximately one second and it greatly affected the responses of the units to somatic as well as to visceral inputs. A large proportion of P neurons responding to a visceral input documents the important role of the reticular formation in the mechanisms of visceral pain. Findings concerning comparable modifying influences upon reactions of P units both in the case of visceral and painful somatic afferentation indicated that similar control mechanisms could be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:926032", "title": "Thalamic and mid-brain responses to dental pulp afferent messages in awake cats.", "content": "1. Central projections of messages evoked by dental pulp stimulation have been searched for in awake cats and recorded at unitary level. A head-top frame screwed to the skull served to fix the animal in the stereotaxic instrument precisely and in the usual orientation. 2. Three types of responses could be distinguished, each with characteristic thalamic localization: --one was of the specific type: it occurred at short latency, followed rapid rates of stimulation, and was localized in VPM and SG; --a second type had longer latency, did not follow rapid rates of stimulation, was frequently bilateral, and was localized in VPM, CM-Pf and Posterior Group; --the third type was a complex response, exhibiting inhibitory and excitatory phases; extremely labile, it disappeared during wakefulness; it was found in LP and CM-Pf. 3. The responses elicited by dental pulp stimulation and recorded in the periaqueductal grey matter mostly originated from face muscle messages provoked by the jaw opening reflex. 4. The possible contributions to pain perception made by each of the different thalamic responses is discussed, as well as the adequacy of dental pulp stimulation for producing a purely nociceptive signal.", "contents": "Thalamic and mid-brain responses to dental pulp afferent messages in awake cats. 1. Central projections of messages evoked by dental pulp stimulation have been searched for in awake cats and recorded at unitary level. A head-top frame screwed to the skull served to fix the animal in the stereotaxic instrument precisely and in the usual orientation. 2. Three types of responses could be distinguished, each with characteristic thalamic localization: --one was of the specific type: it occurred at short latency, followed rapid rates of stimulation, and was localized in VPM and SG; --a second type had longer latency, did not follow rapid rates of stimulation, was frequently bilateral, and was localized in VPM, CM-Pf and Posterior Group; --the third type was a complex response, exhibiting inhibitory and excitatory phases; extremely labile, it disappeared during wakefulness; it was found in LP and CM-Pf. 3. The responses elicited by dental pulp stimulation and recorded in the periaqueductal grey matter mostly originated from face muscle messages provoked by the jaw opening reflex. 4. The possible contributions to pain perception made by each of the different thalamic responses is discussed, as well as the adequacy of dental pulp stimulation for producing a purely nociceptive signal."}
{"id": "PMID:926033", "title": "Spinal trigeminal tractotomy and nociceptive reactions evoked by tooth pulp stimulation in the cat.", "content": "The effect of transection of the descending root of the spinal trigeminal tract on nociceptive and aversive reactions evoked by stimulation of the tooth pulp nerve was studied in cats. The transection was performed 1-1.5 mm caudally to the obex. 1. The nociceptive reaction, characterized by wide opening of the jaw, dorsiflexion and rotation of the head and by signs of affective behaviour, remained unchanged after transection of the descending root of the trigeminal nerve (n = 6). 2. The instrumental escape reaction was elaborated in three cats before transection of the descending root of the trigeminal nerve and in three cats after transection. The escape reaction was retained after transection of the descending root and the speed of learning to escape the tooth pulp stimulation did not significantly differ in these two groups of animals. 3. It is to be concluded that the transection of the descending root of the spinal trigeminal tract in the cat does not result in dental analgesia.", "contents": "Spinal trigeminal tractotomy and nociceptive reactions evoked by tooth pulp stimulation in the cat. The effect of transection of the descending root of the spinal trigeminal tract on nociceptive and aversive reactions evoked by stimulation of the tooth pulp nerve was studied in cats. The transection was performed 1-1.5 mm caudally to the obex. 1. The nociceptive reaction, characterized by wide opening of the jaw, dorsiflexion and rotation of the head and by signs of affective behaviour, remained unchanged after transection of the descending root of the trigeminal nerve (n = 6). 2. The instrumental escape reaction was elaborated in three cats before transection of the descending root of the trigeminal nerve and in three cats after transection. The escape reaction was retained after transection of the descending root and the speed of learning to escape the tooth pulp stimulation did not significantly differ in these two groups of animals. 3. It is to be concluded that the transection of the descending root of the spinal trigeminal tract in the cat does not result in dental analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:926035", "title": "Synaptic control of an endogenous pacemaker network.", "content": "1. The present study consists of an analysis of the coordinating effects of monosynaptic EPSPs and IPSPs on the discharge of the endogenous pacemaker neurons which drive the pyloric motor system of the spiny lobster. The experiments were performed on isolated nervous systems. 2. An analysis of the characteristic phase response curves to both classes of input (fig. 1) shows that the pyloric oscillator possesses the necessary characteristic for entrainment: i.e. a periodically varying sensitivity to synaptic drive. 3. By repetitive stimulation of either input at frequencies near the endogenous frequency of the PD slow wave, it was possible to entrain the discharge of the pacemaker system to the cyclic stimulus (figs. 2b and 3b). The pyloric discharge tends to occur at different characteristic phase relations in response to the two inputs (figs. 2c and 3c), which reflect features of the corresponding phase response curves (fig. 1). 4. It is argued that the periodic sensitivity of these neurons to synaptic input reflects interactions between the synaptically induced currents and the endogenous currents which underlie the slow wave.", "contents": "Synaptic control of an endogenous pacemaker network. 1. The present study consists of an analysis of the coordinating effects of monosynaptic EPSPs and IPSPs on the discharge of the endogenous pacemaker neurons which drive the pyloric motor system of the spiny lobster. The experiments were performed on isolated nervous systems. 2. An analysis of the characteristic phase response curves to both classes of input (fig. 1) shows that the pyloric oscillator possesses the necessary characteristic for entrainment: i.e. a periodically varying sensitivity to synaptic drive. 3. By repetitive stimulation of either input at frequencies near the endogenous frequency of the PD slow wave, it was possible to entrain the discharge of the pacemaker system to the cyclic stimulus (figs. 2b and 3b). The pyloric discharge tends to occur at different characteristic phase relations in response to the two inputs (figs. 2c and 3c), which reflect features of the corresponding phase response curves (fig. 1). 4. It is argued that the periodic sensitivity of these neurons to synaptic input reflects interactions between the synaptically induced currents and the endogenous currents which underlie the slow wave."}
{"id": "PMID:926036", "title": "Neural circuitry underlying oscillatory motor output.", "content": "1. The stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters can be used as a model network with which to study the mechanisms involved in the generation of rhythmic behaviour. 2. The stomatogastric ganglion contains about thirty neurons and produces two rhythms, the gastric and the pyloric. 3. The gastric rhythm appears to be derived from the global properties of a twelve-cell network. 4. The pyloric rhythm is driven by a group of three endogenous bursters. 5. Both rhythms are assisted by phasic excitatory input from the two commissural ganglia. 6. Synapses found in this network appear to be located on the finest dendritic branches and are multiterminal.", "contents": "Neural circuitry underlying oscillatory motor output. 1. The stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters can be used as a model network with which to study the mechanisms involved in the generation of rhythmic behaviour. 2. The stomatogastric ganglion contains about thirty neurons and produces two rhythms, the gastric and the pyloric. 3. The gastric rhythm appears to be derived from the global properties of a twelve-cell network. 4. The pyloric rhythm is driven by a group of three endogenous bursters. 5. Both rhythms are assisted by phasic excitatory input from the two commissural ganglia. 6. Synapses found in this network appear to be located on the finest dendritic branches and are multiterminal."}
{"id": "PMID:926039", "title": "[Walking in Crustacea: motor program and peripheral regulation (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Rock lobsters can walk in all directions. In the present study, we report the organization of the motor output of the three muscles which control the mero-carpopodite joint (M-C): the extensor E, the flexor F and the accuracy flexor FA, during unrestrained locomotion (fig. 1). 2. During lateral walking, movements of the M-C joint provide most of the propulsive force, whereas during forward and backward walking this joint function more as a strut (fig. 2). Corresponding differences are observed in the motor discharge in the different walking modes. During lateral walking, discharge in the M-C extensor and M-C flexor alternates, whereas during forward and backward walking these antagonists are coactivated (fig. 3 and 4). 3. We have also examined the effects of alterations of proprioceptive feedback: the FA tendon has been cut to eliminate MCO afferents during walking. This ablation does not modify the burst period and the temporal structure of the output pattern is largely unaffected (fig. 5, 6 and 7). MCO may influence the motor output of a given muscle depending upon whether it participates in the return stroke or the power stroke.", "contents": "[Walking in Crustacea: motor program and peripheral regulation (author's transl)]. 1. Rock lobsters can walk in all directions. In the present study, we report the organization of the motor output of the three muscles which control the mero-carpopodite joint (M-C): the extensor E, the flexor F and the accuracy flexor FA, during unrestrained locomotion (fig. 1). 2. During lateral walking, movements of the M-C joint provide most of the propulsive force, whereas during forward and backward walking this joint function more as a strut (fig. 2). Corresponding differences are observed in the motor discharge in the different walking modes. During lateral walking, discharge in the M-C extensor and M-C flexor alternates, whereas during forward and backward walking these antagonists are coactivated (fig. 3 and 4). 3. We have also examined the effects of alterations of proprioceptive feedback: the FA tendon has been cut to eliminate MCO afferents during walking. This ablation does not modify the burst period and the temporal structure of the output pattern is largely unaffected (fig. 5, 6 and 7). MCO may influence the motor output of a given muscle depending upon whether it participates in the return stroke or the power stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:926046", "title": "[Induced release of neurosecretion from the median neurosecretory cells of the African locust in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Induced release of neurosection from the median neurosecretory cells of the African locust in vitro.", "contents": "[Induced release of neurosecretion from the median neurosecretory cells of the African locust in vitro (author's transl)]. Induced release of neurosection from the median neurosecretory cells of the African locust in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:926047", "title": "Comparison of the WISC-R and culture fair intelligence test in a juvenile delinquent population.", "content": "Culture Fair and WISC-R scores were obtained of 51 delinquent juveniles. Comparison of mean scores on the two tests for minority and white juveniles demonstrated the Culture Fair to be less culturally biased than the WISC-R. On analysis of variance there was a significant difference due to ethnicity and test used, and a significant interaction of those two factors. The interaction was due to the elevation of the score of minority juveniles on the Culture Fair compared with WISC-R scores. Correlations between the WISC-R scores, subtest scale scores, and Culture Fair scores were significant at the .01 level which provides further validation of the WISC-R.", "contents": "Comparison of the WISC-R and culture fair intelligence test in a juvenile delinquent population. Culture Fair and WISC-R scores were obtained of 51 delinquent juveniles. Comparison of mean scores on the two tests for minority and white juveniles demonstrated the Culture Fair to be less culturally biased than the WISC-R. On analysis of variance there was a significant difference due to ethnicity and test used, and a significant interaction of those two factors. The interaction was due to the elevation of the score of minority juveniles on the Culture Fair compared with WISC-R scores. Correlations between the WISC-R scores, subtest scale scores, and Culture Fair scores were significant at the .01 level which provides further validation of the WISC-R."}
{"id": "PMID:926048", "title": "Personality characteristics of men with liberal sex-role attitudes.", "content": "The present study was conducted to provide some initial information on the personality attributes of men oriented toward liberal sex-role views. Fifty-one male college students were given the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and divided into conservative, moderate, and liberal groups. Personality differences among the groups were assessed by comparing scores on nine scales from the Adjective Check List. Findings for liberal men were found to parallel results reported for liberal women on some personality dimensions and complement them on others. As with liberal women, liberal men were found to be more spontaneous, action oriented, risk taking, individualistic, and unconventional than the other male groups. There were also some indications of less self-control. Sex-role attitudes and heterosexuality were curvillinearly related. In direct opposition to results for liberal women, male liberals evidenced the least need for achievement and dominance.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of men with liberal sex-role attitudes. The present study was conducted to provide some initial information on the personality attributes of men oriented toward liberal sex-role views. Fifty-one male college students were given the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and divided into conservative, moderate, and liberal groups. Personality differences among the groups were assessed by comparing scores on nine scales from the Adjective Check List. Findings for liberal men were found to parallel results reported for liberal women on some personality dimensions and complement them on others. As with liberal women, liberal men were found to be more spontaneous, action oriented, risk taking, individualistic, and unconventional than the other male groups. There were also some indications of less self-control. Sex-role attitudes and heterosexuality were curvillinearly related. In direct opposition to results for liberal women, male liberals evidenced the least need for achievement and dominance."}
{"id": "PMID:926049", "title": "General anxiety and death imagery in Catholic seminarians and college students.", "content": "General anxiety and evoked imagery of death as a person were measured in 75 male Catholic college students and seminarians. College students most frequently described death as a macabre figure, and seminarians mostly conceived death as a wise and sympathetic individual. Hither anxiety was more characteristic of college students than seminarians.", "contents": "General anxiety and death imagery in Catholic seminarians and college students. General anxiety and evoked imagery of death as a person were measured in 75 male Catholic college students and seminarians. College students most frequently described death as a macabre figure, and seminarians mostly conceived death as a wise and sympathetic individual. Hither anxiety was more characteristic of college students than seminarians."}
{"id": "PMID:926050", "title": "Perceived appraisals by others, self-esteem, and anxiety.", "content": "Questionnaire data from 595 male and female college students were used to test four hypotheses regarding interpersonal sources of anxiety--i.e., that high anxiety occurs as a function of (a) low subjective public-esteem (perceived negative appraisals of self by others); (b) low self-esteem; (c) discrepancies where subjective public-esteem is more negative than self-esteem; and (d) absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem, regardless of evaluative direction. The results suggested that level of self-esteem and absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem are important and relatively independent factors in anxiety.", "contents": "Perceived appraisals by others, self-esteem, and anxiety. Questionnaire data from 595 male and female college students were used to test four hypotheses regarding interpersonal sources of anxiety--i.e., that high anxiety occurs as a function of (a) low subjective public-esteem (perceived negative appraisals of self by others); (b) low self-esteem; (c) discrepancies where subjective public-esteem is more negative than self-esteem; and (d) absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem, regardless of evaluative direction. The results suggested that level of self-esteem and absolute discrepancies between subjective public-esteem and self-esteem are important and relatively independent factors in anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:926051", "title": "Distance and location cues in retention of movements by a congenitally blind subject.", "content": "Retention of linear arm-positioning movements in a congenitally blind university student was tested with either distance or location cues and under retention conditions of rest, location, and distance interpolated tasks. Results revealed a consistent superiority for retention with location cues. The conclusion is drawn that these data would support a dual proprioceptive storage mode hypothesis.", "contents": "Distance and location cues in retention of movements by a congenitally blind subject. Retention of linear arm-positioning movements in a congenitally blind university student was tested with either distance or location cues and under retention conditions of rest, location, and distance interpolated tasks. Results revealed a consistent superiority for retention with location cues. The conclusion is drawn that these data would support a dual proprioceptive storage mode hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:926052", "title": "Assumed personality characteristics of counseling center growth group participants.", "content": "Two hundred students enrolled at Eastern Kentucky University were administered a questionnaire designed to measure attitudes toward fictitious students. The \"students\" were described as being engaged in several kinds of activities including a growth group at the counseling center of the university. The results indicated that growth group participants were rated more negatively than control stimulus persons on several personality dimensions. Ratings of individuals engaged in two kinds of psychotherapy were also discussed.", "contents": "Assumed personality characteristics of counseling center growth group participants. Two hundred students enrolled at Eastern Kentucky University were administered a questionnaire designed to measure attitudes toward fictitious students. The \"students\" were described as being engaged in several kinds of activities including a growth group at the counseling center of the university. The results indicated that growth group participants were rated more negatively than control stimulus persons on several personality dimensions. Ratings of individuals engaged in two kinds of psychotherapy were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926053", "title": "Extraversion and risk preference in portfolio theory.", "content": "One hundred seventy-eight male and female undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and indicated their risk preference assessed under the assumptions of Coombs' portfolio theory. Extraverts preferred higher risk significantly more than did introverts, and also showed significantly greater risk preference change as expected value increased. It was suggested that a theoretically defensible selection of both personality variables and a risk assessment model may lead to greater personality-risk predictability.", "contents": "Extraversion and risk preference in portfolio theory. One hundred seventy-eight male and female undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and indicated their risk preference assessed under the assumptions of Coombs' portfolio theory. Extraverts preferred higher risk significantly more than did introverts, and also showed significantly greater risk preference change as expected value increased. It was suggested that a theoretically defensible selection of both personality variables and a risk assessment model may lead to greater personality-risk predictability."}
{"id": "PMID:926056", "title": "[Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy].", "content": "We have reviewed the aetiology, symptomatology, biology and clinical course of 61 cases of the Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy. Our results do not differ fundamentally from those of Victor et al. (1971). Nevertheless, our study shows fewer oculomotor palsies in the acute stages, lower mortality and a lower incidence of residual anmesic syndromes. These results demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis and of starting the specific therapy in the initial stage of reversible biochemical lesions.", "contents": "[Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy]. We have reviewed the aetiology, symptomatology, biology and clinical course of 61 cases of the Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy. Our results do not differ fundamentally from those of Victor et al. (1971). Nevertheless, our study shows fewer oculomotor palsies in the acute stages, lower mortality and a lower incidence of residual anmesic syndromes. These results demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis and of starting the specific therapy in the initial stage of reversible biochemical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:926058", "title": "[Acute alcoholic hepatitis].", "content": "Acute alcoholic hepatitis is an anatomical (fatty liver with sclerosing hyaline necrosis) and a clinical (hepatomegaly with a variety of symptoms of hepatic failure) entity arising out of chronic alcoholism, and of a typically 'pre-cirrhotic' state. Although fatal in 25% of acute cases due to failure of homeostasis, it often leaves a centrilobular scarring necrosis which in more than 60% of cases progresses to nodular cirrhosis. Continued alcoholism worsens the prognosis. Alcoholic hepatitis may be confused with acute abdominal catastrophes or with a hepatoma. The characteristic Mallory bodies found on liver biopsy are found rarely in non-alcoholic hepatitis. There is no effective treatment for this disease except reduction of alcohol intake; indeed, the disease may become self-perpetuating.", "contents": "[Acute alcoholic hepatitis]. Acute alcoholic hepatitis is an anatomical (fatty liver with sclerosing hyaline necrosis) and a clinical (hepatomegaly with a variety of symptoms of hepatic failure) entity arising out of chronic alcoholism, and of a typically 'pre-cirrhotic' state. Although fatal in 25% of acute cases due to failure of homeostasis, it often leaves a centrilobular scarring necrosis which in more than 60% of cases progresses to nodular cirrhosis. Continued alcoholism worsens the prognosis. Alcoholic hepatitis may be confused with acute abdominal catastrophes or with a hepatoma. The characteristic Mallory bodies found on liver biopsy are found rarely in non-alcoholic hepatitis. There is no effective treatment for this disease except reduction of alcohol intake; indeed, the disease may become self-perpetuating."}
{"id": "PMID:926070", "title": "Insulin levels in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood.", "content": "The effects of excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy (five cases) and of glucose infusion in the mother (five cases) on insulin levels are compared with the insulin levels in a control group (19 normal pregnancies) by radioimmunologic determination of insulin levels in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood. The mean values for insulin in the control group were as follows: mother, 23.9 +/- 2.23 muU per ml; fetus, 9.86 +/- 2.11 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 5.08 +/- 2.27 muU per ml. In patients with excessive weight gain during pregnancy, maternal insulin mean values were 38.45 +/- 4.16 muU per ml; fetal, 19.99 +/- 9.8 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 11.25 +/- 2.58 muU per ml. After an infusion of 25 mg of glucose in the mother, the mean maternal insulin values were 53.6 +/- 13.74 muU per ml; fetal, 24.7 +/- 6.67 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 14.3 +/- 5.52 muU per ml. Insulin concentrations in maternal blood (p less than 0.001), fetal blood (p less than 0.001) and amniotic fluid (p less than 0.001) were higher in pregnancies with excessive weight gain as compared to those in the control group, whereas the glucose infusion in the mother increased the concentration of insulin in the three components studied.", "contents": "Insulin levels in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood. The effects of excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy (five cases) and of glucose infusion in the mother (five cases) on insulin levels are compared with the insulin levels in a control group (19 normal pregnancies) by radioimmunologic determination of insulin levels in the amniotic fluid and in maternal and fetal blood. The mean values for insulin in the control group were as follows: mother, 23.9 +/- 2.23 muU per ml; fetus, 9.86 +/- 2.11 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 5.08 +/- 2.27 muU per ml. In patients with excessive weight gain during pregnancy, maternal insulin mean values were 38.45 +/- 4.16 muU per ml; fetal, 19.99 +/- 9.8 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 11.25 +/- 2.58 muU per ml. After an infusion of 25 mg of glucose in the mother, the mean maternal insulin values were 53.6 +/- 13.74 muU per ml; fetal, 24.7 +/- 6.67 muU per ml; and amniotic fluid, 14.3 +/- 5.52 muU per ml. Insulin concentrations in maternal blood (p less than 0.001), fetal blood (p less than 0.001) and amniotic fluid (p less than 0.001) were higher in pregnancies with excessive weight gain as compared to those in the control group, whereas the glucose infusion in the mother increased the concentration of insulin in the three components studied."}
{"id": "PMID:926071", "title": "Postobstructive diuresis after reduction of an incarcerated gravid uterus.", "content": "An incarcerated gravid uterus is a dangerous but fortunately infrequent complication of pregnancy. Many sequelae may result from this condition. The purpose of this paper is to present an unusual complication after repositioning of the gravid uterus and to discuss management of the incarcerated uterus in pregnancy.", "contents": "Postobstructive diuresis after reduction of an incarcerated gravid uterus. An incarcerated gravid uterus is a dangerous but fortunately infrequent complication of pregnancy. Many sequelae may result from this condition. The purpose of this paper is to present an unusual complication after repositioning of the gravid uterus and to discuss management of the incarcerated uterus in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:926072", "title": "Atypical cytology in tubal pregnancy.", "content": "The V-C Pap smears taken from five cases of tubal pregnancy revealed dyskariotic endometrial cells characterized by clear, finely vacuolated, abundant cytoplasm with indistinct cellular borders and finely hyperchromatic nuclei. These cells, the cytologic counterpart of A-S reaction, may be interpreted as malignant by the unwary observer. Critical evaluation of their cytologic characteristics, however, is not likely to confirm this impression. The proper recognition of these atypical cells may be a valuable aid in suggesting the presence of ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Atypical cytology in tubal pregnancy. The V-C Pap smears taken from five cases of tubal pregnancy revealed dyskariotic endometrial cells characterized by clear, finely vacuolated, abundant cytoplasm with indistinct cellular borders and finely hyperchromatic nuclei. These cells, the cytologic counterpart of A-S reaction, may be interpreted as malignant by the unwary observer. Critical evaluation of their cytologic characteristics, however, is not likely to confirm this impression. The proper recognition of these atypical cells may be a valuable aid in suggesting the presence of ectopic pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:926075", "title": "Outcomes of elective home births: a series of 1,146 cases.", "content": "Medical records of 1,146 elective home births from five home delivery services in northern California were reviewed. Three of the services consisted of family physicians and nurses, whereas two consisted of lay midwives without immediate physician supervision. Rates of medical complications in both groups were low. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were lower than California averages. Fifteen premature infants (1.3%) were delivered successfully. Apgar scores were high. Four infants (0.3%) were neurologically abnormal at follow-up. The perinatal mortality rate was 9.5 per 1,000 total births. There were no maternal deaths. These figures demonstrate that in a self-selected, medically screened, low-risk population, home delivery with medical facility back-up can be a reasonable alternative to hospital delivery. Possible reasons for the good results obtained are cited.", "contents": "Outcomes of elective home births: a series of 1,146 cases. Medical records of 1,146 elective home births from five home delivery services in northern California were reviewed. Three of the services consisted of family physicians and nurses, whereas two consisted of lay midwives without immediate physician supervision. Rates of medical complications in both groups were low. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were lower than California averages. Fifteen premature infants (1.3%) were delivered successfully. Apgar scores were high. Four infants (0.3%) were neurologically abnormal at follow-up. The perinatal mortality rate was 9.5 per 1,000 total births. There were no maternal deaths. These figures demonstrate that in a self-selected, medically screened, low-risk population, home delivery with medical facility back-up can be a reasonable alternative to hospital delivery. Possible reasons for the good results obtained are cited."}
{"id": "PMID:926101", "title": "Cell mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis: Imparied lymphocyte responsiveness, humoral immunosuppressants, and correlations with clinical status in patients off drug therapy.", "content": "Cell mediated immune functions were studied in 17 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at times off all drug therapy, and were correlated with clinical findings. Cellular immunity was evaluated by (1) skin testing to antigens and (2) measuring peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) and effusion lymphocyte tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake in in vitro cultures containing 20 percent autologous or 20 percent AB plasma and various concentrations of mitogens or antigens. Cutaneous and in vitro reactivity were decreased in RA patients: (1) RA PBL spontaneously incorporated more 3H-TdR than normals; (2) 3H-TdR uptake by RA PBL, cultured in AB plasma, in response to mitogens and antigens was markedly reduced when compared with normals; (3) RA PBL responses were further diminished when cells were cultured in autologous plasmas; (4) effusion lymphocytes similarly often had high unstimulated 3H-TdR uptakes and poor responses to stimulation; and (5) decreased proliferative responses of RA PBL (in AB plasma) correlated with class and stage III-IV, increasing age, number of tender or swollen joints, rheumatoid factor titer, total protein, decreased grip strength, and poor skin test reactivity.", "contents": "Cell mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis: Imparied lymphocyte responsiveness, humoral immunosuppressants, and correlations with clinical status in patients off drug therapy. Cell mediated immune functions were studied in 17 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at times off all drug therapy, and were correlated with clinical findings. Cellular immunity was evaluated by (1) skin testing to antigens and (2) measuring peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) and effusion lymphocyte tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake in in vitro cultures containing 20 percent autologous or 20 percent AB plasma and various concentrations of mitogens or antigens. Cutaneous and in vitro reactivity were decreased in RA patients: (1) RA PBL spontaneously incorporated more 3H-TdR than normals; (2) 3H-TdR uptake by RA PBL, cultured in AB plasma, in response to mitogens and antigens was markedly reduced when compared with normals; (3) RA PBL responses were further diminished when cells were cultured in autologous plasmas; (4) effusion lymphocytes similarly often had high unstimulated 3H-TdR uptakes and poor responses to stimulation; and (5) decreased proliferative responses of RA PBL (in AB plasma) correlated with class and stage III-IV, increasing age, number of tender or swollen joints, rheumatoid factor titer, total protein, decreased grip strength, and poor skin test reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:926102", "title": "Synovial calcification in a patient with collagen-vascular disease: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Unusual articular as well as periarticular calcifications are reported in a patient with collagen-vascular disease. Tiny crystals visible in electron micrographs in synovial membrane and in synovial fluid cell vacuoles resemble apatite and appear most consistent with apatite on electron probe studies. The inflammatory synovial effusion also contained chylomicrons. Other joint diseases associated with synovial calcification or suspected synovial apatite are discussed.", "contents": "Synovial calcification in a patient with collagen-vascular disease: light and electron microscopic studies. Unusual articular as well as periarticular calcifications are reported in a patient with collagen-vascular disease. Tiny crystals visible in electron micrographs in synovial membrane and in synovial fluid cell vacuoles resemble apatite and appear most consistent with apatite on electron probe studies. The inflammatory synovial effusion also contained chylomicrons. Other joint diseases associated with synovial calcification or suspected synovial apatite are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926103", "title": "Colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma.", "content": "We treated 10 patients with well established scleroderma with colchicine in the highest tolerated dose for one year. We could determine no clinical or laboratory improvement in any patient. Progression of disease was suggested by the development of new skin ulcers and telangiectasia, by an increase in musculoskeletal complaints, and by a significantly diminished ability to make a fist. In addition, there was deterioration of pulmonary function as demonstrated by a statistically significant fall in FEV1, and diffusing capacity. Colchicine was not of value in the treatment of scleroderma in this group of patients.", "contents": "Colchicine in the treatment of scleroderma. We treated 10 patients with well established scleroderma with colchicine in the highest tolerated dose for one year. We could determine no clinical or laboratory improvement in any patient. Progression of disease was suggested by the development of new skin ulcers and telangiectasia, by an increase in musculoskeletal complaints, and by a significantly diminished ability to make a fist. In addition, there was deterioration of pulmonary function as demonstrated by a statistically significant fall in FEV1, and diffusing capacity. Colchicine was not of value in the treatment of scleroderma in this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:926104", "title": "Psoriatic spondylitis: a clinical, radiological, and scintiscan survey.", "content": "Thirty-three per cent of patients with psoriatic spondyloarthropathy referred to a rheumatic disease unit were found to have radiological sacroiliitis. The majority of these patients had definite or probable spondylitis according to the New York criteria. Abnormal sacroiliac uptake of 99mTcPP on bone scan correlated well with the radiological finding of sacroiliitis. In addtion, eight patients with normal radiographs had an abnormal uptake of radionuclide over the sacroiliac joints, indicating sacroiliitis. Patients with sacroiliitis tended to have more severe psoriasis. Sacroiliitis occurred in association with all of the patterns of peripheral joint involvement which may occur in psoriatic arthritis. Although the HLA antigen B27 was present in only 21 percent of the total group and in 33 percent of those with sacroiliitis, 8 out of 10 with this antigen had sacroiliitis.", "contents": "Psoriatic spondylitis: a clinical, radiological, and scintiscan survey. Thirty-three per cent of patients with psoriatic spondyloarthropathy referred to a rheumatic disease unit were found to have radiological sacroiliitis. The majority of these patients had definite or probable spondylitis according to the New York criteria. Abnormal sacroiliac uptake of 99mTcPP on bone scan correlated well with the radiological finding of sacroiliitis. In addtion, eight patients with normal radiographs had an abnormal uptake of radionuclide over the sacroiliac joints, indicating sacroiliitis. Patients with sacroiliitis tended to have more severe psoriasis. Sacroiliitis occurred in association with all of the patterns of peripheral joint involvement which may occur in psoriatic arthritis. Although the HLA antigen B27 was present in only 21 percent of the total group and in 33 percent of those with sacroiliitis, 8 out of 10 with this antigen had sacroiliitis."}
{"id": "PMID:926105", "title": "The sacroiliitis of acute Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "Sacroiliitis can be demonstrated radiologically in over one-third of patients with chronic Reiter's syndrome. We have used a bone scan technique with digital analysis which will quantitatively assess the sacroiliac joints, and have found abnormalities in 24 of 33 patients with active Reiter's syndrome. It seems likely therefore that sacroiliitis is a common feature in patients with early Reiter's syndrome and while in most patients it resolves with resolution of disease activity, in some it may persist with the development of overt radiological changes.", "contents": "The sacroiliitis of acute Reiter's syndrome. Sacroiliitis can be demonstrated radiologically in over one-third of patients with chronic Reiter's syndrome. We have used a bone scan technique with digital analysis which will quantitatively assess the sacroiliac joints, and have found abnormalities in 24 of 33 patients with active Reiter's syndrome. It seems likely therefore that sacroiliitis is a common feature in patients with early Reiter's syndrome and while in most patients it resolves with resolution of disease activity, in some it may persist with the development of overt radiological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:926106", "title": "Ankylosing spondylitis with selective IgA deficiency and a circulating anticoagulant.", "content": "A patient with ankylosing spondylitis was found to have selective IgA deficiency and a non-heparin, immediate-acting antithrombin (antithrombin V). T cells were decreased, and serum IgG was increased. In vitro synthesis of IgG by peripheral blood lymphocytes was very high. This association of ankylosing spondylitis with the T cell and protein abnormalities is probably fortuitous but does demonstrate that severe spondylitis may evolve in the absence of IgA.", "contents": "Ankylosing spondylitis with selective IgA deficiency and a circulating anticoagulant. A patient with ankylosing spondylitis was found to have selective IgA deficiency and a non-heparin, immediate-acting antithrombin (antithrombin V). T cells were decreased, and serum IgG was increased. In vitro synthesis of IgG by peripheral blood lymphocytes was very high. This association of ankylosing spondylitis with the T cell and protein abnormalities is probably fortuitous but does demonstrate that severe spondylitis may evolve in the absence of IgA."}
{"id": "PMID:926107", "title": "Acute pseudogout in the absence of synovial fluid Leukocytes.", "content": "A case of acute pseudogout that occurred in the absence of synovial fluid leukocytes is described. This finding implies that there may be an alternative inflammatory mechanism for acute pseudogout that does not depend on polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "contents": "Acute pseudogout in the absence of synovial fluid Leukocytes. A case of acute pseudogout that occurred in the absence of synovial fluid leukocytes is described. This finding implies that there may be an alternative inflammatory mechanism for acute pseudogout that does not depend on polymorphonuclear leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:926108", "title": "Granulomatous liver disease and giant cell arteritis. Case report and literature review.", "content": "A case granulomatous liver disease associated with the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome is presented. Treatment with corticosteroids resulted in prompt improvement in both the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome, as well as the tests of liver function. It is suggested that polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis may involve the liver and should be included in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous liver disease.", "contents": "Granulomatous liver disease and giant cell arteritis. Case report and literature review. A case granulomatous liver disease associated with the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome is presented. Treatment with corticosteroids resulted in prompt improvement in both the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome, as well as the tests of liver function. It is suggested that polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis may involve the liver and should be included in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:926109", "title": "HLA antigens in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "The frequency of 24 HLA antigens was determined in 43 patients with giant cell arteritis (25 of whom had polymyalgia rheumatica) and 12 others with polymyalgia rheumatica without evident arteritis. No haplotype was present in significantly increased frequency above controls in the total group nor when the patients were separated according to the presence or absence of polymyalgia rheumatica.", "contents": "HLA antigens in patients with giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. The frequency of 24 HLA antigens was determined in 43 patients with giant cell arteritis (25 of whom had polymyalgia rheumatica) and 12 others with polymyalgia rheumatica without evident arteritis. No haplotype was present in significantly increased frequency above controls in the total group nor when the patients were separated according to the presence or absence of polymyalgia rheumatica."}
{"id": "PMID:926113", "title": "Synthesis and biological action of two glucocorticoid alkylating agents.", "content": "Two alkylating glucocorticoids have been synthesized in order to test the possibility of alkylating glucocorticoid receptors. The title compounds are 9alpha-fluoro-11beta,16alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate] 16,17-acetonide (I) and 11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 21-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate] (II), prepared from triamcinolone acetonide and cortisol, respectively, through the reaction of the C-21 hydroxyl group with phosgene and di-2-chloroethylamine in the presence of triethylamine. Both compounds are biologically active as inhibitors of the growth of cultured mouse fibroblasts and are able to compete for the specific binding of radiolabeled triamcinolone acetonide to the L929 cell receptor. The bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate moiety is capable of reacting with nucleophilic groups as evidenced by the colorimetric reaction with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. Both the interaction with the receptor and inhibition of cell growth by these two glucocorticoids are reversible.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological action of two glucocorticoid alkylating agents. Two alkylating glucocorticoids have been synthesized in order to test the possibility of alkylating glucocorticoid receptors. The title compounds are 9alpha-fluoro-11beta,16alpha,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate] 16,17-acetonide (I) and 11beta,17alpha,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 21-[bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate] (II), prepared from triamcinolone acetonide and cortisol, respectively, through the reaction of the C-21 hydroxyl group with phosgene and di-2-chloroethylamine in the presence of triethylamine. Both compounds are biologically active as inhibitors of the growth of cultured mouse fibroblasts and are able to compete for the specific binding of radiolabeled triamcinolone acetonide to the L929 cell receptor. The bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate moiety is capable of reacting with nucleophilic groups as evidenced by the colorimetric reaction with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. Both the interaction with the receptor and inhibition of cell growth by these two glucocorticoids are reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:926114", "title": "Quantitative relationships between steroid structure and binding to putative progesterone receptors.", "content": "Relationships between chemical structure of androst-4-en-3-one derivatives and their affinity for putative progesterone receptors are described. The binding affinity for 55 derivatives can be expressed by the equation log relative binding affinity (rabbit receptor) = 1.79 + 0.18 (+/-0.11) pia + 1.45 (+/-0.21) pib + 0.010 (+/-0.002) (surface area in hydrophobic pockets) - 0.012 (+/-0.003) (surface area out of hydrophobic pockets) - 0.99 (+/-0.21) MK - 0.33 (+/-0.08) (conformational changes). For this equation, r=0.88. The equation successfully predicts the affinities of other compounds in the literature. The importance of the surface area terms is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative relationships between steroid structure and binding to putative progesterone receptors. Relationships between chemical structure of androst-4-en-3-one derivatives and their affinity for putative progesterone receptors are described. The binding affinity for 55 derivatives can be expressed by the equation log relative binding affinity (rabbit receptor) = 1.79 + 0.18 (+/-0.11) pia + 1.45 (+/-0.21) pib + 0.010 (+/-0.002) (surface area in hydrophobic pockets) - 0.012 (+/-0.003) (surface area out of hydrophobic pockets) - 0.99 (+/-0.21) MK - 0.33 (+/-0.08) (conformational changes). For this equation, r=0.88. The equation successfully predicts the affinities of other compounds in the literature. The importance of the surface area terms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926115", "title": "Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin E analogues.", "content": "The preparation and gastric antisecretory activity of a series of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin analogues are described. The compounds were tested intravenously in histamine-stimulated Heidenhain pouch dogs in relation to the reference standards PGE1 and PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1ME). The parent compound of this seris, (+/-)-15-deoxy-16alpha,beta-hydroxyprostaglandin E1 methyl ester (3), was found to be equipotent to the reference standard PGE1ME. Methylation at C-16 of 3 produced 8 which was found to be some 40 times more potent than PGE1. In sharp contrast, addition of two methyl groups to 3 at C15 or C17 markedly reduced the antisecretory action. The 16-ethyl analogue of 3 also showed reduced potency. Removal or epimerization of the C-11 hydroxy group of 8 reduced the activity. Likewise, hydrogenation or changing the stereochemistry of the 13,14 double bond from trans to cis decreased the activity. On the other hand, omega-homologation of 8 or the introduction of a cis-5,6 double bond did not affect the potency. From these studies, it appears that 8, 16, and 17 possess optimum gastric antisecretory effects in this series.", "contents": "Synthesis and gastric antisecretory properties of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin E analogues. The preparation and gastric antisecretory activity of a series of 15-deoxy-16-hydroxyprostaglandin analogues are described. The compounds were tested intravenously in histamine-stimulated Heidenhain pouch dogs in relation to the reference standards PGE1 and PGE1 methyl ester (PGE1ME). The parent compound of this seris, (+/-)-15-deoxy-16alpha,beta-hydroxyprostaglandin E1 methyl ester (3), was found to be equipotent to the reference standard PGE1ME. Methylation at C-16 of 3 produced 8 which was found to be some 40 times more potent than PGE1. In sharp contrast, addition of two methyl groups to 3 at C15 or C17 markedly reduced the antisecretory action. The 16-ethyl analogue of 3 also showed reduced potency. Removal or epimerization of the C-11 hydroxy group of 8 reduced the activity. Likewise, hydrogenation or changing the stereochemistry of the 13,14 double bond from trans to cis decreased the activity. On the other hand, omega-homologation of 8 or the introduction of a cis-5,6 double bond did not affect the potency. From these studies, it appears that 8, 16, and 17 possess optimum gastric antisecretory effects in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:926117", "title": "[1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)] analogues of arginine-vasopressin, [8-D-arginine]vasopressin, and [4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin.", "content": "[1-(L-2-Hdroxy-3-mercaptopropanic acid)]arginine-vasopressin (hydroxy-AVP), [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid),8-D-arginine]vasopressin (hydroxy-DAVP), and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid),4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (hydroxy-VDAVP) were synthesized by a combination of the solid-phase and solution methods of peptide synthesis. Protected octapeptides synthesized by the solid-phase method were further acylated by 1 + 8 couplings in solution to furnish the key intermediates. Hydroxy-AVP has antidiuretic potency of 470 units/mg and activity in the rat vasopressor assay of 550 units/mg, representing a small enhancement of activity over that of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in each case. Hydroxy-DAVP and hydroxy-VDAVP have essentially the same high antidiuretic activity (900 units/mg) and very low vasopressor potencies (0.9 and less than 0.02 units/mg, respectively). Hydroxy-AVP, hydroxy-DAVP, and hydroxy-VDAVP thus have antidiuretic-pressor selectivity (A/P) of 1, 1000, and greater than 45 000, respectively. These data are compared with those of other vasopressin analogues. Hydroxy-VDAVP is a highly specific antidiuretic peptids and may be useful in pharmacological studies of antidiuresis.", "contents": "[1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)] analogues of arginine-vasopressin, [8-D-arginine]vasopressin, and [4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin. [1-(L-2-Hdroxy-3-mercaptopropanic acid)]arginine-vasopressin (hydroxy-AVP), [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid),8-D-arginine]vasopressin (hydroxy-DAVP), and [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid),4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (hydroxy-VDAVP) were synthesized by a combination of the solid-phase and solution methods of peptide synthesis. Protected octapeptides synthesized by the solid-phase method were further acylated by 1 + 8 couplings in solution to furnish the key intermediates. Hydroxy-AVP has antidiuretic potency of 470 units/mg and activity in the rat vasopressor assay of 550 units/mg, representing a small enhancement of activity over that of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) in each case. Hydroxy-DAVP and hydroxy-VDAVP have essentially the same high antidiuretic activity (900 units/mg) and very low vasopressor potencies (0.9 and less than 0.02 units/mg, respectively). Hydroxy-AVP, hydroxy-DAVP, and hydroxy-VDAVP thus have antidiuretic-pressor selectivity (A/P) of 1, 1000, and greater than 45 000, respectively. These data are compared with those of other vasopressin analogues. Hydroxy-VDAVP is a highly specific antidiuretic peptids and may be useful in pharmacological studies of antidiuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:926119", "title": "2-pyridylimidazoles as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.", "content": "A series of 28 4-substituted and 4,5-disubstituted 2-pyridylimidazoles was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Included within this group are examples of 2-pyridylimidazopyridines and halo-substituted 2-pyridylbenzimidazoles. Five compounds exhibited inhibitory activity in the same range as the standards, 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 2-(4-pyridyl)-4-trifluoromethylimidazole (22). Two examples, 2-(4-pyridyl)-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (16) and 2-(4-pyridyl)-4-nitroimidazole (3), were at least an order of magnitude more active than the standards and therefore rank among the most potent known inhibitors of the enzyme.", "contents": "2-pyridylimidazoles as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. A series of 28 4-substituted and 4,5-disubstituted 2-pyridylimidazoles was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Included within this group are examples of 2-pyridylimidazopyridines and halo-substituted 2-pyridylbenzimidazoles. Five compounds exhibited inhibitory activity in the same range as the standards, 4-hydroxypyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 2-(4-pyridyl)-4-trifluoromethylimidazole (22). Two examples, 2-(4-pyridyl)-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (16) and 2-(4-pyridyl)-4-nitroimidazole (3), were at least an order of magnitude more active than the standards and therefore rank among the most potent known inhibitors of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:926120", "title": "Inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidase. 3. Inhibition of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase by 2,6- and 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl alkyl ketones and related compounds.", "content": "A series of 2,6- and 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl alkyl ketones has been investigated as inhibitors of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities. Structural alterations in both series did little to enhance the inhibitory activity of the parent compounds 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (3) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (27). In the 2,6 series activity against both microsomal systems varied only over a relatively narrow range, 6-allyloxy-2-hydroxyacetophenone (19) being the most potent inhibitor. In the 2,4 series, activity against aniline hydroxylase was poor or absent in most cases. tthe most potent inhibitor was 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (31). In contrast, high activity against aminopyrine demethylase was frequently displayed in this series, 3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone (36) showing greatest inhibitory potency. The effects of some compounds on hexobarbital sleeping times and zoxazolamine paralysis times in mice were also examined.", "contents": "Inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidase. 3. Inhibition of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase by 2,6- and 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl alkyl ketones and related compounds. A series of 2,6- and 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl alkyl ketones has been investigated as inhibitors of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities. Structural alterations in both series did little to enhance the inhibitory activity of the parent compounds 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (3) and 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (27). In the 2,6 series activity against both microsomal systems varied only over a relatively narrow range, 6-allyloxy-2-hydroxyacetophenone (19) being the most potent inhibitor. In the 2,4 series, activity against aniline hydroxylase was poor or absent in most cases. tthe most potent inhibitor was 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (31). In contrast, high activity against aminopyrine demethylase was frequently displayed in this series, 3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone (36) showing greatest inhibitory potency. The effects of some compounds on hexobarbital sleeping times and zoxazolamine paralysis times in mice were also examined."}
{"id": "PMID:926121", "title": "Oxime ether derivatives, a new class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds.", "content": "A series of new 2-hydroxyethyl and carboxyalkyl ethers of aromatic oximes was found to possess pronounced antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema test in the rat. The activity was limited mainly to derivatives of p-haloacetophenone oxime and of p-halobenzaldehyde oxime. Nevertheless, the hydroxyethyl and carboxyalkyl groups may be converted into many derivatives with maintenance of activity. Some structure-activity relationships are in contrast to those of the well-known antiinflammatory arylacetic acids. The activity is limited to the E stereoisomers. The hydrochloride of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (E)-[[(p-chloro-alpha-methylbenzylidene)-amino[oxy]acetate (36, INN name Cloximate) was chosen for clinical evaluation. The first results agree with the pharmacological prospects.", "contents": "Oxime ether derivatives, a new class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds. A series of new 2-hydroxyethyl and carboxyalkyl ethers of aromatic oximes was found to possess pronounced antiinflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced edema test in the rat. The activity was limited mainly to derivatives of p-haloacetophenone oxime and of p-halobenzaldehyde oxime. Nevertheless, the hydroxyethyl and carboxyalkyl groups may be converted into many derivatives with maintenance of activity. Some structure-activity relationships are in contrast to those of the well-known antiinflammatory arylacetic acids. The activity is limited to the E stereoisomers. The hydrochloride of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl (E)-[[(p-chloro-alpha-methylbenzylidene)-amino[oxy]acetate (36, INN name Cloximate) was chosen for clinical evaluation. The first results agree with the pharmacological prospects."}
{"id": "PMID:926122", "title": "Electronic factors in the structure-activity relationship of some 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones.", "content": "Some significant correlations are observed between the CNS activities of a series of 59 benzodiazepines and some calculated electronic indices. The parameters concerned are the net charge on the carbonyl oxygen atom of the lactam ring and the total molecular dipole moment, correlations with the latter index being superior. The utility of the observed relationships is discussed.", "contents": "Electronic factors in the structure-activity relationship of some 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones. Some significant correlations are observed between the CNS activities of a series of 59 benzodiazepines and some calculated electronic indices. The parameters concerned are the net charge on the carbonyl oxygen atom of the lactam ring and the total molecular dipole moment, correlations with the latter index being superior. The utility of the observed relationships is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926123", "title": "Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 2. Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group on nitrogen or at the 3 position.", "content": "The synthesis of succinimide derivatives in which alkylating groups have been attached to the imide nitrogen or to the 3 position of the ring is described. The synthesis of one bis-alkylating derivative 19 is also described. The alkylating groups used were (a) alpha-haloacetyl, (b) alpha-haloacetamido, (c) maleamyl, and (d) maleimido. These compounds were prepared as potential long-acting anticonvulsants. None of the compounds showed activity against maximal electroshock or metrazole-induced seizures.", "contents": "Potential long-acting anticonvulsants. 2. Synthesis and activity of succinimides containing an alkylating group on nitrogen or at the 3 position. The synthesis of succinimide derivatives in which alkylating groups have been attached to the imide nitrogen or to the 3 position of the ring is described. The synthesis of one bis-alkylating derivative 19 is also described. The alkylating groups used were (a) alpha-haloacetyl, (b) alpha-haloacetamido, (c) maleamyl, and (d) maleimido. These compounds were prepared as potential long-acting anticonvulsants. None of the compounds showed activity against maximal electroshock or metrazole-induced seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:926124", "title": "Effect of the solvent-dependent conformational system of hydroxyureas on predicted vs. observed log P.", "content": "Calculated and observed log P values are reported and compared with in vivo and in vitro biological action (L1210 leukemia ILS % and ribonucleotide reductase ID50) for hydroxyurea, the 1-N methyl and ethyl, and the 3-N ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, and p-chlorophenyl analogues. The log P values were calculated via the method of Hansch and Leo from literature f values and the observed log P values were obtained by direct determination after equilibration between octanol and water. Calculations of log P for hydroxyurea were found to be appreciably more hydrophilic than the values obtained experimentally. Differences in calculated and observed log P (delta log P) for the substituted analogues were lowest with the 1-N and the bulky 3-N substituents and greatest with the 3-N-substituted straight-chain analogues (delta log P = 0.70). Different structural species were observed by infrared spectroscopy in dry octanol vs. octanol after water equilibration and drying, and this is proposed as due to changes in conformational equilibrium in the hydroxyurea systems. Differences between calculated and observed log P are explained via the stabilization of internally hydrogen-bonded conformers in the case of 1-N or bulky 3-N analogues or destabilization of various conformers allowing maximal interactions with solvent or water which is the case with straight chain 3-N analogues.", "contents": "Effect of the solvent-dependent conformational system of hydroxyureas on predicted vs. observed log P. Calculated and observed log P values are reported and compared with in vivo and in vitro biological action (L1210 leukemia ILS % and ribonucleotide reductase ID50) for hydroxyurea, the 1-N methyl and ethyl, and the 3-N ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, and p-chlorophenyl analogues. The log P values were calculated via the method of Hansch and Leo from literature f values and the observed log P values were obtained by direct determination after equilibration between octanol and water. Calculations of log P for hydroxyurea were found to be appreciably more hydrophilic than the values obtained experimentally. Differences in calculated and observed log P (delta log P) for the substituted analogues were lowest with the 1-N and the bulky 3-N substituents and greatest with the 3-N-substituted straight-chain analogues (delta log P = 0.70). Different structural species were observed by infrared spectroscopy in dry octanol vs. octanol after water equilibration and drying, and this is proposed as due to changes in conformational equilibrium in the hydroxyurea systems. Differences between calculated and observed log P are explained via the stabilization of internally hydrogen-bonded conformers in the case of 1-N or bulky 3-N analogues or destabilization of various conformers allowing maximal interactions with solvent or water which is the case with straight chain 3-N analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:926125", "title": "4-amino-6-(trichloroethenyl)-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide, a new, potent fasciolicide.", "content": "The synthesis and fasciolicidal activity of 4-amino-6-(trichloroethenyl)-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide are reported. A single dose of 15 mg/kg was effective in removing over 90% of immature Fasciola hepatica from sheep (6 weeks after infection) and calves (8 weeks after infection). A 2.5 mg/kg dose removed over 90% of mature (16 weeks old) liver fluke from sheep. Single oral doses up to 400 mg/kg were tolerated by sheep without gross toxic symptoms.", "contents": "4-amino-6-(trichloroethenyl)-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide, a new, potent fasciolicide. The synthesis and fasciolicidal activity of 4-amino-6-(trichloroethenyl)-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide are reported. A single dose of 15 mg/kg was effective in removing over 90% of immature Fasciola hepatica from sheep (6 weeks after infection) and calves (8 weeks after infection). A 2.5 mg/kg dose removed over 90% of mature (16 weeks old) liver fluke from sheep. Single oral doses up to 400 mg/kg were tolerated by sheep without gross toxic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:926126", "title": "[1-deaminopenicillamine,4-valine]-8-D-arginine-vasopressin, a highly potent inhibitor of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin.", "content": "In attempting to design an antagonist of the antidiuretic response to arginine-vasopressin (AVP) [1-deaminopenicillamine,4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dPVDAVP) was synthesized by the solid-phase method and assayed for antidiuretic, vasopressor, and oxytocic activities. dPVDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 123 +/- 22 units/mg, one-tenth that of its parent [deamino,4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dVDAVP). Like dVDAVP its antidiuretic effect in conscious diabetes insipidus rats is greatly prolonged when compared to AVP. dPVDAVP causes a prolonged inhibition of vasopressor responses to AVP but not to norepinephrine or angiotensin II. It has an antivasopressor pA2 value of 7.82 +/- 0.05 when tested against AVP. Thus the penicillamine substitution at position 1 in dVDAVP increased its antivasopressor activity sixfold (dVDAVP has a pA2 value of 7.03 +/- 0.11). dPVDAVP is thus the most potent vasopressor antagonist yet reported. dPVDAVP was also found to be a potent inhibitor of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin (pA2 value = 7.23 +/- 0.04). dPVDAVP with its potent and specific ability to antagonize the vasopressor effects of AVP should be a useful pharmacological tool with which to explore the possible participation of AVP's potent vasoconstrictor properties in cardiovascular regulation in physiological and pathological states.", "contents": "[1-deaminopenicillamine,4-valine]-8-D-arginine-vasopressin, a highly potent inhibitor of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin. In attempting to design an antagonist of the antidiuretic response to arginine-vasopressin (AVP) [1-deaminopenicillamine,4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dPVDAVP) was synthesized by the solid-phase method and assayed for antidiuretic, vasopressor, and oxytocic activities. dPVDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 123 +/- 22 units/mg, one-tenth that of its parent [deamino,4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dVDAVP). Like dVDAVP its antidiuretic effect in conscious diabetes insipidus rats is greatly prolonged when compared to AVP. dPVDAVP causes a prolonged inhibition of vasopressor responses to AVP but not to norepinephrine or angiotensin II. It has an antivasopressor pA2 value of 7.82 +/- 0.05 when tested against AVP. Thus the penicillamine substitution at position 1 in dVDAVP increased its antivasopressor activity sixfold (dVDAVP has a pA2 value of 7.03 +/- 0.11). dPVDAVP is thus the most potent vasopressor antagonist yet reported. dPVDAVP was also found to be a potent inhibitor of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin (pA2 value = 7.23 +/- 0.04). dPVDAVP with its potent and specific ability to antagonize the vasopressor effects of AVP should be a useful pharmacological tool with which to explore the possible participation of AVP's potent vasoconstrictor properties in cardiovascular regulation in physiological and pathological states."}
{"id": "PMID:926128", "title": "Focus: current issues in medical ethics.", "content": "The current debates about seat belts in motor cars and the evils of smoking may only be straws in the wind if the scenario sketched in this paper were translated into a social, political programme. Then 'illness would increasingly be seen as a failure to keep healthy and thus culpable. The failures [the patients] ... must either be irresponsible and hence punishable at least by the imposition of financial penalties or insane and thus in need of corrective therapy.' If this sounds like 1984 the reader must read the whole argument set out in this paper and make his own judgment. He may not be encouraged by what he reads but he will be forewarned. There is no answer to the question, What shall I do, if this prophecy is true?", "contents": "Focus: current issues in medical ethics. The current debates about seat belts in motor cars and the evils of smoking may only be straws in the wind if the scenario sketched in this paper were translated into a social, political programme. Then 'illness would increasingly be seen as a failure to keep healthy and thus culpable. The failures [the patients] ... must either be irresponsible and hence punishable at least by the imposition of financial penalties or insane and thus in need of corrective therapy.' If this sounds like 1984 the reader must read the whole argument set out in this paper and make his own judgment. He may not be encouraged by what he reads but he will be forewarned. There is no answer to the question, What shall I do, if this prophecy is true?"}
{"id": "PMID:926129", "title": "The General Medical Council: frame of reference or arbiter of morals?", "content": "Many members of the public think of the General Medical Council (GMC) as the body which tries doctors: the doctors' law courts, as it were. And, except in the more sober of newspapers and news reports, the 'offences ' which receive the most publicity are those concerning alleged improper relations between doctors and patients. Professor Sir Denis Hill, in the following paper, which he read in the spring of this year to the annual conference of the London Medical Group devoted to a discussion of human sexuality, chose to examine the whole function of the General Medical Council as a frame of moral reference for doctors. Judging allegations of professional misconduct by doctors is the function of the Council's Disciplinary Committee. Judging sexual misconduct forms only a small part of their work. The GMC's responsibility covers the whole notion of morals and morality as it concerns doctors in their professional work. Sir Denis Hill stresses the modern thinking that morality must be learned and that attitudes are always shifting as society alters its norms of what is moral conduct. That is not to say that all that was previously considered not to be moral has now become acceptable but rather that other concepts have entered the field of moral debate. Therefore the GMC must constantly review the frame of reference it offers to doctors and the public may be surprised to learn that that process is never static. Sir Denis Hill in this paper is speaking personally and not as a member of the General Medical Council or of any of that body's special committees.", "contents": "The General Medical Council: frame of reference or arbiter of morals? Many members of the public think of the General Medical Council (GMC) as the body which tries doctors: the doctors' law courts, as it were. And, except in the more sober of newspapers and news reports, the 'offences ' which receive the most publicity are those concerning alleged improper relations between doctors and patients. Professor Sir Denis Hill, in the following paper, which he read in the spring of this year to the annual conference of the London Medical Group devoted to a discussion of human sexuality, chose to examine the whole function of the General Medical Council as a frame of moral reference for doctors. Judging allegations of professional misconduct by doctors is the function of the Council's Disciplinary Committee. Judging sexual misconduct forms only a small part of their work. The GMC's responsibility covers the whole notion of morals and morality as it concerns doctors in their professional work. Sir Denis Hill stresses the modern thinking that morality must be learned and that attitudes are always shifting as society alters its norms of what is moral conduct. That is not to say that all that was previously considered not to be moral has now become acceptable but rather that other concepts have entered the field of moral debate. Therefore the GMC must constantly review the frame of reference it offers to doctors and the public may be surprised to learn that that process is never static. Sir Denis Hill in this paper is speaking personally and not as a member of the General Medical Council or of any of that body's special committees."}
{"id": "PMID:926130", "title": "Royal College of Nursing (Rcn) code of professional conduct: a discussion document.", "content": "We are printing in its entirety the discussion document which sets out a code of professional conduct for nurses published by the Royal College of Nursing in November 1976 together with commentaries by the Assistant Secretary of the British Medical Association, a professor of nursing studies, student nurses and a lawyer. The image of the nurse is still that of one of Florence Nightingale's young ladies or of a member of a religious order who is wholly dedicated to caring for the sick. Today, as this document and the comments upon it show, 'dedication' is still part of the motive which leads a man or woman to become a nurse but in addition, and this is where the public may be ignorant or choose to be ignorant, nursing offers a career where intellectual achievement and the satisfaction of a demanding job bring their proper financial reward and place in the professional community. We are grateful to the Royal College of Nursing for permission to publish this document.", "contents": "Royal College of Nursing (Rcn) code of professional conduct: a discussion document. We are printing in its entirety the discussion document which sets out a code of professional conduct for nurses published by the Royal College of Nursing in November 1976 together with commentaries by the Assistant Secretary of the British Medical Association, a professor of nursing studies, student nurses and a lawyer. The image of the nurse is still that of one of Florence Nightingale's young ladies or of a member of a religious order who is wholly dedicated to caring for the sick. Today, as this document and the comments upon it show, 'dedication' is still part of the motive which leads a man or woman to become a nurse but in addition, and this is where the public may be ignorant or choose to be ignorant, nursing offers a career where intellectual achievement and the satisfaction of a demanding job bring their proper financial reward and place in the professional community. We are grateful to the Royal College of Nursing for permission to publish this document."}
{"id": "PMID:926131", "title": "Tacit components of medical ethics: making decisions in the clinic.", "content": "When a patient visits his doctor there is, as well as a spoken dialogue, also an unspoken, or tacit, dialogue between them. This may not be evident unless that dialogue breaks down when the psychological or moral terms of reference of each are seen to be different. The author of this paper tries to elucidate the framework in which physician and patient think, and in so doing allow an understanding of why the physician may appear to be rigid and authoritarian in his dealing with his patients and the patient uncooperative.", "contents": "Tacit components of medical ethics: making decisions in the clinic. When a patient visits his doctor there is, as well as a spoken dialogue, also an unspoken, or tacit, dialogue between them. This may not be evident unless that dialogue breaks down when the psychological or moral terms of reference of each are seen to be different. The author of this paper tries to elucidate the framework in which physician and patient think, and in so doing allow an understanding of why the physician may appear to be rigid and authoritarian in his dealing with his patients and the patient uncooperative."}
{"id": "PMID:926132", "title": "False belief and the refusal of medical treatment.", "content": "May a doctor treat a patient, despite that patient's refusal, when in his professional opinion treatment is necessary? This is the dilemma which must from time to time confront most physicians. An examination of the validity of such a refusal is provided by the present authors who use the case history of a patient refusing treatment, for cancer as well as for a fractured hip, to evaluate the grounds for intervention in such circumstances. In such a situation the patient is said to have a 'false belief' and it is the doctor's duty to try to change that belief in the patient's interest. The false belief is considered here in terms of the liberty principle, the patient's mental competence and on what is called the 'harm principle' (harm to other individuals or to society). Finally the concept of paternalism is examined. The authors conclude that the doctor must attempt to change a false belief, and if this fails he must examine the patient's mental competence to make the decision to refuse treatment. But in the last analysis the doctor may be under an obligation to respect the patient's refusal. Readers might like to look at (or read again) the papers on 'Liberty' and 'Conscience' published in this Journal under the heading Analysis.", "contents": "False belief and the refusal of medical treatment. May a doctor treat a patient, despite that patient's refusal, when in his professional opinion treatment is necessary? This is the dilemma which must from time to time confront most physicians. An examination of the validity of such a refusal is provided by the present authors who use the case history of a patient refusing treatment, for cancer as well as for a fractured hip, to evaluate the grounds for intervention in such circumstances. In such a situation the patient is said to have a 'false belief' and it is the doctor's duty to try to change that belief in the patient's interest. The false belief is considered here in terms of the liberty principle, the patient's mental competence and on what is called the 'harm principle' (harm to other individuals or to society). Finally the concept of paternalism is examined. The authors conclude that the doctor must attempt to change a false belief, and if this fails he must examine the patient's mental competence to make the decision to refuse treatment. But in the last analysis the doctor may be under an obligation to respect the patient's refusal. Readers might like to look at (or read again) the papers on 'Liberty' and 'Conscience' published in this Journal under the heading Analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:926134", "title": "G gamma delta beta thalassaemia and g gamma HPFH (Hb Kenya type): comparison of 2 new cases.", "content": "Two new cases of G gamma delta beta thalassaemia and G gamma HPFH (Hb Kenya type) have been characterised in detail and compared with regard to haematological data, globin chains biosynthesis, and intracellular distribution of Hb F. The similarities and differences between these two conditions are discussed in relation to the possible underlying defects at the molecular level and to the control of the gamma delta beta gene complex in general.", "contents": "G gamma delta beta thalassaemia and g gamma HPFH (Hb Kenya type): comparison of 2 new cases. Two new cases of G gamma delta beta thalassaemia and G gamma HPFH (Hb Kenya type) have been characterised in detail and compared with regard to haematological data, globin chains biosynthesis, and intracellular distribution of Hb F. The similarities and differences between these two conditions are discussed in relation to the possible underlying defects at the molecular level and to the control of the gamma delta beta gene complex in general."}
{"id": "PMID:926135", "title": "Haemoglobin D Ouled Rabah (beta 19[Bl] asn leads to lys) in a Tuareg tribe of the Southern Sahara.", "content": "Haemoglobin Ouled Rabath found only once before in an Algerian has been discovered at high frequency in the Kel Kummer Tuaregs in Mali. The tribe represents a 'genetic isolate'.", "contents": "Haemoglobin D Ouled Rabah (beta 19[Bl] asn leads to lys) in a Tuareg tribe of the Southern Sahara. Haemoglobin Ouled Rabath found only once before in an Algerian has been discovered at high frequency in the Kel Kummer Tuaregs in Mali. The tribe represents a 'genetic isolate'."}
{"id": "PMID:926136", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in dyskeratosis congenita lymphocytes.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in chromosomes from lymphocytes of a patient with dyskeratosis congenita was 12-2 per mitosis. Our 33 normal controls had a mean of 5-4 SCE per mitosis and 5 patients with Fanconi's anaemia averaged 7-6 SCE per mitosis. The rate of chromosome breakage was only 0-5% in the dyskeratosis congenita patient and 0 to 2-5% in controls, while the Fanconi's anaemia patients showed higher values.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in dyskeratosis congenita lymphocytes. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in chromosomes from lymphocytes of a patient with dyskeratosis congenita was 12-2 per mitosis. Our 33 normal controls had a mean of 5-4 SCE per mitosis and 5 patients with Fanconi's anaemia averaged 7-6 SCE per mitosis. The rate of chromosome breakage was only 0-5% in the dyskeratosis congenita patient and 0 to 2-5% in controls, while the Fanconi's anaemia patients showed higher values."}
{"id": "PMID:926137", "title": "Partial trisomy 7p associated with familial 7p;22q translocation.", "content": "A newly described partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome number 7 is reported in a familial translocation between 7 and 22. The unbalanced translocation was found in one family member, the propositus, and the balanced form in 5 other members. The possibility of this translocation being a rare telomeric attachment previously undescribed in humans is discussed. Prominent clinical features include general mental and motor retardation, microbrachycephaly, and cardiac and oral abnormalities.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 7p associated with familial 7p;22q translocation. A newly described partial trisomy of the short arm of chromosome number 7 is reported in a familial translocation between 7 and 22. The unbalanced translocation was found in one family member, the propositus, and the balanced form in 5 other members. The possibility of this translocation being a rare telomeric attachment previously undescribed in humans is discussed. Prominent clinical features include general mental and motor retardation, microbrachycephaly, and cardiac and oral abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:926138", "title": "X/XYq - mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "A non-fluorescent Y chromosome was observed in a phenotypic male with 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Q-banding of the father's chromosomes showed a normally fluorescent Y. Measurements of the Y chromosomes in the father and the patient showed a significant difference in length. Evidence for translocation of the Y fluorescent segment to another chromosome was lacking in the present case.", "contents": "X/XYq - mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. A non-fluorescent Y chromosome was observed in a phenotypic male with 45,X/46,XYq-mosaicism and mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Q-banding of the father's chromosomes showed a normally fluorescent Y. Measurements of the Y chromosomes in the father and the patient showed a significant difference in length. Evidence for translocation of the Y fluorescent segment to another chromosome was lacking in the present case."}
{"id": "PMID:926139", "title": "'Complete 5p' trisomy: 1 case and 19 translocation carriers in 6 generations.", "content": "A description is given of a female infant with multiple malformations and mental retardation who died at 31 months. Cytogenetic studies indicate trisomy of the complete short arm of chromosome 5, resulting from the unbalanced segregation of a balanced translocation in the mother whose karyotype was interpreted as 46,XX,t(5; 15)(p11; p12). The karyotype of the proband was designated 46,XX, der(5)t(5; 15)(p11; p12)mat. Family studies indicate that the translocation has been present in the family for at least 6 generations.", "contents": "'Complete 5p' trisomy: 1 case and 19 translocation carriers in 6 generations. A description is given of a female infant with multiple malformations and mental retardation who died at 31 months. Cytogenetic studies indicate trisomy of the complete short arm of chromosome 5, resulting from the unbalanced segregation of a balanced translocation in the mother whose karyotype was interpreted as 46,XX,t(5; 15)(p11; p12). The karyotype of the proband was designated 46,XX, der(5)t(5; 15)(p11; p12)mat. Family studies indicate that the translocation has been present in the family for at least 6 generations."}
{"id": "PMID:926140", "title": "Echinocytes in families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The results of the present investigation have failed to confirm the suggestion that there is a significant increase in the proportion of echinocytes in preparation of fresh erythrocytes in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and heterozygous carriers of this disorder.", "contents": "Echinocytes in families with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The results of the present investigation have failed to confirm the suggestion that there is a significant increase in the proportion of echinocytes in preparation of fresh erythrocytes in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and heterozygous carriers of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:926141", "title": "A further example of human blood group chimaerism.", "content": "Blood group chimaerism was detected in a healthy fertile woman, not known to be a twin. Her peripheral lymphocytes had a male karyotype (46/XY); fibroblasts cultured from her skin had a female karyotype (46/XX). The mechanism of chimaerism could not be established.", "contents": "A further example of human blood group chimaerism. Blood group chimaerism was detected in a healthy fertile woman, not known to be a twin. Her peripheral lymphocytes had a male karyotype (46/XY); fibroblasts cultured from her skin had a female karyotype (46/XX). The mechanism of chimaerism could not be established."}
{"id": "PMID:926142", "title": "The r(20) syndrome.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with a ring-20 chromosome is described. The clinical findings, behaviour problems, epilepsy, and low grade mental retardation are the same as in the 3 cases described earlier. It seems to be justified to speak of a specific ring-20 syndrome.", "contents": "The r(20) syndrome. A 21-year-old woman with a ring-20 chromosome is described. The clinical findings, behaviour problems, epilepsy, and low grade mental retardation are the same as in the 3 cases described earlier. It seems to be justified to speak of a specific ring-20 syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:926150", "title": "Economic and racial disadvantage as reflected in traditional medical school selection factors.", "content": "Medical College Admission Test scores and undergraduate grade-point averages show that both lower income applicants in general and minority applicants in particular are at a competitive disadvantage in gaining admission to medical school. This study examines the extent to which income and race, viewed independently of one another, affect these selection factors. By analyzing data collected by the Association of American Medical Colleges on applicants to the 1976-77 entering class, factors associated with race were found to have a far more significant influence on applicants' credentials than factors associated with lower family income. An admissions policy based exclusively on GPAs and/or MCAT scores would proportionately exclude minority applicants from medical education but would have no similar effect on lower income white applicants.", "contents": "Economic and racial disadvantage as reflected in traditional medical school selection factors. Medical College Admission Test scores and undergraduate grade-point averages show that both lower income applicants in general and minority applicants in particular are at a competitive disadvantage in gaining admission to medical school. This study examines the extent to which income and race, viewed independently of one another, affect these selection factors. By analyzing data collected by the Association of American Medical Colleges on applicants to the 1976-77 entering class, factors associated with race were found to have a far more significant influence on applicants' credentials than factors associated with lower family income. An admissions policy based exclusively on GPAs and/or MCAT scores would proportionately exclude minority applicants from medical education but would have no similar effect on lower income white applicants."}
{"id": "PMID:926151", "title": "Undergraduate education in primary care: the Rockford experience.", "content": "Four years of experience with an undergraduate program in primary care in a new community-based medical school are described. Students are intimately involved over a two-and-a-half-year period in the delivery of primary care in rural and semi-rural community health centers. Despite problems of financing and, especially, faculty recruitment and development, the program has been enthusiastically endorsed by students and patients and appears to represent a viable new model for medical education.", "contents": "Undergraduate education in primary care: the Rockford experience. Four years of experience with an undergraduate program in primary care in a new community-based medical school are described. Students are intimately involved over a two-and-a-half-year period in the delivery of primary care in rural and semi-rural community health centers. Despite problems of financing and, especially, faculty recruitment and development, the program has been enthusiastically endorsed by students and patients and appears to represent a viable new model for medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:926152", "title": "The myth of professional isolation among physicians in nonurban areas.", "content": "Forty-six physicians practicing in nonurban areas of California were interviewed. A majority reported that they rarely or never felt professionally isolated. Measures describing the current community and professional activities were not found to predict feeling of professional isolation. The only background variable found to be significantly related to feelings of professional isolation was mean rating by admissions interviewers. It was concluded that applicants with high ratings were more likely to acquire a strongly academic, research view of medicine and, as a result, to feel professionally isolated when practicing in nonurban areas.", "contents": "The myth of professional isolation among physicians in nonurban areas. Forty-six physicians practicing in nonurban areas of California were interviewed. A majority reported that they rarely or never felt professionally isolated. Measures describing the current community and professional activities were not found to predict feeling of professional isolation. The only background variable found to be significantly related to feelings of professional isolation was mean rating by admissions interviewers. It was concluded that applicants with high ratings were more likely to acquire a strongly academic, research view of medicine and, as a result, to feel professionally isolated when practicing in nonurban areas."}
{"id": "PMID:926156", "title": "A microprocessor controlled multi-channel evoked potential data acquisition system.", "content": "A stored program control system is described for the acquisition of evoked potential (EP) data. It is a small, portable and flexible system with a variety of input and output possibilities. The system presents a low cost solution to the problem of acquisition of evoked potential data. A novel method of converting and reducing sixteen channels of EEG analogue data to their digital equivalent is shown. It is adaptable for the inter active control of experiments and is sophisticated enough to deal with the complexities of experimental control as well as data manipulation. One of the major advantages of the system is that both the sequencing of the functions and their detailed make-up can be readily altered by programming to meet the individual requirements of any given situation.", "contents": "A microprocessor controlled multi-channel evoked potential data acquisition system. A stored program control system is described for the acquisition of evoked potential (EP) data. It is a small, portable and flexible system with a variety of input and output possibilities. The system presents a low cost solution to the problem of acquisition of evoked potential data. A novel method of converting and reducing sixteen channels of EEG analogue data to their digital equivalent is shown. It is adaptable for the inter active control of experiments and is sophisticated enough to deal with the complexities of experimental control as well as data manipulation. One of the major advantages of the system is that both the sequencing of the functions and their detailed make-up can be readily altered by programming to meet the individual requirements of any given situation."}
{"id": "PMID:926158", "title": "Elements of hip joint prosthesis reliability.", "content": "The performance of a total hip prosthesis is considered in terms of reliability. The causes requiring removal of the prosthesis are considered and methods of avoiding these difficulties are outlined. It is pointed out that most attention must be focused on the areas of low reliability. The goal of increasing prosthesis lifetime must be shared between the surgeon and manufacturer.", "contents": "Elements of hip joint prosthesis reliability. The performance of a total hip prosthesis is considered in terms of reliability. The causes requiring removal of the prosthesis are considered and methods of avoiding these difficulties are outlined. It is pointed out that most attention must be focused on the areas of low reliability. The goal of increasing prosthesis lifetime must be shared between the surgeon and manufacturer."}
{"id": "PMID:926163", "title": "Effects of nystatin on membrane conductance and internal ion activities in Aplysia neurons.", "content": "Two methods were used to study effects of the antibiotics, nystatin, on giant neurons of Aplysia. In the first method the effects of various concentrations of nystatin on the current-voltage relationship were evaluated at a fixed time after exposure to the antibiotic using a two-microelectrode voltage clamp. Nystatin increased membrane conductance in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response relation was very steep, with little or no effect below 15 mg/liter and an effect too large to measure at concentrations greater than 30 mg/liter. Upon return to antibiotic-free solution, membrane conductance returned to pre-treatment levels within 30 minutes. The second type of experiment involved use of ion-specific microelectrodes to measure changes of intracellular univalent ion activities which attended the nystatin-induced permeability. Nystatin-induced permeability changes mainly involved univalent cations, but Cl permeability was also increased. Nystatin may therefore be used to selectively rearrange the internal ionic milieu to study the effect of such a change on membrane transport or electrical properties.", "contents": "Effects of nystatin on membrane conductance and internal ion activities in Aplysia neurons. Two methods were used to study effects of the antibiotics, nystatin, on giant neurons of Aplysia. In the first method the effects of various concentrations of nystatin on the current-voltage relationship were evaluated at a fixed time after exposure to the antibiotic using a two-microelectrode voltage clamp. Nystatin increased membrane conductance in a dose-dependent manner. The dose-response relation was very steep, with little or no effect below 15 mg/liter and an effect too large to measure at concentrations greater than 30 mg/liter. Upon return to antibiotic-free solution, membrane conductance returned to pre-treatment levels within 30 minutes. The second type of experiment involved use of ion-specific microelectrodes to measure changes of intracellular univalent ion activities which attended the nystatin-induced permeability. Nystatin-induced permeability changes mainly involved univalent cations, but Cl permeability was also increased. Nystatin may therefore be used to selectively rearrange the internal ionic milieu to study the effect of such a change on membrane transport or electrical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:926166", "title": "IQ decline in mentally retarded adults: a matter of fact or methodological flaw.", "content": "While it has generally been assumed that intelligence in the retarded decreases with age, the institutional research supporting this premise, whether cross-sectional or longitudinal, is methodologically flawed by selective sample attrition. This paper demonstrates that in an institutional population those leaving, at every age level, are indeed the brightest. When the IQ data is viewed cross-sectionally there is the appearance of decline, but when the same population is studied semi-longitudinally, not only is there no decrease in IQ with age but there are regular increments, particularly in performance scores.", "contents": "IQ decline in mentally retarded adults: a matter of fact or methodological flaw. While it has generally been assumed that intelligence in the retarded decreases with age, the institutional research supporting this premise, whether cross-sectional or longitudinal, is methodologically flawed by selective sample attrition. This paper demonstrates that in an institutional population those leaving, at every age level, are indeed the brightest. When the IQ data is viewed cross-sectionally there is the appearance of decline, but when the same population is studied semi-longitudinally, not only is there no decrease in IQ with age but there are regular increments, particularly in performance scores."}
{"id": "PMID:926167", "title": "Medical diagnosis and intelligence levels in young mentally retarded children.", "content": "The relationship of diagnosis to initial and subsequent intelligence test levels in 282 young retarded children was investigated through repeated psychometric evaluation on the Bayley Infant Scales of Mental Development or the Stanford-Binet. It was found that although aetiology relates to first test scores (or rate of initial progress), it has no bearing on changes in scores (or course of development). The implications of the surprisingly stable scores for this heterogeneous population are discussed.", "contents": "Medical diagnosis and intelligence levels in young mentally retarded children. The relationship of diagnosis to initial and subsequent intelligence test levels in 282 young retarded children was investigated through repeated psychometric evaluation on the Bayley Infant Scales of Mental Development or the Stanford-Binet. It was found that although aetiology relates to first test scores (or rate of initial progress), it has no bearing on changes in scores (or course of development). The implications of the surprisingly stable scores for this heterogeneous population are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926168", "title": "A fragile secondary constriction on chromosome 2 in a severely mentally retarded patient.", "content": "A case is presented of an eighteen-year-old girl suffering from severe mental retardation associated with a fragile secondary constriction on the long arm of chromosome 2. The question of the relationship between the phenotypic and chromosomal abnormalities is discussed. We acknowledge the co-operation of Dr M. E. Elsarag and Dr K. M. Laurence in allowing this investigation to be made.", "contents": "A fragile secondary constriction on chromosome 2 in a severely mentally retarded patient. A case is presented of an eighteen-year-old girl suffering from severe mental retardation associated with a fragile secondary constriction on the long arm of chromosome 2. The question of the relationship between the phenotypic and chromosomal abnormalities is discussed. We acknowledge the co-operation of Dr M. E. Elsarag and Dr K. M. Laurence in allowing this investigation to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:926180", "title": "Inhibition and axial deviation of limb regeneration in the newt by means of a digit implanted into the amputated limb.", "content": "This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90 degrees) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Inhibition and axial deviation of limb regeneration in the newt by means of a digit implanted into the amputated limb. This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90 degrees) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:926183", "title": "Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and breast cancer.", "content": "We studied 284 patients (20-74 years of age) with carcinoma of the breast and 367 controls; all were admitted to one hospital between 1969 and 1972. The disease was associated with nulliparity, first pregnancy over 20 years of age, premenopausal status, and a lower frequency of artificial menopause. After adjustment for these factors, no significant difference was found between the breast cancer patients and controls in their prior use of either estrogens or oral contraceptives, but the confidence limits on the relative risk, especially for oral contraceptives, were large.", "contents": "Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and breast cancer. We studied 284 patients (20-74 years of age) with carcinoma of the breast and 367 controls; all were admitted to one hospital between 1969 and 1972. The disease was associated with nulliparity, first pregnancy over 20 years of age, premenopausal status, and a lower frequency of artificial menopause. After adjustment for these factors, no significant difference was found between the breast cancer patients and controls in their prior use of either estrogens or oral contraceptives, but the confidence limits on the relative risk, especially for oral contraceptives, were large."}
{"id": "PMID:926184", "title": "Dentition, diet, tobacco, and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer.", "content": "Interview and dental examination data were gathered on 584 males with cancer of the oral cavity and on 1,222 control patients with nonneoplastic diseases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York. No dietary characteristics distinguished cancer patients from controls. However, a higher risk of developing oral cancer was associated with heavy smoking, heavy drinking, and poor dentition. When controlled for the other factors, each factor carried a higher risk. Moreover, heavy smokers and heavy drinkers with poor dentition and males with all three traits had a substantially higher risk than would have been expected, if the traits were considered additively. The risk for males with all three traits was 7.7 times that of men with none of these traits.", "contents": "Dentition, diet, tobacco, and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer. Interview and dental examination data were gathered on 584 males with cancer of the oral cavity and on 1,222 control patients with nonneoplastic diseases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York. No dietary characteristics distinguished cancer patients from controls. However, a higher risk of developing oral cancer was associated with heavy smoking, heavy drinking, and poor dentition. When controlled for the other factors, each factor carried a higher risk. Moreover, heavy smokers and heavy drinkers with poor dentition and males with all three traits had a substantially higher risk than would have been expected, if the traits were considered additively. The risk for males with all three traits was 7.7 times that of men with none of these traits."}
{"id": "PMID:926185", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of niridazole on rodents infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of 1-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-2-imidazolidinone (niridazole), a widely used schistosomicide, was examined in Swiss mice and Syrian golden hamsters. Schistosoma mansoni infection was evaluated as a cofactor. High incidences of drug-related neoplasms of the forestomach, lungs, mammary glands, urinary tract, and ovaries were found in mice, and tumors of the forestomach and urinary tract were found in hamsters. Infection with schistosomes had no apparent influence on tumor incidence. The results indicated a need for reevaluation of the possible carcinogenicity of this drug in man and suggested that care should be taken during its clinical use.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of niridazole on rodents infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The carcinogenicity of 1-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)-2-imidazolidinone (niridazole), a widely used schistosomicide, was examined in Swiss mice and Syrian golden hamsters. Schistosoma mansoni infection was evaluated as a cofactor. High incidences of drug-related neoplasms of the forestomach, lungs, mammary glands, urinary tract, and ovaries were found in mice, and tumors of the forestomach and urinary tract were found in hamsters. Infection with schistosomes had no apparent influence on tumor incidence. The results indicated a need for reevaluation of the possible carcinogenicity of this drug in man and suggested that care should be taken during its clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:926186", "title": "In vitro lysis of tumor cells by antibody and complement: detection of antibody with low cytotoxic reactivity.", "content": "The factors affecting the in vitro lysis of PARA-7 tumor cells mediated by antibody and complement were examined with the use of the 51Cr-release assay. The addition of immune syngeneic hamster antisera (HA) to 51Cr-labeled PARA-7 target cells 30 minutes before the addition of guinea pig complement (GPC) failed to produce significant levels of lysis. Similarly, the addition of rabbit anti-PARA-7 serum (RAS) 30 minutes prior to the addition of GPC resulted in low levels of lysis. Longer incubations in the presence of RAS, but not RAS and GPC, increased levels of lysis. Extended incubation in the presence of RAS increased the amount of antibody bound to the target cells. This increase did not appear to be due to the expression of additional antigen, because the increase occurred at 4 degrees C and was not sensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis. The inability to obtain increased levels of lysis by extended incubation in the presence of both RAS and GPC appeared to be due to the inhibitory effects of GPC on the interaction of antibody and antigen. Similar inhibitory effects could be produced by inactivated GPC and various other substances. When extended incubations in the presence of antiserum were used for the reexamination of the cytolytic activity of syngeneic immune HA, significant lysis was detectable.", "contents": "In vitro lysis of tumor cells by antibody and complement: detection of antibody with low cytotoxic reactivity. The factors affecting the in vitro lysis of PARA-7 tumor cells mediated by antibody and complement were examined with the use of the 51Cr-release assay. The addition of immune syngeneic hamster antisera (HA) to 51Cr-labeled PARA-7 target cells 30 minutes before the addition of guinea pig complement (GPC) failed to produce significant levels of lysis. Similarly, the addition of rabbit anti-PARA-7 serum (RAS) 30 minutes prior to the addition of GPC resulted in low levels of lysis. Longer incubations in the presence of RAS, but not RAS and GPC, increased levels of lysis. Extended incubation in the presence of RAS increased the amount of antibody bound to the target cells. This increase did not appear to be due to the expression of additional antigen, because the increase occurred at 4 degrees C and was not sensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis. The inability to obtain increased levels of lysis by extended incubation in the presence of both RAS and GPC appeared to be due to the inhibitory effects of GPC on the interaction of antibody and antigen. Similar inhibitory effects could be produced by inactivated GPC and various other substances. When extended incubations in the presence of antiserum were used for the reexamination of the cytolytic activity of syngeneic immune HA, significant lysis was detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:926187", "title": "Time of appearance and histology of tumors induced in the dorsal skin of C3Hf mice by ultraviolet radiation from a mercury arc lamp.", "content": "The time course of skin tumor induction was determined in hair-clipped inbred agouti C3Hf mice irradiated three times per week with a medium-pressure quartz-mercury lamp; 4 different UV doses were used. Although the ears were also exposed to the radiation, in the 3 groups given the highest doses no ear tumors were observed by the time each animal had developed at least 1 tumor on its back. No tumors were found in the animals receiving the lowest UV dose. In the group receiving the highest dose, males developed tumors earlier than did females; this trend continued in the lower dose groups. Many tumors that developed in the back skin were well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Others were less well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Others were less well defined so that the cell of origin was difficult to determine. In the group receiving the highest UV dose, the squamous cell carcinomas were few, whereas at the lower doses they predominated.", "contents": "Time of appearance and histology of tumors induced in the dorsal skin of C3Hf mice by ultraviolet radiation from a mercury arc lamp. The time course of skin tumor induction was determined in hair-clipped inbred agouti C3Hf mice irradiated three times per week with a medium-pressure quartz-mercury lamp; 4 different UV doses were used. Although the ears were also exposed to the radiation, in the 3 groups given the highest doses no ear tumors were observed by the time each animal had developed at least 1 tumor on its back. No tumors were found in the animals receiving the lowest UV dose. In the group receiving the highest dose, males developed tumors earlier than did females; this trend continued in the lower dose groups. Many tumors that developed in the back skin were well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Others were less well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Others were less well defined so that the cell of origin was difficult to determine. In the group receiving the highest UV dose, the squamous cell carcinomas were few, whereas at the lower doses they predominated."}
{"id": "PMID:926188", "title": "Epidemiological relationship between steroid hormones and liver lesions.", "content": "In the past 3 yr, over 140 cases of benign liver cell adenomas in young women who have used oral contraceptives have been reported in the world's medical literature. In the past, these tumors have been considered rare. Although hepatic cell tumors are benign, reports have indicated that the onset of the disease is of a critical nature--victims are frequently subject to sudden pain, shock, and hemorrhage, and a fatality rate of 10% was recorded in the aforementioned reports. In light of these facts, an epidemiological study was initiated in Nebraska. As a result, 20 new cases have been recorded of hepatic cell tumors in oral contraceptive users.", "contents": "Epidemiological relationship between steroid hormones and liver lesions. In the past 3 yr, over 140 cases of benign liver cell adenomas in young women who have used oral contraceptives have been reported in the world's medical literature. In the past, these tumors have been considered rare. Although hepatic cell tumors are benign, reports have indicated that the onset of the disease is of a critical nature--victims are frequently subject to sudden pain, shock, and hemorrhage, and a fatality rate of 10% was recorded in the aforementioned reports. In light of these facts, an epidemiological study was initiated in Nebraska. As a result, 20 new cases have been recorded of hepatic cell tumors in oral contraceptive users."}
{"id": "PMID:926189", "title": "Liver lesions and oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "Two strains of mice, CF-LP and Swiss-Webster random-bred, were evaluated for liver neoplasia after administration of oral contraceptive steroids. No increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors was found beyond the variation expected by chance. The overall tumor incidence in treated and untreated groups was identical. No significant increase in tumor size was observed in the treated animals. Liver weights progressively increased in several of the treated groups. In both treated and untreated animals hepatocellular neoplasia was usually accompanied by intracytoplasmic inclusions similar to those observed in human liver tumors. Vascular lesions were observed in some of the animals receiving large doses of contraceptive steroids. While these may be the result of local toxicity, their similarity to lesions observed in benign liver tumors warrants further investigation. No evidence was found to suggest that contraceptive steroids act as initiators of liver neoplasia.", "contents": "Liver lesions and oral contraceptive steroids. Two strains of mice, CF-LP and Swiss-Webster random-bred, were evaluated for liver neoplasia after administration of oral contraceptive steroids. No increased incidence of hepatocellular tumors was found beyond the variation expected by chance. The overall tumor incidence in treated and untreated groups was identical. No significant increase in tumor size was observed in the treated animals. Liver weights progressively increased in several of the treated groups. In both treated and untreated animals hepatocellular neoplasia was usually accompanied by intracytoplasmic inclusions similar to those observed in human liver tumors. Vascular lesions were observed in some of the animals receiving large doses of contraceptive steroids. While these may be the result of local toxicity, their similarity to lesions observed in benign liver tumors warrants further investigation. No evidence was found to suggest that contraceptive steroids act as initiators of liver neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:926191", "title": "Metabolism of zearalenone by Fusarium roseum.", "content": "Twenty products associated with the metabolism of zearalenone by Fusarium roseum were analyzed with respect to time and culture conditions. By statistical analysis a set of six metabolites possibly related to zearalenone were selected. These products were characterized by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and other methods. The chemical structures of these six confirmed the statistical relationships, and evidence for the formation of these materials from zearalenone is presented. A suggested scheme of metabolism of zearalenone by F. roseum includes the formation of the two isomers of 8'-hydroxyzearalenone, 6',8'-dihydroxyzearalene, 6-(carboxypentyl)-beta-resorcyclic acid, and phenylacetic acid derivatives.", "contents": "Metabolism of zearalenone by Fusarium roseum. Twenty products associated with the metabolism of zearalenone by Fusarium roseum were analyzed with respect to time and culture conditions. By statistical analysis a set of six metabolites possibly related to zearalenone were selected. These products were characterized by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry and other methods. The chemical structures of these six confirmed the statistical relationships, and evidence for the formation of these materials from zearalenone is presented. A suggested scheme of metabolism of zearalenone by F. roseum includes the formation of the two isomers of 8'-hydroxyzearalenone, 6',8'-dihydroxyzearalene, 6-(carboxypentyl)-beta-resorcyclic acid, and phenylacetic acid derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:926194", "title": "Metabolism cage for carbon dioxide trapping studies.", "content": "This report describes the design and construction of a metabolism cage that allows for separation of urine and feces and for trapping expired CO2. Such a cage could find use in pharmacokinetic studies of drug excretion rates where potential metabolism to CO2 should be considered. To demonstrate the separation qualities of this cage design, the radioactivity appearing in the urine, feces, and exhaust gases was determined daily for 14 days after the single oral administration of 26-[14C]cholesterol. Less than 1% of the administered radioactivity appeared in the urine, whereas 61% appeared in the feces and 19% in the expired CO2.", "contents": "Metabolism cage for carbon dioxide trapping studies. This report describes the design and construction of a metabolism cage that allows for separation of urine and feces and for trapping expired CO2. Such a cage could find use in pharmacokinetic studies of drug excretion rates where potential metabolism to CO2 should be considered. To demonstrate the separation qualities of this cage design, the radioactivity appearing in the urine, feces, and exhaust gases was determined daily for 14 days after the single oral administration of 26-[14C]cholesterol. Less than 1% of the administered radioactivity appeared in the urine, whereas 61% appeared in the feces and 19% in the expired CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:926196", "title": "Effects of a new rodenticide, benzenesulfonic acid hydrazide, on prenatal mice.", "content": "Benzenesulfonic acid [(3-amino-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methylene] hydrazide, a candidate rodenticide coded as DRC-4575, was administered by gavage to pregnant female BALB/c mice. Each dose (5.5, 28.0, 42.0, 62.0 and 94.0 mg/kg) was given to one of five groups of ten mice on day 8 of gestation, making a total of five different dose groups on day 8. This same procedure was followed for days 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. This made a total of 30 dose-day treatment groups. Six control females were dosed each day. Dam survival to day 18 declined as the dose increased; only 2% of the dams survived at 94 mg/kg. When the surviving females were killed at day 18, no significant differences were found between treatment and control animals in the number or weight of live fetuses, or in the ratio of male to female fetuses. However, the percentage of live fetuses was significantly lower and the number of resorptions was significantly higher for the treated dams at the 62 mg/kg dose level than for the control dams. Skeletal anomalies were limited primarily to unossified phalanges, which were probably related to the lower weights of those fetuses. Slight hydrocephalus occurred infrequently at all dose levels and in the controls, and was not dose-related. These data indicate that DRC-4575 would be embryotoxic only at doses of 62 mg/kg or higher and would not be teratogenic.", "contents": "Effects of a new rodenticide, benzenesulfonic acid hydrazide, on prenatal mice. Benzenesulfonic acid [(3-amino-2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methylene] hydrazide, a candidate rodenticide coded as DRC-4575, was administered by gavage to pregnant female BALB/c mice. Each dose (5.5, 28.0, 42.0, 62.0 and 94.0 mg/kg) was given to one of five groups of ten mice on day 8 of gestation, making a total of five different dose groups on day 8. This same procedure was followed for days 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. This made a total of 30 dose-day treatment groups. Six control females were dosed each day. Dam survival to day 18 declined as the dose increased; only 2% of the dams survived at 94 mg/kg. When the surviving females were killed at day 18, no significant differences were found between treatment and control animals in the number or weight of live fetuses, or in the ratio of male to female fetuses. However, the percentage of live fetuses was significantly lower and the number of resorptions was significantly higher for the treated dams at the 62 mg/kg dose level than for the control dams. Skeletal anomalies were limited primarily to unossified phalanges, which were probably related to the lower weights of those fetuses. Slight hydrocephalus occurred infrequently at all dose levels and in the controls, and was not dose-related. These data indicate that DRC-4575 would be embryotoxic only at doses of 62 mg/kg or higher and would not be teratogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:926197", "title": "Increase in calcium binding activity in renal cortex of rats treated with stannous chloride.", "content": "The effect of tin on the calcium binding activity in renal cortex was studied in rats administered stannous chloride intraperitoneally. The calcium concentration in the soluble fraction of renal cortex was elevated about 30-fold over that in controls 2 days after administration of tin (3.0 mg/100 g). The calcium binding activity in the soluble fraction of renal cortex increased significantly at any of the time intervals between 6 and 72 hr after administration of tin, and this increase preceded an elevation of the calcium concentration in the renal cortex. The increased calcium binding activity produced by administration of tin was strikingly reduced by treatment with actinomycin D (100 microgram/100g). A significant increase in calcium binding activity was not exhibited after administration of zinc, manganese, calcium, or lead. These results suggest that the calcium accumulation in the renal cortex caused by administration of tin is closely connected with an increase in calcium binding activity.", "contents": "Increase in calcium binding activity in renal cortex of rats treated with stannous chloride. The effect of tin on the calcium binding activity in renal cortex was studied in rats administered stannous chloride intraperitoneally. The calcium concentration in the soluble fraction of renal cortex was elevated about 30-fold over that in controls 2 days after administration of tin (3.0 mg/100 g). The calcium binding activity in the soluble fraction of renal cortex increased significantly at any of the time intervals between 6 and 72 hr after administration of tin, and this increase preceded an elevation of the calcium concentration in the renal cortex. The increased calcium binding activity produced by administration of tin was strikingly reduced by treatment with actinomycin D (100 microgram/100g). A significant increase in calcium binding activity was not exhibited after administration of zinc, manganese, calcium, or lead. These results suggest that the calcium accumulation in the renal cortex caused by administration of tin is closely connected with an increase in calcium binding activity."}
{"id": "PMID:926198", "title": "Heart morphological changes in rats placed in a crowded environment.", "content": "A group of rats were stressed by placing them in a crowded environment. Examination of the hearts showed the following anatomic changes: (1) increased weight; (2) occlusion of capillaries by platelet thrombi; (3) endothelial swelling of capillaries; and (4) swelling and deformity of mitochondria.", "contents": "Heart morphological changes in rats placed in a crowded environment. A group of rats were stressed by placing them in a crowded environment. Examination of the hearts showed the following anatomic changes: (1) increased weight; (2) occlusion of capillaries by platelet thrombi; (3) endothelial swelling of capillaries; and (4) swelling and deformity of mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:926199", "title": "Impairment of thymus-dependent immune functions by exposure of the developing immune system to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).", "content": "The effects of TCDD exposure on the developing immune system were investigated in F344 rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 microgram/kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group I). Another group of neonatal rats was exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group II). Body weights and thymus/body weight ratios were found to be suppressed up to 145 days of age in group I, but only up to 39 days of age in group II. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune function without affecting humoral immune function. Suppression of T-cell function was selective in that \"helper\" cell function was not suppressed.", "contents": "Impairment of thymus-dependent immune functions by exposure of the developing immune system to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The effects of TCDD exposure on the developing immune system were investigated in F344 rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 microgram/kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group I). Another group of neonatal rats was exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group II). Body weights and thymus/body weight ratios were found to be suppressed up to 145 days of age in group I, but only up to 39 days of age in group II. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune function without affecting humoral immune function. Suppression of T-cell function was selective in that \"helper\" cell function was not suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:926201", "title": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C]patulin by rats.", "content": "Adult rats of both sexes were given a single oral dose of [14C] patulin and were sacrificed at various time intervals from 4 hr to 7 days following administration of the mycotoxin. Two groups of rats were employed; the treated group had been exposed to daily oral doses of unlabeled patulin (dissolved in pH 5.0 citrate buffer) in utero and for 41-66 wk after weaning, while the controls were given the buffer only throughout gestation and for 38-81 wk after weaning. Approximately 49% of the administered 14C radioactivity was recovered from feces and 36% from urine within 7 days after dosing. Most of the excretion of labeled material occurred within the first 24 hr. All of the 14C activity detected in the urine samples was either metabolites and/or conjugates of the original [14C]patulin. About 1-2% of the total radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 from expired air. Carbon-14 radioactivity in various tissues and organs was determined throughout the 7 day period; the most significant retention site was the red blood cells.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C]patulin by rats. Adult rats of both sexes were given a single oral dose of [14C] patulin and were sacrificed at various time intervals from 4 hr to 7 days following administration of the mycotoxin. Two groups of rats were employed; the treated group had been exposed to daily oral doses of unlabeled patulin (dissolved in pH 5.0 citrate buffer) in utero and for 41-66 wk after weaning, while the controls were given the buffer only throughout gestation and for 38-81 wk after weaning. Approximately 49% of the administered 14C radioactivity was recovered from feces and 36% from urine within 7 days after dosing. Most of the excretion of labeled material occurred within the first 24 hr. All of the 14C activity detected in the urine samples was either metabolites and/or conjugates of the original [14C]patulin. About 1-2% of the total radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 from expired air. Carbon-14 radioactivity in various tissues and organs was determined throughout the 7 day period; the most significant retention site was the red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:926202", "title": "Effects of pentachlorophenol on the development of estuarine communities.", "content": "Pentachlorophenol affected the composition of communities of estuarine organisms developed in sand from planktonic larvae in estuarine water that flowed through ten control aquaria and ten aquaria per exposure concentration averaging 7, 76, or 622 microgram/liter. Annelids, arthropods, and mollusks were the numerically dominant phyla when animals were collected in a 1-mm-mesh sieve after 9 wk of exposure. Mollusks were markedly fewer at 7 microgram/liter; annelids and arthropods at 76 microgram/liter. Almost no animals occurred at 622 microgram/liter. The total numbers of individuals and species were significantly less (alpha=0.01) in aquaria exposed to 76 microgram/liter than in those unexposed or exposed to 7 microgram/liter.", "contents": "Effects of pentachlorophenol on the development of estuarine communities. Pentachlorophenol affected the composition of communities of estuarine organisms developed in sand from planktonic larvae in estuarine water that flowed through ten control aquaria and ten aquaria per exposure concentration averaging 7, 76, or 622 microgram/liter. Annelids, arthropods, and mollusks were the numerically dominant phyla when animals were collected in a 1-mm-mesh sieve after 9 wk of exposure. Mollusks were markedly fewer at 7 microgram/liter; annelids and arthropods at 76 microgram/liter. Almost no animals occurred at 622 microgram/liter. The total numbers of individuals and species were significantly less (alpha=0.01) in aquaria exposed to 76 microgram/liter than in those unexposed or exposed to 7 microgram/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:926204", "title": "Effects in rats and guinea pigs of short-term exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination.", "content": "Ozone and the oxides of sulfur are common environmental pollutants. The acute pulmonary lesions caused by ozone and sulfuric acid mist in rats and guinea pigs have been characterized. Rats are not affected by sulfuric acid mist in concentrations up to 100 mg/m3 except for reduced body weight at the higher doses. A true alveolitis develops in guinea pigs exposed to more than 20 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist. The ozone lesion is primarily confined to the terminal bronchioles and proximal alveoli. In combination studies with up to 2 ppm ozone and up to 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist, the pulmonary lesion and lung/body weight data were essentially the same as in exposure to ozone alone, and the number of statistically significant synergistic effects in rats and guinea pigs was about what one would expect to observe by chance alone.", "contents": "Effects in rats and guinea pigs of short-term exposures to sulfuric acid mist, ozone, and their combination. Ozone and the oxides of sulfur are common environmental pollutants. The acute pulmonary lesions caused by ozone and sulfuric acid mist in rats and guinea pigs have been characterized. Rats are not affected by sulfuric acid mist in concentrations up to 100 mg/m3 except for reduced body weight at the higher doses. A true alveolitis develops in guinea pigs exposed to more than 20 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist. The ozone lesion is primarily confined to the terminal bronchioles and proximal alveoli. In combination studies with up to 2 ppm ozone and up to 10 mg/m3 sulfuric acid mist, the pulmonary lesion and lung/body weight data were essentially the same as in exposure to ozone alone, and the number of statistically significant synergistic effects in rats and guinea pigs was about what one would expect to observe by chance alone."}
{"id": "PMID:926205", "title": "Immune response in aged mice exposed to lead.", "content": "Mice were exposed to 0, 13, or 1,300 ppm lead in drinking water for 18 months. The immunological assays examined were mitogen (lipopolysaccharide E. coli, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin-P) stimulation of lymphocytes; erythrocyte-antibody (EA), erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC), and phagocytosis of macrophages; and EAC of splenic lymphocytes. As measured by the majority of these assays, the low dosage (13 ppm) of lead tended to stimulate certain immune responses (lymphocyte mitosis, EA, and EAC) while the high dosage (1,300 pm) did not provoke an appreciable alteration. The results were interpreted by comparing data on aged mice with data on young adult mice. It was apparent from this comparison that the aged mice were naturally immunosuppressed. Therefore, the results obtained from lead-exposed mice were unpredictable.", "contents": "Immune response in aged mice exposed to lead. Mice were exposed to 0, 13, or 1,300 ppm lead in drinking water for 18 months. The immunological assays examined were mitogen (lipopolysaccharide E. coli, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin-P) stimulation of lymphocytes; erythrocyte-antibody (EA), erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC), and phagocytosis of macrophages; and EAC of splenic lymphocytes. As measured by the majority of these assays, the low dosage (13 ppm) of lead tended to stimulate certain immune responses (lymphocyte mitosis, EA, and EAC) while the high dosage (1,300 pm) did not provoke an appreciable alteration. The results were interpreted by comparing data on aged mice with data on young adult mice. It was apparent from this comparison that the aged mice were naturally immunosuppressed. Therefore, the results obtained from lead-exposed mice were unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:926207", "title": "Effect of anemia on blood and tissue lead in rats.", "content": "The effect of anemia on the lead content of blood, red cells, and tissue was studied in rats given oral lead, 54 mg/kg-day for 6 days. The 16 rats made anemic (hematocrit, 26%) by bleeding on days 1, 3, and 5 had significantly higher concentrations of lead in the kidney, liver, red cells, blood, and brain (but not in the bone marrow). Increases in blood lead in anemic subjects were correlated with the concentrations in red cells, kidney, and liver. The greater increase in the lead content of all tissues of the anemic rats is consistent with increased lead absorption in anemia and is considered relevant to the clinical coexistence of anemia and lead poisoning.", "contents": "Effect of anemia on blood and tissue lead in rats. The effect of anemia on the lead content of blood, red cells, and tissue was studied in rats given oral lead, 54 mg/kg-day for 6 days. The 16 rats made anemic (hematocrit, 26%) by bleeding on days 1, 3, and 5 had significantly higher concentrations of lead in the kidney, liver, red cells, blood, and brain (but not in the bone marrow). Increases in blood lead in anemic subjects were correlated with the concentrations in red cells, kidney, and liver. The greater increase in the lead content of all tissues of the anemic rats is consistent with increased lead absorption in anemia and is considered relevant to the clinical coexistence of anemia and lead poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:926208", "title": "Effect of 2-chloroethanol on hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rat.", "content": "The effect of 2-chloroethanol on the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rat has been studied. A significant reduction in activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes (aminopyrine N-demethylase, coumarin 3-hydroxylase) and a marked decrease of glucose 6-phosphatase were seen in both sexes given dose levels of 20 mg/kg sc daily for 7 days. Inosine diphosphatase activity remained unaltered. In male rats given 3 or 10 mg/kg, a trend in the inhibition of drug metabolism was found. A single dose of 50 mg/kg caused no apparent change in the activities of the enzymes measured.", "contents": "Effect of 2-chloroethanol on hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rat. The effect of 2-chloroethanol on the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes in the rat has been studied. A significant reduction in activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes (aminopyrine N-demethylase, coumarin 3-hydroxylase) and a marked decrease of glucose 6-phosphatase were seen in both sexes given dose levels of 20 mg/kg sc daily for 7 days. Inosine diphosphatase activity remained unaltered. In male rats given 3 or 10 mg/kg, a trend in the inhibition of drug metabolism was found. A single dose of 50 mg/kg caused no apparent change in the activities of the enzymes measured."}
{"id": "PMID:926209", "title": "Single lead acetate insult, testosterone therapy, and erythropoiesis in mice.", "content": "Lead acetate (PbAc) was tested for its effects on the production and release of erythrocytes-that is, erythropoiesis-in ICR mice. Dose-survival data indicate that a dosage of 20 mg PbAc/100 g body weight represents the maximum tolerable treatment level. No differences in survival at the various levels of the salt were observed with regard to sex or age. For erythropoietic effects of PbAc, mice were injected on day O, and radioiron (59Fe) incorporation percentages were determined at daily intervals through day 8 for both erythrocytes and splenic tissue. Control mice received isotonic saline as the injectate. On day 3, the percentages obtained from PbAc-treated mice showed a decline, reaching their minimum value by day 4. Recovery from erythropoietic suppression appeared to be complete by day 6 or 7; no positive overshoots in 59Fe percentages were found following recovery. These trends were typical for both peripheral red blood cells and spleen. Testosterone was administered to mice receiving saline or PbAc on two consecutive days (days -1 and O). Radioiron uptake percentages for females receiving testosterone and saline showed an abrupt increase on day 4. No accelerative effect due to testosterone was found in recipient males. For females treated with testosterone and PbAc, the radioiron percentages for erythrocytes and spleen paralleled those for females receiving saline only. Male mice treated with both androgen and PbAc demonstrated 59Fe percentages typical of males treated with PbAc alone.", "contents": "Single lead acetate insult, testosterone therapy, and erythropoiesis in mice. Lead acetate (PbAc) was tested for its effects on the production and release of erythrocytes-that is, erythropoiesis-in ICR mice. Dose-survival data indicate that a dosage of 20 mg PbAc/100 g body weight represents the maximum tolerable treatment level. No differences in survival at the various levels of the salt were observed with regard to sex or age. For erythropoietic effects of PbAc, mice were injected on day O, and radioiron (59Fe) incorporation percentages were determined at daily intervals through day 8 for both erythrocytes and splenic tissue. Control mice received isotonic saline as the injectate. On day 3, the percentages obtained from PbAc-treated mice showed a decline, reaching their minimum value by day 4. Recovery from erythropoietic suppression appeared to be complete by day 6 or 7; no positive overshoots in 59Fe percentages were found following recovery. These trends were typical for both peripheral red blood cells and spleen. Testosterone was administered to mice receiving saline or PbAc on two consecutive days (days -1 and O). Radioiron uptake percentages for females receiving testosterone and saline showed an abrupt increase on day 4. No accelerative effect due to testosterone was found in recipient males. For females treated with testosterone and PbAc, the radioiron percentages for erythrocytes and spleen paralleled those for females receiving saline only. Male mice treated with both androgen and PbAc demonstrated 59Fe percentages typical of males treated with PbAc alone."}
{"id": "PMID:926210", "title": "Strain differences in the response of the mouse to diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "BALB/c StCrlfC3Hf/Nctr, C57BL/6/, C57BL/6 X BALB/c F1 hybrid (B6CF1), and monohybrid-cross offspring from the breeding of B6CF1 mice were examined with respect to uterine, vaginal, and thymus responses to diethylstilbestrol (DES). About 400 mice of each genetic population were used. Weanling mice were fed DES at dietary concentrations of 2.5 to 1,000 ppb (microgram/kg feed) for 6 days and were killed by cervical dislocation about 20 hr after removal of the feed. C57BL/6, B6CF1, and the monohybrid-cross offspring did not differ in the uterine-weight response to DES, but the slope of the dose-response line was shallower for the BALB/c than for the other strains. Dietary DES concentrations of 250 ppb or more inhibited the uterotrophic response in all populations. Vaginal cornification occurred at lower concentrations of DES in the C57BL/6 strain than in the B6CF1 animals. BALB/c and monohybrid-cross offspring were indistinguishable from each other in their vaginal response to Des and were less sensitive to DES than the other mouse populations. The use of ethanol or corn oil as the solvent for mixing DES into the diet had no apparent effect on the uterine weight or vaginal response in any of the mice. DES depressed thymus weight in a dose-related fashion at dietary concentrations of 100 ppb and above in all genetic populations.", "contents": "Strain differences in the response of the mouse to diethylstilbestrol. BALB/c StCrlfC3Hf/Nctr, C57BL/6/, C57BL/6 X BALB/c F1 hybrid (B6CF1), and monohybrid-cross offspring from the breeding of B6CF1 mice were examined with respect to uterine, vaginal, and thymus responses to diethylstilbestrol (DES). About 400 mice of each genetic population were used. Weanling mice were fed DES at dietary concentrations of 2.5 to 1,000 ppb (microgram/kg feed) for 6 days and were killed by cervical dislocation about 20 hr after removal of the feed. C57BL/6, B6CF1, and the monohybrid-cross offspring did not differ in the uterine-weight response to DES, but the slope of the dose-response line was shallower for the BALB/c than for the other strains. Dietary DES concentrations of 250 ppb or more inhibited the uterotrophic response in all populations. Vaginal cornification occurred at lower concentrations of DES in the C57BL/6 strain than in the B6CF1 animals. BALB/c and monohybrid-cross offspring were indistinguishable from each other in their vaginal response to Des and were less sensitive to DES than the other mouse populations. The use of ethanol or corn oil as the solvent for mixing DES into the diet had no apparent effect on the uterine weight or vaginal response in any of the mice. DES depressed thymus weight in a dose-related fashion at dietary concentrations of 100 ppb and above in all genetic populations."}
{"id": "PMID:926211", "title": "Social studies of destitutes (beggars) in Nigeria: Lagos experience.", "content": "A study of 183 beggars and destitutes in Lagos is presented. Their mean age was 36.3 years; and there was a preponderance of male over female. Majority of the beggars were Hausa and their religion was Muslim. Seventy-three (51.8%) of the beggars and destitutes attended Arabic (Koranic) schools only while 53 (37.6%) had no schooling at all. There was a statistically significant difference between the educational attainment of males and females (p less than 0.001). Monogamous marriage was popular among the beggars even though their religion (Islam) permitted polygamous one. The number of children was two per beggar which was minimal compared with the large families reported among beggars in Zaria. Child wastage was common among these children maybe because of their parents' ignorance, poverty and disease. The urgent establishment of a National Rehabilitation Centre, among other measures, is recommended as a lasting solution to the problem of begging and destitution in Lagos.", "contents": "Social studies of destitutes (beggars) in Nigeria: Lagos experience. A study of 183 beggars and destitutes in Lagos is presented. Their mean age was 36.3 years; and there was a preponderance of male over female. Majority of the beggars were Hausa and their religion was Muslim. Seventy-three (51.8%) of the beggars and destitutes attended Arabic (Koranic) schools only while 53 (37.6%) had no schooling at all. There was a statistically significant difference between the educational attainment of males and females (p less than 0.001). Monogamous marriage was popular among the beggars even though their religion (Islam) permitted polygamous one. The number of children was two per beggar which was minimal compared with the large families reported among beggars in Zaria. Child wastage was common among these children maybe because of their parents' ignorance, poverty and disease. The urgent establishment of a National Rehabilitation Centre, among other measures, is recommended as a lasting solution to the problem of begging and destitution in Lagos."}
{"id": "PMID:926212", "title": "Resolution time of amoebic liver abscess by micro-opaque barium sulphate.", "content": "Resolution time of amoebic liver abscess in 20 males aged 20-80 yrs. as studied by intra-cavitary micro-opaque barium sulphate ranged from 24-284 days (mean 74.8 S.D. +/- 8.4). Sic of these patients also underwent Indium11m scanning. The resolution time by scanning varied from 24-114 days (Mean 58.3 days S.D. +/- 4.6). No correlation was found between the size of abscess and resolution time. Resolution time studied by two methods was statistically significant. Instillation of micro-opaque barium sulphate is an inexpensive, reliable and a safe method which does not require sophisticated equipment.", "contents": "Resolution time of amoebic liver abscess by micro-opaque barium sulphate. Resolution time of amoebic liver abscess in 20 males aged 20-80 yrs. as studied by intra-cavitary micro-opaque barium sulphate ranged from 24-284 days (mean 74.8 S.D. +/- 8.4). Sic of these patients also underwent Indium11m scanning. The resolution time by scanning varied from 24-114 days (Mean 58.3 days S.D. +/- 4.6). No correlation was found between the size of abscess and resolution time. Resolution time studied by two methods was statistically significant. Instillation of micro-opaque barium sulphate is an inexpensive, reliable and a safe method which does not require sophisticated equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:926213", "title": "Uric acid lithiasis in the Sudan.", "content": "Fifty-seven per cent of Urinary Calculi in the Sudan contain Uric Acid, 20 per cent in the pure form and 37 per cent mixed with other constituents mainly calcium oxalate. The peak age presentation of urolithiasis is 30-40 years with more prediliction to males than females. An earlier study documented a high incidence of hyperuricaemia in Sudanese people. It is probable that \"voluntary dehydration\" and hyperuricaemia acting together may help in the formation of uric acid stones on the surface of which other crystals mainly calcium oxalate may be deposited to form the bigger calculi which are commonly encountered in this country.", "contents": "Uric acid lithiasis in the Sudan. Fifty-seven per cent of Urinary Calculi in the Sudan contain Uric Acid, 20 per cent in the pure form and 37 per cent mixed with other constituents mainly calcium oxalate. The peak age presentation of urolithiasis is 30-40 years with more prediliction to males than females. An earlier study documented a high incidence of hyperuricaemia in Sudanese people. It is probable that \"voluntary dehydration\" and hyperuricaemia acting together may help in the formation of uric acid stones on the surface of which other crystals mainly calcium oxalate may be deposited to form the bigger calculi which are commonly encountered in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:926214", "title": "Cutaneous cladosporiosis due to Cladosporium trichoides.", "content": "A case of cutaneous cladosporiosis due to Cladosporium trichoides, manifesting as a chronic discharging ulcer near the wrist of the left arm in a farmer with ascites and hypoalbuminaemia is described. The isolate was neurotropic in experimentally infected mice. The present case constitutes one of the few reports of cutaneous cladosporiosis.", "contents": "Cutaneous cladosporiosis due to Cladosporium trichoides. A case of cutaneous cladosporiosis due to Cladosporium trichoides, manifesting as a chronic discharging ulcer near the wrist of the left arm in a farmer with ascites and hypoalbuminaemia is described. The isolate was neurotropic in experimentally infected mice. The present case constitutes one of the few reports of cutaneous cladosporiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:926217", "title": "Carcinoma of the hypopharynx--a five year follow-up.", "content": "This is a study of 339 patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx, seen in Toronto from 1960-72. Patients were grouped according to the U.I.C.C., T.M.N. classification but a modified staging method was employed since there is no generally accepted procedure for stage-grouping at the present time. Patients treated by primary radiation were compared to a group treated by combined therapy (radiation followed by surgery). The results show that the overall crude survival of all hypopharyngeal lesions was approximately 20 per cent. A high percentage of patients had advanced lesions at first presentation and almost 30 per cent of patients were treated palliatively. Analysis indicated that combined therapy is the treatment choice for Stage I and II hypopharyngeal lesions. Patients with more advanced lesions do poorly regardless of the treatment modality. The morbidity and mortality rates are high in the combined therapy group but the risks were doubled when salvage surgery was undertaken for failed primary radiotherapy.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the hypopharynx--a five year follow-up. This is a study of 339 patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx, seen in Toronto from 1960-72. Patients were grouped according to the U.I.C.C., T.M.N. classification but a modified staging method was employed since there is no generally accepted procedure for stage-grouping at the present time. Patients treated by primary radiation were compared to a group treated by combined therapy (radiation followed by surgery). The results show that the overall crude survival of all hypopharyngeal lesions was approximately 20 per cent. A high percentage of patients had advanced lesions at first presentation and almost 30 per cent of patients were treated palliatively. Analysis indicated that combined therapy is the treatment choice for Stage I and II hypopharyngeal lesions. Patients with more advanced lesions do poorly regardless of the treatment modality. The morbidity and mortality rates are high in the combined therapy group but the risks were doubled when salvage surgery was undertaken for failed primary radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:926218", "title": "Treatment of carcinoma in situ of the larynx.", "content": "The treatment of choice for carcinoma in situ of the larynx is radiotherapy. Forty-three patients were seen with this condition between 1940 and 1972 and are now suitable for five year follow-up. Thirty-seven of these patients were treated with a tumoricidal dose of Cobalt 60. Three died in less than five years--without evidence of laryngeal disease. Of the remaining 34, all but one are free of disease for five to 17 years. The only failure in this group had co-existing invasive carcinoma. The high incidence of radiotherapy failures previously reported is probably related to the frequency of co-existing invasive carcinoma. We do not feel that there is a true increase in the incidence of carcinoma in situ in recent years. The increased frequency of diagnosis is probably due to increased awareness of the disease and the routine use of microlaryngoscopy.", "contents": "Treatment of carcinoma in situ of the larynx. The treatment of choice for carcinoma in situ of the larynx is radiotherapy. Forty-three patients were seen with this condition between 1940 and 1972 and are now suitable for five year follow-up. Thirty-seven of these patients were treated with a tumoricidal dose of Cobalt 60. Three died in less than five years--without evidence of laryngeal disease. Of the remaining 34, all but one are free of disease for five to 17 years. The only failure in this group had co-existing invasive carcinoma. The high incidence of radiotherapy failures previously reported is probably related to the frequency of co-existing invasive carcinoma. We do not feel that there is a true increase in the incidence of carcinoma in situ in recent years. The increased frequency of diagnosis is probably due to increased awareness of the disease and the routine use of microlaryngoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:926219", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the larynx.", "content": "A variety of radiologic examinations are used to assess malignant tumors of the larynx. The primary role of radiographic examination is the pretreatment classification of laryngeal cancer, necessary to select the appropriate modality of treatment. The major radiologic modalities comprise conventional lateral radiography, anterior-posterior tomography, laryngography, xeroradiography, and high KV selective filtration radiography. Advanced radiologic modalities such as CT scanning and transverse B-mode gray scale ultrasound may also prove useful. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the role of these modalities in pretreatment definition of laryngeal cancer. Additionally, some comment is made as to the role of radiology in the diagnosis of post-radiation therapy recurrence of laryngeal cancer.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the larynx. A variety of radiologic examinations are used to assess malignant tumors of the larynx. The primary role of radiographic examination is the pretreatment classification of laryngeal cancer, necessary to select the appropriate modality of treatment. The major radiologic modalities comprise conventional lateral radiography, anterior-posterior tomography, laryngography, xeroradiography, and high KV selective filtration radiography. Advanced radiologic modalities such as CT scanning and transverse B-mode gray scale ultrasound may also prove useful. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the role of these modalities in pretreatment definition of laryngeal cancer. Additionally, some comment is made as to the role of radiology in the diagnosis of post-radiation therapy recurrence of laryngeal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:926220", "title": "Malignant tumors of the salivary glands.", "content": "The incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors is influenced by geographic and racial factors. Some etiological aspects and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed. The treatment of salivary gland malignancies is primarily surgical but the extent of the surgery should be dependent on the availability and application of routine postoperative high or supervoltage radiotherapy on a \"regional\" basis of invasive low-grade and all high-grade malignant tumors.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the salivary glands. The incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors is influenced by geographic and racial factors. Some etiological aspects and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed. The treatment of salivary gland malignancies is primarily surgical but the extent of the surgery should be dependent on the availability and application of routine postoperative high or supervoltage radiotherapy on a \"regional\" basis of invasive low-grade and all high-grade malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:926221", "title": "Upper alveolar carcinoma--a 30 year survey.", "content": "Primary malignancy of the upper alveolus is an infrequent type of intra-oral carcinoma. This study reviews in detail 50 patients with a primary tumor of the upper alveolus who were treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia and Vancouver area hospitals, between 1940-1970 inclusive. Sixteen per cent had exposure to possible industrial carcinogens; 34 per cent had previous leukoplakia. The common presenting symptoms were pain (78 per cent) and swelling (64 per cent). Only 22 per cent had tumors confined to the upper alveolus. Fifty-two per cent had extensive lesions (i.e. T3 and T4). Twenty-six per cent had palpable cervical lymph nodes with potential metastatic disease. Treatment consisted of surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of both. Complications are detailed. The five year survival rate is 44 per cent; and the 10 year survival rate 24 per cent. Treatment rationale is discussed.", "contents": "Upper alveolar carcinoma--a 30 year survey. Primary malignancy of the upper alveolus is an infrequent type of intra-oral carcinoma. This study reviews in detail 50 patients with a primary tumor of the upper alveolus who were treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia and Vancouver area hospitals, between 1940-1970 inclusive. Sixteen per cent had exposure to possible industrial carcinogens; 34 per cent had previous leukoplakia. The common presenting symptoms were pain (78 per cent) and swelling (64 per cent). Only 22 per cent had tumors confined to the upper alveolus. Fifty-two per cent had extensive lesions (i.e. T3 and T4). Twenty-six per cent had palpable cervical lymph nodes with potential metastatic disease. Treatment consisted of surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of both. Complications are detailed. The five year survival rate is 44 per cent; and the 10 year survival rate 24 per cent. Treatment rationale is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926222", "title": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses and related structures.", "content": "Paranasal sinus and related malignancies affect air-containing mucosal-lined bony structures which can only be studied by appropriate radiologic examination. Pre-treatment staging by radiologic study, primarily utilizing tomography with complex motion, is essential for election of proper treatment modalities. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the conventional tomographic and advanced radiologic modalities which can be used in paranasal sinus radiologic examinations. The indications for the studies as well as their limitations are demonstrated. Finally, the role of radiology in post-therapy evaluation is noted.", "contents": "The radiologic diagnosis of malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses and related structures. Paranasal sinus and related malignancies affect air-containing mucosal-lined bony structures which can only be studied by appropriate radiologic examination. Pre-treatment staging by radiologic study, primarily utilizing tomography with complex motion, is essential for election of proper treatment modalities. It is the purpose of this presentation to define the conventional tomographic and advanced radiologic modalities which can be used in paranasal sinus radiologic examinations. The indications for the studies as well as their limitations are demonstrated. Finally, the role of radiology in post-therapy evaluation is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:926223", "title": "The \"lip shave\" operation for pre-malignant conditions and micro-invasive carcinoma of the lower lip.", "content": "The indications for a lip shave operation include actinic cheilitis with dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or very early carcinoma with micro-invasion. In addition it may be combined with V wedge excision for larger carcinomas. The procedure consists in the excision of the vermilion epithelium with immediate repair of the lip by advancement of a flap of labial mucosa. The functional and cosmetic results of the operation are perfectly acceptable. The incidence of subsequent carcinoma in lips treated this way is very low.", "contents": "The \"lip shave\" operation for pre-malignant conditions and micro-invasive carcinoma of the lower lip. The indications for a lip shave operation include actinic cheilitis with dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or very early carcinoma with micro-invasion. In addition it may be combined with V wedge excision for larger carcinomas. The procedure consists in the excision of the vermilion epithelium with immediate repair of the lip by advancement of a flap of labial mucosa. The functional and cosmetic results of the operation are perfectly acceptable. The incidence of subsequent carcinoma in lips treated this way is very low."}
{"id": "PMID:926224", "title": "Nickel carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract.", "content": "The role of some nickel compounds and other chemical carcinogens in the causation of cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses must be recognized. Preventive health measures taken by the nickel industry to eliminate the hazard of nickel carcinogenesis have included improved worker hygiene, reduction of refinery dusts and aerosols, and a strict monitoring of employees by regular examination and plasma nickel testing. The treatment of carcinoma limited to the naso-antral wall or ethmoid labyrinth by an en bloc resection is described, as well as the management of cribriform plate CSF leaks sometimes associated with the ethmoid resection. A subcutaneous cheek flap from the lateral rhinotomy is reflected inward against the cribriform plate to control cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.", "contents": "Nickel carcinogenesis of the respiratory tract. The role of some nickel compounds and other chemical carcinogens in the causation of cancer of the nose and paranasal sinuses must be recognized. Preventive health measures taken by the nickel industry to eliminate the hazard of nickel carcinogenesis have included improved worker hygiene, reduction of refinery dusts and aerosols, and a strict monitoring of employees by regular examination and plasma nickel testing. The treatment of carcinoma limited to the naso-antral wall or ethmoid labyrinth by an en bloc resection is described, as well as the management of cribriform plate CSF leaks sometimes associated with the ethmoid resection. A subcutaneous cheek flap from the lateral rhinotomy is reflected inward against the cribriform plate to control cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:926225", "title": "Childhood myxomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Childhood myxomas of the head and neck are rare, benign, locally invasive tumors. They present great difficulties in histological diagnosis and because of their tendency to recur, present great difficulties in treatment. The combination of vital structures in the head and neck and longevity in children places the head and neck surgeon in a difficult position when determining how radical treatment should be. From a review of the literature and our own experience with four cases, the treatment of choice was found to be surgical resection with tissue margins checked by frozen section and modified by consideration of function and cosmetic appearance. Recurrence occurs in approximately one-third of these patients, but careful longterm follow-up will aid in early detection and local re-excision.", "contents": "Childhood myxomas of the head and neck. Childhood myxomas of the head and neck are rare, benign, locally invasive tumors. They present great difficulties in histological diagnosis and because of their tendency to recur, present great difficulties in treatment. The combination of vital structures in the head and neck and longevity in children places the head and neck surgeon in a difficult position when determining how radical treatment should be. From a review of the literature and our own experience with four cases, the treatment of choice was found to be surgical resection with tissue margins checked by frozen section and modified by consideration of function and cosmetic appearance. Recurrence occurs in approximately one-third of these patients, but careful longterm follow-up will aid in early detection and local re-excision."}
{"id": "PMID:926226", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the parotid gland with a review of the literature.", "content": "Hemangiopericytoma, a rare vascular tumor characterized by pericytes, has been confused with benign lesions. The tumor cannot be identified clinically and requires histopathologic examination. Although the five year survival rate is good, the 10 year survival rate is poor for tumors in the head and neck region. Aggressive treatment with wide surgical margins appears warranted. Surgery in combination with radiotherapy has improved the poor prognosis. A case of hemangiopericytoma of the parotid gland, the eighth known in the surgical literature, is presented which illustrates the difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of this lesion.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the parotid gland with a review of the literature. Hemangiopericytoma, a rare vascular tumor characterized by pericytes, has been confused with benign lesions. The tumor cannot be identified clinically and requires histopathologic examination. Although the five year survival rate is good, the 10 year survival rate is poor for tumors in the head and neck region. Aggressive treatment with wide surgical margins appears warranted. Surgery in combination with radiotherapy has improved the poor prognosis. A case of hemangiopericytoma of the parotid gland, the eighth known in the surgical literature, is presented which illustrates the difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:926239", "title": "Needle aspiration of the prostate.", "content": "Prostatic needle aspiration is rapid, safe and accurate. It should be used without fear of complication as a routine screening procedure in the office and should be considered a primary tool in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Needle aspiration of the prostate. Prostatic needle aspiration is rapid, safe and accurate. It should be used without fear of complication as a routine screening procedure in the office and should be considered a primary tool in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:926240", "title": "Hormone changes in patients with prostatic carcinoma during treatment with estramustine phosphate.", "content": "Hormone analyses of plasma were done on 9 patients with prostatic carcinoma before, during and after treatment with estramustine phosphate. In previously untreated men estramustine phosphate suppressed the plasma testosterone levels. Furthermore, suppression of increased gonadotropins was obtained in irradiated or orchiectomized patients. These hormone changes were caused by high plasma levels of estradiol and/or total estrogens during treatment, with estramustine phosphate, which were still present 2 to 3 months after discontinuation of the drug. We conclude that estramustine phosphate acts, at least partially, as an estrogen and may cause estrogen-dependent side effects.", "contents": "Hormone changes in patients with prostatic carcinoma during treatment with estramustine phosphate. Hormone analyses of plasma were done on 9 patients with prostatic carcinoma before, during and after treatment with estramustine phosphate. In previously untreated men estramustine phosphate suppressed the plasma testosterone levels. Furthermore, suppression of increased gonadotropins was obtained in irradiated or orchiectomized patients. These hormone changes were caused by high plasma levels of estradiol and/or total estrogens during treatment, with estramustine phosphate, which were still present 2 to 3 months after discontinuation of the drug. We conclude that estramustine phosphate acts, at least partially, as an estrogen and may cause estrogen-dependent side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:926241", "title": "The effect of transurethral resection of the prostate on lymphocyte response in patients with prostatic cancer.", "content": "The following study indicates that transurethral resection may affect the in vivo cellular aspects of the immune response in patients with prostatic cancer. This in vivo result seems to be supported by the fact that patients dying of carcinoma of the prostate at our institution usually had had an antecedent transurethral resection. Therefore, we emphasize that transurethral resection in patients with prostate cancer should be undertaken with clear-cut indications and with the knowledge that it may be an insult to the patient's immune system.", "contents": "The effect of transurethral resection of the prostate on lymphocyte response in patients with prostatic cancer. The following study indicates that transurethral resection may affect the in vivo cellular aspects of the immune response in patients with prostatic cancer. This in vivo result seems to be supported by the fact that patients dying of carcinoma of the prostate at our institution usually had had an antecedent transurethral resection. Therefore, we emphasize that transurethral resection in patients with prostate cancer should be undertaken with clear-cut indications and with the knowledge that it may be an insult to the patient's immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:926242", "title": "Detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia.", "content": "Inappropriate contraction or failure of relaxation of either the internal (smooth muscle) or external (striated muscle) urethral sphincter or both coincident with detrusor contraction results in a micturitional disorder known as detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia. Based on our clinical experience with more than 200 spinal cord subjects and serial urodynamic observations on some of these individuals from the time of injury, various grades of dyssynergia (1 to 3) were recognized. The duration and completeness of suprasacral cord injury essentially determined the degree of dyssynergia. Internal sphincter dyssynergia was encountered less often in this group. A review in relation to pathophysiology and management of this micturitional dysfunction is presented.", "contents": "Detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia. Inappropriate contraction or failure of relaxation of either the internal (smooth muscle) or external (striated muscle) urethral sphincter or both coincident with detrusor contraction results in a micturitional disorder known as detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia. Based on our clinical experience with more than 200 spinal cord subjects and serial urodynamic observations on some of these individuals from the time of injury, various grades of dyssynergia (1 to 3) were recognized. The duration and completeness of suprasacral cord injury essentially determined the degree of dyssynergia. Internal sphincter dyssynergia was encountered less often in this group. A review in relation to pathophysiology and management of this micturitional dysfunction is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:926243", "title": "Conscious dynamic versus unconscious static cystourethrography.", "content": "Prior to treatment 30 urologically symptomatic subjects were studied with dynamic voiding cystourethrography while conscious and with single shot high pressure static cystourethrography while anesthetized. The former technique did not surpass the latter in demonstrating reflux, lower urinary tract disease or urethral anatomical detail. It is concluded that (problem cases aside) when management requires anesthetizing the patient only the high pressure, single shot static method should be used and that omission of premedication and manipulation of anesthetic planes to produce voiding are neither necessary nor desirable.", "contents": "Conscious dynamic versus unconscious static cystourethrography. Prior to treatment 30 urologically symptomatic subjects were studied with dynamic voiding cystourethrography while conscious and with single shot high pressure static cystourethrography while anesthetized. The former technique did not surpass the latter in demonstrating reflux, lower urinary tract disease or urethral anatomical detail. It is concluded that (problem cases aside) when management requires anesthetizing the patient only the high pressure, single shot static method should be used and that omission of premedication and manipulation of anesthetic planes to produce voiding are neither necessary nor desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:926244", "title": "The adynamic terminal ureteral segment.", "content": "Recently, we observed hydroureteronephrosis owing to an adynamic transmural distal ureteral segment associated with a thickened bladder, consequent to bladder outlet obstruction. Histological examination disclosed a loss of intrinsic musculature of the terminal ureteral segment with fibrosis. The importance of this entity is in the fact that upper tract dilatation and deterioration may progress, despite apparently successful correction of the bladder outlet uropathy.", "contents": "The adynamic terminal ureteral segment. Recently, we observed hydroureteronephrosis owing to an adynamic transmural distal ureteral segment associated with a thickened bladder, consequent to bladder outlet obstruction. Histological examination disclosed a loss of intrinsic musculature of the terminal ureteral segment with fibrosis. The importance of this entity is in the fact that upper tract dilatation and deterioration may progress, despite apparently successful correction of the bladder outlet uropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:926245", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst after urinary diversion.", "content": "The development of an abdominal mass after urinary diversion in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt should alert the physician to the possibility of a cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst. Two pediatric cases of cerebrospinal fluid pseudocysts are presented to illustrate this complication. The etiology, diagnosis and management of the pseudocyst are discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst after urinary diversion. The development of an abdominal mass after urinary diversion in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt should alert the physician to the possibility of a cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst. Two pediatric cases of cerebrospinal fluid pseudocysts are presented to illustrate this complication. The etiology, diagnosis and management of the pseudocyst are discussed and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:926246", "title": "Extravesical reconstruction for ureterovesical obstructions in childhood.", "content": "The blind empirical practice of ureteral reimplantation for all types of ureterovesical obstruction is founded on entirely speculative concepts of the nature of the obstruction. A significant proportion of ureterovesical obstructions are caused by a tilt-valve type of abnormality of the distal ureter with a normal juxtavesical segment. These can be corrected rationally by an extravesical ureteroureteroplasty. This procedure was done between 1968 and 1975 to relieve obstruction of 9 ureters in 8 children. The pathological anatomy found in these cases is defined and the technique of operative recognition and reconstruction is described. With adequate operative recognition and appropriate case selection relief of obstruction was achieved and maintained in 7 of the 9 ureters.", "contents": "Extravesical reconstruction for ureterovesical obstructions in childhood. The blind empirical practice of ureteral reimplantation for all types of ureterovesical obstruction is founded on entirely speculative concepts of the nature of the obstruction. A significant proportion of ureterovesical obstructions are caused by a tilt-valve type of abnormality of the distal ureter with a normal juxtavesical segment. These can be corrected rationally by an extravesical ureteroureteroplasty. This procedure was done between 1968 and 1975 to relieve obstruction of 9 ureters in 8 children. The pathological anatomy found in these cases is defined and the technique of operative recognition and reconstruction is described. With adequate operative recognition and appropriate case selection relief of obstruction was achieved and maintained in 7 of the 9 ureters."}
{"id": "PMID:926248", "title": "Allen-Spence repair for coronal and distal penile hypospadias with chordee.", "content": "Our experience with the Allen-Spence procedure in 31 children with distal hypospadias is described. The surgical techniques and our results are reviewed and compared to those reported in the literature. This procedure is safe and simple, and provides excellent cosmetic and functional results.", "contents": "Allen-Spence repair for coronal and distal penile hypospadias with chordee. Our experience with the Allen-Spence procedure in 31 children with distal hypospadias is described. The surgical techniques and our results are reviewed and compared to those reported in the literature. This procedure is safe and simple, and provides excellent cosmetic and functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:926249", "title": "Klinefelter's syndrome in identical twins associated with chordee without hypospadias.", "content": "An unusual instance of concordant chordee without hypospadias in identical twins with 47 XXY Klinefelter's syndrome is reported. The etiology of coincidental chordee without hypospadias and Klinefelter's syndrome is unknown.", "contents": "Klinefelter's syndrome in identical twins associated with chordee without hypospadias. An unusual instance of concordant chordee without hypospadias in identical twins with 47 XXY Klinefelter's syndrome is reported. The etiology of coincidental chordee without hypospadias and Klinefelter's syndrome is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:926250", "title": "Renal vein compression.", "content": "Duodenal compression by the superior mesenteric artery is the postulated cause of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Our case, as well as 2 other cases of renal vein compression reported in the literature, suggests that this is uncommon but should occur more frequently in this syndrome because it is anatomically as vulnerable to compression.", "contents": "Renal vein compression. Duodenal compression by the superior mesenteric artery is the postulated cause of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Our case, as well as 2 other cases of renal vein compression reported in the literature, suggests that this is uncommon but should occur more frequently in this syndrome because it is anatomically as vulnerable to compression."}
{"id": "PMID:926251", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus.", "content": "The third documented case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus in the English literature is reported. The interesting coincidental occurrence of the dermoid cyst of the right ovary and a complete longitudinal septum of the vagina and uterine cervix is described.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus. The third documented case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the urachus in the English literature is reported. The interesting coincidental occurrence of the dermoid cyst of the right ovary and a complete longitudinal septum of the vagina and uterine cervix is described."}
{"id": "PMID:926252", "title": "Malignant penile horn.", "content": "The fifth case of carcinoma within a penile horn is reported in a patient who also had erythroplasia of Queyrat of the glans penis. Penile horns should be considered as pre-malignant lesions, since a third of them undergo malignant change and they may be associated with a pre-malignant condition of the glans penis.", "contents": "Malignant penile horn. The fifth case of carcinoma within a penile horn is reported in a patient who also had erythroplasia of Queyrat of the glans penis. Penile horns should be considered as pre-malignant lesions, since a third of them undergo malignant change and they may be associated with a pre-malignant condition of the glans penis."}
{"id": "PMID:926253", "title": "Embryonal carcinoma of the testis in elderly men.", "content": "A rare case of pure embryonal carcinoma of the testis in a black man in the tenth decade of life is presented, as well as a review of the literature on germ cell testicular tumors in men 60 years old or more. It is noteworthy that nearly 9 per cent of testicular tumors occur in this age group and a third of these tumors are of germ cell origin.", "contents": "Embryonal carcinoma of the testis in elderly men. A rare case of pure embryonal carcinoma of the testis in a black man in the tenth decade of life is presented, as well as a review of the literature on germ cell testicular tumors in men 60 years old or more. It is noteworthy that nearly 9 per cent of testicular tumors occur in this age group and a third of these tumors are of germ cell origin."}
{"id": "PMID:926260", "title": "Staghorn renal stones: value of bench surgery and autotransplantation.", "content": "Two patients with staghorn renal calculi underwent bench surgery and autotransplantation. A discussion is presented on the value of an extracorporeal procedure for patients with staghorn calculi associated with renal artery or pyeloureteral junction stenosis.", "contents": "Staghorn renal stones: value of bench surgery and autotransplantation. Two patients with staghorn renal calculi underwent bench surgery and autotransplantation. A discussion is presented on the value of an extracorporeal procedure for patients with staghorn calculi associated with renal artery or pyeloureteral junction stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:926261", "title": "Tubular function impairment in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.", "content": "Renal function studies were done on asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects and normouricemic controls matched as to age, sex and blood pressure. Abnormal urinary sediments and proteinuria were found more frequently in asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects than in the controls. In addition, the maximal osmolar concentrating ability of urine was markedly reduced in the asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects. There was no difference in renal function measured by phenolsulfonphthalein excretion between the groups. Our results suggest that hyperuricemia alone may contribute to renal tubular impairment.", "contents": "Tubular function impairment in patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Renal function studies were done on asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects and normouricemic controls matched as to age, sex and blood pressure. Abnormal urinary sediments and proteinuria were found more frequently in asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects than in the controls. In addition, the maximal osmolar concentrating ability of urine was markedly reduced in the asymptomatic hyperuricemic subjects. There was no difference in renal function measured by phenolsulfonphthalein excretion between the groups. Our results suggest that hyperuricemia alone may contribute to renal tubular impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:926262", "title": "Perinephric abscess: a review of 26 cases.", "content": "Herein we review 26 cases of perinephric abscess, analyzed according to incidence, etiology, laboratory findings, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, radiographic findings, operative procedures, mortality and associated diseases. Of the abscess cultures 67 per cent were gram-negative organisms, most commonly Proteus, and 76 per cent of the abscesses were directly attributable to renal causes, mainly nephrolithiasis. Diabetes mellitus occurred in only 3 of the 26 cases.", "contents": "Perinephric abscess: a review of 26 cases. Herein we review 26 cases of perinephric abscess, analyzed according to incidence, etiology, laboratory findings, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, radiographic findings, operative procedures, mortality and associated diseases. Of the abscess cultures 67 per cent were gram-negative organisms, most commonly Proteus, and 76 per cent of the abscesses were directly attributable to renal causes, mainly nephrolithiasis. Diabetes mellitus occurred in only 3 of the 26 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:926263", "title": "Acute renal carbuncle.", "content": "A renal carbuncle (cortical abscess) is an important and treatable consideration in the differential diagnosis of renal mass lesions. Diagnosis is accomplished using a combination of clinical, urographic, arteriographic and ultrasonographic findings. Ultrasound is an accurate and less invasive alternative to arteriography. Needle aspiration of the abscess contents may give a bacteriologic diagnosis. Non-surgical treatment with antibiotics alone may be curative. Five cases are presented, and clinical and radiologic features are reviewed.", "contents": "Acute renal carbuncle. A renal carbuncle (cortical abscess) is an important and treatable consideration in the differential diagnosis of renal mass lesions. Diagnosis is accomplished using a combination of clinical, urographic, arteriographic and ultrasonographic findings. Ultrasound is an accurate and less invasive alternative to arteriography. Needle aspiration of the abscess contents may give a bacteriologic diagnosis. Non-surgical treatment with antibiotics alone may be curative. Five cases are presented, and clinical and radiologic features are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:926264", "title": "Autogenous arterial grafts in the treatment of renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Twenty-three patients who underwent renal revascularization with autogenous arterial bypass grafts for renovascular hypertension are reviewed. The arterial autograft consisted of the hypogastric artery in 19 cases and a free splenic artery graft in 4. Eighteen patients were cured (78 per cent), 4 improved (18 per cent) and there was 1 failure (4 per cent). There were no cases of graft stenosis or occlusion. Postoperative morbidity was minimal and there was no operative mortality. When such grafts are available they provide an excellent means to achieve successful long-term renal revascularization.", "contents": "Autogenous arterial grafts in the treatment of renal artery stenosis. Twenty-three patients who underwent renal revascularization with autogenous arterial bypass grafts for renovascular hypertension are reviewed. The arterial autograft consisted of the hypogastric artery in 19 cases and a free splenic artery graft in 4. Eighteen patients were cured (78 per cent), 4 improved (18 per cent) and there was 1 failure (4 per cent). There were no cases of graft stenosis or occlusion. Postoperative morbidity was minimal and there was no operative mortality. When such grafts are available they provide an excellent means to achieve successful long-term renal revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:926265", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the kidney and hypertension: report of 2 cases with special emphasis on renin.", "content": "Renin studies were done on 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the kidney and hypertension. In 1 case plasma renin activity was high in the peripheral and renal veins, with a renal vein ratio of 1.7 favoring the side of the tumor. Nephrectomy cured the hypertension and renin values became normal. Tissue renin was elevated in the tumor and surrounding parenchyma. Acidification studies of tissue extracts failed to demonstrate the existence of big renin. In case 2 all renin values were normal and the blood pressure remained elevated after the operation. Although renin-secreting tumors remain an uncommon cause of malignant hypertension the condition should be recognized because it is potentially curable.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the kidney and hypertension: report of 2 cases with special emphasis on renin. Renin studies were done on 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the kidney and hypertension. In 1 case plasma renin activity was high in the peripheral and renal veins, with a renal vein ratio of 1.7 favoring the side of the tumor. Nephrectomy cured the hypertension and renin values became normal. Tissue renin was elevated in the tumor and surrounding parenchyma. Acidification studies of tissue extracts failed to demonstrate the existence of big renin. In case 2 all renin values were normal and the blood pressure remained elevated after the operation. Although renin-secreting tumors remain an uncommon cause of malignant hypertension the condition should be recognized because it is potentially curable."}
{"id": "PMID:926267", "title": "Nephrectomy: indications and complications in 347 patients.", "content": "The indications, complications and mortality rate in a recent 12-year experience with 347 nephrectomies were reviewed. Renal tumor is the most frequent condition requiring nephrectomy, probably because of the improved, non-ablative methods to treat inflammatory, obstructive, calculous and hypertensive renal disease. The over-all mortality rate was 1.4 per cent but was almost nil in the absence of malignancy.", "contents": "Nephrectomy: indications and complications in 347 patients. The indications, complications and mortality rate in a recent 12-year experience with 347 nephrectomies were reviewed. Renal tumor is the most frequent condition requiring nephrectomy, probably because of the improved, non-ablative methods to treat inflammatory, obstructive, calculous and hypertensive renal disease. The over-all mortality rate was 1.4 per cent but was almost nil in the absence of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:926268", "title": "Partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma.", "content": "During a 20-year period 17 patients underwent partial nephrectomy as primary curative therapy for renal adenocarcinoma. In 15 patients (88 per cent) partial nephrectomy was performed satisfactorily in situ with free margins of resection. Eleven patients are alive (65 per cent) and only 3 (17 per cent) died of recurrent malignant disease. There was no operative mortality and postoperative complications were minimal. A review of the literature reveals that partial nephrectomy is an effective form of therapy for patients with bilateral renal carcinoma or carcinoma occurring in a solitary kidney.", "contents": "Partial nephrectomy in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. During a 20-year period 17 patients underwent partial nephrectomy as primary curative therapy for renal adenocarcinoma. In 15 patients (88 per cent) partial nephrectomy was performed satisfactorily in situ with free margins of resection. Eleven patients are alive (65 per cent) and only 3 (17 per cent) died of recurrent malignant disease. There was no operative mortality and postoperative complications were minimal. A review of the literature reveals that partial nephrectomy is an effective form of therapy for patients with bilateral renal carcinoma or carcinoma occurring in a solitary kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:926269", "title": "Experience gained from the management of 9 cases of bilateral renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Radical nephrectomy is the traditional therapy for renal cell carcinoma. However, modification of this technique is necessary when bilateral renal cell carcinoma occurs (3.8 per cent of all renal cell carcinomas at our institution). Special attention should be paid to the contralateral kidney when the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma is made, since an inapparent contralateral tumor may also be present (2 of 9 cases). An aggressive approach, consisting of in vivo heminephrectomy and a contralateral procedure, has avoided operative mortality or bench surgery, maintained life-sustaining renal function and produced a reasonable long-term survival rate.", "contents": "Experience gained from the management of 9 cases of bilateral renal cell carcinoma. Radical nephrectomy is the traditional therapy for renal cell carcinoma. However, modification of this technique is necessary when bilateral renal cell carcinoma occurs (3.8 per cent of all renal cell carcinomas at our institution). Special attention should be paid to the contralateral kidney when the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma is made, since an inapparent contralateral tumor may also be present (2 of 9 cases). An aggressive approach, consisting of in vivo heminephrectomy and a contralateral procedure, has avoided operative mortality or bench surgery, maintained life-sustaining renal function and produced a reasonable long-term survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:926270", "title": "Sonography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "The ultrasonic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis is characteristic: a smooth-bordered and relatively echo-free mass anterior to the sacral promontory. Sonography can be used to confirm the diagnosis, follow response to therapy and detect hydronephrotic changes in the kidneys.", "contents": "Sonography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis. The ultrasonic appearance of retroperitoneal fibrosis is characteristic: a smooth-bordered and relatively echo-free mass anterior to the sacral promontory. Sonography can be used to confirm the diagnosis, follow response to therapy and detect hydronephrotic changes in the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:926271", "title": "Ballistics and the management of ureteral injuries from high velocity missiles.", "content": "The management of 21 patients with 22 ureteral injuries from high velocity missiles is described and 6 cases are reported in detail. Ballistics should be considered in all wounds of violence. D\u00e9bridement, internal stents, proximal diversion and thorough drainage are advocated.", "contents": "Ballistics and the management of ureteral injuries from high velocity missiles. The management of 21 patients with 22 ureteral injuries from high velocity missiles is described and 6 cases are reported in detail. Ballistics should be considered in all wounds of violence. D\u00e9bridement, internal stents, proximal diversion and thorough drainage are advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:926272", "title": "Modified hutch I vesicoureteroplasty in paraplegia.", "content": "The most common cause of renal deterioration in the spinal cord injured patient is irreversible vesicoureteral reflux. Of 39 unilateral vesicoureteroplasties done for this condition 33 have been successful (85 per cent). Of 51 bilateral vesicoureteroplasties the success rates remain at 55 percent of the patients and 72 percent of the ureters. Since these success rates are possibly acceptable and the complication rate minimal, indications and technique are stressed.", "contents": "Modified hutch I vesicoureteroplasty in paraplegia. The most common cause of renal deterioration in the spinal cord injured patient is irreversible vesicoureteral reflux. Of 39 unilateral vesicoureteroplasties done for this condition 33 have been successful (85 per cent). Of 51 bilateral vesicoureteroplasties the success rates remain at 55 percent of the patients and 72 percent of the ureters. Since these success rates are possibly acceptable and the complication rate minimal, indications and technique are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:926273", "title": "Preoperative bowel preparation in urologic surgery.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of patients undergoing urologic procedures in which a segment of bowel is to be used to reconstruct the urinary tract. The combination of mechanical and antimicrobial preparation is effective in the sterilization of the bowel and the prevention of wound sepsis.", "contents": "Preoperative bowel preparation in urologic surgery. A method is described for the preparation of patients undergoing urologic procedures in which a segment of bowel is to be used to reconstruct the urinary tract. The combination of mechanical and antimicrobial preparation is effective in the sterilization of the bowel and the prevention of wound sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:926274", "title": "Ileal loop stenosis: a late complication of urinary diversion.", "content": "Stenosis of the ileal conduit was a late complication in 12 patients (10 adults) who underwent urinary diversion by this means at our hospital. The duration of the ileal loop at diagnosis ranged from 4 to 14 years, averaging 9 years. Loop stenosis was generally without symptoms and was suggested only by routine excretory urography, while loopography confirmed the diagnosis. The etiology of the condition is not clear. A variety of possible factors is considered, including microvascular ischemia, urine-borne toxic material, infectious and allergic stimuli and an immunologic defect. The pathogenesis of the condition appears to be based upon a chronic inflammatory reaction, with progressive fibrosis in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileal segment.", "contents": "Ileal loop stenosis: a late complication of urinary diversion. Stenosis of the ileal conduit was a late complication in 12 patients (10 adults) who underwent urinary diversion by this means at our hospital. The duration of the ileal loop at diagnosis ranged from 4 to 14 years, averaging 9 years. Loop stenosis was generally without symptoms and was suggested only by routine excretory urography, while loopography confirmed the diagnosis. The etiology of the condition is not clear. A variety of possible factors is considered, including microvascular ischemia, urine-borne toxic material, infectious and allergic stimuli and an immunologic defect. The pathogenesis of the condition appears to be based upon a chronic inflammatory reaction, with progressive fibrosis in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileal segment."}
{"id": "PMID:926275", "title": "Bypass operation for post-cystectomy intestinal obstruction.", "content": "A method for an intestinal bypass operation is presented. The procedure has been valuable in patients with post-cystectomy intestinal obstruction who did not respond to non-operative measures. A discussion on the possible means to prevent further obstruction is included.", "contents": "Bypass operation for post-cystectomy intestinal obstruction. A method for an intestinal bypass operation is presented. The procedure has been valuable in patients with post-cystectomy intestinal obstruction who did not respond to non-operative measures. A discussion on the possible means to prevent further obstruction is included."}
{"id": "PMID:926276", "title": "Massive hematuria and perforation in a case of amyloidosis of the bladder: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "To our knowledge this is the first time that perforation of the bladder has been reported in a case of amyloidosis. The perforation was caused by massive hematuria. Based on repeated cystoscopic observations we believe that this alteration of the bladder wall is progressive and caused by the damaging effect of a continuing growing clot on poorly vascularized tissues. A review of 5 other cases of secondary amyloidosis complicated by massive hematuria indicates that hemorrhage occurs in advanced stages of the disease, has a gloomy prognosis and may precipitate the final outcome.", "contents": "Massive hematuria and perforation in a case of amyloidosis of the bladder: case report and review of the literature. To our knowledge this is the first time that perforation of the bladder has been reported in a case of amyloidosis. The perforation was caused by massive hematuria. Based on repeated cystoscopic observations we believe that this alteration of the bladder wall is progressive and caused by the damaging effect of a continuing growing clot on poorly vascularized tissues. A review of 5 other cases of secondary amyloidosis complicated by massive hematuria indicates that hemorrhage occurs in advanced stages of the disease, has a gloomy prognosis and may precipitate the final outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:926277", "title": "Bladder cancer and squamous metaplasia in spinal cord injury patients.", "content": "The influence of long-term indwelling urethral catheterization was studied by random bladder and urethral biopsies in 62 spinal cord injury patients. Six patients (10 per cent) had diffuse squamous cell bladder carcinoma, 4 of whom had no tumor visible endoscopically. Five of the patients with cancer were among 25 patients (20 per cent) managed with an indwelling urethral catheter for more than 10 years (average 21 years, range 15 to 30 years). The other cancer patient had been free of the catheter for 27 years after suprapubic cystotomy for 4 years. Gross and microscopic hematuria was associated with cancer. Squamous metaplasia of the bladder was significantly greater in patients who had been catheterized for more than 10 years (80 per cent), compared to those catheterized for less than 10 years (42 per cent) and patients without catheters (20 per cent). Urethral squamous metaplasia increased slightly in long-term catheterization patients. Urinary infection was universal and did not distinguish patients with inflammation, metaplasia or cancer. Therefore, the duration of indwelling catheterization seems to be the major factor in squamous changes in these patients.", "contents": "Bladder cancer and squamous metaplasia in spinal cord injury patients. The influence of long-term indwelling urethral catheterization was studied by random bladder and urethral biopsies in 62 spinal cord injury patients. Six patients (10 per cent) had diffuse squamous cell bladder carcinoma, 4 of whom had no tumor visible endoscopically. Five of the patients with cancer were among 25 patients (20 per cent) managed with an indwelling urethral catheter for more than 10 years (average 21 years, range 15 to 30 years). The other cancer patient had been free of the catheter for 27 years after suprapubic cystotomy for 4 years. Gross and microscopic hematuria was associated with cancer. Squamous metaplasia of the bladder was significantly greater in patients who had been catheterized for more than 10 years (80 per cent), compared to those catheterized for less than 10 years (42 per cent) and patients without catheters (20 per cent). Urethral squamous metaplasia increased slightly in long-term catheterization patients. Urinary infection was universal and did not distinguish patients with inflammation, metaplasia or cancer. Therefore, the duration of indwelling catheterization seems to be the major factor in squamous changes in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:926278", "title": "Intravesical epodyl in the management of bladder tumors: combined experience of the Yorkshire Urological Cancer Research Group.", "content": "Of 48 patients with bladder tumors treated with intravesical epodyl 17 have shown a complete remission at some stage of treatment, although several have relapsed later. Partial remission occurred in 20 patients and 11 have shown no improvement or the lesions have progressed. Epodyl is used best as an adjunct to transurethral resection or diathermy of T1 bladder lesions. Even in patients who do not show complete remission epodyl may reduce the incidence of recurrence and the number of lesions. It is useful when rapid recurrence of T1 bladder tumors prevents control by resection or diathermy and it also is beneficial as an emergency measure to control hematuria. Complications are not infrequent and may be severe occasionally. Bone marrow depression has been seen in 2 patients whose bladders showed extensive carcinoma in situ.", "contents": "Intravesical epodyl in the management of bladder tumors: combined experience of the Yorkshire Urological Cancer Research Group. Of 48 patients with bladder tumors treated with intravesical epodyl 17 have shown a complete remission at some stage of treatment, although several have relapsed later. Partial remission occurred in 20 patients and 11 have shown no improvement or the lesions have progressed. Epodyl is used best as an adjunct to transurethral resection or diathermy of T1 bladder lesions. Even in patients who do not show complete remission epodyl may reduce the incidence of recurrence and the number of lesions. It is useful when rapid recurrence of T1 bladder tumors prevents control by resection or diathermy and it also is beneficial as an emergency measure to control hematuria. Complications are not infrequent and may be severe occasionally. Bone marrow depression has been seen in 2 patients whose bladders showed extensive carcinoma in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:926279", "title": "Lymphocyte response to transitional cell carcinoma: peripheral cytotoxicity and local tumor infiltration.", "content": "The cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with transitional cell carcinoma was evaluated and the results were compared to the degree of local lymphocytic infiltration in the bed of the primary tumor. Although a clear correlation was not established local lymphocytic infiltration was associated more commonly with tumor-related peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to transitional cell carcinoma: peripheral cytotoxicity and local tumor infiltration. The cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with transitional cell carcinoma was evaluated and the results were compared to the degree of local lymphocytic infiltration in the bed of the primary tumor. Although a clear correlation was not established local lymphocytic infiltration was associated more commonly with tumor-related peripheral lymphocyte cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:926280", "title": "Posterior urethral valves in adults: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Herein we review 2 cases of posterior urethral valves in adults. Significant secondary bladder neck obstruction occurred in both cases and required transurethral incision before the bladder outlet obstruction was relieved. The management is described of the secondary upper tract changes that occurred.", "contents": "Posterior urethral valves in adults: a report of 2 cases. Herein we review 2 cases of posterior urethral valves in adults. Significant secondary bladder neck obstruction occurred in both cases and required transurethral incision before the bladder outlet obstruction was relieved. The management is described of the secondary upper tract changes that occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:926281", "title": "Personal technique for surgical repair of balanic hypospadias.", "content": "A personal technique is described for the surgical correction of balanic hypospadias. The result of this technique is a large neourethra and satisfactory esthetics in 1 operation.", "contents": "Personal technique for surgical repair of balanic hypospadias. A personal technique is described for the surgical correction of balanic hypospadias. The result of this technique is a large neourethra and satisfactory esthetics in 1 operation."}
{"id": "PMID:926307", "title": "The study of the third heart sound in relation to the left ventricular filling and wall movement by echocardiography.", "content": "The left ventricular filling and wall movement were investigated in subjects with a third heart sound or ventricular gallop by echocardiography. Nine patients with ventricular gallop, who had left ventricular volume overload disease, and 6 normal subjects with a third heart sound had higher normalized peak rate of increase of the left ventricular dimension (peak dD/dT/D) than 10 normal subjects without a third heart sound (p less than 0.01). The normalized lengthening rate in the rapid filling phase was also higher in patients with ventricular gallop than in normal subjects without a third heart sound (p less than 0.05). The time from the second heart sound to peak dD/dT/D and rapid filling time did not show statistically significant values between subjects with ventricular gallop or a third heart sound and those without a third heart sound. These results suggest that higher peak filling, larger filling volume in the rapid filling phase and more abrupt cessation of the outward movement of the left ventricular wall may be a cause of the production of ventricular gallop in patients with left ventricular volume overload and of the physiological third heart sound.", "contents": "The study of the third heart sound in relation to the left ventricular filling and wall movement by echocardiography. The left ventricular filling and wall movement were investigated in subjects with a third heart sound or ventricular gallop by echocardiography. Nine patients with ventricular gallop, who had left ventricular volume overload disease, and 6 normal subjects with a third heart sound had higher normalized peak rate of increase of the left ventricular dimension (peak dD/dT/D) than 10 normal subjects without a third heart sound (p less than 0.01). The normalized lengthening rate in the rapid filling phase was also higher in patients with ventricular gallop than in normal subjects without a third heart sound (p less than 0.05). The time from the second heart sound to peak dD/dT/D and rapid filling time did not show statistically significant values between subjects with ventricular gallop or a third heart sound and those without a third heart sound. These results suggest that higher peak filling, larger filling volume in the rapid filling phase and more abrupt cessation of the outward movement of the left ventricular wall may be a cause of the production of ventricular gallop in patients with left ventricular volume overload and of the physiological third heart sound."}
{"id": "PMID:926308", "title": "Pulmonary regurgitation following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A method is described for quantifying pulmonary regurgitation. This method is based on a comparison of the right and left ventricular stroke volumes which are determined from biplane angiocardiograms. These techniques were applied to study 18 postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot. In patients with an outflow patch, regurgitant fraction was well correlated with regurgitant area. The RVEDV/LVEDV ratio was also correlated well with regurgitant fraction. Although majority of patients maintained normal RV ejection fraction, there were small number of patients with large regurgitant fraction and decreased RV ejection fraction.", "contents": "Pulmonary regurgitation following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. A method is described for quantifying pulmonary regurgitation. This method is based on a comparison of the right and left ventricular stroke volumes which are determined from biplane angiocardiograms. These techniques were applied to study 18 postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot. In patients with an outflow patch, regurgitant fraction was well correlated with regurgitant area. The RVEDV/LVEDV ratio was also correlated well with regurgitant fraction. Although majority of patients maintained normal RV ejection fraction, there were small number of patients with large regurgitant fraction and decreased RV ejection fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:926309", "title": "Optimal size of outflow patch in total correction of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies were performed in postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Pressure gradient between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery was correlated with the narrowest area in the pulmonary arterial pathway. Regurgitant fraction was also correlated with regurgitant area which was determined by preoperative area of the pulmonic annulus and width of the outflow patch. Follow-up study of postoperative patients with tetralogy indicated that those with pressure gradient less than 20 mmHg and regurgitant fraction less than 15% could be considered ideally corrected. A table was constructed for determining the most appropriate width of the outflow patch for the ideal correction.", "contents": "Optimal size of outflow patch in total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies were performed in postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Pressure gradient between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery was correlated with the narrowest area in the pulmonary arterial pathway. Regurgitant fraction was also correlated with regurgitant area which was determined by preoperative area of the pulmonic annulus and width of the outflow patch. Follow-up study of postoperative patients with tetralogy indicated that those with pressure gradient less than 20 mmHg and regurgitant fraction less than 15% could be considered ideally corrected. A table was constructed for determining the most appropriate width of the outflow patch for the ideal correction."}
{"id": "PMID:926310", "title": "Systolic time intervals in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type.", "content": "Systolic time intervals (STIs) were measured in 57 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) of the Duchenne type, and were correlated with the stages of physical disability. The total electromechanical systole (Q-A2), pre-ejection period (PEP), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were corrected for heart rate using the linear regression equations calculated from 91 normal subjects. Each systolic time interval index (STII), i.e. corrected STI, was analyzed. In 15 ambulatory patients (Group P-1), the STIIs did not differ significantly from those in normal controls. In 37 patients who were unable to walk (Group P-2) and 5 patients who were confined to bed (Group P-3), there was a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in the PEP index (PEPI), a decrease (p less than 0.001) in the LVET index (LVETI), and an increase (p less than 0.001) in the PEP/LVET compared with those in controls. The PEPI (p less than 0.001), LVETI (p less than 0.025), and PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001) in Group P-2 differed significantly from those in Group P-1. In Group P-3, the PEPI (p less than 0.005), LVET (p less than 0.001), and PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001) were significantly changed in comparison with those in Group P-2. Remarkable myocardial histopathologic changes suggestive of dystrophy were revealed in autopsies of 3 patients who had been in the severely disabled stage and had shown impaired STIs. It is suggested that cardiac function in patients with moderate to advanced PMD of the Duchenne type is deteriorated in proportion to the disability stages, i.e. the severity of changes in the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in patients with progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type. Systolic time intervals (STIs) were measured in 57 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD) of the Duchenne type, and were correlated with the stages of physical disability. The total electromechanical systole (Q-A2), pre-ejection period (PEP), and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were corrected for heart rate using the linear regression equations calculated from 91 normal subjects. Each systolic time interval index (STII), i.e. corrected STI, was analyzed. In 15 ambulatory patients (Group P-1), the STIIs did not differ significantly from those in normal controls. In 37 patients who were unable to walk (Group P-2) and 5 patients who were confined to bed (Group P-3), there was a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in the PEP index (PEPI), a decrease (p less than 0.001) in the LVET index (LVETI), and an increase (p less than 0.001) in the PEP/LVET compared with those in controls. The PEPI (p less than 0.001), LVETI (p less than 0.025), and PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001) in Group P-2 differed significantly from those in Group P-1. In Group P-3, the PEPI (p less than 0.005), LVET (p less than 0.001), and PEP/LVET (p less than 0.001) were significantly changed in comparison with those in Group P-2. Remarkable myocardial histopathologic changes suggestive of dystrophy were revealed in autopsies of 3 patients who had been in the severely disabled stage and had shown impaired STIs. It is suggested that cardiac function in patients with moderate to advanced PMD of the Duchenne type is deteriorated in proportion to the disability stages, i.e. the severity of changes in the skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:926311", "title": "Mechanism of production of midsystolic click in a prolapsed mitral valve.", "content": "In order to examine the production mechanism of the midsystolic click in cases of a midsystolic click and a late systolic murmur, the relationship between the click and the motion of the mitral apparatus was studied by means of ultrasono-cardiotomography and the simultaneous recording of phonocardiograms and ultrasono-cardiograms (UCGs). It was found that the systolic click occurred in exact coincidence with the time at which the hump of the echo of the unusual early systolic anterior motion (early SAM) took its backmost position. This coincidence was found when the click was shifted either by postural changes or inhalation of amyl nitrite. The present ultrasono-cardiotomographic study demonstrated that the echo source of the early SAM could be attributed to the protrusion into the left ventricular outflow tract of the slackened elongated chordae tendineae in systole. The anterior leaflet moved suddenly to the position of maximal prolapse when the slackened chordae tendineae were stretched taut in midsystole. In other words, the midsystolic click occurred when the anterior leaflet prolapsed and the tension exerted on the chordae tendineae was at its maximum.", "contents": "Mechanism of production of midsystolic click in a prolapsed mitral valve. In order to examine the production mechanism of the midsystolic click in cases of a midsystolic click and a late systolic murmur, the relationship between the click and the motion of the mitral apparatus was studied by means of ultrasono-cardiotomography and the simultaneous recording of phonocardiograms and ultrasono-cardiograms (UCGs). It was found that the systolic click occurred in exact coincidence with the time at which the hump of the echo of the unusual early systolic anterior motion (early SAM) took its backmost position. This coincidence was found when the click was shifted either by postural changes or inhalation of amyl nitrite. The present ultrasono-cardiotomographic study demonstrated that the echo source of the early SAM could be attributed to the protrusion into the left ventricular outflow tract of the slackened elongated chordae tendineae in systole. The anterior leaflet moved suddenly to the position of maximal prolapse when the slackened chordae tendineae were stretched taut in midsystole. In other words, the midsystolic click occurred when the anterior leaflet prolapsed and the tension exerted on the chordae tendineae was at its maximum."}
{"id": "PMID:926313", "title": "A morphometric study of the aortomitral valve apparatus in the embryonic and adult chicken heart. Implications on the developmental hypotheses of the transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "A comparative morphometric study was performed on the aortomitral valve apparatus of the embryonic and adult chicken hearts. It was found that the thickness of the aortic and mitral valve cusps diminishes dramatically as the embryo matures, however the relative length of the aortic valve, mitral valve and subaortic conus remains constant. A comparison of the aortomitral valve apparatus in chicken and man revealed that the subaortic conus is not completely resorbed in the fowl, whereas this process is well documented in the mammalian hearts. The implications of this observation on \"the differential conal growth hypothesis\" of transposition of the great arteries are discussed.", "contents": "A morphometric study of the aortomitral valve apparatus in the embryonic and adult chicken heart. Implications on the developmental hypotheses of the transposition of the great arteries. A comparative morphometric study was performed on the aortomitral valve apparatus of the embryonic and adult chicken hearts. It was found that the thickness of the aortic and mitral valve cusps diminishes dramatically as the embryo matures, however the relative length of the aortic valve, mitral valve and subaortic conus remains constant. A comparison of the aortomitral valve apparatus in chicken and man revealed that the subaortic conus is not completely resorbed in the fowl, whereas this process is well documented in the mammalian hearts. The implications of this observation on \"the differential conal growth hypothesis\" of transposition of the great arteries are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926314", "title": "Gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins of the normal canine and human hearts.", "content": "1. Gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins extracted from myocardial tissues in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) is applicable to study the relative amount of structural proteins from less than 1 Gm of heart tissue. 2. The compositions of structural proteins of the right and left atria and ventricles of the normal canine heart were identical and similar to those of skeletal muscle. 3. The compositions of structural proteins of the atrium and ventricle of the normal human heart were also identical.", "contents": "Gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins of the normal canine and human hearts. 1. Gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins extracted from myocardial tissues in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) is applicable to study the relative amount of structural proteins from less than 1 Gm of heart tissue. 2. The compositions of structural proteins of the right and left atria and ventricles of the normal canine heart were identical and similar to those of skeletal muscle. 3. The compositions of structural proteins of the atrium and ventricle of the normal human heart were also identical."}
{"id": "PMID:926316", "title": "Peri-ureteric collateral vessels in rabbits with experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "The development of collaterals to an ischemic kidney was studied in rabbits with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertension was produced by applying a silver clip of 0.9 mm in internal diameter on the left renal artery with the right kidney intact. Peri-ureteric collaterals were found at autopsy in 27 (32.9%) of 82 animals that were killed 7 days (early stage) and in 30 (40.5%) of 74 animals that were killed in more than 70 days (late stage) after clipping. The average blood pressure was 123.8 +/- 2.6 (SE) mmHg in animals with collaterals vs. 125.3 +/- 2.1 mmHg in animals without them in the early stage, and 142.5 +/- 4.4 mm Hg in animals with collaterals vs. 122.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg in animals without them in the late stage. These results indicate that the collaterals to an ischemic kidney develop independently of the rises in blood pressure during the first week and the presence of collaterals is associated with moderate to severe hypertension in the late stage.", "contents": "Peri-ureteric collateral vessels in rabbits with experimental renal hypertension. The development of collaterals to an ischemic kidney was studied in rabbits with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertension was produced by applying a silver clip of 0.9 mm in internal diameter on the left renal artery with the right kidney intact. Peri-ureteric collaterals were found at autopsy in 27 (32.9%) of 82 animals that were killed 7 days (early stage) and in 30 (40.5%) of 74 animals that were killed in more than 70 days (late stage) after clipping. The average blood pressure was 123.8 +/- 2.6 (SE) mmHg in animals with collaterals vs. 125.3 +/- 2.1 mmHg in animals without them in the early stage, and 142.5 +/- 4.4 mm Hg in animals with collaterals vs. 122.6 +/- 3.3 mmHg in animals without them in the late stage. These results indicate that the collaterals to an ischemic kidney develop independently of the rises in blood pressure during the first week and the presence of collaterals is associated with moderate to severe hypertension in the late stage."}
{"id": "PMID:926315", "title": "Changes of cardiac structural proteins in myocardial infarction.", "content": "1. Changes of structural proteins in experimental and human myocardial infarction were studied by the determination of myosin- and actomyosin-ATPase activities and gel electrophoretic analysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 2. In animal experiments using dogs, the relative amounts of myosin and alpha-actinin decreased at 24 to 48 hours after coronary ligation, became lowest at 72 hours, and remained at this level for 2 weeks and returned to almost normal value at 28 days. 3. Myosin- and actomyosin-ATPase activities decreased rapidly during 24 to 48 hours after ligation with temporary increase in their activities in the initial stage of ischemia and followed the similar time course as that of the amounts of myosin and alpha-actinin. 4. SDS gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins of infarcted tissues of the human hearts obtained from 5 cadavers showed also marked decrease of the contents of myosin and alpha-actinin with relative preservation of actin, tropomyosin and troponin-T.", "contents": "Changes of cardiac structural proteins in myocardial infarction. 1. Changes of structural proteins in experimental and human myocardial infarction were studied by the determination of myosin- and actomyosin-ATPase activities and gel electrophoretic analysis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 2. In animal experiments using dogs, the relative amounts of myosin and alpha-actinin decreased at 24 to 48 hours after coronary ligation, became lowest at 72 hours, and remained at this level for 2 weeks and returned to almost normal value at 28 days. 3. Myosin- and actomyosin-ATPase activities decreased rapidly during 24 to 48 hours after ligation with temporary increase in their activities in the initial stage of ischemia and followed the similar time course as that of the amounts of myosin and alpha-actinin. 4. SDS gel electrophoretic analysis of structural proteins of infarcted tissues of the human hearts obtained from 5 cadavers showed also marked decrease of the contents of myosin and alpha-actinin with relative preservation of actin, tropomyosin and troponin-T."}
{"id": "PMID:926317", "title": "Behavior of asynergic ventricle.", "content": "Effect of increased left atrial pressure and a positive inotropic agent upon asynergic left ventricle which was produced by acute occlusion of LAD were examined in 8 open-chest dogs. Systolic bulging in ischemic area was qualified by ESL/EDL in percentage. Left atrial pressure was controlled by the reservoir connected to left atrial appendage with a large bore tubing. Cardiac output and aortic pressure were decreased following coronary occlusion without change in isometric developed tension in nonischemic area of left ventricle. Increase of left atrial pressure from 5 mmHg to 14 mmHg produced rise in stroke volume to 191% and rise in aortic pressure to 156% in asynergic left ventricle respectively. These increases were not accompanied by change in ESL/EDL. Therefore, extracardiac factors were assumed to explain the prominent increase in left ventricular stroke work by elevation of left atrial pressure in asynergic left ventricle. Isoproterenol enhanced total cardiac performance by increasing the function of nonischemic area without deterious effect on the ischemic area.", "contents": "Behavior of asynergic ventricle. Effect of increased left atrial pressure and a positive inotropic agent upon asynergic left ventricle which was produced by acute occlusion of LAD were examined in 8 open-chest dogs. Systolic bulging in ischemic area was qualified by ESL/EDL in percentage. Left atrial pressure was controlled by the reservoir connected to left atrial appendage with a large bore tubing. Cardiac output and aortic pressure were decreased following coronary occlusion without change in isometric developed tension in nonischemic area of left ventricle. Increase of left atrial pressure from 5 mmHg to 14 mmHg produced rise in stroke volume to 191% and rise in aortic pressure to 156% in asynergic left ventricle respectively. These increases were not accompanied by change in ESL/EDL. Therefore, extracardiac factors were assumed to explain the prominent increase in left ventricular stroke work by elevation of left atrial pressure in asynergic left ventricle. Isoproterenol enhanced total cardiac performance by increasing the function of nonischemic area without deterious effect on the ischemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:926318", "title": "Suppression of repeatedly occurring ventricular fibrillation with nifedipine in variant form of angina pectoris.", "content": "It is reported that nifedipine, a newly developed antianginal agent, was dramatically effective to suppress the repeatedly occurring ventricular fibrillation in 2 cases of variant form of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Suppression of repeatedly occurring ventricular fibrillation with nifedipine in variant form of angina pectoris. It is reported that nifedipine, a newly developed antianginal agent, was dramatically effective to suppress the repeatedly occurring ventricular fibrillation in 2 cases of variant form of angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:926399", "title": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte island, Philippines. 3. Cercariae from Thiaridae.", "content": "From 1975 to 1976, about three thousand snails of Thiaridae were examined for cercarial fauna in the northeastern part of Leyte Island, Philippines. The thiarid snails examined were Melanoides tuberculatus, Thiara (Plotiopsis) scabra, Antemelania dactylus and A. asperata, and a total of 13 species of cercariae including some important human parasites were found. These cercariae are consisted of one philophthalmid cercaria, two echinostome cercariae, three heterophyid cercariae, five xiphidiocercariae, one paragonimid cercaria and one unknown cercaria. In this paper a description of their morphology, infection rate, locality, and some remarks on the presumptive life cycle are included with illustrations and photographs.", "contents": "Studies on the fresh water cercariae in Leyte island, Philippines. 3. Cercariae from Thiaridae. From 1975 to 1976, about three thousand snails of Thiaridae were examined for cercarial fauna in the northeastern part of Leyte Island, Philippines. The thiarid snails examined were Melanoides tuberculatus, Thiara (Plotiopsis) scabra, Antemelania dactylus and A. asperata, and a total of 13 species of cercariae including some important human parasites were found. These cercariae are consisted of one philophthalmid cercaria, two echinostome cercariae, three heterophyid cercariae, five xiphidiocercariae, one paragonimid cercaria and one unknown cercaria. In this paper a description of their morphology, infection rate, locality, and some remarks on the presumptive life cycle are included with illustrations and photographs."}
{"id": "PMID:926400", "title": "Reactivity of snail agglutinin from Helix pomatia (anti-AHP) to non-A meconium glycoproteins.", "content": "Investigations have been made on the reactivity of snail agglutinin from Helix pomatia (anti-AHP) with blood group active neutral and acid glycoprotein (NGP and AGP) prepared from non-A meconium. It is clearly demonstrated that anti-AHP reacts only with NGP, but not with AGP, in anti-AHP-non-A meconium system. After desialization, however, the AGP was reactive to anti-AHP. The effects of alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminase, blood group decomposing enzymes and mild alkaline treatment on the reactivity of NGP and desialized AGP (DAGP) were studied by the immunochemical techniques and the structure responsible for the reaction is briefly discussed: the occurrence of terminal or subterminal alpha-D-GalNAc residues as reactant to anti-AHP may be deduced.", "contents": "Reactivity of snail agglutinin from Helix pomatia (anti-AHP) to non-A meconium glycoproteins. Investigations have been made on the reactivity of snail agglutinin from Helix pomatia (anti-AHP) with blood group active neutral and acid glycoprotein (NGP and AGP) prepared from non-A meconium. It is clearly demonstrated that anti-AHP reacts only with NGP, but not with AGP, in anti-AHP-non-A meconium system. After desialization, however, the AGP was reactive to anti-AHP. The effects of alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminase, blood group decomposing enzymes and mild alkaline treatment on the reactivity of NGP and desialized AGP (DAGP) were studied by the immunochemical techniques and the structure responsible for the reaction is briefly discussed: the occurrence of terminal or subterminal alpha-D-GalNAc residues as reactant to anti-AHP may be deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:926402", "title": "Enzymatic solubilization of membrane immunoglobulin (M-Ig) from rabbit lymphocytes with phospholipase A2 (PL-A2) and phospholipase C (PL-C).", "content": "Enzymatic solubilization of M-Ig from rabbit lymph node cells was investigated using highly purified PL-A2 and PL-C. The combined treatment with PL-A2 (50 I.U./ml) and PL-C (20 I.U./ml) caused optimal solubilization of the membrane components from the 125I-labeled lymphocytes, but the treatment with either enzyme alone did not. The solubilized M-Ig was isolated and characterized as the membrane component which was specifically co-precipitable with homologous antigen-antibody complex. The solubilized M-Ig associated with some other membrane constituents was eluted in a void volume fraction by gelfiltration on a column of Sepharose 6B, and recovered at the interface between 30 and 40% sucrose layers by the density gradient centrifugation. The isolated component could be further separated by SDS-polyacrylamido gel electrophoresis into four radioactive polypeptides with apparent mol wt of 7 approximately 8 X 10(4), 4 approximately 5 X 10(4), 3 approximately 3.5 X 10(4) and 2 approximately 2.5 X 10(4), respectively. The results suggest that the enzymatic solubilization of lymphocyte M-Ig is a useful procedure to investigate further characteristics of M-Ig and their biological function related to the intracellular mechanisms of immune response.", "contents": "Enzymatic solubilization of membrane immunoglobulin (M-Ig) from rabbit lymphocytes with phospholipase A2 (PL-A2) and phospholipase C (PL-C). Enzymatic solubilization of M-Ig from rabbit lymph node cells was investigated using highly purified PL-A2 and PL-C. The combined treatment with PL-A2 (50 I.U./ml) and PL-C (20 I.U./ml) caused optimal solubilization of the membrane components from the 125I-labeled lymphocytes, but the treatment with either enzyme alone did not. The solubilized M-Ig was isolated and characterized as the membrane component which was specifically co-precipitable with homologous antigen-antibody complex. The solubilized M-Ig associated with some other membrane constituents was eluted in a void volume fraction by gelfiltration on a column of Sepharose 6B, and recovered at the interface between 30 and 40% sucrose layers by the density gradient centrifugation. The isolated component could be further separated by SDS-polyacrylamido gel electrophoresis into four radioactive polypeptides with apparent mol wt of 7 approximately 8 X 10(4), 4 approximately 5 X 10(4), 3 approximately 3.5 X 10(4) and 2 approximately 2.5 X 10(4), respectively. The results suggest that the enzymatic solubilization of lymphocyte M-Ig is a useful procedure to investigate further characteristics of M-Ig and their biological function related to the intracellular mechanisms of immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:926403", "title": "Difference of anti-complementary effect of double stranded DNA and single stranded DNA.", "content": "Anti-complementary effect of both native double stranded DNA and denatured single stranded DNA was examined by the use of phage DNA of microgram level. The distinct difference of anti-complementary effect was detected between the double and single stranded DNA, that is, only single stranded DNA showed the anti-complementary effect. It is supposed that that the anti-complementary effect of single stranded DNA revealed by the present study is different from the anti-Clq effect which reported on both double and single stranded DNA by Agnello et al.", "contents": "Difference of anti-complementary effect of double stranded DNA and single stranded DNA. Anti-complementary effect of both native double stranded DNA and denatured single stranded DNA was examined by the use of phage DNA of microgram level. The distinct difference of anti-complementary effect was detected between the double and single stranded DNA, that is, only single stranded DNA showed the anti-complementary effect. It is supposed that that the anti-complementary effect of single stranded DNA revealed by the present study is different from the anti-Clq effect which reported on both double and single stranded DNA by Agnello et al."}
{"id": "PMID:926456", "title": "Effects of Panax Ginseng root on conditioned avoidance response in rats.", "content": "Pole climbing and shuttle box tests were employed to study conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and discrimination behaviour in Wistar male rats given extracts from Panax Ginseng root intraperitonealy. Neutral saponins (GNS), a water soluble fraction (GF4) which does not contain saponins, and a lipid soluble fraction (GNo. 5) inhibited CAR and discrimination ability between 500 Hz sound with electric shock (SD) and 1000 Hz sound without shock (Sdelta). Small doses of GNo. 5 and ginsenoside Rg fraction (GRg) produced a slight shortening of the response latency (RL) to the conditioned stimulus in CAR. GNo. 5 produced the incorrect response to Sdelta. Significant changes in the extinction of CAR were not evident with any fraction. Data from these tests indicate that Panax Ginseng root contains at least three sedative compounds.", "contents": "Effects of Panax Ginseng root on conditioned avoidance response in rats. Pole climbing and shuttle box tests were employed to study conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and discrimination behaviour in Wistar male rats given extracts from Panax Ginseng root intraperitonealy. Neutral saponins (GNS), a water soluble fraction (GF4) which does not contain saponins, and a lipid soluble fraction (GNo. 5) inhibited CAR and discrimination ability between 500 Hz sound with electric shock (SD) and 1000 Hz sound without shock (Sdelta). Small doses of GNo. 5 and ginsenoside Rg fraction (GRg) produced a slight shortening of the response latency (RL) to the conditioned stimulus in CAR. GNo. 5 produced the incorrect response to Sdelta. Significant changes in the extinction of CAR were not evident with any fraction. Data from these tests indicate that Panax Ginseng root contains at least three sedative compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:926457", "title": "Effects of ID-540 on averaged photopalpebral reflex in man.", "content": "Effects of ID-540, a recently introduced benzodiazepine derivative, on the averaged photopalpebral reflex (PPR), subjective symptoms and serum levels of ID-540 and its principal metabolite, N-desmethyl-ID-540 following an oral dose of 0.5 mg were investigated in 4 healthy male Japanese students in their early twenties. Both the latencies of PPR, P1 and P2 latency, showed a prolongation and maximum level at 2-2.5 hours after administration and tended to decline thereafter to control levels. The serum concentration of ID-540 showed a peak level at 2 hours after dosing, then showed a decline at 4 hours. The N-desmethyl-ID-540 exhibited a slow, gradual rise in the serum over the first 4 hours and there was a tendency toward a continued rise even at 24 hours. These parameters were of striking resemblance in the time-course of changes after oral dosing. Thus the PPR test may be a useful means of determining the clinical effects of anxiolytic agents. ID-540 appears to be an agent with remarkable anxiolytic effects.", "contents": "Effects of ID-540 on averaged photopalpebral reflex in man. Effects of ID-540, a recently introduced benzodiazepine derivative, on the averaged photopalpebral reflex (PPR), subjective symptoms and serum levels of ID-540 and its principal metabolite, N-desmethyl-ID-540 following an oral dose of 0.5 mg were investigated in 4 healthy male Japanese students in their early twenties. Both the latencies of PPR, P1 and P2 latency, showed a prolongation and maximum level at 2-2.5 hours after administration and tended to decline thereafter to control levels. The serum concentration of ID-540 showed a peak level at 2 hours after dosing, then showed a decline at 4 hours. The N-desmethyl-ID-540 exhibited a slow, gradual rise in the serum over the first 4 hours and there was a tendency toward a continued rise even at 24 hours. These parameters were of striking resemblance in the time-course of changes after oral dosing. Thus the PPR test may be a useful means of determining the clinical effects of anxiolytic agents. ID-540 appears to be an agent with remarkable anxiolytic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:926459", "title": "Effect of methylmercury on the ethanol elimination from the blood and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the effects of methylmercury on ethanol metabolism, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a daily dose (10 mg/kg i.p.) of methylmercuric chloride for 2 consecutive days and given a test dose (0.4 g/kgi.v.) of ethanol 24 hr after the last treatment. Blood ethanol levels were measured using gaschromatography by the direct introduction of blood samples into the sample vaporizing apparatus attached to the chromatograph. While treatment with methylmercury elicited a slight retardation in the ethanol elimination from the blood during 30 to 90 min, methylmercury did not essentially alter ethanol metabolism. There was no significant change in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of methylmercury-treated rats. By contrast, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase purified from liver or yeast was remarkably inhibited by methyl-mercury and the type of inhibition proved to be non-competitive. Moreover, the inhibited activity was reactivated easily by sulfhydryl agents. From these results, it is conceivable that methylmercury has little influence on ethanol metabolism in vivo because of its non-specific binding with sulfhydryl groups in the organism.", "contents": "Effect of methylmercury on the ethanol elimination from the blood and the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. In an attempt to assess the effects of methylmercury on ethanol metabolism, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a daily dose (10 mg/kg i.p.) of methylmercuric chloride for 2 consecutive days and given a test dose (0.4 g/kgi.v.) of ethanol 24 hr after the last treatment. Blood ethanol levels were measured using gaschromatography by the direct introduction of blood samples into the sample vaporizing apparatus attached to the chromatograph. While treatment with methylmercury elicited a slight retardation in the ethanol elimination from the blood during 30 to 90 min, methylmercury did not essentially alter ethanol metabolism. There was no significant change in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of methylmercury-treated rats. By contrast, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase purified from liver or yeast was remarkably inhibited by methyl-mercury and the type of inhibition proved to be non-competitive. Moreover, the inhibited activity was reactivated easily by sulfhydryl agents. From these results, it is conceivable that methylmercury has little influence on ethanol metabolism in vivo because of its non-specific binding with sulfhydryl groups in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:926460", "title": "Further observation on the lack of active uptake system for substance P in the central nervous system.", "content": "Crude mitochondrial P2 fractions from bovine hypothalamus and substantia nigra, slices from rabbit spinal cord and mesencephalon and glial fractions from rabbit brain were incubated with [3H]-substance P and the uptake was measured and compared with those for 5-HT and GABA. Substance P was to some extent taken up into the fractions but this uptake was neither temperature nor time dependent and the pellet/medium ratios were less than 1. Similar results were obtained in high potassium treated slices from rabbit mesencephalon. The rate of uptake for [3H]-substance P increased linearly in proportion to the medium concentration, suggesting a non-saturable binding. These results, together with our previous observations provide strong evidence that nerve terminals and glial cells lack a temperature sensitive, active uptake system capable of terminating transmitter action of substance P at the synapse.", "contents": "Further observation on the lack of active uptake system for substance P in the central nervous system. Crude mitochondrial P2 fractions from bovine hypothalamus and substantia nigra, slices from rabbit spinal cord and mesencephalon and glial fractions from rabbit brain were incubated with [3H]-substance P and the uptake was measured and compared with those for 5-HT and GABA. Substance P was to some extent taken up into the fractions but this uptake was neither temperature nor time dependent and the pellet/medium ratios were less than 1. Similar results were obtained in high potassium treated slices from rabbit mesencephalon. The rate of uptake for [3H]-substance P increased linearly in proportion to the medium concentration, suggesting a non-saturable binding. These results, together with our previous observations provide strong evidence that nerve terminals and glial cells lack a temperature sensitive, active uptake system capable of terminating transmitter action of substance P at the synapse."}
{"id": "PMID:926466", "title": "Anal complication in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "A 12 year-old boy suffering from Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with an anal complication was presented. He had several anal ulcers with surrounding polypoid proliferations. Operative treatment and local application of steroid hormone to anal ulcer failed, whereas the general administration of steroid hormone improved his allover state so that the anal lesion almost completely healed. Dose of steroid hormone was gradually tapered off and finally stopped without any signs of recurrence. Anal ulcer seems to represent a rare complication of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "contents": "Anal complication in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. A 12 year-old boy suffering from Beh\u00e7et's syndrome with an anal complication was presented. He had several anal ulcers with surrounding polypoid proliferations. Operative treatment and local application of steroid hormone to anal ulcer failed, whereas the general administration of steroid hormone improved his allover state so that the anal lesion almost completely healed. Dose of steroid hormone was gradually tapered off and finally stopped without any signs of recurrence. Anal ulcer seems to represent a rare complication of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:926467", "title": "Evaluation of the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications.", "content": "Ten of 40 patients who underwent major thoracic or abdominal operations developed postoperative pulmonary complications, consisting of six massive atelectasis, three pneumonias and one edema. They were mostly thoracotomy cases and cigarette smokers. Many of these complications would have been prevented, if reliable pulmonary function tests are available to predict preoperatively such occurrence. Flow-volume curve tracing and closing volume measurement were evaluated in this respect. Both flow at the point of functional residual capacity on flow-volume curve, and the closing capacity subtracted from functional residual capacity were found to be well correlated with the occurrence of postoperative complications and can be used to evaluate the risk of pulmonary complications developing in postoperative period.", "contents": "Evaluation of the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Ten of 40 patients who underwent major thoracic or abdominal operations developed postoperative pulmonary complications, consisting of six massive atelectasis, three pneumonias and one edema. They were mostly thoracotomy cases and cigarette smokers. Many of these complications would have been prevented, if reliable pulmonary function tests are available to predict preoperatively such occurrence. Flow-volume curve tracing and closing volume measurement were evaluated in this respect. Both flow at the point of functional residual capacity on flow-volume curve, and the closing capacity subtracted from functional residual capacity were found to be well correlated with the occurrence of postoperative complications and can be used to evaluate the risk of pulmonary complications developing in postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:926468", "title": "The role of the liver in the changes of acid-base balance and plasma lipids during surface-induced deep hypothermia.", "content": "The role of the liver in the changes of acid-base balance and plasma lipids in surface-induced deep hypothermia for open-heart surgery was investigated clinically and experimentally. The metabolic acidosis generally observed in open-heart surgery under surface-induced deep hypothermia is derived from lactacidemia. Although the accelerated anaerobic glycolysis is partly responsible, the depressed acidic metabolite-disposing ability of the liver also plays an important role. The evidence which is presented to show the decrease of plasma lipids other than NEFA under hypothermia is probably due to the hepatic accumulation of lipids and the decreased lipids release from the liver.", "contents": "The role of the liver in the changes of acid-base balance and plasma lipids during surface-induced deep hypothermia. The role of the liver in the changes of acid-base balance and plasma lipids in surface-induced deep hypothermia for open-heart surgery was investigated clinically and experimentally. The metabolic acidosis generally observed in open-heart surgery under surface-induced deep hypothermia is derived from lactacidemia. Although the accelerated anaerobic glycolysis is partly responsible, the depressed acidic metabolite-disposing ability of the liver also plays an important role. The evidence which is presented to show the decrease of plasma lipids other than NEFA under hypothermia is probably due to the hepatic accumulation of lipids and the decreased lipids release from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:926469", "title": "Operative procedures for choledochal cyst.", "content": "Fifty one operations for choledochal cyst were carried out upon 46 patients: 41 as a primary operation and 10 as reoperation. An excision of choledochal cyst with hepaticojejunostomy in Roux-en-Y fashion at the second laparotomy gave a favorable results in all patients who suffered recurrent symptoms after the previous anastomotic procedure. Comparing operation time, blood loss and operative results of the reoperations with those of the primary, it was concluded that all choledochal cyst should be excised at the first operation unless other reason avoiding excision exists. Hepatic portojejunostomy is recommended for choledochal cyst with an associated distal atresia and the hypoplastic hepatic duct.", "contents": "Operative procedures for choledochal cyst. Fifty one operations for choledochal cyst were carried out upon 46 patients: 41 as a primary operation and 10 as reoperation. An excision of choledochal cyst with hepaticojejunostomy in Roux-en-Y fashion at the second laparotomy gave a favorable results in all patients who suffered recurrent symptoms after the previous anastomotic procedure. Comparing operation time, blood loss and operative results of the reoperations with those of the primary, it was concluded that all choledochal cyst should be excised at the first operation unless other reason avoiding excision exists. Hepatic portojejunostomy is recommended for choledochal cyst with an associated distal atresia and the hypoplastic hepatic duct."}
{"id": "PMID:926470", "title": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow.", "content": "A case of hernia through the foramen of Winslow diagnosed preoperatively is reported. Although the preoperative diagnosis is difficult to make because of the nonspecific symptoms presented and the rarity of the disease, careful evaluation of the plain abdominal X-ray and barium enema study gave the clue in the present case. Review of the literature including those from Japan revealed 115 cases up to 1976, of which diagnosis was established preoperatively in 11 cases.", "contents": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow. A case of hernia through the foramen of Winslow diagnosed preoperatively is reported. Although the preoperative diagnosis is difficult to make because of the nonspecific symptoms presented and the rarity of the disease, careful evaluation of the plain abdominal X-ray and barium enema study gave the clue in the present case. Review of the literature including those from Japan revealed 115 cases up to 1976, of which diagnosis was established preoperatively in 11 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:926471", "title": "Modified Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty as an effective gastric drainage procedure.", "content": "Rats were prepared with modified Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty with longitudinal seromuscular incision, centering at pyloric ring, separation of submucosal layer around the pylorus and addition of transverse closure. This procedure combined with vagotomy was applied to the rats with cortisone administration and obstructive jaundice or exposure to the restraint plus cold water stress. Pyloroplasty and vagotomy seemed to prevent the occurrence of the severe damage on gastric mucosa without any suture line leakage whereas. Control rats had often erosive gastritis or hemorrhage.", "contents": "Modified Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty as an effective gastric drainage procedure. Rats were prepared with modified Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty with longitudinal seromuscular incision, centering at pyloric ring, separation of submucosal layer around the pylorus and addition of transverse closure. This procedure combined with vagotomy was applied to the rats with cortisone administration and obstructive jaundice or exposure to the restraint plus cold water stress. Pyloroplasty and vagotomy seemed to prevent the occurrence of the severe damage on gastric mucosa without any suture line leakage whereas. Control rats had often erosive gastritis or hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:926509", "title": "Cardiac arrest in the Emergency Medical Service System: guidelines for resuscitation.", "content": "A two-year study of 198 consecutive patients treated for cardiac arrest in the emergency department at Stanford University Medical Center was undertaken. The relatively poor overall survival rate of 3% and the complexity of deciding how to treat cardiac arrest victims suggest the need for guidelines to assist the emergency physician when resuscitating cardiac arrest patients. From the above study and a survey of the literature, the authors formulated the following guidelines of when resuscitation should be discontinued or not attempted: Cases of apnea and pulselessness known to have exceeded 10 minutes, no response after more than 30 minutes of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), no ventricular EKG activity after more than 10 minutes of ACLS, and preexisting terminal illness.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest in the Emergency Medical Service System: guidelines for resuscitation. A two-year study of 198 consecutive patients treated for cardiac arrest in the emergency department at Stanford University Medical Center was undertaken. The relatively poor overall survival rate of 3% and the complexity of deciding how to treat cardiac arrest victims suggest the need for guidelines to assist the emergency physician when resuscitating cardiac arrest patients. From the above study and a survey of the literature, the authors formulated the following guidelines of when resuscitation should be discontinued or not attempted: Cases of apnea and pulselessness known to have exceeded 10 minutes, no response after more than 30 minutes of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), no ventricular EKG activity after more than 10 minutes of ACLS, and preexisting terminal illness."}
{"id": "PMID:926510", "title": "Perichondritis (Tietze's syndrome) at the xiphisternal joint: a mimic of severe disease.", "content": "Tietze's syndrome (peristernal chondritis or perichondritis) is a self-limited, painful inflammatory condition of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, manubriosternal or xiphisternal junctions. It is benign, and affects all ages, sexes and races equally. The principal manifestations are pain and, frequently, a mass most commonly at the costochondral junctions. In 1974, C.J. described the first cases to be reported at the xiphisternal junction. We describe here 24 cases at that site. These patients' presenting symptoms suggested cardiac, pulmonary, intraabdominal and other severe disease processes. Diagnosis was made on clinical grounds based on a high index of suspicion. Treatment comprised infiltration of local anesthetic to the afflicted joints with prompt, complete and prolonged relief in 21 (87.5%) of the cases, and complete temporary relief in three (12.5%). We suggest that a possible mechanism for the referral of pain is the relationship of the xiphisternal joint to a variety of structures including autonomic nerves that accompany the internal mammary arteries.", "contents": "Perichondritis (Tietze's syndrome) at the xiphisternal joint: a mimic of severe disease. Tietze's syndrome (peristernal chondritis or perichondritis) is a self-limited, painful inflammatory condition of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, manubriosternal or xiphisternal junctions. It is benign, and affects all ages, sexes and races equally. The principal manifestations are pain and, frequently, a mass most commonly at the costochondral junctions. In 1974, C.J. described the first cases to be reported at the xiphisternal junction. We describe here 24 cases at that site. These patients' presenting symptoms suggested cardiac, pulmonary, intraabdominal and other severe disease processes. Diagnosis was made on clinical grounds based on a high index of suspicion. Treatment comprised infiltration of local anesthetic to the afflicted joints with prompt, complete and prolonged relief in 21 (87.5%) of the cases, and complete temporary relief in three (12.5%). We suggest that a possible mechanism for the referral of pain is the relationship of the xiphisternal joint to a variety of structures including autonomic nerves that accompany the internal mammary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:926511", "title": "Use of laboratory animals in the teaching of emergency procedures.", "content": "The Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics uses animal laboratory sessions to train emergency medicine residents in manipulative skills. Certain animals realistically represent the human for these purposes and are delineated for various procedures. On the other hand, animal tissue characteristics and anatomical landmarks generally differ from those of humans. How procedures such as cricothyreotomy; tracheostomy, tube thoracostomy, thoractomy, cardiac repair, aortic cross clamping, venous cutdown, peritoneal lavage, abdominal stab wound exploration and laparotomy can be performed and must be modified is discussed. A rational procedural sequence is required to maintain the animal's vitality through the end of the session.", "contents": "Use of laboratory animals in the teaching of emergency procedures. The Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics uses animal laboratory sessions to train emergency medicine residents in manipulative skills. Certain animals realistically represent the human for these purposes and are delineated for various procedures. On the other hand, animal tissue characteristics and anatomical landmarks generally differ from those of humans. How procedures such as cricothyreotomy; tracheostomy, tube thoracostomy, thoractomy, cardiac repair, aortic cross clamping, venous cutdown, peritoneal lavage, abdominal stab wound exploration and laparotomy can be performed and must be modified is discussed. A rational procedural sequence is required to maintain the animal's vitality through the end of the session."}
{"id": "PMID:926512", "title": "Trauma centers: a pragmatic approach to need, cost, and staffing patterns.", "content": "Based on the recommendations of the Health Services Administration and the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons, optimal staffing patterns for a trauma center are unrealistic in cost and personnel needs for all but a few large, urban teaching hospitals. As an alternative, the staffing pattern for a trauma program for a nonuniversity community hospital consists of one general surgeon, an anesthesiologist and one emergency physician. In addition, surgical subspecialists in thoracic surgery, urology, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology and plastic surgery would be on call within 30 minutes. A paid, part-time program director and paid coordinator of nursing and allied health personnel would be on staff. Need for trauma centers versus trauma programs can be assessed by using 5% of the number of motor vehicle accidents in an area to forecast the number of traumatic injuries. This is done in California as an example.", "contents": "Trauma centers: a pragmatic approach to need, cost, and staffing patterns. Based on the recommendations of the Health Services Administration and the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons, optimal staffing patterns for a trauma center are unrealistic in cost and personnel needs for all but a few large, urban teaching hospitals. As an alternative, the staffing pattern for a trauma program for a nonuniversity community hospital consists of one general surgeon, an anesthesiologist and one emergency physician. In addition, surgical subspecialists in thoracic surgery, urology, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology and plastic surgery would be on call within 30 minutes. A paid, part-time program director and paid coordinator of nursing and allied health personnel would be on staff. Need for trauma centers versus trauma programs can be assessed by using 5% of the number of motor vehicle accidents in an area to forecast the number of traumatic injuries. This is done in California as an example."}
{"id": "PMID:926513", "title": "Prehospital cardiac care: illusion of consensus.", "content": "To judge standard practice for managing arrhythmias, what an EMT should be able to do in the field, drugs of choice, the success of EMT training, and the quality of EMT performance, clinical algorithms were developed. Branching logic, forcing yes/no decisions and delineating actions for all contingencies helped formalize and systematize EMT management of urgent and emergency cases. The algorithm set was sent to 19 consultants for review of content, sequence, drug dosage, and drug usage. The results indicated lack of consensus on appropriate prehospital cardiac care, but the approval of the algorithm approach.", "contents": "Prehospital cardiac care: illusion of consensus. To judge standard practice for managing arrhythmias, what an EMT should be able to do in the field, drugs of choice, the success of EMT training, and the quality of EMT performance, clinical algorithms were developed. Branching logic, forcing yes/no decisions and delineating actions for all contingencies helped formalize and systematize EMT management of urgent and emergency cases. The algorithm set was sent to 19 consultants for review of content, sequence, drug dosage, and drug usage. The results indicated lack of consensus on appropriate prehospital cardiac care, but the approval of the algorithm approach."}
{"id": "PMID:926514", "title": "Accidental hypothermia: peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Accidental hypothermia may develop within a few minutes by immersion in cold water, in a matter of hours by exposure to cold weather, and in a matter of days in debilitatted victims by continuous exposure to milder cold stress. The prognosis in accidental hypothermia depends on the patient's premorbid condition, the depth and duration of the hypothermia and the degree of exhaustion and metabolic acidosis that result from physiologic attempts to compensate for the heat loss. For deep hypothermia (deep body temperature below 20 C [82.4F]), internal rewarming is strongly recommended as a means of supporting function in body core organs and minimizing the risk of \"rewarming shock\". For lesser degrees of hypothermia, recoverability depends more on the adequacy of supportive care than on the method of rewarming. The rapid and complete recovery experienced in the case presented is not surprising since the patient's premorbid condition was good, chilling had been rapid, metabolic exhaustion was mild, and internal rewarming was accomplished without delay, using heated peritoneal dialysis.", "contents": "Accidental hypothermia: peritoneal dialysis. Accidental hypothermia may develop within a few minutes by immersion in cold water, in a matter of hours by exposure to cold weather, and in a matter of days in debilitatted victims by continuous exposure to milder cold stress. The prognosis in accidental hypothermia depends on the patient's premorbid condition, the depth and duration of the hypothermia and the degree of exhaustion and metabolic acidosis that result from physiologic attempts to compensate for the heat loss. For deep hypothermia (deep body temperature below 20 C [82.4F]), internal rewarming is strongly recommended as a means of supporting function in body core organs and minimizing the risk of \"rewarming shock\". For lesser degrees of hypothermia, recoverability depends more on the adequacy of supportive care than on the method of rewarming. The rapid and complete recovery experienced in the case presented is not surprising since the patient's premorbid condition was good, chilling had been rapid, metabolic exhaustion was mild, and internal rewarming was accomplished without delay, using heated peritoneal dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:926515", "title": "Traumatic acute pericardial tamponade.", "content": "Pericardial tamponade should always be suspected in the clinical setting of any  penetrating wound to the thorax or upper abdomen. The most reliable diagnostic criterion is the triad of hypotension, tachycardia and an elevated central venous pressure. Pericardiocentesis should be performed as a temporizing measure until definitive surgical therapy can be carried out. If the patient suddenly decompensates or arrests in the emergency department, immediate thoractomy with evacuation of the pericardial clot and open chest cardiac massage should be performed. Four case reports are presented. The pathophysiology and treatment are reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Traumatic acute pericardial tamponade. Pericardial tamponade should always be suspected in the clinical setting of any  penetrating wound to the thorax or upper abdomen. The most reliable diagnostic criterion is the triad of hypotension, tachycardia and an elevated central venous pressure. Pericardiocentesis should be performed as a temporizing measure until definitive surgical therapy can be carried out. If the patient suddenly decompensates or arrests in the emergency department, immediate thoractomy with evacuation of the pericardial clot and open chest cardiac massage should be performed. Four case reports are presented. The pathophysiology and treatment are reviewed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:926522", "title": "Measurement of alcohol-related effects in man: chronic effects in relation to levels of alcohol consumption. Part A.", "content": "The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion are quantitatively related to intake, but little information is available on the topic. In part A of this review, intake-effect relationships are examined for chronic dysfunctions of the liver, pancreas, cardiovascular system, testis and fetus. Part B considers central nervous system effects such as the withdrawal syndrome, psychosis, brain damage, memory loss, alterations of attention, sleep disturbances and EEG changes. Alcohol and the elderly, evidence of favorable effects of alcohol and the question of alcoholism are also discussed. In the vast majority of studies the documented daily intake levels have been over 150 g of ethanol (the equivalent of one pint of 80-proof spirits), often in the range of 250-300 g. Other potential risk factors such as malnutrition are rarely considered, and little information is available on the effects of more moderate daily intake. The liver emerges as the most vulnerable organ to regular alcohol use with the hazardous range beginning at a daily intake of 80-100 g of ethanol. There is some evidence beneficial  effects, especially in the elderly, of daily intakes of 15-30 g and epidemiological evidence of a lower incidence of myocardial infarction in those with a daily intake approximating 56 g. More information is needed on chronic intake-effect relationship, particulary at levels below 150 g.", "contents": "Measurement of alcohol-related effects in man: chronic effects in relation to levels of alcohol consumption. Part A. The effects of chronic alcohol ingestion are quantitatively related to intake, but little information is available on the topic. In part A of this review, intake-effect relationships are examined for chronic dysfunctions of the liver, pancreas, cardiovascular system, testis and fetus. Part B considers central nervous system effects such as the withdrawal syndrome, psychosis, brain damage, memory loss, alterations of attention, sleep disturbances and EEG changes. Alcohol and the elderly, evidence of favorable effects of alcohol and the question of alcoholism are also discussed. In the vast majority of studies the documented daily intake levels have been over 150 g of ethanol (the equivalent of one pint of 80-proof spirits), often in the range of 250-300 g. Other potential risk factors such as malnutrition are rarely considered, and little information is available on the effects of more moderate daily intake. The liver emerges as the most vulnerable organ to regular alcohol use with the hazardous range beginning at a daily intake of 80-100 g of ethanol. There is some evidence beneficial  effects, especially in the elderly, of daily intakes of 15-30 g and epidemiological evidence of a lower incidence of myocardial infarction in those with a daily intake approximating 56 g. More information is needed on chronic intake-effect relationship, particulary at levels below 150 g."}
{"id": "PMID:926523", "title": "Proximal inferior vena cava obstruction without portal hypertension.", "content": "A case of symptomatic proximal inferior vena cava obstruction was corrected successfully by surgery. Though the nature of the obstruction was not definitively verfied, it probably resulted from persistence of the inferior vena cava valve, or possibly from congenital proximal membrane obstruction. The case illustrates that promimal obstruction of the inferior vena cava may be a surgically correctable lesion but may be overlooked because signs of portal hypertension may be absent and because the usual tests to evaluate edema in the lower extremities may not detect such lesions.", "contents": "Proximal inferior vena cava obstruction without portal hypertension. A case of symptomatic proximal inferior vena cava obstruction was corrected successfully by surgery. Though the nature of the obstruction was not definitively verfied, it probably resulted from persistence of the inferior vena cava valve, or possibly from congenital proximal membrane obstruction. The case illustrates that promimal obstruction of the inferior vena cava may be a surgically correctable lesion but may be overlooked because signs of portal hypertension may be absent and because the usual tests to evaluate edema in the lower extremities may not detect such lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:926539", "title": "[Metabolic and structural characteristics of myocardial mitochondria in patient with acquired heart defects, operated on under conditions of artificial circulation].", "content": "Considering the significance of the unity distinguishing the level of aerobic energy generation in the myocardium, the morphological integrity of the mitochondrial membranes and the regulating influence exercised upon them by the hormones and mediators of the sympathoadrenal system the authors undertook a synchronous study of these factors in patients with rheumatic heart diseases when subjected to the cardiac valves prosthetics. These factors were found to play a key role in ensuring the contractility of the myocardium, this being confirmed by the results of clinico-biochemical comparisons. In a group of patients with dissociated processes of oxidative phosphorylation and a well-marked disintegration of membranous mitochondrial structures, as well as with a low adrenalin, noradrenaline and their precursors level in the myocardium, almost as a rule, in the early post-operative period there appeared symptoms of cardiac incompetence.", "contents": "[Metabolic and structural characteristics of myocardial mitochondria in patient with acquired heart defects, operated on under conditions of artificial circulation]. Considering the significance of the unity distinguishing the level of aerobic energy generation in the myocardium, the morphological integrity of the mitochondrial membranes and the regulating influence exercised upon them by the hormones and mediators of the sympathoadrenal system the authors undertook a synchronous study of these factors in patients with rheumatic heart diseases when subjected to the cardiac valves prosthetics. These factors were found to play a key role in ensuring the contractility of the myocardium, this being confirmed by the results of clinico-biochemical comparisons. In a group of patients with dissociated processes of oxidative phosphorylation and a well-marked disintegration of membranous mitochondrial structures, as well as with a low adrenalin, noradrenaline and their precursors level in the myocardium, almost as a rule, in the early post-operative period there appeared symptoms of cardiac incompetence."}
{"id": "PMID:926540", "title": "[Clinical course and diagnosis of congenital heart defects].", "content": "An indefinitely formed heart is a compound lesion of the cardiovascular system in which an anatomical examination of the atria does not permit any decisive interpretation of the formation of the heart. The disease can be subdivided into two pathological syndromes. The first syndrome includes a partially patent atrioventricular canal with a joint atrium, an absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, a partally anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins, bilobular lungs, abdominal heterotaxy and polysplenism. The second syndrome is characterized by an open atrioventricular canal with a joint atrium or a cor biloculare, an abberant superior vena cava, or varilateral position of the superior and inferior venae cavae, a completely anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins, transposition of the major vessels with a stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery, trilobular lungs, abdominal heterotaxy and asplenism. The leading role in the diagnosis of the pathology belongs to heart catheterization and angiocardiography.", "contents": "[Clinical course and diagnosis of congenital heart defects]. An indefinitely formed heart is a compound lesion of the cardiovascular system in which an anatomical examination of the atria does not permit any decisive interpretation of the formation of the heart. The disease can be subdivided into two pathological syndromes. The first syndrome includes a partially patent atrioventricular canal with a joint atrium, an absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava, a partally anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins, bilobular lungs, abdominal heterotaxy and polysplenism. The second syndrome is characterized by an open atrioventricular canal with a joint atrium or a cor biloculare, an abberant superior vena cava, or varilateral position of the superior and inferior venae cavae, a completely anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins, transposition of the major vessels with a stenosis or atresia of the pulmonary artery, trilobular lungs, abdominal heterotaxy and asplenism. The leading role in the diagnosis of the pathology belongs to heart catheterization and angiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:926541", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the systemic and regional hemodynamics of dogs].", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the cardiovascular system of the dog has been studied in experiments with anesthetized dogs. After intravenous injections of PGE1 (5 microgram/kg) arterial hypotension, tachycardia, increase of cardiac output, increase of myocardial contractility were observed. PGE1 induced dilatation of pulmonary vessels. Peripheral resistance reduced. The work of the left ventricle after PGE1 injection underwent two-phase changes: it increased for a short period of time and then reduced. The work of the right ventricle was activated. PGE1 caused a significant increase of the volume flow rate in the coronary (44%), femoral (83%) and superior mesenteric (59%) arteries.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the systemic and regional hemodynamics of dogs]. The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the cardiovascular system of the dog has been studied in experiments with anesthetized dogs. After intravenous injections of PGE1 (5 microgram/kg) arterial hypotension, tachycardia, increase of cardiac output, increase of myocardial contractility were observed. PGE1 induced dilatation of pulmonary vessels. Peripheral resistance reduced. The work of the left ventricle after PGE1 injection underwent two-phase changes: it increased for a short period of time and then reduced. The work of the right ventricle was activated. PGE1 caused a significant increase of the volume flow rate in the coronary (44%), femoral (83%) and superior mesenteric (59%) arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:926542", "title": "[Prognosis of the outcome of macrofocal myocardial infarct with the aid of the recognition program].", "content": "Methods used in solving the problem of prognosing favourable or unfavourable outcomes of a transmural (or macrofocal) myocardial infarction, based on the data covering the first 3 days of the hospital stay for patients admitted to it not later than 2 days after the onset of myocardial infarction and who did not develop during this period extremely serious complications, are described. The prognosis covered the entire period of the institutional treatment of the patients. The data underwent computer processing. The obtained solution rule was checked on 178 patients. In 143 of them the machine prognosis proved favourable with only 2 of these patients having met a sudden death. The forecast turned out unfavourable in 35 cases and 16 of these patients died. The machine made prognosis is of a great help in pronouncing medical judgments.", "contents": "[Prognosis of the outcome of macrofocal myocardial infarct with the aid of the recognition program]. Methods used in solving the problem of prognosing favourable or unfavourable outcomes of a transmural (or macrofocal) myocardial infarction, based on the data covering the first 3 days of the hospital stay for patients admitted to it not later than 2 days after the onset of myocardial infarction and who did not develop during this period extremely serious complications, are described. The prognosis covered the entire period of the institutional treatment of the patients. The data underwent computer processing. The obtained solution rule was checked on 178 patients. In 143 of them the machine prognosis proved favourable with only 2 of these patients having met a sudden death. The forecast turned out unfavourable in 35 cases and 16 of these patients died. The machine made prognosis is of a great help in pronouncing medical judgments."}
{"id": "PMID:926543", "title": "[Study of the electric activity of the heart atria in auricular fibrillation with the aid of the instrumental correlation analysis].", "content": "The autocorrelation funtion of the electrocardiographic signal in the V1 lead is approximated by the formula of an attenuated consinusoid. Parameters are singled out (median period, attenuation factor) to characterize the atrial activity. A procedure for recording the auto correlation function is described and optimal conditions of its registration are studied. First results following clinical application of the method are reported.", "contents": "[Study of the electric activity of the heart atria in auricular fibrillation with the aid of the instrumental correlation analysis]. The autocorrelation funtion of the electrocardiographic signal in the V1 lead is approximated by the formula of an attenuated consinusoid. Parameters are singled out (median period, attenuation factor) to characterize the atrial activity. A procedure for recording the auto correlation function is described and optimal conditions of its registration are studied. First results following clinical application of the method are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:926544", "title": "[Analysis of recording  of cardiac rhythm and myocardial function after exercise test].", "content": "A continuous telemetric registration of the cardiac contraction rate was made in 534 persons performing various physical exertions. The ensuing epxerimental graphs of changes in the rhythm obtained under the effect of physical loads are described by mathematical formulas. Three types of changes in the rhythm in effort have been established, viz. linear, exponential and logarithmic. To determine cardiac function quantitative coefficients, reflecting the rate of the cardiac rhythm coming up to the working level and relationship between the areas of the steady state cardiac contractions frequency phase and that of its rapid increment, are proposed.", "contents": "[Analysis of recording  of cardiac rhythm and myocardial function after exercise test]. A continuous telemetric registration of the cardiac contraction rate was made in 534 persons performing various physical exertions. The ensuing epxerimental graphs of changes in the rhythm obtained under the effect of physical loads are described by mathematical formulas. Three types of changes in the rhythm in effort have been established, viz. linear, exponential and logarithmic. To determine cardiac function quantitative coefficients, reflecting the rate of the cardiac rhythm coming up to the working level and relationship between the areas of the steady state cardiac contractions frequency phase and that of its rapid increment, are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:926545", "title": "[Study of a multifield equivalent cardiac generator].", "content": "The electric field of the isolated dog heart immersed into a liquid volumetric conductor was subjected to a thorough investigation. Measurements and subsequent calculations showed that in precordial leads the quantitative description of the cardiac generator by a multipole equivalent generator of the 1st order (dipole) is rough approximation. Addition of a multipole component of the 2nd order (quadripole) to the equivalent generator increases but relatively little the accuracy of description. It is suggested that in this problem the multipole expansion proves to be a slowly convergent series. For this reason, application of multipole equivalent cardiac generator fixed in the electrical center of the heart in the clinical electrocardiography is to be considered as having no prospect.", "contents": "[Study of a multifield equivalent cardiac generator]. The electric field of the isolated dog heart immersed into a liquid volumetric conductor was subjected to a thorough investigation. Measurements and subsequent calculations showed that in precordial leads the quantitative description of the cardiac generator by a multipole equivalent generator of the 1st order (dipole) is rough approximation. Addition of a multipole component of the 2nd order (quadripole) to the equivalent generator increases but relatively little the accuracy of description. It is suggested that in this problem the multipole expansion proves to be a slowly convergent series. For this reason, application of multipole equivalent cardiac generator fixed in the electrical center of the heart in the clinical electrocardiography is to be considered as having no prospect."}
{"id": "PMID:926546", "title": "[Prognosis of the effectiveness of electroimpulse therapy of auricular fibrillation according to the roentgenocardiometric data].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to investigate the relationship between immediate results of the electroimpulse therapy and such roentgenocardiometric data as the voloume of the heart, the cardio-thoracic index, Moore's coefficient, the extent of the left atrium enlargement and of the radius of the contrasted esophagus deviation. An analysis of the experience gained with 197 defibrillation of the heart in patients with rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation bears proof to a high degree of reliability achieved through inclusion of roentgenocardiometric data in prognosing the resultant effect of the electroimpulse therapy.", "contents": "[Prognosis of the effectiveness of electroimpulse therapy of auricular fibrillation according to the roentgenocardiometric data]. The purpose of the work was to investigate the relationship between immediate results of the electroimpulse therapy and such roentgenocardiometric data as the voloume of the heart, the cardio-thoracic index, Moore's coefficient, the extent of the left atrium enlargement and of the radius of the contrasted esophagus deviation. An analysis of the experience gained with 197 defibrillation of the heart in patients with rheumatic heart diseases complicated by auricular fibrillation bears proof to a high degree of reliability achieved through inclusion of roentgenocardiometric data in prognosing the resultant effect of the electroimpulse therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:926547", "title": "[Determination of cardiac output by the method of tetrapolar chest rheography and evaluation of its metrological possibilities].", "content": "Tetrapolar chest rheography is an up-to-day, convenient and bloodless method of determining the cardiac stroke volume (CSV) and cardiac output (CO) in dynamic observations. The paper presents and analysis of the method and considers the possibilities and limits of its application in determining the stroke volume and cardiac output. Advantages of the Kubicek procedure as modified by the authors by comparison with other rheographic methods are shown, along with methodological procedures employed for dtermining the CSV and CO and a nomogram that significantly facilitates the calculation of the values under study is offered. Results of contrasting the cardiac ejection values in patients with congenital heart diseases and an increased pulmonary circulation as against those in patients with ischemic heart disease, obtained by means of tetrapolar chest rheography and direct Fick's method are cited. The possibility of applying tetrapolar chest rheography in assessing the effect operative treatment in patients with congenital cardiac defects and also when investigating compensatory reactions of the cardio-vascular system in patients with hypertensive disease in the course of the orthostatic and Valsalva tests is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Determination of cardiac output by the method of tetrapolar chest rheography and evaluation of its metrological possibilities]. Tetrapolar chest rheography is an up-to-day, convenient and bloodless method of determining the cardiac stroke volume (CSV) and cardiac output (CO) in dynamic observations. The paper presents and analysis of the method and considers the possibilities and limits of its application in determining the stroke volume and cardiac output. Advantages of the Kubicek procedure as modified by the authors by comparison with other rheographic methods are shown, along with methodological procedures employed for dtermining the CSV and CO and a nomogram that significantly facilitates the calculation of the values under study is offered. Results of contrasting the cardiac ejection values in patients with congenital heart diseases and an increased pulmonary circulation as against those in patients with ischemic heart disease, obtained by means of tetrapolar chest rheography and direct Fick's method are cited. The possibility of applying tetrapolar chest rheography in assessing the effect operative treatment in patients with congenital cardiac defects and also when investigating compensatory reactions of the cardio-vascular system in patients with hypertensive disease in the course of the orthostatic and Valsalva tests is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:926548", "title": "[Method of early activation of patients after heart surgery].", "content": "Methods employed in an early activation of patients operated on a \"closed\" heart and under extracorporeal circulation are described. The authors began activating theri patients 2--3 hours after surgery and 16--20 hours therafter inst tuted a physical effort test (walking) over a distance of 50--100 m for 2.5--5 minutes). It was shown that the re-establisment of the hemodynamics indices, factors of external respiration and internal environment in patients managed post-operatively in accordance with the routine methods took much longer time than with the active method of managing the early post-operative period. The abolishment of a protracted hypodynamia regimen against the background of a quick normalizatiion of homesotasis is conducive to an earlier adaptation of patients to new conditions reduces the incidence of post-operative complications and curtails the patients' staty in hospital.", "contents": "[Method of early activation of patients after heart surgery]. Methods employed in an early activation of patients operated on a \"closed\" heart and under extracorporeal circulation are described. The authors began activating theri patients 2--3 hours after surgery and 16--20 hours therafter inst tuted a physical effort test (walking) over a distance of 50--100 m for 2.5--5 minutes). It was shown that the re-establisment of the hemodynamics indices, factors of external respiration and internal environment in patients managed post-operatively in accordance with the routine methods took much longer time than with the active method of managing the early post-operative period. The abolishment of a protracted hypodynamia regimen against the background of a quick normalizatiion of homesotasis is conducive to an earlier adaptation of patients to new conditions reduces the incidence of post-operative complications and curtails the patients' staty in hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:926549", "title": "[Calculation of the size of the population group necessary for evaluation of the results of measures for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (on the example of the Kaunas survey)].", "content": "A method for estimating the size of the group necessary in evaluation of the efficacy of preventive intervention among the population is described. The parameters for calculating the necessary size of the sample from an equation and the fundamentals of compiling tables by means of electronic computers are discussed. The data of the Kaunas survey conducted according to the WHO program illustrate the statistical approach. The material of the Kaunas survey is also used to estimate the size of the population necessary for testing the hypothesis on the possibility of preventing myocardial infarction by reducing the risk factor.", "contents": "[Calculation of the size of the population group necessary for evaluation of the results of measures for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (on the example of the Kaunas survey)]. A method for estimating the size of the group necessary in evaluation of the efficacy of preventive intervention among the population is described. The parameters for calculating the necessary size of the sample from an equation and the fundamentals of compiling tables by means of electronic computers are discussed. The data of the Kaunas survey conducted according to the WHO program illustrate the statistical approach. The material of the Kaunas survey is also used to estimate the size of the population necessary for testing the hypothesis on the possibility of preventing myocardial infarction by reducing the risk factor."}
{"id": "PMID:926550", "title": "[Changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex under the effect of digitalis preparations and their combination with metabolic preparations].", "content": "Analysis of the dynamics of changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex in 311 patients with rheumatic heart disease and stages IIA, IIB, and III circulatory insufficiency after treatment with preparations of digitalis and their combination with biologically active substances (orotic acid, vitamin B12, calcium pantothenate, ATP, methionine, inosi-F) is presented. When digitalis glycosides are used with preparations that have an effect on the nucleic acid synthesis and energy production, the \"digitalis--induced\" changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex are less marked while the clinical effect of treatment is more appreciable", "contents": "[Changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex under the effect of digitalis preparations and their combination with metabolic preparations]. Analysis of the dynamics of changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex in 311 patients with rheumatic heart disease and stages IIA, IIB, and III circulatory insufficiency after treatment with preparations of digitalis and their combination with biologically active substances (orotic acid, vitamin B12, calcium pantothenate, ATP, methionine, inosi-F) is presented. When digitalis glycosides are used with preparations that have an effect on the nucleic acid synthesis and energy production, the \"digitalis--induced\" changes in the end part of the ECG ventricular complex are less marked while the clinical effect of treatment is more appreciable"}
{"id": "PMID:926551", "title": "[Causes of lethal outcome in hypertension].", "content": "Comparative analysis of the causes of fatal outcomes in hypertensive disease is presented on the grounds of postmortem findings in 2,091 patients who had died in hospitals in the period between 1953 and 1975. It was established that the mortality of disorders of cerebral circulation reduced significantly in 1973--75 as compared to that in 1963--05 and 1953--55. One fourth of patients with hypertensive disease died of myocardial infarction. It was noted that death of renal failure among patients with hypertensive disease decreased progressively.", "contents": "[Causes of lethal outcome in hypertension]. Comparative analysis of the causes of fatal outcomes in hypertensive disease is presented on the grounds of postmortem findings in 2,091 patients who had died in hospitals in the period between 1953 and 1975. It was established that the mortality of disorders of cerebral circulation reduced significantly in 1973--75 as compared to that in 1963--05 and 1953--55. One fourth of patients with hypertensive disease died of myocardial infarction. It was noted that death of renal failure among patients with hypertensive disease decreased progressively."}
{"id": "PMID:926552", "title": "[Characteristics of glucose absorption by the adipose tissue in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats].", "content": "In vitro glucose-14C uptake by the epididymal adipose tissue was studied in young rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in control rats with normal pressure. Some of the animals were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy one week before the study. Rats with either type of hypertension and intact adrenals did not differ from the controls in the intensity of glucose-14C uptake by the adipose tissue both with and without stimulation of its transmembranous tranport with insulin. Adrenalectomy revealed that the response of the adipose tissue to insulin in rats with hypertension differed from that in the controls. In the control animals adrenalectomy causes marked decrease in insulin \"sensitivity\" of the fat cells, whereas in adrenalectomized rats with hypertension the level of glucose-14C in stimulation of its transport with insulin does not change. The results of the study testify to qualitative changes in the membranes of the fat cells in rats with chronic arterial hypertension and may be proof of extensive alteration of the cell membranes in this disease.", "contents": "[Characteristics of glucose absorption by the adipose tissue in renal and spontaneous hypertension in rats]. In vitro glucose-14C uptake by the epididymal adipose tissue was studied in young rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR), in rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in control rats with normal pressure. Some of the animals were subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy one week before the study. Rats with either type of hypertension and intact adrenals did not differ from the controls in the intensity of glucose-14C uptake by the adipose tissue both with and without stimulation of its transmembranous tranport with insulin. Adrenalectomy revealed that the response of the adipose tissue to insulin in rats with hypertension differed from that in the controls. In the control animals adrenalectomy causes marked decrease in insulin \"sensitivity\" of the fat cells, whereas in adrenalectomized rats with hypertension the level of glucose-14C in stimulation of its transport with insulin does not change. The results of the study testify to qualitative changes in the membranes of the fat cells in rats with chronic arterial hypertension and may be proof of extensive alteration of the cell membranes in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:926553", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of changes in the myocyte ultrastructure under the effect of hyaluronidase in experimental myocardial infarct].", "content": "The myocardium of 60 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery was studied by electron microscopy. The main group of animals received hyaluronidase. The size of the infarct was judged by the ECG recorded with 15 precordial leads. Normalization of myocytes in the non-ischemic zone of the left ventricle in the treated animals revealed. Better intactness of myocytes in the peri-infarction and non-ischemic zones was noted, which may apparently accelerate ECG dynamics, change the total balance of necrotic material in the direction of its decrease, and, consequently, influence the indices of blood plasma creatine phosphokinase.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of changes in the myocyte ultrastructure under the effect of hyaluronidase in experimental myocardial infarct]. The myocardium of 60 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction induced by ligation of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery was studied by electron microscopy. The main group of animals received hyaluronidase. The size of the infarct was judged by the ECG recorded with 15 precordial leads. Normalization of myocytes in the non-ischemic zone of the left ventricle in the treated animals revealed. Better intactness of myocytes in the peri-infarction and non-ischemic zones was noted, which may apparently accelerate ECG dynamics, change the total balance of necrotic material in the direction of its decrease, and, consequently, influence the indices of blood plasma creatine phosphokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:926554", "title": "[Morphological and biochemical changes in the myocardium after sudden death from ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The myocardium was examined in 44 persons who had suddenly died of ischemic heart disease, in 37 who had died of injury, and in 28 who had died of alcohol poisoning. Those with ischemic heart disease  had foci of necrosis of the muscle fibers, severe disturbances in microcirculation, changes in the activity of certain myocardial enzymes and in the content of lipids in the myocardium. Biochemical changes similar to these in many respects were revealed in individuals who had died of alcohol poisoning, in view of which alcohol poisoning may be a factor conducive to sudden death in ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Morphological and biochemical changes in the myocardium after sudden death from ischemic heart disease]. The myocardium was examined in 44 persons who had suddenly died of ischemic heart disease, in 37 who had died of injury, and in 28 who had died of alcohol poisoning. Those with ischemic heart disease  had foci of necrosis of the muscle fibers, severe disturbances in microcirculation, changes in the activity of certain myocardial enzymes and in the content of lipids in the myocardium. Biochemical changes similar to these in many respects were revealed in individuals who had died of alcohol poisoning, in view of which alcohol poisoning may be a factor conducive to sudden death in ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:926555", "title": "[Role of microcirculatory changes in contractile insufficiency of the intact myocardial zones in acute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "To determine the role of the microcirculation channel in the genesis of contractile insufficiency of \"intact\" myocardial zones in infarction the ultrastructural organization of the blood capillaries and the myocardial myocytes was compared in 14 patients between the ages of 51 and 85 who had died in the acute period of the disease. Myocardial tissue of 26 areas of the left and right ventricles and the right atrium was collected for examination during biopsy of the heart in the zone supplied by the \"intact\" coronary artery 15-30 minutes after death of acute transmural myocardial infarction. The reduction in the microcirculation channel and the degree of myocyte damage down to the development of foci of micronecrosis were most manifest in cases with vast transmural infarction complicated by pulmonary edema and true cardiogenic shock.", "contents": "[Role of microcirculatory changes in contractile insufficiency of the intact myocardial zones in acute period of myocardial infarct]. To determine the role of the microcirculation channel in the genesis of contractile insufficiency of \"intact\" myocardial zones in infarction the ultrastructural organization of the blood capillaries and the myocardial myocytes was compared in 14 patients between the ages of 51 and 85 who had died in the acute period of the disease. Myocardial tissue of 26 areas of the left and right ventricles and the right atrium was collected for examination during biopsy of the heart in the zone supplied by the \"intact\" coronary artery 15-30 minutes after death of acute transmural myocardial infarction. The reduction in the microcirculation channel and the degree of myocyte damage down to the development of foci of micronecrosis were most manifest in cases with vast transmural infarction complicated by pulmonary edema and true cardiogenic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:926564", "title": "[Participation of the population in mass screening and the role of complete population surveillance for detection of the disease studied (from the experience of the methodical measures for the prevention of ischemic heart disease in Kaunas)].", "content": "A comparison of the results of examination of 100 individuals, some of whom had taken part in the survey while the others had refused it and information about them was specially obtained by other means (in some cases by collecting the medical documentation), is presented.  Factors conducive to the development of ischemic heart disease predominated among individuals who refused to take part in the survey. The incidence of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension was also higher among them. It is concluded that individuals who refuse examination during preventive survey form a group with a high risk of the development of ischemic heart disease; this group should be taken into account when therapeutic and preventive measures are conducted among the population.", "contents": "[Participation of the population in mass screening and the role of complete population surveillance for detection of the disease studied (from the experience of the methodical measures for the prevention of ischemic heart disease in Kaunas)]. A comparison of the results of examination of 100 individuals, some of whom had taken part in the survey while the others had refused it and information about them was specially obtained by other means (in some cases by collecting the medical documentation), is presented.  Factors conducive to the development of ischemic heart disease predominated among individuals who refused to take part in the survey. The incidence of ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension was also higher among them. It is concluded that individuals who refuse examination during preventive survey form a group with a high risk of the development of ischemic heart disease; this group should be taken into account when therapeutic and preventive measures are conducted among the population."}
{"id": "PMID:926565", "title": "[Relationship between certain risk factors, age and ischemic heart disease according to simultaneous epidemiological study].", "content": "The measure of the difference according to certain risk factors and their combination in population subgroups differing in age and health (with or without ischemic heart disease) is appraised. The lowest measures of difference were revealed between elderly subgroups (55--59 years) with or without ischemic heart disease, as well as between young and middle-age subgroups with ischemic heart disease. Risk factors associated with lipid metabolism and also those such as the blood sugar level on a fasting stomach and the blood fibrinogen level carried more information when subgroups with ischemic heart disease and those without it were compared, while factors associated with arterial pressure proved more informative in comparison between subgroups of elderly and young individuals. When all the subgroup pairs were considered, significance proved to be highest for the levels of pulse, systolic pressure and blood serum triglycerides and lowest for the levels of blood fibrinogen and blood sugar on a fasting stomach.", "contents": "[Relationship between certain risk factors, age and ischemic heart disease according to simultaneous epidemiological study]. The measure of the difference according to certain risk factors and their combination in population subgroups differing in age and health (with or without ischemic heart disease) is appraised. The lowest measures of difference were revealed between elderly subgroups (55--59 years) with or without ischemic heart disease, as well as between young and middle-age subgroups with ischemic heart disease. Risk factors associated with lipid metabolism and also those such as the blood sugar level on a fasting stomach and the blood fibrinogen level carried more information when subgroups with ischemic heart disease and those without it were compared, while factors associated with arterial pressure proved more informative in comparison between subgroups of elderly and young individuals. When all the subgroup pairs were considered, significance proved to be highest for the levels of pulse, systolic pressure and blood serum triglycerides and lowest for the levels of blood fibrinogen and blood sugar on a fasting stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:926566", "title": "[Detection and treatment of persons with arterial hypertension].", "content": "By screening unogranized and organized male population, groups of individuals with relatively stable arterial pressure were chosen, which accounted for approximately 70% of all those with increased pressure. Three groups were formed among persons with increased arterial pressure; one received intensive hypotensive therapy on a multistage schedule and two were placed under observation, one being examined once in 2 months and the other once in 6 months. Two-year follow-up and treatment showed that long-term hypotensive therapy on a multistage schedule leads to a statisticaly reliable reduction of arterial pressure in individuals with relatively stable and moderate hypertension as compared to the initial level and to the pressure in the control group. In planning hypertension control it should be borne in mind that 1/4 of patients discontinue treatment in the first year.", "contents": "[Detection and treatment of persons with arterial hypertension]. By screening unogranized and organized male population, groups of individuals with relatively stable arterial pressure were chosen, which accounted for approximately 70% of all those with increased pressure. Three groups were formed among persons with increased arterial pressure; one received intensive hypotensive therapy on a multistage schedule and two were placed under observation, one being examined once in 2 months and the other once in 6 months. Two-year follow-up and treatment showed that long-term hypotensive therapy on a multistage schedule leads to a statisticaly reliable reduction of arterial pressure in individuals with relatively stable and moderate hypertension as compared to the initial level and to the pressure in the control group. In planning hypertension control it should be borne in mind that 1/4 of patients discontinue treatment in the first year."}
{"id": "PMID:926567", "title": "[Organization of collecting and analysis of the data on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases].", "content": "The principles of collecting and analysis of information on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases by means of electronic computers are described. A special program computes the consumption of 11 nutrients, the calorific value of the diet, and the calorie percentage of different nutrients with the exception of cholesterol. Certain coefficients are estimated, such as the ratio between the poly-unsaturated and the saturated fatty acids in the diet, and the ratio between the amount of starch and the total amount of refined and unrefined sugar, Well-trained technical personnel may be entrusted with the collection of the information, its coding, perforation, and feeding into the computer and with the obtainment of the data, which reduces the cost of the study considerably.", "contents": "[Organization of collecting and analysis of the data on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases]. The principles of collecting and analysis of information on nutrition in epidemiological study of cardiovascular diseases by means of electronic computers are described. A special program computes the consumption of 11 nutrients, the calorific value of the diet, and the calorie percentage of different nutrients with the exception of cholesterol. Certain coefficients are estimated, such as the ratio between the poly-unsaturated and the saturated fatty acids in the diet, and the ratio between the amount of starch and the total amount of refined and unrefined sugar, Well-trained technical personnel may be entrusted with the collection of the information, its coding, perforation, and feeding into the computer and with the obtainment of the data, which reduces the cost of the study considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:926570", "title": "[Population surveillance and its importance in the study of the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease among the population].", "content": "The results of epidermiologic surveys conducted in the USSR and in other countries are briefly analysed. It is noted that study of the effectiveness of the elaborated measures for primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease is the principal object of long-term surveys among the population. The author believes the term population surveys to be most justified. The general principles of the organization of population surveys are described. Approaches to the evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention among the population are briefly characterized.", "contents": "[Population surveillance and its importance in the study of the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease among the population]. The results of epidermiologic surveys conducted in the USSR and in other countries are briefly analysed. It is noted that study of the effectiveness of the elaborated measures for primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease is the principal object of long-term surveys among the population. The author believes the term population surveys to be most justified. The general principles of the organization of population surveys are described. Approaches to the evaluation of the effectiveness of intervention among the population are briefly characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:926572", "title": "[Myocardial contraction in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The indices of contractility of the left ventricular myocardium were studied by means of ventriculography and catheterization in 84 patients with ischemic heart disease according to the extent of damage to the coronary arteries and the course of the disease. Changes in the coronary arteries were encountered twice as frequently among patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis as among patients with angina pectoris and no history of infarction. The main cause of disorders of myocardial contractility in patients with ischemic heart disease is post-infarction cardiosclerosis (56% of cases). Signs of impaired functional capacity of the left ventricle appeared in segmental asynergy involving 20 to 25% of its circumference. Changes in the indices of contractility were revealed in 13% of patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "[Myocardial contraction in ischemic heart disease]. The indices of contractility of the left ventricular myocardium were studied by means of ventriculography and catheterization in 84 patients with ischemic heart disease according to the extent of damage to the coronary arteries and the course of the disease. Changes in the coronary arteries were encountered twice as frequently among patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis as among patients with angina pectoris and no history of infarction. The main cause of disorders of myocardial contractility in patients with ischemic heart disease is post-infarction cardiosclerosis (56% of cases). Signs of impaired functional capacity of the left ventricle appeared in segmental asynergy involving 20 to 25% of its circumference. Changes in the indices of contractility were revealed in 13% of patients with angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:926573", "title": "[Certain characteristics of central hemodynamics in acute period of myocardial infarct].", "content": "Changes in the indices of central hemodynamics and contractility of the heart muscle in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction were studied. In many cases heart ejection and performance of the left ventricle in the first 24 hours of the disease were greater than those in the control group of patients with ischemic heart disease in the period of remission. The increase coincided in time with sharp activation of the sympathico-adrenal and other systems of the organism in myocardial infarction, occurred on a background of deteriorated cardiac contractility, and ended by the third day of the acute period. Such changes in the first day of the disease were less manifest in the group of individuals in whom preceding cardiac failure had been more severe.", "contents": "[Certain characteristics of central hemodynamics in acute period of myocardial infarct]. Changes in the indices of central hemodynamics and contractility of the heart muscle in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction were studied. In many cases heart ejection and performance of the left ventricle in the first 24 hours of the disease were greater than those in the control group of patients with ischemic heart disease in the period of remission. The increase coincided in time with sharp activation of the sympathico-adrenal and other systems of the organism in myocardial infarction, occurred on a background of deteriorated cardiac contractility, and ended by the third day of the acute period. Such changes in the first day of the disease were less manifest in the group of individuals in whom preceding cardiac failure had been more severe."}
{"id": "PMID:926574", "title": "[State of the sympathetic-adrenal system in angina pectoris attacks].", "content": "In 14 patients with ischaemic heart disease the plasma noradrenaline and adrenalin levels were determined during anginal attacks and in the attack-free period, and daily catecholamines excretion was studied in 11 of them. The blood plasma and urine noradrenaline and adrenalin levels were determined with the help of the trioxyindol, fluorimetric method. The content of noradrenaline and adrenalin in the blood plasma during anginal attacks was statistically significantly higher than during the attack-free period. At the same time, in urine samples collected during 24 hours after the attack and during an attack-free period no significant differences in the concentration of both catecholamines was found. Consequently, hypercatecholaminemia observed during anginal attacks is brief. An elevation of the activity of the sympathodrenal system may favour the development of rhythm disorders and hamper the therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[State of the sympathetic-adrenal system in angina pectoris attacks]. In 14 patients with ischaemic heart disease the plasma noradrenaline and adrenalin levels were determined during anginal attacks and in the attack-free period, and daily catecholamines excretion was studied in 11 of them. The blood plasma and urine noradrenaline and adrenalin levels were determined with the help of the trioxyindol, fluorimetric method. The content of noradrenaline and adrenalin in the blood plasma during anginal attacks was statistically significantly higher than during the attack-free period. At the same time, in urine samples collected during 24 hours after the attack and during an attack-free period no significant differences in the concentration of both catecholamines was found. Consequently, hypercatecholaminemia observed during anginal attacks is brief. An elevation of the activity of the sympathodrenal system may favour the development of rhythm disorders and hamper the therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:926575", "title": "[Hyperglycemia and the glucose tolerance test in the acute period of myocardial infarct and in the remote post-infarct period].", "content": "The blood sugar content was determined in 142 patients with myocardial infarction on the 1--3rd, 7-10th, 28--30th days of the disease by the Hagedorn-Jensen method. The standard glucose tolerance test was conducted in 64 patients on the 30th day of the disease and repeated in 20 patients 18 months after infarction. It was concluded that transient hyperglycemia developed in 47.8% of patients with myocardial infarction in the acute period, predominantly in those with a sugar curve of the diabetes-decipiens type. Carbohydrate tolerance was reduced in two thirds of the patients. In some of them this disorder was attended with clinical signs of diabetes and a severe course of myocardial infarction. In patients with diminished carbohydrate tolerance the sugar curve remained abnormal 18 months after the disease. Obvious diabetes developed in 6 out of 20 patients examined. Among relatives of patients with disturbed carbohydrate metabolism diabetes mellitus was encountered more frequently and the incidence of ischemic heart disease and hypertension was higher.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemia and the glucose tolerance test in the acute period of myocardial infarct and in the remote post-infarct period]. The blood sugar content was determined in 142 patients with myocardial infarction on the 1--3rd, 7-10th, 28--30th days of the disease by the Hagedorn-Jensen method. The standard glucose tolerance test was conducted in 64 patients on the 30th day of the disease and repeated in 20 patients 18 months after infarction. It was concluded that transient hyperglycemia developed in 47.8% of patients with myocardial infarction in the acute period, predominantly in those with a sugar curve of the diabetes-decipiens type. Carbohydrate tolerance was reduced in two thirds of the patients. In some of them this disorder was attended with clinical signs of diabetes and a severe course of myocardial infarction. In patients with diminished carbohydrate tolerance the sugar curve remained abnormal 18 months after the disease. Obvious diabetes developed in 6 out of 20 patients examined. Among relatives of patients with disturbed carbohydrate metabolism diabetes mellitus was encountered more frequently and the incidence of ischemic heart disease and hypertension was higher."}
{"id": "PMID:926576", "title": "[Carbohydrate tolerance in patients with myocardial infarct according to prednisolone-glucose tolerance test].", "content": "Sensitivity to carbohydrates was studied in 100 patients in the subacute period of myocardial infarction by the prednisolne-glucose tolerance test with parallel determination of the content of sugar and pyruvic and lactic acids. Latent, predominantly mild disorders of carbohydrate metabolism were revealed in most patients. Considerably diminished glucose tolerance (diabetic-type sugar curve) was encountered in 12.5% of patients with normal and in 17.9% of those with excessive body weight. The prednisolone-glucose tolerance test and the tests for the content of pyruvic and lactic acids conducted in dynamics showed a statistically reliable increase in the pyruvate level on a fasting stomach and after glucose loads and of the lactate level on a fasting stomach and at the end of the examination. In diabetictype glycemic curves, however, the peak sugar levels were paralleled by normal content of pyruvic and lactic acids. The glycemia indices revealed in dynamics of the prednisolone-glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in patients with an increased blood sugar content in the acute period of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate tolerance in patients with myocardial infarct according to prednisolone-glucose tolerance test]. Sensitivity to carbohydrates was studied in 100 patients in the subacute period of myocardial infarction by the prednisolne-glucose tolerance test with parallel determination of the content of sugar and pyruvic and lactic acids. Latent, predominantly mild disorders of carbohydrate metabolism were revealed in most patients. Considerably diminished glucose tolerance (diabetic-type sugar curve) was encountered in 12.5% of patients with normal and in 17.9% of those with excessive body weight. The prednisolone-glucose tolerance test and the tests for the content of pyruvic and lactic acids conducted in dynamics showed a statistically reliable increase in the pyruvate level on a fasting stomach and after glucose loads and of the lactate level on a fasting stomach and at the end of the examination. In diabetictype glycemic curves, however, the peak sugar levels were paralleled by normal content of pyruvic and lactic acids. The glycemia indices revealed in dynamics of the prednisolone-glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in patients with an increased blood sugar content in the acute period of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:926577", "title": "[Evaluation of the condition of the peri-infarct zone in acute myocardial infarct according to 35 precordial leads].", "content": "The condition of the peri-infarction and the necrotic zones was assessed by cartographic analysis of ECG recorded from 35 precordial leads. During a 4-week follow-up functional mobility of indices characterising the prenecrotic zone and the stability of the zone of necrosis was noted. The indices sigma ST (overall index of ST segment elevation), AST (area of ST segment elevation), and AQS (area of QS recording), as well as the AST/AQS ratio possess definite prognostic significance: the lower the value of sigma ST, AST, and AQS and AQS and the greater the AST/AQS coefficient, the more favourable is the prognosis in myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the condition of the peri-infarct zone in acute myocardial infarct according to 35 precordial leads]. The condition of the peri-infarction and the necrotic zones was assessed by cartographic analysis of ECG recorded from 35 precordial leads. During a 4-week follow-up functional mobility of indices characterising the prenecrotic zone and the stability of the zone of necrosis was noted. The indices sigma ST (overall index of ST segment elevation), AST (area of ST segment elevation), and AQS (area of QS recording), as well as the AST/AQS ratio possess definite prognostic significance: the lower the value of sigma ST, AST, and AQS and AQS and the greater the AST/AQS coefficient, the more favourable is the prognosis in myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:926578", "title": "[Ergometry and the risk factors in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The correlational connection between some factors of risk and ergometric indices in patients with ischemic heart disease was studied. The results of an examination covering 188 patients and 56 practically healthy persons which  involved the use of a graded stepwise increasing loading on a veloergometer under a monitored control of the pulse rate, ECG and arterial pressure were analyzed. To the risk factors were referred hypercholesterinemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity and hypodynamia. With a rising number of risk factors a significant and progressive decline of the patients' physical performance capacity was ascertained. The most essential correlational connection between the risk factors and the maximally tolerable load and chronotropic and aerobic reserves was educed.", "contents": "[Ergometry and the risk factors in ischemic heart disease]. The correlational connection between some factors of risk and ergometric indices in patients with ischemic heart disease was studied. The results of an examination covering 188 patients and 56 practically healthy persons which  involved the use of a graded stepwise increasing loading on a veloergometer under a monitored control of the pulse rate, ECG and arterial pressure were analyzed. To the risk factors were referred hypercholesterinemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity and hypodynamia. With a rising number of risk factors a significant and progressive decline of the patients' physical performance capacity was ascertained. The most essential correlational connection between the risk factors and the maximally tolerable load and chronotropic and aerobic reserves was educed."}
{"id": "PMID:926579", "title": "[Effect of oral contraceptives on the blood lipid level].", "content": "Secretion of estrogens in the urine and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma were studied in 36 healthy women 24 of whom took oral contraceptives including estrogenic and gestagenic components to prevent conception. It proved that after the first course of medication the overall estrogen excretion reduces at the expense of all fractions but more so at the expense of the active fraction. Beginning with the 2nd week the cholesterol level in the blood plasma increases and the level of triglycerides grows considerably. The increase in these indices was observed in the first 6 months when the oral contraceptives were taken. With the preparations taken for a longer time the blood plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels became stable.", "contents": "[Effect of oral contraceptives on the blood lipid level]. Secretion of estrogens in the urine and the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma were studied in 36 healthy women 24 of whom took oral contraceptives including estrogenic and gestagenic components to prevent conception. It proved that after the first course of medication the overall estrogen excretion reduces at the expense of all fractions but more so at the expense of the active fraction. Beginning with the 2nd week the cholesterol level in the blood plasma increases and the level of triglycerides grows considerably. The increase in these indices was observed in the first 6 months when the oral contraceptives were taken. With the preparations taken for a longer time the blood plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels became stable."}
{"id": "PMID:926580", "title": "[Myocardial metabolism in experimental adrenal gland pathology].", "content": "The effect of cortisone, desoxycorticosterone, and their combination on the myocardial content of pyruvate, citrate, coenzyme A, thiamine, riboflavin, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in animals with resected or intact adrenals was studied on 320 male albino rats. Experimental adrenal insufficiency was attended with deep metalolic disorders which were not normalized completely after the administration of cortisone or DOCA alone or in combination. The trend of the metabolic effects of these hormones under conditions of experimental adrenal insufficiency differed from that in rats with intact adrenals. It is pointed out that in substitution and pathogenetic hormonotherapy it is necessary to take into account the \"background\" activity of the adrenal cortex and that additional prescription of agents of nonspecific correction of myocardial metabolism is expedient.", "contents": "[Myocardial metabolism in experimental adrenal gland pathology]. The effect of cortisone, desoxycorticosterone, and their combination on the myocardial content of pyruvate, citrate, coenzyme A, thiamine, riboflavin, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in animals with resected or intact adrenals was studied on 320 male albino rats. Experimental adrenal insufficiency was attended with deep metalolic disorders which were not normalized completely after the administration of cortisone or DOCA alone or in combination. The trend of the metabolic effects of these hormones under conditions of experimental adrenal insufficiency differed from that in rats with intact adrenals. It is pointed out that in substitution and pathogenetic hormonotherapy it is necessary to take into account the \"background\" activity of the adrenal cortex and that additional prescription of agents of nonspecific correction of myocardial metabolism is expedient."}
{"id": "PMID:926595", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of supraventricular rhythm disorders and the tactics in the treatment with cardiac glycosides].", "content": "The article discusses the possibilities of differential diagnosis of supraventricular arrhythmians by means of carotid zone stimulation, atrial VCG and ECG recorded from right-bronchial leads. Atrial VCG can reveal the character of the ectopic P-wave and thus helps in the diagnosis of arrhythmias with conspicuous atrial activity. ECG recorded from bronchial leade makes it possible to obtain a large atrial wave and determine elements of decisive importances in the diagnosis of many rhythm disorders: junctional and combined contractions, various types of ectopic P-waves, the character of antero- and retrograde conduction. The tactics of treatment with cardiac glycosides is determined by precise diagnosis of the arrhythmia and its connection with digitalis toxicosis.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of supraventricular rhythm disorders and the tactics in the treatment with cardiac glycosides]. The article discusses the possibilities of differential diagnosis of supraventricular arrhythmians by means of carotid zone stimulation, atrial VCG and ECG recorded from right-bronchial leads. Atrial VCG can reveal the character of the ectopic P-wave and thus helps in the diagnosis of arrhythmias with conspicuous atrial activity. ECG recorded from bronchial leade makes it possible to obtain a large atrial wave and determine elements of decisive importances in the diagnosis of many rhythm disorders: junctional and combined contractions, various types of ectopic P-waves, the character of antero- and retrograde conduction. The tactics of treatment with cardiac glycosides is determined by precise diagnosis of the arrhythmia and its connection with digitalis toxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:926596", "title": "[Clinico-electrocardiographic, morphological and biochemical manifestations of glycoside poisoning in patients with myocardial infarct].", "content": "The clinical manifestations of glycoside toxicosis were compared with the character of myocardial ultrastructural changes and the electrolyte shifts outside the infarction zone. Accumulation of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells with simultaneous gross destruction of the myocardial ultrastructure in the pre-infarction zones are morphological manifestations of glycoside toxicosis on the ultrastructural level. The administration of strophanthin to patients with extremely severe cardiac insufficiency due to myocardial infarction may lead to disturbance in the mitochondrial energy-producing activity and the development of nodes of myofibril over-contractility with subsequent death of the cell, even to the development of smallfocal necrosis in the myocardium. The use of lidocaine and panangin in sufficiently high doses is an effective measure in the prevention and elimination of extrasystolic arrhythmias caused by glycoside toxicosis.", "contents": "[Clinico-electrocardiographic, morphological and biochemical manifestations of glycoside poisoning in patients with myocardial infarct]. The clinical manifestations of glycoside toxicosis were compared with the character of myocardial ultrastructural changes and the electrolyte shifts outside the infarction zone. Accumulation of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells with simultaneous gross destruction of the myocardial ultrastructure in the pre-infarction zones are morphological manifestations of glycoside toxicosis on the ultrastructural level. The administration of strophanthin to patients with extremely severe cardiac insufficiency due to myocardial infarction may lead to disturbance in the mitochondrial energy-producing activity and the development of nodes of myofibril over-contractility with subsequent death of the cell, even to the development of smallfocal necrosis in the myocardium. The use of lidocaine and panangin in sufficiently high doses is an effective measure in the prevention and elimination of extrasystolic arrhythmias caused by glycoside toxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:926597", "title": "[Clinical value of determination of digoxin concentration in blood during treatment of cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "The concentration of digoxin in blood was determined by the radio-immunologic method in 41 patients with circulatory insufficiency and permanent form of auricular fibrillation who were treated with the drug. In 85.5% of cases the therapeutic digoxin concentrations did not exceed 2 ng/ml. The therapeutic concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 ng/ml, the toxic from 0.9 to 6 ng/ml. A relationship was established between the dose of digoxin and its concentration in the blood of patients with normal renal filtration. It is concluded that the blood digoxin concentrations alone, without the clinical data being taken into account, cannot be a reliable criterion in assessment of the level of saturation with cardiac glycosides. Study of the dynamics of blood digoxin concentration in each patient allows its determination to be used to assess the tolerance to the drug, choose the adequate maintenance dose and the time for its correction, and to confirm the clinical signs of digitalis intoxication if the concentration of digoxin is above 2.5 ng/ml.", "contents": "[Clinical value of determination of digoxin concentration in blood during treatment of cardiac insufficiency]. The concentration of digoxin in blood was determined by the radio-immunologic method in 41 patients with circulatory insufficiency and permanent form of auricular fibrillation who were treated with the drug. In 85.5% of cases the therapeutic digoxin concentrations did not exceed 2 ng/ml. The therapeutic concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 ng/ml, the toxic from 0.9 to 6 ng/ml. A relationship was established between the dose of digoxin and its concentration in the blood of patients with normal renal filtration. It is concluded that the blood digoxin concentrations alone, without the clinical data being taken into account, cannot be a reliable criterion in assessment of the level of saturation with cardiac glycosides. Study of the dynamics of blood digoxin concentration in each patient allows its determination to be used to assess the tolerance to the drug, choose the adequate maintenance dose and the time for its correction, and to confirm the clinical signs of digitalis intoxication if the concentration of digoxin is above 2.5 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:926598", "title": "[Use of glucagon in cardiac glycoside poisoning in patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The use of glucagon in 25 patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency of stage IIB-III (according to the classification suggested by N. D. Strazhesko and V. Kh. Vasilenko) on the background of intoxication due to cardiac glycosides showed the drug to be effective as a cardiotonic and antiarrthythmic agent in 12 patients with stage IIB circulatory insufficiency. The data obtained also bear evidence that glucagon may be used in combination with cardiac glycosides, this treatment in some cases having a more marked positive effect on the hemodynamics in patients with decompensation than that encountered in treatment with glucagon alone. When used together with glucagon, cardiac glycosides did not induce intoxication.", "contents": "[Use of glucagon in cardiac glycoside poisoning in patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency]. The use of glucagon in 25 patients with congestive circulatory insufficiency of stage IIB-III (according to the classification suggested by N. D. Strazhesko and V. Kh. Vasilenko) on the background of intoxication due to cardiac glycosides showed the drug to be effective as a cardiotonic and antiarrthythmic agent in 12 patients with stage IIB circulatory insufficiency. The data obtained also bear evidence that glucagon may be used in combination with cardiac glycosides, this treatment in some cases having a more marked positive effect on the hemodynamics in patients with decompensation than that encountered in treatment with glucagon alone. When used together with glucagon, cardiac glycosides did not induce intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:926599", "title": "[Effect of treatment with cardiac glycosides and biologically active substances on the state of the lesser circulation according to the electrokymographic data].", "content": "Electrokymography was used to assess by pulmonary densograms and pulmonary artery pulse curves treatment-induced changes in cardiac contractility and lesser circulation in 455 patients with rheumatic heart disease and stage IIA, IIB, and III circulatory insufficiency. Treatment with cardiac glycosides in combination with metabolic preparations (ATP methionine, vitamin B12, inosine-F, and extract of the heart muscle) leads to a more conspicuous reduction in the symptoms of congestion in the lesser circulation than that encountered in treatment with cardiac glycosides alone. The reduction in these symptoms following treatment with ATP and heart-muscle extract may be explained not only by improved myocardial contractility but also by the direct vasodilating effect of adenyl compounds.", "contents": "[Effect of treatment with cardiac glycosides and biologically active substances on the state of the lesser circulation according to the electrokymographic data]. Electrokymography was used to assess by pulmonary densograms and pulmonary artery pulse curves treatment-induced changes in cardiac contractility and lesser circulation in 455 patients with rheumatic heart disease and stage IIA, IIB, and III circulatory insufficiency. Treatment with cardiac glycosides in combination with metabolic preparations (ATP methionine, vitamin B12, inosine-F, and extract of the heart muscle) leads to a more conspicuous reduction in the symptoms of congestion in the lesser circulation than that encountered in treatment with cardiac glycosides alone. The reduction in these symptoms following treatment with ATP and heart-muscle extract may be explained not only by improved myocardial contractility but also by the direct vasodilating effect of adenyl compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:926600", "title": "[Effect of rapid digitalization on the left-ventricular myocardial function according to the echocardiographic data].", "content": "The article deals with the data of echocardiographic examination of 61 patients (37 with rheumatic heart disease and 17 with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis) subjected to rapid stage-by-stage digitalization by intravenous administration  of various rapidly acting glycosides. In 10 patients with ischemic heart disease echocardiography was performed following a single strophanthin injection. Decrease in the volumes of the left ventricle and increase in the indices of central hemodynamics were noted as a result of rapid stage-by-stage saturation with strophanthin. The maximum inotropic effect of strophanthin does not coincide in time with the maximum chronotropic effect. The increase in the stroke volume noted in maximum deceleration of cardiac contractions is probably realized due to the Frank-Starling mechanism. Strophanthin increases the rate of myocardial contractions without changing the duration of the systole. The rate of diastolic relaxation grows, the phase of rapid filling becomes shorter and the phase of slow filling longer, which creates favourable conditions for the next contraction.", "contents": "[Effect of rapid digitalization on the left-ventricular myocardial function according to the echocardiographic data]. The article deals with the data of echocardiographic examination of 61 patients (37 with rheumatic heart disease and 17 with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis) subjected to rapid stage-by-stage digitalization by intravenous administration  of various rapidly acting glycosides. In 10 patients with ischemic heart disease echocardiography was performed following a single strophanthin injection. Decrease in the volumes of the left ventricle and increase in the indices of central hemodynamics were noted as a result of rapid stage-by-stage saturation with strophanthin. The maximum inotropic effect of strophanthin does not coincide in time with the maximum chronotropic effect. The increase in the stroke volume noted in maximum deceleration of cardiac contractions is probably realized due to the Frank-Starling mechanism. Strophanthin increases the rate of myocardial contractions without changing the duration of the systole. The rate of diastolic relaxation grows, the phase of rapid filling becomes shorter and the phase of slow filling longer, which creates favourable conditions for the next contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:926601", "title": "[Spiroergometric evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of cardiac insufficiency with cardiac glycosides].", "content": "There were 29 patients with rheumatic heart disease and early stages of cardiac insufficiency under observation. Spiroergometry with the \"Ergotest\" device was conducted in dynamics to check whether the proper dose of the cardiac glycoside had been chosen. The results attest to the considerable improvement in the spiroergometric indices in patients with early stages of cardiac insufficiency who had been treated with digitalis. Spiroergometry yielded important additional criteria of the effectiveness of digitalization, particularly in individuals with normal or diminished rate of cardiac contractions.", "contents": "[Spiroergometric evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of cardiac insufficiency with cardiac glycosides]. There were 29 patients with rheumatic heart disease and early stages of cardiac insufficiency under observation. Spiroergometry with the \"Ergotest\" device was conducted in dynamics to check whether the proper dose of the cardiac glycoside had been chosen. The results attest to the considerable improvement in the spiroergometric indices in patients with early stages of cardiac insufficiency who had been treated with digitalis. Spiroergometry yielded important additional criteria of the effectiveness of digitalization, particularly in individuals with normal or diminished rate of cardiac contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:926602", "title": "[Evaluation of the clinical effect of treatment with cardiac glycosides under conditions of ambulatory observation].", "content": "Thirty-four patients with rheumatic heart disease and 22 with atherosclerotic and post-infarction cardiosclerosis, signs of stage I-IIB circulatory insufficiency, and disorders of cardiac rhythm (auricular fibrillation) were kept under out-patient care for periods of 6 to 42 months. They all received cardiac glycosides per os in a maintenance dose determined in the clinic after intravenous digitalization. Clinical and echocardiographic examination of the patients was conducted every 4 to 6 months. Depending on the effect of long-term digitalization, all patients were divided into clinical groups in which the causes of the disturbed compensation were determined. The importance of regular doctor's control over proper intake of the maintenance dose of glycosides and its correction depending on each concrete clinical situation is stressed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the clinical effect of treatment with cardiac glycosides under conditions of ambulatory observation]. Thirty-four patients with rheumatic heart disease and 22 with atherosclerotic and post-infarction cardiosclerosis, signs of stage I-IIB circulatory insufficiency, and disorders of cardiac rhythm (auricular fibrillation) were kept under out-patient care for periods of 6 to 42 months. They all received cardiac glycosides per os in a maintenance dose determined in the clinic after intravenous digitalization. Clinical and echocardiographic examination of the patients was conducted every 4 to 6 months. Depending on the effect of long-term digitalization, all patients were divided into clinical groups in which the causes of the disturbed compensation were determined. The importance of regular doctor's control over proper intake of the maintenance dose of glycosides and its correction depending on each concrete clinical situation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:926603", "title": "[Clinico-experimental evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine in circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The indices of central hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were studied by poly- and mechanocardiography in 25 patients with stage I-IIA circulatory insufficiency prior to and after treatment with 1-dioxyphenlalanine. The content of lactic and pyruvic acids in the blood and erythrocyte permeability to 32P were determined at the same time. The activity of the redox enzymes was studied in rats with experimentally induced circulatory insufficiency on the background of 1-DOPA medication. It was established that contractility of the heart and indices of central hemodynamics improved due to the effect of 1-DOPA. A decrease in the lactate concentration and an elevation of the pyruvate level in the blood of patients were noted. In animal experiments increased activity of cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and alkaline and acid phosphatase in the myocardium was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Clinico-experimental evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine in circulatory insufficiency]. The indices of central hemodynamics and myocardial contractility were studied by poly- and mechanocardiography in 25 patients with stage I-IIA circulatory insufficiency prior to and after treatment with 1-dioxyphenlalanine. The content of lactic and pyruvic acids in the blood and erythrocyte permeability to 32P were determined at the same time. The activity of the redox enzymes was studied in rats with experimentally induced circulatory insufficiency on the background of 1-DOPA medication. It was established that contractility of the heart and indices of central hemodynamics improved due to the effect of 1-DOPA. A decrease in the lactate concentration and an elevation of the pyruvate level in the blood of patients were noted. In animal experiments increased activity of cytochrome oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and alkaline and acid phosphatase in the myocardium was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:926604", "title": "[Effect of cardiac desympathization, stimulation of the central adrenergic structures and blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiotonic and cardiotoxic effect of cardiac glycosides].", "content": "The object of study were rabbits who had been subjected to ligation of 3 or 4 large branches of the left descending coronary artery 14-20 days before the experiment. In experiments with surgical desympathization of the heart it was established that the inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides did not depend on the concentration of catecholamines in the myocardium. In stimulation of adrenergic structures of the posterior hypothalamus attended with an increase in sympathetic innervation of the cardiovascular system the cardiotoxic threshold of cardiac glycosides was considerably reduced. Propranolol (Inderal) administered in a dose which blocks the beta-adrenergic apparatus of the heart prevents the development of the positive inotropic effect of therapeutic doses of strophanthin K on a hypodynamic left ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "[Effect of cardiac desympathization, stimulation of the central adrenergic structures and blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiotonic and cardiotoxic effect of cardiac glycosides]. The object of study were rabbits who had been subjected to ligation of 3 or 4 large branches of the left descending coronary artery 14-20 days before the experiment. In experiments with surgical desympathization of the heart it was established that the inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides did not depend on the concentration of catecholamines in the myocardium. In stimulation of adrenergic structures of the posterior hypothalamus attended with an increase in sympathetic innervation of the cardiovascular system the cardiotoxic threshold of cardiac glycosides was considerably reduced. Propranolol (Inderal) administered in a dose which blocks the beta-adrenergic apparatus of the heart prevents the development of the positive inotropic effect of therapeutic doses of strophanthin K on a hypodynamic left ventricular myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:926605", "title": "[Insulin secretion and catecholamine content in the blood plasma in initial stages of cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "Test for glucose tolerance was performed in 28 patients with ischemic heart disease and stage IIA circulatory insufficiency and repeated in 17 of them after treatment with cardiac glycosides. The blood collected on an empty stomach, 60 and 120 min after oral administration of 50 g of glucose was tested for the sugar content and the plasma for the content of immunoreactive insulin. In some of these patients the plasma of blood collected on an empty stomach was tested for the contents of noradrenaline and adrenaline. No statistically reliable difference was revealed in the plasma immunoreactive insulin level in patients with ischemic heart disease and stage IIA circulatory insufficiency before and after treatment and also as compared to that in patients with ischemic heart disease but no clinical signs of circulatory insufficiency. In patients with circulatory insufficiency the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline in blood plasma was higher before treatment than after it, but the difference was statistically reliable only in the case of noradrenaline. The degree of intensification of the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system in patients with ischemic heart disease and initial stages of circulatory insufficiency is evidently not sufficient for inhibiting insulin secretion.", "contents": "[Insulin secretion and catecholamine content in the blood plasma in initial stages of cardiac insufficiency]. Test for glucose tolerance was performed in 28 patients with ischemic heart disease and stage IIA circulatory insufficiency and repeated in 17 of them after treatment with cardiac glycosides. The blood collected on an empty stomach, 60 and 120 min after oral administration of 50 g of glucose was tested for the sugar content and the plasma for the content of immunoreactive insulin. In some of these patients the plasma of blood collected on an empty stomach was tested for the contents of noradrenaline and adrenaline. No statistically reliable difference was revealed in the plasma immunoreactive insulin level in patients with ischemic heart disease and stage IIA circulatory insufficiency before and after treatment and also as compared to that in patients with ischemic heart disease but no clinical signs of circulatory insufficiency. In patients with circulatory insufficiency the content of noradrenaline and adrenaline in blood plasma was higher before treatment than after it, but the difference was statistically reliable only in the case of noradrenaline. The degree of intensification of the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system in patients with ischemic heart disease and initial stages of circulatory insufficiency is evidently not sufficient for inhibiting insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:926606", "title": "[Circulatory insufficiency in the light of neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders].", "content": "Certain metabolic disorders characterizing disturbances both in neuroendocrine control and in metabolic processes at the cell and tissue levels were revealed in 472 patients with rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, and cor pulmonale. The disturbance in the adrenal function was of a dissociated character, manifested by increase in sympathoadrenal and decrease in glucocorticoid activity. The indices of pentosophosphate cycle and erythrocyte and blood serum enzymes studied testify to deep changes in the state of the erythron, marked both by breaks and by adaptation to hypoxia caused by circulatory insufficiency.", "contents": "[Circulatory insufficiency in the light of neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders]. Certain metabolic disorders characterizing disturbances both in neuroendocrine control and in metabolic processes at the cell and tissue levels were revealed in 472 patients with rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, and cor pulmonale. The disturbance in the adrenal function was of a dissociated character, manifested by increase in sympathoadrenal and decrease in glucocorticoid activity. The indices of pentosophosphate cycle and erythrocyte and blood serum enzymes studied testify to deep changes in the state of the erythron, marked both by breaks and by adaptation to hypoxia caused by circulatory insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:926608", "title": "[Analysis of causes of death of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency].", "content": "The presented analysis is based on the case reports of 166 patients who had been treated in the A. L. Myasnikov Cardiology Institute, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, for rheumatic heart diseases (97), postinfarction cardiosclerosis (35), myocardiopathies (24) complicated by Stage III or IIB circulatory insufficiency. Chronic circulatory insufficiency free of complications was the cause of death of only 1/3 of the mortality cases. The rest of the patients' death was considered to be caused by thromboembolism, predominantly to the pulmonary artery system, pneumonias, haemorrhages from acute and subacute gastric ulcers, etc. The factors most frequently complicating the chronic circulatory insufficiency in patients suffering either from heart diseases, cardiosclerosis, or myocardiopathy, were thromboembolisms.", "contents": "[Analysis of causes of death of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The presented analysis is based on the case reports of 166 patients who had been treated in the A. L. Myasnikov Cardiology Institute, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, for rheumatic heart diseases (97), postinfarction cardiosclerosis (35), myocardiopathies (24) complicated by Stage III or IIB circulatory insufficiency. Chronic circulatory insufficiency free of complications was the cause of death of only 1/3 of the mortality cases. The rest of the patients' death was considered to be caused by thromboembolism, predominantly to the pulmonary artery system, pneumonias, haemorrhages from acute and subacute gastric ulcers, etc. The factors most frequently complicating the chronic circulatory insufficiency in patients suffering either from heart diseases, cardiosclerosis, or myocardiopathy, were thromboembolisms."}
{"id": "PMID:926637", "title": "[Twenty-two year's experience with intraocular lenses (author's transl)].", "content": "The employment of the intraocular lens is an acceptable procedure in selected cases. It has great optical and practical advantages over conventional treatment. In the evaluation of suitable cases, clinical considerations, indications and contraindications are of major importance. The extraction of the opaque cataractous lens from the human eye is an eternally new, ever exciting operation which always has challenged the skill of the ophthalmic surgeon. It is not easy and it always involves a risk. The additional demands of technique incurrent in the insertion of the intraocular pupillary lens render the operation still more difficult and increase the risks. The results presented and the advantages achieved justify, in my opinion, the use of an intraocular lens in selected cases of cataract extraction.", "contents": "[Twenty-two year's experience with intraocular lenses (author's transl)]. The employment of the intraocular lens is an acceptable procedure in selected cases. It has great optical and practical advantages over conventional treatment. In the evaluation of suitable cases, clinical considerations, indications and contraindications are of major importance. The extraction of the opaque cataractous lens from the human eye is an eternally new, ever exciting operation which always has challenged the skill of the ophthalmic surgeon. It is not easy and it always involves a risk. The additional demands of technique incurrent in the insertion of the intraocular pupillary lens render the operation still more difficult and increase the risks. The results presented and the advantages achieved justify, in my opinion, the use of an intraocular lens in selected cases of cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:926638", "title": "[Complications after photocoagulation and cryotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of 3 cases is given. Following a photocoagulation because of a retinal tear a rapidly maturing cataract developed. The same occured in a patient after treatment with equatorial transconjunctival cryotherapy (according to Haut) because of dense vitreous turbidities. Though the vitreous cleared, 6 weeks after surgery a mature cataract had developed which had to be removed. In the third case a peripheral retinal hole was surrounded by dryo applications. 6 weeks later a severe proliferative macular detachment developed. Brief case reports and a discussion follow.", "contents": "[Complications after photocoagulation and cryotherapy (author's transl)]. A report of 3 cases is given. Following a photocoagulation because of a retinal tear a rapidly maturing cataract developed. The same occured in a patient after treatment with equatorial transconjunctival cryotherapy (according to Haut) because of dense vitreous turbidities. Though the vitreous cleared, 6 weeks after surgery a mature cataract had developed which had to be removed. In the third case a peripheral retinal hole was surrounded by dryo applications. 6 weeks later a severe proliferative macular detachment developed. Brief case reports and a discussion follow."}
{"id": "PMID:926639", "title": "[Cataract operations and glaucoma - a study (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports on the favourable influence of lens extraction alone on intraocular pressure levels in different kinds of glaucoma (wide angle, angleclosure, secondary). Out of 2000 eyes undergoing cataract surgery 162 had medically treated glaucoma prior to surgery. Follow-up examinations of the intraocular pressure could be carried out in 118 eyes over a year. There resulted from this study no certain indications for a combined operation, whose value is discussed.", "contents": "[Cataract operations and glaucoma - a study (author's transl)]. This study reports on the favourable influence of lens extraction alone on intraocular pressure levels in different kinds of glaucoma (wide angle, angleclosure, secondary). Out of 2000 eyes undergoing cataract surgery 162 had medically treated glaucoma prior to surgery. Follow-up examinations of the intraocular pressure could be carried out in 118 eyes over a year. There resulted from this study no certain indications for a combined operation, whose value is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926640", "title": "[Long-acting local anesthetics - an enrichment in ophthalmosurgery? (author's transl)].", "content": "In 300 cases the effectiveness of the long-acting anesthetic Meaverin-ultra for retrobulbar anesthesia was systematically investigated. The duration of analgesis and immobilisation for the globe as well as for the eyelids runs over hours; they are considerabley more effective than with other common local anesthetics so far. 91% of the patients got free of pains for more than 24 hours after the operation. As to the interruption of pain attacks in cases of haemorrhagic glaucoma painless intervalls of more than 30 hours were reached. Special advantages result in cases of buckling operations for retinal detachment, which have to be followed by photo-(xenon)-coagulation. On the whole, long-acting anesthetics are an extraordinary gain for ophthalmosurgery.", "contents": "[Long-acting local anesthetics - an enrichment in ophthalmosurgery? (author's transl)]. In 300 cases the effectiveness of the long-acting anesthetic Meaverin-ultra for retrobulbar anesthesia was systematically investigated. The duration of analgesis and immobilisation for the globe as well as for the eyelids runs over hours; they are considerabley more effective than with other common local anesthetics so far. 91% of the patients got free of pains for more than 24 hours after the operation. As to the interruption of pain attacks in cases of haemorrhagic glaucoma painless intervalls of more than 30 hours were reached. Special advantages result in cases of buckling operations for retinal detachment, which have to be followed by photo-(xenon)-coagulation. On the whole, long-acting anesthetics are an extraordinary gain for ophthalmosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:926641", "title": "[Exudative senile maculopathy, clinical picture, pathogenesis, prognosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "From the literature and our own experience it is evident that choriogenic subretinal vascular proliferation is the most important symptom of senile exudative maculopathy. Prior to proliferation a certain percentage of cases develops an isolated detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. However, there are cases where already in the predisciform stage vascular proliferations are proved histologically. Photocoagulation can be applied to isolated pigment epithelial detachment, to cases with beginning vascular proliferation, and to late stages in order to accelarate the final scaring.", "contents": "[Exudative senile maculopathy, clinical picture, pathogenesis, prognosis and therapy (author's transl)]. From the literature and our own experience it is evident that choriogenic subretinal vascular proliferation is the most important symptom of senile exudative maculopathy. Prior to proliferation a certain percentage of cases develops an isolated detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. However, there are cases where already in the predisciform stage vascular proliferations are proved histologically. Photocoagulation can be applied to isolated pigment epithelial detachment, to cases with beginning vascular proliferation, and to late stages in order to accelarate the final scaring."}
{"id": "PMID:926642", "title": "[Spontaneous rupture of nylon sutures in the cornea spontaneously (author's transl)].", "content": "In 8 patients rupture of nylon sutures in the cornea occurred spontaneously. This happened four times after a corneal cataract extraction, three times after a perforating keratoplasty and once after a perforating corneal injury. The rupture appeared three times 6 1/2 to 7 months after the operation, once after 1 1/2 months. In the other 4 cases the time of rupture is not known. The examination of the nylon sutures with a microscope showed a lamellar-concentric reduction in the straight parts of the sutures and superficial and deep sagittal in the curved parts of the sutures.", "contents": "[Spontaneous rupture of nylon sutures in the cornea spontaneously (author's transl)]. In 8 patients rupture of nylon sutures in the cornea occurred spontaneously. This happened four times after a corneal cataract extraction, three times after a perforating keratoplasty and once after a perforating corneal injury. The rupture appeared three times 6 1/2 to 7 months after the operation, once after 1 1/2 months. In the other 4 cases the time of rupture is not known. The examination of the nylon sutures with a microscope showed a lamellar-concentric reduction in the straight parts of the sutures and superficial and deep sagittal in the curved parts of the sutures."}
{"id": "PMID:926643", "title": "[Peripheral tumor iridectomy: in the treatment of an iris melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A peripheral tumor iridectomy was successfully used to remove a melanoma of the peripheral iris. With this procedure a functioning pupil was preserved in the operated eye.", "contents": "[Peripheral tumor iridectomy: in the treatment of an iris melanoma (author's transl)]. A peripheral tumor iridectomy was successfully used to remove a melanoma of the peripheral iris. With this procedure a functioning pupil was preserved in the operated eye."}
{"id": "PMID:926644", "title": "[Primary epiretinal gliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Analyzing the findings of 45 patients with primary epiretinal gliosis in 51 otherwise entirely healthy eyes, the clinical features of the disease are elaborated. The disorder is characterized by the occurance of a glial membrane covering the retina in the area of the posterior pole and leading to a distorsion of the posterior pole and leading to a distorsion of the subjacent and surrounding tissues. Most frequently, the foveal region is involved, but the foveola is often spared. With increasing distance from the center the frequency of involvement decreases. Only in very rare cases the membrane extends beyond a distance of 5,5 mm from the center of the retina. The density of the membrane varies from case to case. Average visual acuity of the eyes evaluated in this study was 0,45. In no case it was worse than 0,05. The incidence of the disease increased with both increasing myopia and hyperopia. The average age of the patients was 55 years. There was no predominance of either men or women. The glia cells which compose the membrane originate from the innermost layers of the retina, from where they extend on the retinal surface through a defect in the inner limiting membrane. The reason for the formation of the defects is not yet understood. It is also unknown if the presence of such defects is absolutely necessary for the development of this condition.", "contents": "[Primary epiretinal gliosis (author's transl)]. Analyzing the findings of 45 patients with primary epiretinal gliosis in 51 otherwise entirely healthy eyes, the clinical features of the disease are elaborated. The disorder is characterized by the occurance of a glial membrane covering the retina in the area of the posterior pole and leading to a distorsion of the posterior pole and leading to a distorsion of the subjacent and surrounding tissues. Most frequently, the foveal region is involved, but the foveola is often spared. With increasing distance from the center the frequency of involvement decreases. Only in very rare cases the membrane extends beyond a distance of 5,5 mm from the center of the retina. The density of the membrane varies from case to case. Average visual acuity of the eyes evaluated in this study was 0,45. In no case it was worse than 0,05. The incidence of the disease increased with both increasing myopia and hyperopia. The average age of the patients was 55 years. There was no predominance of either men or women. The glia cells which compose the membrane originate from the innermost layers of the retina, from where they extend on the retinal surface through a defect in the inner limiting membrane. The reason for the formation of the defects is not yet understood. It is also unknown if the presence of such defects is absolutely necessary for the development of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:926645", "title": "[Retinal detachment following central vein occlusion. A comparative study by means of angiography and histology (author's transl)].", "content": "The comparison of the angiographic and histologic findings following central vein occlusion in a 42-year-old male suffering from arterial hypertension leads to the conclusion that a secondary arrhegmatic serous retinal detachment may be caused by a separation of the pigment epithelium with multiple defects in this layer.", "contents": "[Retinal detachment following central vein occlusion. A comparative study by means of angiography and histology (author's transl)]. The comparison of the angiographic and histologic findings following central vein occlusion in a 42-year-old male suffering from arterial hypertension leads to the conclusion that a secondary arrhegmatic serous retinal detachment may be caused by a separation of the pigment epithelium with multiple defects in this layer."}
{"id": "PMID:926646", "title": "[On the operative treatment of tear opening atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a method of identifying and opening tear canaliculi when the openings are closed. For this purpose the common canaliculus under the medial palpebral ligament by the lateral wall of the tear sac is exposed by lamellar dissection under the microscope and opened. The roof of the tear point (where the tear opening should be) is excised over conical sounds laid retrogradely. Finally a vein catheter is placed from the upper and lower tear duct openings through the tear sac into the nasal cavity and left in situ for 12 weeks.", "contents": "[On the operative treatment of tear opening atresia (author's transl)]. The authors describe a method of identifying and opening tear canaliculi when the openings are closed. For this purpose the common canaliculus under the medial palpebral ligament by the lateral wall of the tear sac is exposed by lamellar dissection under the microscope and opened. The roof of the tear point (where the tear opening should be) is excised over conical sounds laid retrogradely. Finally a vein catheter is placed from the upper and lower tear duct openings through the tear sac into the nasal cavity and left in situ for 12 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:926647", "title": "[Biological compatibility of soft contact lens materials (HEMA) (author's transl)].", "content": "After implanting a disc (0,25 mm thickness and 1,5 mm diameter) of soft contact lens materials (\"Soflens\", \"Hydroflex\", \"Hydron\") in the anterior chamber of rabbits through a lancet incision, the reactions of iris, aqueous and cornea were observed for six months at regular intervals with slit lamp photograph. At the place where the disc touched the iris one could see during half a year periodic hyperaemia iridis and foreign-substance-granuloma of the iris. The cause of these reactions is a toxin in the HEMA. The reactions are more intense than with PMMA.", "contents": "[Biological compatibility of soft contact lens materials (HEMA) (author's transl)]. After implanting a disc (0,25 mm thickness and 1,5 mm diameter) of soft contact lens materials (\"Soflens\", \"Hydroflex\", \"Hydron\") in the anterior chamber of rabbits through a lancet incision, the reactions of iris, aqueous and cornea were observed for six months at regular intervals with slit lamp photograph. At the place where the disc touched the iris one could see during half a year periodic hyperaemia iridis and foreign-substance-granuloma of the iris. The cause of these reactions is a toxin in the HEMA. The reactions are more intense than with PMMA."}
{"id": "PMID:926648", "title": "[On the structure of the pigment epithelium proliferation over malignant melanoma of the choroid (author's transl)].", "content": "Proliferations fo the retinal pigment epithelium over malignant malanoms of the coroid were examined in the following regions: 1. at the posterior pole, 2. in the equator region, 3. in the ora region. The pigment epithelial cells exist in each proliferation in a differently marked pattern of mono- and double layers. Furthermore the proliferations show a varying amount and localisation of a fine fibrillar substance. The majority of the proliferated pigment epithelial cells at the posterior pole are loosely arranged to mono and double layers. Fine fibrillar substance occurs only adjacent to the mono-layers. The proliferation at the equator has a more distinct layering of the cells. The fine fibrillar substance is mainly located between the two layers of double layered cell complexes. The proloferation in the ora-region is characterised by numerous flat mono- and double layers which are embedded in fine fibrillar substance.", "contents": "[On the structure of the pigment epithelium proliferation over malignant melanoma of the choroid (author's transl)]. Proliferations fo the retinal pigment epithelium over malignant malanoms of the coroid were examined in the following regions: 1. at the posterior pole, 2. in the equator region, 3. in the ora region. The pigment epithelial cells exist in each proliferation in a differently marked pattern of mono- and double layers. Furthermore the proliferations show a varying amount and localisation of a fine fibrillar substance. The majority of the proliferated pigment epithelial cells at the posterior pole are loosely arranged to mono and double layers. Fine fibrillar substance occurs only adjacent to the mono-layers. The proliferation at the equator has a more distinct layering of the cells. The fine fibrillar substance is mainly located between the two layers of double layered cell complexes. The proloferation in the ora-region is characterised by numerous flat mono- and double layers which are embedded in fine fibrillar substance."}
{"id": "PMID:926649", "title": "[Concentration dependent effect of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine on experimental and clinical herpetic keratitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Concentration dependent effect of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) on epithelial regeneration and on herpes keratitis in rabbit has been studied. Successfull completion of the experimental studies was followed by clinical treatment of 10 otherwise therapy resistent metaherpetic cases using 2% EDU eye drops and 0,5% subconjunctival injections. With nine patients under this therapy improvement and healing of the corneal processes was achieved.", "contents": "[Concentration dependent effect of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine on experimental and clinical herpetic keratitis (author's transl)]. Concentration dependent effect of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) on epithelial regeneration and on herpes keratitis in rabbit has been studied. Successfull completion of the experimental studies was followed by clinical treatment of 10 otherwise therapy resistent metaherpetic cases using 2% EDU eye drops and 0,5% subconjunctival injections. With nine patients under this therapy improvement and healing of the corneal processes was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:926650", "title": "[Checking and clinical application of time gain compensation (TGC) in diagnostic ultrasonography (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of TGC depends on the scanning technique. The A- and B-scan echograms of the orbit can show much more detailed information of the orbital structures, if TGC and a corresponding scanning technique are applied. The sound beam should be directed preferably through the center of the eyeball to keep the length of vitreous within the sound beam constant. The external eye muscles, orbital fat and optic nerve can much better be identified and localized. Radiolucent orbital foreign bodies (wood splinters) were experimentally examined and could also be shown much better using TGC. The TGC characteristic must be measured for reproducible adjustments. The scale readings of the apparatus are insufficient. Even in apparatus supplied with an indication of the TGC characteristic on the screen checking of the real TGC characteristic proved necessary. A simple measurement technique, easily applicable under hospital conditions is described. It is based on a test reflector made from material for soft corneal contact lenses (testreflector W 38, Poly-HEMA, 38% water content.", "contents": "[Checking and clinical application of time gain compensation (TGC) in diagnostic ultrasonography (author's transl)]. The usefulness of TGC depends on the scanning technique. The A- and B-scan echograms of the orbit can show much more detailed information of the orbital structures, if TGC and a corresponding scanning technique are applied. The sound beam should be directed preferably through the center of the eyeball to keep the length of vitreous within the sound beam constant. The external eye muscles, orbital fat and optic nerve can much better be identified and localized. Radiolucent orbital foreign bodies (wood splinters) were experimentally examined and could also be shown much better using TGC. The TGC characteristic must be measured for reproducible adjustments. The scale readings of the apparatus are insufficient. Even in apparatus supplied with an indication of the TGC characteristic on the screen checking of the real TGC characteristic proved necessary. A simple measurement technique, easily applicable under hospital conditions is described. It is based on a test reflector made from material for soft corneal contact lenses (testreflector W 38, Poly-HEMA, 38% water content."}
{"id": "PMID:926707", "title": "[Bone marrow diagnostic in hairy cell leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of the histologic changes of the bone marrow and clinical data of twelve male and two female patients with hairy cell leukamia before treatment. Mean age of the patients was 46 years, time from the onset of symptoms 5.5 months. 13 of the patients were anaemic, showing splenomegaly, 12 suffered from thrombopenia, 9 from granulocytopenia, and 8 from hepatomegaly. In all of the cases, the relative numbers of lymphocytes in the blood had been increased together with various amounts of characteristic hairy cells. All of the cases had a typical histologic picture of lymphocytic bone marrow infiltration, mostly of the diffuse type. In 50% of the cases not only the well known rod-like intracellular inclusions could be seen, but also ring-shaped figures whose significance is discussed. Decrease of the granulopoiesis, disintergration of the marrow sinusoids, and osteoporosis are the most important additional signs. The progression of the disease is marked by increasing bone marrow infiltration, by splenohepatomegaly, anaemia, thrombopenia, and increasing numbers of typical lymphocytes in the blood. The bone marrow being considered to be the origin of the disease for good reasons, the histobiopsy of this organ ranks among the diagnostic and prognostic measures to be taken at first sight.", "contents": "[Bone marrow diagnostic in hairy cell leukaemia (author's transl)]. Evaluation of the histologic changes of the bone marrow and clinical data of twelve male and two female patients with hairy cell leukamia before treatment. Mean age of the patients was 46 years, time from the onset of symptoms 5.5 months. 13 of the patients were anaemic, showing splenomegaly, 12 suffered from thrombopenia, 9 from granulocytopenia, and 8 from hepatomegaly. In all of the cases, the relative numbers of lymphocytes in the blood had been increased together with various amounts of characteristic hairy cells. All of the cases had a typical histologic picture of lymphocytic bone marrow infiltration, mostly of the diffuse type. In 50% of the cases not only the well known rod-like intracellular inclusions could be seen, but also ring-shaped figures whose significance is discussed. Decrease of the granulopoiesis, disintergration of the marrow sinusoids, and osteoporosis are the most important additional signs. The progression of the disease is marked by increasing bone marrow infiltration, by splenohepatomegaly, anaemia, thrombopenia, and increasing numbers of typical lymphocytes in the blood. The bone marrow being considered to be the origin of the disease for good reasons, the histobiopsy of this organ ranks among the diagnostic and prognostic measures to be taken at first sight."}
{"id": "PMID:926709", "title": "[On the mechanism of ascorbic acid induced methemoglobin reduction of human erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid penetrate the human erythrocyte membrane. In vitro methemoglobin is reduced nonenzymatically by both substances in concentrations of 10(-2) M to 10(-3) M. Dehydroascorbic acid is reduced nonenzymatically to ascorbic acid by GSH, even with low GSH-content of erythrocytes. Under physiological conditions ascorbic acid induced methemoglobin reduction is far less important than reduction by the NADH dependent methemoglobin reductase system. In methemoglobinemic conditions caused by toxic effects or by congenital methemoglobin reductase deficiency treatment with ascorbic acid is possible. However, critically increased methemoglobin content of the blood higher than 30% makes therapy with methylene blue necessary.", "contents": "[On the mechanism of ascorbic acid induced methemoglobin reduction of human erythrocytes (author's transl)]. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid penetrate the human erythrocyte membrane. In vitro methemoglobin is reduced nonenzymatically by both substances in concentrations of 10(-2) M to 10(-3) M. Dehydroascorbic acid is reduced nonenzymatically to ascorbic acid by GSH, even with low GSH-content of erythrocytes. Under physiological conditions ascorbic acid induced methemoglobin reduction is far less important than reduction by the NADH dependent methemoglobin reductase system. In methemoglobinemic conditions caused by toxic effects or by congenital methemoglobin reductase deficiency treatment with ascorbic acid is possible. However, critically increased methemoglobin content of the blood higher than 30% makes therapy with methylene blue necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:926710", "title": "[The enzymatic determination of maltose in blood (author's transl)].", "content": "An enzymatic method for the determination of maltose in blood is described. In this method after neutral deproteinization the assay is carried out by the hexokinase technique [6--7] after splitting of the maltose with alpha-glucosidase [8]. This time-saving procedure of high specificity and  sensitivity requires only small volumes of blood. The practicability of the method is shown by analysis of blood level during an infusion of maltose.", "contents": "[The enzymatic determination of maltose in blood (author's transl)]. An enzymatic method for the determination of maltose in blood is described. In this method after neutral deproteinization the assay is carried out by the hexokinase technique [6--7] after splitting of the maltose with alpha-glucosidase [8]. This time-saving procedure of high specificity and  sensitivity requires only small volumes of blood. The practicability of the method is shown by analysis of blood level during an infusion of maltose."}
{"id": "PMID:926711", "title": "[Raised plasma-prolactin levels in essential hypertension: index of reduced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial measurements of plasma-prolactin concentration (HPr) and plasma-renin activity (PRA) at 30-min intervals were made in 19 male patients with essential hypertension and in 8 normotensive subjects. HPr was markedly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive controls. Patients with reduced plasma-renin activity and only slightly elevated HPr-levels showed lower urinary sodium excretion, but a more pronouced 24-h natriuretic response to i.v. furosemide than patients with normal renin and very high HPr-levels. Six patients were treated with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine. The drug induced a significant blood pressure reduction in five patients and normalised pressure in two patients. The data do not indicate a role for prolactin in sustaining hypertension via renal salt retaining mechanisms. It is suggested that the raised HPr-levels represent an index of altered central nervous function, characterized by reduced hypothalamic activity. The blood pressure-lowering effect of the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine fits with the hypothesis that reduced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity might be a factor in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Raised plasma-prolactin levels in essential hypertension: index of reduced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity (author's transl)]. Serial measurements of plasma-prolactin concentration (HPr) and plasma-renin activity (PRA) at 30-min intervals were made in 19 male patients with essential hypertension and in 8 normotensive subjects. HPr was markedly higher in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive controls. Patients with reduced plasma-renin activity and only slightly elevated HPr-levels showed lower urinary sodium excretion, but a more pronouced 24-h natriuretic response to i.v. furosemide than patients with normal renin and very high HPr-levels. Six patients were treated with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine. The drug induced a significant blood pressure reduction in five patients and normalised pressure in two patients. The data do not indicate a role for prolactin in sustaining hypertension via renal salt retaining mechanisms. It is suggested that the raised HPr-levels represent an index of altered central nervous function, characterized by reduced hypothalamic activity. The blood pressure-lowering effect of the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine fits with the hypothesis that reduced hypothalamic dopaminergic activity might be a factor in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:926712", "title": "[Carbenicillin induced disturbance of platelet function: a study in patients with normal renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "After therapeutic doses of carbenicillin (3X10 g/24 h) prolongation of bleeding time, measured according to Ivy, was observed (median time prior to therapy 4 min 08 s-4 min 18 s; 24 h after therapy 15-20 min; 72 h after therapy greater than 30 min) in 5 patients with normal renal function and 2 patients with slight impairment of renal function (Ccr60-70 mlX1.73 m(2)). Prolongation of bleeding time was observed at serum concentrations between 13 and 180 microgram/carbenicillin/ml. After carbenicillin was withdrawn, prolongation of bleeding time was demonstrable for 4 days, i.v. even after the drug had been eliminated completely by urinary excretion. Higher doses of carbenicillin caused more severe disturbances of platelet function. The finding of prolonged bleeding time after carbenicillin may have clinical relevance (e.g. interaction with other anticoagulants, p.o. wound bleeding, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, thrombopenia).", "contents": "[Carbenicillin induced disturbance of platelet function: a study in patients with normal renal function (author's transl)]. After therapeutic doses of carbenicillin (3X10 g/24 h) prolongation of bleeding time, measured according to Ivy, was observed (median time prior to therapy 4 min 08 s-4 min 18 s; 24 h after therapy 15-20 min; 72 h after therapy greater than 30 min) in 5 patients with normal renal function and 2 patients with slight impairment of renal function (Ccr60-70 mlX1.73 m(2)). Prolongation of bleeding time was observed at serum concentrations between 13 and 180 microgram/carbenicillin/ml. After carbenicillin was withdrawn, prolongation of bleeding time was demonstrable for 4 days, i.v. even after the drug had been eliminated completely by urinary excretion. Higher doses of carbenicillin caused more severe disturbances of platelet function. The finding of prolonged bleeding time after carbenicillin may have clinical relevance (e.g. interaction with other anticoagulants, p.o. wound bleeding, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, thrombopenia)."}
{"id": "PMID:926713", "title": "[Morphological and functional studies in a case of primary (idiopathic) thrombocythaemia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary (idiopathic) thrombocythaemia is a rare disease in childhood. Haemorrhagic diathesis and splenomegaly are principal findings besides thrombocytosis. The cases of a nine year old girl with thrombocyte levels between 2.8 and 4.5 X 10(6) microliter is described. The examination in light and electron microscopy revealed various morphological abnormalities in thrombocytes and megakaryocytes. Platelet function was disturbed in various degrees. The impact of functional abnormalities on the haemorrhagic diathesis is discussed. The findings in this child were compared to those of the better characterized picture of primary and secondary thrombozytosis in adulthood. Possible pathogenic relations to myeloproliferative diseases are also discussed.", "contents": "[Morphological and functional studies in a case of primary (idiopathic) thrombocythaemia in childhood (author's transl)]. Primary (idiopathic) thrombocythaemia is a rare disease in childhood. Haemorrhagic diathesis and splenomegaly are principal findings besides thrombocytosis. The cases of a nine year old girl with thrombocyte levels between 2.8 and 4.5 X 10(6) microliter is described. The examination in light and electron microscopy revealed various morphological abnormalities in thrombocytes and megakaryocytes. Platelet function was disturbed in various degrees. The impact of functional abnormalities on the haemorrhagic diathesis is discussed. The findings in this child were compared to those of the better characterized picture of primary and secondary thrombozytosis in adulthood. Possible pathogenic relations to myeloproliferative diseases are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926714", "title": "Functional properties of mahaim fibers.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies were performed in a patient with a short P-R interval and a small delta wave. The findings suggest that ventricular pre-excitation resulted from an infranodal bypass (Mahaim type). As the functional properties of the pathway were evaluated, impaired conductivity (suggested by rather long refractory periods) became apparent at frequency stress. The pathway could easily be blocked by Ajmaline. This demonstrated an unexpected early diastolic improvement in conductivity; i.e. a supernormal phase of conduction. Due to this supernormal phase, Mahaim-fiber conduction was present when block in the anterior division of the left bundle branch, or even trifascicular block occurred. Thus the effects of exclusive Mahaim-fiber conduction on ventricular activation were documented.", "contents": "Functional properties of mahaim fibers. Electrophysiological studies were performed in a patient with a short P-R interval and a small delta wave. The findings suggest that ventricular pre-excitation resulted from an infranodal bypass (Mahaim type). As the functional properties of the pathway were evaluated, impaired conductivity (suggested by rather long refractory periods) became apparent at frequency stress. The pathway could easily be blocked by Ajmaline. This demonstrated an unexpected early diastolic improvement in conductivity; i.e. a supernormal phase of conduction. Due to this supernormal phase, Mahaim-fiber conduction was present when block in the anterior division of the left bundle branch, or even trifascicular block occurred. Thus the effects of exclusive Mahaim-fiber conduction on ventricular activation were documented."}
{"id": "PMID:926716", "title": "The diagnostical significance of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen.", "content": "The frequency of hepatitis B was examined using three serological parameters: HBsAg, antiHBs and antiHBc. All three substances were detected qualitatively by means of sensitive radioimmunological techniques. Of 1216 patients with acute hepatitis, 55 percent were HBsAg and antiHBc positive on admission to hospital. A further 17.8 percent had no HBsAg but were antiHBc  positive and also partly antiHBs positive. These cases can be divided into 2 groups: In one group, in 8.6 percent of patients had a high antiHBc concentration during the acute phase. Similar antiHBc concentrations were seldom found (0.04 percent) in HBsAg negative blood donors. AntiHBs in the patients was at first mainly negative and then appeared during reconvalescence. These cases were considered to be acute hepatitis type B, although HBsAg was absent. In the second group, comprising 9.2 percent of the patients, antiHBc was present in low concentrations and in majority of cases antiHBs had been present from the beginning. The same antibody constellation was found in 3.6 percent of 2341 blood donors. In the group of patients it is supposed that the acute hepatitis present is not of type B and has a different aetiology. The low concentration of antibody is interpreted to be a sign of an earlier HBV-infection.", "contents": "The diagnostical significance of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen. The frequency of hepatitis B was examined using three serological parameters: HBsAg, antiHBs and antiHBc. All three substances were detected qualitatively by means of sensitive radioimmunological techniques. Of 1216 patients with acute hepatitis, 55 percent were HBsAg and antiHBc positive on admission to hospital. A further 17.8 percent had no HBsAg but were antiHBc  positive and also partly antiHBs positive. These cases can be divided into 2 groups: In one group, in 8.6 percent of patients had a high antiHBc concentration during the acute phase. Similar antiHBc concentrations were seldom found (0.04 percent) in HBsAg negative blood donors. AntiHBs in the patients was at first mainly negative and then appeared during reconvalescence. These cases were considered to be acute hepatitis type B, although HBsAg was absent. In the second group, comprising 9.2 percent of the patients, antiHBc was present in low concentrations and in majority of cases antiHBs had been present from the beginning. The same antibody constellation was found in 3.6 percent of 2341 blood donors. In the group of patients it is supposed that the acute hepatitis present is not of type B and has a different aetiology. The low concentration of antibody is interpreted to be a sign of an earlier HBV-infection."}
{"id": "PMID:926717", "title": "Inclusion body myositis. A \"slow-virus\" infection of skeletal musculature?", "content": "We report the case of a 56-years old patient with clinical symptoms of an unresolved neuromuscular disease. The light microscopic studies of a muscle biopsy from the m. triceps shows the picture of a diffuse muscular atrophy. By electron microscopy, myelin-like degeneration zones with tubular-filamentous inclusions can be shown in the cytoplasma of the atrophic muscle cells. These filamentous structures correspond morphologically to the nucleocapside of paramyxoviruses. These results lead, even without the proof of inflammatory cells, to the diagnosis of an \"inclusion body\" myositis also taking into account the clinical and electrophysiological findings.", "contents": "Inclusion body myositis. A \"slow-virus\" infection of skeletal musculature? We report the case of a 56-years old patient with clinical symptoms of an unresolved neuromuscular disease. The light microscopic studies of a muscle biopsy from the m. triceps shows the picture of a diffuse muscular atrophy. By electron microscopy, myelin-like degeneration zones with tubular-filamentous inclusions can be shown in the cytoplasma of the atrophic muscle cells. These filamentous structures correspond morphologically to the nucleocapside of paramyxoviruses. These results lead, even without the proof of inflammatory cells, to the diagnosis of an \"inclusion body\" myositis also taking into account the clinical and electrophysiological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:926718", "title": "Serum protein-bound carbohydrates in aging men and women.", "content": "Carbohydrate components of serum glycoproteins were analysed in 162 men and 48 women of various age groups. All components studied, namely amino-sugars, hexoses and neuraminic acid increased with age in men. In women only the hexoses level increased with age while the contents of amino-sugars and of neuraminic acid decreased with age, especially after the age of 30. The statistical analysis showed that women had a higher content of hexoses and a lower one of neuraminic acid than the men of the same age groups. The amino-sugar content was higher in women up to 30 years and lower in older women in comparison to men. It is assumed that these changes are due to changes in the steroid hormones with age.", "contents": "Serum protein-bound carbohydrates in aging men and women. Carbohydrate components of serum glycoproteins were analysed in 162 men and 48 women of various age groups. All components studied, namely amino-sugars, hexoses and neuraminic acid increased with age in men. In women only the hexoses level increased with age while the contents of amino-sugars and of neuraminic acid decreased with age, especially after the age of 30. The statistical analysis showed that women had a higher content of hexoses and a lower one of neuraminic acid than the men of the same age groups. The amino-sugar content was higher in women up to 30 years and lower in older women in comparison to men. It is assumed that these changes are due to changes in the steroid hormones with age."}
{"id": "PMID:926719", "title": "[Action of benzbromarone on the renal excretion of allantoin in normouricemic and hyperuricemic humans (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral administration of benzbromarone at daily doses of 100 mg or 300 mg over a period of 3 or 6 days does not produce a significant change of the excretion rates of allantoin in the 24-h-urines of humans in a normouricemic or hyperuricemic state. Threrefore, the theroretically improbable assumption that benzbromarone may induce an increased elimination of uric acid by an enteral pathway cannot be accepted any longer. Failing additional direct effects upon purine metabolic pathways (Sorensen and Levinson, 1976) benzbromarone exerts its hypouricemic action solely by uricosuric properties.", "contents": "[Action of benzbromarone on the renal excretion of allantoin in normouricemic and hyperuricemic humans (author's transl)]. Oral administration of benzbromarone at daily doses of 100 mg or 300 mg over a period of 3 or 6 days does not produce a significant change of the excretion rates of allantoin in the 24-h-urines of humans in a normouricemic or hyperuricemic state. Threrefore, the theroretically improbable assumption that benzbromarone may induce an increased elimination of uric acid by an enteral pathway cannot be accepted any longer. Failing additional direct effects upon purine metabolic pathways (Sorensen and Levinson, 1976) benzbromarone exerts its hypouricemic action solely by uricosuric properties."}
{"id": "PMID:926748", "title": "Identification and genetic monitoring of mouse inbred strains using biochemical polymorphisms.", "content": "53 inbred strains and substrains of mice from 3 institutes in The Netherlands were examined at 12 chromosome loci coding body protein-polymorphism Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Es-5, Gpi-1, Hbb, Id-1, Ldr-1, Mpi-1, Mup-1, Pgm-1, Trf). The allelic variation at 7 loci could be detected simultaneously. Within each institute most strains showed a unique combination of alleles at the 12 loci involved. Some nominally similar (sub)strains showed allelic divergence. One strain showed allelic variation at 4 loci. These findings emphasize the possibility and the necessity of monitoring the genetic purity of inbred strains of mice. A routine monitoring scheme using body protein-polymorphisms is proposed.", "contents": "Identification and genetic monitoring of mouse inbred strains using biochemical polymorphisms. 53 inbred strains and substrains of mice from 3 institutes in The Netherlands were examined at 12 chromosome loci coding body protein-polymorphism Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Es-5, Gpi-1, Hbb, Id-1, Ldr-1, Mpi-1, Mup-1, Pgm-1, Trf). The allelic variation at 7 loci could be detected simultaneously. Within each institute most strains showed a unique combination of alleles at the 12 loci involved. Some nominally similar (sub)strains showed allelic divergence. One strain showed allelic variation at 4 loci. These findings emphasize the possibility and the necessity of monitoring the genetic purity of inbred strains of mice. A routine monitoring scheme using body protein-polymorphisms is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:926749", "title": "Inhibition of bacteria in mouse drinking water by chlorination.", "content": "Experience with the use of mouse drinking water containing chlorine is discussed. With an initial concentration of 5 p.p.m. bacteria were recovered from the bottles after 7 days and there was considerable growth in untreated bottles. Above this concentration no bacteria survived. It is recommended that 15-20 p.p.m. chlorine are used for practical purposes.", "contents": "Inhibition of bacteria in mouse drinking water by chlorination. Experience with the use of mouse drinking water containing chlorine is discussed. With an initial concentration of 5 p.p.m. bacteria were recovered from the bottles after 7 days and there was considerable growth in untreated bottles. Above this concentration no bacteria survived. It is recommended that 15-20 p.p.m. chlorine are used for practical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:926750", "title": "Isolation of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from urine samples.", "content": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi was isolated from the urine of infected rabbits using human and canine tissue cultures. The organism was isolated from 7 of 11 contaminated urines from seropositive animals. The advantages of urine over tissue as a source of E. cuniculi are that it is obtainable from living animals, can be examined for the presence of organisms, and is essentially free of cells likely to overgrow the tissue cultures used for isolation.", "contents": "Isolation of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from urine samples. Encephalitozoon cuniculi was isolated from the urine of infected rabbits using human and canine tissue cultures. The organism was isolated from 7 of 11 contaminated urines from seropositive animals. The advantages of urine over tissue as a source of E. cuniculi are that it is obtainable from living animals, can be examined for the presence of organisms, and is essentially free of cells likely to overgrow the tissue cultures used for isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:926751", "title": "Structure of the normal rat larynx.", "content": "Recent studies have shown the rat larynx to be an important organ in the evaluation of irritancy of inhaled materials. Serial sections and scanning electron microscope observations have clarified its basic structure. In particular the cartilage pattern and the distribution of the epithelia lining the lumen have been determined. There are 2 specialised epithelia--stratified squamous (found in areas subject to wear) and ciliated pseudostratified columnar (which produces and transports mucus). Aways intervening between these is an unspecialised epithelium, the non-ciliated columnar. The marked variation in type of epithelium over a short distance within the larynx emphasises the need to take sections in the same plane when comparing different specimens.", "contents": "Structure of the normal rat larynx. Recent studies have shown the rat larynx to be an important organ in the evaluation of irritancy of inhaled materials. Serial sections and scanning electron microscope observations have clarified its basic structure. In particular the cartilage pattern and the distribution of the epithelia lining the lumen have been determined. There are 2 specialised epithelia--stratified squamous (found in areas subject to wear) and ciliated pseudostratified columnar (which produces and transports mucus). Aways intervening between these is an unspecialised epithelium, the non-ciliated columnar. The marked variation in type of epithelium over a short distance within the larynx emphasises the need to take sections in the same plane when comparing different specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:926752", "title": "Effect of autoclaving and physical structure of diets on their utilization by mice.", "content": "A pelleted and 2 expanded rodent diets were autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 20 minutes, and fed to DBA/1 and LACA strains of mice. Reproduction was not significantly different on any diet and autoclaving had no effect other than increasing the intervals between litters. However, apparent food consumption was greater and efficiency of food utilization (expressed as young weaned/diet consumed) was poorer in mice fed pelleted diets. Diet had no significant effect on growth, but food wastage and consequently apparent food consumption were less and food utilization more efficient when expanded diets were fed. In addition, true food consumption was lower and food conversion more efficient. Autoclaving had little effect on expanded diets but caused a significant reduction in wastage and in apparent and true consumption of the pelleted diet, perhaps because of increased hardness.", "contents": "Effect of autoclaving and physical structure of diets on their utilization by mice. A pelleted and 2 expanded rodent diets were autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 20 minutes, and fed to DBA/1 and LACA strains of mice. Reproduction was not significantly different on any diet and autoclaving had no effect other than increasing the intervals between litters. However, apparent food consumption was greater and efficiency of food utilization (expressed as young weaned/diet consumed) was poorer in mice fed pelleted diets. Diet had no significant effect on growth, but food wastage and consequently apparent food consumption were less and food utilization more efficient when expanded diets were fed. In addition, true food consumption was lower and food conversion more efficient. Autoclaving had little effect on expanded diets but caused a significant reduction in wastage and in apparent and true consumption of the pelleted diet, perhaps because of increased hardness."}
{"id": "PMID:926753", "title": "Influence of diet pellet hardness and particle size on food utilization by mice, rats and hamsters.", "content": "Increasing hardness of diet pellets reduced food wastage by each species. Also, less wastage occurred when pellets made from finely ground materials were given, an effect that was not related to hardness. The hardest diet reduced growth of the mice by reducing true food consumption and a poorer food conversion efficiency (true food consumption/growth) was obtained. Apparent food consumption increased with the softness of the diet and food utilization (apparent food consumption/growth) of the softest diets was less efficient than those of the others. Grinding of the raw materials prior to pelleting had no effect on food conversion, but food utilization was less efficient because of the greater wastage of pellets from coarsely ground materials and consequent apparent food comsumption.", "contents": "Influence of diet pellet hardness and particle size on food utilization by mice, rats and hamsters. Increasing hardness of diet pellets reduced food wastage by each species. Also, less wastage occurred when pellets made from finely ground materials were given, an effect that was not related to hardness. The hardest diet reduced growth of the mice by reducing true food consumption and a poorer food conversion efficiency (true food consumption/growth) was obtained. Apparent food consumption increased with the softness of the diet and food utilization (apparent food consumption/growth) of the softest diets was less efficient than those of the others. Grinding of the raw materials prior to pelleting had no effect on food conversion, but food utilization was less efficient because of the greater wastage of pellets from coarsely ground materials and consequent apparent food comsumption."}
{"id": "PMID:926754", "title": "Abnormal urogenital organs occurring spontaneously in inbred ACI and Kyoto-notched rats.", "content": "Spontaneous malformations of urogenital organs found in inbred rat foetuses of ACI/NHok strains were further investigated with a postnatal survey involving other inbred strains. A new type of malformation occurred in Kyoto-notched rats. The present findings suggested that the malformations have different hereditary characteristics caused by different maldevelopmental mechanisms and are probably due to recessive polygenes.", "contents": "Abnormal urogenital organs occurring spontaneously in inbred ACI and Kyoto-notched rats. Spontaneous malformations of urogenital organs found in inbred rat foetuses of ACI/NHok strains were further investigated with a postnatal survey involving other inbred strains. A new type of malformation occurred in Kyoto-notched rats. The present findings suggested that the malformations have different hereditary characteristics caused by different maldevelopmental mechanisms and are probably due to recessive polygenes."}
{"id": "PMID:926755", "title": "Brain and spinal cord lesions in the newborn rat.", "content": "Previous studies involving the induction of central nervous system lesions in animals have required complex, expensive equipment including sterotaxis and an operating microscope. This study describes a technique for producing telencephalic (forebrain) lesions in the developing rat by the use of copper wire. In addition, a nonvisual method of producing spinal cord transections in the young rat is discussed. Both techniques have a high succes rate and minimal mortality.", "contents": "Brain and spinal cord lesions in the newborn rat. Previous studies involving the induction of central nervous system lesions in animals have required complex, expensive equipment including sterotaxis and an operating microscope. This study describes a technique for producing telencephalic (forebrain) lesions in the developing rat by the use of copper wire. In addition, a nonvisual method of producing spinal cord transections in the young rat is discussed. Both techniques have a high succes rate and minimal mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:926757", "title": "Staphylococcal kidney abscesses in rats treated with corticosteroids.", "content": "A heavy growth of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from kidney abscesses in rats from 2 inbred strains treated with corticosteroids. The S. aureus phage types which caused the abscesses are endemic in the rat breeding colonies. One strain of rat was more sensitive to the action of the corticosteroids.", "contents": "Staphylococcal kidney abscesses in rats treated with corticosteroids. A heavy growth of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from kidney abscesses in rats from 2 inbred strains treated with corticosteroids. The S. aureus phage types which caused the abscesses are endemic in the rat breeding colonies. One strain of rat was more sensitive to the action of the corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:926812", "title": "Extracorporeal circulation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure.", "content": "Sixteen moribund newborn infants with respiratory failure were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 1 to 8 days. Cannulation via the right jugular vein and carotid artery was used to establish venoarterial-cardiopulmonary bypass. High flow (80 percent of cardiac output) allowed decreasing FIO2 and airway pressure. Diagnoses and results were as follows: respiratory distress syndrome, four patients (two improved, one survived); meconium aspiration syndrome, eight patients (four improved, three survived); persistent fetal circulation (some with diaphragmatic hernia), four patients (three improved, two survived). Intracranial bleeding occurred in 43 percent, accounting for most of the deaths. In a parallel series of 21 infants treated with conventional ventilator therapy, the mortality rate was 90 percent and intracranial bleeding occurred in 57 percent. ECMO provided life support and gains time in newborn respiratory failure. In high mortality risk infants, the rate of survival is higher and intracranial bleeding lower with ECMO than with optimal ventilator management.", "contents": "Extracorporeal circulation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure. Sixteen moribund newborn infants with respiratory failure were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 1 to 8 days. Cannulation via the right jugular vein and carotid artery was used to establish venoarterial-cardiopulmonary bypass. High flow (80 percent of cardiac output) allowed decreasing FIO2 and airway pressure. Diagnoses and results were as follows: respiratory distress syndrome, four patients (two improved, one survived); meconium aspiration syndrome, eight patients (four improved, three survived); persistent fetal circulation (some with diaphragmatic hernia), four patients (three improved, two survived). Intracranial bleeding occurred in 43 percent, accounting for most of the deaths. In a parallel series of 21 infants treated with conventional ventilator therapy, the mortality rate was 90 percent and intracranial bleeding occurred in 57 percent. ECMO provided life support and gains time in newborn respiratory failure. In high mortality risk infants, the rate of survival is higher and intracranial bleeding lower with ECMO than with optimal ventilator management."}
{"id": "PMID:926813", "title": "The long-term outlook for valve replacement in active endocarditis.", "content": "This study follows the clinical course of 22 patients in the active phase of infective endocarditis who inderwent valve replacement at North Carolina Memorial Hospital between March, 1966, and March, 1976. At the time of operation, there was gross valve tissue destruction in 16 patients, verrucae in nine, ruptured chordae tendineae in five, and myocardial or annular abscess formation in five. Four patients survived less than 6 months after the initial operation. One survived almost 3 years before dying of recurrent carcinoma of the lung. The remaining 17 patients have been followed an average of 4.6 years. Major postoperative complications were as follows: paravalvular problem, five patients; congestive heart failure, seven patients; complete heart block, three patients; systemic arterial emboli, four patients. These complications often were associated with the preoperative presence of annular or myocardial abscess. Thus it appears that postoperative complications often result from annular structural deficiencies rather than being directly related to active infection.", "contents": "The long-term outlook for valve replacement in active endocarditis. This study follows the clinical course of 22 patients in the active phase of infective endocarditis who inderwent valve replacement at North Carolina Memorial Hospital between March, 1966, and March, 1976. At the time of operation, there was gross valve tissue destruction in 16 patients, verrucae in nine, ruptured chordae tendineae in five, and myocardial or annular abscess formation in five. Four patients survived less than 6 months after the initial operation. One survived almost 3 years before dying of recurrent carcinoma of the lung. The remaining 17 patients have been followed an average of 4.6 years. Major postoperative complications were as follows: paravalvular problem, five patients; congestive heart failure, seven patients; complete heart block, three patients; systemic arterial emboli, four patients. These complications often were associated with the preoperative presence of annular or myocardial abscess. Thus it appears that postoperative complications often result from annular structural deficiencies rather than being directly related to active infection."}
{"id": "PMID:926814", "title": "Long-term follow-up after isolated aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Follow-up information was obtained for 1,127 patients having had isolated aortic valve replacement between May, 1963 and April, 1976. The mean follow-up period was 4.4 years. Valves employed included Starr-Edwards Models 1000 (83 patients), 1200 (203 patients), 1260 (435 patients), and 2320 (52 patients), as well as homograft valves (103 patients) and porcine xenograft valves (251 patients). The over-all mortality rate was 7.6 percent, and the linear attrition rate thereafter was 2.7 percent per year. Long-term survival was found to be significantly related to the following preoperative variables: age, congestive heart failure, functional class, radiographic cardiac enlargement, history of acute or remote myocardial infarction, valvular lesion, left atrial mean pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, coronary artery disease, left ventricular angiogram, and cardiac index. From this analysis, we conclude that aortic valve replacement in asymptomatic severe aortic regurgitation, (AR) is indicated. Actuarial analysis of prosthetic valve-related death and complications suggest that the porcine xenograft valve is an excellent choice for aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up after isolated aortic valve replacement. Follow-up information was obtained for 1,127 patients having had isolated aortic valve replacement between May, 1963 and April, 1976. The mean follow-up period was 4.4 years. Valves employed included Starr-Edwards Models 1000 (83 patients), 1200 (203 patients), 1260 (435 patients), and 2320 (52 patients), as well as homograft valves (103 patients) and porcine xenograft valves (251 patients). The over-all mortality rate was 7.6 percent, and the linear attrition rate thereafter was 2.7 percent per year. Long-term survival was found to be significantly related to the following preoperative variables: age, congestive heart failure, functional class, radiographic cardiac enlargement, history of acute or remote myocardial infarction, valvular lesion, left atrial mean pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, coronary artery disease, left ventricular angiogram, and cardiac index. From this analysis, we conclude that aortic valve replacement in asymptomatic severe aortic regurgitation, (AR) is indicated. Actuarial analysis of prosthetic valve-related death and complications suggest that the porcine xenograft valve is an excellent choice for aortic valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:926815", "title": "Cold cardioplegia or continuous coronary perfusion? Report on preliminary clinical experience as assessed cytochemically.", "content": "Myocardial preservation by continuous coronary perfusion is compared with cold cardioplegia. The 1 L. of St. Thomas' cardioplegic protective solution used for infusion into the coronary arteries was at 4 degrees C. and had a normal electrolyte content except for raised concentrations of magnesium and potassium and the addition of procaine. Myocardial preservation was assessed by cytochemical grading of myocardial biopsy specimens and also by the requirement for significant inotropic support postoperatively. In aortic valve replacements with an aortic occlusion time of 1 1/2 hours, both techniques afforded a similar degree of preservation, except that the inner half of the myocardium was markedly better preserved by cold cardioplegia. After 2 hours in double valve replacements, a single cardioplegic infusion was not as effective as continuous coronary perfusion, but this could be corrected by a second infusion of the cardioplegic solution after an hour.", "contents": "Cold cardioplegia or continuous coronary perfusion? Report on preliminary clinical experience as assessed cytochemically. Myocardial preservation by continuous coronary perfusion is compared with cold cardioplegia. The 1 L. of St. Thomas' cardioplegic protective solution used for infusion into the coronary arteries was at 4 degrees C. and had a normal electrolyte content except for raised concentrations of magnesium and potassium and the addition of procaine. Myocardial preservation was assessed by cytochemical grading of myocardial biopsy specimens and also by the requirement for significant inotropic support postoperatively. In aortic valve replacements with an aortic occlusion time of 1 1/2 hours, both techniques afforded a similar degree of preservation, except that the inner half of the myocardium was markedly better preserved by cold cardioplegia. After 2 hours in double valve replacements, a single cardioplegic infusion was not as effective as continuous coronary perfusion, but this could be corrected by a second infusion of the cardioplegic solution after an hour."}
{"id": "PMID:926816", "title": "The effects of thoracotomy on coronary blood flow in the dog.", "content": "A velocity-sensitive catheter-tip flowmeter was used to measure left coronary arterial blood flow prior to, during, and following left lateral thoracotomy in the artificially ventilated dog anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Thoracotomy was performed with (six dogs) and without (10 dogs) the addition of an increased expiratory airway resistance. Opening the chest without the increased airway resistance had no effect on coronary blood flow, despite a fall in arterial pressure, because coronary vascular resistance decreased. This was associated with a fall in arterial PO2. Thoracotomy with the airway resistance in place caused a transient slight fall in coronary flow owing to decreased arterial pressure and increased coronary resistance. All changes disappeared by the twelfth minute. Arterial PO2 was unaffected. Under the conditions of this experiment, thoracotomy had surprisingly little effect on coronary blood flow.", "contents": "The effects of thoracotomy on coronary blood flow in the dog. A velocity-sensitive catheter-tip flowmeter was used to measure left coronary arterial blood flow prior to, during, and following left lateral thoracotomy in the artificially ventilated dog anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Thoracotomy was performed with (six dogs) and without (10 dogs) the addition of an increased expiratory airway resistance. Opening the chest without the increased airway resistance had no effect on coronary blood flow, despite a fall in arterial pressure, because coronary vascular resistance decreased. This was associated with a fall in arterial PO2. Thoracotomy with the airway resistance in place caused a transient slight fall in coronary flow owing to decreased arterial pressure and increased coronary resistance. All changes disappeared by the twelfth minute. Arterial PO2 was unaffected. Under the conditions of this experiment, thoracotomy had surprisingly little effect on coronary blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:926817", "title": "Total one-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch associated with aortic septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Successful total repair in one stage was performed in a 3-year-old girl who had interrupted aortic arch associated with aortic septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Surface-induced deep hypothermia and interrupted perfusion were used. The results of postoperative catheterization and angiocardiographic studies are analyzed, and the literature and results of previous surgical  attempts at correction are reviewed.", "contents": "Total one-stage repair of interrupted aortic arch associated with aortic septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Successful total repair in one stage was performed in a 3-year-old girl who had interrupted aortic arch associated with aortic septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Surface-induced deep hypothermia and interrupted perfusion were used. The results of postoperative catheterization and angiocardiographic studies are analyzed, and the literature and results of previous surgical  attempts at correction are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:926818", "title": "Resection of aneurysm of the aortic arch without cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Four cases of aneurysm of the aortic arch were encountered within 1 year at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. All four patients underwent resection of the aneurysm and graft replacement of the aortic arch without cardiopulmonary bypass or hypothermia. Temporary external shunting with Tygon tube from the ascending aorta to the femoral artery, with and without permanent bypass grafts from the ascending aorta to the carotid arteries, was used in three patients. Permanent bypass grafts with multiple anastomoses was used in one patient. The over-all operative mortality rate was 25 percent. Some adjuncts are made to perfect the safe and simple technique of temporary external shunting, which has been reported previously from the same institution.", "contents": "Resection of aneurysm of the aortic arch without cardiopulmonary bypass. Four cases of aneurysm of the aortic arch were encountered within 1 year at the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. All four patients underwent resection of the aneurysm and graft replacement of the aortic arch without cardiopulmonary bypass or hypothermia. Temporary external shunting with Tygon tube from the ascending aorta to the femoral artery, with and without permanent bypass grafts from the ascending aorta to the carotid arteries, was used in three patients. Permanent bypass grafts with multiple anastomoses was used in one patient. The over-all operative mortality rate was 25 percent. Some adjuncts are made to perfect the safe and simple technique of temporary external shunting, which has been reported previously from the same institution."}
{"id": "PMID:926819", "title": "Benign giant cell tumor of femur with bilateral multiple pulmonary metastases.", "content": "This paper presents the unusual case of a patient with a histologically benign giant cell tumor of the femur that resulted in bilateral multiple pulmonary metastases having the appearance of benign giant cell tumor. An aggressive surgical approach was used to eradicate the pulmonary metastases; 25 nodules excised from the left lung and 33 nodules from the right lung were proved histologically to be benign giant cell tumors. Three years after bilateral thoracotomies, he remains well, without evidence of recurrent disease, and his lung function is almost normal.", "contents": "Benign giant cell tumor of femur with bilateral multiple pulmonary metastases. This paper presents the unusual case of a patient with a histologically benign giant cell tumor of the femur that resulted in bilateral multiple pulmonary metastases having the appearance of benign giant cell tumor. An aggressive surgical approach was used to eradicate the pulmonary metastases; 25 nodules excised from the left lung and 33 nodules from the right lung were proved histologically to be benign giant cell tumors. Three years after bilateral thoracotomies, he remains well, without evidence of recurrent disease, and his lung function is almost normal."}
{"id": "PMID:926820", "title": "Intramural lymphatic cyst of bovine heterograft.", "content": "An intramural lymphatic cyst of a bovine heterograft is described. This previously unreported complication presented as a pulsatile mass in the thigh of an 84-year-old woman who had undergone vascular reconstruction 12 months previously. The clinical presentation, operative findings, and pathological findings are described, and the management of the case is discussed.", "contents": "Intramural lymphatic cyst of bovine heterograft. An intramural lymphatic cyst of a bovine heterograft is described. This previously unreported complication presented as a pulsatile mass in the thigh of an 84-year-old woman who had undergone vascular reconstruction 12 months previously. The clinical presentation, operative findings, and pathological findings are described, and the management of the case is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926821", "title": "Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. 15 Arginine parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-arginine).", "content": "Water-soluble copolymers containing L-arginine and N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine were prepared by copolymerization of the N-carboxy-alpha-amino acid anhydrides of Ndelta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine and gamma-benzyl L-glutamate, followed by aminolysis with 4-amino-1-butanol, by removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group, and by treatment with O-methylisourea. The copolymers were fractionated and characterized, and the thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers were studied in water at neutral pH in the presence and in the absence of KCl. The Zimm-Bragg parameters sigma and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-arginine) in aqueous solution were deduced from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers in the manner described in earlier papers. The computed values of s indicate that L-arginine is a weak helix-making residue at low temperature and a weak helix-breaking residue at high temperature in aqueous solution. The results were found to be in good agreement with those obtained earlier in conformational analyses of arginyl residues in proteins.", "contents": "Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. 15 Arginine parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-arginine). Water-soluble copolymers containing L-arginine and N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine were prepared by copolymerization of the N-carboxy-alpha-amino acid anhydrides of Ndelta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine and gamma-benzyl L-glutamate, followed by aminolysis with 4-amino-1-butanol, by removal of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group, and by treatment with O-methylisourea. The copolymers were fractionated and characterized, and the thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers were studied in water at neutral pH in the presence and in the absence of KCl. The Zimm-Bragg parameters sigma and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-arginine) in aqueous solution were deduced from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers in the manner described in earlier papers. The computed values of s indicate that L-arginine is a weak helix-making residue at low temperature and a weak helix-breaking residue at high temperature in aqueous solution. The results were found to be in good agreement with those obtained earlier in conformational analyses of arginyl residues in proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:926822", "title": "Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. 16. Aspartic acid parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-aspartic acid).", "content": "The synthesis and characterization of water-soluble random copolymers containing L-aspartic acid with N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-l-glutamine, and the thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers in water and in 0.1 N KCl, are described. The incorporation of L-aspartic acid was found to decrease the helix content of the polymer at both high and low pH, in water and also in 0.1 N KCl. The Zimm-Bragg parameters sigma and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-aspartic acid) in water and in 0.1 N KCl were deduced from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers in the manner described in earlier papers. Corrections were made for the presence of a small amount of racemized aspartic acid, using data from random copolymers containing D-aspartic acid as the guest residue. The computed values of s indicate that L-aspartic acid destabilizes helical sequences at all temperatures in the range of 0-70 degrees C. Titrations of the copolymers and of N-acetyl-N'-methyl-L-aspartic acid amide in 0.1 N KCl are described.", "contents": "Helix-coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. 16. Aspartic acid parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine-co-L-aspartic acid). The synthesis and characterization of water-soluble random copolymers containing L-aspartic acid with N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-l-glutamine, and the thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers in water and in 0.1 N KCl, are described. The incorporation of L-aspartic acid was found to decrease the helix content of the polymer at both high and low pH, in water and also in 0.1 N KCl. The Zimm-Bragg parameters sigma and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-aspartic acid) in water and in 0.1 N KCl were deduced from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers in the manner described in earlier papers. Corrections were made for the presence of a small amount of racemized aspartic acid, using data from random copolymers containing D-aspartic acid as the guest residue. The computed values of s indicate that L-aspartic acid destabilizes helical sequences at all temperatures in the range of 0-70 degrees C. Titrations of the copolymers and of N-acetyl-N'-methyl-L-aspartic acid amide in 0.1 N KCl are described."}
{"id": "PMID:926823", "title": "Helical structures of poly(D-L-peptides). A conformational energy analysis.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations are reported for a number of possible helical structures of poly(D-L-peptides): the alpha helix, two single-stranded piDL, and five double-stranded pipiDL helices. For a poly(D-alanine-L-alanine) sequence, the energies of the various helices are found to differ by less than 1 kcal/(mol residue). For some helices (especially the piDL ones) two structural variants are predicted. These variants, called \"goniomers\", are characterized by reversed sequences of conformational angles but have the same screw sense and similar helical parameters. A biological implication of these goniomers is suggested, and their usefulness as a critical test for energy calculations is considered.", "contents": "Helical structures of poly(D-L-peptides). A conformational energy analysis. Conformational energy calculations are reported for a number of possible helical structures of poly(D-L-peptides): the alpha helix, two single-stranded piDL, and five double-stranded pipiDL helices. For a poly(D-alanine-L-alanine) sequence, the energies of the various helices are found to differ by less than 1 kcal/(mol residue). For some helices (especially the piDL ones) two structural variants are predicted. These variants, called \"goniomers\", are characterized by reversed sequences of conformational angles but have the same screw sense and similar helical parameters. A biological implication of these goniomers is suggested, and their usefulness as a critical test for energy calculations is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:926824", "title": "13C NMR spectroscopy of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in alpha- and double-helical conformations.", "content": "Carbon-13 NMR spectra of alpha single-helical and pipiDL double-helical conformations of alternating poly (gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) are presented. In both cases, the existence of doublet for the backbone carbon atoms is consistent with D and L residues being in different conformational states when engaged in the same helix. The resonances of the Calpha atoms in both helices, which are found at identical chemical shifts, and comparison with the 1H NMR observation, favor the hypotheses that solvent molecules are located inside the helical core of the double helices.", "contents": "13C NMR spectroscopy of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) in alpha- and double-helical conformations. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of alpha single-helical and pipiDL double-helical conformations of alternating poly (gamma-benzyl D-L-glutamate) are presented. In both cases, the existence of doublet for the backbone carbon atoms is consistent with D and L residues being in different conformational states when engaged in the same helix. The resonances of the Calpha atoms in both helices, which are found at identical chemical shifts, and comparison with the 1H NMR observation, favor the hypotheses that solvent molecules are located inside the helical core of the double helices."}
{"id": "PMID:926825", "title": "Conformational studies of poly(alanine) in dichloroacetic acid by nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were studied for monodisperse L-alanine oligopeptides (the dimer, trimer, tetramer, and nonamer) containing an n-butylamide group at the C-terminal residue and for the random and block copolymers of D- and L-alanines having sharp molecular weight distributions in dichloroacetic acid (DCA). It was found that the NH signals of poly(L-alanine)s and some copoly(D,L-alanine)s were split into three peaks in DCA, suggesting that these NH peaks reflect the conformation of the polymers. These NH peaks were assigned to the terminal helix (helix-coil junction) and the random-coil and the inner helix, respectively, from the lowest field. On the basis of the above assignment, the microconformations of polycalanine)s in DCA were examined quantitatively. Moreover, it was concluded from the specific nature of the solvent that both the effects of the hydrophobic side chains of the polymers and the acidity of the solvent are most important for the formation of the helical conformation of poly(L-alanine).", "contents": "Conformational studies of poly(alanine) in dichloroacetic acid by nuclear magnetic resonance. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were studied for monodisperse L-alanine oligopeptides (the dimer, trimer, tetramer, and nonamer) containing an n-butylamide group at the C-terminal residue and for the random and block copolymers of D- and L-alanines having sharp molecular weight distributions in dichloroacetic acid (DCA). It was found that the NH signals of poly(L-alanine)s and some copoly(D,L-alanine)s were split into three peaks in DCA, suggesting that these NH peaks reflect the conformation of the polymers. These NH peaks were assigned to the terminal helix (helix-coil junction) and the random-coil and the inner helix, respectively, from the lowest field. On the basis of the above assignment, the microconformations of polycalanine)s in DCA were examined quantitatively. Moreover, it was concluded from the specific nature of the solvent that both the effects of the hydrophobic side chains of the polymers and the acidity of the solvent are most important for the formation of the helical conformation of poly(L-alanine)."}
{"id": "PMID:926827", "title": "Solid-state and solution conformation of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-prolylglycine.", "content": "The occurrence of the oxy analogue in the trans-II 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded nonhelical peptide conformation, recently proposed for t-BOC-L-Pro-Gly-OH in the solid state on the basis of infrared absorption evidence, has been disproved by x-ray diffraction analysis. This type of folding is also absent in polar solvents. However, in solvents of low polarity the presence of this folded form cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Solid-state and solution conformation of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-prolylglycine. The occurrence of the oxy analogue in the trans-II 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded nonhelical peptide conformation, recently proposed for t-BOC-L-Pro-Gly-OH in the solid state on the basis of infrared absorption evidence, has been disproved by x-ray diffraction analysis. This type of folding is also absent in polar solvents. However, in solvents of low polarity the presence of this folded form cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:926843", "title": "Antimicrobials commonly used for urinary tract infection: sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid.", "content": "Sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid are excreted in the urine in high concentration and, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, are all active in vitro against usual aerobic gram-negative bacteria. They are useful for treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in an outpatient setting but are probably not indicated for acute upper tract infections, especially in the hospitalized patient. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a very effective combination agent in vitro, has appealing pharmacokinetic properties, and is usually well tolerated by patients. However, it is more expensive than the sulfonamides and is ordinarily not indicated for initial treatment. A sulfonamide is in our view still the agent of first choice, with either nitrofurantoin or nalidixic acid as an alternative if sulfonamides cannot be tolerated.", "contents": "Antimicrobials commonly used for urinary tract infection: sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid. Sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid are excreted in the urine in high concentration and, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, are all active in vitro against usual aerobic gram-negative bacteria. They are useful for treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections in an outpatient setting but are probably not indicated for acute upper tract infections, especially in the hospitalized patient. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a very effective combination agent in vitro, has appealing pharmacokinetic properties, and is usually well tolerated by patients. However, it is more expensive than the sulfonamides and is ordinarily not indicated for initial treatment. A sulfonamide is in our view still the agent of first choice, with either nitrofurantoin or nalidixic acid as an alternative if sulfonamides cannot be tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:926844", "title": "Antiviral agents.", "content": "Only a few agents with antiviral activity are available for regular clinical use. Amantadine hydrochloride is effective in the prophylaxis of influenza A2. Idoxuridine and adenine arabinoside have found application as topical agents in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. Adenine arabinoside is also under investigation in the treatment of disseminated infections due to herpes zoster and herpes simplex. Ribavirin, an agent with a wide spectrum of activity in vitro, has not fulfilled expectations in clinical trials. Because of the near eradication of smallpox, methisazone has become less important as a prophylactic agent in smallpox.", "contents": "Antiviral agents. Only a few agents with antiviral activity are available for regular clinical use. Amantadine hydrochloride is effective in the prophylaxis of influenza A2. Idoxuridine and adenine arabinoside have found application as topical agents in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. Adenine arabinoside is also under investigation in the treatment of disseminated infections due to herpes zoster and herpes simplex. Ribavirin, an agent with a wide spectrum of activity in vitro, has not fulfilled expectations in clinical trials. Because of the near eradication of smallpox, methisazone has become less important as a prophylactic agent in smallpox."}
{"id": "PMID:926845", "title": "Antituberculosis agents: isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, ethambutol.", "content": "Effective antituberculosis drugs have radically improved the prognosis of the patient with active tuberculosis. Surgical therapy is rarely needed, and sanatoria have largely vanished. Initially, triple-drug therapy is indicated in cavitary pulmonary disease and severe renal disease and it is generally used in miliary tuberculosis and meningitis. Use of one of the three drugs may be discontinued after there is evidence that the bacillary population has been decreased. Two-drug therapy is indicated for other active disease. Isoniazid alone is adequate for prophylaxis. The major cause of therapeutic failure is failure of the patient to take the antituberculosis medication regularly. The second major cause of treatment failure is resistance of tubercle bacilli to the antimicrobials used. When treatment failure is apparent, careful reassessment by experienced physicians is indicated. A single drug should never be added to a failing regimen.", "contents": "Antituberculosis agents: isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, ethambutol. Effective antituberculosis drugs have radically improved the prognosis of the patient with active tuberculosis. Surgical therapy is rarely needed, and sanatoria have largely vanished. Initially, triple-drug therapy is indicated in cavitary pulmonary disease and severe renal disease and it is generally used in miliary tuberculosis and meningitis. Use of one of the three drugs may be discontinued after there is evidence that the bacillary population has been decreased. Two-drug therapy is indicated for other active disease. Isoniazid alone is adequate for prophylaxis. The major cause of therapeutic failure is failure of the patient to take the antituberculosis medication regularly. The second major cause of treatment failure is resistance of tubercle bacilli to the antimicrobials used. When treatment failure is apparent, careful reassessment by experienced physicians is indicated. A single drug should never be added to a failing regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:926847", "title": "Hypothalamic-endocrine dysfunction in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Multiple endocrine determinations were carried out on 101 patients with anorexia nervosa. Ninety-five percent of the patients studied were female, and in 94% of patients the anorexia nervosa began before 30 years of age. Evidence of gonadal dysfunction was the predominant manifestation, both clinically and by laboratory studies. Amenorrhea occurred before or concurrent with onset of weight loss in 65% of the women. The average weight loss was 28% of the weight before illness began. In an additional 11%, the disease began before menarche. The mean age of menarche in patients with secondary amenorrhea was 13 years. Urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotropin was undetectable in 44 of 65 patients and was below 19 rat units per 24 hours in the remaining patients. Serum luteinizing hormone level was below 8 microgram/dl in 15 of 27 patients studied and serum follicle-stimulating hormone was below 10 microgram/dl in 7 of 27 patients studied. Mean serum or urinary estrogens, or both, were low in more than 50% of the patients. Elevation of serum corticosteroids or loss or reversal of diurnal variation, or both, was noted in 50% of patients. Fasting serum growth hormone levels were elevated in 45% of the patients. Mean total and free serum thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and triiodothyronine levels were low. These hormonal alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in patients with anorexia nervosa probably represent adaptive and protective mechanisms for chronic starvation and weight loss.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-endocrine dysfunction in anorexia nervosa. Multiple endocrine determinations were carried out on 101 patients with anorexia nervosa. Ninety-five percent of the patients studied were female, and in 94% of patients the anorexia nervosa began before 30 years of age. Evidence of gonadal dysfunction was the predominant manifestation, both clinically and by laboratory studies. Amenorrhea occurred before or concurrent with onset of weight loss in 65% of the women. The average weight loss was 28% of the weight before illness began. In an additional 11%, the disease began before menarche. The mean age of menarche in patients with secondary amenorrhea was 13 years. Urinary excretion of pituitary gonadotropin was undetectable in 44 of 65 patients and was below 19 rat units per 24 hours in the remaining patients. Serum luteinizing hormone level was below 8 microgram/dl in 15 of 27 patients studied and serum follicle-stimulating hormone was below 10 microgram/dl in 7 of 27 patients studied. Mean serum or urinary estrogens, or both, were low in more than 50% of the patients. Elevation of serum corticosteroids or loss or reversal of diurnal variation, or both, was noted in 50% of patients. Fasting serum growth hormone levels were elevated in 45% of the patients. Mean total and free serum thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and triiodothyronine levels were low. These hormonal alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in patients with anorexia nervosa probably represent adaptive and protective mechanisms for chronic starvation and weight loss."}
{"id": "PMID:926848", "title": "Tension myalgia of the pelvic floor.", "content": "The clinical picture in and efficacy of physical treatment for pelvic floor myalgia were reviewed. The medical records of patients having a diagnosis of pyriformis syndrome, coccygodynia, levator ani spasm syndrome, proctalgia fugax, or rectal pain who had been seen at the Mayo Clinic and treated in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 1970 through 1975 were retrieved. Adequate information and follow-up were available for 94 patients. Seventy-eight patients were women and 16 were men, whose ages ranged from 26 to 72 years. All patients had tenderness of the pelvic floor muscles on rectal examination. The most common associated findings were poor posture, deconditioned abdominal muscles, and generalized muscle attachment tenderness. The most effective therapeutic regimen was a combination of rectal diathermy, Thiele's massage, and relaxation exercises. Of the 94 patients, 30 had complete resolution of their symptoms, 19 had marked improvement, 17 had moderate improvement, and 14 had mild improvement. Only 14 patients had no change and 1 patient was worse after treatment.", "contents": "Tension myalgia of the pelvic floor. The clinical picture in and efficacy of physical treatment for pelvic floor myalgia were reviewed. The medical records of patients having a diagnosis of pyriformis syndrome, coccygodynia, levator ani spasm syndrome, proctalgia fugax, or rectal pain who had been seen at the Mayo Clinic and treated in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation from 1970 through 1975 were retrieved. Adequate information and follow-up were available for 94 patients. Seventy-eight patients were women and 16 were men, whose ages ranged from 26 to 72 years. All patients had tenderness of the pelvic floor muscles on rectal examination. The most common associated findings were poor posture, deconditioned abdominal muscles, and generalized muscle attachment tenderness. The most effective therapeutic regimen was a combination of rectal diathermy, Thiele's massage, and relaxation exercises. Of the 94 patients, 30 had complete resolution of their symptoms, 19 had marked improvement, 17 had moderate improvement, and 14 had mild improvement. Only 14 patients had no change and 1 patient was worse after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:926849", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon assist: initial Mayo Clinic experience and current concepts.", "content": "The initial experience with intra-aortic balloon assist (IABA) at the Mayo Clinic has been with 34 desperately ill individuals; 17 survived hospitalization. Hemodynamic improvement associated with institution of IABA can be documented. An unacceptably high complication rate (26%) has resulted in extensive modification in the technique of employing IABA. Concepts of patient selection and applications of IABA have evolved from this initial experience and from a review of the literature and have resulted in less reluctant use of this cardiac-assist modality.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon assist: initial Mayo Clinic experience and current concepts. The initial experience with intra-aortic balloon assist (IABA) at the Mayo Clinic has been with 34 desperately ill individuals; 17 survived hospitalization. Hemodynamic improvement associated with institution of IABA can be documented. An unacceptably high complication rate (26%) has resulted in extensive modification in the technique of employing IABA. Concepts of patient selection and applications of IABA have evolved from this initial experience and from a review of the literature and have resulted in less reluctant use of this cardiac-assist modality."}
{"id": "PMID:926850", "title": "Programmed ventricular stimulation in management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Programmed ventricular stimulation was used effectively in the clinical management of six patients with medically refractory, chronic, recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Critically timed ventricular stimuli reliably terminated episodes of ventricular tachycardia and thus obviated repeated countershocks. Critically timed stimuli also reliably induced reentrant ventricular tachycardia. This provided a \"clinical model\" allowing immediate determination of optimal suppressive drug regimens. The technique has practical application in selected patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia and can be safely performed within the intensive-care unit.", "contents": "Programmed ventricular stimulation in management of recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Programmed ventricular stimulation was used effectively in the clinical management of six patients with medically refractory, chronic, recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Critically timed ventricular stimuli reliably terminated episodes of ventricular tachycardia and thus obviated repeated countershocks. Critically timed stimuli also reliably induced reentrant ventricular tachycardia. This provided a \"clinical model\" allowing immediate determination of optimal suppressive drug regimens. The technique has practical application in selected patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia and can be safely performed within the intensive-care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:926851", "title": "Complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery and the importance of coronary collateral circulation.", "content": "Study of four patients who survived complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery forms the basis of conclusions concerning the functional significance of coronary collateral circulation. Each of these patients had prominent collateral circulation from the right coronary artery. Global left ventricular function was maintained to the extent that congestive heart failure did not occur; the biplane ejection fraction was normal in the two patients where measurement was possible. The peak rate of systolic wall thickening by roentgen videometry in anterior left ventricular segments was normal in one patient and mild to moderately depressed in another. Experience with the patients described herein indicates that coronary collateral flow can provide critically needed circulatory support for the patient with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery and the importance of coronary collateral circulation. Study of four patients who survived complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery forms the basis of conclusions concerning the functional significance of coronary collateral circulation. Each of these patients had prominent collateral circulation from the right coronary artery. Global left ventricular function was maintained to the extent that congestive heart failure did not occur; the biplane ejection fraction was normal in the two patients where measurement was possible. The peak rate of systolic wall thickening by roentgen videometry in anterior left ventricular segments was normal in one patient and mild to moderately depressed in another. Experience with the patients described herein indicates that coronary collateral flow can provide critically needed circulatory support for the patient with coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:926852", "title": "Vitamin K-responsive coagulopathy in Henoch-Sch\u00f6lein purpura.", "content": "Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is classically described as a systemic vasculitis without known platelet or clotting abnormality. A 15-year-old boy with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura experienced a major hemorrhagic diathesis that was responsive to parenterally administered vitamin K. We believe that the gastrointestinal vasculitis prevented the absorption of available vitamin K necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors. Early treatment with parenteral vitamin K in similar cases should be considered.", "contents": "Vitamin K-responsive coagulopathy in Henoch-Sch\u00f6lein purpura. Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura is classically described as a systemic vasculitis without known platelet or clotting abnormality. A 15-year-old boy with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura experienced a major hemorrhagic diathesis that was responsive to parenterally administered vitamin K. We believe that the gastrointestinal vasculitis prevented the absorption of available vitamin K necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors. Early treatment with parenteral vitamin K in similar cases should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:926865", "title": "Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurelia. III. The effects of emetine on polysome formation.", "content": "The effect of emetine, an inhibitor of cellular protein synthesis, on young and old cell lines of Paramecium aurelia was studied. Emetine treatment resulted in the accumulation of ribosomal aggregates in the form of helices or rosettes. In treated young cells, large patches of endoplasmic reticulum with clusters of ribosomes were frequently observed. These structures were smaller in treated aging cells. Owing to the association of these ribosomal clusters with endoplasmic structures, they were called \"ribosomal complexes\". In young cells the polysome helices were more numerous, compared to those of old cells. The difference in the number of polysomes between the young and old cells appeared to be related to the number of ribosomes. The results suggested that in aging cells there were fewer ribosomes and less RNA. In very old cells the ribosomal particles appeared to be altered morphologically.", "contents": "Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurelia. III. The effects of emetine on polysome formation. The effect of emetine, an inhibitor of cellular protein synthesis, on young and old cell lines of Paramecium aurelia was studied. Emetine treatment resulted in the accumulation of ribosomal aggregates in the form of helices or rosettes. In treated young cells, large patches of endoplasmic reticulum with clusters of ribosomes were frequently observed. These structures were smaller in treated aging cells. Owing to the association of these ribosomal clusters with endoplasmic structures, they were called \"ribosomal complexes\". In young cells the polysome helices were more numerous, compared to those of old cells. The difference in the number of polysomes between the young and old cells appeared to be related to the number of ribosomes. The results suggested that in aging cells there were fewer ribosomes and less RNA. In very old cells the ribosomal particles appeared to be altered morphologically."}
{"id": "PMID:926871", "title": "The clinical investigation and management of chest pain in an emergency department: quality assessment by criteria mapping.", "content": "Criteria Mapping, a recently developed chart review method, was tested for its ability to assess the quality of symptom investigation and management for the presenting complaint of chest pain in an emergency department. A criteria map, which is based on decision making logic and permits use of criteria relevant to individual patients, was used to review the records of 137 patients who were examined for chest pain and subsequently discharged from the emergency department. All 111 patients assessed as receiving adequate process had positive outcomes. Twenty-six charts (19 per cent) were determined to have inadequate process, having failed at least one relevant and critical criterion; 23 of these 26 patients had positive outcomes. Review of the unmet criteria in these 23 charts revealed their uncertain predictive validity regarding immediate risk of death. We conclude that the Criteria Mapping method--the first reported technique for evaluating care for patient problems (as opposed to diagnoses)--provides an effective and feasible means for assessing the quality of symptom investigation and management.", "contents": "The clinical investigation and management of chest pain in an emergency department: quality assessment by criteria mapping. Criteria Mapping, a recently developed chart review method, was tested for its ability to assess the quality of symptom investigation and management for the presenting complaint of chest pain in an emergency department. A criteria map, which is based on decision making logic and permits use of criteria relevant to individual patients, was used to review the records of 137 patients who were examined for chest pain and subsequently discharged from the emergency department. All 111 patients assessed as receiving adequate process had positive outcomes. Twenty-six charts (19 per cent) were determined to have inadequate process, having failed at least one relevant and critical criterion; 23 of these 26 patients had positive outcomes. Review of the unmet criteria in these 23 charts revealed their uncertain predictive validity regarding immediate risk of death. We conclude that the Criteria Mapping method--the first reported technique for evaluating care for patient problems (as opposed to diagnoses)--provides an effective and feasible means for assessing the quality of symptom investigation and management."}
{"id": "PMID:926866", "title": "Thyroxine and propylthiouracil-induced changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase in the fetal rat.", "content": "The activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) towards tryptamine has been determined in heart, brain and liver of the 21.5 day old rat fetus. The activity was compared between normal, thyroxine and propylthiouracil (PTU) treated animals. Hypothyroidism induced by PTU leads to a decrease in the activity of the three organs, while hyperthyroidism causes an increase in the enzymatic activity. These differences seem to be rather independent of the protein content of the organs. It appears thar rat fetal MAO is under a strong thyroid control.", "contents": "Thyroxine and propylthiouracil-induced changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase in the fetal rat. The activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) towards tryptamine has been determined in heart, brain and liver of the 21.5 day old rat fetus. The activity was compared between normal, thyroxine and propylthiouracil (PTU) treated animals. Hypothyroidism induced by PTU leads to a decrease in the activity of the three organs, while hyperthyroidism causes an increase in the enzymatic activity. These differences seem to be rather independent of the protein content of the organs. It appears thar rat fetal MAO is under a strong thyroid control."}
{"id": "PMID:926872", "title": "Evaluation of a new strategy for continued stay review in hospitals.", "content": "A classification of in-patients by \"reason for admission\" (RFA) is described and compared with the classification by diagnosis. The RFA classification assigns length of stay on the basis of twenty-five reasons for admission for adult medical-surgical cases. Length of stay norms for the RFA method were developed and compared to diagnosis specific norms (dx norms). A group of 500 charts was subjected to simulated continued stay review using both RFA and dx norms as screening methods. Although the dx norms screened out for individual review 76% more cases than the RFA norms, the number of screened out cases in which length of stay could have been reduced without affecting the quality of care was the same. The RFA strategy may provide a more efficient method of continued stay review that is also more relevant to hospital medical care than the standard method based on diagnosis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new strategy for continued stay review in hospitals. A classification of in-patients by \"reason for admission\" (RFA) is described and compared with the classification by diagnosis. The RFA classification assigns length of stay on the basis of twenty-five reasons for admission for adult medical-surgical cases. Length of stay norms for the RFA method were developed and compared to diagnosis specific norms (dx norms). A group of 500 charts was subjected to simulated continued stay review using both RFA and dx norms as screening methods. Although the dx norms screened out for individual review 76% more cases than the RFA norms, the number of screened out cases in which length of stay could have been reduced without affecting the quality of care was the same. The RFA strategy may provide a more efficient method of continued stay review that is also more relevant to hospital medical care than the standard method based on diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:926867", "title": "Aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: major biological and environmental factors influencing life span.", "content": "The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent experimental system for the study of aging. The present study identifies some of the major biological and environmental factors influencing life span as a prelude to more detailed genetic and biochemical analyses. Life span can be altered during any part of the life cycle by a change in either temperature or food concentration. Parental age and parental life span both have relatively small effects on progeny life span. The nematode accumulates fluorescent pigment resembling lipofuscin, and becomes less sensitive to ultra-violet radiation as it ages.", "contents": "Aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: major biological and environmental factors influencing life span. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent experimental system for the study of aging. The present study identifies some of the major biological and environmental factors influencing life span as a prelude to more detailed genetic and biochemical analyses. Life span can be altered during any part of the life cycle by a change in either temperature or food concentration. Parental age and parental life span both have relatively small effects on progeny life span. The nematode accumulates fluorescent pigment resembling lipofuscin, and becomes less sensitive to ultra-violet radiation as it ages."}
{"id": "PMID:926873", "title": "Computer-based audit to detect and correct overutilization of laboratory tests.", "content": "We developed a computer-bases system to detect inappropriate use of the clinical laboratory and tested a program of physician education to reduce overutilization. We modified the hospital laboratory's computerized reporting system to identify medical patients with three or more determinations of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) or calcium during the preceding seven days. We audited the charts of these patients, using explicit criteria, to determine whether multiple studies were justified. During the control period 51 per cent of the charts audited for multiple determinations of LDH revealed overutilization. During the study period, when physicians were notified if overutilization was found, 65 per cent of the charts showed overutilization. This difference was not significant. A simultaneous, undisclosed audit of calcium determinations also showed no change between the two periods. Therefore, this method is effective in detecting and measuring overutilization of the laboratory. It is a method which is easily adaptable to a hospital's computerized laboratory reporting system, and it can be applied without a computer. However, our program of notification and education of physicians is not effective in reducing overutilization. More effective methods of modifying physicians' use of laboratory tests need to be developed.", "contents": "Computer-based audit to detect and correct overutilization of laboratory tests. We developed a computer-bases system to detect inappropriate use of the clinical laboratory and tested a program of physician education to reduce overutilization. We modified the hospital laboratory's computerized reporting system to identify medical patients with three or more determinations of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) or calcium during the preceding seven days. We audited the charts of these patients, using explicit criteria, to determine whether multiple studies were justified. During the control period 51 per cent of the charts audited for multiple determinations of LDH revealed overutilization. During the study period, when physicians were notified if overutilization was found, 65 per cent of the charts showed overutilization. This difference was not significant. A simultaneous, undisclosed audit of calcium determinations also showed no change between the two periods. Therefore, this method is effective in detecting and measuring overutilization of the laboratory. It is a method which is easily adaptable to a hospital's computerized laboratory reporting system, and it can be applied without a computer. However, our program of notification and education of physicians is not effective in reducing overutilization. More effective methods of modifying physicians' use of laboratory tests need to be developed."}
{"id": "PMID:926874", "title": "Statistical methods for reliability and validity testing: an application to nominal group judgments in health care.", "content": "We discuss statistical methods to analyze data for reliability (agreement among or between raters) and validity. Such analysis are frequently required for medical care data. We also discuss the application of these statistical methods to a study of the reliability and validity of nominal group estimation procedures to identify cost-effective topics for quality assurance purposes.", "contents": "Statistical methods for reliability and validity testing: an application to nominal group judgments in health care. We discuss statistical methods to analyze data for reliability (agreement among or between raters) and validity. Such analysis are frequently required for medical care data. We also discuss the application of these statistical methods to a study of the reliability and validity of nominal group estimation procedures to identify cost-effective topics for quality assurance purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:926869", "title": "Turnover of lipid components in liver microsomes, mitochondria and plasma membrane of 6-, 12- and 24-month old rats.", "content": "The turnover of lipid was examined in the livers of 6-, 12- and 24-month old rats. Heterogeneity of turnover was noted for each membrane fraction. The lipid turnover rate was highest in 12-month old rats and was the same in 6- and 24-month old rats. The higher rate of lipid turnover at 12 months was observed in both the neutral and polar lipid components of the liver membranes. In the polar lipid fractions isolated from the microsomal and mitochondrial membranes the increase in lipid turnover rate at 12 months was related to increase in the turnover of phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Turnover of lipid components in liver microsomes, mitochondria and plasma membrane of 6-, 12- and 24-month old rats. The turnover of lipid was examined in the livers of 6-, 12- and 24-month old rats. Heterogeneity of turnover was noted for each membrane fraction. The lipid turnover rate was highest in 12-month old rats and was the same in 6- and 24-month old rats. The higher rate of lipid turnover at 12 months was observed in both the neutral and polar lipid components of the liver membranes. In the polar lipid fractions isolated from the microsomal and mitochondrial membranes the increase in lipid turnover rate at 12 months was related to increase in the turnover of phosphatidylethanolamine."}
{"id": "PMID:926875", "title": "Coordination of care and its relationship to continuity and medical records.", "content": "Introduction of a computerized printout (\"mini record\") containing problems and therapies, and listing visits between regularly scheduled ones to a primary care facility, resulted in improved recognition of problems and therapies. Recognition both of the occurrence of the visits which had been made elsewhere and the content of those visits was not improved, even though the mini record listed the dates and place of visit. Recognition was improved more in situations where the practitioners in the primary care clinic changed than when the practitioner remained the same individual who had seen the patient at the previous visit to the primary care clinic. Coordination of care is an essential ingredient of primary care. Recognition of all information generated by patients in a series of visits is evidence of coordination. Continuity (whether achieved by continuity of practitioner or by medical records) is one means of attaining better coordination. In a previous study we showed that continuity of practitioner improves coordination. This study shows that a technologic innovation consisting of an alteration in medical records facilitates coordination, but only with regard to certain aspects of care. Explanations for this finding are postulated.", "contents": "Coordination of care and its relationship to continuity and medical records. Introduction of a computerized printout (\"mini record\") containing problems and therapies, and listing visits between regularly scheduled ones to a primary care facility, resulted in improved recognition of problems and therapies. Recognition both of the occurrence of the visits which had been made elsewhere and the content of those visits was not improved, even though the mini record listed the dates and place of visit. Recognition was improved more in situations where the practitioners in the primary care clinic changed than when the practitioner remained the same individual who had seen the patient at the previous visit to the primary care clinic. Coordination of care is an essential ingredient of primary care. Recognition of all information generated by patients in a series of visits is evidence of coordination. Continuity (whether achieved by continuity of practitioner or by medical records) is one means of attaining better coordination. In a previous study we showed that continuity of practitioner improves coordination. This study shows that a technologic innovation consisting of an alteration in medical records facilitates coordination, but only with regard to certain aspects of care. Explanations for this finding are postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:926876", "title": "The meaning of health: understanding functional limitations.", "content": "Results of psychometric studies of 14 questionnaire items commonly used to define chronic functional limitations due to poor health are reported. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data from 1,209 persons 14 years of age and older. Data were used to study: scalability of items; test-retest reliability of alternate forms of scales; validity of scales in relation to 13 health status variables and age; and precision of scales in detecting differences in health. Three scales pertaining to chronic limitations in mobility, physical activity, and social role activity functions satisfied the criteria of scalogram analysis. Four-month test-retest reliability estimates for alternate forms were very high. Strong associations (some curvilinear) were observed among functional limitation scales, and between these scales and survey measures of physical abilities, general health perceptions, health worry/concern, chronic disease conditions, and age. Measures of physical abilities and functional limitations appeared to define opposite ends of a function-dysfunction continuum. Statistical modeling of precision indicates that, due to the skewed distribution of scores, large sample sizes would be required to detect differences in functional limitations in studies using only a posttest.", "contents": "The meaning of health: understanding functional limitations. Results of psychometric studies of 14 questionnaire items commonly used to define chronic functional limitations due to poor health are reported. Self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data from 1,209 persons 14 years of age and older. Data were used to study: scalability of items; test-retest reliability of alternate forms of scales; validity of scales in relation to 13 health status variables and age; and precision of scales in detecting differences in health. Three scales pertaining to chronic limitations in mobility, physical activity, and social role activity functions satisfied the criteria of scalogram analysis. Four-month test-retest reliability estimates for alternate forms were very high. Strong associations (some curvilinear) were observed among functional limitation scales, and between these scales and survey measures of physical abilities, general health perceptions, health worry/concern, chronic disease conditions, and age. Measures of physical abilities and functional limitations appeared to define opposite ends of a function-dysfunction continuum. Statistical modeling of precision indicates that, due to the skewed distribution of scores, large sample sizes would be required to detect differences in functional limitations in studies using only a posttest."}
{"id": "PMID:926877", "title": "Comparability of two methods of time and motion study used in a clinical setting: work sampling and continuous observation.", "content": "Two methods of time and motion study, continuous observation and work sampling, were used to measure physician behavior in a prepaid group practice. Results of the two methods were compared to determine whether differences occurred because of method. No significant differences appeared in time/unit of patient service for 82 per cent of physicians studied, nor did the presence of the continuous observed affect the number of units of patient service/half day of observation. Nonpatient activities showed a slightly larger number of differences although 74 per cent of comparisons of mean activity times still showed none. Suggested causes for noted discrepancies may be circumstantial dissimilarities in the two study periods or observed proximity. Nonetheless, overall the two methods show a high degree of similarity. Unless there is particular interest in the exact content of the physician-patient encounter, when continuous observation is required, work sampling is preferred because of time, cost, and possible observed influence on nonpatient activities.", "contents": "Comparability of two methods of time and motion study used in a clinical setting: work sampling and continuous observation. Two methods of time and motion study, continuous observation and work sampling, were used to measure physician behavior in a prepaid group practice. Results of the two methods were compared to determine whether differences occurred because of method. No significant differences appeared in time/unit of patient service for 82 per cent of physicians studied, nor did the presence of the continuous observed affect the number of units of patient service/half day of observation. Nonpatient activities showed a slightly larger number of differences although 74 per cent of comparisons of mean activity times still showed none. Suggested causes for noted discrepancies may be circumstantial dissimilarities in the two study periods or observed proximity. Nonetheless, overall the two methods show a high degree of similarity. Unless there is particular interest in the exact content of the physician-patient encounter, when continuous observation is required, work sampling is preferred because of time, cost, and possible observed influence on nonpatient activities."}
{"id": "PMID:926891", "title": "Asthma: pathophysiology and clinical correlates.", "content": "Sufficient data has now accumulated that demonstrates that a careful analysis of the presenting signs and symptoms of a patient with acute asthma will permit clinically useful conclusions to be drawn regarding the magnitude and severity of the underlying airway obstruction and the expected response to therapy. If a patient with severe obstruction deviates from this expected course, objective measurements of mechanical function and gas exchange should be obtained. In our current state of knowledge, these measurements should then be used as the prime indices of therapeutic effectiveness and less reliance should be placed on traditional clinical approaches.", "contents": "Asthma: pathophysiology and clinical correlates. Sufficient data has now accumulated that demonstrates that a careful analysis of the presenting signs and symptoms of a patient with acute asthma will permit clinically useful conclusions to be drawn regarding the magnitude and severity of the underlying airway obstruction and the expected response to therapy. If a patient with severe obstruction deviates from this expected course, objective measurements of mechanical function and gas exchange should be obtained. In our current state of knowledge, these measurements should then be used as the prime indices of therapeutic effectiveness and less reliance should be placed on traditional clinical approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:926893", "title": "Pulmonary embolism.", "content": "It is reasonable to conclude by considering an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism. When the diagnosis is suspect, and in the absence of contraindications, or hemodynamic instability, treatment with heparin may be begun and an arterial blood gas and perfusion lung scan obtained. If the Pao2 and perfusion scan are normal, it is unlikely that significant pulmonary embolism has occurred. The presence of a perfusion scan defect and hypoxemia should suggest that a ventilation scan and/or evaluation for deep vein thrombosis is performed. A ventilation scan which shows absence of ventilation in areas where there is a perfusion defect, or failure to demonstrate deep vein disease, strongly mitigate against the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. If the diagnosis is in doubt, pulmonary angiography should be performed. If the patient presents in shock, an angiogram should be performed, while heparin is administered and supportive measures are begun. If anticoagulants are contraindicated, or if re-embolization occurs after adequate anticoagulant therapy, consideration should be given to placement of a transcaval umbrella filter.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism. It is reasonable to conclude by considering an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism. When the diagnosis is suspect, and in the absence of contraindications, or hemodynamic instability, treatment with heparin may be begun and an arterial blood gas and perfusion lung scan obtained. If the Pao2 and perfusion scan are normal, it is unlikely that significant pulmonary embolism has occurred. The presence of a perfusion scan defect and hypoxemia should suggest that a ventilation scan and/or evaluation for deep vein thrombosis is performed. A ventilation scan which shows absence of ventilation in areas where there is a perfusion defect, or failure to demonstrate deep vein disease, strongly mitigate against the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. If the diagnosis is in doubt, pulmonary angiography should be performed. If the patient presents in shock, an angiogram should be performed, while heparin is administered and supportive measures are begun. If anticoagulants are contraindicated, or if re-embolization occurs after adequate anticoagulant therapy, consideration should be given to placement of a transcaval umbrella filter."}
{"id": "PMID:926954", "title": "[Social medical aspects of patients with a permanent colostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems of 39 patients with permanent colostomies/ileostomies are investigated one up to seven years after having got the anus praeternaturalis. The postoperative problems of everyday life are various and often serious, they are the more severe, the less patients had been informed preoperatively and the older the patients are. Younger and more intelligent patients integrate the colostomy easier and more quickly in their everyday life. Very useful for rehabilitation is the close contact between patient and the surgeon, respectively special colostomy-consulting hours.", "contents": "[Social medical aspects of patients with a permanent colostomy (author's transl)]. Problems of 39 patients with permanent colostomies/ileostomies are investigated one up to seven years after having got the anus praeternaturalis. The postoperative problems of everyday life are various and often serious, they are the more severe, the less patients had been informed preoperatively and the older the patients are. Younger and more intelligent patients integrate the colostomy easier and more quickly in their everyday life. Very useful for rehabilitation is the close contact between patient and the surgeon, respectively special colostomy-consulting hours."}
{"id": "PMID:926955", "title": "[Bacterial flora and nitrite production in the stomach after gastroenterostomy. Experimental aspects of the pathogenesis of carcinoma in the operated stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "A gastroenterostomy without enteroanastomosis leads to a change in the bacterial flora of the stomach, where-by in particular the proportion of nitrite-decomposing bacteria, is enhanced. This results in an increase of nitrite concentration in the gastric fluid, which may possibly be accompanied by an augmented production of carcinogenic nitrosoamine. This latter aspect is considered with respect to the origin of carcinoma in the operated stomach. Since the reported changes will be largely prevented by a Roux-Y-gastroenterostomy, this should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of the alimentary tract after gastric surgery.", "contents": "[Bacterial flora and nitrite production in the stomach after gastroenterostomy. Experimental aspects of the pathogenesis of carcinoma in the operated stomach (author's transl)]. A gastroenterostomy without enteroanastomosis leads to a change in the bacterial flora of the stomach, where-by in particular the proportion of nitrite-decomposing bacteria, is enhanced. This results in an increase of nitrite concentration in the gastric fluid, which may possibly be accompanied by an augmented production of carcinogenic nitrosoamine. This latter aspect is considered with respect to the origin of carcinoma in the operated stomach. Since the reported changes will be largely prevented by a Roux-Y-gastroenterostomy, this should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of the alimentary tract after gastric surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:926956", "title": "[Anomalies of the biliary tract. Review and report about two distal intrapancreatic common bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief review about occurrence and experience of abnormalities of the biliary system is reported. The knowledge of these rare anomalies is important for the difficult diagnosis, an effective surgical therapy, and to avoide diagnostical misconstructions. 2 cases of distal intrapancreatic common bile ducts with misleading symptoms are described, which had not been yet reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the biliary tract. Review and report about two distal intrapancreatic common bile ducts (author's transl)]. A brief review about occurrence and experience of abnormalities of the biliary system is reported. The knowledge of these rare anomalies is important for the difficult diagnosis, an effective surgical therapy, and to avoide diagnostical misconstructions. 2 cases of distal intrapancreatic common bile ducts with misleading symptoms are described, which had not been yet reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:926957", "title": "[Dissolution of gallstones left in the common bile duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The different methods of unbloody extraction of concrements left in the bile duct after cholecystectomy are described. Results in literature are compared with own experiences. In three patients out of six concrements were dissolved by heparin infusions.", "contents": "[Dissolution of gallstones left in the common bile duct (author's transl)]. The different methods of unbloody extraction of concrements left in the bile duct after cholecystectomy are described. Results in literature are compared with own experiences. In three patients out of six concrements were dissolved by heparin infusions."}
{"id": "PMID:926958", "title": "[The demonstration of pharmacological active substances in the portal vein blood of dogs after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery in dogs is followed by a significant rise of serotonin-, kinin- and katecholamin-concentrations in the portal vein blood. The rise of the prostaglandin-F2alpha-concentration occurred only immediately after the occlusion or reopening of the occluded superior mesenteric artery. Under our experimental conditions the measured concentrations of these substances in the portal vein blood are too low and ineffective for the development of peptic erosions in the stomach as observed after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. On the other hand a possible additiv effect of the underswelling concentrations in these different substances cannot be excluded.", "contents": "[The demonstration of pharmacological active substances in the portal vein blood of dogs after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (author's transl)]. The experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery in dogs is followed by a significant rise of serotonin-, kinin- and katecholamin-concentrations in the portal vein blood. The rise of the prostaglandin-F2alpha-concentration occurred only immediately after the occlusion or reopening of the occluded superior mesenteric artery. Under our experimental conditions the measured concentrations of these substances in the portal vein blood are too low and ineffective for the development of peptic erosions in the stomach as observed after occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. On the other hand a possible additiv effect of the underswelling concentrations in these different substances cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:926959", "title": "[Cancer risk of the stomach resected for ulcer. The role of duodenogastric reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to find whether the reflux of bile and pancreatic juices following stomach resection (duodenogastric reflux) enhances the incidence of carcinomas near the gastroenteric anastomosis. 72 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GE) was performed either as short loop anastomosis (Billroth II; n = 39), thus providing a continuous duodenogastric reflux, or as Y-shaped GE (according to Roux; n = 33). By the latter technique, bile and pancreatic juices are derived quantitatively into the jejunum without coming into contact with the remaining part of the stomach. During a period of 33 weeks, operated rats as well as intact animals were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG; 120 mg/l) in the drinking water. At autopsy, 33 to 36 weeks after daily oral administration of NG, most of the tumours were found in operated rats undergoing continuous reflux (Billroth II group). In contrast to these findings, the incidence or carcinomas was significantly lower in animals without reflex (Roux group or intact control rats).-The results of our experiments demonstrate that, in rats, the duodenogastric reflux contributes substantially to the development of carcinomas of the resected stomach.", "contents": "[Cancer risk of the stomach resected for ulcer. The role of duodenogastric reflux (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to find whether the reflux of bile and pancreatic juices following stomach resection (duodenogastric reflux) enhances the incidence of carcinomas near the gastroenteric anastomosis. 72 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GE) was performed either as short loop anastomosis (Billroth II; n = 39), thus providing a continuous duodenogastric reflux, or as Y-shaped GE (according to Roux; n = 33). By the latter technique, bile and pancreatic juices are derived quantitatively into the jejunum without coming into contact with the remaining part of the stomach. During a period of 33 weeks, operated rats as well as intact animals were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG; 120 mg/l) in the drinking water. At autopsy, 33 to 36 weeks after daily oral administration of NG, most of the tumours were found in operated rats undergoing continuous reflux (Billroth II group). In contrast to these findings, the incidence or carcinomas was significantly lower in animals without reflex (Roux group or intact control rats).-The results of our experiments demonstrate that, in rats, the duodenogastric reflux contributes substantially to the development of carcinomas of the resected stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:926960", "title": "[Statistical analysis of 1186 cases of gastric carcinoma: with special reference to advanced lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "750 cases of advanced gastric carcinoma were macroscopically and microscopically studied in relation with the 10 year survival rate. Most of the patients, 59.3% in female and 68.8% in male, belonged to the 5th and 6th decades. Macroscopically 44.1% of the cases were grouped in Borrmann III type, and secondly Early-Cancer Like Lesion, 26,6%. Histologically, in 510 cases out of 750 (68.0%) serosa was definitely broken by carcinoma cell nests and in 500 cases (66.7%) lymphnode metastasis was observed. The most frequent histological type was diffuse type, 44.9%, and secondly papillotubular type, 21.2%. 10 year survival rate of 516 cases, in which no residual cancer tissue was ascertained and the favorite prognosis could be expected was studied on various factors: Early-Cancer-Like-Lesion and Borrmann I & II types carcinoma, those cases in which the muscularis propria or serosa was preserved, those cases without lymphnode metastasis, and papillotubular or medullary tubular carcinomas showed a favorite prognosis in comparison with other types.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of 1186 cases of gastric carcinoma: with special reference to advanced lesion (author's transl)]. 750 cases of advanced gastric carcinoma were macroscopically and microscopically studied in relation with the 10 year survival rate. Most of the patients, 59.3% in female and 68.8% in male, belonged to the 5th and 6th decades. Macroscopically 44.1% of the cases were grouped in Borrmann III type, and secondly Early-Cancer Like Lesion, 26,6%. Histologically, in 510 cases out of 750 (68.0%) serosa was definitely broken by carcinoma cell nests and in 500 cases (66.7%) lymphnode metastasis was observed. The most frequent histological type was diffuse type, 44.9%, and secondly papillotubular type, 21.2%. 10 year survival rate of 516 cases, in which no residual cancer tissue was ascertained and the favorite prognosis could be expected was studied on various factors: Early-Cancer-Like-Lesion and Borrmann I & II types carcinoma, those cases in which the muscularis propria or serosa was preserved, those cases without lymphnode metastasis, and papillotubular or medullary tubular carcinomas showed a favorite prognosis in comparison with other types."}
{"id": "PMID:926961", "title": "[Closure of instrumental perforation of the stenotic esophagus by means of endo-esophageal tube. On the way from solitary success to clinical principle? (author's transl)].", "content": "Instrumental perforation, consequential to esophagoscopic diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, ranges among the inherent and life threatening complications of such manoeuvres. Emergency operations in this situation are dangerous and bedeviled with a prohibitive percentage of mortality. Further spillage into the mediastinum was successfully prevented by introducing an endoesophageal tube of the Celestin-type. Antibiotic protection proved to be the only necessary additional measure.", "contents": "[Closure of instrumental perforation of the stenotic esophagus by means of endo-esophageal tube. On the way from solitary success to clinical principle? (author's transl)]. Instrumental perforation, consequential to esophagoscopic diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, ranges among the inherent and life threatening complications of such manoeuvres. Emergency operations in this situation are dangerous and bedeviled with a prohibitive percentage of mortality. Further spillage into the mediastinum was successfully prevented by introducing an endoesophageal tube of the Celestin-type. Antibiotic protection proved to be the only necessary additional measure."}
{"id": "PMID:926962", "title": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Verrucous carcinoma, because of its oftentimes unusual clinical appearance, may be misdiagnosed if there is not good communication between the surgeon and the pathologist. We have reviewed our series of 20 cases of verrucous carcinoma from 1964 through 1974 and have analyzed the results of our therapy. We have concluded that verrucous carcinoma is a slow-growing, locally invasive lesion that does not metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Radiation therapy does not seem to be an effective method of treatment; the recurrence rate is high. Conservative laryngeal surgery is the preferred method of treatment in these patients and should prevent loss of life and spare laryngeal function.", "contents": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx. Verrucous carcinoma, because of its oftentimes unusual clinical appearance, may be misdiagnosed if there is not good communication between the surgeon and the pathologist. We have reviewed our series of 20 cases of verrucous carcinoma from 1964 through 1974 and have analyzed the results of our therapy. We have concluded that verrucous carcinoma is a slow-growing, locally invasive lesion that does not metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Radiation therapy does not seem to be an effective method of treatment; the recurrence rate is high. Conservative laryngeal surgery is the preferred method of treatment in these patients and should prevent loss of life and spare laryngeal function."}
{"id": "PMID:926963", "title": "Conservation laryngeal surgery in the elderly patient.", "content": "In the 100 years since Bilroth first undertook a total laryngectomy, general improvements in the prevention and management of childhood and adult disease have led to continuing increase in life expectancy to the point that, in many developed countries, 25% or more of the population is over the age of 65. Although many of these individuals are in otherwise reasonable health, major head and neck procedures are often not performed in favor of radiation therapy for cure, even for lesions that would otherwise be considered amenable to surgery in younger patients, on the grounds that the patient is too old to tolerate the necessary procedure. The same argument has been employed in favoring total laryngectomy over subtotal procedures in the older patient. Review of the author's experience (27 cases) with conservation laryngeal surgery in patients over the age of 65 at the time treatment was undertaken reveals that such procedures are well tolerated in this age group. There were no mortalities and an overall complication rate of 11.1% resulted. These findings compare favorably with complication rates reported for similar patients and surgery in the under 65 age group and strongly suggest that chronologic age alone need not be a contraindication to such surgery.", "contents": "Conservation laryngeal surgery in the elderly patient. In the 100 years since Bilroth first undertook a total laryngectomy, general improvements in the prevention and management of childhood and adult disease have led to continuing increase in life expectancy to the point that, in many developed countries, 25% or more of the population is over the age of 65. Although many of these individuals are in otherwise reasonable health, major head and neck procedures are often not performed in favor of radiation therapy for cure, even for lesions that would otherwise be considered amenable to surgery in younger patients, on the grounds that the patient is too old to tolerate the necessary procedure. The same argument has been employed in favoring total laryngectomy over subtotal procedures in the older patient. Review of the author's experience (27 cases) with conservation laryngeal surgery in patients over the age of 65 at the time treatment was undertaken reveals that such procedures are well tolerated in this age group. There were no mortalities and an overall complication rate of 11.1% resulted. These findings compare favorably with complication rates reported for similar patients and surgery in the under 65 age group and strongly suggest that chronologic age alone need not be a contraindication to such surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:926964", "title": "Malignant melanoma of conjunctiva metastatic to parotid gland. Reports of cases and discussion of surgical management.", "content": "Invasive malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a rare neoplasm fatal in 40% of cases. Accepted techniques of surgical management include wide local excision, conjunctivectomy, and exenteration. Recently lymphatic dissections have been proposed, but not described, for invasive conjunctival melanoma. We present five cases of invasive conjunctival melanoma, including two with intraglandular parotid metastases. The surgical management of these patients is presented, and a proposal is made for radical bloc dissection of the orbital contents and regional lymphatics. The histology of conjunctival melanoma is discussed, and a classification proposed to assist the head and neck surgical team in the management of this disease.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of conjunctiva metastatic to parotid gland. Reports of cases and discussion of surgical management. Invasive malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a rare neoplasm fatal in 40% of cases. Accepted techniques of surgical management include wide local excision, conjunctivectomy, and exenteration. Recently lymphatic dissections have been proposed, but not described, for invasive conjunctival melanoma. We present five cases of invasive conjunctival melanoma, including two with intraglandular parotid metastases. The surgical management of these patients is presented, and a proposal is made for radical bloc dissection of the orbital contents and regional lymphatics. The histology of conjunctival melanoma is discussed, and a classification proposed to assist the head and neck surgical team in the management of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:926965", "title": "Audiograms derived from the brain stem response.", "content": "Nineteen normal and 22 hearing impaired subjects were used in this study. Thresholds were determined by the following methods: 1. behavioral continuous tone, 2. behavioral tone burst, and 3. the brain stem electric response (BER) with tone bursts. A comparison of the BER thresholds with the behavioral thresholds are made for each subject. The difference between these three measures of threshold suggests that audiograms can be derived from the brain stem response threshold. The derived audiogram compares favorably with conventional audiograms. However, it must be remembered that the brain stem response is not hearing.", "contents": "Audiograms derived from the brain stem response. Nineteen normal and 22 hearing impaired subjects were used in this study. Thresholds were determined by the following methods: 1. behavioral continuous tone, 2. behavioral tone burst, and 3. the brain stem electric response (BER) with tone bursts. A comparison of the BER thresholds with the behavioral thresholds are made for each subject. The difference between these three measures of threshold suggests that audiograms can be derived from the brain stem response threshold. The derived audiogram compares favorably with conventional audiograms. However, it must be remembered that the brain stem response is not hearing."}
{"id": "PMID:926966", "title": "Transnasal microsurgical correction of choanal atresia.", "content": "Experience with the transnasal microsurgical correction of bilateral congenital choanal atresia is presented. Four case reports are presented to illustrate the advantages of this surgical approach utilizing standard otosurgical instruments and supplemental fiberoptic nasopharyngeal visualization.", "contents": "Transnasal microsurgical correction of choanal atresia. Experience with the transnasal microsurgical correction of bilateral congenital choanal atresia is presented. Four case reports are presented to illustrate the advantages of this surgical approach utilizing standard otosurgical instruments and supplemental fiberoptic nasopharyngeal visualization."}
{"id": "PMID:926967", "title": "An endoscopically-introducible T-tube for tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Five cases of tracheal stenosis are presented, and aspects of etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are discussed. A new soft, flexible T-tube is described along with a method of endoscopic introduction. Although many patients with tracheal stenosis will eventually need tracheal reconstruction, stenting may be definitive in selected cases.", "contents": "An endoscopically-introducible T-tube for tracheal stenosis. Five cases of tracheal stenosis are presented, and aspects of etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are discussed. A new soft, flexible T-tube is described along with a method of endoscopic introduction. Although many patients with tracheal stenosis will eventually need tracheal reconstruction, stenting may be definitive in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:926968", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the head and neck.", "content": "Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, occasionally presenting with signs or symptoms that occur within the head and neck. The diagnosis may be made by a combination of histological evaluation of involved tissue, the presence of a relative cutaneous anergy, a positive Kveim test, and certain abnormal laboratory or radiographic findings. Although pulmonary sarcoidosis is by far the most common manifestation of the disease, an occasional patient will present with involvement of the nose, tonsils, larynx, or parotid gland. The otolaryngologist should include this entity in his differential diagnosis of lesions which occur in these areas.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the head and neck. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, occasionally presenting with signs or symptoms that occur within the head and neck. The diagnosis may be made by a combination of histological evaluation of involved tissue, the presence of a relative cutaneous anergy, a positive Kveim test, and certain abnormal laboratory or radiographic findings. Although pulmonary sarcoidosis is by far the most common manifestation of the disease, an occasional patient will present with involvement of the nose, tonsils, larynx, or parotid gland. The otolaryngologist should include this entity in his differential diagnosis of lesions which occur in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:926969", "title": "Surgical obliteration and silastic arthroplasty of the canine cricoarytenoid joint.", "content": "The effects of surgical trauma on the cricoarytenoid joint were analyzed using canine models. The cricoarytenoid joints of seven dogs were surgically disrupted. In four of the dogs an arthroplasty with silastic implantation was simultaneously performed. The histologic findings and the unsuccessful functional results are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Surgical obliteration and silastic arthroplasty of the canine cricoarytenoid joint. The effects of surgical trauma on the cricoarytenoid joint were analyzed using canine models. The cricoarytenoid joints of seven dogs were surgically disrupted. In four of the dogs an arthroplasty with silastic implantation was simultaneously performed. The histologic findings and the unsuccessful functional results are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:926970", "title": "Postinflammatory osteogenic fixation of the stapes.", "content": "Stapes fixation existing with chronic otitis media has been attributed usually to either tympanosclerosis or concomitant otosclerosis. A different type of stapes fixation has been encountered which the author has termed \"post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation.\" One thousand five hundred and two surgical procedures for chronic otitis media were reviewed with 112 rigid stapes fixations found of which 19 were classified as post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation. Surgical techniques were discussed, case histories were presented, and photomicrographs were shown illustrating two varieties of post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixations classified according to the side of the fixing lesion. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition were felt to have a direct relationship to infection and prior surgery. Post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation probably occurs more frequently than realized. Further research is needed to evaluate this type of stapes fixation.", "contents": "Postinflammatory osteogenic fixation of the stapes. Stapes fixation existing with chronic otitis media has been attributed usually to either tympanosclerosis or concomitant otosclerosis. A different type of stapes fixation has been encountered which the author has termed \"post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation.\" One thousand five hundred and two surgical procedures for chronic otitis media were reviewed with 112 rigid stapes fixations found of which 19 were classified as post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation. Surgical techniques were discussed, case histories were presented, and photomicrographs were shown illustrating two varieties of post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixations classified according to the side of the fixing lesion. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition were felt to have a direct relationship to infection and prior surgery. Post-inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation probably occurs more frequently than realized. Further research is needed to evaluate this type of stapes fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:926972", "title": "Audiological and vestibular function tests in hypothyroidism.", "content": "A battery of audiological and vestibular function tests have been performed in 72 cases of confirmed hypothyroidism. The severity of hypothyroidism was graded as mild, moderate or severe depending upon serum protein-bound iodine estimation. The incidence of hearing impairment, tinnitus and vertigo was correlated with the severity of the disease process. The site of lesion causing sensorineural hearing impairment in 25 cases was pinpointed audiologically.", "contents": "Audiological and vestibular function tests in hypothyroidism. A battery of audiological and vestibular function tests have been performed in 72 cases of confirmed hypothyroidism. The severity of hypothyroidism was graded as mild, moderate or severe depending upon serum protein-bound iodine estimation. The incidence of hearing impairment, tinnitus and vertigo was correlated with the severity of the disease process. The site of lesion causing sensorineural hearing impairment in 25 cases was pinpointed audiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:926973", "title": "Head and neck cancer developing in patients with pre-existing reticuloendothelial malignancies.", "content": "Second primary tumors develop in up to 20% of patients with reticuloendothelial malignancies (REM). At the M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1944 and 1975, there were 29 patients with pre-existing reticuloendothelial malignancies who developed second primary tumors of the head and neck. The presence of pre-existing REM complicated staging of the head and neck lesion in 14 of 29 cases (48%). In patients with clinically palpable nodes the status of involvement was correctly assessed in only 4 of 14 instances (28%). Though only 3 of 29 patients (10%) survived for 5 or more years, the average survival from diagnosis of head and neck cancer to last follow-up or death was 31 months. Patients with REM in conjunction with head and neck melanoma or with squamous carcinoma of the facial skin or lip had an average survival of 20.7, 40.3, and 51.3 months respectively. Patients with REM in conjunction with second primaries involving the oral cavity, nasal, or oral pharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx did poorly with an average survival of only 8.5 months.", "contents": "Head and neck cancer developing in patients with pre-existing reticuloendothelial malignancies. Second primary tumors develop in up to 20% of patients with reticuloendothelial malignancies (REM). At the M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1944 and 1975, there were 29 patients with pre-existing reticuloendothelial malignancies who developed second primary tumors of the head and neck. The presence of pre-existing REM complicated staging of the head and neck lesion in 14 of 29 cases (48%). In patients with clinically palpable nodes the status of involvement was correctly assessed in only 4 of 14 instances (28%). Though only 3 of 29 patients (10%) survived for 5 or more years, the average survival from diagnosis of head and neck cancer to last follow-up or death was 31 months. Patients with REM in conjunction with head and neck melanoma or with squamous carcinoma of the facial skin or lip had an average survival of 20.7, 40.3, and 51.3 months respectively. Patients with REM in conjunction with second primaries involving the oral cavity, nasal, or oral pharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx did poorly with an average survival of only 8.5 months."}
{"id": "PMID:926974", "title": "Glomus intravagale.", "content": "Glomus intravagale (paraganglioma of the nodose ganglion and/or vagus nerve) is an unusual tumor. There are approximately 45 cases reported in the literature; the authors report four more cases. This tumor may ba associated with other paragangliomas of the head and neck, such as carotid body tumors, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes, although the histology always appears benign.", "contents": "Glomus intravagale. Glomus intravagale (paraganglioma of the nodose ganglion and/or vagus nerve) is an unusual tumor. There are approximately 45 cases reported in the literature; the authors report four more cases. This tumor may ba associated with other paragangliomas of the head and neck, such as carotid body tumors, and may metastasize to regional lymph nodes, although the histology always appears benign."}
{"id": "PMID:926975", "title": "Facial plexiform neurofibroma.", "content": "Facial plexiform neurofibroma is a relatively rare manifestation of Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Two patients with extensive facial tumor involvement are presented, each having undergone wide local resection after multiple previous local excisions had failed to control the tumor and its locally deforming and destructive effects. A discussion of the problem, its etiology, pathogenesis, natural history, prognosis and suggested treatment is presented.", "contents": "Facial plexiform neurofibroma. Facial plexiform neurofibroma is a relatively rare manifestation of Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Two patients with extensive facial tumor involvement are presented, each having undergone wide local resection after multiple previous local excisions had failed to control the tumor and its locally deforming and destructive effects. A discussion of the problem, its etiology, pathogenesis, natural history, prognosis and suggested treatment is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:926976", "title": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Parotid duct transfer in xerophthalmia.", "content": "Xerophthalmia, or dry eye, is an old human affliction. Among the many causes are trachoma, surgical or traumatic destruction of the lacrimal gland, and paralysis of the greater superficial petrosal nerve after Bell's palsy or from the presence or removal of an intracranial posterior fossa tumor. The technique of parotid duct transfer is a well established effective means to rehabilitate the dry eye. A method of parotid duct transfer is described.", "contents": "\"Practical suggestions on facial plastic surgery--how I do it\". Parotid duct transfer in xerophthalmia. Xerophthalmia, or dry eye, is an old human affliction. Among the many causes are trachoma, surgical or traumatic destruction of the lacrimal gland, and paralysis of the greater superficial petrosal nerve after Bell's palsy or from the presence or removal of an intracranial posterior fossa tumor. The technique of parotid duct transfer is a well established effective means to rehabilitate the dry eye. A method of parotid duct transfer is described."}
{"id": "PMID:926977", "title": "[Prevision of the hazard of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A nomogram for calculating blood HbCO on the basis of the carbon monoxide concentration in air, the length of exposure and the lung ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "The kinetics of carbon monoxide absorption was studied by the authors. An equation is proposed which enables to define the percentage of blood HbCO on the basis of the CO concentration in the air, the length of exposure, and the lung ventilation. The results proved to be satisfactory and were found to be comparable to the experimental data reported in the literature. A set of nomograms is reported which enables to define the blood HbCO saturation on the basis of the parameters which it depends on, therefore appearing to be very profitable to the physician in order to foresee and then prevent the hazard of acute carbon monoxide poisoning.", "contents": "[Prevision of the hazard of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A nomogram for calculating blood HbCO on the basis of the carbon monoxide concentration in air, the length of exposure and the lung ventilation (author's transl)]. The kinetics of carbon monoxide absorption was studied by the authors. An equation is proposed which enables to define the percentage of blood HbCO on the basis of the CO concentration in the air, the length of exposure, and the lung ventilation. The results proved to be satisfactory and were found to be comparable to the experimental data reported in the literature. A set of nomograms is reported which enables to define the blood HbCO saturation on the basis of the parameters which it depends on, therefore appearing to be very profitable to the physician in order to foresee and then prevent the hazard of acute carbon monoxide poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:926978", "title": "[Chromium exposure biological indices and clinical findings in chromium plating industry (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the investigations carried out on workers of two chromium plating plants, the authors believe that chromium urinary excretion allows to determine the degree of its acute absorption. Moreover, the renal clearance of diffusible chromium allows the evaluation of chromium body burden and is related to the duration as well as to the severity of exposure. This interpretation is supported by the relation between the exposure biological indexes and the clinical and instrumental investigations which make possible the evaluation of lesions caused by chromium exposure, mostly concerning the respiratory system.", "contents": "[Chromium exposure biological indices and clinical findings in chromium plating industry (author's transl)]. According to the investigations carried out on workers of two chromium plating plants, the authors believe that chromium urinary excretion allows to determine the degree of its acute absorption. Moreover, the renal clearance of diffusible chromium allows the evaluation of chromium body burden and is related to the duration as well as to the severity of exposure. This interpretation is supported by the relation between the exposure biological indexes and the clinical and instrumental investigations which make possible the evaluation of lesions caused by chromium exposure, mostly concerning the respiratory system."}
{"id": "PMID:926979", "title": "[Bed rest, diet and working capability in liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "General views concerning bed rest, diet and working capability in liver disease have changed during the last years. Rigorous bed rest in acute viral hepatitis is necessary only for short periods of time; it is necessary in chronic liver disease only in rare cases and during the terminal stage, respectively. A liver diet does not exist. Normal palatable nutrition is completely adequate in liver disease. Restriction of protein and sodium chloride intake is indicated only in cases with incumbent coma or with ascites. Patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis are incapable of working; however, they can go back to work a few weeks after the acute stage. Estimation of disability to work in patients with chronic liver disease may be difficult; no general rules can be given; in chronic active hepatitis disability is proportional to the activity of the disease and may range from 20-100%. Fatty liver without inflammatory changes does not influence working capability.", "contents": "[Bed rest, diet and working capability in liver disease (author's transl)]. General views concerning bed rest, diet and working capability in liver disease have changed during the last years. Rigorous bed rest in acute viral hepatitis is necessary only for short periods of time; it is necessary in chronic liver disease only in rare cases and during the terminal stage, respectively. A liver diet does not exist. Normal palatable nutrition is completely adequate in liver disease. Restriction of protein and sodium chloride intake is indicated only in cases with incumbent coma or with ascites. Patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis are incapable of working; however, they can go back to work a few weeks after the acute stage. Estimation of disability to work in patients with chronic liver disease may be difficult; no general rules can be given; in chronic active hepatitis disability is proportional to the activity of the disease and may range from 20-100%. Fatty liver without inflammatory changes does not influence working capability."}
{"id": "PMID:926980", "title": "[Is there a therapeutic effect of cures undergone by patients with chronic liver disease? (authors transl)].", "content": "\"Cures\" embrace by definition a broad spectrum starting from taking waters in health resorts to hospital treatment in modern rehabilitation centers. The effectiveness of traditional cure procedures is discussed. Effectiveness of drinking cures, baths and mud packs in liver disease has not yet been proven. Controlled trials are necessary. Clinical treatment is indicated in alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis with a protracted course, chronic aggressive hepatitis and compensated cirrhosis of the liver; such treatment, however, is questionable in fatty liver and in chronic persistent hepatitis. Data concerning the effectiveness of treatment of chronic liver diseases are given. The following conclusions are drawn: patients with liver disease ought to be hospitalized when undergoing cures, indications have to be precised, collaboration of patients has to be stimulated, hospital discipline has to be tight, therapy of alcoholism has to include several psychosocial aspects, treatment after leaving hospital has to be improved.", "contents": "[Is there a therapeutic effect of cures undergone by patients with chronic liver disease? (authors transl)]. \"Cures\" embrace by definition a broad spectrum starting from taking waters in health resorts to hospital treatment in modern rehabilitation centers. The effectiveness of traditional cure procedures is discussed. Effectiveness of drinking cures, baths and mud packs in liver disease has not yet been proven. Controlled trials are necessary. Clinical treatment is indicated in alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis with a protracted course, chronic aggressive hepatitis and compensated cirrhosis of the liver; such treatment, however, is questionable in fatty liver and in chronic persistent hepatitis. Data concerning the effectiveness of treatment of chronic liver diseases are given. The following conclusions are drawn: patients with liver disease ought to be hospitalized when undergoing cures, indications have to be precised, collaboration of patients has to be stimulated, hospital discipline has to be tight, therapy of alcoholism has to include several psychosocial aspects, treatment after leaving hospital has to be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:926981", "title": "[Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapy of chronic hepatitis as practized today is discussed, including general therapeutic procedures, the so-called \"liver-protective substances\", and drug therapy of chronic aggressive hepatitis and of liver cirrhosis. A causal treatment of chronic hepatitis is unknown; prognosis however can be improved by treatment with glucocorticoids as demonstrated by controlled clinical trials. A combination with azathioprin does have similarly good results with a decreased frequency of the unwanted side effects of the 2 drugs. The effects of other immunosuppressive drugs and of D-penicillamin cannot yet be evaluated sufficiently at present.", "contents": "[Therapy of chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. Therapy of chronic hepatitis as practized today is discussed, including general therapeutic procedures, the so-called \"liver-protective substances\", and drug therapy of chronic aggressive hepatitis and of liver cirrhosis. A causal treatment of chronic hepatitis is unknown; prognosis however can be improved by treatment with glucocorticoids as demonstrated by controlled clinical trials. A combination with azathioprin does have similarly good results with a decreased frequency of the unwanted side effects of the 2 drugs. The effects of other immunosuppressive drugs and of D-penicillamin cannot yet be evaluated sufficiently at present."}
{"id": "PMID:926982", "title": "[Results of two double-blind studies on the effect of silymarine in chronic hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In two double-blind studies with 24 and 12 patients, respectively, the effect of silymarine on chronic hepatitis was studied. The treatment lasted three months to one year. In the laboratory tests investigated no remarkable difference between silymarine and placebo therapy was seen. Some histological changes, however, were improved under silymarine, one of them significantly. A control of these findings will be necessary. The question arises if silymarine occupies receptors on the liver cell membrane and therefore causes a partial blocking of immunologic reactions. The difficulties of prospective studies in chronic liver disease are emphasized.", "contents": "[Results of two double-blind studies on the effect of silymarine in chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]. In two double-blind studies with 24 and 12 patients, respectively, the effect of silymarine on chronic hepatitis was studied. The treatment lasted three months to one year. In the laboratory tests investigated no remarkable difference between silymarine and placebo therapy was seen. Some histological changes, however, were improved under silymarine, one of them significantly. A control of these findings will be necessary. The question arises if silymarine occupies receptors on the liver cell membrane and therefore causes a partial blocking of immunologic reactions. The difficulties of prospective studies in chronic liver disease are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:926983", "title": "[Cholelithiasis--indications for cholecystectomy, papillotomy and gallstone dissolution (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients under 50 years without risk factors carrying gallstones should be operated upon for the following reasons: (1) These patients will have complications in up to 40% of cases with increasing age; (2) only 18% of patients are without complaints after a duration of this disease of twenty years; (3) mortality of surgery is 1,06% in patients with no other risk factors. Patients at risk for other reasons, with a functional gallbladder and carrying calcium-free stones should be treated with chenodesoxycholic acid. Patients at risk for other reasons carrying residual stones after cholecystectomy, or suffering from stenosis of the papilla, or harboring stones in the choledochus after choledochoduodenostomy should be subjected to endoscopic papillotomy. Patients at risk for other reasons suffering from cholecystolithiasis or choledocholithiasis should be subjected at first to endoscopic papillotomy, and only thereafter to cholecystectomy. This will decrease the risk of surgery.", "contents": "[Cholelithiasis--indications for cholecystectomy, papillotomy and gallstone dissolution (author's transl)]. Patients under 50 years without risk factors carrying gallstones should be operated upon for the following reasons: (1) These patients will have complications in up to 40% of cases with increasing age; (2) only 18% of patients are without complaints after a duration of this disease of twenty years; (3) mortality of surgery is 1,06% in patients with no other risk factors. Patients at risk for other reasons, with a functional gallbladder and carrying calcium-free stones should be treated with chenodesoxycholic acid. Patients at risk for other reasons carrying residual stones after cholecystectomy, or suffering from stenosis of the papilla, or harboring stones in the choledochus after choledochoduodenostomy should be subjected to endoscopic papillotomy. Patients at risk for other reasons suffering from cholecystolithiasis or choledocholithiasis should be subjected at first to endoscopic papillotomy, and only thereafter to cholecystectomy. This will decrease the risk of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:926984", "title": "[Measurement of fecal chymotrypsin. Clinical and methodological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Fecal chymotrypsin activity was measured in 128 samples from 93 persons; the titrimetric procedure (Haverback) was used. Distribution of values in 67 normal persons was slanted positively and was approximatively logarithmical. The lower limit of normal was 120 microgram/g stool. Falsely normal results were obtained in 23% of 45 stool samples from 26 patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Falsely pathological results were found in 3,6% of cases. When chymotrypsin was measured photometrically (Imondi) and when the normal limit was assumed to be 50 microgram/g stool according to the literature, a diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency was confirmed only in 30% of all patients, and 44% of the results were falsely pathological. Chymotrypsin was measured with both methods in 66 samples; correlation of results was unsatisfactory and definitely lower results were obtained with the photometrical procedure. No correlation could be found as well when chymotrypsin activities were measured in stool homogenates on the one hand, and in the supernatant of stools after centrifugation on the other hand, by the titrimetrical or by the photometrical method. Results obtained titrimetrically as well as photometrically after activation of chymotrypsin in pancreatic juice correlated well; the same was true for 2 photometric procedures tested (Imondi, Nagel). Stimulation of the exocrine pancreas with one Lundh meal did not result in any significant increase of fecal chymotrypsin activity in 12 persons tested.", "contents": "[Measurement of fecal chymotrypsin. Clinical and methodological aspects (author's transl)]. Fecal chymotrypsin activity was measured in 128 samples from 93 persons; the titrimetric procedure (Haverback) was used. Distribution of values in 67 normal persons was slanted positively and was approximatively logarithmical. The lower limit of normal was 120 microgram/g stool. Falsely normal results were obtained in 23% of 45 stool samples from 26 patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Falsely pathological results were found in 3,6% of cases. When chymotrypsin was measured photometrically (Imondi) and when the normal limit was assumed to be 50 microgram/g stool according to the literature, a diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency was confirmed only in 30% of all patients, and 44% of the results were falsely pathological. Chymotrypsin was measured with both methods in 66 samples; correlation of results was unsatisfactory and definitely lower results were obtained with the photometrical procedure. No correlation could be found as well when chymotrypsin activities were measured in stool homogenates on the one hand, and in the supernatant of stools after centrifugation on the other hand, by the titrimetrical or by the photometrical method. Results obtained titrimetrically as well as photometrically after activation of chymotrypsin in pancreatic juice correlated well; the same was true for 2 photometric procedures tested (Imondi, Nagel). Stimulation of the exocrine pancreas with one Lundh meal did not result in any significant increase of fecal chymotrypsin activity in 12 persons tested."}
{"id": "PMID:926985", "title": "[Ultrasonic examination of localized pancreatic lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of ultrasound examination of pancreatic lesions using real-time and compound scanning complementarily is described. Cases with localized lesions, e.g. pseudocysts, carcinoma, insulinoma and circumscribed inflammatory processes are demonstrated. A lesion not reflecting ultrasound in A and B mode is suggestive of a pseudocyst. Localized lesions reflecting ultrasonic waves cannot be differentiated; cytological or histological examinations have to be done in these cases.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic examination of localized pancreatic lesions (author's transl)]. The technique of ultrasound examination of pancreatic lesions using real-time and compound scanning complementarily is described. Cases with localized lesions, e.g. pseudocysts, carcinoma, insulinoma and circumscribed inflammatory processes are demonstrated. A lesion not reflecting ultrasound in A and B mode is suggestive of a pseudocyst. Localized lesions reflecting ultrasonic waves cannot be differentiated; cytological or histological examinations have to be done in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:927040", "title": "Effects of ethionine and phenobarbital on the phosphatidylcholines of rat liver.", "content": "The diglyceride species of phosphatidylcholines from livers of male rats after treatment of the animals with ethionine (1 mg/g divided among 4 doses 2 hr apart), phenobarbital (80 mg/kg each day for 3 days), or a combination of the two drugs were determined using gas chromatography. Ethionine treatment greatly elevated the diene species (significant at the 0.005 level for 34:2 and 0.001 level for 36:2). Phenobarbital treatment had no significant effect on the quantity of 34:2 but slightly increased that of 36:2 (significant at the 0.05 level). Both drugs caused relative decreases in the quantities of 38:4 (significant at the 0.001 level for ethionine and at the 0.01 level for phenobarbital). Ethionine decreased the content of 36:4 (significant at the 0.01 level) while phenobarbital treatment did not produce a significant effect on this fraction. Thus, while ethionine produced marked effects on the quantities of the various molecular species, the effects of phenobarbital were less dramatic. Combined treatment with both drugs generally produced levels of species similar to those produced by ethionine alone.", "contents": "Effects of ethionine and phenobarbital on the phosphatidylcholines of rat liver. The diglyceride species of phosphatidylcholines from livers of male rats after treatment of the animals with ethionine (1 mg/g divided among 4 doses 2 hr apart), phenobarbital (80 mg/kg each day for 3 days), or a combination of the two drugs were determined using gas chromatography. Ethionine treatment greatly elevated the diene species (significant at the 0.005 level for 34:2 and 0.001 level for 36:2). Phenobarbital treatment had no significant effect on the quantity of 34:2 but slightly increased that of 36:2 (significant at the 0.05 level). Both drugs caused relative decreases in the quantities of 38:4 (significant at the 0.001 level for ethionine and at the 0.01 level for phenobarbital). Ethionine decreased the content of 36:4 (significant at the 0.01 level) while phenobarbital treatment did not produce a significant effect on this fraction. Thus, while ethionine produced marked effects on the quantities of the various molecular species, the effects of phenobarbital were less dramatic. Combined treatment with both drugs generally produced levels of species similar to those produced by ethionine alone."}
{"id": "PMID:927041", "title": "Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides.", "content": "Hydrocarbon gases have been used previously as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments are reported on the formation of hydrocarbon gases from peroxidizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Hydrocarbon gases were not released during a 20-hr peroxidation phase but were released following the decomposition of hydroperoxides by addition of excess ascorbic acid. The major hydrocarbon gas products in iron, copper, or hematin catalyzed peroxidation systems were ethane or ethylene from linolenic acid, and pentane from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Calculations of the ratios of hydrocarbon gases formed were based on fatty acid decrease and/or change in diene conjugation and peroxide values. Depending on the fatty acid, catalyst, and calculation basis used, pentane formation was as high as 1.3 mol %, ethane 4.3 mol %, and ethylene 10.6 mol %.", "contents": "Hydrocarbon gases produced during in vitro peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and decomposition of preformed hydroperoxides. Hydrocarbon gases have been used previously as an index of lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro. In vitro experiments are reported on the formation of hydrocarbon gases from peroxidizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Hydrocarbon gases were not released during a 20-hr peroxidation phase but were released following the decomposition of hydroperoxides by addition of excess ascorbic acid. The major hydrocarbon gas products in iron, copper, or hematin catalyzed peroxidation systems were ethane or ethylene from linolenic acid, and pentane from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Calculations of the ratios of hydrocarbon gases formed were based on fatty acid decrease and/or change in diene conjugation and peroxide values. Depending on the fatty acid, catalyst, and calculation basis used, pentane formation was as high as 1.3 mol %, ethane 4.3 mol %, and ethylene 10.6 mol %."}
{"id": "PMID:927042", "title": "Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: I. Methyl oleate.", "content": "A structural investigation of autoxidation products of methyl oleate was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. GC-MS using computer plots of selected masses afforded structural assignments of GC peaks due to incompletely resolved mixtures. This method provided evidence of epoxy and keto esters which are not completely separated from the main components consisting of the TMS derivatives of the allylic hydroxy esters. Use of an MS-computer system also showed that the hydroxyoctadecanoate TMS ethers were partially separated by GC. The use of synthetic hydroxyoctadecanoates for the first time enabled us to demonstrate the quantitative reliability of a GC-MS computer summation approach to analyze the isomeric composition of oleate hydroperoxides (as the saturated TMS ether derivatives). Consistently higher concentrations were found of the 8- and 11-hydroperoxides than of the 9- and 10-hydroperoxides. Minor products of autoxidation identified by GC-MS include allylic enones, isomeric epoxyoctadecanoates, dihydroxyoctadecenoates, and dihydroxyoctadecanoates.", "contents": "Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: I. Methyl oleate. A structural investigation of autoxidation products of methyl oleate was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. GC-MS using computer plots of selected masses afforded structural assignments of GC peaks due to incompletely resolved mixtures. This method provided evidence of epoxy and keto esters which are not completely separated from the main components consisting of the TMS derivatives of the allylic hydroxy esters. Use of an MS-computer system also showed that the hydroxyoctadecanoate TMS ethers were partially separated by GC. The use of synthetic hydroxyoctadecanoates for the first time enabled us to demonstrate the quantitative reliability of a GC-MS computer summation approach to analyze the isomeric composition of oleate hydroperoxides (as the saturated TMS ether derivatives). Consistently higher concentrations were found of the 8- and 11-hydroperoxides than of the 9- and 10-hydroperoxides. Minor products of autoxidation identified by GC-MS include allylic enones, isomeric epoxyoctadecanoates, dihydroxyoctadecenoates, and dihydroxyoctadecanoates."}
{"id": "PMID:927038", "title": "Triterpenes from the button cactus, Epithelantha micromeris.", "content": "Ethanolic extracts of the title plant were toxic to mice. Acid hydrolysis of the toxic extracts permitted the isolation of six crystalline compounds. The known triterpenes oleanolic acid and methyl machaerinate and the common plant sterol, beta-sitosterol, were identified. The structures of two other isolated compounds, named epithelanthic acid and methyl epithelanthate, were postulated to be new delta9(11)-12-oxooleanenes, and another trace compound was incompletely categorized as a triterpene lactone.", "contents": "Triterpenes from the button cactus, Epithelantha micromeris. Ethanolic extracts of the title plant were toxic to mice. Acid hydrolysis of the toxic extracts permitted the isolation of six crystalline compounds. The known triterpenes oleanolic acid and methyl machaerinate and the common plant sterol, beta-sitosterol, were identified. The structures of two other isolated compounds, named epithelanthic acid and methyl epithelanthate, were postulated to be new delta9(11)-12-oxooleanenes, and another trace compound was incompletely categorized as a triterpene lactone."}
{"id": "PMID:927043", "title": "Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: II. Methyl linoleate.", "content": "The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach developed in the preceding paper was applied for qualitative and quantitative investigations of autoxidation products of methyl linoleate. A GC-MS computer summation method was standardized with synthetic 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecanoate. Equal amounts of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides were found in all samples of linoleate autoxidized at different temperatures and peroxide levels. The results are consistent with the classical free radical mechanism of autoxidation involving a pentadiene intermediate having equivalent sites for oxygen attack at carbon-9 and carbon-13. Minor oxygenated products of autoxidation indicated by GC-MS include keto dienes, epoxyhydroxymonoenes, di- and tri-hydroxy monoenes. These hydroxy compounds are presumed to be present in the form of hydroperoxides. The quantitative GC-MS method was found suitable for the analysis of autoxidized mixtures of oleate and linoleate. By this method, it is possible to determine the origin of the hydroperoxides formed in mixtures of these fatty esters.", "contents": "Analysis of autoxidized fats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: II. Methyl linoleate. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach developed in the preceding paper was applied for qualitative and quantitative investigations of autoxidation products of methyl linoleate. A GC-MS computer summation method was standardized with synthetic 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecanoate. Equal amounts of 9- and 13-hydroperoxides were found in all samples of linoleate autoxidized at different temperatures and peroxide levels. The results are consistent with the classical free radical mechanism of autoxidation involving a pentadiene intermediate having equivalent sites for oxygen attack at carbon-9 and carbon-13. Minor oxygenated products of autoxidation indicated by GC-MS include keto dienes, epoxyhydroxymonoenes, di- and tri-hydroxy monoenes. These hydroxy compounds are presumed to be present in the form of hydroperoxides. The quantitative GC-MS method was found suitable for the analysis of autoxidized mixtures of oleate and linoleate. By this method, it is possible to determine the origin of the hydroperoxides formed in mixtures of these fatty esters."}
{"id": "PMID:927044", "title": "Determination of lipid conjugated dienes with tetracyanoethylene-14C: significance for study of the pathology of lipid peroxidation.", "content": "A method for quantitative analysis of conjugated diene unsaturation has been developed utilizing tetracyanoethylene-14C (TCNE-14C) in a Diels-Alder condensation. The amount of C14 found in the Diels-Alder adduct has been shown to be a measure of conjugated diene content. The method has proven successful in analysis of a variety of triglycerides, phospholipids, and peroxidized tissue lipids. In the course of this work, a method for removing the fatty acid substituents from phospholipids using lithium aluminum hydride was developed. TCNE-14C analysis for conjugated dienes in rat liver microsomal lipids after dosing with CCl4 or BrCCl3 has provided conclusive evidence that the increase in ultraviolet absorption at 233 nm of these lipids is due to conjugated dienes.", "contents": "Determination of lipid conjugated dienes with tetracyanoethylene-14C: significance for study of the pathology of lipid peroxidation. A method for quantitative analysis of conjugated diene unsaturation has been developed utilizing tetracyanoethylene-14C (TCNE-14C) in a Diels-Alder condensation. The amount of C14 found in the Diels-Alder adduct has been shown to be a measure of conjugated diene content. The method has proven successful in analysis of a variety of triglycerides, phospholipids, and peroxidized tissue lipids. In the course of this work, a method for removing the fatty acid substituents from phospholipids using lithium aluminum hydride was developed. TCNE-14C analysis for conjugated dienes in rat liver microsomal lipids after dosing with CCl4 or BrCCl3 has provided conclusive evidence that the increase in ultraviolet absorption at 233 nm of these lipids is due to conjugated dienes."}
{"id": "PMID:927039", "title": "Structure elucidation of norlaureline and puterine, new noraporphine alkaloids from Guatteria elata.", "content": "The structures of norlaureline (1) and puterine (4), new noraporphine alkaloids isolated from Guatteria elata (Annonaceae), were established by interpretation of the optical rotation, uv, ir, pmr, and mass spectral data of their N-acetyl derivatives. Proposed structures were confirmed by transformation of 1 and 4 to laureline (3) and pukateine methyl ether (6), respectively.", "contents": "Structure elucidation of norlaureline and puterine, new noraporphine alkaloids from Guatteria elata. The structures of norlaureline (1) and puterine (4), new noraporphine alkaloids isolated from Guatteria elata (Annonaceae), were established by interpretation of the optical rotation, uv, ir, pmr, and mass spectral data of their N-acetyl derivatives. Proposed structures were confirmed by transformation of 1 and 4 to laureline (3) and pukateine methyl ether (6), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:927046", "title": "Substrate metabolism in the perfused lung: response to changes in circulating glucose and palmitate levels.", "content": "The effects of circulating levels of glucose and palmitate in the isolated perfused rat lung were investigated. Rat lungs were perfused for 1.5 hr with washed bovine erythrocytes (15% hematocrit) in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 5 g% bovine serum albumin. Glucose uptake in the perfused lung varied directly with circulating glucose concentration. Lactate production was affected proportionately more by high glucose levels than by low concentrations. Pyruvate production was decreased by both low glucose and palmitate concentration in the circulating medium. Oxidation of glucose to CO2 was depressed by low glucose and by high palmitate concentrations. Glucose incorporation into lung lipids was more strongly influenced by glucose concentration than by circulating palmitate levels. These data indicate acute changes in circulating levels of glucose and palmitate alone can act to either inhibit or stimulate glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and lipid synthesis in the perfused lung.", "contents": "Substrate metabolism in the perfused lung: response to changes in circulating glucose and palmitate levels. The effects of circulating levels of glucose and palmitate in the isolated perfused rat lung were investigated. Rat lungs were perfused for 1.5 hr with washed bovine erythrocytes (15% hematocrit) in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 5 g% bovine serum albumin. Glucose uptake in the perfused lung varied directly with circulating glucose concentration. Lactate production was affected proportionately more by high glucose levels than by low concentrations. Pyruvate production was decreased by both low glucose and palmitate concentration in the circulating medium. Oxidation of glucose to CO2 was depressed by low glucose and by high palmitate concentrations. Glucose incorporation into lung lipids was more strongly influenced by glucose concentration than by circulating palmitate levels. These data indicate acute changes in circulating levels of glucose and palmitate alone can act to either inhibit or stimulate glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and lipid synthesis in the perfused lung."}
{"id": "PMID:927050", "title": "Influence of trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid on the thin layer chromatographic mobility of gangliosides.", "content": "Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation has been used as a faster procedure than dialysis for the isolation of gangliosides, but the TCA-PTA treatment causes striking abnormalities in the thin layer chromatographic mobilities of the gangliosides. However, a normal chromatographic pattern can be restored by treating the precipitated gangliosides with the tetrasodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid followed by dialysis. Hence, TCA-PTA treatment does not appear to cause artifacts or hydrolysis of the gangliosides.", "contents": "Influence of trichloroacetic acid-phosphotungstic acid on the thin layer chromatographic mobility of gangliosides. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation has been used as a faster procedure than dialysis for the isolation of gangliosides, but the TCA-PTA treatment causes striking abnormalities in the thin layer chromatographic mobilities of the gangliosides. However, a normal chromatographic pattern can be restored by treating the precipitated gangliosides with the tetrasodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid followed by dialysis. Hence, TCA-PTA treatment does not appear to cause artifacts or hydrolysis of the gangliosides."}
{"id": "PMID:927165", "title": "Effect of increased serum urate levels on virgin rats with no arteriosclerosis versus breeder rats with preexistent arteriosclerosis.", "content": "Healthy virgin and breeder rats (Sprague-Dawley) with naturally occurring hypertension and arteriosclerosis were fed 5% oxonic acid and 1% uric acid added to their regular diet for 30 days. Although rats are able to convert uric acid into excretable allantoin, abnormal urinary and serum urate levels appeared. Males and females, virgins and breeders, differed in the severity of their increased urate levels. Animals with elevated urate levels developed hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, with only slight changes in cholesterol and free fatty acids. The kidneys were greatly enlarged and manifested medullary streaking indicative of urate deposits but were free of significant damage; BUN levels in these animals were abnormally high. Adrenal glands were reduced in size and depleted of lipid, circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal, and thymi were involuted. Serum enzymes CPK and LDH were greatly increased, whereas SGOT and SGPT levels were not elevated. The abnormal urate levels did not induce de novo arterial disease in the formerly healthy virgin rats and did not cause exacerbation of the pre-existing, naturally occurring arteriosclerosis characteristic of repeatedly bred rats. It is suggested that Sprague-Dawley rats are endowed with an especially efficient hepatic and renal capacity to metabolize uric acid. Increased urate levels in rats may have some direct metabolic relationship to the production of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "Effect of increased serum urate levels on virgin rats with no arteriosclerosis versus breeder rats with preexistent arteriosclerosis. Healthy virgin and breeder rats (Sprague-Dawley) with naturally occurring hypertension and arteriosclerosis were fed 5% oxonic acid and 1% uric acid added to their regular diet for 30 days. Although rats are able to convert uric acid into excretable allantoin, abnormal urinary and serum urate levels appeared. Males and females, virgins and breeders, differed in the severity of their increased urate levels. Animals with elevated urate levels developed hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, with only slight changes in cholesterol and free fatty acids. The kidneys were greatly enlarged and manifested medullary streaking indicative of urate deposits but were free of significant damage; BUN levels in these animals were abnormally high. Adrenal glands were reduced in size and depleted of lipid, circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal, and thymi were involuted. Serum enzymes CPK and LDH were greatly increased, whereas SGOT and SGPT levels were not elevated. The abnormal urate levels did not induce de novo arterial disease in the formerly healthy virgin rats and did not cause exacerbation of the pre-existing, naturally occurring arteriosclerosis characteristic of repeatedly bred rats. It is suggested that Sprague-Dawley rats are endowed with an especially efficient hepatic and renal capacity to metabolize uric acid. Increased urate levels in rats may have some direct metabolic relationship to the production of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia."}
{"id": "PMID:927211", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "This review evaluates the electron microscopical imaging techniques used today. Reviewed are transmission method, indirect imaging of surfaces by replica and surface decoration, and direct imaging of surfaces by means of scanning, emission, and mirror electron microscopy. For each method the respective limit of resolution and the possibilities of application are described. Especially, the methods of high-resolution and of high-voltage electron microscopical techniques will be pointed out as being actual means of investigation stressing electron microscopy up to the limits given by physics and technique.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of electron microscopy (author's transl)]. This review evaluates the electron microscopical imaging techniques used today. Reviewed are transmission method, indirect imaging of surfaces by replica and surface decoration, and direct imaging of surfaces by means of scanning, emission, and mirror electron microscopy. For each method the respective limit of resolution and the possibilities of application are described. Especially, the methods of high-resolution and of high-voltage electron microscopical techniques will be pointed out as being actual means of investigation stressing electron microscopy up to the limits given by physics and technique."}
{"id": "PMID:927212", "title": "[Step height measurement in the micrometer range by two-ray interferometry with adjustable light wavelength (author's transl)].", "content": "The interferometric measurement of abrupt surface steps in the micrometer range requires additional means to give unique results. It will be shown, that advantageous interpretation of the interferometric fringes are possible by combining a two-ray interferometer with a monochromator.", "contents": "[Step height measurement in the micrometer range by two-ray interferometry with adjustable light wavelength (author's transl)]. The interferometric measurement of abrupt surface steps in the micrometer range requires additional means to give unique results. It will be shown, that advantageous interpretation of the interferometric fringes are possible by combining a two-ray interferometer with a monochromator."}
{"id": "PMID:927213", "title": "Practical aspects of quantitative microphotometer system.", "content": "The parameters, characteristics and modifications of standard equipment, also operational methods, are discussed in the context of reading errors. The principal errors are identified: photocell and lamp filament temperatures--internally scattered light--sample position and orientation. The application of the instrument to a specific problem (corrosion of dental amalgam) is illustrated.", "contents": "Practical aspects of quantitative microphotometer system. The parameters, characteristics and modifications of standard equipment, also operational methods, are discussed in the context of reading errors. The principal errors are identified: photocell and lamp filament temperatures--internally scattered light--sample position and orientation. The application of the instrument to a specific problem (corrosion of dental amalgam) is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:927223", "title": "Gelation of Limulus lysate by synthetic dextran derivatives.", "content": "The Limulus test has been considered specific for the presence of bacterial endotoxins. To synthesize a simple model of endotoxin, palmitoyldextran phosphate was prepared by modification of dextran by palmitoylation and phosphorylation. The present studies indicated that a variety of polysaccharide derivatives, such as palmitoyldextran phosphate, palmitoyldextran, and dextran phosphate, give a positive Limulus test and show pyrogenic activity, except for low molecular dextran derivatives. On the other hand, polysaccharides, such as dextran, starch (soluble-, chitosan, xylan, and lentinan, were negative in these assays. The gelation reaction of Limulus lysate by modified dextran derivatives may depend on the molecular weight or modification of polysaccharides by palmitoylation and/or phosphorylation to a great extent.", "contents": "Gelation of Limulus lysate by synthetic dextran derivatives. The Limulus test has been considered specific for the presence of bacterial endotoxins. To synthesize a simple model of endotoxin, palmitoyldextran phosphate was prepared by modification of dextran by palmitoylation and phosphorylation. The present studies indicated that a variety of polysaccharide derivatives, such as palmitoyldextran phosphate, palmitoyldextran, and dextran phosphate, give a positive Limulus test and show pyrogenic activity, except for low molecular dextran derivatives. On the other hand, polysaccharides, such as dextran, starch (soluble-, chitosan, xylan, and lentinan, were negative in these assays. The gelation reaction of Limulus lysate by modified dextran derivatives may depend on the molecular weight or modification of polysaccharides by palmitoylation and/or phosphorylation to a great extent."}
{"id": "PMID:927224", "title": "Immunochemical isolation of gamma-globulin mRNA and estimation of immunoglobulin gene reiteration.", "content": "The polyribosomes synthesizing gamma-globulin have been isolated by the achievement of specific precipitation using bentonite-treated anti-IgG antibody. The RNA extracted from the immunochemically precipitated polysomes was tested for its ability to direct the synthesis of proteins in a cell-free system. The specific gamma-globulin-synthesizing activity (cpm of gamma-globulin synthesized/microgram RNA) of this RNA was 10-fold greater than that from total polysomes. gamma-globulin mRNA (messenger RNA) isolated by immunoprecipitation was more than 89% pure with respect to contamination by other species of mRNA. The products synthesized by the cell-free system were also analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA has been hybridized with mouse myeloma DNA. The estimation of immunoglobulin gene reiteration was carried out using hybridization kinetics with consideration given to the DNA/RNA ratio since the estimation from the \"half Cot value\" is not accurate. The results suggest that in the mouse there are about 20 copies per subgroup of genes coding for the variable region of the H and L chains.", "contents": "Immunochemical isolation of gamma-globulin mRNA and estimation of immunoglobulin gene reiteration. The polyribosomes synthesizing gamma-globulin have been isolated by the achievement of specific precipitation using bentonite-treated anti-IgG antibody. The RNA extracted from the immunochemically precipitated polysomes was tested for its ability to direct the synthesis of proteins in a cell-free system. The specific gamma-globulin-synthesizing activity (cpm of gamma-globulin synthesized/microgram RNA) of this RNA was 10-fold greater than that from total polysomes. gamma-globulin mRNA (messenger RNA) isolated by immunoprecipitation was more than 89% pure with respect to contamination by other species of mRNA. The products synthesized by the cell-free system were also analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA has been hybridized with mouse myeloma DNA. The estimation of immunoglobulin gene reiteration was carried out using hybridization kinetics with consideration given to the DNA/RNA ratio since the estimation from the \"half Cot value\" is not accurate. The results suggest that in the mouse there are about 20 copies per subgroup of genes coding for the variable region of the H and L chains."}
{"id": "PMID:927227", "title": "[Indoor and outdoor fungal flora of Ankara].", "content": "The variation of atmospheic fungal flora of Ankara were studied. Beside this the fungal floras of indoor and outdoor air were compared. In outdoor air Penicillium was detected most, followed by Cladosporium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor. In the indoor air the same fungi were detected. However,  Penicillium and Aspergillus were found more compared with outdoor findings. Since in many parts of Ankara (Yeni\u015fehir, Cebeci, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckesat, Bah\u00e7elievler, Aydinlikevler), different fungi are found in indoor and outdoor air and many of them are the etiologic agents of allegic diseases, doctors have to make fungal cultures from the indoor and outdoor air of living and working buildings in order to find the source of allergic diseases.", "contents": "[Indoor and outdoor fungal flora of Ankara]. The variation of atmospheic fungal flora of Ankara were studied. Beside this the fungal floras of indoor and outdoor air were compared. In outdoor air Penicillium was detected most, followed by Cladosporium, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor. In the indoor air the same fungi were detected. However,  Penicillium and Aspergillus were found more compared with outdoor findings. Since in many parts of Ankara (Yeni\u015fehir, Cebeci, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckesat, Bah\u00e7elievler, Aydinlikevler), different fungi are found in indoor and outdoor air and many of them are the etiologic agents of allegic diseases, doctors have to make fungal cultures from the indoor and outdoor air of living and working buildings in order to find the source of allergic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:927228", "title": "[Study of hepatitis B surface antigen by 2 different serological methods].", "content": "This investigation was carried out in order to determine the sensitivity of Discontinous-Counter-Immunoelectrophoresis (DCIE) and passive erythrocyte hemagglutination (RPHA) teste in screening the presence of HBsAg in normal population and blood donors. 1321 sera from apparently normal individuals and 156 sera from blood donors were tested. Among, normal individuals, the carriers were 22 (1.66%) with DCIE test and 122 (9.22%) with RPHA test; and among blood donors, 6 (3.84%) with DCIE test and 36 (23.0%) with RPHA test.", "contents": "[Study of hepatitis B surface antigen by 2 different serological methods]. This investigation was carried out in order to determine the sensitivity of Discontinous-Counter-Immunoelectrophoresis (DCIE) and passive erythrocyte hemagglutination (RPHA) teste in screening the presence of HBsAg in normal population and blood donors. 1321 sera from apparently normal individuals and 156 sera from blood donors were tested. Among, normal individuals, the carriers were 22 (1.66%) with DCIE test and 122 (9.22%) with RPHA test; and among blood donors, 6 (3.84%) with DCIE test and 36 (23.0%) with RPHA test."}
{"id": "PMID:927249", "title": "The clinical features of tick bite.", "content": "The clinical features of bites by the Australian scrub tick, Ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. Eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. In almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. One child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. The differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases which can affect the motor units; the importance of including the possibility of tick envenomation in the differential diagnosis of acute weakness or paralysis in children is illustrated. The clinical features of neuromuscular paralysis are described, together with a review of the tick's local effects at the bite site.", "contents": "The clinical features of tick bite. The clinical features of bites by the Australian scrub tick, Ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. Eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. In almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. One child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. The differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases which can affect the motor units; the importance of including the possibility of tick envenomation in the differential diagnosis of acute weakness or paralysis in children is illustrated. The clinical features of neuromuscular paralysis are described, together with a review of the tick's local effects at the bite site."}
{"id": "PMID:927250", "title": "Accident litigants with neurotic symptoms.", "content": "Experience gained from an examination of 750 consecutive accident litigants leads to the conclusion that the aetiology of neurotic symptoms after accidents is so complex that diagnostic labels implying single causation give a false and oversimplified picture. Terms such as \"compensation neurosis\", \"traumatic neurosis\", \"Mediterranean back\", \"postconcussion syndrome\" and many others illustrate preconceived ideas of causation which are in most cases not warranted, and it is recommended that this group of patients be considered under the general label of sufferers from \"accident neurosis\". The many symptoms which occur are discussed, and it is found that they present in such endless variety, and in varying severity from mild to completely disabling; they do not cluster in any consistent way to justify the delineating of discrete syndromes which are artificial and misleading; their existence confuses rather than clarifies our understanding of these unfortunate people.", "contents": "Accident litigants with neurotic symptoms. Experience gained from an examination of 750 consecutive accident litigants leads to the conclusion that the aetiology of neurotic symptoms after accidents is so complex that diagnostic labels implying single causation give a false and oversimplified picture. Terms such as \"compensation neurosis\", \"traumatic neurosis\", \"Mediterranean back\", \"postconcussion syndrome\" and many others illustrate preconceived ideas of causation which are in most cases not warranted, and it is recommended that this group of patients be considered under the general label of sufferers from \"accident neurosis\". The many symptoms which occur are discussed, and it is found that they present in such endless variety, and in varying severity from mild to completely disabling; they do not cluster in any consistent way to justify the delineating of discrete syndromes which are artificial and misleading; their existence confuses rather than clarifies our understanding of these unfortunate people."}
{"id": "PMID:927251", "title": "Drug-induced depression and attempted suicide.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients who had attempted suicide were matched with non-suicidal patients with similar diagnoses to assess the extent to which excessive drug ingestion by the suicidal group might have contributed to their behaviour. It was found that the suicidal patients were consuming more drugs, particularly those of a potentially depressing kind. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Drug-induced depression and attempted suicide. Sixty-eight patients who had attempted suicide were matched with non-suicidal patients with similar diagnoses to assess the extent to which excessive drug ingestion by the suicidal group might have contributed to their behaviour. It was found that the suicidal patients were consuming more drugs, particularly those of a potentially depressing kind. The implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927252", "title": "Effect of dose on antibody response to subunit influenza vaccine.", "content": "In a group of third-year medical students who were given subunit influenza virus vaccine, the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody response to A/Victoria/3/75, and the boosting of HI antibody to previously circulating A strains of the Hong Kong subtype were independent of the dosage in the tested range. There was minimal boosting of antibody levels to the Asian strains which circulated during the childhood of the volunteers. The antibody responses to the B/Hong Kong/8/73 component were lower and were dose-related. There was no appreciable increase in the HI geometric mean titre to any of the strains after a second dose.", "contents": "Effect of dose on antibody response to subunit influenza vaccine. In a group of third-year medical students who were given subunit influenza virus vaccine, the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody response to A/Victoria/3/75, and the boosting of HI antibody to previously circulating A strains of the Hong Kong subtype were independent of the dosage in the tested range. There was minimal boosting of antibody levels to the Asian strains which circulated during the childhood of the volunteers. The antibody responses to the B/Hong Kong/8/73 component were lower and were dose-related. There was no appreciable increase in the HI geometric mean titre to any of the strains after a second dose."}
{"id": "PMID:927253", "title": "Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. 2.", "content": "Australian smoking patterns have been surveyed in 1974 and 1976. There appears to be a slight downward trend in male smoking and a slight increase in female smoking. Smoking is more prevalent in the cities than in the country, and among blue collar workers than among white collar workers. Usage of \"low tar\" cigarettes is also increasing.", "contents": "Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. 2. Australian smoking patterns have been surveyed in 1974 and 1976. There appears to be a slight downward trend in male smoking and a slight increase in female smoking. Smoking is more prevalent in the cities than in the country, and among blue collar workers than among white collar workers. Usage of \"low tar\" cigarettes is also increasing."}
{"id": "PMID:927254", "title": "A normal pancreatogram in three cases of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Three patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas were examined by endoscopic pancreatography and retrograde cholangiography. In each case the pancreatic duct appeared normal. Abnormalities of the common bile duct were found in each case and are described. The use and value of endoscopic pancreatography and other methods of examination are discussed.", "contents": "A normal pancreatogram in three cases of pancreatic carcinoma. Three patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas were examined by endoscopic pancreatography and retrograde cholangiography. In each case the pancreatic duct appeared normal. Abnormalities of the common bile duct were found in each case and are described. The use and value of endoscopic pancreatography and other methods of examination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927261", "title": "Diagnosis of leprosy in Victoria--a non-endemic area of Australia.", "content": "There have been at least 70 cases of leprosy in Victoria since 1950; the occurrence of 40 of these in the last seven years indicates that the disease is no longer rare in this State. The diagnosis was delayed in most patients, the average period of time between development of symptoms and diagnosis being 28 months. The most common presentations among these patients emphasize the point that a diagnosis of leprosy should be considered in patients who are suffering either from chronic skin diseases which are atypical and have not responded to therapy, of from localized disturbances of skin sensation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of leprosy in Victoria--a non-endemic area of Australia. There have been at least 70 cases of leprosy in Victoria since 1950; the occurrence of 40 of these in the last seven years indicates that the disease is no longer rare in this State. The diagnosis was delayed in most patients, the average period of time between development of symptoms and diagnosis being 28 months. The most common presentations among these patients emphasize the point that a diagnosis of leprosy should be considered in patients who are suffering either from chronic skin diseases which are atypical and have not responded to therapy, of from localized disturbances of skin sensation."}
{"id": "PMID:927262", "title": "Rupture of right hemidiaphragm after blunt abdominal trauma (report of six cases).", "content": "Six cases of ruptured right dome of the diaphragm were seen in a district hospital, and a large metropolitan teaching hospital in the last six years. Diaphragmatic rupture on the right side is rare, but is seen more frequently after blunt abdominal trauma, due to increasing numbers of automobile accidents. Emphasis has been placed on the need for a greater awareness of this condition, which will help in making an early diagnosis. A plea is made for careful initial examination, and simple aids to diagnosis are described. The general plan of management is outlined and a few modifications in operative technique have been suggested.", "contents": "Rupture of right hemidiaphragm after blunt abdominal trauma (report of six cases). Six cases of ruptured right dome of the diaphragm were seen in a district hospital, and a large metropolitan teaching hospital in the last six years. Diaphragmatic rupture on the right side is rare, but is seen more frequently after blunt abdominal trauma, due to increasing numbers of automobile accidents. Emphasis has been placed on the need for a greater awareness of this condition, which will help in making an early diagnosis. A plea is made for careful initial examination, and simple aids to diagnosis are described. The general plan of management is outlined and a few modifications in operative technique have been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:927263", "title": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome caused by a duodenal wall tumour.", "content": "An isolated benign duodenal wall gastrinoma is reported. The place of conservative gastrinoma excision versus total gastrectomy is briefly discussed in the light of present knowledge and recent advances in management.", "contents": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome caused by a duodenal wall tumour. An isolated benign duodenal wall gastrinoma is reported. The place of conservative gastrinoma excision versus total gastrectomy is briefly discussed in the light of present knowledge and recent advances in management."}
{"id": "PMID:927264", "title": "The changing pattern of minor analgesic consumption amongst high school students in Hobart.", "content": "Analgesic consumption by high school students in the Hobart area appears to have significantly declined between 1970-1972 and 1976. The decline has been greater for females than for males. Whereas previous studies of various sections of the Australian community have shown that consumption by females was significantly higher than consumption by males, this was not found to be the case in the sample surveyed, and nor was any significant difference found in analgesic consumption of different age groups.", "contents": "The changing pattern of minor analgesic consumption amongst high school students in Hobart. Analgesic consumption by high school students in the Hobart area appears to have significantly declined between 1970-1972 and 1976. The decline has been greater for females than for males. Whereas previous studies of various sections of the Australian community have shown that consumption by females was significantly higher than consumption by males, this was not found to be the case in the sample surveyed, and nor was any significant difference found in analgesic consumption of different age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:927265", "title": "Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract by foreign bodies in adults.", "content": "Foreign bodies may become impacted because of congenital or acquired narrowing of the gastrointestinal tract or owing to unusual physical characteristics of the ingested material. Active intervention is necessary when impaction is complicated by intestinal obstruction or perforation or when the foreign body is composed of a toxic substance.", "contents": "Obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract by foreign bodies in adults. Foreign bodies may become impacted because of congenital or acquired narrowing of the gastrointestinal tract or owing to unusual physical characteristics of the ingested material. Active intervention is necessary when impaction is complicated by intestinal obstruction or perforation or when the foreign body is composed of a toxic substance."}
{"id": "PMID:927273", "title": "Medical aspects of the Granville Rail Disaster.", "content": "The paper outlines the Granville Rail Disaster incident, and the Sydney Metropolitan Disaster Programme which was operational for the first time. The nature of casualties (their triage, resuscitation and evacuation) is discussed, together with a description of the medical response. Difficulties confronting rescuers are mentioned and conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "Medical aspects of the Granville Rail Disaster. The paper outlines the Granville Rail Disaster incident, and the Sydney Metropolitan Disaster Programme which was operational for the first time. The nature of casualties (their triage, resuscitation and evacuation) is discussed, together with a description of the medical response. Difficulties confronting rescuers are mentioned and conclusions are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:927274", "title": "Selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer: a five-year follow-up.", "content": "The results for the first 101 consecutive patients who had selective vagotomy and a drainage procedure performed for duodenal ulceration between 1967 and 1971 are presented. Seventy-four patients were followed up for five to nine years, 13 patients were lost to follow-up for part of the five-year period, and 14 patients died during follow-up. Six patients developed recurrent ulcers. Five of these recurrent ulcers were observed in patients in whom the vagotomy was not tested for completeness during the operation; this represents a recurrence rate of 10%. One patient, in whom testing was used at operation, developed a recurrent ulcer; this represents a recurrence rate of 2%. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of recurrence between the group tested during operation and that not tested.", "contents": "Selective vagotomy for duodenal ulcer: a five-year follow-up. The results for the first 101 consecutive patients who had selective vagotomy and a drainage procedure performed for duodenal ulceration between 1967 and 1971 are presented. Seventy-four patients were followed up for five to nine years, 13 patients were lost to follow-up for part of the five-year period, and 14 patients died during follow-up. Six patients developed recurrent ulcers. Five of these recurrent ulcers were observed in patients in whom the vagotomy was not tested for completeness during the operation; this represents a recurrence rate of 10%. One patient, in whom testing was used at operation, developed a recurrent ulcer; this represents a recurrence rate of 2%. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of recurrence between the group tested during operation and that not tested."}
{"id": "PMID:927275", "title": "Postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer: the significance of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer, presenting to a teaching hospital over a six-year period, are reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopy or surgery in all cases. Four patients (16-7%) were shown to have the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and were treated successfully by total gastrectomy. This is a significantly higher incidence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome than in previous reports. Six patients were treated medically, with one death. In the remainder, an inadequate initial operation was considered to be the cause of recurrence. Reoperation, usually involving complete vagotomy and antrectomy, was performed. There was no mortality in this group, and no patients have had further recurrence. The importance of serum gastrin studies in all patients with recurrent peptic ulcer is emphasized.", "contents": "Postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer: the significance of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Twenty-four patients with postoperative recurrent peptic ulcer, presenting to a teaching hospital over a six-year period, are reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopy or surgery in all cases. Four patients (16-7%) were shown to have the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and were treated successfully by total gastrectomy. This is a significantly higher incidence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome than in previous reports. Six patients were treated medically, with one death. In the remainder, an inadequate initial operation was considered to be the cause of recurrence. Reoperation, usually involving complete vagotomy and antrectomy, was performed. There was no mortality in this group, and no patients have had further recurrence. The importance of serum gastrin studies in all patients with recurrent peptic ulcer is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:927276", "title": "The general health questionnaire: a valid index of psychological impairment in Australian populations.", "content": "In recent years a variety of questionnaires has been used to identify subjects with psychological illness in both community and hospital settings. Most questionnaires, unfortunately, lack of clinical validity, and, to date, none has been validated for an Australian sample. The present study describes a validation of the General Health Questionnaire in a sample of general-practice patients in Sydney, and finds this instrument to be an efficient, reliable, and valid index of non-psychotic psychological impairment.", "contents": "The general health questionnaire: a valid index of psychological impairment in Australian populations. In recent years a variety of questionnaires has been used to identify subjects with psychological illness in both community and hospital settings. Most questionnaires, unfortunately, lack of clinical validity, and, to date, none has been validated for an Australian sample. The present study describes a validation of the General Health Questionnaire in a sample of general-practice patients in Sydney, and finds this instrument to be an efficient, reliable, and valid index of non-psychotic psychological impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:927277", "title": "Sclerosing peritonitis after practolol administration.", "content": "We have recently managed two patients with sclerosing peritonitis who had undergone a course of practolol but had ceased taking it some months prior to presentation. Publication of these cases will help to assess the extent of this complication and will increase awareness amongst surgeons who may be called upon to treat such cases.", "contents": "Sclerosing peritonitis after practolol administration. We have recently managed two patients with sclerosing peritonitis who had undergone a course of practolol but had ceased taking it some months prior to presentation. Publication of these cases will help to assess the extent of this complication and will increase awareness amongst surgeons who may be called upon to treat such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:927278", "title": "General practitioners in the Western Metropolitan Health Region of Sydney.", "content": "A comprehensive survey of the number of general practitioners in the Western Metropolitan Health Region of Sydney identified 753 general practitioners with one or more practice locations in the region; this was the equivalent of 711 full-time general practitioners, and represented a general practitioner-population ratio of 1:1533.", "contents": "General practitioners in the Western Metropolitan Health Region of Sydney. A comprehensive survey of the number of general practitioners in the Western Metropolitan Health Region of Sydney identified 753 general practitioners with one or more practice locations in the region; this was the equivalent of 711 full-time general practitioners, and represented a general practitioner-population ratio of 1:1533."}
{"id": "PMID:927284", "title": "Experiments with pindolol (Visken) in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Several aspects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in man can be investigated in healthy volunteers. Beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity was investigated by measuring the influence on isoprenaline-induced tachycardia and on tachycardia due to exercise on the cycle ergometer. In these experiments pindolol was found to be 20 to 40 times more potent than propranolol. The partial agonist activity of pindolol is responsible for its small influence on heart rate under resting conditions, but probably also for its smaller effect on bronchial tone when compared with propranolol. A comparison of the duration of action of different drugs can be made by studying the effects on exercise-induced tachycardia. Two hours after oral administration, 5 mg of pindolol and 100 mg of propranolol were about equally active. The duration of action of pindolol, however, was clearly longer than that of propranolol. This should allow a single daily dose to be given to most patients for the treatment of hypertension. A comparison of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity after oral and intravenous administration provides information on the bioavailability of these drugs. In studies with pindolol the activities measured 2 hours after oral and 75 minutes after intravenous administration were about equal. This is in good agreement with the results of pharmacokinetic studies, which show almost complete absorption and a small first-pass effect of pindolol.", "contents": "Experiments with pindolol (Visken) in healthy volunteers. Several aspects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in man can be investigated in healthy volunteers. Beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity was investigated by measuring the influence on isoprenaline-induced tachycardia and on tachycardia due to exercise on the cycle ergometer. In these experiments pindolol was found to be 20 to 40 times more potent than propranolol. The partial agonist activity of pindolol is responsible for its small influence on heart rate under resting conditions, but probably also for its smaller effect on bronchial tone when compared with propranolol. A comparison of the duration of action of different drugs can be made by studying the effects on exercise-induced tachycardia. Two hours after oral administration, 5 mg of pindolol and 100 mg of propranolol were about equally active. The duration of action of pindolol, however, was clearly longer than that of propranolol. This should allow a single daily dose to be given to most patients for the treatment of hypertension. A comparison of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity after oral and intravenous administration provides information on the bioavailability of these drugs. In studies with pindolol the activities measured 2 hours after oral and 75 minutes after intravenous administration were about equal. This is in good agreement with the results of pharmacokinetic studies, which show almost complete absorption and a small first-pass effect of pindolol."}
{"id": "PMID:927285", "title": "[Cephradine in open heart serugery. Concentrations of cephradine in pericardial exudate and serum after cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The diffusion of cephradine into the pericardial exudate was measured in 19 patients undergoing heart surgery. Every patient received 2 grams of cephradine (=30 mg/kg) during a 20 minute infusion period, before, during, and after the operation, and than at intervals of 6 hours, together 8 grams per day. The highest mean serum level, 10 minutes after the end of the first injection was 150 microgram/ml and after repeated dosages 102.5 microgram/ml, and at the end of the infusion interval 3.2 microgram/ml in the mean. At the time of opening the pericardium the concentration of the substance in the pericardial exudate, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after finishing the first injection, varied from 4.1 to 38.6 microgram/ml in the average. The postoperative maximum levels were higher than 50 microgram/ml and 6 hours after the respective administrations the levels varied between 12.83 and 15.77 microgram/ml in each case. These high concentrations of cephradine in the pericardial exudate could not be attributed to seepage of blood into the pericardium.-At specific \"check points\" bacteriological materials were taken. Out of 1168 specimens only 6.7% were bacteriological positive. Drains in wounds, the pleura or the pericardium were sterile in most cases. Intravenous catheters were contaminated only in 1%. However the contamination rate rises with period of storage. The results show that cephradine exhibits good diffusion into the exudate of pericardium. With the chosen dosage the concentrations of the antibiotic in the pericardial exudate are higher than the MIC values of most pathogen bacteria.", "contents": "[Cephradine in open heart serugery. Concentrations of cephradine in pericardial exudate and serum after cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The diffusion of cephradine into the pericardial exudate was measured in 19 patients undergoing heart surgery. Every patient received 2 grams of cephradine (=30 mg/kg) during a 20 minute infusion period, before, during, and after the operation, and than at intervals of 6 hours, together 8 grams per day. The highest mean serum level, 10 minutes after the end of the first injection was 150 microgram/ml and after repeated dosages 102.5 microgram/ml, and at the end of the infusion interval 3.2 microgram/ml in the mean. At the time of opening the pericardium the concentration of the substance in the pericardial exudate, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after finishing the first injection, varied from 4.1 to 38.6 microgram/ml in the average. The postoperative maximum levels were higher than 50 microgram/ml and 6 hours after the respective administrations the levels varied between 12.83 and 15.77 microgram/ml in each case. These high concentrations of cephradine in the pericardial exudate could not be attributed to seepage of blood into the pericardium.-At specific \"check points\" bacteriological materials were taken. Out of 1168 specimens only 6.7% were bacteriological positive. Drains in wounds, the pleura or the pericardium were sterile in most cases. Intravenous catheters were contaminated only in 1%. However the contamination rate rises with period of storage. The results show that cephradine exhibits good diffusion into the exudate of pericardium. With the chosen dosage the concentrations of the antibiotic in the pericardial exudate are higher than the MIC values of most pathogen bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:927286", "title": "[Tick-born encephalitis in southeastern Bavaria (F.R. of Germany) (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1976 blood samples from 748 patients were tested for complement fixation antibodies against the virus of tickborne encephalitis. Of these, 38 had antibodies in a serum dilution of 1:8, 18 also in a dilution of 1:32 or higher. Clinical symptoms, laboratory results, time and place of illness are presented in more detailed analysis for 14 cases. From these data, it appears than tick-borne encephalitis is more wide-spread in southeastern Bavaria than has been previously supposed. In most of the cases, tick-borne encephalitis was not suspected because the patients generally did not have a bi-pattern of illness, only 6 of the 14 had a definite history of a tick-bite, and, moreover, atypical features frequently occurred in addition to CNS symptoms. The number of juvenile patients (4 out of 14) was also unexpected. Attention is drawn to the present situation with regard to passive and active immunization.", "contents": "[Tick-born encephalitis in southeastern Bavaria (F.R. of Germany) (author's transl)]. In 1976 blood samples from 748 patients were tested for complement fixation antibodies against the virus of tickborne encephalitis. Of these, 38 had antibodies in a serum dilution of 1:8, 18 also in a dilution of 1:32 or higher. Clinical symptoms, laboratory results, time and place of illness are presented in more detailed analysis for 14 cases. From these data, it appears than tick-borne encephalitis is more wide-spread in southeastern Bavaria than has been previously supposed. In most of the cases, tick-borne encephalitis was not suspected because the patients generally did not have a bi-pattern of illness, only 6 of the 14 had a definite history of a tick-bite, and, moreover, atypical features frequently occurred in addition to CNS symptoms. The number of juvenile patients (4 out of 14) was also unexpected. Attention is drawn to the present situation with regard to passive and active immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:927289", "title": "[Heart size and left ventricular function in coronary artery disease: I. Heart size, exercise tolerance, cardiac output and filling pressures (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible relationship between the cardiac volume, as determined radiologically in the supine position in 119 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease, and the results of ergometry and balloon catheterization was investigated. There was no relationship between the heart size on the one side and the maximum exercise tolerance and the maximum cardiac output on the other, except for the fact, that these parameters tended to decrease with increasing heart size. This was especially true in patients with angina. The maximum cardiac output of patients with angina was always below the value of patients without angina but comparable heart size. Reduced cardiac output under exercise (exertional cardiac insufficiency) was present in 50% of patients with enlarged hearts but already in 22% of patients with heart volumes in the lower range of normal. The diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, determined under exercise, was the only parameter with a significant relationship to the heart size: The larger the heart size, the higher the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure. On the other hand: the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure at rest was abnormal with significant frequency only, when the heart was enlarged. Our data suggest, that the hemodynamics are determined by 2 factors: Myocardial scarring secondary to infarction and coronary insufficiency (ischemia). Of these two factors only the former influences cardiac size. Therefore, determination of the heart volume helps evaluating the respective role of these two factors in individual cases.", "contents": "[Heart size and left ventricular function in coronary artery disease: I. Heart size, exercise tolerance, cardiac output and filling pressures (author's transl)]. The possible relationship between the cardiac volume, as determined radiologically in the supine position in 119 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease, and the results of ergometry and balloon catheterization was investigated. There was no relationship between the heart size on the one side and the maximum exercise tolerance and the maximum cardiac output on the other, except for the fact, that these parameters tended to decrease with increasing heart size. This was especially true in patients with angina. The maximum cardiac output of patients with angina was always below the value of patients without angina but comparable heart size. Reduced cardiac output under exercise (exertional cardiac insufficiency) was present in 50% of patients with enlarged hearts but already in 22% of patients with heart volumes in the lower range of normal. The diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, determined under exercise, was the only parameter with a significant relationship to the heart size: The larger the heart size, the higher the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure. On the other hand: the diastolic pulmonary artery pressure at rest was abnormal with significant frequency only, when the heart was enlarged. Our data suggest, that the hemodynamics are determined by 2 factors: Myocardial scarring secondary to infarction and coronary insufficiency (ischemia). Of these two factors only the former influences cardiac size. Therefore, determination of the heart volume helps evaluating the respective role of these two factors in individual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:927290", "title": "[Heart size and left ventricular function in coronary artery disease. II. Heart volume, coronary morphology and laevocardiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated the possible relationship between the radiogically determined cardiac volume and the coronary angiogram and laevocardiogram. There was no relationship between cardiac size and coronary angiogram. Independently from the number of coronary vessels involved, we found normal sized hearts in patients without ECG-evidence of myocardial infarction, and enlarged hearts in patients with ECG-evidence of myocardial infarction. There was a significant, though loose relationship between the cardiac volume and the endsystolic and enddiastolic volumes (r=0.73 and 0.55 respectively) and the ejection fraction (r=0.69) as determined by laevocardiography. The critical value of the cardiac size, about which one encounters an increased number of abnormal volume parameters, was the upper boundary of 1-SD. Using this value we found a specifity of 81% and a sensitivity of 74% for the heart volume as a predictor of a pathological ejection fraction. On the other hand, using the upper boundary of 2-SD as a critical value, there was a sensitivity of only 58%, but a specificity of 92%. Only 11% of the patients with a cardiac size in the lower range of normal or below had an ejection fraction below 50%. Therefore the radiologically determined heart size is a simple, in daily practive acceptable method to assess and follow up left ventricular function in coronary patients.", "contents": "[Heart size and left ventricular function in coronary artery disease. II. Heart volume, coronary morphology and laevocardiogram (author's transl)]. We have investigated the possible relationship between the radiogically determined cardiac volume and the coronary angiogram and laevocardiogram. There was no relationship between cardiac size and coronary angiogram. Independently from the number of coronary vessels involved, we found normal sized hearts in patients without ECG-evidence of myocardial infarction, and enlarged hearts in patients with ECG-evidence of myocardial infarction. There was a significant, though loose relationship between the cardiac volume and the endsystolic and enddiastolic volumes (r=0.73 and 0.55 respectively) and the ejection fraction (r=0.69) as determined by laevocardiography. The critical value of the cardiac size, about which one encounters an increased number of abnormal volume parameters, was the upper boundary of 1-SD. Using this value we found a specifity of 81% and a sensitivity of 74% for the heart volume as a predictor of a pathological ejection fraction. On the other hand, using the upper boundary of 2-SD as a critical value, there was a sensitivity of only 58%, but a specificity of 92%. Only 11% of the patients with a cardiac size in the lower range of normal or below had an ejection fraction below 50%. Therefore the radiologically determined heart size is a simple, in daily practive acceptable method to assess and follow up left ventricular function in coronary patients."}
{"id": "PMID:927291", "title": "[Sudden death from coronary disease in younger women (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven sudden deaths from coronary disease were studied in women aged 29--44 years. These cases occured between 1971 and 1976 in the Institute for Forensic Medicine, University of Cologne, BRD. Postmortal morphological examinations resulted excessive stenosed coronary arteries caused by arteriosclerosis in all cases, in eight combined with acute obstructing thrombus. Our study group is not representative of the incidence of fatal coronary disease in the community. The prevailing conclusions about influence of sex hormones from oral contraceptives upon the development of arteriosclerosis, hypercoagulability and thrombosis demonstrate contrary evaluation. Our reflections about aetiology and pathogenesis from the pathomorphological findings don't substantiate a proof correlation between coronary disease or coronary thrombosis and oral contraceptions. Many other factors are equal important. The opinion of increased incidence and risk for death from coronary disease in users of oral hormonal contraceptions is not evident for us.", "contents": "[Sudden death from coronary disease in younger women (author's transl)]. Eleven sudden deaths from coronary disease were studied in women aged 29--44 years. These cases occured between 1971 and 1976 in the Institute for Forensic Medicine, University of Cologne, BRD. Postmortal morphological examinations resulted excessive stenosed coronary arteries caused by arteriosclerosis in all cases, in eight combined with acute obstructing thrombus. Our study group is not representative of the incidence of fatal coronary disease in the community. The prevailing conclusions about influence of sex hormones from oral contraceptives upon the development of arteriosclerosis, hypercoagulability and thrombosis demonstrate contrary evaluation. Our reflections about aetiology and pathogenesis from the pathomorphological findings don't substantiate a proof correlation between coronary disease or coronary thrombosis and oral contraceptions. Many other factors are equal important. The opinion of increased incidence and risk for death from coronary disease in users of oral hormonal contraceptions is not evident for us."}
{"id": "PMID:927292", "title": "[Lithium-powered cardiac pacemakers. A survey of 3 years' clinical experience (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the lithium-iodine cell which has been in clinical use since 1972, the following lithium-based power sources for cardiac pacemakers are available: The lithium-silver chromate cell (SAFT), the lithium-thionylchloride-battery (G.T.E.), the lithium-cupric sulfide cell (DuPont) and the lithium-lead iodide cell (Mallory). These batteries differ not only in their energy providing chemical reaction and their components (liquid electrolyte or not), but also in their capacity and discharge characteristics. Out of 244 lithium-powered pacemakers implanted during the past 3 years, 5 pulse generators had to be removed due to electronic circuit failure, whereas battery failure has not been observed up till now. Sensing problems were registered in 8 cases probably due to the specific properties of the entrance filter and entrance resistance of the pacer. In some cases, however, they were caused by poor electrode position. One pacemaker model, powered with the WGL702 cell, frequently gave rise to skin necrosis, Newer models have more favourable dimensions and lower specific weight. The capacity of their batteries is sufficient for middle to long-term stimulation when using current saving electrodes. Because of the well-known advantages of the lithium-cells in comparison to conventional Mallory batteries, together with the favorable clinical results, only lithium-powered pacemakers have been implanted in our hospital since 1977.", "contents": "[Lithium-powered cardiac pacemakers. A survey of 3 years' clinical experience (author's transl)]. In addition to the lithium-iodine cell which has been in clinical use since 1972, the following lithium-based power sources for cardiac pacemakers are available: The lithium-silver chromate cell (SAFT), the lithium-thionylchloride-battery (G.T.E.), the lithium-cupric sulfide cell (DuPont) and the lithium-lead iodide cell (Mallory). These batteries differ not only in their energy providing chemical reaction and their components (liquid electrolyte or not), but also in their capacity and discharge characteristics. Out of 244 lithium-powered pacemakers implanted during the past 3 years, 5 pulse generators had to be removed due to electronic circuit failure, whereas battery failure has not been observed up till now. Sensing problems were registered in 8 cases probably due to the specific properties of the entrance filter and entrance resistance of the pacer. In some cases, however, they were caused by poor electrode position. One pacemaker model, powered with the WGL702 cell, frequently gave rise to skin necrosis, Newer models have more favourable dimensions and lower specific weight. The capacity of their batteries is sufficient for middle to long-term stimulation when using current saving electrodes. Because of the well-known advantages of the lithium-cells in comparison to conventional Mallory batteries, together with the favorable clinical results, only lithium-powered pacemakers have been implanted in our hospital since 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:927297", "title": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi. III. Fungi (author's transl)].", "content": "Four patients with foudroyant liver dystrophy due to ingestion of fungi of the Amanita phalloides species were treated by hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal. Three patients survived the poisoning. One patient died in a coma due to hepatic disintegration with cardiac and respiratory insufficiency. One female patient suffering from hemolytic syndrome and acute anuresis due to ingestion of fungi of the Paxillus involutus species recovered completely after treatment of combinated hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. The first hemoperfusion in the patients with Amanita phalloides poisoning were performed two to three days after ingestion of the fungus. At that time there were only traces of amanitines in the blood of one of the surviving patients. These Amanita phalloides toxins were only detected in the first 24-hour urine in the other 3 patients. It is thus not to be expected that toxicologically relevant quanities of the toxins will be eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion carried out two to three days following ingestion of the fungus, Amanita phalloides. No coherence of restitutio ad integrum and hemoperfusion could be pointed out in the female patients suffering from hemolytic syndrom and anuresis due to Paxillus involutus.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi. III. Fungi (author's transl)]. Four patients with foudroyant liver dystrophy due to ingestion of fungi of the Amanita phalloides species were treated by hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal. Three patients survived the poisoning. One patient died in a coma due to hepatic disintegration with cardiac and respiratory insufficiency. One female patient suffering from hemolytic syndrome and acute anuresis due to ingestion of fungi of the Paxillus involutus species recovered completely after treatment of combinated hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. The first hemoperfusion in the patients with Amanita phalloides poisoning were performed two to three days after ingestion of the fungus. At that time there were only traces of amanitines in the blood of one of the surviving patients. These Amanita phalloides toxins were only detected in the first 24-hour urine in the other 3 patients. It is thus not to be expected that toxicologically relevant quanities of the toxins will be eliminated from the blood by hemoperfusion carried out two to three days following ingestion of the fungus, Amanita phalloides. No coherence of restitutio ad integrum and hemoperfusion could be pointed out in the female patients suffering from hemolytic syndrom and anuresis due to Paxillus involutus."}
{"id": "PMID:927298", "title": "[Extra-cardial rise of the CPK in the screening of urgent diagnostic (among others, a case of anaesthesia induced myoglobinuria and a case of malignant hypertermia) (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests are being carried out on 37 patients and healthy volunteers, to differentiate the various, from heart independent, creatin-phosphokinase (CPK) increases, in order to recognize anaesthesia-endangered patients. A rise of the serum-CPK-level, dependent on trauma is insignificant for the anaesthesia. A significant rise of the CPK during a gener al anaesthesia and particularly extreme high values after 24 hours, (example, more than 10 000 U/l) is reason to think of a course of a malignant hyperthermia or myoglobinuria in a subclinical form. Relatives of hyperthermia- or myoglobinuria suspected families are in all cases anaesthesia-endangered, even with a very small rise of CPK-values. The knowledge of these connections is highly important also for internal medical spheres.", "contents": "[Extra-cardial rise of the CPK in the screening of urgent diagnostic (among others, a case of anaesthesia induced myoglobinuria and a case of malignant hypertermia) (author's transl)]. Tests are being carried out on 37 patients and healthy volunteers, to differentiate the various, from heart independent, creatin-phosphokinase (CPK) increases, in order to recognize anaesthesia-endangered patients. A rise of the serum-CPK-level, dependent on trauma is insignificant for the anaesthesia. A significant rise of the CPK during a gener al anaesthesia and particularly extreme high values after 24 hours, (example, more than 10 000 U/l) is reason to think of a course of a malignant hyperthermia or myoglobinuria in a subclinical form. Relatives of hyperthermia- or myoglobinuria suspected families are in all cases anaesthesia-endangered, even with a very small rise of CPK-values. The knowledge of these connections is highly important also for internal medical spheres."}
{"id": "PMID:927299", "title": "[Decholedochoduodenostomy - indications and operative technique (author's transl)].", "content": "21 cases of decholedochoduodenostomy are reported. The reinterventions were necessary because of narrowing of the anastomosis, choledocholithiasis, developement of a blind-sack in the retroduodenal choledochal duct and because of intolerance of the duodenal-biliary reflux. In one case a broncho-biliary fistula was treated. In all cases an ascending cholangitis was observed. The indication for relaparotomy is decided on the basis of the anamnesis. The operative technique for decholedochoduodenostomy is described.", "contents": "[Decholedochoduodenostomy - indications and operative technique (author's transl)]. 21 cases of decholedochoduodenostomy are reported. The reinterventions were necessary because of narrowing of the anastomosis, choledocholithiasis, developement of a blind-sack in the retroduodenal choledochal duct and because of intolerance of the duodenal-biliary reflux. In one case a broncho-biliary fistula was treated. In all cases an ascending cholangitis was observed. The indication for relaparotomy is decided on the basis of the anamnesis. The operative technique for decholedochoduodenostomy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:927300", "title": "[Bilio-bronchial fistulae caused by rupture of an hydatid cyst of the liver. Experiences with a modified method of operation (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study, bilio-bronchial fistulae caused by the rupture of an hydatid cyst of the superior surface of the liver to the bronchi of the middle or lower lobe of the right lung, are discussed. Bilio-bronchial fistulae are treated surgically at one stage, through thorako-abdominal or separate abdominal and thoracic incision in combination. The radical treatment of the hydatid cyst of the liver consists in partial cystectomy and capitonnage, followed by common bile duct drainage. The radical treatment of the thoracic lesions consists in excision of the empyematic sac and lung lobectomy or segmental resection if necessary. The results are compared with those of former surgical management.", "contents": "[Bilio-bronchial fistulae caused by rupture of an hydatid cyst of the liver. Experiences with a modified method of operation (author's transl)]. In this study, bilio-bronchial fistulae caused by the rupture of an hydatid cyst of the superior surface of the liver to the bronchi of the middle or lower lobe of the right lung, are discussed. Bilio-bronchial fistulae are treated surgically at one stage, through thorako-abdominal or separate abdominal and thoracic incision in combination. The radical treatment of the hydatid cyst of the liver consists in partial cystectomy and capitonnage, followed by common bile duct drainage. The radical treatment of the thoracic lesions consists in excision of the empyematic sac and lung lobectomy or segmental resection if necessary. The results are compared with those of former surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:927304", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in a large hyperbaric chamber (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperbaric Oxygenation has been used routinely with 503 persons (1100 compressions) in a large walk-in hyperbaric chamber. An optimal interdisciplinary teamwork and mastering of the transportation problems by helicopter is mandatory to make this treatment accessible for patients in distant hospitals as an additional conservative management. In 51 operations under pressure (28 congenital heart disease cases) the luxury oxygenation was a protective measure. The procedure can be done safely with plenty of working time.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygenation in a large hyperbaric chamber (author's transl)]. Hyperbaric Oxygenation has been used routinely with 503 persons (1100 compressions) in a large walk-in hyperbaric chamber. An optimal interdisciplinary teamwork and mastering of the transportation problems by helicopter is mandatory to make this treatment accessible for patients in distant hospitals as an additional conservative management. In 51 operations under pressure (28 congenital heart disease cases) the luxury oxygenation was a protective measure. The procedure can be done safely with plenty of working time."}
{"id": "PMID:927305", "title": "[Comparison of the antitussive effect of two different drugs regarding frequency and strength of cough attacks (author's transl)].", "content": "The antitussive effect of two different drugs A (Codeine, Phenyltoloxamine) and B (Dihydrocodeine, Remedacen) was compared in a double blind clinical trial by measuring the frequency and strength of cough attacks for 7 hours. The cough attacks were measured by a pressure-monitoring device which was externally fastened to the throat. Drug B suppressed the strenght and frequency for at least 9 hours after application while the effectiveness of drug A lasted only for about 6 hours after application. In any case the respiratory drive was unaffected.", "contents": "[Comparison of the antitussive effect of two different drugs regarding frequency and strength of cough attacks (author's transl)]. The antitussive effect of two different drugs A (Codeine, Phenyltoloxamine) and B (Dihydrocodeine, Remedacen) was compared in a double blind clinical trial by measuring the frequency and strength of cough attacks for 7 hours. The cough attacks were measured by a pressure-monitoring device which was externally fastened to the throat. Drug B suppressed the strenght and frequency for at least 9 hours after application while the effectiveness of drug A lasted only for about 6 hours after application. In any case the respiratory drive was unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:927306", "title": "[D-Penicillamin for treatment of sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacological qualities of the D-Penicillamin and the data of immunology and especially of the collagenous metabolism of the sarcoidosis justify an investigation of the therapeutical effect of D-Penicillamin. An account is given of six patients who were suffering from sarcoidosis and of whom an effective influence over the X-ray findings was stated after a three months' dose at least. It seems to be a continuous success because after a one-to-three years' obse-vation a relapse has not occurred.", "contents": "[D-Penicillamin for treatment of sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. The pharmacological qualities of the D-Penicillamin and the data of immunology and especially of the collagenous metabolism of the sarcoidosis justify an investigation of the therapeutical effect of D-Penicillamin. An account is given of six patients who were suffering from sarcoidosis and of whom an effective influence over the X-ray findings was stated after a three months' dose at least. It seems to be a continuous success because after a one-to-three years' obse-vation a relapse has not occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:927309", "title": "[Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The medullary carcinoma of the thyroid plays a special role among the thyroid carcinomas due to his histiogenesis and endocrinologic behaviour. The symptoms like familiar occurrence, simultaneous pheochromocytoma, calcitonin-production, para-neoplastic syndroms with ACTH-production and the commonly associated diarrhea are discussed. The biological behavior of the tumor is presented reviewing the literature.", "contents": "[Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (author's transl)]. The medullary carcinoma of the thyroid plays a special role among the thyroid carcinomas due to his histiogenesis and endocrinologic behaviour. The symptoms like familiar occurrence, simultaneous pheochromocytoma, calcitonin-production, para-neoplastic syndroms with ACTH-production and the commonly associated diarrhea are discussed. The biological behavior of the tumor is presented reviewing the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:927331", "title": "The hemodialysis-induced reaction in patients with leukemia.", "content": "The white blood cell count response was documented in various patients following transfusions of 500 ml of autologous or unrelated donor blood that had been subjected to 10 minutes of dialysis with 15 minutes of stagnation. Patients studied included 1 patient with acute nonlymphocytic (ANLL) and 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The control group consisted of 4 patients with renal failure. The ANLL patient showed a normal two-phase reaction after administration of donor's blood. It is possible that even under conditions of severe disturbance of hemopoiesis the general dependence on normal humoral regulation remains. The CLL patients showed a marked drop in circulating WBC in the first descending phase of the hemodialysis-induced reaction (HDIR). All blood cell types including lymphocytes and blast cells took part in this decrease of blood count; this suggests a cell-nonspecific effect. It is presumed that leukocytes that leave the circulation do not return into the blood and the procedure may be considered as a form of leukophoresis in vivo, with possible therapeutic value.", "contents": "The hemodialysis-induced reaction in patients with leukemia. The white blood cell count response was documented in various patients following transfusions of 500 ml of autologous or unrelated donor blood that had been subjected to 10 minutes of dialysis with 15 minutes of stagnation. Patients studied included 1 patient with acute nonlymphocytic (ANLL) and 2 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The control group consisted of 4 patients with renal failure. The ANLL patient showed a normal two-phase reaction after administration of donor's blood. It is possible that even under conditions of severe disturbance of hemopoiesis the general dependence on normal humoral regulation remains. The CLL patients showed a marked drop in circulating WBC in the first descending phase of the hemodialysis-induced reaction (HDIR). All blood cell types including lymphocytes and blast cells took part in this decrease of blood count; this suggests a cell-nonspecific effect. It is presumed that leukocytes that leave the circulation do not return into the blood and the procedure may be considered as a form of leukophoresis in vivo, with possible therapeutic value."}
{"id": "PMID:927332", "title": "Ovarian cancer in children and adolescents: a review of 15 cases.", "content": "Fifteen patients, admitted between 1961 and 1975, from 8 to 19 years of age, with malignant ovarian tumors were reviewed. The histology was: dysgerminoma in 5, common \"epithelial tumor\" in 5, immature teratoma in 4, granulosa cell tumor in one. Of the 15 patients, 5 are alive and well, 4 of these had dysgerminoma, 1 had a papillary cystadenocarcinoma. Of 3 patients with dysgerminoma in Stage III, 2 are among the survivors. Dysgerminoma, in contrast with other types of germ cell tumors, may be curable even in advanced stage.", "contents": "Ovarian cancer in children and adolescents: a review of 15 cases. Fifteen patients, admitted between 1961 and 1975, from 8 to 19 years of age, with malignant ovarian tumors were reviewed. The histology was: dysgerminoma in 5, common \"epithelial tumor\" in 5, immature teratoma in 4, granulosa cell tumor in one. Of the 15 patients, 5 are alive and well, 4 of these had dysgerminoma, 1 had a papillary cystadenocarcinoma. Of 3 patients with dysgerminoma in Stage III, 2 are among the survivors. Dysgerminoma, in contrast with other types of germ cell tumors, may be curable even in advanced stage."}
{"id": "PMID:927333", "title": "Clinical evaluation of Asaley.", "content": "Asaley is an L-leucine derivative of sarcolysin which is more active against some rodent tumors. Studies in the USSR demonstrated activity in patients with ovarian and breast carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. This study in 73 evaluable patients indicated that an appropriate oral dose for patients with adequate bone marrow is 800 mg/M2/day X 4 days at 5-6 week intervals. The most common toxicities were myelosuppression, nausea, and vomiting. Antitumor activity was observed in 2 of 24 evaluable patients with melanoma, and stabilization of previously progressive disease was observed in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, breast carcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma. Responses were minimal and of short duration but most of the patients had received extensive prior therapy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of Asaley. Asaley is an L-leucine derivative of sarcolysin which is more active against some rodent tumors. Studies in the USSR demonstrated activity in patients with ovarian and breast carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and multiple myeloma. This study in 73 evaluable patients indicated that an appropriate oral dose for patients with adequate bone marrow is 800 mg/M2/day X 4 days at 5-6 week intervals. The most common toxicities were myelosuppression, nausea, and vomiting. Antitumor activity was observed in 2 of 24 evaluable patients with melanoma, and stabilization of previously progressive disease was observed in patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, breast carcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma. Responses were minimal and of short duration but most of the patients had received extensive prior therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:927384", "title": "Selective iodine imaging using K-edge energies in computerized x-ray tomography.", "content": "Iodine is commonly used as a contrast material in computerized x-ray tomography. In some cases the determination of the iodine distribution in the image may be prevented by the presence of bone or tissue variations within the tomographic slice. This paper describes a method for quantitative selective imaging of the iodine concentration in the slice. The method employs scans using three heavily filtered x-ray beams, two having mean energies which straddle the iodine K edge (33 keV) and another at a slightly higher energy. The results are independent of tissue and bone over a broad range of projection path lengths. It is shown that, for separation of iodine from one other material, a two-beam K-edge approach requires less integral dose than a two-beam technique at conventional CT energies for slice diameters up to 30 cm. For selective iodine imaging in the presence of more than one other material, the three-spectrum K-edge technique is a necessity. Exposure requirements and beam-hardening corrections are discussed in detail and a computer-simulated CT image generated by the proposed scheme is presented.", "contents": "Selective iodine imaging using K-edge energies in computerized x-ray tomography. Iodine is commonly used as a contrast material in computerized x-ray tomography. In some cases the determination of the iodine distribution in the image may be prevented by the presence of bone or tissue variations within the tomographic slice. This paper describes a method for quantitative selective imaging of the iodine concentration in the slice. The method employs scans using three heavily filtered x-ray beams, two having mean energies which straddle the iodine K edge (33 keV) and another at a slightly higher energy. The results are independent of tissue and bone over a broad range of projection path lengths. It is shown that, for separation of iodine from one other material, a two-beam K-edge approach requires less integral dose than a two-beam technique at conventional CT energies for slice diameters up to 30 cm. For selective iodine imaging in the presence of more than one other material, the three-spectrum K-edge technique is a necessity. Exposure requirements and beam-hardening corrections are discussed in detail and a computer-simulated CT image generated by the proposed scheme is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:927385", "title": "A simple source of fluorescent x rays for the study of radiographic imaging systems.", "content": "The properties of a simple source of fluorescent x rays were investigated with regard to its suitability for the study of radiographic imaging systems. The source, consisting of a diagnostic x-ray tube, fluorescent targets, and filters, was found to yield highly monoenergetic x-ray fluxes with intensity sufficient to allow the speed of medium- and high-speed screen-film systems to be studied as a function of x-ray energy.", "contents": "A simple source of fluorescent x rays for the study of radiographic imaging systems. The properties of a simple source of fluorescent x rays were investigated with regard to its suitability for the study of radiographic imaging systems. The source, consisting of a diagnostic x-ray tube, fluorescent targets, and filters, was found to yield highly monoenergetic x-ray fluxes with intensity sufficient to allow the speed of medium- and high-speed screen-film systems to be studied as a function of x-ray energy."}
{"id": "PMID:927386", "title": "Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements. Part I: Development of an energy compensating shield.", "content": "Silicon diode detectors have the advantages of high resolution, large signal, and fast response, but lack the flat energy response of the Farmer ion chamber. A study was undertaken to develop a compensating shield for a diode which would make it suitable for use in the spectrum of energies produced by a high-energy radiation beam at depth in a phantom. The energy response of the unshielded diode was quantitated over a range of energies from 18.5 keV to 8 MeV. Shields of different thickness, density, and design were tested experimentally. A partial shield of high-Z material over a diode with miniaturized contacts produced a probe which duplicated the relative dose measurements of the Farmer chamber with less than 1% variation. Typical central axis depth-dose curves and a beam profile, measured with the chamber and the shielded and unshielded probe, are illustrated.", "contents": "Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements. Part I: Development of an energy compensating shield. Silicon diode detectors have the advantages of high resolution, large signal, and fast response, but lack the flat energy response of the Farmer ion chamber. A study was undertaken to develop a compensating shield for a diode which would make it suitable for use in the spectrum of energies produced by a high-energy radiation beam at depth in a phantom. The energy response of the unshielded diode was quantitated over a range of energies from 18.5 keV to 8 MeV. Shields of different thickness, density, and design were tested experimentally. A partial shield of high-Z material over a diode with miniaturized contacts produced a probe which duplicated the relative dose measurements of the Farmer chamber with less than 1% variation. Typical central axis depth-dose curves and a beam profile, measured with the chamber and the shielded and unshielded probe, are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:927387", "title": "Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements. Part II: Measurement of dosimetry data for high-energy photons.", "content": "Initial calibration of a linear accelerator requires physics instruments to measure accurately central axis depth-dose and off-axis data, both in and out of the beam. These data for an 8- MeV unit were first measured using film, a Farmer 0.6-cm3 ion chamber, a 0.3-cm3 ion chamber, and a 0.1-cm3 silicon diode. Both small probes and film gave a high response compared to the Farmer probe, which has a uniform energy response. Measurements with the diode interfaced to an X-Y recorder required only a fraction of the time required with the chambers, minimizing error due to change in machine output, and permitted resolution of isodose lines in the penumbra. However, corrections required at points in depth due to nonuniform energy response of the unshielded diode were laborious. Construction of a partially shielded diode which duplicates the response of the Farmer probe eliminated the necessity for corrections, permitting rapid accumulation of a wide range of depth-dose and off-axis data.", "contents": "Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements. Part II: Measurement of dosimetry data for high-energy photons. Initial calibration of a linear accelerator requires physics instruments to measure accurately central axis depth-dose and off-axis data, both in and out of the beam. These data for an 8- MeV unit were first measured using film, a Farmer 0.6-cm3 ion chamber, a 0.3-cm3 ion chamber, and a 0.1-cm3 silicon diode. Both small probes and film gave a high response compared to the Farmer probe, which has a uniform energy response. Measurements with the diode interfaced to an X-Y recorder required only a fraction of the time required with the chambers, minimizing error due to change in machine output, and permitted resolution of isodose lines in the penumbra. However, corrections required at points in depth due to nonuniform energy response of the unshielded diode were laborious. Construction of a partially shielded diode which duplicates the response of the Farmer probe eliminated the necessity for corrections, permitting rapid accumulation of a wide range of depth-dose and off-axis data."}
{"id": "PMID:927392", "title": "The long-term stability of metallic materials for use in joint endoprostheses.", "content": "In orthopedic implants, metals are permanently incorporated into bones and tissue. Usually the metals are not in the electrochemical equilibrium state immediately after implantation. The metal oxide forms itself only after hours up to weeks. In the meantime the metal releases ions into the tissue, much more than in the equilibrium state. On the other hand a passive layer can interchange mechanically with bones and implanted components. The resulting destruction of the surface leads equally to an increasing release of ions. As a consequence of these facts, perfect metals for application in implants must have a short repassivation period and mechanically indestructible surface oxides. To what extent the applied metals perform these conditions is tested for the stainless steel type 316 L, the multiphase alloy MP-35 N and TiAIV. A comparison of the rates of corrosion resulting from damage to, or destruction of, the passivating oxide layers, with the rates that can occur in connection with local forms of corrosion, shows that in joint implants, it is merely the repassivation properties of the metals employed that determine the concentration of ions in the tissue.", "contents": "The long-term stability of metallic materials for use in joint endoprostheses. In orthopedic implants, metals are permanently incorporated into bones and tissue. Usually the metals are not in the electrochemical equilibrium state immediately after implantation. The metal oxide forms itself only after hours up to weeks. In the meantime the metal releases ions into the tissue, much more than in the equilibrium state. On the other hand a passive layer can interchange mechanically with bones and implanted components. The resulting destruction of the surface leads equally to an increasing release of ions. As a consequence of these facts, perfect metals for application in implants must have a short repassivation period and mechanically indestructible surface oxides. To what extent the applied metals perform these conditions is tested for the stainless steel type 316 L, the multiphase alloy MP-35 N and TiAIV. A comparison of the rates of corrosion resulting from damage to, or destruction of, the passivating oxide layers, with the rates that can occur in connection with local forms of corrosion, shows that in joint implants, it is merely the repassivation properties of the metals employed that determine the concentration of ions in the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:927388", "title": "Energy dependence of correction factors for some low-energy direct-reading pocket dosimeters.", "content": "The energy dependence for each of five models of low-energy direct-reading pocket dosimeters was characterized through an examination of the exposure correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4-4.1-mm Al HVL) for many samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, the relative standard error being less than 0.8% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the dosimeter models are given, and their use is described.", "contents": "Energy dependence of correction factors for some low-energy direct-reading pocket dosimeters. The energy dependence for each of five models of low-energy direct-reading pocket dosimeters was characterized through an examination of the exposure correction factors determined over the diagnostic x-ray range (0.4-4.1-mm Al HVL) for many samples of each model. The results of an analysis of variance performed by model on the correction factors are reported as mean correction factors for the x-ray beams evaluated, the relative standard error being less than 0.8% in all cases. Energy-dependence curves for the dosimeter models are given, and their use is described."}
{"id": "PMID:927393", "title": "The specification and design of a substitute medial collateral ligament.", "content": "In this paper attempts are made to define the properties necessary for a substitute medial collateral ligament (MCL). The boundaries that envelope the desired load-extension curve of the MCL are extracted from existing research results and are complemented by in vivo experiments on a knee analyzer. A substitute MCL is designed, manufactured, and tested. The element mimics the action of the natural tissue and it produces a load-extension curve that fits within the prescribed boundaries. Proposals for the fixation design and the further testing of the substitute ligament are made. The possibilities for the application of the material as a substitute for other ligaments are discussed.", "contents": "The specification and design of a substitute medial collateral ligament. In this paper attempts are made to define the properties necessary for a substitute medial collateral ligament (MCL). The boundaries that envelope the desired load-extension curve of the MCL are extracted from existing research results and are complemented by in vivo experiments on a knee analyzer. A substitute MCL is designed, manufactured, and tested. The element mimics the action of the natural tissue and it produces a load-extension curve that fits within the prescribed boundaries. Proposals for the fixation design and the further testing of the substitute ligament are made. The possibilities for the application of the material as a substitute for other ligaments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927389", "title": "Effects of red cell shape and orientation on propagation of sound in blood.", "content": "In this paper, the red blood cell (RBC) is assumed to have an oblate spheroidal shape and the same volume (87 micrometer3) and about the same sphericity index (0.7) as a typical human RBC. The acoustic field is assumed to be either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the spheroid, and a wave equation is formulated for a dilute RBC suspension. Because of the small density difference between the RBC and plasma (about 5%), the assumption of spherical shape of the RBC suffices for computation of the velocity and the scattering of sound in blood. For all practical purposes, scattering of sound in blood follows Rayleigh's law of scattering. However, the viscous absorption coefficient at 1 MHz for a spheroidally shaped RBC oscillating broadside and edgewise to an acoustic field is about 40% and 136%, respectively, of that for a spherically shaped RBC. These results illustrate the significant effects of RBC shape and orientation on the viscous loss of sound energy in blood.", "contents": "Effects of red cell shape and orientation on propagation of sound in blood. In this paper, the red blood cell (RBC) is assumed to have an oblate spheroidal shape and the same volume (87 micrometer3) and about the same sphericity index (0.7) as a typical human RBC. The acoustic field is assumed to be either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the spheroid, and a wave equation is formulated for a dilute RBC suspension. Because of the small density difference between the RBC and plasma (about 5%), the assumption of spherical shape of the RBC suffices for computation of the velocity and the scattering of sound in blood. For all practical purposes, scattering of sound in blood follows Rayleigh's law of scattering. However, the viscous absorption coefficient at 1 MHz for a spheroidally shaped RBC oscillating broadside and edgewise to an acoustic field is about 40% and 136%, respectively, of that for a spherically shaped RBC. These results illustrate the significant effects of RBC shape and orientation on the viscous loss of sound energy in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:927394", "title": "Biological evaluation of biomaterials for cardiovascular applications: some current results.", "content": "The proper biologic evaluation of biomaterials for blood-contacting applications must include considerations of hemorheologic parameters, species-related differences, and damages to the reticuloendothelial system. Although there are no materials currently available that are completely blood compatible, several smooth-surfaced polymers are quite tolerable in the physiological environment. These include chemically grafted polyacrylamide hydrogels, glow-discharge polymers of silica-free hexamethldisiloxane, and ethyl cellulose perfluorobutyrate.", "contents": "Biological evaluation of biomaterials for cardiovascular applications: some current results. The proper biologic evaluation of biomaterials for blood-contacting applications must include considerations of hemorheologic parameters, species-related differences, and damages to the reticuloendothelial system. Although there are no materials currently available that are completely blood compatible, several smooth-surfaced polymers are quite tolerable in the physiological environment. These include chemically grafted polyacrylamide hydrogels, glow-discharge polymers of silica-free hexamethldisiloxane, and ethyl cellulose perfluorobutyrate."}
{"id": "PMID:927390", "title": "Radiation dose to the lungs from ventilation studies with 133Xe.", "content": "The radiation dose to the lungs from 133Xe in lung air is directly proportional to the time integral of 133Xe concentration; i.e., the cumulated concentration in the lungs. Using kinetic models developed to fit clinical observations, we have studied the effect of retention on cumulated concentration in lung air. The models studied were (1) equal exponential washin and washout rate constants, (2) unequal exponential washin and washout rate constants, and  (3) single-compartment washin and two-compartment washout. Our results show that the radiation dose varies greatly with the model chosen. A simplified method for calculating the average dose to the lungs from activity in lung air is presented. Although we have applied this method only to studies where xenon is rebreathed at constant volume and then washed out, the technique can be adapted to other protocols.", "contents": "Radiation dose to the lungs from ventilation studies with 133Xe. The radiation dose to the lungs from 133Xe in lung air is directly proportional to the time integral of 133Xe concentration; i.e., the cumulated concentration in the lungs. Using kinetic models developed to fit clinical observations, we have studied the effect of retention on cumulated concentration in lung air. The models studied were (1) equal exponential washin and washout rate constants, (2) unequal exponential washin and washout rate constants, and  (3) single-compartment washin and two-compartment washout. Our results show that the radiation dose varies greatly with the model chosen. A simplified method for calculating the average dose to the lungs from activity in lung air is presented. Although we have applied this method only to studies where xenon is rebreathed at constant volume and then washed out, the technique can be adapted to other protocols."}
{"id": "PMID:927395", "title": "Platelet adhesion to solid surfaces. The effects of plasma proteins and substrate wettability.", "content": "Platelet adhesion tests were performed using protein-free washed pig platelet suspensions in conjunction with a simple open-static method on smooth, well-defined protein-coated glass and polymer surfaces and bare glass and polymer surfaces. A normalization technique was introduced in an attempt to correct day-to-day variations in platelet reactivity. Protein coatings reduced platelet adhesion (to glass as well as polymer surfaces) to such a low level that the platelet density on one protein/substrate combination could not be distinguished from that on any other protein/substrate combination. Specifically, albumin and fibrinogen behaved identically regardless of the substrate on which they were coated. The addition of albumin and gamma-globulin to the platelet-suspension also significantly reduced platelet adhesion to glass surfaces. Whereas the extent of platelet adhesion from protein-free suspensions to bare glass and polymer surfaces depended on their wettability, the presence of specific chemical groups in the proteins, such as (-CONH-), may have an overriding effect on platelet adhesion to solid surfaces.", "contents": "Platelet adhesion to solid surfaces. The effects of plasma proteins and substrate wettability. Platelet adhesion tests were performed using protein-free washed pig platelet suspensions in conjunction with a simple open-static method on smooth, well-defined protein-coated glass and polymer surfaces and bare glass and polymer surfaces. A normalization technique was introduced in an attempt to correct day-to-day variations in platelet reactivity. Protein coatings reduced platelet adhesion (to glass as well as polymer surfaces) to such a low level that the platelet density on one protein/substrate combination could not be distinguished from that on any other protein/substrate combination. Specifically, albumin and fibrinogen behaved identically regardless of the substrate on which they were coated. The addition of albumin and gamma-globulin to the platelet-suspension also significantly reduced platelet adhesion to glass surfaces. Whereas the extent of platelet adhesion from protein-free suspensions to bare glass and polymer surfaces depended on their wettability, the presence of specific chemical groups in the proteins, such as (-CONH-), may have an overriding effect on platelet adhesion to solid surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:927391", "title": "Radiation from the uranium collimators of the Varian 4-MeV accelerator.", "content": "The uranium collimator of the Varian 4-MeV accelerator produces a dose rate of 100 mR/h near the collimator opening. It can be decreased to 4% by a 6-mm Lucite shield at the level of the collimator opening. A better solution is a lead glass-mylar (EM) shield which decreases the uranium radiation to less than 3% and also provides better skin sparing during treatment than the open collimator.", "contents": "Radiation from the uranium collimators of the Varian 4-MeV accelerator. The uranium collimator of the Varian 4-MeV accelerator produces a dose rate of 100 mR/h near the collimator opening. It can be decreased to 4% by a 6-mm Lucite shield at the level of the collimator opening. A better solution is a lead glass-mylar (EM) shield which decreases the uranium radiation to less than 3% and also provides better skin sparing during treatment than the open collimator."}
{"id": "PMID:927396", "title": "On the mechanical testing of some implants and materials.", "content": "This paper discusses the proliferation of medical devices and focusses its attention on the rapid development of orthopedic implants and the attempts by federal authorities to provide standards and recommended practices. The very important aspect of implant assessment based on mechanical testing is discussed and shown to be completely lacking. Current attempts to maintain quality and safety of orthopedic implants are discussed. One test configuration for femoral components of total hip replacement is offered as an example of methods that should be established to verify a particular design in conjunction with efforts to control material composition.", "contents": "On the mechanical testing of some implants and materials. This paper discusses the proliferation of medical devices and focusses its attention on the rapid development of orthopedic implants and the attempts by federal authorities to provide standards and recommended practices. The very important aspect of implant assessment based on mechanical testing is discussed and shown to be completely lacking. Current attempts to maintain quality and safety of orthopedic implants are discussed. One test configuration for femoral components of total hip replacement is offered as an example of methods that should be established to verify a particular design in conjunction with efforts to control material composition."}
{"id": "PMID:927397", "title": "Design of total hip prosthesis: the femoral stem.", "content": "This report is a summary of the research carried out in an effort to improve the reliability of total hip replacement procedures. The current state of knowledge of hip mechanics was examined and found adequate in its description of the normal hip, but totally lacking in any but qualitative terms in its description of the diseased hip, or the load transfer between prosthesis and bone in reconstructed hips. The mechanics of the hip joint and femur indicate that the positioning of the femoral head is crucial in achieving a correct balance between muscle force and joint load. Consequently, it is recommended that a great deal more attention be devoted to the positioning of the prosthesis at hip surgery. Experimental and theoretical studies were directed to one aspect of total hip replacement - the design of the femoral stem. Results indicate that all current designs should be adequate if set in acrylic, and provided subsequent bone resorption is small. Further results indicated satisfactory load transfer from a long thick prosthesis stem, fitted without acrylic cement.", "contents": "Design of total hip prosthesis: the femoral stem. This report is a summary of the research carried out in an effort to improve the reliability of total hip replacement procedures. The current state of knowledge of hip mechanics was examined and found adequate in its description of the normal hip, but totally lacking in any but qualitative terms in its description of the diseased hip, or the load transfer between prosthesis and bone in reconstructed hips. The mechanics of the hip joint and femur indicate that the positioning of the femoral head is crucial in achieving a correct balance between muscle force and joint load. Consequently, it is recommended that a great deal more attention be devoted to the positioning of the prosthesis at hip surgery. Experimental and theoretical studies were directed to one aspect of total hip replacement - the design of the femoral stem. Results indicate that all current designs should be adequate if set in acrylic, and provided subsequent bone resorption is small. Further results indicated satisfactory load transfer from a long thick prosthesis stem, fitted without acrylic cement."}
{"id": "PMID:927438", "title": "Mapping of restriction sites in the attachment site region of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "A find structure map of the EcoRI fragment containing the lambda attachment-site region has been constructed. 38 different restriction endonucleases have been employed and 170 sites located in this fragment. In addition, sites in adjacent regions have been determined for several enzymes. Complete cleavage maps of the entire lambda genome have been obtained for endonucleases BglII, BluI, KpnI, SacI, SacII, SalI and XbaI. The strategy employed for mapping included comparison of deletion and substitution mutants, analysis of mixed digests, and detailed analysis of subfragments.", "contents": "Mapping of restriction sites in the attachment site region of bacteriophage lambda. A find structure map of the EcoRI fragment containing the lambda attachment-site region has been constructed. 38 different restriction endonucleases have been employed and 170 sites located in this fragment. In addition, sites in adjacent regions have been determined for several enzymes. Complete cleavage maps of the entire lambda genome have been obtained for endonucleases BglII, BluI, KpnI, SacI, SacII, SalI and XbaI. The strategy employed for mapping included comparison of deletion and substitution mutants, analysis of mixed digests, and detailed analysis of subfragments."}
{"id": "PMID:927439", "title": "Electron microscopy of DNA: determination of absolute molecular weights and linear density.", "content": "The molecular lengths of several phage DNA's and one plasmid DNA have been measured and the molecular linear density of double stranded DNA under standard conditions has been determined. This determination was possible since the absolute molecular weight for phi X 174 DNA has become known from sequence work. RF DNA of phi X 174 phage consists of 5375 +/- 20 basepairs equivalent to a molecular weight of (3.558 +/- 0.013) x 10(6) dalton and since the length of this DNA has been determined to be 1.71 +/- 0.02 micrometer the molecular linear density of double stranded DNA prepared for electron microscopy under the conditions described is (2.08 +/- 0.03) x 10(6) dalton micrometer-1. These data have been used to determine the molecular weights of several phage DNA's and of the plasmid DNA PML 21. The latter DNA exhibits a remarkable heterogeneity with respect to its size.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of DNA: determination of absolute molecular weights and linear density. The molecular lengths of several phage DNA's and one plasmid DNA have been measured and the molecular linear density of double stranded DNA under standard conditions has been determined. This determination was possible since the absolute molecular weight for phi X 174 DNA has become known from sequence work. RF DNA of phi X 174 phage consists of 5375 +/- 20 basepairs equivalent to a molecular weight of (3.558 +/- 0.013) x 10(6) dalton and since the length of this DNA has been determined to be 1.71 +/- 0.02 micrometer the molecular linear density of double stranded DNA prepared for electron microscopy under the conditions described is (2.08 +/- 0.03) x 10(6) dalton micrometer-1. These data have been used to determine the molecular weights of several phage DNA's and of the plasmid DNA PML 21. The latter DNA exhibits a remarkable heterogeneity with respect to its size."}
{"id": "PMID:927440", "title": "Genetic identification of cloned fragments of bacteriophage T4 DNA and complementation by some clones containing early T4 genes.", "content": "Bacteriophage T4 DNA containing cytosine has been obtained from cells infected with phage mutant in genes 42, 56, denA and denB. This DNA can be cut by a number of restriction endonucleases. Fragments obtained by digestion of this DNA with EcoRI have been cloned using the vector plasmid pCR1. Clones containing T4 DNA were identified by hybridization with radioactive early and late T4 RNA. A simple marker rescue technique is described for the genetic identification of the cloned T4 fragments. Some of the T4-hybrid plasmids which contain entire T4 genes can complement temperature sensitive and amber mutants of T4.", "contents": "Genetic identification of cloned fragments of bacteriophage T4 DNA and complementation by some clones containing early T4 genes. Bacteriophage T4 DNA containing cytosine has been obtained from cells infected with phage mutant in genes 42, 56, denA and denB. This DNA can be cut by a number of restriction endonucleases. Fragments obtained by digestion of this DNA with EcoRI have been cloned using the vector plasmid pCR1. Clones containing T4 DNA were identified by hybridization with radioactive early and late T4 RNA. A simple marker rescue technique is described for the genetic identification of the cloned T4 fragments. Some of the T4-hybrid plasmids which contain entire T4 genes can complement temperature sensitive and amber mutants of T4."}
{"id": "PMID:927441", "title": "The ribosomes of Drosophila. Normal and defective ribosome biosynthesis in Drosophila cell cultures.", "content": "The assembly of proteins and RNA into mature ribosomal subunits has been studied in Drosophila cell cultures by pulse-chase experiments. Pulse labeled rRNA has a transit time of 3 h, while the transfer of ribosomal protein occurs completely within 30 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide results in an almost immediate cessation of ribosome assembly, a result which indicates that no large pool of free ribosomal proteins exists in the cell. Substituting pre-ribosomal RNA with the analogue 5-fluorouridine (5-FU) results in a cessation of ribosome muturation. Under these conditions at least three large subunit proteins continue to accumulate on pre-existing cytoplasmic subunits, indicating an exchange. A portion of ribosomal subunit proteins synthesized in the presence of 5-FU can be recovered in cytoplasmic subunits once the effect of 5-FU has been reversed. This is most easily interpreted in terms of their stabilization on substituted pre-rRNA within the nucleolus, and subsequent utilization on unsubstituted RNA.", "contents": "The ribosomes of Drosophila. Normal and defective ribosome biosynthesis in Drosophila cell cultures. The assembly of proteins and RNA into mature ribosomal subunits has been studied in Drosophila cell cultures by pulse-chase experiments. Pulse labeled rRNA has a transit time of 3 h, while the transfer of ribosomal protein occurs completely within 30 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide results in an almost immediate cessation of ribosome assembly, a result which indicates that no large pool of free ribosomal proteins exists in the cell. Substituting pre-ribosomal RNA with the analogue 5-fluorouridine (5-FU) results in a cessation of ribosome muturation. Under these conditions at least three large subunit proteins continue to accumulate on pre-existing cytoplasmic subunits, indicating an exchange. A portion of ribosomal subunit proteins synthesized in the presence of 5-FU can be recovered in cytoplasmic subunits once the effect of 5-FU has been reversed. This is most easily interpreted in terms of their stabilization on substituted pre-rRNA within the nucleolus, and subsequent utilization on unsubstituted RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:927442", "title": "[Electron microscopic demonstration of viruses in the nasal secretion from infants].", "content": "Authors examined the nasal excretion of newborn and infant for the demonstration of viruses using negative-stain-electron-microscopic technique. The nasal cavity was rinsed with physiologic saline solution and the latter was examined. The negative stain technique is a relatively quick methode for the demonstration of viruses to support the suspition of the viral aetiology of a disease until serological diagnosis is available. Authors demonstrated Orthomyxoviruses, Adenovieuses, and Herpes-viruses in the nasal cavity.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic demonstration of viruses in the nasal secretion from infants]. Authors examined the nasal excretion of newborn and infant for the demonstration of viruses using negative-stain-electron-microscopic technique. The nasal cavity was rinsed with physiologic saline solution and the latter was examined. The negative stain technique is a relatively quick methode for the demonstration of viruses to support the suspition of the viral aetiology of a disease until serological diagnosis is available. Authors demonstrated Orthomyxoviruses, Adenovieuses, and Herpes-viruses in the nasal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:927443", "title": "[The value of the newest results of blood group research in the study of hereditary diseases].", "content": "Authors discuss the recent development of chromosome-research, particularly problems concerning gene-localization and the role of blood group research in it. Blood-group Xg and its significance for the construction of the genetic map of human X chromosome and delineation of the pattern of inheritance of the X-linked disorders are described. Results of observations carried out on 178 pairs of twins of similar sexes in order to determine zygozity are shortly reviewed. The DZ : MZ ratio have been found 45 : 55.", "contents": "[The value of the newest results of blood group research in the study of hereditary diseases]. Authors discuss the recent development of chromosome-research, particularly problems concerning gene-localization and the role of blood group research in it. Blood-group Xg and its significance for the construction of the genetic map of human X chromosome and delineation of the pattern of inheritance of the X-linked disorders are described. Results of observations carried out on 178 pairs of twins of similar sexes in order to determine zygozity are shortly reviewed. The DZ : MZ ratio have been found 45 : 55."}
{"id": "PMID:927444", "title": "[Placental vascular changes in maternal diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Uniform pathological changes characteristic for the diabetes mellitus in the placenta were not revealed. In 63 per cent of the 22 cases morphological changes in the small- and middle vessels were observed. The most severe pathological changes were seen in the media in form of concentric fibrosis. It caused narrowing of the lumen, although the intima remained undamaged. It was not possible to detect a correlation between the severity of damage to the placentar vessels and groups described by White.", "contents": "[Placental vascular changes in maternal diabetes mellitus]. Uniform pathological changes characteristic for the diabetes mellitus in the placenta were not revealed. In 63 per cent of the 22 cases morphological changes in the small- and middle vessels were observed. The most severe pathological changes were seen in the media in form of concentric fibrosis. It caused narrowing of the lumen, although the intima remained undamaged. It was not possible to detect a correlation between the severity of damage to the placentar vessels and groups described by White."}
{"id": "PMID:927445", "title": "[Causes of death in cancer patients].", "content": "Causes of death of 260 tumorous patients autopsied in 1974 were analyzed. Most common causes were inflammation and tumorous and non-tumorous organ insufficiencies; the others, in order of decreasing incidence, massive tumorous dissemination, infarct and haemorrhage. Pneumonia was predominating over the inflammatory causes although peritonitis and sepsis were also not rarely encountered. Death due to inflammation occurred most frequently in cases of myeloid-lymphoid, urogenital and gastro-intestinal tumours and in postoperative states. The incidence of insufficiencies due to tumorous or non-tumorous origin differed but slightly. Of the various organ insufficiencies, massive hepatic metastases, occlusion of the biliary duct and cardiac failure were the most common. In cases of tumors of the small pelvis, compression of the ureters led most often to death. Massive dissemination was observed most of all in breast and ovarian carcinomas. Myeloid-lymphoid tumors led to death through extensive organ infiltration in about one thirds of the cases. After hearth infarction, venous thrombosis was often followed by pulmonary embolism, however, coronary occlusion was also not rare. Death due to haemorrhage originated from acute or chronic ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract or from vascular invasion of tumors in the head and neck regions or from thrombocytopaenia induced by cytostatics.", "contents": "[Causes of death in cancer patients]. Causes of death of 260 tumorous patients autopsied in 1974 were analyzed. Most common causes were inflammation and tumorous and non-tumorous organ insufficiencies; the others, in order of decreasing incidence, massive tumorous dissemination, infarct and haemorrhage. Pneumonia was predominating over the inflammatory causes although peritonitis and sepsis were also not rarely encountered. Death due to inflammation occurred most frequently in cases of myeloid-lymphoid, urogenital and gastro-intestinal tumours and in postoperative states. The incidence of insufficiencies due to tumorous or non-tumorous origin differed but slightly. Of the various organ insufficiencies, massive hepatic metastases, occlusion of the biliary duct and cardiac failure were the most common. In cases of tumors of the small pelvis, compression of the ureters led most often to death. Massive dissemination was observed most of all in breast and ovarian carcinomas. Myeloid-lymphoid tumors led to death through extensive organ infiltration in about one thirds of the cases. After hearth infarction, venous thrombosis was often followed by pulmonary embolism, however, coronary occlusion was also not rare. Death due to haemorrhage originated from acute or chronic ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract or from vascular invasion of tumors in the head and neck regions or from thrombocytopaenia induced by cytostatics."}
{"id": "PMID:927446", "title": "[Bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis].", "content": "One case of bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis without the development of Hippel--Lindau disease is reported. This rare, benign tumour should be considered in the differential diagnostics of the enlargment of the epidimdyis in young and middle aged males. Histological picture of the tumour described seems to evidence, that it originates from the ductuli efferentes.", "contents": "[Bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis]. One case of bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis without the development of Hippel--Lindau disease is reported. This rare, benign tumour should be considered in the differential diagnostics of the enlargment of the epidimdyis in young and middle aged males. Histological picture of the tumour described seems to evidence, that it originates from the ductuli efferentes."}
{"id": "PMID:927447", "title": "[Unusual cases of maternal death caused by amniotic fluid embolism].", "content": "Five cases of amnion fluid embolism are reported. In the first case the cause of the death was the obstruction of the lung-vessels. In the lung tissue calcium embolia could also been detected. In the second case embolization started--at unruptured amnionsac--with ecclampsia-like convulsions, later it was followed by coagulopathia. In the third case amnion fluid embolism was complicated by coagulopathia. In the fourth case in addition to amnion fluid embolism endometritis purulenta complicated by endotoxinaemia and coagulopathia were also present. In all four cases rupture of the uterus was revealed. In the fifth case amnion fluid embolism developed without the rupture of the uterus. At the autopsy of cases of maternal death the possibility of amnion fluid embolism should always be considered. Although macroscopic changes seen at amnion fluid embolism are not pathognomic, when clinical and pathological symptoms of haemorrhagic diathesis are present, there always arises the suspicion of amnion fluid embolism. Since lungs are relatively resistant to putrefaction amnion fluid embolism in optimal cases can be diagnosed histologically even in exhumated lung specimen. Reliable diagnosis of amnion fluid embolism in cases of sudden maternal death gives possibility to exclude medical negligence.", "contents": "[Unusual cases of maternal death caused by amniotic fluid embolism]. Five cases of amnion fluid embolism are reported. In the first case the cause of the death was the obstruction of the lung-vessels. In the lung tissue calcium embolia could also been detected. In the second case embolization started--at unruptured amnionsac--with ecclampsia-like convulsions, later it was followed by coagulopathia. In the third case amnion fluid embolism was complicated by coagulopathia. In the fourth case in addition to amnion fluid embolism endometritis purulenta complicated by endotoxinaemia and coagulopathia were also present. In all four cases rupture of the uterus was revealed. In the fifth case amnion fluid embolism developed without the rupture of the uterus. At the autopsy of cases of maternal death the possibility of amnion fluid embolism should always be considered. Although macroscopic changes seen at amnion fluid embolism are not pathognomic, when clinical and pathological symptoms of haemorrhagic diathesis are present, there always arises the suspicion of amnion fluid embolism. Since lungs are relatively resistant to putrefaction amnion fluid embolism in optimal cases can be diagnosed histologically even in exhumated lung specimen. Reliable diagnosis of amnion fluid embolism in cases of sudden maternal death gives possibility to exclude medical negligence."}
{"id": "PMID:927448", "title": "[Clinicopathological experiences in oncologic diseases].", "content": "Authors on the base of the study of clinical history and autopsy protocols of 260 patients died in 1974 in the Institute of Oncology of Hungary from oncological diseases established, that the proportion of decised younger 30 years and the number of those older 70 years increased in comparison with 1964. In the autopsy material the most frequent were tumours of the lymphoid-myeloid system, then followed the frequency of the tumours of the breast and urogenital tract, the least frequent were the tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Number of the primary multiplex tumours during the last 10 years increased from 1,5 per cent to 5,5 per cent. In 23,5 per cent of the cases medica negligence or that of the patient itself could be proved. The clinical and the pathological diagnosis did not correlate in 35,9 per cent of the cases studied. The most common unrecognized complication was pneumonia. Surgical treatment appeared to be most effective in cases of the cancer of the breast. The average age of the patients suriving for a longer period after the operation was 62,8 years, which seems to evidence, that prognosis of oncological diseases in older ages is better than in younger. In comparison with the data in 1964 number of cases with five year surviving increased by 3,7 per cent. This was striking first of all in cases of lymphoid-myeloid tumours.", "contents": "[Clinicopathological experiences in oncologic diseases]. Authors on the base of the study of clinical history and autopsy protocols of 260 patients died in 1974 in the Institute of Oncology of Hungary from oncological diseases established, that the proportion of decised younger 30 years and the number of those older 70 years increased in comparison with 1964. In the autopsy material the most frequent were tumours of the lymphoid-myeloid system, then followed the frequency of the tumours of the breast and urogenital tract, the least frequent were the tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Number of the primary multiplex tumours during the last 10 years increased from 1,5 per cent to 5,5 per cent. In 23,5 per cent of the cases medica negligence or that of the patient itself could be proved. The clinical and the pathological diagnosis did not correlate in 35,9 per cent of the cases studied. The most common unrecognized complication was pneumonia. Surgical treatment appeared to be most effective in cases of the cancer of the breast. The average age of the patients suriving for a longer period after the operation was 62,8 years, which seems to evidence, that prognosis of oncological diseases in older ages is better than in younger. In comparison with the data in 1964 number of cases with five year surviving increased by 3,7 per cent. This was striking first of all in cases of lymphoid-myeloid tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:927449", "title": "[Vascular lesions in mucosal leishmaniasis].", "content": "In 20 our of 52 cases of mucosal- leshmaniasis vascular lesions of the exudative type were observed. Arteria and vena were equally involved. These lesions are characterized by oedematous imbibition of the vascular wall, formation of fibrinoid and fibrotic proliferation of the intima. In addition fibrin thrombus and inflammatory vascula lesions were also detected. In the development of vascular lesions authors emphasize the role of immunological processes in which immune-complexes and/or membrane-reactive autoantibodies have an importance.", "contents": "[Vascular lesions in mucosal leishmaniasis]. In 20 our of 52 cases of mucosal- leshmaniasis vascular lesions of the exudative type were observed. Arteria and vena were equally involved. These lesions are characterized by oedematous imbibition of the vascular wall, formation of fibrinoid and fibrotic proliferation of the intima. In addition fibrin thrombus and inflammatory vascula lesions were also detected. In the development of vascular lesions authors emphasize the role of immunological processes in which immune-complexes and/or membrane-reactive autoantibodies have an importance."}
{"id": "PMID:927453", "title": "Abnormality of a thiamine-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.", "content": "We studied a thiamine-requiring enzyme in cultured cells from four patients with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome to determine whether these patients have a genetic predilection to thiamine deficiency. Transketolase in fibroblasts from the patients with the syndrome bound thiamine pyrophosphate less avidly than control lines. The apparent Km for thiamine pyrophosphate was 195 +/- 31 micron for transketolase in extracts of the patients' cells as compared to 16 +/- 2 micron in six control lines (means +/- S.E.M.: P less than 0.001). The ranges were 146 to 281 micron for the patients and 12 to 20 micron for the controls. The abnormality in transketolase persisted through serial passages in tissue culture in cells grown in medium containing excess thiamine and no ethanol, indicating that the aberrations were genetic rather than dietary. The abnormality of transketolase in this syndrome would presumably be clinically unimportant if the diet was adequate. These patients appear to have deleterious inborn enzymatic abnormalities of a type originally postulated by Garrod.", "contents": "Abnormality of a thiamine-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. We studied a thiamine-requiring enzyme in cultured cells from four patients with the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome to determine whether these patients have a genetic predilection to thiamine deficiency. Transketolase in fibroblasts from the patients with the syndrome bound thiamine pyrophosphate less avidly than control lines. The apparent Km for thiamine pyrophosphate was 195 +/- 31 micron for transketolase in extracts of the patients' cells as compared to 16 +/- 2 micron in six control lines (means +/- S.E.M.: P less than 0.001). The ranges were 146 to 281 micron for the patients and 12 to 20 micron for the controls. The abnormality in transketolase persisted through serial passages in tissue culture in cells grown in medium containing excess thiamine and no ethanol, indicating that the aberrations were genetic rather than dietary. The abnormality of transketolase in this syndrome would presumably be clinically unimportant if the diet was adequate. These patients appear to have deleterious inborn enzymatic abnormalities of a type originally postulated by Garrod."}
{"id": "PMID:927466", "title": "Effect of low-dose propantheline on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion: comparison with an \"optimal effective dose\" and interaction with cimetidine.", "content": "We evaluated the widely held notion that anticholinergic drugs must be used in near toxic doses to inhibit gastric acid secretion effectively. Nine patients with duodenal ulcer were studied after a low dose (15 mg) and after a near toxic dose (averaging 48 mg) of the anticholinergic, propantheline. Mean (+/- S.E.) inhibition of food-stimulated acid secretion was identical with the two doses of propantheline: 29 +/- 10 and 29 +/- 11 per cent, respectively. In addition, when 15 mg of propantheline was combined with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, acid secretion was suppressed to a greater degree than with either drug alone. A low dose of propantheline is as effective as a near toxic dose in suppressing food-stimulated acid secretion and augments the inhibitory effect of cimetidine.", "contents": "Effect of low-dose propantheline on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion: comparison with an \"optimal effective dose\" and interaction with cimetidine. We evaluated the widely held notion that anticholinergic drugs must be used in near toxic doses to inhibit gastric acid secretion effectively. Nine patients with duodenal ulcer were studied after a low dose (15 mg) and after a near toxic dose (averaging 48 mg) of the anticholinergic, propantheline. Mean (+/- S.E.) inhibition of food-stimulated acid secretion was identical with the two doses of propantheline: 29 +/- 10 and 29 +/- 11 per cent, respectively. In addition, when 15 mg of propantheline was combined with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, acid secretion was suppressed to a greater degree than with either drug alone. A low dose of propantheline is as effective as a near toxic dose in suppressing food-stimulated acid secretion and augments the inhibitory effect of cimetidine."}
{"id": "PMID:927476", "title": "[S-Methylmethionine content in plant and animal tissues and stability during storage].", "content": "The content of S-methylmethionine SMM in the extracts of 53 plant and 13 animal products by means of ion exchange clean-up procedure followed by two dimensional thin layer chromatography has been investigated. It was found that the richest plant SMM sources (in mg/100 g) are cabbage (53-104), kohlrabi (81-110), turnip (51-72), tomatoes (45-83), celery (38-78), leeks (66-75), garlic-leafs (44-64), beet (22-37), raspberries (27) and strawberries (14-25). The animal products are poor in SMM. The control of the plants rich in SMM during a storage for 6 months (autumn, winter) in the soil showed average decreases as follows: celery 38%, kohlrabi 39%, turnip 43%, and leeks 32%. A storage of cabbage with uncontrolled temperature resulted in a decrease of 62%, in a storehouse (0-1 degrees C) of 34% SMM.", "contents": "[S-Methylmethionine content in plant and animal tissues and stability during storage]. The content of S-methylmethionine SMM in the extracts of 53 plant and 13 animal products by means of ion exchange clean-up procedure followed by two dimensional thin layer chromatography has been investigated. It was found that the richest plant SMM sources (in mg/100 g) are cabbage (53-104), kohlrabi (81-110), turnip (51-72), tomatoes (45-83), celery (38-78), leeks (66-75), garlic-leafs (44-64), beet (22-37), raspberries (27) and strawberries (14-25). The animal products are poor in SMM. The control of the plants rich in SMM during a storage for 6 months (autumn, winter) in the soil showed average decreases as follows: celery 38%, kohlrabi 39%, turnip 43%, and leeks 32%. A storage of cabbage with uncontrolled temperature resulted in a decrease of 62%, in a storehouse (0-1 degrees C) of 34% SMM."}
{"id": "PMID:927477", "title": "[The biological value of fats].", "content": "Integral characteristics of animal development (weight increase, maturing of biological systems) used to date are not adequate to the requirements of detailed biological evaluation of dietary fats. The linoleic acid content in the dietary fat and the eicosatrienoic acid - eicosatetraenoic acid ratio (20:3/20:4 = HOLMAN coefficient) in the organism alone are also inadequate criteria. For this reason, the author attempted to establish metabolism-relevant law-like relationships between the fatty acid pattern of dietary fats and tissue lipids.", "contents": "[The biological value of fats]. Integral characteristics of animal development (weight increase, maturing of biological systems) used to date are not adequate to the requirements of detailed biological evaluation of dietary fats. The linoleic acid content in the dietary fat and the eicosatrienoic acid - eicosatetraenoic acid ratio (20:3/20:4 = HOLMAN coefficient) in the organism alone are also inadequate criteria. For this reason, the author attempted to establish metabolism-relevant law-like relationships between the fatty acid pattern of dietary fats and tissue lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:927478", "title": "[The effect of solids from pig manure as food components in rations for fat bulls, heifers and calves on the crude nutrient and amino acid content of the longissimus dorsi muscle].", "content": "In continuation of our studies on the use of pig manure in ruminant feeding, the present paper is concerned with the investigation of the effects of solids from semi-liquid pig manure as ration components on the crude nutrient and amino-acid contents of the longissimus dorsi muscles of bulls, heifers and calves from experimental and control groups each including 6 animals. There was no difference in the crude protein, pure protein and crude ash contents between the control and the experimental groups. On the contrary, the data on dry matter and crude fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly lower in the experimental animals than in the control animals. This difference is explained by the fact that the energy content of the experimental ration (containing solids from semi-liquid pig manure) is lower than that of the standard ration. The results obtained from the analysis for 17 amino acids show that the change in amino-acid content of the muscle protein is not determined by the use of solids from semi-liquid pig manure.", "contents": "[The effect of solids from pig manure as food components in rations for fat bulls, heifers and calves on the crude nutrient and amino acid content of the longissimus dorsi muscle]. In continuation of our studies on the use of pig manure in ruminant feeding, the present paper is concerned with the investigation of the effects of solids from semi-liquid pig manure as ration components on the crude nutrient and amino-acid contents of the longissimus dorsi muscles of bulls, heifers and calves from experimental and control groups each including 6 animals. There was no difference in the crude protein, pure protein and crude ash contents between the control and the experimental groups. On the contrary, the data on dry matter and crude fat in the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly lower in the experimental animals than in the control animals. This difference is explained by the fact that the energy content of the experimental ration (containing solids from semi-liquid pig manure) is lower than that of the standard ration. The results obtained from the analysis for 17 amino acids show that the change in amino-acid content of the muscle protein is not determined by the use of solids from semi-liquid pig manure."}
{"id": "PMID:927479", "title": "[Amino acid composition of the unresorbed peptide fractions of the distal part of the small intestine in rats. II. Feeding of field-bean protein isolate with and without the addition of dialdehyde starch and of protein texturates from it].", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing 20% protein in the form of casein, protein isolate from sunflower seeds, protein isolate from field beans, model protein texturate made from field-bean protein isolate or model protein texturate made from field-bean protein isolate treated with dialdehyde starch and a nitrogenfree diet. The content in the distal small intestine of the rats was collected 3 hours after feeding, and the amino-acid compositions of the TCA-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides (after separation of free amino acids) of the content were studied. The comparison of the amino-acid compositions of the two peptide fractions with the respective dietary protein showed no agreement. On the contrary, the comparison of the amino-acid compositions of the two peptide fractions determined after protein-free diet with those found after protein ingestion were in good agreement, independently of the kind of dietary protein. The comparison of the two peptide fractions with one another revealed an increased degree of proteolytic decomposition of the TCA-soluble peptides. As compared to the other protein-containing diets and to the protein-free diet, diets containing field-bean protein caused an increase of TCA-precipitable peptides and an increase of glycine in both fractions. This was also observed in model protein texturates containing only 30% field-bean protein. Treatment with dialdehyde starch produces certain alterations of the basic amino acids and their accumulation in the fractions of undigested peptide.", "contents": "[Amino acid composition of the unresorbed peptide fractions of the distal part of the small intestine in rats. II. Feeding of field-bean protein isolate with and without the addition of dialdehyde starch and of protein texturates from it]. Rats were fed diets containing 20% protein in the form of casein, protein isolate from sunflower seeds, protein isolate from field beans, model protein texturate made from field-bean protein isolate or model protein texturate made from field-bean protein isolate treated with dialdehyde starch and a nitrogenfree diet. The content in the distal small intestine of the rats was collected 3 hours after feeding, and the amino-acid compositions of the TCA-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides (after separation of free amino acids) of the content were studied. The comparison of the amino-acid compositions of the two peptide fractions with the respective dietary protein showed no agreement. On the contrary, the comparison of the amino-acid compositions of the two peptide fractions determined after protein-free diet with those found after protein ingestion were in good agreement, independently of the kind of dietary protein. The comparison of the two peptide fractions with one another revealed an increased degree of proteolytic decomposition of the TCA-soluble peptides. As compared to the other protein-containing diets and to the protein-free diet, diets containing field-bean protein caused an increase of TCA-precipitable peptides and an increase of glycine in both fractions. This was also observed in model protein texturates containing only 30% field-bean protein. Treatment with dialdehyde starch produces certain alterations of the basic amino acids and their accumulation in the fractions of undigested peptide."}
{"id": "PMID:927480", "title": "[Enzymatic examination of citrate-isocitrate accumulation in yeasts].", "content": "The activities of the enzymes citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase in cell homogenates of n-paraffin grown citrate plus isocitrate accumulating yeasts (C. lipolytica high rate accumulating strain and C. guilliermondii low rate accumulating strain) were determined. It is shown that the activities of the enzymes decline after transition from tropho- to idiophase and remain constant with exception of isocitrate lyase which diminishes slowly. The decline in activity of the isocitrate lyase was greatest in the cells of C. guilliermondii. It is discussed that the differences of the enzymatic activities in the tropho- and idiophase, resp. may be artefacts due to changes in the structure of cellular envelope, but that the decline of lyase activity in the idiophase could be one factor determining the rate of citric- and isocitric acid overproduction. The diminishing of isocitrate lyase in the course of idiophase is interpreted as example of a disappearing enzyme no further needed for normal function of the cells.", "contents": "[Enzymatic examination of citrate-isocitrate accumulation in yeasts]. The activities of the enzymes citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase in cell homogenates of n-paraffin grown citrate plus isocitrate accumulating yeasts (C. lipolytica high rate accumulating strain and C. guilliermondii low rate accumulating strain) were determined. It is shown that the activities of the enzymes decline after transition from tropho- to idiophase and remain constant with exception of isocitrate lyase which diminishes slowly. The decline in activity of the isocitrate lyase was greatest in the cells of C. guilliermondii. It is discussed that the differences of the enzymatic activities in the tropho- and idiophase, resp. may be artefacts due to changes in the structure of cellular envelope, but that the decline of lyase activity in the idiophase could be one factor determining the rate of citric- and isocitric acid overproduction. The diminishing of isocitrate lyase in the course of idiophase is interpreted as example of a disappearing enzyme no further needed for normal function of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:927481", "title": "[Effect of protein content and thyroid hormone on body composition in growing rats].", "content": "The effects of an isocaloric control diet of high-protein and low-protein diets (in which protein amounted to 16, 62 and 2% of total calorie content, respectively) with and without simultaneous administration of Thyreotom or methylthiouracil on total body composition have been studied in growing male Wistar rats. In spite of higher average Kcal intake (per day and 100 g of body weight), the rats on the high-protein diet were weighing less than the control animals at the end of the experiment. As compared to the control animals, the rats on the high-protein diet as well as those on the low-protein diet showed a greater relative weight of the thyroid gland. The protein percentage of the body was not significantly increased by an increase in protein supply; likewise, it was not significantly reduced by a decrease in protein supply. The body fat content was by 2/3 lower in the rats on the lowprotein diet than in the control animals. This difference was statistically significant. Thyroid hormones (1 mug liothyronine + 4 mug levothyroxine/100 g body weight, administered orally for 3 weeks) produced a slight increase of body protein in the rats on the high-protein diet; they increased it significantly in the rats on the low-protein diet. Body fat was correspondingly reduced. Methylthiouracil reduces the body fat content in the control animals and in the rats on the high-protein diet; it increased the body fat content in the rats on  the low-protein diet. Our  results confirm the partial findings of human pathology and demonstrate clearly that nutritional diseases, especially protein deficiency, worsen considerably in case of concomitant disorders of thyroid hormone metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of protein content and thyroid hormone on body composition in growing rats]. The effects of an isocaloric control diet of high-protein and low-protein diets (in which protein amounted to 16, 62 and 2% of total calorie content, respectively) with and without simultaneous administration of Thyreotom or methylthiouracil on total body composition have been studied in growing male Wistar rats. In spite of higher average Kcal intake (per day and 100 g of body weight), the rats on the high-protein diet were weighing less than the control animals at the end of the experiment. As compared to the control animals, the rats on the high-protein diet as well as those on the low-protein diet showed a greater relative weight of the thyroid gland. The protein percentage of the body was not significantly increased by an increase in protein supply; likewise, it was not significantly reduced by a decrease in protein supply. The body fat content was by 2/3 lower in the rats on the lowprotein diet than in the control animals. This difference was statistically significant. Thyroid hormones (1 mug liothyronine + 4 mug levothyroxine/100 g body weight, administered orally for 3 weeks) produced a slight increase of body protein in the rats on the high-protein diet; they increased it significantly in the rats on the low-protein diet. Body fat was correspondingly reduced. Methylthiouracil reduces the body fat content in the control animals and in the rats on the high-protein diet; it increased the body fat content in the rats on  the low-protein diet. Our  results confirm the partial findings of human pathology and demonstrate clearly that nutritional diseases, especially protein deficiency, worsen considerably in case of concomitant disorders of thyroid hormone metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:927483", "title": "Protein, amino acid contents and protein efficiency ratio of Egyptian buffalo meat under different biological conditions.", "content": "The effect of age, sex, season and cut variations on the protein, amino acids contents and protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) of Egyptian Buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained showed significant difference at 0.01 level for protein in relation to cut (abdomen and thigh, respectively), male in relation to season and dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference at 0.05 level in case of green season in relation to sex. Protein shows a significant difference at 0.1 level due to sex variation. There is a difference in the amino acids content of young and old animals during dry season in both cuts. Young animals show higher values than old ones in most of the amino acids investigated. There is also an obvious difference in the amino acids during green season between male and female animals, and also between both cuts. P.E.R. of Egyptian Buffalo meat as 10% protein level ranges between 3.02 and 2.35 according to seasonal, cut and age variations.", "contents": "Protein, amino acid contents and protein efficiency ratio of Egyptian buffalo meat under different biological conditions. The effect of age, sex, season and cut variations on the protein, amino acids contents and protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) of Egyptian Buffalo meat was studied in 128 samples. Statistical analysis for the data obtained showed significant difference at 0.01 level for protein in relation to cut (abdomen and thigh, respectively), male in relation to season and dry season in relation to sex. There is also significant difference at 0.05 level in case of green season in relation to sex. Protein shows a significant difference at 0.1 level due to sex variation. There is a difference in the amino acids content of young and old animals during dry season in both cuts. Young animals show higher values than old ones in most of the amino acids investigated. There is also an obvious difference in the amino acids during green season between male and female animals, and also between both cuts. P.E.R. of Egyptian Buffalo meat as 10% protein level ranges between 3.02 and 2.35 according to seasonal, cut and age variations."}
{"id": "PMID:927484", "title": "[Heavy metals in food--analytical control in Austria].", "content": "Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The procedures used for digestion, extraction and concentration and the measuring technique are described. Nearly 1500 determinations of lead, 1200 determinations of mercury and arsenic, respectively, and 800 determinations of cadmium in foods permitted to calculate (taking into account the food habits) the dietary loads on the Austrian population. The loads per individual and month were: 5.9 mg lead (infants aged from 1--12 months: 0.18--2.5 mg), 2.02 mg cadmium (infants, 0.04--0.61 mg), 0.2 mg mercury and 0.9 mg arsenic. Whereas the cadmium intake was somewhat greater than the maximum value established by the FAO/WHO (1.6--2.0 mg/individual and month), the intakes of lead, mercury and arsenic were considerably lower than the maximum values.", "contents": "[Heavy metals in food--analytical control in Austria]. Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The procedures used for digestion, extraction and concentration and the measuring technique are described. Nearly 1500 determinations of lead, 1200 determinations of mercury and arsenic, respectively, and 800 determinations of cadmium in foods permitted to calculate (taking into account the food habits) the dietary loads on the Austrian population. The loads per individual and month were: 5.9 mg lead (infants aged from 1--12 months: 0.18--2.5 mg), 2.02 mg cadmium (infants, 0.04--0.61 mg), 0.2 mg mercury and 0.9 mg arsenic. Whereas the cadmium intake was somewhat greater than the maximum value established by the FAO/WHO (1.6--2.0 mg/individual and month), the intakes of lead, mercury and arsenic were considerably lower than the maximum values."}
{"id": "PMID:927485", "title": "[Contribution to the migration and toxicology of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylpheny)-5-chlorobenzotriazole].", "content": "Studies on the use of an ultraviolet-absorbing agent based on hydroxybenzotriazole for commodities of low-pressure and high-pressure polyethylene and polypropylene show that the migration is only slight in aqueous and acidic foods and in foodstuffs with low alcohol content. Sunflower oil, n-heptane (as a fat-stimulating test solution) and 50% ethanol as test solutions yielded higher migration values. Gas chromatographic, polarographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods were used to determine the ultraviolet-absorbing agent. Concerns about a possible photosensitizing effect of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole were experimentally tested and turned out to be unfounded. From the viewpoint of safety, there are no contraindications to the use of polyolefines in packing materials for most foods. As to fat-containing and strongly alcoholic foodstuffs, the authorization should be conditioned on the circumstances of use.", "contents": "[Contribution to the migration and toxicology of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylpheny)-5-chlorobenzotriazole]. Studies on the use of an ultraviolet-absorbing agent based on hydroxybenzotriazole for commodities of low-pressure and high-pressure polyethylene and polypropylene show that the migration is only slight in aqueous and acidic foods and in foodstuffs with low alcohol content. Sunflower oil, n-heptane (as a fat-stimulating test solution) and 50% ethanol as test solutions yielded higher migration values. Gas chromatographic, polarographic and thin-layer chromatographic methods were used to determine the ultraviolet-absorbing agent. Concerns about a possible photosensitizing effect of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole were experimentally tested and turned out to be unfounded. From the viewpoint of safety, there are no contraindications to the use of polyolefines in packing materials for most foods. As to fat-containing and strongly alcoholic foodstuffs, the authorization should be conditioned on the circumstances of use."}
{"id": "PMID:927486", "title": "[Method for the control of (rat) liver functions by means of 14C-acetate for the toxicological analysis of foreign substances].", "content": "The authors present a test procedure which permits to obtain, by means of a single carbon-14-labelled compound as structural element in a series of essential substances, a survey of important fields of liver function. Special attention was paid to cholesterol. Methodical studies resulted in an optimization of the application under in vivo and in vitro conditions, and of the isolation of carbon-14-labelled cholesterol, ester cholesterol and glucose as well as of carbon-14-labelled phospholipids, triglycerides, bile acids, proteins and nucleic acids as groups. A comparison of the experimental techniques demonstrated the advantages of in vivo application. The method and its validity are illustrated by an example (DDT). Its use in studies on various active principles will be dealt with in future communications.", "contents": "[Method for the control of (rat) liver functions by means of 14C-acetate for the toxicological analysis of foreign substances]. The authors present a test procedure which permits to obtain, by means of a single carbon-14-labelled compound as structural element in a series of essential substances, a survey of important fields of liver function. Special attention was paid to cholesterol. Methodical studies resulted in an optimization of the application under in vivo and in vitro conditions, and of the isolation of carbon-14-labelled cholesterol, ester cholesterol and glucose as well as of carbon-14-labelled phospholipids, triglycerides, bile acids, proteins and nucleic acids as groups. A comparison of the experimental techniques demonstrated the advantages of in vivo application. The method and its validity are illustrated by an example (DDT). Its use in studies on various active principles will be dealt with in future communications."}
{"id": "PMID:927499", "title": "Location and bond type of intermolecular contacts in the polymerisation of haemoglobin S.", "content": "The solubility of 14 hybrid haemoglobins composed of alpha chains with a single substitution and beta chains from HbS was compared with that of sickle haemoglobin. A substantial reduction in the insolubility of native deoxyhaemoglobin S results from surface mutations in certain regions of the alpha chain while changes in other areas have no effect. Also, the chemical nature of the substitution is decisive an points to the type of intermolecular bonding at several loci.", "contents": "Location and bond type of intermolecular contacts in the polymerisation of haemoglobin S. The solubility of 14 hybrid haemoglobins composed of alpha chains with a single substitution and beta chains from HbS was compared with that of sickle haemoglobin. A substantial reduction in the insolubility of native deoxyhaemoglobin S results from surface mutations in certain regions of the alpha chain while changes in other areas have no effect. Also, the chemical nature of the substitution is decisive an points to the type of intermolecular bonding at several loci."}
{"id": "PMID:927513", "title": "Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments.", "content": "Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen. This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth. These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants.", "contents": "Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments. Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen. This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth. These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants."}
{"id": "PMID:927526", "title": "Nature of lethality of t mutations in embryos.", "content": "Mutations in the genes of the T complex in mice can lead to death at various stages of embryogenesis. It has been suggested that the T genes specify cell surface antigens which are essential for normal organisation of certain cells within the embryo. But, there is now evidence that at least some of these T complex mutations are simply generalised cell lethals.", "contents": "Nature of lethality of t mutations in embryos. Mutations in the genes of the T complex in mice can lead to death at various stages of embryogenesis. It has been suggested that the T genes specify cell surface antigens which are essential for normal organisation of certain cells within the embryo. But, there is now evidence that at least some of these T complex mutations are simply generalised cell lethals."}
{"id": "PMID:927540", "title": "Behavioral frequency: relationship between conditioning and extinction.", "content": "Operant conditioning data pertaining to bar pressing in rats show that (1) different schedules of reinforcement during training lead to differential behavior during extinction as measured by number of responses, but not as measured by number of response units and (2) animals show a response frequency/unit of time which is directly proportional to the response frequency/unit of time acquired during training.", "contents": "Behavioral frequency: relationship between conditioning and extinction. Operant conditioning data pertaining to bar pressing in rats show that (1) different schedules of reinforcement during training lead to differential behavior during extinction as measured by number of responses, but not as measured by number of response units and (2) animals show a response frequency/unit of time which is directly proportional to the response frequency/unit of time acquired during training."}
{"id": "PMID:927548", "title": "Effects of pentazocine on the intestine and biliary tract of the rabbit in vitro.", "content": "Pentazocine impairs peristaltic activity and relaxes longitudinal muscle in the colon and in the ileum. The circular coat is excited in the colon, while in the ileum pentazocine exhibits both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the concentration employed. Pentazocine does not exert a spasmogenic effect in the smooth muscle of terminal bile duct but instead reduces the electrically-induced contraction. The effect of pentazocine does not seem to involve endogenous acetylcholine or catecholamine release.", "contents": "Effects of pentazocine on the intestine and biliary tract of the rabbit in vitro. Pentazocine impairs peristaltic activity and relaxes longitudinal muscle in the colon and in the ileum. The circular coat is excited in the colon, while in the ileum pentazocine exhibits both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending on the concentration employed. Pentazocine does not exert a spasmogenic effect in the smooth muscle of terminal bile duct but instead reduces the electrically-induced contraction. The effect of pentazocine does not seem to involve endogenous acetylcholine or catecholamine release."}
{"id": "PMID:927549", "title": "Effects of diazepines and barbiturates on hippocampal recurrent inhibition.", "content": "The effects of two diazepines (diazepam and Ro 11-7800) and 3 barbiturates (thiamylal, pentobarbitol and phenobarbital) on GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition were assessed on single hippocampal pyramidal cells and on population spikes using extracellular recording techniques. Recurrent inhibition was evoked in spontaneously active CA1 pyramidal cells by stimulation of the fimbria or the alveus with single shocks. Microiontophoretic application of Ro 11-7800 or systemic application of diazepines or barbiturates resulted in an increase of the duration of the inhibition and in a concomitant depression of the spontaneous firing in most neurones tested. When the firing rates were kept constant artificially, using excitant amino acids, a prolongation of the recurrent inhibition was observed with barbiturates but not with diazepines. The duration of the inhibition, which was assessed from CA1 population spikes elicited by double shocks to the fimbria, was prolonged following systemic application of diazepines or barbiturates. It is concluded that both diazepines and barbiturates are able to potentiate GABAergic recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus. The demonstration of this effect appears to depend critically on certain experimental conditions.", "contents": "Effects of diazepines and barbiturates on hippocampal recurrent inhibition. The effects of two diazepines (diazepam and Ro 11-7800) and 3 barbiturates (thiamylal, pentobarbitol and phenobarbital) on GABA-mediated recurrent inhibition were assessed on single hippocampal pyramidal cells and on population spikes using extracellular recording techniques. Recurrent inhibition was evoked in spontaneously active CA1 pyramidal cells by stimulation of the fimbria or the alveus with single shocks. Microiontophoretic application of Ro 11-7800 or systemic application of diazepines or barbiturates resulted in an increase of the duration of the inhibition and in a concomitant depression of the spontaneous firing in most neurones tested. When the firing rates were kept constant artificially, using excitant amino acids, a prolongation of the recurrent inhibition was observed with barbiturates but not with diazepines. The duration of the inhibition, which was assessed from CA1 population spikes elicited by double shocks to the fimbria, was prolonged following systemic application of diazepines or barbiturates. It is concluded that both diazepines and barbiturates are able to potentiate GABAergic recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus. The demonstration of this effect appears to depend critically on certain experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:927550", "title": "Studies on the characterization and inhibition of rat brain phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.", "content": "The existence of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity in the rat brain and spinal cord was confirmed using both substrate specificity and selective inhibitors of the adrenal enzyme as biochemical tools. The enzyme was not generally localized throughout the central nervous system but was found primarily in the brain stem and spinal cord with lesser amounts occurring in the midbrain. No significant PNMT activity was found in markedly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo by low concentrations (doses) of SK&F 64139, a potent inhibitor of the adrenal enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the characterization and inhibition of rat brain phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. The existence of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activity in the rat brain and spinal cord was confirmed using both substrate specificity and selective inhibitors of the adrenal enzyme as biochemical tools. The enzyme was not generally localized throughout the central nervous system but was found primarily in the brain stem and spinal cord with lesser amounts occurring in the midbrain. No significant PNMT activity was found in markedly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo by low concentrations (doses) of SK&F 64139, a potent inhibitor of the adrenal enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:927553", "title": "Effects of simple indoles, noradrenaline, nicotine, and tyramine on action potential and contractility of the isolated guinea-pig papillary muscle.", "content": "1. Simultaneous recordings of both the transmembrane action potential and the contractions were made in isolated electrically driven papillary muscles of the guinea pig in order to compare the effects of 6-methoxyindole (6-MOI), 3-methylindole (3-MI) and 5-methylindole (5-MI) with those of noradrenaline (1.2 - 10(-6) M), nicotine (2 - 10(-5) M), and tyramine (5.8 - 10(-6) M). 2. Noradrenaline, nicotine, tyramine and 6-MOI (5.4 - 10(-4) M) enhanced the contractility whilst 3-MI (3.8 and 7.8 - 10(-4) M) and 5-MI (1.9 and 3.8 - 10(-4) M) had only irregular effects. The active compounds shortened and time-to-peak tension and increased the rate of relaxation. 3. The duration of the action potential was prolonged by noradrenaline, nicotine, and tyramine, but shortened by 3-MI, 5-MI, and 6-MOI. 4. The results showed that the effect of drugs on the action potential are not necessarily linked to those on contractility.", "contents": "Effects of simple indoles, noradrenaline, nicotine, and tyramine on action potential and contractility of the isolated guinea-pig papillary muscle. 1. Simultaneous recordings of both the transmembrane action potential and the contractions were made in isolated electrically driven papillary muscles of the guinea pig in order to compare the effects of 6-methoxyindole (6-MOI), 3-methylindole (3-MI) and 5-methylindole (5-MI) with those of noradrenaline (1.2 - 10(-6) M), nicotine (2 - 10(-5) M), and tyramine (5.8 - 10(-6) M). 2. Noradrenaline, nicotine, tyramine and 6-MOI (5.4 - 10(-4) M) enhanced the contractility whilst 3-MI (3.8 and 7.8 - 10(-4) M) and 5-MI (1.9 and 3.8 - 10(-4) M) had only irregular effects. The active compounds shortened and time-to-peak tension and increased the rate of relaxation. 3. The duration of the action potential was prolonged by noradrenaline, nicotine, and tyramine, but shortened by 3-MI, 5-MI, and 6-MOI. 4. The results showed that the effect of drugs on the action potential are not necessarily linked to those on contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:927554", "title": "Localization of d-tubocurarine in rat liver lysosomes. Lysosomal uptake, biliary excretion and displacement by quinacrine in vivo.", "content": "In the rat d-tubocurarine is taken up by the liver and excreted in bile. A fraction of the drug is taken up very rapidly by lysosomes. This lysosomal localization of the drug was demonstrated by purification of Triton WR 1339 loaded lysosomes ('tritosomes') on a sucrose density gradient by flotation; 3H-labeled d-tubocurarine was accumulated in the same fractions as acid phosphatase activity. Lysosome-bound d-tubocurarine is not available for biliary excretion and remains in the lysosomes even when the cytosolic concentration decreases to very low levels. The biliary excretion rate was linearly related to the amount of d-tubocurarine present in the cytosol. Lysosomal uptake of d-tubocurarine was decreased or prevented by the basic drug quinacrine in vivo. The lysosomal storage of d-tubocurarine is discussed in relation to its relevance for the clinical use of this and related drugs.", "contents": "Localization of d-tubocurarine in rat liver lysosomes. Lysosomal uptake, biliary excretion and displacement by quinacrine in vivo. In the rat d-tubocurarine is taken up by the liver and excreted in bile. A fraction of the drug is taken up very rapidly by lysosomes. This lysosomal localization of the drug was demonstrated by purification of Triton WR 1339 loaded lysosomes ('tritosomes') on a sucrose density gradient by flotation; 3H-labeled d-tubocurarine was accumulated in the same fractions as acid phosphatase activity. Lysosome-bound d-tubocurarine is not available for biliary excretion and remains in the lysosomes even when the cytosolic concentration decreases to very low levels. The biliary excretion rate was linearly related to the amount of d-tubocurarine present in the cytosol. Lysosomal uptake of d-tubocurarine was decreased or prevented by the basic drug quinacrine in vivo. The lysosomal storage of d-tubocurarine is discussed in relation to its relevance for the clinical use of this and related drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:927555", "title": "Structural identification of p-dioxane-2-one as the major urinary metabolite of p-dioxane.", "content": "Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) of the volatile compounds present in the urine from rats administered dioxane, a hepatic carcinogen to this species, revealed a major metabolite. The appearance of the metabolite was pH-dependent, undetectable at high pH; reacidification of the urine sample brought about the reappearance of the metabolite. The amount excreted was dose-dependent and time-dependent, reaching a maximum between 20 and 28 h after dioxane administration. Diethylene glycol administered to rats gave rise to the same metabolite. When isolated and purified from lyophilized urine by preparative GC, the metabolite exhibited an intense carbonyl band at 1750 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum showed two triplets and one singlet with equal intensity at delta 3.85, 4.48 and 4.37, respectively. GC-mass spectrometric studies indicated a parent peak at m/e 102. The metabolite was identified as p-dioxane-2-one. Synthetic reference compound exhibited identical IR, NMR, and GC-mass spectra as the metabolite. The tentative pathway and the biological significance of dioxane metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Structural identification of p-dioxane-2-one as the major urinary metabolite of p-dioxane. Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) of the volatile compounds present in the urine from rats administered dioxane, a hepatic carcinogen to this species, revealed a major metabolite. The appearance of the metabolite was pH-dependent, undetectable at high pH; reacidification of the urine sample brought about the reappearance of the metabolite. The amount excreted was dose-dependent and time-dependent, reaching a maximum between 20 and 28 h after dioxane administration. Diethylene glycol administered to rats gave rise to the same metabolite. When isolated and purified from lyophilized urine by preparative GC, the metabolite exhibited an intense carbonyl band at 1750 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum showed two triplets and one singlet with equal intensity at delta 3.85, 4.48 and 4.37, respectively. GC-mass spectrometric studies indicated a parent peak at m/e 102. The metabolite was identified as p-dioxane-2-one. Synthetic reference compound exhibited identical IR, NMR, and GC-mass spectra as the metabolite. The tentative pathway and the biological significance of dioxane metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927592", "title": "[Reactions of neurons of the secondary somatosensory cortex of awake cats to electrocutaneous and acoustic stimulation].", "content": "In chronic experiments on alert cats the discharges of neurons in the secondary projection zone of the somato-sensory cortex to click and electrical stimulation of contralateral paw were investigated. 57% of neurons responded to \"specific\" stimulation by increasing the discharge frequency, 18%--by weakening or stopping the background activity, while 25% did not react at all. 30% of neurons responded by activation to the \"non-specific\" stimulation (click), 25%--by inhibition and 45% were unresponsive. An investigation of intersensory convergence by sending signals from different analyzer systems showed that bimodal responses are peculiar to most neurons (55%) of this zone. 18% of neurons with a response only to the \"specific\" or \"non-specific\" stimuli were found. It is suggested that polysensory convergence on the neurones of the somato-sensory cortex is important for the cortical area in the process of closing of conditioned connections.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons of the secondary somatosensory cortex of awake cats to electrocutaneous and acoustic stimulation]. In chronic experiments on alert cats the discharges of neurons in the secondary projection zone of the somato-sensory cortex to click and electrical stimulation of contralateral paw were investigated. 57% of neurons responded to \"specific\" stimulation by increasing the discharge frequency, 18%--by weakening or stopping the background activity, while 25% did not react at all. 30% of neurons responded by activation to the \"non-specific\" stimulation (click), 25%--by inhibition and 45% were unresponsive. An investigation of intersensory convergence by sending signals from different analyzer systems showed that bimodal responses are peculiar to most neurons (55%) of this zone. 18% of neurons with a response only to the \"specific\" or \"non-specific\" stimuli were found. It is suggested that polysensory convergence on the neurones of the somato-sensory cortex is important for the cortical area in the process of closing of conditioned connections."}
{"id": "PMID:927593", "title": "[Intramodal and interaural specificity of the human slow auditory evoked potential].", "content": "Parameters of slow auditory evoked potentials (SAEPs) evoked by monotonal monaural stimuli were compared with those evoked by a series of tone stimuli of different frequencies. In one version of polytonal stimulation the side of sound application was alternately varied. In the case of polytonal stimulation the amplitude of SAEPs was consistently greater than that in the case of monotonal stimulation. The maximal amplitudes were obtained during alternating polytonal stimulation. In the case of polytonal stimulation, together with the amplitude increase, a regular decrease in its variability was noticed. SAEPs recorded during polytonal stimulation were also characterized by greater peak-latency values. It is concluded that SAEPs possess intramodal and interaural specific properties. It is proved that the tonotopic and bilaterally symmetric organization of SAEP generating system is better manifested at lower sound intensities. The data demonstrate that neuron populations of the SAEP generating system which perceive slightly different sound stimuli overlap each other more than those which perceive more different sounds. The data on intramodal and interaural specificity of SAEP are discussed from the point of view of extralemniscal origin of this potential.", "contents": "[Intramodal and interaural specificity of the human slow auditory evoked potential]. Parameters of slow auditory evoked potentials (SAEPs) evoked by monotonal monaural stimuli were compared with those evoked by a series of tone stimuli of different frequencies. In one version of polytonal stimulation the side of sound application was alternately varied. In the case of polytonal stimulation the amplitude of SAEPs was consistently greater than that in the case of monotonal stimulation. The maximal amplitudes were obtained during alternating polytonal stimulation. In the case of polytonal stimulation, together with the amplitude increase, a regular decrease in its variability was noticed. SAEPs recorded during polytonal stimulation were also characterized by greater peak-latency values. It is concluded that SAEPs possess intramodal and interaural specific properties. It is proved that the tonotopic and bilaterally symmetric organization of SAEP generating system is better manifested at lower sound intensities. The data demonstrate that neuron populations of the SAEP generating system which perceive slightly different sound stimuli overlap each other more than those which perceive more different sounds. The data on intramodal and interaural specificity of SAEP are discussed from the point of view of extralemniscal origin of this potential."}
{"id": "PMID:927594", "title": "[Responses of neurons of the posterior ventral and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus].", "content": "Responses of 72 ventral posterior (VP) and 116 ventral lateral (VL) thalamic neurons to electrical stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. All investigated neurons were identified according to their responses to stimulation of the first somatosensory (SI), first motor (MI) cortical zones, medial lemniscus (LM) and nucleus interpositus (n. INP) of cerebellum. It was shown that to reticular nucleus stimulation responded predominantly those VP and VL neurons (73.7% and 86.2%, respectively) which responded to stimulation of MI and n. NIP. 19.8% of VL neurons responded to R stimulation with antidromic spike (latency 0.5-2.0 ms) and 46.6% with orthodromic excitation. The latency of 23% of orthodromic excitatory responses was 0.9-3.5 ms and of 77% of them 4.0-21.0 ms. 19.8% of VL neurons responded to R stimulation with inhibition. Among registered IPSP only one could be considered as monosynaptic (the latency 1.0 ms). A suggestion is made that most of R neurons are excitatory and that inhibition developing in VL neurons in response to R stimulation is mainly connected with the excitation of inhibitory interneurons located outside R.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons of the posterior ventral and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus]. Responses of 72 ventral posterior (VP) and 116 ventral lateral (VL) thalamic neurons to electrical stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus were studied in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. All investigated neurons were identified according to their responses to stimulation of the first somatosensory (SI), first motor (MI) cortical zones, medial lemniscus (LM) and nucleus interpositus (n. INP) of cerebellum. It was shown that to reticular nucleus stimulation responded predominantly those VP and VL neurons (73.7% and 86.2%, respectively) which responded to stimulation of MI and n. NIP. 19.8% of VL neurons responded to R stimulation with antidromic spike (latency 0.5-2.0 ms) and 46.6% with orthodromic excitation. The latency of 23% of orthodromic excitatory responses was 0.9-3.5 ms and of 77% of them 4.0-21.0 ms. 19.8% of VL neurons responded to R stimulation with inhibition. Among registered IPSP only one could be considered as monosynaptic (the latency 1.0 ms). A suggestion is made that most of R neurons are excitatory and that inhibition developing in VL neurons in response to R stimulation is mainly connected with the excitation of inhibitory interneurons located outside R."}
{"id": "PMID:927595", "title": "[Transthalamic conduction of visual impulses into the cortex and subcortical portions of the turtle forebrain].", "content": "Thalamic structures relaying impulses originating from optic stimulation of the retina and electric stimulation of the tectum on the way to the general cortex, hyperstriatum dorsal ventricular ridge and striatum were studied in turtles Emys orbicularis. Anodal polarization of the n. rotundus temporarily, and the lesion of this nucleus irreversibly, suppressed the main negative component of responses evoked by tectal stimulation and light flashes in the dorsal ventricular ridge without affecting them in the general cortex. Polarization and lesions of the lateral thalamic region, including nucleus geniculatum lateralis produced an opposite effect. A conditioning single stimulation of the tectum or n. rotundus suppressed flash-evoked potentials in the hyperstriatum. However evoked potentials and single unit responses appeared following stimulation of the lateral thalamic region. They exhibited blocking interactions with the tectum-evoked responses. A conclusion is made that in the turtle the main pathways conducting visual information to the cortex and hyperstriatum are different: in the former case it is relayed in the lateral geniculatum region in the latter--in n. rotundus, although an overlap of the projections in dorsal ventricular ridge and striatum can be suggested.", "contents": "[Transthalamic conduction of visual impulses into the cortex and subcortical portions of the turtle forebrain]. Thalamic structures relaying impulses originating from optic stimulation of the retina and electric stimulation of the tectum on the way to the general cortex, hyperstriatum dorsal ventricular ridge and striatum were studied in turtles Emys orbicularis. Anodal polarization of the n. rotundus temporarily, and the lesion of this nucleus irreversibly, suppressed the main negative component of responses evoked by tectal stimulation and light flashes in the dorsal ventricular ridge without affecting them in the general cortex. Polarization and lesions of the lateral thalamic region, including nucleus geniculatum lateralis produced an opposite effect. A conditioning single stimulation of the tectum or n. rotundus suppressed flash-evoked potentials in the hyperstriatum. However evoked potentials and single unit responses appeared following stimulation of the lateral thalamic region. They exhibited blocking interactions with the tectum-evoked responses. A conclusion is made that in the turtle the main pathways conducting visual information to the cortex and hyperstriatum are different: in the former case it is relayed in the lateral geniculatum region in the latter--in n. rotundus, although an overlap of the projections in dorsal ventricular ridge and striatum can be suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:927596", "title": "[Activation of reticulospinal neurons of the medulla oblongata by pyramidal fiber collaterals].", "content": "The responses of medullar reticulospinal neurons evoked by collaterals of pyramidal fibres were investigated in cats anesthetized with nembutal (40 mg/kg) or mixture of chloralose (45 mg/kg) and nembutal (15 mg/kg). Experiments were performed after preliminary electrolytic destruction of contralateral red nucleus and section of ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus in C4. It was shown that pre- and postsynaptic effects evoked in neurons of gigantocellular nucleus by stimulation of cortex and DLF are mediated by collaterals of pyramidal fibres. Only excitatory responses were recorded from reticulospinal neurons after stimulation of DLF. The analysis of EPSPs had showed that they could be evoked by collaterals of both fast and slow pyramidal fibres.", "contents": "[Activation of reticulospinal neurons of the medulla oblongata by pyramidal fiber collaterals]. The responses of medullar reticulospinal neurons evoked by collaterals of pyramidal fibres were investigated in cats anesthetized with nembutal (40 mg/kg) or mixture of chloralose (45 mg/kg) and nembutal (15 mg/kg). Experiments were performed after preliminary electrolytic destruction of contralateral red nucleus and section of ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus in C4. It was shown that pre- and postsynaptic effects evoked in neurons of gigantocellular nucleus by stimulation of cortex and DLF are mediated by collaterals of pyramidal fibres. Only excitatory responses were recorded from reticulospinal neurons after stimulation of DLF. The analysis of EPSPs had showed that they could be evoked by collaterals of both fast and slow pyramidal fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:927597", "title": "[Activity of propriospinal neurons in cats during the scratch reflex].", "content": "In the thalamic cats immobilized with flaxedil, the tactile stimulation of the pinna evoked fictitious scratching, i.e. rhythmical activity of the hindlimb motoneurons with a pattern of discharge typical of the actual scratching. Activity of propriospinal neurons from the segments C1--C2 and Th4--Th7 was recorded during such scratching. The neurons were identified by the antidromic response to L1 stimulation. Most neurons did not respond to the pinna stimulation, but some neurons did. They were tonically active during fictitious scratching. The neurons from cervical segments responded also to some other peripheral stimuli, but neurons from thoracic segments did not. Their activity could be inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral pinna. A role of propriospinal neurons in the activation of the spinal mechanisms of scratching is discussed.", "contents": "[Activity of propriospinal neurons in cats during the scratch reflex]. In the thalamic cats immobilized with flaxedil, the tactile stimulation of the pinna evoked fictitious scratching, i.e. rhythmical activity of the hindlimb motoneurons with a pattern of discharge typical of the actual scratching. Activity of propriospinal neurons from the segments C1--C2 and Th4--Th7 was recorded during such scratching. The neurons were identified by the antidromic response to L1 stimulation. Most neurons did not respond to the pinna stimulation, but some neurons did. They were tonically active during fictitious scratching. The neurons from cervical segments responded also to some other peripheral stimuli, but neurons from thoracic segments did not. Their activity could be inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral pinna. A role of propriospinal neurons in the activation of the spinal mechanisms of scratching is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927598", "title": "[Neuronal organization of ganglia in the lumbar region of the cat sympathetic chain].", "content": "Neuronal organization of the isolated III--VI ganglia in the lumbar sympathetic chain of the cat was studied by means of intracellular recording. Most of the ganglionic neurons (66%) receive synaptic inputs simultaneously from sympathetic B1-, B2- and C-preganglionic fibres (conduction velocity 12.0 +/- 0.7; 4.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.0 +/- 0.1 m/s respectively). The rest of neurons are activated only by fast-conducting B1- and B2-fibres (24%) or only by slow-conducting C-fibres (10%). The main preganglionic input to the ganglionic neurons comes through the white rami of the rostral segments, the less effective inputs--through the other ones. A part of neurons receive preganglionic C-fibres coming into the ganglia through the grey rami.", "contents": "[Neuronal organization of ganglia in the lumbar region of the cat sympathetic chain]. Neuronal organization of the isolated III--VI ganglia in the lumbar sympathetic chain of the cat was studied by means of intracellular recording. Most of the ganglionic neurons (66%) receive synaptic inputs simultaneously from sympathetic B1-, B2- and C-preganglionic fibres (conduction velocity 12.0 +/- 0.7; 4.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.0 +/- 0.1 m/s respectively). The rest of neurons are activated only by fast-conducting B1- and B2-fibres (24%) or only by slow-conducting C-fibres (10%). The main preganglionic input to the ganglionic neurons comes through the white rami of the rostral segments, the less effective inputs--through the other ones. A part of neurons receive preganglionic C-fibres coming into the ganglia through the grey rami."}
{"id": "PMID:927599", "title": "[Changes in the electroretinogram and concentration or rhodopsin in the Hunter strain of rats during development of hereditary retinal degeneration].", "content": "Electroretinographic changes as well as rhodopsin content in the isolated retina and the eye cup in Hunter rats were studied during inherited retinal degeneration. The concentration of rhodopsin in the eye cup increases for the first 45 days after birth and then decreases slowly; the visual pigment concentration in the retina reaches its maximum by the 25th day and drops abruptly after the 35th day. The amplitude of the electroretinographic b-wave evoked by near-threshold and saturating stimuli decreases evenly till 35th day. After this day the threshold drastically increases and a-wave disappears. Thus, the 35th day is crucial in the degeneration process. The possible role played by abnormal rhodopsin metabolism in the changes observed is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the electroretinogram and concentration or rhodopsin in the Hunter strain of rats during development of hereditary retinal degeneration]. Electroretinographic changes as well as rhodopsin content in the isolated retina and the eye cup in Hunter rats were studied during inherited retinal degeneration. The concentration of rhodopsin in the eye cup increases for the first 45 days after birth and then decreases slowly; the visual pigment concentration in the retina reaches its maximum by the 25th day and drops abruptly after the 35th day. The amplitude of the electroretinographic b-wave evoked by near-threshold and saturating stimuli decreases evenly till 35th day. After this day the threshold drastically increases and a-wave disappears. Thus, the 35th day is crucial in the degeneration process. The possible role played by abnormal rhodopsin metabolism in the changes observed is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927600", "title": "[Functional features of the locomotor muscles of the locust].", "content": "The ultrastructure of muscle fibres, membrane electrical constants and synaptic membrane responses to microapplication of l-glutamate were investigated in longitudinal flight muscle and flexor tibia of Locusta migratoria migratorioides. The sarcomers of the flight muscle (fast) were smaller then those of the leg muscle (slow). The effective resistances (Ro) of the flight and leg muscles were (2.25 +/- 0.54)-10(5) omega and (1.65 +/- 0.57) X 10(5) omega. The specific resistance (Rm), space constant (tau) and time constant (lambda) in the same muscles were 774 +/- 106 omega-cm and 2583 +/- 119 omega-cm-2; 7.3 +/- 1.7 ms and 17.5 +/- 1.1 ms; 093 +/- 0.22 mm and 1.98 +/- 0.42 mm. When l-glutamate was applied iontophoretically to muscle fibres depolarization was recorded only in localized parts of the membrane. Microapplication of acetylcholine to intact and denervated muscle fibres of the slow leg muscle was uneffective. It is suggested that l-glutamic acid is the excitatory transmitter both in slow and fast insect muscles.", "contents": "[Functional features of the locomotor muscles of the locust]. The ultrastructure of muscle fibres, membrane electrical constants and synaptic membrane responses to microapplication of l-glutamate were investigated in longitudinal flight muscle and flexor tibia of Locusta migratoria migratorioides. The sarcomers of the flight muscle (fast) were smaller then those of the leg muscle (slow). The effective resistances (Ro) of the flight and leg muscles were (2.25 +/- 0.54)-10(5) omega and (1.65 +/- 0.57) X 10(5) omega. The specific resistance (Rm), space constant (tau) and time constant (lambda) in the same muscles were 774 +/- 106 omega-cm and 2583 +/- 119 omega-cm-2; 7.3 +/- 1.7 ms and 17.5 +/- 1.1 ms; 093 +/- 0.22 mm and 1.98 +/- 0.42 mm. When l-glutamate was applied iontophoretically to muscle fibres depolarization was recorded only in localized parts of the membrane. Microapplication of acetylcholine to intact and denervated muscle fibres of the slow leg muscle was uneffective. It is suggested that l-glutamic acid is the excitatory transmitter both in slow and fast insect muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:927601", "title": "[2 types of neuromuscular junction in the pharyngeal retractor muscle of snails].", "content": "The pharyngeal retractor muscle of Helix lucorum is innervated by two symmetrical nerves which contain axons of two types forming myoneural junctions with the muscle cells. Type I junctions correspond to thick axons. These axon terminals which contain a large number of spherical, clear vesicles (41 +/- 5 nm) and a smaller number of dense-cored vesicles (67 +/- 3 nm) make contacts mainly with noncontractile sarcoplasmic processes of muscle cells. Type II junctions correspond to thin axons containing many of granules. Their axon terminals contact with contractile parts of muscle cells and contain a heterogenous population of vesicles: small spherical clear vesicles (44 +/- 2 nm), dense-cored vesicles and numerous irregularly outlined granules with fine-granular content (135 +/- 5 nm). Space between muscle cell is usually wide (50 nm and more) with the exception of sarcoplasmic processes where the gap may be less than 10 nm.", "contents": "[2 types of neuromuscular junction in the pharyngeal retractor muscle of snails]. The pharyngeal retractor muscle of Helix lucorum is innervated by two symmetrical nerves which contain axons of two types forming myoneural junctions with the muscle cells. Type I junctions correspond to thick axons. These axon terminals which contain a large number of spherical, clear vesicles (41 +/- 5 nm) and a smaller number of dense-cored vesicles (67 +/- 3 nm) make contacts mainly with noncontractile sarcoplasmic processes of muscle cells. Type II junctions correspond to thin axons containing many of granules. Their axon terminals contact with contractile parts of muscle cells and contain a heterogenous population of vesicles: small spherical clear vesicles (44 +/- 2 nm), dense-cored vesicles and numerous irregularly outlined granules with fine-granular content (135 +/- 5 nm). Space between muscle cell is usually wide (50 nm and more) with the exception of sarcoplasmic processes where the gap may be less than 10 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:927602", "title": "[Identification of sodium channels in vitro].", "content": "The membrane fraction isolated from cattle brain and vagal nerve was treated by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of 22Na. It was shown that 22Na was trapped in vesicles formed from sonicated membranes in an osmotically active forms and slowly released into a nonradioactive solution. The efflux of 22Na from vesicles was studied in the presence and in the absence of substances which change the sodium conductance of excitable membranes. The local anesthetics (procaine, dibucaine) and tetrodotoxin at concentrations blocking electrical excitation in vivo decreased the sodium efflux from the vesicles. Veratrine, an activator of sodium channels, increased this efflux. The results are interpretated as an indication of the presence of functionally active sodium channels in the isolated membrane fragments.", "contents": "[Identification of sodium channels in vitro]. The membrane fraction isolated from cattle brain and vagal nerve was treated by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of 22Na. It was shown that 22Na was trapped in vesicles formed from sonicated membranes in an osmotically active forms and slowly released into a nonradioactive solution. The efflux of 22Na from vesicles was studied in the presence and in the absence of substances which change the sodium conductance of excitable membranes. The local anesthetics (procaine, dibucaine) and tetrodotoxin at concentrations blocking electrical excitation in vivo decreased the sodium efflux from the vesicles. Veratrine, an activator of sodium channels, increased this efflux. The results are interpretated as an indication of the presence of functionally active sodium channels in the isolated membrane fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:927603", "title": "[Effect of electrical stimulation of nodes of Ranvier on the rate of sodium channel modification by batrachotoxin under conditions of potential fixation].", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were carried out on Ranvier nodes treated with steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxin (BTX). It is shown that the electric stimulation of voltage clamped Ranvier node with depolarizing pulses strongly increases the rate of BTX-Na channel interaction providing that two conditions take place simultaneously: sodium channels are not inactivated at the holding potential and applied pulses are large enough to activate Na channels. It is supposed that BTX interacts only with open sodium channels and that BTX-channel reaction is reversible. The electric stimulation is the way to obtain a marked fraction of modified channels in experiments even with low BTX concentrations (100--500 mM) and to achieve an equilibrium for BTX-Na channels reaction for a short time.", "contents": "[Effect of electrical stimulation of nodes of Ranvier on the rate of sodium channel modification by batrachotoxin under conditions of potential fixation]. Voltage clamp experiments were carried out on Ranvier nodes treated with steroidal alkaloid batrachotoxin (BTX). It is shown that the electric stimulation of voltage clamped Ranvier node with depolarizing pulses strongly increases the rate of BTX-Na channel interaction providing that two conditions take place simultaneously: sodium channels are not inactivated at the holding potential and applied pulses are large enough to activate Na channels. It is supposed that BTX interacts only with open sodium channels and that BTX-channel reaction is reversible. The electric stimulation is the way to obtain a marked fraction of modified channels in experiments even with low BTX concentrations (100--500 mM) and to achieve an equilibrium for BTX-Na channels reaction for a short time."}
{"id": "PMID:927605", "title": "Biochemistry of drugs XXIII. Substance with antineoplastic acitivity LX. Pharmacokinetics of cis-beta-4-pentoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoacrylic acid (cis: Br, H)-3H (Penberol-3H).", "content": "After oral administration of Penberol-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma HK, within 4 days 50% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine, and 36% in the faeces. In dogs the excretion rates were slower. It was found that after oral administration of Penberol-3H to rats, radioactivity was excreted in the bile. After oral administration of Penberol-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma, high specific radioactivities (per gram of tissue) were found in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and ovaries. Besides, it was found that after oral administration of Penberol-3H to nursing female rats the radioactivity was little eliminated in the milk, and in pregnant females its penetration into the fetuses was negligible.", "contents": "Biochemistry of drugs XXIII. Substance with antineoplastic acitivity LX. Pharmacokinetics of cis-beta-4-pentoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoacrylic acid (cis: Br, H)-3H (Penberol-3H). After oral administration of Penberol-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma HK, within 4 days 50% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine, and 36% in the faeces. In dogs the excretion rates were slower. It was found that after oral administration of Penberol-3H to rats, radioactivity was excreted in the bile. After oral administration of Penberol-3H to mice with mammary gland adenocarcinoma, high specific radioactivities (per gram of tissue) were found in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and ovaries. Besides, it was found that after oral administration of Penberol-3H to nursing female rats the radioactivity was little eliminated in the milk, and in pregnant females its penetration into the fetuses was negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:927606", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the course of cutaneous wound healing.", "content": "The healing process of cutaneous wounds has been followed with the aid of mechanical tests, autoradiographic investigation of fibroblastic reaction in the wound and method of electron microscopy. Cyclophosphamide has been found not to have any substantial effect on the favorable course of healing of the surgical wound, hence, surgical intervention combined with postoperative administration of Cyclophosphamide does not jeopardize the healing process.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the course of cutaneous wound healing. The healing process of cutaneous wounds has been followed with the aid of mechanical tests, autoradiographic investigation of fibroblastic reaction in the wound and method of electron microscopy. Cyclophosphamide has been found not to have any substantial effect on the favorable course of healing of the surgical wound, hence, surgical intervention combined with postoperative administration of Cyclophosphamide does not jeopardize the healing process."}
{"id": "PMID:927607", "title": "Comparative investigation of DNA from mouse and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Mouse DNA and DNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor have been comparatively studied in the search for changes in DNA during tumor progression. No differences were found in kinetics of homologous (mouse X mouse) and heterologous (mouse X tumor) DNA reassociation; in thermal stability of homologous and heterologous duplexes of repeated, unique and satellite DNA; in percentage of hybridization with mouse liver heterogenous nuclear RNA; in thermal stability of the RNA.DNA hybrids. The negative results suggest that the considerable evolution of transplantable tumors (both in biological properties and in karyotype) has not been accompanied by alterations of the genome which could be detected by the now available methods of molecular hybridization for studying DNA divergence. In the light of the results obtained the functions ascribed to the mouse satellite DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Comparative investigation of DNA from mouse and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Mouse DNA and DNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor have been comparatively studied in the search for changes in DNA during tumor progression. No differences were found in kinetics of homologous (mouse X mouse) and heterologous (mouse X tumor) DNA reassociation; in thermal stability of homologous and heterologous duplexes of repeated, unique and satellite DNA; in percentage of hybridization with mouse liver heterogenous nuclear RNA; in thermal stability of the RNA.DNA hybrids. The negative results suggest that the considerable evolution of transplantable tumors (both in biological properties and in karyotype) has not been accompanied by alterations of the genome which could be detected by the now available methods of molecular hybridization for studying DNA divergence. In the light of the results obtained the functions ascribed to the mouse satellite DNA are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927608", "title": "Recovery from x-ray induced damage in human cells grown in culture.", "content": "Cells from an established human cell-line, NHIK 3025, originally derived from an early stage of cancer of the cervix, were tested for recovery capacity when irradiated with X-rays under aerobic (equilibrated with air) and extremely hypoxic conditions (O2 content less than 4 ppm). The dose-response curve obtained under aerobic conditions had a D0-value of 130 rads and an extrapolation number of 3.8. The corresponding curve obtained with a first dose exceeding that of the shoulder region of the survival curve followed 3 hours later by graded second doses, had a D0-value of 130 rads and extrapolation number 2.2. The curve obtained by measuring the survival after two equal doses of 330 rads, each with variable time intervals between the doses, showed a time dependent radiosensitivity. The dose-response curve obtained by irradiating the cells under extremely hypoxic conditions was well fitted by an exponential line up to about 2500 rads followed by a downward bend. Recovery from sublethal damage was not observed in split-dose experiments where the total doses were less than 2500 rads. For a total dose of 4200 rads, however, a split-dose effect was observed (SDR = 1.6). This split-dose effect is probably not due to Elkind repair, but is rather a consequence of the technique used.", "contents": "Recovery from x-ray induced damage in human cells grown in culture. Cells from an established human cell-line, NHIK 3025, originally derived from an early stage of cancer of the cervix, were tested for recovery capacity when irradiated with X-rays under aerobic (equilibrated with air) and extremely hypoxic conditions (O2 content less than 4 ppm). The dose-response curve obtained under aerobic conditions had a D0-value of 130 rads and an extrapolation number of 3.8. The corresponding curve obtained with a first dose exceeding that of the shoulder region of the survival curve followed 3 hours later by graded second doses, had a D0-value of 130 rads and extrapolation number 2.2. The curve obtained by measuring the survival after two equal doses of 330 rads, each with variable time intervals between the doses, showed a time dependent radiosensitivity. The dose-response curve obtained by irradiating the cells under extremely hypoxic conditions was well fitted by an exponential line up to about 2500 rads followed by a downward bend. Recovery from sublethal damage was not observed in split-dose experiments where the total doses were less than 2500 rads. For a total dose of 4200 rads, however, a split-dose effect was observed (SDR = 1.6). This split-dose effect is probably not due to Elkind repair, but is rather a consequence of the technique used."}
{"id": "PMID:927609", "title": "Cellular evaluation of hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "A suitable modification of the \"skin window\" method makes it possible to evaluate hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene at cellular level. Probands are sensitized by epicutaneous application of 0.2 ml of 1% solution of the tested substance, and after 14 days 1 drop of this solution is applied in the same manner on a freshly scraped area of the \"skin window\". An imprint preparation is taken 48 hours later and examined microscopically. Presence of lymphoid elements, eosinophils and basophils points to a normally developed hypersensitivity reaction. Presence at the same time of rather great amounts of large monocytogenic macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes is an expression of an unspecific inflammatory reaction taking a normal course. Suitability of the described procedure for routine application is discussed.", "contents": "Cellular evaluation of hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. A suitable modification of the \"skin window\" method makes it possible to evaluate hypersensitivity reaction to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene at cellular level. Probands are sensitized by epicutaneous application of 0.2 ml of 1% solution of the tested substance, and after 14 days 1 drop of this solution is applied in the same manner on a freshly scraped area of the \"skin window\". An imprint preparation is taken 48 hours later and examined microscopically. Presence of lymphoid elements, eosinophils and basophils points to a normally developed hypersensitivity reaction. Presence at the same time of rather great amounts of large monocytogenic macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes is an expression of an unspecific inflammatory reaction taking a normal course. Suitability of the described procedure for routine application is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927610", "title": "Chromosomal characteristics and non-random distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in lymphoblastoid cell lines isolated from acute leukemias.", "content": "Serial cytogenetic characteristics of four lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the peripheral blood of four patients with acute leukemia are presented, including G and C banding techniques and the analysis of sister chromatid exchanges by means of FPG technique. One of these lines turned into predominantly diploid although originally pseudodiploid, while the other three changed from diploid to heteroploid ones during prolonged cultivation, with the appearance of a marker chromosome in one of them. The mean number of sister chromatid exchanges per mitosis (9.6) did not differ from the control value obtained in short-term cultivations of lymphocytes of healthy subjects. All lines showed a significantly increased number of sister chromatid exchanges in the B group chromosomes. The contribution of FPG technique for the study of cell kinetics is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal characteristics and non-random distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in lymphoblastoid cell lines isolated from acute leukemias. Serial cytogenetic characteristics of four lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the peripheral blood of four patients with acute leukemia are presented, including G and C banding techniques and the analysis of sister chromatid exchanges by means of FPG technique. One of these lines turned into predominantly diploid although originally pseudodiploid, while the other three changed from diploid to heteroploid ones during prolonged cultivation, with the appearance of a marker chromosome in one of them. The mean number of sister chromatid exchanges per mitosis (9.6) did not differ from the control value obtained in short-term cultivations of lymphocytes of healthy subjects. All lines showed a significantly increased number of sister chromatid exchanges in the B group chromosomes. The contribution of FPG technique for the study of cell kinetics is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927611", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Cytology in malignant melanoma of the skin is a useful method, which alone yields in many cases enough diagnostic informations for a therapeutical approach. It is of a special importance in cases with marked anisocytosis of cells and with large, sometimes polynuclear cells and with cells with melanotic pigment. In cases with middle-sized apigmented cells of epitheloid appearance it should be always completed by biopsy, which, in these cases predominates over cytology. Combination of both methods brings a more substantial elucidation of diagnosis.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Cytology in malignant melanoma of the skin is a useful method, which alone yields in many cases enough diagnostic informations for a therapeutical approach. It is of a special importance in cases with marked anisocytosis of cells and with large, sometimes polynuclear cells and with cells with melanotic pigment. In cases with middle-sized apigmented cells of epitheloid appearance it should be always completed by biopsy, which, in these cases predominates over cytology. Combination of both methods brings a more substantial elucidation of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:927612", "title": "Estimation of StilbostatR treatment efficiency in breast cancer by thermography.", "content": "Administration of Stilbostat to postmenopasual women with advanced breast cancer markedly improved the clinical state in about 65% of the cases and concomitantly decreased the cutaneous thermic values at the level of the lesions showing a tendency to equalize the values recorded for the symmetrical healthy cutaneous zones. The thermographic test is proposed as a means of estimating the Stilbostat treatment efficiency in breast cancer.", "contents": "Estimation of StilbostatR treatment efficiency in breast cancer by thermography. Administration of Stilbostat to postmenopasual women with advanced breast cancer markedly improved the clinical state in about 65% of the cases and concomitantly decreased the cutaneous thermic values at the level of the lesions showing a tendency to equalize the values recorded for the symmetrical healthy cutaneous zones. The thermographic test is proposed as a means of estimating the Stilbostat treatment efficiency in breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:927623", "title": "Phenacetin abuse and chronic pyelonephritis.", "content": "A history of phenacetin abuse has been found almost three times more frequently among subjects diagnosed on clinical and functional grounds as suffering from chronic pyelonephritis than among those suffering from other renal diseases or among non-renal controls. The chronic pyelonephritis in subjects admitting phenacetin abuse has been usually characterized by a more frequent intense bacteriuria and leucocyturia, by a slightly more frequent haematuria, history of renal colic, presence of stones and more rapid downhill course of glomerular filtration rate than in subjects without phenacetin abuse. A sterile lesion also without any past evidence of infection was observed only in subjects with the heaviest analgesic abuse. The discontinuation of the abuse in 5 subjects led to an improvement of the renal function.", "contents": "Phenacetin abuse and chronic pyelonephritis. A history of phenacetin abuse has been found almost three times more frequently among subjects diagnosed on clinical and functional grounds as suffering from chronic pyelonephritis than among those suffering from other renal diseases or among non-renal controls. The chronic pyelonephritis in subjects admitting phenacetin abuse has been usually characterized by a more frequent intense bacteriuria and leucocyturia, by a slightly more frequent haematuria, history of renal colic, presence of stones and more rapid downhill course of glomerular filtration rate than in subjects without phenacetin abuse. A sterile lesion also without any past evidence of infection was observed only in subjects with the heaviest analgesic abuse. The discontinuation of the abuse in 5 subjects led to an improvement of the renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:927624", "title": "Insulin resistance in uremia: amino acid metabolism.", "content": "After infusion of 250 ml of essential L-amino acids, plasma levels of alpha-amino nitrogen (alpha-AN2) in six chronic renal failure (CRF) patients were not different from those in six carefully matched control (CON) subjects. Plasma insulin increments increased significantly within both groups but were higher in the CRF group (p less than 0.05 at 40 min, p less than 0.005 at 55 min). Growth hormone levels were also higher in the CRF group. Previous studies have shown delayed clearance of plasma alpha-AN2 after casein hydrolysate infusion, despite similarly increased insulin and growth hormone levels in CRF patients. We conclude that essential amino acids are probably more easily metabolized than casein hydrolysate in uremic subjects, but that normal metabolism occurs at the expense of higher plasma levels of insulin and growth hormone.", "contents": "Insulin resistance in uremia: amino acid metabolism. After infusion of 250 ml of essential L-amino acids, plasma levels of alpha-amino nitrogen (alpha-AN2) in six chronic renal failure (CRF) patients were not different from those in six carefully matched control (CON) subjects. Plasma insulin increments increased significantly within both groups but were higher in the CRF group (p less than 0.05 at 40 min, p less than 0.005 at 55 min). Growth hormone levels were also higher in the CRF group. Previous studies have shown delayed clearance of plasma alpha-AN2 after casein hydrolysate infusion, despite similarly increased insulin and growth hormone levels in CRF patients. We conclude that essential amino acids are probably more easily metabolized than casein hydrolysate in uremic subjects, but that normal metabolism occurs at the expense of higher plasma levels of insulin and growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:927625", "title": "Hereditary xanthinuria: report on three patients and short review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients with hereditary xanthinuria are presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed. In two siblings the disease has been asymptomatic; in the third urolithiasis has developed. Xanthine stone formation is the clinical hallmark of the disease. Hereditary xanthinuria seems to be relatively prevalent in Lebanon.", "contents": "Hereditary xanthinuria: report on three patients and short review of the literature. Three patients with hereditary xanthinuria are presented and the pertinent literature is reviewed. In two siblings the disease has been asymptomatic; in the third urolithiasis has developed. Xanthine stone formation is the clinical hallmark of the disease. Hereditary xanthinuria seems to be relatively prevalent in Lebanon."}
{"id": "PMID:927680", "title": "[Cholecystosis].", "content": "Cholecystosis conditions include those diseases of the gallbladder whose aetiopathogenesis is to be sought in a hyperplasia of the tissues making up the cholecystic wall (hyperplastic forms) and in an overload of this wall on the part of organic substances or minerals such as lipides or calcium salts (thesaurismosic forms). After discussing the classification, pathological anatomy, aetiopathogenesis, frequency, symptomatology, laboratory and radiological examinations, prognosis complications and treatment of these conditions, a personal series of 36 surgically treated cholecystoses is reported.", "contents": "[Cholecystosis]. Cholecystosis conditions include those diseases of the gallbladder whose aetiopathogenesis is to be sought in a hyperplasia of the tissues making up the cholecystic wall (hyperplastic forms) and in an overload of this wall on the part of organic substances or minerals such as lipides or calcium salts (thesaurismosic forms). After discussing the classification, pathological anatomy, aetiopathogenesis, frequency, symptomatology, laboratory and radiological examinations, prognosis complications and treatment of these conditions, a personal series of 36 surgically treated cholecystoses is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:927682", "title": "[Study of suprarenal cysts. Apropos of a case of cystic lymphagioma of the adrenal glands].", "content": "Following a review of the literature on the incidence and characteristics of suprarenal cysts, the case of a young woman who was suffering from bland urinary symptomatology is reported. On the basis of anatomopathological study, the case was classified as a cystic lymphangioma of the suprarenal gland arising on a malformative base.", "contents": "[Study of suprarenal cysts. Apropos of a case of cystic lymphagioma of the adrenal glands]. Following a review of the literature on the incidence and characteristics of suprarenal cysts, the case of a young woman who was suffering from bland urinary symptomatology is reported. On the basis of anatomopathological study, the case was classified as a cystic lymphangioma of the suprarenal gland arising on a malformative base."}
{"id": "PMID:927687", "title": "[Surgical treatment of dermo-hypodermic sclerosis and varicose ulcer by Martorell's method].", "content": "A surgical therapy model for dermohypodermic sclerosis and varicose ulcer of the lower extremities is presented. This consists of extending the method described by Martorell in 1955 to cases  of inveterate ulcer. The pre-, intra- and post-operative colour diagrams and figures presented show the validity of the method without superseding lengthier and more complex methods.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of dermo-hypodermic sclerosis and varicose ulcer by Martorell's method]. A surgical therapy model for dermohypodermic sclerosis and varicose ulcer of the lower extremities is presented. This consists of extending the method described by Martorell in 1955 to cases  of inveterate ulcer. The pre-, intra- and post-operative colour diagrams and figures presented show the validity of the method without superseding lengthier and more complex methods."}
{"id": "PMID:927688", "title": "[Recurrent varices of the lower limbs. Etiologic and clinico-therapeutic study].", "content": "The latest findings in varicose relapses of the lower extremities are described, and the most significant bibliographic data discussed. The most frequent causes, the anatomo-topographical distribution and the causal therapy are examined. It is also point out that recurrent varices occur much less frequently than some years ago, the reason being knowledge of the disease's aetiology and hence of the most rational, radical treatment for it. In presenting 25 operations, 15 of them for post-operative recurrence and 10 for recurrences following sclerosing therapy, it is pointed out that out of 518 cases of varicose veins operated on in the Department since 1971, no case of varicose recurrence has ever been encountered. This is attributed to the eclecticism and rigour of the surgical technique. Stress is laid on the words of Martinet and Tubiana in 1950 \"...treatment of varicose veins is far from being as simple as many believe...\". Treatment must in fact be chosen case by case.", "contents": "[Recurrent varices of the lower limbs. Etiologic and clinico-therapeutic study]. The latest findings in varicose relapses of the lower extremities are described, and the most significant bibliographic data discussed. The most frequent causes, the anatomo-topographical distribution and the causal therapy are examined. It is also point out that recurrent varices occur much less frequently than some years ago, the reason being knowledge of the disease's aetiology and hence of the most rational, radical treatment for it. In presenting 25 operations, 15 of them for post-operative recurrence and 10 for recurrences following sclerosing therapy, it is pointed out that out of 518 cases of varicose veins operated on in the Department since 1971, no case of varicose recurrence has ever been encountered. This is attributed to the eclecticism and rigour of the surgical technique. Stress is laid on the words of Martinet and Tubiana in 1950 \"...treatment of varicose veins is far from being as simple as many believe...\". Treatment must in fact be chosen case by case."}
{"id": "PMID:927683", "title": "[Duodenogastric reflux and stress ulcer].", "content": "Duodenogastric reflux in 14 patients in an intensive care unit was compared with that in 12 healthy controls. In addition, intragastric bromsulphalein concentration was measured up to 60 minutes after intravenous administration. Reflux was much more frequent in the intensive-care patients and correlated with the incidence of gastric erosions and stress ulcers. Reflux is apparently one of three factors (in addition to ischaemia and HCl) which synergistically lead to stress-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Duodenogastric reflux and stress ulcer]. Duodenogastric reflux in 14 patients in an intensive care unit was compared with that in 12 healthy controls. In addition, intragastric bromsulphalein concentration was measured up to 60 minutes after intravenous administration. Reflux was much more frequent in the intensive-care patients and correlated with the incidence of gastric erosions and stress ulcers. Reflux is apparently one of three factors (in addition to ischaemia and HCl) which synergistically lead to stress-induced lesions of the gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:927686", "title": "[Problems in emergency surgery: acute mesenteric vascular occlusion].", "content": "Twenty-one cases of acute mesenteric occlusion are presented. Stress is laid on the difficulty of reaching a diagnosis in time to enable disobstruction to be carried out. In the reported series, diagnosis was established 1-8 days after the onset of symptoms. When radical surgery was performed (extensive resection occasionally coupled with right hemicolectomy), postoperative mortality was high and transit and nutritional problems brought about by the shortness of the residual gut were encountered.", "contents": "[Problems in emergency surgery: acute mesenteric vascular occlusion]. Twenty-one cases of acute mesenteric occlusion are presented. Stress is laid on the difficulty of reaching a diagnosis in time to enable disobstruction to be carried out. In the reported series, diagnosis was established 1-8 days after the onset of symptoms. When radical surgery was performed (extensive resection occasionally coupled with right hemicolectomy), postoperative mortality was high and transit and nutritional problems brought about by the shortness of the residual gut were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:927693", "title": "[Diaphanoscopy in surgery. Presentation of a cold-light loop for various surgical uses, particularly for the choledochus and retrocavities of the epiploa. Comparison with an earlier system using traditional transillumination].", "content": "An account is given of the creation of an autoclavesterilisable, cold-light, transilluminating loop for surgical use following personal endoscopic experience with personally divised instruments, some of which were presented at the Turin Medical and Surgical Meetings held in 1954. It is considered that much valuable can be made of the intense luminous ray, which can be aseptically transfered into the surgery site for direct or transparent viewing. A description is given of a guided, flexible gastroduodenal sound used for obtaining material, insufflation and transillumination, and of a sterilisable, semi-rigid, metal loop used for conventional (hot light) illumination and diaphanoscopy. Lastly, the features of the new (cold-light) optical-fibre metal loop are explained. Its curvature is adaptable for the illumination and transillumination of even deep cavities. Useful employment of the new loop in the surgery of the choledochus and retro-cavities of the epiploa is referred to.", "contents": "[Diaphanoscopy in surgery. Presentation of a cold-light loop for various surgical uses, particularly for the choledochus and retrocavities of the epiploa. Comparison with an earlier system using traditional transillumination]. An account is given of the creation of an autoclavesterilisable, cold-light, transilluminating loop for surgical use following personal endoscopic experience with personally divised instruments, some of which were presented at the Turin Medical and Surgical Meetings held in 1954. It is considered that much valuable can be made of the intense luminous ray, which can be aseptically transfered into the surgery site for direct or transparent viewing. A description is given of a guided, flexible gastroduodenal sound used for obtaining material, insufflation and transillumination, and of a sterilisable, semi-rigid, metal loop used for conventional (hot light) illumination and diaphanoscopy. Lastly, the features of the new (cold-light) optical-fibre metal loop are explained. Its curvature is adaptable for the illumination and transillumination of even deep cavities. Useful employment of the new loop in the surgery of the choledochus and retro-cavities of the epiploa is referred to."}
{"id": "PMID:927694", "title": "[Pheochromocytoma. Diagnostic aspects and surgical treatment. Apropos of 20 operated cases].", "content": "Reference is made to 20 cases of pheochromocytoma operated at the surgical clinic of the University of Padua since 1963. Stress is laid on the importance of modern angiographic techniques in diagnosis and their attendant risks and the main aspects of surgical management are examined. The results show that success depends on careful preoperative localisation, choice of a suitable approach route, and correct technique coupled with suitable intraoperative management.", "contents": "[Pheochromocytoma. Diagnostic aspects and surgical treatment. Apropos of 20 operated cases]. Reference is made to 20 cases of pheochromocytoma operated at the surgical clinic of the University of Padua since 1963. Stress is laid on the importance of modern angiographic techniques in diagnosis and their attendant risks and the main aspects of surgical management are examined. The results show that success depends on careful preoperative localisation, choice of a suitable approach route, and correct technique coupled with suitable intraoperative management."}
{"id": "PMID:927711", "title": "[Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by means of scintigraphy].", "content": "The occasions on which lung embolism is likely to occur and proceed with or without initial clinical symptoms are described. Lung scintiscanning technique, complemented by special expedients and personal experience, is explained. It is felt that the method helps in the early detection of suspect or clinically silent forms, as well as in the corroboration or ruling out of a clinical diagnosis as soon as this is possible. Scintiscanning is also of assistance in showing the anatomopathological features and extent of the process. The technique is simple and readily tolerated, even by patients with slight respiratory or circulatory disturbances. On the other hand, it is not competitive with conventional and well-tried angiopneumography.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by means of scintigraphy]. The occasions on which lung embolism is likely to occur and proceed with or without initial clinical symptoms are described. Lung scintiscanning technique, complemented by special expedients and personal experience, is explained. It is felt that the method helps in the early detection of suspect or clinically silent forms, as well as in the corroboration or ruling out of a clinical diagnosis as soon as this is possible. Scintiscanning is also of assistance in showing the anatomopathological features and extent of the process. The technique is simple and readily tolerated, even by patients with slight respiratory or circulatory disturbances. On the other hand, it is not competitive with conventional and well-tried angiopneumography."}
{"id": "PMID:927712", "title": "[Potassium depletion. Glucose intolerance. Senile diabetes. A study of possible pathogenetic relations. 2].", "content": "The effects of intake of potassium salts for 21-28 days on the glucose tolerance of 10 elderly subjects with clear diabetes were examined by means of the Tolbutamide test (TT) and the i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Improvement in tolerance, to the extent of a reduction in glycaemic levels and better coefficients, was observed in all values of the two tests and in basal glycaemia values, with constantly significant differences at statistical examination. In a group of 4 cases in which Tolbutamide treatment was suspended for the same period, this improvement in the Tolbutamide Test was not observed. With this second confirmation of the initial hypothesis, the pathogenetic significance and biological relevance of potassium depletion in senile diabetes and generally, in the ageing process, are discussed.", "contents": "[Potassium depletion. Glucose intolerance. Senile diabetes. A study of possible pathogenetic relations. 2]. The effects of intake of potassium salts for 21-28 days on the glucose tolerance of 10 elderly subjects with clear diabetes were examined by means of the Tolbutamide test (TT) and the i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Improvement in tolerance, to the extent of a reduction in glycaemic levels and better coefficients, was observed in all values of the two tests and in basal glycaemia values, with constantly significant differences at statistical examination. In a group of 4 cases in which Tolbutamide treatment was suspended for the same period, this improvement in the Tolbutamide Test was not observed. With this second confirmation of the initial hypothesis, the pathogenetic significance and biological relevance of potassium depletion in senile diabetes and generally, in the ageing process, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927713", "title": "[Medical treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis using chemodeoxycholic acid in man].", "content": "The results of a tiral using chenodeoxycholic acid in 400 patients with cholesterol gallstones are reported. The \"qualifying points\" of such treatment are compared with the literature data in clinical and laboratory terms. 54% of 300 in clinical and laboratory terms. 54% of 300 patients who received less than 12 mg/kg/day achieved dissolution in a mean time of 11 months, while 64% of the remainder (12-15 mg/kg/day) did so in an average of 8 months. Microcalculi proved most sensitive to treatment (65% of positive results). Lithiasis over 5 years standing and over-weight (10% over the ideal figure) were factors that imposed more protracted treatment. Careful selection of candidates was proved important by the results of quarterly liver and intestine performance examinations. These were more extensive and more clearly aimed than those proposed by other workers. They showed that the acid is neither hepato nor enterotoxic. Indeed, no serious side-effects were noted.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of cholesterol cholelithiasis using chemodeoxycholic acid in man]. The results of a tiral using chenodeoxycholic acid in 400 patients with cholesterol gallstones are reported. The \"qualifying points\" of such treatment are compared with the literature data in clinical and laboratory terms. 54% of 300 in clinical and laboratory terms. 54% of 300 patients who received less than 12 mg/kg/day achieved dissolution in a mean time of 11 months, while 64% of the remainder (12-15 mg/kg/day) did so in an average of 8 months. Microcalculi proved most sensitive to treatment (65% of positive results). Lithiasis over 5 years standing and over-weight (10% over the ideal figure) were factors that imposed more protracted treatment. Careful selection of candidates was proved important by the results of quarterly liver and intestine performance examinations. These were more extensive and more clearly aimed than those proposed by other workers. They showed that the acid is neither hepato nor enterotoxic. Indeed, no serious side-effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:927714", "title": "[Ionized air respiratory rehabilitation technics].", "content": "The use of negative charge ionized air as a technique of respiratory rehabilitation has been examined. After some introductory remarks on the biological action of this climatic factor, literature references are reviewed and personal experience reported. The importance of negative ionization of air is stressed, especially in acute and chronic inflammatory forms of the airways.", "contents": "[Ionized air respiratory rehabilitation technics]. The use of negative charge ionized air as a technique of respiratory rehabilitation has been examined. After some introductory remarks on the biological action of this climatic factor, literature references are reviewed and personal experience reported. The importance of negative ionization of air is stressed, especially in acute and chronic inflammatory forms of the airways."}
{"id": "PMID:927715", "title": "[Pickwickian syndrome].", "content": "Respiratory performance tests and EEG and EMG data from two obese patients with ventilatory rhythm disturbances and hypersomnolence are reported. Their insertion within the picture of the Pickwick syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "[Pickwickian syndrome]. Respiratory performance tests and EEG and EMG data from two obese patients with ventilatory rhythm disturbances and hypersomnolence are reported. Their insertion within the picture of the Pickwick syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927752", "title": "Plasma prostaglandins in the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "Plasma prostaglandins were studied by radioimmunoassay on alternate days during the menstrual cycle in fourteen normal women. No cyclic patterns were found for A-like prostaglandins using an assay which measured 13,14-dihydro-PGA. Mean subject values of PGA-like prostaglandin ranged from 367 to 904 pg/ml and varied significantly among women. Prostaglandin E determinations showed an upward trend beginning 8 days before the LH peak. PGE subject means varied significantly and ranged from 182 to 362 pg/ml. Prostaglandin F did not exhibit a cyclic pattern. The average concentration of PGF for individual women ranged from 58 to 153 pg/ml, showing significant variance. The physiologic implications of the results are discussed as well as recommendations for the design of future studies.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandins in the normal menstrual cycle. Plasma prostaglandins were studied by radioimmunoassay on alternate days during the menstrual cycle in fourteen normal women. No cyclic patterns were found for A-like prostaglandins using an assay which measured 13,14-dihydro-PGA. Mean subject values of PGA-like prostaglandin ranged from 367 to 904 pg/ml and varied significantly among women. Prostaglandin E determinations showed an upward trend beginning 8 days before the LH peak. PGE subject means varied significantly and ranged from 182 to 362 pg/ml. Prostaglandin F did not exhibit a cyclic pattern. The average concentration of PGF for individual women ranged from 58 to 153 pg/ml, showing significant variance. The physiologic implications of the results are discussed as well as recommendations for the design of future studies."}
{"id": "PMID:927753", "title": "Management of uterine perforation following elective abortion.", "content": "Experience is reported with 28 uterine perforations encountered from June 1, 1973, to June 1, 1976, among 20,000 first trimester abortion patients at Reproductive Health Services, St. Louis, Missouri. In order to prevent this complication, one must perform an exacting pelvic examination. The use of a sound is controversial. Dilators should be introduced only a short distance through the internal os, and as much of the products of conception as possible should be aspirated. A sharp curette should be diagnostically. Various questions should be asked before the operator constructs a scheme for managing perforation. The current policy for management used at this clinic is outlined.", "contents": "Management of uterine perforation following elective abortion. Experience is reported with 28 uterine perforations encountered from June 1, 1973, to June 1, 1976, among 20,000 first trimester abortion patients at Reproductive Health Services, St. Louis, Missouri. In order to prevent this complication, one must perform an exacting pelvic examination. The use of a sound is controversial. Dilators should be introduced only a short distance through the internal os, and as much of the products of conception as possible should be aspirated. A sharp curette should be diagnostically. Various questions should be asked before the operator constructs a scheme for managing perforation. The current policy for management used at this clinic is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:927754", "title": "Covert bilaterality of mature ovarian teratomas.", "content": "Over a 21-year period, 213 women with mature teratoma of the ovary were operated on at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Twenty-seven had bilateral tumors. In 22 of these 27 patients, bilateral involvement was evident on clinical examination, and in 5, biopsy of an abnormal but nonteratoid appearing ovary was required to make the diagnosis. Ninety patients with a visually normal opposite ovary had no identifiable tumor in that ovary by investigative incision or incidental excision. Neither incision nor excision of the normal contralateral ovary was performed in 58 cases, and subsequently, one of these women is known to have developed a teratoma in that ovary. We conclude that synchronous covert bilaterality of mature teratomas is not common, and a visually normal contralateral ovary should not routinely be bivalved or wedge biopsied.", "contents": "Covert bilaterality of mature ovarian teratomas. Over a 21-year period, 213 women with mature teratoma of the ovary were operated on at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Twenty-seven had bilateral tumors. In 22 of these 27 patients, bilateral involvement was evident on clinical examination, and in 5, biopsy of an abnormal but nonteratoid appearing ovary was required to make the diagnosis. Ninety patients with a visually normal opposite ovary had no identifiable tumor in that ovary by investigative incision or incidental excision. Neither incision nor excision of the normal contralateral ovary was performed in 58 cases, and subsequently, one of these women is known to have developed a teratoma in that ovary. We conclude that synchronous covert bilaterality of mature teratomas is not common, and a visually normal contralateral ovary should not routinely be bivalved or wedge biopsied."}
{"id": "PMID:927755", "title": "The operative evaluation of patients with cervical carcinoma by an extraperitoneal approach.", "content": "Seventy patients with cervical cancer who were not candidates for primary operative treatment underwent operative evaluation prior to radiation therapy. Thirty-one were explored through a transperitoneal approach and 39 through an extraperitoneal approach. The operative procedure consisted of bilateral pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy and exploratory laparotomy, with additional intraperitoneal biopsies taken as indicated by operative findings. Poor correlation was seen between operative findings, lymphangiography, and clinical staging. Radiation therapy was extended to include sites of biopsy proven metastases. The group of patients operated on through a transperitoneal approach experienced a 30% complication rate secondary to small bowel damage following radiation therapy, and 2 patients died as a result of complications. All patients with small bowel complications explored in this manner required surgical correction. The group of patients operated on through an extraperitoneal approach had a 2.5% morbidity secondary to small bowel complications, and there were not deaths or serious complications in these patients. No patients explored in this manner required subsequent operation for complications following radiation therapy.", "contents": "The operative evaluation of patients with cervical carcinoma by an extraperitoneal approach. Seventy patients with cervical cancer who were not candidates for primary operative treatment underwent operative evaluation prior to radiation therapy. Thirty-one were explored through a transperitoneal approach and 39 through an extraperitoneal approach. The operative procedure consisted of bilateral pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy and exploratory laparotomy, with additional intraperitoneal biopsies taken as indicated by operative findings. Poor correlation was seen between operative findings, lymphangiography, and clinical staging. Radiation therapy was extended to include sites of biopsy proven metastases. The group of patients operated on through a transperitoneal approach experienced a 30% complication rate secondary to small bowel damage following radiation therapy, and 2 patients died as a result of complications. All patients with small bowel complications explored in this manner required surgical correction. The group of patients operated on through an extraperitoneal approach had a 2.5% morbidity secondary to small bowel complications, and there were not deaths or serious complications in these patients. No patients explored in this manner required subsequent operation for complications following radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:927756", "title": "Complications following parametrial radiogold treatment for cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Between January 1950 and March 1965, 382 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with parametrial radiogold injections. One hundred and ninety-two patients are known to have survived 5 or more years after the treatment without evidence of recurrence. Major complications with significant morbidity requiring hospitalization or additional surgery was observed in 9.4% of the patients. Parametrial radiogold injection is associated with a high incidence of major lower urinary tract complications, including an increased incidence of ureteral obstruction as a result of radiation fibrosis, Heterogenous distribution of radioactive material with localized areas of heavy irradiation is probably responsible for the development of late major complications.", "contents": "Complications following parametrial radiogold treatment for cervical carcinoma. Between January 1950 and March 1965, 382 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated with parametrial radiogold injections. One hundred and ninety-two patients are known to have survived 5 or more years after the treatment without evidence of recurrence. Major complications with significant morbidity requiring hospitalization or additional surgery was observed in 9.4% of the patients. Parametrial radiogold injection is associated with a high incidence of major lower urinary tract complications, including an increased incidence of ureteral obstruction as a result of radiation fibrosis, Heterogenous distribution of radioactive material with localized areas of heavy irradiation is probably responsible for the development of late major complications."}
{"id": "PMID:927757", "title": "Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy. A comparative study.", "content": "A carefully controlled comparative study showed miconazole nitrate 2% vaginal cream (Monistat) to be a highly effective agent in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant subjects. Miconazole nitrate was significantly more effective than nystatin (Mycostatin) in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in all three trimesters of pregnancy, and also more effective regardless of whether the candidal infection was primary or recurrent. Observations relating to the safety of this therapy during pregnancy were made and discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy. A comparative study. A carefully controlled comparative study showed miconazole nitrate 2% vaginal cream (Monistat) to be a highly effective agent in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant subjects. Miconazole nitrate was significantly more effective than nystatin (Mycostatin) in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis in all three trimesters of pregnancy, and also more effective regardless of whether the candidal infection was primary or recurrent. Observations relating to the safety of this therapy during pregnancy were made and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927759", "title": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio changes related to centrifugal force.", "content": "Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) in amniotic fluid has gained wide clinical acceptance as an index of fetal lung maturity. We determined L/S ratios of amniotic fluids centrifuged at various \"g-forces.\" Our studies demonstrate that the L/S ratio value is highly dependent on the g-force used to prepare the fluid. We recommend standardization of the g-force, time, and temperature used in preparation of the amniotic fluid for L/S ratio determination.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio changes related to centrifugal force. Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) in amniotic fluid has gained wide clinical acceptance as an index of fetal lung maturity. We determined L/S ratios of amniotic fluids centrifuged at various \"g-forces.\" Our studies demonstrate that the L/S ratio value is highly dependent on the g-force used to prepare the fluid. We recommend standardization of the g-force, time, and temperature used in preparation of the amniotic fluid for L/S ratio determination."}
{"id": "PMID:927760", "title": "The significance of fetal heart rate reactivity with a positive oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "This study reviews 27 patients with positive OCTs who were subsequently allowed a trial of directly monitored labor. Of these, 19 patients (70%) developed FHR signs of fetal distress and 8 (30%) tolerated labor without late decelerations. These patients were evaluated for signs of fetal reactivity (acceleration of the FHR associated with fetal movement of contractions) during the OCT. Those with a reactive pattern during the OCT (15 patients) uniformly had a good fetal outcome (unless there was birth trauma or premature delivery), but 8 of these 15 patients showed fetal distress during monitored labor. If the positive OCT was associated with a nonreactive baseline FHR recording, a trial of labor uniformly resulted in FHR signs of fetal distress. It is therefore concluded that a patient with a nonreactive positive OCT is unlikely to tolerate subsequent labor without fetal distress.", "contents": "The significance of fetal heart rate reactivity with a positive oxytocin challenge test. This study reviews 27 patients with positive OCTs who were subsequently allowed a trial of directly monitored labor. Of these, 19 patients (70%) developed FHR signs of fetal distress and 8 (30%) tolerated labor without late decelerations. These patients were evaluated for signs of fetal reactivity (acceleration of the FHR associated with fetal movement of contractions) during the OCT. Those with a reactive pattern during the OCT (15 patients) uniformly had a good fetal outcome (unless there was birth trauma or premature delivery), but 8 of these 15 patients showed fetal distress during monitored labor. If the positive OCT was associated with a nonreactive baseline FHR recording, a trial of labor uniformly resulted in FHR signs of fetal distress. It is therefore concluded that a patient with a nonreactive positive OCT is unlikely to tolerate subsequent labor without fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:927761", "title": "Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone interrelationships in pregnancy and newborn infants.", "content": "The ability to measure directly human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) and ionized calcium (Ca++) is of fundamental importance in understanding their interrelation in pregnancy and the newborn. hPTH and Ca++ progressively increase throughout pregnancy. Since Ca++ is the direct determinant of hPTH levels, a different \"set point\" appears to be operative throughout pregnancy. The newborn infant, on the other hand, has higher serum Ca++ levels than its mother, and the infant's plasma hPTH is suppressed to undetectable or low levels. Ca++, total serum Ca, magnesium, and phosphorus are all significantly elevated in the serum of the mother at delivery. An active transport mechanism of all these minerals appears to be operative and lowers the maternal serum levels at the termination of labor in relation to serum levels in the third trimester of pregnancy.", "contents": "Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone interrelationships in pregnancy and newborn infants. The ability to measure directly human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) and ionized calcium (Ca++) is of fundamental importance in understanding their interrelation in pregnancy and the newborn. hPTH and Ca++ progressively increase throughout pregnancy. Since Ca++ is the direct determinant of hPTH levels, a different \"set point\" appears to be operative throughout pregnancy. The newborn infant, on the other hand, has higher serum Ca++ levels than its mother, and the infant's plasma hPTH is suppressed to undetectable or low levels. Ca++, total serum Ca, magnesium, and phosphorus are all significantly elevated in the serum of the mother at delivery. An active transport mechanism of all these minerals appears to be operative and lowers the maternal serum levels at the termination of labor in relation to serum levels in the third trimester of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:927762", "title": "The effect of Imuran on implantation and early embryonic development in rats.", "content": "Pregnant rats were injected daily with 2, 4, and 20 mg/kg of Imuran from the first day of gestation until sacrificed on Days 6-12. Gravid uteri, as well as maternal organs, were removed and examined histologically. According to the histologic findings, the treatment with the high dose of 20 mg/kg/day Imuran induced injuries to the blastocyst. Starting from Day 8, the trophoblastic layer lost its continuity and maternal blood invaded into the blastocystic cavity resulting in destruction of embryonic tissues. This degeneration progressed until evident resorption on Day 12. Smaller doses, such as 2 or 4 mg/kg of Imuran, did not result in early trophoblastic damage. The effect seemed to be the result of the antimetabolic effect of Imuran acting on the proliferating trophoblast through the maternal blood.", "contents": "The effect of Imuran on implantation and early embryonic development in rats. Pregnant rats were injected daily with 2, 4, and 20 mg/kg of Imuran from the first day of gestation until sacrificed on Days 6-12. Gravid uteri, as well as maternal organs, were removed and examined histologically. According to the histologic findings, the treatment with the high dose of 20 mg/kg/day Imuran induced injuries to the blastocyst. Starting from Day 8, the trophoblastic layer lost its continuity and maternal blood invaded into the blastocystic cavity resulting in destruction of embryonic tissues. This degeneration progressed until evident resorption on Day 12. Smaller doses, such as 2 or 4 mg/kg of Imuran, did not result in early trophoblastic damage. The effect seemed to be the result of the antimetabolic effect of Imuran acting on the proliferating trophoblast through the maternal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:927763", "title": "Management of postoperative introital and vaginal stenosis.", "content": "Five patients with symptomatic postoperative introital or vaginal stenosis were evaluated and treated. In each case simple operative correction, utilizing basic plastic surgery principles, was successful. The five operative techniques as used alone and in combination are described. Though postoperative stenosis of the vagina and/or introitus is relatively uncommon, the resulting disability is such that every gynecologic surgeon should be familiar with the problem and solution. In most cases simple surgical correction can be successful if the surgeon is familiar with basic techniques and principles.", "contents": "Management of postoperative introital and vaginal stenosis. Five patients with symptomatic postoperative introital or vaginal stenosis were evaluated and treated. In each case simple operative correction, utilizing basic plastic surgery principles, was successful. The five operative techniques as used alone and in combination are described. Though postoperative stenosis of the vagina and/or introitus is relatively uncommon, the resulting disability is such that every gynecologic surgeon should be familiar with the problem and solution. In most cases simple surgical correction can be successful if the surgeon is familiar with basic techniques and principles."}
{"id": "PMID:927764", "title": "Relation between optical density at 650 nm and L/S ratios.", "content": "A simple and rapid test that correlates with L/S ratios has been developed. By centrifuging fresh, unfrozen amniotic fluids at 200g for 10 minutes and measuring the optical density at at 650 nm, correlation with L/S ratios is obtained. Optical density readings of 0.15 or greater correlate 100% with L/S ratios of 2.0 or greater. Optical readings below 0.15 correlate 94% with L/S ratios below 2.0.", "contents": "Relation between optical density at 650 nm and L/S ratios. A simple and rapid test that correlates with L/S ratios has been developed. By centrifuging fresh, unfrozen amniotic fluids at 200g for 10 minutes and measuring the optical density at at 650 nm, correlation with L/S ratios is obtained. Optical density readings of 0.15 or greater correlate 100% with L/S ratios of 2.0 or greater. Optical readings below 0.15 correlate 94% with L/S ratios below 2.0."}
{"id": "PMID:927765", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with psammoma bodies.", "content": "Two patients with endometrial carcinoma containing psammoma bodies are presented. The necessity of distinguishing this neoplasm from an ovarian carcinoma is stressed. The rarity of this finding and its histogenesis are discussed, and the literature on the subject is reviewed.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with psammoma bodies. Two patients with endometrial carcinoma containing psammoma bodies are presented. The necessity of distinguishing this neoplasm from an ovarian carcinoma is stressed. The rarity of this finding and its histogenesis are discussed, and the literature on the subject is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:927766", "title": "Papular (erosive) herpes genitalis. A clinical variant in sarcoid and pregnancy.", "content": "A unique papular (erosive) variant of herpes genitalis is described in a patient with sarcoid and in 1 who was pregnant. The occurrence of this unique expression of herpes infection in two conditions associated with immunologic changes seems more than incidental. It is suggested that patients presenting with papular (erosive) herpes genitalis be studied for underlying immune deficiency.", "contents": "Papular (erosive) herpes genitalis. A clinical variant in sarcoid and pregnancy. A unique papular (erosive) variant of herpes genitalis is described in a patient with sarcoid and in 1 who was pregnant. The occurrence of this unique expression of herpes infection in two conditions associated with immunologic changes seems more than incidental. It is suggested that patients presenting with papular (erosive) herpes genitalis be studied for underlying immune deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:927767", "title": "Successful management of pregnancy-induced pancytopenia.", "content": "The 46th case of known pregnancy-induced pancytopenia is reported. Pregnancy may play an etiologic role in this rare condition, but the specific mechanism is unknown. Maternal mortality is 63%, and fetal and neonatal wastage is 46%. The patient reported is a 24-year-old Oriental woman who delivered a healthy female infant. Her survival is attributed to conservative management with carefully timed packed cell and platelet transfusions.", "contents": "Successful management of pregnancy-induced pancytopenia. The 46th case of known pregnancy-induced pancytopenia is reported. Pregnancy may play an etiologic role in this rare condition, but the specific mechanism is unknown. Maternal mortality is 63%, and fetal and neonatal wastage is 46%. The patient reported is a 24-year-old Oriental woman who delivered a healthy female infant. Her survival is attributed to conservative management with carefully timed packed cell and platelet transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:927841", "title": "Reconstruction of radical mastoid cavities: methods and results.", "content": "The radical mastoid cavity can be troublesome and odoriferous, may require frequent visits to an otologist, and may interfere with swimming and showering. Three procedures can be used to reconstruct the radical mastoid cavity. Soft tissue obliteration with autograft bone paste is the most versatile and commonly used technique. Reconstruction with homograft external auditory canal bone is useful for extremely large mastoid cavities that are free of infection. Use of these techniques in 35 patients since 1969 has resulted in dry, trouble free ears and improved hearing when reconstruction of the ossicular chain was performed. Use of this technique has helped patients with radical mastoid cavities to return to a normal active life style.", "contents": "Reconstruction of radical mastoid cavities: methods and results. The radical mastoid cavity can be troublesome and odoriferous, may require frequent visits to an otologist, and may interfere with swimming and showering. Three procedures can be used to reconstruct the radical mastoid cavity. Soft tissue obliteration with autograft bone paste is the most versatile and commonly used technique. Reconstruction with homograft external auditory canal bone is useful for extremely large mastoid cavities that are free of infection. Use of these techniques in 35 patients since 1969 has resulted in dry, trouble free ears and improved hearing when reconstruction of the ossicular chain was performed. Use of this technique has helped patients with radical mastoid cavities to return to a normal active life style."}
{"id": "PMID:927844", "title": "Homograft tympanoplasty techniques and results for restoration of hearing.", "content": "The use of a homograft tympanic membrane with and without attached ossicles, staging the operation, and the use of sculptured homograft or autograft ossicles have improved the results in tympanoplasty. The indications and techniques of homograft tympanoplasty are described, and the results in 99 primary cases and 11 cases with repair of a mastoid cavity are given. The overall graft success rate was 86 per cent. In patients with an intact ossicular chain, the conductive loss was reduced to less than 20 dB. in 88 per cent. A hearing loss less than 20 dB. was obtained in 68 per cent with an intact stapes, in 77 per cent when the stapes superstructure was absent, and in 79 per cent in stapedectomy done at a second stage. The use of homograft material has provided the means for significantly improving the results in our patients who require tympanoplasty.", "contents": "Homograft tympanoplasty techniques and results for restoration of hearing. The use of a homograft tympanic membrane with and without attached ossicles, staging the operation, and the use of sculptured homograft or autograft ossicles have improved the results in tympanoplasty. The indications and techniques of homograft tympanoplasty are described, and the results in 99 primary cases and 11 cases with repair of a mastoid cavity are given. The overall graft success rate was 86 per cent. In patients with an intact ossicular chain, the conductive loss was reduced to less than 20 dB. in 88 per cent. A hearing loss less than 20 dB. was obtained in 68 per cent with an intact stapes, in 77 per cent when the stapes superstructure was absent, and in 79 per cent in stapedectomy done at a second stage. The use of homograft material has provided the means for significantly improving the results in our patients who require tympanoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:927847", "title": "Hearing and anatomical results with homograft tympanoplasty.", "content": "Homograft tympanic membranes and ossicles have been found to be a valuable asset in tympanoplasty surgery. The homograft tympanic membrane has been used in conjunction with a canal skin graft with a graft take rate of 94 per cent. Anatomical results have been gratifying in that most patients are totally rehabilitated and may swim or shower without restrictions. The homograft incus has been sculptured into prostheses to reconstruct the sound conduction mechanism, both at the initial procedure and in revision cases to improve the hearing.", "contents": "Hearing and anatomical results with homograft tympanoplasty. Homograft tympanic membranes and ossicles have been found to be a valuable asset in tympanoplasty surgery. The homograft tympanic membrane has been used in conjunction with a canal skin graft with a graft take rate of 94 per cent. Anatomical results have been gratifying in that most patients are totally rehabilitated and may swim or shower without restrictions. The homograft incus has been sculptured into prostheses to reconstruct the sound conduction mechanism, both at the initial procedure and in revision cases to improve the hearing."}
{"id": "PMID:927848", "title": "The establishment of an ear bank.", "content": "Tympanic membrane and ossicle homografts have been successfully used in reconstructive ear surgery during the last 12 years. Ear banks have proven to be practical to insure a regular supply of high quality homografts for the otologic surgeon. The most important aspects in establishing an ear bank include the procurement of temporal bone cores, the establishment of homograft dissection technique, and attention to preservation and distribution procedures and the problems of maintenance.", "contents": "The establishment of an ear bank. Tympanic membrane and ossicle homografts have been successfully used in reconstructive ear surgery during the last 12 years. Ear banks have proven to be practical to insure a regular supply of high quality homografts for the otologic surgeon. The most important aspects in establishing an ear bank include the procurement of temporal bone cores, the establishment of homograft dissection technique, and attention to preservation and distribution procedures and the problems of maintenance."}
{"id": "PMID:927873", "title": "Attempted suicide in patients admitted to hospital in Wigan and Leigh Borough, England.", "content": "An investigation of various variables in 100 para-suicide patients admitted to Wigan and Leigh Group of Hospitals was carried out. The subject's age, sex, religion, social class, type of residence, previous treatment received, etc., were examined in detail.", "contents": "Attempted suicide in patients admitted to hospital in Wigan and Leigh Borough, England. An investigation of various variables in 100 para-suicide patients admitted to Wigan and Leigh Group of Hospitals was carried out. The subject's age, sex, religion, social class, type of residence, previous treatment received, etc., were examined in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:927874", "title": "In vivo and in vitro availability of commercial vitamin C tablets.", "content": "In vitro release of vitamin C from commercial tablets of three different manufacturers was measured by the Levy beaker, a modified USP basket and Magnetic Basket techniques and this was correlated with urinary excretion of the drug from normal, healthy, human males of 23 to 25 years of age weighing 50-72 Kg. Results showed that there was dissolution variability between the different brands of vitamin C tablets as well as between the in vitro dissolution methods used. There was also an inverse correlation between the time of in vitro release and the percent vitamin C excreted at the end of 2 hours. However, at the end of 24 hours the most rapidly dissolving tablets in vitro indicated only 66 percent excretion of the vitamin C as compared with nearly 83 percent for the slow dissolving types. It is concluded that to determine the total drug from a particular formulation, only disintegration and/or dissolution is not a good measure for an unstable and relatively rapid dissolving substance such as vitamin C. It is further suggested that perhaps if unstable rapid-dissolving substances were made more slowly released by formulation, a greater quantity of the drug would be physiologically avaiable.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro availability of commercial vitamin C tablets. In vitro release of vitamin C from commercial tablets of three different manufacturers was measured by the Levy beaker, a modified USP basket and Magnetic Basket techniques and this was correlated with urinary excretion of the drug from normal, healthy, human males of 23 to 25 years of age weighing 50-72 Kg. Results showed that there was dissolution variability between the different brands of vitamin C tablets as well as between the in vitro dissolution methods used. There was also an inverse correlation between the time of in vitro release and the percent vitamin C excreted at the end of 2 hours. However, at the end of 24 hours the most rapidly dissolving tablets in vitro indicated only 66 percent excretion of the vitamin C as compared with nearly 83 percent for the slow dissolving types. It is concluded that to determine the total drug from a particular formulation, only disintegration and/or dissolution is not a good measure for an unstable and relatively rapid dissolving substance such as vitamin C. It is further suggested that perhaps if unstable rapid-dissolving substances were made more slowly released by formulation, a greater quantity of the drug would be physiologically avaiable."}
{"id": "PMID:927877", "title": "Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium in a 50-year-old woman is reported. There was deep myometrial and para-cervical invasion. There is no evidence of metastases 2 years after total hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy and radiation therapy. The patient is probably the youngest suffering from such a tumor. A detailed review of the literature has been carried out.", "contents": "Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium report of a case and review of the literature. A case of primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium in a 50-year-old woman is reported. There was deep myometrial and para-cervical invasion. There is no evidence of metastases 2 years after total hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy and radiation therapy. The patient is probably the youngest suffering from such a tumor. A detailed review of the literature has been carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:927879", "title": "Concurrent mapping of brain sites for sensitivity to the direct application of morphine and focal electrical stimulation in the production of antinociception in the rat.", "content": "The effect of morphine microinjection (5 microgram/0.5 microliter) and focal electrical stimulation on the animal's response to radiant heat and noxious pinch was studied concurrently at 117 brain loci extending from the medial thalamus caudally to the periaqueductal gray area (PAG). Three populations of brain sites were discernible based on their responsiveness to focal electrical stimulation and morphine microinjection in the production of antinociception: (a) sites which support stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA, n = 24), (b) sites which were sensitive to the direct application of morphine (n = 8), (c) sites responsive to both manipulations (n = 8). With a few exceptions, all morphine sensitive sites were located within the anatomical boundaries of the PAG while sites supporting SPA were located not only within the PAG but also in the brain regions peripheral to this structure. Sites responsive to both manipulations were generally distributed throughout thf lateral aspect of the posteroventral PAG. Stimulation strength-effect curves for sites subserving SPA were also obtained. No differences were discovered between curves obtained from morphine-sensitive and -insensitive brain loci.", "contents": "Concurrent mapping of brain sites for sensitivity to the direct application of morphine and focal electrical stimulation in the production of antinociception in the rat. The effect of morphine microinjection (5 microgram/0.5 microliter) and focal electrical stimulation on the animal's response to radiant heat and noxious pinch was studied concurrently at 117 brain loci extending from the medial thalamus caudally to the periaqueductal gray area (PAG). Three populations of brain sites were discernible based on their responsiveness to focal electrical stimulation and morphine microinjection in the production of antinociception: (a) sites which support stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA, n = 24), (b) sites which were sensitive to the direct application of morphine (n = 8), (c) sites responsive to both manipulations (n = 8). With a few exceptions, all morphine sensitive sites were located within the anatomical boundaries of the PAG while sites supporting SPA were located not only within the PAG but also in the brain regions peripheral to this structure. Sites responsive to both manipulations were generally distributed throughout thf lateral aspect of the posteroventral PAG. Stimulation strength-effect curves for sites subserving SPA were also obtained. No differences were discovered between curves obtained from morphine-sensitive and -insensitive brain loci."}
{"id": "PMID:927880", "title": "Response to cold pressor pain and to acupuncture analgesia in Oriental and Occidental subjects.", "content": "On a no treatment trial, a group of 24 oriental subjects rated cold pressor pain as significantly more painful and distressing than did a group of 24 occidental subjects. For half of the Orientals and half of the Occidentals, a second trial was conducted after acupuncture analgesia had been induced. The remaining 12 Orientals and 12 Occidentals served as no treatment controls on trial 2. Regardless of racial group, there was no difference between the pain of those experimental subjects who received acupuncture and the pain of those controls who did not. As they had on trial 1, Orientals reported significantly more pain and distress in response to ice water on trial 2. It is concluded that: (1) if acupuncture does work better for the Chinese than for other racial groups, the likely cause is a more refined patient selection procedure rather than an inherent difference in response to acupuncture; (2) evidence does not support the stereotyped view of Orientals as stoical in the face of physical pain.", "contents": "Response to cold pressor pain and to acupuncture analgesia in Oriental and Occidental subjects. On a no treatment trial, a group of 24 oriental subjects rated cold pressor pain as significantly more painful and distressing than did a group of 24 occidental subjects. For half of the Orientals and half of the Occidentals, a second trial was conducted after acupuncture analgesia had been induced. The remaining 12 Orientals and 12 Occidentals served as no treatment controls on trial 2. Regardless of racial group, there was no difference between the pain of those experimental subjects who received acupuncture and the pain of those controls who did not. As they had on trial 1, Orientals reported significantly more pain and distress in response to ice water on trial 2. It is concluded that: (1) if acupuncture does work better for the Chinese than for other racial groups, the likely cause is a more refined patient selection procedure rather than an inherent difference in response to acupuncture; (2) evidence does not support the stereotyped view of Orientals as stoical in the face of physical pain."}
{"id": "PMID:927881", "title": "Pain relief during delivery by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.", "content": "The degree of pain alleviation achieved by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) during delivery has been evaluated. The usual technique of TNS was modified to suit the requirements of pain relief during delivery. Two pairs of electrodes were taped on the parturient's back at levels TH10--L1 and S2--S4. These segments correspond to the pathway of pain afferents into the spinal cord during the first and second stages, respectively. Stimulation was delivered by a two-channel generator producing biphasic pulses which were variable in frequency and amplitude. A low-intensity stimulation was given continuously and a high-intensity stimulation could be initiated by the parturient herself whenever pain increased. Stimulation was provided via the thoracic electrodes throughout the delivery, whereas sacral stimulation was added from the later part of the first stage. No complications with respect to mother or child have occurred. One hundred and forty-seven women have been treated, 65 (44%) of whom considered the pain relief by TNS to be good to very good, 65 (44%) experienced moderate effect, while 17 (12%) women considered that TNS was without effect. In view of the relatively good results and since no complications have occurred, we consider the method recommendable as a primary pain relieving measure to which conventional methods can be added according to need.", "contents": "Pain relief during delivery by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The degree of pain alleviation achieved by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) during delivery has been evaluated. The usual technique of TNS was modified to suit the requirements of pain relief during delivery. Two pairs of electrodes were taped on the parturient's back at levels TH10--L1 and S2--S4. These segments correspond to the pathway of pain afferents into the spinal cord during the first and second stages, respectively. Stimulation was delivered by a two-channel generator producing biphasic pulses which were variable in frequency and amplitude. A low-intensity stimulation was given continuously and a high-intensity stimulation could be initiated by the parturient herself whenever pain increased. Stimulation was provided via the thoracic electrodes throughout the delivery, whereas sacral stimulation was added from the later part of the first stage. No complications with respect to mother or child have occurred. One hundred and forty-seven women have been treated, 65 (44%) of whom considered the pain relief by TNS to be good to very good, 65 (44%) experienced moderate effect, while 17 (12%) women considered that TNS was without effect. In view of the relatively good results and since no complications have occurred, we consider the method recommendable as a primary pain relieving measure to which conventional methods can be added according to need."}
{"id": "PMID:927882", "title": "Aversive behavior therapy for chronic stomach pain: a case study.", "content": "A combined behavioral-psychodynamic treatment for severe, chronic stomach pain has been presented. In the case discussed, neither psychotherapy nor behavior therapy alone was successful in dealing with the patient's somatized depression. Aversive conditioning was credited with eliminating verbal report of pain and subjective sensation of chronic gastric pain. Simultaneous with the reduction in pain, however, the patient became increasingly depressed. Analytically oriented psychotherapy was instrumental in resolving the depression.", "contents": "Aversive behavior therapy for chronic stomach pain: a case study. A combined behavioral-psychodynamic treatment for severe, chronic stomach pain has been presented. In the case discussed, neither psychotherapy nor behavior therapy alone was successful in dealing with the patient's somatized depression. Aversive conditioning was credited with eliminating verbal report of pain and subjective sensation of chronic gastric pain. Simultaneous with the reduction in pain, however, the patient became increasingly depressed. Analytically oriented psychotherapy was instrumental in resolving the depression."}
{"id": "PMID:927883", "title": "Translation in a reticulocyte cell-free system of RNA isolated from blood and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "RNA with messenger activity has been extracted from both blood and culture (insect mid-gut) forms of Trypanosoma brucei and translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system. The products of this cell-free system have been compared, and many common polypeptides demonstrated. A major polypeptide of 58000--65000 molecular weight was made when both blood and culture form RNA was added to the cell-free system. Antiserum raised against purified variant antigen from a cloned variant (MIAG 099) was used to detect specific products of this system. A major polypeptide of approximately 58000-65000 molecular weight was precipitated when the homologous trypanosome (MIAG 099) blood form RNA was used in the cell-free system. No such polypeptide was precipitated when RNA from a heterologous strain culture or blood form was used in the system. Competition experiments, in which excess purified variant antigen was addded after incubation but before addition of specific antiserum, confirmed that the polypeptide of 58000--65000 molecular weight is the variant antigen.", "contents": "Translation in a reticulocyte cell-free system of RNA isolated from blood and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei. RNA with messenger activity has been extracted from both blood and culture (insect mid-gut) forms of Trypanosoma brucei and translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system. The products of this cell-free system have been compared, and many common polypeptides demonstrated. A major polypeptide of 58000--65000 molecular weight was made when both blood and culture form RNA was added to the cell-free system. Antiserum raised against purified variant antigen from a cloned variant (MIAG 099) was used to detect specific products of this system. A major polypeptide of approximately 58000-65000 molecular weight was precipitated when the homologous trypanosome (MIAG 099) blood form RNA was used in the cell-free system. No such polypeptide was precipitated when RNA from a heterologous strain culture or blood form was used in the system. Competition experiments, in which excess purified variant antigen was addded after incubation but before addition of specific antiserum, confirmed that the polypeptide of 58000--65000 molecular weight is the variant antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:927884", "title": "The anticoccidial effects of amprolium, dinitolmide and monensin against Eimeria maxima, E, brunetti and E. acervulina with particular reference to oocyst sporulation.", "content": "Chicks infected with the Weybridge strains of Eimeria maxima and E. acervulina were not protected by the normal levels of amprolium, but the sporulation of the oocysts was inhibited. With higher drug concentrations, fewer oocysts were produced. E brunetti was not so markedly affected, although oocyst sporulation was reduced by the higher dosage levels. The effects were not enhanced by the inclusion of ethopabate. With dinitolmide the phenomenon was not so marked, although oocysts of E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced in numbers by the normal drug concentration and sporulation was reduced when this level was increased. Much higher drug levels were required to obtain these effects with E. brunetti. Monensin at 120 ppm affected neither oocyst numbers nor their sporulation in any of the species tested. The significance of the effects of anticoccidial drugs on gametogony and sporogony is discussed.", "contents": "The anticoccidial effects of amprolium, dinitolmide and monensin against Eimeria maxima, E, brunetti and E. acervulina with particular reference to oocyst sporulation. Chicks infected with the Weybridge strains of Eimeria maxima and E. acervulina were not protected by the normal levels of amprolium, but the sporulation of the oocysts was inhibited. With higher drug concentrations, fewer oocysts were produced. E brunetti was not so markedly affected, although oocyst sporulation was reduced by the higher dosage levels. The effects were not enhanced by the inclusion of ethopabate. With dinitolmide the phenomenon was not so marked, although oocysts of E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced in numbers by the normal drug concentration and sporulation was reduced when this level was increased. Much higher drug levels were required to obtain these effects with E. brunetti. Monensin at 120 ppm affected neither oocyst numbers nor their sporulation in any of the species tested. The significance of the effects of anticoccidial drugs on gametogony and sporogony is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:927885", "title": "Studies on the growth, chemotherapy and enzyme variation of Eimeria acervulina var. diminuta and E. acervulina var. mivati.", "content": "Eimeria acervulina var. diminuta was serially passaged 12 times in chicken embryos, but growth in cultured chick kidney cells was limited to 2 generations of schizonts. After 7 embryo passages the sensitivities of E. acervulina var. diminuta and an embryo-adapted strain of E. acervulina var. mivati to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, methyl benzyquate, robenidine and sulphaquinoxaline were compared. Both parasites were sensitive to all the anticoccidials but E. acervulina var. diminuta was more sensitive to sulphaquinoxaline and amprolium. The chicken-maintained strain of E. acervulina var. diminuta was extremely sensitive to clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline and decoquinate. Electrophoretic analyses of several enzymes from E. acervulina var. diminuta revealed enzyme profiles with similarities and differences to the embryo-adapted strain of E. acervulina var. mivati.", "contents": "Studies on the growth, chemotherapy and enzyme variation of Eimeria acervulina var. diminuta and E. acervulina var. mivati. Eimeria acervulina var. diminuta was serially passaged 12 times in chicken embryos, but growth in cultured chick kidney cells was limited to 2 generations of schizonts. After 7 embryo passages the sensitivities of E. acervulina var. diminuta and an embryo-adapted strain of E. acervulina var. mivati to the anticoccidial drugs amprolium, methyl benzyquate, robenidine and sulphaquinoxaline were compared. Both parasites were sensitive to all the anticoccidials but E. acervulina var. diminuta was more sensitive to sulphaquinoxaline and amprolium. The chicken-maintained strain of E. acervulina var. diminuta was extremely sensitive to clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline and decoquinate. Electrophoretic analyses of several enzymes from E. acervulina var. diminuta revealed enzyme profiles with similarities and differences to the embryo-adapted strain of E. acervulina var. mivati."}
{"id": "PMID:927886", "title": "Strain variations within Eimeria meleagrimitis from the turkey.", "content": "During the course of a field study of coccidiosis in turkeys, Eimeria oocysts were found which had much smaller dimensions that any previously recorded isolate from the turkey. These oocysts were purified by single oocyst infection of a turkey. The first oocysts (mean dimensions 16-15 X 14-75 micrometer) were recovered 103 h later. Inoculation of between 0-5 and 2-5 X 10(5) oocysts of this isolate caused severe effects on body weight gain. Cross-immunity studies showed the parasite to be a strain of E. meleagrimitis. Electrophoretic analyses of two enzymes showed that the strain could be differentiated from another strain of E. meleagrimitis (Weybridge strain B). The results show that strain variation occurs within the species E. meleagrimitis and extreme caution should be used in identifying species of Eimeria from the turkey by the oocyst characters.", "contents": "Strain variations within Eimeria meleagrimitis from the turkey. During the course of a field study of coccidiosis in turkeys, Eimeria oocysts were found which had much smaller dimensions that any previously recorded isolate from the turkey. These oocysts were purified by single oocyst infection of a turkey. The first oocysts (mean dimensions 16-15 X 14-75 micrometer) were recovered 103 h later. Inoculation of between 0-5 and 2-5 X 10(5) oocysts of this isolate caused severe effects on body weight gain. Cross-immunity studies showed the parasite to be a strain of E. meleagrimitis. Electrophoretic analyses of two enzymes showed that the strain could be differentiated from another strain of E. meleagrimitis (Weybridge strain B). The results show that strain variation occurs within the species E. meleagrimitis and extreme caution should be used in identifying species of Eimeria from the turkey by the oocyst characters."}
{"id": "PMID:927887", "title": "Vaccination of lambs against infection with Taenia ovis using antigens collected during short-term in vitro incubation of activated T. ovis oncospheres.", "content": "Activated oncospheres of Taenia ovis were incubated for 24 h or 48 h at 37-5 degress C in Medium 858 alone or in Medium 858 enriched with 20% lamb serum or foetal calf serum. Antigens contained in the supernatant medium from these incubations were concentrated, emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injected intramuscularly into lambs. These lambs developed a very high level of immunity to subsequent challenge infection with T. ovis eggs.", "contents": "Vaccination of lambs against infection with Taenia ovis using antigens collected during short-term in vitro incubation of activated T. ovis oncospheres. Activated oncospheres of Taenia ovis were incubated for 24 h or 48 h at 37-5 degress C in Medium 858 alone or in Medium 858 enriched with 20% lamb serum or foetal calf serum. Antigens contained in the supernatant medium from these incubations were concentrated, emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant and injected intramuscularly into lambs. These lambs developed a very high level of immunity to subsequent challenge infection with T. ovis eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:927888", "title": "Intra-erythrocytic death of the parasite in mice recovering from infection with Babesia microti.", "content": "As mice recover from infection with Babesia microti, abnormal forms of the parasite are present in some red cells. These forms are non-infective, indistinguishable by light microscopy from those present after treatment with amicarbalide, a babesicidal drug, and persist in splenectomized mice. Electron microscopy confirmed that these abnormal forms are degenerating intra-erythrocytic parasites. In the absence of evidence for death of B. microti elsewhere in the body, it appears that infections of mice with this parasite are normally terminated by their death within circulating red cells. This has important implications for the mechanism of immunity to both this parasite and those Plasmodium spp. with which it cross-protects in this host.", "contents": "Intra-erythrocytic death of the parasite in mice recovering from infection with Babesia microti. As mice recover from infection with Babesia microti, abnormal forms of the parasite are present in some red cells. These forms are non-infective, indistinguishable by light microscopy from those present after treatment with amicarbalide, a babesicidal drug, and persist in splenectomized mice. Electron microscopy confirmed that these abnormal forms are degenerating intra-erythrocytic parasites. In the absence of evidence for death of B. microti elsewhere in the body, it appears that infections of mice with this parasite are normally terminated by their death within circulating red cells. This has important implications for the mechanism of immunity to both this parasite and those Plasmodium spp. with which it cross-protects in this host."}
{"id": "PMID:927889", "title": "The effect of the suckling stimulus on the migration of Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats.", "content": "The number of adult Strongyloides ratti which developed in the guts of lactating rats after subcutaneous injection of 4000 L3 on day 18--20 post partum was taken to be a measure of the relative importance of alternative larval routes. When injection was carried out at different times before and after weaning, larvae were diverted from a route bypassing the gut in nursing mothers to one leading to the gut (\"migration reversal\") in mothers without young in a period of less than 10 h. Migration reversal was mostly completed in lactating females injected at the time of weaning when compared with nulliparous controls. A stimulus-sensitive period shortly after injection, predicted from these dynamics, was demonstrated. Worms injected into lactating females 10 h after removal from their pups showed complete migration reversal. In similarly treated rats, given 1 h suckling 3 h after injection, migration reversal was practically abolished. These inter-relationships, in conjunction with earlier findings, are used to deduce the possible humoral mechanisms involved and to develop a working hypothesis to account for larval orientation based on features of the mammalian pulmonary microvasculature.", "contents": "The effect of the suckling stimulus on the migration of Strongyloides ratti in lactating rats. The number of adult Strongyloides ratti which developed in the guts of lactating rats after subcutaneous injection of 4000 L3 on day 18--20 post partum was taken to be a measure of the relative importance of alternative larval routes. When injection was carried out at different times before and after weaning, larvae were diverted from a route bypassing the gut in nursing mothers to one leading to the gut (\"migration reversal\") in mothers without young in a period of less than 10 h. Migration reversal was mostly completed in lactating females injected at the time of weaning when compared with nulliparous controls. A stimulus-sensitive period shortly after injection, predicted from these dynamics, was demonstrated. Worms injected into lactating females 10 h after removal from their pups showed complete migration reversal. In similarly treated rats, given 1 h suckling 3 h after injection, migration reversal was practically abolished. These inter-relationships, in conjunction with earlier findings, are used to deduce the possible humoral mechanisms involved and to develop a working hypothesis to account for larval orientation based on features of the mammalian pulmonary microvasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:927890", "title": "Hymenolepis microstoma: a change in susceptibility to resistance with increasing age of the parasite.", "content": "Hymenolepis microstoma from secondary infections in mice were found to grow initially more slowly than H. microstoma from primary infections. Eventually a similar rate of growth was attained by both kinds of worm. After transplantation, young worms (less than or equal to 4 days old) grew more slowly in previously infected than in naive mice. In contrast, 10-day-old worms grew equally well in naive or resistant mice. The administration of cortisone to mice during a secondary infection of H. microstoma inhibited the stunting of growth in young worms which were able to grow as well as those in a primary infection. The effects of the cortisone persisted for less than 4 days. Worms in a secondary infection given 4 days after cortisone treatment were stunted in growth. These experiments suggest that the susceptibility of the worms to the resistance of the mouse applies to the first 4 days within the host. The loss or reduction of this susceptibility might be associated with the worm's entry into the bile duct which occurs 3--4 days after infection.", "contents": "Hymenolepis microstoma: a change in susceptibility to resistance with increasing age of the parasite. Hymenolepis microstoma from secondary infections in mice were found to grow initially more slowly than H. microstoma from primary infections. Eventually a similar rate of growth was attained by both kinds of worm. After transplantation, young worms (less than or equal to 4 days old) grew more slowly in previously infected than in naive mice. In contrast, 10-day-old worms grew equally well in naive or resistant mice. The administration of cortisone to mice during a secondary infection of H. microstoma inhibited the stunting of growth in young worms which were able to grow as well as those in a primary infection. The effects of the cortisone persisted for less than 4 days. Worms in a secondary infection given 4 days after cortisone treatment were stunted in growth. These experiments suggest that the susceptibility of the worms to the resistance of the mouse applies to the first 4 days within the host. The loss or reduction of this susceptibility might be associated with the worm's entry into the bile duct which occurs 3--4 days after infection."}
{"id": "PMID:927891", "title": "Patency and transmission of Filaroides hirthi infection.", "content": "Filaroides hirthi lungworm infection was diagnosed by the recovery of 1st-stage larvae from the faeces of dogs with heavy, artificially induced infections using zinc sulphate flotation. Diagnosis of low-grade natural infections was infrequently achieved. Zinc sulphate flotation was demonstrated to be about 100 times as efficient as the Baermann technique in concentrating F. hirthi larvae from dog faeces. Larvae recovered from faeces proved to be infective when fed to a pup and it was concluded that F. hirthi infection can be transmitted directly and immediately by fresh faecal contamination. Mongrel dogs of diverse ancestry were readily infected by feeding 1st-stage larvae from lung tissue. Thus, F. hirthi infection was shown not to be limited to the Beagle breed by biological restrictions. The observations that 1st-stage larvae pass through the alimentary tract on their way out of the body and that larvae are found in the mesenteric lymph nodes long after a single exposure to infection support the hypothesis that there is an autogenous re-infection of the host by a proportion of these larvae.", "contents": "Patency and transmission of Filaroides hirthi infection. Filaroides hirthi lungworm infection was diagnosed by the recovery of 1st-stage larvae from the faeces of dogs with heavy, artificially induced infections using zinc sulphate flotation. Diagnosis of low-grade natural infections was infrequently achieved. Zinc sulphate flotation was demonstrated to be about 100 times as efficient as the Baermann technique in concentrating F. hirthi larvae from dog faeces. Larvae recovered from faeces proved to be infective when fed to a pup and it was concluded that F. hirthi infection can be transmitted directly and immediately by fresh faecal contamination. Mongrel dogs of diverse ancestry were readily infected by feeding 1st-stage larvae from lung tissue. Thus, F. hirthi infection was shown not to be limited to the Beagle breed by biological restrictions. The observations that 1st-stage larvae pass through the alimentary tract on their way out of the body and that larvae are found in the mesenteric lymph nodes long after a single exposure to infection support the hypothesis that there is an autogenous re-infection of the host by a proportion of these larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:927931", "title": "Congenital deformities.", "content": "Forty years ago Denis Browne wrote that the medical world was ignoring an important distinction among birth defects. There were, he said, a large group of abnormalities caused not by genetic errors or teratogens but simply by fetal constraint. These abnormalities, if recognized early, could be readily ameliorated with simple, conservative forms of therapy. Today the full range and frequency of deformations are still not well appreciated and yet the recognition of these deformities may be more important than ever. The public is becoming increasingly aware of environmental hazards and genetic risks to their unborn children. They know of the  difficult problems faced by families when malformed children are born. The physician who can rapidly and accurately diagnose deformities treats a good deal more than the problems of aberrant fetal molding.", "contents": "Congenital deformities. Forty years ago Denis Browne wrote that the medical world was ignoring an important distinction among birth defects. There were, he said, a large group of abnormalities caused not by genetic errors or teratogens but simply by fetal constraint. These abnormalities, if recognized early, could be readily ameliorated with simple, conservative forms of therapy. Today the full range and frequency of deformations are still not well appreciated and yet the recognition of these deformities may be more important than ever. The public is becoming increasingly aware of environmental hazards and genetic risks to their unborn children. They know of the  difficult problems faced by families when malformed children are born. The physician who can rapidly and accurately diagnose deformities treats a good deal more than the problems of aberrant fetal molding."}
{"id": "PMID:927932", "title": "Origin and mechanism of postnatal deformities.", "content": "The child's skeleton must be thought of as a dynamic organ-formed, moved, and remodeled but unchanged. However, if the normal balance of the skeleton's environment is disturbed, the unchanging form also becomes disturbed and deformity occurs. This disruption of the environment may be mechanical imbalance, vascular insufficiency, metabolic abnormality, or external insult. The manner in which the skeleton responds depends on the disturbing force and the affected area.", "contents": "Origin and mechanism of postnatal deformities. The child's skeleton must be thought of as a dynamic organ-formed, moved, and remodeled but unchanged. However, if the normal balance of the skeleton's environment is disturbed, the unchanging form also becomes disturbed and deformity occurs. This disruption of the environment may be mechanical imbalance, vascular insufficiency, metabolic abnormality, or external insult. The manner in which the skeleton responds depends on the disturbing force and the affected area."}
{"id": "PMID:927933", "title": "Radiographs.", "content": "Physicians performing radiology for children should utilize modern equipment, expose children to the least amount of radiation possible, and avoid unnecessary examinations. Those interpreting radiographs must be familiar with the wide range of normal variations of the skeleton and/or be prepared to refer to texts and atlases dealing with these. Careful examination of soft tissues greatly increases the accuracy of diagnostic radiology in the search for trauma and infection.", "contents": "Radiographs. Physicians performing radiology for children should utilize modern equipment, expose children to the least amount of radiation possible, and avoid unnecessary examinations. Those interpreting radiographs must be familiar with the wide range of normal variations of the skeleton and/or be prepared to refer to texts and atlases dealing with these. Careful examination of soft tissues greatly increases the accuracy of diagnostic radiology in the search for trauma and infection."}
{"id": "PMID:927934", "title": "Radionuclide bone imaging in pediatrics.", "content": "Radionuclide imaging provides a functional as well as anatomic evaluation of bone and is particularly valuable in diagnosis, staging, and management of oncologic disorders, in differentiation of inflammatory conditions and trauma, and in hypovascular disorders of bone. The practitioner should be aware of those areas in which bone imaging is clinically effective for patient care. Radionuclide bone imaging is efficacious, delivers minimal radiation, and offers a functional method of evaluation for children with skeletal disorders.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone imaging in pediatrics. Radionuclide imaging provides a functional as well as anatomic evaluation of bone and is particularly valuable in diagnosis, staging, and management of oncologic disorders, in differentiation of inflammatory conditions and trauma, and in hypovascular disorders of bone. The practitioner should be aware of those areas in which bone imaging is clinically effective for patient care. Radionuclide bone imaging is efficacious, delivers minimal radiation, and offers a functional method of evaluation for children with skeletal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:927935", "title": "Orthopedic screening: especially congenital dislocation of the hip and spinal deformity.", "content": "Effective techniques exist for the early detection of congenital dislocation of the hip and of scoliosis, as well as related spinal deformities, allowing correction and prevention of serious permanent deformities. Future developments seem likely to make prenatal detection of spina bifida cystica possible and also may point the way toward means of decreasing the incidence of disabling low back pain and of osteoarthritis of the major joints of the lower extremity.", "contents": "Orthopedic screening: especially congenital dislocation of the hip and spinal deformity. Effective techniques exist for the early detection of congenital dislocation of the hip and of scoliosis, as well as related spinal deformities, allowing correction and prevention of serious permanent deformities. Future developments seem likely to make prenatal detection of spina bifida cystica possible and also may point the way toward means of decreasing the incidence of disabling low back pain and of osteoarthritis of the major joints of the lower extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:927937", "title": "Leg aches.", "content": "In the investigation of children with leg aches, it is essential to identify those with demonstrable underlying organic diseases. Growing pains is a poorly named, nebulous entity that can be diagnosed only by exclusion. The greatest diagnostic error is to make a diagnosis of growing pains while overlooking some serious underlying condition.", "contents": "Leg aches. In the investigation of children with leg aches, it is essential to identify those with demonstrable underlying organic diseases. Growing pains is a poorly named, nebulous entity that can be diagnosed only by exclusion. The greatest diagnostic error is to make a diagnosis of growing pains while overlooking some serious underlying condition."}
{"id": "PMID:927943", "title": "Foot pain in children.", "content": "A general approach to the child with foot pain has been described. In that the pediatrician is so often the recipient of parent's questions about children's shoes, it is well for him to be aware of problems relating to poorly fitting shoes, probably the most common source of complaints of foot pain in children. With a systematic approach, the pediatrician is very capable of managing the majority of such complaints.", "contents": "Foot pain in children. A general approach to the child with foot pain has been described. In that the pediatrician is so often the recipient of parent's questions about children's shoes, it is well for him to be aware of problems relating to poorly fitting shoes, probably the most common source of complaints of foot pain in children. With a systematic approach, the pediatrician is very capable of managing the majority of such complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:927974", "title": "Sagittal diameter measurements of the bony cervical spinal canal in children.", "content": "Radiological measurements of the sagittal diameter of the bony cervical spinal canal were performed on 120 children, aged 3 to14 years old. For the age groups 3 to 6, 7 to 10 and 11 to 14 years the appropriate mean values were calculated with standard deviations. In addition the relation between body height and width of the spinal canal was investigated. The values show a continuous increase with advancing years and increasing body height. In all age groups the sagittal diameter decreases slightly from the foramen magnum to C.3 and then remains nearly constant. There are no statistically significant differences between boys and girls. The \"normal values\" obtained facilitate the detection of pathological cases where there may be widening or narrowing of the cervical spinal canal.", "contents": "Sagittal diameter measurements of the bony cervical spinal canal in children. Radiological measurements of the sagittal diameter of the bony cervical spinal canal were performed on 120 children, aged 3 to14 years old. For the age groups 3 to 6, 7 to 10 and 11 to 14 years the appropriate mean values were calculated with standard deviations. In addition the relation between body height and width of the spinal canal was investigated. The values show a continuous increase with advancing years and increasing body height. In all age groups the sagittal diameter decreases slightly from the foramen magnum to C.3 and then remains nearly constant. There are no statistically significant differences between boys and girls. The \"normal values\" obtained facilitate the detection of pathological cases where there may be widening or narrowing of the cervical spinal canal."}
{"id": "PMID:927975", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Report of ten cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Ten cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, all presenting at or below the age of eight weeks, are presented: three below the diaphragm, two to the coronary sinus, one to the right atrium, three to the left vertical vein, and one to the right superior vena cava. Six patients had other cardiac anomalies, and surgical mortality represented 75%. A review of the subject is presented.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Report of ten cases and review of the literature. Ten cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, all presenting at or below the age of eight weeks, are presented: three below the diaphragm, two to the coronary sinus, one to the right atrium, three to the left vertical vein, and one to the right superior vena cava. Six patients had other cardiac anomalies, and surgical mortality represented 75%. A review of the subject is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:927976", "title": "Detergent enema: a cause of caustic colitis.", "content": "A 5-year-old boy developed acute colitis followed by stricture formation as a result of a detergent enema. The acute phase of the caustic induced colitis was reproduced in the dog and the rat using full strength and diluted detergent enemas. The severity of the experimental colitis was shown to be directly related to the concentration of the detergent.", "contents": "Detergent enema: a cause of caustic colitis. A 5-year-old boy developed acute colitis followed by stricture formation as a result of a detergent enema. The acute phase of the caustic induced colitis was reproduced in the dog and the rat using full strength and diluted detergent enemas. The severity of the experimental colitis was shown to be directly related to the concentration of the detergent."}
{"id": "PMID:927977", "title": "Indications for pneumoperitoneum in the diagnosis of congenital anomalies in the umbilical region.", "content": "Thirty pneumoperitoneograms were performed postmortem and 5 were performed for diagnosis: the technique itself, the radiological anatomy of the umbilical region, and the usefulness of the procedure in diagnosis are discussed. Pneumoperitoneum may be indicated in the investigation of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum, in the exclusion or confirmation of remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct, in chronically moist lesions of the umbilicus resistant to symptomatic treatment, in suspected cases of non-communicating urachal cysts which cannot be diagnosed by cystogram, and in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumours related to the umbilical region.", "contents": "Indications for pneumoperitoneum in the diagnosis of congenital anomalies in the umbilical region. Thirty pneumoperitoneograms were performed postmortem and 5 were performed for diagnosis: the technique itself, the radiological anatomy of the umbilical region, and the usefulness of the procedure in diagnosis are discussed. Pneumoperitoneum may be indicated in the investigation of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum, in the exclusion or confirmation of remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct, in chronically moist lesions of the umbilicus resistant to symptomatic treatment, in suspected cases of non-communicating urachal cysts which cannot be diagnosed by cystogram, and in the differential diagnosis of abdominal tumours related to the umbilical region."}
{"id": "PMID:927978", "title": "Leri's melorheostosis: three pediatric cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Three pediatric cases of melorheostosis are described. Growth disorders of the limbs are often the first signs in children. The radiological appearance consists of long tracks of increased cortical radiodensity in the long bones and of small dense islets in the epiphyses.", "contents": "Leri's melorheostosis: three pediatric cases and a review of the literature. Three pediatric cases of melorheostosis are described. Growth disorders of the limbs are often the first signs in children. The radiological appearance consists of long tracks of increased cortical radiodensity in the long bones and of small dense islets in the epiphyses."}
{"id": "PMID:927979", "title": "Acute epitrochlear lymphadenitis.", "content": "This paper summarizes the clinical and roentgenographic findings in 15 children with acute suppurative infection of the epitrochlear lymph nodes.", "contents": "Acute epitrochlear lymphadenitis. This paper summarizes the clinical and roentgenographic findings in 15 children with acute suppurative infection of the epitrochlear lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:927980", "title": "Is the first urinary infection in childhood a definite indication for radiological examination?", "content": "The need for X-ray investigations of the urinary tract at the time of the first proven urinary infection, even in older girls, is stressed. This policy is the best way to detect chronic pyelonephritis and congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and provide timely and appropriate treatment. These conclusions are supported by personal experience (see case description), and the incidence of congenital anomalies encountered during an 11 year period in our children's hospital. There were 957 concecutive cases with X-ray studies of the urinary tract (IVP and MCU). A considerable proportion (30%) were older children (4-12 years) having supravesical obstruction defined when the X-ray studies were performed at the first urinary infection. The proportion of abnormalities rose to 66% when the investigations were done after recurrent infections, which may contribute to the development and progression of disease.", "contents": "Is the first urinary infection in childhood a definite indication for radiological examination? The need for X-ray investigations of the urinary tract at the time of the first proven urinary infection, even in older girls, is stressed. This policy is the best way to detect chronic pyelonephritis and congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and provide timely and appropriate treatment. These conclusions are supported by personal experience (see case description), and the incidence of congenital anomalies encountered during an 11 year period in our children's hospital. There were 957 concecutive cases with X-ray studies of the urinary tract (IVP and MCU). A considerable proportion (30%) were older children (4-12 years) having supravesical obstruction defined when the X-ray studies were performed at the first urinary infection. The proportion of abnormalities rose to 66% when the investigations were done after recurrent infections, which may contribute to the development and progression of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:927981", "title": "Application of aortography and ultrasound in evaluation of renal agenesis.", "content": "Ultrasound followed by aortography, if necessary, has been a useful approach in the diagnosis of suspected renal agenesis.", "contents": "Application of aortography and ultrasound in evaluation of renal agenesis. Ultrasound followed by aortography, if necessary, has been a useful approach in the diagnosis of suspected renal agenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:927982", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis: a cause of intrarenal calcification in the newborn.", "content": "The calcification which may follow renal vein thrombosis (RVT) has a virtually diagnostic radiographic pattern. Previous examples have been noted mainly in follow-up examinations of infants with a history of neonatal RVT. The case reported herein, with pathologic confirmation, illustrates that such calcification may be present even on the first day of life as a result of RVT occurring in utero.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis: a cause of intrarenal calcification in the newborn. The calcification which may follow renal vein thrombosis (RVT) has a virtually diagnostic radiographic pattern. Previous examples have been noted mainly in follow-up examinations of infants with a history of neonatal RVT. The case reported herein, with pathologic confirmation, illustrates that such calcification may be present even on the first day of life as a result of RVT occurring in utero."}
{"id": "PMID:927983", "title": "Congenital calcified thrombosis of inferior vena cava, bilateral renal veins and left spermatic vein.", "content": "An infant with severe congenital calcified thrombosis in the inferior vena cava, bilateral renal veins and left spermatic vein is presented. Five previously published cases and pertinent points concerning this rare occurence are discussed. The etiology of this calcified thrombosis remained unknown.", "contents": "Congenital calcified thrombosis of inferior vena cava, bilateral renal veins and left spermatic vein. An infant with severe congenital calcified thrombosis in the inferior vena cava, bilateral renal veins and left spermatic vein is presented. Five previously published cases and pertinent points concerning this rare occurence are discussed. The etiology of this calcified thrombosis remained unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:927984", "title": "Pierre Robin syndrome with hyperphalangism-clinodactylysm of the index finger: a possible new palato-digital syndrome.", "content": "A nine day old boy who had the Pierre Robin syndrome also had an unusual associated hand malformation consisting of bilateral clinodactyly of the index finger. A supernumerary phalanx was inserted between the second metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of both index fingers with a radial deviation of the same phalanx. The same hand malformation has been previously described in three patients who had either the Pierre Robin syndrome or isolated cleft palate. On the basis of ours and the three previous cases, the existence of a new palato-digital syndrome is suggested.", "contents": "Pierre Robin syndrome with hyperphalangism-clinodactylysm of the index finger: a possible new palato-digital syndrome. A nine day old boy who had the Pierre Robin syndrome also had an unusual associated hand malformation consisting of bilateral clinodactyly of the index finger. A supernumerary phalanx was inserted between the second metacarpal and the proximal phalanx of both index fingers with a radial deviation of the same phalanx. The same hand malformation has been previously described in three patients who had either the Pierre Robin syndrome or isolated cleft palate. On the basis of ours and the three previous cases, the existence of a new palato-digital syndrome is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:927985", "title": "Cavitating lesions in a cold agglutinin positive pneumonia.", "content": "Cavitating lesions are considered a rare presentation for cold agglutinin positive pneumonia. This paper describes a case of cold agglutinin positive pneumonia which presented as a multilobar, cavitating bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Cavitating lesions in a cold agglutinin positive pneumonia. Cavitating lesions are considered a rare presentation for cold agglutinin positive pneumonia. This paper describes a case of cold agglutinin positive pneumonia which presented as a multilobar, cavitating bronchopneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:927986", "title": "Congenital syphilitic osteitis of scapulae and ribs.", "content": "A newborn with congenital syphilis presented radiographically with a lack of ossification of the medial portions of several ribs and massive sclerosis and decalcification of scapulae. The uniqueness of syphilitic scapular and rib involvement is discussed. The infant also went on to develop skin lesions which appeared following penicillin therapy and also developed an extrahepatic biliary atresia.", "contents": "Congenital syphilitic osteitis of scapulae and ribs. A newborn with congenital syphilis presented radiographically with a lack of ossification of the medial portions of several ribs and massive sclerosis and decalcification of scapulae. The uniqueness of syphilitic scapular and rib involvement is discussed. The infant also went on to develop skin lesions which appeared following penicillin therapy and also developed an extrahepatic biliary atresia."}
{"id": "PMID:928047", "title": "[Tumour-induced precocious puberty. Discussion of the indications for neurosurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The tumour aetiology of precocious puberty is sometimes clinically evident when accompanied by visual disturbances or by raised intracranial pressure. It may be suspected in the presence of accelerated puberty but should also be feared in cases of apparently idiopathic precocious puberty. In the 13 cases studied, the tumour was studied in the posterior hypothalamus. Ten children underwent surgery (with additional radiotherapy in two cases). Two children died, the follow-up varying at present between 2 and 12 years. Amongst the various tumours, the hamartoma has a special nature by virtue of slow or absence of increase in tumour size. When the clinical and radiological signs suggest this type of tumour, abstention from surgery with close observation of the size of the tumour and medical slowing of puberty is advised.", "contents": "[Tumour-induced precocious puberty. Discussion of the indications for neurosurgery (author's transl)]. The tumour aetiology of precocious puberty is sometimes clinically evident when accompanied by visual disturbances or by raised intracranial pressure. It may be suspected in the presence of accelerated puberty but should also be feared in cases of apparently idiopathic precocious puberty. In the 13 cases studied, the tumour was studied in the posterior hypothalamus. Ten children underwent surgery (with additional radiotherapy in two cases). Two children died, the follow-up varying at present between 2 and 12 years. Amongst the various tumours, the hamartoma has a special nature by virtue of slow or absence of increase in tumour size. When the clinical and radiological signs suggest this type of tumour, abstention from surgery with close observation of the size of the tumour and medical slowing of puberty is advised."}
{"id": "PMID:928048", "title": "[Hereditary C2 deficiency with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic studies in a family (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with an homozygous deficiency in the second fraction of complement is reported and compared to previous reports of the literature. The high incidence of infections in these patients is outlined. The defective gene in this family was associated with the HLA A10B18 haplotype and the propositus was homozygous at the HLA-D locus. Familial study allowed the detection of 3 heterozygous individuals two of them being symptomatic (vascular purpura, high incidence of bacterial infections).", "contents": "[Hereditary C2 deficiency with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunologic studies in a family (author's transl)]. A case of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with an homozygous deficiency in the second fraction of complement is reported and compared to previous reports of the literature. The high incidence of infections in these patients is outlined. The defective gene in this family was associated with the HLA A10B18 haplotype and the propositus was homozygous at the HLA-D locus. Familial study allowed the detection of 3 heterozygous individuals two of them being symptomatic (vascular purpura, high incidence of bacterial infections)."}
{"id": "PMID:928049", "title": "[Effects of hepato-biliary diseases on drug metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug metabolism may be impaired in patients with hepato-biliary diseases. Hepatocellular failure may decrease the rate of drug biotransformation; cholestasis may decrease 1) the absorption of lipid soluble drugs, 2) the rate of drug biotransformation, and 3) the biliary excretion of drugs. Activity and/or toxicity are modified variously as either the drug or a metabolite of it is the active and/or toxic compound. Although there is an obvious need for an adapted posology in patients with liver diseases, only suggestions can be drawn from presently limited data.", "contents": "[Effects of hepato-biliary diseases on drug metabolism (author's transl)]. Drug metabolism may be impaired in patients with hepato-biliary diseases. Hepatocellular failure may decrease the rate of drug biotransformation; cholestasis may decrease 1) the absorption of lipid soluble drugs, 2) the rate of drug biotransformation, and 3) the biliary excretion of drugs. Activity and/or toxicity are modified variously as either the drug or a metabolite of it is the active and/or toxic compound. Although there is an obvious need for an adapted posology in patients with liver diseases, only suggestions can be drawn from presently limited data."}
{"id": "PMID:928061", "title": "Distribution of H1 histone in chromatin digested by micrococcal nuclease.", "content": "The relative amount of H1 histone associated with isolated nucleosomes from calf thymus was determined as a function of the extent of DNA digestion by micrococcal nuclease. Generally the amount of H1 histone associated with mononucleosomes decreases with increasing digestion until 60% of the original H1 remains associated with DNA 150 base pirs or less in size. Coincidentally, H1 histone increases relative to the other histones in aggregated material that sediments through sucrose gradients to form a pellet. However, the level of H1 histone remains at control values for oligonucleosomes (dimer to hexamer) over the 30% digestion range studied. An increase in ionic strength to 0.3 M NaCl in the density gradient reveals a different pattern of H1 binding, whereby the amount of H1 reflects the average size of the DNA fragments with which it is associated. Although there is significant binding to nucleosomes per se, it appears that the major ionic involvement of H1 is with internucleosomal spacer DNA.", "contents": "Distribution of H1 histone in chromatin digested by micrococcal nuclease. The relative amount of H1 histone associated with isolated nucleosomes from calf thymus was determined as a function of the extent of DNA digestion by micrococcal nuclease. Generally the amount of H1 histone associated with mononucleosomes decreases with increasing digestion until 60% of the original H1 remains associated with DNA 150 base pirs or less in size. Coincidentally, H1 histone increases relative to the other histones in aggregated material that sediments through sucrose gradients to form a pellet. However, the level of H1 histone remains at control values for oligonucleosomes (dimer to hexamer) over the 30% digestion range studied. An increase in ionic strength to 0.3 M NaCl in the density gradient reveals a different pattern of H1 binding, whereby the amount of H1 reflects the average size of the DNA fragments with which it is associated. Although there is significant binding to nucleosomes per se, it appears that the major ionic involvement of H1 is with internucleosomal spacer DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:928062", "title": "A simple method for the preparation of [beta-32P]purine nucleoside triphosphase.", "content": "A rapid, simple and inexpensive procedure is described for the preparation of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates specifically and highly radiolabeled with [32P]phosphate in the beta position. The method involves two successive enzymatic reactions: conversion of donor [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of an excess of acceptor 5'-mononucleotide to the 5'-diphosphates by myokinase or guanosine 5'-monophosphate kinase followed by phosphorylation with pyruvate kinase to yield 5'-triphosphates.", "contents": "A simple method for the preparation of [beta-32P]purine nucleoside triphosphase. A rapid, simple and inexpensive procedure is described for the preparation of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates specifically and highly radiolabeled with [32P]phosphate in the beta position. The method involves two successive enzymatic reactions: conversion of donor [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of an excess of acceptor 5'-mononucleotide to the 5'-diphosphates by myokinase or guanosine 5'-monophosphate kinase followed by phosphorylation with pyruvate kinase to yield 5'-triphosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:928063", "title": "5' Caps in hnRNA: absence of m32,2,7G and size distribution of capped molecules.", "content": "In HeLa cells the \"small nuclear\" RNA has a cap II 5' structure (8)-- m32,2,7G(5') pppXmpYmp-- where X and Y are 2'0 methylated adenosine and uridine. In contrast hnRNA contains only cap I structures were the 2'0 methylated residue may be any base as was earlier reported for cytoplasmic mRNA (8,9,11). With a clear distinction between the source of these two caps an analysis of the size distribution of capped hnRNA could be performed which revealed over 65% of the capped hnRNA molecules were larger than cytoplasmic mRNA.", "contents": "5' Caps in hnRNA: absence of m32,2,7G and size distribution of capped molecules. In HeLa cells the \"small nuclear\" RNA has a cap II 5' structure (8)-- m32,2,7G(5') pppXmpYmp-- where X and Y are 2'0 methylated adenosine and uridine. In contrast hnRNA contains only cap I structures were the 2'0 methylated residue may be any base as was earlier reported for cytoplasmic mRNA (8,9,11). With a clear distinction between the source of these two caps an analysis of the size distribution of capped hnRNA could be performed which revealed over 65% of the capped hnRNA molecules were larger than cytoplasmic mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:928064", "title": "Prepartation of soluble chromatin and specific chromatin fractions with restriction nucleases.", "content": "By digestion of rat liver nuclei with EndoR HaeIII, EndoR EcoRI, and EndoR Bam and subsequent lysis of the nuclei approx. 90%, 40%, and 45%, respectively, of the chromatin were solubilized. The plateau values of solubilization are in agreement with a model in which the chromatin strands are crosslinked and/or attached to a supporting structure. The distribution of DNA lengths in the soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions were determined. According to digestion experiments with restriction nucleases rat liver DNA contains highly repetitive sequences, some of which are arranged in tandem repeats of 95 and 380 nucleotide pairs, respectively. With EndoR EcoRI chromatin containing the repetitive RNA was preferentially solubilized and, by subsequent sucrose gradient centrifugation, purified to about 90%. The useful properties of chromatin prepared by the specific action of restriction nucleases are discussed.", "contents": "Prepartation of soluble chromatin and specific chromatin fractions with restriction nucleases. By digestion of rat liver nuclei with EndoR HaeIII, EndoR EcoRI, and EndoR Bam and subsequent lysis of the nuclei approx. 90%, 40%, and 45%, respectively, of the chromatin were solubilized. The plateau values of solubilization are in agreement with a model in which the chromatin strands are crosslinked and/or attached to a supporting structure. The distribution of DNA lengths in the soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions were determined. According to digestion experiments with restriction nucleases rat liver DNA contains highly repetitive sequences, some of which are arranged in tandem repeats of 95 and 380 nucleotide pairs, respectively. With EndoR EcoRI chromatin containing the repetitive RNA was preferentially solubilized and, by subsequent sucrose gradient centrifugation, purified to about 90%. The useful properties of chromatin prepared by the specific action of restriction nucleases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928065", "title": "Use of specific endonuclease cleavage in RNA sequencing-an enzymic method for distinguishing between cytidine and uridine residues.", "content": "The extracellular ribonuclease I of the common slime mold physarum polycephalum (RNase Phy1), which has recently been purified to homogeneity, has been used to distinguish between C and U residues in 3'-end-labeled oligoribonucleotides. As shown by Bargetzi and coworkers, this enzyme exhibits strong cleavage preference for U-N over C-N and N-C over N-U bonds. In the present paper, conditions are being detailed, which enable one to deduce the sequences of rather large, pyrimidine-rich, terminally labeled oligonucleotides by partial digestion with RNases U2, A, and Phy1, followed by resolution of the cleavage products by size. The techniques described in this and a previous communication provide a direct means for identifying A, G, C, and U residues in end-labeled polyribonucleotides.", "contents": "Use of specific endonuclease cleavage in RNA sequencing-an enzymic method for distinguishing between cytidine and uridine residues. The extracellular ribonuclease I of the common slime mold physarum polycephalum (RNase Phy1), which has recently been purified to homogeneity, has been used to distinguish between C and U residues in 3'-end-labeled oligoribonucleotides. As shown by Bargetzi and coworkers, this enzyme exhibits strong cleavage preference for U-N over C-N and N-C over N-U bonds. In the present paper, conditions are being detailed, which enable one to deduce the sequences of rather large, pyrimidine-rich, terminally labeled oligonucleotides by partial digestion with RNases U2, A, and Phy1, followed by resolution of the cleavage products by size. The techniques described in this and a previous communication provide a direct means for identifying A, G, C, and U residues in end-labeled polyribonucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:928066", "title": "Metabolic heterogeneity of nuclear poly (A)-containing RNA in mouse liver.", "content": "The analysis by the approach to equilibrium labeling method has shown that the poly(A)+ fraction of liver hnRNA is not a uniform class of molecules, but is comprised of two distinct subclasses with half-lives of 5 and 60 min, while the poly(A)- hnRNA was metabolically homogeneous and turned over with a rather uniform half-life of 30 min. The results suggest that (a) poly(A) synthesis and addition is not limiting for the rate of hnRNA processing, and (b) there is a correlation between the kinetics of mRNA appearance in the cytoplasm and kinetic behavior of their possible nuclear precursors.", "contents": "Metabolic heterogeneity of nuclear poly (A)-containing RNA in mouse liver. The analysis by the approach to equilibrium labeling method has shown that the poly(A)+ fraction of liver hnRNA is not a uniform class of molecules, but is comprised of two distinct subclasses with half-lives of 5 and 60 min, while the poly(A)- hnRNA was metabolically homogeneous and turned over with a rather uniform half-life of 30 min. The results suggest that (a) poly(A) synthesis and addition is not limiting for the rate of hnRNA processing, and (b) there is a correlation between the kinetics of mRNA appearance in the cytoplasm and kinetic behavior of their possible nuclear precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:928067", "title": "DNA chain flexibility and the structure of chromatin nu-bodies.", "content": "The persistence length of high-molecular-weight, monodisperse-bihelical DNA has been evaluated from low-shear flow birefingence and viscosity data at several temperatures in 2.0 M Nacl neutral pH buffer. At these solvent conditions, both the DNA and histone components of chromatin nu-bodies have structural features similar to those in the intact nucleohistone complex at low ionic strength. The theory of Landau and Lifshitz is used to relate the experimental result to the thermodynamic functions for bending 140 nucleotide pairs of DNA into a plausible model structure: per nu-body, delta Gb=43.8 +/- 5.3 kcal/mole, delta Hb= 45.7 +/- 3.7 kcal/mole, and delta Sb = 6.2 +/- 12.4 entropy units. This bending free energy is comparable to or less than that estimated to be required for a kinked DNA configuration and appears to be well within the range of estimated electrostatic free energies available from DNA-histone interactions in a nu-body assembly.", "contents": "DNA chain flexibility and the structure of chromatin nu-bodies. The persistence length of high-molecular-weight, monodisperse-bihelical DNA has been evaluated from low-shear flow birefingence and viscosity data at several temperatures in 2.0 M Nacl neutral pH buffer. At these solvent conditions, both the DNA and histone components of chromatin nu-bodies have structural features similar to those in the intact nucleohistone complex at low ionic strength. The theory of Landau and Lifshitz is used to relate the experimental result to the thermodynamic functions for bending 140 nucleotide pairs of DNA into a plausible model structure: per nu-body, delta Gb=43.8 +/- 5.3 kcal/mole, delta Hb= 45.7 +/- 3.7 kcal/mole, and delta Sb = 6.2 +/- 12.4 entropy units. This bending free energy is comparable to or less than that estimated to be required for a kinked DNA configuration and appears to be well within the range of estimated electrostatic free energies available from DNA-histone interactions in a nu-body assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:928068", "title": "Renaturation kinetics and thermal stability of DNA in aqueous solutions of formamide and urea.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a systematic study of the effects of formamide and urea on the thermal stability and renaturation kinetics of DNA. Increasing concentrations of urea in the range 0 to 8 molar lower the Tm by 2.25 degrees C per molar, and decreases the renaturation rate by approximately 8 percent per molar. Increasing concentrations of formamide in the range from 0 to 50 percent lowers the Tm by 0.60 degrees C per percent formamide for sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.035M to 0.88M. At higher salt concentrations the dependence of Tm on percent formamide was found to be slightly greater. Increasing formamide concentration decreases the renaturation rate linearly by 1.1% per percent formamide such that the optimal rate in 50% formamide is 0.45 the optimal rate in an identical solution with no formamide. The effects of urea and formamide on the renaturation rates of DNA are explained by consideration of the viscosities of the solutions at the renaturation temperatures.", "contents": "Renaturation kinetics and thermal stability of DNA in aqueous solutions of formamide and urea. This paper reports the results of a systematic study of the effects of formamide and urea on the thermal stability and renaturation kinetics of DNA. Increasing concentrations of urea in the range 0 to 8 molar lower the Tm by 2.25 degrees C per molar, and decreases the renaturation rate by approximately 8 percent per molar. Increasing concentrations of formamide in the range from 0 to 50 percent lowers the Tm by 0.60 degrees C per percent formamide for sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.035M to 0.88M. At higher salt concentrations the dependence of Tm on percent formamide was found to be slightly greater. Increasing formamide concentration decreases the renaturation rate linearly by 1.1% per percent formamide such that the optimal rate in 50% formamide is 0.45 the optimal rate in an identical solution with no formamide. The effects of urea and formamide on the renaturation rates of DNA are explained by consideration of the viscosities of the solutions at the renaturation temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:928069", "title": "Highly efficient translation of messenger RNA in cell-free extracts prepared from L-cells.", "content": "Micrococcal nuclease was used to eliminate endogenous protein synthesis in extracts prepared from L cells. The nuclease can be inhibited subsequently with 2'-deoxythymidine-3', 5'-diphosphate. Nuclease-treated extracts primed with exogenous reovirus mRNA, synthesized full length polypeptides with linear kinetics for almost two hours leading to stimulation of the order of 10(4) times over endogenous background. On the average, between 40 and 50 molecules of polypeptide were synthesized per molecule of mRNA.", "contents": "Highly efficient translation of messenger RNA in cell-free extracts prepared from L-cells. Micrococcal nuclease was used to eliminate endogenous protein synthesis in extracts prepared from L cells. The nuclease can be inhibited subsequently with 2'-deoxythymidine-3', 5'-diphosphate. Nuclease-treated extracts primed with exogenous reovirus mRNA, synthesized full length polypeptides with linear kinetics for almost two hours leading to stimulation of the order of 10(4) times over endogenous background. On the average, between 40 and 50 molecules of polypeptide were synthesized per molecule of mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:928070", "title": "DNA associated with nucleosomes in plants.", "content": "50 to 55% of tobacco and barley nuclear DNA is accessible to micrococcal endonuclease digestion. The DNA fragments resulting from a mild endonuclease treatment are multiples of a basic unit of 194 +/- 6 base pairs in tobacco and 195 +/- 6 base pairs in barley. After extensive digestion, a DNA fragment of approximately 140 base pairs is predominant. Hence the \"extra-core\" or \"linker\"-DNA is 55 base pairs long. Other fragments having 158 and less than 140 base pairs are present as well. Treatment with DNase I results in multiples of 10 bases when analysed under denaturating conditions. These results show that the general organization of the DNA within the nucleosomes is about the same in higher plants as in other higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "DNA associated with nucleosomes in plants. 50 to 55% of tobacco and barley nuclear DNA is accessible to micrococcal endonuclease digestion. The DNA fragments resulting from a mild endonuclease treatment are multiples of a basic unit of 194 +/- 6 base pairs in tobacco and 195 +/- 6 base pairs in barley. After extensive digestion, a DNA fragment of approximately 140 base pairs is predominant. Hence the \"extra-core\" or \"linker\"-DNA is 55 base pairs long. Other fragments having 158 and less than 140 base pairs are present as well. Treatment with DNase I results in multiples of 10 bases when analysed under denaturating conditions. These results show that the general organization of the DNA within the nucleosomes is about the same in higher plants as in other higher eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:928071", "title": "A compact from of methylated DNA is solutions containing poly (ethylene glycol).", "content": "Some peculiarities of compactization of double-stranded DNA molecules containing methylated nitrogen bases have been studied in water-salt solutions of PEG. It is shown that the methylation of N7-atoms of guanyl residues in original DNA molecules does not prevent the formation of DNA compact particles, but results in a decrease of the amplitude of the negative band in the CD spectrum of compact particles. The influence of N7-guanine methylation on the shape of the CD spectrum being the greater, the lower is the concentration of PEG. The dependence of the negative band amplitude in the CD spectrum on the content of methylated guanyl residues is practically the same for low-molecular weight DNA's from different sources. The observed decrease in the negative band amplitude is interpreted as a result of alterration of guanyl residue orientation relative to the helix axis which leads to diminished optical activity of the \"microcrystalline\" domains of compact particles. The evidence obtained suggests that changes in the secondary structure of DNA lead to considerable difference between CD spectra of compact particles of methlated DNA and psi-form of DNA. (The changes in the CD spectrum of the DNA compact particles occur also as a result of methylation of C5-atoms of cytosine residues). It is suggested that the negative band in the CD spectrum can be used a criterion for detection of negligible alterations in the DNA secondary structure.", "contents": "A compact from of methylated DNA is solutions containing poly (ethylene glycol). Some peculiarities of compactization of double-stranded DNA molecules containing methylated nitrogen bases have been studied in water-salt solutions of PEG. It is shown that the methylation of N7-atoms of guanyl residues in original DNA molecules does not prevent the formation of DNA compact particles, but results in a decrease of the amplitude of the negative band in the CD spectrum of compact particles. The influence of N7-guanine methylation on the shape of the CD spectrum being the greater, the lower is the concentration of PEG. The dependence of the negative band amplitude in the CD spectrum on the content of methylated guanyl residues is practically the same for low-molecular weight DNA's from different sources. The observed decrease in the negative band amplitude is interpreted as a result of alterration of guanyl residue orientation relative to the helix axis which leads to diminished optical activity of the \"microcrystalline\" domains of compact particles. The evidence obtained suggests that changes in the secondary structure of DNA lead to considerable difference between CD spectra of compact particles of methlated DNA and psi-form of DNA. (The changes in the CD spectrum of the DNA compact particles occur also as a result of methylation of C5-atoms of cytosine residues). It is suggested that the negative band in the CD spectrum can be used a criterion for detection of negligible alterations in the DNA secondary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:928239", "title": "Chronic disease and short stature.", "content": "Careful graphing of the anthropometric measurements of children with chronic disease and short stature should be done to determine height and weight growth velocities. In addition, a detailed history can provide information helpful in determining the expected growth curve. If the chronic disease can be effectively treated (eg, malnutrition, emotional deprivation, celiac disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis), a period of rapid \"catch-up\" growth can be anticipated. The prognosis with regard to adult stature depends on the timing, duration, and severity of the growth-inhibiting influence.", "contents": "Chronic disease and short stature. Careful graphing of the anthropometric measurements of children with chronic disease and short stature should be done to determine height and weight growth velocities. In addition, a detailed history can provide information helpful in determining the expected growth curve. If the chronic disease can be effectively treated (eg, malnutrition, emotional deprivation, celiac disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis), a period of rapid \"catch-up\" growth can be anticipated. The prognosis with regard to adult stature depends on the timing, duration, and severity of the growth-inhibiting influence."}
{"id": "PMID:928243", "title": "Abdominal examination: role of percussion and auscultation.", "content": "Clinicians should not minimize or overlook the importance of percussion of the liver and the spleen and of auscultation over the liver as routine parts of abdominal examination. Splenic percussion can be used to detect splenomegaly even before the spleen becomes palpable. The span of liver dullness on percussion can be compared with established normal standards to detect hepatomegaly or alterations caused by cirrhosis. A systolic bruit, a friction rub, or a venous hum detected by auscultation over the liver is an important sign of liver disease.", "contents": "Abdominal examination: role of percussion and auscultation. Clinicians should not minimize or overlook the importance of percussion of the liver and the spleen and of auscultation over the liver as routine parts of abdominal examination. Splenic percussion can be used to detect splenomegaly even before the spleen becomes palpable. The span of liver dullness on percussion can be compared with established normal standards to detect hepatomegaly or alterations caused by cirrhosis. A systolic bruit, a friction rub, or a venous hum detected by auscultation over the liver is an important sign of liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:928246", "title": "Fat embolism syndrome: a puzzling phenomenon.", "content": "Fat emboli are a life-threatening source of respiratory insufficiency. Whether they are of mechanical or chemical origin remains a subject of controversy. Fat embolism syndrome is most often seen after fracture of long bones, and immobilization of the fracture site may decrease risk of its development. Adequate oxygenation is the most important aspect of therapy; most patients given vigorous supportive treatment recover with no residual lung injury.", "contents": "Fat embolism syndrome: a puzzling phenomenon. Fat emboli are a life-threatening source of respiratory insufficiency. Whether they are of mechanical or chemical origin remains a subject of controversy. Fat embolism syndrome is most often seen after fracture of long bones, and immobilization of the fracture site may decrease risk of its development. Adequate oxygenation is the most important aspect of therapy; most patients given vigorous supportive treatment recover with no residual lung injury."}
{"id": "PMID:928247", "title": "Growth abnormalities in genetic syndromes.", "content": "The presence of a growth abnormality may be documented by determination of growth velocity, calculation of the upper segment/lower segment ratio or the AF/AT ratio, and measurement of head circumference. Important considerations in differential diagnosis of specific malformation syndromes are birth weight, limb and truck alterations, head size, physical features, and presence or absence of mental retardation. Additional clinical measurements, such as measurement of chest circumference and of finger and hand length, may be useful in selected cases. These data, combined with historical information, can indicate a specific diagnosis and facilitate the choice of confirmatory laboratory studies.", "contents": "Growth abnormalities in genetic syndromes. The presence of a growth abnormality may be documented by determination of growth velocity, calculation of the upper segment/lower segment ratio or the AF/AT ratio, and measurement of head circumference. Important considerations in differential diagnosis of specific malformation syndromes are birth weight, limb and truck alterations, head size, physical features, and presence or absence of mental retardation. Additional clinical measurements, such as measurement of chest circumference and of finger and hand length, may be useful in selected cases. These data, combined with historical information, can indicate a specific diagnosis and facilitate the choice of confirmatory laboratory studies."}
{"id": "PMID:928248", "title": "Endocrine causes of short stature.", "content": "The primary clinical characteristic of shortness of stature due to endocrine deficiency is a slow rate of growth (less than 1.5 in., or 4 cm, each year). Dental and skeletal ages are delayed. Specific tests of thyroid and pituitary function must be done to document the deficiency. Replacement therapy with levothyroxine or human growth hormone, or both, should be given as indicated. Short children who do not have hormone deficiency grow about 1.5 in. (4 cm) each year but have normal skeletal and dental ages. Children with Turner syndrome, primordial or genetic short stature, or intrauterine growth retardation do not respond to levothyroxine or human growth hormone replacement therapy. Constitutional delay in sexual development is a common cause of short stature in adolescent males and must be differentiated from hypopituitarism.", "contents": "Endocrine causes of short stature. The primary clinical characteristic of shortness of stature due to endocrine deficiency is a slow rate of growth (less than 1.5 in., or 4 cm, each year). Dental and skeletal ages are delayed. Specific tests of thyroid and pituitary function must be done to document the deficiency. Replacement therapy with levothyroxine or human growth hormone, or both, should be given as indicated. Short children who do not have hormone deficiency grow about 1.5 in. (4 cm) each year but have normal skeletal and dental ages. Children with Turner syndrome, primordial or genetic short stature, or intrauterine growth retardation do not respond to levothyroxine or human growth hormone replacement therapy. Constitutional delay in sexual development is a common cause of short stature in adolescent males and must be differentiated from hypopituitarism."}
{"id": "PMID:928250", "title": "Endomyocardial firbrosis and L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica.", "content": "The morphological features of endomyocardial fibrosis and L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis are described. Sixteen cases of the chronic stage of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis were compared with pathological material of thirty-two patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. No morphological differences were noted. It is suggested that endomyocardial fibrosis and LOffler's endocarditis are part of the same disease spectrum, the origin of which can be traced back to the presence of eosinophils in the myocardium.", "contents": "Endomyocardial firbrosis and L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica. The morphological features of endomyocardial fibrosis and L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis are described. Sixteen cases of the chronic stage of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis were compared with pathological material of thirty-two patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. No morphological differences were noted. It is suggested that endomyocardial fibrosis and LOffler's endocarditis are part of the same disease spectrum, the origin of which can be traced back to the presence of eosinophils in the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:928251", "title": "The general practitioner's information requirements in prescribing.", "content": "A general practitioner's requirements can be described in terms of three levels. These three levels are described and discussed with reference to examples from the author's own experience.", "contents": "The general practitioner's information requirements in prescribing. A general practitioner's requirements can be described in terms of three levels. These three levels are described and discussed with reference to examples from the author's own experience."}
{"id": "PMID:928252", "title": "Information and prescribing from the hospital doctors' viewpoint.", "content": "The requirements of a hospital doctor are viewed under the headings of 'active' and 'passive' information. The emphasis is placed on the practical value of information aimed at the prescribers, and the conclusion reached is that the information should be disease- rather than drug-orientated.", "contents": "Information and prescribing from the hospital doctors' viewpoint. The requirements of a hospital doctor are viewed under the headings of 'active' and 'passive' information. The emphasis is placed on the practical value of information aimed at the prescribers, and the conclusion reached is that the information should be disease- rather than drug-orientated."}
{"id": "PMID:928253", "title": "Departments of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics as sources of data.", "content": "The functions of a clinical pharmacologist are described and some questions worth asking when prescribing drugs are listed and briefly discussed.", "contents": "Departments of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics as sources of data. The functions of a clinical pharmacologist are described and some questions worth asking when prescribing drugs are listed and briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928254", "title": "Hospital pharmacy information centres and their role as suppliers of information.", "content": "The development of the drug information services within the hospital area is described from its origin in America. The services currently available in the NHS are outlined and a description of the type of enquiries handled is given.", "contents": "Hospital pharmacy information centres and their role as suppliers of information. The development of the drug information services within the hospital area is described from its origin in America. The services currently available in the NHS are outlined and a description of the type of enquiries handled is given."}
{"id": "PMID:928255", "title": "Representatives and advertisements as sources of information.", "content": "The role of the representative and advertisements as information sources is discussed. Emphasis is placed on these as providing only part of the whole data package available to a doctor to enable him to make his prescribing decision.", "contents": "Representatives and advertisements as sources of information. The role of the representative and advertisements as information sources is discussed. Emphasis is placed on these as providing only part of the whole data package available to a doctor to enable him to make his prescribing decision."}
{"id": "PMID:928256", "title": "Information centres in the pharmaceutical industry--the prime source of drug information.", "content": "The case is argued that the prime source of information is the manufacturing company. The medical information department of an average-sized company is used as a model to support this argument.", "contents": "Information centres in the pharmaceutical industry--the prime source of drug information. The case is argued that the prime source of information is the manufacturing company. The medical information department of an average-sized company is used as a model to support this argument."}
{"id": "PMID:928257", "title": "Tumoral calcinosis: a manifestation of extreme metastatic calcification occurring with 1, alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol therapy.", "content": "Two cases are reviewed, both of which developed tumoral calcinosis whilst receiving 1, alpha-hydroxy-cholecalciferol therapy. Tumoral calcinosis is an extreme form of peri-articular calcification, and its occurrence in patients with chronic renal failure is unusual. These peri-articular masses developed around the shoulders in both patients, and the action of 1, alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol as a possible factor promoting this form of metastatic calcification is discussed.", "contents": "Tumoral calcinosis: a manifestation of extreme metastatic calcification occurring with 1, alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol therapy. Two cases are reviewed, both of which developed tumoral calcinosis whilst receiving 1, alpha-hydroxy-cholecalciferol therapy. Tumoral calcinosis is an extreme form of peri-articular calcification, and its occurrence in patients with chronic renal failure is unusual. These peri-articular masses developed around the shoulders in both patients, and the action of 1, alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol as a possible factor promoting this form of metastatic calcification is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928318", "title": "[Characteristics of development of diabetic neuropathy depending on sex of diabetic patients].", "content": "The authors present the results of clinico-neurological study on 3976 patients suffering from diabetes with the use of electrophysiological, biochemical and other methods. As revealed, the sex of diabetic patients, particularly at definite age periods produced a significant influence on the time of occurrence and the rate of development of various types of the central and peripheral neuropathy. Thus, at the age of under 30 years almost all the types of diabetic neuropathy originated earlier and developed more rapidly in women, and after the age of 50 years some of these types of neuropathies were more frequent and more pronounced in men. No significant differences in the incidence of many types of diabetic neuropathy were revealed at the age of from 30 to 50 years both in men and in women. The mentioned regularity was most distinctly traced in analysis of distal pelyneuropathy. A hypothesis is put forward on the causes inducing peculiarities of the diabetic neuropathy development depending on the sex factor.", "contents": "[Characteristics of development of diabetic neuropathy depending on sex of diabetic patients]. The authors present the results of clinico-neurological study on 3976 patients suffering from diabetes with the use of electrophysiological, biochemical and other methods. As revealed, the sex of diabetic patients, particularly at definite age periods produced a significant influence on the time of occurrence and the rate of development of various types of the central and peripheral neuropathy. Thus, at the age of under 30 years almost all the types of diabetic neuropathy originated earlier and developed more rapidly in women, and after the age of 50 years some of these types of neuropathies were more frequent and more pronounced in men. No significant differences in the incidence of many types of diabetic neuropathy were revealed at the age of from 30 to 50 years both in men and in women. The mentioned regularity was most distinctly traced in analysis of distal pelyneuropathy. A hypothesis is put forward on the causes inducing peculiarities of the diabetic neuropathy development depending on the sex factor."}
{"id": "PMID:928319", "title": "[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in obesity with presence or absence of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The authors studied the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to various insulin concentrations in healthy women and also in women suffering from adiposity with the normal and diabetic test for glucose tolerance. Adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin was studied by the influence of insulin to the intensity of incorporation of carbohydrate of labeled glucose into the common lipids of the adipose tissue in its incubation with various insulin concentrations. A marked reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity to physiological concentrations of insulin was shown in patients with adiposity. The extent of insulin sensitivity fall was the same in such patients with normal glucose tolerance and in those suffering from latent diabetes. A conclusion was drawn that the mentioned reduction of adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin could serve as a significant factor leading to the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity. Another factor playing an important role in the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity was compensatory possibilities of beta-cells of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in obesity with presence or absence of diabetes mellitus]. The authors studied the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to various insulin concentrations in healthy women and also in women suffering from adiposity with the normal and diabetic test for glucose tolerance. Adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin was studied by the influence of insulin to the intensity of incorporation of carbohydrate of labeled glucose into the common lipids of the adipose tissue in its incubation with various insulin concentrations. A marked reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity to physiological concentrations of insulin was shown in patients with adiposity. The extent of insulin sensitivity fall was the same in such patients with normal glucose tolerance and in those suffering from latent diabetes. A conclusion was drawn that the mentioned reduction of adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin could serve as a significant factor leading to the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity. Another factor playing an important role in the development of diabetic disturbances in adiposity was compensatory possibilities of beta-cells of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:928320", "title": "[Lymphography of the thyroid gland. 1].", "content": "The authors carried out a lymphographic examination in 11 patients with various diseases of the thyroid gland. Lymphography proved to be an effective and harmless diagnostic method in pathological changes of the thyroid gland. Different structure of the thyroid gland tissue was revealed on the lymphograms depending on the character of the pathological process. In establishment of the diagnosis one should take into consideration the structure of the thyroid gland tissue, the structure of the cervical lymph nodes, and possibilities of their filling with the contrast agent, the amount, the rate and difficulties encountered in the administration of the contrast substance.", "contents": "[Lymphography of the thyroid gland. 1]. The authors carried out a lymphographic examination in 11 patients with various diseases of the thyroid gland. Lymphography proved to be an effective and harmless diagnostic method in pathological changes of the thyroid gland. Different structure of the thyroid gland tissue was revealed on the lymphograms depending on the character of the pathological process. In establishment of the diagnosis one should take into consideration the structure of the thyroid gland tissue, the structure of the cervical lymph nodes, and possibilities of their filling with the contrast agent, the amount, the rate and difficulties encountered in the administration of the contrast substance."}
{"id": "PMID:928321", "title": "[Electroroentgenoscanning of the thyroid gland].", "content": "A significant drawback of the radioisotopic scanning of the thyroid gland is the absence of a distinct knowledge of topographo-anatomical associations of this gland with other organs and tissues. To eliminate the mentioned drawback the method of electroscanning (combined electroroentgenography and radioisotopic scanning in two interperpendicular projections) was introduced into practice of the regional hospital. Electroscannograms were prepared on paper by means of the apparatus made in the USSR: roentgenograph ERGA-MP, gammatopograph GT-2, and roentgenodiagnostic unit ARD-2. The principle of the method consists in recording the scannogram of the gland on the preliminarily prepared electroroentgenogram of the cervical area and of the upper part of the chest in the horizontal position of the patient. Lead labels attached to definite areas of the patient's skin were used for matching the scannogram with the electroroentogenogram. This method differs from routine seannography of the gland by the fact that it provides an additional topography-anatomical information; it can be used in any radioisotopic diagnostic laboratory equipped with a scanner.", "contents": "[Electroroentgenoscanning of the thyroid gland]. A significant drawback of the radioisotopic scanning of the thyroid gland is the absence of a distinct knowledge of topographo-anatomical associations of this gland with other organs and tissues. To eliminate the mentioned drawback the method of electroscanning (combined electroroentgenography and radioisotopic scanning in two interperpendicular projections) was introduced into practice of the regional hospital. Electroscannograms were prepared on paper by means of the apparatus made in the USSR: roentgenograph ERGA-MP, gammatopograph GT-2, and roentgenodiagnostic unit ARD-2. The principle of the method consists in recording the scannogram of the gland on the preliminarily prepared electroroentgenogram of the cervical area and of the upper part of the chest in the horizontal position of the patient. Lead labels attached to definite areas of the patient's skin were used for matching the scannogram with the electroroentogenogram. This method differs from routine seannography of the gland by the fact that it provides an additional topography-anatomical information; it can be used in any radioisotopic diagnostic laboratory equipped with a scanner."}
{"id": "PMID:928322", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity of the brain in men with hypogonadism].", "content": "Bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 51 patients with primary and in 36 with secondary hypogonadism. In the patients examined there was a change of both the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the EEG curves; organization of the basic rhythm was disturbed, and paroxysmal activity discharges appeared. The EEG data in primary hypogonadism pointed to reduction in the reactive properties of the cortex and brain stem; in secondary hypogonadism--diffuse affection of the diencephalic region was testified to.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity of the brain in men with hypogonadism]. Bioelectrical activity of the brain was studied in 51 patients with primary and in 36 with secondary hypogonadism. In the patients examined there was a change of both the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the EEG curves; organization of the basic rhythm was disturbed, and paroxysmal activity discharges appeared. The EEG data in primary hypogonadism pointed to reduction in the reactive properties of the cortex and brain stem; in secondary hypogonadism--diffuse affection of the diencephalic region was testified to."}
{"id": "PMID:928323", "title": "[Study of the androgenic activity of the ovaries in various forms of virilism of ovarian etiology].", "content": "The authors present the results of determination of the testosterone level in the blood by the method of competitive fixation by proteins under conditions of a functional test with the depression of the adrenal cortex function with dexamethazone and stimulation of the ovarian function with choriogonin against this background in patients with the virile syndrome of ovarian genesis. Three groups of patients with the ovarian hyperandrogenia were distinguished. Changes in the blood testosterons level under the test conditions confirmed objectively the ununiformity of of this syndrome and permitted one to characterize the hormonal activity of the androgen-producing structures of the ovaries and their sensitivity to choriogonin stimulation in patients of different groups. The functional test with the determination of the blood testosterone level can be applied under clinical conditions for detection of the source and the degree of hyperandrogenia.", "contents": "[Study of the androgenic activity of the ovaries in various forms of virilism of ovarian etiology]. The authors present the results of determination of the testosterone level in the blood by the method of competitive fixation by proteins under conditions of a functional test with the depression of the adrenal cortex function with dexamethazone and stimulation of the ovarian function with choriogonin against this background in patients with the virile syndrome of ovarian genesis. Three groups of patients with the ovarian hyperandrogenia were distinguished. Changes in the blood testosterons level under the test conditions confirmed objectively the ununiformity of of this syndrome and permitted one to characterize the hormonal activity of the androgen-producing structures of the ovaries and their sensitivity to choriogonin stimulation in patients of different groups. The functional test with the determination of the blood testosterone level can be applied under clinical conditions for detection of the source and the degree of hyperandrogenia."}
{"id": "PMID:928326", "title": "[Characteristics of the water-electrolyte regulation in experimental hyperthyroidization and hyperthyroidism].", "content": "In experiments on rats the effect of hyperthyroidization (induced by thyroidin, 1-thyroxin) and hyperthyrosis (induced by TSH, cold exposure) on volume natriuresis was studied. As revealed, after expansion of extracellular space natriuresis increased under hyperthyroidization and hyperthyrosis, and was much higher than in control rats. Natriuresis elevation in response to increased volume of extracellular fluid in rats under hyperthyroidization resulted from the rise of natriuretic factor in the blood.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the water-electrolyte regulation in experimental hyperthyroidization and hyperthyroidism]. In experiments on rats the effect of hyperthyroidization (induced by thyroidin, 1-thyroxin) and hyperthyrosis (induced by TSH, cold exposure) on volume natriuresis was studied. As revealed, after expansion of extracellular space natriuresis increased under hyperthyroidization and hyperthyrosis, and was much higher than in control rats. Natriuresis elevation in response to increased volume of extracellular fluid in rats under hyperthyroidization resulted from the rise of natriuretic factor in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:928328", "title": "[Degradation of prolactin 125-I in the mammary gland of lactating rats].", "content": "Prolactin-125I metabolism in the mammary gland of lactating rats was studied; the hormone was injected intraperitoneally. Radioactive products accumulated by the mammary gland tissue were extracted with isotonic medium. Tissue extracts, blood serum and milk were analyzed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The Blood displayed a gradual reduction of prolactin-125I content as a result of its splitting in the organs and binding with blood proteins; as to the mammary gland--there occurred accumulation of the products of prolactin-125I degradation. Some hormone was inactivated losing immunological properties without any significant changes in the molecular weight. Besides, the mammary gland displayed an intensive accumulation of the products of prolactin-125I splitting in the other organs and in the gland proper. Radioactivity accumulated in the milk was mainly referred to the products of prolactin-125I degradation. There was also shown the presence of immunologically active prolactin-125I in the milk.", "contents": "[Degradation of prolactin 125-I in the mammary gland of lactating rats]. Prolactin-125I metabolism in the mammary gland of lactating rats was studied; the hormone was injected intraperitoneally. Radioactive products accumulated by the mammary gland tissue were extracted with isotonic medium. Tissue extracts, blood serum and milk were analyzed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The Blood displayed a gradual reduction of prolactin-125I content as a result of its splitting in the organs and binding with blood proteins; as to the mammary gland--there occurred accumulation of the products of prolactin-125I degradation. Some hormone was inactivated losing immunological properties without any significant changes in the molecular weight. Besides, the mammary gland displayed an intensive accumulation of the products of prolactin-125I splitting in the other organs and in the gland proper. Radioactivity accumulated in the milk was mainly referred to the products of prolactin-125I degradation. There was also shown the presence of immunologically active prolactin-125I in the milk."}
{"id": "PMID:928329", "title": "[Adrenal cortex function and development of vascular changes in rabbits with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The role of adrenal cortex hormones in the development of vascular changes was studied in 16 rabbits with alloxan diabetes. Formation of morphological changes in the aorta proved to be partially determined by functional condition of the adrenal cortex at the early periods of alloxan diabetes.", "contents": "[Adrenal cortex function and development of vascular changes in rabbits with alloxan diabetes]. The role of adrenal cortex hormones in the development of vascular changes was studied in 16 rabbits with alloxan diabetes. Formation of morphological changes in the aorta proved to be partially determined by functional condition of the adrenal cortex at the early periods of alloxan diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:928325", "title": "[Seasonal differences in the sensitivity of the catecholamine receptors of the brain in connection with the endocrine function of the pituitary-testicular complex].", "content": "The fluorimetric method was applied to the study of testosterone level in the peripheral blood plasma after the administration of substances stimulating catecholamine receptors of sexually mature Wistar male rats at different seasons of the year. Dophamine administration (a dose of 10 microgram) caused an increase in the blood testosterone level (twice) both in summer and in winter. At the same time noradrenaline stimulating chiefly the alpha-adrenoceptors and isopropylnoradrenaline (novodrin) acting chiefly on beta-adrenoceptors produced a stimulating action in the same doses in summer only. In winter the activation of the hypothalamo hypophysio-testicular complex was noted after the administration of these substances into the lateral ventricle in a dose of 100 microgram only. A conclusion was drawn that, in difference from dophamine receptors, sensitivity of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors connected with the endocrine function of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-testicular complex depended on the seasonal factors. It is supposed that the brain adrenoceptors were capable of participating in the regulation of seasonal dynamics of testosterone content in the blood.", "contents": "[Seasonal differences in the sensitivity of the catecholamine receptors of the brain in connection with the endocrine function of the pituitary-testicular complex]. The fluorimetric method was applied to the study of testosterone level in the peripheral blood plasma after the administration of substances stimulating catecholamine receptors of sexually mature Wistar male rats at different seasons of the year. Dophamine administration (a dose of 10 microgram) caused an increase in the blood testosterone level (twice) both in summer and in winter. At the same time noradrenaline stimulating chiefly the alpha-adrenoceptors and isopropylnoradrenaline (novodrin) acting chiefly on beta-adrenoceptors produced a stimulating action in the same doses in summer only. In winter the activation of the hypothalamo hypophysio-testicular complex was noted after the administration of these substances into the lateral ventricle in a dose of 100 microgram only. A conclusion was drawn that, in difference from dophamine receptors, sensitivity of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors connected with the endocrine function of the hypothalamo-hypophysio-testicular complex depended on the seasonal factors. It is supposed that the brain adrenoceptors were capable of participating in the regulation of seasonal dynamics of testosterone content in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:928330", "title": "[Thyrotropic activity of the pituitary gland in rats at various age periods].", "content": "The thyrotropic activity of the hypophysis (TTH synthesis and secretion) was studied in rats at various age periods. The work was conducted on mongrel male rats of four age groups: 1 1/2-2, 8-10, 18-24, and 28-32-months old. Being relatively low in the sexually immature animals, the thyrotropic activity of the hypophysis considerably intensified in adult rats and diminished with the ageing of the organism. A reduction of the TTH synthesis and secretion in old animals, testified to by the hormone content in the hypophysis and the blood, was apparently connected with the intensification of the T4-deiodating capacity of the hypophysis tissue.", "contents": "[Thyrotropic activity of the pituitary gland in rats at various age periods]. The thyrotropic activity of the hypophysis (TTH synthesis and secretion) was studied in rats at various age periods. The work was conducted on mongrel male rats of four age groups: 1 1/2-2, 8-10, 18-24, and 28-32-months old. Being relatively low in the sexually immature animals, the thyrotropic activity of the hypophysis considerably intensified in adult rats and diminished with the ageing of the organism. A reduction of the TTH synthesis and secretion in old animals, testified to by the hormone content in the hypophysis and the blood, was apparently connected with the intensification of the T4-deiodating capacity of the hypophysis tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:928327", "title": "[Study of the role of sialic acids in the formation of bound form of insulin].", "content": "In studying the formation of insulin complexes with transferrin the role played by sialic acids in this process was ascertained. The role of terminal sialic acids, included into the glycoprotein composition, in the formation of complexes of these glycoproteins with a number of components circulating in the blood was noted earlier. To study the role played by sialic acids of transferrin molecule in the formation of complexes with insulin the author used transferrin untreated and treated with neuraminidase, an enzyme splitting the sialic acid molecules from grycoprotein specifically. The influence of these preparations on the biological activity of insulin was studied. Transferrin devoid of sialic acid lost its capacity to form complexes with insulin. Control experiments demonstrated that by itself neuraminidase treatment of preparations of transferrin and insulin failed to influence their biological activity. The results of experiments with the use of neuraminidase demonstrated that sialic acid in donor transferrin molecule could be of great significance in the formation of an insulin-transferrin complex.", "contents": "[Study of the role of sialic acids in the formation of bound form of insulin]. In studying the formation of insulin complexes with transferrin the role played by sialic acids in this process was ascertained. The role of terminal sialic acids, included into the glycoprotein composition, in the formation of complexes of these glycoproteins with a number of components circulating in the blood was noted earlier. To study the role played by sialic acids of transferrin molecule in the formation of complexes with insulin the author used transferrin untreated and treated with neuraminidase, an enzyme splitting the sialic acid molecules from grycoprotein specifically. The influence of these preparations on the biological activity of insulin was studied. Transferrin devoid of sialic acid lost its capacity to form complexes with insulin. Control experiments demonstrated that by itself neuraminidase treatment of preparations of transferrin and insulin failed to influence their biological activity. The results of experiments with the use of neuraminidase demonstrated that sialic acid in donor transferrin molecule could be of great significance in the formation of an insulin-transferrin complex."}
{"id": "PMID:928410", "title": "Proliferation of primary cultures from rat aortic media. Effects of hyperlipemic serum.", "content": "Tissue cultures have been made from explants of thoracic aortas to study the growth pattern of rat aortic mediacytes. Three parameters were measured weekly: the surface of the culture, the relative increase of this surface and the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells per unit surface. The primary cultures showed two distinctive phases: a first phase with continuous growth followed by a plateau phase. We studied the growth effect of homologous hypercholesterolemic serum added to the cultures. The cell proliferation was affected by the cholesterol level in the medium and the stage of the culture at which serum incubation was initiated. An enhancing effect occurred in the rat resistant to such treatment in vivo.", "contents": "Proliferation of primary cultures from rat aortic media. Effects of hyperlipemic serum. Tissue cultures have been made from explants of thoracic aortas to study the growth pattern of rat aortic mediacytes. Three parameters were measured weekly: the surface of the culture, the relative increase of this surface and the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells per unit surface. The primary cultures showed two distinctive phases: a first phase with continuous growth followed by a plateau phase. We studied the growth effect of homologous hypercholesterolemic serum added to the cultures. The cell proliferation was affected by the cholesterol level in the medium and the stage of the culture at which serum incubation was initiated. An enhancing effect occurred in the rat resistant to such treatment in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:928415", "title": "Arterial permeability to labeled protein.", "content": "Labeled albumin, which was administered intravenously, was detected, with the use of a scintillation counter, in the aortic wall of rabbits. Relative to weight, the permeability index was highest in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta and lowest in the medial thoracic aorta. Angiotensin II and various mediators were found to increase the permeability of the aortic wall.", "contents": "Arterial permeability to labeled protein. Labeled albumin, which was administered intravenously, was detected, with the use of a scintillation counter, in the aortic wall of rabbits. Relative to weight, the permeability index was highest in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta and lowest in the medial thoracic aorta. Angiotensin II and various mediators were found to increase the permeability of the aortic wall."}
{"id": "PMID:928421", "title": "Endothelial cell injury in early mild hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemia was induced in 6-week-old male swine by feeding them a chow diet supplemented with lard and cholesterol. Aortic samples from areas of spontaneously-differing permeability to proteins, as demarcated by their uptake of Evans blue dye, were prepared and examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks after diet initiation, cholesterol/lard-fed animals demonstrated leukocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium in both greater (blue) and lesser (white) permeability areas, being greaer in the former. Endothelial cells underlying leukocytes were generally normal in ultrastructural appearance, but showed cytoplasmic uptake of ruthenium red. Endothelial cells in cholesterol/lard-fed animals contained more lysosomes and cytoplasmic filaments than seen in control animals. Blood-derived cells were more frequently seen in the intima of cholesterol/lard-fed animals, and were often observed associated with intercellular junctions in the endothelium.", "contents": "Endothelial cell injury in early mild hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in 6-week-old male swine by feeding them a chow diet supplemented with lard and cholesterol. Aortic samples from areas of spontaneously-differing permeability to proteins, as demarcated by their uptake of Evans blue dye, were prepared and examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks after diet initiation, cholesterol/lard-fed animals demonstrated leukocyte adhesion to aortic endothelium in both greater (blue) and lesser (white) permeability areas, being greaer in the former. Endothelial cells underlying leukocytes were generally normal in ultrastructural appearance, but showed cytoplasmic uptake of ruthenium red. Endothelial cells in cholesterol/lard-fed animals contained more lysosomes and cytoplasmic filaments than seen in control animals. Blood-derived cells were more frequently seen in the intima of cholesterol/lard-fed animals, and were often observed associated with intercellular junctions in the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:928422", "title": "Spontaneous endothelial cell injury in the intimal cushions of atherosclerotic pigeons.", "content": "Since endothelial damage precedes sterol accumulation, platelet factor 4-like activity elevations and alterations in thrombocyte adhesiveness, it clearly is one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of spontaneous pigeon atherosclerosis. Although the relationships among endothelial damage and the other events have not been elucidated, it is conceivable that products released from thrombocytes subsequent to adhesion on damaged endothelium may trigger other localized changes in the intimal cushion area and lead to the progression of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Spontaneous endothelial cell injury in the intimal cushions of atherosclerotic pigeons. Since endothelial damage precedes sterol accumulation, platelet factor 4-like activity elevations and alterations in thrombocyte adhesiveness, it clearly is one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of spontaneous pigeon atherosclerosis. Although the relationships among endothelial damage and the other events have not been elucidated, it is conceivable that products released from thrombocytes subsequent to adhesion on damaged endothelium may trigger other localized changes in the intimal cushion area and lead to the progression of atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:928430", "title": "Is the sclerotic vessel wall really more rigid than the normal one?", "content": "Quasistatic passive mechanical properties of fibrosclerotic and normal human anterior cerebral arteries were studied in vitro. Mechanical properties were characterized by incremental elastic modulus, strain energy density and incremental distensibility for a 20--250 mm Hg intraluminal pressure range. Fibrotic arteries were found to have a 34--45% lower elastic modulus at the same pressure levels than normal ones (p less than 0.01--0.02). Distensibility however proved to be only 28--35% higher in the fibrotic group, this difference was significant just at a few pressure values above 120 mm Hg. This was due to the opposite changes in elastic properties and radius to wall thickness ratio. It is supposed that higher elasticity of the fibrotic arterial wall is the consequence of a local compensatory process tending to prevent pathological alterations in distensibility of the arteries.", "contents": "Is the sclerotic vessel wall really more rigid than the normal one? Quasistatic passive mechanical properties of fibrosclerotic and normal human anterior cerebral arteries were studied in vitro. Mechanical properties were characterized by incremental elastic modulus, strain energy density and incremental distensibility for a 20--250 mm Hg intraluminal pressure range. Fibrotic arteries were found to have a 34--45% lower elastic modulus at the same pressure levels than normal ones (p less than 0.01--0.02). Distensibility however proved to be only 28--35% higher in the fibrotic group, this difference was significant just at a few pressure values above 120 mm Hg. This was due to the opposite changes in elastic properties and radius to wall thickness ratio. It is supposed that higher elasticity of the fibrotic arterial wall is the consequence of a local compensatory process tending to prevent pathological alterations in distensibility of the arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:928431", "title": "Genetic factors in the development of atheroma and on serum total cholesterol levels in inbred mice and their hybrids.", "content": "There is a consistent genetic relationship between the development of atheromata in the aortic sinus wall and serum total cholesterol levels using inbred strains of male mice. This relationship is dependent on a multifactorial (polygenic) type of inheritance that is more complicated than the simple additive-dominance model. There is no special maternal or paternal influence on serum total cholesterol levels or on the development of atheromata.", "contents": "Genetic factors in the development of atheroma and on serum total cholesterol levels in inbred mice and their hybrids. There is a consistent genetic relationship between the development of atheromata in the aortic sinus wall and serum total cholesterol levels using inbred strains of male mice. This relationship is dependent on a multifactorial (polygenic) type of inheritance that is more complicated than the simple additive-dominance model. There is no special maternal or paternal influence on serum total cholesterol levels or on the development of atheromata."}
{"id": "PMID:928432", "title": "Smooth muscle cell changes of media underlying experimental arterial thrombosis.", "content": "The is much evidence that platelet thrombi release many factors which can alter endothelial permeability and may alter other cell membrane permeability. A large thrombus could also interfere with the diffusion of oxygen to the inner media. In either case injury of the medial cells may affect their ability to metabolize lipid.", "contents": "Smooth muscle cell changes of media underlying experimental arterial thrombosis. The is much evidence that platelet thrombi release many factors which can alter endothelial permeability and may alter other cell membrane permeability. A large thrombus could also interfere with the diffusion of oxygen to the inner media. In either case injury of the medial cells may affect their ability to metabolize lipid."}
{"id": "PMID:928433", "title": "Platelets, thrombosis and atherosclerosis.", "content": "The interaction of platelets with the vessel wall can contribute to the early stages in the development of atherosclerosis through effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial permeability, and possibly by causing vessel wall injury. Platelets are involved in the development of thrombi in response to vessel injury, and the repeated formation of platelet emboli and platelet-fibrin emboli from the mural thrombi may be one of the factors that cause clinical complications of atherosclerosis. Drugs which inhibit platelet function, particularly those that prolong shortened platelet survival (sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole) may prove to be important in inhibiting the response of blood to vessel injury and thereby modifying the extent of atherosclerosis and its complications.", "contents": "Platelets, thrombosis and atherosclerosis. The interaction of platelets with the vessel wall can contribute to the early stages in the development of atherosclerosis through effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial permeability, and possibly by causing vessel wall injury. Platelets are involved in the development of thrombi in response to vessel injury, and the repeated formation of platelet emboli and platelet-fibrin emboli from the mural thrombi may be one of the factors that cause clinical complications of atherosclerosis. Drugs which inhibit platelet function, particularly those that prolong shortened platelet survival (sulfinpyrazone and dipyridamole) may prove to be important in inhibiting the response of blood to vessel injury and thereby modifying the extent of atherosclerosis and its complications."}
{"id": "PMID:928434", "title": "Photometric platelet aggregation test III: a new tool for the detection of enhancet platelet aggregation.", "content": "In clinical investigation on ehnanced platelet aggregation the changes of the various tests with time after blood sampling must be considered. The photometric PAT III for the evaluation of spontaneous aggregation showed enhanced aggregation in a high percentage of patients with vascular disease, and prospective data obtained so far make it likely that enhanced aggregation is a risk factor for thrombosis. More prospective studies are necessary to prove whether continuously enhanced spontaneous platelet aggregation is indicating progressive atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Photometric platelet aggregation test III: a new tool for the detection of enhancet platelet aggregation. In clinical investigation on ehnanced platelet aggregation the changes of the various tests with time after blood sampling must be considered. The photometric PAT III for the evaluation of spontaneous aggregation showed enhanced aggregation in a high percentage of patients with vascular disease, and prospective data obtained so far make it likely that enhanced aggregation is a risk factor for thrombosis. More prospective studies are necessary to prove whether continuously enhanced spontaneous platelet aggregation is indicating progressive atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:928435", "title": "Platelet-mediated pulmonary hypertension: reduction by platelet inhibition.", "content": "Altering the platelet behavior with sulfinpyrazone or heparin--probably by inhibiting the platelet release reaction--reduces the emboli-induced pulmonary hypertension to the same extent as platelet depletion. Evaluation of platelet function in human pulmonary microembolism and consideration of substances which minimize or prevent platelet effects seems to be warranted on the basis of these experiments.", "contents": "Platelet-mediated pulmonary hypertension: reduction by platelet inhibition. Altering the platelet behavior with sulfinpyrazone or heparin--probably by inhibiting the platelet release reaction--reduces the emboli-induced pulmonary hypertension to the same extent as platelet depletion. Evaluation of platelet function in human pulmonary microembolism and consideration of substances which minimize or prevent platelet effects seems to be warranted on the basis of these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:928436", "title": "Relationship between disturbed rheological properties and cerebral hemodynamics in recent cerebral infarction.", "content": "In 75 patients with neurological symptoms due to RCI serum fibrinogen, whole blood viscosity and platelet aggregability have been determined before treatment was started. In addition, in 24 of the patients also HBF has been measured. In patients with RCI viscosity was significantly increased. Serum fibrinogen was higher at increased viscosity levels and when enhanced platelet aggregation was evident. At low shear rates increased blood viscosity correlated significantly with serum fibrinogen as well as with reduction of HBF.", "contents": "Relationship between disturbed rheological properties and cerebral hemodynamics in recent cerebral infarction. In 75 patients with neurological symptoms due to RCI serum fibrinogen, whole blood viscosity and platelet aggregability have been determined before treatment was started. In addition, in 24 of the patients also HBF has been measured. In patients with RCI viscosity was significantly increased. Serum fibrinogen was higher at increased viscosity levels and when enhanced platelet aggregation was evident. At low shear rates increased blood viscosity correlated significantly with serum fibrinogen as well as with reduction of HBF."}
{"id": "PMID:928438", "title": "Derivation of intimal smooth muscle cells in normal arteries and atherosclerotic plaques. An overview.", "content": "We have no evidence of the precise derivation of myointimal cells, either in 'normal' intima or in atherosclerotic lesions. Neither has any derivation been eliminated. Efforts to establish the origin of the cells might be as helpful to our understanding of the lesions as have been the studies of proliferation of SMC, regardless of which one of the various theories of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis we happen to support.", "contents": "Derivation of intimal smooth muscle cells in normal arteries and atherosclerotic plaques. An overview. We have no evidence of the precise derivation of myointimal cells, either in 'normal' intima or in atherosclerotic lesions. Neither has any derivation been eliminated. Efforts to establish the origin of the cells might be as helpful to our understanding of the lesions as have been the studies of proliferation of SMC, regardless of which one of the various theories of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis we happen to support."}
{"id": "PMID:928441", "title": "Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle: glucocorticoid effect.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine radioautography was employed to study the effect of glucocorticoids on smooth muscle proliferation in rabbit arteries. In the aorta and pulmonary artery of rabbits with cholesterol atherolsclerosis, labelled cell counts showed that these steroids decrease the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the intimal plaques. The inhibitory effect on thymidine uptake was found to be dose dependent and closely related to the antiinflammatory potency of the steroid tested. In another set of experiments the smooth muscle proliferation occurring in the rabbit carotid artery after disendothelization was studied. In these normolipemic animals the inhibition of DNA synthesis was particularly evident in the medial smooth muscle cell; concomitantly, in steroid-treated animals the myointimal thickening in the denuded area was less prominent. It is concluded that very likely the glucocorticoid effect on the artery is due to a direct interaction of the steroid with smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Proliferation of arterial smooth muscle: glucocorticoid effect. Tritiated thymidine radioautography was employed to study the effect of glucocorticoids on smooth muscle proliferation in rabbit arteries. In the aorta and pulmonary artery of rabbits with cholesterol atherolsclerosis, labelled cell counts showed that these steroids decrease the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the intimal plaques. The inhibitory effect on thymidine uptake was found to be dose dependent and closely related to the antiinflammatory potency of the steroid tested. In another set of experiments the smooth muscle proliferation occurring in the rabbit carotid artery after disendothelization was studied. In these normolipemic animals the inhibition of DNA synthesis was particularly evident in the medial smooth muscle cell; concomitantly, in steroid-treated animals the myointimal thickening in the denuded area was less prominent. It is concluded that very likely the glucocorticoid effect on the artery is due to a direct interaction of the steroid with smooth muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:928442", "title": "Smooth muscle cell response to endothelial injury.", "content": "Electron microscopy and autoradiography with 3H-thymidine have been employed to study the cellular dynamic of intimal thickening occurring in the rabbit carotid artery after selective endothelial injury. The results obtained suggest that migration of SMC of the tunica media rather than proliferation is the key event in the development of the intimal thickening.", "contents": "Smooth muscle cell response to endothelial injury. Electron microscopy and autoradiography with 3H-thymidine have been employed to study the cellular dynamic of intimal thickening occurring in the rabbit carotid artery after selective endothelial injury. The results obtained suggest that migration of SMC of the tunica media rather than proliferation is the key event in the development of the intimal thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:928443", "title": "Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia.", "content": "Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \"gate\" function to the pwA gene product and the \"pore\" function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days.", "contents": "Calcium channels in Paramecium aurelia. Reversal of swimming direction in paramecium is dependent on the calcium influx through the excitable-membrane calcium channels. Several mutants of Paramecium aurelia have been selected on the basis of their resistance to the paralyzing effect of barium. The mutants have reduced reversal behavior and are in the same three pawn genes as discovered by Kung (16, 17). Also, in barium solutions, the pawns live longer than the wild-type; however, pwB mutants are more resistant to barium toxicity than pwA mutants. These results suggest that the selection picked up mutants in the calcium channel. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate this point directly, showing defective calcium activation in all pawns, but also defective anomalous rectification in pwB mutants. A model is presented which accounts for the differences between pwA and pwB mutants. It ascribes the depolarization-sensitive \"gate\" function to the pwA gene product and the \"pore\" function to the pwB gene product. Additionally, the stability of the channel structure is demonstrated, channel half-life being from five to eight days."}
{"id": "PMID:928444", "title": "Acetylcholine receptors and myasthenia gravis: the effect of antibodies to eel acetylcholine receptors on eel electric organ cells.", "content": "Antisera to acetylcholine receptors purified from Electrophorus electricus were tested for their ability to bind to receptors on electric organ cells, block the depolarizing response of the cells to carbamylcholine, and inhibit binding of 125-I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the cells. It was found that although antibodies could bind to most of the receptors, resulting in substantial inhibition of the depolarizing response, binding of 125-I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the cells was only slightly inhibited. This was consistent with the observation that these antibodies did not compete for the toxin binding site on detergent-solubilized receptor. These results suggest that the antibodies inhibited receptor activity primarily by interfering with the ionophore of the receptor or its regulation by the acetylcholine binding site. However, the possibilities could not be completely eliminated that blockage of a small fraction of the binding sites caused a large inhibition of the depolarizing response or that bound antibody allosterically reduced binding affinity for carbamylcholine without completely inhibiting toxin binding.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptors and myasthenia gravis: the effect of antibodies to eel acetylcholine receptors on eel electric organ cells. Antisera to acetylcholine receptors purified from Electrophorus electricus were tested for their ability to bind to receptors on electric organ cells, block the depolarizing response of the cells to carbamylcholine, and inhibit binding of 125-I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the cells. It was found that although antibodies could bind to most of the receptors, resulting in substantial inhibition of the depolarizing response, binding of 125-I-alpha-bungarotoxin to the cells was only slightly inhibited. This was consistent with the observation that these antibodies did not compete for the toxin binding site on detergent-solubilized receptor. These results suggest that the antibodies inhibited receptor activity primarily by interfering with the ionophore of the receptor or its regulation by the acetylcholine binding site. However, the possibilities could not be completely eliminated that blockage of a small fraction of the binding sites caused a large inhibition of the depolarizing response or that bound antibody allosterically reduced binding affinity for carbamylcholine without completely inhibiting toxin binding."}
{"id": "PMID:928446", "title": "Studies on cell recognition in the developing brain.", "content": "Several lines of evidence demonstrate cell-cell receptors on the surface of developing brain cells. Plasma membrane vesicles with regional and temporal binding specificities can be prepared. Active factors that block cell aggregation can be extracted from these membranes and partially purified. Quantitative studies of cell-cell adhesion demonstrate a gradient of adhesive specificity along the dorsoventral axis of the developing retina.", "contents": "Studies on cell recognition in the developing brain. Several lines of evidence demonstrate cell-cell receptors on the surface of developing brain cells. Plasma membrane vesicles with regional and temporal binding specificities can be prepared. Active factors that block cell aggregation can be extracted from these membranes and partially purified. Quantitative studies of cell-cell adhesion demonstrate a gradient of adhesive specificity along the dorsoventral axis of the developing retina."}
{"id": "PMID:928447", "title": "Lectin activity in embryonic chick muscle: developmental regulation and preliminary purification.", "content": "Soluble extracts of embryonic chick pectoral muscle contain lectin activity. This activity is assayed by agglutination of trypsin-treated, glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes, and is blocked by specific saccharides such as thiodigalactoside and lactose. Lectin activity of the muscle extracts increased at least 1 order of magnitude between 8 and 16 days of chick embryo development, as the pectoral muscle differentiated. Preliminary purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B deprivatized with either asialo-bovine glycoprotein, or p-aminophenyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside as the ligand.", "contents": "Lectin activity in embryonic chick muscle: developmental regulation and preliminary purification. Soluble extracts of embryonic chick pectoral muscle contain lectin activity. This activity is assayed by agglutination of trypsin-treated, glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes, and is blocked by specific saccharides such as thiodigalactoside and lactose. Lectin activity of the muscle extracts increased at least 1 order of magnitude between 8 and 16 days of chick embryo development, as the pectoral muscle differentiated. Preliminary purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B deprivatized with either asialo-bovine glycoprotein, or p-aminophenyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside as the ligand."}
{"id": "PMID:928449", "title": "Biochemical studies of the common and restricted antigens, two neural cell surface antigens.", "content": "Two cell surface antigens on rat neural tumor cells are defined by antisera from mice immunized with a rat glioma cell line, 33B. The Common antigen is on rat brain and embryo, and is strongly expressed on the surface of all, or most, rat glioma and neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors. The other Restricted antigen is not present at detectable levels on normal rat tissues, but is on 33B, and on 11 other rat neural tumors or cell lines developed from such tumors, though many other tumors are negative. These 2 antigens are on cell membrane preparations from cells and tumors, and have been further characterized using a quantitative antigen assay. Both antigens are heat labile, and can be destroyed by digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The Common antigen is 10 times more sensitive than the restricted antigen to pronase digestion. Furthermore, spacially separate sites for the 2 antigens are indicated by blocking experiments with pepsin digested antisera. Attempts to purify these antigens further have been frustrated by loss of antigenic activity upon detergent-induced release from the membrane. The tissue and tumor distributions of recently described mouse and rat surface antigens are reviewed. Many of these antigens are present on both brain and kidney, but not on other tissues, though several are shared with embryonic cells or sperm. Several new antigens have been described which may be neuronal specific.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of the common and restricted antigens, two neural cell surface antigens. Two cell surface antigens on rat neural tumor cells are defined by antisera from mice immunized with a rat glioma cell line, 33B. The Common antigen is on rat brain and embryo, and is strongly expressed on the surface of all, or most, rat glioma and neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors. The other Restricted antigen is not present at detectable levels on normal rat tissues, but is on 33B, and on 11 other rat neural tumors or cell lines developed from such tumors, though many other tumors are negative. These 2 antigens are on cell membrane preparations from cells and tumors, and have been further characterized using a quantitative antigen assay. Both antigens are heat labile, and can be destroyed by digestion with proteolytic enzymes. The Common antigen is 10 times more sensitive than the restricted antigen to pronase digestion. Furthermore, spacially separate sites for the 2 antigens are indicated by blocking experiments with pepsin digested antisera. Attempts to purify these antigens further have been frustrated by loss of antigenic activity upon detergent-induced release from the membrane. The tissue and tumor distributions of recently described mouse and rat surface antigens are reviewed. Many of these antigens are present on both brain and kidney, but not on other tissues, though several are shared with embryonic cells or sperm. Several new antigens have been described which may be neuronal specific."}
{"id": "PMID:928450", "title": "Interaction of the lipid-associating domain of glycophorin with phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "The MN-blood group bearing glycoprotein of the human red cell membrane, glycophorin, has been shown to traverse the membrane in vivo such that the NH2-terminal portion is exposed to the external, and the COOH-terminal portion exposed to the cytoplasmic, mileiu. The intervening 23 residue lipid-associating domain (LAD) of glycophorin has been shown to have a unique overall hydrophobicity. The LAD of glycophorin can be obtained intact within an aqueous insoluble tryptic peptic, T(is). Under appropriate conditions (the reaction not being spontaneous), T(is) can be associated with phospholipid bilayers. Freeze fracture studies of T(is): phospholipid vesicles suggest that T(is) forms multimeric torus-shaped intramembranous structures 80 A in diameter with n greater than 4. The plot of T(is) concentration versus multimer density suggests there is a critical multimer concentration (CMC) for T(is) in phospholipid bilayers (L/P = 200/1). Various physico-chemical techniques such as pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and ionic permeability were used to investigate the T(is)-lipid association. Results indicate that this system is an excellent one in which to study the boundary lipid phenomenon. In addition, T(is) association with lipid bilayers is being correlated with the natural state of glycophorin in the red cell membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of the lipid-associating domain of glycophorin with phospholipid bilayers. The MN-blood group bearing glycoprotein of the human red cell membrane, glycophorin, has been shown to traverse the membrane in vivo such that the NH2-terminal portion is exposed to the external, and the COOH-terminal portion exposed to the cytoplasmic, mileiu. The intervening 23 residue lipid-associating domain (LAD) of glycophorin has been shown to have a unique overall hydrophobicity. The LAD of glycophorin can be obtained intact within an aqueous insoluble tryptic peptic, T(is). Under appropriate conditions (the reaction not being spontaneous), T(is) can be associated with phospholipid bilayers. Freeze fracture studies of T(is): phospholipid vesicles suggest that T(is) forms multimeric torus-shaped intramembranous structures 80 A in diameter with n greater than 4. The plot of T(is) concentration versus multimer density suggests there is a critical multimer concentration (CMC) for T(is) in phospholipid bilayers (L/P = 200/1). Various physico-chemical techniques such as pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and ionic permeability were used to investigate the T(is)-lipid association. Results indicate that this system is an excellent one in which to study the boundary lipid phenomenon. In addition, T(is) association with lipid bilayers is being correlated with the natural state of glycophorin in the red cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:928451", "title": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo.", "content": "Cell-cell binding of both retinal and brain cells of the chick embryo varied as a function of developmental age, brain cells acquiring their binding properties at an earlier time than retinal cells. Brain and retinal cells of the appropriate age bound as well to each other as to themselves. Antibodies prepared against a molecule released by retinal cells in culture were able to inhibit cell-cell binding between homologous and heterologous pairs of retinal and brain cells. These results suggest that the molecular mechanism of cell-cell binding is the same in these 2 tissues. Analysis of cell surface proteins precipitated by these antibodies suggest that one of the molecules involved in adhesion has a molecular weight of 150,000, and may be derived from a larger precursor. The possible mechanisms of cell-cell binding are discussed in terms of the properties of this molecule.", "contents": "Adhesion among neural cells of the chick embryo. Cell-cell binding of both retinal and brain cells of the chick embryo varied as a function of developmental age, brain cells acquiring their binding properties at an earlier time than retinal cells. Brain and retinal cells of the appropriate age bound as well to each other as to themselves. Antibodies prepared against a molecule released by retinal cells in culture were able to inhibit cell-cell binding between homologous and heterologous pairs of retinal and brain cells. These results suggest that the molecular mechanism of cell-cell binding is the same in these 2 tissues. Analysis of cell surface proteins precipitated by these antibodies suggest that one of the molecules involved in adhesion has a molecular weight of 150,000, and may be derived from a larger precursor. The possible mechanisms of cell-cell binding are discussed in terms of the properties of this molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:928452", "title": "Factors influencing degradation of extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle.", "content": "During development and after both denervation and reinnervation in adult mammalian skeletal muscle, the level of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the extrajunctional membrane undergoes wide variation. We have determined the rate of extrajunctional receptor degradation in denervated muscles in organ culture under a variety of conditions by measuring the rate at which alpha-bungarotoxin bound to the receptors is degraded. Direct electrical stimulation of muscles for several days dramatically reduced the levels of extrajunctional ACh sensitivity, and also reduced the rate of receptor degradation. Since the effect of activity on the rate of receptor degradation is in the opposite direction of the observed change in receptor levels, we conclude that activity must also decrease the rate of receptor synthesis. Receptor degradation was also examined in muscles at various times after denervation. The half-time of degradation increased from approximately 7 hr at 2-5 days after denervation to approximately 14 hr at 10-14 days. Hypophysectomy, which decreases the average rate of protein degradation in muscle, also decreased the rate of extrajunctional receptor degradation, but thyroxine, which restores the normal rate of overall protein breakdown in hypophysectomized animals, did not affect receptor breakdown. Since hypophysectomy did not increase the level of extrajunctional ACh receptors, it must also affect ACh receptor synthesis.", "contents": "Factors influencing degradation of extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle. During development and after both denervation and reinnervation in adult mammalian skeletal muscle, the level of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in the extrajunctional membrane undergoes wide variation. We have determined the rate of extrajunctional receptor degradation in denervated muscles in organ culture under a variety of conditions by measuring the rate at which alpha-bungarotoxin bound to the receptors is degraded. Direct electrical stimulation of muscles for several days dramatically reduced the levels of extrajunctional ACh sensitivity, and also reduced the rate of receptor degradation. Since the effect of activity on the rate of receptor degradation is in the opposite direction of the observed change in receptor levels, we conclude that activity must also decrease the rate of receptor synthesis. Receptor degradation was also examined in muscles at various times after denervation. The half-time of degradation increased from approximately 7 hr at 2-5 days after denervation to approximately 14 hr at 10-14 days. Hypophysectomy, which decreases the average rate of protein degradation in muscle, also decreased the rate of extrajunctional receptor degradation, but thyroxine, which restores the normal rate of overall protein breakdown in hypophysectomized animals, did not affect receptor breakdown. Since hypophysectomy did not increase the level of extrajunctional ACh receptors, it must also affect ACh receptor synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:928454", "title": "Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of nerve terminal phospholipids by beta-bungarotoxin: biochemical and morphological studies.", "content": "beta-Bungarotoxin, a presynaptic protein neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bungarus multicinctus, modifies release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. The toxin has a potent phospholipase activity toward both natural membranes and phospholipid liposomes. Studies of ionic requirements and selective chemical modification demonstrate that beta-bungarotoxin can only modify synaptic transmission under conditions in which the phospholipase is active. Morphological studies on frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions incubated with beta-toxin and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated beta-toxin support the hypothesis that beta-toxin specifically interacts with presynaptic plasma membranes and selectively hydrolyzes nerve terminal phospholipids.", "contents": "Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of nerve terminal phospholipids by beta-bungarotoxin: biochemical and morphological studies. beta-Bungarotoxin, a presynaptic protein neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bungarus multicinctus, modifies release of neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. The toxin has a potent phospholipase activity toward both natural membranes and phospholipid liposomes. Studies of ionic requirements and selective chemical modification demonstrate that beta-bungarotoxin can only modify synaptic transmission under conditions in which the phospholipase is active. Morphological studies on frog cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junctions incubated with beta-toxin and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated beta-toxin support the hypothesis that beta-toxin specifically interacts with presynaptic plasma membranes and selectively hydrolyzes nerve terminal phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:928455", "title": "Factors influencing monolayer cell culture morphology and survival of cerebellar granule cells from wild-type and mutant mice.", "content": "A distinction must be made between genetic factors intrinsic and extrinsic to a specific degenerating cell type if neurological mutants that show such effects are to be used to assess cause-and-effect correlations of neural development. When the growth of granule cells from cerebella of staggerer mutant mice is investigated in monolayer cell cultures using modified Hams F12 medium plus fetal calf serum, cells from the mutant are found to clump less and survive longer than their wild-type counterparts. Thus, the degeneration of granule cells observed in these mutants in vivo cannot be a function of irreversibly programmed cell death before postnatal day 7, the age at which cells are dissociated. The possibility that the increased survival is simply a function of initial cell-cell interactions is examined by comparing normal cells grown on glass, plastic, or polylysine-coated glass to each other, and then comparing the behavior of staggerer vs control cells under the same conditions. Although the polylysine coating both reduces the amount of initial clumping and increases the survival of normal cells, it does not completely eliminate the difference between mutant and control. Mutant and control cultures exhibit the same behavior only when culture conditions are changed to include supplementation with horse serum instead of fetal calf serum in addition to the substrate coating.", "contents": "Factors influencing monolayer cell culture morphology and survival of cerebellar granule cells from wild-type and mutant mice. A distinction must be made between genetic factors intrinsic and extrinsic to a specific degenerating cell type if neurological mutants that show such effects are to be used to assess cause-and-effect correlations of neural development. When the growth of granule cells from cerebella of staggerer mutant mice is investigated in monolayer cell cultures using modified Hams F12 medium plus fetal calf serum, cells from the mutant are found to clump less and survive longer than their wild-type counterparts. Thus, the degeneration of granule cells observed in these mutants in vivo cannot be a function of irreversibly programmed cell death before postnatal day 7, the age at which cells are dissociated. The possibility that the increased survival is simply a function of initial cell-cell interactions is examined by comparing normal cells grown on glass, plastic, or polylysine-coated glass to each other, and then comparing the behavior of staggerer vs control cells under the same conditions. Although the polylysine coating both reduces the amount of initial clumping and increases the survival of normal cells, it does not completely eliminate the difference between mutant and control. Mutant and control cultures exhibit the same behavior only when culture conditions are changed to include supplementation with horse serum instead of fetal calf serum in addition to the substrate coating."}
{"id": "PMID:928457", "title": "Permeability and phase-boundary potentials determined from conductance in a transmitter-activated potassium channel in Aplysia californica in the absence of a constant field.", "content": "A potassium-selective, chemically excitable channel, whose characteristics cannot be accurately described by \"constant field\" theory, is studied using a new approach based on diffusion theory but having no need for the classical assumptions of constant field, homogeneous membrane, and equal phase-boundary potentials at both interfaces. Permeability is defined, free of these constraints, and the Goldman coefficient is demonstrated to be a special case useful only when the constraints apply. Permeability can be evaluated directly from chord conductance, and it is found not to be a parameter in this channel, but rather a function of both the voltage and the concentration of the permeant ion. However, it becomes concentration-independent when the membrane voltage is equal to the sum of the phase-boundary potentials. That sum can therefore be determined from these data, and it is -65 mV in this channel. The permeability at that potential is a channel parameter, and equal to 8.77 (10)-6 cm/sec for this channel. A constant field is shown not to exist in this channel, and the Goldman coefficient not to be a parameter but a function of potential and concentration. Although errors introduced into this coefficient by nonconstant field and unequal surface potentials partially cancel each other, the coefficient is nevertheless not a correct measure of permeability.", "contents": "Permeability and phase-boundary potentials determined from conductance in a transmitter-activated potassium channel in Aplysia californica in the absence of a constant field. A potassium-selective, chemically excitable channel, whose characteristics cannot be accurately described by \"constant field\" theory, is studied using a new approach based on diffusion theory but having no need for the classical assumptions of constant field, homogeneous membrane, and equal phase-boundary potentials at both interfaces. Permeability is defined, free of these constraints, and the Goldman coefficient is demonstrated to be a special case useful only when the constraints apply. Permeability can be evaluated directly from chord conductance, and it is found not to be a parameter in this channel, but rather a function of both the voltage and the concentration of the permeant ion. However, it becomes concentration-independent when the membrane voltage is equal to the sum of the phase-boundary potentials. That sum can therefore be determined from these data, and it is -65 mV in this channel. The permeability at that potential is a channel parameter, and equal to 8.77 (10)-6 cm/sec for this channel. A constant field is shown not to exist in this channel, and the Goldman coefficient not to be a parameter but a function of potential and concentration. Although errors introduced into this coefficient by nonconstant field and unequal surface potentials partially cancel each other, the coefficient is nevertheless not a correct measure of permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:928458", "title": "Biochemical investigations of retinotectal specificity.", "content": "An in vitro assay for retinotectal specificity has been described. The results show that, in the chick embryo, cells dissociated from the dorsal retina preferentially adhered to ventral tectal surfaces while cells from the ventral retina preferentially adhered to dorsal tectal surfaces. These adhesive preferences thus mimic the retinotectal specificity observed in vivo. The assay has been extended for use with plasma membrane preparations from retinal cells. Experiments in which retinal cells or tectal surfaces were treated with purified proteases and glycosidases have partially characterized the moieties responsible for the observed specificities. These results are consistent with a double gradient in the dorsal-ventral axis of complementary proteins and carbohydrates. The carbohydrate moiety would be expected to terminate in an acetylated hexosamine and to be more concentrated dorsally in both retina and tectum. A protein that is complementary to the hexosamine terminus would be localized in the ventral part of retina and tectum.", "contents": "Biochemical investigations of retinotectal specificity. An in vitro assay for retinotectal specificity has been described. The results show that, in the chick embryo, cells dissociated from the dorsal retina preferentially adhered to ventral tectal surfaces while cells from the ventral retina preferentially adhered to dorsal tectal surfaces. These adhesive preferences thus mimic the retinotectal specificity observed in vivo. The assay has been extended for use with plasma membrane preparations from retinal cells. Experiments in which retinal cells or tectal surfaces were treated with purified proteases and glycosidases have partially characterized the moieties responsible for the observed specificities. These results are consistent with a double gradient in the dorsal-ventral axis of complementary proteins and carbohydrates. The carbohydrate moiety would be expected to terminate in an acetylated hexosamine and to be more concentrated dorsally in both retina and tectum. A protein that is complementary to the hexosamine terminus would be localized in the ventral part of retina and tectum."}
{"id": "PMID:928461", "title": "The shape-maintaining component of halobacterium salinarium: a cell surface glycoprotein.", "content": "Halobacterium salinarium lacks the rigid peptidogylcan layer necessary for shape-maintenance in most bacteria. Instead, the major cell surface component is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein resembling those found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. The glycoprotein is extremely acidic and has carbohydrate units attached via both N- and O-glycosidis linkages. Evidence has been obtained that demonstrates that the glycoprotein forms a rigid structural matrix at the cell surface and is responsible for maintenance of the characteristic rod-shaped morphology of these organisms.", "contents": "The shape-maintaining component of halobacterium salinarium: a cell surface glycoprotein. Halobacterium salinarium lacks the rigid peptidogylcan layer necessary for shape-maintenance in most bacteria. Instead, the major cell surface component is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein resembling those found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. The glycoprotein is extremely acidic and has carbohydrate units attached via both N- and O-glycosidis linkages. Evidence has been obtained that demonstrates that the glycoprotein forms a rigid structural matrix at the cell surface and is responsible for maintenance of the characteristic rod-shaped morphology of these organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:928463", "title": "Properties of an epithelial cell type in culture: the epidermal keratinocyte and its dependence on products of the fibroblast.", "content": "Keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium can be grown serially in culture and retain the various markers typical of their form of differentiation. In order to form colonies at each transfer, the keratinocytes must be suitably supported by fibroblasts. Established keratinocyte lines of teratomal origin show this dependence, as do diploid strains of finite culture life derived from human skin. For at least some keratinocyte lines, this requirement can be satisfied by soluble products elaborated by the fibroblasts. It is suggested that epithelial cells in general may not be independent cell types and that their poor cultivability may be due to failure to provide suitable fibroblast support. The existence of a number of established lines of epithelial origin that can grow without such support and of lines of fibroblastic origin which cannot support keratinocytes suggests that both epithelial dependence and the fibroblast supporting function can sometimes be lost in established cell lines.", "contents": "Properties of an epithelial cell type in culture: the epidermal keratinocyte and its dependence on products of the fibroblast. Keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium can be grown serially in culture and retain the various markers typical of their form of differentiation. In order to form colonies at each transfer, the keratinocytes must be suitably supported by fibroblasts. Established keratinocyte lines of teratomal origin show this dependence, as do diploid strains of finite culture life derived from human skin. For at least some keratinocyte lines, this requirement can be satisfied by soluble products elaborated by the fibroblasts. It is suggested that epithelial cells in general may not be independent cell types and that their poor cultivability may be due to failure to provide suitable fibroblast support. The existence of a number of established lines of epithelial origin that can grow without such support and of lines of fibroblastic origin which cannot support keratinocytes suggests that both epithelial dependence and the fibroblast supporting function can sometimes be lost in established cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:928466", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative aspects of lectin-induced vacuole formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The binding, internalization, and vacuologenic activity of several native and chemically modified lectins was investigated on untreated and neuraminidase-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The distribution of lectin receptors on the cell surface and their internalization was assessed by employing both radioactive and fluorescent lectin derivatives. On the basis of their effect on the macrophages, the lectins tested can be divided into 2 categories: lectins that induce vacuole formation (concanavalin A, wax bean agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin), and lectins that do not induce vocuolation (soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and Lotus tetragonolbus agglutinin). Soybean and peanut agglutinins bound to macrophages only after neuraminidase treatment, but the latter treatment did not change the effect of other lectins on the cells. Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked polymers of soybean or peanut agglutinins, which are multivalent with respect to the number of sugar binding sites, induced vacuolation in neuraminidase-treated cells. On the other hand, succinylation of concanavalin A, which reduces the lectin's valence from 4 to 2 abolished its vacuologenic activity. While the data do not indicate direct correlation between vacuole induction and the number of lectin receptors or the extent of their internalization, they do suggest that multivalency of lectins is an important factor in vacuole formation. Multivalency of a lectin enables extensive cross-linkage of membrane receptors which may be a prerequisite for triggering vacuolation.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative aspects of lectin-induced vacuole formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The binding, internalization, and vacuologenic activity of several native and chemically modified lectins was investigated on untreated and neuraminidase-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The distribution of lectin receptors on the cell surface and their internalization was assessed by employing both radioactive and fluorescent lectin derivatives. On the basis of their effect on the macrophages, the lectins tested can be divided into 2 categories: lectins that induce vacuole formation (concanavalin A, wax bean agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin), and lectins that do not induce vocuolation (soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and Lotus tetragonolbus agglutinin). Soybean and peanut agglutinins bound to macrophages only after neuraminidase treatment, but the latter treatment did not change the effect of other lectins on the cells. Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked polymers of soybean or peanut agglutinins, which are multivalent with respect to the number of sugar binding sites, induced vacuolation in neuraminidase-treated cells. On the other hand, succinylation of concanavalin A, which reduces the lectin's valence from 4 to 2 abolished its vacuologenic activity. While the data do not indicate direct correlation between vacuole induction and the number of lectin receptors or the extent of their internalization, they do suggest that multivalency of lectins is an important factor in vacuole formation. Multivalency of a lectin enables extensive cross-linkage of membrane receptors which may be a prerequisite for triggering vacuolation."}
{"id": "PMID:928467", "title": "Analysis of membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus and cultured mammalian fibroblasts.", "content": "Diagonal electrophoresis, in conjunction with crosslinking by dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), has been used to probe membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and cultured mammalian fibroblasts (LM cells). Analysis of DTBP-treated NDV revealed crosslinking between a nucleocapsid protein, VP3, and an externally displayed glycoprotein, VP1, possessing hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities. Similar analysis of LM cells iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method indicated nearest-neighbor interactions of a noncovalent nature involving a major cell surface protein of 72,000 molecular weight. These studies illustrate the feasibility of this methodology for the study of membrane protein disposition in complex systems.", "contents": "Analysis of membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus and cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Diagonal electrophoresis, in conjunction with crosslinking by dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), has been used to probe membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and cultured mammalian fibroblasts (LM cells). Analysis of DTBP-treated NDV revealed crosslinking between a nucleocapsid protein, VP3, and an externally displayed glycoprotein, VP1, possessing hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities. Similar analysis of LM cells iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method indicated nearest-neighbor interactions of a noncovalent nature involving a major cell surface protein of 72,000 molecular weight. These studies illustrate the feasibility of this methodology for the study of membrane protein disposition in complex systems."}
{"id": "PMID:928475", "title": "Factors influencing flavour aversions conditioned with amphetamine in rats.", "content": "Rats would not drink distinctively flavoured solutions after their previous ingestion had been followed by injection of amphetamine (1 mg/kg). In the same rats, intake of flavoured solutions followed by saline injections was not suppressed. Providing the rats with cues as to the location of flavoured solutions paired with amphetamine did not alter either the speed of development or the final severity of the aversion. Neither increasing the interval between presentation of the flavour and injection of amphetamine, nor decreasing baseline drinking levels, altered the final degree of aversion. The aversion became progressively weaker as the dose of amphetamine was reduced, but it was detectable at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. Further decreases in dose did not enhance intake of flavours paired with amphetamine, even when combined with reductions in baseline drinking brought about by reduced fluid deprivation and flavour palatability. The results are discussed in relation to the conditions in which amphetamine has been shown to exhibit either rewarding or aversive properties.", "contents": "Factors influencing flavour aversions conditioned with amphetamine in rats. Rats would not drink distinctively flavoured solutions after their previous ingestion had been followed by injection of amphetamine (1 mg/kg). In the same rats, intake of flavoured solutions followed by saline injections was not suppressed. Providing the rats with cues as to the location of flavoured solutions paired with amphetamine did not alter either the speed of development or the final severity of the aversion. Neither increasing the interval between presentation of the flavour and injection of amphetamine, nor decreasing baseline drinking levels, altered the final degree of aversion. The aversion became progressively weaker as the dose of amphetamine was reduced, but it was detectable at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. Further decreases in dose did not enhance intake of flavours paired with amphetamine, even when combined with reductions in baseline drinking brought about by reduced fluid deprivation and flavour palatability. The results are discussed in relation to the conditions in which amphetamine has been shown to exhibit either rewarding or aversive properties."}
{"id": "PMID:928476", "title": "Establishment of etonitazene as a reinforcer for rats by use of schedule-induced drinking.", "content": "Drinking of etonitazene HCl by 6 rats was studied during daily 4-hr sessions. Five related experiments were conducted sequentially. In the first experiment schedule-induced polydipsia was established. Subsequently, etonitazene concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 microgram/ml) were substituted for water, and intake of large quantities of the drug occurred. In the second experiment the concurrent food reinforcement schedule was discontinued and lever presses maintained by etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) persisted. In the third experiment the number of lever presses, required per dipper presentation of etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was increased, and rate of lever pressing increased directly with the response requirement whereas number of dipper presentations remained constant. In the fourth experiment water was substituted for the 5 microgram/ml etonitazene solution. Water responding declined to low rates, but when etonitazene was reintroduced, responding increased to previous levels. Thus, etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was functioning as a positive reinforcer. In the final experiment, progressive increases in the etonitazene concentration (5, 10, 20 and 40 microgram/ml) resulted in both systematic decreases in response rate and increases in quantity (microgram) consumed.", "contents": "Establishment of etonitazene as a reinforcer for rats by use of schedule-induced drinking. Drinking of etonitazene HCl by 6 rats was studied during daily 4-hr sessions. Five related experiments were conducted sequentially. In the first experiment schedule-induced polydipsia was established. Subsequently, etonitazene concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 microgram/ml) were substituted for water, and intake of large quantities of the drug occurred. In the second experiment the concurrent food reinforcement schedule was discontinued and lever presses maintained by etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) persisted. In the third experiment the number of lever presses, required per dipper presentation of etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was increased, and rate of lever pressing increased directly with the response requirement whereas number of dipper presentations remained constant. In the fourth experiment water was substituted for the 5 microgram/ml etonitazene solution. Water responding declined to low rates, but when etonitazene was reintroduced, responding increased to previous levels. Thus, etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was functioning as a positive reinforcer. In the final experiment, progressive increases in the etonitazene concentration (5, 10, 20 and 40 microgram/ml) resulted in both systematic decreases in response rate and increases in quantity (microgram) consumed."}
{"id": "PMID:928478", "title": "Pharmacogenetic differences in audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg-asr mice.", "content": "Susceptibility to audiogenic seizures can be induced in some strains of resistant mice by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus (acoustic priming). Aminooxyacetic acid, hydrazine, glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cycloheximide, and metyrapone antagonize the acoustic priming of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6Bg mice, whereas only metyrapone attenuates that of DBA/1Bg-asr mice. The strain difference in the effect of AOAA and cycloheximide is correlated with a small, transient fall in level of brain GABA in C57BL/6Bg but not DBA41Bg-asr mice. These findings support our hypothesis that there are at least two neural mechanisms of acoustic priming, each with its own genetic basis and that corticosteroids are required by both mechanisms for the development of primed seizures.", "contents": "Pharmacogenetic differences in audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg-asr mice. Susceptibility to audiogenic seizures can be induced in some strains of resistant mice by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus (acoustic priming). Aminooxyacetic acid, hydrazine, glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cycloheximide, and metyrapone antagonize the acoustic priming of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6Bg mice, whereas only metyrapone attenuates that of DBA/1Bg-asr mice. The strain difference in the effect of AOAA and cycloheximide is correlated with a small, transient fall in level of brain GABA in C57BL/6Bg but not DBA41Bg-asr mice. These findings support our hypothesis that there are at least two neural mechanisms of acoustic priming, each with its own genetic basis and that corticosteroids are required by both mechanisms for the development of primed seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:928479", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on positive conditioned suppression.", "content": "Six rats lever-pressed under a variable-interval 80-sec food reinforcement schedule. After responding had stabilized, an 8-sec tone terminating with food delivery was superimposed on the variable-interval schedule on the average once every five minutes without regard to the animal's behavior. This positive conditioned suppression procedure consistently reduced responding during the pre-food stimulus (tone). Neither d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) nor chlordiazepoxide (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) significantly affected the relative suppression produced by the tone. Instead, both drugs produced generally non-selective effects, similarly affecting response rate in the presence and absence of the tone.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on positive conditioned suppression. Six rats lever-pressed under a variable-interval 80-sec food reinforcement schedule. After responding had stabilized, an 8-sec tone terminating with food delivery was superimposed on the variable-interval schedule on the average once every five minutes without regard to the animal's behavior. This positive conditioned suppression procedure consistently reduced responding during the pre-food stimulus (tone). Neither d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) nor chlordiazepoxide (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) significantly affected the relative suppression produced by the tone. Instead, both drugs produced generally non-selective effects, similarly affecting response rate in the presence and absence of the tone."}
{"id": "PMID:928480", "title": "Pharmacological and behavioral components of tolerance to LSD and mescaline in rats.", "content": "A fixed-ratio schedule of water reinforcement (FR-10) was used to examine the relative contributions of pharmacological and behavioral mechanisms in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline in the rat. Rats treated daily with LSD or mescaline before operant testing developed tolerance to the impairement of responding, while rats treated daily after each session did not display tolerance when the drugs were administered before testing. These results indicate that behavioral compensatory mechanisms may be involved in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline on fixed-ratio (FR-10) performance.", "contents": "Pharmacological and behavioral components of tolerance to LSD and mescaline in rats. A fixed-ratio schedule of water reinforcement (FR-10) was used to examine the relative contributions of pharmacological and behavioral mechanisms in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline in the rat. Rats treated daily with LSD or mescaline before operant testing developed tolerance to the impairement of responding, while rats treated daily after each session did not display tolerance when the drugs were administered before testing. These results indicate that behavioral compensatory mechanisms may be involved in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline on fixed-ratio (FR-10) performance."}
{"id": "PMID:928481", "title": "Ontogeny of biogenic amine systems and modification of indole levels upon adult sexual behavior in the rat.", "content": "Male, female and androgenized female rats treated on Days 9, 10 and 11 after birth with either 5-HTP or saline were tested for female sexual behavior in adulthood. It was hypothesized that such pharmacological manipulations of the developing serotonergic system in which Day 12 sex differences have been reported might have an influence on the expression of lordosis behavior. No effect of 5-HTP was found in either normal or androgenized females, even though fluormetric analysis indicated a marked increase in endogenous levels of 5-HT at Day 12. However, males treated with 5-HTP has significantly higher 5-HT levels than 5-HT treated control or androgenized females. In addition, flurometric analysis of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin from hypothalamus, mesencephalon and cortex was performed on male and female rats on Day 8, 10, 12 and 14 postnatally to examine the development of various transmitter systems during the early postnatal period.", "contents": "Ontogeny of biogenic amine systems and modification of indole levels upon adult sexual behavior in the rat. Male, female and androgenized female rats treated on Days 9, 10 and 11 after birth with either 5-HTP or saline were tested for female sexual behavior in adulthood. It was hypothesized that such pharmacological manipulations of the developing serotonergic system in which Day 12 sex differences have been reported might have an influence on the expression of lordosis behavior. No effect of 5-HTP was found in either normal or androgenized females, even though fluormetric analysis indicated a marked increase in endogenous levels of 5-HT at Day 12. However, males treated with 5-HTP has significantly higher 5-HT levels than 5-HT treated control or androgenized females. In addition, flurometric analysis of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin from hypothalamus, mesencephalon and cortex was performed on male and female rats on Day 8, 10, 12 and 14 postnatally to examine the development of various transmitter systems during the early postnatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:928482", "title": "Effects of nomifensine (HOE 984) upon psychomotor activity and intracranial self-stimulation in the rat.", "content": "The effects of nomifensine maleate (HOE 984) were evaluated using two behavioral tasks. The drug produced dose related increases in both psychomotor activity and operant responding for brain stimulation reward. These results may point to possible psychostimulant properties for the drug.", "contents": "Effects of nomifensine (HOE 984) upon psychomotor activity and intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. The effects of nomifensine maleate (HOE 984) were evaluated using two behavioral tasks. The drug produced dose related increases in both psychomotor activity and operant responding for brain stimulation reward. These results may point to possible psychostimulant properties for the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:928483", "title": "Induced tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine.", "content": "Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in five two-lever operant chambers on a DRL-15 sec schedule of positive food reinforcement to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from 1 ml/kg saline. Following acquistions of discrimination a counterbalanced design of extinction tests was performed before and after repeated administration of 20 mg/kg cocaine or saline (three times a day at five hr intervals for seven days). The extinction tests consisted of testing responses of animals following 1 ml/kg saline, 2.5 mg/kg cocaine, or 5 mg/kg cocaine. The results showed no significant difference in animals' level choice before and after repeated injection with saline. However, the percent cocaine lever choice with the two doses of cocaine was lower after repeated administration of cocaine than before the repeated injections. This indicates tolerance developed to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine.", "contents": "Induced tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in five two-lever operant chambers on a DRL-15 sec schedule of positive food reinforcement to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from 1 ml/kg saline. Following acquistions of discrimination a counterbalanced design of extinction tests was performed before and after repeated administration of 20 mg/kg cocaine or saline (three times a day at five hr intervals for seven days). The extinction tests consisted of testing responses of animals following 1 ml/kg saline, 2.5 mg/kg cocaine, or 5 mg/kg cocaine. The results showed no significant difference in animals' level choice before and after repeated injection with saline. However, the percent cocaine lever choice with the two doses of cocaine was lower after repeated administration of cocaine than before the repeated injections. This indicates tolerance developed to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:928484", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids in the hippocampus on passive avoidance behavior in the rat.", "content": "The site of action of corticosteroids in avoidance learning was investigated in 110 rats. Injection of cycloheximide, 30 min before one-trial training on a passive avoidance task suppressed corticosteroid secretion in response to footshock, and produced an avoidance deficit in a test 6 days later. However, an additional injection of hydrocortisone, either subcutaneously or intra-hippocampally within 5 min of training, restored the avoidance response in the test. Septal and hypothalamic injections of the hormone were ineffective in reversing the cycloheximide effect, whereas the effect of hormone injection into the amygdala was equivocal because of an increased level of activity. Corticosteroids secreted following an aversive experience appear to act upon the steroid-sensitive neurons in the hippocampus to influence the animal's later performance of passive avoidance response.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids in the hippocampus on passive avoidance behavior in the rat. The site of action of corticosteroids in avoidance learning was investigated in 110 rats. Injection of cycloheximide, 30 min before one-trial training on a passive avoidance task suppressed corticosteroid secretion in response to footshock, and produced an avoidance deficit in a test 6 days later. However, an additional injection of hydrocortisone, either subcutaneously or intra-hippocampally within 5 min of training, restored the avoidance response in the test. Septal and hypothalamic injections of the hormone were ineffective in reversing the cycloheximide effect, whereas the effect of hormone injection into the amygdala was equivocal because of an increased level of activity. Corticosteroids secreted following an aversive experience appear to act upon the steroid-sensitive neurons in the hippocampus to influence the animal's later performance of passive avoidance response."}
{"id": "PMID:928485", "title": "Effect of maternally administered heroin on the motor activity of rat offspring.", "content": "The behavioral of 21-day old rats whose mothers were administered heroin (5 mg/kg daily) throughout gestation and lactation was studied utilizing an activity wheel, activity cage, open field test, and step-down latency times from an elevated platform. The total score of all behavioral tasks of offspring from heroin-injected females was statistically different from that of pups from saline-injected mothers, with heroin-treated animals appearing more active.", "contents": "Effect of maternally administered heroin on the motor activity of rat offspring. The behavioral of 21-day old rats whose mothers were administered heroin (5 mg/kg daily) throughout gestation and lactation was studied utilizing an activity wheel, activity cage, open field test, and step-down latency times from an elevated platform. The total score of all behavioral tasks of offspring from heroin-injected females was statistically different from that of pups from saline-injected mothers, with heroin-treated animals appearing more active."}
{"id": "PMID:928486", "title": "Prenatal morphine administration alters behavioral development in the rat.", "content": "Female rats were administered increasing doses of morphine sulfate 5 days prior to mating and during gestation until 4-6 days before the birth of their litters. Prenatal morphine exposure altered the normal during the 3rd and 4th postnatal weeks. This disruption in behavioral ontogeny did not coincide with changes in physical parameters. Decreased body weight ant postnatal week. The appearance of behavioral disturbances in the absence of physical abnormalities stresses the need for follow-up studies of infants born to narcotic-dependent mothers after signs of physical withdrawal or retarded growth have disappeared.", "contents": "Prenatal morphine administration alters behavioral development in the rat. Female rats were administered increasing doses of morphine sulfate 5 days prior to mating and during gestation until 4-6 days before the birth of their litters. Prenatal morphine exposure altered the normal during the 3rd and 4th postnatal weeks. This disruption in behavioral ontogeny did not coincide with changes in physical parameters. Decreased body weight ant postnatal week. The appearance of behavioral disturbances in the absence of physical abnormalities stresses the need for follow-up studies of infants born to narcotic-dependent mothers after signs of physical withdrawal or retarded growth have disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:928487", "title": "Feeding and drinking interactions after acute butyrophenone administration.", "content": "The effects on feeding and drinking of various doses of droperidol, haloperidol and spiroperidol were studied in a number of paradigms. All three buryrophenones produced generally similar effects. After food deprivation, feeding was slightly increased at low doses but was decreased at the higher doses; the concomitant postprandial drinking was attenuated at all doses. Desalivate rats showed a marked attenuation of feeding (and prandial drinking) at low doses, but when wet mash was given instead of pellets and water a normal dose-response relationship was obtained. After water deprivation drinking was attenuated at all doses, and when food was also available during the drinking test the food intake was decreased in proportion to the drinking. Drinking was blocked more when food was present than in its absence. Insulin and 2-deoxyglucose induced feeding in sated rats was attenuated but not abolished by haloperidol. The findings are discussed relative to the role of activation and brain catecholamines in feeding and drinking.", "contents": "Feeding and drinking interactions after acute butyrophenone administration. The effects on feeding and drinking of various doses of droperidol, haloperidol and spiroperidol were studied in a number of paradigms. All three buryrophenones produced generally similar effects. After food deprivation, feeding was slightly increased at low doses but was decreased at the higher doses; the concomitant postprandial drinking was attenuated at all doses. Desalivate rats showed a marked attenuation of feeding (and prandial drinking) at low doses, but when wet mash was given instead of pellets and water a normal dose-response relationship was obtained. After water deprivation drinking was attenuated at all doses, and when food was also available during the drinking test the food intake was decreased in proportion to the drinking. Drinking was blocked more when food was present than in its absence. Insulin and 2-deoxyglucose induced feeding in sated rats was attenuated but not abolished by haloperidol. The findings are discussed relative to the role of activation and brain catecholamines in feeding and drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:928488", "title": "Stereoselective effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "The effects of R(-)-, S(+) and R, S-1-2-5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-Aminopropane (DOM) were studied using rats responding under a fixed interval two-min schedule of food presentation. All three drugs decreased average rates of responding in a dose-related manner, with R -DOM being five to six times more potent than S-DOM increased the low response rates occurring at the beginning of the fixed interval and decreased the higher response rates occurring at the end of the interval (rate-dependent effects). These results are discussed in terms of the stereoselective metabolism of DOM and of the structural similarities between R-DOM and the behaviorally active isomer of LSD.", "contents": "Stereoselective effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) on schedule-controlled behavior. The effects of R(-)-, S(+) and R, S-1-2-5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-Aminopropane (DOM) were studied using rats responding under a fixed interval two-min schedule of food presentation. All three drugs decreased average rates of responding in a dose-related manner, with R -DOM being five to six times more potent than S-DOM increased the low response rates occurring at the beginning of the fixed interval and decreased the higher response rates occurring at the end of the interval (rate-dependent effects). These results are discussed in terms of the stereoselective metabolism of DOM and of the structural similarities between R-DOM and the behaviorally active isomer of LSD."}
{"id": "PMID:928489", "title": "Incentive contrast undiminished by extended testing, imipramine, or chlordiazepoxide.", "content": "In three experiments rats were given alternating 1-minute access periods to two tubes containing sucrose solutions. When the tubes contained disparate concentrations (32% versus 4%), lick-rate was higher for the 32% solution than it was when both tubes contained 32% (a positive contrast effect) and less for 4% than when both tubes contained 4% (a negative contrast effect). Similar, but generally less pronounced, contrast effects were obtained in latency to initiate drinking. These contrast effects showed no sign of diminution with repeated exposure (32 days of repeated shifts in Experiments 1 and 3); they were not greatly influenced by injections of imipramine (Experiment 2) or chlordiazepoxide (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3). The results supported an explanation of simultaneous contrast in terms of sensory-perceptual processes rather than in terms of generalization decrement or emotional responses.", "contents": "Incentive contrast undiminished by extended testing, imipramine, or chlordiazepoxide. In three experiments rats were given alternating 1-minute access periods to two tubes containing sucrose solutions. When the tubes contained disparate concentrations (32% versus 4%), lick-rate was higher for the 32% solution than it was when both tubes contained 32% (a positive contrast effect) and less for 4% than when both tubes contained 4% (a negative contrast effect). Similar, but generally less pronounced, contrast effects were obtained in latency to initiate drinking. These contrast effects showed no sign of diminution with repeated exposure (32 days of repeated shifts in Experiments 1 and 3); they were not greatly influenced by injections of imipramine (Experiment 2) or chlordiazepoxide (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3). The results supported an explanation of simultaneous contrast in terms of sensory-perceptual processes rather than in terms of generalization decrement or emotional responses."}
{"id": "PMID:928490", "title": "Factors influencing tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on a conditioned avoidance response.", "content": "Male, Fischer strain rats were resistant to the impairing effects of delta9--THC (15-60 mg/kg, IG) on performance of a conditioned pole-climb avoidance response (CAR) after daily subacute pretreatment for 4 or 6 days. A single administration of 20 mg/kg delta9--THC independent of the performance test did not attenuate the subsequent impairment caused by delta9--THC when tested 1-6 days later; however, administration 2 hr before each test attenuated the effect on subsequent tests given at intervals of 1-5 weeks. Similarly, subacute treatment with 20 mg/kg delta9--THC for 4 days independent of the performance test attenuated the impairment caused by delta9--THC during tests given to separate groups of rats 1 or 6, but not 14 days later. However, when the tests for tolerance were conducted repeatedly in the same rats, the attenuation appeared to persist for intervals up to 5 weeks. The results are discussed in terms of metabolic, functional and compensatory (behavioral) tolerance.", "contents": "Factors influencing tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on a conditioned avoidance response. Male, Fischer strain rats were resistant to the impairing effects of delta9--THC (15-60 mg/kg, IG) on performance of a conditioned pole-climb avoidance response (CAR) after daily subacute pretreatment for 4 or 6 days. A single administration of 20 mg/kg delta9--THC independent of the performance test did not attenuate the subsequent impairment caused by delta9--THC when tested 1-6 days later; however, administration 2 hr before each test attenuated the effect on subsequent tests given at intervals of 1-5 weeks. Similarly, subacute treatment with 20 mg/kg delta9--THC for 4 days independent of the performance test attenuated the impairment caused by delta9--THC during tests given to separate groups of rats 1 or 6, but not 14 days later. However, when the tests for tolerance were conducted repeatedly in the same rats, the attenuation appeared to persist for intervals up to 5 weeks. The results are discussed in terms of metabolic, functional and compensatory (behavioral) tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:928492", "title": "Comparison between some digestive processes after eating and gastric loading in rats.", "content": "Physiological and biochemical differences were found between normal and intragastric feeding in the rat. Milk ingested orally remained in the stomach significantly longer than milk ingested via a chronic intragastric fistula. Milk samples were removed from the stomach at intervals of 5, 20 and 45 min after ingestion and it was found that milk which had been ingested via intragastric fistula underwent substantially less lipolysis than did milk which had been ingested orally. These results are discussed in relation to the aversive and rewarding effects obtained by injections of edible nutrients into the stomachs of rats.", "contents": "Comparison between some digestive processes after eating and gastric loading in rats. Physiological and biochemical differences were found between normal and intragastric feeding in the rat. Milk ingested orally remained in the stomach significantly longer than milk ingested via a chronic intragastric fistula. Milk samples were removed from the stomach at intervals of 5, 20 and 45 min after ingestion and it was found that milk which had been ingested via intragastric fistula underwent substantially less lipolysis than did milk which had been ingested orally. These results are discussed in relation to the aversive and rewarding effects obtained by injections of edible nutrients into the stomachs of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:928493", "title": "Some biochemical effects of zona incerta lesions that interfere with the regulation of water intake.", "content": "The concentration of NE, DA and 5-HT in forebrain, striatum, and hypothalamus was measured after zona incerta (ZI) lesions that have been shown to result in general hypodipsia; adipsia during periods of food deprivation; impaired or abolished drinking in response to osmotic challenges (but not polyethylene glycol); impaired drinking after systemic isoproterenol or central angiotensin; and impaired or abolished feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The lesions produced a significant (40-50%) depletion of forebrain NE but a correlational analysis of the behavioral and biochemical effects of the lesions failed to indicate a causal relationship. The lesions did not reliably affect (a) forebrain DA or 5-HT; (b) striatal DA or 5-HT; (c) hypothalamic DA, NE or 5-HT. The results of these experiments indicate that significant impairments in ingestive behavior can be demonstrated in animals with diencephalic lesions that do not result in striatal (or forebrain) DA depletions. This confirms previous behavioral analyses showing that ZI lesions which interfere with ingestive behavior do not produce the debilitating sensory or motor dysfunctions typical of the rat with lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "contents": "Some biochemical effects of zona incerta lesions that interfere with the regulation of water intake. The concentration of NE, DA and 5-HT in forebrain, striatum, and hypothalamus was measured after zona incerta (ZI) lesions that have been shown to result in general hypodipsia; adipsia during periods of food deprivation; impaired or abolished drinking in response to osmotic challenges (but not polyethylene glycol); impaired drinking after systemic isoproterenol or central angiotensin; and impaired or abolished feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The lesions produced a significant (40-50%) depletion of forebrain NE but a correlational analysis of the behavioral and biochemical effects of the lesions failed to indicate a causal relationship. The lesions did not reliably affect (a) forebrain DA or 5-HT; (b) striatal DA or 5-HT; (c) hypothalamic DA, NE or 5-HT. The results of these experiments indicate that significant impairments in ingestive behavior can be demonstrated in animals with diencephalic lesions that do not result in striatal (or forebrain) DA depletions. This confirms previous behavioral analyses showing that ZI lesions which interfere with ingestive behavior do not produce the debilitating sensory or motor dysfunctions typical of the rat with lateral hypothalamic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:928495", "title": "Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: facilitation by d-amphetamine.", "content": "The effects of oral d-amphetamine 5-30 mg on human social and verbal behavior were studied using repeated observations within subjects under a time-sampling observation procedure in a residential research ward. d-Amphetamine increased socializing in all three subjects studied, but only increased standing in one of the subjects. In the second experiment throat microphones and voice-operated relays were used to measure automatically quantitative aspects of dyadic verbal interactions during 1-hr daily sessions. Total speaking time showed dose-related increases in 5 of the 7 subjects receiving d-amphetamine. Adjective checklist self-report scores indicating stimulant drug effects were as sensitive and reliable as the speaking measure to the effects of d-amphetamine in these subjects. Speaking time also increased in 2 of the 8 partners who received placebo when the subjects with whom they were paired received d-amphetamine. This represents a socially mediated indirect drug effect. Adjective checklist scores of the partners receiving placebo were not changed when the paired subjects received d-amphetamine. Under controlled experimental conditions the naturalistic human behaviors of socializing and speaking are sensitive dependent variables for behavioral pharmacology research.", "contents": "Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: facilitation by d-amphetamine. The effects of oral d-amphetamine 5-30 mg on human social and verbal behavior were studied using repeated observations within subjects under a time-sampling observation procedure in a residential research ward. d-Amphetamine increased socializing in all three subjects studied, but only increased standing in one of the subjects. In the second experiment throat microphones and voice-operated relays were used to measure automatically quantitative aspects of dyadic verbal interactions during 1-hr daily sessions. Total speaking time showed dose-related increases in 5 of the 7 subjects receiving d-amphetamine. Adjective checklist self-report scores indicating stimulant drug effects were as sensitive and reliable as the speaking measure to the effects of d-amphetamine in these subjects. Speaking time also increased in 2 of the 8 partners who received placebo when the subjects with whom they were paired received d-amphetamine. This represents a socially mediated indirect drug effect. Adjective checklist scores of the partners receiving placebo were not changed when the paired subjects received d-amphetamine. Under controlled experimental conditions the naturalistic human behaviors of socializing and speaking are sensitive dependent variables for behavioral pharmacology research."}
{"id": "PMID:928496", "title": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by contingent punishment of food-maintained responding.", "content": "Two food-deprived rats responded under a concurrent fixed-ratio 12 (food) fixed-ratio 1 (8% ethanol) reinforcement schedule in which a tone occurred during every second or every fourth interpellet interval. When ethanol-maintained lever presses during the presence of the tone shifted the food schedule to one in which electric shock punishment occurred, ethanol-maintained responding consistently decreased. The decrease in the frequency of ethanol-maintained responding varied directly with shock voltage from 25 to 100 V, and occurred during intervals with the tone present and absent. These results indicate that ethanol intake may be attenuated by contingent changes in a concurrent food schedule.", "contents": "Attenuation of ethanol intake by contingent punishment of food-maintained responding. Two food-deprived rats responded under a concurrent fixed-ratio 12 (food) fixed-ratio 1 (8% ethanol) reinforcement schedule in which a tone occurred during every second or every fourth interpellet interval. When ethanol-maintained lever presses during the presence of the tone shifted the food schedule to one in which electric shock punishment occurred, ethanol-maintained responding consistently decreased. The decrease in the frequency of ethanol-maintained responding varied directly with shock voltage from 25 to 100 V, and occurred during intervals with the tone present and absent. These results indicate that ethanol intake may be attenuated by contingent changes in a concurrent food schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:928497", "title": "Effects of feeding regimen on ethanol intake by guinea pigs.", "content": "During daily two-hr sessions, guinea pigs licked a drinking tube filled with either 0 (tap water), 2,4 or 8% (v/v) ethanol solution under three feeding regimens. Consumption of each solution was highest when sufficient food to maintain subjects at 90% of free-feeding weight was provided during sessions, lower when the same food ration was provided after sessions, and lowest when ad lib access to food was provided within and between sessions. However, this decrease in consumption across feeding regimens was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Under all feeding regimens, volume of solution consumed decreased with increasing ethanol concentration while milligrams ethanol consumed increased with ethanol concentration. These results are similar in some respects to previous findings with rats and monkeys, suggesting that further studies of oral ethanol self-administration by guinea pigs may be merited.", "contents": "Effects of feeding regimen on ethanol intake by guinea pigs. During daily two-hr sessions, guinea pigs licked a drinking tube filled with either 0 (tap water), 2,4 or 8% (v/v) ethanol solution under three feeding regimens. Consumption of each solution was highest when sufficient food to maintain subjects at 90% of free-feeding weight was provided during sessions, lower when the same food ration was provided after sessions, and lowest when ad lib access to food was provided within and between sessions. However, this decrease in consumption across feeding regimens was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Under all feeding regimens, volume of solution consumed decreased with increasing ethanol concentration while milligrams ethanol consumed increased with ethanol concentration. These results are similar in some respects to previous findings with rats and monkeys, suggesting that further studies of oral ethanol self-administration by guinea pigs may be merited."}
{"id": "PMID:928506", "title": "Considerations for curriculum design.", "content": "Educational values held by academic and clinical faculties subtly but strongly influence curriculum design in physical therapy education. Five major value orientations, Curriculum as the Development of Cognitive processes, Curriculum as Technology, Curriculum as Self-Actualization, Curriculum as Social Reconstruction-Relevance, and Curriculum as Academic Rationalism, are presented. The suggestion is made that these underlying value-orientations influence the choice of curriculum design more than do \"available resources.\" A second component of curriculum design, i.e., evaluation of student performance, also influences and is influenced by the direction and development of physical therapy curricula. A plea is made for expressive objectives and outcome objectives to be considered along with instructional or behavioral objectives to yield more comprehensive and creative appraisals of student growth.", "contents": "Considerations for curriculum design. Educational values held by academic and clinical faculties subtly but strongly influence curriculum design in physical therapy education. Five major value orientations, Curriculum as the Development of Cognitive processes, Curriculum as Technology, Curriculum as Self-Actualization, Curriculum as Social Reconstruction-Relevance, and Curriculum as Academic Rationalism, are presented. The suggestion is made that these underlying value-orientations influence the choice of curriculum design more than do \"available resources.\" A second component of curriculum design, i.e., evaluation of student performance, also influences and is influenced by the direction and development of physical therapy curricula. A plea is made for expressive objectives and outcome objectives to be considered along with instructional or behavioral objectives to yield more comprehensive and creative appraisals of student growth."}
{"id": "PMID:928509", "title": "[Role of climatic factors in the etiology of vascular diseases].", "content": "While there is no doubt about the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of vascular diseases, especially in the genesis of disorders of the venous system, a place should be reserved for climatic and social factors. By means of an investigation which we undertook in a tropical environment in senegal, we examined the morbidity due to atheromatous disease. This study extended over a period of 30 years, from 1945 to 1975. We found that arteriopathy of the lower limbs due to overload did not exist before 1960. Since 1966, a few cases of myocardial infarction have been noted, and since 1970, a few cases of arteriopathy. These cases are confined to an urban environment which, during the same period, has undergone profound social upheavals. It all seems to be as if there were competition between climatic factors protecting and social factors aggravating. In contrast to the rarity of vascular disorders in hot countries is their high incidence in cold countries. In Canada and Sweden a particular clinical aspect of the disorder has been found: arteriopaths in a subarctic environment suffer more than sensory disturbances than ischaemia. In conclusion, it seems that the environment, in the broad sense of the term, plays a role in the aetiology of atheromatous disease, which has been classified, not without reason, among the diseases of civilization.", "contents": "[Role of climatic factors in the etiology of vascular diseases]. While there is no doubt about the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of vascular diseases, especially in the genesis of disorders of the venous system, a place should be reserved for climatic and social factors. By means of an investigation which we undertook in a tropical environment in senegal, we examined the morbidity due to atheromatous disease. This study extended over a period of 30 years, from 1945 to 1975. We found that arteriopathy of the lower limbs due to overload did not exist before 1960. Since 1966, a few cases of myocardial infarction have been noted, and since 1970, a few cases of arteriopathy. These cases are confined to an urban environment which, during the same period, has undergone profound social upheavals. It all seems to be as if there were competition between climatic factors protecting and social factors aggravating. In contrast to the rarity of vascular disorders in hot countries is their high incidence in cold countries. In Canada and Sweden a particular clinical aspect of the disorder has been found: arteriopaths in a subarctic environment suffer more than sensory disturbances than ischaemia. In conclusion, it seems that the environment, in the broad sense of the term, plays a role in the aetiology of atheromatous disease, which has been classified, not without reason, among the diseases of civilization."}
{"id": "PMID:928510", "title": "[Venous ecology].", "content": "The purpose of venous ecology is to study the effect of the environment on the peripheral vessels. It is very extensive but still little explored subject in need of multidisciplinary study. The author reviews some of the major problems of ecophlebology: --pollution and harmful effects of urban life (atmospheric pollution, stress and influence of noise on the vessels); --the influence of habitat (furniture, ergonomics, urbanism, sociological studies and under-floor heating); --the cites new research on terrestrial electro-magnettism, meteoropathology, biological clocks and the influence of the mass media. In conclusion he hopes that ecophlebology will be the object of research which will permit a better understanding, and hence better control, of the pathological mechanisms resulting from the environment.", "contents": "[Venous ecology]. The purpose of venous ecology is to study the effect of the environment on the peripheral vessels. It is very extensive but still little explored subject in need of multidisciplinary study. The author reviews some of the major problems of ecophlebology: --pollution and harmful effects of urban life (atmospheric pollution, stress and influence of noise on the vessels); --the influence of habitat (furniture, ergonomics, urbanism, sociological studies and under-floor heating); --the cites new research on terrestrial electro-magnettism, meteoropathology, biological clocks and the influence of the mass media. In conclusion he hopes that ecophlebology will be the object of research which will permit a better understanding, and hence better control, of the pathological mechanisms resulting from the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:928511", "title": "[Effects of various sport activities on peripheral venous diseases].", "content": "The study of the influence of different sporting activities on peripheral venous pathology should be based on venous physiology and precise understanding of the technology of each sport (study of the movements, positions, and muscles brought into play, the rhythm, the material employed, the risks run). At the conclusion of a long study on sportsmen of both average and highly competitive ability, and on yogis, the author was able, by means of a simple methodology applicable to all physical activity, to classify the principal sports into two categories: those which improve and those which work against the peripheral venous circulation. However he does not recommend a complete ban on the harmful sports in highly motivated patients, but rather that they should counter the disadvantages by performing antagonistic movements.", "contents": "[Effects of various sport activities on peripheral venous diseases]. The study of the influence of different sporting activities on peripheral venous pathology should be based on venous physiology and precise understanding of the technology of each sport (study of the movements, positions, and muscles brought into play, the rhythm, the material employed, the risks run). At the conclusion of a long study on sportsmen of both average and highly competitive ability, and on yogis, the author was able, by means of a simple methodology applicable to all physical activity, to classify the principal sports into two categories: those which improve and those which work against the peripheral venous circulation. However he does not recommend a complete ban on the harmful sports in highly motivated patients, but rather that they should counter the disadvantages by performing antagonistic movements."}
{"id": "PMID:928513", "title": "[Treatment of varices in the elderly].", "content": "Age is not a contra-indication to the various methods of treatment that may be considered. Only the somatic and vascular assessments of the patient need to be taken into account. Sclerosis can almost always be considered, except when the tissues are obviously unhealthy. It is carried out with weak iodinated solutions or with trombovar. This will give substantial protection from threatening ulcer or rupture of a varix. Surgery is reduced to a minimum, and is followed by supplementary sclerosis. Elastic support is considered in all cases, though it may often be difficult to achieve in arthritic or obese patients. Thermal cures are possible in all cases, though the general contra-indications should be respected (major physiological deficiencies, severe cardiac or renal disease). Phlebotonics will also be prescribed in all cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of varices in the elderly]. Age is not a contra-indication to the various methods of treatment that may be considered. Only the somatic and vascular assessments of the patient need to be taken into account. Sclerosis can almost always be considered, except when the tissues are obviously unhealthy. It is carried out with weak iodinated solutions or with trombovar. This will give substantial protection from threatening ulcer or rupture of a varix. Surgery is reduced to a minimum, and is followed by supplementary sclerosis. Elastic support is considered in all cases, though it may often be difficult to achieve in arthritic or obese patients. Thermal cures are possible in all cases, though the general contra-indications should be respected (major physiological deficiencies, severe cardiac or renal disease). Phlebotonics will also be prescribed in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:928514", "title": "[Repeated surgery in recurrences following operation for essential varices].", "content": "Among 2,129 patients operated on between 1964 and 1976, we found 109 postoperative recurrences requiring a repeated operation. The causes of recurrence are various, but in the majority of cases, it results from an operative mistake. Most commonly (69 cases) there is a defective removal of the arch of the internal saphenous vein. Next, in order of frequency, is a recurrence along the course of the internal saphenous vein (28 cases) which has either not been stripped at all or only partially stripped (recurrence on the sural internal saphenous). \"Neglected\" external saphenous was found 29 times. Sometimes it had been insufficiently resected (6 cases). Finally, one of the commonest causes of recurrence is due to an eccentric perforating vein which has been neglected in the course of the stripping (35 cases). Very often these different lesions are combined. Repeated surgery must be radical and carefully performed and the patient should be followed up regularly by a phlebologist.", "contents": "[Repeated surgery in recurrences following operation for essential varices]. Among 2,129 patients operated on between 1964 and 1976, we found 109 postoperative recurrences requiring a repeated operation. The causes of recurrence are various, but in the majority of cases, it results from an operative mistake. Most commonly (69 cases) there is a defective removal of the arch of the internal saphenous vein. Next, in order of frequency, is a recurrence along the course of the internal saphenous vein (28 cases) which has either not been stripped at all or only partially stripped (recurrence on the sural internal saphenous). \"Neglected\" external saphenous was found 29 times. Sometimes it had been insufficiently resected (6 cases). Finally, one of the commonest causes of recurrence is due to an eccentric perforating vein which has been neglected in the course of the stripping (35 cases). Very often these different lesions are combined. Repeated surgery must be radical and carefully performed and the patient should be followed up regularly by a phlebologist."}
{"id": "PMID:928515", "title": "[Postmortem intraosseous phlebography. Anatomical, topographic and hemodynamic problems].", "content": "Intraosseous injection of potassium iodide was carried out at the level of the malleolus and the iliac crests in 90 cadavers. Information concerning the anatomy of the veins and concerning different organs was also obtained. We still need to compare this information with that from in vivo phlebography and the results from biopsy. Radiographic films taken at the moment of injection and at various times up to 60 minutes after injection, show the filling not only of the local veins in the lower extremities or the pelvis, but also a flow of contrast material through the abdominal organs and up to the level of the brachio-cephalic veins. Studies on cadavers in the vertical position show little or no difference. We show the filling of the venous system and especially the hepatic and renal veins. Various considerations on the nature of this dynamic effect in the cadaver are discussed, but this will need further study. There are certainly limits of exactitude for this method in comparison with autopsy. The method is not expected to supersede angiography in living patients. It is rather a complementary technique to be used especially in cases where an in vivo angiographic study is lacking or where a biopsy is impossible. In certain cases it is possible to discover radiologically anatomical lesions which are difficult to detect by autopsy or are easily distorted by this procedure.", "contents": "[Postmortem intraosseous phlebography. Anatomical, topographic and hemodynamic problems]. Intraosseous injection of potassium iodide was carried out at the level of the malleolus and the iliac crests in 90 cadavers. Information concerning the anatomy of the veins and concerning different organs was also obtained. We still need to compare this information with that from in vivo phlebography and the results from biopsy. Radiographic films taken at the moment of injection and at various times up to 60 minutes after injection, show the filling not only of the local veins in the lower extremities or the pelvis, but also a flow of contrast material through the abdominal organs and up to the level of the brachio-cephalic veins. Studies on cadavers in the vertical position show little or no difference. We show the filling of the venous system and especially the hepatic and renal veins. Various considerations on the nature of this dynamic effect in the cadaver are discussed, but this will need further study. There are certainly limits of exactitude for this method in comparison with autopsy. The method is not expected to supersede angiography in living patients. It is rather a complementary technique to be used especially in cases where an in vivo angiographic study is lacking or where a biopsy is impossible. In certain cases it is possible to discover radiologically anatomical lesions which are difficult to detect by autopsy or are easily distorted by this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:928549", "title": "Platysma-fascial rhytidectomy: a preliminary report.", "content": "The technique of platysma-fascial rhytidectomy is based upon the anatomy of the platysma muscle and the superficial facial fascia. The operative procedure is described in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of this method are listed.", "contents": "Platysma-fascial rhytidectomy: a preliminary report. The technique of platysma-fascial rhytidectomy is based upon the anatomy of the platysma muscle and the superficial facial fascia. The operative procedure is described in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of this method are listed."}
{"id": "PMID:928550", "title": "A clinical evaluation of the results of submusculo-aponeurotic dissection and fixation in face lifts.", "content": "In 25 random patients undergoing rhytidectomy, we did unilateral subplatysmal-fascial dissections of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face and neck--with redistribution of the tension of this system and fixation by suturing. Late evaluation of these patients by 3 observers showed no detectable difference in the results, as compared to the other side on which the standard technique of skin flap elevation alone was done. Our investigation did not study the usefulness of more extensive dissections of the muscle with complete transection excision of segments of it, or the formation of long muscle flaps.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of the results of submusculo-aponeurotic dissection and fixation in face lifts. In 25 random patients undergoing rhytidectomy, we did unilateral subplatysmal-fascial dissections of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face and neck--with redistribution of the tension of this system and fixation by suturing. Late evaluation of these patients by 3 observers showed no detectable difference in the results, as compared to the other side on which the standard technique of skin flap elevation alone was done. Our investigation did not study the usefulness of more extensive dissections of the muscle with complete transection excision of segments of it, or the formation of long muscle flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:928551", "title": "Our experience with sagittal split osteotomy for retrognathia.", "content": "Twenty-six cases which had been operated upon for retrognathia are reviewed. Most of these patients were unmarried, young individuals, and the improvement in their self-image and appearance was the major benefit from the surgical procedure: a lesser number felt the improvement in their bite and function was more important. Relapse, weakness of the lower lip, and numbness of the lower lip were the 3 most common complications. They occurred with sufficient frequency to encourage us to find a surgical approach with less morbidity for this problem of skeletal asymmetry. Perhaps a \"C\" cut (as champion;ed by Hinds), a forward block of the mandible with cartilage (as described by Trauner), or a vertical cut of the ramus with the posterior fragment notched into the anterior fragment (Mehnert), would yield results with fewer undesirable effects.", "contents": "Our experience with sagittal split osteotomy for retrognathia. Twenty-six cases which had been operated upon for retrognathia are reviewed. Most of these patients were unmarried, young individuals, and the improvement in their self-image and appearance was the major benefit from the surgical procedure: a lesser number felt the improvement in their bite and function was more important. Relapse, weakness of the lower lip, and numbness of the lower lip were the 3 most common complications. They occurred with sufficient frequency to encourage us to find a surgical approach with less morbidity for this problem of skeletal asymmetry. Perhaps a \"C\" cut (as champion;ed by Hinds), a forward block of the mandible with cartilage (as described by Trauner), or a vertical cut of the ramus with the posterior fragment notched into the anterior fragment (Mehnert), would yield results with fewer undesirable effects."}
{"id": "PMID:928552", "title": "The histopathology of small arteries following experimental microvascular anastomosis.", "content": "We studied the histopathological changes present at various intervals after microsurgical anastomoses in the femoral arteries of 30 rats. The principal findings were (1) widespread loss of intima, (2) widespread necrosis of media, and (3) dehiscence of sutures. The possible causes for these, and their possible significance, are discussed.", "contents": "The histopathology of small arteries following experimental microvascular anastomosis. We studied the histopathological changes present at various intervals after microsurgical anastomoses in the femoral arteries of 30 rats. The principal findings were (1) widespread loss of intima, (2) widespread necrosis of media, and (3) dehiscence of sutures. The possible causes for these, and their possible significance, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928553", "title": "Use of dermal-fat flaps in treating abdominal scars, in abdominoplasty, and in subtrochanteric lipectomy.", "content": "Triangular dermal-fat flaps can be used in the excision of adherent vertical scars in the lower abdomen to prevent a recurrence of the depressed adhesion. Also, several such flaps can be used on the upper margin of an abdominoplasty, and one on the lower edge (above the pubis), to equalize the thickness and the lengths of the two edges. This results in a better final appearance. Finally, the use of a single triangular dermal-fat flap on the lower margin when doing a lipectomy for \"subtrochanterric lipodystrophy\" (or a \"plastic on buttock\") gives the buttock a more normal shape--round in the medial two-thirds and almost flat in the lateral one-third.", "contents": "Use of dermal-fat flaps in treating abdominal scars, in abdominoplasty, and in subtrochanteric lipectomy. Triangular dermal-fat flaps can be used in the excision of adherent vertical scars in the lower abdomen to prevent a recurrence of the depressed adhesion. Also, several such flaps can be used on the upper margin of an abdominoplasty, and one on the lower edge (above the pubis), to equalize the thickness and the lengths of the two edges. This results in a better final appearance. Finally, the use of a single triangular dermal-fat flap on the lower margin when doing a lipectomy for \"subtrochanterric lipodystrophy\" (or a \"plastic on buttock\") gives the buttock a more normal shape--round in the medial two-thirds and almost flat in the lateral one-third."}
{"id": "PMID:928554", "title": "Arthrodesis of finger joints by dynamic external compression using dorsoventral Kirschner wires and rubber bands.", "content": "A new method is presented for arthrodesis of small joints in the hand. In this method Kirschner wires are inserted dorsoventrally through the phalanges on either side of the joint, and the external ends bent into hooks. Longitudinal compression is achieved by connecting these hooks with rubber bands. This technique gives a solid and painless immobilization in a proper position, and the latter can be corrected easily when necessary. We arthrodesed 46 joints in 39 patients by this method in 1975 and 1976. The fusion time was 4 to 6 weeks, and the method produced a good bony arthrodesis in 42 of the 46 fingers.", "contents": "Arthrodesis of finger joints by dynamic external compression using dorsoventral Kirschner wires and rubber bands. A new method is presented for arthrodesis of small joints in the hand. In this method Kirschner wires are inserted dorsoventrally through the phalanges on either side of the joint, and the external ends bent into hooks. Longitudinal compression is achieved by connecting these hooks with rubber bands. This technique gives a solid and painless immobilization in a proper position, and the latter can be corrected easily when necessary. We arthrodesed 46 joints in 39 patients by this method in 1975 and 1976. The fusion time was 4 to 6 weeks, and the method produced a good bony arthrodesis in 42 of the 46 fingers."}
{"id": "PMID:928555", "title": "Xeromammography--a reason for using saline-filled breast prostheses.", "content": "In 5 patients, silicone gel implants obscurred the image, while in 5 patients with saline-filled implants a good 3-dimensional examination of the breast was possible with xeromammography. If saline-filled implants routinely allow better cancer diagnostic surveillance than do silicone gel implants, this should be considered by the surgeon at the time he does an augmentation mammaplasty.", "contents": "Xeromammography--a reason for using saline-filled breast prostheses. In 5 patients, silicone gel implants obscurred the image, while in 5 patients with saline-filled implants a good 3-dimensional examination of the breast was possible with xeromammography. If saline-filled implants routinely allow better cancer diagnostic surveillance than do silicone gel implants, this should be considered by the surgeon at the time he does an augmentation mammaplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:928566", "title": "[Crystallographic method of studying the cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the central nervous system].", "content": "The method described by the authors in their present paper was used to examine the cerebrospinal fluids obtained from a total of 120 patients, of whome 30 were afflicted with tumors of the central nervous system, 35 were suffering from inflammatory diseases, and 55 had cerebral blood-supply disorders in the sense of hemorrhagic and ischemic insults. Characteristic features of the formation of the crystallographic pattern could be observed in dependence upon the dynamics of the disease process. These are of extreme importance to accurate differential diagnosis. The method is recommended for use in neurological and neurosurgical departments.", "contents": "[Crystallographic method of studying the cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the central nervous system]. The method described by the authors in their present paper was used to examine the cerebrospinal fluids obtained from a total of 120 patients, of whome 30 were afflicted with tumors of the central nervous system, 35 were suffering from inflammatory diseases, and 55 had cerebral blood-supply disorders in the sense of hemorrhagic and ischemic insults. Characteristic features of the formation of the crystallographic pattern could be observed in dependence upon the dynamics of the disease process. These are of extreme importance to accurate differential diagnosis. The method is recommended for use in neurological and neurosurgical departments."}
{"id": "PMID:928567", "title": "[Ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The concentrations of electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl and trace elements Cu and Zn were determined in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluids of forty patients with multiple sclerosis. Metal ion concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry, respectively. Compared with corresponding values obtained from a control group, statistically significant increases in concentration of Na, Cl, Ca, and Zn have been found. Also reported are the results of determinations of ion concentrations in cerebrospinal fluids obtained from patients suffering from diseases other than multiple sclerosis. Possible causes of deviations from the norm are discussed.", "contents": "[Ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis]. The concentrations of electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl and trace elements Cu and Zn were determined in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluids of forty patients with multiple sclerosis. Metal ion concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry, respectively. Compared with corresponding values obtained from a control group, statistically significant increases in concentration of Na, Cl, Ca, and Zn have been found. Also reported are the results of determinations of ion concentrations in cerebrospinal fluids obtained from patients suffering from diseases other than multiple sclerosis. Possible causes of deviations from the norm are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928568", "title": "[Psychotherapy for suicidal inclinations].", "content": "Suicidality is not an expression of a unique disease, but often the symptom of a neurotic reaction or of primary psychic maldevelopment. Forms of neurosis, where the number of symptoms is relatively small, tend to develop what may be called the \"suicidality\" symptom. Selection of the method of therapy depends, not upon the degree and seriousness of the inclination of commit suicide, but upon the underlying disease. In the case of neurotic reactions it is recommended to resort to the method of discussing the respective conflicts and make use of autogenic training. In the case of primary psychic maldevelopments it is necessary to choose a form of therapy centering on the personality, and this can be in the form of short-term specific therapy or in the form of group psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Psychotherapy for suicidal inclinations]. Suicidality is not an expression of a unique disease, but often the symptom of a neurotic reaction or of primary psychic maldevelopment. Forms of neurosis, where the number of symptoms is relatively small, tend to develop what may be called the \"suicidality\" symptom. Selection of the method of therapy depends, not upon the degree and seriousness of the inclination of commit suicide, but upon the underlying disease. In the case of neurotic reactions it is recommended to resort to the method of discussing the respective conflicts and make use of autogenic training. In the case of primary psychic maldevelopments it is necessary to choose a form of therapy centering on the personality, and this can be in the form of short-term specific therapy or in the form of group psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:928627", "title": "End group characterization in DNA of thymocytes after low doses of ionizing radiation.", "content": "Investigations into the configuration of the radiation induced strand breaks in the low dose range are presented. DNA sections containing the radiation induced strand breaks were separated from the undamaged sections in order to increase the concentration of lesions. The configuration of 3'terminals in damaged DNA from gamma-irradiated thymocytes was analysed studying the priming ability for the DNA polymerase I. The experiments show that soon after irradiation with a dose of 10 krad DNA strand breaks carry 3'OH end groups as well as damaged 3'terminals not susceptible to Dna polymerase I. The fraction of damaged terminals increases with dose. We conclude that also after low doses an exonucleolytic action is required in cells for removing damaged 3'terminals before repair DNA synthesis can take place.", "contents": "End group characterization in DNA of thymocytes after low doses of ionizing radiation. Investigations into the configuration of the radiation induced strand breaks in the low dose range are presented. DNA sections containing the radiation induced strand breaks were separated from the undamaged sections in order to increase the concentration of lesions. The configuration of 3'terminals in damaged DNA from gamma-irradiated thymocytes was analysed studying the priming ability for the DNA polymerase I. The experiments show that soon after irradiation with a dose of 10 krad DNA strand breaks carry 3'OH end groups as well as damaged 3'terminals not susceptible to Dna polymerase I. The fraction of damaged terminals increases with dose. We conclude that also after low doses an exonucleolytic action is required in cells for removing damaged 3'terminals before repair DNA synthesis can take place."}
{"id": "PMID:928628", "title": "Mechanistic state vector model for cell killing by ionizing radiation.", "content": "By use of the mechanistic state vector model (MSV model) it is demonstrated that under circumstances where cell division during irradiation is unlikely: 1. A cell survival curve (dose-log surviving fraction curve) that is exponential can be obtained even though some of the surviving cells may have nonlethal damage. Exponential survival curves are said to have zero curvature. 2. In some cases, in the absence of a mixed population, the slope of a single-dose survival curve may decrease in magnitude, as the dose increases for a range of doses. These curves are said to show negative curvature for that range of doses. Fractionating the dose or decreasing the dose rate may result in enhanced cell killing. 3. The initial slope of a mammalian cell survival curve should be independent of the dose rate and number of dose fractions provided that the number of cells having lethal damage builds up to a steady level during the post irradiation time regime. The magnitude of the initial slope will depend on properties of the cells and on properties of the radiation. 4. A nonzero initial slope in the cell survival curve, after exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, may be due to biology, rather than physics.", "contents": "Mechanistic state vector model for cell killing by ionizing radiation. By use of the mechanistic state vector model (MSV model) it is demonstrated that under circumstances where cell division during irradiation is unlikely: 1. A cell survival curve (dose-log surviving fraction curve) that is exponential can be obtained even though some of the surviving cells may have nonlethal damage. Exponential survival curves are said to have zero curvature. 2. In some cases, in the absence of a mixed population, the slope of a single-dose survival curve may decrease in magnitude, as the dose increases for a range of doses. These curves are said to show negative curvature for that range of doses. Fractionating the dose or decreasing the dose rate may result in enhanced cell killing. 3. The initial slope of a mammalian cell survival curve should be independent of the dose rate and number of dose fractions provided that the number of cells having lethal damage builds up to a steady level during the post irradiation time regime. The magnitude of the initial slope will depend on properties of the cells and on properties of the radiation. 4. A nonzero initial slope in the cell survival curve, after exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, may be due to biology, rather than physics."}
{"id": "PMID:928630", "title": "Measurements on the depth of penetration of light (0.35--1.0 microgram) in tissue.", "content": "Preliminary results on the spectral dependence of the absorption of light in tissue are presented and discussed with respect to medical laser application.", "contents": "Measurements on the depth of penetration of light (0.35--1.0 microgram) in tissue. Preliminary results on the spectral dependence of the absorption of light in tissue are presented and discussed with respect to medical laser application."}
{"id": "PMID:928631", "title": "Survival of cultured mammalian cells exposed to ultrasound.", "content": "The colony-forming ability of cultured mammalian cells exposed to monochromatic ultrasonic vibrations of different frequencies (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.3 MHz) was studied. The combined effect of x rays and 1.0-MHz ultrasonic waves on the survival of M3-1 cells was also investigated. Split-dose experiments showed that cells exposed to ultrasound are \"sensitized\" to a subsequent exposure. Almost twice as many cells survive a given ultrasonic dose when exposed in the M phase as when exposed in the S phase. A small amount of synergism between ultrasound and x rays has been observed. The extent of synergism depends on the experimental factors, and may be due to an interaction between nuclear damage caused by x rays and the damage to the cell membrane caused by ultrasound.", "contents": "Survival of cultured mammalian cells exposed to ultrasound. The colony-forming ability of cultured mammalian cells exposed to monochromatic ultrasonic vibrations of different frequencies (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.3 MHz) was studied. The combined effect of x rays and 1.0-MHz ultrasonic waves on the survival of M3-1 cells was also investigated. Split-dose experiments showed that cells exposed to ultrasound are \"sensitized\" to a subsequent exposure. Almost twice as many cells survive a given ultrasonic dose when exposed in the M phase as when exposed in the S phase. A small amount of synergism between ultrasound and x rays has been observed. The extent of synergism depends on the experimental factors, and may be due to an interaction between nuclear damage caused by x rays and the damage to the cell membrane caused by ultrasound."}
{"id": "PMID:928647", "title": "The role of angiography in renal trauma.", "content": "The great majority of renal injuries are minor, are treated conservatively and are adequately assessed by clinical examination and high dose intravenous urography. When severe renal injury is suspected and surgery is being considered, angiography is of great value in accurately defining the extent of injury and rationalising management. During the past four years we have carried out angiography for the assessment of renal trauma in 21 patients admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Four of these cases have been described.", "contents": "The role of angiography in renal trauma. The great majority of renal injuries are minor, are treated conservatively and are adequately assessed by clinical examination and high dose intravenous urography. When severe renal injury is suspected and surgery is being considered, angiography is of great value in accurately defining the extent of injury and rationalising management. During the past four years we have carried out angiography for the assessment of renal trauma in 21 patients admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Four of these cases have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:928648", "title": "The Barnsley x-ray gown.", "content": "A patient's gown for use in the X-ray Department has been designed. It is of such a style that one size suits all patients and adequate access to the patient is afforded while modesty is preserved. It is of a distinctive colour to ensure its retention solely for use in the X-ray Department.", "contents": "The Barnsley x-ray gown. A patient's gown for use in the X-ray Department has been designed. It is of such a style that one size suits all patients and adequate access to the patient is afforded while modesty is preserved. It is of a distinctive colour to ensure its retention solely for use in the X-ray Department."}
{"id": "PMID:928663", "title": "The use of an inverted Kodak X-Omatic cassette as an improvised grid.", "content": "An inverted X-Omatic cassette is particularly useful when substituted for a grid in situations where the employment of a grid would not be practical. It also provides a selective filtration effect during radiography of anatomical regions that exhibit a wide range of subject opacity. With radiology procedures and equipment becoming more complex, the concept of employing an improvised method of controlling radiation scatter may seem antiquated when compared to today's high standards of imaging excellence. However, based on my experience with this method, I feel its practical application should not be overlooked as an alternative method of coping with an age-old problem of radiation scatter control.", "contents": "The use of an inverted Kodak X-Omatic cassette as an improvised grid. An inverted X-Omatic cassette is particularly useful when substituted for a grid in situations where the employment of a grid would not be practical. It also provides a selective filtration effect during radiography of anatomical regions that exhibit a wide range of subject opacity. With radiology procedures and equipment becoming more complex, the concept of employing an improvised method of controlling radiation scatter may seem antiquated when compared to today's high standards of imaging excellence. However, based on my experience with this method, I feel its practical application should not be overlooked as an alternative method of coping with an age-old problem of radiation scatter control."}
{"id": "PMID:928664", "title": "Radiographic positioning test format for programs using an energized x-ray laboratory.", "content": "As a means of evaluating student performance in the clinical setting, three major areas of testing have been identified: (1) time required to position the patient for any given examination, (2) procedure performance, and (3) ability to evaluate the finished radiograph as to its diagnostic quality. The testing format developed at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, is used to examine the student as he performs in an energized laboratory. This format, based on criteria the student knows in advance, increased the objectivity of the instructor giving the examination.", "contents": "Radiographic positioning test format for programs using an energized x-ray laboratory. As a means of evaluating student performance in the clinical setting, three major areas of testing have been identified: (1) time required to position the patient for any given examination, (2) procedure performance, and (3) ability to evaluate the finished radiograph as to its diagnostic quality. The testing format developed at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, is used to examine the student as he performs in an energized laboratory. This format, based on criteria the student knows in advance, increased the objectivity of the instructor giving the examination."}
{"id": "PMID:928670", "title": "[Recent data on the radiation exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "As a consequence of the x-ray decree (GFR 1973) data are obligatory to assess the radiation exposure to the patient. These data can easily be obtained with an additional device for recording the dose surface product. The value of the fluoroscopy time for calculating the radiation exposure of different organs is discussed. By a high standard of technical equipment and training of the technical personnel, radiation exposure to the patient may be kept low. Recent data on the exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology and the corresponding somatic and genetic hazards are summarized in this review.", "contents": "[Recent data on the radiation exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. As a consequence of the x-ray decree (GFR 1973) data are obligatory to assess the radiation exposure to the patient. These data can easily be obtained with an additional device for recording the dose surface product. The value of the fluoroscopy time for calculating the radiation exposure of different organs is discussed. By a high standard of technical equipment and training of the technical personnel, radiation exposure to the patient may be kept low. Recent data on the exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology and the corresponding somatic and genetic hazards are summarized in this review."}
{"id": "PMID:928666", "title": "Guidelines for objective student clinical education evaluations.", "content": "Student clinical evaluations need to take into consideration the many variables associated with the production of quality radiographs. Using performance objectives with correction factors for atypical training conditions and a scale of achievement with an evaluation formula, objective student clinical education evaluations may be realized.", "contents": "Guidelines for objective student clinical education evaluations. Student clinical evaluations need to take into consideration the many variables associated with the production of quality radiographs. Using performance objectives with correction factors for atypical training conditions and a scale of achievement with an evaluation formula, objective student clinical education evaluations may be realized."}
{"id": "PMID:928671", "title": "[Actual radiation hazards for the examiner in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Few data are available about radiation exposure of the physician in diagnostic radiology. They are in a range of greater than or equal to 0.1 to 40 mrads per examination. A whole body exposure of approximately 20 mrads per week may result from a rather high frequency of examinations. This value corresponds to 1/5 of the dose limit for radiation workers per week. At the present time, there is no evidence that exposures at such low doses and dose rates increase the genetic and carcinogenic hazards of radiation workers.", "contents": "[Actual radiation hazards for the examiner in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. Few data are available about radiation exposure of the physician in diagnostic radiology. They are in a range of greater than or equal to 0.1 to 40 mrads per examination. A whole body exposure of approximately 20 mrads per week may result from a rather high frequency of examinations. This value corresponds to 1/5 of the dose limit for radiation workers per week. At the present time, there is no evidence that exposures at such low doses and dose rates increase the genetic and carcinogenic hazards of radiation workers."}
{"id": "PMID:928672", "title": "[Results of measurements of local doses with film-dosimeters (author's transl)].", "content": "In medical x-ray departments, industrial facilities and nuclear reactors, local radiation was measured with film dosimeters in more than 1700 different places. These were fixed over a period of about 30 days in different spots of the controlled rooms. The obtained measurements are classified into different groups. The advantage of film dosimeters compared with usual measurements of the dose rates is the fact that they give an average of the real dose over a period of time at low cost. The obtained results are of interest for radioprotection technique.", "contents": "[Results of measurements of local doses with film-dosimeters (author's transl)]. In medical x-ray departments, industrial facilities and nuclear reactors, local radiation was measured with film dosimeters in more than 1700 different places. These were fixed over a period of about 30 days in different spots of the controlled rooms. The obtained measurements are classified into different groups. The advantage of film dosimeters compared with usual measurements of the dose rates is the fact that they give an average of the real dose over a period of time at low cost. The obtained results are of interest for radioprotection technique."}
{"id": "PMID:928673", "title": "[The legal terms \"controlled area\" and \"X-ray room\" in the x-ray ordinance of 1973 (author's transl)].", "content": "The X-ray Ordinance of 1973 defines the legal terms \"controlled area\" (sec. 15) and \"X-ray room\" (sec. 16) differently, serving different legal purposes. For the application and interpretation the two terms are to be distinguished. The competence to locate the limits of the \"controlled area\" lies with the radiation protection officer according to secs. 11, 12, and 15 of the X-Ray Ordinance. He is authorized to enlarge the \"controlled area\" and to make its limits identical with those of the X-ray room. The State authorities may intervene in this primary competence of the radiation protection officer only in exceptional cases (15 subsec. 4). The competent State authority may ask the radiation protection officer to enlarge a \"controlled area\" if it seems necessary for the protection of individuals or of the public. However, a general order of the supervisory authority implicating identical definition of \"controlled area\" and \"X-ray room\" would be inconsistent with the explicit provisions of the X-ray Ordinance and therefore unlawful.", "contents": "[The legal terms \"controlled area\" and \"X-ray room\" in the x-ray ordinance of 1973 (author's transl)]. The X-ray Ordinance of 1973 defines the legal terms \"controlled area\" (sec. 15) and \"X-ray room\" (sec. 16) differently, serving different legal purposes. For the application and interpretation the two terms are to be distinguished. The competence to locate the limits of the \"controlled area\" lies with the radiation protection officer according to secs. 11, 12, and 15 of the X-Ray Ordinance. He is authorized to enlarge the \"controlled area\" and to make its limits identical with those of the X-ray room. The State authorities may intervene in this primary competence of the radiation protection officer only in exceptional cases (15 subsec. 4). The competent State authority may ask the radiation protection officer to enlarge a \"controlled area\" if it seems necessary for the protection of individuals or of the public. However, a general order of the supervisory authority implicating identical definition of \"controlled area\" and \"X-ray room\" would be inconsistent with the explicit provisions of the X-ray Ordinance and therefore unlawful."}
{"id": "PMID:928674", "title": "[Invasive myocardial perfusion scan with (131)I-MAA and (99m)Tc-Microspheres (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic evaluation of coronary artery stenosis is indicated in patients with ischemic heart disease. For this purpose myocardial perfusion scans are performed. In our study myocardial scans were performed by selective injection of 60 to 80 muCi of (131)I-MAA in the right coronary artery and of 3 mCi of (99m)Tc-microspheres in the left coronary artery. Four views (RAO, LAO, AP, LLAT) were taken with an Anger-Camera and a computer-control-led color-coded display system (Picker Dyna-Came-ra 3C/12 and Kruppe Atlas Elektronik EPR 1100, medium energy collimator). Right and left coronary artery perfusion images were stored and two-colour image produced. Following computer processing (smoothing, normalization) the images were added and photographed in color. In comparision with scans and left-ventricular and coronary angiography the sensitivity of the nuclear medicine method was shown in cases with reduced perfusion. Therefore the perfusion scans seem to be useful in combination with angiography for the determination of therapy.", "contents": "[Invasive myocardial perfusion scan with (131)I-MAA and (99m)Tc-Microspheres (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic evaluation of coronary artery stenosis is indicated in patients with ischemic heart disease. For this purpose myocardial perfusion scans are performed. In our study myocardial scans were performed by selective injection of 60 to 80 muCi of (131)I-MAA in the right coronary artery and of 3 mCi of (99m)Tc-microspheres in the left coronary artery. Four views (RAO, LAO, AP, LLAT) were taken with an Anger-Camera and a computer-control-led color-coded display system (Picker Dyna-Came-ra 3C/12 and Kruppe Atlas Elektronik EPR 1100, medium energy collimator). Right and left coronary artery perfusion images were stored and two-colour image produced. Following computer processing (smoothing, normalization) the images were added and photographed in color. In comparision with scans and left-ventricular and coronary angiography the sensitivity of the nuclear medicine method was shown in cases with reduced perfusion. Therefore the perfusion scans seem to be useful in combination with angiography for the determination of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:928675", "title": "[Enzephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis. Sturge-Weber-Krabbe (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a case presentation clinical and radiological signs of the Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome as well as its differentiation into three clinical entities according to Poser and Taveras are discussed. Calcification within the atrophic cerebral cortex is a predominant sign. Angiomatous lesions of the external ascending and descending cerebral veins, and occasionally of the internal cerebral veins may be demonstrated by angiography. Calcifications of the cerebral cortex demonstrable on plain skull radiograms diminish the diagnostic value of angiography because of their pathognomic significance. Hyperplasia of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses and thickening of the calcaria are probably directly related to the cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "[Enzephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis. Sturge-Weber-Krabbe (author's transl)]. Following a case presentation clinical and radiological signs of the Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome as well as its differentiation into three clinical entities according to Poser and Taveras are discussed. Calcification within the atrophic cerebral cortex is a predominant sign. Angiomatous lesions of the external ascending and descending cerebral veins, and occasionally of the internal cerebral veins may be demonstrated by angiography. Calcifications of the cerebral cortex demonstrable on plain skull radiograms diminish the diagnostic value of angiography because of their pathognomic significance. Hyperplasia of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses and thickening of the calcaria are probably directly related to the cerebral atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:928676", "title": "The nature and significance of peribronchial cuffing in pulmonary edema.", "content": "So-called \"peribronchial cuffing\" in acute pulmonary edema appears to be caused by edema involving the bronchila wall as well as the peribronchial interstitial space, and this was confirmed at autopsy in a patient with acute left heart failure. Edema of the bronchial wall indicates transdation from capillaries derived from the bronchial rather than the pulmonary atery, which may well explain all of the radiological manifestations of acute interstitial edema. The possible role of this circulation in the production of acute alveolar edema is also discussed. The significance of the bronchial artery circulation in the production of acute pulmonary edema warrants reevaluation.", "contents": "The nature and significance of peribronchial cuffing in pulmonary edema. So-called \"peribronchial cuffing\" in acute pulmonary edema appears to be caused by edema involving the bronchila wall as well as the peribronchial interstitial space, and this was confirmed at autopsy in a patient with acute left heart failure. Edema of the bronchial wall indicates transdation from capillaries derived from the bronchial rather than the pulmonary atery, which may well explain all of the radiological manifestations of acute interstitial edema. The possible role of this circulation in the production of acute alveolar edema is also discussed. The significance of the bronchial artery circulation in the production of acute pulmonary edema warrants reevaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:928677", "title": "Computer-assisted radiology reporting: quality of reports.", "content": "Automated medical communication systems for patient care usually enhance timeliness and retrievability. The effect of automated systems on communication quality has not been sufficiently measured. The radiology reports produced with the automated radiology reporting system at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were evalueate for quality and compared to reports produced by dictation. No differences in quality between computer-generated and dictated reports were detected by three consultant radiologists using a specially designed quality rating system.", "contents": "Computer-assisted radiology reporting: quality of reports. Automated medical communication systems for patient care usually enhance timeliness and retrievability. The effect of automated systems on communication quality has not been sufficiently measured. The radiology reports produced with the automated radiology reporting system at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were evalueate for quality and compared to reports produced by dictation. No differences in quality between computer-generated and dictated reports were detected by three consultant radiologists using a specially designed quality rating system."}
{"id": "PMID:928678", "title": "Osler revisited: an unusual cause of inversion of the diaphragm.", "content": "Osler described depression of the left hemidiaphragm and left lobe of the liver as a physical finding in some patients with pericardial effusion. Inversion of the left hemidiaphragm associated with a large pericardial effusion is an unusual, previously unreported complication. It may be a contributory factor in the production of unexplained dyspnea in some patients.", "contents": "Osler revisited: an unusual cause of inversion of the diaphragm. Osler described depression of the left hemidiaphragm and left lobe of the liver as a physical finding in some patients with pericardial effusion. Inversion of the left hemidiaphragm associated with a large pericardial effusion is an unusual, previously unreported complication. It may be a contributory factor in the production of unexplained dyspnea in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:928679", "title": "Approximation of the left ventricle by a cone of revolution using biplane measurements.", "content": "A new method based only on area measurements was developed for calculating left ventricular volume from biplane (RAO and LAO) left ventriculograms; the ventricle was approximated by a cone of revolution. Twenty-three patients with normal and 23 patients with abnormal left ventricles were studied. The Dodge method provided reference values. There was no significant difference between values for EDV calculated by either method; values for ESV calculated by the cone method were consistently higher, but the error is acceptable. The cone method provides results similar to those obtained by the corrected Dodge method, eliminating the problem of choosing and measuring the long axis.", "contents": "Approximation of the left ventricle by a cone of revolution using biplane measurements. A new method based only on area measurements was developed for calculating left ventricular volume from biplane (RAO and LAO) left ventriculograms; the ventricle was approximated by a cone of revolution. Twenty-three patients with normal and 23 patients with abnormal left ventricles were studied. The Dodge method provided reference values. There was no significant difference between values for EDV calculated by either method; values for ESV calculated by the cone method were consistently higher, but the error is acceptable. The cone method provides results similar to those obtained by the corrected Dodge method, eliminating the problem of choosing and measuring the long axis."}
{"id": "PMID:928680", "title": "A new radiographic sign of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: displacement of the nasogastric tube to the right.", "content": "Numerous plain chest radiographic signs previously described for the diagnosis of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta may be present in patients with or without such rupture. Displacement of an opaque nasogastric tube to the right (indicative of esophageal displacement) has been found to be the most reliable sign for the diagnosis of this condition, and may be used as an indication for emergency aortography.", "contents": "A new radiographic sign of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: displacement of the nasogastric tube to the right. Numerous plain chest radiographic signs previously described for the diagnosis of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta may be present in patients with or without such rupture. Displacement of an opaque nasogastric tube to the right (indicative of esophageal displacement) has been found to be the most reliable sign for the diagnosis of this condition, and may be used as an indication for emergency aortography."}
{"id": "PMID:928681", "title": "Jejunal diverticulitis.", "content": "Two patients with jejunal diverticulitis are presented. Each demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings over several years. Radiographic abnormalities including incomplete jejunal obstruction, an omental mass displacing jejunal loops, leakage of barium into adjacent mesenteric abscess, and extrinsic serosal changes involving the transverse colon have permitted a correce preoperative diagnosis in each patient.", "contents": "Jejunal diverticulitis. Two patients with jejunal diverticulitis are presented. Each demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings over several years. Radiographic abnormalities including incomplete jejunal obstruction, an omental mass displacing jejunal loops, leakage of barium into adjacent mesenteric abscess, and extrinsic serosal changes involving the transverse colon have permitted a correce preoperative diagnosis in each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:928682", "title": "The pathophysiologic basis for the angiographic signs of vascular ectasias of the colon.", "content": "Three reliable diagnostic signs were identified on angiograms from 25 patients with ectasias of the right colon: (a) a slowly emptying dilated, tortuous, intramural vein; (b) a vascular tuft; and (c) an early filling vein. The frequency of these signs and the order of their occurrence reflect the different stages in the evolution of ectasias. The earliest and most frequent sign, the slowly emptying vein, reflects ectatic changes in a submocosal vein resulting from chronic intermittent partial obstruction. The vascular tuft represents more advanced lesions and corresponds to extension of the degenerative process to the venules in the mucosa. An early filling vein reflects an arteriovenous communication through a dilated arteriolar-capillary-venular unit-a mucosal ectasia.", "contents": "The pathophysiologic basis for the angiographic signs of vascular ectasias of the colon. Three reliable diagnostic signs were identified on angiograms from 25 patients with ectasias of the right colon: (a) a slowly emptying dilated, tortuous, intramural vein; (b) a vascular tuft; and (c) an early filling vein. The frequency of these signs and the order of their occurrence reflect the different stages in the evolution of ectasias. The earliest and most frequent sign, the slowly emptying vein, reflects ectatic changes in a submocosal vein resulting from chronic intermittent partial obstruction. The vascular tuft represents more advanced lesions and corresponds to extension of the degenerative process to the venules in the mucosa. An early filling vein reflects an arteriovenous communication through a dilated arteriolar-capillary-venular unit-a mucosal ectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:928683", "title": "Acute diverticulitis in the young adult.", "content": "Seven cases of acute diverticulitis in patients 35 years of age or younger are presented. This disease is not rare in young adults. There seems to be a higher incidence in males and an increased need for surgical intervention when younger individuals are affected. The barium enema is useful in confirming the diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute diverticulitis in the young adult. Seven cases of acute diverticulitis in patients 35 years of age or younger are presented. This disease is not rare in young adults. There seems to be a higher incidence in males and an increased need for surgical intervention when younger individuals are affected. The barium enema is useful in confirming the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:928684", "title": "Urinary tract obstruction in polycystic renal disease.", "content": "The incidence and cause of urinary tract obstruction in 100 consecutive patients with polycystic renal disease are reported. Because of nonspecific symptoms, poor renal function, and calyceal distortion, obstruction may be difficult to detect. A number of patients had infundibular obstruction caused by a calculus, clot, or inflammation and edema of the pelvocalyceal wall.", "contents": "Urinary tract obstruction in polycystic renal disease. The incidence and cause of urinary tract obstruction in 100 consecutive patients with polycystic renal disease are reported. Because of nonspecific symptoms, poor renal function, and calyceal distortion, obstruction may be difficult to detect. A number of patients had infundibular obstruction caused by a calculus, clot, or inflammation and edema of the pelvocalyceal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:928685", "title": "Renal venographic findings in 29 kidneys with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery.", "content": "Renal venography was performed in 21 hypertensive patients, all of whom had the classical appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries. None showed any evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal veins.", "contents": "Renal venographic findings in 29 kidneys with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery. Renal venography was performed in 21 hypertensive patients, all of whom had the classical appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries. None showed any evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal veins."}
{"id": "PMID:928686", "title": "Renal oncocytoma: angiographic features of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of renal oncocytoma (proximal tubular adenoma) with a similar angiographic appearance are reported. The vascular supply to the lesion tends to be arranged in \"spoke-wheel\" pattern with vessels radiating toward the center of the lesion; the angiographic appearance may help to differentiate renal oncocytoma from hypernephroma preoperatively.", "contents": "Renal oncocytoma: angiographic features of two cases. Two cases of renal oncocytoma (proximal tubular adenoma) with a similar angiographic appearance are reported. The vascular supply to the lesion tends to be arranged in \"spoke-wheel\" pattern with vessels radiating toward the center of the lesion; the angiographic appearance may help to differentiate renal oncocytoma from hypernephroma preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:928687", "title": "An evaluation of lymphography in localized carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Lymph node biopsies were positive in 20% (7/35) of stage T1 and T2 (stage B) tumors and 64% (21/33) of stage T3 (stage C) tumors in 69 previously untreated and unselected patients with apparently localized carcinoma of the prostate. One patient with a To (stage A) tumor had no evidence of lymph node metastasis. Prospective analysis demonstrated an overall lymphographic accuracy of 78%, sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 92%. The detection of lymph node metastases in the lymphogram is limited by the frequency of microscopic metastasis and the frequency of benign changes within pelvic lymph nodes in this older patient population. Diagnostic criteria for metastatic disease which gives a low incidence of false-positive interpretations should be maintained, since relaxing the criteria will not necessarily improve the detection rate of metastases and would decrease specificity.", "contents": "An evaluation of lymphography in localized carcinoma of the prostate. Lymph node biopsies were positive in 20% (7/35) of stage T1 and T2 (stage B) tumors and 64% (21/33) of stage T3 (stage C) tumors in 69 previously untreated and unselected patients with apparently localized carcinoma of the prostate. One patient with a To (stage A) tumor had no evidence of lymph node metastasis. Prospective analysis demonstrated an overall lymphographic accuracy of 78%, sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 92%. The detection of lymph node metastases in the lymphogram is limited by the frequency of microscopic metastasis and the frequency of benign changes within pelvic lymph nodes in this older patient population. Diagnostic criteria for metastatic disease which gives a low incidence of false-positive interpretations should be maintained, since relaxing the criteria will not necessarily improve the detection rate of metastases and would decrease specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:928688", "title": "Early radiographic manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal disease.", "content": "The hands of 29 chronic dialysis patients were evaluated every 3 months for subperiosteal, intracortical, and endosteal bone resorption using fine-detail radiography and optical magnification. All patients with significant endosteal resorption also had progressive subperiosteal resorption and substantial or progressive intracortical resorption. All patients with a significantly elevated parathyroid hormone or alkaline phosphatase level had radiographic evidence of progressive bone loss. Fourteen (61%) of the 23 patients with well-controlled serum phosphate levels (mean 4.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) treated with supplemental calcium and dihydrotachysterol nevertheless had increased subperiosteal or endosteal resorption. Serial radiography proved to be a valuable method of evaluating progressive bone resorption.", "contents": "Early radiographic manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal disease. The hands of 29 chronic dialysis patients were evaluated every 3 months for subperiosteal, intracortical, and endosteal bone resorption using fine-detail radiography and optical magnification. All patients with significant endosteal resorption also had progressive subperiosteal resorption and substantial or progressive intracortical resorption. All patients with a significantly elevated parathyroid hormone or alkaline phosphatase level had radiographic evidence of progressive bone loss. Fourteen (61%) of the 23 patients with well-controlled serum phosphate levels (mean 4.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) treated with supplemental calcium and dihydrotachysterol nevertheless had increased subperiosteal or endosteal resorption. Serial radiography proved to be a valuable method of evaluating progressive bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:928689", "title": "Radiological/pathological correlations in uremic bone disease.", "content": "Skeletal radiographs and non-decalcified bone specimens from 17 chronically uremic patients with radiographic evidence of bone disease were studied quantitatively. The results of each morphological technique were compared in an attempt to define the roentgenographic manifestations of renal osteodystrophy histologically. The radiographs correlated best with the trabecular bone manifestations of osteitis fibrosa but showed poor correlation with histological evidence of osteomalacia. Radiographic signs of osteosclerosis could not be correlated with any radiographic or histiolgical feature of bone resorption.", "contents": "Radiological/pathological correlations in uremic bone disease. Skeletal radiographs and non-decalcified bone specimens from 17 chronically uremic patients with radiographic evidence of bone disease were studied quantitatively. The results of each morphological technique were compared in an attempt to define the roentgenographic manifestations of renal osteodystrophy histologically. The radiographs correlated best with the trabecular bone manifestations of osteitis fibrosa but showed poor correlation with histological evidence of osteomalacia. Radiographic signs of osteosclerosis could not be correlated with any radiographic or histiolgical feature of bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:928690", "title": "A radiographic study of the ligamentous anatomy of the ankle.", "content": "Ankle trauma commonly results in significant injury. Knowledge of the anatomy of the normally nonopaque major supportive ligaments, and their relationships to the osseous structures seen on standard roentgenograms, facilitates interpretation of both plain films and ankle arthrograms. A group of normal, non-preserved ankles was dissected. The laterally located anterior talofibular calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular, distal anterior tibiofibular ligaments, and the medially located deltoid ligament were carefully defined. They were coated with a mixture of powdered tantalum, photographed, and then radiographed in standard projections. The normal gross anatomy of these major supportive ligaments of the ankle and their relationship to the osseous structures about the ankle are remarkably constant.", "contents": "A radiographic study of the ligamentous anatomy of the ankle. Ankle trauma commonly results in significant injury. Knowledge of the anatomy of the normally nonopaque major supportive ligaments, and their relationships to the osseous structures seen on standard roentgenograms, facilitates interpretation of both plain films and ankle arthrograms. A group of normal, non-preserved ankles was dissected. The laterally located anterior talofibular calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular, distal anterior tibiofibular ligaments, and the medially located deltoid ligament were carefully defined. They were coated with a mixture of powdered tantalum, photographed, and then radiographed in standard projections. The normal gross anatomy of these major supportive ligaments of the ankle and their relationship to the osseous structures about the ankle are remarkably constant."}
{"id": "PMID:928691", "title": "Rheumatoid nodulosis: another cuase of juxtarticular nodules.", "content": "A case of rheumatoid nodulosis and the difficulties encountered in its diagnosis are presented. A positive rheumatoid factor, biopsy proved involvement of the synovium and bone at the second metacarpophalangeal joint, and regression of nodules and mild arthritic symptoms with gold therapy, supported the diagnosis of a rheumatoid disease variant. The relationship of the disease to rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and xanthomatosis is discussed.", "contents": "Rheumatoid nodulosis: another cuase of juxtarticular nodules. A case of rheumatoid nodulosis and the difficulties encountered in its diagnosis are presented. A positive rheumatoid factor, biopsy proved involvement of the synovium and bone at the second metacarpophalangeal joint, and regression of nodules and mild arthritic symptoms with gold therapy, supported the diagnosis of a rheumatoid disease variant. The relationship of the disease to rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and xanthomatosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928692", "title": "Therapeutic embolization with long-term occluding agents and their effects on embolized tissues.", "content": "The effects of long-term occlusion of branches of the celiac and renal arteries were studied in 13 pigs, using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ibc), the Gianturco-Anderson-Wallace wool coil, and lvalon. IBC permanently occluded 2- to 8-cm lengths of both vessels, including their branches so that collateral circulation was not able to preserve the tissue supplied by the occluded artery. Gastric ulcers, splenic and hepatic infarcts, and large, sterile biliary cysts were observed on postmortem examination. Permanent occlusion was also observed with the wool coil and lvalon, but the pathological results were much less deleterious. The authors conclude that IBC is presently unsafe for use in branches of the celiac artery.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization with long-term occluding agents and their effects on embolized tissues. The effects of long-term occlusion of branches of the celiac and renal arteries were studied in 13 pigs, using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ibc), the Gianturco-Anderson-Wallace wool coil, and lvalon. IBC permanently occluded 2- to 8-cm lengths of both vessels, including their branches so that collateral circulation was not able to preserve the tissue supplied by the occluded artery. Gastric ulcers, splenic and hepatic infarcts, and large, sterile biliary cysts were observed on postmortem examination. Permanent occlusion was also observed with the wool coil and lvalon, but the pathological results were much less deleterious. The authors conclude that IBC is presently unsafe for use in branches of the celiac artery."}
{"id": "PMID:928693", "title": "Xeroradiographic studies in 150 patients with solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodules of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Xeroradiographic studies were performed in 150 patients with a solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodule of the thyroid gland. This procedure was demonstrated to be superior to conventional radiographic techniques in imaging the trachea, in the visualization of the cervical subcutaneous and visceral compartments and in the identification of cystic walls. It is also a sensitive method for the detection of calcifications. Psammoma bodies are typical for malignant changes in nodes whereas other types of microcalcifications are nonspecific. Coarse, amorphous calcifications are typical for benign adenomas with regressive changes; shell-like calcifications are seen in longstanding cysts.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic studies in 150 patients with solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodules of the thyroid gland. Xeroradiographic studies were performed in 150 patients with a solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodule of the thyroid gland. This procedure was demonstrated to be superior to conventional radiographic techniques in imaging the trachea, in the visualization of the cervical subcutaneous and visceral compartments and in the identification of cystic walls. It is also a sensitive method for the detection of calcifications. Psammoma bodies are typical for malignant changes in nodes whereas other types of microcalcifications are nonspecific. Coarse, amorphous calcifications are typical for benign adenomas with regressive changes; shell-like calcifications are seen in longstanding cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:928694", "title": "Lymphatic diverticulum: a persistent posterior lymph sac demonstrated by lymphography.", "content": "A lymphatic diverticulum was seen in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma. It was shown by lymphography to arise from the lymphatic vessels in the right side of the pelvis, and probably represented a partial persistence of an embryonic lymph sac.", "contents": "Lymphatic diverticulum: a persistent posterior lymph sac demonstrated by lymphography. A lymphatic diverticulum was seen in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma. It was shown by lymphography to arise from the lymphatic vessels in the right side of the pelvis, and probably represented a partial persistence of an embryonic lymph sac."}
{"id": "PMID:928695", "title": "Impedance plethysmography: correlation with contrast venography.", "content": "Impedance plethysmography is a noninvasive, indirect test for deep venous occlusion in the lower limbs. The results of ascending contrast venography impedance plethysmography have been compared in 315 limbs. Impedance plethysmography was positive in 77 of 79 limbs with acute deep vein thrombosis proximal to the calf. It was positive in 6 of 27 limbs with clot isolated in the calf. Only 7 false-positive plethysmograms were found in 161 normal contrast venograms. The clinical implications of these data are discussed.", "contents": "Impedance plethysmography: correlation with contrast venography. Impedance plethysmography is a noninvasive, indirect test for deep venous occlusion in the lower limbs. The results of ascending contrast venography impedance plethysmography have been compared in 315 limbs. Impedance plethysmography was positive in 77 of 79 limbs with acute deep vein thrombosis proximal to the calf. It was positive in 6 of 27 limbs with clot isolated in the calf. Only 7 false-positive plethysmograms were found in 161 normal contrast venograms. The clinical implications of these data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928696", "title": "Frontal and lateral views of the brain reconstructed from EMI axial slices.", "content": "A computer program has been written to produce lateral and frontal views of the brain from transverse slices generated by the EMI scanner. The resulting images have markedly facilitated the planning of surgical exploration of intracranial lesions by graphically indicating their locations in a manner consistent with the familiar lateral and frontal radiographs. Our image is formed from a distribution of the average EMI density number along the directio, of projection. Incorporated in the program is a bone-searching algorithm which eliminated density from the cranium and extracranial air and water so that only brain is seen in the projection. Several enhancement algorithms are provided to enhance pathology. The images are displayed on the existing EMI viewer, where they are available for inspection and photography.", "contents": "Frontal and lateral views of the brain reconstructed from EMI axial slices. A computer program has been written to produce lateral and frontal views of the brain from transverse slices generated by the EMI scanner. The resulting images have markedly facilitated the planning of surgical exploration of intracranial lesions by graphically indicating their locations in a manner consistent with the familiar lateral and frontal radiographs. Our image is formed from a distribution of the average EMI density number along the directio, of projection. Incorporated in the program is a bone-searching algorithm which eliminated density from the cranium and extracranial air and water so that only brain is seen in the projection. Several enhancement algorithms are provided to enhance pathology. The images are displayed on the existing EMI viewer, where they are available for inspection and photography."}
{"id": "PMID:928697", "title": "Contributions of computed tomography in the staging and management of malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Pretreatment staging is considered essential in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma, particularly nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease. The results of CT examination of 33 patients with malignant lymphoma are correlated with the results of lymphangiography, nuclide images of the liver and spleen, gallium citrate57 images of lymphoid tissue, and nuclide bone images. CT is least effective in the early clinical stages of malignant lymphoma because normal or minimally enlarged nodes are difficult to detect; CT is probably reliable enough to replace lymphangiography of gallium57 imaging in patients with advanced disease.", "contents": "Contributions of computed tomography in the staging and management of malignant lymphoma. Pretreatment staging is considered essential in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma, particularly nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease. The results of CT examination of 33 patients with malignant lymphoma are correlated with the results of lymphangiography, nuclide images of the liver and spleen, gallium citrate57 images of lymphoid tissue, and nuclide bone images. CT is least effective in the early clinical stages of malignant lymphoma because normal or minimally enlarged nodes are difficult to detect; CT is probably reliable enough to replace lymphangiography of gallium57 imaging in patients with advanced disease."}
{"id": "PMID:928698", "title": "Aneurysm of the azygos artery.", "content": "A saccular aneurysm of the azygos artery is reported. The relationship between (a) this aneurysm and the primitive vessel from which it arises and (b) the aneurysms which are frequently seen involving persistent carotid-basilar anastomoses is described.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the azygos artery. A saccular aneurysm of the azygos artery is reported. The relationship between (a) this aneurysm and the primitive vessel from which it arises and (b) the aneurysms which are frequently seen involving persistent carotid-basilar anastomoses is described."}
{"id": "PMID:928699", "title": "Some aspects of contralateral compression in carotid angiography.", "content": "The effect of compression of the noninjected carotid artery at carotid angiography was studied; compression above the bifurcation was compared to compression below the bifurcation. The timing of the compression in relation to the contrast injection was varied. In 12 patients an increased contrast dose was used. Retrograde contrast filling of the noninjected carotid was better when compression was applied below the biturcation. With increased contrast dose and prolonged injection time, visualization of the noninjected carotid artery was further improved, as was contrast filling of the noninjected hemisphere.", "contents": "Some aspects of contralateral compression in carotid angiography. The effect of compression of the noninjected carotid artery at carotid angiography was studied; compression above the bifurcation was compared to compression below the bifurcation. The timing of the compression in relation to the contrast injection was varied. In 12 patients an increased contrast dose was used. Retrograde contrast filling of the noninjected carotid was better when compression was applied below the biturcation. With increased contrast dose and prolonged injection time, visualization of the noninjected carotid artery was further improved, as was contrast filling of the noninjected hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:928700", "title": "Nerve rootlet avulsion. A complication of myelography using the Chynn needle.", "content": "The authors report a case of traumatic removal of nerve tissue during myelography with the Chynn aspiration cannula. If such a situation occurs, the authors suggest making a second puncture at a different level.", "contents": "Nerve rootlet avulsion. A complication of myelography using the Chynn needle. The authors report a case of traumatic removal of nerve tissue during myelography with the Chynn aspiration cannula. If such a situation occurs, the authors suggest making a second puncture at a different level."}
{"id": "PMID:928701", "title": "Role of the radionuclide brain image in the diagnosis of brainstem gliomas.", "content": "The noninvasive detection of brainstem gliomas remains difficult. Eleven of our patients with proven brainstem gliomas had radionuclide brain imaging prior to the initiation of therapy or confirmation of the diagnosis; six studies were positive. Pneumoencephalography remains the most reliable diagnostic test for brainstem glioma, and is invariably required for confirmation. Although angiography is useful in the evaluation of vasocularity it may not detect small infiltrating lesions. Radionuclide brain imaging is useful in the initial workup of patients with suspected brainstem gliomas.", "contents": "Role of the radionuclide brain image in the diagnosis of brainstem gliomas. The noninvasive detection of brainstem gliomas remains difficult. Eleven of our patients with proven brainstem gliomas had radionuclide brain imaging prior to the initiation of therapy or confirmation of the diagnosis; six studies were positive. Pneumoencephalography remains the most reliable diagnostic test for brainstem glioma, and is invariably required for confirmation. Although angiography is useful in the evaluation of vasocularity it may not detect small infiltrating lesions. Radionuclide brain imaging is useful in the initial workup of patients with suspected brainstem gliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:928702", "title": "Scintigraphic demonstration of epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele.", "content": "A 99MTc pertechnetate image demonstrated epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele in a 15-year-old youth with painless scrotal swelling. The differential diagnosis is reviewed.", "contents": "Scintigraphic demonstration of epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele. A 99MTc pertechnetate image demonstrated epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele in a 15-year-old youth with painless scrotal swelling. The differential diagnosis is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:928703", "title": "Testicular radionuclide angiography and static imaging: anatomy, scintigraphic interpretation, and clinical indications.", "content": "Radionuclide testicular angiography and static imaging is an easy, rapidly performed study. Its usefulness in separating acute testicular torsion from acute epididymitis has been confirmed. Increased angiographic perfusion with definition of the testicular and deferential arteries in the spermatic cord and the pudendal artery posteriorly is equated with inflammation. Intense increased vascularity on the blood pool image is seen in abscess and acute inflammation, while cases of tumor and trauma have mild increases. Acute or missed testicular torsion, uncomplicated hydroceles, and spermatoceles show absent vascularity. On the static images, decreased activity is characteristic of the stage and location of the avascular structure, Technical factors are stressed.", "contents": "Testicular radionuclide angiography and static imaging: anatomy, scintigraphic interpretation, and clinical indications. Radionuclide testicular angiography and static imaging is an easy, rapidly performed study. Its usefulness in separating acute testicular torsion from acute epididymitis has been confirmed. Increased angiographic perfusion with definition of the testicular and deferential arteries in the spermatic cord and the pudendal artery posteriorly is equated with inflammation. Intense increased vascularity on the blood pool image is seen in abscess and acute inflammation, while cases of tumor and trauma have mild increases. Acute or missed testicular torsion, uncomplicated hydroceles, and spermatoceles show absent vascularity. On the static images, decreased activity is characteristic of the stage and location of the avascular structure, Technical factors are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:928704", "title": "Total and individual kidney function assessment with iodine-123 ortho-iodohippurate.", "content": "A simple and reliable method of preparing 123l o-iodohippurate (l-123 OIH) is described. The agent was used to evaluate renal function in 329 patients; its use results in significant dose reduction for those with obstruction, hypertension, or transplant. Images from l-123 OIH provide 2.4 times more detectable photons per mCi administered to the patient than images obtained from l-131 OIH. Diagnoses are expected to be more reliable with l-123 OIH due to the decreased random variation of each data point.", "contents": "Total and individual kidney function assessment with iodine-123 ortho-iodohippurate. A simple and reliable method of preparing 123l o-iodohippurate (l-123 OIH) is described. The agent was used to evaluate renal function in 329 patients; its use results in significant dose reduction for those with obstruction, hypertension, or transplant. Images from l-123 OIH provide 2.4 times more detectable photons per mCi administered to the patient than images obtained from l-131 OIH. Diagnoses are expected to be more reliable with l-123 OIH due to the decreased random variation of each data point."}
{"id": "PMID:928705", "title": "Evaluation of 99mTc diphosphonate kinetics and bone scans in patients with Paget's disease before and after calcitonin treatment.", "content": "Eleven patients with Paget's disease of bone underwent serial total body bone scars before and after therapy with calcitonin. All patients studied showed improvement clinically as well as biochemically. Scan improvement was noted in patients with mild disease. Patients with severe disease showed either to change or only slight improvement on the serial bone scars The scan was of greatest value in determining the extent of disease, especially in 3 patients in whom biochemical values were normal. A single pulse injection of 50 M.R.C. units of salmon calcitonin produced a significant increase in the blood clearance of 99mTc diphosphonate. The mechanism of this effect is not clear from this study.", "contents": "Evaluation of 99mTc diphosphonate kinetics and bone scans in patients with Paget's disease before and after calcitonin treatment. Eleven patients with Paget's disease of bone underwent serial total body bone scars before and after therapy with calcitonin. All patients studied showed improvement clinically as well as biochemically. Scan improvement was noted in patients with mild disease. Patients with severe disease showed either to change or only slight improvement on the serial bone scars The scan was of greatest value in determining the extent of disease, especially in 3 patients in whom biochemical values were normal. A single pulse injection of 50 M.R.C. units of salmon calcitonin produced a significant increase in the blood clearance of 99mTc diphosphonate. The mechanism of this effect is not clear from this study."}
{"id": "PMID:928706", "title": "Assessment of conventional criteria for the early diagnosis of thrombophlebitis with the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test.", "content": "Analysis of 55 positive tests of a total of 300 tests by conventional criteria revealed that 125I-fibrinogen provides useful information early enough for clinical management. Of the tests which were ultimately interpreted as positive by conventional criteria, at least one was positive at 3-4 hours in 67% of the tests and 98% of the tests were positive at 24 hours after the administration of 125I-fibrinogen. A 20% difference between contralateral identical locations of the legs and a 20% difference between adjacent locations of the ipsilateral leg were found with almost equal frequency in the positive tests, whereas a 20% increase at the same location was less sensitive. The 125I-fibrogen uptake test is a simple and accurate technique for early diagnosis of active thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Assessment of conventional criteria for the early diagnosis of thrombophlebitis with the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. Analysis of 55 positive tests of a total of 300 tests by conventional criteria revealed that 125I-fibrinogen provides useful information early enough for clinical management. Of the tests which were ultimately interpreted as positive by conventional criteria, at least one was positive at 3-4 hours in 67% of the tests and 98% of the tests were positive at 24 hours after the administration of 125I-fibrinogen. A 20% difference between contralateral identical locations of the legs and a 20% difference between adjacent locations of the ipsilateral leg were found with almost equal frequency in the positive tests, whereas a 20% increase at the same location was less sensitive. The 125I-fibrogen uptake test is a simple and accurate technique for early diagnosis of active thrombophlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:928707", "title": "Diagnosis oligohydramnios-related pulmonary hypoplasia (Potter syndrome): value of portable voiding cystourethrography in newborns with respiratory distress.", "content": "Potter renal nonfunctional syndrome is an association of facial and limb anomalies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and fetal renal anomalies which lead to marked oligohydramnios, including renal agenesis (true Potter syndrome), renal cystic dysplasia, and obstructive uropathies. Some infants survive long enough to develop severe respiratory distress secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia. The underlying renal disease is often noted only at autopsy. We studied four infants, only one of whom had clinical signs of the renal nonfunction syndrome. Portable voiding cystourethrography revealed a tiny bladder in three infants with cystic dysplasia kidneys (two of these infants had reflux into unused ureters). Bladder hypertrophy and vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior uretral valves were noted in the fourth infant.", "contents": "Diagnosis oligohydramnios-related pulmonary hypoplasia (Potter syndrome): value of portable voiding cystourethrography in newborns with respiratory distress. Potter renal nonfunctional syndrome is an association of facial and limb anomalies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and fetal renal anomalies which lead to marked oligohydramnios, including renal agenesis (true Potter syndrome), renal cystic dysplasia, and obstructive uropathies. Some infants survive long enough to develop severe respiratory distress secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia. The underlying renal disease is often noted only at autopsy. We studied four infants, only one of whom had clinical signs of the renal nonfunction syndrome. Portable voiding cystourethrography revealed a tiny bladder in three infants with cystic dysplasia kidneys (two of these infants had reflux into unused ureters). Bladder hypertrophy and vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior uretral valves were noted in the fourth infant."}
{"id": "PMID:928708", "title": "Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "The clinical histories and radiographs of 28 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. Symptoms developed before the age of 17 in all cases. Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affected youths in their early teens, who presented most commonly with appendicular joint complaints rather than low back pain. The disease was progressive, with the characteristic changes of ankylosing spondylitis eventually occurring in the spine and sacroiliac joints, frequently accompanied by widespread and severe changes in the appendolar joints. HLA B 27 antigen was present in 8 of the 9 patients tested. Thorough clinical, radiographic, and laboratory examination should prevent confusion with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical histories and radiographs of 28 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. Symptoms developed before the age of 17 in all cases. Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affected youths in their early teens, who presented most commonly with appendicular joint complaints rather than low back pain. The disease was progressive, with the characteristic changes of ankylosing spondylitis eventually occurring in the spine and sacroiliac joints, frequently accompanied by widespread and severe changes in the appendolar joints. HLA B 27 antigen was present in 8 of the 9 patients tested. Thorough clinical, radiographic, and laboratory examination should prevent confusion with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:928709", "title": "Slipped femoral capital epiphysis as a sequela to childhood irradiation for malignant tumors.", "content": "Five cases of slipped femoral capital epiphysis were noted in children with prior irradiation for malignancy whose femoral head and neck had been included in the radiation portal. Three of the 5 were patients who had lymphoma. As a result of increasing survival rates for these types of patients, this previously unrecognized radiation-related growth disturbance may be more likely to be seen in the future.", "contents": "Slipped femoral capital epiphysis as a sequela to childhood irradiation for malignant tumors. Five cases of slipped femoral capital epiphysis were noted in children with prior irradiation for malignancy whose femoral head and neck had been included in the radiation portal. Three of the 5 were patients who had lymphoma. As a result of increasing survival rates for these types of patients, this previously unrecognized radiation-related growth disturbance may be more likely to be seen in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:928710", "title": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic masses in children.", "content": "The authors suggest that ultrasound be used in the evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic lesions before resorting to other radiographic methods. This technique gives accurate diagnoses, serves as a guide for further studies, and might obviate more extensive procedures.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic masses in children. The authors suggest that ultrasound be used in the evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic lesions before resorting to other radiographic methods. This technique gives accurate diagnoses, serves as a guide for further studies, and might obviate more extensive procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:928711", "title": "Rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by ultrasound.", "content": "Three cases of pancreatic pseudocyst were followed serially by ultrasound examination. The entity was found to be more dynamic than has been generally thought. The rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts was documented. The timing of surgical intervention in these cases must be reevaluated.", "contents": "Rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by ultrasound. Three cases of pancreatic pseudocyst were followed serially by ultrasound examination. The entity was found to be more dynamic than has been generally thought. The rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts was documented. The timing of surgical intervention in these cases must be reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:928712", "title": "Thyroid echography of subacute thyroiditis.", "content": "Ultrasound was used to study 10 patients with subacute thyroiditis. With gray-scale technique, a \"washed-out\" appearance was seen during the active phase of the active phase of the illness. Clinical migration of the inflammation was accompanied by migration of the sonographic abnormality. Ultrasound can be especially helpful in the diagnosis of unilateral subacute thyroiditis and the differentiation of true cysts from hemorrhagic degeneration of goiter.", "contents": "Thyroid echography of subacute thyroiditis. Ultrasound was used to study 10 patients with subacute thyroiditis. With gray-scale technique, a \"washed-out\" appearance was seen during the active phase of the active phase of the illness. Clinical migration of the inflammation was accompanied by migration of the sonographic abnormality. Ultrasound can be especially helpful in the diagnosis of unilateral subacute thyroiditis and the differentiation of true cysts from hemorrhagic degeneration of goiter."}
{"id": "PMID:928713", "title": "Radiation therapy of craniopharyngioma.", "content": "The histories of 32 patients with craniopharygioma who had received radiotherapy after surgery were reviewed to assess the effect and adequacy of the radiation dose. The survival rates were 69% at 5 years and 60% at 10 years in all cases, but depended markedly on sex and age. Symptomatic improvement and histological changes in the irradiated tumor are also discussed. Radiation therapy with a dose ranging from 5500 to 6000 rads (approximately 1700 rets) after the first surgical intervention definitely improves the prognosis.", "contents": "Radiation therapy of craniopharyngioma. The histories of 32 patients with craniopharygioma who had received radiotherapy after surgery were reviewed to assess the effect and adequacy of the radiation dose. The survival rates were 69% at 5 years and 60% at 10 years in all cases, but depended markedly on sex and age. Symptomatic improvement and histological changes in the irradiated tumor are also discussed. Radiation therapy with a dose ranging from 5500 to 6000 rads (approximately 1700 rets) after the first surgical intervention definitely improves the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:928714", "title": "Pulmonary, pleural and thoracic changes complicating chemotherapy.", "content": "Chronic respiratory failure slowly developed in two pediatric patients following long-term cyclophosphamide therapy for lymphocytic malignancy. One patient survived 12 years after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed but died of respiratory failure at age 16 still in initial remission; the other, a 12-year survivor of Hodgkin disease, has progressive deterioration of pulmonary function. Each patient received cyclophosphamide (less than 70 g) during the initial years of the disease. Autopsy of the first patient and lung biopsy in the second revealed severe pulmonary fibrosis. There was loss of compliance and a dramatic change in the shape of the thorax which produced a markedly reduced anteroposterior diameter in both patients, and recurrent pneumothoraces in one.", "contents": "Pulmonary, pleural and thoracic changes complicating chemotherapy. Chronic respiratory failure slowly developed in two pediatric patients following long-term cyclophosphamide therapy for lymphocytic malignancy. One patient survived 12 years after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed but died of respiratory failure at age 16 still in initial remission; the other, a 12-year survivor of Hodgkin disease, has progressive deterioration of pulmonary function. Each patient received cyclophosphamide (less than 70 g) during the initial years of the disease. Autopsy of the first patient and lung biopsy in the second revealed severe pulmonary fibrosis. There was loss of compliance and a dramatic change in the shape of the thorax which produced a markedly reduced anteroposterior diameter in both patients, and recurrent pneumothoraces in one."}
{"id": "PMID:928715", "title": "Screen/film system speed: its dependence on x-ray energy.", "content": "Dependence of the speed of various screen/film systems on x-ray energy was studied using the nearly monoenergetic x rays emitted by a filtered fluorescent source. The results show that response depends on screen phosphor composition and thickness. Barium and rare earth screens having K absorption energies lower than that of calcium tungstate are relatively more sensitive to x rays in the 40-70-keV region.", "contents": "Screen/film system speed: its dependence on x-ray energy. Dependence of the speed of various screen/film systems on x-ray energy was studied using the nearly monoenergetic x rays emitted by a filtered fluorescent source. The results show that response depends on screen phosphor composition and thickness. Barium and rare earth screens having K absorption energies lower than that of calcium tungstate are relatively more sensitive to x rays in the 40-70-keV region."}
{"id": "PMID:928716", "title": "The influence of bone on 45 MV photon dose distributions.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the pertubation of 45 MV depth dose distribution in a water phantom equipped with various thicknesses of bone-equivalent plastic. An increased dose was observed immediately behind the bone material and a reduced dose was found for points located greater than 5 cm behind the bone-equivalent plastic. The most significant change of the depth dose curve was produced by bone located in the dose build-up region.", "contents": "The influence of bone on 45 MV photon dose distributions. In an attempt to assess the pertubation of 45 MV depth dose distribution in a water phantom equipped with various thicknesses of bone-equivalent plastic. An increased dose was observed immediately behind the bone material and a reduced dose was found for points located greater than 5 cm behind the bone-equivalent plastic. The most significant change of the depth dose curve was produced by bone located in the dose build-up region."}
{"id": "PMID:928717", "title": "Application of a new torque wire in visceral, extremity, and neuroangiography.", "content": "The authors describe a flexible torque wire which is beneficial in superselective catheterization. Used in conjunction with the 5 French catheter, it permits high quality results in tortuous aortic arches and there have been no complications.", "contents": "Application of a new torque wire in visceral, extremity, and neuroangiography. The authors describe a flexible torque wire which is beneficial in superselective catheterization. Used in conjunction with the 5 French catheter, it permits high quality results in tortuous aortic arches and there have been no complications."}
{"id": "PMID:928718", "title": "The six French Catheter in arch aortography.", "content": "Local thromboembolic complications of arterial catheterization may be diminished by the use of smaller-sized catheters. Described are (a) the use of a size 6 French catheter with side holes for routine arch aortography; and (b) the lowest bursting points for two such types of commercially available catheters.", "contents": "The six French Catheter in arch aortography. Local thromboembolic complications of arterial catheterization may be diminished by the use of smaller-sized catheters. Described are (a) the use of a size 6 French catheter with side holes for routine arch aortography; and (b) the lowest bursting points for two such types of commercially available catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:928719", "title": "An improved cervical radium applicator.", "content": "Design improvements have retained the advantages of a previously described afterloading radium system, while facilitating insertion by minimizing the space required for passing the apparatus through the introitus. The mechanical integration of the parts of the apparatus results in smoother insertion, reliability of positioning, and less patient discomfort.", "contents": "An improved cervical radium applicator. Design improvements have retained the advantages of a previously described afterloading radium system, while facilitating insertion by minimizing the space required for passing the apparatus through the introitus. The mechanical integration of the parts of the apparatus results in smoother insertion, reliability of positioning, and less patient discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:928720", "title": "A simple traction device for use in the radiology department.", "content": "Portable sustained graded traction for control of the displaced cervical spine particularly for patients undergoing tomography or gas myelography, is described.", "contents": "A simple traction device for use in the radiology department. Portable sustained graded traction for control of the displaced cervical spine particularly for patients undergoing tomography or gas myelography, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:928849", "title": "[Eco-ethological significance of the allometric development of the two visual systems in chiroptera].", "content": "Volumes of the rostral colliculus and the nuclei of the geniculate body were examined in 19 species of Chiroptera belonging to 8 families characterized by different eco-ethological adaptations. These volumes were compared to those of Basal Insectivores using the allometry formula. The data were expressed in terms of progression indices which estimate how many times a given brain center is greater than that of a Basal Insectivore of the same body weight. According to the progression indices of the rostral colliculus, Chiroptera separate into two groups: the Megachiroptera which have a mean index of 331 and the Microchiroptera with a mean index of 188. On the other hand, mean indices of the lateral geniculate body distinguish between three groups : the Megachiroptera (mean 869); the frugivorous and nectarivorous Microchiroptera (mean 293); the insect-eating, blood sucking, and fish eating Microchiroptera (mean 135). The results indicate that the two anatomically and structurally distinct elements belong to two functionally different visual systems which have evolved somewhat independently. The relation between allometric development of these visual centers and the eco-ethological adaptations of the species examined reveals, to a certain extent, the relative importance of the different functional aspects of vision.", "contents": "[Eco-ethological significance of the allometric development of the two visual systems in chiroptera]. Volumes of the rostral colliculus and the nuclei of the geniculate body were examined in 19 species of Chiroptera belonging to 8 families characterized by different eco-ethological adaptations. These volumes were compared to those of Basal Insectivores using the allometry formula. The data were expressed in terms of progression indices which estimate how many times a given brain center is greater than that of a Basal Insectivore of the same body weight. According to the progression indices of the rostral colliculus, Chiroptera separate into two groups: the Megachiroptera which have a mean index of 331 and the Microchiroptera with a mean index of 188. On the other hand, mean indices of the lateral geniculate body distinguish between three groups : the Megachiroptera (mean 869); the frugivorous and nectarivorous Microchiroptera (mean 293); the insect-eating, blood sucking, and fish eating Microchiroptera (mean 135). The results indicate that the two anatomically and structurally distinct elements belong to two functionally different visual systems which have evolved somewhat independently. The relation between allometric development of these visual centers and the eco-ethological adaptations of the species examined reveals, to a certain extent, the relative importance of the different functional aspects of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:928850", "title": "Specific inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in regenerating rat liver by a rat hepatocytes supernatant.", "content": "Studies on endogenous inhibitors obtained from supernatant fluids of rat hepatocytes indicated that the supernatant arrests the normal cell cycle at two points, namely, before the beginning of the S phase and at the onset of metaphase when assayed in regenerating liver cells in situ. The specificity of this (these) inhibitory substance(s) was evidenced by the finding that no inhibition of cell division was observed in situ in tongue, intestine, or kidneys of animals injected with concentrations of the hepatocyte supernatant that inhibited cell division in regenerating liver. When higher concentrations of the inhibitor-containing supernatant were used, only the tongue epithelial cells were affected in addition to the regenerating liver cells.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in regenerating rat liver by a rat hepatocytes supernatant. Studies on endogenous inhibitors obtained from supernatant fluids of rat hepatocytes indicated that the supernatant arrests the normal cell cycle at two points, namely, before the beginning of the S phase and at the onset of metaphase when assayed in regenerating liver cells in situ. The specificity of this (these) inhibitory substance(s) was evidenced by the finding that no inhibition of cell division was observed in situ in tongue, intestine, or kidneys of animals injected with concentrations of the hepatocyte supernatant that inhibited cell division in regenerating liver. When higher concentrations of the inhibitor-containing supernatant were used, only the tongue epithelial cells were affected in addition to the regenerating liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:928851", "title": "Relative estimation of ventilatory fow rate in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.)", "content": "Freshwater eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were experimented on in order to measure ventilatory flow rate (by means of a direct method of collecting expired water), and simultaneously, to record sub-opercular pressure changes and opercular displacements (operculogram). Significant correlations (p less than 0.01) were found between the ventilatory flow rate (V) and various characteristics of operculiogram records. The relationships which are significant in each fish experimented on are; V = a(f.lo) + b; V = a(f.Ao) % b and V = a(f.Ao2) + b(f: ventilatory frequency: Ao and lo: mean amplitude and result of integration of opercular tracings). Considering the technical difficulties in measuring the ventilation flow rate of the eel, the easier operculographic recording methods lead to a correct estimation of relative changes in ventilatory flow rate, by using the refined relationship: V = a(Ao1.63).", "contents": "Relative estimation of ventilatory fow rate in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Freshwater eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were experimented on in order to measure ventilatory flow rate (by means of a direct method of collecting expired water), and simultaneously, to record sub-opercular pressure changes and opercular displacements (operculogram). Significant correlations (p less than 0.01) were found between the ventilatory flow rate (V) and various characteristics of operculiogram records. The relationships which are significant in each fish experimented on are; V = a(f.lo) + b; V = a(f.Ao) % b and V = a(f.Ao2) + b(f: ventilatory frequency: Ao and lo: mean amplitude and result of integration of opercular tracings). Considering the technical difficulties in measuring the ventilation flow rate of the eel, the easier operculographic recording methods lead to a correct estimation of relative changes in ventilatory flow rate, by using the refined relationship: V = a(Ao1.63)."}
{"id": "PMID:928853", "title": "Regression of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in BCG-sensitized mice.", "content": "Intraperitoneal inoculation of CF1 mice with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) protected many of them against the ascites form of Ehrlich carcinoma; and, for those that developed cancer, complete regression occurred in up to 50% of the cases at an advanced state of the neoplastic disease. In contrast, when a booster dose of BCG was administered in admixture with tumor cells, the incidence of the tumor was lower and tumor regressions were very rarely observed in mice that developed cancer. Trypan blue, an inhibitor of lysosomal enzymes of macrophages, was found to markedly suppress the natural (innate) antitumor resistance of control mice as well as the acquired resistance and tumor regressions of BCG-sensitized mice. Moreover, a comparison of the cytotoxic activity of the adherent (macrophages) and nonadherent (predominantly lymphocytes) cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity of BCG-sensitized mice, as measured by the inhibition of DNA synthesis, revealed that the effector cells were amongst the macrophages. In contrast, spleen macrophages were devoid of cytotoxicity. The spleen lymphocytes from both BCG-sensitized and control mice possessed about the same significant cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that the activated peritoneal macrophages, induced by a local injection of BCG, could play an important role in the antitumor immunity against Ehrlich carcinoma.", "contents": "Regression of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in BCG-sensitized mice. Intraperitoneal inoculation of CF1 mice with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) protected many of them against the ascites form of Ehrlich carcinoma; and, for those that developed cancer, complete regression occurred in up to 50% of the cases at an advanced state of the neoplastic disease. In contrast, when a booster dose of BCG was administered in admixture with tumor cells, the incidence of the tumor was lower and tumor regressions were very rarely observed in mice that developed cancer. Trypan blue, an inhibitor of lysosomal enzymes of macrophages, was found to markedly suppress the natural (innate) antitumor resistance of control mice as well as the acquired resistance and tumor regressions of BCG-sensitized mice. Moreover, a comparison of the cytotoxic activity of the adherent (macrophages) and nonadherent (predominantly lymphocytes) cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity of BCG-sensitized mice, as measured by the inhibition of DNA synthesis, revealed that the effector cells were amongst the macrophages. In contrast, spleen macrophages were devoid of cytotoxicity. The spleen lymphocytes from both BCG-sensitized and control mice possessed about the same significant cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that the activated peritoneal macrophages, induced by a local injection of BCG, could play an important role in the antitumor immunity against Ehrlich carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:928854", "title": "Induction of antituberculous immunity by polysaccharidic contaminants of crude ribosomal vaccines isolated from Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG.", "content": "Crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis are capable of inducing antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice. These crude preparations contain varying amounts of polysaccharides in addition to ribosomal ribonucleic acid and proteins. Whereas these latter two constituents of the crude fractions were found inactive, high levels of antituberculous immunity were induced by a ribosomal sub-fraction significantly enriched with polysaccharides. These results strongly suggest that polysaccharides play an important role in the induction of antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice immunized with crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain and that if ribosomal proteins and/or RNA are of a certain importance, their role would be secondary (complexes providing physical support to polysaccharides, adjuvant, etc.).", "contents": "Induction of antituberculous immunity by polysaccharidic contaminants of crude ribosomal vaccines isolated from Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG. Crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis are capable of inducing antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice. These crude preparations contain varying amounts of polysaccharides in addition to ribosomal ribonucleic acid and proteins. Whereas these latter two constituents of the crude fractions were found inactive, high levels of antituberculous immunity were induced by a ribosomal sub-fraction significantly enriched with polysaccharides. These results strongly suggest that polysaccharides play an important role in the induction of antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice immunized with crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain and that if ribosomal proteins and/or RNA are of a certain importance, their role would be secondary (complexes providing physical support to polysaccharides, adjuvant, etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:928855", "title": "[Formation of spheriods by cultured human diploid cells].", "content": "When human lung diploid fibroblasts are grown in micro-wells in presence of the organic buffer HEPES in an atmosphere of 5% of CO2, the cells migrate and form spheroids. Histologic examination reveals the presence of fibroblastic and epithelioid cells in these spheroids. Signs of degeneration are seen in both cell types under the electron microscope. Following dissociation of the spheroids and their subculture in absence of HEPES, the cells reverse to their original fibroblast-like morphology and grow in monolayer.", "contents": "[Formation of spheriods by cultured human diploid cells]. When human lung diploid fibroblasts are grown in micro-wells in presence of the organic buffer HEPES in an atmosphere of 5% of CO2, the cells migrate and form spheroids. Histologic examination reveals the presence of fibroblastic and epithelioid cells in these spheroids. Signs of degeneration are seen in both cell types under the electron microscope. Following dissociation of the spheroids and their subculture in absence of HEPES, the cells reverse to their original fibroblast-like morphology and grow in monolayer."}
{"id": "PMID:928894", "title": "[Modifications of sleep \"in utero\" in guinea pig after maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA on sleep in utero were studied by polygraphic method in Guinea Pig faetus from the 53th day of gestation. Maternal injection of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (100 and 200 mg/kg) produces a typical sedative effect on the faetus from the first hour after drug administration. But, effects appear attenuated in comparison to those of the new-born Guinea Pig: a paradoxical sleep-deprivation of only 30% is observed during the 12 hours period after drug injection. Causes of the attenuation in utero of these drug effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Modifications of sleep \"in utero\" in guinea pig after maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (author's transl)]. Effects of maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA on sleep in utero were studied by polygraphic method in Guinea Pig faetus from the 53th day of gestation. Maternal injection of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (100 and 200 mg/kg) produces a typical sedative effect on the faetus from the first hour after drug administration. But, effects appear attenuated in comparison to those of the new-born Guinea Pig: a paradoxical sleep-deprivation of only 30% is observed during the 12 hours period after drug injection. Causes of the attenuation in utero of these drug effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928895", "title": "[Visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex in the cat after an early suppression of cochlear receptors (author's transl)].", "content": "In the adult cat, after an early degeneration (hereditary deaf white cats) or surgical removal of auditory receptors, it is possible to record visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex. The appearance of such potentials depends on two conditions: a complete (bilateral) and early (first postnatal month) deafferentation. This can be explained by an early multi-afferentation of the primary cortical areas. The early suppression of the primary modality may keep the other modalities still working in the adult.", "contents": "[Visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex in the cat after an early suppression of cochlear receptors (author's transl)]. In the adult cat, after an early degeneration (hereditary deaf white cats) or surgical removal of auditory receptors, it is possible to record visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex. The appearance of such potentials depends on two conditions: a complete (bilateral) and early (first postnatal month) deafferentation. This can be explained by an early multi-afferentation of the primary cortical areas. The early suppression of the primary modality may keep the other modalities still working in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:928893", "title": "[The maturation of the E.E.G. and sleep; genetic and environmental factors (author's transl)].", "content": "Whilst studying the post-natal maturation of reflexes, EEG activity, rhythmic activity in Slonaker's wheels and the learning of adult mice, strains showing less pronounced rhythmic activity and more immature EEG and reflexes at birth were discovered. On the other hand some strains having a shorter post-natal period manifest an early maturation of their central nervous system. The results indicate that complex interactions exist between genotype and environment when the different post-natal maturation appearances are considered and that EEG activity may be useful in assessing development.", "contents": "[The maturation of the E.E.G. and sleep; genetic and environmental factors (author's transl)]. Whilst studying the post-natal maturation of reflexes, EEG activity, rhythmic activity in Slonaker's wheels and the learning of adult mice, strains showing less pronounced rhythmic activity and more immature EEG and reflexes at birth were discovered. On the other hand some strains having a shorter post-natal period manifest an early maturation of their central nervous system. The results indicate that complex interactions exist between genotype and environment when the different post-natal maturation appearances are considered and that EEG activity may be useful in assessing development."}
{"id": "PMID:928896", "title": "[An electroencephalographic study of the foetus during labour. Technique and interpretation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experiences in recording foetal E.E.Gs at the time of labour, based on 140 studies. They studied normal E.E.Gs and emphasise the existence of a sleep-waking pattern during dilatation. They consider the E.E.G. changes during the different stages of labour and assess the results against other techniques used to assess foetal well-being. They record the effects on the E.E.G. of various anaesthetics and analgesics given to the mother. The difficulty of the technique is stressed and they conclude that despite the obvious interest of the technique it is not currently suitable for routine obstetric practice.", "contents": "[An electroencephalographic study of the foetus during labour. Technique and interpretation (author's transl)]. The authors report their experiences in recording foetal E.E.Gs at the time of labour, based on 140 studies. They studied normal E.E.Gs and emphasise the existence of a sleep-waking pattern during dilatation. They consider the E.E.G. changes during the different stages of labour and assess the results against other techniques used to assess foetal well-being. They record the effects on the E.E.G. of various anaesthetics and analgesics given to the mother. The difficulty of the technique is stressed and they conclude that despite the obvious interest of the technique it is not currently suitable for routine obstetric practice."}
{"id": "PMID:928901", "title": "[Lambda waves in the neonate (author's transl)].", "content": "Different types of sharp elements can be observed over the occipital regions from the 2nd postnatal week in the open-eyed child, with active eye movement but practically no body movement. Certain of these sharply localised elements in the occipital midlin are identical to adult lambda waves. Their early occurrence calls to mind the emergence of visual function and attention, these latter occurring at the end of the neonatal period between 7 and 9 days.", "contents": "[Lambda waves in the neonate (author's transl)]. Different types of sharp elements can be observed over the occipital regions from the 2nd postnatal week in the open-eyed child, with active eye movement but practically no body movement. Certain of these sharply localised elements in the occipital midlin are identical to adult lambda waves. Their early occurrence calls to mind the emergence of visual function and attention, these latter occurring at the end of the neonatal period between 7 and 9 days."}
{"id": "PMID:928902", "title": "[An electroencephalographic study of neonatal subdural haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "Subdural haemorrhages in the neonate are still rarely recognised clinically. This study was carried out using E.E.G. data obtained from 12 cases of subdural haemorrhages in full-term neonates, the diagnosis being confirmed at post-mortem. In 2 of the cases where the subdural haemorrhage was localised, the E.E.G. was moderately abnormal with depression of the background activity but without seizure activity and with preservation of sleep organisation. In the other 10 children, the subdural haemorrhage was associated with underlying cortical necrosis. All these recordings were markedly abnormal either inactive or paroxysmal or with low amplitude activity with interspersed sharp wave discharges. Two out of these cases had seizure activity on their trace. The sleep organisation, when appreciable had disappeared. The subdural haemorrhages were usually bilateral and when unilateral, localising signs (depression of activity on ipsilateral side of focal seizure activity) are of little help. The E.E.G. is in fact of little diagnostic value in neonatal subdural haemorrhage but enables the degree of underlying cerebral damage to be assessed.", "contents": "[An electroencephalographic study of neonatal subdural haemorrhage (author's transl)]. Subdural haemorrhages in the neonate are still rarely recognised clinically. This study was carried out using E.E.G. data obtained from 12 cases of subdural haemorrhages in full-term neonates, the diagnosis being confirmed at post-mortem. In 2 of the cases where the subdural haemorrhage was localised, the E.E.G. was moderately abnormal with depression of the background activity but without seizure activity and with preservation of sleep organisation. In the other 10 children, the subdural haemorrhage was associated with underlying cortical necrosis. All these recordings were markedly abnormal either inactive or paroxysmal or with low amplitude activity with interspersed sharp wave discharges. Two out of these cases had seizure activity on their trace. The sleep organisation, when appreciable had disappeared. The subdural haemorrhages were usually bilateral and when unilateral, localising signs (depression of activity on ipsilateral side of focal seizure activity) are of little help. The E.E.G. is in fact of little diagnostic value in neonatal subdural haemorrhage but enables the degree of underlying cerebral damage to be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:928897", "title": "[Waking and sleeping E.E.G. in normal babies before 6 months of age (author's transl)].", "content": "In 44 children aged from 1 week to 6 months, 70 polygraph records were performed. The day tracings were carried out in the nursery in the child's normal environment. They lasted from 1 to 3 sleep cycles. As well as classical EEG developmental data, some new or rarely described in the literature data are pointed out. The onset of sleep is frequently difficult to define precisely. EEG slowing sometimes begin the eye open. Up to 12 weeks, the mode of onset of sleep (defined by the sole criterion of rapide eye movements) is variable: some babies fall asleep in active (AS), the other in quiet sleep (QS). After 12 weeks of age, all children fall asleep in quiet sleep. The early appearance on the median line of the fiqures characteristic of stages of maturity is striking. Vertex sharp waves and spindles appear in QS from 3 weeks with marked interindividual variation. The rhythmic vertex-occipital sharp figures (\"saw-tooth\" waves) of AS appear after 5 weeks and become well defined from 11 weeks. Several weeks later these characteristic figures spread to the central and posterior areas of the two hemispheres. Quiet sleep and active sleep in babies before 6 months of age are not similar to the slow wave and paradoxical sleep of the adult. Some behavioural parameters, such as body and eye movements permit to oppose the 2 states of sleep as they do in adult. On the contrary, the EEG morphology and certain other variables present some differences compared to the adult.", "contents": "[Waking and sleeping E.E.G. in normal babies before 6 months of age (author's transl)]. In 44 children aged from 1 week to 6 months, 70 polygraph records were performed. The day tracings were carried out in the nursery in the child's normal environment. They lasted from 1 to 3 sleep cycles. As well as classical EEG developmental data, some new or rarely described in the literature data are pointed out. The onset of sleep is frequently difficult to define precisely. EEG slowing sometimes begin the eye open. Up to 12 weeks, the mode of onset of sleep (defined by the sole criterion of rapide eye movements) is variable: some babies fall asleep in active (AS), the other in quiet sleep (QS). After 12 weeks of age, all children fall asleep in quiet sleep. The early appearance on the median line of the fiqures characteristic of stages of maturity is striking. Vertex sharp waves and spindles appear in QS from 3 weeks with marked interindividual variation. The rhythmic vertex-occipital sharp figures (\"saw-tooth\" waves) of AS appear after 5 weeks and become well defined from 11 weeks. Several weeks later these characteristic figures spread to the central and posterior areas of the two hemispheres. Quiet sleep and active sleep in babies before 6 months of age are not similar to the slow wave and paradoxical sleep of the adult. Some behavioural parameters, such as body and eye movements permit to oppose the 2 states of sleep as they do in adult. On the contrary, the EEG morphology and certain other variables present some differences compared to the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:928899", "title": "[Functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex S1 in the rat. Electrophysiological and histochemical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex has been studied using the projection areas of the whiskers. Natural stimulation of the whiskers evokes global potentials and unitary responses from the 4th postnatal day on. From the 2nd postnatal week the characteristics of the unit responses approximate in latency, topographic organisation of the projections, coding of the directions and temporal characteristics of the stimulation those of the adult. The histochemical activity of succinyl dehydrogenase is demonstrated in layer IV a little before the first electrophysiological response but the typical massed organisation is only seen from the 5th postnatal day. During maturation optical densitometry shows a rapid rise in enzyme activity untill the 7th postnatal day then a slower rise up to the 21st day after which it stabilises.", "contents": "[Functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex S1 in the rat. Electrophysiological and histochemical study (author's transl)]. The functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex has been studied using the projection areas of the whiskers. Natural stimulation of the whiskers evokes global potentials and unitary responses from the 4th postnatal day on. From the 2nd postnatal week the characteristics of the unit responses approximate in latency, topographic organisation of the projections, coding of the directions and temporal characteristics of the stimulation those of the adult. The histochemical activity of succinyl dehydrogenase is demonstrated in layer IV a little before the first electrophysiological response but the typical massed organisation is only seen from the 5th postnatal day. During maturation optical densitometry shows a rapid rise in enzyme activity untill the 7th postnatal day then a slower rise up to the 21st day after which it stabilises."}
{"id": "PMID:928903", "title": "[Are convulsions on the fifth day of life a distinct clinical and electrophysiological entity? (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical and electrophysiological study was carried out on 20 children in hospital during the neonatal period and who experienced convulsions on the fifth day of life. The clinical and electrophysiological course has been similar and favourable in all cases. The aetiology and long term prognosis, however, remain unknown.", "contents": "[Are convulsions on the fifth day of life a distinct clinical and electrophysiological entity? (author's transl)]. A clinical and electrophysiological study was carried out on 20 children in hospital during the neonatal period and who experienced convulsions on the fifth day of life. The clinical and electrophysiological course has been similar and favourable in all cases. The aetiology and long term prognosis, however, remain unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:928900", "title": "[Density and dynamic of frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) during sleep in new-borns and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) identified by Monod (1960) were studied in 110 neonates and infants. Three pattern were described: typical, related and degraded. They were recorded in all subjects, the reason why the frequency of each pattern varied was discussed. Pathological states did not increase the occurrence of those frontal sharp waves since most of them were recorded in children either normal or suffering from a minor pathology. Incidence of maturation seemed to be probable since the highest proportion of frontal sharp waves occurred in infants whose gestational and legal age were respectively greater than 43 weeks and between 20 and 40 days at the time of investigation. Typical and degraded forms were predominant in transitional period towards quiet sleep; they were less numerous during falling asleep in active sleep and totally absent during active sleep following quiet sleep. This could suggest that the two states of active sleep are different in nature.", "contents": "[Density and dynamic of frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) during sleep in new-borns and infants (author's transl)]. Frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) identified by Monod (1960) were studied in 110 neonates and infants. Three pattern were described: typical, related and degraded. They were recorded in all subjects, the reason why the frequency of each pattern varied was discussed. Pathological states did not increase the occurrence of those frontal sharp waves since most of them were recorded in children either normal or suffering from a minor pathology. Incidence of maturation seemed to be probable since the highest proportion of frontal sharp waves occurred in infants whose gestational and legal age were respectively greater than 43 weeks and between 20 and 40 days at the time of investigation. Typical and degraded forms were predominant in transitional period towards quiet sleep; they were less numerous during falling asleep in active sleep and totally absent during active sleep following quiet sleep. This could suggest that the two states of active sleep are different in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:928904", "title": "[An electroencephalographic study of disorders of amino-acid metabolism during the first days of life (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have attempted a systematic E.E.G. study in 32 neonates suffering from disorders of amino-acid metabolism, during the first days of life. These consisted of cases with ketosis (13 cases of leucinosis, 5 methylmalonic acidaemia, isovaleric acidaemia and 3 with hyperlactacidaemia) and cases without ketosis (6 cases of hyperglycinaemia and 3 with congenital hyperammonaemia). A study of the E.E.G. showed some characteristic features, the most typical of which were: -a periodic tracing with large sharps complexes intermingled with less active periods occurring in every case of hyperglycinaemia without ketosis, in 2 cases of leucinosis and 2 cases of methylmalonic acidaemia. This record indicates a poor prognosis. -a less stereotyped periodic tracing with variable evolution. -distinctive figures characterised by rapid Rolandic rhythms always found in cases of leucinosis compared with sharp spindles (between the 10th and 30th day). It is concluded that the E.E.G. patterns are not in close correlation with the anatomical lesions.", "contents": "[An electroencephalographic study of disorders of amino-acid metabolism during the first days of life (author's transl)]. The authors have attempted a systematic E.E.G. study in 32 neonates suffering from disorders of amino-acid metabolism, during the first days of life. These consisted of cases with ketosis (13 cases of leucinosis, 5 methylmalonic acidaemia, isovaleric acidaemia and 3 with hyperlactacidaemia) and cases without ketosis (6 cases of hyperglycinaemia and 3 with congenital hyperammonaemia). A study of the E.E.G. showed some characteristic features, the most typical of which were: -a periodic tracing with large sharps complexes intermingled with less active periods occurring in every case of hyperglycinaemia without ketosis, in 2 cases of leucinosis and 2 cases of methylmalonic acidaemia. This record indicates a poor prognosis. -a less stereotyped periodic tracing with variable evolution. -distinctive figures characterised by rapid Rolandic rhythms always found in cases of leucinosis compared with sharp spindles (between the 10th and 30th day). It is concluded that the E.E.G. patterns are not in close correlation with the anatomical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:928905", "title": "[Distribution of respiratory arrests in preterm and term infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Incidence, distribution and periodicity of respiratory arrests larger than or equal to 2 seconds duration were studied in relation to age and sleep states by means of polygraphic recording in 61 tracing of 44 preterm and term infants free of pathologic conditions known to increase the risk of respiratory arrests. Respiratory arrests at any infant's age were found to be more frequent during active sleep. Incidence of respiratory arrests decreases with age in all sleep states. At any age the average duration of respiratory arrest is longer in quiet sleep. When restrictive definition is applied periodic breathing was found to be a rare and probably an abnormal phenomenon not in connection with any particular sleep state. Apneas of longer than 10 seconds duration were observed rather seldon, as well as cardiac slowing coinciding with respiratory arrest or apnea. Bradypnea and poor differenciation of breathing pattern according to sleep states represent a rare and presumably abnormal finding. The authors feel that the elements observed should be considered in estimating the risk of severe apnea in infants.", "contents": "[Distribution of respiratory arrests in preterm and term infants (author's transl)]. Incidence, distribution and periodicity of respiratory arrests larger than or equal to 2 seconds duration were studied in relation to age and sleep states by means of polygraphic recording in 61 tracing of 44 preterm and term infants free of pathologic conditions known to increase the risk of respiratory arrests. Respiratory arrests at any infant's age were found to be more frequent during active sleep. Incidence of respiratory arrests decreases with age in all sleep states. At any age the average duration of respiratory arrest is longer in quiet sleep. When restrictive definition is applied periodic breathing was found to be a rare and probably an abnormal phenomenon not in connection with any particular sleep state. Apneas of longer than 10 seconds duration were observed rather seldon, as well as cardiac slowing coinciding with respiratory arrest or apnea. Bradypnea and poor differenciation of breathing pattern according to sleep states represent a rare and presumably abnormal finding. The authors feel that the elements observed should be considered in estimating the risk of severe apnea in infants."}
{"id": "PMID:928906", "title": "[Electroencephalographic study of a case of neonatal herpes encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes the serial E.E.G. changes occurring over 6 weeks in a particularly interesting case of neonatal herpes encephalitis commencing on the 13th day of life. Atypical periodic complexes occurred briefly on the fifteenth day and disappeared on the 21st day. These focal complexes were less characteristic than those seen in the older child or adult. On the 27th day E.E.G. activity disappeared contrasting with the preservation of organised sleep recognised by polygraph studies using ocular movement, respiration and chin tonus. At 2 months the child no longer was conscious, E.E.G. activity totally absent but sleep organisation persisted with intense ocular motility.", "contents": "[Electroencephalographic study of a case of neonatal herpes encephalitis (author's transl)]. This report describes the serial E.E.G. changes occurring over 6 weeks in a particularly interesting case of neonatal herpes encephalitis commencing on the 13th day of life. Atypical periodic complexes occurred briefly on the fifteenth day and disappeared on the 21st day. These focal complexes were less characteristic than those seen in the older child or adult. On the 27th day E.E.G. activity disappeared contrasting with the preservation of organised sleep recognised by polygraph studies using ocular movement, respiration and chin tonus. At 2 months the child no longer was conscious, E.E.G. activity totally absent but sleep organisation persisted with intense ocular motility."}
{"id": "PMID:928908", "title": "[Cerebral distress in the infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors using a E.E.G. laboratory not specialised in infant recordings, analysed the serial E.E.G. data in 8 infants presenting variable degrees of cerebral distress. In 2 cases not ventilated artifically and who finally died, the tracings were characterized by periodic activity in the occipital region similar to that seen in the isolated cerebral cortex. Autopsy revealed significant hydrocephalus with porencephaly and preservation of a narrow band of histologically normal occipital cortex. The authors observations of variable evolution illustrate some well known facts and in particular the importance of serial high quality E.E.G. tracings during the neonatal period to assist accurate prognosis and to repeat the tracing over the ensuing months.", "contents": "[Cerebral distress in the infant (author's transl)]. The authors using a E.E.G. laboratory not specialised in infant recordings, analysed the serial E.E.G. data in 8 infants presenting variable degrees of cerebral distress. In 2 cases not ventilated artifically and who finally died, the tracings were characterized by periodic activity in the occipital region similar to that seen in the isolated cerebral cortex. Autopsy revealed significant hydrocephalus with porencephaly and preservation of a narrow band of histologically normal occipital cortex. The authors observations of variable evolution illustrate some well known facts and in particular the importance of serial high quality E.E.G. tracings during the neonatal period to assist accurate prognosis and to repeat the tracing over the ensuing months."}
{"id": "PMID:928907", "title": "[The prognostic value of the E.E.G. in premature infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The electroencephalograms of 82 infants (between 27 and 37 weeks of conceptional age) recorded during the neonatal period were analyzed and compared with the ultimate clinical evolution. Three groups of infants were identified according to their neurological state at 3 years of age or older: group A: normal (34 infants), group B: minor neurological sequellae (13 infants) and group C: major neurological sequellae (17 infants). A fourth group (group D: 18 infants) died during the neonatal period. The E.E.Gs were classified as: normal, questionably abnormal, moderately abnormal or grossly abnormal. The analysis revealed that E.E.Gs classified as grossly abnormal, were found only in groups B, C and D. Serial E.E.Gs were of more value in distinguishing these groups. Only infants in groups C and D (with I exceptional case in group B) had E.E.Gs which remained abnormal for several weeks or which deteriorated during the neonatal period. This study shows the prognostic value of the E.E.G. recorded during the neonatal period, particularly serial recordings obtained during and after a period of clinical deterioration. A detailed statistical analysis of the E.E.Gs is in progress.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of the E.E.G. in premature infants (author's transl)]. The electroencephalograms of 82 infants (between 27 and 37 weeks of conceptional age) recorded during the neonatal period were analyzed and compared with the ultimate clinical evolution. Three groups of infants were identified according to their neurological state at 3 years of age or older: group A: normal (34 infants), group B: minor neurological sequellae (13 infants) and group C: major neurological sequellae (17 infants). A fourth group (group D: 18 infants) died during the neonatal period. The E.E.Gs were classified as: normal, questionably abnormal, moderately abnormal or grossly abnormal. The analysis revealed that E.E.Gs classified as grossly abnormal, were found only in groups B, C and D. Serial E.E.Gs were of more value in distinguishing these groups. Only infants in groups C and D (with I exceptional case in group B) had E.E.Gs which remained abnormal for several weeks or which deteriorated during the neonatal period. This study shows the prognostic value of the E.E.G. recorded during the neonatal period, particularly serial recordings obtained during and after a period of clinical deterioration. A detailed statistical analysis of the E.E.Gs is in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:928910", "title": "[Sleep cycles of hydrocephalic infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied the sleep of 6 hydrocephalic infants. In 4 cases disturbed sleep was noticed, characterized by insomnia in 2 cases, and frequent interruptions of sleep in the other 2 cases. In the last cases no other particular alterations were observed. The research was continued in 2 cases, operated on with the Pudenz Valve. In one of which the valve functioned well, sleep was restructured. In the second case the valve did not function well and sleep was not restructured. This suggests the hypothesis that the endocranial hypertension may alter the sleep cycles.", "contents": "[Sleep cycles of hydrocephalic infants (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the sleep of 6 hydrocephalic infants. In 4 cases disturbed sleep was noticed, characterized by insomnia in 2 cases, and frequent interruptions of sleep in the other 2 cases. In the last cases no other particular alterations were observed. The research was continued in 2 cases, operated on with the Pudenz Valve. In one of which the valve functioned well, sleep was restructured. In the second case the valve did not function well and sleep was not restructured. This suggests the hypothesis that the endocranial hypertension may alter the sleep cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:928911", "title": "[Clinical course following a neonatal E.E.G. recording reported as severely abnormal (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of neonatal E.E.G. tracings in children born at term. The clinical course of 45 children was followed and related to E.E.G. abnormalities reported during the first 5 days of life. Essentially the findings confirmed those previously reported by others. However some differences were noted: paroxysmal tracings were not associated with a poor clinical state, and moderately abnormal tracings (the prognostic significance of which has never been defined) led on sometimes to a severe encephalopathy. We wish to stress certain aspects of our findings: -recordings in the first 24 hours of life may be misleading. -recordings, to be of value, must be taken before any treatment which could induce paroxystic E.E.G. patterns. -E.E.Gs should be repeated during the post-natal period when the findings are non-specific. -the prognostic significance of tracings reported as \"generalised or localised overactivity\" should be evaluated.", "contents": "[Clinical course following a neonatal E.E.G. recording reported as severely abnormal (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of neonatal E.E.G. tracings in children born at term. The clinical course of 45 children was followed and related to E.E.G. abnormalities reported during the first 5 days of life. Essentially the findings confirmed those previously reported by others. However some differences were noted: paroxysmal tracings were not associated with a poor clinical state, and moderately abnormal tracings (the prognostic significance of which has never been defined) led on sometimes to a severe encephalopathy. We wish to stress certain aspects of our findings: -recordings in the first 24 hours of life may be misleading. -recordings, to be of value, must be taken before any treatment which could induce paroxystic E.E.G. patterns. -E.E.Gs should be repeated during the post-natal period when the findings are non-specific. -the prognostic significance of tracings reported as \"generalised or localised overactivity\" should be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:928909", "title": "[Developmental study of the paroxysmal tracing in the full term neonate (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the paroxysmal trace was studied in 13 full term neonates having presented with severe neonatal anoxia. The paroxysmal tracings according to the definition given by by Monod and Dreyfus-Brisac changed between the 10th and 15th days, the bursts of waves being more polymorphic and closer together but the paroxysmal component persisted. Further groups of anterior slow waves symmetrical and limited to the mid temporal region appeared. These patterns disappeared between the 2nd and 3rd month to make way for generalised spikes and resembling hypsarrhythmia beyond the third month.", "contents": "[Developmental study of the paroxysmal tracing in the full term neonate (author's transl)]. The development of the paroxysmal trace was studied in 13 full term neonates having presented with severe neonatal anoxia. The paroxysmal tracings according to the definition given by by Monod and Dreyfus-Brisac changed between the 10th and 15th days, the bursts of waves being more polymorphic and closer together but the paroxysmal component persisted. Further groups of anterior slow waves symmetrical and limited to the mid temporal region appeared. These patterns disappeared between the 2nd and 3rd month to make way for generalised spikes and resembling hypsarrhythmia beyond the third month."}
{"id": "PMID:928942", "title": "The organization of carbohydrate in mouse synaptosomal plasma membrane.", "content": "Analysis of synaptosomal plasma membrane from mouse brain by SDS gel electrophoresis reveals a large number of glycoprotein and glycolipid species, as distinguished by periodic acid Schiff or by the distribution of in vivo incorporated 3H-fucose label. The topographical distribution of this carbohydrate in the plasma membrane was examined by labelling intact synaptosomes and isolated membrane with galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.2.9.)-3H-NaBH4. In both, gangliosides and a wide spectrum of glycoprotein species were labelled. Extraction of SPM with 0.05 N NaOH at 0 degrees C removed about two-thirds of the membrane's protein. Gel electrophoresis of the solubilized material revealed partial or complete extraction of a large number of polypeptide species; however, all of the glycoproteins, as well as the  glycolipid, remained in the insoluble pellet. These results indicate a highly asymmetric arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids in SPM; most or all of these species reside on the external surface of the synaptosome, accessible to galactose oxidase. The glycoproteins appear to be more deeply-buried in the lipid bilayer than the other polypeptide species, as has been found in other systems.", "contents": "The organization of carbohydrate in mouse synaptosomal plasma membrane. Analysis of synaptosomal plasma membrane from mouse brain by SDS gel electrophoresis reveals a large number of glycoprotein and glycolipid species, as distinguished by periodic acid Schiff or by the distribution of in vivo incorporated 3H-fucose label. The topographical distribution of this carbohydrate in the plasma membrane was examined by labelling intact synaptosomes and isolated membrane with galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.2.9.)-3H-NaBH4. In both, gangliosides and a wide spectrum of glycoprotein species were labelled. Extraction of SPM with 0.05 N NaOH at 0 degrees C removed about two-thirds of the membrane's protein. Gel electrophoresis of the solubilized material revealed partial or complete extraction of a large number of polypeptide species; however, all of the glycoproteins, as well as the  glycolipid, remained in the insoluble pellet. These results indicate a highly asymmetric arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids in SPM; most or all of these species reside on the external surface of the synaptosome, accessible to galactose oxidase. The glycoproteins appear to be more deeply-buried in the lipid bilayer than the other polypeptide species, as has been found in other systems."}
{"id": "PMID:928943", "title": "Morphine metabolism in opiate dependent and normal men by double isotope techniques.", "content": "A mixture of morphine-63H and morphine-N-14CH3 was administered to an opiate dependent and to a normal male subject. In both subjects the urinary excretion of radioactivity was rapid and exceeded 85% of the dose over 72 hours. The extent and time pattern of N-demethylation differed in the two subjects with N-demethylation of morphine being slower and less in the opiate addict. The use of the double isotope technique in detecting small changes in morphine metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Morphine metabolism in opiate dependent and normal men by double isotope techniques. A mixture of morphine-63H and morphine-N-14CH3 was administered to an opiate dependent and to a normal male subject. In both subjects the urinary excretion of radioactivity was rapid and exceeded 85% of the dose over 72 hours. The extent and time pattern of N-demethylation differed in the two subjects with N-demethylation of morphine being slower and less in the opiate addict. The use of the double isotope technique in detecting small changes in morphine metabolism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928944", "title": "The effect of alpha-1-acetylmethadol hydrochloride on rat hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and epoxide hydrase.", "content": "Male and female Wistar rats were administered alpha-1-acetylmethadol via their drinking water for one to two weeks. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrase activities were measured after various doses of this drug. In female rats, a significant increase in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 occurred at doses as low as 4.7 mg/Kg/day. However, no change in epoxide hydrase activity occurred. In male rats, a significant increase in epoxide hydrase activity occurred at all doses tested. From these results, it is concluded that alpha-1-acetylmethadol induces a number of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme systems.", "contents": "The effect of alpha-1-acetylmethadol hydrochloride on rat hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and epoxide hydrase. Male and female Wistar rats were administered alpha-1-acetylmethadol via their drinking water for one to two weeks. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrase activities were measured after various doses of this drug. In female rats, a significant increase in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 occurred at doses as low as 4.7 mg/Kg/day. However, no change in epoxide hydrase activity occurred. In male rats, a significant increase in epoxide hydrase activity occurred at all doses tested. From these results, it is concluded that alpha-1-acetylmethadol induces a number of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme systems."}
{"id": "PMID:928945", "title": "A mobilizable pool of d-amphetamine in adipose after daily administration to rats.", "content": "Six daily injections (subacute) of 2.5 mg d-amphetamine/kg resulted in a 60% higher concentration of unchanged drug in adipose compared with adipose from rats injected once. Subacute treatment also resulted in 30% less amphetamine in brain one hour after injection, when the animals were killed for tissue analysis. Moderate stress, in the form of foot shock for fifteen minutes, terminating fifteen minutes prior to sacrifice, mobilized the drug from adipose and doubled brain levels of amphetamine in the subacute group. Brain levels in the group given a single dose of drug were unaltered by shock, but heart content of amphetamine was increased 30% as a result of shock. It is concluded that enhanced reactivity to some of the behavioral effects of amphetamine, upon repeated administration, may be due to cumulation of the drug in mobilizable pools.", "contents": "A mobilizable pool of d-amphetamine in adipose after daily administration to rats. Six daily injections (subacute) of 2.5 mg d-amphetamine/kg resulted in a 60% higher concentration of unchanged drug in adipose compared with adipose from rats injected once. Subacute treatment also resulted in 30% less amphetamine in brain one hour after injection, when the animals were killed for tissue analysis. Moderate stress, in the form of foot shock for fifteen minutes, terminating fifteen minutes prior to sacrifice, mobilized the drug from adipose and doubled brain levels of amphetamine in the subacute group. Brain levels in the group given a single dose of drug were unaltered by shock, but heart content of amphetamine was increased 30% as a result of shock. It is concluded that enhanced reactivity to some of the behavioral effects of amphetamine, upon repeated administration, may be due to cumulation of the drug in mobilizable pools."}
{"id": "PMID:928946", "title": "Toxicity of alpha-phenyl-gamma-butyrolactone, a metabolite of glutethimide in human urine.", "content": "A novel metabolite, alpha-phenyl-gamma-butyrolactone, isolated from the urine of a glutethimide overdose victim, was synthesized and tested for biological activity in mice. Interperitoneal injections of this lactone caused severe toxicity at moderate dose levels. These results point to another metabolite of glutethimide contributing toxicity to patients severely intoxicated by the parent drug. An improved synthesis as well as complete spectral data of this lactone are also presented.", "contents": "Toxicity of alpha-phenyl-gamma-butyrolactone, a metabolite of glutethimide in human urine. A novel metabolite, alpha-phenyl-gamma-butyrolactone, isolated from the urine of a glutethimide overdose victim, was synthesized and tested for biological activity in mice. Interperitoneal injections of this lactone caused severe toxicity at moderate dose levels. These results point to another metabolite of glutethimide contributing toxicity to patients severely intoxicated by the parent drug. An improved synthesis as well as complete spectral data of this lactone are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:928947", "title": "Unique approach for calculation of absorption rate constant.", "content": "Several methods are employed to estimate an apparent first-order rate constant for absorption in a one-compartment model (Ka). These include curve-stripping, nonlinear least squares regression, and the Wagner-Nelson approach. The Wagner-Nelson method in particular requires extensive calculation and may be subject to error. A method for calculation of the absorption rate constant has been derived based on the relationship between area under the concentration-time curve, between time of maximum concentration (tmax) and infinity, and maximum concentration (cmax). The method obviates the need for large numbers of samples in the absorptive phase. The method also avoids extensive calculations and is less influenced by errors in data points prior to Cmax where the rate of change of concentration is very rapid and error is likely. The value for Ka is corrected for by the error found in tmax (calculated using the estimated Ka) relative to the observed tmax. The method has been tested on theoretical data with and without error generated using a range of a and KE. Errors in the estimate of Ka are proportional to error in the data.", "contents": "Unique approach for calculation of absorption rate constant. Several methods are employed to estimate an apparent first-order rate constant for absorption in a one-compartment model (Ka). These include curve-stripping, nonlinear least squares regression, and the Wagner-Nelson approach. The Wagner-Nelson method in particular requires extensive calculation and may be subject to error. A method for calculation of the absorption rate constant has been derived based on the relationship between area under the concentration-time curve, between time of maximum concentration (tmax) and infinity, and maximum concentration (cmax). The method obviates the need for large numbers of samples in the absorptive phase. The method also avoids extensive calculations and is less influenced by errors in data points prior to Cmax where the rate of change of concentration is very rapid and error is likely. The value for Ka is corrected for by the error found in tmax (calculated using the estimated Ka) relative to the observed tmax. The method has been tested on theoretical data with and without error generated using a range of a and KE. Errors in the estimate of Ka are proportional to error in the data."}
{"id": "PMID:928948", "title": "An 125I-radioimmunoassay for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma.", "content": "A simple and specific 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma has been developed using a previously reported antiserum to the drug. The 125I-radioligand was prepared by reaction of 3-aminoclonazepam with a commercially available acylating reagent, 125I-N-succinimidyl 3(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, of high specific activity (approximately 1500 Ci/mM). The method has a workable range between 5 and 100 ng/ml of clonazepam using a 10 mu1 sample of plasma for analysis, which is satisfactory for routine clinical monitoring. The intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation did not exceed 3 and 9% respectively. Recovery of clonazepam was quantitative when the drug was added to a pool of plasma obtained from subjects who had received a wide variety of other anticonvulsants. Clinical plasma samples from subjects receiving clonazepam chronically were assayed for clonazepam by the new 125I-RIA and a previously reported 3H-RIA. The data was subjected to linear regression analysis which gave a slope, intercept and correlation coefficient of 1,-0.33 ng/ml and 0.994 respectively and demonstrated that the two methods are equivalent. However, the 125I-RIA is more rapid and less costly for routine monitoring than the 3H-RIA.", "contents": "An 125I-radioimmunoassay for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma. A simple and specific 125I-radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the determination of the anticonvulsant agent clonazepam directly in plasma has been developed using a previously reported antiserum to the drug. The 125I-radioligand was prepared by reaction of 3-aminoclonazepam with a commercially available acylating reagent, 125I-N-succinimidyl 3(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, of high specific activity (approximately 1500 Ci/mM). The method has a workable range between 5 and 100 ng/ml of clonazepam using a 10 mu1 sample of plasma for analysis, which is satisfactory for routine clinical monitoring. The intra and inter-assay coefficients of variation did not exceed 3 and 9% respectively. Recovery of clonazepam was quantitative when the drug was added to a pool of plasma obtained from subjects who had received a wide variety of other anticonvulsants. Clinical plasma samples from subjects receiving clonazepam chronically were assayed for clonazepam by the new 125I-RIA and a previously reported 3H-RIA. The data was subjected to linear regression analysis which gave a slope, intercept and correlation coefficient of 1,-0.33 ng/ml and 0.994 respectively and demonstrated that the two methods are equivalent. However, the 125I-RIA is more rapid and less costly for routine monitoring than the 3H-RIA."}
{"id": "PMID:928949", "title": "Neurochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Wistar and Gunn rats.", "content": "Normal Wistar, heterozygous and homozygous Gunn rats were killed one week after a single intragastric dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 20 microgram/kg in acetone-olive oil. Control animals were treated similarly but without TCDD. The brain protein and RNA content were measured together with enzyme assays of lysosomal acid proteinase and soluble DT-diaphorase. Acid proteinase activity was increased in the brains of the normal Wistar rats after TCDD treatment. RNA and protein contents were lowered in the heterozygous Gunn rats whereas no changes were detected in the homozygous Gunn rats. The cerebral soluble DT-diaphorase activity was slightly enhanced (about 35%) by TCDD treatment only in normal Wistar rats. Our results may point at modified neurotoxic effects of TCDD in chronic exposure to bilirubin as in the case of Gunn rats.", "contents": "Neurochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Wistar and Gunn rats. Normal Wistar, heterozygous and homozygous Gunn rats were killed one week after a single intragastric dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 20 microgram/kg in acetone-olive oil. Control animals were treated similarly but without TCDD. The brain protein and RNA content were measured together with enzyme assays of lysosomal acid proteinase and soluble DT-diaphorase. Acid proteinase activity was increased in the brains of the normal Wistar rats after TCDD treatment. RNA and protein contents were lowered in the heterozygous Gunn rats whereas no changes were detected in the homozygous Gunn rats. The cerebral soluble DT-diaphorase activity was slightly enhanced (about 35%) by TCDD treatment only in normal Wistar rats. Our results may point at modified neurotoxic effects of TCDD in chronic exposure to bilirubin as in the case of Gunn rats."}
{"id": "PMID:928950", "title": "Studies on the effect of tobacco smoke on the biotransformation of vasoactive substances in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. I. Prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "Cigarette smoke administration was previously found to have a pronounced  inhibitory effect on metabolism of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. These observations suggest the possibility of tobacco smoke inhibition of biotransformations associated with non-ventilatory pulmonary functions such as metabolic clearance of endogenous vasoactive substances. However, studies of the effect of smoke on uptake and metabolism of PGF2alpha in isolated perfused rabbit lungs provide no evidence of inhibition of these processes.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of tobacco smoke on the biotransformation of vasoactive substances in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. I. Prostaglandin F2alpha. Cigarette smoke administration was previously found to have a pronounced  inhibitory effect on metabolism of nicotine and benzo[a]pyrene in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. These observations suggest the possibility of tobacco smoke inhibition of biotransformations associated with non-ventilatory pulmonary functions such as metabolic clearance of endogenous vasoactive substances. However, studies of the effect of smoke on uptake and metabolism of PGF2alpha in isolated perfused rabbit lungs provide no evidence of inhibition of these processes."}
{"id": "PMID:928951", "title": "Stimulation of phospholipase activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis by melittin in cell culture and in vivo.", "content": "Melittin, a membrane-active peptide of bee venom, as well as synthetic melittin, stimulated the biosynthesis of prostaglandins by mouse transformed fibroblasts (MC5-5), human fibroblasts (D550), rabbit aorta endothelial cells (CLO), rat lung type II alveolar pneumocytes (L-2) and rabbit smooth muscle cells (R-I). The melittin peptides also stimulated the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular phospholipids of MC5-5 cells. The stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis by MC5-5 cells was inhibited by indomethacin and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited also the release of arachidonic acid by MC5-5 cells. In mice, intraperitoneal inoculation of melittin increased 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 levels in peripheral blood. Prior injections of the mice with indomethacin prevented the melittin-induced increase in this PGE2 metabolite.", "contents": "Stimulation of phospholipase activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis by melittin in cell culture and in vivo. Melittin, a membrane-active peptide of bee venom, as well as synthetic melittin, stimulated the biosynthesis of prostaglandins by mouse transformed fibroblasts (MC5-5), human fibroblasts (D550), rabbit aorta endothelial cells (CLO), rat lung type II alveolar pneumocytes (L-2) and rabbit smooth muscle cells (R-I). The melittin peptides also stimulated the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular phospholipids of MC5-5 cells. The stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis by MC5-5 cells was inhibited by indomethacin and dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited also the release of arachidonic acid by MC5-5 cells. In mice, intraperitoneal inoculation of melittin increased 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 levels in peripheral blood. Prior injections of the mice with indomethacin prevented the melittin-induced increase in this PGE2 metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:928952", "title": "Responses to vasectomy performed at different ages in the rat.", "content": "The weights of the liver, heart and kidneys were not influenced by vasectomy at any age whereas rats vasectomized at 50 weeks gained appreciably more (30%) in body weight than their corresponding controls. Significant atrophy of the ventral prostate occurred only in the older group of vasectomized animals but this was accompanied by slight increased in circulating testosterone. Pituitary weight was unaffected by vasectomy, but slight atrophy of the testes in the 50 week old vasectomized rats might suggest the beginnings of decline in gonadal function after vasectomy in the older animals. In addition, the accumulation of lipids in the blood and heart tissue of rats vasectomized at 50 weeks of age indicates that the older animals may be more susceptible to the effects of the surgery than their younger counterparts. There were no marked changes in fasting blood glucose and significant elevation in glucocorticoid status after vasectomy in 10 week old rats was not manifest in the older groups of animals.", "contents": "Responses to vasectomy performed at different ages in the rat. The weights of the liver, heart and kidneys were not influenced by vasectomy at any age whereas rats vasectomized at 50 weeks gained appreciably more (30%) in body weight than their corresponding controls. Significant atrophy of the ventral prostate occurred only in the older group of vasectomized animals but this was accompanied by slight increased in circulating testosterone. Pituitary weight was unaffected by vasectomy, but slight atrophy of the testes in the 50 week old vasectomized rats might suggest the beginnings of decline in gonadal function after vasectomy in the older animals. In addition, the accumulation of lipids in the blood and heart tissue of rats vasectomized at 50 weeks of age indicates that the older animals may be more susceptible to the effects of the surgery than their younger counterparts. There were no marked changes in fasting blood glucose and significant elevation in glucocorticoid status after vasectomy in 10 week old rats was not manifest in the older groups of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:928953", "title": "Reduction by coenzyme Q10 of the acute toxicity of adriamycin in mice.", "content": "Pretreatment for four days with coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) reduced the acute toxicity in mice treated with adriamycin. In two sequential protocols, adriamycin allowed only 36 and 42% survival, respectively. Pretreatment with COQ10 allowed 80 and 86% survival, respectively. The differences are significant, p less than 0.05. The mechanism for this reduction in the acute toxicity may be based upon the prevention by the supplementary COQ10 of the inhibition caused by adriamycin to COQ10-dependent enzymes in cardiac and and other tissues. The prospect of diminishing the toxicity of adriamycin in cancer patients remains promising and important.", "contents": "Reduction by coenzyme Q10 of the acute toxicity of adriamycin in mice. Pretreatment for four days with coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) reduced the acute toxicity in mice treated with adriamycin. In two sequential protocols, adriamycin allowed only 36 and 42% survival, respectively. Pretreatment with COQ10 allowed 80 and 86% survival, respectively. The differences are significant, p less than 0.05. The mechanism for this reduction in the acute toxicity may be based upon the prevention by the supplementary COQ10 of the inhibition caused by adriamycin to COQ10-dependent enzymes in cardiac and and other tissues. The prospect of diminishing the toxicity of adriamycin in cancer patients remains promising and important."}
{"id": "PMID:928954", "title": "Alcohol-membrane interaction: calcium uptake in mitochondria.", "content": "A biphasic effect of ethanol was observed on Ca2+-uptake activity, Ca2+-uncoupled respiratory control ratio (CURCR), and State 3 oxygen uptake. At low concentrations (0.1-0.5%) ethanol enhanced these activities, probably as the result of an increase in membrane fluidity. At higher levels (0.7-4.0%) ethanol had an inhibitory influence on mitochondrial activities as the membrane macromolecules were probably disturbed due to the hydrophobic alcohol-membrane interaction.", "contents": "Alcohol-membrane interaction: calcium uptake in mitochondria. A biphasic effect of ethanol was observed on Ca2+-uptake activity, Ca2+-uncoupled respiratory control ratio (CURCR), and State 3 oxygen uptake. At low concentrations (0.1-0.5%) ethanol enhanced these activities, probably as the result of an increase in membrane fluidity. At higher levels (0.7-4.0%) ethanol had an inhibitory influence on mitochondrial activities as the membrane macromolecules were probably disturbed due to the hydrophobic alcohol-membrane interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:928955", "title": "Biphasic kinetic profile for carbamazepine epoxide formation.", "content": "The formation of the stable 10,11-epoxide from carbamazepine by rat liver microsomes was studied. A biphasic activity-substrate profile was consistently found with microsomes from both control and phenobarbital pretreated rats. These data could either indicate epoxide formation by multiple catalytic sites with differential substrate affinity or a solvent effect on the enzyme or its environment.", "contents": "Biphasic kinetic profile for carbamazepine epoxide formation. The formation of the stable 10,11-epoxide from carbamazepine by rat liver microsomes was studied. A biphasic activity-substrate profile was consistently found with microsomes from both control and phenobarbital pretreated rats. These data could either indicate epoxide formation by multiple catalytic sites with differential substrate affinity or a solvent effect on the enzyme or its environment."}
{"id": "PMID:928957", "title": "Evidence for a noncovalent intermolecular interaction of opiates with thiamine.", "content": "Opiate agonists and antagonists formed reversible molecular complexes with thiamine. The absorption maxima of these complexes were at wavelengths longer than those of the individual components and their intensities depended on the concentration and nature of the opiate component. The possible implications of such an interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for a noncovalent intermolecular interaction of opiates with thiamine. Opiate agonists and antagonists formed reversible molecular complexes with thiamine. The absorption maxima of these complexes were at wavelengths longer than those of the individual components and their intensities depended on the concentration and nature of the opiate component. The possible implications of such an interaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928958", "title": "Inhibition of sympathetic neuronal transport and ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias.", "content": "The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether a correlation exists between the effect of ouabain to inhibit activity of the sympathetic neuronal transport system and the effect of the drug to produce cardiac arrhythmias. 3H-d,1-Metaraminol was used to monitor activity of the transport system in intact animals as well as in isolated perfused hearts. Accumulation by myocardial tissue (LV; RV), spleen (S), and gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of the guinea pig was not altered by the lowest dose of ouabain, 100 microgram/kg. A subarrhythmic dose, 150 microgram/kg, as well as the arrhythmic dose of ouabain, 212+/-24 microgram/kg, decreased accumulation by LV, RV, and S. Several different concentrations of ouabain were studied in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart preparation. Only the highest concentration, 5 X 10(-6)M was capable of decreasing accumulation of metaraminol. However, all but the lowest concentration of ouabain produced toxic arrhythmias. Thus, neither in intact animals nor in isolated perfused hearts could the dose of ouabain required to inhibit the sympathetic neuronal transport system be correlated with the dose of ouabain required to produce cardiac arrhythmias. It is concluded that ouabain inhibition of the sympathetic neuronal transport system does not play a role in the genesis of ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Inhibition of sympathetic neuronal transport and ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias. The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether a correlation exists between the effect of ouabain to inhibit activity of the sympathetic neuronal transport system and the effect of the drug to produce cardiac arrhythmias. 3H-d,1-Metaraminol was used to monitor activity of the transport system in intact animals as well as in isolated perfused hearts. Accumulation by myocardial tissue (LV; RV), spleen (S), and gastrocnemius muscle (GM) of the guinea pig was not altered by the lowest dose of ouabain, 100 microgram/kg. A subarrhythmic dose, 150 microgram/kg, as well as the arrhythmic dose of ouabain, 212+/-24 microgram/kg, decreased accumulation by LV, RV, and S. Several different concentrations of ouabain were studied in the isolated perfused guinea pig heart preparation. Only the highest concentration, 5 X 10(-6)M was capable of decreasing accumulation of metaraminol. However, all but the lowest concentration of ouabain produced toxic arrhythmias. Thus, neither in intact animals nor in isolated perfused hearts could the dose of ouabain required to inhibit the sympathetic neuronal transport system be correlated with the dose of ouabain required to produce cardiac arrhythmias. It is concluded that ouabain inhibition of the sympathetic neuronal transport system does not play a role in the genesis of ouabain-induced cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:928959", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital and diazepam on imipramine-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature of rats.", "content": "To investigate the safety of anticonvulsants in doses found equipotent in suppressing imipramine induced convulsions, the effects of diazepam (1.8 mg/kg) or phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) following a toxic dose of imipramine (50 mg/kg) on heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were examined in male Wistar rats. Administration of imipramine alone resulted in significant decreases in blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature. Phenobarbital or diazepam alone failed to significantly affect any of these parameters apart from a slight reduction in rectal temperature seen with phenobarbital. Diazepam given after imipramine antagonized the imipramine-induced decrease in heart rate but increased the hypotensive and hypothermic effects. Phenobarbital failed to significantly affect the imipramine-induced changes in any of the physiological parameters studied. The present data suggests that phenobarbital may be preferable to diazepam in treatment of imipramine-induced convulsions.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital and diazepam on imipramine-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature of rats. To investigate the safety of anticonvulsants in doses found equipotent in suppressing imipramine induced convulsions, the effects of diazepam (1.8 mg/kg) or phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) following a toxic dose of imipramine (50 mg/kg) on heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature were examined in male Wistar rats. Administration of imipramine alone resulted in significant decreases in blood pressure, heart rate and rectal temperature. Phenobarbital or diazepam alone failed to significantly affect any of these parameters apart from a slight reduction in rectal temperature seen with phenobarbital. Diazepam given after imipramine antagonized the imipramine-induced decrease in heart rate but increased the hypotensive and hypothermic effects. Phenobarbital failed to significantly affect the imipramine-induced changes in any of the physiological parameters studied. The present data suggests that phenobarbital may be preferable to diazepam in treatment of imipramine-induced convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:928960", "title": "Specificity of amphetamine induced release of norepinephrine and serotonin from rat brain in vitro.", "content": "Incubation of normal rat cortical or brain stem tissue with 3H-NE or 3H-5-HT and subsequent exposure to amphetamine produced a concentration-related release of the transmitters from tissue stores into the incubation media. Although pretreatment with the catecholamine neurotoxin in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) reduced the retention of 3H-NE in both of these tissues, the proportion of 3H-NE released by amphetamine was attenuated only in cortical tissue. Pretreatment with the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) had no effect on the retention or release of 3H-NE in cortical or brain stem tissue. Pretreatment with 5,6-DHT reduced the retention of 3H-5-HT in the cortex and brain stem, but the release of 3H-5-HT was significantly attenuated only in the latter tissue. 6-OHDA pretreatment increased the retention and proportion of cortical 3H-5-HT released by amphetamine but reduced the release of brain stem 3H-5-HT in the absence of an effect on retention. It appears that the in vitro release of 3H-NE from the cerebral cortex occurs primarily from catecholamine and not serotonergic neurons whereas the cortical release of 3H-5-HT is not an event specific to serotonergic nerve terminals. The release of 3H-5-HT from brain stem does not appear to be restricted to the serotonergic cell bodies since its release was attenuated by 5,6-DHT and 6-OHDA.", "contents": "Specificity of amphetamine induced release of norepinephrine and serotonin from rat brain in vitro. Incubation of normal rat cortical or brain stem tissue with 3H-NE or 3H-5-HT and subsequent exposure to amphetamine produced a concentration-related release of the transmitters from tissue stores into the incubation media. Although pretreatment with the catecholamine neurotoxin in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) reduced the retention of 3H-NE in both of these tissues, the proportion of 3H-NE released by amphetamine was attenuated only in cortical tissue. Pretreatment with the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) had no effect on the retention or release of 3H-NE in cortical or brain stem tissue. Pretreatment with 5,6-DHT reduced the retention of 3H-5-HT in the cortex and brain stem, but the release of 3H-5-HT was significantly attenuated only in the latter tissue. 6-OHDA pretreatment increased the retention and proportion of cortical 3H-5-HT released by amphetamine but reduced the release of brain stem 3H-5-HT in the absence of an effect on retention. It appears that the in vitro release of 3H-NE from the cerebral cortex occurs primarily from catecholamine and not serotonergic neurons whereas the cortical release of 3H-5-HT is not an event specific to serotonergic nerve terminals. The release of 3H-5-HT from brain stem does not appear to be restricted to the serotonergic cell bodies since its release was attenuated by 5,6-DHT and 6-OHDA."}
{"id": "PMID:928961", "title": "Chemiluminescence resulting from an interaction between imipramine and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The addition of imipramine to a suspension of resting polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) resulted in the generation of chemiluminescence (CL) (100,000 cpm with 1 X 10(-4)M imipramine). In the presence of a particle (zymosan) capable of activating the PMNs to generate reactive oxygen species, the magnitude of CL observed with 1 X 10(4)M imipramine was greatly enhanced (greater than 1,000,000 cpm). No CL was detected upon the addition of imipramine to PMNs isolated from a chronic granulomatous child or to alveolar macrophages isolated from rats. Another tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, failed to generate CL with PMNs either alone or in the presence of zymosan; however, both imipramine and amitriptyline generated CL upon addition to the xanthine oxidase-purine superoxide generating system. Although the mechanism by which this drug-cell interaction results in the generation of CL is not known, the observations are suggestive that the CL may originate, in part, from the activation of imipramine by some reactive oxygen state(s).", "contents": "Chemiluminescence resulting from an interaction between imipramine and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The addition of imipramine to a suspension of resting polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) resulted in the generation of chemiluminescence (CL) (100,000 cpm with 1 X 10(-4)M imipramine). In the presence of a particle (zymosan) capable of activating the PMNs to generate reactive oxygen species, the magnitude of CL observed with 1 X 10(4)M imipramine was greatly enhanced (greater than 1,000,000 cpm). No CL was detected upon the addition of imipramine to PMNs isolated from a chronic granulomatous child or to alveolar macrophages isolated from rats. Another tricyclic antidepressant, amitriptyline, failed to generate CL with PMNs either alone or in the presence of zymosan; however, both imipramine and amitriptyline generated CL upon addition to the xanthine oxidase-purine superoxide generating system. Although the mechanism by which this drug-cell interaction results in the generation of CL is not known, the observations are suggestive that the CL may originate, in part, from the activation of imipramine by some reactive oxygen state(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:928962", "title": "The effects of fructose and other substances on acetaldehyde and ethanol metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the comparative effectiveness of fructose, glucose, sucrose and alanine in increasing the rates of ethanol and acetaldehyde clearance. Intravenously administered fructose was found to be most effective, followed by alanine in increasing the rate of blood alcohol clearance. Administration of any one of the test substances during ethanol metabolism did not result in a significant change in the levels of blood acetaldehyde. Fructose partially prevented the ethanol-mediated changes in the concentration ratios of lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate. Its administration also resulted in the reversal of acetaldehyde-mediated changes in the liver. Test substances resulted in an increase in hepatic glucose levels, however, a combination of these substances with ethanol resulted in decreased hepatic glucose levels. The most pronounced effect on glucose was observed when ethanol was given in combination with glucose. During the simultaneous metabolism of fructose and ethanol, hepatic and blood levels of sorbitol increased significantly. Fructose also exerted the most pronounced antiketogenic action.", "contents": "The effects of fructose and other substances on acetaldehyde and ethanol metabolism in the rat. The purpose of this study was to test the comparative effectiveness of fructose, glucose, sucrose and alanine in increasing the rates of ethanol and acetaldehyde clearance. Intravenously administered fructose was found to be most effective, followed by alanine in increasing the rate of blood alcohol clearance. Administration of any one of the test substances during ethanol metabolism did not result in a significant change in the levels of blood acetaldehyde. Fructose partially prevented the ethanol-mediated changes in the concentration ratios of lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate. Its administration also resulted in the reversal of acetaldehyde-mediated changes in the liver. Test substances resulted in an increase in hepatic glucose levels, however, a combination of these substances with ethanol resulted in decreased hepatic glucose levels. The most pronounced effect on glucose was observed when ethanol was given in combination with glucose. During the simultaneous metabolism of fructose and ethanol, hepatic and blood levels of sorbitol increased significantly. Fructose also exerted the most pronounced antiketogenic action."}
{"id": "PMID:928963", "title": "Effect of parenteral zinc on paraquat toxicity in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if elevating lung zinc would prevent the lethal effect of paraquat. Several doses of zinc sulfate (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally for 7 days and lung ainc measured. Only 80 mg/kg produced a significantly increase. Acute administration of 80 mg/kg zinc sulfate produced an 81% elevation in lung zinc within 4 hr. Animals were treated with zinc sulfate (80 mg/kg) followed 4 hr later by paraquat (42.5 mg/kg). They also received 2 additional doses of zinc during the next 48 hr. Zinc treated animals were not protected against the lethal effect of paraquat but, instead, had a higher fatality rate than animals treated with paraquat alone.", "contents": "Effect of parenteral zinc on paraquat toxicity in the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine if elevating lung zinc would prevent the lethal effect of paraquat. Several doses of zinc sulfate (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally for 7 days and lung ainc measured. Only 80 mg/kg produced a significantly increase. Acute administration of 80 mg/kg zinc sulfate produced an 81% elevation in lung zinc within 4 hr. Animals were treated with zinc sulfate (80 mg/kg) followed 4 hr later by paraquat (42.5 mg/kg). They also received 2 additional doses of zinc during the next 48 hr. Zinc treated animals were not protected against the lethal effect of paraquat but, instead, had a higher fatality rate than animals treated with paraquat alone."}
{"id": "PMID:928964", "title": "The reaction of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid with ortho-phthalaldehyde and cysteine.", "content": "The metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major metabolic product of serotonin, can be measured by reacting it with orthophthalaldehyde to form a highly fluorescent product. The inclusion of cysteine in this reaction causes an increase in the amount of fluorescence. The rate of fluorescence formation for reaction containing cysteine is much faster than the rate for the reaction without cysteine. The differences observed for both excitation and remission maxima between reaction products formed in the presence and absence of cysteine indicate that these products are different. Furthermore, the significant difference in the regression coefficients of fluorescence of the reaction products versus HC1 concentration adds further evidence that the reaction products formed in the presence and absence of cysteine are different. HC1 appears to influence the reaction of 5-HIAA, OPT and cysteine in several ways: by causing the destruction of 5-HIAA, by affecting the fluorescence of the product formed, and by influencing the amount of reaction product formed.", "contents": "The reaction of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid with ortho-phthalaldehyde and cysteine. The metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the major metabolic product of serotonin, can be measured by reacting it with orthophthalaldehyde to form a highly fluorescent product. The inclusion of cysteine in this reaction causes an increase in the amount of fluorescence. The rate of fluorescence formation for reaction containing cysteine is much faster than the rate for the reaction without cysteine. The differences observed for both excitation and remission maxima between reaction products formed in the presence and absence of cysteine indicate that these products are different. Furthermore, the significant difference in the regression coefficients of fluorescence of the reaction products versus HC1 concentration adds further evidence that the reaction products formed in the presence and absence of cysteine are different. HC1 appears to influence the reaction of 5-HIAA, OPT and cysteine in several ways: by causing the destruction of 5-HIAA, by affecting the fluorescence of the product formed, and by influencing the amount of reaction product formed."}
{"id": "PMID:928965", "title": "Influence of exercise training and exhaustion on 45Ca++ content of skeletal muscle mitochondria and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Following a 25 muCi/Kg i/p. injection, 45Ca++ activity from the mitochondria and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) of the superficial rectus femoris (FG-fibers) and combined soleus muscle (SO-fibers) of trained (T, N = 9) and untrained (UT, N = 8) male Wistar rats was determined. The FG mitochondrial 45Ca++ activity from rested animals was 3.9 (T) and 5.3 (UT) times greater than the FSR from this muscle group while the so-mitochondrial 45Ca++ activity was 13.2 (T) and 20.5 (UT) times greater when compared with the respective SO-FSR (p less than .01). The mitochondrial 45Ca++ content of the SO-fibers from rested animals was 58% UT, p less than .01) and 148% (T, p less than .001) greater than that of the FG mitochondria. After 20-26 weeks of exercise training the SO-mitochondrial 45Ca++ content of the rested-T animals was approximately 18% lower (p less than .05) while the T-FG-mitochondrial 45Ca++ content was 48% less than that of UT animals (p less than .01) with a concomitant 28% greater 45Ca++ activity in SO-FSR for the T-group as compared to UT (p less than .01). Following a rapidly exhaustive treadmill run the mitochondrial 45Ca++ content in the UT group was depressed by 21% in SO-fibers and 37% in FG-fibers (p less than .01) with no changes occurring in the T-group. Exhaustion produced no significant changes in the 45Ca++ activity of the FSR from either group of animals.", "contents": "Influence of exercise training and exhaustion on 45Ca++ content of skeletal muscle mitochondria and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Following a 25 muCi/Kg i/p. injection, 45Ca++ activity from the mitochondria and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) of the superficial rectus femoris (FG-fibers) and combined soleus muscle (SO-fibers) of trained (T, N = 9) and untrained (UT, N = 8) male Wistar rats was determined. The FG mitochondrial 45Ca++ activity from rested animals was 3.9 (T) and 5.3 (UT) times greater than the FSR from this muscle group while the so-mitochondrial 45Ca++ activity was 13.2 (T) and 20.5 (UT) times greater when compared with the respective SO-FSR (p less than .01). The mitochondrial 45Ca++ content of the SO-fibers from rested animals was 58% UT, p less than .01) and 148% (T, p less than .001) greater than that of the FG mitochondria. After 20-26 weeks of exercise training the SO-mitochondrial 45Ca++ content of the rested-T animals was approximately 18% lower (p less than .05) while the T-FG-mitochondrial 45Ca++ content was 48% less than that of UT animals (p less than .01) with a concomitant 28% greater 45Ca++ activity in SO-FSR for the T-group as compared to UT (p less than .01). Following a rapidly exhaustive treadmill run the mitochondrial 45Ca++ content in the UT group was depressed by 21% in SO-fibers and 37% in FG-fibers (p less than .01) with no changes occurring in the T-group. Exhaustion produced no significant changes in the 45Ca++ activity of the FSR from either group of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:928966", "title": "Reduction of erythropoietic toxicity to cytarabine by pentobarbital.", "content": "The erythropoietic toxicity of cytarabine was reduced when mice were maintained in the anesthetized state by pentobarbital starting 1 hr before and lasting 1 hr after a series of doses of cytarabine given over a 4 hr period. Erythropoietic toxicity was determined by injecting 59Fe 48 or 72 hr after the last dose of cytarabine and measuring 59Fe in the circulating red blood cells 24 hr later (24 hr 59Fe uptake). Although pentobarbital alone had no effect on 24 hr 59Fe uptake either 48 or 72 hr after pentobarbital, the barbiturates reduced erythropoietic toxicity when cytarabine was given as 3 doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg every 2 hr and the effect was evaluated 48 hr after the last dose. Neither single nor multiple doses of cytarabine inhibited 59Fe uptake when 24 hr 59Fe uptake was measured 72 hr after cytarabine. However, if an initial dose of cytarabine (150 mg/kg) was given 12 hr prior to the multiple doses and 24 hr 59Fe up take was measured 72 hr after drug treatment, 59Fe uptake was inhibited, suggesting that the initial dose of cytarabine induced hemopoietic stem cells in the resting GO state to go into active cell cycle. Pentobarbital also protected against these latter effects of multiple doses of cytarabine. In contrast to the above, pentobarbital did not protect against the inhibitory effects of a single dose of cytarabine on 59Fe uptake. The above data show that pentobarbital protects against the cytotoxic effect of cytarabine on pronormoblasts and hemopoietic stem cells in cell cycle.", "contents": "Reduction of erythropoietic toxicity to cytarabine by pentobarbital. The erythropoietic toxicity of cytarabine was reduced when mice were maintained in the anesthetized state by pentobarbital starting 1 hr before and lasting 1 hr after a series of doses of cytarabine given over a 4 hr period. Erythropoietic toxicity was determined by injecting 59Fe 48 or 72 hr after the last dose of cytarabine and measuring 59Fe in the circulating red blood cells 24 hr later (24 hr 59Fe uptake). Although pentobarbital alone had no effect on 24 hr 59Fe uptake either 48 or 72 hr after pentobarbital, the barbiturates reduced erythropoietic toxicity when cytarabine was given as 3 doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg every 2 hr and the effect was evaluated 48 hr after the last dose. Neither single nor multiple doses of cytarabine inhibited 59Fe uptake when 24 hr 59Fe uptake was measured 72 hr after cytarabine. However, if an initial dose of cytarabine (150 mg/kg) was given 12 hr prior to the multiple doses and 24 hr 59Fe up take was measured 72 hr after drug treatment, 59Fe uptake was inhibited, suggesting that the initial dose of cytarabine induced hemopoietic stem cells in the resting GO state to go into active cell cycle. Pentobarbital also protected against these latter effects of multiple doses of cytarabine. In contrast to the above, pentobarbital did not protect against the inhibitory effects of a single dose of cytarabine on 59Fe uptake. The above data show that pentobarbital protects against the cytotoxic effect of cytarabine on pronormoblasts and hemopoietic stem cells in cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:928967", "title": "Antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted-4-thiazolidones.", "content": "Eleven 3-(3,4-diamethoxy phenyl ethyl)-4-oxothiazolin-2-yl-substituted hydrozones were evaluated for antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. The toxicity of the compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values.", "contents": "Antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties of substituted-4-thiazolidones. Eleven 3-(3,4-diamethoxy phenyl ethyl)-4-oxothiazolin-2-yl-substituted hydrozones were evaluated for antiinflammatory and antiproteolytic properties. The toxicity of the compounds was reflected by their approximate LD50 values."}
{"id": "PMID:928968", "title": "Effect of p-chloroamphetamine on serotonin content of the rat pineal gland.", "content": "p-Chloroamphetamine depleted serotonin in the rat pineal gland. Unlike the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on brain serotonin in rats, the depletion in the pineal gland lasted only a few hours and was not prevented by pretreatment with fluoxetine, an uptake inhibitor.", "contents": "Effect of p-chloroamphetamine on serotonin content of the rat pineal gland. p-Chloroamphetamine depleted serotonin in the rat pineal gland. Unlike the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on brain serotonin in rats, the depletion in the pineal gland lasted only a few hours and was not prevented by pretreatment with fluoxetine, an uptake inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:928970", "title": "Apparent metabolism of allopurinol by blood--a preliminary report.", "content": "Allopurinol is converted to a presently unidentified metabolite by whole blood, both in samples prepared in vitro as well as samples from subjects administered the drug. The apparent plasma concentration of allopurinol, as determined by HPLC, is dependent upon the length of time between sample preparation or sample withdrawl and the centrifugation and removal of plasma. Oxypurinol does not undergo the same conversion, nor does it affect the loss of allopurinol.", "contents": "Apparent metabolism of allopurinol by blood--a preliminary report. Allopurinol is converted to a presently unidentified metabolite by whole blood, both in samples prepared in vitro as well as samples from subjects administered the drug. The apparent plasma concentration of allopurinol, as determined by HPLC, is dependent upon the length of time between sample preparation or sample withdrawl and the centrifugation and removal of plasma. Oxypurinol does not undergo the same conversion, nor does it affect the loss of allopurinol."}
{"id": "PMID:928971", "title": "Evaluation of catheter-manometer systems for adequate intravascular blood pressure measurements in small animals.", "content": "Various catheter-manometer systems possible for intravascular blood pressure measurments on rats have been elaborated and tested in vitro and in vivo. Using a pressure-step calibrator, it was observed from in vitro studies that microtransducers had superior frequency response compared to conventional transducers. Of the catheters tested, Pe-90 tapered to a 40 mm tip with an inner diameter of 0.3 mm had the best frequency response as judged from fall and settling times. Because of the damping effect, tapering increased fall time to 1.8 ms, which was still quite acceptable. By the same token settling time was minimized to 22.4 ms. With a special calculation method the theoretical percentile fault of the recordings was estimated to be 9.66%. When the measurement error was calculated from the actual in vivo recordings, it was found to be no more than 2.7%. These results show that the technique described is adequate for continuous intravascular blood pressure recordings on small animals. Finally it is emphasized that careful handling of the catheters and avoidance of stopcocks and air bubbles are essential for obtaining accurate and reproducible values.", "contents": "Evaluation of catheter-manometer systems for adequate intravascular blood pressure measurements in small animals. Various catheter-manometer systems possible for intravascular blood pressure measurments on rats have been elaborated and tested in vitro and in vivo. Using a pressure-step calibrator, it was observed from in vitro studies that microtransducers had superior frequency response compared to conventional transducers. Of the catheters tested, Pe-90 tapered to a 40 mm tip with an inner diameter of 0.3 mm had the best frequency response as judged from fall and settling times. Because of the damping effect, tapering increased fall time to 1.8 ms, which was still quite acceptable. By the same token settling time was minimized to 22.4 ms. With a special calculation method the theoretical percentile fault of the recordings was estimated to be 9.66%. When the measurement error was calculated from the actual in vivo recordings, it was found to be no more than 2.7%. These results show that the technique described is adequate for continuous intravascular blood pressure recordings on small animals. Finally it is emphasized that careful handling of the catheters and avoidance of stopcocks and air bubbles are essential for obtaining accurate and reproducible values."}
{"id": "PMID:928972", "title": "Effects of glucagon on liver metabolism in intact dogs.", "content": "Chloralose-anaesthesized dogs, starved for 24 hours, were used to determine the effects of 10 microgram/kg glucagon, administered i.v. as a single bolus injection, on liver substrates in situ (glycogen, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, triose phosphates, glycerol-3-phosphate, phosphoenolypyruvate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, malate, ATP, ADP, and AMP). liver samples were obtained by instant deep-freezing with Wollenberger clamps on four consecutive occasions at 10-minute intervals. Heart rate and blood pressure were continuously monitored. Serial liver sampling per se had no significant effects on liver metabolism or systemic haemodynamics in a group of control animals. In a second group glucagon, administered after the initial freeze-clamp sampling to obtain baseline values, led to a marked activation of the glycogenolytic pathway resulting in glucose release from the liver.", "contents": "Effects of glucagon on liver metabolism in intact dogs. Chloralose-anaesthesized dogs, starved for 24 hours, were used to determine the effects of 10 microgram/kg glucagon, administered i.v. as a single bolus injection, on liver substrates in situ (glycogen, glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, triose phosphates, glycerol-3-phosphate, phosphoenolypyruvate, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, malate, ATP, ADP, and AMP). liver samples were obtained by instant deep-freezing with Wollenberger clamps on four consecutive occasions at 10-minute intervals. Heart rate and blood pressure were continuously monitored. Serial liver sampling per se had no significant effects on liver metabolism or systemic haemodynamics in a group of control animals. In a second group glucagon, administered after the initial freeze-clamp sampling to obtain baseline values, led to a marked activation of the glycogenolytic pathway resulting in glucose release from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:928973", "title": "Inhibitory effects of jaundice on regenerating liver.", "content": "The effects of partial hepatectomy on the energy charge (ATP + 1/2ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were studied in normal and jaundiced rats. In normal rats and energy charge levels of the remnant liver decreased only slightly with a rise in the phosphorylative activity of the mitochondria at an early stage after hepatectomy, and then rapidly returned to normal. In jaundiced rats subjected to the common bile duct ligation the energy the energy charge levels of the liver decreased to approximately 0.800 from 0.849 of normal value, though their mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was within normal limits. In jaundiced rats the energy charge levels of the remnant liver after partial hepatectomy decreased markedly without a return toward normal. The mitochondrial phosphorylative activity increased to only about 50% of hepatectomized normal rats after partial hepatectomy. More than 70% of jaundice rats died within 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. It was suggested that the jaundice inhibits an enhancement of ATP generation to provide sufficient energy for high energy demand rather than the enery-requiring biosynthetic process in an early process of liver regeneration.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of jaundice on regenerating liver. The effects of partial hepatectomy on the energy charge (ATP + 1/2ADP/ATP + ADP + AMP) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were studied in normal and jaundiced rats. In normal rats and energy charge levels of the remnant liver decreased only slightly with a rise in the phosphorylative activity of the mitochondria at an early stage after hepatectomy, and then rapidly returned to normal. In jaundiced rats subjected to the common bile duct ligation the energy the energy charge levels of the liver decreased to approximately 0.800 from 0.849 of normal value, though their mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was within normal limits. In jaundiced rats the energy charge levels of the remnant liver after partial hepatectomy decreased markedly without a return toward normal. The mitochondrial phosphorylative activity increased to only about 50% of hepatectomized normal rats after partial hepatectomy. More than 70% of jaundice rats died within 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. It was suggested that the jaundice inhibits an enhancement of ATP generation to provide sufficient energy for high energy demand rather than the enery-requiring biosynthetic process in an early process of liver regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:928974", "title": "Stored blood microfiltration. Evaluation of micro-aggregate filter composed of polyurethane foam and nylon wool.", "content": "Aggregates of amorphous material which develop during storage of banked blood have been implicated as a cause of pulmonary micro-embolism in man following massive transfusion. Such pulmonary micro-embolism may be a causal factor in the development of post traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. At present several microaggregate filters for use in massive transfusion are commercially available, and on of these is the Fenwal filter. It is composed of a screen filter which removes microclots of 250 microns and higher, a layer of polyurethane foam and a layer of nylon wool. The resistance of this device is very acceptable and the filter may be used for several blood units, but its efficiency seems less than that of Dacron wool filter.", "contents": "Stored blood microfiltration. Evaluation of micro-aggregate filter composed of polyurethane foam and nylon wool. Aggregates of amorphous material which develop during storage of banked blood have been implicated as a cause of pulmonary micro-embolism in man following massive transfusion. Such pulmonary micro-embolism may be a causal factor in the development of post traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. At present several microaggregate filters for use in massive transfusion are commercially available, and on of these is the Fenwal filter. It is composed of a screen filter which removes microclots of 250 microns and higher, a layer of polyurethane foam and a layer of nylon wool. The resistance of this device is very acceptable and the filter may be used for several blood units, but its efficiency seems less than that of Dacron wool filter."}
{"id": "PMID:928975", "title": "[In-vitro formation of plasma polyps in the human placenta and their isolation by means of \"inverted centrifugation\" (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Histological observations on sliced human placenta shaked in Krebs-Ringer-solution showed an high plasma polyp formation by the syncytiotrophoblast without any monoidoacetate or sodiumfluoride poisoning [1]. 2. The high plasma polyp formation of placenta slices incubated with gased (96% O2, 4% CO2) Krebs-Ringer-solution and shaked at 37 degrees C decreased rapidly and lasted up to 40 min. 3. Perfusion of the placenta intervillosum with fetal serum added Krebs-Ringer-Solution gave results in plasma polyp production up to six times higher than serum free Krebs-Ringer-solution perfusions. 4. Plasma polyp isolation and concentration by one step is discribed applying the inverted centrifugation technique: Plasma polyps migrate centripetally in Krebs-Ringer-solution containing 6% Ficoll (Pharmacia) and were concentrated in the tip of a tube invertedly placed into a swing-out-rotor.", "contents": "[In-vitro formation of plasma polyps in the human placenta and their isolation by means of \"inverted centrifugation\" (author's transl)]. 1. Histological observations on sliced human placenta shaked in Krebs-Ringer-solution showed an high plasma polyp formation by the syncytiotrophoblast without any monoidoacetate or sodiumfluoride poisoning [1]. 2. The high plasma polyp formation of placenta slices incubated with gased (96% O2, 4% CO2) Krebs-Ringer-solution and shaked at 37 degrees C decreased rapidly and lasted up to 40 min. 3. Perfusion of the placenta intervillosum with fetal serum added Krebs-Ringer-Solution gave results in plasma polyp production up to six times higher than serum free Krebs-Ringer-solution perfusions. 4. Plasma polyp isolation and concentration by one step is discribed applying the inverted centrifugation technique: Plasma polyps migrate centripetally in Krebs-Ringer-solution containing 6% Ficoll (Pharmacia) and were concentrated in the tip of a tube invertedly placed into a swing-out-rotor."}
{"id": "PMID:928976", "title": "[A modified Thomas canula to create a chronic pancreatic fistula in minipigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The design of a modified Thomas canula is described. It's possible applications for investigation of exocrine pancreatic function and gastric secretion as well as gastric emptying in minipigs are discussed. The advantages of this modified canula are that it can be simply manufactured, that it is well tolerated by the tissue and that there is no risk for the animal and no need for the construction of a pouch.", "contents": "[A modified Thomas canula to create a chronic pancreatic fistula in minipigs (author's transl)]. The design of a modified Thomas canula is described. It's possible applications for investigation of exocrine pancreatic function and gastric secretion as well as gastric emptying in minipigs are discussed. The advantages of this modified canula are that it can be simply manufactured, that it is well tolerated by the tissue and that there is no risk for the animal and no need for the construction of a pouch."}
{"id": "PMID:928977", "title": "[Biomechanical investigations of the liver capsule (author's transl)].", "content": "The strain properties of geometrically defined specimens of human, pig, and bovine liver capsule were analysed in vitro by applying histomechanical procedures. The dynamic relaxation correlates with the static relaxation under sinus shaped strain process after previous additional predetermined increase in length. If such a process occurs in the linear region of the stress-strain curve, the relaxation process continues on a new level even if the amplitude of the sinus length-time input function is augmented. The same experiment causes in the lower non-linear region of the stress-strain relation the so-called asymmetric amplitude phenomenon. Further histomechanical features of the liver capsule obtained after defined length-time input functions such as relaxation, static isorheological line, dynamic isorheological curve, increase of the vertices of the dynamic force-time function after static relaxation and dynamic force recovery curve are shown. The phase shift between force and lenth is pointed out. The significance of the biomechanical properties of the liver capsule under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[Biomechanical investigations of the liver capsule (author's transl)]. The strain properties of geometrically defined specimens of human, pig, and bovine liver capsule were analysed in vitro by applying histomechanical procedures. The dynamic relaxation correlates with the static relaxation under sinus shaped strain process after previous additional predetermined increase in length. If such a process occurs in the linear region of the stress-strain curve, the relaxation process continues on a new level even if the amplitude of the sinus length-time input function is augmented. The same experiment causes in the lower non-linear region of the stress-strain relation the so-called asymmetric amplitude phenomenon. Further histomechanical features of the liver capsule obtained after defined length-time input functions such as relaxation, static isorheological line, dynamic isorheological curve, increase of the vertices of the dynamic force-time function after static relaxation and dynamic force recovery curve are shown. The phase shift between force and lenth is pointed out. The significance of the biomechanical properties of the liver capsule under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:928978", "title": "Liver fibrosis of the turkey on rapeseed products.", "content": "Sclerosis of the liver accompanied by hydropericardium of long standing was observed in turkeys fed rapeseed products for 16 weeks. Histologically, extensive increases of fibrous tissue composed predominantly of reticular fibres and centrilobular degeneration of parenchymal cells were the main pathological features. Neither prominent fatty degeneration nor the formation of pseudolobules was observed. The birds fed rapeseed products for four and 12 weeks showed continuing occurrence of multiple focal and/or solitary hepatocytic necroses preceding the process of fibrosis in the livers. Glucosinolates and their hydrolytic products were considered the most likely causative factors for the hepatocytic necrosis.", "contents": "Liver fibrosis of the turkey on rapeseed products. Sclerosis of the liver accompanied by hydropericardium of long standing was observed in turkeys fed rapeseed products for 16 weeks. Histologically, extensive increases of fibrous tissue composed predominantly of reticular fibres and centrilobular degeneration of parenchymal cells were the main pathological features. Neither prominent fatty degeneration nor the formation of pseudolobules was observed. The birds fed rapeseed products for four and 12 weeks showed continuing occurrence of multiple focal and/or solitary hepatocytic necroses preceding the process of fibrosis in the livers. Glucosinolates and their hydrolytic products were considered the most likely causative factors for the hepatocytic necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:928979", "title": "Isolation and characterisation of a murine picornavirus.", "content": "Cytopathic changes were observed in uninoculated primary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts. A virus resembling a picornavirus was isolated from the cultures. The virus produced cytopathic changes in mouse embryo fibroblast, chicken embryo fibroblast and Vero cell cultures. It was pathogenic for suckling mice and for chick embryos. Neutralising antibodies against the virus were present in animals of the parent colony.", "contents": "Isolation and characterisation of a murine picornavirus. Cytopathic changes were observed in uninoculated primary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts. A virus resembling a picornavirus was isolated from the cultures. The virus produced cytopathic changes in mouse embryo fibroblast, chicken embryo fibroblast and Vero cell cultures. It was pathogenic for suckling mice and for chick embryos. Neutralising antibodies against the virus were present in animals of the parent colony."}
{"id": "PMID:928981", "title": "Nocardia species as a possible cause of ovine abortion.", "content": "An instance of ovine abortion is described in which focal placental lesions were caused by a Gram-positive branching filamentous organism. The organism was present in well oxygenated tissues and so is thought more likely to have been a Nocardia sp than an Actinomyces sp.", "contents": "Nocardia species as a possible cause of ovine abortion. An instance of ovine abortion is described in which focal placental lesions were caused by a Gram-positive branching filamentous organism. The organism was present in well oxygenated tissues and so is thought more likely to have been a Nocardia sp than an Actinomyces sp."}
{"id": "PMID:928982", "title": "Haemorrhagic liver syndrome of broiler chickens fed diets containing rapeseed products.", "content": "Haemorrhagic livers were observed in male white rock chicks of one to four weeks old, that were fed diets supplemented with 50 per cent rapeseed meal and 50 per cent rapeseed full-fat seeds. The haemorrhagic lesions were comparable to those of the laying hens except for the absence of fatty degeneration. There were no substantial fibrotic lesions. Multifocal or solitary hepatocytic necrosis was observed around the haemorrhagic lesions, although the necrotic foci did not always accompany the haemorrhage. The reticulum only of the necrotic and haemorrhagic lesions was not demonstrated with silver strain. Association of hepatocytic necrosis with liver haemorrhage and absence of argyrophilic fibres suggested that the hepatocytic necrosis was the primary contributory factor for the development of the hepatic haemorrhage.", "contents": "Haemorrhagic liver syndrome of broiler chickens fed diets containing rapeseed products. Haemorrhagic livers were observed in male white rock chicks of one to four weeks old, that were fed diets supplemented with 50 per cent rapeseed meal and 50 per cent rapeseed full-fat seeds. The haemorrhagic lesions were comparable to those of the laying hens except for the absence of fatty degeneration. There were no substantial fibrotic lesions. Multifocal or solitary hepatocytic necrosis was observed around the haemorrhagic lesions, although the necrotic foci did not always accompany the haemorrhage. The reticulum only of the necrotic and haemorrhagic lesions was not demonstrated with silver strain. Association of hepatocytic necrosis with liver haemorrhage and absence of argyrophilic fibres suggested that the hepatocytic necrosis was the primary contributory factor for the development of the hepatic haemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:928983", "title": "The contribution of overwintering pasture larval infection and the spring rise as sources of Ostertagia circumcincta infection in lambs.", "content": "An investigation was made to study the acquisition of infection with Ostertagia circumcincta by lambs on land carrying residual infection, infection following the spring rise and both infections. Dry weather in June modified the usual pattern of herbage larval infection by delaying the peak of larvae derived from residual infection and cutting out the first half of the diphasic peak normally associated with the spring rise. It is suggested that prediction of the time when damaging infections develop on the herbage may be possible by a study of meteorological observations.", "contents": "The contribution of overwintering pasture larval infection and the spring rise as sources of Ostertagia circumcincta infection in lambs. An investigation was made to study the acquisition of infection with Ostertagia circumcincta by lambs on land carrying residual infection, infection following the spring rise and both infections. Dry weather in June modified the usual pattern of herbage larval infection by delaying the peak of larvae derived from residual infection and cutting out the first half of the diphasic peak normally associated with the spring rise. It is suggested that prediction of the time when damaging infections develop on the herbage may be possible by a study of meteorological observations."}
{"id": "PMID:928984", "title": "A comparative study of the responses of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow of the albino rat to infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Using 90 albino rats, a comparison was made between the response to experimental infections of Trypanosoma brucei and T congolense of approximately three weeks duration by observation of parasitaemia, packed cell volume values, post mortem spleen and lymph weights, and histology of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. In T congolense infection, phagocytosis of trypanosomes in the spleen appeared to be the main response of the host's haemopoietic tissues to the parasites, which were observed only intravascularly. In T brucei infection immunological responses occurred in the spleen and lymph nodes in addition to trypanosome phagocytosis. Trypanosomes were seen intercellularly in thymus, mediastinal tissue and lymph node sinuses and parasitaemia reached considerably higher values than in T congolense infection. Erythrophagocytosis in the spleen was the only histological feature which could account for the reduction in packed cell volume which occurred near death in both infections, medullary haemopoiesis being increased. Changes in the thymus, incorporating plasma cell production and depletion of cortical small lymphocytes, occurred in both infections.", "contents": "A comparative study of the responses of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow of the albino rat to infection with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei. Using 90 albino rats, a comparison was made between the response to experimental infections of Trypanosoma brucei and T congolense of approximately three weeks duration by observation of parasitaemia, packed cell volume values, post mortem spleen and lymph weights, and histology of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. In T congolense infection, phagocytosis of trypanosomes in the spleen appeared to be the main response of the host's haemopoietic tissues to the parasites, which were observed only intravascularly. In T brucei infection immunological responses occurred in the spleen and lymph nodes in addition to trypanosome phagocytosis. Trypanosomes were seen intercellularly in thymus, mediastinal tissue and lymph node sinuses and parasitaemia reached considerably higher values than in T congolense infection. Erythrophagocytosis in the spleen was the only histological feature which could account for the reduction in packed cell volume which occurred near death in both infections, medullary haemopoiesis being increased. Changes in the thymus, incorporating plasma cell production and depletion of cortical small lymphocytes, occurred in both infections."}
{"id": "PMID:928986", "title": "Efficiency of praziquantel, a new cesticide, against Taenia hydatigena in the dog.", "content": "Praziquantel (2 - cyclohexylcarbonyl - 1,3,4,6,7,11b - hexahydro - 2H - pyrazino (2,1 - a) isoquinolin - 4 - one) was tested against artificially established infections of Taenia hydatigena in 39 dogs. The formulation used was a 660 mg tablet containing 50 mg of active ingredient (ai). A single oral dose at 1 mg/kg ai completely removed 14-day-old infections in all dogs. 2.5 mg/kg ai praziquantel was completely effective against 7, 14 and 28-day-old worms. 5 mg/kg ai completely removed two-day-old infestations. No side effects were seen in any treated dog.", "contents": "Efficiency of praziquantel, a new cesticide, against Taenia hydatigena in the dog. Praziquantel (2 - cyclohexylcarbonyl - 1,3,4,6,7,11b - hexahydro - 2H - pyrazino (2,1 - a) isoquinolin - 4 - one) was tested against artificially established infections of Taenia hydatigena in 39 dogs. The formulation used was a 660 mg tablet containing 50 mg of active ingredient (ai). A single oral dose at 1 mg/kg ai completely removed 14-day-old infections in all dogs. 2.5 mg/kg ai praziquantel was completely effective against 7, 14 and 28-day-old worms. 5 mg/kg ai completely removed two-day-old infestations. No side effects were seen in any treated dog."}
{"id": "PMID:928987", "title": "The globule leucocyte in bovine schistosomiasis.", "content": "Globule leucocytes were detected in forestomachs, abomasum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine, lung, liver, bladder and kidney in cattle infected with Schistosoma mattheei. In animals examined seven and eight weeks after infection they were found only in the lungs. They were present in the alimentary tract from 18 weeks onwards. They were most numerous and most widely distributed in animals subjected to repeated, heavy infection. There was evidence that they were associated with the immune response of the host and that they were derived from mast cells.", "contents": "The globule leucocyte in bovine schistosomiasis. Globule leucocytes were detected in forestomachs, abomasum, duodenum, ileum, large intestine, lung, liver, bladder and kidney in cattle infected with Schistosoma mattheei. In animals examined seven and eight weeks after infection they were found only in the lungs. They were present in the alimentary tract from 18 weeks onwards. They were most numerous and most widely distributed in animals subjected to repeated, heavy infection. There was evidence that they were associated with the immune response of the host and that they were derived from mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:928988", "title": "Effects of storage on the methaemoglobin content of equine blood.", "content": "Equine blood containing different levels of methaemoglobin was stored under varying conditions and the methaemoglobin content was monitored during the storage period. Only under aerobic storage at 4 degrees C did the methaemoglobin content of all samples appear to remain stable.", "contents": "Effects of storage on the methaemoglobin content of equine blood. Equine blood containing different levels of methaemoglobin was stored under varying conditions and the methaemoglobin content was monitored during the storage period. Only under aerobic storage at 4 degrees C did the methaemoglobin content of all samples appear to remain stable."}
{"id": "PMID:928989", "title": "Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: immunogenicity of lyophilised plasma from an infected animal.", "content": "An experiment was carried out in which three groups of splenectomised calves were inoculated on three occasions at fortnightly intervals with lyophilised plasma from an animal reacting to Babesia divergens infection. Two weeks later these three groups of calves, together with three control groups, were challengpd with isologous, homologous or heterologous isolates of B divergens. Limited protection to isologous and homologous challenge was observed in the calves inoculated with plasma.", "contents": "Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: immunogenicity of lyophilised plasma from an infected animal. An experiment was carried out in which three groups of splenectomised calves were inoculated on three occasions at fortnightly intervals with lyophilised plasma from an animal reacting to Babesia divergens infection. Two weeks later these three groups of calves, together with three control groups, were challengpd with isologous, homologous or heterologous isolates of B divergens. Limited protection to isologous and homologous challenge was observed in the calves inoculated with plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:928990", "title": "Porcine intestinal adenomatosis associated with serologically distinct Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis.", "content": "A variant of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis which is serologically distinct from all strains previously examined is described. It has been isolated from cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis and necrotic enteritis and in all other characteristics conforms to the description of mucosalis.", "contents": "Porcine intestinal adenomatosis associated with serologically distinct Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis. A variant of Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis which is serologically distinct from all strains previously examined is described. It has been isolated from cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis and necrotic enteritis and in all other characteristics conforms to the description of mucosalis."}
{"id": "PMID:928991", "title": "The effect of storage and handling on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in horse serum.", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in normal horse serum was studied under four conditions of storage. For storage periods up to three weeks freezing (-20 degrees C) was most satisfactory whereas for 24 to 48 h room temperature proved optimal. The most unsuitable temperature for lengthy storage was 4 degrees C. Storage of clotted blood for up to 48 h may result in haemolysis and unexpected rise in activity.", "contents": "The effect of storage and handling on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in horse serum. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in normal horse serum was studied under four conditions of storage. For storage periods up to three weeks freezing (-20 degrees C) was most satisfactory whereas for 24 to 48 h room temperature proved optimal. The most unsuitable temperature for lengthy storage was 4 degrees C. Storage of clotted blood for up to 48 h may result in haemolysis and unexpected rise in activity."}
{"id": "PMID:928992", "title": "Experimental transmission of Babesia major by Haemaphysalis punctata.", "content": "Using a newly isolated strain of Babesia major and a clean strain of laboratory reared Haemaphysalis punctata it was shown that adult female ticks could be alimentarily infected by feeding on infected calves but that larvae and nymphae could not. All stages were able to transmit the parasite. Two syringe passages of B major resulted in a complete loss of infectivity to ticks.", "contents": "Experimental transmission of Babesia major by Haemaphysalis punctata. Using a newly isolated strain of Babesia major and a clean strain of laboratory reared Haemaphysalis punctata it was shown that adult female ticks could be alimentarily infected by feeding on infected calves but that larvae and nymphae could not. All stages were able to transmit the parasite. Two syringe passages of B major resulted in a complete loss of infectivity to ticks."}
{"id": "PMID:928993", "title": "Temperature-induced variations of blood acid-base status in the lugworm, Arenicola marina (L.): I. In vitro study.", "content": "Blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina studied in vitro behaved like a Rosenthal system: when temperature rose, pH decreased and PCO2 increased, whereas [HCO3] remained practically constant. pH values were low whatever the CCO2 and SO2. The temperature coefficient dpH/dt was always significantly different from the mean temperature-induced variations of the neutral pH of pure water between 0 and 30 degrees C. Consequently, the relative alkalinity of the blood, [OH-]/[H+], was very low (range, 1.53-5.06) and increased appreciably with temperature. Calculated changes in the fractional dissociation of protein imidazole groups, alphaIm, were smaller. The very variable buffer power of Arenicola hemoglobin was maximum (beta max) for a strictly defined, temperature-dependent value of pH (pH beta max), suggesting that as yet unidentified ionizable group on the hemoglobin molecule, RH, could be responsible for the pH-dependent changes of blood buffer power in Arenicola. Assuming pK'RH = PH beta max, the calculated fractional dissociation of RH, alpha RH, was constant between 0 and 30 degrees C. The nature of RH is discussed in relation with Reeves's hypothesis concerning the preeminence of protein imidazole groups in the regulation of extra- and intracellular pH.", "contents": "Temperature-induced variations of blood acid-base status in the lugworm, Arenicola marina (L.): I. In vitro study. Blood of the lugworm Arenicola marina studied in vitro behaved like a Rosenthal system: when temperature rose, pH decreased and PCO2 increased, whereas [HCO3] remained practically constant. pH values were low whatever the CCO2 and SO2. The temperature coefficient dpH/dt was always significantly different from the mean temperature-induced variations of the neutral pH of pure water between 0 and 30 degrees C. Consequently, the relative alkalinity of the blood, [OH-]/[H+], was very low (range, 1.53-5.06) and increased appreciably with temperature. Calculated changes in the fractional dissociation of protein imidazole groups, alphaIm, were smaller. The very variable buffer power of Arenicola hemoglobin was maximum (beta max) for a strictly defined, temperature-dependent value of pH (pH beta max), suggesting that as yet unidentified ionizable group on the hemoglobin molecule, RH, could be responsible for the pH-dependent changes of blood buffer power in Arenicola. Assuming pK'RH = PH beta max, the calculated fractional dissociation of RH, alpha RH, was constant between 0 and 30 degrees C. The nature of RH is discussed in relation with Reeves's hypothesis concerning the preeminence of protein imidazole groups in the regulation of extra- and intracellular pH."}
{"id": "PMID:928994", "title": "Temperature-induced variations of blood acid-base status in the lugworm, Arenicola marina (L.): II. In vivo study.", "content": "Lugworms, Arenicola marina (L.), acclimatized at 16-17 degrees C, were acclimated at temperatures between 5.3 and 25.7 degrees C for 96 h. Whereas in vitro Arenicola blood behaves like a Rosenthal system, in vivo prebranchial blood does not: the higher the acclimation temperature, the lower the pHv and [HCO3]V, PVCO2, remaining practically constant. Nevertheless, the very low relative alkalinity of the blood in vivo ([OH-]/[H+] is less than 3), and the degree of dissociation of extra- and intracellular proteins, remain practically constant whatever the temperature. From examples in the literature together with these results, it is concluded that poikilothermic air-breathers and poikilothermic water-breathers regulate their blood pH in the face of temperature changes by contrasting mechanisms. In the first, regulation is almost instantaneous and takes place at the pulmonary level through adjustment of CO2 exchanges. In the second this regulation is slow and mainly extraventilatory, occurring through ionic exchanges. This contrast must be considered in relation with differences in blood PCO2 values, caused by the much higher O2 capacitance of air compared to water.", "contents": "Temperature-induced variations of blood acid-base status in the lugworm, Arenicola marina (L.): II. In vivo study. Lugworms, Arenicola marina (L.), acclimatized at 16-17 degrees C, were acclimated at temperatures between 5.3 and 25.7 degrees C for 96 h. Whereas in vitro Arenicola blood behaves like a Rosenthal system, in vivo prebranchial blood does not: the higher the acclimation temperature, the lower the pHv and [HCO3]V, PVCO2, remaining practically constant. Nevertheless, the very low relative alkalinity of the blood in vivo ([OH-]/[H+] is less than 3), and the degree of dissociation of extra- and intracellular proteins, remain practically constant whatever the temperature. From examples in the literature together with these results, it is concluded that poikilothermic air-breathers and poikilothermic water-breathers regulate their blood pH in the face of temperature changes by contrasting mechanisms. In the first, regulation is almost instantaneous and takes place at the pulmonary level through adjustment of CO2 exchanges. In the second this regulation is slow and mainly extraventilatory, occurring through ionic exchanges. This contrast must be considered in relation with differences in blood PCO2 values, caused by the much higher O2 capacitance of air compared to water."}
{"id": "PMID:928995", "title": "Placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in unanesthetized guinea pigs.", "content": "In unanesthetized pregnant guinea pigs 5-7 ml of maternal blood which had been equilibrated with carbon monoxide (CO) was reinfused into the sow's carotid artery. Three serial blood samples were withdrawn from the sow and a single terminal fetal sample obtained for determination of CO content and hemoglobin  concentration. Transplacental CO uptake (VCO) was determined as the product of fetal blood CO content and fetal CO space (11.8% of fetal weight). Placental diffusing capacity (DPCO) was calculated by dividing VCO by the mean partial pressure difference between maternal and fetal blood. DPCO (ml-min(-1)/torr) increased significantly with gestational age: 45-50 days = 0.0413, 51-57 days = 0.1092 and 58-68 days = 0.1858. This increase paralleled fetal weight but was not related to placental weight.", "contents": "Placental diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in unanesthetized guinea pigs. In unanesthetized pregnant guinea pigs 5-7 ml of maternal blood which had been equilibrated with carbon monoxide (CO) was reinfused into the sow's carotid artery. Three serial blood samples were withdrawn from the sow and a single terminal fetal sample obtained for determination of CO content and hemoglobin  concentration. Transplacental CO uptake (VCO) was determined as the product of fetal blood CO content and fetal CO space (11.8% of fetal weight). Placental diffusing capacity (DPCO) was calculated by dividing VCO by the mean partial pressure difference between maternal and fetal blood. DPCO (ml-min(-1)/torr) increased significantly with gestational age: 45-50 days = 0.0413, 51-57 days = 0.1092 and 58-68 days = 0.1858. This increase paralleled fetal weight but was not related to placental weight."}
{"id": "PMID:928998", "title": "Oxygen analyses of chicken embryo blood.", "content": "According to data obtained previously on the blood gas tensions and the oxygen dissociation curve of chicken embryos, the arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference in the allantoic circulation has been conjectured fairly large. In order to confirm this conjecture as well as to check the validity of the in vitro dissociation curve, both the blood oxygen capacity and content in allantoic artery and vein were measured. The in vivo O2 saturation measured here resulted in a similar value to that estimated from the dissociation curve. The O2 content in allantoic vein ranges from about 7 to 11.5 vol% during the 10th to the 18th days of incubation and that in artery is pronouncedly low in a range of 1 to 2.5 vol%, suggesting that the blood flow rate through the body tissues is fairly larger than that through the gas exchange capillary plexus. Then, the distribution of blood flow was estimated from the analyzed data based on a model of blood circulation and some assumptions. In connection with this estimation, the diffusing capacity for deoxygenation in the tissues was speculated to be much larger than that for oxygenation in the chorioallantoic capillaries.", "contents": "Oxygen analyses of chicken embryo blood. According to data obtained previously on the blood gas tensions and the oxygen dissociation curve of chicken embryos, the arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference in the allantoic circulation has been conjectured fairly large. In order to confirm this conjecture as well as to check the validity of the in vitro dissociation curve, both the blood oxygen capacity and content in allantoic artery and vein were measured. The in vivo O2 saturation measured here resulted in a similar value to that estimated from the dissociation curve. The O2 content in allantoic vein ranges from about 7 to 11.5 vol% during the 10th to the 18th days of incubation and that in artery is pronouncedly low in a range of 1 to 2.5 vol%, suggesting that the blood flow rate through the body tissues is fairly larger than that through the gas exchange capillary plexus. Then, the distribution of blood flow was estimated from the analyzed data based on a model of blood circulation and some assumptions. In connection with this estimation, the diffusing capacity for deoxygenation in the tissues was speculated to be much larger than that for oxygenation in the chorioallantoic capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:929000", "title": "Brain amino acids in conscious rats in chronic normocapnic and hypocapnic hypoxemia.", "content": "The influence of hypoxemia on the brain content of several organic acids and NH+4, AND ITS RELATIONship to the accompanying hypocapnia was studied in unanesthetized rats subjected to hypoxemia for periods ranging between 2 hours and 7 days. Under acute conditions, 'mild' hypoxemia (FO2 = 6--7%), these increases were greater and accompanied by increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreased glutamic and aspartic acid levels; glutamine and NH+4 remained normal. When hypocapnia was prevented, 'severe' hypoxemia induced only a rise in GABA and slight elevations in lactic and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. During prolonged severe hypoxemia, the effects on the brain amino acids were maintained throughout, indicating that they are independent from the intracerebral pH which should progressively normalize. The effect on lactic acid gradually disappeared. The results show that during hypocapnic hypoxemia the rise in brain GABA is hypoxemia dependent, the decrease in glutamic and aspartic acid is hypocapnia dependent and the increase in lactic acid is in a large way alkalosis dependent.", "contents": "Brain amino acids in conscious rats in chronic normocapnic and hypocapnic hypoxemia. The influence of hypoxemia on the brain content of several organic acids and NH+4, AND ITS RELATIONship to the accompanying hypocapnia was studied in unanesthetized rats subjected to hypoxemia for periods ranging between 2 hours and 7 days. Under acute conditions, 'mild' hypoxemia (FO2 = 6--7%), these increases were greater and accompanied by increased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and decreased glutamic and aspartic acid levels; glutamine and NH+4 remained normal. When hypocapnia was prevented, 'severe' hypoxemia induced only a rise in GABA and slight elevations in lactic and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. During prolonged severe hypoxemia, the effects on the brain amino acids were maintained throughout, indicating that they are independent from the intracerebral pH which should progressively normalize. The effect on lactic acid gradually disappeared. The results show that during hypocapnic hypoxemia the rise in brain GABA is hypoxemia dependent, the decrease in glutamic and aspartic acid is hypocapnia dependent and the increase in lactic acid is in a large way alkalosis dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:929028", "title": "[Benign multi-recurrent endothelio (?)-leukocytic meningitis].", "content": "A third of a century after the confirmation of this new entity, the author gives a current review of the clinical, general and aetio-pathogenic characteristics and course, based upon personal research and the published literature. Nothing is to be added to or subtracted from the original description but all remains to be discovered as far as aetio-pathogenesis is concerned.", "contents": "[Benign multi-recurrent endothelio (?)-leukocytic meningitis]. A third of a century after the confirmation of this new entity, the author gives a current review of the clinical, general and aetio-pathogenic characteristics and course, based upon personal research and the published literature. Nothing is to be added to or subtracted from the original description but all remains to be discovered as far as aetio-pathogenesis is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:929029", "title": "[Benigne multi-recurrent meningitis (Mollaret's disease). A case in a child of 2 years and 8 months].", "content": "The authors report a case of meningitis, presenting all characteristics of the disease described in 1944 by P. Mollaret, occurring in a child aged 2 years and 8 months. They stress the rarity of cases on childhood. The cells found in the cerebrospinal fluid, photographs of which are included, are fragile and may undergo early lysis. They are present in association with lymphocytes and polynuclears, giving the slide examined a highly characteristic mottled appearance. The authors raise the question of the morphological similarity of these large cells, with their polygonal contour and small central nucleus, with an epithelium.", "contents": "[Benigne multi-recurrent meningitis (Mollaret's disease). A case in a child of 2 years and 8 months]. The authors report a case of meningitis, presenting all characteristics of the disease described in 1944 by P. Mollaret, occurring in a child aged 2 years and 8 months. They stress the rarity of cases on childhood. The cells found in the cerebrospinal fluid, photographs of which are included, are fragile and may undergo early lysis. They are present in association with lymphocytes and polynuclears, giving the slide examined a highly characteristic mottled appearance. The authors raise the question of the morphological similarity of these large cells, with their polygonal contour and small central nucleus, with an epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:929030", "title": "[Disturbances of wakefulness, sleep and respiratory function in Steinert's disease].", "content": "36 night sleep recordings were carried out on 15 patients suffering from myotonia dystrophica. 9 of these patients complained of diurnal hypersomnia. 10 patients had a disturbance of night sleep with a reduction of REM sleep sometimes associated with interruption of the recording with an increase in the light stages of sleep or alternatively with an increase of REM sleep with a reduction in the latency period of the first paradoxical sleep or with narcoleptic elements. 13 patients had abnormally early abolition of chin EMG activity, almost on falling asleep. 11 cases had pathological apnoeic episodes during sleep and in 9 of the 10 patients who underwent respiratory function studies there was a restrictive airways defect. In addition 9 had frank hypoxia without hypercapnia and 4 a right to left shunt. 3 clinically unaffected patients but with affected relatives were also investigated, 2 were found to have sleep disturbances 1 of which was associated with early abolition of tone.", "contents": "[Disturbances of wakefulness, sleep and respiratory function in Steinert's disease]. 36 night sleep recordings were carried out on 15 patients suffering from myotonia dystrophica. 9 of these patients complained of diurnal hypersomnia. 10 patients had a disturbance of night sleep with a reduction of REM sleep sometimes associated with interruption of the recording with an increase in the light stages of sleep or alternatively with an increase of REM sleep with a reduction in the latency period of the first paradoxical sleep or with narcoleptic elements. 13 patients had abnormally early abolition of chin EMG activity, almost on falling asleep. 11 cases had pathological apnoeic episodes during sleep and in 9 of the 10 patients who underwent respiratory function studies there was a restrictive airways defect. In addition 9 had frank hypoxia without hypercapnia and 4 a right to left shunt. 3 clinically unaffected patients but with affected relatives were also investigated, 2 were found to have sleep disturbances 1 of which was associated with early abolition of tone."}
{"id": "PMID:929031", "title": "[Striato-nigral degeneration. Clinical and anatomic study of a case which responded favorably to L-Dopa].", "content": "The authors have reported the case of a 65 year old woman followed for almost 4 years with an akineticrigid Parkinsonian syndrome which responded well to levodopa. Waning of response finally occurred and despite the addition of a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor the patient died suddenly. Autopsy examination revealed pure nigro-striatal degeneration without any additional pathology. The report deals primarily with purity of the Parkinsonian picture and especially with the conspicuous and prolonged effect of levodopa.", "contents": "[Striato-nigral degeneration. Clinical and anatomic study of a case which responded favorably to L-Dopa]. The authors have reported the case of a 65 year old woman followed for almost 4 years with an akineticrigid Parkinsonian syndrome which responded well to levodopa. Waning of response finally occurred and despite the addition of a peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor the patient died suddenly. Autopsy examination revealed pure nigro-striatal degeneration without any additional pathology. The report deals primarily with purity of the Parkinsonian picture and especially with the conspicuous and prolonged effect of levodopa."}
{"id": "PMID:929032", "title": "[Landouzy-Dejerine syndrome. Evolution of the concept of facio-scapulo-humeral amyotrophia].", "content": "Detailed analysis of the literature and the study of personal cases have led the authors to propose a new concept for facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy. They consider it to be a syndrome, embracing under the same clinical picture both muscular disease (classical hereditary muscular dystrophy, congenital and acquired myopathies) and neurological disease (in particular progressive pseudomyopathic amyotrophy).", "contents": "[Landouzy-Dejerine syndrome. Evolution of the concept of facio-scapulo-humeral amyotrophia]. Detailed analysis of the literature and the study of personal cases have led the authors to propose a new concept for facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy. They consider it to be a syndrome, embracing under the same clinical picture both muscular disease (classical hereditary muscular dystrophy, congenital and acquired myopathies) and neurological disease (in particular progressive pseudomyopathic amyotrophy)."}
{"id": "PMID:929034", "title": "[Preoperative approach to the histologic diagnosis of cerebral tumors by combination of clinical and paraclinical examinations (EEG, computerized cerebral tomography, scintigraphy, and angiography)].", "content": "The authors present their last series of one hundred operated cerebral tumors (19 meningiomas, 16 benign gliomas, 38 malignant gliomas, 20 isolated metastasis, 8 diversified tumors) studied on the clinical, E.E.G., isotopic scanner, computorized tomographies and angiographic point of view. The comparison of these multiple exams, permits one to determinate the malignant of benign nature of a tumor in 86 p. 100 of the cases and the precise histological nature in 56 p. 100 of the cases. The biopsy effectuated in stereotaxic conditions permits to solve the problem in uncertain cases. The interest of computorized tomography is emphasized (discovery or confirmation of a suspected tumor, definition of its extension in depth), but this recent technic is incapable of constant confirmation of the histological diagnosis; it cannot replace other confirmed methods of diagnosis. The angiography remains necessary to guide the surgical gesture.", "contents": "[Preoperative approach to the histologic diagnosis of cerebral tumors by combination of clinical and paraclinical examinations (EEG, computerized cerebral tomography, scintigraphy, and angiography)]. The authors present their last series of one hundred operated cerebral tumors (19 meningiomas, 16 benign gliomas, 38 malignant gliomas, 20 isolated metastasis, 8 diversified tumors) studied on the clinical, E.E.G., isotopic scanner, computorized tomographies and angiographic point of view. The comparison of these multiple exams, permits one to determinate the malignant of benign nature of a tumor in 86 p. 100 of the cases and the precise histological nature in 56 p. 100 of the cases. The biopsy effectuated in stereotaxic conditions permits to solve the problem in uncertain cases. The interest of computorized tomography is emphasized (discovery or confirmation of a suspected tumor, definition of its extension in depth), but this recent technic is incapable of constant confirmation of the histological diagnosis; it cannot replace other confirmed methods of diagnosis. The angiography remains necessary to guide the surgical gesture."}
{"id": "PMID:929033", "title": "[Anatomo-clinical study of a case of \"ophthalmoplegia plus\" with analysis of muscular, central nervous, ocular, myocardial, and thyroid lesions].", "content": "This study deals with a case of \"ophtalmoplegia plus\" with histochemistry and electron microscopy of a muscle biopsy and full pathological examination in a 29 year old woman. Ragged-red fibers with abnormal mitochondria, cerebral spongiosis mostly involving white matter, perimacular pigmentary retinopathy and scattered myocardial fibrosis interrupting the Hiss'bundle were found. A goiter with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones and thyroid and ocular muscles changes characteristics of Graves' disease without any hypermetabolism occurred in her late twenties. This could be related to the absence of response from the abnormal mitochondria to the thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Anatomo-clinical study of a case of \"ophthalmoplegia plus\" with analysis of muscular, central nervous, ocular, myocardial, and thyroid lesions]. This study deals with a case of \"ophtalmoplegia plus\" with histochemistry and electron microscopy of a muscle biopsy and full pathological examination in a 29 year old woman. Ragged-red fibers with abnormal mitochondria, cerebral spongiosis mostly involving white matter, perimacular pigmentary retinopathy and scattered myocardial fibrosis interrupting the Hiss'bundle were found. A goiter with hypersecretion of thyroid hormones and thyroid and ocular muscles changes characteristics of Graves' disease without any hypermetabolism occurred in her late twenties. This could be related to the absence of response from the abnormal mitochondria to the thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:929035", "title": "[Bismuth myoclonic encephalopathies. Their course and lasting or definitive late complications].", "content": "Acute myoclonic encephalopathy related to the ingestion of bismuth salts has been known for 3 years and would appear to be reversible. Of a total of 41 cases, 32 were observed for an average of more than a year. Alongside the commoner benign forms, there coexist severe forms, sometimes fatal, prolonged forms and complicated forms. Permanent deterioration, affecting memory above all, tremor, marked insomnia, headache and disturbed gait are amongst the most durable complications, sometimes definitive, whilst in four cases osteo-arthropathy of the shoulders was associated with permanent invalidism.", "contents": "[Bismuth myoclonic encephalopathies. Their course and lasting or definitive late complications]. Acute myoclonic encephalopathy related to the ingestion of bismuth salts has been known for 3 years and would appear to be reversible. Of a total of 41 cases, 32 were observed for an average of more than a year. Alongside the commoner benign forms, there coexist severe forms, sometimes fatal, prolonged forms and complicated forms. Permanent deterioration, affecting memory above all, tremor, marked insomnia, headache and disturbed gait are amongst the most durable complications, sometimes definitive, whilst in four cases osteo-arthropathy of the shoulders was associated with permanent invalidism."}
{"id": "PMID:929036", "title": "[Senile subcortical neurofibrillary degeneration with the presence of twisted tubules and straight filaments. Atypical form of progressive supranuclear paralysis].", "content": "A case with wide-spread subcortical neurofibrillary changes, cell loss and gliosis in a 81 year old man is described. The most affected areas were both pallida, Luys subthalamic bodies, the substantia nigra and the denate nuclei of the cerebellum. The cerebral cortex contained only a few senile plaques. We interpreted this case as a variety of progressive supranuclear palsy despite the lack of the typical supranuclear ophtalmoplegia and of superior colliculi involvement. In the subthalamic body and in the substantia nigra fibrillary tangles were investigated ultrastructurally and found to consist of two kinds of fibrillary material: straight fine filaments of 100 A and twisted tubules with an average diameter of 200 A. We did not see 150 A straight filaments like those found in some cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. The possible significancy of each kind of neuro-fibrillary tangles and of their simultaneous occurrence in the subcortex of this case is discussed.", "contents": "[Senile subcortical neurofibrillary degeneration with the presence of twisted tubules and straight filaments. Atypical form of progressive supranuclear paralysis]. A case with wide-spread subcortical neurofibrillary changes, cell loss and gliosis in a 81 year old man is described. The most affected areas were both pallida, Luys subthalamic bodies, the substantia nigra and the denate nuclei of the cerebellum. The cerebral cortex contained only a few senile plaques. We interpreted this case as a variety of progressive supranuclear palsy despite the lack of the typical supranuclear ophtalmoplegia and of superior colliculi involvement. In the subthalamic body and in the substantia nigra fibrillary tangles were investigated ultrastructurally and found to consist of two kinds of fibrillary material: straight fine filaments of 100 A and twisted tubules with an average diameter of 200 A. We did not see 150 A straight filaments like those found in some cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. The possible significancy of each kind of neuro-fibrillary tangles and of their simultaneous occurrence in the subcortex of this case is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929037", "title": "[Abnormal movements caused by L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's disease: correlation with the plasma concentrations of DOPA and O-methyl-DOPA].", "content": "This study involved twleve parkinsonian patients exposed to abnormal movements provoked by L-DOPA. Including six patients with \"mid-dose\" dyskinesias and six others with \"onset and end of dose\" dyskinesias, Correlation between the circumstances of onset of abnormal movements and plasma concentrations of DOPA and O-methyl-DOPA, after administration of a dose of L-DOPA + IDC, gave the following results: 1) mid-dose dyskinesias appeared with the highest plasma concentrations of DOPA, at the maximum therapeutic effect; 2) onset and end of dose occurred during rise and fall in plasma levels of DOPA, coinciding with the relief and the reappearance of parkinsonian symptoms respectively; 3) no correlation could be established between plasma concentrations of O-methyl-DOPA and the duration of the period of clinical remission or of abnormal movements. These biochemical data, completed by the neuropharmacological study of one patient with onset and end of dose abnormal movements suggest the predominant role of a disturbance in central dopaminergic mechanisms in the genesis of abnormal movements, whatever their nature.", "contents": "[Abnormal movements caused by L-DOPA in patients with Parkinson's disease: correlation with the plasma concentrations of DOPA and O-methyl-DOPA]. This study involved twleve parkinsonian patients exposed to abnormal movements provoked by L-DOPA. Including six patients with \"mid-dose\" dyskinesias and six others with \"onset and end of dose\" dyskinesias, Correlation between the circumstances of onset of abnormal movements and plasma concentrations of DOPA and O-methyl-DOPA, after administration of a dose of L-DOPA + IDC, gave the following results: 1) mid-dose dyskinesias appeared with the highest plasma concentrations of DOPA, at the maximum therapeutic effect; 2) onset and end of dose occurred during rise and fall in plasma levels of DOPA, coinciding with the relief and the reappearance of parkinsonian symptoms respectively; 3) no correlation could be established between plasma concentrations of O-methyl-DOPA and the duration of the period of clinical remission or of abnormal movements. These biochemical data, completed by the neuropharmacological study of one patient with onset and end of dose abnormal movements suggest the predominant role of a disturbance in central dopaminergic mechanisms in the genesis of abnormal movements, whatever their nature."}
{"id": "PMID:929038", "title": "[Shy-Drager syndrome with disturbances of the respiratory rhythm and consciousness. A propos of an anatomo-clinical case].", "content": "The case, including pathological description, of a 65 year old man is presented. Severe disturbances in respiratory rhythm and consciousness occurring during wakefulness and sleep, progressing by acute exacerbations, developed after the disease had been present for 4 years and resulted in death after three months. Small degenerative lesions of the pontine nucleus, the locus coerulus, the intermedio-lateral column and the substantia nigra were seen.", "contents": "[Shy-Drager syndrome with disturbances of the respiratory rhythm and consciousness. A propos of an anatomo-clinical case]. The case, including pathological description, of a 65 year old man is presented. Severe disturbances in respiratory rhythm and consciousness occurring during wakefulness and sleep, progressing by acute exacerbations, developed after the disease had been present for 4 years and resulted in death after three months. Small degenerative lesions of the pontine nucleus, the locus coerulus, the intermedio-lateral column and the substantia nigra were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:929039", "title": "[Chronic ischemia of the anterior horn of the lumbar swelling of the spinal cord. Angiographic study in a subject with herniation of the T12-L1 discs].", "content": "On the basis of a case of almost pure involvement of the anterior horn with chronic progression in an individual with a low thoracic herniated disc (T12-L1), the hypothesis is discussed of the role of ischaemia of the lumbar swelling. Angiographic arguments (displacement of the anterior spinal axis and unusual distribution of anterior spinal afferents) perhaps make it reasonable to speak of \"chronic ischaemic poliomyelitis\" in the absence of pathological examination.", "contents": "[Chronic ischemia of the anterior horn of the lumbar swelling of the spinal cord. Angiographic study in a subject with herniation of the T12-L1 discs]. On the basis of a case of almost pure involvement of the anterior horn with chronic progression in an individual with a low thoracic herniated disc (T12-L1), the hypothesis is discussed of the role of ischaemia of the lumbar swelling. Angiographic arguments (displacement of the anterior spinal axis and unusual distribution of anterior spinal afferents) perhaps make it reasonable to speak of \"chronic ischaemic poliomyelitis\" in the absence of pathological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:929040", "title": "[Water intoxication after polydipsic episodes. (8 cases)].", "content": "Eight cases of convulsive coma by water intoxication without predisposing disease in the majority of instances in psychiatric patients, added to 25 cases from the literature make it possible to describe a stereotyped picture of \"psychogenic\" water intoxication. This includes episodes of polydipsia preceding convulsions and altered conscious level, accompanied by severe hyponatraemia. Cure occurs spontaneously after an acute hypotonic polyuric phase. Study of free water clearances and dynamic ADH suppression tests demonstrate hypovasopressinism which is difficult to inhibit, with \"lower osmoreceptor reset\". This abnormality is transient and sometimes relapsing.", "contents": "[Water intoxication after polydipsic episodes. (8 cases)]. Eight cases of convulsive coma by water intoxication without predisposing disease in the majority of instances in psychiatric patients, added to 25 cases from the literature make it possible to describe a stereotyped picture of \"psychogenic\" water intoxication. This includes episodes of polydipsia preceding convulsions and altered conscious level, accompanied by severe hyponatraemia. Cure occurs spontaneously after an acute hypotonic polyuric phase. Study of free water clearances and dynamic ADH suppression tests demonstrate hypovasopressinism which is difficult to inhibit, with \"lower osmoreceptor reset\". This abnormality is transient and sometimes relapsing."}
{"id": "PMID:929041", "title": "[Forced downward and convergent deviation of the eyes and periodic ocular movements in aneurysmal hemorrhage of the mesencephalic tegmentum].", "content": "The authors report a case of forced convergent and downward deviation of the eyes with paralysis of upward gaze and, at times, with lateral periodic alternating movements. Pathological examination disclosed a subarachnoid aneurysm behind the midbrain with a fresh hematoma within the mesencephalic tegmentum at the level of the superior colliculi. The clinical and pathological data are discussed.", "contents": "[Forced downward and convergent deviation of the eyes and periodic ocular movements in aneurysmal hemorrhage of the mesencephalic tegmentum]. The authors report a case of forced convergent and downward deviation of the eyes with paralysis of upward gaze and, at times, with lateral periodic alternating movements. Pathological examination disclosed a subarachnoid aneurysm behind the midbrain with a fresh hematoma within the mesencephalic tegmentum at the level of the superior colliculi. The clinical and pathological data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929054", "title": "[CT diagnosis and differential diagnosis of renal spaca occupying lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "In 76 patients with space occupying lesions of the kidneys CT scans were performed. Size, shape and localisation of the kidneys could well be demonstrated by this method. Space occupying lesions were clearly seen, and solid tumors could be differentiated from cysts. However differential diagnosis between either primary renal cell carcinoma and metastases or between malignant and benign mass lesions was not possible. There was no problem in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis where as a differentiation between inflammatory changes and solid masses proved to be difficult. CT scanning seems to be usefull in the diagnosis of renal space occupying lesions. As a non invavise method it should be performed previous to renal angiography, which thereby becomes unnecessary in many cases.", "contents": "[CT diagnosis and differential diagnosis of renal spaca occupying lesions (author's transl)]. In 76 patients with space occupying lesions of the kidneys CT scans were performed. Size, shape and localisation of the kidneys could well be demonstrated by this method. Space occupying lesions were clearly seen, and solid tumors could be differentiated from cysts. However differential diagnosis between either primary renal cell carcinoma and metastases or between malignant and benign mass lesions was not possible. There was no problem in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis where as a differentiation between inflammatory changes and solid masses proved to be difficult. CT scanning seems to be usefull in the diagnosis of renal space occupying lesions. As a non invavise method it should be performed previous to renal angiography, which thereby becomes unnecessary in many cases."}
{"id": "PMID:929055", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of the liver and gallbladder (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasound echography has proved a non-invasive, reproducible, harmless and, for the patient, not burdensome technique for the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and bile ducts in the right upper abdomen. Diffuse changes of the organs and disease of the bile ducts as well as cystic or tumorous solid changes in the upper abdomen are the main spheres of sonography. The use of \"grey value\" techniques has increased the efficiency of compound ultrasound examinations. We can expect further improvements with digital computerised evaluation of signals.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of the liver and gallbladder (author's transl)]. Ultrasound echography has proved a non-invasive, reproducible, harmless and, for the patient, not burdensome technique for the diagnosis of diseases of the liver and bile ducts in the right upper abdomen. Diffuse changes of the organs and disease of the bile ducts as well as cystic or tumorous solid changes in the upper abdomen are the main spheres of sonography. The use of \"grey value\" techniques has increased the efficiency of compound ultrasound examinations. We can expect further improvements with digital computerised evaluation of signals."}
{"id": "PMID:929056", "title": "[New aspects of liver scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of the scintillation camera computer scintigraphy has created new chances for nuclear medicine diagnosis of the liver. With the development of new 99mTc-labeled radiopharmacenticals the effectiveness of functional scintigraphy of the liver in the differential diagnosis of parenchymal and mechanical icterus could be considerably increased. Computer perfusion scintigraphy permits proof of circulatory changes in the liver without invasive techniques. Its importance lies in early diagnosis of portal hypertension and in pre- and post-operative assessment of liver circulation after shunt surgery.", "contents": "[New aspects of liver scintigraphy (author's transl)]. The development of the scintillation camera computer scintigraphy has created new chances for nuclear medicine diagnosis of the liver. With the development of new 99mTc-labeled radiopharmacenticals the effectiveness of functional scintigraphy of the liver in the differential diagnosis of parenchymal and mechanical icterus could be considerably increased. Computer perfusion scintigraphy permits proof of circulatory changes in the liver without invasive techniques. Its importance lies in early diagnosis of portal hypertension and in pre- and post-operative assessment of liver circulation after shunt surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:929057", "title": "[The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of 760 endoscopic cholangiographic procedures. 76% of all examinations answered the given clinical problem. Prepapillar stenosis of the choledochus resulting from pancreatic diseases can be found in 35% of all pathologic findings. The diagnosis of a possible stenosis of the papilla Vateri is not facilitated by a retrograde cholangiographic examination. The intravenous cholangiogram with special regard to bile drainage seems to yield more information. A common drainage hindrance of the pancreatic and bile duct in connection with a stenosis of the papilla was shown in 26%. In 65% of patients with a postcholecystectomy-syndrome organic disease could be demonstrated which made a second operation necessary.", "contents": "[The endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (author's transl)]. This is a report of 760 endoscopic cholangiographic procedures. 76% of all examinations answered the given clinical problem. Prepapillar stenosis of the choledochus resulting from pancreatic diseases can be found in 35% of all pathologic findings. The diagnosis of a possible stenosis of the papilla Vateri is not facilitated by a retrograde cholangiographic examination. The intravenous cholangiogram with special regard to bile drainage seems to yield more information. A common drainage hindrance of the pancreatic and bile duct in connection with a stenosis of the papilla was shown in 26%. In 65% of patients with a postcholecystectomy-syndrome organic disease could be demonstrated which made a second operation necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:929058", "title": "[Results of transjugular antegrade cholangiography and retrograde portography (author's transl)].", "content": "Via the jugular approach to the liver diagnosis of the liver could be extended by transjugular cholangiography, liver biopsy and retrograde portography. Transjugular cholangiography makes possible an antegrade picture of the bile ducts - particularly when conventional techniques or retrograde measures fail. 85% of blocked bile ducts were recognized. Transjugular liver biopsy complements cholangiography. Tissue can be removed from right and left lobes of the liver. Retrograde portography makes possible assessment of hemodynamics of the liver in portal hypertension before and after shunt operations. Isolated pictures of portal circulation in the right or left lobes permits clear allocation of tumorous or parasitical disease in the respective parts of the liver. This is of special importance for surgery of the liver, a precondition of hemihepatectomy.", "contents": "[Results of transjugular antegrade cholangiography and retrograde portography (author's transl)]. Via the jugular approach to the liver diagnosis of the liver could be extended by transjugular cholangiography, liver biopsy and retrograde portography. Transjugular cholangiography makes possible an antegrade picture of the bile ducts - particularly when conventional techniques or retrograde measures fail. 85% of blocked bile ducts were recognized. Transjugular liver biopsy complements cholangiography. Tissue can be removed from right and left lobes of the liver. Retrograde portography makes possible assessment of hemodynamics of the liver in portal hypertension before and after shunt operations. Isolated pictures of portal circulation in the right or left lobes permits clear allocation of tumorous or parasitical disease in the respective parts of the liver. This is of special importance for surgery of the liver, a precondition of hemihepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:929059", "title": "[Long-term control of reproducibility of automatic developers (author's transl)].", "content": "Variability of blackening of X ray films may be due to inconstant concentration or temperature of the developer. Reproducibility was examined with stepwise blackening, exposed under standard conditions and densitometrically evaluated after development. The resulting differences of blackening are without significance for the subjective assessment of X ray films, since they lie within +/- 10%.", "contents": "[Long-term control of reproducibility of automatic developers (author's transl)]. Variability of blackening of X ray films may be due to inconstant concentration or temperature of the developer. Reproducibility was examined with stepwise blackening, exposed under standard conditions and densitometrically evaluated after development. The resulting differences of blackening are without significance for the subjective assessment of X ray films, since they lie within +/- 10%."}
{"id": "PMID:929060", "title": "[The so-called interstitial pulmonary diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The so-called interstitial pulmonary diseases are considered diseases of the pulmonary parenchyma and discussed according to different pathogenesis and etiology. The disturbance of function is emphasized. On the examples of allergic alveolitis, fibrosing alveolitis, drug damage to the parenchyma and shock-lung the clinical appearances of diseases of pulmonary parenchyma are discussed. Diagnostic methods are described and the causes of faulty interpretation are examined.", "contents": "[The so-called interstitial pulmonary diseases (author's transl)]. The so-called interstitial pulmonary diseases are considered diseases of the pulmonary parenchyma and discussed according to different pathogenesis and etiology. The disturbance of function is emphasized. On the examples of allergic alveolitis, fibrosing alveolitis, drug damage to the parenchyma and shock-lung the clinical appearances of diseases of pulmonary parenchyma are discussed. Diagnostic methods are described and the causes of faulty interpretation are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:929061", "title": "[Transvenous xerotom-angiography of the pulmonary hilus (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal-size lymph-nodes and air-filled bronchi do not contribute significantly to the shadow of the normal hilus. This consists mainly in pulmonary arteries and veins of the upper lobes. Any enlargement beyond the vascular shadow has to be considered as pathologic. Xerotom-angiography following injection of contrast medium into the cubital vein shows the pulmonary vessels near the hilus more clearly. Pulmonary arteries towards the truncus are better shown. This improves the clarity of the hilus. Coincident demonstration of the superior vena cava may show pathologic processes in the upper mediastinum.", "contents": "[Transvenous xerotom-angiography of the pulmonary hilus (author's transl)]. Normal-size lymph-nodes and air-filled bronchi do not contribute significantly to the shadow of the normal hilus. This consists mainly in pulmonary arteries and veins of the upper lobes. Any enlargement beyond the vascular shadow has to be considered as pathologic. Xerotom-angiography following injection of contrast medium into the cubital vein shows the pulmonary vessels near the hilus more clearly. Pulmonary arteries towards the truncus are better shown. This improves the clarity of the hilus. Coincident demonstration of the superior vena cava may show pathologic processes in the upper mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:929062", "title": "[Radio-isotope investigations in bone and joint disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphy of the skeleton has a definite place. It is indispensable in examinations of clinically or radiologically doubtful lesions and should be routinely used for the classification of malignant tumors. Scintigrams may often provide additional information to radiographs and make possible more precise diagnosis or assessment of results of treatment.", "contents": "[Radio-isotope investigations in bone and joint disease (author's transl)]. Scintigraphy of the skeleton has a definite place. It is indispensable in examinations of clinically or radiologically doubtful lesions and should be routinely used for the classification of malignant tumors. Scintigrams may often provide additional information to radiographs and make possible more precise diagnosis or assessment of results of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:929080", "title": "A critical examination of distortion measurement in hearing aids.", "content": "This study was designed to examine relationships between measures of total distortion (TD) and individual 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortion in various types of hearing aids. Measures of 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic, and TD were determined for six instruments. Analysis of the results revealed that little additional information is obtained from a measure of TD as opposed to individual harmonic measures. Furthermore, in two instances TD measures resulted in erroneously high distortion readings because of ambient and system noise. It is recommended that in less than ideal acoustic environments, measures of 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortion be used in lieu of TD.", "contents": "A critical examination of distortion measurement in hearing aids. This study was designed to examine relationships between measures of total distortion (TD) and individual 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortion in various types of hearing aids. Measures of 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic, and TD were determined for six instruments. Analysis of the results revealed that little additional information is obtained from a measure of TD as opposed to individual harmonic measures. Furthermore, in two instances TD measures resulted in erroneously high distortion readings because of ambient and system noise. It is recommended that in less than ideal acoustic environments, measures of 2nd and 3rd harmonic distortion be used in lieu of TD."}
{"id": "PMID:929081", "title": "Influence of overstimulation on temporary threshold shift and the onset of aural overload.", "content": "This investigation sought to examine the sensitivity of pure tone thresholds and the onset of aural overload to the fatiguing effects of broad band noise. Noise levels ranging from 35 to 110 dB SPL were presented to 8 normal hearers. Post-exposure pure tone thresholds were determined for octave frequencies 500-4000 Hz while aural overload thresholds were obtained for the fundamental frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz. Aural overload thresholds were found to decline following exposure levels insufficient to produce measurable TTS. This was particularly evident for low-frequency stimuli (below 2000 Hz). Results suggested that the aural overload test may be a more effective indication of cochlear damage than is the traditional temporary threshold shift procedure. These findings are discussed in terms of the \"injured hair cell\" hypothesis proffered by Wever & Lawrence (1955).", "contents": "Influence of overstimulation on temporary threshold shift and the onset of aural overload. This investigation sought to examine the sensitivity of pure tone thresholds and the onset of aural overload to the fatiguing effects of broad band noise. Noise levels ranging from 35 to 110 dB SPL were presented to 8 normal hearers. Post-exposure pure tone thresholds were determined for octave frequencies 500-4000 Hz while aural overload thresholds were obtained for the fundamental frequencies of 500 and 2000 Hz. Aural overload thresholds were found to decline following exposure levels insufficient to produce measurable TTS. This was particularly evident for low-frequency stimuli (below 2000 Hz). Results suggested that the aural overload test may be a more effective indication of cochlear damage than is the traditional temporary threshold shift procedure. These findings are discussed in terms of the \"injured hair cell\" hypothesis proffered by Wever & Lawrence (1955)."}
{"id": "PMID:929082", "title": "Respiration audiometry.", "content": "Since 1971 an impedance-plethysmographic method was been used to record changes in the breathing pattern of 218 high-risk infants during acoustic stimulation. The results of this technique, known as respiration audiometry, show that acoustically induced changes in the breathing pattern can be used as a hearing test for very young children. The results fall into four categories: excellent readability (45%), good readability (32%), readable (15%), not readable (8%). Respiration audiometry makes it possible in most cases to ascertain a child's hearing level. The neonatal period and early infancy are the ages best suited for investigations with respiration audiometry. The reliability of this method was found to be good.", "contents": "Respiration audiometry. Since 1971 an impedance-plethysmographic method was been used to record changes in the breathing pattern of 218 high-risk infants during acoustic stimulation. The results of this technique, known as respiration audiometry, show that acoustically induced changes in the breathing pattern can be used as a hearing test for very young children. The results fall into four categories: excellent readability (45%), good readability (32%), readable (15%), not readable (8%). Respiration audiometry makes it possible in most cases to ascertain a child's hearing level. The neonatal period and early infancy are the ages best suited for investigations with respiration audiometry. The reliability of this method was found to be good."}
{"id": "PMID:929083", "title": "Eustachian tube function and size of the mastoid air cell system in middle ear surgery.", "content": "Myringoplasty results in patients with poor tubal function and small cell systems are often disappointing, to both patient and surgeon. Surgical procedures to improve tubal function have been introduced but they all have the disadvantage of being rather elaborate and difficult to perform. The mastoid air cell system on the other hand does not offer the same problems of access. With the concept of creating an air-filled cavity in connection with the middle ear, mastoidectomy was performed in myringoplasty cases with poor tubal function and small (less than 9 cm2 lateral area) cell systems. Preliminary results show a healing rate of 82% in patients managed according to these principles, against 50% in corresponding cases when myringoplasty alone was done.", "contents": "Eustachian tube function and size of the mastoid air cell system in middle ear surgery. Myringoplasty results in patients with poor tubal function and small cell systems are often disappointing, to both patient and surgeon. Surgical procedures to improve tubal function have been introduced but they all have the disadvantage of being rather elaborate and difficult to perform. The mastoid air cell system on the other hand does not offer the same problems of access. With the concept of creating an air-filled cavity in connection with the middle ear, mastoidectomy was performed in myringoplasty cases with poor tubal function and small (less than 9 cm2 lateral area) cell systems. Preliminary results show a healing rate of 82% in patients managed according to these principles, against 50% in corresponding cases when myringoplasty alone was done."}
{"id": "PMID:929084", "title": "A quasi-free-field transducer system for high-frequency audiometry.", "content": "Previous attempts to measure human hearing capacity in the high frequencies (8 to 20 kHz) have only been met with rather limited success. Based on the results of Shaw and co-workers we have developed a free-field transducer system where the stimuli are delivered from a point source and meet the ear as plane progressive waves at a carefully chosen angle of incidence. The system can be calibrated in a precise manner by means of a specially designed coupler. Preliminary results indicate that the procedure is easily applicable also in a group of inexperienced test subjects and the test-retest variability was within such limits that are acceptable for subjective audiometric testing. These results require validation in a large group of subjects and we hope it will be possible to establish normative values for various age groups.", "contents": "A quasi-free-field transducer system for high-frequency audiometry. Previous attempts to measure human hearing capacity in the high frequencies (8 to 20 kHz) have only been met with rather limited success. Based on the results of Shaw and co-workers we have developed a free-field transducer system where the stimuli are delivered from a point source and meet the ear as plane progressive waves at a carefully chosen angle of incidence. The system can be calibrated in a precise manner by means of a specially designed coupler. Preliminary results indicate that the procedure is easily applicable also in a group of inexperienced test subjects and the test-retest variability was within such limits that are acceptable for subjective audiometric testing. These results require validation in a large group of subjects and we hope it will be possible to establish normative values for various age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:929085", "title": "Electrocochleography: a comparison of action potential and behavioral thresholds.", "content": "Using the technique of electrocochleography with transtympanic electrode placement, it is possible to estimate behavioral thresholds from AP data for a acoustic stimulus. The correlation between behavioril and AP \"thresholds\" for the same stimulus was statistically significant and there was a better correlation for subjects with a mild hearing loss than for those with normal hearing or larger degrees of hearing loss (as determined by the pure tone average). Larger amplitudes of the AP at the maximum stimulus level tended to be associated with a more accurate threshold estimation. The AP \"thresholds\" showed best correlation with the pure tone audiometric thresholds at 1 000 Hz, at other tone frequencies the correlation was poorer. This agrees with the spectral contents of the click.", "contents": "Electrocochleography: a comparison of action potential and behavioral thresholds. Using the technique of electrocochleography with transtympanic electrode placement, it is possible to estimate behavioral thresholds from AP data for a acoustic stimulus. The correlation between behavioril and AP \"thresholds\" for the same stimulus was statistically significant and there was a better correlation for subjects with a mild hearing loss than for those with normal hearing or larger degrees of hearing loss (as determined by the pure tone average). Larger amplitudes of the AP at the maximum stimulus level tended to be associated with a more accurate threshold estimation. The AP \"thresholds\" showed best correlation with the pure tone audiometric thresholds at 1 000 Hz, at other tone frequencies the correlation was poorer. This agrees with the spectral contents of the click."}
{"id": "PMID:929086", "title": "Listening levels through hearing aids: a difference of opinion.", "content": "The present authors find it impossible to compare their work with that of Powell & Tucker (Scand Audiol 5, 167, 1976) due to the lack of original data in the latter paper. The present authors papers were not written with the prime view of presenting predictive values but of reporting data on hearing aid users. The predictive value of our results has been largely and not very carefully inferred by Powell & Tucker. The predictive values of gain or output may be inferred from current research and the Powell & Tucker paper confirms the previous work rather than repudiates it. It is obvious that research workers should co-operate in using clearly stated methods and publishing original data in their papers. Furthermore it is important that the terminology used is of a standard form--or if not, that each new term is clearly defined.", "contents": "Listening levels through hearing aids: a difference of opinion. The present authors find it impossible to compare their work with that of Powell & Tucker (Scand Audiol 5, 167, 1976) due to the lack of original data in the latter paper. The present authors papers were not written with the prime view of presenting predictive values but of reporting data on hearing aid users. The predictive value of our results has been largely and not very carefully inferred by Powell & Tucker. The predictive values of gain or output may be inferred from current research and the Powell & Tucker paper confirms the previous work rather than repudiates it. It is obvious that research workers should co-operate in using clearly stated methods and publishing original data in their papers. Furthermore it is important that the terminology used is of a standard form--or if not, that each new term is clearly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:929088", "title": "Effect of high-pass filter on auditory brain stem responses to tone pips.", "content": "The effect of high-pass filters on the vertex-positive brain stem response to tone pips at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz was investigated in normal adults. The tape-recorded responses were averaged through high pass filters with 3 dB attenuation at 50, 100 and 200 Hz and with a slope of 6 dB/oct, and their amplitudes were compared with those of the averaged responses without filtering. These 3 filters reduced the amplitudes of the responses to 500-Hz tone pips by 3.3, 7.1 and 10.6 dB respectively. On the other hand, the mean attenuations caused by the same series of filters on the response amplitudes at 2000 Hz were only 0.2, 2.9 and 5.4 dB respectively. The responses at 4000 Hz were similar to those at 2000 Hz. This distinct difference in the effect of the high-pass filters suggests that the dominant frequency component of the brain stem response at 500 Hz is significantly lower than that at 2000 Hz and above. The results indicate that the use of a high-pass filter with cutoff frequency over 50 Hz is not recommended for recording the slow positive deflection of the brain stem response to low frequency tones.", "contents": "Effect of high-pass filter on auditory brain stem responses to tone pips. The effect of high-pass filters on the vertex-positive brain stem response to tone pips at 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz was investigated in normal adults. The tape-recorded responses were averaged through high pass filters with 3 dB attenuation at 50, 100 and 200 Hz and with a slope of 6 dB/oct, and their amplitudes were compared with those of the averaged responses without filtering. These 3 filters reduced the amplitudes of the responses to 500-Hz tone pips by 3.3, 7.1 and 10.6 dB respectively. On the other hand, the mean attenuations caused by the same series of filters on the response amplitudes at 2000 Hz were only 0.2, 2.9 and 5.4 dB respectively. The responses at 4000 Hz were similar to those at 2000 Hz. This distinct difference in the effect of the high-pass filters suggests that the dominant frequency component of the brain stem response at 500 Hz is significantly lower than that at 2000 Hz and above. The results indicate that the use of a high-pass filter with cutoff frequency over 50 Hz is not recommended for recording the slow positive deflection of the brain stem response to low frequency tones."}
{"id": "PMID:929089", "title": "Factors increasing the risk for hearing loss in 'pop' musicians.", "content": "Hearing thresholds were determined in 83 'pop' musicians with an average age of 26 years, average exposure time of 9 years and average weekly exposure time of 18 hours. The following factors had a statistically significant influence (p 95) on hearing: ageing, brief exposure per session, long exposure time in years (2 kHz), participation in military service (250 Hz), listening to pop music with head phones (2 kHz).", "contents": "Factors increasing the risk for hearing loss in 'pop' musicians. Hearing thresholds were determined in 83 'pop' musicians with an average age of 26 years, average exposure time of 9 years and average weekly exposure time of 18 hours. The following factors had a statistically significant influence (p 95) on hearing: ageing, brief exposure per session, long exposure time in years (2 kHz), participation in military service (250 Hz), listening to pop music with head phones (2 kHz)."}
{"id": "PMID:929090", "title": "The eustachian tube function in secretory otitis media in children: a follow-up study.", "content": "Twenty-three patients suffering from secretory otitis media were examined. The mean age of the group was 6 years. Adenoidectomy and insertion of polyethylene tympanostomy tubes was made. The tubal function was studied by measuring the middle ear pressure on the morning after operation and once a month during the following five months by using the air pressure equilibration technique. In 23 ears (79%) the pressure was considered to be normal and in 10 ears (30%) abnormal at the first measurement. After 5 months the corresponding groups were 26 (79%) and 7 (21%).", "contents": "The eustachian tube function in secretory otitis media in children: a follow-up study. Twenty-three patients suffering from secretory otitis media were examined. The mean age of the group was 6 years. Adenoidectomy and insertion of polyethylene tympanostomy tubes was made. The tubal function was studied by measuring the middle ear pressure on the morning after operation and once a month during the following five months by using the air pressure equilibration technique. In 23 ears (79%) the pressure was considered to be normal and in 10 ears (30%) abnormal at the first measurement. After 5 months the corresponding groups were 26 (79%) and 7 (21%)."}
{"id": "PMID:929091", "title": "Urea and hearing in patients with meni\u00e8re's disease.", "content": "Transient hearing improvement was recorded in around 60% of patients with Meni\u00e8re's disease 2 hours after the ingestion of 20 g of urea perorally. Urea slightly increased the serum osmolality, which is thought to cause a transient reduction of the endolymphatic hydrops. Urea has no inconvenient side effects and is recommended primarily as a test substance for the verification of endolymphatic hydrops, in conformity with glycerol.", "contents": "Urea and hearing in patients with meni\u00e8re's disease. Transient hearing improvement was recorded in around 60% of patients with Meni\u00e8re's disease 2 hours after the ingestion of 20 g of urea perorally. Urea slightly increased the serum osmolality, which is thought to cause a transient reduction of the endolymphatic hydrops. Urea has no inconvenient side effects and is recommended primarily as a test substance for the verification of endolymphatic hydrops, in conformity with glycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:929092", "title": "Satisfaction with fitted hearing aids. I. An analysis of technical information.", "content": "By means of a questionnaire, satisfaction with fitted hearing aids has been judged 6 months after prescription. An analysis of the information obtained, together with some audiological features of 155 patients with hearing aids is reported. The influence of the most important factors is discussed and the findings are compared with those of other surveys. The relationship between satisfaction, and the degree of hearing loss and discrimination loss is very weak. The conclusion is that the population consists of sub-populations in which different criteria apply to hearing aid satisfaction. These criteria may be more closely related to psycho-social factors than to technical aspects. A second part of the study is devoted to that subject.", "contents": "Satisfaction with fitted hearing aids. I. An analysis of technical information. By means of a questionnaire, satisfaction with fitted hearing aids has been judged 6 months after prescription. An analysis of the information obtained, together with some audiological features of 155 patients with hearing aids is reported. The influence of the most important factors is discussed and the findings are compared with those of other surveys. The relationship between satisfaction, and the degree of hearing loss and discrimination loss is very weak. The conclusion is that the population consists of sub-populations in which different criteria apply to hearing aid satisfaction. These criteria may be more closely related to psycho-social factors than to technical aspects. A second part of the study is devoted to that subject."}
{"id": "PMID:929094", "title": "The \"eardrum artifact\" in ipsilateral reflex measurements.", "content": "A source of error in ipsilateral reflex measurements with impedance methods is explained. It is shown that the inherent non-linearity of the cavity represented by the ear canal and tympanic membrane gives rise to an artifact in the measurement of acoustic impedance which is synchronous with the stimulus. The magnitude of the artifact increases with the intensity of the stimulus, but is relatively insensitive to the frequency of the stimulus. A practical method for measuring the magnitude of the artifact is described.", "contents": "The \"eardrum artifact\" in ipsilateral reflex measurements. A source of error in ipsilateral reflex measurements with impedance methods is explained. It is shown that the inherent non-linearity of the cavity represented by the ear canal and tympanic membrane gives rise to an artifact in the measurement of acoustic impedance which is synchronous with the stimulus. The magnitude of the artifact increases with the intensity of the stimulus, but is relatively insensitive to the frequency of the stimulus. A practical method for measuring the magnitude of the artifact is described."}
{"id": "PMID:929096", "title": "Inhibition of branched-chain amino acid degradation by ketone bodies.", "content": "The present study deals with mechanisms for the accumulation of intermediates in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in patients with ketoacidosis. Two different systems have been developed to measure the degradation rates of leucine and valine intermediates in rat liver mitochondria. 3-Hydroxybutyrate was found to inhibit the conversion of isobutyryl-CoA to propionyl-CoA, and this appeared to be partly due to an elevated NADH2/NAD ratio. 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase was strongly inhibited by acetoacetyl-CoA and to a lesser extent by the nonesterified ketone bodies. These inhibitory effects of ketone bodies may explain the accumulation of branched-chain amino acid intermediates during ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Inhibition of branched-chain amino acid degradation by ketone bodies. The present study deals with mechanisms for the accumulation of intermediates in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in patients with ketoacidosis. Two different systems have been developed to measure the degradation rates of leucine and valine intermediates in rat liver mitochondria. 3-Hydroxybutyrate was found to inhibit the conversion of isobutyryl-CoA to propionyl-CoA, and this appeared to be partly due to an elevated NADH2/NAD ratio. 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase was strongly inhibited by acetoacetyl-CoA and to a lesser extent by the nonesterified ketone bodies. These inhibitory effects of ketone bodies may explain the accumulation of branched-chain amino acid intermediates during ketoacidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:929097", "title": "Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone after mental arithmetic.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and the concentration of plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone, blood pressure, heart rate, serum electrolytes and some haematological parameters were measured in six male subjects who carried out exercises in mental arithmetic for a period of 20 min. After this mental exercise the PRA and angiotensin II values increased significantly, but plasma aldosterone showed a tendency to decrease. The highest mean increases in PRA (56.0%, P less than 0.02) and in angiotensin II (66.0%, P less than 0.001) were found 15 min after the challenge. Immediately after the mental activity systolic blood pressure was increased by 10.3% (P less than 0.005), diastolic blood pressure by 10.3% (P less than 0.02) and heart rate by 19.7% (P less than 0.001) over the pre-test values. There were no significant changes in serum electrolyte levels until 1 and 2 h after the exercises, at which time the serum potassium values were slightly, but significantly (P less than 0.005) decreased. There were no significant changes in the haematological parameters studied (blood erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and the volume, amount of haemoglobin, and haemoglobin concentration of the red cells). A positive correlation (r = 0.9389, P less than 0.01) was found between the increases observed in the PRA and in heart rate. The changes found in PRA and in the concentration of plasma angiotensin II after these exercises in mental arithmetic resemble those found previously, after physical and heat stress.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone after mental arithmetic. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and the concentration of plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone, blood pressure, heart rate, serum electrolytes and some haematological parameters were measured in six male subjects who carried out exercises in mental arithmetic for a period of 20 min. After this mental exercise the PRA and angiotensin II values increased significantly, but plasma aldosterone showed a tendency to decrease. The highest mean increases in PRA (56.0%, P less than 0.02) and in angiotensin II (66.0%, P less than 0.001) were found 15 min after the challenge. Immediately after the mental activity systolic blood pressure was increased by 10.3% (P less than 0.005), diastolic blood pressure by 10.3% (P less than 0.02) and heart rate by 19.7% (P less than 0.001) over the pre-test values. There were no significant changes in serum electrolyte levels until 1 and 2 h after the exercises, at which time the serum potassium values were slightly, but significantly (P less than 0.005) decreased. There were no significant changes in the haematological parameters studied (blood erythrocytes, leucocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and the volume, amount of haemoglobin, and haemoglobin concentration of the red cells). A positive correlation (r = 0.9389, P less than 0.01) was found between the increases observed in the PRA and in heart rate. The changes found in PRA and in the concentration of plasma angiotensin II after these exercises in mental arithmetic resemble those found previously, after physical and heat stress."}
{"id": "PMID:929098", "title": "Ethanol effects of substrate utilization by the human brain.", "content": "Arterial concentrations and arterio-jugular vein differences of ethanol, acetate, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, free fatty acids and ketone bodies were determined in seven healthy male volunteers before and during an infusion of ethanol, which gave a blood alcohol concentration of about 12 mmol/l. Arterial-jugular vein (A-JV) oxygen differences were unchanged throughout the study. Ethanol caused a small reduction in blood glucose concentration, from a mean of 5.1 to 4.7 mmol/l, and the A-JV difference fell significantly. When alcohol was given, arterial acetate concentration rose quickly to about 1 mmol/l and was unchanged thereafter. All subjects had a positive arterio-venous difference for acetate. Arterial lactate concentration was doubled by ethanol and the normal release from the brain was abolished. Arterial alanine concentration decreased significantly, from 0.19 to 0.16 mmol, when alcohol was given but no net exchange by the brain could be observed. It is concluded that: (a) acetate can be taken up by the brain and if totally oxidized, could account for 6% of the oxygen consumption; (b) glucose arterial-jugular vein difference is decreased by ethanol, suggesting an attenuation in glucose uptake; and (c) lactate net release is abolished by alcohol, probably due to the increased arterial concentration.", "contents": "Ethanol effects of substrate utilization by the human brain. Arterial concentrations and arterio-jugular vein differences of ethanol, acetate, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, free fatty acids and ketone bodies were determined in seven healthy male volunteers before and during an infusion of ethanol, which gave a blood alcohol concentration of about 12 mmol/l. Arterial-jugular vein (A-JV) oxygen differences were unchanged throughout the study. Ethanol caused a small reduction in blood glucose concentration, from a mean of 5.1 to 4.7 mmol/l, and the A-JV difference fell significantly. When alcohol was given, arterial acetate concentration rose quickly to about 1 mmol/l and was unchanged thereafter. All subjects had a positive arterio-venous difference for acetate. Arterial lactate concentration was doubled by ethanol and the normal release from the brain was abolished. Arterial alanine concentration decreased significantly, from 0.19 to 0.16 mmol, when alcohol was given but no net exchange by the brain could be observed. It is concluded that: (a) acetate can be taken up by the brain and if totally oxidized, could account for 6% of the oxygen consumption; (b) glucose arterial-jugular vein difference is decreased by ethanol, suggesting an attenuation in glucose uptake; and (c) lactate net release is abolished by alcohol, probably due to the increased arterial concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:929099", "title": "Studies on methods for determination of the distribution of cardiac output in the mouse.", "content": "Different techniques for determining cardiac output distribution in the mouse have been studied. The soluble indicator technique using injection of rubidium on the right side of the heart was found to give a satisfactory reproducibility which made it possible to determine cardiac output fractions in the normal mouse. The use of radioactivity-labelled microspheres, which must be injected on the side of the heart, was found to give unreliable and non-reproducible results. This was due to difficulty in depositing the microspheres into the left ventricle both when a catheter was inserted via the right carotid artery, or by means of cardiac puncture.", "contents": "Studies on methods for determination of the distribution of cardiac output in the mouse. Different techniques for determining cardiac output distribution in the mouse have been studied. The soluble indicator technique using injection of rubidium on the right side of the heart was found to give a satisfactory reproducibility which made it possible to determine cardiac output fractions in the normal mouse. The use of radioactivity-labelled microspheres, which must be injected on the side of the heart, was found to give unreliable and non-reproducible results. This was due to difficulty in depositing the microspheres into the left ventricle both when a catheter was inserted via the right carotid artery, or by means of cardiac puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:929101", "title": "Relation between zinc content in saliva and blood in healthy human adults.", "content": "Measurements were made of zinc levels in saliva, whole blood and plasma as well as copper levels in plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean zinc concentration (in ppm) was 0.478 (n = 136) in resting mixed saliva, 0.046 (n = 36) in parotid saliva, 6.41 (n = 145) in whole blood and 0.87 (n = 145) in plasma. The whole blood zinc levels were significantly lower in females than in males (P less than 0.001). Females and blood donors (males) had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher Cu:Zn ratio than males (non-donors). It would thus appear, first, that the local effect of salivary zinc cannot be assessed simply from the concentration of zinc in stimulated parotid saliva since about nine-tenths of the zinc in resting mixed saliva is derived from other sources and, second, that the Cu:Zn in plasma is the most eligible variable for detecting sub-clinical Zn deficiency.", "contents": "Relation between zinc content in saliva and blood in healthy human adults. Measurements were made of zinc levels in saliva, whole blood and plasma as well as copper levels in plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean zinc concentration (in ppm) was 0.478 (n = 136) in resting mixed saliva, 0.046 (n = 36) in parotid saliva, 6.41 (n = 145) in whole blood and 0.87 (n = 145) in plasma. The whole blood zinc levels were significantly lower in females than in males (P less than 0.001). Females and blood donors (males) had a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher Cu:Zn ratio than males (non-donors). It would thus appear, first, that the local effect of salivary zinc cannot be assessed simply from the concentration of zinc in stimulated parotid saliva since about nine-tenths of the zinc in resting mixed saliva is derived from other sources and, second, that the Cu:Zn in plasma is the most eligible variable for detecting sub-clinical Zn deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:929102", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid.", "content": "A specific, sensitive, and reliable radioimmunoassay for serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid has been developed with antiserum obtained after immunization of rabbits with deoxycholic acid--bovine serum albumin conjugate. The displacement curve of glyco [3H] deoxycholic acid was linear on a logit-log plot from 7.5 to 320 pmol of unlabeled glycodeoxycholic acid. At 50% displacement of bound label, the cross-reactivity of taurodeoxycholic acid was 100%, deoxycholic acid 30%, taurocholic acid 3%, and glycocholic acid 2%. No cross-reactivity was observed with free cholic acid, conjugated or free chenodeoxycholic acids and conjugated or free lithocholic acids. Fasting serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid concentrations in 10 healthy volunteers ranged from 0.18 to 0.92 mumol/1. Over a period of 5 hours following 0.5 g oral cholate administration the serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid concentration did not change in 5 fasting healthy persons, whereas an initial increase of serum cholic acid was observed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid. A specific, sensitive, and reliable radioimmunoassay for serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid has been developed with antiserum obtained after immunization of rabbits with deoxycholic acid--bovine serum albumin conjugate. The displacement curve of glyco [3H] deoxycholic acid was linear on a logit-log plot from 7.5 to 320 pmol of unlabeled glycodeoxycholic acid. At 50% displacement of bound label, the cross-reactivity of taurodeoxycholic acid was 100%, deoxycholic acid 30%, taurocholic acid 3%, and glycocholic acid 2%. No cross-reactivity was observed with free cholic acid, conjugated or free chenodeoxycholic acids and conjugated or free lithocholic acids. Fasting serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid concentrations in 10 healthy volunteers ranged from 0.18 to 0.92 mumol/1. Over a period of 5 hours following 0.5 g oral cholate administration the serum-conjugated deoxycholic acid concentration did not change in 5 fasting healthy persons, whereas an initial increase of serum cholic acid was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:929103", "title": "Coagulation factors and other plasma proteins during abstinence after heavy alcohol consumption in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "Coagulation factors and other plasma proteins were studied in 19 male chronic alcoholics during the first abstinence week after a period of heavy alcohol consumption. In spite of a decade of chronic alcoholism and a daily alcohol consumption before admission of more than twice the 'normal' alcohol-metabolizing capacity, the data indicated a well-preserved protein-synthesizing capacity. In fact, the mean levels of some liver-synthesized proteins were above the upper reference limits. Minor changes within the reference ranges during the abstinence suggested a declining acute inflammatory reaction after cessation of intoxication.", "contents": "Coagulation factors and other plasma proteins during abstinence after heavy alcohol consumption in chronic alcoholics. Coagulation factors and other plasma proteins were studied in 19 male chronic alcoholics during the first abstinence week after a period of heavy alcohol consumption. In spite of a decade of chronic alcoholism and a daily alcohol consumption before admission of more than twice the 'normal' alcohol-metabolizing capacity, the data indicated a well-preserved protein-synthesizing capacity. In fact, the mean levels of some liver-synthesized proteins were above the upper reference limits. Minor changes within the reference ranges during the abstinence suggested a declining acute inflammatory reaction after cessation of intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:929104", "title": "Amyloidosis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "Amyloidosis associated with Crohn's disease was found in 7 patients among 85 subjected to intestinal resection for granulomatous enterocolitis. Most of the patients had symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease of relatively short duration before the diagnosis of amyloidosis was made and were without suppurative complications. Systemic involvement was seen in 6 of the patients. One died postoperatively from renal failure, and in 2 other patients kidney transplantation was performed because of deterioration of a pre-existent renal insufficiency. Six patients were alive 6 months to 10 years after amyloidosis was diagnosed. There is great risk of rapid deterioration of kidney function postoperatively in these patients. However, our experience suggests that in some cases the progression of amyloidosis may be delayed or even brought to a halt after surgical treatment of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Amyloidosis and Crohn's disease. Amyloidosis associated with Crohn's disease was found in 7 patients among 85 subjected to intestinal resection for granulomatous enterocolitis. Most of the patients had symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease of relatively short duration before the diagnosis of amyloidosis was made and were without suppurative complications. Systemic involvement was seen in 6 of the patients. One died postoperatively from renal failure, and in 2 other patients kidney transplantation was performed because of deterioration of a pre-existent renal insufficiency. Six patients were alive 6 months to 10 years after amyloidosis was diagnosed. There is great risk of rapid deterioration of kidney function postoperatively in these patients. However, our experience suggests that in some cases the progression of amyloidosis may be delayed or even brought to a halt after surgical treatment of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:929105", "title": "Intestinal activities of trypsin, lipase, and phospholipase after a test meal. An evaluation of 474 examinations.", "content": "After indirect stimulation of the pancreas by means of a test meal the intestinal activities of trypsin were determined in 452 subjects, lipase in 117, and phospholipase in 57. Trypsin levels were subnormal in 88%, lipase levels in 80%, and phospholipase levels in 81% of patients with chronic pancreatic disease. The outcome of repeated tests (trypsin) was completely consistent in 20 out of 22 patients. Calculations of ratios between the enzymes studied suggested that lipase was the enzyme most susceptible to pancreatic damage. Also in cases of celiac disease and after Polya gastric resection, the decrease of the intestinal lipase concentrations was more marked than that of the other enzymes. In 9% of the cases of chronic pancreatic insufficiency the diagnosis would have been overlooked if either lipase or trypsin had been determined as the sole enzyme. In clinical practice it is recommended to estimate at least two enzymes, because abnormal ratios may be of diagnostic value and because the two different groups of enzymes provide a mutual check on the secretory capacity of pancreatic enzymes. On the whole, the test was found to be reliable, simple, physiological, and inexpensive in terms of resources, and it is highly recommended as a routine test of the pancreatic function.", "contents": "Intestinal activities of trypsin, lipase, and phospholipase after a test meal. An evaluation of 474 examinations. After indirect stimulation of the pancreas by means of a test meal the intestinal activities of trypsin were determined in 452 subjects, lipase in 117, and phospholipase in 57. Trypsin levels were subnormal in 88%, lipase levels in 80%, and phospholipase levels in 81% of patients with chronic pancreatic disease. The outcome of repeated tests (trypsin) was completely consistent in 20 out of 22 patients. Calculations of ratios between the enzymes studied suggested that lipase was the enzyme most susceptible to pancreatic damage. Also in cases of celiac disease and after Polya gastric resection, the decrease of the intestinal lipase concentrations was more marked than that of the other enzymes. In 9% of the cases of chronic pancreatic insufficiency the diagnosis would have been overlooked if either lipase or trypsin had been determined as the sole enzyme. In clinical practice it is recommended to estimate at least two enzymes, because abnormal ratios may be of diagnostic value and because the two different groups of enzymes provide a mutual check on the secretory capacity of pancreatic enzymes. On the whole, the test was found to be reliable, simple, physiological, and inexpensive in terms of resources, and it is highly recommended as a routine test of the pancreatic function."}
{"id": "PMID:929106", "title": "Serum isoamylase pattern in obstructive pancreatic disease.", "content": "On agarose gel electrophoresis the pancreatic serum isoamylases can be separated into a main fraction and more anodally migrating minor fractions. In acute pancreatic hyperamylasemia as in normal subjects the activity of the anodally migrating pancreatic amylase does not exceed 20% of the activity of the main fraction. In patients with pancreatic main duct occlusion or stenosis with or without calculi or cysts, the anodally migrating pancreatic amylase increases proportionally more than does the main fraction, and can even be stronger than the main fraction. The majority of these patients also had abnormally increased total pancreatic serum amylase activity.", "contents": "Serum isoamylase pattern in obstructive pancreatic disease. On agarose gel electrophoresis the pancreatic serum isoamylases can be separated into a main fraction and more anodally migrating minor fractions. In acute pancreatic hyperamylasemia as in normal subjects the activity of the anodally migrating pancreatic amylase does not exceed 20% of the activity of the main fraction. In patients with pancreatic main duct occlusion or stenosis with or without calculi or cysts, the anodally migrating pancreatic amylase increases proportionally more than does the main fraction, and can even be stronger than the main fraction. The majority of these patients also had abnormally increased total pancreatic serum amylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:929107", "title": "Changes in pancreatic and intestinal enzyme activities following chenodeoxycholic acid feeding.", "content": "The effect of CDCA feeding on pancreatic and intestinal enzymes was studied. Mice were fed 0.5% w/w chenodeoxycholic acid in a normal diet. Pancreatic lipase concentration was significantly increased after 3 days on the CDCA diet, while amylase and trypsin concentrations were significantly higher at 23 days when compared with the controls. At 70 days there was a significant increase in the concentrations of amylase, trypsin, and lipase. Protein concentrations paralleled the rise in enzyme levels. Amylase and lipase, when measured as specific activities, were still higher than the controls at 70 days. Intestinal amylase levels did not change during the experiments, but intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity increased significantly in the CDCA-treated animals. The results are discussed in terms of their similarity with those reported to occur after feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor.", "contents": "Changes in pancreatic and intestinal enzyme activities following chenodeoxycholic acid feeding. The effect of CDCA feeding on pancreatic and intestinal enzymes was studied. Mice were fed 0.5% w/w chenodeoxycholic acid in a normal diet. Pancreatic lipase concentration was significantly increased after 3 days on the CDCA diet, while amylase and trypsin concentrations were significantly higher at 23 days when compared with the controls. At 70 days there was a significant increase in the concentrations of amylase, trypsin, and lipase. Protein concentrations paralleled the rise in enzyme levels. Amylase and lipase, when measured as specific activities, were still higher than the controls at 70 days. Intestinal amylase levels did not change during the experiments, but intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity increased significantly in the CDCA-treated animals. The results are discussed in terms of their similarity with those reported to occur after feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:929108", "title": "A prospective comparative study of clinical and histological characteristics in Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. I. Design and clinical features.", "content": "Iceland (IS) and Denmark (DK) are ethnically, culturally, and economically closely related Nordic countries, but gastric cancer is much more frequent in Iceland, and other differences in the occurrence rates of gastric diseases are also suspected. Therefore a cooperative study was initiated comparing Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer (GU), duodenal ulcer (DU), and X-ray negative dyspepsia (XND) as regards clinical features, external factors of possible importance for gastritis and cancer, gastroscopic appearance, and histological gastric mucosal changes. The project lasted one year and comprised 93 Icelandic and 88 Danish patients. A large number of comparisons showed a high degree of similarity between Icelandic and Danish patients. Significant differences were found in tobacco consumption (DK greater than IS), duration of symptoms in XND (IS greater than DK), whereas the positon ratio of GU (IS less than DK) and acetylsalicylic acid consumption (DK greater than IS) showed non-significant trends. Significant difference was found between the occurrence of diffuse macroscopic changes of the gastric mucosa (IS greater than DK), which corresponds to the histological differences to be described in a subsequent article.", "contents": "A prospective comparative study of clinical and histological characteristics in Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, and X-ray negative dyspepsia. I. Design and clinical features. Iceland (IS) and Denmark (DK) are ethnically, culturally, and economically closely related Nordic countries, but gastric cancer is much more frequent in Iceland, and other differences in the occurrence rates of gastric diseases are also suspected. Therefore a cooperative study was initiated comparing Icelandic and Danish patients with gastric ulcer (GU), duodenal ulcer (DU), and X-ray negative dyspepsia (XND) as regards clinical features, external factors of possible importance for gastritis and cancer, gastroscopic appearance, and histological gastric mucosal changes. The project lasted one year and comprised 93 Icelandic and 88 Danish patients. A large number of comparisons showed a high degree of similarity between Icelandic and Danish patients. Significant differences were found in tobacco consumption (DK greater than IS), duration of symptoms in XND (IS greater than DK), whereas the positon ratio of GU (IS less than DK) and acetylsalicylic acid consumption (DK greater than IS) showed non-significant trends. Significant difference was found between the occurrence of diffuse macroscopic changes of the gastric mucosa (IS greater than DK), which corresponds to the histological differences to be described in a subsequent article."}
{"id": "PMID:929109", "title": "Inhibition of basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion after treatment with benzilonium bromide and after selective proximal vagotomy.", "content": "50 consecutive patients with radiographically verified duodenal ulcer and a history of peptic ulcer disease for more than 3 years and with elevated gastric acid secretion in the basal state and after stimulation with pentagastrin were randomly allocated to two groups. The first group of 25 patients was treated with benzilonium bromide (Ulcoban Prolongatum, Parke, Davis & Co.) and the second group was subjected to selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). The patient's gastric acid secretion was determined before the start of treatment and after 1, 6, and 12 months. After one year the basal acid output had decreased by 58.2% in the group treated with benzilonium bromide and by 82.9% in the patients who had undergone SPV. The peak acid output fell by 49.4% in the benzilonium group and by 66.1% in the SPV group.", "contents": "Inhibition of basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion after treatment with benzilonium bromide and after selective proximal vagotomy. 50 consecutive patients with radiographically verified duodenal ulcer and a history of peptic ulcer disease for more than 3 years and with elevated gastric acid secretion in the basal state and after stimulation with pentagastrin were randomly allocated to two groups. The first group of 25 patients was treated with benzilonium bromide (Ulcoban Prolongatum, Parke, Davis & Co.) and the second group was subjected to selective proximal vagotomy (SPV). The patient's gastric acid secretion was determined before the start of treatment and after 1, 6, and 12 months. After one year the basal acid output had decreased by 58.2% in the group treated with benzilonium bromide and by 82.9% in the patients who had undergone SPV. The peak acid output fell by 49.4% in the benzilonium group and by 66.1% in the SPV group."}
{"id": "PMID:929110", "title": "The frequency of marcroamylasemia and the diagnostic value of the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio in patients with elevated serum amylase activity.", "content": "190 patients with elevated serum amylase levels were tested for macroamylasemia and the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio. Macroamylasemia was found in 3 patients. In these patients macroamylasemia persisted after the total activity of serum amylase had fallen to nearly normal levels. The Cam/Ccr-ratios were determined 14 times in the 3 macroamylasemic patients. Only one of the 14 values was clearly less than 1%. Cam/Ccr-ratios above 4% were found in 83 patients. In 56 of them the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis could not be confirmed. 19 out of 46 patients with the established diagnosis of acute pancreatitis had Cam/Ccr-ratios below 4%. Cam/Ccr-ratios below 1% were also found in patients without macroamylasemia. It is concluded that high and low Cam/Ccr-ratios are not specific for acute pancreatitis and macroamylasemia, respectively, and--moreover--that a normal Cam/Ccr-ratio excludes neither acute pancreatitis nor macroamylesemia.", "contents": "The frequency of marcroamylasemia and the diagnostic value of the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio in patients with elevated serum amylase activity. 190 patients with elevated serum amylase levels were tested for macroamylasemia and the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio. Macroamylasemia was found in 3 patients. In these patients macroamylasemia persisted after the total activity of serum amylase had fallen to nearly normal levels. The Cam/Ccr-ratios were determined 14 times in the 3 macroamylasemic patients. Only one of the 14 values was clearly less than 1%. Cam/Ccr-ratios above 4% were found in 83 patients. In 56 of them the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis could not be confirmed. 19 out of 46 patients with the established diagnosis of acute pancreatitis had Cam/Ccr-ratios below 4%. Cam/Ccr-ratios below 1% were also found in patients without macroamylasemia. It is concluded that high and low Cam/Ccr-ratios are not specific for acute pancreatitis and macroamylasemia, respectively, and--moreover--that a normal Cam/Ccr-ratio excludes neither acute pancreatitis nor macroamylesemia."}
{"id": "PMID:929111", "title": "The prognosis of idiopathic proctitis.", "content": "Follow-up studies of 2 groups of patients with idiopathic proctitis show that the survival rate is little affected by the disease. The cumulative probability of extension of the inflammation to the descending colon above the left iliac crest was about 5% at 5 years and 12% at 10 years. Corresponding figures for extension to the hepatic flexure were about 4% at 5 years and 6% at 10 years. The probability of radical surgical treatment was 3--5%.", "contents": "The prognosis of idiopathic proctitis. Follow-up studies of 2 groups of patients with idiopathic proctitis show that the survival rate is little affected by the disease. The cumulative probability of extension of the inflammation to the descending colon above the left iliac crest was about 5% at 5 years and 12% at 10 years. Corresponding figures for extension to the hepatic flexure were about 4% at 5 years and 6% at 10 years. The probability of radical surgical treatment was 3--5%."}
{"id": "PMID:929112", "title": "Rates and mechanisms of glucose, galactose, and xylose absorption in man in vivo.", "content": "Jejunal absorption-rates of glucose, galactose, and xylose were determined consecutively, using a double-lumen tube perfusion technique, in 6 Arab subjects in vivo; perfusion solutions contained 200 mmol/l of each monosaccharide. Mean xylose absorption rate was significantly lower than that for glucose (P less than 0.001) and galactose (P less than 0.001). In order to investigate evidence that glucose and xylose share the same jejunal transfer mechanism, their absorption-rates when given alone and together, at high concentrations, were determined in 6 other Arabs; perfusion solutions contained (1) 200 mmol/l glucose, (2) 100 mmol/l xylose, and (3) 200 mmol/l glucose + 100 mmol/l xylose. Rates of glucose and xylose absorption were not significantly influenced by the other monosaccharide. This study does not therefore confirm existence of a common transfer mechanism. A significant correlation between absorption rate of glucose and weight of xylose excreted after a 25 g oral load (P less than 0.05) was demonstrated.", "contents": "Rates and mechanisms of glucose, galactose, and xylose absorption in man in vivo. Jejunal absorption-rates of glucose, galactose, and xylose were determined consecutively, using a double-lumen tube perfusion technique, in 6 Arab subjects in vivo; perfusion solutions contained 200 mmol/l of each monosaccharide. Mean xylose absorption rate was significantly lower than that for glucose (P less than 0.001) and galactose (P less than 0.001). In order to investigate evidence that glucose and xylose share the same jejunal transfer mechanism, their absorption-rates when given alone and together, at high concentrations, were determined in 6 other Arabs; perfusion solutions contained (1) 200 mmol/l glucose, (2) 100 mmol/l xylose, and (3) 200 mmol/l glucose + 100 mmol/l xylose. Rates of glucose and xylose absorption were not significantly influenced by the other monosaccharide. This study does not therefore confirm existence of a common transfer mechanism. A significant correlation between absorption rate of glucose and weight of xylose excreted after a 25 g oral load (P less than 0.05) was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:929113", "title": "The parathyroid glands in experimentally induced hypergastrinemia in the rat.", "content": "The morphology of the parathyroids in rats with hypergastrinemia, induced by antral exclusion, was compared with that of glands from untreated rats and animals from which the main source of gastrin- 17 was excluded (antral resection). Fourteen weeks after induction of hypergastrinemia the volume of the parathyroids was significantly increased owing to hyperplasia of the parenchymal cells. Removal of the antral gastrin-producing capacity of the same duration was not accompanied by any significant changes in the parathyroids. These findings suggest that hypergastrinemia could be a stimulus for the development of hyperplasia of the parathyroids, and that it may be an etiological factor in the production of hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "The parathyroid glands in experimentally induced hypergastrinemia in the rat. The morphology of the parathyroids in rats with hypergastrinemia, induced by antral exclusion, was compared with that of glands from untreated rats and animals from which the main source of gastrin- 17 was excluded (antral resection). Fourteen weeks after induction of hypergastrinemia the volume of the parathyroids was significantly increased owing to hyperplasia of the parenchymal cells. Removal of the antral gastrin-producing capacity of the same duration was not accompanied by any significant changes in the parathyroids. These findings suggest that hypergastrinemia could be a stimulus for the development of hyperplasia of the parathyroids, and that it may be an etiological factor in the production of hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:929114", "title": "The influence of graded distension and carbachol on the motor response to cholecystokinin in isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus.", "content": "Graded distension increased the motor response to cholecystokinin and acetylcholine both in antral and fundal pouches. The increase became even more obvious when the pressure responses were converted into changes in wall tension. The responses to cholecystokinin were additive with low doses (10(-7)M) of carbachol, but diminished or abolished by prestimulation with higher doses. The results indicate that the increased response to cholecystokinin after distension is due to increased smooth muscle stretch.", "contents": "The influence of graded distension and carbachol on the motor response to cholecystokinin in isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus. Graded distension increased the motor response to cholecystokinin and acetylcholine both in antral and fundal pouches. The increase became even more obvious when the pressure responses were converted into changes in wall tension. The responses to cholecystokinin were additive with low doses (10(-7)M) of carbachol, but diminished or abolished by prestimulation with higher doses. The results indicate that the increased response to cholecystokinin after distension is due to increased smooth muscle stretch."}
{"id": "PMID:929115", "title": "The role of local cholinergic pathways in the motor response to cholecystokinin and gastrin in isolated guinea-pig fundus and antrum.", "content": "Both cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ) and gastrin stimulated antral rhythmic activity and raised fundal basal pressure. The antral motor effects were significantly blocked by pretreatment with atropine or tetrodotoxin. The fundal motor responses were almost unaffected. It is concluded that CCK-PZ and gastrin exert their antral motor effects essentially through local cholinergic neural pathways, while the motor responses in the fundus are almost entirely independent of these pathways.", "contents": "The role of local cholinergic pathways in the motor response to cholecystokinin and gastrin in isolated guinea-pig fundus and antrum. Both cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ) and gastrin stimulated antral rhythmic activity and raised fundal basal pressure. The antral motor effects were significantly blocked by pretreatment with atropine or tetrodotoxin. The fundal motor responses were almost unaffected. It is concluded that CCK-PZ and gastrin exert their antral motor effects essentially through local cholinergic neural pathways, while the motor responses in the fundus are almost entirely independent of these pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:929116", "title": "The CEA concentration in duodenal fluid in patients with pancreatic disease.", "content": "The CEA concentration in duodenal fluid after secretin-CCK stimulation has been investigated in 16 patients with pancreatic disease (6 with pancreatic carcinoma and 10 with chronic pancreatitis), 9 with non-pancreatic disease, and 10 control subjects. The purpose was to study whether the determination of CEA in duodenal fluid during the secretin-CCK test can give any additional information for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease and for differentiation between pancreatitis and carcinoma. We found that high values of CEA in duodenal fluid do not necessarily indicate pancreatic carcinoma. Moreover, the level may be elevated in non-pancreatic disease.", "contents": "The CEA concentration in duodenal fluid in patients with pancreatic disease. The CEA concentration in duodenal fluid after secretin-CCK stimulation has been investigated in 16 patients with pancreatic disease (6 with pancreatic carcinoma and 10 with chronic pancreatitis), 9 with non-pancreatic disease, and 10 control subjects. The purpose was to study whether the determination of CEA in duodenal fluid during the secretin-CCK test can give any additional information for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease and for differentiation between pancreatitis and carcinoma. We found that high values of CEA in duodenal fluid do not necessarily indicate pancreatic carcinoma. Moreover, the level may be elevated in non-pancreatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:929117", "title": "Leucocyte migration test with autologous colonic mucosa as antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) was applied in a study of the migration of peripheral leucocytes in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis using three different autologous types of tissue as antigen: rectal mucosa, skin and buccal mucosa. In all cases the migration indices were within normal limits, and they did not differ from a group of control patients suffering from peptic ulcer, irritable colon, or haemorrhoidal tumours. The present study does not support the theory of cellular hypersensitivity against colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration test with autologous colonic mucosa as antigen in patients with ulcerative colitis. The leucocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) was applied in a study of the migration of peripheral leucocytes in 16 patients with ulcerative colitis using three different autologous types of tissue as antigen: rectal mucosa, skin and buccal mucosa. In all cases the migration indices were within normal limits, and they did not differ from a group of control patients suffering from peptic ulcer, irritable colon, or haemorrhoidal tumours. The present study does not support the theory of cellular hypersensitivity against colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:929118", "title": "Detection of sacro-ilitis. A comparison between profile scanning with the use of 99m Tc pertechnetate and scintigraphy with 99m Tc diphosphonate.", "content": "Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of 99mTc pertechnetate scanning and of 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy in detecting sacro-iliac arthritis (S.I.) was performed in 32 patients with definite S.I., 14 with probable S.I., and 6 with inactive S.I., 14 patients without any evidence of S.I. served as controls. Greater diagnostic accuracy was obtained by 99mTc pertechnetate scanning than with 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy in patients with active S.I. in the early stages before radiological changes had become evident and in patients 22 years old and younger. In patients with inactive S.I. a close correlation was found between clinical, radiological, and scintigraphical results with 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy. An index obtained by adding the uptake values measured by both methods in each subject yielded valuable information in patients with S.I. that is clinically difficult to differentiate.", "contents": "Detection of sacro-ilitis. A comparison between profile scanning with the use of 99m Tc pertechnetate and scintigraphy with 99m Tc diphosphonate. Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity of 99mTc pertechnetate scanning and of 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy in detecting sacro-iliac arthritis (S.I.) was performed in 32 patients with definite S.I., 14 with probable S.I., and 6 with inactive S.I., 14 patients without any evidence of S.I. served as controls. Greater diagnostic accuracy was obtained by 99mTc pertechnetate scanning than with 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy in patients with active S.I. in the early stages before radiological changes had become evident and in patients 22 years old and younger. In patients with inactive S.I. a close correlation was found between clinical, radiological, and scintigraphical results with 99mTc diphosphonate scintigraphy. An index obtained by adding the uptake values measured by both methods in each subject yielded valuable information in patients with S.I. that is clinically difficult to differentiate."}
{"id": "PMID:929119", "title": "The intra-articular residual rate of 131I-fibrinogen and microautoradiographs of the synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In this study, 131I-labeled human plasma fibrinogen (200 muCi) was injected intravenously into 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 10 control patients without rheumatic diseases. The residual rates of radioiodinated fibrinogen in the knee joints were calculated by measuring with a scintillation counter the microautoradiographs of the synovial tissue obtained by punch biopsy from the knee joints. The residual rates in the knee joints without as well as with objective symptoms of RA were higher than in control patients. Radio-iodinated fibrinogen was demonstrated on the synovial villous surface, on the area of inflammatory cellular infiltration and stromal necrosis, and on the perivascular region of the synovial tissue from the knee joints of patients with RA, not only with, but also without clinical objective symptoms and histopathologic findings of fibrinoid necrosis, vascular superficial fibrinoid coating and fibrinoid degeneration of vascular wall. It is suggested that fibrinogen plays a role even in the early synovial tissue lesions of knee joints affected by RA.", "contents": "The intra-articular residual rate of 131I-fibrinogen and microautoradiographs of the synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, 131I-labeled human plasma fibrinogen (200 muCi) was injected intravenously into 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 10 control patients without rheumatic diseases. The residual rates of radioiodinated fibrinogen in the knee joints were calculated by measuring with a scintillation counter the microautoradiographs of the synovial tissue obtained by punch biopsy from the knee joints. The residual rates in the knee joints without as well as with objective symptoms of RA were higher than in control patients. Radio-iodinated fibrinogen was demonstrated on the synovial villous surface, on the area of inflammatory cellular infiltration and stromal necrosis, and on the perivascular region of the synovial tissue from the knee joints of patients with RA, not only with, but also without clinical objective symptoms and histopathologic findings of fibrinoid necrosis, vascular superficial fibrinoid coating and fibrinoid degeneration of vascular wall. It is suggested that fibrinogen plays a role even in the early synovial tissue lesions of knee joints affected by RA."}
{"id": "PMID:929120", "title": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "A patient with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is reported in whom, at the time of diagnosis, the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow was normal. Lymphocytic infiltration typical of PMR was detected in renal and muscle biopsy specimens, and a liver fine-needle aspirate contained an abnormal lymphocytic infiltration, probably leukaemic. The number of lymphocytes gradually increased in bone marrow and peripheral blood until, almost 5 years after PMR had been diagnosed, a typical picture of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) was observable. The significance of the reported combination is discussed. The possibility is pointed out that a CLL in progress must be suspected when persistent lymphocytosis occurs in a patient with typical PMR, even if initially the response to treatment with corticosteroids suggests that PMR is the sole disorder.", "contents": "Polymyalgia rheumatica and chronic lymphatic leukaemia. A patient with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is reported in whom, at the time of diagnosis, the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow was normal. Lymphocytic infiltration typical of PMR was detected in renal and muscle biopsy specimens, and a liver fine-needle aspirate contained an abnormal lymphocytic infiltration, probably leukaemic. The number of lymphocytes gradually increased in bone marrow and peripheral blood until, almost 5 years after PMR had been diagnosed, a typical picture of chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) was observable. The significance of the reported combination is discussed. The possibility is pointed out that a CLL in progress must be suspected when persistent lymphocytosis occurs in a patient with typical PMR, even if initially the response to treatment with corticosteroids suggests that PMR is the sole disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:929121", "title": "Levels of prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 and thromboxane B2 in joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in knee joint fluid in two groups of patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One group had no treatment for one week prior to the study. The second group consisted of patients who developed acute exudative arthritis despite the use of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The main metabolites of PGF2 alpha in plasma and urine were measured in the untreated group. The conclusion to be drawn from this study are: 1) Treatment with NSAID effectively lowers PGF2 alpha and PGE2 and TXB2 levels in joint fluid. 2) Signs and symptoms of arthritis may persist in spite of lowered levels of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in the joint fluid. 3) The main metabolites of PGF2 alpha in plasma and urine are above the low-normal limit in untreated patients. 4) The ratio TXB2/PG was low in untreated patients, suggesting that the thromboxane pathway is quantitatively minor in rheumatoid joint inflammation.", "contents": "Levels of prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 and thromboxane B2 in joint fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in knee joint fluid in two groups of patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One group had no treatment for one week prior to the study. The second group consisted of patients who developed acute exudative arthritis despite the use of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The main metabolites of PGF2 alpha in plasma and urine were measured in the untreated group. The conclusion to be drawn from this study are: 1) Treatment with NSAID effectively lowers PGF2 alpha and PGE2 and TXB2 levels in joint fluid. 2) Signs and symptoms of arthritis may persist in spite of lowered levels of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 in the joint fluid. 3) The main metabolites of PGF2 alpha in plasma and urine are above the low-normal limit in untreated patients. 4) The ratio TXB2/PG was low in untreated patients, suggesting that the thromboxane pathway is quantitatively minor in rheumatoid joint inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:929122", "title": "Naproxen concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, and synovium.", "content": "Naproxen levels in serum, synovial fluid and synovium of eighteen patients with \"classical\" or \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis and chronic knee effusion were studied. After oral administration of 250 mg naproxen twice daily, naproxen levels in synovial fluid were found to be more than half as high as in serum. Even in synovium itself naproxen levels were appreciable.", "contents": "Naproxen concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, and synovium. Naproxen levels in serum, synovial fluid and synovium of eighteen patients with \"classical\" or \"definite\" rheumatoid arthritis and chronic knee effusion were studied. After oral administration of 250 mg naproxen twice daily, naproxen levels in synovial fluid were found to be more than half as high as in serum. Even in synovium itself naproxen levels were appreciable."}
{"id": "PMID:929123", "title": "Connective tissue activation by synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts of rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Prompted by Castor's investigations (4) on a connective-tissue-activating peptide (CTAP) we investigated the stimulative effect of synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts on the synthesis of collagen by incubated embryonic-chick tendon cells. The stimulative effect was greater with synovial-tissue extracts from more severe cases than with samples from patients having milder forms of the disease. There was no correlation between the stimulation by synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts from the same patient. The stimulative activity was lost at dialysis. A slight stimulation in the incorporation of glucosamine was also observed. Treatment of the patients with gold, chloroquine or steroids decreased the stimulating capacity. These effects seem to depend on factors different from those described by Castor. The differerences in the stimulant activity of samples from various groups cannot be entirely due to glutamine, which is one of the limiting nutrients of the embryonic-chick tendon cells.", "contents": "Connective tissue activation by synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Prompted by Castor's investigations (4) on a connective-tissue-activating peptide (CTAP) we investigated the stimulative effect of synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts on the synthesis of collagen by incubated embryonic-chick tendon cells. The stimulative effect was greater with synovial-tissue extracts from more severe cases than with samples from patients having milder forms of the disease. There was no correlation between the stimulation by synovial fluids and synovial-tissue extracts from the same patient. The stimulative activity was lost at dialysis. A slight stimulation in the incorporation of glucosamine was also observed. Treatment of the patients with gold, chloroquine or steroids decreased the stimulating capacity. These effects seem to depend on factors different from those described by Castor. The differerences in the stimulant activity of samples from various groups cannot be entirely due to glutamine, which is one of the limiting nutrients of the embryonic-chick tendon cells."}
{"id": "PMID:929124", "title": "Acid glycosaminoglycans in plasma. II. Findings in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) directly adsorbable from undiluted plasma on DE-52 anion-exchange cellulose (free GAG) and the GAG adsorbable on AG 1 X 2 anion exchange resin after papain proteolysis (bound GAG) were determined in 35 patients suffering from active erosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 50 control subjects. Free GAG levels were significantly elevated in both female (p less than 0.001) and male (p less than 0.05) RA patients. Bound GAG levels were significantly depressed in female (p less than 0.02) but not in male RA patients. Total GAG concentrations in RA patients and in controls were fairly similar. No consistent differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the plasma GAG from RA patients and controls were discernible. The free GAG concentrations in RA plasma samples did not correlate with seropositivity or ESR.", "contents": "Acid glycosaminoglycans in plasma. II. Findings in rheumatoid arthritis. The glycosaminoglycans (GAG) directly adsorbable from undiluted plasma on DE-52 anion-exchange cellulose (free GAG) and the GAG adsorbable on AG 1 X 2 anion exchange resin after papain proteolysis (bound GAG) were determined in 35 patients suffering from active erosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 50 control subjects. Free GAG levels were significantly elevated in both female (p less than 0.001) and male (p less than 0.05) RA patients. Bound GAG levels were significantly depressed in female (p less than 0.02) but not in male RA patients. Total GAG concentrations in RA patients and in controls were fairly similar. No consistent differences in the electrophoretic patterns of the plasma GAG from RA patients and controls were discernible. The free GAG concentrations in RA plasma samples did not correlate with seropositivity or ESR."}
{"id": "PMID:929125", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis and collagen antibodies.", "content": "By using the complement fixation test, antibodies against collagen were examined. Pronase-solubilized insouble collagen served as antigen (20 degrees, 24 hours, collagen: enzyme ratio 10:1). Of 79 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, the presence of collagen antibodies was demonstrated in 8 cases. 56 patients with degenerative joint disease served as the control group, in which collagen antibodies were detected in only one single patient.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis and collagen antibodies. By using the complement fixation test, antibodies against collagen were examined. Pronase-solubilized insouble collagen served as antigen (20 degrees, 24 hours, collagen: enzyme ratio 10:1). Of 79 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, the presence of collagen antibodies was demonstrated in 8 cases. 56 patients with degenerative joint disease served as the control group, in which collagen antibodies were detected in only one single patient."}
{"id": "PMID:929126", "title": "[Decrease of intestinal absorption of 47-calcium in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Intestinal 47-calcium absorption has been studied in 34 chronic alcoholics, 17 of whom were cirrhotics (group A) and 17 non-cirrhotics (group B). These patients were compared with 44 normal subjects (group C). In group C, the 47Ca 2 h plasma % of the dose showed a significant negative correlation to the total body weight (p less than 0.001) and a positive correlation with the serum albumin (p less than 0.05). The mean intestinal absorption of 47Ca expressed as 2 h plasma % of the dose multiplied by total body weight was 131 +/- SD 52 in group A and 136 +/- SD 71 in group B. These two means are significantly low (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.002 respectively) in relation to that found in group C (168 +/- SD 32). These results suggest that intestinal calcium absorption is diminished in chronic alcoholism even in the absence of hepatic cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Decrease of intestinal absorption of 47-calcium in chronic alcoholism]. Intestinal 47-calcium absorption has been studied in 34 chronic alcoholics, 17 of whom were cirrhotics (group A) and 17 non-cirrhotics (group B). These patients were compared with 44 normal subjects (group C). In group C, the 47Ca 2 h plasma % of the dose showed a significant negative correlation to the total body weight (p less than 0.001) and a positive correlation with the serum albumin (p less than 0.05). The mean intestinal absorption of 47Ca expressed as 2 h plasma % of the dose multiplied by total body weight was 131 +/- SD 52 in group A and 136 +/- SD 71 in group B. These two means are significantly low (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.002 respectively) in relation to that found in group C (168 +/- SD 32). These results suggest that intestinal calcium absorption is diminished in chronic alcoholism even in the absence of hepatic cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:929127", "title": "[25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency with reduction of intestinal calcium absorption and bone density in chronic alcoholism].", "content": "Plasma levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D), 47-calcium intestinal absorption, bone mineral content and the biologic parameters of phospho-calcium metabolism were studied in 30 chronic alcoholics, 15 with Laennec's cirrhosis (group A) and 15 without (group B). These patients were compared with 27 normal subjects. In group A, the mean 25-OH-D plasma level was 23.7 +/- SD 18.5 microgram/l and in group B 35.2 +/- SD 21.8 microgram/l. These mean levels were lower than those of the control group, which were 57.2 +/- SD 22.5 microgram/l (p less than 0.001). The mean value of the 47Ca intestinal absorption, measured as the percentage of the ingested dose per litre of plasma and multiplied by the body weight, was also significantly lower in group A, which was 140 +/- SD 47 (p less than 0.01), and in group B, which was 145 +/- SD 69 (p less than 0.05), compared with the normal subjects whose average was 182 +/- SD 45.6. Similarly, the total plasma calcium was low: 1.99 +/- SD 0.24 mmol/l in all the alcoholics, while that of the control group was 2.22 +/- SD 0.18 mmol/l (p less than 0.001). For the 30 chronic alcoholics there was a positive correlation between 25-OH-D and 47Ca intestinal absorption, (r = 0.484; p less than 0.004). This suggests that in chronic alcoholism the deficiency of 25-OH-D induces a diminution of the intestinal absorption of calcium which, in the long term, can result in bone demineralization evidenced in the patients studied by a bone mineral content lower than normal (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency with reduction of intestinal calcium absorption and bone density in chronic alcoholism]. Plasma levels of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25-OH-D), 47-calcium intestinal absorption, bone mineral content and the biologic parameters of phospho-calcium metabolism were studied in 30 chronic alcoholics, 15 with Laennec's cirrhosis (group A) and 15 without (group B). These patients were compared with 27 normal subjects. In group A, the mean 25-OH-D plasma level was 23.7 +/- SD 18.5 microgram/l and in group B 35.2 +/- SD 21.8 microgram/l. These mean levels were lower than those of the control group, which were 57.2 +/- SD 22.5 microgram/l (p less than 0.001). The mean value of the 47Ca intestinal absorption, measured as the percentage of the ingested dose per litre of plasma and multiplied by the body weight, was also significantly lower in group A, which was 140 +/- SD 47 (p less than 0.01), and in group B, which was 145 +/- SD 69 (p less than 0.05), compared with the normal subjects whose average was 182 +/- SD 45.6. Similarly, the total plasma calcium was low: 1.99 +/- SD 0.24 mmol/l in all the alcoholics, while that of the control group was 2.22 +/- SD 0.18 mmol/l (p less than 0.001). For the 30 chronic alcoholics there was a positive correlation between 25-OH-D and 47Ca intestinal absorption, (r = 0.484; p less than 0.004). This suggests that in chronic alcoholism the deficiency of 25-OH-D induces a diminution of the intestinal absorption of calcium which, in the long term, can result in bone demineralization evidenced in the patients studied by a bone mineral content lower than normal (p less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:929128", "title": "[Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in medical practice].", "content": "108 determinations of CEA plasma concentrations were ordered for diagnostic purposes by the medical staff of our clinic between January 1974 and April 1976. Its usefulness was retrospectively analyzed by comparing the initially suspected diagnosis serving as the rationale for CEA determination with the CEA plasma levels and the final diagnoses of the patients when leaving the hospital. Of 32 patients with proven malignancies of various types the CEA concentrations were normal in 10, slightly elevated (2.5-20.0 ng) in 15, and highly elevated in 7, all having metastatic tumors. However, in 35 of the remaining 67 tested individuals without detectable malignancies the CEA concentrations were also slightly elevated (2.5-20.0 ng); these patients either had acute infections (10 individuals), autoimmune disease disorders (1 individual), various other nonmalignant diseases (10 individuals), or were heavy smokers. In 98 of 108 patients CEA testing had been ordered either to confirm or to rule out a suspected malignancy. The results were most often of little help. Malignancies were found in 15 of 50 patients with elevated CEA, but also in 9 of 48 patients with normal values. In only 6 patients did the CEA results influence further diagnostic and/or therapeutic measures, which consequently did not always prove to be beneficial for the patient.", "contents": "[Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in medical practice]. 108 determinations of CEA plasma concentrations were ordered for diagnostic purposes by the medical staff of our clinic between January 1974 and April 1976. Its usefulness was retrospectively analyzed by comparing the initially suspected diagnosis serving as the rationale for CEA determination with the CEA plasma levels and the final diagnoses of the patients when leaving the hospital. Of 32 patients with proven malignancies of various types the CEA concentrations were normal in 10, slightly elevated (2.5-20.0 ng) in 15, and highly elevated in 7, all having metastatic tumors. However, in 35 of the remaining 67 tested individuals without detectable malignancies the CEA concentrations were also slightly elevated (2.5-20.0 ng); these patients either had acute infections (10 individuals), autoimmune disease disorders (1 individual), various other nonmalignant diseases (10 individuals), or were heavy smokers. In 98 of 108 patients CEA testing had been ordered either to confirm or to rule out a suspected malignancy. The results were most often of little help. Malignancies were found in 15 of 50 patients with elevated CEA, but also in 9 of 48 patients with normal values. In only 6 patients did the CEA results influence further diagnostic and/or therapeutic measures, which consequently did not always prove to be beneficial for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:929129", "title": "[The CEA test and other immunological tests as disease course controls in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma].", "content": "161 patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract were studied to determine the value of the CEA test and a battery of non-specific immunological tests during the course of the disease. The ability of these tests to detect a tumor recurrence in radically operated patients was evaluated. A false negative preoperative CEA value was found in 40% of the patients with gastric carcinoma and 32% with colorectal carcinoma. Patients with a negative preoperative CEA value, and those with only slightly elevated values, had a distinctly better prognosis regarding initial operability and tendency to postoperative recurrence than patients with primarily markedly elevated values. With few exceptions, the development of distant metastases was detected earlier and more easily with the CEA test than by the usual routine follow-up methods. However, in the event of isolated local recurrence the CEA test was positive in only 1 of 5 patients. This reflects the direct correlation between tumor size and CEA elevation. The CEA test is a valuable supplement in the follow-up of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma.", "contents": "[The CEA test and other immunological tests as disease course controls in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma]. 161 patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract were studied to determine the value of the CEA test and a battery of non-specific immunological tests during the course of the disease. The ability of these tests to detect a tumor recurrence in radically operated patients was evaluated. A false negative preoperative CEA value was found in 40% of the patients with gastric carcinoma and 32% with colorectal carcinoma. Patients with a negative preoperative CEA value, and those with only slightly elevated values, had a distinctly better prognosis regarding initial operability and tendency to postoperative recurrence than patients with primarily markedly elevated values. With few exceptions, the development of distant metastases was detected earlier and more easily with the CEA test than by the usual routine follow-up methods. However, in the event of isolated local recurrence the CEA test was positive in only 1 of 5 patients. This reflects the direct correlation between tumor size and CEA elevation. The CEA test is a valuable supplement in the follow-up of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:929130", "title": "[Serum digoxin concentration: dependence on body weight and age].", "content": "In patients of a cardiological practice, 121 digoxin serum concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Some drugs were suspected of interfering with the RIA or with the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Patients having such additional drugs or patients with elevated serum creatinine were not included. The daily maintenance dose of digoxin was roughly adjusted to body weight. Patients with 0.5 mg digoxin daily showed unexpectedly low serum digoxin levels not fully explained by the relatively high body weight. This dose group was not included in the following correlations. At a maintenance dose of 0.25 and 0.375 mg digoxin and in the age groups 40-69 years (n = 66) there was an approximately inverse proportionality between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily) and body weight. When all age classes from 20 to 89 years were included (n = 96), a week positive correlation between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily and per 69.28 kg body weight) and age was found. A similar positive correlation resulted between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily) and the reciprocal of the nomographically determined creatinine clearance, always within the normal serum creatinine range. Based on these correlations, two simplified formulas are presented to predict the serum concentration and therapeutic maintenance dose of digoxin. The formulas are valid for the normal serum creatinine range and for digoxin tablets of optimal bioavailability.", "contents": "[Serum digoxin concentration: dependence on body weight and age]. In patients of a cardiological practice, 121 digoxin serum concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Some drugs were suspected of interfering with the RIA or with the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Patients having such additional drugs or patients with elevated serum creatinine were not included. The daily maintenance dose of digoxin was roughly adjusted to body weight. Patients with 0.5 mg digoxin daily showed unexpectedly low serum digoxin levels not fully explained by the relatively high body weight. This dose group was not included in the following correlations. At a maintenance dose of 0.25 and 0.375 mg digoxin and in the age groups 40-69 years (n = 66) there was an approximately inverse proportionality between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily) and body weight. When all age classes from 20 to 89 years were included (n = 96), a week positive correlation between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily and per 69.28 kg body weight) and age was found. A similar positive correlation resulted between serum digoxin concentration (per 0.25 mg digoxin daily) and the reciprocal of the nomographically determined creatinine clearance, always within the normal serum creatinine range. Based on these correlations, two simplified formulas are presented to predict the serum concentration and therapeutic maintenance dose of digoxin. The formulas are valid for the normal serum creatinine range and for digoxin tablets of optimal bioavailability."}
{"id": "PMID:929131", "title": "[African sleeping sickness in Switzerland (trypanosomiasis rhodesiensis)].", "content": "The fatal course of a case of African trypanosomiasis in Switzerland is reported. The feeling of sickness after an African trip is a diagnostic pointer. An infected fly bite and enlargement of lymphatic nodes or even symptoms of involvement of the central nervous system increase the suspicion. The diagnosis may be established simply by microscopic examination of a blood film. Because of the possibility of severe complications due to the sickness itself or due to toxicity of specific drugs, patients should be treated in hospital. Immediate contact with an Institute for tropical diseases seems to be advisable in every case.", "contents": "[African sleeping sickness in Switzerland (trypanosomiasis rhodesiensis)]. The fatal course of a case of African trypanosomiasis in Switzerland is reported. The feeling of sickness after an African trip is a diagnostic pointer. An infected fly bite and enlargement of lymphatic nodes or even symptoms of involvement of the central nervous system increase the suspicion. The diagnosis may be established simply by microscopic examination of a blood film. Because of the possibility of severe complications due to the sickness itself or due to toxicity of specific drugs, patients should be treated in hospital. Immediate contact with an Institute for tropical diseases seems to be advisable in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:929132", "title": "[Specific and non-specific defense mechanisms against infection].", "content": "Defense mechanisms against bacterial, viral or parasitic infections require the cooperation of effector cells (mainly polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes) and mediators such as antibodies, complement and lymphokines. Antibodies and some complement components promote the endocytosis of microorganisms whereas lymphokines activate phagocytic cells. Once endocytosed, microorganisms are killed either by oxidative reactions consequent to the respiratory burst, or by the particular conditions and factors that they encounter in phagolysosomes. Intact microorganisms or their degradation products handled by mononuclear phagocytes represent immunogenic moieties which can trigger immunocompetent lymphocytes and induce specific immune responses. Phagocytic cells may have characteristic intrinsic deficiencies that are responsible for prolonged or recurrent infections.", "contents": "[Specific and non-specific defense mechanisms against infection]. Defense mechanisms against bacterial, viral or parasitic infections require the cooperation of effector cells (mainly polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes) and mediators such as antibodies, complement and lymphokines. Antibodies and some complement components promote the endocytosis of microorganisms whereas lymphokines activate phagocytic cells. Once endocytosed, microorganisms are killed either by oxidative reactions consequent to the respiratory burst, or by the particular conditions and factors that they encounter in phagolysosomes. Intact microorganisms or their degradation products handled by mononuclear phagocytes represent immunogenic moieties which can trigger immunocompetent lymphocytes and induce specific immune responses. Phagocytic cells may have characteristic intrinsic deficiencies that are responsible for prolonged or recurrent infections."}
{"id": "PMID:929133", "title": "[Transfer factor therapy in a patient with anergic pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "Report on a patient suffering from severe, relapsing pulmonary tuberculosis showing progressive clinical deterioration accompanied by the appearance of cutaneous anergy to tuberculin. In addition, the sputum cultures showed growth of Mycobacterium intracellulare. During therapy with transferfactorZurich there was a slow but impressive clinical improvement, the skin reactivity to tuberculin was reconstitued and the sputum cultures became negative. The radiological findings remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Transfer factor therapy in a patient with anergic pulmonary tuberculosis]. Report on a patient suffering from severe, relapsing pulmonary tuberculosis showing progressive clinical deterioration accompanied by the appearance of cutaneous anergy to tuberculin. In addition, the sputum cultures showed growth of Mycobacterium intracellulare. During therapy with transferfactorZurich there was a slow but impressive clinical improvement, the skin reactivity to tuberculin was reconstitued and the sputum cultures became negative. The radiological findings remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:929134", "title": "[Significance of serological studies in the diagnosis and therapy of insect-sting allergy].", "content": "IgE-antibodies against venoms and wholebody extracts of bees and wasps and hemagglutinins against phospholipase A were determined in patients with allergy to insect stings before and during hyposensitization therapy. The results show that venoms are superior to wholebody extracts for diagnosis and therapy of insect sting allergy.", "contents": "[Significance of serological studies in the diagnosis and therapy of insect-sting allergy]. IgE-antibodies against venoms and wholebody extracts of bees and wasps and hemagglutinins against phospholipase A were determined in patients with allergy to insect stings before and during hyposensitization therapy. The results show that venoms are superior to wholebody extracts for diagnosis and therapy of insect sting allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:929135", "title": "[Combined form of chronic aggressive hepatitis primary biliary cirrhosis].", "content": "15 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 109 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH) have been followed. Features of PBC, namely the generalized pruritus, massive rise in alkaline phosphatase, antimitochondrial antibodies and high levels of IgM-globulins, were present in 7 patients with CAH. This group was treated with immunosuppressive drugs for 1-2 years. Clinical, biochemical, immunological and histological parameters were used to assess the therapeutic effect. The pruritus improved and there was a statistically significant reduction in the IgG-hyperglobulinemia. Some resolution of the piecemeal necroses was seen. However, in judging these changes the sampling error must be taken into account. The unknown agent attacks both the hepatocytes and the epithelial cells of the bile ducts. The immunosuppressive treatment protects the liver cells from further damage while the progressive destruction of the bile ducts remains uninfluenced. The results suggest that the smallest possible dose sufficient to suppress the activity of CAH must be selected.", "contents": "[Combined form of chronic aggressive hepatitis primary biliary cirrhosis]. 15 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 109 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH) have been followed. Features of PBC, namely the generalized pruritus, massive rise in alkaline phosphatase, antimitochondrial antibodies and high levels of IgM-globulins, were present in 7 patients with CAH. This group was treated with immunosuppressive drugs for 1-2 years. Clinical, biochemical, immunological and histological parameters were used to assess the therapeutic effect. The pruritus improved and there was a statistically significant reduction in the IgG-hyperglobulinemia. Some resolution of the piecemeal necroses was seen. However, in judging these changes the sampling error must be taken into account. The unknown agent attacks both the hepatocytes and the epithelial cells of the bile ducts. The immunosuppressive treatment protects the liver cells from further damage while the progressive destruction of the bile ducts remains uninfluenced. The results suggest that the smallest possible dose sufficient to suppress the activity of CAH must be selected."}
{"id": "PMID:929136", "title": "[Benign symmetric lipomatosis--symptom of alcoholic liver disease].", "content": "Benign symmetric lipomatosis (BSL) leads to characteristic multiple lipomas of the neck and submandibullar region. Seven men with BSL, aged 36--65 years, were investigated with regard to alcohol consumption, clinical findings and liver histology. They admitted a long standing ethanol intake (x = 107 ml/day) prior to the development of BSL. The growth of the lipomas was irregular and occurred over a period of months. There was no correlation with overweight or hyperlipidemia. However, liver biopsy revealed features consistent with alcoholic liver disease in all subjects. It is concluded that BSL represents a symptom of alcoholic liver disease affecting middle aged men.", "contents": "[Benign symmetric lipomatosis--symptom of alcoholic liver disease]. Benign symmetric lipomatosis (BSL) leads to characteristic multiple lipomas of the neck and submandibullar region. Seven men with BSL, aged 36--65 years, were investigated with regard to alcohol consumption, clinical findings and liver histology. They admitted a long standing ethanol intake (x = 107 ml/day) prior to the development of BSL. The growth of the lipomas was irregular and occurred over a period of months. There was no correlation with overweight or hyperlipidemia. However, liver biopsy revealed features consistent with alcoholic liver disease in all subjects. It is concluded that BSL represents a symptom of alcoholic liver disease affecting middle aged men."}
{"id": "PMID:929137", "title": "[Aldosterone and renin in liver cirrhosis with ascites].", "content": "Supine plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were determined in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites (n = 10). Most of the patients initially showed an increase in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity. However, values within the normal range were observed (plasma aldosterone, n = 3; plasma renin activity, n = 4). In the ascitic fluid renin activity could not be detected, whereas aldosterone concentrations correlated significantly with the respective plasma levels (r = 0.8, p less than 0.01). During therapy with spironolactone alone (n =2) or in combination with furosemide (n = 4), diuresis and natriuresis showed no correlation with changes in plasma aldosterone and/or plasma renin activity. Our results suggest that other factors than renin and aldosterone secretion may be important in the formation of ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In addition, the inverse correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity (r = -0.65, p less than 0.05) found in our patients supports the assumption that the increase in renin secretion is probably induced by changes in (renal) hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Aldosterone and renin in liver cirrhosis with ascites]. Supine plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were determined in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites (n = 10). Most of the patients initially showed an increase in plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity. However, values within the normal range were observed (plasma aldosterone, n = 3; plasma renin activity, n = 4). In the ascitic fluid renin activity could not be detected, whereas aldosterone concentrations correlated significantly with the respective plasma levels (r = 0.8, p less than 0.01). During therapy with spironolactone alone (n =2) or in combination with furosemide (n = 4), diuresis and natriuresis showed no correlation with changes in plasma aldosterone and/or plasma renin activity. Our results suggest that other factors than renin and aldosterone secretion may be important in the formation of ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In addition, the inverse correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity (r = -0.65, p less than 0.05) found in our patients supports the assumption that the increase in renin secretion is probably induced by changes in (renal) hemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:929138", "title": "[Immunological aspects of acute viral hepatitis treated with corticosteroids].", "content": "Acute viral B-hepatitis is the consequence of an effective specific immune response against the hepatitis B-virus with elimination of the virus. Corticosteroids decrease this immune reaction and thereby inhibit virus elimination. In principle, therefore, corticosteroid therapy promotes a transition to chronicity. This theoretical concept is documented practically by 8 patients treated with steroids in the early phase of acute viral hepatitis. Transition to some form of chronic liver disease is documented by serial liver biopsies in all 8 patients. The immunohistological findings showed the presence of HBsAg and HBcAg, as theoretically expected. These 8 selected cases, although uncontrolled, together with the theoretical concept of B-virus elimination, provide evidence against the use of corticosteroids in acute B-hepatitis.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of acute viral hepatitis treated with corticosteroids]. Acute viral B-hepatitis is the consequence of an effective specific immune response against the hepatitis B-virus with elimination of the virus. Corticosteroids decrease this immune reaction and thereby inhibit virus elimination. In principle, therefore, corticosteroid therapy promotes a transition to chronicity. This theoretical concept is documented practically by 8 patients treated with steroids in the early phase of acute viral hepatitis. Transition to some form of chronic liver disease is documented by serial liver biopsies in all 8 patients. The immunohistological findings showed the presence of HBsAg and HBcAg, as theoretically expected. These 8 selected cases, although uncontrolled, together with the theoretical concept of B-virus elimination, provide evidence against the use of corticosteroids in acute B-hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:929139", "title": "[Evaluation of the role of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in the pathogenesis of glomerular nephropathies].", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies of the glomeruli in patients suffering from glomerulonephritis (GN) suggest the deposit of immune complexes from the circulating blood. Immune complexes were quantitated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay from sera of 41 patients with GN drawn at the time when renal biopsy was performed. Simultaneously, degradation products of C3 (C3d) were measured. Eleven of 12 patients with GN secondary to a systemic disease (usually LED) presented increased C1q-binding activity of their sera (C1q-BA). C3 was further demonstrated in 9 of these patients, suggesting the presence of circulating immune complexes. By contrast only 2 of 12 patients with idiopathic GN characterized by deposits of complement and IgG in the glomeruli exhibited increased C1q-BA. One of 17 patients with idiopathic GN without deposit of immunoglobulins and C3 in the glomeruli also had increased C1q-BA. The results observed in the group of patients with idiopathic GN with glomerular deposits could be accounted for either by a transitory or minimal presence of immune complexes or by local formation of complexes in the glomerular structures.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the role of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in the pathogenesis of glomerular nephropathies]. Immunofluorescence studies of the glomeruli in patients suffering from glomerulonephritis (GN) suggest the deposit of immune complexes from the circulating blood. Immune complexes were quantitated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay from sera of 41 patients with GN drawn at the time when renal biopsy was performed. Simultaneously, degradation products of C3 (C3d) were measured. Eleven of 12 patients with GN secondary to a systemic disease (usually LED) presented increased C1q-binding activity of their sera (C1q-BA). C3 was further demonstrated in 9 of these patients, suggesting the presence of circulating immune complexes. By contrast only 2 of 12 patients with idiopathic GN characterized by deposits of complement and IgG in the glomeruli exhibited increased C1q-BA. One of 17 patients with idiopathic GN without deposit of immunoglobulins and C3 in the glomeruli also had increased C1q-BA. The results observed in the group of patients with idiopathic GN with glomerular deposits could be accounted for either by a transitory or minimal presence of immune complexes or by local formation of complexes in the glomerular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:929140", "title": "[Studies on the differential determination of renin activity in renal venous blood in renal artery stenosis].", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined in both renal veins of 37 patients with angiographically proven renal artery stenosis. Renal venous PRA was determined in 17 patients without furosemide stimulation and in 20 patients before and 15 and 30 min after intravenous injection of 40 mg furosemide. 21 of 37 patients showed abnormally high peripheral PRA. In the 17 patients in whom renal venous PRA was measured without stimulation, 11 showed a PRA ratio (PRA stenotic side/PRA unaffected side) greater than or equal to 1.5. The 20 patients in whom stimulation with furosemide was performed were divided into 2 groups each containing 10 patients: The first group was characterized by an increase in PRA ratio after furosemide stimulation, while in the second group this PRA ratio decreased. In the first group mean duration of hypertension was 4.5 years compared to 7.5 years in the second group. In 17 of 37 patients renal artery stenosis was corrected by surgery. After operation 12 patients became normotensive and in 2 patients hypertension improved. There was no effect of renovascular surgery on blood pressure in only 3 patients. None of these patients showed an increasing ratio in response to furosemide. Our results suggest that the validity of renal venous PRA measurements is enhanced when the procedure is performed before and after administration of furosemide.", "contents": "[Studies on the differential determination of renin activity in renal venous blood in renal artery stenosis]. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined in both renal veins of 37 patients with angiographically proven renal artery stenosis. Renal venous PRA was determined in 17 patients without furosemide stimulation and in 20 patients before and 15 and 30 min after intravenous injection of 40 mg furosemide. 21 of 37 patients showed abnormally high peripheral PRA. In the 17 patients in whom renal venous PRA was measured without stimulation, 11 showed a PRA ratio (PRA stenotic side/PRA unaffected side) greater than or equal to 1.5. The 20 patients in whom stimulation with furosemide was performed were divided into 2 groups each containing 10 patients: The first group was characterized by an increase in PRA ratio after furosemide stimulation, while in the second group this PRA ratio decreased. In the first group mean duration of hypertension was 4.5 years compared to 7.5 years in the second group. In 17 of 37 patients renal artery stenosis was corrected by surgery. After operation 12 patients became normotensive and in 2 patients hypertension improved. There was no effect of renovascular surgery on blood pressure in only 3 patients. None of these patients showed an increasing ratio in response to furosemide. Our results suggest that the validity of renal venous PRA measurements is enhanced when the procedure is performed before and after administration of furosemide."}
{"id": "PMID:929141", "title": "[Treatment of uremic sympathicopathy with levodopa].", "content": "Two patients with chronic uremia suffering from postural hypotension and hypotensive episodes during hemodialysis have been successfully treated with L-DOPA. In one patient the autonomic insufficiency and the beneficial effect of L-DOPA has been demonstrated by tests of the autonomic nervous system. The action of L-DOPA remains unclear. It is possible that the administration of L-DOPA results in increased synthesis of norepinephrine.", "contents": "[Treatment of uremic sympathicopathy with levodopa]. Two patients with chronic uremia suffering from postural hypotension and hypotensive episodes during hemodialysis have been successfully treated with L-DOPA. In one patient the autonomic insufficiency and the beneficial effect of L-DOPA has been demonstrated by tests of the autonomic nervous system. The action of L-DOPA remains unclear. It is possible that the administration of L-DOPA results in increased synthesis of norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:929142", "title": "[Metabolic effects of acute experimental hypoxia and hypercapnia].", "content": "Hypoxia and the hypercapnia were produced in anesthetized dogs by artificial respiration with appropriate gas mixtures, and a study was conducted of the effects of these conditions on various metabolic parameters, viz. catecholamines, renin activity, lactate, pyruvate, cortisol, non-esterified free fatty acids (FFA), and ammonia, in the plasma of the arterial blood. Hypercapnia caused a distinct increase in catecholamine concentrations, renin activity and ammonia, and a decrease in lactate and pyruvate; cortisol and FFA levels were only slightly altered. Hypoxia increased lactate, pyruvate and--though only to a slight extent--FFA, cortisol and NH3. The changes induced by hypercapnia were chiefly attributable to activation of the sympathico-adrenal system; those induced by hypoxia were not.", "contents": "[Metabolic effects of acute experimental hypoxia and hypercapnia]. Hypoxia and the hypercapnia were produced in anesthetized dogs by artificial respiration with appropriate gas mixtures, and a study was conducted of the effects of these conditions on various metabolic parameters, viz. catecholamines, renin activity, lactate, pyruvate, cortisol, non-esterified free fatty acids (FFA), and ammonia, in the plasma of the arterial blood. Hypercapnia caused a distinct increase in catecholamine concentrations, renin activity and ammonia, and a decrease in lactate and pyruvate; cortisol and FFA levels were only slightly altered. Hypoxia increased lactate, pyruvate and--though only to a slight extent--FFA, cortisol and NH3. The changes induced by hypercapnia were chiefly attributable to activation of the sympathico-adrenal system; those induced by hypoxia were not."}
{"id": "PMID:929143", "title": "[Clinical experiences with the serum digitalis concentration. 1006 radioimmunological determinations].", "content": "Serum digitalis concentration was measured radioimmunologically on 1006 patients in the period from 1974-1976. The serum levels were correlated with the clinical signs of digitalis toxicity and the indications for determination of the serum digoxin concentration were established. Clinical signs of toxicity appear at a serum level of digoxin above 2.5 ng/ml. Therapeutic limits (range) are most influenced by individual factors. Serum digoxin determination is especially necessary in patients with renal failure and in undisciplined patients with erratic digitalis intake. It is a useful aid in controlling the course of digitalis intoxication, in \"low dosage\" digitalization and in the case of possible drug interactions.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with the serum digitalis concentration. 1006 radioimmunological determinations]. Serum digitalis concentration was measured radioimmunologically on 1006 patients in the period from 1974-1976. The serum levels were correlated with the clinical signs of digitalis toxicity and the indications for determination of the serum digoxin concentration were established. Clinical signs of toxicity appear at a serum level of digoxin above 2.5 ng/ml. Therapeutic limits (range) are most influenced by individual factors. Serum digoxin determination is especially necessary in patients with renal failure and in undisciplined patients with erratic digitalis intake. It is a useful aid in controlling the course of digitalis intoxication, in \"low dosage\" digitalization and in the case of possible drug interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:929144", "title": "[Course and prognosis of primary pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "Between 1967 and 1970 primary pulmonary arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 52 patients. Menocil had been taken by 36 patients. Overall survival rate after 9 years was 0.58. Mortality was particularly high within 2 years after the diagnosis was established (22%). Survival rate was low in the group with pulmonary vascular resistance exceeding 1000 dynes-sec-cm-5 (0.42 after 9 years). Initially slight pulmonary hypertension generally had a good prognosis but even severe pulmonary hypertension can regress or even disappear. With respect to survival rate, there were no significant differences between patients with and without Menocil intake.", "contents": "[Course and prognosis of primary pulmonary hypertension]. Between 1967 and 1970 primary pulmonary arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 52 patients. Menocil had been taken by 36 patients. Overall survival rate after 9 years was 0.58. Mortality was particularly high within 2 years after the diagnosis was established (22%). Survival rate was low in the group with pulmonary vascular resistance exceeding 1000 dynes-sec-cm-5 (0.42 after 9 years). Initially slight pulmonary hypertension generally had a good prognosis but even severe pulmonary hypertension can regress or even disappear. With respect to survival rate, there were no significant differences between patients with and without Menocil intake."}
{"id": "PMID:929145", "title": "[The diagnosis of the sinus node syndrome].", "content": "The \"specific\" investigations for sinus node syndrome (SNS) in 22 patients are analyzed. SNS was defined as sinusbradycardia below 40/min and sinus-standstill over 2 sec. Atropin (1 mg i.v.), exercise test and carotid pressure were of little help in establishing the diagnosis, while Holter monitoring and sinus-node recovery time were significantly abnormal in all patients investigated.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of the sinus node syndrome]. The \"specific\" investigations for sinus node syndrome (SNS) in 22 patients are analyzed. SNS was defined as sinusbradycardia below 40/min and sinus-standstill over 2 sec. Atropin (1 mg i.v.), exercise test and carotid pressure were of little help in establishing the diagnosis, while Holter monitoring and sinus-node recovery time were significantly abnormal in all patients investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:929146", "title": "[A useful method for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon: cold suppression of reactive  post-ischemic hyperemia in the fingers].", "content": "A method is described which is of assistance in diagnosing Raynaud's phenomenon by making it possible to estimate the degree of cold sensitivity. 5-minute ischemia provoked by tourniquet round the wrist results in reactive finger hyperemia when the tourniquet is released. In 25 of 28 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, postischemia reactive hyperemia was suppressed by cooling the hand to between 10 and 20 degrees, but remained unchanged in normal subjects. The critical temperature at which Raynaud's phenomenon occurs can be determined in a given patient, and the natural history of the disease and the effect of treatment can be observed. Cold induced reactive hyperemia suppression is probably caused by Burton's critical closing  phenomenon.", "contents": "[A useful method for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon: cold suppression of reactive  post-ischemic hyperemia in the fingers]. A method is described which is of assistance in diagnosing Raynaud's phenomenon by making it possible to estimate the degree of cold sensitivity. 5-minute ischemia provoked by tourniquet round the wrist results in reactive finger hyperemia when the tourniquet is released. In 25 of 28 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, postischemia reactive hyperemia was suppressed by cooling the hand to between 10 and 20 degrees, but remained unchanged in normal subjects. The critical temperature at which Raynaud's phenomenon occurs can be determined in a given patient, and the natural history of the disease and the effect of treatment can be observed. Cold induced reactive hyperemia suppression is probably caused by Burton's critical closing  phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:929147", "title": "[Personality traits (type A) in patients with intermittent claudication. 1. Results of the Bortner test].", "content": "It has never been considered whether type A (coronary prone) behavior can also be found in patients with peripheral atherosclerotic disease (intermittent claudication). This question has been studied by means of the 14-item (Bortner) questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 10 patients (self-assessment) with coronary artery disease and intermittend claudication, 13 with intermittent claudication alone and 10 with comparably severe, but not arteriovascular disease and independently by their wives (relative's assessment). In the self-assessment the test discriminated significantly between the three groups (Kruskal-Wallis p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficient (Spearman) between expression of type A behavior and extent of atherosclerosis was 0.3720 (p less than 0.02). In the relative's assessment the groups were also differentiated significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficient (Spearman) was 0.4080 (p less than 0.009). The results indicate that patients with intermittent claudication demonstrate a predilection for type A behavior, which is more pronounced in those with additional coronary artery disease. The multiple stepwise regression indicated that type A behavior is related to atherosclerosis independently of other factors.", "contents": "[Personality traits (type A) in patients with intermittent claudication. 1. Results of the Bortner test]. It has never been considered whether type A (coronary prone) behavior can also be found in patients with peripheral atherosclerotic disease (intermittent claudication). This question has been studied by means of the 14-item (Bortner) questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 10 patients (self-assessment) with coronary artery disease and intermittend claudication, 13 with intermittent claudication alone and 10 with comparably severe, but not arteriovascular disease and independently by their wives (relative's assessment). In the self-assessment the test discriminated significantly between the three groups (Kruskal-Wallis p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficient (Spearman) between expression of type A behavior and extent of atherosclerosis was 0.3720 (p less than 0.02). In the relative's assessment the groups were also differentiated significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficient (Spearman) was 0.4080 (p less than 0.009). The results indicate that patients with intermittent claudication demonstrate a predilection for type A behavior, which is more pronounced in those with additional coronary artery disease. The multiple stepwise regression indicated that type A behavior is related to atherosclerosis independently of other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:929148", "title": "[Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression by means of intranasal use of dexamethasone preparations].", "content": "In two 15-year-old boys with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, bronchospasm disappeared with prolonged use of intranasal dexamethasone ointment and drops respectively. Both showed cushingoid features and total or partial suppression of adrenocortical function. The first patient died during a sudden and unexpected asthma crisis one week after withdrawal of the 0.25% dexamethasone ointment he had been taking at the rate of 1.8 mg/day for one year. The second boy recovered near-normal adrenocortical function 3 months after gradual withdrawal of the 0.01% dexamethasone nose drops he had been on at an average daily dose of 0.5 mg, for the past 6 years. An acute trial in 10 normal volunteers showed marked short-term suppression of endogenous cortisol production after a single intranasal ointment application containing 0.9 mg dexamethasone. Long-term use of dexamethasone preparations on the nasal mucosa may be dangerous by inhibiting hypophyseal-adrenocortical function. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to sudden relapse of a potentially life-threatening accompanying disease such as bronchial asthma.", "contents": "[Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression by means of intranasal use of dexamethasone preparations]. In two 15-year-old boys with bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, bronchospasm disappeared with prolonged use of intranasal dexamethasone ointment and drops respectively. Both showed cushingoid features and total or partial suppression of adrenocortical function. The first patient died during a sudden and unexpected asthma crisis one week after withdrawal of the 0.25% dexamethasone ointment he had been taking at the rate of 1.8 mg/day for one year. The second boy recovered near-normal adrenocortical function 3 months after gradual withdrawal of the 0.01% dexamethasone nose drops he had been on at an average daily dose of 0.5 mg, for the past 6 years. An acute trial in 10 normal volunteers showed marked short-term suppression of endogenous cortisol production after a single intranasal ointment application containing 0.9 mg dexamethasone. Long-term use of dexamethasone preparations on the nasal mucosa may be dangerous by inhibiting hypophyseal-adrenocortical function. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to sudden relapse of a potentially life-threatening accompanying disease such as bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:929149", "title": "[Standardization of a new thyroid gland suppression test by means of 3000 microgram L-thyroxine].", "content": "The suppressibility of the TSH-thyroid axis one week after a single dose of 3000 microgram L-thyroxine was studied in 21 euthyroid subjects. In all cases the normal thyroid function was proven by euthyroid values for thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine index (FT4-I), triiodothyronine (T3), radioiodine uptake, PBI-131, a normal scintiscan and by a physiologic TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Compared to the baseline values the mean suppression of radioiodine uptake at 2,24 and 48 h was 61.8% (+/- 32.9), 62.0% (+/- 15.3) and 62.1% (+/- 13.4) respectively. Because of the large variation at 2 h this value can be disregarded. If the 24 h value shows a clear suppression over 50%, no further measurement is necessary. Mean serum levels of thyroxine and free T4-index rose from 8.2 +/- 1.0 to 13.0 +/- 2.1 microgram/100 ml and from 7.7 +/- 1.9 to 15.1 +/- 3.4 respectively on the third day, to the upper limits for normal controls. Triiodothyronine increased from 1.69 +/- 0.42 to 2.08 +/- 0.38 ng/ml and remained definitely below the level of 2.60 ng/ml observed in overt thyrotoxicosis. In single subjects T4, FT4-I or T3 achieved slightly hyperthyroid levels. In view of the effectiveness of a single dose of 3000 microgram T4 with good suppression of radioiodine uptake and TSH production after stimulation with TRH without noticeable side effects, the classical T3 suppression test should be abandoned and replaced by this test, which latter can be used for the same diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[Standardization of a new thyroid gland suppression test by means of 3000 microgram L-thyroxine]. The suppressibility of the TSH-thyroid axis one week after a single dose of 3000 microgram L-thyroxine was studied in 21 euthyroid subjects. In all cases the normal thyroid function was proven by euthyroid values for thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine index (FT4-I), triiodothyronine (T3), radioiodine uptake, PBI-131, a normal scintiscan and by a physiologic TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Compared to the baseline values the mean suppression of radioiodine uptake at 2,24 and 48 h was 61.8% (+/- 32.9), 62.0% (+/- 15.3) and 62.1% (+/- 13.4) respectively. Because of the large variation at 2 h this value can be disregarded. If the 24 h value shows a clear suppression over 50%, no further measurement is necessary. Mean serum levels of thyroxine and free T4-index rose from 8.2 +/- 1.0 to 13.0 +/- 2.1 microgram/100 ml and from 7.7 +/- 1.9 to 15.1 +/- 3.4 respectively on the third day, to the upper limits for normal controls. Triiodothyronine increased from 1.69 +/- 0.42 to 2.08 +/- 0.38 ng/ml and remained definitely below the level of 2.60 ng/ml observed in overt thyrotoxicosis. In single subjects T4, FT4-I or T3 achieved slightly hyperthyroid levels. In view of the effectiveness of a single dose of 3000 microgram T4 with good suppression of radioiodine uptake and TSH production after stimulation with TRH without noticeable side effects, the classical T3 suppression test should be abandoned and replaced by this test, which latter can be used for the same diagnostic and therapeutic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:929150", "title": "[Study of glucagon secretion in patients with hemochromatosis].", "content": "Diabetes in idiopathic hemochromatosis has been considered to be secondary to islet cell damage resulting from the iron deposits. Plasma glucagon was measured by immunoassay using the pancreas specific 30-K antiserum, and was found to be normal or slightly elevated during arginine-infusion tests in patients exhibiting both hemochromatosis and pathological glucose tolerance. This suggests that diabetes in hemochromatosis is not due to a lesion resulting from the iron deposits. The two affections appear to be merely associated and are possibly genetically linked.", "contents": "[Study of glucagon secretion in patients with hemochromatosis]. Diabetes in idiopathic hemochromatosis has been considered to be secondary to islet cell damage resulting from the iron deposits. Plasma glucagon was measured by immunoassay using the pancreas specific 30-K antiserum, and was found to be normal or slightly elevated during arginine-infusion tests in patients exhibiting both hemochromatosis and pathological glucose tolerance. This suggests that diabetes in hemochromatosis is not due to a lesion resulting from the iron deposits. The two affections appear to be merely associated and are possibly genetically linked."}
{"id": "PMID:929151", "title": "[Hypersomnia with periodic apnea in a patient with acquired micrognathism].", "content": "A case presenting association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence and retrognathia is described. Sleep laboratory evaluation showed severe discontinuous hypoxemia and a mean of 250 upper airway obstructions. The patient was treated successfully by surgical correction of the retrognathia.", "contents": "[Hypersomnia with periodic apnea in a patient with acquired micrognathism]. A case presenting association of sleep apnea with daytime hypersomnolence and retrognathia is described. Sleep laboratory evaluation showed severe discontinuous hypoxemia and a mean of 250 upper airway obstructions. The patient was treated successfully by surgical correction of the retrognathia."}
{"id": "PMID:929152", "title": "[Frequent cases of agranulocytosis due to clozapin (leponex) in eastern Switzerland].", "content": "Two personally observed cases of severe agranulocytosis within 3 months, one of them fatal, could be attributed to the new dibenzodiazepine derivative Clozapine (Leponex). Clozapine, a very effective neuroleptic for the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia, has been found before to induce agranulocytosis of the metabolic type, as  phenothiazines are known to do. An inquiry in al Swiss medical departments and mental hospitals revealed a total of 20 cases of Clozapine induced agranulocytosis in some 50% of institutions responding. 9 of these were observed in Eastern Switzerland. This time-space clustering recalls the \"finnish epidemic\" of 1975 in Southern Finland. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. Calculations of the incidence suggest a higher rate of agranulocytosis induced by Clozapine than has been assumed for the phenothiazines. Clozapine should therefore be restricted to schizophrenic patients and initially (6 weeks) be given only on a stationary basis under regular blood controls.", "contents": "[Frequent cases of agranulocytosis due to clozapin (leponex) in eastern Switzerland]. Two personally observed cases of severe agranulocytosis within 3 months, one of them fatal, could be attributed to the new dibenzodiazepine derivative Clozapine (Leponex). Clozapine, a very effective neuroleptic for the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenia, has been found before to induce agranulocytosis of the metabolic type, as  phenothiazines are known to do. An inquiry in al Swiss medical departments and mental hospitals revealed a total of 20 cases of Clozapine induced agranulocytosis in some 50% of institutions responding. 9 of these were observed in Eastern Switzerland. This time-space clustering recalls the \"finnish epidemic\" of 1975 in Southern Finland. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. Calculations of the incidence suggest a higher rate of agranulocytosis induced by Clozapine than has been assumed for the phenothiazines. Clozapine should therefore be restricted to schizophrenic patients and initially (6 weeks) be given only on a stationary basis under regular blood controls."}
{"id": "PMID:929153", "title": "[Protection against acute renal insufficiency by means of forced diuresis in an ischemic rat model].", "content": "Renal ischemia of 90 min duration provokes initial oliguria and hyperazotemia; however, in rats with high diuresis, with or without renal renin depletion, protection against acute renal failure is observed in this model. The protection is directly proportional to the diuresis.", "contents": "[Protection against acute renal insufficiency by means of forced diuresis in an ischemic rat model]. Renal ischemia of 90 min duration provokes initial oliguria and hyperazotemia; however, in rats with high diuresis, with or without renal renin depletion, protection against acute renal failure is observed in this model. The protection is directly proportional to the diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:929154", "title": "[Increased renal prostaglandin E2 secretion in Bartter's syndrome].", "content": "In a 52-year-old patient with Bartter's syndrome, peripheral venous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and plasma renin activity (PRA) levels were markedly elevated and plasma aldosterone concentration (pa) was at the upper limit of normal, though inappropriately high relative to the decreased plasma and whole body potassium levels. Blood pressure, plasma volume, exchangeable body sodium, plasma cortisol and urinary catecholamines were normal. Renal venous PGE2 was two to three times higher than peripheral PGE2. Indomethacin (300 mg/day) decreased peripheral PGE2 by 50%, PRA by 84% and PA by 72%, induced a positive potassium balance (greater than 350 mEq) with normal plasma potassium levels, and returned the previously marked resistance to the pressor effect of angiotensin II to normal. During the entire study, highly significant correlations (p less than 0.001) between peripheral PGE2 and PRA (r = 0.86) or PA (r = 0.90) were found. In this patient the hyperreninemia was not related to volume depletion. These data indicate that in Bartter's syndrome renal PGE2 secretion may be increased, systemic blood levels of PGE2 may be elevated and closely related to PRA, and indomethacin ameliorates these abnormalities and improves potassium balance. These results are consistent with the ascription of an important role to excessive renal PGE2 secretion in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "[Increased renal prostaglandin E2 secretion in Bartter's syndrome]. In a 52-year-old patient with Bartter's syndrome, peripheral venous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and plasma renin activity (PRA) levels were markedly elevated and plasma aldosterone concentration (pa) was at the upper limit of normal, though inappropriately high relative to the decreased plasma and whole body potassium levels. Blood pressure, plasma volume, exchangeable body sodium, plasma cortisol and urinary catecholamines were normal. Renal venous PGE2 was two to three times higher than peripheral PGE2. Indomethacin (300 mg/day) decreased peripheral PGE2 by 50%, PRA by 84% and PA by 72%, induced a positive potassium balance (greater than 350 mEq) with normal plasma potassium levels, and returned the previously marked resistance to the pressor effect of angiotensin II to normal. During the entire study, highly significant correlations (p less than 0.001) between peripheral PGE2 and PRA (r = 0.86) or PA (r = 0.90) were found. In this patient the hyperreninemia was not related to volume depletion. These data indicate that in Bartter's syndrome renal PGE2 secretion may be increased, systemic blood levels of PGE2 may be elevated and closely related to PRA, and indomethacin ameliorates these abnormalities and improves potassium balance. These results are consistent with the ascription of an important role to excessive renal PGE2 secretion in the pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:929169", "title": "Some medical aspects of North Sea oil industry.", "content": "Most illness and injury cases seen in the Sick Bays of North Sea Oil Installations are similar to those in industry generally. Some are due to the sea depth and the hostile environment. The course of treatment may be affected by the isolated situation. The basic plan to meet a disaster situation may in the event be unworkable because of installation air traffic disturbance. Transportation of casualties to pre-arranged destinations may be affected by weather or the availability of suitable helicopters or ships. Practice to meet different medical contingencies is essential. For efficient rescue there must be a reliable, uninterrupted communication system between installation and base.", "contents": "Some medical aspects of North Sea oil industry. Most illness and injury cases seen in the Sick Bays of North Sea Oil Installations are similar to those in industry generally. Some are due to the sea depth and the hostile environment. The course of treatment may be affected by the isolated situation. The basic plan to meet a disaster situation may in the event be unworkable because of installation air traffic disturbance. Transportation of casualties to pre-arranged destinations may be affected by weather or the availability of suitable helicopters or ships. Practice to meet different medical contingencies is essential. For efficient rescue there must be a reliable, uninterrupted communication system between installation and base."}
{"id": "PMID:929178", "title": "Endometrioma of the perineum associated with episiotomy scars.", "content": "Two cases of endometrioma occurring in the perineum, associated with episiotomy scars and involving the external anal sphincter are described. Previous similar cases in the literature are reviewed and discussed. Misdiagnosis of this uncommon lesion is the rule when it is seen outside gynaecological practice. If, however, its existence is appreciated then correct diagnosis is simple and treatment is straight forward.", "contents": "Endometrioma of the perineum associated with episiotomy scars. Two cases of endometrioma occurring in the perineum, associated with episiotomy scars and involving the external anal sphincter are described. Previous similar cases in the literature are reviewed and discussed. Misdiagnosis of this uncommon lesion is the rule when it is seen outside gynaecological practice. If, however, its existence is appreciated then correct diagnosis is simple and treatment is straight forward."}
{"id": "PMID:929179", "title": "Intergeneric transfer of genes involved in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.", "content": "Genes that seem to be involved in the initial steps of infection of a legume by Rhizobium have been transferred, by transformation, to mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii that are unable to fix nitrogen. These genes code for a surface antigen that binds specifically to a protein from the host plant.", "contents": "Intergeneric transfer of genes involved in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Genes that seem to be involved in the initial steps of infection of a legume by Rhizobium have been transferred, by transformation, to mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii that are unable to fix nitrogen. These genes code for a surface antigen that binds specifically to a protein from the host plant."}
{"id": "PMID:929180", "title": "Mapping the locus of the H-Y gene on the human Y chromosome.", "content": "The H-Y locus is on the short arm of the human Y chromosome in most individuals but on the long arm in at least one of 17 individuals with structural abnormalities of the Y.", "contents": "Mapping the locus of the H-Y gene on the human Y chromosome. The H-Y locus is on the short arm of the human Y chromosome in most individuals but on the long arm in at least one of 17 individuals with structural abnormalities of the Y."}
{"id": "PMID:929181", "title": "A phantom-motion aftereffect.", "content": "Motion aftereffects, typically found to result only from localized retinal stimulation, were obtained within regions of the visual field that had not been stimulated by moving contours. \"Phantom\" stripes are seen moving through a physically homogeneous (empty) region of the visual field when vertical stripes move above and below that region. Immediately afterward, stationary stripes in the previously empty region appear to move in the opposite direction. This phantom-motion aftereffect provides a novel instance of the way global structure affects processes that have been assumed to be influenced only by simpler local spatial and temporal variables.", "contents": "A phantom-motion aftereffect. Motion aftereffects, typically found to result only from localized retinal stimulation, were obtained within regions of the visual field that had not been stimulated by moving contours. \"Phantom\" stripes are seen moving through a physically homogeneous (empty) region of the visual field when vertical stripes move above and below that region. Immediately afterward, stationary stripes in the previously empty region appear to move in the opposite direction. This phantom-motion aftereffect provides a novel instance of the way global structure affects processes that have been assumed to be influenced only by simpler local spatial and temporal variables."}
{"id": "PMID:929182", "title": "Gap junctions: their presence and necessity in myometrium during parturition.", "content": "Thin sections of longitudinal and circular muscle of myometrium obtained from rats during pregnancy, at term, during delivery, and postpartum were quantitatively examined in the electron microscope. Gap junctions (low resistance pathways) were only present during or immediately prior to delivery and immediately postpartum. The absence of gap junctions during gestation may be necessary for maintenance of pregnancy, while their occurrence during parturition may lead to effective termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Gap junctions: their presence and necessity in myometrium during parturition. Thin sections of longitudinal and circular muscle of myometrium obtained from rats during pregnancy, at term, during delivery, and postpartum were quantitatively examined in the electron microscope. Gap junctions (low resistance pathways) were only present during or immediately prior to delivery and immediately postpartum. The absence of gap junctions during gestation may be necessary for maintenance of pregnancy, while their occurrence during parturition may lead to effective termination of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:929184", "title": "Minimum size of mammalian homeotherms: role of the thermal environment.", "content": "The minimum size of a mammalian homeotherm appears to be related to the animal's maximum rate of endogenous heat production, the ambient thermal environment, and the animal's ability to be a facultative homeotherm.", "contents": "Minimum size of mammalian homeotherms: role of the thermal environment. The minimum size of a mammalian homeotherm appears to be related to the animal's maximum rate of endogenous heat production, the ambient thermal environment, and the animal's ability to be a facultative homeotherm."}
{"id": "PMID:929185", "title": "Construction of chimeric phages and plasmids containing the origin of replication of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "Segments of the replication control region of bacteriophage lambda (lambda) and lambda mutants defective in replication were attached in vitro to the phi80 phage vector Charon 3 and to the plasmid vector mini Col El (pVH51). The chimeric phages and plasmids have been used to localize the origin of lambda DNA replication and to facilitate a structural analysis of the lambda replicator.", "contents": "Construction of chimeric phages and plasmids containing the origin of replication of bacteriophage lambda. Segments of the replication control region of bacteriophage lambda (lambda) and lambda mutants defective in replication were attached in vitro to the phi80 phage vector Charon 3 and to the plasmid vector mini Col El (pVH51). The chimeric phages and plasmids have been used to localize the origin of lambda DNA replication and to facilitate a structural analysis of the lambda replicator."}
{"id": "PMID:929186", "title": "Genetic structure of the replication origin of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "A fragment of bacteriophage lambda DNA produced by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI and extending from the immunity region to a point inside gene O is found to have a fully functional origin of replication. Seven ori- mutations of lambda cluster in a small region just to the left of the Eco RI cleavage site which defines the right end of this fragment. These mutations lie within gene O.", "contents": "Genetic structure of the replication origin of bacteriophage lambda. A fragment of bacteriophage lambda DNA produced by the restriction endonuclease Eco RI and extending from the immunity region to a point inside gene O is found to have a fully functional origin of replication. Seven ori- mutations of lambda cluster in a small region just to the left of the Eco RI cleavage site which defines the right end of this fragment. These mutations lie within gene O."}
{"id": "PMID:929187", "title": "Physical structure of the replication origin of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of part of the replication region of wild-type bacteriophage lambda and of four mutants defective in the origin of DNA replication (ori-) has been determined. Three of the ori- mutations are small deletions, and one is a transversion. The sequence of the origin region, defined by these mutations, contains a number of unusual features.", "contents": "Physical structure of the replication origin of bacteriophage lambda. The nucleotide sequence of part of the replication region of wild-type bacteriophage lambda and of four mutants defective in the origin of DNA replication (ori-) has been determined. Three of the ori- mutations are small deletions, and one is a transversion. The sequence of the origin region, defined by these mutations, contains a number of unusual features."}
{"id": "PMID:929188", "title": "Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake.", "content": "Intracellular glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in man produces increased hunger ratings and magnitude estimates of pleasantness for sucrose solutions. Augmented food intake substantiates these changes in affective behavior and relieves experimentally induced hunger. Intracellular glucopenia activates counterregulatory mechanisms to raise plasma glucose concentrations. Inducing hunger experimentally with 2DG provides a useful method for studying appetitive behavior in humans. The neurohumoral control of pituitary hormone release and other hypothalamic functions may be examined after 2DG infusion.", "contents": "Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake. Intracellular glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in man produces increased hunger ratings and magnitude estimates of pleasantness for sucrose solutions. Augmented food intake substantiates these changes in affective behavior and relieves experimentally induced hunger. Intracellular glucopenia activates counterregulatory mechanisms to raise plasma glucose concentrations. Inducing hunger experimentally with 2DG provides a useful method for studying appetitive behavior in humans. The neurohumoral control of pituitary hormone release and other hypothalamic functions may be examined after 2DG infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:929189", "title": "Breast-feeding and population growth.", "content": "Abandonment of breast-feeding in parts of the world where contraception is not in common use may mean both higher birthrates and, especially among the poor, higher infant death rates. In this article estimates of the magnitude of these effects are made.", "contents": "Breast-feeding and population growth. Abandonment of breast-feeding in parts of the world where contraception is not in common use may mean both higher birthrates and, especially among the poor, higher infant death rates. In this article estimates of the magnitude of these effects are made."}
{"id": "PMID:929190", "title": "Evolution of primate chromosomes.", "content": "Human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. The general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. Preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. Repetitious DNA's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the regional banding patterns. These studies confirm that the evolutionary distance between the gibbon and the orangutan is relatively great compared to the distance between the orangutan and the other great apes, and suggest that man is more closely related to the gorilla than to the chimpanzee.", "contents": "Evolution of primate chromosomes. Human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. The general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. Preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. Repetitious DNA's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the regional banding patterns. These studies confirm that the evolutionary distance between the gibbon and the orangutan is relatively great compared to the distance between the orangutan and the other great apes, and suggest that man is more closely related to the gorilla than to the chimpanzee."}
{"id": "PMID:929191", "title": "Fascioliasis: role of proline in bile duct hyperplasia.", "content": "In animals fascioliasis, extensive hyperplasia of the main bile duct occurs that often results in enlargement of the duct to more than 20 times the normal. We report that proline infused into the abdominal cavity of rats caused hyperplasia of the bile duct resembling that produced in the early stages of the disease. We suggest that Fasciola hepatica, which synthesizes and releases large amounts of proline, induces enlargement of the bile duct by a similar mechanism.", "contents": "Fascioliasis: role of proline in bile duct hyperplasia. In animals fascioliasis, extensive hyperplasia of the main bile duct occurs that often results in enlargement of the duct to more than 20 times the normal. We report that proline infused into the abdominal cavity of rats caused hyperplasia of the bile duct resembling that produced in the early stages of the disease. We suggest that Fasciola hepatica, which synthesizes and releases large amounts of proline, induces enlargement of the bile duct by a similar mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:929192", "title": "Measurement of the human magnetic heart vector.", "content": "A unipositional lead system has been developed to record the human magnetic heart vector and to permit comparison with the electric heart vector recorded with a conventional Frank lead system. Recordings made in five normal subjects showed a remarkably consistent relation between the electric and magnetic heart vectors. However, the angle between electric heart vector R and T waves was markedly different from the magnetic heart vector R-T angle. In addition, recordings made in two patients with bundle branch block showed a different relation between the electric and magnetic heart vectors compared to normal subjects. These data support the hypothesis that magnetic measurements have a different sensitivity to some components of cardiac activation compared with body surface potential measurements.", "contents": "Measurement of the human magnetic heart vector. A unipositional lead system has been developed to record the human magnetic heart vector and to permit comparison with the electric heart vector recorded with a conventional Frank lead system. Recordings made in five normal subjects showed a remarkably consistent relation between the electric and magnetic heart vectors. However, the angle between electric heart vector R and T waves was markedly different from the magnetic heart vector R-T angle. In addition, recordings made in two patients with bundle branch block showed a different relation between the electric and magnetic heart vectors compared to normal subjects. These data support the hypothesis that magnetic measurements have a different sensitivity to some components of cardiac activation compared with body surface potential measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:929193", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible mechanism of accumulation in psoriasis.", "content": "Extracts of involved and uninvolved skin from nine patients with untreated psoriasis were studied for chemotactic activity. Psoriatic plaque contains increased amounts of a complement-dependent chemotactic factor that is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. This factor may be human skin serine proteinase.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible mechanism of accumulation in psoriasis. Extracts of involved and uninvolved skin from nine patients with untreated psoriasis were studied for chemotactic activity. Psoriatic plaque contains increased amounts of a complement-dependent chemotactic factor that is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. This factor may be human skin serine proteinase."}
{"id": "PMID:929194", "title": "Fibrous apatite grown on modified collagen.", "content": "Fibrous apatite has been grown by the enzymatic hydrolysis of calcium beta-glycerophosphate on reconstituted calfskin collagen tapes which had been modified by the addition of a phosphoprotein, phosvitin, in the presence of a cross-linking agent, dimethylsuberimidate. The deposits were identified as a carbonate-bearing hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrographs confirmed their fibrous character.", "contents": "Fibrous apatite grown on modified collagen. Fibrous apatite has been grown by the enzymatic hydrolysis of calcium beta-glycerophosphate on reconstituted calfskin collagen tapes which had been modified by the addition of a phosphoprotein, phosvitin, in the presence of a cross-linking agent, dimethylsuberimidate. The deposits were identified as a carbonate-bearing hydroxyapatite by x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron micrographs confirmed their fibrous character."}
{"id": "PMID:929195", "title": "Fenfluramine and fluoxetine spare protein consumption while suppressing caloric intake by rats.", "content": "The effects of fenfluramine and other sanorectic drugs on the consumption of both protein and total calories by rats given simultaneous access to two isocaloric diets containing 5 or 45 percent casein were examined. Anorectic doses of fenfluramine failed to decrease protein intake but increased the proportion of total dietary calories represented by protein. In contrast, anorectic doses of d-amphetamine decreased protein and calorie consumption proportionately. Subanorectic doses of fenfluramine also increased the proportion of caloric intake represented by protein among animals given prior treatment with the serotonin precursor tryptophan. Fluoxetine, a drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin, similarly spared protein consumption while reducing caloric intake. These observations indicate that two distinct brain mechanisms, sensitive to different drugs, underlie the elective consumption of protein and calories.", "contents": "Fenfluramine and fluoxetine spare protein consumption while suppressing caloric intake by rats. The effects of fenfluramine and other sanorectic drugs on the consumption of both protein and total calories by rats given simultaneous access to two isocaloric diets containing 5 or 45 percent casein were examined. Anorectic doses of fenfluramine failed to decrease protein intake but increased the proportion of total dietary calories represented by protein. In contrast, anorectic doses of d-amphetamine decreased protein and calorie consumption proportionately. Subanorectic doses of fenfluramine also increased the proportion of caloric intake represented by protein among animals given prior treatment with the serotonin precursor tryptophan. Fluoxetine, a drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin, similarly spared protein consumption while reducing caloric intake. These observations indicate that two distinct brain mechanisms, sensitive to different drugs, underlie the elective consumption of protein and calories."}
{"id": "PMID:929197", "title": "Polychlorobornane components of toxaphene: structure-toxicity relations and metabolic reductive dechlorination.", "content": "2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-Heptachlorobornane and four derivatives of this heptachlorobornane, with an additional chlorine atom at position 3-exo,8,9, or 10, account for a major portion of the acute toxicity of toxaphene and for up to 23 percent of toxaphene composition as analyzed by open tubular column gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. Both in several organisms and model environmental systems and on photolysis, this heptachlorobornane undergoes facile reductive dechlorination at the geminal-dichloro group and sometimes dehydrochlorination.", "contents": "Polychlorobornane components of toxaphene: structure-toxicity relations and metabolic reductive dechlorination. 2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-Heptachlorobornane and four derivatives of this heptachlorobornane, with an additional chlorine atom at position 3-exo,8,9, or 10, account for a major portion of the acute toxicity of toxaphene and for up to 23 percent of toxaphene composition as analyzed by open tubular column gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. Both in several organisms and model environmental systems and on photolysis, this heptachlorobornane undergoes facile reductive dechlorination at the geminal-dichloro group and sometimes dehydrochlorination."}
{"id": "PMID:929198", "title": "Spiroplasmavirus citri 3: propagation, purification, proteins, and nucleic acid.", "content": "SVC3 is a short-tailed polyhedral virus particle morphologically detectable in many spiroplasmas. It was isolated from two different spiroplasmas (Spiroplasma citri and the suckling mouse cataract agent) by infecting lawns and broth culture of another strain of Spiroplasmavirus citri. Virions from either donor strain had a buoyant density of 1.26 grams per cubic centimeter (metrizamide) or 1.45 grams per cubic centimeter (cesium chloride), and contained five proteins and linear double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 14 X 10(6). Other spiroplasmaviruses have not been propagated, and the molecular weights of double-stranded DNA from other mycoplasma (Acholeplasma) viruses are unknown.", "contents": "Spiroplasmavirus citri 3: propagation, purification, proteins, and nucleic acid. SVC3 is a short-tailed polyhedral virus particle morphologically detectable in many spiroplasmas. It was isolated from two different spiroplasmas (Spiroplasma citri and the suckling mouse cataract agent) by infecting lawns and broth culture of another strain of Spiroplasmavirus citri. Virions from either donor strain had a buoyant density of 1.26 grams per cubic centimeter (metrizamide) or 1.45 grams per cubic centimeter (cesium chloride), and contained five proteins and linear double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 14 X 10(6). Other spiroplasmaviruses have not been propagated, and the molecular weights of double-stranded DNA from other mycoplasma (Acholeplasma) viruses are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:929199", "title": "Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters.", "content": "The relatively good transparency of biological materials in the near infrared region of the spectrum permits sufficient photon transmission through organs in situ for the monitoring of cellular events. Observations by infrared transillumination in the exposed heart and in the brain in cephalo without surgical intervention show that oxygen sufficiency for cytochrome a,a3, function, changes in tissue blood volume, and the average hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin equilibrium can be recorded effectively and in continuous fashion for research and clinical purposes. The copper atom associated with heme a3 did not respond to anoxia and may be reduced under normoxic conditions, whereas the heme-a copper was at least partially reducible.", "contents": "Noninvasive, infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters. The relatively good transparency of biological materials in the near infrared region of the spectrum permits sufficient photon transmission through organs in situ for the monitoring of cellular events. Observations by infrared transillumination in the exposed heart and in the brain in cephalo without surgical intervention show that oxygen sufficiency for cytochrome a,a3, function, changes in tissue blood volume, and the average hemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin equilibrium can be recorded effectively and in continuous fashion for research and clinical purposes. The copper atom associated with heme a3 did not respond to anoxia and may be reduced under normoxic conditions, whereas the heme-a copper was at least partially reducible."}
{"id": "PMID:929200", "title": "Body weight: reduction by long-term glycerol treatment.", "content": "Elevation of body glycerol concentration by multiple daily injections of glycerol was shown to lead to hypophagia and body weight loss followed by normal food intake and normal rate of body weight increase in rats. Termination of injections was followed by hyperphagia and an accelerated rate of growth. These findings suggest that the blood glycerol concentration plays an important role in the control of body weight and may be one signal by which the central nervous system monitors body lipid content.", "contents": "Body weight: reduction by long-term glycerol treatment. Elevation of body glycerol concentration by multiple daily injections of glycerol was shown to lead to hypophagia and body weight loss followed by normal food intake and normal rate of body weight increase in rats. Termination of injections was followed by hyperphagia and an accelerated rate of growth. These findings suggest that the blood glycerol concentration plays an important role in the control of body weight and may be one signal by which the central nervous system monitors body lipid content."}
{"id": "PMID:929201", "title": "Masking of electrical by acoustic stimuli: behavioral evidence for tonotopic organization.", "content": "When pure-tone acoustic masking stimuli of various frequencies were presented simultaneously with electrical stimuli applied to cochlear nucleus, only those maskers within a limited frequency range interfered with the detection of the electrical stimuli. The form of the masking functions obtained suggest that the electrical stimulus directly activated only a small population of neurons which were functioning in a tonotopic fashion.", "contents": "Masking of electrical by acoustic stimuli: behavioral evidence for tonotopic organization. When pure-tone acoustic masking stimuli of various frequencies were presented simultaneously with electrical stimuli applied to cochlear nucleus, only those maskers within a limited frequency range interfered with the detection of the electrical stimuli. The form of the masking functions obtained suggest that the electrical stimulus directly activated only a small population of neurons which were functioning in a tonotopic fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:929202", "title": "Receptive fields of auditory neurons in the owl.", "content": "The influence of sound location on the responses of auditory neurons in the forebrain of the owl (Tyto alba) was studied directly by using a remotely controlled, movable sound source under free-field, anechoic conditions. Some auditory neurons demonstrated well-defined receptive fields that were (i) restricted both in elevation and in azimuth and (ii) relatively independent of the intensity and the nature of the sound stimulus. The majority of the fields were located frontally and contralateral to the recording site.", "contents": "Receptive fields of auditory neurons in the owl. The influence of sound location on the responses of auditory neurons in the forebrain of the owl (Tyto alba) was studied directly by using a remotely controlled, movable sound source under free-field, anechoic conditions. Some auditory neurons demonstrated well-defined receptive fields that were (i) restricted both in elevation and in azimuth and (ii) relatively independent of the intensity and the nature of the sound stimulus. The majority of the fields were located frontally and contralateral to the recording site."}
{"id": "PMID:929343", "title": "The relationship between scholastic progress and nutritional status. Part I. A study of 488 school beginners.", "content": "The reading progress of 488 Chatsworth Indian school beginners, in relation to their nutritional status, was assessed. It was found that the majority of the children were grossly growth-retarded and some 90% of them could be classified as slow learners. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is recommended that dietary supplementation be introduced for preschool as well as for school-going children in communities where growth retardation is prevalent.", "contents": "The relationship between scholastic progress and nutritional status. Part I. A study of 488 school beginners. The reading progress of 488 Chatsworth Indian school beginners, in relation to their nutritional status, was assessed. It was found that the majority of the children were grossly growth-retarded and some 90% of them could be classified as slow learners. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is recommended that dietary supplementation be introduced for preschool as well as for school-going children in communities where growth retardation is prevalent."}
{"id": "PMID:929342", "title": "A suggested method of preparation of the large bowel for investigation and surgery.", "content": "A safe, effective method of large-bowel preparation is outlined, the emphasis being on a standardized technique for the average patient. The rationale for the use of the technique is briefly described, and there is a further section on the preparation of the bowel in a patient with a colostomy. The importance of a residue-free fluid diet and adequate saline purgation is stressed.", "contents": "A suggested method of preparation of the large bowel for investigation and surgery. A safe, effective method of large-bowel preparation is outlined, the emphasis being on a standardized technique for the average patient. The rationale for the use of the technique is briefly described, and there is a further section on the preparation of the bowel in a patient with a colostomy. The importance of a residue-free fluid diet and adequate saline purgation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:929344", "title": "The relationship between scholastic progress and nutritional status. Part II. A one-year follow-up study.", "content": "A 1-year follow-up study was conducted on a group of Indian children who were initially identified as being grossly anthropometrically stunted, and who had severe problems in reading after having attended school for 1 year. It was found that after an additional year's schooling virtually no improvement, either in the ability to read or in anthropometric status, had occurred. It is suggested that as a matter of urgency educationists, sociologists and physiologists should confer to take cognizance of the recent, extremely important findings pertaining to permanent intellectual stunting resulting from chronic malnutrition of infants up to their 4th postnatal year.", "contents": "The relationship between scholastic progress and nutritional status. Part II. A one-year follow-up study. A 1-year follow-up study was conducted on a group of Indian children who were initially identified as being grossly anthropometrically stunted, and who had severe problems in reading after having attended school for 1 year. It was found that after an additional year's schooling virtually no improvement, either in the ability to read or in anthropometric status, had occurred. It is suggested that as a matter of urgency educationists, sociologists and physiologists should confer to take cognizance of the recent, extremely important findings pertaining to permanent intellectual stunting resulting from chronic malnutrition of infants up to their 4th postnatal year."}
{"id": "PMID:929345", "title": "Alcoholics and the emergency ward. Part II. A one-year follow-up study.", "content": "The results of treatment 1 year after initial contact for detoxification in a group of Black (Blacks, Cape Coloureds and Asiatics) and White male alcoholics who were referred to specialized alcoholic treatment units are described. It is concluded that unsuitable patients are sent to these units, and that more effective management should take place at the first point of contact.", "contents": "Alcoholics and the emergency ward. Part II. A one-year follow-up study. The results of treatment 1 year after initial contact for detoxification in a group of Black (Blacks, Cape Coloureds and Asiatics) and White male alcoholics who were referred to specialized alcoholic treatment units are described. It is concluded that unsuitable patients are sent to these units, and that more effective management should take place at the first point of contact."}
{"id": "PMID:929346", "title": "The lack of communication between doctors and patients.", "content": "In their daily work the majority of doctors assume that communication with patients is easy and that it needs no special study. This is a false assumption which starts at undergraduate level, where there is no formalized training of the South African medical student in the art of communication. A mass of literature on communication in medicine has evolved very recently; some of it is reviewed, and a plea is made that urgent attention be devoted to this gap in South African medicine.", "contents": "The lack of communication between doctors and patients. In their daily work the majority of doctors assume that communication with patients is easy and that it needs no special study. This is a false assumption which starts at undergraduate level, where there is no formalized training of the South African medical student in the art of communication. A mass of literature on communication in medicine has evolved very recently; some of it is reviewed, and a plea is made that urgent attention be devoted to this gap in South African medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:929351", "title": "Employee-benefit plans, 1975.", "content": "Despite the national decline in the number of employed workers in 1975, the number of workers covered lnder most types of employee-benefit plans increased slightly. Contributions and benefit payments underwent the greatest change. Total contributions increased 17 percent and benefit payments rose 14 percent. In part this change can be attributed to inflation, but it also reflects real growth in contributions and payments for most types of plans, particularly those for retirement and health care benefits. Review of the private pension plans shows that an increasing number were terminated in 1975, but the reason has not been determined; contributions to these retirement plans showed one of the largest annual increases ever.", "contents": "Employee-benefit plans, 1975. Despite the national decline in the number of employed workers in 1975, the number of workers covered lnder most types of employee-benefit plans increased slightly. Contributions and benefit payments underwent the greatest change. Total contributions increased 17 percent and benefit payments rose 14 percent. In part this change can be attributed to inflation, but it also reflects real growth in contributions and payments for most types of plans, particularly those for retirement and health care benefits. Review of the private pension plans shows that an increasing number were terminated in 1975, but the reason has not been determined; contributions to these retirement plans showed one of the largest annual increases ever."}
{"id": "PMID:929348", "title": "Gonorrhea in adolescents: complement-fixing antibodies in a selected population of young women.", "content": "Over a four-year period a group of 209 young women committed to a state institution for deliquent youths was screened for infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae by multiple bacteriologic cultures and by gonococcal complement-fixation tests. In this selected population of sexually active young women with a relatively high prevalence of gonorrhea, the gonoccal complement fixation test proved too insensitive to justify primary reliance on it for the identification of cases of actual disease. Only 25 (38%) of infected women had reactive sera. The specificity of the test was somewhat better; in two cases unexpected sero-positivity led to the identification, and treatment of previously-missed asymptomatic disease.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in adolescents: complement-fixing antibodies in a selected population of young women. Over a four-year period a group of 209 young women committed to a state institution for deliquent youths was screened for infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae by multiple bacteriologic cultures and by gonococcal complement-fixation tests. In this selected population of sexually active young women with a relatively high prevalence of gonorrhea, the gonoccal complement fixation test proved too insensitive to justify primary reliance on it for the identification of cases of actual disease. Only 25 (38%) of infected women had reactive sera. The specificity of the test was somewhat better; in two cases unexpected sero-positivity led to the identification, and treatment of previously-missed asymptomatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:929352", "title": "Federal civil-service annuitants and social security, December 1975.", "content": "This article examines personal and work-related characteristics of a sample of the nearly 1 million Federal civil-service retirees who were receiving annuities based on their own wage records as of December 31, 1975. Employment patterns and subsequent annuities in civil-service careers have been related to corresponding experience in jobs covered under the old-age, survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDIHI) program. With some exceptions, the review uncovered patterns generally similar to those found in a study of 1967 annuitants. About 2 out of 5 annuitants were entitled to OASDHI cash benefits in 1975. Most of these dual beneficiaries received benefits on the basis of their own OASDHI-covered earnings, but 11 percent were entitled as dependents or survivors of other workers. About two-thirds of the annuitants not currently receiving benefits had some OASDHI-covered employment during their work careers. In general, those with the shortest civil-service careers and lowest annuities were most likely to be entitled to OASDHI cash benefits.", "contents": "Federal civil-service annuitants and social security, December 1975. This article examines personal and work-related characteristics of a sample of the nearly 1 million Federal civil-service retirees who were receiving annuities based on their own wage records as of December 31, 1975. Employment patterns and subsequent annuities in civil-service careers have been related to corresponding experience in jobs covered under the old-age, survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDIHI) program. With some exceptions, the review uncovered patterns generally similar to those found in a study of 1967 annuitants. About 2 out of 5 annuitants were entitled to OASDHI cash benefits in 1975. Most of these dual beneficiaries received benefits on the basis of their own OASDHI-covered earnings, but 11 percent were entitled as dependents or survivors of other workers. About two-thirds of the annuitants not currently receiving benefits had some OASDHI-covered employment during their work careers. In general, those with the shortest civil-service careers and lowest annuities were most likely to be entitled to OASDHI cash benefits."}
{"id": "PMID:929353", "title": "The effects of highly selective vagotomy on secretion and emptying of the stomach.", "content": "The results of a prospective study of 60 patients with nonobstructive duodenal ulcer treated by highly selective vagotomy show that the gastric acid secretion postoperatively is effectively reduced. Judgment of completeness of highly selective vagotomy is only possible by means of an intragastric pH-metry during operation. The Hollander test answers it insufficiently. In a number of patients, highly selective vagotomy caused a fast initial phase of gastric emptying of porradge. The impression is that the contractional activity of the antrum has the same pattern before and after highly selective vagotomy.", "contents": "The effects of highly selective vagotomy on secretion and emptying of the stomach. The results of a prospective study of 60 patients with nonobstructive duodenal ulcer treated by highly selective vagotomy show that the gastric acid secretion postoperatively is effectively reduced. Judgment of completeness of highly selective vagotomy is only possible by means of an intragastric pH-metry during operation. The Hollander test answers it insufficiently. In a number of patients, highly selective vagotomy caused a fast initial phase of gastric emptying of porradge. The impression is that the contractional activity of the antrum has the same pattern before and after highly selective vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:929350", "title": "Treatment of secondary syphilis: an evaluation of 204 patients.", "content": "Our recommended treatment schedule for secondary syphilis is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units weekly for two consecutive weeks. If the patient is allergic to penicillin, we recommend that 2 gm of oral tetracycline be given each day for 12 days. Two hundred and four patients with secondary syphilis were treated with these schedules; 165 were given benzathine penicillin G and 39 received tetracycline. All of the patients were cured clinically and all achieved seronegativity within 24 months. There was a direct correlation between the duration of the rash and the secondary lesions that the patients exhibited. Patients who presented early in the course of illness tended to have macular and maculopapular lesions, whereas those who appeared later were more likely to have papular of pustular lesions. The serologic response to treatment was correlated with the duration of the rash and the appearance of the secondary lesions. Patients whose rash was of short duration and those with macular and maculopapular lesions became seronegative sooner than those patients whose rash was of longer duration and who had papular or pustular lesions.", "contents": "Treatment of secondary syphilis: an evaluation of 204 patients. Our recommended treatment schedule for secondary syphilis is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units weekly for two consecutive weeks. If the patient is allergic to penicillin, we recommend that 2 gm of oral tetracycline be given each day for 12 days. Two hundred and four patients with secondary syphilis were treated with these schedules; 165 were given benzathine penicillin G and 39 received tetracycline. All of the patients were cured clinically and all achieved seronegativity within 24 months. There was a direct correlation between the duration of the rash and the secondary lesions that the patients exhibited. Patients who presented early in the course of illness tended to have macular and maculopapular lesions, whereas those who appeared later were more likely to have papular of pustular lesions. The serologic response to treatment was correlated with the duration of the rash and the appearance of the secondary lesions. Patients whose rash was of short duration and those with macular and maculopapular lesions became seronegative sooner than those patients whose rash was of longer duration and who had papular or pustular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:929354", "title": "Appraisal of the treatment of carcinoma of the anus and anal canal.", "content": "Anal bleeding and pain were the symptoms in half of 53 patients with carcinoma within and around the area of the anus treated from 1950 to 1974. Twenty-seven carcinomas were exclusively located in the anal canal and six, in the perianal skin. Vaginal invasion was present in 13 of the women. There were 39 squamous cell carcinomas and nine basaloid cell carcinomas. More than 37 of the patients had an abdominoperineal resection as part of the treatment. The resection margins were positive for carcinomas in 11 patients. Radiation as the primary treatment was used only once. Palpably enlarged inguinal lymph nodes were treated by subsequent radical groin dissection. The crude over-all survival rate was 42 per cent; the adjusted five year survival rate was 38 per cent. Significant correlates of death were symptoms for longer than six months' duration bleeding, inguinal adenopathy and presence of hemorrhoids. In general, abdominoperineal resection is the operation of choice for carcinoma of the anal verge or anal canal. Inguinal lymphadenectomy at a later time should be reserved for patients with signs of metastases to the inguinal nodes.", "contents": "Appraisal of the treatment of carcinoma of the anus and anal canal. Anal bleeding and pain were the symptoms in half of 53 patients with carcinoma within and around the area of the anus treated from 1950 to 1974. Twenty-seven carcinomas were exclusively located in the anal canal and six, in the perianal skin. Vaginal invasion was present in 13 of the women. There were 39 squamous cell carcinomas and nine basaloid cell carcinomas. More than 37 of the patients had an abdominoperineal resection as part of the treatment. The resection margins were positive for carcinomas in 11 patients. Radiation as the primary treatment was used only once. Palpably enlarged inguinal lymph nodes were treated by subsequent radical groin dissection. The crude over-all survival rate was 42 per cent; the adjusted five year survival rate was 38 per cent. Significant correlates of death were symptoms for longer than six months' duration bleeding, inguinal adenopathy and presence of hemorrhoids. In general, abdominoperineal resection is the operation of choice for carcinoma of the anal verge or anal canal. Inguinal lymphadenectomy at a later time should be reserved for patients with signs of metastases to the inguinal nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:929349", "title": "Treatment of seropositive primary syphilis: an evaluation of 196 patients.", "content": "One hundred seventy-five patients with primary infection with Treponema pallidum were treated with benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units given intramuscularly weekly for two weeks for a total of 4.8 million units. Twenty-one patients with primary syphilis who were allergic to penicillin were treated with oral tetracycline, 500 mg four times daily for 12 days for a total of 24 gm. All 196 patients had resolution of their lesions, and all were seronegative within one year. White patients presented for treatment earlier than black patients. The duration of symptoms prior to presentation for treatment was positively correlated with the height of the serologic titer in the rapid plasma reagin card test. Patients who had high titers before treatment became seronegative less rapidly than patients who had low pretreatment titers.", "contents": "Treatment of seropositive primary syphilis: an evaluation of 196 patients. One hundred seventy-five patients with primary infection with Treponema pallidum were treated with benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units given intramuscularly weekly for two weeks for a total of 4.8 million units. Twenty-one patients with primary syphilis who were allergic to penicillin were treated with oral tetracycline, 500 mg four times daily for 12 days for a total of 24 gm. All 196 patients had resolution of their lesions, and all were seronegative within one year. White patients presented for treatment earlier than black patients. The duration of symptoms prior to presentation for treatment was positively correlated with the height of the serologic titer in the rapid plasma reagin card test. Patients who had high titers before treatment became seronegative less rapidly than patients who had low pretreatment titers."}
{"id": "PMID:929356", "title": "The physiopathologic background and standard technique of selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "content": "The observations collected on selective proximal vagotomy plus functionally and structurally appropriate pyloroplasty during a period of 13 years have demonstrated that inadequate selective proximal vagotomy results in an excessive rate of relapses and that adequate selective proximal vagotomy without drainage leads to stasis, resulting in retention difficulites or secondary gastric ulcers. In both instances, reoperations are to be expected. If complete healing without resection is what one wishes to accomplish, and who doesn't, adequate selective proximal vagotomy combined with structurally and functionally appropriate pyloroplasty is indicated. This combination can now be considered a reliable standardized procedure of curative nonresection surgical therapy for gastroduodenal ulcers.", "contents": "The physiopathologic background and standard technique of selective proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. The observations collected on selective proximal vagotomy plus functionally and structurally appropriate pyloroplasty during a period of 13 years have demonstrated that inadequate selective proximal vagotomy results in an excessive rate of relapses and that adequate selective proximal vagotomy without drainage leads to stasis, resulting in retention difficulites or secondary gastric ulcers. In both instances, reoperations are to be expected. If complete healing without resection is what one wishes to accomplish, and who doesn't, adequate selective proximal vagotomy combined with structurally and functionally appropriate pyloroplasty is indicated. This combination can now be considered a reliable standardized procedure of curative nonresection surgical therapy for gastroduodenal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:929357", "title": "A cilia-bearing cell system in the intrahepatic bile ductules of the rat.", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic investigation of the luminal surface of the intrahepatic bile ducts of the rat has been performed using tissue prepared by critical point drying. Results of these studies have demonstrated that intrahepatic bile ducts of the rat are composed of cells, the luminal surface of which contains either microvilli or numerous long cilia. It was suggested that these cilia play an important role in tissue function, particularly in the propulsion of hepatic bile.", "contents": "A cilia-bearing cell system in the intrahepatic bile ductules of the rat. A scanning electron microscopic investigation of the luminal surface of the intrahepatic bile ducts of the rat has been performed using tissue prepared by critical point drying. Results of these studies have demonstrated that intrahepatic bile ducts of the rat are composed of cells, the luminal surface of which contains either microvilli or numerous long cilia. It was suggested that these cilia play an important role in tissue function, particularly in the propulsion of hepatic bile."}
{"id": "PMID:929359", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of collateral blood flow of the cerebral hemisphere by Doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Directional flow in the frontal artery, a terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery, was assessed nonivasively by Doppler ultrasound druing brief digital compression of the ipsilateral common carotid artery in 62 patients. Directional frontal artery flow during carotid compression was compared with mean distal internal carotid back pressure measured at subsequent carotid endarterectomy. Mean carotid back pressure in 28 patients with normal frontal artery flow direction during carotid compression, 68 +/- 14 millimeters of mercury, was significantly higher than that observed in 24 patients in whom frontal artery flow was completely obliterated and ten in whom frontal artery flow was reversed. Distal internal carotid back pressure exceeded 48 millimeters of mercury in all patients with normal frontal artery flow direction during carotid compression. Conversely, carotid back pressure was below 41 millimeters of mercury in all but one patient in whom frontal artery flow was obliterated or bliterated or reversed during carotid compression. The results of this study indicate that Doppler ultrasound assessment of frontal artery flow direction during simultaneous carotid compression provides a rapid, sale noninvasive estimate of the adequacy of collateral hemispheric circulation.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of collateral blood flow of the cerebral hemisphere by Doppler ultrasound. Directional flow in the frontal artery, a terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery, was assessed nonivasively by Doppler ultrasound druing brief digital compression of the ipsilateral common carotid artery in 62 patients. Directional frontal artery flow during carotid compression was compared with mean distal internal carotid back pressure measured at subsequent carotid endarterectomy. Mean carotid back pressure in 28 patients with normal frontal artery flow direction during carotid compression, 68 +/- 14 millimeters of mercury, was significantly higher than that observed in 24 patients in whom frontal artery flow was completely obliterated and ten in whom frontal artery flow was reversed. Distal internal carotid back pressure exceeded 48 millimeters of mercury in all patients with normal frontal artery flow direction during carotid compression. Conversely, carotid back pressure was below 41 millimeters of mercury in all but one patient in whom frontal artery flow was obliterated or bliterated or reversed during carotid compression. The results of this study indicate that Doppler ultrasound assessment of frontal artery flow direction during simultaneous carotid compression provides a rapid, sale noninvasive estimate of the adequacy of collateral hemispheric circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:929360", "title": "Wound infection following cesarean section.", "content": "To investigate a high incidence of wound infections occurring in patients following cesarean section at a 650 bed charity hospital in Louisiana, a bacteriologic investigation was carried out. In this study, cultures were made at multiple sites prior to operation. An attempt was made to identify those bacteria that were predominately responsible for wound infection and their source, whether from the patient herself or from a nosocomial origin. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the degree of postoperative morbidity that followed. The bacterial flora in each group was relatively the same. Other factors were more significant in predicting those patients in whom postoperative morbidity occurred.", "contents": "Wound infection following cesarean section. To investigate a high incidence of wound infections occurring in patients following cesarean section at a 650 bed charity hospital in Louisiana, a bacteriologic investigation was carried out. In this study, cultures were made at multiple sites prior to operation. An attempt was made to identify those bacteria that were predominately responsible for wound infection and their source, whether from the patient herself or from a nosocomial origin. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the degree of postoperative morbidity that followed. The bacterial flora in each group was relatively the same. Other factors were more significant in predicting those patients in whom postoperative morbidity occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:929361", "title": "The expediency of peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma in children.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty children, ten years of age or younger, suspected of having blunt abdominal injuries underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Peritoneal lavage was 99.1 per cent accurate in determining the presence or absence of abdominal injuries. One patient had a false-positive peritoneal lavage. Sixty-nine of the 70 patients with blunt abdominal injuries, who underwent peritoneal lavage, had a positive peritoneal lavage; one patient had a false-negative peritoneal levage. Ninety-one per cent of the positive peritoneal lavages were grossly positive for hemoperitoneum. All 11 children with extraperitoneal abdominal injuries had positive peritoneal lavages from associated intraperitoneal injeries. The mortality for children with blunt abdominal injuries was 19.4 per cent. Intra-abdominal injuries were solely responsible for 29 per cent of the deaths and were a major contributing factor in an additional 21 per cent of the deaths. The routine use of diagnostic peritoneal lavage during the initial evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma was, in large part, responsible for the rapid, definitive treatment which -he children with abdominal injuries received. Sixty-five per cent of the children underwent exploratory laparotomy within one hour of admission to the hospital.", "contents": "The expediency of peritoneal lavage for blunt trauma in children. Two hundred and thirty children, ten years of age or younger, suspected of having blunt abdominal injuries underwent diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Peritoneal lavage was 99.1 per cent accurate in determining the presence or absence of abdominal injuries. One patient had a false-positive peritoneal lavage. Sixty-nine of the 70 patients with blunt abdominal injuries, who underwent peritoneal lavage, had a positive peritoneal lavage; one patient had a false-negative peritoneal levage. Ninety-one per cent of the positive peritoneal lavages were grossly positive for hemoperitoneum. All 11 children with extraperitoneal abdominal injuries had positive peritoneal lavages from associated intraperitoneal injeries. The mortality for children with blunt abdominal injuries was 19.4 per cent. Intra-abdominal injuries were solely responsible for 29 per cent of the deaths and were a major contributing factor in an additional 21 per cent of the deaths. The routine use of diagnostic peritoneal lavage during the initial evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma was, in large part, responsible for the rapid, definitive treatment which -he children with abdominal injuries received. Sixty-five per cent of the children underwent exploratory laparotomy within one hour of admission to the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:929362", "title": "On the origin of the regeneration factor.", "content": "The data presented indicate a complexity of the process through which the hepatocyte replication is controled after partial hepatectomy. It can be said that several factors may be working together, including hepatic inhibitor, splenic inhibitor, intestine associated stimulator and pancreatic factor.", "contents": "On the origin of the regeneration factor. The data presented indicate a complexity of the process through which the hepatocyte replication is controled after partial hepatectomy. It can be said that several factors may be working together, including hepatic inhibitor, splenic inhibitor, intestine associated stimulator and pancreatic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:929363", "title": "Value of a follow-up study of recurrent carcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "The results of our programmed follow-up study of patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum have been disappointing. This is true also for those patients who have undergone resection with the intention of cure. This is mainly because of the discouraging results of our treatment of recurrent lesions. Chemotherapy or roentgen radiation has not regularly been used. The mean survival time has probably been prolonged in some single instances. Only three out of 36 are still alive. Oour negative results show that a follow-up study of this magnitude has been too extensive when the poor outcome is considered. We believe that a follow-up study of patients who have been operated upon for carcinoma of the colon and rectum is necessary but in a simpler form than we have done.", "contents": "Value of a follow-up study of recurrent carcinoma of the colon and rectum. The results of our programmed follow-up study of patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum have been disappointing. This is true also for those patients who have undergone resection with the intention of cure. This is mainly because of the discouraging results of our treatment of recurrent lesions. Chemotherapy or roentgen radiation has not regularly been used. The mean survival time has probably been prolonged in some single instances. Only three out of 36 are still alive. Oour negative results show that a follow-up study of this magnitude has been too extensive when the poor outcome is considered. We believe that a follow-up study of patients who have been operated upon for carcinoma of the colon and rectum is necessary but in a simpler form than we have done."}
{"id": "PMID:929365", "title": "The reverse fistula for vascular access.", "content": "A new technique for vascualr access in the patient requiring chronic hemodialysis and who has had multiple failures of forearm fistulas involves the formation of a side-to-side anastomosis between the brachial artery and the basilic vein and creates reverse flow into the antecubital venous system. Attention to technical considerations will prevent edema of the arm and allow for future use of graft procedures, if necessary.", "contents": "The reverse fistula for vascular access. A new technique for vascualr access in the patient requiring chronic hemodialysis and who has had multiple failures of forearm fistulas involves the formation of a side-to-side anastomosis between the brachial artery and the basilic vein and creates reverse flow into the antecubital venous system. Attention to technical considerations will prevent edema of the arm and allow for future use of graft procedures, if necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:929368", "title": "A new technique for the treatment of comminuted, transverse fractures of the patella.", "content": "In an attempt to re-establish continuity of the quadriceps mechanism following partial patellectomy more securely in patients with comminuted, transverse fractures of the patella, a technique whereby the patellar ligament is inserted into a transverse groove created in the proximal patellar fragment and this anastomosis is then protected by a tension band wiring, is described and depicted. Using this method, it is possible to provide a larger surface area fro more satisfactory tendon to bone healing and to initiate relatively early motion of the knee, without compromising the site of reconstitution of the extensor mechanism.", "contents": "A new technique for the treatment of comminuted, transverse fractures of the patella. In an attempt to re-establish continuity of the quadriceps mechanism following partial patellectomy more securely in patients with comminuted, transverse fractures of the patella, a technique whereby the patellar ligament is inserted into a transverse groove created in the proximal patellar fragment and this anastomosis is then protected by a tension band wiring, is described and depicted. Using this method, it is possible to provide a larger surface area fro more satisfactory tendon to bone healing and to initiate relatively early motion of the knee, without compromising the site of reconstitution of the extensor mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:929369", "title": "Autogenous venous grafts ten years later.", "content": "The status of 103 patients and their 113 autogenous venous femoropopliteal bypass grafts exactly 5 years after operation was presented previously. A 10 year follow-up now is possible. The mortality rate at 5 years was 48% (50 of 103) and at 10 years was 73% (75 of 103). Myocardial infarction was considered to be the cause of death of 36% of the 103 patients. The actual graft patency rate for survivors at 5 years was 59% (35 of 59) and at 10 years was 38% (11 of 29). Utilizing the same date, late graft patency rates of 45%, 58%, and 58% would have been calculated or predicted by other methods of reporting. Of 46 extremities operated on for claudication, 22 patients were alive and 45% of grafts (10 of 22) were patent 10 years later. Of patients with a total of 67 extremities operated on for rest pain or gangrene, only seven patients were alive and 14% (one of seven) of the grafts patent. Patency rates at 10 years of short grafts were 43% (nine of 21) and of long grafts 25% (two of eight). Extremities with good runoff had patency rates of 41% (nine of 22) at 10 years and those with poor runoff had patency rates of 29% (two of seven). Arteriograms demonstrated atherosclerotic changes in one of 18 grafts at 5 years and in two of eight grafts at 10 years. This study provides more facts for answering the questions of patients regarding long-term prognosis following their arterial reconstruction. It is important to analyze carefully any report in which a comparison of patency rates is suggested or invited.", "contents": "Autogenous venous grafts ten years later. The status of 103 patients and their 113 autogenous venous femoropopliteal bypass grafts exactly 5 years after operation was presented previously. A 10 year follow-up now is possible. The mortality rate at 5 years was 48% (50 of 103) and at 10 years was 73% (75 of 103). Myocardial infarction was considered to be the cause of death of 36% of the 103 patients. The actual graft patency rate for survivors at 5 years was 59% (35 of 59) and at 10 years was 38% (11 of 29). Utilizing the same date, late graft patency rates of 45%, 58%, and 58% would have been calculated or predicted by other methods of reporting. Of 46 extremities operated on for claudication, 22 patients were alive and 45% of grafts (10 of 22) were patent 10 years later. Of patients with a total of 67 extremities operated on for rest pain or gangrene, only seven patients were alive and 14% (one of seven) of the grafts patent. Patency rates at 10 years of short grafts were 43% (nine of 21) and of long grafts 25% (two of eight). Extremities with good runoff had patency rates of 41% (nine of 22) at 10 years and those with poor runoff had patency rates of 29% (two of seven). Arteriograms demonstrated atherosclerotic changes in one of 18 grafts at 5 years and in two of eight grafts at 10 years. This study provides more facts for answering the questions of patients regarding long-term prognosis following their arterial reconstruction. It is important to analyze carefully any report in which a comparison of patency rates is suggested or invited."}
{"id": "PMID:929371", "title": "Effects of experimental hypertension and hypercholesterolemia on the lipid composition of the aorta.", "content": "This study evaluates alterations in canine aortic lipid composition under conditions of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or a combination of these factors. Hypertension was produced in the proximal thoracic aorta by creation of an aortic coarctation, whereas hypercholesterolemia was brought about by a lard-cholesterol diet in combination with thyroidectomy. Hypertension alone produced only minor changes in the lipid content of the arterial wall, but hypercholesterolemia yielded modest increases. The combination of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, however, produced a striking increase in the total lipid content in the arterial wall. This change was most marked in the cholesteryl ester fraction, and a shift in cholesteryl ester fatty acids from linoleate to oleate was found. These data indicate that the interaction of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia produces alterations in lipid composition in a relationship which appears to be more geometric than arithmetic in nature.", "contents": "Effects of experimental hypertension and hypercholesterolemia on the lipid composition of the aorta. This study evaluates alterations in canine aortic lipid composition under conditions of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or a combination of these factors. Hypertension was produced in the proximal thoracic aorta by creation of an aortic coarctation, whereas hypercholesterolemia was brought about by a lard-cholesterol diet in combination with thyroidectomy. Hypertension alone produced only minor changes in the lipid content of the arterial wall, but hypercholesterolemia yielded modest increases. The combination of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, however, produced a striking increase in the total lipid content in the arterial wall. This change was most marked in the cholesteryl ester fraction, and a shift in cholesteryl ester fatty acids from linoleate to oleate was found. These data indicate that the interaction of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia produces alterations in lipid composition in a relationship which appears to be more geometric than arithmetic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:929372", "title": "Refractory ventricular arrhythmia: the role of intraoperative electrophysiological study.", "content": "Thirty patients with drug refractory ventricular tachycardia (RVT) were studied between 1 week and 5 years after myocardial infarction with coronary agniography and left ventriculography. They were divided into four groups: (1) inoperable, five patients; (2, a) operated, with primary left ventricular failure, five patients; (2, b) operated with primary RVT, not mapped, 15 patients; (2, c) operated, with mapping, five patients. The mortality rate in group 1 was 100%, and in group 2, a it was 80%. In group 2, b, despite aggressive drug therapy and operation, including aneurysmectomy, coronary revascularization, and intra-aortic balloon pumping when appropriate, the mortality rate wad intraoperative mapping in group 2, c. Arrhythmogenic foci were identified and removed in four. There was one operative death (20%) and four patients are alive from 12 to 27 months after operation, three of whom are asymptomatic. Intraoperative epicardial mapping is an important adjunct to surgery for RVT.", "contents": "Refractory ventricular arrhythmia: the role of intraoperative electrophysiological study. Thirty patients with drug refractory ventricular tachycardia (RVT) were studied between 1 week and 5 years after myocardial infarction with coronary agniography and left ventriculography. They were divided into four groups: (1) inoperable, five patients; (2, a) operated, with primary left ventricular failure, five patients; (2, b) operated with primary RVT, not mapped, 15 patients; (2, c) operated, with mapping, five patients. The mortality rate in group 1 was 100%, and in group 2, a it was 80%. In group 2, b, despite aggressive drug therapy and operation, including aneurysmectomy, coronary revascularization, and intra-aortic balloon pumping when appropriate, the mortality rate wad intraoperative mapping in group 2, c. Arrhythmogenic foci were identified and removed in four. There was one operative death (20%) and four patients are alive from 12 to 27 months after operation, three of whom are asymptomatic. Intraoperative epicardial mapping is an important adjunct to surgery for RVT."}
{"id": "PMID:929373", "title": "In vivo assessment of anticoagulation.", "content": "All methods of assessing anticoagulation rely on in vitro techniques. Although these may reflect the clotting tendency in a specimen of blood accurately, they do not necessarily indicate the effectiveness of the anticoagulant in the body where stasis, acidosis, catecholamines, endotoxin, and exposed collagen may alter the coagulability of blood locally. We have utilized autologous 125I-labelled fibrinogen to assess fibrinogen half-life in normal subjects and in patients with clotting complications before and after the administration of anticoagulants. Fibrinogen half-life has varied from normal (104 hours) to markedly abbreviated (13 hours) in patients apparently fully anticoagulated, utilizing standard laboratory parameters. Although there are many potential causes of the shortening of fibrinogen half-life, including fibrinogenolysis and extravascular losses into the interstitial space and wounds, we have been able to establish whether the disappearance of the radioactive-labelled fibrinogen is due to these causes or to clotting by increasing the levels of anticoagulation. Plateauing of fibrinogen half-life values despite increased doses of heparin, or return of the half-life to normal, indicates full anticoagulation. This has permitted determination and administration of the theoretically optimal dose of heparin. In situations involving life-threatening clotting complications, such as massive pulmonary embolism, the use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen provides a means for controlling anticoagulant therapy in a rational fashion by this technique of assessing clotting.", "contents": "In vivo assessment of anticoagulation. All methods of assessing anticoagulation rely on in vitro techniques. Although these may reflect the clotting tendency in a specimen of blood accurately, they do not necessarily indicate the effectiveness of the anticoagulant in the body where stasis, acidosis, catecholamines, endotoxin, and exposed collagen may alter the coagulability of blood locally. We have utilized autologous 125I-labelled fibrinogen to assess fibrinogen half-life in normal subjects and in patients with clotting complications before and after the administration of anticoagulants. Fibrinogen half-life has varied from normal (104 hours) to markedly abbreviated (13 hours) in patients apparently fully anticoagulated, utilizing standard laboratory parameters. Although there are many potential causes of the shortening of fibrinogen half-life, including fibrinogenolysis and extravascular losses into the interstitial space and wounds, we have been able to establish whether the disappearance of the radioactive-labelled fibrinogen is due to these causes or to clotting by increasing the levels of anticoagulation. Plateauing of fibrinogen half-life values despite increased doses of heparin, or return of the half-life to normal, indicates full anticoagulation. This has permitted determination and administration of the theoretically optimal dose of heparin. In situations involving life-threatening clotting complications, such as massive pulmonary embolism, the use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen provides a means for controlling anticoagulant therapy in a rational fashion by this technique of assessing clotting."}
{"id": "PMID:929374", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation and management of the \"asymptomatic\" carotid bruit.", "content": "Cervical bruits in patients who are asymptomatic or who have nonhemispheric neurological symptoms present a universal challenge. Of 4,000 patients evaluated noninvasively for carotid occlusive disease, 1,287 presented with \"asymptomatic\" bruits (697 had nonhemispheric neurological symptoms and 590 were clinically asymptomatic). Carotid phonoangiography (CPA), the visual analysis of carotid bruits, identifies bruits indicative of significant stenosis, documents progression, and differentiates bruits of carotid bifurcation and sub-bifurcation origin. Sub-bifurication bruits were diagnosed in 619, insignificant bifurcation bruits in 426, and significant carotid bruits in 242 patients by CPA. Oculoplethysmography (OPG) evaluates the hemodynamic significance of carotid bruits by comparative timing of simultaneously recorded ocular and ear lobe pulses. OPG detected 273 asymptomatic bruit patients with significant internal carotid flow reduction and indicated 5% of the bifurcation bruits were of external carotid origin. An accuracy of 89% in determining greater than 40% stenosis by OPG/CPA in 295 patients having arteriography increases to 97% when both OPG and CPA are positive. Six-month to 70-month clinical follow-up of the 1,287 patients documented 154 carotid endarterectomies and 38 strokes. Analysis of the strokes favors arteriography and operation only for those patients with appropriately positive or progressive OPG/CPA or with focal transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation and management of the \"asymptomatic\" carotid bruit. Cervical bruits in patients who are asymptomatic or who have nonhemispheric neurological symptoms present a universal challenge. Of 4,000 patients evaluated noninvasively for carotid occlusive disease, 1,287 presented with \"asymptomatic\" bruits (697 had nonhemispheric neurological symptoms and 590 were clinically asymptomatic). Carotid phonoangiography (CPA), the visual analysis of carotid bruits, identifies bruits indicative of significant stenosis, documents progression, and differentiates bruits of carotid bifurcation and sub-bifurcation origin. Sub-bifurication bruits were diagnosed in 619, insignificant bifurcation bruits in 426, and significant carotid bruits in 242 patients by CPA. Oculoplethysmography (OPG) evaluates the hemodynamic significance of carotid bruits by comparative timing of simultaneously recorded ocular and ear lobe pulses. OPG detected 273 asymptomatic bruit patients with significant internal carotid flow reduction and indicated 5% of the bifurcation bruits were of external carotid origin. An accuracy of 89% in determining greater than 40% stenosis by OPG/CPA in 295 patients having arteriography increases to 97% when both OPG and CPA are positive. Six-month to 70-month clinical follow-up of the 1,287 patients documented 154 carotid endarterectomies and 38 strokes. Analysis of the strokes favors arteriography and operation only for those patients with appropriately positive or progressive OPG/CPA or with focal transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)."}
{"id": "PMID:929375", "title": "Initial results from an agressive roentgenological and surgical approach to acute mesenteric ischemia.", "content": "The 70% to 80% mortality rate of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) has remained unchanged over the past 40 years. We report here the initial results using an aggressive approach to this problem. This included the earlier and more liberal use of angiography in patients at risk and the intra-arterial infusion of papaverine for the relief of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vasoconstriction in both nonocclusive and occlusive forms of AMI. Of the first 50 patients managed by this approach, 35 (70%) had AMI demonstrated by SMA angiography, Nineteen (54%) of these 35 patients survived, including nine of 15 patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, seven of 16 with SMA embolus, two of three patients with SMA thrombosis, and the one patient with mesenteric venous thrombosis. Seventeen of the 19 survivors lost no bowel or had excision of less than 3 feet of small intestine.", "contents": "Initial results from an agressive roentgenological and surgical approach to acute mesenteric ischemia. The 70% to 80% mortality rate of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) has remained unchanged over the past 40 years. We report here the initial results using an aggressive approach to this problem. This included the earlier and more liberal use of angiography in patients at risk and the intra-arterial infusion of papaverine for the relief of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) vasoconstriction in both nonocclusive and occlusive forms of AMI. Of the first 50 patients managed by this approach, 35 (70%) had AMI demonstrated by SMA angiography, Nineteen (54%) of these 35 patients survived, including nine of 15 patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, seven of 16 with SMA embolus, two of three patients with SMA thrombosis, and the one patient with mesenteric venous thrombosis. Seventeen of the 19 survivors lost no bowel or had excision of less than 3 feet of small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:929430", "title": "Teratogenicity of cytochalasin D in the mouse.", "content": "Cytochalasin D, a mold metabolite identified in food, was injected intraperitoneally in doses of 0.4 to 0.9 mg per kilogram on gestational days 7 through 11 and produced evidence of teratogenicity in two out of three strains of mice. Exencephaly, hypognathia and axial skeletal defects were found in strains C57BL/6J and BALB/c while no increase in defects was observed in the Swiss Webster strain. In all three strains, a significantly increased resorption rate was found. Oral doses of approximately 7.0 mg per kg on days 7 through 11 in the BALB/c produced exencephaly in the offspring. Autoclaved cytochalasin D retained its teratogenic potential.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of cytochalasin D in the mouse. Cytochalasin D, a mold metabolite identified in food, was injected intraperitoneally in doses of 0.4 to 0.9 mg per kilogram on gestational days 7 through 11 and produced evidence of teratogenicity in two out of three strains of mice. Exencephaly, hypognathia and axial skeletal defects were found in strains C57BL/6J and BALB/c while no increase in defects was observed in the Swiss Webster strain. In all three strains, a significantly increased resorption rate was found. Oral doses of approximately 7.0 mg per kg on days 7 through 11 in the BALB/c produced exencephaly in the offspring. Autoclaved cytochalasin D retained its teratogenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:929431", "title": "Environmental heat stress effects in the hamster.", "content": "Exposure of Syrian hamsters for two twenty-minute periods at 40 degrees C on a single day of pregnancy (ranging from day 6 to day 13) resulted in differing teratogenic effects. Maximum resorption (52.6%) was seen with treatment on day 7 whereas the highest rate of malformation (51.9%) was observed with treatment on day 9. Cranial defects predominated with treatment early in pregnancy (highest incidence of day 9) while limb defects were not observed with any treatment administered before day 9. Exencephaly occurred with treatments on day 6 and 8, with a single case after treatment on day 10. Cleft lip and cleft palate were observed with treatment on days 9 and 10. These studies illustrate the usefulness of the Syrian hamsters in teratological studies and characterize some of effects exerted after mild heat treatment at varying stages of pregnancy.", "contents": "Environmental heat stress effects in the hamster. Exposure of Syrian hamsters for two twenty-minute periods at 40 degrees C on a single day of pregnancy (ranging from day 6 to day 13) resulted in differing teratogenic effects. Maximum resorption (52.6%) was seen with treatment on day 7 whereas the highest rate of malformation (51.9%) was observed with treatment on day 9. Cranial defects predominated with treatment early in pregnancy (highest incidence of day 9) while limb defects were not observed with any treatment administered before day 9. Exencephaly occurred with treatments on day 6 and 8, with a single case after treatment on day 10. Cleft lip and cleft palate were observed with treatment on days 9 and 10. These studies illustrate the usefulness of the Syrian hamsters in teratological studies and characterize some of effects exerted after mild heat treatment at varying stages of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:929432", "title": "Translocation heterozygosity in a malformed piglet and its normal littermates.", "content": "A translocation with centric fusion between the Nos. 13 and 17 acrocentric chromosomes was described in a malformed female piglet and three phenotypically normal littermates by the G-banding staining technique. Since the translocation was heterozygous, the chromosome number was 37. The differences between the translocation of the present cases and those previously reported in the domestic swine species, as well as in some wild pigs, are mentioned.", "contents": "Translocation heterozygosity in a malformed piglet and its normal littermates. A translocation with centric fusion between the Nos. 13 and 17 acrocentric chromosomes was described in a malformed female piglet and three phenotypically normal littermates by the G-banding staining technique. Since the translocation was heterozygous, the chromosome number was 37. The differences between the translocation of the present cases and those previously reported in the domestic swine species, as well as in some wild pigs, are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:929433", "title": "Comparative teratogenicity of selected glucocorticoids applied ocularly in mice.", "content": "Three glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone), were ocularly applied to pregnant CD-1 mice on days 10-13 of gestation. The drug concentrations were various multiples of the common therapeutic dose levels and were applied to both eyes in 1 microliter drops five times a day. Eighteen-day fetuses were examined for malformations. A significant increase in the incidence of cleft palate was observed in fetuses treated with each of these glucocorticoids. There appeared to be a dose related effect on cleft palate width among fetuses from both dexamethasone and prednisolone treated dams. The incidence of sex organ anomalies, although lower than the incidence of cleft palate, also showed a positive dose relationship. Analysis of variance was used to compare the teratogenic effects of these glucocorticoids ocularly applied in equipotent anti-inflammatory concentrations. Our results indicate that dexamethasone produces a higher incidence of cleft palate, than either of the other two drugs when given in equipotent concentrations. It appears that the teratogenic potency of these ocularly applied glucocorticoids cannot be predicted on the basis of anti-inflammatory potency.", "contents": "Comparative teratogenicity of selected glucocorticoids applied ocularly in mice. Three glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and prednisolone), were ocularly applied to pregnant CD-1 mice on days 10-13 of gestation. The drug concentrations were various multiples of the common therapeutic dose levels and were applied to both eyes in 1 microliter drops five times a day. Eighteen-day fetuses were examined for malformations. A significant increase in the incidence of cleft palate was observed in fetuses treated with each of these glucocorticoids. There appeared to be a dose related effect on cleft palate width among fetuses from both dexamethasone and prednisolone treated dams. The incidence of sex organ anomalies, although lower than the incidence of cleft palate, also showed a positive dose relationship. Analysis of variance was used to compare the teratogenic effects of these glucocorticoids ocularly applied in equipotent anti-inflammatory concentrations. Our results indicate that dexamethasone produces a higher incidence of cleft palate, than either of the other two drugs when given in equipotent concentrations. It appears that the teratogenic potency of these ocularly applied glucocorticoids cannot be predicted on the basis of anti-inflammatory potency."}
{"id": "PMID:929434", "title": "The effect of intrauterine position on the radiosensitivity of rat embryos.", "content": "Rats were exposed to gamma rays or helium ions on one of days 4-9 of gestation. Embryonic survival was recorded as a function of intrauterine position at autopsy on day 20 of gestation. Embryos located at the ovarian and cervical ends of the uterus experienced higher rates of mortality than did their littermates located at the middle of the uterine horn. This effect was observed in litters exposed to both radiation modalities on all days studied. The influence of intrauterine position on embryonic survival was directly proportional to radiation dose and to the number of fetuses occupying the uterus horn. Under the least advantageous conditions (i.e., a crowded uterine horn exposed to a moderately high radiation dose), the cervical embryo's probability of survival was less than half that of the litter as a whole. A disproportionately high rate of embryonic mortality at the cervical position was also observed in litters irradiated under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that the non-random distribution of radiation effect was not the result of variations in oxygen concentration within the uterus. In contrast, there was no indication that intrauterine position influenced the distribution of gross morphologic abnormalities in irradiated litters.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine position on the radiosensitivity of rat embryos. Rats were exposed to gamma rays or helium ions on one of days 4-9 of gestation. Embryonic survival was recorded as a function of intrauterine position at autopsy on day 20 of gestation. Embryos located at the ovarian and cervical ends of the uterus experienced higher rates of mortality than did their littermates located at the middle of the uterine horn. This effect was observed in litters exposed to both radiation modalities on all days studied. The influence of intrauterine position on embryonic survival was directly proportional to radiation dose and to the number of fetuses occupying the uterus horn. Under the least advantageous conditions (i.e., a crowded uterine horn exposed to a moderately high radiation dose), the cervical embryo's probability of survival was less than half that of the litter as a whole. A disproportionately high rate of embryonic mortality at the cervical position was also observed in litters irradiated under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that the non-random distribution of radiation effect was not the result of variations in oxygen concentration within the uterus. In contrast, there was no indication that intrauterine position influenced the distribution of gross morphologic abnormalities in irradiated litters."}
{"id": "PMID:929435", "title": "Effects of methyl mercury on murine fetal amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and palate closure.", "content": "Methylmercury (MeHg: 5 mg Hg/kg maternal body weight) in 0.13 M NaCl, 0.01 M NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4, pH 7.4 (PBS) administered to gravid CFW mice on day 12, hour 6 (12(6)) of gestation induced a high incidence of cleft palate in fetuses examined on days 15(6) (72%), 16(6) (62%) and 17(6) (40%). Palate closure (100%) in PBS control animals occurred by 14(10). One day post MeHg administration, total fetal protein was decreased 22% while DNA content was unaltered. Protein was maximally decreased (28%) on 14(6) and, thereafter, returned toward control levels. Alterations in DNA content followed a similar pattern; but the maximal decrease (32%) occurred on 15(6). The rate of fetal protein synthesis was depressed 5% at 12(9) and between 20% to 26% from this time to 13(6) (end of observation). The agreement between the calculated decrease in protein synthesis (19%) and the measured decrease in protein content (22%) suggests that a reduction in protein synthesis is responsible for the decreased fetal protein content. Placental blood flow and fetal water space, measured with 3H--H2O at 12(18), were not affected by MeHg treatment. However, fetal free amino acid concentrations at 12(18) were generally decreased (alanine, 23.0%; valine, 9.7%; methionine, 22.6%; isoleucine, 12.0%; leucine, 18.2%) while uptake of the non-metabolizable amino acid, 14C-cycloleucine, was decreased 23%. From this, it is concluded that the growth inhibitory effects of MeHg are related, at least in part, to impaired placental/fetal transfer of amino acids.", "contents": "Effects of methyl mercury on murine fetal amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and palate closure. Methylmercury (MeHg: 5 mg Hg/kg maternal body weight) in 0.13 M NaCl, 0.01 M NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4, pH 7.4 (PBS) administered to gravid CFW mice on day 12, hour 6 (12(6)) of gestation induced a high incidence of cleft palate in fetuses examined on days 15(6) (72%), 16(6) (62%) and 17(6) (40%). Palate closure (100%) in PBS control animals occurred by 14(10). One day post MeHg administration, total fetal protein was decreased 22% while DNA content was unaltered. Protein was maximally decreased (28%) on 14(6) and, thereafter, returned toward control levels. Alterations in DNA content followed a similar pattern; but the maximal decrease (32%) occurred on 15(6). The rate of fetal protein synthesis was depressed 5% at 12(9) and between 20% to 26% from this time to 13(6) (end of observation). The agreement between the calculated decrease in protein synthesis (19%) and the measured decrease in protein content (22%) suggests that a reduction in protein synthesis is responsible for the decreased fetal protein content. Placental blood flow and fetal water space, measured with 3H--H2O at 12(18), were not affected by MeHg treatment. However, fetal free amino acid concentrations at 12(18) were generally decreased (alanine, 23.0%; valine, 9.7%; methionine, 22.6%; isoleucine, 12.0%; leucine, 18.2%) while uptake of the non-metabolizable amino acid, 14C-cycloleucine, was decreased 23%. From this, it is concluded that the growth inhibitory effects of MeHg are related, at least in part, to impaired placental/fetal transfer of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:929436", "title": "Digital anomalies in the embryonic mouse limb cultured in the presence of excess vitamin A.", "content": "Forelimb buds of days 10 to 12 ICR/JCL mouse embryos were cultured on a liquid medium consisting of 90% Eagle's MEM and 10% fetal calf serum. Experimental explants were exposed to retinol (10 iu/ml) for the first 24 hours of culturing. In the control explants, chondrified metacarpals and proximal phalanges increased in number as the age of the donor limb bud increased. All treated explants cultured on the experimental medium showed abnormal development compared with the controls. Lesions caused by vitamin A shifted from proximal to distal limb segments as the age of donor limb bud increased.", "contents": "Digital anomalies in the embryonic mouse limb cultured in the presence of excess vitamin A. Forelimb buds of days 10 to 12 ICR/JCL mouse embryos were cultured on a liquid medium consisting of 90% Eagle's MEM and 10% fetal calf serum. Experimental explants were exposed to retinol (10 iu/ml) for the first 24 hours of culturing. In the control explants, chondrified metacarpals and proximal phalanges increased in number as the age of the donor limb bud increased. All treated explants cultured on the experimental medium showed abnormal development compared with the controls. Lesions caused by vitamin A shifted from proximal to distal limb segments as the age of donor limb bud increased."}
{"id": "PMID:929437", "title": "A note on the epidemiology of acardiac monsters.", "content": "The literature on acardiac monsters has been reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The probability of their appearance seems considerably higher among monoamniotic than diamniotic monochorionic twin pairs. 2. They seem more likely to occur within monozygotic (MZ) pairs in higher multiple births than in MZ twins. 3. The data are consistent with the suggestion that there is a slight female excess among them.", "contents": "A note on the epidemiology of acardiac monsters. The literature on acardiac monsters has been reviewed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The probability of their appearance seems considerably higher among monoamniotic than diamniotic monochorionic twin pairs. 2. They seem more likely to occur within monozygotic (MZ) pairs in higher multiple births than in MZ twins. 3. The data are consistent with the suggestion that there is a slight female excess among them."}
{"id": "PMID:929487", "title": "Sternal metastases and associated pathological fractures.", "content": "A review of 839 necropsies revealed 415 cases of malignant neoplasm, 63 of which were found to have evidence of metastatic spread to the sternum. Nineteen of these metastases resulted in pathological sternal fractures. Fine detail radiography proved a quick and accurate technique for detecting these lesions post mortem. The characteristics of pathological sternal fractures were compared with traumatic sternal fractures with respect to deformity and healing. Pathological fractures of the sternum demonstrate a tendency to greater deformity and slower healing than traumatic sternal fractures.", "contents": "Sternal metastases and associated pathological fractures. A review of 839 necropsies revealed 415 cases of malignant neoplasm, 63 of which were found to have evidence of metastatic spread to the sternum. Nineteen of these metastases resulted in pathological sternal fractures. Fine detail radiography proved a quick and accurate technique for detecting these lesions post mortem. The characteristics of pathological sternal fractures were compared with traumatic sternal fractures with respect to deformity and healing. Pathological fractures of the sternum demonstrate a tendency to greater deformity and slower healing than traumatic sternal fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:929492", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the pleura.", "content": "There are few reports of primary malignant tumours of the pleura other than mesothelioma. Reports of squamous-cell carcinoma of the pleura are especially rare. Epidermoid carcinoma of the pleura may occur in connection with persistent empyema drained by a pleurocutaneous fistula or long-standing extrapleural pneumothorax without fistula.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the pleura. There are few reports of primary malignant tumours of the pleura other than mesothelioma. Reports of squamous-cell carcinoma of the pleura are especially rare. Epidermoid carcinoma of the pleura may occur in connection with persistent empyema drained by a pleurocutaneous fistula or long-standing extrapleural pneumothorax without fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:929493", "title": "Postoperative lobar torsion and gangrene.", "content": "Following left upper lobectomy for a pulmonary nodule, complete 180-degree torsion of the left lower lobe with haemorrhagic infarction occurred. Despite re-exploration within 24 hours of the initial procedure the patient died. Postoperative torsion requires early diagnosis and resection of the gangrenous tissue.", "contents": "Postoperative lobar torsion and gangrene. Following left upper lobectomy for a pulmonary nodule, complete 180-degree torsion of the left lower lobe with haemorrhagic infarction occurred. Despite re-exploration within 24 hours of the initial procedure the patient died. Postoperative torsion requires early diagnosis and resection of the gangrenous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:929494", "title": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis with unusual fungal morphology.", "content": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis is a rare disease. Comstock and Wolson (1975) were able to trace approximately 30 such cases. We report a further case; to our knowledge, the various stages in the development of sporotrichosis, from a cigar body to the mature asteroid body with radiations which were present in our case, have not been so well demonstrated in a single case.", "contents": "Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis with unusual fungal morphology. Primary pulmonary sporotrichosis is a rare disease. Comstock and Wolson (1975) were able to trace approximately 30 such cases. We report a further case; to our knowledge, the various stages in the development of sporotrichosis, from a cigar body to the mature asteroid body with radiations which were present in our case, have not been so well demonstrated in a single case."}
{"id": "PMID:929495", "title": "Bronchial carcinoid with osteoblastic metastases.", "content": "Bony metastases in association with a lesion in the lung are usually regarded as secondary to bronchial carcinoma. This is generally true when the metastases are osteolytic. However, in the presence of a solitary lung lesion with osteoblastic metastases, the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoid should be considered. The following case illustrates this point.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoid with osteoblastic metastases. Bony metastases in association with a lesion in the lung are usually regarded as secondary to bronchial carcinoma. This is generally true when the metastases are osteolytic. However, in the presence of a solitary lung lesion with osteoblastic metastases, the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoid should be considered. The following case illustrates this point."}
{"id": "PMID:929542", "title": "[Assay of somatomedin C in bovine plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "Somatomedin C is an important hormone which in all probability directly controls growth. The assay of this hormone in bovine plasma is described and the experience gained in the research required to develop this method of determination is reported. Although bovine plasma is a difficult material in which to perform these assays, satisfactory conditions were created to make possible further studies of serial samples.", "contents": "[Assay of somatomedin C in bovine plasma (author's transl)]. Somatomedin C is an important hormone which in all probability directly controls growth. The assay of this hormone in bovine plasma is described and the experience gained in the research required to develop this method of determination is reported. Although bovine plasma is a difficult material in which to perform these assays, satisfactory conditions were created to make possible further studies of serial samples."}
{"id": "PMID:929543", "title": "[Structure in rations of dairy cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Efficient utilization of feed by ruminants is closely related to fermentation in the reticulum and rumen. A deficiency is long roughage (\"structural material\") may impair this fermentation and result in a low-milk fat syndrome. The deficiency in long roughage is particularly apparent in diets containing large amounts of readily available carbohydrates. Factors involved in the absence of structure were described. Readily available carbohydrates such as sugars and starch from grains will promote high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Chewing and ruminating stimulate the secretion of salive and so increase the buffering capacity of the rumen fluid. tlong roughage is required to maintain the structural layer in the rumen, inducing regular and rigorous contractions. The buffering capacity in conjunction with adequate rumen motility may partly reduce the effect of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced from high amounts of readily available carbohydrates. Coarseness and type of roughage also are important factors. At least one-third of the total uptake of dry matter should consist in long, coarse and fibrous roughage. Extremely high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of high-yielding cows may be reduced to some extent by providing the mixture of concentrates in more meals a day at intervals of at least 3-4 hours.", "contents": "[Structure in rations of dairy cattle (author's transl)]. Efficient utilization of feed by ruminants is closely related to fermentation in the reticulum and rumen. A deficiency is long roughage (\"structural material\") may impair this fermentation and result in a low-milk fat syndrome. The deficiency in long roughage is particularly apparent in diets containing large amounts of readily available carbohydrates. Factors involved in the absence of structure were described. Readily available carbohydrates such as sugars and starch from grains will promote high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Chewing and ruminating stimulate the secretion of salive and so increase the buffering capacity of the rumen fluid. tlong roughage is required to maintain the structural layer in the rumen, inducing regular and rigorous contractions. The buffering capacity in conjunction with adequate rumen motility may partly reduce the effect of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced from high amounts of readily available carbohydrates. Coarseness and type of roughage also are important factors. At least one-third of the total uptake of dry matter should consist in long, coarse and fibrous roughage. Extremely high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of high-yielding cows may be reduced to some extent by providing the mixture of concentrates in more meals a day at intervals of at least 3-4 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:929544", "title": "[Pulmonary contusion after blunt chest trauma--an experimental model (author's transl)].", "content": "A model in the rat for pulmonary contusion after blunt chest trauma is described. It is possible to avoid trauma of the mediastinal organs, liver and spleen; therefore it is possible to produce pulmonary contusion with a good reproducebility. The parameter for the extent of contusion was the lungweight which rose statistically with a specific force of trauma. Simultaneous injection of high doses of prednisolone with the blunt chest trauma inhibits the increase of the lung weight.", "contents": "[Pulmonary contusion after blunt chest trauma--an experimental model (author's transl)]. A model in the rat for pulmonary contusion after blunt chest trauma is described. It is possible to avoid trauma of the mediastinal organs, liver and spleen; therefore it is possible to produce pulmonary contusion with a good reproducebility. The parameter for the extent of contusion was the lungweight which rose statistically with a specific force of trauma. Simultaneous injection of high doses of prednisolone with the blunt chest trauma inhibits the increase of the lung weight."}
{"id": "PMID:929545", "title": "[The effect of nitrates on the function of intact and ischemic myocardium (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of Sodium Nitroprusside (NPN), of Isosorbidedinitrate (ISDN), and of a combined therapy with NPN and the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) on left ventricular function and on local contraction patterns of normal and ischemic myocardial regions were studied. In acute experiments on 16 dogs the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was stenosed to produce a hypokinesia or dyskinesia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle. Regional myocardial function was assessed using the ultrasound transit time method. When the LV filling pressure was initially norman (LVedP 5.7 +/- 0.6mmHg) nitrate infusion (120 microgram/minn NPN: 800 microgram/min ISDN) resulted in an aggravation of the ischemic dysfunction. Conversely, with high initial filling pressure (LVedP 15.4 +/- 1.3MMHg) regional myocardial function in the ischemic area returned to normal under therapy. Additional application of the IABP further improved regional myocardial mechanics. It is concluded, that reduction of coronary perfusion pressure due to nitrate therapy becomes critical when coronary reserve is depleted. Compensation is however possible if ventricular wall stress can be reduced and thus the oxygen consumption and the extravascular component of coronary resistance are decreased. Only when the initial filling pressure is high these conditions are met.", "contents": "[The effect of nitrates on the function of intact and ischemic myocardium (author's transl)]. The effects of Sodium Nitroprusside (NPN), of Isosorbidedinitrate (ISDN), and of a combined therapy with NPN and the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) on left ventricular function and on local contraction patterns of normal and ischemic myocardial regions were studied. In acute experiments on 16 dogs the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was stenosed to produce a hypokinesia or dyskinesia of the anterior wall of the left ventricle. Regional myocardial function was assessed using the ultrasound transit time method. When the LV filling pressure was initially norman (LVedP 5.7 +/- 0.6mmHg) nitrate infusion (120 microgram/minn NPN: 800 microgram/min ISDN) resulted in an aggravation of the ischemic dysfunction. Conversely, with high initial filling pressure (LVedP 15.4 +/- 1.3MMHg) regional myocardial function in the ischemic area returned to normal under therapy. Additional application of the IABP further improved regional myocardial mechanics. It is concluded, that reduction of coronary perfusion pressure due to nitrate therapy becomes critical when coronary reserve is depleted. Compensation is however possible if ventricular wall stress can be reduced and thus the oxygen consumption and the extravascular component of coronary resistance are decreased. Only when the initial filling pressure is high these conditions are met."}
{"id": "PMID:929546", "title": "[Prevention of edema during coronary perfusion with cardioplegic solution (author's transl)].", "content": "In arrested and with cardioplegic solutions perfused rabbit hearts the relation of perfusion-pressure and flow rate were examined, showing that edema of the myocardium can be avoided even using erythrocytes-free solutions by two measures. First the solution has to contain colloid active agents and secondly the perfusion pressure has to be significantly below the colloid-osmotic pressure. Furthermore the edema can be avoided by adding 300 mg 6-methyl prednisolone/1. If no attention is paid to these facts the coronary flow decreases constantly due to developing interstitial and interfibrillar edema and degenerative changes of endothelial cells of the capillaries, which even can undergo necrosis. These changes were not seen using steroids. On the contrary here we found by densitometry and increased number of lysosomes. These findings show the effectiveness of corticosteroids in stabilizing the cell membranes.", "contents": "[Prevention of edema during coronary perfusion with cardioplegic solution (author's transl)]. In arrested and with cardioplegic solutions perfused rabbit hearts the relation of perfusion-pressure and flow rate were examined, showing that edema of the myocardium can be avoided even using erythrocytes-free solutions by two measures. First the solution has to contain colloid active agents and secondly the perfusion pressure has to be significantly below the colloid-osmotic pressure. Furthermore the edema can be avoided by adding 300 mg 6-methyl prednisolone/1. If no attention is paid to these facts the coronary flow decreases constantly due to developing interstitial and interfibrillar edema and degenerative changes of endothelial cells of the capillaries, which even can undergo necrosis. These changes were not seen using steroids. On the contrary here we found by densitometry and increased number of lysosomes. These findings show the effectiveness of corticosteroids in stabilizing the cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:929548", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chronic occlusions of the carotid bifurcation (author's transl)].", "content": "Optimal protection of the brain during carotid endarterectomy is of great importance and is guaranteed by general anaesthesia with maintenance of normal blood-pressure and a normal CO2-level, routine use of internal shunts and heparinization. Operation of \"asymptomatic\" patients has to be seriously considered. Patients with acute occlusions of the carotid artery should not have surgery as emergency procedures, unless the operation can be done immediately after the onset of symptoms. In chronic occlusion of the internal carotid artery endarterectomy may be considered if the shiphon is patent and in good condition.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chronic occlusions of the carotid bifurcation (author's transl)]. Optimal protection of the brain during carotid endarterectomy is of great importance and is guaranteed by general anaesthesia with maintenance of normal blood-pressure and a normal CO2-level, routine use of internal shunts and heparinization. Operation of \"asymptomatic\" patients has to be seriously considered. Patients with acute occlusions of the carotid artery should not have surgery as emergency procedures, unless the operation can be done immediately after the onset of symptoms. In chronic occlusion of the internal carotid artery endarterectomy may be considered if the shiphon is patent and in good condition."}
{"id": "PMID:929549", "title": "[Pre- and postoperative Doppler-ultrasound measurements in carotid artery surgery (carotid artery Doppler) (author's transl)].", "content": "The evaluation of carotid artery perfusion with Doppler-ultrasound is based on semiquantitative measurements of blood flow in the terminal branches of the ophthalmic arteries (supratrochlear and supraorbital artery) and the common carotid arteries. Diagnosis is performed with a set of 8 parameters and informs about obstructions in the carotid artery as well as the collateral circulation. The method was applied on 1500 patients of whom 340 underwent angiography and has proved to be about 90% reliable. Its value in carotid artery surgery was evaluated with 62 extracranial reconstructive operations on 55 patients and 35 iatrogene anastomoses between the temporal superficial and a branch of the middle cerebral artery on 35 patients.", "contents": "[Pre- and postoperative Doppler-ultrasound measurements in carotid artery surgery (carotid artery Doppler) (author's transl)]. The evaluation of carotid artery perfusion with Doppler-ultrasound is based on semiquantitative measurements of blood flow in the terminal branches of the ophthalmic arteries (supratrochlear and supraorbital artery) and the common carotid arteries. Diagnosis is performed with a set of 8 parameters and informs about obstructions in the carotid artery as well as the collateral circulation. The method was applied on 1500 patients of whom 340 underwent angiography and has proved to be about 90% reliable. Its value in carotid artery surgery was evaluated with 62 extracranial reconstructive operations on 55 patients and 35 iatrogene anastomoses between the temporal superficial and a branch of the middle cerebral artery on 35 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:929550", "title": "[Doppler ultrasound technique compared to angiography, intraoperative pressure gradients and blood flow measurements in carotid surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Doppler ultrasound technique was used in 32 patients to differentiate between non-signigicant stenosis, significant stenosis and occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The results were then compared to angiographic findings and peroperative pressure gradients and blood flow measurements. The Doppler examinations showed good agreement with the angiograms. Pathologic Doppler results were positively correlated to a high pressure gradient but were not correlated to the internal carotid blood flow. Pre- and postoperatively the Doppler ultrasound examinations increased the diagnostic security, improved the assessment of the hemodynamic significance of a stenosis and made in some cases an angiogram unnecessary.", "contents": "[Doppler ultrasound technique compared to angiography, intraoperative pressure gradients and blood flow measurements in carotid surgery (author's transl)]. Doppler ultrasound technique was used in 32 patients to differentiate between non-signigicant stenosis, significant stenosis and occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The results were then compared to angiographic findings and peroperative pressure gradients and blood flow measurements. The Doppler examinations showed good agreement with the angiograms. Pathologic Doppler results were positively correlated to a high pressure gradient but were not correlated to the internal carotid blood flow. Pre- and postoperatively the Doppler ultrasound examinations increased the diagnostic security, improved the assessment of the hemodynamic significance of a stenosis and made in some cases an angiogram unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:929551", "title": "[The validity of degree and variety of carotid-artery-stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In cerebro-vascular deficiency the significance of carotoid artery-stenosis is determined by local and general risk factors. Indications for surgical treatment depend both on the degree and variety of stenosis. Clinical findings and measuring of blood pressure during operation have shown that cardiac efficiency, blood pressure, sympathetic affections of other brain-supplying arteries and above all function of arterious circle of Willis constitute further important risk factors.", "contents": "[The validity of degree and variety of carotid-artery-stenosis (author's transl)]. In cerebro-vascular deficiency the significance of carotoid artery-stenosis is determined by local and general risk factors. Indications for surgical treatment depend both on the degree and variety of stenosis. Clinical findings and measuring of blood pressure during operation have shown that cardiac efficiency, blood pressure, sympathetic affections of other brain-supplying arteries and above all function of arterious circle of Willis constitute further important risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:929552", "title": "[The value of measuring intraoperative pressure in carotid endarterectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 4 years 92 operations at the carotid bifurcation were performed. In almost all cases carotid stump pressure was measured. If the stump pressure was below one third of the systemic pressure endarterectomy was done with intraluminal shunt. Under these conditions neurologic symptome deteriorated 3 times, but improved after a few days. There was no hospital mortality.", "contents": "[The value of measuring intraoperative pressure in carotid endarterectomy (author's transl)]. During the last 4 years 92 operations at the carotid bifurcation were performed. In almost all cases carotid stump pressure was measured. If the stump pressure was below one third of the systemic pressure endarterectomy was done with intraluminal shunt. Under these conditions neurologic symptome deteriorated 3 times, but improved after a few days. There was no hospital mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:929553", "title": "[The frequency of the combination of arterial occlusive disease in supraaortic and leg range. An analysis in the patient population of a vascular surgical department (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 337 male patients who were hospitalized because of chronic ischemia of the leg, 103 (=30.6%) were shown to suffer from concomitant occlusive vascular disease of supraaortic branches. This was evaluated by simple examination like auscultation, bilateral blood pressure measurements, and palpation of pulses. In 52% the patients history revealed dizziness, hemiparesis and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Arteriell hypertension promotes supraaortic vascular diseases as is shown by a relative frequency of 0.52 in contrast to 0.39. Combined occlusions of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries are accompanied by supraaortic vascular disease in 40%, in femoropopliteal occlusion alone in only 20%. If the basic diagnostic approach is improved by directional ultra-sonic examinations of the carotid arteries, approximately 20% of all patients with advanced vascular disease of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries have to be operated on for cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "[The frequency of the combination of arterial occlusive disease in supraaortic and leg range. An analysis in the patient population of a vascular surgical department (author's transl)]. Among 337 male patients who were hospitalized because of chronic ischemia of the leg, 103 (=30.6%) were shown to suffer from concomitant occlusive vascular disease of supraaortic branches. This was evaluated by simple examination like auscultation, bilateral blood pressure measurements, and palpation of pulses. In 52% the patients history revealed dizziness, hemiparesis and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Arteriell hypertension promotes supraaortic vascular diseases as is shown by a relative frequency of 0.52 in contrast to 0.39. Combined occlusions of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries are accompanied by supraaortic vascular disease in 40%, in femoropopliteal occlusion alone in only 20%. If the basic diagnostic approach is improved by directional ultra-sonic examinations of the carotid arteries, approximately 20% of all patients with advanced vascular disease of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries have to be operated on for cerebrovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:929554", "title": "[Subclavian steal syndrome: long-term course over 3 years spontaneously and postoperatively (author's transl)].", "content": "It was studied development of Subclavian Steal Syndrome in 27 patients postoperatively and spontaneously over a period of 3 years. It was seen a high quote of spontaneous recovery of cerebral symptoms, on the other side there was a lack of complete remissions of cerebral symptoms after vascular operation. Vascular operation is only indicated in syncopal and severe ischemic brachial symptoms.", "contents": "[Subclavian steal syndrome: long-term course over 3 years spontaneously and postoperatively (author's transl)]. It was studied development of Subclavian Steal Syndrome in 27 patients postoperatively and spontaneously over a period of 3 years. It was seen a high quote of spontaneous recovery of cerebral symptoms, on the other side there was a lack of complete remissions of cerebral symptoms after vascular operation. Vascular operation is only indicated in syncopal and severe ischemic brachial symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:929555", "title": "[Pressure-and flow measurements during carotid-subclavian-bypass operations (author's transl)].", "content": "In 7 Carotid-Subclavian-Bypass operations pressure and blood-flow were studied. In 4 patients a reduced flow in the common carotid artery was noticed after opening the bypass. There were no neurological complications in the postoperative period in any patient. This decreased flow can be explained as a so-called \"pseudosteal\" due to changing in direction of flow in numerous and good functioning collaterals of this area.", "contents": "[Pressure-and flow measurements during carotid-subclavian-bypass operations (author's transl)]. In 7 Carotid-Subclavian-Bypass operations pressure and blood-flow were studied. In 4 patients a reduced flow in the common carotid artery was noticed after opening the bypass. There were no neurological complications in the postoperative period in any patient. This decreased flow can be explained as a so-called \"pseudosteal\" due to changing in direction of flow in numerous and good functioning collaterals of this area."}
{"id": "PMID:929556", "title": "[Surgery of the extracranial cerebral vessels. (Indication and results)].", "content": "Surgery of the extracranial cerebral vessels nowadays under right indication and operative technique is one of the most satisfying areas of vascular surgery. Our present status of indication is shown in table 1; it should be pointed out that the classical indication is a lesion of the internal carotid artery with a Transitoric Ischemic Attack, but also in cases of progressive stroke with acute carotid occlusion the operation will be successful relentless of any time limit as long as the patient is conscious. For the extrathoracal bypass procedure we now prefer the subclavio-subclavian bypass to the formerly performed carotio-subclavian bypass.", "contents": "[Surgery of the extracranial cerebral vessels. (Indication and results)]. Surgery of the extracranial cerebral vessels nowadays under right indication and operative technique is one of the most satisfying areas of vascular surgery. Our present status of indication is shown in table 1; it should be pointed out that the classical indication is a lesion of the internal carotid artery with a Transitoric Ischemic Attack, but also in cases of progressive stroke with acute carotid occlusion the operation will be successful relentless of any time limit as long as the patient is conscious. For the extrathoracal bypass procedure we now prefer the subclavio-subclavian bypass to the formerly performed carotio-subclavian bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:929558", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of mediastinal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "In most cases mediastinal lesions can correctly be differentiated from tumor simulating conditions. Their effect on normal anatomical structures of the mediastinum can be revealed by different methods; but separating benign from malignant masses on the base of the radiological findings is not reliable enough.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of mediastinal tumors (author's transl)]. In most cases mediastinal lesions can correctly be differentiated from tumor simulating conditions. Their effect on normal anatomical structures of the mediastinum can be revealed by different methods; but separating benign from malignant masses on the base of the radiological findings is not reliable enough."}
{"id": "PMID:929559", "title": "[Mediastinal angiography. A helpful method to evaluate to operability of mediastinal and lung tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Preoperative mediastinal angiography, as a simple method, shows alterations of pulmonary and venous mediastinal circulation. It enables the surgeon to evaluate the operability of malignant thoracic neoplasms without performance of other diagnostic procedure with a higher rate of complications, e.g. mediastinoscopy or explorative thoractomy.", "contents": "[Mediastinal angiography. A helpful method to evaluate to operability of mediastinal and lung tumors (author's transl)]. Preoperative mediastinal angiography, as a simple method, shows alterations of pulmonary and venous mediastinal circulation. It enables the surgeon to evaluate the operability of malignant thoracic neoplasms without performance of other diagnostic procedure with a higher rate of complications, e.g. mediastinoscopy or explorative thoractomy."}
{"id": "PMID:929560", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of endothoracic goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "Among mediastinal tumors requiring operative treatment endothoracic goiters have to be considered as common cause (13.7%) in differential diagnostic aspects next to dysontogenetic and neurogenic tumors. Final diagnosis is best established by chest x-rays in two directions, perhaps with additional barium swallow and a scintigraphy (131I or technetium). Angiography is of no valuable further information concerning tumor identification or operability. The disadvantage refers to unwanted iodine load in case of thyroid malignancy. The operative approach for real mediastinal goiter necessitates partial or total sternotomy or occasionally lateral thoracotomy.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of endothoracic goiter (author's transl)]. Among mediastinal tumors requiring operative treatment endothoracic goiters have to be considered as common cause (13.7%) in differential diagnostic aspects next to dysontogenetic and neurogenic tumors. Final diagnosis is best established by chest x-rays in two directions, perhaps with additional barium swallow and a scintigraphy (131I or technetium). Angiography is of no valuable further information concerning tumor identification or operability. The disadvantage refers to unwanted iodine load in case of thyroid malignancy. The operative approach for real mediastinal goiter necessitates partial or total sternotomy or occasionally lateral thoracotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:929561", "title": "[Diagnostic and surgical treatment of thymic tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "X-rays in different planes, roentgenisation, tomograms and not so often the clinical symptoms today are still responsible for the diagnosis. Mediastinoscopy and lateral mediastinoscopy very often ensure the diagnosis and dignity of the tumor. From 1956 to 1976 948 patients at our clinic were operated because of a mediastinal tumor. In 67 or 7% it was a thymic tumor. With thymic hyperplasia, thymoms and cysts of the thymic gland the survival time after operation was hardly reduced. The prognosis of the malign tumors of the thymic gland was bad with or without ray-treatment. By thymectomia 43% of the patients with myasthenia showed a good recovery.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and surgical treatment of thymic tumors (author's transl)]. X-rays in different planes, roentgenisation, tomograms and not so often the clinical symptoms today are still responsible for the diagnosis. Mediastinoscopy and lateral mediastinoscopy very often ensure the diagnosis and dignity of the tumor. From 1956 to 1976 948 patients at our clinic were operated because of a mediastinal tumor. In 67 or 7% it was a thymic tumor. With thymic hyperplasia, thymoms and cysts of the thymic gland the survival time after operation was hardly reduced. The prognosis of the malign tumors of the thymic gland was bad with or without ray-treatment. By thymectomia 43% of the patients with myasthenia showed a good recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:929562", "title": "[Risks and complications on mediastinoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Own experiences on 2500 cases of mediastinoscopy. Risks concerning the indication for the mediastinoscopy. Summary of complications with regard to 19 other authors including 12 161 mediastinoscopies. Most appearing complications: Lesions of the nervus recurrens. Lesions of the bigger vessels avoidable by concerning the local anatomy. Recommendations for emergency cases.", "contents": "[Risks and complications on mediastinoscopy (author's transl)]. Own experiences on 2500 cases of mediastinoscopy. Risks concerning the indication for the mediastinoscopy. Summary of complications with regard to 19 other authors including 12 161 mediastinoscopies. Most appearing complications: Lesions of the nervus recurrens. Lesions of the bigger vessels avoidable by concerning the local anatomy. Recommendations for emergency cases."}
{"id": "PMID:929563", "title": "[Psychiatric and neurological complications associated with cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The following problems are discussed as the result of an own investigation done with 150 patients after cardiac surgery: 1. the differences in incidence of cerebral complications understood as 2. a probleme of qualitatively different psychopathological and neurological syndromes. 3. Causes and relationship between the clinical stages of heart-disease and neuropsychiatric complications with special regard to the question 4. congenital heart-disease versus aquired heart-disease. 5. The role of extracorporeal circulation. 6. Remarks on the role of microembolism associated with open cardiac surgery. 7. Hereditary factors as the cause for specific psychopathological reactions.", "contents": "[Psychiatric and neurological complications associated with cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The following problems are discussed as the result of an own investigation done with 150 patients after cardiac surgery: 1. the differences in incidence of cerebral complications understood as 2. a probleme of qualitatively different psychopathological and neurological syndromes. 3. Causes and relationship between the clinical stages of heart-disease and neuropsychiatric complications with special regard to the question 4. congenital heart-disease versus aquired heart-disease. 5. The role of extracorporeal circulation. 6. Remarks on the role of microembolism associated with open cardiac surgery. 7. Hereditary factors as the cause for specific psychopathological reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:929564", "title": "[Classification of psychopathological disorders after open-heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A better discrimination of phenomenology and severeness of psychopathological disorders after open-heart surgery has been obtained: a) There is no equal distribution of degrees of severeness, a high correlation of severeness with duration of the disorders, a low correlation with age and no dependance of sex. b) Disorientation, clouding of consciousness and disorders of awareness arise earlier, delusions, hallucinations and paranoid ideas tentatively later after surgery. c) Three psychopathological syndromes have been identified. They appear in different frequency, intensity and can be combined.", "contents": "[Classification of psychopathological disorders after open-heart surgery (author's transl)]. A better discrimination of phenomenology and severeness of psychopathological disorders after open-heart surgery has been obtained: a) There is no equal distribution of degrees of severeness, a high correlation of severeness with duration of the disorders, a low correlation with age and no dependance of sex. b) Disorientation, clouding of consciousness and disorders of awareness arise earlier, delusions, hallucinations and paranoid ideas tentatively later after surgery. c) Three psychopathological syndromes have been identified. They appear in different frequency, intensity and can be combined."}
{"id": "PMID:929565", "title": "[The regulation of the circulatory system in the early postoperative period after open-heart surgery during physical therapy and orthostatic exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "17 patients, who underwent open heart procedures, were examined during and after standardized exercises at the first, second and third postoperative day. At 10 defined time intervals the following parameters were measured: arterial blood pressure, right and left atrial pressure and in the pulmonary artery, arterial and venous blood gases and cardiac output by thermodilution. Oxygen consumption and cardiac index were calculated. The results show that the majority of patients after open heart surgery are well able to adjust to additional work load even early postoperatively.", "contents": "[The regulation of the circulatory system in the early postoperative period after open-heart surgery during physical therapy and orthostatic exercise (author's transl)]. 17 patients, who underwent open heart procedures, were examined during and after standardized exercises at the first, second and third postoperative day. At 10 defined time intervals the following parameters were measured: arterial blood pressure, right and left atrial pressure and in the pulmonary artery, arterial and venous blood gases and cardiac output by thermodilution. Oxygen consumption and cardiac index were calculated. The results show that the majority of patients after open heart surgery are well able to adjust to additional work load even early postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:929566", "title": "[Surgical repair of Ebstein's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1976 4 patients with Ebstein's disease underwent surgical repair. In one patient (22 yrs.) the tricuspid valve leaflets were suitable for reconstructive surgery using Hardys method in addition to De Vegas annuloplasty. In the other three cases (17, 29, 51 yrs. old) excision of the malformed tricuspid valve was necessary, and porcine heterografts of greatest possible diameter were implanted. Three patients improved considerably 9 months postoperatively. The fourth patient, a 51 years old woman, died 2 days postoperatively on cardiac failure. From our own results and based upon reports from the literature we conclude that reconstructive surgery of the tricuspid valve should be preferred to replacement. If valve replacement is necessary, bioprostheses ought to be used. At the age of 15 to 40 years, surgical repair seems to have the best prognosis in patients with Ebstein's malformation.", "contents": "[Surgical repair of Ebstein's disease (author's transl)]. In 1976 4 patients with Ebstein's disease underwent surgical repair. In one patient (22 yrs.) the tricuspid valve leaflets were suitable for reconstructive surgery using Hardys method in addition to De Vegas annuloplasty. In the other three cases (17, 29, 51 yrs. old) excision of the malformed tricuspid valve was necessary, and porcine heterografts of greatest possible diameter were implanted. Three patients improved considerably 9 months postoperatively. The fourth patient, a 51 years old woman, died 2 days postoperatively on cardiac failure. From our own results and based upon reports from the literature we conclude that reconstructive surgery of the tricuspid valve should be preferred to replacement. If valve replacement is necessary, bioprostheses ought to be used. At the age of 15 to 40 years, surgical repair seems to have the best prognosis in patients with Ebstein's malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:929567", "title": "[Hemodynamics after reconstruction of the outflow tract in tetralogy of Fallot. Infundibulectomy, patchreconstruction or valve rearing conduit (author's transl)].", "content": "The peak systolic pressure ratio PRV/PLV of the right and left ventricle after correction of the outflow tract (OFT) in Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) yields reliable dates about the efficiency of the outflowtract correction and the probability of survival. In 110 patients (2 to 57 years) the ratio after correction PRV/PLV was measured and compared with different methods of reconstruction of the OFT. Infundibulectomy (54) pericard-patch insertion across the pulmonary valve ring (43) and a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit (13) were used. To calculate the statistical differences the U-test according to Wilcoxon, Whitney, Mann was applied on the 95% level. Moreover the pulmonary insufficiency (PI) was evaluated in 60 patients within 15 to 60 days, after correction with a videodensitometric method. There is no PI after use of a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit. In severe TF a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit is hemodynamically superior to a pericard-patchreconstruction of OFT to relief right ventricular hypertension, particularly if hypoplasia of pulmonary vessels and pulmonary vascular disease after shunt-operation is present.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics after reconstruction of the outflow tract in tetralogy of Fallot. Infundibulectomy, patchreconstruction or valve rearing conduit (author's transl)]. The peak systolic pressure ratio PRV/PLV of the right and left ventricle after correction of the outflow tract (OFT) in Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) yields reliable dates about the efficiency of the outflowtract correction and the probability of survival. In 110 patients (2 to 57 years) the ratio after correction PRV/PLV was measured and compared with different methods of reconstruction of the OFT. Infundibulectomy (54) pericard-patch insertion across the pulmonary valve ring (43) and a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit (13) were used. To calculate the statistical differences the U-test according to Wilcoxon, Whitney, Mann was applied on the 95% level. Moreover the pulmonary insufficiency (PI) was evaluated in 60 patients within 15 to 60 days, after correction with a videodensitometric method. There is no PI after use of a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit. In severe TF a valve bearing Hancock-Conduit is hemodynamically superior to a pericard-patchreconstruction of OFT to relief right ventricular hypertension, particularly if hypoplasia of pulmonary vessels and pulmonary vascular disease after shunt-operation is present."}
{"id": "PMID:929568", "title": "[Surgical treatment of aortic arch anomalies (author's transl)].", "content": "Anomalies of the aortic arch can be deducted by embryology. Aortic ring anomalies (double aortic arch, Art. lusoria, right descending aorta with Lig. arteriosum) have to be opened if clinically indicated. Aortic arch stenosis has to be removed by resection of intraaortic membranes, end-to-end-anastomosis, patch enlargement, or prosthetic bypass graft. Aortic interruptions require a functionally sufficient bridging by end-to-end-anastomosis, prosthetic bypass graft, or interposition of an aortic arch vessel. In 1971 the left common carotid artery was used in a 14 years old boy which seems to be insufficient for bridging the aortic arch defect five years later.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of aortic arch anomalies (author's transl)]. Anomalies of the aortic arch can be deducted by embryology. Aortic ring anomalies (double aortic arch, Art. lusoria, right descending aorta with Lig. arteriosum) have to be opened if clinically indicated. Aortic arch stenosis has to be removed by resection of intraaortic membranes, end-to-end-anastomosis, patch enlargement, or prosthetic bypass graft. Aortic interruptions require a functionally sufficient bridging by end-to-end-anastomosis, prosthetic bypass graft, or interposition of an aortic arch vessel. In 1971 the left common carotid artery was used in a 14 years old boy which seems to be insufficient for bridging the aortic arch defect five years later."}
{"id": "PMID:929569", "title": "[Intracardiac correction of congenital heart anomalies in 104 infants (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1974 to 1976 104 infants (under 1 year of age) underwent intracardiac correction for congenital heart diseases. Mean age and body weight were 6.6 +/- 3.6 months resp. 5.66 +/- 1.4 kgs. The diagnoses and mortality rates were: transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with intact ventricular septum 27 (0), TGA plus associated anomalies 9 (0), ventricular septal defect (VSD) 20 (1), VSD plus associated anomalies 6 (1), total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 9 (5), pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum 9 (2), aortic stenosis 7 (3), ASD I or II 7 (0), and miscellaneous 10 (3). Intracardiac correction was performed either on cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia or in deep hypothermia with or without total circulatory arrest. The early mortality in the first group was 7% (6 out of 90), in the second group 64% (9 out of 14). With increasing experience, cardiopulmonary bypass has proven to be a save method for intracardiac correction of congenital heart anomalies in infancy even in the youngest age group under three months of age and under emergency conditions.", "contents": "[Intracardiac correction of congenital heart anomalies in 104 infants (author's transl)]. From 1974 to 1976 104 infants (under 1 year of age) underwent intracardiac correction for congenital heart diseases. Mean age and body weight were 6.6 +/- 3.6 months resp. 5.66 +/- 1.4 kgs. The diagnoses and mortality rates were: transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with intact ventricular septum 27 (0), TGA plus associated anomalies 9 (0), ventricular septal defect (VSD) 20 (1), VSD plus associated anomalies 6 (1), total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 9 (5), pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum 9 (2), aortic stenosis 7 (3), ASD I or II 7 (0), and miscellaneous 10 (3). Intracardiac correction was performed either on cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia or in deep hypothermia with or without total circulatory arrest. The early mortality in the first group was 7% (6 out of 90), in the second group 64% (9 out of 14). With increasing experience, cardiopulmonary bypass has proven to be a save method for intracardiac correction of congenital heart anomalies in infancy even in the youngest age group under three months of age and under emergency conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:929570", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the descending aorta. A report of 21 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1965 to December 1976, 21 traumatic ruptures of the descending thoracic aorta have been operated; the last 13 cases have been managed in 1975 and 1976. The lesions consisted in 15 recent ruptures (R.R.) and 6 chronic aneurysma (C.A.). Associated injuries were the rule and 6 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy prior to thoracotomy. Surgical repair was consistently due by use of an extracorporeal by-pass (20 times), and resulted in 12 end-to-end aortic sutures (11 R.R., 1 C.A.) and in 9 reconstruction by means of a tubular dacron graft (5 C.A., and 4 R.R.). 4 patients died. 16 of the 17 survivals are healthy and active. Paraplegia developed in one patient.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the descending aorta. A report of 21 operated cases (author's transl)]. From 1965 to December 1976, 21 traumatic ruptures of the descending thoracic aorta have been operated; the last 13 cases have been managed in 1975 and 1976. The lesions consisted in 15 recent ruptures (R.R.) and 6 chronic aneurysma (C.A.). Associated injuries were the rule and 6 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy prior to thoracotomy. Surgical repair was consistently due by use of an extracorporeal by-pass (20 times), and resulted in 12 end-to-end aortic sutures (11 R.R., 1 C.A.) and in 9 reconstruction by means of a tubular dacron graft (5 C.A., and 4 R.R.). 4 patients died. 16 of the 17 survivals are healthy and active. Paraplegia developed in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:929571", "title": "[Pulmonary hypertension and histological findings before and years after surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The coincidence of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular disease was investigated in 186 infants and children with congenital heart disease and left to right shunts. The correlation between pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vasculopathy was highly significant. Hemodynamic pulmonary hypertension is completely suppressed by early pulmonary artery banding or total correction. Even pulmonary vascular alterations can be reversed by these measures.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hypertension and histological findings before and years after surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. The coincidence of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular disease was investigated in 186 infants and children with congenital heart disease and left to right shunts. The correlation between pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vasculopathy was highly significant. Hemodynamic pulmonary hypertension is completely suppressed by early pulmonary artery banding or total correction. Even pulmonary vascular alterations can be reversed by these measures."}
{"id": "PMID:929572", "title": "[Combined application of magnesium-aspartate-cardioplegia and general hypothermia in aortic valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The surgical results of two similar groups of patients are compared in whom aortic valve replacement was performed utilizing magnesium-aspartate-cardioplegia combined with mild (group A = 71 patients) and profound (group B = 69 patients) hypothermia, respectively. Mortality was 5.6% in group A and 4.3% in group B. Two deaths in group A were due to a severe low cardiac output syndrome, three patients required continuous inotropic circulatory support during the early postoperative course. There was no low cardiac output in group B, no patient required inotropic support. Profound body cooling (esophageal temperature 25 degrees C) and hypothermic injection cardioplegia with magnesium-aspartate provide efficient myocardial protection up to 60 minutes of anoxia.", "contents": "[Combined application of magnesium-aspartate-cardioplegia and general hypothermia in aortic valve replacement (author's transl)]. The surgical results of two similar groups of patients are compared in whom aortic valve replacement was performed utilizing magnesium-aspartate-cardioplegia combined with mild (group A = 71 patients) and profound (group B = 69 patients) hypothermia, respectively. Mortality was 5.6% in group A and 4.3% in group B. Two deaths in group A were due to a severe low cardiac output syndrome, three patients required continuous inotropic circulatory support during the early postoperative course. There was no low cardiac output in group B, no patient required inotropic support. Profound body cooling (esophageal temperature 25 degrees C) and hypothermic injection cardioplegia with magnesium-aspartate provide efficient myocardial protection up to 60 minutes of anoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:929573", "title": "[Supporting the pumpfunction of the right atrium. A new therapeutic concept after physiological repair of tricuspid atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "A new indication for the External Conterpulsation (ECP) is demonstrated. Due to the venous augmentation a \"pulse wave\" is created in the V. cava inferior and in the right atrium and the ECP acts as a \"peripheral pumpventricle\", thus increasing pulmonary blood flow and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure. This new application of ECP is of valve in cases with low output syndrome after physiological repair of tricuspid atresia as demonstreated in a case report.", "contents": "[Supporting the pumpfunction of the right atrium. A new therapeutic concept after physiological repair of tricuspid atresia (author's transl)]. A new indication for the External Conterpulsation (ECP) is demonstrated. Due to the venous augmentation a \"pulse wave\" is created in the V. cava inferior and in the right atrium and the ECP acts as a \"peripheral pumpventricle\", thus increasing pulmonary blood flow and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure. This new application of ECP is of valve in cases with low output syndrome after physiological repair of tricuspid atresia as demonstreated in a case report."}
{"id": "PMID:929574", "title": "Tracer and freeze fracture observations on developing tight junctions in fetal rat thyroid.", "content": "The development of tight junctions in fetal rat thyroid from the sixteenth to the twentieth days of gestation was examined with conventional ultrastructural methods and freeze-fracture preparations. These results were compared with those obtained using lanthanum hydroxide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracers. Tight junctions appear to arise on the plasma membranes of fetal thyroid cells by the aggregation and fusion of linear particle chains which appear at several discrete sites on the plasma membrane of developing follicular cells. Tracer studies show that they are effective barriers to the passage of HRP from the outset, are freely penetrated by La3+ at the sixteenth and seventeenth days of gestation, but progressively lose permeability to La3+ from the seventeenth to twentieth days of gestation. However, freeze-fracture observations suggest that La3+ must penetrate into the follicular lumen through the tight junction elements, for the follicular lumen, when it appears, is always completely surrounded by a continuous though sometimes rudimentary meshwork of tight junction elements. The results suggest that the tight junction forms an effective barrier to the passage of large macromolecules, e.g. thyroglobulin, from very early stages in its development. The La3+ results suggest that decreased resistance of the intercellular pathway, possibly related to the development of transepithelial potentials, may occur during this period in development.", "contents": "Tracer and freeze fracture observations on developing tight junctions in fetal rat thyroid. The development of tight junctions in fetal rat thyroid from the sixteenth to the twentieth days of gestation was examined with conventional ultrastructural methods and freeze-fracture preparations. These results were compared with those obtained using lanthanum hydroxide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracers. Tight junctions appear to arise on the plasma membranes of fetal thyroid cells by the aggregation and fusion of linear particle chains which appear at several discrete sites on the plasma membrane of developing follicular cells. Tracer studies show that they are effective barriers to the passage of HRP from the outset, are freely penetrated by La3+ at the sixteenth and seventeenth days of gestation, but progressively lose permeability to La3+ from the seventeenth to twentieth days of gestation. However, freeze-fracture observations suggest that La3+ must penetrate into the follicular lumen through the tight junction elements, for the follicular lumen, when it appears, is always completely surrounded by a continuous though sometimes rudimentary meshwork of tight junction elements. The results suggest that the tight junction forms an effective barrier to the passage of large macromolecules, e.g. thyroglobulin, from very early stages in its development. The La3+ results suggest that decreased resistance of the intercellular pathway, possibly related to the development of transepithelial potentials, may occur during this period in development."}
{"id": "PMID:929575", "title": "T-system formation in cultured rat skeletal tissue.", "content": "By using a lanthanum-staining technique which enhances the visualization of the plasma membrane and its derivatives we have studied the formation of the T system in rat muscle cells differentiating in vitro. We have found that: (1) T-system formation normally occurs after myoblast fusion and is especially extensive in mature myotubes; myoblasts grown in calcium-deficient medium to prevent fusion show increased number of sarcolemmal caveolae but rare, short T tubules. (2) T-system formation in vitro differs from that displayed by rat muscle cells in vivo in that it precedes and is independent of junctional SR differentiation; the uncoordinated development of T tubules and junctional SR in vitro leads to the formation of 'inverted' triads and labyrinthine T-system networks. (3) Coated vesicles are frequently found either free in the cytoplasm or associated with growing T tubules in rat muscle cells differentiating in vitro. A role of coated vesicles in T-system formation is proposed.", "contents": "T-system formation in cultured rat skeletal tissue. By using a lanthanum-staining technique which enhances the visualization of the plasma membrane and its derivatives we have studied the formation of the T system in rat muscle cells differentiating in vitro. We have found that: (1) T-system formation normally occurs after myoblast fusion and is especially extensive in mature myotubes; myoblasts grown in calcium-deficient medium to prevent fusion show increased number of sarcolemmal caveolae but rare, short T tubules. (2) T-system formation in vitro differs from that displayed by rat muscle cells in vivo in that it precedes and is independent of junctional SR differentiation; the uncoordinated development of T tubules and junctional SR in vitro leads to the formation of 'inverted' triads and labyrinthine T-system networks. (3) Coated vesicles are frequently found either free in the cytoplasm or associated with growing T tubules in rat muscle cells differentiating in vitro. A role of coated vesicles in T-system formation is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:929577", "title": "Observations on rat Sertoli ectoplasmic ('junctional') specializations in their association with germ cells of the rat testis.", "content": "The ectoplasmic ('junctional') specialization, a subsurface modification of the Sertoli cell that is often seen facing germ cells, was studied in relation to the development and maturation of these germ cells. This structure is composed of subsurface bundles of filaments and more deeply placed endoplasmic reticulum. The data indicate that these subsurface modifications of Sertoli cells are reutilized in a cyclic fashion, being transferred from their position facing late spermatids to one opposing less mature germ cells. Ectoplasmic specializations appeared to function mechanically in grasping the heads of the spermatids which are undergoing the elongation and maturation phases of spermiogenesis rather than in actually attaching Sertoli cells to these germ cells. It is postulated that the ectoplasmic specialization imparts rigidity to that area of the Sertoli cell that surrounds the head region of the germ cell, forming a recess and a mantle by which the germ cell may be moved toward the base or toward the surface of the seminiferous epithelium. The observed linkage of microtubules to the cisternae of the complex provided a morphological basis for the changes in the cytoarchietecture of the Sertoli cell, which must accompany these movements.", "contents": "Observations on rat Sertoli ectoplasmic ('junctional') specializations in their association with germ cells of the rat testis. The ectoplasmic ('junctional') specialization, a subsurface modification of the Sertoli cell that is often seen facing germ cells, was studied in relation to the development and maturation of these germ cells. This structure is composed of subsurface bundles of filaments and more deeply placed endoplasmic reticulum. The data indicate that these subsurface modifications of Sertoli cells are reutilized in a cyclic fashion, being transferred from their position facing late spermatids to one opposing less mature germ cells. Ectoplasmic specializations appeared to function mechanically in grasping the heads of the spermatids which are undergoing the elongation and maturation phases of spermiogenesis rather than in actually attaching Sertoli cells to these germ cells. It is postulated that the ectoplasmic specialization imparts rigidity to that area of the Sertoli cell that surrounds the head region of the germ cell, forming a recess and a mantle by which the germ cell may be moved toward the base or toward the surface of the seminiferous epithelium. The observed linkage of microtubules to the cisternae of the complex provided a morphological basis for the changes in the cytoarchietecture of the Sertoli cell, which must accompany these movements."}
{"id": "PMID:929578", "title": "An effect of avian hereditary muscular dystrophy on the reaction of troponin-C with its antibody.", "content": "Antibody prepared against troponin-C, the calcium binding component of the troponin complex, was reacted with I band segments, and the distribution of antibody binding was assessed by immuno-electron microscopy. The I segments were isolated from glycerinated pectoral muscle which was prepared from normal adult chickens and from dystrophic chickens of strain 308. The antibody was deposited at 384 A +/- 7 A intervals along the thin filaments of the normal muscle. In contrast to the normal controls the dystrophic muscle did not exhibit a distinct periodicity when reacted with anti-troponin-C. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that although protein bands corresponding to troponin-C could be observed in the gels of the dystrophic preparations, the troponin-C band had migrated slower than that from normal thin filaments. It is concluded that avian muscular dystrophy produces an alteration of the structure of troponin-C resulting in (1) an inability of the protein to combine with its specific antibody and (2) a change in its electrophoretic behavior.", "contents": "An effect of avian hereditary muscular dystrophy on the reaction of troponin-C with its antibody. Antibody prepared against troponin-C, the calcium binding component of the troponin complex, was reacted with I band segments, and the distribution of antibody binding was assessed by immuno-electron microscopy. The I segments were isolated from glycerinated pectoral muscle which was prepared from normal adult chickens and from dystrophic chickens of strain 308. The antibody was deposited at 384 A +/- 7 A intervals along the thin filaments of the normal muscle. In contrast to the normal controls the dystrophic muscle did not exhibit a distinct periodicity when reacted with anti-troponin-C. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that although protein bands corresponding to troponin-C could be observed in the gels of the dystrophic preparations, the troponin-C band had migrated slower than that from normal thin filaments. It is concluded that avian muscular dystrophy produces an alteration of the structure of troponin-C resulting in (1) an inability of the protein to combine with its specific antibody and (2) a change in its electrophoretic behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:929580", "title": "Fine structure of the compound eyes of the midwater amphipod Phronima in relation to behavior and habitat.", "content": "Pelagic amphipods belonging to the genus Phronima have four compound eyes; two lateral eyes and two large transparent medial eyes which comprise the entire top of the head. The eyes are structurally similar but the crystalline cones of the medial eyes are more than twenty times as long as those of the lateral eyes, reaching 5 mm in a large animal. The dioptric system of each ommatidium consists of an unfaceted cornea, a layer of hypodermal cells, two rudimentary cone cells, two cells which surround and form the crystalline cone, and the cone itself. The cone and its surrounding cells penetrate the layer of accessory pigment cells which surrounds the retina. The fused rhabdom is formed by the five retinula cells but is separated from them by an extracellular palisade which is crossed by bridges. The retinula cell nuclei lie proximal to the basement membrane. Further proximally the bundle of retinula cell axons is crossed by a second basement membrane, which surrounds each axon with a collar. Medial and lateral eyes on each side of the head share a common lamina. The medial eyes of Phronima appear to be a solution to the problem of remaining inconspicuous to predators while still maintaining sensitivity and resolution.", "contents": "Fine structure of the compound eyes of the midwater amphipod Phronima in relation to behavior and habitat. Pelagic amphipods belonging to the genus Phronima have four compound eyes; two lateral eyes and two large transparent medial eyes which comprise the entire top of the head. The eyes are structurally similar but the crystalline cones of the medial eyes are more than twenty times as long as those of the lateral eyes, reaching 5 mm in a large animal. The dioptric system of each ommatidium consists of an unfaceted cornea, a layer of hypodermal cells, two rudimentary cone cells, two cells which surround and form the crystalline cone, and the cone itself. The cone and its surrounding cells penetrate the layer of accessory pigment cells which surrounds the retina. The fused rhabdom is formed by the five retinula cells but is separated from them by an extracellular palisade which is crossed by bridges. The retinula cell nuclei lie proximal to the basement membrane. Further proximally the bundle of retinula cell axons is crossed by a second basement membrane, which surrounds each axon with a collar. Medial and lateral eyes on each side of the head share a common lamina. The medial eyes of Phronima appear to be a solution to the problem of remaining inconspicuous to predators while still maintaining sensitivity and resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:929581", "title": "The distribution and function of microtubules in nutritive tubes.", "content": "The density and distribution of microtubules in the nutritive tubes of three hemipteran insects, Corixa punctata, Notonecta glauca and Dysdercus cingulatus, were analysed from electron micrographs by computer. Both parameters varied amongst all three species, the density of microtubules in Corixa being approximately three times that seen in Dysdercus. The density and distribution of microtubules within the nutritive tubes correlated directly with the size of particle transported by them, suggesting that the microtubules may act as a sieve to preclude certain cellular components from entering the tubes. If microtubules are further involved in the generation of motive force for cytoplasmic transport along the nutritive tubes, this function is not dependent upon the number of microtubules, or upon their arrangement with respect either to each other or to the particle being transported.", "contents": "The distribution and function of microtubules in nutritive tubes. The density and distribution of microtubules in the nutritive tubes of three hemipteran insects, Corixa punctata, Notonecta glauca and Dysdercus cingulatus, were analysed from electron micrographs by computer. Both parameters varied amongst all three species, the density of microtubules in Corixa being approximately three times that seen in Dysdercus. The density and distribution of microtubules within the nutritive tubes correlated directly with the size of particle transported by them, suggesting that the microtubules may act as a sieve to preclude certain cellular components from entering the tubes. If microtubules are further involved in the generation of motive force for cytoplasmic transport along the nutritive tubes, this function is not dependent upon the number of microtubules, or upon their arrangement with respect either to each other or to the particle being transported."}
{"id": "PMID:929582", "title": "The spermatozoon of onychophorans. 2. Peripatoides leuckarti.", "content": "The spermatozoon of the Onychophoran Peripatoides leuckarti is described and compared with that of Peripatopsis previously investigated. The general shape of the cell is the same, with persisting typical characteristic of a manchette and of nine accessory tubules surrounding the axoneme. There is a difference in the mitochondrial derivatives, which are two and partially located in a nuclear posterior concavity. But the most significant finding is the presence of a thin, flat acrosome surrounding the nucleus, which is absent from the other species. The presence of the acrosome is related to the existence in Peripatoides of big eggs, which are absent in Peripatopsis.", "contents": "The spermatozoon of onychophorans. 2. Peripatoides leuckarti. The spermatozoon of the Onychophoran Peripatoides leuckarti is described and compared with that of Peripatopsis previously investigated. The general shape of the cell is the same, with persisting typical characteristic of a manchette and of nine accessory tubules surrounding the axoneme. There is a difference in the mitochondrial derivatives, which are two and partially located in a nuclear posterior concavity. But the most significant finding is the presence of a thin, flat acrosome surrounding the nucleus, which is absent from the other species. The presence of the acrosome is related to the existence in Peripatoides of big eggs, which are absent in Peripatopsis."}
{"id": "PMID:929583", "title": "Ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the brain of diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L).", "content": "The ultrastructure of seven different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) found in the medial and lateral areas of the brain of diapausing Manduca sexta is described. The five different types of NSC in the medial area have characteristic differences in their shape, size, neurosecretory granules (NSG), and the morphology of their organelles. The cell types of the medial area accumulated the NSG, but did not appear to be synthesizing and packaging new NSG, whereas the NSC in the lateral region were synthesizing and packaging NSG during diapause. The possible significance of the relationship between the lateral and medial cells is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the brain of diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L). The ultrastructure of seven different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) found in the medial and lateral areas of the brain of diapausing Manduca sexta is described. The five different types of NSC in the medial area have characteristic differences in their shape, size, neurosecretory granules (NSG), and the morphology of their organelles. The cell types of the medial area accumulated the NSG, but did not appear to be synthesizing and packaging new NSG, whereas the NSC in the lateral region were synthesizing and packaging NSG during diapause. The possible significance of the relationship between the lateral and medial cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929584", "title": "Hemodynamics in sepsis: its relationship to pulmonary complication.", "content": "Serial clinical observations and hemodynamic measurements were made on seventeen patients with sepsis and ten control cases. Control patients were slightly hypovolemic immediately after operation. In the eleven high flow patients, that is, those with the initial cardiac index higher than 3.0 liters/min/m(2), we observed characteristic hemodynamics with lowered vascular resistance, higher cardiac output and hypotension. The anomalous vascular resistance began to return to normal approximately 48 hr after operation. In three cases pulmonary complication developed at this time and therefore pulmonary artery pressure and/or pulmonary wedge pressure exceeded the normal range. In these cases treatment was aimed at lowering the pulmonary pressure. Pulmonary complication was improved when these pressures returned within normal range. In the seven low flow patients, that is, those with cardiac index lower than 2.9 liters/min/m(2), we observed decreased cardiac index with increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. In these cases pulmonary complication appeared to develop by increased permeability of the pulmonary capillary wall. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure might accelerate the progress of the complication. Monitoring and controlling pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure were effective in prevention and treatment of pulmonary complication in this group.", "contents": "Hemodynamics in sepsis: its relationship to pulmonary complication. Serial clinical observations and hemodynamic measurements were made on seventeen patients with sepsis and ten control cases. Control patients were slightly hypovolemic immediately after operation. In the eleven high flow patients, that is, those with the initial cardiac index higher than 3.0 liters/min/m(2), we observed characteristic hemodynamics with lowered vascular resistance, higher cardiac output and hypotension. The anomalous vascular resistance began to return to normal approximately 48 hr after operation. In three cases pulmonary complication developed at this time and therefore pulmonary artery pressure and/or pulmonary wedge pressure exceeded the normal range. In these cases treatment was aimed at lowering the pulmonary pressure. Pulmonary complication was improved when these pressures returned within normal range. In the seven low flow patients, that is, those with cardiac index lower than 2.9 liters/min/m(2), we observed decreased cardiac index with increased systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. In these cases pulmonary complication appeared to develop by increased permeability of the pulmonary capillary wall. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure might accelerate the progress of the complication. Monitoring and controlling pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure were effective in prevention and treatment of pulmonary complication in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:929585", "title": "Studies on hemodynamics and cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period following open heart surgery.", "content": "Hemodynamics and cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period following open heart surgery were studied by means of a Swan-Ganz catheter and a thermodilution output computer. Pulmonary arterial pressure decreased at 3 hr after operation in congenital and mitral valvular diseases either with or without pulmonary hypertension. Then pulmonary arterial pressure maintained the decreased level subsequently in patients without pulmonary hypertension or with moderate pulmonary hypertension. However, in cases of severe pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial pressure increased concomitantly with the increase of pulmonary arterial resistance in adult cases, but maintained the decreased level in juvenile cases. Pulmonary wedge pressure decreased to 3 hr after operation and maintained the decreased level. Right atrail pressure fluctuated within normal range. The cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index increased between 3 to 6 hr after operation in congenital and mitral valvular diseases and decreased temporarily between 9 to 30 hr and then increased again. The cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index in mitral valvular diseases showed values lower than those in congenital heart diseases. The increase of cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index after open heart surgery was more remarkable in mitral valvular diseases than in congenital heart diseases.", "contents": "Studies on hemodynamics and cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period following open heart surgery. Hemodynamics and cardiac function in the immediate postoperative period following open heart surgery were studied by means of a Swan-Ganz catheter and a thermodilution output computer. Pulmonary arterial pressure decreased at 3 hr after operation in congenital and mitral valvular diseases either with or without pulmonary hypertension. Then pulmonary arterial pressure maintained the decreased level subsequently in patients without pulmonary hypertension or with moderate pulmonary hypertension. However, in cases of severe pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial pressure increased concomitantly with the increase of pulmonary arterial resistance in adult cases, but maintained the decreased level in juvenile cases. Pulmonary wedge pressure decreased to 3 hr after operation and maintained the decreased level. Right atrail pressure fluctuated within normal range. The cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index increased between 3 to 6 hr after operation in congenital and mitral valvular diseases and decreased temporarily between 9 to 30 hr and then increased again. The cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index in mitral valvular diseases showed values lower than those in congenital heart diseases. The increase of cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work index after open heart surgery was more remarkable in mitral valvular diseases than in congenital heart diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:929586", "title": "Electrical activity of superior colliculus associated with eye movements in alert cats.", "content": "Eye movement potentials (EMPs) were recorded from the superior colliculus (SC) of awake cats. When cats moved the eyes in front of a patterned or diffuse field, the EMP appeared as a sequence of the three components; EMP1, EMP2 and EMP3. The EMP1-EMP2-complex occurred while the eyes were moving and it had a wave form similar to that of the flash-evoked response. The EMP3 was seen 30-50 msec after the end of eye movement. In dark only the EMP3 was observed; its delay after the end of eye movement was as large as 70 msec. By placing electrodes at various depths of SC, the EMP was found to originate in the superficial layers. In immobilized, enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats, placed in dark or made blind by enucleation, the followings were observed; 1) Passive movements of the eye did not give rise to any significant electrical activity of SC. 2) Spontaneous mass activity of the oculomotor nucleus, that would result in eye movements if the cats were not paralysed, was followed by sharp wave activity of SC and this was the same after the visual cortex had been ablated bilaterally. From these findings it is concluded for the EMPs of awake cats that the EMP1-EMP2-complex is a response to retinal impulses caused by movements of images, whereas the EMP3 is due to an extraretinal factor such as the corollary mechanism. Besides the EMPs as described above, some activity was found to occur about 150 msec before the onset of eye movement. This EMP, called early EMP, seemed to appear when it was followed by eye movements with relatively high speeds.", "contents": "Electrical activity of superior colliculus associated with eye movements in alert cats. Eye movement potentials (EMPs) were recorded from the superior colliculus (SC) of awake cats. When cats moved the eyes in front of a patterned or diffuse field, the EMP appeared as a sequence of the three components; EMP1, EMP2 and EMP3. The EMP1-EMP2-complex occurred while the eyes were moving and it had a wave form similar to that of the flash-evoked response. The EMP3 was seen 30-50 msec after the end of eye movement. In dark only the EMP3 was observed; its delay after the end of eye movement was as large as 70 msec. By placing electrodes at various depths of SC, the EMP was found to originate in the superficial layers. In immobilized, enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9 cats, placed in dark or made blind by enucleation, the followings were observed; 1) Passive movements of the eye did not give rise to any significant electrical activity of SC. 2) Spontaneous mass activity of the oculomotor nucleus, that would result in eye movements if the cats were not paralysed, was followed by sharp wave activity of SC and this was the same after the visual cortex had been ablated bilaterally. From these findings it is concluded for the EMPs of awake cats that the EMP1-EMP2-complex is a response to retinal impulses caused by movements of images, whereas the EMP3 is due to an extraretinal factor such as the corollary mechanism. Besides the EMPs as described above, some activity was found to occur about 150 msec before the onset of eye movement. This EMP, called early EMP, seemed to appear when it was followed by eye movements with relatively high speeds."}
{"id": "PMID:929587", "title": "The content and turnover of norepinephrine in the rabbit brain regions and cardiovascular tissues.", "content": "The content and turnover of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons-medulla, mesenteric artery, aorta and left ventricle were studied in the normal rabbit. Turnover rate of NE was determined by measuring the rate of decline in NE content of the tissue after blockade of synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. The NE content of the hypothalamus (1.44+/-0.03 microgram/g) was significantly higher than those of the midbrain (0.25+/-0.01 microgram/g) and the pons-medulla (0.36+/-0.01 microgram/g) (p less than 0.001), whereas the rate constant of NE turnover for the pons-medulla (0.213+/-0.009 hr-1) was significantly greater than those for the hypothalamus (0.164+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.001) and the midbrain (0.180+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.01). In the cardiovascular tissues examined, the NE content was highest in the mesenteric artery (6.33+/-0.19 microgram/g), moderate in the left ventricle (2.08+/-0.10 microgram/g) and lowest in the aorta (0.70+/-0.06 microgram/g). The differences among them were significant (p less than 0.001). However, the rate constant of NE turnover for the aorta (0.119+/-0.014 hr-1) was significantly greater than those for the mesenteric artery (0.059+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.001) and the left ventricle (0.069+/-0.006 hr-1, p less than 0.005). The turnover rate of NE in the mesenteric artery was high, 0.372 microgram/g-hr, which suggests the very active NE synthesis. These results indicate that there are regional differences in content and turnover of NE of the cardiovascular tissues as well as of the brain.", "contents": "The content and turnover of norepinephrine in the rabbit brain regions and cardiovascular tissues. The content and turnover of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons-medulla, mesenteric artery, aorta and left ventricle were studied in the normal rabbit. Turnover rate of NE was determined by measuring the rate of decline in NE content of the tissue after blockade of synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. The NE content of the hypothalamus (1.44+/-0.03 microgram/g) was significantly higher than those of the midbrain (0.25+/-0.01 microgram/g) and the pons-medulla (0.36+/-0.01 microgram/g) (p less than 0.001), whereas the rate constant of NE turnover for the pons-medulla (0.213+/-0.009 hr-1) was significantly greater than those for the hypothalamus (0.164+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.001) and the midbrain (0.180+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.01). In the cardiovascular tissues examined, the NE content was highest in the mesenteric artery (6.33+/-0.19 microgram/g), moderate in the left ventricle (2.08+/-0.10 microgram/g) and lowest in the aorta (0.70+/-0.06 microgram/g). The differences among them were significant (p less than 0.001). However, the rate constant of NE turnover for the aorta (0.119+/-0.014 hr-1) was significantly greater than those for the mesenteric artery (0.059+/-0.008 hr-1, p less than 0.001) and the left ventricle (0.069+/-0.006 hr-1, p less than 0.005). The turnover rate of NE in the mesenteric artery was high, 0.372 microgram/g-hr, which suggests the very active NE synthesis. These results indicate that there are regional differences in content and turnover of NE of the cardiovascular tissues as well as of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:929588", "title": "Decrease and recovery in cell surface charge induced by anesthetics.", "content": "We applied cell electrophoresis to detect the effect of anesthetics on membrane, and clarified the concentration - effect relationship and the term of reversibility. The cell electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes decreased with time of incubation with intravenous anesthetics (thiopental or droperidol) at clinical concentrations and reached a minimum value of 25% reduction in 30 min. The effect changed gradually in the concentration range of 0.5-1000 microgram/ml of thiopental, and changed markedly with 0.3-1 microgram/ml of droperidol. Washing out of the anesthetics and subsequent incubation in serum-containing medium resulted in the complete recovery in the mobility when 5 microgram/ml thiopental or 1 microgram/ml droperidol was used. With high concentration of thiopental (100 microgram/ml) or droperidol (10 microgram/ml, however, unrecovered fraction of cells increased with time of treatment. The critical time for retaining the reversibility was about 2 hr.", "contents": "Decrease and recovery in cell surface charge induced by anesthetics. We applied cell electrophoresis to detect the effect of anesthetics on membrane, and clarified the concentration - effect relationship and the term of reversibility. The cell electrophoretic mobility of rat erythrocytes decreased with time of incubation with intravenous anesthetics (thiopental or droperidol) at clinical concentrations and reached a minimum value of 25% reduction in 30 min. The effect changed gradually in the concentration range of 0.5-1000 microgram/ml of thiopental, and changed markedly with 0.3-1 microgram/ml of droperidol. Washing out of the anesthetics and subsequent incubation in serum-containing medium resulted in the complete recovery in the mobility when 5 microgram/ml thiopental or 1 microgram/ml droperidol was used. With high concentration of thiopental (100 microgram/ml) or droperidol (10 microgram/ml, however, unrecovered fraction of cells increased with time of treatment. The critical time for retaining the reversibility was about 2 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:929589", "title": "Evaluation of surgical treatments for the major lesion of bilateral silicotuberculosis.", "content": "The present communication deals with the follow-up study of 24 patients with bilateral silicotuberculosis in whom only unilateral operation was carried out for major lesions. The operative procedure consisted of pulmonary resection, thoracoplasty or combined operation such as cavernostomy, intracavitary filling of a pedunculated muscle flap and thoracoplasty. The follow-up period ranged 1 year to 12 years and 5 months. The results of surgical treatment for unilateral major lesions and their effect on the contralateral minor lesions were clinically assessed by alterations in the chest x-ray findings and tubercle bacilli in sputum. In 16 of 24 patients (67%) alleviation was obtained, whereas no change occurred in 3 (13%) and aggravation in 5 (21%). The surgical treatment for unilateral major lesion brought about 41% of improvement in the contralateral minor lesions. Contralateral minor lesions remained unchanged in 46% of patients and aggravated in 14%. This shows a value of the surgical threatment for bilateral silicotuberculosis. It should be emphasized that surgical treatments more aggressive than have been heretofore practiced can be employed.", "contents": "Evaluation of surgical treatments for the major lesion of bilateral silicotuberculosis. The present communication deals with the follow-up study of 24 patients with bilateral silicotuberculosis in whom only unilateral operation was carried out for major lesions. The operative procedure consisted of pulmonary resection, thoracoplasty or combined operation such as cavernostomy, intracavitary filling of a pedunculated muscle flap and thoracoplasty. The follow-up period ranged 1 year to 12 years and 5 months. The results of surgical treatment for unilateral major lesions and their effect on the contralateral minor lesions were clinically assessed by alterations in the chest x-ray findings and tubercle bacilli in sputum. In 16 of 24 patients (67%) alleviation was obtained, whereas no change occurred in 3 (13%) and aggravation in 5 (21%). The surgical treatment for unilateral major lesion brought about 41% of improvement in the contralateral minor lesions. Contralateral minor lesions remained unchanged in 46% of patients and aggravated in 14%. This shows a value of the surgical threatment for bilateral silicotuberculosis. It should be emphasized that surgical treatments more aggressive than have been heretofore practiced can be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:929590", "title": "Selective alveolo-bronchographic findings in type B chronic obstructive lung disease patients with particular reference to lesions in small airways.", "content": "Selective alveolo-bronchography (SAB) was performed in 14 patients with type B chronic obstructive lung disease to evaluate the morphologic changes of their \"small airways\". The distance from the branching portion of the segmental bronchus (B9) to the end of the conducting airway was divided into three equal parts (central, middle and peripheral). In the peripheral part, interruption of the airway with a rounded or tapering end was noted at a high incidence (9 cases). Dilatation of the bronchus, irregular outline of the bronchial wall and increased angle of branching were also conspicuous in this part. Inadequate lateral branchings of airways were often observed in the middle and the peripheral part, particularly in the latter (10 cases). Generalized narrowing of an airway and narrowing especially at a branching point were observed in about one half of the cases. Fringes and/or spikes were most often seen in the central part of the airway (9 cases). These pathological appearances are considered to reflect morphologic changes in \"small airway disease\", and thus SAB can serve as a useful method for detecting lesions of the small airways.", "contents": "Selective alveolo-bronchographic findings in type B chronic obstructive lung disease patients with particular reference to lesions in small airways. Selective alveolo-bronchography (SAB) was performed in 14 patients with type B chronic obstructive lung disease to evaluate the morphologic changes of their \"small airways\". The distance from the branching portion of the segmental bronchus (B9) to the end of the conducting airway was divided into three equal parts (central, middle and peripheral). In the peripheral part, interruption of the airway with a rounded or tapering end was noted at a high incidence (9 cases). Dilatation of the bronchus, irregular outline of the bronchial wall and increased angle of branching were also conspicuous in this part. Inadequate lateral branchings of airways were often observed in the middle and the peripheral part, particularly in the latter (10 cases). Generalized narrowing of an airway and narrowing especially at a branching point were observed in about one half of the cases. Fringes and/or spikes were most often seen in the central part of the airway (9 cases). These pathological appearances are considered to reflect morphologic changes in \"small airway disease\", and thus SAB can serve as a useful method for detecting lesions of the small airways."}
{"id": "PMID:929612", "title": "Effects of chronic beta-glycerophosphate administration on growth rate and serum, liver and bile lipid composition in the rat--a toxicity study.", "content": "The possible toxic effects of a high dose of orally administered disodium beta-glycerophosphate to the rat for a period of 33 weeks has been investigated. The studies revealed taht beta-glycerophosphate administration had no effect on either survival rat, body weight, hematological and liver function tests or on serum and liver lipids concentrations. All organ weights were similar in the control and experimental rats excepts for the kidneys which were significantly heavier in the beta-glycerophosphate-fed rats. The biliary phospholipids concentrations was significantly increased in the treated group as observed previously during short-term treatments. Histological examination of liver and kidneys did not reveal any pathological findings. These results suggest that long-term administration of beta-glycerophosphate did not induce any toxic manifestations. The observed hyperplasia of the kidneys was attributed to the effect of the sodium content of beta-glycerophosphate.", "contents": "Effects of chronic beta-glycerophosphate administration on growth rate and serum, liver and bile lipid composition in the rat--a toxicity study. The possible toxic effects of a high dose of orally administered disodium beta-glycerophosphate to the rat for a period of 33 weeks has been investigated. The studies revealed taht beta-glycerophosphate administration had no effect on either survival rat, body weight, hematological and liver function tests or on serum and liver lipids concentrations. All organ weights were similar in the control and experimental rats excepts for the kidneys which were significantly heavier in the beta-glycerophosphate-fed rats. The biliary phospholipids concentrations was significantly increased in the treated group as observed previously during short-term treatments. Histological examination of liver and kidneys did not reveal any pathological findings. These results suggest that long-term administration of beta-glycerophosphate did not induce any toxic manifestations. The observed hyperplasia of the kidneys was attributed to the effect of the sodium content of beta-glycerophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:929613", "title": "The analysis of organ weight data.", "content": "The increase in precision that can be obtained when the bodyweights of animals at the start of an experiment are used as covariate in the analysis of organ weights is demonstrated. Theoretical reasons are given why the analysis of relative organ weights does not eliminate the indirect effect of treatment on organ weight via its effect on bodyweight. An alternative method, that of analysis or organ weights using the current bodyweight as a covariate, is described. Results from these two methods of analysis carried out on simulated experimental data are presented. Analysis of covariance is demonstrated to be superior to analysis of relative organ weights.", "contents": "The analysis of organ weight data. The increase in precision that can be obtained when the bodyweights of animals at the start of an experiment are used as covariate in the analysis of organ weights is demonstrated. Theoretical reasons are given why the analysis of relative organ weights does not eliminate the indirect effect of treatment on organ weight via its effect on bodyweight. An alternative method, that of analysis or organ weights using the current bodyweight as a covariate, is described. Results from these two methods of analysis carried out on simulated experimental data are presented. Analysis of covariance is demonstrated to be superior to analysis of relative organ weights."}
{"id": "PMID:929614", "title": "Dietary effects on inhibition of rat hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by a pesticide (Morestan).", "content": "Female rats were fed for 21 days on 5 semi-synthetic diets containing 8 or 30% proteins, 1 or 25% lipids respectively, the control animals being given a diet containing 20% proteins and 5% lipids. The animals on each diet were then subdivided into two subgroups and on the 22nd, 23rd, 24th and 25th days were given an oral dose of 75 mg/kg of Morestan in solution in peanut oil (PO) or a dose of oil only. The microsomes were prepared 24 h after the last administration and aniline aromatic hydroxylase, aminopyrine and N-methylaniline N-demethylase activities and cytochrome P-450, protein and RNA levels were measured. Whatever the diet, Morestan inhibited N-demethylase activities and decreased the cytochrome P-450 level; liver protein and RNA levels and microsomal RNA level increased. The 25% lipid diet alone increased activity of the three enzymes studied, without modifying the cytochrome P-450 level; Morestan produced antagonism of this effect in the rats on this diet. The decreased cytochrome P-450 level caused by Morestan was higher in animals on the 8% protein diet.", "contents": "Dietary effects on inhibition of rat hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by a pesticide (Morestan). Female rats were fed for 21 days on 5 semi-synthetic diets containing 8 or 30% proteins, 1 or 25% lipids respectively, the control animals being given a diet containing 20% proteins and 5% lipids. The animals on each diet were then subdivided into two subgroups and on the 22nd, 23rd, 24th and 25th days were given an oral dose of 75 mg/kg of Morestan in solution in peanut oil (PO) or a dose of oil only. The microsomes were prepared 24 h after the last administration and aniline aromatic hydroxylase, aminopyrine and N-methylaniline N-demethylase activities and cytochrome P-450, protein and RNA levels were measured. Whatever the diet, Morestan inhibited N-demethylase activities and decreased the cytochrome P-450 level; liver protein and RNA levels and microsomal RNA level increased. The 25% lipid diet alone increased activity of the three enzymes studied, without modifying the cytochrome P-450 level; Morestan produced antagonism of this effect in the rats on this diet. The decreased cytochrome P-450 level caused by Morestan was higher in animals on the 8% protein diet."}
{"id": "PMID:929615", "title": "The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) following oral administration to man.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic profile of 2,4-D is defined in man. Five male human volunteers ingested a single dose of 5 mg/kg 2,4-D without detectable clinical effects. Concentration of 2,4-D were determined in plasma in 3 of 5 subjects and in urine in all subjects at intervals after ingestion. The elimination of 2,4-D from plasma in all subjects occurred by an apparent first-order rate process with an average half-life (t1/2) of 11.6 h. All subjects excreted 2,4-D in the urine with an average t1/2 of 17.7 h. Excretion occurred mainly as 2,4-D (82.3%) with smaller amounts excreted as a 2,4-D conjugate (12.8%). Essentially all of the 2,4-D was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in man. Clearance of 2,4-D from the plasma and excretion from the body are first-order rate processes. There was no evidence that 2,4-D would accumulate following repeated administration.", "contents": "The fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) following oral administration to man. The pharmacokinetic profile of 2,4-D is defined in man. Five male human volunteers ingested a single dose of 5 mg/kg 2,4-D without detectable clinical effects. Concentration of 2,4-D were determined in plasma in 3 of 5 subjects and in urine in all subjects at intervals after ingestion. The elimination of 2,4-D from plasma in all subjects occurred by an apparent first-order rate process with an average half-life (t1/2) of 11.6 h. All subjects excreted 2,4-D in the urine with an average t1/2 of 17.7 h. Excretion occurred mainly as 2,4-D (82.3%) with smaller amounts excreted as a 2,4-D conjugate (12.8%). Essentially all of the 2,4-D was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in man. Clearance of 2,4-D from the plasma and excretion from the body are first-order rate processes. There was no evidence that 2,4-D would accumulate following repeated administration."}
{"id": "PMID:929616", "title": "Percutaneous absorption and disposition of Tinopal EMS.", "content": "A cotton-substantive, anionic, fluorescent whitening agent manufactured by several suppliers under various trade names e.g. Tinopal EMS, has been synthesized in radioactive form. Intubation of detergent or aqueous solution into rats resulted in little absorption from the intestinal tract as evidenced by low radioactivity in the urine and tissues. Most of the dose was excreted rapidly in the faeces. After parenteral administration to rats, the radioactivity was rapidly excreted in the faeces with small amounts remaining in tissues and organs. There was slight evidence of retention of radioactivity in the kidneys. Very small amounts of Tinopal EMS in detergent were absorbed through rat skin, but only when concentrations greater than those normally used by the consumer, together with occlusion of the skin were employed. Small amounts were absorbed throught skin when applied in ethanol. It is concluded that the possibility of systemic toxic effects in man as a result of percutaneous absorption is remote.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption and disposition of Tinopal EMS. A cotton-substantive, anionic, fluorescent whitening agent manufactured by several suppliers under various trade names e.g. Tinopal EMS, has been synthesized in radioactive form. Intubation of detergent or aqueous solution into rats resulted in little absorption from the intestinal tract as evidenced by low radioactivity in the urine and tissues. Most of the dose was excreted rapidly in the faeces. After parenteral administration to rats, the radioactivity was rapidly excreted in the faeces with small amounts remaining in tissues and organs. There was slight evidence of retention of radioactivity in the kidneys. Very small amounts of Tinopal EMS in detergent were absorbed through rat skin, but only when concentrations greater than those normally used by the consumer, together with occlusion of the skin were employed. Small amounts were absorbed throught skin when applied in ethanol. It is concluded that the possibility of systemic toxic effects in man as a result of percutaneous absorption is remote."}
{"id": "PMID:929617", "title": "Experimental investigations on the contraction induced by lead in arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "Previous observations suggested that the turnover of tissue calcium might be involved in the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction induced by lead. In the present investigations, the effect of lead on calcium exchangeability has been studied in the isolated rat tail artery. Experimental results suggest that the mechanism of lead action might be identified with a tissue calcium accumulation and with a lead-to-calcium competition. Evidence exists that the site of action is located in the cell membrane, where lead inhibits the processes of calcium extrusion, and in the intracellular calcium stores, whose calcium binding capacity is lowered; both processes induce an increase of the cellular exchangeable calcium available for contraction.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on the contraction induced by lead in arterial smooth muscle. Previous observations suggested that the turnover of tissue calcium might be involved in the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction induced by lead. In the present investigations, the effect of lead on calcium exchangeability has been studied in the isolated rat tail artery. Experimental results suggest that the mechanism of lead action might be identified with a tissue calcium accumulation and with a lead-to-calcium competition. Evidence exists that the site of action is located in the cell membrane, where lead inhibits the processes of calcium extrusion, and in the intracellular calcium stores, whose calcium binding capacity is lowered; both processes induce an increase of the cellular exchangeable calcium available for contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:929618", "title": "Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to rabbits. II. Morphological changes in some organs.", "content": "Toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds was investigated in experimental rabbits to ascertain health hazards among industrial workers of miners occupationally exposed to such chemicals. Brain, kidney and myocardium showed a tendency to accumulate chromium irrespective of its valency state; the morphological changes were more marked in animals exposed to hexavalent chromium. However, no definite co-relation could be observed between the concentration of the metal and the degree of histological changes in these organs.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to rabbits. II. Morphological changes in some organs. Toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium compounds was investigated in experimental rabbits to ascertain health hazards among industrial workers of miners occupationally exposed to such chemicals. Brain, kidney and myocardium showed a tendency to accumulate chromium irrespective of its valency state; the morphological changes were more marked in animals exposed to hexavalent chromium. However, no definite co-relation could be observed between the concentration of the metal and the degree of histological changes in these organs."}
{"id": "PMID:929619", "title": "A study of long-term effects of guanethidine on peripheral noradrenergic neurones of the rat.", "content": "In long-term experiments in rats the effects of guanethidine sulphate on peripheral adrenergic neurons in the heart, the vas deferens, the superior cervical ganglion and the ganglion innervating the vas deferens were studied in relation to the dosage and route of administration of the drug by biochemical, histofluorimetric and electron-microscopic methods. When administered daily in very high doses, i.e. 180 mg/kg orally or 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, for several weeks guanethidine was found to induce toxic effects which appeared to be a result of mitochondrial changes in the ganglion cells. These changes were not directly related to the decrease in catecholamine content and the capacity of the neurones to retain exogeneous transmitter. The short neurones innervating the vas deferens appeared to be the structures most sensitive to guanethidine. As in the other tissues, however, the changes in these structures proved reversible to a considerable extent upon cessation of high-dose treatment. The structural changes induced in the animal by toxic doses of guanethidine are considered to have no bearing upon the pharmacological action of the drug under practical conditions.", "contents": "A study of long-term effects of guanethidine on peripheral noradrenergic neurones of the rat. In long-term experiments in rats the effects of guanethidine sulphate on peripheral adrenergic neurons in the heart, the vas deferens, the superior cervical ganglion and the ganglion innervating the vas deferens were studied in relation to the dosage and route of administration of the drug by biochemical, histofluorimetric and electron-microscopic methods. When administered daily in very high doses, i.e. 180 mg/kg orally or 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, for several weeks guanethidine was found to induce toxic effects which appeared to be a result of mitochondrial changes in the ganglion cells. These changes were not directly related to the decrease in catecholamine content and the capacity of the neurones to retain exogeneous transmitter. The short neurones innervating the vas deferens appeared to be the structures most sensitive to guanethidine. As in the other tissues, however, the changes in these structures proved reversible to a considerable extent upon cessation of high-dose treatment. The structural changes induced in the animal by toxic doses of guanethidine are considered to have no bearing upon the pharmacological action of the drug under practical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:929620", "title": "Sub-acute toxicity of xylitol in rats; absence of hepatotoxicity.", "content": "Some workers have suggested that 6 days xylitol administration to rats results in hepatic dysfunction. In our study xylitol was administered to rats by daily gastric intubation for a period of 14 days. Dose levels were 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg. During treatment (2, 5 and 14 days), animals were submitted to careful clinical examinations and to blood serum analysis related to hepatic functions. They were sacrificed after 2, 5, and 14 days treatment. In the 2 and 5 days treatment groups, main organs were submitted to histological study. This examination was only performed on liver in the 14 days treatment group. No evidence of hepatotoxicity was recorded. Serum levels of all parameters measured were within normal limits (including bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP). No anomalies were shown histologically.", "contents": "Sub-acute toxicity of xylitol in rats; absence of hepatotoxicity. Some workers have suggested that 6 days xylitol administration to rats results in hepatic dysfunction. In our study xylitol was administered to rats by daily gastric intubation for a period of 14 days. Dose levels were 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 g/kg. During treatment (2, 5 and 14 days), animals were submitted to careful clinical examinations and to blood serum analysis related to hepatic functions. They were sacrificed after 2, 5, and 14 days treatment. In the 2 and 5 days treatment groups, main organs were submitted to histological study. This examination was only performed on liver in the 14 days treatment group. No evidence of hepatotoxicity was recorded. Serum levels of all parameters measured were within normal limits (including bilirubin and serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP). No anomalies were shown histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:929621", "title": "Organ distribution and nervous system binding of styrene and styrene oxide.", "content": "Ten adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally with 460 mumol of styrene oxide with radioactive label. Fifteen similar rats were injected similarly with 577 mumol of styrene. The distribution of styrene in central nervous system, blood, liver, lungs, kidneys and duodenum was studied 3, 6 and 24 h after the injection while the same studies were done with styrene oxide 3 and 6 h after the injection. The liver, brain, kidney and duodenal contents of styrene and styrene oxide were higher than that in blood, lungs and spinal cord while the macromolecule-associated styrene oxide in the central nervous system was small. The removal of injected compounds was slow between 3 and 6 h after the injection in the organ systems although lipid-soluble compounds tended to diminish in brain more rapidly than the total radioactivity.", "contents": "Organ distribution and nervous system binding of styrene and styrene oxide. Ten adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally with 460 mumol of styrene oxide with radioactive label. Fifteen similar rats were injected similarly with 577 mumol of styrene. The distribution of styrene in central nervous system, blood, liver, lungs, kidneys and duodenum was studied 3, 6 and 24 h after the injection while the same studies were done with styrene oxide 3 and 6 h after the injection. The liver, brain, kidney and duodenal contents of styrene and styrene oxide were higher than that in blood, lungs and spinal cord while the macromolecule-associated styrene oxide in the central nervous system was small. The removal of injected compounds was slow between 3 and 6 h after the injection in the organ systems although lipid-soluble compounds tended to diminish in brain more rapidly than the total radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:929622", "title": "Testicular effects of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat.", "content": "Testicular effects of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (CHA) were investigated in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of 25 rats were fed diets containing 6000, 2000 and 600 ppm CHA for 90 days and in addition ad lib., pair-fed and paired-weight control groups were used to assess the role of reduced food intake in the development of testicular lesions. Rats fed diets containing 6000 and 2000 ppm CHA showed significant decreases in food consumption, body weight and body weight gain. However, significant increases in the incidence of testicular lesions were found only in those animals fed 6000 ppm CHA. Absence of a similar incidence of lesions in either the paired-weight of pair-fed control groups indicated that inanition was not primarily responsible for the development of the lesions. The toxicological significane of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Testicular effects of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride in the rat. Testicular effects of cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (CHA) were investigated in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of 25 rats were fed diets containing 6000, 2000 and 600 ppm CHA for 90 days and in addition ad lib., pair-fed and paired-weight control groups were used to assess the role of reduced food intake in the development of testicular lesions. Rats fed diets containing 6000 and 2000 ppm CHA showed significant decreases in food consumption, body weight and body weight gain. However, significant increases in the incidence of testicular lesions were found only in those animals fed 6000 ppm CHA. Absence of a similar incidence of lesions in either the paired-weight of pair-fed control groups indicated that inanition was not primarily responsible for the development of the lesions. The toxicological significane of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929624", "title": "[Nutritional and toxicological study of rats fed a diet containing tin (author's transl)].", "content": "A toxicological, nutritional and histological study of rats on a diet containing 0.5 g of tin (Sn Cl2) per 100 g of dry food for one month has been made. By gamma radioactivity measurements (with 113Sn used as a tracer) it is shown that this metal does not practically clear the digestive barrier. Otherwise the classical coefficients of nitrogen nutrition and the urinary parameters (volume, glucose, pH) are not influenced; but the growth of treated animals is obviously slower than control animals because of their reduced ingestion of food. Moreover after one month of treatment a marked anaemia results since the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are perceptibly reduced. Lastly the histological investigations give evidence of notable irritation of the total gastrointestinal tract. This study, as that of many authors, raises the question of present permissible levels of tin (up to 250 ppm) in foods.", "contents": "[Nutritional and toxicological study of rats fed a diet containing tin (author's transl)]. A toxicological, nutritional and histological study of rats on a diet containing 0.5 g of tin (Sn Cl2) per 100 g of dry food for one month has been made. By gamma radioactivity measurements (with 113Sn used as a tracer) it is shown that this metal does not practically clear the digestive barrier. Otherwise the classical coefficients of nitrogen nutrition and the urinary parameters (volume, glucose, pH) are not influenced; but the growth of treated animals is obviously slower than control animals because of their reduced ingestion of food. Moreover after one month of treatment a marked anaemia results since the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are perceptibly reduced. Lastly the histological investigations give evidence of notable irritation of the total gastrointestinal tract. This study, as that of many authors, raises the question of present permissible levels of tin (up to 250 ppm) in foods."}
{"id": "PMID:929625", "title": "Early biochemical response of pulmonary tissue to manganese dioxide.", "content": "The biochemical response of pulmonary tissue to MnO2 dust burden of 30 days duration was studied in rats. The activities of enzymes from isolated fractions of rat lungs were not significantly altered, even though manganese content was increased significantly in tissues remote from lungs, indicating translocation of the dust from its intrapulmonary location.", "contents": "Early biochemical response of pulmonary tissue to manganese dioxide. The biochemical response of pulmonary tissue to MnO2 dust burden of 30 days duration was studied in rats. The activities of enzymes from isolated fractions of rat lungs were not significantly altered, even though manganese content was increased significantly in tissues remote from lungs, indicating translocation of the dust from its intrapulmonary location."}
{"id": "PMID:929626", "title": "Alkylation of RNA by vinyl chloride metabolites in vitro and in vivo: formation of 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes were incubated with NADPH, 1,2-[(14)C] vinyl chloride and poly-adenosine. The latter was reisolated from the incubations and hydrolyzed. The radioactivity, originating from [(14)C] vinyl chloride, which was irreversibly attached to the poly-adenosine was confined to 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine (3beta-ribofuranosyl-imidazo [2,1,i] purine). When rats were exposed to 1,2-[(14)C] vinyl chloride, part of the radioactivity was incorporated into RNA of liver. This radioactive labelling exhibited a first maximum, 14 h, and a second maximum, 72 h after ending the exposure. Analysis of hydrolysate of liver RNA showed that all natural nucleosides of RNA were labelled. Besides, small amounts of radioactivity could be detected which were confined to 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine. The experiments support the theory that vinyl chloride metabolites react with adenosine moieties of nucleic acid under formation of 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine. Furthermore, the results show that measurement of incorporation of radioactivity into nucleic acids after exposure of animals to radioactive vinyl chloride is not applicable as a means of determining the alkylating potency of vinyl chloride metabolites towards nucleic acids in vivo.", "contents": "Alkylation of RNA by vinyl chloride metabolites in vitro and in vivo: formation of 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine. Rat liver microsomes were incubated with NADPH, 1,2-[(14)C] vinyl chloride and poly-adenosine. The latter was reisolated from the incubations and hydrolyzed. The radioactivity, originating from [(14)C] vinyl chloride, which was irreversibly attached to the poly-adenosine was confined to 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine (3beta-ribofuranosyl-imidazo [2,1,i] purine). When rats were exposed to 1,2-[(14)C] vinyl chloride, part of the radioactivity was incorporated into RNA of liver. This radioactive labelling exhibited a first maximum, 14 h, and a second maximum, 72 h after ending the exposure. Analysis of hydrolysate of liver RNA showed that all natural nucleosides of RNA were labelled. Besides, small amounts of radioactivity could be detected which were confined to 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine. The experiments support the theory that vinyl chloride metabolites react with adenosine moieties of nucleic acid under formation of 1-N(6)-etheno-adenosine. Furthermore, the results show that measurement of incorporation of radioactivity into nucleic acids after exposure of animals to radioactive vinyl chloride is not applicable as a means of determining the alkylating potency of vinyl chloride metabolites towards nucleic acids in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:929627", "title": "The hydrolysis of flavouring esters by artificial gastrointestinal juices and rat tissue preparations.", "content": "The rates of hydrolysis of sixteen esters used as constituents of artifical flavours have been determined in artificial gastrointestinal juices and in fresh preparations of rat liver and small intestine. The artificial gastrointestinal juices exhibited a limited ability to hydrolyse the esters and of which methyl anthranilate was virtually uneffected. On the other hand, rat liver and small intestinal preparations were found readily to hydrolyse the esters to their component acids and alcohols. These findings showing large differences between the results obtained from the two methods suggest that use of tissue preparations is likely to produce data more relevant to the toxicological assessment of esters.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of flavouring esters by artificial gastrointestinal juices and rat tissue preparations. The rates of hydrolysis of sixteen esters used as constituents of artifical flavours have been determined in artificial gastrointestinal juices and in fresh preparations of rat liver and small intestine. The artificial gastrointestinal juices exhibited a limited ability to hydrolyse the esters and of which methyl anthranilate was virtually uneffected. On the other hand, rat liver and small intestinal preparations were found readily to hydrolyse the esters to their component acids and alcohols. These findings showing large differences between the results obtained from the two methods suggest that use of tissue preparations is likely to produce data more relevant to the toxicological assessment of esters."}
{"id": "PMID:929628", "title": "Chromosome studies on bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters fed a radiosterilized diet.", "content": "Metaphase preparations of chromosomes from bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters were examined for mutagenic effects following the feeding of a radiosterilized diet. No increase in the incidence of structural chromosomal aberrations was observed. As far as numerical aberrrations were concerned, the proportion of cells with polyploidy increased to between 4 to 5 times the control level, irrespective of the moisture content of the diet. This polyploidy effect occurred very early, being detectable within 24 h, if the diet fed had been irradiated with an absorbed dose of 4.5 - 10(6) rad. The incidence of polyploidy remained below 0.5%, however, nor did it rise with higher radiation doses. When the feeding of the irradiated diet was stopped, the proportion of polyploid cells returned to the control level within a maximum of 6 weeks. If the diet was stored (initially) for 6 weeks following irradiation before being fed to the animals no increase in the number of polyploid cells was noted. These results are not interpreted as a mutagenic effect of the irradiated diet.", "contents": "Chromosome studies on bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters fed a radiosterilized diet. Metaphase preparations of chromosomes from bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters were examined for mutagenic effects following the feeding of a radiosterilized diet. No increase in the incidence of structural chromosomal aberrations was observed. As far as numerical aberrrations were concerned, the proportion of cells with polyploidy increased to between 4 to 5 times the control level, irrespective of the moisture content of the diet. This polyploidy effect occurred very early, being detectable within 24 h, if the diet fed had been irradiated with an absorbed dose of 4.5 - 10(6) rad. The incidence of polyploidy remained below 0.5%, however, nor did it rise with higher radiation doses. When the feeding of the irradiated diet was stopped, the proportion of polyploid cells returned to the control level within a maximum of 6 weeks. If the diet was stored (initially) for 6 weeks following irradiation before being fed to the animals no increase in the number of polyploid cells was noted. These results are not interpreted as a mutagenic effect of the irradiated diet."}
{"id": "PMID:929635", "title": "Simple and rapid block face alignment methods for the ultramicrotome.", "content": "Light from the fluorescent lamp on an ultramicrotome can be reflected from a mirror located beneath the knife face so that the knife and edge can be imaged on the block face. It is well known that this image can be used to accurately align the block face to the knife edge and cutting direction. A method is described of pre-aligning the lamp, stereomicroscope, knife, and the mirror, which is fixed with respect to the knife face, so that a bright reflection of the knife face on the block face is obtained only when the block face is brought close to alignment. This initial alignment is an extremely rapid procedure, and is followed by slower, more accurate manipulation of the block and knife for precise alignment. The mirror, easily mounted to a Porter-Blum MT-2 ultramicrotome knife holder, is very simple in design and readily adaptable to any ultramicrotome. Methods to permit small movements of the block for the MT-1 and MT-2 ultramicrotomes are also described.", "contents": "Simple and rapid block face alignment methods for the ultramicrotome. Light from the fluorescent lamp on an ultramicrotome can be reflected from a mirror located beneath the knife face so that the knife and edge can be imaged on the block face. It is well known that this image can be used to accurately align the block face to the knife edge and cutting direction. A method is described of pre-aligning the lamp, stereomicroscope, knife, and the mirror, which is fixed with respect to the knife face, so that a bright reflection of the knife face on the block face is obtained only when the block face is brought close to alignment. This initial alignment is an extremely rapid procedure, and is followed by slower, more accurate manipulation of the block and knife for precise alignment. The mirror, easily mounted to a Porter-Blum MT-2 ultramicrotome knife holder, is very simple in design and readily adaptable to any ultramicrotome. Methods to permit small movements of the block for the MT-1 and MT-2 ultramicrotomes are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:929638", "title": "[Dosimetry using the linear accelerator (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of data employed in radiation therapy with megavoltage X-radiation from the linear accelerator Philips SL 75/10 have been developed clearly arranged and practicable treatment schedules for the use of the radiotherapist. Application of a fixed focal dose, for instance 250 R per session, makes the number of days needed for irradiation easy to calculate. The possible field sizes are classified with regard to equivalent relative deviations at the class limits, and represented by a pattern of diaphragms. Thus, and by the use of constant focus-skin distance of 90 cm, well-arranged tables are obtained. Two-year experiences with the utilization of these schedules as well as the check-up by daily measurements and the necessary controls of operating conditions are summarized in diagrams.", "contents": "[Dosimetry using the linear accelerator (author's transl)]. On the basis of data employed in radiation therapy with megavoltage X-radiation from the linear accelerator Philips SL 75/10 have been developed clearly arranged and practicable treatment schedules for the use of the radiotherapist. Application of a fixed focal dose, for instance 250 R per session, makes the number of days needed for irradiation easy to calculate. The possible field sizes are classified with regard to equivalent relative deviations at the class limits, and represented by a pattern of diaphragms. Thus, and by the use of constant focus-skin distance of 90 cm, well-arranged tables are obtained. Two-year experiences with the utilization of these schedules as well as the check-up by daily measurements and the necessary controls of operating conditions are summarized in diagrams."}
{"id": "PMID:929639", "title": "[CT in the diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up in craniopharyngeoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The axial computed tomography of the skull has become an important part of the neuroradiologic diagnostics. The intracranial CT diagnosis is completed by the coronal sections which is used in particular in case of processes in the posterior cranial fossa and its differentiation of the supra- and infratentorial dimensions and in order to localize tumors in the sella region. The accurate determination of the tumor volume and the para-, supra-, and retrosellar dimensions makes possible an exact operation and irradiation planning. Solid, cystic and calcified tissues of the craniopharyngioma can be delimited. The quantitative evaluation by means of a computed tomogram of a tumor reduction obtained by surgery and irradiation with ultrahard X-rays (42 MV) with a target volume dose of about 5000 rd is illustrated by two examples. Under the above mentioned radiotherapeutic conditions, one partially resected craniopharyngioma with cystic, calcified and solid tissues showed a diminuation of the tumor volume of 60%, whereas the volume of a craniopharyngioma consisting of solid and calcified parts which had not been operated upon was reduced by about 40% two weeks after the end of the radiotherapy.", "contents": "[CT in the diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up in craniopharyngeoma (author's transl)]. The axial computed tomography of the skull has become an important part of the neuroradiologic diagnostics. The intracranial CT diagnosis is completed by the coronal sections which is used in particular in case of processes in the posterior cranial fossa and its differentiation of the supra- and infratentorial dimensions and in order to localize tumors in the sella region. The accurate determination of the tumor volume and the para-, supra-, and retrosellar dimensions makes possible an exact operation and irradiation planning. Solid, cystic and calcified tissues of the craniopharyngioma can be delimited. The quantitative evaluation by means of a computed tomogram of a tumor reduction obtained by surgery and irradiation with ultrahard X-rays (42 MV) with a target volume dose of about 5000 rd is illustrated by two examples. Under the above mentioned radiotherapeutic conditions, one partially resected craniopharyngioma with cystic, calcified and solid tissues showed a diminuation of the tumor volume of 60%, whereas the volume of a craniopharyngioma consisting of solid and calcified parts which had not been operated upon was reduced by about 40% two weeks after the end of the radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:929640", "title": "[Changes of protein metabolism after X-irradiation. III. Dose dependent changes of the protease activity, the protein and the free amino acids in the spleen, liver, blood plasma, erythrocytes, stomach- and intestinal wall and in the carcass of rats after whole body X-irradiation with 400-1000 R (author's transl)].", "content": "The protease activity against externally added haemoglobin as a substrate and the autolytic activity against the proteins of the organism were decreases in most of the organs and in the total organism on the 3rd day after irradiation. This contradicts the explanation of the protein loss by an increased protein degradation. The free amino acids in the organs and in the whole organisms are unchanged or diminished. An increase would be expected if an increased protein degradation had occured because the free amino acids are the end product of the protein degradation. The conclusion of this investigation is that other mechanisms than protein degradation are responsible for the protein loss of the organism 3-6 days after X-irradiation. The increase of the protease activity and of the free amino acids in the blood plasma from day 1-3 coincides with the end of the destruction phase in the organism between day 1-2 after irradiation. The changes of the protease activity in the erythrocytes between day 1-30 after irradiation are probably not caused by a direct effect of the radaition on the erythrocytes of the peripheral blood. They are rather the results of a transient suppression of the hematopoeitic differentiation.", "contents": "[Changes of protein metabolism after X-irradiation. III. Dose dependent changes of the protease activity, the protein and the free amino acids in the spleen, liver, blood plasma, erythrocytes, stomach- and intestinal wall and in the carcass of rats after whole body X-irradiation with 400-1000 R (author's transl)]. The protease activity against externally added haemoglobin as a substrate and the autolytic activity against the proteins of the organism were decreases in most of the organs and in the total organism on the 3rd day after irradiation. This contradicts the explanation of the protein loss by an increased protein degradation. The free amino acids in the organs and in the whole organisms are unchanged or diminished. An increase would be expected if an increased protein degradation had occured because the free amino acids are the end product of the protein degradation. The conclusion of this investigation is that other mechanisms than protein degradation are responsible for the protein loss of the organism 3-6 days after X-irradiation. The increase of the protease activity and of the free amino acids in the blood plasma from day 1-3 coincides with the end of the destruction phase in the organism between day 1-2 after irradiation. The changes of the protease activity in the erythrocytes between day 1-30 after irradiation are probably not caused by a direct effect of the radaition on the erythrocytes of the peripheral blood. They are rather the results of a transient suppression of the hematopoeitic differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:929641", "title": "Modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA in vitro after whole-body X-irradiation.", "content": "Rats were sacrificed at different times after injection of 14C-orotate and liver nuclei were isolated and incubated in a cell-free system made of soluble cytoplasmic fraction from non-irradiated rat livers. The release of ribonucleoproteins from labelled nuclei to the incubation medium was measured on nuclei from normal and total-body irradiated rats (500 to 2000 R). When using short labelling times in vivo (30 min), which would label predominantly messenger-type RNP, the nuclear transport activity was depressed at early times (3 h) after whole-body irradiation, but increased at later times (24 h). When the labelling time in vivo is increased to 2 h, no significant difference was observed between control and irradiated groups. Transport of the stable ribosomal-type RNP, observed 24 h after both labelling and irradiation, was depressed. These results are discussed in view of previous personal studies on radiation effect on liver RNA synthesis and polyribosomes formation in vivo.", "contents": "Modification in nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA in vitro after whole-body X-irradiation. Rats were sacrificed at different times after injection of 14C-orotate and liver nuclei were isolated and incubated in a cell-free system made of soluble cytoplasmic fraction from non-irradiated rat livers. The release of ribonucleoproteins from labelled nuclei to the incubation medium was measured on nuclei from normal and total-body irradiated rats (500 to 2000 R). When using short labelling times in vivo (30 min), which would label predominantly messenger-type RNP, the nuclear transport activity was depressed at early times (3 h) after whole-body irradiation, but increased at later times (24 h). When the labelling time in vivo is increased to 2 h, no significant difference was observed between control and irradiated groups. Transport of the stable ribosomal-type RNP, observed 24 h after both labelling and irradiation, was depressed. These results are discussed in view of previous personal studies on radiation effect on liver RNA synthesis and polyribosomes formation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:929642", "title": "Cell cycle time of erythroid cells in mice with normal and stimulated erythropoiesis.", "content": "The cell cycle time of erythroid cells was determined in normal mice and in polycythaemic mice after stimulation of erythropoiesis by exogenous erythropoietin. The method employed was 3HTdR autoradiography of bone marrow cells. After 21 or 38 hours of administratering the erythropoietin 3HTdR was injected into the animals. The cell cycle time was calculated from the curves of changes in the labelling indices of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts at one hour intervals. The cell cycle time in normal animals was 8.5 hours. Twenty-two to twenty-five hours after stimulation with 1.5 units of erythropoietin, the cell cycle was 7.8 hours. Thirty-nine to forty-two hours after injection, at the time when the number of nucleated erythroid cells was within normal limits, the cell cycle time was 7.7 hours. Under the used experimental conditions, the cell cycle time of early erythroid cells was not significantly changed in comparison with the values obtained in non-treated animals. This is in contrast to the results reported when extreme stimulation of erythropoiesis with endogenous erythropoietin was used.", "contents": "Cell cycle time of erythroid cells in mice with normal and stimulated erythropoiesis. The cell cycle time of erythroid cells was determined in normal mice and in polycythaemic mice after stimulation of erythropoiesis by exogenous erythropoietin. The method employed was 3HTdR autoradiography of bone marrow cells. After 21 or 38 hours of administratering the erythropoietin 3HTdR was injected into the animals. The cell cycle time was calculated from the curves of changes in the labelling indices of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts at one hour intervals. The cell cycle time in normal animals was 8.5 hours. Twenty-two to twenty-five hours after stimulation with 1.5 units of erythropoietin, the cell cycle was 7.8 hours. Thirty-nine to forty-two hours after injection, at the time when the number of nucleated erythroid cells was within normal limits, the cell cycle time was 7.7 hours. Under the used experimental conditions, the cell cycle time of early erythroid cells was not significantly changed in comparison with the values obtained in non-treated animals. This is in contrast to the results reported when extreme stimulation of erythropoiesis with endogenous erythropoietin was used."}
{"id": "PMID:929643", "title": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for serum testosterone.", "content": "This technique of R.I.A was developed for students in classroom laboratory situations where rat serum testosterone assays could be completed within two 3-hour laboratory periods. The assay utilizes commercially prepared testosterone R.I.A. Pak. Plasma samples and extraction controls are prepared for extraction with a 1:10 dilution in phosphate buffer of which 0.1 ml is then incubated with 40 units of the enzyme Subtilisin Carlsberg (for steroid extraction from the Sex Hormone Binding Protein and otherplasma proteins) for a period of two hours. After extraction, the enzyme is heat inactivated for two minutes at 100 degrees C. At this point, the assay can be stopped for 24-48 hours by storage of extraction samples at 2-3 degrees C. The assay is concluded with assembly of standard curve tubes and by addition of antibody, antigens system to all tubes for the final two hour incubation followed by the Dextran charcoal separation of unbound components and the decanting of bound complexes into scintillation counting vials. tthis assay technique has a range of 0.05 ng/ml to 5.0 ng/ml. The mean serum testosterone level of fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 262 ng/100 ml.", "contents": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for serum testosterone. This technique of R.I.A was developed for students in classroom laboratory situations where rat serum testosterone assays could be completed within two 3-hour laboratory periods. The assay utilizes commercially prepared testosterone R.I.A. Pak. Plasma samples and extraction controls are prepared for extraction with a 1:10 dilution in phosphate buffer of which 0.1 ml is then incubated with 40 units of the enzyme Subtilisin Carlsberg (for steroid extraction from the Sex Hormone Binding Protein and otherplasma proteins) for a period of two hours. After extraction, the enzyme is heat inactivated for two minutes at 100 degrees C. At this point, the assay can be stopped for 24-48 hours by storage of extraction samples at 2-3 degrees C. The assay is concluded with assembly of standard curve tubes and by addition of antibody, antigens system to all tubes for the final two hour incubation followed by the Dextran charcoal separation of unbound components and the decanting of bound complexes into scintillation counting vials. tthis assay technique has a range of 0.05 ng/ml to 5.0 ng/ml. The mean serum testosterone level of fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined to be 262 ng/100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:929644", "title": "8 alpha-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-1,3, 17 beta-triol as a special type of estrogen having a high vaginotrophic activity and a low uterotrophic activity in castrated mice.", "content": "The vaginotrophic and uterotrophic activities of 1-OH-8-alpha-E2 and its acetate in comparison with E2 and E3  were assessed on the basis of the effect on weights, water/fat-and RNA/DNA-contents of mouse vagina and uterus. The multiple doses of 8 alpha-steroids or E3 sufficient to achieve a maximal effect on the vagina were not enough to stimulate the uterus fully. At various periods of time after multiple injections, 1-OH-8 alpha-E2 acetate was found to have a higher vaginotrophic potency than the uterotrophic potency, when compared with E2 as a standard. The study on the time course of organ response to 8 alpha-steroids, E2 and E3 after a single injection of daily dose, being equipotent when injected one daily for 3 days, demonstrated that 1-OH-8-alpha-E2 and E3 were less vaginotrophic and uterotrophic than E2 and had a short duration of action. 1-OH-8 alpha-E2 acetate in comparison with  E2 produced a long-lasting vaginotrophic effect and an early regressing uterotrophic effect. It can be confirmed that 8 alpha-steroids, like E3, are a special type of estrogen having a high vaginotrophic activity and a low uterotrophic activity.", "contents": "8 alpha-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-1,3, 17 beta-triol as a special type of estrogen having a high vaginotrophic activity and a low uterotrophic activity in castrated mice. The vaginotrophic and uterotrophic activities of 1-OH-8-alpha-E2 and its acetate in comparison with E2 and E3  were assessed on the basis of the effect on weights, water/fat-and RNA/DNA-contents of mouse vagina and uterus. The multiple doses of 8 alpha-steroids or E3 sufficient to achieve a maximal effect on the vagina were not enough to stimulate the uterus fully. At various periods of time after multiple injections, 1-OH-8 alpha-E2 acetate was found to have a higher vaginotrophic potency than the uterotrophic potency, when compared with E2 as a standard. The study on the time course of organ response to 8 alpha-steroids, E2 and E3 after a single injection of daily dose, being equipotent when injected one daily for 3 days, demonstrated that 1-OH-8-alpha-E2 and E3 were less vaginotrophic and uterotrophic than E2 and had a short duration of action. 1-OH-8 alpha-E2 acetate in comparison with  E2 produced a long-lasting vaginotrophic effect and an early regressing uterotrophic effect. It can be confirmed that 8 alpha-steroids, like E3, are a special type of estrogen having a high vaginotrophic activity and a low uterotrophic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:929645", "title": "The excretion of metabolites of cortisol and aldosterone in male patients on haemodialysis treatment.", "content": "A single intravenous infection of 14C-cortisol and 3H-aldosterone was given to four male uraemic patients on haemodialysis (HD) treatment. The excretion of radioactivity was measured during two weeks in urine, HD fluid and faeces, In two patients, who were injected just before dialysis, large amounts of radioactivity were eliminated in the HD fluid (38% and 56% for 3H, 45% and 57% for 14C) and minor amounts were found 3 in the urine ( less than 5%); in the faeces respectively 32% and 30% of 3H and 18% and 26% of 14C were excreted. Two patients who were injected immediately after dialysis (and who also had a somewhat better kidney function) excreted larger amounts of radioactivity in th urine (10% and 24% for 3H, 13% and 41% for 14C) and in the faeces (44% and 62% for 3H, 29%, and 37% for 14C), while in the HD fluid respectively 18% and 4% of 3H and 30% and 12% of 14C was eliminated. The plasma radioactivity just before and just after dialysis showed a very good correlation (r=0.96 to 0.99, p less than 0.001) with the radioactivity eliminated in the first and last hour of HD treatment. Between HD treatments, the radioactivity in plasma did not change or decreased only very little. This finding suggests that metabolities of cortisol and aldosterone to be excreted in the faeces, are very quickly removed from the circulation.", "contents": "The excretion of metabolites of cortisol and aldosterone in male patients on haemodialysis treatment. A single intravenous infection of 14C-cortisol and 3H-aldosterone was given to four male uraemic patients on haemodialysis (HD) treatment. The excretion of radioactivity was measured during two weeks in urine, HD fluid and faeces, In two patients, who were injected just before dialysis, large amounts of radioactivity were eliminated in the HD fluid (38% and 56% for 3H, 45% and 57% for 14C) and minor amounts were found 3 in the urine ( less than 5%); in the faeces respectively 32% and 30% of 3H and 18% and 26% of 14C were excreted. Two patients who were injected immediately after dialysis (and who also had a somewhat better kidney function) excreted larger amounts of radioactivity in th urine (10% and 24% for 3H, 13% and 41% for 14C) and in the faeces (44% and 62% for 3H, 29%, and 37% for 14C), while in the HD fluid respectively 18% and 4% of 3H and 30% and 12% of 14C was eliminated. The plasma radioactivity just before and just after dialysis showed a very good correlation (r=0.96 to 0.99, p less than 0.001) with the radioactivity eliminated in the first and last hour of HD treatment. Between HD treatments, the radioactivity in plasma did not change or decreased only very little. This finding suggests that metabolities of cortisol and aldosterone to be excreted in the faeces, are very quickly removed from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:929647", "title": "Androgen glucuronides. I. Direct formation in rat accessory sex organs.", "content": "A simple one-step procedure is described on the isolation of androgen glucuronides from various rat tissues. This procedure uses polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and permits a quantitative isolation of a single band containing the total androgen glucuronides without the contamination of free androgens and androgen sulfates. This procedure was used to determine the ability of various tissues of the rat to form androgen glucuronides directly when they were incubated with 1,2-[3H]-testosterone (0.1 micronm) in vitro. Of eleven organs studied, only the accessory sex organs (ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland), liver, and kidney were capable of forming androgen glucuronides. At the end of a one-hour incubation period, approximately 1% of the total radiolabeled steroids in the prostatic tissue minces were in the form of glucuronide conjugates. The predominant androgen glucuronide formed in the accessory sex organs was 5 alpha -androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol 17 beta-D-glucuronide. This is in contrast to the rat liver and kidney in which testosterone glucuronide was the predominant conjugate.", "contents": "Androgen glucuronides. I. Direct formation in rat accessory sex organs. A simple one-step procedure is described on the isolation of androgen glucuronides from various rat tissues. This procedure uses polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and permits a quantitative isolation of a single band containing the total androgen glucuronides without the contamination of free androgens and androgen sulfates. This procedure was used to determine the ability of various tissues of the rat to form androgen glucuronides directly when they were incubated with 1,2-[3H]-testosterone (0.1 micronm) in vitro. Of eleven organs studied, only the accessory sex organs (ventral prostate, seminal vesicle, and coagulating gland), liver, and kidney were capable of forming androgen glucuronides. At the end of a one-hour incubation period, approximately 1% of the total radiolabeled steroids in the prostatic tissue minces were in the form of glucuronide conjugates. The predominant androgen glucuronide formed in the accessory sex organs was 5 alpha -androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol 17 beta-D-glucuronide. This is in contrast to the rat liver and kidney in which testosterone glucuronide was the predominant conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:929648", "title": "Intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding protein: specificity of binding.", "content": "The binding of metabolites of vitamin D and their analogs to the 3.7S chick intestinal cytosol receptor protein has been specifically studied by competitive binding techniques and polyethylene glycol precipitation of the complex. The structural requirements for the interaction between the vitamin D molecule and the receptor could be assessed without the nuclear chromatin binding step. These measurements have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 are equally competitive and are the most active. Of the structural features of the compounds, the 1 alpha-hydroxyl is most important followed by the 25-hydroxyl and the 3 beta-hydroxyl. The addition of a second hydroxyl near carbon 25 markedly reduces binding whether on the 26 carbon or the 24 carbon. A hydroxyl on C-24 could substitute to some degree for the 25-hydroxyl inasmuch as 24-hydroxyvitamin D3 was much more effective than vitamin D3 but less effective than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In general the patterns of binding affinities correlated well with the biological activity of the various analogs strongly supporting a physiological role for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding protein. It also suggests that of the two-step receptor mechanism, the structural specificity is located in the initial interaction of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the cytosol receptor.", "contents": "Intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding protein: specificity of binding. The binding of metabolites of vitamin D and their analogs to the 3.7S chick intestinal cytosol receptor protein has been specifically studied by competitive binding techniques and polyethylene glycol precipitation of the complex. The structural requirements for the interaction between the vitamin D molecule and the receptor could be assessed without the nuclear chromatin binding step. These measurements have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 are equally competitive and are the most active. Of the structural features of the compounds, the 1 alpha-hydroxyl is most important followed by the 25-hydroxyl and the 3 beta-hydroxyl. The addition of a second hydroxyl near carbon 25 markedly reduces binding whether on the 26 carbon or the 24 carbon. A hydroxyl on C-24 could substitute to some degree for the 25-hydroxyl inasmuch as 24-hydroxyvitamin D3 was much more effective than vitamin D3 but less effective than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In general the patterns of binding affinities correlated well with the biological activity of the various analogs strongly supporting a physiological role for the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding protein. It also suggests that of the two-step receptor mechanism, the structural specificity is located in the initial interaction of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the cytosol receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:929649", "title": "A binding assay for 25-hydroxycalciferols and 24R,25-dihydroxycalciferols using bovine plasma globulin.", "content": "The concentrations of the 25-hydroxy and 24R, 25-dihydroxy derivatives of vitamin D were determined in 100 microliter l plasma samples using calciferol binding globulin from bovine plasma. Sufficient quantities of 24R, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D were found in bovine, porcine, chicken and human plasma to interfere in the assay of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in unfractionated extracts. No metabolites of vitamin D could be found in rainbow trout plasma.", "contents": "A binding assay for 25-hydroxycalciferols and 24R,25-dihydroxycalciferols using bovine plasma globulin. The concentrations of the 25-hydroxy and 24R, 25-dihydroxy derivatives of vitamin D were determined in 100 microliter l plasma samples using calciferol binding globulin from bovine plasma. Sufficient quantities of 24R, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D were found in bovine, porcine, chicken and human plasma to interfere in the assay of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in unfractionated extracts. No metabolites of vitamin D could be found in rainbow trout plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:929650", "title": "Factors influencing outcome and length of stay in a stroke rehabilitation unit. Part 1. Analysis of 248 unscreened patients--medical and functional prognostic indicators.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 248 patients with stroke (average age 67, range 17-98) admitted to a stroke rehabilitation unit over a sixteen month period showed that 80% of these patients were able to return home after an average length of stay (LOS) of 43 days. At discharge 85% of the group were ambulatory and 56% required no help in daily living activities. Severity of weakness on admission, long onset-admission intervals, the presence of severe perceptual or cognitive dysfunction or a homonymous hemianopsia in addition to a motor deficit were related to unfavorable outcome and increased LOS. The age of the patient, dysphasia or a hemisensory deficit in addition to weakness, or diabetes, hypertension, or ASHD were unrelated to the patients' functional status on discharge, discharge disposition, or LOS. Many patients with \"unfavorable prognostic signs\" made significant improvement after admission and were subsequently discharges. Thus, while the above findings may predict which patients can make maximal gains in a short term treatment facility, they also show that most patients, even those with \"poor prognostic signs,\" can make enough functional improvement to be managed at home after a relatively short hospitalization.", "contents": "Factors influencing outcome and length of stay in a stroke rehabilitation unit. Part 1. Analysis of 248 unscreened patients--medical and functional prognostic indicators. A retrospective analysis of 248 patients with stroke (average age 67, range 17-98) admitted to a stroke rehabilitation unit over a sixteen month period showed that 80% of these patients were able to return home after an average length of stay (LOS) of 43 days. At discharge 85% of the group were ambulatory and 56% required no help in daily living activities. Severity of weakness on admission, long onset-admission intervals, the presence of severe perceptual or cognitive dysfunction or a homonymous hemianopsia in addition to a motor deficit were related to unfavorable outcome and increased LOS. The age of the patient, dysphasia or a hemisensory deficit in addition to weakness, or diabetes, hypertension, or ASHD were unrelated to the patients' functional status on discharge, discharge disposition, or LOS. Many patients with \"unfavorable prognostic signs\" made significant improvement after admission and were subsequently discharges. Thus, while the above findings may predict which patients can make maximal gains in a short term treatment facility, they also show that most patients, even those with \"poor prognostic signs,\" can make enough functional improvement to be managed at home after a relatively short hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:929652", "title": "Incidence of stroke in Frederiksberg, Denmark.", "content": "Since 1971, stroke registers in several countries have been cooperating in a study of stroke epidemiology, initiated by WHO. One of the registers covers the population of Frederiksberg, Copenhagen. During the first two years of registration strokes were recorded in 556 Frederiksberg citizens. A certain diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage--verified by angiography, spinal fluid examination, or autopsy--was made in 10% of the patients; subarachnoid hemorrhage was demonstrated in only 2%; most of the remaining patients probably had cerebral infarction. The overall annual incidence of stroke, when adjusted for age for the Danish population, was 1.9 per 1,000 for males, and 1.6 per 1,000 for females. For every type of stroke, except subarachnoid hemorrhage, the incidence increased markedly with age. The age-specific stroke incidence rates found in the present investigation are much lower than those demonstrated by Aho in a community-based study in Finland. In view of the strict comparability of the two studies, real differences in the risk of stroke may exist between the two communities.", "contents": "Incidence of stroke in Frederiksberg, Denmark. Since 1971, stroke registers in several countries have been cooperating in a study of stroke epidemiology, initiated by WHO. One of the registers covers the population of Frederiksberg, Copenhagen. During the first two years of registration strokes were recorded in 556 Frederiksberg citizens. A certain diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage--verified by angiography, spinal fluid examination, or autopsy--was made in 10% of the patients; subarachnoid hemorrhage was demonstrated in only 2%; most of the remaining patients probably had cerebral infarction. The overall annual incidence of stroke, when adjusted for age for the Danish population, was 1.9 per 1,000 for males, and 1.6 per 1,000 for females. For every type of stroke, except subarachnoid hemorrhage, the incidence increased markedly with age. The age-specific stroke incidence rates found in the present investigation are much lower than those demonstrated by Aho in a community-based study in Finland. In view of the strict comparability of the two studies, real differences in the risk of stroke may exist between the two communities."}
{"id": "PMID:929653", "title": "Concomitants of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis.", "content": "To identify metabolic and other concomitants of a single important type of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, 75 patients with angiographically and surgically proven internal carotid stenosis were compared with age and sex matched control subjects with respect to plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. They were also compared for blood pressure, cigarette smoking, evidence of ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and for a family history of these diseases. Patients with carotid stenosis had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and higher plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than the control groups. They had, as well, a far greater likelihood of being cigarette smokers and a greater likelihood of having diabetes mellitus and previous evidence of coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Patients with carotid stenosis were far more likely to have 2 or more of these common concomitants of atherosclerosis than were the control subjects. The data suggest that the precursors of carotid stenosis are similar to those of coronary atherosclerosis and raise the hope that modification of these factors may decrease the incidence of this highly prevalent form of cerebrovascular disease.", "contents": "Concomitants of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis. To identify metabolic and other concomitants of a single important type of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, 75 patients with angiographically and surgically proven internal carotid stenosis were compared with age and sex matched control subjects with respect to plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose. They were also compared for blood pressure, cigarette smoking, evidence of ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and for a family history of these diseases. Patients with carotid stenosis had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and higher plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than the control groups. They had, as well, a far greater likelihood of being cigarette smokers and a greater likelihood of having diabetes mellitus and previous evidence of coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Patients with carotid stenosis were far more likely to have 2 or more of these common concomitants of atherosclerosis than were the control subjects. The data suggest that the precursors of carotid stenosis are similar to those of coronary atherosclerosis and raise the hope that modification of these factors may decrease the incidence of this highly prevalent form of cerebrovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:929654", "title": "Unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusion: special considerations.", "content": "Cases of patients with unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusion and contralateral internal carotid arterial stenosis are reviewed. Forty-two percent presented with a fixed neurological deficit. The deficit was referable to the side of occlusion in 92% and to the side of stenosis in 8%. Eleven percent had a neurological complication following carotid endarterectomy on the side of the stenotic lesion. The neurological complication was referable to the side of stenosis in 67% and to the side of occlusion in 33%. Patients have been followed for an average of 19 months and have not developed any additional TIA's or strokes in the followup period. There may be a role for an extracranial-intracranial bypass (ECIC) on the occluded side prior to an endarterectomy on the stenotic side if a poor collateral situation exists. An ECIC should be done in patients who remain symptomatic following carotid endarterectomy on the stenotic side. These data do not support doing ECIC in asymptomatic patients with unilateral carotid arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusion: special considerations. Cases of patients with unilateral internal carotid arterial occlusion and contralateral internal carotid arterial stenosis are reviewed. Forty-two percent presented with a fixed neurological deficit. The deficit was referable to the side of occlusion in 92% and to the side of stenosis in 8%. Eleven percent had a neurological complication following carotid endarterectomy on the side of the stenotic lesion. The neurological complication was referable to the side of stenosis in 67% and to the side of occlusion in 33%. Patients have been followed for an average of 19 months and have not developed any additional TIA's or strokes in the followup period. There may be a role for an extracranial-intracranial bypass (ECIC) on the occluded side prior to an endarterectomy on the stenotic side if a poor collateral situation exists. An ECIC should be done in patients who remain symptomatic following carotid endarterectomy on the stenotic side. These data do not support doing ECIC in asymptomatic patients with unilateral carotid arterial occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:929655", "title": "Levels and disappearance of prostaglandin F2alpha in cerebral spinal fluid: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and compared to control values. The level of this prostaglandin was elevated at some time in most patients during the course of their illness. However, this could not be correlated with the severity of neurological deficits observed. The possibility that the concentration of PGF2alpha in lumbar fluid may not reflect that present intracranially was tested experimentally in anesthetized dogs. In these experiments only a small fraction of the radioactive PGF2alpha injected into the cisterna magna appeared in lumbar CSF. Prostaglandin F2alpha rapidly disappeared from the cisterna magna, half time 8 minutes, and radioactivity was present in blood from the jugular vein indicating that normally this prostaglandin rapidly egresses from the CSF into blood. These findings suggest that PGF2alpha can be rapidly transported away from the brain. This could explain the low concentrations of PGF2alpha in CSF of normal individuals and in some patients who have severe cerebral vasospasm. Conversely, the elevation of PGF2alpha in lumbar CSF noted in some patients might be due, in part, to an impairment of transport caused by the size and location of the hemorrhage.", "contents": "Levels and disappearance of prostaglandin F2alpha in cerebral spinal fluid: a clinical and experimental study. The concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and compared to control values. The level of this prostaglandin was elevated at some time in most patients during the course of their illness. However, this could not be correlated with the severity of neurological deficits observed. The possibility that the concentration of PGF2alpha in lumbar fluid may not reflect that present intracranially was tested experimentally in anesthetized dogs. In these experiments only a small fraction of the radioactive PGF2alpha injected into the cisterna magna appeared in lumbar CSF. Prostaglandin F2alpha rapidly disappeared from the cisterna magna, half time 8 minutes, and radioactivity was present in blood from the jugular vein indicating that normally this prostaglandin rapidly egresses from the CSF into blood. These findings suggest that PGF2alpha can be rapidly transported away from the brain. This could explain the low concentrations of PGF2alpha in CSF of normal individuals and in some patients who have severe cerebral vasospasm. Conversely, the elevation of PGF2alpha in lumbar CSF noted in some patients might be due, in part, to an impairment of transport caused by the size and location of the hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:929656", "title": "Long-term prognosis for cerebral infarction in relation to brain circulation--a 7-year follow up study.", "content": "Seventy-seven patients with cerebral infarction have been re-examined every year and followed for 7 years. Thirty-one patients had normal cranial blood flow (BF) and the remaining 46 had subnormal cranial BF, determined by the intravenous RISA method at the time of the original attack. During a 7-year follow up, 7 patients (22.6%) of the normal cranial BF group died; 3 of stroke and the remaining 4 from other causes, while 24 patients (52.2%) of the subnormal cranial BF group died; 13 of stroke and the remaining 11 of various diseases. The cumulative survival rate was consistently lower in the subnormal cranial BF group than the normal one. This difference reached statistical significance at 5 and 7 years of follow up. However, stroke recurrence did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. This suggests that a decreased cranial BF is an indicator of a poor long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Long-term prognosis for cerebral infarction in relation to brain circulation--a 7-year follow up study. Seventy-seven patients with cerebral infarction have been re-examined every year and followed for 7 years. Thirty-one patients had normal cranial blood flow (BF) and the remaining 46 had subnormal cranial BF, determined by the intravenous RISA method at the time of the original attack. During a 7-year follow up, 7 patients (22.6%) of the normal cranial BF group died; 3 of stroke and the remaining 4 from other causes, while 24 patients (52.2%) of the subnormal cranial BF group died; 13 of stroke and the remaining 11 of various diseases. The cumulative survival rate was consistently lower in the subnormal cranial BF group than the normal one. This difference reached statistical significance at 5 and 7 years of follow up. However, stroke recurrence did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. This suggests that a decreased cranial BF is an indicator of a poor long-term prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:929657", "title": "Diaschisis with cerebral infarction.", "content": "Fifteen patients admitted to Philadelphia General Hospital with acute strokes had repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow measured by the 133Xenon inhalation method. A progressive decline in cerebral blood flow in both hemispheres was observed during the first week after infarction in twelve of these patients. This decline could be partially explained by loss of autoregulation, but could not be correlated with level of consciousness, clinical status of PCO2. This progressive decline in flow in the non-ischemic hemisphere indicates a process more complex than a simple destruction of axonal afferants to neurons as implied by the term diaschisis. The flow changes in the non-ischemic hemisphere are likely caused by a combination of the immediate effects of decreased neuronal stimulation modified by loss of autoregulation, release of vasoactive substances, cerebral edema, and other factors.", "contents": "Diaschisis with cerebral infarction. Fifteen patients admitted to Philadelphia General Hospital with acute strokes had repeated measurements of cerebral blood flow measured by the 133Xenon inhalation method. A progressive decline in cerebral blood flow in both hemispheres was observed during the first week after infarction in twelve of these patients. This decline could be partially explained by loss of autoregulation, but could not be correlated with level of consciousness, clinical status of PCO2. This progressive decline in flow in the non-ischemic hemisphere indicates a process more complex than a simple destruction of axonal afferants to neurons as implied by the term diaschisis. The flow changes in the non-ischemic hemisphere are likely caused by a combination of the immediate effects of decreased neuronal stimulation modified by loss of autoregulation, release of vasoactive substances, cerebral edema, and other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:929659", "title": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: development and degree of vasospasm.", "content": "Vasospasm of the basilar artery in 57 cats was induced by application of fresh blood, or a blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mixture incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 to 16 days. In animals treated with fresh blood or mixtures incubated for over 15 days, the severity of induced vasoconstriction is slight and duration short. Mixtures incubated 5 to 10 days induced severe and prolonged vasoconstriction. This incubation period for blood and CSF mixtures inducing severe vasospasm coincides with the developmental period of vasospasm after the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage in our clinical experience. The prolongation of severe vasoconstriction induced by mixtures incubated for 7 days with clotted components is definitely greater than one induced by a mixture without clotted components. This experimental study suggests the existence of a vasospasmogenic substance in the blood in the subarachnoid space. Activity begins about 3 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage, increases strongly at 5 to 10 days, and disappears after 15 days.", "contents": "Experimental cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: development and degree of vasospasm. Vasospasm of the basilar artery in 57 cats was induced by application of fresh blood, or a blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mixture incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 to 16 days. In animals treated with fresh blood or mixtures incubated for over 15 days, the severity of induced vasoconstriction is slight and duration short. Mixtures incubated 5 to 10 days induced severe and prolonged vasoconstriction. This incubation period for blood and CSF mixtures inducing severe vasospasm coincides with the developmental period of vasospasm after the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage in our clinical experience. The prolongation of severe vasoconstriction induced by mixtures incubated for 7 days with clotted components is definitely greater than one induced by a mixture without clotted components. This experimental study suggests the existence of a vasospasmogenic substance in the blood in the subarachnoid space. Activity begins about 3 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage, increases strongly at 5 to 10 days, and disappears after 15 days."}
{"id": "PMID:929666", "title": "A component analysis of recent fertility decline in singapore.", "content": "To aid in achieving demographic goals, since 1968 the government of Singapore has passed a series of laws designed to limit family size. Policies were instituted in 1968 to discourage couples from having more than three children; policies introduced in 1973 discouraged having more than two. Trends in fertility rates and in the numbers of abortions and sterilizations in recent years are consistent with the intent of these social policies. Decline in third and subsequent births was the most important factor in fertility decline after 1972, and the numbers of abortions and sterilizations undergone by higher parity women have increased substantially sin\"e 1970. Although other factors have affected fertility in Singapore, the data suggest that the disincentives have played a role in continued fertility decline in recent years.", "contents": "A component analysis of recent fertility decline in singapore. To aid in achieving demographic goals, since 1968 the government of Singapore has passed a series of laws designed to limit family size. Policies were instituted in 1968 to discourage couples from having more than three children; policies introduced in 1973 discouraged having more than two. Trends in fertility rates and in the numbers of abortions and sterilizations in recent years are consistent with the intent of these social policies. Decline in third and subsequent births was the most important factor in fertility decline after 1972, and the numbers of abortions and sterilizations undergone by higher parity women have increased substantially sin\"e 1970. Although other factors have affected fertility in Singapore, the data suggest that the disincentives have played a role in continued fertility decline in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:929667", "title": "Attitudes toward abortion in Thailand: a survey of senior medical students.", "content": "A majority of senior Thai medical students favored induced abortion in many circumstances not now considered legal. While 20 percent would not perform abortions for any reason, many of these would refer cases to colleagues. Independent variables consistently and significantly influencing attitudes conservatively were: female sex, certain medical schools attended, larger ideal family size, intention not to teach in a medical school as a career, having a father in unskilled or semiskilled or work, never having witnessed an illegal abortion, and never having been asked to find an abortion practitioner for a friend. A random reordering of the questions did not affect reports of attitudes toward or willingness to perform induced abortion.", "contents": "Attitudes toward abortion in Thailand: a survey of senior medical students. A majority of senior Thai medical students favored induced abortion in many circumstances not now considered legal. While 20 percent would not perform abortions for any reason, many of these would refer cases to colleagues. Independent variables consistently and significantly influencing attitudes conservatively were: female sex, certain medical schools attended, larger ideal family size, intention not to teach in a medical school as a career, having a father in unskilled or semiskilled or work, never having witnessed an illegal abortion, and never having been asked to find an abortion practitioner for a friend. A random reordering of the questions did not affect reports of attitudes toward or willingness to perform induced abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:929658", "title": "Effects of combined parenchymal and vascular injury on platelet aggregation in pial arterioles of living mice: evidence for release of aggregate-inhibiting materials.", "content": "Platelet aggregation was produced in pial arterioles by exposing them to appropriately filtered light from a mercury lamp, following intravascular injection of sodium fluorescein. The dye acted as a target for the radiant energy and initiated a sequence of events resulting in the platelet aggregation. The aggregates adhered to the vessel in which they first appeared. When a microneedle punctured the brain adjacent to a subsequently irradiated arteriole, platelet aggregation was inhibited, even though the arteriole was not touched by the microneedle. Inhibition was manifested by prolongation of the exposure time required for the light-dye stimulus to initiate an adherent aggregate and by lengthening the time required for the aggregate to grow and totally block erythrocyte flow in the affected vessel. It is suggested that a material(s) diffuses from the zone of brain puncture, to and through the arteriolar wall, with a resultant inhibition of aggregation. It is noted that the inhibiting effect is reduced as the distance between puncture and wall increases.", "contents": "Effects of combined parenchymal and vascular injury on platelet aggregation in pial arterioles of living mice: evidence for release of aggregate-inhibiting materials. Platelet aggregation was produced in pial arterioles by exposing them to appropriately filtered light from a mercury lamp, following intravascular injection of sodium fluorescein. The dye acted as a target for the radiant energy and initiated a sequence of events resulting in the platelet aggregation. The aggregates adhered to the vessel in which they first appeared. When a microneedle punctured the brain adjacent to a subsequently irradiated arteriole, platelet aggregation was inhibited, even though the arteriole was not touched by the microneedle. Inhibition was manifested by prolongation of the exposure time required for the light-dye stimulus to initiate an adherent aggregate and by lengthening the time required for the aggregate to grow and totally block erythrocyte flow in the affected vessel. It is suggested that a material(s) diffuses from the zone of brain puncture, to and through the arteriolar wall, with a resultant inhibition of aggregation. It is noted that the inhibiting effect is reduced as the distance between puncture and wall increases."}
{"id": "PMID:929668", "title": "Implications of attitude-behavior studies for population research and action.", "content": "Results of many family planning surveys do not suggest that attitudes are strongly predictive of family planning practices. An inquiry into methodological issues suggests two recommendations for improvement of research procedures. First, more attention must be paid to the reliability of the questionnaires by which attitudes and practices are measured. Second, questions on attitudes and practices should refer to the same action or object and to the same period of time. The available evidence suggests that implementation of these procedures can lead to identification of stronger linkages between family planning attitudes and practices, and to survey results having greater practical utility.", "contents": "Implications of attitude-behavior studies for population research and action. Results of many family planning surveys do not suggest that attitudes are strongly predictive of family planning practices. An inquiry into methodological issues suggests two recommendations for improvement of research procedures. First, more attention must be paid to the reliability of the questionnaires by which attitudes and practices are measured. Second, questions on attitudes and practices should refer to the same action or object and to the same period of time. The available evidence suggests that implementation of these procedures can lead to identification of stronger linkages between family planning attitudes and practices, and to survey results having greater practical utility."}
{"id": "PMID:929676", "title": "[Signal trait of cucumbers].", "content": "A mutant of cucumber characterized by the absence of nappiness on all the organs of the plant was found at Birjuchekutian station in 1970. This character is recessive and is manifested in the second generation showing a 3:1 ratio of nappy and plain plants. On the basis of this mutant, forms of cucumber without nappiness were obtained. Plain plants are distinguished especially well at the initial stages of development when the first leaf appears. They are viable and productive, grow perfectly well and possess a high combining ability.", "contents": "[Signal trait of cucumbers]. A mutant of cucumber characterized by the absence of nappiness on all the organs of the plant was found at Birjuchekutian station in 1970. This character is recessive and is manifested in the second generation showing a 3:1 ratio of nappy and plain plants. On the basis of this mutant, forms of cucumber without nappiness were obtained. Plain plants are distinguished especially well at the initial stages of development when the first leaf appears. They are viable and productive, grow perfectly well and possess a high combining ability."}
{"id": "PMID:929684", "title": "[Role of the membranes in the regulation of the activity of genetic structures of bacteria and mitochondria].", "content": "The literature on DNA interaction with both the prokaryotic cell membranes and the mitochondria of the Eukaryota is surveyed. Data are presented in favour of membrane localization of DNA and of the regulatory role of membranes in genome expression. A possible \"conformational\" mechanism of the control of gene activity by conformational changes of membranes related to cell metabolism is discussed. The problems of protein-nucleic recognition are concerned.", "contents": "[Role of the membranes in the regulation of the activity of genetic structures of bacteria and mitochondria]. The literature on DNA interaction with both the prokaryotic cell membranes and the mitochondria of the Eukaryota is surveyed. Data are presented in favour of membrane localization of DNA and of the regulatory role of membranes in genome expression. A possible \"conformational\" mechanism of the control of gene activity by conformational changes of membranes related to cell metabolism is discussed. The problems of protein-nucleic recognition are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:929685", "title": "[Preparation and properties of elongated polytene chromosomes. I. The method].", "content": "Compactness of eukaryotic, particularly polytene chromosomes pose difficulties for investigation of their functional organization. For example, 0.1 --1.0 micrometer thick bands of polytene chromosomes contain some dozens microns pieces of DNA molecules. Therefore the useful resolving power of autoradigraphical methods is reduced by 10--100 times of its upper limit. To overcome the mentioned difficulty, a new method has been developed which permits to attain the upper limit of resolution. An isolated polytene chromosome from salivary gland nucleus of Chironomus thummi larva is stretched by microneedles to obtain a bundle of oriented DNP-fibers. A previously chosen small region of the chromosome (band or puff) is stretched simultaneously in a transverse direction by a stick frame made of another chromosome. Electron microscopy of the preparation reveals a meshwork of DNP fibers as presented on fig. 6.", "contents": "[Preparation and properties of elongated polytene chromosomes. I. The method]. Compactness of eukaryotic, particularly polytene chromosomes pose difficulties for investigation of their functional organization. For example, 0.1 --1.0 micrometer thick bands of polytene chromosomes contain some dozens microns pieces of DNA molecules. Therefore the useful resolving power of autoradigraphical methods is reduced by 10--100 times of its upper limit. To overcome the mentioned difficulty, a new method has been developed which permits to attain the upper limit of resolution. An isolated polytene chromosome from salivary gland nucleus of Chironomus thummi larva is stretched by microneedles to obtain a bundle of oriented DNP-fibers. A previously chosen small region of the chromosome (band or puff) is stretched simultaneously in a transverse direction by a stick frame made of another chromosome. Electron microscopy of the preparation reveals a meshwork of DNP fibers as presented on fig. 6."}
{"id": "PMID:929686", "title": "[Formation of lipofuscin].", "content": "Brain tissues of rats, mice and humans taken during autopsy were incubated in the medium containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), permitting to recognize mitochondrial cytochromes. The product of DAB oxidation was located in mitochondria and lypofuscin granules of the studied objects. Besides, the reaction product was found in the rat's brain structures of intermediate type, bearing resemblance to both mitochondria and lypofusion granules. These structures are regarded as a transitional phase of mitochondria transformation into lypofuscin. Cytochemical investigation of the brain of mice and man in long-afterdeath-terms demonstrated that a postmortal degradation of mitochondria does not result in lypofuscin formation.", "contents": "[Formation of lipofuscin]. Brain tissues of rats, mice and humans taken during autopsy were incubated in the medium containing 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), permitting to recognize mitochondrial cytochromes. The product of DAB oxidation was located in mitochondria and lypofuscin granules of the studied objects. Besides, the reaction product was found in the rat's brain structures of intermediate type, bearing resemblance to both mitochondria and lypofusion granules. These structures are regarded as a transitional phase of mitochondria transformation into lypofuscin. Cytochemical investigation of the brain of mice and man in long-afterdeath-terms demonstrated that a postmortal degradation of mitochondria does not result in lypofuscin formation."}
{"id": "PMID:929681", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of hereditary and acquired progenic forms of bite].", "content": "The article deals with problems of differential diagnosis of acquired and inborn hereditary progenies. The frequency of progenies in aggravated families is 28.2% and in the familes without aggravation it is 10.9% (p less than 0.01). The dominant type of inheritance is determined according to the genealogical tree. Progenies of recessive hereditary nature should be differentiated from the dominant type of \"slipping through\" generation. From the point of view of prediction, hereditary progenies are more unfavourable than the acquired ones because of frequent relapses, and their treatment should be undertaken at an early stage.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of hereditary and acquired progenic forms of bite]. The article deals with problems of differential diagnosis of acquired and inborn hereditary progenies. The frequency of progenies in aggravated families is 28.2% and in the familes without aggravation it is 10.9% (p less than 0.01). The dominant type of inheritance is determined according to the genealogical tree. Progenies of recessive hereditary nature should be differentiated from the dominant type of \"slipping through\" generation. From the point of view of prediction, hereditary progenies are more unfavourable than the acquired ones because of frequent relapses, and their treatment should be undertaken at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:929687", "title": "[Effect of the antioxidant, 4-methyl-2,6 di-tert-butylphenol on the mitotic division of epithelial cells of the small-intestinal crypts of mice depending on the degree of differentiation].", "content": "Antioxidants increase the number of mitoses in epithelial cell populations being on differentiation, examined from various parts of small intestinal crypts of mice. 2 hours after antioxidant injection a considerable increase in mitotic index (MI) is found, with maximal value (by 3 times) seen for cells from higher crypt region where more differentiated cells occur. The increase of MI is observed also in later period, 14, 21--24 hours after antioxidant administration. The observed effect may be explained by the influence of antioxidants on the reserve pool of cells. However, it does not seem unlikely that the increase of MI after antioxidant injection may be due to the influence of antioxidants on the longevity of individual stages of mitotic cycle. Similar evidence was provided earlier by the authors for the effect of antioxidants on the mitotic division of liver cells of normal mice.", "contents": "[Effect of the antioxidant, 4-methyl-2,6 di-tert-butylphenol on the mitotic division of epithelial cells of the small-intestinal crypts of mice depending on the degree of differentiation]. Antioxidants increase the number of mitoses in epithelial cell populations being on differentiation, examined from various parts of small intestinal crypts of mice. 2 hours after antioxidant injection a considerable increase in mitotic index (MI) is found, with maximal value (by 3 times) seen for cells from higher crypt region where more differentiated cells occur. The increase of MI is observed also in later period, 14, 21--24 hours after antioxidant administration. The observed effect may be explained by the influence of antioxidants on the reserve pool of cells. However, it does not seem unlikely that the increase of MI after antioxidant injection may be due to the influence of antioxidants on the longevity of individual stages of mitotic cycle. Similar evidence was provided earlier by the authors for the effect of antioxidants on the mitotic division of liver cells of normal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:929688", "title": "[Changes in the enterocyte population kinetics during the process of development of intestinal tumors in rats].", "content": "Changes in proliferation of the enterocytes from the descendent colon at different developmental stages of tumours induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied. As a result of carcinogen-induced disturbances in enetrocyte differentiation, the proliferative crypt zone was seen broadening, the proliferative cells appearing even in the mouths of the crypts. Further, these very superficial parts of the crypts proved to be the sites of carcinoma development in situ. During the tumour induction, the majority of enterocytes display short mitotic cycles which are somewhat longer than in the normal colon. The DMH treatment, even at early stages of the experiment, leads to the appearance of a high occurrence (up to 50--60%) of abnormal mitoses in enterocytes.", "contents": "[Changes in the enterocyte population kinetics during the process of development of intestinal tumors in rats]. Changes in proliferation of the enterocytes from the descendent colon at different developmental stages of tumours induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied. As a result of carcinogen-induced disturbances in enetrocyte differentiation, the proliferative crypt zone was seen broadening, the proliferative cells appearing even in the mouths of the crypts. Further, these very superficial parts of the crypts proved to be the sites of carcinoma development in situ. During the tumour induction, the majority of enterocytes display short mitotic cycles which are somewhat longer than in the normal colon. The DMH treatment, even at early stages of the experiment, leads to the appearance of a high occurrence (up to 50--60%) of abnormal mitoses in enterocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:929689", "title": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 3. Phosphatases in the entozoa].", "content": "Three methods were used to detect acid phosphatase in toxoplasma endodozoites of strain SS-119 harvested on day 4 after mouse inoculation. The modified lead nitrate method detected the enzymatic activity in host cells only; Gomori metal salt technique revealed the enzyme almost exclusively in the parasite, whereas the Standard Naphthol AS-BI phosphate method suggested the presence of the enzyme simultaneously in the two, though not regularly in the parasites. The enzymatic activity when present was visualized as few coloured granules mainly in the anterior cytoplasmic area on the body and at the periphery, leaving the nuclear zone unstained. Alkaline phosphatase distribution, detected with one method only (Standard Naphtol AS-BI phosphate), appeared less convincing in the parasite than in the host cell. In host cells harbouring endozoites, no increased activity was observed in the immediate closeness of the intracellular parasites.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 3. Phosphatases in the entozoa]. Three methods were used to detect acid phosphatase in toxoplasma endodozoites of strain SS-119 harvested on day 4 after mouse inoculation. The modified lead nitrate method detected the enzymatic activity in host cells only; Gomori metal salt technique revealed the enzyme almost exclusively in the parasite, whereas the Standard Naphthol AS-BI phosphate method suggested the presence of the enzyme simultaneously in the two, though not regularly in the parasites. The enzymatic activity when present was visualized as few coloured granules mainly in the anterior cytoplasmic area on the body and at the periphery, leaving the nuclear zone unstained. Alkaline phosphatase distribution, detected with one method only (Standard Naphtol AS-BI phosphate), appeared less convincing in the parasite than in the host cell. In host cells harbouring endozoites, no increased activity was observed in the immediate closeness of the intracellular parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:929690", "title": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 4. Dehydrogenases in the endozoa].", "content": "Dehydrogenases of glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and pentosephosphate shunt are present in the metabolic machinery of toxoplasma endozoites (strain SS-119), thus suggesting a mixed oxidative metabolism in these. The enzymes are most commonly localized in the perinuclear area of the cytoplasm. Of special interest is the increased activity of some enzymes (especially lactate dehydrogenase) (fig HC) in the infected cells seen as definite layers of the stuff surrounding each parasite. This may correspond to the \"overcoating\" by mitochondrial material observed by Jones and Hirsch (1972) with the electron microscope. The importance of host-parasite relationships in the existence of the obligate intracellular parasite is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 4. Dehydrogenases in the endozoa]. Dehydrogenases of glycolysis, Krebs' cycle and pentosephosphate shunt are present in the metabolic machinery of toxoplasma endozoites (strain SS-119), thus suggesting a mixed oxidative metabolism in these. The enzymes are most commonly localized in the perinuclear area of the cytoplasm. Of special interest is the increased activity of some enzymes (especially lactate dehydrogenase) (fig HC) in the infected cells seen as definite layers of the stuff surrounding each parasite. This may correspond to the \"overcoating\" by mitochondrial material observed by Jones and Hirsch (1972) with the electron microscope. The importance of host-parasite relationships in the existence of the obligate intracellular parasite is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929691", "title": "[Average time of cell mitosis in the hematopoietic tissue of rats].", "content": "Rats (Wistar) were irradiated (60Co) with dose of 500 R at the dose-rate of 345 R/min. Using a curve of decrease of the mitotic index in hemopoietic tissue cells after irradiation, an attempt has been made to determine the average time of mitosis. The parameters (latent period, the minimum and average time of mitosis, resp., variance and density distribution type) were introduced in the mathematical equation which relates mitotic index postradiation decrease curve to mitosis time density distribution. It has been found that the actual average time of mitosis for hemopoietic tissues of rats is in the range of 25--27 min 32--33 min and 26--27 min. for thymocytes, promyelocytes--myelocytes and erythroblasts--normoblasts, respectively.", "contents": "[Average time of cell mitosis in the hematopoietic tissue of rats]. Rats (Wistar) were irradiated (60Co) with dose of 500 R at the dose-rate of 345 R/min. Using a curve of decrease of the mitotic index in hemopoietic tissue cells after irradiation, an attempt has been made to determine the average time of mitosis. The parameters (latent period, the minimum and average time of mitosis, resp., variance and density distribution type) were introduced in the mathematical equation which relates mitotic index postradiation decrease curve to mitosis time density distribution. It has been found that the actual average time of mitosis for hemopoietic tissues of rats is in the range of 25--27 min 32--33 min and 26--27 min. for thymocytes, promyelocytes--myelocytes and erythroblasts--normoblasts, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:929692", "title": "[Distribution of radioactive tetanus toxin at the subcellular level].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on rabbits for detecting the distribution of radioactive tetanotoxin between subcellular fractions of tissues of the central nervous system. It has been found out that a parenteral administration of tetanotoxin-35S results in a quick rise of the tissue radioactivity. The radioactivity of the free ribosome fraction remained most constant and high, which might be an indication of a high acceptory capacity of these organelles to tetanotoxin. For some periods of an acute tetanus intoxication, a rather high tropism of tetanotoxin of synaptosome, microsome and myelinic fragments was found.", "contents": "[Distribution of radioactive tetanus toxin at the subcellular level]. Experiments were carried out on rabbits for detecting the distribution of radioactive tetanotoxin between subcellular fractions of tissues of the central nervous system. It has been found out that a parenteral administration of tetanotoxin-35S results in a quick rise of the tissue radioactivity. The radioactivity of the free ribosome fraction remained most constant and high, which might be an indication of a high acceptory capacity of these organelles to tetanotoxin. For some periods of an acute tetanus intoxication, a rather high tropism of tetanotoxin of synaptosome, microsome and myelinic fragments was found."}
{"id": "PMID:929694", "title": "[Resistance of the functional systems of the smooth muscle cells of isolated myometrium to long-term incubation in Ringer-Locke solution at 4 degrees C].", "content": "Contractile effects of adrenaline, acethylcholine and hyperpotassium solution on the isolated myometrium strips (non-pregnent rats, and women; pregnant rabbits, cats, and women) are studied. The amplitudes of these contractile effects were seen decreasing if the strips were previously immersed in the Ringer-Lokk solution at 4 degrees C 5--9 days prior to observation.", "contents": "[Resistance of the functional systems of the smooth muscle cells of isolated myometrium to long-term incubation in Ringer-Locke solution at 4 degrees C]. Contractile effects of adrenaline, acethylcholine and hyperpotassium solution on the isolated myometrium strips (non-pregnent rats, and women; pregnant rabbits, cats, and women) are studied. The amplitudes of these contractile effects were seen decreasing if the strips were previously immersed in the Ringer-Lokk solution at 4 degrees C 5--9 days prior to observation."}
{"id": "PMID:929695", "title": "[Dynamics of RNA concentration in different CNS structures following audiogenic seizures].", "content": "By means of morpho- and cytospectrophotometrical analysis, the influence of audiogenic seizures in genetically predisposed rats on RNA content in individual cells of four different neuron-glia systems was studied. RNA content was chaaracterized by different dynamics and pronounciation of changes and duration of restitution period. The most expressed disturbances were found in the second layer of the temporal cortex. Shifts in RNA content were preserved, as a rule, for 24 hours, but in glial cells of the cerebellar cortex and anterior horn of the spinal cord they lasted for 48 hours after cessation of the seizures. Metabolic interralations between nerve and glial cells of different regions of the central nervous system are characterized by some essential peculiaritis depending on the degree of involvement of concrete nervous structure in realization of seizures, its structural, metabolic and functional characteristics.", "contents": "[Dynamics of RNA concentration in different CNS structures following audiogenic seizures]. By means of morpho- and cytospectrophotometrical analysis, the influence of audiogenic seizures in genetically predisposed rats on RNA content in individual cells of four different neuron-glia systems was studied. RNA content was chaaracterized by different dynamics and pronounciation of changes and duration of restitution period. The most expressed disturbances were found in the second layer of the temporal cortex. Shifts in RNA content were preserved, as a rule, for 24 hours, but in glial cells of the cerebellar cortex and anterior horn of the spinal cord they lasted for 48 hours after cessation of the seizures. Metabolic interralations between nerve and glial cells of different regions of the central nervous system are characterized by some essential peculiaritis depending on the degree of involvement of concrete nervous structure in realization of seizures, its structural, metabolic and functional characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:929696", "title": "[Effect of combined irradiation and hyperthermia on the creatine kinase activity of rat tissues].", "content": "Effects of heating (36 degrees, relative air humidity 80-90%, 4 hours) and joint beta (85Kr)-X-ray-irradiation of rats, given separately and simultaneously, in doses 2.5 krad+ + 25 r, 2.5 krad + 50 r, 3.05 krad + 100 r, 4.45 krad + 250 r, 7.4 krad + 400 r on creatine kinase activity in brain and liver were investigated 5, 12, 19 and 26 days after the exposure. It was discovered that the state of thermal stress reduced radiosensitiveness of enzymatic activity in brain and burdened the consequences of irradiation when tested by the liver activity.", "contents": "[Effect of combined irradiation and hyperthermia on the creatine kinase activity of rat tissues]. Effects of heating (36 degrees, relative air humidity 80-90%, 4 hours) and joint beta (85Kr)-X-ray-irradiation of rats, given separately and simultaneously, in doses 2.5 krad+ + 25 r, 2.5 krad + 50 r, 3.05 krad + 100 r, 4.45 krad + 250 r, 7.4 krad + 400 r on creatine kinase activity in brain and liver were investigated 5, 12, 19 and 26 days after the exposure. It was discovered that the state of thermal stress reduced radiosensitiveness of enzymatic activity in brain and burdened the consequences of irradiation when tested by the liver activity."}
{"id": "PMID:929697", "title": "[Changes in aldolase and creatine kinase activity during thermal muscle damage].", "content": "A study was made of changes in outflux, extractability and enzyme (aldolase and creatine kinase) activity of muscle proteins induced by thermal action in skeletal muscles of R. temporaria L. Under a 15-minutes action of temperatures under 36 degrees C, which do not produce any contracture or fall of excitability, changes in a fraction of protein outfluxed from muscles were observed. The thermal action accompanied by the fall and irreversible loss of excitability (above 36 degrees) resulted in the fall of extractability and enzyme activity of water-soluble proteins extracted from homogenized muscles in addition to prolonged changes in the fraction of outfluxed proteins. The increased binding of aldolase by actomyosin under thermal injury of muscle is established. Changes of outflux extractability and enzyme activity of proteins during the thermal alteration of muscle are considered with regard to data about the complexing of muscle proteins.", "contents": "[Changes in aldolase and creatine kinase activity during thermal muscle damage]. A study was made of changes in outflux, extractability and enzyme (aldolase and creatine kinase) activity of muscle proteins induced by thermal action in skeletal muscles of R. temporaria L. Under a 15-minutes action of temperatures under 36 degrees C, which do not produce any contracture or fall of excitability, changes in a fraction of protein outfluxed from muscles were observed. The thermal action accompanied by the fall and irreversible loss of excitability (above 36 degrees) resulted in the fall of extractability and enzyme activity of water-soluble proteins extracted from homogenized muscles in addition to prolonged changes in the fraction of outfluxed proteins. The increased binding of aldolase by actomyosin under thermal injury of muscle is established. Changes of outflux extractability and enzyme activity of proteins during the thermal alteration of muscle are considered with regard to data about the complexing of muscle proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:929698", "title": "[Conditions for glycogen retention in smears of isolated cells. I. Cytofluorimetric analysis of glycogen content in cells obtained by different methods of isolation].", "content": "A cytofluorimetrical study was made of glycogen content on smears of isolated rat liver cells, obtained by perfusion of different solutions: 1/15 M phosphate buffer, the Locke solution, only the Locke solution plus sodium citrate, a calcium-free Locke solution, 0.25 M sucrose, physiological saline, Versene. No loss of glycogen occurred during any perfusion procedure, however, it took place during the smear preparation. The main cell injury is observed due to mechanical factors. An additional treatment of liver, after perfusion, by homogenization and centrigugation at mild conditions decreases the cell glycogen content by 30%. The least cell injury and the best glycogen retention was achieved when phosphate buffers were employed for cell isolation.", "contents": "[Conditions for glycogen retention in smears of isolated cells. I. Cytofluorimetric analysis of glycogen content in cells obtained by different methods of isolation]. A cytofluorimetrical study was made of glycogen content on smears of isolated rat liver cells, obtained by perfusion of different solutions: 1/15 M phosphate buffer, the Locke solution, only the Locke solution plus sodium citrate, a calcium-free Locke solution, 0.25 M sucrose, physiological saline, Versene. No loss of glycogen occurred during any perfusion procedure, however, it took place during the smear preparation. The main cell injury is observed due to mechanical factors. An additional treatment of liver, after perfusion, by homogenization and centrigugation at mild conditions decreases the cell glycogen content by 30%. The least cell injury and the best glycogen retention was achieved when phosphate buffers were employed for cell isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:929699", "title": "[Quantitative description of the process of radiation inactivation of cells. VIII. Microdosimetry in the analysis of the reproductive death of eukaryotic cells].", "content": "The microdosimetric approach permits to model the first physical stage of radiation damage developing of multistage model of radiation effect. It describes stochastics of absorbed energy distribution among and inside sensitive cell volumes. The analysis of radiobiological effect becoming more complete and adequate. The limits of application of valuable microdosimetric values to characterizing both the quality and quantity of radiation affecting the cells is considered. The aspects of the theory of dual action of radiation well compare with those of the cytogenetic model linking the reproductive cell death with asymmetrical chromosome exchanges.", "contents": "[Quantitative description of the process of radiation inactivation of cells. VIII. Microdosimetry in the analysis of the reproductive death of eukaryotic cells]. The microdosimetric approach permits to model the first physical stage of radiation damage developing of multistage model of radiation effect. It describes stochastics of absorbed energy distribution among and inside sensitive cell volumes. The analysis of radiobiological effect becoming more complete and adequate. The limits of application of valuable microdosimetric values to characterizing both the quality and quantity of radiation affecting the cells is considered. The aspects of the theory of dual action of radiation well compare with those of the cytogenetic model linking the reproductive cell death with asymmetrical chromosome exchanges."}
{"id": "PMID:929700", "title": "Mortality from esophageal cancer in Piedmont, Italy.", "content": "Piedmont is located at the borderline between Italy (where mortality from esophageal cancer is relatively low) and France and Switzerland (where it is relatively high). Therefore, it seemed of interest to investigate the mortality from this cancer in Piedmont. Age-adjusted yearly mortality rates for 1965-1969 were 4.3 and 0.8 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively. Rates were very similar in the town of Torino, in the 23 suburbs of the first belt, in the nonmetropolitan areas of the province of Torino, and in the other 5 provinces of Piedmont. In both sexes, the rates did not differ from those observed in Italy during 1966-1967, whereas rates for males were lower than the national rates for France and Switzerland (14.0 and 8.5/100,000/year, respectively). Rates for males were also lower than in the adjacent French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and Is\u00e8re (where in 1967-1968 they ranged between 9 and 16). Mortality rates from esophageal cancer in the town of Torino were constant from 1951-1971. During the same period, mortality from laryngeal cancer in men doubled. This suggests that although some etiological agents (alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking) are common to esophageal and laryngeal cancer, the interplay between these 2 factors as well as that with other carcinogens is different for the 2 types of cancer.", "contents": "Mortality from esophageal cancer in Piedmont, Italy. Piedmont is located at the borderline between Italy (where mortality from esophageal cancer is relatively low) and France and Switzerland (where it is relatively high). Therefore, it seemed of interest to investigate the mortality from this cancer in Piedmont. Age-adjusted yearly mortality rates for 1965-1969 were 4.3 and 0.8 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively. Rates were very similar in the town of Torino, in the 23 suburbs of the first belt, in the nonmetropolitan areas of the province of Torino, and in the other 5 provinces of Piedmont. In both sexes, the rates did not differ from those observed in Italy during 1966-1967, whereas rates for males were lower than the national rates for France and Switzerland (14.0 and 8.5/100,000/year, respectively). Rates for males were also lower than in the adjacent French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and Is\u00e8re (where in 1967-1968 they ranged between 9 and 16). Mortality rates from esophageal cancer in the town of Torino were constant from 1951-1971. During the same period, mortality from laryngeal cancer in men doubled. This suggests that although some etiological agents (alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking) are common to esophageal and laryngeal cancer, the interplay between these 2 factors as well as that with other carcinogens is different for the 2 types of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:929702", "title": "Serum phosphoexose isomerase in cancer.", "content": "Serum levels of phosphoexose isomerase (PHI) were determined in 138 cancer patients. The enzyme levels showed a relation to the clinical stage of the tumor, and were, on the average, higher in advanced disease. The behavior of the enzyme levels after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was studied in relation to the clinical response. A statistically significant reduction of PHI activity in patients with subjective and objective or only subjective responses to therapy was noted. The mean values before and after chemotherapy in patients with progression of the disease were not significantly different. The authors conclude that high levels of serum PHI are, most often, associated with an advanced and/or a metastasized tumor; furthermore PHI seems to be a reliable biologic marker of the destruction of cancer tissue.", "contents": "Serum phosphoexose isomerase in cancer. Serum levels of phosphoexose isomerase (PHI) were determined in 138 cancer patients. The enzyme levels showed a relation to the clinical stage of the tumor, and were, on the average, higher in advanced disease. The behavior of the enzyme levels after chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was studied in relation to the clinical response. A statistically significant reduction of PHI activity in patients with subjective and objective or only subjective responses to therapy was noted. The mean values before and after chemotherapy in patients with progression of the disease were not significantly different. The authors conclude that high levels of serum PHI are, most often, associated with an advanced and/or a metastasized tumor; furthermore PHI seems to be a reliable biologic marker of the destruction of cancer tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:929701", "title": "A biochemical characterization of human breast tumors.", "content": "The activities of PHI, LDH and LDH isoenzymes were examined in 45 samples of human breast tissue. There were 25 carcinomas, 10 fibroadenomas and 10 nontumor tissue samples. In the group of nontumor breast tissue, values were as follows: PHI (X = 574 SD = 69), LDH (X = 634 SD = 91), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 0.42 SD = 0.23); in the benign group, PHI (X = 425 SD = 95), LDH (X = 59 SD = 188), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 0.55 SD = 0.38); and in the malignant tumor group, PHI (X = 2871 SD = 1350), LDH (X = 3108 SD = 1417), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 3.33 SD = 0.95). The enzyme activities of nontumor and benign tissue were statistically similar, but when these parameters were compared with the enzyme values of malignant tissue, there was a significant statistical difference. Based on these results, it is possible to establish a biochemical criterion for malignancy with the PHI and LDH activity levels greater than 720 U/g and the LDH5/LDH1 ration greater than 1.3. By using this criterion, the examined specimens can be categorized as nontumor or benign in one group and malignant in another group. This corresponds to the histiopathologic system of classification.", "contents": "A biochemical characterization of human breast tumors. The activities of PHI, LDH and LDH isoenzymes were examined in 45 samples of human breast tissue. There were 25 carcinomas, 10 fibroadenomas and 10 nontumor tissue samples. In the group of nontumor breast tissue, values were as follows: PHI (X = 574 SD = 69), LDH (X = 634 SD = 91), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 0.42 SD = 0.23); in the benign group, PHI (X = 425 SD = 95), LDH (X = 59 SD = 188), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 0.55 SD = 0.38); and in the malignant tumor group, PHI (X = 2871 SD = 1350), LDH (X = 3108 SD = 1417), LDH5/LDH1 (X = 3.33 SD = 0.95). The enzyme activities of nontumor and benign tissue were statistically similar, but when these parameters were compared with the enzyme values of malignant tissue, there was a significant statistical difference. Based on these results, it is possible to establish a biochemical criterion for malignancy with the PHI and LDH activity levels greater than 720 U/g and the LDH5/LDH1 ration greater than 1.3. By using this criterion, the examined specimens can be categorized as nontumor or benign in one group and malignant in another group. This corresponds to the histiopathologic system of classification."}
{"id": "PMID:929703", "title": "Tumors and dental and ocular abnormalities after treatment of infant rats with adriamycin.", "content": "In rats repeatedly treated subcutaneously as infants with adriamycin in 2 cycles of 4 treatments each, the induction of ocular and dental abnormalities and tumors was studied. Cataracts appeared from 18 to 26 days in 80% of CD rats treated with 1.15 mg/kg/day of adriamycin and from 28 to 104 days in 55% of Wistar-Lewis rats given 0.75 mg/kg/day adriamycin. Abnormal growth of incisors was observed in 30% of the CD rats and in 44% of the Wistar-Lewis rats. At lower doses, no such abnormalities were found. At about 1 year after treatment, 100% of the CD rats treated with 0.75 mg/kg/day adriamycin and about 60% of the Wistar-Lewis rats treated with 0.75 and 0.5 mg/kg/day adriamycin developed tumors, which were histologically classified.", "contents": "Tumors and dental and ocular abnormalities after treatment of infant rats with adriamycin. In rats repeatedly treated subcutaneously as infants with adriamycin in 2 cycles of 4 treatments each, the induction of ocular and dental abnormalities and tumors was studied. Cataracts appeared from 18 to 26 days in 80% of CD rats treated with 1.15 mg/kg/day of adriamycin and from 28 to 104 days in 55% of Wistar-Lewis rats given 0.75 mg/kg/day adriamycin. Abnormal growth of incisors was observed in 30% of the CD rats and in 44% of the Wistar-Lewis rats. At lower doses, no such abnormalities were found. At about 1 year after treatment, 100% of the CD rats treated with 0.75 mg/kg/day adriamycin and about 60% of the Wistar-Lewis rats treated with 0.75 and 0.5 mg/kg/day adriamycin developed tumors, which were histologically classified."}
{"id": "PMID:929704", "title": "Primary retroperitoneal tumors.", "content": "Seventy-five cases of primary retroperitoneal tumors observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan during the period 1932 to 1973, 56 of which had a histopathologic classification (51 malignant and 5 benign), are reported. By examination of the diagnostic and therapeutic criteria employed and the survival data (9 of the 51 malignant cases were alive at 3 years, and 3 of these were alive at 5 years), the authors point out the difficulty of an early diagnosis and, therefore, of a radical surgery, the need for a programmed therapy, and the importance of the angiographic examination in the diagnostic strategy.", "contents": "Primary retroperitoneal tumors. Seventy-five cases of primary retroperitoneal tumors observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan during the period 1932 to 1973, 56 of which had a histopathologic classification (51 malignant and 5 benign), are reported. By examination of the diagnostic and therapeutic criteria employed and the survival data (9 of the 51 malignant cases were alive at 3 years, and 3 of these were alive at 5 years), the authors point out the difficulty of an early diagnosis and, therefore, of a radical surgery, the need for a programmed therapy, and the importance of the angiographic examination in the diagnostic strategy."}
{"id": "PMID:929705", "title": "[Studies on the heterogeneity of blood serum high-molecular fraction proteins in healthy people and patients with cancer].", "content": "Heterogeneity of proteins of blood serum high-molecular fraction in healthy people, patients with cancer and those with pathologies of nonmalignant nature was studied by the method of disc electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gel. It is established that under conditions of the experiment sharp differences are observed in heterogeneity of studied proteins manifesting in a growth of the discrete electrophoretic bands in disc electrophoregrams of high-molecular fractions of sera from the cancer patients. Disc electrophoregrams of proteins of the studied fractions from the sera of patients with nonmalignant pathologies also differ from those of control groups, though not so sharply as when comparing the preparations obtained from the sera of healthy people and cancer patients. Possible reasons of the observed differences are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the heterogeneity of blood serum high-molecular fraction proteins in healthy people and patients with cancer]. Heterogeneity of proteins of blood serum high-molecular fraction in healthy people, patients with cancer and those with pathologies of nonmalignant nature was studied by the method of disc electrophoresis in 4% polyacrylamide gel. It is established that under conditions of the experiment sharp differences are observed in heterogeneity of studied proteins manifesting in a growth of the discrete electrophoretic bands in disc electrophoregrams of high-molecular fractions of sera from the cancer patients. Disc electrophoregrams of proteins of the studied fractions from the sera of patients with nonmalignant pathologies also differ from those of control groups, though not so sharply as when comparing the preparations obtained from the sera of healthy people and cancer patients. Possible reasons of the observed differences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929707", "title": "[Peculiarities of the action of protein positively reacting in the sedimentation test for cancer on the activity of glycolytic enzymes].", "content": "Blood serum of oncologic patients due to immunoglobulin involved in its composition, activates glycolysis in the soluble fraction of muscles when using starch, glycogen and glucose as substrates. The activation is registered under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. When elucidating the immunoglobulin effect in a glycolytic chain under aerobic conditions it is shown that its activating effect in the incomplete incubation system is manifested with such glycolysis substrates as fructose-6-phosphate and 2-phosphoglyceric acid. Glycolysis activation with serum is insignificant or absent at all with the presence of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric aldehide, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, sodium pyruvate. Immunoglobulin isolated from the blood serum of oncologic patients does not affect the activity of purified preparations of hexokinase, glycerinaldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. When using the air as a gas medium lactate dehydrogenase is activated by immunoglobulin. Lactate dehydrogenase activity under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is essentially lower than in the case when the air serves as a gas medium.", "contents": "[Peculiarities of the action of protein positively reacting in the sedimentation test for cancer on the activity of glycolytic enzymes]. Blood serum of oncologic patients due to immunoglobulin involved in its composition, activates glycolysis in the soluble fraction of muscles when using starch, glycogen and glucose as substrates. The activation is registered under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. When elucidating the immunoglobulin effect in a glycolytic chain under aerobic conditions it is shown that its activating effect in the incomplete incubation system is manifested with such glycolysis substrates as fructose-6-phosphate and 2-phosphoglyceric acid. Glycolysis activation with serum is insignificant or absent at all with the presence of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric aldehide, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, sodium pyruvate. Immunoglobulin isolated from the blood serum of oncologic patients does not affect the activity of purified preparations of hexokinase, glycerinaldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. When using the air as a gas medium lactate dehydrogenase is activated by immunoglobulin. Lactate dehydrogenase activity under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is essentially lower than in the case when the air serves as a gas medium."}
{"id": "PMID:929708", "title": "[Intake dynamics of GABA and its pantoate derivative in mice brain areas].", "content": "After subcutaneous administration in equimolar, close to therapeutic, doses accumulation of 1-14C-PANTOGAB exceeds accumulation of 1-14C-GABA in the brain areas only at early stages of observations: 7.5 and 15 min. In blood at all the time except for 4 h, the amount of 1-14C-PANTOGAB exceeds essentially the content of 1-14C-GABA. Maximum of 14C-PANTOGAB accumulation in the brain is observed 30 min later and that of 14C-GABA by 60 min. Difference in distribution of both preparations between the brain areas are inconsiderable. In the period of maximum accumulation there is a tendency to a more intensive 1-14C-PANTOGAB incorporation into the cerebellum, and 1-14C-GABA into truncus cerebri. The dynamics of accumulation in the brain and removing of the studied compounds from blood evidences for better absorption from the place of administration and for a weaker biotransformation of PANTOGAB as compared to GABA.", "contents": "[Intake dynamics of GABA and its pantoate derivative in mice brain areas]. After subcutaneous administration in equimolar, close to therapeutic, doses accumulation of 1-14C-PANTOGAB exceeds accumulation of 1-14C-GABA in the brain areas only at early stages of observations: 7.5 and 15 min. In blood at all the time except for 4 h, the amount of 1-14C-PANTOGAB exceeds essentially the content of 1-14C-GABA. Maximum of 14C-PANTOGAB accumulation in the brain is observed 30 min later and that of 14C-GABA by 60 min. Difference in distribution of both preparations between the brain areas are inconsiderable. In the period of maximum accumulation there is a tendency to a more intensive 1-14C-PANTOGAB incorporation into the cerebellum, and 1-14C-GABA into truncus cerebri. The dynamics of accumulation in the brain and removing of the studied compounds from blood evidences for better absorption from the place of administration and for a weaker biotransformation of PANTOGAB as compared to GABA."}
{"id": "PMID:929709", "title": "[Carboxypeptidases from different microbiolorganisms].", "content": "Experiments were performed to detect \"alkali\" and \"acid\" carboxypeptidases in 39 enzymic preparations from fungi, yeast, actinomyces, bacteria and algae. Distribution of both types of carboxypeptidases is different: they are absent in the six of the studied sources, there are no \"acid\" carboxypeptidases in 11 sources and no \"alkali\" in nine ones. The largest amount of carboxypeptidases is in the objects from fungi and actinomycetes, the least, in those from bacteria and algae. There is no correlation between synthesis of these enzymes by one microorganism. Thus, fungi produce mainly \"acid\" enzymes, and actinomycetes only \"alkali\" ones. Asp. oryzae and Asp. flavus are powerful producers of the former, Streptomyces griseus of the latter. Specific activities 15-20 times as high as all the already studied ones are obtained for the preparations isolated from Str. griseus (protezym, proteinase-1, proteinase-3, crystal line complex of proteases). Carboxypeptidase of Str. griseus is relatively stable in comparison with \"acid\" ones in purification and concentration.", "contents": "[Carboxypeptidases from different microbiolorganisms]. Experiments were performed to detect \"alkali\" and \"acid\" carboxypeptidases in 39 enzymic preparations from fungi, yeast, actinomyces, bacteria and algae. Distribution of both types of carboxypeptidases is different: they are absent in the six of the studied sources, there are no \"acid\" carboxypeptidases in 11 sources and no \"alkali\" in nine ones. The largest amount of carboxypeptidases is in the objects from fungi and actinomycetes, the least, in those from bacteria and algae. There is no correlation between synthesis of these enzymes by one microorganism. Thus, fungi produce mainly \"acid\" enzymes, and actinomycetes only \"alkali\" ones. Asp. oryzae and Asp. flavus are powerful producers of the former, Streptomyces griseus of the latter. Specific activities 15-20 times as high as all the already studied ones are obtained for the preparations isolated from Str. griseus (protezym, proteinase-1, proteinase-3, crystal line complex of proteases). Carboxypeptidase of Str. griseus is relatively stable in comparison with \"acid\" ones in purification and concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:929710", "title": "[Isoenzymic spectra of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the loach unfertilized eggs and embryos].", "content": "Isoenzymic spectra of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were detected in unfertilized eggs of Misgurnus fossilis. They do not change significantly in the embryos during blastula, gastrula and early organogenesis stages of development. The intraspecific polymorphism of one lactate dehydrogenase subunit was found in the unfertilized eggs and embryos. The polymorphism is pronounced in the existence of three types of isoenzymic spectra of different frequencies in the given population of the loach.", "contents": "[Isoenzymic spectra of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the loach unfertilized eggs and embryos]. Isoenzymic spectra of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were detected in unfertilized eggs of Misgurnus fossilis. They do not change significantly in the embryos during blastula, gastrula and early organogenesis stages of development. The intraspecific polymorphism of one lactate dehydrogenase subunit was found in the unfertilized eggs and embryos. The polymorphism is pronounced in the existence of three types of isoenzymic spectra of different frequencies in the given population of the loach."}
{"id": "PMID:929711", "title": "[Stimulation of gluconeogenesis with 1,3-butanediol in the perfused rat liver].", "content": "An intensified synthesis of glucose is observed in gluconeogenesis from endogenous precursor only for the first 30 min of perfusion. Pyruvate introduction into the medium raises phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities in the liver and determines maintenance of the glucose formation high rate for 90 min of perfusion. 1,3-butanediol is found to have a stimulating effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. Introduction of 1,3 bytanediol into perfusate decreases the redox state of free NAD-pairs, increases the content of phosphoenolpyruvate, malate. ATP and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1.6-diphosphatase activity in the perfused liver.", "contents": "[Stimulation of gluconeogenesis with 1,3-butanediol in the perfused rat liver]. An intensified synthesis of glucose is observed in gluconeogenesis from endogenous precursor only for the first 30 min of perfusion. Pyruvate introduction into the medium raises phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activities in the liver and determines maintenance of the glucose formation high rate for 90 min of perfusion. 1,3-butanediol is found to have a stimulating effect on gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. Introduction of 1,3 bytanediol into perfusate decreases the redox state of free NAD-pairs, increases the content of phosphoenolpyruvate, malate. ATP and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose-1.6-diphosphatase activity in the perfused liver."}
{"id": "PMID:929713", "title": "Amperometric method for quantitative determination of proteins.", "content": "The amperometric method is suggested for the quantitative determination of proteins. The method is based on ability of copper to form the intracomplex compounds with proteins and hardly soluble compounds with potassium ferrocyanide. The sensitivity of the method is 10 micrograms of protein per 1 ml. Main advantages of the method are as follows: a) the accuracy of the method is higher than that of the Lawry method and is 5%; b) possibility to determine proteins at any pH; c) possibility to determine stained proteins.", "contents": "Amperometric method for quantitative determination of proteins. The amperometric method is suggested for the quantitative determination of proteins. The method is based on ability of copper to form the intracomplex compounds with proteins and hardly soluble compounds with potassium ferrocyanide. The sensitivity of the method is 10 micrograms of protein per 1 ml. Main advantages of the method are as follows: a) the accuracy of the method is higher than that of the Lawry method and is 5%; b) possibility to determine proteins at any pH; c) possibility to determine stained proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:929712", "title": "[On the potential protective properties of vitamin A in carcinogenesis].", "content": "The effect of massive doses of vitamin A was studied as applied to the tumor growth in rats with Guerin's carcinoma, protein biosynthesis in them and enzymic activity. It is established that intraperitoneal administration of vitamin A massive doses (the total quantity being 4000 000 and 2000 000 I.U.) in equal doses for 6 days decreases tumor sizes and weight, intensity of protein biosynthesis by the cell-free protein-synthetizing system of the small intestine mucosa, intensifies activity of retinylpalmitate hydrolase, decreases that of retinylpalmitate synthetase, increases the activity of alanine aminotransferase. The authors assume that under the effect of vitamin A massive doses the capacity of retinol-binding protein transporting vitamin A is exhausted, the latter being transported in a cell by lipoproteids, which causes the cell membrane lysis.", "contents": "[On the potential protective properties of vitamin A in carcinogenesis]. The effect of massive doses of vitamin A was studied as applied to the tumor growth in rats with Guerin's carcinoma, protein biosynthesis in them and enzymic activity. It is established that intraperitoneal administration of vitamin A massive doses (the total quantity being 4000 000 and 2000 000 I.U.) in equal doses for 6 days decreases tumor sizes and weight, intensity of protein biosynthesis by the cell-free protein-synthetizing system of the small intestine mucosa, intensifies activity of retinylpalmitate hydrolase, decreases that of retinylpalmitate synthetase, increases the activity of alanine aminotransferase. The authors assume that under the effect of vitamin A massive doses the capacity of retinol-binding protein transporting vitamin A is exhausted, the latter being transported in a cell by lipoproteids, which causes the cell membrane lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:929771", "title": "A neurohistochemical and histological study of peripheral autonomic neurons of the human bladder neck and prostate.", "content": "The histological structure and neurohistochemical properties of peripheral autonomic nerve cells which supply the bladder neck and male genital tract have been examined in the human infant. Two types of neuron have been recognised and their morphological features described. One type was rich in acetylcholinesterase but devoid of catecholamine and occurred in relation to the bladder neck and preprostatic urethra. These cells probalby represent presumptive cholinergic parasympathetic neurons which innervate the urinary bladder. The second type contained noradrenaline and supplied nerve fibres to the musculature of the musculature of the gential tract. These ganglion cells correspond to the 'short' adrenergic neurons which have been described in other species.", "contents": "A neurohistochemical and histological study of peripheral autonomic neurons of the human bladder neck and prostate. The histological structure and neurohistochemical properties of peripheral autonomic nerve cells which supply the bladder neck and male genital tract have been examined in the human infant. Two types of neuron have been recognised and their morphological features described. One type was rich in acetylcholinesterase but devoid of catecholamine and occurred in relation to the bladder neck and preprostatic urethra. These cells probalby represent presumptive cholinergic parasympathetic neurons which innervate the urinary bladder. The second type contained noradrenaline and supplied nerve fibres to the musculature of the musculature of the gential tract. These ganglion cells correspond to the 'short' adrenergic neurons which have been described in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:929772", "title": "A new operation for post-prostatectomy incontineance.", "content": "A new surgical treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence is described. The intact urogenital diaphragm and a peripheral elastic resistance are the two most essential factors to assure continence. In addition to stabilizing the urogenital diaphragm, an elastic peripheral resistance is created by this technique. Contience is achieved by imbedding the urethra between the two corpora cavernosa and followed by median rotation and adaptation of the ischiocavernosi muscles. The proof of continence is given urodynamically by the function urethral profile.", "contents": "A new operation for post-prostatectomy incontineance. A new surgical treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence is described. The intact urogenital diaphragm and a peripheral elastic resistance are the two most essential factors to assure continence. In addition to stabilizing the urogenital diaphragm, an elastic peripheral resistance is created by this technique. Contience is achieved by imbedding the urethra between the two corpora cavernosa and followed by median rotation and adaptation of the ischiocavernosi muscles. The proof of continence is given urodynamically by the function urethral profile."}
{"id": "PMID:929773", "title": "[Treatment of Urinary incontinence by Teflon injection (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is made on the treatment of urinary incontinence by endourethral Teflon injections applied to 43 cases of male and female patients over a period of 18 months. The advantage of the urethral pressure profile for diagnosing urinary incontinence is emphasized. With reference to sclerotherapy, suitable instrumentation for the endourethral and perineal injection of Teflon is described. Due to our experience, urinary incontinence as a frequent and socially severe complication following operations in the bladder neck area, can be cured to a high percentage by the injection of Teflon. The method used is safe, well tolerated, technically easy to handle, inconsumptive, and can be reapplied without any risk.", "contents": "[Treatment of Urinary incontinence by Teflon injection (author's transl)]. A report is made on the treatment of urinary incontinence by endourethral Teflon injections applied to 43 cases of male and female patients over a period of 18 months. The advantage of the urethral pressure profile for diagnosing urinary incontinence is emphasized. With reference to sclerotherapy, suitable instrumentation for the endourethral and perineal injection of Teflon is described. Due to our experience, urinary incontinence as a frequent and socially severe complication following operations in the bladder neck area, can be cured to a high percentage by the injection of Teflon. The method used is safe, well tolerated, technically easy to handle, inconsumptive, and can be reapplied without any risk."}
{"id": "PMID:929774", "title": "Effects of androgens and/or prolactin on ventral prostate transplants.", "content": "When testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) pellets (15 mg) were implanted into host male rats of different ages bearing ventral prostate transplants obtained from donors of varying ages, the in situ tissues generally contained more DNA than did the transplanted tissues. Hosts implanted with T, and in particular in the transplanted ventral prostate tissues, contained higher levels of DNA than in those host implanted with DHT. Neither the donor or host age (6-12 weeks) nor the duration of the transplant (6 or 12 weeks) seemed to have any demonstrable effect upon the levels of DNA in the transplant itself or in the in situ prostate. The in vitro incubations of slices of either the transplant or the host's prostate with testosterone-3H revealed that both tissues could effectively synthesize dihydrotestosterone-3H and androstanediol-3H. However, the transplanted tissues was less capable of such steroid metabolism, and overall was 1/3-1/2 as effective as the host prostate tissues in vitro. The acinar epithelial cell heights and the cellular secretory activities in the transplants were often similar to those examined from the host's in situ ventral prostate. Prolactin (50 IU/kg daily X 5) did not affect DNA levels in either the transplants or the in situ prostate, but this hormone did accelerate the formation of DHT-3H in the situ prostate in vitro.", "contents": "Effects of androgens and/or prolactin on ventral prostate transplants. When testosterone (T) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) pellets (15 mg) were implanted into host male rats of different ages bearing ventral prostate transplants obtained from donors of varying ages, the in situ tissues generally contained more DNA than did the transplanted tissues. Hosts implanted with T, and in particular in the transplanted ventral prostate tissues, contained higher levels of DNA than in those host implanted with DHT. Neither the donor or host age (6-12 weeks) nor the duration of the transplant (6 or 12 weeks) seemed to have any demonstrable effect upon the levels of DNA in the transplant itself or in the in situ prostate. The in vitro incubations of slices of either the transplant or the host's prostate with testosterone-3H revealed that both tissues could effectively synthesize dihydrotestosterone-3H and androstanediol-3H. However, the transplanted tissues was less capable of such steroid metabolism, and overall was 1/3-1/2 as effective as the host prostate tissues in vitro. The acinar epithelial cell heights and the cellular secretory activities in the transplants were often similar to those examined from the host's in situ ventral prostate. Prolactin (50 IU/kg daily X 5) did not affect DNA levels in either the transplants or the in situ prostate, but this hormone did accelerate the formation of DHT-3H in the situ prostate in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:929775", "title": "[The functional obstruction of bladder neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The functional obstruction of bladder neck in male patients is a well-known and long-known entity. Etiology, natural history and mechanism of this condition are not yet fully understood. The patients suffer from obstructive symptoms since childhood. The results of a full radiological, urological and urodynamics assessment of 10 patients with such symptoms are presented. Diathermic incision of bladder neck was the therapy of choice. Retrograde ejaculation of seminal fluid was not observed. The prognosis of this disease is good. Uroflowmetry, cystometry and micturating cysto-urethrography are mandatory for the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[The functional obstruction of bladder neck (author's transl)]. The functional obstruction of bladder neck in male patients is a well-known and long-known entity. Etiology, natural history and mechanism of this condition are not yet fully understood. The patients suffer from obstructive symptoms since childhood. The results of a full radiological, urological and urodynamics assessment of 10 patients with such symptoms are presented. Diathermic incision of bladder neck was the therapy of choice. Retrograde ejaculation of seminal fluid was not observed. The prognosis of this disease is good. Uroflowmetry, cystometry and micturating cysto-urethrography are mandatory for the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:929776", "title": "[Efficacy of experimental renal embolization with microspheres. Additionally, a critical report on the complication rate of intra-arterial embolization with particles (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal embolization was performed in 12 dogs using the Seldinger technique and microspheres 250 +/- 40 micrometer in diameter. Periodical arteriography, microangiographies and histological analysis was carried out to control the efficacy of embolization. As a result, renal arteries could be embolized wi. th microspheres, however, because of statistical distribution there were histologically anemic and normal parenchyma situated closely together. In more than 50% there was a reflux of microspheres which could only be detected by histological examination, while angiographies showed a totally normal vascular pattern. Microspheres should not be used in clinical embolization. Experimental investigation of embolization materials must almost embrace histological analysis.", "contents": "[Efficacy of experimental renal embolization with microspheres. Additionally, a critical report on the complication rate of intra-arterial embolization with particles (author's transl)]. Renal embolization was performed in 12 dogs using the Seldinger technique and microspheres 250 +/- 40 micrometer in diameter. Periodical arteriography, microangiographies and histological analysis was carried out to control the efficacy of embolization. As a result, renal arteries could be embolized wi. th microspheres, however, because of statistical distribution there were histologically anemic and normal parenchyma situated closely together. In more than 50% there was a reflux of microspheres which could only be detected by histological examination, while angiographies showed a totally normal vascular pattern. Microspheres should not be used in clinical embolization. Experimental investigation of embolization materials must almost embrace histological analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:929777", "title": "Sexual impotence: a complication of external sphincterotomy.", "content": "In paraplegic patients with upper motor neuron lesions, endoscopic sphincterotomy is a commonly used procedure to lower sphincter resistance and facilitate voiding. The technique yields 95% satisfactory clinical results. In the recent literature several authors report on temporary or permanent loss of erections after sphincterotomy. The 3 and 9 o'clock incision and resection appear to carry a higher risk (30-60%) than operations performed at the 1 and 11 o'clock or the 12 0'clock position (0-6%). Impairment of erectile reflex activity is more frequently observed in cases with severe intraoperative bleeding requiring deep coagulation and in the event of reoperation. We report on the clinical, radiological and urodynamic findings of a series of 47 cases (3 and 9o'clock resections). Partial and/or temporary inhibition of erection was observed in 5, total and permanent loss in 1 patients.=", "contents": "Sexual impotence: a complication of external sphincterotomy. In paraplegic patients with upper motor neuron lesions, endoscopic sphincterotomy is a commonly used procedure to lower sphincter resistance and facilitate voiding. The technique yields 95% satisfactory clinical results. In the recent literature several authors report on temporary or permanent loss of erections after sphincterotomy. The 3 and 9 o'clock incision and resection appear to carry a higher risk (30-60%) than operations performed at the 1 and 11 o'clock or the 12 0'clock position (0-6%). Impairment of erectile reflex activity is more frequently observed in cases with severe intraoperative bleeding requiring deep coagulation and in the event of reoperation. We report on the clinical, radiological and urodynamic findings of a series of 47 cases (3 and 9o'clock resections). Partial and/or temporary inhibition of erection was observed in 5, total and permanent loss in 1 patients.="}
{"id": "PMID:929778", "title": "The evaluation of some biochemical parameters in pyridoxine-treated calcium oxalate renal stone formers.", "content": "Several serum and urinary constitutents were evaluated in 13 calcium oxalate kidney stone formers in whom according to urinary vitamin B6 excretion sufficient vitamin B6 intake before the study was suggested. The influence of 28-day Pyridoxine (Spofa) supplementation (20 mg three times daily) on these biochemical parameters was searched. Pyridoxine supplementation was followed by a significant increment in the mean values of serum uric acid; the remaining serum constitutents did not change. Urinary calcium, phosphare, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and uric acid slightly increased, urinary oxalate excretion slightly fell; there was a high variability in the changes between the individuals. No changes in the mean values of clearance of endogenous creatinine, percentage of tubular reabsorption of phosphate and urinary zinc excretion were found. It is suggested that long-term studies are necessary to search the factors influencing successful stone prevention or stone recurrency in pyridoxine-treatment patients.", "contents": "The evaluation of some biochemical parameters in pyridoxine-treated calcium oxalate renal stone formers. Several serum and urinary constitutents were evaluated in 13 calcium oxalate kidney stone formers in whom according to urinary vitamin B6 excretion sufficient vitamin B6 intake before the study was suggested. The influence of 28-day Pyridoxine (Spofa) supplementation (20 mg three times daily) on these biochemical parameters was searched. Pyridoxine supplementation was followed by a significant increment in the mean values of serum uric acid; the remaining serum constitutents did not change. Urinary calcium, phosphare, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and uric acid slightly increased, urinary oxalate excretion slightly fell; there was a high variability in the changes between the individuals. No changes in the mean values of clearance of endogenous creatinine, percentage of tubular reabsorption of phosphate and urinary zinc excretion were found. It is suggested that long-term studies are necessary to search the factors influencing successful stone prevention or stone recurrency in pyridoxine-treatment patients."}
{"id": "PMID:929796", "title": "Ophthalmoscopic observation of the retinal nerve fiber layer.", "content": "Alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer occur as a result of diseases affecting the anterior visual pathway. Optimal viewing conditions, familiarity with the appearance of the normal nerve fiber layer, precise focus, and a high index of suspicion are necessary for the ophthalmoscopic observation of pathologic alteration in the nerve fiber layer. The observer must learn to differentiate pseudodefects (reflexes) from true defects (areas of nerve fiber layer atrophy). Nerve fiber layer changes appear ophthalmoscopically as generalized attrition, slit defects, sector defects (all types of atrophic change), or changes in the appearance of the nerve fiber layer itself. These alterations, which occur in numerous conditions including congenital hemianopia, ocular hypertension and glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, acute Leber optic neuropathy, trauma, severe hypertension, congenital and heredity optic atrophy, toxic amblyopia, papilledema, retinochoroiditis, and following photocoagulation, may be of critical diagnostic importance.", "contents": "Ophthalmoscopic observation of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer occur as a result of diseases affecting the anterior visual pathway. Optimal viewing conditions, familiarity with the appearance of the normal nerve fiber layer, precise focus, and a high index of suspicion are necessary for the ophthalmoscopic observation of pathologic alteration in the nerve fiber layer. The observer must learn to differentiate pseudodefects (reflexes) from true defects (areas of nerve fiber layer atrophy). Nerve fiber layer changes appear ophthalmoscopically as generalized attrition, slit defects, sector defects (all types of atrophic change), or changes in the appearance of the nerve fiber layer itself. These alterations, which occur in numerous conditions including congenital hemianopia, ocular hypertension and glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, acute Leber optic neuropathy, trauma, severe hypertension, congenital and heredity optic atrophy, toxic amblyopia, papilledema, retinochoroiditis, and following photocoagulation, may be of critical diagnostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:929794", "title": "Cupping of the optic disc in ischemic optic neuropathy.", "content": "Stereophotographs of the optic disc were reviewed in 78 patients with ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). Only 10% (6) of 61 nonarteritic (idiopathic) ION eyes developed optic disc cupping similar to that seen in glaucomatous eyes. Five of ten eyes with ION due to giant cell arteritis had cupping simulating glaucoma; however, two had elevated intraocular pressure, and the other three had large physiologic cups in the opposite eye. Optic disc pallor was proportionately more severe in ION eyes than in glaucomatous eyes of similar cup size. While there are similarities in the type of visual field loss in ION and glaucoma, the two disorders differ in the usual appearance of the disc after field loss has occurred and in the portion of the field most frequently affected. These observations suggest that if both disorders have an ischemic mechanism, there is a difference in the nature or distribution of the ischemia. There should be little difficulty under most circumstances in making the clinical differentiation between a disc that has suffered ION and a disc that has suffered pressure-induced damage, although occasional instances of ION may be classified as low-tension glaucoma on the basis of field loss and cupping without elevated intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Cupping of the optic disc in ischemic optic neuropathy. Stereophotographs of the optic disc were reviewed in 78 patients with ischemic optic neuropathy (ION). Only 10% (6) of 61 nonarteritic (idiopathic) ION eyes developed optic disc cupping similar to that seen in glaucomatous eyes. Five of ten eyes with ION due to giant cell arteritis had cupping simulating glaucoma; however, two had elevated intraocular pressure, and the other three had large physiologic cups in the opposite eye. Optic disc pallor was proportionately more severe in ION eyes than in glaucomatous eyes of similar cup size. While there are similarities in the type of visual field loss in ION and glaucoma, the two disorders differ in the usual appearance of the disc after field loss has occurred and in the portion of the field most frequently affected. These observations suggest that if both disorders have an ischemic mechanism, there is a difference in the nature or distribution of the ischemia. There should be little difficulty under most circumstances in making the clinical differentiation between a disc that has suffered ION and a disc that has suffered pressure-induced damage, although occasional instances of ION may be classified as low-tension glaucoma on the basis of field loss and cupping without elevated intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:929798", "title": "Ocular injuries from automobile batteries.", "content": "The incidence of eye injuries related to automobile batteries has sharply increased, currently comprising nearly 1% of all unscheduled eye visits to one medical center. A series of 93 cases obtained over 81/2 years was reviewed and follow-up information obtained. While two thirds of the injuries were relatively minor, 10% (9) of the patients sustained permanent ocular damage or required hospitalization. All of the severe injuries and the majority of the other injuries were caused by battery explosions. Not only should the inherent danger of the lead-acid storage battery be reduced, but the public must be alerted to the hazard.", "contents": "Ocular injuries from automobile batteries. The incidence of eye injuries related to automobile batteries has sharply increased, currently comprising nearly 1% of all unscheduled eye visits to one medical center. A series of 93 cases obtained over 81/2 years was reviewed and follow-up information obtained. While two thirds of the injuries were relatively minor, 10% (9) of the patients sustained permanent ocular damage or required hospitalization. All of the severe injuries and the majority of the other injuries were caused by battery explosions. Not only should the inherent danger of the lead-acid storage battery be reduced, but the public must be alerted to the hazard."}
{"id": "PMID:929799", "title": "Results of treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis with injectable corticosteroids.", "content": "Sixty-seven patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis who were treated with periocular injections of depot forms of corticosteroids were studied in an attempt to determine (1) whether patients who did poorly on this regimen could be differentiated predictively from those who responded in a more favorable fashion, and (2) whether a treatment regimen that would allow the safe use of periocular depot corticosteroids in patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis could be delineated. The study did not reveal any reliable way of predicting which patients would be good risks for the use of periocular injections of depot corticosteroids. It does suggest that the concurrent use of antitoxoplasma agents might protect patients in such a way that periocular depot corticosteroids would not worsen their disease. For the reasons outlined, the use of periocular injections of depot corticosteroids in toxoplasmic uveitis must be approached with great caution in the future.", "contents": "Results of treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis with injectable corticosteroids. Sixty-seven patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis who were treated with periocular injections of depot forms of corticosteroids were studied in an attempt to determine (1) whether patients who did poorly on this regimen could be differentiated predictively from those who responded in a more favorable fashion, and (2) whether a treatment regimen that would allow the safe use of periocular depot corticosteroids in patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis could be delineated. The study did not reveal any reliable way of predicting which patients would be good risks for the use of periocular injections of depot corticosteroids. It does suggest that the concurrent use of antitoxoplasma agents might protect patients in such a way that periocular depot corticosteroids would not worsen their disease. For the reasons outlined, the use of periocular injections of depot corticosteroids in toxoplasmic uveitis must be approached with great caution in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:929800", "title": "Pupil in clinical diagnosis. Light reflex anatomy and the afferent pupil defect.", "content": "The neuroanatomy for the light reflex has been reviewed. The importance of the semidecussation of visual pathways in the afferent portion of the system has been emphasized. The anatomy of the near synkinesis and its relation to the anatomy of the light reflex have been reviewed. The various abnormalities of sensory pupil function have been outlined. Particular stress has been placed on the value of the afferent pupil defect in the diagnosis of sensory lesions affecting the eye because of retinal or optic nerve disease. In addition, the value of the consensual pupil in the diagnosis of afferent defects has received special comment.", "contents": "Pupil in clinical diagnosis. Light reflex anatomy and the afferent pupil defect. The neuroanatomy for the light reflex has been reviewed. The importance of the semidecussation of visual pathways in the afferent portion of the system has been emphasized. The anatomy of the near synkinesis and its relation to the anatomy of the light reflex have been reviewed. The various abnormalities of sensory pupil function have been outlined. Particular stress has been placed on the value of the afferent pupil defect in the diagnosis of sensory lesions affecting the eye because of retinal or optic nerve disease. In addition, the value of the consensual pupil in the diagnosis of afferent defects has received special comment."}
{"id": "PMID:929803", "title": "Diagnosing Horner's syndrome.", "content": "The diagnosis of Horner's syndrome is divided into two stages: (1) the recognition of the sympathetic deficit, and (2) the localization of the lesion. The second step is of vital importance in the management of the patient with Horner's syndrome. If the lesion is preganglionic, the risk of malignancy is high; the patient should have cervical spine and chest roentgenograms (PA, lateral and apical lordotic) and perhaps a referral to a surgeon. If the lesion is postganglionic, it is most likely a benign vascular headache syndrome and the patient should go to a neurologist.", "contents": "Diagnosing Horner's syndrome. The diagnosis of Horner's syndrome is divided into two stages: (1) the recognition of the sympathetic deficit, and (2) the localization of the lesion. The second step is of vital importance in the management of the patient with Horner's syndrome. If the lesion is preganglionic, the risk of malignancy is high; the patient should have cervical spine and chest roentgenograms (PA, lateral and apical lordotic) and perhaps a referral to a surgeon. If the lesion is postganglionic, it is most likely a benign vascular headache syndrome and the patient should go to a neurologist."}
{"id": "PMID:929816", "title": "Microscope sterility system.", "content": "The problem of microscope sterility during ophthalmic microsurgery has generally been managed by using sterilizable handle protectors, or by using some form of plastic sterilizable drape for the entire microscope. Both of these systems have disadvantages. A simple and effective alternative which has been designed for Zeiss operating microscopes and can be modified for other types of instruments is presented. No modification of the microscope is required. The instrument consists of two pieces: a metal bracket which mounts in the accessory shoe of the operating microscope, and a rigid plastic sterilizable portion which is readily attached on the microscope from below with three sterilizable screws. The entire assembly can be attached within 15 seconds. It affords complete sterility protection of the operative field; it provides a sterile surface for handling and moving the microscope; it does not interfere with accessory lighting systerms; and it allows open access to external accessories such as cameras and observer tubes.", "contents": "Microscope sterility system. The problem of microscope sterility during ophthalmic microsurgery has generally been managed by using sterilizable handle protectors, or by using some form of plastic sterilizable drape for the entire microscope. Both of these systems have disadvantages. A simple and effective alternative which has been designed for Zeiss operating microscopes and can be modified for other types of instruments is presented. No modification of the microscope is required. The instrument consists of two pieces: a metal bracket which mounts in the accessory shoe of the operating microscope, and a rigid plastic sterilizable portion which is readily attached on the microscope from below with three sterilizable screws. The entire assembly can be attached within 15 seconds. It affords complete sterility protection of the operative field; it provides a sterile surface for handling and moving the microscope; it does not interfere with accessory lighting systerms; and it allows open access to external accessories such as cameras and observer tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:929829", "title": "Repair of post-traumatic impassable strictures of the prostatomembranous urethra.", "content": "A new operation has been done on 11 patients with post-traumatic impassible prostatomembranous urethral strictures. Complications have been minimal. The disadvantages and difficulties with 2 other procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Repair of post-traumatic impassable strictures of the prostatomembranous urethra. A new operation has been done on 11 patients with post-traumatic impassible prostatomembranous urethral strictures. Complications have been minimal. The disadvantages and difficulties with 2 other procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929830", "title": "Rupture of the prostatomembranous urethra: a new technique for primary repair.", "content": "A new technique is described for the primary repair of the ruptured prostatomembranous urethra. Two different methods of management are discussed. Our results with 18 cases treated between 1968 and 1976 are mentioned and the advantages of the procedure are enumerated.", "contents": "Rupture of the prostatomembranous urethra: a new technique for primary repair. A new technique is described for the primary repair of the ruptured prostatomembranous urethra. Two different methods of management are discussed. Our results with 18 cases treated between 1968 and 1976 are mentioned and the advantages of the procedure are enumerated."}
{"id": "PMID:929862", "title": "[Effect of biliary decompression on the results of the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the liver].", "content": "The purpose of this study consisted in providing experimental grounds to prove the efficiency of the biliferous tract decompression at surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the liver. The experiments were carried out on 39 dogs. It was ascertained that within 3 to 5 days after gunshot injury to the liver the conditions for normal bile discharge from the liver into the duodenum get hampered. The decompression of the biliferous system in the postoperative period resulted in the decrease of the severity and duration of posttraumatic bile decompression and exerted an appreciable effect upon the lowering of the lethality.", "contents": "[Effect of biliary decompression on the results of the surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the liver]. The purpose of this study consisted in providing experimental grounds to prove the efficiency of the biliferous tract decompression at surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the liver. The experiments were carried out on 39 dogs. It was ascertained that within 3 to 5 days after gunshot injury to the liver the conditions for normal bile discharge from the liver into the duodenum get hampered. The decompression of the biliferous system in the postoperative period resulted in the decrease of the severity and duration of posttraumatic bile decompression and exerted an appreciable effect upon the lowering of the lethality."}
{"id": "PMID:929864", "title": "[Blood neutrophil lesion reaction in burn patients].", "content": "The allergy level to staphylococcus was studied through the V.A. Fradkin reaction of neutrophile injury (RNI) in vitro in 160 thermal burn cases depending on the severity and dynamics of burn disease. The results of the study have proved that at the RNI in vitro the specific sensibilization to staphylococcus in the burned gets evident by the 15-30th day after trauma; the degree of RNI manifestation rises with the time (by the 90--180th day and later after trauma), especially in patients with deep and vast burns. It reaches very high level during the convalescense period. The direct interrelation between the allergy level, severity of the burn trauma and general immunological reactivity of the body has been shown.", "contents": "[Blood neutrophil lesion reaction in burn patients]. The allergy level to staphylococcus was studied through the V.A. Fradkin reaction of neutrophile injury (RNI) in vitro in 160 thermal burn cases depending on the severity and dynamics of burn disease. The results of the study have proved that at the RNI in vitro the specific sensibilization to staphylococcus in the burned gets evident by the 15-30th day after trauma; the degree of RNI manifestation rises with the time (by the 90--180th day and later after trauma), especially in patients with deep and vast burns. It reaches very high level during the convalescense period. The direct interrelation between the allergy level, severity of the burn trauma and general immunological reactivity of the body has been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:929865", "title": "[Developmental defects of the lungs and their clinical significance].", "content": "On the basis of a complex bronchological examination and treatment of 277 cases of 293 various bronchopulmonary malformations, the differential diagnostic features of the most common lung malformations are listed. These malformations: cystic and ordinary hypoplasia, sequestration, tracheal bronchus etc.-are of a  special clinical significance for surgeons. Immediate and late results of surgical treatment of 107 patients (38.8%) were studied. They prove a good effect of early operations on patients suffering from lung malformations, while inoperated  patients not infrequently develop various complications, such as pulmonary hypertension, secondary bronchiectasis and so on.", "contents": "[Developmental defects of the lungs and their clinical significance]. On the basis of a complex bronchological examination and treatment of 277 cases of 293 various bronchopulmonary malformations, the differential diagnostic features of the most common lung malformations are listed. These malformations: cystic and ordinary hypoplasia, sequestration, tracheal bronchus etc.-are of a  special clinical significance for surgeons. Immediate and late results of surgical treatment of 107 patients (38.8%) were studied. They prove a good effect of early operations on patients suffering from lung malformations, while inoperated  patients not infrequently develop various complications, such as pulmonary hypertension, secondary bronchiectasis and so on."}
{"id": "PMID:929866", "title": "[Changes in the intragastric vessels after a chemical burn].", "content": "The functional and morphological studies have proved that some considerable vascular changes occur in the injured stomach wall within the first hours after a superficial chemical burn. The most gross injuries in the arterial, venous and capillary network of the mucous occur 24 hours after the contamination with a corrosion substance. Regenerative processes in the vascular system together with functional improvement start after 3 days. Normalization of the circulation in the injured stomach wall comes about after 14 days.", "contents": "[Changes in the intragastric vessels after a chemical burn]. The functional and morphological studies have proved that some considerable vascular changes occur in the injured stomach wall within the first hours after a superficial chemical burn. The most gross injuries in the arterial, venous and capillary network of the mucous occur 24 hours after the contamination with a corrosion substance. Regenerative processes in the vascular system together with functional improvement start after 3 days. Normalization of the circulation in the injured stomach wall comes about after 14 days."}
{"id": "PMID:929867", "title": "[Chemical burns of the colon and rectum].", "content": "From the experimental data obtained in 104 animals and clinical observation of 270 cases of digestive tract chemical burns the authors have found that in response to the effect of a corrosion substance, got into the stomach, a complex of protective secretory motor reactions preventing in the most cases from the injury to the intestinal tract occur. In contaminations incompatible with life only, a superficial burn of the colon associated with injuries to the upper portions of gastrointestinal tract, does occur. This was found at the analysis of 62 postmortem protocols of the cases who died ater taking some chemical liquids.", "contents": "[Chemical burns of the colon and rectum]. From the experimental data obtained in 104 animals and clinical observation of 270 cases of digestive tract chemical burns the authors have found that in response to the effect of a corrosion substance, got into the stomach, a complex of protective secretory motor reactions preventing in the most cases from the injury to the intestinal tract occur. In contaminations incompatible with life only, a superficial burn of the colon associated with injuries to the upper portions of gastrointestinal tract, does occur. This was found at the analysis of 62 postmortem protocols of the cases who died ater taking some chemical liquids."}
{"id": "PMID:929868", "title": "[Oxyproline excretion in the urine in frostbite].", "content": "Hyperoxyprolinuria associated with the processes occuring in frostbitten tissues is observed in frostbites of II--III degree. In frostbites of I--II and III--IV degree the level of urine oxyproline excretion does not differ from the normal one throughout the posttraumatic period. In frostbites of I--II degree this is due to a limited volume of tissue injury, in frostbites of III--IV degree-to the fixation of decay products in the pathological focus, resulting from blood circulation disorders in the frostbitten zone. Differences in oxyprolinuria level may serve as a useful tool for differential diagnosis of frostbites.", "contents": "[Oxyproline excretion in the urine in frostbite]. Hyperoxyprolinuria associated with the processes occuring in frostbitten tissues is observed in frostbites of II--III degree. In frostbites of I--II and III--IV degree the level of urine oxyproline excretion does not differ from the normal one throughout the posttraumatic period. In frostbites of I--II degree this is due to a limited volume of tissue injury, in frostbites of III--IV degree-to the fixation of decay products in the pathological focus, resulting from blood circulation disorders in the frostbitten zone. Differences in oxyprolinuria level may serve as a useful tool for differential diagnosis of frostbites."}
{"id": "PMID:929869", "title": "[Outcomes of reconstructive operations in lesions of the nerves of the hand and the distal third of the forearm].", "content": "269 cases of the hand and distal third of the forearm peripheral nerves injuries have been treated in the Regional Clinical Surgical-Orthopedic Hospital for 10 years. Primary suture was carried out on 154 cases, early delayed suture-on 38, late delayed suture-on 22 repeated operations were performed upon 31 patients. The long-term results proved that the operations on the peripheral nerves should be performed after trauma as early as possible.", "contents": "[Outcomes of reconstructive operations in lesions of the nerves of the hand and the distal third of the forearm]. 269 cases of the hand and distal third of the forearm peripheral nerves injuries have been treated in the Regional Clinical Surgical-Orthopedic Hospital for 10 years. Primary suture was carried out on 154 cases, early delayed suture-on 38, late delayed suture-on 22 repeated operations were performed upon 31 patients. The long-term results proved that the operations on the peripheral nerves should be performed after trauma as early as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:929870", "title": "[Causes for the instability of the bone fragments in medial fractures of the femoral neck].", "content": "On the grounds of the study of 100 cases operated upon for medial fractures of the femoral neck the authors have found cases of instability of the fracture in 60 cases, which contributed to the secondary displacement of the fragments and formation of pseudoarthrosis in the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Causes for the instability of the bone fragments in medial fractures of the femoral neck]. On the grounds of the study of 100 cases operated upon for medial fractures of the femoral neck the authors have found cases of instability of the fracture in 60 cases, which contributed to the secondary displacement of the fragments and formation of pseudoarthrosis in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:929871", "title": "[Diagnostic errors and mortality in those suffering in road traffic accidents].", "content": "The paper deals with the analysis of diagnostic errors and lethality causes among the victims of traffic accidents. It was found that 40.75% of cases died from craniocerebral injuries, 32.5%-from traumatic shock and blood loss. Complete coincidence of clinical and medicolegal diagnosis was in 47.05% of cases, and complete discrepancy in 8.13%. The greatest number of errors are concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of chest and abdomen injuries. The least number of errors were made in big multiprofile clinics with well organized reanimation service. Some recommendations on the improvement of the organization of the treatment of traffic accident cases, ways of preventing diagnostic errors and the decrease of lethality are suggested.", "contents": "[Diagnostic errors and mortality in those suffering in road traffic accidents]. The paper deals with the analysis of diagnostic errors and lethality causes among the victims of traffic accidents. It was found that 40.75% of cases died from craniocerebral injuries, 32.5%-from traumatic shock and blood loss. Complete coincidence of clinical and medicolegal diagnosis was in 47.05% of cases, and complete discrepancy in 8.13%. The greatest number of errors are concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of chest and abdomen injuries. The least number of errors were made in big multiprofile clinics with well organized reanimation service. Some recommendations on the improvement of the organization of the treatment of traffic accident cases, ways of preventing diagnostic errors and the decrease of lethality are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:929872", "title": "[Errors in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women caused by the anatomical and physiological characteristics of their bodies].", "content": "Some fundamentals of the causes of diagnostic errors depending upon anatomophysiological and topographo-anatomical peculiarities of woman's organism are given. The tension of abdominal muscles in case of inflammatory gynecological diseases or the abscence of the anterior abdominal wall tension in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs, especially in pregnant women make one of such causes. The explanation and experimental evidence of the role played by the connective branches of the intercostal nerves in the contraction of abdominal muscles are presented. The author recommends some palpation methods which help to differentiate the abdominal muscles tension in peritonitis of surgical origin from that of gynecological origin.", "contents": "[Errors in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women caused by the anatomical and physiological characteristics of their bodies]. Some fundamentals of the causes of diagnostic errors depending upon anatomophysiological and topographo-anatomical peculiarities of woman's organism are given. The tension of abdominal muscles in case of inflammatory gynecological diseases or the abscence of the anterior abdominal wall tension in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs, especially in pregnant women make one of such causes. The explanation and experimental evidence of the role played by the connective branches of the intercostal nerves in the contraction of abdominal muscles are presented. The author recommends some palpation methods which help to differentiate the abdominal muscles tension in peritonitis of surgical origin from that of gynecological origin."}
{"id": "PMID:929873", "title": "[Surgical treatment of multiple occlusions of the aortic arch branches in atherosclerosis and nonspecific arteritis].", "content": "The authors analyse the experience with the treatment of 119 patients suffering from multiple occlusions of aortic arch branches in atherosclerosis and nonspecific arteritis. 394 vascular  injuries of the aortic arch were diagnosed in these cases. All the cases were divided into 4 groups in conformity with clinical manifestations of the disease. Operations aimed at the restoration of the blood flow in two and more branches of the aortic arch were performed on 60% of patients and in 98,3% of them the blood flow was restored. Total postoperative mortality was 16%. The long-term results were studied in 70 patients. The maintained blood flow in reconstructed vessels was found in 55 patients (78,6%). The authors came to the conclusion, that the reconstructive operation carried  out in case of multiple occlusions of the aortic arch branches, aimed at the simultaneous restoration of blood flow in 2 and more vessels, proved to be highly effective.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of multiple occlusions of the aortic arch branches in atherosclerosis and nonspecific arteritis]. The authors analyse the experience with the treatment of 119 patients suffering from multiple occlusions of aortic arch branches in atherosclerosis and nonspecific arteritis. 394 vascular  injuries of the aortic arch were diagnosed in these cases. All the cases were divided into 4 groups in conformity with clinical manifestations of the disease. Operations aimed at the restoration of the blood flow in two and more branches of the aortic arch were performed on 60% of patients and in 98,3% of them the blood flow was restored. Total postoperative mortality was 16%. The long-term results were studied in 70 patients. The maintained blood flow in reconstructed vessels was found in 55 patients (78,6%). The authors came to the conclusion, that the reconstructive operation carried  out in case of multiple occlusions of the aortic arch branches, aimed at the simultaneous restoration of blood flow in 2 and more vessels, proved to be highly effective."}
{"id": "PMID:929874", "title": "[Management of the postoperative period after vagotomy].", "content": "To combat gastroplegia following vagotomy the authors recommend to perform open novocain blockade of the solar plexus by means of a microcatheter, inserted in the round ligament of the liver. The application of the blockade enabled the authors to manage the postoperative period without a sound, to reduce fluids and electrolytes loss by the organism and to minimize the use of anesthetics.", "contents": "[Management of the postoperative period after vagotomy]. To combat gastroplegia following vagotomy the authors recommend to perform open novocain blockade of the solar plexus by means of a microcatheter, inserted in the round ligament of the liver. The application of the blockade enabled the authors to manage the postoperative period without a sound, to reduce fluids and electrolytes loss by the organism and to minimize the use of anesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:929875", "title": "[Correction of volemic disorders in stenosing gastric and duodenal ulcers in the process of treatment].", "content": "While analysing the circulating blood volume (CBV), plasma volume (PV), globular volume (GV) and the amount of circulating protein (ACP) in 109  cases of stenosing gastric and duodenal ulcer, the authors have found that the most of patients (89.9%) develop concomitant hypovolemia, the severity of which depends on the severity of the disease itself and on the degree of the interstitial protein metabolic disorders. Gastric resection  aggravated volemic disturbances or caused the new ones. The authors elaborated some recommendations helping to combat volemic disturbances.", "contents": "[Correction of volemic disorders in stenosing gastric and duodenal ulcers in the process of treatment]. While analysing the circulating blood volume (CBV), plasma volume (PV), globular volume (GV) and the amount of circulating protein (ACP) in 109  cases of stenosing gastric and duodenal ulcer, the authors have found that the most of patients (89.9%) develop concomitant hypovolemia, the severity of which depends on the severity of the disease itself and on the degree of the interstitial protein metabolic disorders. Gastric resection  aggravated volemic disturbances or caused the new ones. The authors elaborated some recommendations helping to combat volemic disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:929876", "title": "[Replacement of defects in the duodenal wall with a small intestine graft].", "content": "Experimentally on 16 dogs the terminal defect of the duodenum was replaced by a pedicled jejunal graft (one formated by incising the duodenal segment along its contramesenteric margin). In the early postoperative period 2 animals died, 2 animals are kept under observation. The remainder were sacrified for the study within the terms from 2 to 3 years postoperatively. Duodenal specimens from these animals were examined macroscopically, by vasography (with contrast medium filling of the transplant vascular system via the mesenteric pedicle artery) and microscopically using review, special and some histochemical technics of micropreparations staining. The results of the investigations performed indicate the possibility of using the technic of plastic repair of the duodenal wall defect under consideration in clinical practice too.", "contents": "[Replacement of defects in the duodenal wall with a small intestine graft]. Experimentally on 16 dogs the terminal defect of the duodenum was replaced by a pedicled jejunal graft (one formated by incising the duodenal segment along its contramesenteric margin). In the early postoperative period 2 animals died, 2 animals are kept under observation. The remainder were sacrified for the study within the terms from 2 to 3 years postoperatively. Duodenal specimens from these animals were examined macroscopically, by vasography (with contrast medium filling of the transplant vascular system via the mesenteric pedicle artery) and microscopically using review, special and some histochemical technics of micropreparations staining. The results of the investigations performed indicate the possibility of using the technic of plastic repair of the duodenal wall defect under consideration in clinical practice too."}
{"id": "PMID:929877", "title": "[Clinical and experimental status of the metabolic aspects of obstructive jaundice].", "content": "In the paper, the authors gave an analysis of some aspects of the metabolism in 90 patients, treated surgically for extrahepatic bile tract diseases (in 43 of them obstructive jaundice being noted), and the results of 34 experiments on white rats are summarized. Based on the conducted studies on acid-base balance, electrolyte metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation in hepatic mitochondria in the experiment under various kinds of anesthesia, some recommendations are given for including sodium oxybutyrate in anesthesia, the latter possessing a positive metabolic effect in patients with obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental status of the metabolic aspects of obstructive jaundice]. In the paper, the authors gave an analysis of some aspects of the metabolism in 90 patients, treated surgically for extrahepatic bile tract diseases (in 43 of them obstructive jaundice being noted), and the results of 34 experiments on white rats are summarized. Based on the conducted studies on acid-base balance, electrolyte metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation in hepatic mitochondria in the experiment under various kinds of anesthesia, some recommendations are given for including sodium oxybutyrate in anesthesia, the latter possessing a positive metabolic effect in patients with obstructive jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:929878", "title": "[Change in portal system and liver hemodynamics under the influence of operations on the gastrointestinal tract organs and the basic principles of its correction].", "content": "A comprehensive study of hemodynamic indices of the portal system and liver (portal pressure, linear rate of portal blood flow in the liver, rheohepatography) as well as protein-formation function of the liver, its enzymatic activity, in the complex with histomorphology of hepatic tissue and comparison of the data, obtained by some functional tests of general hemodynamics (AP, VP, CVP, linear rate of total blood flow, the porto-caval gradient, TCB), rendered it possible to reveal significant disturbances in hepatic circulation and this organ functioning with satisfactory indices of general hemodynamics. Taking into account the data obtained, the complex therapy for the changes observed was elaborated by the authors; its main principles being as follows: the maintenance of general hemodynamics, restoration of TCB and its components deficiency, the provision of the organ (hepatic) blood flow, the correction of metabolic changes in the liver intra-and postoperatively. The entire complex of drugs was infused in the umbilical vein.", "contents": "[Change in portal system and liver hemodynamics under the influence of operations on the gastrointestinal tract organs and the basic principles of its correction]. A comprehensive study of hemodynamic indices of the portal system and liver (portal pressure, linear rate of portal blood flow in the liver, rheohepatography) as well as protein-formation function of the liver, its enzymatic activity, in the complex with histomorphology of hepatic tissue and comparison of the data, obtained by some functional tests of general hemodynamics (AP, VP, CVP, linear rate of total blood flow, the porto-caval gradient, TCB), rendered it possible to reveal significant disturbances in hepatic circulation and this organ functioning with satisfactory indices of general hemodynamics. Taking into account the data obtained, the complex therapy for the changes observed was elaborated by the authors; its main principles being as follows: the maintenance of general hemodynamics, restoration of TCB and its components deficiency, the provision of the organ (hepatic) blood flow, the correction of metabolic changes in the liver intra-and postoperatively. The entire complex of drugs was infused in the umbilical vein."}
{"id": "PMID:929879", "title": "[Changes in leukocyte lysosomal acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs].", "content": "To discriminate initial stages of an inflammation from its destructive forms, the authors studied the leucocyte lysosome activity at different stages of inflammatory processes in abdominal organs. 90 patients and 30 practically healthy individuals were examined. The indices of acid and base phosphotase activity were found to rise together with the progress of an inflammatory process. A nomogram, permitting to determine with a rather high precision the stage and direction of the process, was made up on the grounds of the established reguliarity after the mathematical procession of the obtained figure data.", "contents": "[Changes in leukocyte lysosomal acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. To discriminate initial stages of an inflammation from its destructive forms, the authors studied the leucocyte lysosome activity at different stages of inflammatory processes in abdominal organs. 90 patients and 30 practically healthy individuals were examined. The indices of acid and base phosphotase activity were found to rise together with the progress of an inflammatory process. A nomogram, permitting to determine with a rather high precision the stage and direction of the process, was made up on the grounds of the established reguliarity after the mathematical procession of the obtained figure data."}
{"id": "PMID:929880", "title": "[Regional redistributions of the blood in high and low small intestine obstruction].", "content": "In the experimental model of high and low obstruction of the small intestine during 24 hours the authors observed considerable shifts in electrolytic blood content. Total amount of circulating blood, compared with control (laparotomy), was not changed. These data allowed a new consideration of the entity of the pathological syndrome in intestinal obstruction.", "contents": "[Regional redistributions of the blood in high and low small intestine obstruction]. In the experimental model of high and low obstruction of the small intestine during 24 hours the authors observed considerable shifts in electrolytic blood content. Total amount of circulating blood, compared with control (laparotomy), was not changed. These data allowed a new consideration of the entity of the pathological syndrome in intestinal obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:929881", "title": "[Pathogenesis of abdominal actinomycosis].", "content": "According to the author's findings in 80 of 125 patients under observation the development of abdominal actinomycosis was related with inflammation in the appendicular process, in 65 patients the former starting after appendectomy. In examination of 100 patients with diagnosis of acute appendicitis actinomycosis of the ileocecal region was diagnosed in 5 patients. Actinomycosis was spreading from the ileocecal region by contact in retroperitoneal cellular tissue in 23 cases, in the left iliac region--in 12, in the lesser pelvis--in 8.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of abdominal actinomycosis]. According to the author's findings in 80 of 125 patients under observation the development of abdominal actinomycosis was related with inflammation in the appendicular process, in 65 patients the former starting after appendectomy. In examination of 100 patients with diagnosis of acute appendicitis actinomycosis of the ileocecal region was diagnosed in 5 patients. Actinomycosis was spreading from the ileocecal region by contact in retroperitoneal cellular tissue in 23 cases, in the left iliac region--in 12, in the lesser pelvis--in 8."}
{"id": "PMID:929882", "title": "[1-time radical operative interventions in malignant ovarian tumors complicated by acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis].", "content": "Based on the personal experience with treatment of patients  having acute iliofemoral venous thromboses, the authors have elaborated a method of one-moment radical surgical correction in malignant ovarian tumors complicated with acute iliofemoral thrombosis. This technic was successfully performed in the clinic on 3 patients, a good therapeutic effect being gained.", "contents": "[1-time radical operative interventions in malignant ovarian tumors complicated by acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis]. Based on the personal experience with treatment of patients  having acute iliofemoral venous thromboses, the authors have elaborated a method of one-moment radical surgical correction in malignant ovarian tumors complicated with acute iliofemoral thrombosis. This technic was successfully performed in the clinic on 3 patients, a good therapeutic effect being gained."}
{"id": "PMID:929884", "title": "[Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer in women].", "content": "Among 1906 lung carcinoma cases treated in the clinic up to 1975 inclusive, there were 182 women (9.5%). The comparative study of 84 women and 927 men operated upon, proved the operability and resectability in women (46.1% +/- 3.7 and 34.1 +/- 3.5) to be lower than in men (53.8% +/- 1.2 and 46.3% +/- 1.2). Peripheral cancer was found in 28.6% +/- 3.3 of women and in 23.6% +/- 1.0 of men. The main histological form of the tumor in women was glandular carcinoma (45.2% +/- 6.3) and in men squamous cell carcinoma (62.2% +/- 1.7). The lobectomy was the most common of radical operations performed in women (58.1% +/- 6.2); in men it was the pneumectomy (65.1% +/- 1.7). In 6 of 26 women suffering from neoplasm of stage III the vast pneumectomy was carried out; in men this operation constituted 46.1% of all cases of total lung removal. The immediate results in women (complications--14.3% +/- 8.8 and mortality--2.4% +/- 1.7) are better than in men (24.1% +/- 1.4 and 9.3% +/- 1.0). The five-year follow-up showed the survival in women to be 39.1% +/- 10.6 and in men 28.3% +/- 3.0.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer in women]. Among 1906 lung carcinoma cases treated in the clinic up to 1975 inclusive, there were 182 women (9.5%). The comparative study of 84 women and 927 men operated upon, proved the operability and resectability in women (46.1% +/- 3.7 and 34.1 +/- 3.5) to be lower than in men (53.8% +/- 1.2 and 46.3% +/- 1.2). Peripheral cancer was found in 28.6% +/- 3.3 of women and in 23.6% +/- 1.0 of men. The main histological form of the tumor in women was glandular carcinoma (45.2% +/- 6.3) and in men squamous cell carcinoma (62.2% +/- 1.7). The lobectomy was the most common of radical operations performed in women (58.1% +/- 6.2); in men it was the pneumectomy (65.1% +/- 1.7). In 6 of 26 women suffering from neoplasm of stage III the vast pneumectomy was carried out; in men this operation constituted 46.1% of all cases of total lung removal. The immediate results in women (complications--14.3% +/- 8.8 and mortality--2.4% +/- 1.7) are better than in men (24.1% +/- 1.4 and 9.3% +/- 1.0). The five-year follow-up showed the survival in women to be 39.1% +/- 10.6 and in men 28.3% +/- 3.0."}
{"id": "PMID:929885", "title": "[Bone alloplasty: its place and role in the system of modern osteosynthesis methods].", "content": "The experience with alloplasty carried out upon 265 patients with fractures and pseudoarthrosis of long tubular bones is generalized in this work. In 87 cases the osteosynthesis with bone angular and T-bars was performed. The analysis of the results of surgical treatment of fractures and pseudoarthrosis has proved the advantages of the bone bar osteosynthesis over other surgical procedures, especially from the technical and biological points of view, which are the following: its simplicity and non-traumatic effect, good fracture stability, prevention from angular and rotational displacement of the fragments through the external plaster cast immobilization, shortening of the operation time, freedom from repeated operations for the removal of metallic constructions.", "contents": "[Bone alloplasty: its place and role in the system of modern osteosynthesis methods]. The experience with alloplasty carried out upon 265 patients with fractures and pseudoarthrosis of long tubular bones is generalized in this work. In 87 cases the osteosynthesis with bone angular and T-bars was performed. The analysis of the results of surgical treatment of fractures and pseudoarthrosis has proved the advantages of the bone bar osteosynthesis over other surgical procedures, especially from the technical and biological points of view, which are the following: its simplicity and non-traumatic effect, good fracture stability, prevention from angular and rotational displacement of the fragments through the external plaster cast immobilization, shortening of the operation time, freedom from repeated operations for the removal of metallic constructions."}
{"id": "PMID:929886", "title": "[Prognostic importance of kidney  function studies in the surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "A separate assessment of renal function by Howard and Rapoport tests was carried out upon 23 cases of unilateral and 5 cases of bilateral renal arterial stenosis diagnosed through angiography. Functionally significant stenosis was found in 18 unilateral cases (78.3%), 12 of them were operated upon. The results of investigations are presented.", "contents": "[Prognostic importance of kidney  function studies in the surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension]. A separate assessment of renal function by Howard and Rapoport tests was carried out upon 23 cases of unilateral and 5 cases of bilateral renal arterial stenosis diagnosed through angiography. Functionally significant stenosis was found in 18 unilateral cases (78.3%), 12 of them were operated upon. The results of investigations are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:929887", "title": "[Osteoplastic fixation of the spine].", "content": "The combined anterolateral osteoplastic fixation of the  spine  was carried out on 17 cases out of 73 operated upon for pathological spinal changes of various etiology. The tibial crest rigid homograft and the rib autograft on vasoneuromuscular feeding pedicle were used. Such a combination of bone grafts possessing different mechanic and osteogenic properties permitted to obtain a reliable fixation of the spine for all the period necessary for anatomic and functional reconstruction of the grafts.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic fixation of the spine]. The combined anterolateral osteoplastic fixation of the  spine  was carried out on 17 cases out of 73 operated upon for pathological spinal changes of various etiology. The tibial crest rigid homograft and the rib autograft on vasoneuromuscular feeding pedicle were used. Such a combination of bone grafts possessing different mechanic and osteogenic properties permitted to obtain a reliable fixation of the spine for all the period necessary for anatomic and functional reconstruction of the grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:929888", "title": "[Method of determining the arterial pressure in the collaterals of the extremities by using rheography].", "content": "The suggested method permits to record objectively pressure indices in the collaterals of the extremities in case of occlusion of main vessels. The method helps to get more clear idea on the condition of local hemodynamics in patients suffering from vascular diseases and injuries, which is essential for the choice of treatment.", "contents": "[Method of determining the arterial pressure in the collaterals of the extremities by using rheography]. The suggested method permits to record objectively pressure indices in the collaterals of the extremities in case of occlusion of main vessels. The method helps to get more clear idea on the condition of local hemodynamics in patients suffering from vascular diseases and injuries, which is essential for the choice of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:929889", "title": "[Surgical treatment of chondroblastoma of bone].", "content": "During 10 years the authors were observing 22 chondroblastoma cases which constituted 0.8% of all the cases of bone tumors or 3.5% of all the observed cases of cartilaginous tumors of the skelton. The most of the patients were at the age under 20. All the patients were operated upon; marginal resection or excochleation of the tumor followed by the alloplasty were performed. The recurrence happened in 1 case only the follow-up has been lasting from 3 months to 10 years.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of chondroblastoma of bone]. During 10 years the authors were observing 22 chondroblastoma cases which constituted 0.8% of all the cases of bone tumors or 3.5% of all the observed cases of cartilaginous tumors of the skelton. The most of the patients were at the age under 20. All the patients were operated upon; marginal resection or excochleation of the tumor followed by the alloplasty were performed. The recurrence happened in 1 case only the follow-up has been lasting from 3 months to 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:929894", "title": "Naturally occurring parafollicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid in dogs. A histological and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Seven cases of parafollicular cell carcinoma in dogs were seen. The diagnosis was based on histological and ultrastructural similarities between neoplastic and normal parafollicular cells. Amyloid was not detected in any of the neoplasms by light or electron microscopy. Argyrophilic secretory granules are important in making a diagnosis of canine thyroid parafollicular cell carcinoma, even when there is no amyloid.", "contents": "Naturally occurring parafollicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid in dogs. A histological and ultrastructural study. Seven cases of parafollicular cell carcinoma in dogs were seen. The diagnosis was based on histological and ultrastructural similarities between neoplastic and normal parafollicular cells. Amyloid was not detected in any of the neoplasms by light or electron microscopy. Argyrophilic secretory granules are important in making a diagnosis of canine thyroid parafollicular cell carcinoma, even when there is no amyloid."}
{"id": "PMID:929895", "title": "Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis.", "content": "Fourteen captive snakes of three genera and four species had severe chronic hypertrophic gastritis. Persistent postprandial regurgitation and firm midbody swelling were the most common clinical signs. Fecal smears had many roughly spherical organisms confirmed by ultrastructural study to be oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Pathologic changes included hypertrophy of gastric mucosa and atrophy of granular cells. There were cystic changes in gastric glands and focal mucosal necrosis. Many Cryptosporidium lined microvillar surfaces. All developmental forms were identified by ultrastructure. Characteristic oocysts were found in abundance.", "contents": "Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis. Fourteen captive snakes of three genera and four species had severe chronic hypertrophic gastritis. Persistent postprandial regurgitation and firm midbody swelling were the most common clinical signs. Fecal smears had many roughly spherical organisms confirmed by ultrastructural study to be oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Pathologic changes included hypertrophy of gastric mucosa and atrophy of granular cells. There were cystic changes in gastric glands and focal mucosal necrosis. Many Cryptosporidium lined microvillar surfaces. All developmental forms were identified by ultrastructure. Characteristic oocysts were found in abundance."}
{"id": "PMID:929900", "title": "Femorotibial surgery in the dog.", "content": "Although the femorotibial joint is subject to a number of common abnormalities which have been investigated in the last few years there is still no obvious and agreed optimal treatment in many instances of abnormality. The clinical derangements which occur in the joint are considered and an assessment is made of the state of aetiological knowledge. The most useful way of diagnosing and treating the conditions are also considered.", "contents": "Femorotibial surgery in the dog. Although the femorotibial joint is subject to a number of common abnormalities which have been investigated in the last few years there is still no obvious and agreed optimal treatment in many instances of abnormality. The clinical derangements which occur in the joint are considered and an assessment is made of the state of aetiological knowledge. The most useful way of diagnosing and treating the conditions are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:929901", "title": "Anatomical features of cystic ovaries in cattle found during an abattoir survey.", "content": "During an abattoir survey, 8071 bovine genitalia were examined. Cysts of 2-5 cm or larger were found on one or both ovaries in 307, an incidence of 38 per cent. The cysts were arbitrarily classified anatomically into eight groups according to the number present and their texture, whether thin or thick walled, and to the presence or absence of a corpus luteum. The weight and dimensions of the cysts were recorded and any abnormalities of the genital tracts were noted. Ninety-six specimens (30-67 per cent) were associated with a corpus luteum and 217 (69-33 per cent) had no corpus luteum. One hundred and sixty eight tracts (53-67 per cent) had single cysts and in 145 (46-33 per cent) they were multiple. The incidence of multiple ovulations was higher in the cystic ovaries which had corpora lutea than in the non-cystic population. The incidence of ovaro-bursal adhesions in the cystic population was three times higher than in that found in the genitalia which had no cysts and it is possible that this resulted from trauma during rectal palpation.", "contents": "Anatomical features of cystic ovaries in cattle found during an abattoir survey. During an abattoir survey, 8071 bovine genitalia were examined. Cysts of 2-5 cm or larger were found on one or both ovaries in 307, an incidence of 38 per cent. The cysts were arbitrarily classified anatomically into eight groups according to the number present and their texture, whether thin or thick walled, and to the presence or absence of a corpus luteum. The weight and dimensions of the cysts were recorded and any abnormalities of the genital tracts were noted. Ninety-six specimens (30-67 per cent) were associated with a corpus luteum and 217 (69-33 per cent) had no corpus luteum. One hundred and sixty eight tracts (53-67 per cent) had single cysts and in 145 (46-33 per cent) they were multiple. The incidence of multiple ovulations was higher in the cystic ovaries which had corpora lutea than in the non-cystic population. The incidence of ovaro-bursal adhesions in the cystic population was three times higher than in that found in the genitalia which had no cysts and it is possible that this resulted from trauma during rectal palpation."}
{"id": "PMID:929902", "title": "The Toxoplasma latex agglutination test in mice and its application to the diagnosis of ovine abortion.", "content": "The latex agglutination test was used to determine the antibody response in mice inoculated with toxoplasma cysts and was found to reduce the time necessary for the identification of infected mice compared with conventional biological methods. The application to the diagnosis of ovine abortion is discussed.", "contents": "The Toxoplasma latex agglutination test in mice and its application to the diagnosis of ovine abortion. The latex agglutination test was used to determine the antibody response in mice inoculated with toxoplasma cysts and was found to reduce the time necessary for the identification of infected mice compared with conventional biological methods. The application to the diagnosis of ovine abortion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:929911", "title": "Histological examination of ovaries and uteri from cows with cystic ovaries.", "content": "Sections were cut from 486 cysts taken from 260 pairs of cystic ovaries which had been collected during an abattoir survey. The linine of the cysts was examined for the presence of granulosa, basement membrane, theca and luteinisation. Sections of the uteri were examined and the nature of the surface epithelium, the thickness of the endometrium and the activity of the uterine glands were recorded. In those cysts associated with a corpus luteum both granulosa and luteinisation were seen less often than in other cysts. Of the 486 cysts examined 111 (22-84 per cent) had luteinisation, the others had none. Luteinisation was most often encountered when granulosa was absent. The thickness of theca was greater in cysts than in normal follicles and was thickest in thick walled cysts associated with a corpus luteum. The majority of uteri (81-9 per cent) were normal and only in 4-78 per cent was \"swiss chese\" dilation of the glands seen. Thirteen cases of mucometra were seen and these are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Histological examination of ovaries and uteri from cows with cystic ovaries. Sections were cut from 486 cysts taken from 260 pairs of cystic ovaries which had been collected during an abattoir survey. The linine of the cysts was examined for the presence of granulosa, basement membrane, theca and luteinisation. Sections of the uteri were examined and the nature of the surface epithelium, the thickness of the endometrium and the activity of the uterine glands were recorded. In those cysts associated with a corpus luteum both granulosa and luteinisation were seen less often than in other cysts. Of the 486 cysts examined 111 (22-84 per cent) had luteinisation, the others had none. Luteinisation was most often encountered when granulosa was absent. The thickness of theca was greater in cysts than in normal follicles and was thickest in thick walled cysts associated with a corpus luteum. The majority of uteri (81-9 per cent) were normal and only in 4-78 per cent was \"swiss chese\" dilation of the glands seen. Thirteen cases of mucometra were seen and these are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:929960", "title": "[Morphology of bovine adenovirus type I].", "content": "Electron-microscopic studies were carried out on a concentrated and purified adenovirus type I. It was found that its morphologic aspects were characteristic of the adenovirus group. In the preparations of this virus there were large amounts of incomplete virions and soluble components--hexons, groups of hexons and pentons. Some of the virions were grouped in p-crystal structures or were released as grouped in cell vacuoles. The hexons presented a six-angle contour and a central cavity. The pentons possessed fibre components that were comparatively long. The presence of free pentons spoke of the existence of incomplete hemagglutinins.", "contents": "[Morphology of bovine adenovirus type I]. Electron-microscopic studies were carried out on a concentrated and purified adenovirus type I. It was found that its morphologic aspects were characteristic of the adenovirus group. In the preparations of this virus there were large amounts of incomplete virions and soluble components--hexons, groups of hexons and pentons. Some of the virions were grouped in p-crystal structures or were released as grouped in cell vacuoles. The hexons presented a six-angle contour and a central cavity. The pentons possessed fibre components that were comparatively long. The presence of free pentons spoke of the existence of incomplete hemagglutinins."}
{"id": "PMID:929961", "title": "[Trial of a live vaccine against babesiasis in sheep].", "content": "A flock of 86 weaned lambs was used in field conditions to test the vaccination against babesiasis in sheep, using blood containing up to 5 per cent Babesia ovis-infected erythrocytes, referred to as a \"live vaccine\". The blood was obtained through successive passages performed with the vaccinal strain in four spleenectomized lambs with the parallel treatment of the latter with tetracyclin. The application of the vaccine at rates of 1.75 X 10(7); 3.5 X 10(7); and 7 X 10(7) Babesia organisms was well tolerated, the animals responding with a temperature reaction only. The immunity acquired proved sufficiently stable against the experimental challenge with a triple dose of the maximal vaccinal one as well as against the natural infection to which the flock was exposed within the period between the third and sixth month following vaccination. At the same time babesiasis in an enzootic form developed in the control flock, the test flock showing no cases of diseased animals. The complement-fixing antibodies established from the tenth up to the 90th day after the vaccination was carried out served as an index of the immunity status. The optimal vaccination dose is suggested to be that containing 3.5 X 10(7) Babesiae.", "contents": "[Trial of a live vaccine against babesiasis in sheep]. A flock of 86 weaned lambs was used in field conditions to test the vaccination against babesiasis in sheep, using blood containing up to 5 per cent Babesia ovis-infected erythrocytes, referred to as a \"live vaccine\". The blood was obtained through successive passages performed with the vaccinal strain in four spleenectomized lambs with the parallel treatment of the latter with tetracyclin. The application of the vaccine at rates of 1.75 X 10(7); 3.5 X 10(7); and 7 X 10(7) Babesia organisms was well tolerated, the animals responding with a temperature reaction only. The immunity acquired proved sufficiently stable against the experimental challenge with a triple dose of the maximal vaccinal one as well as against the natural infection to which the flock was exposed within the period between the third and sixth month following vaccination. At the same time babesiasis in an enzootic form developed in the control flock, the test flock showing no cases of diseased animals. The complement-fixing antibodies established from the tenth up to the 90th day after the vaccination was carried out served as an index of the immunity status. The optimal vaccination dose is suggested to be that containing 3.5 X 10(7) Babesiae."}
{"id": "PMID:929963", "title": "[Several biochemical indices of the serum of cows with abortions of a non-infectious nature].", "content": "Studied were some biochemical indices of the blood serum of cows showing abortions of noninfectious etiology. It was found that in such cases thre was a statistically significant drop in the amount of the total lipids of the blood serum, which reached 20 per cent as against pregnant cows and 8.5 per cent as against cows that had already given birth. It is stated that the phospholipid blood serum fracitons of cows that have miscarried show a statistically dependable drop only in the case of lecithine. Cows that have miscarried also show a drop of albumin, gamma-globulins, and the coefficient albumin/globulin. In order to establish all disturbances in pregnancy on a preliminary basis it is suggested to use in clinical practices the indices total lipids, phospholipids, proteins, and the albumin/globulin coefficent.", "contents": "[Several biochemical indices of the serum of cows with abortions of a non-infectious nature]. Studied were some biochemical indices of the blood serum of cows showing abortions of noninfectious etiology. It was found that in such cases thre was a statistically significant drop in the amount of the total lipids of the blood serum, which reached 20 per cent as against pregnant cows and 8.5 per cent as against cows that had already given birth. It is stated that the phospholipid blood serum fracitons of cows that have miscarried show a statistically dependable drop only in the case of lecithine. Cows that have miscarried also show a drop of albumin, gamma-globulins, and the coefficient albumin/globulin. In order to establish all disturbances in pregnancy on a preliminary basis it is suggested to use in clinical practices the indices total lipids, phospholipids, proteins, and the albumin/globulin coefficent."}
{"id": "PMID:929964", "title": "[Iodine concentration in fluid of the follicles and ovarian cysts of cows].", "content": "Biochemical investigations on the principle of the alkali-mineralizing method were carried out with fluid of 16 follicles and 18 ovarial cysts of cows and heifers (which were not treated with potassium iodide) in order to establish the quantitative values of the total iodine in micrgram% per 100 cm3 of fluid. It was found that total iodine in follicle fluid was 5.7 microgram%, and 3.1 microgram% in ovarial cysts. The parameters of the quantitative values of iodine of follicle fluid vary from 0.3 to 11.1 microgram%, and those of the ovarial cyst fluid--from 0.6 to 7.2 microgram%.", "contents": "[Iodine concentration in fluid of the follicles and ovarian cysts of cows]. Biochemical investigations on the principle of the alkali-mineralizing method were carried out with fluid of 16 follicles and 18 ovarial cysts of cows and heifers (which were not treated with potassium iodide) in order to establish the quantitative values of the total iodine in micrgram% per 100 cm3 of fluid. It was found that total iodine in follicle fluid was 5.7 microgram%, and 3.1 microgram% in ovarial cysts. The parameters of the quantitative values of iodine of follicle fluid vary from 0.3 to 11.1 microgram%, and those of the ovarial cyst fluid--from 0.6 to 7.2 microgram%."}
{"id": "PMID:929965", "title": "[Assessment of marbling in the eggs of local beeds of chickens].", "content": "A test was worked out to evaluate the presence of marbling in hen eggs, modifying Koulikov's method. Its use with a total of 26,011 eggs of hens, belonging to local breeds, revealed the presence of weakest, weak, and moderate marbleness as most frequently occurring (32.72; 48.53; 15.57 per cent); strong, and very strong marbling occurred least frequently, and third ranked the lack of marbling 1.92; 0.76; 0.48 per cent, respectively. The incubation of eggs of the same breeds showed that strong and very strong marbling affected adversely the results of hatching. The test can be applied in the productional and diagnostic control on hatcheries.", "contents": "[Assessment of marbling in the eggs of local beeds of chickens]. A test was worked out to evaluate the presence of marbling in hen eggs, modifying Koulikov's method. Its use with a total of 26,011 eggs of hens, belonging to local breeds, revealed the presence of weakest, weak, and moderate marbleness as most frequently occurring (32.72; 48.53; 15.57 per cent); strong, and very strong marbling occurred least frequently, and third ranked the lack of marbling 1.92; 0.76; 0.48 per cent, respectively. The incubation of eggs of the same breeds showed that strong and very strong marbling affected adversely the results of hatching. The test can be applied in the productional and diagnostic control on hatcheries."}
{"id": "PMID:929967", "title": "[Effect of zeolite mineral clinoptilolith on nitogen concentration in bird droppings].", "content": "The addition of certain amounts of the zeolite mineral klinoptilolith to freshly obtained bird feces led to the retention of nitrogen--up to 14 per cent and more--as compared with feces without zeolite in storage. The addition of the mineral produced also a deodorizing effect in neutralizing the offensive smelling accompanying the putrefaction process.", "contents": "[Effect of zeolite mineral clinoptilolith on nitogen concentration in bird droppings]. The addition of certain amounts of the zeolite mineral klinoptilolith to freshly obtained bird feces led to the retention of nitrogen--up to 14 per cent and more--as compared with feces without zeolite in storage. The addition of the mineral produced also a deodorizing effect in neutralizing the offensive smelling accompanying the putrefaction process."}
{"id": "PMID:929968", "title": "[Role of the housefly in the epizootology of pseudoplague in birds].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that Musca domestica L. could harbour the Newcastle disease virus. It has been isolated from the surface of the flies body 96 hours after these had been in contact with it, and from their digestive tract--after 240 hours. It has also been found that virus excretion in infected flies continues for 96 hours. It is believed that Musca domestica L. flies can participate in the spreading of the ND virus.", "contents": "[Role of the housefly in the epizootology of pseudoplague in birds]. It has been demonstrated that Musca domestica L. could harbour the Newcastle disease virus. It has been isolated from the surface of the flies body 96 hours after these had been in contact with it, and from their digestive tract--after 240 hours. It has also been found that virus excretion in infected flies continues for 96 hours. It is believed that Musca domestica L. flies can participate in the spreading of the ND virus."}
{"id": "PMID:929969", "title": "[Hematologic and histochemical changes in the bodies of sheep experimentally infected with listeriae].", "content": "Hematologic and histologic investigations were carried out on forty experimentally infected young ewes to which the infection was introduced through venous, intratracheal, and oral route as well as along the branches of nervus trigeminus parallel to the study of 3 control sheep, 12 albino mice, and other four young sheep that were injected with a water-extractive antigen obtained from Listeria. It was established that the leukocyte count rose in the first days following infection along with neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis of a varying degree in the different animals, depending on the way of infection. Most indifferent with regard to the hematologic indices proved animals that were orally inoculated. With such animals there was also eosinophilia, which was lacking in the other experimental animals. Glycogen was predominantly found in the blood vessel walls, in the neutrophile leukocytes, the nervous tissue, and the necrotic foci, most likely in connection with the transportation of Listerial organisms and their toxic products. A drop up to the full disappearance of phospholipids was established as well as a rise of the ganglioside.", "contents": "[Hematologic and histochemical changes in the bodies of sheep experimentally infected with listeriae]. Hematologic and histologic investigations were carried out on forty experimentally infected young ewes to which the infection was introduced through venous, intratracheal, and oral route as well as along the branches of nervus trigeminus parallel to the study of 3 control sheep, 12 albino mice, and other four young sheep that were injected with a water-extractive antigen obtained from Listeria. It was established that the leukocyte count rose in the first days following infection along with neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis of a varying degree in the different animals, depending on the way of infection. Most indifferent with regard to the hematologic indices proved animals that were orally inoculated. With such animals there was also eosinophilia, which was lacking in the other experimental animals. Glycogen was predominantly found in the blood vessel walls, in the neutrophile leukocytes, the nervous tissue, and the necrotic foci, most likely in connection with the transportation of Listerial organisms and their toxic products. A drop up to the full disappearance of phospholipids was established as well as a rise of the ganglioside."}
{"id": "PMID:929970", "title": "[Effect of several biologically active substances on the reactivity and immune response of the body].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with a total of 140 guinea pigs to study the effect of a tissue emulsion of swine embryos on some of the general defense reactions, the cell and humoral immunity of the organism in the treatment with an intact and a killed (with 3 per cent formalin) vaccine produced with two strains of Salmonella abortus ovis. Investigated were the phagocytic activity of the lung macrophages and the immobile cells of the reticulo-endothelial system in the spleen and the liver, the protein spectrum, the blood serum level of properdine, and the histologic changes in the parenchymal organs of the test animals. It was found that the application of a tissue emulsion simultaneously with the injection of the animals with an anti-Salmonella vaccine raised the unspecific reactivity of the organism. This was expressed with the rise of the gammaglobulin and properdine levels of the blood serum and the change in the immunologic pattern of the organism, an increase in the phagocytic activity of lung macrophages and RES immobile cells from 16 to 25 per cent, and the titer of agglutinins--from 10 to 32 times. Highest agglutinin titers of the blood and most active phagocytic defense were reached with the use of a vaccine having a whole antigen, combined with a tissue emulsion.", "contents": "[Effect of several biologically active substances on the reactivity and immune response of the body]. Experiments were carried out with a total of 140 guinea pigs to study the effect of a tissue emulsion of swine embryos on some of the general defense reactions, the cell and humoral immunity of the organism in the treatment with an intact and a killed (with 3 per cent formalin) vaccine produced with two strains of Salmonella abortus ovis. Investigated were the phagocytic activity of the lung macrophages and the immobile cells of the reticulo-endothelial system in the spleen and the liver, the protein spectrum, the blood serum level of properdine, and the histologic changes in the parenchymal organs of the test animals. It was found that the application of a tissue emulsion simultaneously with the injection of the animals with an anti-Salmonella vaccine raised the unspecific reactivity of the organism. This was expressed with the rise of the gammaglobulin and properdine levels of the blood serum and the change in the immunologic pattern of the organism, an increase in the phagocytic activity of lung macrophages and RES immobile cells from 16 to 25 per cent, and the titer of agglutinins--from 10 to 32 times. Highest agglutinin titers of the blood and most active phagocytic defense were reached with the use of a vaccine having a whole antigen, combined with a tissue emulsion."}
{"id": "PMID:929971", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the spermatozoa of sheep infected with Brucella ovis].", "content": "The semen was studied of four rams of the Mutton Merino, Suffolk, \"Kavkazki Merino* breeds and a local crossbred race, affected with infectious epididymitis and having semen deteriorated to a various extent, in order to establish the changes in the ultrastruct of spermatozoa through electron microscopy. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1. The changes caused by Brucella ovis infection in such cases are chiefly concentrated in the head of spermatozoa. Detachment and rupture of the plasmalemma are observed along with the separation of the acrosome and galea capitis, swelling of the nuclear membrane, granulation and break-up of the nuclear matter. 2. The neck of spermatozoa where fast disintegration of the connective substance between it and the head and the complete separation of head and body take place, is slightly resistant. 3. The leucocytes in the semen phagocytize both Brucella organisms and a great number of spermatozoa (autophagocytosis of spermatozoa on a mass scale). The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa breaks up, and the leucocytes are ysed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the spermatozoa of sheep infected with Brucella ovis]. The semen was studied of four rams of the Mutton Merino, Suffolk, \"Kavkazki Merino* breeds and a local crossbred race, affected with infectious epididymitis and having semen deteriorated to a various extent, in order to establish the changes in the ultrastruct of spermatozoa through electron microscopy. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1. The changes caused by Brucella ovis infection in such cases are chiefly concentrated in the head of spermatozoa. Detachment and rupture of the plasmalemma are observed along with the separation of the acrosome and galea capitis, swelling of the nuclear membrane, granulation and break-up of the nuclear matter. 2. The neck of spermatozoa where fast disintegration of the connective substance between it and the head and the complete separation of head and body take place, is slightly resistant. 3. The leucocytes in the semen phagocytize both Brucella organisms and a great number of spermatozoa (autophagocytosis of spermatozoa on a mass scale). The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa breaks up, and the leucocytes are ysed."}
{"id": "PMID:929972", "title": "[Antibody dynamics in growing birds experimentally infected or naturally sick with white diarrhea].", "content": "Serologic studies were carried out with growing birds, aged 37-70 days, experimentally and spontaneously infected with Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum, respectively. More positively reacting birds were found by means of the whole-blood agglutination reaction with typhoid-pullorum test than in the study of the same birds when aged 6-7 months. The investigation of birds when young is also advantageous in that there are no losses of eggs, it is more readily carried out, and the infected flocks could as early as the first selection be intended for market production, being replaced with healthy flocks. It is believed that certain changes in the programme for the control on pedigree and reproduction flocks would be purposeful, the first investigation for pullorum disease being carried out when the birds are aged 40-70 days and not when 6-7 months old.", "contents": "[Antibody dynamics in growing birds experimentally infected or naturally sick with white diarrhea]. Serologic studies were carried out with growing birds, aged 37-70 days, experimentally and spontaneously infected with Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum, respectively. More positively reacting birds were found by means of the whole-blood agglutination reaction with typhoid-pullorum test than in the study of the same birds when aged 6-7 months. The investigation of birds when young is also advantageous in that there are no losses of eggs, it is more readily carried out, and the infected flocks could as early as the first selection be intended for market production, being replaced with healthy flocks. It is believed that certain changes in the programme for the control on pedigree and reproduction flocks would be purposeful, the first investigation for pullorum disease being carried out when the birds are aged 40-70 days and not when 6-7 months old."}
{"id": "PMID:929973", "title": "[Induction of an allergic response of the delayed type against Salmonella abortus-ovis].", "content": "Studied were several of the conditions of inducing an allergy reaction of a delayed type in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella abortusovis as well as the correlation between the production of agglutinins and precipitins and the allergic reaction of a delayed type. It was found that a live culture of Salmonella abortusovis produced strongest allergic effects when injected into the pads. The injection (in the pads) of a killed culture, using no adjuvant, and the oral administration of a live culture did not sensibilize the animals. No correlation was established between the agglutinin and precipitin production and the allergic reaction of a delayed type.", "contents": "[Induction of an allergic response of the delayed type against Salmonella abortus-ovis]. Studied were several of the conditions of inducing an allergy reaction of a delayed type in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella abortusovis as well as the correlation between the production of agglutinins and precipitins and the allergic reaction of a delayed type. It was found that a live culture of Salmonella abortusovis produced strongest allergic effects when injected into the pads. The injection (in the pads) of a killed culture, using no adjuvant, and the oral administration of a live culture did not sensibilize the animals. No correlation was established between the agglutinin and precipitin production and the allergic reaction of a delayed type."}
{"id": "PMID:929974", "title": "[Comparative study of the immunogenic activity of 2 vaccines from strain K against swine plague].", "content": "The comparative testing of the immunogenic activity of vaccines produced with strain K cultured in cell cultures and rabbits has revealed that one vaccinal dose of the culture vaccine for pigs contains 1 000 reactogenic doses for rabbits and about 400 immunizing doses for pigs. In a vaccinal dose for pigs of a vaccine obtained from rabbits there are 400 reactogenic doses for rabbits and 100 immunizing doses for pigs. Swine fever-affected pigs treated with a vaccine of strain K, containing more than 100 immunizing doses per vaccinal dose, develop immunity that lasts not less than 12 months. Freeze-dried vaccines of strain K can be stored at ordinary refrigerator temperature in the course of one year, and at minus 20 to 30 degrees C--in the course of two years.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the immunogenic activity of 2 vaccines from strain K against swine plague]. The comparative testing of the immunogenic activity of vaccines produced with strain K cultured in cell cultures and rabbits has revealed that one vaccinal dose of the culture vaccine for pigs contains 1 000 reactogenic doses for rabbits and about 400 immunizing doses for pigs. In a vaccinal dose for pigs of a vaccine obtained from rabbits there are 400 reactogenic doses for rabbits and 100 immunizing doses for pigs. Swine fever-affected pigs treated with a vaccine of strain K, containing more than 100 immunizing doses per vaccinal dose, develop immunity that lasts not less than 12 months. Freeze-dried vaccines of strain K can be stored at ordinary refrigerator temperature in the course of one year, and at minus 20 to 30 degrees C--in the course of two years."}
{"id": "PMID:929975", "title": "[Combined vaccination of birds with inactivated and live vaccines].", "content": "Studies were carried out on the immune response of birds-parental forms of broilers--in the combined use of an inactivated vaccine Dessau and a live avirulent vaccine La Sota. The dynamics was followed up till the age of 58 weeks of the changes taking place at an antidody level, and the resistance of the birds after challenging with a virulent virus. After the first immunization with a killed vaccine there was an average geometric titer of 78.65, and the resistance of the birds was low. The revaccination with an inactivated vaccine caused an increase in the amount of antibodies and a rise in the level of resistance. In the immunization with a live La Sota vaccine there was an abrupt rise of the immune titer--214.31 (in the twenty-eighth week), and 207.60 (in the thirty-eighth week). During the following periods there was a gradual drop of the antibody level, however, this was accompanied by a comparatively high resistance of the birds at challenge. The results obtained are in relation to some immunogenic properties of the experimental vaccine Dessau the use of which develops an immunogenic background at which, with a two-fold reimmunization applying a live vaccine La Sota the immunogenesis process is strongly enhanced.", "contents": "[Combined vaccination of birds with inactivated and live vaccines]. Studies were carried out on the immune response of birds-parental forms of broilers--in the combined use of an inactivated vaccine Dessau and a live avirulent vaccine La Sota. The dynamics was followed up till the age of 58 weeks of the changes taking place at an antidody level, and the resistance of the birds after challenging with a virulent virus. After the first immunization with a killed vaccine there was an average geometric titer of 78.65, and the resistance of the birds was low. The revaccination with an inactivated vaccine caused an increase in the amount of antibodies and a rise in the level of resistance. In the immunization with a live La Sota vaccine there was an abrupt rise of the immune titer--214.31 (in the twenty-eighth week), and 207.60 (in the thirty-eighth week). During the following periods there was a gradual drop of the antibody level, however, this was accompanied by a comparatively high resistance of the birds at challenge. The results obtained are in relation to some immunogenic properties of the experimental vaccine Dessau the use of which develops an immunogenic background at which, with a two-fold reimmunization applying a live vaccine La Sota the immunogenesis process is strongly enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:929976", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in lambs and guinea pigs].", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out on the sodium salt of ampicillin and ampicillintrihydrate with the use of guinea pigs and lambs. Ampicillintrihydrate was applied to guinea pigs singly, muscularly and orally, at the rate of 0.025 per kilogram With lambs the two forms of the preparation were used--muscularly at rates of 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02/kg; ampicillintrihydrate was tested orally at rates of 0.02, 0.03, and 0.05 kg/weight. For venous application ampicillin-sodium was used at the rate of 0.02/kg under the form of 4 per cent water solution (prepared with distilled water). Data referring to the comparative studies on the two forms of ampicillin--ampicillin-sodium and ampicillintrihydrate--showed that these preparations, after single parenteral and oral administration, are resorbed from the site of application and penetrate into all investigated organs and tissues. Ampicillin developed very soon bacteriostatic concentration in the blood serum in the course of 4-6-8 hours, depending on the amount applied and the route of application.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in lambs and guinea pigs]. Comparative studies were carried out on the sodium salt of ampicillin and ampicillintrihydrate with the use of guinea pigs and lambs. Ampicillintrihydrate was applied to guinea pigs singly, muscularly and orally, at the rate of 0.025 per kilogram With lambs the two forms of the preparation were used--muscularly at rates of 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02/kg; ampicillintrihydrate was tested orally at rates of 0.02, 0.03, and 0.05 kg/weight. For venous application ampicillin-sodium was used at the rate of 0.02/kg under the form of 4 per cent water solution (prepared with distilled water). Data referring to the comparative studies on the two forms of ampicillin--ampicillin-sodium and ampicillintrihydrate--showed that these preparations, after single parenteral and oral administration, are resorbed from the site of application and penetrate into all investigated organs and tissues. Ampicillin developed very soon bacteriostatic concentration in the blood serum in the course of 4-6-8 hours, depending on the amount applied and the route of application."}
{"id": "PMID:930040", "title": "[Body resistance to the exposure to sound against a background of unbalanced nutrition].", "content": "Subject to study was the influence exercised by the excess of a number of vitamins in the diet (thiamine, ascorbic acid, cyanocolbalamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine) on the spastic susceptibility of the organism under the effect of a strong sonic stimulant. Pyridoxine exerted a noticeable protective influence on audiogenic convulsions. Its protective effect increased with its combined application with riboflavin, succinate and glutamic acid. The possible mechanism of action of the studied vitamins and of their combinations with glutamic acid and succinate on the spastic susceptibility of the organism is discussed in the paper.", "contents": "[Body resistance to the exposure to sound against a background of unbalanced nutrition]. Subject to study was the influence exercised by the excess of a number of vitamins in the diet (thiamine, ascorbic acid, cyanocolbalamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine) on the spastic susceptibility of the organism under the effect of a strong sonic stimulant. Pyridoxine exerted a noticeable protective influence on audiogenic convulsions. Its protective effect increased with its combined application with riboflavin, succinate and glutamic acid. The possible mechanism of action of the studied vitamins and of their combinations with glutamic acid and succinate on the spastic susceptibility of the organism is discussed in the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:930041", "title": "[Vitamin C and B1 allowance in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract].", "content": "In 92 patients with various chronic affections of the gastro-intestinal tract vitamins C and B1 content in the blood and urine was measured. As controls 17 healthy persons were examined. Patients with gastro-intestinal affections were found to show a statistically significant fall of the vitamins C and B1 level in the blood and urine at all seasons of the year (winter, spring, summer and fall). But their decline is most intensive with exacerbation of the ailment and then the presence of the pain syndrome is attended by a steeper drop in the level of these vitamins. A course-wise parenteral administration of the vitamins C and B1 results in their statistically significant rise in the blood and urine, their level, however, remaining below that in healthy persons.", "contents": "[Vitamin C and B1 allowance in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract]. In 92 patients with various chronic affections of the gastro-intestinal tract vitamins C and B1 content in the blood and urine was measured. As controls 17 healthy persons were examined. Patients with gastro-intestinal affections were found to show a statistically significant fall of the vitamins C and B1 level in the blood and urine at all seasons of the year (winter, spring, summer and fall). But their decline is most intensive with exacerbation of the ailment and then the presence of the pain syndrome is attended by a steeper drop in the level of these vitamins. A course-wise parenteral administration of the vitamins C and B1 results in their statistically significant rise in the blood and urine, their level, however, remaining below that in healthy persons."}
{"id": "PMID:930042", "title": "[Use of new high-protein products in nutrition for the purpose of increasing the work capacity of students].", "content": "The effect of a dietary that includes new high-protein products containing complete protein, on the health status and performance capacity of schoolchildren during their school-hours was studied. Under observation were kept 60 schoolchildren, aged 13-14 years who were learning two foreign languages. Schoolchildren receiving a specialized ration were noted to show a number of positive regular changes. Their physical state, clinico-physiological characteristics and the functional state of the central nervous system demonstrated a definite improvement.", "contents": "[Use of new high-protein products in nutrition for the purpose of increasing the work capacity of students]. The effect of a dietary that includes new high-protein products containing complete protein, on the health status and performance capacity of schoolchildren during their school-hours was studied. Under observation were kept 60 schoolchildren, aged 13-14 years who were learning two foreign languages. Schoolchildren receiving a specialized ration were noted to show a number of positive regular changes. Their physical state, clinico-physiological characteristics and the functional state of the central nervous system demonstrated a definite improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:930043", "title": "[Experimental evaluation of therapeutic-prophylactic nutrition in exposure to acrylonitrile].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to study the prophylactic effect of a synthetic complete ration with an addition of L-cysteine in doses of 300 and 150 mg/kg and also investigation of the protective action exerted by 3 rations with varying content of protein (10, 18 and 30 per cent) and calorific value with a repeated and chronic inhalation of AAN in concentrations of 20 +/- 5 and 9 +/- 2.8 mg/m3. The effectiveness of the food rations under study was evaluated basically according to metabolic criteria. The metabolic indices were found to be the most sensitive ones and changing early following the effect of AAN. For this reason they may serve as criteria for not only assessing the noxious action of the poison, but also in devising the type of the medico-prophylactic dietary.", "contents": "[Experimental evaluation of therapeutic-prophylactic nutrition in exposure to acrylonitrile]. The purpose of the work was to study the prophylactic effect of a synthetic complete ration with an addition of L-cysteine in doses of 300 and 150 mg/kg and also investigation of the protective action exerted by 3 rations with varying content of protein (10, 18 and 30 per cent) and calorific value with a repeated and chronic inhalation of AAN in concentrations of 20 +/- 5 and 9 +/- 2.8 mg/m3. The effectiveness of the food rations under study was evaluated basically according to metabolic criteria. The metabolic indices were found to be the most sensitive ones and changing early following the effect of AAN. For this reason they may serve as criteria for not only assessing the noxious action of the poison, but also in devising the type of the medico-prophylactic dietary."}
{"id": "PMID:930044", "title": "[Principles of the hygienic standardization of extraneous substances (food additives and admixtures) in food products].", "content": "At the root of hygienic standardization of extraneous substances on the ground toxicological experimentation there lies the notion of the noxious action threshold and of the maximum permissible concentration of the substance (MPC). The influence of diverse environmental factors of low intensity on man should not bring forth even temporary disturbances of the homeostasis, including the reproductive function, as well as the strain on defensive and adaptive compensatory mechanisms during the whole of the life span. There arises the need for elaborating indicators that might characterize the \"viability\" of the organism, or, in other words, the possibility of its performing all the functions that are inherent in a given species. In setting up a biological experiment the maximum attention should be concentrated on integral tests and behavioral reactions that reflect general processes proceeding in the organism, as well as on utilization of \"functional loads\" that reveal the physiological reliability, on a study of late after-effects at all stages marking the development of the species, but, especially, on bearing in mind the possibility of emerging teratogenic properties. Much study still requires the problem of \"indirect\" toxic effect of extraneous substances and also of a stringent recording of the food ration for the test animals, which plays an important part in the protection, or, conversely, the debiliation of the organism.", "contents": "[Principles of the hygienic standardization of extraneous substances (food additives and admixtures) in food products]. At the root of hygienic standardization of extraneous substances on the ground toxicological experimentation there lies the notion of the noxious action threshold and of the maximum permissible concentration of the substance (MPC). The influence of diverse environmental factors of low intensity on man should not bring forth even temporary disturbances of the homeostasis, including the reproductive function, as well as the strain on defensive and adaptive compensatory mechanisms during the whole of the life span. There arises the need for elaborating indicators that might characterize the \"viability\" of the organism, or, in other words, the possibility of its performing all the functions that are inherent in a given species. In setting up a biological experiment the maximum attention should be concentrated on integral tests and behavioral reactions that reflect general processes proceeding in the organism, as well as on utilization of \"functional loads\" that reveal the physiological reliability, on a study of late after-effects at all stages marking the development of the species, but, especially, on bearing in mind the possibility of emerging teratogenic properties. Much study still requires the problem of \"indirect\" toxic effect of extraneous substances and also of a stringent recording of the food ration for the test animals, which plays an important part in the protection, or, conversely, the debiliation of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:930046", "title": "Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin for clinical use.", "content": "Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin, prepared by a method which involves the initial removal of the fibrinogen fraction, has been reported to lack certain antibodies and fail to detect certain hepatitis B surface antigens when used as a detector reagent in counter-immunoelectrophoresis. The possibility exists that any passive immunity conferred by the immunoglobulin might not protect against these antigens. Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin prepared from plasma by a modified technique which omitted the precipitation of the fibrinogen fraction reacted against these antigens in gel precipitin tests. It is suggested that such a method is preferable for the production of anti-hepatitis B surface immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin for clinical use. Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin, prepared by a method which involves the initial removal of the fibrinogen fraction, has been reported to lack certain antibodies and fail to detect certain hepatitis B surface antigens when used as a detector reagent in counter-immunoelectrophoresis. The possibility exists that any passive immunity conferred by the immunoglobulin might not protect against these antigens. Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin prepared from plasma by a modified technique which omitted the precipitation of the fibrinogen fraction reacted against these antigens in gel precipitin tests. It is suggested that such a method is preferable for the production of anti-hepatitis B surface immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:930047", "title": "Development of hemagglutination assays II. Enhancement in the sensitivity of an RPHA test for HBsAg.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to enhance the sensitivity of a previously developed RPHA test for HBsAg. A net increase in sensitivity of approximately 3-fold was achieved by modifying the elution procedure used to purify chimpanzee anti-HBs by affinity chromatography. A further 3- or 4-fold sensitivity increase was achieved by increasing the volume of specimen tested. A concomitant increase in nonspecific agglutination usually observed with increased specimen size was avoided by incubating the reaction mixture at 37 or 45 degrees C. Evaluation of the test in detection of HBsAg in blood obtained from volunteer donors indicates that the materials produced at the New York Blood Center using the modified test protocol compare favorably with a commercial RPHA test. Modifications which did not contribute toward enhancing sensitivity are also reported.", "contents": "Development of hemagglutination assays II. Enhancement in the sensitivity of an RPHA test for HBsAg. Studies were undertaken to enhance the sensitivity of a previously developed RPHA test for HBsAg. A net increase in sensitivity of approximately 3-fold was achieved by modifying the elution procedure used to purify chimpanzee anti-HBs by affinity chromatography. A further 3- or 4-fold sensitivity increase was achieved by increasing the volume of specimen tested. A concomitant increase in nonspecific agglutination usually observed with increased specimen size was avoided by incubating the reaction mixture at 37 or 45 degrees C. Evaluation of the test in detection of HBsAg in blood obtained from volunteer donors indicates that the materials produced at the New York Blood Center using the modified test protocol compare favorably with a commercial RPHA test. Modifications which did not contribute toward enhancing sensitivity are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:930048", "title": "Packed red cell transfusions -- improved survival, quality and storage.", "content": "Various anticoagulant-preservative solutions were investigated with a view to determining which would give optimal shelf life of packed cells. Satisfactory 24-hour post-transfusion survival (greater than 70%) after 28-day storage was obtained with citrate phosphate 277 mM dextrose, 0.25 mM adenine (CP2 X D-adenine). After addition of a rejuvenating electrolyte solution through a multiple closed plastic pack system, there was further improvement in viability, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of stored erythrocytes, with reduction in both plasma potassium and microaggregate numbers. No untoward reactions were observed during or after transfusion of 440 units of rejuvenated blood.", "contents": "Packed red cell transfusions -- improved survival, quality and storage. Various anticoagulant-preservative solutions were investigated with a view to determining which would give optimal shelf life of packed cells. Satisfactory 24-hour post-transfusion survival (greater than 70%) after 28-day storage was obtained with citrate phosphate 277 mM dextrose, 0.25 mM adenine (CP2 X D-adenine). After addition of a rejuvenating electrolyte solution through a multiple closed plastic pack system, there was further improvement in viability, oxygen delivery capacity and metabolic activity of stored erythrocytes, with reduction in both plasma potassium and microaggregate numbers. No untoward reactions were observed during or after transfusion of 440 units of rejuvenated blood."}
{"id": "PMID:930049", "title": "A case of Oh (Bombay) blood found in a Thai-Muslim patient.", "content": "This is a report of a case of an inherited Lewis a + b - Oh (Bombay) blood found in a Thai-Muslim patient. The propositus and her brother inherited the suppressant xx (or hh) genes from her parents; the gene frequency could not be surveyed.", "contents": "A case of Oh (Bombay) blood found in a Thai-Muslim patient. This is a report of a case of an inherited Lewis a + b - Oh (Bombay) blood found in a Thai-Muslim patient. The propositus and her brother inherited the suppressant xx (or hh) genes from her parents; the gene frequency could not be surveyed."}
{"id": "PMID:930050", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of hepatitis B core antigen and antibody with autologous reagents.", "content": "Anti-HBc is the most sensitive indicator of current or recent hepatitis B virus infection, hence its detection is valuable in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. Dane particles isolated from the plasma of a single chronic carrier and his autologous IgG labeled with 125I were utilized in a solid-phase sandwich radioimmunoassay for anti-HBc. The principle of serologic neutralization of core antigen and consequent inhibition of binding of the cores to the solid-phase rendered the method to be a simple, sensitive, specific and rapid means of detecting anti-HBc.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of hepatitis B core antigen and antibody with autologous reagents. Anti-HBc is the most sensitive indicator of current or recent hepatitis B virus infection, hence its detection is valuable in laboratory diagnosis of the infection. Dane particles isolated from the plasma of a single chronic carrier and his autologous IgG labeled with 125I were utilized in a solid-phase sandwich radioimmunoassay for anti-HBc. The principle of serologic neutralization of core antigen and consequent inhibition of binding of the cores to the solid-phase rendered the method to be a simple, sensitive, specific and rapid means of detecting anti-HBc."}
{"id": "PMID:930051", "title": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the proteins and the preparative production of neuraminidase from the A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 (Hav6N2) strain of the avian influenza virus].", "content": "A combination of electrophoresis in a single plate of polyacrylamide gel with preparative production of subunits upon electrophoresis in acetate cellulose was used for the analysis of the polypeptide composition of the A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 strain. Seven classes of proteins with certain functional significance and 4 minor components were detected. A preparation of neuraminidase could be obtained which has enzymatic and antigenic activity, and a molecular mass of 68,000 daltons. Some features of the polypeptide composition were revealed, including the presence of uncleaved hemagglutinin under reducing conditions and a decreased content of the light chain of hemagglutinin.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic characteristics of the proteins and the preparative production of neuraminidase from the A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 (Hav6N2) strain of the avian influenza virus]. A combination of electrophoresis in a single plate of polyacrylamide gel with preparative production of subunits upon electrophoresis in acetate cellulose was used for the analysis of the polypeptide composition of the A/turkey/Wisconsin/66 strain. Seven classes of proteins with certain functional significance and 4 minor components were detected. A preparation of neuraminidase could be obtained which has enzymatic and antigenic activity, and a molecular mass of 68,000 daltons. Some features of the polypeptide composition were revealed, including the presence of uncleaved hemagglutinin under reducing conditions and a decreased content of the light chain of hemagglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:930052", "title": "[Study of the specific anti-influenzal activity of human respiratory tract secretions and their fractions isolated by means of gel filtration].", "content": "It was found that in gel filtration of a mixture of the human nasal cavity and salivary gland secretions on Sephadex G-200, three protein peaks were regularly releaved. According to the results of disk electrophoresis, the original secretion mixture consists of 11--13 fractions. The material of peak No. 1 is found in one di-fuse band on the cathode end of gel. Peak No. 2 contains 5--7 fractions and eluate No. 3 contains 3 fractions. The gel precipitation test with monospecific rabbit antisera to human IgM, IgG and IgA demonstrated IgA to be present in the first peak.", "contents": "[Study of the specific anti-influenzal activity of human respiratory tract secretions and their fractions isolated by means of gel filtration]. It was found that in gel filtration of a mixture of the human nasal cavity and salivary gland secretions on Sephadex G-200, three protein peaks were regularly releaved. According to the results of disk electrophoresis, the original secretion mixture consists of 11--13 fractions. The material of peak No. 1 is found in one di-fuse band on the cathode end of gel. Peak No. 2 contains 5--7 fractions and eluate No. 3 contains 3 fractions. The gel precipitation test with monospecific rabbit antisera to human IgM, IgG and IgA demonstrated IgA to be present in the first peak."}
{"id": "PMID:930053", "title": "[Study of methods of inactivating a concentrated, purified cultured antirabies vaccine].", "content": "Two methods of inactivation, with ultraviolet (UV) and gamma (gamma) rays, of the concentrated purified tissue culture rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain were studied. Under the optimal conditions of treatment of 100-fold concentrated purified virus-containing suspension, a completely inactivated vaccine with high immunogenicity indices (4.1 to 78) was obtained. Both the inactivation methods were found to be of equal value.", "contents": "[Study of methods of inactivating a concentrated, purified cultured antirabies vaccine]. Two methods of inactivation, with ultraviolet (UV) and gamma (gamma) rays, of the concentrated purified tissue culture rabies vaccine from the Vnukovo-32 strain were studied. Under the optimal conditions of treatment of 100-fold concentrated purified virus-containing suspension, a completely inactivated vaccine with high immunogenicity indices (4.1 to 78) was obtained. Both the inactivation methods were found to be of equal value."}
{"id": "PMID:930055", "title": "[Virus and plant-host interrelationships in the presence of rifamycin].", "content": "The effect of rifamycine on the infectivity and accumulation in tissues of potato X-virus (PXV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in local and systemic infections of plants was studied. High concentrations of rifamycine (50--100 microgram/ml) were found to inhibit and low (2 microgram/ml) to stimulate the infectivity of the viruses. Rifamycine reduced accumulation of PXV in isolated leaves of thornapple and growth of necrotic lesions caused by TMV on tobacco leaves. The effectiveness of the antibiotic depends on its concentration, method and time of its use and the kind of the experimental system. The activity of rifamycine towards the induced tobacco resistance to reinfection with TMV was found to be insignificant.", "contents": "[Virus and plant-host interrelationships in the presence of rifamycin]. The effect of rifamycine on the infectivity and accumulation in tissues of potato X-virus (PXV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in local and systemic infections of plants was studied. High concentrations of rifamycine (50--100 microgram/ml) were found to inhibit and low (2 microgram/ml) to stimulate the infectivity of the viruses. Rifamycine reduced accumulation of PXV in isolated leaves of thornapple and growth of necrotic lesions caused by TMV on tobacco leaves. The effectiveness of the antibiotic depends on its concentration, method and time of its use and the kind of the experimental system. The activity of rifamycine towards the induced tobacco resistance to reinfection with TMV was found to be insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:930054", "title": "[Modelling of influenza infection in mice inoculated by the aerosol method].", "content": "Modelling of experimental influenza infection was performed in an aerosol apparatus the main element of which was a glove box made of organic glass. Mice were infected by inhalation of a highly dispersed aerosol of influenza A2/Victoria/72 virus adapted to the mouse lungs. The aerosol was produced by means of a pneumatic atomizer. The fraction-dispersion composition of the aerosol, for the determination of which Andersen's cascade impactor was used, was characterized by virus-containing particles of 0.6 to 1.8 micrometer capable of penetrating to alveolar passages. A curve reflecting the dose--effect function was drawn on the basis of the relationship between the dilution of aerosolized virus suspension and mouse death rates. Virological, bacteriological, and histopathological examinations of the lungs of the infected mice revealed a correlation between the time of the animals' death, maximum influenza virus reproduction, multiplication of staphylococcal autoflora and the intensity of pathomorphological lesions.", "contents": "[Modelling of influenza infection in mice inoculated by the aerosol method]. Modelling of experimental influenza infection was performed in an aerosol apparatus the main element of which was a glove box made of organic glass. Mice were infected by inhalation of a highly dispersed aerosol of influenza A2/Victoria/72 virus adapted to the mouse lungs. The aerosol was produced by means of a pneumatic atomizer. The fraction-dispersion composition of the aerosol, for the determination of which Andersen's cascade impactor was used, was characterized by virus-containing particles of 0.6 to 1.8 micrometer capable of penetrating to alveolar passages. A curve reflecting the dose--effect function was drawn on the basis of the relationship between the dilution of aerosolized virus suspension and mouse death rates. Virological, bacteriological, and histopathological examinations of the lungs of the infected mice revealed a correlation between the time of the animals' death, maximum influenza virus reproduction, multiplication of staphylococcal autoflora and the intensity of pathomorphological lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:930099", "title": "[The IQ of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU). indication of a blood phenylalanine-independent action of the PKU mutant (author's transl)].", "content": "The IQ of parents of phenylketonuria-(PKU-)affected children is lower than that of parents with histidinemia-affected children (control group). The difference arises almost entirely from the verbal part of the Hamburg-Wechsler test. The IQ of the parents with histidinemia-affected children shows the same distribution as that of the normal population; heterozygosity for this condition does not appear to confer any intellectual advantage. In PKU patients treated at an early age and apparently adequately, a slight, but significant decrease in IQ becomes apparent between the ages of 6 and 8 years. This slight decrease also refers mainly to the verbal IQ. At 4 years of age all PKU patients are tested with B\u00fchler-Hetzer, as well as the Kramer test. There is a significant difference between the results in favour of the B\u00fchler-Hetzer test, which is much less verbal. Since heterozygotes for PKU never show elevated blood phenylalanine levels and, moreover, prenatal tyrosine deficiency, as argued by others, seems highly improbable, it is supposed that the PKU gene has a more direct influence on certain ganglion cells at least, with a consequent slight, but significant lowering of the verbal IQ in heterozygotes and satisfactorily-treated homozygotes for PKU. A slightly increased intracellular phenylalanine concentration in heterozygotes and apparently adequately-treated homozygotes need not to be reflected in raised blood levels and this could be an explanation for the observed IQ lowering. But it should not be overlooked that by far the greatest part of damage in PKU patients is caused by chronic phenylalanine poisoning which is well preventable by correct dietary treatment.", "contents": "[The IQ of heterozygotes for phenylketonuria (PKU). indication of a blood phenylalanine-independent action of the PKU mutant (author's transl)]. The IQ of parents of phenylketonuria-(PKU-)affected children is lower than that of parents with histidinemia-affected children (control group). The difference arises almost entirely from the verbal part of the Hamburg-Wechsler test. The IQ of the parents with histidinemia-affected children shows the same distribution as that of the normal population; heterozygosity for this condition does not appear to confer any intellectual advantage. In PKU patients treated at an early age and apparently adequately, a slight, but significant decrease in IQ becomes apparent between the ages of 6 and 8 years. This slight decrease also refers mainly to the verbal IQ. At 4 years of age all PKU patients are tested with B\u00fchler-Hetzer, as well as the Kramer test. There is a significant difference between the results in favour of the B\u00fchler-Hetzer test, which is much less verbal. Since heterozygotes for PKU never show elevated blood phenylalanine levels and, moreover, prenatal tyrosine deficiency, as argued by others, seems highly improbable, it is supposed that the PKU gene has a more direct influence on certain ganglion cells at least, with a consequent slight, but significant lowering of the verbal IQ in heterozygotes and satisfactorily-treated homozygotes for PKU. A slightly increased intracellular phenylalanine concentration in heterozygotes and apparently adequately-treated homozygotes need not to be reflected in raised blood levels and this could be an explanation for the observed IQ lowering. But it should not be overlooked that by far the greatest part of damage in PKU patients is caused by chronic phenylalanine poisoning which is well preventable by correct dietary treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:930100", "title": "[Cholelithiasis in children and adolescents (authors transl)].", "content": "Cholelithiasis is a rare, but important condition to be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal symptoms in childhood and adolescence. A survey over a 20-year period revealed 10 cases between the ages of 11 and 20 years, with a clinical history of cholelithiasis of between 5 days and 6 years. The most consistent finding was epigastric or right upper quadrant pain. Serum chemistry did not contribute conclusively towards the diagnosis. Hereditary spherocytosis was demonstrated in 3 cases, 2 had familial gall bladder disease, whilst in the rest no cause could be found. Two patients are described in some detail: one girl with spherocytosis and a bilirubin of 78 mg/100 ml, presenting with choledochal obstruction and pancreatitis, and another girl with a history of recurrent abdominal pain, negative radiologial and chemical pathological findings and a tentative diagnosis of neurosis. Oral cholecystograms lead to the diagnosis in most cases; however i. v. cholangiograms should be considered whenever the diagnosis appears in doubt. All cases were treated by cholecystectomy and recovery was uneventful in 9 patients. Cholecystectomy should be performed in all patients with gall stones, even in the absence of symptoms.", "contents": "[Cholelithiasis in children and adolescents (authors transl)]. Cholelithiasis is a rare, but important condition to be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal symptoms in childhood and adolescence. A survey over a 20-year period revealed 10 cases between the ages of 11 and 20 years, with a clinical history of cholelithiasis of between 5 days and 6 years. The most consistent finding was epigastric or right upper quadrant pain. Serum chemistry did not contribute conclusively towards the diagnosis. Hereditary spherocytosis was demonstrated in 3 cases, 2 had familial gall bladder disease, whilst in the rest no cause could be found. Two patients are described in some detail: one girl with spherocytosis and a bilirubin of 78 mg/100 ml, presenting with choledochal obstruction and pancreatitis, and another girl with a history of recurrent abdominal pain, negative radiologial and chemical pathological findings and a tentative diagnosis of neurosis. Oral cholecystograms lead to the diagnosis in most cases; however i. v. cholangiograms should be considered whenever the diagnosis appears in doubt. All cases were treated by cholecystectomy and recovery was uneventful in 9 patients. Cholecystectomy should be performed in all patients with gall stones, even in the absence of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:930101", "title": "[Polycythaemia as sole symptom of renal adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In two children, a 9 year-old boy and a 10 1/2 year-old girl, who presented with polycythaemia as the only symptom, the expected renal tumour was only found after exclusion of all other causes of polycythaemia. The delay in diagnosis was caused by technically inadequate intravenous urograms, which were erroneously passed as normal. In one child low kv X-ray exposition of the kidneys led to the diagnosis of a renal tumour. In the other child high-dose urography and tomography gave the indication for selective angiography. Normalization of the red blood count postoperatively verifies the connection between preoperative erythrocytosis and the renal tumour. Histologically both cases proved to be renal adenomas, which are extremely rare in childhood.", "contents": "[Polycythaemia as sole symptom of renal adenoma (author's transl)]. In two children, a 9 year-old boy and a 10 1/2 year-old girl, who presented with polycythaemia as the only symptom, the expected renal tumour was only found after exclusion of all other causes of polycythaemia. The delay in diagnosis was caused by technically inadequate intravenous urograms, which were erroneously passed as normal. In one child low kv X-ray exposition of the kidneys led to the diagnosis of a renal tumour. In the other child high-dose urography and tomography gave the indication for selective angiography. Normalization of the red blood count postoperatively verifies the connection between preoperative erythrocytosis and the renal tumour. Histologically both cases proved to be renal adenomas, which are extremely rare in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:930102", "title": "[Cell mediated immunity against tubular basement membranes in children with glomerular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Applying a rosette assay we examined peripheral lymphocytes for their sensitivity against enzymatically solubilized tubular basement membranes (TBM). 20 healthy children and 34 children with glomerular diseases were tested. 2 patients from the panel of acute glomerulonephritis and 5 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis showed reactivity against this structure. Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome as well as patients with Alport's syndrome revealed no cell mediated immunity against TBM. On grounds of these findings we suggest that tubular involvement in glomerular diseases is not only secondary injury by affection of the glomerular appartus, but may be regarded as a target of the cell mediated immunity.", "contents": "[Cell mediated immunity against tubular basement membranes in children with glomerular disease (author's transl)]. Applying a rosette assay we examined peripheral lymphocytes for their sensitivity against enzymatically solubilized tubular basement membranes (TBM). 20 healthy children and 34 children with glomerular diseases were tested. 2 patients from the panel of acute glomerulonephritis and 5 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis showed reactivity against this structure. Children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome as well as patients with Alport's syndrome revealed no cell mediated immunity against TBM. On grounds of these findings we suggest that tubular involvement in glomerular diseases is not only secondary injury by affection of the glomerular appartus, but may be regarded as a target of the cell mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:930103", "title": "[Hemodialysis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Long term hemodialysis and kidney transplantation has proved to be a very efficient method in the treatment of renal failure in childhood. Accordingly, the number of children treated by dialysis and transplantation in Europe is still increasing. At this time more than 1250 have been treated. As a result of recent studies, one to two children under the age of 15 years per one million population per one year reach the terminal stage of renal insufficiency. We performed our own informative study in 1975 to estimate the needs for dialysis facilities in Austria. Our results are in line with those of other projects. In view of the special childhood problems (growth, puberty, psychological problems, schooling etc.) there is a need for specialized pediatric centers which should include the facilities for nephrologic out- and in-patient treatment, a dialysis team consisting of a pediatrician, pediatric nurses, teacher, child psychologist, dietician and social worker. These enormous investments in apparature, personnel and organization are justified by the good results of survival and the reasonably normal life these children can lead.", "contents": "[Hemodialysis in children (author's transl)]. Long term hemodialysis and kidney transplantation has proved to be a very efficient method in the treatment of renal failure in childhood. Accordingly, the number of children treated by dialysis and transplantation in Europe is still increasing. At this time more than 1250 have been treated. As a result of recent studies, one to two children under the age of 15 years per one million population per one year reach the terminal stage of renal insufficiency. We performed our own informative study in 1975 to estimate the needs for dialysis facilities in Austria. Our results are in line with those of other projects. In view of the special childhood problems (growth, puberty, psychological problems, schooling etc.) there is a need for specialized pediatric centers which should include the facilities for nephrologic out- and in-patient treatment, a dialysis team consisting of a pediatrician, pediatric nurses, teacher, child psychologist, dietician and social worker. These enormous investments in apparature, personnel and organization are justified by the good results of survival and the reasonably normal life these children can lead."}
{"id": "PMID:930104", "title": "[Pannus development in adjuvant arthritis of the rat - an autoradiographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "After the injection of complete adjuvant, rats develop arthritis with increased proliferation of synovial tissue cells at the attachment of the synovial membrane to cartilage and bone. From this synovial tissue a connective tissue pannus develops which covers the cartilage surface as a monocellular or multicellular layer of proliferating cells. Areas with cartilage destruction are usually characterized by a great number of proliferating connective tissue cells. Cartilage destruction is not restricted to the superficial pannus, since granulation tissue of the subchondral bone may also participate in cartilage resorption. The quantitative determination of 3H-thymidine labelled chondrocytes excludes participation of these cells in pannus formation.", "contents": "[Pannus development in adjuvant arthritis of the rat - an autoradiographic study (author's transl)]. After the injection of complete adjuvant, rats develop arthritis with increased proliferation of synovial tissue cells at the attachment of the synovial membrane to cartilage and bone. From this synovial tissue a connective tissue pannus develops which covers the cartilage surface as a monocellular or multicellular layer of proliferating cells. Areas with cartilage destruction are usually characterized by a great number of proliferating connective tissue cells. Cartilage destruction is not restricted to the superficial pannus, since granulation tissue of the subchondral bone may also participate in cartilage resorption. The quantitative determination of 3H-thymidine labelled chondrocytes excludes participation of these cells in pannus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:930105", "title": "[Bone marrow acid phosphatase determination in patients with carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].", "content": "Acid phosphatase was determined in bone marrow aspirates in a consecutive series of 28 patients, 19 of whom had a proven carcinoma of the prostate. The value of this procedure is pointed out in respect to the diagnosis and staging of a prostatic carcinoma and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Bone marrow acid phosphatase determination in patients with carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)]. Acid phosphatase was determined in bone marrow aspirates in a consecutive series of 28 patients, 19 of whom had a proven carcinoma of the prostate. The value of this procedure is pointed out in respect to the diagnosis and staging of a prostatic carcinoma and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:930114", "title": "Mercapturic acid formation in the developing rat.", "content": "1. Young female rats dosed with 1-bromo[1-14C]propane excrete the same metabolites as adult females but in different relative proportions. Propylcysteine was detected as one of the metabolites in rats of all ages studied but represented a higher proportion of the total metabolites excreted in rats aged 5 and 11 days. 2. Hepatic GSH-S-alkytransferase activity was low in females at birth increasing up to the age of about thirty days. No activity was detected in the livers of the males at birth and up to 6 days of age; thereafter the level of activity increased up to 35-40 days. 3. Propylcysteine was excreted as prophylmercapturic acid and propylmercapturic acid sulphoxide by female rats of all ages. The amount of sulphoxide excreted relative to mercapturic acid excreted was higher in rats up to the age of 16 days than in older animals.", "contents": "Mercapturic acid formation in the developing rat. 1. Young female rats dosed with 1-bromo[1-14C]propane excrete the same metabolites as adult females but in different relative proportions. Propylcysteine was detected as one of the metabolites in rats of all ages studied but represented a higher proportion of the total metabolites excreted in rats aged 5 and 11 days. 2. Hepatic GSH-S-alkytransferase activity was low in females at birth increasing up to the age of about thirty days. No activity was detected in the livers of the males at birth and up to 6 days of age; thereafter the level of activity increased up to 35-40 days. 3. Propylcysteine was excreted as prophylmercapturic acid and propylmercapturic acid sulphoxide by female rats of all ages. The amount of sulphoxide excreted relative to mercapturic acid excreted was higher in rats up to the age of 16 days than in older animals."}
{"id": "PMID:930115", "title": "Tissue distribution of radioactivity in rats given tritiated analogues of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "content": "1. [3H]Retronecine 7,9-bis-N-ethylcarbamate (RC) given intravenously (120 mg/kg) to male rats showed similar tissue distribution of radioactivity to that after an equally hepatotoxic dose (40 mg/kg) of [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate (SAC), but the 3H in most tissues after 3H-SAC was about double that after 3H-RC. 2. Concentrations of radioactivity were initially highest in liver and lung, but were higher in lung after 3H-RC than after 3H-SAC, reflecting the higher pneumotoxicity of the former. Concentrations of radioactive metabolites strongly attached to liver tissue were approx. the same 1 day after similarly hepatotoxic doses of either compound. 3. Excretion of radioactivity from 3H-RC was about double that from 3H-SAC in urine, and half that in faeces during the first day.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of radioactivity in rats given tritiated analogues of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. 1. [3H]Retronecine 7,9-bis-N-ethylcarbamate (RC) given intravenously (120 mg/kg) to male rats showed similar tissue distribution of radioactivity to that after an equally hepatotoxic dose (40 mg/kg) of [3H]synthanecine A bis-N-ethylcarbamate (SAC), but the 3H in most tissues after 3H-SAC was about double that after 3H-RC. 2. Concentrations of radioactivity were initially highest in liver and lung, but were higher in lung after 3H-RC than after 3H-SAC, reflecting the higher pneumotoxicity of the former. Concentrations of radioactive metabolites strongly attached to liver tissue were approx. the same 1 day after similarly hepatotoxic doses of either compound. 3. Excretion of radioactivity from 3H-RC was about double that from 3H-SAC in urine, and half that in faeces during the first day."}
{"id": "PMID:930116", "title": "19-nortestosterone, a model for the use of anabolic steroid conjugates in raising antibodies for radioimmunoassay.", "content": "1. The raising of antibodies in Soay sheep to an immunogenic conjugate of 19-nortestosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime with bovine serum albumin is described. 2. High titre plasma so obtained can be used for the radioimmunoassay of 19-nortestosterone. 3. Cross-reactivities of the antibody with endogenous steroids is confined to testosterone (20-25%) and 17beta-estradiol (1-2%). Cross-reactivities with a range of other 17beta-hydroxy synthetic anabolic steroids and with some potential 17beta-hydroxy metabolites of 19-nortestosterone vary between 2-3% for 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 26% for 1-dehydrotestosterone. There is limited cross-reactivity (ca. 1-2%) with anabolic steroids with 17beta-hydroxy, 17alpha-methyl substituents. 4. 19-Nortestosterone (phenyl propionate) administered to a horse (1 mg/kg, intra-muscular) gives urinary metabolites readily detectable by radioimmunoassay, for more than 4 days.", "contents": "19-nortestosterone, a model for the use of anabolic steroid conjugates in raising antibodies for radioimmunoassay. 1. The raising of antibodies in Soay sheep to an immunogenic conjugate of 19-nortestosterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime with bovine serum albumin is described. 2. High titre plasma so obtained can be used for the radioimmunoassay of 19-nortestosterone. 3. Cross-reactivities of the antibody with endogenous steroids is confined to testosterone (20-25%) and 17beta-estradiol (1-2%). Cross-reactivities with a range of other 17beta-hydroxy synthetic anabolic steroids and with some potential 17beta-hydroxy metabolites of 19-nortestosterone vary between 2-3% for 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol and 26% for 1-dehydrotestosterone. There is limited cross-reactivity (ca. 1-2%) with anabolic steroids with 17beta-hydroxy, 17alpha-methyl substituents. 4. 19-Nortestosterone (phenyl propionate) administered to a horse (1 mg/kg, intra-muscular) gives urinary metabolites readily detectable by radioimmunoassay, for more than 4 days."}
{"id": "PMID:930117", "title": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: 19-nortestosterone.", "content": "1. The metabolism of 19-nortestosterone in a cross-bred horse has been studied using 14C-labelled material. 2. Two neutral metabolites isolated from urinary extracts by column chromatography were identified as isomers of 3-hydroxyestran-17-one and estrane-3,17-diol by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. The stereochemistry of the two metabolites has been investigated by comparison of the retention times of their trimethylsilyl derivatives with those of standard steroids of known configuration.", "contents": "Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: 19-nortestosterone. 1. The metabolism of 19-nortestosterone in a cross-bred horse has been studied using 14C-labelled material. 2. Two neutral metabolites isolated from urinary extracts by column chromatography were identified as isomers of 3-hydroxyestran-17-one and estrane-3,17-diol by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. The stereochemistry of the two metabolites has been investigated by comparison of the retention times of their trimethylsilyl derivatives with those of standard steroids of known configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:930119", "title": "[Nitrogen utilization and xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris].", "content": "In media with mixed nitrogen sources (nitrate plus yeast extract) a three auxic growth is observed. The first growth phase is characterized by preferential utilization of the amino acids of the yeast autolysate and the utilization of only small amounts of nitrate. During the second growth phase nitrate is preferentially utilized. In the third phase there is only growth without dividing of cells and the accumulation of xanthan takes place. The change from growth by dividing to growth without dividing means a change from balanced to unbalanced growth. It is proposed that xanthan production is connected with unbalanced growth.", "contents": "[Nitrogen utilization and xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris]. In media with mixed nitrogen sources (nitrate plus yeast extract) a three auxic growth is observed. The first growth phase is characterized by preferential utilization of the amino acids of the yeast autolysate and the utilization of only small amounts of nitrate. During the second growth phase nitrate is preferentially utilized. In the third phase there is only growth without dividing of cells and the accumulation of xanthan takes place. The change from growth by dividing to growth without dividing means a change from balanced to unbalanced growth. It is proposed that xanthan production is connected with unbalanced growth."}
{"id": "PMID:930120", "title": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. X. Biological degradation of paromomycin and alkaline phosphatase activity depending on antibiotic production by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var].", "content": "After adding 14C-paromomycin to the fermentation broth we observed a varying course of decomposition of the antibiotic, which is dependent on the intensity of paromomycin biosynthesis running simultaneously. At a reduced rate of antibiotic biosynthesis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase is lower than with an increased rate of production. This applies for mycelium as well as for broth.", "contents": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. X. Biological degradation of paromomycin and alkaline phosphatase activity depending on antibiotic production by Streptomyces albus var. metamycinus nov. var]. After adding 14C-paromomycin to the fermentation broth we observed a varying course of decomposition of the antibiotic, which is dependent on the intensity of paromomycin biosynthesis running simultaneously. At a reduced rate of antibiotic biosynthesis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase is lower than with an increased rate of production. This applies for mycelium as well as for broth."}
{"id": "PMID:930123", "title": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. XI. Different incorporation of D-glucose-u-14C into the paromomycin isomers and the precursors of paromomycin I].", "content": "During application of D-glucose-u-14C paromomycine II is higher labelled and shows a different dependence on the application time than paromomycine I, which is isomer at the paromose part. For the two paromose isomeres different rates of synthesis are supposed that change nonproportionally to each other. The distribution of radioactivity in paromomycine I shows that there is no fragmentation of the glucose chain during the biosynthesis of glucosamine, ribose, and paromose I. As to the 2-deoxystreptamine the result has not been ascertained.", "contents": "[Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes. XI. Different incorporation of D-glucose-u-14C into the paromomycin isomers and the precursors of paromomycin I]. During application of D-glucose-u-14C paromomycine II is higher labelled and shows a different dependence on the application time than paromomycine I, which is isomer at the paromose part. For the two paromose isomeres different rates of synthesis are supposed that change nonproportionally to each other. The distribution of radioactivity in paromomycine I shows that there is no fragmentation of the glucose chain during the biosynthesis of glucosamine, ribose, and paromose I. As to the 2-deoxystreptamine the result has not been ascertained."}
{"id": "PMID:930124", "title": "[Utilization of inorganic sulfur sources by Staphylococcus aureus strains].", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus strains of different host-adapted variants (Meyer 1966) have been tested for their ability to use inorganic sulfur sources. All the 25 strains tested were able to utilize sodium sulfide as sulfur source in a medium similar to that described by Kloos and Pattee (1965). Using S. aureus strain 116/74 grown in a medium containing Na2-35S as the only sulfur source we studied incorporation and insertion of inorganic sulfide into sulfur containing amino acids. In disintegrated and fractionated cellular material we could find 35S labelled homocystine and methionine as major compounds, and cystine, cysteic acid, homocysteic acid, and beta-sulphopyruvate as minor compounds. The occurrence of homocystine and the sulfonic acids in bacterial proteins is rather uncommon.", "contents": "[Utilization of inorganic sulfur sources by Staphylococcus aureus strains]. Staphylococcus aureus strains of different host-adapted variants (Meyer 1966) have been tested for their ability to use inorganic sulfur sources. All the 25 strains tested were able to utilize sodium sulfide as sulfur source in a medium similar to that described by Kloos and Pattee (1965). Using S. aureus strain 116/74 grown in a medium containing Na2-35S as the only sulfur source we studied incorporation and insertion of inorganic sulfide into sulfur containing amino acids. In disintegrated and fractionated cellular material we could find 35S labelled homocystine and methionine as major compounds, and cystine, cysteic acid, homocysteic acid, and beta-sulphopyruvate as minor compounds. The occurrence of homocystine and the sulfonic acids in bacterial proteins is rather uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:930125", "title": "Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature.", "content": "Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: (A) photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and (B) chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant.", "contents": "Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature. Two groups of lithotrophic bacteria, the existence of which may be expected on evolutionary and thermodynamical grounds, have not yet been detected: (A) photosynthetic, anaerobic, ammonia bacteria, analogous to coloured sulphur bacteria, and (B) chemosynthetic bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrogen with O2 or nitrate as oxidant."}
{"id": "PMID:930126", "title": "[A healthy and active ageing by preparation and complex care (author's transl)].", "content": "Today it is possible and necessary to show the way for a healthy and active ageing under our social conditions. This way means the preparation for the age and the pension. This is only possible by the unit of positive personal attitudes, motivations and behaviour with adequate social planning. There are many examples of the macrobiotic, gerohygiene, geropsychology and sports medicine. There are also results and experiences of the whole life and the effects of extreme situations of the life to take into consideration for the indication for the preparation and complex care. Some methodical theses and postulates for training-programmes for the preparation on age and pension are worked out. Such programmes should be carried out for groups, which are especially endangered by their work: workers and leading works.", "contents": "[A healthy and active ageing by preparation and complex care (author's transl)]. Today it is possible and necessary to show the way for a healthy and active ageing under our social conditions. This way means the preparation for the age and the pension. This is only possible by the unit of positive personal attitudes, motivations and behaviour with adequate social planning. There are many examples of the macrobiotic, gerohygiene, geropsychology and sports medicine. There are also results and experiences of the whole life and the effects of extreme situations of the life to take into consideration for the indication for the preparation and complex care. Some methodical theses and postulates for training-programmes for the preparation on age and pension are worked out. Such programmes should be carried out for groups, which are especially endangered by their work: workers and leading works."}
{"id": "PMID:930128", "title": "[Geropsychohygienic programmes and tasks (author's transl)].", "content": "The tasks of gero-psycho-hygiene are the advancement and preservation of the psychic health until the old age, the help in the planning of the environment relations of the people and the development of special programmes for the preparation of an active ageing. The human psychic capacities are an unit of intellectual, motivational and emotional components. The development of the personality enclose the advancement and the demand of all psychic functions. The influence of the age remain behind in comparance with limiting, compensating and stimulating influences of the environment of the psychic capacity.", "contents": "[Geropsychohygienic programmes and tasks (author's transl)]. The tasks of gero-psycho-hygiene are the advancement and preservation of the psychic health until the old age, the help in the planning of the environment relations of the people and the development of special programmes for the preparation of an active ageing. The human psychic capacities are an unit of intellectual, motivational and emotional components. The development of the personality enclose the advancement and the demand of all psychic functions. The influence of the age remain behind in comparance with limiting, compensating and stimulating influences of the environment of the psychic capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:930129", "title": "[Sociological aspects of social activities of inhabitants of homes for the aged (author's transl)].", "content": "This scientific work tells results after researching important aspects of individualities of persons living in homes for aged people; it informs about their social activities and shows the degree of coherence between these activities and the social-statistical dates--age, sex, duration of staying in the home, duration of staying along before their reception in the home, the number of years they did professional work and the contents of this work. So male and female inhabitants are active in like manner and you can notice no falling of their social activities with rising age. In spite of the time the present inhabitants had been alone before they came to the home of aged people and regardless of the time they spent already there the social activities of those inhabitants are more distinct, whose former professional work was of a higher content.", "contents": "[Sociological aspects of social activities of inhabitants of homes for the aged (author's transl)]. This scientific work tells results after researching important aspects of individualities of persons living in homes for aged people; it informs about their social activities and shows the degree of coherence between these activities and the social-statistical dates--age, sex, duration of staying in the home, duration of staying along before their reception in the home, the number of years they did professional work and the contents of this work. So male and female inhabitants are active in like manner and you can notice no falling of their social activities with rising age. In spite of the time the present inhabitants had been alone before they came to the home of aged people and regardless of the time they spent already there the social activities of those inhabitants are more distinct, whose former professional work was of a higher content."}
{"id": "PMID:930131", "title": "Travelling in old age.", "content": "Expanding the \"journey test\", the author recommends a simple diagnostic test by which the physician can gain a quick information on the psycho-motoric-somatic status of the old patients--as evidenced by 100 cases examined. To make a journey is recommended by the physician even to old people provided the following conditions are fulfilled: I. intact capacity of reasoning; II. satisfactory somatic condition; III. ability of harmonic (co-ordinated) locomotion; IV. financial (objective) resources available for the journey.", "contents": "Travelling in old age. Expanding the \"journey test\", the author recommends a simple diagnostic test by which the physician can gain a quick information on the psycho-motoric-somatic status of the old patients--as evidenced by 100 cases examined. To make a journey is recommended by the physician even to old people provided the following conditions are fulfilled: I. intact capacity of reasoning; II. satisfactory somatic condition; III. ability of harmonic (co-ordinated) locomotion; IV. financial (objective) resources available for the journey."}
{"id": "PMID:930132", "title": "Peculiarities of digestion in senescence.", "content": "It is established, that involutional changes of digestive tract limits digestion in old patients. In the age digestive capacities mostly are sufficient, but there is a great tendency to maldigestion. The decrease of functional capacity doesn't show the clinical features of a manifest digestive insufficiency in old healthy probands. But it was shown that the digestive efficiency is exhausted by hyper-alimentation more quickly in elderly. The pancreas of elderly is able to digest small meals taken frequently.", "contents": "Peculiarities of digestion in senescence. It is established, that involutional changes of digestive tract limits digestion in old patients. In the age digestive capacities mostly are sufficient, but there is a great tendency to maldigestion. The decrease of functional capacity doesn't show the clinical features of a manifest digestive insufficiency in old healthy probands. But it was shown that the digestive efficiency is exhausted by hyper-alimentation more quickly in elderly. The pancreas of elderly is able to digest small meals taken frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:930173", "title": "[Behavior of the body weight in 2261 maturity-onset diabetics under conditions of ambulatory care].", "content": "Of 2,261 maturity-onset-diabetics (970 males, 1,691 females) body weight, size and Broca-index were established at the beginning of the treatment, one year after the beginning of the treatment and at the date of analysis (x=5.7 years after the manifestation of diabetes). 72% of the females and 49% of the males had a Broca-index of more than 10 at the beginning of the treatment. The average loss of weight of the diabetics of adult type with overweight with a Broca-index of more than 5 was in the first year 7.6 kg in males and 5.2 kg in females. In the first year after beginning of the disease in the diet group and in the buformin group was achieved an average reduction of weight in males of about 7 kg and in females of about 6 kg. After the first year of treatment in the groups mentioned the body weight remained or rose to one kg. The patients treated with sulfonylureas--compared with the diet-biguanide group--showed in the first year of treatment, indeed, a loss of weight which was about 50% smaller, however, also in the following years (x=4.7) a further continuous reduction of weight could be recognized. The initial results and the late results in the treatment of elderly diabetics with overweight show that, compared with former years, partial success is to be achieved with reduction cures performed in outpatient departments. The importance of the reduction of weight in elderly diabetics for the improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance and the fat metabolism is emphasized.", "contents": "[Behavior of the body weight in 2261 maturity-onset diabetics under conditions of ambulatory care]. Of 2,261 maturity-onset-diabetics (970 males, 1,691 females) body weight, size and Broca-index were established at the beginning of the treatment, one year after the beginning of the treatment and at the date of analysis (x=5.7 years after the manifestation of diabetes). 72% of the females and 49% of the males had a Broca-index of more than 10 at the beginning of the treatment. The average loss of weight of the diabetics of adult type with overweight with a Broca-index of more than 5 was in the first year 7.6 kg in males and 5.2 kg in females. In the first year after beginning of the disease in the diet group and in the buformin group was achieved an average reduction of weight in males of about 7 kg and in females of about 6 kg. After the first year of treatment in the groups mentioned the body weight remained or rose to one kg. The patients treated with sulfonylureas--compared with the diet-biguanide group--showed in the first year of treatment, indeed, a loss of weight which was about 50% smaller, however, also in the following years (x=4.7) a further continuous reduction of weight could be recognized. The initial results and the late results in the treatment of elderly diabetics with overweight show that, compared with former years, partial success is to be achieved with reduction cures performed in outpatient departments. The importance of the reduction of weight in elderly diabetics for the improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance and the fat metabolism is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:930174", "title": "[Pathogenetic relationships between obesity and maturity-onset diabetes].", "content": "The influences of the biguanide therapy on the behaviour of the glucose tolerance and the reactive IRI-values in obese diabetics were investigated. Apart from this a group treated with sulfonylurea was compared. Here besides the IRI-values the fat parameters were tested. Apart from these investigations the half-life periods of insulin in obese diabetics were established before and after the treatment with biguanides and compared with the half-life period in diabetics treated with insulin. In a small group a tolbutamide test was carried out and the insulin secretion, the STH-values, and the cortisol values were examined. The investigations permitted the conclusion that the increased IRI-levels are to be explained by a hypertrophy of lipocytes, when at the same time the carbohydrate tolerance is reduced. The hypertrophic fat cell needs more insulin for the induction of glucose than the normal lipocyte. By this means also the improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance after reduction of weight is to be explained. Finally it is tried to interpret the behaviour of the fat parameters.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic relationships between obesity and maturity-onset diabetes]. The influences of the biguanide therapy on the behaviour of the glucose tolerance and the reactive IRI-values in obese diabetics were investigated. Apart from this a group treated with sulfonylurea was compared. Here besides the IRI-values the fat parameters were tested. Apart from these investigations the half-life periods of insulin in obese diabetics were established before and after the treatment with biguanides and compared with the half-life period in diabetics treated with insulin. In a small group a tolbutamide test was carried out and the insulin secretion, the STH-values, and the cortisol values were examined. The investigations permitted the conclusion that the increased IRI-levels are to be explained by a hypertrophy of lipocytes, when at the same time the carbohydrate tolerance is reduced. The hypertrophic fat cell needs more insulin for the induction of glucose than the normal lipocyte. By this means also the improvement of the carbohydrate tolerance after reduction of weight is to be explained. Finally it is tried to interpret the behaviour of the fat parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:930175", "title": "[Type distribution of hyperlipoproteinemias in 645 diabetics].", "content": "On 645 diabetics of the treatment-groups diet (n = 180), sulfonylurea therapy (n = 250), biguanide therapy (n = 50), and insulin therapy (n = 165) the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were determined and the lipoprotein electrophoresis was carried out. 29% of the diabetics showed hyperliproteinaemias, males and females in the same frequency. In about 54% the type IV was observed most frequently, then followed the types IIb with 25% and the type IIa with about 13%. The dependence of triglycerides on the metabolic situation and the body weight was proved in diabetics. The cholesterol values were independent on form of therapy, body weight and metabolic situation. In the group with sulfonylurea in about 49%, in the group with insulin in about 37% and in the group with diet and buformin only in about 32% a hyperlipoproteinaemia was proved. The opinion is represented that the high percentage of hyperlipoproteinaemia in diabetics and the connected with this additionally increased risk for vascular complications should lead to the introduction of diagnostics and therapy of hyperlipoproteinaemia into the programme of the diabetes dispensaries of the GDR. For the treatment of diabetes the principle should be taken into consideration that a diabetes is optimally regulated only then, when apart from the blood sugar values also the blood fats are within the normal.", "contents": "[Type distribution of hyperlipoproteinemias in 645 diabetics]. On 645 diabetics of the treatment-groups diet (n = 180), sulfonylurea therapy (n = 250), biguanide therapy (n = 50), and insulin therapy (n = 165) the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were determined and the lipoprotein electrophoresis was carried out. 29% of the diabetics showed hyperliproteinaemias, males and females in the same frequency. In about 54% the type IV was observed most frequently, then followed the types IIb with 25% and the type IIa with about 13%. The dependence of triglycerides on the metabolic situation and the body weight was proved in diabetics. The cholesterol values were independent on form of therapy, body weight and metabolic situation. In the group with sulfonylurea in about 49%, in the group with insulin in about 37% and in the group with diet and buformin only in about 32% a hyperlipoproteinaemia was proved. The opinion is represented that the high percentage of hyperlipoproteinaemia in diabetics and the connected with this additionally increased risk for vascular complications should lead to the introduction of diagnostics and therapy of hyperlipoproteinaemia into the programme of the diabetes dispensaries of the GDR. For the treatment of diabetes the principle should be taken into consideration that a diabetes is optimally regulated only then, when apart from the blood sugar values also the blood fats are within the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:930177", "title": "[Comparative studies on the value of oscillography and venous occlusion plethysmography in the diagnosis of arterial occlusive diseases].", "content": "Oscillography and plethysmography in phlebembraxis also occupy an important place in the screening of arterial obstructive diseases. The two methods give reliable results. In patients who have--as was established by oscillography and clinical examination--healthy vessels, as well as in patients with arterial obstructive disease in stage II a good correspondence with the findings of plethysmography in phlebembraxis could be proved, if all the three measuring sizes (first flow, peak flow and peak flow time) were taken into consideration. Hereby the normal values given partly deviate from those ones given in literature. They are guide values which in the individual case may fall below or transgressed also in patients with healthy vessels, whereby the peak flow time is to be regarded as the most reliable measuring size. On account of the slight expenditure of time the plethysmography in phlebembraxis is suitable as screening method, however it is not sufficient as the only method for the angiological prediagnostics. It is a valuable supplementation to the hitherto known unbloody examination methods.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the value of oscillography and venous occlusion plethysmography in the diagnosis of arterial occlusive diseases]. Oscillography and plethysmography in phlebembraxis also occupy an important place in the screening of arterial obstructive diseases. The two methods give reliable results. In patients who have--as was established by oscillography and clinical examination--healthy vessels, as well as in patients with arterial obstructive disease in stage II a good correspondence with the findings of plethysmography in phlebembraxis could be proved, if all the three measuring sizes (first flow, peak flow and peak flow time) were taken into consideration. Hereby the normal values given partly deviate from those ones given in literature. They are guide values which in the individual case may fall below or transgressed also in patients with healthy vessels, whereby the peak flow time is to be regarded as the most reliable measuring size. On account of the slight expenditure of time the plethysmography in phlebembraxis is suitable as screening method, however it is not sufficient as the only method for the angiological prediagnostics. It is a valuable supplementation to the hitherto known unbloody examination methods."}
{"id": "PMID:930178", "title": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda after uptake of lead--a case contribution to the etiology].", "content": "It is reported on a case of porphyria cutanea tarda. With the exception of a low risk lead exposure during work no etiological factor could be revealed. Body deposits of lead were established by means of Ca-EDTA provocation. After cessation of exposure which was suggested to be the cause the state of health markedly improved. Thus, compensation due to occupational disease was recommended to workers insurance.", "contents": "[Porphyria cutanea tarda after uptake of lead--a case contribution to the etiology]. It is reported on a case of porphyria cutanea tarda. With the exception of a low risk lead exposure during work no etiological factor could be revealed. Body deposits of lead were established by means of Ca-EDTA provocation. After cessation of exposure which was suggested to be the cause the state of health markedly improved. Thus, compensation due to occupational disease was recommended to workers insurance."}
{"id": "PMID:930179", "title": "[The clinical significance of the risk factor hyperlipoproteinemia. Study on 2700 patients].", "content": "In a clinical study on 2,700 inpatients of the medical clinic of Rostock University systematic examinations of the lipids and lipoproteins were carried out. 2.5% of the examined patients showed a primary hyperlipoproteinemia, 14,8% disturbances of the lipid metabolism of different degree of severity, taking into consideration borderline regions of 300 mg/100 ml for cholesterol and of 250 mg/100 ml for triglycerides. In coronary sclerosis and myocardial infarction the frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia was, as we expected, very high, it was about 63 and 77%, respectively. In part groups in primary hyperlipoproteinemia as additional examinations the triglyceride content in the material of liver punction, various coagulation parameters, such as function and kinetics of the platelets were determined and examinations of the secretion of the exocrine pancreas were carried out. In patients of the programme of chronic dialysis, apart from this in temporary dependence on the treatment determinations of the heparin-induced lipoprotein lipase were performed. The consequences resulting from the mutual relations of the factor of risk hyperlipoproteinemia to the diseases of various organic systems are shown.", "contents": "[The clinical significance of the risk factor hyperlipoproteinemia. Study on 2700 patients]. In a clinical study on 2,700 inpatients of the medical clinic of Rostock University systematic examinations of the lipids and lipoproteins were carried out. 2.5% of the examined patients showed a primary hyperlipoproteinemia, 14,8% disturbances of the lipid metabolism of different degree of severity, taking into consideration borderline regions of 300 mg/100 ml for cholesterol and of 250 mg/100 ml for triglycerides. In coronary sclerosis and myocardial infarction the frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia was, as we expected, very high, it was about 63 and 77%, respectively. In part groups in primary hyperlipoproteinemia as additional examinations the triglyceride content in the material of liver punction, various coagulation parameters, such as function and kinetics of the platelets were determined and examinations of the secretion of the exocrine pancreas were carried out. In patients of the programme of chronic dialysis, apart from this in temporary dependence on the treatment determinations of the heparin-induced lipoprotein lipase were performed. The consequences resulting from the mutual relations of the factor of risk hyperlipoproteinemia to the diseases of various organic systems are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:930180", "title": "[Behavior of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hypertriglyceridemia during exertion].", "content": "In pateints with hypertriglyceridaemia in rest and during ergometer load an increased rate of lipolysis with increased metabolism of free fatty acids could be proved. This led to a disturbance of the glucose tolerance with hyperinsulinism and during muscle work to a limitation of the capacity of the oxidative glucose metabolism in musculature.", "contents": "[Behavior of the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hypertriglyceridemia during exertion]. In pateints with hypertriglyceridaemia in rest and during ergometer load an increased rate of lipolysis with increased metabolism of free fatty acids could be proved. This led to a disturbance of the glucose tolerance with hyperinsulinism and during muscle work to a limitation of the capacity of the oxidative glucose metabolism in musculature."}
{"id": "PMID:930181", "title": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with arteriosclerotic occlusive diseases of the lower extremities].", "content": "After exclusion of a manifest diabetes mellitus occurrence and distribution of hyperlipoproteinaemias in 250 patients with atherosclerotic obstructive diseases of the lower extremities were examined. 54,8% of the patients showed increased serum lipid levels, in which cases most frequently hypercholesterolaemias (type IIa and IIb) could be proved. Patients with obstructions of the pelvic arteries had significantly more frequent hyperlipoproteinaemias than patients with more distal obstructions.", "contents": "[Hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with arteriosclerotic occlusive diseases of the lower extremities]. After exclusion of a manifest diabetes mellitus occurrence and distribution of hyperlipoproteinaemias in 250 patients with atherosclerotic obstructive diseases of the lower extremities were examined. 54,8% of the patients showed increased serum lipid levels, in which cases most frequently hypercholesterolaemias (type IIa and IIb) could be proved. Patients with obstructions of the pelvic arteries had significantly more frequent hyperlipoproteinaemias than patients with more distal obstructions."}
{"id": "PMID:930182", "title": "[Effects of various modes of therapy on the fatty acid spectrum in hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "Gas-chromatographic investigations of the fatty acid pattern of the fractions of serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol ester revealed characteristic changes under different therapeutic measures in altogether 120 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia of the types IIa, IIb and IV. Already under the treatment with basal metabolic diet, more clearly by medication with clofibrin acid, in the hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV the decrease of the palmitic acid, the palmitoleic acid, the stearic acid and oleic acid and the increase of linoleic acid, linoleneic acid, arachidonic acid and eikopentaenic acid in the triglyceride fraction developed. These fatty acids showed the same behaviour under the therapy with derivatives of nicotinic acids in the cholesterol ester fraction in the hyperlipoproteinaemia of type IIa. The combined treatment of the type IIb resulted in the same tendencies, however not so pronounced, of the spectrum in the cholesterol esters as well as of the fatty acids esterified in the triglycerides.", "contents": "[Effects of various modes of therapy on the fatty acid spectrum in hyperlipoproteinemia]. Gas-chromatographic investigations of the fatty acid pattern of the fractions of serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol ester revealed characteristic changes under different therapeutic measures in altogether 120 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia of the types IIa, IIb and IV. Already under the treatment with basal metabolic diet, more clearly by medication with clofibrin acid, in the hyperlipoproteinaemia type IV the decrease of the palmitic acid, the palmitoleic acid, the stearic acid and oleic acid and the increase of linoleic acid, linoleneic acid, arachidonic acid and eikopentaenic acid in the triglyceride fraction developed. These fatty acids showed the same behaviour under the therapy with derivatives of nicotinic acids in the cholesterol ester fraction in the hyperlipoproteinaemia of type IIa. The combined treatment of the type IIb resulted in the same tendencies, however not so pronounced, of the spectrum in the cholesterol esters as well as of the fatty acids esterified in the triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:930183", "title": "[The effect of physical training on lipid parameters in the blood].", "content": "Physical training leads to an improved metabolic capacity of musculature. At the same time through a decreased liberation of catecholamines a reduction of the increased lipolysis develops. The two factors together condition an improved glucose tolerance and a decrease of the reactive insulin secretion. Thus, among others, the synthesis of triglycerides is reduced and an essential factor of risk is favourably influenced for the development of arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[The effect of physical training on lipid parameters in the blood]. Physical training leads to an improved metabolic capacity of musculature. At the same time through a decreased liberation of catecholamines a reduction of the increased lipolysis develops. The two factors together condition an improved glucose tolerance and a decrease of the reactive insulin secretion. Thus, among others, the synthesis of triglycerides is reduced and an essential factor of risk is favourably influenced for the development of arteriosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930186", "title": "[Measurement of skin temperature by means of crystalline fluids].", "content": "The use of cristalline fluids allows to gauge the changes of the superficial temperature by changing of the colour and to make them reproducible and visible. In a survey it is described as a new method  of the measurement of the temperature of the skin.", "contents": "[Measurement of skin temperature by means of crystalline fluids]. The use of cristalline fluids allows to gauge the changes of the superficial temperature by changing of the colour and to make them reproducible and visible. In a survey it is described as a new method  of the measurement of the temperature of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:930187", "title": "[The spontaneous rhythm of the peripheral blood supply in diabetics needing insulin].", "content": "In order to study the spontaneous rhythmics of the peripheral blood supply under diabetic metabolic onditions with the help of venous occlusion plethysmography quantitative measurings were carried out in 20 long-term diabetics treated with insulin and in an adequate control group with healthy metabolism. The results were significant differences of the sizes of blood flow in rest as well as in the behaviour of the amplitudes and in the course of time of the spontaneous rhythmical varieties of the blood supply. Influences of age and duration of diabetes could not be proved on the basis of the number of patients. As to their evidence the findings are discussed with regard to the pathogenesis and early recognition of the diabetic neuro- and angiopathy.", "contents": "[The spontaneous rhythm of the peripheral blood supply in diabetics needing insulin]. In order to study the spontaneous rhythmics of the peripheral blood supply under diabetic metabolic onditions with the help of venous occlusion plethysmography quantitative measurings were carried out in 20 long-term diabetics treated with insulin and in an adequate control group with healthy metabolism. The results were significant differences of the sizes of blood flow in rest as well as in the behaviour of the amplitudes and in the course of time of the spontaneous rhythmical varieties of the blood supply. Influences of age and duration of diabetes could not be proved on the basis of the number of patients. As to their evidence the findings are discussed with regard to the pathogenesis and early recognition of the diabetic neuro- and angiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:930188", "title": "[Goodpasture's syndrome and nephrocalcinosis].", "content": "In comparison with literary data is reported on 3 young men with a Goodpasture syndrome. Immunohistologically in all cases a glomerulonephritis of the type of basal membrane antibodies was proved, in one patient also still 14 months after having reached the terminal stage of the renal insufficeincy. In every case the disease led to the dialytic treatment without the necessity of nephrectomies for commanding haemmorrhages of the lungs. The longest survival time was 3 years. -- In 1 patient within metastatic calcifications a pronounced nephrocalcinosis developed. Massive depositions of calcium were found in the basal membranes of the glomeruli and tubuli. It is discussed on the genesis of nephrocalcinosis, in which case a secondary hyperparathyrodism, an elevation of the calcium-phosphate-product, an alkalotic metabolic position as well as the dystrophic renal parenchyma of the rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis of Goodpasture's syndrome are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Goodpasture's syndrome and nephrocalcinosis]. In comparison with literary data is reported on 3 young men with a Goodpasture syndrome. Immunohistologically in all cases a glomerulonephritis of the type of basal membrane antibodies was proved, in one patient also still 14 months after having reached the terminal stage of the renal insufficeincy. In every case the disease led to the dialytic treatment without the necessity of nephrectomies for commanding haemmorrhages of the lungs. The longest survival time was 3 years. -- In 1 patient within metastatic calcifications a pronounced nephrocalcinosis developed. Massive depositions of calcium were found in the basal membranes of the glomeruli and tubuli. It is discussed on the genesis of nephrocalcinosis, in which case a secondary hyperparathyrodism, an elevation of the calcium-phosphate-product, an alkalotic metabolic position as well as the dystrophic renal parenchyma of the rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis of Goodpasture's syndrome are taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:930189", "title": "[Urinary alanineaminopeptidase with reference to age and sex].", "content": "In 200 healthy test persons of either sex between 15 and 94 years the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) and of creatinine with the urine was tested. Female test persons excrete smaller quantities of enzymes with the urine than male ones. In the two sexes the efflux of the alanine aminopeptidase only slightly increases with growing age. With regard of the enzyme activities to the creatinine in the urine the curve of excretion is clearly deformed, since in the senium significantly smaller quantities of creatinine are excreted. When an enzyme/creatinine quotient is used reference values specific to age must be used.", "contents": "[Urinary alanineaminopeptidase with reference to age and sex]. In 200 healthy test persons of either sex between 15 and 94 years the excretion of the alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) and of creatinine with the urine was tested. Female test persons excrete smaller quantities of enzymes with the urine than male ones. In the two sexes the efflux of the alanine aminopeptidase only slightly increases with growing age. With regard of the enzyme activities to the creatinine in the urine the curve of excretion is clearly deformed, since in the senium significantly smaller quantities of creatinine are excreted. When an enzyme/creatinine quotient is used reference values specific to age must be used."}
{"id": "PMID:930190", "title": "[Experimental coronary stenoses and occlusions].", "content": "A constrictor for experimentally inducing stenoses and obstructions of the coronary artery is described. Smallness, good adaptability to every vascular diameter, atraumatic insertion, and slow swelling are its advantages. Within 12 months a coronary artery could be constricted by two thirds. In one third of the cases the lumen was narrowed by more than 75 per cent. Just 50 per cent of the cases showed chronic infarction after coronary obstruction, the other half developed differently marked myocardiac fibrosis. At high-degree narrowing of the arteries, 75 per cent of the cases showed disseminated myocardiac fibrosis. The occlusion of the vessel is caused by constrictor, by fibroplastic alteration of the vascular wall, and by thrombosis. Different degrees of myocardiac ischemia are sequelae of different development of collaterals. The constrictor may be used for studies on the development of collaterals as well as on therapeutic measures in chronic ischemia of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Experimental coronary stenoses and occlusions]. A constrictor for experimentally inducing stenoses and obstructions of the coronary artery is described. Smallness, good adaptability to every vascular diameter, atraumatic insertion, and slow swelling are its advantages. Within 12 months a coronary artery could be constricted by two thirds. In one third of the cases the lumen was narrowed by more than 75 per cent. Just 50 per cent of the cases showed chronic infarction after coronary obstruction, the other half developed differently marked myocardiac fibrosis. At high-degree narrowing of the arteries, 75 per cent of the cases showed disseminated myocardiac fibrosis. The occlusion of the vessel is caused by constrictor, by fibroplastic alteration of the vascular wall, and by thrombosis. Different degrees of myocardiac ischemia are sequelae of different development of collaterals. The constrictor may be used for studies on the development of collaterals as well as on therapeutic measures in chronic ischemia of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:930226", "title": "[Diagnostic errors in angiomas].", "content": "A comparison of clinical statements and histologic findings reveals a lower diagnostic success in angiomas, compared with other benign tumours. Cavernous forms of angiomas are very often not discerned. Capillary angiomas are misdiagnosed as cavernous ones, and teleangiectatic nevi as angiomas. Mistakes and their incidences are pointing not at real difficulties of differentialdiagnosis, but at wrong information of physicians as to the cause of errors. According to this supposition, a great part of textbooks in different medical disciplines offer no correct representation of this object. Our results reveal problems concerning the representation of some aspects of skin diseases outside of Dermatology. The diagnosis of angiomas, with special regard to the therapeutic consequences of the fundamental distinction of angiomas from angiectatic nevi by proliferation of endothelial cells, and of cavernous from capillary angiomas by vascular structure imitating arteries or veins, demands more attention in medical education.", "contents": "[Diagnostic errors in angiomas]. A comparison of clinical statements and histologic findings reveals a lower diagnostic success in angiomas, compared with other benign tumours. Cavernous forms of angiomas are very often not discerned. Capillary angiomas are misdiagnosed as cavernous ones, and teleangiectatic nevi as angiomas. Mistakes and their incidences are pointing not at real difficulties of differentialdiagnosis, but at wrong information of physicians as to the cause of errors. According to this supposition, a great part of textbooks in different medical disciplines offer no correct representation of this object. Our results reveal problems concerning the representation of some aspects of skin diseases outside of Dermatology. The diagnosis of angiomas, with special regard to the therapeutic consequences of the fundamental distinction of angiomas from angiectatic nevi by proliferation of endothelial cells, and of cavernous from capillary angiomas by vascular structure imitating arteries or veins, demands more attention in medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:930233", "title": "Determination of specific IgE and IgG serum antibodies during immunotherapy in hay fever patients by RAST.", "content": "A solid phase radio-immunoassay, based on the commercially available antigen preparations on paper discs supplied with the radio-allergosorbent test (Phadebas RAST, Pharmacia) for semi-quantitative determination of specific IgE has been applied to the demonstration of allergen-specific antibodies of the IgG class in sera of hay fever patients. A significant rise of specific IgG antibody has been observed regularly as a result of successful immunotherapy. The rise of such \"blocking antibodies\" occurred within 3 months after commencement of immunotherapy (IT), well before nasal provocation tests became negative in the patients. No significant decrease of specific IgE antibodies was observed over the one year observation period. While these data confirm earlier results by other groups concerning the appearance of blocking antibodies of IgG class as a result of IT, thus providing additional evidence for its mechanism, they also offer a convenient serological method for monitoring the results of IT.", "contents": "Determination of specific IgE and IgG serum antibodies during immunotherapy in hay fever patients by RAST. A solid phase radio-immunoassay, based on the commercially available antigen preparations on paper discs supplied with the radio-allergosorbent test (Phadebas RAST, Pharmacia) for semi-quantitative determination of specific IgE has been applied to the demonstration of allergen-specific antibodies of the IgG class in sera of hay fever patients. A significant rise of specific IgG antibody has been observed regularly as a result of successful immunotherapy. The rise of such \"blocking antibodies\" occurred within 3 months after commencement of immunotherapy (IT), well before nasal provocation tests became negative in the patients. No significant decrease of specific IgE antibodies was observed over the one year observation period. While these data confirm earlier results by other groups concerning the appearance of blocking antibodies of IgG class as a result of IT, thus providing additional evidence for its mechanism, they also offer a convenient serological method for monitoring the results of IT."}
{"id": "PMID:930242", "title": "[Replacement of the knee-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Survey of methods. In first part new classification of prostheses. Discussion of some biomechanical problems, mainly on hinge-prosthesis which can only be compromises for various periods. Replacement to be considered only for elderly or very old patients, when conservative treatment offers no chances, other operations are not promising or have failed, arthrodeses cannot be done and pain and loss of function are severe. Indications for hinge- and slide-prostheses are given. In the second part two statistics of results from the literature are discussed and experience with 130 own cases using own model is described. Infection occurred in 3 cases where removal of prosthesis had to be done. Examples of the need for reversal operations are given.", "contents": "[Replacement of the knee-joint (author's transl)]. Survey of methods. In first part new classification of prostheses. Discussion of some biomechanical problems, mainly on hinge-prosthesis which can only be compromises for various periods. Replacement to be considered only for elderly or very old patients, when conservative treatment offers no chances, other operations are not promising or have failed, arthrodeses cannot be done and pain and loss of function are severe. Indications for hinge- and slide-prostheses are given. In the second part two statistics of results from the literature are discussed and experience with 130 own cases using own model is described. Infection occurred in 3 cases where removal of prosthesis had to be done. Examples of the need for reversal operations are given."}
{"id": "PMID:930243", "title": "[The aetiology of arthrosis of the first metacarpophalangeal joint and its treatment with joint-replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "The first metacarpo-phalangeal joint is assumed to be exposed to incongruent functional demands, when gripping. They may lead to pre-arthrotic deformity and frequent arthrosis. A new special prosthesis, its insertion and first results are described. It fulfills all functional demands and can be used also for younger patients.", "contents": "[The aetiology of arthrosis of the first metacarpophalangeal joint and its treatment with joint-replacement (author's transl)]. The first metacarpo-phalangeal joint is assumed to be exposed to incongruent functional demands, when gripping. They may lead to pre-arthrotic deformity and frequent arthrosis. A new special prosthesis, its insertion and first results are described. It fulfills all functional demands and can be used also for younger patients."}
{"id": "PMID:930244", "title": "[Malrotation of distal femur (author's transl)].", "content": "Malrotation of the distal femur could be important for the pathogenesis of the accidental dislocation of the patella. Most difficulties aries in the impossibility to prove and determine torsion deviations of the femur just as torsion deviations of the femur just as torsion deviations of other human bones with the methods at present available. With the syndrom of accidental dislocation of the patella often a series of promoting factore is combined. In animal experiences the consecutive alterations after producing artificial patella alta at the distal femur and at the patella bed with growing rabbits have been examined. It is found out that a real pathological torsion (inward torsion of the distal femur) is following.", "contents": "[Malrotation of distal femur (author's transl)]. Malrotation of the distal femur could be important for the pathogenesis of the accidental dislocation of the patella. Most difficulties aries in the impossibility to prove and determine torsion deviations of the femur just as torsion deviations of the femur just as torsion deviations of other human bones with the methods at present available. With the syndrom of accidental dislocation of the patella often a series of promoting factore is combined. In animal experiences the consecutive alterations after producing artificial patella alta at the distal femur and at the patella bed with growing rabbits have been examined. It is found out that a real pathological torsion (inward torsion of the distal femur) is following."}
{"id": "PMID:930245", "title": "[Late results of Imh\u00e4user's osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The author has reviewed the clinical and radiological results of 55 patients 11 to 22 years following an Imh\u00e4user three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. 13 additional patients responded by questionnaire. Of these 68 hips 66 were painfree and functional. One patient complained of pain (due to coxarthrosis proven by x-ray). A second patient was dissatisfied with the functional range of his hip. 40 of the 55 hips which were examined clinically and radiologically had full range of motion, 10 hips showed minimal and 5 hips significant limitation of motion. Radiologically 73% of the 55 hips examined were rated excellent or good, 27% showed beginning degenerative changes (including one patient with marked coxarthrosis). The results were greatly influenced by the severity and direction of slipping, preoperative treatment and the accuracy of operative correction. This study permits the conclusion that three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy prevented or at least delayed the development of degenerative changes in the majority of cases. It is possible that many of these patients will not develop coxarthrosis.", "contents": "[Late results of Imh\u00e4user's osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (author's transl)]. The author has reviewed the clinical and radiological results of 55 patients 11 to 22 years following an Imh\u00e4user three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy for slipped capital femoral epiphysis. 13 additional patients responded by questionnaire. Of these 68 hips 66 were painfree and functional. One patient complained of pain (due to coxarthrosis proven by x-ray). A second patient was dissatisfied with the functional range of his hip. 40 of the 55 hips which were examined clinically and radiologically had full range of motion, 10 hips showed minimal and 5 hips significant limitation of motion. Radiologically 73% of the 55 hips examined were rated excellent or good, 27% showed beginning degenerative changes (including one patient with marked coxarthrosis). The results were greatly influenced by the severity and direction of slipping, preoperative treatment and the accuracy of operative correction. This study permits the conclusion that three dimensional intertrochanteric osteotomy prevented or at least delayed the development of degenerative changes in the majority of cases. It is possible that many of these patients will not develop coxarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930246", "title": "[Indication and efficiency of different operations in congenital hip dislocation (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency of different operations for congenital hip dysplasia is discussed here. Up to the age of 6 years Salters osteotomy and the acetabuloplasty of Lance in a modified form will achieve similar results. In cases with an acetabular index higher than 35 degrees acetabuloplasty is more effective. After our own experience acetabuloplasty can be used in all age groups where there is no congruency between acetabulum and femoral head. In congruent cases Salters osteotomy can be used up to 14 years combined with varus-osteotomy if dysplasia is of moderate degree. Chiaris osteotomy should be reserved for extreme cases, where other methods will not succeed.", "contents": "[Indication and efficiency of different operations in congenital hip dislocation (author's transl)]. The efficiency of different operations for congenital hip dysplasia is discussed here. Up to the age of 6 years Salters osteotomy and the acetabuloplasty of Lance in a modified form will achieve similar results. In cases with an acetabular index higher than 35 degrees acetabuloplasty is more effective. After our own experience acetabuloplasty can be used in all age groups where there is no congruency between acetabulum and femoral head. In congruent cases Salters osteotomy can be used up to 14 years combined with varus-osteotomy if dysplasia is of moderate degree. Chiaris osteotomy should be reserved for extreme cases, where other methods will not succeed."}
{"id": "PMID:930247", "title": "[New results of a modified acetabuloplasty after Lance combined with detorsion-varus-osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 254 Lance-acetabuloplasties in a modified technique combined withe detorsion-varus-osteotomy have been analysed. The children were operated upon in the years 1970-1974. Regarding the acetabulum the results were as follow: 1. In children between 1 and 6 years a normal acetabular index (as compared with the Normal Values of T\u00f6nnis and Brunken) was achieved in 78.3%, a slightly dysplastic index in 14.8%. In 6.6% a severe dysplasia remained. 2. In children between 6 and 10 years a normal acetabular index was found in 59.4%, a slightly dysplastic index in 24.3% and an index as classifies severe dysplasia in 16.2%. 3. In children older than 10 years and adults in 38.3% a normal Hip Value (Busse et al., Br\u00fcckl et al.) was achieved, in 19.4% the value classifies a slight dysplasia, in 41.6% a severe dysplasia. These results show, that acetabuloplasty in the technique used here is a very effective method, especially in the first 6 years of life. But even in the older age groups significant improvement has been achieved. There for the indication of different operative techniques should be discussed again.", "contents": "[New results of a modified acetabuloplasty after Lance combined with detorsion-varus-osteotomy (author's transl)]. The results of 254 Lance-acetabuloplasties in a modified technique combined withe detorsion-varus-osteotomy have been analysed. The children were operated upon in the years 1970-1974. Regarding the acetabulum the results were as follow: 1. In children between 1 and 6 years a normal acetabular index (as compared with the Normal Values of T\u00f6nnis and Brunken) was achieved in 78.3%, a slightly dysplastic index in 14.8%. In 6.6% a severe dysplasia remained. 2. In children between 6 and 10 years a normal acetabular index was found in 59.4%, a slightly dysplastic index in 24.3% and an index as classifies severe dysplasia in 16.2%. 3. In children older than 10 years and adults in 38.3% a normal Hip Value (Busse et al., Br\u00fcckl et al.) was achieved, in 19.4% the value classifies a slight dysplasia, in 41.6% a severe dysplasia. These results show, that acetabuloplasty in the technique used here is a very effective method, especially in the first 6 years of life. But even in the older age groups significant improvement has been achieved. There for the indication of different operative techniques should be discussed again."}
{"id": "PMID:930248", "title": "[Aseptic necrosis of the femur head in congenital hip dysplasia. Radiological signs for a prediction or an early diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographs an patient histories of 36 children were examined in order to determine radiological signs that would allow a prediction or an early diagnosis of the aseptic necrosis of the femur head nucleus (Luxations-Perthes) during the treatment of hip dysplasia. Necrosis of the nucleus appeared in 17 joints (of 15 children). We had the following findings: a) Mikroepiphyses have a high risk (59%). b) In all cases of necrosis the angles of the femur neck near epiphysis were rounded, while this sign was never found in dysplastic joints without necrosis.", "contents": "[Aseptic necrosis of the femur head in congenital hip dysplasia. Radiological signs for a prediction or an early diagnosis (author's transl)]. Radiographs an patient histories of 36 children were examined in order to determine radiological signs that would allow a prediction or an early diagnosis of the aseptic necrosis of the femur head nucleus (Luxations-Perthes) during the treatment of hip dysplasia. Necrosis of the nucleus appeared in 17 joints (of 15 children). We had the following findings: a) Mikroepiphyses have a high risk (59%). b) In all cases of necrosis the angles of the femur neck near epiphysis were rounded, while this sign was never found in dysplastic joints without necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930249", "title": "[Congenital dislocation of the hip: an osteo-neural growth disturbance (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital dislocation of the hip may be readily explained as the result of the osteo-neural growth-in-length disproportion. The theoretical concept is supported by experimental findings in frog tadpoles with \"congenital\" dislocation of the knee joint produced by osteolathyrogenic diet. In cleared specimens with selective staining of the nervous trunks according to Williams (1943) a growth inhibition of the sciatic nerve responsible for the proximal shift (dislocation) of the tibia may be noted. The tibia is adapted to the growth peculiarities of the sciatic nerve in an essentially similar way like the bony neurocranial capsule to the growing brain. The suggested pathogenetic mechanism appears to apply even to the congenital dislocation of the hip in man.", "contents": "[Congenital dislocation of the hip: an osteo-neural growth disturbance (author's transl)]. Congenital dislocation of the hip may be readily explained as the result of the osteo-neural growth-in-length disproportion. The theoretical concept is supported by experimental findings in frog tadpoles with \"congenital\" dislocation of the knee joint produced by osteolathyrogenic diet. In cleared specimens with selective staining of the nervous trunks according to Williams (1943) a growth inhibition of the sciatic nerve responsible for the proximal shift (dislocation) of the tibia may be noted. The tibia is adapted to the growth peculiarities of the sciatic nerve in an essentially similar way like the bony neurocranial capsule to the growing brain. The suggested pathogenetic mechanism appears to apply even to the congenital dislocation of the hip in man."}
{"id": "PMID:930250", "title": "[Rehabilitation after operations on the hip-joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The increase of hip-replacement is also seen in departments of rehabilitation. Among 270 operations during 1974/75 the main age at operations was 50-59 years. Para-articular ossification was more common in men than women. Function was disturbed more often in women, pain more common after operations other than replacement. Unfitness for work and compensation depend on the degree of limitation of mobility and weightbearing related to occupation. Because of relatively common complications and still unsatisfactory postoperative improvement, indication for replacement ought to be more critical. Conservative measures often give astonishingly good results, delay progressive symptoms. Techniques preserving the joint should be exhausted before the proper age for operation is reached.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation after operations on the hip-joint (author's transl)]. The increase of hip-replacement is also seen in departments of rehabilitation. Among 270 operations during 1974/75 the main age at operations was 50-59 years. Para-articular ossification was more common in men than women. Function was disturbed more often in women, pain more common after operations other than replacement. Unfitness for work and compensation depend on the degree of limitation of mobility and weightbearing related to occupation. Because of relatively common complications and still unsatisfactory postoperative improvement, indication for replacement ought to be more critical. Conservative measures often give astonishingly good results, delay progressive symptoms. Techniques preserving the joint should be exhausted before the proper age for operation is reached."}
{"id": "PMID:930251", "title": "[Hernia of intervertebral disc: treatment by manipulation under general anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "From 1956 to 1973 94 patients underwent altogether 104 manipulations of their spine under general anaesthesia 60% of the results were excellent and good; of the 40% remainder poor results more than half of the patients had to undergo a hemilaminotomy within one year. The time of observation was minimum 1, maximum 16 years, average 5.5 years. Having regard to a subtile indication we had no irreversible complications. The results was slightly better in older patients: otherwise there was no correlation with age, duration of suffering, myelographic disc-hernia or any other parameter.", "contents": "[Hernia of intervertebral disc: treatment by manipulation under general anesthesia (author's transl)]. From 1956 to 1973 94 patients underwent altogether 104 manipulations of their spine under general anaesthesia 60% of the results were excellent and good; of the 40% remainder poor results more than half of the patients had to undergo a hemilaminotomy within one year. The time of observation was minimum 1, maximum 16 years, average 5.5 years. Having regard to a subtile indication we had no irreversible complications. The results was slightly better in older patients: otherwise there was no correlation with age, duration of suffering, myelographic disc-hernia or any other parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:930252", "title": "[Apparatus for the synchronous measurement of pressure distribution and components of the resulting force under the human footsole (author's transl)].", "content": "The presented stationary apparatus enables to make measurements of qualitative and quantitative pressure distribution under the barefooted human footsole. With a film camera the pressure distribution is recorded on 35 mm black-and-white negative film with 60 pictures/sec during the unrolling of the foot. With a duration of 0.5 sec at a walking speed of 5 km/h the unrolling is recorded by about 30 separate pictures. Besides the illustration of pressure distribution each of the pictures shows: a pressure comparing unit, the side-view of the unrolling foot, the actual recording time in units of 1/100 sec and statements about the test person. Each of the recorded pictures in then scanned by a black-and-white-TV-camera. By means of electronic hardware coloured isobares of the pressure distribution given by the different foot deformities are computed and shown on a colour monitor screen. By strain gages, the three components of the resulting force (weight) are registered synchronously.", "contents": "[Apparatus for the synchronous measurement of pressure distribution and components of the resulting force under the human footsole (author's transl)]. The presented stationary apparatus enables to make measurements of qualitative and quantitative pressure distribution under the barefooted human footsole. With a film camera the pressure distribution is recorded on 35 mm black-and-white negative film with 60 pictures/sec during the unrolling of the foot. With a duration of 0.5 sec at a walking speed of 5 km/h the unrolling is recorded by about 30 separate pictures. Besides the illustration of pressure distribution each of the pictures shows: a pressure comparing unit, the side-view of the unrolling foot, the actual recording time in units of 1/100 sec and statements about the test person. Each of the recorded pictures in then scanned by a black-and-white-TV-camera. By means of electronic hardware coloured isobares of the pressure distribution given by the different foot deformities are computed and shown on a colour monitor screen. By strain gages, the three components of the resulting force (weight) are registered synchronously."}
{"id": "PMID:930253", "title": "[Paresis of the brachial plexus: subcapital varus osteotomy, arthrodesis of shoulder joint and above-elbow amputation (author's transl)].", "content": "In brachial plexus paresis with partial sensory sparing in the upper arm and complete motor paralysis we amputate through the humerus at the distal limit of sensation. The remaining proximal humerus is fixed by an arthrodesis of the shoulder joint, combined with a varus-osteotomy below the head. This increases with axillary space, facilitates the fitting of a prosthesis and improves care of the skin in this critical area. It also improves the outline of the shoulder the muscles of which shrink.", "contents": "[Paresis of the brachial plexus: subcapital varus osteotomy, arthrodesis of shoulder joint and above-elbow amputation (author's transl)]. In brachial plexus paresis with partial sensory sparing in the upper arm and complete motor paralysis we amputate through the humerus at the distal limit of sensation. The remaining proximal humerus is fixed by an arthrodesis of the shoulder joint, combined with a varus-osteotomy below the head. This increases with axillary space, facilitates the fitting of a prosthesis and improves care of the skin in this critical area. It also improves the outline of the shoulder the muscles of which shrink."}
{"id": "PMID:930254", "title": "[Indications, technic and complications of intramedullary nailing in orthopedic view (author's transl)].", "content": "After short statement of the present indication and short illustrations of the technics of intramedullary nailing, 41 cases of failure (with the necessity of reoperation) are investigated with demonstrating the observed complications and their causes. Especially were seen malunions, shortening of legs, pseudarthrosis and osteomyelitis and some secondary anchylosis after fractures of metaphysis or comminuted fractures. These results were caused by use of nails with too small diameter and deficient reaming with following insufficient solidity.", "contents": "[Indications, technic and complications of intramedullary nailing in orthopedic view (author's transl)]. After short statement of the present indication and short illustrations of the technics of intramedullary nailing, 41 cases of failure (with the necessity of reoperation) are investigated with demonstrating the observed complications and their causes. Especially were seen malunions, shortening of legs, pseudarthrosis and osteomyelitis and some secondary anchylosis after fractures of metaphysis or comminuted fractures. These results were caused by use of nails with too small diameter and deficient reaming with following insufficient solidity."}
{"id": "PMID:930255", "title": "[Implementation of McMurray displacement in adduction osteotomy with AO-instruments (author's transl)].", "content": "Pre- and postoperative radiographs of 60 patients with intertrochanteric varisation osteotomy by using AO instruments were reviewed and measured. Obviously a combination of the varisation osteotomy with McMurray's medial displacement is either very difficult or impossible especially in cases with long femoral neck and large displaced intertrochanteric wedge. Both construction of a fixation plate for more medial displacement of the femoral shaft as well as not doing major varisation when the femoral neck is very long are discussed as alternative methods of operation.", "contents": "[Implementation of McMurray displacement in adduction osteotomy with AO-instruments (author's transl)]. Pre- and postoperative radiographs of 60 patients with intertrochanteric varisation osteotomy by using AO instruments were reviewed and measured. Obviously a combination of the varisation osteotomy with McMurray's medial displacement is either very difficult or impossible especially in cases with long femoral neck and large displaced intertrochanteric wedge. Both construction of a fixation plate for more medial displacement of the femoral shaft as well as not doing major varisation when the femoral neck is very long are discussed as alternative methods of operation."}
{"id": "PMID:930396", "title": "[Analysis of the activity of neuronal populations in the brains of rabbits during adaptive self-regulation].", "content": "The multiple unit (of 2 to 10 elements) activity of the somatosensory cortex was studied with the help of autospectral analysis in a rabbit learned with biofeedback technique from changes of the neuronal current discharge frequency. The background activity of neuronal pools is characterized by several basic profiles of frequency spectra. In most neuronal pools, after 4 to 12 min. of stimulation (below-threshold frequency is reinforced), the frequency of neuronal discharges is steadily enhanced, and the number of pain stimulations correspondingly diminishes by 30 to 50% for a few minutes or longer -- the result of learning. The appearance and increase in the autospectra of a relatively higher frequency component (0.35 to 0.6 c/s) during adaptive reorganizations reflects the influence of an effective feedback control; enhancement of the power of oscillations with a 0.05 to 0.07 c/s frequency testifies to a process of search by the system of the state extremum.", "contents": "[Analysis of the activity of neuronal populations in the brains of rabbits during adaptive self-regulation]. The multiple unit (of 2 to 10 elements) activity of the somatosensory cortex was studied with the help of autospectral analysis in a rabbit learned with biofeedback technique from changes of the neuronal current discharge frequency. The background activity of neuronal pools is characterized by several basic profiles of frequency spectra. In most neuronal pools, after 4 to 12 min. of stimulation (below-threshold frequency is reinforced), the frequency of neuronal discharges is steadily enhanced, and the number of pain stimulations correspondingly diminishes by 30 to 50% for a few minutes or longer -- the result of learning. The appearance and increase in the autospectra of a relatively higher frequency component (0.35 to 0.6 c/s) during adaptive reorganizations reflects the influence of an effective feedback control; enhancement of the power of oscillations with a 0.05 to 0.07 c/s frequency testifies to a process of search by the system of the state extremum."}
{"id": "PMID:930397", "title": "[Group behavior of mice in population cages].", "content": "A model of a population cage has been proposed, intended for a quantitative and qualitative estimation of the group behaviour of mice, for determining the type of their interrelations and identifying the dominant in the group. In experiments on 120 mice the fundamental types of interaction between mice (peaceful or conflicting) have been singled out in the apparatus, as well as the behaviour phases of each type of interaction. It has been shown that the type and phases of interaction in mice depend on the presence of a dominant in the group, the sex and age composition of the group, the degree of adaptation to one another, and the previous experience (being kept in isolation or in a group). The final effect of group interaction is determined not by a simple sum of individual characteristics of the animals, but is subordinated to the rules of zoosocial behaviour, i. e. the formation of stage by stage dominant- subordinate relationships.", "contents": "[Group behavior of mice in population cages]. A model of a population cage has been proposed, intended for a quantitative and qualitative estimation of the group behaviour of mice, for determining the type of their interrelations and identifying the dominant in the group. In experiments on 120 mice the fundamental types of interaction between mice (peaceful or conflicting) have been singled out in the apparatus, as well as the behaviour phases of each type of interaction. It has been shown that the type and phases of interaction in mice depend on the presence of a dominant in the group, the sex and age composition of the group, the degree of adaptation to one another, and the previous experience (being kept in isolation or in a group). The final effect of group interaction is determined not by a simple sum of individual characteristics of the animals, but is subordinated to the rules of zoosocial behaviour, i. e. the formation of stage by stage dominant- subordinate relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:930400", "title": "[Autonomic components of voluntary reaction in children with different ratios of direct and verbal stimuli].", "content": "Interconnection between effector vegetative components of voluntary activity in children (6 to 7 years) has been studied on a model of arithmetic count with a different ratio of direct (kinesthetic, visual) and verbal stimuli. It has been shown that perception and processing of direct signals set up optimal conditions of vegetative providing for voluntary activity in children. A statistically significant correlation has been found between the characteristics of interconnection of vegetative components (relationship betwpen the heart rate and arterial pressure) and the level of capacity for mental work (\"efficiency coefficient\"). This dependence suggests that the neurodynamics in vegetative providing for voluntary reactions reflects the functional state of higher integrative brain activity in children.", "contents": "[Autonomic components of voluntary reaction in children with different ratios of direct and verbal stimuli]. Interconnection between effector vegetative components of voluntary activity in children (6 to 7 years) has been studied on a model of arithmetic count with a different ratio of direct (kinesthetic, visual) and verbal stimuli. It has been shown that perception and processing of direct signals set up optimal conditions of vegetative providing for voluntary activity in children. A statistically significant correlation has been found between the characteristics of interconnection of vegetative components (relationship betwpen the heart rate and arterial pressure) and the level of capacity for mental work (\"efficiency coefficient\"). This dependence suggests that the neurodynamics in vegetative providing for voluntary reactions reflects the functional state of higher integrative brain activity in children."}
{"id": "PMID:930401", "title": "[Role of the posterolateral nucleus of the cat thalamus in conducting peripheral and cortical polysensory influences].", "content": "The posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP) of the cat has separate inputs for ascending signals of different sensory and subcortical origin, as well as for cortifugal activity. With somatic stimuli, only non-specific and reticular signals come to LP. They are not directly involved in the genesis of evoked potentials (EP) in the parietal cortex (P) and the somatic zones I and II (SI and SII). With visual stimuli, specific and reticular impulses directly concerned with the formation of visual EPs in the P and the visual zone (VI) are projected to LP. The cortifugal action of VI, SI and SII influences the same modality in LP. The descending effect of P on visual and somatic signals in LP is actieved along autonomous pathways and consists in dissimilar types of direct (as in VI) and indirect (as in SI and SII) descending influences of different projection zones on impulses of the same modality in the given nucleus.", "contents": "[Role of the posterolateral nucleus of the cat thalamus in conducting peripheral and cortical polysensory influences]. The posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP) of the cat has separate inputs for ascending signals of different sensory and subcortical origin, as well as for cortifugal activity. With somatic stimuli, only non-specific and reticular signals come to LP. They are not directly involved in the genesis of evoked potentials (EP) in the parietal cortex (P) and the somatic zones I and II (SI and SII). With visual stimuli, specific and reticular impulses directly concerned with the formation of visual EPs in the P and the visual zone (VI) are projected to LP. The cortifugal action of VI, SI and SII influences the same modality in LP. The descending effect of P on visual and somatic signals in LP is actieved along autonomous pathways and consists in dissimilar types of direct (as in VI) and indirect (as in SI and SII) descending influences of different projection zones on impulses of the same modality in the given nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:930402", "title": "[State of non-specific activating and inhibitory systems of the brain under hypoxic conditions].", "content": "The functional state of the rabbit brain activating system was evaluated by the activation reaction, and the thalamic inhibitory system, by the recruiting response. At the initial phase of hypoxia, excitability of the activating system was enhanced, while at the same time the eugmenting phase of the recruiting response diminished and its inhibitory phase was prolonged. At the \"altitude\" of about 7000 m, against the background of a gradual weakening of the ascending activating influence of the reticular formation and the hypthalamus, the recruiting response assumed the form of regular; equally  negative potentials, which testifies to the activie synchronizing influence of the inhibitory system. At a \"rise\" to 8500 m, against the background of slow synchronized EEG waves, in most cases there was no activation reaction to the stimulation of the reticular formation and hypothalamus. Neither was there any recruiting response to the stimulation of non-specific thalamic nuclei.", "contents": "[State of non-specific activating and inhibitory systems of the brain under hypoxic conditions]. The functional state of the rabbit brain activating system was evaluated by the activation reaction, and the thalamic inhibitory system, by the recruiting response. At the initial phase of hypoxia, excitability of the activating system was enhanced, while at the same time the eugmenting phase of the recruiting response diminished and its inhibitory phase was prolonged. At the \"altitude\" of about 7000 m, against the background of a gradual weakening of the ascending activating influence of the reticular formation and the hypthalamus, the recruiting response assumed the form of regular; equally  negative potentials, which testifies to the activie synchronizing influence of the inhibitory system. At a \"rise\" to 8500 m, against the background of slow synchronized EEG waves, in most cases there was no activation reaction to the stimulation of the reticular formation and hypothalamus. Neither was there any recruiting response to the stimulation of non-specific thalamic nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:930398", "title": "[Effect of excitation summation during interaction of self-stimulation zones].", "content": "A study was made on rats with electrodes implanted in the lateral preoptic hypothalamic area, of the interaction between distant foci of \"positive\" excitation in a situation when one of the foci (conditioning one) was set up by the animal itself by self-stimulation with a rhythmic current, while the other (testing) was imposed through stimulation of a different positive point with rhythmic and direct currents. Imposed stimulation of the distant positive zones by rhythmic current within a sufficiently wide range of intensities intensifies the self-stimulation in the conditioning focus. Polarization of the testing positive zones by a DC cathode produces a two-phase reaction of the conditioning points of self-stimulation: initial inhibition at the action of relatively weak DC intensities attended with its subsequent intensification when intensity of the polarizing current increases. It is suggested that the motivation (low-threshold) and reinforcing (high-threshold) components may be involved in the mechanism of phasic interaction between excitation foci in the self-stimulation system.", "contents": "[Effect of excitation summation during interaction of self-stimulation zones]. A study was made on rats with electrodes implanted in the lateral preoptic hypothalamic area, of the interaction between distant foci of \"positive\" excitation in a situation when one of the foci (conditioning one) was set up by the animal itself by self-stimulation with a rhythmic current, while the other (testing) was imposed through stimulation of a different positive point with rhythmic and direct currents. Imposed stimulation of the distant positive zones by rhythmic current within a sufficiently wide range of intensities intensifies the self-stimulation in the conditioning focus. Polarization of the testing positive zones by a DC cathode produces a two-phase reaction of the conditioning points of self-stimulation: initial inhibition at the action of relatively weak DC intensities attended with its subsequent intensification when intensity of the polarizing current increases. It is suggested that the motivation (low-threshold) and reinforcing (high-threshold) components may be involved in the mechanism of phasic interaction between excitation foci in the self-stimulation system."}
{"id": "PMID:930399", "title": "[Food getting conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs].", "content": "The object of the study were the characteristics of formation of complex food-procuring conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs to visual stimuli of different complexity, to a simultaneous complex, and the interaction of visual and auditory sensory modalities. It has been shown that hedgehogs are capable of learning to choose one of the three simultaneously presented visual stimuli and perform a sequence of complex motor behavioral acts in stage-by-stage learning. Conditioned reflexes to stimuli of different modality were elaborated with difficulty only at their interaction. Higher nervous activity of hedgehogs (insectivorous) is characterized by primitive organization, weakness of inertness of nervous processes and limited integrative possibilities.", "contents": "[Food getting conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs]. The object of the study were the characteristics of formation of complex food-procuring conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs to visual stimuli of different complexity, to a simultaneous complex, and the interaction of visual and auditory sensory modalities. It has been shown that hedgehogs are capable of learning to choose one of the three simultaneously presented visual stimuli and perform a sequence of complex motor behavioral acts in stage-by-stage learning. Conditioned reflexes to stimuli of different modality were elaborated with difficulty only at their interaction. Higher nervous activity of hedgehogs (insectivorous) is characterized by primitive organization, weakness of inertness of nervous processes and limited integrative possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:930403", "title": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of evoked potentials to photic stimuli in the rabbit cortex].", "content": "The influence of visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of the primary positive component (P1) of the visual evoked potential under conditions of dark or light adaptation was studied on eight adult unanaesthetized rabbits raised in darkness. The EP recovery cycle of visually deprived animals, studied in conditions of dark adaption, reveals a significant shortening (as compared with normal) of the initial depression period of testing responses. At the same time a significant lengthening of the facilitation phase and a sharp exaltation of the testing responses is observed. Unlike the norm, transition from dark- to light-adaptation of the deprived animals does not bring about any essential changes in the recovery cycle. An assumption is made that visual deprivation leads to a reduced effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition. It is also assumed that enhanced excitabilty of a part of the cortical elements, apparently in the system of recurrent excitation, is likely to be one of the consequences of deprivation.", "contents": "[Effect of early visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of evoked potentials to photic stimuli in the rabbit cortex]. The influence of visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of the primary positive component (P1) of the visual evoked potential under conditions of dark or light adaptation was studied on eight adult unanaesthetized rabbits raised in darkness. The EP recovery cycle of visually deprived animals, studied in conditions of dark adaption, reveals a significant shortening (as compared with normal) of the initial depression period of testing responses. At the same time a significant lengthening of the facilitation phase and a sharp exaltation of the testing responses is observed. Unlike the norm, transition from dark- to light-adaptation of the deprived animals does not bring about any essential changes in the recovery cycle. An assumption is made that visual deprivation leads to a reduced effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition. It is also assumed that enhanced excitabilty of a part of the cortical elements, apparently in the system of recurrent excitation, is likely to be one of the consequences of deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:930404", "title": "[\"Novelty\" neurons in the frog auditory system].", "content": "Some neurones in the torus semicircularis of paralyzed lake frogs (Rana ridibunda) exhibited strong response habituation to tonal bursts following with interstimuli intervals of 1 to 5 sec. The habituation became less evident with a devrease of the repetition rate or increase of the stimulus intensity. These units revealed the phenomenon of \"postzero\" habituation. The frequency selectivity of the units exhibited by their responses to the first stimulus presentation was very poor. Usually the habituation occurred within a wide frequency band, although there were some exceptions. Afther the habituation was completed, the unit's response could be elicited by tones of a different frequency. The more distant on the frequency scale the tones were, the more vigorous was the reaction. Some properties of these \"novelty\" units can be explained by assuming that they are multipolar neurones located in the nucleus magnocellularis of the torus.", "contents": "[\"Novelty\" neurons in the frog auditory system]. Some neurones in the torus semicircularis of paralyzed lake frogs (Rana ridibunda) exhibited strong response habituation to tonal bursts following with interstimuli intervals of 1 to 5 sec. The habituation became less evident with a devrease of the repetition rate or increase of the stimulus intensity. These units revealed the phenomenon of \"postzero\" habituation. The frequency selectivity of the units exhibited by their responses to the first stimulus presentation was very poor. Usually the habituation occurred within a wide frequency band, although there were some exceptions. Afther the habituation was completed, the unit's response could be elicited by tones of a different frequency. The more distant on the frequency scale the tones were, the more vigorous was the reaction. Some properties of these \"novelty\" units can be explained by assuming that they are multipolar neurones located in the nucleus magnocellularis of the torus."}
{"id": "PMID:930412", "title": "[Model of conditioned relex formation and analysis of the functional significance of the electrographic correlates of learning].", "content": "The formation of a conditioned reflex was studied on the basis of a net model in which the main data on the interconnection between cortical units were brought. In the course of learning the model reproduced practically the entire complex of electrographic manifestations of conditioning known from experiments. The mechanisms of emergence of theta-activity and spatial synchronization of biopotentials were studied. Attention is drawn to the fundamentally different dynamics of excitability change in the cortical projections of conditioned stimuli and conditioned reaction. The forms of participation of subcortical structures in the formation of conditioned connection are discussed.", "contents": "[Model of conditioned relex formation and analysis of the functional significance of the electrographic correlates of learning]. The formation of a conditioned reflex was studied on the basis of a net model in which the main data on the interconnection between cortical units were brought. In the course of learning the model reproduced practically the entire complex of electrographic manifestations of conditioning known from experiments. The mechanisms of emergence of theta-activity and spatial synchronization of biopotentials were studied. Attention is drawn to the fundamentally different dynamics of excitability change in the cortical projections of conditioned stimuli and conditioned reaction. The forms of participation of subcortical structures in the formation of conditioned connection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930410", "title": "[Elementary neuronal ensembles as the basis for the functional organization of the brain].", "content": "The structural basis of neuronal assemblies is made up of morphological associations of neurones determined by the properties of the central projection of afferent pathways. Underlying the functional organization of probabilistic neuronal assemblies is the formation of conjugated relations between neurones of the central zone of synergically activated units and the surrounding zone of inhibited neurones. The characteristics of informational activity and neuronal assemblies are related to the optimization of perception processes and reorganization of sensory information, and to the selection of useful information from the general sensory flow, especially in the course of formation of a habit. The observed characteristics of the work of probabilistic neuronal assemblies are considered as manifestations of formation of structural, functional and informational redundancy, the basic mechanism ensuring reliable functioning of the informational-controlling brain systems.", "contents": "[Elementary neuronal ensembles as the basis for the functional organization of the brain]. The structural basis of neuronal assemblies is made up of morphological associations of neurones determined by the properties of the central projection of afferent pathways. Underlying the functional organization of probabilistic neuronal assemblies is the formation of conjugated relations between neurones of the central zone of synergically activated units and the surrounding zone of inhibited neurones. The characteristics of informational activity and neuronal assemblies are related to the optimization of perception processes and reorganization of sensory information, and to the selection of useful information from the general sensory flow, especially in the course of formation of a habit. The observed characteristics of the work of probabilistic neuronal assemblies are considered as manifestations of formation of structural, functional and informational redundancy, the basic mechanism ensuring reliable functioning of the informational-controlling brain systems."}
{"id": "PMID:930411", "title": "[Participation of cat motor cortex neurons in the afferent reorganization of the \"placing reaction\"].", "content": "Neuronal activity of the cortical representation of the biceps (CRB) and triceps in the cat pericruciate motor cortex and EMG of the forepaw muscles were recorded during the performance of unconditioned (to a stimulation of the dorsal side of the paw) and conditioned (to ventral stimulation) placing reactions of the forepaw (PR). After learning: 1) ventral stimulation acquired the capacity to evoke (with a latency not exceeding 20 ms) the same enhancement of the CRB neuronal activity, as evoked by dorsal stimulation eliciting PR in naive animals; 2) EMG thresholds of biceps response to stimulation of the motor cortex through a microelectrode did not change: 3) likewise unchanged was the relative number and magnitude of CRB neuronal responses to a local tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the contralateral forepaw. The constanct sensory input to the motor cortex after learning apparently acquires the capacity to evoke an enhancement of CRB neuronal activity sufficient for achieving PR.", "contents": "[Participation of cat motor cortex neurons in the afferent reorganization of the \"placing reaction\"]. Neuronal activity of the cortical representation of the biceps (CRB) and triceps in the cat pericruciate motor cortex and EMG of the forepaw muscles were recorded during the performance of unconditioned (to a stimulation of the dorsal side of the paw) and conditioned (to ventral stimulation) placing reactions of the forepaw (PR). After learning: 1) ventral stimulation acquired the capacity to evoke (with a latency not exceeding 20 ms) the same enhancement of the CRB neuronal activity, as evoked by dorsal stimulation eliciting PR in naive animals; 2) EMG thresholds of biceps response to stimulation of the motor cortex through a microelectrode did not change: 3) likewise unchanged was the relative number and magnitude of CRB neuronal responses to a local tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the contralateral forepaw. The constanct sensory input to the motor cortex after learning apparently acquires the capacity to evoke an enhancement of CRB neuronal activity sufficient for achieving PR."}
{"id": "PMID:930413", "title": "[Participation of thalamic relay nuclei in the genesis of barbiturate spindle-like activity].", "content": "The specific relay ventro-postero-lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus was electrocoagulated in cats with the view of studying its role in the genesis of the barbituric spindle activity in the cortical projection zone on the side of ablation. It was shown that the specific nuclei, although of considerable importance to the spindle modulation of the potentials, are not its only source. Involved in modulation is also the nonspecific thalamo-cortical system acting along the pathways independent of the specific system. The leading role in the genesis of reaction of rhythmic slow after-effect, which is a variety of spindles, belongs to the specific thalamo-cortical system.", "contents": "[Participation of thalamic relay nuclei in the genesis of barbiturate spindle-like activity]. The specific relay ventro-postero-lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus was electrocoagulated in cats with the view of studying its role in the genesis of the barbituric spindle activity in the cortical projection zone on the side of ablation. It was shown that the specific nuclei, although of considerable importance to the spindle modulation of the potentials, are not its only source. Involved in modulation is also the nonspecific thalamo-cortical system acting along the pathways independent of the specific system. The leading role in the genesis of reaction of rhythmic slow after-effect, which is a variety of spindles, belongs to the specific thalamo-cortical system."}
{"id": "PMID:930414", "title": "[Analysis of the influence of amygdalar stimulation on conditioned and unconditioned alimentary reflexes].", "content": "The paper summarizes the results of studying the effects of subliminal stimulation of the basolateral part of the amygdala nuclei complex on alimentary secretory conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (11 dogs, 150 tests of low-frequency and 95 tests of high-frequency stimulation). It has been found that stimulation of the basolateral amygdala taking part in the inhibitory system of alimentary behaviour control may exert not only inhibitory but also activating influences on the alimentary secretory reaction. The inhibitory effects are, however, much stronger than the activating ones, particularly with low-frequency stimulation. Subliminal stimulation of the basolateral amygdala affects dissimilarly inborn alimentary reactions and conditioned, acquired reactions. Conditioned secretory reactions in most cases (up to 80% of the tests) are inhibited, while unconditioned ones, are activated. It is suggested that the amygdala plays a different role in these two types of reactions.", "contents": "[Analysis of the influence of amygdalar stimulation on conditioned and unconditioned alimentary reflexes]. The paper summarizes the results of studying the effects of subliminal stimulation of the basolateral part of the amygdala nuclei complex on alimentary secretory conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (11 dogs, 150 tests of low-frequency and 95 tests of high-frequency stimulation). It has been found that stimulation of the basolateral amygdala taking part in the inhibitory system of alimentary behaviour control may exert not only inhibitory but also activating influences on the alimentary secretory reaction. The inhibitory effects are, however, much stronger than the activating ones, particularly with low-frequency stimulation. Subliminal stimulation of the basolateral amygdala affects dissimilarly inborn alimentary reactions and conditioned, acquired reactions. Conditioned secretory reactions in most cases (up to 80% of the tests) are inhibited, while unconditioned ones, are activated. It is suggested that the amygdala plays a different role in these two types of reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:930415", "title": "[Effect of polarization of different levels of the visual and motor analyzers on instrumental conditioned reflexes in dogs].", "content": "Dogs with stabilized instrumental conditioned reflexes of tonic form to a bell and flickering light, exhibited a depression or complete inhibition of the reflexes after a short anode polarization of the lateral geniculate body (LGB). Polarization of the superior colliculi exerted a similar influence but to a lesser degree. Prolonged polarization of the visual cortex completely inhibited conditioned reflexes to light at the very first or second minute of its action. The degree of inhibition depended on the current intensity, the area of its action and the functional state of the animal. Polarization of the sensorimotor cortex resulted in a delay and often in complete inhibition of the instrumental reflexes. Polarization of the red nucleus also inhibited the reflexes. Evoked potentials recorded from the LGB, the superior colliculi and the visual cortex underwent considerable changes (decrease of the primary response and disappearance of the secondary response) after polarization of the sensorimotor cortex.", "contents": "[Effect of polarization of different levels of the visual and motor analyzers on instrumental conditioned reflexes in dogs]. Dogs with stabilized instrumental conditioned reflexes of tonic form to a bell and flickering light, exhibited a depression or complete inhibition of the reflexes after a short anode polarization of the lateral geniculate body (LGB). Polarization of the superior colliculi exerted a similar influence but to a lesser degree. Prolonged polarization of the visual cortex completely inhibited conditioned reflexes to light at the very first or second minute of its action. The degree of inhibition depended on the current intensity, the area of its action and the functional state of the animal. Polarization of the sensorimotor cortex resulted in a delay and often in complete inhibition of the instrumental reflexes. Polarization of the red nucleus also inhibited the reflexes. Evoked potentials recorded from the LGB, the superior colliculi and the visual cortex underwent considerable changes (decrease of the primary response and disappearance of the secondary response) after polarization of the sensorimotor cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:930416", "title": "[Conditioned reflex mechanism in the hypothalamic regulation of diuresis].", "content": "In chronic experiments on dogs with urethrae brought out to the skin of the abdomen and electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus, the possibility was studied of the involvement of a conditioned component in hypothalamic control of the kidneys activity under a direct action of electric current on a hypothalamus. The beat of a metronome and the experimental surroundings served as a conditioned stimulus, stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as an unconditioned one, and diuresis -- as a manifestation of the conditioned reflex. It was found that the conditioned mechanism is also involved in the complex mechanism of hypothalamic control of kidney activity. Such conditioned changes of diuresis may be effected in different functional states of hypothalamic nuclei.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex mechanism in the hypothalamic regulation of diuresis]. In chronic experiments on dogs with urethrae brought out to the skin of the abdomen and electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus, the possibility was studied of the involvement of a conditioned component in hypothalamic control of the kidneys activity under a direct action of electric current on a hypothalamus. The beat of a metronome and the experimental surroundings served as a conditioned stimulus, stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as an unconditioned one, and diuresis -- as a manifestation of the conditioned reflex. It was found that the conditioned mechanism is also involved in the complex mechanism of hypothalamic control of kidney activity. Such conditioned changes of diuresis may be effected in different functional states of hypothalamic nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:930417", "title": "[Transformation of the synaptic apparatus of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex following creation of a polarization dominant].", "content": "Ultrastructural transformations of axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex were studied during: 1) polarization of the cortical surface with a DC anode and 2) the setting up of a polarization motor dominant. A comparison between the structural characteristics of the examined region of the cerebral cortex of the two groups of animals revealed transformations in the synaptic apparatus, which may be regarded as a result of the formation of a temporary connection: an increase in the number of axo-dendritic synapses with considerably thickened postsynaptic membranes; an increase in the number of axonic terminals with a concentration of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria content. The indicated changes were more pronounced in the deep layers of the sensorimotor cortex.", "contents": "[Transformation of the synaptic apparatus of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex following creation of a polarization dominant]. Ultrastructural transformations of axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex were studied during: 1) polarization of the cortical surface with a DC anode and 2) the setting up of a polarization motor dominant. A comparison between the structural characteristics of the examined region of the cerebral cortex of the two groups of animals revealed transformations in the synaptic apparatus, which may be regarded as a result of the formation of a temporary connection: an increase in the number of axo-dendritic synapses with considerably thickened postsynaptic membranes; an increase in the number of axonic terminals with a concentration of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria content. The indicated changes were more pronounced in the deep layers of the sensorimotor cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:930423", "title": "[Polymyalgia rheumatica. Clinical histological study of 46 cases].", "content": "The nosological relationship between Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and Cranial Arteritis has been studied by comparing 46 cases of PMR with 21 cases of cranial arteritis. Symptoms consistent with cranial arteritis were present in 83% of the PMR patients, but only 32% showed giant cell arteritis in the biopsy of temporal arteries. The difference is explained by the segmental involvement of the arteritis. The patients with cranial arteritis had symptoms of PMR in 48%. It is concluded, that PMR and cranial arteritis are both manifestations of the same disease. Temporary signs of generalized arteritis seem to occur often in PMR and may lead to fatal complications. PMR may last up to ten years. Because of the potential fatality of this disease, a temporal artery biopsy is indicated in every suspicious case in order to provide a sound basis for the required long term therapy with corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Polymyalgia rheumatica. Clinical histological study of 46 cases]. The nosological relationship between Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and Cranial Arteritis has been studied by comparing 46 cases of PMR with 21 cases of cranial arteritis. Symptoms consistent with cranial arteritis were present in 83% of the PMR patients, but only 32% showed giant cell arteritis in the biopsy of temporal arteries. The difference is explained by the segmental involvement of the arteritis. The patients with cranial arteritis had symptoms of PMR in 48%. It is concluded, that PMR and cranial arteritis are both manifestations of the same disease. Temporary signs of generalized arteritis seem to occur often in PMR and may lead to fatal complications. PMR may last up to ten years. Because of the potential fatality of this disease, a temporal artery biopsy is indicated in every suspicious case in order to provide a sound basis for the required long term therapy with corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:930425", "title": "[Thermography with liquid crystal in scleroderma].", "content": "The typical thermographic pictures of hands of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis are described. The pictures were made with liquid crystals. Thermography with liquid crystals is also suitable for the evaluation of changes in temperature during treatment.", "contents": "[Thermography with liquid crystal in scleroderma]. The typical thermographic pictures of hands of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis are described. The pictures were made with liquid crystals. Thermography with liquid crystals is also suitable for the evaluation of changes in temperature during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:930424", "title": "[Modification of a rheumatoid model disease using a benzopyron preparation].", "content": "The influence of a benzopyrone-preparation on the process of an experimental erysipelas in the rat, an animal model for the human rheumatoid arthritis, was studied. By plethysomometric determination of the paw volume it was shown that the swelling of the paw was significantly smaller in the benzopyrone-group than in the control-group. Furthermore it was observed that the administration of benzopyrones significantly reduced cornea-oedemas, a characteristic of the erysipelas model. The reduction of body weight, occurring during erysipelas disease, is not significantly improved by benzopyrone administration. The mortality, which is much smaller in the benzopyrone-group (30%) than in the matened control group (60%), demonstrates the good tolerance of the drug. The revealed results are described and the influence of benzopyrones on this rheumatoid disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Modification of a rheumatoid model disease using a benzopyron preparation]. The influence of a benzopyrone-preparation on the process of an experimental erysipelas in the rat, an animal model for the human rheumatoid arthritis, was studied. By plethysomometric determination of the paw volume it was shown that the swelling of the paw was significantly smaller in the benzopyrone-group than in the control-group. Furthermore it was observed that the administration of benzopyrones significantly reduced cornea-oedemas, a characteristic of the erysipelas model. The reduction of body weight, occurring during erysipelas disease, is not significantly improved by benzopyrone administration. The mortality, which is much smaller in the benzopyrone-group (30%) than in the matened control group (60%), demonstrates the good tolerance of the drug. The revealed results are described and the influence of benzopyrones on this rheumatoid disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930427", "title": "[Morphological changes in the articular capsule tissue after preliminary synoviorthesis].", "content": "Synovial tissues, surgically removed after synoviorthesis, were investigated microscopically. 198Au metallic desposits were seen until five years after the intraarticular injection. Light fibrotic changes were present, however these tissues exhibited also necrotic changes. 90Y could not be detected microscopically. Inclusions of necrotic cartilage in the synovial membrane may indicate cartilage disturbances due to 90Y. Osmium acid was identified by Xray-microanalysis.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the articular capsule tissue after preliminary synoviorthesis]. Synovial tissues, surgically removed after synoviorthesis, were investigated microscopically. 198Au metallic desposits were seen until five years after the intraarticular injection. Light fibrotic changes were present, however these tissues exhibited also necrotic changes. 90Y could not be detected microscopically. Inclusions of necrotic cartilage in the synovial membrane may indicate cartilage disturbances due to 90Y. Osmium acid was identified by Xray-microanalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:930433", "title": "[Significance of renovasography in the elucidation of hypertension].", "content": "About 10% of all cases of hypertension are nephrogeneously conditioned. The renovasography gives the clearest evidence for the morphological diagnostics of changes of the renal arteries and the parenchyma. In 180 hypertensive patients with pathological findings of the renal angiography most frequently pyelonephritic changes were proved. Then follow changes of the arteries, kidneys with urinary stasis, polycystic degenerations and hypoplasias. These diseases were, however, also found in 108 patients with normal values of blood pressure. Possibly cases are concerned in which no haemodynamic effect of the disease is present. In advanced findings reductions of organs were registered. In a part of the cases the sizes of the kidneys were found within the normal values. Only some patients with hypertension had enlargements of the organs. When multiple renal arteries were present a hypertension was significantly more frequent than in a supply of the kidneys by means of one artery each.", "contents": "[Significance of renovasography in the elucidation of hypertension]. About 10% of all cases of hypertension are nephrogeneously conditioned. The renovasography gives the clearest evidence for the morphological diagnostics of changes of the renal arteries and the parenchyma. In 180 hypertensive patients with pathological findings of the renal angiography most frequently pyelonephritic changes were proved. Then follow changes of the arteries, kidneys with urinary stasis, polycystic degenerations and hypoplasias. These diseases were, however, also found in 108 patients with normal values of blood pressure. Possibly cases are concerned in which no haemodynamic effect of the disease is present. In advanced findings reductions of organs were registered. In a part of the cases the sizes of the kidneys were found within the normal values. Only some patients with hypertension had enlargements of the organs. When multiple renal arteries were present a hypertension was significantly more frequent than in a supply of the kidneys by means of one artery each."}
{"id": "PMID:930434", "title": "[Kidney hypoplasia and hypertension].", "content": "The basis of the examination is a clinical material of 14 years (from 1960 to 1973) of the urological clinic of the Medical University \"Semmelweis\", consisting of 160 patients with renal hypoplasia. In 116 of these cases a nephrectomy was performed. The average postoperative observation time was 7.8 years. By removal of the hypoplastic kidney the hypertension could be successfully influenced in 72% of the cases and in 16% moderately; in 12% of the patients the high blood pressure remained unchanged also after the intervention. On account of the recognition resulting from the examinations that by the hypoplastic kidney alone no increase of the blood pressure is caused, but the developmental anomaly forms a basis for the development of the hypertension, is emphasized that the early removal of this abnormally developed kidney is by all means indicated.", "contents": "[Kidney hypoplasia and hypertension]. The basis of the examination is a clinical material of 14 years (from 1960 to 1973) of the urological clinic of the Medical University \"Semmelweis\", consisting of 160 patients with renal hypoplasia. In 116 of these cases a nephrectomy was performed. The average postoperative observation time was 7.8 years. By removal of the hypoplastic kidney the hypertension could be successfully influenced in 72% of the cases and in 16% moderately; in 12% of the patients the high blood pressure remained unchanged also after the intervention. On account of the recognition resulting from the examinations that by the hypoplastic kidney alone no increase of the blood pressure is caused, but the developmental anomaly forms a basis for the development of the hypertension, is emphasized that the early removal of this abnormally developed kidney is by all means indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:930435", "title": "[Complex angiographic diagnosis of space-demanding processes in the kidney including renocystography].", "content": "Issuing from the experiences of the complex angiorgraphic diagnostics of space-demanding processes of the kidneys in 400 patients value and sequence of different angiographic methods including renocystography are discussed. The diagnostic certainty in hypo- and avascular tumours by the renal phlebography and in cystic processes is essentially increased by percutaneous puncture. In malignant tumours before operation the judgement of the endovenous extension is always to be demanded, which is most certainly achieved by direct venography. A diagnostic step programme is proposed, to make possible the rational use of the methods.", "contents": "[Complex angiographic diagnosis of space-demanding processes in the kidney including renocystography]. Issuing from the experiences of the complex angiorgraphic diagnostics of space-demanding processes of the kidneys in 400 patients value and sequence of different angiographic methods including renocystography are discussed. The diagnostic certainty in hypo- and avascular tumours by the renal phlebography and in cystic processes is essentially increased by percutaneous puncture. In malignant tumours before operation the judgement of the endovenous extension is always to be demanded, which is most certainly achieved by direct venography. A diagnostic step programme is proposed, to make possible the rational use of the methods."}
{"id": "PMID:930436", "title": "[Clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis].", "content": "On the basis of a survey on 28 cases with ascertained urogenital tuberculosis from 1971 to 1975 clinical picture and findings of the examinations are discussed. The cases in question are not a representative cross-section, since primarily ascertained cases of urogenital tuberculosis are treated in special departments. On account of the participation of the bladder which - compared with former cases - seems to be less frequent in interest of the early diagnosis is referred to the importance of the urinary findings and the excretion urography.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis]. On the basis of a survey on 28 cases with ascertained urogenital tuberculosis from 1971 to 1975 clinical picture and findings of the examinations are discussed. The cases in question are not a representative cross-section, since primarily ascertained cases of urogenital tuberculosis are treated in special departments. On account of the participation of the bladder which - compared with former cases - seems to be less frequent in interest of the early diagnosis is referred to the importance of the urinary findings and the excretion urography."}
{"id": "PMID:930437", "title": "[1st experiences with the ultrasonic-Doppler-method in the diagnosis of testicular torsion].", "content": "In some cases the differential diagnosis of the torsion of the testicles may be difficult also for the experienced clinician. It is reported on a new method of the delimitation of the torsion of the testicles compared with inflammatory changes of the testicles and the epididymis. By means of the ultrasound-Doppler-method the blood supply of the vasa spermatica is registered. Missing Doppler-signals in the direct measurement above the spermatic cord in comparison to the collateral side are typical for a complete torsion of the testicles.", "contents": "[1st experiences with the ultrasonic-Doppler-method in the diagnosis of testicular torsion]. In some cases the differential diagnosis of the torsion of the testicles may be difficult also for the experienced clinician. It is reported on a new method of the delimitation of the torsion of the testicles compared with inflammatory changes of the testicles and the epididymis. By means of the ultrasound-Doppler-method the blood supply of the vasa spermatica is registered. Missing Doppler-signals in the direct measurement above the spermatic cord in comparison to the collateral side are typical for a complete torsion of the testicles."}
{"id": "PMID:930442", "title": "Vocalizations of South African mustelines.", "content": "Vocalizations of African weasels (Poecilogale albinucha) and polecats (Ictonyx striatus) were tape recorded and analysed sonagraphically. Calls are described in terms of function. Adult calls of both species are divided into the categories: threat, defence, and greeting. Female polecats also vocalized during copulation. Three calls peculiar to the young of both species were recorded. Basically similar tonal patterns of homologous vocalizations by both mustelines can be recognized. Calls of blind young could be recognized as primitive versions of adult calls. The limited vocal repertoire of the animals, with most sounds of a threatening or defensive nature, is typical of solitary species. Similarities between the languages of the two study species and other mustelines can be recognized.", "contents": "Vocalizations of South African mustelines. Vocalizations of African weasels (Poecilogale albinucha) and polecats (Ictonyx striatus) were tape recorded and analysed sonagraphically. Calls are described in terms of function. Adult calls of both species are divided into the categories: threat, defence, and greeting. Female polecats also vocalized during copulation. Three calls peculiar to the young of both species were recorded. Basically similar tonal patterns of homologous vocalizations by both mustelines can be recognized. Calls of blind young could be recognized as primitive versions of adult calls. The limited vocal repertoire of the animals, with most sounds of a threatening or defensive nature, is typical of solitary species. Similarities between the languages of the two study species and other mustelines can be recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:930443", "title": "Vocalization in juvenile crocodilians.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (Alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. Representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (Caiman crocodilus, Crocodylus niloticus, and Crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. These findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacoustics of other vertebrates.", "contents": "Vocalization in juvenile crocodilians. Evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (Alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. Representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (Caiman crocodilus, Crocodylus niloticus, and Crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. These findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacoustics of other vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:930444", "title": "Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic wild asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus).", "content": "The social organization of Equss africanus (African Wild Ass) was observed during the breeding season, that of E. hemionus (Asiatic Wild Ass) for a very brief period outside the breeding season. Territoriality could be observed in both species and the systems were found to be basically identical to that of Grevy's zebra. Territories are very large, measuring on the order of 200 km2 in E. africanus and probably even more in E. hemionus. Members of both species live in unstable groups of variable composition, and there was no indication of permanent bonds between any adult individuals.", "contents": "Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic wild asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus). The social organization of Equss africanus (African Wild Ass) was observed during the breeding season, that of E. hemionus (Asiatic Wild Ass) for a very brief period outside the breeding season. Territoriality could be observed in both species and the systems were found to be basically identical to that of Grevy's zebra. Territories are very large, measuring on the order of 200 km2 in E. africanus and probably even more in E. hemionus. Members of both species live in unstable groups of variable composition, and there was no indication of permanent bonds between any adult individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:930445", "title": "A comparison of homing behavior in feral and homing pigeons.", "content": "Three series of experiments were conducted to determine whether the orientational and homing behavior of feral pigeons (\"Commons\") in the U.S.A. is comparable to that of homing pigeons. Wild-caught adult and juvenile Commons showed meaningful nonrandom orientation when released at unfamiliar sites. When such birds were phaseshifted 6 h fast, their vanishing bearings were deflected approximately 90 degrees counterclockwise, thus indicating use of the time-compensated sun compass. Young Commons reared and trained with Homers of the same age differed behaviorally from the Homers in a variety of ways and many fewer returned home from training and test releases, but the season for the fewer returns appeared to be more concerned with social behavior than with orientation capability.", "contents": "A comparison of homing behavior in feral and homing pigeons. Three series of experiments were conducted to determine whether the orientational and homing behavior of feral pigeons (\"Commons\") in the U.S.A. is comparable to that of homing pigeons. Wild-caught adult and juvenile Commons showed meaningful nonrandom orientation when released at unfamiliar sites. When such birds were phaseshifted 6 h fast, their vanishing bearings were deflected approximately 90 degrees counterclockwise, thus indicating use of the time-compensated sun compass. Young Commons reared and trained with Homers of the same age differed behaviorally from the Homers in a variety of ways and many fewer returned home from training and test releases, but the season for the fewer returns appeared to be more concerned with social behavior than with orientation capability."}
{"id": "PMID:930446", "title": "[How do mother and young of the bat Myotis myotis recognize each other after mother's return from a hunting flight?].", "content": "Mouse-eared bats leave their young at their sleeping place during the nocturnal hunting flight. The young wait for their mothers' return crowded together in small groups. It is examined whether mother and offspring recognize each other upon the mother's return. It is experimentally shown that each recognizes the other by smell and ultrasonic sound.", "contents": "[How do mother and young of the bat Myotis myotis recognize each other after mother's return from a hunting flight?]. Mouse-eared bats leave their young at their sleeping place during the nocturnal hunting flight. The young wait for their mothers' return crowded together in small groups. It is examined whether mother and offspring recognize each other upon the mother's return. It is experimentally shown that each recognizes the other by smell and ultrasonic sound."}
{"id": "PMID:930466", "title": "[Studies on influence of intensity factors on the population dynamic of migratory root nematodes with special consideration of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev. III. Influence of three years irrigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of a field experiment on the effect of three years irrigation on the population dynamic of migratory nematodes of the cereals are described. In case of constant high moisture content the Pratylenchus spec. were inhibited. A cumulation of this effect during three years was not observed. The influence was only low on the species of the genus Tylenchorhychus, Paratylenchus, on the species of the families Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchidae, Dorylaimidae, and on the saprophytic nematodes of the order Rhabditida.", "contents": "[Studies on influence of intensity factors on the population dynamic of migratory root nematodes with special consideration of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev. III. Influence of three years irrigation (author's transl)]. Results of a field experiment on the effect of three years irrigation on the population dynamic of migratory nematodes of the cereals are described. In case of constant high moisture content the Pratylenchus spec. were inhibited. A cumulation of this effect during three years was not observed. The influence was only low on the species of the genus Tylenchorhychus, Paratylenchus, on the species of the families Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchidae, Dorylaimidae, and on the saprophytic nematodes of the order Rhabditida."}
{"id": "PMID:930469", "title": "Karyotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections I. Development of the cell lines and conventional chromosome analysis.", "content": "From BHK-21 cell cultures inoculated with different viruses cell lines with persistent infection were developed and examined for alterations in their karyotypes. In all cell lines studied, even in those no longer producing infective virus chromosomal breaks and interchanges were observed. Besides these effects probably induced directly by the virus infection, a shift in the number of chromosomes was found. Based on certain properties of the BHK-21 cell lines carrying a virus infection a hypothesis is discussed concerning the cooperation of various cellular and viral factors which enable a virus to persist.", "contents": "Karyotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections I. Development of the cell lines and conventional chromosome analysis. From BHK-21 cell cultures inoculated with different viruses cell lines with persistent infection were developed and examined for alterations in their karyotypes. In all cell lines studied, even in those no longer producing infective virus chromosomal breaks and interchanges were observed. Besides these effects probably induced directly by the virus infection, a shift in the number of chromosomes was found. Based on certain properties of the BHK-21 cell lines carrying a virus infection a hypothesis is discussed concerning the cooperation of various cellular and viral factors which enable a virus to persist."}
{"id": "PMID:930470", "title": "Karotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections. II. Analysis of the banding patterns.", "content": "Results of banding pattern analysis of the chromosome set of cell lines derived from BHK-21 by persistent infection with different viruses (Schw\u00f6bel et al., 1977) are reported. Almost all metaphases contained several structurally altered chromosomes which could not be identified. On the other hand, for each cell line analysed a characteristic karyotype could be established. The possible relevance of the results with respect to persistent virus infections in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Karotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections. II. Analysis of the banding patterns. Results of banding pattern analysis of the chromosome set of cell lines derived from BHK-21 by persistent infection with different viruses (Schw\u00f6bel et al., 1977) are reported. Almost all metaphases contained several structurally altered chromosomes which could not be identified. On the other hand, for each cell line analysed a characteristic karyotype could be established. The possible relevance of the results with respect to persistent virus infections in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930471", "title": "Toads as natural reservoir of salmonella.", "content": "The investigation conducted on 329 toads for the presence of Salmonella, Arizona and Edwardsiella revealed that 36.7% toads were intestinal carriers of Salmonella. None of the toads proved positive for Arizona and Edwardsiella. The Salmonella population (S. brijbhumi) in the intestines of 5 of the 27 toads  ranged from 1.5 X 10(9) to 2.5 X 10(10) organisms per gram of faecal matter. Some of the serotypes viz: S. tel-hashomer, S. brijbhumi and S. goverdhan were recovered more frequently than others. An unnamed serotype (4, 12, 27:k:-) and S. goverdhan var 1 + (1,9,12:k:1,6), hitherto undescribed in the literature, have also been reported.", "contents": "Toads as natural reservoir of salmonella. The investigation conducted on 329 toads for the presence of Salmonella, Arizona and Edwardsiella revealed that 36.7% toads were intestinal carriers of Salmonella. None of the toads proved positive for Arizona and Edwardsiella. The Salmonella population (S. brijbhumi) in the intestines of 5 of the 27 toads  ranged from 1.5 X 10(9) to 2.5 X 10(10) organisms per gram of faecal matter. Some of the serotypes viz: S. tel-hashomer, S. brijbhumi and S. goverdhan were recovered more frequently than others. An unnamed serotype (4, 12, 27:k:-) and S. goverdhan var 1 + (1,9,12:k:1,6), hitherto undescribed in the literature, have also been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:930473", "title": "[Suppression of sorbose fermentation of Salmonellae by salicine (author's transl)].", "content": "Fermentation of sorbose by Salmonellae splitting this sugar with delay is restrained to a varying degree in presence of salicine, depending on the concentration of this glycoside. There is no support that salicine might become metabolized in this process. A similar salicine effect on the delayed fermentation of dulcitol has not been seen.", "contents": "[Suppression of sorbose fermentation of Salmonellae by salicine (author's transl)]. Fermentation of sorbose by Salmonellae splitting this sugar with delay is restrained to a varying degree in presence of salicine, depending on the concentration of this glycoside. There is no support that salicine might become metabolized in this process. A similar salicine effect on the delayed fermentation of dulcitol has not been seen."}
{"id": "PMID:930474", "title": "[On the genetics of the delayed attack of substrates by strains of the Salmonella group (author's transl)].", "content": "The delayed attack of sugar alcohols by Salmonellae essentially goes back on a mutative event but doesnot represent a phenotypical or genotypical uniform phenomenon. The - frequently occuring - regularly split of sugars is caused by a simple looking fixed rate mutative event, and is characterized by an only moderate variation of the latent period preceding acid formation. In contrast, irregularly delayed splitting strains attack the substrate varying and, when occasion arises, with an extremely uncertain latency. Fermentation capacity of some strains attacking dulcitol irregularly can be induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, and can be reduced to a certain degree by treatment with acridine orange, but cannot be transferred to other strains by conjugation. We presume that at least the uv inducible type of irregularly delayed splitting is governed by an episomal genetical element which is active only in the autonomous state but is repressed when being integrated within the chromosome.", "contents": "[On the genetics of the delayed attack of substrates by strains of the Salmonella group (author's transl)]. The delayed attack of sugar alcohols by Salmonellae essentially goes back on a mutative event but doesnot represent a phenotypical or genotypical uniform phenomenon. The - frequently occuring - regularly split of sugars is caused by a simple looking fixed rate mutative event, and is characterized by an only moderate variation of the latent period preceding acid formation. In contrast, irregularly delayed splitting strains attack the substrate varying and, when occasion arises, with an extremely uncertain latency. Fermentation capacity of some strains attacking dulcitol irregularly can be induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, and can be reduced to a certain degree by treatment with acridine orange, but cannot be transferred to other strains by conjugation. We presume that at least the uv inducible type of irregularly delayed splitting is governed by an episomal genetical element which is active only in the autonomous state but is repressed when being integrated within the chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:930475", "title": "[Effects of dimethylsulfoxide and salicine on the delayed adaption on sorbose and dulcitol of Salmonellae (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the majority of Salmonella strains splitting sorbose or dulcitol with delay dimethylsulfoxide shortens the latent period preceding acid formation and abolishes the deceleration of sorbose adaption caused by salicine. In other strains, especially S. paratyphi B cultures, DMSO doesn't touch sorbose adaption directly but amplifies the restraing effect of salicine. From the whole of our findings it can be concluded that in the first group of strains sorbose adaption starts with segregation of adaptive sorbose permease positive mutants, followed by the - salicin-sensitive - induction of this permease, the appearance of mutants aditionally metabolizing sorbose constitutively, and, finally, the substrate-promoted particular growth of adapted cells. The latter category of strains, however, apparently possesses a wild type (constitutive or adaptive?) sorbose permease but splits off mutants with adaptive metabolizing enzymes the induction of which is salicine-sensitive. The amplification of the salicine effect by DMSO found in these strains might be refered to an enhancement of salicine uptake caused by DMSO.", "contents": "[Effects of dimethylsulfoxide and salicine on the delayed adaption on sorbose and dulcitol of Salmonellae (author's transl)]. Among the majority of Salmonella strains splitting sorbose or dulcitol with delay dimethylsulfoxide shortens the latent period preceding acid formation and abolishes the deceleration of sorbose adaption caused by salicine. In other strains, especially S. paratyphi B cultures, DMSO doesn't touch sorbose adaption directly but amplifies the restraing effect of salicine. From the whole of our findings it can be concluded that in the first group of strains sorbose adaption starts with segregation of adaptive sorbose permease positive mutants, followed by the - salicin-sensitive - induction of this permease, the appearance of mutants aditionally metabolizing sorbose constitutively, and, finally, the substrate-promoted particular growth of adapted cells. The latter category of strains, however, apparently possesses a wild type (constitutive or adaptive?) sorbose permease but splits off mutants with adaptive metabolizing enzymes the induction of which is salicine-sensitive. The amplification of the salicine effect by DMSO found in these strains might be refered to an enhancement of salicine uptake caused by DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:930476", "title": "Potential variability of Leptospira serovars belonging to the same group.", "content": "3 clone strains of monjakov and pomona serovars were cultured with prolongation in a medium containing homologous immune sera. Separate subcultures were cloned in a solid medium, while isolated clones were typed in microagglutination test with whole and absorbed immune sera and in some cases in an absorption test. The results showed that the mutants of subcultures with the minimal and maximal time of contact with the immune serum turned out to differ greatly from each other in antigenic properties. While antigenic mutants of earlier subcultures were constantly connected with serovars of Pomona serogroup, mutants of subcultures adapted to immune serum were serologically more related to butembo serovar of Cynoptery serogroup. The results obtained showing potential variability of serovars belonging to Pomona serogroup could be significant from the viewpoint of classification and phylogeny of Leptospira.", "contents": "Potential variability of Leptospira serovars belonging to the same group. 3 clone strains of monjakov and pomona serovars were cultured with prolongation in a medium containing homologous immune sera. Separate subcultures were cloned in a solid medium, while isolated clones were typed in microagglutination test with whole and absorbed immune sera and in some cases in an absorption test. The results showed that the mutants of subcultures with the minimal and maximal time of contact with the immune serum turned out to differ greatly from each other in antigenic properties. While antigenic mutants of earlier subcultures were constantly connected with serovars of Pomona serogroup, mutants of subcultures adapted to immune serum were serologically more related to butembo serovar of Cynoptery serogroup. The results obtained showing potential variability of serovars belonging to Pomona serogroup could be significant from the viewpoint of classification and phylogeny of Leptospira."}
{"id": "PMID:930477", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in resensibilization of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Resensibilization in vitro to seven antibiotics under the influence of DMSO was studied in 624 resistant strains of five species of bacteria (E. coli, S. typhi, S. pyogenes, S. viridans, S. aureus), 61 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and 19 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to rifampicin (RMP). DMSO in concentrations of 0.1-10.0% caused reversion of sensitivity in strains of E. coli, S. pyogenes and S. viridans. Reversion in vivo of sensitivity to INH of tubercle bacilli was studied in experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs. Tubercle bacilli previously resistant to INH recovered complete sensitivity to the drug, enabling animals infected with the INH-resistant strain of bacilli to be treated with INH.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies on the role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in resensibilization of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. Resensibilization in vitro to seven antibiotics under the influence of DMSO was studied in 624 resistant strains of five species of bacteria (E. coli, S. typhi, S. pyogenes, S. viridans, S. aureus), 61 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and 19 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to rifampicin (RMP). DMSO in concentrations of 0.1-10.0% caused reversion of sensitivity in strains of E. coli, S. pyogenes and S. viridans. Reversion in vivo of sensitivity to INH of tubercle bacilli was studied in experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs. Tubercle bacilli previously resistant to INH recovered complete sensitivity to the drug, enabling animals infected with the INH-resistant strain of bacilli to be treated with INH."}
{"id": "PMID:930478", "title": "Rickettsiae of the spotted fever isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks in South Germany.", "content": "Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were detected by haemocyte test in 8 (12%) of 51 partially engorged Dermacentor marginatus females collected in March/April 1975 in South Germany. Four strains of rickettsiae were isolated from ticks positive in haemocyte test. It was concluded with isolated strain BRD-1 and homologous immune guinea pig, hamster and mouse sera in CF cross reactions with antigens and immune sera against other members of the SF group, that the newly isolated strains are similar, almost undistinguishable from Rickettsia slovaca.", "contents": "Rickettsiae of the spotted fever isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks in South Germany. Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were detected by haemocyte test in 8 (12%) of 51 partially engorged Dermacentor marginatus females collected in March/April 1975 in South Germany. Four strains of rickettsiae were isolated from ticks positive in haemocyte test. It was concluded with isolated strain BRD-1 and homologous immune guinea pig, hamster and mouse sera in CF cross reactions with antigens and immune sera against other members of the SF group, that the newly isolated strains are similar, almost undistinguishable from Rickettsia slovaca."}
{"id": "PMID:930485", "title": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of the age-related characteristics of the central nervous system in children with spastic cerebral palsy].", "content": "As a result of the conducted studies, the authors were able to demonstrate that in children from 4-9 years with cerebral spastic paralysis the potentiated tonic reactions are preserved (the reflex of distention from the gastrocnemius muscle, cervico-tonical reflex to the extremities and reaction of support). The frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythm on the EEG of these children differ significantly from similar ones of normal children of the same age. As the children grow older, the frequency of exaltated tonic reactions decrease and at the same time the frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythms increases, however the differences compared to age norms are preserved. The authors are of the opinion that in older children with infantile cerebral paralysis, despite the retardation of the morpho-functional development of the higher areas of the brain, the degree of cortical maturity is sufficient to inhibit an increased activity of the stem centres regulating the muscular tone.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological evaluation of the age-related characteristics of the central nervous system in children with spastic cerebral palsy]. As a result of the conducted studies, the authors were able to demonstrate that in children from 4-9 years with cerebral spastic paralysis the potentiated tonic reactions are preserved (the reflex of distention from the gastrocnemius muscle, cervico-tonical reflex to the extremities and reaction of support). The frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythm on the EEG of these children differ significantly from similar ones of normal children of the same age. As the children grow older, the frequency of exaltated tonic reactions decrease and at the same time the frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythms increases, however the differences compared to age norms are preserved. The authors are of the opinion that in older children with infantile cerebral paralysis, despite the retardation of the morpho-functional development of the higher areas of the brain, the degree of cortical maturity is sufficient to inhibit an increased activity of the stem centres regulating the muscular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:930486", "title": "[Modern problems of hereditary neuromuscular diseases].", "content": "The authors outline some disputable questions of the nozological independence of different nervous-muscular diseases and their classification. Special attention is being drawn to the pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy and to the importance of studying cyclic nucleotide metabolism.", "contents": "[Modern problems of hereditary neuromuscular diseases]. The authors outline some disputable questions of the nozological independence of different nervous-muscular diseases and their classification. Special attention is being drawn to the pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy and to the importance of studying cyclic nucleotide metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:930487", "title": "[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy in a girl with 45,X/46,XX chromosomal mosaicism].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a case history of a girl with a rare combination of 2 rare anomalies (only 4 cases in the world literature); monosomia by X chromosome and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Mosaicism 45,X/46,XX in a 5 year old girl with a mild picture of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy was confirmed by a study of the kariotype in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and skin fibroblasts. The authors indicate to a necessity of a thorough cytogenetical study in girls, if there is a clinical picture of Duchennes muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy in a girl with 45,X/46,XX chromosomal mosaicism]. The paper is concerned with a case history of a girl with a rare combination of 2 rare anomalies (only 4 cases in the world literature); monosomia by X chromosome and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Mosaicism 45,X/46,XX in a 5 year old girl with a mild picture of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy was confirmed by a study of the kariotype in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and skin fibroblasts. The authors indicate to a necessity of a thorough cytogenetical study in girls, if there is a clinical picture of Duchennes muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:930488", "title": "[Clinical and genetic aspects of hereditary acro-osteolysis].", "content": "The report concerns a description of a case of hereditary acroosteolysis with peculiar clinical and X-ray symptoms. It is being stressed that the neurological changes in different cases differ by their manifold signs and are sometimes the prevalent syndrome. The authors conducted a genetical analysis of 11 cases of hereditary acroosteolysis, which were seen in Dagestan. The paper contains some considerations of the differencies of hereditary acroosteolysis from other similar disorders.", "contents": "[Clinical and genetic aspects of hereditary acro-osteolysis]. The report concerns a description of a case of hereditary acroosteolysis with peculiar clinical and X-ray symptoms. It is being stressed that the neurological changes in different cases differ by their manifold signs and are sometimes the prevalent syndrome. The authors conducted a genetical analysis of 11 cases of hereditary acroosteolysis, which were seen in Dagestan. The paper contains some considerations of the differencies of hereditary acroosteolysis from other similar disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:930489", "title": "[Clinical picture and course of hereditary extrapyramidal diseases in children].", "content": "The report contains a description of the clinical development of hepato-cerebral dystrophy in 11 children and of deformans muscular dystrophy in 7 children. The authors indicate to expressed visceral disorders in patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy and to positive results in the treatment by thiol preparations. The paper also contains an observation with an inheritance of deformans muscular dystonia of a dominant type. Due to a clinical polymorphism of hepato-cerebral dystrophy and deformans muscular dystrophy in children a possibility of a wide phenocopy of this pathology should be taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and course of hereditary extrapyramidal diseases in children]. The report contains a description of the clinical development of hepato-cerebral dystrophy in 11 children and of deformans muscular dystrophy in 7 children. The authors indicate to expressed visceral disorders in patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy and to positive results in the treatment by thiol preparations. The paper also contains an observation with an inheritance of deformans muscular dystonia of a dominant type. Due to a clinical polymorphism of hepato-cerebral dystrophy and deformans muscular dystrophy in children a possibility of a wide phenocopy of this pathology should be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:930490", "title": "[Changes in the free amino acid spectrum in torsion dystonia patients].", "content": "The authors accomplished a study of the concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine of patients with torsion dystonia by means  of a high voltage electrophoresis with a subsequent ascending chromatography. A division of such patients into 2 clinical forms is reflected in the found concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine. In patients with the rigid form along with generalized hyperacidemia there are also significant changes in the concentration of aminoacids of the aromatic line. In the group of patients with the hyperkinetic form the most significant changes were seen for valine, methionine, serine, alanine and cystine, while as the spectrum of aminoacids of the aromatic line is practically unchanged. The found changes in the spectrum of free aminoacids are most likely connected with disorders of catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia.", "contents": "[Changes in the free amino acid spectrum in torsion dystonia patients]. The authors accomplished a study of the concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine of patients with torsion dystonia by means  of a high voltage electrophoresis with a subsequent ascending chromatography. A division of such patients into 2 clinical forms is reflected in the found concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine. In patients with the rigid form along with generalized hyperacidemia there are also significant changes in the concentration of aminoacids of the aromatic line. In the group of patients with the hyperkinetic form the most significant changes were seen for valine, methionine, serine, alanine and cystine, while as the spectrum of aminoacids of the aromatic line is practically unchanged. The found changes in the spectrum of free aminoacids are most likely connected with disorders of catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia."}
{"id": "PMID:930491", "title": "[Catecholamines metabolism in extrapyramidal disorders in children].", "content": "The author examined the catecholamine metabolism in 78 children with polyetiological extrapyramidal lesions of the nervous system. Most of the cases were with the pallidnigral syndrome. A sharp drop in the catecholamine excretion, especially of the dopamine and DOPA were detected in the akinetico-rigid forms. In torsion muscular deformant dystonia there was the most expressed drop in the DOPA excretion. Under the impact of a pathogenetical treatment by L-DOPA in most of the cases there was an improvement of the clinical state and in the indices of the catecholamine metabolism. A study of the catecholamine metabolism permitted to detect certain aspects in the pathogenesis of different forms of extrapyramidal lesions in children.", "contents": "[Catecholamines metabolism in extrapyramidal disorders in children]. The author examined the catecholamine metabolism in 78 children with polyetiological extrapyramidal lesions of the nervous system. Most of the cases were with the pallidnigral syndrome. A sharp drop in the catecholamine excretion, especially of the dopamine and DOPA were detected in the akinetico-rigid forms. In torsion muscular deformant dystonia there was the most expressed drop in the DOPA excretion. Under the impact of a pathogenetical treatment by L-DOPA in most of the cases there was an improvement of the clinical state and in the indices of the catecholamine metabolism. A study of the catecholamine metabolism permitted to detect certain aspects in the pathogenesis of different forms of extrapyramidal lesions in children."}
{"id": "PMID:930492", "title": "[Clinical picture and characteristics of the course of tic hyperkinesis in children].", "content": "The author examined 90 children with ticose hyperkinesis. On the basis of a thorough study of the clinical picture, course of the disease and the use of laboratory methods all the patients were divided into 3 groups: with regressive, remittent and progradient development and characteristic clinical signs. For each group a corresponding treatment with a good effect was selected.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and characteristics of the course of tic hyperkinesis in children]. The author examined 90 children with ticose hyperkinesis. On the basis of a thorough study of the clinical picture, course of the disease and the use of laboratory methods all the patients were divided into 3 groups: with regressive, remittent and progradient development and characteristic clinical signs. For each group a corresponding treatment with a good effect was selected."}
{"id": "PMID:930493", "title": "[Neurosis-like tics in children].", "content": "The author examined 115 children from 4-14 years who suffered from ticose hyperkinesis. The specific traits of the background (somatical diseases, organic brain diseases, mental disorders, the MBD syndrome permitted to eliminate 4 groups of patients. On the basis of the achieved results the author comes to the conclusion that in the pathogenesis of a pseudoneurotic tic an important role is being played by a premorbid insufficiency of the motor analyzer. Comprehensive treatment is being recommended, with a consideration of the background against which the hyperkinetical syndrome arises.", "contents": "[Neurosis-like tics in children]. The author examined 115 children from 4-14 years who suffered from ticose hyperkinesis. The specific traits of the background (somatical diseases, organic brain diseases, mental disorders, the MBD syndrome permitted to eliminate 4 groups of patients. On the basis of the achieved results the author comes to the conclusion that in the pathogenesis of a pseudoneurotic tic an important role is being played by a premorbid insufficiency of the motor analyzer. Comprehensive treatment is being recommended, with a consideration of the background against which the hyperkinetical syndrome arises."}
{"id": "PMID:930494", "title": "[Significance of the hypertensive syndrome in the clinical aspects of the late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy (based on ultrasonic encephalographic data)].", "content": "The report is concerned with an analysis of the results of an echoencphalographic study of 201 children with infantile cerebral paralysis in the form of spastic diplegia. The examined children were from 3-14 years with different degrees of motor disturbances and intellectual defects. The echoencephalograms in 22% of the cases detected a displacement of M-echo to 2 mm and more. In 20%--there were signs of a light dilatation of the III brain ventricle and in 41%--of moderate dilatation. A correlation of echoencephalographic data with clinical symptoms demonstrated that a displacement of M-echo signs of a dilation of the III ventricle are more frequently encountered in children with a more severe motor and intellectual deficiency. The authors studied the influence of a comprehensive treatment (medicamental therapy, therapeutic physical training, corrective training, physical and mental loadings on the liquorodynamic disbalance. The study demonstrates the informativeness of the echoencephalographic method not only in the detection of the hypertensive syndrome, but in defining the degree of its expressiveness and during the development of the hypertenensive syndrome under the influence of different therapeutical measures.", "contents": "[Significance of the hypertensive syndrome in the clinical aspects of the late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy (based on ultrasonic encephalographic data)]. The report is concerned with an analysis of the results of an echoencphalographic study of 201 children with infantile cerebral paralysis in the form of spastic diplegia. The examined children were from 3-14 years with different degrees of motor disturbances and intellectual defects. The echoencephalograms in 22% of the cases detected a displacement of M-echo to 2 mm and more. In 20%--there were signs of a light dilatation of the III brain ventricle and in 41%--of moderate dilatation. A correlation of echoencephalographic data with clinical symptoms demonstrated that a displacement of M-echo signs of a dilation of the III ventricle are more frequently encountered in children with a more severe motor and intellectual deficiency. The authors studied the influence of a comprehensive treatment (medicamental therapy, therapeutic physical training, corrective training, physical and mental loadings on the liquorodynamic disbalance. The study demonstrates the informativeness of the echoencephalographic method not only in the detection of the hypertensive syndrome, but in defining the degree of its expressiveness and during the development of the hypertenensive syndrome under the influence of different therapeutical measures."}
{"id": "PMID:930495", "title": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of the biceps femoral muscles in the diplegic form of infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The author performed an EMG study of the biceps femoris muscle and their proximal and distal parts in 15 normals and 42 patients with diplegic forms of infantile cerebral palsy. In patients with infantile cerebral palsy there were significant coordinational disturbances in the bioelectric activity of the muscles of the thigh during walking and an orthostatic position. These changes had characteristic traits depending upon the influence of preserved primitive tonic reflexes.", "contents": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of the biceps femoral muscles in the diplegic form of infantile cerebral palsy]. The author performed an EMG study of the biceps femoris muscle and their proximal and distal parts in 15 normals and 42 patients with diplegic forms of infantile cerebral palsy. In patients with infantile cerebral palsy there were significant coordinational disturbances in the bioelectric activity of the muscles of the thigh during walking and an orthostatic position. These changes had characteristic traits depending upon the influence of preserved primitive tonic reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:930496", "title": "[So-called infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "On the basis of a comprehensive clinical study of 60 children and a pathomorphological study of the postmortem material the authors established, that in the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis the polymorphic neurological symptomatology is not fully reflected in the existing classifications. Separate clinical forms do not correspond to the pyramidal cerebral pathology, but have an extrapyramidal, cerebellar, hypothalamic and spinal character. The pathomorphological examination detected areas of devastation with a proliferation of the neuroglia, different forms and sizes of cavities in all the brain lobes, in the extrapyramidal system, in the hypothalamic area, cerebellum and spinal cord. The authors suggest that there should be a reconsideration of the terminology and classification of the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis.", "contents": "[So-called infantile cerebral palsy]. On the basis of a comprehensive clinical study of 60 children and a pathomorphological study of the postmortem material the authors established, that in the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis the polymorphic neurological symptomatology is not fully reflected in the existing classifications. Separate clinical forms do not correspond to the pyramidal cerebral pathology, but have an extrapyramidal, cerebellar, hypothalamic and spinal character. The pathomorphological examination detected areas of devastation with a proliferation of the neuroglia, different forms and sizes of cavities in all the brain lobes, in the extrapyramidal system, in the hypothalamic area, cerebellum and spinal cord. The authors suggest that there should be a reconsideration of the terminology and classification of the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:930497", "title": "[Clinical and electrophysiological comparisons in minimal cerebral dysfunction in school-aged children].", "content": "Clinico-electrophysiological studies of 74 children of school age with speech disorders demonstrated that the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction frequently develops on the background of early organic brain lesions. These data were confirmed by a combination of speech and motor disturbances in 70.3% of the studied children as well as by changes in the electro- and echoencephalograms. That is why one of the criteria for eliminating the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction should be the state of the motor and speech systems in combination with EEG data.", "contents": "[Clinical and electrophysiological comparisons in minimal cerebral dysfunction in school-aged children]. Clinico-electrophysiological studies of 74 children of school age with speech disorders demonstrated that the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction frequently develops on the background of early organic brain lesions. These data were confirmed by a combination of speech and motor disturbances in 70.3% of the studied children as well as by changes in the electro- and echoencephalograms. That is why one of the criteria for eliminating the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction should be the state of the motor and speech systems in combination with EEG data."}
{"id": "PMID:930498", "title": "[Rate of excitation spread along a peripheral nerve in healthy infants in the 1st year of life and in infants who have had intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia at birth].", "content": "The velocity in the extension of excitation through the peripheral nerves was studied in 99 normal babies of the first year and in 135 children with intrauteral hypoxia and asphyxia during delivery. In children with perinatal lesions of the CNS there were changes in the absolute volumes of the velocity of excitation and the rate of its increase compared with the group of normal children. The data correlate with the results of histological studies of the peripheral nerve.", "contents": "[Rate of excitation spread along a peripheral nerve in healthy infants in the 1st year of life and in infants who have had intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia at birth]. The velocity in the extension of excitation through the peripheral nerves was studied in 99 normal babies of the first year and in 135 children with intrauteral hypoxia and asphyxia during delivery. In children with perinatal lesions of the CNS there were changes in the absolute volumes of the velocity of excitation and the rate of its increase compared with the group of normal children. The data correlate with the results of histological studies of the peripheral nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:930499", "title": "[Nature of the reflex excitation of the spinal motor neurons in children with isiopathic scoliosis].", "content": "In 32 girls from 12-14 years with expressed idiopathic scoliosis (III-IV stage) the authors studied H-reflexes, evoked from the soleus muscles. In 16 patients they established an expressed asymmetry in the expressivity of H-reflexes from the right and left sides. This asymmetry was found in a localization of the primary arch of spinal distortion in the sacral part. In a localization of the primary arch in the thoracal part, the asymmetry in the reflectory excitation of sacral motoneurons is not expressed. It is being assumed that changes in the motoneuron apparatus of the spinal cord are the reason of the appearance of a scoliotic deformation of the spine.", "contents": "[Nature of the reflex excitation of the spinal motor neurons in children with isiopathic scoliosis]. In 32 girls from 12-14 years with expressed idiopathic scoliosis (III-IV stage) the authors studied H-reflexes, evoked from the soleus muscles. In 16 patients they established an expressed asymmetry in the expressivity of H-reflexes from the right and left sides. This asymmetry was found in a localization of the primary arch of spinal distortion in the sacral part. In a localization of the primary arch in the thoracal part, the asymmetry in the reflectory excitation of sacral motoneurons is not expressed. It is being assumed that changes in the motoneuron apparatus of the spinal cord are the reason of the appearance of a scoliotic deformation of the spine."}
{"id": "PMID:930500", "title": "[Pathogenesis of nervous system lesions in epidemic parotitis in children].", "content": "The authors studied antibodies to the nervous tissue in the blood (pair serum with an interval of 10 days) and in the CSF in 155 patients with epidemic parotitis and signs of neurotoxicosis, parotit meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Depending upon the intensivity of antibody elaboration 3 groups were distinguished. The first group (40 cases), with a high content of antibodies to the nervous tissue, was characterized by a prevalence of encephalitic forms (in 30 of the 40 cases). In the second group (32 cases) with a less antibody content there was a prevalence of meningitis, while meningoencephalitis was seen only in 3 cases. The third group (83 cases) with a low concentration or absence of antibodies was characterized by a mild course of the disease. This group included as well patients with neurotoxicosis. These data may indicate involvement of allergic mechanisms of a retarded type in the pathogenesis of remote lesions of the nervous system in epidemic parotitis.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of nervous system lesions in epidemic parotitis in children]. The authors studied antibodies to the nervous tissue in the blood (pair serum with an interval of 10 days) and in the CSF in 155 patients with epidemic parotitis and signs of neurotoxicosis, parotit meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Depending upon the intensivity of antibody elaboration 3 groups were distinguished. The first group (40 cases), with a high content of antibodies to the nervous tissue, was characterized by a prevalence of encephalitic forms (in 30 of the 40 cases). In the second group (32 cases) with a less antibody content there was a prevalence of meningitis, while meningoencephalitis was seen only in 3 cases. The third group (83 cases) with a low concentration or absence of antibodies was characterized by a mild course of the disease. This group included as well patients with neurotoxicosis. These data may indicate involvement of allergic mechanisms of a retarded type in the pathogenesis of remote lesions of the nervous system in epidemic parotitis."}
{"id": "PMID:930501", "title": "[Clinical manifestations of disseminated sclerosis in childhood].", "content": "The author studied children from 6-14 years with disseminated sclerosis in the area of a  decreased risk to this disease. The early period of the disease in this age group was very difficult to discern. As a rule, disseminated sclerosis in children in detected by a retrospective analysis of the clinical development. In children, as in adults, the clinical course has a remittent development, where there are remissions and exacerbations. More frequently than in adults, the disease acquires a hyperkinetic form, which is considered to be most malignant. Probably the disease occurs not at 12-15 years, as it is being pointed in the literature but much earlier (4-5 years). Exacerbations of disseminated sclerosis in children, unlike exacerbations in adults occur not so much from the influence of cold factors as from warm. In order to avoid a hyperdiagnosis of disseminated sclerosis in children a differential diagnosis should be made between hereditary-degenerative disorders of the nervous system and progressive forms of panencephalitis.", "contents": "[Clinical manifestations of disseminated sclerosis in childhood]. The author studied children from 6-14 years with disseminated sclerosis in the area of a  decreased risk to this disease. The early period of the disease in this age group was very difficult to discern. As a rule, disseminated sclerosis in children in detected by a retrospective analysis of the clinical development. In children, as in adults, the clinical course has a remittent development, where there are remissions and exacerbations. More frequently than in adults, the disease acquires a hyperkinetic form, which is considered to be most malignant. Probably the disease occurs not at 12-15 years, as it is being pointed in the literature but much earlier (4-5 years). Exacerbations of disseminated sclerosis in children, unlike exacerbations in adults occur not so much from the influence of cold factors as from warm. In order to avoid a hyperdiagnosis of disseminated sclerosis in children a differential diagnosis should be made between hereditary-degenerative disorders of the nervous system and progressive forms of panencephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:930502", "title": "[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a child].", "content": "The paper deals with a case history of a 12-year-old boy, with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis. The process beginning with the bulbar syndrome and an adjunction of lesions of the central and peripheral motoneurons of the pyramidal path, had a malignant development. After 6 months the boy died from a respiratory paralysis. An analysis of the disease and histological data permit to allocate this observation to rare \"slow\" infections--the child form of lateral amyotrophical sclerosis.", "contents": "[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a child]. The paper deals with a case history of a 12-year-old boy, with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis. The process beginning with the bulbar syndrome and an adjunction of lesions of the central and peripheral motoneurons of the pyramidal path, had a malignant development. After 6 months the boy died from a respiratory paralysis. An analysis of the disease and histological data permit to allocate this observation to rare \"slow\" infections--the child form of lateral amyotrophical sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930503", "title": "Characteristics of the interests, enthusiasms and fantasies of children and adolescents with a developing schizoid psychopathy.", "content": "A retrospective clinico-dynamical study of the interests fascinations and phantasies in 32 adolescents with a forming schizoid psychopathy demonstrates that these psychopathological phenomena, their content and motivation are determined mainly by microsocial environmental influences and are connected with the intellectual development, thinking and peculiar direction of the forming schizoid personality. These psychopathological structures do not go beyond the framework of overvalued and reactive structures.", "contents": "Characteristics of the interests, enthusiasms and fantasies of children and adolescents with a developing schizoid psychopathy. A retrospective clinico-dynamical study of the interests fascinations and phantasies in 32 adolescents with a forming schizoid psychopathy demonstrates that these psychopathological phenomena, their content and motivation are determined mainly by microsocial environmental influences and are connected with the intellectual development, thinking and peculiar direction of the forming schizoid personality. These psychopathological structures do not go beyond the framework of overvalued and reactive structures."}
{"id": "PMID:930504", "title": "[Catamnesis of patients with Kanner's early infantile autism syndrome].", "content": "By means of a follow-up study the author studied 28 patients who at the age of 3-6 years were diagnosed as suffering from early infantile autism. In 6 cases the mental state of patients was characterized by traits of dissociated oligophrenic-like defect with preserved autistic forms of contacts, residual disorders of the syndrome of Kanners early autism, simbiotical dependency from the parents. In 15 cases there was a personality distortion, with traits of autism, emotional poorness, motor insufficiency, indifferent negativistic forms of contacts, mental retardation of the pseudooligophrenic type. In 7 cases there was a formation of a psychopathic state of a schizoid type.", "contents": "[Catamnesis of patients with Kanner's early infantile autism syndrome]. By means of a follow-up study the author studied 28 patients who at the age of 3-6 years were diagnosed as suffering from early infantile autism. In 6 cases the mental state of patients was characterized by traits of dissociated oligophrenic-like defect with preserved autistic forms of contacts, residual disorders of the syndrome of Kanners early autism, simbiotical dependency from the parents. In 15 cases there was a personality distortion, with traits of autism, emotional poorness, motor insufficiency, indifferent negativistic forms of contacts, mental retardation of the pseudooligophrenic type. In 7 cases there was a formation of a psychopathic state of a schizoid type."}
{"id": "PMID:930505", "title": "[Delusion of imagination in childhood].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of patients with attack-like progressive schizophrenia--children from 7-9 years. The clinical picture was characterized by affective--delusional attacks of a paraphrenic structure. The interpretative delusion of persecution was in combination with delusional structures of the type of confabulations with false reminiscence.", "contents": "[Delusion of imagination in childhood]. The paper is concerned with a study of patients with attack-like progressive schizophrenia--children from 7-9 years. The clinical picture was characterized by affective--delusional attacks of a paraphrenic structure. The interpretative delusion of persecution was in combination with delusional structures of the type of confabulations with false reminiscence."}
{"id": "PMID:930506", "title": "[Pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents].", "content": "In order to study the pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents the authors accomplished a comparative study of 2 groups of patients, first admitted to hospitals during 1948-1952 and in 1970-1972. It was established that during the past 20 years the clinical picture of schizophrenia had undergone significant changes, related mainly to the acuity of the debut, degree of progressivity of the process, as well as to the traits of the psychopathological picture of the disease.", "contents": "[Pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents]. In order to study the pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents the authors accomplished a comparative study of 2 groups of patients, first admitted to hospitals during 1948-1952 and in 1970-1972. It was established that during the past 20 years the clinical picture of schizophrenia had undergone significant changes, related mainly to the acuity of the debut, degree of progressivity of the process, as well as to the traits of the psychopathological picture of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:930507", "title": "[Analysis of the factors that determine the dynamics of the clinical picture of epilepsy in preschool-age patients].", "content": "The author accomplished a comparative study of 2 polar groups of patients (unfavorable and favorable development of the disease), who fell ill up to 5 years of age. By means of a correlational analysis significant differences were found which were related to the character of the main etiological factor, indices of individual reactivity of the patients, influence of the type and frequency of attacks.", "contents": "[Analysis of the factors that determine the dynamics of the clinical picture of epilepsy in preschool-age patients]. The author accomplished a comparative study of 2 polar groups of patients (unfavorable and favorable development of the disease), who fell ill up to 5 years of age. By means of a correlational analysis significant differences were found which were related to the character of the main etiological factor, indices of individual reactivity of the patients, influence of the type and frequency of attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:930508", "title": "[Structures of the morbidity in a group of neuroses and neurosis-like disorders in children and adolescents].", "content": "The authors conducted a comparative study of the prevalence and structure of neuroses and neurotic-like nonprocessual disorders in children according to the results of a frontal epidemiological study of 15000 rural and urban population from 0-14 years of age. The obtained data of the prevalence and structure of neurotic and neurotic-like disturbances may serve as a basis for solving some practical problems and particularly for a scientifically grounded programme of mental health services.", "contents": "[Structures of the morbidity in a group of neuroses and neurosis-like disorders in children and adolescents]. The authors conducted a comparative study of the prevalence and structure of neuroses and neurotic-like nonprocessual disorders in children according to the results of a frontal epidemiological study of 15000 rural and urban population from 0-14 years of age. The obtained data of the prevalence and structure of neurotic and neurotic-like disturbances may serve as a basis for solving some practical problems and particularly for a scientifically grounded programme of mental health services."}
{"id": "PMID:930509", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of the initial period of stuttering in childhood].", "content": "The author studied 34 stuttering children from 2,5-3,5 years, where 2 groups were distinguished: with neurotic and pseudoneurotic stuttering. It was established that in these 2 groups there were differences in the psychopathological and speech disorders. There are such forms of the disease where there may be a combination of neurotic as well as pseudoneurotic states. It is being stressed that treatment in the initial period is most effective.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of the initial period of stuttering in childhood]. The author studied 34 stuttering children from 2,5-3,5 years, where 2 groups were distinguished: with neurotic and pseudoneurotic stuttering. It was established that in these 2 groups there were differences in the psychopathological and speech disorders. There are such forms of the disease where there may be a combination of neurotic as well as pseudoneurotic states. It is being stressed that treatment in the initial period is most effective."}
{"id": "PMID:930510", "title": "[Age approach to the diagnosis of general mental retardation (based on the example of preschool children)].", "content": "In comparison to normal children of the same age, in oligophrenic children there were qualitatively special structures of the intellectual mnestic functions, attention, auditory and visual perception, higher emotions and brain bioelectric activity. These data have an importance for the diagnosis and elaboration of standarized indices of oligophrenic patients in preschool age.", "contents": "[Age approach to the diagnosis of general mental retardation (based on the example of preschool children)]. In comparison to normal children of the same age, in oligophrenic children there were qualitatively special structures of the intellectual mnestic functions, attention, auditory and visual perception, higher emotions and brain bioelectric activity. These data have an importance for the diagnosis and elaboration of standarized indices of oligophrenic patients in preschool age."}
{"id": "PMID:930511", "title": "[Clinical aspects, therapy and prevention of psychotic disorders in children and adolescents with cerebral residual-organic insufficiency].", "content": "By means of a follow-up study the author examined 36 patients with cerebral residual insufficiency in the age group from 10-16 years. A psychotic and nonpsychotic variants of this form of pathology was detected. A psychotic decompensation may be evoked by a nonspecific exogenous factor. The clinical picture of a decompensation is characterized by affective disturbances and symptoms of changes consciousness. The treatment programme of the acute period of an exogenous-organic psychosis should include analgetics, desensitation, neuroleptical drugs, lithium carbonate, dehydration and cardio-vascular preparations.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, therapy and prevention of psychotic disorders in children and adolescents with cerebral residual-organic insufficiency]. By means of a follow-up study the author examined 36 patients with cerebral residual insufficiency in the age group from 10-16 years. A psychotic and nonpsychotic variants of this form of pathology was detected. A psychotic decompensation may be evoked by a nonspecific exogenous factor. The clinical picture of a decompensation is characterized by affective disturbances and symptoms of changes consciousness. The treatment programme of the acute period of an exogenous-organic psychosis should include analgetics, desensitation, neuroleptical drugs, lithium carbonate, dehydration and cardio-vascular preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:930512", "title": "Kinetics of deamination of cytosine nucleosides with etherified sugar hydroxyls.", "content": "The kinetics of deamination of derivatives of the therapeutically important 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine with etherified (methylated) sugar hydroxyls has provided additional direct evidence for involvement of the 2'-hydroxyl in intramolecular catalysed deamination. In the case of 1-beta-D-lyxofuranosylcytosine, the kinetics of deamination of its 2'-O-methyl and 3'-O-methyl derivatives pointed to similar involvement of the \"up\" 2'-OH in intramolecular catalysed deamination. Participation by the 3'-OH, which is also in the \"up\" position, was excluded. A qualitative correlation was shown to exist between the electron density distributions on C(4) and C(6) of the cytosine rings in cytosine, 1-methylcytosine and cytidine, and their relative susceptibilities to deamination.", "contents": "Kinetics of deamination of cytosine nucleosides with etherified sugar hydroxyls. The kinetics of deamination of derivatives of the therapeutically important 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine with etherified (methylated) sugar hydroxyls has provided additional direct evidence for involvement of the 2'-hydroxyl in intramolecular catalysed deamination. In the case of 1-beta-D-lyxofuranosylcytosine, the kinetics of deamination of its 2'-O-methyl and 3'-O-methyl derivatives pointed to similar involvement of the \"up\" 2'-OH in intramolecular catalysed deamination. Participation by the 3'-OH, which is also in the \"up\" position, was excluded. A qualitative correlation was shown to exist between the electron density distributions on C(4) and C(6) of the cytosine rings in cytosine, 1-methylcytosine and cytidine, and their relative susceptibilities to deamination."}
{"id": "PMID:930513", "title": "Preparation of O'-METHYL derivatives of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine.", "content": "Treatment of the therapeutically important 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladine in strongly alkaline medium with dimethyl sulphate led principally to etherification of sugar hydroxyls and, to a minor extent, to formation of products with a methylated exocyclic amino group. The various O'-methyl derivatives of xylofuranosyladenine were fractionated on a strongly basic ion exchange column, and isolated in pure form. Also isolated was 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyl-N6-methyladenine and its 2'-O-methyl derivative. The products were identified from their 1H NMR spectra, for which extensive data are tabulated. The susceptibilities of the various derivatives to calf intestinal adenosine deaminase were examined in relation to those of other adenine nucleosides; in particular, 5'-O-methylation led to total loss of substrate properties for the riboside, arabinoside and xyloside of adenine.", "contents": "Preparation of O'-METHYL derivatives of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine. Treatment of the therapeutically important 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladine in strongly alkaline medium with dimethyl sulphate led principally to etherification of sugar hydroxyls and, to a minor extent, to formation of products with a methylated exocyclic amino group. The various O'-methyl derivatives of xylofuranosyladenine were fractionated on a strongly basic ion exchange column, and isolated in pure form. Also isolated was 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyl-N6-methyladenine and its 2'-O-methyl derivative. The products were identified from their 1H NMR spectra, for which extensive data are tabulated. The susceptibilities of the various derivatives to calf intestinal adenosine deaminase were examined in relation to those of other adenine nucleosides; in particular, 5'-O-methylation led to total loss of substrate properties for the riboside, arabinoside and xyloside of adenine."}
{"id": "PMID:930514", "title": "Segregation of the ability to degrade lupanine in Pseudomonas lupanini.", "content": "Two types of mutants differing in the ability to degrade lupanine were obtained from the JD1 strain of Pseudomonas lupanini: lus growing slowly on lupanine, and lun unable to utilize lupanine as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The mutation rate for the spontaneous lus mutants was 0.28%, and for the mitomycin C-induced lus mutants, 3-24%. Rifampicin induced solely lun mutation. The plasmid nature of the lupanine degradation pathway is discussed.", "contents": "Segregation of the ability to degrade lupanine in Pseudomonas lupanini. Two types of mutants differing in the ability to degrade lupanine were obtained from the JD1 strain of Pseudomonas lupanini: lus growing slowly on lupanine, and lun unable to utilize lupanine as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The mutation rate for the spontaneous lus mutants was 0.28%, and for the mitomycin C-induced lus mutants, 3-24%. Rifampicin induced solely lun mutation. The plasmid nature of the lupanine degradation pathway is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930515", "title": "Preparation and properties of formycin analogues methylated on the pyrazolo ring nitrogens and/or the ribose cis-hydroxyls.", "content": "1. Diazomethane treatment of formycin A in the presence or absence of SnCl2 as catalyst, was used for the preparation of the 2'-O-methyl, 3'-O-methyl, N1-methyl and N2-methyl derivatives. The four possible dimethylated derivatives, 2'(3\")-O,N1(N2)-dimethylformycins, were obtained by controlled treatment of formycin with diazomethane in the presence of SnCl2, and subsequent column chromatography for product isolation. 2. All the foregoing products were characterized and identified by chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Extensive u.v. spectral data, and spectrally determined pK values, for the various derivatives are presented. 3. N2-Methylformycin B was also prepared by enzymatic deamination of the parent N2-methylformycin A. 4. The sequence of elution of N1-methylformycin and N2-methylformycin on a strongly basic ion exchange column suggested that the latter is in the syn conformation. The susceptibility of N2-methylformycin to adenosine deaminase shows that this analogue may adopt the anti conformation on reaction with the enzyme. 5. The active species in the SnCl2-catalysed monomethylation of the 2'(3') cishydroxyls of ribonucleosides by diazomethane was shown to be an organo-tin product of the reaction of SnC2 with diazomethane. This product, not identified, contained no nitrogen or chlorine. 6. A simple column chromatographic procedure is described for the desalting of heterocyclic bases and their nucleosides with pK values for ring protonation down to about 0.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of formycin analogues methylated on the pyrazolo ring nitrogens and/or the ribose cis-hydroxyls. 1. Diazomethane treatment of formycin A in the presence or absence of SnCl2 as catalyst, was used for the preparation of the 2'-O-methyl, 3'-O-methyl, N1-methyl and N2-methyl derivatives. The four possible dimethylated derivatives, 2'(3\")-O,N1(N2)-dimethylformycins, were obtained by controlled treatment of formycin with diazomethane in the presence of SnCl2, and subsequent column chromatography for product isolation. 2. All the foregoing products were characterized and identified by chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Extensive u.v. spectral data, and spectrally determined pK values, for the various derivatives are presented. 3. N2-Methylformycin B was also prepared by enzymatic deamination of the parent N2-methylformycin A. 4. The sequence of elution of N1-methylformycin and N2-methylformycin on a strongly basic ion exchange column suggested that the latter is in the syn conformation. The susceptibility of N2-methylformycin to adenosine deaminase shows that this analogue may adopt the anti conformation on reaction with the enzyme. 5. The active species in the SnCl2-catalysed monomethylation of the 2'(3') cishydroxyls of ribonucleosides by diazomethane was shown to be an organo-tin product of the reaction of SnC2 with diazomethane. This product, not identified, contained no nitrogen or chlorine. 6. A simple column chromatographic procedure is described for the desalting of heterocyclic bases and their nucleosides with pK values for ring protonation down to about 0."}
{"id": "PMID:930518", "title": "Menometrorrhagia of the puberty: therapy with Clomiphene (Clomiphene and puberal menometrorrhagia).", "content": "The authors administrated the Clomiphene, in different doses, to 8 patients among 27 observed. These patients were checked for a long time by basal body temperature and in some cases, measuring total urinary estrogens and pregnandioluria. The therapy was administrated in 38 cicles of the 163 cicles observed. This drug got evident results on flux duration, less significant results on the cicle length. The Clomiphene produced ovulatory cicles in 58 per cent of the cases, against 7 per cent of spontaneous ovulatory cicles of the same patients. The drug effect is better in the cases with normo or moderate hypo or hyper estrogenism, not so good in the cases with a remarcable hypoestrogenism. The therapy with Clomiphene did not produce any inconvenient. The results got were put in comparison with those of the other drug (Ciclophenile) and the superiority of Clomiphene was confirmed.", "contents": "Menometrorrhagia of the puberty: therapy with Clomiphene (Clomiphene and puberal menometrorrhagia). The authors administrated the Clomiphene, in different doses, to 8 patients among 27 observed. These patients were checked for a long time by basal body temperature and in some cases, measuring total urinary estrogens and pregnandioluria. The therapy was administrated in 38 cicles of the 163 cicles observed. This drug got evident results on flux duration, less significant results on the cicle length. The Clomiphene produced ovulatory cicles in 58 per cent of the cases, against 7 per cent of spontaneous ovulatory cicles of the same patients. The drug effect is better in the cases with normo or moderate hypo or hyper estrogenism, not so good in the cases with a remarcable hypoestrogenism. The therapy with Clomiphene did not produce any inconvenient. The results got were put in comparison with those of the other drug (Ciclophenile) and the superiority of Clomiphene was confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:930532", "title": "Endogenous acid releases secretin in man.", "content": "In search of a physiological stimulus for secretin release, the effect of gastric acid secretion was investigated. In six healthy volunteers, pentagastrin (1.5 microgram/kg, hr i.v.) was administered without and with aspiration of gastric contents, and plasma secretin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Administration of pentagastrin without aspiration of gastric juice resulted in steadily increasing plasma secretion which was significantly elevated at the end of 60 min of pentagastrin infusion and also in the post-infusion hour. These results are compatible with the concept that endogenous acid being delivered from the stomach to the duodenum does contribute to the release of secretin which in turn may serve as a physiological stimulus for pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Endogenous acid releases secretin in man. In search of a physiological stimulus for secretin release, the effect of gastric acid secretion was investigated. In six healthy volunteers, pentagastrin (1.5 microgram/kg, hr i.v.) was administered without and with aspiration of gastric contents, and plasma secretin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Administration of pentagastrin without aspiration of gastric juice resulted in steadily increasing plasma secretion which was significantly elevated at the end of 60 min of pentagastrin infusion and also in the post-infusion hour. These results are compatible with the concept that endogenous acid being delivered from the stomach to the duodenum does contribute to the release of secretin which in turn may serve as a physiological stimulus for pancreatic bicarbonate secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:930534", "title": "A longitudinal study on the occurrence of autoantibodies in the course of acute hepatitis B.", "content": "The presence or absence of autoantibodies in acute hepatitis B was investigated longitudinally in a prospective study of 38 patients, 37 of whom recovered completely. Antibodies to nuclei, bile canaliculi or mitochondria were not found in any of the 354 investigated sera. Smooth muscle antibody (SMA) was present in 23 patients for median 4 weeks and from (median) -1 to +3 weeks from peak SGPT. Titers reached from 1:10 to 1:400, with a median of 1:50. In the patient with persistent HBs-antigenemia, SMA - present in low titer (1:10) - persisted as well. Besides smooth muscle cells, other localisations were: glomerular (15 patients), around hepatocytes ('polygonal' 11 pts), around renal tubuli (10) and in the gastric mucosal layer (8). These fluorescence patterns, the presence of which was not correlated to the SMA titer height, disappeared either earlier than or simultaneously with smooth muscle cellular fluorescence. A maximal titer greater than 1:50 was associated with a thymol turbidity ten times the upper limit of normal or more (i.e. greater than 25 S-H U) and with the peak serumgammaglobulin about simultaneously with peak SGPT. The presence of SMA was not correlated with extrahepatic manifestations nor with the peak values attained for ESR, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin.", "contents": "A longitudinal study on the occurrence of autoantibodies in the course of acute hepatitis B. The presence or absence of autoantibodies in acute hepatitis B was investigated longitudinally in a prospective study of 38 patients, 37 of whom recovered completely. Antibodies to nuclei, bile canaliculi or mitochondria were not found in any of the 354 investigated sera. Smooth muscle antibody (SMA) was present in 23 patients for median 4 weeks and from (median) -1 to +3 weeks from peak SGPT. Titers reached from 1:10 to 1:400, with a median of 1:50. In the patient with persistent HBs-antigenemia, SMA - present in low titer (1:10) - persisted as well. Besides smooth muscle cells, other localisations were: glomerular (15 patients), around hepatocytes ('polygonal' 11 pts), around renal tubuli (10) and in the gastric mucosal layer (8). These fluorescence patterns, the presence of which was not correlated to the SMA titer height, disappeared either earlier than or simultaneously with smooth muscle cellular fluorescence. A maximal titer greater than 1:50 was associated with a thymol turbidity ten times the upper limit of normal or more (i.e. greater than 25 S-H U) and with the peak serumgammaglobulin about simultaneously with peak SGPT. The presence of SMA was not correlated with extrahepatic manifestations nor with the peak values attained for ESR, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:930535", "title": "Characterization of methylumbilliferone (mendiaxon r)-induced choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The influence of the choleretic drug methylumbilliferone on bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver is characterized. The compound induces rapidly an elevation of bile flow, bile acid secretion and soium excretion. The increased production of bile is of canalicular origin. The choleretic effect was defined as \"bile acid like\" choleresis due to excretion of the drug into the bile. It is discussed that the excretion of methylumbilliferone can influence the transport of bile in form of a positive cooperation on transport mechanism.", "contents": "Characterization of methylumbilliferone (mendiaxon r)-induced choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver. The influence of the choleretic drug methylumbilliferone on bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver is characterized. The compound induces rapidly an elevation of bile flow, bile acid secretion and soium excretion. The increased production of bile is of canalicular origin. The choleretic effect was defined as \"bile acid like\" choleresis due to excretion of the drug into the bile. It is discussed that the excretion of methylumbilliferone can influence the transport of bile in form of a positive cooperation on transport mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:930536", "title": "On the late prognosis of type A virus hepatitis.", "content": "5.2% healings by second intention must be added to the 91.4% healings by first intention. The proportion of patients (1.1%) who could not be followed up for various reasons is but small. In view of the findings of this epidemiologically founded study, it seems justified to conclude that the long-term prognosis of acute type A virus hepatitis may be considered to be favourable since healing occurred in 96.6%.", "contents": "On the late prognosis of type A virus hepatitis. 5.2% healings by second intention must be added to the 91.4% healings by first intention. The proportion of patients (1.1%) who could not be followed up for various reasons is but small. In view of the findings of this epidemiologically founded study, it seems justified to conclude that the long-term prognosis of acute type A virus hepatitis may be considered to be favourable since healing occurred in 96.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:930537", "title": "Brush border peptidases and arylamidases in the experimental blind loop syndrome of the rat.", "content": "Peptidase and arylamidase activities were assessed in purified brush borders from jejunum of rats with surgically created blind loops. The blind loop segment and the jejunum proximal and distal to the blind loop were studied. Comparable jejunal segments from control rats were also studied. The blind loop syndrome was documented by presence of macrocytic anemia. Enzyme activities were determined on purified brush borders. In rats with the blind loop syndromes enzymatic activities hydrolizing sucrose, L-Leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide, alpha-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-phenylalanyl-alanine and L-leucyl-glycine were significantly reduced as compared to controls (P less than 0.001). After a short course of antibiotic therapy enzymatic activities returned to normal. Our findings suggest a reversible intestinal mucosa damage in the rat with blind loop syndrome.", "contents": "Brush border peptidases and arylamidases in the experimental blind loop syndrome of the rat. Peptidase and arylamidase activities were assessed in purified brush borders from jejunum of rats with surgically created blind loops. The blind loop segment and the jejunum proximal and distal to the blind loop were studied. Comparable jejunal segments from control rats were also studied. The blind loop syndrome was documented by presence of macrocytic anemia. Enzyme activities were determined on purified brush borders. In rats with the blind loop syndromes enzymatic activities hydrolizing sucrose, L-Leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide, alpha-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-phenylalanyl-alanine and L-leucyl-glycine were significantly reduced as compared to controls (P less than 0.001). After a short course of antibiotic therapy enzymatic activities returned to normal. Our findings suggest a reversible intestinal mucosa damage in the rat with blind loop syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:930538", "title": "The inhibitory effect of heparin on trypsinogen activation with enterokinase.", "content": "The effect of heparin on the activation of trypsinogen by enterokinase and on trypsin activity has been investigated. Proteolytic activity of trypsin has been determined using caseinolytic method. It has been found that heparin inhibits trypsinogen activation only when it is preincubated with proenzyme before introduction of enterokinase to the tested system. In these experimental conditions heparin in final concentrations from 1 to 20 U/ml exhibits inhibitory effect diminishing trypsinogen activation to about 65% initial activity and in higher concentrations only to 50%. Heparin introduced to the tested system simultaneously with enterokinase or to the active trypsin did not appear evident inhibitory effect.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of heparin on trypsinogen activation with enterokinase. The effect of heparin on the activation of trypsinogen by enterokinase and on trypsin activity has been investigated. Proteolytic activity of trypsin has been determined using caseinolytic method. It has been found that heparin inhibits trypsinogen activation only when it is preincubated with proenzyme before introduction of enterokinase to the tested system. In these experimental conditions heparin in final concentrations from 1 to 20 U/ml exhibits inhibitory effect diminishing trypsinogen activation to about 65% initial activity and in higher concentrations only to 50%. Heparin introduced to the tested system simultaneously with enterokinase or to the active trypsin did not appear evident inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:930539", "title": "Effect of physical exercise on gastric basal secretion in healthy men.", "content": "Behaviour of basal gastric secretion of electrolytes, lactic acid and pyruvic acid was studied in twenty-minute portions in 14 healthy men in rest, during exercise and restitution. On bicycle ergometer in sitting position all studied men performed the average work 15 120 +/- 1800 kpm during 20 minutes. It was found that basic gastric secretion didn't change significantly during exercise, but its significant decrease occurred during twenty-minute restitution after exercise. During restitution secretion of Cl, Mg and Ca also significantly decreased while their concentrations didn't change in gastric juice. During physical exercise it was found the increase of lactic acid secretion in gastric juice; it was statistically significantly higher during restitution than in rest period (p less than 0.001) and during exercise (p less than 0.02).", "contents": "Effect of physical exercise on gastric basal secretion in healthy men. Behaviour of basal gastric secretion of electrolytes, lactic acid and pyruvic acid was studied in twenty-minute portions in 14 healthy men in rest, during exercise and restitution. On bicycle ergometer in sitting position all studied men performed the average work 15 120 +/- 1800 kpm during 20 minutes. It was found that basic gastric secretion didn't change significantly during exercise, but its significant decrease occurred during twenty-minute restitution after exercise. During restitution secretion of Cl, Mg and Ca also significantly decreased while their concentrations didn't change in gastric juice. During physical exercise it was found the increase of lactic acid secretion in gastric juice; it was statistically significantly higher during restitution than in rest period (p less than 0.001) and during exercise (p less than 0.02)."}
{"id": "PMID:930540", "title": "Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.", "content": "The relationship between chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer was studied in 97 patients, 51 with duodenal ulcer and 46 with gastric ulcer. Six biopsies (three from the antrum and three from the body) were obtained under direct vision by means of an Olympus panendoscope. Chronic gastritis was classified according to the grade of inflammation (slight or moderate and intense), and to its location (antritis or pangastritis). In gastric ulcer the relationship between frequency of chronic gastritis and the site of the ulcer (antrapyloric, at the angulus, body of the stomach) was also established. Antritis was just as frequently observed in duodenal ulcer (94%) as in gastric patients (96%), but severe inflammation of the antrum was higher in G.U. (43%) than in D.U. (17%). Chronic gastritis of the gastric body was always accompanied by antritis, both in G.U. and in D.U. and was observed in 63% of the former group and 37% of the latter. Severe inflammation of the glandular portion of the stomach occurred in only one patient with D.U (2%) and in 7 with G. U (15%). In the present investigation, no relationship between between the site of gastric ulcer and the frequency of chronic gastritis was observed.", "contents": "Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. The relationship between chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer was studied in 97 patients, 51 with duodenal ulcer and 46 with gastric ulcer. Six biopsies (three from the antrum and three from the body) were obtained under direct vision by means of an Olympus panendoscope. Chronic gastritis was classified according to the grade of inflammation (slight or moderate and intense), and to its location (antritis or pangastritis). In gastric ulcer the relationship between frequency of chronic gastritis and the site of the ulcer (antrapyloric, at the angulus, body of the stomach) was also established. Antritis was just as frequently observed in duodenal ulcer (94%) as in gastric patients (96%), but severe inflammation of the antrum was higher in G.U. (43%) than in D.U. (17%). Chronic gastritis of the gastric body was always accompanied by antritis, both in G.U. and in D.U. and was observed in 63% of the former group and 37% of the latter. Severe inflammation of the glandular portion of the stomach occurred in only one patient with D.U (2%) and in 7 with G. U (15%). In the present investigation, no relationship between between the site of gastric ulcer and the frequency of chronic gastritis was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:930541", "title": "MSH-producing gastric tumour.", "content": "MSH-producing gastric tumour. A case report. A patient with melanosis due to MSH-production by a gastric tumour is described. It is also possible that the tumour was producing gastrin, whereas there was no sign of increased ACTH-production. This is the first patient described with a MSH-producing tumour without concomitant ACTH-production.", "contents": "MSH-producing gastric tumour. MSH-producing gastric tumour. A case report. A patient with melanosis due to MSH-production by a gastric tumour is described. It is also possible that the tumour was producing gastrin, whereas there was no sign of increased ACTH-production. This is the first patient described with a MSH-producing tumour without concomitant ACTH-production."}
{"id": "PMID:930543", "title": "[Lung topography and function in thoracic deformity].", "content": "In kyphoscoliosis, a rotation of the convex-sided lung around a vertical axis, can be observed. In comparison of \"pure\" scoliotics with kyphoscoliotics, the degree of kyphosis seems to counteract the rotating effect of scoliosis. This effect is possibly related to the duration of the deformity, insofar as, rotation increases primarily due to scoliosis and then tends to disappear with age-related development of accompanying kyphosis. The clinical relevancy and the kyphosis-dependent changes lf lung function, are discussed.", "contents": "[Lung topography and function in thoracic deformity]. In kyphoscoliosis, a rotation of the convex-sided lung around a vertical axis, can be observed. In comparison of \"pure\" scoliotics with kyphoscoliotics, the degree of kyphosis seems to counteract the rotating effect of scoliosis. This effect is possibly related to the duration of the deformity, insofar as, rotation increases primarily due to scoliosis and then tends to disappear with age-related development of accompanying kyphosis. The clinical relevancy and the kyphosis-dependent changes lf lung function, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930544", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of a combination of magnesium-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate and meso-inositol hexanicotinate].", "content": "The absorption, blood level and renal excretion of chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibric acid) were examined following oral dosage of the magnesium salt (magnesium clofibrate) in a combination preparation containing meso-inositol hexanicotinate. Absorption of clofibric acid was found to be identical with that obtained with ethyl-alpha-p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate (Clofibrate) reaching almost 100%. After dosage with the combination preparation, the maximum blood level of clofibric acid was achieved after 2 hours, in contrast to 4 hours for Clofibrate. No accumulation of clofibric acid in the blood was found after 60 days treatment with combination preparation at a daily dosage of 3 tablets. Urinary excretion of clofibric acid for both the combination drug and Clofibrate was 90% in 48 hours.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of a combination of magnesium-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate and meso-inositol hexanicotinate]. The absorption, blood level and renal excretion of chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibric acid) were examined following oral dosage of the magnesium salt (magnesium clofibrate) in a combination preparation containing meso-inositol hexanicotinate. Absorption of clofibric acid was found to be identical with that obtained with ethyl-alpha-p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate (Clofibrate) reaching almost 100%. After dosage with the combination preparation, the maximum blood level of clofibric acid was achieved after 2 hours, in contrast to 4 hours for Clofibrate. No accumulation of clofibric acid in the blood was found after 60 days treatment with combination preparation at a daily dosage of 3 tablets. Urinary excretion of clofibric acid for both the combination drug and Clofibrate was 90% in 48 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:930545", "title": "[Simplified gas chromatography determination of free and total cholesterol].", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatographic methods are more exact than colorimetric and enzymatic procedures for the estimation of cholesterol. In this paper an exact and very quick method of determination of cholesterol is described. This is attainable by omittance of any extraction and by addition of stigmasterol as an internal standard and simultaneous denaturation of the proteins. The method is well suitable for determination of the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, a determination which requires not only accuracy, but also the exact moment of the enzymatic inactivation.", "contents": "[Simplified gas chromatography determination of free and total cholesterol]. Gas-liquid chromatographic methods are more exact than colorimetric and enzymatic procedures for the estimation of cholesterol. In this paper an exact and very quick method of determination of cholesterol is described. This is attainable by omittance of any extraction and by addition of stigmasterol as an internal standard and simultaneous denaturation of the proteins. The method is well suitable for determination of the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, a determination which requires not only accuracy, but also the exact moment of the enzymatic inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:930546", "title": "Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. I. A trial in children.", "content": "Eighty children, aged from 2 weeks to 14 years, were anesthetized using intravenous agents only. Anesthesia was induced by etomidate 0.3 mg/kg together with atropine and fentanyl 2 to 5 microgram/kg. Muscle relaxation was provided by suxamethonium, alcuronium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained using a continuous infusion of etomidate, initially 0.04-0.05 mg/kg/minute, but adjusted to the apparent requirements of the child. Oxygen, or oxygen/air mixtures were inhaled, or used for ventilation. Maintenance of anesthesia was assessed as good in only 85% of patients, with movement in response to surgery being seen in the remaining 15%. Unsatisfactory anesthesia was particularly associated with lack of experience in the technique, and unparalysed patients. Recovery was generally good, and rapid, with a mean waking time of 4.8 minutes. It is unlikely that this technique will find widespread use. It demands constant observation of the patient, looking for signs of consciousness; and trying to avoid having an awake, paralysed patient, or giving an overdose of etomidate.", "contents": "Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. I. A trial in children. Eighty children, aged from 2 weeks to 14 years, were anesthetized using intravenous agents only. Anesthesia was induced by etomidate 0.3 mg/kg together with atropine and fentanyl 2 to 5 microgram/kg. Muscle relaxation was provided by suxamethonium, alcuronium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained using a continuous infusion of etomidate, initially 0.04-0.05 mg/kg/minute, but adjusted to the apparent requirements of the child. Oxygen, or oxygen/air mixtures were inhaled, or used for ventilation. Maintenance of anesthesia was assessed as good in only 85% of patients, with movement in response to surgery being seen in the remaining 15%. Unsatisfactory anesthesia was particularly associated with lack of experience in the technique, and unparalysed patients. Recovery was generally good, and rapid, with a mean waking time of 4.8 minutes. It is unlikely that this technique will find widespread use. It demands constant observation of the patient, looking for signs of consciousness; and trying to avoid having an awake, paralysed patient, or giving an overdose of etomidate."}
{"id": "PMID:930547", "title": "Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. II. Evaluation of a practical technique for children.", "content": "A practical technique for the administration of anesthesia to children is described, using only intravenous agents. Anesthesia was induced using etomidate 0.3 mg/kg, analgesia being provided by fentanyl or pentazocine, and muscle relaxation by suxamethonium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained by infusion of a 1% solution of etomidate given at a pre-determined rate of 30 microgram/kg/min. Paralysis was maintained throughout the period of surgical stimulation, in the majority of patients by continuous infusion of suxamethonium 0.1 mg/kg/min. The chosen rate of infusion of etomidate appears to be adequate to reliably maintain sleep in children, yet allow rapid recovery of consciousness when the infusion is stopped, thereby relieving the anesthetist of concern about these points. The maintenance of complete paralysis throughout operation removes the possibility of movement, the major cause of unsatisfactory anesthesia using only intravenous agents.", "contents": "Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. II. Evaluation of a practical technique for children. A practical technique for the administration of anesthesia to children is described, using only intravenous agents. Anesthesia was induced using etomidate 0.3 mg/kg, analgesia being provided by fentanyl or pentazocine, and muscle relaxation by suxamethonium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained by infusion of a 1% solution of etomidate given at a pre-determined rate of 30 microgram/kg/min. Paralysis was maintained throughout the period of surgical stimulation, in the majority of patients by continuous infusion of suxamethonium 0.1 mg/kg/min. The chosen rate of infusion of etomidate appears to be adequate to reliably maintain sleep in children, yet allow rapid recovery of consciousness when the infusion is stopped, thereby relieving the anesthetist of concern about these points. The maintenance of complete paralysis throughout operation removes the possibility of movement, the major cause of unsatisfactory anesthesia using only intravenous agents."}
{"id": "PMID:930560", "title": "Ectopic neurones in the hippocampus of the postnatal rat exposed to methylazoxymethanol during foetal development.", "content": "Ectopic neurons have been detected in the hippocampus of postnatal hooded rats aged 5-24 days. These rats were exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) during foetal development by injecting the mother rats with this neurotoxin. At birth, the hippocampus of rats exposed to MAMac showed a normal cytoarchitecture; ectopic neurones became prevalent from 5 days onwards. These ectopic neurones were restricted to subfields CA 1-2 of Ammon's horn, and evidence is presented which suggests that these ectopic sites are formed by neuronal emigration from stratum pyramidale. Ectopic neurones have been shown to occur in genetic abnormalities of man, and in the mutant mouse 'reeler'. MAMac is a powerful methylating agent especially for guanine which is present in DNA and RNA. It is postulated that viable cells with an altered DNA-RNA state may in some way be predisposed to the formation of ectopic cell clusters after a latent period. The movement of neurones from stratum pyramidale provides a convenient animal model for investigating the mechanisms by which ectopic neuronal sites are formed by abnormal migratory patterns.", "contents": "Ectopic neurones in the hippocampus of the postnatal rat exposed to methylazoxymethanol during foetal development. Ectopic neurons have been detected in the hippocampus of postnatal hooded rats aged 5-24 days. These rats were exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) during foetal development by injecting the mother rats with this neurotoxin. At birth, the hippocampus of rats exposed to MAMac showed a normal cytoarchitecture; ectopic neurones became prevalent from 5 days onwards. These ectopic neurones were restricted to subfields CA 1-2 of Ammon's horn, and evidence is presented which suggests that these ectopic sites are formed by neuronal emigration from stratum pyramidale. Ectopic neurones have been shown to occur in genetic abnormalities of man, and in the mutant mouse 'reeler'. MAMac is a powerful methylating agent especially for guanine which is present in DNA and RNA. It is postulated that viable cells with an altered DNA-RNA state may in some way be predisposed to the formation of ectopic cell clusters after a latent period. The movement of neurones from stratum pyramidale provides a convenient animal model for investigating the mechanisms by which ectopic neuronal sites are formed by abnormal migratory patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:930561", "title": "Capillary size and density in the cerebral cortex of rats with a porto-caval anastomosis.", "content": "Morphometric investigation by automatic image analysis of alkaline phosphatase positive brain capillaries was performed in control rats and in rats with a 30 days old porto-caval anastomosis. Rats with a porto-caval anastomosis showed an increased capillary diameter Di and as a consequence of this a decreased capillary surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi. The free capillary distance was increased and the capillary length per unit brain volume LVi was decreased in the shunted rats compared to the controls. There was no difference in the percentage of the projected capillary area AAi% between the two groups. It is suggested that the dilatation of the capillaries in rats with a porto-caval anastomosis is caused by the altered haemodynamic properteries with a low mean blood pressure although the cardiac output is increased and that the alteration in free capillary distance and length per unit brain volume LVi is caused by dispersion by cortical edema induced by the porto-caval anastomosis.", "contents": "Capillary size and density in the cerebral cortex of rats with a porto-caval anastomosis. Morphometric investigation by automatic image analysis of alkaline phosphatase positive brain capillaries was performed in control rats and in rats with a 30 days old porto-caval anastomosis. Rats with a porto-caval anastomosis showed an increased capillary diameter Di and as a consequence of this a decreased capillary surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi. The free capillary distance was increased and the capillary length per unit brain volume LVi was decreased in the shunted rats compared to the controls. There was no difference in the percentage of the projected capillary area AAi% between the two groups. It is suggested that the dilatation of the capillaries in rats with a porto-caval anastomosis is caused by the altered haemodynamic properteries with a low mean blood pressure although the cardiac output is increased and that the alteration in free capillary distance and length per unit brain volume LVi is caused by dispersion by cortical edema induced by the porto-caval anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930559", "title": "[Symptomatology of dyscalculia in the presence of cortical lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examine the function of calculation in 26 patients presenting lateral local cortical lesions. They analyse the symptomatology of acalculia in relation to the location and lateral position of the lesion, and define the influence of concomitant constructive apraxia or aphasia before proposing a method for the classification of calculating disorders.", "contents": "[Symptomatology of dyscalculia in the presence of cortical lesions (author's transl)]. The authors examine the function of calculation in 26 patients presenting lateral local cortical lesions. They analyse the symptomatology of acalculia in relation to the location and lateral position of the lesion, and define the influence of concomitant constructive apraxia or aphasia before proposing a method for the classification of calculating disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:930562", "title": "Quantitative aspects of transplantation of experimentally induced tumors of the nervous system.", "content": "Quantitative aspects of transplantation have been studied experimentally in ethylnitrosourea-induced nervous system tumors. The number of cells needed for successful transplantation, the biological behaviour-increase of malignancy-of the tumor in relation to the number of cells used during the various passages, and the relationship between number of grafted cells and induction time have been examined. A \"critical\" number of cells was necessary to ensure a positive result; thereafter, the induction time was directly related to the logarithm of the number of cells implanted.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of transplantation of experimentally induced tumors of the nervous system. Quantitative aspects of transplantation have been studied experimentally in ethylnitrosourea-induced nervous system tumors. The number of cells needed for successful transplantation, the biological behaviour-increase of malignancy-of the tumor in relation to the number of cells used during the various passages, and the relationship between number of grafted cells and induction time have been examined. A \"critical\" number of cells was necessary to ensure a positive result; thereafter, the induction time was directly related to the logarithm of the number of cells implanted."}
{"id": "PMID:930564", "title": "Hereditary \"cavitating\" leucodystrophy in Dalmation dogs. Light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "A recently recognised progressive disorder of central myelin in Dalmatian dogs is described. The disease is probably transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. The symptoms started at the age of 3-6 months and were dominated by visual deficiency and/or progressive locomotive abnormalities. Pathologically, the most consistent lesions were found bilaterally in the region of the centrum semiovale. The optic nerves were also frequently affected, the basal ganglia and spinal cord were affected infrequently. The main lesions were confined to myelin, while axons and nerve cells were spared, particularly in the early stages of the lesions. Numerous phagocytes were observed which contained engulfed myelin and other lipid breakdown products. Ultrastructurally and histochemically the disease differs from previously described types of leucodystrophy.", "contents": "Hereditary \"cavitating\" leucodystrophy in Dalmation dogs. Light and electron microscopic studies. A recently recognised progressive disorder of central myelin in Dalmatian dogs is described. The disease is probably transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. The symptoms started at the age of 3-6 months and were dominated by visual deficiency and/or progressive locomotive abnormalities. Pathologically, the most consistent lesions were found bilaterally in the region of the centrum semiovale. The optic nerves were also frequently affected, the basal ganglia and spinal cord were affected infrequently. The main lesions were confined to myelin, while axons and nerve cells were spared, particularly in the early stages of the lesions. Numerous phagocytes were observed which contained engulfed myelin and other lipid breakdown products. Ultrastructurally and histochemically the disease differs from previously described types of leucodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:930565", "title": "An ultrastructural study of developing cerebral infarction following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of cerebral infarcts in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1--5 h after  bilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed. The alteration of the neocortex consisted of shrinkage of the neurons surrounded by swollen astrocytic processes. Distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuronal cytoplasm appeared early, while changes of the mitochondria were slight. Though there appeared slight to moderate perivascular astrocytic swelling, endothelial swelling was rare and there was no severe narrowing of the capillary lumen. There were no filling defects of colloidal carbon injected to the blood vessels of the ischemic brains. Ischemic neuronal alterations were proved to develop in the absence of severe morphological changes of the microvasculature in the developing cerebral infarcts in the present experimental model.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of developing cerebral infarction following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. An ultrastructural study of cerebral infarcts in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1--5 h after  bilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed. The alteration of the neocortex consisted of shrinkage of the neurons surrounded by swollen astrocytic processes. Distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuronal cytoplasm appeared early, while changes of the mitochondria were slight. Though there appeared slight to moderate perivascular astrocytic swelling, endothelial swelling was rare and there was no severe narrowing of the capillary lumen. There were no filling defects of colloidal carbon injected to the blood vessels of the ischemic brains. Ischemic neuronal alterations were proved to develop in the absence of severe morphological changes of the microvasculature in the developing cerebral infarcts in the present experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:930566", "title": "Development and inhibition of the target phenomenon in tenotomized rat muscle.", "content": "The sequence of development of the target phenomenon in tenotomized gastrocnemius muscle was studied: the presence of target fibres was preceded by the occurrence of contraction bands and of \"moth eaten\" appearance of the fibres. This phenomenon was far more pronounced and occurred earlier in type II than in type I fibres. This target phenomenon and the contraction artefacts could be inhibited in the tenotomized muscles by simultaneous neurotomy or immobilization of the muscle with a plaster cast. Delayed denervation inhibited also the target phenomenon, if performed less than 5 days after the tenotomy. These series of experiments seem to indicate that the target phenomenon occurs in more irritable muscle fibres and that muscular activity is needed for its development.", "contents": "Development and inhibition of the target phenomenon in tenotomized rat muscle. The sequence of development of the target phenomenon in tenotomized gastrocnemius muscle was studied: the presence of target fibres was preceded by the occurrence of contraction bands and of \"moth eaten\" appearance of the fibres. This phenomenon was far more pronounced and occurred earlier in type II than in type I fibres. This target phenomenon and the contraction artefacts could be inhibited in the tenotomized muscles by simultaneous neurotomy or immobilization of the muscle with a plaster cast. Delayed denervation inhibited also the target phenomenon, if performed less than 5 days after the tenotomy. These series of experiments seem to indicate that the target phenomenon occurs in more irritable muscle fibres and that muscular activity is needed for its development."}
{"id": "PMID:930587", "title": "Pathological study on experimental Heinz body anemia: intracellular changes of phagocytized red cells in macrophages of the spleen and liver.", "content": "Heinz body anemia was experimentally produced in mice by phenylhydrazine injection and the mechanism of hemolysis was investigated. Both in acute and chronic experiments, the \"culling\" function of the spleen was more important in removing the red cells containing Heinz bodies than the \"pitting\" function. In addition to extravascular hemolysis, intravascular hemolysis in the spleen, liver and in the peripheral circulation was evident as manifested by the presence of ghost cells and hemosiderin deposition in the kidney. In the absence of the spleen, the liver can replace the function of the spleen to a certain extent and selective removal of Heinz bodies by the Kupffer cell was occasionally demonstrated. Deposition of yellowish-brown pigments was noted in the cordal macrophages and the Kupffer cells, but the precise nature of these pigments is unknown.", "contents": "Pathological study on experimental Heinz body anemia: intracellular changes of phagocytized red cells in macrophages of the spleen and liver. Heinz body anemia was experimentally produced in mice by phenylhydrazine injection and the mechanism of hemolysis was investigated. Both in acute and chronic experiments, the \"culling\" function of the spleen was more important in removing the red cells containing Heinz bodies than the \"pitting\" function. In addition to extravascular hemolysis, intravascular hemolysis in the spleen, liver and in the peripheral circulation was evident as manifested by the presence of ghost cells and hemosiderin deposition in the kidney. In the absence of the spleen, the liver can replace the function of the spleen to a certain extent and selective removal of Heinz bodies by the Kupffer cell was occasionally demonstrated. Deposition of yellowish-brown pigments was noted in the cordal macrophages and the Kupffer cells, but the precise nature of these pigments is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:930588", "title": "Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man.", "content": "The Peneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of stomach and the duodenum in human subjects were studied ultrastructurally, and the fine structures of these cells were compared. Paneth cells showed the ultrastructure of serozymogenic cells and secreted their secretory granules by merocrine process. The rod or tubular dense bodies were observed in the apical region of some Paneth cells. The structures may have some relation to the secretion of the secretory granules. The secretory granules with less dense layer in the periphery, which had never been described in the Paneth cell of man, were also observed. Morphologically intermediate cells between Paneth cell and goblet cell were found. Some of the Paneth cells might be phagocytized by undifferentiated crypt cells. The Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia were fundamentally the same as those in duodenum at least in morphology. Difference between them was that Paneth cells with many phagolysosomes in the lower cytoplasm were observed more frequently in the duodenum than in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. The physiological functions of the Paneth cell have been discussed.", "contents": "Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man. The Peneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of stomach and the duodenum in human subjects were studied ultrastructurally, and the fine structures of these cells were compared. Paneth cells showed the ultrastructure of serozymogenic cells and secreted their secretory granules by merocrine process. The rod or tubular dense bodies were observed in the apical region of some Paneth cells. The structures may have some relation to the secretion of the secretory granules. The secretory granules with less dense layer in the periphery, which had never been described in the Paneth cell of man, were also observed. Morphologically intermediate cells between Paneth cell and goblet cell were found. Some of the Paneth cells might be phagocytized by undifferentiated crypt cells. The Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia were fundamentally the same as those in duodenum at least in morphology. Difference between them was that Paneth cells with many phagolysosomes in the lower cytoplasm were observed more frequently in the duodenum than in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. The physiological functions of the Paneth cell have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930589", "title": "Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were reported with a review of pertinent literature. The first case was a 59-year-old man, whose autopsy was warranted. Signs and symptoms manifested in this case were basal cell carcinoma, generalized multiple nevi, multiple cysts in the jaws and long bones, pits in the palm and sole, frontal and occipital bossing, ossification of the falx cerebri, a bifid rib, renal fibroma and a patent foramen ovale. The family history revealed a hereditary predisposition as to the syndrome. The patient in the second case included basal cell carcinoma, multiple nevi, multiple jaw cysts, pits in the palm and sole, frontal bossing, calcification of the falx cerebri, cervical vertebral fusion and high-arched palate.", "contents": "Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were reported with a review of pertinent literature. The first case was a 59-year-old man, whose autopsy was warranted. Signs and symptoms manifested in this case were basal cell carcinoma, generalized multiple nevi, multiple cysts in the jaws and long bones, pits in the palm and sole, frontal and occipital bossing, ossification of the falx cerebri, a bifid rib, renal fibroma and a patent foramen ovale. The family history revealed a hereditary predisposition as to the syndrome. The patient in the second case included basal cell carcinoma, multiple nevi, multiple jaw cysts, pits in the palm and sole, frontal bossing, calcification of the falx cerebri, cervical vertebral fusion and high-arched palate."}
{"id": "PMID:930590", "title": "Immunohistological analysis of intravascular agglutination in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion by means of mixed cell agglutination reaction.", "content": "Applicability of the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR of Davidsohn) in histological examination was tested in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion, who had died of severe head injury two days after an accident. Massively disseminated intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes was identified as immune agglutination by the modified method of MCAR (ISHIYAMA & OKADA) with precise knowledge of topographic isoantigen localization in tissues. The immune specific agglutination mimics intravascular changes such as hyperemia, stagnation and hemorrhage derived from various circulatory disturbances obtained in routine autopsy materials.", "contents": "Immunohistological analysis of intravascular agglutination in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion by means of mixed cell agglutination reaction. Applicability of the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR of Davidsohn) in histological examination was tested in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion, who had died of severe head injury two days after an accident. Massively disseminated intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes was identified as immune agglutination by the modified method of MCAR (ISHIYAMA & OKADA) with precise knowledge of topographic isoantigen localization in tissues. The immune specific agglutination mimics intravascular changes such as hyperemia, stagnation and hemorrhage derived from various circulatory disturbances obtained in routine autopsy materials."}
{"id": "PMID:930591", "title": "Gastric teratoma of children--a case report with review of the literature.", "content": "A case of gastric teratoma in a 3-month-old male infant is reported. A large mass showing endogastric growth was located on the lesser curvature of cardiac region and measured 6.5 X 5 X 4 cm. Histologically the tumor was composed of the elements derived from three germ layers including squamous, cuboidal and high columnar epithelium with or without cilia, fat tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage and neural tissue. Large parts of these elements appeared to be predominantly mature but some of the neural tissue showed primitive immature structures. Forty-four reported cases of gastric teratoma were briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Gastric teratoma of children--a case report with review of the literature. A case of gastric teratoma in a 3-month-old male infant is reported. A large mass showing endogastric growth was located on the lesser curvature of cardiac region and measured 6.5 X 5 X 4 cm. Histologically the tumor was composed of the elements derived from three germ layers including squamous, cuboidal and high columnar epithelium with or without cilia, fat tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage and neural tissue. Large parts of these elements appeared to be predominantly mature but some of the neural tissue showed primitive immature structures. Forty-four reported cases of gastric teratoma were briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:930622", "title": "[Late catatonic syndrom symptomatic of a degenerative encephalopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have observed the evolution of a late catatonic syndrome in a 50 years old woman, without psychological background. They have observed a progressive mental (intellectual) deterioration which have had for a long time a partial and paradoxical aspect, while on the thymic and affective stade an atypical melancolic picture evolved toward a schizophrenic syndrome with catatonic traits which finally came to a stade of marasmus and death after three and a half years of illness. A psychological examination performed at mid course confirmed the mental deterioration without intellectual disorganisation (Wechler) while the Rorschach indicated schizophrenia. The neuro-radiological explorations, repeated several times, have demonstrated the existence of a diffuse cerebral atrophy on the white substance and yet more on the cortex, and it was possible to follow the aggravation of this atrophy. Repeated biological tests were less informative: albumine in the CSF was 0.15 to 0.63 g % and an isolated increase of alpha1-globulines in the CSF was observed at the electrophoresis 4 months before the exitus. Histological examination of cortical biopsies and of the white substance indicates a degenerative encephalopathy with spongiosis and cortical atrophy. Because of the limited value of the histopathological examination, one cannot suggest a systematic interpretation of the catatonic symptoms.", "contents": "[Late catatonic syndrom symptomatic of a degenerative encephalopathy (author's transl)]. The authors have observed the evolution of a late catatonic syndrome in a 50 years old woman, without psychological background. They have observed a progressive mental (intellectual) deterioration which have had for a long time a partial and paradoxical aspect, while on the thymic and affective stade an atypical melancolic picture evolved toward a schizophrenic syndrome with catatonic traits which finally came to a stade of marasmus and death after three and a half years of illness. A psychological examination performed at mid course confirmed the mental deterioration without intellectual disorganisation (Wechler) while the Rorschach indicated schizophrenia. The neuro-radiological explorations, repeated several times, have demonstrated the existence of a diffuse cerebral atrophy on the white substance and yet more on the cortex, and it was possible to follow the aggravation of this atrophy. Repeated biological tests were less informative: albumine in the CSF was 0.15 to 0.63 g % and an isolated increase of alpha1-globulines in the CSF was observed at the electrophoresis 4 months before the exitus. Histological examination of cortical biopsies and of the white substance indicates a degenerative encephalopathy with spongiosis and cortical atrophy. Because of the limited value of the histopathological examination, one cannot suggest a systematic interpretation of the catatonic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:930623", "title": "[The concept of postconcussional syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The author shows that postconcussional syndromes develop along three lines: somatic functional troubles, character and affective troubles, efficiency troubles. Most patients present such symptoms within six months after the trauma. In some patients, the syndrome remains for several reasons. The presence of objective sensory troubles, the weakness of socio-economic status and the lack of professional qualification, a psychiatric history and a history of emotional shock constitute precipitating factors. The necessity to determine, along these criteria, a high risk population to be followed psychologically after the hospitalisation is underlined.", "contents": "[The concept of postconcussional syndrome (author's transl)]. The author shows that postconcussional syndromes develop along three lines: somatic functional troubles, character and affective troubles, efficiency troubles. Most patients present such symptoms within six months after the trauma. In some patients, the syndrome remains for several reasons. The presence of objective sensory troubles, the weakness of socio-economic status and the lack of professional qualification, a psychiatric history and a history of emotional shock constitute precipitating factors. The necessity to determine, along these criteria, a high risk population to be followed psychologically after the hospitalisation is underlined."}
{"id": "PMID:930627", "title": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. I. Anatomy and histology.", "content": "The gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint was investigated in an autopsy material. Arthrography, dissection and microscopy were performed. The area between the joint and the bursa is described. The frequency of communicating bursa is higher in older individuals and this is due to degeneration of the joint capsule.", "contents": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. I. Anatomy and histology. The gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint was investigated in an autopsy material. Arthrography, dissection and microscopy were performed. The area between the joint and the bursa is described. The frequency of communicating bursa is higher in older individuals and this is due to degeneration of the joint capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:930624", "title": "[Subjective misconcepts of social status and coronary troubles (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of various social parameters as risk factors for coronary diseases gives contradictory results. The inadequacy of social status and the consequent subjective misconcept could reconcile these apparent oppositions. The present research seems to confirm the fact that misconcepts induced by inadequacity of social status are more frequent and more intensive in patients with coronary troubles.", "contents": "[Subjective misconcepts of social status and coronary troubles (author's transl)]. The study of various social parameters as risk factors for coronary diseases gives contradictory results. The inadequacy of social status and the consequent subjective misconcept could reconcile these apparent oppositions. The present research seems to confirm the fact that misconcepts induced by inadequacity of social status are more frequent and more intensive in patients with coronary troubles."}
{"id": "PMID:930628", "title": "Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints in children. III. Measurements on normal feet.", "content": "Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints was performed on 32 normal feet from an autopsy material, and corresponding examinations were conducted clinically on 22 feet with no signs of deformity. The material comprised the age group 0 to 8 years. A linear correlation was observed between the length of the talus and the width of the talar trochlea. The radius and chord of the trochlear curvature increased proportionately with the length and trochlear width. These relationships were expressed as indices, by means of which the normal values for the radius and chord of the trochlea may be calculated for children up to 8 years of age. The mean value, standard deviation and tolerance limits were calculated for the central angle of the trochlear curvature and for the plantar and medial deviations of the talonavicular joint. These angles were found to be virtually constant between the neonatal period and the age of 8 years.", "contents": "Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints in children. III. Measurements on normal feet. Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints was performed on 32 normal feet from an autopsy material, and corresponding examinations were conducted clinically on 22 feet with no signs of deformity. The material comprised the age group 0 to 8 years. A linear correlation was observed between the length of the talus and the width of the talar trochlea. The radius and chord of the trochlear curvature increased proportionately with the length and trochlear width. These relationships were expressed as indices, by means of which the normal values for the radius and chord of the trochlea may be calculated for children up to 8 years of age. The mean value, standard deviation and tolerance limits were calculated for the central angle of the trochlear curvature and for the plantar and medial deviations of the talonavicular joint. These angles were found to be virtually constant between the neonatal period and the age of 8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:930625", "title": "[Rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients. Description of a program and follow-up of 89 patients transfered to rest homes].", "content": "The reevaluation of the existence and function of the psychiatric hospital increases the problem presented by chronic patients. This study analyses the outcome of 89 chronic psychiatric patients transfered in rest homes. Is this alternative extramural solution for chronic hospitalization disirable? If yes, under which conditions? The favorable results of our survey have confirmed our basis hypothesis: all these patients do not need care structured on hospitalization.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients. Description of a program and follow-up of 89 patients transfered to rest homes]. The reevaluation of the existence and function of the psychiatric hospital increases the problem presented by chronic patients. This study analyses the outcome of 89 chronic psychiatric patients transfered in rest homes. Is this alternative extramural solution for chronic hospitalization disirable? If yes, under which conditions? The favorable results of our survey have confirmed our basis hypothesis: all these patients do not need care structured on hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:930629", "title": "Angiography in giant-cell tumours of bone.", "content": "The angiographic appearance of 9 cases of genuine giant-cell tumour of bone, 6 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst and one case of non-ossifying fibroma is described. Differential diagnosis would appear to be possible to a certain extent. The non-ossifying fibroma was poorly vascularized. The genuine giant-cell tumours were hypervascularized as well as some of the aneurysmal bone cysts making a differential diagnosis in these cases impossible. On the other hand, a poorly vascularized tumour devoid of soft tissue component and arteriovenous fistulas is probably an aneurysmal bone cyst. A hypervascular soft tissue component is of great prognostic value in cases of geniune giant-cell tumour.", "contents": "Angiography in giant-cell tumours of bone. The angiographic appearance of 9 cases of genuine giant-cell tumour of bone, 6 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst and one case of non-ossifying fibroma is described. Differential diagnosis would appear to be possible to a certain extent. The non-ossifying fibroma was poorly vascularized. The genuine giant-cell tumours were hypervascularized as well as some of the aneurysmal bone cysts making a differential diagnosis in these cases impossible. On the other hand, a poorly vascularized tumour devoid of soft tissue component and arteriovenous fistulas is probably an aneurysmal bone cyst. A hypervascular soft tissue component is of great prognostic value in cases of geniune giant-cell tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:930626", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic approach of the borderline patient in psychiatric clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "The author summarises the evolution of the borderline concept in the literature. He emphasizes the specificity of the pathological objectal relation and the lack of development of the ego in the separation-individualisation phase. The clinical approach of the borderline patient shows the lability of interpersonal relations of the borderline patient and the presence of a variable and polymorphic symptomatology. The author gives some considerations which are essential in undertaking a treatment with the borderline patient during a brief hospitalisation in a psychiatric service. This type of treatment is based on an early clinical diagnosis, a homogenous, logical and adequate attitude of the therapeutic team, the organisation of an adequate therapeutic team where the patient can learn to accept his own pathological findings and the initiation of an individual psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic approach of the borderline patient in psychiatric clinic (author's transl)]. The author summarises the evolution of the borderline concept in the literature. He emphasizes the specificity of the pathological objectal relation and the lack of development of the ego in the separation-individualisation phase. The clinical approach of the borderline patient shows the lability of interpersonal relations of the borderline patient and the presence of a variable and polymorphic symptomatology. The author gives some considerations which are essential in undertaking a treatment with the borderline patient during a brief hospitalisation in a psychiatric service. This type of treatment is based on an early clinical diagnosis, a homogenous, logical and adequate attitude of the therapeutic team, the organisation of an adequate therapeutic team where the patient can learn to accept his own pathological findings and the initiation of an individual psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:930630", "title": "Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography. Prevention with acetyl-salicylic acid.", "content": "The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid to prevent thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography is reported. No significant difference in fatality rate between the period without and the period with acetyl-salicylic acid was found but significantly less cerebral emboli when acetyl-salicylic acid was given prophylactically.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography. Prevention with acetyl-salicylic acid. The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid to prevent thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography is reported. No significant difference in fatality rate between the period without and the period with acetyl-salicylic acid was found but significantly less cerebral emboli when acetyl-salicylic acid was given prophylactically."}
{"id": "PMID:930631", "title": "Cineangiographic diagnosis of papillary muscle involvement in rheumatic mitral stenosis.", "content": "Left ventricular cineangiography was performed in 25 patients with normal mitral valves and in 49 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease to estimate the spatial relations between the mitral valve leaflets and papillary muscles. The findings in the pathologic group were compared with observations at operation or with the excised mitral valves. It is concluded that fusion of the papillary muscles with the mitral valve leaflet or severe shortening of the chordae is predicted with a reasonable accuracy preoperatively by means of left ventricular cineangiography. The surgical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Cineangiographic diagnosis of papillary muscle involvement in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Left ventricular cineangiography was performed in 25 patients with normal mitral valves and in 49 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease to estimate the spatial relations between the mitral valve leaflets and papillary muscles. The findings in the pathologic group were compared with observations at operation or with the excised mitral valves. It is concluded that fusion of the papillary muscles with the mitral valve leaflet or severe shortening of the chordae is predicted with a reasonable accuracy preoperatively by means of left ventricular cineangiography. The surgical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930632", "title": "Angiography of the regenerating liver after lobar resection.", "content": "Angiography was performed in 18 patients before and after resection of parts of the liver. The regenerative process was a rule complete within few months and had a characteristic appearance with mainly stretching and displacement of arteries.", "contents": "Angiography of the regenerating liver after lobar resection. Angiography was performed in 18 patients before and after resection of parts of the liver. The regenerative process was a rule complete within few months and had a characteristic appearance with mainly stretching and displacement of arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:930633", "title": "Effect of methylglucamine salts of iocarmic and iothalamic acids on hemodynamics, acid-base equilibrium and coagulation.", "content": "The effects of electrolytes, osmolality, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, hematocrit, blood volume and coagulation occurring after a rapid intra-aortic injection of a monomer and a dimer (salts of methylglucamine of the iothalamic and iocarmic acids) were compared. The effects of the monomer agreed with previous results but the effects of the dimer differed from those reported in the literature.", "contents": "Effect of methylglucamine salts of iocarmic and iothalamic acids on hemodynamics, acid-base equilibrium and coagulation. The effects of electrolytes, osmolality, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, hematocrit, blood volume and coagulation occurring after a rapid intra-aortic injection of a monomer and a dimer (salts of methylglucamine of the iothalamic and iocarmic acids) were compared. The effects of the monomer agreed with previous results but the effects of the dimer differed from those reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:930634", "title": "Radiation therapy in Burkitt's lymphoma. Long term results.", "content": "In 40 of 61 irradiated patients with Burkitt's lymphoma the long term results were evaluated. Five patients were primarily irradiated while the remaining patients had late recurrences or were chemotherapy failures. Seven patients were alive and free of recurrence after 6 months and 4 after 24 months.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in Burkitt's lymphoma. Long term results. In 40 of 61 irradiated patients with Burkitt's lymphoma the long term results were evaluated. Five patients were primarily irradiated while the remaining patients had late recurrences or were chemotherapy failures. Seven patients were alive and free of recurrence after 6 months and 4 after 24 months."}
{"id": "PMID:930635", "title": "Lymphography as a guide during laparotomy in Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "Lymphography of 123 newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma was followed by staging laparotomy without intra-operative abdominal roentgenography. These patients were retrospectively evaluated for residual abnormal nodes with postoperative abdominal roentgenography. Sixteen patients with pathologically normal nodes at laparotomy had residual lymphographically abnormal nodes at postoperative roentgenography. Nine patients received less extensive irradiation than they would have if the remaining abnormal nodes had been biopsied and found to contain tumor. Two had shortened survivals as an apparent consequence.", "contents": "Lymphography as a guide during laparotomy in Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Lymphography of 123 newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma was followed by staging laparotomy without intra-operative abdominal roentgenography. These patients were retrospectively evaluated for residual abnormal nodes with postoperative abdominal roentgenography. Sixteen patients with pathologically normal nodes at laparotomy had residual lymphographically abnormal nodes at postoperative roentgenography. Nine patients received less extensive irradiation than they would have if the remaining abnormal nodes had been biopsied and found to contain tumor. Two had shortened survivals as an apparent consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:930636", "title": "Lymph node calcification in Hodgkin's disease following irradiation.", "content": "Calcification at the site of lymph nodes previously affected by Hodgkin's disease and irradiated was found in 8 patients in a series of 481 consecutive cases. The patients were all women, young at the time of diagnosis, and had a long survival. The calcific deposits developed in the anterior mediastinum.", "contents": "Lymph node calcification in Hodgkin's disease following irradiation. Calcification at the site of lymph nodes previously affected by Hodgkin's disease and irradiated was found in 8 patients in a series of 481 consecutive cases. The patients were all women, young at the time of diagnosis, and had a long survival. The calcific deposits developed in the anterior mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:930637", "title": "Staging laparotomy and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Pretreatment staging laparotomy in carcinoma of the uterine cervix has been advocated because surgical staging may detect disease not apparent clinically. An analysis of survival and local control data from previously reported large series of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix shows that surgical staging does not increase survival rates. It is likely that surgical staging may also increase morbidity from therapy.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Pretreatment staging laparotomy in carcinoma of the uterine cervix has been advocated because surgical staging may detect disease not apparent clinically. An analysis of survival and local control data from previously reported large series of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix shows that surgical staging does not increase survival rates. It is likely that surgical staging may also increase morbidity from therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:930638", "title": "High risk breast tumor patients.", "content": "A unique scheme for placing the most breast carcinoma patients into the least population includes newly developed systems to analyse 64 clinical and radiographic risk factors in combinations. The calibration sample consisted of 540 cancerous and 641 non-cancerous breasts. In an independent validation sample of 73 carcinoma and 462 non-carcinoma breasts, 90 percent of the potential malignant breasts were correctly classified with only 12 percent of the non-malignant breasts misclassified. Thus, the scope of prediction and delineation of malignant and non-malignant and non-malignant groups is extended.", "contents": "High risk breast tumor patients. A unique scheme for placing the most breast carcinoma patients into the least population includes newly developed systems to analyse 64 clinical and radiographic risk factors in combinations. The calibration sample consisted of 540 cancerous and 641 non-cancerous breasts. In an independent validation sample of 73 carcinoma and 462 non-carcinoma breasts, 90 percent of the potential malignant breasts were correctly classified with only 12 percent of the non-malignant breasts misclassified. Thus, the scope of prediction and delineation of malignant and non-malignant and non-malignant groups is extended."}
{"id": "PMID:930639", "title": "Lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum as demonstrated by 198 Au.", "content": "Extensive lymph node dissections have  been performed in an attempt to increase survival after abdomino-perineal excision or anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. The lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum was demonstrated by means of 198Au which was injected into the submucosa. Less than one percent was drained to pelvic lymph nodes, giving little support for pelvic lymph node dissection for carcinoma in the upper and middle third of the rectum.", "contents": "Lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum as demonstrated by 198 Au. Extensive lymph node dissections have  been performed in an attempt to increase survival after abdomino-perineal excision or anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. The lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum was demonstrated by means of 198Au which was injected into the submucosa. Less than one percent was drained to pelvic lymph nodes, giving little support for pelvic lymph node dissection for carcinoma in the upper and middle third of the rectum."}
{"id": "PMID:930640", "title": "Dose to the shielded thymic region of irradiated mouse cadavers.", "content": "Frozen mouse cadavers were exposed to 220 kV roentgen irradiation with the thymic area covered with a lead plate sized 18 mm X 24 mm X 4 mm oe 18 mm X 12 mm X 4 mm. Lif-Telfon rods were used for dose measurements. With larger plate the mean dose from scattered radiation, in percent of that in the uprotected abdomen, was 12.77 (thymic lobes) and 18.34 (vertebra). With the smaller shield the figures were markedly increased, 16.70 and 23.77, respectively. Since the percentage dose is relatively high, the amount of scattered radiation may have biologic significance.", "contents": "Dose to the shielded thymic region of irradiated mouse cadavers. Frozen mouse cadavers were exposed to 220 kV roentgen irradiation with the thymic area covered with a lead plate sized 18 mm X 24 mm X 4 mm oe 18 mm X 12 mm X 4 mm. Lif-Telfon rods were used for dose measurements. With larger plate the mean dose from scattered radiation, in percent of that in the uprotected abdomen, was 12.77 (thymic lobes) and 18.34 (vertebra). With the smaller shield the figures were markedly increased, 16.70 and 23.77, respectively. Since the percentage dose is relatively high, the amount of scattered radiation may have biologic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:930641", "title": "Response of ciliated cells during irradiation at different dose rates.", "content": "Early radiation effects on the physiologic activity of ciliated cells during exposure have been investigated at 0.34Gy/s and 0.05 Gy/s. The results obtained indicate a more intense early biologic effect at a higher dose rate. The mechanisms of radiation injury are discussed.", "contents": "Response of ciliated cells during irradiation at different dose rates. Early radiation effects on the physiologic activity of ciliated cells during exposure have been investigated at 0.34Gy/s and 0.05 Gy/s. The results obtained indicate a more intense early biologic effect at a higher dose rate. The mechanisms of radiation injury are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:930650", "title": "The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on the course of their feeding by bitches.", "content": "A change in feeding behavior on the 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle was observed in experimental bitches whose own litter was partly replaced, on the onset of the 15th day, by foster puppies 12-13 days younger. The number of feeding acts and the overall feeding time increased, as compared with the indices for 2 days preceding the exchange of puppies (the 13th and 14th day of the maternal cycle). In the control group, where puppies were not exchanged, no increase in the above behavioral indices was observed on the 15th and 16th day, and they remained at the level recorded on the 13th and 14th day of the cycle.", "contents": "The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on the course of their feeding by bitches. A change in feeding behavior on the 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle was observed in experimental bitches whose own litter was partly replaced, on the onset of the 15th day, by foster puppies 12-13 days younger. The number of feeding acts and the overall feeding time increased, as compared with the indices for 2 days preceding the exchange of puppies (the 13th and 14th day of the maternal cycle). In the control group, where puppies were not exchanged, no increase in the above behavioral indices was observed on the 15th and 16th day, and they remained at the level recorded on the 13th and 14th day of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:930652", "title": "The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on tactile contact of the bitches with sucklings and on number of licking acts.", "content": "Bitches changed abruptly their maternal behavior on 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle, following an exchange - on the beginning of 15th day - of some puppies from their own litter for other 2-3 days old puppies. The total time of tactile contact with puppies on days 15 and 16 greatly increased as compared with the 13th and 14th day, i.e., the days immediately preceding the exchange of puppies. The number of licking acts also increased. In control bitches, whose puppies were not exchanged, the indices of maternal behavior showed no increase on days 15 and 16, compared with days 13 and 14 of the maternal cycle. The foster 2-3 days old puppies were also a source of much stronger stimuli releasing care-giving reactions than the own, correspondingly older puppies.", "contents": "The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on tactile contact of the bitches with sucklings and on number of licking acts. Bitches changed abruptly their maternal behavior on 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle, following an exchange - on the beginning of 15th day - of some puppies from their own litter for other 2-3 days old puppies. The total time of tactile contact with puppies on days 15 and 16 greatly increased as compared with the 13th and 14th day, i.e., the days immediately preceding the exchange of puppies. The number of licking acts also increased. In control bitches, whose puppies were not exchanged, the indices of maternal behavior showed no increase on days 15 and 16, compared with days 13 and 14 of the maternal cycle. The foster 2-3 days old puppies were also a source of much stronger stimuli releasing care-giving reactions than the own, correspondingly older puppies."}
{"id": "PMID:930716", "title": "Regulation of the secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells in the human bronchial gland.", "content": "Studies of the human bronchial gland in organ culture have allowed us to elucidate some of the factors controlling the synthesis and secretion of bronchial mucus. The secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells appear to differ, the former alternately accumulating and discharging secretory material, while in the latter synthesis and discharge occur simultaneously. Parasympathomimetic agents increase the secretory rate of mucous and serous cells by stimulating discharge, but have no effect on the rate of precursor incorporation into intracellular glycoproteins. Glycoprotein synthesis inhibitors reduce the incorporation of precursors into intracellular macromolecules but do not reduce the rate of discharge of preformed glycoproteins. The rate of glycoprotein synthesis appears to be greater in mucus-secreting cells of hypertrophied glands than of normals. Ouabain reduces the incorporation of glucose and threonine, but not glucosamine, into mucous and serous cells but has no effect on the rate of discharge. In hypertrophied glands, ouabain--sensitive threonine, but not glucose, transport appears to be increased. Exposure of rats to tobacco smoke causes an increase in the size of tracheal and laryngeal glands and in the secretory rate of mucous cells. The anti-inflammatory agent, phenylmethyloxadiazole, prevents both tobacco smoke-induced effects, presumably by reducing the secretory activity of mucous cells.", "contents": "Regulation of the secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells in the human bronchial gland. Studies of the human bronchial gland in organ culture have allowed us to elucidate some of the factors controlling the synthesis and secretion of bronchial mucus. The secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells appear to differ, the former alternately accumulating and discharging secretory material, while in the latter synthesis and discharge occur simultaneously. Parasympathomimetic agents increase the secretory rate of mucous and serous cells by stimulating discharge, but have no effect on the rate of precursor incorporation into intracellular glycoproteins. Glycoprotein synthesis inhibitors reduce the incorporation of precursors into intracellular macromolecules but do not reduce the rate of discharge of preformed glycoproteins. The rate of glycoprotein synthesis appears to be greater in mucus-secreting cells of hypertrophied glands than of normals. Ouabain reduces the incorporation of glucose and threonine, but not glucosamine, into mucous and serous cells but has no effect on the rate of discharge. In hypertrophied glands, ouabain--sensitive threonine, but not glucose, transport appears to be increased. Exposure of rats to tobacco smoke causes an increase in the size of tracheal and laryngeal glands and in the secretory rate of mucous cells. The anti-inflammatory agent, phenylmethyloxadiazole, prevents both tobacco smoke-induced effects, presumably by reducing the secretory activity of mucous cells."}
{"id": "PMID:930722", "title": "Gastric mucus viscosity and peptic ulcer.", "content": "The following observations have been made: 1. The viscosity of a substance as complex as mucus requires study at different rates of shear and shear stresses. 2. Visible gastric mucus behaves as a pseudoplastic substance. 3. Duodenal ulcer patients have a higher gastric mucus viscosity than controls. 4. Pentagastrin stimulation in duodenal ulcer patients leads to the secretion of gastric mucus of low viscosity. 5. This decrease in the viscosity of gastric mucus on pentagastrin stimulation does not occur in patients with gastric ulcer. 6. Truncal vagotomy leads to an increase in the viscosity of gastric mucus under basal and stimulted conditions.", "contents": "Gastric mucus viscosity and peptic ulcer. The following observations have been made: 1. The viscosity of a substance as complex as mucus requires study at different rates of shear and shear stresses. 2. Visible gastric mucus behaves as a pseudoplastic substance. 3. Duodenal ulcer patients have a higher gastric mucus viscosity than controls. 4. Pentagastrin stimulation in duodenal ulcer patients leads to the secretion of gastric mucus of low viscosity. 5. This decrease in the viscosity of gastric mucus on pentagastrin stimulation does not occur in patients with gastric ulcer. 6. Truncal vagotomy leads to an increase in the viscosity of gastric mucus under basal and stimulted conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:930725", "title": "The turnover of mucin glycoprotein in the stomach.", "content": "It is proposed that the gastric mucosa, during early stages of fasting, accumulates secreted mucin on the luminal surface of the tissue. The accumulated mucin is subsequently released from its adherent state, on precipitation by freshly secreted acid from the stimulated parietal cells, or, as an alternate mechanism, simply by the passage of ingested food. The gastric mucosa on stimulation by ulcerogenic aspirin, on the other hand, responds immediately to the insult by rapid shedding of its adherent mucin, then, within 5 minutes by an almost complete shut-down of respiration and biosynthesis, not only of glycoproteins but also of proteins and nucleic acids. However, oxygen consumption and biosynthesis quickly revive, in an endeavour to restore the mucosal tissue which has survived, with the result that the turnover of intracellular contents is augmented very much more than its normal rapid rate, illustrated in the gastric epithelial cell by Bennett in 1971 and in the non-secreting duodenal columnar cell by Bennett and Leblond (1970). 14C-Fucose was found in the Golgi apparatus, 2 minutes after injection into the animal, while within 20 minutes it had reached the surface membranes before extrusion.", "contents": "The turnover of mucin glycoprotein in the stomach. It is proposed that the gastric mucosa, during early stages of fasting, accumulates secreted mucin on the luminal surface of the tissue. The accumulated mucin is subsequently released from its adherent state, on precipitation by freshly secreted acid from the stimulated parietal cells, or, as an alternate mechanism, simply by the passage of ingested food. The gastric mucosa on stimulation by ulcerogenic aspirin, on the other hand, responds immediately to the insult by rapid shedding of its adherent mucin, then, within 5 minutes by an almost complete shut-down of respiration and biosynthesis, not only of glycoproteins but also of proteins and nucleic acids. However, oxygen consumption and biosynthesis quickly revive, in an endeavour to restore the mucosal tissue which has survived, with the result that the turnover of intracellular contents is augmented very much more than its normal rapid rate, illustrated in the gastric epithelial cell by Bennett in 1971 and in the non-secreting duodenal columnar cell by Bennett and Leblond (1970). 14C-Fucose was found in the Golgi apparatus, 2 minutes after injection into the animal, while within 20 minutes it had reached the surface membranes before extrusion."}
{"id": "PMID:930733", "title": "Glycoprotein alterations in human colonic adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A marked diminution in membrane glycoproteins containing blood group A activity was observed in colonic cancer tissues. This change was associated with a reduction of the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis and a decreased concentration of N-acetylgalactosamine in the cancer tissues. Glycosidase activities were unchanged. In addition to the changes associated with blood group A, we also found a decrease in sugar content, alterations in other antigens, and changes in the levels of several glycosyltransferases in cancerous tissues.", "contents": "Glycoprotein alterations in human colonic adenocarcinoma. A marked diminution in membrane glycoproteins containing blood group A activity was observed in colonic cancer tissues. This change was associated with a reduction of the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis and a decreased concentration of N-acetylgalactosamine in the cancer tissues. Glycosidase activities were unchanged. In addition to the changes associated with blood group A, we also found a decrease in sugar content, alterations in other antigens, and changes in the levels of several glycosyltransferases in cancerous tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:930738", "title": "Dynamic anatomy of the cervical epithelium.", "content": "The surface epithelium of the cervix undergoes change at many periods during life. The changes are principally due to the occurrence of metaplastic squamous epithelium within the transformation zone. This process seems to hold the key to an understanding of the origins of neoplastic development in the cervix. Cervical mucus secretion also seems to be dramatically influenced by this process.", "contents": "Dynamic anatomy of the cervical epithelium. The surface epithelium of the cervix undergoes change at many periods during life. The changes are principally due to the occurrence of metaplastic squamous epithelium within the transformation zone. This process seems to hold the key to an understanding of the origins of neoplastic development in the cervix. Cervical mucus secretion also seems to be dramatically influenced by this process."}
{"id": "PMID:930740", "title": "Neurophysiology of movement disorders.", "content": "The relation of the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia and their participation in movement disorders is presented. Studies have shown that lesions to the cortex will produce contralateral paralysis while damage to the basal ganglia or cerebellum will result in movement abnormalities. These data provide support for the view that subcortical but not cortical structures initiate the control movement activity. It would appear that the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive signals from the auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortex integrate this information, and relay signals back to the motor cortex, which in turn sends out efferent fibers to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The electronic and neurophysiological basis of the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) test following peripheral nerve stimulation and sensory recording in human cortex is given. Control values of SER peak to peak latency waveforms from 66 normal volunteers show the practicality of this test. Preliminary results using SER in patients are discussed from clinical case reports. The subjects had mild to marked movement disorders secondary to Parkinson's disease, vascular occlusion, multiple sclerosis, and spino-cerebellar degeneration. The potential of the SER as a clinical and experimental tool in evaluating movement abnormalities and other neuropathological conditions is presented.", "contents": "Neurophysiology of movement disorders. The relation of the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia and their participation in movement disorders is presented. Studies have shown that lesions to the cortex will produce contralateral paralysis while damage to the basal ganglia or cerebellum will result in movement abnormalities. These data provide support for the view that subcortical but not cortical structures initiate the control movement activity. It would appear that the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive signals from the auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortex integrate this information, and relay signals back to the motor cortex, which in turn sends out efferent fibers to the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The electronic and neurophysiological basis of the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) test following peripheral nerve stimulation and sensory recording in human cortex is given. Control values of SER peak to peak latency waveforms from 66 normal volunteers show the practicality of this test. Preliminary results using SER in patients are discussed from clinical case reports. The subjects had mild to marked movement disorders secondary to Parkinson's disease, vascular occlusion, multiple sclerosis, and spino-cerebellar degeneration. The potential of the SER as a clinical and experimental tool in evaluating movement abnormalities and other neuropathological conditions is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:930742", "title": "The on-off effect in Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa with remarks concerning the effect of sleep.", "content": "The \"On-Off Effect\" in levodopa treated Parkinson's disease began in a few patients during the first year of treatment. The number of patients suffering from this phenomenon increased rapidly the first three or four years with some continuing increase throughout the six years of the study. Even those whose disease had worsened would become even more incapacitated during parts of each day. One group of patients experienced their initial \"On\" effect upon arising at their usual hour of awakening. This would last for 1 to 3 hours and was their best time of day.", "contents": "The on-off effect in Parkinson's disease treated with levodopa with remarks concerning the effect of sleep. The \"On-Off Effect\" in levodopa treated Parkinson's disease began in a few patients during the first year of treatment. The number of patients suffering from this phenomenon increased rapidly the first three or four years with some continuing increase throughout the six years of the study. Even those whose disease had worsened would become even more incapacitated during parts of each day. One group of patients experienced their initial \"On\" effect upon arising at their usual hour of awakening. This would last for 1 to 3 hours and was their best time of day."}
{"id": "PMID:930743", "title": "Adenylate cyclase from various dopaminergic areas of the brain and the action of loxapine.", "content": "The present report is a comparative study of adenylate cyclase activity in various areas of the brain identified as dopaminergic. Low levels of dopamine were found to stimulate adenylate cyclase from the striatum, median eminence, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Apomorphine, known to mimic the pharmacological and physiological effects of dopamine, stimulated adenylate cyclase from these areas. Several different classes of drugs effective in the treatment of schizophrenia were potent inhibitors of the stimulation by dopamine of the enzyme from these various regions. The drugs studied included representatives of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone, dibenzodiazepine and dibenzoxazepine classes. The inhibition by the dibenzoxazepine, loxapine, which is structurally very similar to the dibenzodiazepine, clozapine, was competitive with respect to dopamine. The calculated inhibition constant (Ki) for loxapine of about 15 nM was similar to that observed for some of the more potent phenothiazines. The results, considered together with previously published data, support the possibility that the therapeutic effects as well as the extrapyramidal and endocrinological side effects, of these antipsychotic agents may be attributable to their ability to block the activation of adenylate cyclase in various select areas of the brain.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase from various dopaminergic areas of the brain and the action of loxapine. The present report is a comparative study of adenylate cyclase activity in various areas of the brain identified as dopaminergic. Low levels of dopamine were found to stimulate adenylate cyclase from the striatum, median eminence, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Apomorphine, known to mimic the pharmacological and physiological effects of dopamine, stimulated adenylate cyclase from these areas. Several different classes of drugs effective in the treatment of schizophrenia were potent inhibitors of the stimulation by dopamine of the enzyme from these various regions. The drugs studied included representatives of the phenothiazine, butyrophenone, dibenzodiazepine and dibenzoxazepine classes. The inhibition by the dibenzoxazepine, loxapine, which is structurally very similar to the dibenzodiazepine, clozapine, was competitive with respect to dopamine. The calculated inhibition constant (Ki) for loxapine of about 15 nM was similar to that observed for some of the more potent phenothiazines. The results, considered together with previously published data, support the possibility that the therapeutic effects as well as the extrapyramidal and endocrinological side effects, of these antipsychotic agents may be attributable to their ability to block the activation of adenylate cyclase in various select areas of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:930744", "title": "Pharmacopsychiatry and iatrogenic Parkinsonism.", "content": "Through the study of the pharmacological and clinical actions of chlozapine, a new drug used in psychiatry, we are questioning one of the traditional statements on the therapeutic action of antipsychotics: the affirmation that those must have, concomitantly, antipsychotic action and intense extrapyramidal effects (drug-induced parkinsonism). Combining our own investigations and those of other authors, the generally accepted concepts on the possible biochemical mechanisms involved in the etiology of endogenous psychosis are criticized. Although there is evidence of alterations of the dopaminergic system in schizophrenia and also changes due to the action of neuroleptics, we cannot reject, given the dissociation of effects obtained with chlozapine, the possibility that the repercussion on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system be only one of the many probably mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs. Thus, such anatomical and neurochemical systems could be involved only in a secondary manner in the biochemical alterations typical of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Pharmacopsychiatry and iatrogenic Parkinsonism. Through the study of the pharmacological and clinical actions of chlozapine, a new drug used in psychiatry, we are questioning one of the traditional statements on the therapeutic action of antipsychotics: the affirmation that those must have, concomitantly, antipsychotic action and intense extrapyramidal effects (drug-induced parkinsonism). Combining our own investigations and those of other authors, the generally accepted concepts on the possible biochemical mechanisms involved in the etiology of endogenous psychosis are criticized. Although there is evidence of alterations of the dopaminergic system in schizophrenia and also changes due to the action of neuroleptics, we cannot reject, given the dissociation of effects obtained with chlozapine, the possibility that the repercussion on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system be only one of the many probably mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs. Thus, such anatomical and neurochemical systems could be involved only in a secondary manner in the biochemical alterations typical of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:930745", "title": "The Parkinsonian syndrome and its dopamine correlates.", "content": "The urinary excretion of free dopamine in 37 untreated parkinsonian patients correlated negatively with the severity of rigidity and akinesia (p less than 0.025) and with total neurologic deficit (p less than 0.05). In a parallel study of psychiatric patients, those with the lowest levels of urinary free dopamine before treatment were the most vulnerable to, and developed the most severe, secondary parkinsonian rigidity (p less than 0.005), akinesia (p less than 0.05), and total deficit (p less than 0.01) when they were subsequently treated for two weeks with trifluoperazine. In neither study was there a significant correlation between free urinary dopamine and tremor. These studies directly associate the level of free dopamine in the urine with the severity of the parkinsonian syndrome. Therefore, although many peripheral sources contribute to urinary free dopamine, a small decrease in the level may actually reflect the severity of the disturbance of central dopamine metabolism and the known deficiency of dopamine in the neurons of the parkinsonian brain.", "contents": "The Parkinsonian syndrome and its dopamine correlates. The urinary excretion of free dopamine in 37 untreated parkinsonian patients correlated negatively with the severity of rigidity and akinesia (p less than 0.025) and with total neurologic deficit (p less than 0.05). In a parallel study of psychiatric patients, those with the lowest levels of urinary free dopamine before treatment were the most vulnerable to, and developed the most severe, secondary parkinsonian rigidity (p less than 0.005), akinesia (p less than 0.05), and total deficit (p less than 0.01) when they were subsequently treated for two weeks with trifluoperazine. In neither study was there a significant correlation between free urinary dopamine and tremor. These studies directly associate the level of free dopamine in the urine with the severity of the parkinsonian syndrome. Therefore, although many peripheral sources contribute to urinary free dopamine, a small decrease in the level may actually reflect the severity of the disturbance of central dopamine metabolism and the known deficiency of dopamine in the neurons of the parkinsonian brain."}
{"id": "PMID:930746", "title": "CNS compensation to dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Postmortem studies in brains from parkinsonian patients consistently reveal a minimum loss of 75% of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. This indicates that over a prolonged period, before Parkinson's disease is clinically evident, there is a physiological compensation for the slow loss of dopamine neurons (i.e. compensated stage of Parkinson's disease). Only when the dopamine neuron loss is sufficiently severe (greater than 75% of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons) does the disease become clinically evident (decompensated state). Postmortem examination of Parkinson's disease brains and study of animal models indicate that the following mechanisms may contribute to this CNS compensation: 1) A decrease in striatal cholinergic activity, in an attempt to maintain a critical DA:ACh balance; and 2) A decrease in activity of GABA neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra, resulting in an increased firing rate of nigral dopamine cells. These mechanisms allow the brain to readjust to the initial dopamine cell loss in Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "CNS compensation to dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease. Postmortem studies in brains from parkinsonian patients consistently reveal a minimum loss of 75% of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. This indicates that over a prolonged period, before Parkinson's disease is clinically evident, there is a physiological compensation for the slow loss of dopamine neurons (i.e. compensated stage of Parkinson's disease). Only when the dopamine neuron loss is sufficiently severe (greater than 75% of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons) does the disease become clinically evident (decompensated state). Postmortem examination of Parkinson's disease brains and study of animal models indicate that the following mechanisms may contribute to this CNS compensation: 1) A decrease in striatal cholinergic activity, in an attempt to maintain a critical DA:ACh balance; and 2) A decrease in activity of GABA neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra, resulting in an increased firing rate of nigral dopamine cells. These mechanisms allow the brain to readjust to the initial dopamine cell loss in Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:930747", "title": "Brain dopamine turnover and the relief of parkinsonism.", "content": "Levodopa alone or combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor elevated the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This increase correlated significantly with the dose of the drug but not with the clinical improvement, although some correlations with clinical side effects were evident. Nevertheless, the concentrations of HVA in the CSF during combined treatment were considerably lower than with therapeutically equivalent doses of levodopa alone. Obviously, a part of the HVA found in the CSF during levodopa treatment originates from the capillary walls. Treatment with dopamine receptor agonists, Piribedil or Bromocriptine decreased significantly both the basal level and probenecid- induced accumulations of HVA and CSF. But there were no changes in concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Correlation analyses showed that patients who improved with both dopamine agonists used had significantly lower probenecid response of HVA in the CSF and less severe disease than those without beneficial effect. This relationship between dopamine receptor activation and improvement of parkinsonian disability suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists depends on the functional capacity of brain dopaminergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Brain dopamine turnover and the relief of parkinsonism. Levodopa alone or combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor elevated the concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This increase correlated significantly with the dose of the drug but not with the clinical improvement, although some correlations with clinical side effects were evident. Nevertheless, the concentrations of HVA in the CSF during combined treatment were considerably lower than with therapeutically equivalent doses of levodopa alone. Obviously, a part of the HVA found in the CSF during levodopa treatment originates from the capillary walls. Treatment with dopamine receptor agonists, Piribedil or Bromocriptine decreased significantly both the basal level and probenecid- induced accumulations of HVA and CSF. But there were no changes in concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Correlation analyses showed that patients who improved with both dopamine agonists used had significantly lower probenecid response of HVA in the CSF and less severe disease than those without beneficial effect. This relationship between dopamine receptor activation and improvement of parkinsonian disability suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists depends on the functional capacity of brain dopaminergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:930748", "title": "Postmenopausal Parkinsonism: brain iron overload?", "content": "Records of 11 postmenopausal parkinsonism patients were evaluated in comparison with those of 11 postmenopausal depression patients. None had a history of encephalitis, stroke, drug-induced or toxic extrapyramidal disorders, or active bleeding within six months before admission. There was no significant differences between the two groups with regard to time interval from menopause to onset of symptoms, height, weight, or age at first admission. Both groups showed normal height, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts. Parkinsonism patients were underweight and had a shorter interval from menopause to onset of symptoms (12.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.5 yr.). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that in parkinsonism, hereditary predisposition to positive body iron balance may be associated with alteration of the blood-brain barrier in parkinsonism.", "contents": "Postmenopausal Parkinsonism: brain iron overload? Records of 11 postmenopausal parkinsonism patients were evaluated in comparison with those of 11 postmenopausal depression patients. None had a history of encephalitis, stroke, drug-induced or toxic extrapyramidal disorders, or active bleeding within six months before admission. There was no significant differences between the two groups with regard to time interval from menopause to onset of symptoms, height, weight, or age at first admission. Both groups showed normal height, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts. Parkinsonism patients were underweight and had a shorter interval from menopause to onset of symptoms (12.4 +/- 1.9 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.5 yr.). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that in parkinsonism, hereditary predisposition to positive body iron balance may be associated with alteration of the blood-brain barrier in parkinsonism."}
{"id": "PMID:930749", "title": "Failure of L-dopa to relieve activated rigidity in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Rigidity in Parkinson patients can be easily quantitated by determining net work required to passively flex and extend the forearm through an arc of 100 degrees. Rigidity thus measured can be subdivided into two very distinct types, resting and activated. Resting rigidity, measured while the patient is relaxed, responds to all effective therapeutic agents and correlates closely to degree of clinical improvement. Activated rigidity, measured during voluntary activity, is not relieved by any presently available medical treatment. It remains unchanged at pre-therapy levels even in patients who may temporarily appear to have dramatic improvement in clinical symptomatology. Longitudinal measurements made in hundreds of parkinson patients over intervals ranging from 5 to 15 years show continuing high levels of activated rigidity through the entire period of study. In marked contrast to our wide experience with parkinson patients is a single, well documented case of Wilson's disease who appears to have recovered completely both by clinical examination and by all of our machine measurements. This patient had high levels of extrapyramidal deficit, repeatedly measured over a period of four months when penicillamine therapy was being investigated. He then suddenly reverted to normal and returned to full time employment. High values of resting rigidity activated rigidity, akinesia and resting tremor all reverted to normal and have remained normal for the past 6 years. The implication of this study is that L-dopa and related treatments only mask the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease and are not retarding the underlying pathological process. Penicillamine, on the other hand, probably does relieve the destructive process in Wilson's disease and may in early cases, permanently relieve the extrapyramidal dysfunction.", "contents": "Failure of L-dopa to relieve activated rigidity in Parkinson's disease. Rigidity in Parkinson patients can be easily quantitated by determining net work required to passively flex and extend the forearm through an arc of 100 degrees. Rigidity thus measured can be subdivided into two very distinct types, resting and activated. Resting rigidity, measured while the patient is relaxed, responds to all effective therapeutic agents and correlates closely to degree of clinical improvement. Activated rigidity, measured during voluntary activity, is not relieved by any presently available medical treatment. It remains unchanged at pre-therapy levels even in patients who may temporarily appear to have dramatic improvement in clinical symptomatology. Longitudinal measurements made in hundreds of parkinson patients over intervals ranging from 5 to 15 years show continuing high levels of activated rigidity through the entire period of study. In marked contrast to our wide experience with parkinson patients is a single, well documented case of Wilson's disease who appears to have recovered completely both by clinical examination and by all of our machine measurements. This patient had high levels of extrapyramidal deficit, repeatedly measured over a period of four months when penicillamine therapy was being investigated. He then suddenly reverted to normal and returned to full time employment. High values of resting rigidity activated rigidity, akinesia and resting tremor all reverted to normal and have remained normal for the past 6 years. The implication of this study is that L-dopa and related treatments only mask the symptomatology of Parkinson's disease and are not retarding the underlying pathological process. Penicillamine, on the other hand, probably does relieve the destructive process in Wilson's disease and may in early cases, permanently relieve the extrapyramidal dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:930755", "title": "New orally effective chromosome derivatives for the treatment of asthma.", "content": "Two new chromone derivatives have been identified which possess oral anti-allergic activity in the rat PCA model of immediate hypersensitivity. They may have a wider spectrum of anti-allergic activity than disodium cromoglycate (SCG) since they are effective in in vitro tests involving sensitized basophils, in which SCG is inactive. Both compounds, when given orally, provide relief from experimental and clinical asthma in man.", "contents": "New orally effective chromosome derivatives for the treatment of asthma. Two new chromone derivatives have been identified which possess oral anti-allergic activity in the rat PCA model of immediate hypersensitivity. They may have a wider spectrum of anti-allergic activity than disodium cromoglycate (SCG) since they are effective in in vitro tests involving sensitized basophils, in which SCG is inactive. Both compounds, when given orally, provide relief from experimental and clinical asthma in man."}
{"id": "PMID:930756", "title": "The effect of bovine serum albumin on the in vitro inhibition of chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory agents, phenylbutazone, naproxen and niflumic acid inhibited in vitro rabbit peritoneal neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness to Escherichia coli derived chemotactic factor/s when added to cells suspended in 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Inhibition of chemotaxis by these drugs was markedly diminished as the BSA concentration was increased to 2%. Experiments with phenylbutazone demonstrated that inhibition of chemotaxis could be observed using neutrophils suspended in 2% BSA by either increasing the drug concentration or by preincubating the cells suspended in 0.1% with the drug prior to the addition of the additional BSA. These data suggest that protein binding can prevent in vitro inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "The effect of bovine serum albumin on the in vitro inhibition of chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents. The anti-inflammatory agents, phenylbutazone, naproxen and niflumic acid inhibited in vitro rabbit peritoneal neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness to Escherichia coli derived chemotactic factor/s when added to cells suspended in 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Inhibition of chemotaxis by these drugs was markedly diminished as the BSA concentration was increased to 2%. Experiments with phenylbutazone demonstrated that inhibition of chemotaxis could be observed using neutrophils suspended in 2% BSA by either increasing the drug concentration or by preincubating the cells suspended in 0.1% with the drug prior to the addition of the additional BSA. These data suggest that protein binding can prevent in vitro inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by anti-inflammatory agents."}
{"id": "PMID:930757", "title": "Prostaglandins and leucocyte migration in inflammatory reactions.", "content": "The effects of a variety of particulate irritants on the prostaglandin content, protein concentration and the leucocyte counts in the exudate of implanted inert sponges and on the development of paw oedema in the rat have been studied. Variations in prostaglandin accumulation and leucocyte migration were not related but irritants causing a long-standing paw oedema increased both parameters.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and leucocyte migration in inflammatory reactions. The effects of a variety of particulate irritants on the prostaglandin content, protein concentration and the leucocyte counts in the exudate of implanted inert sponges and on the development of paw oedema in the rat have been studied. Variations in prostaglandin accumulation and leucocyte migration were not related but irritants causing a long-standing paw oedema increased both parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:930758", "title": "The effect of drugs in established rabbit monoarticular arthritis.", "content": "Established antigen-induced arthritis was produced in 264 out of 339 sensitized Old English rabbits 4-6 weeks after a single intra-articular injection of ovalbumin into one knee joint. Positive arthritis was diagnosed when the joint swelling at this time was greater than or equal to 2 mm. A positive correlation between established joint swelling and delayed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin injected intradermally 24 h prior to joint challenge was demonstrated. Groups of 5-10 arthritic rabbits were dosed orally with increasing or fixed doses of a range of drugs for a period of 3-7 weeks. Drug activity was measured on joint swelling intermittently during the test and on joint macroscopy, cell content of the synovial fluid and joint histopathology at the end of the experiment. Prednisolone sodium phosphate and ketoprofen were the most active compounds tested. Chloroquine diphosphate, cyclo phosphamide, indomethacin, naproxen, SKF 36914 and sudoxicam had some activity, while aspirin, levamisole, oxisuran and D(-)penicillamine had little or no activity.", "contents": "The effect of drugs in established rabbit monoarticular arthritis. Established antigen-induced arthritis was produced in 264 out of 339 sensitized Old English rabbits 4-6 weeks after a single intra-articular injection of ovalbumin into one knee joint. Positive arthritis was diagnosed when the joint swelling at this time was greater than or equal to 2 mm. A positive correlation between established joint swelling and delayed hypersensitivity to ovalbumin injected intradermally 24 h prior to joint challenge was demonstrated. Groups of 5-10 arthritic rabbits were dosed orally with increasing or fixed doses of a range of drugs for a period of 3-7 weeks. Drug activity was measured on joint swelling intermittently during the test and on joint macroscopy, cell content of the synovial fluid and joint histopathology at the end of the experiment. Prednisolone sodium phosphate and ketoprofen were the most active compounds tested. Chloroquine diphosphate, cyclo phosphamide, indomethacin, naproxen, SKF 36914 and sudoxicam had some activity, while aspirin, levamisole, oxisuran and D(-)penicillamine had little or no activity."}
{"id": "PMID:930759", "title": "Inhibition of arachidonic acid induced mortality in rabbits with several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The intravenous administration of arachidonic acid to rabbits is an effective in vivo model for evaluating potential anti-thrombotic drugs. Most of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIFA) inhibit this arachidonic acid induced mortality (except sodium salicylate and acetaminophen). However, there is a lack of correlation between the relative potencies from various assays (rabbit anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, alalgesic, ulcerogenic and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase evaluations). These studies imply other actions with NSAIFA than an effect solely on the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway.", "contents": "Inhibition of arachidonic acid induced mortality in rabbits with several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The intravenous administration of arachidonic acid to rabbits is an effective in vivo model for evaluating potential anti-thrombotic drugs. Most of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIFA) inhibit this arachidonic acid induced mortality (except sodium salicylate and acetaminophen). However, there is a lack of correlation between the relative potencies from various assays (rabbit anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, alalgesic, ulcerogenic and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase evaluations). These studies imply other actions with NSAIFA than an effect solely on the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:930760", "title": "Further studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin.", "content": "Experiments performed on rats showed that insulin, when applied i.v. or s.c., inhibited the foot edema induced by carrageenin, thermic effect of 45.7 degrees C, compound 48/80 and 5-HT, but moderately increased the paw swelling evoked by kallikrein, a kinin-forming enzyme. The increased vascular permeability elicited by intradermal injection of histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, PGE1, carrageenin and compound 48/80 was also suppressed. The anti-inflammatory effect was not significantly altered by propranolol and adrenalectomy on the thermal and carrageenin edema, it was variably inhibited on the skin test, and was completely abolished on the paw swelling induced by 5-HT and compound 48/80. Since insulin had little or no effect on the vascular response when given topically together with the vasoactive agents, its complex effect on the acute inflammation appears to be brought about via indirect mechanisms.", "contents": "Further studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of insulin. Experiments performed on rats showed that insulin, when applied i.v. or s.c., inhibited the foot edema induced by carrageenin, thermic effect of 45.7 degrees C, compound 48/80 and 5-HT, but moderately increased the paw swelling evoked by kallikrein, a kinin-forming enzyme. The increased vascular permeability elicited by intradermal injection of histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, PGE1, carrageenin and compound 48/80 was also suppressed. The anti-inflammatory effect was not significantly altered by propranolol and adrenalectomy on the thermal and carrageenin edema, it was variably inhibited on the skin test, and was completely abolished on the paw swelling induced by 5-HT and compound 48/80. Since insulin had little or no effect on the vascular response when given topically together with the vasoactive agents, its complex effect on the acute inflammation appears to be brought about via indirect mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:930806", "title": "Polycystic kidney disease.", "content": "This autosomal dominant disorder usually appears in middle life. The most common findings are proteinuria, abdominal pain and palpable kidneys, followed by hematuria, hypertension, pyuria, uremia and calculi. In 15% of patients, death is due to cerebral aneurysm. Family counseling and the detection of \"at risk\" family members are important elements of management. Statistically, half of the offspring of one affected parent will have the disease.", "contents": "Polycystic kidney disease. This autosomal dominant disorder usually appears in middle life. The most common findings are proteinuria, abdominal pain and palpable kidneys, followed by hematuria, hypertension, pyuria, uremia and calculi. In 15% of patients, death is due to cerebral aneurysm. Family counseling and the detection of \"at risk\" family members are important elements of management. Statistically, half of the offspring of one affected parent will have the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:930807", "title": "Performance of the piezoelectric microbalance respirable aerosol sensor.", "content": "A battery-portable respirable aerosol sensor has been experimentally evaluated. Calibration procedures are described. For instruments calibrated with welding smoke, test results show agreement within +/- 15% of parallel filter samples for 10 laboratory and industrial aerosols including welding and tobacco smoke, oil mist, cotton and asbestos mill dusts, powdered metal and walnut shell dusts, and atmospheric urban aerosol in the 0.05-5.5 mg/m3 range. Results show that an average of several piezobalance measurements can accurately simulate a time-integrated filter sample in many industrial environments.", "contents": "Performance of the piezoelectric microbalance respirable aerosol sensor. A battery-portable respirable aerosol sensor has been experimentally evaluated. Calibration procedures are described. For instruments calibrated with welding smoke, test results show agreement within +/- 15% of parallel filter samples for 10 laboratory and industrial aerosols including welding and tobacco smoke, oil mist, cotton and asbestos mill dusts, powdered metal and walnut shell dusts, and atmospheric urban aerosol in the 0.05-5.5 mg/m3 range. Results show that an average of several piezobalance measurements can accurately simulate a time-integrated filter sample in many industrial environments."}
{"id": "PMID:930808", "title": "Results of a two year chronic toxicity study with hexachlorobutadiene in rats.", "content": "Lifetime ingestion by rats of 0.2 mg/kg/day of hexachlorobutadiene caused no discernible ill effects. Slight degrees of primarily renal toxicity occurred with 2 mg/kg/day; 20 mg/kg/day caused multiple toxic effects, including renal tubular neoplasms.", "contents": "Results of a two year chronic toxicity study with hexachlorobutadiene in rats. Lifetime ingestion by rats of 0.2 mg/kg/day of hexachlorobutadiene caused no discernible ill effects. Slight degrees of primarily renal toxicity occurred with 2 mg/kg/day; 20 mg/kg/day caused multiple toxic effects, including renal tubular neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:930809", "title": "Thermal and mechanical properties of aluminized fabrics for use in ferrous metal handling operations.", "content": "Protective garments are normally worn in molten handling operations to provide some protection against molten metal splashes. These garments are also intended to provide protection against radiant heat, and they should be as heat resistant and comfortable as possible. Asbestos-based fabrics have been employed for many years, but recently some concern has been expressed over possible asbestos exposure. This program was undertaken to explore the ability of several types of fabrics to resist heat transfer during molten metal impact. A molten metal splash test, along with standard methods for determining tensile strength, flame resistance, and abrasion-flexing resistance were used to evaluate several classes of protective fabrics. The results indicate that there are materials available that offer equal or better mechanical properties and thermal protection compared to aluminized asbestos.", "contents": "Thermal and mechanical properties of aluminized fabrics for use in ferrous metal handling operations. Protective garments are normally worn in molten handling operations to provide some protection against molten metal splashes. These garments are also intended to provide protection against radiant heat, and they should be as heat resistant and comfortable as possible. Asbestos-based fabrics have been employed for many years, but recently some concern has been expressed over possible asbestos exposure. This program was undertaken to explore the ability of several types of fabrics to resist heat transfer during molten metal impact. A molten metal splash test, along with standard methods for determining tensile strength, flame resistance, and abrasion-flexing resistance were used to evaluate several classes of protective fabrics. The results indicate that there are materials available that offer equal or better mechanical properties and thermal protection compared to aluminized asbestos."}
{"id": "PMID:930810", "title": "Application of occupational exposure limits to unusual work schedules.", "content": "A one-compartment exponential models is described which predicts \"equal protection\", based on biological uptake rates, for unusual air contaminant exposure situations as compared to a \"normal\" exposure of five 8-hour days per week. This is done by equating peak body burdens resulting from a normal and an unusual exposure, in terms of an adjustment factor applied to the normal exposure limit for an air contaminant. This factor predicts the highest allowable concentration in an unusual exposure situation which will not result in a higher-than normal body accumulation of the inhaled substance. Graphs and formulae are provided for determining adjustment factors for anticipated unusual exposure schedules. The model's predictions and published data are compared.", "contents": "Application of occupational exposure limits to unusual work schedules. A one-compartment exponential models is described which predicts \"equal protection\", based on biological uptake rates, for unusual air contaminant exposure situations as compared to a \"normal\" exposure of five 8-hour days per week. This is done by equating peak body burdens resulting from a normal and an unusual exposure, in terms of an adjustment factor applied to the normal exposure limit for an air contaminant. This factor predicts the highest allowable concentration in an unusual exposure situation which will not result in a higher-than normal body accumulation of the inhaled substance. Graphs and formulae are provided for determining adjustment factors for anticipated unusual exposure schedules. The model's predictions and published data are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:930811", "title": "Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design.", "content": "A survey of those features of hand tools relevant to the physical interaction between the implement and the human operator. Concepts basics to the optimization of forces are mentioned, followed by a description of some of the more common physiological problems and musculoskeletal complaints associated with improper hand tool and design and usage. An account of the distribution of contact pressures and possible consequences, if these are excessive, is followed by a description of the role of working gloves as related to ergonomic problems and their possible relationships to occupational diseases of the hand and wrist. Some aspects of anatomy and anthropometry pertinent to the optimization of posture, motion patterns and tool size precede a list of desirable features for power tools. A glossary is included as an aid to the reader. The concepts and situations described are applicable to the design and use of the vast majority of hand tools.", "contents": "Ergonomic principles basic to hand tool design. A survey of those features of hand tools relevant to the physical interaction between the implement and the human operator. Concepts basics to the optimization of forces are mentioned, followed by a description of some of the more common physiological problems and musculoskeletal complaints associated with improper hand tool and design and usage. An account of the distribution of contact pressures and possible consequences, if these are excessive, is followed by a description of the role of working gloves as related to ergonomic problems and their possible relationships to occupational diseases of the hand and wrist. Some aspects of anatomy and anthropometry pertinent to the optimization of posture, motion patterns and tool size precede a list of desirable features for power tools. A glossary is included as an aid to the reader. The concepts and situations described are applicable to the design and use of the vast majority of hand tools."}
{"id": "PMID:930812", "title": "A new method for monitoring personal exposure to ethylene oxide in the occupational environment.", "content": "A novel method for monitoring occupational exposure to ethylene oxide was developed. Ethylene oxide was collected on Columbia JXC activated carbon, desorbed with carbon disulfide, and analyzed by gas chromatography using a TERGITOL TMN or UCON LB55OX column. Several parameters such as selection of adsorbent and column; effects of humidity, sampling rate and volume; shelf-life; interference from ten contaminants; desorption technique and calibration curve were investigated. The lower detection limit of the method is 0.15 ppm in ten liters of air. The method was evaluated statistically and by conducting a round-robin interlaboratory study.", "contents": "A new method for monitoring personal exposure to ethylene oxide in the occupational environment. A novel method for monitoring occupational exposure to ethylene oxide was developed. Ethylene oxide was collected on Columbia JXC activated carbon, desorbed with carbon disulfide, and analyzed by gas chromatography using a TERGITOL TMN or UCON LB55OX column. Several parameters such as selection of adsorbent and column; effects of humidity, sampling rate and volume; shelf-life; interference from ten contaminants; desorption technique and calibration curve were investigated. The lower detection limit of the method is 0.15 ppm in ten liters of air. The method was evaluated statistically and by conducting a round-robin interlaboratory study."}
{"id": "PMID:930817", "title": "A method for evaluating the biomechanical stresses resulting from manual materials handling jobs.", "content": "Manual materials handling tasks are inherent to many different jobs in industry today. The performance of such tasks exposes the worker to a variety of biomechanical hazards. This paper proposes a formalized algorithm for evaluating such hazards, and demonstrates the use of the algorithm in four different jobs. Medical data from these jobs are presented which serve to confirm the types of biomechanical stresses quantified by the biomechanical evaluations.", "contents": "A method for evaluating the biomechanical stresses resulting from manual materials handling jobs. Manual materials handling tasks are inherent to many different jobs in industry today. The performance of such tasks exposes the worker to a variety of biomechanical hazards. This paper proposes a formalized algorithm for evaluating such hazards, and demonstrates the use of the algorithm in four different jobs. Medical data from these jobs are presented which serve to confirm the types of biomechanical stresses quantified by the biomechanical evaluations."}
{"id": "PMID:930818", "title": "Noise generation in pneumatic blow-off guns.", "content": "An efficiency rating system is presented to aid in the selection of hand held air guns, nozzles, and ejectors. This guide is based on noise levels, force or thrust, and air supply pressure. In addition, air consumption, blocked static air pressure, noise directivity patterns and spectra are presented. Finally, noise control techniques in the use and installation of nozzles and ejectors are reviewed.", "contents": "Noise generation in pneumatic blow-off guns. An efficiency rating system is presented to aid in the selection of hand held air guns, nozzles, and ejectors. This guide is based on noise levels, force or thrust, and air supply pressure. In addition, air consumption, blocked static air pressure, noise directivity patterns and spectra are presented. Finally, noise control techniques in the use and installation of nozzles and ejectors are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:930819", "title": "Evaluation of Federal man tests for self-contained breathing apparatus.", "content": "The transient pulmonary responses to four short duration man tests used in the Federal approval of breathing apparatus were measured. The pulmonary ventilation dropped 30 percent in the first thirty seconds in the periods assigned for samples and readings which were immediately preceded by work. A physiological deficit was incurred during the short duration man tests which meant that less O2 and ventilation were required when compared to steady state responses shown on approval tests. The scheduled man test activities for short duration breathing apparatus should be revised and made more vigorous to match the intended use of escape apparatus.", "contents": "Evaluation of Federal man tests for self-contained breathing apparatus. The transient pulmonary responses to four short duration man tests used in the Federal approval of breathing apparatus were measured. The pulmonary ventilation dropped 30 percent in the first thirty seconds in the periods assigned for samples and readings which were immediately preceded by work. A physiological deficit was incurred during the short duration man tests which meant that less O2 and ventilation were required when compared to steady state responses shown on approval tests. The scheduled man test activities for short duration breathing apparatus should be revised and made more vigorous to match the intended use of escape apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:930820", "title": "Respiratory effects of exposure to ozone plus sulfur dioxide in Southern Californians and Eastern Canadians.", "content": "Volunteer subjects were exposed in an environmentally controlled chamber in Los Angeles to SO2 and O3, separately and in combination, to study the enhanced toxicity of the O3 + SO2 mixture observed in a previous study in Montreal. Toxic responses to O3 + SO2 were less severe than observed previously, and only slightly more severe than with O3 alone. Sulfur-containing aerosols formed by chemical reactions within the chamber air may have contributed to the O3 + SO2 responses in the Montreal study. Adaptation of Los Angeles residents to ambient O3 may also contribute to response variability.", "contents": "Respiratory effects of exposure to ozone plus sulfur dioxide in Southern Californians and Eastern Canadians. Volunteer subjects were exposed in an environmentally controlled chamber in Los Angeles to SO2 and O3, separately and in combination, to study the enhanced toxicity of the O3 + SO2 mixture observed in a previous study in Montreal. Toxic responses to O3 + SO2 were less severe than observed previously, and only slightly more severe than with O3 alone. Sulfur-containing aerosols formed by chemical reactions within the chamber air may have contributed to the O3 + SO2 responses in the Montreal study. Adaptation of Los Angeles residents to ambient O3 may also contribute to response variability."}
{"id": "PMID:930821", "title": "Use of detector tubes under extreme conditions (humidity, pressure, temperature).", "content": "Detector tubes are mainly used in a temperature range between 0 degrees C and 40 degrees. At lower temperatures systematic minus indications may occur, high temperatures cause plus indications. By utilizing simple warming-up methods or cooling devices the temperature of the gas to be tested can be adjusted to a temperature which which is suitable for detector tubes. Humidity often influences chemical reagents. In detector tubes this interfering effect can be eliminated by special drying preparations. The reading of most of the detector tubes is directly proportional to the absolute air pressure. Pressure correction can be done easily by the gas law.", "contents": "Use of detector tubes under extreme conditions (humidity, pressure, temperature). Detector tubes are mainly used in a temperature range between 0 degrees C and 40 degrees. At lower temperatures systematic minus indications may occur, high temperatures cause plus indications. By utilizing simple warming-up methods or cooling devices the temperature of the gas to be tested can be adjusted to a temperature which which is suitable for detector tubes. Humidity often influences chemical reagents. In detector tubes this interfering effect can be eliminated by special drying preparations. The reading of most of the detector tubes is directly proportional to the absolute air pressure. Pressure correction can be done easily by the gas law."}
{"id": "PMID:930822", "title": "An industrial hygiene calibration manifold.", "content": "The industrial hygiene calibration manifold provides a continuous, stable, dynamic, reproducible vapor sample in the concentration range of fractional to thousands of parts per million. The principle of operation is the gravimetric determination of the sample diffusion or permeation rate and the measurement of total volumetric flow. The manifold consists of the following components: an organic-free air system, vapor jacketed diffusion-permeation chamber, jacketed multicomponent Venturi-type mixing manifold, exponential dilution flask and jacketed sampling manifold. This manifold can be used to validate or calibrate various industrial hygiene analyses such as charcoal and detector tube technology, impinger techniques, respirator cartridge testing, and various survey instruments.", "contents": "An industrial hygiene calibration manifold. The industrial hygiene calibration manifold provides a continuous, stable, dynamic, reproducible vapor sample in the concentration range of fractional to thousands of parts per million. The principle of operation is the gravimetric determination of the sample diffusion or permeation rate and the measurement of total volumetric flow. The manifold consists of the following components: an organic-free air system, vapor jacketed diffusion-permeation chamber, jacketed multicomponent Venturi-type mixing manifold, exponential dilution flask and jacketed sampling manifold. This manifold can be used to validate or calibrate various industrial hygiene analyses such as charcoal and detector tube technology, impinger techniques, respirator cartridge testing, and various survey instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:930826", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction with normal and near normal coronary arteries. Documentation with coronary arteriography within 12 1/2 hours of the onset of symptoms in two cases (three episodes).", "content": "Three instances (in two patients) of acute myocardial infarction associated with arteriographically normal or near normal coronary arteries are reported. One patient with a lateral infarction had a normal coronary arteriogram and hypokinesia of the lateral wall. Another patient had two infarctions: (1) a transmural inferior-lateral infarction associated with occlusion of the most distal segment of the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery, and (2) a transmural anterior-lateral-superior infarction associated with occlusion of the most distal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Neither occlusion was consistent with the extent of infarction. Although coronary arteriography was performed as early as 12 1/2, 3 3/4 and 11 2/3 hours, respectively, after the onset of symptoms of infarction in these three instances, the pathophysiologic features of the infarctions are obscure. Temporary occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery by spasm or platelet aggregates, or both, is suggested as a possible mechanism of the acute event.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction with normal and near normal coronary arteries. Documentation with coronary arteriography within 12 1/2 hours of the onset of symptoms in two cases (three episodes). Three instances (in two patients) of acute myocardial infarction associated with arteriographically normal or near normal coronary arteries are reported. One patient with a lateral infarction had a normal coronary arteriogram and hypokinesia of the lateral wall. Another patient had two infarctions: (1) a transmural inferior-lateral infarction associated with occlusion of the most distal segment of the posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery, and (2) a transmural anterior-lateral-superior infarction associated with occlusion of the most distal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Neither occlusion was consistent with the extent of infarction. Although coronary arteriography was performed as early as 12 1/2, 3 3/4 and 11 2/3 hours, respectively, after the onset of symptoms of infarction in these three instances, the pathophysiologic features of the infarctions are obscure. Temporary occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery by spasm or platelet aggregates, or both, is suggested as a possible mechanism of the acute event."}
{"id": "PMID:930837", "title": "Left ventricular hemodynamics and function in acute myocardial infarction: studies during the acute phase, convalescence and late recovery.", "content": "The left ventricular hemodynamics of 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction were determined from measurements of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure and heart rate during the acute phase(first study, 5 hours after admission), 4 to 6 weeks later (second study, during convalescence) and in 35 percent of all subjects 6 to 12 months after the acute infarction (third study). Serial analysis of serum creatine kinase was carried out during the acute phase. The peak CK value normalized for body surface area was used as a rough index of the extent of the acute myocardial necrosis. The condition of all survivors of the acute stage improved. Patients with only slightly reduced left ventricular performance during the acute stage recovered to nearly normal during convalescence. The condition of patients with greatly reduced left ventricular function also improved but remained impaired during convalescence. In all patients the main changes in left ventricular hemodynamics occurred within the first 4 to 6 weeks; there was almost no further alteration during the following 9 months.", "contents": "Left ventricular hemodynamics and function in acute myocardial infarction: studies during the acute phase, convalescence and late recovery. The left ventricular hemodynamics of 70 patients with acute myocardial infarction were determined from measurements of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, mean arterial pressure and heart rate during the acute phase(first study, 5 hours after admission), 4 to 6 weeks later (second study, during convalescence) and in 35 percent of all subjects 6 to 12 months after the acute infarction (third study). Serial analysis of serum creatine kinase was carried out during the acute phase. The peak CK value normalized for body surface area was used as a rough index of the extent of the acute myocardial necrosis. The condition of all survivors of the acute stage improved. Patients with only slightly reduced left ventricular performance during the acute stage recovered to nearly normal during convalescence. The condition of patients with greatly reduced left ventricular function also improved but remained impaired during convalescence. In all patients the main changes in left ventricular hemodynamics occurred within the first 4 to 6 weeks; there was almost no further alteration during the following 9 months."}
{"id": "PMID:930840", "title": "Influence of excitability on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs.", "content": "The influence of the excitability threshold on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was studied in dogs during myocardial ischemia and potassium and aprindine infusion. Interventions that influenced excitability threshold were associated with similar changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold although the percent change in both values differed. Although it is possible that the interventions studied caused parallel but independent changes in excitability threshold and ventricular fibrillation threshold, it is likely that the excitability threshold influences the ventricular fibrillation threshold. An increase in excitability threshold could result in an increase in ventricular fibrillation threshold in spite of an increase in the actual tendency of the heart to fibrillate spontaneously. Such discordance between the \"electrical stability of the heart\" and the ventricular fibrillation threshold was found during myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Influence of excitability on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. The influence of the excitability threshold on the ventricular fibrillation threshold was studied in dogs during myocardial ischemia and potassium and aprindine infusion. Interventions that influenced excitability threshold were associated with similar changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold although the percent change in both values differed. Although it is possible that the interventions studied caused parallel but independent changes in excitability threshold and ventricular fibrillation threshold, it is likely that the excitability threshold influences the ventricular fibrillation threshold. An increase in excitability threshold could result in an increase in ventricular fibrillation threshold in spite of an increase in the actual tendency of the heart to fibrillate spontaneously. Such discordance between the \"electrical stability of the heart\" and the ventricular fibrillation threshold was found during myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:930842", "title": "Effectiveness of intraaortic balloon pumping without cardiac surgery for patients with severe heart failure secondary to a recent myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with class III or class IV left ventricular failure (Myocardial Infarction Research Unit criteria) after a recent myocardial infarction were treated with intraaortic balloon pumping between December 1, 1972 and December 1, 1976. Three patients had no improvement and died during pumping. Two patients with improvement died during at attempt at weaning from circulatory assistance. Of 20 patients successfully weaned, 6 died within 3 months, 5 of these within 10 days after the weaning procedure. Of 14 patients who survived for more than 3 months, 13 were alive on February 15, 1977. Twelve of these 13 were in functional class II and 6 had resumed professional activities. Intraaortic balloon pumping proved an effective method for treating severe left ventricular failure after an acute myocardial infarction. Even withour surgery, 14 of 25 patients survived 3 or more months after an acute infarction complicated by serious pump failure.", "contents": "Effectiveness of intraaortic balloon pumping without cardiac surgery for patients with severe heart failure secondary to a recent myocardial infarction. Twenty-five patients with class III or class IV left ventricular failure (Myocardial Infarction Research Unit criteria) after a recent myocardial infarction were treated with intraaortic balloon pumping between December 1, 1972 and December 1, 1976. Three patients had no improvement and died during pumping. Two patients with improvement died during at attempt at weaning from circulatory assistance. Of 20 patients successfully weaned, 6 died within 3 months, 5 of these within 10 days after the weaning procedure. Of 14 patients who survived for more than 3 months, 13 were alive on February 15, 1977. Twelve of these 13 were in functional class II and 6 had resumed professional activities. Intraaortic balloon pumping proved an effective method for treating severe left ventricular failure after an acute myocardial infarction. Even withour surgery, 14 of 25 patients survived 3 or more months after an acute infarction complicated by serious pump failure."}
{"id": "PMID:930844", "title": "The sinus node.", "content": "This discussion of the sinus node begins with a description of its normal anatomy, particularly in the human heart, and then proceeds to a review of the several pathologic changes known to affect the sinus node. The latter include diseases of the sinus node artery, changes in the normal collagen framework of the node, pericarditis and certain infiltrative processes. The concluding section combines an examination of function and structure of the sinus node on the basis of experimental observations. Some new laws of the heart dealing with governance of normal cardiac rhythm are presented.", "contents": "The sinus node. This discussion of the sinus node begins with a description of its normal anatomy, particularly in the human heart, and then proceeds to a review of the several pathologic changes known to affect the sinus node. The latter include diseases of the sinus node artery, changes in the normal collagen framework of the node, pericarditis and certain infiltrative processes. The concluding section combines an examination of function and structure of the sinus node on the basis of experimental observations. Some new laws of the heart dealing with governance of normal cardiac rhythm are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:930845", "title": "Echocardiographic interpretation in the presence of Swan-Ganz intracardiac catheters.", "content": "Swan-Ganz balloon flotation catheters can produce strong echoes in the right heart. These echoes have variable configurations and can mimic right heart structures; their reverberations can be confused with left heart structures.", "contents": "Echocardiographic interpretation in the presence of Swan-Ganz intracardiac catheters. Swan-Ganz balloon flotation catheters can produce strong echoes in the right heart. These echoes have variable configurations and can mimic right heart structures; their reverberations can be confused with left heart structures."}
{"id": "PMID:930846", "title": "High-voltage electron microscopy of extracellular fibrillogenesis.", "content": "High-voltage electron microscopy was employed to observe developing extracellular connective tissue elements in the cervical perinotochordal and perivertebral regions in the chick embryo from 2 through 15 days' incubation. During days 2 and 3, small (10 nm) and large (18-20 nm) microfibrils surrounded the notochord, becoming evident around fibroblast-like cells in day 4. Amorphous material, globular granules and microfibrillar bundles were present at this time. Microfibrillar length increased as did the total population of microfibrils. At four days microfibrils 3-5 nm in diameter arose in all directions from globular granules. During day 9 and thereafter to day 15, microfibrillar diameters increased. This growth formed unit collagenous fibrils 30 nm in diameter or greater. Axial periodicity became evident at day 14. Small microfibrils appear to be composed largely of glycoproteins and do not contain a significant amount of collagen. The globular granules and associated filaments are probably proteoglycans. The amorphous material is believed to provide molecular collagen to developing fibrils. Large microfibrils and unit collagenous fibrils contain significant amounts of molecular collagen.", "contents": "High-voltage electron microscopy of extracellular fibrillogenesis. High-voltage electron microscopy was employed to observe developing extracellular connective tissue elements in the cervical perinotochordal and perivertebral regions in the chick embryo from 2 through 15 days' incubation. During days 2 and 3, small (10 nm) and large (18-20 nm) microfibrils surrounded the notochord, becoming evident around fibroblast-like cells in day 4. Amorphous material, globular granules and microfibrillar bundles were present at this time. Microfibrillar length increased as did the total population of microfibrils. At four days microfibrils 3-5 nm in diameter arose in all directions from globular granules. During day 9 and thereafter to day 15, microfibrillar diameters increased. This growth formed unit collagenous fibrils 30 nm in diameter or greater. Axial periodicity became evident at day 14. Small microfibrils appear to be composed largely of glycoproteins and do not contain a significant amount of collagen. The globular granules and associated filaments are probably proteoglycans. The amorphous material is believed to provide molecular collagen to developing fibrils. Large microfibrils and unit collagenous fibrils contain significant amounts of molecular collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:930848", "title": "Age related differences in binding of concanavalin A to plasma membranes of isolated neurons.", "content": "Neurons isolated from the lateral vestibular nucleus of young adult and senescent Fischer-344 rats were incubated with fluorescamine-labelled Concanavalin A (fl-Con A) alone, or following incubation in trypsin or Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. They were then observed and photographed. Microdensitometric analysis of fluorescence micrographs showed that senescent rat neurons were significantly more fluorescent than those from young adult rats. Additionally, either patches or caps of fl-Con A were seen on the surface of neurons from senescent rats, while most young adult rat neurons bound fl-Con A uniformly. Pretreatment with trypsin or neuraminidase had no effect on the amount of fluorescence on the surface of senescent rat neurons, and only a slight effect on the surface distribution. Trypsin and neuronal plasma membranes of young adult rats and a rearrangement of the binding pattern in the majority of neurons observed.", "contents": "Age related differences in binding of concanavalin A to plasma membranes of isolated neurons. Neurons isolated from the lateral vestibular nucleus of young adult and senescent Fischer-344 rats were incubated with fluorescamine-labelled Concanavalin A (fl-Con A) alone, or following incubation in trypsin or Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. They were then observed and photographed. Microdensitometric analysis of fluorescence micrographs showed that senescent rat neurons were significantly more fluorescent than those from young adult rats. Additionally, either patches or caps of fl-Con A were seen on the surface of neurons from senescent rats, while most young adult rat neurons bound fl-Con A uniformly. Pretreatment with trypsin or neuraminidase had no effect on the amount of fluorescence on the surface of senescent rat neurons, and only a slight effect on the surface distribution. Trypsin and neuronal plasma membranes of young adult rats and a rearrangement of the binding pattern in the majority of neurons observed."}
{"id": "PMID:930849", "title": "Fenestrations in regenerating skeletal muscle capillaries.", "content": "A new observation of fenestrae with diaphragms in the endothelial wall of regenerating skeletal muscle capillaries is described in seven-day-old wounds of the cremaster muscle of adult male guinea pigs. The fenestrations were 44 nm in diameter and contained diaphragms with a central dense structure. These findings suggest an additional route for physiological exchange mechanisms in wound capillaries.", "contents": "Fenestrations in regenerating skeletal muscle capillaries. A new observation of fenestrae with diaphragms in the endothelial wall of regenerating skeletal muscle capillaries is described in seven-day-old wounds of the cremaster muscle of adult male guinea pigs. The fenestrations were 44 nm in diameter and contained diaphragms with a central dense structure. These findings suggest an additional route for physiological exchange mechanisms in wound capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:930850", "title": "The perineural sheath in the urodele amphibian.", "content": "The perineural epithelial cells of the peripheral nerve sheath in triturus are elongated flat cells with long and thin cytoplasmic processes. Structural characteristics of the processes include a relative absence of common cytoplasmic organelles of the perinuclear cytoplasm but an abundance of vesicular profiles similar to fully formed pinocytotic vesicles. Unlike pinocytotic vesicles, vesicles of the processes often contain an 8-nm thick filament attached to their cytoplasmic face. Vesicles are also interconnected by similar filaments or by tubules. In addition, almost all vehicles appear to have openings at the cell surface, a feature not seen for pinocytotic vesicles. The concentration of exogenous peroxidase in the vesicles, and the subsequent appearance of peroxidase in the endoneural fluid, myelin sheath and axon, support the notion that the vesicles function in the exchange of substances between extraneural and endoneural fluids.", "contents": "The perineural sheath in the urodele amphibian. The perineural epithelial cells of the peripheral nerve sheath in triturus are elongated flat cells with long and thin cytoplasmic processes. Structural characteristics of the processes include a relative absence of common cytoplasmic organelles of the perinuclear cytoplasm but an abundance of vesicular profiles similar to fully formed pinocytotic vesicles. Unlike pinocytotic vesicles, vesicles of the processes often contain an 8-nm thick filament attached to their cytoplasmic face. Vesicles are also interconnected by similar filaments or by tubules. In addition, almost all vehicles appear to have openings at the cell surface, a feature not seen for pinocytotic vesicles. The concentration of exogenous peroxidase in the vesicles, and the subsequent appearance of peroxidase in the endoneural fluid, myelin sheath and axon, support the notion that the vesicles function in the exchange of substances between extraneural and endoneural fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:930851", "title": "The effect of vinblastine-induced microtubule loss on kidney podocyte morphology.", "content": "The effect of intravenous injections of vinblastine sulfate on the renal glomerular epithelium was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two hours after treatment with vinblastine, microtubules were almost completely lost from the podocyte cell bodies and major processes, and crystalline inclusions of a tubular nature had appeared within the cytoplasm. Coincident with this loss of microtubules, podocyte major processes at first collapsed and then became significantly thinner as they appeared to lose much of their cytoplasm to the nucleated cell body. These observations suggest that microtubules serve to maintain the shape and integrity of podocyte major processes. At no time after vinblastine treatment did we note any alteration in podocyte pedicel morphology.", "contents": "The effect of vinblastine-induced microtubule loss on kidney podocyte morphology. The effect of intravenous injections of vinblastine sulfate on the renal glomerular epithelium was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two hours after treatment with vinblastine, microtubules were almost completely lost from the podocyte cell bodies and major processes, and crystalline inclusions of a tubular nature had appeared within the cytoplasm. Coincident with this loss of microtubules, podocyte major processes at first collapsed and then became significantly thinner as they appeared to lose much of their cytoplasm to the nucleated cell body. These observations suggest that microtubules serve to maintain the shape and integrity of podocyte major processes. At no time after vinblastine treatment did we note any alteration in podocyte pedicel morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:930852", "title": "Ultrastructure of the aging myocardium: a morphometric approach.", "content": "Left ventricular tissue from adult and aging Syrian hamster heart was compared at the ultrastructural level, using both qualitative and morphometric electron microscopy. The aging myocardium often showed indented nuclei, lipid droplets and aggregations of dense bodies. The volume fractions of muscle cells occupied by mitochondria, lipid and lysosomes (including both primary lysosomes and residual bodies) was significantly greater in the old animals, while there was no significant difference in nuclear volume fraction or myofibrillar mass. Sarcoplasmic reticular volume and membrane surface area fell during aging. The area of mitochondrial inner membrane plus cristae per mitochondrial volume also fell. When sarcoplasmic reticular and mitochondrial area were expressed per myofibrillar volume fraction, the sarcoplasmic reticular ratio fell, while the mitochondrial parameter remained constant. Discoordinate aging of cellular components in the mammalian myocardium is proposed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the aging myocardium: a morphometric approach. Left ventricular tissue from adult and aging Syrian hamster heart was compared at the ultrastructural level, using both qualitative and morphometric electron microscopy. The aging myocardium often showed indented nuclei, lipid droplets and aggregations of dense bodies. The volume fractions of muscle cells occupied by mitochondria, lipid and lysosomes (including both primary lysosomes and residual bodies) was significantly greater in the old animals, while there was no significant difference in nuclear volume fraction or myofibrillar mass. Sarcoplasmic reticular volume and membrane surface area fell during aging. The area of mitochondrial inner membrane plus cristae per mitochondrial volume also fell. When sarcoplasmic reticular and mitochondrial area were expressed per myofibrillar volume fraction, the sarcoplasmic reticular ratio fell, while the mitochondrial parameter remained constant. Discoordinate aging of cellular components in the mammalian myocardium is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:930853", "title": "Mode of locomotion of Schwann cells migrating in vivo.", "content": "The manner of locomotion of Schwann cells during normal development was studied by means of repeated observations and photomicrographs of individual cells at closely spaced time intervals and focal levels. In developing tadpole peripheral nerves, Schwann cells move sporadically with brief periods of rapid translation of the whole cell interspersed with longer intervals when the cell shows little or no overall movement. Highest rates of locomotion averaged 5 micrometer/minute with a duration of no greater than four to six minutes. Net rates of speed measured over at least 20 minutes were always considerably lower, with the average being 1.9 micrometer/minute. Rapid locomotion involves protrusion and growth of several pseudopodia, while the cell body remains in place, followed by attachment of these processes to an axonal surface, and finally detachment of the trailing portions of the cell as the entire cell hitches forward, \"inchworm-style\".", "contents": "Mode of locomotion of Schwann cells migrating in vivo. The manner of locomotion of Schwann cells during normal development was studied by means of repeated observations and photomicrographs of individual cells at closely spaced time intervals and focal levels. In developing tadpole peripheral nerves, Schwann cells move sporadically with brief periods of rapid translation of the whole cell interspersed with longer intervals when the cell shows little or no overall movement. Highest rates of locomotion averaged 5 micrometer/minute with a duration of no greater than four to six minutes. Net rates of speed measured over at least 20 minutes were always considerably lower, with the average being 1.9 micrometer/minute. Rapid locomotion involves protrusion and growth of several pseudopodia, while the cell body remains in place, followed by attachment of these processes to an axonal surface, and finally detachment of the trailing portions of the cell as the entire cell hitches forward, \"inchworm-style\"."}
{"id": "PMID:930855", "title": "Dictyosome-like structures with cylindrical intersaccular connections (microtubules?) in guinea pig spermatocytes.", "content": "Structures superficially resembling dictyosomes were present in guinea pig primary spermatocytes and in spermatids in late stages of development. The dictyosome-like structures (DLS) were composed of 2 to 17 saccules. Each saccule averaged about 20 nm in thickness (membranes plus lumen) and 400 nm in diameter and was separated from adjacent saccules in a stack by an intersaccular space of about 12 nm. Single saccules separated from the DLS were also present. Tubules up to 60 nm in diameter were continuous with the edges of the saccules and sometimes extended for several micrometers into the cytoplasm. The membranes of the tubules appeared similar to the saccule membranes. Some DLS saccules and tubules had coated vesicles attached to them. A distinguished feature of DLS was the presence of microtubule-like structures, about 10 nm in diameter, that bridged the inter-saccular spaces. Some of these bridging structures appeared continuous through one or more saccules. The bridging structures were often arranged in linear arrays or in clusters of three to four. The membranes of the DLS appeared tripartite but stained differently from the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. The inner (luminal) leaflet of the tripartite membrane usually appeared discontinuous or globular after fixation in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The DLS could be distinguished from all other cellular components and may represent a new organelle unique to spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Dictyosome-like structures with cylindrical intersaccular connections (microtubules?) in guinea pig spermatocytes. Structures superficially resembling dictyosomes were present in guinea pig primary spermatocytes and in spermatids in late stages of development. The dictyosome-like structures (DLS) were composed of 2 to 17 saccules. Each saccule averaged about 20 nm in thickness (membranes plus lumen) and 400 nm in diameter and was separated from adjacent saccules in a stack by an intersaccular space of about 12 nm. Single saccules separated from the DLS were also present. Tubules up to 60 nm in diameter were continuous with the edges of the saccules and sometimes extended for several micrometers into the cytoplasm. The membranes of the tubules appeared similar to the saccule membranes. Some DLS saccules and tubules had coated vesicles attached to them. A distinguished feature of DLS was the presence of microtubule-like structures, about 10 nm in diameter, that bridged the inter-saccular spaces. Some of these bridging structures appeared continuous through one or more saccules. The bridging structures were often arranged in linear arrays or in clusters of three to four. The membranes of the DLS appeared tripartite but stained differently from the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. The inner (luminal) leaflet of the tripartite membrane usually appeared discontinuous or globular after fixation in glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide. The DLS could be distinguished from all other cellular components and may represent a new organelle unique to spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:930856", "title": "The morphogenetic relationship of the temporal muscle to the coronoid process in human embryos and fetuses.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was: (a) to study the developmental relationships of the temporal muscle and the coronoid process during the critical initial stages of morphogenesis and (b) to correlate the developmental stages of the muscle and the bone with data describing the functioning of the muscles of mastication in utero. The heads of 41 human embryos and fetuses, 6 to 11 weeks, estimated fertilization age, were sectioned and examined under light microscopy. The findings are described in terms of six successive stages, each characterized by a major developmental change occurring during that stage. The data indicate that the temporal and masseter muscle anlagen begin to develop prior to the skeleton to which they ultimately become attached. The coronoid process differentiates subsequently as a discrete entity within the mass of the temporal muscle anlage at an estimated fertilization age of 7 to 7.5 weeks (23-24 mm CRL). At approximately eight weeks of age, the coronoid process unites with the main portion of the mandibular ramus. The findings here presented do not support the conclusion that the coronoid process is self-differentiating as Washburn ('47) contended. Instead, the development of this feature of the human mandible represents a response that follows the differentiation of the temporal muscle. This conclusion is consistent with the observations drawn from a number of investigations concerning structural and functional development of the face.", "contents": "The morphogenetic relationship of the temporal muscle to the coronoid process in human embryos and fetuses. The purpose of this investigation was: (a) to study the developmental relationships of the temporal muscle and the coronoid process during the critical initial stages of morphogenesis and (b) to correlate the developmental stages of the muscle and the bone with data describing the functioning of the muscles of mastication in utero. The heads of 41 human embryos and fetuses, 6 to 11 weeks, estimated fertilization age, were sectioned and examined under light microscopy. The findings are described in terms of six successive stages, each characterized by a major developmental change occurring during that stage. The data indicate that the temporal and masseter muscle anlagen begin to develop prior to the skeleton to which they ultimately become attached. The coronoid process differentiates subsequently as a discrete entity within the mass of the temporal muscle anlage at an estimated fertilization age of 7 to 7.5 weeks (23-24 mm CRL). At approximately eight weeks of age, the coronoid process unites with the main portion of the mandibular ramus. The findings here presented do not support the conclusion that the coronoid process is self-differentiating as Washburn ('47) contended. Instead, the development of this feature of the human mandible represents a response that follows the differentiation of the temporal muscle. This conclusion is consistent with the observations drawn from a number of investigations concerning structural and functional development of the face."}
{"id": "PMID:930857", "title": "Electron microscopy of the connective tissues between longitudinal and circular muscle of small intestine of cat.", "content": "Electrotonic spread of applied potentials was observed between longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the small intestine with no rectification. Nexal junctions were demonstrated between muscle fibers of each layer. Connective tissue cells bridged between the two muscle layers. These showed structural characteristics of fibrocytes and of interstitial cells. Some nexuses were seen between connective tissue cells and between these cells and muscle fibers of each layer but in most junctions the membranes were 10-18 nm apart. Since connective tissue can serve for electrical conduction between cultured heart cells and since electrical properties of intestinal muscle permit transmission with low degrees of coupling, it is suggested that interstitial cells and fibrocytes may electrically couple longitudinal and circular muscle layers of cat intestine.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of the connective tissues between longitudinal and circular muscle of small intestine of cat. Electrotonic spread of applied potentials was observed between longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the small intestine with no rectification. Nexal junctions were demonstrated between muscle fibers of each layer. Connective tissue cells bridged between the two muscle layers. These showed structural characteristics of fibrocytes and of interstitial cells. Some nexuses were seen between connective tissue cells and between these cells and muscle fibers of each layer but in most junctions the membranes were 10-18 nm apart. Since connective tissue can serve for electrical conduction between cultured heart cells and since electrical properties of intestinal muscle permit transmission with low degrees of coupling, it is suggested that interstitial cells and fibrocytes may electrically couple longitudinal and circular muscle layers of cat intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:930858", "title": "The role of movement in the development of a digital flexor tendon.", "content": "D-tubocurarine was injected into the air sac of 8-day chick embryos to prevent movement of the digits of the hind limb. The embryos were paralyzed from the tenth to the eighteenth day, when the experiment was terminated. The immobilization of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons in the tarsus resulted in a loss of specialized structures around and on this tendon, as determined by light and electron microscopy. Specialized areas observed in the normal chick (synovial cavity, fibrocartilaginous area, and elastic vinculum) failed to form, as a result of the paralysis of the digit. Several authors have shown previously that movement is a requirement for the molding and maintenance of joint cavities in vivo, in ovo and in vitro (see text for references). We have shown that movement of the tendon is required to produce a functional tendon apparatus in the embryo and predict that movement is also required for regeneration after injury.", "contents": "The role of movement in the development of a digital flexor tendon. D-tubocurarine was injected into the air sac of 8-day chick embryos to prevent movement of the digits of the hind limb. The embryos were paralyzed from the tenth to the eighteenth day, when the experiment was terminated. The immobilization of the flexor digitorum profundus tendons in the tarsus resulted in a loss of specialized structures around and on this tendon, as determined by light and electron microscopy. Specialized areas observed in the normal chick (synovial cavity, fibrocartilaginous area, and elastic vinculum) failed to form, as a result of the paralysis of the digit. Several authors have shown previously that movement is a requirement for the molding and maintenance of joint cavities in vivo, in ovo and in vitro (see text for references). We have shown that movement of the tendon is required to produce a functional tendon apparatus in the embryo and predict that movement is also required for regeneration after injury."}
{"id": "PMID:930859", "title": "Fusion of nasal swellings in the mouse embryo: surface coat and initial contact.", "content": "The nasal region of 12-day-old mouse embryos was examined with the electron microscope to determine whether a surface coat and membrane specializations are involved in epithelial fusion between the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Ruthenium red was used to examine the distribution of the surface coat. Prior to contact, a surface coat is always present over the epithelial linings of the nasal swellings in the region of presumptive fusion, and it is often heavier in the fusing than in the non-fusing regions. At the point of initial contact, the coat is present as a thin film between touching superficial cells, suggesting that it may mediate epithelial contact. The initial contact between the cells of the medial and lateral nasal swellings is made by short projections from one superficial cell to the surface of an opposing superficial cells meet. The contacting membranes, which are separated by a distance of approximately 6-10 nm and show an increased electron-density, probably provide a firm adhesion between the nasal swellings.", "contents": "Fusion of nasal swellings in the mouse embryo: surface coat and initial contact. The nasal region of 12-day-old mouse embryos was examined with the electron microscope to determine whether a surface coat and membrane specializations are involved in epithelial fusion between the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Ruthenium red was used to examine the distribution of the surface coat. Prior to contact, a surface coat is always present over the epithelial linings of the nasal swellings in the region of presumptive fusion, and it is often heavier in the fusing than in the non-fusing regions. At the point of initial contact, the coat is present as a thin film between touching superficial cells, suggesting that it may mediate epithelial contact. The initial contact between the cells of the medial and lateral nasal swellings is made by short projections from one superficial cell to the surface of an opposing superficial cells meet. The contacting membranes, which are separated by a distance of approximately 6-10 nm and show an increased electron-density, probably provide a firm adhesion between the nasal swellings."}
{"id": "PMID:930866", "title": "Effect of moderate malnutrition on concentrations of immunoglobulins and enzymes in tears and saliva of young Colombian children.", "content": "The influence of moderate malnutrition on immunoglobulins and enzymes in the sera and secretions of 71 Colombian children was studied. Concentrations of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, lysozyme, albumin, and aminopeptidase were measured in the sera, tears, and saliva of 27 normal, 32 grade I, 9 grade II, and 3 grade III malnourished children. The most severely malnourished children, grades II and III, had markedly reduced immunoglobulin A concentrations and elevated immunoglobulin G concentrations in tears. Immunoglobulin A levels in whole saliva were also reduced in these malnourished children. In contrast, the concentration of immunoglobulin A in the sera of these children was significantly elevated. There was no influence of malnutrition on levels of lysozyme, albumin, total protein, and aminopeptidase in tears or saliva. These results indicate that secretory immunity may be impaired in moderately malnourished children due to decreased levels of immunoglobulin A in secretions.", "contents": "Effect of moderate malnutrition on concentrations of immunoglobulins and enzymes in tears and saliva of young Colombian children. The influence of moderate malnutrition on immunoglobulins and enzymes in the sera and secretions of 71 Colombian children was studied. Concentrations of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, lysozyme, albumin, and aminopeptidase were measured in the sera, tears, and saliva of 27 normal, 32 grade I, 9 grade II, and 3 grade III malnourished children. The most severely malnourished children, grades II and III, had markedly reduced immunoglobulin A concentrations and elevated immunoglobulin G concentrations in tears. Immunoglobulin A levels in whole saliva were also reduced in these malnourished children. In contrast, the concentration of immunoglobulin A in the sera of these children was significantly elevated. There was no influence of malnutrition on levels of lysozyme, albumin, total protein, and aminopeptidase in tears or saliva. These results indicate that secretory immunity may be impaired in moderately malnourished children due to decreased levels of immunoglobulin A in secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:930867", "title": "Fasting (acute energy deprivation) in man: effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis.", "content": "Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were studied during 10 days of total fasting in healthy, normal weight males. A reduction of plasma levels of factor VIII activity with a concomitant decrease in factor VIII antigen was found, without other laboratory evidence for a disseminated intravascular coagulation. The effect of 10 days' starvation on blood coagulation appears to be small but the effect of more prolonged starvation might implicate impaired hemostasis.", "contents": "Fasting (acute energy deprivation) in man: effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were studied during 10 days of total fasting in healthy, normal weight males. A reduction of plasma levels of factor VIII activity with a concomitant decrease in factor VIII antigen was found, without other laboratory evidence for a disseminated intravascular coagulation. The effect of 10 days' starvation on blood coagulation appears to be small but the effect of more prolonged starvation might implicate impaired hemostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:930868", "title": "Effect of systemic bacterial infection on absorption rates of L-histidine and glycylglycine from the human jejunum in vivo.", "content": "Jejunal absorption rates of L-histidine (from a 100 mmole/liter solution) and glycylglycine (from a 50 mmole/liter solution) were determined with a souble-lumen tube perfusion system in vivo in 12 Zambian African men; six had acute bacterial pneumonia (infection group) and six had no clinical evidence of a bacterial infection (control group). With this experimental design the mean rate of histidine absorption was significantly higher in the infection compared with the control group, but mean rates for glycine absorption from glycylglycine were not significantly different. During the glycylglycine infusions, the luminal disappearance rate of the intact peptide was significantly greater than the total glycine absorption rate. The correlation between individual histidine and glycylglycine absorption rates was significant. That is probably because after intracellular hydrolysis and efflux to the lumen, some glycylglycine is reabsorbed as free glycine by the amino-acid transfer mechanism, and the rate of that has previously been shown to be increased in subjects with systemic bacterial infections.", "contents": "Effect of systemic bacterial infection on absorption rates of L-histidine and glycylglycine from the human jejunum in vivo. Jejunal absorption rates of L-histidine (from a 100 mmole/liter solution) and glycylglycine (from a 50 mmole/liter solution) were determined with a souble-lumen tube perfusion system in vivo in 12 Zambian African men; six had acute bacterial pneumonia (infection group) and six had no clinical evidence of a bacterial infection (control group). With this experimental design the mean rate of histidine absorption was significantly higher in the infection compared with the control group, but mean rates for glycine absorption from glycylglycine were not significantly different. During the glycylglycine infusions, the luminal disappearance rate of the intact peptide was significantly greater than the total glycine absorption rate. The correlation between individual histidine and glycylglycine absorption rates was significant. That is probably because after intracellular hydrolysis and efflux to the lumen, some glycylglycine is reabsorbed as free glycine by the amino-acid transfer mechanism, and the rate of that has previously been shown to be increased in subjects with systemic bacterial infections."}
{"id": "PMID:930869", "title": "Effect of autoclaving of a lactose-containing diet on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of conventional and germ-free rats.", "content": "Feeding of lactose in amounts comparable to the adult human intake in developed countries (6% of diet, and in later studies 10%) had no major effect on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of germ-free and conventional rats. However, when lactose-containing casein-starch diets were sterilized by autoclaving, changes in intestinal and/or fecal bile acids were found. Both germ-free and conventional rats demonstrated some increase in intestinal beta-muricholic acid concentrations ascribable to the mere presence of lactose in the diet. Autoclaving of the diet produced additional changes, especially in the fecal bile acid pattern of conventional rats. Here the ratio between the beta-muricholic-derived secondary bile acids hyodeoxycholic and omega-muricholic acids changed from the usual 5:3 to approximately 1:10, with omega-muricholic acid becoming the major fecal bile acid. These changes point to a notable effect of lactose-derived products, formed during steam-sterilization, on the microbial modification of intestinal bile acids in the lower gut. Similar changes have been observed after oral administration of aureomycin and other, unrelated antibiotics that inhibit growth of gram positive organisms.", "contents": "Effect of autoclaving of a lactose-containing diet on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of conventional and germ-free rats. Feeding of lactose in amounts comparable to the adult human intake in developed countries (6% of diet, and in later studies 10%) had no major effect on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism of germ-free and conventional rats. However, when lactose-containing casein-starch diets were sterilized by autoclaving, changes in intestinal and/or fecal bile acids were found. Both germ-free and conventional rats demonstrated some increase in intestinal beta-muricholic acid concentrations ascribable to the mere presence of lactose in the diet. Autoclaving of the diet produced additional changes, especially in the fecal bile acid pattern of conventional rats. Here the ratio between the beta-muricholic-derived secondary bile acids hyodeoxycholic and omega-muricholic acids changed from the usual 5:3 to approximately 1:10, with omega-muricholic acid becoming the major fecal bile acid. These changes point to a notable effect of lactose-derived products, formed during steam-sterilization, on the microbial modification of intestinal bile acids in the lower gut. Similar changes have been observed after oral administration of aureomycin and other, unrelated antibiotics that inhibit growth of gram positive organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:930870", "title": "Influence of diet on trans fatty acids in human milk.", "content": "In two experiments on relations between diet and milk lipids, subjects recorded food intake for 1 week and saved duplicate portions of foods consumed on 3 days. Diet collections were analyzed for selected nutrients and percent fatty acids. In the first experiment, for 1 week five subjects took morning and evening milk samples for fatty acid analysis. Significant differences were found in percentages of trans- 18:1 and total trans fatty acids between subjects' milks but not between morning and evening samples. In the second experiment six additional subjects collected milk samples in the morning only. Subjects were significantly different in the percentages of trans- 18:1 and total trans acids in their milks. In nine of the 11 subjects the fluctuation of percent total trans acids in the milk appeared to follow dietary trans changes after a 12 to 36 hr lag period. A significant correlation was found for diet and evening milk of the same day. Polyunsaturated/saturated ratios of the fatty acids in the diet lipids were related to those for milk lipids from the same evening and the next morning. Although other factors are involved, diet lipids influence trans fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratios of the fatty acids in human milk.", "contents": "Influence of diet on trans fatty acids in human milk. In two experiments on relations between diet and milk lipids, subjects recorded food intake for 1 week and saved duplicate portions of foods consumed on 3 days. Diet collections were analyzed for selected nutrients and percent fatty acids. In the first experiment, for 1 week five subjects took morning and evening milk samples for fatty acid analysis. Significant differences were found in percentages of trans- 18:1 and total trans fatty acids between subjects' milks but not between morning and evening samples. In the second experiment six additional subjects collected milk samples in the morning only. Subjects were significantly different in the percentages of trans- 18:1 and total trans acids in their milks. In nine of the 11 subjects the fluctuation of percent total trans acids in the milk appeared to follow dietary trans changes after a 12 to 36 hr lag period. A significant correlation was found for diet and evening milk of the same day. Polyunsaturated/saturated ratios of the fatty acids in the diet lipids were related to those for milk lipids from the same evening and the next morning. Although other factors are involved, diet lipids influence trans fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratios of the fatty acids in human milk."}
{"id": "PMID:930871", "title": "The effect of kind of carbohydrate in the diet and use of oral contraceptives on metabolism of young women. I. Blood and urinary lactate, uric acid, and phosphorus.", "content": "Six oral contraceptive (OC) users and six control subjects consumed diets in which 43% of the calories came from either sucrose or starch for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet had no effect on blood lactate response to a sucrose load, but lactate response of OC users was greater than that of control subjects. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet did not affect urinary lactate excretion after a sucrose load; however, OC users excreted more lactate than did controls and there was a significant interaction between dietary carbohydrate and OC use. Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher when the sucrose diet was consumed, but levels were not affected by OC use. Serum phosphorus levels were not affected by kind of carbohydrate in the diet but were higher in control subjects than in OC users and there was a significant interaction between diet and OC use. There were no significant differences in urinary uric acid and phosphorus excretions after sucrose loads or in 24-hr urinary excretions of uric acid, phosphorus, or urea due to kind of carbohydrate in the diet or OC use.", "contents": "The effect of kind of carbohydrate in the diet and use of oral contraceptives on metabolism of young women. I. Blood and urinary lactate, uric acid, and phosphorus. Six oral contraceptive (OC) users and six control subjects consumed diets in which 43% of the calories came from either sucrose or starch for 4 weeks in a cross-over design. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet had no effect on blood lactate response to a sucrose load, but lactate response of OC users was greater than that of control subjects. Kind of carbohydrate in the diet did not affect urinary lactate excretion after a sucrose load; however, OC users excreted more lactate than did controls and there was a significant interaction between dietary carbohydrate and OC use. Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher when the sucrose diet was consumed, but levels were not affected by OC use. Serum phosphorus levels were not affected by kind of carbohydrate in the diet but were higher in control subjects than in OC users and there was a significant interaction between diet and OC use. There were no significant differences in urinary uric acid and phosphorus excretions after sucrose loads or in 24-hr urinary excretions of uric acid, phosphorus, or urea due to kind of carbohydrate in the diet or OC use."}
{"id": "PMID:930872", "title": "Vitamin B6 intakes and 24-hr 4-pyridoxic acid excretions of children.", "content": "Vitamin B6 intake and 4-pyridoxic acid excretions of 22 children were determined. Mean intake of vitamin B6 per day was 1.10 mg +/- 0.47. Mean percentage of vitamin B6 intake excreted as 4-pyridoxic acid was 48% +/- 23. Excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was significantly correlated to vitamin B6 intake but not to vitamin B6/protein ratios or vitamin B6/kilocalorie levels. Excretions of 4-pyridoxic acid equal to or below 0.15 mg appeared to be indicative of poor vitamin B6 intake for the children which was similar to the excretions found by others for depleted adults.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 intakes and 24-hr 4-pyridoxic acid excretions of children. Vitamin B6 intake and 4-pyridoxic acid excretions of 22 children were determined. Mean intake of vitamin B6 per day was 1.10 mg +/- 0.47. Mean percentage of vitamin B6 intake excreted as 4-pyridoxic acid was 48% +/- 23. Excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was significantly correlated to vitamin B6 intake but not to vitamin B6/protein ratios or vitamin B6/kilocalorie levels. Excretions of 4-pyridoxic acid equal to or below 0.15 mg appeared to be indicative of poor vitamin B6 intake for the children which was similar to the excretions found by others for depleted adults."}
{"id": "PMID:930873", "title": "Sodium and potassium intakes and excretions of normal men consuming sodium chloride or a 1:1 mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides.", "content": "Two groups of 10 healthy young men were matched on the basis of their free-choice consumptions of regular table salt. For 28 days they were then fed carefully controlled low-sodium foods. One group was permitted free-choice seasoning of these foods with regular table salt, the other with a 1:1 mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides. Intakes and urinary and fecal excretions of sodium and potassium were determined by analysis. The results were: 1) the subjects salted their food with essentially the same amounts of regular table salt as of the 1:1 mixture; 2) the sodium intake associated with seasoning at the table was reduced with the 1:1 mixture to 44 percent of the amount consumed with regular table salt; and 3) over a 28-day period there was no tendency for subjects to increase their use of a 1:1 mixture, when used in place of regular table salt, to compensate for their reduced sodium intakes. Under the conditions of this study, the use of the 1:1 mixture as a seasoning agent for foods that contained no added salt resulted in an average total intake of sodium (food plus seasoning) which was 55 percent that of the subjects using regular table salt.", "contents": "Sodium and potassium intakes and excretions of normal men consuming sodium chloride or a 1:1 mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides. Two groups of 10 healthy young men were matched on the basis of their free-choice consumptions of regular table salt. For 28 days they were then fed carefully controlled low-sodium foods. One group was permitted free-choice seasoning of these foods with regular table salt, the other with a 1:1 mixture of sodium and potassium chlorides. Intakes and urinary and fecal excretions of sodium and potassium were determined by analysis. The results were: 1) the subjects salted their food with essentially the same amounts of regular table salt as of the 1:1 mixture; 2) the sodium intake associated with seasoning at the table was reduced with the 1:1 mixture to 44 percent of the amount consumed with regular table salt; and 3) over a 28-day period there was no tendency for subjects to increase their use of a 1:1 mixture, when used in place of regular table salt, to compensate for their reduced sodium intakes. Under the conditions of this study, the use of the 1:1 mixture as a seasoning agent for foods that contained no added salt resulted in an average total intake of sodium (food plus seasoning) which was 55 percent that of the subjects using regular table salt."}
{"id": "PMID:930874", "title": "Intestinal calcium-binding protein 3 months after massive small bowel resection in the piglet.", "content": "Changes in intestinal calcium-binding protein and calcium binding activity were studied at resection and 3 months after 90% small bowel resection in piglets and one adult pig. A calcium-binding protein (MW congruent to 11.000) with calcium-dependent eletrophoretic mobility was partially purified from mucosal extract of proximal jejunum, mid-gut, and ileum. The concentration of calcium-binding protein and the calcium-binding activity of the intact animals were found highest in the proximal jejunal segment, lowest in the ileal segment. After resection in the four surviving animals out of nine, a significant increase in calcium-binding activity was observed in the proximal jejunum and in the distal ileal segment. The change in calcium-binding activity was much more marked in the ileum than the jejunum. These data demonstrate that pig intestinal mucosa possesses an adaptive capacity to increase the synthesis of calcium-binding protein after massive small bowel resection.", "contents": "Intestinal calcium-binding protein 3 months after massive small bowel resection in the piglet. Changes in intestinal calcium-binding protein and calcium binding activity were studied at resection and 3 months after 90% small bowel resection in piglets and one adult pig. A calcium-binding protein (MW congruent to 11.000) with calcium-dependent eletrophoretic mobility was partially purified from mucosal extract of proximal jejunum, mid-gut, and ileum. The concentration of calcium-binding protein and the calcium-binding activity of the intact animals were found highest in the proximal jejunal segment, lowest in the ileal segment. After resection in the four surviving animals out of nine, a significant increase in calcium-binding activity was observed in the proximal jejunum and in the distal ileal segment. The change in calcium-binding activity was much more marked in the ileum than the jejunum. These data demonstrate that pig intestinal mucosa possesses an adaptive capacity to increase the synthesis of calcium-binding protein after massive small bowel resection."}
{"id": "PMID:930875", "title": "Evaluation of hair analysis for determination of zinc status using rats.", "content": "Weanling male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets of graded levels of dietary zinc from 3 to 68 ppm. The zinc concentrations of hair, bone, and testes reflected the dietary intake by increasing with each increment of dietary zinc. Kidney zinc indicated the state of zinc metabolism by declining on restricted intakes and remaining constant above the requirement level. Plasma and liver zinc concentrations and enzyme activities were not related to dietary intake nor were any significant changes observed with restricted zinc intakes. Hair zinc levels decreased more rapidly with dietary zinc levels below the zinc requirement. Therefore, hair zinc analysis can be used to aid in diagnosis of a deficiency or evaluate dietary intake for the rat but can not be used to assess the state of zinc metabolism.", "contents": "Evaluation of hair analysis for determination of zinc status using rats. Weanling male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets of graded levels of dietary zinc from 3 to 68 ppm. The zinc concentrations of hair, bone, and testes reflected the dietary intake by increasing with each increment of dietary zinc. Kidney zinc indicated the state of zinc metabolism by declining on restricted intakes and remaining constant above the requirement level. Plasma and liver zinc concentrations and enzyme activities were not related to dietary intake nor were any significant changes observed with restricted zinc intakes. Hair zinc levels decreased more rapidly with dietary zinc levels below the zinc requirement. Therefore, hair zinc analysis can be used to aid in diagnosis of a deficiency or evaluate dietary intake for the rat but can not be used to assess the state of zinc metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:930877", "title": "Clofibrate-induced changes in glucagon and insulin secretion in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease.", "content": "This study examines insulin and glucagon secretion in the basal state and in response to clofibrate therapy in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. When compared with weight matched subjects without coronary artery disease, neither insulin nor glucagon secretion were abnormal in response to L-arginine stimulation. However, in response to clofibrate, a marked reduction in insulin secretion and simultaneous elevation in glucagon secretion characterized all patients. Our data suggest the hypothesis that altered insulin and glucagon secretion in response to clofibrate therapy may participate in the reduction of new coronary events reported to occur during therapy with this drug.", "contents": "Clofibrate-induced changes in glucagon and insulin secretion in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. This study examines insulin and glucagon secretion in the basal state and in response to clofibrate therapy in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. When compared with weight matched subjects without coronary artery disease, neither insulin nor glucagon secretion were abnormal in response to L-arginine stimulation. However, in response to clofibrate, a marked reduction in insulin secretion and simultaneous elevation in glucagon secretion characterized all patients. Our data suggest the hypothesis that altered insulin and glucagon secretion in response to clofibrate therapy may participate in the reduction of new coronary events reported to occur during therapy with this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:930878", "title": "Intravenous feeding of the rat with short chain fatty acid esters. I. Glycerol monobutyrate.", "content": "Intravenous nutrition was investigated using butyric acid because it is oxidized independent of carnitine transport into the cell mitochondria. This carnitine independent fatty acid, in the form of water soluble monobutyrin, was continuously infused into rats for seven days at 27 g monobutyrin per kilogram of body weight per day and provided half the daily energy requirement. All experimental animals survived the alimentation in good health and were free of detectable physiological and behavioral abnormalities. The intravenous infusion depressed the test animals spontaneous food intake to half their preinfusion level. These experimental rats still demonstrated continuous weight pain in contrast to weight loss by pair-fed controls. At decapitation, the monobutyrin infused rats had hepatic glycogen levels three times that of the controls, along with lower soluble hepatic protein, and normal lipid and water content. The plasma acetoacetate was also elevated in experimental rats. It was inferred from these results that monobutyrin was hydrolyzed, and the metabolites were oxidized by the rat. It is concluded from these observations that monobutyrin produces no obvious toxic affects during short infusion periods and provides calories for the rat when given intravenously.", "contents": "Intravenous feeding of the rat with short chain fatty acid esters. I. Glycerol monobutyrate. Intravenous nutrition was investigated using butyric acid because it is oxidized independent of carnitine transport into the cell mitochondria. This carnitine independent fatty acid, in the form of water soluble monobutyrin, was continuously infused into rats for seven days at 27 g monobutyrin per kilogram of body weight per day and provided half the daily energy requirement. All experimental animals survived the alimentation in good health and were free of detectable physiological and behavioral abnormalities. The intravenous infusion depressed the test animals spontaneous food intake to half their preinfusion level. These experimental rats still demonstrated continuous weight pain in contrast to weight loss by pair-fed controls. At decapitation, the monobutyrin infused rats had hepatic glycogen levels three times that of the controls, along with lower soluble hepatic protein, and normal lipid and water content. The plasma acetoacetate was also elevated in experimental rats. It was inferred from these results that monobutyrin was hydrolyzed, and the metabolites were oxidized by the rat. It is concluded from these observations that monobutyrin produces no obvious toxic affects during short infusion periods and provides calories for the rat when given intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:930880", "title": "Nutrient intake and serum lipids in urban and rural Puerto Rican men.", "content": "Dietary intake information was collected on 2,426 rural and 5,828 urban men free of coronary heart disease in the Pureto Rico Heart Health Program. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride, body weights, and related parameters were measured during a detailed cardiovascular examination. There were statistically significant differences between rural and urban values with respect to lipids, relative weight, and intake of many nutrients. Rural subjects had lower lipids and relative weights. Serum cholesterol was associated with relative weight in both rural and urban areas. In the urban areas, serum cholesterol was associated with intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total carbohydrate, and starch (all measured as percent of calories). It was also related to percent carbohydrate from starch and dietary cholesterol intake, even after relative weight was taken into account. The associations were of a low order, although statistically significant. The association of fasting triglycerides with some of the carbohydrate variables was statistically significant after relative weight was taken into account in the urban area. Overall, diet and relative weight can account for at most 6% of the variability in serum cholesterol observed, with at most 2.5% of the variability due diet alone.", "contents": "Nutrient intake and serum lipids in urban and rural Puerto Rican men. Dietary intake information was collected on 2,426 rural and 5,828 urban men free of coronary heart disease in the Pureto Rico Heart Health Program. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride, body weights, and related parameters were measured during a detailed cardiovascular examination. There were statistically significant differences between rural and urban values with respect to lipids, relative weight, and intake of many nutrients. Rural subjects had lower lipids and relative weights. Serum cholesterol was associated with relative weight in both rural and urban areas. In the urban areas, serum cholesterol was associated with intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total carbohydrate, and starch (all measured as percent of calories). It was also related to percent carbohydrate from starch and dietary cholesterol intake, even after relative weight was taken into account. The associations were of a low order, although statistically significant. The association of fasting triglycerides with some of the carbohydrate variables was statistically significant after relative weight was taken into account in the urban area. Overall, diet and relative weight can account for at most 6% of the variability in serum cholesterol observed, with at most 2.5% of the variability due diet alone."}
{"id": "PMID:930881", "title": "Assessing the anthropometric status of Hawaii's preschoolers participating in feeding programs in day care centers.", "content": "A survey of low and middle income preschoolers who were exposed to similar feeding programs and physical activities showed similarity of physical growth between the two groups of children. Mean values of arm size, muscularity, triceps skinfold, and fat area were similar and signified adequate protein status and caloric reserves in both groups of children. Comparison of data from preschoolers in Oahu and on the United States mainland showed that all left arm triceps skinfold medians of preschoolers in Oahu were 1) smaller than the medians recorded for right arms in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2) greater than the values on the 50th percentile for right arms of white children of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, which indicated that Oahu preschoolers occupied a caloric reserve intermediate between the two mainland United States populations surveyed. Medians of heights and weights were lower than the median values of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were closer to the 50th percentile of while children in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey.", "contents": "Assessing the anthropometric status of Hawaii's preschoolers participating in feeding programs in day care centers. A survey of low and middle income preschoolers who were exposed to similar feeding programs and physical activities showed similarity of physical growth between the two groups of children. Mean values of arm size, muscularity, triceps skinfold, and fat area were similar and signified adequate protein status and caloric reserves in both groups of children. Comparison of data from preschoolers in Oahu and on the United States mainland showed that all left arm triceps skinfold medians of preschoolers in Oahu were 1) smaller than the medians recorded for right arms in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 2) greater than the values on the 50th percentile for right arms of white children of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, which indicated that Oahu preschoolers occupied a caloric reserve intermediate between the two mainland United States populations surveyed. Medians of heights and weights were lower than the median values of the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were closer to the 50th percentile of while children in the Ten-State Nutrition Survey."}
{"id": "PMID:930882", "title": "Parotid enlargement, forehead edema, and suppression of malaria as nutritional consequences of ascariasis.", "content": "Bilateral painless enlargement of the parotids, a curiously localized edema of the forehead and relative freedom from malaria were striking findings in children of Anjouan but not of Grande Comore, two neighboring islands of the Comorro group in the Indian Ocean. Compared with those of Grande Comore, Anjouan children were heavily infested with Ascaris lumbricoides. We suggest that the clinical findings may be the nutritional consequence of severe ascariasis and that the low incidence of malaria in Anjouan children may be an example of the delicate ecological balance between the host, the Ascaris, and the plasmoidum.", "contents": "Parotid enlargement, forehead edema, and suppression of malaria as nutritional consequences of ascariasis. Bilateral painless enlargement of the parotids, a curiously localized edema of the forehead and relative freedom from malaria were striking findings in children of Anjouan but not of Grande Comore, two neighboring islands of the Comorro group in the Indian Ocean. Compared with those of Grande Comore, Anjouan children were heavily infested with Ascaris lumbricoides. We suggest that the clinical findings may be the nutritional consequence of severe ascariasis and that the low incidence of malaria in Anjouan children may be an example of the delicate ecological balance between the host, the Ascaris, and the plasmoidum."}
{"id": "PMID:930883", "title": "Serum uric acid level of Thai individuals in comparison with the nutritional status and some other physical and biochemical parameters.", "content": "Serum uric acid levels were measured in a total of 287 adults of Thai origin in Bangkok and the rural area. Mean values and range were found to exceed slightly serum uric acid concentration as reported from western countries. There was no significant difference between the Bangkok group and the group from the rural area but males and females differed significantly in their serum uric acid levels. A significant positive correlation to the ratio between weight to height as an index of the nutritional status was found.", "contents": "Serum uric acid level of Thai individuals in comparison with the nutritional status and some other physical and biochemical parameters. Serum uric acid levels were measured in a total of 287 adults of Thai origin in Bangkok and the rural area. Mean values and range were found to exceed slightly serum uric acid concentration as reported from western countries. There was no significant difference between the Bangkok group and the group from the rural area but males and females differed significantly in their serum uric acid levels. A significant positive correlation to the ratio between weight to height as an index of the nutritional status was found."}
{"id": "PMID:930885", "title": "Recurrent abdominal pain: gaining control of the symptom.", "content": "The treatment of recurrent abdominal pain without organic cause requires that the families involved change their focus from organic to emotional issues. This is done during a family conference with the pediatrician, in which a positive approach to the problem is outlined. Following such a plan avoids the pitfalls of continuing an inappropriate and organically oriented response to the family's needs and also avoids threatening the family with emotionally charged personal needs too soon. When the transition period is successfully negotiated, the child's symptoms often are alleviated without further psychological intervention. In cases where further psychiatric intervention is indicated, a foundation has been laid for successful treatment. Nineteen patients have been successfully treated either by the pediatrician alone or have successfully begun psychotherapy, thus preventing unnecessary medical tests and further \"doctor shopping\", which characteristically accompanies such cases.", "contents": "Recurrent abdominal pain: gaining control of the symptom. The treatment of recurrent abdominal pain without organic cause requires that the families involved change their focus from organic to emotional issues. This is done during a family conference with the pediatrician, in which a positive approach to the problem is outlined. Following such a plan avoids the pitfalls of continuing an inappropriate and organically oriented response to the family's needs and also avoids threatening the family with emotionally charged personal needs too soon. When the transition period is successfully negotiated, the child's symptoms often are alleviated without further psychological intervention. In cases where further psychiatric intervention is indicated, a foundation has been laid for successful treatment. Nineteen patients have been successfully treated either by the pediatrician alone or have successfully begun psychotherapy, thus preventing unnecessary medical tests and further \"doctor shopping\", which characteristically accompanies such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:930886", "title": "Malrotation with gastric volvulus, midgut volvulus, and pancreatitis.", "content": "A 2-year-old child with intestinal malrotation had simultaneous gastric volvulus, midgut volvulus, acute pancreatitis, and gastric perforation, followed postoperatively by a temporary period of both lactosuria and sucrosuria. The gastric volvulus and midgut volvulus resulted in both proximal and distal obstruction of the duodenum, reproducing clinically a previously reported experimental model designed to produce pancreatitis. Operative reduction of the midgut volvulus and the gastric volvulus and repair of the gastric perforation was accomplished. The child has had normal growth and development during the ensuing nine years.", "contents": "Malrotation with gastric volvulus, midgut volvulus, and pancreatitis. A 2-year-old child with intestinal malrotation had simultaneous gastric volvulus, midgut volvulus, acute pancreatitis, and gastric perforation, followed postoperatively by a temporary period of both lactosuria and sucrosuria. The gastric volvulus and midgut volvulus resulted in both proximal and distal obstruction of the duodenum, reproducing clinically a previously reported experimental model designed to produce pancreatitis. Operative reduction of the midgut volvulus and the gastric volvulus and repair of the gastric perforation was accomplished. The child has had normal growth and development during the ensuing nine years."}
{"id": "PMID:930887", "title": "Incidence of Nelson's syndrome after adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease in children: results of a nationwide survey.", "content": "To establish the incidence of Nelson's syndrome in children treated with total bilateral adrenalectomy (TBA) for Cushing's disease, a survey was made of members of The Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Thirty-one patients aged 10 months to 16 years had been treated with TBA for Cushing's disease; one had been treated with ortho para prime isomer of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane alone. Postadrenalectomy hyperpigmentation was reported in 18 patients. Sella enlargement was detected in eight patients (25%) after 1 to 5.5 years (mean, three years) post-TBA. Five of these patients have had documented pituitary adenomas to date. This incidence is higher than the adult figure of 10% to 16%.", "contents": "Incidence of Nelson's syndrome after adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease in children: results of a nationwide survey. To establish the incidence of Nelson's syndrome in children treated with total bilateral adrenalectomy (TBA) for Cushing's disease, a survey was made of members of The Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Thirty-one patients aged 10 months to 16 years had been treated with TBA for Cushing's disease; one had been treated with ortho para prime isomer of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane alone. Postadrenalectomy hyperpigmentation was reported in 18 patients. Sella enlargement was detected in eight patients (25%) after 1 to 5.5 years (mean, three years) post-TBA. Five of these patients have had documented pituitary adenomas to date. This incidence is higher than the adult figure of 10% to 16%."}
{"id": "PMID:930888", "title": "Propionic acidemia and anorectal anomalies in three siblings.", "content": "Three siblings suffering from recurrent vomiting, hypotonia, hyperpnea, dehydration, and ketoacidosis were diagnosed as having ketotic hyperglycinemia secondary to propionic acidemia. They also had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and two of them had anorectal malformations, one an imperforate anus with rectoperineal fistula, and the other an ectopic anus. The occurrence of propionic acidemia and anorectal anomalies in three siblings out of eight children in a consanguineous marriage suggests an autosomal recessive genetic inheritance.", "contents": "Propionic acidemia and anorectal anomalies in three siblings. Three siblings suffering from recurrent vomiting, hypotonia, hyperpnea, dehydration, and ketoacidosis were diagnosed as having ketotic hyperglycinemia secondary to propionic acidemia. They also had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and two of them had anorectal malformations, one an imperforate anus with rectoperineal fistula, and the other an ectopic anus. The occurrence of propionic acidemia and anorectal anomalies in three siblings out of eight children in a consanguineous marriage suggests an autosomal recessive genetic inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:930889", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy in a brother and sister.", "content": "We report the cases of two siblings who died at age 21 and 15 years respectively. Both had optic atrophy, pitressinsensitive diabetes insipidus, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, with onset occurring in early childhood. Although there are now 21 patients from 15 families with this syndrome, this is the first time that necropsy findings have become available. They include the expected atrophy of hypothalamic nuclei and degeneration of the optic nerves, chiasm and tract, as well as a totally unexpected degeneration of the pons and cerebellum.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and optic atrophy in a brother and sister. We report the cases of two siblings who died at age 21 and 15 years respectively. Both had optic atrophy, pitressinsensitive diabetes insipidus, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, with onset occurring in early childhood. Although there are now 21 patients from 15 families with this syndrome, this is the first time that necropsy findings have become available. They include the expected atrophy of hypothalamic nuclei and degeneration of the optic nerves, chiasm and tract, as well as a totally unexpected degeneration of the pons and cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:930890", "title": "Perinatal aspects of omphalocele and gastroschisis.", "content": "Forty-one infants treated for abdominal wall defects were studied retrospectively. Using established anatomic criteria the infants were identified as having either an omphalocele or gastroschisis. They were compared for maternal and infant characteristics to determine if distinct perinatal characteristics exist between the two groups. Gastroschisis patients had lower mean maternal age, were more likely to be first born, and to be of lower birth weight. Major malformations apart from those associated with the gastrointestinal tract and the anterior abdominal wall occurred 12 times more often in omphalocele patients. Ventral defects warrant a careful anatomical and clinical differentiation, and in the case of omphalocele, a thorough search for other anomalies.", "contents": "Perinatal aspects of omphalocele and gastroschisis. Forty-one infants treated for abdominal wall defects were studied retrospectively. Using established anatomic criteria the infants were identified as having either an omphalocele or gastroschisis. They were compared for maternal and infant characteristics to determine if distinct perinatal characteristics exist between the two groups. Gastroschisis patients had lower mean maternal age, were more likely to be first born, and to be of lower birth weight. Major malformations apart from those associated with the gastrointestinal tract and the anterior abdominal wall occurred 12 times more often in omphalocele patients. Ventral defects warrant a careful anatomical and clinical differentiation, and in the case of omphalocele, a thorough search for other anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:930900", "title": "Gastric ulcer: effect of healing on gastric acid secretion and fasting serum gastrin levels.", "content": "In 15 patients with uncomplicated gastric ulcers, basal and peak gastric acid outputs and fasting serum gastrin levels were studied before and after healing. The mean basal acid output [4.0 +/- 1.3 (SEM) mEq H+/hr], the mean peak acid output (29.5 +/- 5.1 mEq H+/hr), and the mean fasting serum gastrin level (80.3 +/- 16.7 pg/ml) in these patients did not change significantly with healing. Failure of gastric secretory function to change with healing suggests that mucosal resistance factors are more important than gastric acid secretion in the pathogenesis of a gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer: effect of healing on gastric acid secretion and fasting serum gastrin levels. In 15 patients with uncomplicated gastric ulcers, basal and peak gastric acid outputs and fasting serum gastrin levels were studied before and after healing. The mean basal acid output [4.0 +/- 1.3 (SEM) mEq H+/hr], the mean peak acid output (29.5 +/- 5.1 mEq H+/hr), and the mean fasting serum gastrin level (80.3 +/- 16.7 pg/ml) in these patients did not change significantly with healing. Failure of gastric secretory function to change with healing suggests that mucosal resistance factors are more important than gastric acid secretion in the pathogenesis of a gastric ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:930901", "title": "Colonic-duodenal fistula in Crohn's disease.", "content": "A fistula between the ascending colon and the duodenum occurs not uncommonly as a complication of Crohn's disease with primarily colonic involvement. Clinical and radiological findings in four cases are presented. In three instances the fistula served as an indication for surgical intervention; after ileosigmoidostomy, ileorectal anastomosis, and ileostomy alone, the patients improved clinically but x-ray evidence of patency of the fistula persisted. Recurrent activity of the Crohn's disease in two responded to medical treatment as it did in one patient without surgery at all. The internal fistula need not be a seriuos complication of Crohn's disease and should not serve as an indication for surgical correction for its own sake.", "contents": "Colonic-duodenal fistula in Crohn's disease. A fistula between the ascending colon and the duodenum occurs not uncommonly as a complication of Crohn's disease with primarily colonic involvement. Clinical and radiological findings in four cases are presented. In three instances the fistula served as an indication for surgical intervention; after ileosigmoidostomy, ileorectal anastomosis, and ileostomy alone, the patients improved clinically but x-ray evidence of patency of the fistula persisted. Recurrent activity of the Crohn's disease in two responded to medical treatment as it did in one patient without surgery at all. The internal fistula need not be a seriuos complication of Crohn's disease and should not serve as an indication for surgical correction for its own sake."}
{"id": "PMID:930903", "title": "Experimental liver necrosis: hepatic erythrocyte sequestration as a cause of acute anemia.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine the cause of the acute anemia previously observed in pigs manifesting acute liver necrosis after administration of acetaminophen in dosages in excess of the LD100. A highly significant correlation was found between the degree of anemia and increase in liver weight (P less than 0.001) and a similarly significant correlation was noted between the increase in liver weight and 51Cr activity in the liver after administration of autologous erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. Marked hepatic erythrocyte sequestration was confirmed histologically, whereas there was minimal erythrocyte accumulation in extrahepatic tissue. Erythrocyte glutathione content was not altered by acetaminophen administration. It was concluded that hepatic sequestration of erythrocytes occurred to a sufficient extent to account for the precipitous fall in hematocrit observed.", "contents": "Experimental liver necrosis: hepatic erythrocyte sequestration as a cause of acute anemia. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the cause of the acute anemia previously observed in pigs manifesting acute liver necrosis after administration of acetaminophen in dosages in excess of the LD100. A highly significant correlation was found between the degree of anemia and increase in liver weight (P less than 0.001) and a similarly significant correlation was noted between the increase in liver weight and 51Cr activity in the liver after administration of autologous erythrocytes labeled with 51Cr. Marked hepatic erythrocyte sequestration was confirmed histologically, whereas there was minimal erythrocyte accumulation in extrahepatic tissue. Erythrocyte glutathione content was not altered by acetaminophen administration. It was concluded that hepatic sequestration of erythrocytes occurred to a sufficient extent to account for the precipitous fall in hematocrit observed."}
{"id": "PMID:930904", "title": "Vitamin B12 absorption following human intestinal bypass surgery.", "content": "Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption by small intestine has been suggested by experimental and clinical studies. Five partial ileal bypass patients and ten jejunoileal bypass patients were studied for adaptation of B12 absorption following surgery. Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption could not be demonstrated in either group. Few of the patients on an individual basis demonstrated adaptation. Parenteral B12 should be given to all patients who undergo bypass surgery unless evidence of persistent normal B12 absorption has been obtained.", "contents": "Vitamin B12 absorption following human intestinal bypass surgery. Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption by small intestine has been suggested by experimental and clinical studies. Five partial ileal bypass patients and ten jejunoileal bypass patients were studied for adaptation of B12 absorption following surgery. Adaptation of vitamin B12 absorption could not be demonstrated in either group. Few of the patients on an individual basis demonstrated adaptation. Parenteral B12 should be given to all patients who undergo bypass surgery unless evidence of persistent normal B12 absorption has been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:930905", "title": "Surgical vagotomy and stomach wall ATP and ADP in pylorus--ligated rats.", "content": "The stomach wall ATP and ADP have been studied in rats, with and without bilateral surgical vagotomy, 24 hr after pylorus ligation. It was observed that the amounts and concentrations of ATP significantly decreased in both parts (corpus + antrum and forestomach) in pylorus-ligated rats, while the amounts and concentrations remained at a significantly higher level in pylorus-ligated + vagotomized rats. Changes in amounts and concentrations of ADP paralleled those of ATP. It has been concluded that a significant decrease of cellular ATP is necessary to produce gastric hypersecretion in ulceration in pylorus-ligated rats. This significant decrease of cellular ATP, in corpus + antrum and forestomach, can be prevented by bilateral surgical vagotomy.", "contents": "Surgical vagotomy and stomach wall ATP and ADP in pylorus--ligated rats. The stomach wall ATP and ADP have been studied in rats, with and without bilateral surgical vagotomy, 24 hr after pylorus ligation. It was observed that the amounts and concentrations of ATP significantly decreased in both parts (corpus + antrum and forestomach) in pylorus-ligated rats, while the amounts and concentrations remained at a significantly higher level in pylorus-ligated + vagotomized rats. Changes in amounts and concentrations of ADP paralleled those of ATP. It has been concluded that a significant decrease of cellular ATP is necessary to produce gastric hypersecretion in ulceration in pylorus-ligated rats. This significant decrease of cellular ATP, in corpus + antrum and forestomach, can be prevented by bilateral surgical vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:930906", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by percutaneous aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis may be extremely difficult to differentiate by standard diagnostic methods preoperatively as well as at the operating table. Operative pancreatic biopsy may have a high morbidity, rare mortality, and can be misleading. Percutaneous aspiration biopsy may be of great potential benefit. It provides additional histological material not usually available, and an accurate diagnosis of malignancy can be made. In select patients a needless laparotomy may be avoided. It appears to be a safe procedure that should be considered in the evaluation of the patient with suspected pancreatic malignancy in which a mass lesion is demonstrated by ultrasonography, computerized tomography, angiography, or retrograde pancreatography.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by percutaneous aspiration biopsy. Carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis may be extremely difficult to differentiate by standard diagnostic methods preoperatively as well as at the operating table. Operative pancreatic biopsy may have a high morbidity, rare mortality, and can be misleading. Percutaneous aspiration biopsy may be of great potential benefit. It provides additional histological material not usually available, and an accurate diagnosis of malignancy can be made. In select patients a needless laparotomy may be avoided. It appears to be a safe procedure that should be considered in the evaluation of the patient with suspected pancreatic malignancy in which a mass lesion is demonstrated by ultrasonography, computerized tomography, angiography, or retrograde pancreatography."}
{"id": "PMID:930907", "title": "Mucosal lesions due to gastric distension in the rat.", "content": "The pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by distension of the rat stomach was studied. One hour of distension with 0.1 N HCl, but not saline, produced lesions in the glandular stomach in all rats. Histologic studies revealed marked thinning of the mucosa plus thrombus formation in the ulcerated area. Gastric distension with 8 ml HCl (per 100 g body weight) produced severe lesions, 4 ml minimal lesions and 2 ml no lesions. Intragastric pressure in the 8-ml group remained above 110 mm H2O for the first 10 min. Distension with 8 ml acid/100 g body weight for just 10 min resulted in significant lesion formation. Acid distension did not cause generalized disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier to H+ back-diffusion. It appears that an intragastric pressure of over 110 mm H2O for 10 min damages the mucosa by pressure (with thinning) and ischemia (with thrombosis), resulting in decreased resistance to acid peptic digestion and consequent acute lesion formation.", "contents": "Mucosal lesions due to gastric distension in the rat. The pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by distension of the rat stomach was studied. One hour of distension with 0.1 N HCl, but not saline, produced lesions in the glandular stomach in all rats. Histologic studies revealed marked thinning of the mucosa plus thrombus formation in the ulcerated area. Gastric distension with 8 ml HCl (per 100 g body weight) produced severe lesions, 4 ml minimal lesions and 2 ml no lesions. Intragastric pressure in the 8-ml group remained above 110 mm H2O for the first 10 min. Distension with 8 ml acid/100 g body weight for just 10 min resulted in significant lesion formation. Acid distension did not cause generalized disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier to H+ back-diffusion. It appears that an intragastric pressure of over 110 mm H2O for 10 min damages the mucosa by pressure (with thinning) and ischemia (with thrombosis), resulting in decreased resistance to acid peptic digestion and consequent acute lesion formation."}
{"id": "PMID:930908", "title": "Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring with Holter electrocardiocorder throughout all stages of gastroscopy.", "content": "Continuous electrocardiographic recording on magnetic tape with a Holter electrocardiocorder was performed during gastroscopy on 55 consecutive patients. ECG recording was begun before premedication and was terminated 1 hr after the withdrawal of the gastroscope. The ECG changes during the different stages of the procedure were separately analyzed: 38.18% of patients had E.C.G. changes--sinus tachycardia (20%), ST-T changes (23.6%), ventricular and atrial premature beats (20.0% and 7.27%, respectively). atrial premature beats with aberrant conduction (3.6%), and coronary sinus rhythm (1.8%). All changes disappeared spontaneously after the procedure. Although relatively safe, gastroscopy requires careful consideration of the risks, especially in severe cardiac patients.", "contents": "Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring with Holter electrocardiocorder throughout all stages of gastroscopy. Continuous electrocardiographic recording on magnetic tape with a Holter electrocardiocorder was performed during gastroscopy on 55 consecutive patients. ECG recording was begun before premedication and was terminated 1 hr after the withdrawal of the gastroscope. The ECG changes during the different stages of the procedure were separately analyzed: 38.18% of patients had E.C.G. changes--sinus tachycardia (20%), ST-T changes (23.6%), ventricular and atrial premature beats (20.0% and 7.27%, respectively). atrial premature beats with aberrant conduction (3.6%), and coronary sinus rhythm (1.8%). All changes disappeared spontaneously after the procedure. Although relatively safe, gastroscopy requires careful consideration of the risks, especially in severe cardiac patients."}
{"id": "PMID:930909", "title": "Gallstone prevalence and biliary lipid composition in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Biliary cholesterol saturation has been correlated with disease variables that might effect bile acid loss in ileitis patients with (N = 9) or without (N = 8) intestinal resection having a defined prevalence of gallstones. In addition, cholesterol saturation was determined in ulcerative colitis patients (N = 7) and gallstone patients (N = 18) as well as in 5 normal controls. Biliary cholesterol saturation in ileitis patients both with and without resection was similar to that in gallstone patients yet the prevalence of gallstones was only 12%. Cholesterol saturation did not correlate with ileal resection nor the extent, duration, or activity of ileitis. Biliary cholesterol saturation was not different in ulcerative colitis patients from that in normal subjects. It is concluded that cholesterol saturation of bile alone does not account for the high prevalence of cholesterol gallstones that has been reported in ileitis patients.", "contents": "Gallstone prevalence and biliary lipid composition in inflammatory bowel disease. Biliary cholesterol saturation has been correlated with disease variables that might effect bile acid loss in ileitis patients with (N = 9) or without (N = 8) intestinal resection having a defined prevalence of gallstones. In addition, cholesterol saturation was determined in ulcerative colitis patients (N = 7) and gallstone patients (N = 18) as well as in 5 normal controls. Biliary cholesterol saturation in ileitis patients both with and without resection was similar to that in gallstone patients yet the prevalence of gallstones was only 12%. Cholesterol saturation did not correlate with ileal resection nor the extent, duration, or activity of ileitis. Biliary cholesterol saturation was not different in ulcerative colitis patients from that in normal subjects. It is concluded that cholesterol saturation of bile alone does not account for the high prevalence of cholesterol gallstones that has been reported in ileitis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:930910", "title": "Lower esophageal sphincter function in cirrhosis.", "content": "Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in cirrhosis was evaluated using an infused manometric system. LES pressure (LESP) in 10 subjects with cirrhosis (22 +/- 1 mm Hg) (mean +/- SE) was not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from that of 10 control subjects (21 +/- 1 mm Hg) but was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the LESP recorded in 5 subjects with cirrhosis and ascites (16 +/- 2 mm Hg). There was no significant difference in LES response to intravenous pentagastrin, intravenous edrophonium, or straight-leg raising in the three groups. After loss of ascitic fluid, LESP significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (deltaP : 9 +/- 3 mm Hg) and gastric pressure (GP) significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased (deltaP: 8 +/- 2 mm Hg). The changes in LESP and GP revealed a significant (R = 0.83, P less than 0.001) linear correlation. These data indicate (1) cirrhosis is associated with normal LES function, and (2) the mechanism of lowered LESP with ascites may be the inability of the LES to maintain a sustained response to chronic increases in GP.", "contents": "Lower esophageal sphincter function in cirrhosis. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in cirrhosis was evaluated using an infused manometric system. LES pressure (LESP) in 10 subjects with cirrhosis (22 +/- 1 mm Hg) (mean +/- SE) was not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from that of 10 control subjects (21 +/- 1 mm Hg) but was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than the LESP recorded in 5 subjects with cirrhosis and ascites (16 +/- 2 mm Hg). There was no significant difference in LES response to intravenous pentagastrin, intravenous edrophonium, or straight-leg raising in the three groups. After loss of ascitic fluid, LESP significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (deltaP : 9 +/- 3 mm Hg) and gastric pressure (GP) significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased (deltaP: 8 +/- 2 mm Hg). The changes in LESP and GP revealed a significant (R = 0.83, P less than 0.001) linear correlation. These data indicate (1) cirrhosis is associated with normal LES function, and (2) the mechanism of lowered LESP with ascites may be the inability of the LES to maintain a sustained response to chronic increases in GP."}
{"id": "PMID:930911", "title": "Percutaneous aspiration liver biopsy using a large-caliber disposable needle: a preliminary report.", "content": "A modification of the aspiration liver biopsy technique using a large-caliber disposable needle is described in an 18-month experience. One hundred forty liver biopsies were performed, obtaining adequate tissue in 98% of the patients. Complications occurred in 12 patients and were limited to pain at the biopsy site, epigastrium, or right shoulder; one instance of tachycardia and three of transient hypotension occurred. Thirty patients studied prospectively with liver scans and hematologic parameters failed to disclose subclinical complications. While the number of patients biopsied is still too small to provide definite conclusions , it appears that this technique is safe, similar and has a very high yield of excellent specimens. In addition, the needle offers the advantage of being disposable and easy to use by a single operator.", "contents": "Percutaneous aspiration liver biopsy using a large-caliber disposable needle: a preliminary report. A modification of the aspiration liver biopsy technique using a large-caliber disposable needle is described in an 18-month experience. One hundred forty liver biopsies were performed, obtaining adequate tissue in 98% of the patients. Complications occurred in 12 patients and were limited to pain at the biopsy site, epigastrium, or right shoulder; one instance of tachycardia and three of transient hypotension occurred. Thirty patients studied prospectively with liver scans and hematologic parameters failed to disclose subclinical complications. While the number of patients biopsied is still too small to provide definite conclusions , it appears that this technique is safe, similar and has a very high yield of excellent specimens. In addition, the needle offers the advantage of being disposable and easy to use by a single operator."}
{"id": "PMID:930912", "title": "Roentgenographic findings in work hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the terminal ileum.", "content": "This case is presented as an uncommon example of valvulae thickening caused in part by work hypertrophy of the circular muscular layer. This normal response of smooth muscle may occur in association with progressively obstructing lesions of the colon or ileocecal valve. Recognition of a similar abnormal small-bowel appearance may suggest the presence of a more distal obstructing lesion.", "contents": "Roentgenographic findings in work hypertrophy of the muscularis propria of the terminal ileum. This case is presented as an uncommon example of valvulae thickening caused in part by work hypertrophy of the circular muscular layer. This normal response of smooth muscle may occur in association with progressively obstructing lesions of the colon or ileocecal valve. Recognition of a similar abnormal small-bowel appearance may suggest the presence of a more distal obstructing lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:930916", "title": "The incidence of cervical cancer and duration of oral contraceptive use.", "content": "In a prospective study carried out on a cohort of 17,942 women belonging to the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and living in suburban communities of the San Francisco Bay Area, a positive association was found between the incidence of cervical carcinoma and total duration of oral contraceptive use. The association was established while controlling for the effects of age, education, and selected infections. The association persists when incident cases of dysplasia are added to those of carcinoma. A further study, in which covariates relating to sexual behavior will also be taken into account, is in progress.", "contents": "The incidence of cervical cancer and duration of oral contraceptive use. In a prospective study carried out on a cohort of 17,942 women belonging to the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and living in suburban communities of the San Francisco Bay Area, a positive association was found between the incidence of cervical carcinoma and total duration of oral contraceptive use. The association was established while controlling for the effects of age, education, and selected infections. The association persists when incident cases of dysplasia are added to those of carcinoma. A further study, in which covariates relating to sexual behavior will also be taken into account, is in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:930917", "title": "Latitude, migration, and the prevalence of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) was determined in three groups of Caucasians in King and Pierce Counties (Washington) and in Los Angeles County (California): natives (born in study state), migrants from high-risk states (North), and migrants from low risk states (South). A diagnosis of definite or probable MS (excluding migrants with onset before migration) was established in 1816 of the persons found. The prevalence in Los Angeles County natives and in migrants from the South to either Los Angeles County or King-Pierce Counties were relatively low, while prevalence in King-Pierce Counties among natives and migrants from the North were high. The prevalence in migrants from the North to Los Angeles was intermediate. The results suggest that some degree of protection is provided to migrants by residence in low-prevalence areas, either early or later in life.", "contents": "Latitude, migration, and the prevalence of multiple sclerosis. Prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) was determined in three groups of Caucasians in King and Pierce Counties (Washington) and in Los Angeles County (California): natives (born in study state), migrants from high-risk states (North), and migrants from low risk states (South). A diagnosis of definite or probable MS (excluding migrants with onset before migration) was established in 1816 of the persons found. The prevalence in Los Angeles County natives and in migrants from the South to either Los Angeles County or King-Pierce Counties were relatively low, while prevalence in King-Pierce Counties among natives and migrants from the North were high. The prevalence in migrants from the North to Los Angeles was intermediate. The results suggest that some degree of protection is provided to migrants by residence in low-prevalence areas, either early or later in life."}
{"id": "PMID:930918", "title": "Adequacy of survey data collected from substitute respondents.", "content": "This study examined interview data on personal habits (smoking, drinking and dietary histories) when collected from two sources. A sample of 300 pairs of subjects (mostly husbands and wives) was obtained from an ongoing health survey in Hawaii, and both members of each pair were interviewed separately about the habits of the husband. Care was taken that the members of each pair had no opportunity to communicate with each other between the start and completion of both interviews. The results showed remarkably good agreement in overall mean values between the two groups of respondents. In general, approximately 75% of the pairs agreed within acceptable limits on most items. There was no clear association of the degree of agreement within pairs with a variety of characteristics of the surrogate group, including age, race, level of education, family income, and duration of residence of proportion of meals eaten together with the subject. These findings are encouraging for the use of surrogate respondents in studies of personal habits where direct interviews are not always feasible, or where the use of such substitutes can improve the reppresentativeness and size of the sample.", "contents": "Adequacy of survey data collected from substitute respondents. This study examined interview data on personal habits (smoking, drinking and dietary histories) when collected from two sources. A sample of 300 pairs of subjects (mostly husbands and wives) was obtained from an ongoing health survey in Hawaii, and both members of each pair were interviewed separately about the habits of the husband. Care was taken that the members of each pair had no opportunity to communicate with each other between the start and completion of both interviews. The results showed remarkably good agreement in overall mean values between the two groups of respondents. In general, approximately 75% of the pairs agreed within acceptable limits on most items. There was no clear association of the degree of agreement within pairs with a variety of characteristics of the surrogate group, including age, race, level of education, family income, and duration of residence of proportion of meals eaten together with the subject. These findings are encouraging for the use of surrogate respondents in studies of personal habits where direct interviews are not always feasible, or where the use of such substitutes can improve the reppresentativeness and size of the sample."}
{"id": "PMID:930919", "title": "Sudden infant death and infanticide.", "content": "The hypothesis, advanced by Asch (Mt Sinai J Med NY 35:214-220, 1968), that a majority of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases are actually infanticides, is addressed by examination of age comparable infant homicide rates (United States, 1950-1974) and consideration of current theory regarding SIDS pathogenesis. The analysis provides no support for the hypothesis.", "contents": "Sudden infant death and infanticide. The hypothesis, advanced by Asch (Mt Sinai J Med NY 35:214-220, 1968), that a majority of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases are actually infanticides, is addressed by examination of age comparable infant homicide rates (United States, 1950-1974) and consideration of current theory regarding SIDS pathogenesis. The analysis provides no support for the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:930920", "title": "Prevalence and epidemiologic significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in Greece.", "content": "The diagnostic and epidemiologic significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) detected by complement fixation was studied in a sample of 412 healthy persons, 0-70 years old of both sexes living in the Athens area. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections was found to be very high (26.5%) and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate (4.1%) among the highest in Europe. Anti-HBc was detected in 63 (15.3%) of the examined infection. The prevalence of anti-HBc (without HBsAg or anti-HBs) increased with age, while the HBsAg carrier rate declined in older age groups. It was also found that the frequency of anti-HBc persists for a shorter period than the anti-HBs after HBV infection. These data stress the importance of anti-HBc testing in increasing the sensitivity of the detection of potentially infective HBV carriers as well as in studying various epidemiologic aspects of HBV infection.", "contents": "Prevalence and epidemiologic significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in Greece. The diagnostic and epidemiologic significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) detected by complement fixation was studied in a sample of 412 healthy persons, 0-70 years old of both sexes living in the Athens area. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections was found to be very high (26.5%) and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate (4.1%) among the highest in Europe. Anti-HBc was detected in 63 (15.3%) of the examined infection. The prevalence of anti-HBc (without HBsAg or anti-HBs) increased with age, while the HBsAg carrier rate declined in older age groups. It was also found that the frequency of anti-HBc persists for a shorter period than the anti-HBs after HBV infection. These data stress the importance of anti-HBc testing in increasing the sensitivity of the detection of potentially infective HBV carriers as well as in studying various epidemiologic aspects of HBV infection."}
{"id": "PMID:930921", "title": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B infections in a poly-ethnic population.", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) was found in 5% and hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) in 33% of male blood donors from different ethnic groups in Paramaribo, Surinam. Among these ethnic groups only blood donors of Indonesian origin had a higher prevalence of both HBsAg and anti-HBs. The Indonesian donors may acquire this antigen and antibody at an earlier age than donors of Creole origin or of the Mixed ethnic group.", "contents": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B infections in a poly-ethnic population. Hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) was found in 5% and hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) in 33% of male blood donors from different ethnic groups in Paramaribo, Surinam. Among these ethnic groups only blood donors of Indonesian origin had a higher prevalence of both HBsAg and anti-HBs. The Indonesian donors may acquire this antigen and antibody at an earlier age than donors of Creole origin or of the Mixed ethnic group."}
{"id": "PMID:930922", "title": "Bloom's syndrome. VI. The disorder in Israel and an estimation of the gene frequency in the Ashkenazim.", "content": "An effort was made to identify all individuals with Bloom's syndrome living in Israel between September 1971 and September 1972. Each of the eight individuals located were Jewish and could readily be classified Ashkenazic. The frequency of the Bloom's syndrome gene in Ashkenazim was estimated to be .0042 (minimum), implying a heterozygote frequency greater than 1 in 120. A striking distortion of the sex ratio (M/F = 7.0) may have been due to underascertainment of affected females. One of the affected individuals ascertained during the survey subsequently has died from cancer, which is in keeping with the recognized cancer proneness of this condition. Four of the affected have married, but no conception is known to have occurred, which suggests that sub- or infertility is a feature of the syndrome.", "contents": "Bloom's syndrome. VI. The disorder in Israel and an estimation of the gene frequency in the Ashkenazim. An effort was made to identify all individuals with Bloom's syndrome living in Israel between September 1971 and September 1972. Each of the eight individuals located were Jewish and could readily be classified Ashkenazic. The frequency of the Bloom's syndrome gene in Ashkenazim was estimated to be .0042 (minimum), implying a heterozygote frequency greater than 1 in 120. A striking distortion of the sex ratio (M/F = 7.0) may have been due to underascertainment of affected females. One of the affected individuals ascertained during the survey subsequently has died from cancer, which is in keeping with the recognized cancer proneness of this condition. Four of the affected have married, but no conception is known to have occurred, which suggests that sub- or infertility is a feature of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:930923", "title": "Intrafamilial correlation analysis for IgM serum levels.", "content": "The IgM serum level was determined in the members of 29 healthy families. The IgM mean concentrations between fathers and mothers and between sons and daughters were significantly different (P less than .01), with higher serum IgM levels in females than in males. Simple linear regression analysis was done for the following intrafamilial combinations: son-father, daughter-father, son-mother, and daughter-mother. Significant correlation coefficients (P less than .05) were obtained in all four combinations, which does not support the X-linked gene hypothesis (i.e., that the X chromosome carries quantitative genes for immunoglobulin M). An alternative explanation for the differences between sexes for IgM serum concentration is considered.", "contents": "Intrafamilial correlation analysis for IgM serum levels. The IgM serum level was determined in the members of 29 healthy families. The IgM mean concentrations between fathers and mothers and between sons and daughters were significantly different (P less than .01), with higher serum IgM levels in females than in males. Simple linear regression analysis was done for the following intrafamilial combinations: son-father, daughter-father, son-mother, and daughter-mother. Significant correlation coefficients (P less than .05) were obtained in all four combinations, which does not support the X-linked gene hypothesis (i.e., that the X chromosome carries quantitative genes for immunoglobulin M). An alternative explanation for the differences between sexes for IgM serum concentration is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:930924", "title": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. I. Electrophoretic screening of plasma proteins with a selected panel of compounds.", "content": "To detect new genetic variation in human plasma proteins, a panel of 63 radioactive substances were screened as potential radioligands using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography. Vitamins, hormones, drugs, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, sugars and lipids labeled with 14C or other radionuclides were among those substances tested. A majority bound to albumin and a smaller fraction to prealbumins and lipoproteins. Several vitamins and hormones bound to specific alpha and beta globulins. (1) Electrophoretic polymorphisms of vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component), a vitamin B12-binding protein (transcobalamin II), and thyroxine-binding alpha-globulin are described elsewhere. (2) Testosterone-binding beta-globulin (TeBG) showed an electrophoretic polymorphism in Caucasians and a possible deficiency allele. (3) Transcortin showed an electrophoretic doublet in all persons tested but no electrophoretic variation. (4) A protein binding derivative of norepinephrine or epinephrine was identified as transferrin. (5) A nonpolymorphic protein running cathodal to albumin and binding a derivative of riboflavin was tentatively identified as a fraction of albumin with mobility altered as a result of interaction with the ligand.", "contents": "Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. I. Electrophoretic screening of plasma proteins with a selected panel of compounds. To detect new genetic variation in human plasma proteins, a panel of 63 radioactive substances were screened as potential radioligands using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and autoradiography. Vitamins, hormones, drugs, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, sugars and lipids labeled with 14C or other radionuclides were among those substances tested. A majority bound to albumin and a smaller fraction to prealbumins and lipoproteins. Several vitamins and hormones bound to specific alpha and beta globulins. (1) Electrophoretic polymorphisms of vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component), a vitamin B12-binding protein (transcobalamin II), and thyroxine-binding alpha-globulin are described elsewhere. (2) Testosterone-binding beta-globulin (TeBG) showed an electrophoretic polymorphism in Caucasians and a possible deficiency allele. (3) Transcortin showed an electrophoretic doublet in all persons tested but no electrophoretic variation. (4) A protein binding derivative of norepinephrine or epinephrine was identified as transferrin. (5) A nonpolymorphic protein running cathodal to albumin and binding a derivative of riboflavin was tentatively identified as a fraction of albumin with mobility altered as a result of interaction with the ligand."}
{"id": "PMID:930925", "title": "Maternal effects in human cleft lip and palate.", "content": "To look for a persistent maternal effect of CL(P) and CP, 8,000 pedigrees were screened for half sibships, and data were pooled from 16 investigators. After excluding known genetic or cytogenetic diagnoses from the probands with facial clefts, a recurrence risk of .011 was obtained for CL(P) based upon 342 maternal half sibs. This was nearly identical to the risk of .014 based upon 210 paternal half sibs. CP proband frequencies of .004 for maternal half sibs and .009 for the paternal counterparts were also found. The lack of significant maternal effects in this data supports previously reported data from twin studies and from interracial crosses from Hawaii. The lack of maternal effect in human CL(P) and CP is in contrast to genetic data on clefting in mice.", "contents": "Maternal effects in human cleft lip and palate. To look for a persistent maternal effect of CL(P) and CP, 8,000 pedigrees were screened for half sibships, and data were pooled from 16 investigators. After excluding known genetic or cytogenetic diagnoses from the probands with facial clefts, a recurrence risk of .011 was obtained for CL(P) based upon 342 maternal half sibs. This was nearly identical to the risk of .014 based upon 210 paternal half sibs. CP proband frequencies of .004 for maternal half sibs and .009 for the paternal counterparts were also found. The lack of significant maternal effects in this data supports previously reported data from twin studies and from interracial crosses from Hawaii. The lack of maternal effect in human CL(P) and CP is in contrast to genetic data on clefting in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:930926", "title": "Congenital deficiency of human R-type binding proteins of cobalamin.", "content": "A family expressing the congenital absence of the R-type binders of cobalamin (Cbl), vitamin B-12, was restudied. The capacity to bind Cbl to R type binders was absent from serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric juice granulocytes, and granulocyte output of the propositus. Serum R did not carry Cbl in vivo. There was no immunological R binder in his saliva, but cross reacting material was detected in his serum. Evidence of a partial expression of the defect was observed in offspring of two affected persons. There were no obvious clinical consequences of the defect.", "contents": "Congenital deficiency of human R-type binding proteins of cobalamin. A family expressing the congenital absence of the R-type binders of cobalamin (Cbl), vitamin B-12, was restudied. The capacity to bind Cbl to R type binders was absent from serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric juice granulocytes, and granulocyte output of the propositus. Serum R did not carry Cbl in vivo. There was no immunological R binder in his saliva, but cross reacting material was detected in his serum. Evidence of a partial expression of the defect was observed in offspring of two affected persons. There were no obvious clinical consequences of the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:930927", "title": "Segregation analysis of thalassemia in Ferrara.", "content": "Segregation analysis of 996 families in which the gene for beta-thalassemia was segregating showed no distortion of expected Mendelian ratios. No appreciable frequency of sporadic cases was detected. It was suggested that segregation distortion is not a mechanism which contributes to the maintenance of polymorphism in the beta-thalassemia system in the population of the Ferrara area.", "contents": "Segregation analysis of thalassemia in Ferrara. Segregation analysis of 996 families in which the gene for beta-thalassemia was segregating showed no distortion of expected Mendelian ratios. No appreciable frequency of sporadic cases was detected. It was suggested that segregation distortion is not a mechanism which contributes to the maintenance of polymorphism in the beta-thalassemia system in the population of the Ferrara area."}
{"id": "PMID:930928", "title": "Studies on African pygmies. V. Red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism in Babinga pygmies: high frequency of ACPR allele.", "content": "A group of Babinga Pygmies from the Central African Republic have been analyzed for the acid phosphatase polymorphism with special reference to the ACPR allele. The frequency of this allele (17%) is one of the highest observed in Africa and is comparable only with those reported for the Khoikhoi and the San.", "contents": "Studies on African pygmies. V. Red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism in Babinga pygmies: high frequency of ACPR allele. A group of Babinga Pygmies from the Central African Republic have been analyzed for the acid phosphatase polymorphism with special reference to the ACPR allele. The frequency of this allele (17%) is one of the highest observed in Africa and is comparable only with those reported for the Khoikhoi and the San."}
{"id": "PMID:930936", "title": "Effect of refrigeration on bactericidal activity of four preserved multiple-dose injectable drug products.", "content": "The influence of refrigeration on the bactericidal capability of preservative systems in multiple-dose injectable drug products was studied. Commercially available multiple-dose injectable drug products containing preservatives--atropine/phenol, lidocaine/methylparaben, cyanocobalamin/benzyl alcohol and diphenhydramine/benzethonium chloride--were divided into two groups, one to be maintained under refrigeration (5C) and the other to be maintained at room temperature (25C). In separate tests the multiple-dose vials (MDVs) were individually inoculated with the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, and cultured to establish bacterial concentrations at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bacteria in the preservative systems tested remained viable significantly longer under refrigeration. (Data for diphenhydramine/benzethonium were not obtainable with the methodology used.) It is recommended that sterile medications maintained in preserved MDVs be stored at romm temperature after initial use (i.e., after exposure to possible contamination) unless drug stability considerations dictate otherwise.", "contents": "Effect of refrigeration on bactericidal activity of four preserved multiple-dose injectable drug products. The influence of refrigeration on the bactericidal capability of preservative systems in multiple-dose injectable drug products was studied. Commercially available multiple-dose injectable drug products containing preservatives--atropine/phenol, lidocaine/methylparaben, cyanocobalamin/benzyl alcohol and diphenhydramine/benzethonium chloride--were divided into two groups, one to be maintained under refrigeration (5C) and the other to be maintained at room temperature (25C). In separate tests the multiple-dose vials (MDVs) were individually inoculated with the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, and cultured to establish bacterial concentrations at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bacteria in the preservative systems tested remained viable significantly longer under refrigeration. (Data for diphenhydramine/benzethonium were not obtainable with the methodology used.) It is recommended that sterile medications maintained in preserved MDVs be stored at romm temperature after initial use (i.e., after exposure to possible contamination) unless drug stability considerations dictate otherwise."}
{"id": "PMID:930937", "title": "Pharmacist-manned drug information centers in the United States.", "content": "Pharmacist-manned drug information centers (DICs) were surveyed in early 1976 to obtain current information concerning the status, availability and scope of their services. Eight-six institutions believed to be active in disseminating drug information were surveyed; 74 responses were usable. Descriptive information on the respondents is tabulated. It appears that DICs make constructive contributions to enhancing drug therapy. Respondents at 63 of the centers believed, and 31 DICs said they have demonstrated, that physicians who used their services often changed their drug therapy based on answers supplied by the centers.", "contents": "Pharmacist-manned drug information centers in the United States. Pharmacist-manned drug information centers (DICs) were surveyed in early 1976 to obtain current information concerning the status, availability and scope of their services. Eight-six institutions believed to be active in disseminating drug information were surveyed; 74 responses were usable. Descriptive information on the respondents is tabulated. It appears that DICs make constructive contributions to enhancing drug therapy. Respondents at 63 of the centers believed, and 31 DICs said they have demonstrated, that physicians who used their services often changed their drug therapy based on answers supplied by the centers."}
{"id": "PMID:930939", "title": "Pharmacy program for monitoring diabetic patients.", "content": "Pharmacist involvement in a program for monitoring and treating diabetic patients in a 58-bed Indian Health Service hospital is described. Using guidelines established in conjunction with the medical staff, pharmacists interviewed patients to determine the status of their disease, evaluated laboratory data, and decided whether to dispense refills or have the patient evaluated by a physician. The pharmacist also provided patient education concerning the disease, treatment and self-care. During a 19-month period, 50% of 193 diabetic patients were monitored primarily by pharmacists. The increased involvement of the pharmacists has resulted in better use of their abilities and has freed more time for physicians to spend with patients who have complications.", "contents": "Pharmacy program for monitoring diabetic patients. Pharmacist involvement in a program for monitoring and treating diabetic patients in a 58-bed Indian Health Service hospital is described. Using guidelines established in conjunction with the medical staff, pharmacists interviewed patients to determine the status of their disease, evaluated laboratory data, and decided whether to dispense refills or have the patient evaluated by a physician. The pharmacist also provided patient education concerning the disease, treatment and self-care. During a 19-month period, 50% of 193 diabetic patients were monitored primarily by pharmacists. The increased involvement of the pharmacists has resulted in better use of their abilities and has freed more time for physicians to spend with patients who have complications."}
{"id": "PMID:930942", "title": "Effect of plasma exchange on circulating immune complexes and antibody formation in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone.", "content": "A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a patient with an immune complex disease resembling Goodpasture's syndrome were treated with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and repeated plasma exchanges. Circulating immune complexes decreased, and symptoms of central nervous system disease remitted for up to 15 to 20 days after plasma exchange in the patient with SLE. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to antigens were also transiently increased on two occasions following treatment. In the second patient, decreases in circulating immune complexes and clinical improvement were ascribed chiefly to immunosuppressive drug treatment. Serum antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was relatively unaffected by plasma exchange in both patients. These results suggest that plasma exchange may help to deplete circulating immune complexes or alter the equilibrium between soluble antigen and antibody which causes complexes to form and circulate. It may be less effective in reducing circulating antibody levels in patients who continue to produce new antibody.", "contents": "Effect of plasma exchange on circulating immune complexes and antibody formation in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a patient with an immune complex disease resembling Goodpasture's syndrome were treated with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and repeated plasma exchanges. Circulating immune complexes decreased, and symptoms of central nervous system disease remitted for up to 15 to 20 days after plasma exchange in the patient with SLE. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to antigens were also transiently increased on two occasions following treatment. In the second patient, decreases in circulating immune complexes and clinical improvement were ascribed chiefly to immunosuppressive drug treatment. Serum antibody to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was relatively unaffected by plasma exchange in both patients. These results suggest that plasma exchange may help to deplete circulating immune complexes or alter the equilibrium between soluble antigen and antibody which causes complexes to form and circulate. It may be less effective in reducing circulating antibody levels in patients who continue to produce new antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:930943", "title": "Investigation of a new parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the percentage of large peripheral lymphocytes determined by the Hemalog D. Prognostic significance.", "content": "The number of large peripheral lymphoid cells and the ratio of these large unstained cells to the total number of peripheral lymphocytes was determined by means of the Hemalog D in 57 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 100 control subjects. Although the absolute number of large unstained cells/mm3 is simply a reflection of peripheral lymphocytosis, the ratio large unstained cells to total lymphocyte count was shown to correlate with clinical staging. In control subjects, this ratio ranged from 3.2 per cent to 11\u00bfper cent. In those with CLL it was less than 11.2 per cent in 43 patients and greater than 11.2 per cent in 14 patients. These 14 patients corresponded statistically to patients with advanced disease in our clinical staging system (stages III and IV). An increase in the large unstained cells to total lymphocyte ratio is therefore a statistical criterion of poor prognosis.", "contents": "Investigation of a new parameter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the percentage of large peripheral lymphocytes determined by the Hemalog D. Prognostic significance. The number of large peripheral lymphoid cells and the ratio of these large unstained cells to the total number of peripheral lymphocytes was determined by means of the Hemalog D in 57 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 100 control subjects. Although the absolute number of large unstained cells/mm3 is simply a reflection of peripheral lymphocytosis, the ratio large unstained cells to total lymphocyte count was shown to correlate with clinical staging. In control subjects, this ratio ranged from 3.2 per cent to 11\u00bfper cent. In those with CLL it was less than 11.2 per cent in 43 patients and greater than 11.2 per cent in 14 patients. These 14 patients corresponded statistically to patients with advanced disease in our clinical staging system (stages III and IV). An increase in the large unstained cells to total lymphocyte ratio is therefore a statistical criterion of poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:930944", "title": "Penicillamine-associated myasthenia gravis, antiacetylcholine receptor and antistriational antibodies.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis with thymic hyperplasia developed in a patient with Wilson's disease after eight years of penicillamine treatment. Four months prior to the onset of myasthenia, penicillin hypersensitivity was observed. Immunofluorescence on the excised thymus revealed immunoglobulin and complement deposition, but the myasthenia persisted after thymectomy and continuation of penicillamine therapy. Increased antiacetylcholine receptor antibody was demonstrable throughout. This patient subsequently became pregnant, enabling studies to be performed on the transplacental transfer of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class antiacetylcholine receptor antibody. Eleven cases of rheumatoid arthritis with penicillamine-associated antistriational antibodies have also been observed; in three of these cases there was evidence of myasthenia gravis. These observations extend earlier reports of the association of penicillamine with myasthenia gravis and suggest that antistriational antibody, antiacetylcholine receptor antibody and thymic hyperplasia may be independent effects of penicillamine therapy.", "contents": "Penicillamine-associated myasthenia gravis, antiacetylcholine receptor and antistriational antibodies. Myasthenia gravis with thymic hyperplasia developed in a patient with Wilson's disease after eight years of penicillamine treatment. Four months prior to the onset of myasthenia, penicillin hypersensitivity was observed. Immunofluorescence on the excised thymus revealed immunoglobulin and complement deposition, but the myasthenia persisted after thymectomy and continuation of penicillamine therapy. Increased antiacetylcholine receptor antibody was demonstrable throughout. This patient subsequently became pregnant, enabling studies to be performed on the transplacental transfer of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class antiacetylcholine receptor antibody. Eleven cases of rheumatoid arthritis with penicillamine-associated antistriational antibodies have also been observed; in three of these cases there was evidence of myasthenia gravis. These observations extend earlier reports of the association of penicillamine with myasthenia gravis and suggest that antistriational antibody, antiacetylcholine receptor antibody and thymic hyperplasia may be independent effects of penicillamine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:930946", "title": "Effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with gastric aspiration.", "content": "Forty-three of 88 patients suspected of having aspirated gastric contents met stringent criteria for the diagnosis of aspiration of gastric contents. One group of 25 patients was treated with corticosteroids and a second group of 18 patients was treated without corticosteroids. The two groups were clinically well matched according to all variables except that the patients who did not receive corticosteroids had greater hypoxemia and a higher incidence of infiltration on chest roentgenogram which would indicate that these patients had received greater pulmonary injury from aspiration of gastric contents. Thirty-two per cent of the patients who received steroids died compared to 28 per cent of those who did not receive steroids. Although the mortality rate difference was not statistically significant, the occurrence of gram-negative pneumonia five days after aspiration was more frequent in the patients treated with steroids.", "contents": "Effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of patients with gastric aspiration. Forty-three of 88 patients suspected of having aspirated gastric contents met stringent criteria for the diagnosis of aspiration of gastric contents. One group of 25 patients was treated with corticosteroids and a second group of 18 patients was treated without corticosteroids. The two groups were clinically well matched according to all variables except that the patients who did not receive corticosteroids had greater hypoxemia and a higher incidence of infiltration on chest roentgenogram which would indicate that these patients had received greater pulmonary injury from aspiration of gastric contents. Thirty-two per cent of the patients who received steroids died compared to 28 per cent of those who did not receive steroids. Although the mortality rate difference was not statistically significant, the occurrence of gram-negative pneumonia five days after aspiration was more frequent in the patients treated with steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:930947", "title": "The effect of the interaction of pyrazinamide and probenecid on urinary uric acid excretion in man.", "content": "Complex interactions occur between pyrazinamide (PZA) and probenecid in man involving both the metabolism and distribution of the drugs, and their effects on renal tubules. Pretreatment with PZA prolonged the half-life (T 1/2) of probenecid without changing its plasma-binding. As the rate of probenecid metabolism is decreased, its uricosuric action tends to be prolonged and the effect of PZA lessened. The PZA-suppressible urate level is increased to values well above control after the administration of probenecid; it is less after alkalinization of urine, although still larger than the value for PZA-suppressible urate after the administration of PZA alone. Urinary probenecid excretion is much greater when urine is alkalinized. These observed drug interactions, plus the known effect of probenecid to block secretion of PZA, have to be considered in evaluating the effect of the two drugs given together, compared to the effect of each drug given separately.", "contents": "The effect of the interaction of pyrazinamide and probenecid on urinary uric acid excretion in man. Complex interactions occur between pyrazinamide (PZA) and probenecid in man involving both the metabolism and distribution of the drugs, and their effects on renal tubules. Pretreatment with PZA prolonged the half-life (T 1/2) of probenecid without changing its plasma-binding. As the rate of probenecid metabolism is decreased, its uricosuric action tends to be prolonged and the effect of PZA lessened. The PZA-suppressible urate level is increased to values well above control after the administration of probenecid; it is less after alkalinization of urine, although still larger than the value for PZA-suppressible urate after the administration of PZA alone. Urinary probenecid excretion is much greater when urine is alkalinized. These observed drug interactions, plus the known effect of probenecid to block secretion of PZA, have to be considered in evaluating the effect of the two drugs given together, compared to the effect of each drug given separately."}
{"id": "PMID:930948", "title": "Intestinal tuberculosis: experience at a Canadian teaching institution.", "content": "Thirteen cases of inflammatory bowel disease suspected to be intestinal tuberculosis are analyzed. In nine, the diagnosis was established from such criteria as caseation necrosis, positive acid-fast stains or cultures of the diseased tissue. In four others, enteric tuberculosis remained a diagnostic possibility as judged by the following criteria: coexistence of the bowel lesion with established tuberculosis elsewhere, a clear response to antituberculous chemotherapy, or typical features on roentgenographic, surgical or histologic examination. The patients with intestinal tuberculosis were not necessarily recent immigrants or poor, nor did they have coexistent active pulmonary disease. Although most exhibited classic features of intestinal tuberculosis, the diagnosis was rarely considered at first. A greater awareness of the entity is needed to avoid confusion between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Intestinal tuberculosis: experience at a Canadian teaching institution. Thirteen cases of inflammatory bowel disease suspected to be intestinal tuberculosis are analyzed. In nine, the diagnosis was established from such criteria as caseation necrosis, positive acid-fast stains or cultures of the diseased tissue. In four others, enteric tuberculosis remained a diagnostic possibility as judged by the following criteria: coexistence of the bowel lesion with established tuberculosis elsewhere, a clear response to antituberculous chemotherapy, or typical features on roentgenographic, surgical or histologic examination. The patients with intestinal tuberculosis were not necessarily recent immigrants or poor, nor did they have coexistent active pulmonary disease. Although most exhibited classic features of intestinal tuberculosis, the diagnosis was rarely considered at first. A greater awareness of the entity is needed to avoid confusion between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:930951", "title": "Chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycemia: successful treatment with diazoxide.", "content": "A healthy adolescent boy was treated on two occasions for an overdose of chlorpropamide (Diabinese). Glucose therapy alone was not sufficient to control the hypoglycemia, but the administration of glucose plus diazoxide raised the blood sugar to supranormal levels. A bolus of intravenous glucagon briefly raised the blood sugar level to within normal limits, increased the blood ketones but also augmented insulin secretion. An overdose of sulfonylurea may cause prolonged and fatal hypoglycemia. Rational therapy, both in diabetic and normal persons, is glucose plus an \"insulin antagonist.\" The administration of diazoxide was effective in our patient, substantially reducing the plasma insulin level; this agent may be the \"insulin-antagonist\" of choice for use in sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycemia: successful treatment with diazoxide. A healthy adolescent boy was treated on two occasions for an overdose of chlorpropamide (Diabinese). Glucose therapy alone was not sufficient to control the hypoglycemia, but the administration of glucose plus diazoxide raised the blood sugar to supranormal levels. A bolus of intravenous glucagon briefly raised the blood sugar level to within normal limits, increased the blood ketones but also augmented insulin secretion. An overdose of sulfonylurea may cause prolonged and fatal hypoglycemia. Rational therapy, both in diabetic and normal persons, is glucose plus an \"insulin antagonist.\" The administration of diazoxide was effective in our patient, substantially reducing the plasma insulin level; this agent may be the \"insulin-antagonist\" of choice for use in sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:930952", "title": "Left ventricular myxoma: echocardiographic diagnosis and review of the literature.", "content": "A 33 year old man with the findings of mild aortic stenosis had an echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular myxoma prolapsing through the aortic valve during each ventricular systole. The M-mode echocardiogram, B-scan ultrasonogram and angiograms of this patient are presented. The clinical characteristics in all the reported cases of left ventricular myxomas are reviewed.", "contents": "Left ventricular myxoma: echocardiographic diagnosis and review of the literature. A 33 year old man with the findings of mild aortic stenosis had an echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular myxoma prolapsing through the aortic valve during each ventricular systole. The M-mode echocardiogram, B-scan ultrasonogram and angiograms of this patient are presented. The clinical characteristics in all the reported cases of left ventricular myxomas are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:930953", "title": "Trichinosis causing extensive ventricular mural endocarditis with superimposed thrombosis. Evidence that severe eosinophilia damages endocardium.", "content": "Clinical and morphologic observations are described in a 46 year old woman with fatal trichinosis. Attention is called to the occurrence of extensive ventricular endocardial damage with superimposed thrombosis; Evidence is presented to indicate that the most likely cause of the endocardial damage is the associated eosinophilia. The mechanism by which eosinophils damage endocardium, however, remains obscure.", "contents": "Trichinosis causing extensive ventricular mural endocarditis with superimposed thrombosis. Evidence that severe eosinophilia damages endocardium. Clinical and morphologic observations are described in a 46 year old woman with fatal trichinosis. Attention is called to the occurrence of extensive ventricular endocardial damage with superimposed thrombosis; Evidence is presented to indicate that the most likely cause of the endocardial damage is the associated eosinophilia. The mechanism by which eosinophils damage endocardium, however, remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:930955", "title": "Measuring barbiturates, sedatives, and anticonvulsants in serum by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "We describe a method for measuring therapeutic and overdose levels of barbiturate, sedative, and anticonvulsant drugs in serum by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). This method is a unique combination of techniques including a simple extraction, cochromatography of the specimen with authentic carrier drugs, and the use of multiple dissimilar gas chromatographic columns. In this way, a large number of drugs may be identified and quantitated without confusion.", "contents": "Measuring barbiturates, sedatives, and anticonvulsants in serum by gas-liquid chromatography. We describe a method for measuring therapeutic and overdose levels of barbiturate, sedative, and anticonvulsant drugs in serum by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). This method is a unique combination of techniques including a simple extraction, cochromatography of the specimen with authentic carrier drugs, and the use of multiple dissimilar gas chromatographic columns. In this way, a large number of drugs may be identified and quantitated without confusion."}
{"id": "PMID:930956", "title": "A manual system for storage and inventory control of laboratory supplies.", "content": "The demand for laboratory supplies has increased in relation to the increase in the quantity and complexity of the laboratory workload. This has created many problems for the laboratory administration and a major one has been the lack of a good system for storage and inventory control of supplies. This paper presents a manual system for such control and suggests the use of two different control procedures.", "contents": "A manual system for storage and inventory control of laboratory supplies. The demand for laboratory supplies has increased in relation to the increase in the quantity and complexity of the laboratory workload. This has created many problems for the laboratory administration and a major one has been the lack of a good system for storage and inventory control of supplies. This paper presents a manual system for such control and suggests the use of two different control procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:930957", "title": "The National Clinical and Public Health Laboratory Survey--1977.", "content": "In May 1976, the Laboratory Management Consultation Office, Center for Disease Control, conducted a survey of the clinical and public health laboratories in the U.S.A. in order to update data from a 1971 census of clinical and public health laboratories. The 1971 data were published in the January/February 1973 issue of Cadence of the Clinical Laboratory. The combined data from the 1971 census and the 1976 survey provide an extensive data base which will allow long-range planning toward improving laboratory service in the U.S.A.", "contents": "The National Clinical and Public Health Laboratory Survey--1977. In May 1976, the Laboratory Management Consultation Office, Center for Disease Control, conducted a survey of the clinical and public health laboratories in the U.S.A. in order to update data from a 1971 census of clinical and public health laboratories. The 1971 data were published in the January/February 1973 issue of Cadence of the Clinical Laboratory. The combined data from the 1971 census and the 1976 survey provide an extensive data base which will allow long-range planning toward improving laboratory service in the U.S.A."}
{"id": "PMID:930959", "title": "Reading retention and transfer in TMR students.", "content": "Twenty-one TMR students at two schools completed 2 years of reading instruction using a whole-word approach. Students were pretested and posttested both years on two word lists; one list was made up of words included in the reading program, the other of words not included. The former list was used to assess word acquisition and retention, the latter to assess transfer. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant increase in words recognized. By the close of the second year, the average student had completed 100 lessons and had learned 41 words. Students retained most of the words they had learned over the 3-month summer vacation. A separate one-way repeated measures analysis indicated statistically significant transfer to untaught words. The authors concluded that TMR students can profit from reading instruction.", "contents": "Reading retention and transfer in TMR students. Twenty-one TMR students at two schools completed 2 years of reading instruction using a whole-word approach. Students were pretested and posttested both years on two word lists; one list was made up of words included in the reading program, the other of words not included. The former list was used to assess word acquisition and retention, the latter to assess transfer. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant increase in words recognized. By the close of the second year, the average student had completed 100 lessons and had learned 41 words. Students retained most of the words they had learned over the 3-month summer vacation. A separate one-way repeated measures analysis indicated statistically significant transfer to untaught words. The authors concluded that TMR students can profit from reading instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:930960", "title": "Reduction of stereotyped behavior in profoundly retarded individuals.", "content": "High-frequency, stereotyped behavior may interfere with the acquisition of appropriate behavior. Through the use of a procedure involving access to vibratory stimulation and its response-contingent withdrawal, stereotyped behavior of two profoundly retarded students was virtually eliminated. A reversal design, employed in Experiment 1, demonstrated that the nonoccurrence and the occurrence of stereotypic hyperventilation was a function of the presence or absence of the intervention procedure. In Experiment 2, a multiple-baseline design provided evidence that the procedure repeatedly produced suppression of stereotyped mouthing across three settings in which it was employed. The observed level of suppression was similar to that typically achieved by contingent application of aversive stimulus procedures. In addition, the procedures seemed to be learned quickly by teachers and administered effectively by public school personnel.", "contents": "Reduction of stereotyped behavior in profoundly retarded individuals. High-frequency, stereotyped behavior may interfere with the acquisition of appropriate behavior. Through the use of a procedure involving access to vibratory stimulation and its response-contingent withdrawal, stereotyped behavior of two profoundly retarded students was virtually eliminated. A reversal design, employed in Experiment 1, demonstrated that the nonoccurrence and the occurrence of stereotypic hyperventilation was a function of the presence or absence of the intervention procedure. In Experiment 2, a multiple-baseline design provided evidence that the procedure repeatedly produced suppression of stereotyped mouthing across three settings in which it was employed. The observed level of suppression was similar to that typically achieved by contingent application of aversive stimulus procedures. In addition, the procedures seemed to be learned quickly by teachers and administered effectively by public school personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:930961", "title": "Stimulus relations, blocking, and sorting in the free recall and organization of EMR adolescents.", "content": "Educable mentally retarded adolescents received a list of either clusterable or unrelated words according to one of three presentation methods. In blocked groups, words were presented both spatially blocked in fours and consistently ordered from trial-to-trial. In sorting groups, subjects were required to group the stimuli themselves into four groups of four. Subjects in the blocked-random conditions received the items spatially grouped in fours, but they were not consistently ordered; i.e., the groupings changed from trial-to-trial. Results indicated that clusterable items were recalled better than unrelated items and that both consistent blocking and sorting produced better recall than did the blocked-random treatment. The data for organizational measures generally parallel those for correct recall. The results were discussed in terms of appropriate techniques for remediating input organizational deficits.", "contents": "Stimulus relations, blocking, and sorting in the free recall and organization of EMR adolescents. Educable mentally retarded adolescents received a list of either clusterable or unrelated words according to one of three presentation methods. In blocked groups, words were presented both spatially blocked in fours and consistently ordered from trial-to-trial. In sorting groups, subjects were required to group the stimuli themselves into four groups of four. Subjects in the blocked-random conditions received the items spatially grouped in fours, but they were not consistently ordered; i.e., the groupings changed from trial-to-trial. Results indicated that clusterable items were recalled better than unrelated items and that both consistent blocking and sorting produced better recall than did the blocked-random treatment. The data for organizational measures generally parallel those for correct recall. The results were discussed in terms of appropriate techniques for remediating input organizational deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:930962", "title": "Resident characteristics and staff behavior in two hospitals for mentally retarded adults.", "content": "Results of part of a study aimed at evaluating the implications of different nurse staffing levels were reported. Two samples of 30 patients were observed in the two hospitals and measures were obtained of the proportion of time they were involved in adaptive and maladaptive activities, the frequency with which they interacted in particular ways with the nursing staff, and their Adaptive Behavior Scale scores. When these various measures were examined, we found that those patients who needed more attention received it but not necessarily of the appropriate type. While such results are understandable and even perhaps predictable, they do serve to reveal a situation deserving remedial attention. We in fact suggested that one possible means of countering this tendency to ignore the less attractive patients is for the nursing staff to be assigned much smaller groups of patients than is customary.", "contents": "Resident characteristics and staff behavior in two hospitals for mentally retarded adults. Results of part of a study aimed at evaluating the implications of different nurse staffing levels were reported. Two samples of 30 patients were observed in the two hospitals and measures were obtained of the proportion of time they were involved in adaptive and maladaptive activities, the frequency with which they interacted in particular ways with the nursing staff, and their Adaptive Behavior Scale scores. When these various measures were examined, we found that those patients who needed more attention received it but not necessarily of the appropriate type. While such results are understandable and even perhaps predictable, they do serve to reveal a situation deserving remedial attention. We in fact suggested that one possible means of countering this tendency to ignore the less attractive patients is for the nursing staff to be assigned much smaller groups of patients than is customary."}
{"id": "PMID:930963", "title": "Assessing social ans prevocational awareness in mildly and moderately retarded individuals.", "content": "The Social and Prevocational Information Battery, a series of knowledge tests developed for use with mildly retarded adolescents, was revised to facilitate assessment of moderately retarded persons knowledge in social and prevocational areas. In addition, the relationship between knowledge and applied performance in these domains was examined. Results indicated that the revised battery demonstrated adequate test and item difficulty and internal-consistency reliability and that mildly and moderately retarded persons' knowledge was substantially related to applied performance in these skill domains.", "contents": "Assessing social ans prevocational awareness in mildly and moderately retarded individuals. The Social and Prevocational Information Battery, a series of knowledge tests developed for use with mildly retarded adolescents, was revised to facilitate assessment of moderately retarded persons knowledge in social and prevocational areas. In addition, the relationship between knowledge and applied performance in these domains was examined. Results indicated that the revised battery demonstrated adequate test and item difficulty and internal-consistency reliability and that mildly and moderately retarded persons' knowledge was substantially related to applied performance in these skill domains."}
{"id": "PMID:930964", "title": "Intelligence, reaction time, and inspection time.", "content": "Forty-eight subjects with IQ scores ranging from 57 to 138 discriminated between two lines of markedly different length, exposed for varying periods of time. Estimates of inspection time, lambda, a measure assumed to reflect the rate at which sensory input is processed, were obtained from the pattern of errors made by each subject and, therefore, independently from the reaction time (RT) required to respond. lambda correlated negatively with IQ scores. RTs of nonretarded subjects increased as stimulus-exposure duration decreased, whereas for retarded subjects RTs remained constant. This is interpreted as indicating differences between the groups in response strategy under conditions of difficult discrimination. The rate of information processing was also estimated in a different choice RT situation, using as an index the reciprocal of the slope of the function relating RT to degree of stimulus choice. Retarded subjects had slower rates and longer RTs than nonretarded subjects. A second experiment controlling for response-selection factors confirmed that this slowness could not be attributed to gross-movement difficulties and that a slower rate of information transmission seemed to be involved.", "contents": "Intelligence, reaction time, and inspection time. Forty-eight subjects with IQ scores ranging from 57 to 138 discriminated between two lines of markedly different length, exposed for varying periods of time. Estimates of inspection time, lambda, a measure assumed to reflect the rate at which sensory input is processed, were obtained from the pattern of errors made by each subject and, therefore, independently from the reaction time (RT) required to respond. lambda correlated negatively with IQ scores. RTs of nonretarded subjects increased as stimulus-exposure duration decreased, whereas for retarded subjects RTs remained constant. This is interpreted as indicating differences between the groups in response strategy under conditions of difficult discrimination. The rate of information processing was also estimated in a different choice RT situation, using as an index the reciprocal of the slope of the function relating RT to degree of stimulus choice. Retarded subjects had slower rates and longer RTs than nonretarded subjects. A second experiment controlling for response-selection factors confirmed that this slowness could not be attributed to gross-movement difficulties and that a slower rate of information transmission seemed to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:930965", "title": "Encoding and high-speed memory scanning of retarded and nonretarded adolescents.", "content": "A choice reaction-time experiment was performed in order to assess the encoding and memory-scanning processes of nonretarded and retarded adolescents. Random forms were used as stimuli, with stimulus-set sizes of 2, 3, and 4. The encoding process was evaluated by means of a stimulus-quality manipulation. The results indicated that both the rate of encoding and memory scanning are related to level of intellectual functioning. In addition, evidence suggesting an interdependence of these memory processes, at least for the retarded subjects, was revealed.", "contents": "Encoding and high-speed memory scanning of retarded and nonretarded adolescents. A choice reaction-time experiment was performed in order to assess the encoding and memory-scanning processes of nonretarded and retarded adolescents. Random forms were used as stimuli, with stimulus-set sizes of 2, 3, and 4. The encoding process was evaluated by means of a stimulus-quality manipulation. The results indicated that both the rate of encoding and memory scanning are related to level of intellectual functioning. In addition, evidence suggesting an interdependence of these memory processes, at least for the retarded subjects, was revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:930966", "title": "Learning concepts through modeling: using different instructional procedures with institutionalized mentally retarded adults.", "content": "A group of severely retarded institutionalized adults was exposed to three different types of instructional procedures (imaginal instruction, verbal instruction, no instruction) and three types of reinforcement procedures (no reinforcement, reinforcing correct responses, reinforcing all responses) in learning concepts through modeling. Concept acquisition was tested, using Leiter-type items, in direct imitation as well as in a generalization task. In both imitation and generalization conditions, imaginal instructions were more effective than verbal instructions, which in turn were more effective than no instructions. The study of modeling procedures, especially with regard to the use of imagery, is called for in order to investigate the processes involved in their effectiveness with a severely retarded population.", "contents": "Learning concepts through modeling: using different instructional procedures with institutionalized mentally retarded adults. A group of severely retarded institutionalized adults was exposed to three different types of instructional procedures (imaginal instruction, verbal instruction, no instruction) and three types of reinforcement procedures (no reinforcement, reinforcing correct responses, reinforcing all responses) in learning concepts through modeling. Concept acquisition was tested, using Leiter-type items, in direct imitation as well as in a generalization task. In both imitation and generalization conditions, imaginal instructions were more effective than verbal instructions, which in turn were more effective than no instructions. The study of modeling procedures, especially with regard to the use of imagery, is called for in order to investigate the processes involved in their effectiveness with a severely retarded population."}
{"id": "PMID:930967", "title": "Electroencephalographic correlates of prism adaptation in mentally retarded individuals.", "content": "Sensorimotor adaptation was studied in 23 institutionalized, mentally retarded individuals. This was achieved by recording the pattern of off-target pointing errors resulting from viewing through a 20-diopter prism. The results showed a wide range of individual differences in prism adaptation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was also recorded from four scalp locations and analyzed by computer to determine EEG intensity, coherence, and phase angle. Correlations between EEG and behavioral scores of prism adaptation revealed a number of significant relationships, especially negative correlations between alpha intensity and prismatic adaptation. These results indicate that patterns of central nervous system activity are meaningful related to sensorimotor capabilities in retarded individuals.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic correlates of prism adaptation in mentally retarded individuals. Sensorimotor adaptation was studied in 23 institutionalized, mentally retarded individuals. This was achieved by recording the pattern of off-target pointing errors resulting from viewing through a 20-diopter prism. The results showed a wide range of individual differences in prism adaptation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was also recorded from four scalp locations and analyzed by computer to determine EEG intensity, coherence, and phase angle. Correlations between EEG and behavioral scores of prism adaptation revealed a number of significant relationships, especially negative correlations between alpha intensity and prismatic adaptation. These results indicate that patterns of central nervous system activity are meaningful related to sensorimotor capabilities in retarded individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:930968", "title": "Proactive interference and its release in short-term memory of mildly retarded adolescents.", "content": "Release from proactive interference in mildly retarded adolescents due to taxonomic shifts and rest periods prior to the final, critical-word triad was investigated. Interference accumulated rapidly across the first three trials; a shift in triad's taxonomic class on the final trial produced a substantial release (72 percent) from proactive interference. Although proactive interference dissipated when the interval between Trials 3 and 4 was increased to 120 seconds, the extent of recovery from proactive interference for the rest period plus taxonomic shift was no greater than a taxonomic shift alone. Results indicated that taxonomic category is a salient encoding dimension for retarded adolescents.", "contents": "Proactive interference and its release in short-term memory of mildly retarded adolescents. Release from proactive interference in mildly retarded adolescents due to taxonomic shifts and rest periods prior to the final, critical-word triad was investigated. Interference accumulated rapidly across the first three trials; a shift in triad's taxonomic class on the final trial produced a substantial release (72 percent) from proactive interference. Although proactive interference dissipated when the interval between Trials 3 and 4 was increased to 120 seconds, the extent of recovery from proactive interference for the rest period plus taxonomic shift was no greater than a taxonomic shift alone. Results indicated that taxonomic category is a salient encoding dimension for retarded adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:930969", "title": "Adaptive and maladaptive behavior of idiots savants.", "content": "A comparison was made of 25 institutionalized idiots savants and a control group of institutionalized retarded persons matched for age, sex, IQ, and length of institutionalization. As a group, idiots savants were found to be somewhat more disturbed and disturbing than their peers, although they did not show extreme emotional disturbance nor reflect a clear behavioral profile.", "contents": "Adaptive and maladaptive behavior of idiots savants. A comparison was made of 25 institutionalized idiots savants and a control group of institutionalized retarded persons matched for age, sex, IQ, and length of institutionalization. As a group, idiots savants were found to be somewhat more disturbed and disturbing than their peers, although they did not show extreme emotional disturbance nor reflect a clear behavioral profile."}
{"id": "PMID:930970", "title": "Eidetic imagery: longitudinal results in brain-damaged children.", "content": "There have only been a few attempts to assess whether eidetic imagery is inversely related to age. A sample of 15 known eidetikers from a previous study, having particular forms of brain damage, were retested after a lapse of 20 months. The hypothesis of the study was that older children are most likely to lose their capacity for seeing eidetic images over a period of 20 months than are younger children. The data confirmed the hypothesis and was interpreted as supporting the theory that eidetic imagery is a developmental process that decreases in importance over the course of a child's development.", "contents": "Eidetic imagery: longitudinal results in brain-damaged children. There have only been a few attempts to assess whether eidetic imagery is inversely related to age. A sample of 15 known eidetikers from a previous study, having particular forms of brain damage, were retested after a lapse of 20 months. The hypothesis of the study was that older children are most likely to lose their capacity for seeing eidetic images over a period of 20 months than are younger children. The data confirmed the hypothesis and was interpreted as supporting the theory that eidetic imagery is a developmental process that decreases in importance over the course of a child's development."}
{"id": "PMID:930972", "title": "Pelvic exenteration: analysis of 296 patients.", "content": "An analysis of 296 patients who had pelvic exenteration discloses a high risk of postoperative complications and death; however, the safety has been improved by technical modifications for urinary diversion and treatment of the denuded pelvic cavity. Recurrent cancer of the cervix or vagina was the main reason for the operation. Prognostic factors were sought to improve selection of patients who are able to withstand operation, tolerate postoperative complications, and remain free of cancer. The five-year survival rate for 296 patients with various types of cancer calculated by the Berkson-Gage method was 56.5 per cent after death from all causes were deducted, the rate was 42.1 per cent. The five-year survival rate for 196 patients with recurrent carcinoma of the cervix calculated by the Berkson-Gage method was 48.3 per cent; after deaths from all causes were deducted, the rate was 33.8 per cent.", "contents": "Pelvic exenteration: analysis of 296 patients. An analysis of 296 patients who had pelvic exenteration discloses a high risk of postoperative complications and death; however, the safety has been improved by technical modifications for urinary diversion and treatment of the denuded pelvic cavity. Recurrent cancer of the cervix or vagina was the main reason for the operation. Prognostic factors were sought to improve selection of patients who are able to withstand operation, tolerate postoperative complications, and remain free of cancer. The five-year survival rate for 296 patients with various types of cancer calculated by the Berkson-Gage method was 56.5 per cent after death from all causes were deducted, the rate was 42.1 per cent. The five-year survival rate for 196 patients with recurrent carcinoma of the cervix calculated by the Berkson-Gage method was 48.3 per cent; after deaths from all causes were deducted, the rate was 33.8 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:930973", "title": "Comparison of cancer cell surfaces of the lower reproductive tract by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The squamous cells of the cervix simulate those of the vagina and vulva both histologically and by scanning electron microscopy. However, in areas of the cervix undergoing active metaplasia, there are cells which share some of the characteristics demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy of both squamous and columnar epithelium. In these cells there is a wide range of characteristics of each cell type, suggesting a possible gradual transition from columnar to squamous epithelium. Furthermore, the cells of severe dysplasia and of intraepithelial and invasive squamous cancers of the cervix, though histologically similar to those of vaginal and vulvar cancers, are distinctly different when examined by scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest that both metaplastic and neoplastic squamous cells are derived from the same progenitor columnar cells of the cervix, by orderly transition in the former and by atypical transformation in the latter. Second, the distinctiveness from the vaginal and vulvar cells indicates different embryonic stem cell lines.", "contents": "Comparison of cancer cell surfaces of the lower reproductive tract by scanning electron microscopy. The squamous cells of the cervix simulate those of the vagina and vulva both histologically and by scanning electron microscopy. However, in areas of the cervix undergoing active metaplasia, there are cells which share some of the characteristics demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy of both squamous and columnar epithelium. In these cells there is a wide range of characteristics of each cell type, suggesting a possible gradual transition from columnar to squamous epithelium. Furthermore, the cells of severe dysplasia and of intraepithelial and invasive squamous cancers of the cervix, though histologically similar to those of vaginal and vulvar cancers, are distinctly different when examined by scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest that both metaplastic and neoplastic squamous cells are derived from the same progenitor columnar cells of the cervix, by orderly transition in the former and by atypical transformation in the latter. Second, the distinctiveness from the vaginal and vulvar cells indicates different embryonic stem cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:930974", "title": "Homologous artificial insemination. A reappraisal.", "content": "Homologous artificial insemination (AIH), with the use of a split-ejaculate technique, was performed in 62 couples following a complete infertility investigation. Fifty per cent of all men had a sperm count less than 50 million per milliliter and 80 per cent had sperm motility less than 50 per cent. More important, 85 per cent of the initial semen samples had greater than 40 per cent abnormal forms and liquefaction was delayed beyond 20 minutes in 67 per cent of specimen. The pregnancy rate for the 28 women who underwent the prescribed course of six or more inseminations was 46.4 per cent, for the group of 60 who received split-ejaculate AIH, 21.6 per cent; and for the entire group of 62 couples, 24.2 per cent. In the split-ejaculate group 50 per cent of the pregnancies resulted in first-trimester abortions. It is suggested that the pregnancy wastage in these couples might be due to male factors.", "contents": "Homologous artificial insemination. A reappraisal. Homologous artificial insemination (AIH), with the use of a split-ejaculate technique, was performed in 62 couples following a complete infertility investigation. Fifty per cent of all men had a sperm count less than 50 million per milliliter and 80 per cent had sperm motility less than 50 per cent. More important, 85 per cent of the initial semen samples had greater than 40 per cent abnormal forms and liquefaction was delayed beyond 20 minutes in 67 per cent of specimen. The pregnancy rate for the 28 women who underwent the prescribed course of six or more inseminations was 46.4 per cent, for the group of 60 who received split-ejaculate AIH, 21.6 per cent; and for the entire group of 62 couples, 24.2 per cent. In the split-ejaculate group 50 per cent of the pregnancies resulted in first-trimester abortions. It is suggested that the pregnancy wastage in these couples might be due to male factors."}
{"id": "PMID:931009", "title": "A new automated subjective optometer.", "content": "A new optometer that utilizes optically simulated distance line and letter targets, focusable by patient or operator, is described. Refractive findings for 376 eyes tested on the new optometer were compared with the findings obtained by conventional clinical methods. Most differences were within the limits of repeatability reported for conventional refraction tests.", "contents": "A new automated subjective optometer. A new optometer that utilizes optically simulated distance line and letter targets, focusable by patient or operator, is described. Refractive findings for 376 eyes tested on the new optometer were compared with the findings obtained by conventional clinical methods. Most differences were within the limits of repeatability reported for conventional refraction tests."}
{"id": "PMID:931010", "title": "Changes in fundus reflex luminance with increased cognitive processing.", "content": "A previous study using photoelectric retinoscopy at near showed an increase in fundus reflex luminance when the subject's task was changed from reading simple material to adding numbers. Unfortunately, it was not possible to attribute the luminance change to the change in cognitive task. The present experiment was designed to determine whether an increase in cognitive processing would produce an increase in fundus reflex luminance. When the subjects (N = 19, ages 22 to 27) changed from viewing 2-digit numbers at 40 cm to adding the digits, with no change in the visual stimulus, the increased in 47 of 54 trials--the mean luminance increased approximately 10% (p less than 0.01). This change in fundus reflex luminance is not attributed to change in eye position but rather to a decrease in accommodative lag.", "contents": "Changes in fundus reflex luminance with increased cognitive processing. A previous study using photoelectric retinoscopy at near showed an increase in fundus reflex luminance when the subject's task was changed from reading simple material to adding numbers. Unfortunately, it was not possible to attribute the luminance change to the change in cognitive task. The present experiment was designed to determine whether an increase in cognitive processing would produce an increase in fundus reflex luminance. When the subjects (N = 19, ages 22 to 27) changed from viewing 2-digit numbers at 40 cm to adding the digits, with no change in the visual stimulus, the increased in 47 of 54 trials--the mean luminance increased approximately 10% (p less than 0.01). This change in fundus reflex luminance is not attributed to change in eye position but rather to a decrease in accommodative lag."}
{"id": "PMID:931011", "title": "Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms.", "content": "The effect of viewing time on the threshold for depth and form discrimination using random-dot stereograms has been investigated. For 12 subjects the relation between logarithm of threshold disparity and logarithm of viewing time was linear for both depth and form discrimination, but the threshold for form discrimination was approximately twice the threshold for depth discrimination. Stereo thresholds determined with random-dot stereograms were not significantly related to stereo thresholds measured with a Howard-Dolman apparatus.", "contents": "Viewing time and stereoscopic threshold with random-dot stereograms. The effect of viewing time on the threshold for depth and form discrimination using random-dot stereograms has been investigated. For 12 subjects the relation between logarithm of threshold disparity and logarithm of viewing time was linear for both depth and form discrimination, but the threshold for form discrimination was approximately twice the threshold for depth discrimination. Stereo thresholds determined with random-dot stereograms were not significantly related to stereo thresholds measured with a Howard-Dolman apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:931012", "title": "Comparison of the STYCAR and lighthouse acuity tests.", "content": "In a study comparing the Screening Test for Young Children and Retardates (STYCAR) and the New York Lighthouse Flash Card Test, 50 preschool children (median age of 4.4 yr) were evaluated twice with each instrument. Results indicate that the Lighthouse test had higher reliability, better visual acuity scores, lower untestability rates, and shorter testing times than the STYCAR.", "contents": "Comparison of the STYCAR and lighthouse acuity tests. In a study comparing the Screening Test for Young Children and Retardates (STYCAR) and the New York Lighthouse Flash Card Test, 50 preschool children (median age of 4.4 yr) were evaluated twice with each instrument. Results indicate that the Lighthouse test had higher reliability, better visual acuity scores, lower untestability rates, and shorter testing times than the STYCAR."}
{"id": "PMID:931013", "title": "Dynamic measures of vergence accommodation.", "content": "Dynamic measures of vergence accommodation (VG-ACC) are necessary for complete analysis of the triadic near response but are difficult to obtain because eyeball rotation affects accommodative measures. A dynamic optometer that uses the third Purkinje image is shown to be insensitive to small eye rotations and permits dynamic measures of VG-ACC responses. Such measures are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Average latency measures of 260 msec for VG-ACC fall between the latency of 160 msec for disparity vergence and the latency of 380 msec for accommodation. Additional dynamic features of VG-ACC resemble those of other components of the near triad.", "contents": "Dynamic measures of vergence accommodation. Dynamic measures of vergence accommodation (VG-ACC) are necessary for complete analysis of the triadic near response but are difficult to obtain because eyeball rotation affects accommodative measures. A dynamic optometer that uses the third Purkinje image is shown to be insensitive to small eye rotations and permits dynamic measures of VG-ACC responses. Such measures are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Average latency measures of 260 msec for VG-ACC fall between the latency of 160 msec for disparity vergence and the latency of 380 msec for accommodation. Additional dynamic features of VG-ACC resemble those of other components of the near triad."}
{"id": "PMID:931014", "title": "Phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems.", "content": "Measures of horizontal phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity were obtained for 2 samples: 28 optometry students without symptoms and 32 orthoptic patients with symptoms associated with binocular oculomotor difficulties. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which tests or group of tests best discriminated between the 2 samples. Analysis was done for both samples and for exophoric and esophoric subsamples. Sheard's criterion was the best discriminator for the exophoric group, and amount of heterophoria was the best discriminator for the esophoric group. Fixation disparity was the next best discriminator for both groups.", "contents": "Phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity in oculomotor problems. Measures of horizontal phoria, vergence, and fixation disparity were obtained for 2 samples: 28 optometry students without symptoms and 32 orthoptic patients with symptoms associated with binocular oculomotor difficulties. Discriminant analysis was used to determine which tests or group of tests best discriminated between the 2 samples. Analysis was done for both samples and for exophoric and esophoric subsamples. Sheard's criterion was the best discriminator for the exophoric group, and amount of heterophoria was the best discriminator for the esophoric group. Fixation disparity was the next best discriminator for both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:931015", "title": "Early treatment of anisometropic astigmatism and strabismus.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with uncorrected anisometropic indirect astigmatism showed amblyopia and strabismus. Over a period of approximately 3 yr, neutralization of the refractive error and treatment of the amblyopia and strabismus resulted in single binocular vision with good stereopsis. The results suggest that at least up to age 7 the visual system is sufficiently plastic to be modified by treatment.", "contents": "Early treatment of anisometropic astigmatism and strabismus. A 4-year-old boy with uncorrected anisometropic indirect astigmatism showed amblyopia and strabismus. Over a period of approximately 3 yr, neutralization of the refractive error and treatment of the amblyopia and strabismus resulted in single binocular vision with good stereopsis. The results suggest that at least up to age 7 the visual system is sufficiently plastic to be modified by treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:931016", "title": "Rocker jaws.", "content": "Most adult Polynesian mandibles are of the rocker form. Polynesian crania possess a very open cranial base angle and a large upper facial height. The mandibular growth rotations necessary to maintain occlusion in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of an exceptionally closed ramus-body angle, with consequent loss of the antegonial notch and appearance of the rocker form.", "contents": "Rocker jaws. Most adult Polynesian mandibles are of the rocker form. Polynesian crania possess a very open cranial base angle and a large upper facial height. The mandibular growth rotations necessary to maintain occlusion in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of an exceptionally closed ramus-body angle, with consequent loss of the antegonial notch and appearance of the rocker form."}
{"id": "PMID:931017", "title": "Dental reductions and dental caries.", "content": "Although first permanent molar hypoconulid absence, third molar agenesis, and small tooth size are all part of evolutionary trend of dental retardation, each bears a different relationship to dental caries. Caries prevalence in the maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars of the Burlington Research Centre serial experimental group at age 16 years was less in the children whose first molars were missing the hypoconulid. Conversely, caries prevalence in mandibular first molars was greater in the children who had agenesis of third molars. The extraction of first molars due to caries was more frequent in children with agenesis of third molars, less frequent in those with absence of hypoconulids of the first molars and unrelated to tooth size. Caries prevalence was less in small teeth, and occurred least in the small mandibular first molars with four cusps. Whereas this is in harmony with the hypothesis that evolutionary dental reductions resulted from the pressure of caries, the increased prevalence of caries and extractions coinciding with third molar agenesis does not support this view. In addition, agenesis of hypoconulids and agenesis of third molars were related to changes in structures unrelated to caries.", "contents": "Dental reductions and dental caries. Although first permanent molar hypoconulid absence, third molar agenesis, and small tooth size are all part of evolutionary trend of dental retardation, each bears a different relationship to dental caries. Caries prevalence in the maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars of the Burlington Research Centre serial experimental group at age 16 years was less in the children whose first molars were missing the hypoconulid. Conversely, caries prevalence in mandibular first molars was greater in the children who had agenesis of third molars. The extraction of first molars due to caries was more frequent in children with agenesis of third molars, less frequent in those with absence of hypoconulids of the first molars and unrelated to tooth size. Caries prevalence was less in small teeth, and occurred least in the small mandibular first molars with four cusps. Whereas this is in harmony with the hypothesis that evolutionary dental reductions resulted from the pressure of caries, the increased prevalence of caries and extractions coinciding with third molar agenesis does not support this view. In addition, agenesis of hypoconulids and agenesis of third molars were related to changes in structures unrelated to caries."}
{"id": "PMID:931018", "title": "Homologies of the anterior teeth in Indriiadae and a functional basis for dental reduction in primates.", "content": "In a recent paper Schwartz ('74) proposes revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. However, new evidence provided by the deciduous dentition of Avahi suggests that the traditional interpretations are correct, specifically: (1) the lateral teeth in the dental scraper of Indriidae are homologous with the incisors of Lemuriadae and Lorisidae, not the canines; (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 2.1.3; (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 2.0.2.3; and (4) decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was usually in the sequence I3, then I2, then I1. It appears that dental reduction during primate evolution occurred at the ends of integrated incisor and cheek tooth units to minimize disruption of their functional integrity.", "contents": "Homologies of the anterior teeth in Indriiadae and a functional basis for dental reduction in primates. In a recent paper Schwartz ('74) proposes revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. However, new evidence provided by the deciduous dentition of Avahi suggests that the traditional interpretations are correct, specifically: (1) the lateral teeth in the dental scraper of Indriidae are homologous with the incisors of Lemuriadae and Lorisidae, not the canines; (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 2.1.3; (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 2.0.2.3; and (4) decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was usually in the sequence I3, then I2, then I1. It appears that dental reduction during primate evolution occurred at the ends of integrated incisor and cheek tooth units to minimize disruption of their functional integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:931019", "title": "Effects of occlusal attrition and continuous eruption on odontometry of rat molars.", "content": "Recurrent reports by others of posteruptive dimensional increase of the crowns of rat molar teeth were analyzed in the context of our present study of occlusal attrition, continuous eruption and alteration of the occlusal planes of rat maxillary molar teeth with age. Marked attrition of the anatomical crowns occurs, together with a considerable continuous eruption that increasingly brings the markedly convex mesial root of the maxillary first molar into the clinical crown. Further, a slight change in occlusal plane occurs. Previous workers used standardized planes of orientation and of registration prior to measurement, which masked the phenomena mentioned above. They thus mistakenly reported increased coronal dimensions.", "contents": "Effects of occlusal attrition and continuous eruption on odontometry of rat molars. Recurrent reports by others of posteruptive dimensional increase of the crowns of rat molar teeth were analyzed in the context of our present study of occlusal attrition, continuous eruption and alteration of the occlusal planes of rat maxillary molar teeth with age. Marked attrition of the anatomical crowns occurs, together with a considerable continuous eruption that increasingly brings the markedly convex mesial root of the maxillary first molar into the clinical crown. Further, a slight change in occlusal plane occurs. Previous workers used standardized planes of orientation and of registration prior to measurement, which masked the phenomena mentioned above. They thus mistakenly reported increased coronal dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:931020", "title": "The number of vertebrae in the Southern African Negro, the American Negro and the Bushman (San).", "content": "The numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae (PCV) are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes. The S.A. Negro and San males have an exceptionally high frequency of an increased total PCV number whilst the frequencies are significantly lower in a combined Caucasoid sample and the Mongoloid samples. The American Negro male, too, has a high frequency but not as high as in S.A. Negroes. The high frequency of increased PCV number in San, S.A. Negroes and American Negroes is in keeping with the view that the Khoisan peoples (here represented by the San), the Southern African Negroes and the African ancestors of American Blacks sprang from a common proto-negriform stock. Males have a significantly greater frequency of increased PCV to 30 or 31, whereas females are more likely to have a decreased number of 28 PCV. This sex difference is present in all the populations studied.", "contents": "The number of vertebrae in the Southern African Negro, the American Negro and the Bushman (San). The numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae (PCV) are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes. The S.A. Negro and San males have an exceptionally high frequency of an increased total PCV number whilst the frequencies are significantly lower in a combined Caucasoid sample and the Mongoloid samples. The American Negro male, too, has a high frequency but not as high as in S.A. Negroes. The high frequency of increased PCV number in San, S.A. Negroes and American Negroes is in keeping with the view that the Khoisan peoples (here represented by the San), the Southern African Negroes and the African ancestors of American Blacks sprang from a common proto-negriform stock. Males have a significantly greater frequency of increased PCV to 30 or 31, whereas females are more likely to have a decreased number of 28 PCV. This sex difference is present in all the populations studied."}
{"id": "PMID:931021", "title": "Presence of correlations between the five palmar area patterns.", "content": "The true patterns and vestiges in the five palmar areas and their possible correlations in a series of four Sardinian populations are considered. Of the significant differences observed during the examination, a greater homogeneity was found in the males rather than in the females. The variability found both for the rate and for the correlations in the four samples of both sexes calls for caution in interpreting data from small samples. Also in evidence was a strong negative correlation between the third and fourth interdigital areas; but there is no correlation if only the patterns determined by accessory triradii are considered. Finally a few positive correlations between the other palmar areas exist.", "contents": "Presence of correlations between the five palmar area patterns. The true patterns and vestiges in the five palmar areas and their possible correlations in a series of four Sardinian populations are considered. Of the significant differences observed during the examination, a greater homogeneity was found in the males rather than in the females. The variability found both for the rate and for the correlations in the four samples of both sexes calls for caution in interpreting data from small samples. Also in evidence was a strong negative correlation between the third and fourth interdigital areas; but there is no correlation if only the patterns determined by accessory triradii are considered. Finally a few positive correlations between the other palmar areas exist."}
{"id": "PMID:931022", "title": "Genetic studies in Ecuador: acetylator phenotypes, red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms of Shuara Indians.", "content": "Population genetic studies of Shuara Indians in Ecuador are performed for GPT, AP, PGM1, Ak, EsD, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, C3, Bg, ChE, Tf, Pi, Bf phenotypes, IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C3-proactivator, C4 levels and acetylator phenotypes. Some systems having a polymorphism in many other populations showed a lack of some of those alleles in the population under study (C3, ChE, Tf, AK and almost absent 6-PGD, Bg, Bf).", "contents": "Genetic studies in Ecuador: acetylator phenotypes, red cell enzyme and serum protein polymorphisms of Shuara Indians. Population genetic studies of Shuara Indians in Ecuador are performed for GPT, AP, PGM1, Ak, EsD, 6-PGD, Hp, Gc, C3, Bg, ChE, Tf, Pi, Bf phenotypes, IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C3-proactivator, C4 levels and acetylator phenotypes. Some systems having a polymorphism in many other populations showed a lack of some of those alleles in the population under study (C3, ChE, Tf, AK and almost absent 6-PGD, Bg, Bf)."}
{"id": "PMID:931023", "title": "Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders.", "content": "The number of epidermal appendages and melanocytes in forearm skin of three groups of Solomon Islanders has been determined. There were no significant differences in the number of hair follicles or sweat ducts among Solomon Islander groups, nor between them and a Caucasian group used for comparison. The Nasioi and Kwaio, however, do have a significantly higher melanocyte population than Caucasian groups. This difference may in part be due to the exposure of the Solomon Islander skin used in this study to chronic solar radiation.", "contents": "Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders. The number of epidermal appendages and melanocytes in forearm skin of three groups of Solomon Islanders has been determined. There were no significant differences in the number of hair follicles or sweat ducts among Solomon Islander groups, nor between them and a Caucasian group used for comparison. The Nasioi and Kwaio, however, do have a significantly higher melanocyte population than Caucasian groups. This difference may in part be due to the exposure of the Solomon Islander skin used in this study to chronic solar radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:931025", "title": "The dentition of the Queckchi Indians. Anthropological aspects.", "content": "The incidence of nine minor dental traits, in 540 Queckchi Indians from Guatemala is reported. A combination of frequencies of neither Caucasoid nor Mongoloid groups was observed. The apparently Caucasoid elements of their tooth morphology might well be the result of admixture with Spanish genes during the conquest.", "contents": "The dentition of the Queckchi Indians. Anthropological aspects. The incidence of nine minor dental traits, in 540 Queckchi Indians from Guatemala is reported. A combination of frequencies of neither Caucasoid nor Mongoloid groups was observed. The apparently Caucasoid elements of their tooth morphology might well be the result of admixture with Spanish genes during the conquest."}
{"id": "PMID:931026", "title": "The craniofacial pattern of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay.", "content": "Lateral cephalometric headfilms of 30 male and 30 female Lengua Indians taken in the Chaco area of Paraguay were compared with a sample of 23 male and 25 female South African Caucasoids with excellent occlusion. The most obvious difference noted between the two population groups was the degree of prognathism evident in the Lengua. This was attributed to the generally shorter anterior cranial base in the latter group rather than to the size or forward positioning of their jaws. The significantly larger ANB (Subspinale, Nasion, Supramentale) angle observed in the Lengua was attributed to one or both of two factors, namely, the short anterior cranial base or the clockwise rotation (forward tipping) of the jaws relative to the anterior cranial base. Chinpoint position relative to the anterior cranial base in the Lengua is not much different from that of our Caucasoid sample. The lower incisor teeth in the Lengua, but not the upper ones, are more labially inclined than those of the Caucasoids.", "contents": "The craniofacial pattern of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay. Lateral cephalometric headfilms of 30 male and 30 female Lengua Indians taken in the Chaco area of Paraguay were compared with a sample of 23 male and 25 female South African Caucasoids with excellent occlusion. The most obvious difference noted between the two population groups was the degree of prognathism evident in the Lengua. This was attributed to the generally shorter anterior cranial base in the latter group rather than to the size or forward positioning of their jaws. The significantly larger ANB (Subspinale, Nasion, Supramentale) angle observed in the Lengua was attributed to one or both of two factors, namely, the short anterior cranial base or the clockwise rotation (forward tipping) of the jaws relative to the anterior cranial base. Chinpoint position relative to the anterior cranial base in the Lengua is not much different from that of our Caucasoid sample. The lower incisor teeth in the Lengua, but not the upper ones, are more labially inclined than those of the Caucasoids."}
{"id": "PMID:931028", "title": "Age-related differences in naming latency.", "content": "Older people seem to have difficulty learning new materials, perhaps because it takes them longer to retrieve relevant encoding information from memory. To assess the effects of age on speed of retrieval, 60 healthy males from 25 to 74 were shown pictures of common objects they were to name aloud as quickly as possible. The older subjects took longer to name the pictured objects. This difference was minimized with practice or when the name was cued, but did not interact with word frequency. The pattern of results for healthy older subjects was not similar to that found by Wingfield for brain-damaged subjects.", "contents": "Age-related differences in naming latency. Older people seem to have difficulty learning new materials, perhaps because it takes them longer to retrieve relevant encoding information from memory. To assess the effects of age on speed of retrieval, 60 healthy males from 25 to 74 were shown pictures of common objects they were to name aloud as quickly as possible. The older subjects took longer to name the pictured objects. This difference was minimized with practice or when the name was cued, but did not interact with word frequency. The pattern of results for healthy older subjects was not similar to that found by Wingfield for brain-damaged subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:931033", "title": "Prevention of ankle sprains.", "content": "Ankles are sprained when supported on an unstable foundation, while too rididly fixed to the playing surface, or when forced into unnatural positions by extrinsic muscle tightness. The unstable foundation may be the shoe itself, a chuck-hole, or another player's foot. Undue fixation may be by 1-inch mud cleats, baseball spikes, or a modern wrestling mat. When these circumstances occur, heel cord tightness may alter the ankle's response. Thus, prevention of ankle sprains may be by modification of any of these factors.", "contents": "Prevention of ankle sprains. Ankles are sprained when supported on an unstable foundation, while too rididly fixed to the playing surface, or when forced into unnatural positions by extrinsic muscle tightness. The unstable foundation may be the shoe itself, a chuck-hole, or another player's foot. Undue fixation may be by 1-inch mud cleats, baseball spikes, or a modern wrestling mat. When these circumstances occur, heel cord tightness may alter the ankle's response. Thus, prevention of ankle sprains may be by modification of any of these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:931071", "title": "[Stability of streptokinase incubated in various solvents at different temperatures (author's transl)].", "content": "Streptokinase was dissolved in various solvents and the decay recorded. The method employed was a recently described clot lysis assay for quantitative streptokinase determination. The decrease in activity of 5 u streptokinase, 1500 u streptokinase, and 50,000 u steptokinase dissolved in one milliltre of different solvents (NaCl solution, glucose solution, laevulose solution, dextran solution (Rheomacrodex), gelatin solution (Haemaccel, starch solution (Plasmasteril,albumin solution, Michaelis buffer, heparin-glucose solution) and incubated over various periods of time (15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 4h, 8h, 12h, 48h) was investigated. Solution media tested for streptokinase-potecting quality were broken down into three groups.-Group I: Solvents displaying excellent stabilizing properties (gelatin, albumin).-Group II: Solvents displaying medium stabilizing properties (dextran, levulose)--Group III: Solvents displaying properties (starch, NaCl, glucose, Michaelis buffer).--In testing streptokinase concentrations as used for therapeutic purpose (1500 u/ml, 50,000 u/ml), no decay was found to take place over observation periods as long as 48 h. This finding was independent of the different solvents (Group I, II or III) employed. Heparin stored with streptokinase at rooom temperature did not alter the streptokinase stability. From the clinical point  of view, the choice of solvents for streptokinase infusion turned out to be of minor importance.", "contents": "[Stability of streptokinase incubated in various solvents at different temperatures (author's transl)]. Streptokinase was dissolved in various solvents and the decay recorded. The method employed was a recently described clot lysis assay for quantitative streptokinase determination. The decrease in activity of 5 u streptokinase, 1500 u streptokinase, and 50,000 u steptokinase dissolved in one milliltre of different solvents (NaCl solution, glucose solution, laevulose solution, dextran solution (Rheomacrodex), gelatin solution (Haemaccel, starch solution (Plasmasteril,albumin solution, Michaelis buffer, heparin-glucose solution) and incubated over various periods of time (15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 4h, 8h, 12h, 48h) was investigated. Solution media tested for streptokinase-potecting quality were broken down into three groups.-Group I: Solvents displaying excellent stabilizing properties (gelatin, albumin).-Group II: Solvents displaying medium stabilizing properties (dextran, levulose)--Group III: Solvents displaying properties (starch, NaCl, glucose, Michaelis buffer).--In testing streptokinase concentrations as used for therapeutic purpose (1500 u/ml, 50,000 u/ml), no decay was found to take place over observation periods as long as 48 h. This finding was independent of the different solvents (Group I, II or III) employed. Heparin stored with streptokinase at rooom temperature did not alter the streptokinase stability. From the clinical point  of view, the choice of solvents for streptokinase infusion turned out to be of minor importance."}
{"id": "PMID:931072", "title": "[On precipitation in clinical dextran solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "Dextran precipitation has the same molecular weight distribution as the raw material. However, there are also high molecular shares of associates (aggregates). Precipitation which can be caused by change of temperature passes three stages: 1. Formation of dextran associated. 2. Growth of a dextran film (micro gel) 3. Exsiccation and precipitation.", "contents": "[On precipitation in clinical dextran solutions (author's transl)]. Dextran precipitation has the same molecular weight distribution as the raw material. However, there are also high molecular shares of associates (aggregates). Precipitation which can be caused by change of temperature passes three stages: 1. Formation of dextran associated. 2. Growth of a dextran film (micro gel) 3. Exsiccation and precipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:931073", "title": "Long-term nasotracheal intubation in an adult patient. A case of 174 days in spontaneous breathing.", "content": "A 67 year old female whole trachea was compressed by malignant thyroid tumour complained of severe dyspnoea. Tracheostomy was considered but was rejected because of the risk of massive bleeding. Nasotracheal intubation improved markedly her condition. The patient underwent radiation and chemotheraphy with the tube in place. By these treatment compression of the trachea was alleviated, and the nasotracheal tube was removed uneventfully on the 174th day of intubation. The management of long-term nasotracheal intubation is discussed and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Long-term nasotracheal intubation in an adult patient. A case of 174 days in spontaneous breathing. A 67 year old female whole trachea was compressed by malignant thyroid tumour complained of severe dyspnoea. Tracheostomy was considered but was rejected because of the risk of massive bleeding. Nasotracheal intubation improved markedly her condition. The patient underwent radiation and chemotheraphy with the tube in place. By these treatment compression of the trachea was alleviated, and the nasotracheal tube was removed uneventfully on the 174th day of intubation. The management of long-term nasotracheal intubation is discussed and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:931074", "title": "Microorganisms in the hair of staff and patients in an intensive care unit.", "content": "Bacteria in the hair of staff members and patients of the Intensive Care Unit were studied. Pathogenic organisms were isolated in both groups indicating possible dangers and the need for the awareness of hair as a carrier of bacteria is stressed.", "contents": "Microorganisms in the hair of staff and patients in an intensive care unit. Bacteria in the hair of staff members and patients of the Intensive Care Unit were studied. Pathogenic organisms were isolated in both groups indicating possible dangers and the need for the awareness of hair as a carrier of bacteria is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:931075", "title": "[X-ray control of position of subclavian catheter necessary or not? (author's transl)].", "content": "After subclavian vein cannulation of a 49 year old woman, the catheter was found within the pleural space by a special X-ray-technique. The rare complication stresses the importance of checking the position of a vena cava catheter by X-ray, using radio-opaque dye.", "contents": "[X-ray control of position of subclavian catheter necessary or not? (author's transl)]. After subclavian vein cannulation of a 49 year old woman, the catheter was found within the pleural space by a special X-ray-technique. The rare complication stresses the importance of checking the position of a vena cava catheter by X-ray, using radio-opaque dye."}
{"id": "PMID:931093", "title": "Failure of general anesthesia to potentiate propranolol activity.", "content": "To determine whether halothane and morphine, commonly used during anesthesia for cardiac operations, potentiate the  beta blocking activity of propanolol, hemodynamic changes induced by five incremental doses of propranolol (10, 20, 50, 120, 200 microgram/kg) were measured during halothane, 1 per cent, in oxygen, and morphine, 4 mg/kg. Against a background of contant beta stimulation by infusion of isoproterenol, 0.1 microgram/kg/min, and vagal blockade by atropine, 3 mg, propranolol produced significant dose-related decreases in heart rate, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular dp/dtmax and significant increases in mean aortic pressure, systemic vascular resistance,  and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Compared with basal anesthesia with pentobarbital, 15 mg/kg,  neither morphine nor halothane increased sensitivity to any measured effect of propranolol expressed as the slope of the log dose-response relationship. It is concluded that the beta blocking activity of propranolol is not potentiated by morphine and halothane anesthesia but, rather, their effects are additive.", "contents": "Failure of general anesthesia to potentiate propranolol activity. To determine whether halothane and morphine, commonly used during anesthesia for cardiac operations, potentiate the  beta blocking activity of propanolol, hemodynamic changes induced by five incremental doses of propranolol (10, 20, 50, 120, 200 microgram/kg) were measured during halothane, 1 per cent, in oxygen, and morphine, 4 mg/kg. Against a background of contant beta stimulation by infusion of isoproterenol, 0.1 microgram/kg/min, and vagal blockade by atropine, 3 mg, propranolol produced significant dose-related decreases in heart rate, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular dp/dtmax and significant increases in mean aortic pressure, systemic vascular resistance,  and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Compared with basal anesthesia with pentobarbital, 15 mg/kg,  neither morphine nor halothane increased sensitivity to any measured effect of propranolol expressed as the slope of the log dose-response relationship. It is concluded that the beta blocking activity of propranolol is not potentiated by morphine and halothane anesthesia but, rather, their effects are additive."}
{"id": "PMID:931094", "title": "Suppressive effect of morphine on single-unit activity of cells in Rexed lamina VII.", "content": "Using an extracellular microelectrode recording technique, the effects of intravenously administered morphine sulfate upon the single-unit activities of cells in Rexed lamina VII of the lumbar spinal cord were studied in cats following decerebration and spinal cord transection at L1. These neurons responded principally to high-threshold mechanical and thermal stimuli applied to a receptive field in the ipsilateral hind limbs. Morphine sulfate, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, caused dose-related suppression of the spontaneous activities of these neurons. The firing rates at maximum suppression, observed 5-10 min after administration of morphine, were 63.9 +/- 9.2 (mean +/- 1 SE), 43.0 +/- 5.4, and 26.5 +/- 6.0 per cent of the control values, respectively. Since these cells have been shown by  others to be associated with the spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways, the results suggest that the analgesic state may result from the action of morphine on the cells of origin of these major ascending pathways in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of morphine on single-unit activity of cells in Rexed lamina VII. Using an extracellular microelectrode recording technique, the effects of intravenously administered morphine sulfate upon the single-unit activities of cells in Rexed lamina VII of the lumbar spinal cord were studied in cats following decerebration and spinal cord transection at L1. These neurons responded principally to high-threshold mechanical and thermal stimuli applied to a receptive field in the ipsilateral hind limbs. Morphine sulfate, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, caused dose-related suppression of the spontaneous activities of these neurons. The firing rates at maximum suppression, observed 5-10 min after administration of morphine, were 63.9 +/- 9.2 (mean +/- 1 SE), 43.0 +/- 5.4, and 26.5 +/- 6.0 per cent of the control values, respectively. Since these cells have been shown by  others to be associated with the spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways, the results suggest that the analgesic state may result from the action of morphine on the cells of origin of these major ascending pathways in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:931123", "title": "On a triple infection of strigeid metacercariae in an Indian fresh-water fish, Xenentodon cancilla.", "content": "Three new species of strigeid metacercariae viz., Neascus hoffmani n. sp., Neascus nanaksagarensis n. sp. and Tetracotyle aglandulata n. sp. are described here from a fresh-water fish, Xenentodon cancilla (Ham.); of these, the former two resemble N. xenentodoni PANDEY, 1970 as well as N. hepatica CHAKRABARTI, 1970 while the latter one T. xenentodoni CHAKRABARTI, 1969. - N. hoffmani and N. nanaksagarensis are pharyngeate forms and each has its own pattern of reserve excretory system. N. hoffmani has a spinose body, while N. nanaksagarensis has an aspinose body. - Tetracotyle aglandulata has a lobed hold-fast organ, but lacks a hold-fast gland. Further, in this form fore-body and hind-body is not marked and it has its own characteristic reserve excretory system.", "contents": "On a triple infection of strigeid metacercariae in an Indian fresh-water fish, Xenentodon cancilla. Three new species of strigeid metacercariae viz., Neascus hoffmani n. sp., Neascus nanaksagarensis n. sp. and Tetracotyle aglandulata n. sp. are described here from a fresh-water fish, Xenentodon cancilla (Ham.); of these, the former two resemble N. xenentodoni PANDEY, 1970 as well as N. hepatica CHAKRABARTI, 1970 while the latter one T. xenentodoni CHAKRABARTI, 1969. - N. hoffmani and N. nanaksagarensis are pharyngeate forms and each has its own pattern of reserve excretory system. N. hoffmani has a spinose body, while N. nanaksagarensis has an aspinose body. - Tetracotyle aglandulata has a lobed hold-fast organ, but lacks a hold-fast gland. Further, in this form fore-body and hind-body is not marked and it has its own characteristic reserve excretory system."}
{"id": "PMID:931124", "title": "[The effect of dimethoate selection on trichlorfon and dimethoate sensitivity in Musca domestica].", "content": "Selecting of strain a Musca domestica resistant to trichlorphon with Bi 58 (active ingredient: dimethoate) resulted in an only slight (1.33-fold) increase of the resistance to dimethoate between 1974 and 1975. In the same time the resistance to trichlorphon rose to 5.28 times the original degree. The resistance extends to some other organophosphates, especially malathion, dichlorvos and bromophos, but not to diazinon. Among the insecticides registered for control of flies in pig-sties Bi 58 has the greatest chance, though there exists neither a certainty for the decrease of the resistance to trichlorphon nor for the non-appearance of a resistance to dimethoate. To overcome the problem of flies in stables and sties, particularly in plants of industrial cattle-breeding, complex measures must be taken.", "contents": "[The effect of dimethoate selection on trichlorfon and dimethoate sensitivity in Musca domestica]. Selecting of strain a Musca domestica resistant to trichlorphon with Bi 58 (active ingredient: dimethoate) resulted in an only slight (1.33-fold) increase of the resistance to dimethoate between 1974 and 1975. In the same time the resistance to trichlorphon rose to 5.28 times the original degree. The resistance extends to some other organophosphates, especially malathion, dichlorvos and bromophos, but not to diazinon. Among the insecticides registered for control of flies in pig-sties Bi 58 has the greatest chance, though there exists neither a certainty for the decrease of the resistance to trichlorphon nor for the non-appearance of a resistance to dimethoate. To overcome the problem of flies in stables and sties, particularly in plants of industrial cattle-breeding, complex measures must be taken."}
{"id": "PMID:931128", "title": "Disappearance rates of intravenously injected canine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.", "content": "The serum half-life of various canine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes has been determined. Isoenzymes can be divided into 2 groups with regard to their half-life. Isoenzymes with a half-life of approximately 3 days include the hepatic alkaline phosphatase and the steroid-induced alkaline phosphatase. Those with a half-life of under 6 minutes include the alkaline phosphatase from placenta, kidney, intestine, and the hepatic and steroid-induced iosenzymes after removal of sialic acid. The inability to demonstrate some of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of diseases animals is attributed to their short half-life. The relationship of the short half-life to the sialic acid moiety of the protein is discussed.", "contents": "Disappearance rates of intravenously injected canine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. The serum half-life of various canine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes has been determined. Isoenzymes can be divided into 2 groups with regard to their half-life. Isoenzymes with a half-life of approximately 3 days include the hepatic alkaline phosphatase and the steroid-induced alkaline phosphatase. Those with a half-life of under 6 minutes include the alkaline phosphatase from placenta, kidney, intestine, and the hepatic and steroid-induced iosenzymes after removal of sialic acid. The inability to demonstrate some of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in serum of diseases animals is attributed to their short half-life. The relationship of the short half-life to the sialic acid moiety of the protein is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931130", "title": "Comparison of furazolidone and carbadox in the feed for treatment of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine.", "content": "Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic.", "contents": "Comparison of furazolidone and carbadox in the feed for treatment of Salmonella choleraesuis in swine. Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic."}
{"id": "PMID:931131", "title": "Effects of intramuscular injections of selenium and vitamin E on selenium-vitamin E deficiency in young pigs.", "content": "Effects of intramuscular injections of selenium and vitamin E on lesions in pigs with selenium-vitamin E deficiency syndrome were determined in 2 factorial experiments, using a total 69 pigs. The pigs were fed a selenium-vitamin E deficient, 22.3% protein ration, supplemented with methionine, minerals, and vitamins. Weekly intramuscular injections of isotonic saline solution, vitamin E, selenium, or vitamin E and selenium were given to the respective treatment groups. Selenium-vitamin E deficiency lesions occurred only in pigs that were given saline injections. Weekly intramuscular injections of either selenium (as selenous acid buffered to pH (7.3) at the rate of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight or vitamin E at the rate of 20 IU/kg of body weight or the combination of selenium and vitamin E prevented cardiac and skeletal myodegeneration, hepatic necrosis, and death. Significant increases of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity values were noted in pigs with liver, heart, or skeletal muscle lesions, but these increases were not correlated with the extent of the lesions. Vascular lesions, epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages, and yellow discoloration of body fat were not features of this experimentally induced disease. These lesions may be related to factors other than the deficiency of selenium, vitamin E, or selenium and vitamin E in rations previously used in reported studies.", "contents": "Effects of intramuscular injections of selenium and vitamin E on selenium-vitamin E deficiency in young pigs. Effects of intramuscular injections of selenium and vitamin E on lesions in pigs with selenium-vitamin E deficiency syndrome were determined in 2 factorial experiments, using a total 69 pigs. The pigs were fed a selenium-vitamin E deficient, 22.3% protein ration, supplemented with methionine, minerals, and vitamins. Weekly intramuscular injections of isotonic saline solution, vitamin E, selenium, or vitamin E and selenium were given to the respective treatment groups. Selenium-vitamin E deficiency lesions occurred only in pigs that were given saline injections. Weekly intramuscular injections of either selenium (as selenous acid buffered to pH (7.3) at the rate of 0.05 mg/kg of body weight or vitamin E at the rate of 20 IU/kg of body weight or the combination of selenium and vitamin E prevented cardiac and skeletal myodegeneration, hepatic necrosis, and death. Significant increases of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity values were noted in pigs with liver, heart, or skeletal muscle lesions, but these increases were not correlated with the extent of the lesions. Vascular lesions, epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages, and yellow discoloration of body fat were not features of this experimentally induced disease. These lesions may be related to factors other than the deficiency of selenium, vitamin E, or selenium and vitamin E in rations previously used in reported studies."}
{"id": "PMID:931132", "title": "Antimicrobial sensitivity of aerobic gram-negative rods isolated from bovin udder infections.", "content": "Antimicrobial sensitivity of 214 aerobic gram-negative rods recovered from infected bovine mammary glands was determined. Seventeen antimicrobial agents were used. More than 90% of the cultures were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and polymyxin B. These 3 antimicrobials are not approved for infusion into the bovine mammary gland. Escherichia coli was most sensitive to the 17 antimicrobials, and in decreasing sequence, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, and Proteus spp were sensitive to fewer antimicrobials. Pseudomonas spp were most resistant.", "contents": "Antimicrobial sensitivity of aerobic gram-negative rods isolated from bovin udder infections. Antimicrobial sensitivity of 214 aerobic gram-negative rods recovered from infected bovine mammary glands was determined. Seventeen antimicrobial agents were used. More than 90% of the cultures were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and polymyxin B. These 3 antimicrobials are not approved for infusion into the bovine mammary gland. Escherichia coli was most sensitive to the 17 antimicrobials, and in decreasing sequence, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, and Proteus spp were sensitive to fewer antimicrobials. Pseudomonas spp were most resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:931133", "title": "Morphologic alteration of Paranaplasma caudata following treatment of calves with oxytetracycline.", "content": "The morphologic features of Paranaplasma caudata were determined in whole blood, blood clots, and liver biopsy specimens after treating infected calves with oxytetracycline. Following staining of blood smears with new methylene blue, light microscopy showed that paranaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were vacuolated, but tails were normal in appearance. By electron microscopic examination of parasitized erythrocytes of treated calves, paranaplasma bodies were found to be degenerated (aggregation of nucleoprotein granules in initial bodies and condensation and coalescence of initial bodies), but tails were normal. The identical degenerative changes of paranaplasma bodies and lack of alteration of tails were evident in erythrocytes in sinusoids of liver biopsy specimens from treated calves.", "contents": "Morphologic alteration of Paranaplasma caudata following treatment of calves with oxytetracycline. The morphologic features of Paranaplasma caudata were determined in whole blood, blood clots, and liver biopsy specimens after treating infected calves with oxytetracycline. Following staining of blood smears with new methylene blue, light microscopy showed that paranaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were vacuolated, but tails were normal in appearance. By electron microscopic examination of parasitized erythrocytes of treated calves, paranaplasma bodies were found to be degenerated (aggregation of nucleoprotein granules in initial bodies and condensation and coalescence of initial bodies), but tails were normal. The identical degenerative changes of paranaplasma bodies and lack of alteration of tails were evident in erythrocytes in sinusoids of liver biopsy specimens from treated calves."}
{"id": "PMID:931134", "title": "Experimentally induced infections bovine keratoconjunctivitis: effectiveness of a pilus vaccine against exposure to homologous strains of Moraxella bovis.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine whether vaccination with sonicated pili of Moraxella bovis would protect cattle from subsequent infection and disease when experimentally challenged by exposure to homologous cultures of M bovis. Some calves were intramuscularly inoculated 2 times with pili of M bovis suspended in water, and others were subcutaneously inoculated 2 times with pili of M bovis suspended in oil; 21 days were allowed between inculations. Controls were nonvaccinated calves. Fourteen days after the last inculation, all calves were exposed to virulent homologous cultures of M bovis. The results indicated that vaccination with sonicated pili of M bovis may induce protective immunity against homologous strain challenge exposure. Vaccines in oil that were injected subcutaneously protected to a greater extent than did vaccines in water that were injected intramuscularly. The development of inflammatory nodules at the site of inoculation was associated with resistance to infection and disease. Only 1 of the vaccinated calves that resisted disease lacked precipitating antibodies against sonicated pili at the time of the challenge exposure. This calf had antibodies 2 weeks later.", "contents": "Experimentally induced infections bovine keratoconjunctivitis: effectiveness of a pilus vaccine against exposure to homologous strains of Moraxella bovis. A study was conducted to determine whether vaccination with sonicated pili of Moraxella bovis would protect cattle from subsequent infection and disease when experimentally challenged by exposure to homologous cultures of M bovis. Some calves were intramuscularly inoculated 2 times with pili of M bovis suspended in water, and others were subcutaneously inoculated 2 times with pili of M bovis suspended in oil; 21 days were allowed between inculations. Controls were nonvaccinated calves. Fourteen days after the last inculation, all calves were exposed to virulent homologous cultures of M bovis. The results indicated that vaccination with sonicated pili of M bovis may induce protective immunity against homologous strain challenge exposure. Vaccines in oil that were injected subcutaneously protected to a greater extent than did vaccines in water that were injected intramuscularly. The development of inflammatory nodules at the site of inoculation was associated with resistance to infection and disease. Only 1 of the vaccinated calves that resisted disease lacked precipitating antibodies against sonicated pili at the time of the challenge exposure. This calf had antibodies 2 weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:931135", "title": "Alkaline phosphatases in tissues and sera of cats.", "content": "The numbers and widths of bands of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in polyacrylamide gels and the comparison of their electrophoretic mobility to that of a reference substance (Rf value) were found to be reliable aids in the identificaiton of various isoenzymes in in serum and organ extracts from cats. The hepatic isoenzyme was identified in sera of clinically normal adult cats, pregnant cats late in gestation, and cats with common bile duct occlusion. In addition to the hepatic isoenzyme, placental ALP was found late in gestation in sera from queens. Sera from kittens less than 15 weeks of age contained only the osseous ALP isoenzyme.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatases in tissues and sera of cats. The numbers and widths of bands of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in polyacrylamide gels and the comparison of their electrophoretic mobility to that of a reference substance (Rf value) were found to be reliable aids in the identificaiton of various isoenzymes in in serum and organ extracts from cats. The hepatic isoenzyme was identified in sera of clinically normal adult cats, pregnant cats late in gestation, and cats with common bile duct occlusion. In addition to the hepatic isoenzyme, placental ALP was found late in gestation in sera from queens. Sera from kittens less than 15 weeks of age contained only the osseous ALP isoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:931136", "title": "Intradermal mitogen response in dogs: correlation with outcome of infection by canine distemper virus.", "content": "Gnotobiotic and conventional dogs of different ages were examined for intradermal skin test responses and in virtro peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to the phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). All adult dogs skin tested with these mitogens demonstrated a positive skin reaction consisting of erythema and induration within 24 hours. In contrast, a positive reaction was obtained only with PHA-P when both mitogens were tested in conventional and gnotobiotic neonatal dogs. Lymphocytes from both adult and neonatal dogs underwent blastogenesis if cultured with PHA-P and PWM. Infection of gnotobiotic dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) resulted in depression of PHA-P skin test response along with in vitro depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis. Persistent loss of skin test response correlated with eventual death due to CDV-associated encephalitis, whereas dogs which responded to PHA-P 14 to 21 days after viral inoculation survived CDV infection. The results of this study indicated that intradermal mitogen tests can be used as a rapid method for in vivo assessment of cell-mediated immunity in this species.", "contents": "Intradermal mitogen response in dogs: correlation with outcome of infection by canine distemper virus. Gnotobiotic and conventional dogs of different ages were examined for intradermal skin test responses and in virtro peripheral blood lymphocyte responses to the phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). All adult dogs skin tested with these mitogens demonstrated a positive skin reaction consisting of erythema and induration within 24 hours. In contrast, a positive reaction was obtained only with PHA-P when both mitogens were tested in conventional and gnotobiotic neonatal dogs. Lymphocytes from both adult and neonatal dogs underwent blastogenesis if cultured with PHA-P and PWM. Infection of gnotobiotic dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) resulted in depression of PHA-P skin test response along with in vitro depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis. Persistent loss of skin test response correlated with eventual death due to CDV-associated encephalitis, whereas dogs which responded to PHA-P 14 to 21 days after viral inoculation survived CDV infection. The results of this study indicated that intradermal mitogen tests can be used as a rapid method for in vivo assessment of cell-mediated immunity in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:931137", "title": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity: technical requirements and normal values for branches of the radial and ulnar nerves of the dog.", "content": "Conduction velocities of compound action potentials of sensory axons of alteral superficial radial (LSR) and dorsal ulnar nerves (DUN) of the dog were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. Suitable locations for electrodes were identified and specificities of sites for LSR and DUN were verified by recording before and after cutting the nerves. Stimulus rates of 4/second to 20/second did not markedly affect conduction velocities. Increasing stimulus intensity in steps from threshold to 8 X threshold recruited more axons into the compound action potentials but resulted in interference from movement and muscle potentials at 4 X or 8 X threshold. Mean conduction velocities at 2 X threshold were: LSR = 61.7 +/- 0.76 SEM; DUN = 68.1 +/- 2.71 SEM.", "contents": "Sensory nerve conduction velocity: technical requirements and normal values for branches of the radial and ulnar nerves of the dog. Conduction velocities of compound action potentials of sensory axons of alteral superficial radial (LSR) and dorsal ulnar nerves (DUN) of the dog were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. Suitable locations for electrodes were identified and specificities of sites for LSR and DUN were verified by recording before and after cutting the nerves. Stimulus rates of 4/second to 20/second did not markedly affect conduction velocities. Increasing stimulus intensity in steps from threshold to 8 X threshold recruited more axons into the compound action potentials but resulted in interference from movement and muscle potentials at 4 X or 8 X threshold. Mean conduction velocities at 2 X threshold were: LSR = 61.7 +/- 0.76 SEM; DUN = 68.1 +/- 2.71 SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:931138", "title": "Autologous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against monocytes in canine ehrlichiosis.", "content": "The 51Cr-release technique for detecting cytotoxicity had been adapted to immunologic studies of canine ehrlichiosis. Lymphocytes from dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis, cause of canine ehrlichiosis, were shown to be cytotoxic for autologous monocytes. The effect was dependent on the concentraton of lymphocytes, being optimal at 100:1 lymphocyte:monocyte ratio. Neither immune serum and complement, nor anti-canine globulin had any observable effect on cytotoxicity. The monocytotoxicity bore a temporal relationship to the thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that T lymphocyte activation accompanying ehrlichiosis contributes to pathogenesis of the disease and that the specific immune elimination of parasitized monocytes is antibody independent.", "contents": "Autologous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against monocytes in canine ehrlichiosis. The 51Cr-release technique for detecting cytotoxicity had been adapted to immunologic studies of canine ehrlichiosis. Lymphocytes from dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis, cause of canine ehrlichiosis, were shown to be cytotoxic for autologous monocytes. The effect was dependent on the concentraton of lymphocytes, being optimal at 100:1 lymphocyte:monocyte ratio. Neither immune serum and complement, nor anti-canine globulin had any observable effect on cytotoxicity. The monocytotoxicity bore a temporal relationship to the thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that T lymphocyte activation accompanying ehrlichiosis contributes to pathogenesis of the disease and that the specific immune elimination of parasitized monocytes is antibody independent."}
{"id": "PMID:931140", "title": "Infectious coryza: cross-protection studies, using seven strains of Haemophilus gallinarum.", "content": "Bacterins prepared from 7 strains of Haemophilus gallinarum were used to immunized chickens for cross-protection studies. Three distinct immunotypes were distinguished. Slight protection between immunotypes was evident for some strains. Airsacculitis could be prevented by use of these bacterins; however, prevention was related to immunotype specificity. Hyaluronic acid found in 2 strains rendered them inagglutinable in homologous antiserums. Treatment with hyaluronidase rendered them agglutinable.", "contents": "Infectious coryza: cross-protection studies, using seven strains of Haemophilus gallinarum. Bacterins prepared from 7 strains of Haemophilus gallinarum were used to immunized chickens for cross-protection studies. Three distinct immunotypes were distinguished. Slight protection between immunotypes was evident for some strains. Airsacculitis could be prevented by use of these bacterins; however, prevention was related to immunotype specificity. Hyaluronic acid found in 2 strains rendered them inagglutinable in homologous antiserums. Treatment with hyaluronidase rendered them agglutinable."}
{"id": "PMID:931141", "title": "Infectious coryza: in vivo growth of Haemophilus gallinarum as a determinant for cross protection.", "content": "Four strains of Haemophilus gallinarum representing 3 immunotypes were used in exposure and challenge exposure studies to determine if in vivo growth of the organism would induce cross protection in chickens. Birds which recovered from infection to 1 immunotype were refractory to reinfection with the heterologous immunotype. In contrast, in vitro-produced bacterins produced immunotype-specific protection.", "contents": "Infectious coryza: in vivo growth of Haemophilus gallinarum as a determinant for cross protection. Four strains of Haemophilus gallinarum representing 3 immunotypes were used in exposure and challenge exposure studies to determine if in vivo growth of the organism would induce cross protection in chickens. Birds which recovered from infection to 1 immunotype were refractory to reinfection with the heterologous immunotype. In contrast, in vitro-produced bacterins produced immunotype-specific protection."}
{"id": "PMID:931142", "title": "Experimentally induced synovitis of chickens with Mycoplasma synoviae: effects of bursectomy and thymectomy on course of the infection for the first four weeks.", "content": "Specific pathogen-free chickens (bursectomized and x-irradiated (SBx-X), thymectomized and x-irradiated, x-irradiated, as well as nontreated) were inoculated (in the right tibiometatarsal joint) at the 4th week after hatching with a synovitis-derived Mycoplasma synoviae strain. Differences were not observed in recovery rate of mycoplasmas from tissues among these groups. The SBx-X chickens which were killed at 2 and 4 weeks after the intraarticular inoculation or which died during this period and bacteremia and severe synovitis with edema and heterophil infiltration in synovial fluid and in area from synovial membrane to subcutaneous tissue. Swelling of left leg joints or foot pads were observed mainly in the SBx-X group. A significant difference in the mortality rate and severity of airsacculitis was observed between SBx-X and other groups. The thymectomized and x-irradiated chickens did not show edema, synovial fluid, or swelling in the joint area. However, small lymph follicles composed of lymphoid and plasma cell were formed locally in synovial membranes of various joints. These results indicated that bursa-dependent lymphocytes are correlated with resistance to develop the lesions and that thymus-dependent lymphocytes are necessary for macroscopic lesions to develop.", "contents": "Experimentally induced synovitis of chickens with Mycoplasma synoviae: effects of bursectomy and thymectomy on course of the infection for the first four weeks. Specific pathogen-free chickens (bursectomized and x-irradiated (SBx-X), thymectomized and x-irradiated, x-irradiated, as well as nontreated) were inoculated (in the right tibiometatarsal joint) at the 4th week after hatching with a synovitis-derived Mycoplasma synoviae strain. Differences were not observed in recovery rate of mycoplasmas from tissues among these groups. The SBx-X chickens which were killed at 2 and 4 weeks after the intraarticular inoculation or which died during this period and bacteremia and severe synovitis with edema and heterophil infiltration in synovial fluid and in area from synovial membrane to subcutaneous tissue. Swelling of left leg joints or foot pads were observed mainly in the SBx-X group. A significant difference in the mortality rate and severity of airsacculitis was observed between SBx-X and other groups. The thymectomized and x-irradiated chickens did not show edema, synovial fluid, or swelling in the joint area. However, small lymph follicles composed of lymphoid and plasma cell were formed locally in synovial membranes of various joints. These results indicated that bursa-dependent lymphocytes are correlated with resistance to develop the lesions and that thymus-dependent lymphocytes are necessary for macroscopic lesions to develop."}
{"id": "PMID:931143", "title": "Experimental induction of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle.", "content": "An open-surgery technique for intrahepatic inoculation of Clostridium haemolyticum spores, suspended in calcium chloride as the hepatic debilitant, was used to produce bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. All calves (n=3) died of the disease, and the controls (n=2) given calcium chloride without spores survived. Clinical signs and gross pathologic changes produced by this method resembled those described for the disease in its natural form.", "contents": "Experimental induction of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. An open-surgery technique for intrahepatic inoculation of Clostridium haemolyticum spores, suspended in calcium chloride as the hepatic debilitant, was used to produce bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. All calves (n=3) died of the disease, and the controls (n=2) given calcium chloride without spores survived. Clinical signs and gross pathologic changes produced by this method resembled those described for the disease in its natural form."}
{"id": "PMID:931144", "title": "Infectivity of Anaplasma marginale after ingestion by potential insect vectors.", "content": "Anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes retained viability and infectivity for at least 3 days after ingestion by Hippelates pusio Loew and up to 2 days after ingestion by species of Tabanidae. The organism does not appear to have a developmental sequence in the insect vector.", "contents": "Infectivity of Anaplasma marginale after ingestion by potential insect vectors. Anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes retained viability and infectivity for at least 3 days after ingestion by Hippelates pusio Loew and up to 2 days after ingestion by species of Tabanidae. The organism does not appear to have a developmental sequence in the insect vector."}
{"id": "PMID:931145", "title": "Technique for sampling subcutaneous fat from the tailhead of sheep.", "content": "Previously reported fat biopsy techniques (either omental or subcutaneous) require extensive restraint of the animal, require anesthesia methods, are time-consuming to do, or demand much postoperative care. The biopsy technique reported in the present paper involves the subcutaneous fat located around the tailhead of sheep. With minimal restraint of the sheep and local anesthesia, up to 1 g of subcutaneous fat can be obtained using this surgical procedure. Michel clips facilitate closure of the surgical wound, making this method brief in operative time.", "contents": "Technique for sampling subcutaneous fat from the tailhead of sheep. Previously reported fat biopsy techniques (either omental or subcutaneous) require extensive restraint of the animal, require anesthesia methods, are time-consuming to do, or demand much postoperative care. The biopsy technique reported in the present paper involves the subcutaneous fat located around the tailhead of sheep. With minimal restraint of the sheep and local anesthesia, up to 1 g of subcutaneous fat can be obtained using this surgical procedure. Michel clips facilitate closure of the surgical wound, making this method brief in operative time."}
{"id": "PMID:931146", "title": "Serum half-life of intravenously injected intestinal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the cat.", "content": "The serum half-life of feline intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the cat was 2 minutes, and that of feline hepatic ALP, 5.8 hours. The feline hepatic ALP could not be identified in the urine of the cats, nor was the clearance rate affected by bilateral nephrectomy. These data indicated  the shor serum half-life of hepatic ALP was not a reusult of renal excretion. Since canine hepatic ALP cleared from feline blood at the same rate as the feline hepatic ALP, possibly the discrepancy in hepatic ALP half-life between the species was related to the cats' ability to clear the blood of the enzyme.", "contents": "Serum half-life of intravenously injected intestinal and hepatic alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the cat. The serum half-life of feline intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the cat was 2 minutes, and that of feline hepatic ALP, 5.8 hours. The feline hepatic ALP could not be identified in the urine of the cats, nor was the clearance rate affected by bilateral nephrectomy. These data indicated  the shor serum half-life of hepatic ALP was not a reusult of renal excretion. Since canine hepatic ALP cleared from feline blood at the same rate as the feline hepatic ALP, possibly the discrepancy in hepatic ALP half-life between the species was related to the cats' ability to clear the blood of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:931147", "title": "Cysticercosis of the brain in dogs in M\u00e9xico City.", "content": "In a study of 150 dogs with neurologic disorders, on the prevalence and location of Cysticercus cellulosae, 3 (2%) were parasitized and several C cellulosae were located in subarachnoid spaces, cerebral cortex, white matter, and ventricles of the brain. A chronic inflammatory exudate was found in host tissues surrounding the parasites. Unlike human infected brains, basal granulomatous inflammation or Cysticercus racemosus were not found in the canine brain tissues.", "contents": "Cysticercosis of the brain in dogs in M\u00e9xico City. In a study of 150 dogs with neurologic disorders, on the prevalence and location of Cysticercus cellulosae, 3 (2%) were parasitized and several C cellulosae were located in subarachnoid spaces, cerebral cortex, white matter, and ventricles of the brain. A chronic inflammatory exudate was found in host tissues surrounding the parasites. Unlike human infected brains, basal granulomatous inflammation or Cysticercus racemosus were not found in the canine brain tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:931149", "title": "Susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus of chicken origin.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study the susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). One-day-old chickens and turkeys were experimentally inoculated with Marek's disease (MD) infective plasma (experiment 1) or tumor homogenate (experiment 2) and raised in isolation for 29 weeks. The MDV inoculums were pathogenic for chickens and turkeys and caused high mortality (chickens, 100% and turkeys, 70%). Macroscopic lesions of MD were observed in liver, spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and other viscereal organs. Microscopically, affected tissues were infiltrated with the pleomorphic population of neoplastic lymphocytes. Uninoculated turkeys did not show gross or microscopic lesion of MD. The MDV was reisolated from the experimentally inoculated, but not from the uninoculated, chickens and turkeys. Antibodies to MDV were detected in experimentally infected chickens. Uninoculated chickens and all turkeys lacked precipitating antibodies to MDV. The present study suggests that turkeys are highly susceptible to experimental infection with GA strain of MDV.", "contents": "Susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus of chicken origin. Two experiments were conducted to study the susceptibility of turkeys to Georgia strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). One-day-old chickens and turkeys were experimentally inoculated with Marek's disease (MD) infective plasma (experiment 1) or tumor homogenate (experiment 2) and raised in isolation for 29 weeks. The MDV inoculums were pathogenic for chickens and turkeys and caused high mortality (chickens, 100% and turkeys, 70%). Macroscopic lesions of MD were observed in liver, spleen, lungs, proventriculus, and other viscereal organs. Microscopically, affected tissues were infiltrated with the pleomorphic population of neoplastic lymphocytes. Uninoculated turkeys did not show gross or microscopic lesion of MD. The MDV was reisolated from the experimentally inoculated, but not from the uninoculated, chickens and turkeys. Antibodies to MDV were detected in experimentally infected chickens. Uninoculated chickens and all turkeys lacked precipitating antibodies to MDV. The present study suggests that turkeys are highly susceptible to experimental infection with GA strain of MDV."}
{"id": "PMID:931150", "title": "Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon development and behavior of dams and offspring.", "content": "Female rats were fed purified rations containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation. The fat content was butter oil, an equal mixture of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Each litter size was reduced (at random) to 2 male and 2 female pups 1 day postpartum, and these offspring were feed a commercial ration after weaning and until they were 20 weeks of age. When dams were fed safflower oil, fewer of them produced litters after mating, and their behavior during lactation was less than optimal. Litter size and birth weights were similar in all dams producing litters. The type of fat fed to the dam in the perinatal period did not influence the growth, development, and spontaneous activity of the offspring. However, the offspring from the dams fed safflower oil exhibited poorer learning performance in a T-maze and sometimes had a longer time of inactivity following auditory stimulation than did the offspring from dams fed the other types of fats.", "contents": "Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon development and behavior of dams and offspring. Female rats were fed purified rations containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation. The fat content was butter oil, an equal mixture of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Each litter size was reduced (at random) to 2 male and 2 female pups 1 day postpartum, and these offspring were feed a commercial ration after weaning and until they were 20 weeks of age. When dams were fed safflower oil, fewer of them produced litters after mating, and their behavior during lactation was less than optimal. Litter size and birth weights were similar in all dams producing litters. The type of fat fed to the dam in the perinatal period did not influence the growth, development, and spontaneous activity of the offspring. However, the offspring from the dams fed safflower oil exhibited poorer learning performance in a T-maze and sometimes had a longer time of inactivity following auditory stimulation than did the offspring from dams fed the other types of fats."}
{"id": "PMID:931151", "title": "Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon brain chemistry of dams and offspring.", "content": "Female rats were fed a purified ration containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation and the offspring were fed a commercial ration after weaning. The fat content of the purified ration was butter oil, a mixture of equal parts of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Brains of the dams were analyzed 1 month after parturition and brains of the offspring were analyzed when they were 20 weeks of age. Brains of the dams and offspring fed the safflower oil (about 75% linoleic acid) exhibited changes if comparisons were made with those fed other fats. In the dams, the percentage of cerebral weight as related to total brain weight was increased and the dry weight percentages of the cerebrum and brainstem were increased. In the cerebrums of male and female offspring, the DNA concentrations were increased and the RNA:DNA ration were decreased.", "contents": "Influence in rats of dietary fats during the perinatal period: effects upon brain chemistry of dams and offspring. Female rats were fed a purified ration containing 20% fat during gestation and lactation and the offspring were fed a commercial ration after weaning. The fat content of the purified ration was butter oil, a mixture of equal parts of butter oil and lard, or safflower oil. Brains of the dams were analyzed 1 month after parturition and brains of the offspring were analyzed when they were 20 weeks of age. Brains of the dams and offspring fed the safflower oil (about 75% linoleic acid) exhibited changes if comparisons were made with those fed other fats. In the dams, the percentage of cerebral weight as related to total brain weight was increased and the dry weight percentages of the cerebrum and brainstem were increased. In the cerebrums of male and female offspring, the DNA concentrations were increased and the RNA:DNA ration were decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:931152", "title": "Subcutaneous exposure of calves to Myobacterium paratuberculosis compared with intravenous and oral exposures.", "content": "Three groups of calves, 21 days of age, were exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Fecal cultural examination and intradermal tests were made, and at 150 days after exposure, the calves were euthanatized and tissues were collected for histopathologic and bacteriologic cultural examination. Calves in the 3 groups were infected. Those exposed intravenously had significantly higher colony counts than did either of the other groups. There was no significant difference between colony counts of cultures from tissues of calves exposed orally and those of calves exposed subcutaneously.", "contents": "Subcutaneous exposure of calves to Myobacterium paratuberculosis compared with intravenous and oral exposures. Three groups of calves, 21 days of age, were exposed to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Fecal cultural examination and intradermal tests were made, and at 150 days after exposure, the calves were euthanatized and tissues were collected for histopathologic and bacteriologic cultural examination. Calves in the 3 groups were infected. Those exposed intravenously had significantly higher colony counts than did either of the other groups. There was no significant difference between colony counts of cultures from tissues of calves exposed orally and those of calves exposed subcutaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:931153", "title": "Observations on the life cycle and prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti in horses in Montana.", "content": "Of 22 foals from 4 localities in southwestern Montana, 59% were found to be infected with Eimeria leuckarti. Oocysts collected from feces of 4 positive horses were sporulated and subsequently administered to a 5- to 6-month-old foal. The prepatent period was 31 days and the patent period was between 5 and 10 days.", "contents": "Observations on the life cycle and prevalence of Eimeria leuckarti in horses in Montana. Of 22 foals from 4 localities in southwestern Montana, 59% were found to be infected with Eimeria leuckarti. Oocysts collected from feces of 4 positive horses were sporulated and subsequently administered to a 5- to 6-month-old foal. The prepatent period was 31 days and the patent period was between 5 and 10 days."}
{"id": "PMID:931154", "title": "Telemetric measurements of strain in the metacarpus of the horse: a pilot study.", "content": "The advances made by the use of a telemetric system in the study of bone strain in a free-moving horse are reported. A rosette strain gauge was bonded to the craniomedial aspect of the metacarpus of the horse. Attachment of a miniature FM transmitter to lead wires facilitated telemetric transmission of of resistance changes which corresponded to limb movement. During 3 different gaits, the trace pattern remained similar, although frequency and amplitude varied. The tracings were similar to those reported in other species in which nontelemetric transmission was used.", "contents": "Telemetric measurements of strain in the metacarpus of the horse: a pilot study. The advances made by the use of a telemetric system in the study of bone strain in a free-moving horse are reported. A rosette strain gauge was bonded to the craniomedial aspect of the metacarpus of the horse. Attachment of a miniature FM transmitter to lead wires facilitated telemetric transmission of of resistance changes which corresponded to limb movement. During 3 different gaits, the trace pattern remained similar, although frequency and amplitude varied. The tracings were similar to those reported in other species in which nontelemetric transmission was used."}
{"id": "PMID:931157", "title": "Immunosuppression of humoral and cell-mediated responses in calves associated wtih inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis.", "content": "Calves were given (subcutaneous inoculations) viable Mycoplasma bovis with and without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). In the calves given M bovis with FCA, immediate and delayed cutaneous reactivity to formolized M bovis and increases in serum indirect hemagglutination (IHA) titers were pronounced. None of the calves showed evidence of an anamnestic response to a 2nd inoculation of M bovis. Treatment of the test serums from all calves with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) revealed the presence of increased immunoglobulin M-IHA activities throughout the 70-day postinoculation (PI) period. Strong cell-mediated responses, as shown by the lymphocyte-activation test, were not observed until PI day 44. Lymphocytes from calves given M bovis with FCA gave the greatest response to M bovis antigens. However, the lymphocyte activation response to M bovis rapidly decreased after day 44 PI. The in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as the control rates of lymphocyte incorporation of tritiated thymidine, appeared to be depressed as a result of the M bovis inoculations. The aqueous \"supernatant\" of M bovis was generally suppressive to in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. Mycoplasma bovis appeared to affect the immune responsiveness of the host directly by either stimulation of suppressor cell function or transiently depressing T-lymphocyte activities. The addition of FCA with M bovis had an enhancing effect on humoral and cell-mediated responses probably by increasing macrophage presentation of antigen to T-lymphocytes. The delayed development of cell-mediated immune responses may assist in the explanation of why some hosts are unsuccessful in mounting an effective immune response against M bovis.", "contents": "Immunosuppression of humoral and cell-mediated responses in calves associated wtih inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis. Calves were given (subcutaneous inoculations) viable Mycoplasma bovis with and without Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). In the calves given M bovis with FCA, immediate and delayed cutaneous reactivity to formolized M bovis and increases in serum indirect hemagglutination (IHA) titers were pronounced. None of the calves showed evidence of an anamnestic response to a 2nd inoculation of M bovis. Treatment of the test serums from all calves with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) revealed the presence of increased immunoglobulin M-IHA activities throughout the 70-day postinoculation (PI) period. Strong cell-mediated responses, as shown by the lymphocyte-activation test, were not observed until PI day 44. Lymphocytes from calves given M bovis with FCA gave the greatest response to M bovis antigens. However, the lymphocyte activation response to M bovis rapidly decreased after day 44 PI. The in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as the control rates of lymphocyte incorporation of tritiated thymidine, appeared to be depressed as a result of the M bovis inoculations. The aqueous \"supernatant\" of M bovis was generally suppressive to in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. Mycoplasma bovis appeared to affect the immune responsiveness of the host directly by either stimulation of suppressor cell function or transiently depressing T-lymphocyte activities. The addition of FCA with M bovis had an enhancing effect on humoral and cell-mediated responses probably by increasing macrophage presentation of antigen to T-lymphocytes. The delayed development of cell-mediated immune responses may assist in the explanation of why some hosts are unsuccessful in mounting an effective immune response against M bovis."}
{"id": "PMID:931159", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of acute hypoxia and minute amounts of endotoxin in awake swine.", "content": "Hemodynamic measurements and arterial blood gases were determined from awake swine (n = 8) during acute hypoxia (12% O2, balance N2 for 5 minutes) and following injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (4 microgram/kg of body weight) into the pulmonary artery. Comparison of baseline data with these treatments indicated: (1) swine exhibited a marked pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia (deltaBPpul = 9 to 12 mm of Hg): (2) injection of minute amounts of endotoxin led to a marked increase of pulmonary arterial blood pressure 10 to 20 minutes following the injection (deltaBPpul = 15 mm of Hg); and (3) the pulmonary pressor response to a 2nd exposure of acute hypoxia was unaffected by the intervening endotoxin injection.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of acute hypoxia and minute amounts of endotoxin in awake swine. Hemodynamic measurements and arterial blood gases were determined from awake swine (n = 8) during acute hypoxia (12% O2, balance N2 for 5 minutes) and following injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (4 microgram/kg of body weight) into the pulmonary artery. Comparison of baseline data with these treatments indicated: (1) swine exhibited a marked pulmonary pressor response to acute hypoxia (deltaBPpul = 9 to 12 mm of Hg): (2) injection of minute amounts of endotoxin led to a marked increase of pulmonary arterial blood pressure 10 to 20 minutes following the injection (deltaBPpul = 15 mm of Hg); and (3) the pulmonary pressor response to a 2nd exposure of acute hypoxia was unaffected by the intervening endotoxin injection."}
{"id": "PMID:931160", "title": "Uterine position and presentation of minipig-fetuses and their order and presentation at birth.", "content": "Uterine position and presentation of fetuses in 17 minipigs during pregnancy were compared with their order and presentation at birth. Fetuses from 1 or both uterine horns were marked between day 80 and day 105 of gestation by 1 or more transuterine injections of either a 2.5% solution of dianil blue (3 animals) or a radiopaque substance (14 animals). Roentgenograms of the newborn pigs, which were ear-notched immediately after birth, enabled making individual identification. Pigs seemed to be delivered randomly from the 2 uterine horns. They either followed a neighbor from the same horn (n = 42) or followed a pig from the contralateral horn (n = 52). Only in 3 dams did 1 uterine horn become empty before delivery from the other horn started. In 4 dams, 1 pig passed its neighbor from the same horn, thereby being born earlier than expected. Moreover, passing of pigs could have occurred and gone undetected in those dams from which the pigs of only 1 horn were marked. This passing might have taken place within the uterine body. From 18 of 95 pigs (19%) , the presentation at birth differed from the one observed at laparotomy.", "contents": "Uterine position and presentation of minipig-fetuses and their order and presentation at birth. Uterine position and presentation of fetuses in 17 minipigs during pregnancy were compared with their order and presentation at birth. Fetuses from 1 or both uterine horns were marked between day 80 and day 105 of gestation by 1 or more transuterine injections of either a 2.5% solution of dianil blue (3 animals) or a radiopaque substance (14 animals). Roentgenograms of the newborn pigs, which were ear-notched immediately after birth, enabled making individual identification. Pigs seemed to be delivered randomly from the 2 uterine horns. They either followed a neighbor from the same horn (n = 42) or followed a pig from the contralateral horn (n = 52). Only in 3 dams did 1 uterine horn become empty before delivery from the other horn started. In 4 dams, 1 pig passed its neighbor from the same horn, thereby being born earlier than expected. Moreover, passing of pigs could have occurred and gone undetected in those dams from which the pigs of only 1 horn were marked. This passing might have taken place within the uterine body. From 18 of 95 pigs (19%) , the presentation at birth differed from the one observed at laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:931161", "title": "Plasma clearance of [51Cr] albumin into the intestinal tract of normal and chronically diarrheal horses.", "content": "Five clinically normal, mature horses and 11 with chronic diarrhea were given 51Cr-tagged Cohn fraction V equine albumin intravenously. All urine and feces were collected separately, and blood for plasma analysis was taken periodically for 5 to 8 days after injection of the isotope. Plasma clearance of albumin into the intestinal tract of normal horses was calculated as 0.67 +/- 0.23 (SD) ml/kg of body weight/day, with 1.33 +/- 0.69% of the 51Cr dose appearing in the feces in 5 days. Of the 11 diarrheal horses, 8 had a plasma clearance of 0.49 +/- 0.21 ml/kg/day with 1.12 +/- 0.68% of the dose of 51Cr in a 5-day fecal collection, suggesting that excessive losses of plasma protein into the bowel was not a component of their intestinal disease. The 3 other diarrheal horses had a marked protein-losing enteropathy; 1 of these horses had granulomatous enteritis due to Mycobacterium avium infection; another had severe intercellular edema of small and large intestinal mucosa, cause unknown; and intestinal biopsies were not obtained from the 3rd horse. The results suggest that: (1) as with other species that have been studied, daily loss of plasma protein into the bowel of horses is small; (2) most horses with chronic diarrhea do not have protein-losing enteropathy.", "contents": "Plasma clearance of [51Cr] albumin into the intestinal tract of normal and chronically diarrheal horses. Five clinically normal, mature horses and 11 with chronic diarrhea were given 51Cr-tagged Cohn fraction V equine albumin intravenously. All urine and feces were collected separately, and blood for plasma analysis was taken periodically for 5 to 8 days after injection of the isotope. Plasma clearance of albumin into the intestinal tract of normal horses was calculated as 0.67 +/- 0.23 (SD) ml/kg of body weight/day, with 1.33 +/- 0.69% of the 51Cr dose appearing in the feces in 5 days. Of the 11 diarrheal horses, 8 had a plasma clearance of 0.49 +/- 0.21 ml/kg/day with 1.12 +/- 0.68% of the dose of 51Cr in a 5-day fecal collection, suggesting that excessive losses of plasma protein into the bowel was not a component of their intestinal disease. The 3 other diarrheal horses had a marked protein-losing enteropathy; 1 of these horses had granulomatous enteritis due to Mycobacterium avium infection; another had severe intercellular edema of small and large intestinal mucosa, cause unknown; and intestinal biopsies were not obtained from the 3rd horse. The results suggest that: (1) as with other species that have been studied, daily loss of plasma protein into the bowel of horses is small; (2) most horses with chronic diarrhea do not have protein-losing enteropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:931162", "title": "Erythrocyte rosette formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Erythrocyte rosette (ER) formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was characterized. Guinea pig and, to a lesser extent, human erythrocytes formed ER; cat, cow, dog, hamster, mouse, rat, and sheep erythrocytes showed negligible rosetting properties. Conditions of the assay were varied to determine which procedure allowed the largest percentage of rosette formation. The PBL from 20 normal horses were then assayed, averaging 38 +/- 2% ER. To characterize the erythrocyte receptor as being on T or B cells, equine thymocytes from 6 foals were assayed; the thymocytes formed an average of 66 +/- 5% ER. Mixed ER and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette assays showed no PBL which bound both ER and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes. The PBL which was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin formed more rosettes (69 +/- 2%) than nonstimulated, control PBL (42 +/- 3%).", "contents": "Erythrocyte rosette formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Erythrocyte rosette (ER) formation of equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was characterized. Guinea pig and, to a lesser extent, human erythrocytes formed ER; cat, cow, dog, hamster, mouse, rat, and sheep erythrocytes showed negligible rosetting properties. Conditions of the assay were varied to determine which procedure allowed the largest percentage of rosette formation. The PBL from 20 normal horses were then assayed, averaging 38 +/- 2% ER. To characterize the erythrocyte receptor as being on T or B cells, equine thymocytes from 6 foals were assayed; the thymocytes formed an average of 66 +/- 5% ER. Mixed ER and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosette assays showed no PBL which bound both ER and erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosettes. The PBL which was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin formed more rosettes (69 +/- 2%) than nonstimulated, control PBL (42 +/- 3%)."}
{"id": "PMID:931163", "title": "Vasculature of the equine and canine iris.", "content": "Methyl methacrylic casts were prepared and tissue was freshly collected for histologic examination to compare the vascular supply and the structure of the vessels of the iris in the adult horse with those of the dog. In the horse, ciliary blood vessels divided in the iris and formed a complete major arterial circle of the iris. In the dog, the ciliary blood vessels divided in the ciliary body and, by means of recurrent branches, formed a complete arterial circle. From this circle, radial arteries extended toward the pupillary margin. The radial vessels in the horse were nearly straight and joined to form a prominent minor arterial circle of the iris at the level of the sphincter pupillae muscle. Radial blood vessels in the horse did not appear to be controlled by the sphincter muscles. Venous blood of the iris of the horse was carried to the ophthalmic vessels via 4 prominent vortex veins. Drainage from the iris of the dog was by way of 4 to 6 circular collecting veins in the ciliary region. From this site, blood passed either via the ciliary veins or via small vortex veins to the dorsal and ventral external ophthalmic and then to the ophthalmic plexus.", "contents": "Vasculature of the equine and canine iris. Methyl methacrylic casts were prepared and tissue was freshly collected for histologic examination to compare the vascular supply and the structure of the vessels of the iris in the adult horse with those of the dog. In the horse, ciliary blood vessels divided in the iris and formed a complete major arterial circle of the iris. In the dog, the ciliary blood vessels divided in the ciliary body and, by means of recurrent branches, formed a complete arterial circle. From this circle, radial arteries extended toward the pupillary margin. The radial vessels in the horse were nearly straight and joined to form a prominent minor arterial circle of the iris at the level of the sphincter pupillae muscle. Radial blood vessels in the horse did not appear to be controlled by the sphincter muscles. Venous blood of the iris of the horse was carried to the ophthalmic vessels via 4 prominent vortex veins. Drainage from the iris of the dog was by way of 4 to 6 circular collecting veins in the ciliary region. From this site, blood passed either via the ciliary veins or via small vortex veins to the dorsal and ventral external ophthalmic and then to the ophthalmic plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:931164", "title": "The cruciate ligaments of the canine stifle: an anatomical and functional analysis.", "content": "Fifty canine stifles were used to study the anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments. The morphology of the ligaments and the shape of their bony attachments were determined by dissection. The relative tension of the ligaments in flexion and extension was determined by identifying the points of attachment of ligament fibers with small pins and making multiple radiographs as the stifle was taken through a range of motion. The distance between these points was then measured and the linear changes in the ligaments were defined. Measurements of rotation, craniocaudal displacement, extension, and flexion were made before and after cutting of one or both ligaments. It was found that both cruciate ligaments were composed of 2 component parts and that the geometry of their femoral attachments was responsible for a reciprocal loosening and tightening of these components through a range of motion. It was also found that transection of one or both cruciate ligaments resulted in marked joint instability.", "contents": "The cruciate ligaments of the canine stifle: an anatomical and functional analysis. Fifty canine stifles were used to study the anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments. The morphology of the ligaments and the shape of their bony attachments were determined by dissection. The relative tension of the ligaments in flexion and extension was determined by identifying the points of attachment of ligament fibers with small pins and making multiple radiographs as the stifle was taken through a range of motion. The distance between these points was then measured and the linear changes in the ligaments were defined. Measurements of rotation, craniocaudal displacement, extension, and flexion were made before and after cutting of one or both ligaments. It was found that both cruciate ligaments were composed of 2 component parts and that the geometry of their femoral attachments was responsible for a reciprocal loosening and tightening of these components through a range of motion. It was also found that transection of one or both cruciate ligaments resulted in marked joint instability."}
{"id": "PMID:931165", "title": "Canine peritoneal macrophages: cultivation and infection with Ehrlichia canis.", "content": "Canine peritoneal macrophages were obtained by repeated peritoneal lavage of dogs at 14 day intervals. Intraperitoneal administration of sterile mineral oil increased the leukocyte yield approximately 20-fold and the macrophage recovery approximately 35-fold. Cell recovery was maximum 7 to 21 days after administration of oil and declined slightly by 35 days. Restimulation with a 2nd injection of oil promptly revitalized cell recovery. Peritoneal macrophage cultures were well established by 6 days after seeding and were maintained for at least 30 days. Initially, cultured macrophages were mononuclear, but binuclear cells appeared after 6 days' cultivation and multinucleated giant cells were observed after 14 days. Canine peritoneal macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes were equally susceptible to infection with Ehrlichia canis. Infected cells were detected by 60 hours after inoculation, and replication was evident by 12 to 18 days.", "contents": "Canine peritoneal macrophages: cultivation and infection with Ehrlichia canis. Canine peritoneal macrophages were obtained by repeated peritoneal lavage of dogs at 14 day intervals. Intraperitoneal administration of sterile mineral oil increased the leukocyte yield approximately 20-fold and the macrophage recovery approximately 35-fold. Cell recovery was maximum 7 to 21 days after administration of oil and declined slightly by 35 days. Restimulation with a 2nd injection of oil promptly revitalized cell recovery. Peritoneal macrophage cultures were well established by 6 days after seeding and were maintained for at least 30 days. Initially, cultured macrophages were mononuclear, but binuclear cells appeared after 6 days' cultivation and multinucleated giant cells were observed after 14 days. Canine peritoneal macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes were equally susceptible to infection with Ehrlichia canis. Infected cells were detected by 60 hours after inoculation, and replication was evident by 12 to 18 days."}
{"id": "PMID:931166", "title": "Acute canine ehrlichiosis: platelet survival and factor 3 assay.", "content": "Ten dogs experimentally inoculated with Ehrlichia canis were thrombocytopenic 14 days after inoculation. Circulating platelet concentrations had declined rapidly by postinoculation day 10, but remained at or slightly below the 14-day concentration during the remainder of the 42-day experimental period. The percentage of circulating megathrombocytes also increased to 8.7 times preinoculation concentrations indicating the existence of accelerated thrombocytopoiesis. The release of platelet factor 3 (PF-3) from normal canine platelets was delayed after incubation of the platelets in globulin fractions from infected dogs. Inhibition of PF-3 release was attributed to the effect of an unidentified substance present only in the dialyzed globulin fraction of infected canine serums. The presence of antiplatelet antibody in these dogs was not evident. Survival of 51Cr-labeled platelets was decreased in infected dogs, but was most abbreviated in infected dogs that were thrombocytopenic when injected with labeled platelets. Thus, accelerated nonantibody-mediated destruction of platelets contributes markedly to the development of thrombocytopenia in dogs with acute ehrlichiosis.", "contents": "Acute canine ehrlichiosis: platelet survival and factor 3 assay. Ten dogs experimentally inoculated with Ehrlichia canis were thrombocytopenic 14 days after inoculation. Circulating platelet concentrations had declined rapidly by postinoculation day 10, but remained at or slightly below the 14-day concentration during the remainder of the 42-day experimental period. The percentage of circulating megathrombocytes also increased to 8.7 times preinoculation concentrations indicating the existence of accelerated thrombocytopoiesis. The release of platelet factor 3 (PF-3) from normal canine platelets was delayed after incubation of the platelets in globulin fractions from infected dogs. Inhibition of PF-3 release was attributed to the effect of an unidentified substance present only in the dialyzed globulin fraction of infected canine serums. The presence of antiplatelet antibody in these dogs was not evident. Survival of 51Cr-labeled platelets was decreased in infected dogs, but was most abbreviated in infected dogs that were thrombocytopenic when injected with labeled platelets. Thus, accelerated nonantibody-mediated destruction of platelets contributes markedly to the development of thrombocytopenia in dogs with acute ehrlichiosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931167", "title": "Isoflurane potency in the dog and cat.", "content": "Cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane, a new inhalation anesthetic, were investigated in healthy unpremedicated dogs and cats under conditions of spontaneous and controlled (dogs only) ventilation. Measurements were made at minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 in dogs and 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.4 in cats. The isoflurane MAC was previously determined in these animals and was 1.28 +/- 0.06% for dogs and 1.63 +/- 0.02% for cats. We found that as anesthetic dose increased, mean arterial pressure consistently and significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. Cardiac output, measured only in dogs, was sustained only during light-moderate levels (1.0 to 2.0 MAC) of anesthesia because the heart rate significantly increased. Stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and left ventricular work tended to decrease as anesthesia deepened. We found no significant difference in cardiovascular measurements in dogs between spontaneous and controlled ventilation at equal MAC multiples. That isoflurane is a profound respiratory depressant in dogs and cats is supported by our findings of a dose-dependent increase in PaCO2. In addition, the alveolar isoflurane concentration required to produce at least 60 seconds of apnea divided by MAC (i.e., the anesthetic index) averaged 2.5 for dogs and 2.4 for cats. The anesthetic index which we determined for isoflurane in dogs equals or is less than the index reported for other inhaled anesthetics in this species.", "contents": "Isoflurane potency in the dog and cat. Cardiopulmonary effects of isoflurane, a new inhalation anesthetic, were investigated in healthy unpremedicated dogs and cats under conditions of spontaneous and controlled (dogs only) ventilation. Measurements were made at minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 in dogs and 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.4 in cats. The isoflurane MAC was previously determined in these animals and was 1.28 +/- 0.06% for dogs and 1.63 +/- 0.02% for cats. We found that as anesthetic dose increased, mean arterial pressure consistently and significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased. Cardiac output, measured only in dogs, was sustained only during light-moderate levels (1.0 to 2.0 MAC) of anesthesia because the heart rate significantly increased. Stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and left ventricular work tended to decrease as anesthesia deepened. We found no significant difference in cardiovascular measurements in dogs between spontaneous and controlled ventilation at equal MAC multiples. That isoflurane is a profound respiratory depressant in dogs and cats is supported by our findings of a dose-dependent increase in PaCO2. In addition, the alveolar isoflurane concentration required to produce at least 60 seconds of apnea divided by MAC (i.e., the anesthetic index) averaged 2.5 for dogs and 2.4 for cats. The anesthetic index which we determined for isoflurane in dogs equals or is less than the index reported for other inhaled anesthetics in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:931168", "title": "Evaluation of a lateral retinacular fascia technique for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog.", "content": "A new fascial technique was used to repair artificially induced rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in 20 dogs. Although technically simple to perform, the procedure resulted in only 12 animals free of lameness. In addition, a drawer sign was present in the stifle of 14 animals 31 days after surgery. Arthritis changes typical of cruciate ligament instability were observed in 16 joints; changes were slight to moderate in 10 joints.", "contents": "Evaluation of a lateral retinacular fascia technique for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog. A new fascial technique was used to repair artificially induced rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in 20 dogs. Although technically simple to perform, the procedure resulted in only 12 animals free of lameness. In addition, a drawer sign was present in the stifle of 14 animals 31 days after surgery. Arthritis changes typical of cruciate ligament instability were observed in 16 joints; changes were slight to moderate in 10 joints."}
{"id": "PMID:931169", "title": "Calibration of the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer for the normal canine eye.", "content": "The Schi\u00f8tz tonometer with 5.5-, 7.5-, and 10-g weights was calibrated for the normal canine eye, using a transducer with open and closed reservoir systems. The line of best fit for the observations was determined, and the equation of this line was utilized to derive a calibration table for the conversion of tonometer scale readings to mm of Hg intraocular pressure.", "contents": "Calibration of the Schi\u00f8tz tonometer for the normal canine eye. The Schi\u00f8tz tonometer with 5.5-, 7.5-, and 10-g weights was calibrated for the normal canine eye, using a transducer with open and closed reservoir systems. The line of best fit for the observations was determined, and the equation of this line was utilized to derive a calibration table for the conversion of tonometer scale readings to mm of Hg intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:931170", "title": "Effects of polyvinyl chloride ingestion by dogs.", "content": "Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) acrylic thermoplastic sheeting was fed to 6 dogs to determine whether ingestion during periods of normal transit of military working dogs would be toxic and thus affect the safety of this material for construction of shipping containers. The test dogs were fed PVC acrylic (0.125 g/kg of body weight; by gelatin capsule) twice each day for 5 days: for 2 dogs, the test material was in a shredded form; for 2 dogs, the material was diced; and for 2 dogs, it was powdered. Two other dogs were used as controls. Dogs were observed for clinical signs, and feed consumption and body weights were recorded. Blood and urine samples were examined. All animals were necropsied approximately 10 days after the feeding was stopped. Clinical or pathologic indication of a toxic effect of PVC was not seen within the time limits of the study.", "contents": "Effects of polyvinyl chloride ingestion by dogs. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) acrylic thermoplastic sheeting was fed to 6 dogs to determine whether ingestion during periods of normal transit of military working dogs would be toxic and thus affect the safety of this material for construction of shipping containers. The test dogs were fed PVC acrylic (0.125 g/kg of body weight; by gelatin capsule) twice each day for 5 days: for 2 dogs, the test material was in a shredded form; for 2 dogs, the material was diced; and for 2 dogs, it was powdered. Two other dogs were used as controls. Dogs were observed for clinical signs, and feed consumption and body weights were recorded. Blood and urine samples were examined. All animals were necropsied approximately 10 days after the feeding was stopped. Clinical or pathologic indication of a toxic effect of PVC was not seen within the time limits of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:931171", "title": "Chromosome identification of the flat-headed cat, Felis planiceps: one more down and five to go.", "content": "There are 38 recognized feline species in the world. With successful chromosome analysis of the flat-headed cat, Felis planiceps or Prionailurus planiceps, from the secluded river banks and lower mountain slopes of the jungles of Malasia, Borneo, and Sumatra, there remain only 5 rare and endangered species yet unstudied. Although some, including the flat-headed cat, have somewhat distinctive chromosome configurations, all cats thus far karyotyped show 38-chromosome counts, excepting 5 new world \"tropicals\" which have 36. A pattern of probable feline mutations can be read from the chromosome variations in the different species.", "contents": "Chromosome identification of the flat-headed cat, Felis planiceps: one more down and five to go. There are 38 recognized feline species in the world. With successful chromosome analysis of the flat-headed cat, Felis planiceps or Prionailurus planiceps, from the secluded river banks and lower mountain slopes of the jungles of Malasia, Borneo, and Sumatra, there remain only 5 rare and endangered species yet unstudied. Although some, including the flat-headed cat, have somewhat distinctive chromosome configurations, all cats thus far karyotyped show 38-chromosome counts, excepting 5 new world \"tropicals\" which have 36. A pattern of probable feline mutations can be read from the chromosome variations in the different species."}
{"id": "PMID:931172", "title": "Bovine spastic paralysis: results of surgical desafferentation of the gastrocnemius muscle by means of spinal dorsal root resection.", "content": "A dorsal laminectomy of L-4, L-5, and L-6, followed by resection of the dorsal (afferent) roots of the gastrocnemius muscle (desafferentation) was performed on 3 calves which had spastic paralysis. All signs of the condition disappeared after desafferentation. This suggests an overactive stretch reflex to be the cause of the spastic paralysis.", "contents": "Bovine spastic paralysis: results of surgical desafferentation of the gastrocnemius muscle by means of spinal dorsal root resection. A dorsal laminectomy of L-4, L-5, and L-6, followed by resection of the dorsal (afferent) roots of the gastrocnemius muscle (desafferentation) was performed on 3 calves which had spastic paralysis. All signs of the condition disappeared after desafferentation. This suggests an overactive stretch reflex to be the cause of the spastic paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:931173", "title": "Induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: vaccination with whole cell bacterins of Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant.", "content": "Our studies on vaccination against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis were extended to include the use of adjuvant bacterins. Seventeen calves were given 2 doses of killed Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant; 15 calves were given 2 doses of whole cell bacterin without adjuvant. Four weeks later, all vaccinated and non-vaccinated (control) calves were challenge exposed by the conjunctival administration of virulent M bovis. The incorporation of Freund's incomplete adjuvant did not enhance the immunogenicity of M bovis bacterin for protection of calves against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Results indicated that the use of Freund's incomplete adjuvant does not compensate for a reduction in the number of doses which are required for protective vaccination of cattle.", "contents": "Induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: vaccination with whole cell bacterins of Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Our studies on vaccination against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis were extended to include the use of adjuvant bacterins. Seventeen calves were given 2 doses of killed Moraxella bovis mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant; 15 calves were given 2 doses of whole cell bacterin without adjuvant. Four weeks later, all vaccinated and non-vaccinated (control) calves were challenge exposed by the conjunctival administration of virulent M bovis. The incorporation of Freund's incomplete adjuvant did not enhance the immunogenicity of M bovis bacterin for protection of calves against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Results indicated that the use of Freund's incomplete adjuvant does not compensate for a reduction in the number of doses which are required for protective vaccination of cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:931178", "title": "Fate of occupational asthma. A follow-up study of patients with occupational asthma due to Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata).", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with red cedar asthma proved by inhalation provocation test were studied after they had left exposure for more than 6 months. Twenty-seven patients became asymptomatic, with normal lung function (group A). Three patients had persistent chronic bronchitis with a moderate degree of airway obstruction, probably as a result of cigarette smoking (group B1). Eight patients continued to have recurrent attacks of asthma that decreased in severity after cessation of exposure, and their symptoms were probably due to previous exposure (group B2). The effect of breathing helium on maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of the vital capacity was studied. All except one patient in group A were responders (change in maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of vital capacity greater than 30 per cent). Two patients in group B1 and 2 in group B2 were nonresponders, suggesting obstruction in the small airways. All patients with red  cedar asthma demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine to the same extent as patients with nonoccupational asthma. This hyperreactivity persisted after they left  exposure, irrespective of symptoms. It is not known at present whether bronchial hyperreactivity is the predisposing factor in occupational asthma or is the result of the disease.", "contents": "Fate of occupational asthma. A follow-up study of patients with occupational asthma due to Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). Thirty-eight patients with red cedar asthma proved by inhalation provocation test were studied after they had left exposure for more than 6 months. Twenty-seven patients became asymptomatic, with normal lung function (group A). Three patients had persistent chronic bronchitis with a moderate degree of airway obstruction, probably as a result of cigarette smoking (group B1). Eight patients continued to have recurrent attacks of asthma that decreased in severity after cessation of exposure, and their symptoms were probably due to previous exposure (group B2). The effect of breathing helium on maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of the vital capacity was studied. All except one patient in group A were responders (change in maximal expiratory flow at 50 per cent of vital capacity greater than 30 per cent). Two patients in group B1 and 2 in group B2 were nonresponders, suggesting obstruction in the small airways. All patients with red  cedar asthma demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine to the same extent as patients with nonoccupational asthma. This hyperreactivity persisted after they left  exposure, irrespective of symptoms. It is not known at present whether bronchial hyperreactivity is the predisposing factor in occupational asthma or is the result of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931179", "title": "Maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity: a test of lung function for young children.", "content": "Maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity were measured noninvasively from partial expiratory flow-volume curves in 65 awake, healthy children, 4 to 6 years of age. The variabilities within and between subjects were nearly identical to those reported for flows low in the vital capacity obtained from older subjects. This test of maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity has the advantage that the subject does not have to inspire to total lung capacity, exhale to residual volume, or make a maximal effort, and it is therefore applicable to the testing of young children who cannot perform a vital capacity maneuver. Measurement of this flow rate in 20 patients of the same age with lung disorders of varying severity revealed abnormal flow rates in more than 50 per cent of patients. Functional residual capacity was measured by the closed-circuit helium-equilibration method. When flow rates in liters per sec were compensated for lung size, girls had significantly larger flow rates than did boys. This suggests that the lungs of young children may grow differently according to genetic determinants related to sex.", "contents": "Maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity: a test of lung function for young children. Maximal expiratory flows at functional residual capacity were measured noninvasively from partial expiratory flow-volume curves in 65 awake, healthy children, 4 to 6 years of age. The variabilities within and between subjects were nearly identical to those reported for flows low in the vital capacity obtained from older subjects. This test of maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity has the advantage that the subject does not have to inspire to total lung capacity, exhale to residual volume, or make a maximal effort, and it is therefore applicable to the testing of young children who cannot perform a vital capacity maneuver. Measurement of this flow rate in 20 patients of the same age with lung disorders of varying severity revealed abnormal flow rates in more than 50 per cent of patients. Functional residual capacity was measured by the closed-circuit helium-equilibration method. When flow rates in liters per sec were compensated for lung size, girls had significantly larger flow rates than did boys. This suggests that the lungs of young children may grow differently according to genetic determinants related to sex."}
{"id": "PMID:931180", "title": "Comparison of flow-volume and closing volume variables in a random population.", "content": "Data obtained from results of single-breath N2, or closing volume, tests were compared with maximal expiratory flow-volume parameters in 725 subjects, 25 to 54 years of age, from a random, stratified, cluster sample of the population of Tucson, Arizona. Results of the 2 tests showed poor concordance. A greater proportion of abnormalities was revealed by maximal expiratory flow-volume measurements than by the single-breath N2 test in population subgroups defined as other than \"normal\". Among the 114 subjects reporting physician-confirmed asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema, less than one half of those with maximal expiratory flow-volume abnormalities also had an abnormality in the single-breath N2 test. Results of this comparison do not indicate that the closing volume test, when applied to a general population, consistently reveals abnormalities of clinical significance.", "contents": "Comparison of flow-volume and closing volume variables in a random population. Data obtained from results of single-breath N2, or closing volume, tests were compared with maximal expiratory flow-volume parameters in 725 subjects, 25 to 54 years of age, from a random, stratified, cluster sample of the population of Tucson, Arizona. Results of the 2 tests showed poor concordance. A greater proportion of abnormalities was revealed by maximal expiratory flow-volume measurements than by the single-breath N2 test in population subgroups defined as other than \"normal\". Among the 114 subjects reporting physician-confirmed asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema, less than one half of those with maximal expiratory flow-volume abnormalities also had an abnormality in the single-breath N2 test. Results of this comparison do not indicate that the closing volume test, when applied to a general population, consistently reveals abnormalities of clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:931181", "title": "Abnormal response of cultured lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from adults homozygous or heterozygous for cystic fibrosis show biochemical abnormalities when cultured for 48 hours in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum. In contrast to the 45 per cent increase in total protein and beta-glucuronidase concentrations seen in healthy control subjects when measured per 10(10) cells, both concentrations decreased by 1 per cent in adults heterozygous for cystic fibrosis and by 18 per cent in adults homozygous for cystic fibrosis. The abnormal response of the lymphocytes from persons with cystic fibrosis was due to a serum factor and not to any intrinsic abnormality of the lymphocytes. An abnormal response to hytohemagglutinin occurred in only 14 per cent of 44 healthy control subjects, but in 100 per cent of 14 adults homozygous for cystic fibrosis and in 85 per cent of 26 adults presumed to be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. As a result of this phenomenon, lymphocytic beta-glucuronidase concentrations were significantly lower than normal in patients with cystic fibrosis when the cells were cultured with phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum. The demonstration of this phenomenon in both homozygotes and presumed heterozygotes (parents) suggests a relationship to the genetic defect in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Abnormal response of cultured lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum in cystic fibrosis. Lymphocytes from adults homozygous or heterozygous for cystic fibrosis show biochemical abnormalities when cultured for 48 hours in the presence of phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum. In contrast to the 45 per cent increase in total protein and beta-glucuronidase concentrations seen in healthy control subjects when measured per 10(10) cells, both concentrations decreased by 1 per cent in adults heterozygous for cystic fibrosis and by 18 per cent in adults homozygous for cystic fibrosis. The abnormal response of the lymphocytes from persons with cystic fibrosis was due to a serum factor and not to any intrinsic abnormality of the lymphocytes. An abnormal response to hytohemagglutinin occurred in only 14 per cent of 44 healthy control subjects, but in 100 per cent of 14 adults homozygous for cystic fibrosis and in 85 per cent of 26 adults presumed to be heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. As a result of this phenomenon, lymphocytic beta-glucuronidase concentrations were significantly lower than normal in patients with cystic fibrosis when the cells were cultured with phytohemagglutinin and autologous serum. The demonstration of this phenomenon in both homozygotes and presumed heterozygotes (parents) suggests a relationship to the genetic defect in cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931182", "title": "Sources of Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulting in human diseases.", "content": "Human disease caused by organisms in the Mycobacterium avium complex occur virtually worldwide. A 20-year ongoing study conducted in Western Germany has been analyzed to elucidate the ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of these infections in man. Organisms included in this investigation have been cultured from man, from domestic and wild animals and fowl, and from a variety of environmental sources. In addition to the usual taxonomic studies of these bacilli, infrasubspecific typing by seroagglutination has enabled identification of 3 distinct serogroups: the classical Mycobacterium avium strains (serovars avium 1, 2, and 3), the intermediate group (avium serovars 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11), and the less frequently encountered organisms, the 11 remaining avium serovars (7 and 12 through 21). Analysis of the number of strains in each of the 3 serogroups, derived, respectively, from man, from animals, and from the environment, has enabled us to draw some conclusions regarding reservoirs and sources of human infection with these agents.", "contents": "Sources of Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulting in human diseases. Human disease caused by organisms in the Mycobacterium avium complex occur virtually worldwide. A 20-year ongoing study conducted in Western Germany has been analyzed to elucidate the ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of these infections in man. Organisms included in this investigation have been cultured from man, from domestic and wild animals and fowl, and from a variety of environmental sources. In addition to the usual taxonomic studies of these bacilli, infrasubspecific typing by seroagglutination has enabled identification of 3 distinct serogroups: the classical Mycobacterium avium strains (serovars avium 1, 2, and 3), the intermediate group (avium serovars 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11), and the less frequently encountered organisms, the 11 remaining avium serovars (7 and 12 through 21). Analysis of the number of strains in each of the 3 serogroups, derived, respectively, from man, from animals, and from the environment, has enabled us to draw some conclusions regarding reservoirs and sources of human infection with these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:931183", "title": "Megaesophagus and pneumonia associated with Mycobacterium chelonei. A case report and a literature review.", "content": "The case of a 37-year-old woman who developed a subacute, bilateral, noncavitary pneumonia 5 years after a colon interposition esophagoplasty is presented. Mycobacterium chelonei, subspecies abscessus, was assigned a pathogenic role based on the findings of (1) a clinical and roentgenographic picture consistent with tuberculosis, (2) sputum smears showing acid-fast bacilli, (3) repeated sputum cultures yielding heavy growths of Mycobacterium chelonei, subspecies abscessus, and (4) a 12-mm by 12 mm-skin test response to homologous antigen (purified protein derivative-CL) with no response to an equivalent dose of purified protein derivative-S. The patient recovered fully without significant antituberculous chemotherapy. A survey of the literature revealed 11 similar case reports featuring a documented association between megaesophagus and pulmonary infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria.", "contents": "Megaesophagus and pneumonia associated with Mycobacterium chelonei. A case report and a literature review. The case of a 37-year-old woman who developed a subacute, bilateral, noncavitary pneumonia 5 years after a colon interposition esophagoplasty is presented. Mycobacterium chelonei, subspecies abscessus, was assigned a pathogenic role based on the findings of (1) a clinical and roentgenographic picture consistent with tuberculosis, (2) sputum smears showing acid-fast bacilli, (3) repeated sputum cultures yielding heavy growths of Mycobacterium chelonei, subspecies abscessus, and (4) a 12-mm by 12 mm-skin test response to homologous antigen (purified protein derivative-CL) with no response to an equivalent dose of purified protein derivative-S. The patient recovered fully without significant antituberculous chemotherapy. A survey of the literature revealed 11 similar case reports featuring a documented association between megaesophagus and pulmonary infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:931184", "title": "Tracheal leiomyosarcoma: a unique cause of stridor.", "content": "A 26-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of hemoptysis and progressive upper airway obstruction. Roentgenograms and bronchoscopy confirmed a tracheal tumor, and a primary leiomyosarcoma was resected.", "contents": "Tracheal leiomyosarcoma: a unique cause of stridor. A 26-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of hemoptysis and progressive upper airway obstruction. Roentgenograms and bronchoscopy confirmed a tracheal tumor, and a primary leiomyosarcoma was resected."}
{"id": "PMID:931185", "title": "Spherulin skin testing and histoplasmal and coccidioidal serology: lack of effect.", "content": "This study demonstrated that the administration of a spherulin skin test to subjects whose skin-test reactions were either positive or negative, at the dose used (Usual Test Strength), did not elicit an antibody response to antigens of Coccidioides immitis or Histoplasma capsulatum, as determined by standard serologic methods. Of 32 subjects, one developed a seroconversion by the latex agglutination test. The data suggested that spherulin can be used clinically as a diagnostic reagent without affecting the serologic reactions, which are of both prognostic and diagnostic value.", "contents": "Spherulin skin testing and histoplasmal and coccidioidal serology: lack of effect. This study demonstrated that the administration of a spherulin skin test to subjects whose skin-test reactions were either positive or negative, at the dose used (Usual Test Strength), did not elicit an antibody response to antigens of Coccidioides immitis or Histoplasma capsulatum, as determined by standard serologic methods. Of 32 subjects, one developed a seroconversion by the latex agglutination test. The data suggested that spherulin can be used clinically as a diagnostic reagent without affecting the serologic reactions, which are of both prognostic and diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:931193", "title": "[Bacterial meningitis in valencia: epidemiology and therapeutic results in 208 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Review of 208 patients with bacterial meningitis, admitted from march 1, 1971 to march 1, 1976. Incidence peak was found in Winter (december to march). Etiologically N. meningitiditis, 39, 9%, was the mainly predominate germ. In 49% of the patients C.S.F. cultures were negative, significantly influenced by the previous treatment with antibiotics (P less than 0.001). Cure was obtained in 86.5% Convulsions, 12%, were the most frequent complication, followed by subdural effussion, 3.8%, and arthritis, 2.4%. Twenty patients died, 9.6%; fifteen of them with endotoxic shock. Definitive sequelae was present in the 3.8%, mainly hidrocephaly. A comparative study with other series in Spain is performed.", "contents": "[Bacterial meningitis in valencia: epidemiology and therapeutic results in 208 cases (author's transl)]. Review of 208 patients with bacterial meningitis, admitted from march 1, 1971 to march 1, 1976. Incidence peak was found in Winter (december to march). Etiologically N. meningitiditis, 39, 9%, was the mainly predominate germ. In 49% of the patients C.S.F. cultures were negative, significantly influenced by the previous treatment with antibiotics (P less than 0.001). Cure was obtained in 86.5% Convulsions, 12%, were the most frequent complication, followed by subdural effussion, 3.8%, and arthritis, 2.4%. Twenty patients died, 9.6%; fifteen of them with endotoxic shock. Definitive sequelae was present in the 3.8%, mainly hidrocephaly. A comparative study with other series in Spain is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:931194", "title": "[Pediatric intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Intensive Care Unit of our General Hospital, where an important obstetric-pediatric unit exists, 392 infants have been treated from August 1974 to 1976. Although the results of all age groups are shown, the neonatal one is specially considered. All those patients who recovered and were discharged from the hospital were called for revision and the results of those whom attended are shown. The convinience of the regionalisation and hierarchisation of these intensive care units and the necessity of adequately organise the communication and transport of these patients from the peripheral small units to the regional one, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Pediatric intensive care (author's transl)]. In the Intensive Care Unit of our General Hospital, where an important obstetric-pediatric unit exists, 392 infants have been treated from August 1974 to 1976. Although the results of all age groups are shown, the neonatal one is specially considered. All those patients who recovered and were discharged from the hospital were called for revision and the results of those whom attended are shown. The convinience of the regionalisation and hierarchisation of these intensive care units and the necessity of adequately organise the communication and transport of these patients from the peripheral small units to the regional one, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:931195", "title": "[Corrected transposition of the great arteries. Study of 14 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We have studied 14 patients of corrected transposition, 12 with situs solitus and 2 with situs inversus. In all the patients, excepting one, a clinical, radiological and angiocardiographical study was performed. The associated anomalies were determining elements of the clinical situation; the patients with pulmonary obstruction and interventricular communication had cianosis, while the 4 patients with aortic obstruction or anomalies type left Ebstein show cardiac insufficiency. The simple radiological study helped us to determinate the ascendent aorta in the left side of the heart, in 9 cases. It was unusual to see the droped hilium in the right hemitorax. The more significants electrical signs were: The presence of complete A-V block, Q-waves in D2, D3 and aVF, absence of right waves in precordial leads in most of the patients and a negative T wave in a VL. Summarizing, authors believe that in this type of defects selective injection of contrast in both ventricles is the best method to establish the difference between corrected transposition and other cardiopathies with the aorta situated at the left side of the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "[Corrected transposition of the great arteries. Study of 14 cases (author's transl)]. We have studied 14 patients of corrected transposition, 12 with situs solitus and 2 with situs inversus. In all the patients, excepting one, a clinical, radiological and angiocardiographical study was performed. The associated anomalies were determining elements of the clinical situation; the patients with pulmonary obstruction and interventricular communication had cianosis, while the 4 patients with aortic obstruction or anomalies type left Ebstein show cardiac insufficiency. The simple radiological study helped us to determinate the ascendent aorta in the left side of the heart, in 9 cases. It was unusual to see the droped hilium in the right hemitorax. The more significants electrical signs were: The presence of complete A-V block, Q-waves in D2, D3 and aVF, absence of right waves in precordial leads in most of the patients and a negative T wave in a VL. Summarizing, authors believe that in this type of defects selective injection of contrast in both ventricles is the best method to establish the difference between corrected transposition and other cardiopathies with the aorta situated at the left side of the pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:931196", "title": "[Renal pathology and ultrasounds (author's transl)].", "content": "In our present work we inttend to apply the ultrasounds to the field of child nephrology, by using the Vidoson 635 model. The advantages brought about by this new diagnostic method, which does not exclude others, lyes in its tridimensional vision, of easy handling, the fact of not requiring previous preparation of the patient and very little risk. In this work we present images of normal kidneys, renal agenesia, renal hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, hydrocalcinosis, cystic disease and nephroblastoma, emphasizing its use in the differential diagnosis of liquid and solid renal mass.", "contents": "[Renal pathology and ultrasounds (author's transl)]. In our present work we inttend to apply the ultrasounds to the field of child nephrology, by using the Vidoson 635 model. The advantages brought about by this new diagnostic method, which does not exclude others, lyes in its tridimensional vision, of easy handling, the fact of not requiring previous preparation of the patient and very little risk. In this work we present images of normal kidneys, renal agenesia, renal hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, hydrocalcinosis, cystic disease and nephroblastoma, emphasizing its use in the differential diagnosis of liquid and solid renal mass."}
{"id": "PMID:931197", "title": "[Craniosynostosis: a review of 14 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen cases of single and polimalformative craniosynostosis are presented. A Crouzon's syndrome, and Apert's syndrome and a Carpenter's syndrome are included. On the cranial deformities, 7 cases of scaphocephaly, 4 cases of oxycephaly and 3 cases of acrocephaly were diagnosed. The eye abnormalities, the mental retardation and the intracranial hyperpressure symptomatology were analyzed. A lineal descompresive craniectomy was performed in 10 cases. The applied surgical criterium was the appearing of intracranial hyperpressure. The postoperative results upon the clinical symptomatology and the cranial deformity are commented, showing a real improve of the hyperpressure symptoms in all the cases, a correction of the scaphocephalic defect and a lack of effect on those clinical manifestations resulting from the cerebral damming. Finally, the timing of operation is discussed.", "contents": "[Craniosynostosis: a review of 14 cases (author's transl)]. Fourteen cases of single and polimalformative craniosynostosis are presented. A Crouzon's syndrome, and Apert's syndrome and a Carpenter's syndrome are included. On the cranial deformities, 7 cases of scaphocephaly, 4 cases of oxycephaly and 3 cases of acrocephaly were diagnosed. The eye abnormalities, the mental retardation and the intracranial hyperpressure symptomatology were analyzed. A lineal descompresive craniectomy was performed in 10 cases. The applied surgical criterium was the appearing of intracranial hyperpressure. The postoperative results upon the clinical symptomatology and the cranial deformity are commented, showing a real improve of the hyperpressure symptoms in all the cases, a correction of the scaphocephalic defect and a lack of effect on those clinical manifestations resulting from the cerebral damming. Finally, the timing of operation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931198", "title": "[Normal values of zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio in healthy children (author's transl)].", "content": "Zinc and copper seric values have been determined in 120 healthy children between the ages of 0 and 7 years. Percentile grafics of normal zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio values, are also described.", "contents": "[Normal values of zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio in healthy children (author's transl)]. Zinc and copper seric values have been determined in 120 healthy children between the ages of 0 and 7 years. Percentile grafics of normal zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio values, are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:931199", "title": "[Thrombosis of intracraneal sinuses in homocystinuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a child affected with piridoxinresistant homocystinuria who developed early on the disease an aseptic thrombosis of intracraneal sinuses, of chronic evolution is presented. Pathogenesis and therapy of the thrombosis are discussed emphasizing the value of measures directed to avoid the aggregation of platelets.", "contents": "[Thrombosis of intracraneal sinuses in homocystinuria (author's transl)]. The case of a child affected with piridoxinresistant homocystinuria who developed early on the disease an aseptic thrombosis of intracraneal sinuses, of chronic evolution is presented. Pathogenesis and therapy of the thrombosis are discussed emphasizing the value of measures directed to avoid the aggregation of platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:931200", "title": "[Intrauterine renal vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of renal venous thrombosis in a male foetus, born of a diabetic mother is reported. The intrauterine origin and the long age of the thrombosis were confirmed by pathologic studies. Some speculation about the etiopathogenic mechanisms of intrauterine renal venous thrombosis are made.", "contents": "[Intrauterine renal vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. One case of renal venous thrombosis in a male foetus, born of a diabetic mother is reported. The intrauterine origin and the long age of the thrombosis were confirmed by pathologic studies. Some speculation about the etiopathogenic mechanisms of intrauterine renal venous thrombosis are made."}
{"id": "PMID:931201", "title": "[Iatrogenic evolutive skull fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of growing skull fracture secondary to a maxilofacial operation is reported. Frequency, clinical symptoms, phisiopathology and treatment of growing skull fractures are reviewed and the rarity of the iatrogenic mechanism is stressed.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic evolutive skull fracture (author's transl)]. A case of growing skull fracture secondary to a maxilofacial operation is reported. Frequency, clinical symptoms, phisiopathology and treatment of growing skull fractures are reviewed and the rarity of the iatrogenic mechanism is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:931202", "title": "Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nephrotic syndrome. Studies in 26 patients.", "content": "The blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-HCC) in 26 patients with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria of 6.5 g/24 h +/- 0.8 SEM) ranged between 1 and 18.6 ng/ml (8.6 +/- 1.0 SEM). This value was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in normal subjects (21.8 +/- 2.3 ng/ml) and patients with chronic renal failure (24.8 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). There was inverse correlation (P less than 0.01) between levels of 25-HCC and magnitude of proteinuria and a direct relation (P less than 0.01) with serum albumin. Reduction in proteinuria was rapidly followed by a rise in blood 25-HCC toward normal. Ionized calcium levels were low in 16 of 26 nephrotic patients irrespective of degree of renal failure. In four of seven nephrotic patients with normal renal function, ionized calcium levels were low and showed an inverse relation with levels of parathyroid hormone. These data show that patients with nephrotic syndrome have low blood levels of 25-HCC probably due to its loss in urine. This derangement is probably responsible for the disorders of calcium metabolism in nephrosis.", "contents": "Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in nephrotic syndrome. Studies in 26 patients. The blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-HCC) in 26 patients with nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria of 6.5 g/24 h +/- 0.8 SEM) ranged between 1 and 18.6 ng/ml (8.6 +/- 1.0 SEM). This value was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in normal subjects (21.8 +/- 2.3 ng/ml) and patients with chronic renal failure (24.8 +/- 2.3 ng/ml). There was inverse correlation (P less than 0.01) between levels of 25-HCC and magnitude of proteinuria and a direct relation (P less than 0.01) with serum albumin. Reduction in proteinuria was rapidly followed by a rise in blood 25-HCC toward normal. Ionized calcium levels were low in 16 of 26 nephrotic patients irrespective of degree of renal failure. In four of seven nephrotic patients with normal renal function, ionized calcium levels were low and showed an inverse relation with levels of parathyroid hormone. These data show that patients with nephrotic syndrome have low blood levels of 25-HCC probably due to its loss in urine. This derangement is probably responsible for the disorders of calcium metabolism in nephrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931203", "title": "Use of calcium and secretin in the diagnosis of gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome).", "content": "Sixty-five patients with peptic ulcer disease were evaluated for gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) by measuring changes in serum gastrin concentration after intravenous (i.v.) administration of calcium or secretin, or both. The presence of gastrinoma was established in all 20 patients whose serum gastrin increased by 395 pg/ml or more after i.v. calcium and in all 18 patients whose serum gastrin concentration increased by 110 pg/ml or more after i.v. secretin. The experience with these 65 patients shows that stimulation by calcium or secretin may confirm the presence of gastrinoma in cases where the diagnosis would otherwise remain obscure. Although a positive response to calcium or secretin is diagnostic for gastrinoma a negative response does not exclude this diagnosis. Stimulation with secretin is preferred for screening for gastrinoma because it is quicker and more reliable than calcium.", "contents": "Use of calcium and secretin in the diagnosis of gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Sixty-five patients with peptic ulcer disease were evaluated for gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) by measuring changes in serum gastrin concentration after intravenous (i.v.) administration of calcium or secretin, or both. The presence of gastrinoma was established in all 20 patients whose serum gastrin increased by 395 pg/ml or more after i.v. calcium and in all 18 patients whose serum gastrin concentration increased by 110 pg/ml or more after i.v. secretin. The experience with these 65 patients shows that stimulation by calcium or secretin may confirm the presence of gastrinoma in cases where the diagnosis would otherwise remain obscure. Although a positive response to calcium or secretin is diagnostic for gastrinoma a negative response does not exclude this diagnosis. Stimulation with secretin is preferred for screening for gastrinoma because it is quicker and more reliable than calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:931204", "title": "Tamoxifen (antiestrogen) therapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Fifty-nine postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were treated with tamoxifen (antiestrogen), 20 mg orally twice a day for at least 2 months. They had been previously treated with other types of hormonal therapy or intensive chemotherapies, or both. Nineteen of the 59 patients (32%) had either a complete response (seven patients) or partial response (12 patients). The median duration of response was 9+ months. Tumors containing estrogen receptors and those that responded to previous hormonal manipulation tended to respond to tamoxifen (60% and 69%, respectively). Patients with receptor-negative tumor or with a history of failure of previous hormonal treatments did not respond to tamoxifen therapy. Tamoxifen is effective against advanced breast cancer. Side effects of the treatment were mild.", "contents": "Tamoxifen (antiestrogen) therapy in advanced breast cancer. Fifty-nine postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were treated with tamoxifen (antiestrogen), 20 mg orally twice a day for at least 2 months. They had been previously treated with other types of hormonal therapy or intensive chemotherapies, or both. Nineteen of the 59 patients (32%) had either a complete response (seven patients) or partial response (12 patients). The median duration of response was 9+ months. Tumors containing estrogen receptors and those that responded to previous hormonal manipulation tended to respond to tamoxifen (60% and 69%, respectively). Patients with receptor-negative tumor or with a history of failure of previous hormonal treatments did not respond to tamoxifen therapy. Tamoxifen is effective against advanced breast cancer. Side effects of the treatment were mild."}
{"id": "PMID:931205", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis of lung. Recognition and treatment.", "content": "Observations on 35 patients with pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis show the value of separating pulmonary lesions of this type into three categories. Fifteen patients had Wegener's granulomatosis characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of lung, frequent upper airway and renal involvement, and responsiveness to cyclophosphamide. Nine had lymphomatoid granulomatosis characterized by necrotic atypical lymphoreticular infiltrates and frequent cutaneous and neurologic involvement, usually fatal despite intensive cytotoxic drug therapy. Eleven had benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, in the past included in the above categories and characterized by nodular collections of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells, with predominantly pulmonary involvement and consistent responsiveness to chlorambucil. Wegener's granulomatosis and benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis were frequently associated with serum immunoglobulin elevations, with intact cell-mediated responses. Clinical and immunologic assessment was useful indistinguishing benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis from lymphomatoid granulomatosis.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, and benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis of lung. Recognition and treatment. Observations on 35 patients with pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis show the value of separating pulmonary lesions of this type into three categories. Fifteen patients had Wegener's granulomatosis characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of lung, frequent upper airway and renal involvement, and responsiveness to cyclophosphamide. Nine had lymphomatoid granulomatosis characterized by necrotic atypical lymphoreticular infiltrates and frequent cutaneous and neurologic involvement, usually fatal despite intensive cytotoxic drug therapy. Eleven had benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, in the past included in the above categories and characterized by nodular collections of mature lymphocytes and plasma cells, with predominantly pulmonary involvement and consistent responsiveness to chlorambucil. Wegener's granulomatosis and benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis were frequently associated with serum immunoglobulin elevations, with intact cell-mediated responses. Clinical and immunologic assessment was useful indistinguishing benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis from lymphomatoid granulomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931206", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after prolonged intravenous infusions in uncomplicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "The kinetics of the elimination of lidocaine upon discontinuation of lidocaine infusions lasting more than 24 h were studied in 12 patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarctions. In this group of patients the mean half-life of the elimination phase was found to be 3.22 h. This is significantly different from the half-life of 100 min that has been reported after bolus injections or infusions lasting less than 12 h. This longer half-life should be taken into consideration in estimating the duration of toxicity and the rate of administration of the drug during and after intravenous infusions lasting 24 h or more.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after prolonged intravenous infusions in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. The kinetics of the elimination of lidocaine upon discontinuation of lidocaine infusions lasting more than 24 h were studied in 12 patients with uncomplicated myocardial infarctions. In this group of patients the mean half-life of the elimination phase was found to be 3.22 h. This is significantly different from the half-life of 100 min that has been reported after bolus injections or infusions lasting less than 12 h. This longer half-life should be taken into consideration in estimating the duration of toxicity and the rate of administration of the drug during and after intravenous infusions lasting 24 h or more."}
{"id": "PMID:931207", "title": "Iron balance in hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Iron deficiency is a frequent complication in chronically hemodialyzed patients because of the significant blood losses associated with this technique. Quantitating iron stores (by marrow examination or serum iron and total iron-binding capacity) on a repetitive basis had been difficult or unreliable, often resulting in failure to recognize iron deficiency superimposed on the existing anemia of chronic renal failure, or overtreating, which can lead to iron excess. Use of the serum ferritin allows easier quantitation of iron stores and, when measured serially in dialysis patients, can predict the emergence of iron deficiency. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, or percent transferrin saturation. Iron absorption studies show that food iron absorption is physiologic, increasing when the serum ferritin is below 30 ng/ml, decreasing when more than 300 ng/ml. Treatment of iron deficiency with oral iron compounds increases serum ferritin levels and usually can maintain iron balance.", "contents": "Iron balance in hemodialysis patients. Iron deficiency is a frequent complication in chronically hemodialyzed patients because of the significant blood losses associated with this technique. Quantitating iron stores (by marrow examination or serum iron and total iron-binding capacity) on a repetitive basis had been difficult or unreliable, often resulting in failure to recognize iron deficiency superimposed on the existing anemia of chronic renal failure, or overtreating, which can lead to iron excess. Use of the serum ferritin allows easier quantitation of iron stores and, when measured serially in dialysis patients, can predict the emergence of iron deficiency. There was no correlation between serum ferritin levels and serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, or percent transferrin saturation. Iron absorption studies show that food iron absorption is physiologic, increasing when the serum ferritin is below 30 ng/ml, decreasing when more than 300 ng/ml. Treatment of iron deficiency with oral iron compounds increases serum ferritin levels and usually can maintain iron balance."}
{"id": "PMID:931211", "title": "Control of influenza in the hospital.", "content": "Nosocomial transmission of influenza has been reported infrequently; however, patients in general hospitals are often among the most susceptible to the complications of influenza infection. Hospital-acquired influenza may occur more often than is reported, but it may be recognized because of lack of diagnostic facilities or the time required for virus isolation and identification. Based on the mode of transmission in the hospital, the established reservoirs of influenza virus, and duration of virus shedding, isolating patients with influenza may occasionally be useful but restricting visitors is probably not required. Vaccinating hospital personnel with influenza vaccine and, if influenza A is prevalent, giving amantadine hydrochloride to high-risk patients or personnel should both be considered.", "contents": "Control of influenza in the hospital. Nosocomial transmission of influenza has been reported infrequently; however, patients in general hospitals are often among the most susceptible to the complications of influenza infection. Hospital-acquired influenza may occur more often than is reported, but it may be recognized because of lack of diagnostic facilities or the time required for virus isolation and identification. Based on the mode of transmission in the hospital, the established reservoirs of influenza virus, and duration of virus shedding, isolating patients with influenza may occasionally be useful but restricting visitors is probably not required. Vaccinating hospital personnel with influenza vaccine and, if influenza A is prevalent, giving amantadine hydrochloride to high-risk patients or personnel should both be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:931212", "title": "Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of pulmonary embolism: the emperor may have no clothes.", "content": "Pulmonary embolism is being overdiagnosed and overtreated, especially in previously normal women using oral contraceptives, with undesirable consequences in heparin treatment. This is in part a consequences of high estimates of its occurrence based on postmortem data and in part of technologic developments in diagnostic methods. Blood gas data are not diagnostically very helpful. Perfusion scans should be used, largely to exclude the diagnosis. Ventilation scans are only occasionally helpful and are expensive. Pulmonary angiography is the most accurate diagnostic means currently available. Further studies are needed to elucidate the prevalence and natural life history of pulmonary embolism in the previously healthy person.", "contents": "Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of pulmonary embolism: the emperor may have no clothes. Pulmonary embolism is being overdiagnosed and overtreated, especially in previously normal women using oral contraceptives, with undesirable consequences in heparin treatment. This is in part a consequences of high estimates of its occurrence based on postmortem data and in part of technologic developments in diagnostic methods. Blood gas data are not diagnostically very helpful. Perfusion scans should be used, largely to exclude the diagnosis. Ventilation scans are only occasionally helpful and are expensive. Pulmonary angiography is the most accurate diagnostic means currently available. Further studies are needed to elucidate the prevalence and natural life history of pulmonary embolism in the previously healthy person."}
{"id": "PMID:931227", "title": "[Monoclonal paraproteins other than in Kahler's and Waldenstr\u00f6m's diseases. Apropos of 67 cases].", "content": "On the basis of 67 cases of patients suffering from monoclonal dysglobulinaemias other than multiple myeoloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease, the authors report the characteristics of their series. The review current diagnostic criteria and, in this context, present their experience of caryotypic determination which was carried out in 24 subjects. These dysglobulinaemias may occur in isolation, on a familial basis or in association with some other pathology, which leads to the suggestion of a number of aetiopathogenic hypotheses, which are probably interlinked.", "contents": "[Monoclonal paraproteins other than in Kahler's and Waldenstr\u00f6m's diseases. Apropos of 67 cases]. On the basis of 67 cases of patients suffering from monoclonal dysglobulinaemias other than multiple myeoloma and Waldenstr\u00f6m's disease, the authors report the characteristics of their series. The review current diagnostic criteria and, in this context, present their experience of caryotypic determination which was carried out in 24 subjects. These dysglobulinaemias may occur in isolation, on a familial basis or in association with some other pathology, which leads to the suggestion of a number of aetiopathogenic hypotheses, which are probably interlinked."}
{"id": "PMID:931228", "title": "[Interventricular communication caused by nonpenetrating injury of the thorax].", "content": "Previously fatal in the majority of cases, traumatic interventricular communications are now curable by surgery. This is illustrated by the case described here of a 20 year old man. 62 other cases were found in the literature. A systolic murmur is the essential feature in diagnosis but it may be discovered some time after the accident. The demonstration of cardiomegaly has less diagnostic significance than ECG signs suggestive of an infarction. Haemodynamic studies are essential to confirm the diagnosis and to provide an accurate assessment of the lesion. The spontaneous course is serious since death results in two thirds of cases. Surgery is indicated, other than in well tolerated forms with a minimal shunt. The approach used has almost always been right cardiotomy. However, incision of the left ventricle offers better visibility of the lesions which may be masked by the papillary muscles when a right-sided approach is adopted. This was used in the present case with an excellent result since the patient was able to continue the military career for which he had opted.", "contents": "[Interventricular communication caused by nonpenetrating injury of the thorax]. Previously fatal in the majority of cases, traumatic interventricular communications are now curable by surgery. This is illustrated by the case described here of a 20 year old man. 62 other cases were found in the literature. A systolic murmur is the essential feature in diagnosis but it may be discovered some time after the accident. The demonstration of cardiomegaly has less diagnostic significance than ECG signs suggestive of an infarction. Haemodynamic studies are essential to confirm the diagnosis and to provide an accurate assessment of the lesion. The spontaneous course is serious since death results in two thirds of cases. Surgery is indicated, other than in well tolerated forms with a minimal shunt. The approach used has almost always been right cardiotomy. However, incision of the left ventricle offers better visibility of the lesions which may be masked by the papillary muscles when a right-sided approach is adopted. This was used in the present case with an excellent result since the patient was able to continue the military career for which he had opted."}
{"id": "PMID:931242", "title": "[Changes in the aortic prosthesis surgical risk].", "content": "Between May 1963 and December 1976, 889 patients underwent single valve aortic replacement by prosthesis. Hospital (30 day) mortality fell, with an exponential decrease (r = 0.94, p less than 0.01) to 4 per cent in 1976. Early risk factors are studied, taking into account the changes affecting them respectively over the time period considered. The average age of the patients increased but did not significantly affect operative mortality. Cardio-thoracic ratio, sex and the duration of extracorporeal circulation had little or no prognostic value. Only classification in class IV of the N.Y.H.A. and the type of valvular disease (severe incompetence) were of clearly pejorative significance. Most deaths occurred early in a context of signs of poor cardiac output, severe disturbances of ventricular rhythym, visceral (digestive) syndromes and/or thrombotic complications. They were characterised at autopsy by sub-endocardial haemorrhagic lesions. The prevalence of these lesions and that of early deaths appeared to decrease with techniques for myocardial protection during the operation.", "contents": "[Changes in the aortic prosthesis surgical risk]. Between May 1963 and December 1976, 889 patients underwent single valve aortic replacement by prosthesis. Hospital (30 day) mortality fell, with an exponential decrease (r = 0.94, p less than 0.01) to 4 per cent in 1976. Early risk factors are studied, taking into account the changes affecting them respectively over the time period considered. The average age of the patients increased but did not significantly affect operative mortality. Cardio-thoracic ratio, sex and the duration of extracorporeal circulation had little or no prognostic value. Only classification in class IV of the N.Y.H.A. and the type of valvular disease (severe incompetence) were of clearly pejorative significance. Most deaths occurred early in a context of signs of poor cardiac output, severe disturbances of ventricular rhythym, visceral (digestive) syndromes and/or thrombotic complications. They were characterised at autopsy by sub-endocardial haemorrhagic lesions. The prevalence of these lesions and that of early deaths appeared to decrease with techniques for myocardial protection during the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:931243", "title": "[Generalized saturnine paralysis. Discovery of a double congenital disease: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (new variant) and distal tubular acidosis].", "content": "A case of severe lead poisoning with haemolytic anemia, extensive polyneuropathy and arterial hypertension is reported in a patient for whom G-6-P-D deficiency and renal tubular acidosis were discovered. Both traits were present in his family. Incomplete regression of paralysis and persistant biological abnormalities after chelating treatment were demonstrative of heavy saturnine load even though the toxic exposure was brief. The role of the two deficiencies in the mechanism of intoxication is discussed: facilitation of haemolysis by enzymopathy and bone lead redistribution resulting from osteolysis probably due to the tubulopathy. The authors emphasize the fact that thorough and serial biological investigation is essential in the discovery of factors which may precipitate lead poisoning, as well as in the determination of follow-up criteria of efficient toxic epuration with sufficient delay. Typing of the enzyme has led to the identification of a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.", "contents": "[Generalized saturnine paralysis. Discovery of a double congenital disease: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (new variant) and distal tubular acidosis]. A case of severe lead poisoning with haemolytic anemia, extensive polyneuropathy and arterial hypertension is reported in a patient for whom G-6-P-D deficiency and renal tubular acidosis were discovered. Both traits were present in his family. Incomplete regression of paralysis and persistant biological abnormalities after chelating treatment were demonstrative of heavy saturnine load even though the toxic exposure was brief. The role of the two deficiencies in the mechanism of intoxication is discussed: facilitation of haemolysis by enzymopathy and bone lead redistribution resulting from osteolysis probably due to the tubulopathy. The authors emphasize the fact that thorough and serial biological investigation is essential in the discovery of factors which may precipitate lead poisoning, as well as in the determination of follow-up criteria of efficient toxic epuration with sufficient delay. Typing of the enzyme has led to the identification of a new variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:931253", "title": "[Model for the recall of dreams upon waking, proposed to account for impairment of memory of dreams].", "content": "A two-stage model is presented to account for the difficulties found in sleep learning and dream recall. The model assumes that information processing in a short-term memory store facilitates subsequent retrieval from long-term storage and that such processing is impaired during sleep. As a result, it is suggested that information confronting the sleeping person very likely can only be retrieved if an awakening occurs during the life of the short-term memory trace. However, it is proposed that material occurring during or shortly after awakening, competes with information occurring during sleep for space in the limited capacity processing system, with the most important being favored for processing. Interference and repression are included as additional factors affecting retrieval from longterm storage.", "contents": "[Model for the recall of dreams upon waking, proposed to account for impairment of memory of dreams]. A two-stage model is presented to account for the difficulties found in sleep learning and dream recall. The model assumes that information processing in a short-term memory store facilitates subsequent retrieval from long-term storage and that such processing is impaired during sleep. As a result, it is suggested that information confronting the sleeping person very likely can only be retrieved if an awakening occurs during the life of the short-term memory trace. However, it is proposed that material occurring during or shortly after awakening, competes with information occurring during sleep for space in the limited capacity processing system, with the most important being favored for processing. Interference and repression are included as additional factors affecting retrieval from longterm storage."}
{"id": "PMID:931255", "title": "[R plasmids incompatibility groups in epidemic Salmonella (author's transl)].", "content": "The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 410 strains belonging to six serotypes of epidemic Salmonella (S. wien, S. saint-paul, S. panama, S. heidelberg, S. isangi and S. brandenburg) was studied. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was shown for 228 of these strains. Study of resistance transfer was investigated for 25 multiresistant strains of different epidemic origin. Resistance was coded for by conjugative R plasmids except in the case of S. brandenburg. From 20 strains of Salmonella, 39 plasmids were transferred to E. coli K12. Twenty-nine of these plasmids were classified into 7 incompatibility groups: IncFI, FII, I1, I2, N, C, M. These same groups were also found for 84 R plasmids from different enterobacteria. The \"epidemic character\" of these Salmonella serotypes does not seem to be associated with carriage of any particular R plasmid.", "contents": "[R plasmids incompatibility groups in epidemic Salmonella (author's transl)]. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 410 strains belonging to six serotypes of epidemic Salmonella (S. wien, S. saint-paul, S. panama, S. heidelberg, S. isangi and S. brandenburg) was studied. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was shown for 228 of these strains. Study of resistance transfer was investigated for 25 multiresistant strains of different epidemic origin. Resistance was coded for by conjugative R plasmids except in the case of S. brandenburg. From 20 strains of Salmonella, 39 plasmids were transferred to E. coli K12. Twenty-nine of these plasmids were classified into 7 incompatibility groups: IncFI, FII, I1, I2, N, C, M. These same groups were also found for 84 R plasmids from different enterobacteria. The \"epidemic character\" of these Salmonella serotypes does not seem to be associated with carriage of any particular R plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:931256", "title": "[Cytochemical and freeze-etching studies of the ultrastructure of a Rickettsiella in a crustacean (author's transl)].", "content": "Several characteristics of the intracellular cycle of Ricketsiella are elucidated, particularly regarding the envelope and the cytoplasm of dense forms (elementary bodies) as well as the proteinic inclusions of giant bodies. Cleavage faces have been displayed by freeze-etching, both at the level of cell wall and of plasma membrane. Their characteristics approach those of Gram-negative bacteria and are pratically common to all the stages. Appearance and significance of a polysaccharidic cement joining the outer membrane of the cell wall to the inner membrane (plasma membrane) in the dense forms are discussed. The arrangement of ribosomes and the structure of the nucleoid are described. A 6 nm lattice periodical structure is shown in the proteinic inclusion. Significance of these data for a classification of Rickettsiella and chlamydias is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical and freeze-etching studies of the ultrastructure of a Rickettsiella in a crustacean (author's transl)]. Several characteristics of the intracellular cycle of Ricketsiella are elucidated, particularly regarding the envelope and the cytoplasm of dense forms (elementary bodies) as well as the proteinic inclusions of giant bodies. Cleavage faces have been displayed by freeze-etching, both at the level of cell wall and of plasma membrane. Their characteristics approach those of Gram-negative bacteria and are pratically common to all the stages. Appearance and significance of a polysaccharidic cement joining the outer membrane of the cell wall to the inner membrane (plasma membrane) in the dense forms are discussed. The arrangement of ribosomes and the structure of the nucleoid are described. A 6 nm lattice periodical structure is shown in the proteinic inclusion. Significance of these data for a classification of Rickettsiella and chlamydias is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931257", "title": "[Toxic metabolites from Fusarium causing alimentary toxic aleukia (author's transl)].", "content": "The toxicity of extracts from Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides, incriminated as agents of alimentary toxic aleukia, is attributed to the presence of 12-13-epoxytrichothecenes. This is specially the case of T2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol.", "contents": "[Toxic metabolites from Fusarium causing alimentary toxic aleukia (author's transl)]. The toxicity of extracts from Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides, incriminated as agents of alimentary toxic aleukia, is attributed to the presence of 12-13-epoxytrichothecenes. This is specially the case of T2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol."}
{"id": "PMID:931258", "title": "[Rifampicin diffusion in non-infected human bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Rifampicin levels in serum, cortical bone and spongious bone were measured by a biological assay in 13 non-infected patients undergoing total replacement of the hip. Samples were collected after 24-72 hours rifampicin administration (daily oral dose: 600 mg). The mean level was 0.67 +/- 0.48 microgram/g in cortical bone and 3.35 +/- 0.72 microgram/g in spongious bone. Rifampicin diffusion was also assessed in normal bone from crista iliaca needle biopsy specimens in 7 patients treated for osteitis or septic arthritis. Bone and serum levels did not appear linearly correlated but, in any case, bone levels were much higher than MIC for Staphylococcus aureus which is usually involved in bone and joint infections.", "contents": "[Rifampicin diffusion in non-infected human bone (author's transl)]. Rifampicin levels in serum, cortical bone and spongious bone were measured by a biological assay in 13 non-infected patients undergoing total replacement of the hip. Samples were collected after 24-72 hours rifampicin administration (daily oral dose: 600 mg). The mean level was 0.67 +/- 0.48 microgram/g in cortical bone and 3.35 +/- 0.72 microgram/g in spongious bone. Rifampicin diffusion was also assessed in normal bone from crista iliaca needle biopsy specimens in 7 patients treated for osteitis or septic arthritis. Bone and serum levels did not appear linearly correlated but, in any case, bone levels were much higher than MIC for Staphylococcus aureus which is usually involved in bone and joint infections."}
{"id": "PMID:931259", "title": "[Supplement No XX to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)].", "content": "In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1976 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella. Nineteen belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 11 to the sub-genus III. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described.", "contents": "[Supplement No XX to Kauffmann-White scheme (author's transl)]. In that supplement are given the characters of new Salmonella serotypes recognized in 1976 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella. Nineteen belong to the sub-genus I, 10 to the sub-genus II, 11 to the sub-genus III. Biochemical and antigenic variants of already known serotypes are described."}
{"id": "PMID:931262", "title": "[New correlation between absorption of calcium and activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatases].", "content": "From an homogeneous breeding one can occasionnally select a rat (rat +) showing an exceptionally high calcium absorption. For such a rat, high calcium absorption is accompained by a similar high alkaline phosphatase activity in the ileum. This fact was shown in six different assays. For rat +, this enzymatic excitation seems specific for intestinal phosphatase. Other characteristic enzymes of brush border such as maltase, invertase and leucylaminopeptidase do not vary much. Only slight modifications of phosphatase activity were observed in other organs or tissues: plasma, kidney, bone. The variations for liver are more important but unsignificant. The high calcium absorption is related to  alkaline phosphatase. It is observed atdifferent steps  of the preperation and can be increased by sorbitol, this last property being characteristic of the enzyme. The aptitude of a rat + for high calcium absorption is only momentany. When it goes back to usual calcium utilization, intestinal mucosa shows a normal phosphatasic activity.", "contents": "[New correlation between absorption of calcium and activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatases]. From an homogeneous breeding one can occasionnally select a rat (rat +) showing an exceptionally high calcium absorption. For such a rat, high calcium absorption is accompained by a similar high alkaline phosphatase activity in the ileum. This fact was shown in six different assays. For rat +, this enzymatic excitation seems specific for intestinal phosphatase. Other characteristic enzymes of brush border such as maltase, invertase and leucylaminopeptidase do not vary much. Only slight modifications of phosphatase activity were observed in other organs or tissues: plasma, kidney, bone. The variations for liver are more important but unsignificant. The high calcium absorption is related to  alkaline phosphatase. It is observed atdifferent steps  of the preperation and can be increased by sorbitol, this last property being characteristic of the enzyme. The aptitude of a rat + for high calcium absorption is only momentany. When it goes back to usual calcium utilization, intestinal mucosa shows a normal phosphatasic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:931264", "title": "[Unexpected demonstration of copper deficiency  in the rat].", "content": "During many years, Wistar's rats were fed after weaning a semipurified diet containing 0.4 ppm copper and did not present clinical disorders of copper  deficiency. Rats of same strain fed on the same diet, but housed in a new physical environment presented, a year later, specific signs of deficiency. A new salt-mixture raising the copper content of the diet to, 5.2 ppm made the deficiency signs diseapear and the rats growth come back to the initial rate. These results  showed once again the important relations existing between the organism and its physical environment, the  diet being just one of these elements. Rigorous breeding conditions, animal selection and modernisation of animal houses involve  a specific feeding related to this new conditions particularly when semipurified diets are used for weaning rats.", "contents": "[Unexpected demonstration of copper deficiency  in the rat]. During many years, Wistar's rats were fed after weaning a semipurified diet containing 0.4 ppm copper and did not present clinical disorders of copper  deficiency. Rats of same strain fed on the same diet, but housed in a new physical environment presented, a year later, specific signs of deficiency. A new salt-mixture raising the copper content of the diet to, 5.2 ppm made the deficiency signs diseapear and the rats growth come back to the initial rate. These results  showed once again the important relations existing between the organism and its physical environment, the  diet being just one of these elements. Rigorous breeding conditions, animal selection and modernisation of animal houses involve  a specific feeding related to this new conditions particularly when semipurified diets are used for weaning rats."}
{"id": "PMID:931265", "title": "[Comparative study of the formation of glycogen and trehalose during starvation in the Lepidoptera Bombyx mori L].", "content": "Glycogen reserves are entirely consumed during total starvation of Bombyx mori L. larvae. While the storage of glycogen is lowering and the dietary supply of carbohydrates stopped, the amount of trehalose also decreases but less rapidly than this of glycogen. Relative homeostasis is maintained but only for the ten first hours of inanition. Quantitative evaluation of blood trehalose, which is preformed more rapidly than glycogen analysis, might be used as an efficient test to characterized some physiopathological states.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the formation of glycogen and trehalose during starvation in the Lepidoptera Bombyx mori L]. Glycogen reserves are entirely consumed during total starvation of Bombyx mori L. larvae. While the storage of glycogen is lowering and the dietary supply of carbohydrates stopped, the amount of trehalose also decreases but less rapidly than this of glycogen. Relative homeostasis is maintained but only for the ten first hours of inanition. Quantitative evaluation of blood trehalose, which is preformed more rapidly than glycogen analysis, might be used as an efficient test to characterized some physiopathological states."}
{"id": "PMID:931266", "title": "[Why is bread consumption decreasing?].", "content": "In France bread plays a very special and ambivalent role among our foodstuffs because of the considerable drop in its consumption, its alleged harmful effects on our health and the respect in which it is traditionally held. More than half the 1 089 adults interviewed in this study say they have decreased their consumption of bread in the last 10 years. The reasons given vary according to age, body weight and urbanization level. The main reasons given for this restriction are the desire to prevent or reduce obesity, the decrease in physical activity, the general reduction in food consumption and the possibility of diversifying foods even further. Moreover, the decreasing appeal of bread in relation to other foods, as well as a modification in the structure of meals, in which bread becomes less useful to accompany other food, accentuate this loss of attraction. However, the respect for bread as part  of the staple diet remains very acute as 95 p. 100 of those interviewed express a reluctance to throw bread away,  more for cultural than economic reasons. Mechanization and urbanization having brought about a decrease in energy needs, the most common alimentary adaptation is general caloric restriction by which glucids, and especially bread, are curtailed.", "contents": "[Why is bread consumption decreasing?]. In France bread plays a very special and ambivalent role among our foodstuffs because of the considerable drop in its consumption, its alleged harmful effects on our health and the respect in which it is traditionally held. More than half the 1 089 adults interviewed in this study say they have decreased their consumption of bread in the last 10 years. The reasons given vary according to age, body weight and urbanization level. The main reasons given for this restriction are the desire to prevent or reduce obesity, the decrease in physical activity, the general reduction in food consumption and the possibility of diversifying foods even further. Moreover, the decreasing appeal of bread in relation to other foods, as well as a modification in the structure of meals, in which bread becomes less useful to accompany other food, accentuate this loss of attraction. However, the respect for bread as part  of the staple diet remains very acute as 95 p. 100 of those interviewed express a reluctance to throw bread away,  more for cultural than economic reasons. Mechanization and urbanization having brought about a decrease in energy needs, the most common alimentary adaptation is general caloric restriction by which glucids, and especially bread, are curtailed."}
{"id": "PMID:931267", "title": "[Surveys on the possible presence of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in corn harvested in France in 1973 and 1974].", "content": "0,1 and 1,9 p. 100 of French corn samples harvested in 1973 and 1974 contain respectively 4 to 42 ppb aflatoxin and 15 to 200 ppb ochratoxin A. Because the dilution of this product in the feed, such amounts could not be considered causing acute or chronic mycotoxicosis. In case of corn contamination by ochratoxin A, the analysis of technologic parameters conclude to question the drying corn with ears in cribs and the delayed drying after the reception of corn in storage corporation.", "contents": "[Surveys on the possible presence of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in corn harvested in France in 1973 and 1974]. 0,1 and 1,9 p. 100 of French corn samples harvested in 1973 and 1974 contain respectively 4 to 42 ppb aflatoxin and 15 to 200 ppb ochratoxin A. Because the dilution of this product in the feed, such amounts could not be considered causing acute or chronic mycotoxicosis. In case of corn contamination by ochratoxin A, the analysis of technologic parameters conclude to question the drying corn with ears in cribs and the delayed drying after the reception of corn in storage corporation."}
{"id": "PMID:931280", "title": "The effect of hypertonic ointments on corneal alkali burns.", "content": "Alkali-burned rabbit corneas were treated with 40% glucose or 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointments 3 times daily for 6 weeks and examined clinically and histologically. Treatment with hypertonic ointment as compared to untreated controls demonstrated decreased corneal neovascularization and ulceration. The possible nutritional advantage of hypertonic glucose did not prove beneficial compared to hypertonic sodium chloride.", "contents": "The effect of hypertonic ointments on corneal alkali burns. Alkali-burned rabbit corneas were treated with 40% glucose or 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointments 3 times daily for 6 weeks and examined clinically and histologically. Treatment with hypertonic ointment as compared to untreated controls demonstrated decreased corneal neovascularization and ulceration. The possible nutritional advantage of hypertonic glucose did not prove beneficial compared to hypertonic sodium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:931281", "title": "Intraocular lens implantation: report of 100 cases (50 intracapsular vs. 50 extracapsular).", "content": "This paper compares the results of 50 intracapsular lens implants with 50 extracapsular lens implants. The intracapsular lens implants were done from 1969 to 1971 and were considered successful in approximately 70% of the cases as compared to the extracapsular lens implants which were done from 1974 to 1975 and were considered successful in 96% of the cases. Extracapsular cataract extraction with lens implantation is a safe procedure. I believe that 80% of all cataract surgery within the next 10 years will be performed with extracapsular extraction and lens implantation.", "contents": "Intraocular lens implantation: report of 100 cases (50 intracapsular vs. 50 extracapsular). This paper compares the results of 50 intracapsular lens implants with 50 extracapsular lens implants. The intracapsular lens implants were done from 1969 to 1971 and were considered successful in approximately 70% of the cases as compared to the extracapsular lens implants which were done from 1974 to 1975 and were considered successful in 96% of the cases. Extracapsular cataract extraction with lens implantation is a safe procedure. I believe that 80% of all cataract surgery within the next 10 years will be performed with extracapsular extraction and lens implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:931282", "title": "The significance of intraocular hemorrhages due to subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "A retrospective study of 320 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage revealed a 20.8% incidence of intraocular hemorrhages. While diagnostically helpful, intraocular hemorrhages also were prognostically significant. The overall patient mortality was 31.6%. In those with intraocular hemorrhages the mortality was 53.6% compared to 19.7% in those without intraocular hemorrhages. Fifty-eight percent with bilateral intraocular hemorrhages died versus 48% with unilateral hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage, though infrequent, may be a major complication in survivors of subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "contents": "The significance of intraocular hemorrhages due to subarachnoid hemorrhage. A retrospective study of 320 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage revealed a 20.8% incidence of intraocular hemorrhages. While diagnostically helpful, intraocular hemorrhages also were prognostically significant. The overall patient mortality was 31.6%. In those with intraocular hemorrhages the mortality was 53.6% compared to 19.7% in those without intraocular hemorrhages. Fifty-eight percent with bilateral intraocular hemorrhages died versus 48% with unilateral hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage, though infrequent, may be a major complication in survivors of subarachnoid hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:931283", "title": "Orbital neurilemoma.", "content": "The diagnosis of orbital tumors is a challenging one. Neurilemomas are among the rarer causes of lesions in this location and usually are curable by local excision. The results of tests used in diagnosing orbital tumors are inconsistent in patients with this disease entity. Four patients with orbital neurilemoma are reported. Radiographic (including arteriogram, venogram, and computerized axial tomography) and ultrasonic findings were helpful in making the diagnosis.", "contents": "Orbital neurilemoma. The diagnosis of orbital tumors is a challenging one. Neurilemomas are among the rarer causes of lesions in this location and usually are curable by local excision. The results of tests used in diagnosing orbital tumors are inconsistent in patients with this disease entity. Four patients with orbital neurilemoma are reported. Radiographic (including arteriogram, venogram, and computerized axial tomography) and ultrasonic findings were helpful in making the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931284", "title": "The Fuchs' spot: an ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic study.", "content": "A correlation of funduscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings in the Fuchs' spot of high myopia is presented. A variety of ophthalmoscopic changes indicate that both serous and hemorrhagic detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina are associated with this lesion. Fluorescein angiography, however, reveals subretinal reovascularization from the choroid as the basic underlying disease in most cases reviewed. Wide variations in the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the pigmented maculopathy of high myopia necessitate a more descriptive approach than that indicated by the term \"Fuchs' spot.\" Fluorescein angiography becomes a necessity to delineate neovascular lesions as paracentral tufts may possibly be treated with laser photocoagulation to reduce progression.", "contents": "The Fuchs' spot: an ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic study. A correlation of funduscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings in the Fuchs' spot of high myopia is presented. A variety of ophthalmoscopic changes indicate that both serous and hemorrhagic detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina are associated with this lesion. Fluorescein angiography, however, reveals subretinal reovascularization from the choroid as the basic underlying disease in most cases reviewed. Wide variations in the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the pigmented maculopathy of high myopia necessitate a more descriptive approach than that indicated by the term \"Fuchs' spot.\" Fluorescein angiography becomes a necessity to delineate neovascular lesions as paracentral tufts may possibly be treated with laser photocoagulation to reduce progression."}
{"id": "PMID:931285", "title": "Visual recovery after recurrent rupture of the globe: case report.", "content": "A 42-year-old man was injured twice in his left eye. The first injury resulted in a lacerated skin wound on the forehead, eyebrows and lids, a broken orbital wall and rim, and a small rupture of the sclera at 12 o'clock. The second injury caused a rupture of his left globe. During the operation a large scleral rupture, 1 mm from the limbus, a prolapsed iris, vitreous, and the lens were found under the conjunctiva. The would had been cleaned, the prolapsed iris and vitreous were excised, and the scleral wound sutured. One year after the injury the visual acuity was 6/10 with an aphakic contact lens correction and binocular vision was established. Diagnostic features and indications for immediate repair are discussed.", "contents": "Visual recovery after recurrent rupture of the globe: case report. A 42-year-old man was injured twice in his left eye. The first injury resulted in a lacerated skin wound on the forehead, eyebrows and lids, a broken orbital wall and rim, and a small rupture of the sclera at 12 o'clock. The second injury caused a rupture of his left globe. During the operation a large scleral rupture, 1 mm from the limbus, a prolapsed iris, vitreous, and the lens were found under the conjunctiva. The would had been cleaned, the prolapsed iris and vitreous were excised, and the scleral wound sutured. One year after the injury the visual acuity was 6/10 with an aphakic contact lens correction and binocular vision was established. Diagnostic features and indications for immediate repair are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931286", "title": "Surgical repair of extreme bilateral ptosis by modified anterior approach.", "content": "This report describes an apparently unique anterior approach surgical repair of a congenital ptosis which had progressed with age and had functionally almost blinded the patient. Poor tear production was the reason that neither conventional maximal levator resection nor sling procedures were considered desirable. A method of levator resection with no interference with the conjunctiva is presented, although since performance of the surgery, a similar method has been published. A few caveats of ptosis surgery are offered.", "contents": "Surgical repair of extreme bilateral ptosis by modified anterior approach. This report describes an apparently unique anterior approach surgical repair of a congenital ptosis which had progressed with age and had functionally almost blinded the patient. Poor tear production was the reason that neither conventional maximal levator resection nor sling procedures were considered desirable. A method of levator resection with no interference with the conjunctiva is presented, although since performance of the surgery, a similar method has been published. A few caveats of ptosis surgery are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:931293", "title": "[Directivity a qualitative function of hearing aids (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Directivity\" is the name applied by the authors to the overall audioprosthetic phenomena which they have demonstrated in their research into the correction of deficient hearing, using hearing aids equipped with directional microphones. They propose a double blind test in order to attempt to demonstrate objectively the reasons which experimentally and in the Laboratory decide the choice of a hearing aid with a directional microphone or an omni-directional microphone. Amongst other things, the test makes it possible to confirm whether the improvement in intelligibility in a recreated noisy atmosphere is linked or not to the possibilities of directional detection offered by aids equipped with a directional microphone.", "contents": "[Directivity a qualitative function of hearing aids (author's transl)]. \"Directivity\" is the name applied by the authors to the overall audioprosthetic phenomena which they have demonstrated in their research into the correction of deficient hearing, using hearing aids equipped with directional microphones. They propose a double blind test in order to attempt to demonstrate objectively the reasons which experimentally and in the Laboratory decide the choice of a hearing aid with a directional microphone or an omni-directional microphone. Amongst other things, the test makes it possible to confirm whether the improvement in intelligibility in a recreated noisy atmosphere is linked or not to the possibilities of directional detection offered by aids equipped with a directional microphone."}
{"id": "PMID:931294", "title": "[Follow-up surgery for carcinoma of the tonsil (author's transl)].", "content": "This study involves the frequency, techniques and results of follow-up surgery for carcinoma of the tonsil treated by transcutaneous radiotherapy. Local or lymph node failures affect 65% of patients treated by radiation. Follow-up surgery was used in 86% of these failures. After reviewing the various techniques and their oncological results, the authors discuss the best timing for follow-up surgery. They compar their results of surgery in the case of sub-total treatment, surgery for recurrences and routine surgery two months after the end of transcutaneous irradiation. The results are in favour of routine surgery. If it is accepted, since this point is open to discussion, that radiotherapy remains the appropriate initial, and sometimes adequate, treatment for carcinoma of the tonsil, the frequency of local and lymph node recurrences should lead to the indication, in certain cases, for complementary surgical therapy. This routine additional surgical treatment should be discussed in the context of the initial protocol of the treatment of a carcinoma of the tonsil.", "contents": "[Follow-up surgery for carcinoma of the tonsil (author's transl)]. This study involves the frequency, techniques and results of follow-up surgery for carcinoma of the tonsil treated by transcutaneous radiotherapy. Local or lymph node failures affect 65% of patients treated by radiation. Follow-up surgery was used in 86% of these failures. After reviewing the various techniques and their oncological results, the authors discuss the best timing for follow-up surgery. They compar their results of surgery in the case of sub-total treatment, surgery for recurrences and routine surgery two months after the end of transcutaneous irradiation. The results are in favour of routine surgery. If it is accepted, since this point is open to discussion, that radiotherapy remains the appropriate initial, and sometimes adequate, treatment for carcinoma of the tonsil, the frequency of local and lymph node recurrences should lead to the indication, in certain cases, for complementary surgical therapy. This routine additional surgical treatment should be discussed in the context of the initial protocol of the treatment of a carcinoma of the tonsil."}
{"id": "PMID:931295", "title": "[Primary coblat therapy and secondary surgery for supra-glottal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "This statistical study concerned 218 carcinomas of the laryngeal vestibule and margin treated at the Curie Foundation between 1958 and 1967, by primary cobalt therapy followed when necessary by secondary total laryngectomy. It shows that cobalt therapy alone gives excellent results in early forms (T1 and T2) even in the presence of N1 or N2 nodes. By contrast, the proportion of cures is much lower in T3 and T4 forms. Secondary total laryngectomy was used in only 25 cases out of 127 failures. The postoperative course was often difficult (4 fatal complications and 3 pharyngostomies) but 7 of the patients were cured at 5 years. The use of a surgical technique with minimal trauma and in particular respecting the integrity of the carotid gutters has been associated, in a more recent series, with a notable improvement in the results obtained (one cure out of 2 at 3 years).", "contents": "[Primary coblat therapy and secondary surgery for supra-glottal carcinoma (author's transl)]. This statistical study concerned 218 carcinomas of the laryngeal vestibule and margin treated at the Curie Foundation between 1958 and 1967, by primary cobalt therapy followed when necessary by secondary total laryngectomy. It shows that cobalt therapy alone gives excellent results in early forms (T1 and T2) even in the presence of N1 or N2 nodes. By contrast, the proportion of cures is much lower in T3 and T4 forms. Secondary total laryngectomy was used in only 25 cases out of 127 failures. The postoperative course was often difficult (4 fatal complications and 3 pharyngostomies) but 7 of the patients were cured at 5 years. The use of a surgical technique with minimal trauma and in particular respecting the integrity of the carotid gutters has been associated, in a more recent series, with a notable improvement in the results obtained (one cure out of 2 at 3 years)."}
{"id": "PMID:931296", "title": "[M\u00e9tastases of carcinoma of the kidney to the salivary glands. A case of intraparotid metastasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors first report the histopathological distribution of 111 parotidectomies carried out between 1965 and 1975. They then describe a case of a malignant tumour of the parotid which was shown by histological examination to be a metastasis of a carcinoma of the kidney, this being the first manifestation of the primary tumour. Finally, the authors review the literature concerning metastases of carcinoma of the kidney to the ENT area. They feel that the great rarity of parotid localisations is due to the fact that they may be confused with an acinous carcinoma of the parotid if histochemical stains are not used.", "contents": "[M\u00e9tastases of carcinoma of the kidney to the salivary glands. A case of intraparotid metastasis (author's transl)]. The authors first report the histopathological distribution of 111 parotidectomies carried out between 1965 and 1975. They then describe a case of a malignant tumour of the parotid which was shown by histological examination to be a metastasis of a carcinoma of the kidney, this being the first manifestation of the primary tumour. Finally, the authors review the literature concerning metastases of carcinoma of the kidney to the ENT area. They feel that the great rarity of parotid localisations is due to the fact that they may be confused with an acinous carcinoma of the parotid if histochemical stains are not used."}
{"id": "PMID:931303", "title": "[Routes of approach to the vidian nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the various routes of approach to the deep recesses of the pterygo-maxillary fossa. A brief historical review indicates the importance of the work of Golding-Wood who started this type of surgery. Description of the personal technique of the authors via a trans-maxillary approach. Review of the endo-nasal approach of Poch-Vinals by cryotherapy and of M. Port mann by electro-coagulation. A parallel is then drawn between the trans-maxillary approach and the endo-nasal approach of Prades by dissection from the spheno-palatine orifice. The respective indications are discussed.", "contents": "[Routes of approach to the vidian nerve (author's transl)]. The authors describe the various routes of approach to the deep recesses of the pterygo-maxillary fossa. A brief historical review indicates the importance of the work of Golding-Wood who started this type of surgery. Description of the personal technique of the authors via a trans-maxillary approach. Review of the endo-nasal approach of Poch-Vinals by cryotherapy and of M. Port mann by electro-coagulation. A parallel is then drawn between the trans-maxillary approach and the endo-nasal approach of Prades by dissection from the spheno-palatine orifice. The respective indications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931304", "title": "[Principles and technicals studies of investigating photosensitivity of the skin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the principles of investigating photosensitivity of the skin: objects of testing and some basic practical consideration (doses, laws of irradiance, choice of wavelength in a test). Artificial sources for irradiation are studied. Xenon arc lamp is the most suitable. Two main kinds of device are suitable for routine radiant energy measurement; the thermopile with linear spectral response and the photoelectric cells without linear relationship between wavelength and sensitivity. To delimit the emission of xenon arc, the authors use absorption filters (cut-off type). Irradiation monochromator is indispensable to much dermatological photobiology, especially action spectrum study. Methods of measurement, time course of the response dose response relationship, threshold response and action spectrum of normal and abnormal effects of light on the skin are described. Routine phototesting procedure enclose: minimal erythemal dose, phototest, photopatchtest. Technical study and interpretation are exposed. For the dermatologist, phototesting procedure is necessary for the diagnosis. Mechanism of photosensitivity (phototoxic or photoallergic reaction) and wavelength dependence have to be known for an appropriate treatment.", "contents": "[Principles and technicals studies of investigating photosensitivity of the skin (author's transl)]. The authors report the principles of investigating photosensitivity of the skin: objects of testing and some basic practical consideration (doses, laws of irradiance, choice of wavelength in a test). Artificial sources for irradiation are studied. Xenon arc lamp is the most suitable. Two main kinds of device are suitable for routine radiant energy measurement; the thermopile with linear spectral response and the photoelectric cells without linear relationship between wavelength and sensitivity. To delimit the emission of xenon arc, the authors use absorption filters (cut-off type). Irradiation monochromator is indispensable to much dermatological photobiology, especially action spectrum study. Methods of measurement, time course of the response dose response relationship, threshold response and action spectrum of normal and abnormal effects of light on the skin are described. Routine phototesting procedure enclose: minimal erythemal dose, phototest, photopatchtest. Technical study and interpretation are exposed. For the dermatologist, phototesting procedure is necessary for the diagnosis. Mechanism of photosensitivity (phototoxic or photoallergic reaction) and wavelength dependence have to be known for an appropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:931305", "title": "[HL-A system in psoriasis; study of 31 families (author's transl)].", "content": "31 families with at least two psoriatic members, including sometimes three generations (4 families) have been studied looking for HL-A markers. They include 80 affected (45 females, 35 males) and 75 healthy persons. BW 17 has been found present in 58 p. 100 of the unrelated patients, versus 7 p. 100 only in the normal population (p less than 10-9). Relative risk (R.R.) for the people bearing BW 17 is 38.34. Increase of B 13 is slight and non significant. BW 16, BW 37, BW 27 are within normal range. B 12 (R.R. :0.36) seems to have a protecting effect. B 8, B 14 are also decreased. Study of way of genetic transmission favours existence of a dominant gene of susceptibility frequently associated with BW 17 and particularly with haplotype A 1, BW 17. But other genetic or environmental factors may also play a role.", "contents": "[HL-A system in psoriasis; study of 31 families (author's transl)]. 31 families with at least two psoriatic members, including sometimes three generations (4 families) have been studied looking for HL-A markers. They include 80 affected (45 females, 35 males) and 75 healthy persons. BW 17 has been found present in 58 p. 100 of the unrelated patients, versus 7 p. 100 only in the normal population (p less than 10-9). Relative risk (R.R.) for the people bearing BW 17 is 38.34. Increase of B 13 is slight and non significant. BW 16, BW 37, BW 27 are within normal range. B 12 (R.R. :0.36) seems to have a protecting effect. B 8, B 14 are also decreased. Study of way of genetic transmission favours existence of a dominant gene of susceptibility frequently associated with BW 17 and particularly with haplotype A 1, BW 17. But other genetic or environmental factors may also play a role."}
{"id": "PMID:931306", "title": "[Effect of podophyllin resine on the mobility of langerhans cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of an alcoholic solution of podophyllin resin at concentrations above 10 p. 100 on guinea-pig udders, produces in epidemic Langerhans cells the same cytological effects as those by colchicine and vinca alcaloid in culture cells. The Langerhans cells are a suitable experimental model in vivo because of its easy ultrastructural identification, its migratory character and its preferential localization in epidermis.", "contents": "[Effect of podophyllin resine on the mobility of langerhans cells (author's transl)]. The application of an alcoholic solution of podophyllin resin at concentrations above 10 p. 100 on guinea-pig udders, produces in epidemic Langerhans cells the same cytological effects as those by colchicine and vinca alcaloid in culture cells. The Langerhans cells are a suitable experimental model in vivo because of its easy ultrastructural identification, its migratory character and its preferential localization in epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:931317", "title": "Therapeutic activity of sulphadimethoxine and bifuran against E. tenella and effect of medication on the development of immunity.", "content": "Therapeutic activity of sulphadimethoxine and Bifuran in drinking water against different levels of infection (5,000 10,000, 25,000 and 50,000 oocysts per chick) with Eimeria tenella and effect of medication on development of immunity was assessed. Medication was started after 96 hours of the infection. Sulphadimethoxine gave better control (performance indices: 234, 193, 155 and 112, respectively) than Bifuran (performance indices: 194, 129, 74 and 40, respectively) against all levels of the infection tested. Effectiveness of both the drugs decreased with increasing levels of the infection. Both the drugs interfered in the development of immunity which was inversely proportionate to the level of infection. Interference in development of immunity was more with sulphadimethoxine but these chicks were still solidly immune to the challenge infection.", "contents": "Therapeutic activity of sulphadimethoxine and bifuran against E. tenella and effect of medication on the development of immunity. Therapeutic activity of sulphadimethoxine and Bifuran in drinking water against different levels of infection (5,000 10,000, 25,000 and 50,000 oocysts per chick) with Eimeria tenella and effect of medication on development of immunity was assessed. Medication was started after 96 hours of the infection. Sulphadimethoxine gave better control (performance indices: 234, 193, 155 and 112, respectively) than Bifuran (performance indices: 194, 129, 74 and 40, respectively) against all levels of the infection tested. Effectiveness of both the drugs decreased with increasing levels of the infection. Both the drugs interfered in the development of immunity which was inversely proportionate to the level of infection. Interference in development of immunity was more with sulphadimethoxine but these chicks were still solidly immune to the challenge infection."}
{"id": "PMID:931318", "title": "[The life cycle of Microphallus gracilis Baer, 1943, a parasite of Neomys fodiens in the Pyrenees. Modalities of the transmission of the Digenea in nature (author's transl)].", "content": "Microphallus gracilis develops to the sporocyst stage in the digestive gland of the snail Bythinella reyniesii. The xiphidio-cercaria monostomous, anenterous in type, is liberated in water and actively penetrates a Crustacea Gammarus pulex where it encysts. From the point of view of the transmission ecology, the natural focuses of M. gracilis are composed of two different areas: an area where the parasite multiplies coinciding with biotope Bythinella and an area limited to the length of the river where the parasite spreads.", "contents": "[The life cycle of Microphallus gracilis Baer, 1943, a parasite of Neomys fodiens in the Pyrenees. Modalities of the transmission of the Digenea in nature (author's transl)]. Microphallus gracilis develops to the sporocyst stage in the digestive gland of the snail Bythinella reyniesii. The xiphidio-cercaria monostomous, anenterous in type, is liberated in water and actively penetrates a Crustacea Gammarus pulex where it encysts. From the point of view of the transmission ecology, the natural focuses of M. gracilis are composed of two different areas: an area where the parasite multiplies coinciding with biotope Bythinella and an area limited to the length of the river where the parasite spreads."}
{"id": "PMID:931319", "title": "[Malacophagous aptitudes of some French Zonitidae snails and their advantage in biological control of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental study of malacophagous aptitudes of different species of french Zonitidea snails. Analysis of their possibilities of grouping with Zonitoides nitidus in order to get an association of complementary predators in biological control of Lymnaea truncatula. The experiences show that the numbers of surviving snails are next for the groups: Zonitoides-Oxychilus draparnaudi and Z.-Aegopinella. But Aegopinella migrates less from experimental areas. Proposition of a technique of biological control without environmental modification.", "contents": "[Malacophagous aptitudes of some French Zonitidae snails and their advantage in biological control of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula M\u00fcller (author's transl)]. Experimental study of malacophagous aptitudes of different species of french Zonitidea snails. Analysis of their possibilities of grouping with Zonitoides nitidus in order to get an association of complementary predators in biological control of Lymnaea truncatula. The experiences show that the numbers of surviving snails are next for the groups: Zonitoides-Oxychilus draparnaudi and Z.-Aegopinella. But Aegopinella migrates less from experimental areas. Proposition of a technique of biological control without environmental modification."}
{"id": "PMID:931320", "title": "[Factors responsible for cercarial concentration of schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe].", "content": "Research carried out in Guadeloupe on the sites of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni shows that the circadian evolution of the cercarial concentration (rhythm of presence) differs slightly according to the biotope:--in a running water habitat (greater than 0,10 m/s) the rhythm of presence is superimposed on the rhythm of emergence, which leads to a risk of contamination reaching a maximum between 11 a.m. and noon; --in a slow running water habitat (around 0,01 m/s), the acrophase of the rhythm of presence is clearly retarded in comparison with that of the rhythm of emergence. In this case, the risk of contamination is greatest between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. because of the accumulation of cercariae. The absolute value of the cercarial concentration in running water results from two antagonistic processes: production of cercariae depending on the amount of Biomphalaria glabrata infected and dilution of cercariae depending on the flow rate of water. Thus along one channel the cercarial concentration shows great variation depending upon which of the above processes predominates. These results demonstrate that the risk of human contamination can never be directly deduced from the demography of vectors.", "contents": "[Factors responsible for cercarial concentration of schistosoma mansoni in Guadeloupe]. Research carried out in Guadeloupe on the sites of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni shows that the circadian evolution of the cercarial concentration (rhythm of presence) differs slightly according to the biotope:--in a running water habitat (greater than 0,10 m/s) the rhythm of presence is superimposed on the rhythm of emergence, which leads to a risk of contamination reaching a maximum between 11 a.m. and noon; --in a slow running water habitat (around 0,01 m/s), the acrophase of the rhythm of presence is clearly retarded in comparison with that of the rhythm of emergence. In this case, the risk of contamination is greatest between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. because of the accumulation of cercariae. The absolute value of the cercarial concentration in running water results from two antagonistic processes: production of cercariae depending on the amount of Biomphalaria glabrata infected and dilution of cercariae depending on the flow rate of water. Thus along one channel the cercarial concentration shows great variation depending upon which of the above processes predominates. These results demonstrate that the risk of human contamination can never be directly deduced from the demography of vectors."}
{"id": "PMID:931321", "title": "A review of the genus Impalaia M\u00f6nnig, 1923 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea).", "content": "Four species are considered valid for the genus Impalaia--I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923, I. nudicollis M\u00f6nnig, 1931, I. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 and I. taurotragi (Le Roux, 1936) Travassos, 1937. I. tuberculata var. longispiculata Wetzel and Fortmeyer- 1960 and I. aegyptiaca Soliman, 1958 are considered synonyms of I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923. I. nudicollis of Daubney, 1933, Yeh, 1956 and Pande et al. 1962 are tentatively considered synonyms of I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923 and I. dremomys Yen, 1973 is transferred to the genus Heligmonella M\u00f6nnig, 1927 and becomes Heligmonella dremomys (Yen, 1973) n. comb. Heligmonella dremomysi Durette-Desset, 1974 becomes Heligmonella moreli nom. nov.", "contents": "A review of the genus Impalaia M\u00f6nnig, 1923 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea). Four species are considered valid for the genus Impalaia--I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923, I. nudicollis M\u00f6nnig, 1931, I. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937 and I. taurotragi (Le Roux, 1936) Travassos, 1937. I. tuberculata var. longispiculata Wetzel and Fortmeyer- 1960 and I. aegyptiaca Soliman, 1958 are considered synonyms of I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923. I. nudicollis of Daubney, 1933, Yeh, 1956 and Pande et al. 1962 are tentatively considered synonyms of I. tuberculata M\u00f6nnig, 1923 and I. dremomys Yen, 1973 is transferred to the genus Heligmonella M\u00f6nnig, 1927 and becomes Heligmonella dremomys (Yen, 1973) n. comb. Heligmonella dremomysi Durette-Desset, 1974 becomes Heligmonella moreli nom. nov."}
{"id": "PMID:931326", "title": "The science of pinning the neck of the femur.", "content": "Experiments show that the cancellum of some femoral heads and of the trochanteric region is too weak to support a nail. A simple classification of traumatic femoral neck fractures is presented. These are either vertical or, less commonly, transversely disposed. Either type may be undisplaced, impacted, or displaced. For adequate fixation of undisplaced vertical and all displaced fractures a nail plate is essential. For undisplaced transverse fractures and impacted vertical fractures two screws usually suffice. Impacted transverse fractures require no active treatment. Hammering nails into the femoral head can cause fractures of the articular cartilage, split the femoral head in two, lead to avulsion of articular cartilage under the weight-bearing area, and osteoarthrosis. Early weight-bearing on weak implants can be disastrous. For the unsolved fracture a sliding pin compressing the fragments should be used. In a series of 54 displaced fractures so treated, 50 united. Prosthetic replacement should be reserved for patients with poor-quality bone. Children are best treated with a Coventry lag screw. Non-union after internal fixation in young patients should be salvaged by an excisional osteotomy, but a prosthesis is the answer for elderly patients. Late segmental collapse is explained in terms of contact stresses.", "contents": "The science of pinning the neck of the femur. Experiments show that the cancellum of some femoral heads and of the trochanteric region is too weak to support a nail. A simple classification of traumatic femoral neck fractures is presented. These are either vertical or, less commonly, transversely disposed. Either type may be undisplaced, impacted, or displaced. For adequate fixation of undisplaced vertical and all displaced fractures a nail plate is essential. For undisplaced transverse fractures and impacted vertical fractures two screws usually suffice. Impacted transverse fractures require no active treatment. Hammering nails into the femoral head can cause fractures of the articular cartilage, split the femoral head in two, lead to avulsion of articular cartilage under the weight-bearing area, and osteoarthrosis. Early weight-bearing on weak implants can be disastrous. For the unsolved fracture a sliding pin compressing the fragments should be used. In a series of 54 displaced fractures so treated, 50 united. Prosthetic replacement should be reserved for patients with poor-quality bone. Children are best treated with a Coventry lag screw. Non-union after internal fixation in young patients should be salvaged by an excisional osteotomy, but a prosthesis is the answer for elderly patients. Late segmental collapse is explained in terms of contact stresses."}
{"id": "PMID:931322", "title": "[Metastrongylidae parasites of European Soricidae. Description of Paracrenosoma combesi n. sp., from Crocidura russula Hermann, 1780 (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of Paracrenosoma combesi n. sp. (Skrjabingylinae), a lung parasite from the common white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula Hermann, 1780 in Spain, and differentiation from the only european species of the same genus, Paracrenosoma skrajabini (Pologentsev, 1935). Description of Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954) (Angiostrongylinae) from the bronches of the pygmy shrew Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766, in Spain and comparison with the data of the same species in Oriental Europe.", "contents": "[Metastrongylidae parasites of European Soricidae. Description of Paracrenosoma combesi n. sp., from Crocidura russula Hermann, 1780 (author's transl)]. Description of Paracrenosoma combesi n. sp. (Skrjabingylinae), a lung parasite from the common white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula Hermann, 1780 in Spain, and differentiation from the only european species of the same genus, Paracrenosoma skrajabini (Pologentsev, 1935). Description of Stefanskostrongylus soricis (Soltys, 1954) (Angiostrongylinae) from the bronches of the pygmy shrew Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766, in Spain and comparison with the data of the same species in Oriental Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:931327", "title": "The regional distribution of retinal circulation.", "content": "The retinal circulation of the cat has been studied in vivo by high-speed cineangiography and post mortem by indian ink injection. Flow patterns in the arterial tree, relative volume inflow per unit area, and capillary circulation times were recorded. The retinal circulation shows progressive slowing of linear flow rate in arterioles and capillaries on passing centrifugally from the optic disc to the periphery; this is largely responsible for the reduced perfusion rate.", "contents": "The regional distribution of retinal circulation. The retinal circulation of the cat has been studied in vivo by high-speed cineangiography and post mortem by indian ink injection. Flow patterns in the arterial tree, relative volume inflow per unit area, and capillary circulation times were recorded. The retinal circulation shows progressive slowing of linear flow rate in arterioles and capillaries on passing centrifugally from the optic disc to the periphery; this is largely responsible for the reduced perfusion rate."}
{"id": "PMID:931328", "title": "Role of ischaemia in the initiation of peptic ulcer.", "content": "Study of intramural vascular pathways to the human gastroduodenal mucosa shows that some persons have patches of mucosa supplied by end arteries. These patches occur only in the ulcer-bearing areas. It is suggested how this may contribute to the initiation of peptic ulceration and explain some of its features.", "contents": "Role of ischaemia in the initiation of peptic ulcer. Study of intramural vascular pathways to the human gastroduodenal mucosa shows that some persons have patches of mucosa supplied by end arteries. These patches occur only in the ulcer-bearing areas. It is suggested how this may contribute to the initiation of peptic ulceration and explain some of its features."}
{"id": "PMID:931329", "title": "Effects of excess vitamin A on the cranial neural crest in the chick embryo.", "content": "Experiments on fertile hens' eggs have shown that an excess of vitamin A has a highly specific effect on the migration of cranial neural crest cells in the early stages of chick embryogenesis. Migration is disrupted and retarded. This is consistent with the causal mechanism proposed by Poswillo for the Treacher Collins syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of excess vitamin A on the cranial neural crest in the chick embryo. Experiments on fertile hens' eggs have shown that an excess of vitamin A has a highly specific effect on the migration of cranial neural crest cells in the early stages of chick embryogenesis. Migration is disrupted and retarded. This is consistent with the causal mechanism proposed by Poswillo for the Treacher Collins syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:931324", "title": "[Description of Onchocerca dewittei n. sp. (Filarioidea), parasite of Sus scrofa, in Malaysia (author's transl)].", "content": "Onchocerca dewittei n. sp. was collected from a wild Boar at the metatarse level (tendons and subcutaneous connective tissue); it can be differentiated from other species by the female cuticle showing straight ridges which overlap in the lateral fields, and by its relatively thick microfilaria (length 228-247 mu and width 6-7 mu). This suidean Onchocerca displays some primitive characters such as straight ridges and persistency of ten pairs of caudal papillae in the male; but as a whole this species is undoubtedly more highly evolved than O. raillieti Bain, M\u00fcller and coll., 1976, a parasite of Equidae.", "contents": "[Description of Onchocerca dewittei n. sp. (Filarioidea), parasite of Sus scrofa, in Malaysia (author's transl)]. Onchocerca dewittei n. sp. was collected from a wild Boar at the metatarse level (tendons and subcutaneous connective tissue); it can be differentiated from other species by the female cuticle showing straight ridges which overlap in the lateral fields, and by its relatively thick microfilaria (length 228-247 mu and width 6-7 mu). This suidean Onchocerca displays some primitive characters such as straight ridges and persistency of ten pairs of caudal papillae in the male; but as a whole this species is undoubtedly more highly evolved than O. raillieti Bain, M\u00fcller and coll., 1976, a parasite of Equidae."}
{"id": "PMID:931330", "title": "Management of inferior vena caval injury in liver trauma.", "content": "The management of patients with severe hepatic trauma and damage to the inferior vena cava presents many difficulties. Our experience suggests that vena caval injury is more common than has previously been reported. In spite of the severity of the injuries a period for resuscitation is usually available and operation must not be started until full supportive measures are ready. We have evolved a technique of vascular isolation of the liver aboiding the use of internal vena caval shunts that permits repair of the damaged vena cava.", "contents": "Management of inferior vena caval injury in liver trauma. The management of patients with severe hepatic trauma and damage to the inferior vena cava presents many difficulties. Our experience suggests that vena caval injury is more common than has previously been reported. In spite of the severity of the injuries a period for resuscitation is usually available and operation must not be started until full supportive measures are ready. We have evolved a technique of vascular isolation of the liver aboiding the use of internal vena caval shunts that permits repair of the damaged vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:931325", "title": "[Description of the male of Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schulze and Schlottke, 1929) (Acarians, Ixodina) (author's transl)].", "content": "The hitherto unknown male of Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schultze and Schlottke, 1929) is described with reference to related species. 48 males were obtained by breeeding wild nymphs collected from a Stone-marten, a Marten and a Fox.", "contents": "[Description of the male of Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schulze and Schlottke, 1929) (Acarians, Ixodina) (author's transl)]. The hitherto unknown male of Pholeoixodes rugicollis (Schultze and Schlottke, 1929) is described with reference to related species. 48 males were obtained by breeeding wild nymphs collected from a Stone-marten, a Marten and a Fox."}
{"id": "PMID:931349", "title": "Morphometric study of emphysema: an hypothesis on the evolution of the anatomic damage of the disease.", "content": "Mathematical analysis of morphometric studies on the destruction of pulmonary tissue in cases of centrilobular emphysema has been used to identify degrees and localization of structural damage. From the data, an hypothesis of sequential, cumulative, individual destructive events has been developed to explain the distributive and progressive parenchymal changes in the lungs.", "contents": "Morphometric study of emphysema: an hypothesis on the evolution of the anatomic damage of the disease. Mathematical analysis of morphometric studies on the destruction of pulmonary tissue in cases of centrilobular emphysema has been used to identify degrees and localization of structural damage. From the data, an hypothesis of sequential, cumulative, individual destructive events has been developed to explain the distributive and progressive parenchymal changes in the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:931350", "title": "Simple, direct determination of serum 5'-nucleotidase.", "content": "A simple determination of 5'-Nucleotidase in blood serum without deproteinization is described. The enzyme activity is distinguished from that of a nonspecific alkaline phosphatase by nickel inhibition and the inorganic phosphate released from adenosine monophosphate used as substrate is determined by a method previously described. Additional studies include the determination of optimal conditions for the reaction and nickel inhibition.", "contents": "Simple, direct determination of serum 5'-nucleotidase. A simple determination of 5'-Nucleotidase in blood serum without deproteinization is described. The enzyme activity is distinguished from that of a nonspecific alkaline phosphatase by nickel inhibition and the inorganic phosphate released from adenosine monophosphate used as substrate is determined by a method previously described. Additional studies include the determination of optimal conditions for the reaction and nickel inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:931351", "title": "Analytical applications of immobilized enzymes.", "content": "Several clinical laboratory methods using enzymes as reagents now may utilize immobilized enzymes. These are enzymes attached to solid surfaces by adsorption, covalent binding, cross linking or similar means. Immobilized enzymes are widely used presently in convenient tests for urine glucose and galactose or blood glucose and urea, and in serum glucose or urea determinations by automated methods. Advantages include enhanced stability, enzyme conservation, reuse and economy. Limitations in clinical analysis include the requirement for proper handling of both the immobilized enzyme and the specimen with which it is used. Immobilized enzymes of the future should aid in the new discoveries regarding sequential enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells and expand the utility of enzymes as reagents in analytical laboratory science.", "contents": "Analytical applications of immobilized enzymes. Several clinical laboratory methods using enzymes as reagents now may utilize immobilized enzymes. These are enzymes attached to solid surfaces by adsorption, covalent binding, cross linking or similar means. Immobilized enzymes are widely used presently in convenient tests for urine glucose and galactose or blood glucose and urea, and in serum glucose or urea determinations by automated methods. Advantages include enhanced stability, enzyme conservation, reuse and economy. Limitations in clinical analysis include the requirement for proper handling of both the immobilized enzyme and the specimen with which it is used. Immobilized enzymes of the future should aid in the new discoveries regarding sequential enzyme-catalyzed reactions in living cells and expand the utility of enzymes as reagents in analytical laboratory science."}
{"id": "PMID:931348", "title": "Disorders of galactose metabolism.", "content": "Galactose metabolism occupies a central position in modern biology through its relationship to cell surface antigenicity and its metabolic function as a component of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Disturbances in three fundamental reaction sequences of this hexose have led to a delineation of pathways of the chemistry resulting in the understanding of its metabolic fate. These inherited disorders of metabolism are prototypes for the application of nutritional therapy of biochemical genetic defects.", "contents": "Disorders of galactose metabolism. Galactose metabolism occupies a central position in modern biology through its relationship to cell surface antigenicity and its metabolic function as a component of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Disturbances in three fundamental reaction sequences of this hexose have led to a delineation of pathways of the chemistry resulting in the understanding of its metabolic fate. These inherited disorders of metabolism are prototypes for the application of nutritional therapy of biochemical genetic defects."}
{"id": "PMID:931356", "title": "Age at puberty in relation to age at marriage and parenthood: a national longitudinal study.", "content": "A longitudinal study of a British cohort has collected information on puberty, judged by menarcheal age for the girls and the pubertal stage of the boys at age 14 3/4. This information has now been related to the ages at which these young people married and became parents. For the young men there was evidence of a direct relationship between degree of sexual maturity at age 14 3/4 and their ages at entry into marriage and fatherhood. For the young women, if pregnancy did not intervene between menarche and marriage, there was evidence of a direct relationship between menarcheal age and marriage age. But there was no evidence that these earlier-maturing young women became mothers at earlier ages than later maturers. This arose through the later-maturing young women having shorter first birth intervals than the earlier maturers. Premarital conceptions were also more prevalent amongst the later maturers.", "contents": "Age at puberty in relation to age at marriage and parenthood: a national longitudinal study. A longitudinal study of a British cohort has collected information on puberty, judged by menarcheal age for the girls and the pubertal stage of the boys at age 14 3/4. This information has now been related to the ages at which these young people married and became parents. For the young men there was evidence of a direct relationship between degree of sexual maturity at age 14 3/4 and their ages at entry into marriage and fatherhood. For the young women, if pregnancy did not intervene between menarche and marriage, there was evidence of a direct relationship between menarcheal age and marriage age. But there was no evidence that these earlier-maturing young women became mothers at earlier ages than later maturers. This arose through the later-maturing young women having shorter first birth intervals than the earlier maturers. Premarital conceptions were also more prevalent amongst the later maturers."}
{"id": "PMID:931357", "title": "Marriage and mobility in Britain--secular trends in a nationwide sample.", "content": "A nationwide sample survey of 2338 married couples provides information on the birthplaces and residences at meeting of couples first married between 1920 and 1960. Four measures of marital mobility are analysed according to year of marriage and year of first meeting. In their original form all measures show the expected increase in mobility from the 1920s to the 1930s with an exceptionally steep rise in the 1940s and a decline after the Second World War. The role of the war in promoting migration both of civilians and of soldiers is briefly reviewed. Women show rather different migration patterns from those of men. Age at marriage is positively correlated with movement in this sample, but a stronger association is provided by age at first meeting. Mobility averages for each cohort are adjusted for the changes in age at marriage, both real and peculiar to this sample, which have occurred since 1920, and also for variation in the population sizes of birthplaces in the sample over time, and changes in the relative frequencies of different socio-economic classes. After adjustment, little ghange is seen in material mobility over the four decades covered by the survey and many of the differences which do remain after adjustment lack statistical significance. Some socio-economic explanations are offered for these conclusions.", "contents": "Marriage and mobility in Britain--secular trends in a nationwide sample. A nationwide sample survey of 2338 married couples provides information on the birthplaces and residences at meeting of couples first married between 1920 and 1960. Four measures of marital mobility are analysed according to year of marriage and year of first meeting. In their original form all measures show the expected increase in mobility from the 1920s to the 1930s with an exceptionally steep rise in the 1940s and a decline after the Second World War. The role of the war in promoting migration both of civilians and of soldiers is briefly reviewed. Women show rather different migration patterns from those of men. Age at marriage is positively correlated with movement in this sample, but a stronger association is provided by age at first meeting. Mobility averages for each cohort are adjusted for the changes in age at marriage, both real and peculiar to this sample, which have occurred since 1920, and also for variation in the population sizes of birthplaces in the sample over time, and changes in the relative frequencies of different socio-economic classes. After adjustment, little ghange is seen in material mobility over the four decades covered by the survey and many of the differences which do remain after adjustment lack statistical significance. Some socio-economic explanations are offered for these conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:931353", "title": "Barr body distribution and estrogen receptor protein in mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Barr body distribution and estrogen receptor protein content of mammary carcinoma. The proportion of cells with one or more Barr body was determined in 105 specimens of mammary carcinoma from Guard stained imprints. Receptor protein content of the specimen was measured by the dextran charcoal method and compared with histopathologic features of the carcinomas. Primary carcinomas with Barr bodies in more than 10 percent of tumor cells were more likely to have higher levels of receptor protein than those with a lower proportion of Barr body containing cells (P less than 0.005). The results obtained for primary carcinoma may explain why patients with carcinomas that have a high proportion of Barr body positive cells are more likely to respond to hormonal therapy. Furthermore, these observations, when correlated with other available data about ERP suggest that an X-chromosome is involved in the synthesis of and/or carries the locus of action for estrogen receptor protein.", "contents": "Barr body distribution and estrogen receptor protein in mammary carcinoma. The study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Barr body distribution and estrogen receptor protein content of mammary carcinoma. The proportion of cells with one or more Barr body was determined in 105 specimens of mammary carcinoma from Guard stained imprints. Receptor protein content of the specimen was measured by the dextran charcoal method and compared with histopathologic features of the carcinomas. Primary carcinomas with Barr bodies in more than 10 percent of tumor cells were more likely to have higher levels of receptor protein than those with a lower proportion of Barr body containing cells (P less than 0.005). The results obtained for primary carcinoma may explain why patients with carcinomas that have a high proportion of Barr body positive cells are more likely to respond to hormonal therapy. Furthermore, these observations, when correlated with other available data about ERP suggest that an X-chromosome is involved in the synthesis of and/or carries the locus of action for estrogen receptor protein."}
{"id": "PMID:931358", "title": "A light-sectioning technique for contouring and measuring a child's face.", "content": "A contouring device for measuring the face (Cobb, 1972) was adopted and developed to make it suitable for use with children. Modifications were made to overcome incomplete facial coverage and lack of common head orientation by incorporating a method of optical head positioning which had been invented during the assessment of a stereophotogrammetric technique (Ainsworth and Joseph 1976). The precise alignment of a series of exposures with a common datum enables a set of contour maps to be processed by computer to produce three-dimensional measurements and sections of the complete face.", "contents": "A light-sectioning technique for contouring and measuring a child's face. A contouring device for measuring the face (Cobb, 1972) was adopted and developed to make it suitable for use with children. Modifications were made to overcome incomplete facial coverage and lack of common head orientation by incorporating a method of optical head positioning which had been invented during the assessment of a stereophotogrammetric technique (Ainsworth and Joseph 1976). The precise alignment of a series of exposures with a common datum enables a set of contour maps to be processed by computer to produce three-dimensional measurements and sections of the complete face."}
{"id": "PMID:931352", "title": "Significance of endometrial cells in cervicovaginal smears.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the significance of finding normal endometrial cells in routine cervicovaginal smears. The results indicate that the presence of normal endometrial cells in cervicovaginal smears in patients under 40 is generally not of significance, but similar findings in older patients correlate significantly with pathologic changes in the endometrium. In the older age group, therefore, such findings clearly indicate a need for further evaluation, including tissue sampling of the endometrium.", "contents": "Significance of endometrial cells in cervicovaginal smears. A study was undertaken to determine the significance of finding normal endometrial cells in routine cervicovaginal smears. The results indicate that the presence of normal endometrial cells in cervicovaginal smears in patients under 40 is generally not of significance, but similar findings in older patients correlate significantly with pathologic changes in the endometrium. In the older age group, therefore, such findings clearly indicate a need for further evaluation, including tissue sampling of the endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:931354", "title": "Clinical applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.", "content": "A quantitative electrophoretic test for the determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was applied to the analysis of human tissues, cells and fluids in order to obtain their normal isoenzyme patterns and to form a reference record. The same test was employed in the analysis of serum samples from patients with defined pathological conditions. The abnormal serum isoenzyme patterns were correlated with the tissue patterns, thus indicating the origin of the abnormality. This type of correlation, together with the clear demonstration of the actual isoenzymes and their quantitation, improves diagnostic discrimination and enhances the early detection of a biochemical abnormality that aids in the prevention of disease.", "contents": "Clinical applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. A quantitative electrophoretic test for the determination of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes was applied to the analysis of human tissues, cells and fluids in order to obtain their normal isoenzyme patterns and to form a reference record. The same test was employed in the analysis of serum samples from patients with defined pathological conditions. The abnormal serum isoenzyme patterns were correlated with the tissue patterns, thus indicating the origin of the abnormality. This type of correlation, together with the clear demonstration of the actual isoenzymes and their quantitation, improves diagnostic discrimination and enhances the early detection of a biochemical abnormality that aids in the prevention of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931359", "title": "Factor analysis of finger ridge-counts in Blacks and Whites.", "content": "Finger ridge-counts of an American White, American Black and an African Black sample were subjected to factor analysis. The analysis was carried out using correlation matrices computed from 10-ridge counts, each finger being represented by its largest count, and from 20 ridge-counts, using both radial and ulnar counts for each finger. The 20 count analysis was much more informative, demonstrating the relative independence of the radial and ulnar sides of the fingers. Moreover, the radial and ulnar counts themselves generally resulted in two factors reflecting counts on the ulnar digits and the median digits. The independence of the thumb was also demonstrated. There was considerable intersample consistency, although some evidence of sex and race variation was observed.", "contents": "Factor analysis of finger ridge-counts in Blacks and Whites. Finger ridge-counts of an American White, American Black and an African Black sample were subjected to factor analysis. The analysis was carried out using correlation matrices computed from 10-ridge counts, each finger being represented by its largest count, and from 20 ridge-counts, using both radial and ulnar counts for each finger. The 20 count analysis was much more informative, demonstrating the relative independence of the radial and ulnar sides of the fingers. Moreover, the radial and ulnar counts themselves generally resulted in two factors reflecting counts on the ulnar digits and the median digits. The independence of the thumb was also demonstrated. There was considerable intersample consistency, although some evidence of sex and race variation was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:931355", "title": "Lead concentrations in semen of healthy men without occupational exposure to lead.", "content": "Lead analyses were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry of semen and blood specimens from 21 medical students and technicians (ages 19 to 41 years) who had no occupational or avocational exposure to lead (Pb). Seminal Pb concentrations averaged 5.9 (S.D. +/- 2.7) microgram per dl (range = 1.0 to 11), and blood Pb concentrations averaged 13.1 (S.D. +/- 3.5) microgram per dl (range = 7.0 to 19). Sperm counts averaged 54 X 10(6) (S.D. +/- 29 X 10(6)) sperm per ml (range = 13 X 10(6) to 120 X 10(6)). Seminal protein concentrations averaged 2.9 (S.D. +/- 0.5) g per dl (range = 2.0 to 4.0). No significant correlations were found between seminal Pb concentrations and blood Pb concentrations or between seminal Pb concentrations and sperm counts. In each subject, the concentration of seminal Pb was less than or equal to the concentration of blood Pb. These measurements are the first published data on seminal Pb concentrations in healthy men, and they serve as reference values for measurements of Pb in semen from Pb-poisoned men.", "contents": "Lead concentrations in semen of healthy men without occupational exposure to lead. Lead analyses were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry of semen and blood specimens from 21 medical students and technicians (ages 19 to 41 years) who had no occupational or avocational exposure to lead (Pb). Seminal Pb concentrations averaged 5.9 (S.D. +/- 2.7) microgram per dl (range = 1.0 to 11), and blood Pb concentrations averaged 13.1 (S.D. +/- 3.5) microgram per dl (range = 7.0 to 19). Sperm counts averaged 54 X 10(6) (S.D. +/- 29 X 10(6)) sperm per ml (range = 13 X 10(6) to 120 X 10(6)). Seminal protein concentrations averaged 2.9 (S.D. +/- 0.5) g per dl (range = 2.0 to 4.0). No significant correlations were found between seminal Pb concentrations and blood Pb concentrations or between seminal Pb concentrations and sperm counts. In each subject, the concentration of seminal Pb was less than or equal to the concentration of blood Pb. These measurements are the first published data on seminal Pb concentrations in healthy men, and they serve as reference values for measurements of Pb in semen from Pb-poisoned men."}
{"id": "PMID:931360", "title": "British and West African facial form in ideal occlusion.", "content": "True lateral cephalometric radiographs of 20 adult male British subjects and 20 Nigerian adult males were collected. All subjects showed an ideal occlusion of the teeth. These radiographs were analysed using a facial polygon joining the points Nasion, Sella, Articulare, Gonion and Menton. Additionally, measurements were made of the axial inclination of the incisor teeth and the distances from the incisal edges and apices of the teeth to the facial plane. Statistical examination of the results using \"t\" tests revealed that the average British mandible had a longer ramus but shorter body joined at a wider angle than the Negro, that the nasal part of the face was longer on average in the British group and that the incisor teeth, on average, projected further and were inclined further forward in the Nigerian group. A linear discriminant function in only three variables predicted with 100 per cent accuracy membership of the two groups. The three variables were the mandibular body length, the height of the nasal part of the face, and the amount by which the incisal edges of the lower incisor teeth projected beyond the facial plane.", "contents": "British and West African facial form in ideal occlusion. True lateral cephalometric radiographs of 20 adult male British subjects and 20 Nigerian adult males were collected. All subjects showed an ideal occlusion of the teeth. These radiographs were analysed using a facial polygon joining the points Nasion, Sella, Articulare, Gonion and Menton. Additionally, measurements were made of the axial inclination of the incisor teeth and the distances from the incisal edges and apices of the teeth to the facial plane. Statistical examination of the results using \"t\" tests revealed that the average British mandible had a longer ramus but shorter body joined at a wider angle than the Negro, that the nasal part of the face was longer on average in the British group and that the incisor teeth, on average, projected further and were inclined further forward in the Nigerian group. A linear discriminant function in only three variables predicted with 100 per cent accuracy membership of the two groups. The three variables were the mandibular body length, the height of the nasal part of the face, and the amount by which the incisal edges of the lower incisor teeth projected beyond the facial plane."}
{"id": "PMID:931361", "title": "Sex and lateral asymmetry of the finger ridge-count.", "content": "In a sample 719 individuals, the bimanual difference in ridge-count (right minus left) differed only slightly between the two sexes, the mean difference being 0-621 (females minus males). This is not statistically significant, but further evidence suggests that this difference may be real.", "contents": "Sex and lateral asymmetry of the finger ridge-count. In a sample 719 individuals, the bimanual difference in ridge-count (right minus left) differed only slightly between the two sexes, the mean difference being 0-621 (females minus males). This is not statistically significant, but further evidence suggests that this difference may be real."}
{"id": "PMID:931362", "title": "An anthropological study of the Malay and the Chinese of Malaysia.", "content": "Data for the ABO blood groups and for handclasping, arm folding, handedness, ear lobe types and camptodactyly are presented for 104 Malay and 57 Chinese males in the city of Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. The two groups exhibit marked differences in the frequencies of most of these attributes.", "contents": "An anthropological study of the Malay and the Chinese of Malaysia. Data for the ABO blood groups and for handclasping, arm folding, handedness, ear lobe types and camptodactyly are presented for 104 Malay and 57 Chinese males in the city of Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia. The two groups exhibit marked differences in the frequencies of most of these attributes."}
{"id": "PMID:931363", "title": "Use of a photodensitometric technique to quantify microscopic lung lesions in mice: Antiviral activity against swine influenza virus.", "content": "During studies of swine influenza virus (A/NJ/76) infection, a technique was devised to quantify the pulmonary lesions in infected mice treated at different time intervals with antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. The technique is based on the premise that as the severity of microscopic change increases, the optical density of lung sections also increases because of edema and increased cell numbers in infected lungs. Seven days after intranasal instillation of the virus, mice were killed and the lungs were perfused with 2% glutaraldehyde at constant pressure. Lungs were processed in a routine manner, sectioned at standard levels, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. By using standard photomicrography equipment, multiple optical density measurements were made of lung sections in a carefully controlled systematic manner, and a mean optical density was determined for each lung. The optical density of lungs of mice treated before and after infection with amantadine, rimantadine, or ribavirin was significantly reduced compared with that of the lungs of infected, untreated controls. If treatment was delayed until 15 h after infection, amantadine and ribavirin were effective in reducing pulmonary optical density, but rimantadine was without effect. These findings correlated well with mean lung weight of each group; however, the sensitivity of the optical density technique was greater. Subjective scoring of microscopic lesions revealed differences only between infected and uninfected controls. The densitometric method offers promise as a reliable means of objectively quantifying the pulmonary response to a variety of infectious, toxic, and therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Use of a photodensitometric technique to quantify microscopic lung lesions in mice: Antiviral activity against swine influenza virus. During studies of swine influenza virus (A/NJ/76) infection, a technique was devised to quantify the pulmonary lesions in infected mice treated at different time intervals with antiviral chemotherapeutic agents. The technique is based on the premise that as the severity of microscopic change increases, the optical density of lung sections also increases because of edema and increased cell numbers in infected lungs. Seven days after intranasal instillation of the virus, mice were killed and the lungs were perfused with 2% glutaraldehyde at constant pressure. Lungs were processed in a routine manner, sectioned at standard levels, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. By using standard photomicrography equipment, multiple optical density measurements were made of lung sections in a carefully controlled systematic manner, and a mean optical density was determined for each lung. The optical density of lungs of mice treated before and after infection with amantadine, rimantadine, or ribavirin was significantly reduced compared with that of the lungs of infected, untreated controls. If treatment was delayed until 15 h after infection, amantadine and ribavirin were effective in reducing pulmonary optical density, but rimantadine was without effect. These findings correlated well with mean lung weight of each group; however, the sensitivity of the optical density technique was greater. Subjective scoring of microscopic lesions revealed differences only between infected and uninfected controls. The densitometric method offers promise as a reliable means of objectively quantifying the pulmonary response to a variety of infectious, toxic, and therapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:931364", "title": "Mechanism of action of EM 49, membrane-active peptide antibiotic.", "content": "EM 49 (recently renamed octapeptin) is a membrane-active peptide antibiotic that has been reported to affect the structure of bacterial membranes (K. S. Rosenthal, P. E. Swanson, and D. R. Storm, Biochemistry 15:5783-5792, 1976). In this study, it is shown that the effects of EM 49 on bacterial metabolism are similar to those of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. EM 49 stimulated bacterial respiration within a narrow concentration range corresponding to minimum inhibitory concentrations and inhibited respiration at concentrations comparable to minimum biocidal concentrations. In addition, the peptide increased membrane proton permeability and lowered the adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool size. Parallel studies done with the related antibiotic polymyxin B demonstrated that the two peptides differed considerably in their effects on bacterial respiration. In contrast to EM 49, polymyxin B did not stimulate respiration at any concentration. It is proposed that the primary action of EM 49 is to disrupt the selective ion permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane, thereby relaxing the membrane potential.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of EM 49, membrane-active peptide antibiotic. EM 49 (recently renamed octapeptin) is a membrane-active peptide antibiotic that has been reported to affect the structure of bacterial membranes (K. S. Rosenthal, P. E. Swanson, and D. R. Storm, Biochemistry 15:5783-5792, 1976). In this study, it is shown that the effects of EM 49 on bacterial metabolism are similar to those of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. EM 49 stimulated bacterial respiration within a narrow concentration range corresponding to minimum inhibitory concentrations and inhibited respiration at concentrations comparable to minimum biocidal concentrations. In addition, the peptide increased membrane proton permeability and lowered the adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool size. Parallel studies done with the related antibiotic polymyxin B demonstrated that the two peptides differed considerably in their effects on bacterial respiration. In contrast to EM 49, polymyxin B did not stimulate respiration at any concentration. It is proposed that the primary action of EM 49 is to disrupt the selective ion permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane, thereby relaxing the membrane potential."}
{"id": "PMID:931365", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "The antibiotic susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates was determined in a tissue culture system. Representatives of all currently recognized serotypes of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents were tested. Tetracycline and erythromycin yielded similar results, with 1.0 mug/ml preventing chlamydial replication. Rifampin was the most active antibiotic, with 0.25 mug/ml completely suppressing inclusion formation of all strains. Fifty percent end points were usually achieved at one-fourth to one-eighth the 100% suppression level. Penicillin was not as effective, and the assays were often irregular. Antibiotic susceptibility of these chlamydiae was essentially the same, regardless of serotype, anatomic site infected, geographic origin, or antibiotic use in the community.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis. The antibiotic susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates was determined in a tissue culture system. Representatives of all currently recognized serotypes of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis agents were tested. Tetracycline and erythromycin yielded similar results, with 1.0 mug/ml preventing chlamydial replication. Rifampin was the most active antibiotic, with 0.25 mug/ml completely suppressing inclusion formation of all strains. Fifty percent end points were usually achieved at one-fourth to one-eighth the 100% suppression level. Penicillin was not as effective, and the assays were often irregular. Antibiotic susceptibility of these chlamydiae was essentially the same, regardless of serotype, anatomic site infected, geographic origin, or antibiotic use in the community."}
{"id": "PMID:931366", "title": "Penetration of cefamandole, cephalothin, and desacetylcephalothin into fibrin clots.", "content": "The conversion of cephalothin into a less active metabolite (desacetylcephalothin) might influence its distribution in tissues. An experimental rabbit model devised to determine concentrations of antibiotics in subcutaneous fibrin clots was used in this study. Groups of five to six animals received 100-mg/kg intravenous injections of either cefamandole or cephalothin. One hour after the injection, the concentration of cefamandole in serum was 20 times higher than that of cephalothin. Whereas cephalothin was undetectable at 4 h, cefamandole was still detectable at the end of the experiment. The half-lives of cephalothin and cefamandole in serum were 16 and 27 min, respectively. The concentration of cefamandole found in fibrin clots was severalfold higher than that of cephalothin. The half-life of cefamandole in clots (81 min) was superior to that of cephalothin (38 min). Although concentrations of both antibiotics were higher in serum than in clots at 1 h, the concentrations of these drugs in the clots persisted at higher levels throughout the next 5 h of the experiment. The extent of binding of cefamandole (87%) to rabbit serum was greater than that of cephalothin (50%). At least 55% of cephalothin was metabolized in vivo into its less active metabolite desacetylcephalothin. This metabolite was found in higher proportion in the serum (75%) than in the clots (55%). Whereas only 12% of the free (unbound) cephalothin reached the clots, 78% of the free cefamandole was found in the clots. This lower level of penetration of unbound cephalothin might be explained by the short half-life of this antibiotic, not permitting equilibrium to occur.", "contents": "Penetration of cefamandole, cephalothin, and desacetylcephalothin into fibrin clots. The conversion of cephalothin into a less active metabolite (desacetylcephalothin) might influence its distribution in tissues. An experimental rabbit model devised to determine concentrations of antibiotics in subcutaneous fibrin clots was used in this study. Groups of five to six animals received 100-mg/kg intravenous injections of either cefamandole or cephalothin. One hour after the injection, the concentration of cefamandole in serum was 20 times higher than that of cephalothin. Whereas cephalothin was undetectable at 4 h, cefamandole was still detectable at the end of the experiment. The half-lives of cephalothin and cefamandole in serum were 16 and 27 min, respectively. The concentration of cefamandole found in fibrin clots was severalfold higher than that of cephalothin. The half-life of cefamandole in clots (81 min) was superior to that of cephalothin (38 min). Although concentrations of both antibiotics were higher in serum than in clots at 1 h, the concentrations of these drugs in the clots persisted at higher levels throughout the next 5 h of the experiment. The extent of binding of cefamandole (87%) to rabbit serum was greater than that of cephalothin (50%). At least 55% of cephalothin was metabolized in vivo into its less active metabolite desacetylcephalothin. This metabolite was found in higher proportion in the serum (75%) than in the clots (55%). Whereas only 12% of the free (unbound) cephalothin reached the clots, 78% of the free cefamandole was found in the clots. This lower level of penetration of unbound cephalothin might be explained by the short half-life of this antibiotic, not permitting equilibrium to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:931367", "title": "Spontaneous implantation of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the digestive tract of chickens in the absence of selective pressure.", "content": "In the absence of selective pressure by antibiotics, resistant enterobacteria implanted rapidly in the intestinal tract of chickens, where these organisms subsequently persisted in high numbers. Food could be an important source of this contamination: resistant Escherichia coli present in small numbers in the diet became rapidly and persistently established in the gut. The human caretaker played a passive role in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between separate groups of chickens. Resistant enteric organisms colonized the gut of animals, with different population sizes. Some strains were able to reach high numbers (10(7) to 10(9)/g), and other strains established themselves at a lower level (10(3) to 10(5)/g), whereas a third type seemed to be only transient inhabitants, unable to persist.", "contents": "Spontaneous implantation of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the digestive tract of chickens in the absence of selective pressure. In the absence of selective pressure by antibiotics, resistant enterobacteria implanted rapidly in the intestinal tract of chickens, where these organisms subsequently persisted in high numbers. Food could be an important source of this contamination: resistant Escherichia coli present in small numbers in the diet became rapidly and persistently established in the gut. The human caretaker played a passive role in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between separate groups of chickens. Resistant enteric organisms colonized the gut of animals, with different population sizes. Some strains were able to reach high numbers (10(7) to 10(9)/g), and other strains established themselves at a lower level (10(3) to 10(5)/g), whereas a third type seemed to be only transient inhabitants, unable to persist."}
{"id": "PMID:931368", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of netilmicin in plasma.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of netilmicin in plasma was developed. The procedures involve acetonitrile protein precipitation, methylene chloride extraction, and dansylation to form the fluorescent dansyl derivative of netilmicin, which is extracted into ethyl acetate and chromatographed on a reverse-phase column with aqueous acetonitrile as the mobile phase. A good linear relationship between peak height measurements and netilmicin concentrations was found. This method is sensitive and reproducible; a netilmicin concentration as low as 0.5 mug/ml can be measured with only 0.1 ml of plasma sample. The results of assays of plasma or serum samples by this high-pressure liquid chromatographic method correlate well with those obtained by microbiological assays.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic assay of netilmicin in plasma. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of netilmicin in plasma was developed. The procedures involve acetonitrile protein precipitation, methylene chloride extraction, and dansylation to form the fluorescent dansyl derivative of netilmicin, which is extracted into ethyl acetate and chromatographed on a reverse-phase column with aqueous acetonitrile as the mobile phase. A good linear relationship between peak height measurements and netilmicin concentrations was found. This method is sensitive and reproducible; a netilmicin concentration as low as 0.5 mug/ml can be measured with only 0.1 ml of plasma sample. The results of assays of plasma or serum samples by this high-pressure liquid chromatographic method correlate well with those obtained by microbiological assays."}
{"id": "PMID:931369", "title": "Blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of several antibiotics in rabbits with intact and inflamed meninges.", "content": "Because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibiotic levels fail to predict either clinical success or relapse in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, we examined simultaneous antibiotic concentrations in the blood, brain, and CSF of control rabbits and of animals with experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Cefamandole pharmacokinetics were analyzed in detail and compared with those of cephalothin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and tobramycin. After 4 h of continuous intravenous infusion, cefamandole reached concentrations in both brain and CSF in excess of the minimal bactericidal concentration for the test organism and compared favorably with ampicillin and penicillin in achieving bacteriological cure. Cephalothin levels in the central nervous system remained undetectable in both control and infected animals during this time. Tobramycin concentrations were measurable in the CSF, but not in brain tissue in association with an inflammatory stimulus.", "contents": "Blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of several antibiotics in rabbits with intact and inflamed meninges. Because cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibiotic levels fail to predict either clinical success or relapse in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, we examined simultaneous antibiotic concentrations in the blood, brain, and CSF of control rabbits and of animals with experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Cefamandole pharmacokinetics were analyzed in detail and compared with those of cephalothin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and tobramycin. After 4 h of continuous intravenous infusion, cefamandole reached concentrations in both brain and CSF in excess of the minimal bactericidal concentration for the test organism and compared favorably with ampicillin and penicillin in achieving bacteriological cure. Cephalothin levels in the central nervous system remained undetectable in both control and infected animals during this time. Tobramycin concentrations were measurable in the CSF, but not in brain tissue in association with an inflammatory stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:931370", "title": "Clinical pharmacology of netilmicin.", "content": "Pharmacological studies of netilmicin were conducted in 30 cancer patients. After intravenous administration of 50 mg of netilmicin or gentamicin per m(2) over a 1-h period in 10 patients, the mean peak serum concentrations occurred at the end of the infusion and were 7.6 and 7.3 mug/ml, respectively. At 6 h, the mean serum concentrations of both drugs was 1.1 mug/ml. After intramuscular injection of 50 mg of netilmicin per m(2) to each of the same 10 patients, the mean peak serum concentration was 5.5 mug/ml and occurred at 1 h, and, at 6 h, the mean serum concentration was 1.4 mug/ml. The mean proportion of netilmicin excreted in urine during 6 h after intramuscular injection was 55%, and after intravenous injection it was 40.9%. Results were similar with gentamicin sulfate. After administering 60 mg of netilmicin per m(2) intravenously over 30 min every 6 h in 9 patients, the mean peak serum concentration (7.9 mug/ml) occurred at the end of the infusion. The concentration gradually decreased to below 2.0 mug/ml after 4 h. Continuous infusion of 60 mg of netilmicin per m(2) every 6 h after a 60-mg/m(2) loading dose in 11 patients produced levels consistently above 2.9 mug/ml, during the initial 6-h infusion, and levels above 2.0 mug/ml for at least 1 week.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology of netilmicin. Pharmacological studies of netilmicin were conducted in 30 cancer patients. After intravenous administration of 50 mg of netilmicin or gentamicin per m(2) over a 1-h period in 10 patients, the mean peak serum concentrations occurred at the end of the infusion and were 7.6 and 7.3 mug/ml, respectively. At 6 h, the mean serum concentrations of both drugs was 1.1 mug/ml. After intramuscular injection of 50 mg of netilmicin per m(2) to each of the same 10 patients, the mean peak serum concentration was 5.5 mug/ml and occurred at 1 h, and, at 6 h, the mean serum concentration was 1.4 mug/ml. The mean proportion of netilmicin excreted in urine during 6 h after intramuscular injection was 55%, and after intravenous injection it was 40.9%. Results were similar with gentamicin sulfate. After administering 60 mg of netilmicin per m(2) intravenously over 30 min every 6 h in 9 patients, the mean peak serum concentration (7.9 mug/ml) occurred at the end of the infusion. The concentration gradually decreased to below 2.0 mug/ml after 4 h. Continuous infusion of 60 mg of netilmicin per m(2) every 6 h after a 60-mg/m(2) loading dose in 11 patients produced levels consistently above 2.9 mug/ml, during the initial 6-h infusion, and levels above 2.0 mug/ml for at least 1 week."}
{"id": "PMID:931371", "title": "Structural requirements of guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity.", "content": "The bactericidal efficacy of 16 guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents was studied in vitro against intact preformed plaques of four oral (plaque-forming) microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii. The activities of these agents were examined in relation to their molecular configurations. These studies indicated that the bis- and biguanide configurations are important for efficacy, as is the length of the alkyl side chain. No structural moiety determined efficacy by itself. Furthermore, the activities of these agents were studied to determine the minimal conditions (concentration, duration, and frequency) of treatment required for likely clinical efficacy. At least six agents were judged to have equal or greater efficacy than the reference agent, chlorhexidine digluconate. A plaque bactericidal index was derived for the most potent agents, and comparison to the bactericidal properties of chlorhexidine was expressed as a chlorhexidine coefficient.", "contents": "Structural requirements of guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents for antiplaque activity. The bactericidal efficacy of 16 guanide, biguanide, and bisbiguanide agents was studied in vitro against intact preformed plaques of four oral (plaque-forming) microorganisms: Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus, and A. naeslundii. The activities of these agents were examined in relation to their molecular configurations. These studies indicated that the bis- and biguanide configurations are important for efficacy, as is the length of the alkyl side chain. No structural moiety determined efficacy by itself. Furthermore, the activities of these agents were studied to determine the minimal conditions (concentration, duration, and frequency) of treatment required for likely clinical efficacy. At least six agents were judged to have equal or greater efficacy than the reference agent, chlorhexidine digluconate. A plaque bactericidal index was derived for the most potent agents, and comparison to the bactericidal properties of chlorhexidine was expressed as a chlorhexidine coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:931372", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "We studied the pharmacokinetics of cefaclor, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, in normal subjects and subjects with chronic renal failure. Cefaclor was largely, but not entirely, eliminated by the kidneys. The cefaclor half-life in normal subjects was 40 to 60 min; in subjects with essentially no renal function, it increased to 3 h. In normal subjects, 50 to 70% of a 250-mg dose was excreted in the urine within 8 h. The linear relationship between the elimination constant and creatinine clearance allowed the construction of a useful dosage modification nomogram.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure. We studied the pharmacokinetics of cefaclor, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, in normal subjects and subjects with chronic renal failure. Cefaclor was largely, but not entirely, eliminated by the kidneys. The cefaclor half-life in normal subjects was 40 to 60 min; in subjects with essentially no renal function, it increased to 3 h. In normal subjects, 50 to 70% of a 250-mg dose was excreted in the urine within 8 h. The linear relationship between the elimination constant and creatinine clearance allowed the construction of a useful dosage modification nomogram."}
{"id": "PMID:931373", "title": "Radiometric determination of the concentration of amphotericin B in body fluids.", "content": "A new assay was developed to determine the concentration of amphotericin B in body fluids. The Bactec radiometric system was used to measure CO(2) production by a test strain, Candida albicans MDA 448, in the presence of amphotericin B. After 5-h incubation, drug concentrations as low as 0.2 mug/ml could be detected. The results are comparable to those of the commonly used agar diffusion assay with Paecilomyces varioti.", "contents": "Radiometric determination of the concentration of amphotericin B in body fluids. A new assay was developed to determine the concentration of amphotericin B in body fluids. The Bactec radiometric system was used to measure CO(2) production by a test strain, Candida albicans MDA 448, in the presence of amphotericin B. After 5-h incubation, drug concentrations as low as 0.2 mug/ml could be detected. The results are comparable to those of the commonly used agar diffusion assay with Paecilomyces varioti."}
{"id": "PMID:931374", "title": "Animal fecal carriership and biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus was found in 44% of the rectal swabs from 377 pigs and in 12% of the swabs from 147 cows. Seventy-one percent of the isolates from pigs showed fibrinolytic activity and grew in colonies of the negative violet type on crystal violet agar. In this group, 47% of the isolates coagulated both human and bovine plasmas and were characterized as intermediate type, whereas 24% coagulated human plasma and were classified as human biotype A. Among the fibrinolysin-negative isolates, 15, 12, and 2% were identifiable as animal biotypes B, C, and E, respectively. The cow isolates were classified as intermediate type (51%), human biotype A (40%), and animal biotype C (9%).", "contents": "Animal fecal carriership and biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 44% of the rectal swabs from 377 pigs and in 12% of the swabs from 147 cows. Seventy-one percent of the isolates from pigs showed fibrinolytic activity and grew in colonies of the negative violet type on crystal violet agar. In this group, 47% of the isolates coagulated both human and bovine plasmas and were characterized as intermediate type, whereas 24% coagulated human plasma and were classified as human biotype A. Among the fibrinolysin-negative isolates, 15, 12, and 2% were identifiable as animal biotypes B, C, and E, respectively. The cow isolates were classified as intermediate type (51%), human biotype A (40%), and animal biotype C (9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:931375", "title": "Nitrification in the intertidal zone: influence of effluent type and effect of tannin on nitrifiers.", "content": "Nitrification by intertidal sediments was measured by using a tide simulator that approximated the cycle of seawater on tidal flats. Sediments were chosen from sites affected by industrial and municipal effluents and pastoral seepage and runoff. The ability of sediments from different sites to nitrify endogenous nitrogen varied markedly. All sites exhibited an initial lag before activity commenced. The duration of this lag and the rate of nitrate production were different at each site. The sediments were also capable of oxidizing NH3-N supplied to them in seawater. This \"nitrification potential\" was highest at sites receiving nitrogenous effluents (slaughterhouse and sewage), but was also substantial in sediments affected by bark extract effluent and pasture runoff. The lowest potential and the longest lag were exhibited by sediments in an apple cannery effluent area. Enrichment cultures of nitrifying microorganisms were obtained from all sites using NH4+ as a source of energy, but enrichments for nitrite oxidizers were unsuccessful. Concentrated pine bark tannins, similar in origin to those in effluents at the well-nitrifying chipmill site, were tested for toxicity to pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria. Two Nitrobacter strains and one Nitrosomonas strain were unaffected by tannins even at 5 mg/ml. A Nitrosolobus and a Nitrosospira strain were inhibited partially at 5 mg/ml and only slightly or not at all at 1 mg/ml.", "contents": "Nitrification in the intertidal zone: influence of effluent type and effect of tannin on nitrifiers. Nitrification by intertidal sediments was measured by using a tide simulator that approximated the cycle of seawater on tidal flats. Sediments were chosen from sites affected by industrial and municipal effluents and pastoral seepage and runoff. The ability of sediments from different sites to nitrify endogenous nitrogen varied markedly. All sites exhibited an initial lag before activity commenced. The duration of this lag and the rate of nitrate production were different at each site. The sediments were also capable of oxidizing NH3-N supplied to them in seawater. This \"nitrification potential\" was highest at sites receiving nitrogenous effluents (slaughterhouse and sewage), but was also substantial in sediments affected by bark extract effluent and pasture runoff. The lowest potential and the longest lag were exhibited by sediments in an apple cannery effluent area. Enrichment cultures of nitrifying microorganisms were obtained from all sites using NH4+ as a source of energy, but enrichments for nitrite oxidizers were unsuccessful. Concentrated pine bark tannins, similar in origin to those in effluents at the well-nitrifying chipmill site, were tested for toxicity to pure cultures of nitrifying bacteria. Two Nitrobacter strains and one Nitrosomonas strain were unaffected by tannins even at 5 mg/ml. A Nitrosolobus and a Nitrosospira strain were inhibited partially at 5 mg/ml and only slightly or not at all at 1 mg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:931376", "title": "Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine.", "content": "The minimum emetic dose of deoxynivalenol to swine weighing 9 to 10 kg was 0.05 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg orally. There was no emesis by undosed pigs consuming vomitus from pigs orally dosed with deoxynivalenol or penned with such pigs without access to vomitus. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of a sample of Gibberella zeae-infected corn containing about 25% visually damaged kernels indicated 12 ppm of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol added to feed reduced feed consumption of 20- to 45-kg pigs, ranging from a 20% decrease with 3.6 ppm to 90% reduction with 40 ppm. Loss in weight was associated with feed refusal. Feed refusal, however, was much greater for naturally infected corn samples than for feeds with equal concentrations of the pure compound added, indicating the involvement of an additional factor(s) in the swine refusal response.", "contents": "Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. The minimum emetic dose of deoxynivalenol to swine weighing 9 to 10 kg was 0.05 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg orally. There was no emesis by undosed pigs consuming vomitus from pigs orally dosed with deoxynivalenol or penned with such pigs without access to vomitus. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of a sample of Gibberella zeae-infected corn containing about 25% visually damaged kernels indicated 12 ppm of deoxynivalenol. Deoxynivalenol added to feed reduced feed consumption of 20- to 45-kg pigs, ranging from a 20% decrease with 3.6 ppm to 90% reduction with 40 ppm. Loss in weight was associated with feed refusal. Feed refusal, however, was much greater for naturally infected corn samples than for feeds with equal concentrations of the pure compound added, indicating the involvement of an additional factor(s) in the swine refusal response."}
{"id": "PMID:931377", "title": "Epichlo\u00eb typhina from toxic tall fescue grasses.", "content": "Epichlo\u00eb typhina, a clavicipitaceous systemic phytopathogen, was isolated from two varieties and three hybrids of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae). The morphology of the fescue isolates was compared with E. typhina isolated from bent grass (Agrostis perennans). In all isolates, conidia were identical and were typical of E. typhina. In fescue grasses the endophyte failed to produce stromata, but on bent grass the fungus seasonally produced stromata, typical of the genus. Cattle grazing the fescue grasses showed signs of the fescue toxicity syndrome, the E. typhina was found in frequencies of 100%; in grasses from pastures in which cattle showed no signs of the syndrome, frequencies were 0 to 50%. Nutritional factors in vitro were more complex for the isolates from fescue than for the isolate from bent grass. These studies suggested that E. typhina includes biotypes that might be involved in the toxicity syndrome. The fescue biotypes grew poorly on media, and yields were inadequate for toxicity studies. However, the bent grass isolate grew well on three media, and extracts from two of these were toxic to chicken embryos. All isolates produced in vitro the nontoxic fungal steroid tetraenone [ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one], which has been isolated from toxic fescue grasses.", "contents": "Epichlo\u00eb typhina from toxic tall fescue grasses. Epichlo\u00eb typhina, a clavicipitaceous systemic phytopathogen, was isolated from two varieties and three hybrids of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae). The morphology of the fescue isolates was compared with E. typhina isolated from bent grass (Agrostis perennans). In all isolates, conidia were identical and were typical of E. typhina. In fescue grasses the endophyte failed to produce stromata, but on bent grass the fungus seasonally produced stromata, typical of the genus. Cattle grazing the fescue grasses showed signs of the fescue toxicity syndrome, the E. typhina was found in frequencies of 100%; in grasses from pastures in which cattle showed no signs of the syndrome, frequencies were 0 to 50%. Nutritional factors in vitro were more complex for the isolates from fescue than for the isolate from bent grass. These studies suggested that E. typhina includes biotypes that might be involved in the toxicity syndrome. The fescue biotypes grew poorly on media, and yields were inadequate for toxicity studies. However, the bent grass isolate grew well on three media, and extracts from two of these were toxic to chicken embryos. All isolates produced in vitro the nontoxic fungal steroid tetraenone [ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one], which has been isolated from toxic fescue grasses."}
{"id": "PMID:931378", "title": "Electron microscopy of Mycoplasma pneumoniae microcolonies grown on solid surfaces.", "content": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae sprain CL-8 was studied by using various surfaces for adherence and growth. Cells grown on Epon 812, Formvar, carbon, and glass were of similar morphology. Thin Epon pieces were good material for culturing the organisms and examining thin-sectioned microcolonies by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of Mycoplasma pneumoniae microcolonies grown on solid surfaces. Mycoplasma pneumoniae sprain CL-8 was studied by using various surfaces for adherence and growth. Cells grown on Epon 812, Formvar, carbon, and glass were of similar morphology. Thin Epon pieces were good material for culturing the organisms and examining thin-sectioned microcolonies by transmission electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:931379", "title": "Limitations of lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth in the presumptive identification of Salmonella.", "content": "Lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth performed satisfactorily in the presumptive identification of Salmonella in preenriched food and animal feed samples enriched in tetrathionate-brilliant green broth. Homologous results from selenite-cystine enrichment broths yielded unacceptably high numbers of false negative reactions.", "contents": "Limitations of lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth in the presumptive identification of Salmonella. Lysine-iron-cystine-neutral red broth performed satisfactorily in the presumptive identification of Salmonella in preenriched food and animal feed samples enriched in tetrathionate-brilliant green broth. Homologous results from selenite-cystine enrichment broths yielded unacceptably high numbers of false negative reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:931380", "title": "Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus after chilling in transport media: an explanation for divergent findings.", "content": "Differing incidences of Vibrio parahaemolyticus reported by separate government agencies are attributable to sample handling and subsequent isolation techniques.", "contents": "Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus after chilling in transport media: an explanation for divergent findings. Differing incidences of Vibrio parahaemolyticus reported by separate government agencies are attributable to sample handling and subsequent isolation techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:931381", "title": "Stimulation of the growth and respiration of a methylotrophic bacterium by morphine.", "content": "The growth of a pseudomonad on methanol was stimulated by the presence of morphine (or codeine) in the medium. The drug appeared to influence the amount of growth rather than its rate. Respiration of resting cells on a variety of substrates was stimulated by adding morphine. This report appears to be the first case of a microorganism whose growth and respiration is stimulated by an opiate.", "contents": "Stimulation of the growth and respiration of a methylotrophic bacterium by morphine. The growth of a pseudomonad on methanol was stimulated by the presence of morphine (or codeine) in the medium. The drug appeared to influence the amount of growth rather than its rate. Respiration of resting cells on a variety of substrates was stimulated by adding morphine. This report appears to be the first case of a microorganism whose growth and respiration is stimulated by an opiate."}
{"id": "PMID:931382", "title": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. III. Variations in the number and size of regenerated fibers after localized freezing].", "content": "The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastroenemius muscles of 45 rats in which the left sciatic nerve had suffered an localized freezing. The nerves have been observed from 10 to 720 days after the operation. In the contralateral nerve, the number of myelinated fibers decreased in average to 18.8%, the mean diameter to 11,2%. Male rats appeared to be more sensitive than female to the effects of the operation. In the regenerating nerve, the number of myelinated fibers returned to normal during 4th week and later increased up to a mean of 124%. Their distribution became bimodal after the 60th day. Both histograms could be superposed by the 330th day and the mean diameter came back to normal soon afterwards.", "contents": "[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. III. Variations in the number and size of regenerated fibers after localized freezing]. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastroenemius muscles of 45 rats in which the left sciatic nerve had suffered an localized freezing. The nerves have been observed from 10 to 720 days after the operation. In the contralateral nerve, the number of myelinated fibers decreased in average to 18.8%, the mean diameter to 11,2%. Male rats appeared to be more sensitive than female to the effects of the operation. In the regenerating nerve, the number of myelinated fibers returned to normal during 4th week and later increased up to a mean of 124%. Their distribution became bimodal after the 60th day. Both histograms could be superposed by the 330th day and the mean diameter came back to normal soon afterwards."}
{"id": "PMID:931383", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic study on the incorporation of tritiated leucine at the level of the subfornical organ in the normal and dehydrated rat].", "content": "The histo-autoradiographic study of the subfornical organ by incorporation of 3H-Leucine in normal and dehydrated rats shows the existence of a protein synthesis; this synthesis is more important in dehydrated rats. Other studies are necessary to determine the nature and role of the substance synthetized.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic study on the incorporation of tritiated leucine at the level of the subfornical organ in the normal and dehydrated rat]. The histo-autoradiographic study of the subfornical organ by incorporation of 3H-Leucine in normal and dehydrated rats shows the existence of a protein synthesis; this synthesis is more important in dehydrated rats. Other studies are necessary to determine the nature and role of the substance synthetized."}
{"id": "PMID:931384", "title": "[Mineralization at the level of the calcified cartilage zone. Value and significance of the spicule of calcification].", "content": "The calcified cartilaginous spicule, generated in the zone of the calcified cartilage, is included in the primary metaphysis. It is generally admitted that the spicule had a homogeneous structure. Studies of structure and ultrastructure of the calcified spicule made the existence of two definitely different zones obvious: one at the periphery of the spicule, the other in the center. The process of mineralization, noticed on the cartilaginous column, reveals that vesicules are at the origin of mineralization of the peripheral zone and that mineralization of the central zone involves the granules of proteoglycans more particularly.", "contents": "[Mineralization at the level of the calcified cartilage zone. Value and significance of the spicule of calcification]. The calcified cartilaginous spicule, generated in the zone of the calcified cartilage, is included in the primary metaphysis. It is generally admitted that the spicule had a homogeneous structure. Studies of structure and ultrastructure of the calcified spicule made the existence of two definitely different zones obvious: one at the periphery of the spicule, the other in the center. The process of mineralization, noticed on the cartilaginous column, reveals that vesicules are at the origin of mineralization of the peripheral zone and that mineralization of the central zone involves the granules of proteoglycans more particularly."}
{"id": "PMID:931386", "title": "The morphological phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors.", "content": "The work is devoted to the study of a peculiar morphological phenomenon called paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors. In its most general form this phenomenon takes the form of a flattening and an enlargement of the nerve bundles which surround the vessel in the zones of their paravascular localization. The nerve fibres undergo a number of morphological changes, the most characteristic of which are: proliferation of Schwann elements, foci of \"demyelinization\", varicose swelling of axons, mesh-like formations in the axis-cylinders. These changes are seen mainly in the myelinated fibres of afferent origin. The unmyelinated vegetative fibres remain unchanged in the zones of paravascular localization. The phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of the nerve conductors is of wide-spread occurrence in mammals and humans. It is found most often in flat organs and tissues whose thinness results in contiguity of blood-supplying vessels and nerve conductors. The role of vascular mobility as factor in the morphological reorganization of nerve conductors at their points of intersection and contact within the vascular walls is discussed.", "contents": "The morphological phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors. The work is devoted to the study of a peculiar morphological phenomenon called paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors. In its most general form this phenomenon takes the form of a flattening and an enlargement of the nerve bundles which surround the vessel in the zones of their paravascular localization. The nerve fibres undergo a number of morphological changes, the most characteristic of which are: proliferation of Schwann elements, foci of \"demyelinization\", varicose swelling of axons, mesh-like formations in the axis-cylinders. These changes are seen mainly in the myelinated fibres of afferent origin. The unmyelinated vegetative fibres remain unchanged in the zones of paravascular localization. The phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of the nerve conductors is of wide-spread occurrence in mammals and humans. It is found most often in flat organs and tissues whose thinness results in contiguity of blood-supplying vessels and nerve conductors. The role of vascular mobility as factor in the morphological reorganization of nerve conductors at their points of intersection and contact within the vascular walls is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931387", "title": "Vitiligo and juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Five juvenile diabetics had vitiligo. In two children, the vitiligo preceded the onset of diabetes. Four of the five patients had thyroid, adrenal, or gastric antibodies or a combination of these. In three children HLA-B8 antigens were detected, and one additional patient had HLA-Bw15. Of eight nondiabetic children with vitiligo, one had abnormal glucose tolerance. To the evidence supporting an autoimmune form of diabetes mellitus we add another observation: the association of insulin-dependent diabetes and childhood vitiligo.", "contents": "Vitiligo and juvenile diabetes mellitus. Five juvenile diabetics had vitiligo. In two children, the vitiligo preceded the onset of diabetes. Four of the five patients had thyroid, adrenal, or gastric antibodies or a combination of these. In three children HLA-B8 antigens were detected, and one additional patient had HLA-Bw15. Of eight nondiabetic children with vitiligo, one had abnormal glucose tolerance. To the evidence supporting an autoimmune form of diabetes mellitus we add another observation: the association of insulin-dependent diabetes and childhood vitiligo."}
{"id": "PMID:931388", "title": "HLA-A10 in pemphigus among Japanese.", "content": "The frequency of the major histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A10, was significantly increased (corrected P less than .025) in 43 unrelated patients with pemphigus vulgaris (41.9%) and in 25 patients with pemphigus foliaceus (48.0%), when compared with 60 unrelated healthy controls (16.7%). No significant correlations with other HLA or differences between pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus were observed. Both forms of pemphigus were considered to link with the HLA-A10.", "contents": "HLA-A10 in pemphigus among Japanese. The frequency of the major histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A10, was significantly increased (corrected P less than .025) in 43 unrelated patients with pemphigus vulgaris (41.9%) and in 25 patients with pemphigus foliaceus (48.0%), when compared with 60 unrelated healthy controls (16.7%). No significant correlations with other HLA or differences between pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus were observed. Both forms of pemphigus were considered to link with the HLA-A10."}
{"id": "PMID:931389", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with long-wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Repeated wxposures of 4 by 5-cm sites to erythemogenic doses (20 to 300 joules/sq cm) of long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A; 320 to 400 nm) led to improvement of the psoriasis vulgaris condition in nine of ten patients treated. Comparison studies showed the therapeutic responses to be similar to that of daily sunburn spectrum (UV-B; 290 to 320 nm) radiation. This finding suggests that the therapeutic response spectrum for psoriasis may parallel the action spectrum for delayed erythema of all portions of the ultraviolet spectrum that pass through psoriatic scale.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with long-wave ultraviolet light. Repeated wxposures of 4 by 5-cm sites to erythemogenic doses (20 to 300 joules/sq cm) of long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A; 320 to 400 nm) led to improvement of the psoriasis vulgaris condition in nine of ten patients treated. Comparison studies showed the therapeutic responses to be similar to that of daily sunburn spectrum (UV-B; 290 to 320 nm) radiation. This finding suggests that the therapeutic response spectrum for psoriasis may parallel the action spectrum for delayed erythema of all portions of the ultraviolet spectrum that pass through psoriatic scale."}
{"id": "PMID:931390", "title": "Smokers' melanosis. Occurrence and localization in the attached gingiva.", "content": "The aim was to clinically study the frequency and extension of the melanin pigmentation in the attached gingiva and its relation to tobacco smoking. The population examined consisted of patients and dental nurse students at the School of Dentistry in Ume\u00e5, Sweden. All of the patients with pigmentation proved to be tobacco smokers. The pigmentation was given to name \"smokers' melanosis.\". Between 12.9% and 14.9% of those examined and between 25.5% and 31.0% of those who smoked had smokers' melanosis. Patients with smokers' melanosis had a significantly higher tobacco consumption than smokers without pigmentation. In 95.2%, smokers' melanosis was found in the mandible and was most common in the attached gingiva on the labial side of the canines and incisors. Smokers' melanosis is thus condidered to be caused by tobacco smoking and is expected to be found in other parts of the oral mucosa.", "contents": "Smokers' melanosis. Occurrence and localization in the attached gingiva. The aim was to clinically study the frequency and extension of the melanin pigmentation in the attached gingiva and its relation to tobacco smoking. The population examined consisted of patients and dental nurse students at the School of Dentistry in Ume\u00e5, Sweden. All of the patients with pigmentation proved to be tobacco smokers. The pigmentation was given to name \"smokers' melanosis.\". Between 12.9% and 14.9% of those examined and between 25.5% and 31.0% of those who smoked had smokers' melanosis. Patients with smokers' melanosis had a significantly higher tobacco consumption than smokers without pigmentation. In 95.2%, smokers' melanosis was found in the mandible and was most common in the attached gingiva on the labial side of the canines and incisors. Smokers' melanosis is thus condidered to be caused by tobacco smoking and is expected to be found in other parts of the oral mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:931391", "title": "Topically applied antifungal agents. Percutaneous penetration and prophylactic activity against trichophyton mentagrophytes infection.", "content": "Penetration and prophylactic activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of topically applied antifungal agents were studied in human volunteers. The concentration and persistence of drug in the stratum corneum was determined after different treatment schedules and from different vehicles. Measurable levels of griseofulvin, clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate, and thiabendazole remained in the skin four days after discontinuation of topical applications. Griseofulvin, miconazole, and clotrimazole exhibited prophylactic activity against infection by T mentagrophytes spores in a standardized test. Griseofulvin was a significantly better prophylactic agent than either miconazole or clotrimazole.", "contents": "Topically applied antifungal agents. Percutaneous penetration and prophylactic activity against trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. Penetration and prophylactic activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of topically applied antifungal agents were studied in human volunteers. The concentration and persistence of drug in the stratum corneum was determined after different treatment schedules and from different vehicles. Measurable levels of griseofulvin, clotrimazole, miconazole nitrate, and thiabendazole remained in the skin four days after discontinuation of topical applications. Griseofulvin, miconazole, and clotrimazole exhibited prophylactic activity against infection by T mentagrophytes spores in a standardized test. Griseofulvin was a significantly better prophylactic agent than either miconazole or clotrimazole."}
{"id": "PMID:931392", "title": "Cell populations in experimental contact dermatitis.", "content": "Sequential biopsy specimens from contact dermatitis induced in the guinea pig by the application of dinitrochlorobenzene were studied by histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopical methods. At 12 hours, mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells reached their peak numbers. Increasing numbers of basophils were observed, and at 24 and 48 hours, the basophils reached their maximal numbers. The basophils were observed not only in the dermis but also in the epidermis, and they may have had an active role in inflammation or repair. A close relationship was noted between the macrophage and all of the successive cell populations in the dermis.", "contents": "Cell populations in experimental contact dermatitis. Sequential biopsy specimens from contact dermatitis induced in the guinea pig by the application of dinitrochlorobenzene were studied by histologic, histochemical, and electron microscopical methods. At 12 hours, mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells reached their peak numbers. Increasing numbers of basophils were observed, and at 24 and 48 hours, the basophils reached their maximal numbers. The basophils were observed not only in the dermis but also in the epidermis, and they may have had an active role in inflammation or repair. A close relationship was noted between the macrophage and all of the successive cell populations in the dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:931393", "title": "Topical treatment of herpes labialis with chloroform.", "content": "The efficacy of topical chloroform treatment of herpes labialis (HL) was evaluated in 50 patients with culture-verified HL. Treatment was begun within 48 hours of lesion onset, with either chloroform or camphor-in-oil placebo applied locally once a day for three days. Patients were observed daily by one investigator who also cultured and photographed the lesions. The photographs were evaluated by two other investigators. By direct observation, the time for scab formation was significantly less in the group treated with chloroform (P less than .01). No difference in time to healing was noted. Blind evaluation of the serial photographs showed a trend for more rapid scab formation and healing in patients treated with chloroform, but the differences were not significant. The minimal benefit derived from topical chloroform therapy of HL does not appear sufficient to recommend its routine use.", "contents": "Topical treatment of herpes labialis with chloroform. The efficacy of topical chloroform treatment of herpes labialis (HL) was evaluated in 50 patients with culture-verified HL. Treatment was begun within 48 hours of lesion onset, with either chloroform or camphor-in-oil placebo applied locally once a day for three days. Patients were observed daily by one investigator who also cultured and photographed the lesions. The photographs were evaluated by two other investigators. By direct observation, the time for scab formation was significantly less in the group treated with chloroform (P less than .01). No difference in time to healing was noted. Blind evaluation of the serial photographs showed a trend for more rapid scab formation and healing in patients treated with chloroform, but the differences were not significant. The minimal benefit derived from topical chloroform therapy of HL does not appear sufficient to recommend its routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:931394", "title": "Erythropoietic porphyria. Two cases and the results of metabolic alkalinization.", "content": "Two previously unreported cases of erythropoietic porphyria are presented. Therapeutic modalities are discussed along with the results of both short- and long-term metabolic alkalinization. Although there was a substantial increase in urinary coproporphyrin excretion during a six- to 8-day period of alkalinization, three months of alkalinization therapy resulted in no substantial depletion of porphyrin stores and both patients continued to have new skin lesions develop, indicating no clinical improvement.", "contents": "Erythropoietic porphyria. Two cases and the results of metabolic alkalinization. Two previously unreported cases of erythropoietic porphyria are presented. Therapeutic modalities are discussed along with the results of both short- and long-term metabolic alkalinization. Although there was a substantial increase in urinary coproporphyrin excretion during a six- to 8-day period of alkalinization, three months of alkalinization therapy resulted in no substantial depletion of porphyrin stores and both patients continued to have new skin lesions develop, indicating no clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:931395", "title": "Ulcers of the leg in thalassemia.", "content": "Four patients had thalassemia and leg ulcers. In three patients the hematologic diagnosis of thalassemia had not been previously made; the presenting symptom was the leg ulcer. The diagnosis of thalassemia should be considered in patients who have unexplained chronic leg ulcers; the incidence of this complication of thalassemia may be higher than previously reported.", "contents": "Ulcers of the leg in thalassemia. Four patients had thalassemia and leg ulcers. In three patients the hematologic diagnosis of thalassemia had not been previously made; the presenting symptom was the leg ulcer. The diagnosis of thalassemia should be considered in patients who have unexplained chronic leg ulcers; the incidence of this complication of thalassemia may be higher than previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:931396", "title": "DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome. A case report with autopsy findings.", "content": "One of the first patients studied by Cleaver on the DNA repair defect to ultraviolet light damage in xeroderma pigmentosum has been subjected to autopsy examination. This patient had the DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome (microcephaly, dwarfism, mental deficiency, and choreoathetosis). Her autopsy findings were similar to those of the other three patients with this syndrome, emphasizing olivopontocerebellar atrophy, who underwent autopsy. The patient apparently could not tolerate psoralens because of increased incidence of carcinoma formation.", "contents": "DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome. A case report with autopsy findings. One of the first patients studied by Cleaver on the DNA repair defect to ultraviolet light damage in xeroderma pigmentosum has been subjected to autopsy examination. This patient had the DeSanctis-Cacchione syndrome (microcephaly, dwarfism, mental deficiency, and choreoathetosis). Her autopsy findings were similar to those of the other three patients with this syndrome, emphasizing olivopontocerebellar atrophy, who underwent autopsy. The patient apparently could not tolerate psoralens because of increased incidence of carcinoma formation."}
{"id": "PMID:931397", "title": "Acquired periungual fibrokeratoma. A rare benign tumor previously described as the garlic-clove fibroma.", "content": "A rare periungual tumor, clinically and histologically identical to the acquired digital fibrokeratoma, is discussed in association with the differential diagnosis of acral digital nodules. It is believed that this is the first report that conclusively links the previously described garlic-clove fibroma with the acquired digital fibrokeratoma.", "contents": "Acquired periungual fibrokeratoma. A rare benign tumor previously described as the garlic-clove fibroma. A rare periungual tumor, clinically and histologically identical to the acquired digital fibrokeratoma, is discussed in association with the differential diagnosis of acral digital nodules. It is believed that this is the first report that conclusively links the previously described garlic-clove fibroma with the acquired digital fibrokeratoma."}
{"id": "PMID:931398", "title": "Halo congenital nevus.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman noted a depigmented halo around a pigmented lesion that had been present on her abdomen since birth. The halo and the central pigmented zone showed no change during the following year. Light and electron microscopic studies disclosed an uninflamed nevus extending to the deep reticular dermis; peripherally, the basal layer of the epidermis was depigmented. These findings indicate that a halo may develop about an uninflamed nevus that does not involute, and that the nevus may show the specific histopathology of congenital nevus.", "contents": "Halo congenital nevus. A 24-year-old woman noted a depigmented halo around a pigmented lesion that had been present on her abdomen since birth. The halo and the central pigmented zone showed no change during the following year. Light and electron microscopic studies disclosed an uninflamed nevus extending to the deep reticular dermis; peripherally, the basal layer of the epidermis was depigmented. These findings indicate that a halo may develop about an uninflamed nevus that does not involute, and that the nevus may show the specific histopathology of congenital nevus."}
{"id": "PMID:931399", "title": "Atypical multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with paraproteinemia.", "content": "Two women had multiple subcutaneous nodules that showed features of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR). Neither had joint symptoms. Both had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an immunoglobulin G paraproteinemia, and raised levels of nonhepatic serum alkaline phosphatase. The skin lesions have been followed up, using light and electron microscopy, immunoperoxidase, and histochemical methods. The material in the giant cells stained positively for gamma heavy chain determinants: the light chain type in each case was that of the paraprotein. An attempt to reproduce the skin lesions in one patient by intradermal injection of her paraprotein failed.", "contents": "Atypical multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with paraproteinemia. Two women had multiple subcutaneous nodules that showed features of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR). Neither had joint symptoms. Both had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an immunoglobulin G paraproteinemia, and raised levels of nonhepatic serum alkaline phosphatase. The skin lesions have been followed up, using light and electron microscopy, immunoperoxidase, and histochemical methods. The material in the giant cells stained positively for gamma heavy chain determinants: the light chain type in each case was that of the paraprotein. An attempt to reproduce the skin lesions in one patient by intradermal injection of her paraprotein failed."}
{"id": "PMID:931400", "title": "Ulcerative systematized porokeratosis (Mibelli).", "content": "An unusual clinical variant of porokeratosis (Mibelli's disease) appeared in a patient soon after birth; the lesions were widely distributed mostly on the right half of the body. Spontaneous recurrent ulcerations occurred over certain sites. The right foot was grossly deformed as a result of atrophic scarring after ulcerations. Biopsy specimens of the classical lesion showed cornoid lamella. It is suggested that the term \"ulcerative systematized porokeratosis\" be used to describe this clinical variant of porokeratosis.", "contents": "Ulcerative systematized porokeratosis (Mibelli). An unusual clinical variant of porokeratosis (Mibelli's disease) appeared in a patient soon after birth; the lesions were widely distributed mostly on the right half of the body. Spontaneous recurrent ulcerations occurred over certain sites. The right foot was grossly deformed as a result of atrophic scarring after ulcerations. Biopsy specimens of the classical lesion showed cornoid lamella. It is suggested that the term \"ulcerative systematized porokeratosis\" be used to describe this clinical variant of porokeratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931401", "title": "Recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "Pyoderma gangrenosum has been associated with myelogenous leukemia and plasma cell dyscrasia. When associated with leukemia, pyoderma gangrenosum often has a distinctive clinical presentation with an advancing bullous margin. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown, although defective immune mechanisms may be operative. The occurrence of pyoderma gangrenosum and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia in the same patient has now been reported sufficiently to make it a recognized association.", "contents": "Recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Pyoderma gangrenosum has been associated with myelogenous leukemia and plasma cell dyscrasia. When associated with leukemia, pyoderma gangrenosum often has a distinctive clinical presentation with an advancing bullous margin. The pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown, although defective immune mechanisms may be operative. The occurrence of pyoderma gangrenosum and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia in the same patient has now been reported sufficiently to make it a recognized association."}
{"id": "PMID:931402", "title": "Cobb syndrome.", "content": "Cobb syndrome consists of a vascular skin nevus associated with an angioma in the spinal cord. We describe a young man with this condition. To our knowledge, this is the 28th case reported. Cobb syndrome must be differentiated from other syndromes characterized by vascular cutaneous lesions associated with central nervous system abnormalities, such as Sturge-Weber, Osler-Weber-Rendu, Fabry-Anderson, von Hippel-Lindau, and ataxia telangiectasia.", "contents": "Cobb syndrome. Cobb syndrome consists of a vascular skin nevus associated with an angioma in the spinal cord. We describe a young man with this condition. To our knowledge, this is the 28th case reported. Cobb syndrome must be differentiated from other syndromes characterized by vascular cutaneous lesions associated with central nervous system abnormalities, such as Sturge-Weber, Osler-Weber-Rendu, Fabry-Anderson, von Hippel-Lindau, and ataxia telangiectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:931403", "title": "Diffuse eosinophilic fasciitis. A new syndrome or variant of Scleroderma?", "content": "Recently, attention has been drawn to a scleroderma-like illness, characterized by transient eosinophilia, which is commonly antedated by unusual physical exertion, is apparently free from significant systemic changes, and in which the primary pathological alterations, consisting of intense inflammation and thickening with or without eosinophils, occur initially in the fascia, not the skin. These patients are said to respond well to oral corticosteroids and an occasional one may undergo spontaneous resolution. Clinicopathologic study of a patient with this syndrome, suggests an even deeper tissue genesis than that recently proposed for some of the cutaneoindurative disorders. Eosinophilic fasciitis probably represents an impressive, but perhaps relatively benign variant of diffuse scleroderma, according to reported cases.", "contents": "Diffuse eosinophilic fasciitis. A new syndrome or variant of Scleroderma? Recently, attention has been drawn to a scleroderma-like illness, characterized by transient eosinophilia, which is commonly antedated by unusual physical exertion, is apparently free from significant systemic changes, and in which the primary pathological alterations, consisting of intense inflammation and thickening with or without eosinophils, occur initially in the fascia, not the skin. These patients are said to respond well to oral corticosteroids and an occasional one may undergo spontaneous resolution. Clinicopathologic study of a patient with this syndrome, suggests an even deeper tissue genesis than that recently proposed for some of the cutaneoindurative disorders. Eosinophilic fasciitis probably represents an impressive, but perhaps relatively benign variant of diffuse scleroderma, according to reported cases."}
{"id": "PMID:931421", "title": "Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. Clinical, radiological, and pathological information on 10 patients.", "content": "Review of 10 cases of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia has shown a wide range of clinical effects and some variability in the radiographic features. Respiratory difficulty was severe in 7 babies and lethal in 6 of these. The seventh child is remarkable for his normal stature and excellent health at 15 years of age. 3 babies had no respiratory difficulty but 2 of them subsequently died of renal failure; one remains alive at 3 years. Microscopical abnormalities in the liver and kidneys were very frequent and appeared to increase progressively with age.", "contents": "Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia. Clinical, radiological, and pathological information on 10 patients. Review of 10 cases of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia has shown a wide range of clinical effects and some variability in the radiographic features. Respiratory difficulty was severe in 7 babies and lethal in 6 of these. The seventh child is remarkable for his normal stature and excellent health at 15 years of age. 3 babies had no respiratory difficulty but 2 of them subsequently died of renal failure; one remains alive at 3 years. Microscopical abnormalities in the liver and kidneys were very frequent and appeared to increase progressively with age."}
{"id": "PMID:931423", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis. Controlled study of 3 years' experience in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "During the 3 years 1972-74, 17 infants were treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the Neonatal Unit at University College Hospital. The incidence of the illness was 0.2% of live births in the hospital and 2.7% of those referred from elsewhere. The mean birthweight of the affected infants was 1832 g (range 878-3850 g) and mean gestational age 33 weeks (range 28-40 weeks). The illness was diagnosed at a mean age of 16 days (range 3-33 days). 14 infants (82%) survived. One infant developed NEC because of a volvulus, and another because of an apparently abnormal arterial supply to a segment of bowel. Each of the remaining 15 infants was matched with 3 control infants in order to see whether any factors predisposing to the development of NEC could be identified. Birth asphysia, the use of umbilical catheters, the length of time that these catheters were in place, and complications of catheterization were all significantly more frequent in the infants who developed NEC than in the controls. These findings support the view that hypoxia and ischaemia of the gut wall are important in the pathogenesis of NEC.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis. Controlled study of 3 years' experience in a neonatal intensive care unit. During the 3 years 1972-74, 17 infants were treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the Neonatal Unit at University College Hospital. The incidence of the illness was 0.2% of live births in the hospital and 2.7% of those referred from elsewhere. The mean birthweight of the affected infants was 1832 g (range 878-3850 g) and mean gestational age 33 weeks (range 28-40 weeks). The illness was diagnosed at a mean age of 16 days (range 3-33 days). 14 infants (82%) survived. One infant developed NEC because of a volvulus, and another because of an apparently abnormal arterial supply to a segment of bowel. Each of the remaining 15 infants was matched with 3 control infants in order to see whether any factors predisposing to the development of NEC could be identified. Birth asphysia, the use of umbilical catheters, the length of time that these catheters were in place, and complications of catheterization were all significantly more frequent in the infants who developed NEC than in the controls. These findings support the view that hypoxia and ischaemia of the gut wall are important in the pathogenesis of NEC."}
{"id": "PMID:931424", "title": "Relation of maternal and cord blood serum ferritin.", "content": "Serum ferritin was measured in 51 term normal pregnant mothers and the corresponding cord blood samples. All of the mothers had received prophylactic  oral iron and folate during pregnancy. The mean (+/-SD) maternal serum ferritin at the end of pregnancy was 58 +/- 42.9 microgram/l (range 16-201 microgram/l), compared to a mean of 183.2 +/- 61.2 microgram/l (range 62-313 microgram/l) in these newborns. No correlation was found between the serum ferritin of mothers and babies, nor between the serum ferritin and serum iron of mothers at the end of pregnancy or between these parameters in the newborn.", "contents": "Relation of maternal and cord blood serum ferritin. Serum ferritin was measured in 51 term normal pregnant mothers and the corresponding cord blood samples. All of the mothers had received prophylactic  oral iron and folate during pregnancy. The mean (+/-SD) maternal serum ferritin at the end of pregnancy was 58 +/- 42.9 microgram/l (range 16-201 microgram/l), compared to a mean of 183.2 +/- 61.2 microgram/l (range 62-313 microgram/l) in these newborns. No correlation was found between the serum ferritin of mothers and babies, nor between the serum ferritin and serum iron of mothers at the end of pregnancy or between these parameters in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:931425", "title": "Cardiac biopsy in childhood.", "content": "Endomyocardial biopsy was attempted in 18 children aged 5 months to 15 years with 82% success. Biopsies obtained from 15 children were examined by light and electron microscope making positive morphological diagnoses in 3 cases. The biopsy findings were actively helpful in 7 other cases, which contrasts with experience in adult biopsy series. This is a low risk procedure which does not add to the hazards of cardiac catheterization in children.", "contents": "Cardiac biopsy in childhood. Endomyocardial biopsy was attempted in 18 children aged 5 months to 15 years with 82% success. Biopsies obtained from 15 children were examined by light and electron microscope making positive morphological diagnoses in 3 cases. The biopsy findings were actively helpful in 7 other cases, which contrasts with experience in adult biopsy series. This is a low risk procedure which does not add to the hazards of cardiac catheterization in children."}
{"id": "PMID:931426", "title": "Diet and serum cholesterol. An Australian family study.", "content": "Dietary intake patterns were studied in families in Busselton, Western Australia, known to have mothers and children with high, median, or low serum cholesterol values. There were no significant differences in the percentage contributions to total daily calories by protein, fat, or carbohydrate in mothers, children, or their families from these three groups. The results support the view that diet, per se, does not account for differences in observed serum cholesterol levels within a culturally homogeneous community.", "contents": "Diet and serum cholesterol. An Australian family study. Dietary intake patterns were studied in families in Busselton, Western Australia, known to have mothers and children with high, median, or low serum cholesterol values. There were no significant differences in the percentage contributions to total daily calories by protein, fat, or carbohydrate in mothers, children, or their families from these three groups. The results support the view that diet, per se, does not account for differences in observed serum cholesterol levels within a culturally homogeneous community."}
{"id": "PMID:931427", "title": "Candida species and yeasts in mouths of infants from a special care unit of a maternity hospital.", "content": "A group of 99 babies born in hospital and subsequently transferred to the special care unit were examined for the presence of candidas orally. The rate of isolation rose from 6% neonatally to 53% on day 14 of life. Among infants who did not harbour the organisms when discharged from hospital, colonization rapidly took place so that 79% did so at 4 weeks of age, after which the rate fell to 50% at one year of age. The low incidence of clinical candidosis suggests that in these babies as in other groups C. albicans is normally a harmless commensal.", "contents": "Candida species and yeasts in mouths of infants from a special care unit of a maternity hospital. A group of 99 babies born in hospital and subsequently transferred to the special care unit were examined for the presence of candidas orally. The rate of isolation rose from 6% neonatally to 53% on day 14 of life. Among infants who did not harbour the organisms when discharged from hospital, colonization rapidly took place so that 79% did so at 4 weeks of age, after which the rate fell to 50% at one year of age. The low incidence of clinical candidosis suggests that in these babies as in other groups C. albicans is normally a harmless commensal."}
{"id": "PMID:931428", "title": "Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. 3 cases of 'DIDMOAD' syndrome.", "content": "Three children with diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and high-tone deafness were shown to lack vasopressin, indicative of degeneration of the cells of the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei. The syndrome being due to a single gene defect, inherited as an autosomal recessive, is therefore likely to be the result of an inborn error of metabolism with variable periods of latency in those affected.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. 3 cases of 'DIDMOAD' syndrome. Three children with diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and high-tone deafness were shown to lack vasopressin, indicative of degeneration of the cells of the hypothalamic supraoptic nuclei. The syndrome being due to a single gene defect, inherited as an autosomal recessive, is therefore likely to be the result of an inborn error of metabolism with variable periods of latency in those affected."}
{"id": "PMID:931429", "title": "Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Variable manifestations within a family.", "content": "A wide variety of clinical and biochemical manifestations have been reported in association with pseudohypoparathyroidism and associated disorders. This is illustrated by a family study in which the affected members show widely differing characteristics.", "contents": "Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Variable manifestations within a family. A wide variety of clinical and biochemical manifestations have been reported in association with pseudohypoparathyroidism and associated disorders. This is illustrated by a family study in which the affected members show widely differing characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:931430", "title": "Prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea.", "content": "A child with chronic diarrhoea since birth responded to the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin. During a period without treatment, raised levels of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 were observed. No source for these raised prostaglandins was shown, and it is suggested that she may have an inborn defect of prostaglandin metabolism.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-induced diarrhoea. A child with chronic diarrhoea since birth responded to the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin. During a period without treatment, raised levels of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 were observed. No source for these raised prostaglandins was shown, and it is suggested that she may have an inborn defect of prostaglandin metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:931431", "title": "Association of fatal Coxsackie B2 viral infection and necrotizing enterocolitis.", "content": "A case of fatal Coxsackie B2 viral infection and coexisting neonatal necrotizing entercolitis occurred. We suggest that this virus may have a role in the development of NEC.", "contents": "Association of fatal Coxsackie B2 viral infection and necrotizing enterocolitis. A case of fatal Coxsackie B2 viral infection and coexisting neonatal necrotizing entercolitis occurred. We suggest that this virus may have a role in the development of NEC."}
{"id": "PMID:931434", "title": "[Studies on antigenic relationship between grass- and cult. rye pollens by skin-test, RAST and RAST-inhibition-test in patients with pollinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Skin tests on patients suffering from pollinosis suggest frequently an antigenic relationship between various grass and cult. rye pollens. This problem was further studied using both, RAST and RAST inhibition test. The tests were performed with commercial grass pollen discs as well as with self-prepared disc labeled with cult. rye pollens and a combination of various grass antigens. Good agreement was found between self-made and commercial (single antigen) grass pollen discs (95.9%). RAST and skin test correlated also extremely well (92.3%). Mutual inhibition between grass and cult. rye pollens was measured by RAST inhibition test using self-prepared discs. High antigenic relationship between grass and cult. rye pollens was found, however, it could be demonstrated that the antibody pattern varies and contains \"grass specific\" antibodies.", "contents": "[Studies on antigenic relationship between grass- and cult. rye pollens by skin-test, RAST and RAST-inhibition-test in patients with pollinosis (author's transl)]. Skin tests on patients suffering from pollinosis suggest frequently an antigenic relationship between various grass and cult. rye pollens. This problem was further studied using both, RAST and RAST inhibition test. The tests were performed with commercial grass pollen discs as well as with self-prepared disc labeled with cult. rye pollens and a combination of various grass antigens. Good agreement was found between self-made and commercial (single antigen) grass pollen discs (95.9%). RAST and skin test correlated also extremely well (92.3%). Mutual inhibition between grass and cult. rye pollens was measured by RAST inhibition test using self-prepared discs. High antigenic relationship between grass and cult. rye pollens was found, however, it could be demonstrated that the antibody pattern varies and contains \"grass specific\" antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:931435", "title": "Leukocyte chemotaxis after in vitro treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA.", "content": "Isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were submitted to long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) with and without preincubation of the cells with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Leukocyte chemotaxis was determined in modified Boyden chambers using caseine as the attractant. Combined treatment (8-MOP + UVA) significantly inhibited the chemotactic activity with 8-MOP concentrations above 0.1 mug/ml and 2 J/cm(2). However, with high dosage of UVA (5 J/cm(2)) with and without 8-MOP still 25-30% cells migrated through the filters. Also, cell viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion was only moderately affected by combined treatment. The results indicate that these nonreplicating cells are comperatively insensitive to UVA and 8-MOP.", "contents": "Leukocyte chemotaxis after in vitro treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA. Isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were submitted to long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) with and without preincubation of the cells with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Leukocyte chemotaxis was determined in modified Boyden chambers using caseine as the attractant. Combined treatment (8-MOP + UVA) significantly inhibited the chemotactic activity with 8-MOP concentrations above 0.1 mug/ml and 2 J/cm(2). However, with high dosage of UVA (5 J/cm(2)) with and without 8-MOP still 25-30% cells migrated through the filters. Also, cell viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion was only moderately affected by combined treatment. The results indicate that these nonreplicating cells are comperatively insensitive to UVA and 8-MOP."}
{"id": "PMID:931436", "title": "Immunoelectronmicroscopical demonstration of in vivo bound complement C3 in psoriatic lesions.", "content": "The presence of in vivo bound complement (C3) within the stratum corneum of 4 psoriatic cases is demonstrated ultrastructurally by the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. The positive reaction product was located in the intercellular space and on the surface of the parakeratotic cells within the horny layer. The membranes of the horny cells were not altered and peroxidase granules could also not be detected within their cytoplasm. The explanation of this finding as well as its pathogenetic significance is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoelectronmicroscopical demonstration of in vivo bound complement C3 in psoriatic lesions. The presence of in vivo bound complement (C3) within the stratum corneum of 4 psoriatic cases is demonstrated ultrastructurally by the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. The positive reaction product was located in the intercellular space and on the surface of the parakeratotic cells within the horny layer. The membranes of the horny cells were not altered and peroxidase granules could also not be detected within their cytoplasm. The explanation of this finding as well as its pathogenetic significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931437", "title": "Characterization of the synthesized collagen by mouse L-929 (L-5) cells.", "content": "In 48 h incubation L-929 (L-5) cells secreted collagenous protein accounting for 16% of the total protein. CM-chromatography, SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed that the collagenous protein was mainly composed of type I collagen, having no collagen of type III. In addition, precursor-form collagen and tropocollagen molecules were found to be present in the incubate.", "contents": "Characterization of the synthesized collagen by mouse L-929 (L-5) cells. In 48 h incubation L-929 (L-5) cells secreted collagenous protein accounting for 16% of the total protein. CM-chromatography, SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and DEAE-cellulose chromatography revealed that the collagenous protein was mainly composed of type I collagen, having no collagen of type III. In addition, precursor-form collagen and tropocollagen molecules were found to be present in the incubate."}
{"id": "PMID:931438", "title": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in lightdermatoses.", "content": "Occurrence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies of the \"cold type\" was studied in 92 cases with various lightdermatoses. They were detected in the sera of 39% of the patients with cutaneous porphyrias and never in cases with polymorphous light eruption and other photodermatosis. Correlations between their presence and the duration of the porphyria as well as the severity of hepatopathy could be observed. The results indicate the importance of a long-standing tissue damage in the production of these antibodies. In addition the findings confirm the hypothesis according to which polymorphous light eruption does not belong to the lupus erythematosus entity.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in lightdermatoses. Occurrence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies of the \"cold type\" was studied in 92 cases with various lightdermatoses. They were detected in the sera of 39% of the patients with cutaneous porphyrias and never in cases with polymorphous light eruption and other photodermatosis. Correlations between their presence and the duration of the porphyria as well as the severity of hepatopathy could be observed. The results indicate the importance of a long-standing tissue damage in the production of these antibodies. In addition the findings confirm the hypothesis according to which polymorphous light eruption does not belong to the lupus erythematosus entity."}
{"id": "PMID:931440", "title": "Lead effects among secondary lead smelter workers with blood lead levels below 80 microgram/100 ml.", "content": "A subgroup of workers from a secondary lead smelter was defined to include those with blood lead levels not exceeding 80 microgram/100 ml and with no past history of elevated blood lead. Central nervous system symptoms (tiredness, sleeplessness, irritability, headache) were reported by 55% of the group and muscle and joint pain by 39%. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels were elevated in 71% of cases. Low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 gm/100 ml) were found in more than a third of the workers. While BUN and creatinine were mostly in the normal range, there was nevertheless a correlation between ZPP and both BUN and creatinine. Reduced nerve-conduction velocities were present in 25% of the group; this was not significantly different from findings in a control group. The data indicate that a blood level of 80 microgram/100 ml is an inappropriate biological guide in the prevention of lead disease.", "contents": "Lead effects among secondary lead smelter workers with blood lead levels below 80 microgram/100 ml. A subgroup of workers from a secondary lead smelter was defined to include those with blood lead levels not exceeding 80 microgram/100 ml and with no past history of elevated blood lead. Central nervous system symptoms (tiredness, sleeplessness, irritability, headache) were reported by 55% of the group and muscle and joint pain by 39%. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels were elevated in 71% of cases. Low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 gm/100 ml) were found in more than a third of the workers. While BUN and creatinine were mostly in the normal range, there was nevertheless a correlation between ZPP and both BUN and creatinine. Reduced nerve-conduction velocities were present in 25% of the group; this was not significantly different from findings in a control group. The data indicate that a blood level of 80 microgram/100 ml is an inappropriate biological guide in the prevention of lead disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931441", "title": "Surveillance of animal-bite cases in the United States, 1971-1972.", "content": "In January 1971, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) initiated a national animal-bite surveillance program in cooperation with 15 health jurisdictions that agreed to submit data to the center. During the 2-year surveillance period (1971-1972), 196,684 animal-bite cases were reported from the 15 reporting areas. An animal-bite case was defined as any biting of a person by an animal reported to CDC by a participating health department. Data pertaining to some factors associated with animal bites were reported, including the age and sex of the bitten person, the species of the biting animal, and, in some areas, the status of the biting animal with respect to vaccination against rabies.", "contents": "Surveillance of animal-bite cases in the United States, 1971-1972. In January 1971, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) initiated a national animal-bite surveillance program in cooperation with 15 health jurisdictions that agreed to submit data to the center. During the 2-year surveillance period (1971-1972), 196,684 animal-bite cases were reported from the 15 reporting areas. An animal-bite case was defined as any biting of a person by an animal reported to CDC by a participating health department. Data pertaining to some factors associated with animal bites were reported, including the age and sex of the bitten person, the species of the biting animal, and, in some areas, the status of the biting animal with respect to vaccination against rabies."}
{"id": "PMID:931443", "title": "Respiratory-function changes in textile workers exposed to synthetic fibers.", "content": "The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and acute and chronic changes in ventilatory function were studied in three groups of textile workers: 68 workers with exposure to synthetic fibers only, 30 with previous exposure to cotton, and 77 with previous exposure to hemp. The prevalence of dyspnea, grade 3 to 4, was significantly lower (P less than .01) in workers with a history of exposure to synthetic fibers only than in those previously exposed to hemp or cotton. No case of byssinosis was found in any of the workers studied. Values in ventilatory-function tests (FEV 1.0, FVC and MEF 50%) were significantly reduced during the work shift on Monday and Thursday. The Monday MEF 50% preshift values were significantly lower than expected in all three groups of workers. A comparison of the 1963-1973 data on the 77 workers previously exposed to hemp showed a lower prevalence of most chronic respiratory symptoms and smaller acute FEV1.0 and FVC reductions when they worked with synthetic fibers (1973) than when they were exposed to hemp (1963).", "contents": "Respiratory-function changes in textile workers exposed to synthetic fibers. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and acute and chronic changes in ventilatory function were studied in three groups of textile workers: 68 workers with exposure to synthetic fibers only, 30 with previous exposure to cotton, and 77 with previous exposure to hemp. The prevalence of dyspnea, grade 3 to 4, was significantly lower (P less than .01) in workers with a history of exposure to synthetic fibers only than in those previously exposed to hemp or cotton. No case of byssinosis was found in any of the workers studied. Values in ventilatory-function tests (FEV 1.0, FVC and MEF 50%) were significantly reduced during the work shift on Monday and Thursday. The Monday MEF 50% preshift values were significantly lower than expected in all three groups of workers. A comparison of the 1963-1973 data on the 77 workers previously exposed to hemp showed a lower prevalence of most chronic respiratory symptoms and smaller acute FEV1.0 and FVC reductions when they worked with synthetic fibers (1973) than when they were exposed to hemp (1963)."}
{"id": "PMID:931445", "title": "[Study of the heart conduction system in atrioventricular disorders].", "content": "A His electrogram was registered with a Castillo tripolar catheter in seven patients with atrio-ventricular discordance and transposition of the great arteries (corrected transposition). They all had ventricular septal defect, six had pulmonary stenosis. two had atrial septal defect, and only one patient presented first degree AV block. The QRS was of normal duration, 4 had RBBB morphology in the left precordials. Two with ASD and VSD had a prolonged P/A interval. In one, the His recording was polyphasic with a prolonged H-V (55 msec) and two others showed a wide polyphasic His potential (25 and 26msec), with a prolonged H-V. These 3 cases with prolonged His had a minor degree of RBBB. The remaining 3 showed normal AV conduction. In all, the Purkinje electrogram was registered. The duration of the Pu potential and the Pu-V were normal. Corrected transposition shows a high incidence of slow AV conduction, frequently not detectable in the usual electrocardiogram in agreement with previous anatomo-pathological studies. The distal block would explain the frequency of complete AV block with low cardiac output and frequent sudden death in this type of heart disease. The distal block would compel us to take e more agressive steps in its treatment. Atrial septal defect with slowing of the intra-arial conduction is not detected in the electrocardiogram.", "contents": "[Study of the heart conduction system in atrioventricular disorders]. A His electrogram was registered with a Castillo tripolar catheter in seven patients with atrio-ventricular discordance and transposition of the great arteries (corrected transposition). They all had ventricular septal defect, six had pulmonary stenosis. two had atrial septal defect, and only one patient presented first degree AV block. The QRS was of normal duration, 4 had RBBB morphology in the left precordials. Two with ASD and VSD had a prolonged P/A interval. In one, the His recording was polyphasic with a prolonged H-V (55 msec) and two others showed a wide polyphasic His potential (25 and 26msec), with a prolonged H-V. These 3 cases with prolonged His had a minor degree of RBBB. The remaining 3 showed normal AV conduction. In all, the Purkinje electrogram was registered. The duration of the Pu potential and the Pu-V were normal. Corrected transposition shows a high incidence of slow AV conduction, frequently not detectable in the usual electrocardiogram in agreement with previous anatomo-pathological studies. The distal block would explain the frequency of complete AV block with low cardiac output and frequent sudden death in this type of heart disease. The distal block would compel us to take e more agressive steps in its treatment. Atrial septal defect with slowing of the intra-arial conduction is not detected in the electrocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:931447", "title": "[Static and dynamic volumes after myocardial infarction/clinical and radiological correlation].", "content": "A study was made of pulmonary function tests in patients averaging 2 years post MI, who did not present evidence of chronic bronchitis or other types of primary pneumopathy. The influence of smoking and moderate pulmonary congestion due to heart failure were studied. We found a significant inverse relation between dyspnea and the forced one second expiratory volume, as an expression of bronchial obstruction. There was a significant increase in the respiratory volume in patients after MI. This alteration was particularly evident in patients who smoked. On the contrary, in pulmonary congestion the tendency was towards a decrease in respiratory volume. We confirmed the importance of pulmonary function tests for the evaluation of subjective symptoms, this was confirmed by the finding of a decrease in the dynamic pulmonary volumes, specially in smokers, which demonstrates the unfavorable influence of smoking. Heart failure did not significantly influence static or dynamic parameters, although the residual functional capacity showed a tendency to decrease with the degree of congestion.", "contents": "[Static and dynamic volumes after myocardial infarction/clinical and radiological correlation]. A study was made of pulmonary function tests in patients averaging 2 years post MI, who did not present evidence of chronic bronchitis or other types of primary pneumopathy. The influence of smoking and moderate pulmonary congestion due to heart failure were studied. We found a significant inverse relation between dyspnea and the forced one second expiratory volume, as an expression of bronchial obstruction. There was a significant increase in the respiratory volume in patients after MI. This alteration was particularly evident in patients who smoked. On the contrary, in pulmonary congestion the tendency was towards a decrease in respiratory volume. We confirmed the importance of pulmonary function tests for the evaluation of subjective symptoms, this was confirmed by the finding of a decrease in the dynamic pulmonary volumes, specially in smokers, which demonstrates the unfavorable influence of smoking. Heart failure did not significantly influence static or dynamic parameters, although the residual functional capacity showed a tendency to decrease with the degree of congestion."}
{"id": "PMID:931450", "title": "[Sexual activity in the convalescent from acute myocardial infarct. Bibliographic review].", "content": "There is little information in the medical literature about the renewal of sexual activity in patients who have suffered an MI. The knowledge which the internist and the cardiologist have are normally insufficient. The equivalents in energetic cost of a sexual relation of a middle aged adult, are similar to those of: a) a simple Master test of two stairs, b) walking rapidly the length of a street, c) climbing two flights of stairs. d) a test with ergometer to 100 watts or 600 kg-m-m, e) to walk the endles band at 3.5 miles/hour, f) to carry out activities equivalent to 6 cal/min. The average of the maximum cardiac frequency which is reached during coitus is from 115 to 120, equivalent to approximately 4-5 mets., during 20-36 seconds. In the post and preorgasmic period (1 min, before and after) the energetic cost is close to 4 mts. It should be emphasized that there should not exist an exact limit after which the patient who has had an MI is permitted to have sexual relations. The sexual activity should be advised if the patient has satisfactorily passed any of the equivalent tests mentioned above. The cardiologist should know these facts and not wait until the patient asks about them; he should have the initiative to openly discuss them with the patient and his partner from the period interhospitalary convalescence of the MI.", "contents": "[Sexual activity in the convalescent from acute myocardial infarct. Bibliographic review]. There is little information in the medical literature about the renewal of sexual activity in patients who have suffered an MI. The knowledge which the internist and the cardiologist have are normally insufficient. The equivalents in energetic cost of a sexual relation of a middle aged adult, are similar to those of: a) a simple Master test of two stairs, b) walking rapidly the length of a street, c) climbing two flights of stairs. d) a test with ergometer to 100 watts or 600 kg-m-m, e) to walk the endles band at 3.5 miles/hour, f) to carry out activities equivalent to 6 cal/min. The average of the maximum cardiac frequency which is reached during coitus is from 115 to 120, equivalent to approximately 4-5 mets., during 20-36 seconds. In the post and preorgasmic period (1 min, before and after) the energetic cost is close to 4 mts. It should be emphasized that there should not exist an exact limit after which the patient who has had an MI is permitted to have sexual relations. The sexual activity should be advised if the patient has satisfactorily passed any of the equivalent tests mentioned above. The cardiologist should know these facts and not wait until the patient asks about them; he should have the initiative to openly discuss them with the patient and his partner from the period interhospitalary convalescence of the MI."}
{"id": "PMID:931448", "title": "[Tetralogy of Fallot: long term results].", "content": "The experience of the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Service of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center with the surgical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot was reviewed. This includes 444 patients operated on between 1960 and 1975. The operatory mortality was 5.6%. The major cause of death was related to a decreased cardiac output. The postoperatory mortality is minimal (2.9%) and reoperations are rarely necessary. The 91.3% of the patients presented right bundle branch block in the immediate postoperatory period and 8.7% was accompanied by left anterior hemiblock. All of these patients are clinically well and to not present syncopal crisis or signs of AV block. 145 patients (33%) were re-catheterized in the late postoperative period. The hemodynamic results and the clinical evaluation show that in 85.6% of these cases the results obtained are from \"Good to Excellent\".", "contents": "[Tetralogy of Fallot: long term results]. The experience of the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Service of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center with the surgical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot was reviewed. This includes 444 patients operated on between 1960 and 1975. The operatory mortality was 5.6%. The major cause of death was related to a decreased cardiac output. The postoperatory mortality is minimal (2.9%) and reoperations are rarely necessary. The 91.3% of the patients presented right bundle branch block in the immediate postoperatory period and 8.7% was accompanied by left anterior hemiblock. All of these patients are clinically well and to not present syncopal crisis or signs of AV block. 145 patients (33%) were re-catheterized in the late postoperative period. The hemodynamic results and the clinical evaluation show that in 85.6% of these cases the results obtained are from \"Good to Excellent\"."}
{"id": "PMID:931451", "title": "[Prinzmetal's angina].", "content": "We have described a coronary ischemic syndrome not infrequent. It has been diagnosed only a few times in our medium and it can cause grave risks for the patient if it is not recognized in time and managed in an adequate manner.", "contents": "[Prinzmetal's angina]. We have described a coronary ischemic syndrome not infrequent. It has been diagnosed only a few times in our medium and it can cause grave risks for the patient if it is not recognized in time and managed in an adequate manner."}
{"id": "PMID:931458", "title": "Studies on hyperactivity in rats given tranylcypromine stereoisomers and reserpine.", "content": "Hyperactivity, salivation, piloerection, exophthalmia and ejaculation occurred in rats given reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p.) 2 hr after an oral dose (5 mg/kg) of trans-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine, dl-Tcp). The same syndrome occurred in rats given the d-isomer (d-Tcp) plus reserpine but not in rats given the l-isomer (l-Tcp) lus reserpine. Neither alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (2 X 150 mg/kg s.c.) nor parachlorophenylalanine (200 mg/kg s.c.) pretreatment prevented the hyperactivity syndrome. The results suggest that mainly MAO inhibition and release of monoamines are involved in the hyperactivity syndrome produced by dl-Tcp plus reserpine.", "contents": "Studies on hyperactivity in rats given tranylcypromine stereoisomers and reserpine. Hyperactivity, salivation, piloerection, exophthalmia and ejaculation occurred in rats given reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p.) 2 hr after an oral dose (5 mg/kg) of trans-dl-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine, dl-Tcp). The same syndrome occurred in rats given the d-isomer (d-Tcp) plus reserpine but not in rats given the l-isomer (l-Tcp) lus reserpine. Neither alpha methyl-p-tyrosine (2 X 150 mg/kg s.c.) nor parachlorophenylalanine (200 mg/kg s.c.) pretreatment prevented the hyperactivity syndrome. The results suggest that mainly MAO inhibition and release of monoamines are involved in the hyperactivity syndrome produced by dl-Tcp plus reserpine."}
{"id": "PMID:931459", "title": "Atropine substitutes and the writhing syndrome in mice.", "content": "The mouse writhing test has been used to evaluate analgesic drugs. In the present work the protective effect of atropine sulfate and eight of its substitutes was studied against acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. This was compared with the protection afforded by noramidopyrine, a non-narcotic analgesic. Both the time of onset of writhing and the number of writhes over a period of 15 min was recorded. The results seem to indicate some correlation between chemical structure and protective effect. Dicyclomine hydrochloride and orphenadrine hydrochloride produced an effect comparable with that of noramidopyrine, while atropine sulphate, oxyphenonium bromide and piperidolate hydrochloride were less potent. Homatropine methylbromide, mepenzolate methylbromide, amprotropine phosphate and penthienate bromide were ineffective.", "contents": "Atropine substitutes and the writhing syndrome in mice. The mouse writhing test has been used to evaluate analgesic drugs. In the present work the protective effect of atropine sulfate and eight of its substitutes was studied against acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. This was compared with the protection afforded by noramidopyrine, a non-narcotic analgesic. Both the time of onset of writhing and the number of writhes over a period of 15 min was recorded. The results seem to indicate some correlation between chemical structure and protective effect. Dicyclomine hydrochloride and orphenadrine hydrochloride produced an effect comparable with that of noramidopyrine, while atropine sulphate, oxyphenonium bromide and piperidolate hydrochloride were less potent. Homatropine methylbromide, mepenzolate methylbromide, amprotropine phosphate and penthienate bromide were ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:931460", "title": "The effects of propranolol HCl in hippocampal-lesioned rats.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of propranolol administration in rats lesioned in the hippocampal area. Chronic oral administration of propranolol to intact rats produced a significant decrease in mean systolic blood pressure. No significant changes in blood pressure were produced with propranolol treatment in rats lesioned in the septal or anterior hypothalamic areas, whereas, in rats lesioned in the hippocampal area, a significant elevation of blood pressure was observed. These findings confirm previous results that suggest that the hypotensive effects observed with chronic propranolol administration are mediated via the hippocampus.", "contents": "The effects of propranolol HCl in hippocampal-lesioned rats. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of propranolol administration in rats lesioned in the hippocampal area. Chronic oral administration of propranolol to intact rats produced a significant decrease in mean systolic blood pressure. No significant changes in blood pressure were produced with propranolol treatment in rats lesioned in the septal or anterior hypothalamic areas, whereas, in rats lesioned in the hippocampal area, a significant elevation of blood pressure was observed. These findings confirm previous results that suggest that the hypotensive effects observed with chronic propranolol administration are mediated via the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:931461", "title": "Uptake, turnover and release of norepinephrine in pigmented and albino rat eye.", "content": "The uptake, turnover and release of norepinephrine were studied in the rat eye as a function of its pigmentation. The endogenous norepinephrine level was increased in eyes with melanic pigments and the exogenous amine uptake was decreased. In the coloured eye, two sites for norepinephrine uptake and release were present. Desipramine did not inhibit in the same manner the amine in the albino and pigmented eye. No variation was found in the norepinephrine biosynthesis for the two races of rats. The release rate of exogenous amine was higher in the pigmented rat eye.", "contents": "Uptake, turnover and release of norepinephrine in pigmented and albino rat eye. The uptake, turnover and release of norepinephrine were studied in the rat eye as a function of its pigmentation. The endogenous norepinephrine level was increased in eyes with melanic pigments and the exogenous amine uptake was decreased. In the coloured eye, two sites for norepinephrine uptake and release were present. Desipramine did not inhibit in the same manner the amine in the albino and pigmented eye. No variation was found in the norepinephrine biosynthesis for the two races of rats. The release rate of exogenous amine was higher in the pigmented rat eye."}
{"id": "PMID:931462", "title": "Changes in the frequency of electroencephalographic rhythms of the rat caused by single, intraperitoneal injections of ethanol.", "content": "Ethanol (2-4 g/kg, i.p.) caused a slowing of the three main forms of electroencephalographic activity of the waking rat (hippocampal theta rhythm, and hippocampal and neocortical large-irregular amplitude activity). The effect was dose-dependent within those dose ranges, and bore a gross relation to blood ethanol levels. Lower dosages (0.5-1 g/kg) had no effect.", "contents": "Changes in the frequency of electroencephalographic rhythms of the rat caused by single, intraperitoneal injections of ethanol. Ethanol (2-4 g/kg, i.p.) caused a slowing of the three main forms of electroencephalographic activity of the waking rat (hippocampal theta rhythm, and hippocampal and neocortical large-irregular amplitude activity). The effect was dose-dependent within those dose ranges, and bore a gross relation to blood ethanol levels. Lower dosages (0.5-1 g/kg) had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:931463", "title": "Pharmacology of 9-gamma-methylaminopropyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-methanoanthracene-HCl (ID-9206-HCl), a new potent antidepressant.", "content": "The pharmacological properties of 9-gamma-methylaminopropyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-methanoanthracene-HCl (ID-9206-HCl) were examined in comparison with those of imipramine, amitriptyline and maprotiline in animals. ID-9206 showed the characteristic pharmacological profile of an antidepressent: anti-reserpine and anti-tetrabenazine activities, potentiation of central and peripheral actions of norepinephrine, and potentiation of methamphetamine and yohimbine actions. ID-9206 had weak peripheral anticholinergic activities and sedative effects. ID-9206 was less toxic in mice and rats than the other three antidepressants.", "contents": "Pharmacology of 9-gamma-methylaminopropyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-methanoanthracene-HCl (ID-9206-HCl), a new potent antidepressant. The pharmacological properties of 9-gamma-methylaminopropyl-9,10-dihydro-9,10-methanoanthracene-HCl (ID-9206-HCl) were examined in comparison with those of imipramine, amitriptyline and maprotiline in animals. ID-9206 showed the characteristic pharmacological profile of an antidepressent: anti-reserpine and anti-tetrabenazine activities, potentiation of central and peripheral actions of norepinephrine, and potentiation of methamphetamine and yohimbine actions. ID-9206 had weak peripheral anticholinergic activities and sedative effects. ID-9206 was less toxic in mice and rats than the other three antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:931464", "title": "Effects of nicotine and cocaine on the release of acetylcholine from isolated human placental villi.", "content": "According to our studies, human term placenta contains about 112 nmol/g of ACh. In the present studies, isolated placental villi were suspended in Kreb's bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees and acetylcholine (ACh) released into the medium was analyzed by gas chromatography. The spontaneous release of ACh into the medium was linear with time and was 35 pmol/g/min. Cocaine in doses of 280 and 56o micrometer decreased the spontaneous release of ACh to 23, and 17 pmol/g/min, respectively. Raising the Ca2+ concentration in the Kreb's bicarbonate buffer from 2.34 to 4.64 mM, or the addition of nicotine (58 micrometer) to the bath increased the rate of release of ACh to 53 and 47 pmol/g/min, respectively. Cocaine decreased the rate of release of ACh even in the presence of Ca2+ or nicotine. ACh was not released when Ca2+ was absent in the medium. Nicotine did not stimulate the release of ACh in the Ca2+ free medium. High concentrations of K+ increased ACh release in the presence of Ca2+ and it did not have any effect on ACh release in the absence of Ca2+. These observations indicate that external Ca2+ is required for the release of ACh and cocaine acts possibly by preventing the entry of external Ca2+ into the syncytiotrophoblast, and thereby decreases ACh release from the placental villus.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine and cocaine on the release of acetylcholine from isolated human placental villi. According to our studies, human term placenta contains about 112 nmol/g of ACh. In the present studies, isolated placental villi were suspended in Kreb's bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees and acetylcholine (ACh) released into the medium was analyzed by gas chromatography. The spontaneous release of ACh into the medium was linear with time and was 35 pmol/g/min. Cocaine in doses of 280 and 56o micrometer decreased the spontaneous release of ACh to 23, and 17 pmol/g/min, respectively. Raising the Ca2+ concentration in the Kreb's bicarbonate buffer from 2.34 to 4.64 mM, or the addition of nicotine (58 micrometer) to the bath increased the rate of release of ACh to 53 and 47 pmol/g/min, respectively. Cocaine decreased the rate of release of ACh even in the presence of Ca2+ or nicotine. ACh was not released when Ca2+ was absent in the medium. Nicotine did not stimulate the release of ACh in the Ca2+ free medium. High concentrations of K+ increased ACh release in the presence of Ca2+ and it did not have any effect on ACh release in the absence of Ca2+. These observations indicate that external Ca2+ is required for the release of ACh and cocaine acts possibly by preventing the entry of external Ca2+ into the syncytiotrophoblast, and thereby decreases ACh release from the placental villus."}
{"id": "PMID:931465", "title": "The effect of dimethylphenylpiperazinium on the amine uptake process.", "content": "Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) potentiated the contractile response of rat isolated vas deferens to norepineprine and decreased that to tyramine. This action of DMPP is explained by the observation that it inhibited the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-tyramine into adrenergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "The effect of dimethylphenylpiperazinium on the amine uptake process. Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) potentiated the contractile response of rat isolated vas deferens to norepineprine and decreased that to tyramine. This action of DMPP is explained by the observation that it inhibited the uptake of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-tyramine into adrenergic nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:931466", "title": "Contractile responses to tryptamine analogues in isolated smooth muscle.", "content": "Tryptamine and its benzo[b]thiophene and 1-methylindole analogues had a lower affinity for receptors in rat stomach fundus strips than did serotonin; the interaction between serotonin and methysergide in this system was competitive, while the interactions between tryptamine and its analogues and methysergide were noncompetitive. In contrast, the affinity of tryptamine and 1-methyl-tryptamine for receptors in rat aorta strips was greater than the affinity for serotonin; all three compounds showed noncompetitive interactions with methysergide. The results support the hypothesis of differing serotonin receptors in the two tissues.", "contents": "Contractile responses to tryptamine analogues in isolated smooth muscle. Tryptamine and its benzo[b]thiophene and 1-methylindole analogues had a lower affinity for receptors in rat stomach fundus strips than did serotonin; the interaction between serotonin and methysergide in this system was competitive, while the interactions between tryptamine and its analogues and methysergide were noncompetitive. In contrast, the affinity of tryptamine and 1-methyl-tryptamine for receptors in rat aorta strips was greater than the affinity for serotonin; all three compounds showed noncompetitive interactions with methysergide. The results support the hypothesis of differing serotonin receptors in the two tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:931467", "title": "The effect of repeated administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain.", "content": "The level of serotonin (5-HT) was increased in the whole rat brain as well as in the hypothalamus plus midbrain region at 0.5 hr after the fifth or sixth daily dose of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 20.0 mg/kg, i.p., respectively. A decreased rate of 5-HT synthesis was also observed. A slight development of tolerance was indicated by the fact that elevation of 5-HT was smaller than that seen after a single dose (1).", "contents": "The effect of repeated administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on serotonin metabolism in the rat brain. The level of serotonin (5-HT) was increased in the whole rat brain as well as in the hypothalamus plus midbrain region at 0.5 hr after the fifth or sixth daily dose of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 20.0 mg/kg, i.p., respectively. A decreased rate of 5-HT synthesis was also observed. A slight development of tolerance was indicated by the fact that elevation of 5-HT was smaller than that seen after a single dose (1)."}
{"id": "PMID:931468", "title": "Effects of D 600 and papaverine on the inotropic response to isoprenaline on left guinea-pig atria under the graded influence of changes of frequency and temperature.", "content": "Isolated left guinea-pig atria were used to examine the influence of D 600 and papaverine on baseline contractile function and inotropic response to isoprenaline, under variable conditions of temperature (27 degrees to 42 degrees C) and rate of beat (0.125 to 4 Hz). The inotropic stimuli, caused by increasing the frequency of stimulation and decreasing the temperature, could not overcome the depressive action of D 600 on basal systolic tension. In addition the inotropic effects evoked by papaverine at low rates of beat and high temperatures were converted into cardiodepressive effects at high stimulation rates and low temperatures. The inotropic response to isoprenaline appeared to be by far more resistant to the depressive actions of D 600 and papaverine than the baseline contractile function. Only at a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz, high concentrations of D 600 (3 X 10(-7)M) and papaverine(3 X 10(-5)M) reduced the response caused by isoprenaline. At a stimulation frequency of 0.5 Hz, however, D 600 left the inotropic responses to isoprenaline unchanged, whereas papaverine potentiated these responses. It appears from the present results that the frequency of stimulation and the temperature greatly modify the cardiodepressive actions evoked by D 600 and papaverine.", "contents": "Effects of D 600 and papaverine on the inotropic response to isoprenaline on left guinea-pig atria under the graded influence of changes of frequency and temperature. Isolated left guinea-pig atria were used to examine the influence of D 600 and papaverine on baseline contractile function and inotropic response to isoprenaline, under variable conditions of temperature (27 degrees to 42 degrees C) and rate of beat (0.125 to 4 Hz). The inotropic stimuli, caused by increasing the frequency of stimulation and decreasing the temperature, could not overcome the depressive action of D 600 on basal systolic tension. In addition the inotropic effects evoked by papaverine at low rates of beat and high temperatures were converted into cardiodepressive effects at high stimulation rates and low temperatures. The inotropic response to isoprenaline appeared to be by far more resistant to the depressive actions of D 600 and papaverine than the baseline contractile function. Only at a stimulation frequency of 2 Hz, high concentrations of D 600 (3 X 10(-7)M) and papaverine(3 X 10(-5)M) reduced the response caused by isoprenaline. At a stimulation frequency of 0.5 Hz, however, D 600 left the inotropic responses to isoprenaline unchanged, whereas papaverine potentiated these responses. It appears from the present results that the frequency of stimulation and the temperature greatly modify the cardiodepressive actions evoked by D 600 and papaverine."}
{"id": "PMID:931469", "title": "Effects of angiotensins and catecholamines on the transmembrane potential and isometric force of rattib isolated atria.", "content": "The action of angiotensin II (ATII), 1-des-Asp-ATII (Hepta-2-8), angiotensin I (ATI), 1-Sar,8-Gly-ATII and catecholamines on isometric force and transmembrane potential were studied in rabbit isolated atria, driven electrically. In some experiments two microelectrodes were implated to record simultaneously cjamges of intracellular electrical events in the left and in the right atrium: changes of tension were recorded isometrically. In other experiments changes of transmembrane potential were measured with floating microelectrodes. Norepinephrine and epinephrine increased tension, prolonged the plateau phase of the action potential (A.P.) in both atria, while facilitating conduction. ATII and 1-des-Asp-ATII showed similar effects on tension and greater changes on the electrical events of the left than on the right atrium, while ATI was more effective on the right than on the left atrium. 1-Sar, 8-Gly-ATII had no direct effect but prevented or reduced the action of ATII, 1-des-Asp-ATII and ATI, without influencing norepinephrine and epinephrine. All angiotensions except 1-Sar,8-Gly-ATII slightly prolonged the time of conduction. The results indicate that: a)angiotensins and catecholamines prolong the duration of the action potential and induce minor changes of potential overshoot in atrial fibers; b) ATII and 1-des-Asp-ATII act preferentially on the left and ATI on the right atrium; c) 1-Sar,8Gly-ATII inhibits secifically the effects of ATII and ATI in this preparation.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensins and catecholamines on the transmembrane potential and isometric force of rattib isolated atria. The action of angiotensin II (ATII), 1-des-Asp-ATII (Hepta-2-8), angiotensin I (ATI), 1-Sar,8-Gly-ATII and catecholamines on isometric force and transmembrane potential were studied in rabbit isolated atria, driven electrically. In some experiments two microelectrodes were implated to record simultaneously cjamges of intracellular electrical events in the left and in the right atrium: changes of tension were recorded isometrically. In other experiments changes of transmembrane potential were measured with floating microelectrodes. Norepinephrine and epinephrine increased tension, prolonged the plateau phase of the action potential (A.P.) in both atria, while facilitating conduction. ATII and 1-des-Asp-ATII showed similar effects on tension and greater changes on the electrical events of the left than on the right atrium, while ATI was more effective on the right than on the left atrium. 1-Sar, 8-Gly-ATII had no direct effect but prevented or reduced the action of ATII, 1-des-Asp-ATII and ATI, without influencing norepinephrine and epinephrine. All angiotensions except 1-Sar,8-Gly-ATII slightly prolonged the time of conduction. The results indicate that: a)angiotensins and catecholamines prolong the duration of the action potential and induce minor changes of potential overshoot in atrial fibers; b) ATII and 1-des-Asp-ATII act preferentially on the left and ATI on the right atrium; c) 1-Sar,8Gly-ATII inhibits secifically the effects of ATII and ATI in this preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:931470", "title": "Effect of aminophylline on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism.", "content": "Doses of aminophylline commensurate with human doses, administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia cause an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption and an increase in the oxygen content of the coronary sinus blood which resulted in a decrease in the coronary oxygen arteriovenous difference as the oxygen content of the arterial blood remained essentially unchanged. This increase in coronary blood flow in the presence of a decrease in arterial blood pressure is obviously due to a decrease in the resistance of the coronary bed, which is probably due, at least partially, to dilatation of the coronary bed. Furthermore, since aminophylline decreases the coronary oxygen arteriovenous difference although it raises the myocardial oxygen consumption, it is concluded that aminophylline increases the coronary blood flow more than the myocardial oxygen consumption.", "contents": "Effect of aminophylline on coronary circulation and cardiac metabolism. Doses of aminophylline commensurate with human doses, administered intravenously to dogs under chloralose anesthesia cause an increase in heart rate, a decrease in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, a rise in cardiac output, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption and an increase in the oxygen content of the coronary sinus blood which resulted in a decrease in the coronary oxygen arteriovenous difference as the oxygen content of the arterial blood remained essentially unchanged. This increase in coronary blood flow in the presence of a decrease in arterial blood pressure is obviously due to a decrease in the resistance of the coronary bed, which is probably due, at least partially, to dilatation of the coronary bed. Furthermore, since aminophylline decreases the coronary oxygen arteriovenous difference although it raises the myocardial oxygen consumption, it is concluded that aminophylline increases the coronary blood flow more than the myocardial oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:931474", "title": "Sudden death in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Forty-seven patients died suddenly during the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Risk factors associated with late in-hospital sudden death included prior cardiovascular disease, circulatory failure while in the coronary care unit, and certain arrhythmias and conduction disturbances while in the coronary care unit. These were associated with a twofold to sixfold increase in late in-hospital phase sudden death. The most prevalent risk factor occured in 62% of the sudden-death patients; the highest incidence of sudden death with a single risk factor was 2.6%, and the greatest relative risk was 6.0. Relative risks were uniformly greater for males than females. Multiple factors were associated with a greater risk than single factors. These risk factors characterize the group of sudden-death patients as a whole but do not allow precise identification of individual patients at high risk.", "contents": "Sudden death in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Forty-seven patients died suddenly during the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Risk factors associated with late in-hospital sudden death included prior cardiovascular disease, circulatory failure while in the coronary care unit, and certain arrhythmias and conduction disturbances while in the coronary care unit. These were associated with a twofold to sixfold increase in late in-hospital phase sudden death. The most prevalent risk factor occured in 62% of the sudden-death patients; the highest incidence of sudden death with a single risk factor was 2.6%, and the greatest relative risk was 6.0. Relative risks were uniformly greater for males than females. Multiple factors were associated with a greater risk than single factors. These risk factors characterize the group of sudden-death patients as a whole but do not allow precise identification of individual patients at high risk."}
{"id": "PMID:931475", "title": "Life adjustment postmyocardial infarction: determining predictive variables.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with diagnosed myocardial infarctions were followed up for one year postinfarct onset to determine psychosocial adjustment. A previous pilot had differentiated between two groups of patients--depressive and deniers-who had poor vs good rehabilitation results, respectively. Results from this study substantiated previous findings in that 70% of those who were depressed postinfarct remained so throughout follow-up. These patients failed to remain at work and/or to function sexually and had a higher hospital readmission rate. The denial group, although still functioning with minimal psychosocial distress, was not distinguished from the remainder of the study population who generally also  functioned well. Women postinfarct seemed to have the most difficult time, accounting for 80% of the deaths and 50% of the depressed group. Their noticeable type A behavior may account for this finding.", "contents": "Life adjustment postmyocardial infarction: determining predictive variables. Sixty-eight patients with diagnosed myocardial infarctions were followed up for one year postinfarct onset to determine psychosocial adjustment. A previous pilot had differentiated between two groups of patients--depressive and deniers-who had poor vs good rehabilitation results, respectively. Results from this study substantiated previous findings in that 70% of those who were depressed postinfarct remained so throughout follow-up. These patients failed to remain at work and/or to function sexually and had a higher hospital readmission rate. The denial group, although still functioning with minimal psychosocial distress, was not distinguished from the remainder of the study population who generally also  functioned well. Women postinfarct seemed to have the most difficult time, accounting for 80% of the deaths and 50% of the depressed group. Their noticeable type A behavior may account for this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:931476", "title": "Lymphographic and echographic findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Four patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) had lymphograms that did not show a consistent radiographic pattern. Instead, a spectrum of radiologic changes ranging from a moderate increase in lymph node size with slight \"foaminess\" to total nonopacification was observed. One patient with this disorder had gray-scale echograms that showed enlarged anechoic lymph nodes. The findings in this small group of patients with AILD are indistinguishable from the radiologic and echographic changes seen in malignant lymphoma.", "contents": "Lymphographic and echographic findings in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Four patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD) had lymphograms that did not show a consistent radiographic pattern. Instead, a spectrum of radiologic changes ranging from a moderate increase in lymph node size with slight \"foaminess\" to total nonopacification was observed. One patient with this disorder had gray-scale echograms that showed enlarged anechoic lymph nodes. The findings in this small group of patients with AILD are indistinguishable from the radiologic and echographic changes seen in malignant lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:931477", "title": "Bacteremia in a community hospital: spectrum and mortality.", "content": "The problem of bacteremia was studied at our 500-bed community hospital during 1974-1975. All patients with positive blood cultures for clinically significant organisms were analyzed with respect to age, sex, host factors, type, dose, and time of institution of therapy with antibiotics, and mortality. Of 142 episodes of bacteremia, outcome according to underlying host factors showed that 12/15 died in the rapidly, fatal group, 12/24 died in the ultimately fatal group, and in the nonfatal group 25/103 died. Mortality for Gram-positive bacteremia was 37% (7/54) for Gram-negative bacteremia in the nonfatal group. In addition to underlying host factors, inappropriate antibiotic therapy also contributed to higher mortality in patients with gram-negative bacteremia.", "contents": "Bacteremia in a community hospital: spectrum and mortality. The problem of bacteremia was studied at our 500-bed community hospital during 1974-1975. All patients with positive blood cultures for clinically significant organisms were analyzed with respect to age, sex, host factors, type, dose, and time of institution of therapy with antibiotics, and mortality. Of 142 episodes of bacteremia, outcome according to underlying host factors showed that 12/15 died in the rapidly, fatal group, 12/24 died in the ultimately fatal group, and in the nonfatal group 25/103 died. Mortality for Gram-positive bacteremia was 37% (7/54) for Gram-negative bacteremia in the nonfatal group. In addition to underlying host factors, inappropriate antibiotic therapy also contributed to higher mortality in patients with gram-negative bacteremia."}
{"id": "PMID:931478", "title": "Treatment of hypertension at the university medical clinic.", "content": "The treatment of high blood pressure at the general medical clinic of a traditionally oriented university hospital was found to be unsatisfactory for most patients. Charts of all hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure, greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg) who made their first clinic visit in 1964 or 1971 were reviewed. Half of all patients were lost to follow-up within the first year, and blood pressure control was achieved by only one third of the patients. New information contained in the Veterans Administration study reports (1967 and 1970) had no effect on workup, compliance, or blood pressure decline. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between blood pressure reduction and medical process, therapeutic regimens, or patient compliance. These data suggest that, in contrast to experience obtained in programs specifically designed for long-term management of this chronic disease, the present-day general medical clinic cannot satisfy the needs of most hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension at the university medical clinic. The treatment of high blood pressure at the general medical clinic of a traditionally oriented university hospital was found to be unsatisfactory for most patients. Charts of all hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure, greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg) who made their first clinic visit in 1964 or 1971 were reviewed. Half of all patients were lost to follow-up within the first year, and blood pressure control was achieved by only one third of the patients. New information contained in the Veterans Administration study reports (1967 and 1970) had no effect on workup, compliance, or blood pressure decline. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between blood pressure reduction and medical process, therapeutic regimens, or patient compliance. These data suggest that, in contrast to experience obtained in programs specifically designed for long-term management of this chronic disease, the present-day general medical clinic cannot satisfy the needs of most hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:931480", "title": "Gastric bezoar formation secondary to gastroparesis diabeticorum.", "content": "Diabetic autonomic neuropathy may result in delayed gastric emptying and gastric retention. A case of gastric phytobezoar formation that was secondary to diabetic autonomic neuropathy is reported. Greatly impaired gastric emptying was documented in this case by administration of a radiolabelled meal. Parenteral metoclopramide hydrochloride completely corrected the patient's gastric motility disturbance.", "contents": "Gastric bezoar formation secondary to gastroparesis diabeticorum. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy may result in delayed gastric emptying and gastric retention. A case of gastric phytobezoar formation that was secondary to diabetic autonomic neuropathy is reported. Greatly impaired gastric emptying was documented in this case by administration of a radiolabelled meal. Parenteral metoclopramide hydrochloride completely corrected the patient's gastric motility disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:931481", "title": "Severe sodium depletion syndrome during lithium carbonate therapy.", "content": "Lithium carbonate, useful in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders, can produce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The drug, therefore, has been used to facilitate renal waster excretion when severe hyponatremia occurs in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Symptomatic dilutional hyponatremia developed in a patient with pulmonary carcinoma whom we treated. Lithium carbonate was administered and renal sodium wasting, hypovolemia, and hypotension occurred. Hyperkalemia was also observed, and since adrenal steroid levels were not decreased, impairment of distal tubular function was suggested. Lithium carbonate blocks antidiuretic hormone effect by decreasing collecting duct cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation. These observations suggest that more generalized inhibitory effects on renal tubular function may also result from its use. An alternative drug, demeclocycline, may be preferable.", "contents": "Severe sodium depletion syndrome during lithium carbonate therapy. Lithium carbonate, useful in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders, can produce nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The drug, therefore, has been used to facilitate renal waster excretion when severe hyponatremia occurs in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Symptomatic dilutional hyponatremia developed in a patient with pulmonary carcinoma whom we treated. Lithium carbonate was administered and renal sodium wasting, hypovolemia, and hypotension occurred. Hyperkalemia was also observed, and since adrenal steroid levels were not decreased, impairment of distal tubular function was suggested. Lithium carbonate blocks antidiuretic hormone effect by decreasing collecting duct cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation. These observations suggest that more generalized inhibitory effects on renal tubular function may also result from its use. An alternative drug, demeclocycline, may be preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:931496", "title": "Prevention of vitamin A deficiency by fortification of sugar. A field study.", "content": "The small amount of vitamin A in the diet of people living in some regions of Chile can be increased by adding this vitamin to sugar. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a sugar fortification program, vitamin A fortified sugar was distributed to four indian villages in the mountainous region of Africa, whose inhabitants showed a severe vitamin A deficiency. The results of this study demonstrate that sugar fortification program is able to correct vitamin A deficiency by elevating the vitamin intake and consequently improve the circulating retinol, without substantially increasing the cost or modigying the organoleptic characteristics of sugar.", "contents": "Prevention of vitamin A deficiency by fortification of sugar. A field study. The small amount of vitamin A in the diet of people living in some regions of Chile can be increased by adding this vitamin to sugar. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a sugar fortification program, vitamin A fortified sugar was distributed to four indian villages in the mountainous region of Africa, whose inhabitants showed a severe vitamin A deficiency. The results of this study demonstrate that sugar fortification program is able to correct vitamin A deficiency by elevating the vitamin intake and consequently improve the circulating retinol, without substantially increasing the cost or modigying the organoleptic characteristics of sugar."}
{"id": "PMID:931497", "title": "[Soluble iron and iron available in vegetable foods].", "content": "The relation ship between the quantities of soluble iron and iron available for humans reported by other authors in seven different vegetable foods was investigated. Total iron content, soluble iron, and in some cases also phytic acid were determined. The recovery in soluble form of iron added as iron sulphate to some foods was also studied. The results were compared with those reported in the literature for the amount of iron absorbed in humans from these same foods. In some cases the quantities of soluble iron and available iron were very similar but in some others the values differed considerably. There was a marked variation in the amount of soluble iron in different samples of the some vegetable product and also the iron absorption reported from a single food in different persons. These facts may explain, at least in part, the lack of coincidence mentioned.", "contents": "[Soluble iron and iron available in vegetable foods]. The relation ship between the quantities of soluble iron and iron available for humans reported by other authors in seven different vegetable foods was investigated. Total iron content, soluble iron, and in some cases also phytic acid were determined. The recovery in soluble form of iron added as iron sulphate to some foods was also studied. The results were compared with those reported in the literature for the amount of iron absorbed in humans from these same foods. In some cases the quantities of soluble iron and available iron were very similar but in some others the values differed considerably. There was a marked variation in the amount of soluble iron in different samples of the some vegetable product and also the iron absorption reported from a single food in different persons. These facts may explain, at least in part, the lack of coincidence mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:931498", "title": "Influence of some processing methods on the quality of apple slices: II-Cultivar Melrose.", "content": "The influence of three browning treatments (blanching, SO2 and ascorbic acid) and three processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-drying) on the quality of apple slices of the cultivar Melrose was studied. Immediately upon arrival at the pilot plant, half of the fruits was processed and the remainder was held in storage for six weeks at 4.4 degrees C to be processed later. The results showed that the best treatment was the blanching-freezing combination for all attributes of quality, except for color, in which the SO2-freezing combination was superior. Storage appeared to have some influence on the quality of apple slices, so that the zero week storage samples were judged superior for all attributes of quality. Blanching was the best browning treatment for freezing, but for freeze-drying the samples treated with SO2 was superior to the blanched ones.", "contents": "Influence of some processing methods on the quality of apple slices: II-Cultivar Melrose. The influence of three browning treatments (blanching, SO2 and ascorbic acid) and three processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-drying) on the quality of apple slices of the cultivar Melrose was studied. Immediately upon arrival at the pilot plant, half of the fruits was processed and the remainder was held in storage for six weeks at 4.4 degrees C to be processed later. The results showed that the best treatment was the blanching-freezing combination for all attributes of quality, except for color, in which the SO2-freezing combination was superior. Storage appeared to have some influence on the quality of apple slices, so that the zero week storage samples were judged superior for all attributes of quality. Blanching was the best browning treatment for freezing, but for freeze-drying the samples treated with SO2 was superior to the blanched ones."}
{"id": "PMID:931500", "title": "[Selenium content in the blood cattle from Venezuela. I. Central and Portugueste zones].", "content": "Whole blood concentrations of selenium were determined in 776 dairy cows and calves from 28 farms located in three States (Aragua, Carabobo and Gu\u00e1rico) of the central zone of Venezuela and in Portuguesa State. Selenium levels largely varied according to both the geographic distribution and animals breed. Cattle from Gu\u00e1rico State showed the lowest average concentration (0.21 ppm) and those from Portuguesa the highest one (0.67 ppm). A group of animals from Tur\u00e9n (a District of Portuguesa State) showed the highest average concentration (1.64 ppm, range 1.02 +/- to 3.24 ppm). Concentrations of this magnitude in animals under grazing conditions could be related to high levels of selenium either in the soil or in the pasture. It is concluded that such animals are localized inaseleniferous zone (Tur\u00e9n). It must be noted that Jaff\u00e9 et al. (op. cit.) found high levels of selenium in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) from this area and in blood and urine samples of children from Villa Bruzual, a little town of Tur\u00e9n. The results of this wok significantly differ from those obtained in other countries (of Europe and North America), where animals are managed under conditions very different from those of the tropical areas like Venezuela. The role this factor is discussed. This is the first report on blood levels in large animals of economical importance in Venezuela.", "contents": "[Selenium content in the blood cattle from Venezuela. I. Central and Portugueste zones]. Whole blood concentrations of selenium were determined in 776 dairy cows and calves from 28 farms located in three States (Aragua, Carabobo and Gu\u00e1rico) of the central zone of Venezuela and in Portuguesa State. Selenium levels largely varied according to both the geographic distribution and animals breed. Cattle from Gu\u00e1rico State showed the lowest average concentration (0.21 ppm) and those from Portuguesa the highest one (0.67 ppm). A group of animals from Tur\u00e9n (a District of Portuguesa State) showed the highest average concentration (1.64 ppm, range 1.02 +/- to 3.24 ppm). Concentrations of this magnitude in animals under grazing conditions could be related to high levels of selenium either in the soil or in the pasture. It is concluded that such animals are localized inaseleniferous zone (Tur\u00e9n). It must be noted that Jaff\u00e9 et al. (op. cit.) found high levels of selenium in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) from this area and in blood and urine samples of children from Villa Bruzual, a little town of Tur\u00e9n. The results of this wok significantly differ from those obtained in other countries (of Europe and North America), where animals are managed under conditions very different from those of the tropical areas like Venezuela. The role this factor is discussed. This is the first report on blood levels in large animals of economical importance in Venezuela."}
{"id": "PMID:931507", "title": "Regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) infected with Rhizobium meliloti.", "content": "Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium meliloti bacteroids in Medicago sativa root nodules was suppressed by several inorganic nitrogen sources. Amino acids like glutamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which can serve as sole nitrogen sources for the unnodulated plant did not influence nitrogenase activity of effective nodules, even at high concetrations. Ammonia and nitrate suppressed symbiotic nitrogen fixation in vivo only at concentrations much higher than those needed for suppression of nitrogenase activity in free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. The kinetics of suppression were slow compared with that of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. On the other hand, nitrite, which acts as a direct inhibitor of nitrogenase, suppressed very quickly and at low concentrations. Glutamic acid and glutamine enhanced the effect of ammonia dramatically, while the suppression by nitrate was enhanced only slightly.", "contents": "Regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) infected with Rhizobium meliloti. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of Rhizobium meliloti bacteroids in Medicago sativa root nodules was suppressed by several inorganic nitrogen sources. Amino acids like glutamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which can serve as sole nitrogen sources for the unnodulated plant did not influence nitrogenase activity of effective nodules, even at high concetrations. Ammonia and nitrate suppressed symbiotic nitrogen fixation in vivo only at concentrations much higher than those needed for suppression of nitrogenase activity in free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. The kinetics of suppression were slow compared with that of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. On the other hand, nitrite, which acts as a direct inhibitor of nitrogenase, suppressed very quickly and at low concentrations. Glutamic acid and glutamine enhanced the effect of ammonia dramatically, while the suppression by nitrate was enhanced only slightly."}
{"id": "PMID:931508", "title": "The demonstration of the existence of an interlayer between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper of staphylococci.", "content": "By disintegration of the cell wall of staphylococci a definite interlayer located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper could be demonstrated for the first time (MW-interlayer). This MW-interlayer contains a sort of \"cloddy\" material in which clusters of embedded ring-like disks are hexagonally arranged in a crystal-like manner. The ring-like disks, approximately 40 A in diameter and with center-to-center spacings of approximately 75 A, -lie in direct contact either with a rhombically arranged fibrillar network of the outer parts of the cytoplasmic membrane or they themselves are part of (or interconnected by) such an apparently rhombical network. The crystal-like arranged ring-like disks of the interlayer between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall shall be called MW-particles in order to differentiate them from intramembrane particles and particles on the outer surface of the cell wall. At present, nothing more than speculation on the function of the MW-particles located within the space where final processes of the cell wall polymerization are taking place is possible.", "contents": "The demonstration of the existence of an interlayer between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper of staphylococci. By disintegration of the cell wall of staphylococci a definite interlayer located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall proper could be demonstrated for the first time (MW-interlayer). This MW-interlayer contains a sort of \"cloddy\" material in which clusters of embedded ring-like disks are hexagonally arranged in a crystal-like manner. The ring-like disks, approximately 40 A in diameter and with center-to-center spacings of approximately 75 A, -lie in direct contact either with a rhombically arranged fibrillar network of the outer parts of the cytoplasmic membrane or they themselves are part of (or interconnected by) such an apparently rhombical network. The crystal-like arranged ring-like disks of the interlayer between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall shall be called MW-particles in order to differentiate them from intramembrane particles and particles on the outer surface of the cell wall. At present, nothing more than speculation on the function of the MW-particles located within the space where final processes of the cell wall polymerization are taking place is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:931509", "title": "Enzymatic studies on autotrophically, mixotrophically and heterotrophically grown Nitrobacter agilis with special reference to nitrite oxidase.", "content": "Nitrobacter agilis was grown autotrophically on nitrite, mixotrophically on nitrite together with either acetate or pyruvate and heterotrophically on acetate and casamino acids, pyruvate and casamino acids or pyruvate and nitrate. The enzymatic activities differed most in the key enzymes of lithotrophic metabolism. Nitrite oxidase was repressed 90% in 10 days after transition to heterotrophic growth and was no longer detectable after several transfers. The induction of nitrite oxidase began after a lag of 2 days and reached the autotrophic level after 7 days when pyruvate was the carbon and energy source and after 9 days using acetate.", "contents": "Enzymatic studies on autotrophically, mixotrophically and heterotrophically grown Nitrobacter agilis with special reference to nitrite oxidase. Nitrobacter agilis was grown autotrophically on nitrite, mixotrophically on nitrite together with either acetate or pyruvate and heterotrophically on acetate and casamino acids, pyruvate and casamino acids or pyruvate and nitrate. The enzymatic activities differed most in the key enzymes of lithotrophic metabolism. Nitrite oxidase was repressed 90% in 10 days after transition to heterotrophic growth and was no longer detectable after several transfers. The induction of nitrite oxidase began after a lag of 2 days and reached the autotrophic level after 7 days when pyruvate was the carbon and energy source and after 9 days using acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:931510", "title": "Metabolic regulation of pyruvate kinase isolated from autotrophically and heterotrophically grown Paracoccus denitrificans.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.40) was partially purified from both autotrophically and heterotrophically grown Paracoccus denitrificans. The organism grown under heterotrophic conditions contains four times more pyruvate kinase than under autotrophic conditions. The enzyme isolated from both sources exhibited sigmoidal kinetics for both phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ADP. The apparent Km for ADP and PEP in the \"autotrophic\" enzyme were 0.63 mM ADP and 0.25 mM PEP. The effect of several low molecular weight metabolites on the pyruvate kinase activity was investigated. Ribose-5-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and AMP stimulated the reaction at low ADP levels; this stimulation was brought about by an alteration in the apparent Km for ADP. The pyruvate kinases differ in their response to adenine nucleotides, but both preparations seem to be under adenylate control. The results are discussed in relation to the role of pyruvate kinase as a regulatory enzyme in P. denitrificans grown under both autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions.", "contents": "Metabolic regulation of pyruvate kinase isolated from autotrophically and heterotrophically grown Paracoccus denitrificans. Pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.40) was partially purified from both autotrophically and heterotrophically grown Paracoccus denitrificans. The organism grown under heterotrophic conditions contains four times more pyruvate kinase than under autotrophic conditions. The enzyme isolated from both sources exhibited sigmoidal kinetics for both phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ADP. The apparent Km for ADP and PEP in the \"autotrophic\" enzyme were 0.63 mM ADP and 0.25 mM PEP. The effect of several low molecular weight metabolites on the pyruvate kinase activity was investigated. Ribose-5-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and AMP stimulated the reaction at low ADP levels; this stimulation was brought about by an alteration in the apparent Km for ADP. The pyruvate kinases differ in their response to adenine nucleotides, but both preparations seem to be under adenylate control. The results are discussed in relation to the role of pyruvate kinase as a regulatory enzyme in P. denitrificans grown under both autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:931511", "title": "On the specificity of the uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-alanyl-D-glutamic acid: diamino acid ligase of Bifidobacterium globosum.", "content": "The peptidoglycan of Bifidobacterium globosum contains ornithine and lysine alternately in the same position of the peptide subunit. The uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-alanyl-D-glutamic acid: diamino acid ligase of this organism was purified 700-fold. Since the activities for the incorporation of ornithine and lysine into uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-tripeptide did not separate during purification and since the incorporation of ornithine is competitively inhibited by lysine and vice versa, both ornithine and lysine are assumed to be incorporated by one single enzyme. Studies on the specificity of the ligase toward analogs of ornithine have shown that the enzyme requires a diamino, monocarboxylic acid with 4-6 carbon atoms. Methylation of the epsilon-amino group or hydroxylation of the delta-carbon atom of lysine decreases the competitive properties of the analog, whereas the substitution of the gamma-methylen group by sulfur (S-2-aminoethyl cysteine) results in a highly competitive compound.", "contents": "On the specificity of the uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-alanyl-D-glutamic acid: diamino acid ligase of Bifidobacterium globosum. The peptidoglycan of Bifidobacterium globosum contains ornithine and lysine alternately in the same position of the peptide subunit. The uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-alanyl-D-glutamic acid: diamino acid ligase of this organism was purified 700-fold. Since the activities for the incorporation of ornithine and lysine into uridine diphospho-N-acetylmuramyl-tripeptide did not separate during purification and since the incorporation of ornithine is competitively inhibited by lysine and vice versa, both ornithine and lysine are assumed to be incorporated by one single enzyme. Studies on the specificity of the ligase toward analogs of ornithine have shown that the enzyme requires a diamino, monocarboxylic acid with 4-6 carbon atoms. Methylation of the epsilon-amino group or hydroxylation of the delta-carbon atom of lysine decreases the competitive properties of the analog, whereas the substitution of the gamma-methylen group by sulfur (S-2-aminoethyl cysteine) results in a highly competitive compound."}
{"id": "PMID:931514", "title": "[Thyroid dysgenesis in mother and daughter].", "content": "A case of congenital hypothyroidism with lingual thyroid in a woman and her daughter is presented. The scarcity of familial cases of thyroid malformations leads to discuss the genetic factors involved.", "contents": "[Thyroid dysgenesis in mother and daughter]. A case of congenital hypothyroidism with lingual thyroid in a woman and her daughter is presented. The scarcity of familial cases of thyroid malformations leads to discuss the genetic factors involved."}
{"id": "PMID:931513", "title": "[Colonic stenosis following necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn infants. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of double left colic stenosis revealed at one month of age by subobstruction are reported. Recovery was obtained by surgery. The evolution of radiological data in one case, and of histological changes observed on the resected sigmoid colon in the two other cases favor the assumption that cicatricial stenosis occurred likewise. These cases also confirm the existence of a benign expression of necrotising enterocolitis, most common with a colonic localization. Such stenosis due to submucous connective sclerosis strengthens the hypothesis that a transitory mesenteric ischemia is responsible for the necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns.", "contents": "[Colonic stenosis following necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn infants. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of double left colic stenosis revealed at one month of age by subobstruction are reported. Recovery was obtained by surgery. The evolution of radiological data in one case, and of histological changes observed on the resected sigmoid colon in the two other cases favor the assumption that cicatricial stenosis occurred likewise. These cases also confirm the existence of a benign expression of necrotising enterocolitis, most common with a colonic localization. Such stenosis due to submucous connective sclerosis strengthens the hypothesis that a transitory mesenteric ischemia is responsible for the necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:931515", "title": "[Transitory hepatic peliosis in a child].", "content": "A case of hepatic peliosis in a 4 year old child is reported. The exceptional character of such a presentation in a child, along with its reversibility, are emphasized. The hepatogram performed during splenoportography showed numerous little granular pictures, which probably corresponded to the opacification of \"peliotic\" cavities. The mechanism of hepatic peliosis remains unknown in this case, except that it occurred in a child with poor general condition.", "contents": "[Transitory hepatic peliosis in a child]. A case of hepatic peliosis in a 4 year old child is reported. The exceptional character of such a presentation in a child, along with its reversibility, are emphasized. The hepatogram performed during splenoportography showed numerous little granular pictures, which probably corresponded to the opacification of \"peliotic\" cavities. The mechanism of hepatic peliosis remains unknown in this case, except that it occurred in a child with poor general condition."}
{"id": "PMID:931516", "title": "[Agranulocytosis in visceral leishmaniasis treated with glucantime].", "content": "Report of one case of agranulocytosis occurring in a 23 months old child, during treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by antimony.", "contents": "[Agranulocytosis in visceral leishmaniasis treated with glucantime]. Report of one case of agranulocytosis occurring in a 23 months old child, during treatment of visceral leishmaniasis by antimony."}
{"id": "PMID:931520", "title": "[Statistical analysis of clinical, biological and histologic data in 288 cases of neonatal cholestasis].", "content": "The retrospective analysis of 288 cases of neonatal cholestasis showed that 4 clinical data allowed to separate extra- and intra-hepatic cholestasis in 82% of cases. These results should facilitate the diagnosis and lead to early surgery, when required.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of clinical, biological and histologic data in 288 cases of neonatal cholestasis]. The retrospective analysis of 288 cases of neonatal cholestasis showed that 4 clinical data allowed to separate extra- and intra-hepatic cholestasis in 82% of cases. These results should facilitate the diagnosis and lead to early surgery, when required."}
{"id": "PMID:931521", "title": "[Study of weight deficiency in a representative sample of newborns].", "content": "A study of a representative sample of 11,330 newborns allowed to establish the distribution of birth weights in terms of gestation-age. The comparison with Lubchenco's curves shows important differences since the 10th percentile of the American curve is below the 3rd percentile of the French sample for prematures. The use of a technique of multivariant analysis distinguishes groups with low and high risks of prematurity and hypotrophy. The distinction is more obvious for the first group than for the second. The study of the rate of early neonatal mortality in terms of weight and gestation-age, led to individualize the risk related to hypotrophy from that related to prematurity.", "contents": "[Study of weight deficiency in a representative sample of newborns]. A study of a representative sample of 11,330 newborns allowed to establish the distribution of birth weights in terms of gestation-age. The comparison with Lubchenco's curves shows important differences since the 10th percentile of the American curve is below the 3rd percentile of the French sample for prematures. The use of a technique of multivariant analysis distinguishes groups with low and high risks of prematurity and hypotrophy. The distinction is more obvious for the first group than for the second. The study of the rate of early neonatal mortality in terms of weight and gestation-age, led to individualize the risk related to hypotrophy from that related to prematurity."}
{"id": "PMID:931531", "title": "[Immunity in cystic fibrosis. A comparative study of chronic bronchorrhea of different etiology].", "content": "Various aspects of immunity in cystic fibrosis were studied in 24 children and compared with the results in 13 children with other types of chronic bronchial infection. The complement was not significantly altered: number of lymphocytes, delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, number of T (an B) cells, phytohaemagglutinin lymphocyte stimulation were virtually normal. Only the phagocytic activities (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacteridal activity) were altered in 20 out of 24 patients with cystic fibrosis and in a comparable percentage of patients with other types of chronic bronchial infection. No serum inhibitory factor was found and leukocyte enzyme activities were normal. This deficiency of phagocytic functions seems to be, at least in part, secondary to infection.", "contents": "[Immunity in cystic fibrosis. A comparative study of chronic bronchorrhea of different etiology]. Various aspects of immunity in cystic fibrosis were studied in 24 children and compared with the results in 13 children with other types of chronic bronchial infection. The complement was not significantly altered: number of lymphocytes, delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, number of T (an B) cells, phytohaemagglutinin lymphocyte stimulation were virtually normal. Only the phagocytic activities (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, bacteridal activity) were altered in 20 out of 24 patients with cystic fibrosis and in a comparable percentage of patients with other types of chronic bronchial infection. No serum inhibitory factor was found and leukocyte enzyme activities were normal. This deficiency of phagocytic functions seems to be, at least in part, secondary to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:931532", "title": "[Convulsions in the fifth day of life: a new syndrome?].", "content": "Among a series of 98 newborns who experienced neonatal seizures, 20 of them were individualized for they illustrated a \"new syndrome\": \"the seizures of the fifth day of life\". These patients were born at term, their maternal and natal history was unremarkable. Seizures always began around the fifth day and most often constituted a real electro-clinical \u00e9tat de mal. EEG reveals alternating sharpened theta waves, a pattern which seems to be characteristic. Some 6 days later, children recovered completely. Further evolution appeared to be always favorable. Although etiological enquiry remained negative, many facts suggested a viral etiology. This syndrome is probably frequent as it was also observed in other neonatal units.", "contents": "[Convulsions in the fifth day of life: a new syndrome?]. Among a series of 98 newborns who experienced neonatal seizures, 20 of them were individualized for they illustrated a \"new syndrome\": \"the seizures of the fifth day of life\". These patients were born at term, their maternal and natal history was unremarkable. Seizures always began around the fifth day and most often constituted a real electro-clinical \u00e9tat de mal. EEG reveals alternating sharpened theta waves, a pattern which seems to be characteristic. Some 6 days later, children recovered completely. Further evolution appeared to be always favorable. Although etiological enquiry remained negative, many facts suggested a viral etiology. This syndrome is probably frequent as it was also observed in other neonatal units."}
{"id": "PMID:931533", "title": "[Blood xylose as a screening test for malabsorption in jejunal mucosa abnormalities; importance of diet in interpretation].", "content": "Blood xylose level 60 min. after an oral dose of 10 g/m2 xylose was compared with the histology of the jejunal mucosa in 56 children. Ninety-two percent of children with blood xylose below 20 mg/100 ml had an abnormal jejunal mucosa; 98% of children with a normal mucosa had a blood xylose above 20 mg/100 ml. In children with coeliac disease the following observations were made: 1) blood xylose was above 20 mg/100 ml in 50% of children with flat mucosa; all were given a diet excluding gluten; 2) blood xylose levels which were initially below 20 mg/100 ml were found above this level 3 to 12 days after the onset of the diet; 3) all the histological relapses following re-introduction of gluten in the diet were not associated with a decrease of blood xylose level below 20 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "[Blood xylose as a screening test for malabsorption in jejunal mucosa abnormalities; importance of diet in interpretation]. Blood xylose level 60 min. after an oral dose of 10 g/m2 xylose was compared with the histology of the jejunal mucosa in 56 children. Ninety-two percent of children with blood xylose below 20 mg/100 ml had an abnormal jejunal mucosa; 98% of children with a normal mucosa had a blood xylose above 20 mg/100 ml. In children with coeliac disease the following observations were made: 1) blood xylose was above 20 mg/100 ml in 50% of children with flat mucosa; all were given a diet excluding gluten; 2) blood xylose levels which were initially below 20 mg/100 ml were found above this level 3 to 12 days after the onset of the diet; 3) all the histological relapses following re-introduction of gluten in the diet were not associated with a decrease of blood xylose level below 20 mg/100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:931528", "title": "[The measurement of total blood cell volume in newborns with respiratory distress].", "content": "The total blood cell volume was measured with 51Cr labelled red blood cells in 52 premature newborns, divided into 3 groups, with similar gestational ages and birth weigths: 15 controls, 11 children with transitory respiratory distress and 26 with hyaline membrane disease. The total red blood cell volumes were significantly different (p less than 0.001) in newborns with hyaline membrane disease (32.12 ml/kg +/- 8.75). No hypothesis explaining these results was satisfactory. However, early blood transfusion in children with hyaline membrane disease may be proposed as a practical application.", "contents": "[The measurement of total blood cell volume in newborns with respiratory distress]. The total blood cell volume was measured with 51Cr labelled red blood cells in 52 premature newborns, divided into 3 groups, with similar gestational ages and birth weigths: 15 controls, 11 children with transitory respiratory distress and 26 with hyaline membrane disease. The total red blood cell volumes were significantly different (p less than 0.001) in newborns with hyaline membrane disease (32.12 ml/kg +/- 8.75). No hypothesis explaining these results was satisfactory. However, early blood transfusion in children with hyaline membrane disease may be proposed as a practical application."}
{"id": "PMID:931522", "title": "[Hyperphenylalaninaemia with normal phenylalanine-hydroxylase activity and a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin and dihydropteridine reductase].", "content": "Two cases of hyperphenylalaninemia with a normal activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase are described. No activity of DHP reductase was found in the first case, having very high biopterin levels in basal conditions and after intravenous perfusion of phenylalanine. In the other case, the DHP reductase activity is normal but plasma and urinary levels of the reduced forms of biopterin are largely lowered and do not increase during the phenylalanine load. Early substitutive treatment with L-dopa and 5-HTP in one of the cases avoided the development of the \"progressive neurological illness unresponsive to dietary treatment\" characterizing two variants. This raises the question of a liver biopsy in order to assay the hydroxylation enzyme activities when screening hyperphenylalaninemia whatever the type.", "contents": "[Hyperphenylalaninaemia with normal phenylalanine-hydroxylase activity and a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin and dihydropteridine reductase]. Two cases of hyperphenylalaninemia with a normal activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase are described. No activity of DHP reductase was found in the first case, having very high biopterin levels in basal conditions and after intravenous perfusion of phenylalanine. In the other case, the DHP reductase activity is normal but plasma and urinary levels of the reduced forms of biopterin are largely lowered and do not increase during the phenylalanine load. Early substitutive treatment with L-dopa and 5-HTP in one of the cases avoided the development of the \"progressive neurological illness unresponsive to dietary treatment\" characterizing two variants. This raises the question of a liver biopsy in order to assay the hydroxylation enzyme activities when screening hyperphenylalaninemia whatever the type."}
{"id": "PMID:931523", "title": "[Ano-rectal abnormalities and esophageal atresia; familial and epidemiological studies].", "content": "The authors estimate the frequency of anorectal malformations (0.30 p. 1,000) and oesophageal atresia (0.20 p. 1,000) and record an increase in the sex-ratio along with a high percentage of associated malformations. From the available data and a family study on 366 anorectal malformations and 327 oesophageal atresia, they suggest the possibility of a dominant autosomal inheritance with weak penetrance, in certain cases of anorectal malformations and of a polygenic heredity in oesophageal atresia. The findings do not allow to reassure the parents completely of the sporadic cases, since the recurrence risk is 1-2 p. 100.", "contents": "[Ano-rectal abnormalities and esophageal atresia; familial and epidemiological studies]. The authors estimate the frequency of anorectal malformations (0.30 p. 1,000) and oesophageal atresia (0.20 p. 1,000) and record an increase in the sex-ratio along with a high percentage of associated malformations. From the available data and a family study on 366 anorectal malformations and 327 oesophageal atresia, they suggest the possibility of a dominant autosomal inheritance with weak penetrance, in certain cases of anorectal malformations and of a polygenic heredity in oesophageal atresia. The findings do not allow to reassure the parents completely of the sporadic cases, since the recurrence risk is 1-2 p. 100."}
{"id": "PMID:931534", "title": "[Insulin-dependent diabetes associated with celisc disease in two families].", "content": "Two families in which insulin-dependent diabetes was associated with coeliac disease were studied. All patients had the HLA B 8 antigens. In one case there was an association of HLA B 8 with BW 15. The HLA B 8 determinant was found in that of the parents with a familial diabetic trait. These findings contribute to replace the association diabetes-coeliac disease in the larger frame of auto-immune diseases.", "contents": "[Insulin-dependent diabetes associated with celisc disease in two families]. Two families in which insulin-dependent diabetes was associated with coeliac disease were studied. All patients had the HLA B 8 antigens. In one case there was an association of HLA B 8 with BW 15. The HLA B 8 determinant was found in that of the parents with a familial diabetic trait. These findings contribute to replace the association diabetes-coeliac disease in the larger frame of auto-immune diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:931525", "title": "[Partial lipodystrophy, hypocomplementemia and glomerulonephritis].", "content": "Renal involvement is found in 20 to 50% of cases of Partial lipodystrophy (PLD). We report 8 cases of PLD of which 6 had a glomerular nephropathy and 2 had no renal disease but all had persistent hypocomplementemia and 5 had circulating nephritic factor (C3NeF). The analysis of these cases and of all the cases reported in the literature shows the specificity of the glomerular involvement. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) with dense intramembranous deposits is a constant finding in PLD with renal involvement. This variety of MPGN is well known for being associated with persistent hypocomplementemia. However, the presence of hypocomplementemia and C3NeF in patients with PLD but without nephritis raises the question of the interrelationship between alternative pathway complement activation and the development of MPGN with or without lipodystrophy. There is no valid explanation in the present state of knowledge for the association of partial lipodystrophy hypocomplementemia, and MPGN. From the answer to this problem should emerge a better understanding of the role of complement in renal disease and in particular in the unusual form of glomerular injury seen in MPGN.", "contents": "[Partial lipodystrophy, hypocomplementemia and glomerulonephritis]. Renal involvement is found in 20 to 50% of cases of Partial lipodystrophy (PLD). We report 8 cases of PLD of which 6 had a glomerular nephropathy and 2 had no renal disease but all had persistent hypocomplementemia and 5 had circulating nephritic factor (C3NeF). The analysis of these cases and of all the cases reported in the literature shows the specificity of the glomerular involvement. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) with dense intramembranous deposits is a constant finding in PLD with renal involvement. This variety of MPGN is well known for being associated with persistent hypocomplementemia. However, the presence of hypocomplementemia and C3NeF in patients with PLD but without nephritis raises the question of the interrelationship between alternative pathway complement activation and the development of MPGN with or without lipodystrophy. There is no valid explanation in the present state of knowledge for the association of partial lipodystrophy hypocomplementemia, and MPGN. From the answer to this problem should emerge a better understanding of the role of complement in renal disease and in particular in the unusual form of glomerular injury seen in MPGN."}
{"id": "PMID:931526", "title": "[Use of the computer for management of a vaccination program].", "content": "The surveillance of vaccine acceptance was carried out in 3 French towns. The cost was minimal as the necessary equipment and personnel were available in the town-halls. This arrangement was utilized to monitor the increasing percentage of children vaccinated in the 3 towns. The increase was particularly significant for diphteria, tetanus and poliomyelitis.", "contents": "[Use of the computer for management of a vaccination program]. The surveillance of vaccine acceptance was carried out in 3 French towns. The cost was minimal as the necessary equipment and personnel were available in the town-halls. This arrangement was utilized to monitor the increasing percentage of children vaccinated in the 3 towns. The increase was particularly significant for diphteria, tetanus and poliomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:931535", "title": "[A rare form of total abnormal pulmonary stenosis return: atresia of the common pulmonary vein].", "content": "One case of atresia of the common pulmonary vein is discussed at the light of the few reports found in the literature. The presence of criteria distinguishing this type of obstacle to pulmonary venous return from the other cases, is of practical diagnostic interest; indeed, its diagnosis leads to surgical intervention, theoretically curative.", "contents": "[A rare form of total abnormal pulmonary stenosis return: atresia of the common pulmonary vein]. One case of atresia of the common pulmonary vein is discussed at the light of the few reports found in the literature. The presence of criteria distinguishing this type of obstacle to pulmonary venous return from the other cases, is of practical diagnostic interest; indeed, its diagnosis leads to surgical intervention, theoretically curative."}
{"id": "PMID:931536", "title": "[Solitary hemangioma of the liver manifested by neonatal heart failure].", "content": "A new case of solitary angioma of the liver, complicated with heart failure, is reported in a newborn. The rarity of this anatomo-clinical form is emphasized, and the interest of venous catheterization, which permitted an angiogram of good quality, is underlined. Radiotherapy was so rapidly efficient that one is incited to promote this treatment before any other, especially in cases where surgery involves major risks.", "contents": "[Solitary hemangioma of the liver manifested by neonatal heart failure]. A new case of solitary angioma of the liver, complicated with heart failure, is reported in a newborn. The rarity of this anatomo-clinical form is emphasized, and the interest of venous catheterization, which permitted an angiogram of good quality, is underlined. Radiotherapy was so rapidly efficient that one is incited to promote this treatment before any other, especially in cases where surgery involves major risks."}
{"id": "PMID:931527", "title": "[Clinical significance of plasma renin, testosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and ACTH activities in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A review of 31 cases].", "content": "Measurements of urinary steroids do not allow a precise supervision of the evolution and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Thirty-one cases with a 2 year follow-up allowed a trial of estimation of the progress that could be obtained with plasmatic dosages of renine, testosterone, A.C.T.H. and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-O.H.P.) activities. The best way for reaching diagnosis is presently 17-O.H.P. However, the amplitude and variability of nyctemeral changes of 17-O.H.P. as well as A.C.T.H. activities do not allow to use these two dosages for a precise supervision of therapeutic effects. On the contrary, the dosage of testosterone allows the appreciation of the risk of virilization and its reliability gives a precise control of the effects of steroid therapy. The dosage of the renine activity disclosed unknown or not well controlled sodium-losses, and allowed to adjust the dosage of 9-alpha-fluorohydro-cortisone, while limiting glucocorticosteroids. It gave also evidence of the usefulness of prolonged steroid therapy until the end of the growth period.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of plasma renin, testosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and ACTH activities in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A review of 31 cases]. Measurements of urinary steroids do not allow a precise supervision of the evolution and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Thirty-one cases with a 2 year follow-up allowed a trial of estimation of the progress that could be obtained with plasmatic dosages of renine, testosterone, A.C.T.H. and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-O.H.P.) activities. The best way for reaching diagnosis is presently 17-O.H.P. However, the amplitude and variability of nyctemeral changes of 17-O.H.P. as well as A.C.T.H. activities do not allow to use these two dosages for a precise supervision of therapeutic effects. On the contrary, the dosage of testosterone allows the appreciation of the risk of virilization and its reliability gives a precise control of the effects of steroid therapy. The dosage of the renine activity disclosed unknown or not well controlled sodium-losses, and allowed to adjust the dosage of 9-alpha-fluorohydro-cortisone, while limiting glucocorticosteroids. It gave also evidence of the usefulness of prolonged steroid therapy until the end of the growth period."}
{"id": "PMID:931541", "title": "[Cryotherapy in basalioma].", "content": "The biological basis of cryotherapy of tumours is explained. The enveloped cryosurgical instruments in Dresden were presented. Oculists and dermatologist have treated 200 basal cell epitheliomas by cryotherapy. Good functional and cosmetical results were seen. The time of control completes up to 5 years.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy in basalioma]. The biological basis of cryotherapy of tumours is explained. The enveloped cryosurgical instruments in Dresden were presented. Oculists and dermatologist have treated 200 basal cell epitheliomas by cryotherapy. Good functional and cosmetical results were seen. The time of control completes up to 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:931542", "title": "[The prevalence of single and synchronous multiple tumours in autopsy series and its dependence on age (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study reports the age specific prevalence rate of tumors in autopsies of the years 1958--1969, registered in the Medical Academy \"Carl Gustav Carus\" Dresden. The results refer to the total of all malignant tumors, to several tumor sites as well as to multiple simultaneous tumors. In many neoplasms highest prevalence occurs in presenile age (malignancies of lung, uterus, ovar, brain, and bone marrow). On the other side prevalence of carcinoma of breast, urinary bladder, kidney, prostate, and large intestine increases up to the oldest age-groups. With respect to the population the prevalence of cancer increases permanently up to the age of eighty and decreases only in the following age-groups. The age-specific prevalence of simultaneous multiple tumors referred to cases of single tumors in the post-mortem findings reveals an analogous age distribution curve. The prevalence of simultaneous cancer is discussed concerning the influence of age and duration of the malignancy.", "contents": "[The prevalence of single and synchronous multiple tumours in autopsy series and its dependence on age (author's transl)]. The present study reports the age specific prevalence rate of tumors in autopsies of the years 1958--1969, registered in the Medical Academy \"Carl Gustav Carus\" Dresden. The results refer to the total of all malignant tumors, to several tumor sites as well as to multiple simultaneous tumors. In many neoplasms highest prevalence occurs in presenile age (malignancies of lung, uterus, ovar, brain, and bone marrow). On the other side prevalence of carcinoma of breast, urinary bladder, kidney, prostate, and large intestine increases up to the oldest age-groups. With respect to the population the prevalence of cancer increases permanently up to the age of eighty and decreases only in the following age-groups. The age-specific prevalence of simultaneous multiple tumors referred to cases of single tumors in the post-mortem findings reveals an analogous age distribution curve. The prevalence of simultaneous cancer is discussed concerning the influence of age and duration of the malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:931543", "title": "Cervical canal aspiration smears in hormonal cytodiagnosis.", "content": "On the basis of 200 women with functional ovarian disturbances analysed, it has been found that though cervical canal aspiration smears along cannot serve in hormonal diagnosis they can be valuable when estimated together with vaginal smears, particularly in the cases with the Intermediate Cell Complex. In oestrogen deficiency cytologic indices of CCAS are close to those of VS, cervical mucus is opaque, gray, homogenous and abundant in leukocytes and histiocytes; and glandular cells, both endometrial and endocervical, are hypothrophic. In oestrogen and androgen stimulation, high M.V., S.C.I., and E.I. and low N.I., C.I., F.I. and C., abundant, transparent, polychromatic and membranaceous cervical mucus scant in leukocytes and histiocytes; and typical oestrogenic appearance of the endometrial and endocervical cells are observed in CCAS, as compared to VS, where high C. and leukopenia are typical. In dried smears, arborization of the cervical mucus is usually seen in these cases. In luteal stimulation, M.V., S.C.I. K.I., and E.I. are slightly elevated, N.I., C.I., F.I., and C. are lower, cervical mucus is opaque, gray, and homogenous, abundant in leukocytes and scant in histiocytes, endometrial glandular cells are secretory, and endocervical cells are of luteal type in CCAS in comparison to VS. Some residual arborization phenomenon is frequenyc present in dried mucus. These preliminary results require further studies.", "contents": "Cervical canal aspiration smears in hormonal cytodiagnosis. On the basis of 200 women with functional ovarian disturbances analysed, it has been found that though cervical canal aspiration smears along cannot serve in hormonal diagnosis they can be valuable when estimated together with vaginal smears, particularly in the cases with the Intermediate Cell Complex. In oestrogen deficiency cytologic indices of CCAS are close to those of VS, cervical mucus is opaque, gray, homogenous and abundant in leukocytes and histiocytes; and glandular cells, both endometrial and endocervical, are hypothrophic. In oestrogen and androgen stimulation, high M.V., S.C.I., and E.I. and low N.I., C.I., F.I. and C., abundant, transparent, polychromatic and membranaceous cervical mucus scant in leukocytes and histiocytes; and typical oestrogenic appearance of the endometrial and endocervical cells are observed in CCAS, as compared to VS, where high C. and leukopenia are typical. In dried smears, arborization of the cervical mucus is usually seen in these cases. In luteal stimulation, M.V., S.C.I. K.I., and E.I. are slightly elevated, N.I., C.I., F.I., and C. are lower, cervical mucus is opaque, gray, and homogenous, abundant in leukocytes and scant in histiocytes, endometrial glandular cells are secretory, and endocervical cells are of luteal type in CCAS in comparison to VS. Some residual arborization phenomenon is frequenyc present in dried mucus. These preliminary results require further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:931544", "title": "[Cytologic examination during operation of endometrial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to prevent vaginal recurrences after hysterectomy for endometrial cancer, a operation method is described which permits sampling of endometrial cells and enables cytologic examination, evaluation of sensitation response and radiation response and search for vital cancer cells after preoperative irradiation. In 84 endomentrial carcinomas operated upon using this procedure no vaginal reccurences have been met.", "contents": "[Cytologic examination during operation of endometrial cancer (author's transl)]. In order to prevent vaginal recurrences after hysterectomy for endometrial cancer, a operation method is described which permits sampling of endometrial cells and enables cytologic examination, evaluation of sensitation response and radiation response and search for vital cancer cells after preoperative irradiation. In 84 endomentrial carcinomas operated upon using this procedure no vaginal reccurences have been met."}
{"id": "PMID:931545", "title": "The value of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours in women.", "content": "The diagnostic value of fine needle biopsy was assayed in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours in women. Our material comprised malignant tumours with different histological structures, benign tumours such as different kinds of cysts, teratomata and myomas. In the investigated cases of ovarian cancer the cytologic examination was in accord with the following histopathologic results. The cytologic findings failed to determine the microscopic pattern of the cancer. Teratomata were diagnosed cytologically in all cases under consideration. In the remaining tumours the results of cytologic evaluation were in accordance with the histologic examinations in the view of dismissing of tumour under study. The method seems to be very helpful in early diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumours as well as in the evaluation of the character of some tumours. The latter might be particularly important in cases presenting counterindication to laparotomy.", "contents": "The value of fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours in women. The diagnostic value of fine needle biopsy was assayed in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours in women. Our material comprised malignant tumours with different histological structures, benign tumours such as different kinds of cysts, teratomata and myomas. In the investigated cases of ovarian cancer the cytologic examination was in accord with the following histopathologic results. The cytologic findings failed to determine the microscopic pattern of the cancer. Teratomata were diagnosed cytologically in all cases under consideration. In the remaining tumours the results of cytologic evaluation were in accordance with the histologic examinations in the view of dismissing of tumour under study. The method seems to be very helpful in early diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumours as well as in the evaluation of the character of some tumours. The latter might be particularly important in cases presenting counterindication to laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:931546", "title": "[The value of vaginal cytology after total hysterectomy for benign or malignant lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "The necessity of vaginal stump smears is demonstrated by way of 1773 smears taken from 846 hysterectomized patients. In 1,18 per cent of cases operated for benign indications there are found pathological changes on the vaginal end; 7,5 percent pathological neoplastic deformations are found following hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ; recurrences of cervical, corpus- and ovarial carcinomata are detected by vaginal stump smears at an early data. The leaving of a vaginal cuff is discussed as being responsible for the increased occurrence of new malignant growth following carcinoma in stu-operations. The other results are compared with those stated in literature.", "contents": "[The value of vaginal cytology after total hysterectomy for benign or malignant lesions (author's transl)]. The necessity of vaginal stump smears is demonstrated by way of 1773 smears taken from 846 hysterectomized patients. In 1,18 per cent of cases operated for benign indications there are found pathological changes on the vaginal end; 7,5 percent pathological neoplastic deformations are found following hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ; recurrences of cervical, corpus- and ovarial carcinomata are detected by vaginal stump smears at an early data. The leaving of a vaginal cuff is discussed as being responsible for the increased occurrence of new malignant growth following carcinoma in stu-operations. The other results are compared with those stated in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:931547", "title": "[Comparison of vaginal cytologic effects and blood elimination curves of different oestrogen drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "With different oral oestrogens it was studied, if relations are existing between pharmacokinetic and vaginal effect. By means of Karyopycnotic Index and Dynamic Oestrogenicity Index the cytological effect was quantified from a single dose of oestradiol valerianate, mestranol, ethinyloestradiol and 3 depot oestrogens proved on postmenopause women and compared with adequate pharmacocinetical investigations. The courses of oestrogen levels did not correlate with indices. Both methods of investigation do not compensate, but complete one another. Depotoestrogens and short acting oestrogens are distinguishable with regard to proliferation maxium and steepness of index decline.", "contents": "[Comparison of vaginal cytologic effects and blood elimination curves of different oestrogen drugs (author's transl)]. With different oral oestrogens it was studied, if relations are existing between pharmacokinetic and vaginal effect. By means of Karyopycnotic Index and Dynamic Oestrogenicity Index the cytological effect was quantified from a single dose of oestradiol valerianate, mestranol, ethinyloestradiol and 3 depot oestrogens proved on postmenopause women and compared with adequate pharmacocinetical investigations. The courses of oestrogen levels did not correlate with indices. Both methods of investigation do not compensate, but complete one another. Depotoestrogens and short acting oestrogens are distinguishable with regard to proliferation maxium and steepness of index decline."}
{"id": "PMID:931548", "title": "An attempt to determine the relation between levels of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins and titers of antibodies against RS virus.", "content": "In a group of 126 children aged 5-24 months with respiratory infections, the relation between levels of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and titers of antibodies against the RS virus were studied. In children aged 5-12 months with high titers of antivirus antibodies, elevated levels of IgG were more frequent, but high antibody titers were not related to IgA and IgM immunoglobulins.", "contents": "An attempt to determine the relation between levels of IgG, IgA and IgM immunoglobulins and titers of antibodies against RS virus. In a group of 126 children aged 5-24 months with respiratory infections, the relation between levels of IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and titers of antibodies against the RS virus were studied. In children aged 5-12 months with high titers of antivirus antibodies, elevated levels of IgG were more frequent, but high antibody titers were not related to IgA and IgM immunoglobulins."}
{"id": "PMID:931549", "title": "HLA antigens in asbestosis.", "content": "One hundred thirty-four workers in an asbestos factory who had been in contact with asbestos for about 20 years, were typed for 22 HLA antigens of the A and B loci. In this group, 22 workers were diagnosed as asbestosis patients on the basis of chest radiography and clinical findings; the remaining 112 were without signs of asbestosis. In the group of asbestosis patients an increase of B27 antigen was observed in comparison with the group without asbestosis (27-27% and 9-82% respectively). The relative risk = 3-44 is significant at the level of p less than 0-05. These results may indicate that a genetic factor, connected with HLA locus has influence on the development of asbestosis under conditions of contact with asbestos.", "contents": "HLA antigens in asbestosis. One hundred thirty-four workers in an asbestos factory who had been in contact with asbestos for about 20 years, were typed for 22 HLA antigens of the A and B loci. In this group, 22 workers were diagnosed as asbestosis patients on the basis of chest radiography and clinical findings; the remaining 112 were without signs of asbestosis. In the group of asbestosis patients an increase of B27 antigen was observed in comparison with the group without asbestosis (27-27% and 9-82% respectively). The relative risk = 3-44 is significant at the level of p less than 0-05. These results may indicate that a genetic factor, connected with HLA locus has influence on the development of asbestosis under conditions of contact with asbestos."}
{"id": "PMID:931550", "title": "HLA antigens and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "One hundred twenty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis were typed for 21 HLA antigens from A and B loci. The antigen frequencies found in patients were compared with the frequencies in a control population of 300 healthy individuals. No statistically significant differences were observed between patients and the control group.", "contents": "HLA antigens and rheumatoid arthritis. One hundred twenty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis were typed for 21 HLA antigens from A and B loci. The antigen frequencies found in patients were compared with the frequencies in a control population of 300 healthy individuals. No statistically significant differences were observed between patients and the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:931551", "title": "Transplantation of Peyer's patches under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice. The host origin of repopulating cells.", "content": "Peyer's patches were transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice. After initial decrease in cellularity, the grafts were repopulated by lymphoid cells. Chromosomal marker analysis revealed that the host cells contribute mainly to the transplant repopulation.", "contents": "Transplantation of Peyer's patches under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice. The host origin of repopulating cells. Peyer's patches were transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice. After initial decrease in cellularity, the grafts were repopulated by lymphoid cells. Chromosomal marker analysis revealed that the host cells contribute mainly to the transplant repopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:931552", "title": "Production of antibodies against ML antigen in the xenogeneic host.", "content": "By using various protocols of immunization in the xenogeneic system, a serum was produced which contained antibodies against normal as well as leukemic lymphocytes in DBA/2 mice. To obtain specific antibodies capable of recognizing the ML tumor antigen, the best protocol proved to be the one used in group 2, in which immunization with leukemic cells was preceded by immunization of newborn mice with normal lymphoid cells from mice of the DBA/2 f BALB/c/MTV-s-negative strain. The sera contained antibodies capable of identifying the ML antigen in leukemia cells as well as in isolated form.", "contents": "Production of antibodies against ML antigen in the xenogeneic host. By using various protocols of immunization in the xenogeneic system, a serum was produced which contained antibodies against normal as well as leukemic lymphocytes in DBA/2 mice. To obtain specific antibodies capable of recognizing the ML tumor antigen, the best protocol proved to be the one used in group 2, in which immunization with leukemic cells was preceded by immunization of newborn mice with normal lymphoid cells from mice of the DBA/2 f BALB/c/MTV-s-negative strain. The sera contained antibodies capable of identifying the ML antigen in leukemia cells as well as in isolated form."}
{"id": "PMID:931553", "title": "Rat interferons. Homologous and heterologus rat serum activity.", "content": "Serum proteins from normal rat serum and induced with Sindbis virus were separated on Sephadex G-100. Interferon activity was studied in a system of homologous REC and heterologous LG cells. Proteins of normal serum as well as induced serum emerged in two peaks separated by a deep saddle. Four hours after induction, the serum gave two peaks with similar interferon activity in both cell systems. After 8-hour induction, two interferons were also obtained, but activity in the heterologous system was much lower than in the homologous system. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and on paper showed that interferon activity is connected mainly with the alpha1-globulin fraction.", "contents": "Rat interferons. Homologous and heterologus rat serum activity. Serum proteins from normal rat serum and induced with Sindbis virus were separated on Sephadex G-100. Interferon activity was studied in a system of homologous REC and heterologous LG cells. Proteins of normal serum as well as induced serum emerged in two peaks separated by a deep saddle. Four hours after induction, the serum gave two peaks with similar interferon activity in both cell systems. After 8-hour induction, two interferons were also obtained, but activity in the heterologous system was much lower than in the homologous system. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and on paper showed that interferon activity is connected mainly with the alpha1-globulin fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:931554", "title": "Estimation of ABO system antibodies by an automatic technique.", "content": "Detection of ABO system antibodies of IgG class in human sera is of importance both for diagnosis of feto-maternal incompatibility and for transfusiology. Inactivation of IgM and IgA class antibodies by 2-mercaptoethanol with subsequent estimation of IgG class antibodies, insensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol, serves as one of the approaches to the problem. In serological studies, IgG class antibody level is usually determined by the indirect antiglobulin test. Since the automatic technique is regarded as more accurate, we have attempted to adapt it to estimation of the ABO system antibody level.", "contents": "Estimation of ABO system antibodies by an automatic technique. Detection of ABO system antibodies of IgG class in human sera is of importance both for diagnosis of feto-maternal incompatibility and for transfusiology. Inactivation of IgM and IgA class antibodies by 2-mercaptoethanol with subsequent estimation of IgG class antibodies, insensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol, serves as one of the approaches to the problem. In serological studies, IgG class antibody level is usually determined by the indirect antiglobulin test. Since the automatic technique is regarded as more accurate, we have attempted to adapt it to estimation of the ABO system antibody level."}
{"id": "PMID:931556", "title": "The rare PGM1 7-1 phenotype in a Polish family.", "content": "The phenotype PGM1 7-1 is described in eight members of a Polish family. Analysis of the findings confirmed the hereditary character of this phenotype, dependent on presence of the PGM71 gene in conjunction with the PGM11 gene in all the subjects examined.", "contents": "The rare PGM1 7-1 phenotype in a Polish family. The phenotype PGM1 7-1 is described in eight members of a Polish family. Analysis of the findings confirmed the hereditary character of this phenotype, dependent on presence of the PGM71 gene in conjunction with the PGM11 gene in all the subjects examined."}
{"id": "PMID:931557", "title": "Significance of the \"acute phase\" factors during delivery.", "content": "In the intrauterine, peripheral and umbilical cord blood oj parturients the levels of the following glycoproteid \"acute phase\" factors--sialic acid, seromucoid, and haptoglobin were determined. It was found that the levels of these factors, determined in peripheral and intrauterine blood samples, were approximate. The determinations made in the umbilical cord blood showed regularly significantly lower levels. The differences found in contents of the substances studied between maternal and newborn blood were statistically significant. The possible causes of these differences were discussed considering both the placental barrier and developmental factors. It was found that the \"acute phase\" factors might be of importance in obstetrical practice.", "contents": "Significance of the \"acute phase\" factors during delivery. In the intrauterine, peripheral and umbilical cord blood oj parturients the levels of the following glycoproteid \"acute phase\" factors--sialic acid, seromucoid, and haptoglobin were determined. It was found that the levels of these factors, determined in peripheral and intrauterine blood samples, were approximate. The determinations made in the umbilical cord blood showed regularly significantly lower levels. The differences found in contents of the substances studied between maternal and newborn blood were statistically significant. The possible causes of these differences were discussed considering both the placental barrier and developmental factors. It was found that the \"acute phase\" factors might be of importance in obstetrical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:931558", "title": "Studies on the lysosomal enzymes activity during delivery.", "content": "The activities of lysosomal enzymes: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity and lysozymic activity were studied in intrauterine, peripheral and umblical cord blood. It was found that the highest activity of enzymes was in the blood taken from the cavity of the uterus, somewhat lower enzymatic activity was found in peripheral venous blood. The lowest activity of enzymes was regularly observed in the umbilical cord (neonatal) blood. The possible causes of these differences were discussed. The phenomenon described may be brought about by the delivery trauma of uterus and the regressive alterations occurring there. The abnormal enzyme activity in umbilical cord blood may, on the other hand, be explained by incomplete enzymatic maturity of the newborn. Although the parameters studied can present the intensity of the regressive alterations occurring  in the cavity of uterus, the determinations of enzymatic activities in the peripheral blood of the paturients do not seem to be of a significant diagnostic or prognostic value.", "contents": "Studies on the lysosomal enzymes activity during delivery. The activities of lysosomal enzymes: acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity and lysozymic activity were studied in intrauterine, peripheral and umblical cord blood. It was found that the highest activity of enzymes was in the blood taken from the cavity of the uterus, somewhat lower enzymatic activity was found in peripheral venous blood. The lowest activity of enzymes was regularly observed in the umbilical cord (neonatal) blood. The possible causes of these differences were discussed. The phenomenon described may be brought about by the delivery trauma of uterus and the regressive alterations occurring there. The abnormal enzyme activity in umbilical cord blood may, on the other hand, be explained by incomplete enzymatic maturity of the newborn. Although the parameters studied can present the intensity of the regressive alterations occurring  in the cavity of uterus, the determinations of enzymatic activities in the peripheral blood of the paturients do not seem to be of a significant diagnostic or prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:931585", "title": "Social adaptation patterns among cancer patients with facial disfigurements resulting from surgery.", "content": "An assessment of adaptation patterns among cancer patients with facial disfigurements was made by interviewing 152 patients in two head and neck clinics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo. It was found that 86.2% had adapted to their disfigurement. More specifically, disfigurement seldom was mentioned as a reason for not returning to work and for not participating in social activities with work mates, friends, relatives, and society in general. Disfigurement also seemed to have little effect on involvement in formal groups. Reactions from society toward disfigurement were perceived as being mostly positive (although staring was commonly reported). Reasons for this high level of adaptation are suggested. These include the need to maintain stability of self-concept, age as a stabilizing factor, the positive reaction from society, the nature of the disease itself (so that disfigurement may be seen as being more acceptable (positive) than the alternative of threat of death), the hospitalization experience as it prepares the patient for society's response, and the fact that this is an acquired disfigurement in a patient from a relatively normal population.", "contents": "Social adaptation patterns among cancer patients with facial disfigurements resulting from surgery. An assessment of adaptation patterns among cancer patients with facial disfigurements was made by interviewing 152 patients in two head and neck clinics at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo. It was found that 86.2% had adapted to their disfigurement. More specifically, disfigurement seldom was mentioned as a reason for not returning to work and for not participating in social activities with work mates, friends, relatives, and society in general. Disfigurement also seemed to have little effect on involvement in formal groups. Reactions from society toward disfigurement were perceived as being mostly positive (although staring was commonly reported). Reasons for this high level of adaptation are suggested. These include the need to maintain stability of self-concept, age as a stabilizing factor, the positive reaction from society, the nature of the disease itself (so that disfigurement may be seen as being more acceptable (positive) than the alternative of threat of death), the hospitalization experience as it prepares the patient for society's response, and the fact that this is an acquired disfigurement in a patient from a relatively normal population."}
{"id": "PMID:931586", "title": "Visual scanning training effect on reading-related tasks in acquired right brain damage.", "content": "This study presents a method for analyzing and remediating the visual perceptual deficits often found in persons with acquired right brain injury due to stroke. A total of 57 patients were randomly assigned to experimental (N=25) or control (N=32) groups. All patients were administered the same test battery prior to assignment. Experimentals received the specific training program and the controls received standard rehabilitation. Both groups were retested after a period of one month. Analysis revealed the superior performance of the experimental group. The results suggest that the academic disorders found in right brain damage can be treated as secondary to a primary disturbance in visual scanning behavior.", "contents": "Visual scanning training effect on reading-related tasks in acquired right brain damage. This study presents a method for analyzing and remediating the visual perceptual deficits often found in persons with acquired right brain injury due to stroke. A total of 57 patients were randomly assigned to experimental (N=25) or control (N=32) groups. All patients were administered the same test battery prior to assignment. Experimentals received the specific training program and the controls received standard rehabilitation. Both groups were retested after a period of one month. Analysis revealed the superior performance of the experimental group. The results suggest that the academic disorders found in right brain damage can be treated as secondary to a primary disturbance in visual scanning behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:931588", "title": "Carotid bruits: their significance in the cervical radicular syndrome.", "content": "Routine physical examination of 600 patients referred with complaints of neck or shoulder pain included auscultation of both carotid and subclavian arteries. A treatment regimen including consideration of therapeutic cervical traction was precluded in 11 patients when unilateral carotid bruits were heard. Subsequent testing including radioisotopic carotid blood flow studies, and arteriography demonstrated 1 thoracic outlet syndrome, 1 arteriovenous malformation, 1 scarring secondary to radical neck dissection, 1 extrinsic pressure from an epidermoid carcinoma, 5 partial carotid occlusions secondary to intra-arterial plaque formation, and 2 normal carotid contrast studies. Successful surgery in all five of the stenotic patients and in the case of arteriovenous malformation aborted what might have otherwise been a less satisfactory outcome.", "contents": "Carotid bruits: their significance in the cervical radicular syndrome. Routine physical examination of 600 patients referred with complaints of neck or shoulder pain included auscultation of both carotid and subclavian arteries. A treatment regimen including consideration of therapeutic cervical traction was precluded in 11 patients when unilateral carotid bruits were heard. Subsequent testing including radioisotopic carotid blood flow studies, and arteriography demonstrated 1 thoracic outlet syndrome, 1 arteriovenous malformation, 1 scarring secondary to radical neck dissection, 1 extrinsic pressure from an epidermoid carcinoma, 5 partial carotid occlusions secondary to intra-arterial plaque formation, and 2 normal carotid contrast studies. Successful surgery in all five of the stenotic patients and in the case of arteriovenous malformation aborted what might have otherwise been a less satisfactory outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:931589", "title": "Polyarticular disability: a functional assessment.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a system for the functional evaluation of patients with polyarticular disease. A single assessment can be done in approximately 15 minutes. Extensive prior preparation is not required. The evaluation is reproducible and the numerical characterization agrees well with a physician's overall assessment of functional impairment. The subscores can be used independently of the total score to focus on specific areas of disability. Use of the evaluation in other institutions has produced a high degree of reliability. Statistical evaluation has demonstrated areas of weakness that have been eliminated or modified to increase reliability of the system.", "contents": "Polyarticular disability: a functional assessment. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a system for the functional evaluation of patients with polyarticular disease. A single assessment can be done in approximately 15 minutes. Extensive prior preparation is not required. The evaluation is reproducible and the numerical characterization agrees well with a physician's overall assessment of functional impairment. The subscores can be used independently of the total score to focus on specific areas of disability. Use of the evaluation in other institutions has produced a high degree of reliability. Statistical evaluation has demonstrated areas of weakness that have been eliminated or modified to increase reliability of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:931591", "title": "Spastic constriction of cerebral vessels after electric convulsive treatment.", "content": "The brains of nine cats were subjected to bitemporal electric convulsive treatment. The current (AC, 220 V, 50 Hz, ca. 500 mA, 500 ms) was applied two to five times. Pial vessels were observed through a skull window. Immediately after current application, some pial arteries exhibited segmental spastic constriction which usually did not disappear until the animals were killed. Before sacrificing the animals, 20 min after convulsive treatment they were perfused with a carbon suspension. In some cortical areas blackening was impaired indicating that perfusion was not complete. Electron-microscopic investigation revealed that spasm also occurred in arterioles of the brain parenchyma. Many arterial vessels, some of them possessing only one muscular cell sheat, had collapsed so that the lumen was merely a small cleft. The spasms were irregularly distributed and confined to small segments of the vessel. Small arteriolar vessels were more affected than large pial arteries. Arterial spasms continued for 20 min. In a total of 39 control animals spastic constriction was observed only once; this animal had been subjected to prolonged hypocapnia.", "contents": "Spastic constriction of cerebral vessels after electric convulsive treatment. The brains of nine cats were subjected to bitemporal electric convulsive treatment. The current (AC, 220 V, 50 Hz, ca. 500 mA, 500 ms) was applied two to five times. Pial vessels were observed through a skull window. Immediately after current application, some pial arteries exhibited segmental spastic constriction which usually did not disappear until the animals were killed. Before sacrificing the animals, 20 min after convulsive treatment they were perfused with a carbon suspension. In some cortical areas blackening was impaired indicating that perfusion was not complete. Electron-microscopic investigation revealed that spasm also occurred in arterioles of the brain parenchyma. Many arterial vessels, some of them possessing only one muscular cell sheat, had collapsed so that the lumen was merely a small cleft. The spasms were irregularly distributed and confined to small segments of the vessel. Small arteriolar vessels were more affected than large pial arteries. Arterial spasms continued for 20 min. In a total of 39 control animals spastic constriction was observed only once; this animal had been subjected to prolonged hypocapnia."}
{"id": "PMID:931592", "title": "[Contribution to facial spasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, electromyographic, neurographic, and nystagmographic results of 20 cases of facial spasm are reported. The syndrome is discussed with reference to parabiosis of the facial nerve and the \"ephapse\" theory, the localization of facial nerve lesions, and possible etiologic factors of parabiotic changes. For the pathogenesis chronic and subclinical preimpairments of facial nerve axons are postulated as causing, after subsequent additional affections, an \"ephaptic\" transfer to neighboring fibers. Therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Contribution to facial spasm (author's transl)]. Clinical, electromyographic, neurographic, and nystagmographic results of 20 cases of facial spasm are reported. The syndrome is discussed with reference to parabiosis of the facial nerve and the \"ephapse\" theory, the localization of facial nerve lesions, and possible etiologic factors of parabiotic changes. For the pathogenesis chronic and subclinical preimpairments of facial nerve axons are postulated as causing, after subsequent additional affections, an \"ephaptic\" transfer to neighboring fibers. Therapeutic possibilities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931593", "title": "[Dates of birth of persons committing suicide (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 5469 persons who committed suicide in Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1971 and 1972, there was found to be no connection between their dates of birth and their later suicide. The ratio between the distribution of births obtained and the mathematical probability ranged from 50% to 75%. Consequently no geophysical or cosmic factor exists which could connect the dates of these persons and their later suicide.", "contents": "[Dates of birth of persons committing suicide (author's transl)]. Of 5469 persons who committed suicide in Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1971 and 1972, there was found to be no connection between their dates of birth and their later suicide. The ratio between the distribution of births obtained and the mathematical probability ranged from 50% to 75%. Consequently no geophysical or cosmic factor exists which could connect the dates of these persons and their later suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:931594", "title": "[Hydranencephaly versus spelencephaly--a report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases are presented, one of hydranencephaly and one of spelencephaly. Spelencephaly represents an intermediate form between multicystic encephalopathy and hydranencephaly and is characterized by preservation of the ventricular walls. There is no clinical distinction between spelencephaly and hydranencephaly. Diagnosis can be made by pneumencephalography, as described in this paper, if the gas is applied via both lumbar and ventricular puncture. Autopsy findings of both cases are presented and the possible vascular etiology of the condition is discussed.", "contents": "[Hydranencephaly versus spelencephaly--a report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases are presented, one of hydranencephaly and one of spelencephaly. Spelencephaly represents an intermediate form between multicystic encephalopathy and hydranencephaly and is characterized by preservation of the ventricular walls. There is no clinical distinction between spelencephaly and hydranencephaly. Diagnosis can be made by pneumencephalography, as described in this paper, if the gas is applied via both lumbar and ventricular puncture. Autopsy findings of both cases are presented and the possible vascular etiology of the condition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931595", "title": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. I. A cantamnestic reexamination of patients suffering from panhypopituitarism (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients (8 females, 4 males) with panhypopituitarism who had been thoroughly examined psychiatrically in 1957 and 1958 were reexamined in 1974 for psychopathologic alterations in the course of their endocrine disease. Eleven patients had been receiving an adequate hormonal treatment during the intervening years or (four patients) until the time of their death. Seven patients showed a good or excellent result of hormonal therapy, in respect of the psychic symptoms: the endocrine psychosyndrome which had been observed prior to treatment had improved considerably. Signs of organic brain syndrome were judged to be caused by age and not by the endocrinopathy. The factors influencing prognosis of psychic symptoms are: alteration in mental activity, in the sense of apathy and lack of drive, and the extent of social distegration caused by these alterations; the age of the patient at the onset of symptoms and the lapse of time prior to the beginning of adequate therapy; finally the personality structure and the social situation of the patient.", "contents": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. I. A cantamnestic reexamination of patients suffering from panhypopituitarism (author's transl)]. Twelve patients (8 females, 4 males) with panhypopituitarism who had been thoroughly examined psychiatrically in 1957 and 1958 were reexamined in 1974 for psychopathologic alterations in the course of their endocrine disease. Eleven patients had been receiving an adequate hormonal treatment during the intervening years or (four patients) until the time of their death. Seven patients showed a good or excellent result of hormonal therapy, in respect of the psychic symptoms: the endocrine psychosyndrome which had been observed prior to treatment had improved considerably. Signs of organic brain syndrome were judged to be caused by age and not by the endocrinopathy. The factors influencing prognosis of psychic symptoms are: alteration in mental activity, in the sense of apathy and lack of drive, and the extent of social distegration caused by these alterations; the age of the patient at the onset of symptoms and the lapse of time prior to the beginning of adequate therapy; finally the personality structure and the social situation of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:931596", "title": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. II. A catamnestic reexamination after treatment of patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome (11 females, 1 male) who were examined for psychopathologic alterations in the course of the endocrine disease during the years 1960-61, were reexamined in 1976 regarding psychiatric sequelae after treatment. Ten patients had been treated by adrenalectomy, one patient by radiotherapy of the hypophysis, and one patient had refused any treatment. The average lapse of time from operation to reexamination or death (five patients) was 15 2/3 years. In seven patients it had been possible to stop completely the excessive production of adrenal hormones. Corresponding the long-term result was favorable, with complete recovery of the ability to work. The previous symptoms of the endocrine psychosyndrome disappeared almost completely. There was no permanent alteration of personality and the vital dependence on hormonal substitution was well tolerated. In four of the five patients with an unfavorable course of the disease it had not been possible to stop the excessive production of adrenal hormones. These patients became increasingly invalid and had to be cared for. Symptoms of chronic organic brain syndrome developed. In contrast to the course of panhypopituitarism where nonspecific personality factors are of considerable importance, in Cushing's syndrome the long-term prognosis depends entirely on the successful stoppage of the overproduction of adrenal hormones. The artificial subsitution is not necessarily a disadvantage for the psychic functioning of the patient.", "contents": "[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. II. A catamnestic reexamination after treatment of patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome (author's transl)]. Twelve patients with Cushing's syndrome (11 females, 1 male) who were examined for psychopathologic alterations in the course of the endocrine disease during the years 1960-61, were reexamined in 1976 regarding psychiatric sequelae after treatment. Ten patients had been treated by adrenalectomy, one patient by radiotherapy of the hypophysis, and one patient had refused any treatment. The average lapse of time from operation to reexamination or death (five patients) was 15 2/3 years. In seven patients it had been possible to stop completely the excessive production of adrenal hormones. Corresponding the long-term result was favorable, with complete recovery of the ability to work. The previous symptoms of the endocrine psychosyndrome disappeared almost completely. There was no permanent alteration of personality and the vital dependence on hormonal substitution was well tolerated. In four of the five patients with an unfavorable course of the disease it had not been possible to stop the excessive production of adrenal hormones. These patients became increasingly invalid and had to be cared for. Symptoms of chronic organic brain syndrome developed. In contrast to the course of panhypopituitarism where nonspecific personality factors are of considerable importance, in Cushing's syndrome the long-term prognosis depends entirely on the successful stoppage of the overproduction of adrenal hormones. The artificial subsitution is not necessarily a disadvantage for the psychic functioning of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:931597", "title": "The prognosis of psychiatric treatment in military service.", "content": "The author discusses the outcome of psychiatric treament in the Military. He served as a military psychiatrist in Norway for one year. During this time he personally examined and treated 215 soldiers with psychiatric disorders. The diagnostic composition of the patient group and the treatment given are described. The patient material was again examined at the end of the military service period, when one-third of the patients had been found unfit for service. The remainder were still fit for service. The patients did not differ from soldiers in general from a disciplinary point of view. However, they did not achieve as good grades in personal conduct and military efficiency as the other soldiers. The patient's clinical picture at the follow-up examination had improved when compared to the initial psychiatric examination. The author concludes that psychiatric treatment in the Military is both possible and desirable.", "contents": "The prognosis of psychiatric treatment in military service. The author discusses the outcome of psychiatric treament in the Military. He served as a military psychiatrist in Norway for one year. During this time he personally examined and treated 215 soldiers with psychiatric disorders. The diagnostic composition of the patient group and the treatment given are described. The patient material was again examined at the end of the military service period, when one-third of the patients had been found unfit for service. The remainder were still fit for service. The patients did not differ from soldiers in general from a disciplinary point of view. However, they did not achieve as good grades in personal conduct and military efficiency as the other soldiers. The patient's clinical picture at the follow-up examination had improved when compared to the initial psychiatric examination. The author concludes that psychiatric treatment in the Military is both possible and desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:931598", "title": "[Disturbances of word finding of compound nouns (nomina composita) in aphasics (author's transl)].", "content": "The faulty use of compound nouns by aphasics is of practical and theoretical significance. Defects in the finding and using of compound nouns were investigated with respect to the following parameters: the importance of the frequency with which compounds and compound parts are used in normal speech, the influence of grammatical and psycholinguistic peculiarities on aphasic dysfunction, and the handling of compounds in individual aphasic syndromes. The distinctly poorer recall of compound nouns compared with simple nouns was found to be due mainly to their less frequent use in normal speech. In word-finding the grammatical unit of the compound noun was not very stable patholinguistically. If one part of the compound noun was commoner and more usual in normal speech than the other it was usually better recalled. However, some remarkable deviations from this were due to semantic functional value, vividness, morphologic peculiarities, and linguistic form. The wider meaning-range of the second part of the compound noun had no positive mnemonic effect, despite the propensity of the aphasic for the general. In naming tests the first part of the compound noun was preferred on average. Certain differences in the defective use of compound nouns were observed between the individual aphasic syndromes.", "contents": "[Disturbances of word finding of compound nouns (nomina composita) in aphasics (author's transl)]. The faulty use of compound nouns by aphasics is of practical and theoretical significance. Defects in the finding and using of compound nouns were investigated with respect to the following parameters: the importance of the frequency with which compounds and compound parts are used in normal speech, the influence of grammatical and psycholinguistic peculiarities on aphasic dysfunction, and the handling of compounds in individual aphasic syndromes. The distinctly poorer recall of compound nouns compared with simple nouns was found to be due mainly to their less frequent use in normal speech. In word-finding the grammatical unit of the compound noun was not very stable patholinguistically. If one part of the compound noun was commoner and more usual in normal speech than the other it was usually better recalled. However, some remarkable deviations from this were due to semantic functional value, vividness, morphologic peculiarities, and linguistic form. The wider meaning-range of the second part of the compound noun had no positive mnemonic effect, despite the propensity of the aphasic for the general. In naming tests the first part of the compound noun was preferred on average. Certain differences in the defective use of compound nouns were observed between the individual aphasic syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:931623", "title": "Manifest sadomasochism of males: results of an empirical study.", "content": "Two hundred forty-five manifestly sadomasochistic West German completed an anonymous questionnaires concerning their sexual behavior and psychosocial problems. They were reached as placers of sadomasochistic contact advertisements or as members of sadomasochistic clubs. Thirty percent were exclusively heterosexually oriented, 31% bisexually oriented, and 38% homosexually oriented. Results are described with respect to the invisibility of deviant behavior, seeking of partners, participation in the subculture, realization of the deviant desires, self-acceptance, preferences for sadomasochistic roles and practices, masturbation, and coming out. The possibilities for realization of the deviance are poorer for heterosexual sadomasochists than for the other groups. However, subcultural groups exist among heterosexual sadomasochists.", "contents": "Manifest sadomasochism of males: results of an empirical study. Two hundred forty-five manifestly sadomasochistic West German completed an anonymous questionnaires concerning their sexual behavior and psychosocial problems. They were reached as placers of sadomasochistic contact advertisements or as members of sadomasochistic clubs. Thirty percent were exclusively heterosexually oriented, 31% bisexually oriented, and 38% homosexually oriented. Results are described with respect to the invisibility of deviant behavior, seeking of partners, participation in the subculture, realization of the deviant desires, self-acceptance, preferences for sadomasochistic roles and practices, masturbation, and coming out. The possibilities for realization of the deviance are poorer for heterosexual sadomasochists than for the other groups. However, subcultural groups exist among heterosexual sadomasochists."}
{"id": "PMID:931624", "title": "Plasma testosterone values in transsexual women.", "content": "Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in 50 transsexual and 50 normal women. The testosterone levels in transsexuals were significantly higher (nearly double) than in normal women. In transsexuals, minor changes in the pattern of the menstrual cycle were also found.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone values in transsexual women. Plasma testosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in 50 transsexual and 50 normal women. The testosterone levels in transsexuals were significantly higher (nearly double) than in normal women. In transsexuals, minor changes in the pattern of the menstrual cycle were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:931625", "title": "The discrete syndromes of transvestism and transsexualism.", "content": "The literature concerning the relationship between transvestism and transsexualism is briefly reviewed. Some workers consider the two conditions to be on a continuum, whereas others feel that they are independent clinical entities. To clarify the relationship between the two syndromes, biographical data were collected and penile volume changes recorded in 29 subjects who identified themselves as transsexuals and 35 who identified themselves as transvestites. In comparison to the transvestite subjects, significantly more transsexuals were younger, were single, cross-dressed fully, and reported homosexual interest, a feminine gender identity, and a desire for a sex-change surgery. In comparison to the transsexual subjects, significantly more transvestites reported heterosexual interest, cross-dressed partially, and had shown fetishistic arousal. It is concluded that transvestism and transsexualism are separate clinical entities.", "contents": "The discrete syndromes of transvestism and transsexualism. The literature concerning the relationship between transvestism and transsexualism is briefly reviewed. Some workers consider the two conditions to be on a continuum, whereas others feel that they are independent clinical entities. To clarify the relationship between the two syndromes, biographical data were collected and penile volume changes recorded in 29 subjects who identified themselves as transsexuals and 35 who identified themselves as transvestites. In comparison to the transvestite subjects, significantly more transsexuals were younger, were single, cross-dressed fully, and reported homosexual interest, a feminine gender identity, and a desire for a sex-change surgery. In comparison to the transsexual subjects, significantly more transvestites reported heterosexual interest, cross-dressed partially, and had shown fetishistic arousal. It is concluded that transvestism and transsexualism are separate clinical entities."}
{"id": "PMID:931626", "title": "Sexual daydreams and quantitative aspects of sexual activity: some relations for males across adulthood.", "content": "Sexual daydreams were measured using the Imaginal Processes Inventory, while retrospective data on number of coital partners, frequency of intercourse in early marriage, and quantity of sexual activity experienced between 20 and 40 years of age were obtained by interview. The 277 men studied ranged from 24 to 91 years. The frequency and intensity of sexual daydreams declined with increasing age, and after age 65 virtually disappeared. The occurrence of sexual daydreams varied directly with each of the three behavioral indicators of sexual vigor for all age groups through age 64. The results are seen as supportive of the \"current concerns\" explanation of daydreaming production.", "contents": "Sexual daydreams and quantitative aspects of sexual activity: some relations for males across adulthood. Sexual daydreams were measured using the Imaginal Processes Inventory, while retrospective data on number of coital partners, frequency of intercourse in early marriage, and quantity of sexual activity experienced between 20 and 40 years of age were obtained by interview. The 277 men studied ranged from 24 to 91 years. The frequency and intensity of sexual daydreams declined with increasing age, and after age 65 virtually disappeared. The occurrence of sexual daydreams varied directly with each of the three behavioral indicators of sexual vigor for all age groups through age 64. The results are seen as supportive of the \"current concerns\" explanation of daydreaming production."}
{"id": "PMID:931627", "title": "Extension of the Gender Identity Scale for Males.", "content": "Our earlier Femine Gender Identity Scale for males appear to measure a strong single factor which was reliable and displayed substantial discriminant validity. However, the number of items was small and there was substantial overlap between items with respect to their meaning. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, in the present study the scale was extended and validated. Each item of the new scale differentiated among the groups in an experimental sample and, subsequently, in a cross-validation sample. A secondary finding was the significantly higher femine gender identity scores of homosexual patients over homosexual nonpatients.", "contents": "Extension of the Gender Identity Scale for Males. Our earlier Femine Gender Identity Scale for males appear to measure a strong single factor which was reliable and displayed substantial discriminant validity. However, the number of items was small and there was substantial overlap between items with respect to their meaning. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, in the present study the scale was extended and validated. Each item of the new scale differentiated among the groups in an experimental sample and, subsequently, in a cross-validation sample. A secondary finding was the significantly higher femine gender identity scores of homosexual patients over homosexual nonpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:931628", "title": "Patrons of massage parlors: some facts and figures.", "content": "A survey of 183 patrons of a massage parlor in Illinois indicated that the typical customer is a 35-year-old married white male from out of town with 13 years of education who is employed in a lower- or middle-class job and goes to church on Sunday. He reports having had a variety of heterosexual experiences in the past, has come to the parlor because of lack of sexual partner at this particular time or because of curiosity, will come to orgasm during the genital massage, and will find it sexually satisfying. He is likely to have high self-esteem, consider himself personally and sexually adjusted, consider his value system liberal, and to be somewhat sympathetic to the goals of the women's rights movement.", "contents": "Patrons of massage parlors: some facts and figures. A survey of 183 patrons of a massage parlor in Illinois indicated that the typical customer is a 35-year-old married white male from out of town with 13 years of education who is employed in a lower- or middle-class job and goes to church on Sunday. He reports having had a variety of heterosexual experiences in the past, has come to the parlor because of lack of sexual partner at this particular time or because of curiosity, will come to orgasm during the genital massage, and will find it sexually satisfying. He is likely to have high self-esteem, consider himself personally and sexually adjusted, consider his value system liberal, and to be somewhat sympathetic to the goals of the women's rights movement."}
{"id": "PMID:931629", "title": "Staged intracranial and extracranial revascularization.", "content": "Twenty patients with a combination of intracranial and extracranial cerebrovascular lesions were identified in a series comprised of 118 candidates for superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass. Ten patients had internal carotid (ICA) occlusion and contralateral ICA stenosis, seven patients had combinations of ipsilateral lesions, usually ICA occlusion and external carotid (ECA) stenosis, and three patients had multiple lesions. Eighteen patients had a STA-MCA bypass performed; 11 of these had contralateral reconstruction for ICA stenosis, and seven had ECA stenosis corrected. Two additional patients became asymptomatic after ECA endarterectomy only and their proposed STA-MCA bypass has been postponed. There were two deaths, one early and one late. Eleven patients are asymptomatic, five are improved, one is unchanged, and one is neurologically worse.", "contents": "Staged intracranial and extracranial revascularization. Twenty patients with a combination of intracranial and extracranial cerebrovascular lesions were identified in a series comprised of 118 candidates for superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass. Ten patients had internal carotid (ICA) occlusion and contralateral ICA stenosis, seven patients had combinations of ipsilateral lesions, usually ICA occlusion and external carotid (ECA) stenosis, and three patients had multiple lesions. Eighteen patients had a STA-MCA bypass performed; 11 of these had contralateral reconstruction for ICA stenosis, and seven had ECA stenosis corrected. Two additional patients became asymptomatic after ECA endarterectomy only and their proposed STA-MCA bypass has been postponed. There were two deaths, one early and one late. Eleven patients are asymptomatic, five are improved, one is unchanged, and one is neurologically worse."}
{"id": "PMID:931630", "title": "The artificial heart. Progress and promise.", "content": "A multidisciplinary group has designed, fabricated, and evaluated an artificial heart. The heart consists of two smooth-surfaced sac-type pumps, two pneumatic power units, and an electronic control system. The artificial heart has been employed in 22 calves. A variety of problems have been encountered and overcome and a significant improvement in pump design has been made. As a result, a gradual increase in survival times has occurred. The last two calves in which the heart was tested lived for 60 and 42 days respectively. These animals ate well and gained weight. The ability of the control system to balance the output of the two pumps over long periods of time and to automatically increase cardiac output with treadmill exercise has been confirmed. No insurmountable problems in the development of the artificial heart have been identified. The date that an artificial heart will be available for clinical use depends on the availability of funds and on the tenacity of the investigators.", "contents": "The artificial heart. Progress and promise. A multidisciplinary group has designed, fabricated, and evaluated an artificial heart. The heart consists of two smooth-surfaced sac-type pumps, two pneumatic power units, and an electronic control system. The artificial heart has been employed in 22 calves. A variety of problems have been encountered and overcome and a significant improvement in pump design has been made. As a result, a gradual increase in survival times has occurred. The last two calves in which the heart was tested lived for 60 and 42 days respectively. These animals ate well and gained weight. The ability of the control system to balance the output of the two pumps over long periods of time and to automatically increase cardiac output with treadmill exercise has been confirmed. No insurmountable problems in the development of the artificial heart have been identified. The date that an artificial heart will be available for clinical use depends on the availability of funds and on the tenacity of the investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:931631", "title": "An intracorporeal (abdominal) left ventricular assist device. Initial clinical trials.", "content": "We have initiated clinical trials with an intracorporeal (abdominal) partial artificial heart and ten preterminal postcardiotomy patients have been studied. During profound left ventricular failure, the device captures the entire cardiac output from the apex of the left ventricle at low pressures (20 to 40 mm Hg) and ejects (at 80 to 150 mm Hg) into the infrarenal abdominal aorta; the biological aortic valve opens only intermittently and the entire systemic circulation is pump generated. The device is six to ten times more effective than intra-aortic balloon pumping in man and has maintained systemic perfusion during clinical asystole and ventricular fibrillation. We have documented that the profoundly depressed postcardiotomy left ventricle, initially incapable of ejection, can recover during total left ventricular unloading with the abdominal left ventricular assist device support over a seven-day period.", "contents": "An intracorporeal (abdominal) left ventricular assist device. Initial clinical trials. We have initiated clinical trials with an intracorporeal (abdominal) partial artificial heart and ten preterminal postcardiotomy patients have been studied. During profound left ventricular failure, the device captures the entire cardiac output from the apex of the left ventricle at low pressures (20 to 40 mm Hg) and ejects (at 80 to 150 mm Hg) into the infrarenal abdominal aorta; the biological aortic valve opens only intermittently and the entire systemic circulation is pump generated. The device is six to ten times more effective than intra-aortic balloon pumping in man and has maintained systemic perfusion during clinical asystole and ventricular fibrillation. We have documented that the profoundly depressed postcardiotomy left ventricle, initially incapable of ejection, can recover during total left ventricular unloading with the abdominal left ventricular assist device support over a seven-day period."}
{"id": "PMID:931632", "title": "Pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Sixty children in this series underwent pulmonary artery banding (PAB); isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) was present in 24, and 20 were corrected seven months to ten years and eight months after PAB. Other anomalies were present in 37, and 15 were eventually totally corrected. Survival after PAB was 90% (95.8% with isolated VSD), and 94.3% (95% with isolated VSD) after total correction. Mean age at banding was 12.9 months, and 52.6 months at debanding. All patients underwent catheterization before PAB; 39 underwent catheterization after PAB, and ten after total correction. Pulmonary artery blood pressure was reduced from 53.5 mm Hg to 25.3 mm Hg by banding. Most patients had only moderately increased pulmonary blood flow. Banding at the altitude of Denver (1,600 m) appears to be an effective means to convert high-risk infants into lower-risk children for total correction. The cumulative mortality for two-stage treatment of VSD was 8.3%.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery banding for ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. Sixty children in this series underwent pulmonary artery banding (PAB); isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) was present in 24, and 20 were corrected seven months to ten years and eight months after PAB. Other anomalies were present in 37, and 15 were eventually totally corrected. Survival after PAB was 90% (95.8% with isolated VSD), and 94.3% (95% with isolated VSD) after total correction. Mean age at banding was 12.9 months, and 52.6 months at debanding. All patients underwent catheterization before PAB; 39 underwent catheterization after PAB, and ten after total correction. Pulmonary artery blood pressure was reduced from 53.5 mm Hg to 25.3 mm Hg by banding. Most patients had only moderately increased pulmonary blood flow. Banding at the altitude of Denver (1,600 m) appears to be an effective means to convert high-risk infants into lower-risk children for total correction. The cumulative mortality for two-stage treatment of VSD was 8.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:931633", "title": "Carpentier ring annuloplasty in severe noncalcific mitral insufficiency.", "content": "Sixteen patients have undergone Carpentier ring annuloplasty for severe mitral insufficiency (MI) since 1974. Our criteria were clinical and angiographic evidence of severe noncalcific MI, a dilated mitral anulus, absence of severe subvalvular chordal thickening, and no major loss of leaflet substance. Carpentier annuloplasty has been successful in eliminating MI in every patient except one. There have been no embolic problems and no early or late deaths. From 1971 to 1974, a similar group of 20 patients with the same diagnosis underwent prosthetic valve replacement. Even though all patients were receiving anticoagulant drugs, three had emboli and there were one early and three late deaths. In patients with severe noncalcific MI who meet our criteria, Carpentier ring annuloplasty is preferable to valve replacement, thus eliminating the hazards of a prosthesis and of long-term anticoagulant therapy.", "contents": "Carpentier ring annuloplasty in severe noncalcific mitral insufficiency. Sixteen patients have undergone Carpentier ring annuloplasty for severe mitral insufficiency (MI) since 1974. Our criteria were clinical and angiographic evidence of severe noncalcific MI, a dilated mitral anulus, absence of severe subvalvular chordal thickening, and no major loss of leaflet substance. Carpentier annuloplasty has been successful in eliminating MI in every patient except one. There have been no embolic problems and no early or late deaths. From 1971 to 1974, a similar group of 20 patients with the same diagnosis underwent prosthetic valve replacement. Even though all patients were receiving anticoagulant drugs, three had emboli and there were one early and three late deaths. In patients with severe noncalcific MI who meet our criteria, Carpentier ring annuloplasty is preferable to valve replacement, thus eliminating the hazards of a prosthesis and of long-term anticoagulant therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:931634", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in the elderly. Encouraging postoperative clinical and hemodynamic results.", "content": "Seventy-three patients aged 60 and over and 277 patients under 60 years of age underwent isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis, regurgitation, and mixed disease from 1966 through 1975. Cardiac catheterization was performed five to nine months following operation in 77% of these patients. Follow-up averaged 55 months per patient. The hospital mortality in the elderly group was 2.7%, compared to 5.8% in the younger group. The late cardiac mortality was 21% and 19%, respectively. There was significant improvement (P less than .001) in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, and functional class in each of the three disease groups in the younger as well as the elderly patients. More important, the magnitude of improvement in each of these variables in patients over and under 60 years of age was not significantly different. Increasing longevity will make cardiac operations more common in the older population. These findings indicate that AVR carries the same low risk and brings about a similar improvement in left ventricular pump function in patients older and younger than 60.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in the elderly. Encouraging postoperative clinical and hemodynamic results. Seventy-three patients aged 60 and over and 277 patients under 60 years of age underwent isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis, regurgitation, and mixed disease from 1966 through 1975. Cardiac catheterization was performed five to nine months following operation in 77% of these patients. Follow-up averaged 55 months per patient. The hospital mortality in the elderly group was 2.7%, compared to 5.8% in the younger group. The late cardiac mortality was 21% and 19%, respectively. There was significant improvement (P less than .001) in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac index, and functional class in each of the three disease groups in the younger as well as the elderly patients. More important, the magnitude of improvement in each of these variables in patients over and under 60 years of age was not significantly different. Increasing longevity will make cardiac operations more common in the older population. These findings indicate that AVR carries the same low risk and brings about a similar improvement in left ventricular pump function in patients older and younger than 60."}
{"id": "PMID:931635", "title": "Heparin-coated shunts for lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. Experimental and clinical observations.", "content": "Heparin sodium-coated shunts are employed frequently to maintain trunk and lower extremity perfusion during temporary occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta. In the past five years, this shunt has been used in a series of 39 patients ranging in age from 19 to 72 years old, with 34 survivors (87%). The proximal end of the shunt was placed in the subclavian artery in 17 patients, the left ventricle in ten, and in the ascending or transverse aortic arch in 12. The distal end of the shunt was placed either in the lower thoracic aorta or in the femoral artery. For further evaluation of effectiveness, paired observations were made in dogs to determine the physiological consequences with the proximal end of the shunt inserted at two different sites. Although neither shunt decompressed the left ventricle fully, the subclavian-femoral shunt was significantly more effective than was the left ventricle-femoral artery bypass. If a choice exists for sites of insertion of the shunt, it appears that it should be placed distal to the aortic valve, since this position provides the least increase in systolic blood pressure and is associated with a lower demand for myocardial blood flow.", "contents": "Heparin-coated shunts for lesions of the descending thoracic aorta. Experimental and clinical observations. Heparin sodium-coated shunts are employed frequently to maintain trunk and lower extremity perfusion during temporary occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta. In the past five years, this shunt has been used in a series of 39 patients ranging in age from 19 to 72 years old, with 34 survivors (87%). The proximal end of the shunt was placed in the subclavian artery in 17 patients, the left ventricle in ten, and in the ascending or transverse aortic arch in 12. The distal end of the shunt was placed either in the lower thoracic aorta or in the femoral artery. For further evaluation of effectiveness, paired observations were made in dogs to determine the physiological consequences with the proximal end of the shunt inserted at two different sites. Although neither shunt decompressed the left ventricle fully, the subclavian-femoral shunt was significantly more effective than was the left ventricle-femoral artery bypass. If a choice exists for sites of insertion of the shunt, it appears that it should be placed distal to the aortic valve, since this position provides the least increase in systolic blood pressure and is associated with a lower demand for myocardial blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:931636", "title": "Assessment of cardiac risk in surgical patients.", "content": "Fifty patients admitted to the hospital for elective noncardiac surgery were carefully assessed for cardiac risk by exercise stress testing. Twenty-five of 38 (66%) patients with adequate testing had abnormal stress test results. Patients with symptoms of angina had a high incidence of abnormal stress test results (15 of 20). In the majority of these patients, the exercise stress test was true-positive, so that on angiography, severe coronary artery disease was present. In patients with no cardiac symptoms, 33% (ten of 30) had abnormal stress test results and seven patients had significant coronary artery disease. Our preliminary data indicate that exercise stress testing is a good noninvasive screening test to detect asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Those patients who have an abnormal stress test or an abnormal ECG or angina should undergo coronary angiography to determine extent of coronary disease.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiac risk in surgical patients. Fifty patients admitted to the hospital for elective noncardiac surgery were carefully assessed for cardiac risk by exercise stress testing. Twenty-five of 38 (66%) patients with adequate testing had abnormal stress test results. Patients with symptoms of angina had a high incidence of abnormal stress test results (15 of 20). In the majority of these patients, the exercise stress test was true-positive, so that on angiography, severe coronary artery disease was present. In patients with no cardiac symptoms, 33% (ten of 30) had abnormal stress test results and seven patients had significant coronary artery disease. Our preliminary data indicate that exercise stress testing is a good noninvasive screening test to detect asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Those patients who have an abnormal stress test or an abnormal ECG or angina should undergo coronary angiography to determine extent of coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931638", "title": "Etiology of catheter-associated sepsis. Correlation with thrombogenicity.", "content": "A series of 94 central venous catheters was observed at removal for gross evidence of intraluminal or surface thrombus deposition. All those that were later found to have positive cultures had been noted to display thrombus formation, while catheters having negative cultures were usually free of thrombus. Devices made of a relatively nonthrombogenic material (ethylene acrylic acid) were also relatively free of bacterial contamination.", "contents": "Etiology of catheter-associated sepsis. Correlation with thrombogenicity. A series of 94 central venous catheters was observed at removal for gross evidence of intraluminal or surface thrombus deposition. All those that were later found to have positive cultures had been noted to display thrombus formation, while catheters having negative cultures were usually free of thrombus. Devices made of a relatively nonthrombogenic material (ethylene acrylic acid) were also relatively free of bacterial contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:931639", "title": "Spontaneous mediastinal hemorrhage associated with renovascular hypertension.", "content": "We report on a patient with severe renovascular hypertension associated with massive spontaneous mediastinal hemorrhage. Differentiation of this entity from aortic dissection, as well as establishing the cause of the severe hypertension, was possible only through the aid of angiography. Following exploratory thoracotomy, renal artery revascularization was carried out, with resolution of the hypertension. To our knowledge, this complication of renovascular hypertension has not been reported. Prompt recognition and appropriate therapy were possible only after angiographic evaluation.", "contents": "Spontaneous mediastinal hemorrhage associated with renovascular hypertension. We report on a patient with severe renovascular hypertension associated with massive spontaneous mediastinal hemorrhage. Differentiation of this entity from aortic dissection, as well as establishing the cause of the severe hypertension, was possible only through the aid of angiography. Following exploratory thoracotomy, renal artery revascularization was carried out, with resolution of the hypertension. To our knowledge, this complication of renovascular hypertension has not been reported. Prompt recognition and appropriate therapy were possible only after angiographic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:931647", "title": "[Effect of polypeptides isolated from the anterior hypothalamus and epiphysia on cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system].", "content": "A comparative study on the influence of physiologically active substances, extracted from the epiphysis and the anterior hypophalamus, on the morpho-functional status of the cells of the hypophalamo hypophysial neurosecretory system was carried out. The substances in question were extracted from the cattie epiphysis and anterior hypothalamus by means of acetic acid extraction from acetone-dehydrated tissue and the following sedimentation of the substances by means of cooled acetone and lyophilization. The investigation of the substances demonstrated them to be polypeptides with an average molecular weights from 2.000 to 10.000. The experiment was done in male rats Wistar strain Morphofunctional status of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system was estimated in paraffin sections, stained with paraldehyde-fuchsine after Gomori- Gabe and additional staining with azan after Heidenhain. The data obtained demonstrated that injection of the substances excreted by the anterior hypothalamus and epiphysis produced opposite changes in the functional status of the cells of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system: the substances from the epiphysis increased, while the substances from the hypothalamus, on the contrary, decreased their activity.", "contents": "[Effect of polypeptides isolated from the anterior hypothalamus and epiphysia on cells of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system]. A comparative study on the influence of physiologically active substances, extracted from the epiphysis and the anterior hypophalamus, on the morpho-functional status of the cells of the hypophalamo hypophysial neurosecretory system was carried out. The substances in question were extracted from the cattie epiphysis and anterior hypothalamus by means of acetic acid extraction from acetone-dehydrated tissue and the following sedimentation of the substances by means of cooled acetone and lyophilization. The investigation of the substances demonstrated them to be polypeptides with an average molecular weights from 2.000 to 10.000. The experiment was done in male rats Wistar strain Morphofunctional status of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system was estimated in paraffin sections, stained with paraldehyde-fuchsine after Gomori- Gabe and additional staining with azan after Heidenhain. The data obtained demonstrated that injection of the substances excreted by the anterior hypothalamus and epiphysis produced opposite changes in the functional status of the cells of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system: the substances from the epiphysis increased, while the substances from the hypothalamus, on the contrary, decreased their activity."}
{"id": "PMID:931648", "title": "[Histomorphology of the suslik ovary during postnatal development and hibernation].", "content": "Morphogenetic and histogenetic changes in the ovaries of Citellus citellus during the postnatal period and hibernation (September- March) at the age of 10, 25, 45 days and 2 to 12 months after birth were studied. Significant cellular and tissue-organoid differentiation processes were established. After birth oogonia enter the prophase I of meiotic division. At the end of the first month, oocytes with enlarged cytoplasm and single layer of satellite cells form the primary follicles. The growing follicles with organizing antrum are formed in the third postnatal month. During the same time, theca foliculi is observed. Between the 3d and the 6th months after birth the authors demonstrate a \"stage ox isofolliculia\" when the follicles stop undergoing further development. During the winter hibernation, the ovarian follicles continue to grow slowly and at the end of this period, preovulatory follicles are formed. The results reported demonstrate Citellus citellus ovary to be an organ of intensive cell-tissue reconstruction during the postnatal development and hibernation period determined by the ovarian histophysiology, the ovarian steroid hormones production and the hormonal activity of other glands and organs of the endocrine system.", "contents": "[Histomorphology of the suslik ovary during postnatal development and hibernation]. Morphogenetic and histogenetic changes in the ovaries of Citellus citellus during the postnatal period and hibernation (September- March) at the age of 10, 25, 45 days and 2 to 12 months after birth were studied. Significant cellular and tissue-organoid differentiation processes were established. After birth oogonia enter the prophase I of meiotic division. At the end of the first month, oocytes with enlarged cytoplasm and single layer of satellite cells form the primary follicles. The growing follicles with organizing antrum are formed in the third postnatal month. During the same time, theca foliculi is observed. Between the 3d and the 6th months after birth the authors demonstrate a \"stage ox isofolliculia\" when the follicles stop undergoing further development. During the winter hibernation, the ovarian follicles continue to grow slowly and at the end of this period, preovulatory follicles are formed. The results reported demonstrate Citellus citellus ovary to be an organ of intensive cell-tissue reconstruction during the postnatal development and hibernation period determined by the ovarian histophysiology, the ovarian steroid hormones production and the hormonal activity of other glands and organs of the endocrine system."}
{"id": "PMID:931649", "title": "[Use of the straightened diagram method in morphologic studies].", "content": "A possibility is demonstrated to use a technical method of strahtened diagrams in order to check hypotheses of normal distribution for treating experimental morphological data. The method is a graphic interpretation of experimental values in the coordinate system: measured values (abscissa) and accumulated frequences (ordinate). In the case of the law on normal distribution, the experimental dots are distributed closely enough to the straight line drawn along the average arithmetic parameters of observation and their mean square deflection. Confidence intervals plotted on the diagram accurately enough serv as a criterion for the experimental dots proximity to the straight line. The order of calculation to build the straightened diagram for a large (several hundreds) number of values is represented. An example is given when the method is not applied.", "contents": "[Use of the straightened diagram method in morphologic studies]. A possibility is demonstrated to use a technical method of strahtened diagrams in order to check hypotheses of normal distribution for treating experimental morphological data. The method is a graphic interpretation of experimental values in the coordinate system: measured values (abscissa) and accumulated frequences (ordinate). In the case of the law on normal distribution, the experimental dots are distributed closely enough to the straight line drawn along the average arithmetic parameters of observation and their mean square deflection. Confidence intervals plotted on the diagram accurately enough serv as a criterion for the experimental dots proximity to the straight line. The order of calculation to build the straightened diagram for a large (several hundreds) number of values is represented. An example is given when the method is not applied."}
{"id": "PMID:931650", "title": "[Dynamics of lipid concentration changes in the livers of rats on biosatellites \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\"].", "content": "Histological and histochemical investigation was carried out with rat liver specimens taken 9-11 h (from 6 rats), 24 (from 7 rats), 48 h (from 8 rats), and 25 (from 5 rats) and 27 days (from 7 rats) after the completion of 19.5- and 22.5-day of space bioflights in \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\". The same number of specimens was investigated from corresponding models of the experiments carried out in the laboratory and from the control rats. The investigations demonstrated that in the rats sacrificed during the first two days, and in 25 and 27 days after the completion of the flight, no morphological changes developed in comparison with the control and with the animals from the laboratory experiments. Only some fluctuations in lipid content could be noticed in connection with the time of samples taking after the completion of the experiments. The greatest amount of lipids in the liver was observed in the rats sacrified 9-11 h after the completion of the flight, in 24 h the lipid level was still rather high, and in 48 h there was a tendency to their decrease. In 25 and 27 days the livers of the animals from the experimental group did not differ in their lipid content from those of the control animals. The changes in the lipid content observed in the liver during 8-48 h after the flight completion and during the period of afteraction indicate the reversibility of the adipose infiltration process, connected with lipid mobilization, dependent on stress-reaction.", "contents": "[Dynamics of lipid concentration changes in the livers of rats on biosatellites \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\"]. Histological and histochemical investigation was carried out with rat liver specimens taken 9-11 h (from 6 rats), 24 (from 7 rats), 48 h (from 8 rats), and 25 (from 5 rats) and 27 days (from 7 rats) after the completion of 19.5- and 22.5-day of space bioflights in \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\". The same number of specimens was investigated from corresponding models of the experiments carried out in the laboratory and from the control rats. The investigations demonstrated that in the rats sacrificed during the first two days, and in 25 and 27 days after the completion of the flight, no morphological changes developed in comparison with the control and with the animals from the laboratory experiments. Only some fluctuations in lipid content could be noticed in connection with the time of samples taking after the completion of the experiments. The greatest amount of lipids in the liver was observed in the rats sacrified 9-11 h after the completion of the flight, in 24 h the lipid level was still rather high, and in 48 h there was a tendency to their decrease. In 25 and 27 days the livers of the animals from the experimental group did not differ in their lipid content from those of the control animals. The changes in the lipid content observed in the liver during 8-48 h after the flight completion and during the period of afteraction indicate the reversibility of the adipose infiltration process, connected with lipid mobilization, dependent on stress-reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:931651", "title": "[Condition of the microcirculatory bed of cat ventricular myocardium following exposure to gravitational stress].", "content": "The status of microcirculatory bed in the cat ventricular myocardium was studied after a single (10 units for 3 min) and repeated effect (6 units for 3 min every other day for a month) of overloading in the cranio-caudal direction (+Qz). The material to examine was taken in 20 min, 1, 3, 7 and 30 days after the completion of the experiment. The myocardial vessels were injected with water emulsion of Indian ink and studied by routine histological methods, amino nitrogen silver impregnation and electron microscopy. A single overloading was stated to result in changes of capillary permiability which was evident in the increasing amount of pinocyte vesicles, polysoma and endothelial plasmic processes. The effect of repeated overloadings produces more severe disorders in the walls of different components of the myocardial microcirculatory bed.", "contents": "[Condition of the microcirculatory bed of cat ventricular myocardium following exposure to gravitational stress]. The status of microcirculatory bed in the cat ventricular myocardium was studied after a single (10 units for 3 min) and repeated effect (6 units for 3 min every other day for a month) of overloading in the cranio-caudal direction (+Qz). The material to examine was taken in 20 min, 1, 3, 7 and 30 days after the completion of the experiment. The myocardial vessels were injected with water emulsion of Indian ink and studied by routine histological methods, amino nitrogen silver impregnation and electron microscopy. A single overloading was stated to result in changes of capillary permiability which was evident in the increasing amount of pinocyte vesicles, polysoma and endothelial plasmic processes. The effect of repeated overloadings produces more severe disorders in the walls of different components of the myocardial microcirculatory bed."}
{"id": "PMID:931652", "title": "Effect of hypokinesia on the telencephalic blood vessels of rabbits.", "content": "Experiments were carried out in 37 animals (33 test animals and 4 controls). Hypokinesia was produced by keeping the animals in small cages. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16 weeks of restricted mobility the animals were killed. The brain blood vessels were injected with dye-stuffs and examined in cleared sections. In 9 animals (2 controls and 7 test animals) the brain blood vessels were studied histochemically. Hypokinesia was stated to change significantly the angio-architectonics of the telencephalon. During first three weeks of restricted mobility, the blood vessels change but a little. By that time, together with unchanged arteries and veins, narrow arteries and a great number of dilated veins are encountered. The density of the blood vessel network is altered. Later on, after 4 weeks, more profound changes in the blood vessels occur: they become tortuous, deformed with disturbance of their usual orientation of course. These changes are specific for all the parts of the telencephalon. They increase with the time of hypokinesia.", "contents": "Effect of hypokinesia on the telencephalic blood vessels of rabbits. Experiments were carried out in 37 animals (33 test animals and 4 controls). Hypokinesia was produced by keeping the animals in small cages. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 16 weeks of restricted mobility the animals were killed. The brain blood vessels were injected with dye-stuffs and examined in cleared sections. In 9 animals (2 controls and 7 test animals) the brain blood vessels were studied histochemically. Hypokinesia was stated to change significantly the angio-architectonics of the telencephalon. During first three weeks of restricted mobility, the blood vessels change but a little. By that time, together with unchanged arteries and veins, narrow arteries and a great number of dilated veins are encountered. The density of the blood vessel network is altered. Later on, after 4 weeks, more profound changes in the blood vessels occur: they become tortuous, deformed with disturbance of their usual orientation of course. These changes are specific for all the parts of the telencephalon. They increase with the time of hypokinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:931655", "title": "[Distribution of the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric afferent connections of the visual and parietal regions of the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Distributional peculiarities of the associative and callosal connections of the visual area and parietal region in the cat cortex have been studied by Nauta-Guigax and Fink-Heimer's methods. Their horizontal and transversal distribution in the parietal and occipital areas are described. The afferents of the visual projection area are rare in both hemispheres, but spread in all visual areas and middle suprasilvian girus. The connections of the parietal associative area are expressed better and seen in all areas of parietal and occipital regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere, in the contralateral hemisphere, however, they are found in its homotopic area. Both afferent, independently of their origin are characterized by the identical distribution along the transverse of the different zones of the neocortex. For example, in field 17 the oblique and radially oriented degenerating fibres are represented equally and are limited by inner layers, as to the parietal associative region, predominatingly radial parallel fibres are seen along the whole cortex, they terminate mainly in the upper layers.", "contents": "[Distribution of the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric afferent connections of the visual and parietal regions of the cat cerebral cortex]. Distributional peculiarities of the associative and callosal connections of the visual area and parietal region in the cat cortex have been studied by Nauta-Guigax and Fink-Heimer's methods. Their horizontal and transversal distribution in the parietal and occipital areas are described. The afferents of the visual projection area are rare in both hemispheres, but spread in all visual areas and middle suprasilvian girus. The connections of the parietal associative area are expressed better and seen in all areas of parietal and occipital regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere, in the contralateral hemisphere, however, they are found in its homotopic area. Both afferent, independently of their origin are characterized by the identical distribution along the transverse of the different zones of the neocortex. For example, in field 17 the oblique and radially oriented degenerating fibres are represented equally and are limited by inner layers, as to the parietal associative region, predominatingly radial parallel fibres are seen along the whole cortex, they terminate mainly in the upper layers."}
{"id": "PMID:931656", "title": "Retrograde degeneration of autonomic neurons and other cell groups of the spinal cord following extirpation the thoracic sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "Examination of vegetative, as well as sensitive and motor spinal neurons after surgery performed on the peripheral part of the vegetative nervous system in the thoracic cavity of 34 dogs reveals reactive and degenerative changes in the nerve cells. Alterations in the neuronal structure are already observed on the 7th day after the operation and they reach thir maximum on the 60th day. During the time mentioned, most of the nervous cells undergo a complete pyknosis; among them, however, there are neurons restoring their normal structure. Therefore, it is possible to believe that after operations on the thoracic cavity, certain morphological disturbances occur in the corresponding vegetative centers, which are followed by disorders in the nervous regulation of the internal organs after the operation.", "contents": "Retrograde degeneration of autonomic neurons and other cell groups of the spinal cord following extirpation the thoracic sympathetic ganglia. Examination of vegetative, as well as sensitive and motor spinal neurons after surgery performed on the peripheral part of the vegetative nervous system in the thoracic cavity of 34 dogs reveals reactive and degenerative changes in the nerve cells. Alterations in the neuronal structure are already observed on the 7th day after the operation and they reach thir maximum on the 60th day. During the time mentioned, most of the nervous cells undergo a complete pyknosis; among them, however, there are neurons restoring their normal structure. Therefore, it is possible to believe that after operations on the thoracic cavity, certain morphological disturbances occur in the corresponding vegetative centers, which are followed by disorders in the nervous regulation of the internal organs after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:931657", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of intestinal auto-, allo- and xenotransplants in the 1st hours following extracorporeal perfusion].", "content": "Mucous membrane ultrastructure was studied after extracorporeal perfusion of the small intestine under auto- (12 experiments), allo- (10 experiments) and xenotransplantations (4 experiments). In all mucosal structures the lesions are demonstrated to depend on nonspecific factors on the one hand, and on genetically foreigh tissue, on the other hand. In every experimental group, the earliest changes occur in microcirculatory bed. Disorders in vessel and blood flow tone lymphotasis and interstitial edema result in disturbances of capillary-epithelial interrelations and metabolic processes. Destructive changes are followed by tissue neutrophilosis, activation of macrophages and plasmocytic cells, degranulation of eosinophil, enterochromaffin and mast cells, profound mucin excretion. Unlike autoperfusion, alloperfusion is characterized by massive neutrophillic degranulation and more severe lesions of mucosal structures. At allotransplantation, neutrophil cell reaction (nonspecific by its nature) is supposed to be the earliest and primary in the course of establishing transplantation immunity. At xenotransplantation, intestinal destruction, developing and rapidly progressing, is connected with the influence of natural antibodies.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of intestinal auto-, allo- and xenotransplants in the 1st hours following extracorporeal perfusion]. Mucous membrane ultrastructure was studied after extracorporeal perfusion of the small intestine under auto- (12 experiments), allo- (10 experiments) and xenotransplantations (4 experiments). In all mucosal structures the lesions are demonstrated to depend on nonspecific factors on the one hand, and on genetically foreigh tissue, on the other hand. In every experimental group, the earliest changes occur in microcirculatory bed. Disorders in vessel and blood flow tone lymphotasis and interstitial edema result in disturbances of capillary-epithelial interrelations and metabolic processes. Destructive changes are followed by tissue neutrophilosis, activation of macrophages and plasmocytic cells, degranulation of eosinophil, enterochromaffin and mast cells, profound mucin excretion. Unlike autoperfusion, alloperfusion is characterized by massive neutrophillic degranulation and more severe lesions of mucosal structures. At allotransplantation, neutrophil cell reaction (nonspecific by its nature) is supposed to be the earliest and primary in the course of establishing transplantation immunity. At xenotransplantation, intestinal destruction, developing and rapidly progressing, is connected with the influence of natural antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:931658", "title": "[Role of exogenous thyrocalcitonin in post-traumatic skin regeneration].", "content": "The character and completeness of posttraumatic skin regeneration, as well as the role of fibroblastic cells were studied under the effect of thyrocalcitonine (TCT). By means of cytological, morphological, histochemical autoradiographic, electron microscopic and some biochemical methods, stimulating effect of TCT on the cell proliferation and differentiation in the host regeneration was demonstrated. Application of TCT enhanced the main stages of collagenogenesis that, in its turn, promoted earlier transformation of granulous tissue into connective tissue and stimulated healing of experimental wounds.", "contents": "[Role of exogenous thyrocalcitonin in post-traumatic skin regeneration]. The character and completeness of posttraumatic skin regeneration, as well as the role of fibroblastic cells were studied under the effect of thyrocalcitonine (TCT). By means of cytological, morphological, histochemical autoradiographic, electron microscopic and some biochemical methods, stimulating effect of TCT on the cell proliferation and differentiation in the host regeneration was demonstrated. Application of TCT enhanced the main stages of collagenogenesis that, in its turn, promoted earlier transformation of granulous tissue into connective tissue and stimulated healing of experimental wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:931659", "title": "[Relationship between the time of day of trauma infliction and the dynamics of endothelial mitotic activity].", "content": "Endothelial mitotic activity of the rabbit jugular veins depending on the daytime of trauma infliction was studied. In the first series of experiments (I), the operations were performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second (II)-- from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation one animal was killed every 3 hour, for 5 days. Mitotic activity (MK %) was studied continuously 8 mm from the wound edge in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated using approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. Independently of the time of trauma infliction, the first mitoses in the endothelium appear after 21 h. Further, mitotic proliferation has a wavy character of different intensity in different tissue areas. Lack of similarity in the organism circadiam phase at the time of operation, produces distinct differences in the course of the process which are seen in asynchronity of the daytimes when the rise and recession of mitotic activity occur and in different length of these waves. In I series the length of these waves equals to 36, and in II series-- to 48 h. After the evening operation, 24-hour rhythm superimposed on its aliquat 48-hour activity is slearly seen. After the morning operation, daily rhythm is not observed. After the evening operation the process is more intense and has a greater length along the endothelial layer.", "contents": "[Relationship between the time of day of trauma infliction and the dynamics of endothelial mitotic activity]. Endothelial mitotic activity of the rabbit jugular veins depending on the daytime of trauma infliction was studied. In the first series of experiments (I), the operations were performed from 8 to 10 a. m., and in the second (II)-- from 8 to 10 P. M. After the operation one animal was killed every 3 hour, for 5 days. Mitotic activity (MK %) was studied continuously 8 mm from the wound edge in flat film preparations. The data obtained were statistically treated using approximation of the process course by the method of weighed sliding averages. Independently of the time of trauma infliction, the first mitoses in the endothelium appear after 21 h. Further, mitotic proliferation has a wavy character of different intensity in different tissue areas. Lack of similarity in the organism circadiam phase at the time of operation, produces distinct differences in the course of the process which are seen in asynchronity of the daytimes when the rise and recession of mitotic activity occur and in different length of these waves. In I series the length of these waves equals to 36, and in II series-- to 48 h. After the evening operation, 24-hour rhythm superimposed on its aliquat 48-hour activity is slearly seen. After the morning operation, daily rhythm is not observed. After the evening operation the process is more intense and has a greater length along the endothelial layer."}
{"id": "PMID:931660", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the blood supplying capillaries of the sciatic nerve in rats].", "content": "Electron microscopic studies of the capillaries in the epi-, peri- and endoneurium of the rat sciatic nerve revealed that the capillaries in question possess the features common to the construction of this category of vessels in other organs. In epineurium and perineurium there are capilaries with somatic and visceral types of endothelium. Endoneural capillaries have endothelium of somatic type with ultrastructural features demonstrating its barrier properties. This specificity of endoneural capillaries endotheilum is connected with peculiarities of hemato-neuronal barrier of the peripheral nerves, to which endothelium is an integrated part.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the blood supplying capillaries of the sciatic nerve in rats]. Electron microscopic studies of the capillaries in the epi-, peri- and endoneurium of the rat sciatic nerve revealed that the capillaries in question possess the features common to the construction of this category of vessels in other organs. In epineurium and perineurium there are capilaries with somatic and visceral types of endothelium. Endoneural capillaries have endothelium of somatic type with ultrastructural features demonstrating its barrier properties. This specificity of endoneural capillaries endotheilum is connected with peculiarities of hemato-neuronal barrier of the peripheral nerves, to which endothelium is an integrated part."}
{"id": "PMID:931670", "title": "Fibrinopeptides. IV. Synthesis of human fibrinopeptide A.", "content": "Human fibrinopeptide A, a hexadecapeptide, released by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen during clotting of blood, has been synthesized by conventional methods. The synthetic peptide as well as some of the intermediates in the synthesis have been examined for anticoagulant activity. Though all of them were found to be active, the terminal carboxyl protected peptides are more potent inhibitors of clotting than the carboxyl free peptides.", "contents": "Fibrinopeptides. IV. Synthesis of human fibrinopeptide A. Human fibrinopeptide A, a hexadecapeptide, released by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen during clotting of blood, has been synthesized by conventional methods. The synthetic peptide as well as some of the intermediates in the synthesis have been examined for anticoagulant activity. Though all of them were found to be active, the terminal carboxyl protected peptides are more potent inhibitors of clotting than the carboxyl free peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:931671", "title": "External buckling without drainage.", "content": "Scleral buckling without drainage of subretinal fluid is a technique suitable to a broad range of detachment problems including aphakia, vitreous traction, multiple tears, high myopia, and large breaks, as well as old or extensive detachment. Retinal detachments operated on by modification to the Custodis procedure reattach in a spontaneous and predictable manner determined by the patient's  age, the duration of the detachment, and its extent. Ninety percent of cases are completely reattached four days following surgery. Clues to successful surgery when subretinal fluid persists are retinal tear closure, documented daily fluid loss, macular reattachment, and dependent shifting of subretinal fluid. When uncertainty still exists, the final objective evaluation is the observation that fluid fails to accumulate beneath the retina when the patient is unpatched and mobilized. The operation is extraocular and avoids the problems of drainage-choroidal hemorrhage, retinal incarceration, vitreous loss, and restoration of hypotony. The technique offers the modern surgeon a simple, direct, and rational approach applicable to 75 percent of retinal detachments, and it also assures a smooth, uncomplicated recovery.", "contents": "External buckling without drainage. Scleral buckling without drainage of subretinal fluid is a technique suitable to a broad range of detachment problems including aphakia, vitreous traction, multiple tears, high myopia, and large breaks, as well as old or extensive detachment. Retinal detachments operated on by modification to the Custodis procedure reattach in a spontaneous and predictable manner determined by the patient's  age, the duration of the detachment, and its extent. Ninety percent of cases are completely reattached four days following surgery. Clues to successful surgery when subretinal fluid persists are retinal tear closure, documented daily fluid loss, macular reattachment, and dependent shifting of subretinal fluid. When uncertainty still exists, the final objective evaluation is the observation that fluid fails to accumulate beneath the retina when the patient is unpatched and mobilized. The operation is extraocular and avoids the problems of drainage-choroidal hemorrhage, retinal incarceration, vitreous loss, and restoration of hypotony. The technique offers the modern surgeon a simple, direct, and rational approach applicable to 75 percent of retinal detachments, and it also assures a smooth, uncomplicated recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:931672", "title": "Radial buckling in the repair of retinal detachment.", "content": "Experience with external sponge buckles for the treatment of retinal detachment has led to a preference for radial placement of the sponge. More retinal holes, particularly large horseshoe breaks, can be closed effectively with radially oriented buckles than with limbus parallel ones; limbus parallel buckles often were complicated by \"fish-mouthing\" of the breaks and leaking radial folds. A radial orientation of the buckle averts this complication. The geometry of retinal detachment and scleral buckling reveals the origin of \"fish-mouthing\" and radial folds and why radially oriented buckles prevent this complication.", "contents": "Radial buckling in the repair of retinal detachment. Experience with external sponge buckles for the treatment of retinal detachment has led to a preference for radial placement of the sponge. More retinal holes, particularly large horseshoe breaks, can be closed effectively with radially oriented buckles than with limbus parallel ones; limbus parallel buckles often were complicated by \"fish-mouthing\" of the breaks and leaking radial folds. A radial orientation of the buckle averts this complication. The geometry of retinal detachment and scleral buckling reveals the origin of \"fish-mouthing\" and radial folds and why radially oriented buckles prevent this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:931673", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of degenerative lesions of the peripheral fundus and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "content": "Since the number of cases for each of the conditions in our study was small, only preliminary conclusions can be made; in order to establish the fluorescein pattern of each of these peripheral retinal lesions, additional studies will be required. The following summarizes our preliminary observations. 1. Areas of retinal white-with-pressure or without and peripheral retinal cystoid degeneration did not reveal remarkable fluorescein angiographic findings. One exception was in an area of pigment epithelial disturbance characterized by atrophy and proliferation, which showed a \"window and masking\" effect of choroidal fluorescence. 2. Fluorescein angiography of areas of the fundus with lattice retinal degeneration showed little or no findings in early or mild cases. In severe or advanced cases, the affected retina revealed poor or absent perfusion caused by vascular occlusion. The retinal and choroidal circulation was devoid of fluorescein leakage. Advanced lesions displayed choroidal hypofluorescence in areas of pigment proliferation and hyperfluorescence in areas of pigment atrophy. 3. In advanced cases, occlusive vascular changes over areas of acquired retinoschisis were observed. There was intraretinal leakage of the dye from deep capillaries and pooling of the dye in cystic cavities near the margin of the retinoschisis. 4. There was no perfusion of the choroid and retina in the area of the hole and in the retina surrounding it. This finding suggests choroidal and retinal ischemia in the pathogenesis of a retinal hole. 5. Fluorescein angiography of retinal tears revealed fluorescein leakage along the edge of the tear and absent perfusion of the retinal flap. The retinal and choroidal circulation-around the tear was otherwise unremarkable. The choroidal fluorescein underlying the retinal flap was not visible, perhaps because it was masked by the retinal flap. 6. Our fluorescein angiographic findings in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment confirmed those of others [7, 8, 10]. Transit of fluorescein through the retinal circulation was sluggish. The retinal capillaries were dilated. 7. In cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment which had become reattached surgically, areas treated with diathermy or cryoapplications showed absent or diminished choroidal and retinal perfusion. Leakage of the fluorescein from capillaries in the optic disc and retina in the posterior pole was sometimes persistent several months postoperatively.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of degenerative lesions of the peripheral fundus and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Since the number of cases for each of the conditions in our study was small, only preliminary conclusions can be made; in order to establish the fluorescein pattern of each of these peripheral retinal lesions, additional studies will be required. The following summarizes our preliminary observations. 1. Areas of retinal white-with-pressure or without and peripheral retinal cystoid degeneration did not reveal remarkable fluorescein angiographic findings. One exception was in an area of pigment epithelial disturbance characterized by atrophy and proliferation, which showed a \"window and masking\" effect of choroidal fluorescence. 2. Fluorescein angiography of areas of the fundus with lattice retinal degeneration showed little or no findings in early or mild cases. In severe or advanced cases, the affected retina revealed poor or absent perfusion caused by vascular occlusion. The retinal and choroidal circulation was devoid of fluorescein leakage. Advanced lesions displayed choroidal hypofluorescence in areas of pigment proliferation and hyperfluorescence in areas of pigment atrophy. 3. In advanced cases, occlusive vascular changes over areas of acquired retinoschisis were observed. There was intraretinal leakage of the dye from deep capillaries and pooling of the dye in cystic cavities near the margin of the retinoschisis. 4. There was no perfusion of the choroid and retina in the area of the hole and in the retina surrounding it. This finding suggests choroidal and retinal ischemia in the pathogenesis of a retinal hole. 5. Fluorescein angiography of retinal tears revealed fluorescein leakage along the edge of the tear and absent perfusion of the retinal flap. The retinal and choroidal circulation-around the tear was otherwise unremarkable. The choroidal fluorescein underlying the retinal flap was not visible, perhaps because it was masked by the retinal flap. 6. Our fluorescein angiographic findings in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment confirmed those of others [7, 8, 10]. Transit of fluorescein through the retinal circulation was sluggish. The retinal capillaries were dilated. 7. In cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment which had become reattached surgically, areas treated with diathermy or cryoapplications showed absent or diminished choroidal and retinal perfusion. Leakage of the fluorescein from capillaries in the optic disc and retina in the posterior pole was sometimes persistent several months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:931674", "title": "Massive vitreous retraction.", "content": "More than half of previously hopeless cases of MVR can be anatomically reattached by tight elastic equatorial compression with a circling silicone sponge. Visual results range from light perception to 20/30, with most retinas being so severely damaged by the MVR that they regain 20/200 or less vision. Because of the possible serious complications of this operation, it is indicated only for otherwise incurable cases of retinal detachment. In properly selected patients, the benefit of limited vision may clearly justify this admittedly difficult and unpleasant procedure.", "contents": "Massive vitreous retraction. More than half of previously hopeless cases of MVR can be anatomically reattached by tight elastic equatorial compression with a circling silicone sponge. Visual results range from light perception to 20/30, with most retinas being so severely damaged by the MVR that they regain 20/200 or less vision. Because of the possible serious complications of this operation, it is indicated only for otherwise incurable cases of retinal detachment. In properly selected patients, the benefit of limited vision may clearly justify this admittedly difficult and unpleasant procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:931676", "title": "Vitreous surgery and retinal detachment.", "content": "Vitrectomy has proved to be extremely useful in facilitating reattachment of the retina in a variety of complicated detachments. The author's experience has been exclusively with the vitreous infusion suction cutter. Several other, similar, instruments are now available, and they are described in a recent review article on vitreous surgery [8]. The techniques required for successful surgery are not easily mastered, and it is the author's practice to have a trainee assist on about 50 operations before assuming major responsibility for a difficult microdissection.", "contents": "Vitreous surgery and retinal detachment. Vitrectomy has proved to be extremely useful in facilitating reattachment of the retina in a variety of complicated detachments. The author's experience has been exclusively with the vitreous infusion suction cutter. Several other, similar, instruments are now available, and they are described in a recent review article on vitreous surgery [8]. The techniques required for successful surgery are not easily mastered, and it is the author's practice to have a trainee assist on about 50 operations before assuming major responsibility for a difficult microdissection."}
{"id": "PMID:931677", "title": "B-scan ultrasonography of the retina and vitreous.", "content": "We feel that ultrasonography performed prior to vitreous surgery should be performed or at least observed by the operating surgeon or the assistant. The actual dynamic scanning process allows much more information about the status of the eye than looking at static pictures. Although vitreous surgery can be performed without preoperative ultrasonographic examination, we feel that ultrasonography can provide the surgeon with valuable, accurate information about the status of the vitreous humor and the retina.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasonography of the retina and vitreous. We feel that ultrasonography performed prior to vitreous surgery should be performed or at least observed by the operating surgeon or the assistant. The actual dynamic scanning process allows much more information about the status of the eye than looking at static pictures. Although vitreous surgery can be performed without preoperative ultrasonographic examination, we feel that ultrasonography can provide the surgeon with valuable, accurate information about the status of the vitreous humor and the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:931681", "title": "Coordinated surgical and drug treatment of cancer.", "content": "Normal cells can proliferate to heal wounds while cancer cells die from chemotherapy with selected sulfhydryl (SH) inhibitors. Choice of the drugs is directed by sensitivity tests run immediately after surgery on each patient's own cancer. The SH-bearing nonhistone chromosomal proteins were predicted to play a major role in regulating genes. Much recent work now suggests that these proteins may play a key role in controlling gene expression.", "contents": "Coordinated surgical and drug treatment of cancer. Normal cells can proliferate to heal wounds while cancer cells die from chemotherapy with selected sulfhydryl (SH) inhibitors. Choice of the drugs is directed by sensitivity tests run immediately after surgery on each patient's own cancer. The SH-bearing nonhistone chromosomal proteins were predicted to play a major role in regulating genes. Much recent work now suggests that these proteins may play a key role in controlling gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:931682", "title": "Free perforation of the gallbladder with special reference to diagnostic paracentesis.", "content": "We report two cases of free perforation of the gallbladder in young women and emphasize the role of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis in making the correct preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Free perforation of the gallbladder with special reference to diagnostic paracentesis. We report two cases of free perforation of the gallbladder in young women and emphasize the role of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis in making the correct preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:931683", "title": "Acute regional enteritis.", "content": "Severe melena is a rare complication of acute regional enteritis. The hemorrhage is more severe when the large intestine is also involved. The difference betwee \"real\" acute regional enteritis and exacerbations of regional enteritis lies in their pathological appearance, development and complications.", "contents": "Acute regional enteritis. Severe melena is a rare complication of acute regional enteritis. The hemorrhage is more severe when the large intestine is also involved. The difference betwee \"real\" acute regional enteritis and exacerbations of regional enteritis lies in their pathological appearance, development and complications."}
{"id": "PMID:931689", "title": "The phacoemulsification procedure. I. The effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on the corneal endothelium.", "content": "Irrigating solutions for intraocular purposes were evaluated for their possible damaging effects on the corneal endothelial cell structure and function. Rabbit corneal endothelium was perfused in vitro with Tis-u-Sol, Travenol Ringer's Solution, or Travenol Sodium Chloride. The irrigating solutions caused an immediate corneal swelling of 67 mum per hour +/- 5 (mean +/- standard error), which was not modified by a previous stabilization perfusion with glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's (GBR). In contrast, the Plasma-lyte-148 solution which is used in the phacoemulsification procedure, did not cause corneal swelling for more than twenty minutes, and for more than sixty minutes if the cornea was perfused after a GBR stabilization. After more than sixty minutes of corneal swelling, endothelial intercellular junction separations appeared. This breakdown was present with the tested irrigating solutions except for Travenol Ringer's Solution, which contained calcium. Plasma-lyte was also evaluated in conjunction with the surgical phacoemulsification procedure. The complete procedure or just irrigation with ultrasound did not cause endothelial cell damage similar to a prolonged in vitro irrigation. Instead, endothelial cells were traumatically damaged in varying degrees by the surgical manipulations.", "contents": "The phacoemulsification procedure. I. The effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on the corneal endothelium. Irrigating solutions for intraocular purposes were evaluated for their possible damaging effects on the corneal endothelial cell structure and function. Rabbit corneal endothelium was perfused in vitro with Tis-u-Sol, Travenol Ringer's Solution, or Travenol Sodium Chloride. The irrigating solutions caused an immediate corneal swelling of 67 mum per hour +/- 5 (mean +/- standard error), which was not modified by a previous stabilization perfusion with glutathione-bicarbonate Ringer's (GBR). In contrast, the Plasma-lyte-148 solution which is used in the phacoemulsification procedure, did not cause corneal swelling for more than twenty minutes, and for more than sixty minutes if the cornea was perfused after a GBR stabilization. After more than sixty minutes of corneal swelling, endothelial intercellular junction separations appeared. This breakdown was present with the tested irrigating solutions except for Travenol Ringer's Solution, which contained calcium. Plasma-lyte was also evaluated in conjunction with the surgical phacoemulsification procedure. The complete procedure or just irrigation with ultrasound did not cause endothelial cell damage similar to a prolonged in vitro irrigation. Instead, endothelial cells were traumatically damaged in varying degrees by the surgical manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:931690", "title": "The phacoemulsification procedure. II. Corneal endothelial changes.", "content": "The effect of phacoemulsification, with the Cavitron-Kelman instrument, on the corneal endothelium of rabbit and cats was studied by scanning electron microscopy and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. The various steps of the procedure were examined separately. Irrigation of the anterior chamber of the eye with balanced salt solution (Plasma-Lyte) for ten minutes caused no cell damage. Ultrasound and irrigation alone for four to six minutes caused increased permeability to NBT. Edema of endothelial cells and cell junction disruption occurred after eight minutes of anterior chamber irrigation with Plasma-Lyte. Uncomplicated phacoemulsification produced moderate cellular edema with scattered loss of endothelial cells. Destruction of endothelial cells was frequent after phacoemulsification, it appeared to be due to lens nucleus manipulation in the anterior chamber, instrumentation, and needle contact. From two to five days postoperatively, intercellular edema, altered cell morphology, and mosaic pattern were seen. However, it gradually recovered and seven to ten days later the endothelium appeared normal.", "contents": "The phacoemulsification procedure. II. Corneal endothelial changes. The effect of phacoemulsification, with the Cavitron-Kelman instrument, on the corneal endothelium of rabbit and cats was studied by scanning electron microscopy and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. The various steps of the procedure were examined separately. Irrigation of the anterior chamber of the eye with balanced salt solution (Plasma-Lyte) for ten minutes caused no cell damage. Ultrasound and irrigation alone for four to six minutes caused increased permeability to NBT. Edema of endothelial cells and cell junction disruption occurred after eight minutes of anterior chamber irrigation with Plasma-Lyte. Uncomplicated phacoemulsification produced moderate cellular edema with scattered loss of endothelial cells. Destruction of endothelial cells was frequent after phacoemulsification, it appeared to be due to lens nucleus manipulation in the anterior chamber, instrumentation, and needle contact. From two to five days postoperatively, intercellular edema, altered cell morphology, and mosaic pattern were seen. However, it gradually recovered and seven to ten days later the endothelium appeared normal."}
{"id": "PMID:931691", "title": "Successful therapy of herpes hominis keratitis in rabbits by 5-iodo-5'-amino-2'5'-dideoxyuridine (AIU): a novel analog of thymidine.", "content": "The efficiency of 5-iodo-5'-amino-2'5'-dideoxyuridine (AIU) in the therapy of experimental herpes keratitis in rabbits has been examined. Virus infections were established bilaterally in 40 animals using herpes simplex, type 1 (NIH strain 11124). Twenty-four hours after infection the rabbits were divided into five matched groups of eight and each group was treated, double-blind, with topical drugs at four-hour intervals for a total of 72 hours. The solutions instilled were: (1) saline; (2) IdUrd, 1 mg. per milliliter; (3) AIU, 1 mg. per milliliter; (4) AIU, 4 mg. per milliter; and (5) AIU, 8 mg. per milliliter. Each eye was examined daily for 12 days and graded independently by two ophthalmologists. Although IdUrd and AIU (8 mg. per milliliter) were effective therapeutically, IdUrd had a greater effect. The AIU at 1 and 4 mg. per milliliter were less active, but showed more rapid healing than the saline control. Viral recovery studies are consistent with the clinical observations. A second independent experiment, similar to that described above, gave essentially identical results. Although less potent than IdUrd, AIU does provide effective therapy for herpes keratitis.", "contents": "Successful therapy of herpes hominis keratitis in rabbits by 5-iodo-5'-amino-2'5'-dideoxyuridine (AIU): a novel analog of thymidine. The efficiency of 5-iodo-5'-amino-2'5'-dideoxyuridine (AIU) in the therapy of experimental herpes keratitis in rabbits has been examined. Virus infections were established bilaterally in 40 animals using herpes simplex, type 1 (NIH strain 11124). Twenty-four hours after infection the rabbits were divided into five matched groups of eight and each group was treated, double-blind, with topical drugs at four-hour intervals for a total of 72 hours. The solutions instilled were: (1) saline; (2) IdUrd, 1 mg. per milliliter; (3) AIU, 1 mg. per milliliter; (4) AIU, 4 mg. per milliter; and (5) AIU, 8 mg. per milliliter. Each eye was examined daily for 12 days and graded independently by two ophthalmologists. Although IdUrd and AIU (8 mg. per milliliter) were effective therapeutically, IdUrd had a greater effect. The AIU at 1 and 4 mg. per milliliter were less active, but showed more rapid healing than the saline control. Viral recovery studies are consistent with the clinical observations. A second independent experiment, similar to that described above, gave essentially identical results. Although less potent than IdUrd, AIU does provide effective therapy for herpes keratitis."}
{"id": "PMID:931692", "title": "Sialic acid in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid.", "content": "To date, there has been no attempt to determine which of the orbital glands contribute the sialic acid, which has been found in tears and tear mucoids. In the present study, sialic acid was found in the fluid collected directly from the lacrimal gland excretory duct, uncontaminated by the secretions of the other orbital glands (Nictitans, Harderian, conjunctival) as well as in the fluid secreted into the conjunctival sac by the other orbital glands, uncontaminated by lacrimal gland fluid. At all flow rates, the rate of secretion of sialic acid increased as flow rate increased in both fluids and the rate of secretion of sialic acid by the lacrimal gland was three times that by the other orbital glands. This is the first demonstration that a substance, which can be derived from either nonserum glycoproteins, such as the tear mucoids, or alpha-globulins, is a component of the secretions of the lacrimal gland, as well as of the secretion of the other orbital glands.", "contents": "Sialic acid in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid. To date, there has been no attempt to determine which of the orbital glands contribute the sialic acid, which has been found in tears and tear mucoids. In the present study, sialic acid was found in the fluid collected directly from the lacrimal gland excretory duct, uncontaminated by the secretions of the other orbital glands (Nictitans, Harderian, conjunctival) as well as in the fluid secreted into the conjunctival sac by the other orbital glands, uncontaminated by lacrimal gland fluid. At all flow rates, the rate of secretion of sialic acid increased as flow rate increased in both fluids and the rate of secretion of sialic acid by the lacrimal gland was three times that by the other orbital glands. This is the first demonstration that a substance, which can be derived from either nonserum glycoproteins, such as the tear mucoids, or alpha-globulins, is a component of the secretions of the lacrimal gland, as well as of the secretion of the other orbital glands."}
{"id": "PMID:931693", "title": "Stromal sodium binding after glycosaminoglycan digestion.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans of isolated rabbit corneal stroma, clamped between two lucite plates at near normal hydration, were digested with testicular hyaluronidase in saline solution. After equilibration with 0.9 per cent saline solution alone the sodium and chloride content of the stroma was determined. Chloride was in equilibrium with both normal and hyaluronidase-treated stroma, allowing use of the Donnan calculation for excess or bound sodium to be made. Normal stromas contained 200 mEq. bound sodium per kilogram of dry weight calculated from the Donnan calculation; hyaluronidase-treated stromas contained 110 mEq. bound sodium per kilogram of dry weight. The data show that about half of the bound sodium in the corneal stroma is on nonsaccharide binding sites. Quantitative verification of the loss of glycosaminoglycans was performed.", "contents": "Stromal sodium binding after glycosaminoglycan digestion. The glycosaminoglycans of isolated rabbit corneal stroma, clamped between two lucite plates at near normal hydration, were digested with testicular hyaluronidase in saline solution. After equilibration with 0.9 per cent saline solution alone the sodium and chloride content of the stroma was determined. Chloride was in equilibrium with both normal and hyaluronidase-treated stroma, allowing use of the Donnan calculation for excess or bound sodium to be made. Normal stromas contained 200 mEq. bound sodium per kilogram of dry weight calculated from the Donnan calculation; hyaluronidase-treated stromas contained 110 mEq. bound sodium per kilogram of dry weight. The data show that about half of the bound sodium in the corneal stroma is on nonsaccharide binding sites. Quantitative verification of the loss of glycosaminoglycans was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:931694", "title": "Effects of isoproterenol and norepinephrine on regional ocular blood flows.", "content": "The effects of norepinephrine and isoproterenol on regional ocular blood flows were studied by the labeled microspheres using the reference sample method in pigs. Total and regional ocular flows increased in response to norepinephrine and isoproterenol infusions. Increase in flows during norepinephrine infusion may be due to increased ocular perfusion pressure induced by the drug, thereby masking its reported direct vasoconstrictor effect in isolated perfused ocular vessels. Increase in flows during isoproterenol infusion occurred despite a decrease in arterial pressure suggesting the existence of vasodilatory beta-adrenergic receptors in the ocular circulation of the pig.", "contents": "Effects of isoproterenol and norepinephrine on regional ocular blood flows. The effects of norepinephrine and isoproterenol on regional ocular blood flows were studied by the labeled microspheres using the reference sample method in pigs. Total and regional ocular flows increased in response to norepinephrine and isoproterenol infusions. Increase in flows during norepinephrine infusion may be due to increased ocular perfusion pressure induced by the drug, thereby masking its reported direct vasoconstrictor effect in isolated perfused ocular vessels. Increase in flows during isoproterenol infusion occurred despite a decrease in arterial pressure suggesting the existence of vasodilatory beta-adrenergic receptors in the ocular circulation of the pig."}
{"id": "PMID:931695", "title": "Centrioles and cilia in the mesothelial cells of the pericanalicular region.", "content": "An evaluation of 70 trabecular meshwork biopsies obtained at the time of therapeutic surgery in glaucomatous and cataractous eyes revealed that the mesothelial cells in the iridocorneal angle had a marked abundance of cilia and centrioles. The distribution of cells showing cilia and/or centrioles is positively correlated with the apparent aqueous humor outflow pathway. The morphology and arrangement of the cilia-centriole complexes in the angle are highly variable and show many forms not previously reported in a single tissue. There were no obvious correlations between organelle abundance and the identifiable factors affecting the patients involved in this study.", "contents": "Centrioles and cilia in the mesothelial cells of the pericanalicular region. An evaluation of 70 trabecular meshwork biopsies obtained at the time of therapeutic surgery in glaucomatous and cataractous eyes revealed that the mesothelial cells in the iridocorneal angle had a marked abundance of cilia and centrioles. The distribution of cells showing cilia and/or centrioles is positively correlated with the apparent aqueous humor outflow pathway. The morphology and arrangement of the cilia-centriole complexes in the angle are highly variable and show many forms not previously reported in a single tissue. There were no obvious correlations between organelle abundance and the identifiable factors affecting the patients involved in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:931696", "title": "On the presence of bilirubin in the ocular humors of premature infants.", "content": "The yellow pigments observed in the ocular humors of premature infants were identified as the plasma pigments bilirubin and oxyhemoglobin. The blood/vitreous humor barrier to bilirubin was estimated to be (1/0.11) for total bilirubin and (1/0.25) for direct-acting bilirubin. Hall method histochemical staining for bilirubin in sections of premature infant eyes was highly positive for the vitreous humor, and suggestive of uptake of bilirubin by the neural-retinal cells.", "contents": "On the presence of bilirubin in the ocular humors of premature infants. The yellow pigments observed in the ocular humors of premature infants were identified as the plasma pigments bilirubin and oxyhemoglobin. The blood/vitreous humor barrier to bilirubin was estimated to be (1/0.11) for total bilirubin and (1/0.25) for direct-acting bilirubin. Hall method histochemical staining for bilirubin in sections of premature infant eyes was highly positive for the vitreous humor, and suggestive of uptake of bilirubin by the neural-retinal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:931698", "title": "Mechanism of \"hypoglycemic\" cataract formation in the rat lens. II. Further studies on the role of hexokinase instability.", "content": "In Part I1 of this study, the thermolability of lens hexokinase was implicated in the development of an experimental \"hypoglycemic\" cataract. After eight hours of glucose deprivation, there is a precipitous loss of lens hexokinase. This occurs approximately nine hours prior to the disorganization of the other enzymatic steps in glycolysis. Epithelial hexokinase, as an immediate response to glucose deficiency, shifts from the soluble to the insoluble phase. There is no such shift in the cortex-nucleus where only soluble hexokinase is found. After eight hours of glucose deprivation, both soluble and insoluble hexokinases throughout the lens undergo rapid deactivations. During the first eight hours of glucose deprivation the loss of lenticular ATP and K+ and the gain in wet weight can be reversed by restoring normal glucose levels; beyond eight hours the changes are irreversible. During the period of reversibility, hexokinase activity levels are normal; during the period of irreversibility hexokinase activity is 10 to 20 per cent of normal. Of the substances tested (mannose, galactose, fructose, glutamine, adenosine) only mannose could sustain the lens in the absnece of glucose. Neither endogenous free glucose nor glycogen could sustain the lens in the face of glucose deprivation. There appear to be no alternative exogenous or endogenous energy yielding substrates. The younger the animal, the more susceptible is its lens to glucose deprivation. This most certainly is a reflection of the increased susceptibility of younger lenses to osmotic stress, since lenses in each age group manifested similar changes in hexokinase activity, ATP, Na+, and K+ level.", "contents": "Mechanism of \"hypoglycemic\" cataract formation in the rat lens. II. Further studies on the role of hexokinase instability. In Part I1 of this study, the thermolability of lens hexokinase was implicated in the development of an experimental \"hypoglycemic\" cataract. After eight hours of glucose deprivation, there is a precipitous loss of lens hexokinase. This occurs approximately nine hours prior to the disorganization of the other enzymatic steps in glycolysis. Epithelial hexokinase, as an immediate response to glucose deficiency, shifts from the soluble to the insoluble phase. There is no such shift in the cortex-nucleus where only soluble hexokinase is found. After eight hours of glucose deprivation, both soluble and insoluble hexokinases throughout the lens undergo rapid deactivations. During the first eight hours of glucose deprivation the loss of lenticular ATP and K+ and the gain in wet weight can be reversed by restoring normal glucose levels; beyond eight hours the changes are irreversible. During the period of reversibility, hexokinase activity levels are normal; during the period of irreversibility hexokinase activity is 10 to 20 per cent of normal. Of the substances tested (mannose, galactose, fructose, glutamine, adenosine) only mannose could sustain the lens in the absnece of glucose. Neither endogenous free glucose nor glycogen could sustain the lens in the face of glucose deprivation. There appear to be no alternative exogenous or endogenous energy yielding substrates. The younger the animal, the more susceptible is its lens to glucose deprivation. This most certainly is a reflection of the increased susceptibility of younger lenses to osmotic stress, since lenses in each age group manifested similar changes in hexokinase activity, ATP, Na+, and K+ level."}
{"id": "PMID:931699", "title": "Identification of A and B forms of monoamine oxidase in the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits.", "content": "The properties of monoamine oxidase activity in homogenates of the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits have been studied. Inhibition curves using specific inhibitors support the concept of A and B enzyme forms, with the following ratios of A/B activity: iris-ciliary body, 40/60; superior cervical ganglion, 90/10; pineal gland, 13/87. Experiments on enzymes from animals with superior cervical ganglionectomy indicate that both A and B forms in the iris-ciliary body have a predominantly extraneuronal location. No significant differences in activity were observed between iris-ciliary body preparations from normal and denervated animals with substrates specific for A or B forms, or with substrates deaminated by both A and B forms. With tryptamine as substrate the iris enzyme can be inhibited by a variety of common monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Topical application of the inhibitor pargyline lowers intraocular pressure in the normal rabbit eye but not in the sympathetically denervated eye. This observation and in vitro data suggest that the mechanism of action of pargyline is through the adrenergic system and not dependent upon intrinsic activity.", "contents": "Identification of A and B forms of monoamine oxidase in the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits. The properties of monoamine oxidase activity in homogenates of the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits have been studied. Inhibition curves using specific inhibitors support the concept of A and B enzyme forms, with the following ratios of A/B activity: iris-ciliary body, 40/60; superior cervical ganglion, 90/10; pineal gland, 13/87. Experiments on enzymes from animals with superior cervical ganglionectomy indicate that both A and B forms in the iris-ciliary body have a predominantly extraneuronal location. No significant differences in activity were observed between iris-ciliary body preparations from normal and denervated animals with substrates specific for A or B forms, or with substrates deaminated by both A and B forms. With tryptamine as substrate the iris enzyme can be inhibited by a variety of common monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Topical application of the inhibitor pargyline lowers intraocular pressure in the normal rabbit eye but not in the sympathetically denervated eye. This observation and in vitro data suggest that the mechanism of action of pargyline is through the adrenergic system and not dependent upon intrinsic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:931700", "title": "Keratoconjunctivitis associated with sialodacryoadenitis in rats.", "content": "A high incidence of keratoconjunctivitis was observed in a closed colony of inbred Lewis/Wistar rats. Clinical signs including blinking, ocular discharge, circumcorneal flush, corneal opacity, ulceration, pannus, hypopyon, and hyphema were observed at about three weeks of age. Acute disease subsided by six weeks of age, but some lesions progressed to low-grade chronic keratitis. Six per cent of affected rats developed megaloglobus, which usually appeared by three weeks of age. Lesions included focal or diffuse interstitial keratitis, corneal ulceration, anterior synechia, and inflammatory exudate in the anterior chamber. A high incidence of lenticular and retinal degeneration was associated with megaloglobus. Most affected rats also had harderian dacryoadenitis. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA) was recovered from nasal washes, but not from affected eyes. Serological evidence indicated that SDA virus infection was widespread in the colony.", "contents": "Keratoconjunctivitis associated with sialodacryoadenitis in rats. A high incidence of keratoconjunctivitis was observed in a closed colony of inbred Lewis/Wistar rats. Clinical signs including blinking, ocular discharge, circumcorneal flush, corneal opacity, ulceration, pannus, hypopyon, and hyphema were observed at about three weeks of age. Acute disease subsided by six weeks of age, but some lesions progressed to low-grade chronic keratitis. Six per cent of affected rats developed megaloglobus, which usually appeared by three weeks of age. Lesions included focal or diffuse interstitial keratitis, corneal ulceration, anterior synechia, and inflammatory exudate in the anterior chamber. A high incidence of lenticular and retinal degeneration was associated with megaloglobus. Most affected rats also had harderian dacryoadenitis. Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDA) was recovered from nasal washes, but not from affected eyes. Serological evidence indicated that SDA virus infection was widespread in the colony."}
{"id": "PMID:931701", "title": "Corneal glycogen synthesis. I. Evidence for a gluconeogenic pathway in beef cornea.", "content": "Beef eye anterior chambers were perfused with media containing radiolabeled glycogen precursors. Incorporation of 14C from 1-alanine-U-14C into corneal epithelium glycogen suggested the presence of a gluconeogenic pathway in the eye. Failure to isolate radioactive glucose from 1-alanine-U-14C-containing perfusate after passage through the anterior chamber strongly suggests a corneal site for this pathway.", "contents": "Corneal glycogen synthesis. I. Evidence for a gluconeogenic pathway in beef cornea. Beef eye anterior chambers were perfused with media containing radiolabeled glycogen precursors. Incorporation of 14C from 1-alanine-U-14C into corneal epithelium glycogen suggested the presence of a gluconeogenic pathway in the eye. Failure to isolate radioactive glucose from 1-alanine-U-14C-containing perfusate after passage through the anterior chamber strongly suggests a corneal site for this pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:931702", "title": "Hydrostatic pressure effects on deswelling of de-epithelialized and de-endothelialized corneas.", "content": "The effects of varying hydrostatic pressure on the thinning rate of preswollen de-epithelialized or de-endothelialized corneas has been determined in the specular microscope. The appropriate membrane was removed, the cornea given access to Ringer to swell, and then fluid exchange at that surface blocked with oil. De-epithelialized corneas thin more slowly as hydrostatic pressure on the posterior surface is increased, until fluid movement ceases at 60 to 70 mm. Hg. Fluid movement can occur, therefore, against a considerable hydrostatic pressure. De-endothelialized corneas thin at a higher rate as hydrostatic pressure is increased; this effect is probably a mechanical one with increasing pressure forcing fluid out across the epithelium.", "contents": "Hydrostatic pressure effects on deswelling of de-epithelialized and de-endothelialized corneas. The effects of varying hydrostatic pressure on the thinning rate of preswollen de-epithelialized or de-endothelialized corneas has been determined in the specular microscope. The appropriate membrane was removed, the cornea given access to Ringer to swell, and then fluid exchange at that surface blocked with oil. De-epithelialized corneas thin more slowly as hydrostatic pressure on the posterior surface is increased, until fluid movement ceases at 60 to 70 mm. Hg. Fluid movement can occur, therefore, against a considerable hydrostatic pressure. De-endothelialized corneas thin at a higher rate as hydrostatic pressure is increased; this effect is probably a mechanical one with increasing pressure forcing fluid out across the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:931703", "title": "Automatic recording of corneal thickness in vitro.", "content": "An addition to the specular microscope is described which allows it to record the thickness of the excised cornea automatically as a function of time. The focus of the instrument is scanned mechanically through the tissue, and the position of the reflecting surfaces is detected by a photo-electric system and marked on a chart recorder. The system is able to follow thickness changes over periods of many hours and with an accuracy greater than obtainable by manual operation. This system has been helpful in the evaluation of a new medium which considerably extends the useful lifetime of the corneal endothelial fluid pump.", "contents": "Automatic recording of corneal thickness in vitro. An addition to the specular microscope is described which allows it to record the thickness of the excised cornea automatically as a function of time. The focus of the instrument is scanned mechanically through the tissue, and the position of the reflecting surfaces is detected by a photo-electric system and marked on a chart recorder. The system is able to follow thickness changes over periods of many hours and with an accuracy greater than obtainable by manual operation. This system has been helpful in the evaluation of a new medium which considerably extends the useful lifetime of the corneal endothelial fluid pump."}
{"id": "PMID:931704", "title": "Etiology of corneal striae accompanying hydrogel lens wear.", "content": "Vertical striae in the posterior cornea were produced experimentally in ten human subjects by depriving the anterior corneal surface of its normal oxygen supply and inducing corneal edema. These striae were similar in appearance and time of occurrence to those observed in gel lens wearers. Three subjects also wore gel lenses and developed vertical striae while wearing their lenses. These striae were eliminated by increasing the oxygen concentration at the anterior lens surface. The data confirm many clinical observations which have suggested that verical striae are caused by corneal edema accompanying gel lens wear.", "contents": "Etiology of corneal striae accompanying hydrogel lens wear. Vertical striae in the posterior cornea were produced experimentally in ten human subjects by depriving the anterior corneal surface of its normal oxygen supply and inducing corneal edema. These striae were similar in appearance and time of occurrence to those observed in gel lens wearers. Three subjects also wore gel lenses and developed vertical striae while wearing their lenses. These striae were eliminated by increasing the oxygen concentration at the anterior lens surface. The data confirm many clinical observations which have suggested that verical striae are caused by corneal edema accompanying gel lens wear."}
{"id": "PMID:931705", "title": "Teratogenicity of adenine arabinoside (Ara-A).", "content": "The potentially teratogenic effect of antiviral drugs, particularly when given systemically, prompted the evaluation of the teratogenic effect of Ara-A when given systemically in doses significantly higher than those used clinically. Under the conditions of this study, neither teratogenic nor embryocidal effects of Ara-A were observed.", "contents": "Teratogenicity of adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). The potentially teratogenic effect of antiviral drugs, particularly when given systemically, prompted the evaluation of the teratogenic effect of Ara-A when given systemically in doses significantly higher than those used clinically. Under the conditions of this study, neither teratogenic nor embryocidal effects of Ara-A were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:931706", "title": "Cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy.", "content": "A biomicroscopic technique for observation of the ciliary process was developed, and cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy have been done as a routine clinical examination. The observations reported here show that a great, previously unimaginable variety of changes in the ciliary process is the usual sequel of congenital or acquired disorders. Fluorescein was seen to leak mainly from the \"summit\" of the ciliary process in the normal eye. Little or no leakage from the rudimentary ciliary process was seen in cases of aniridia, while vigorous leakage occurring in inflammation or uveal effusion was of particular clinical importance.", "contents": "Cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy. A biomicroscopic technique for observation of the ciliary process was developed, and cycloscopy and fluorescein cycloscopy have been done as a routine clinical examination. The observations reported here show that a great, previously unimaginable variety of changes in the ciliary process is the usual sequel of congenital or acquired disorders. Fluorescein was seen to leak mainly from the \"summit\" of the ciliary process in the normal eye. Little or no leakage from the rudimentary ciliary process was seen in cases of aniridia, while vigorous leakage occurring in inflammation or uveal effusion was of particular clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:931707", "title": "The contralateral effect of antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve on the rabbit eye.", "content": "The effect on contralateral eyes after injuries to one eye has been called the consensual reaction and has been postulated to be either the consequence of a neural reflex or one achieved by circulating substances. Trigeminal stimulation always causes ipsilateral miosis, ocular hyperemia, intraocular hypertension, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the contralateral eye after stimulation of the trigeminal nerve always occurs and depends on intact sensory innervation to that globe in rabbits. The disruption is not prevneted by pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin. The phenomenon of disruption of the barrier is sometimes accompanied by an elevation of intraocular pressure in the contralateral eye but not by the other irritative responses. Thus, unilateral stimulation of a sensory nerve, the trigeminal, in the rabbit, can produce ipsilateral contralateral disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier.", "contents": "The contralateral effect of antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve on the rabbit eye. The effect on contralateral eyes after injuries to one eye has been called the consensual reaction and has been postulated to be either the consequence of a neural reflex or one achieved by circulating substances. Trigeminal stimulation always causes ipsilateral miosis, ocular hyperemia, intraocular hypertension, and a disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the contralateral eye after stimulation of the trigeminal nerve always occurs and depends on intact sensory innervation to that globe in rabbits. The disruption is not prevneted by pretreatment of the animals with indomethacin. The phenomenon of disruption of the barrier is sometimes accompanied by an elevation of intraocular pressure in the contralateral eye but not by the other irritative responses. Thus, unilateral stimulation of a sensory nerve, the trigeminal, in the rabbit, can produce ipsilateral contralateral disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:931708", "title": "Analysis of clonidine-induced mydriasis.", "content": "In addition to its centrally mediated hypotensive action, clonidine causes a decrease in intraocular pressure associated with a long-lasting mydriasis. The present study was conducted to determine to what extent this drug-induced pupillary dilation is of central or peripheral origin. Pupil size was observed in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Clonidine (1 to 100 mug per kilogram, intravenously) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in pupillary diameter in intact as well as sympathectomized preparations. These same doses of clonidine produce no effect on the eserinized, parasympathectomized iris. Epinephrine administration (0.1 to 30 mug, intra-arterially) produced an equivalent pupillary dilation in all preparations. In addition, clonidine caused a dramatic decrease in postganglionic ciliary nerve activity and both the decreased nerve activity and pupillary dilation were reversed by intravenous administration of yohimbine hydrochloride. These results suggest that the inhibition of parasympathetic tone by clonidine may involve a central adrenergic inhibitory mechanism.", "contents": "Analysis of clonidine-induced mydriasis. In addition to its centrally mediated hypotensive action, clonidine causes a decrease in intraocular pressure associated with a long-lasting mydriasis. The present study was conducted to determine to what extent this drug-induced pupillary dilation is of central or peripheral origin. Pupil size was observed in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital. Clonidine (1 to 100 mug per kilogram, intravenously) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in pupillary diameter in intact as well as sympathectomized preparations. These same doses of clonidine produce no effect on the eserinized, parasympathectomized iris. Epinephrine administration (0.1 to 30 mug, intra-arterially) produced an equivalent pupillary dilation in all preparations. In addition, clonidine caused a dramatic decrease in postganglionic ciliary nerve activity and both the decreased nerve activity and pupillary dilation were reversed by intravenous administration of yohimbine hydrochloride. These results suggest that the inhibition of parasympathetic tone by clonidine may involve a central adrenergic inhibitory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:931709", "title": "Sulfated glycolipids in ciliary body epithelium.", "content": "The sulfated material which locates in the basal membrane of ciliary body epithelium when immature rat eyes are incubated with Na235SO4 was studied. On the basis of its chromatographic behavior compared with standard preparations, we conclude that the material consists of sulfatides.", "contents": "Sulfated glycolipids in ciliary body epithelium. The sulfated material which locates in the basal membrane of ciliary body epithelium when immature rat eyes are incubated with Na235SO4 was studied. On the basis of its chromatographic behavior compared with standard preparations, we conclude that the material consists of sulfatides."}
{"id": "PMID:931710", "title": "Rod disc turnover in the dog.", "content": "Tritiated l-leucine was injected intravitreally into normal adult dogs to study rod outer segment renewal. Eyes were removed at various times after injection and the retinas prepared for light microscope autoradiography. Rod outer segment disc turnover was found to be similar to other species, i.e., discs were produced at the base of the outer segments and migrated sclerad with time. The time for turnover averaged 6 days. Cone outer segments never showed banding of the labeled protein but rather a diffuse label such as reported in other species.", "contents": "Rod disc turnover in the dog. Tritiated l-leucine was injected intravitreally into normal adult dogs to study rod outer segment renewal. Eyes were removed at various times after injection and the retinas prepared for light microscope autoradiography. Rod outer segment disc turnover was found to be similar to other species, i.e., discs were produced at the base of the outer segments and migrated sclerad with time. The time for turnover averaged 6 days. Cone outer segments never showed banding of the labeled protein but rather a diffuse label such as reported in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:931711", "title": "Vascularity in the reptilian spectacle.", "content": "Vascularization of the spectacle or brille of the reptile was demonstrated by biomicroscopy, histology, fluorescein (in vivo), and Microfil silicone rubber (in situ) injections. This unusual vascularity provides new evidence for reassessment of the origin and development of this structure, and a useful tool with which to do so.", "contents": "Vascularity in the reptilian spectacle. Vascularization of the spectacle or brille of the reptile was demonstrated by biomicroscopy, histology, fluorescein (in vivo), and Microfil silicone rubber (in situ) injections. This unusual vascularity provides new evidence for reassessment of the origin and development of this structure, and a useful tool with which to do so."}
{"id": "PMID:931712", "title": "Regional ventricular dysfunction in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Percentage asynergy, ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the site of coronary artery narrowing or obstruction were measured in 69 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Complete obstruction in the first third of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) produced a mean asynergy of 49% associated with an ejection fraction of 40% and a LVEDP of 19mm Hg. The extent of asynergy was modified by the nature of the underlying coronary artery anatomy and the protective circulation. Complete obstruction in the main right coronary artery produced a mean asynergy of 20% associated with an EF of 67% and LVEDP of 6 mm Hg. Complete obstruction in the first third of the circumflex artery produced a mean asynergy of 15% associated with an EF or 74% and LVEDP  of 14mm Hg. Subtotal obstruction in the first third of the LAD produced a mean asynergy of 25% associated with an EF of 62% and LVEDP  of 7mm Hg. The damage produced by a LAD obstruction was extensive while that of a right or circumflex obstruction was mild. Patients always had a high percentage asynergy after two episodes of myocardial infarction. A negative linear relationship was found between percentage asynergy and EF. There was a rough positive linear relationship between LVEDP and percentage asynergy.", "contents": "Regional ventricular dysfunction in coronary artery disease. Percentage asynergy, ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the site of coronary artery narrowing or obstruction were measured in 69 patients with significant coronary artery disease. Complete obstruction in the first third of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) produced a mean asynergy of 49% associated with an ejection fraction of 40% and a LVEDP of 19mm Hg. The extent of asynergy was modified by the nature of the underlying coronary artery anatomy and the protective circulation. Complete obstruction in the main right coronary artery produced a mean asynergy of 20% associated with an EF of 67% and LVEDP of 6 mm Hg. Complete obstruction in the first third of the circumflex artery produced a mean asynergy of 15% associated with an EF or 74% and LVEDP  of 14mm Hg. Subtotal obstruction in the first third of the LAD produced a mean asynergy of 25% associated with an EF of 62% and LVEDP  of 7mm Hg. The damage produced by a LAD obstruction was extensive while that of a right or circumflex obstruction was mild. Patients always had a high percentage asynergy after two episodes of myocardial infarction. A negative linear relationship was found between percentage asynergy and EF. There was a rough positive linear relationship between LVEDP and percentage asynergy."}
{"id": "PMID:931713", "title": "Glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load in normal children and adolescents in Israel.", "content": "Sixty-three normal, healthy children and adolescents (39 males and 24 females) ranging in age from 2 to 20 years, were given a standard oral glucose tolerance test. A tendency to higher blood glucose levels and a statistically significant increase in insulin levels were found in the older age group in response to the glucose load. The older age group showed a significantly higher response of both glucose and insulin when separate percentile curves for prepubertal and pubertal boys and girls were constructed. No statistical differences were found between the sexes. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of applying norms for the oral glucose tolerance test according to age, particularly with respect to insulin values. The possibility of additional differences in response among various populations, as apparent from a comparison with the results of several other investigators, requires further study.", "contents": "Glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load in normal children and adolescents in Israel. Sixty-three normal, healthy children and adolescents (39 males and 24 females) ranging in age from 2 to 20 years, were given a standard oral glucose tolerance test. A tendency to higher blood glucose levels and a statistically significant increase in insulin levels were found in the older age group in response to the glucose load. The older age group showed a significantly higher response of both glucose and insulin when separate percentile curves for prepubertal and pubertal boys and girls were constructed. No statistical differences were found between the sexes. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of applying norms for the oral glucose tolerance test according to age, particularly with respect to insulin values. The possibility of additional differences in response among various populations, as apparent from a comparison with the results of several other investigators, requires further study."}
{"id": "PMID:931714", "title": "Height and weight of children born to mothers with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Height and weight measurements in a group of 55 children born to mothers with juvenile, adult-onset or gestational diabetes mellitus showed that the children born to parents of European or American origin were taller than average. The talles children were those born to mothers with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The distribution of weight-height indexes followed a normal pattern.", "contents": "Height and weight of children born to mothers with diabetes mellitus. Height and weight measurements in a group of 55 children born to mothers with juvenile, adult-onset or gestational diabetes mellitus showed that the children born to parents of European or American origin were taller than average. The talles children were those born to mothers with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The distribution of weight-height indexes followed a normal pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:931715", "title": "Transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism associated with maternal hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "The newborn infant of a mother with hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy showed transient hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. Hypophosphatemia, as found in adult hyperparathyroidism, was not noted in this case, or in three of five other reported cases of neonatal hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Transient neonatal hyperparathyroidism associated with maternal hypoparathyroidism. The newborn infant of a mother with hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy showed transient hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. Hypophosphatemia, as found in adult hyperparathyroidism, was not noted in this case, or in three of five other reported cases of neonatal hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:931716", "title": "Colonic atresia associated with Hirschsprung's disease.", "content": "A rare case of an infant with both atresia of the colon and Hirschsprung's disease is described. The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was fortuitously made on histological examination of the resected colon. The importance of being aware of the possibility that these two conditions may coexist is stressed.", "contents": "Colonic atresia associated with Hirschsprung's disease. A rare case of an infant with both atresia of the colon and Hirschsprung's disease is described. The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was fortuitously made on histological examination of the resected colon. The importance of being aware of the possibility that these two conditions may coexist is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:931717", "title": "Human ocular dirofilariasis in Israel.", "content": "This is the first report of human ocular dirofilariasis in Israel. A single female worm, Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) conjunctivae, was removed from an eye of each of two male patients. In the first case the worm was dead upon removal. It had penetrated into the sclera and was lodged in a subconjunctival abscess. In the second case, the worm was alive and located superficially in a slight swelling near the inner canthus. Surgical removal of the worms under local anesthesia was followed by complete recovery in both patients, with no impairment of vision.", "contents": "Human ocular dirofilariasis in Israel. This is the first report of human ocular dirofilariasis in Israel. A single female worm, Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) conjunctivae, was removed from an eye of each of two male patients. In the first case the worm was dead upon removal. It had penetrated into the sclera and was lodged in a subconjunctival abscess. In the second case, the worm was alive and located superficially in a slight swelling near the inner canthus. Surgical removal of the worms under local anesthesia was followed by complete recovery in both patients, with no impairment of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:931718", "title": "Objective instrumental memory and performance tests for evaluation of patients with brain damage: a search for a behavioral diagnostic tool.", "content": "Cognition and performance of patients with localized and diffuse brain damage was evaluated through the application of objective perceptual testing. A series of visual perceptual and verbal tests, memory tests, as well as reaction time tasks were administered to the patients by logic programming equipment. In order to avoid a bias due to communicative disorders, all responses were motor, and achievement was scored in terms of correct identification and latencies of response. Previously established norms based on a large sample of non-brain-damaged hospitalized patients served to standardize the performance of the brain-damaged patient since preliminary results showed that age and educational level constitute an important variable affecting performance of the control group. The achievement of brain-damaged patients, corrected for these factors, was impaired significantly in all tests with respect to both recognition and speed of performance. Lateralized effects of brain damage were not significantly demonstrated. However, when the performance was analyzed with respect to the locus of visual input, it was found that patients with right hemispheric lesions showed impairment mainly on perception of figurative material, and that this deficit was more apparent in the left visual field. Conversely, patients with left hemispheric lesions tended to show impairment on perception of visually presented verbal material when the input was delivered to the right visual field.", "contents": "Objective instrumental memory and performance tests for evaluation of patients with brain damage: a search for a behavioral diagnostic tool. Cognition and performance of patients with localized and diffuse brain damage was evaluated through the application of objective perceptual testing. A series of visual perceptual and verbal tests, memory tests, as well as reaction time tasks were administered to the patients by logic programming equipment. In order to avoid a bias due to communicative disorders, all responses were motor, and achievement was scored in terms of correct identification and latencies of response. Previously established norms based on a large sample of non-brain-damaged hospitalized patients served to standardize the performance of the brain-damaged patient since preliminary results showed that age and educational level constitute an important variable affecting performance of the control group. The achievement of brain-damaged patients, corrected for these factors, was impaired significantly in all tests with respect to both recognition and speed of performance. Lateralized effects of brain damage were not significantly demonstrated. However, when the performance was analyzed with respect to the locus of visual input, it was found that patients with right hemispheric lesions showed impairment mainly on perception of figurative material, and that this deficit was more apparent in the left visual field. Conversely, patients with left hemispheric lesions tended to show impairment on perception of visually presented verbal material when the input was delivered to the right visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:931719", "title": "Incidence and forms of EPH gestosis in twin pregnancy.", "content": "An increased incidence of EPH gestosis in twin pregnancies is frequently reported. During the past 12 years, 188 women gave birth to twins in our hospital. For these mothers, the incidence of EPH gestosis on admission was 42.5%, in contrast to 31.4% for a control group matched for age, parity and nationality. EPH gestosis occurring in twin pregnancies was more severe than that in single pregnancies.", "contents": "Incidence and forms of EPH gestosis in twin pregnancy. An increased incidence of EPH gestosis in twin pregnancies is frequently reported. During the past 12 years, 188 women gave birth to twins in our hospital. For these mothers, the incidence of EPH gestosis on admission was 42.5%, in contrast to 31.4% for a control group matched for age, parity and nationality. EPH gestosis occurring in twin pregnancies was more severe than that in single pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:931720", "title": "Midtrimester preeclamptic toxemia in triploid pregnancies.", "content": "Nineteen advanced triploid pregnancies reported in the literature are reviewed. In 8 of 14 pregnancies for which reliable data were available, severe preeclamptic toxemia (EPH gestosis) developed, most often from the 16th to the 24th week of gestation. In all the toxemic cases, the placenta was large for the stage of pregnancy, the placental coefficient was high (mean 0.83) and extensive areas of molar degeneration were present. Advanced triploid pregnancy is considered a further example of hyperplacentosis causing preeclamptic toxemia. The study of toxemic and nontoxemic advanced triploid pregnancies supports the assumption that hyperplacentosis, rather than being related to excessive placental size, is the expression of trophoblastic hyperactivity.", "contents": "Midtrimester preeclamptic toxemia in triploid pregnancies. Nineteen advanced triploid pregnancies reported in the literature are reviewed. In 8 of 14 pregnancies for which reliable data were available, severe preeclamptic toxemia (EPH gestosis) developed, most often from the 16th to the 24th week of gestation. In all the toxemic cases, the placenta was large for the stage of pregnancy, the placental coefficient was high (mean 0.83) and extensive areas of molar degeneration were present. Advanced triploid pregnancy is considered a further example of hyperplacentosis causing preeclamptic toxemia. The study of toxemic and nontoxemic advanced triploid pregnancies supports the assumption that hyperplacentosis, rather than being related to excessive placental size, is the expression of trophoblastic hyperactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:931721", "title": "EPH gestosis in Glasgow, 1970.", "content": "Perinatal deaths due to EPH gestosis which occurred in Glasgow during 1970 were studied. There was a high frequency of perinatal deaths among babies born to primigravidae below the age of 20 years and to mothers with proteinuria. The majority of the deaths occurred in babies weighing less than or equal to 2,500 g. It is suggested that some of the deaths were avoidable and that a further reduction in perinatal mortality can still be achieved.", "contents": "EPH gestosis in Glasgow, 1970. Perinatal deaths due to EPH gestosis which occurred in Glasgow during 1970 were studied. There was a high frequency of perinatal deaths among babies born to primigravidae below the age of 20 years and to mothers with proteinuria. The majority of the deaths occurred in babies weighing less than or equal to 2,500 g. It is suggested that some of the deaths were avoidable and that a further reduction in perinatal mortality can still be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:931722", "title": "Transplacental effects of thyrocalcitonin on intestinal calcium-binding protein, alkaline phosphatase activity and ossification of long bones in rat fetuses.", "content": "Pregnant rats were treated with 44, 88 and 176 Medical Research Council munits of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) twice daily during days 10 to 21 of gestation. Nonpregnant rats received the same treatment for 12 days. Administration of TCT to the pregnant rats increased the ash and calcium content of fetal bones and decreased the phosphorus content. The diaphyses were short and contained many persisting enchondral trabeculae and a reduced number of osteoclasts. TCT reduced the fetal intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity but elevated the intestinal calcium-binding protein content. In the pregnant and nonpregnant rats, treatment with TCT resulted in hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and increased the calcium-binding protein content of the duodenal mucosa. In the fetuses, the calcium-binding protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher in the jejunum and ileum than in the duodenum, and were much higher than the values found in adult animals. Our findings indicate that TCT passes through the rat placenta and affects the fetal skeleton and calcium metabolism directly, resulting primarily in decreased bone resorption.", "contents": "Transplacental effects of thyrocalcitonin on intestinal calcium-binding protein, alkaline phosphatase activity and ossification of long bones in rat fetuses. Pregnant rats were treated with 44, 88 and 176 Medical Research Council munits of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) twice daily during days 10 to 21 of gestation. Nonpregnant rats received the same treatment for 12 days. Administration of TCT to the pregnant rats increased the ash and calcium content of fetal bones and decreased the phosphorus content. The diaphyses were short and contained many persisting enchondral trabeculae and a reduced number of osteoclasts. TCT reduced the fetal intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity but elevated the intestinal calcium-binding protein content. In the pregnant and nonpregnant rats, treatment with TCT resulted in hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and increased the calcium-binding protein content of the duodenal mucosa. In the fetuses, the calcium-binding protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher in the jejunum and ileum than in the duodenum, and were much higher than the values found in adult animals. Our findings indicate that TCT passes through the rat placenta and affects the fetal skeleton and calcium metabolism directly, resulting primarily in decreased bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:931723", "title": "Absorption of ampicillin derivatives from the bovine udder.", "content": "The rates at which ampicillin, amoxycillin, metampicillin, hetacillin, and pivampicillin are absorbed from the bovine udder were compared, with the absorption rate of (14C)urea as reference. Straight-line semilogarithmic plots of the percentage of unabsorbed drug against time were obtained, suggesting first-order kinetics for the absorption process. Ampicillin, metampicillin and hetacillin were most slowly absorbed. Amoxycillin was absorbed twice as fast as ampicillin. Pivampicillin was absorbed most rapidly-at more than three times the rate of ampicillin.", "contents": "Absorption of ampicillin derivatives from the bovine udder. The rates at which ampicillin, amoxycillin, metampicillin, hetacillin, and pivampicillin are absorbed from the bovine udder were compared, with the absorption rate of (14C)urea as reference. Straight-line semilogarithmic plots of the percentage of unabsorbed drug against time were obtained, suggesting first-order kinetics for the absorption process. Ampicillin, metampicillin and hetacillin were most slowly absorbed. Amoxycillin was absorbed twice as fast as ampicillin. Pivampicillin was absorbed most rapidly-at more than three times the rate of ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:931745", "title": "[Response of collagenous tissue to pigmented tumors].", "content": "Using microradiograms (x-rays of histological sections) and polarized light, we examined collagenous tissue surrounding junctional nevi, benign juvenile melanomas, Dubreuilh's melanosis and early malignant melanomas similar to junctional nevi. Wherever there were tumor cells and infiltrates the collagenous tissue was reduced or destroyed, but had not usually been pushed aside as claimed in previous accounts. The absence of a connective tissue membrane, comparable to the border-zone beneath the epidermis, argues against a nevus. Mature collagenous bundles are clearly shown up by microradiograms and by pollarized light. The degree of thier destruction does not make it possible to distinguish between nevi and malignant melanomas.", "contents": "[Response of collagenous tissue to pigmented tumors]. Using microradiograms (x-rays of histological sections) and polarized light, we examined collagenous tissue surrounding junctional nevi, benign juvenile melanomas, Dubreuilh's melanosis and early malignant melanomas similar to junctional nevi. Wherever there were tumor cells and infiltrates the collagenous tissue was reduced or destroyed, but had not usually been pushed aside as claimed in previous accounts. The absence of a connective tissue membrane, comparable to the border-zone beneath the epidermis, argues against a nevus. Mature collagenous bundles are clearly shown up by microradiograms and by pollarized light. The degree of thier destruction does not make it possible to distinguish between nevi and malignant melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:931746", "title": "[Allergic delayed reactions of the skin: the role of the antigen histotopy].", "content": "Delayed skin reaction to tuberculin were elicited in 10 healthy persons by patch testing and intracutaneous application of the antigen (Tine-Test). Biopsies revealed basically identical tissue reactions. After intracutaneous injection of the antigen as well as after Tine-testing the changes were solely found in the dermis, while after patch testing dermal and epidermal alterations were prominent. The type of response elicited by the same allergen in man-the so called tuberculin type of the eczematous type-therefore are due to a differential localization of the antigen.", "contents": "[Allergic delayed reactions of the skin: the role of the antigen histotopy]. Delayed skin reaction to tuberculin were elicited in 10 healthy persons by patch testing and intracutaneous application of the antigen (Tine-Test). Biopsies revealed basically identical tissue reactions. After intracutaneous injection of the antigen as well as after Tine-testing the changes were solely found in the dermis, while after patch testing dermal and epidermal alterations were prominent. The type of response elicited by the same allergen in man-the so called tuberculin type of the eczematous type-therefore are due to a differential localization of the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:931748", "title": "Demonstration of agglutinating antibodies against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the yellow tail flounder (Limanda ferruginea).", "content": "Sera from the salt water fish (Yellow tail flounder) and the fresh water fish (rainbow trout) were tested for the presence of circulating antibodies against nine strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and one of V. alginolyticus. Thirteen out of 26 flounder sera tested gave agglutinating reactions against one specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus; strain No. 3525. Seven rainbow trout sera tested failed to agglutinate any of the strains tested. All agglutinating activity was lost upon boiling the antigen, therefore, the fish antibodies are due to surface antigens (K-antigens) and not to somatic antigens. The specific V. parahaemolyticus strain No. 3525 belongs to the serological type 03:K30, which might be common to the sea waters of the Eastern United States. The possibility that fish serve as a reservoir to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its possible implication in the transmission of human disease are discussed.", "contents": "Demonstration of agglutinating antibodies against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the yellow tail flounder (Limanda ferruginea). Sera from the salt water fish (Yellow tail flounder) and the fresh water fish (rainbow trout) were tested for the presence of circulating antibodies against nine strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and one of V. alginolyticus. Thirteen out of 26 flounder sera tested gave agglutinating reactions against one specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus; strain No. 3525. Seven rainbow trout sera tested failed to agglutinate any of the strains tested. All agglutinating activity was lost upon boiling the antigen, therefore, the fish antibodies are due to surface antigens (K-antigens) and not to somatic antigens. The specific V. parahaemolyticus strain No. 3525 belongs to the serological type 03:K30, which might be common to the sea waters of the Eastern United States. The possibility that fish serve as a reservoir to Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its possible implication in the transmission of human disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931749", "title": "Field evaluation of the Becton-Dickinson SST.", "content": "The Becton-Dickinson VACUTAINER BRAND SERUM SEPARATOR TUBE (SST) was evaluated in a field test in five hospitals. The SST evacuated blood drawing tube contains a semi-solid silicon polymer which migrates to the serum-clot interface during centrifugation causing a barrier to form which separates serum from red cells. Eighteen clinical chemistry determinations were studied. No clinically significant SST induced changes were observed when compared to conventional blood drawing tubes. Statistically significant changes (t-test, p=0.05) were observed for bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, glucose (Beckman Analyzer), and sodium. For each test (glucose, uric acid, etc.) data were analyzed twice; once as a complete set, and once as a subset consisting of abnormal data only. The small, statistically significant LDH bias observed in the earlier (2,3) clinical trials was not present.", "contents": "Field evaluation of the Becton-Dickinson SST. The Becton-Dickinson VACUTAINER BRAND SERUM SEPARATOR TUBE (SST) was evaluated in a field test in five hospitals. The SST evacuated blood drawing tube contains a semi-solid silicon polymer which migrates to the serum-clot interface during centrifugation causing a barrier to form which separates serum from red cells. Eighteen clinical chemistry determinations were studied. No clinically significant SST induced changes were observed when compared to conventional blood drawing tubes. Statistically significant changes (t-test, p=0.05) were observed for bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, glucose (Beckman Analyzer), and sodium. For each test (glucose, uric acid, etc.) data were analyzed twice; once as a complete set, and once as a subset consisting of abnormal data only. The small, statistically significant LDH bias observed in the earlier (2,3) clinical trials was not present."}
{"id": "PMID:931758", "title": "Internal circuit noise of hearing aids and speech intelligibility.", "content": "The circuit noise generated internally by various components of a hearing aid is influenced mostly by circuit gain and frequency response. The measurement of this variable and its effect, if any, on the listener's ability to unders-and monosyllabic words through a hearing-aid system was investigated. The overall circuit noise of 10 behind-the-ear hearing aids of different brands with comparable gain and frequency response was measured. Based on these measurements, a low-noise and a high-noise hearing aid were selected as the test aids. The internal circuit noise of each test aid was then measured automatically by utilizing a 1/3-octave-band tracking filter. Monosyllabic words were recorded through the test aids at two gain settings. The prerecorded test tapes were presented to 32 normal-hearing listeners. Findings indicate that different amounts of circuit noise generated internally by a hearing aid do exist among various aids. However, the noise generated by the hearing aids used in this study does not affect significantly the intelligibility of monosyllabic words.", "contents": "Internal circuit noise of hearing aids and speech intelligibility. The circuit noise generated internally by various components of a hearing aid is influenced mostly by circuit gain and frequency response. The measurement of this variable and its effect, if any, on the listener's ability to unders-and monosyllabic words through a hearing-aid system was investigated. The overall circuit noise of 10 behind-the-ear hearing aids of different brands with comparable gain and frequency response was measured. Based on these measurements, a low-noise and a high-noise hearing aid were selected as the test aids. The internal circuit noise of each test aid was then measured automatically by utilizing a 1/3-octave-band tracking filter. Monosyllabic words were recorded through the test aids at two gain settings. The prerecorded test tapes were presented to 32 normal-hearing listeners. Findings indicate that different amounts of circuit noise generated internally by a hearing aid do exist among various aids. However, the noise generated by the hearing aids used in this study does not affect significantly the intelligibility of monosyllabic words."}
{"id": "PMID:931759", "title": "Relation between lateralization and loudness in asymmetrical hearing losses.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to study the role of interaural intensity and loudness differences in median-plane lateralization. Observers who either wore an earplug in one ear or had an asymmetrical hearing loss varied the intensity of simultaneous tone bursts at the two ears to center a sound image inside their heads. Hard-of-hearing Ss with conductive and cochlear losses centered the tone bursts by setting them somewhere between equal intensity and equal loudness at the two ears. Although Ss with the simulated loss first centered the tones on the basis of equal loudness, after several days of wearing the ear plug, they centered in the same manner as observers with long-term hearing losses.", "contents": "Relation between lateralization and loudness in asymmetrical hearing losses. The purpose of these experiments was to study the role of interaural intensity and loudness differences in median-plane lateralization. Observers who either wore an earplug in one ear or had an asymmetrical hearing loss varied the intensity of simultaneous tone bursts at the two ears to center a sound image inside their heads. Hard-of-hearing Ss with conductive and cochlear losses centered the tone bursts by setting them somewhere between equal intensity and equal loudness at the two ears. Although Ss with the simulated loss first centered the tones on the basis of equal loudness, after several days of wearing the ear plug, they centered in the same manner as observers with long-term hearing losses."}
{"id": "PMID:931760", "title": "Relative efficiency of warbled-tone and conventional pure-tone testing with children.", "content": "Thirty-four normal-hearing 4-year-old children were tested with conventional steady-state pure tones and with warbled tones to compare efficiency of the stimuli. Three measures of efficiency were used: (1) amount of time to train a child to perform the experimental task; (2) amount of time required to obtain thresholds; and (3) number of ascents used for obtaining thresholds. The strong implication by the literature that warbled tones would result in greater clinical efficiency was not supported by the comparisons of the experimental measures. It was concluded that convincing evidence to persuade the audiologist to select warbled over conventional steady-state pure tones for testing children was lacking.", "contents": "Relative efficiency of warbled-tone and conventional pure-tone testing with children. Thirty-four normal-hearing 4-year-old children were tested with conventional steady-state pure tones and with warbled tones to compare efficiency of the stimuli. Three measures of efficiency were used: (1) amount of time to train a child to perform the experimental task; (2) amount of time required to obtain thresholds; and (3) number of ascents used for obtaining thresholds. The strong implication by the literature that warbled tones would result in greater clinical efficiency was not supported by the comparisons of the experimental measures. It was concluded that convincing evidence to persuade the audiologist to select warbled over conventional steady-state pure tones for testing children was lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:931761", "title": "Aided and unaided narrow band noise thresholds in listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment.", "content": "This study explored the relationship between narrow band noise thresholds obtained under aided and unaided conditions with normal listeners and with subjects demonstrating sensorineural hearing impairment. Pure-tone and narrow band noise thresholds obtained under earphone conditions were found to approximate each other within 3 dB. Mean noise thresholds obtained in sound field required less sound pressure than thresholds obtained under earphone conditions. In comparing the predicted aided noise thresholds with the observed thresholds, a 4-dB mean difference was found. The close relationship between hearing aid acoustic gain and changes in aided narrow band noise thresholds suggests the use of narrow band noise audiometry in hearing-aid selection when traditional measures cannot be used.", "contents": "Aided and unaided narrow band noise thresholds in listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment. This study explored the relationship between narrow band noise thresholds obtained under aided and unaided conditions with normal listeners and with subjects demonstrating sensorineural hearing impairment. Pure-tone and narrow band noise thresholds obtained under earphone conditions were found to approximate each other within 3 dB. Mean noise thresholds obtained in sound field required less sound pressure than thresholds obtained under earphone conditions. In comparing the predicted aided noise thresholds with the observed thresholds, a 4-dB mean difference was found. The close relationship between hearing aid acoustic gain and changes in aided narrow band noise thresholds suggests the use of narrow band noise audiometry in hearing-aid selection when traditional measures cannot be used."}
{"id": "PMID:931762", "title": "Linguistic background and test material considerations in assessing sentence identification ability in English- and Spanish-English-speaking adolescents.", "content": "This study investigated the influence of linguistic background differences on sentence identification by groups of English- and Spanish-English-speaking adolescents. Subjects were required to identify recorded meaningful and nonmeaningful (synthetic) sentences presented in a white noise background using a closed message set-response format. The results indicate that linguistic background variables significantly influence sentence identification ability and that these variables are not adequately controlled for by a closed message set. A significant difference in the ability to identify meaningful and nonmeaningful sentences was revealed. Contrary to previous indications, synthetic sentence identification appeared to be contingent upon key work or phrase recognition.", "contents": "Linguistic background and test material considerations in assessing sentence identification ability in English- and Spanish-English-speaking adolescents. This study investigated the influence of linguistic background differences on sentence identification by groups of English- and Spanish-English-speaking adolescents. Subjects were required to identify recorded meaningful and nonmeaningful (synthetic) sentences presented in a white noise background using a closed message set-response format. The results indicate that linguistic background variables significantly influence sentence identification ability and that these variables are not adequately controlled for by a closed message set. A significant difference in the ability to identify meaningful and nonmeaningful sentences was revealed. Contrary to previous indications, synthetic sentence identification appeared to be contingent upon key work or phrase recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:931768", "title": "Megakaryocytic myelosis in a cat.", "content": "A myeloproliferative disorder in a cat was characterized by abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and by severe, nonregenerative anemia. The number of circulating thrombocytes was increased markedly, with many giant and morphologically bizarre forms. Terminally, the circulating blood contained large numbers of undifferentiated blast cells. The spleen and liver were infiltrated by megakaryocytes and mononuclear mesenchymal cells of uncertain identity.", "contents": "Megakaryocytic myelosis in a cat. A myeloproliferative disorder in a cat was characterized by abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and by severe, nonregenerative anemia. The number of circulating thrombocytes was increased markedly, with many giant and morphologically bizarre forms. Terminally, the circulating blood contained large numbers of undifferentiated blast cells. The spleen and liver were infiltrated by megakaryocytes and mononuclear mesenchymal cells of uncertain identity."}
{"id": "PMID:931763", "title": "Perception of periodicity pitch by hearing-impaired listeners.", "content": "The perception of periodicity pitch was examined in normal and hearing-impaired listeners. Hearing-impaired listeners exhibited varying degrees of damage to the basal (steep and gradual high frequency hearing losses) and apical (low-frequency hearing losses) portions of the cochlea. The four groups of listeners matched the pitch of the sinusoids to the pitch of air conduction pulse trains with pulse repetition frequencies of 150 and 250 located at center frequencies of 2000 and 4000 Hz. Normal-hearing listeners had no difficulty in perceiving the periodicity pitch. Hearing-loss subjects presented complex response patterns that seemed related to damage to high-frequency (basal) portions of the cochlea, but in general, did not make pitch matches corresponding to the wave-form periodicity. The data support experiments suggesting that the basal portion of the cochlea is responsible for the detection of periodicity pitch. It is also suggested that place information may influence pitch recognition for hearing-imparied listeners.", "contents": "Perception of periodicity pitch by hearing-impaired listeners. The perception of periodicity pitch was examined in normal and hearing-impaired listeners. Hearing-impaired listeners exhibited varying degrees of damage to the basal (steep and gradual high frequency hearing losses) and apical (low-frequency hearing losses) portions of the cochlea. The four groups of listeners matched the pitch of the sinusoids to the pitch of air conduction pulse trains with pulse repetition frequencies of 150 and 250 located at center frequencies of 2000 and 4000 Hz. Normal-hearing listeners had no difficulty in perceiving the periodicity pitch. Hearing-loss subjects presented complex response patterns that seemed related to damage to high-frequency (basal) portions of the cochlea, but in general, did not make pitch matches corresponding to the wave-form periodicity. The data support experiments suggesting that the basal portion of the cochlea is responsible for the detection of periodicity pitch. It is also suggested that place information may influence pitch recognition for hearing-imparied listeners."}
{"id": "PMID:931764", "title": "Evaluation of automatic screening tympanometry in the identification of middle ear pathology.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of a prototype tympanometric screening instrument. Results from automatic tympanometry and complete electroacoustic impedance measurements (tympanometry, static compliance, and acoustic reflex thresholds) were compared to otologic diagnosis in 53 ears with middle ear pathology. Results suggested a high percentage of agreement between screening tympanometry, results from a complete impedance test battery and pneumatic otoscopy. These findings lend support for theuse of screening tympanometry in school hearing-screening programs and in pediatric practice.", "contents": "Evaluation of automatic screening tympanometry in the identification of middle ear pathology. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of a prototype tympanometric screening instrument. Results from automatic tympanometry and complete electroacoustic impedance measurements (tympanometry, static compliance, and acoustic reflex thresholds) were compared to otologic diagnosis in 53 ears with middle ear pathology. Results suggested a high percentage of agreement between screening tympanometry, results from a complete impedance test battery and pneumatic otoscopy. These findings lend support for theuse of screening tympanometry in school hearing-screening programs and in pediatric practice."}
{"id": "PMID:931770", "title": "Aggressive pharmacologic and surgical treatment of spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats.", "content": "Aggressive pharmacologic and surgical treatment of spinal cord injuries in 22 dogs and 3 cats resulted in a recovery rate of 44% of all 25 animals. Excluding 5 animals that were euthanatized at surgery because of visualized cord transection and 5 that died during surgery because of secondary lesions, the recovery rate was 73%. This is compared with a recovery rate of 39% (7/18) for animals treated with more conservative methods at the same institution during an earlier period. Of the 7 animals without spinal cord transection and treated within 4 hours of injury, all recovered, pointing to the merits of early surgical intervention.", "contents": "Aggressive pharmacologic and surgical treatment of spinal cord injuries in dogs and cats. Aggressive pharmacologic and surgical treatment of spinal cord injuries in 22 dogs and 3 cats resulted in a recovery rate of 44% of all 25 animals. Excluding 5 animals that were euthanatized at surgery because of visualized cord transection and 5 that died during surgery because of secondary lesions, the recovery rate was 73%. This is compared with a recovery rate of 39% (7/18) for animals treated with more conservative methods at the same institution during an earlier period. Of the 7 animals without spinal cord transection and treated within 4 hours of injury, all recovered, pointing to the merits of early surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:931765", "title": "Further study of existence regions for the \"ventriloquism effect\".", "content": "The \"ventriloquism effect\" refers to the perception of speech sounds as coming from a direction other than their true direction, due to the influence of visual stimuli from an apparent speaker. In these experiments, the ventriloquism effect was observed for conditions in which the subject turned his eyes 30 degrees to watch a speaker on a TV monitor. It was found that (1) the ventriloquism effect could be obtained for (hidden) auditory sources 20-30 degrees from the position of the TV speaker; (2) a strong ventriloquism effect could be obtained for an auditory stimulus at an angel of 150 degrees right of the subject's straight ahead when the TV source (toward which the subject's gaze was directed) was at 30 degrees right of straight ahead. Lesser effects were obtained for sound sources at 130 and 170 degrees right of the subject's straight ahead.", "contents": "Further study of existence regions for the \"ventriloquism effect\". The \"ventriloquism effect\" refers to the perception of speech sounds as coming from a direction other than their true direction, due to the influence of visual stimuli from an apparent speaker. In these experiments, the ventriloquism effect was observed for conditions in which the subject turned his eyes 30 degrees to watch a speaker on a TV monitor. It was found that (1) the ventriloquism effect could be obtained for (hidden) auditory sources 20-30 degrees from the position of the TV speaker; (2) a strong ventriloquism effect could be obtained for an auditory stimulus at an angel of 150 degrees right of the subject's straight ahead when the TV source (toward which the subject's gaze was directed) was at 30 degrees right of straight ahead. Lesser effects were obtained for sound sources at 130 and 170 degrees right of the subject's straight ahead."}
{"id": "PMID:931771", "title": "Observations on the intraarticular use of corticosteroids in the racing thoroughbred.", "content": "A project to determine if intraarticular corticosteroid therapy was deleterious to the racing Thoroughbred was carried out in the 1971, 1972, and 1973 racing seasons. Of 22 horses available for follow-up examination, 6 had radiographic evidence of deterioration; 1 of these was destroyed because of probable corticosteroid-induced arthropathy. The remaining 16 horses did not have any evidence of deterioration. One of the 16, a stakes winner, had been given 12 injections into the left front fetlock during the 3-year period. It was concluded that if proper and careful aftercare is adhered to, intraarticular injections of corticosteroids can be carried out with relative impunity.", "contents": "Observations on the intraarticular use of corticosteroids in the racing thoroughbred. A project to determine if intraarticular corticosteroid therapy was deleterious to the racing Thoroughbred was carried out in the 1971, 1972, and 1973 racing seasons. Of 22 horses available for follow-up examination, 6 had radiographic evidence of deterioration; 1 of these was destroyed because of probable corticosteroid-induced arthropathy. The remaining 16 horses did not have any evidence of deterioration. One of the 16, a stakes winner, had been given 12 injections into the left front fetlock during the 3-year period. It was concluded that if proper and careful aftercare is adhered to, intraarticular injections of corticosteroids can be carried out with relative impunity."}
{"id": "PMID:931775", "title": "Mitral valve prosthesis for correction of mitral regurgitation in a dog.", "content": "Mitral regurgiation with atrial fibrillation in a 3-year-old St. Bernard dog was corrected by digitalization, placement of a mitral valve prosthesis, and direct current cardioversion. The atrial fibrillation eventually returned and became refractory to cardioversion.", "contents": "Mitral valve prosthesis for correction of mitral regurgitation in a dog. Mitral regurgiation with atrial fibrillation in a 3-year-old St. Bernard dog was corrected by digitalization, placement of a mitral valve prosthesis, and direct current cardioversion. The atrial fibrillation eventually returned and became refractory to cardioversion."}
{"id": "PMID:931776", "title": "Hereditary cerebellar cortical and extrapyramidal nuclear abiotrophy in Kerry Blue Terriers.", "content": "Ten Kerry Blue terriers from a kennel in New York and 3 from a kennel in California developed clinical signs of a progressive cerebellar disorder, with its onset between 9 and 16 weeks of age. In 9 sequential necropsies, progressive cerebellar cortical degeneration, with loss of Purkinje's cells, was demonstrated. As the disease progressed, there was bilateral symmetric degeneration of the olivary nuclei followed by degeneration of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus, bilaterally. The California and New York dogs were related, and an autosomal recessive inheritance was proposed for the disease.", "contents": "Hereditary cerebellar cortical and extrapyramidal nuclear abiotrophy in Kerry Blue Terriers. Ten Kerry Blue terriers from a kennel in New York and 3 from a kennel in California developed clinical signs of a progressive cerebellar disorder, with its onset between 9 and 16 weeks of age. In 9 sequential necropsies, progressive cerebellar cortical degeneration, with loss of Purkinje's cells, was demonstrated. As the disease progressed, there was bilateral symmetric degeneration of the olivary nuclei followed by degeneration of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus, bilaterally. The California and New York dogs were related, and an autosomal recessive inheritance was proposed for the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931780", "title": "The musculature of the proximal pelvic limb of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus major (Shaw) Macropus giganteus (Zimm).", "content": "The proximal pelvic limb musculature of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus (Zimm) is described with nine illustrations. The text is based on dissections of 44 Grey Kangaroos ranging in empty body weight from 791 g to 58 kg.", "contents": "The musculature of the proximal pelvic limb of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus major (Shaw) Macropus giganteus (Zimm). The proximal pelvic limb musculature of the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus (Zimm) is described with nine illustrations. The text is based on dissections of 44 Grey Kangaroos ranging in empty body weight from 791 g to 58 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:931781", "title": "The ultrastructural relationships between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in the rat.", "content": "The cell-to-cell junctions between Sertoli cells and between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells have been described and illustrated in the rat seminiferous tubule. The most important junction is a zonula (or macula) adherens which exists between Sertoli cells on the one hand and spermatogonia on the other. No such junctions are observable between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in the Golgi, acrosomal or cap phases. Mitochondria in these spermatids are the 'energized' type and are lined up close to the inner aspect of the cell membrane; whereas in all other spermatogenic cells they are 'non-energized' and randomly orientated. Almost all the ultrastructural characteristics of steroid hormone-secreting cells have been observed in Sertoli cells. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructural relationships between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells in the rat. The cell-to-cell junctions between Sertoli cells and between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells have been described and illustrated in the rat seminiferous tubule. The most important junction is a zonula (or macula) adherens which exists between Sertoli cells on the one hand and spermatogonia on the other. No such junctions are observable between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in the Golgi, acrosomal or cap phases. Mitochondria in these spermatids are the 'energized' type and are lined up close to the inner aspect of the cell membrane; whereas in all other spermatogenic cells they are 'non-energized' and randomly orientated. Almost all the ultrastructural characteristics of steroid hormone-secreting cells have been observed in Sertoli cells. The functional significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931782", "title": "Ingestion of colloid in a keratinized epithelium and its localization in membrane-coating granules.", "content": "An electron-dense tracer (Thorotrast) was injected into the lamina propria of the keratinized epithelium of the buccal mucosa of rats. Electron microscopy showed that it crossed the basal lamina and penetrated the intercellular spaces of the epithelium up to the proximal layers of the stratum granulosum. Thorotrast was ingested by the epithelial cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum and localized in large vesicles and eventually in the membrane-coating granules. The latter, already known to contain lysosomal enzymes, are therefore to be regarded as secondary lysosomes formed in part as a sequel of endocytosis in deeper cell layers. The postulated origin of MCGs directly from the Golgi apparatus is rendered less likely by this observation. Thorotrast remaining in the cells when keratinization is completed is either dispersed into the cytoplasm or else incorporated into keratohyalin granules.", "contents": "Ingestion of colloid in a keratinized epithelium and its localization in membrane-coating granules. An electron-dense tracer (Thorotrast) was injected into the lamina propria of the keratinized epithelium of the buccal mucosa of rats. Electron microscopy showed that it crossed the basal lamina and penetrated the intercellular spaces of the epithelium up to the proximal layers of the stratum granulosum. Thorotrast was ingested by the epithelial cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum and localized in large vesicles and eventually in the membrane-coating granules. The latter, already known to contain lysosomal enzymes, are therefore to be regarded as secondary lysosomes formed in part as a sequel of endocytosis in deeper cell layers. The postulated origin of MCGs directly from the Golgi apparatus is rendered less likely by this observation. Thorotrast remaining in the cells when keratinization is completed is either dispersed into the cytoplasm or else incorporated into keratohyalin granules."}
{"id": "PMID:931783", "title": "A parametric analysis of the growing CFHB (Wistar) rat.", "content": "Measurements of body weight and body, tail and hindlimb lengths were made at various times during the postnatal development of the CFHB-Wistar rat using simple techniques which avoided unnecessary stress being applied to the animal. All the graphical relationships studied using these measurements indicated that growth was divided into two phases which meet at 16 days. This was particularly noticeable when either body length or hindlimb length was plotted against either age or body weight. Body weight appeared to be a better indication of maturity than time; and linear relationships were found when measurements of body lengths were plotted against the square root of body weight. Curvilinear graphs were obtained when body weight was plotted on alternative scales. Results suggest that prior to 16 days metabolism is probably directed more towards attaining sufficient maturity to enable the animal to survive independently, than to increasing its stature; but after 16 days this situation is reversed.", "contents": "A parametric analysis of the growing CFHB (Wistar) rat. Measurements of body weight and body, tail and hindlimb lengths were made at various times during the postnatal development of the CFHB-Wistar rat using simple techniques which avoided unnecessary stress being applied to the animal. All the graphical relationships studied using these measurements indicated that growth was divided into two phases which meet at 16 days. This was particularly noticeable when either body length or hindlimb length was plotted against either age or body weight. Body weight appeared to be a better indication of maturity than time; and linear relationships were found when measurements of body lengths were plotted against the square root of body weight. Curvilinear graphs were obtained when body weight was plotted on alternative scales. Results suggest that prior to 16 days metabolism is probably directed more towards attaining sufficient maturity to enable the animal to survive independently, than to increasing its stature; but after 16 days this situation is reversed."}
{"id": "PMID:931784", "title": "A new antifungal antibiotic, trichostatin.", "content": "A new antibiotic, trichostatin, was isolated from the metabolites of strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is active against trichophytons and some fungi. The structure was determined to be a derivative of a primary hydroxamic acid by chemical and spectroscopic evidences.", "contents": "A new antifungal antibiotic, trichostatin. A new antibiotic, trichostatin, was isolated from the metabolites of strains of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is active against trichophytons and some fungi. The structure was determined to be a derivative of a primary hydroxamic acid by chemical and spectroscopic evidences."}
{"id": "PMID:931785", "title": "Two new antibiotics, A-218 and K-41. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "Two new antibiotics, A-218 and K-41, were isolated from strains identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The antibiotics are characterized as polycyclic polyether compounds and are active against gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Two new antibiotics, A-218 and K-41. Isolation and characterization. Two new antibiotics, A-218 and K-41, were isolated from strains identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The antibiotics are characterized as polycyclic polyether compounds and are active against gram-positive bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:931790", "title": "Isolation of a new polyether antibiotic, lonomycin.", "content": "A new polyether antibiotic, lonomycin, was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces ribosidifcus strain TM-481. The antibiotic obtained as a sodium salt is a colorless prism having a molecular formula of C44H75O14Na(M.W. 850), m.p. 188 approximately 189 degrees C, and has no absorption maxima in the ultraviolet region. The infrared and NMR spectra of the antibiotic suggest the presence of a carboxyl and four methoxyl groups. Lonomycin shows antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Isolation of a new polyether antibiotic, lonomycin. A new polyether antibiotic, lonomycin, was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces ribosidifcus strain TM-481. The antibiotic obtained as a sodium salt is a colorless prism having a molecular formula of C44H75O14Na(M.W. 850), m.p. 188 approximately 189 degrees C, and has no absorption maxima in the ultraviolet region. The infrared and NMR spectra of the antibiotic suggest the presence of a carboxyl and four methoxyl groups. Lonomycin shows antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:931791", "title": "Studies on a new polyether antibiotic, Ro 21-6150.", "content": "A new polyether antibiotic, Ro 21-6150, has been isolated from culture broths of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, strain X-14563. Ro 21-6150 has ionophore properties and is active in vitro against gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on a new polyether antibiotic, Ro 21-6150. A new polyether antibiotic, Ro 21-6150, has been isolated from culture broths of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, strain X-14563. Ro 21-6150 has ionophore properties and is active in vitro against gram-positive bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:931792", "title": "Cefuroxime - a new cephalosporin antibiotic.", "content": "Cefuroxime is a new broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for administration by injection. It is stable to most beta-lactamases. It is active against gram-positive organisms, including penicillinase-producing staphylococci, and has wide activity against gram-negative bacilli including Enterobacter and many strains of indole-positive Proteus spp. The substance is also highly active against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Studies on human volunteers showed that it produced high, long-lasting blood levels with virtually complete recovery of unchanged antibiotic in the urine. No evidence of toxicity due to cefuroxime was found. Slight, short-lived pain followed intramuscular injection, and the compound was well tolerated intravenously.", "contents": "Cefuroxime - a new cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefuroxime is a new broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for administration by injection. It is stable to most beta-lactamases. It is active against gram-positive organisms, including penicillinase-producing staphylococci, and has wide activity against gram-negative bacilli including Enterobacter and many strains of indole-positive Proteus spp. The substance is also highly active against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Studies on human volunteers showed that it produced high, long-lasting blood levels with virtually complete recovery of unchanged antibiotic in the urine. No evidence of toxicity due to cefuroxime was found. Slight, short-lived pain followed intramuscular injection, and the compound was well tolerated intravenously."}
{"id": "PMID:931793", "title": "Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms. XIII. The synthesis and microbiological production of a novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy) butanoic acid.", "content": "A novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy-)-butanoic acid, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. X-11,085. It was shown to be identical with the chemical reduction product of an antimetabolite antibiotic, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid, a co-product in the fermentation. Addition of the title compound to the fermentation led to an enhanced yield of the antimetabolite suggesting that the saturated amino acid serves as a precursor for the antimetabolite.", "contents": "Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms. XIII. The synthesis and microbiological production of a novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy) butanoic acid. A novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy-)-butanoic acid, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. X-11,085. It was shown to be identical with the chemical reduction product of an antimetabolite antibiotic, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid, a co-product in the fermentation. Addition of the title compound to the fermentation led to an enhanced yield of the antimetabolite suggesting that the saturated amino acid serves as a precursor for the antimetabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:931794", "title": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of versicolin, an antifungal antibiotic.", "content": "Versicolin is mainly active against Trichophyton rubrum. It is inactivated by serum. However, attainable blood level can be fifteen to twenty times higher than the fungicidal concentration for as long as 4 hours after a single intravenous administration of the maximum tolerable dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of mouse. It has no haemolytic activity like other polypeptide antibiotics. Skin does not show the presence of any measurable amount of the antibiotic. It is excreted through urine to the extent of 65% of the maximum tolerable dose of the antibiotic administered intravenously. Versicolin is effective against experimental infection by T. rubrum in guinea pigs at dose as low as 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The antibiotic shows no sign of subacute toxicity at these curative doses.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of versicolin, an antifungal antibiotic. Versicolin is mainly active against Trichophyton rubrum. It is inactivated by serum. However, attainable blood level can be fifteen to twenty times higher than the fungicidal concentration for as long as 4 hours after a single intravenous administration of the maximum tolerable dose of 25 mg/kg body weight of mouse. It has no haemolytic activity like other polypeptide antibiotics. Skin does not show the presence of any measurable amount of the antibiotic. It is excreted through urine to the extent of 65% of the maximum tolerable dose of the antibiotic administered intravenously. Versicolin is effective against experimental infection by T. rubrum in guinea pigs at dose as low as 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The antibiotic shows no sign of subacute toxicity at these curative doses."}
{"id": "PMID:931795", "title": "Metabolic fate of cephacetrile after parenteral administration in rats and rabbits.", "content": "1. The metabolic fate of 14C-cephacetrile was studied in rats and rabbits. The plasma level of intravenously injected cephacetrile decreased with half-lives of 17 and 22 minutes in rats and rabbits respectively, this decline being associated with a rapid appearance of the active metabolite, desacetylcephacetrile. Intramuscularly injected cephacetrile was rapidly absorbed by rats with a maximum plasma level at 20 minutes and a half-life of 16 minutes. Cephacetrile and desacetylcephacetrile did not enter erythrocytes. Cephacetrile was weakly bound to the plasma protein in the rat, rabbit and man. 2. Both in rats and rabbits, almost all of the injected radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 72 hours as the intact antibiotic and desacetylcephacetrile, only small amounts appearing in feces via bile. Neither the gamma-lactone of desacetyl-7-cyanacetamidocephalosporanic acid nor the violet-reddish pigment (CGP-695) produced from cephacetrile were detectable in the plasma or urine of the animals. 3. In rats given the labeled antibiotic intravenously, the radioactivity was widely distributed with concentrations being high in the kidney, plasma and liver, and lowest in the brain. The radioactivity crossed the rat placenta and appeared in the fetus. Radioactivity in these tissues disappeared as the plasma level declined. 4. During daily intramuscular injection of 14C-cephacetrile to rat, no significant changes were observed in the peak level of the plasma radioactivity or in the half-lives. In addition, dosing of the labeled antibiotic for 7 days caused no increase in tissue levels of radioactivity.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of cephacetrile after parenteral administration in rats and rabbits. 1. The metabolic fate of 14C-cephacetrile was studied in rats and rabbits. The plasma level of intravenously injected cephacetrile decreased with half-lives of 17 and 22 minutes in rats and rabbits respectively, this decline being associated with a rapid appearance of the active metabolite, desacetylcephacetrile. Intramuscularly injected cephacetrile was rapidly absorbed by rats with a maximum plasma level at 20 minutes and a half-life of 16 minutes. Cephacetrile and desacetylcephacetrile did not enter erythrocytes. Cephacetrile was weakly bound to the plasma protein in the rat, rabbit and man. 2. Both in rats and rabbits, almost all of the injected radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 72 hours as the intact antibiotic and desacetylcephacetrile, only small amounts appearing in feces via bile. Neither the gamma-lactone of desacetyl-7-cyanacetamidocephalosporanic acid nor the violet-reddish pigment (CGP-695) produced from cephacetrile were detectable in the plasma or urine of the animals. 3. In rats given the labeled antibiotic intravenously, the radioactivity was widely distributed with concentrations being high in the kidney, plasma and liver, and lowest in the brain. The radioactivity crossed the rat placenta and appeared in the fetus. Radioactivity in these tissues disappeared as the plasma level declined. 4. During daily intramuscular injection of 14C-cephacetrile to rat, no significant changes were observed in the peak level of the plasma radioactivity or in the half-lives. In addition, dosing of the labeled antibiotic for 7 days caused no increase in tissue levels of radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:931799", "title": "Studies on pleuromutilin and some of its derivatives.", "content": "A number of derivatives of pleuromutilin (I) and of its degradation product, mutilin (II1, was prepared. The new monotosylation product of pleuromutilin (IIIc) served as the key substance for modification of the glycolic acid side chain. From the pleuromutilin monosuccinate (IIIk) water-soluble salts were obtained, among them the crystallized diethylaminoethanol salt that was investigated more closely. Some of the pleuromutilin derivatives showed antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "Studies on pleuromutilin and some of its derivatives. A number of derivatives of pleuromutilin (I) and of its degradation product, mutilin (II1, was prepared. The new monotosylation product of pleuromutilin (IIIc) served as the key substance for modification of the glycolic acid side chain. From the pleuromutilin monosuccinate (IIIk) water-soluble salts were obtained, among them the crystallized diethylaminoethanol salt that was investigated more closely. Some of the pleuromutilin derivatives showed antimicrobial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:931800", "title": "Biotransformation, a new approach to aminoglycoside biosynthesis: II. Gentamicin.", "content": "Utilizing a paromamine-producing mutant of Micromonospora purpurea blocked in the production of gentamicin, bioconversion of various minor gentamicin components into the gentamicin C complex was demonstrated. The compounds tested were structurally related to the gentamicin C's and are found as minor components in the gentamicin fermentation. Based upon the bioconversions detected, a branched pathway for the biosynthesis of the gentamicin C components is proposed.", "contents": "Biotransformation, a new approach to aminoglycoside biosynthesis: II. Gentamicin. Utilizing a paromamine-producing mutant of Micromonospora purpurea blocked in the production of gentamicin, bioconversion of various minor gentamicin components into the gentamicin C complex was demonstrated. The compounds tested were structurally related to the gentamicin C's and are found as minor components in the gentamicin fermentation. Based upon the bioconversions detected, a branched pathway for the biosynthesis of the gentamicin C components is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:931801", "title": "Effect of D-Glucarates on basic antibiotic-induced renal damage in rats.", "content": "Dehydrated rats regularly develop acute renal failure following single injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics combined with dextran or of antibiotics only. Oral administration of 2,5-di-O-acetyl-D-glucaro-1,4-6,3-dilactone protected rats against renal failure induced by kanamycin-dextran. The protective effect was prevalent among D-glucarates, and also to other saccharic acid, hexauronic acids and hexaaldonic acids, although to a lesser degree, but not to a hexaaldose, sugar alcohols, substances inthe TCA cycle and other acidic compounds. D-Glucarates were effective against renal damage induced by peptide antibiotics as well as various aminoglycoside antibitocis. Dose-responses were observed in the protective effect of D-Glucarates. With a D-glucarate of a fixed size of dose, approximately the same degree of protection was obtained against renal damages induced by different basic antibiotics despite large disparities in administration doses of different antibiotics. D-Glucarates had the ability to prevent renal damage but not to cure it. Rats excreted acidic urine when they were spared from renal lesions by monosaccharides. The reduction effect of D-glucarates against nephrotoxicity of basic antibiotics was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of D-Glucarates on basic antibiotic-induced renal damage in rats. Dehydrated rats regularly develop acute renal failure following single injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics combined with dextran or of antibiotics only. Oral administration of 2,5-di-O-acetyl-D-glucaro-1,4-6,3-dilactone protected rats against renal failure induced by kanamycin-dextran. The protective effect was prevalent among D-glucarates, and also to other saccharic acid, hexauronic acids and hexaaldonic acids, although to a lesser degree, but not to a hexaaldose, sugar alcohols, substances inthe TCA cycle and other acidic compounds. D-Glucarates were effective against renal damage induced by peptide antibiotics as well as various aminoglycoside antibitocis. Dose-responses were observed in the protective effect of D-Glucarates. With a D-glucarate of a fixed size of dose, approximately the same degree of protection was obtained against renal damages induced by different basic antibiotics despite large disparities in administration doses of different antibiotics. D-Glucarates had the ability to prevent renal damage but not to cure it. Rats excreted acidic urine when they were spared from renal lesions by monosaccharides. The reduction effect of D-glucarates against nephrotoxicity of basic antibiotics was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931804", "title": "Antibiotic DE-3936, a polyether antibiotic identical with lonomycin. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization.", "content": "Antibiotic DE-3936 was isolated from the fermentation broth of a streptomycete No. 9735-1, which is identified as a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The antibiotic is a hydrophobic compound having the molecular formula of of C44H75O14Na and is  active against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and protozoa, especially coccidia. Its chemical and biological properties indicate that antibiotic DE-3936 belongs to the group of polyether antibiotics and is identical with lonomycin.", "contents": "Antibiotic DE-3936, a polyether antibiotic identical with lonomycin. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. Antibiotic DE-3936 was isolated from the fermentation broth of a streptomycete No. 9735-1, which is identified as a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The antibiotic is a hydrophobic compound having the molecular formula of of C44H75O14Na and is  active against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and protozoa, especially coccidia. Its chemical and biological properties indicate that antibiotic DE-3936 belongs to the group of polyether antibiotics and is identical with lonomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:931805", "title": "Isolation of brevistin, a new peptide antibiotic. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. IX.", "content": "A new peptide antibiotic, brevistin, was isolated from the culture broth of Bacillus brevis 342-14. Brevistin is an acylpeptide with an approximate empirical formula of C63H91N15O18 containing aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The antibiotic is soluble in acid and alkaline water. Its hydrochloride is soluble in methanol. Brevistin is active against Ggam-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo, and is of low toxicity to mice.", "contents": "Isolation of brevistin, a new peptide antibiotic. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. IX. A new peptide antibiotic, brevistin, was isolated from the culture broth of Bacillus brevis 342-14. Brevistin is an acylpeptide with an approximate empirical formula of C63H91N15O18 containing aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The antibiotic is soluble in acid and alkaline water. Its hydrochloride is soluble in methanol. Brevistin is active against Ggam-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo, and is of low toxicity to mice."}
{"id": "PMID:931806", "title": "The structure of brevistin. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. X.", "content": "Acid hydrolysis revealed the constituent amino acids by brevistin as follows: aspartic acid (D-form 2, L-form 1), L-threonine (1), glycine (1), sum of L-valine and L-isoleucine (1), L-phenylalanine (1), L-trytophan (1), and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (D-form 1, L-form 1). The constituent fatty acid was elucidated to be anteisononanoic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A lactone linkage was proved between phenylalanine and the hydroxy group of threonine. Opening the lactone ring with dilute alkali afforded brevistinic acid. Deacylation with an enzyme preparation, Polymyxin Acylase, gave deacyl brevistinic acid. Cleavage reaction with N-bromosuccinimide, sequential analysis by EDMAN degradation and some additional evidences clarified the total structure of brevistin.", "contents": "The structure of brevistin. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. X. Acid hydrolysis revealed the constituent amino acids by brevistin as follows: aspartic acid (D-form 2, L-form 1), L-threonine (1), glycine (1), sum of L-valine and L-isoleucine (1), L-phenylalanine (1), L-trytophan (1), and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (D-form 1, L-form 1). The constituent fatty acid was elucidated to be anteisononanoic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A lactone linkage was proved between phenylalanine and the hydroxy group of threonine. Opening the lactone ring with dilute alkali afforded brevistinic acid. Deacylation with an enzyme preparation, Polymyxin Acylase, gave deacyl brevistinic acid. Cleavage reaction with N-bromosuccinimide, sequential analysis by EDMAN degradation and some additional evidences clarified the total structure of brevistin."}
{"id": "PMID:931807", "title": "Isolation of a new antibiotic, laterosporamine. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XIII.", "content": "A new antibiotic, named laterosporamine, was isolated from the culture broth of Bacillus laterosporus 340-19. The antibiotic is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo. It is a water-soluble basic substance, positive to ninhydrin, SAKAGUCHI'S and DRAGENDORFF'S reagents. A non-peptidic structure with an approximate empirical formula C17H35N7O4 was suggested.", "contents": "Isolation of a new antibiotic, laterosporamine. Studies on antibiotics from the genus Bacillus. XIII. A new antibiotic, named laterosporamine, was isolated from the culture broth of Bacillus laterosporus 340-19. The antibiotic is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo. It is a water-soluble basic substance, positive to ninhydrin, SAKAGUCHI'S and DRAGENDORFF'S reagents. A non-peptidic structure with an approximate empirical formula C17H35N7O4 was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:931808", "title": "A30641, a new epidithiodiketopiperazine with antifungal activity.", "content": "A new antibiotic, designated A30641, having in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi has been isolated from a strain of Aspergillus tamarii. Chemical and physical characterization indicate that it is a member of the class of antibiotics containing the epidithiodiketopiperazine moiety.", "contents": "A30641, a new epidithiodiketopiperazine with antifungal activity. A new antibiotic, designated A30641, having in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi has been isolated from a strain of Aspergillus tamarii. Chemical and physical characterization indicate that it is a member of the class of antibiotics containing the epidithiodiketopiperazine moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:931809", "title": "Isolation and characterization of satellite antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins from Streptomyces lavendulae, streptothricin source.", "content": "Under novel conditions of culture, Streptomyces lavendulae No. 314 was found to produce new antibiotics, chlorocarcins and mimosamycin in addition to streptothricin. The antibiotics are extracted from culture filtrate with organic solvents and further purified by silica gel chromatography. Chlorocarcins A, B and C are closely related basic antibiotics which are active against gram-positive bacteria, EHRLICH carcinoma and L 1210 leukemia of mice. Mimosamycin is a neutral antibiotic which is mainly active against mycobacteria. Production, isolation and physicochemical properties of the antibiotics are described.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of satellite antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins from Streptomyces lavendulae, streptothricin source. Under novel conditions of culture, Streptomyces lavendulae No. 314 was found to produce new antibiotics, chlorocarcins and mimosamycin in addition to streptothricin. The antibiotics are extracted from culture filtrate with organic solvents and further purified by silica gel chromatography. Chlorocarcins A, B and C are closely related basic antibiotics which are active against gram-positive bacteria, EHRLICH carcinoma and L 1210 leukemia of mice. Mimosamycin is a neutral antibiotic which is mainly active against mycobacteria. Production, isolation and physicochemical properties of the antibiotics are described."}
{"id": "PMID:931810", "title": "Identification of producer and biological activities of new antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins.", "content": "A strain of Streptomyces, No. 314 identified as a Streptomyces lavendulae produced under a novel condition of culture, four new antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins A, B, and C. Among the components of chlorocarcin complex, chlorocarcin A was found to be most biologically active. This antibiotic inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P and Corynebacterium diphtheriae at the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.003 mcg/ml, respectively. Chlorocarcin A also exhibited antitumor activity on EHRLICH carcinoma, ascitic and solid forms, and mouse leukemia L1210. Mimosamycin proved to be mainly active on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and inactive on the experimental murine tumors.", "contents": "Identification of producer and biological activities of new antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins. A strain of Streptomyces, No. 314 identified as a Streptomyces lavendulae produced under a novel condition of culture, four new antibiotics, mimosamycin and chlorocarcins A, B, and C. Among the components of chlorocarcin complex, chlorocarcin A was found to be most biologically active. This antibiotic inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P and Corynebacterium diphtheriae at the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.003 mcg/ml, respectively. Chlorocarcin A also exhibited antitumor activity on EHRLICH carcinoma, ascitic and solid forms, and mouse leukemia L1210. Mimosamycin proved to be mainly active on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and inactive on the experimental murine tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:931811", "title": "Further purification and characterization of macromomycin.", "content": "The antitumor polypeptide, macromomycin (MCR) produced by Streptomyces macromomyceticus, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration and chromatographic techniques using Amberlite IRA-410, DEAE Sephadex A-25 (CI- and OH-type) and Sephadex G-50. Purified MCR was obtained as a white powder by lyophilization. MCR, thus purified, exhibited a single peak on Sephadex G-50 chromatography with no detectable contaminant by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MCR is an acidic polypeptide having an isoelectric point of pH 5.4. It contains no arginine and methionine. The molecular weight was 11,700, 12,500 and 11,400 by amino acid composition, gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. MCR is labile as a lyophilized powder but is successfully stabilized by the addition of maltose.", "contents": "Further purification and characterization of macromomycin. The antitumor polypeptide, macromomycin (MCR) produced by Streptomyces macromomyceticus, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration and chromatographic techniques using Amberlite IRA-410, DEAE Sephadex A-25 (CI- and OH-type) and Sephadex G-50. Purified MCR was obtained as a white powder by lyophilization. MCR, thus purified, exhibited a single peak on Sephadex G-50 chromatography with no detectable contaminant by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MCR is an acidic polypeptide having an isoelectric point of pH 5.4. It contains no arginine and methionine. The molecular weight was 11,700, 12,500 and 11,400 by amino acid composition, gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. MCR is labile as a lyophilized powder but is successfully stabilized by the addition of maltose."}
{"id": "PMID:931812", "title": "The chemistry of actinocarcin. I. Further characterization and C-terminal structure of actinocarcin.", "content": "The amino-acid composition and molecular weight of actinocarcin, and C-terminal structure of actinocarcin are reported in this paper. By STEIN-MOORE'S and ultraviolet-absorption methods, the molar ratio of amino acids in actinocarcin was determined. The N-terminal amino acids are alanine and valine. The C-terminal amino acid, determined by hydrazinolysis, is tryptophan. The molecular weight is about 11,000 as estimated by ARCHIBALD'S method and amino acid analysis. Three fragments, named BrCN-I, BrCN-II and BrCN-III, were obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The structure of BrCN-III, namely the C-terminal structure of actinocarcin was determined by EDMAN degradation.", "contents": "The chemistry of actinocarcin. I. Further characterization and C-terminal structure of actinocarcin. The amino-acid composition and molecular weight of actinocarcin, and C-terminal structure of actinocarcin are reported in this paper. By STEIN-MOORE'S and ultraviolet-absorption methods, the molar ratio of amino acids in actinocarcin was determined. The N-terminal amino acids are alanine and valine. The C-terminal amino acid, determined by hydrazinolysis, is tryptophan. The molecular weight is about 11,000 as estimated by ARCHIBALD'S method and amino acid analysis. Three fragments, named BrCN-I, BrCN-II and BrCN-III, were obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The structure of BrCN-III, namely the C-terminal structure of actinocarcin was determined by EDMAN degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:931813", "title": "Microbial production of amphotericin B-3H and the synthesis of its sodium desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and methyl-14C-ester.", "content": "Amphotericin B-3H with a specific radioactivity in excess of 4 muCi/mg was produced by fermentation of Streptomyces nodosus IMRU 3694 in a complex medium, using acetate-3H as a precursor. The medium employed gave a production yield of 2.5 approximately 3.5 mg/ml of amphotericin B. The most efficient incorporation of acetate-3H occurred when the precursor was added at 24 hours after inoculation. It was observed, that the amount of amphotericin A co-produced in the fermentation broth with amphotericin B was significantly reduced by the addition of ethanol to the production medium. Complete inhibition of amphotericin A production was achieved at a level of 2% ethanol in the fermentation medium without an appreciable effect on the yield of amphotericin B. Methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol lowered the yield of both antibiotics indiscriminately. The syntheses of amphotericin B-3H-Na desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and amphotericin B-3H methyl-14C-ester are also described.", "contents": "Microbial production of amphotericin B-3H and the synthesis of its sodium desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and methyl-14C-ester. Amphotericin B-3H with a specific radioactivity in excess of 4 muCi/mg was produced by fermentation of Streptomyces nodosus IMRU 3694 in a complex medium, using acetate-3H as a precursor. The medium employed gave a production yield of 2.5 approximately 3.5 mg/ml of amphotericin B. The most efficient incorporation of acetate-3H occurred when the precursor was added at 24 hours after inoculation. It was observed, that the amount of amphotericin A co-produced in the fermentation broth with amphotericin B was significantly reduced by the addition of ethanol to the production medium. Complete inhibition of amphotericin A production was achieved at a level of 2% ethanol in the fermentation medium without an appreciable effect on the yield of amphotericin B. Methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol lowered the yield of both antibiotics indiscriminately. The syntheses of amphotericin B-3H-Na desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and amphotericin B-3H methyl-14C-ester are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:931814", "title": "Nafcillin and oxacillin: comparative antistaphylococcal activity in mice.", "content": "The therapeutic properties of nafcillin, oxacillin and erythromycin were determined in mice infected with a strain (Evans) of Staphylococcus aureus shown to be tolerant to the bactericidal action of penicillinase-resistant derivatives of penicillin. The therapeutic activity of these agents was also correlated with the extent of colonization of kidneys by resistant clones of S. aureus Evans. The CD50 values or potency ratios proved that nafcillin was highly active against this organism, whereas oxacillin and erythromycin were capable of protecting the animals to a lesser degree. Of the agents studied, only nafcillin was capable of preventing or interfering with the colonization of the kidneys by S. aureus Evans. Although the exact interpretation and application of these data in the management of clinical problems remains to be determined, the observations suggest important differences between nafcillin and oxacillin in vivo and that it is difficult to predict the antibacterial efficacy of these drugs solely from MIC and MBC data.", "contents": "Nafcillin and oxacillin: comparative antistaphylococcal activity in mice. The therapeutic properties of nafcillin, oxacillin and erythromycin were determined in mice infected with a strain (Evans) of Staphylococcus aureus shown to be tolerant to the bactericidal action of penicillinase-resistant derivatives of penicillin. The therapeutic activity of these agents was also correlated with the extent of colonization of kidneys by resistant clones of S. aureus Evans. The CD50 values or potency ratios proved that nafcillin was highly active against this organism, whereas oxacillin and erythromycin were capable of protecting the animals to a lesser degree. Of the agents studied, only nafcillin was capable of preventing or interfering with the colonization of the kidneys by S. aureus Evans. Although the exact interpretation and application of these data in the management of clinical problems remains to be determined, the observations suggest important differences between nafcillin and oxacillin in vivo and that it is difficult to predict the antibacterial efficacy of these drugs solely from MIC and MBC data."}
{"id": "PMID:931837", "title": "Effect of ether on control of rate and depth of breathing in newborn rabbits.", "content": "The effect of ether anesthesia on Hering-Breuer inflation reflexes of newborn rabbit pups was investigated. Studies were done at a level of anesthesia at which an apneustic pattern of respiration is seen in vagotomized animals. The hypothesis that increase in vagal influence on respiratory frequency is accompanied by increase in influence on contractile force of the inspiratory muscles was tested. Two aspects of the Hering-Breuer reflex, breath duration and airway pressure developed with an elastic load, were evaluated simultaneously. This was done by performing airway occlusions at FRC--the results expressed as percent slowing on occlusion and as effective elastance (E'rs). The animals were studied with and without anesthesia, before and after vagotomy. Anesthesia resulted in a marked increase in vagal influence on inspiratory duration (34% increase) and on total breath duration (36% increase). In contrast E'rs was decreased (20%) after anesthesia whereas passive elastance was slightly increased. The vagal contribution to E'rs was essentially the same before and after anesthesia (36-38%). Thus ether anesthesia increases one aspect of the Hering-Breuer reflex without changing the other. These findings are likely due to depression of the central nervous system rather than due to peripheral effects of ether.", "contents": "Effect of ether on control of rate and depth of breathing in newborn rabbits. The effect of ether anesthesia on Hering-Breuer inflation reflexes of newborn rabbit pups was investigated. Studies were done at a level of anesthesia at which an apneustic pattern of respiration is seen in vagotomized animals. The hypothesis that increase in vagal influence on respiratory frequency is accompanied by increase in influence on contractile force of the inspiratory muscles was tested. Two aspects of the Hering-Breuer reflex, breath duration and airway pressure developed with an elastic load, were evaluated simultaneously. This was done by performing airway occlusions at FRC--the results expressed as percent slowing on occlusion and as effective elastance (E'rs). The animals were studied with and without anesthesia, before and after vagotomy. Anesthesia resulted in a marked increase in vagal influence on inspiratory duration (34% increase) and on total breath duration (36% increase). In contrast E'rs was decreased (20%) after anesthesia whereas passive elastance was slightly increased. The vagal contribution to E'rs was essentially the same before and after anesthesia (36-38%). Thus ether anesthesia increases one aspect of the Hering-Breuer reflex without changing the other. These findings are likely due to depression of the central nervous system rather than due to peripheral effects of ether."}
{"id": "PMID:931838", "title": "Fibrinolytic and hemostatic changes during and after maximal exercise in males.", "content": "To evaluate changes in fibrinolytic activity, factor VIII and other hematological variables during and after a progressive step increment in work load, 10 healthy male subjects (22-27 yr of age) were exercised to exhaustion on an electromagnetic bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were drawn serially throughout the experiment. Little change in fibrinolytic activity was observed before 70-80% maximum heart rate (MHR) was achieved. Major changes occurred after 80% MHR. Peak values coincided with maximum exercise. In contrast major changes in factor VIII were observed between 95 and 100% MHR with peak values occurring 5-10 min postexercise. An increase in white blood cell count, platelet count, and retention was observed at maximum exercise. One individual failed to demonstrate an increase in either fibrinolytic or factor VIII activity. Relating the data to either the percent maximal oxygen uptake or percent maximal heart rate demonstrates the importance of the exercise protocol and exerting all subjects to the same relative level of physiological work.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic and hemostatic changes during and after maximal exercise in males. To evaluate changes in fibrinolytic activity, factor VIII and other hematological variables during and after a progressive step increment in work load, 10 healthy male subjects (22-27 yr of age) were exercised to exhaustion on an electromagnetic bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were drawn serially throughout the experiment. Little change in fibrinolytic activity was observed before 70-80% maximum heart rate (MHR) was achieved. Major changes occurred after 80% MHR. Peak values coincided with maximum exercise. In contrast major changes in factor VIII were observed between 95 and 100% MHR with peak values occurring 5-10 min postexercise. An increase in white blood cell count, platelet count, and retention was observed at maximum exercise. One individual failed to demonstrate an increase in either fibrinolytic or factor VIII activity. Relating the data to either the percent maximal oxygen uptake or percent maximal heart rate demonstrates the importance of the exercise protocol and exerting all subjects to the same relative level of physiological work."}
{"id": "PMID:931839", "title": "Effects of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man.", "content": "Utilizing the rebreathing of a gas mixture containing C2H2, C180, He O2, and N2, we obtained serial measurements of the pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC), and O2 comsumption (VO2) in five normal subjects under the following conditions: 1) 6 h of sitting, 2) 4 h of sitting while immersed in thermoneutral water to the neck, and 3) 4 h of lying in thermoneutral water to the neck. Water immersion (NI) was preceded and followed by 1-h prestudy and 1-h recovery periods. The measurements were made at 30-min intervals. Seated NI produced a fourfold increase in sodium excretion (UNaV), a 25-36% increase in Qc, a 45-59% increase in DL/VA, and a 30-36% decrease in FRC. This occurred as early as the 1st h of NI and persisted throughout the 4-h period of study. Throughout the seated control and NI periods, VO2, heart rate, and VTPC remained constant. During supine NI, Qc, HR, DL/VA, FRC, and VO2 did not differ significantly from supine prestudy. These date demonstrate that seated NI causes a significant increase of Qc and DL/VA which persists throughout the immersion period. Furthermore, the lack of change of VTPC suggests that the central vascular engorgement induced by seated NI is not accompanied by extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space.", "contents": "Effects of water immersion to the neck on pulmonary circulation and tissue volume in man. Utilizing the rebreathing of a gas mixture containing C2H2, C180, He O2, and N2, we obtained serial measurements of the pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (DL/VA), functional residual capacity (FRC), pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC), and O2 comsumption (VO2) in five normal subjects under the following conditions: 1) 6 h of sitting, 2) 4 h of sitting while immersed in thermoneutral water to the neck, and 3) 4 h of lying in thermoneutral water to the neck. Water immersion (NI) was preceded and followed by 1-h prestudy and 1-h recovery periods. The measurements were made at 30-min intervals. Seated NI produced a fourfold increase in sodium excretion (UNaV), a 25-36% increase in Qc, a 45-59% increase in DL/VA, and a 30-36% decrease in FRC. This occurred as early as the 1st h of NI and persisted throughout the 4-h period of study. Throughout the seated control and NI periods, VO2, heart rate, and VTPC remained constant. During supine NI, Qc, HR, DL/VA, FRC, and VO2 did not differ significantly from supine prestudy. These date demonstrate that seated NI causes a significant increase of Qc and DL/VA which persists throughout the immersion period. Furthermore, the lack of change of VTPC suggests that the central vascular engorgement induced by seated NI is not accompanied by extravasation of fluid into the pulmonary interstitial space."}
{"id": "PMID:931840", "title": "Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to predict body density of young (18-22 yr) and middle-aged (40-55 yr) men and to determine if generalized equations were appropriate to both populations. The dependent variable, body density, was determined by the hydrostatic technique. Independent variables included 7 skinfold fat, 11 girth, and 7 diameter measures; age; height; and weight. Mean body density for young men was 1.068 g/ml (SD +/- 0.014) and percent fat, 13.4 (SD +/- 6.0); the values for middle-aged subjects were 1.043 g/ml (SD +/- 0.0130) and 24.7% (SD +/- 5.9). Incomplete principal components analysis was used to examine the dimensions measured by the independent variables, and these analyses revealed differences between samples. Using multiple regression analysis, with the exception of girth measurements, the slopes of the regression lines were equal. For all analyses, however, the intercepts were different. These results confirmed the need for different regression equations for these populations. The most accurate prediction for young men was with two skinfold, four girth, and two diameter measures (R = 0.88; SE = 0.0069 g/ml); two skinfold and three girth measures accurately predicted body density for middle-aged men (R = 0.84; SE = 0.0074 g/ml).", "contents": "Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men. The purpose of this investigation was to predict body density of young (18-22 yr) and middle-aged (40-55 yr) men and to determine if generalized equations were appropriate to both populations. The dependent variable, body density, was determined by the hydrostatic technique. Independent variables included 7 skinfold fat, 11 girth, and 7 diameter measures; age; height; and weight. Mean body density for young men was 1.068 g/ml (SD +/- 0.014) and percent fat, 13.4 (SD +/- 6.0); the values for middle-aged subjects were 1.043 g/ml (SD +/- 0.0130) and 24.7% (SD +/- 5.9). Incomplete principal components analysis was used to examine the dimensions measured by the independent variables, and these analyses revealed differences between samples. Using multiple regression analysis, with the exception of girth measurements, the slopes of the regression lines were equal. For all analyses, however, the intercepts were different. These results confirmed the need for different regression equations for these populations. The most accurate prediction for young men was with two skinfold, four girth, and two diameter measures (R = 0.88; SE = 0.0069 g/ml); two skinfold and three girth measures accurately predicted body density for middle-aged men (R = 0.84; SE = 0.0074 g/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:931841", "title": "Single-breath oxygen tests for individual lungs in awake man.", "content": "Single-breath oxygen (SBO2) tests for individual lungs were performed in five healthy awake volunteers. In the supine position, all subjects consistently showed a closing volume (CV) for both lungs. In the lateral position, CV was demonstrated in all analyzable SBO2 tests for the dependent and in 20 of 28 for the nondependent lung. CV consistently occurred in the dependent before it occurred in the nondependent lung (asynchronous onset of CV). After CV had been reached in the nondependent lung, a mean of 77 ml of gas was still expired from the dependent lung. No changes in CV for individual lungs were demonstrated with changes in body position. Expiratory flow limitation consistently occurred first in the dependent lung (asynchronous onset of flow limitation). In the lateral position, at high lung volumes, the dependent lung achieved higher flow rates; later in expiration, the nondependent lung contributed progressively more gas to the total expirate (asynchronous emptying). In general, our findings are consistent with both the \"asynchronous flow limitation\" and the \"airway closure\" interpretations of CV. However, some of the results are not consistent with either theory.", "contents": "Single-breath oxygen tests for individual lungs in awake man. Single-breath oxygen (SBO2) tests for individual lungs were performed in five healthy awake volunteers. In the supine position, all subjects consistently showed a closing volume (CV) for both lungs. In the lateral position, CV was demonstrated in all analyzable SBO2 tests for the dependent and in 20 of 28 for the nondependent lung. CV consistently occurred in the dependent before it occurred in the nondependent lung (asynchronous onset of CV). After CV had been reached in the nondependent lung, a mean of 77 ml of gas was still expired from the dependent lung. No changes in CV for individual lungs were demonstrated with changes in body position. Expiratory flow limitation consistently occurred first in the dependent lung (asynchronous onset of flow limitation). In the lateral position, at high lung volumes, the dependent lung achieved higher flow rates; later in expiration, the nondependent lung contributed progressively more gas to the total expirate (asynchronous emptying). In general, our findings are consistent with both the \"asynchronous flow limitation\" and the \"airway closure\" interpretations of CV. However, some of the results are not consistent with either theory."}
{"id": "PMID:931842", "title": "Lactate metabolism in resting and exercising dogs.", "content": "The effect of treadmill run on the turnover rates of glucose ([2-3H]glucose) and lactate ([U-14C]lactate), on the rates of oxidation (ROX) of lactate, and its conversion to glucose (L LEADS TO G) were measured with the primed constant-infusion technique. Comparable lactate turnover rates were obtained at rest by infusing epinephrine, or Na-L(+)-lactate with or without norepinephrine. With increasing lactate levels (L) the rate of disappearance (RdL), ROX, and L leads to G increase in a linear manner. At the same lactate level, RdL, ROX, and L leads to G are significantly higher in the running dog. Exercise increased the metabolic clearance rate of lactate threefold. At rest ROX and L leads to G represented about 50% and 18-19% of RdL, respectively. The corresponding values in the running dogs were 55% and 25%, respectively. At rest about 9% of the hepatic glucose output arose from lactate while during exercise this varied from 7 to 26% depending on RdL. It is concluded that a) the working muscle produces and utilizes lactate at the same time, and b) \"in vivo\" the major factor which controls both ROX and gluconeogenesis is the substrate supply.", "contents": "Lactate metabolism in resting and exercising dogs. The effect of treadmill run on the turnover rates of glucose ([2-3H]glucose) and lactate ([U-14C]lactate), on the rates of oxidation (ROX) of lactate, and its conversion to glucose (L LEADS TO G) were measured with the primed constant-infusion technique. Comparable lactate turnover rates were obtained at rest by infusing epinephrine, or Na-L(+)-lactate with or without norepinephrine. With increasing lactate levels (L) the rate of disappearance (RdL), ROX, and L leads to G increase in a linear manner. At the same lactate level, RdL, ROX, and L leads to G are significantly higher in the running dog. Exercise increased the metabolic clearance rate of lactate threefold. At rest ROX and L leads to G represented about 50% and 18-19% of RdL, respectively. The corresponding values in the running dogs were 55% and 25%, respectively. At rest about 9% of the hepatic glucose output arose from lactate while during exercise this varied from 7 to 26% depending on RdL. It is concluded that a) the working muscle produces and utilizes lactate at the same time, and b) \"in vivo\" the major factor which controls both ROX and gluconeogenesis is the substrate supply."}
{"id": "PMID:931843", "title": "Human lung mechanics during water immersion.", "content": "We measured lung volumes, static deflation pressure-volume curves of the lung, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and closing capacities in five men standing immersed to the neck in water. FRC was decreased 27%, while other lung volumes did not change significantly. At high lung volumes immersion tended to increase lung elastic recoil while recoil was decreased at low lung volumes, changes compatible with vascular congestion. Maximum expiratory flow was increased at high lung volumes, probably because of hydrostatic pressure. At low lung volumes maximum expiratory flow was decreased. This was probably due to decreased recoil since the relationship between elastic recoil and maximum flow was unchanged. Closing capacities by the N2 technique were unchanged but the slope of the alveolar plateau and the amplitude of cardiogenic oscillations were decreased in some individuals. Static and dynamic lung properties were unchanged by 5 min of immersion with tidal volume restricted to 0.5 liter. Though immersion produced volume restriction comparable with that reported with chest strapping, it did not produce similar changes in lung mechanics.", "contents": "Human lung mechanics during water immersion. We measured lung volumes, static deflation pressure-volume curves of the lung, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, and closing capacities in five men standing immersed to the neck in water. FRC was decreased 27%, while other lung volumes did not change significantly. At high lung volumes immersion tended to increase lung elastic recoil while recoil was decreased at low lung volumes, changes compatible with vascular congestion. Maximum expiratory flow was increased at high lung volumes, probably because of hydrostatic pressure. At low lung volumes maximum expiratory flow was decreased. This was probably due to decreased recoil since the relationship between elastic recoil and maximum flow was unchanged. Closing capacities by the N2 technique were unchanged but the slope of the alveolar plateau and the amplitude of cardiogenic oscillations were decreased in some individuals. Static and dynamic lung properties were unchanged by 5 min of immersion with tidal volume restricted to 0.5 liter. Though immersion produced volume restriction comparable with that reported with chest strapping, it did not produce similar changes in lung mechanics."}
{"id": "PMID:931844", "title": "Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning: effects on performance of the isolated right ventricle.", "content": "Rats were exposed continuously for 21-35 days to 500 ppm carbon monoxide (37.4-39.2% HbCO). Aerobic resting force (RF)-active isometric twitch force (AF) curves of isolated right ventricle preparations were constructed at 27 degrees C. CO and control groups are nearly identical when expressed as percent of maximal AF over the range of RF used. There are no significant differences in AF either at the peak of the curve or at RF = 1 g. During 15 min of anoxia AF declines at both RF's used. Increased anoxic tolerance is apparent in all CO preparations when anoxic AF is plotted as percent of preanoxic AF. The effect is most marked at RF = 1 g, where time to one-half preanoxic AF is 12.6 +/- 0.9 vs.9.3 +/- 0.8 min for CO-exposed and controls, respectively. However, no significant differences in \"absolute\" AF are seen between the groups at either level of RF at any minute during anoxia. Aerobic recovery of CO preparations is markedly enhanced at 1 g RF. Anoxic tolerance and aerobic recovery differences, however, are smaller at the peak of the RF-AF curve. Effects on time to peak AF and maximal rate of rise of AF are not marked at either level of RF in CO preparations.", "contents": "Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning: effects on performance of the isolated right ventricle. Rats were exposed continuously for 21-35 days to 500 ppm carbon monoxide (37.4-39.2% HbCO). Aerobic resting force (RF)-active isometric twitch force (AF) curves of isolated right ventricle preparations were constructed at 27 degrees C. CO and control groups are nearly identical when expressed as percent of maximal AF over the range of RF used. There are no significant differences in AF either at the peak of the curve or at RF = 1 g. During 15 min of anoxia AF declines at both RF's used. Increased anoxic tolerance is apparent in all CO preparations when anoxic AF is plotted as percent of preanoxic AF. The effect is most marked at RF = 1 g, where time to one-half preanoxic AF is 12.6 +/- 0.9 vs.9.3 +/- 0.8 min for CO-exposed and controls, respectively. However, no significant differences in \"absolute\" AF are seen between the groups at either level of RF at any minute during anoxia. Aerobic recovery of CO preparations is markedly enhanced at 1 g RF. Anoxic tolerance and aerobic recovery differences, however, are smaller at the peak of the RF-AF curve. Effects on time to peak AF and maximal rate of rise of AF are not marked at either level of RF in CO preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:931845", "title": "Transit time analysis of the forced expiratory spirogram in growth.", "content": "In the search for more sensitive indicators of airway obstruction Fish et al. (Am. Rev. Respirat. Diseases 109: 700, 1974) have proposed a transit time analysis of the forced expiratory spirogram. In this method the forced vital capacity (FVC) is divided into volumes of air and each volume is assigned a transit time; the nature of the FVC can be described by the transit times' mean, standard deviation, and index of skewness. In a group of 48 healthy nonsmoking subjects between the ages of 9 and 22 yr we found that all three quantities decreased with increasing age. This demonstrates an improvement in the function of the peripheral airways with lung growth. In contrast to the increase in flow rates with lung growth, none of this improved function can be attributed to increased lung volume.", "contents": "Transit time analysis of the forced expiratory spirogram in growth. In the search for more sensitive indicators of airway obstruction Fish et al. (Am. Rev. Respirat. Diseases 109: 700, 1974) have proposed a transit time analysis of the forced expiratory spirogram. In this method the forced vital capacity (FVC) is divided into volumes of air and each volume is assigned a transit time; the nature of the FVC can be described by the transit times' mean, standard deviation, and index of skewness. In a group of 48 healthy nonsmoking subjects between the ages of 9 and 22 yr we found that all three quantities decreased with increasing age. This demonstrates an improvement in the function of the peripheral airways with lung growth. In contrast to the increase in flow rates with lung growth, none of this improved function can be attributed to increased lung volume."}
{"id": "PMID:931846", "title": "Effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis on cardiovascular function.", "content": "Cardiovascular effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis with and without a fluid load were studied in four groups of dogs (group I: fluid load control; group II: fluid load-isolated hypocapnia; group III: fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis; group IV: no fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis). Hypocapnic alkalosis was induced by mechanical hyperventilation, and isolated hypocapnia by the simultaneous administration of 0.1 N HCl. Respiratory alkalosis was also studied during administration of a saline fluid load. Cardiac output and stroke volume increased in all groups receiving a fluid load (including isolated hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis groups), but both fell significantly during hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure rose in groups with hypocapnic alkalosis with fluid load and isolated hypocapnia with fluid load, but did not change significantly with hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load or in the normocapnic group with fluid load. It is concluded that cardiac output and stroke volume fall in response to hypocapnic alkalosis but both are maintained with a fluid load at the expense of an increased left ventricular preload.", "contents": "Effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis on cardiovascular function. Cardiovascular effects of hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis with and without a fluid load were studied in four groups of dogs (group I: fluid load control; group II: fluid load-isolated hypocapnia; group III: fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis; group IV: no fluid load-hypocapnic alkalosis). Hypocapnic alkalosis was induced by mechanical hyperventilation, and isolated hypocapnia by the simultaneous administration of 0.1 N HCl. Respiratory alkalosis was also studied during administration of a saline fluid load. Cardiac output and stroke volume increased in all groups receiving a fluid load (including isolated hypocapnia and hypocapnic alkalosis groups), but both fell significantly during hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure rose in groups with hypocapnic alkalosis with fluid load and isolated hypocapnia with fluid load, but did not change significantly with hypocapnic alkalosis without fluid load or in the normocapnic group with fluid load. It is concluded that cardiac output and stroke volume fall in response to hypocapnic alkalosis but both are maintained with a fluid load at the expense of an increased left ventricular preload."}
{"id": "PMID:931847", "title": "Effects of hypercapnia on mouth pressure during airway occlusion in conscious man.", "content": "The effects of hypercapnia and inspiratory flow-resistive loading on mouth pressure during periods of arrested airflow were studied in conscious human subjects to determine the usefulness of inspiratory muscle force in the assessment of respiratory neural efferent activity. Hypercapnia increased the peak end-inspiratory mouth pressure (Ppeak) during complete airway occlusion and the pressures at 100, 200, and 300 ms after the onset of inspiration (P100, P200, P300). During rebreathing without added mechanical loads, P100 and Ppeak increased linearly with the electrical activity of the diaphragm and changes in P100 and Ppeak during hypercapnia correlated well with ventilatory responses to PCO2 (DELTA V/DELTA PCO2) suggesting that occluded mouth pressures are reliable measures of respiratory activity. In individuals with the greatest reduction in delta V/DELTA PCO2 during inspiratory flow-resistive loading, changes in P100 and Ppeak with PCO2 increased only minimally. In contrast, there was a much greater increase in occluded mouth pressures with hypercapnia in the presence of mechanical loading when inspiratory flow-resistive loading failed to depress delta V/DELTA PCO2. In all subjects, occluded mouth pressures were greater at any given PCO2 during mechanical loading than during free breathing. Mechanical loading resulted in augmented respiratory neural efferent activity unexplained by alterations in chemical stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of hypercapnia on mouth pressure during airway occlusion in conscious man. The effects of hypercapnia and inspiratory flow-resistive loading on mouth pressure during periods of arrested airflow were studied in conscious human subjects to determine the usefulness of inspiratory muscle force in the assessment of respiratory neural efferent activity. Hypercapnia increased the peak end-inspiratory mouth pressure (Ppeak) during complete airway occlusion and the pressures at 100, 200, and 300 ms after the onset of inspiration (P100, P200, P300). During rebreathing without added mechanical loads, P100 and Ppeak increased linearly with the electrical activity of the diaphragm and changes in P100 and Ppeak during hypercapnia correlated well with ventilatory responses to PCO2 (DELTA V/DELTA PCO2) suggesting that occluded mouth pressures are reliable measures of respiratory activity. In individuals with the greatest reduction in delta V/DELTA PCO2 during inspiratory flow-resistive loading, changes in P100 and Ppeak with PCO2 increased only minimally. In contrast, there was a much greater increase in occluded mouth pressures with hypercapnia in the presence of mechanical loading when inspiratory flow-resistive loading failed to depress delta V/DELTA PCO2. In all subjects, occluded mouth pressures were greater at any given PCO2 during mechanical loading than during free breathing. Mechanical loading resulted in augmented respiratory neural efferent activity unexplained by alterations in chemical stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:931848", "title": "Effects of hypercapnia and flow-resistive loading on tracheal pressure during airway occlusion.", "content": "To determine whether the isometric force of concentration of the inspiratory muscles could be used to assess respiratory efferent neural activity, the tracheal pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles during airway occlusion (occluded tracheal pressure) was measured during progressive hypercapnia in anesthetized dogs breathing normally and breathing against added flow-resistive loads. Hypercapnia increased the peak end-inspiratory tracheal pressure and the occluded tracheal pressures generated 100, 200, and 300 ms after the onset of inspiration. The duration of the occluded inspiratory effort generally remained unchanged and the configuration of the pressure tracing was not affected. During normal breathing occluded tracheal pressures increased linearly with tidal volume and with the electrical activity of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles both before and after vagotomy. Inspiratory flow-resistive loading reduced the ventilatory response to CO2 but did not affect occluded tracheal pressures at any given PCO2 or the change in pressures with hypercapnia both before and after vagotomy. Similarly, expiratory flow-resistive loading failed to affect occluded tracheal pressures. These results suggest that occluded tracheal pressures measure respiratory efferent neural activity and can be used as indices of CO2 responsivity even during mechanical loading in anesthetized animals.", "contents": "Effects of hypercapnia and flow-resistive loading on tracheal pressure during airway occlusion. To determine whether the isometric force of concentration of the inspiratory muscles could be used to assess respiratory efferent neural activity, the tracheal pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles during airway occlusion (occluded tracheal pressure) was measured during progressive hypercapnia in anesthetized dogs breathing normally and breathing against added flow-resistive loads. Hypercapnia increased the peak end-inspiratory tracheal pressure and the occluded tracheal pressures generated 100, 200, and 300 ms after the onset of inspiration. The duration of the occluded inspiratory effort generally remained unchanged and the configuration of the pressure tracing was not affected. During normal breathing occluded tracheal pressures increased linearly with tidal volume and with the electrical activity of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles both before and after vagotomy. Inspiratory flow-resistive loading reduced the ventilatory response to CO2 but did not affect occluded tracheal pressures at any given PCO2 or the change in pressures with hypercapnia both before and after vagotomy. Similarly, expiratory flow-resistive loading failed to affect occluded tracheal pressures. These results suggest that occluded tracheal pressures measure respiratory efferent neural activity and can be used as indices of CO2 responsivity even during mechanical loading in anesthetized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:931849", "title": "An intercostal-phrenic inhibitory reflex in human newborn infants.", "content": "An effect of phasic distortion of the rib cage on inspiratory time was studied in thirty sleeping newborn infants. Distortion was produced by both manual compression of various rib cage diameters, and by occluding the airway at functional residual capacity, allowing diaphragmatic contraction to alter rib cage shape. With rapid distortion produced by these maneuvers, inspiration was often terminated prematurely. The effect was dependent upon there being a rapid rate of distortion, and was most readily elicited when inward motion involved the lower lateral rib cage. The results indicate a potent inspiratory inhibitory reflex, originating most probably from the spindles of intercostal muscles. This reflex acts to decrease tidal volume and ventilation when rates of rib cage retraction are high during spontaneous breathing.", "contents": "An intercostal-phrenic inhibitory reflex in human newborn infants. An effect of phasic distortion of the rib cage on inspiratory time was studied in thirty sleeping newborn infants. Distortion was produced by both manual compression of various rib cage diameters, and by occluding the airway at functional residual capacity, allowing diaphragmatic contraction to alter rib cage shape. With rapid distortion produced by these maneuvers, inspiration was often terminated prematurely. The effect was dependent upon there being a rapid rate of distortion, and was most readily elicited when inward motion involved the lower lateral rib cage. The results indicate a potent inspiratory inhibitory reflex, originating most probably from the spindles of intercostal muscles. This reflex acts to decrease tidal volume and ventilation when rates of rib cage retraction are high during spontaneous breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:931850", "title": "Convective and diffusive gas mixing in human lungs: experiments and model analysis.", "content": "Equilibration of inspired with lung residual gas was studied by a single-breath technique for varying breath-holding time with He, Ar, and SF6 as test gases. The ratio of end-expired (FE') to mean lung concentration after expiration (FL) was always below unity, indicating imperfect mixing of gas in the lung. The ratio of FL/FE' for all gases increased with tB, for any tB the ratio was smallest for SF6 and greatest for He. Similarly, Bohr dead space (VD) at any given tB was greatest for SF6 and smallest for He, with VD decreasing toward an asymptotic value common for all gases as tB increased. The results were analyzed quantitatively on a serial three-compartment model of the lung. Model analysis suggests that both diffusion and convection are effective in equilibrating test gases in the lung during breath holding. Further, stratified inhomogeneities in the absence of convective gas mixing in the alveolar space would seriously limit alveolar respiratory gas exchange; with convection, however, stratification is likely to impose only moderate constraints on resting gas exchange.", "contents": "Convective and diffusive gas mixing in human lungs: experiments and model analysis. Equilibration of inspired with lung residual gas was studied by a single-breath technique for varying breath-holding time with He, Ar, and SF6 as test gases. The ratio of end-expired (FE') to mean lung concentration after expiration (FL) was always below unity, indicating imperfect mixing of gas in the lung. The ratio of FL/FE' for all gases increased with tB, for any tB the ratio was smallest for SF6 and greatest for He. Similarly, Bohr dead space (VD) at any given tB was greatest for SF6 and smallest for He, with VD decreasing toward an asymptotic value common for all gases as tB increased. The results were analyzed quantitatively on a serial three-compartment model of the lung. Model analysis suggests that both diffusion and convection are effective in equilibrating test gases in the lung during breath holding. Further, stratified inhomogeneities in the absence of convective gas mixing in the alveolar space would seriously limit alveolar respiratory gas exchange; with convection, however, stratification is likely to impose only moderate constraints on resting gas exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:931851", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on the pressure developed by inspiratory muscles during airway occlusion.", "content": "The effect of progressive isocapnic hypoxia on the pressure generated by the inspiratory muscle during airway occlusion was studied in 10 awake subjects during normal and obstructed breathing. Isocapnic hypoxia was produced by rebreathing a gas mixture of 6% CO2 in air while the expired gas was passed through a CO2 scrubber so as to maintain PACO2 constant (42.6 mmHg +/- 2.2 SE). Occlusion of the airway was performed randomly for a single breath at FRC. In all 10 subjects maximal pressure (Ppeak) and the pressures measured 100, 200, 300, and 400 ms after the onset of inspiration increased during hypoxia. Furthermore, good correlation was noted between the occlusion pressure response to hypoxia (delta P/DELTA[1/PO2-32]) and simultaneous changes in ventilatory response to hypoxia (delta VI/DELTA[1/PO2-32]). The occlusion pressure response to hypoxia therefore seems to be a reliable measure of respiratory center output. When rebreathing was repeated during inspiratory resistive loading, the occlusion pressure at any given PO2 and delta P/DELTA(1PO2-32) measured in the first 400 ms of inspiration increased in 9 of 10 subjects. Since PACO2 and PAO2 during both control and loaded experiments were the same, the increase in occlusion pressure in the presence of flow-resistive loading appeared to represent a neurally mediated increase in inspiratory motoneuron activity.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on the pressure developed by inspiratory muscles during airway occlusion. The effect of progressive isocapnic hypoxia on the pressure generated by the inspiratory muscle during airway occlusion was studied in 10 awake subjects during normal and obstructed breathing. Isocapnic hypoxia was produced by rebreathing a gas mixture of 6% CO2 in air while the expired gas was passed through a CO2 scrubber so as to maintain PACO2 constant (42.6 mmHg +/- 2.2 SE). Occlusion of the airway was performed randomly for a single breath at FRC. In all 10 subjects maximal pressure (Ppeak) and the pressures measured 100, 200, 300, and 400 ms after the onset of inspiration increased during hypoxia. Furthermore, good correlation was noted between the occlusion pressure response to hypoxia (delta P/DELTA[1/PO2-32]) and simultaneous changes in ventilatory response to hypoxia (delta VI/DELTA[1/PO2-32]). The occlusion pressure response to hypoxia therefore seems to be a reliable measure of respiratory center output. When rebreathing was repeated during inspiratory resistive loading, the occlusion pressure at any given PO2 and delta P/DELTA(1PO2-32) measured in the first 400 ms of inspiration increased in 9 of 10 subjects. Since PACO2 and PAO2 during both control and loaded experiments were the same, the increase in occlusion pressure in the presence of flow-resistive loading appeared to represent a neurally mediated increase in inspiratory motoneuron activity."}
{"id": "PMID:931852", "title": "Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells.", "content": "To study central circulation at different levels of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, five subjects performed submaximal and maximal exercise in three different situations: 1) control, 2) after venesection of 800 ml of whole blood, and 3) after reinfusion of the red blood cells about 30-35 days after venesection. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) decreased from 4.27 l-min-1) at control to 4.03 l-min-1 after venesection (P less than 0.05) and increased to 4.61 l-min-1 after reinfusion (P less than 0.05). Maximal values on cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV) were the same in the three situations. Thus, there was no compensatory increase in Qmax due to the lowered arterial oxygen content (Cao2) after venesection. An increase of the Cao2 (Hb concentration) and a lowering of the Cvo2 contributed equally to the increased VO2 max after reinfusion. At a given submaximal VO2, HR and blood lactates were increased at lowered Hb concentration and decreased at increased Hb concentration over control levels. Correlation coefficient for the change in Q in relation to the acute change in Hb concentration at a given submaximal VO2 was -0.49 (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Central circulation during exercise after venesection and reinfusion of red blood cells. To study central circulation at different levels of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, five subjects performed submaximal and maximal exercise in three different situations: 1) control, 2) after venesection of 800 ml of whole blood, and 3) after reinfusion of the red blood cells about 30-35 days after venesection. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) decreased from 4.27 l-min-1) at control to 4.03 l-min-1 after venesection (P less than 0.05) and increased to 4.61 l-min-1 after reinfusion (P less than 0.05). Maximal values on cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV) were the same in the three situations. Thus, there was no compensatory increase in Qmax due to the lowered arterial oxygen content (Cao2) after venesection. An increase of the Cao2 (Hb concentration) and a lowering of the Cvo2 contributed equally to the increased VO2 max after reinfusion. At a given submaximal VO2, HR and blood lactates were increased at lowered Hb concentration and decreased at increased Hb concentration over control levels. Correlation coefficient for the change in Q in relation to the acute change in Hb concentration at a given submaximal VO2 was -0.49 (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:931853", "title": "Heat storage regulation in exercise during thermal transients.", "content": "Rate of heat storage (S) was measured by using direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously in 11 subjects during rest and exercise at three ambient temperatures (Ta of 20, 25, and 30 degrees C), and at two work intensities (40 and 90 W). At rest, the mean value of S was -64.9 W at 20 degrees C, -26.1 W at 25 degrees C, and +9.9 W at 30 degrees C. After 50 min of exercise at 40 or 90 W, S tended toward zero at the three ambient temperatures. This indicates that thermal equilibrium was reached. In addition, at the end of the exercise periods total heat losses (R + C + E) measured at a Ta of 20, 25, and 30 degrees C were similar, i.e., independent of Ta. During the thermal transients and the steady state of exercise, the calorimetric method allows immediate measurement of S to be made, since all the physical terms of the body heat balance equation are determined. The changes in mean body temperature (delta Tb) measured by thermometry showed a delay of 5-10 min when compared with delta Tb measured by calorimetry. Thus, determination of delta Tb by thermometry is not directly applicable during thermal transients, unless the observed delay is taken into account. Our results also support the concept that Tb may be the regulated variable of the thermoregulatory system, since we obtained a very significant and uniform correlation between Esk and delta Tb at the three Ta and the two work intensities which were studied.", "contents": "Heat storage regulation in exercise during thermal transients. Rate of heat storage (S) was measured by using direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously in 11 subjects during rest and exercise at three ambient temperatures (Ta of 20, 25, and 30 degrees C), and at two work intensities (40 and 90 W). At rest, the mean value of S was -64.9 W at 20 degrees C, -26.1 W at 25 degrees C, and +9.9 W at 30 degrees C. After 50 min of exercise at 40 or 90 W, S tended toward zero at the three ambient temperatures. This indicates that thermal equilibrium was reached. In addition, at the end of the exercise periods total heat losses (R + C + E) measured at a Ta of 20, 25, and 30 degrees C were similar, i.e., independent of Ta. During the thermal transients and the steady state of exercise, the calorimetric method allows immediate measurement of S to be made, since all the physical terms of the body heat balance equation are determined. The changes in mean body temperature (delta Tb) measured by thermometry showed a delay of 5-10 min when compared with delta Tb measured by calorimetry. Thus, determination of delta Tb by thermometry is not directly applicable during thermal transients, unless the observed delay is taken into account. Our results also support the concept that Tb may be the regulated variable of the thermoregulatory system, since we obtained a very significant and uniform correlation between Esk and delta Tb at the three Ta and the two work intensities which were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:931854", "title": "Oxygenation and deoxygenation velocity factors of chorioallantoic capillary blood.", "content": "The oxygenation and deoxygenation rates of capillary blood of chicken embryo were measured precisely with a microphotometric reaction apparatus. The velocity factors expressed as Fcox and Fcdeox in ml O2-ml RBC-1-S-1-mmHg-1 were calculated as functions of oxygen saturation. They were similar to results previously obtained in human blood using the rapid flow apparatus. The continuous registration of the reaction with oxygen enables us to estimate the equilibrium time of blood when passing through the chorioallantoic capillary. The value obtained was almost identical to the contact time indirectly assessed from the CO reaction. The diffusing capacity of the chorioallantoic capillary plexus of the 16-day-old embryos was estimated as 7.3 x 10(-3) ml-min-1mmHg-1 by using the values of the Fcox and the equilibrium time determined here together with the values of the blood flow and hematocrit which had been obtained in the previous experiments.", "contents": "Oxygenation and deoxygenation velocity factors of chorioallantoic capillary blood. The oxygenation and deoxygenation rates of capillary blood of chicken embryo were measured precisely with a microphotometric reaction apparatus. The velocity factors expressed as Fcox and Fcdeox in ml O2-ml RBC-1-S-1-mmHg-1 were calculated as functions of oxygen saturation. They were similar to results previously obtained in human blood using the rapid flow apparatus. The continuous registration of the reaction with oxygen enables us to estimate the equilibrium time of blood when passing through the chorioallantoic capillary. The value obtained was almost identical to the contact time indirectly assessed from the CO reaction. The diffusing capacity of the chorioallantoic capillary plexus of the 16-day-old embryos was estimated as 7.3 x 10(-3) ml-min-1mmHg-1 by using the values of the Fcox and the equilibrium time determined here together with the values of the blood flow and hematocrit which had been obtained in the previous experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:931855", "title": "Adaptive modifications in the thermoregulatory system of long-distance runners.", "content": "In seven long-distance runners (42 km or more) the thermoregulatory responses to acute external cooling and heating, under resting conditions, were recorded and compared with those in physically untrained controls. Sweating as well as shivering thresholds were significantly decreased in the runners when compared either in terms of mean body temperature (Tb) or esophageal temperature (Tes); Tb and Tes were reduced in the runners at rest under thermoneutral conditions. Moreover, cold sensation in the runners occurred at lower Tb. The runners thus behaved as if the \"set point\" of their thermoregulatory system had been reset to a lower level. As for the sweating threshold, the shift is quantitatively comparable to that found in heat adaptation. The described modifications in long-distance runners would prolong the time period until a dangerous body temperature-one of the important limiting factors in physical endurance-is reached during heavy exercise.", "contents": "Adaptive modifications in the thermoregulatory system of long-distance runners. In seven long-distance runners (42 km or more) the thermoregulatory responses to acute external cooling and heating, under resting conditions, were recorded and compared with those in physically untrained controls. Sweating as well as shivering thresholds were significantly decreased in the runners when compared either in terms of mean body temperature (Tb) or esophageal temperature (Tes); Tb and Tes were reduced in the runners at rest under thermoneutral conditions. Moreover, cold sensation in the runners occurred at lower Tb. The runners thus behaved as if the \"set point\" of their thermoregulatory system had been reset to a lower level. As for the sweating threshold, the shift is quantitatively comparable to that found in heat adaptation. The described modifications in long-distance runners would prolong the time period until a dangerous body temperature-one of the important limiting factors in physical endurance-is reached during heavy exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:931856", "title": "Influence of bronchomotor tone on regional ventilation distribution at residual volume.", "content": "We studied the topographical distribution of 133Xe boluses inhaled slowly from RV, as well as the distribution of regional volumes at RV (RVr) in seven seated normal subjects before and after aerosolized isoprenaline (ISO) and after aerosolized methacholine hydrochloride (Mech). After Mech the ratio of inhaled 133Xe in the upper lung regions to that in lower lung regions (U/L) decreased from 3.21 +/- .33 (mean +/- 1 SE) to 1.27 +/- 0.12 (P less than 0.001) and returned to 3.89 +/- 0.55 after Iso. Iso alone increased U/L from 3.23 +/- 0.47 to 5.49 +/- 0.85 (P less than 0.025). The height of phase IV in expired 133Xe vs. volume plots correlated with U/L, being greater after Iso and smaller after Mech in each subject. The difference in RVr between upper and lower lung regions decreased after Mech in four out of five subjects from 0.22 TLC to 0.11 TLC. Iso alone did not change the gradient of RVr. The results are consistent with the concept that increased bronchomotor tone widens the range of critical opening and closing pressures with a more patchy and extensive distribution of airway closure.", "contents": "Influence of bronchomotor tone on regional ventilation distribution at residual volume. We studied the topographical distribution of 133Xe boluses inhaled slowly from RV, as well as the distribution of regional volumes at RV (RVr) in seven seated normal subjects before and after aerosolized isoprenaline (ISO) and after aerosolized methacholine hydrochloride (Mech). After Mech the ratio of inhaled 133Xe in the upper lung regions to that in lower lung regions (U/L) decreased from 3.21 +/- .33 (mean +/- 1 SE) to 1.27 +/- 0.12 (P less than 0.001) and returned to 3.89 +/- 0.55 after Iso. Iso alone increased U/L from 3.23 +/- 0.47 to 5.49 +/- 0.85 (P less than 0.025). The height of phase IV in expired 133Xe vs. volume plots correlated with U/L, being greater after Iso and smaller after Mech in each subject. The difference in RVr between upper and lower lung regions decreased after Mech in four out of five subjects from 0.22 TLC to 0.11 TLC. Iso alone did not change the gradient of RVr. The results are consistent with the concept that increased bronchomotor tone widens the range of critical opening and closing pressures with a more patchy and extensive distribution of airway closure."}
{"id": "PMID:931857", "title": "Influence of diaphragmatic contraction on ventilation distribution in horizontal man.", "content": "The washout of a bolus of helium (inhaled from residual volume) during relaxed expiration (RE) through a resistance was compared with that during expiration with voluntary diaphragmatic contraction (VDCE) achieved by tensing the abdominal muscles while maintaining constant expiratory flow (less than 0.4 l/s). In six subjects in the lateral decubitus position, phase IV during RE started at 58 +/- 1.6% vital capacity (VC) (mean +/- 1 SE). During VDCE, when the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) exceeded 30 cmH2O, phase IV commenced at 8.2 +/- 0.8% VC. The expired He concentration (FEHe) at lung volumes greater than 70% VC was 1.3 +/- 0.05 times that during RE. In supine subjects VDCE flattened the slope of the alveolar plateau and decreased closing volume by 3.7 +/- 0.4% VC. Our results suggest that when the diaphragm is relaxed in the horizontal subject, the hydrostatic gradient of pressure within the abdomen enhances early emptying of dependent lung zones. Diaphragmatic contraction results in more homogeneous emptying. We conclude that diaphragmatic tone influences the vertical gradient of regional volume, and hence of pleural pressure. The latter is not constant, being less during inspiration than during expiration. Therefore, differences in the changes of applied pressure between dependent and nondependent lung regions influence ventilation distribution in subjects in the horizontal posture.", "contents": "Influence of diaphragmatic contraction on ventilation distribution in horizontal man. The washout of a bolus of helium (inhaled from residual volume) during relaxed expiration (RE) through a resistance was compared with that during expiration with voluntary diaphragmatic contraction (VDCE) achieved by tensing the abdominal muscles while maintaining constant expiratory flow (less than 0.4 l/s). In six subjects in the lateral decubitus position, phase IV during RE started at 58 +/- 1.6% vital capacity (VC) (mean +/- 1 SE). During VDCE, when the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) exceeded 30 cmH2O, phase IV commenced at 8.2 +/- 0.8% VC. The expired He concentration (FEHe) at lung volumes greater than 70% VC was 1.3 +/- 0.05 times that during RE. In supine subjects VDCE flattened the slope of the alveolar plateau and decreased closing volume by 3.7 +/- 0.4% VC. Our results suggest that when the diaphragm is relaxed in the horizontal subject, the hydrostatic gradient of pressure within the abdomen enhances early emptying of dependent lung zones. Diaphragmatic contraction results in more homogeneous emptying. We conclude that diaphragmatic tone influences the vertical gradient of regional volume, and hence of pleural pressure. The latter is not constant, being less during inspiration than during expiration. Therefore, differences in the changes of applied pressure between dependent and nondependent lung regions influence ventilation distribution in subjects in the horizontal posture."}
{"id": "PMID:931858", "title": "A square-pulse flow method for measuring characteristics of the arterial bed.", "content": "A device was designed to provide a \"square\" pulse of blood flow into the arterial system. Pulses were injected into the carotid artery of the rabbit during transient cardiac arrest. Analysis of pressure response curves generated by the flow provides information as to the state of the arterial tree. With certain assumptions it is possible to estimate from these curves lumped values of peripheral resistance, critical closing pressure, and arterial compliance. In a series of 12 rabbits the mean value of peripheral resistance was found to be 0.21 +/- 0.7 mmHg-ml-1-min and critical closing pressure was estimated to be 23.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg. This method gives two possible values for arterial compliance 0.036 +/- 0.010 and 0.055 +/- 0.010 ml-mm-1 based, respectively, on the rise and decay curves of the pressure response. The theory and limitations of the method are discussed. The use of the method is illustrated in following the response to increased PCO2 and hemorrhage.", "contents": "A square-pulse flow method for measuring characteristics of the arterial bed. A device was designed to provide a \"square\" pulse of blood flow into the arterial system. Pulses were injected into the carotid artery of the rabbit during transient cardiac arrest. Analysis of pressure response curves generated by the flow provides information as to the state of the arterial tree. With certain assumptions it is possible to estimate from these curves lumped values of peripheral resistance, critical closing pressure, and arterial compliance. In a series of 12 rabbits the mean value of peripheral resistance was found to be 0.21 +/- 0.7 mmHg-ml-1-min and critical closing pressure was estimated to be 23.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg. This method gives two possible values for arterial compliance 0.036 +/- 0.010 and 0.055 +/- 0.010 ml-mm-1 based, respectively, on the rise and decay curves of the pressure response. The theory and limitations of the method are discussed. The use of the method is illustrated in following the response to increased PCO2 and hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:931859", "title": "Reflex and mechanical circulatory effects of graded Valsalva maneuvers in normal man.", "content": "In 17 normal subjects we studied the changes evoked by five levels of expiratory pressure (EP) ranging from 2.5 to 30 mmHg in a number of circulatory variables during the last 10 s of a 30-s Valsalva maneuver. Variables studied included mean arterial (MAP) and pulse (PP) pressures; right atrial (RAP) and peripheral vein (PVP) pressures; cardiac output (CO); total peripheral resistance (TPR) and heart rate (HR). EP-circulatory response curves were obtained in each subject a) before autonomic block; b) after cardiac effector block (atropine + propranolol); c) after \"total\" autonomic block (atropine + propranolol; guanethidine + phentolamine). Mechanical effects were determined from results during \"total\" autonomic block. They included EP-related rises in RAP and PVP each to about 0.7 mmHg/mmHg applied EP, and falls in CO, MAP, and PP to levels of approximately 50%, 70%, and 80% of resting respectively at EP 30 mmHg, but no changes in TPR and HR. Reflex effects included EP-related rises in HR and in TPR and in MAP, to levels of 160%, 160%, and 115% of resting respectively at EP 30 mmHg. The afferent input profile is probably complex, and the role of the different receptor groups may vary at the different levels of EP.", "contents": "Reflex and mechanical circulatory effects of graded Valsalva maneuvers in normal man. In 17 normal subjects we studied the changes evoked by five levels of expiratory pressure (EP) ranging from 2.5 to 30 mmHg in a number of circulatory variables during the last 10 s of a 30-s Valsalva maneuver. Variables studied included mean arterial (MAP) and pulse (PP) pressures; right atrial (RAP) and peripheral vein (PVP) pressures; cardiac output (CO); total peripheral resistance (TPR) and heart rate (HR). EP-circulatory response curves were obtained in each subject a) before autonomic block; b) after cardiac effector block (atropine + propranolol); c) after \"total\" autonomic block (atropine + propranolol; guanethidine + phentolamine). Mechanical effects were determined from results during \"total\" autonomic block. They included EP-related rises in RAP and PVP each to about 0.7 mmHg/mmHg applied EP, and falls in CO, MAP, and PP to levels of approximately 50%, 70%, and 80% of resting respectively at EP 30 mmHg, but no changes in TPR and HR. Reflex effects included EP-related rises in HR and in TPR and in MAP, to levels of 160%, 160%, and 115% of resting respectively at EP 30 mmHg. The afferent input profile is probably complex, and the role of the different receptor groups may vary at the different levels of EP."}
{"id": "PMID:931860", "title": "Oxygen electrode syringe as an instrument for determining oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves.", "content": "A new instrument is described which simplifies the measurement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, using small volumes of blood. An oxygen electrode, as the plunger of a syringe accommodating increasing volumes of blood at predetermined levels of saturation with oxygen, measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, which is proportional to the gas tension.", "contents": "Oxygen electrode syringe as an instrument for determining oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves. A new instrument is described which simplifies the measurement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, using small volumes of blood. An oxygen electrode, as the plunger of a syringe accommodating increasing volumes of blood at predetermined levels of saturation with oxygen, measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in the plasma, which is proportional to the gas tension."}
{"id": "PMID:931861", "title": "A clinical catheter for continuous blood gas measurement by mass spectrometry.", "content": "A new Teflon catheter for continuous in vivo measurement of blood gases by mass spectrometry has an outer diameter of 0.032 in. and can be inserted through percutaneous puncture with an 18-gauge needle. Response time (63% of a total change) is 40 s for oxygen and 65 s for carbon dioxide. When calibrated in analyzed gas at 37 degrees C, the catheter-mass spectrometer system has been shown to analyze tonometered blood with an error of 1.6% for oxygen and 1.9% for carbon dioxide. Temperature dependence is 2.0% per degrees C for oxygen and 1.6% per degrees C for carbon dioxide. The catheter was thrombo-resistant during in vivo use in seven dogs and measurements compared favorably with results of blood sample analyses by standard hospital methods. Compared with previous devices, the new catheter provides size and convenience, advantages that make it more applicable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "A clinical catheter for continuous blood gas measurement by mass spectrometry. A new Teflon catheter for continuous in vivo measurement of blood gases by mass spectrometry has an outer diameter of 0.032 in. and can be inserted through percutaneous puncture with an 18-gauge needle. Response time (63% of a total change) is 40 s for oxygen and 65 s for carbon dioxide. When calibrated in analyzed gas at 37 degrees C, the catheter-mass spectrometer system has been shown to analyze tonometered blood with an error of 1.6% for oxygen and 1.9% for carbon dioxide. Temperature dependence is 2.0% per degrees C for oxygen and 1.6% per degrees C for carbon dioxide. The catheter was thrombo-resistant during in vivo use in seven dogs and measurements compared favorably with results of blood sample analyses by standard hospital methods. Compared with previous devices, the new catheter provides size and convenience, advantages that make it more applicable for routine clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:931862", "title": "Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output.", "content": "A plethysmograph for measuring ventricular stroke volume (SV) from the transthoracic admittance variation was developed. A correlation study between the SV values determined by this method (SVy) and those measured by Kubicek's transthoracic impedance method (SVz) was carried out on 24 healthy subjects; the correlation coefficient was r = 0.99 and the regression line of SVY on SVz was y = 1.03x - 0.47. Based on the results obtained through the study, it was concluded that the admittance method was more advantageous than the impedance method for measuring SV.", "contents": "Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output. A plethysmograph for measuring ventricular stroke volume (SV) from the transthoracic admittance variation was developed. A correlation study between the SV values determined by this method (SVy) and those measured by Kubicek's transthoracic impedance method (SVz) was carried out on 24 healthy subjects; the correlation coefficient was r = 0.99 and the regression line of SVY on SVz was y = 1.03x - 0.47. Based on the results obtained through the study, it was concluded that the admittance method was more advantageous than the impedance method for measuring SV."}
{"id": "PMID:931863", "title": "Changes in cold-induced vasodilation during Arctic exercises.", "content": "The effect of exposure to cold on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) was examined in military personnel who had experienced a 2-wk stay in the Artic. During this time, the daily regimen consisted of long marches over difficult terrain and sleep in unheated tents with diurnal temperatures ranging from -10 to -40 degrees C. In tests conducted before and after the 2-wk period, CIVD was measured in the left middle finger of each subject by its immersion in ice water. After the 2-wk period, the value of mean finger temperature during the test had decreased relative to that observed before the test, the time required before the first vasodilative temperature increase occurred had become greater, and the finger temperature value at which the vasodilative increase was initiated has been lowered. These changes manifest a deleterious effect of cold exposure on the CIVD, contrary to expectations, and suggest that the effect of short-term cold exposure is to produce a general rather than peripheral acclimation in these subjects.", "contents": "Changes in cold-induced vasodilation during Arctic exercises. The effect of exposure to cold on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) was examined in military personnel who had experienced a 2-wk stay in the Artic. During this time, the daily regimen consisted of long marches over difficult terrain and sleep in unheated tents with diurnal temperatures ranging from -10 to -40 degrees C. In tests conducted before and after the 2-wk period, CIVD was measured in the left middle finger of each subject by its immersion in ice water. After the 2-wk period, the value of mean finger temperature during the test had decreased relative to that observed before the test, the time required before the first vasodilative temperature increase occurred had become greater, and the finger temperature value at which the vasodilative increase was initiated has been lowered. These changes manifest a deleterious effect of cold exposure on the CIVD, contrary to expectations, and suggest that the effect of short-term cold exposure is to produce a general rather than peripheral acclimation in these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:931864", "title": "A sensitive five-breath N2 washout test of distribution of ventilation.", "content": "The amount of nitrogen eliminated in the first five breaths after start of oxygen breathing was compared with the amount that would be removed in these breaths, if alveolar mixing were uniform. The ratio of these two amounts is a measure of the degree of unevenness of ventilation; it was determined in 41 nonsmokers, 22 heavy smokers, and 6 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The \"five-breath index\" (ratio x 100) in the nonsmokers ranged between 90 and 100. In 16 of the smokers, it was less than 87.5 (95% confidence limit of normals), although in only 5 of these, spirometric tests (MMEF) were considered abnormal. The index in the 6 patients ranged between 51 and 83. The test is highly reproducible, simple to perform, and might be of value in the detection of early lung disease.", "contents": "A sensitive five-breath N2 washout test of distribution of ventilation. The amount of nitrogen eliminated in the first five breaths after start of oxygen breathing was compared with the amount that would be removed in these breaths, if alveolar mixing were uniform. The ratio of these two amounts is a measure of the degree of unevenness of ventilation; it was determined in 41 nonsmokers, 22 heavy smokers, and 6 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The \"five-breath index\" (ratio x 100) in the nonsmokers ranged between 90 and 100. In 16 of the smokers, it was less than 87.5 (95% confidence limit of normals), although in only 5 of these, spirometric tests (MMEF) were considered abnormal. The index in the 6 patients ranged between 51 and 83. The test is highly reproducible, simple to perform, and might be of value in the detection of early lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931865", "title": "Aerosol penetrance: a sensitive index of peripheral airways obstruction.", "content": "Early injury of the small airways has been demonstrated in asymptomatic smokers. Ventilatory tests including the maximum midexpiratory flow rate and closing volume have been useful in clinical detection of small airways disease in symptomatic subjects. In the present study, airway \"obstruction\" was assessed aerodynamically by gamma camera measurements of chest radioactivity following the inhalation of 131I-labeled aerosol (aerodynamic mass median diameter 3 mum). Studies were performed in normal subjects, asymptomatic smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. An aerosol penetrance index (AeP) was devised from determinations which involved 1) an analysis of central (inner zone) and peripheral (outer zone) deposition of aerosol in the lung and 2) a ratio of initial counts to 24-h counts in the periphery (outer zone) of the lung. AeP values were 41.5 +/- 11.5 for the normal group, 20.9 +/- 7.6 for the smoker group, and 10.6 +/- 5.2 for the subjects with chronic obstructive airway disease. AeP was significantly reduced in the smokers indicating that the AeP is a sensitive index of early peripheral airways obstruction.", "contents": "Aerosol penetrance: a sensitive index of peripheral airways obstruction. Early injury of the small airways has been demonstrated in asymptomatic smokers. Ventilatory tests including the maximum midexpiratory flow rate and closing volume have been useful in clinical detection of small airways disease in symptomatic subjects. In the present study, airway \"obstruction\" was assessed aerodynamically by gamma camera measurements of chest radioactivity following the inhalation of 131I-labeled aerosol (aerodynamic mass median diameter 3 mum). Studies were performed in normal subjects, asymptomatic smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. An aerosol penetrance index (AeP) was devised from determinations which involved 1) an analysis of central (inner zone) and peripheral (outer zone) deposition of aerosol in the lung and 2) a ratio of initial counts to 24-h counts in the periphery (outer zone) of the lung. AeP values were 41.5 +/- 11.5 for the normal group, 20.9 +/- 7.6 for the smoker group, and 10.6 +/- 5.2 for the subjects with chronic obstructive airway disease. AeP was significantly reduced in the smokers indicating that the AeP is a sensitive index of early peripheral airways obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:931866", "title": "Reference sample method for cardiac output and regional blood flow determinations in the rat.", "content": "The reference sample method was used for simultaneous determinations of cardiac output and regional blood flows in conscious rats. Microspheres (15 +/- 5 mum in diam) labeled with strontium-85 were injected into the left ventricle and known volumes of reference sample were withdrawn from peripheral arteries. The calculated cardiac output measurements agreed with the previously reported values in rats. The percent distribution of the cardiac output to the brain, intestinal bed, and lungs were different from the reported values obtained in the rats using larger spheres. These differences may be related to the use of smaller spheres and to differences in the preparation. The absolute regional flows to various organs expressed in terms of milliliters per minute per gram tissue weight were also determined. The results indicate that the reference sample method can be applied to smaller mammals for determinations of regional flows and cardiac output.", "contents": "Reference sample method for cardiac output and regional blood flow determinations in the rat. The reference sample method was used for simultaneous determinations of cardiac output and regional blood flows in conscious rats. Microspheres (15 +/- 5 mum in diam) labeled with strontium-85 were injected into the left ventricle and known volumes of reference sample were withdrawn from peripheral arteries. The calculated cardiac output measurements agreed with the previously reported values in rats. The percent distribution of the cardiac output to the brain, intestinal bed, and lungs were different from the reported values obtained in the rats using larger spheres. These differences may be related to the use of smaller spheres and to differences in the preparation. The absolute regional flows to various organs expressed in terms of milliliters per minute per gram tissue weight were also determined. The results indicate that the reference sample method can be applied to smaller mammals for determinations of regional flows and cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:931867", "title": "Reusable tubular membrane oxygenator for isolated organ hemoperfusion.", "content": "A reusable tubular membrane oxygenator is described for hypotraumatic hemoperfusion of isolated organs in physiological studies. The constructed oxygenator was of approximately 0.24-m2 effective surface area and contained 450 silicone rubber capillaries of 0.51-mm nominal ID, 34.9 cm long, fixed by conical-shaped, plastic blood headers at manifolds made from Dow-Corning MDX-4-4210 silicone elastomer. During ex vivo hemoperfusions in dogs at inlet hemoglobin saturations near 67%, oxygen transfer rates of the oxygenator increased serially, from 16.6 +/- 1.7 ml/min per m2 (mean +/- SD) at blood flows of 100 ml/min to 34.1 +/- 3.8 ml/min per m2 at flows of 500 ml/min. The oxygenator was thromboresistant and of much loss priming blood volume and wall compliance than the nonresuable Travenol membrane oxygenator of 0.26-m2 effective surface area. The tubular oxygenator was easily cleaned and reassembled, with reproducible oxygen transfer rates. It should prove useful for hemoperfusion studies in organs of moderate size, such as the isolated canine kidney, stomach, and pancreas.", "contents": "Reusable tubular membrane oxygenator for isolated organ hemoperfusion. A reusable tubular membrane oxygenator is described for hypotraumatic hemoperfusion of isolated organs in physiological studies. The constructed oxygenator was of approximately 0.24-m2 effective surface area and contained 450 silicone rubber capillaries of 0.51-mm nominal ID, 34.9 cm long, fixed by conical-shaped, plastic blood headers at manifolds made from Dow-Corning MDX-4-4210 silicone elastomer. During ex vivo hemoperfusions in dogs at inlet hemoglobin saturations near 67%, oxygen transfer rates of the oxygenator increased serially, from 16.6 +/- 1.7 ml/min per m2 (mean +/- SD) at blood flows of 100 ml/min to 34.1 +/- 3.8 ml/min per m2 at flows of 500 ml/min. The oxygenator was thromboresistant and of much loss priming blood volume and wall compliance than the nonresuable Travenol membrane oxygenator of 0.26-m2 effective surface area. The tubular oxygenator was easily cleaned and reassembled, with reproducible oxygen transfer rates. It should prove useful for hemoperfusion studies in organs of moderate size, such as the isolated canine kidney, stomach, and pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:931868", "title": "Oxygen affinity of human blood in presence of carbon monoxide.", "content": "If carbon monoxide is present in the blood, it is necessary to quantitate its effect on apparent O2 affinity in order to properly compute venous PO2 and P50. Ways of doing this are analyzed theoretically. The classical principles of Haldane and of Roughton and Darling are reviewed and simplified. The method of computation of PO2 in the presence of CO as introduced by Forster is shown to be in considerable error. The source of this error is determined. The error produced if the presence of CO is ignored during the computation of P50 is analyzed.", "contents": "Oxygen affinity of human blood in presence of carbon monoxide. If carbon monoxide is present in the blood, it is necessary to quantitate its effect on apparent O2 affinity in order to properly compute venous PO2 and P50. Ways of doing this are analyzed theoretically. The classical principles of Haldane and of Roughton and Darling are reviewed and simplified. The method of computation of PO2 in the presence of CO as introduced by Forster is shown to be in considerable error. The source of this error is determined. The error produced if the presence of CO is ignored during the computation of P50 is analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:931869", "title": "Gas exchange in man during combined +Gz acceleration and exercise.", "content": "Gravity and acceleration from head to foot (+Gz) handicap gas exchange by shifting blood from thorax to dependent veins and creating a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in the lung. At 1 G leg exercise improves V/Q matching. Gas exchange was measured in six subjects +1, +2, and +3 Gz during rest and two levels of exercise, either unloaded pedaling or 600 kpm/min. The VO2 for pedaling was clearly related to G level, but work efficiency was unaffected. Acceleration lowered resting Pao2 while raising VE/VO2, HR, AaDo2, VD, and VD/VT. Unloaded pedaling returned VE/VO2 and HR toward their 1-G values. In contrast, at 3 G each increase in VO2 caused a fall in Pao2 and a rise in AaDo2. The VD showed no further change with exercise, while VD/VT decreased at all G levels. It thus appears that only some of the effects of acceleration are counteracted by exercise, probably by the peripheral muscle pump. Any accompanying rise in VO2 adds to the stress of acceleration, due to limitations on gas transport.", "contents": "Gas exchange in man during combined +Gz acceleration and exercise. Gravity and acceleration from head to foot (+Gz) handicap gas exchange by shifting blood from thorax to dependent veins and creating a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch in the lung. At 1 G leg exercise improves V/Q matching. Gas exchange was measured in six subjects +1, +2, and +3 Gz during rest and two levels of exercise, either unloaded pedaling or 600 kpm/min. The VO2 for pedaling was clearly related to G level, but work efficiency was unaffected. Acceleration lowered resting Pao2 while raising VE/VO2, HR, AaDo2, VD, and VD/VT. Unloaded pedaling returned VE/VO2 and HR toward their 1-G values. In contrast, at 3 G each increase in VO2 caused a fall in Pao2 and a rise in AaDo2. The VD showed no further change with exercise, while VD/VT decreased at all G levels. It thus appears that only some of the effects of acceleration are counteracted by exercise, probably by the peripheral muscle pump. Any accompanying rise in VO2 adds to the stress of acceleration, due to limitations on gas transport."}
{"id": "PMID:931870", "title": "Total and regional cerebral blood flow measurement with 7-10-, 15-, 25-, and 50-mum microspheres.", "content": "Cerebral arteriovenous shunting of 7-10-, 15-, 25-, and 50-mum labeled microspheres was studied in 12 anesthetized dogs. Approximately 8% of the 7-10-mum spheres were shunted to cerebral venous blood, whereas less than 2% of the 15-, 25-, and 50-mum spheres were shunted. Cerebral vascular dilatation induced by hypoxia or hypercapnia did not alter the shunting. The calculated total cerebral flow was 10-15% lower with 7-10-mum microspheres as compared with simultaneous flows measured with the larger microspheres which also suggests that 7-10-mu spheres were shunted through the brain. The calculated distribution of cerebral flow was similar with 7-10- and 15-mum spheres but markedly altered when 50-mum spheres were used. Repeated injections of 15-mum spheres were used. Repeated injections of 15-mum microspheres given under stable conditions yielded total cerebral blood flows which averaged +/- 6% of their respective mean and the regional distribution of flow was highly reproducible. These data suggest that, in dogs, 15-mum spheres are an appropriate size to use to measure cerebral blood flows, since shunting is minimal, the distribution is not artifactually distorted, and the measurements are reproducible.", "contents": "Total and regional cerebral blood flow measurement with 7-10-, 15-, 25-, and 50-mum microspheres. Cerebral arteriovenous shunting of 7-10-, 15-, 25-, and 50-mum labeled microspheres was studied in 12 anesthetized dogs. Approximately 8% of the 7-10-mum spheres were shunted to cerebral venous blood, whereas less than 2% of the 15-, 25-, and 50-mum spheres were shunted. Cerebral vascular dilatation induced by hypoxia or hypercapnia did not alter the shunting. The calculated total cerebral flow was 10-15% lower with 7-10-mum microspheres as compared with simultaneous flows measured with the larger microspheres which also suggests that 7-10-mu spheres were shunted through the brain. The calculated distribution of cerebral flow was similar with 7-10- and 15-mum spheres but markedly altered when 50-mum spheres were used. Repeated injections of 15-mum spheres were used. Repeated injections of 15-mum microspheres given under stable conditions yielded total cerebral blood flows which averaged +/- 6% of their respective mean and the regional distribution of flow was highly reproducible. These data suggest that, in dogs, 15-mum spheres are an appropriate size to use to measure cerebral blood flows, since shunting is minimal, the distribution is not artifactually distorted, and the measurements are reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:931871", "title": "Elastic constants of inflated lobes of dog lungs.", "content": "The elastic constants of dog lungs were determined at various degrees of inflation. In one set of experiments, the lobes were subjected to deformations that approximated the conditions of uniaxial loading. These data, together with the bulk modulus data obtained from the local slope of the pressure-volume curve, were used to determine the two elastic moduli that are needed to describe small nonuniform deformations about an initial state of uniform inflation. The bulk modulus was approximately 4 times the inflation pressure, and Young's modulus was approximately 1.5 times the inflation pressure. In a second set of experiments, lobes were subjected to indentation tests using cylindric punches 1-3 cm in diameter. The value for Young's modulus obtained from these data was slightly higher, approximately twice the inflation pressure. These experiments indicate that the lung is much more easily deformable in shear than in dilatation and that the Poisson ratio for the lung is high, approximately 0.43.", "contents": "Elastic constants of inflated lobes of dog lungs. The elastic constants of dog lungs were determined at various degrees of inflation. In one set of experiments, the lobes were subjected to deformations that approximated the conditions of uniaxial loading. These data, together with the bulk modulus data obtained from the local slope of the pressure-volume curve, were used to determine the two elastic moduli that are needed to describe small nonuniform deformations about an initial state of uniform inflation. The bulk modulus was approximately 4 times the inflation pressure, and Young's modulus was approximately 1.5 times the inflation pressure. In a second set of experiments, lobes were subjected to indentation tests using cylindric punches 1-3 cm in diameter. The value for Young's modulus obtained from these data was slightly higher, approximately twice the inflation pressure. These experiments indicate that the lung is much more easily deformable in shear than in dilatation and that the Poisson ratio for the lung is high, approximately 0.43."}
{"id": "PMID:931872", "title": "Two-dimensional determination of thermosensitive sites within the goat's hypothalamus.", "content": "In two conscious goats with chronically implanted multithermodes the distribution of thermosensitive sites within the anterior hypothalamus was determined. Changes in heat production at Ta=+5 degrees C and changes in respiratory evaporative heat loss at Ta=+33 degrees C in response to discrete temperature stimuli were measured and the magnitude of the responses was correlated with the histologically assessed position of the probes transmitting the stimuli. In both animals the array of probes was centered close to the center of the thermosensitive area. The density of thermosensitive structures increased toward the center of the area covered by the probes. The most sensitive points were situated close to either side of the midline in those frontal planes which contained the nuclei supraoptici and paraventriculares. No difference was found between cold- and warm-sensitive sites.", "contents": "Two-dimensional determination of thermosensitive sites within the goat's hypothalamus. In two conscious goats with chronically implanted multithermodes the distribution of thermosensitive sites within the anterior hypothalamus was determined. Changes in heat production at Ta=+5 degrees C and changes in respiratory evaporative heat loss at Ta=+33 degrees C in response to discrete temperature stimuli were measured and the magnitude of the responses was correlated with the histologically assessed position of the probes transmitting the stimuli. In both animals the array of probes was centered close to the center of the thermosensitive area. The density of thermosensitive structures increased toward the center of the area covered by the probes. The most sensitive points were situated close to either side of the midline in those frontal planes which contained the nuclei supraoptici and paraventriculares. No difference was found between cold- and warm-sensitive sites."}
{"id": "PMID:931873", "title": "Contribution of gular flutter to evaporative cooling in Japanese quail.", "content": "Oxygen consumption, body temperature (Tb), and evaporative water loss (mwe) were determined in intact Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), and in quail in which the hyoid musculature responsible for gular flutter had been surgically transected several days prior to study. Abolishing gular flutter reduced total mwe by an average of 20% at air temperatures (Ta) above 40 degrees C. Treated birds developed a significantly greater degree of hyperthermia during acute heat stress than the controls and, unlike the controls, were unable to maintain Tb less than Ta above 40 degrees C. These data demonstrate that gular flutter represents a significant cooling mechanism in heat-stressed quail.", "contents": "Contribution of gular flutter to evaporative cooling in Japanese quail. Oxygen consumption, body temperature (Tb), and evaporative water loss (mwe) were determined in intact Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), and in quail in which the hyoid musculature responsible for gular flutter had been surgically transected several days prior to study. Abolishing gular flutter reduced total mwe by an average of 20% at air temperatures (Ta) above 40 degrees C. Treated birds developed a significantly greater degree of hyperthermia during acute heat stress than the controls and, unlike the controls, were unable to maintain Tb less than Ta above 40 degrees C. These data demonstrate that gular flutter represents a significant cooling mechanism in heat-stressed quail."}
{"id": "PMID:931874", "title": "Effect of aerosolized isoproterenol on resting myogenic tone in normals.", "content": "The effects of aerosolized isoproterenol on expiratory (exp) and inspiratory (insp) conductance (Gaw), maximal exp and insp flow (VEmax and VImax), and static elastic recoil pressure (Pst) were measured in 12 normals. Both exp and insp Gaw increased throughout the vital capacity (37% at 50% VC; P less than 0.01). VEmax increased only at 50% VC (9%; P less than 0.01). VImax and Pst did not change. Accordingly, a dichotomy existed between the Gaw and Vmax changes during both exp and insp. We do not attribute this dichotomy to loss of driving pressure or to volume-time-dependent behavior of airway tone. We interpret the increased exp and insp Gaw to indicate isoproterenol deposition within and bronchodilatation of larger central airways (trachea, main stem, lobar, segmental). Since insp Gaw increased and VImax did not, we conclude that the caliber of these central airways is not the exclusive deteminant of VImax, that the caliber of some more distal airways (subsegmental and beyond) did not change, and that these airways are important determinants of VImax. We conclude that non-uniform distribution of isoproterenol could account for the Gaw-Vmax dichotomy during inspiration, and that such non-uniform distribution coupled with resultant increased compliance and compressibility of the downstream segment could account for the Faw-Vmax dichotomy during expiration.", "contents": "Effect of aerosolized isoproterenol on resting myogenic tone in normals. The effects of aerosolized isoproterenol on expiratory (exp) and inspiratory (insp) conductance (Gaw), maximal exp and insp flow (VEmax and VImax), and static elastic recoil pressure (Pst) were measured in 12 normals. Both exp and insp Gaw increased throughout the vital capacity (37% at 50% VC; P less than 0.01). VEmax increased only at 50% VC (9%; P less than 0.01). VImax and Pst did not change. Accordingly, a dichotomy existed between the Gaw and Vmax changes during both exp and insp. We do not attribute this dichotomy to loss of driving pressure or to volume-time-dependent behavior of airway tone. We interpret the increased exp and insp Gaw to indicate isoproterenol deposition within and bronchodilatation of larger central airways (trachea, main stem, lobar, segmental). Since insp Gaw increased and VImax did not, we conclude that the caliber of these central airways is not the exclusive deteminant of VImax, that the caliber of some more distal airways (subsegmental and beyond) did not change, and that these airways are important determinants of VImax. We conclude that non-uniform distribution of isoproterenol could account for the Gaw-Vmax dichotomy during inspiration, and that such non-uniform distribution coupled with resultant increased compliance and compressibility of the downstream segment could account for the Faw-Vmax dichotomy during expiration."}
{"id": "PMID:931875", "title": "Effect of substrate on hypoxic response of pulmonary artery.", "content": "Main pulmonary arteries (MPA) were isolated from young guinea pigs and incubated in a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing either glucose and sucrose, or sucrose alone. Experimental hypoxia (PO2=30 mmHg) was induced by aerating the muscle chamber with a gas mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. In must experiments the MPA was electrically stimulated, whereas in some no electrical stimulation was used. The isometric tension of electrically stimulated MPA was analyzed by means of resting tension (RT), active tension (ATmax), and maximum rate of tension development (dT/dt). It was demonstrated that when MPA was exposed to acute hypoxia in a glucose-free medium a significant increase in resting tension was observed in both electrically stimulated and nonstimulated preparations. However, the significantly hypoxic response was inhibited by the presence of glucose in the experimental medium. This tonic response of MPA is suggestive of the in vivo hypoxic pressor response of pulmonary circulation. A lower oxygen tension (PO2=95 mmHg) exposure prior to hypoxia significantly potentiated this hypoxic response of the MPA. In a separate series of experiments, isolated aortas demonstrated a similar response when exposed to acute hypoxia in vitro. Similarly, as in experiments with MPA, the presence of glucose inhibited the hypoxic tonic response of isolated aorta.", "contents": "Effect of substrate on hypoxic response of pulmonary artery. Main pulmonary arteries (MPA) were isolated from young guinea pigs and incubated in a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing either glucose and sucrose, or sucrose alone. Experimental hypoxia (PO2=30 mmHg) was induced by aerating the muscle chamber with a gas mixture of 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide. In must experiments the MPA was electrically stimulated, whereas in some no electrical stimulation was used. The isometric tension of electrically stimulated MPA was analyzed by means of resting tension (RT), active tension (ATmax), and maximum rate of tension development (dT/dt). It was demonstrated that when MPA was exposed to acute hypoxia in a glucose-free medium a significant increase in resting tension was observed in both electrically stimulated and nonstimulated preparations. However, the significantly hypoxic response was inhibited by the presence of glucose in the experimental medium. This tonic response of MPA is suggestive of the in vivo hypoxic pressor response of pulmonary circulation. A lower oxygen tension (PO2=95 mmHg) exposure prior to hypoxia significantly potentiated this hypoxic response of the MPA. In a separate series of experiments, isolated aortas demonstrated a similar response when exposed to acute hypoxia in vitro. Similarly, as in experiments with MPA, the presence of glucose inhibited the hypoxic tonic response of isolated aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:931876", "title": "Maturational changes of effective elastance in the first 10 days of life.", "content": "The effective elastance of the respiratory system (E'rs) is a measure of its ability to resist a change in tidal volume under conditions of changing elastic loads. E'rs was measured while subjects breathed air and 2% CO2 and 4% CO2 in air in two groups of premature infants of different gestational ages at 1 day 3-4 days, and 7-10 days of age. E'rs was shown to decrease with increasing maturation and was independent of changes in control tidal volume. The decrease of E'rs with increased gestational age could be accounted for by differences in calculated thoracic gas volumes in all but one instance, where E'rs was lower in one group on the 3rd day of life. The activity of the Hering-Breuer reflex, as measured by the degree of slowing of inspiratory time after occlusion at FRC, has been previously reported to be normal to increased in similar infants. This suggests that differences related to size account for most of the maturational changes of E'rs in newborns.", "contents": "Maturational changes of effective elastance in the first 10 days of life. The effective elastance of the respiratory system (E'rs) is a measure of its ability to resist a change in tidal volume under conditions of changing elastic loads. E'rs was measured while subjects breathed air and 2% CO2 and 4% CO2 in air in two groups of premature infants of different gestational ages at 1 day 3-4 days, and 7-10 days of age. E'rs was shown to decrease with increasing maturation and was independent of changes in control tidal volume. The decrease of E'rs with increased gestational age could be accounted for by differences in calculated thoracic gas volumes in all but one instance, where E'rs was lower in one group on the 3rd day of life. The activity of the Hering-Breuer reflex, as measured by the degree of slowing of inspiratory time after occlusion at FRC, has been previously reported to be normal to increased in similar infants. This suggests that differences related to size account for most of the maturational changes of E'rs in newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:931877", "title": "Canine hyperthermia with cerebral protection.", "content": "Extreme whole-body hyperthermia was achieved without lasting side effects in canines by elevating body core temperature to 42 degrees C, using a warm water bath. Cold water irrigation of the nasal alar fold permitted an additional core temperature elevation of 0.5-1.0 degrees C above brain temperature for periods up to 1.5 h. The brain-core temperature differential was maintained by a physiological arteriovenous heat exchanger located at the base of the brain. The maximum tolerable core temperature for the 21 nonirrigated dogs was 42 degrees C for 60-90 min, whereas that for the 28 irrigated dogs was 42.5-43 degrees C for similar time intervals. A mathematical model of the total heat transfer system described the observed dynamic temperature responses. It was the solution of a differential equation which fit the normalized experimental data points and predicted reasonable values for known and unknown experimental parameters.", "contents": "Canine hyperthermia with cerebral protection. Extreme whole-body hyperthermia was achieved without lasting side effects in canines by elevating body core temperature to 42 degrees C, using a warm water bath. Cold water irrigation of the nasal alar fold permitted an additional core temperature elevation of 0.5-1.0 degrees C above brain temperature for periods up to 1.5 h. The brain-core temperature differential was maintained by a physiological arteriovenous heat exchanger located at the base of the brain. The maximum tolerable core temperature for the 21 nonirrigated dogs was 42 degrees C for 60-90 min, whereas that for the 28 irrigated dogs was 42.5-43 degrees C for similar time intervals. A mathematical model of the total heat transfer system described the observed dynamic temperature responses. It was the solution of a differential equation which fit the normalized experimental data points and predicted reasonable values for known and unknown experimental parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:931878", "title": "Energy cost of speec skating and efficiency of work against air resistance.", "content": "The energy expenditure during speed ice skating (PB=650 mmHg; T=-5 degrees C) was measured on 13 athletes (speed range: 4-12 m/s) from VO2 and (for speeds greater than 10 m/s) from blood lactic acid concentration. The energy spent (O2 equivalents) per unit body wt and unit distance (Etot/V, ml/kg-min) increases with the speed (v, m/s): Etot/v=0.049 + 0.44 X 10(-3) V2. At 10 m/s, Vtot/v amounts then to 0.093 ml/kg-m: about half the value of running. The constant 0.049 ml/kg-m is interpreted as the energy spent against gravitational and inertial forces. The term 0.44 X 10(-3) v2 indicates the energy spent against the wind, the constant 0.44 X 10(-3) ml-s2-kg-1-m-3 being a measure of k/e, where k is the coefficient relating drag to v2, and e the efficiency of work against the wind. From a direct estimate of k in a wind tunnel, e was calculated as 0.11. In running, skating, and cycling k/e is similar (approximately 0.020 ml-s2-m-3 per m2 body area), hence at a given speed the energy spent against the wind is equal. On the contrary, the energy spent against other forces decreases in the above order: 0.19, 0.05, 0.018 ml-m-1 per kg body wt. This explains the different speeds attained in these exercises with the same power output.", "contents": "Energy cost of speec skating and efficiency of work against air resistance. The energy expenditure during speed ice skating (PB=650 mmHg; T=-5 degrees C) was measured on 13 athletes (speed range: 4-12 m/s) from VO2 and (for speeds greater than 10 m/s) from blood lactic acid concentration. The energy spent (O2 equivalents) per unit body wt and unit distance (Etot/V, ml/kg-min) increases with the speed (v, m/s): Etot/v=0.049 + 0.44 X 10(-3) V2. At 10 m/s, Vtot/v amounts then to 0.093 ml/kg-m: about half the value of running. The constant 0.049 ml/kg-m is interpreted as the energy spent against gravitational and inertial forces. The term 0.44 X 10(-3) v2 indicates the energy spent against the wind, the constant 0.44 X 10(-3) ml-s2-kg-1-m-3 being a measure of k/e, where k is the coefficient relating drag to v2, and e the efficiency of work against the wind. From a direct estimate of k in a wind tunnel, e was calculated as 0.11. In running, skating, and cycling k/e is similar (approximately 0.020 ml-s2-m-3 per m2 body area), hence at a given speed the energy spent against the wind is equal. On the contrary, the energy spent against other forces decreases in the above order: 0.19, 0.05, 0.018 ml-m-1 per kg body wt. This explains the different speeds attained in these exercises with the same power output."}
{"id": "PMID:931879", "title": "Posthyperventilation isocapnic hyperpnea.", "content": "Subjects voluntarily hyperventilated for 10 breaths. A dynamic end-tidal forcing technique manipulated inspired gases to hold end-tidal CO2-O2 tensions at normal values during the voluntary ventilation period and the postvoluntary ventilation recovery period when the subjects returned to spontaneous breathing. Six of the seven subjects studied exhibited a hyperpnea during the recovery period. Although intersubject and intrasubject variations were evident, the average response for 30 experiments in the six subjects was characterized by an initial drop to 32% of the hyperventilation magnitude followed by an exponential-like decrease with a time constant of 22 s. This recovery period response is consistent with theoretical properties of neural network and physical oscillators where there is a persistence in the amplitude response after the removal of the stimulus. Thus, such oscillator properties may govern the respiratory center behavior in man. Furthermore, since isocapnic voluntary ventilation increases cardiac output, the recovery period response may be a consequence of cardiodynamic hyperpnea.", "contents": "Posthyperventilation isocapnic hyperpnea. Subjects voluntarily hyperventilated for 10 breaths. A dynamic end-tidal forcing technique manipulated inspired gases to hold end-tidal CO2-O2 tensions at normal values during the voluntary ventilation period and the postvoluntary ventilation recovery period when the subjects returned to spontaneous breathing. Six of the seven subjects studied exhibited a hyperpnea during the recovery period. Although intersubject and intrasubject variations were evident, the average response for 30 experiments in the six subjects was characterized by an initial drop to 32% of the hyperventilation magnitude followed by an exponential-like decrease with a time constant of 22 s. This recovery period response is consistent with theoretical properties of neural network and physical oscillators where there is a persistence in the amplitude response after the removal of the stimulus. Thus, such oscillator properties may govern the respiratory center behavior in man. Furthermore, since isocapnic voluntary ventilation increases cardiac output, the recovery period response may be a consequence of cardiodynamic hyperpnea."}
{"id": "PMID:931880", "title": "Effects of external pressure loading on human skin blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance.", "content": "Forearm skin blood flow was measured during external pressure loading in normal human subjects using 133Xe washout from intracutaneous injection sites. Pressures ranging between 5 and 150 mmHg were applied through a 3-cm-diameter disc placed over the site of flow determination. The pressure was maintained constant by a servo-controlled loading mechanism. Flow decreased with pressures from 5 to 10 and 30 to 150 mmHg, but remained constant with pressures from 10 to 30 mmHg. Reactive hyperemia occurred following removal of pressures of 90 mmHg or greater, but did not occur following removal of lower pressures. The pressure-flow curve for parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects closely paralleled the pressure-flow curve of normal skin at pressures tested: 5-15 mmHg. These data are interpreted to demonstrate autoregulation of skin blood flow. Autoregulation in parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects suggests a peripheral mechanism. The occurrence of hyperemia at pressures which exceed the ability of skin to autoregulate suggests that both autoregulation and post occlusion hyperemia may have the same mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of external pressure loading on human skin blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance. Forearm skin blood flow was measured during external pressure loading in normal human subjects using 133Xe washout from intracutaneous injection sites. Pressures ranging between 5 and 150 mmHg were applied through a 3-cm-diameter disc placed over the site of flow determination. The pressure was maintained constant by a servo-controlled loading mechanism. Flow decreased with pressures from 5 to 10 and 30 to 150 mmHg, but remained constant with pressures from 10 to 30 mmHg. Reactive hyperemia occurred following removal of pressures of 90 mmHg or greater, but did not occur following removal of lower pressures. The pressure-flow curve for parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects closely paralleled the pressure-flow curve of normal skin at pressures tested: 5-15 mmHg. These data are interpreted to demonstrate autoregulation of skin blood flow. Autoregulation in parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects suggests a peripheral mechanism. The occurrence of hyperemia at pressures which exceed the ability of skin to autoregulate suggests that both autoregulation and post occlusion hyperemia may have the same mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:931881", "title": "High salt intake and blood pressure in lower primates (Papio hamadryas).", "content": "One year of increased salt intake in monkeys elevates mean blood pressure significantly. This effect is more marked in animals exposed just after birth. In animals exposed as adults, the response in males is more pronounced than in females, mainly due to a marked increase of pulse pressure. Th hypertensive response was potentiated by reduction of renal mass, which caused GFR values (in terms of body weight) to decrease compared with intact salt-fed animals, in which GFR values were elevated above the control level. It is concluded that the mechanisms involved in the hypertensive response are similar to those in the rat and dog.", "contents": "High salt intake and blood pressure in lower primates (Papio hamadryas). One year of increased salt intake in monkeys elevates mean blood pressure significantly. This effect is more marked in animals exposed just after birth. In animals exposed as adults, the response in males is more pronounced than in females, mainly due to a marked increase of pulse pressure. Th hypertensive response was potentiated by reduction of renal mass, which caused GFR values (in terms of body weight) to decrease compared with intact salt-fed animals, in which GFR values were elevated above the control level. It is concluded that the mechanisms involved in the hypertensive response are similar to those in the rat and dog."}
{"id": "PMID:931882", "title": "Physiological responses of men working in 25.5 degrees C water, breathing air or helium tri-mix.", "content": "Fourteen scuba divers in swim trunks did ergometer work while breathing air at 3 m in 25.5 degrees C water. They were stressed by work and cold. Exercise produced increases in heart rate, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and catecholamine excretion. Cold lowered rectal temperature (Tre) despite exercise, and contributed to the increase in VO2 and catecholamine excretion. Immersion, cutaneous vasoconstriction, work, and scuba breathing contributed to a brisk diuresis, probably by centralizing blood volume and thus stimulating central vascular volume receptors. Similar exercise in 25.5 degrees C water, breathing helium tri-mix (gas density less than air), produced higher VE but lower VO2 when compared to air breathing. Tri-mix scuba breathing resulted in a smaller diuresis, perhaps because its lower density leads to lesser atrial distension during work. The fall in Tre during work in 25.5 degrees C water was identical whether air or helium tri-mix was respired, since helium does not accentuate respiratory convective heat transfer.", "contents": "Physiological responses of men working in 25.5 degrees C water, breathing air or helium tri-mix. Fourteen scuba divers in swim trunks did ergometer work while breathing air at 3 m in 25.5 degrees C water. They were stressed by work and cold. Exercise produced increases in heart rate, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), and catecholamine excretion. Cold lowered rectal temperature (Tre) despite exercise, and contributed to the increase in VO2 and catecholamine excretion. Immersion, cutaneous vasoconstriction, work, and scuba breathing contributed to a brisk diuresis, probably by centralizing blood volume and thus stimulating central vascular volume receptors. Similar exercise in 25.5 degrees C water, breathing helium tri-mix (gas density less than air), produced higher VE but lower VO2 when compared to air breathing. Tri-mix scuba breathing resulted in a smaller diuresis, perhaps because its lower density leads to lesser atrial distension during work. The fall in Tre during work in 25.5 degrees C water was identical whether air or helium tri-mix was respired, since helium does not accentuate respiratory convective heat transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:931883", "title": "Maximum exercise tests on \"postcoronary\" patients.", "content": "The maximum oxygen intake has been measured directly (uphill treadmill walking) in 36 patients following recovery from myocardial infarction. These were selected as follows: 15 consecutive new entrants to an exercise program that is currently accepting about one-sixth of the total reported myocardial infarction hospital admissions in metropolitan Toronto (group A), 12 patients not responding well to training (group B), and 9 patients now running substantial distances (group C). The only clinical complications were two episodes of ventricular tachycardia. Twenty patients reached an oxygen plateau, and in group C, the maximum heart rate (170/min) reached Scandinavian norms, with a maximum oxygen intake (2.63 +/- 0.35 1/min STPD, 36.9 +/- 4.8 ml/kg-min STPD) as in healthy men of the same age. The rate of adaptation to a progressive submaximum test was such that comparable Astrand nomogram predictions of VO2max were obtained from data in the 3rd and 5th min at the third load. Predictions generally agreed closely with directly measured values. It may be concluded that in patients who have recovered sufficiently to enter an exercise rehabilitation program 1) predictions of VO2max have about the same accuracy (+/-10) as in healthy subjects, and 2) direct measurements can often be pursued to an \"oxygen plateau\" without due risk.", "contents": "Maximum exercise tests on \"postcoronary\" patients. The maximum oxygen intake has been measured directly (uphill treadmill walking) in 36 patients following recovery from myocardial infarction. These were selected as follows: 15 consecutive new entrants to an exercise program that is currently accepting about one-sixth of the total reported myocardial infarction hospital admissions in metropolitan Toronto (group A), 12 patients not responding well to training (group B), and 9 patients now running substantial distances (group C). The only clinical complications were two episodes of ventricular tachycardia. Twenty patients reached an oxygen plateau, and in group C, the maximum heart rate (170/min) reached Scandinavian norms, with a maximum oxygen intake (2.63 +/- 0.35 1/min STPD, 36.9 +/- 4.8 ml/kg-min STPD) as in healthy men of the same age. The rate of adaptation to a progressive submaximum test was such that comparable Astrand nomogram predictions of VO2max were obtained from data in the 3rd and 5th min at the third load. Predictions generally agreed closely with directly measured values. It may be concluded that in patients who have recovered sufficiently to enter an exercise rehabilitation program 1) predictions of VO2max have about the same accuracy (+/-10) as in healthy subjects, and 2) direct measurements can often be pursued to an \"oxygen plateau\" without due risk."}
{"id": "PMID:931884", "title": "An automated system for assessing metabolic and respiratory function during exercise.", "content": "This paper provides a brief description of a new, totally automated system for assessing metabolic and respiratory function during exercise. This system was evaluated simultaneously against two established systems, one a computer-based system and the other a semiautomated system, to determine its validity over a wide range of metabolic levels, i.e., less than 2 to greater than 16 mets. A total of 112 males and females, 12-65 yr of age, performed either arm or leg exercises on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill, starting at approximately 2 mets and progressing by approximately 1 met/min to the point of volitional fatigue. Respiratory and metabolic assessments were made each minute during the entire exercise bout. Comparisons across the three systems demonstrated remarkable agreement, particularly when all potential sources of error for each system are considered. Although several statistically significant differences between two of the systems were noted at the lowest work levels, the difference in VO2 between any two systems never exceeded 1.1 ml/kg-min.", "contents": "An automated system for assessing metabolic and respiratory function during exercise. This paper provides a brief description of a new, totally automated system for assessing metabolic and respiratory function during exercise. This system was evaluated simultaneously against two established systems, one a computer-based system and the other a semiautomated system, to determine its validity over a wide range of metabolic levels, i.e., less than 2 to greater than 16 mets. A total of 112 males and females, 12-65 yr of age, performed either arm or leg exercises on a bicycle ergometer or treadmill, starting at approximately 2 mets and progressing by approximately 1 met/min to the point of volitional fatigue. Respiratory and metabolic assessments were made each minute during the entire exercise bout. Comparisons across the three systems demonstrated remarkable agreement, particularly when all potential sources of error for each system are considered. Although several statistically significant differences between two of the systems were noted at the lowest work levels, the difference in VO2 between any two systems never exceeded 1.1 ml/kg-min."}
{"id": "PMID:931885", "title": "A noncontact method for three-dimensional analysis of vascular elasticity in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "A new method is described to measure the deformation of the blood vessel wall simultaneously in longitudinal and circumferential directions. This information is of paramount importance for further characterization of the elastic properties of the arterial wall. The new method consists of a closed-circuit TV system in conjunction with a video dimension analyzer (VDA). The VDA utilizes the video signal from the TV camera and forms a DC voltage proportional to the distance between two selected points in the scene. The resulting analog voltage, calibrated in dimensional units, is recorded. Dimensional changes in two directions, due to intraluminal pressure oscillations, are tracked continuously. The measurement can be performed in vivo on exposed vessels as well as in vitro on excised specimens. Distortion caused by the end effects is completely eliminated. For further data analysis, the wall thickness of the artery is determined microscopically. Stress and strain relationship in longitudinal and circumferential directions is calculated for every intraluminal pressure change. This approach yields data on mechanical properties of the vessel wall in a far more physiological way than the hitherto used direct-contact techniques.", "contents": "A noncontact method for three-dimensional analysis of vascular elasticity in vivo and in vitro. A new method is described to measure the deformation of the blood vessel wall simultaneously in longitudinal and circumferential directions. This information is of paramount importance for further characterization of the elastic properties of the arterial wall. The new method consists of a closed-circuit TV system in conjunction with a video dimension analyzer (VDA). The VDA utilizes the video signal from the TV camera and forms a DC voltage proportional to the distance between two selected points in the scene. The resulting analog voltage, calibrated in dimensional units, is recorded. Dimensional changes in two directions, due to intraluminal pressure oscillations, are tracked continuously. The measurement can be performed in vivo on exposed vessels as well as in vitro on excised specimens. Distortion caused by the end effects is completely eliminated. For further data analysis, the wall thickness of the artery is determined microscopically. Stress and strain relationship in longitudinal and circumferential directions is calculated for every intraluminal pressure change. This approach yields data on mechanical properties of the vessel wall in a far more physiological way than the hitherto used direct-contact techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:931886", "title": "Measurement of brain oxygen utilization with radioactive oxygen-15: experimental verification.", "content": "This study was designed to provide direct experimental evidence in support of the method employing radioactive 15O-tagged hemoglobin for the in vivo and regional measurement of the cerebral oxygen utilization rate (CMRO2). This was accomplished by simultaneously measuring in vivo the mean CMRO2 in monkeys and human beings by the 15O method and a direct appeal to the Fick principle using measured arteriovenous oxygen differences of brain. The correlation between the 2 methods was excellent, with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 (P less than 0.001) in monkeys and 0.88 (P less than 0.001) in human beings.", "contents": "Measurement of brain oxygen utilization with radioactive oxygen-15: experimental verification. This study was designed to provide direct experimental evidence in support of the method employing radioactive 15O-tagged hemoglobin for the in vivo and regional measurement of the cerebral oxygen utilization rate (CMRO2). This was accomplished by simultaneously measuring in vivo the mean CMRO2 in monkeys and human beings by the 15O method and a direct appeal to the Fick principle using measured arteriovenous oxygen differences of brain. The correlation between the 2 methods was excellent, with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 (P less than 0.001) in monkeys and 0.88 (P less than 0.001) in human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:931887", "title": "A shower spray facility for accurate control and rapid changes of skin temperature.", "content": "A shower spray facility (SSF) was built to closely clamp the skin temperature of human subjects, while retaining capability for controlled rapid changes. The subject is enclosed from the neck down in a small chamber containing three water spray manifolds which terminate in 64 small shower heads; the manifolds provide independent temperature control of left leg, right leg, and arm/torso. A dual, solenoid-switched plumbing system for each manifold allows rapid, preset temperature changes. Preliminary tests showed that single thermocouples can accurately indicate average skin temperature for each of the three controlled body areas. Initial experiments with spikes, step functions, and periodic wave forms have proven the SSF as a potentially powerful tool for studying mechanisms of human thermoregulation.", "contents": "A shower spray facility for accurate control and rapid changes of skin temperature. A shower spray facility (SSF) was built to closely clamp the skin temperature of human subjects, while retaining capability for controlled rapid changes. The subject is enclosed from the neck down in a small chamber containing three water spray manifolds which terminate in 64 small shower heads; the manifolds provide independent temperature control of left leg, right leg, and arm/torso. A dual, solenoid-switched plumbing system for each manifold allows rapid, preset temperature changes. Preliminary tests showed that single thermocouples can accurately indicate average skin temperature for each of the three controlled body areas. Initial experiments with spikes, step functions, and periodic wave forms have proven the SSF as a potentially powerful tool for studying mechanisms of human thermoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:931888", "title": "Oral administration of radioactive sulfate to measure extracellular fluid space in man.", "content": "Radioactive sulfate-35 (35S) was administered to eight human subjects intravenously and orally, to compare respective kinetics of distribution. Intravenously administered 35S attained equilibration within 60-90 min. Orally administered 35S attained equilibration within 60-105 min and thereafter achieved plasma activity equivalent to the intravenously administered tracer. Eighty percent or greater of the 35S dose was recovered in the 24-h urine, following either intravenous or oral administration. The mean extracellular fluid space demonstrated less than 9% mean difference between routes of administration. It is concluded that 35S is completely absorbed at tracer doses, and may be administered orally as a reliable substitute for intravenously administered 35S for measuring extracellular fluid space.", "contents": "Oral administration of radioactive sulfate to measure extracellular fluid space in man. Radioactive sulfate-35 (35S) was administered to eight human subjects intravenously and orally, to compare respective kinetics of distribution. Intravenously administered 35S attained equilibration within 60-90 min. Orally administered 35S attained equilibration within 60-105 min and thereafter achieved plasma activity equivalent to the intravenously administered tracer. Eighty percent or greater of the 35S dose was recovered in the 24-h urine, following either intravenous or oral administration. The mean extracellular fluid space demonstrated less than 9% mean difference between routes of administration. It is concluded that 35S is completely absorbed at tracer doses, and may be administered orally as a reliable substitute for intravenously administered 35S for measuring extracellular fluid space."}
{"id": "PMID:931890", "title": "Limiting factors to oxygen transport on Mount Everest.", "content": "The effect of a sudden increase of the inspired oxygen tension on the maximal aerobic performance was studied on 23 subjects acclimated to high altitude (5,350-8,848 m above sea level) in the course of a 4-mo expedition to Mt. Everest. Inhalation of 100% O2 at 390 mmHg or a rapid descent (20 min) by helicopter to 2,850 m (Pio2 = 117 mmHg) raised maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) from an average 0.7 of the control sea-level value, respectively, to 0.92 and 0.97. The failure of acclimated subjects to increase markedly or even to resume the preexisting sea-level Vo2mxa while breathing O2 in the presence of a 40% increase of blood Hb concentration and of a limited reduction of maximal cardiac output (Qmax), is attributed to changes in the peripheral circulation. These may consist of a) a hindrance of O2 diffusion due to erythrocytes packing secondary to increased hematocrit (Hct up to 70%); b) a bypass of arterial blood from the high-resistance working areas of the body aimed at reducing the load on the heart caused by increased blood viscosity. A 11.6% increase above normal controls of Hb concentration still found in 13 subjects 25 days after leaving altitude does not increase significantly maximum O2 consumption.", "contents": "Limiting factors to oxygen transport on Mount Everest. The effect of a sudden increase of the inspired oxygen tension on the maximal aerobic performance was studied on 23 subjects acclimated to high altitude (5,350-8,848 m above sea level) in the course of a 4-mo expedition to Mt. Everest. Inhalation of 100% O2 at 390 mmHg or a rapid descent (20 min) by helicopter to 2,850 m (Pio2 = 117 mmHg) raised maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) from an average 0.7 of the control sea-level value, respectively, to 0.92 and 0.97. The failure of acclimated subjects to increase markedly or even to resume the preexisting sea-level Vo2mxa while breathing O2 in the presence of a 40% increase of blood Hb concentration and of a limited reduction of maximal cardiac output (Qmax), is attributed to changes in the peripheral circulation. These may consist of a) a hindrance of O2 diffusion due to erythrocytes packing secondary to increased hematocrit (Hct up to 70%); b) a bypass of arterial blood from the high-resistance working areas of the body aimed at reducing the load on the heart caused by increased blood viscosity. A 11.6% increase above normal controls of Hb concentration still found in 13 subjects 25 days after leaving altitude does not increase significantly maximum O2 consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:931891", "title": "Effect of neck versus chest cooling on responses to work in heat.", "content": "Six young men performed bench-stepping at a load of 40 W, once at room temperature of 23 degrees C and 3 times in heat (39.5 degrees C db, 30.3 degrees C wb). Two of the heat exposures included cooling of either the neck or chest by circulating cool water having an inlet temperature of 8.3 degrees C. The heat exchanges for the neck and chest were of equal size and they consisted of PVC tubes, having a total length of 3m each, which covered 2.2% of the body surface area. Heat exchange between the tubing assemblies and the environment was prevented by proper insulation. As compared with no cooling in heat, each method of cooling resulted in no change in heart rate, a decrease of 0.5 degrees C in rectal temperature, small and insignificant decreases in skin temperature and 16-22% decreases in sweat rates. Heat removed from the neck and chest equalled 63.1 and61.9 W-m-2, respectively. This large heat removal and the substantial decreases in rectal temperature and sweat rate as a result of cooling 2.2% of the body surface area were explained in terms of the powerful effect of conductive cooling and the particular regions which were cooled.", "contents": "Effect of neck versus chest cooling on responses to work in heat. Six young men performed bench-stepping at a load of 40 W, once at room temperature of 23 degrees C and 3 times in heat (39.5 degrees C db, 30.3 degrees C wb). Two of the heat exposures included cooling of either the neck or chest by circulating cool water having an inlet temperature of 8.3 degrees C. The heat exchanges for the neck and chest were of equal size and they consisted of PVC tubes, having a total length of 3m each, which covered 2.2% of the body surface area. Heat exchange between the tubing assemblies and the environment was prevented by proper insulation. As compared with no cooling in heat, each method of cooling resulted in no change in heart rate, a decrease of 0.5 degrees C in rectal temperature, small and insignificant decreases in skin temperature and 16-22% decreases in sweat rates. Heat removed from the neck and chest equalled 63.1 and61.9 W-m-2, respectively. This large heat removal and the substantial decreases in rectal temperature and sweat rate as a result of cooling 2.2% of the body surface area were explained in terms of the powerful effect of conductive cooling and the particular regions which were cooled."}
{"id": "PMID:931892", "title": "Alveolar-capillary CO2 and O2 gradients due to uneven hematocrits.", "content": "The effect of uneven hematocrit of the blood perfusing the different pulmonary capillaries on gas exchange in the lung was studied in vitro. Venous blood was separated anaerobically into plasma and red cell fractions, arterialized in separate tonometers, and finally reconstituted anaerobically. This simulated the effect of complete separation of plasma and red cells on pulmonary gas exchange. The reconstituted blood had a significantly higher carbon dioxide tension and a lower oxygen tension compared with whole blood similarly arterialized. Experiments in which plasma and red cells were incompletely separated yielded qualitatively similar results; the changes in gas tensions were smaller but still significant. While the degree and extent of separation of plasma and red cells in the pulmonary capillary in vivo is uncertain, direct observation and hemodynamic consideration suggest it must occur to some extent. Thus unevenness in the hematocrit of the perfusing pulmonary capillary blood is a mechanism in the genesis of the alevolar-arterial gradients which should be considered in addition to the known mechanisms of uneven ventilation-perfusion ratios and diffusion defects.", "contents": "Alveolar-capillary CO2 and O2 gradients due to uneven hematocrits. The effect of uneven hematocrit of the blood perfusing the different pulmonary capillaries on gas exchange in the lung was studied in vitro. Venous blood was separated anaerobically into plasma and red cell fractions, arterialized in separate tonometers, and finally reconstituted anaerobically. This simulated the effect of complete separation of plasma and red cells on pulmonary gas exchange. The reconstituted blood had a significantly higher carbon dioxide tension and a lower oxygen tension compared with whole blood similarly arterialized. Experiments in which plasma and red cells were incompletely separated yielded qualitatively similar results; the changes in gas tensions were smaller but still significant. While the degree and extent of separation of plasma and red cells in the pulmonary capillary in vivo is uncertain, direct observation and hemodynamic consideration suggest it must occur to some extent. Thus unevenness in the hematocrit of the perfusing pulmonary capillary blood is a mechanism in the genesis of the alevolar-arterial gradients which should be considered in addition to the known mechanisms of uneven ventilation-perfusion ratios and diffusion defects."}
{"id": "PMID:931893", "title": "Autonomic origin of heart rate fluctuations at the onset of muscular exercise.", "content": "The time courses of the heart rate (HR) changes were studied in six healthy male subjects who performed step changes from rest to light dynamic leg exercise (50 W) in the sitting position during a) control, b) parasympathetic blockade (atropine, 2-2.5 mg iv), c) beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol, 10 mg iv), and d) during combined blockade with both drugs. During the control and beta-blockade experiments all subjects showed an immediate, rapid increase in HR, reaching a peak value after about 10 s, whereafter an equally rapid transient drop by 10-20 beats/min took place reaching the lowest values about 17 s after the onset of work. HR then again increased to reach a  steady-state level within 60-90 s. In the atropine experiments this response pattern was not evident at all, whereas in the experiments with combined blockade it could be distinguished to a small, but significant degree. It is concluded that the observed fluctuations of HR  at the onset of light dynamic exercise can be explained by a rapid vagal withdrawal, followed by a transient increase in vagal tone.", "contents": "Autonomic origin of heart rate fluctuations at the onset of muscular exercise. The time courses of the heart rate (HR) changes were studied in six healthy male subjects who performed step changes from rest to light dynamic leg exercise (50 W) in the sitting position during a) control, b) parasympathetic blockade (atropine, 2-2.5 mg iv), c) beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol, 10 mg iv), and d) during combined blockade with both drugs. During the control and beta-blockade experiments all subjects showed an immediate, rapid increase in HR, reaching a peak value after about 10 s, whereafter an equally rapid transient drop by 10-20 beats/min took place reaching the lowest values about 17 s after the onset of work. HR then again increased to reach a  steady-state level within 60-90 s. In the atropine experiments this response pattern was not evident at all, whereas in the experiments with combined blockade it could be distinguished to a small, but significant degree. It is concluded that the observed fluctuations of HR  at the onset of light dynamic exercise can be explained by a rapid vagal withdrawal, followed by a transient increase in vagal tone."}
{"id": "PMID:931894", "title": "Critical thermal maximum in mice.", "content": "The critical thermal maximum (the colonic temperature of heat-induced convulsion and righting reflex loss) and thermoregulatory response of male mice were examined following I, exposure to colonic temperature (Tco) 42 degrees C; II, a single exposure to the critical thermal maximum (Tco  44 degrees C); AND III, acclimation at ambient temperatures of 15 or 30 degrees C for 14 days. The critical thermal maximum (CTM) was greater in 30 degrees C acclimated mice than 15 degrees C acclimated mice  but was unchanged in mice surviving exposure to Tco 42 degrees C or the CTM. The heating time to apparent breakdown of thermoregulation coincident with an explosive rise in the Tco during exposure to ambient temperature 40.8 degrees C was increased (100%) during the 48-h period following exposure to Tco 42 degrees. It appeared that mice exposed to severe, short-term heat stress (Tco 42 degrees) undergo a compensatory increase in their thermoregulatory cooling capacity with little or no change in the upper temperature tolerated. The animals did, however, exhibit the capability for adaptive adjustments of the upper thermal limit during extended exposure to the more prolonged and less severe environmental heat stress of acclimation at 30 degrees C.", "contents": "Critical thermal maximum in mice. The critical thermal maximum (the colonic temperature of heat-induced convulsion and righting reflex loss) and thermoregulatory response of male mice were examined following I, exposure to colonic temperature (Tco) 42 degrees C; II, a single exposure to the critical thermal maximum (Tco  44 degrees C); AND III, acclimation at ambient temperatures of 15 or 30 degrees C for 14 days. The critical thermal maximum (CTM) was greater in 30 degrees C acclimated mice than 15 degrees C acclimated mice  but was unchanged in mice surviving exposure to Tco 42 degrees C or the CTM. The heating time to apparent breakdown of thermoregulation coincident with an explosive rise in the Tco during exposure to ambient temperature 40.8 degrees C was increased (100%) during the 48-h period following exposure to Tco 42 degrees. It appeared that mice exposed to severe, short-term heat stress (Tco 42 degrees) undergo a compensatory increase in their thermoregulatory cooling capacity with little or no change in the upper temperature tolerated. The animals did, however, exhibit the capability for adaptive adjustments of the upper thermal limit during extended exposure to the more prolonged and less severe environmental heat stress of acclimation at 30 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:931895", "title": "Regulation of respiration in sleeping dogs.", "content": "We have examined the respiratory changes that occur during physiological sleep in three dogs with exteriorized cervical vagal loops. Sleep stage was determined by behavioral and EEG criteria. During non-REM (NREM) sleep breathing was slower (mean change, 23%),deeper (mean change, 18%), and less variable (coefficients of variation, 0.05-0.10) than during wakefulness (W); minute volume of ventilation (Ve) decreased (mean change, 14%) and alveolar CO2 pressure (PAco2) increased slightly (mean change, 1.3 mmHg). In addition, the rate of O2 consumption and ventilatory response to hypercapnia were decreased. In contrast, REM sleep was characterized by rapid, shallow, and considerably more irregular (coefficients of variation, 0.18-0.30) breathing; Ve increased markedly and PAco2 decreased (mean change, 5.2 mmHg). Blockade of both cervical vagus nerves produced comparable changes in each stage of sleep (W, NREM, REM): breathing became slower and deeper, but the differences between stages and the marked irregularity in REM sleep persisted. In contrast, the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) was strong in W and NREM sleep, but weak in REM sleep. The results indicate that changes in respiratory control and stability during sleep are not due to fluctuations in vagal influence despite the fact that one vagal reflex (HBIR) was sleep-state dependent.", "contents": "Regulation of respiration in sleeping dogs. We have examined the respiratory changes that occur during physiological sleep in three dogs with exteriorized cervical vagal loops. Sleep stage was determined by behavioral and EEG criteria. During non-REM (NREM) sleep breathing was slower (mean change, 23%),deeper (mean change, 18%), and less variable (coefficients of variation, 0.05-0.10) than during wakefulness (W); minute volume of ventilation (Ve) decreased (mean change, 14%) and alveolar CO2 pressure (PAco2) increased slightly (mean change, 1.3 mmHg). In addition, the rate of O2 consumption and ventilatory response to hypercapnia were decreased. In contrast, REM sleep was characterized by rapid, shallow, and considerably more irregular (coefficients of variation, 0.18-0.30) breathing; Ve increased markedly and PAco2 decreased (mean change, 5.2 mmHg). Blockade of both cervical vagus nerves produced comparable changes in each stage of sleep (W, NREM, REM): breathing became slower and deeper, but the differences between stages and the marked irregularity in REM sleep persisted. In contrast, the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) was strong in W and NREM sleep, but weak in REM sleep. The results indicate that changes in respiratory control and stability during sleep are not due to fluctuations in vagal influence despite the fact that one vagal reflex (HBIR) was sleep-state dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:931896", "title": "Sweating responses to central and peripheral heating in spinal man.", "content": "Studies of central and peripheral heating of a resting spinal man (T6) were performed under various ambient temperatures (20-34 degrees C). It was found that at a constant core temperature, sweating could not be initiated by sentient skin heating alone, but skin cooling alone did produce a rapid decrease in sweating response. Central heating alone induced sweating responses and the central temperature thresholds of sweating were inversely related to the ambient (sentient skin) temperatures. The local and mean sweating rates were found to be linearly related to the core temperature. The slopes of local sweating rates versus the core temperature vary increasingly with the following locations: chest, forearm, and forehead; but the slopes of mean sweating rates versus core temperature were essentially constant.", "contents": "Sweating responses to central and peripheral heating in spinal man. Studies of central and peripheral heating of a resting spinal man (T6) were performed under various ambient temperatures (20-34 degrees C). It was found that at a constant core temperature, sweating could not be initiated by sentient skin heating alone, but skin cooling alone did produce a rapid decrease in sweating response. Central heating alone induced sweating responses and the central temperature thresholds of sweating were inversely related to the ambient (sentient skin) temperatures. The local and mean sweating rates were found to be linearly related to the core temperature. The slopes of local sweating rates versus the core temperature vary increasingly with the following locations: chest, forearm, and forehead; but the slopes of mean sweating rates versus core temperature were essentially constant."}
{"id": "PMID:931897", "title": "Rate of bicarbonate-chloride exchange in human red cells at 37 degrees C.", "content": "The rate of exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions across the red cell membrane was studied in a continuous flow rapid reaction apparatus at 37 degrees C. A transmembrane gradient both ions was produced by mixture of cells suspended in a solution of one ion with an isosmotic solution of the other ion. Carbonic anhydrase activity was inhibited by acetazolamide to prevent changes in CO2 concentration during the experiments. Chloride and bicarbonate efflux from cells were studied in separate experiments at each experimental pH. Using a least squares technique, values of chloride and bicarbonate permeabilities were fitted to each pair of independent experiments. Chloride permeability averaged 1.1 (+/- 0.2 SD) X 10-4 cm/s and was not affected by change in pH. Recovered bicarbonate permeabilities varied widely, always remaining at least fivefold greater than chloride permeability. While bicarbonate permeability could not be accurately characterized, it appears to be greater than chloride permeability. Analysis of CO2 transfer with the estimated permeabilities indicates that the bicarbonate-chloride exchange by itself probably does not limit CO2 transfer.", "contents": "Rate of bicarbonate-chloride exchange in human red cells at 37 degrees C. The rate of exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions across the red cell membrane was studied in a continuous flow rapid reaction apparatus at 37 degrees C. A transmembrane gradient both ions was produced by mixture of cells suspended in a solution of one ion with an isosmotic solution of the other ion. Carbonic anhydrase activity was inhibited by acetazolamide to prevent changes in CO2 concentration during the experiments. Chloride and bicarbonate efflux from cells were studied in separate experiments at each experimental pH. Using a least squares technique, values of chloride and bicarbonate permeabilities were fitted to each pair of independent experiments. Chloride permeability averaged 1.1 (+/- 0.2 SD) X 10-4 cm/s and was not affected by change in pH. Recovered bicarbonate permeabilities varied widely, always remaining at least fivefold greater than chloride permeability. While bicarbonate permeability could not be accurately characterized, it appears to be greater than chloride permeability. Analysis of CO2 transfer with the estimated permeabilities indicates that the bicarbonate-chloride exchange by itself probably does not limit CO2 transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:931898", "title": "Factors affecting a single-breath N2 washout phase IV.", "content": "A lung model was constructed to examine the effects of the following factors on the phase IV of a single-breath N2 washout: the lung's elasticity change with age, closing pressure (CP), regional volume (Volr) distribution, pleural pressure, and gradient (Grad). The analysis revealed 1) when the CP was assumed to be + 1.0 cmH2O, predicted changes in closing capacity (CC) due to alterations in elasticity agreed with previous experimental results for individuals above 40 yr; for younger age groups, the predicted values were apparently larger, suggesting the CP may be near zero; 2) difference in Volr distribution alone caused alterations in CC and the slope of phase IV; 3) for 1 cmH2O elevation of CP, closing capacity /total lung capacity (CC/TLC) was predicted to increase about 8%; 4) for 0.1 cmHiO/cm Grad increase, CC/TLC was predicted to rise approximately 7%. In conclusion, multiple factors affect phase IV.", "contents": "Factors affecting a single-breath N2 washout phase IV. A lung model was constructed to examine the effects of the following factors on the phase IV of a single-breath N2 washout: the lung's elasticity change with age, closing pressure (CP), regional volume (Volr) distribution, pleural pressure, and gradient (Grad). The analysis revealed 1) when the CP was assumed to be + 1.0 cmH2O, predicted changes in closing capacity (CC) due to alterations in elasticity agreed with previous experimental results for individuals above 40 yr; for younger age groups, the predicted values were apparently larger, suggesting the CP may be near zero; 2) difference in Volr distribution alone caused alterations in CC and the slope of phase IV; 3) for 1 cmH2O elevation of CP, closing capacity /total lung capacity (CC/TLC) was predicted to increase about 8%; 4) for 0.1 cmHiO/cm Grad increase, CC/TLC was predicted to rise approximately 7%. In conclusion, multiple factors affect phase IV."}
{"id": "PMID:931899", "title": "Relationship of AaDO2 TO AIRWAY PCO2 in dog lungs.", "content": "We measured the arterial Po2 and AaDo2 in open-chest dogs respired with air and with 5% CO2 in air at various lung volumes using a constant hyperventilatory pattern. The AaDo2 was an inverse function of lung volume with both air and 5% CO2 and was also an inverse function of both alveolar and arterial Pco2 values except at quite high lung volumes. There were two series of closed-chest experiments. In the first series, ventilation was varied to produce alveolar Pco2 and Po2 changes. In the second series, the dogs were hyperventilated at a constant rate and Pco2 was varied by adding CO2 with alveolar Po2 levels kept relatively constant. In both series the AaDo2 was inversely related to Pco2. We conclude that, in dogs, the AaDo2 is independent upon the Pco2 and speculate that this may be related to the effect of CO2 on collateral ventilation, although the Bohr effect may account for some of the dependence.", "contents": "Relationship of AaDO2 TO AIRWAY PCO2 in dog lungs. We measured the arterial Po2 and AaDo2 in open-chest dogs respired with air and with 5% CO2 in air at various lung volumes using a constant hyperventilatory pattern. The AaDo2 was an inverse function of lung volume with both air and 5% CO2 and was also an inverse function of both alveolar and arterial Pco2 values except at quite high lung volumes. There were two series of closed-chest experiments. In the first series, ventilation was varied to produce alveolar Pco2 and Po2 changes. In the second series, the dogs were hyperventilated at a constant rate and Pco2 was varied by adding CO2 with alveolar Po2 levels kept relatively constant. In both series the AaDo2 was inversely related to Pco2. We conclude that, in dogs, the AaDo2 is independent upon the Pco2 and speculate that this may be related to the effect of CO2 on collateral ventilation, although the Bohr effect may account for some of the dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:931900", "title": "Effect of exercise on cardiac output and distribution of uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes.", "content": "This study was designed to determine what effect physical training has on heart rate and stroke volume responses to exercise stress and to determine if exercise altered the distribution of uterine blood flow. Measurements were made in ten pregnant ewes at rest and immediately following exercise on a treadmill. Five ewes underwent physical training for 3 wk prior to measurement. An increase in heart rate with no change in stroke volume was observed following exercise in both trained and untrained ewes. Total uterine blood flow was not changed following exercise, but distribution was altered in favor of the placenta. Blood flow was evenly distributed within the placenta before and after exercise. The redistribution of flow to the placenta that occurs after exercise. tphe redistribution of flow to the placenta that occurs after exercise might represent a compensatory  mechanism for the fetus.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on cardiac output and distribution of uterine blood flow in pregnant ewes. This study was designed to determine what effect physical training has on heart rate and stroke volume responses to exercise stress and to determine if exercise altered the distribution of uterine blood flow. Measurements were made in ten pregnant ewes at rest and immediately following exercise on a treadmill. Five ewes underwent physical training for 3 wk prior to measurement. An increase in heart rate with no change in stroke volume was observed following exercise in both trained and untrained ewes. Total uterine blood flow was not changed following exercise, but distribution was altered in favor of the placenta. Blood flow was evenly distributed within the placenta before and after exercise. The redistribution of flow to the placenta that occurs after exercise. tphe redistribution of flow to the placenta that occurs after exercise might represent a compensatory  mechanism for the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:931901", "title": "Frequency response analysis of the diaphragm in vivo.", "content": "Frequency response analysis was used to determine the dynamic response characteristics of cat diaphragm under isovolumetric conditions at functional residual capacity (FRC) and at lung volumes above and below FRC. In apneic cats, sinusoidally modulated pulse rate patterns were applied to both phrenic nerves. Modulation frequencies over the range of 0.05-4 Hz were used. Amplitude ratio vs. frequency plots obtained at FRC for intratracheal, intraesophageal, and intragastric pressures were essentially flat at low frequencies but decreased at higher frequencies. Intratracheal and intraesophageal pressure responses were altered by changes in resting lung volume while intragastric pressure was not. The amplitude ratio was decreased at lung volumes above FRC but increased at volumes below FRC. Thus, lung volume significantly affected the input-output relations between phrenic nerve input and diaphragm muscle output. In all preparations studied, significant phase lags were present throughout the entire modulation frequency range. However, in contrast to the effect of lung volume on amplitude ratio, phase lag was not dependent on changes in lung volume.", "contents": "Frequency response analysis of the diaphragm in vivo. Frequency response analysis was used to determine the dynamic response characteristics of cat diaphragm under isovolumetric conditions at functional residual capacity (FRC) and at lung volumes above and below FRC. In apneic cats, sinusoidally modulated pulse rate patterns were applied to both phrenic nerves. Modulation frequencies over the range of 0.05-4 Hz were used. Amplitude ratio vs. frequency plots obtained at FRC for intratracheal, intraesophageal, and intragastric pressures were essentially flat at low frequencies but decreased at higher frequencies. Intratracheal and intraesophageal pressure responses were altered by changes in resting lung volume while intragastric pressure was not. The amplitude ratio was decreased at lung volumes above FRC but increased at volumes below FRC. Thus, lung volume significantly affected the input-output relations between phrenic nerve input and diaphragm muscle output. In all preparations studied, significant phase lags were present throughout the entire modulation frequency range. However, in contrast to the effect of lung volume on amplitude ratio, phase lag was not dependent on changes in lung volume."}
{"id": "PMID:931902", "title": "Closing volumes in man immersed to the neck in water.", "content": "Closing volumes (CV), along with residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), along with residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) were determined in 10 subjects in the dry and while immersed to the neck in water. Closing volumes during immersion increased 41.3% (P less than 0.001) over dry values while RV decreased 9.35% (P less than 0.001) and VC decreased 9.94% (P less than 0.001). The large decrease of 71.3% (P less than 0.001) in ERV resulted in the impingement of closing capacity (CV + RV) on the tidal volume in 9 out of 10 subjects. We interpret this to mean that airway closure occurs during tidal ventilation in immersed subjects and may result in impaired gas exchange. When tourniquets were applied to all four limbs during immersion closing volumes increased only 32.1%, but increased to 64.3% when they were removed. If engorgement of peribronchial vessels predisposes airways to collapse, a reduction of plasma volume during an extended period of immersion might lessen this possibility. In a series of long term (2.5-h) immersion experiments where moderate reductions (-10 to -7%y in plasma volume were observed, we found, however, no correlative changes in closing volume.", "contents": "Closing volumes in man immersed to the neck in water. Closing volumes (CV), along with residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), along with residual volume (RV), vital capacity (VC), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) were determined in 10 subjects in the dry and while immersed to the neck in water. Closing volumes during immersion increased 41.3% (P less than 0.001) over dry values while RV decreased 9.35% (P less than 0.001) and VC decreased 9.94% (P less than 0.001). The large decrease of 71.3% (P less than 0.001) in ERV resulted in the impingement of closing capacity (CV + RV) on the tidal volume in 9 out of 10 subjects. We interpret this to mean that airway closure occurs during tidal ventilation in immersed subjects and may result in impaired gas exchange. When tourniquets were applied to all four limbs during immersion closing volumes increased only 32.1%, but increased to 64.3% when they were removed. If engorgement of peribronchial vessels predisposes airways to collapse, a reduction of plasma volume during an extended period of immersion might lessen this possibility. In a series of long term (2.5-h) immersion experiments where moderate reductions (-10 to -7%y in plasma volume were observed, we found, however, no correlative changes in closing volume."}
{"id": "PMID:931903", "title": "Maximum exercise heart rate reduction with maturation in the rat.", "content": "Maximum exercise heart rate decreases with maturation in the rat as well as in man. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism(s) which might be responsible for this reduction in max exercise heart rate in the rat. Maximum exercise heart rates were 618 +/- 7 vs. 580 +/- 9 beats/min for the young (5 wk) and mature (19 wk) rats, respectively. Atropine had no effect on max exercise heart rate. Propranolol reduced max heart rate in both groups with the older rats having the lowest value. Resting heart rates were recorded following injections of atropine propranolol, and propranolol plus atropine. Under all conditions, including control, heart rates were lower in the mature rats. Electrical stimulation in situ showed a significant difference in the threshold voltage for stimulation at 600 beats/min: 1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 V for the young and mature rats, respectively. These data suggest that intrinsic changes occur in the myocardium with maturation and the reduction in max exercise heart rate is due to these intrinsic changes as opposed to changes in neural influences.", "contents": "Maximum exercise heart rate reduction with maturation in the rat. Maximum exercise heart rate decreases with maturation in the rat as well as in man. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism(s) which might be responsible for this reduction in max exercise heart rate in the rat. Maximum exercise heart rates were 618 +/- 7 vs. 580 +/- 9 beats/min for the young (5 wk) and mature (19 wk) rats, respectively. Atropine had no effect on max exercise heart rate. Propranolol reduced max heart rate in both groups with the older rats having the lowest value. Resting heart rates were recorded following injections of atropine propranolol, and propranolol plus atropine. Under all conditions, including control, heart rates were lower in the mature rats. Electrical stimulation in situ showed a significant difference in the threshold voltage for stimulation at 600 beats/min: 1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 V for the young and mature rats, respectively. These data suggest that intrinsic changes occur in the myocardium with maturation and the reduction in max exercise heart rate is due to these intrinsic changes as opposed to changes in neural influences."}
{"id": "PMID:931904", "title": "Gas embolism due to intravenous FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon.", "content": "Lethal gas embolism always occurs after FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon is injected intravenously (0.1 ml/kg body mass) in dogs breathing room air but not in dogs breathing oxygenated FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon. Gas embolism is not prevented in dogs that have been injected intravenously with FC 80 when they are exposed to 2 ATA (atmospheres absolute) 20% 02-80% N2, 9 ATA 5% O2-95% He, or 1 ATA 100%, O2. In dogs that die of FC 80-induced gas embolism, free gas in the right atrium contains approximately 0.5 g FC 80/liter, and Po2 and Pco2 in the gas are in equilibrium with their corresponding tensions in right atrial blood. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that PFC 80 in alveolar gas does not equilibrate with PFC 80 (55 mmHg) in blood. The total gas tension in pulmonary capillary blood containing FC 80 and its vapor thus exceeds the total tension of alveolar gases (atmospheric pressure). Bubbles of O2, CO2, N2, FC 80, and water vapor form in the regions of the pulmonary capillary bed where the total tension of gases dissolved in blood exceeds the absolute blood pressure.", "contents": "Gas embolism due to intravenous FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon. Lethal gas embolism always occurs after FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon is injected intravenously (0.1 ml/kg body mass) in dogs breathing room air but not in dogs breathing oxygenated FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon. Gas embolism is not prevented in dogs that have been injected intravenously with FC 80 when they are exposed to 2 ATA (atmospheres absolute) 20% 02-80% N2, 9 ATA 5% O2-95% He, or 1 ATA 100%, O2. In dogs that die of FC 80-induced gas embolism, free gas in the right atrium contains approximately 0.5 g FC 80/liter, and Po2 and Pco2 in the gas are in equilibrium with their corresponding tensions in right atrial blood. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that PFC 80 in alveolar gas does not equilibrate with PFC 80 (55 mmHg) in blood. The total gas tension in pulmonary capillary blood containing FC 80 and its vapor thus exceeds the total tension of alveolar gases (atmospheric pressure). Bubbles of O2, CO2, N2, FC 80, and water vapor form in the regions of the pulmonary capillary bed where the total tension of gases dissolved in blood exceeds the absolute blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:931905", "title": "Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body temperature, and sweating.", "content": "Four trained young men, worked for 4 h/day at 43-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Their thermal status was assessed using direct calorimetry. As a group, the men showed classical acclimization responses, but there were marked individual differences. The calorimetric analysis revealed that reductions in strain were associated with minor changes in heat balance confined to the first and last hours of exposure. Events occurring within the first 4 days appeared to have little effect on body temperatures. Significant decreases in body temperature took place only when sweat and evaporation rate increased. A 10% increase in evaporation rate was accompanied by a 30% increase in sweat rate and a 200% increase in unevaporated sweat; thus, there is a wasteful overproduction of sweat. By the 10th day skin temperature was confined to the level necessary to evaporate sufficient sweat to achieve thermal balance with a fully wet body surface. The efficiency of heat transport within the body did not change with acclimatization.", "contents": "Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: energy exchange, body temperature, and sweating. Four trained young men, worked for 4 h/day at 43-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Their thermal status was assessed using direct calorimetry. As a group, the men showed classical acclimization responses, but there were marked individual differences. The calorimetric analysis revealed that reductions in strain were associated with minor changes in heat balance confined to the first and last hours of exposure. Events occurring within the first 4 days appeared to have little effect on body temperatures. Significant decreases in body temperature took place only when sweat and evaporation rate increased. A 10% increase in evaporation rate was accompanied by a 30% increase in sweat rate and a 200% increase in unevaporated sweat; thus, there is a wasteful overproduction of sweat. By the 10th day skin temperature was confined to the level necessary to evaporate sufficient sweat to achieve thermal balance with a fully wet body surface. The efficiency of heat transport within the body did not change with acclimatization."}
{"id": "PMID:931906", "title": "Acclimization in a hot, humid environment: cardiovascular adjustments.", "content": "Four trained young men worked for 4 h/day at 40-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity first  for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb, and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. This portion of the study was mainly concerned with central circulatory changes during acclimatization. The central circulatory adaptation to work in heat could be divided into four distinct phases: phase I (day 1) was characterized by a progressive fall in stroke volume (SV) during heat exposure but cardiac output (CO) was maintained above control values by high heart rates. Phase II (days 2 and 3) was marked by increases in SV ande decreases in heart rate but with little change in CO from phase I. During phase III (days 4-8 of acclimatization), CO increased due to increases in SV. Phase IV (days 6-8) was associated with decreases in rectal and skin temperature towards control levels. SV and HR both decline in this phase so that CO was not elevated greatly above  control levels. The results indicated that central circulatory and temperature regulating events are not casually associated in acclimatization.", "contents": "Acclimization in a hot, humid environment: cardiovascular adjustments. Four trained young men worked for 4 h/day at 40-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity first  for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb, and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. This portion of the study was mainly concerned with central circulatory changes during acclimatization. The central circulatory adaptation to work in heat could be divided into four distinct phases: phase I (day 1) was characterized by a progressive fall in stroke volume (SV) during heat exposure but cardiac output (CO) was maintained above control values by high heart rates. Phase II (days 2 and 3) was marked by increases in SV ande decreases in heart rate but with little change in CO from phase I. During phase III (days 4-8 of acclimatization), CO increased due to increases in SV. Phase IV (days 6-8) was associated with decreases in rectal and skin temperature towards control levels. SV and HR both decline in this phase so that CO was not elevated greatly above  control levels. The results indicated that central circulatory and temperature regulating events are not casually associated in acclimatization."}
{"id": "PMID:931907", "title": "Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: body fluid adjustments.", "content": "Four trained men worked 4 h/day at 40-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity first for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Between days 1 and 2 of heat exposure mean total circulating protein (TCP) and plasma volume (PV) increased 11.6% and 9%, respectively. Preexposure TCP and PV increased until day 6 of heat exposure. Of the protein fractions beta-globulins underwent the largest relative increase. During work movement of protein into and out of the vascular compartment was similar in control and acclimatizing subjects but the latter generally maintained a greater amount of protein and fluid within the vascular volume. There was no evidence of salt and water retention. The increase in vascualr volume was ascribed to transfer of interstitial protein and water to the vascular volume. Regression coefficients indicated significant correlations for changes in plasma volume versus heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output during acclimatization. It was concluded that the most critical event in heat acclimatization is the expansion of the plasma volume.", "contents": "Acclimatization in a hot, humid environment: body fluid adjustments. Four trained men worked 4 h/day at 40-50% of their maximum aerobic capacity first for 3 days at 25 degrees C db, 18 degrees C wb and then for 10 consecutive days at 45 degrees C db, 32 degrees C wb. Between days 1 and 2 of heat exposure mean total circulating protein (TCP) and plasma volume (PV) increased 11.6% and 9%, respectively. Preexposure TCP and PV increased until day 6 of heat exposure. Of the protein fractions beta-globulins underwent the largest relative increase. During work movement of protein into and out of the vascular compartment was similar in control and acclimatizing subjects but the latter generally maintained a greater amount of protein and fluid within the vascular volume. There was no evidence of salt and water retention. The increase in vascualr volume was ascribed to transfer of interstitial protein and water to the vascular volume. Regression coefficients indicated significant correlations for changes in plasma volume versus heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output during acclimatization. It was concluded that the most critical event in heat acclimatization is the expansion of the plasma volume."}
{"id": "PMID:931908", "title": "Adrenergic receptors and vascular resistance in cerebral circulation of the cat.", "content": "Infusion of catecholamines and pharmacologic blockade were used to demonstrate the presence of an adrenergic receptor system with both alpha and beta components inthe feline cerebral vasculature. For this purpose, the anatomically isolated brain preparation was perfused under controlled constant-pressure conditions to eliminate active autoregulatory changes and passive fluctuations in calculated cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) secondary to alterations of perfusion pressure. Alpha adrenergic activity was demonstrated as substantial cerebral vasoconstriction in response to infusions of l-norepinephrine and epinephrine; cerebral blood flow (CBF) was decreased by mean values of 25% and 29%, respectively, with calculated increases in CVR of 82% and 62%, respectively. Marked reductions in the vasoconstriction produced by these two catecholamines followed the use of the alpha receptor blocking drug, phenoxybenzamine. Isoproterenol consistently produced cerebral vasodilation (mean CVR decrease of 22%), and this vasodilation was blocked during infusion of a specific beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Histamine vasodilation (mean CBF increase 49%) appeared to be independent of the classic adrenergic mechanisma. The observed responses are explained on the basis of a functionally significant cerebrovascular adrenergic system having high specificity and demonstrating considerable potency. The data also indicate a predominance of alpha over beta adrenergic cerebrovascular reception.", "contents": "Adrenergic receptors and vascular resistance in cerebral circulation of the cat. Infusion of catecholamines and pharmacologic blockade were used to demonstrate the presence of an adrenergic receptor system with both alpha and beta components inthe feline cerebral vasculature. For this purpose, the anatomically isolated brain preparation was perfused under controlled constant-pressure conditions to eliminate active autoregulatory changes and passive fluctuations in calculated cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) secondary to alterations of perfusion pressure. Alpha adrenergic activity was demonstrated as substantial cerebral vasoconstriction in response to infusions of l-norepinephrine and epinephrine; cerebral blood flow (CBF) was decreased by mean values of 25% and 29%, respectively, with calculated increases in CVR of 82% and 62%, respectively. Marked reductions in the vasoconstriction produced by these two catecholamines followed the use of the alpha receptor blocking drug, phenoxybenzamine. Isoproterenol consistently produced cerebral vasodilation (mean CVR decrease of 22%), and this vasodilation was blocked during infusion of a specific beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. Histamine vasodilation (mean CBF increase 49%) appeared to be independent of the classic adrenergic mechanisma. The observed responses are explained on the basis of a functionally significant cerebrovascular adrenergic system having high specificity and demonstrating considerable potency. The data also indicate a predominance of alpha over beta adrenergic cerebrovascular reception."}
{"id": "PMID:931909", "title": "Occlusion pressures in men rebreathing CO2 under methoxyflurane anesthesia.", "content": "The effect of general anesthesia on control of breathing was studied by CO2 rebreathing and occlusion pressure measurements in six normal human subjects under methoxyflurane anesthesia. CO2 was found to increase the amplitude of the occlusion pressure wave without changing its shape, so that CO2 responses in terms of the occlusion pressure developed 100 ms after the onset of inspiration  (Po/0.1) gave results equivalent to the responses in terms of Po/1.o or any other parameter of the pressure wave. Methoxyflurane depressed the ventilatory response to CO2 but not the occlusion pressure response, implying that the most important action of the anesthetic was to increase the effective elastance of the respiratory system rather than to depress the respiratory centers. The elastance was further increased by CO2, and this mechanical change had the effect of shifting the \"apneic threshold\" extrapolated from the ventilatory response curve to a lower PAco2. Frequency of breathing, inspiratory and expiratory times were not altered by CO2 in anesthetized subjects.", "contents": "Occlusion pressures in men rebreathing CO2 under methoxyflurane anesthesia. The effect of general anesthesia on control of breathing was studied by CO2 rebreathing and occlusion pressure measurements in six normal human subjects under methoxyflurane anesthesia. CO2 was found to increase the amplitude of the occlusion pressure wave without changing its shape, so that CO2 responses in terms of the occlusion pressure developed 100 ms after the onset of inspiration  (Po/0.1) gave results equivalent to the responses in terms of Po/1.o or any other parameter of the pressure wave. Methoxyflurane depressed the ventilatory response to CO2 but not the occlusion pressure response, implying that the most important action of the anesthetic was to increase the effective elastance of the respiratory system rather than to depress the respiratory centers. The elastance was further increased by CO2, and this mechanical change had the effect of shifting the \"apneic threshold\" extrapolated from the ventilatory response curve to a lower PAco2. Frequency of breathing, inspiratory and expiratory times were not altered by CO2 in anesthetized subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:931910", "title": "Solubility of 92 in blood with different hemoglobin concentrations at low temperatures.", "content": "The Brunsen solubility coefficients for O2 in blood obtained from healthy nonsmoking subjects have been determined at 0, 6, and 12 degrees C for bloods of hemoglobin concentrations 5.6, 10.2, 15.7, and 22.5 g/100 ml. Direct gasometric measurements show that blood has a relative solubility (alphabeta/alphah2o) different for each hemoglobin concentration but constant for any given hemoglobin concentration at the temperatures studied (0.6, and 12 degrees C). For hemoglobin concentrations 5.6, 10.2, 15.7, and 22.5 g/100 ml alphabetao degrees C/alphabeta 12 degrees C rations were 1.36, 1.35, 1.35, and 1.35, respectively. The alpha H20(0 degrees C)/alpha H20(12 degrees C) ratio is 1.34. Consequently, it was possible to construct a table for the Brunsen solubility coefficients for O2 in blood from O to 15 degrees C of different hemoglobulin concentrations. Values from 10 to 15 degrees C published in the Biologal Hanbook, Respiration and Circulation, based on extrapolations from previous direct measurements of temperatures from 18 to 37 degrees C differ only 1% from our present results.", "contents": "Solubility of 92 in blood with different hemoglobin concentrations at low temperatures. The Brunsen solubility coefficients for O2 in blood obtained from healthy nonsmoking subjects have been determined at 0, 6, and 12 degrees C for bloods of hemoglobin concentrations 5.6, 10.2, 15.7, and 22.5 g/100 ml. Direct gasometric measurements show that blood has a relative solubility (alphabeta/alphah2o) different for each hemoglobin concentration but constant for any given hemoglobin concentration at the temperatures studied (0.6, and 12 degrees C). For hemoglobin concentrations 5.6, 10.2, 15.7, and 22.5 g/100 ml alphabetao degrees C/alphabeta 12 degrees C rations were 1.36, 1.35, 1.35, and 1.35, respectively. The alpha H20(0 degrees C)/alpha H20(12 degrees C) ratio is 1.34. Consequently, it was possible to construct a table for the Brunsen solubility coefficients for O2 in blood from O to 15 degrees C of different hemoglobulin concentrations. Values from 10 to 15 degrees C published in the Biologal Hanbook, Respiration and Circulation, based on extrapolations from previous direct measurements of temperatures from 18 to 37 degrees C differ only 1% from our present results."}
{"id": "PMID:931911", "title": "Local regulation of collateral ventilation  by oxygen and carbon dioxide.", "content": "The effects of changes in CO2 and O2 on the mechanics of collateral ventilation were studied in anesthetized paralyzed dogs. A doublelumen catheter was wedged into a peripheral airway obstructing a segment of lung distal to the catheter. Through one lumen of the catheter, air, 5% CO2 in air, 10% CO2 in air, 5% O2 in N2, or 5% CO2 in N2 was infused at a constant flow (V). Pressure (Ps) was monitored through the other lumen. At functional residual capacity the resistance  to collateral flor Rcoll = Ps/V. When V was interrrupted , the time for Ps to fall 63% was defined as the time constant for collateral ventilation, Tcoll. The effective compliance (Cs') = Tcoll/Rcoll. When air was replaced by 5% CO2, Rcoll fell 46.3% (+/- SE 2.8) and Tcoll fell 41.5% (+/- SE 3.0). When the CO2 concentration was increased from 5% to 10%, Rcoll fell an additional 9.2% (+/- SE 2.2) and Tcoll fell an additional 5.1% (+/- SE 4.4). When air was replaced by 5% O2 in N2, Rcoll rose 36.6% (+/- SE 6.0) and Tcoll rose 13.6% (+/- SE 10.5). No significant changes in Cs' were noted. We conclude that varying concentrations of CO2 and O2 provide potent mechanisms for the control of collateral ventillation which may be of importance in the regulation of ventillation perfusion relationships at the local level.", "contents": "Local regulation of collateral ventilation  by oxygen and carbon dioxide. The effects of changes in CO2 and O2 on the mechanics of collateral ventilation were studied in anesthetized paralyzed dogs. A doublelumen catheter was wedged into a peripheral airway obstructing a segment of lung distal to the catheter. Through one lumen of the catheter, air, 5% CO2 in air, 10% CO2 in air, 5% O2 in N2, or 5% CO2 in N2 was infused at a constant flow (V). Pressure (Ps) was monitored through the other lumen. At functional residual capacity the resistance  to collateral flor Rcoll = Ps/V. When V was interrrupted , the time for Ps to fall 63% was defined as the time constant for collateral ventilation, Tcoll. The effective compliance (Cs') = Tcoll/Rcoll. When air was replaced by 5% CO2, Rcoll fell 46.3% (+/- SE 2.8) and Tcoll fell 41.5% (+/- SE 3.0). When the CO2 concentration was increased from 5% to 10%, Rcoll fell an additional 9.2% (+/- SE 2.2) and Tcoll fell an additional 5.1% (+/- SE 4.4). When air was replaced by 5% O2 in N2, Rcoll rose 36.6% (+/- SE 6.0) and Tcoll rose 13.6% (+/- SE 10.5). No significant changes in Cs' were noted. We conclude that varying concentrations of CO2 and O2 provide potent mechanisms for the control of collateral ventillation which may be of importance in the regulation of ventillation perfusion relationships at the local level."}
{"id": "PMID:931912", "title": "Electromechanical stimulator for presenting moving cutaneous stimuli.", "content": "Recent interest in the neural processing of complex cutaneous stimuli such as moving stimuli has necessitated more versatile stimulating devices. This article describes the construction  and application of a relatively inexpensive instrument, utilizing equipment readily available in most neurophysiological laboratories, which provides a variety of moving cutaneous stimuli of selected velocities, excursions, and directions. The electronic portion of the instrument consists of a logically controlled varable rate integrator wired to conform to the electrical and mechanical characteristics of a Grass P5 plug-in. This circuitry operates the remainder of the instrument which consists of a P5 driver amplifier used to drive the pen motor mechanism that provides the moving cutaneous stimulus.", "contents": "Electromechanical stimulator for presenting moving cutaneous stimuli. Recent interest in the neural processing of complex cutaneous stimuli such as moving stimuli has necessitated more versatile stimulating devices. This article describes the construction  and application of a relatively inexpensive instrument, utilizing equipment readily available in most neurophysiological laboratories, which provides a variety of moving cutaneous stimuli of selected velocities, excursions, and directions. The electronic portion of the instrument consists of a logically controlled varable rate integrator wired to conform to the electrical and mechanical characteristics of a Grass P5 plug-in. This circuitry operates the remainder of the instrument which consists of a P5 driver amplifier used to drive the pen motor mechanism that provides the moving cutaneous stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:931913", "title": "Analytical refinements in animal calorimetry.", "content": "An analysis is presented of a system for indirect calorimetric measurement. Emphasis has been placed upon problems associated with the use of large climate-controlled chambers. The dynamics of gas exchange and the influence of ambient conditions on various parameters have been subjected to physical analysis which has led to the following conclusions: 1) Fast-response measurement of heat production can be achieved even if the size and hence washout time of the chamber is large. 2) Accurate continuous measurement of heat production over long periods, without correction for changes in barometric pressure, is possible if suitable instrumentation is chosen. 3) A method for calibration of a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer achieved high accuracy at low cost. 4) The entire system has been checked by simulation of gas exchange in the chamber, by injection of nitrogen at a known rate.", "contents": "Analytical refinements in animal calorimetry. An analysis is presented of a system for indirect calorimetric measurement. Emphasis has been placed upon problems associated with the use of large climate-controlled chambers. The dynamics of gas exchange and the influence of ambient conditions on various parameters have been subjected to physical analysis which has led to the following conclusions: 1) Fast-response measurement of heat production can be achieved even if the size and hence washout time of the chamber is large. 2) Accurate continuous measurement of heat production over long periods, without correction for changes in barometric pressure, is possible if suitable instrumentation is chosen. 3) A method for calibration of a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer achieved high accuracy at low cost. 4) The entire system has been checked by simulation of gas exchange in the chamber, by injection of nitrogen at a known rate."}
{"id": "PMID:931914", "title": "Technique for serial right and left ventricular endocardial biopsy in dogs.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining left and right ventricular endocardial biopsies repeatedly over a period of 3-6 mo in the dog. The left ventricular endocardial biopsy technique consists of the placement of a catheter via the venous route across the atrial septum and into the left ventricle. The biopsy catheter is in turn placed within this transseptal catheter. Tissues obtained by this method were satisfactory for both light and electron microscopic examination. At postmortem examination, only minimal and insignificant damage existed at the biopsy site. Consequently, we recommend this technique for the study of progressive pathologic changes in the endocardium that occur during the course of an experiment which can be identified and quantified in comparison to the control state.", "contents": "Technique for serial right and left ventricular endocardial biopsy in dogs. A method is described for obtaining left and right ventricular endocardial biopsies repeatedly over a period of 3-6 mo in the dog. The left ventricular endocardial biopsy technique consists of the placement of a catheter via the venous route across the atrial septum and into the left ventricle. The biopsy catheter is in turn placed within this transseptal catheter. Tissues obtained by this method were satisfactory for both light and electron microscopic examination. At postmortem examination, only minimal and insignificant damage existed at the biopsy site. Consequently, we recommend this technique for the study of progressive pathologic changes in the endocardium that occur during the course of an experiment which can be identified and quantified in comparison to the control state."}
{"id": "PMID:931915", "title": "Oxygen uptake measurements during competitive marathon running.", "content": "Oxygen uptakes and running speeds of two marathon runners as well as average slopes of the running terrain were measured approximately every 3 miles of a competitive marathon. The runners had energy expenditures requiring from 68 to 100% of their Vo2 max, confirming previous estimates. As the race progressed, both runners exhibited decreases in V92 while running at similar rates and slopes. At 23.4 miles, one runner was found to be utilizing 4.54 l/min, a value equivalent to his Vo2 max.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake measurements during competitive marathon running. Oxygen uptakes and running speeds of two marathon runners as well as average slopes of the running terrain were measured approximately every 3 miles of a competitive marathon. The runners had energy expenditures requiring from 68 to 100% of their Vo2 max, confirming previous estimates. As the race progressed, both runners exhibited decreases in V92 while running at similar rates and slopes. At 23.4 miles, one runner was found to be utilizing 4.54 l/min, a value equivalent to his Vo2 max."}
{"id": "PMID:931916", "title": "Fluid-filled blood pressure measurement systems.", "content": "The performance of catheter-manometer systems for the measurement of pulsatile pressure has been evaluated by both experimental techniques and theoretical considerations. The former approach has shown, on occasion, multiple maxima in the amplitude response. The latter has been approached in a variety of ways, ranging from extreme lumping to application of transmission line theory while employing different configurations in the system's representation. Multiple maxima have also been seen, The present paper identifies the sources of the differences found and compares the relative merits of various theoretical approaches. It introduces the compliance of the system as a figure of merit and provides a simple first-order approximation formula for evaluation of the quality of a system. Damping and impedance matching to improve the system's frequency response were studied. It was found that they were not needed in a very stiff or a very compliant system, nor should one worry about the  representation of such a system.", "contents": "Fluid-filled blood pressure measurement systems. The performance of catheter-manometer systems for the measurement of pulsatile pressure has been evaluated by both experimental techniques and theoretical considerations. The former approach has shown, on occasion, multiple maxima in the amplitude response. The latter has been approached in a variety of ways, ranging from extreme lumping to application of transmission line theory while employing different configurations in the system's representation. Multiple maxima have also been seen, The present paper identifies the sources of the differences found and compares the relative merits of various theoretical approaches. It introduces the compliance of the system as a figure of merit and provides a simple first-order approximation formula for evaluation of the quality of a system. Damping and impedance matching to improve the system's frequency response were studied. It was found that they were not needed in a very stiff or a very compliant system, nor should one worry about the  representation of such a system."}
{"id": "PMID:931917", "title": "Determing the pulmonary excretion rate of carbon monoxide in newborn infants.", "content": "A simplified technique was devised for measurement carbon monoxide excretion rates in newborn infants. Determinations can be performed quickly and repetitively in a noninvasive manner, with a sensitivity sufficient for use even on small preterm infants. Resolution of the method is +/- 4.3 mul/h (SD); however, variations in infant respiration rate may cause much greater changes in actual excretion rate. Preliminary results with five full-term newborn agree to within 15% of previously reported data. The system will be used extensively in ongoing studies involving total bilirubin production as a function of gestational age.", "contents": "Determing the pulmonary excretion rate of carbon monoxide in newborn infants. A simplified technique was devised for measurement carbon monoxide excretion rates in newborn infants. Determinations can be performed quickly and repetitively in a noninvasive manner, with a sensitivity sufficient for use even on small preterm infants. Resolution of the method is +/- 4.3 mul/h (SD); however, variations in infant respiration rate may cause much greater changes in actual excretion rate. Preliminary results with five full-term newborn agree to within 15% of previously reported data. The system will be used extensively in ongoing studies involving total bilirubin production as a function of gestational age."}
{"id": "PMID:931918", "title": "A model of graded ischemia in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Insertion of a flow pump into the Langendorff retrograde perfusion apparatus has permitted the production of stable, graded ischemia in hearts whose hemodynamic and metabolic response may be evaluated. Ventricular pressures were monitored with a modified balloon and catheter-tip manometer system, and oxygen consumption , lactate and glucose metabolism, and tissue high-energy phosphate stores measured. A 15-min stabilization period in 56 paced hearts was followed by 15 min of either full, 40, 30, 20, or 10% coronary flow, after which the ventricular tissue was freeze-clamped for tissue assay. Tissue creatine phosphate fell progressively from 23.7 in full flow hearts to 9.9 mumol/g dry wt after 90% reduction in flow. This was accompanied by a graded reduction in ATP from 20.3 to 14.0 mumol/g dry wt and a rise in AMP from 1.1 to 2.6 mumol/g dry wt. Tissue lactate rose progressively from 22.3 to 60.1 mumol/g dry wt. Hemodynamic function correlated with coronary flow. This preparation offers an opportunity to study pharmacological and metabolic interventions in ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "A model of graded ischemia in the isolated perfused rat heart. Insertion of a flow pump into the Langendorff retrograde perfusion apparatus has permitted the production of stable, graded ischemia in hearts whose hemodynamic and metabolic response may be evaluated. Ventricular pressures were monitored with a modified balloon and catheter-tip manometer system, and oxygen consumption , lactate and glucose metabolism, and tissue high-energy phosphate stores measured. A 15-min stabilization period in 56 paced hearts was followed by 15 min of either full, 40, 30, 20, or 10% coronary flow, after which the ventricular tissue was freeze-clamped for tissue assay. Tissue creatine phosphate fell progressively from 23.7 in full flow hearts to 9.9 mumol/g dry wt after 90% reduction in flow. This was accompanied by a graded reduction in ATP from 20.3 to 14.0 mumol/g dry wt and a rise in AMP from 1.1 to 2.6 mumol/g dry wt. Tissue lactate rose progressively from 22.3 to 60.1 mumol/g dry wt. Hemodynamic function correlated with coronary flow. This preparation offers an opportunity to study pharmacological and metabolic interventions in ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:931919", "title": "Comparison of proximal tubule fluid-to-plasma ultrafiltrate chloride ratio in rats and dogs.", "content": "Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that the concentration of chloride in proximal tubule fluid is greater than that in plasma. The gradient reaches a free-flow steady-state level in the early proximal tubule and is maintained throughout the accessible proximal tubule. On the other hand, studies in dogs are in conflict regarding either the existence of a gradient or the development of a free-flow steady-state level. Since a species difference of tubule fluid to plasma chloride (TF/PC1) may exist, the present study was done to systematically compare the tubule fluid to ultrafiltrate chloride ratio (TF/UFC1) in hydropenic rats and dogs during normal acid-base balance. Chloride was analyzed by microelectrometric titration. In the rat the TFC1 and UFC1 concentrations were 139 +/- 1.4 and 120 +/- 1.2 meq/1, respectively. In the dog the TFC1 and UFC1 concentrations were 138 +/- 1.3 and 121 +/- 1.5 meq/1, respectively. Thus, there was no significant difference in the TF/UFC1 ratio between the rat (1.17 +/- 0.02) and the dog (1.14 +/- 0.01). Furthermore, regression analysis indicates that there is no correlation between TF/UFC1 and TF/PIn in either the rat or dog, which suggests that the gradient originates early in the proximal tubule and is maintained throughout the accessible proximal tubule in both species.", "contents": "Comparison of proximal tubule fluid-to-plasma ultrafiltrate chloride ratio in rats and dogs. Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that the concentration of chloride in proximal tubule fluid is greater than that in plasma. The gradient reaches a free-flow steady-state level in the early proximal tubule and is maintained throughout the accessible proximal tubule. On the other hand, studies in dogs are in conflict regarding either the existence of a gradient or the development of a free-flow steady-state level. Since a species difference of tubule fluid to plasma chloride (TF/PC1) may exist, the present study was done to systematically compare the tubule fluid to ultrafiltrate chloride ratio (TF/UFC1) in hydropenic rats and dogs during normal acid-base balance. Chloride was analyzed by microelectrometric titration. In the rat the TFC1 and UFC1 concentrations were 139 +/- 1.4 and 120 +/- 1.2 meq/1, respectively. In the dog the TFC1 and UFC1 concentrations were 138 +/- 1.3 and 121 +/- 1.5 meq/1, respectively. Thus, there was no significant difference in the TF/UFC1 ratio between the rat (1.17 +/- 0.02) and the dog (1.14 +/- 0.01). Furthermore, regression analysis indicates that there is no correlation between TF/UFC1 and TF/PIn in either the rat or dog, which suggests that the gradient originates early in the proximal tubule and is maintained throughout the accessible proximal tubule in both species."}
{"id": "PMID:931921", "title": "Glucagon and plasma catecholamines during beta-receptor blockade in exercising man.", "content": "Seven men ran at 60% of individual maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (P), during lipolytic blockade with nicotinic acid (N), or without drugs (C). The total work times (83 +/- 9 (P), 122 +/- 8 (N), 166 +/- 10 (C) min, mean and SE) differed significantly. Epinephrine rose progressively above preexercise levels (0.06 +/- 0.01 ng/ml); at exhaustion concentrations in P experiments (2.15 +/- 0.41) were larger than in N (1.08 +/- 0.31) and C (0.72 +/- 0.28) experiments. Norepinephrine increased consistently while insulin decreased. After an initial decrease glucagon concentrations increased progressively in parallel with declining plasma glucose and were at exhaustion always three times preexercise values. Thus beta-adrenergic blockade did not diminish the glucagon response. Nor was this response increased when alpha-receptor stimulation in P experiments was intensified. Carbohydrate combustion was smaller and NEFA and glycerol concentrations in serum larger during C experiments. Alanine concentrations were never raised at exhaustion. Accordingly, neither stimulation of adrenergic receptors nor NEFA and alanine concentrations are major determinants for the exercise-induced glucagon secretion in man. It is suggested that decreased glucose availability enhances the secretion of glucagon and epinephrine during prolonged exercise.", "contents": "Glucagon and plasma catecholamines during beta-receptor blockade in exercising man. Seven men ran at 60% of individual maximal oxygen uptake to exhaustion during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (P), during lipolytic blockade with nicotinic acid (N), or without drugs (C). The total work times (83 +/- 9 (P), 122 +/- 8 (N), 166 +/- 10 (C) min, mean and SE) differed significantly. Epinephrine rose progressively above preexercise levels (0.06 +/- 0.01 ng/ml); at exhaustion concentrations in P experiments (2.15 +/- 0.41) were larger than in N (1.08 +/- 0.31) and C (0.72 +/- 0.28) experiments. Norepinephrine increased consistently while insulin decreased. After an initial decrease glucagon concentrations increased progressively in parallel with declining plasma glucose and were at exhaustion always three times preexercise values. Thus beta-adrenergic blockade did not diminish the glucagon response. Nor was this response increased when alpha-receptor stimulation in P experiments was intensified. Carbohydrate combustion was smaller and NEFA and glycerol concentrations in serum larger during C experiments. Alanine concentrations were never raised at exhaustion. Accordingly, neither stimulation of adrenergic receptors nor NEFA and alanine concentrations are major determinants for the exercise-induced glucagon secretion in man. It is suggested that decreased glucose availability enhances the secretion of glucagon and epinephrine during prolonged exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:931922", "title": "Ventilatory responses to the metabolic acidosis of treadmill and cycle ergometry.", "content": "Ventilation and acid-base responses were studied at comparable levels of O2 uptake during cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise, to determine the extent to which the type of exercise affects these responses. Twenty male subjects performed 50-, 100-, and 150-W cycle ergometer exercise and three work rates of similar O2 uptake on a treadmill. At comparable oxygen uptakes, arterial lactate and VE were higher and arterial pH and bicarbonate were lower for cycle ergometer than treadmill exercise. These differences could be accounted for by the greater degree of metabolic acidosis during cycle ergometer work. The increment in VE over that predicted (from an extrapolation of the linear relationship of the VE-VO2 relationship for low work rates) was linearly related to the decrease in arterial bicarbonate; VE was increased by approximately 4 1/min for each meq/1 of bicarbonate decrease for both treadmill and cycle ergometry.", "contents": "Ventilatory responses to the metabolic acidosis of treadmill and cycle ergometry. Ventilation and acid-base responses were studied at comparable levels of O2 uptake during cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise, to determine the extent to which the type of exercise affects these responses. Twenty male subjects performed 50-, 100-, and 150-W cycle ergometer exercise and three work rates of similar O2 uptake on a treadmill. At comparable oxygen uptakes, arterial lactate and VE were higher and arterial pH and bicarbonate were lower for cycle ergometer than treadmill exercise. These differences could be accounted for by the greater degree of metabolic acidosis during cycle ergometer work. The increment in VE over that predicted (from an extrapolation of the linear relationship of the VE-VO2 relationship for low work rates) was linearly related to the decrease in arterial bicarbonate; VE was increased by approximately 4 1/min for each meq/1 of bicarbonate decrease for both treadmill and cycle ergometry."}
{"id": "PMID:931924", "title": "Oxygen consumption in relation to work load in students with cerebral palsy.", "content": "Eighteen adolescents with various forms of cerebral palsy performed tests on a mechanically braked ergometer bicycle. VO2 was measured at different loads and net mechanical efficiency calculated. It was found that efficiency was poor at light loads for most of the students but that there were significant intergroup differences in mechanical efficiency at higher loads. The leveling-off plateau demonstrated by healthy adolescents was only attained by a few of the disabled students. It was concluded that the muscle hypertonia and involuntary movements were responsible for the high level of energy expended in the mechanical work performed.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption in relation to work load in students with cerebral palsy. Eighteen adolescents with various forms of cerebral palsy performed tests on a mechanically braked ergometer bicycle. VO2 was measured at different loads and net mechanical efficiency calculated. It was found that efficiency was poor at light loads for most of the students but that there were significant intergroup differences in mechanical efficiency at higher loads. The leveling-off plateau demonstrated by healthy adolescents was only attained by a few of the disabled students. It was concluded that the muscle hypertonia and involuntary movements were responsible for the high level of energy expended in the mechanical work performed."}
{"id": "PMID:931923", "title": "Skeletal muscle enzyme alterations after sprint and endurance training.", "content": "Specifically designed programs of sprint and endurance running were used to determine how different types of training affect enzyme activities in selected energy metabolism pathways. Three types of rat skeletal muscle were studied. After 8 wk of training, small but significant decreases in lactate dehydrogenase activity (15%) were found in the soleus and white vastus lateralis muscles of the sprint animals. Decreased levels of phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase (approx. 20%) of the white vastus lateralis muscles of the endurance group were observed at the same time. By 16 wk of training, fumarase activity increased approximately twofold in the white vastus muscles and 45% in the soleus and plantaris muscles of the endurance group. Similarly, increased fumarase activity (42%) was seen in the soleus muscles of the sprint group. In all muscles, phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase activities generally were lower in the endurance animals than in the control animals. No significant differences were found between the sprint and endurance groups at either or sixteen weeks of training. These results suggest that similar enzyme adaptations occur over time with both types of training.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle enzyme alterations after sprint and endurance training. Specifically designed programs of sprint and endurance running were used to determine how different types of training affect enzyme activities in selected energy metabolism pathways. Three types of rat skeletal muscle were studied. After 8 wk of training, small but significant decreases in lactate dehydrogenase activity (15%) were found in the soleus and white vastus lateralis muscles of the sprint animals. Decreased levels of phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase (approx. 20%) of the white vastus lateralis muscles of the endurance group were observed at the same time. By 16 wk of training, fumarase activity increased approximately twofold in the white vastus muscles and 45% in the soleus and plantaris muscles of the endurance group. Similarly, increased fumarase activity (42%) was seen in the soleus muscles of the sprint group. In all muscles, phosphoglucomutase and lactate dehydrogenase activities generally were lower in the endurance animals than in the control animals. No significant differences were found between the sprint and endurance groups at either or sixteen weeks of training. These results suggest that similar enzyme adaptations occur over time with both types of training."}
{"id": "PMID:931925", "title": "Changes in distribution of cardiac output by surface-induced deep hypothermia in dogs.", "content": "The effects of surface-induced deep hypothermia on organ blood flow and on the distribution of cardiac output were investigated in the anesthetized dog. Organ flows were determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Phenoxybenzamine (POB) was administered prior to hypothermia to minimize vasoconstriction and hence facilitate cooling. Measurements were made before POB, on stabilization after POB, and during hypothermia. Cardiac output was reduced by POB as was blood flow to the pancreas, small intestine, and skeletal muscle. Hypothermia, following POB, produced a further fall in Q and during this maneuver blood flow fell in all organs and vascular beds studied. The relative distribution of Q during hypothermia was essentially the same as in the control except the brain, kidneys, and pancreas received a smaller fraction of the total output. The relatively normal distribution of a reduced cardiac output during hypothermia was in marked contrast to distribution of comparable low cardiac output induced by hemorrhage. In the latter condition, the fraction of the cardiac output perfusing the brain, kidneys, adrenals, and hepatic artery was increased.", "contents": "Changes in distribution of cardiac output by surface-induced deep hypothermia in dogs. The effects of surface-induced deep hypothermia on organ blood flow and on the distribution of cardiac output were investigated in the anesthetized dog. Organ flows were determined by the radioactive microsphere technique. Phenoxybenzamine (POB) was administered prior to hypothermia to minimize vasoconstriction and hence facilitate cooling. Measurements were made before POB, on stabilization after POB, and during hypothermia. Cardiac output was reduced by POB as was blood flow to the pancreas, small intestine, and skeletal muscle. Hypothermia, following POB, produced a further fall in Q and during this maneuver blood flow fell in all organs and vascular beds studied. The relative distribution of Q during hypothermia was essentially the same as in the control except the brain, kidneys, and pancreas received a smaller fraction of the total output. The relatively normal distribution of a reduced cardiac output during hypothermia was in marked contrast to distribution of comparable low cardiac output induced by hemorrhage. In the latter condition, the fraction of the cardiac output perfusing the brain, kidneys, adrenals, and hepatic artery was increased."}
{"id": "PMID:931926", "title": "Phasic reflux of pulmonary blood flow in atelectasis: influence of systemic PO2.", "content": "In 16 dogs ventilated with 100% O2, control blood flow to the left lung was 35 +/- 2% of aortic flow. When left lung atelectasis was induced, left pulmonary artery flow fell to 19 +/- 2% of aortic flow. A large retrograde component of flow developed in this pulmonary artery, suggesting that blood flows into the pulmonary arteries of both lungs during systole, but flows back out of the collapsed lung and into the uncollapsed lung during diastole. Systemic PaO2 remained above 78 mmHg. Subsequently, when the ventilation of the right lung was changed from oxygen to room air, systemic PaO2 fell to 64 +/- 3 mmHg and atelectatic left lung flow rose from 19 +/- 2% to 28 +/- 2% f aortic flow. This was associated with a reduction in reflux from the atelectatic lung. These results suggest that the attenuation of flow to an atelectatic lung is more pronounced if systemic normoxemia is maintained by adequate oxygenation of the normal lung.", "contents": "Phasic reflux of pulmonary blood flow in atelectasis: influence of systemic PO2. In 16 dogs ventilated with 100% O2, control blood flow to the left lung was 35 +/- 2% of aortic flow. When left lung atelectasis was induced, left pulmonary artery flow fell to 19 +/- 2% of aortic flow. A large retrograde component of flow developed in this pulmonary artery, suggesting that blood flows into the pulmonary arteries of both lungs during systole, but flows back out of the collapsed lung and into the uncollapsed lung during diastole. Systemic PaO2 remained above 78 mmHg. Subsequently, when the ventilation of the right lung was changed from oxygen to room air, systemic PaO2 fell to 64 +/- 3 mmHg and atelectatic left lung flow rose from 19 +/- 2% to 28 +/- 2% f aortic flow. This was associated with a reduction in reflux from the atelectatic lung. These results suggest that the attenuation of flow to an atelectatic lung is more pronounced if systemic normoxemia is maintained by adequate oxygenation of the normal lung."}
{"id": "PMID:931927", "title": "Effect of indomethacin and atropine in experimental asthma in conscious guinea pigs.", "content": "Pulmonary mechanics were measured in unanesthetized guinea pigs sensitized to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) before and during two aerosolized challenges of this antigen. During the first challenge the pulmonary resistance increased in all animals. Prior to second challenge the animals received either atropine (0.2 mg/kg) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. We found that during the second challenge the indomethacin group had an increase in pulmonary resistance slightly greater or similar to that during the first exposure to the antigen, while the animals treated with atropine had a significantly diminished response (P less than 0.05). In five guinea pigs sensitized to HRP but challenged with a nonspecific aerosal made up of rabbit albumin, we found that pulmonary resistance increased in some animals and that this increase could be partially blocked by atropine. These results show that indomethacin has no effect on this model of allergic airways disease. They also confirm the importance of the vagus nerves in allergic bronchoconstriction and in addition show that nonspecific hyperirritability can be induced in some animals by immunization.", "contents": "Effect of indomethacin and atropine in experimental asthma in conscious guinea pigs. Pulmonary mechanics were measured in unanesthetized guinea pigs sensitized to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) before and during two aerosolized challenges of this antigen. During the first challenge the pulmonary resistance increased in all animals. Prior to second challenge the animals received either atropine (0.2 mg/kg) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. We found that during the second challenge the indomethacin group had an increase in pulmonary resistance slightly greater or similar to that during the first exposure to the antigen, while the animals treated with atropine had a significantly diminished response (P less than 0.05). In five guinea pigs sensitized to HRP but challenged with a nonspecific aerosal made up of rabbit albumin, we found that pulmonary resistance increased in some animals and that this increase could be partially blocked by atropine. These results show that indomethacin has no effect on this model of allergic airways disease. They also confirm the importance of the vagus nerves in allergic bronchoconstriction and in addition show that nonspecific hyperirritability can be induced in some animals by immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:931928", "title": "Respiratory load compensation in awake and sleeping dogs.", "content": "We have investigated immediate and progressive ventilatory responses to external elastic loads in five dogs with cervical vagal loops. Three dogs were studied while awake (W) and during non-REM sleep (S); the other two during barbiturate anesthesia (A). Elastic loads were applied at the end expiration for 1-6 breaths by having the dogs breathe from a rigid container (partial load) or against an occluded airway (infinite load). \"Effective\" elastance (EE) was determined from the tidal volume (VT)-tracheal pressure relationships of the unloaded, partially loaded, and infinitely loaded breaths. Passive thoracic elastance during W and S averaged 16.7 cmH2O/1. EE averaged 55.8 cmH2O/1 during W, 54.7 during S, and 59.5 during A. Vagal blockade (VB) induced large changes in VT but no change in EE in W or S; during A, EE decreased 37.5%. With sustained loading (partial) there was a progressive increase in VT but a corresponding increase in chemical (primarily hypoxic) respiratory drive, so that EE remained constant during five loaded breaths. VB augmented the progressive increase in VT during W or S but virtually abolished the increase in A. Thus the responses to elastic loads in W and S are similar and independent of conscious reactions or vagal influence; responses during A differ considerably. \"Progressive load compensation\" is a reflection of increasing of increasing chemical drive and not of progressive changes in EE.", "contents": "Respiratory load compensation in awake and sleeping dogs. We have investigated immediate and progressive ventilatory responses to external elastic loads in five dogs with cervical vagal loops. Three dogs were studied while awake (W) and during non-REM sleep (S); the other two during barbiturate anesthesia (A). Elastic loads were applied at the end expiration for 1-6 breaths by having the dogs breathe from a rigid container (partial load) or against an occluded airway (infinite load). \"Effective\" elastance (EE) was determined from the tidal volume (VT)-tracheal pressure relationships of the unloaded, partially loaded, and infinitely loaded breaths. Passive thoracic elastance during W and S averaged 16.7 cmH2O/1. EE averaged 55.8 cmH2O/1 during W, 54.7 during S, and 59.5 during A. Vagal blockade (VB) induced large changes in VT but no change in EE in W or S; during A, EE decreased 37.5%. With sustained loading (partial) there was a progressive increase in VT but a corresponding increase in chemical (primarily hypoxic) respiratory drive, so that EE remained constant during five loaded breaths. VB augmented the progressive increase in VT during W or S but virtually abolished the increase in A. Thus the responses to elastic loads in W and S are similar and independent of conscious reactions or vagal influence; responses during A differ considerably. \"Progressive load compensation\" is a reflection of increasing of increasing chemical drive and not of progressive changes in EE."}
{"id": "PMID:931929", "title": "Respiratory and other responses in subjects immersed in cold water.", "content": "Subjects have been immersed in water at 27 degrees C and 10 degrees C and while immersed their respiratory rates, minute volumes, and end-tidal PCO2 levels were measured. Measurements were made with the subjects at rest, exercising at approximately 0.8 liter oxygen-min-1, and very vigorously at 1.8-2.0 liters oxygen-min-1. Immersion in the cold water caused an increase in respiratory rate and a fall in end-tidal PCO2. At the moderate rate of exercise the hyperventilation persisted in relation to the oxygen demand and there was still a significant reduction in end-tidal PCO2. At the greatest rates of exercise, the end-tidal PCO2 did not differ from that obtained in similar rates of exercise in warm water. Preheating the subject in a sauna so as to increase skin temperature, with minimal change in body temperature, greatly attenuated the ventilatory and end-tidal PCO2 responses to cold water immersion. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Respiratory and other responses in subjects immersed in cold water. Subjects have been immersed in water at 27 degrees C and 10 degrees C and while immersed their respiratory rates, minute volumes, and end-tidal PCO2 levels were measured. Measurements were made with the subjects at rest, exercising at approximately 0.8 liter oxygen-min-1, and very vigorously at 1.8-2.0 liters oxygen-min-1. Immersion in the cold water caused an increase in respiratory rate and a fall in end-tidal PCO2. At the moderate rate of exercise the hyperventilation persisted in relation to the oxygen demand and there was still a significant reduction in end-tidal PCO2. At the greatest rates of exercise, the end-tidal PCO2 did not differ from that obtained in similar rates of exercise in warm water. Preheating the subject in a sauna so as to increase skin temperature, with minimal change in body temperature, greatly attenuated the ventilatory and end-tidal PCO2 responses to cold water immersion. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931930", "title": "Plasma vasopressin and renin activity in women exposed to bed rest and +Gz acceleration.", "content": "To study the effect of prolonged recumbency on plasma vasopressin and renin activity, eight women (23-34 yr) were subjected to 17 days of absolute bed rest. The +3 Gz tolerance of the subjects was tested before and after 14 days of bed rest. From day 2 and through day 17 of bed rest, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were reduced 33%. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased 91% (P less than 0.05) above ambulatory control values from days 10 through 15 of bed rest. When compared to precentrifuge values, exposure to +3 Gz prior to bed rest provoked a 20-fold rise (P less than 0.05) in mean plasma AVP but resulted in only a slight increase in PRA. After bed rest, acceleration increased plasma AVP 7-fold (P less than 0.02); however, the magnitude of this increase was less than the post +3Gz value obtained prior to bed rest. After bed rest, no significant rise was noted in PRA following +3 Gz. This study demonstrates that prolonged bed rest leads to a significant rise in the PRA of female subjects, while exposure to +Gz acceleration provokes a marked rise in plasma AVP.", "contents": "Plasma vasopressin and renin activity in women exposed to bed rest and +Gz acceleration. To study the effect of prolonged recumbency on plasma vasopressin and renin activity, eight women (23-34 yr) were subjected to 17 days of absolute bed rest. The +3 Gz tolerance of the subjects was tested before and after 14 days of bed rest. From day 2 and through day 17 of bed rest, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were reduced 33%. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased 91% (P less than 0.05) above ambulatory control values from days 10 through 15 of bed rest. When compared to precentrifuge values, exposure to +3 Gz prior to bed rest provoked a 20-fold rise (P less than 0.05) in mean plasma AVP but resulted in only a slight increase in PRA. After bed rest, acceleration increased plasma AVP 7-fold (P less than 0.02); however, the magnitude of this increase was less than the post +3Gz value obtained prior to bed rest. After bed rest, no significant rise was noted in PRA following +3 Gz. This study demonstrates that prolonged bed rest leads to a significant rise in the PRA of female subjects, while exposure to +Gz acceleration provokes a marked rise in plasma AVP."}
{"id": "PMID:931931", "title": "Trapped air in ventilated excised rat lungs.", "content": "Degassed excised rat lungs were ventilated in a water-filled plethysmograph with the carina as the zero pressure reference. Pressure-volume curves were recorded from a minimum transpulmonary pressure (Pmin) of -5 cmH2O to a maximum pressure (Pmin) of 30 cmH2O. An index of the minimun volume for the lung (Vm) divided by the maximum lung volume for the same cycle (Vmax) was used as an index of the amount of air trapped within the lung. As the flow rate was decreased from 38.2 to 1.9 ml/min, there were significant increases in the amount of air trapped in the lung. As the maximum pressure was decreased to 25 and 20 cmH2O, or the minimum pressure was increased to 6 and 11 cmH2O, the amount of trapped air in the lung significantly decreased. The rate of lung inflation had a much greater influence on the amount of trapped air than either the deflation rate or stress relaxation. The results are consistent with the theory that bubbles are formed during inflation and are the main cause of air trapped in the excised lung.", "contents": "Trapped air in ventilated excised rat lungs. Degassed excised rat lungs were ventilated in a water-filled plethysmograph with the carina as the zero pressure reference. Pressure-volume curves were recorded from a minimum transpulmonary pressure (Pmin) of -5 cmH2O to a maximum pressure (Pmin) of 30 cmH2O. An index of the minimun volume for the lung (Vm) divided by the maximum lung volume for the same cycle (Vmax) was used as an index of the amount of air trapped within the lung. As the flow rate was decreased from 38.2 to 1.9 ml/min, there were significant increases in the amount of air trapped in the lung. As the maximum pressure was decreased to 25 and 20 cmH2O, or the minimum pressure was increased to 6 and 11 cmH2O, the amount of trapped air in the lung significantly decreased. The rate of lung inflation had a much greater influence on the amount of trapped air than either the deflation rate or stress relaxation. The results are consistent with the theory that bubbles are formed during inflation and are the main cause of air trapped in the excised lung."}
{"id": "PMID:931932", "title": "Visceral blood flow distribution during exercise to exhaustion in conscious dogs.", "content": "We measured changes in organ blood flow (OBF) distribution and systemic hemodynamics in 9 dogs running 5-13 km/h during steady-state (SS) and exhaustive (EE) exercise on a treadmill at 8-15% grade for an average of 35 min. SS was defined when a heart rate (HR) of 80% maximum was attained and when HR was constant for 5-8 min. EE was defined as when the dog collapsed, unable to run longer. We measured heart rate, mean aortic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume via implanted probes and catheters. All hemodynamic parameters rose significantly (P less than 0.05) with exercise. Stroke volume and aortic pressure did not rise above SS levels during EE. OBF, determined with microspheres, to the liver, stomach, and intestines declined during SS and returned to control levels during EE. OBF to the kidneys and pancreas was not significantly changed by either SS or EE. OBF to the spleen declined progressively with SS and EE. We concluded that 1) the effect of exercise on OBF depends on the severity of exercise, emphasizing the need to quantify work loads in exercise studies, and 2) the splanchnic organs do not respond homogeneously to exercise and that this response is not adequately described by % of CO assessments.", "contents": "Visceral blood flow distribution during exercise to exhaustion in conscious dogs. We measured changes in organ blood flow (OBF) distribution and systemic hemodynamics in 9 dogs running 5-13 km/h during steady-state (SS) and exhaustive (EE) exercise on a treadmill at 8-15% grade for an average of 35 min. SS was defined when a heart rate (HR) of 80% maximum was attained and when HR was constant for 5-8 min. EE was defined as when the dog collapsed, unable to run longer. We measured heart rate, mean aortic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume via implanted probes and catheters. All hemodynamic parameters rose significantly (P less than 0.05) with exercise. Stroke volume and aortic pressure did not rise above SS levels during EE. OBF, determined with microspheres, to the liver, stomach, and intestines declined during SS and returned to control levels during EE. OBF to the kidneys and pancreas was not significantly changed by either SS or EE. OBF to the spleen declined progressively with SS and EE. We concluded that 1) the effect of exercise on OBF depends on the severity of exercise, emphasizing the need to quantify work loads in exercise studies, and 2) the splanchnic organs do not respond homogeneously to exercise and that this response is not adequately described by % of CO assessments."}
{"id": "PMID:931933", "title": "Renal and intrarenal blood flow distribution in swine during severe exercise.", "content": "It is known that a compensatory reduction and diversion of renal flow occurs in severe exercise in humans but not in dogs. We investigated this in miniature swine by measuring changes in total renal blood flow (TRF) and intra-renal blood flow (IRBF) distribution with tracer microspheres (15 +/- 5 mum) at rest and during steady-state exercise at 4.8-7.2 kph and 0% grade, and during severe exercise at 4.8-7.2 kph and 10% grade. We measured heart rate and cardiac output (Q) via implanted probes. TRF was determined as a percent of Q and as ml/100 g per min. IRBF was determined for the outer cortex, inner cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. Our results show that renal blood flow is significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in pigs with exercise. Steady-state exercise reduced flow to about 66% of control and severe exercise reduced renal flow to 30% of control. IRBF was unchanged throughout. These results show that the exercising pig augments blood flow to skeletal muscle by reducing blood flow to kidneys, a response known to occur in man.", "contents": "Renal and intrarenal blood flow distribution in swine during severe exercise. It is known that a compensatory reduction and diversion of renal flow occurs in severe exercise in humans but not in dogs. We investigated this in miniature swine by measuring changes in total renal blood flow (TRF) and intra-renal blood flow (IRBF) distribution with tracer microspheres (15 +/- 5 mum) at rest and during steady-state exercise at 4.8-7.2 kph and 0% grade, and during severe exercise at 4.8-7.2 kph and 10% grade. We measured heart rate and cardiac output (Q) via implanted probes. TRF was determined as a percent of Q and as ml/100 g per min. IRBF was determined for the outer cortex, inner cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. Our results show that renal blood flow is significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in pigs with exercise. Steady-state exercise reduced flow to about 66% of control and severe exercise reduced renal flow to 30% of control. IRBF was unchanged throughout. These results show that the exercising pig augments blood flow to skeletal muscle by reducing blood flow to kidneys, a response known to occur in man."}
{"id": "PMID:931934", "title": "Respiratory mechanics in normal hamsters.", "content": "Lung volumes and quasi-static deflation volume-pressure relationships were measured in male golden hamsters anesthetized with pentobarbital. Volume was measured with a pressure plethysmograph, and pleural pressure was estimated by the use of a water-filled esophageal catheter. Mean body weight +/- SE was 122.3 +/-3.0 g, mean lung weight was 0.74 +/- 0.2 g or about 0.6% of body weight. Mean lung volume at 25 cmH2O transpulmonary pressure (TLC25) was 7.2 +/- 0.14 ml, 9.78 +/- 0.17 ml/g lung weight or 5.92 +/- 0.06 ml/100 g body weight. Mean functional residual capacity was 2.4 +/- 0.06 ml or 33.3% of TLC25. Mean vital capacity was 5.2 +/- 0.13 ml. Mean quasi-static compliance of lung was 0.63 +/- 0.03 ml/cmH2O. Chord compliance of chest wall between lung volumes of 1 and 4 ml above RV was 3.39 +/- 0.53 ml/cmH2O. At FRC, the chest wall recoiled inward, so that pleural pressure was positive (1.4 +/- 0.13 cmH2O) and the lung was resisting further collapse. The slope of the lung's deflation volume-pressure curve changed at FRC, ERV was small (0.36 +/- 0.03 ml), and RV was determined by complete airway closure. Thus the mechanisms determining FRC are unusual and include an influence of airway closure.", "contents": "Respiratory mechanics in normal hamsters. Lung volumes and quasi-static deflation volume-pressure relationships were measured in male golden hamsters anesthetized with pentobarbital. Volume was measured with a pressure plethysmograph, and pleural pressure was estimated by the use of a water-filled esophageal catheter. Mean body weight +/- SE was 122.3 +/-3.0 g, mean lung weight was 0.74 +/- 0.2 g or about 0.6% of body weight. Mean lung volume at 25 cmH2O transpulmonary pressure (TLC25) was 7.2 +/- 0.14 ml, 9.78 +/- 0.17 ml/g lung weight or 5.92 +/- 0.06 ml/100 g body weight. Mean functional residual capacity was 2.4 +/- 0.06 ml or 33.3% of TLC25. Mean vital capacity was 5.2 +/- 0.13 ml. Mean quasi-static compliance of lung was 0.63 +/- 0.03 ml/cmH2O. Chord compliance of chest wall between lung volumes of 1 and 4 ml above RV was 3.39 +/- 0.53 ml/cmH2O. At FRC, the chest wall recoiled inward, so that pleural pressure was positive (1.4 +/- 0.13 cmH2O) and the lung was resisting further collapse. The slope of the lung's deflation volume-pressure curve changed at FRC, ERV was small (0.36 +/- 0.03 ml), and RV was determined by complete airway closure. Thus the mechanisms determining FRC are unusual and include an influence of airway closure."}
{"id": "PMID:931935", "title": "Delineation of flow-limiting segment and predicted airway resistance by movable catheter.", "content": "Using intrabronchial lateral pressure catheters, we determined the precise location and movement of the flow-limiting segment (FLS) in excised dog and human lungs; under maximal flow conditions, profiles of resistance and transmural pressure from the \"mouth\" to segmental bronchi were also obtained. In the same lungs, using the interrupter technique, IVFP curves were constructed; with these curves and lung compliance, the relationship between Vmax and Pel was studied using the analysis of Pride et al. The FLS consisted of well-demarcated short lengths (2-3 cm) of the trachea at large lung volumes which moved to lobar or semental bronchi at small volumes (10-20% TLC). These relationships, coupled with observations of the movement of the equal pressure point (EPP), support the idea that in the excised lung the location of the FLS is determined by both the location of the EPP and the compliance of the downstream airway wall; thus FLS MAY NOT FOLLOW UPSTREAM MOVEMENTS OF EPP until EPP reaches a more compliant segment of the bronchial tree (lobar and proximal segmental bronchi). Upstream resistance (Rs) and transmural pressure of collapse (Ptm') calculated indirectly from the slope and intercept of the Vmax vs. Pel relationship accurately predicted values of resistance and transmural pressure measured directly in the same lungs at a point just upstream to FLS.", "contents": "Delineation of flow-limiting segment and predicted airway resistance by movable catheter. Using intrabronchial lateral pressure catheters, we determined the precise location and movement of the flow-limiting segment (FLS) in excised dog and human lungs; under maximal flow conditions, profiles of resistance and transmural pressure from the \"mouth\" to segmental bronchi were also obtained. In the same lungs, using the interrupter technique, IVFP curves were constructed; with these curves and lung compliance, the relationship between Vmax and Pel was studied using the analysis of Pride et al. The FLS consisted of well-demarcated short lengths (2-3 cm) of the trachea at large lung volumes which moved to lobar or semental bronchi at small volumes (10-20% TLC). These relationships, coupled with observations of the movement of the equal pressure point (EPP), support the idea that in the excised lung the location of the FLS is determined by both the location of the EPP and the compliance of the downstream airway wall; thus FLS MAY NOT FOLLOW UPSTREAM MOVEMENTS OF EPP until EPP reaches a more compliant segment of the bronchial tree (lobar and proximal segmental bronchi). Upstream resistance (Rs) and transmural pressure of collapse (Ptm') calculated indirectly from the slope and intercept of the Vmax vs. Pel relationship accurately predicted values of resistance and transmural pressure measured directly in the same lungs at a point just upstream to FLS."}
{"id": "PMID:931936", "title": "Pulmonary elasticity in children and adolescents.", "content": "Static (Cst(L)), dynamic (Cdyn(L)), and \"specific lung compliance (CL/TLC, CL/FRC) and the elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst/(L)) were measured in 131 healthy children and the adolescents (age 6 to 17 years) from simultaneous recordings of esophageal pressure and lung volume. Esophageal elastance and vertical esophageal pressure gradients were also studied. Pst(L), measured at different lung volumes (fractional) from the expiratory quasi-static pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lungs, increased significantly with increasing body height, age, and body surface. Cst(L), determined from the midportion of PV curves, and Cdyn(L) measured during normal breathing at frequencies around 20/min also increased significantly with somatic growth. \"Specific\" Cst(L) decreased with increasing body height, age, and body surface. \"Specific\" Cdyn(L), esophageal elastance, and the vertical esophageal pressure gradient were independent of body height, age, and body surface, Cdyn(L) was less than Cst(L) mainly in smaller and younger children, and was not considered a valid index of pulmonary elasticity. Values of Pst(L), \"specific\" Cst(L), and the change of slope of the midportion of PV curves in children and adolescents suggested developmental changes of pulmonary elasticity in man over the age range studied.", "contents": "Pulmonary elasticity in children and adolescents. Static (Cst(L)), dynamic (Cdyn(L)), and \"specific lung compliance (CL/TLC, CL/FRC) and the elastic recoil pressure of the lungs (Pst/(L)) were measured in 131 healthy children and the adolescents (age 6 to 17 years) from simultaneous recordings of esophageal pressure and lung volume. Esophageal elastance and vertical esophageal pressure gradients were also studied. Pst(L), measured at different lung volumes (fractional) from the expiratory quasi-static pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lungs, increased significantly with increasing body height, age, and body surface. Cst(L), determined from the midportion of PV curves, and Cdyn(L) measured during normal breathing at frequencies around 20/min also increased significantly with somatic growth. \"Specific\" Cst(L) decreased with increasing body height, age, and body surface. \"Specific\" Cdyn(L), esophageal elastance, and the vertical esophageal pressure gradient were independent of body height, age, and body surface, Cdyn(L) was less than Cst(L) mainly in smaller and younger children, and was not considered a valid index of pulmonary elasticity. Values of Pst(L), \"specific\" Cst(L), and the change of slope of the midportion of PV curves in children and adolescents suggested developmental changes of pulmonary elasticity in man over the age range studied."}
{"id": "PMID:931937", "title": "Influence of lung volume and electrode position on electromyography of the diaphragm.", "content": "In cats anesthetized with Nembutal, electromyograms of the diaphragm (Edi) were recorded from an anchored esophageal electrode, a pair of silver hooks inserted in the paratendinous region, and a pair of silver hooks and a pair of clips of small surface inserted in the costal region of the diaphragm facing the rib cage at FRC but covered with lung tissue at FRC + 80 ml. When single supramaximal electrical stimuli were applied to an isolated phrenic nerve, changes in lung volume from RV to near TLC had a negligible effect on muscle potentials from esophageal or paratendinous hooks, but increased the amplitude of potentials recorded from peripheral hooks and clips. In addition, it was found that small displacements of the esophageal electrode caused substantial changes in the amplitude of the recorded muscle potentials. The integration of the Edi spontaneously generated during occluded inspirations, recorded from paratendinous hooks and the esophageal electrode was linearly related to transdiaphragmatic pressure up to 50 cmH2O at all lung volumes. Above that level, esophageal electrode recordings showed a curvilinear Edi/Pdi relationship, while hook recordings showed a rectilinear relationship.", "contents": "Influence of lung volume and electrode position on electromyography of the diaphragm. In cats anesthetized with Nembutal, electromyograms of the diaphragm (Edi) were recorded from an anchored esophageal electrode, a pair of silver hooks inserted in the paratendinous region, and a pair of silver hooks and a pair of clips of small surface inserted in the costal region of the diaphragm facing the rib cage at FRC but covered with lung tissue at FRC + 80 ml. When single supramaximal electrical stimuli were applied to an isolated phrenic nerve, changes in lung volume from RV to near TLC had a negligible effect on muscle potentials from esophageal or paratendinous hooks, but increased the amplitude of potentials recorded from peripheral hooks and clips. In addition, it was found that small displacements of the esophageal electrode caused substantial changes in the amplitude of the recorded muscle potentials. The integration of the Edi spontaneously generated during occluded inspirations, recorded from paratendinous hooks and the esophageal electrode was linearly related to transdiaphragmatic pressure up to 50 cmH2O at all lung volumes. Above that level, esophageal electrode recordings showed a curvilinear Edi/Pdi relationship, while hook recordings showed a rectilinear relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:931938", "title": "Design improvement for the Scholander gas analyzer.", "content": "A simple design improvement is presented which eliminates stopper leakage and improves the reliability and convenience of the Scholander gas analyzer.", "contents": "Design improvement for the Scholander gas analyzer. A simple design improvement is presented which eliminates stopper leakage and improves the reliability and convenience of the Scholander gas analyzer."}
{"id": "PMID:931939", "title": "Blood pressure responses as an indicator of the anesthetic level in ground squirrels.", "content": "In many experiments in visual physiology which employ halothane anesthesia, it is difficult to judge accurately an animal's anesthetic state, particularly so because of the necessity for paralysis and artificial respiration. For the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus and C. mexicanus), we find that measures of arterial pressure response to a noxious stimulus combined with mean arterial pressure allow for an accurate division of halothane anesthetic state into five stages. All five stages are identified and are the same regardless of whether the animal is unparalyzed or is paralyzed and artificially respired. Use of these measures in long-term experiments allows for recognition of and adjustment for small perturbations of anesthetic state that may occur even though inhaled halothane concentration remains constant.", "contents": "Blood pressure responses as an indicator of the anesthetic level in ground squirrels. In many experiments in visual physiology which employ halothane anesthesia, it is difficult to judge accurately an animal's anesthetic state, particularly so because of the necessity for paralysis and artificial respiration. For the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus and C. mexicanus), we find that measures of arterial pressure response to a noxious stimulus combined with mean arterial pressure allow for an accurate division of halothane anesthetic state into five stages. All five stages are identified and are the same regardless of whether the animal is unparalyzed or is paralyzed and artificially respired. Use of these measures in long-term experiments allows for recognition of and adjustment for small perturbations of anesthetic state that may occur even though inhaled halothane concentration remains constant."}
{"id": "PMID:931940", "title": "VO2max during horizontal and inclined treadmill running.", "content": "The VO2max response of 12 well-trained and highly motivated college males was measured using two treadmill protocols: horizontal (H) and inclined (I). The duration of each test averaged 10 min. In the H test the treadmill bed was horizontal with the running rate held constant for the first 6 min, after which time it was increased at 1-min intervals to near maximal subject running speed, according to the HR response, until exhaustion. The I method simulated the protocol of Costill and Fox, with the treadmill speed at about 80-90% of mean maximal running rate established from 12- and 15-min track runs. The treadmill bed was held horizontal during the first 4 min, after which time it was elevated to 4% and elevated 2% each 2 min thereafter until exhaustion. No significant differences were found in VO2max, 4.267 1/min (I), and 4.192 1/min (H), average max HR, 190.4/MIN (I), and 188.9/min (H); respiratory rate, 56.4/min (I), and 62.0/min (H); and VEBTPS, 145.2 1/min (I), and 143.3 1/min (H). It was concluded that the intensities of both treadmill methods, H and I, were sufficient to produce a nonsignificant difference in maximal VO2 values with the type subjects employed.", "contents": "VO2max during horizontal and inclined treadmill running. The VO2max response of 12 well-trained and highly motivated college males was measured using two treadmill protocols: horizontal (H) and inclined (I). The duration of each test averaged 10 min. In the H test the treadmill bed was horizontal with the running rate held constant for the first 6 min, after which time it was increased at 1-min intervals to near maximal subject running speed, according to the HR response, until exhaustion. The I method simulated the protocol of Costill and Fox, with the treadmill speed at about 80-90% of mean maximal running rate established from 12- and 15-min track runs. The treadmill bed was held horizontal during the first 4 min, after which time it was elevated to 4% and elevated 2% each 2 min thereafter until exhaustion. No significant differences were found in VO2max, 4.267 1/min (I), and 4.192 1/min (H), average max HR, 190.4/MIN (I), and 188.9/min (H); respiratory rate, 56.4/min (I), and 62.0/min (H); and VEBTPS, 145.2 1/min (I), and 143.3 1/min (H). It was concluded that the intensities of both treadmill methods, H and I, were sufficient to produce a nonsignificant difference in maximal VO2 values with the type subjects employed."}
{"id": "PMID:931941", "title": "Microcannulation--a new micropuncture technique application in cat pancreas secretion.", "content": "A new micropuncture technique of microcannulation has been developed and applied in cats to study exocrine secretion in the pancreatic ducts. Two micropipets of different diameters are assembled with the smaller pipet (10-20 mum) mounted inside the larger (25-50 mum). Using the combination, a larger pancreatic duct (less than 300 mum) is directly punctured and the inner pipet is advanced into the lumen of a small (20-50 mum) duct, which would otherwise be inaccessible. In anesthetized cats, during maximal stimulation with secretin (GIH 4-6 units/kg per h iv) the average chloride concentration of juice obtained from small ducts (25-50 mum) was 106 +/- 3 meq/1 and from large ducts (50-150 mum) was 75 +/- 5 meq/1. The results were confirmed by conventional micropuncture techniques which were technically more difficult. This method to collect fluid from small ducts is more physiological than direct micropuncture and thus the technique is a useful addition to micropuncture methodology.", "contents": "Microcannulation--a new micropuncture technique application in cat pancreas secretion. A new micropuncture technique of microcannulation has been developed and applied in cats to study exocrine secretion in the pancreatic ducts. Two micropipets of different diameters are assembled with the smaller pipet (10-20 mum) mounted inside the larger (25-50 mum). Using the combination, a larger pancreatic duct (less than 300 mum) is directly punctured and the inner pipet is advanced into the lumen of a small (20-50 mum) duct, which would otherwise be inaccessible. In anesthetized cats, during maximal stimulation with secretin (GIH 4-6 units/kg per h iv) the average chloride concentration of juice obtained from small ducts (25-50 mum) was 106 +/- 3 meq/1 and from large ducts (50-150 mum) was 75 +/- 5 meq/1. The results were confirmed by conventional micropuncture techniques which were technically more difficult. This method to collect fluid from small ducts is more physiological than direct micropuncture and thus the technique is a useful addition to micropuncture methodology."}
{"id": "PMID:931942", "title": "Digital stimulator control system for introducing premature stimuli.", "content": "A control system to convert a general-purpose stimulator into one which will generate premature stimuli at variable but controlled intervals is described. The control system was developed to sense spontaneous cardiac depolarizations and inject premature stimuli at preset elapsed times after every 10th or every spontaneous depolarization. The delay may be set by an analog circuit or by digital thumb-wheel switches. The output of the stimulator also may be coupled to the input, permitting the use of the system as a standard asynchronous stimulator with digital control of the pulse interval. A block diagram is presented to permit duplication of the system using standard digital and analog integrated circuits.", "contents": "Digital stimulator control system for introducing premature stimuli. A control system to convert a general-purpose stimulator into one which will generate premature stimuli at variable but controlled intervals is described. The control system was developed to sense spontaneous cardiac depolarizations and inject premature stimuli at preset elapsed times after every 10th or every spontaneous depolarization. The delay may be set by an analog circuit or by digital thumb-wheel switches. The output of the stimulator also may be coupled to the input, permitting the use of the system as a standard asynchronous stimulator with digital control of the pulse interval. A block diagram is presented to permit duplication of the system using standard digital and analog integrated circuits."}
{"id": "PMID:931943", "title": "A mechanical-reflex oscillator hypothesis for parkinsonian hand tremor.", "content": "Spectral analysis was performed on postural hand tremor records obtained from 22 parkinsonian subjects. Of these 22 subjects, 18 had postural hand tremor that occurred primarily at a single frequency during any one 16-s period. In general, this tremor occurred at different steady-state frequencies (each calculated over 16 s) between about 4 Hz and 8-9 Hz. This frequency decreased approximately 1 Hz for each 10-fold increase in displacement amplitude (root-mean-square, rms, amplitude determined at 16 cm from the wrist), decreasing from 8-9 Hz at about 30 mum to 3.75-4.0 Hz at about 30,000 mum. The major finding was that the frequency of parkinsonian hand tremor was nearly the same as that for hand tremor from normal subjects when these frequenceis were compared at similar rms displacement levels. This comparison, plus a comparison between other aspects of these two kinds of tremor, indicate that the mechanism for parkinsonian hand tremor is similar to that for large-displacement (greater than 100 mum) hand tremor of normal subjects, i.e., a mechanical-reflex oscillator mechanism.", "contents": "A mechanical-reflex oscillator hypothesis for parkinsonian hand tremor. Spectral analysis was performed on postural hand tremor records obtained from 22 parkinsonian subjects. Of these 22 subjects, 18 had postural hand tremor that occurred primarily at a single frequency during any one 16-s period. In general, this tremor occurred at different steady-state frequencies (each calculated over 16 s) between about 4 Hz and 8-9 Hz. This frequency decreased approximately 1 Hz for each 10-fold increase in displacement amplitude (root-mean-square, rms, amplitude determined at 16 cm from the wrist), decreasing from 8-9 Hz at about 30 mum to 3.75-4.0 Hz at about 30,000 mum. The major finding was that the frequency of parkinsonian hand tremor was nearly the same as that for hand tremor from normal subjects when these frequenceis were compared at similar rms displacement levels. This comparison, plus a comparison between other aspects of these two kinds of tremor, indicate that the mechanism for parkinsonian hand tremor is similar to that for large-displacement (greater than 100 mum) hand tremor of normal subjects, i.e., a mechanical-reflex oscillator mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:931944", "title": "Transport of glucose and glycine in Schizosaccharomyces pombe during the cell cycle.", "content": "Cell growth and uptake of glucose and glycine during the cell cycle were studied in synchronous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Rates of accumulation of glucose and glycine were constant during most of the cell cycle, implying a constant rate of cell mass increase. Rates of uptake of glycine appeared to double at an average cell age of 0.9 generations.", "contents": "Transport of glucose and glycine in Schizosaccharomyces pombe during the cell cycle. Cell growth and uptake of glucose and glycine during the cell cycle were studied in synchronous cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Rates of accumulation of glucose and glycine were constant during most of the cell cycle, implying a constant rate of cell mass increase. Rates of uptake of glycine appeared to double at an average cell age of 0.9 generations."}
{"id": "PMID:931945", "title": "Oxygen requirement for acetylene reduction by pure cultures of rhizobia.", "content": "The oxygen and nutritional requirements for acetylene reduction by Rhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium sp. in liquid culture are described. The optimal oxygen concentration was about 0.1% in the gas phase, which is lower than that of any other known aerobic nitrogen-fixing microorganism. these organisms are also unique in that nitrogenase synthesis is not repressed in the presence of ammonium chloride under certain cultural conditions, in contrast to other wild-type bacteria.", "contents": "Oxygen requirement for acetylene reduction by pure cultures of rhizobia. The oxygen and nutritional requirements for acetylene reduction by Rhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium sp. in liquid culture are described. The optimal oxygen concentration was about 0.1% in the gas phase, which is lower than that of any other known aerobic nitrogen-fixing microorganism. these organisms are also unique in that nitrogenase synthesis is not repressed in the presence of ammonium chloride under certain cultural conditions, in contrast to other wild-type bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:931946", "title": "Natural paucity of anaplerotic enzymes: basis for dependence of Arthrobacter pyridinolis on L-malate for growth.", "content": "Previous work has shown that in Arthrobacter pyridinolis the transport systems for glucose and several amino acids are respiration coupled, with malate oxidation occurring concomitantly with transport. The requisite malate has to be supplied exogenously, so that growth on glucose or certain amino acids only occurs if malate is also present in the medium. These and other data suggested that A. pyridinolis might be deficient in anaplerotic enzymes, which maintain intracellular levels of dicarboxylic acids. A comparative study was undertaken of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and in a closely related species, A. crystallopoietes, which has respiration-coupled transport of glucose but can grow on glucose without added malate. The paucity of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and its probable relationship to the malate requirement for growth on glucose were documented as follows: (i) A. crystallopoietes, but not A. pyridinolis,  possesses phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, and neither species contains pyruvate carboxylase; (ii) both A. pyridinolis and A. crystallopoietes possess glyoxylate pathways that are induced by acetate but not by hexoses; (iii) isocitrate lyase-deficient mutants of A. pyridinolis fail to grow on rhamnose and fructose as well as acetate; and (iv) mutants of A. crystallopoietes that require malate for growth on glucose are deficient in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.", "contents": "Natural paucity of anaplerotic enzymes: basis for dependence of Arthrobacter pyridinolis on L-malate for growth. Previous work has shown that in Arthrobacter pyridinolis the transport systems for glucose and several amino acids are respiration coupled, with malate oxidation occurring concomitantly with transport. The requisite malate has to be supplied exogenously, so that growth on glucose or certain amino acids only occurs if malate is also present in the medium. These and other data suggested that A. pyridinolis might be deficient in anaplerotic enzymes, which maintain intracellular levels of dicarboxylic acids. A comparative study was undertaken of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and in a closely related species, A. crystallopoietes, which has respiration-coupled transport of glucose but can grow on glucose without added malate. The paucity of anaplerotic enzymes in A. pyridinolis and its probable relationship to the malate requirement for growth on glucose were documented as follows: (i) A. crystallopoietes, but not A. pyridinolis,  possesses phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, and neither species contains pyruvate carboxylase; (ii) both A. pyridinolis and A. crystallopoietes possess glyoxylate pathways that are induced by acetate but not by hexoses; (iii) isocitrate lyase-deficient mutants of A. pyridinolis fail to grow on rhamnose and fructose as well as acetate; and (iv) mutants of A. crystallopoietes that require malate for growth on glucose are deficient in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:931947", "title": "Pathways of 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation among species of Bacillus.", "content": "The pathways used by three bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus to degrade 4-hydroxybenzoate are delineated. When B. brevis strain PHB-2 is grown on 4-hydroxybenzoate, enzymes of the protocatechuate branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway are induced. In contrast, B. circulans strain 3 contains high levels of the enzymes of the protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase pathway after growth on 4-hydroxybenzoate. B. laterosporus strain PHB-7a degrades 4-hydroxybenzoate by a novel reaction sequence. After growth on 4-hydroxybenzoate, strain PHB-7a contains high levels of gentisate oxygenase (EC 1.13.11.4) and maleylpyruvate hydrolase. Whole cells of strain PHB-7a (grown on 4-hydroxylbenzoate) accumulate 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate) from 4-hydroxybenzoate when incubated in the presence of 1mM alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl. Thus, strain PHB-7a appears to convert 4-hydroxybenzoate to gentisate, which is further degraded by the glutathione-independent gentisic acid pathway. These pathway delineations provide evidence that Bacillus species are derived from a diverse evolutionary background.", "contents": "Pathways of 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation among species of Bacillus. The pathways used by three bacterial strains of the genus Bacillus to degrade 4-hydroxybenzoate are delineated. When B. brevis strain PHB-2 is grown on 4-hydroxybenzoate, enzymes of the protocatechuate branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway are induced. In contrast, B. circulans strain 3 contains high levels of the enzymes of the protocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase pathway after growth on 4-hydroxybenzoate. B. laterosporus strain PHB-7a degrades 4-hydroxybenzoate by a novel reaction sequence. After growth on 4-hydroxybenzoate, strain PHB-7a contains high levels of gentisate oxygenase (EC 1.13.11.4) and maleylpyruvate hydrolase. Whole cells of strain PHB-7a (grown on 4-hydroxylbenzoate) accumulate 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate) from 4-hydroxybenzoate when incubated in the presence of 1mM alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl. Thus, strain PHB-7a appears to convert 4-hydroxybenzoate to gentisate, which is further degraded by the glutathione-independent gentisic acid pathway. These pathway delineations provide evidence that Bacillus species are derived from a diverse evolutionary background."}
{"id": "PMID:931948", "title": "Amidase activity involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis in membranes of Micrococcus luteus (sodonensis).", "content": "Membrane suspensions prepared from Micrococcus luteus (sodonensis) in both the exponential and stationary phases of growth contained a transglycosidase activity capable of synthesizing linear peptidoglycan. Exponential-phase membranes also contained an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity which degraded the peptidoglycan as it was formed. The product of this amidase was purified and found to be free pentapeptide. The amidase was specific for peptidoglycan and could not attack lower-molecular-weight substrates even though the susceptible bond was present. Crude cell wall preparations isolated from exponential-phase cells also contained high levels of amidase. This cell wall-bound amidase would preferentially degrade in vitro-synthesized peptidoglycan over its own cell wall. Amidase activity could be solubilized from both cell walls and membranes by Triton X-100 treatment, butanol extraction, or LiCl extraction. Both membrane- and cell wall-derived amidases, solubilized by LiCl extraction, appeared to be of high molecular weight (greater than 150,000). Once solubilized, these wall- and membrane-derived amidases could attack the cross-bridged peptidoglycan of purified native cell walls, whereas bound amidases could not.", "contents": "Amidase activity involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis in membranes of Micrococcus luteus (sodonensis). Membrane suspensions prepared from Micrococcus luteus (sodonensis) in both the exponential and stationary phases of growth contained a transglycosidase activity capable of synthesizing linear peptidoglycan. Exponential-phase membranes also contained an N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase activity which degraded the peptidoglycan as it was formed. The product of this amidase was purified and found to be free pentapeptide. The amidase was specific for peptidoglycan and could not attack lower-molecular-weight substrates even though the susceptible bond was present. Crude cell wall preparations isolated from exponential-phase cells also contained high levels of amidase. This cell wall-bound amidase would preferentially degrade in vitro-synthesized peptidoglycan over its own cell wall. Amidase activity could be solubilized from both cell walls and membranes by Triton X-100 treatment, butanol extraction, or LiCl extraction. Both membrane- and cell wall-derived amidases, solubilized by LiCl extraction, appeared to be of high molecular weight (greater than 150,000). Once solubilized, these wall- and membrane-derived amidases could attack the cross-bridged peptidoglycan of purified native cell walls, whereas bound amidases could not."}
{"id": "PMID:931949", "title": "Catabolism of L-tyrosine by the homoprotocatechuate pathway in gram-positive bacteria.", "content": "A metabolic pathway for L-tyrosine catabolism involves 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) as substrate for fission of the benzene nucleus. Cell extracts of an organism tentatively identified as a Micrococcus possessed the enzymes required for degrading homoprotocatechuate to succinate and pyruvate, and stoichiometry was established for several of these reactions. When the required coenzymes were added, cell extracts degraded L-tyrosine to the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase and also converted 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. This compound, in turn, gave stoichiometric amounts of the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate by the action of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent 3-hydroxylase coupled with homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase. Evidence is presented that this route for L-tyrosine catabolism is taken by five other gram-positive strains, including Micrococcus lysodeikticus and a species of Bacillus. Five other gram-positive bacteria from other genera employed the alternative homogentisate pathway.", "contents": "Catabolism of L-tyrosine by the homoprotocatechuate pathway in gram-positive bacteria. A metabolic pathway for L-tyrosine catabolism involves 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) as substrate for fission of the benzene nucleus. Cell extracts of an organism tentatively identified as a Micrococcus possessed the enzymes required for degrading homoprotocatechuate to succinate and pyruvate, and stoichiometry was established for several of these reactions. When the required coenzymes were added, cell extracts degraded L-tyrosine to the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase and also converted 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. This compound, in turn, gave stoichiometric amounts of the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate by the action of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent 3-hydroxylase coupled with homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase. Evidence is presented that this route for L-tyrosine catabolism is taken by five other gram-positive strains, including Micrococcus lysodeikticus and a species of Bacillus. Five other gram-positive bacteria from other genera employed the alternative homogentisate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:931950", "title": "Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the tryptophan pathway of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.", "content": "In Acinetobacter calcoaceticus the seven genes coding for the enzymes responsible for tryptophan synthesis map at three chromosomal locations. Two three-gene clusters, one (trpGDC) specifying the small subunit of anthranilate synthase, phosphoribosyl transferase, and indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and the other (trpFBA) specifying phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase and both tryptophan synthase subunits, are not linked to each other or to the trpE gene specifying the large anthranilate synthase subunit. When regulation of trp gene expression is studied in the wild type, only the level of the trpF gene product decreases upon addition of tryptophan to the medium. Tryptophan starvation of tryptophan auxotrophs, however, results in increased levels of all the tryptophan enzymes; this and additional evidence suggests that the expression of all the trp genes is subject to repression. The trpGDC genes are coordinately controlled, and the trpE gene is regulated in parallel with them. The trpFBA genes are controlled neither coordinately nor in parallel with the other trp genes, but respond proportionally when compared with each other. So far, two types of constitutive mutants have been found. The first class of mutants apparently occurs in the structural gene for a repressor protein; this repressor locus is unlinked to any of the biosynthetic trp genes and affects only the expression of trpE and the trpGDC cluster. The second class contains mutants closely linked to the trpGDC region; they overproduce only the gene products of this cluster.", "contents": "Regulation of enzyme synthesis in the tryptophan pathway of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. In Acinetobacter calcoaceticus the seven genes coding for the enzymes responsible for tryptophan synthesis map at three chromosomal locations. Two three-gene clusters, one (trpGDC) specifying the small subunit of anthranilate synthase, phosphoribosyl transferase, and indoleglycerol phosphate synthase and the other (trpFBA) specifying phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase and both tryptophan synthase subunits, are not linked to each other or to the trpE gene specifying the large anthranilate synthase subunit. When regulation of trp gene expression is studied in the wild type, only the level of the trpF gene product decreases upon addition of tryptophan to the medium. Tryptophan starvation of tryptophan auxotrophs, however, results in increased levels of all the tryptophan enzymes; this and additional evidence suggests that the expression of all the trp genes is subject to repression. The trpGDC genes are coordinately controlled, and the trpE gene is regulated in parallel with them. The trpFBA genes are controlled neither coordinately nor in parallel with the other trp genes, but respond proportionally when compared with each other. So far, two types of constitutive mutants have been found. The first class of mutants apparently occurs in the structural gene for a repressor protein; this repressor locus is unlinked to any of the biosynthetic trp genes and affects only the expression of trpE and the trpGDC cluster. The second class contains mutants closely linked to the trpGDC region; they overproduce only the gene products of this cluster."}
{"id": "PMID:931951", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of the regularly arranged surface protein of Acinetobacter sp. relative to the other components of the cell envelope.", "content": "The formation of the components of the cell envelope of Acinetobacter sp. 199A was investigated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein, [14C]galactose into lipopolysaccharide, 32P into phospholipid, and [3H]diaminopimelic acid into peptidoglycan. Whereas the lipopolysaccharide and intrinsic protein of the outer membrane were stable, some of the regularly arranged surface protein, the alpha-protein, was lost into the growth medium. Only newly synthesized alpha-protein was lost. The peptidoglycan of the murein layer was also labile. Selective inhibition of the formation of individual components of the cell envelope with penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin showed that incorporation of protein into the outer membrane required the simultaneous formation of complete lipopolysaccharide. The converse was not true: protein synthesis was not required for lipopolysaccharide incorporation. Formation of the outer membrane and the murein layer proceeded independently.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of the regularly arranged surface protein of Acinetobacter sp. relative to the other components of the cell envelope. The formation of the components of the cell envelope of Acinetobacter sp. 199A was investigated by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein, [14C]galactose into lipopolysaccharide, 32P into phospholipid, and [3H]diaminopimelic acid into peptidoglycan. Whereas the lipopolysaccharide and intrinsic protein of the outer membrane were stable, some of the regularly arranged surface protein, the alpha-protein, was lost into the growth medium. Only newly synthesized alpha-protein was lost. The peptidoglycan of the murein layer was also labile. Selective inhibition of the formation of individual components of the cell envelope with penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin showed that incorporation of protein into the outer membrane required the simultaneous formation of complete lipopolysaccharide. The converse was not true: protein synthesis was not required for lipopolysaccharide incorporation. Formation of the outer membrane and the murein layer proceeded independently."}
{"id": "PMID:931952", "title": "Evidence for a complex life cycle and endospore formation in the attached, filamentous, segmented bacterium from murine ileum.", "content": "Light and electron microscope observations showed that the filamentous, segmented bacterium commonly found attached to the ileal epithelium of rats and mice undergoes a complex life cycle. Filaments comprising up to 90 segments were attached to the microvillous border of absorptive epithelial cells by a specialized terminal holdfast segment. Starting at the free end of the filament and progressing toward the attached end, undifferentiated segments were converted into reproductive or mother segments. Within each mother cell two new holdfast segments developed. As the holdfasts matured, their mother cells degenerated and released them into the intervillar space where they attached, grew, and divided to produce new segmented filaments. Alternately, in some filaments, newly formed but not yet released holdfasts were converted into endospores, which were released in the same manner as holdfasts, presumably to spread the bacterial colony to other members of the rodent population.", "contents": "Evidence for a complex life cycle and endospore formation in the attached, filamentous, segmented bacterium from murine ileum. Light and electron microscope observations showed that the filamentous, segmented bacterium commonly found attached to the ileal epithelium of rats and mice undergoes a complex life cycle. Filaments comprising up to 90 segments were attached to the microvillous border of absorptive epithelial cells by a specialized terminal holdfast segment. Starting at the free end of the filament and progressing toward the attached end, undifferentiated segments were converted into reproductive or mother segments. Within each mother cell two new holdfast segments developed. As the holdfasts matured, their mother cells degenerated and released them into the intervillar space where they attached, grew, and divided to produce new segmented filaments. Alternately, in some filaments, newly formed but not yet released holdfasts were converted into endospores, which were released in the same manner as holdfasts, presumably to spread the bacterial colony to other members of the rodent population."}
{"id": "PMID:931953", "title": "Inactivation of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in various species of bacteria by vinylglycolic acid.", "content": "The alkenoic hydroxyacid 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid (vinylglycolate) specifically inhibited the phosphotransferase system in a variety of bacteria while not affecting respiration-coupled transport systems.", "contents": "Inactivation of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system in various species of bacteria by vinylglycolic acid. The alkenoic hydroxyacid 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid (vinylglycolate) specifically inhibited the phosphotransferase system in a variety of bacteria while not affecting respiration-coupled transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:931954", "title": "Mutants of Salmonella anatum that block bacteriophage epsilon infection at early stages.", "content": "A total of six mutants, to which phage epsilon could adsorb but failed to lyse, were isolated from Salmonella anatum and characterized. A significant portion of active phage particles could be recovered from the phage-bacterium complexes before they became irreversibly absorbed, and adsorbed phage did not kill these mutants at all. These reversibly adsorbed phage had become sensitive to chloroform, at least in some cases. The results indicate that the steps that may be blocked are deoxyribonucleic acid ejection or penetration. The mutants were tentatively classified into three groups by their susceptibility to phages c341 and Felix O. The inhibition of phage infection was overcome by host range mutants of phages epsilon and c341. The isolated lipopolysaccharide from the parent strain inactivated phages epsilon, c341, and a host range mutant of epsilon in vitro. However, neither phage epsilon nor c341, or the host range mutant of phage epsilon, was inactivated by incubation with the mutant lipopolysaccharides, even when they were derived from the mutants susceptible to c341 or the host range mutant of epsilon. These results may suggest that more than the receptor lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial surface is involved in the early stages of phage infection.", "contents": "Mutants of Salmonella anatum that block bacteriophage epsilon infection at early stages. A total of six mutants, to which phage epsilon could adsorb but failed to lyse, were isolated from Salmonella anatum and characterized. A significant portion of active phage particles could be recovered from the phage-bacterium complexes before they became irreversibly absorbed, and adsorbed phage did not kill these mutants at all. These reversibly adsorbed phage had become sensitive to chloroform, at least in some cases. The results indicate that the steps that may be blocked are deoxyribonucleic acid ejection or penetration. The mutants were tentatively classified into three groups by their susceptibility to phages c341 and Felix O. The inhibition of phage infection was overcome by host range mutants of phages epsilon and c341. The isolated lipopolysaccharide from the parent strain inactivated phages epsilon, c341, and a host range mutant of epsilon in vitro. However, neither phage epsilon nor c341, or the host range mutant of phage epsilon, was inactivated by incubation with the mutant lipopolysaccharides, even when they were derived from the mutants susceptible to c341 or the host range mutant of epsilon. These results may suggest that more than the receptor lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial surface is involved in the early stages of phage infection."}
{"id": "PMID:931955", "title": "Some new views of the cell surface.", "content": "In recent years, it has become possible to investigate the cell surface of normal and tumor cells in new ways, and a number of lines of evidence obtained by various investigators have provided important new views of the surface of mammalian cells. Recent work has, for example, revealed the structure of the histocompatibility antigens, which appear to be ubiquitous on mammalian cells of different types. The dependency on these antigens of lymphocyte interactions with viruses suggests a new hypothesis: histocompatibility molecules may serve as cell surface adaptors for the recognition of foreign antigens such as viruses by T cell receptors. Contrary to older notions, the molecules that make up the cell surface, including the histocompatibility antigens, are not fixed but move freely in the cell membrane, which is a bilayer of lipid. It has been shown in several laboratories that cross-linking of cell surface proteins or \"receptors\" such as antibodies leads to clustering of these mobile receptor molecules into patches which are subsequently collected as a cap at one pole of the cell. The interactions among different cells and signaling from the surface of each cell to the interior depend upon the structure and physico-chemical interactions of such receptors and on their linkage to structures underlying the cell membrane. Work in our laboratory has produced consistent evidence that the motion and distribution of cell surface molecules are under control of an intracellular system consisting of a network of special proteins. We have found, for example, that mitogenic lectins such as concanavalin A bind to the carbohydrate portions of surface receptors and cross-link them. This binding to some receptors leads to inhibition of motion of all other receptors on the cell surface, suggesting that the original cross-linkage affects a general network responsible for anchoring cell surface receptors. Explorations of the nature of this network suggest that it consists in part of assemblies below the surface membrane containing microfilaments and microtubules.", "contents": "Some new views of the cell surface. In recent years, it has become possible to investigate the cell surface of normal and tumor cells in new ways, and a number of lines of evidence obtained by various investigators have provided important new views of the surface of mammalian cells. Recent work has, for example, revealed the structure of the histocompatibility antigens, which appear to be ubiquitous on mammalian cells of different types. The dependency on these antigens of lymphocyte interactions with viruses suggests a new hypothesis: histocompatibility molecules may serve as cell surface adaptors for the recognition of foreign antigens such as viruses by T cell receptors. Contrary to older notions, the molecules that make up the cell surface, including the histocompatibility antigens, are not fixed but move freely in the cell membrane, which is a bilayer of lipid. It has been shown in several laboratories that cross-linking of cell surface proteins or \"receptors\" such as antibodies leads to clustering of these mobile receptor molecules into patches which are subsequently collected as a cap at one pole of the cell. The interactions among different cells and signaling from the surface of each cell to the interior depend upon the structure and physico-chemical interactions of such receptors and on their linkage to structures underlying the cell membrane. Work in our laboratory has produced consistent evidence that the motion and distribution of cell surface molecules are under control of an intracellular system consisting of a network of special proteins. We have found, for example, that mitogenic lectins such as concanavalin A bind to the carbohydrate portions of surface receptors and cross-link them. This binding to some receptors leads to inhibition of motion of all other receptors on the cell surface, suggesting that the original cross-linkage affects a general network responsible for anchoring cell surface receptors. Explorations of the nature of this network suggest that it consists in part of assemblies below the surface membrane containing microfilaments and microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:931956", "title": "Properties and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.", "content": "Available evidence indicates that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is particularly abundant in the lung, colon, and intestine, catalyzes the oxidative ring cleavage of the pyrrole moiety of not only tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan but also serotonin, melatonin, and other indoleamine derivatives. Our recent experiments with slices of intestine, together with those with organ culture of pineal glands, perfusion of heart and lung preparations and intact animals, which I did not have time to mention today, indicate that the oxygenative ring cleavages of various indoleamines do occur in vivo to a significant extent. Secondly, this enzyme appears to utilize superoxide anion rather than molecular oxygen. If superoxide anion is demonstrated, unequivocally, to be the true substrate of this enzyme, not only in vitro but also in vivo, then indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase may be the first example of a new class of enzymes which utilize superoxide anion as an oxidizing agent just as peroxidases utilize hydrogen peroxide. Lastly, this novel enzyme produced a new class of biogenic amines, which may be referred to, generically, as \"anthraniloylamines.\" Although their natural occurrence has not yet been established, they may have hitherto unknown biological or pharmacological activities and are currently under investigation in our laboratory.", "contents": "Properties and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Available evidence indicates that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which is particularly abundant in the lung, colon, and intestine, catalyzes the oxidative ring cleavage of the pyrrole moiety of not only tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan but also serotonin, melatonin, and other indoleamine derivatives. Our recent experiments with slices of intestine, together with those with organ culture of pineal glands, perfusion of heart and lung preparations and intact animals, which I did not have time to mention today, indicate that the oxygenative ring cleavages of various indoleamines do occur in vivo to a significant extent. Secondly, this enzyme appears to utilize superoxide anion rather than molecular oxygen. If superoxide anion is demonstrated, unequivocally, to be the true substrate of this enzyme, not only in vitro but also in vivo, then indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase may be the first example of a new class of enzymes which utilize superoxide anion as an oxidizing agent just as peroxidases utilize hydrogen peroxide. Lastly, this novel enzyme produced a new class of biogenic amines, which may be referred to, generically, as \"anthraniloylamines.\" Although their natural occurrence has not yet been established, they may have hitherto unknown biological or pharmacological activities and are currently under investigation in our laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:931974", "title": "Functional differentiation of mouse fetal liver in circumfusion system cultures.", "content": "The authors investigated the in vitro functional differentiation of fetal mouse liver cultured in Rose's circumfusion system with the use of two biochemical markers: The analysis of the inductive response of key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism to insulin, and the analysis of the liver-specific isozyme of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40]. The glucokinase [EC 2.7.1.2] activity, which is only found in mammalian adult liver, emerged on cultivation of 2-3 days and reached a maximum level equivalent to one-half of the adult level. Two- or 3-fold increases in the glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.49] were induced by a single dose of insulin in fetal liver after 12 days of cultivaton. Hexokinase [EC 2.7.1.1] activity was barely influenced by insulin. These results suggested that fetal mouse liver cultured in this system for 2 weeks maintained the same response to insulin as in vivo adult mouse liver. The pyruvate kinase isozyme patterns of mouse livers in various developmental stages and of cultured fetal mouse liver in the present system were investigated by isoelectric fractionation. The pyruvate kinase isozymes having the highest relative activity were the pI-5.5 isozyme for the adult liver and the pI-6.5 isozyme for 13- to 14-day-old fetal liver. As development in vivo proceeded, a gradual change in isozyme pattern occurred; this consisted of a progressive decrease of the pI-6.5 pyruvate kinase isozyme, \"fetal type,\" in favor of the pI-5.5 isozyme, \"adult type.\" The pyruvate kinase isozyme pattern in 13- to 14-day fetal liver cultured in the system for 2 weeks was similar to that found in adult liver. Thus, it was shown that \"fetal type\" pyruvate kinase was also replaced by \"adult type\" pyruvate kinase in vitro. It can be concluded from these findings that fetal mouseliver cultured in the circumfusion system for 2 weeks maintains its functional and morphological identitites as it differentiates toward the adult liver.", "contents": "Functional differentiation of mouse fetal liver in circumfusion system cultures. The authors investigated the in vitro functional differentiation of fetal mouse liver cultured in Rose's circumfusion system with the use of two biochemical markers: The analysis of the inductive response of key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism to insulin, and the analysis of the liver-specific isozyme of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40]. The glucokinase [EC 2.7.1.2] activity, which is only found in mammalian adult liver, emerged on cultivation of 2-3 days and reached a maximum level equivalent to one-half of the adult level. Two- or 3-fold increases in the glucokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.49] were induced by a single dose of insulin in fetal liver after 12 days of cultivaton. Hexokinase [EC 2.7.1.1] activity was barely influenced by insulin. These results suggested that fetal mouse liver cultured in this system for 2 weeks maintained the same response to insulin as in vivo adult mouse liver. The pyruvate kinase isozyme patterns of mouse livers in various developmental stages and of cultured fetal mouse liver in the present system were investigated by isoelectric fractionation. The pyruvate kinase isozymes having the highest relative activity were the pI-5.5 isozyme for the adult liver and the pI-6.5 isozyme for 13- to 14-day-old fetal liver. As development in vivo proceeded, a gradual change in isozyme pattern occurred; this consisted of a progressive decrease of the pI-6.5 pyruvate kinase isozyme, \"fetal type,\" in favor of the pI-5.5 isozyme, \"adult type.\" The pyruvate kinase isozyme pattern in 13- to 14-day fetal liver cultured in the system for 2 weeks was similar to that found in adult liver. Thus, it was shown that \"fetal type\" pyruvate kinase was also replaced by \"adult type\" pyruvate kinase in vitro. It can be concluded from these findings that fetal mouseliver cultured in the circumfusion system for 2 weeks maintains its functional and morphological identitites as it differentiates toward the adult liver."}
{"id": "PMID:931975", "title": "Isolation and some properties of a subtilisin inhibitor from barley.", "content": "An inhibitor affecting subtilisin [EC 3.4.21.14] was isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L cv. Kikaihadaka) by extraction with 1% sodium chloride, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on CM- and DEAE-cellulose columns, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The final preparation appeared to be homogeneous on the basis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the inhibitory activity against subtilisin was increased about 140-fold during purification. This inhibitor was protein having a molecular weight of about 20,000, and containing 177 amino acid residues. Both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal residues were alaine. The inhibitor inactivated subtilisin, probably for formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex in a molar ratio of 1: 1, but had little or no effect on the activities of other enzymes tested. The dissociation constant of the subtilisin-inhibitor complex was 1.5 X 10(-10) M. The inhibitor appears to be distinct from the barley microbial proteinase isoinhibitors reported by Mikola and Suolinna, in respect of most of its physiochemical and inhibitory properties.", "contents": "Isolation and some properties of a subtilisin inhibitor from barley. An inhibitor affecting subtilisin [EC 3.4.21.14] was isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare L cv. Kikaihadaka) by extraction with 1% sodium chloride, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on CM- and DEAE-cellulose columns, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The final preparation appeared to be homogeneous on the basis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the inhibitory activity against subtilisin was increased about 140-fold during purification. This inhibitor was protein having a molecular weight of about 20,000, and containing 177 amino acid residues. Both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal residues were alaine. The inhibitor inactivated subtilisin, probably for formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex in a molar ratio of 1: 1, but had little or no effect on the activities of other enzymes tested. The dissociation constant of the subtilisin-inhibitor complex was 1.5 X 10(-10) M. The inhibitor appears to be distinct from the barley microbial proteinase isoinhibitors reported by Mikola and Suolinna, in respect of most of its physiochemical and inhibitory properties."}
{"id": "PMID:931976", "title": "Effects of estrogen on the turnover rates of ornithine amino transferase in rat liver and kidney.", "content": "The turnover rates of ornithine aminotransferase in the liver and kidney of control rats and those treated with estrogen were determined by injecting L-[14C]leucine (U) and following the decay of specific radioactivity incorporated into immunoprecipitates from the partially purified enzymes. The half-life of the ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13] in the liver (t1/2=0.95 days) was significantly different from that of the kidney enzyme (t1/2=4.0 days). Studies on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into ornithine aminotransferase in the kidney under steady-state conditions showed that the rate of synthesis of this enzyme after treatment with estrogen was 5 to 6 times higher than that in untreated animals. The rate constant of degradation of kidney ornithine aminotransferase under steady-state conditions induced by estrogen treatment was not significantly different from that under control conditions. The results showed that the increase in the rate of biosynthesis, not to a decrease in the rate of degradation. No significant changes in the rates of biosynthesis and degradation of liver ornithine aminotransferase were observed after administration of estrogen.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on the turnover rates of ornithine amino transferase in rat liver and kidney. The turnover rates of ornithine aminotransferase in the liver and kidney of control rats and those treated with estrogen were determined by injecting L-[14C]leucine (U) and following the decay of specific radioactivity incorporated into immunoprecipitates from the partially purified enzymes. The half-life of the ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13] in the liver (t1/2=0.95 days) was significantly different from that of the kidney enzyme (t1/2=4.0 days). Studies on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into ornithine aminotransferase in the kidney under steady-state conditions showed that the rate of synthesis of this enzyme after treatment with estrogen was 5 to 6 times higher than that in untreated animals. The rate constant of degradation of kidney ornithine aminotransferase under steady-state conditions induced by estrogen treatment was not significantly different from that under control conditions. The results showed that the increase in the rate of biosynthesis, not to a decrease in the rate of degradation. No significant changes in the rates of biosynthesis and degradation of liver ornithine aminotransferase were observed after administration of estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:931977", "title": "Effect of ionic sites of surfactants on leukocyte metabolism.", "content": "The effect of ionic and nonionic surfactants on the metabolism of leukocytes was studied. Among anionic surfactants, sodium laurylsulfate, sodium laurate, and sodium lauroyllactate stimulated oxygen uptake and glucose oxidation through the hexose monophosphate pathway. The magnitude of the effect of anionic surfactants seemed to be related to the electrostatic strength of the ionic site of each compound. Cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants were inhibitory to leukocyte metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of ionic sites of surfactants on leukocyte metabolism. The effect of ionic and nonionic surfactants on the metabolism of leukocytes was studied. Among anionic surfactants, sodium laurylsulfate, sodium laurate, and sodium lauroyllactate stimulated oxygen uptake and glucose oxidation through the hexose monophosphate pathway. The magnitude of the effect of anionic surfactants seemed to be related to the electrostatic strength of the ionic site of each compound. Cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants were inhibitory to leukocyte metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:931978", "title": "The state of lysosomes and protein turnover in rat liver. Effect of excess vitamin A.", "content": "Administration of excess vitamin A to rats induces labilization of liver lysosomal membranes, as shown by the release of lysosomal cathepsins upon tissue homogenization. The effect of lysosomal labilization on liver protein turnover was investigated. The apparent turnover rate of liver proteins in the hypervitaminotic animals, as measured by a double isotope-labeling technique (Glass and Doyle (1972) J, Biol. Chem, 247, 5234-5242), was found to be the same as that in control animals. Neutral and alkaline fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase [EC 3.3.3.11] activities in the liver were also found to be unchanged in hypervitaminosis A. These data indicate that the rate of intracellular protein degradation is not determined by the level of \"free cathepsins. Protein synthesis in the livers of the hypervitaminotic animals was partially  imparied, as shown by the shift of polysomal profiles toward lighter aggregates.", "contents": "The state of lysosomes and protein turnover in rat liver. Effect of excess vitamin A. Administration of excess vitamin A to rats induces labilization of liver lysosomal membranes, as shown by the release of lysosomal cathepsins upon tissue homogenization. The effect of lysosomal labilization on liver protein turnover was investigated. The apparent turnover rate of liver proteins in the hypervitaminotic animals, as measured by a double isotope-labeling technique (Glass and Doyle (1972) J, Biol. Chem, 247, 5234-5242), was found to be the same as that in control animals. Neutral and alkaline fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase [EC 3.3.3.11] activities in the liver were also found to be unchanged in hypervitaminosis A. These data indicate that the rate of intracellular protein degradation is not determined by the level of \"free cathepsins. Protein synthesis in the livers of the hypervitaminotic animals was partially  imparied, as shown by the shift of polysomal profiles toward lighter aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:931979", "title": "Studies on the composition of phospholipids in rat small intestinal smooth muscle.", "content": "The phospholipid composition of rat small intestinal smooth muscle was investigated in comparison with those of the mucosa and liver. Phospholipid content per g of the wet smooth muscle was almost identical with that of the mucosa and was about 1/4 of that in the liver. The phospholipid/protein ratio of the smooth muscle was about 1/2 of the value in the liver. Sphingomyelin content was significantly high and amounted to 18% of total phospholipids. This value was about twice that in the mucosa and 4 times higher than that in the liver. On the other hand, the percent distribution of phosphatidylcholine was lowest in the smooth muscle. Distribution patterns of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol in the smooth muscle as well as in the mucosa were different from those in the liver. The occurrence of vinyl-ether and ether phospholipids was clearly demonstrated in the smooth muscle as well as in the mucosa. A major part of the ether lipids was detected in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction, in which they amounted to about 50%; 40% as alkenyl-acyl type and 12% as alkyl-acyl type. A high content of ether lipids was also observed in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction from mucosa, but the distribution was reversed, that is, 14% alkenyl-acyl type and 28% alkyl-acyl type. Fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols, and fatty acids were also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The compositions of fatty aldehydes in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction from smooth muscle and from mucosa were similar, whereas the compositions of long chain fatty alcohol and fatty acids were clearly different. The compositions of fatty alcohols and fatty acids of the phosphatidylcholine fraction from smooth muscle showed significantly different patterns from those of the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction and from those of the same phospholipid fraction in the mucosa.", "contents": "Studies on the composition of phospholipids in rat small intestinal smooth muscle. The phospholipid composition of rat small intestinal smooth muscle was investigated in comparison with those of the mucosa and liver. Phospholipid content per g of the wet smooth muscle was almost identical with that of the mucosa and was about 1/4 of that in the liver. The phospholipid/protein ratio of the smooth muscle was about 1/2 of the value in the liver. Sphingomyelin content was significantly high and amounted to 18% of total phospholipids. This value was about twice that in the mucosa and 4 times higher than that in the liver. On the other hand, the percent distribution of phosphatidylcholine was lowest in the smooth muscle. Distribution patterns of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol in the smooth muscle as well as in the mucosa were different from those in the liver. The occurrence of vinyl-ether and ether phospholipids was clearly demonstrated in the smooth muscle as well as in the mucosa. A major part of the ether lipids was detected in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction, in which they amounted to about 50%; 40% as alkenyl-acyl type and 12% as alkyl-acyl type. A high content of ether lipids was also observed in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction from mucosa, but the distribution was reversed, that is, 14% alkenyl-acyl type and 28% alkyl-acyl type. Fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols, and fatty acids were also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The compositions of fatty aldehydes in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction from smooth muscle and from mucosa were similar, whereas the compositions of long chain fatty alcohol and fatty acids were clearly different. The compositions of fatty alcohols and fatty acids of the phosphatidylcholine fraction from smooth muscle showed significantly different patterns from those of the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction and from those of the same phospholipid fraction in the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:931980", "title": "Effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the holo- and apo-enzymes of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase.", "content": "1. The effect of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) on pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase [NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3.] was investigated by means of enzymatic activity and optical measurements (CD, absorption, and fluorescence spectra). The activity of the enzyme decreased on increasing the concentration of GuHCl and the enzyme was completely inactivated in 2.0 M GuHCl. 2. The contents of alpha-helix, beta, and unordered forms in lipoamide dehydrogenase were estimated to be 34, 14, and 52%, respectively. On increasing the concentration of GuHCl, the content of alpha-helix in lipoamide dehydrogenase decreased, whereas the content of the beta form hardly changed. 3. The native lipoamide dehydrogenase showed absorption, CD, and fluorescence spectra characteristic of bound FAD in the visible region, suggesting hydrophobic interaction between the protein moiety and FAD chromophore. The absorption, CD, and fluorescence spectra of the enzyme in 2.0 M GuHCl were similar to those of free FAD in the buffer, suggesting the release of FAD from the protein moiety. 4. The protein fluorescence spectrum of lipoamide dehydrogenase had a maximum at 350 nm blue-shifted by 8 nm from that of tryptophan in aqueous solution. The maximum of the enzyme in 2.0 M GuHCl was red-shifted to 357 nm. This suggests exposure of tryptophan residues to a polar environment. The maximum, 352nm, of the apoenzyme shifted to 350 nm on addition of FAD. These results show that the conformation in the microenvironment of some tryptophan residues in lipoamide dehydrogenase is affected by the dissociation-association of FAD. 5. The contents of alpha-helix, beta, and unordered forms in the apoenzyme were estimated to be 35, 8, and 57%, respectively. These values are similar to those of the native holoenzyme. The alpha-helical structure in the apoenzyme molecule was more sensitive to GuHCl than that in the holoenzyme. FAD and two hydrophobic probes, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) and 4 benzolamido-4'-aminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (MBAS), which can bind to the apoenzyme, stabilized the alpha-helical structure in the apoenzyme molecule.", "contents": "Effect of guanidine hydrochloride on the holo- and apo-enzymes of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase. 1. The effect of guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) on pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase [NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3.] was investigated by means of enzymatic activity and optical measurements (CD, absorption, and fluorescence spectra). The activity of the enzyme decreased on increasing the concentration of GuHCl and the enzyme was completely inactivated in 2.0 M GuHCl. 2. The contents of alpha-helix, beta, and unordered forms in lipoamide dehydrogenase were estimated to be 34, 14, and 52%, respectively. On increasing the concentration of GuHCl, the content of alpha-helix in lipoamide dehydrogenase decreased, whereas the content of the beta form hardly changed. 3. The native lipoamide dehydrogenase showed absorption, CD, and fluorescence spectra characteristic of bound FAD in the visible region, suggesting hydrophobic interaction between the protein moiety and FAD chromophore. The absorption, CD, and fluorescence spectra of the enzyme in 2.0 M GuHCl were similar to those of free FAD in the buffer, suggesting the release of FAD from the protein moiety. 4. The protein fluorescence spectrum of lipoamide dehydrogenase had a maximum at 350 nm blue-shifted by 8 nm from that of tryptophan in aqueous solution. The maximum of the enzyme in 2.0 M GuHCl was red-shifted to 357 nm. This suggests exposure of tryptophan residues to a polar environment. The maximum, 352nm, of the apoenzyme shifted to 350 nm on addition of FAD. These results show that the conformation in the microenvironment of some tryptophan residues in lipoamide dehydrogenase is affected by the dissociation-association of FAD. 5. The contents of alpha-helix, beta, and unordered forms in the apoenzyme were estimated to be 35, 8, and 57%, respectively. These values are similar to those of the native holoenzyme. The alpha-helical structure in the apoenzyme molecule was more sensitive to GuHCl than that in the holoenzyme. FAD and two hydrophobic probes, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) and 4 benzolamido-4'-aminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (MBAS), which can bind to the apoenzyme, stabilized the alpha-helical structure in the apoenzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:931981", "title": "Studies on P-450. X. On the coordination structure of hemoprotein P-450.", "content": "The spectral properties of a P-450 preparation from adrenocortical mitochondria were compared with those of both other hemoproteins and model compounds to examine the possibility suggested by previous authors that the mercaptide anion (thiolate anion, RS-) of a cysteine residue might be one of the axial ligands of P-45O. 1. The following features were found in addition to the well known anomalous spectral characteristics of P-450. The Soret band of the ferrous form was at anomalously short wavelengths compared with those of other ferrous high-spin hemoproteins. The regularity in the shifts of the Soret maximum observed with various forms of usual hemoproteins was disrupted in the case of P-450 by the maximum of the ferrous form. 2. The complex of methemoglobin with 2-mercaptoethanol, which was the model for P-450 used by previous authors for spectral and ESR studies, was studied more precisely. The model showed an absorption spectrum very similar to that of the imidazole complex of ferric P-450, whereas the complex of methemoglobin with imidazole showed both Soret and visible absorption maxima at shorter wavelengths. The rapid rate of reduction of methemoglobin by dithionite decreased on binding to mercaptoethanol and the slow rate of reduction of P-450 increased on binding to imidazole. Thus the half-reduction times for both complexes were of the same order of magnitude. 3. An absorption spectrum which was very similar to the spectrum of ferric high-spin P-45O could be obtained by quick scanning immediately after ferric protoheme had been dissolved in a 33% solution of mercaptoethanol in water containing Tween 20 and NaOH. 4. Protoheme dissolved in an aqueous solution of Nikkol BL9EX (a non-ionic detergent) containing NaOH, dithionite, and 1 mM mercaptoethanol formed a transient intermediate complex having a Soret maximum at 470 nm. Treatment of this complex with carbon monoxide resulted in the formation of a CO adduct having a Soret maximum at 450 nm and a single band at about 555 nm in the visible region. These maxima were similar to those of the carbon monoxide complex of P-450. Many of the results could be explained readily by assuming that a mercaptide anion was one of the axial ligands, and also that heme was held in a hydrophobic crevice in the P-450 molecule. The coordination structure of P-450 seems to be more flexible than those of usual hemoproteins.", "contents": "Studies on P-450. X. On the coordination structure of hemoprotein P-450. The spectral properties of a P-450 preparation from adrenocortical mitochondria were compared with those of both other hemoproteins and model compounds to examine the possibility suggested by previous authors that the mercaptide anion (thiolate anion, RS-) of a cysteine residue might be one of the axial ligands of P-45O. 1. The following features were found in addition to the well known anomalous spectral characteristics of P-450. The Soret band of the ferrous form was at anomalously short wavelengths compared with those of other ferrous high-spin hemoproteins. The regularity in the shifts of the Soret maximum observed with various forms of usual hemoproteins was disrupted in the case of P-450 by the maximum of the ferrous form. 2. The complex of methemoglobin with 2-mercaptoethanol, which was the model for P-450 used by previous authors for spectral and ESR studies, was studied more precisely. The model showed an absorption spectrum very similar to that of the imidazole complex of ferric P-450, whereas the complex of methemoglobin with imidazole showed both Soret and visible absorption maxima at shorter wavelengths. The rapid rate of reduction of methemoglobin by dithionite decreased on binding to mercaptoethanol and the slow rate of reduction of P-450 increased on binding to imidazole. Thus the half-reduction times for both complexes were of the same order of magnitude. 3. An absorption spectrum which was very similar to the spectrum of ferric high-spin P-45O could be obtained by quick scanning immediately after ferric protoheme had been dissolved in a 33% solution of mercaptoethanol in water containing Tween 20 and NaOH. 4. Protoheme dissolved in an aqueous solution of Nikkol BL9EX (a non-ionic detergent) containing NaOH, dithionite, and 1 mM mercaptoethanol formed a transient intermediate complex having a Soret maximum at 470 nm. Treatment of this complex with carbon monoxide resulted in the formation of a CO adduct having a Soret maximum at 450 nm and a single band at about 555 nm in the visible region. These maxima were similar to those of the carbon monoxide complex of P-450. Many of the results could be explained readily by assuming that a mercaptide anion was one of the axial ligands, and also that heme was held in a hydrophobic crevice in the P-450 molecule. The coordination structure of P-450 seems to be more flexible than those of usual hemoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:931983", "title": "Rat intestinal brush border membrane peptidases. I. Solubilization, purification, and physicochemical properties of two different forms of the enzyme.", "content": "Two brush border peptidases have been isolated from the particulate fraction of the rat intestinal mucosa and purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and double immunodiffusion. For convenience, the peptidases have been designated peptidase F (fast) and S (slow) on the basis of their anodic mobilities. The isoelectric point of peptidase F was 4.76 and of peptidase S, 5.10. Both enzymes are glycoproteins. The amino acid compositions of the two peptidases are similar. The same carbohydrates are found in both enzymes, but there are differences in the molar concentrations of individual sugars. Peptidase S has greater concentrations of mannose and galactose and of hexosamines than peptidase F, while sialic acid is slightly greater in peptidase F. Carbohydrate accounted for approximately 19% and 23% of the weight of peptidases F and S, respectively. Estimates of the molecular weights of both enzymes by gel filtration gave values of 280,000. Electrophoresis of the enzymes under denaturing conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels indicated that each enzyme is a dimer consisting of two subunits of equal molecular weight, 140,000.", "contents": "Rat intestinal brush border membrane peptidases. I. Solubilization, purification, and physicochemical properties of two different forms of the enzyme. Two brush border peptidases have been isolated from the particulate fraction of the rat intestinal mucosa and purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and double immunodiffusion. For convenience, the peptidases have been designated peptidase F (fast) and S (slow) on the basis of their anodic mobilities. The isoelectric point of peptidase F was 4.76 and of peptidase S, 5.10. Both enzymes are glycoproteins. The amino acid compositions of the two peptidases are similar. The same carbohydrates are found in both enzymes, but there are differences in the molar concentrations of individual sugars. Peptidase S has greater concentrations of mannose and galactose and of hexosamines than peptidase F, while sialic acid is slightly greater in peptidase F. Carbohydrate accounted for approximately 19% and 23% of the weight of peptidases F and S, respectively. Estimates of the molecular weights of both enzymes by gel filtration gave values of 280,000. Electrophoresis of the enzymes under denaturing conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels indicated that each enzyme is a dimer consisting of two subunits of equal molecular weight, 140,000."}
{"id": "PMID:931984", "title": "Preparation and properties of partially purified pulmonary cytochrome P-450 from rabbits.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 from rabbit pulmonary microsomes was purified approximately 32-fold. The purification method involved solubilization of microsomes using sodium cholate, and recovery of cytochrome P-450 in the precipitate formed between 25 to 42% saturation of the digested microsomes with ammonium sulfate in the absence of glycerol. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite using Emulgen 913 as an eluent. Partially purified preparations containing up to 7.4 nmol of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein were essentially free of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochromes b5 and P-420. However, epoxide hydrase was found to co-purify with cytochrome P-450. The CO-difference spectrum of dithionite-reduced purified cytochrome showed the expected peak at 450 nm. However, the magnitude of the peak was dependent on added microsomal lipid fraction in the assay medium. Purified pulmonary cytochrome P-450 formed typical types I and II substrate difference spectra with benzphetamine and pyridine, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of partially purified cytochrome P-450 gave two major bands when stained with Coomassie blue. The faster moving band which contained peroxidase activity had an estimated molecular weight of 49,000 +/- 1,200. The cytochrome P-450 fraction, when combined with solubilized pulmonary microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and lipid fractions, was active in the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and the N-demethylation of benzphetamine.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of partially purified pulmonary cytochrome P-450 from rabbits. Cytochrome P-450 from rabbit pulmonary microsomes was purified approximately 32-fold. The purification method involved solubilization of microsomes using sodium cholate, and recovery of cytochrome P-450 in the precipitate formed between 25 to 42% saturation of the digested microsomes with ammonium sulfate in the absence of glycerol. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and hydroxylapatite using Emulgen 913 as an eluent. Partially purified preparations containing up to 7.4 nmol of cytochrome P-450 per mg of protein were essentially free of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochromes b5 and P-420. However, epoxide hydrase was found to co-purify with cytochrome P-450. The CO-difference spectrum of dithionite-reduced purified cytochrome showed the expected peak at 450 nm. However, the magnitude of the peak was dependent on added microsomal lipid fraction in the assay medium. Purified pulmonary cytochrome P-450 formed typical types I and II substrate difference spectra with benzphetamine and pyridine, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of partially purified cytochrome P-450 gave two major bands when stained with Coomassie blue. The faster moving band which contained peroxidase activity had an estimated molecular weight of 49,000 +/- 1,200. The cytochrome P-450 fraction, when combined with solubilized pulmonary microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and lipid fractions, was active in the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin and the N-demethylation of benzphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:931985", "title": "Substitution of lanthanide ions for calcium ions in the activation of bovine prothrombin by activated factor X. High affinity metal-binding sites of prothrombin and the derivatives of prothrombin activation.", "content": "The substitution of lanthanide ions for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-binding sites of prothrombin and the derivatives of prothrombin activation and in the metal-dependent conversion of prothrombin or prethrombin 1 to thrombin was studied at pH 6.8. Gd(III), Tb(III), La(III), Dy(III), Pr(III), Sm(III), and Ce(III) may be substituted for Ca(II) in the generation of thrombin from prothrombin or prethrombin 1 by activated factor X. The rates of thrombin generation in the presence of optimal concentrations of Gd(III) were about 25% for prothrombin and prethrombin 1 compared to the rate of thrombin generation with optimal concentrations of Ca(II). Maximal rates of thrombin generation were observed at 20 muM Gd(III) using prothrombin as substrate, compared to 10 muM Gd(III) when prethrombin 1 was employed. Using the steady state rate-dialysis method, the high affinity metal-binding sites of prothrombin and the products formed during prothrombin activation were characterized using 153Gd(III). Prothrombin has two high affinity binding sites for Gd(III) (Kd = 0.75 muM). Prethrombin 1 and prethrombin 2 each bind one Gd(III) tightly (Kd = 1.10 muM and 0.81 muM, respectively). Fragment 1, the phospholipid-binding portion of prothrombin, has two sites which bind Gd(III) tightly (Kd 0.16 muM). Fragment 2 has no high affinity metal-binding sites, but has intermediate affinity metal-binding sites (Kd greater than 1.6 muM). Thrombin has numerous high affinity binding sites (Kd less than 0.1 muM), suggesting that the conversion of prethrombin 2 to thrombin is associated with a significant change in tertiary structure. These results indicate that Gd(III) binds tightly to the metal-binding sites of these proteins and can substitute for Ca(II) in metal-dependent prothrombin activation. In the activation of prothrombin by activated factor X, these data suggest that Ca(II) is required for metal-dependent factor V and phospholipid binding and not as a cofactor in enzyme catalysis.", "contents": "Substitution of lanthanide ions for calcium ions in the activation of bovine prothrombin by activated factor X. High affinity metal-binding sites of prothrombin and the derivatives of prothrombin activation. The substitution of lanthanide ions for Ca(II) in the Ca(II)-binding sites of prothrombin and the derivatives of prothrombin activation and in the metal-dependent conversion of prothrombin or prethrombin 1 to thrombin was studied at pH 6.8. Gd(III), Tb(III), La(III), Dy(III), Pr(III), Sm(III), and Ce(III) may be substituted for Ca(II) in the generation of thrombin from prothrombin or prethrombin 1 by activated factor X. The rates of thrombin generation in the presence of optimal concentrations of Gd(III) were about 25% for prothrombin and prethrombin 1 compared to the rate of thrombin generation with optimal concentrations of Ca(II). Maximal rates of thrombin generation were observed at 20 muM Gd(III) using prothrombin as substrate, compared to 10 muM Gd(III) when prethrombin 1 was employed. Using the steady state rate-dialysis method, the high affinity metal-binding sites of prothrombin and the products formed during prothrombin activation were characterized using 153Gd(III). Prothrombin has two high affinity binding sites for Gd(III) (Kd = 0.75 muM). Prethrombin 1 and prethrombin 2 each bind one Gd(III) tightly (Kd = 1.10 muM and 0.81 muM, respectively). Fragment 1, the phospholipid-binding portion of prothrombin, has two sites which bind Gd(III) tightly (Kd 0.16 muM). Fragment 2 has no high affinity metal-binding sites, but has intermediate affinity metal-binding sites (Kd greater than 1.6 muM). Thrombin has numerous high affinity binding sites (Kd less than 0.1 muM), suggesting that the conversion of prethrombin 2 to thrombin is associated with a significant change in tertiary structure. These results indicate that Gd(III) binds tightly to the metal-binding sites of these proteins and can substitute for Ca(II) in metal-dependent prothrombin activation. In the activation of prothrombin by activated factor X, these data suggest that Ca(II) is required for metal-dependent factor V and phospholipid binding and not as a cofactor in enzyme catalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:931986", "title": "Human tryptophan transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Composition, function of thiol groups, and structure of thiol peptides.", "content": "Human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase resembles its counterpart in Escherichia coli in quaternary structure (alpha2), but differs in molecular weight, amino acid composition, the number of thiol groups, and the relationship of the thiol groups to enzyme activity. Nevertheless, one of the thiol groups resides in a heptapeptide sequence homologous to a heptapeptide sequence containing a thiol group in the E. coli enzyme. Each subunit of the enzyme has 6 half-cystine residues, and four thiol groups are readily titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Titration of these four thiol groups inactivates the enzyme, and the inactivation is partially reversible by reduction with dithiothreitol. One thiol group reacts rapidly unless L-tryptophan, ATP, and Mg2+ are present together.", "contents": "Human tryptophan transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Composition, function of thiol groups, and structure of thiol peptides. Human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase resembles its counterpart in Escherichia coli in quaternary structure (alpha2), but differs in molecular weight, amino acid composition, the number of thiol groups, and the relationship of the thiol groups to enzyme activity. Nevertheless, one of the thiol groups resides in a heptapeptide sequence homologous to a heptapeptide sequence containing a thiol group in the E. coli enzyme. Each subunit of the enzyme has 6 half-cystine residues, and four thiol groups are readily titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Titration of these four thiol groups inactivates the enzyme, and the inactivation is partially reversible by reduction with dithiothreitol. One thiol group reacts rapidly unless L-tryptophan, ATP, and Mg2+ are present together."}
{"id": "PMID:931987", "title": "Conversion of a C-20-deoxy-C21, steroid, 5-pregnen-3beta-ol, into testosterone by rat testicular microsomes.", "content": "5-[7ALPHA-3H] Pregnen-3beta-ol, a C-20-deoxy analog of pregnenolone, was synthesized and tested as a substrate for the enzyme system occurring in testes that cleaves the side chain of C21 steroids between C-17 and C-20. This C-20-deoxy C21 steroid was incubated with a microsomal preparation obtained from rat testis and was converted into testosterone in 5% yield. Another C-20-deoxy analog of pregnenolone, 5,20-pregnadien-3beta-ol, was not converted into testosterone by this enzyme system. The significance of this finding for the natural processes by which pregnenolone is converted by the same subcellular fraction into the male sex hormone is examined in the light of the hypothesis that intermediates involved in steroidogenesis are transient, reactive complexes of the appropriate reactants (steroids, oxygen, etc.) with specific enzymes.", "contents": "Conversion of a C-20-deoxy-C21, steroid, 5-pregnen-3beta-ol, into testosterone by rat testicular microsomes. 5-[7ALPHA-3H] Pregnen-3beta-ol, a C-20-deoxy analog of pregnenolone, was synthesized and tested as a substrate for the enzyme system occurring in testes that cleaves the side chain of C21 steroids between C-17 and C-20. This C-20-deoxy C21 steroid was incubated with a microsomal preparation obtained from rat testis and was converted into testosterone in 5% yield. Another C-20-deoxy analog of pregnenolone, 5,20-pregnadien-3beta-ol, was not converted into testosterone by this enzyme system. The significance of this finding for the natural processes by which pregnenolone is converted by the same subcellular fraction into the male sex hormone is examined in the light of the hypothesis that intermediates involved in steroidogenesis are transient, reactive complexes of the appropriate reactants (steroids, oxygen, etc.) with specific enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:931988", "title": "Identification of separate acyl- CoA:glycine and acyl-CoA:L-glutamine N-acyltransferase activities in mitochondrial fractions from liver of rhesus monkey and man.", "content": "The conjugation of glycine to benzoates and the conjugation of L-glutamine to certain arylacetates are catalyzed by two different acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases which can be purified separately from liver mitochondrial fractions of either rhesus monkey or man. In both species, one transferase is specific for glycine and the other for L-glutamine. The glycine enzyme utilizes either butyryl-CoA or benzoyl-CoA as acyl donors while the glutamine enzyme uses either phenylacetyl-CoA or indoleacetyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA substrates for one transferase do not serve as substrates for the other. Additional studies with the monkey liver enzymes revealed that acyl-CoA substrates for one transferase inhibit the other, that the apparent Km value is low (10(-6) to 10(-5) M range) for the preferred acyl-CoA substrate as compared to the amino acid acceptor (greater than 10(-2) M) and that both transferases have a molecular weight of approximately 24,000. Hippuric acid and either phenylacetylglutamine or indoleacetylglutamine were characterized as the products formed by the separate enzymes.", "contents": "Identification of separate acyl- CoA:glycine and acyl-CoA:L-glutamine N-acyltransferase activities in mitochondrial fractions from liver of rhesus monkey and man. The conjugation of glycine to benzoates and the conjugation of L-glutamine to certain arylacetates are catalyzed by two different acyl-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases which can be purified separately from liver mitochondrial fractions of either rhesus monkey or man. In both species, one transferase is specific for glycine and the other for L-glutamine. The glycine enzyme utilizes either butyryl-CoA or benzoyl-CoA as acyl donors while the glutamine enzyme uses either phenylacetyl-CoA or indoleacetyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA substrates for one transferase do not serve as substrates for the other. Additional studies with the monkey liver enzymes revealed that acyl-CoA substrates for one transferase inhibit the other, that the apparent Km value is low (10(-6) to 10(-5) M range) for the preferred acyl-CoA substrate as compared to the amino acid acceptor (greater than 10(-2) M) and that both transferases have a molecular weight of approximately 24,000. Hippuric acid and either phenylacetylglutamine or indoleacetylglutamine were characterized as the products formed by the separate enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:931989", "title": "Mutations affecting the quaternary structure of the lac repressor.", "content": "A new class of point mutations in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli is described which results in a lac repressor that is unable to form its normal tetrameric structure. Many of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the neighborhood of the tyrosine at residue 269. An amber mutation derived from the codon normally specifying tyrosine 269 has been suppressed with Sul, which inserts serine in response to the amber codon. The resulting altered lac repressor is also unable to form its normal tetrameric structure and can no longer bind to the lac operator. Two missense mutations which map in the part of the gene specifying amino acid residues 210 to 216 also produce repressors unable to form tetramers.", "contents": "Mutations affecting the quaternary structure of the lac repressor. A new class of point mutations in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli is described which results in a lac repressor that is unable to form its normal tetrameric structure. Many of these mutations result in amino acid substitutions in the neighborhood of the tyrosine at residue 269. An amber mutation derived from the codon normally specifying tyrosine 269 has been suppressed with Sul, which inserts serine in response to the amber codon. The resulting altered lac repressor is also unable to form its normal tetrameric structure and can no longer bind to the lac operator. Two missense mutations which map in the part of the gene specifying amino acid residues 210 to 216 also produce repressors unable to form tetramers."}
{"id": "PMID:931990", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep brain.", "content": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as well as the catabolism of [9beta- 3H1]prostaglandin F2alpha by homogenates of whole brain from fetal and neonatal lambs was investigated. The biosynthetic measurements utilized the mass spectrometric deuterium isotope dilution-dual ion monitoring technique (Samulsson, B., Hamberg, M., and Sweeley, C.C. (1970) Anal. Biochem. 38, 301-304; Wolfe, L.S., and Pace-Asciak, C. (1972) in Prostaglandins in Fertility Control (Bergstr\u00f6m, S., Green, K., and Samuelsson, B., eds) Vol. 2. pp. 201-207, WHO, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm), whereas the activity of the catabolizing system was measured by the radiolabel dilution-thin layer chromatographic technique reported previously (Pace-Asciak, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2795-2800). The structures of all products were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Early fetal brain (gestational age 30 to 32 days) contained the highest activity of NAD-dependent prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase which varied inversely with age of the fetus, dropping to almost undetectable levels by neonatal Day 4. Both prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, were formed by brain from all ages tested and the total prostaglandins formed rose gradually with age. Thus, the period of maximal prostaglandin catabolism which we term the \"critical prostaglandin period\" appears in the fetal lamb brain around 30 days gestational age or earlier. These findins together with others previously reported by us in other tissues, support the concept that prostaglandin catabolism might play an important role in protecting the developing organ from possible adverse effects of locally formed or circulating prostaglandins. These adverse effects on the developing brain might relate to the known vasoconstrictor properties of the prostaglandins, as well as to their known effects on the induction of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis and catabolism in the developing fetal sheep brain. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as well as the catabolism of [9beta- 3H1]prostaglandin F2alpha by homogenates of whole brain from fetal and neonatal lambs was investigated. The biosynthetic measurements utilized the mass spectrometric deuterium isotope dilution-dual ion monitoring technique (Samulsson, B., Hamberg, M., and Sweeley, C.C. (1970) Anal. Biochem. 38, 301-304; Wolfe, L.S., and Pace-Asciak, C. (1972) in Prostaglandins in Fertility Control (Bergstr\u00f6m, S., Green, K., and Samuelsson, B., eds) Vol. 2. pp. 201-207, WHO, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm), whereas the activity of the catabolizing system was measured by the radiolabel dilution-thin layer chromatographic technique reported previously (Pace-Asciak, C. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2795-2800). The structures of all products were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Early fetal brain (gestational age 30 to 32 days) contained the highest activity of NAD-dependent prostaglandin 15-hydroxy dehydrogenase which varied inversely with age of the fetus, dropping to almost undetectable levels by neonatal Day 4. Both prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, were formed by brain from all ages tested and the total prostaglandins formed rose gradually with age. Thus, the period of maximal prostaglandin catabolism which we term the \"critical prostaglandin period\" appears in the fetal lamb brain around 30 days gestational age or earlier. These findins together with others previously reported by us in other tissues, support the concept that prostaglandin catabolism might play an important role in protecting the developing organ from possible adverse effects of locally formed or circulating prostaglandins. These adverse effects on the developing brain might relate to the known vasoconstrictor properties of the prostaglandins, as well as to their known effects on the induction of cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:931991", "title": "Neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase. Role of 2-chloroadenosine, prostaglandin E1, and guanine nucleotides in regulation of activity.", "content": "Neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase is activated by 2-chloroadenosine, prostaglandin E1, and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P]. However, the process of activation by the first two compounds is different from that induced by the third. Prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloroadenosine activation is rapid, producing elevated activities which are constant throughout a 20-min assay. In contrast, GMP-P(NH)P activation is slow and although the activity is elevated within 1 min, it continues to increase for up to 12 min before attaining a maximal constant value. Activation is more rapid when either prostaglandin E1 or 2-chloroadenosine is present with GMP-P(NH)P. Activation of the enzyme by GMP-P(NH)P appears to be retarded by endogenous nucleotides as suggested by the following observations: (a) if the enzyme is incubated at 30 degrees with 5 mM MgCl2 for 5 to 7 min, GMP-P(NH)P then produces maximal activation without a detect able lag; (b) if, during this incubation, nucleotides, a nucleotide regenerating system, or EDTA (instead of MgCl2) are present, subsequent GMP-P(NH)P activation is slow; and (c) in the assays which contain a nucleotide regenerating systm and MgATP as substrate, the Km for GMP-P(NH)P is 6 +/- 2 muM. However, in the assays using MgAMP-P(NH)P as substrate but no nucleotide regenerating system, the Km is 0.5 +/- 0.2 muM. GPD and GTP do not replace GMP-P(NH)P as an enzyme activator in any of our assays systems, and in fact, are potent inhibitors of GMP-P(NH)P enzyme activation. Prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloradensine do not alter significantly the Km for GMP-P(NH)P but do decrease the ensyme's sensitivity of GDP. Proposed is a hysteretic model of neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase, which shows the enzyme responding slowly to rapid changes in GMP-P(NH)P concentration due to the slow displacement of the tightly bound endogenous guanine nucleotides by GMP-P(NH)P. Additionally, prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloroadenosine increase the rate of GMP-P(NH)P activation by decreasing the enzyme's affinity for these endogenous guanine nucleotides.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase. Role of 2-chloroadenosine, prostaglandin E1, and guanine nucleotides in regulation of activity. Neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase is activated by 2-chloroadenosine, prostaglandin E1, and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P]. However, the process of activation by the first two compounds is different from that induced by the third. Prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloroadenosine activation is rapid, producing elevated activities which are constant throughout a 20-min assay. In contrast, GMP-P(NH)P activation is slow and although the activity is elevated within 1 min, it continues to increase for up to 12 min before attaining a maximal constant value. Activation is more rapid when either prostaglandin E1 or 2-chloroadenosine is present with GMP-P(NH)P. Activation of the enzyme by GMP-P(NH)P appears to be retarded by endogenous nucleotides as suggested by the following observations: (a) if the enzyme is incubated at 30 degrees with 5 mM MgCl2 for 5 to 7 min, GMP-P(NH)P then produces maximal activation without a detect able lag; (b) if, during this incubation, nucleotides, a nucleotide regenerating system, or EDTA (instead of MgCl2) are present, subsequent GMP-P(NH)P activation is slow; and (c) in the assays which contain a nucleotide regenerating systm and MgATP as substrate, the Km for GMP-P(NH)P is 6 +/- 2 muM. However, in the assays using MgAMP-P(NH)P as substrate but no nucleotide regenerating system, the Km is 0.5 +/- 0.2 muM. GPD and GTP do not replace GMP-P(NH)P as an enzyme activator in any of our assays systems, and in fact, are potent inhibitors of GMP-P(NH)P enzyme activation. Prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloradensine do not alter significantly the Km for GMP-P(NH)P but do decrease the ensyme's sensitivity of GDP. Proposed is a hysteretic model of neuroblastoma adenylate cyclase, which shows the enzyme responding slowly to rapid changes in GMP-P(NH)P concentration due to the slow displacement of the tightly bound endogenous guanine nucleotides by GMP-P(NH)P. Additionally, prostaglandin E1 and 2-chloroadenosine increase the rate of GMP-P(NH)P activation by decreasing the enzyme's affinity for these endogenous guanine nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:931992", "title": "Origins of circular dichroism bands in Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "The spectral properties of Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor (BBI) were investigated by analyzing difference absorption spectra and difference CD spectra and by comparing them with those of tyrosyl model compounds. The O-acetylation of tyrosyl side chains showed that the ultraviolet CD bands of BBI above 225 nm originate from disulfide side chains and tyrosyl phenolic groups; phenylalanyl residues do not give rise to detectable CD in BBI in this wavelength region. The results of the tyrosyl ionization experiment were consistent with this interpretation. A broad negative CD band centered around 280 nm in BBI arises mainly from disulfide bonds (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.83 M-1 cm-1 per disulfide). Each of 2 tyrosyl residues gives rise to negative CD in this region; together they contribute approximately 10% of the total CD intensity at 277 nm (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.36 M-1 cm-1 per tyrosyl). Disulfide bonds in BBI also have a broad positive CD band centered around 240 nm (epsilonL- epsilonR = 0.9 M-1 per disulfide(. Tyrosyl side chains give rise to a sharp positive peak at 231 nm, overlapping with the positive disulfide CD. Dimerization of monomeric BBI did not alter the CD profile. One of two tyrosyl phenolic groups is relatively exposed and can be 0-acetylated by 100- to 1500-fold molar excess of N-acetylmidazole. The other is inaccessible to the reagent even in the presence of 8 M urea, but can be acetylated in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Fully acetylated BBI has the near-ultraviolet disulfide CD and the far-ultraviolet polypetide CD very similar to those of the native inhibitor, indicating the O-acetylation of two tryosyl side chains did not induce much conformational change in BBI. The near-ultraviolet CD of BBI was altered in the presence of 8 M urea of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, with a greater change brought about by the latter. Dithiothreitol (20 mM) completely abolished the tyrosyl and disulfide CD in this region.", "contents": "Origins of circular dichroism bands in Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor. The spectral properties of Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor (BBI) were investigated by analyzing difference absorption spectra and difference CD spectra and by comparing them with those of tyrosyl model compounds. The O-acetylation of tyrosyl side chains showed that the ultraviolet CD bands of BBI above 225 nm originate from disulfide side chains and tyrosyl phenolic groups; phenylalanyl residues do not give rise to detectable CD in BBI in this wavelength region. The results of the tyrosyl ionization experiment were consistent with this interpretation. A broad negative CD band centered around 280 nm in BBI arises mainly from disulfide bonds (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.83 M-1 cm-1 per disulfide). Each of 2 tyrosyl residues gives rise to negative CD in this region; together they contribute approximately 10% of the total CD intensity at 277 nm (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.36 M-1 cm-1 per tyrosyl). Disulfide bonds in BBI also have a broad positive CD band centered around 240 nm (epsilonL- epsilonR = 0.9 M-1 per disulfide(. Tyrosyl side chains give rise to a sharp positive peak at 231 nm, overlapping with the positive disulfide CD. Dimerization of monomeric BBI did not alter the CD profile. One of two tyrosyl phenolic groups is relatively exposed and can be 0-acetylated by 100- to 1500-fold molar excess of N-acetylmidazole. The other is inaccessible to the reagent even in the presence of 8 M urea, but can be acetylated in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Fully acetylated BBI has the near-ultraviolet disulfide CD and the far-ultraviolet polypetide CD very similar to those of the native inhibitor, indicating the O-acetylation of two tryosyl side chains did not induce much conformational change in BBI. The near-ultraviolet CD of BBI was altered in the presence of 8 M urea of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, with a greater change brought about by the latter. Dithiothreitol (20 mM) completely abolished the tyrosyl and disulfide CD in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:931993", "title": "Comparison of initial velocity and binding data for allosteric adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase.", "content": "Adensine monophosphate nucleosidase (AMP nucleosidase) from Azotobacter vinelandii is composed of six subunits with similar or identical charge and size and has a molecular weight of approximately 320,000. Binding studies with tritiated tubercidin 5' -PO4 (4-amino-7-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5' -monophosphate), a competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate, AMP, indicate the presence of three independent, identical binding sites for the substrate analog. The binding of tubercidin 5' -PO4 is not affected by either Mg2+ or MgATP2-; however, in initial velocity experiments MgATP2- caused from greater than100- to 4,000-fold activation of substrate hydrolysis depending on the concentration of AMP. Binding studies with [14C]ATP are consistent with six interdependent binding sites for MgAT2-. Initial velocity and binding curves for MgATP2- are similar in shape, but reveal a disproportionate increase in initial velocity at low saturation levels of MgAT2-. Binding of MgAT2- is inhibited by increasing concentrations of P1 which acts as a competitive inhibitor of MgATP2- activation in both initial velocity and binding experiments. In the absence of MgATP2-, 32Pi binds at six or more interdependent modifier sites. The simulataneous binding of Mg[14C]ATP2- and 32Pi was studied in experiments where MgATP2- and Pi were held in constant ratio. Extrapolation to infinite concentrations of both MgATP2- and Pi indicated that 3 molecules of each were bound to the enzyme. Thus the binding of the allosteric activator and inhibitor are mutually exclusive. These results are consistent with a single modifier site per subunit at which either MgATP2- or Pi may combine, or with separate activator and inhibitor sites which cannot be filled simultaneously. Comparative initial velocity and binding studies with Pi indicate that the initial rate of AMP hydrolysis depends primarily on the extent of modifier site saturation with MgATP2-. Thus when two sites are filled with MgATP2-, the initial rate is approximately the same as when two additional modifier sites are filled with Pi. Binding of Pi, therefore, does not appear to affect the catalytic effectiveness of the active site when MgATP2- is also present, except by the displacement of MgATP2-.", "contents": "Comparison of initial velocity and binding data for allosteric adenosine monophosphate nucleosidase. Adensine monophosphate nucleosidase (AMP nucleosidase) from Azotobacter vinelandii is composed of six subunits with similar or identical charge and size and has a molecular weight of approximately 320,000. Binding studies with tritiated tubercidin 5' -PO4 (4-amino-7-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5' -monophosphate), a competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate, AMP, indicate the presence of three independent, identical binding sites for the substrate analog. The binding of tubercidin 5' -PO4 is not affected by either Mg2+ or MgATP2-; however, in initial velocity experiments MgATP2- caused from greater than100- to 4,000-fold activation of substrate hydrolysis depending on the concentration of AMP. Binding studies with [14C]ATP are consistent with six interdependent binding sites for MgAT2-. Initial velocity and binding curves for MgATP2- are similar in shape, but reveal a disproportionate increase in initial velocity at low saturation levels of MgAT2-. Binding of MgAT2- is inhibited by increasing concentrations of P1 which acts as a competitive inhibitor of MgATP2- activation in both initial velocity and binding experiments. In the absence of MgATP2-, 32Pi binds at six or more interdependent modifier sites. The simulataneous binding of Mg[14C]ATP2- and 32Pi was studied in experiments where MgATP2- and Pi were held in constant ratio. Extrapolation to infinite concentrations of both MgATP2- and Pi indicated that 3 molecules of each were bound to the enzyme. Thus the binding of the allosteric activator and inhibitor are mutually exclusive. These results are consistent with a single modifier site per subunit at which either MgATP2- or Pi may combine, or with separate activator and inhibitor sites which cannot be filled simultaneously. Comparative initial velocity and binding studies with Pi indicate that the initial rate of AMP hydrolysis depends primarily on the extent of modifier site saturation with MgATP2-. Thus when two sites are filled with MgATP2-, the initial rate is approximately the same as when two additional modifier sites are filled with Pi. Binding of Pi, therefore, does not appear to affect the catalytic effectiveness of the active site when MgATP2- is also present, except by the displacement of MgATP2-."}
{"id": "PMID:931994", "title": "Characterization of Enzyme-like activity of human hemoglobin. Properties of the hemoglobin-P-450 reductase-coupled aniline hydroxylase system.", "content": "Human hemoglobin was characterized as an enzyme in a reconstituted aniline hydroxylase system containing hemoglobin, NADPH, rat liver cytochrome P-450 reductase, aniline and atmospheric O2. This system catalyzed p-aminophenol formation (turnover number 0.2 mol/min/mol of hemoglobin) with an efficiency similar to that which has been reported for either microsomal cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome P-450 solubilized from rat liver. The rate of the reaction was linearly dependent on hemoglobin concentration up to approximately 1 nmol of hemoglobin/ml. This linear range of hemoenzyme concentration is also similar to cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions. Unlike the cytochrome P-450 system, the hemoglobin system did not require a lipid cofactor for maximal activity, and much less reductase was needed for maximal activity. Aniline displayed typical Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics as substrate, and its Km (8 mM) was the same in the absence of presence of the reductase. Catalase essentially completely inhibited p-aminophenol formation in the absence or presence of reductase. In contrast, superoxide dismutase inhibited the reductase-mediated reaction only to a small extent (if at all). No detectable hydrogen peroxide accumulated during the course of the reaction in the absence of catalase. These findings suggested a hypothetical mechanism for hemoglobin-catalyzed hydroxylation of aniline involving a hemoglobin-bound form of hydrogen peroxide (aniline-Hb3+-OOH-) as an intermediate preceding the rate-determining formation of products.", "contents": "Characterization of Enzyme-like activity of human hemoglobin. Properties of the hemoglobin-P-450 reductase-coupled aniline hydroxylase system. Human hemoglobin was characterized as an enzyme in a reconstituted aniline hydroxylase system containing hemoglobin, NADPH, rat liver cytochrome P-450 reductase, aniline and atmospheric O2. This system catalyzed p-aminophenol formation (turnover number 0.2 mol/min/mol of hemoglobin) with an efficiency similar to that which has been reported for either microsomal cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome P-450 solubilized from rat liver. The rate of the reaction was linearly dependent on hemoglobin concentration up to approximately 1 nmol of hemoglobin/ml. This linear range of hemoenzyme concentration is also similar to cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions. Unlike the cytochrome P-450 system, the hemoglobin system did not require a lipid cofactor for maximal activity, and much less reductase was needed for maximal activity. Aniline displayed typical Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics as substrate, and its Km (8 mM) was the same in the absence of presence of the reductase. Catalase essentially completely inhibited p-aminophenol formation in the absence or presence of reductase. In contrast, superoxide dismutase inhibited the reductase-mediated reaction only to a small extent (if at all). No detectable hydrogen peroxide accumulated during the course of the reaction in the absence of catalase. These findings suggested a hypothetical mechanism for hemoglobin-catalyzed hydroxylation of aniline involving a hemoglobin-bound form of hydrogen peroxide (aniline-Hb3+-OOH-) as an intermediate preceding the rate-determining formation of products."}
{"id": "PMID:931995", "title": "Side chain hydroxylations in biosynthesis of cholic acid. 25- and 26-Hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol by reconstituted systems from rat liver microsomes.", "content": "25- and 26-Hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol was studied with reconstituted systems from rat liver microsomes consisting of partially purified cytochrome P -450, NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase, a phospholipid, and an NADPH -generating system. Cytochrome P -450 was prepared either by sodium cholate treatment and ammonium sulfate fractionation or by subtilisin and sodium deoxycholate treatment followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. No side chain hydroxylation was observed when cytochrome P-450 was omitted. With ammonium sulfate-fractionated cytochrome P-450 25- and 26-hydroxylation was stimulated 5- to 8-fold by addition of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. With subtilisin-treated cytochrome P-450 an almost absolute requirement for NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was observed. Omission of lipid did not reduce the rate of hydroxylation. Centrifugation of the cytochrome P-450 preparation at 100,000 X g for 1 hour just before incubation increased markedly lipid dependency. A significant difference between 25- and 26-hydroxylation was observed with respect to substrate saturation. The stimulatory effect of phenobarbital treatment on 25-hydroxylation and the inhibitory effect of this treatment on 26-hydroxylation were associated with the cytochrome P-450 fraction. The use of increasing amounts of sodium cholate in the solubilization of cytochrome P -450 resulted in a gradual decrease of 25-hydroxylase activity and a gradual increase of 26-hydroxylase activity. 25- and 26-Hydroxylase activities were separated partially by chromatography of subtilisintreated cytochrome P-450 fraction on DEAE-cellulose. The question whether different species of cytochrome P-450 are involved in 25- and 26-hydroxylation is discussed.", "contents": "Side chain hydroxylations in biosynthesis of cholic acid. 25- and 26-Hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol by reconstituted systems from rat liver microsomes. 25- and 26-Hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol was studied with reconstituted systems from rat liver microsomes consisting of partially purified cytochrome P -450, NADPH-cytochrome P -450 reductase, a phospholipid, and an NADPH -generating system. Cytochrome P -450 was prepared either by sodium cholate treatment and ammonium sulfate fractionation or by subtilisin and sodium deoxycholate treatment followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. No side chain hydroxylation was observed when cytochrome P-450 was omitted. With ammonium sulfate-fractionated cytochrome P-450 25- and 26-hydroxylation was stimulated 5- to 8-fold by addition of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. With subtilisin-treated cytochrome P-450 an almost absolute requirement for NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was observed. Omission of lipid did not reduce the rate of hydroxylation. Centrifugation of the cytochrome P-450 preparation at 100,000 X g for 1 hour just before incubation increased markedly lipid dependency. A significant difference between 25- and 26-hydroxylation was observed with respect to substrate saturation. The stimulatory effect of phenobarbital treatment on 25-hydroxylation and the inhibitory effect of this treatment on 26-hydroxylation were associated with the cytochrome P-450 fraction. The use of increasing amounts of sodium cholate in the solubilization of cytochrome P -450 resulted in a gradual decrease of 25-hydroxylase activity and a gradual increase of 26-hydroxylase activity. 25- and 26-Hydroxylase activities were separated partially by chromatography of subtilisintreated cytochrome P-450 fraction on DEAE-cellulose. The question whether different species of cytochrome P-450 are involved in 25- and 26-hydroxylation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:931996", "title": "Glycoprotein-enriched vesicles from sheep erythrocyte ghosts obtained by spontaneous vesiculation.", "content": "Sheep erythrocyte membranes have been shown in this laboratory to undergo spontaneous vesiculation when incubated at 4 degrees, fractionating into two bands in dextran gradients (R. McGuire and R. Barber, submitted for publication). While vesicles were observed to be formed in several solvent systems, incubation in the presence of complexors to remove divalent cations was found to be the most efficient method for both vesicle formation and their detachment from the residual membrane. We report here on the characterization of these vesicles formed by spontaneous vesiculation. In the presence of a hypotnoic buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, vesicle production proceeds linearly up to 50 hours and declines, reaching its maximum at 72 hours with up to 20% of the total membrane protein found in the upper band. This upper band is shown in electron micrographs to be composed chiefly of closed vesicles, while the particles in the lower band appear morphologically similar to the original ghosts. Total phospholipid phosphorus and cholesterol in the vesicles are enriched to the same extent, giving a lipid to protein ratio of 2 times that found for whole ghosts. The vesicles contain the same individual phospholipids as the ghosts. The protein composition of these vesicles is unique, in that they are almost depleted in the known extrinsic membrane proteins, while containing practically all types of the various glycoproteins of the original membrane. The two main intrinsic membrane proteins (with apparent molecular weights of 160,000 and 100,000) are found almost exclusively in the vesicles, virtually depleted in the residual ghost-like particles. The protein with 160,000 molecular weight is shown here to be a glycoprotein, giving an anomalous molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and having a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 after lipid extraction. This same glycoprotein appears to fractionate with acetylcholinesterase. From the accessibilities of the substrates to the membrane acetylcholinesterase and NADH-diaphorase, it is concluded that the vesicles are right-side-out and sealed to small molecules. There are more membrane sialic acid residues accessible to neuraminidase in the vesicles (in terms of number of residues/mg og membrane protein) than in ghosts, further supporting the conclustion that these vesicles have a normal orientation and are enriched in glycoproteins. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase in the vesicles is increased 5- to 6-fold over that found in the original ghosts and almost 20-fold over that in the residual ghost-like particles. Consequently, spontaneous vesiculation occurs simultaneously with the enrichement of specific membrane proteins in certain regions of the lipid bilayer. It is postulated that these domains in the membrane, containing clusters of specific intrinsic membrane proteins, bud out and subsequently release glycoprotein-enriched lipid vesicles.", "contents": "Glycoprotein-enriched vesicles from sheep erythrocyte ghosts obtained by spontaneous vesiculation. Sheep erythrocyte membranes have been shown in this laboratory to undergo spontaneous vesiculation when incubated at 4 degrees, fractionating into two bands in dextran gradients (R. McGuire and R. Barber, submitted for publication). While vesicles were observed to be formed in several solvent systems, incubation in the presence of complexors to remove divalent cations was found to be the most efficient method for both vesicle formation and their detachment from the residual membrane. We report here on the characterization of these vesicles formed by spontaneous vesiculation. In the presence of a hypotnoic buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, vesicle production proceeds linearly up to 50 hours and declines, reaching its maximum at 72 hours with up to 20% of the total membrane protein found in the upper band. This upper band is shown in electron micrographs to be composed chiefly of closed vesicles, while the particles in the lower band appear morphologically similar to the original ghosts. Total phospholipid phosphorus and cholesterol in the vesicles are enriched to the same extent, giving a lipid to protein ratio of 2 times that found for whole ghosts. The vesicles contain the same individual phospholipids as the ghosts. The protein composition of these vesicles is unique, in that they are almost depleted in the known extrinsic membrane proteins, while containing practically all types of the various glycoproteins of the original membrane. The two main intrinsic membrane proteins (with apparent molecular weights of 160,000 and 100,000) are found almost exclusively in the vesicles, virtually depleted in the residual ghost-like particles. The protein with 160,000 molecular weight is shown here to be a glycoprotein, giving an anomalous molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and having a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 after lipid extraction. This same glycoprotein appears to fractionate with acetylcholinesterase. From the accessibilities of the substrates to the membrane acetylcholinesterase and NADH-diaphorase, it is concluded that the vesicles are right-side-out and sealed to small molecules. There are more membrane sialic acid residues accessible to neuraminidase in the vesicles (in terms of number of residues/mg og membrane protein) than in ghosts, further supporting the conclustion that these vesicles have a normal orientation and are enriched in glycoproteins. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase in the vesicles is increased 5- to 6-fold over that found in the original ghosts and almost 20-fold over that in the residual ghost-like particles. Consequently, spontaneous vesiculation occurs simultaneously with the enrichement of specific membrane proteins in certain regions of the lipid bilayer. It is postulated that these domains in the membrane, containing clusters of specific intrinsic membrane proteins, bud out and subsequently release glycoprotein-enriched lipid vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:931997", "title": "Protein degradation in human fibroblasts (WI-38). Effects of aging, viral transformation, and amino acid analogs.", "content": "Protein degradation occurs more rapidly in senescent WI-38 cultures than in phase II cultures or in SV-40 transformed WI-38 cells (VA-13). The first differences are found in early phase III, when short lived but not long lived proteins are degraded more rapidly. At the end of phase III long lived proteins are also degraded more rapidly as shown by both intermittent perfusion and approach to equilibrium methods. By both methods the rates of protein degradation for the virally transformed derivative are the same as those for phase II WI-38, implying that transformation has not altered these characteristics of protein degradation. WI-38 cells incorporate canavanine, an analog of arginine, into protein. This analog, as well as p-fluorophenylalanine and azetidine carboxylic acid, accelerates the degradation of proteins labeled with [3H]leucine in their presence but does not alter the degradation rates of proteins prelabeled with [14C]leucine in the absence of the analogs. These results imply that the analogs increase the intracellular degradation rates of proteins because they render them more susceptible to the degradative system. Late phase III WI-38 cells may not selectively catabolize proteins containing canavanine as rapidly as do phase II and VA-13 cells. These results imply that the phase III protein degradative system becomes partially defective, thereby losing its ability to rapidly catabolize altered protein which leads to increased levels of abnormal proteins and decreased cell function.", "contents": "Protein degradation in human fibroblasts (WI-38). Effects of aging, viral transformation, and amino acid analogs. Protein degradation occurs more rapidly in senescent WI-38 cultures than in phase II cultures or in SV-40 transformed WI-38 cells (VA-13). The first differences are found in early phase III, when short lived but not long lived proteins are degraded more rapidly. At the end of phase III long lived proteins are also degraded more rapidly as shown by both intermittent perfusion and approach to equilibrium methods. By both methods the rates of protein degradation for the virally transformed derivative are the same as those for phase II WI-38, implying that transformation has not altered these characteristics of protein degradation. WI-38 cells incorporate canavanine, an analog of arginine, into protein. This analog, as well as p-fluorophenylalanine and azetidine carboxylic acid, accelerates the degradation of proteins labeled with [3H]leucine in their presence but does not alter the degradation rates of proteins prelabeled with [14C]leucine in the absence of the analogs. These results imply that the analogs increase the intracellular degradation rates of proteins because they render them more susceptible to the degradative system. Late phase III WI-38 cells may not selectively catabolize proteins containing canavanine as rapidly as do phase II and VA-13 cells. These results imply that the phase III protein degradative system becomes partially defective, thereby losing its ability to rapidly catabolize altered protein which leads to increased levels of abnormal proteins and decreased cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:931998", "title": "Dietary regulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase synthesis.", "content": "The relative rates of synthesis and degradation for rat liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase have been determined in animals maintained at several dietary states. Relative rates of synthesis were determined by pulse-labeling the enzyme either in live rats and determining the radioactivity in the purified enzyme or in whole cell suspensions of hepatocytes followed by precipitation of the enzyme with a specific antiserum. The relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme in rats fed a high carbohydrate fat-free diet was approximately 3.7 to 5.6 times greater than that in animals fed a pellet diet or in fasted rats, respectively. In contrast, a half-life of 13 to 19 hours was determined for the degradation of the enzyme in all three nutritional states. We have concluded that nutritional alterations in the levels of this enzyme in rat liver are caused by alterations in the rate of enzyme synthesis. Glucagon has no effect on the rate of synthesis of this enzyme.", "contents": "Dietary regulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase synthesis. The relative rates of synthesis and degradation for rat liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase have been determined in animals maintained at several dietary states. Relative rates of synthesis were determined by pulse-labeling the enzyme either in live rats and determining the radioactivity in the purified enzyme or in whole cell suspensions of hepatocytes followed by precipitation of the enzyme with a specific antiserum. The relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme in rats fed a high carbohydrate fat-free diet was approximately 3.7 to 5.6 times greater than that in animals fed a pellet diet or in fasted rats, respectively. In contrast, a half-life of 13 to 19 hours was determined for the degradation of the enzyme in all three nutritional states. We have concluded that nutritional alterations in the levels of this enzyme in rat liver are caused by alterations in the rate of enzyme synthesis. Glucagon has no effect on the rate of synthesis of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:931999", "title": "Chemical characterization and distribution of ABO blood group active glycoprotein in human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Occurrence and distribution of glycoprotein H substances in blood type O human erythrocyte membrance were studied using an alpha N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (A-enzyme) purified from milk of blood type A women. Erythrocytes of blood group O, nonsecretors and secretors alike, contain H substances that serve as a substrate for this transferase, and the H determinants seem to occur in all three erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins (periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-1, PAS-2, and PAS-3). Structural studies of the A glycoproteins obtained by the transferase action, suggested that all erythrocyte H glycoproteins contain only type 2 antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Chemical characterization and distribution of ABO blood group active glycoprotein in human erythrocyte membrane. Occurrence and distribution of glycoprotein H substances in blood type O human erythrocyte membrance were studied using an alpha N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (A-enzyme) purified from milk of blood type A women. Erythrocytes of blood group O, nonsecretors and secretors alike, contain H substances that serve as a substrate for this transferase, and the H determinants seem to occur in all three erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins (periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-1, PAS-2, and PAS-3). Structural studies of the A glycoproteins obtained by the transferase action, suggested that all erythrocyte H glycoproteins contain only type 2 antigenic determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:932000", "title": "On a possible mechanism of energy conservation in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.", "content": "The activation of ATP  equilibrium Pi exchange, ITP equilibrium Pi exchange, and the degree of phosphorylation of the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by ATP, ITP, and Pi were compared under different experimental conditions. In media containing 0.1 mM CaCl2, 6 mM Pi, and 4 mM ATP, during the period of Ca2+ accumulation the rate of ATP equilibrium Pi exchange was very low and the level of membrane phosphorylation by ATP was about 10-fold higher than the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi. When net Ca2+ accumulation ceased and the Ca2+ concentration of the assay media had fallen to less than 5 muM, the degree of membrane phosphorylation by ATP decreased 4-fold and both the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi and the rate of ATP equilibrium Pi exchange increase 4- to 6-fold. Contrasting with these data, when ATP was replaced by ITP, the rate of ITP equilibrium Pi exchange and the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi were already high during the period of Ca2+ accumulation and varied slightly when the Ca2+ concentration of the incubation medium decreased to less than 5 muM. During the period of Ca2+ accumulation, the degree of membrane phosphorylation by Pi varied inversely with the NTP or NDP concentration of the medium, ATP and ADP being more effective than ITP and IDP in inhibiting the membrnae phosphorylation by Pi. Leaky vesicles incubated in media containing a high Ca2+ concentration were still able to catalyze both ATP equilibrium Pi and ITP equilibrium Pi exchange. Although the membrane of leaky vesicle was amply phosphorylated by Pi in media containing 0.1 nM CaCl2 and ITP, a significant rate of ITP equilibrium Pi exchange could only be measured in Ca2+ concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. The Ca2+ concentration required for half-maximal activation of the rate of either ITP equilibrium Pi or ATP equilibrium Pi exchange in leaky vesicles was found to be in the range of 1 to 2 mM. In leaky vesicles, the apparent Km of Pi for the ITP equilibrium Pi exchange was at least 1 order of magnitude lower than for the ATP equilibrium Pi exchange.", "contents": "On a possible mechanism of energy conservation in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The activation of ATP  equilibrium Pi exchange, ITP equilibrium Pi exchange, and the degree of phosphorylation of the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by ATP, ITP, and Pi were compared under different experimental conditions. In media containing 0.1 mM CaCl2, 6 mM Pi, and 4 mM ATP, during the period of Ca2+ accumulation the rate of ATP equilibrium Pi exchange was very low and the level of membrane phosphorylation by ATP was about 10-fold higher than the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi. When net Ca2+ accumulation ceased and the Ca2+ concentration of the assay media had fallen to less than 5 muM, the degree of membrane phosphorylation by ATP decreased 4-fold and both the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi and the rate of ATP equilibrium Pi exchange increase 4- to 6-fold. Contrasting with these data, when ATP was replaced by ITP, the rate of ITP equilibrium Pi exchange and the level of membrane phosphorylation by Pi were already high during the period of Ca2+ accumulation and varied slightly when the Ca2+ concentration of the incubation medium decreased to less than 5 muM. During the period of Ca2+ accumulation, the degree of membrane phosphorylation by Pi varied inversely with the NTP or NDP concentration of the medium, ATP and ADP being more effective than ITP and IDP in inhibiting the membrnae phosphorylation by Pi. Leaky vesicles incubated in media containing a high Ca2+ concentration were still able to catalyze both ATP equilibrium Pi and ITP equilibrium Pi exchange. Although the membrane of leaky vesicle was amply phosphorylated by Pi in media containing 0.1 nM CaCl2 and ITP, a significant rate of ITP equilibrium Pi exchange could only be measured in Ca2+ concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. The Ca2+ concentration required for half-maximal activation of the rate of either ITP equilibrium Pi or ATP equilibrium Pi exchange in leaky vesicles was found to be in the range of 1 to 2 mM. In leaky vesicles, the apparent Km of Pi for the ITP equilibrium Pi exchange was at least 1 order of magnitude lower than for the ATP equilibrium Pi exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:932001", "title": "Metal ion activation of galactosyltransferase.", "content": "Galactosyltransferase, which functions as the catalytic component of lactose synthase and in the glycosylation of glycoproteins, has been previously reported to have an absolute dependence on Mn2+ for activity, with a Kd for Mn2+ (10(-3) M) 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the physiological range of Mn2+ concentrations (v 10(-6) M). Reinvestigation of the metal ion dependence of this enzyme has shown that Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Pr3+ also produce activation, although with lower activities at saturation than that attained with Mn2+. Velocity against metal ion concentration curves for all metals, including Mn2+, are sigmoid, suggesting the presence of two or more activating metal binding sites on the enzyme. The presence of two sites is confirmed by studies using both Mn2+ and Ca2+. While galactosyltransferase is inactive in the presence of Ca2+ alone, at low concentrations of Mn2+ (10(-5) M), enzyme activity is stimulated by Ca2+. A more detailed investigation by steady state kinetics has revealed that there is a tight binding site for Mn2+ (site I: Kd of 2 X 10(-6) M) from which Ca2+ is excluded, and a site at which Ca2+ can replace Mn2+ (site II: Kd for Ca2+ of 1.76 X 10(-3) M), to which metal binding has a specific synergistic effect on UDP-galactose binding, possibly as a result of the formation of an enzyme-Ca2+-UDP-galactose bridge complex. The site I Mn2+, site II Ca2+-activated enzyme has a maximum velocity similar to that of the Mn2+-activated enzyme, and is the enzyme form that must act in lactose synthesis in vivo. A trypsin-degraded form of galactose transferase (galactosyltransferase-T) (Powell, J.T., and Brew, K. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 48, 217-228) appears to lack site I and is activated by Ca2+ in the absence of Mn2+.", "contents": "Metal ion activation of galactosyltransferase. Galactosyltransferase, which functions as the catalytic component of lactose synthase and in the glycosylation of glycoproteins, has been previously reported to have an absolute dependence on Mn2+ for activity, with a Kd for Mn2+ (10(-3) M) 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the physiological range of Mn2+ concentrations (v 10(-6) M). Reinvestigation of the metal ion dependence of this enzyme has shown that Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Pr3+ also produce activation, although with lower activities at saturation than that attained with Mn2+. Velocity against metal ion concentration curves for all metals, including Mn2+, are sigmoid, suggesting the presence of two or more activating metal binding sites on the enzyme. The presence of two sites is confirmed by studies using both Mn2+ and Ca2+. While galactosyltransferase is inactive in the presence of Ca2+ alone, at low concentrations of Mn2+ (10(-5) M), enzyme activity is stimulated by Ca2+. A more detailed investigation by steady state kinetics has revealed that there is a tight binding site for Mn2+ (site I: Kd of 2 X 10(-6) M) from which Ca2+ is excluded, and a site at which Ca2+ can replace Mn2+ (site II: Kd for Ca2+ of 1.76 X 10(-3) M), to which metal binding has a specific synergistic effect on UDP-galactose binding, possibly as a result of the formation of an enzyme-Ca2+-UDP-galactose bridge complex. The site I Mn2+, site II Ca2+-activated enzyme has a maximum velocity similar to that of the Mn2+-activated enzyme, and is the enzyme form that must act in lactose synthesis in vivo. A trypsin-degraded form of galactose transferase (galactosyltransferase-T) (Powell, J.T., and Brew, K. (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 48, 217-228) appears to lack site I and is activated by Ca2+ in the absence of Mn2+."}
{"id": "PMID:932002", "title": "A comparison of the interactions of galactosyltransferase with a glycoprotein substrate (Ovalbumin) and with alpha-lactalbumin.", "content": "Sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and other procedures have been used to investigate macromolecular interactions of bovine colostrum galactosyltransferase with a glycoprotein substrate (ovalbumin) and with the lactose synthase regulatory protein, alpha-lactalbumin. The determination of equilibrium binding constants for these interactions and the effects of ligands and combinations of ligands on the equilibria have clarified several aspects of the mechanism of galactosyltransferase and its regulation by alpha-lactalbumin. 1. The attachment of Mn2+ at the tight binding site on galactosyltransferase (site I, Kd 2.3 muM) is an essential prerequisite for interactions with ovalbumin and with alpha-lactalbumin. 2. The attachment of Mn2+ or Ca2+ at the weaker metal binding site (site II, Kd 1 to 2 mM) does not significantly affect the interaction of galactosyltransferase with either protein. This is consistent with the hypothesis derived from kinetic studies that site II is functionally connected with the binding of UDP-derivatives. 3. While the binding of ovalbumin to galactosyltransferase in the presence of Mn2+ alone can be observed by ultracentrifugation, this interaction is too weak to cause binding of galactosyltransferase to ovalbumin-Sepharose. Binding to ovalbumin-Sepharose could only be detected by affinity chromatography in the presence of both Mn2+ (10 mM) and UDP (0.3 MM). Sedimentation studies showed that the association of galactosyltransferase with ovalbumin is pressure-dependent, and that the presence of UDP in the complex increases the equilibrium association constant by a factor of 46. The enzyme Mn2+-UDP-ovalbumin complex has unusual hydrodynamic properties. 4. The presence of saturating concentrations of UDP-galactose potentiates the binding of alpha-lactalbumin at high concentrations of Mn2+, as shown by a 25-fold increase in the association constant. Competitive inhibition by alpha-lactalbumin, with respect to ovalbumin that is observed by steady state kinetics, is attributed to the mutally exclusive binding of the proteins with an enzyme complex containing Mn2+ and UDP-galactose. 5. Monsaccharides (N-acetylglucosamine and glucose) strongly enhance the binding of alpha-lactalbumin to enzyme complexes containing Mn2+, in the presence or absence of UDP-glucose. The binding of alpha-lactalbumin and monosaccharide to form  enzyme complexes containing both is random, and evaluation of the four associated equilibrium constants shows that the binding is strongly synergistic. 6. Although the significance of some of the many equilibria studied cannot be ascertained, it appears than an element of randomness may be present in reactions catalyzed by galactosyltransferase...", "contents": "A comparison of the interactions of galactosyltransferase with a glycoprotein substrate (Ovalbumin) and with alpha-lactalbumin. Sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and other procedures have been used to investigate macromolecular interactions of bovine colostrum galactosyltransferase with a glycoprotein substrate (ovalbumin) and with the lactose synthase regulatory protein, alpha-lactalbumin. The determination of equilibrium binding constants for these interactions and the effects of ligands and combinations of ligands on the equilibria have clarified several aspects of the mechanism of galactosyltransferase and its regulation by alpha-lactalbumin. 1. The attachment of Mn2+ at the tight binding site on galactosyltransferase (site I, Kd 2.3 muM) is an essential prerequisite for interactions with ovalbumin and with alpha-lactalbumin. 2. The attachment of Mn2+ or Ca2+ at the weaker metal binding site (site II, Kd 1 to 2 mM) does not significantly affect the interaction of galactosyltransferase with either protein. This is consistent with the hypothesis derived from kinetic studies that site II is functionally connected with the binding of UDP-derivatives. 3. While the binding of ovalbumin to galactosyltransferase in the presence of Mn2+ alone can be observed by ultracentrifugation, this interaction is too weak to cause binding of galactosyltransferase to ovalbumin-Sepharose. Binding to ovalbumin-Sepharose could only be detected by affinity chromatography in the presence of both Mn2+ (10 mM) and UDP (0.3 MM). Sedimentation studies showed that the association of galactosyltransferase with ovalbumin is pressure-dependent, and that the presence of UDP in the complex increases the equilibrium association constant by a factor of 46. The enzyme Mn2+-UDP-ovalbumin complex has unusual hydrodynamic properties. 4. The presence of saturating concentrations of UDP-galactose potentiates the binding of alpha-lactalbumin at high concentrations of Mn2+, as shown by a 25-fold increase in the association constant. Competitive inhibition by alpha-lactalbumin, with respect to ovalbumin that is observed by steady state kinetics, is attributed to the mutally exclusive binding of the proteins with an enzyme complex containing Mn2+ and UDP-galactose. 5. Monsaccharides (N-acetylglucosamine and glucose) strongly enhance the binding of alpha-lactalbumin to enzyme complexes containing Mn2+, in the presence or absence of UDP-glucose. The binding of alpha-lactalbumin and monosaccharide to form  enzyme complexes containing both is random, and evaluation of the four associated equilibrium constants shows that the binding is strongly synergistic. 6. Although the significance of some of the many equilibria studied cannot be ascertained, it appears than an element of randomness may be present in reactions catalyzed by galactosyltransferase..."}
{"id": "PMID:932003", "title": "Crystallization of human placental estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase. A new method for crystallizing labile enzymes.", "content": "Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase from human placenta has been crystallized by a new technique, herein referred to as electrophoretic diffusion. This is the first crystallization of an enzyme from human placenta as well as the first crystallization of any steroid-converting enzyme of human source. A solution of the enzyme (specific activity 7.1 units/mg) in 1.5 ml of Tris-barbituric acid buffer, pH 7.0, containing 20% glycerol as stabilizer, was placed in an electrophoresis tube and the tube was closed at both ends with a dialysis membrane which permits the passage of substances of molecular weight less than 18,000. The tube was placed in a gel electrophoresis apparatus and the reservoirs filled with the Tris-barbituric acid buffer. A potential of 100 V was applied for 12 hours, then raised to 200 V for another 12 hours, and finally to 300 V until opalescence appeared at the bottom of the tube. Activity measurements showed that more than 90% of the enzyme had concentrated in the bottom 0.15-ml portion of the solution. When this section of the solution was removed and kept overnight at 4 degrees, gross and microscopic examination revealed a heavy crop of crystals which possessed a specific activity of 7.2 units/mg. The specific activity remained constant throughout three recrystallizations. The crystalline enzyme displayed a single band by analytical and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis. Crystals of enzyme of high specific activity could also be obtained from an enzyme sample initially possessing a specific activity of only 4.5 units/mg. The new technique should be appliable for the crystallization of other labile enzymes and receptor proteins which have so far resisted crystallization by conventional methods.", "contents": "Crystallization of human placental estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase. A new method for crystallizing labile enzymes. Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase from human placenta has been crystallized by a new technique, herein referred to as electrophoretic diffusion. This is the first crystallization of an enzyme from human placenta as well as the first crystallization of any steroid-converting enzyme of human source. A solution of the enzyme (specific activity 7.1 units/mg) in 1.5 ml of Tris-barbituric acid buffer, pH 7.0, containing 20% glycerol as stabilizer, was placed in an electrophoresis tube and the tube was closed at both ends with a dialysis membrane which permits the passage of substances of molecular weight less than 18,000. The tube was placed in a gel electrophoresis apparatus and the reservoirs filled with the Tris-barbituric acid buffer. A potential of 100 V was applied for 12 hours, then raised to 200 V for another 12 hours, and finally to 300 V until opalescence appeared at the bottom of the tube. Activity measurements showed that more than 90% of the enzyme had concentrated in the bottom 0.15-ml portion of the solution. When this section of the solution was removed and kept overnight at 4 degrees, gross and microscopic examination revealed a heavy crop of crystals which possessed a specific activity of 7.2 units/mg. The specific activity remained constant throughout three recrystallizations. The crystalline enzyme displayed a single band by analytical and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis. Crystals of enzyme of high specific activity could also be obtained from an enzyme sample initially possessing a specific activity of only 4.5 units/mg. The new technique should be appliable for the crystallization of other labile enzymes and receptor proteins which have so far resisted crystallization by conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:932004", "title": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. Effect of estrogen on the sequence and population complexity of chick oviduct poly(A)-containing RNA.", "content": "Total cellular RNA preparations were isolated from chicken oviducts at three different development stages: (a) immature chicks which were chronically stimulated with estrogen; (b) estrogen-stimulated chicks which were then withdrawn from hormone for 12 days; and (c) laying hens. Total cellular RNA containing 3'-poly(A) sequences (poly(A)-RNA) were than isolated from these preparations using oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The number average nucleotide length of the poly(A)-RNA preparations in each case was approximately 2000 nucleotides. The number average nucleotide length of the poly(A) residues at the 3'-terminal end of each RNA preparation was approximately 70 adenylate residues. Complementary DNA (cDNA) copies to each preparation of poly(A)-RNA were synthesized using avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The cDNApoly(A) preparations were then utilized in DNA excess hybridization experiments to analyze the complexity of the DNA sequences from which these RNAs were transcribed. Approximately 22% of each of the total cellular poly(A)-RNAs were transcribed from repeated DNA sequences (average repeat frequency of 35 copies/genome) while the remaining majority were transcribed from single copy or unique sequence DNA. It was possible to estimate the number of different poly(A)-RNA sequences per cell by analyzing the kinetics of hybridization of these cDNApoly(A) preparations to total cellular poly(A)-RNA extracts under conditions of RNA excess. The results revealed that 41% of the poly(A)-RNA from laying hen oviduct consisted of, on the average, three different sequences/cell, each of which was present in approximately 25,000 copies/cell. The remainder of the poly(A)-RNA in this tissue consisted of approximately 25,000 different sequences/cell, which were present largely in only two or three copies/cell. A somewhat similar sequence complexity was found for oviduct cells prepared from estrogen-stimulated chicks. We estimated that there were approximately 20,000 different poly(A)-RNA sequences/cell, each represented in only one to two copies/cell. However, there were five sequences which were present, on the average, in a concentration of 5600 copies/cell. The poly(A)-RNAs from hormone-wtihdrawn tissue, on the other hand, had a lower sequence complexity. There were only approximately 10,000 different poly(A)-RNA sequences/cell, each present in about three copies/cell. Furthermore, the few sequences present in a great abundance in hen and hormone-stimulated tissues were apparently absent in oviduct tissue from hormone-wtihdrawn chicks, suggesting that the intracellular concentrations of these high frequency RNA sequences are dependent on estrogen.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. Effect of estrogen on the sequence and population complexity of chick oviduct poly(A)-containing RNA. Total cellular RNA preparations were isolated from chicken oviducts at three different development stages: (a) immature chicks which were chronically stimulated with estrogen; (b) estrogen-stimulated chicks which were then withdrawn from hormone for 12 days; and (c) laying hens. Total cellular RNA containing 3'-poly(A) sequences (poly(A)-RNA) were than isolated from these preparations using oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The number average nucleotide length of the poly(A)-RNA preparations in each case was approximately 2000 nucleotides. The number average nucleotide length of the poly(A) residues at the 3'-terminal end of each RNA preparation was approximately 70 adenylate residues. Complementary DNA (cDNA) copies to each preparation of poly(A)-RNA were synthesized using avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. The cDNApoly(A) preparations were then utilized in DNA excess hybridization experiments to analyze the complexity of the DNA sequences from which these RNAs were transcribed. Approximately 22% of each of the total cellular poly(A)-RNAs were transcribed from repeated DNA sequences (average repeat frequency of 35 copies/genome) while the remaining majority were transcribed from single copy or unique sequence DNA. It was possible to estimate the number of different poly(A)-RNA sequences per cell by analyzing the kinetics of hybridization of these cDNApoly(A) preparations to total cellular poly(A)-RNA extracts under conditions of RNA excess. The results revealed that 41% of the poly(A)-RNA from laying hen oviduct consisted of, on the average, three different sequences/cell, each of which was present in approximately 25,000 copies/cell. The remainder of the poly(A)-RNA in this tissue consisted of approximately 25,000 different sequences/cell, which were present largely in only two or three copies/cell. A somewhat similar sequence complexity was found for oviduct cells prepared from estrogen-stimulated chicks. We estimated that there were approximately 20,000 different poly(A)-RNA sequences/cell, each represented in only one to two copies/cell. However, there were five sequences which were present, on the average, in a concentration of 5600 copies/cell. The poly(A)-RNAs from hormone-wtihdrawn tissue, on the other hand, had a lower sequence complexity. There were only approximately 10,000 different poly(A)-RNA sequences/cell, each present in about three copies/cell. Furthermore, the few sequences present in a great abundance in hen and hormone-stimulated tissues were apparently absent in oviduct tissue from hormone-wtihdrawn chicks, suggesting that the intracellular concentrations of these high frequency RNA sequences are dependent on estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:932005", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on the synthesis of rat liver albumin.", "content": "Hypophysectomy of adult rats results in approximately a 50% decrease in the rate of albumin synthesis relative to total liver protein synthesis. This decrease is accompanied by a proportional decline in the number of albumin-synthesizing polysomes, as determined by the binding of 125I-Labeled anti-albumin antibody, and indirect immunoprecipitation of [3H]leucine-labeled albumin-synthesizing polysomes. Furthermore, this decrease is associated with an equivalent reduction in the amount of total membrane-bound polysomes, whereas total free polysomes show little quantitative change. The size of the specific albumin-synthesizing polysomes, as well as the size of the total polysomes, however, appear to be the same following hypophysectomy as in the normal untreated animal. These observations are consistent with the finding that the relative amount of albumin mRNA activity also decreases approximately 50%, as assayed in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system using exogenous liver RNA prepared from either isolated polysomes or total liver homogenates. The decrease in albumin production in the hypophysectomized rat, therefore, is apparently the result of a reduction in the amount of active albumin mRNA. The concomitant decrease in albumin-synthesizing polysomes appears to reflect a similar reduction in the amount of total membrane bound polysomes. Thus, a major physiological defect in hypophysectomy may be a preferential decline in membrane-bount polysomes accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels, which is represented by the decrease in albumin synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on the synthesis of rat liver albumin. Hypophysectomy of adult rats results in approximately a 50% decrease in the rate of albumin synthesis relative to total liver protein synthesis. This decrease is accompanied by a proportional decline in the number of albumin-synthesizing polysomes, as determined by the binding of 125I-Labeled anti-albumin antibody, and indirect immunoprecipitation of [3H]leucine-labeled albumin-synthesizing polysomes. Furthermore, this decrease is associated with an equivalent reduction in the amount of total membrane-bound polysomes, whereas total free polysomes show little quantitative change. The size of the specific albumin-synthesizing polysomes, as well as the size of the total polysomes, however, appear to be the same following hypophysectomy as in the normal untreated animal. These observations are consistent with the finding that the relative amount of albumin mRNA activity also decreases approximately 50%, as assayed in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system using exogenous liver RNA prepared from either isolated polysomes or total liver homogenates. The decrease in albumin production in the hypophysectomized rat, therefore, is apparently the result of a reduction in the amount of active albumin mRNA. The concomitant decrease in albumin-synthesizing polysomes appears to reflect a similar reduction in the amount of total membrane bound polysomes. Thus, a major physiological defect in hypophysectomy may be a preferential decline in membrane-bount polysomes accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels, which is represented by the decrease in albumin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:932006", "title": "Purification and subunit structure of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase III from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III was purified from the posterior silk gland of the moth Bombyx mori by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex, and phosphocellulose and by sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. The specific activity of this chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was comparable to that reported for other purified eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis suggested a molecular weight of approximately 590,000 to 660,000 for B. mori RNA polymerase III. Analysis of subunit composition by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed that the chromatographically purified RNA polymerase III contained subunits with molecular weights of 155,000 (IIIa), 136,000 (IIIb), 67,000 (IIIc), 62,000 (IIId), 49,000 (IIIe), 39,000 (IIIf), 36,000 (IIIg), 31,000 (IIIh), 28,000 (IIIi), and 18,000 (IIIj). Molar ratios were close to unity for all subunits except for IIIj, which was present in an approximate molar ratio of 2. As has been observed for mammalian class III enzymes, the B. mri RNA polymerase III can be resolved into two components upon electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Comparative studies of the class III enzymes from B. mori and from higher eukaryotic cells show that many of the general chromatographic and catalytic properties, as well as the overall subunit compositions, are similar for the various enzymes. However, unlike the mammalian class III enzymes, B. mori RNA polymerase III is completely resistant to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin, and it does not contain an 89,000-dalton subunit. The data are discussed in terms of the function and regulation of RNA polymerase III in lower and higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Purification and subunit structure of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase III from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III was purified from the posterior silk gland of the moth Bombyx mori by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-Sephadex, CM-Sephadex, and phosphocellulose and by sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. The specific activity of this chromatographically homogeneous enzyme was comparable to that reported for other purified eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analysis suggested a molecular weight of approximately 590,000 to 660,000 for B. mori RNA polymerase III. Analysis of subunit composition by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed that the chromatographically purified RNA polymerase III contained subunits with molecular weights of 155,000 (IIIa), 136,000 (IIIb), 67,000 (IIIc), 62,000 (IIId), 49,000 (IIIe), 39,000 (IIIf), 36,000 (IIIg), 31,000 (IIIh), 28,000 (IIIi), and 18,000 (IIIj). Molar ratios were close to unity for all subunits except for IIIj, which was present in an approximate molar ratio of 2. As has been observed for mammalian class III enzymes, the B. mri RNA polymerase III can be resolved into two components upon electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Comparative studies of the class III enzymes from B. mori and from higher eukaryotic cells show that many of the general chromatographic and catalytic properties, as well as the overall subunit compositions, are similar for the various enzymes. However, unlike the mammalian class III enzymes, B. mori RNA polymerase III is completely resistant to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin, and it does not contain an 89,000-dalton subunit. The data are discussed in terms of the function and regulation of RNA polymerase III in lower and higher eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:932007", "title": "Structure of Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin. Refinement at 2 A resolution.", "content": "The model for ferredoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes, derived from a 2.8-A resolution map, has been refined with a 2-A resolution data set. The conventional index, R, decreased from 0.449 for the initial model to 0.188 for the unconstrained one and 0.206 for the constrained one. The standard deviations of the iron and sulfur atoms are 0.04 to 0.05 A and for the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms they range from 0.14 to 0.26 A. One hundred forty-six water oxygen atoms were included in the solvent part of the model and were checked by a highly selective criterion, suggesting that most of them represented water molecules.", "contents": "Structure of Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin. Refinement at 2 A resolution. The model for ferredoxin from Peptococcus aerogenes, derived from a 2.8-A resolution map, has been refined with a 2-A resolution data set. The conventional index, R, decreased from 0.449 for the initial model to 0.188 for the unconstrained one and 0.206 for the constrained one. The standard deviations of the iron and sulfur atoms are 0.04 to 0.05 A and for the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms they range from 0.14 to 0.26 A. One hundred forty-six water oxygen atoms were included in the solvent part of the model and were checked by a highly selective criterion, suggesting that most of them represented water molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:932008", "title": "RNase III cleavage of single-stranded RNA. Effect of ionic strength on the fideltiy of cleavage.", "content": "Ribonuclease III from Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on immobilized double-stranded RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gave one band of protein with a molecular weight of approximately 25,000. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 is consistent with a molecular weight of 50,000, suggesting that the native enzyme is a dimer. RNase III cuts some single-stranded RNAs, such as bacteriophage T7 early RNA, at specific sites in vivo. This RNA is cut as these same sites by the purified enzyme under all conditions tested. However, at low ionic strength relatively small increases in enzyme concentration produce cuts as secondary sites. At high ionic strength, the enzyme's preference for the sites cut in vivo is more pronounced and secondary cuts are made only at very high enzyme concentrations. Secondary cuts are shown to occur at specific sites and are made in a variety of RNAs even from sources other than E. coli. By cutting RNAs at secondary sites it should be possible to generate RNA fragments which would be useful in a number of studies.", "contents": "RNase III cleavage of single-stranded RNA. Effect of ionic strength on the fideltiy of cleavage. Ribonuclease III from Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on immobilized double-stranded RNA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gave one band of protein with a molecular weight of approximately 25,000. Chromatography on Sephadex G-100 is consistent with a molecular weight of 50,000, suggesting that the native enzyme is a dimer. RNase III cuts some single-stranded RNAs, such as bacteriophage T7 early RNA, at specific sites in vivo. This RNA is cut as these same sites by the purified enzyme under all conditions tested. However, at low ionic strength relatively small increases in enzyme concentration produce cuts as secondary sites. At high ionic strength, the enzyme's preference for the sites cut in vivo is more pronounced and secondary cuts are made only at very high enzyme concentrations. Secondary cuts are shown to occur at specific sites and are made in a variety of RNAs even from sources other than E. coli. By cutting RNAs at secondary sites it should be possible to generate RNA fragments which would be useful in a number of studies."}
{"id": "PMID:932009", "title": "Dissociation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity from the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver following the intravenous administration of lipid.", "content": "After the intravenous administration to the intact rat of triglyceride carried in either intestinal lipoproteins or in an artificial fat emulsion, the enzymatic activities of microsomal beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in the liver assayed in vitro became markedly elevated. This elevation of enzyme activity was not associated with a corresponding change in the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis in the rat liver slice as measured by the incorporation of either [3H]water or [1-14C]octanoate into nonsaponifiable lipids or into digitonin-precipitable sterols. The degree of dissociation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity from the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis correlated closely with the amount of lipid administered to the animal, the level of circulating lipids, and the level of ketone synthesis manifest in the liver cell suggesting that this phenomenon might be the consequence of a detergent effect of elevated cellular levels of fatty acids. In any event, under these experimental circumstances hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA redutase activity no longer reflects the rate at which the liver cell is synthesizing cholesterol.", "contents": "Dissociation of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity from the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver following the intravenous administration of lipid. After the intravenous administration to the intact rat of triglyceride carried in either intestinal lipoproteins or in an artificial fat emulsion, the enzymatic activities of microsomal beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in the liver assayed in vitro became markedly elevated. This elevation of enzyme activity was not associated with a corresponding change in the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis in the rat liver slice as measured by the incorporation of either [3H]water or [1-14C]octanoate into nonsaponifiable lipids or into digitonin-precipitable sterols. The degree of dissociation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity from the overall rate of cholesterol synthesis correlated closely with the amount of lipid administered to the animal, the level of circulating lipids, and the level of ketone synthesis manifest in the liver cell suggesting that this phenomenon might be the consequence of a detergent effect of elevated cellular levels of fatty acids. In any event, under these experimental circumstances hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA redutase activity no longer reflects the rate at which the liver cell is synthesizing cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:932010", "title": "The ovalbumin gene. Partial purification of the coding strand.", "content": "Purified ovalbumin messenger RNA was employed to selectively enrich the concentration of the gene coding for ovalbumin from total chick DNA by molecular hybridization. The coding strand of the ovalbumin gene was partially purified from sheared chick DNA by affinity column chromatography using ovalbumin mRNA immobilized on phosphocellulose. The concentrations of the ovalbumin DNA sequence in various DNA fractions were quantitated by measuring their rates of hybridization with 125I-labeled ovalbumin mRNA. When apparent Cot1/2 values of these reactions were compared to the apparent Cot1/2 value obtained from the hybridization reaction between 125I-ovalbumin mRNA and complementary DNA synthesized against ovalbumin mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, purification of the coding ovalbumin DNA strand over total chick DNA was estimated to be approximately 9,600-fold. There was no apparent degradation of the 4,000 nucleotide strands of chick DNA throughout the purification procedure. Since ovalbumin mRNA has a complexity of 1890 nucleotides, the resulting DNA was more than twice the length of ovalbumin mRNA and thus should contain DNA sequences adjacent to the structural portion of the ovalbumin gene.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene. Partial purification of the coding strand. Purified ovalbumin messenger RNA was employed to selectively enrich the concentration of the gene coding for ovalbumin from total chick DNA by molecular hybridization. The coding strand of the ovalbumin gene was partially purified from sheared chick DNA by affinity column chromatography using ovalbumin mRNA immobilized on phosphocellulose. The concentrations of the ovalbumin DNA sequence in various DNA fractions were quantitated by measuring their rates of hybridization with 125I-labeled ovalbumin mRNA. When apparent Cot1/2 values of these reactions were compared to the apparent Cot1/2 value obtained from the hybridization reaction between 125I-ovalbumin mRNA and complementary DNA synthesized against ovalbumin mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, purification of the coding ovalbumin DNA strand over total chick DNA was estimated to be approximately 9,600-fold. There was no apparent degradation of the 4,000 nucleotide strands of chick DNA throughout the purification procedure. Since ovalbumin mRNA has a complexity of 1890 nucleotides, the resulting DNA was more than twice the length of ovalbumin mRNA and thus should contain DNA sequences adjacent to the structural portion of the ovalbumin gene."}
{"id": "PMID:932011", "title": "The in vivo effect of colchicine on the addition of galactose and sialic acid to rat hepatic serum glycoproteins.", "content": "Colchicine inhibits the secretion of plasma protein by rat hepatocytes and causes their intracellular accumulation in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. This study examines whether colchicine affects secretion before or after galactose and sialic acid have been added to the secretory glycoproteins. D-[G-3H] Galactose was injected into rats and was found to be incorporated into serum glycoproteins contained within Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. The administration of colchicine (25 mumol/100 g, body weight), immediately before the injection of D-[G-3H] galactose, caused an increase in radioactivity of the serum glycoproteins in these cell fractions. D-[G-3H] Glucosamine was incorporated into serum glycoproteins contained within the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi cell fractions; however, its incorporation into the sialic acid moieties of these proteins only occurred in Golgi-derived cell fractions. Colchicine administration resulted in an increased incorporation of D-[G-3H] glucosamine into the sialic acid residues of serum glycoproteins contained within the Golgi cell fractions. These data indicate that colchicine inhibits secretion of serum proteins by rat liver after the addition of galactose and sialic acid to the secretory proteins has taken place.", "contents": "The in vivo effect of colchicine on the addition of galactose and sialic acid to rat hepatic serum glycoproteins. Colchicine inhibits the secretion of plasma protein by rat hepatocytes and causes their intracellular accumulation in Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. This study examines whether colchicine affects secretion before or after galactose and sialic acid have been added to the secretory glycoproteins. D-[G-3H] Galactose was injected into rats and was found to be incorporated into serum glycoproteins contained within Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. The administration of colchicine (25 mumol/100 g, body weight), immediately before the injection of D-[G-3H] galactose, caused an increase in radioactivity of the serum glycoproteins in these cell fractions. D-[G-3H] Glucosamine was incorporated into serum glycoproteins contained within the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi cell fractions; however, its incorporation into the sialic acid moieties of these proteins only occurred in Golgi-derived cell fractions. Colchicine administration resulted in an increased incorporation of D-[G-3H] glucosamine into the sialic acid residues of serum glycoproteins contained within the Golgi cell fractions. These data indicate that colchicine inhibits secretion of serum proteins by rat liver after the addition of galactose and sialic acid to the secretory proteins has taken place."}
{"id": "PMID:932012", "title": "Pre-proparathyroid hormone. Evidence for an early biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone.", "content": "Pre-proparathyroid hormone, discovered previously by the translation of messenger RNA from parathyroid glands in heterologous cell-free systems, is a polypeptide of 115 amino acids consisting of 25 amino acids added to the NH2 terminus of proparathyroid hormone (90 amino acids), the immediate biosynthetic precursor of parathyroid hormone (84 amino acids). We now have detected pre-proparathyroid hormone formation within intact parathyroid cells, thus providing direct evidence that it is a biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone. A radiolabeled protein synthesized by slices of bovine parathyroid glands during 1 to 10 min of incubation with [35S] methionine was identified that co-migrated on both urea-acetate and urea-SDS acrylamide gels with 3H-labeled pre-proparathyroid hormone prepared by mRNA translation in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. The amount of radiolabeled protein reached a maximum 3 min after exposure of the tissue to[35S] methionine and decreased during a 3-min chase incubation with unlabeled methionine. It bound to antisera to both proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone and contained 35S-labeled tryptic peptides that migrated identically with peptides of pre-proparathyroid hormone prepared from the wheat germ system. Radiolabeled proparathyroid hormone was identified in the tissue after 1 min of incubation with [35S] methionine. These findings indicate that pre-proparathyroid hormone is an early biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone in parathyroid tissue and that this precursor is converted to proparathyroid hormone within 1 min after completion of its synthesis on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Pre-proparathyroid hormone. Evidence for an early biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone. Pre-proparathyroid hormone, discovered previously by the translation of messenger RNA from parathyroid glands in heterologous cell-free systems, is a polypeptide of 115 amino acids consisting of 25 amino acids added to the NH2 terminus of proparathyroid hormone (90 amino acids), the immediate biosynthetic precursor of parathyroid hormone (84 amino acids). We now have detected pre-proparathyroid hormone formation within intact parathyroid cells, thus providing direct evidence that it is a biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone. A radiolabeled protein synthesized by slices of bovine parathyroid glands during 1 to 10 min of incubation with [35S] methionine was identified that co-migrated on both urea-acetate and urea-SDS acrylamide gels with 3H-labeled pre-proparathyroid hormone prepared by mRNA translation in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. The amount of radiolabeled protein reached a maximum 3 min after exposure of the tissue to[35S] methionine and decreased during a 3-min chase incubation with unlabeled methionine. It bound to antisera to both proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone and contained 35S-labeled tryptic peptides that migrated identically with peptides of pre-proparathyroid hormone prepared from the wheat germ system. Radiolabeled proparathyroid hormone was identified in the tissue after 1 min of incubation with [35S] methionine. These findings indicate that pre-proparathyroid hormone is an early biosynthetic precursor of proparathyroid hormone in parathyroid tissue and that this precursor is converted to proparathyroid hormone within 1 min after completion of its synthesis on the rough endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:932013", "title": "Interaction of streptokinase with plasminogen. Isolation and characterization of a streptokinase degradation product.", "content": "When streptokinase is incubated with human or rabbit plasminogen, one event which occurs is a specific fragmentation of streptokinase. At least five major identifiable streptokinase fragments appear with time, and they possess molecular weights of approximately 40,000 (SK 1), 36,000 (SK 2), 31,000 (SK 3), 26,000 (SK 4), and 10,000 (SK 5) under denaturing conditions, as observed on calibrated sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, compared to native streptokinase of molecular weight 45,000. The amount of each of the fragments generated at given times of incubation of plasminogen and streptokinase depends upon the species of plasminogen employed. Utilizing rabbit plasminogen and streptokinase, the SK 4 fragment was purified. This fragment arises by proteolysis at both the NH2 and COOH regions of native streptokinase. However, when isolated utilizing dilute aqueous buffers, the SK 4 fragment contained a portion of the original NH2 terminus of native streptokinase noncovalently bound to the molecule (SK 4'). SK 4' is capable of activating human plasminogen to plasmin, albeit more slowly than native streptokinase. However, the SK 4'-human plasmin complex possess only very weak plasminogen-activating activity toward sheep plasminogen. Upon removal of the noncovalently bound small NH2-terminal peptide of native streptokinase from SK 4', SK 4 is formed. This particular fragment possesses practically no human plasminogen-activating activity and cannot be used as an activator of sheep plasminogen, even with added human plasminogen.", "contents": "Interaction of streptokinase with plasminogen. Isolation and characterization of a streptokinase degradation product. When streptokinase is incubated with human or rabbit plasminogen, one event which occurs is a specific fragmentation of streptokinase. At least five major identifiable streptokinase fragments appear with time, and they possess molecular weights of approximately 40,000 (SK 1), 36,000 (SK 2), 31,000 (SK 3), 26,000 (SK 4), and 10,000 (SK 5) under denaturing conditions, as observed on calibrated sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, compared to native streptokinase of molecular weight 45,000. The amount of each of the fragments generated at given times of incubation of plasminogen and streptokinase depends upon the species of plasminogen employed. Utilizing rabbit plasminogen and streptokinase, the SK 4 fragment was purified. This fragment arises by proteolysis at both the NH2 and COOH regions of native streptokinase. However, when isolated utilizing dilute aqueous buffers, the SK 4 fragment contained a portion of the original NH2 terminus of native streptokinase noncovalently bound to the molecule (SK 4'). SK 4' is capable of activating human plasminogen to plasmin, albeit more slowly than native streptokinase. However, the SK 4'-human plasmin complex possess only very weak plasminogen-activating activity toward sheep plasminogen. Upon removal of the noncovalently bound small NH2-terminal peptide of native streptokinase from SK 4', SK 4 is formed. This particular fragment possesses practically no human plasminogen-activating activity and cannot be used as an activator of sheep plasminogen, even with added human plasminogen."}
{"id": "PMID:932014", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the unique prosthetic group of a green hemoprotein from human erythrocytes.", "content": "A simplified and streamlined purification scheme has been developed for the large scale isolation of a green hemoprotein from human erythrocytes. The isolation procedure involves hypotonic lysis, freezing of the hemolysate at -60 degrees, centrifugation, direct chromatography of the supernatant on DEAE-cellulose, and subsequent cation exchange, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Approximately 2 mumol of this anionic hemoprotein were isolated per liter of packed erythrocytes. The previous inability to separate the prosthetic group from the protein by conventional solvent extraction procedures was shown to be a consequence of the highly polar character of the heme and not due to covalent linkage between heme and protein. The polar nature and marked lability of the heme necessitated development of techniques for the extraction, purification, and derivatization of the prosthetic group. The heme was separated from the protein by membrane filtration in the presence of pyridine and alkali or by disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of cyanide. The heme was methylated with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and further derivatized. The heme derivatives were purified on columns of Sephadex LH-20 or alumina. Chromatography of the heme, heme methyl ester, acetylated heme ester, and the corresponding porphyrin derivatives suggests that the heme contains three carboxyl groups and one or more polar, acetylatable functional groups, probably hydroxyl groups. Spectral characterization of these compounds, as well as the derivatives resulting from reaction of the heme with NH2OH, NaHSO3, and Na2S2O4, show that the prosthetic group is a previously undescribed, formyl-containing heme that can be clearly distinguished from heme a, Spirographis heme, and all other naturally occurring prosthetic groups.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the unique prosthetic group of a green hemoprotein from human erythrocytes. A simplified and streamlined purification scheme has been developed for the large scale isolation of a green hemoprotein from human erythrocytes. The isolation procedure involves hypotonic lysis, freezing of the hemolysate at -60 degrees, centrifugation, direct chromatography of the supernatant on DEAE-cellulose, and subsequent cation exchange, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. Approximately 2 mumol of this anionic hemoprotein were isolated per liter of packed erythrocytes. The previous inability to separate the prosthetic group from the protein by conventional solvent extraction procedures was shown to be a consequence of the highly polar character of the heme and not due to covalent linkage between heme and protein. The polar nature and marked lability of the heme necessitated development of techniques for the extraction, purification, and derivatization of the prosthetic group. The heme was separated from the protein by membrane filtration in the presence of pyridine and alkali or by disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of cyanide. The heme was methylated with trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and further derivatized. The heme derivatives were purified on columns of Sephadex LH-20 or alumina. Chromatography of the heme, heme methyl ester, acetylated heme ester, and the corresponding porphyrin derivatives suggests that the heme contains three carboxyl groups and one or more polar, acetylatable functional groups, probably hydroxyl groups. Spectral characterization of these compounds, as well as the derivatives resulting from reaction of the heme with NH2OH, NaHSO3, and Na2S2O4, show that the prosthetic group is a previously undescribed, formyl-containing heme that can be clearly distinguished from heme a, Spirographis heme, and all other naturally occurring prosthetic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:932015", "title": "Interactions of oxytocin and vasopressin with bovine neurophysins I and II. Effects of hormone binding on the protein quaternary structure: a simple model.", "content": "The effects of hormone binding on the reversible monomer in equilibrium dimer equilibrium of bovine neurophysins I or II in solution have been studied by sedimentation equilibrium measurements performed in conjunction with equilibrium dialysis experiments. Under normal solution conditions saturating amounts of oxytocin displace the neurophysin dimerization equilibrium toward the associated form of the protein to give a dimeric complex with two oxytocin molecules bound per dimer. Vasopressin exerts different influences on this oligomerization process. At low fractional saturation this ligand exhibits a behavior similar to oxytocin with a higher affinity for the neurophysin dimer than the monomer. But in contrast, at higher fractional saturation, vasopressin strongly displaces the aggregation equilibrium toward a monomeric complex bearing two vasopressin molecules. However, in the presence of a high concentration of LiCl two oxytocin molecules are bound per neurophysin protomer (10,000 daltons). These observations, together with earlier data for vasopressin binding, suggest that each neurophysin molecule possesses two structurally distinct hormone binding sites. These observations can be rationalized in a simple schematic model of hormone binding to neurophysin in which oxytocin favors a dimeric form with one hormone binding site available per 10,000 daltons while vasopressin favors the monomeric form with two hormone binding sites available per 10,000 daltons.", "contents": "Interactions of oxytocin and vasopressin with bovine neurophysins I and II. Effects of hormone binding on the protein quaternary structure: a simple model. The effects of hormone binding on the reversible monomer in equilibrium dimer equilibrium of bovine neurophysins I or II in solution have been studied by sedimentation equilibrium measurements performed in conjunction with equilibrium dialysis experiments. Under normal solution conditions saturating amounts of oxytocin displace the neurophysin dimerization equilibrium toward the associated form of the protein to give a dimeric complex with two oxytocin molecules bound per dimer. Vasopressin exerts different influences on this oligomerization process. At low fractional saturation this ligand exhibits a behavior similar to oxytocin with a higher affinity for the neurophysin dimer than the monomer. But in contrast, at higher fractional saturation, vasopressin strongly displaces the aggregation equilibrium toward a monomeric complex bearing two vasopressin molecules. However, in the presence of a high concentration of LiCl two oxytocin molecules are bound per neurophysin protomer (10,000 daltons). These observations, together with earlier data for vasopressin binding, suggest that each neurophysin molecule possesses two structurally distinct hormone binding sites. These observations can be rationalized in a simple schematic model of hormone binding to neurophysin in which oxytocin favors a dimeric form with one hormone binding site available per 10,000 daltons while vasopressin favors the monomeric form with two hormone binding sites available per 10,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:932016", "title": "Immobilized ATP and actin columns as a tool for the characterization and separation of different myosins and active myosin fragments.", "content": "A comparative affinity chromatography study using agarose-ATP columns revealed differences between heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 (HMM S-1) preparations obtained from rabbit white skeletal, rabbit red skeletal, bovine cardiac, and chicken gizzard muscle myosins. The characteristic patterns were markedly affected by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in a manner typical for each myosin species. Similar differences were also observed on comparing the intact myosins of red and white muscles. It thus became possible to separate, at least partially, mixtures of myosin (or HMM S-1) of different origins. Muscle \"acetone-dried powder\" was used as chromatographic medium for active myosin fragments in affinity chromatography columns. At low ionic strength the columns bound appreciable amounts of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and of HMM S-1. Binding was reversible and the myosin fragments could be eluted by ATP or magnesium pyrophosphate. The absorption peak of bovine cardiac HMM S-1 was found to be less symmetrical than that of the rabbit white skeletal analog. Chemical modification by trinitrophenylation of white skeletal HMM S-1 was found to affect the affinity of binding and the shape of the absorption peak, thus enabling a partial separation of trinitrophenylated fragment from the unmodified protein using an actin column. The resolving power of ATP columns for the separation of red and white skeletal myosins was increased after trintrophenylation of the proteins.", "contents": "Immobilized ATP and actin columns as a tool for the characterization and separation of different myosins and active myosin fragments. A comparative affinity chromatography study using agarose-ATP columns revealed differences between heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 (HMM S-1) preparations obtained from rabbit white skeletal, rabbit red skeletal, bovine cardiac, and chicken gizzard muscle myosins. The characteristic patterns were markedly affected by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in a manner typical for each myosin species. Similar differences were also observed on comparing the intact myosins of red and white muscles. It thus became possible to separate, at least partially, mixtures of myosin (or HMM S-1) of different origins. Muscle \"acetone-dried powder\" was used as chromatographic medium for active myosin fragments in affinity chromatography columns. At low ionic strength the columns bound appreciable amounts of heavy meromyosin (HMM) and of HMM S-1. Binding was reversible and the myosin fragments could be eluted by ATP or magnesium pyrophosphate. The absorption peak of bovine cardiac HMM S-1 was found to be less symmetrical than that of the rabbit white skeletal analog. Chemical modification by trinitrophenylation of white skeletal HMM S-1 was found to affect the affinity of binding and the shape of the absorption peak, thus enabling a partial separation of trinitrophenylated fragment from the unmodified protein using an actin column. The resolving power of ATP columns for the separation of red and white skeletal myosins was increased after trintrophenylation of the proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:932017", "title": "Rates of different steps involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin.", "content": "The kinetics of protein synthesis inhibition in a cell-free system from rabbit reticulocyte lysate was studied after addition of abrin and ricin and the isolated A chains. The toxin A chains inhibited protein synthesis at a rate proportional to the amount added. When intact toxins were added to the reticulocyte lysate, the kinetics of protein synthesis inhibition indicated that the A chains must be liberated before ribosome inactivation can take place. The splitting of the toxin in the lysate was directly demonstrated by the use of labeled toxins. The amount of abrin and ricin bound to HeLa cells under different experimental conditions was correlated to the concomitant inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. In the presence of lactose, which inhibits toxin binding, much higher concentrations of toxins were required to inhibit protein synthesis than in the absence of lactose. A linear relationship was found between the lactose concentration in the medium and the toxin concentration required to give 50% reduction in protein synthesis after 3 hours. The amount of toxin bound to the cell surfaces in the presence of lactose was either determined directly or calculated from the apparent association constant between toxins and surface receptors at the various lactose concentrations. Under different conditions involving a 300-fold variation in the concentration of toxin required to reduce protein synthesis by 50% after 3 hours, the amount of toxin bound to the cell surface was found to be the same. The toxicity thus appears to be determined by the number of toxin molecules bound to the cell surface. Purified ricin B chain was used to compete with the toxins for the receptor sites. Only after addition of high amounts of B chain was the toxicity of abrin and ricin appreciably reduced. The data do not support the view that receptors with especially high affinity are involved in the uptake of the toxins. When the time required for 50% inhibition was plotted versus the inverse value of the square root of the number of toxin molecules bound per cell, a straight line was obtained, intercepting at about 30 min. The data indicate that the observed lag time cannot be due entirely to the fact that the A chains must be liberated before they can act.", "contents": "Rates of different steps involved in the inhibition of protein synthesis by the toxic lectins abrin and ricin. The kinetics of protein synthesis inhibition in a cell-free system from rabbit reticulocyte lysate was studied after addition of abrin and ricin and the isolated A chains. The toxin A chains inhibited protein synthesis at a rate proportional to the amount added. When intact toxins were added to the reticulocyte lysate, the kinetics of protein synthesis inhibition indicated that the A chains must be liberated before ribosome inactivation can take place. The splitting of the toxin in the lysate was directly demonstrated by the use of labeled toxins. The amount of abrin and ricin bound to HeLa cells under different experimental conditions was correlated to the concomitant inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. In the presence of lactose, which inhibits toxin binding, much higher concentrations of toxins were required to inhibit protein synthesis than in the absence of lactose. A linear relationship was found between the lactose concentration in the medium and the toxin concentration required to give 50% reduction in protein synthesis after 3 hours. The amount of toxin bound to the cell surfaces in the presence of lactose was either determined directly or calculated from the apparent association constant between toxins and surface receptors at the various lactose concentrations. Under different conditions involving a 300-fold variation in the concentration of toxin required to reduce protein synthesis by 50% after 3 hours, the amount of toxin bound to the cell surface was found to be the same. The toxicity thus appears to be determined by the number of toxin molecules bound to the cell surface. Purified ricin B chain was used to compete with the toxins for the receptor sites. Only after addition of high amounts of B chain was the toxicity of abrin and ricin appreciably reduced. The data do not support the view that receptors with especially high affinity are involved in the uptake of the toxins. When the time required for 50% inhibition was plotted versus the inverse value of the square root of the number of toxin molecules bound per cell, a straight line was obtained, intercepting at about 30 min. The data indicate that the observed lag time cannot be due entirely to the fact that the A chains must be liberated before they can act."}
{"id": "PMID:932018", "title": "Partial specific volume, expansibility, compressibility, and heat capacity of aqueous lysozyme solutions.", "content": "Density measurements have been made on aqueous lysozyme solutions at 20, 25, and 30 degrees. The apparent specific volumes, phi v, and expansibilities, phi e, have been determined from the density measurements and fitted to a function of concentration (weight per cent). Sound velocities and heat capacities have also been measured for various concentrations of lysozyme-water solutions at 25 degrees. From the density, expansibility, heat capacity, and sound velocity data at 25 degrees, the isothermal compressibility, phi k, for the lysozyme solutions have been calculated over a range of concentrations. All the physicochemical properties measured were found to be a linear function of the weight per cent of lysozyme. The number of water molecules hydrated to 1 mol of lysozyme was estimated from the volume and compressibility and found to be 162 at 25 degrees.", "contents": "Partial specific volume, expansibility, compressibility, and heat capacity of aqueous lysozyme solutions. Density measurements have been made on aqueous lysozyme solutions at 20, 25, and 30 degrees. The apparent specific volumes, phi v, and expansibilities, phi e, have been determined from the density measurements and fitted to a function of concentration (weight per cent). Sound velocities and heat capacities have also been measured for various concentrations of lysozyme-water solutions at 25 degrees. From the density, expansibility, heat capacity, and sound velocity data at 25 degrees, the isothermal compressibility, phi k, for the lysozyme solutions have been calculated over a range of concentrations. All the physicochemical properties measured were found to be a linear function of the weight per cent of lysozyme. The number of water molecules hydrated to 1 mol of lysozyme was estimated from the volume and compressibility and found to be 162 at 25 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:932019", "title": "Opposing effects of mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins on lymphocyte activation. Evidence that wheat germ agglutinin produces a negative signal.", "content": "In an effort to clarify the mechanism by which certain plant lectins induce lymphocyte activation, we have studied amino acid (amino[14C]isobutyric acid) uptake in purified human lymphocytes exposed to mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins. In confirmation of earlier work, mitogenic lectins (concanavalin A and two phytohemagglutinins) produced a dose-related, 2- to 10-fold increase in aminoisobutyric acid transport. Changes occurred as early as 2 hours and reached a maximum after 18 hours. The stimulation by concanavalin A was inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside but not by other selected monosaccharides, indicating that the effect is modulated through specific carbohydrate receptors. In contrast to the stimulation with concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, the nonmitogen wheat germ agglutinin inhibited aminoisobutyric acid transport, both in the presence and absence of the mitogenic lectins. The inhibition was seen over a broad wheat germ agglutinin dose range, was prevented by N-acetylglucosamine, a known inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin binding, and did not appear to be associated with cytotoxicity. Comparative binding studies with radiolabeled concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin demonstrated that differences in transport occurred in cells containing comparable numbers of bound lectin molecules indicating that the failure of wheat germ agglutinin to stimulate a response was not a result of ineffective binding. The lack of stimulation by wheat germ agglutinin was not due to its inability to interact multivalently with membrane receptors since this lectin is divalent, produces capping and agglutination, and continues to inhibit aminoisobutyric acid transport even after the minimum valence was increased to 4 by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. In contrast both divalent and tetravalent concanavalin A produced stimulation. Competitive binding studies with soluble wheat germ agglutinin or lectin attached to 300 A latex spheres revealed little or no competition for binding sites with radiolabeled concanavalin A, suggesting the two lectins are interacting with different receptors. This was further suggested by kinetic studies of aminoisobutyric acid transport which indicated that wheat germ agglutinin was probably affecting both the Vmax and Km of transport, whereas concanavalin A affected only the Vmax. While the mechanism by which concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin produce opposing effects on amino acid transport is not clear, since the two lectins appear to be interacting with different surface receptors we would suggest that they are perturbing microanatomically and functionally different domains on the lymphocyte plasma membrane.", "contents": "Opposing effects of mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins on lymphocyte activation. Evidence that wheat germ agglutinin produces a negative signal. In an effort to clarify the mechanism by which certain plant lectins induce lymphocyte activation, we have studied amino acid (amino[14C]isobutyric acid) uptake in purified human lymphocytes exposed to mitogenic and nonmitogenic lectins. In confirmation of earlier work, mitogenic lectins (concanavalin A and two phytohemagglutinins) produced a dose-related, 2- to 10-fold increase in aminoisobutyric acid transport. Changes occurred as early as 2 hours and reached a maximum after 18 hours. The stimulation by concanavalin A was inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside but not by other selected monosaccharides, indicating that the effect is modulated through specific carbohydrate receptors. In contrast to the stimulation with concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, the nonmitogen wheat germ agglutinin inhibited aminoisobutyric acid transport, both in the presence and absence of the mitogenic lectins. The inhibition was seen over a broad wheat germ agglutinin dose range, was prevented by N-acetylglucosamine, a known inhibitor of wheat germ agglutinin binding, and did not appear to be associated with cytotoxicity. Comparative binding studies with radiolabeled concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin demonstrated that differences in transport occurred in cells containing comparable numbers of bound lectin molecules indicating that the failure of wheat germ agglutinin to stimulate a response was not a result of ineffective binding. The lack of stimulation by wheat germ agglutinin was not due to its inability to interact multivalently with membrane receptors since this lectin is divalent, produces capping and agglutination, and continues to inhibit aminoisobutyric acid transport even after the minimum valence was increased to 4 by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. In contrast both divalent and tetravalent concanavalin A produced stimulation. Competitive binding studies with soluble wheat germ agglutinin or lectin attached to 300 A latex spheres revealed little or no competition for binding sites with radiolabeled concanavalin A, suggesting the two lectins are interacting with different receptors. This was further suggested by kinetic studies of aminoisobutyric acid transport which indicated that wheat germ agglutinin was probably affecting both the Vmax and Km of transport, whereas concanavalin A affected only the Vmax. While the mechanism by which concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin produce opposing effects on amino acid transport is not clear, since the two lectins appear to be interacting with different surface receptors we would suggest that they are perturbing microanatomically and functionally different domains on the lymphocyte plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:932020", "title": "Purification of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase by affinity column chromatography.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.4.4) has been purified 468,000-fold from pooled human erythrocytes. The procedure developed was used to isolate the enzyme from up to 23 liters of packed erythrocytes at one time. An easily prepared affinity column bed material employing adenosine as the ligand was used as the final step in the purification. During elution from the affinity column there was approximately a 3:1 partition of adenosine deaminase between gel bed and column buffer. There was no apparent difference in the partitioning of unresolved or partially resolved preparations of the electrophoretically different forms of the enzyme on the affinity column. Gel filtration and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of increasing concentration revealed no differences in the Mr of these electrophoretically different forms. The four bands resolved by electrophoresis of the different forms on polyacrylamide gels under nondenaturing conditions yielded a single band when electrophoresis was carried out in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Partially resolved preparations of the different electrophoretic forms of adenosine deaminase also gave rise to a single band of the same mobility when electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels  under these conditions. The band had the mobility of a protein of Mr of 36,000. This Mr is approximately the same as estimated for the nondenatured enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase by affinity column chromatography. Adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.4.4) has been purified 468,000-fold from pooled human erythrocytes. The procedure developed was used to isolate the enzyme from up to 23 liters of packed erythrocytes at one time. An easily prepared affinity column bed material employing adenosine as the ligand was used as the final step in the purification. During elution from the affinity column there was approximately a 3:1 partition of adenosine deaminase between gel bed and column buffer. There was no apparent difference in the partitioning of unresolved or partially resolved preparations of the electrophoretically different forms of the enzyme on the affinity column. Gel filtration and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels of increasing concentration revealed no differences in the Mr of these electrophoretically different forms. The four bands resolved by electrophoresis of the different forms on polyacrylamide gels under nondenaturing conditions yielded a single band when electrophoresis was carried out in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Partially resolved preparations of the different electrophoretic forms of adenosine deaminase also gave rise to a single band of the same mobility when electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels  under these conditions. The band had the mobility of a protein of Mr of 36,000. This Mr is approximately the same as estimated for the nondenatured enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:932021", "title": "Deoxycytidine kinase from calf thymus. Substrate and inhibitor specificity.", "content": "Kinetic constants were determined for 34 nucleoside substrates of deoxycytidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.74) from calf thymus. Substrate efficiency was assessed by the ratio of Vmax to Km. Inhibition constants were determined for 61 nonsubstrate nucleosides or nucleoside analogues. The enzyme was relatively specific for the pentose moiety of nucleoside substrates. beta-D-2'-Deoxyribonucleosides were more efficient substrates than the corresponding beta-D-arabinonucleosides. Unexpectedly, the L isomer of the beta-arabinonucleoside of cytosine was a more efficient substrate than was the D isomer. beta-Cytidine and beta-5-azacytidine were the only beta-D-ribonucleosides studied that had detectable substrate activity. alpha-Cytidine was an inhibitor but not a substrate. Nucleosides containing a variety of sugar moieties other than those mentioned above did not have detectable substrate activity. The enzyme was relatively nonspecific for the base moiety of nucleoside substrates. 2'-Deoxyribonucleosides of a variety of pyrimidines, purines, and other heterocycles were substrates. Cytosine was the most preferred pyrimidine moiety. 5-Substitution, except with fluorine, decreased substrate efficiency with nucleosides of cytosine or uracil. 2-Fluoradenine was the most preferred purine moiety. The effects of various purine ring substituents were interdependent. Nucleosides containing bulky, hydrophobic substituents on either the base or the pentose moiety had no substrate activity but were relatively potent competitive inhibitors. This suggested the presence of a hydrophobic region on the surface of the enzyme near the active site.", "contents": "Deoxycytidine kinase from calf thymus. Substrate and inhibitor specificity. Kinetic constants were determined for 34 nucleoside substrates of deoxycytidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.74) from calf thymus. Substrate efficiency was assessed by the ratio of Vmax to Km. Inhibition constants were determined for 61 nonsubstrate nucleosides or nucleoside analogues. The enzyme was relatively specific for the pentose moiety of nucleoside substrates. beta-D-2'-Deoxyribonucleosides were more efficient substrates than the corresponding beta-D-arabinonucleosides. Unexpectedly, the L isomer of the beta-arabinonucleoside of cytosine was a more efficient substrate than was the D isomer. beta-Cytidine and beta-5-azacytidine were the only beta-D-ribonucleosides studied that had detectable substrate activity. alpha-Cytidine was an inhibitor but not a substrate. Nucleosides containing a variety of sugar moieties other than those mentioned above did not have detectable substrate activity. The enzyme was relatively nonspecific for the base moiety of nucleoside substrates. 2'-Deoxyribonucleosides of a variety of pyrimidines, purines, and other heterocycles were substrates. Cytosine was the most preferred pyrimidine moiety. 5-Substitution, except with fluorine, decreased substrate efficiency with nucleosides of cytosine or uracil. 2-Fluoradenine was the most preferred purine moiety. The effects of various purine ring substituents were interdependent. Nucleosides containing bulky, hydrophobic substituents on either the base or the pentose moiety had no substrate activity but were relatively potent competitive inhibitors. This suggested the presence of a hydrophobic region on the surface of the enzyme near the active site."}
{"id": "PMID:932022", "title": "Studies on the subunit composition of the renal glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "The bovine glomerular basement membrane in its S-carboxymethylated form has been fractionated into a large number of polypeptide components ranging from 25,800 to 205,000 in apparent molecular weight by performing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate on fractions obtained by DEAE- and CM-cellulose chromatography. While only 20 electrophoretic bands were recognized in the unfractionated S-carboxymethylated membrane the DEAE-cellulose column fractions yielded 43 distinct polypeptide components and an additional 15 were obtained from the CM-cellulose chromatography. Analyses of the purified subunits indicated pronounced compositional diversity even in polypeptide components of the same molecular weight. Great differences in the content of the amino acids characteristic of collagen, namely, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, and glycine were evident and these three amino acids varied in a parallel manner. In contrast a reciprocal relationship between the number of lysine and hydroxylysine residues was observed so that the sum of these two remained fairly constant. While the collagen-like polypeptide components had a relatively low content of S-carboxymethylcysteine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and heteropolysaccharides the more polar subunits were enriched in there constituents. These results are consistent with a structural model for the membrane in which the peptide chains vary greatly in the proportion of helical segments and polar regions which they contain. It is likely that the subunit polydispersity is nor primarily a biosynthetic function, but is due to limited in vivo proteolysis.", "contents": "Studies on the subunit composition of the renal glomerular basement membrane. The bovine glomerular basement membrane in its S-carboxymethylated form has been fractionated into a large number of polypeptide components ranging from 25,800 to 205,000 in apparent molecular weight by performing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate on fractions obtained by DEAE- and CM-cellulose chromatography. While only 20 electrophoretic bands were recognized in the unfractionated S-carboxymethylated membrane the DEAE-cellulose column fractions yielded 43 distinct polypeptide components and an additional 15 were obtained from the CM-cellulose chromatography. Analyses of the purified subunits indicated pronounced compositional diversity even in polypeptide components of the same molecular weight. Great differences in the content of the amino acids characteristic of collagen, namely, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, and glycine were evident and these three amino acids varied in a parallel manner. In contrast a reciprocal relationship between the number of lysine and hydroxylysine residues was observed so that the sum of these two remained fairly constant. While the collagen-like polypeptide components had a relatively low content of S-carboxymethylcysteine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, and heteropolysaccharides the more polar subunits were enriched in there constituents. These results are consistent with a structural model for the membrane in which the peptide chains vary greatly in the proportion of helical segments and polar regions which they contain. It is likely that the subunit polydispersity is nor primarily a biosynthetic function, but is due to limited in vivo proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:932023", "title": "The hydrophobic membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C. Characterization of the hydrophilic enzyme and phospholipopeptide produced by trypsin cleavage.", "content": "The membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is a phospholipoprotein carrying extra residues of asparagine or aspartate, serine, glutamine or glutamate and glycine not present in the exoenzyme (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J.O. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4095-4101). Cleavage of the membrane enzyme with trypsin yielded a phospholipipopeptide and a hydrophilic penicillinase differing from exopenicillinase only by the absence of the NH2-terminal lysine residue. Phosphatidylserine was isolated from a pronase digest of the phospholipopeptide. The partial sequence of the phospholipopeptide is: phosphatidylserine-(Ser3, Glx5, Asx7, Gly5)-Asp-Gin-Ser-Lys-COOH with the lysine being the NH2-terminal residue of the usual exoenzyme. The fatty acids present in the membrane enzyme and in the phospholipopeptide had essentially the same composition (predominantly n-16:0, ante iso-17:0, n-18:0, and n-18:1). These acids were also found in the total membrane lipids, although in very different proportions; thus, the phosphatidic acid residue of the phosphatidylserine is probably formed by the usual synthetic pathway for membrane phospholipids, but some special feature of the process affects the nature of the component fatty acids.", "contents": "The hydrophobic membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C. Characterization of the hydrophilic enzyme and phospholipopeptide produced by trypsin cleavage. The membrane penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is a phospholipoprotein carrying extra residues of asparagine or aspartate, serine, glutamine or glutamate and glycine not present in the exoenzyme (Yamamoto, S., and Lampen, J.O. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 4095-4101). Cleavage of the membrane enzyme with trypsin yielded a phospholipipopeptide and a hydrophilic penicillinase differing from exopenicillinase only by the absence of the NH2-terminal lysine residue. Phosphatidylserine was isolated from a pronase digest of the phospholipopeptide. The partial sequence of the phospholipopeptide is: phosphatidylserine-(Ser3, Glx5, Asx7, Gly5)-Asp-Gin-Ser-Lys-COOH with the lysine being the NH2-terminal residue of the usual exoenzyme. The fatty acids present in the membrane enzyme and in the phospholipopeptide had essentially the same composition (predominantly n-16:0, ante iso-17:0, n-18:0, and n-18:1). These acids were also found in the total membrane lipids, although in very different proportions; thus, the phosphatidic acid residue of the phosphatidylserine is probably formed by the usual synthetic pathway for membrane phospholipids, but some special feature of the process affects the nature of the component fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:932024", "title": "The plasma membrane of human placenta. Isolation of microvillus membrane and characterization of protein and glycoprotein subunits.", "content": "A microvillus plasma membrane-enriched fraction of human placenta was obtained by a combination of differential, isopycnic, and rate-zonal centrifugation techniques. Assays for enzyme markers from mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane indicated a relative enrichment of plasma membrane between 10- and 20-fold over the most prominent contaminating enzyme markers. Electron microscopy verified the microvillus ultrastructure of the isolated placental membrane and the lack of significant contamination by identifiable organelles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the microvillus membrane fraction revealed a protein and glycoprotein subunit composition. There were 16 major protein subunits and 10 major glycoprotein subunits, and apparent molecular weights are assigned to these subunits. 32P-labeling of the microvillus membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase indicated that this enzyme is one of the major glycoproteins of the human placental microvillus membrane.", "contents": "The plasma membrane of human placenta. Isolation of microvillus membrane and characterization of protein and glycoprotein subunits. A microvillus plasma membrane-enriched fraction of human placenta was obtained by a combination of differential, isopycnic, and rate-zonal centrifugation techniques. Assays for enzyme markers from mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane indicated a relative enrichment of plasma membrane between 10- and 20-fold over the most prominent contaminating enzyme markers. Electron microscopy verified the microvillus ultrastructure of the isolated placental membrane and the lack of significant contamination by identifiable organelles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the microvillus membrane fraction revealed a protein and glycoprotein subunit composition. There were 16 major protein subunits and 10 major glycoprotein subunits, and apparent molecular weights are assigned to these subunits. 32P-labeling of the microvillus membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase indicated that this enzyme is one of the major glycoproteins of the human placental microvillus membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:932026", "title": "Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase-catalyzed formation of ATP from carbamyl phosphate and ADP. Evidence for a formyl phosphate intermediate in the enzyme's catalytic mechanism.", "content": "Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium cylindrosporum catalyzes phosphoryl transfer from carbamyl phosphate in ADP to form ATP. The phosphoryl transfer reaction has an obligatory requirement for tetrahydrofolate presumably as a cofactor for a proper conformation of the active site. Carbamyl phosphate is an analog of formyl phosphate-a potential intermediate in the normal enzymic reaction. The ability of the enzyme to promote synthesis of ATP from carbamyl phosphate and ADP supports a stepwise chemical reaction mechanism for the enzyme in which formyl phosphate participates as a tightly bound intermediate.", "contents": "Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase-catalyzed formation of ATP from carbamyl phosphate and ADP. Evidence for a formyl phosphate intermediate in the enzyme's catalytic mechanism. Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium cylindrosporum catalyzes phosphoryl transfer from carbamyl phosphate in ADP to form ATP. The phosphoryl transfer reaction has an obligatory requirement for tetrahydrofolate presumably as a cofactor for a proper conformation of the active site. Carbamyl phosphate is an analog of formyl phosphate-a potential intermediate in the normal enzymic reaction. The ability of the enzyme to promote synthesis of ATP from carbamyl phosphate and ADP supports a stepwise chemical reaction mechanism for the enzyme in which formyl phosphate participates as a tightly bound intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:932027", "title": "Probes of initial phosphorylation events in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts.", "content": "Rapid mixing and quenching techniques have been used with chloroplasts activated by an acid-base transition or by light to assess the nature and characteristics of the substances initially labeled by inorganic [32P]phosphate during ATP synthesis. With light-activated chloroplast fragments, but not with acid-base-activated preparations, an initial rapid labeling of a small amount of ADP is observed. With the acid-base activated preparations a slower continued labeling of ADP occurs that is uncoupler-sensitive, that does not proceed via [gamma-32]ATP of the medium and for which medium ADP furnishes the AMP moiety. The results point to ADP as the initial acceptor of phosphate for ATP synthesis, with a slow side reaction in which bound ATP phosphorylates bound AMP to give a bound ADP. The phosphorylation of bound ADP by medium [32P]phosphate in the absence of added ADP is confirmed, but the reaction is too slow to serve as an intermediate in photophosphorylation. The appearance of label from [32P]phosphate in ATP in the acid-base transition at 25 degrees shows a lag of only about 3 to 7 ms, consistent with the absence of any phosphorylated intermediate. The lag is followed by a linear rate of [gamma-32]ATP formation that is about as fast as that observed in steady photophosphorylation, consistent with a proton gradient serving for transmission of energy from electron transfer reactions to the ATP-synthesizing complex.", "contents": "Probes of initial phosphorylation events in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts. Rapid mixing and quenching techniques have been used with chloroplasts activated by an acid-base transition or by light to assess the nature and characteristics of the substances initially labeled by inorganic [32P]phosphate during ATP synthesis. With light-activated chloroplast fragments, but not with acid-base-activated preparations, an initial rapid labeling of a small amount of ADP is observed. With the acid-base activated preparations a slower continued labeling of ADP occurs that is uncoupler-sensitive, that does not proceed via [gamma-32]ATP of the medium and for which medium ADP furnishes the AMP moiety. The results point to ADP as the initial acceptor of phosphate for ATP synthesis, with a slow side reaction in which bound ATP phosphorylates bound AMP to give a bound ADP. The phosphorylation of bound ADP by medium [32P]phosphate in the absence of added ADP is confirmed, but the reaction is too slow to serve as an intermediate in photophosphorylation. The appearance of label from [32P]phosphate in ATP in the acid-base transition at 25 degrees shows a lag of only about 3 to 7 ms, consistent with the absence of any phosphorylated intermediate. The lag is followed by a linear rate of [gamma-32]ATP formation that is about as fast as that observed in steady photophosphorylation, consistent with a proton gradient serving for transmission of energy from electron transfer reactions to the ATP-synthesizing complex."}
{"id": "PMID:932028", "title": "Purification and characterization of a new family of polypeptide neurotoxins from the heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy).", "content": "Mucus secreted from the integument of the marine heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy) contains two major types of polypeptide neurotoxin: the A toxins (11,000 daltons) which are lethal to a variety of animal species including mammals, and the B toxins (6,000 daltons) which appear to be selectively toxic for crustaceans. Both types of toxin were readily obtained from live worms by stimulation and collection of mucus with 1% acetic acid followed by batch adsorption of the basic polypeptide fraction upon CM-cellulose. Separate A and B toxin fractions were obtained by gel chromatography. Four toxins were purified from the B toxin fraction by CM-cellulose gradient elution chromatography. Each consists of a single polypeptide chain with NH2-terminal alanine and three (B-I) or four (B-II, B-III, B-IV) intrachain disulfide bonds. All four B toxins contain large proportions of lysine and exhibit identical gel electrophoretic mobilities at neutral pH. The B toxins lack cysteine and reducing sugar moieties. Toxin B-I differs considerably from the others in its amino acid composition and its shorter chain length (49 instead of 53 or 54 residues). The other three toxins have similar compositions, but lack proline, methionine, and phenylalanine. All four polypeptides show crustacean-selective toxicities which vary over a 30-fold range; B-II possesses the highest toxicity. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that the Cerebratulus B toxins are isotoxins which act via a common receptor present in crustacean axon membranes.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a new family of polypeptide neurotoxins from the heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy). Mucus secreted from the integument of the marine heteronemertine Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy) contains two major types of polypeptide neurotoxin: the A toxins (11,000 daltons) which are lethal to a variety of animal species including mammals, and the B toxins (6,000 daltons) which appear to be selectively toxic for crustaceans. Both types of toxin were readily obtained from live worms by stimulation and collection of mucus with 1% acetic acid followed by batch adsorption of the basic polypeptide fraction upon CM-cellulose. Separate A and B toxin fractions were obtained by gel chromatography. Four toxins were purified from the B toxin fraction by CM-cellulose gradient elution chromatography. Each consists of a single polypeptide chain with NH2-terminal alanine and three (B-I) or four (B-II, B-III, B-IV) intrachain disulfide bonds. All four B toxins contain large proportions of lysine and exhibit identical gel electrophoretic mobilities at neutral pH. The B toxins lack cysteine and reducing sugar moieties. Toxin B-I differs considerably from the others in its amino acid composition and its shorter chain length (49 instead of 53 or 54 residues). The other three toxins have similar compositions, but lack proline, methionine, and phenylalanine. All four polypeptides show crustacean-selective toxicities which vary over a 30-fold range; B-II possesses the highest toxicity. As a working hypothesis it is suggested that the Cerebratulus B toxins are isotoxins which act via a common receptor present in crustacean axon membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:932029", "title": "Comparative chemical analyses of the alloantigenic fragments of HL-A antigens.", "content": "Papain-solubilized HL-A antigens have been shown to contain two polypeptide fragments: beta2-micro-globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and a larger fragment with a molecular weight of about 34,000. The large fragments isolated from two HL-A preparations carrying different specificities appeared homogeneous both by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide electrophoresis. Both HL-A antigen preparations contained the same NH2-terminal (glycine) and the same COOH-terminal residue (serine). The carbohydrate content of the large fragment was 12.9%, making the carbohydrate-free molecular weight approximately 30,000. Small but significant differences have been found in the amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the two large fragments containing different specificities.", "contents": "Comparative chemical analyses of the alloantigenic fragments of HL-A antigens. Papain-solubilized HL-A antigens have been shown to contain two polypeptide fragments: beta2-micro-globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and a larger fragment with a molecular weight of about 34,000. The large fragments isolated from two HL-A preparations carrying different specificities appeared homogeneous both by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide electrophoresis. Both HL-A antigen preparations contained the same NH2-terminal (glycine) and the same COOH-terminal residue (serine). The carbohydrate content of the large fragment was 12.9%, making the carbohydrate-free molecular weight approximately 30,000. Small but significant differences have been found in the amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide maps of the two large fragments containing different specificities."}
{"id": "PMID:932030", "title": "Activities of thyroid hormones and related compounds in an in vitro thymocyte assay.", "content": "Prior studies have demonstrated that the thyroid hormones L-triiodothyronine and L-thyroxine stimulate the rapid uptake of 1-amino-cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid into isolated rat thymocytes. In the present study the effects of several groups of thyroid hormones and structurally related compounds were investigated to determine the structure-function relations required for stimulation of this membrane process. Particular attention was given to (a) analogues with modifications at the oxygen bridge, the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the group at the 3' position of the outer ring, and (b) the steric orientation of the thyroid hormones. The following were found to be important for maximal activity: (a) the L-isomer configuration, (b) the presence of a 4'-hydroxyl group, (c) the presence of one substituent in both the inner and outer rings (3 and 3' positions), (d) the distal orientation of the 3' substituent in the outer ring of L-triiodothyronine, and (e) the lipophilic character of the 3' substituent. Of lesser importance was the presence of halogen atoms, or an oxygen atom in the ether position. Since these structure-function relations seen in thymocytes parallel in many respects those relations seen in whole-animal studies, it is believed that thymocytes will be a useful tool for further studies of thyroid hormones and their analogues.", "contents": "Activities of thyroid hormones and related compounds in an in vitro thymocyte assay. Prior studies have demonstrated that the thyroid hormones L-triiodothyronine and L-thyroxine stimulate the rapid uptake of 1-amino-cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid into isolated rat thymocytes. In the present study the effects of several groups of thyroid hormones and structurally related compounds were investigated to determine the structure-function relations required for stimulation of this membrane process. Particular attention was given to (a) analogues with modifications at the oxygen bridge, the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the group at the 3' position of the outer ring, and (b) the steric orientation of the thyroid hormones. The following were found to be important for maximal activity: (a) the L-isomer configuration, (b) the presence of a 4'-hydroxyl group, (c) the presence of one substituent in both the inner and outer rings (3 and 3' positions), (d) the distal orientation of the 3' substituent in the outer ring of L-triiodothyronine, and (e) the lipophilic character of the 3' substituent. Of lesser importance was the presence of halogen atoms, or an oxygen atom in the ether position. Since these structure-function relations seen in thymocytes parallel in many respects those relations seen in whole-animal studies, it is believed that thymocytes will be a useful tool for further studies of thyroid hormones and their analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:932031", "title": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase from cultured human cell lines by adenosine.", "content": "Broken cell particulate preparations of adenylate cyclase isolated from the human glioma cell line 132-1N1 were stimulated 2-to 3-fold by 30 muM adenosine. This concentration of adenosine produced a maximal stimulation of the cyclase while 3 to 5 muM adenosine produced half-maximal stimulation. Theophylline, at 40 muM, inhibited the adenosine stimulation of the adenylate cyclase by about 40% while 200 muM produced near complete inhibition. The inhibition by theophylline could be overcome by increasing adenosine to a concentration 10-fold that of theophylline, implying that the inhibition was competitive. Basal activity was not inhibited by even 1.0 mM theophylline, nor was the epinephrine stimulated activity. In contrast, 1.0 muM propranolol essentially completely inhibited the 8-fold stimulation of 1.0 muM epinephrine but had no effect on either basal or adenosine-stimulated activity. Adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine were equipotent in stimulating adenylate cyclase from the 132-1N1 line, whereas neither adenine nor guanosine had any detectable effect. GTP, 10 muM, produced a small variable stimulation of the adenylate cyclase while the GTP analogue, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), produced a marked stimulation fo the cyclase. Preincubation of the adenylate cyclase preparation with the analogue greatly increased its potency and maximal effect. In contrast, both basal and adenosine-stimulated activity decreased markedly with preincubation. The effects of adenosine or epinephrine in combination with Gpp(NH)p were at least additive and often synergistic in comparison to the effects of the compounds alone. The effects of adenosine on intact and broken cell preparations of the human fibroblast lines WI-38 and VA13-2RA were also examined. In the intact VA13-2RA, adenosine produced rapid and large increases in intracellular and extracellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP). In the parental fibroblast line, the WI-38, adenosine slightly elevated basal levels of cAMP, but only produced marked elevations in the presence of non-methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The effect of adenosine on the broken cell particulate preparations of adenylate cyclase from the fibroblasts was similar to its action on the cyclase from the 132-1N1; 30 muM adenosine produced a maximal stimulation of the adenylate cyclase, and the stimulation was inhibited by theophylline.", "contents": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase from cultured human cell lines by adenosine. Broken cell particulate preparations of adenylate cyclase isolated from the human glioma cell line 132-1N1 were stimulated 2-to 3-fold by 30 muM adenosine. This concentration of adenosine produced a maximal stimulation of the cyclase while 3 to 5 muM adenosine produced half-maximal stimulation. Theophylline, at 40 muM, inhibited the adenosine stimulation of the adenylate cyclase by about 40% while 200 muM produced near complete inhibition. The inhibition by theophylline could be overcome by increasing adenosine to a concentration 10-fold that of theophylline, implying that the inhibition was competitive. Basal activity was not inhibited by even 1.0 mM theophylline, nor was the epinephrine stimulated activity. In contrast, 1.0 muM propranolol essentially completely inhibited the 8-fold stimulation of 1.0 muM epinephrine but had no effect on either basal or adenosine-stimulated activity. Adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine were equipotent in stimulating adenylate cyclase from the 132-1N1 line, whereas neither adenine nor guanosine had any detectable effect. GTP, 10 muM, produced a small variable stimulation of the adenylate cyclase while the GTP analogue, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), produced a marked stimulation fo the cyclase. Preincubation of the adenylate cyclase preparation with the analogue greatly increased its potency and maximal effect. In contrast, both basal and adenosine-stimulated activity decreased markedly with preincubation. The effects of adenosine or epinephrine in combination with Gpp(NH)p were at least additive and often synergistic in comparison to the effects of the compounds alone. The effects of adenosine on intact and broken cell preparations of the human fibroblast lines WI-38 and VA13-2RA were also examined. In the intact VA13-2RA, adenosine produced rapid and large increases in intracellular and extracellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP). In the parental fibroblast line, the WI-38, adenosine slightly elevated basal levels of cAMP, but only produced marked elevations in the presence of non-methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The effect of adenosine on the broken cell particulate preparations of adenylate cyclase from the fibroblasts was similar to its action on the cyclase from the 132-1N1; 30 muM adenosine produced a maximal stimulation of the adenylate cyclase, and the stimulation was inhibited by theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:932032", "title": "Characterization of ribosome-protected fragments from reovirus messenger RNA.", "content": "The 5'-terminal methylated cap (m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm) in reovirus messenger RNA comprises part of the ribosomes binding site, since attachment of 40 S wheat germ ribosomal subunits to reovirus small (s), medium (m), and large (l) RNA classes conferred almost complete protection of the cap against RNase digestion. After joining of the 60 S ribosomal subunits, however, the cap continued to be protected against T1 RNase within the 80 S initiation complexes formed with only some messenger species; namely the three l-messages, one of the m-messages, and one or two of the s-messages. When protected fragments were recovered from 40 S and 80 S complexes and tested for ability to rebind to ribosomes those fragments which retained the cap were able to rebind most efficiently. The protected fragments recovered from 40 S initiation complexes with several of the s- and m-RNA species were larger than the messenger fragments recovered from 80 S complexes. The medium size class of reovirus RNA, which consists of three messenger species, gave rise to three discrete 5'-terminal fragments after digestion of 40 S complexes with T1 RNase, and to three somewhat smaller fragments after T1 RNase digestion of 80 S complexes. Fingerprints of the T1 oligonucleotides derived from these fragments are consistent with the interpretation that each messenger species within the m-RNA class gives rise to a protected fragment of a unique size and that, with each message, there is extensive overlap between the regions of the message protected by 40 S and 80 S ribosomes. The ratio of the three protected fragments recovered from 40 S complexes with m-RNA was highly reproducible under a given set of binding conditions, but could be shifted by varying the messenger/ribosome ratio in the binding reaction. Thus, one of the fragments, which was preferentially recovered when the ribosome concentration was limiting, could be tentatively identified as the binding site of the most efficiently translated message within the m-RNA class.", "contents": "Characterization of ribosome-protected fragments from reovirus messenger RNA. The 5'-terminal methylated cap (m7G(5')ppp(5')Gm) in reovirus messenger RNA comprises part of the ribosomes binding site, since attachment of 40 S wheat germ ribosomal subunits to reovirus small (s), medium (m), and large (l) RNA classes conferred almost complete protection of the cap against RNase digestion. After joining of the 60 S ribosomal subunits, however, the cap continued to be protected against T1 RNase within the 80 S initiation complexes formed with only some messenger species; namely the three l-messages, one of the m-messages, and one or two of the s-messages. When protected fragments were recovered from 40 S and 80 S complexes and tested for ability to rebind to ribosomes those fragments which retained the cap were able to rebind most efficiently. The protected fragments recovered from 40 S initiation complexes with several of the s- and m-RNA species were larger than the messenger fragments recovered from 80 S complexes. The medium size class of reovirus RNA, which consists of three messenger species, gave rise to three discrete 5'-terminal fragments after digestion of 40 S complexes with T1 RNase, and to three somewhat smaller fragments after T1 RNase digestion of 80 S complexes. Fingerprints of the T1 oligonucleotides derived from these fragments are consistent with the interpretation that each messenger species within the m-RNA class gives rise to a protected fragment of a unique size and that, with each message, there is extensive overlap between the regions of the message protected by 40 S and 80 S ribosomes. The ratio of the three protected fragments recovered from 40 S complexes with m-RNA was highly reproducible under a given set of binding conditions, but could be shifted by varying the messenger/ribosome ratio in the binding reaction. Thus, one of the fragments, which was preferentially recovered when the ribosome concentration was limiting, could be tentatively identified as the binding site of the most efficiently translated message within the m-RNA class."}
{"id": "PMID:932033", "title": "Cystine metabolism in human fibroblasts. Comparison of normal, cystinotic, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synethetase-deficient cells.", "content": "Incubation of normal human skin fibroblasts or fibroblasts derived from patients with erythrocyte deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient) in culture medium containing L-[35S]cystine resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into protein, cysteine, and glutathione, gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient fibroblasts synthesized glutathione from [35S]cystine at 30% the rate of normal cells and contained 30% the normal amount of glutathione. Cystinotic fibroblasts incorporated [35S]cystine into the large intracellular cystine pool not found in normal or gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient cells and also appeared to synthesize glutathione more slowly than normal cells. However, the radioactivity recovered as cystine was reduced greatly and the rate of [35S]cystine incorporation into glutathione increased if cystinotic cells were first depleted of their intracellular cystine pool before incubation in [35S]cystine. This suggests that the apparent reduced rate of glutathione synthesis observed in untreated cystinotic cells was a secondary effect caused by dilution of the [35S]cystine by the large pool of nonradioactive cystine. Cystinotic cells depleted of cystine by treatment with mercaptoethylamine reaccumulate 30 to 50% of their initial cystine in 24 hours in the absence of extracellular cystine. Both normal and cystinotic cells lose more than 90% of their intracellular glutathione in 24 hours in cystine-free medium. Both cell types can reutilize cysteine from glutathione for protein synthesis.", "contents": "Cystine metabolism in human fibroblasts. Comparison of normal, cystinotic, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synethetase-deficient cells. Incubation of normal human skin fibroblasts or fibroblasts derived from patients with erythrocyte deficiency of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient) in culture medium containing L-[35S]cystine resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into protein, cysteine, and glutathione, gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient fibroblasts synthesized glutathione from [35S]cystine at 30% the rate of normal cells and contained 30% the normal amount of glutathione. Cystinotic fibroblasts incorporated [35S]cystine into the large intracellular cystine pool not found in normal or gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-deficient cells and also appeared to synthesize glutathione more slowly than normal cells. However, the radioactivity recovered as cystine was reduced greatly and the rate of [35S]cystine incorporation into glutathione increased if cystinotic cells were first depleted of their intracellular cystine pool before incubation in [35S]cystine. This suggests that the apparent reduced rate of glutathione synthesis observed in untreated cystinotic cells was a secondary effect caused by dilution of the [35S]cystine by the large pool of nonradioactive cystine. Cystinotic cells depleted of cystine by treatment with mercaptoethylamine reaccumulate 30 to 50% of their initial cystine in 24 hours in the absence of extracellular cystine. Both normal and cystinotic cells lose more than 90% of their intracellular glutathione in 24 hours in cystine-free medium. Both cell types can reutilize cysteine from glutathione for protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:932034", "title": "Association of hemoglobin Saint Etienne (alpha2beta295F8 His replaced by G1n) with hemoglobins A and F. Synthesis and subunit exchange in vitro.", "content": "The unstable hemoglobin (Hb) Saint Etienne (alpha2beta295F8 His replaced by G1n) (betaSE) was found in the red blood cells of an 8-year-old boy. The composition of this hemoglobin was 26% Saint Etienne, 52% A, 3% A2 and 19% HbF. Studies of hemoglobin synthesis indicate: a) a balanced synthesis of alpha and non-alpha chains (alpha=betaA + betaSE + gamma), b) an increased pool of free alpha hemoglobin chains, and c) a rapid exchange of alpha chains between this pool and HbSE. The alpha chain pool resulted from the dissociation of HbSE and the greater instability of betaSE chains than alpha chains upon heating. Hemoglobin F is of the fetal type and is heterogeneously distributed among the red cells. Furthermore, two populations of red blood cells could be separated according to their i antigen content. Analysis of the hemoglobins revealed a heterogeneous distribution. Thus, F hemoglobin was preferentially associated with cells having low i antigen level, while Saint Etienne hemoglobin was increased in cells having a high i antigen level. HbF and HbSE were not present in the parents of the propositus. Study of the genetic markers confirmed the filiation. The parents were normal upon clinical and hematological examination; they exhibited a normal pattern and synthesis of hemoglobin. The Hb Saint Etienne case is compared with Hb Istanbul, which in spite of the same amino acid substitution is not associated with increased HbF level.", "contents": "Association of hemoglobin Saint Etienne (alpha2beta295F8 His replaced by G1n) with hemoglobins A and F. Synthesis and subunit exchange in vitro. The unstable hemoglobin (Hb) Saint Etienne (alpha2beta295F8 His replaced by G1n) (betaSE) was found in the red blood cells of an 8-year-old boy. The composition of this hemoglobin was 26% Saint Etienne, 52% A, 3% A2 and 19% HbF. Studies of hemoglobin synthesis indicate: a) a balanced synthesis of alpha and non-alpha chains (alpha=betaA + betaSE + gamma), b) an increased pool of free alpha hemoglobin chains, and c) a rapid exchange of alpha chains between this pool and HbSE. The alpha chain pool resulted from the dissociation of HbSE and the greater instability of betaSE chains than alpha chains upon heating. Hemoglobin F is of the fetal type and is heterogeneously distributed among the red cells. Furthermore, two populations of red blood cells could be separated according to their i antigen content. Analysis of the hemoglobins revealed a heterogeneous distribution. Thus, F hemoglobin was preferentially associated with cells having low i antigen level, while Saint Etienne hemoglobin was increased in cells having a high i antigen level. HbF and HbSE were not present in the parents of the propositus. Study of the genetic markers confirmed the filiation. The parents were normal upon clinical and hematological examination; they exhibited a normal pattern and synthesis of hemoglobin. The Hb Saint Etienne case is compared with Hb Istanbul, which in spite of the same amino acid substitution is not associated with increased HbF level."}
{"id": "PMID:932035", "title": "Synthesis of functional aldolase tetramers in a heterologous cell-free system.", "content": "The present report describes the complete synthesis of a functional oligomeric enzyme in a heterologous cell-free system. Polysomal RNA from chicken skeletal muscle was used to direct the production of functional aldolase tetramers in wheat germ extracts. The aldolase product was (a) specifically precipitated with monospecific antibodies raised against pure muscle aldolase, (b) had the same subunit molecular weight (40,000) as that of native aldolase (as determined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate), (c) presumably contained a functional active site since it co-purified with authentic muscle aldolase upon substrate elution from phosphocellulose, and (d) had associated into tetrameric units (Mr=160,000) as shown by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The present work suggests that, within the cell, post-translational processing of aldolase polypeptide chains is not involved in the formation of functional aldolase tetramers.", "contents": "Synthesis of functional aldolase tetramers in a heterologous cell-free system. The present report describes the complete synthesis of a functional oligomeric enzyme in a heterologous cell-free system. Polysomal RNA from chicken skeletal muscle was used to direct the production of functional aldolase tetramers in wheat germ extracts. The aldolase product was (a) specifically precipitated with monospecific antibodies raised against pure muscle aldolase, (b) had the same subunit molecular weight (40,000) as that of native aldolase (as determined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate), (c) presumably contained a functional active site since it co-purified with authentic muscle aldolase upon substrate elution from phosphocellulose, and (d) had associated into tetrameric units (Mr=160,000) as shown by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The present work suggests that, within the cell, post-translational processing of aldolase polypeptide chains is not involved in the formation of functional aldolase tetramers."}
{"id": "PMID:932036", "title": "Cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase of calf liver. Size, polymerization, and reaction stoichiometry.", "content": "Calf liver CTP synthetase was purified 2000-fold from cytosol. The formation of 1 mol of CTP from UTP was accompanied by the cleavage of 1 mol of ATP to ADP and the formation of 1 mol of L-glutamate from L-glutamine. The stoichiometry of the liver enzyme reaction was identical with that found for the Escherichia coli B enzyme (Levitzki, A., and Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 3365-3371). The liver enzyme was also similar to the bacterial enzyme in that it polymerized in the presence of kinetically saturating levels of ATP and UTP. In the absence of nucleotides the enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 and an average molecular weight of 133,000 as determined by sedimentation and molecular sieving. In the presence of ATP and UTP, the enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 10.1 and a molecular weight, as determined by molecular sieving, of 263,000. The molecular weights of the two forms of the liver enzyme are about 25% higher than those of the corresponding forms of the bacterial enzyme (Long. C.W., Levitzki, A., and Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 80-87).", "contents": "Cytidine 5'-triphosphate synthetase of calf liver. Size, polymerization, and reaction stoichiometry. Calf liver CTP synthetase was purified 2000-fold from cytosol. The formation of 1 mol of CTP from UTP was accompanied by the cleavage of 1 mol of ATP to ADP and the formation of 1 mol of L-glutamate from L-glutamine. The stoichiometry of the liver enzyme reaction was identical with that found for the Escherichia coli B enzyme (Levitzki, A., and Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 3365-3371). The liver enzyme was also similar to the bacterial enzyme in that it polymerized in the presence of kinetically saturating levels of ATP and UTP. In the absence of nucleotides the enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 and an average molecular weight of 133,000 as determined by sedimentation and molecular sieving. In the presence of ATP and UTP, the enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 10.1 and a molecular weight, as determined by molecular sieving, of 263,000. The molecular weights of the two forms of the liver enzyme are about 25% higher than those of the corresponding forms of the bacterial enzyme (Long. C.W., Levitzki, A., and Koshland, D.E., Jr. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 80-87)."}
{"id": "PMID:932037", "title": "Glyoxylate aminotransferase in peroxisomes from rat liver and kidney.", "content": "An aminotransferase was isolated from peroxisomes that had been separated by isopycnic centrifugation of homogenates from rat liver or kidney. The enzyme was located only in the peroxisomes and in the soluble fraction, presumably from broken peroxisomes. Within the peroxisomes, this aminotransferase was in the soluble matrix. This specific aminotransferase was not found in spinach leaves. The enzyme was relatively specific for glyoxylate as the amino group acceptor. L-Leucine and L-phenylalanine were the preferred amino donors; other amino acids were less efficiently utilized. Rates were 181 nmol X min-1 of peroxisomal protein with leucine, and 134 with phenylalanine. The rate with serine was only 28% as fast and there was no reaction with glutamate. The reactions were essentially irreversible. Treatment of peroxisomes with 0.04% Triton X-100 increased enzyme activity 80%. The enzyme in the peroxisomes was stable at 50 degrees. The enzyme was purified 100-fold. Activities with leucine, phenylalanine, and histidine could not be separated by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 72,000. Reaction kinetics were ping-pong. The Km (glyoxylate) was 0.5 mM with leucine and 0.67 mM with phenylalanine. Km (leucine) was 2.5 mM and Km (phenylalanine) was 2.8 mM. Substrate inhibition occurred at over 4 mM glyoxylate but did not occur with the amino donors. pH optima were 8.5 for leucine and phenylalanine and 6.2 for histidine. There was no requirement for exogenous pyridoxal phosphate, but activity was inhibited by phenylhydrazine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide. The glyoxylate aminotransferase developed postnatally and increased with age until rats were 40 days old. There was more activity in female than male rats. About 50% of the activity disappeared if rats were starved overnight. Clofibrate treatment of male rats increased this enzyme activity in isolated peroxisomes. Rats on a high casein diet had slightly higher enzyme activity.", "contents": "Glyoxylate aminotransferase in peroxisomes from rat liver and kidney. An aminotransferase was isolated from peroxisomes that had been separated by isopycnic centrifugation of homogenates from rat liver or kidney. The enzyme was located only in the peroxisomes and in the soluble fraction, presumably from broken peroxisomes. Within the peroxisomes, this aminotransferase was in the soluble matrix. This specific aminotransferase was not found in spinach leaves. The enzyme was relatively specific for glyoxylate as the amino group acceptor. L-Leucine and L-phenylalanine were the preferred amino donors; other amino acids were less efficiently utilized. Rates were 181 nmol X min-1 of peroxisomal protein with leucine, and 134 with phenylalanine. The rate with serine was only 28% as fast and there was no reaction with glutamate. The reactions were essentially irreversible. Treatment of peroxisomes with 0.04% Triton X-100 increased enzyme activity 80%. The enzyme in the peroxisomes was stable at 50 degrees. The enzyme was purified 100-fold. Activities with leucine, phenylalanine, and histidine could not be separated by gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 72,000. Reaction kinetics were ping-pong. The Km (glyoxylate) was 0.5 mM with leucine and 0.67 mM with phenylalanine. Km (leucine) was 2.5 mM and Km (phenylalanine) was 2.8 mM. Substrate inhibition occurred at over 4 mM glyoxylate but did not occur with the amino donors. pH optima were 8.5 for leucine and phenylalanine and 6.2 for histidine. There was no requirement for exogenous pyridoxal phosphate, but activity was inhibited by phenylhydrazine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide. The glyoxylate aminotransferase developed postnatally and increased with age until rats were 40 days old. There was more activity in female than male rats. About 50% of the activity disappeared if rats were starved overnight. Clofibrate treatment of male rats increased this enzyme activity in isolated peroxisomes. Rats on a high casein diet had slightly higher enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:932038", "title": "Effect of cobalt on synthesis of heme and cytochrome P-450 in the liver. Studies of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture and in vivo.", "content": "Synthesis of heme and cytochrome P-450 have been studied in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Incubation of cells with delta-aminolevulinic acid increases both cellular heme and cytochrome P-450 relative to that found in cells incubated under control conditions. Formation of heme is proportional to the concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the culture medium and is not saturable. By contrast, formation of cytochrome P-450 is saturable; excess intracellular heme appears as a new absorption band at 420 nm in the carbon monoxide-reduced difference spectrum. We have studied the effect of cobalt on heme and hemoprotein formation in this cell system. The metal blocks formation of cytochrome P-450 but fails to affect heme synthesis. In contrast to previous findings with isolated mitochondria, no cobalt protoporphyrin formed in hepatocytes cultured in the presence of the metal. In studies of rats in vivo, it was confirmed that cobalt acts to reduce the amount of [14C]heme in the liver after administration of delta-amino[14C]levulinic acid. However, the present findings suggest that this effect of cobalt represents accelerated breakdown of newly labeled hepatic heme rather than inhibition of synthesis. We conclude that cobalt interferes with formation of cytochrome P-450 not by direct inhibition of heme synthesis but most likely by blocking the association of heme and apocytochrome.", "contents": "Effect of cobalt on synthesis of heme and cytochrome P-450 in the liver. Studies of adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture and in vivo. Synthesis of heme and cytochrome P-450 have been studied in adult rat hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture. Incubation of cells with delta-aminolevulinic acid increases both cellular heme and cytochrome P-450 relative to that found in cells incubated under control conditions. Formation of heme is proportional to the concentration of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the culture medium and is not saturable. By contrast, formation of cytochrome P-450 is saturable; excess intracellular heme appears as a new absorption band at 420 nm in the carbon monoxide-reduced difference spectrum. We have studied the effect of cobalt on heme and hemoprotein formation in this cell system. The metal blocks formation of cytochrome P-450 but fails to affect heme synthesis. In contrast to previous findings with isolated mitochondria, no cobalt protoporphyrin formed in hepatocytes cultured in the presence of the metal. In studies of rats in vivo, it was confirmed that cobalt acts to reduce the amount of [14C]heme in the liver after administration of delta-amino[14C]levulinic acid. However, the present findings suggest that this effect of cobalt represents accelerated breakdown of newly labeled hepatic heme rather than inhibition of synthesis. We conclude that cobalt interferes with formation of cytochrome P-450 not by direct inhibition of heme synthesis but most likely by blocking the association of heme and apocytochrome."}
{"id": "PMID:932039", "title": "Depletion of 18O from C18O2 in erythrocyte suspensions. The permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to CO2.", "content": "The depletion of 18O from CO2, caused by the exchange of oxygen between CO2 and water during the hydration-dehydration cycle, is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. This depletion process at chemical equilibrium in the presence of erythrocytes is biphasic, exhibiting a very rapid depletion rate immediately following the addition of cells to an isotonic solution containing 18O-enriched CO2, followed by a much slower depletion rate. It is hypothesized that these depletion characteristics are caused by the diffusion of labeled CO2 into erythrocytes where depletion occurs rapidly due to the large intracellular carbonic anhydrase content. Kinetic equations which describe this hypothesis are solved and a rate constant is obtained which represents the depletion of 18O in CO2 caused by the presence of red cells. These are equilibrium experiments with no net uptake or loss of CO2 in the cells. Consequently, depletion processes are not limited in rate by bicarbonate-chloride exchange or proton distribution across the membrane. The purpose of these measurements is to determine whether the rate of 18O depletion in red cell suspensions is determined by carbonic anhydrase activity in the cell or by the diffusion process by which CO2 enters the cell. This goal is achieved by partially inhibiting carbonic anhydrase with acetazolamide. The rate constant representing 18O depletion caused by the presence of red cells is unchanged, even though up to 90% of carbonic anhydrase is inhibited. From this rate constant the permeability constant of the membrane of rat erythrocytes to CO2 at 25 degrees and pH 7.4 is determined to be (7.6 +/- 1.2) X 10(-3) cm s-1 in the presence of 3.2 mM picrate, a passive anion diffusion inhibitor intended to block HCO3 -flux across the membrane. Using no picrate and allowing HCO3-flux to introduce an error in the measurements, the permeability constant is (1.6 +/- 0.4) X 10(-2) cm s-1. The permeability constants measured by this technique include the diffusion barrier to CO2 not only of the red cell membrane but also of a portion of the intracellular medium.", "contents": "Depletion of 18O from C18O2 in erythrocyte suspensions. The permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to CO2. The depletion of 18O from CO2, caused by the exchange of oxygen between CO2 and water during the hydration-dehydration cycle, is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. This depletion process at chemical equilibrium in the presence of erythrocytes is biphasic, exhibiting a very rapid depletion rate immediately following the addition of cells to an isotonic solution containing 18O-enriched CO2, followed by a much slower depletion rate. It is hypothesized that these depletion characteristics are caused by the diffusion of labeled CO2 into erythrocytes where depletion occurs rapidly due to the large intracellular carbonic anhydrase content. Kinetic equations which describe this hypothesis are solved and a rate constant is obtained which represents the depletion of 18O in CO2 caused by the presence of red cells. These are equilibrium experiments with no net uptake or loss of CO2 in the cells. Consequently, depletion processes are not limited in rate by bicarbonate-chloride exchange or proton distribution across the membrane. The purpose of these measurements is to determine whether the rate of 18O depletion in red cell suspensions is determined by carbonic anhydrase activity in the cell or by the diffusion process by which CO2 enters the cell. This goal is achieved by partially inhibiting carbonic anhydrase with acetazolamide. The rate constant representing 18O depletion caused by the presence of red cells is unchanged, even though up to 90% of carbonic anhydrase is inhibited. From this rate constant the permeability constant of the membrane of rat erythrocytes to CO2 at 25 degrees and pH 7.4 is determined to be (7.6 +/- 1.2) X 10(-3) cm s-1 in the presence of 3.2 mM picrate, a passive anion diffusion inhibitor intended to block HCO3 -flux across the membrane. Using no picrate and allowing HCO3-flux to introduce an error in the measurements, the permeability constant is (1.6 +/- 0.4) X 10(-2) cm s-1. The permeability constants measured by this technique include the diffusion barrier to CO2 not only of the red cell membrane but also of a portion of the intracellular medium."}
{"id": "PMID:932040", "title": "Hydrophile-lipophile balance and critical micelle concentration as key factors influencing surfactant disruption of mitochondrial membranes.", "content": "A systematic approach to selection of surfactants for disrupting biological membranes, for solubilizing their components, and for removing the surfactant by dialysis is described. The two relevant surfactant parameters were the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Rat liver mitochondria were treated with two series of nonionic surfactants and the extent of extraction of total protein, total lipid, and six enzymes was determined. Within the homologous series of Triton surfactants, maximum protein and phospholipid extraction occurred at HLB values between 12.5 and 13.5. In addition, a single surfactant species solubilized more protein than a mixture of surfactants with the same mean HLB value. In order to examine independently the effect of CMC and HLB on protein extraction, a specialty surfactant, S10-7, was prepared and compared with its structurally similar analog, Brij 56. Above a concentration of 0.35%, both Brij 56 and S10-7 extracted about 70% of the mitochondrial protein. Hence, for optimum extraction of mitochondrial protein and lipids the HLB must be about 13, and the surfactant concentration must be above the CMC. The S10-7 dialyzed almost as rapidly as cholate and far more rapidly than Brij 58 and Triton X-100. It therefore possesses the two most desirable surfactant properties for disruption of membranes, a high CMC for rapid dialysis, and an HLB value of 13.2.", "contents": "Hydrophile-lipophile balance and critical micelle concentration as key factors influencing surfactant disruption of mitochondrial membranes. A systematic approach to selection of surfactants for disrupting biological membranes, for solubilizing their components, and for removing the surfactant by dialysis is described. The two relevant surfactant parameters were the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Rat liver mitochondria were treated with two series of nonionic surfactants and the extent of extraction of total protein, total lipid, and six enzymes was determined. Within the homologous series of Triton surfactants, maximum protein and phospholipid extraction occurred at HLB values between 12.5 and 13.5. In addition, a single surfactant species solubilized more protein than a mixture of surfactants with the same mean HLB value. In order to examine independently the effect of CMC and HLB on protein extraction, a specialty surfactant, S10-7, was prepared and compared with its structurally similar analog, Brij 56. Above a concentration of 0.35%, both Brij 56 and S10-7 extracted about 70% of the mitochondrial protein. Hence, for optimum extraction of mitochondrial protein and lipids the HLB must be about 13, and the surfactant concentration must be above the CMC. The S10-7 dialyzed almost as rapidly as cholate and far more rapidly than Brij 58 and Triton X-100. It therefore possesses the two most desirable surfactant properties for disruption of membranes, a high CMC for rapid dialysis, and an HLB value of 13.2."}
{"id": "PMID:932041", "title": "Sphingolipid base metabolism. Stereospecific uptake of proton in the enzymatic conversion of sphinganine 1-phosphate to ethanolamine 1-phosphate.", "content": "D-erythro-(2S, 3R)-Sphinganine 1-phosphate was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of tritiated water. [3H]Ethanolamine 1-phosphate was isolated and converted, through a combination of enzymatic and chemical reactions, to [3H]glycine. The labeled glycine was incubated with D-amino acid oxidase, an enzyme which, in the catalysis of the conversion of glycine to glyoxylic acid, specifically removes the hydrogen in the S configuration at carbon atom 2 of glycine. Essentially complete retention of the labeled hydrogen occurred upon conversion to glyoxylic acid. The combined results indicate that the conversion of D-erythro-(2S,3R)-sphinganine 1-phosphate to palmitaldehyde and ethanolamine 1-phosphate, catalyzed by sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase of rat liver microsomes, proceeds with the stereospecific incorporation of 1 atom of solvent hydrogen into the R configuration of ethanolamine 1-phosphate.", "contents": "Sphingolipid base metabolism. Stereospecific uptake of proton in the enzymatic conversion of sphinganine 1-phosphate to ethanolamine 1-phosphate. D-erythro-(2S, 3R)-Sphinganine 1-phosphate was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of tritiated water. [3H]Ethanolamine 1-phosphate was isolated and converted, through a combination of enzymatic and chemical reactions, to [3H]glycine. The labeled glycine was incubated with D-amino acid oxidase, an enzyme which, in the catalysis of the conversion of glycine to glyoxylic acid, specifically removes the hydrogen in the S configuration at carbon atom 2 of glycine. Essentially complete retention of the labeled hydrogen occurred upon conversion to glyoxylic acid. The combined results indicate that the conversion of D-erythro-(2S,3R)-sphinganine 1-phosphate to palmitaldehyde and ethanolamine 1-phosphate, catalyzed by sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase of rat liver microsomes, proceeds with the stereospecific incorporation of 1 atom of solvent hydrogen into the R configuration of ethanolamine 1-phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:932042", "title": "Relationship of the pool of intracellular valine to protein synthesis and degradation in cultured cells.", "content": "To explore the role of the pool of intracellular free valine in the processes of protein synthesis and protein degradation, cultured hepatoma (HTC) cells were incubated in media containing varying concentrations of L-valine, under conditions of constant rates of protein synthesis and protein breakdown, and at steady state levels of intracellular valine specific radioactivities. Two types of experiments were compared: in the first (designated \"incorporation experiment\"), unlabeled cells were exposed to [3H]valine for a short period of time. In the second (termed \"reincorporation experiment\"), cells were prelabled with [3H]valine and then incubated for a brief period with media containing different concentrations of unlabeled valine; reincorporation of [3H]valine was calculated by the difference between the release of [3H]valine from labeled cellular proteins at low valine concentrations, and the maximal rate of the release at high valine concentrations. In both types of experiments, the rates of [3H]valine incorporation or reincorporation were compared with the respective specific radioactivities of free intracellular valine. In the incorporation experiment, the rates of [3H]valine incorporation into protein calculated by the intracellular specific radioactivities were not constant, but showed an upward deviation at low valine concentrations. This is in agreement with the results of Mortimore, G.E., Woodside, K.H., and Henry, J.E. ((1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2776-2784) in the perfused rat liver. By contrast, in the reincorporation experiment, the calculated rates of [3H]valine reincorporation based on intracellular specific radioactivities were constant throughout the range of valine concentrations. The constant value of calculated valine reincorporation was lower by 30 to 50% than the calculated rate of valine incorporation at high valine concentrations. The following model is proposed to explain these results. There is one common pool of free intracellular valine, but there are two sites where valyl-tRNA can be formed. The first is an internal site that utilizes valine from the intracellular pool, and the second is an external (possibly membranous) system that converts extracellular valine directly to valyl-tRNA. Valine originating from protein degradation flows into the intracellular pool, from which it can be reutilized by the internal system. According to these assumptions, in the incorporation experiment and at low valine concentrations, the specific activity of valyl-tRNA is higher than that of the intracellular pool of free valine, due to the contribution of the external system. On the other hand, in the reincorporation experiment the specific activity of extracellular valine is negligible in comparison with that of the intracellular pool. Therefore, in this case the specific activity of valyl-tRNA is proportional to that of the intracellular pool, with a constant dilution by unlabeled valine of extracellular origin...", "contents": "Relationship of the pool of intracellular valine to protein synthesis and degradation in cultured cells. To explore the role of the pool of intracellular free valine in the processes of protein synthesis and protein degradation, cultured hepatoma (HTC) cells were incubated in media containing varying concentrations of L-valine, under conditions of constant rates of protein synthesis and protein breakdown, and at steady state levels of intracellular valine specific radioactivities. Two types of experiments were compared: in the first (designated \"incorporation experiment\"), unlabeled cells were exposed to [3H]valine for a short period of time. In the second (termed \"reincorporation experiment\"), cells were prelabled with [3H]valine and then incubated for a brief period with media containing different concentrations of unlabeled valine; reincorporation of [3H]valine was calculated by the difference between the release of [3H]valine from labeled cellular proteins at low valine concentrations, and the maximal rate of the release at high valine concentrations. In both types of experiments, the rates of [3H]valine incorporation or reincorporation were compared with the respective specific radioactivities of free intracellular valine. In the incorporation experiment, the rates of [3H]valine incorporation into protein calculated by the intracellular specific radioactivities were not constant, but showed an upward deviation at low valine concentrations. This is in agreement with the results of Mortimore, G.E., Woodside, K.H., and Henry, J.E. ((1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 2776-2784) in the perfused rat liver. By contrast, in the reincorporation experiment, the calculated rates of [3H]valine reincorporation based on intracellular specific radioactivities were constant throughout the range of valine concentrations. The constant value of calculated valine reincorporation was lower by 30 to 50% than the calculated rate of valine incorporation at high valine concentrations. The following model is proposed to explain these results. There is one common pool of free intracellular valine, but there are two sites where valyl-tRNA can be formed. The first is an internal site that utilizes valine from the intracellular pool, and the second is an external (possibly membranous) system that converts extracellular valine directly to valyl-tRNA. Valine originating from protein degradation flows into the intracellular pool, from which it can be reutilized by the internal system. According to these assumptions, in the incorporation experiment and at low valine concentrations, the specific activity of valyl-tRNA is higher than that of the intracellular pool of free valine, due to the contribution of the external system. On the other hand, in the reincorporation experiment the specific activity of extracellular valine is negligible in comparison with that of the intracellular pool. Therefore, in this case the specific activity of valyl-tRNA is proportional to that of the intracellular pool, with a constant dilution by unlabeled valine of extracellular origin..."}
{"id": "PMID:932058", "title": "Collateral ligament laxity of the knee. Long-term comparison between plateau fractures and normal.", "content": "Bilateral varus-valgus knee-stress roentgenograms were made in 208 patients with unilateral single tibial-plateau fracture. Martin's so-called clear space was used to measure the laxity of the collateral ligaments and statistical analysis showed no increased laxity in the possibility injured ligaments. A vacuum phenomenon was produced in 36 per cent and ligament calcification was noted in 16 per cent of the knees tested.", "contents": "Collateral ligament laxity of the knee. Long-term comparison between plateau fractures and normal. Bilateral varus-valgus knee-stress roentgenograms were made in 208 patients with unilateral single tibial-plateau fracture. Martin's so-called clear space was used to measure the laxity of the collateral ligaments and statistical analysis showed no increased laxity in the possibility injured ligaments. A vacuum phenomenon was produced in 36 per cent and ligament calcification was noted in 16 per cent of the knees tested."}
{"id": "PMID:932059", "title": "Treatment of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures of the hip by the Ender method.", "content": "Ender's method of intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures is described. Ender's nail is a pre-bent flexible steel nail with a diameter of 4.5 millimeters. Three to five of these nails are inserted from a small incision proximal to the medial epicondyle of the femur into the medullary canal. They are passed through the femur across the fracture site and into the head of the femur, where they diverage. They are in the lines of force and therefore are not subjected to bending moments. The fracture fixation allows immediate weight-bearing. This method of fixation was used in a series of 203 patients. Their average age was sixty-eight years; the mortality rate was 10.3 per cent. In 3.9 per cent superficial infections occurred, but in no case was there a deep infection involving the bone. Functional return (walking) was achieved in all of the survivors who were able to walk at the time of injury, and there were no nonunions.", "contents": "Treatment of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures of the hip by the Ender method. Ender's method of intramedullary fixation of intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures is described. Ender's nail is a pre-bent flexible steel nail with a diameter of 4.5 millimeters. Three to five of these nails are inserted from a small incision proximal to the medial epicondyle of the femur into the medullary canal. They are passed through the femur across the fracture site and into the head of the femur, where they diverage. They are in the lines of force and therefore are not subjected to bending moments. The fracture fixation allows immediate weight-bearing. This method of fixation was used in a series of 203 patients. Their average age was sixty-eight years; the mortality rate was 10.3 per cent. In 3.9 per cent superficial infections occurred, but in no case was there a deep infection involving the bone. Functional return (walking) was achieved in all of the survivors who were able to walk at the time of injury, and there were no nonunions."}
{"id": "PMID:932060", "title": "Extensive localized bone resorption in the femur following total hip replacement.", "content": "Extensive localized bone resorption within the femur was observed after four total hip replacements. The amount and location of the resorption suggested the presence of infection or tumor, but there was no evidence of either condition and the roentgenographic appearance differed from that associated with a loose uncemented endoprosthesis or a grossly loose femoral component of a total hip replacement. At reoperation the femoral components were not rigidly fixed but were only slightly loose. Histologically there were sheets of macrophages, a few giant cells, and multiple small fragments of a birefringent material, but no inflammatory cells. While the exact mechanism of this serious complication is unclear, the findings suggest that a benign, non-inflammatory, adverse tissue response can occur in relation to the femoral components of total hip replacements that are not rigidly fixed. In all four hips, reimplantation of a new total hip replacement was successful after follow-up of thirteen to eighteen months.", "contents": "Extensive localized bone resorption in the femur following total hip replacement. Extensive localized bone resorption within the femur was observed after four total hip replacements. The amount and location of the resorption suggested the presence of infection or tumor, but there was no evidence of either condition and the roentgenographic appearance differed from that associated with a loose uncemented endoprosthesis or a grossly loose femoral component of a total hip replacement. At reoperation the femoral components were not rigidly fixed but were only slightly loose. Histologically there were sheets of macrophages, a few giant cells, and multiple small fragments of a birefringent material, but no inflammatory cells. While the exact mechanism of this serious complication is unclear, the findings suggest that a benign, non-inflammatory, adverse tissue response can occur in relation to the femoral components of total hip replacements that are not rigidly fixed. In all four hips, reimplantation of a new total hip replacement was successful after follow-up of thirteen to eighteen months."}
{"id": "PMID:932061", "title": "A stress analysis of the femoral stem in total hip prostheses.", "content": "A two-dimensional stress analysis was used to study the effects of some of the factors leading to early fatigue failure of the femoral stem in total hip prostheses. The results show that loss of proximal stem support at the level of the calcar femorale will result in stem stress levels which can lead to fatigue failure. In addition, the role of body weight and range of cyclic stress fluctuation play an important role in fatigue life under conditions where the stem has lost proximal support. These results indicate that stem design could be improved by incorporating some means of ensuring adequate support at the calcar femoralre maximum tensile stresses are found to occur.", "contents": "A stress analysis of the femoral stem in total hip prostheses. A two-dimensional stress analysis was used to study the effects of some of the factors leading to early fatigue failure of the femoral stem in total hip prostheses. The results show that loss of proximal stem support at the level of the calcar femorale will result in stem stress levels which can lead to fatigue failure. In addition, the role of body weight and range of cyclic stress fluctuation play an important role in fatigue life under conditions where the stem has lost proximal support. These results indicate that stem design could be improved by incorporating some means of ensuring adequate support at the calcar femoralre maximum tensile stresses are found to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:932062", "title": "Mechanical properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves.", "content": "The mechanical properties of the human spine are best described by load-displacement curves which include coupling effects. Three-dimensional load-displacement curves were obtained for all levels of the human thoracic spine using fresh cadaver spines in an atmosphere containing 100 per cent humidity at 22 degrees centigrade to stimulate a physiological environment. Six forces and six moments were applied, one at a time, to the center of the upper vertebra while its subadjacent fellow was fixed. Assuming sagittal plane symmetry, vertebral displacement was measured in three-dimensional space and load-displacement curves were plotted for the main as well as the coupled motions. The thirty-six curves necessary to define the mechanical characteristics of each motion segment completely were determined for all eleven thoracic levels. The curves showed that all the thoracic spine is a complex three-dimensional structure with coupled motion characteristics. Axial forces (compression/tension) resulted in significant horizontal displacements. Spine motion segments were more flexible in flexion than in extension. The spine was found to be least flexible during axial compression.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves. The mechanical properties of the human spine are best described by load-displacement curves which include coupling effects. Three-dimensional load-displacement curves were obtained for all levels of the human thoracic spine using fresh cadaver spines in an atmosphere containing 100 per cent humidity at 22 degrees centigrade to stimulate a physiological environment. Six forces and six moments were applied, one at a time, to the center of the upper vertebra while its subadjacent fellow was fixed. Assuming sagittal plane symmetry, vertebral displacement was measured in three-dimensional space and load-displacement curves were plotted for the main as well as the coupled motions. The thirty-six curves necessary to define the mechanical characteristics of each motion segment completely were determined for all eleven thoracic levels. The curves showed that all the thoracic spine is a complex three-dimensional structure with coupled motion characteristics. Axial forces (compression/tension) resulted in significant horizontal displacements. Spine motion segments were more flexible in flexion than in extension. The spine was found to be least flexible during axial compression."}
{"id": "PMID:932063", "title": "Fractures in thalassemia.", "content": "Fractures occur frequently in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. A study was made of the fractures noted in a group of patients who were followed at the Thalassemia Clinic at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Results indicate that these patients often sustain fractures which are multiple and which frequently heal with resultant deformities.", "contents": "Fractures in thalassemia. Fractures occur frequently in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia. A study was made of the fractures noted in a group of patients who were followed at the Thalassemia Clinic at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Results indicate that these patients often sustain fractures which are multiple and which frequently heal with resultant deformities."}
{"id": "PMID:932064", "title": "Capsulodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "A deformity of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb occurring in thirteen children with spastic cerebral palsy was corrected by capsulodesis of the joint. The technique involves shifting the metacarpal attachment of the volar plate more proximally in the metacarpal. When combined with selective release of the involved intrinsic muscles and selective transfer of the extrinsic motors, when indicated, the thumb is brough away from the palm and its function and appearance are improved. Moreover, there is not risk to growth of the thumb such as might follow arthrodesis in a growing child. Results were satisfactory except in two athetoid patients, in whom some of the intial correction was lost, but even their thumbs did not revert into hyperextension. In five patients, for reasons not entirely clear, the previously flexed interphalangeal joint had better extension postoperatively. This improved the function of the thumb, because the broad pulp of the thumb could then be used firmly against the side of the index finger.", "contents": "Capsulodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb in children with cerebral palsy. A deformity of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb occurring in thirteen children with spastic cerebral palsy was corrected by capsulodesis of the joint. The technique involves shifting the metacarpal attachment of the volar plate more proximally in the metacarpal. When combined with selective release of the involved intrinsic muscles and selective transfer of the extrinsic motors, when indicated, the thumb is brough away from the palm and its function and appearance are improved. Moreover, there is not risk to growth of the thumb such as might follow arthrodesis in a growing child. Results were satisfactory except in two athetoid patients, in whom some of the intial correction was lost, but even their thumbs did not revert into hyperextension. In five patients, for reasons not entirely clear, the previously flexed interphalangeal joint had better extension postoperatively. This improved the function of the thumb, because the broad pulp of the thumb could then be used firmly against the side of the index finger."}
{"id": "PMID:932065", "title": "Acute rupture of the peroneal retinaculum.", "content": "The anatomy of the superior peroneal retinaculum at the ankle includes a sheath somewhat distinct from a fibrous lip extending from the periosteum of the fibula at the lateral aspect of the lip of the groove. In seventy-three cases of injury to the retinaculum, three grades of injury were recognized. Surgical repair was quite successful except in three cases.", "contents": "Acute rupture of the peroneal retinaculum. The anatomy of the superior peroneal retinaculum at the ankle includes a sheath somewhat distinct from a fibrous lip extending from the periosteum of the fibula at the lateral aspect of the lip of the groove. In seventy-three cases of injury to the retinaculum, three grades of injury were recognized. Surgical repair was quite successful except in three cases."}
{"id": "PMID:932066", "title": "Chondrosarcoma: clear-cell variant. A report of sixteen cases.", "content": "Of sixteen adult patients with clear-cell chondrosarcoma, ten were men. The tumor usually involved the proximal part of the femur or humerus. Roentgenographically, the lesion was usually well defined and indistinguishable from chondroblastoma. Serial roentgenograms occasionally showed malignant progression of the lesion. Histologically, benign giant cells and cells with clear cytoplasm were always present, and areas of conventional chondrosarcoma were seen in about half the cases. Excision usually resulted in recurrence; resection seemed to be curative. Four of the sixteen patients died as a result of the tumor. Clear-cell chondrosarcoma should be distinguished from chondroblastoma and treated more aggressively.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma: clear-cell variant. A report of sixteen cases. Of sixteen adult patients with clear-cell chondrosarcoma, ten were men. The tumor usually involved the proximal part of the femur or humerus. Roentgenographically, the lesion was usually well defined and indistinguishable from chondroblastoma. Serial roentgenograms occasionally showed malignant progression of the lesion. Histologically, benign giant cells and cells with clear cytoplasm were always present, and areas of conventional chondrosarcoma were seen in about half the cases. Excision usually resulted in recurrence; resection seemed to be curative. Four of the sixteen patients died as a result of the tumor. Clear-cell chondrosarcoma should be distinguished from chondroblastoma and treated more aggressively."}
{"id": "PMID:932067", "title": "Femoral-neck fractures in young adults.", "content": "Twenty-two young adult patients with femoral-neck fractures fitting the following criteria were evaluated. All patients (1) were between twenty and forty years old, (2) had clinical and follow-up roentgenograms at least twelve months after the injury, (3) incurred fracture of the neck of the femur through normal bone, and (4) did not incur a stress fracture. The incidence of non-union was 59 per cent (thirteen of twenty-two patients) and of avascular necrosis, 86 per cent (nineteen of twenty-two patients). Evaluation of patients and results are discussed.", "contents": "Femoral-neck fractures in young adults. Twenty-two young adult patients with femoral-neck fractures fitting the following criteria were evaluated. All patients (1) were between twenty and forty years old, (2) had clinical and follow-up roentgenograms at least twelve months after the injury, (3) incurred fracture of the neck of the femur through normal bone, and (4) did not incur a stress fracture. The incidence of non-union was 59 per cent (thirteen of twenty-two patients) and of avascular necrosis, 86 per cent (nineteen of twenty-two patients). Evaluation of patients and results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932075", "title": "Hip dysplasia in the African Bantu.", "content": "Dysplasia of the hip is almost unknown in the Bantu peoples of Africa, except in cases of arthrogryposis and in those with partly European ancestry. Evidence is produced to show that the importance of intrinsic genetic factors in hip dysplasia far outweighs that of the extrinsic factors. These are of great importance only if allowed to act on a hip in which genetic factors have already determined dysplasia. Evidence is also produced to contradict the theory that the \"piggyback\" carrying method used by Bantu mothers is the reason for the immunity from dysplasia of the hip. The absence of \"primary\" osteoarthritis of the hip is noted, and the range of hip disorders leading to \"secondary\" osteoarthritis in the adult African is compared with that in the adult European. Three patients are described, one in each of the groups mentioned above, the third having an isolated \"typical\" congenital dislocation of one hip. The methods of study used were enquiry into obstetric history and into carrying methods, and arthrography to confirm clinical findings. The experience of other surgeons working in Africa is recorded.", "contents": "Hip dysplasia in the African Bantu. Dysplasia of the hip is almost unknown in the Bantu peoples of Africa, except in cases of arthrogryposis and in those with partly European ancestry. Evidence is produced to show that the importance of intrinsic genetic factors in hip dysplasia far outweighs that of the extrinsic factors. These are of great importance only if allowed to act on a hip in which genetic factors have already determined dysplasia. Evidence is also produced to contradict the theory that the \"piggyback\" carrying method used by Bantu mothers is the reason for the immunity from dysplasia of the hip. The absence of \"primary\" osteoarthritis of the hip is noted, and the range of hip disorders leading to \"secondary\" osteoarthritis in the adult African is compared with that in the adult European. Three patients are described, one in each of the groups mentioned above, the third having an isolated \"typical\" congenital dislocation of one hip. The methods of study used were enquiry into obstetric history and into carrying methods, and arthrography to confirm clinical findings. The experience of other surgeons working in Africa is recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:932076", "title": "The shelf operation for hip dysplasia in adolescence.", "content": "Failure of normal acetabular development is inevitable in congenital dislocation of the hip when it is unrecognised until late infancy or early childhood. Numerous stabilising procedures have been described, one of the first being the shelf operation or acetabuloplasty. This procedure fell into disrepute because the shelf was often located too high or was too small to prevent upward migration of the femoral head. The technique described emphasises the importance of resecting the thickened capsule and exposing the lateral margin of the acetabulum to allow a substantial portion of the outer cortex of the ilium to be turned down both laterally and anteriorly over the femoral head. Twenty cases of acetabuloplasty have been followed up for an average period of nine years. The results have been assessed from the point of view of function, relief of pain, and degree of support of the femoral head as demonstrated radiologically. The shelf operation is a simple and safe procedure, and provided it gives adequate support to the subluxated femoral head it will ensure a stable, mobile joint capable of standing up to reasonable use for many years. If deterioration should occur in later life, total hip replacement may be undertaken more easily than if the joint had been allowed to undergo progressive subluxation.", "contents": "The shelf operation for hip dysplasia in adolescence. Failure of normal acetabular development is inevitable in congenital dislocation of the hip when it is unrecognised until late infancy or early childhood. Numerous stabilising procedures have been described, one of the first being the shelf operation or acetabuloplasty. This procedure fell into disrepute because the shelf was often located too high or was too small to prevent upward migration of the femoral head. The technique described emphasises the importance of resecting the thickened capsule and exposing the lateral margin of the acetabulum to allow a substantial portion of the outer cortex of the ilium to be turned down both laterally and anteriorly over the femoral head. Twenty cases of acetabuloplasty have been followed up for an average period of nine years. The results have been assessed from the point of view of function, relief of pain, and degree of support of the femoral head as demonstrated radiologically. The shelf operation is a simple and safe procedure, and provided it gives adequate support to the subluxated femoral head it will ensure a stable, mobile joint capable of standing up to reasonable use for many years. If deterioration should occur in later life, total hip replacement may be undertaken more easily than if the joint had been allowed to undergo progressive subluxation."}
{"id": "PMID:932077", "title": "The pelvic osteotomy of Chiari: an anatomical study of the hazards and misleading radiographic appearances.", "content": "The medial displacement osteotomy of Chiari has an established place in the management of older children and adults with severe hip dysplasia. The results claimed for the operation are, however, variable. There have also been reports of sciatic nerve lesions. In this study ten cadavers were operated upon. Chiari osteotomy was performed upon five, and five acted as controls. The hemipelvis was removed from each cadaver; each specimen was deep-frozen and sectioned transversely. The distance of the sciatic nerve from the nearest bony point was measured in each section and the results were recorded graphically. A further radiographic and photographic study was performed to determine whether apparent displacement at the osteotomy might be misleading. The conclusion was drawn that the sciatic nerve is angulated at the osteotomy and further endangered by the risk of bone splintering at the sciatic notch. The radiographic study suggested that some poor clinical results may be explained by a radiological artefact, because there is a tendency for the osteotomy to hinge posteriorly at the sciatic notch opening anteriorly like a book. Radiographs may suggest excellent medial displacement whereas in fact the femoral head is very poorly covered.", "contents": "The pelvic osteotomy of Chiari: an anatomical study of the hazards and misleading radiographic appearances. The medial displacement osteotomy of Chiari has an established place in the management of older children and adults with severe hip dysplasia. The results claimed for the operation are, however, variable. There have also been reports of sciatic nerve lesions. In this study ten cadavers were operated upon. Chiari osteotomy was performed upon five, and five acted as controls. The hemipelvis was removed from each cadaver; each specimen was deep-frozen and sectioned transversely. The distance of the sciatic nerve from the nearest bony point was measured in each section and the results were recorded graphically. A further radiographic and photographic study was performed to determine whether apparent displacement at the osteotomy might be misleading. The conclusion was drawn that the sciatic nerve is angulated at the osteotomy and further endangered by the risk of bone splintering at the sciatic notch. The radiographic study suggested that some poor clinical results may be explained by a radiological artefact, because there is a tendency for the osteotomy to hinge posteriorly at the sciatic notch opening anteriorly like a book. Radiographs may suggest excellent medial displacement whereas in fact the femoral head is very poorly covered."}
{"id": "PMID:932078", "title": "Slipping of the upper femoral epiphyses in patients with intracranial tumours causing hypopituitarism and chiasmal compression.", "content": "Four cases of slipped upper femoral epiphyses in patients with intracranial tumours causing hypopituitarism and chiasmal compression are presented. Detailed endocrine studies in three cases showed severe deficiencies of growth hormone as well as of gonadotrophin and sex hormones. The literature is reviewed and the aetiology is discussed with special reference to Harris's hypothesis that an increase in growth hormone relative to oestrogen predisposes to slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis in humans, which these cases do not seem to support. In all cases the slip was bilateral, and it is emphasised that surgical treatment can provide only temporary fixation because fusion is dependent on correct hormonal therapy.", "contents": "Slipping of the upper femoral epiphyses in patients with intracranial tumours causing hypopituitarism and chiasmal compression. Four cases of slipped upper femoral epiphyses in patients with intracranial tumours causing hypopituitarism and chiasmal compression are presented. Detailed endocrine studies in three cases showed severe deficiencies of growth hormone as well as of gonadotrophin and sex hormones. The literature is reviewed and the aetiology is discussed with special reference to Harris's hypothesis that an increase in growth hormone relative to oestrogen predisposes to slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis in humans, which these cases do not seem to support. In all cases the slip was bilateral, and it is emphasised that surgical treatment can provide only temporary fixation because fusion is dependent on correct hormonal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:932079", "title": "Patterns of osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "The division of osteoarthritis into primary and secondary varieties implies that these are aetiologically distinct entities, the former being due to some intrinsic defect of cartilage and the latter resulting from previous articular damage. This traditional concept is questioned and the hypothesis is advanced that osteoarthritis is always secondary to some underlying abnormality of the joint. A detailed clinical, radiographic and morbid anatomical study of 327 cases of osteoarthritis of the hip is presented. In all but twenty-seven some predisposing abnormality of the joint was diagnosed: 107 (33%) were associated with major pathology such as Perthes' disease or epiphysiolysis; minor acetabular dysplasia was present in sixty-seven (20%), with a male: female ratio of 1:10; minimal femoral head tilt was demonstrated in fifty-nine (18%), the male: female ratio being 14:1; and in forty-three (13%) there were features suggesting an underlying inflammatory arthritis. On the basis of this study a new classification is proposed and osteoarthritis of the hip is divided into three pathogenetic groups: 1) failure of essentially normal cartilage subjected to abnormal or incongruous loading for long periods; 2) damaged or defective cartilage failing under normal conditions of loading; 3) break-up of articular cartilage due to defective subchondral bone.", "contents": "Patterns of osteoarthritis of the hip. The division of osteoarthritis into primary and secondary varieties implies that these are aetiologically distinct entities, the former being due to some intrinsic defect of cartilage and the latter resulting from previous articular damage. This traditional concept is questioned and the hypothesis is advanced that osteoarthritis is always secondary to some underlying abnormality of the joint. A detailed clinical, radiographic and morbid anatomical study of 327 cases of osteoarthritis of the hip is presented. In all but twenty-seven some predisposing abnormality of the joint was diagnosed: 107 (33%) were associated with major pathology such as Perthes' disease or epiphysiolysis; minor acetabular dysplasia was present in sixty-seven (20%), with a male: female ratio of 1:10; minimal femoral head tilt was demonstrated in fifty-nine (18%), the male: female ratio being 14:1; and in forty-three (13%) there were features suggesting an underlying inflammatory arthritis. On the basis of this study a new classification is proposed and osteoarthritis of the hip is divided into three pathogenetic groups: 1) failure of essentially normal cartilage subjected to abnormal or incongruous loading for long periods; 2) damaged or defective cartilage failing under normal conditions of loading; 3) break-up of articular cartilage due to defective subchondral bone."}
{"id": "PMID:932080", "title": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis.", "content": "A clinical study has been made of forty-three patients with symptoms arising from degenerative spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. Attention is drawn to the lower average level of the iliac crests in these patients, and to the high incidence of osteoarthritis of the hips. Many patients in this series had been referred specifically for operation and fourteen were so treated. The techniques of decompression and of spinal fusion are discussed. It is concluded that patients with back pain predominant are well treated by corsetry, only a minority needing fusion, and that patients with nerve root involvement or with symptoms of spinal stenosis need decompression. The place of spinal fusion is the main problem, but it seems reasonable, firstly, in younger patients with clear evidence of instability and degenerative change at a single level, and secondly, when radical decompression is judged to increase the risk of instability.", "contents": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis. A clinical study has been made of forty-three patients with symptoms arising from degenerative spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. Attention is drawn to the lower average level of the iliac crests in these patients, and to the high incidence of osteoarthritis of the hips. Many patients in this series had been referred specifically for operation and fourteen were so treated. The techniques of decompression and of spinal fusion are discussed. It is concluded that patients with back pain predominant are well treated by corsetry, only a minority needing fusion, and that patients with nerve root involvement or with symptoms of spinal stenosis need decompression. The place of spinal fusion is the main problem, but it seems reasonable, firstly, in younger patients with clear evidence of instability and degenerative change at a single level, and secondly, when radical decompression is judged to increase the risk of instability."}
{"id": "PMID:932081", "title": "Observations on the management of failed spinal operations.", "content": "A system is presented for the analysis of failure after spinal operations: 1) outright failure; 2) temporary relief; 3) failure in spondylolisthesis; and 4) infections. With this system it is possible to trace the causes of failure and to correct some of them. When they are used as a guide before operation, the recommendations made should help to prevent many failures.", "contents": "Observations on the management of failed spinal operations. A system is presented for the analysis of failure after spinal operations: 1) outright failure; 2) temporary relief; 3) failure in spondylolisthesis; and 4) infections. With this system it is possible to trace the causes of failure and to correct some of them. When they are used as a guide before operation, the recommendations made should help to prevent many failures."}
{"id": "PMID:932082", "title": "Muscle imbalance in the aetiology of scoliosis.", "content": "At the apex of an idiopathic scoliotic curve there is a greater proportion of \"slow twitch\" muscle fibres in multifidus on the convex as compared to the concave side. To determine whether this represents a primary muscular imbalance relevant to the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis or merely a secondary change, the lengths of multifidus on opposite sides of the curve were measured. Multifidus is shorter on the convex side. This is consistent with the theory of primary muscular imbalance, in which the more tonically acting muscle with its higher proportion of \"slow twitch\" fibres contracts and shortens as the deformity is produced. The paradox of multifidus being shorter on the convex rather than on the concave side is explained by consideration of its action.", "contents": "Muscle imbalance in the aetiology of scoliosis. At the apex of an idiopathic scoliotic curve there is a greater proportion of \"slow twitch\" muscle fibres in multifidus on the convex as compared to the concave side. To determine whether this represents a primary muscular imbalance relevant to the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis or merely a secondary change, the lengths of multifidus on opposite sides of the curve were measured. Multifidus is shorter on the convex side. This is consistent with the theory of primary muscular imbalance, in which the more tonically acting muscle with its higher proportion of \"slow twitch\" fibres contracts and shortens as the deformity is produced. The paradox of multifidus being shorter on the convex rather than on the concave side is explained by consideration of its action."}
{"id": "PMID:932083", "title": "Malignant osteoblastoma.", "content": "The clinical, radiographic and pathological features are described of eight cases of a bone tumour which we propose to classify as \"malignant osteoblastoma\". It presents the characteristics of genuine osteoblastoma but of an aggressive pattern, with more abundant and often plump hyperchromatic nuclei, greater nuclear atypia, and numerous giant cells of osteoclastic type. This rare tumour is regarded as the malignant counterpart of osteoblastoma and appears to be only locally aggressive. It should be separated from conventional osteosarcoma not only because of its peculiar histological pattern, but also because of its different clinical and radiological features and better prognosis. Thus seven of the eight patients were alive and free of disease from one and a half to eleven years after the initial surgical treatment, which in only two cases included amputation. Excision or block resection is the preferred method of treatment.", "contents": "Malignant osteoblastoma. The clinical, radiographic and pathological features are described of eight cases of a bone tumour which we propose to classify as \"malignant osteoblastoma\". It presents the characteristics of genuine osteoblastoma but of an aggressive pattern, with more abundant and often plump hyperchromatic nuclei, greater nuclear atypia, and numerous giant cells of osteoclastic type. This rare tumour is regarded as the malignant counterpart of osteoblastoma and appears to be only locally aggressive. It should be separated from conventional osteosarcoma not only because of its peculiar histological pattern, but also because of its different clinical and radiological features and better prognosis. Thus seven of the eight patients were alive and free of disease from one and a half to eleven years after the initial surgical treatment, which in only two cases included amputation. Excision or block resection is the preferred method of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:932084", "title": "Transposition of the tendon of pronator teres in cerebral palsy.", "content": "We have considered the indications for and results of transplanting pronator teres to extensor carpi radialis brevis in cerebral palsy. The operation has some virtue but a very limited application. We achieved satisfactory functional results in six of nine patients and some improvement in one. Two operations failed because of poor selection. In all patients the appearance of the limb was improved.", "contents": "Transposition of the tendon of pronator teres in cerebral palsy. We have considered the indications for and results of transplanting pronator teres to extensor carpi radialis brevis in cerebral palsy. The operation has some virtue but a very limited application. We achieved satisfactory functional results in six of nine patients and some improvement in one. Two operations failed because of poor selection. In all patients the appearance of the limb was improved."}
{"id": "PMID:932085", "title": "Tenodesis of flexor hallucis longus for paralytic clawing of the hallux in childhood.", "content": "Paralytic clawing of the hallux may occur in children with congenital disorders of the neuraxis. Tenodesis of flexor hallucis longus allows correction of this deformity in early childhood. Seventeen of these procedures have been reviewed and good results were obtained in fifteen.", "contents": "Tenodesis of flexor hallucis longus for paralytic clawing of the hallux in childhood. Paralytic clawing of the hallux may occur in children with congenital disorders of the neuraxis. Tenodesis of flexor hallucis longus allows correction of this deformity in early childhood. Seventeen of these procedures have been reviewed and good results were obtained in fifteen."}
{"id": "PMID:932086", "title": "Excision arthroplasty of the elbow in rheumatoid disease.", "content": "The results of ten excision arthroplasties of the elbow for rheumatoid disease are described. The operation may afford good relief of pain and a useful increase both of hinge motion and of forearm rotation. Instability is not a serious problem unless the patient has to bear weight on crutches. To increase stability after arthroplasty it appears that Kirschner wire fixation is advisable as well as a plaster cast. For advanced rheumatoid disease unilateral excision arthroplasty has a definite value, especially for patients confined to a wheelchair.", "contents": "Excision arthroplasty of the elbow in rheumatoid disease. The results of ten excision arthroplasties of the elbow for rheumatoid disease are described. The operation may afford good relief of pain and a useful increase both of hinge motion and of forearm rotation. Instability is not a serious problem unless the patient has to bear weight on crutches. To increase stability after arthroplasty it appears that Kirschner wire fixation is advisable as well as a plaster cast. For advanced rheumatoid disease unilateral excision arthroplasty has a definite value, especially for patients confined to a wheelchair."}
{"id": "PMID:932087", "title": "Acute dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fracture: a review of eighteen cases.", "content": "Eighteen patients with acute dislocation of the patella had associated osteochondral fractures. This fracture complicates approximately 5% of all acute dislocations of the patella occurring in children. Three types of fracture patterns were noted. All patients who were treated by immediate arthrotomy and excision or replacement of the osteochondral fragment and repair of the acute dislocation of the patella made an uneventful recovery with no recurrence of the dislocation. In those patients in whom the osteochondral fragment was removed but with no repair the dislocation recurred.", "contents": "Acute dislocation of the patella with osteochondral fracture: a review of eighteen cases. Eighteen patients with acute dislocation of the patella had associated osteochondral fractures. This fracture complicates approximately 5% of all acute dislocations of the patella occurring in children. Three types of fracture patterns were noted. All patients who were treated by immediate arthrotomy and excision or replacement of the osteochondral fragment and repair of the acute dislocation of the patella made an uneventful recovery with no recurrence of the dislocation. In those patients in whom the osteochondral fragment was removed but with no repair the dislocation recurred."}
{"id": "PMID:932088", "title": "Compression of the common peroneal nerve by intramuscular ganglion from the superior tibio-fibular joint.", "content": "Eight patients had symptoms from ganglia arising from the superior tibio-fibular joint with physical signs that resembled the anterior tibial and peroneal compartment syndromes. Five ganglia were in the peroneus longus muscle in which they produced only an ill-defined firmness. Histologically the ganglia showed much cellular activity which must not be mistaken for malignant change.", "contents": "Compression of the common peroneal nerve by intramuscular ganglion from the superior tibio-fibular joint. Eight patients had symptoms from ganglia arising from the superior tibio-fibular joint with physical signs that resembled the anterior tibial and peroneal compartment syndromes. Five ganglia were in the peroneus longus muscle in which they produced only an ill-defined firmness. Histologically the ganglia showed much cellular activity which must not be mistaken for malignant change."}
{"id": "PMID:932089", "title": "Local osteo-articular tuberculosis complicating closed fractures: report of two cases.", "content": "The localisation of acute haematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis following a local injury is well known. Whilst there is often a history of trauma in patients developing bone and joint tuberculosis, its role is obscure. Two patients are reported who developed histologically proven tuberculosis in the vicinity of closed fractures during the healing process. These two patients make a total of four so far reported.", "contents": "Local osteo-articular tuberculosis complicating closed fractures: report of two cases. The localisation of acute haematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis following a local injury is well known. Whilst there is often a history of trauma in patients developing bone and joint tuberculosis, its role is obscure. Two patients are reported who developed histologically proven tuberculosis in the vicinity of closed fractures during the healing process. These two patients make a total of four so far reported."}
{"id": "PMID:932090", "title": "[Metaphyseal channel and serpiginous tract in osteomyelitis: literature review apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "The so-called \"metaphyseal channel\" and \"serpiginous tract\" signs are described in detail, emphasizing their value in the roentgen diagnosis and differential diagnosis of some bone lesions. The authors present two cases of osteomyelitis, one of the chronic type and the other subacute in two adult patients, to illustrate the value of the above radiologic signs. These have been previously described in the long bones of infants and children only. The serpiginous tract sign is reported, for the first time, in a flat bone.", "contents": "[Metaphyseal channel and serpiginous tract in osteomyelitis: literature review apropos of 2 cases]. The so-called \"metaphyseal channel\" and \"serpiginous tract\" signs are described in detail, emphasizing their value in the roentgen diagnosis and differential diagnosis of some bone lesions. The authors present two cases of osteomyelitis, one of the chronic type and the other subacute in two adult patients, to illustrate the value of the above radiologic signs. These have been previously described in the long bones of infants and children only. The serpiginous tract sign is reported, for the first time, in a flat bone."}
{"id": "PMID:932091", "title": "Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis complicating hand injuries and infections: pathogenesis of roentgenographic abnormalities.", "content": "Osteomyelitis and pyarthrosis may complicate hand injuries and soft-tissue infections, resulting in characteristic radiographic findings. Evaluation of 78 patients revealed bone or joint abnormalities in 10% of individuals. Distinct pathways are available for spread of bacteria which become lodged in the soft tissues of the hand. Such routes include tendon sheaths, fascial planes and lymphatics. An understanding or pertinent anatomy allows the radiologist to predict the site and pattern of soft tissue, articular and osseous alterations.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis complicating hand injuries and infections: pathogenesis of roentgenographic abnormalities. Osteomyelitis and pyarthrosis may complicate hand injuries and soft-tissue infections, resulting in characteristic radiographic findings. Evaluation of 78 patients revealed bone or joint abnormalities in 10% of individuals. Distinct pathways are available for spread of bacteria which become lodged in the soft tissues of the hand. Such routes include tendon sheaths, fascial planes and lymphatics. An understanding or pertinent anatomy allows the radiologist to predict the site and pattern of soft tissue, articular and osseous alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:932092", "title": "Inter-relationship between radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint deformities in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The roentgen evaluation of 96 rheumatoid hands and wrists, supplemented with anatomic and pathologic material from cadavers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, allowed evaluation of deformities at the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal articulations. Measurements of specific coordinates in these patients were compared to those in \"controls\" and, despite significant error introduced by variability in patient positioning during radiography, definite inter-relationships between radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal malalignments became evident. Radial deviation at the wrist was associated with ulnar deviation of the digits producing the \"zig-zig\" deformity of the rheumatoid hand. The pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of the roentgen findings are discussed.", "contents": "Inter-relationship between radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint deformities in rheumatoid arthritis. The roentgen evaluation of 96 rheumatoid hands and wrists, supplemented with anatomic and pathologic material from cadavers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis, allowed evaluation of deformities at the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal articulations. Measurements of specific coordinates in these patients were compared to those in \"controls\" and, despite significant error introduced by variability in patient positioning during radiography, definite inter-relationships between radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal malalignments became evident. Radial deviation at the wrist was associated with ulnar deviation of the digits producing the \"zig-zig\" deformity of the rheumatoid hand. The pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of the roentgen findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932093", "title": "Direct magnification radiography of the chest in diffuse pulmonary disease.", "content": "The technique of direct magnification radiography of the lung in diffuse lung disease is very simple to perform. It is probably of value in selected cases where there is clinical suspicion of diffuse lung disease and when the plain radiograph is either normal or inconclusive. It is speculated that the air bronchiologram pattern seen on these radiographs is due to peribronchiolar parenchymal lung disease involving the parenchymal or acinar interstitial space with focal intra-alveolar involvement. An attempt to correlate these morphologic patterns with various pulmonary diseases is also stressed.", "contents": "Direct magnification radiography of the chest in diffuse pulmonary disease. The technique of direct magnification radiography of the lung in diffuse lung disease is very simple to perform. It is probably of value in selected cases where there is clinical suspicion of diffuse lung disease and when the plain radiograph is either normal or inconclusive. It is speculated that the air bronchiologram pattern seen on these radiographs is due to peribronchiolar parenchymal lung disease involving the parenchymal or acinar interstitial space with focal intra-alveolar involvement. An attempt to correlate these morphologic patterns with various pulmonary diseases is also stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:932094", "title": "The value of preoperative saphenous venography for graft evaluation in femoral arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "We reviewed the results of preoperative bilateral ascending phlebography in 23 patients who had femoral arterial occlusive disease; seven of the 40 successful saphenous venograms showed significant abnormalities. Varicosities, congenital duplications, superficial or deep thrombophlebitis and saphenous vein length were clearly identifiable. Correlation of the radiographic sphenous diameter with the operative measurement was poor. Nevertheless, four of the 21 patients were spared unnecessary surgery because we had determined by preoperative venography a better vein for autograft than the ipsilateral saphenous vein.", "contents": "The value of preoperative saphenous venography for graft evaluation in femoral arterial occlusive disease. We reviewed the results of preoperative bilateral ascending phlebography in 23 patients who had femoral arterial occlusive disease; seven of the 40 successful saphenous venograms showed significant abnormalities. Varicosities, congenital duplications, superficial or deep thrombophlebitis and saphenous vein length were clearly identifiable. Correlation of the radiographic sphenous diameter with the operative measurement was poor. Nevertheless, four of the 21 patients were spared unnecessary surgery because we had determined by preoperative venography a better vein for autograft than the ipsilateral saphenous vein."}
{"id": "PMID:932095", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.", "content": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a stage in the progress of chronic pyelonephritis characterized by a combination of clinical and radiologic findings which suggest the diagnosis. Pathologically there are xanthogranulomatous deposits and large lipid-filled foam cells. These clinical-radiologic-pathologic features are demonstrated by means of a case report.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a stage in the progress of chronic pyelonephritis characterized by a combination of clinical and radiologic findings which suggest the diagnosis. Pathologically there are xanthogranulomatous deposits and large lipid-filled foam cells. These clinical-radiologic-pathologic features are demonstrated by means of a case report."}
{"id": "PMID:932096", "title": "The application of xeroradiography in diagnosis of maxillofacial problems.", "content": "The evaluation of maxillofacial pathology was undertaken using xeroradiography. The edge enhancement and wide image latitude were shown to give additional information, especially in areas of bony overlap, such as the temporomandibular joint, without resorting to tomography. Other areas of possible utilization are also discussed, including sialography.", "contents": "The application of xeroradiography in diagnosis of maxillofacial problems. The evaluation of maxillofacial pathology was undertaken using xeroradiography. The edge enhancement and wide image latitude were shown to give additional information, especially in areas of bony overlap, such as the temporomandibular joint, without resorting to tomography. Other areas of possible utilization are also discussed, including sialography."}
{"id": "PMID:932097", "title": "Sialography in metastases to lymph nodes of the parotid gland.", "content": "The subject of metastases to the lymph nodes of the parotid gland is reviewed and the sialographic features in two cases are described. The sialographic appearance in these cases is indistinguishable from that found in primary parotid neoplasms.", "contents": "Sialography in metastases to lymph nodes of the parotid gland. The subject of metastases to the lymph nodes of the parotid gland is reviewed and the sialographic features in two cases are described. The sialographic appearance in these cases is indistinguishable from that found in primary parotid neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:932098", "title": "The right pleuromediastinal reflection in children.", "content": "The authors review the anatomy of the pleural reflection of the right lung against the middle mediastinum in childhood. In 505 consecutive normal frontal radiographs of children, from birth to sixteen years, this pleural reflection (also known as the pleuro-esophageal line) was visible in 83%. The entire reflection from thoracic inlet to diaphragm was clearly seen in 13%, chiefly in upright, deep-inspiration, well penetrated radiographs. It is a radiographic landmark in the middle mediastinum, particularly well seen in childhood, and its use in assessment of mass lesions, cardiomegaly and lung collapse is described.", "contents": "The right pleuromediastinal reflection in children. The authors review the anatomy of the pleural reflection of the right lung against the middle mediastinum in childhood. In 505 consecutive normal frontal radiographs of children, from birth to sixteen years, this pleural reflection (also known as the pleuro-esophageal line) was visible in 83%. The entire reflection from thoracic inlet to diaphragm was clearly seen in 13%, chiefly in upright, deep-inspiration, well penetrated radiographs. It is a radiographic landmark in the middle mediastinum, particularly well seen in childhood, and its use in assessment of mass lesions, cardiomegaly and lung collapse is described."}
{"id": "PMID:932099", "title": "Incorporation of (3H)uridine by the chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA by the spermatogenic cells of the rat has been analyzed by high-resolution autoradiography. Special attention has been focused on the unique cytoplasmic organelle, the chromatoid body. After a short labeling time (2 h), this organelle remains unlabeled in the vast majority of the early spermatids although the nuclei are labeled. When the 2-h incubation with (3H)uridine is followed by a 14-h chase, the chromatoid body is seen distinctly labeled in all spermatids during early spermiogenesis from step 1 to step 8. Very few grains are seen elsewhere in the cytoplasm of these cells. When RNA synthesis in the spermatid ceases, the chromatoid body also remains unlabeled. It is likely that the chromatoid body contains RNA which is synthesized in the nuclei of the spermatids. The function of this RNA as a stable messenger RNA needed for the regulation of late spermiogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of (3H)uridine by the chromatoid body during rat spermatogenesis. The in vitro incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA by the spermatogenic cells of the rat has been analyzed by high-resolution autoradiography. Special attention has been focused on the unique cytoplasmic organelle, the chromatoid body. After a short labeling time (2 h), this organelle remains unlabeled in the vast majority of the early spermatids although the nuclei are labeled. When the 2-h incubation with (3H)uridine is followed by a 14-h chase, the chromatoid body is seen distinctly labeled in all spermatids during early spermiogenesis from step 1 to step 8. Very few grains are seen elsewhere in the cytoplasm of these cells. When RNA synthesis in the spermatid ceases, the chromatoid body also remains unlabeled. It is likely that the chromatoid body contains RNA which is synthesized in the nuclei of the spermatids. The function of this RNA as a stable messenger RNA needed for the regulation of late spermiogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932100", "title": "Equilibrium and kinetic effects of drugs on the shapes of human erythrocytes.", "content": "We have previously proposed that if the two half-layers of a membrane are different in their protein and lipid compositions, they may respond differently to some membrane perturbation (the bilayer couple hypothesis). This hypothesis has been applied to explain the changes in shape of human erythrocytes that are produced by a variety of amphipathic compounds. These compounds are presumed to intercalate by their hydrophobic ends into the lipid portions of the membrane; if the compounds are anions, the binding is preferentially to the outer half of the bilayer, if cations, to the inner half. It is proposed that such preferential binding causes an expansion of one half-layer relative to the other, with a corresponding change in cell shape. The predicted sidedness of these shape changes is now demonstrated in experiments with methochlorpromazine and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Under appropriate nonequilibrium or equilibrium or equilibrium conditions, both of these compounds are shown to be either crenators or cup-formers of the intact erythrocyte, depending upon which side of the membrane they are concentrated in. These results therefore strongly support the bilayer couple hypothesis.", "contents": "Equilibrium and kinetic effects of drugs on the shapes of human erythrocytes. We have previously proposed that if the two half-layers of a membrane are different in their protein and lipid compositions, they may respond differently to some membrane perturbation (the bilayer couple hypothesis). This hypothesis has been applied to explain the changes in shape of human erythrocytes that are produced by a variety of amphipathic compounds. These compounds are presumed to intercalate by their hydrophobic ends into the lipid portions of the membrane; if the compounds are anions, the binding is preferentially to the outer half of the bilayer, if cations, to the inner half. It is proposed that such preferential binding causes an expansion of one half-layer relative to the other, with a corresponding change in cell shape. The predicted sidedness of these shape changes is now demonstrated in experiments with methochlorpromazine and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Under appropriate nonequilibrium or equilibrium or equilibrium conditions, both of these compounds are shown to be either crenators or cup-formers of the intact erythrocyte, depending upon which side of the membrane they are concentrated in. These results therefore strongly support the bilayer couple hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:932101", "title": "RNA synthesis in preovulatory mouse oocytes.", "content": "RNA synthesis, previously shown to take place during oocyte growth, has been demonstrated throughout the growth-quiescent period preceding ovulation of the mouse oocyte. In the final 7-day preovulatory period, the level of incorporation of (5,6-3H)uridine into ovulated oocytes decreased as the interval between exposure to precursor and ovulation decreased; significant incorporation was detectable within 2 days before ovulation. Analysis of the frequency and density of label in ovarian oocytes at successive stages of meiosis in relation to the interval between adminstration of labeled precursor and collection of oocytes revealed that RNA synthesis continues up to within 2 h before GVBD.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in preovulatory mouse oocytes. RNA synthesis, previously shown to take place during oocyte growth, has been demonstrated throughout the growth-quiescent period preceding ovulation of the mouse oocyte. In the final 7-day preovulatory period, the level of incorporation of (5,6-3H)uridine into ovulated oocytes decreased as the interval between exposure to precursor and ovulation decreased; significant incorporation was detectable within 2 days before ovulation. Analysis of the frequency and density of label in ovarian oocytes at successive stages of meiosis in relation to the interval between adminstration of labeled precursor and collection of oocytes revealed that RNA synthesis continues up to within 2 h before GVBD."}
{"id": "PMID:932102", "title": "Dynamic changes of the luminal plasmalemma in stimulated parotid acinar cells. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "In the acinar cells of the rat parotid gland the two membranes participating in exocytosis, i.e., the luminal plasmalemma and the secretory granule membrane, are clearly distinguishable in freeze-fracture because of their different densities in particles. In order to obtain point-specific information about the fusion-fission of these two membranes that occurs during the secretory cycle, glands were studied at various times (5 min to 6 h) after stimulation with isoproterenol. We observed that, in the course of the release of secretion products and shortly afterwards, the enlarged luminal plasmalemma exhibits a mosaic organization consisting of an alternation of membrane patches of high (original plasmalemma) and low (fused granule membrane) particle density. The transition between these two patterns is usually sharp. Later, concomitant with the reformation of acinar canaliculi, the low particle density membrane is found at the cell surface but only bounding vacuolar infoldings, and then it finally disappears. These results suggest that (a) fusion of these membranes does not result in a random intermixing of the molecular components of the participating membranes, which retain their structural identity; and (b) the enlarged luminal plasmalemma reverts to its original size by a progressive, specific removal of the regions of low particle density from the cell surface.", "contents": "Dynamic changes of the luminal plasmalemma in stimulated parotid acinar cells. A freeze-fracture study. In the acinar cells of the rat parotid gland the two membranes participating in exocytosis, i.e., the luminal plasmalemma and the secretory granule membrane, are clearly distinguishable in freeze-fracture because of their different densities in particles. In order to obtain point-specific information about the fusion-fission of these two membranes that occurs during the secretory cycle, glands were studied at various times (5 min to 6 h) after stimulation with isoproterenol. We observed that, in the course of the release of secretion products and shortly afterwards, the enlarged luminal plasmalemma exhibits a mosaic organization consisting of an alternation of membrane patches of high (original plasmalemma) and low (fused granule membrane) particle density. The transition between these two patterns is usually sharp. Later, concomitant with the reformation of acinar canaliculi, the low particle density membrane is found at the cell surface but only bounding vacuolar infoldings, and then it finally disappears. These results suggest that (a) fusion of these membranes does not result in a random intermixing of the molecular components of the participating membranes, which retain their structural identity; and (b) the enlarged luminal plasmalemma reverts to its original size by a progressive, specific removal of the regions of low particle density from the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:932103", "title": "Peroxidase uptake by photoreceptor terminals of the skate retina.", "content": "The photoreceptors of dark-adapted skate retinas bathed in a Ringer solution containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) incorporate the tracer into membrane-bound compartments within the synaptic terminal of the cell; after 1 or 2 h of incubation, approx. 10-38% of the synaptic vesicles were labeled. The receptors appeared to be functioning normally throughout the incubation period, since electrical potentials of normal amplitude could be elicited in response to dimphotic stimuli. However, it was possible to block the uptake of peroxidase by a regimen of light adaptation that effectively suppressed light-induced activity in the electroretinogram. If, during incubation with peroxidase, retinas were exposed at 10-min intervals to an intense 1-ms flash from a xenon discharge tube, the receptor terminals were almost completely devoid of peroxidase; fewer than 2% of the vesicles were labeled. The suppression of HRP uptake could also be achieved in dark-adapted retinas by adding magnesium to the bathing solution, suggesting that calcium is necessary for transmitter release from vesicles in the receptor terminals. These findings are consistent with the view that vertebrate photoreceptors discharge a neurotransmitter in darkness, and that light decreases the release of this substance. It seems likely that the incorporation of peroxidase into vesicles of physiologically active receptor terminals reflects a mechanism for the retrieval of vesicle membrane after exocytosis.", "contents": "Peroxidase uptake by photoreceptor terminals of the skate retina. The photoreceptors of dark-adapted skate retinas bathed in a Ringer solution containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) incorporate the tracer into membrane-bound compartments within the synaptic terminal of the cell; after 1 or 2 h of incubation, approx. 10-38% of the synaptic vesicles were labeled. The receptors appeared to be functioning normally throughout the incubation period, since electrical potentials of normal amplitude could be elicited in response to dimphotic stimuli. However, it was possible to block the uptake of peroxidase by a regimen of light adaptation that effectively suppressed light-induced activity in the electroretinogram. If, during incubation with peroxidase, retinas were exposed at 10-min intervals to an intense 1-ms flash from a xenon discharge tube, the receptor terminals were almost completely devoid of peroxidase; fewer than 2% of the vesicles were labeled. The suppression of HRP uptake could also be achieved in dark-adapted retinas by adding magnesium to the bathing solution, suggesting that calcium is necessary for transmitter release from vesicles in the receptor terminals. These findings are consistent with the view that vertebrate photoreceptors discharge a neurotransmitter in darkness, and that light decreases the release of this substance. It seems likely that the incorporation of peroxidase into vesicles of physiologically active receptor terminals reflects a mechanism for the retrieval of vesicle membrane after exocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932104", "title": "Dependence of centriole formation on protein synthesis.", "content": "Centriole formation was studied after inhibition of protein synthesis for various portions of the cell cycle. Synchronous populations of mitotic L929 (mouse) cells were plated into petri dishes and the course of procentriole formation was monitored by electron microscope analysis. The frequency with which procentrioles were seen in association with mature centrioles normally increased steadily in the interval from 4 to 12 h after mitosis. The formation of procentrioles was abruptly inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide at any time from mitosis until 12 h postmitosis (S phase). This suggested that the formation of procentrioles was dependent upon protein synthesis immediately before their appearance. Prophase-accociated elongation of procentrioles appeared to occur normally in cells treated with cycloheximide for up to 4 h before prophase, though the mitotic index in treated cultures decreased somewhat. Thus, protein synthesis did not appear to be essential for procentriolar elongation to the mature length.", "contents": "Dependence of centriole formation on protein synthesis. Centriole formation was studied after inhibition of protein synthesis for various portions of the cell cycle. Synchronous populations of mitotic L929 (mouse) cells were plated into petri dishes and the course of procentriole formation was monitored by electron microscope analysis. The frequency with which procentrioles were seen in association with mature centrioles normally increased steadily in the interval from 4 to 12 h after mitosis. The formation of procentrioles was abruptly inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide at any time from mitosis until 12 h postmitosis (S phase). This suggested that the formation of procentrioles was dependent upon protein synthesis immediately before their appearance. Prophase-accociated elongation of procentrioles appeared to occur normally in cells treated with cycloheximide for up to 4 h before prophase, though the mitotic index in treated cultures decreased somewhat. Thus, protein synthesis did not appear to be essential for procentriolar elongation to the mature length."}
{"id": "PMID:932105", "title": "Elimination by Hydra interstitial and nerve cells by means of colchicine.", "content": "Hydra treated with colchicine or Colcemid become depleted of 95-99% of their interstitial cells and derivatives of this stem cell: nematoblasts, nematocytes and nerve cells. A second treatment removes most or all remaining interstitial cells. The most effective treatment is an 8-h immersion of whole Hydra attenuata in 0.04% Colcemid or 0.4% colchicine. Interstitial cells are eliminated through phagocytosis by both ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells. The endodermal digestive cells send processes through the mesoglea which engulf interstitial cells and retract them into the endoderm. The resultant hydra, though devoid of nematocysts, can be artificially fed: these animals grow and bud and can be used to study the behaviour and development of tissue lacking nerve and interstitial cells.", "contents": "Elimination by Hydra interstitial and nerve cells by means of colchicine. Hydra treated with colchicine or Colcemid become depleted of 95-99% of their interstitial cells and derivatives of this stem cell: nematoblasts, nematocytes and nerve cells. A second treatment removes most or all remaining interstitial cells. The most effective treatment is an 8-h immersion of whole Hydra attenuata in 0.04% Colcemid or 0.4% colchicine. Interstitial cells are eliminated through phagocytosis by both ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells. The endodermal digestive cells send processes through the mesoglea which engulf interstitial cells and retract them into the endoderm. The resultant hydra, though devoid of nematocysts, can be artificially fed: these animals grow and bud and can be used to study the behaviour and development of tissue lacking nerve and interstitial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932106", "title": "Cell-to-substrate contacts in living fibroblasts: an interference reflexion study with an evaluation of the technique.", "content": "The closeness of contact between cultured chick heart fibroblasts and glass substrates has been examined by interference reflexion microscopy. Evaluation of the optical technique demonstrated that both the film of medium between the cell and substrate and the cell itself act as two superimposed thin films which generate a complex interference pattern in reflected light or low illuminating numerical aperture (I.N.A.). The interference pattern generated by the cell consists of first and higher orders of interference and can be eliminated from the image by increasing the I.N.A. to greater than 1.0. The residual zero-order interference pattern at high I.N.A. originates from the thin film of medium between cell and substrate and corresponds to the closeness of contact between cell and substrate. Based on the zero-order interference pattern and a comparison of the same cells with differential interference optics, the following features were recognized in living chick heart fibroblasts. Focal contacts, 0.25-0.5 mum wide, 2-10 mum long, separated by 10-15 nm from the substrate, are located under the peripheral regions of the leading lamellae and near the edge of extended non-spreading regions of the cell margin in moving and stationary cells. Individual focal contacts are coincident with cytoplasmic fibres of the same dimensions as the contact or with the peripheral ends of longer fibres that extend from the focal contact toward the centre of the cell. In spreading cells a second type of contact is present under the peripheral regions of the leading lamellae. This close contact consists of a broad area of uniform cell-to-substrate separation distance (ca. 30 nm). Focal contacts are distributed within the close contact under the leading lamellae. Lamellipodia extend ahead of the close contact and are separated by 100 nm or more from the substrate. Depending on the previous motile history of the cell, the close contact extends to varying degrees under the centre of the cell but it is typically dissected here by discrete areas of distinctly greater cell-to-substrate separation (100-140 nm). Evidence for the adhesive nature of the focal contacts is considered. The common identity is discussed of the focal contacts and associated cytoplasmic fibres described here in living cells with the regions of closest apposition to the substrate and associated cytoplasmic plaques and bundles of microfilaments seen in EM studies.", "contents": "Cell-to-substrate contacts in living fibroblasts: an interference reflexion study with an evaluation of the technique. The closeness of contact between cultured chick heart fibroblasts and glass substrates has been examined by interference reflexion microscopy. Evaluation of the optical technique demonstrated that both the film of medium between the cell and substrate and the cell itself act as two superimposed thin films which generate a complex interference pattern in reflected light or low illuminating numerical aperture (I.N.A.). The interference pattern generated by the cell consists of first and higher orders of interference and can be eliminated from the image by increasing the I.N.A. to greater than 1.0. The residual zero-order interference pattern at high I.N.A. originates from the thin film of medium between cell and substrate and corresponds to the closeness of contact between cell and substrate. Based on the zero-order interference pattern and a comparison of the same cells with differential interference optics, the following features were recognized in living chick heart fibroblasts. Focal contacts, 0.25-0.5 mum wide, 2-10 mum long, separated by 10-15 nm from the substrate, are located under the peripheral regions of the leading lamellae and near the edge of extended non-spreading regions of the cell margin in moving and stationary cells. Individual focal contacts are coincident with cytoplasmic fibres of the same dimensions as the contact or with the peripheral ends of longer fibres that extend from the focal contact toward the centre of the cell. In spreading cells a second type of contact is present under the peripheral regions of the leading lamellae. This close contact consists of a broad area of uniform cell-to-substrate separation distance (ca. 30 nm). Focal contacts are distributed within the close contact under the leading lamellae. Lamellipodia extend ahead of the close contact and are separated by 100 nm or more from the substrate. Depending on the previous motile history of the cell, the close contact extends to varying degrees under the centre of the cell but it is typically dissected here by discrete areas of distinctly greater cell-to-substrate separation (100-140 nm). Evidence for the adhesive nature of the focal contacts is considered. The common identity is discussed of the focal contacts and associated cytoplasmic fibres described here in living cells with the regions of closest apposition to the substrate and associated cytoplasmic plaques and bundles of microfilaments seen in EM studies."}
{"id": "PMID:932107", "title": "Distribution and dynamics of nematocyte populations in Hydra attenuata.", "content": "The distribution and dynamics of the 4 nematocyte populations of Hydra attenuata were investigated. Ninety-seven per cent of all nematocytes, including all 4 types, are mounted in the battery cells of the tentacles. The remaining 3%, including 2 types (stenoteles and holotrichous isorhizas) are mounted in the ectoderm of the body column. Eight-two per cent of all nematocytes are desmonemes; 11%, atrichous isorhizas; 5%, stenoteles; and 2%, holotrichous isorhizas. The density of each nematocyte population increases along the length of the tentacle towards the tip. The percentages of the total nematocytes per quarter of tentacle for each of the 4 quarters starting at the base is 15, 18, 25 and 42% respectively. The turnover time of the nematocyte populations in the tentacles was measured with 2 methods. First, the transit time for a carbon-marked battery cell from the base to the tip of the tentacle was measured. Secondly, the time required to replace the unlabelled nematocytes in the tentacles with [3H]proline-labelled nematocytes was measured. In both cases the time was 7--9 days. Based on these data (distribution and turnover time) a model was constructed for the dynamics of the nematocyte populations in the tentacles. The numbers of nematocytes produced dialy in the body column as predicted by the model are in reasonable agreement with the measured values.", "contents": "Distribution and dynamics of nematocyte populations in Hydra attenuata. The distribution and dynamics of the 4 nematocyte populations of Hydra attenuata were investigated. Ninety-seven per cent of all nematocytes, including all 4 types, are mounted in the battery cells of the tentacles. The remaining 3%, including 2 types (stenoteles and holotrichous isorhizas) are mounted in the ectoderm of the body column. Eight-two per cent of all nematocytes are desmonemes; 11%, atrichous isorhizas; 5%, stenoteles; and 2%, holotrichous isorhizas. The density of each nematocyte population increases along the length of the tentacle towards the tip. The percentages of the total nematocytes per quarter of tentacle for each of the 4 quarters starting at the base is 15, 18, 25 and 42% respectively. The turnover time of the nematocyte populations in the tentacles was measured with 2 methods. First, the transit time for a carbon-marked battery cell from the base to the tip of the tentacle was measured. Secondly, the time required to replace the unlabelled nematocytes in the tentacles with [3H]proline-labelled nematocytes was measured. In both cases the time was 7--9 days. Based on these data (distribution and turnover time) a model was constructed for the dynamics of the nematocyte populations in the tentacles. The numbers of nematocytes produced dialy in the body column as predicted by the model are in reasonable agreement with the measured values."}
{"id": "PMID:932108", "title": "An ultrastructural and radioautographic study of the chromocentric interphase nucleus in plant meristematic cells (Raphanus sativus).", "content": "In Raphanus sativus, the mitotic chromosomes are quite short and, on reaching the cell poles, soon undergo extensive unravelling. By late telophase and early interphase, only a few chromosome segments, believed to correspond to the centromeric regions, are still visible in the form of chromocentres closely associated with the nuclear envelope. Although interphase nuclei show little internal structural differentiation, high-resolution radioautography has permitted us to establish which of them have reached the early, mid and late S periods. In early S nuclei, only the nucleolus and the euchromatin which pervades the nuclear cavity become labelled. By the mid S-period, the diffuse chromatin and nucleolus incorporate less thymidine and DNA synthesis is initiated within the peripheral chromocentres. Subsequently, the radioautographic grains become restricted to the chromocentres. The finding that certain late S nuclei exhibit loosely organized chromocentres strongly suggests that these heterochromatic chromosome segments undergo important conformational modifications during DNA replication. Finally, the presence of radioautographic grains over the lacunar regions of the nucleolus in early and mid S nuclei demonstrates that intranucleolar DNA replicates during the earlier portion of the S-period.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and radioautographic study of the chromocentric interphase nucleus in plant meristematic cells (Raphanus sativus). In Raphanus sativus, the mitotic chromosomes are quite short and, on reaching the cell poles, soon undergo extensive unravelling. By late telophase and early interphase, only a few chromosome segments, believed to correspond to the centromeric regions, are still visible in the form of chromocentres closely associated with the nuclear envelope. Although interphase nuclei show little internal structural differentiation, high-resolution radioautography has permitted us to establish which of them have reached the early, mid and late S periods. In early S nuclei, only the nucleolus and the euchromatin which pervades the nuclear cavity become labelled. By the mid S-period, the diffuse chromatin and nucleolus incorporate less thymidine and DNA synthesis is initiated within the peripheral chromocentres. Subsequently, the radioautographic grains become restricted to the chromocentres. The finding that certain late S nuclei exhibit loosely organized chromocentres strongly suggests that these heterochromatic chromosome segments undergo important conformational modifications during DNA replication. Finally, the presence of radioautographic grains over the lacunar regions of the nucleolus in early and mid S nuclei demonstrates that intranucleolar DNA replicates during the earlier portion of the S-period."}
{"id": "PMID:932109", "title": "Relations between the nuclear activity and the variable 3H-amino acid incorporation pattern in Amoeba proteus.", "content": "Tracer kinetic studies have revealed the existence of a variable pattern of 3H-amino acid incorporation into amoeba proteins during the early G2 phase of the cell cycle. Two peaks of incorporation of [3H]leucine were found to occur at 19 and 22 h, whereas a single peak at 17 h was noticed in the amoebae labelled with [3H]lysine. An almost 2-fold increase of the labelled amino acid incorporation occurred during the peak periods, while the other periods showed a more or less steady state of incorporation, suggesting a basal rate of synthesis at these times. In a detailed study involving the peaks and the basal incorporation period of [3H]leucine, it was shown that the removal of the nucleus or Actinomycin D treatment eliminated the peaks but the base line protein synthesis was not affected. This suggests that for the peak synthetic periods, mRNA is probably transcribed concurrently, followed by immediate translation, whereas long-life mRNA accounts for the basal synthetic activity.", "contents": "Relations between the nuclear activity and the variable 3H-amino acid incorporation pattern in Amoeba proteus. Tracer kinetic studies have revealed the existence of a variable pattern of 3H-amino acid incorporation into amoeba proteins during the early G2 phase of the cell cycle. Two peaks of incorporation of [3H]leucine were found to occur at 19 and 22 h, whereas a single peak at 17 h was noticed in the amoebae labelled with [3H]lysine. An almost 2-fold increase of the labelled amino acid incorporation occurred during the peak periods, while the other periods showed a more or less steady state of incorporation, suggesting a basal rate of synthesis at these times. In a detailed study involving the peaks and the basal incorporation period of [3H]leucine, it was shown that the removal of the nucleus or Actinomycin D treatment eliminated the peaks but the base line protein synthesis was not affected. This suggests that for the peak synthetic periods, mRNA is probably transcribed concurrently, followed by immediate translation, whereas long-life mRNA accounts for the basal synthetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:932110", "title": "Cell size and proportional distance assessment during determination of organelle position in the cortex of the ciliate Tetrahymena.", "content": "Developing oral organelles of dividing Tetrahymena corlissi appear to be positioned by mechanisms which assess distances as a proportion of the organism's overall dimensions. In some respects, the cortex of this protozoan obeys the 'French flag' rule formulated by Wolpert for describing regulation of spatial proportions during differentiation of metazoan embryos. Dividing Tetrahymena of markedly different sizes occur when division is synchronized by starvation and refeeding. At the start of cell division, the distance between old and new mouthparts varies proportionately with respect to cell length. In addition, determination of the site where new oral organelles will develop is apparently not directly related to the number of ciliated basal bodies which separate the 2 sets of mouthparts; the greater the distance between the old and developing sets of mouthparts, the greater the number of ciliated basal bodies in the rows between them. It is suggested that 2 distinct mechanisms are largely responsible for defining organelle position in ciliates. The new terms structural positioning and chemical signalling are defined to describe these mechanisms.", "contents": "Cell size and proportional distance assessment during determination of organelle position in the cortex of the ciliate Tetrahymena. Developing oral organelles of dividing Tetrahymena corlissi appear to be positioned by mechanisms which assess distances as a proportion of the organism's overall dimensions. In some respects, the cortex of this protozoan obeys the 'French flag' rule formulated by Wolpert for describing regulation of spatial proportions during differentiation of metazoan embryos. Dividing Tetrahymena of markedly different sizes occur when division is synchronized by starvation and refeeding. At the start of cell division, the distance between old and new mouthparts varies proportionately with respect to cell length. In addition, determination of the site where new oral organelles will develop is apparently not directly related to the number of ciliated basal bodies which separate the 2 sets of mouthparts; the greater the distance between the old and developing sets of mouthparts, the greater the number of ciliated basal bodies in the rows between them. It is suggested that 2 distinct mechanisms are largely responsible for defining organelle position in ciliates. The new terms structural positioning and chemical signalling are defined to describe these mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:932111", "title": "The chitin crystallite in arthropod cuticle.", "content": "Electron microscopy has revealed that chitin from a representative selection of insect orders (plus one crustacean and one arachnid) is localized in crystallites about 2.8 nm across. Furthermore, these crystallites are arranged on an hexagonal or pseudo-hexagonal lattice, the lateral order of which varies considerably. The lattice becomes secondarily reoriented during cuticle expansion following an ecdysis. The size of the 'unit cell' has been measured both by optical diffraction and direct measurements of the micrographs, permitting an estimate of the chitin and resilin content for locust rubberlike cuticle. The number of poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine chains per sheet and sheets per crystallite can be estimated from the physical dimensions of the crystallite. Each crystallite is unlikely to comprise more than 3 sheets and 6 chains per sheet. The calculated and measured density of alpha-chitin can be shown to be in close agreement.", "contents": "The chitin crystallite in arthropod cuticle. Electron microscopy has revealed that chitin from a representative selection of insect orders (plus one crustacean and one arachnid) is localized in crystallites about 2.8 nm across. Furthermore, these crystallites are arranged on an hexagonal or pseudo-hexagonal lattice, the lateral order of which varies considerably. The lattice becomes secondarily reoriented during cuticle expansion following an ecdysis. The size of the 'unit cell' has been measured both by optical diffraction and direct measurements of the micrographs, permitting an estimate of the chitin and resilin content for locust rubberlike cuticle. The number of poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine chains per sheet and sheets per crystallite can be estimated from the physical dimensions of the crystallite. Each crystallite is unlikely to comprise more than 3 sheets and 6 chains per sheet. The calculated and measured density of alpha-chitin can be shown to be in close agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:932112", "title": "A three-dimensional reconstruction of the polygonal pattern on placental coated-vesicle membranes.", "content": "There is a surface structure on the coated vesicles of human placenta. Some features of this structure have been examined. Measurements of the polygonal network seen in surface views have been made and compared with measurements of structures projecting from vesicle walls in median sections. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the vesicle shows the pattern to be one of raised ridges. Use of a goniometer to tilt the specimens has confirmed the assumption that both types of image obtained as from one structure. Although it is usually the case that vesicles are approximately spherical, some are definitely irregularly shaped. For this reason it is suggested that the walls of the polygons need not always be packed into a structure with a regular and precisely maintained pattern. Consideration of the surface structure in the light of current understanding of the cell membrane as a dynamic system leads to a possible explanation of the process of vesicle formation in this context and of the selective nature of uptake by micropinocytosis.", "contents": "A three-dimensional reconstruction of the polygonal pattern on placental coated-vesicle membranes. There is a surface structure on the coated vesicles of human placenta. Some features of this structure have been examined. Measurements of the polygonal network seen in surface views have been made and compared with measurements of structures projecting from vesicle walls in median sections. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the vesicle shows the pattern to be one of raised ridges. Use of a goniometer to tilt the specimens has confirmed the assumption that both types of image obtained as from one structure. Although it is usually the case that vesicles are approximately spherical, some are definitely irregularly shaped. For this reason it is suggested that the walls of the polygons need not always be packed into a structure with a regular and precisely maintained pattern. Consideration of the surface structure in the light of current understanding of the cell membrane as a dynamic system leads to a possible explanation of the process of vesicle formation in this context and of the selective nature of uptake by micropinocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932113", "title": "Organization of intramembrane particles in freeze-cleaved gap junctions of rat graafian rollicles: optical-diffraction analysis.", "content": "Gap junctions were identified in the membrana granulosa and cumulus oophorus, and between cells of the internal theca, of the preovulatory rat follicle. In replicas of freeze fractured follicles, the A face presented clusters of closely packed intramembrane particles, 7--9 nm in diameter, forming a mosaic pattern, while the B face showed a similar pattern of small pits. Optical diffraction analysis of these electron micrographs revealed that both the intramembrane particles and the corresponding pits were organized in hexagonal lattices with centre-to-centre spacing of 9-10 nm. In small junctions (up to 0.4 mum in diameter), both A and B faces generally consisted of a single lattice, while large junctions (0.5-2 mum) contained multiple lattices differing in orientation. Occasionally intramembrane particles and pits were more loosely arranged throughout the junctional area and failed to show a hexagonal pattern. Both granulosa and thecal cells often contained intracellular vesicles resembling annular junctions. These contained intramembrane particles whose assembly resembled that of the gap junctions with regard to periodicity and lattice organization. Examination of thin section of thin sections suggested that small gap junctions occur also between cytoplasmic processes of coronal cells and the oolemma. No tight junctions were detected between granulosa cells and between thecal cells.", "contents": "Organization of intramembrane particles in freeze-cleaved gap junctions of rat graafian rollicles: optical-diffraction analysis. Gap junctions were identified in the membrana granulosa and cumulus oophorus, and between cells of the internal theca, of the preovulatory rat follicle. In replicas of freeze fractured follicles, the A face presented clusters of closely packed intramembrane particles, 7--9 nm in diameter, forming a mosaic pattern, while the B face showed a similar pattern of small pits. Optical diffraction analysis of these electron micrographs revealed that both the intramembrane particles and the corresponding pits were organized in hexagonal lattices with centre-to-centre spacing of 9-10 nm. In small junctions (up to 0.4 mum in diameter), both A and B faces generally consisted of a single lattice, while large junctions (0.5-2 mum) contained multiple lattices differing in orientation. Occasionally intramembrane particles and pits were more loosely arranged throughout the junctional area and failed to show a hexagonal pattern. Both granulosa and thecal cells often contained intracellular vesicles resembling annular junctions. These contained intramembrane particles whose assembly resembled that of the gap junctions with regard to periodicity and lattice organization. Examination of thin section of thin sections suggested that small gap junctions occur also between cytoplasmic processes of coronal cells and the oolemma. No tight junctions were detected between granulosa cells and between thecal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932116", "title": "[Ischemia or acute vascular stasis of a limb related to psychopathological behavior. Pathominia].", "content": "Disorders due to voluntary use of a tourniquet may produce numerous therapeutic errors with serious consequences. The difficult diagnosis of this hysterical behavior is recalled here and the authors report two cases.", "contents": "[Ischemia or acute vascular stasis of a limb related to psychopathological behavior. Pathominia]. Disorders due to voluntary use of a tourniquet may produce numerous therapeutic errors with serious consequences. The difficult diagnosis of this hysterical behavior is recalled here and the authors report two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:932117", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases from rectocolic cancers. Apropos of 21 cases].", "content": "The authors report 21 cases of pulmonary metastases from operated cases of rectal and colonic carcinoma. Half the patients were aged between 60 and 70 years. In all cases except one the primary tumour was known and treated surgically before the metastasis occurred. The authors emphasize the necessity of radiological supervision of the chest after operation and recall that neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy should be undertaken without prior histological confirmation. It is possible to remove the metastases by surgery but a high percentage require pneumonectomy i.e. it is necessary to take the same precautions before operation as for primary carcinoma of the bronchus. The operative mortality was nil, and the five year survival rate 18 p. 100.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases from rectocolic cancers. Apropos of 21 cases]. The authors report 21 cases of pulmonary metastases from operated cases of rectal and colonic carcinoma. Half the patients were aged between 60 and 70 years. In all cases except one the primary tumour was known and treated surgically before the metastasis occurred. The authors emphasize the necessity of radiological supervision of the chest after operation and recall that neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy should be undertaken without prior histological confirmation. It is possible to remove the metastases by surgery but a high percentage require pneumonectomy i.e. it is necessary to take the same precautions before operation as for primary carcinoma of the bronchus. The operative mortality was nil, and the five year survival rate 18 p. 100."}
{"id": "PMID:932118", "title": "[A rare complication of the acetabulum: incarceration of a small intestine loop in the fracture area].", "content": "The authors report an exceptional case of fracture of the acetabulum complicated by tear of the small intestine due to injury to the loop of intestine by a piece of the fractured acetabulum. As it is rare, such a complication is often undiagnosed. Discovered in time, an operation avoids a fatal issue due to peritonitis.", "contents": "[A rare complication of the acetabulum: incarceration of a small intestine loop in the fracture area]. The authors report an exceptional case of fracture of the acetabulum complicated by tear of the small intestine due to injury to the loop of intestine by a piece of the fractured acetabulum. As it is rare, such a complication is often undiagnosed. Discovered in time, an operation avoids a fatal issue due to peritonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:932119", "title": "[Thoracic and abdominal lesions in multiple injuries. Study of 168 cases. Remarks on problems posed by assessment of the lesions].", "content": "A statistical study of 168 cases of multiple injury observed by the authors, showed the importance of lesions of the trunk with 65 p. 100 thoracic and 73 p. 100 abdominal injuries. All cases ofmultiple injury with thoracic or abdominal injuries require early, complete assessment. This emergency assessment is perfectible by using a planned approach to these cases and the application of certain methods of investigation. The authors propose three organigrams in order to define the best management for cases with thoracic, abdominal or urinary injuries.", "contents": "[Thoracic and abdominal lesions in multiple injuries. Study of 168 cases. Remarks on problems posed by assessment of the lesions]. A statistical study of 168 cases of multiple injury observed by the authors, showed the importance of lesions of the trunk with 65 p. 100 thoracic and 73 p. 100 abdominal injuries. All cases ofmultiple injury with thoracic or abdominal injuries require early, complete assessment. This emergency assessment is perfectible by using a planned approach to these cases and the application of certain methods of investigation. The authors propose three organigrams in order to define the best management for cases with thoracic, abdominal or urinary injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:932120", "title": "[Bone echinococcosis. Apropos of a case of hydatid cyst of the spine].", "content": "The authors report a case of hydatid cyst of the vertebral column (L2-L3) simulating an acute abdominal syndrome with pain in the right iliac fossa. On exploration of the abdominal cavity, they detected the presence of a fluctuating retroperitoneal collection of fluid due to the migration of a hydatid abscess into the sheath of the right psoas muscle. Three surgical operations of curetage followed by wide drainage were carried out with simple operative sequelae.", "contents": "[Bone echinococcosis. Apropos of a case of hydatid cyst of the spine]. The authors report a case of hydatid cyst of the vertebral column (L2-L3) simulating an acute abdominal syndrome with pain in the right iliac fossa. On exploration of the abdominal cavity, they detected the presence of a fluctuating retroperitoneal collection of fluid due to the migration of a hydatid abscess into the sheath of the right psoas muscle. Three surgical operations of curetage followed by wide drainage were carried out with simple operative sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:932121", "title": "[Pregnancy and breast cancer: 2 entities with complex interferences. Critical study of the dossier].", "content": "The author reviews the epidemiological, biological and clinical data concerning the association of carcinoma of the breast and pregnancy. He discusses, in particular, the therapeutic problems raised by this association. The author attracts attention to the fact that in certain circumstances, pregnancy may aggravate the disease, whilst in others, it seems to protect with regard to the cancer. As far as the therapeutic problems are concerned, he emphasizes in particular, the following conclusions: 1) in cases which require surgery, the prognosis is less poor than generally believed; 2) the total inefficacy of therapeutic abortion is now certain; 3) radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be prohibited during pregnancy; 4) a pregnancy occurring during the years following mastectomy for carcinoma, does not seem to have the unfavourable prognosis which was originally believed.", "contents": "[Pregnancy and breast cancer: 2 entities with complex interferences. Critical study of the dossier]. The author reviews the epidemiological, biological and clinical data concerning the association of carcinoma of the breast and pregnancy. He discusses, in particular, the therapeutic problems raised by this association. The author attracts attention to the fact that in certain circumstances, pregnancy may aggravate the disease, whilst in others, it seems to protect with regard to the cancer. As far as the therapeutic problems are concerned, he emphasizes in particular, the following conclusions: 1) in cases which require surgery, the prognosis is less poor than generally believed; 2) the total inefficacy of therapeutic abortion is now certain; 3) radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be prohibited during pregnancy; 4) a pregnancy occurring during the years following mastectomy for carcinoma, does not seem to have the unfavourable prognosis which was originally believed."}
{"id": "PMID:932133", "title": "Derivatization of compounds at the origin of thin-layer plates with fluorescamine.", "content": "A method has been developed for the detection of compounds with primary amino groups on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates with fluorescamine. The compounds dissolved in buffer were applied to TLC plates and derivatized at the origin by developing with or dipping into an acetone-hexane solution of fluorescamine. Virtually all fluorescamine derivatives stayed at the origin, and they were subsequently separated using appropriate solvent systems. As little as 10 pmoles of fluorescamine-derivatized compound could be detected when viewed under a long-wave (366 nm) ultraviolet lamp. The method was applied to the analysis of peptides, amino acids and amines.", "contents": "Derivatization of compounds at the origin of thin-layer plates with fluorescamine. A method has been developed for the detection of compounds with primary amino groups on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates with fluorescamine. The compounds dissolved in buffer were applied to TLC plates and derivatized at the origin by developing with or dipping into an acetone-hexane solution of fluorescamine. Virtually all fluorescamine derivatives stayed at the origin, and they were subsequently separated using appropriate solvent systems. As little as 10 pmoles of fluorescamine-derivatized compound could be detected when viewed under a long-wave (366 nm) ultraviolet lamp. The method was applied to the analysis of peptides, amino acids and amines."}
{"id": "PMID:932134", "title": "Determination of urinary monohydric and dihydric phenols by gas chromatography of the acetate and TMS derivatives. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst for acetylation reactions.", "content": "A procedure is described for the quantitative extraction of phenols from human urine. The compounds were chromatographed as the trimethylsilyl derivatives on wall-coated glass capillary columns. A more specific method of extraction involving the formation of acetate derivatives is also described. The acetates were prepared by treating dilute solutions of phenols at room temperature with acetic anhydride in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, which is a far more powerful catalyst than pyridine. Under these conditions N-acylamino acids are converted to azlactones.", "contents": "Determination of urinary monohydric and dihydric phenols by gas chromatography of the acetate and TMS derivatives. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst for acetylation reactions. A procedure is described for the quantitative extraction of phenols from human urine. The compounds were chromatographed as the trimethylsilyl derivatives on wall-coated glass capillary columns. A more specific method of extraction involving the formation of acetate derivatives is also described. The acetates were prepared by treating dilute solutions of phenols at room temperature with acetic anhydride in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, which is a far more powerful catalyst than pyridine. Under these conditions N-acylamino acids are converted to azlactones."}
{"id": "PMID:932135", "title": "Separation of chymopapain from papaya latex (Carica papaya) on amberlite IR-120 (Hg2+).", "content": "The quantitative separation of chymopapain from papaya latex has been carried out by chromatography on Amberlite IR-120 (Hg2+). The product obtained was further studied to determine its homogeneity.", "contents": "Separation of chymopapain from papaya latex (Carica papaya) on amberlite IR-120 (Hg2+). The quantitative separation of chymopapain from papaya latex has been carried out by chromatography on Amberlite IR-120 (Hg2+). The product obtained was further studied to determine its homogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:932142", "title": "Quantitative assay of sulphinpyrazone in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of sulphinpyrazone in plasma and urine is described. The drug is extracted from the acidified aqueous phase with 1-chlorobutane-ethylene dichloride (4:1) and separated from its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography on 5-mum LiChrosorb using dichloromethane-ethanol-water-acetic acid (79.1:19:1.9:0.002) as the mobile phase. The sensitivity limit is 0,2mug/ml using a 1-ml sample. Examples of applications are given.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of sulphinpyrazone in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A method for the quantitative determination of sulphinpyrazone in plasma and urine is described. The drug is extracted from the acidified aqueous phase with 1-chlorobutane-ethylene dichloride (4:1) and separated from its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography on 5-mum LiChrosorb using dichloromethane-ethanol-water-acetic acid (79.1:19:1.9:0.002) as the mobile phase. The sensitivity limit is 0,2mug/ml using a 1-ml sample. Examples of applications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:932143", "title": "Determination of pethidine in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography after reaction with trichloroethyl chloroformate.", "content": "Pethidine (meperidine) is determined in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography after derivatization with trichloroethyl chloroformate. The analytical procedure involves extraction of pethidine and the internal standard from plasma and their separation from metabolites by partition chromatography. After purification of the eluate, the derivatization is accomplished with trichloroethyl chloroformate in the presence of anhydrous sodium carbonate. The reaction mixture is further purified with methanolic alkali before gas chromatographic analysis. Optimum conditions for extraction and derivatization, as well as the sensitivity and selectivity of the method are discussed. Owing to the high sensitivity the pethidine levels are determined in 0.1 ml of plasma. The smallest amount of pethidine determined by the method was 100 ng/ml. The relative standard deviation at the 50-ng level of pethidine added to 0.1 ml of plasma was 5.8%(n =8).", "contents": "Determination of pethidine in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography after reaction with trichloroethyl chloroformate. Pethidine (meperidine) is determined in plasma by electron capture gas chromatography after derivatization with trichloroethyl chloroformate. The analytical procedure involves extraction of pethidine and the internal standard from plasma and their separation from metabolites by partition chromatography. After purification of the eluate, the derivatization is accomplished with trichloroethyl chloroformate in the presence of anhydrous sodium carbonate. The reaction mixture is further purified with methanolic alkali before gas chromatographic analysis. Optimum conditions for extraction and derivatization, as well as the sensitivity and selectivity of the method are discussed. Owing to the high sensitivity the pethidine levels are determined in 0.1 ml of plasma. The smallest amount of pethidine determined by the method was 100 ng/ml. The relative standard deviation at the 50-ng level of pethidine added to 0.1 ml of plasma was 5.8%(n =8)."}
{"id": "PMID:932144", "title": "A rapid gas chromatographic determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid.", "content": "A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid is described. The antibiotic is extracted from biological fluids with ethyl acetate and, after concentration of the extract, the trimethylsilyl derivative of the drug is determined by electron-capture gas chromatography using a 63Ni detector. After the intravenous administration of a single dose of 500 mg of thiamphenicol during the first stage of spontaneous labour to clinically normal gravidae at term, transmission of the drug across the placenta was demonstrated by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "contents": "A rapid gas chromatographic determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of thiamphenicol in plasma and amniotic fluid is described. The antibiotic is extracted from biological fluids with ethyl acetate and, after concentration of the extract, the trimethylsilyl derivative of the drug is determined by electron-capture gas chromatography using a 63Ni detector. After the intravenous administration of a single dose of 500 mg of thiamphenicol during the first stage of spontaneous labour to clinically normal gravidae at term, transmission of the drug across the placenta was demonstrated by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry."}
{"id": "PMID:932145", "title": "Improved theophylline serum analysis by an appropriate internal standard for gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is presented for the measurement of theophylline in serum. To serum samples containing the drug the internal standard, 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, was added and the serum was saturated with ammonium carbonate. A mixture of isopropanol-chloroform (5:95) was used for extraction. The organic phase was filtered and evaporated. The residue, dissolved in chloroform, was extracted with sodium hydroxide. The basic solution was acidified, washed with hexane and reextracted with isopropanol-chloroform. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate before evaporation. The sample was derivatized with n-Butyl-8 reagent. 85% of theophylline was recovered by extraction. 3-Isobutyl-l-methylxanthine was recovered with the same efficiency as theophylline and gas chromatographed well. The standard curve was linear between 1.0 and 50.0 mug/ml theophylline. No interference was encountered from normal serum constituents or methylxanthines such as caffeine, theobromine, or 3-methylxanthine. Serum samples were stared in the refrigerator for two weeks without significant loss of drug. The precision and accuracy of the method were good.", "contents": "Improved theophylline serum analysis by an appropriate internal standard for gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic method is presented for the measurement of theophylline in serum. To serum samples containing the drug the internal standard, 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, was added and the serum was saturated with ammonium carbonate. A mixture of isopropanol-chloroform (5:95) was used for extraction. The organic phase was filtered and evaporated. The residue, dissolved in chloroform, was extracted with sodium hydroxide. The basic solution was acidified, washed with hexane and reextracted with isopropanol-chloroform. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate before evaporation. The sample was derivatized with n-Butyl-8 reagent. 85% of theophylline was recovered by extraction. 3-Isobutyl-l-methylxanthine was recovered with the same efficiency as theophylline and gas chromatographed well. The standard curve was linear between 1.0 and 50.0 mug/ml theophylline. No interference was encountered from normal serum constituents or methylxanthines such as caffeine, theobromine, or 3-methylxanthine. Serum samples were stared in the refrigerator for two weeks without significant loss of drug. The precision and accuracy of the method were good."}
{"id": "PMID:932146", "title": "Analysis of trace pollutants in the air by means of cryogenic gas chromatography.", "content": "The utilization of a laboratory-constructed programmable, cryogenic gas chromatograph (KEDBOR1OIR1) for use in air pollution studies is presented. The instrument (J. Chromatogr., 89(1974) 1) is modular in design and incorporates many commercially available components as well as a few \"scratch-built\" parts. A temperature control range of --100 degrees C to plus 300 degrees C, with five programmable rates, is possible using this particular instrument. The instrument is capable of dual-column and dual-detector operation. Data have been gathered from laboratory-prepared samples as well as from samples obtained from an air pollution study in the Philadelphia area. Small amounts (ppm or less) of the gaseous hydrocarbons and the common inorganic gases (NOx,SOx,CO, CO2, H2S, COS) are detected and quantitated. Calibration curves for each gaseous component have been constructed and the analyzed samples compared to them for quantitative data. Data and information from the use of several different columns, sampling sites and their locations are presented. Experimental data agreed favorably with the current findings and discussions of air pollution problems.", "contents": "Analysis of trace pollutants in the air by means of cryogenic gas chromatography. The utilization of a laboratory-constructed programmable, cryogenic gas chromatograph (KEDBOR1OIR1) for use in air pollution studies is presented. The instrument (J. Chromatogr., 89(1974) 1) is modular in design and incorporates many commercially available components as well as a few \"scratch-built\" parts. A temperature control range of --100 degrees C to plus 300 degrees C, with five programmable rates, is possible using this particular instrument. The instrument is capable of dual-column and dual-detector operation. Data have been gathered from laboratory-prepared samples as well as from samples obtained from an air pollution study in the Philadelphia area. Small amounts (ppm or less) of the gaseous hydrocarbons and the common inorganic gases (NOx,SOx,CO, CO2, H2S, COS) are detected and quantitated. Calibration curves for each gaseous component have been constructed and the analyzed samples compared to them for quantitative data. Data and information from the use of several different columns, sampling sites and their locations are presented. Experimental data agreed favorably with the current findings and discussions of air pollution problems."}
{"id": "PMID:932147", "title": "Fatty acids. VII. Gas-liquid chromatographic properties of all dimethylene interrupted methyl trans,trans-octadecadienoates.", "content": "All the dimethylene interrupted trans,trans-octadecadienoic acids were synthesised by lithium metal-ammonia reduction of the corresponding octadecadiynoic acids, except for the detla2t,6t isomer, which was obtained by the isomerisation of the delta2c,6c isomer. The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of the methyl esters was studied on polar [Carbowax 20M, FFAP, DEGA, DEGS, Silar 10C (recently renamed as Apolar 10) and SP 2330], semi-polar (XE-60), and non-polar (SE-30, OV101 and Apiezon L) stationary phases. The equivalent chain length of each isomer is recorded (including the delta2t,6c isomer) and the possibility of separation of these isomers is discussed.", "contents": "Fatty acids. VII. Gas-liquid chromatographic properties of all dimethylene interrupted methyl trans,trans-octadecadienoates. All the dimethylene interrupted trans,trans-octadecadienoic acids were synthesised by lithium metal-ammonia reduction of the corresponding octadecadiynoic acids, except for the detla2t,6t isomer, which was obtained by the isomerisation of the delta2c,6c isomer. The gas-liquid chromatographic behaviour of the methyl esters was studied on polar [Carbowax 20M, FFAP, DEGA, DEGS, Silar 10C (recently renamed as Apolar 10) and SP 2330], semi-polar (XE-60), and non-polar (SE-30, OV101 and Apiezon L) stationary phases. The equivalent chain length of each isomer is recorded (including the delta2t,6c isomer) and the possibility of separation of these isomers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932148", "title": "Minor components of cannabis resin. VI. Mass spectrometric data and gas chromatographic retention times of components eluted after cannabinol.", "content": "Minor components of cannabis resin with longer retention times than that of cannabinol have been analyzed by use of a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. The presence of 30 such components has been detected. The data obtained indicate that some of the components are hydroxy derivatives of cannabinoids related to olivetol.", "contents": "Minor components of cannabis resin. VI. Mass spectrometric data and gas chromatographic retention times of components eluted after cannabinol. Minor components of cannabis resin with longer retention times than that of cannabinol have been analyzed by use of a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. The presence of 30 such components has been detected. The data obtained indicate that some of the components are hydroxy derivatives of cannabinoids related to olivetol."}
{"id": "PMID:932149", "title": "[Separation by high-performance liquid chromatography of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids released by Edman degradation (author's transl)].", "content": "The separation by high-performance liquid chromatography of seventeen phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids released after Edman degradation of proteins is described. Sixteen phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids are differentiated within 40 min by liquid-liquid partition on a column packed with Micropak CN (moderately polar alkyl nitrile phase bonded on 10mum porous silica microparticles) and gradient elution with hexane=methylene chloride-isopropanol mixtures.", "contents": "[Separation by high-performance liquid chromatography of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids released by Edman degradation (author's transl)]. The separation by high-performance liquid chromatography of seventeen phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids released after Edman degradation of proteins is described. Sixteen phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids are differentiated within 40 min by liquid-liquid partition on a column packed with Micropak CN (moderately polar alkyl nitrile phase bonded on 10mum porous silica microparticles) and gradient elution with hexane=methylene chloride-isopropanol mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:932150", "title": "Determination of warfarin in animal relicta and feedingstuffs by  high-pressure liquid chromatography with confirmation of identity by mass spectrometry.", "content": "The determination of warfarin in liver, blood, urine and feedingstuffs by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Clean-up is simple and the lower limit of determination is about 0.025 ppm. Recoveries from liver are about 85% over the range 0.025-1.0 ppm; recoveries from blood range from about 67 to 90%. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry can be used to confirm identity and, by specific ion monitoring, to detect warfarin in HPLC eluates at levels below the sensitivity of the HPLC detector.", "contents": "Determination of warfarin in animal relicta and feedingstuffs by  high-pressure liquid chromatography with confirmation of identity by mass spectrometry. The determination of warfarin in liver, blood, urine and feedingstuffs by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Clean-up is simple and the lower limit of determination is about 0.025 ppm. Recoveries from liver are about 85% over the range 0.025-1.0 ppm; recoveries from blood range from about 67 to 90%. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry can be used to confirm identity and, by specific ion monitoring, to detect warfarin in HPLC eluates at levels below the sensitivity of the HPLC detector."}
{"id": "PMID:932151", "title": "Fluorogenic labeling of organophosphate pesticides with dansyl chloride. Application to residue analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "The analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides by fluorogenic labeling with dansyl chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene--l-sulfonyl chloride) was investigated. The pesticides were hydrolysed in sodium hydroxide to the corresponding phenols. The reaction of dansyl chloride with the phenols was accomplished in a two-phase system. The resulting fluorescent derivatives were separated and analysed quantitatively by in situ thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). As little as 10-25 ng/spot of pesticide was detected by both TLC and HPLC.", "contents": "Fluorogenic labeling of organophosphate pesticides with dansyl chloride. Application to residue analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The analysis of some organophosphorus pesticides by fluorogenic labeling with dansyl chloride (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene--l-sulfonyl chloride) was investigated. The pesticides were hydrolysed in sodium hydroxide to the corresponding phenols. The reaction of dansyl chloride with the phenols was accomplished in a two-phase system. The resulting fluorescent derivatives were separated and analysed quantitatively by in situ thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). As little as 10-25 ng/spot of pesticide was detected by both TLC and HPLC."}
{"id": "PMID:932156", "title": "Reversed-phase ion-pair partition chromatography of phenylacetic, mandelic and pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives.", "content": "Phenylacetic, mandelic and pyridinecarboxylic acids of physiological interest have been separated by ion-pair partition chromatography with 1-pentanol as stationary phase and tetrabutylammonium as counter ion in the aqueous mobile phase. The stability of the chromatographic system is very high and the support is spontaneously re-coated with stationary phase. Untreated plasma samples can be injected in relatively large volumes without serious loss of separating efficiency. A venting system was found efficiently to reduce disturbing early peaks on injection of biological samples.", "contents": "Reversed-phase ion-pair partition chromatography of phenylacetic, mandelic and pyridinecarboxylic acid derivatives. Phenylacetic, mandelic and pyridinecarboxylic acids of physiological interest have been separated by ion-pair partition chromatography with 1-pentanol as stationary phase and tetrabutylammonium as counter ion in the aqueous mobile phase. The stability of the chromatographic system is very high and the support is spontaneously re-coated with stationary phase. Untreated plasma samples can be injected in relatively large volumes without serious loss of separating efficiency. A venting system was found efficiently to reduce disturbing early peaks on injection of biological samples."}
{"id": "PMID:932157", "title": "Rapid and sensitive high-resolution procedure for digitalis glycoside analysis by derivatization liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation and quantitative determination of digitalis glycosides by high performance liquid chromatography following derivatization with 4-nitrobenzoylchloride (4-NBC1) is described. The compounds of primary interest were the digitalis glycosides and aglycones of the pharmaceutically important A, B and C series, The derivatization step results in higher extinction values at a more favourable wavelength (260 nm), which permits the use of low-cost ultraviolet detectors. Detection limits are below 20 ng/ml for all of the glycosides tested. The chromatographic properties are also improved by reducing the polarity without a decrease in selectivity. The use of low-polarity and low-viscosity solvent systems on silica gel adsorbents permits rapid isocratic separations of complex mixtures as they usually occur in pharmaceutical products and extracts. The quantitative potential of this method was demonstrated by analyzing ampoule solutions containing desacetyl lanatoside C as the active compound. The active substance, by-products and degradation products were determined down to 0.1% of the total glycoside concentration in one ampoule.", "contents": "Rapid and sensitive high-resolution procedure for digitalis glycoside analysis by derivatization liquid chromatography. The separation and quantitative determination of digitalis glycosides by high performance liquid chromatography following derivatization with 4-nitrobenzoylchloride (4-NBC1) is described. The compounds of primary interest were the digitalis glycosides and aglycones of the pharmaceutically important A, B and C series, The derivatization step results in higher extinction values at a more favourable wavelength (260 nm), which permits the use of low-cost ultraviolet detectors. Detection limits are below 20 ng/ml for all of the glycosides tested. The chromatographic properties are also improved by reducing the polarity without a decrease in selectivity. The use of low-polarity and low-viscosity solvent systems on silica gel adsorbents permits rapid isocratic separations of complex mixtures as they usually occur in pharmaceutical products and extracts. The quantitative potential of this method was demonstrated by analyzing ampoule solutions containing desacetyl lanatoside C as the active compound. The active substance, by-products and degradation products were determined down to 0.1% of the total glycoside concentration in one ampoule."}
{"id": "PMID:932158", "title": "Ion-pair partition chromatography in the analysis of drugs and biogenic substances in plasma and urine.", "content": "Liquid-liquid chromatography based on the ion-pair partition technique gives separation systems of high efficiency when silica micro-particles are used as the support for the stationary phase. With 10-mum particles, plate heights of the order of 40-70 mum have been achieved with a linear velocity of 0.25 cm/sec. The retention in ion-pair partition systems is determined by the nature and concentration of the counter ion, and the properties of the mobile phase also have a major influence. It is often possible to predict the selectivity, and this can be controlled by varying the composition of the mobile phase. This paper describes the application of ion-pair partition chromatography to the bioanalysis of drugs, drug metabolites and biogenic substances. Typical counter ions in the stationary phase were methanesulphonate and perchlorate for ammonium compounds and tetrabutylammonium for the separation of organic anions. Determinations by liquid chromatography were demonstrated for quinidine and dihydroquinidine, metanephrine and normetanephrine and for imipramine and its demethyl metabolite in plasma. A quaternary ammonium compound, QX-572, was determined in urine and chromatograms are shown for the isolation of indoleacetic and hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine. The methods have been used in routine analysis. Ultraviolet detection has permitted the determination of highly absorbing compounds down to the 10-ng level in plasma and urine.", "contents": "Ion-pair partition chromatography in the analysis of drugs and biogenic substances in plasma and urine. Liquid-liquid chromatography based on the ion-pair partition technique gives separation systems of high efficiency when silica micro-particles are used as the support for the stationary phase. With 10-mum particles, plate heights of the order of 40-70 mum have been achieved with a linear velocity of 0.25 cm/sec. The retention in ion-pair partition systems is determined by the nature and concentration of the counter ion, and the properties of the mobile phase also have a major influence. It is often possible to predict the selectivity, and this can be controlled by varying the composition of the mobile phase. This paper describes the application of ion-pair partition chromatography to the bioanalysis of drugs, drug metabolites and biogenic substances. Typical counter ions in the stationary phase were methanesulphonate and perchlorate for ammonium compounds and tetrabutylammonium for the separation of organic anions. Determinations by liquid chromatography were demonstrated for quinidine and dihydroquinidine, metanephrine and normetanephrine and for imipramine and its demethyl metabolite in plasma. A quaternary ammonium compound, QX-572, was determined in urine and chromatograms are shown for the isolation of indoleacetic and hydroxyindoleacetic acid in urine. The methods have been used in routine analysis. Ultraviolet detection has permitted the determination of highly absorbing compounds down to the 10-ng level in plasma and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:932159", "title": "Identification of drugs using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system equipped with electron impact-chemical ionization and electron impact-field ionizationfield desorption combination sources.", "content": "In a case of toxicological analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry-data system, chemical ionization (CI), field ionization (FI) and electron impact data are shown to lead rapidly to assignments for all significant GC peaks. Valuable data include not only full spectra in the three ionization modes, but also exact mass measurements in the FI or CI mode. Such measurements, obtained by a dynamic peak-matching technique, lead to the elemental composition of the compounds of interest. This knowledge makes the assignment of key GC peaks unequivocal and provides an extremely high level of confidence regarding the identity of whole metabolite series. It is also shown that the nature of the FI information is very similar to that obtained from CI data.", "contents": "Identification of drugs using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system equipped with electron impact-chemical ionization and electron impact-field ionizationfield desorption combination sources. In a case of toxicological analysis by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry-data system, chemical ionization (CI), field ionization (FI) and electron impact data are shown to lead rapidly to assignments for all significant GC peaks. Valuable data include not only full spectra in the three ionization modes, but also exact mass measurements in the FI or CI mode. Such measurements, obtained by a dynamic peak-matching technique, lead to the elemental composition of the compounds of interest. This knowledge makes the assignment of key GC peaks unequivocal and provides an extremely high level of confidence regarding the identity of whole metabolite series. It is also shown that the nature of the FI information is very similar to that obtained from CI data."}
{"id": "PMID:932160", "title": "Organic micropollutants in air and water. Sampling, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and computer identification.", "content": "Organic micropollutants are sampled by dynamic enrichment on a porous polymer column and subsequently thermally eluted in a flow of helium. The eluted compounds enter gas chromatograph inlet and then pass into two parallel glass capillary columns with different stationary phases, in which they are separated. The separated compounds are detected by gas chromatographic (GC) detectors and by a mass spectrometer that is connected to one or other of the two capillary columns by \"heart cutting\" systems. The GC and mass spectrometric (MS) signals are fed via interfaces into a minicomputer which controls the MS scan and performs data acquisition, reduction and treatment on-line and off-line. The resulting GC and MS data are displayed on a line printer or a visual display unit. The minicomputer is connected by a telephone line to an IBM 370/165 computer, where a library search system has been implemented. Some difficulties encountered, data on the sampling recovery of model compounds and the identification of compounds in air and water samples by GC-MS data and library searches are discussed.", "contents": "Organic micropollutants in air and water. Sampling, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and computer identification. Organic micropollutants are sampled by dynamic enrichment on a porous polymer column and subsequently thermally eluted in a flow of helium. The eluted compounds enter gas chromatograph inlet and then pass into two parallel glass capillary columns with different stationary phases, in which they are separated. The separated compounds are detected by gas chromatographic (GC) detectors and by a mass spectrometer that is connected to one or other of the two capillary columns by \"heart cutting\" systems. The GC and mass spectrometric (MS) signals are fed via interfaces into a minicomputer which controls the MS scan and performs data acquisition, reduction and treatment on-line and off-line. The resulting GC and MS data are displayed on a line printer or a visual display unit. The minicomputer is connected by a telephone line to an IBM 370/165 computer, where a library search system has been implemented. Some difficulties encountered, data on the sampling recovery of model compounds and the identification of compounds in air and water samples by GC-MS data and library searches are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932161", "title": "New derivatives for the analysis of sphingosine long-chain bases by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "Cyclic derivatives formed by reaction of sphingosines with methane-, n-butane- and benzeneboronic acid have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and by combined GLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Analogous compounds have also been studied, in which the amino group has been protected, for example as an acetone Schiff base or N,N-dimethylaminomethylene derivative. Phytosphingosine (4D-hydroxysphinganine) yielded bis-alkaneboronates. Most of the derivatives were satisfactory for GLC. Molecular ions were apparent (1-100% relative abundance) in all electron impact mass spectra, and and (as [M+1](+)ions) were the base peaks in isobutane chemical ionisation mass spectra.", "contents": "New derivatives for the analysis of sphingosine long-chain bases by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cyclic derivatives formed by reaction of sphingosines with methane-, n-butane- and benzeneboronic acid have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and by combined GLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Analogous compounds have also been studied, in which the amino group has been protected, for example as an acetone Schiff base or N,N-dimethylaminomethylene derivative. Phytosphingosine (4D-hydroxysphinganine) yielded bis-alkaneboronates. Most of the derivatives were satisfactory for GLC. Molecular ions were apparent (1-100% relative abundance) in all electron impact mass spectra, and and (as [M+1](+)ions) were the base peaks in isobutane chemical ionisation mass spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:932163", "title": "Determination of phenobarbital in human saliva by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method for the determination of phenobarbital in saliva has been developed. Phenobarbital is converted into its bispentafluorobenzyl derivative by extractive alkylation at pH 9 with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium ion as extracting agent and 0.1 M pentafluorobenzyl bromide as alkylating reagent in methylene chloride. A reaction time of 20 min is required. Quantitation is effected by electorn-capture detection in a gas chromatograph equipped with a pre-column venting system for removal of methylene chloride and pentafluorobenzyl bromide. This procedure allows the direct introduction of the reaction mixture into the gas chromatograph. A 60-ng amount of phenobarbital in 100 mul of human saliva can be determined with a precision of 1.9% (S.D.) and a recovery of 93%.", "contents": "Determination of phenobarbital in human saliva by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of phenobarbital in saliva has been developed. Phenobarbital is converted into its bispentafluorobenzyl derivative by extractive alkylation at pH 9 with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium ion as extracting agent and 0.1 M pentafluorobenzyl bromide as alkylating reagent in methylene chloride. A reaction time of 20 min is required. Quantitation is effected by electorn-capture detection in a gas chromatograph equipped with a pre-column venting system for removal of methylene chloride and pentafluorobenzyl bromide. This procedure allows the direct introduction of the reaction mixture into the gas chromatograph. A 60-ng amount of phenobarbital in 100 mul of human saliva can be determined with a precision of 1.9% (S.D.) and a recovery of 93%."}
{"id": "PMID:932171", "title": "Levels of free and protein-bound progesterone in plasma during late pregnancy.", "content": "Using a filter method, levels of free (unbound) and protein-bound progesterone in blood samples were measured serially from the 23rd week of pregnancy until delivery in 16 healthy women. In addition, total estrogen and progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The levels of both free and total progesterone increased steadily until the end of pregnancy. Free progesterone increased with advancing pregnancy more in proportion to the total progesterone, as it rose from 6% (of total) at week 24 to 13% at week 40. Both free and total progesterone decreased markedly very soon (2 h) after delivery. However, the corresponding decrease in the level of free progesterone was considerably less, with the result that it rose to 19% of the total, the greatest proportion of free progesterone observed at any time. The levels of both total estrogen and progesterone in plasma increased with advancing pregnancy, and at no time, prior to delivery, was there a significant fall in progesterone or an abrupt rise in estrogen.", "contents": "Levels of free and protein-bound progesterone in plasma during late pregnancy. Using a filter method, levels of free (unbound) and protein-bound progesterone in blood samples were measured serially from the 23rd week of pregnancy until delivery in 16 healthy women. In addition, total estrogen and progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The levels of both free and total progesterone increased steadily until the end of pregnancy. Free progesterone increased with advancing pregnancy more in proportion to the total progesterone, as it rose from 6% (of total) at week 24 to 13% at week 40. Both free and total progesterone decreased markedly very soon (2 h) after delivery. However, the corresponding decrease in the level of free progesterone was considerably less, with the result that it rose to 19% of the total, the greatest proportion of free progesterone observed at any time. The levels of both total estrogen and progesterone in plasma increased with advancing pregnancy, and at no time, prior to delivery, was there a significant fall in progesterone or an abrupt rise in estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:932172", "title": "Identification of corticosteroid-binding globulin in human milk: measurement with a filter disk assay.", "content": "We have studied the concentration and properties of a protein which binds cortisol in human milk in samples obtained from women during the first 100 days after delivery. A filter disk assay was developed both for the measurement of plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and for the cortisol-binding protein in milk. The concentration of CBG in milk, expressed as its capacity to bind cortisol, is highest on the day of delivery, ca, 0.80 mug/dl, falls over the next 10 days to ca. 0.25 mug/dl, and remains at that level thereafter. If the concentration of CBG is expressed relative to the concentration of serum albumin in milk, it increases from day 1 to day 3 and then remains constant. A detailed comparison of CBG derived from milk and plasma showed that the two proteins co-migrated on Sephadex, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two proteins had the same affinity for cotrisol, progesterone, 17-OH-progesterone, and dexamethasone. Furthermore, the binding activity of CBG in milk was neutralized with anti-CBG antibodies raised against CBG isolated from plasma. Unlike CBG, the concentration of cortisol in milk, 0.8-3.5 mug/dl, showed no systematic variation as a function of the postpartum day on which the sample was obtained.", "contents": "Identification of corticosteroid-binding globulin in human milk: measurement with a filter disk assay. We have studied the concentration and properties of a protein which binds cortisol in human milk in samples obtained from women during the first 100 days after delivery. A filter disk assay was developed both for the measurement of plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and for the cortisol-binding protein in milk. The concentration of CBG in milk, expressed as its capacity to bind cortisol, is highest on the day of delivery, ca, 0.80 mug/dl, falls over the next 10 days to ca. 0.25 mug/dl, and remains at that level thereafter. If the concentration of CBG is expressed relative to the concentration of serum albumin in milk, it increases from day 1 to day 3 and then remains constant. A detailed comparison of CBG derived from milk and plasma showed that the two proteins co-migrated on Sephadex, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The two proteins had the same affinity for cotrisol, progesterone, 17-OH-progesterone, and dexamethasone. Furthermore, the binding activity of CBG in milk was neutralized with anti-CBG antibodies raised against CBG isolated from plasma. Unlike CBG, the concentration of cortisol in milk, 0.8-3.5 mug/dl, showed no systematic variation as a function of the postpartum day on which the sample was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:932173", "title": "Intratesticular site of aromatization in the human.", "content": "To determine the intratesticular site of aromatization, homogenates of separated seminiferous tubules and intact tissue from human testes were incubated with [3H] androstenedione or [3H] testosterone. [3H] Estrogens were isolated and identified, and the amounts synthesized were expressed as pmol/mg protein incubated. In testicular tissue from the three adult subjects investigated, the total estrogen per mg protein was 1.5-2.7 times greater in intact tissue than in isolated seminiferous tubules. This suggests that the major site of aromatization in human testes is the interstitial tissue. Estradiol was by far the major estrogenic product. No differences were observed in the amount of estrogens synthesized whether the substrate was androstenedione or testosterone.", "contents": "Intratesticular site of aromatization in the human. To determine the intratesticular site of aromatization, homogenates of separated seminiferous tubules and intact tissue from human testes were incubated with [3H] androstenedione or [3H] testosterone. [3H] Estrogens were isolated and identified, and the amounts synthesized were expressed as pmol/mg protein incubated. In testicular tissue from the three adult subjects investigated, the total estrogen per mg protein was 1.5-2.7 times greater in intact tissue than in isolated seminiferous tubules. This suggests that the major site of aromatization in human testes is the interstitial tissue. Estradiol was by far the major estrogenic product. No differences were observed in the amount of estrogens synthesized whether the substrate was androstenedione or testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:932174", "title": "The insulinotropic effect of endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide in normal subjects.", "content": "Intravenously administered porcine GIP is insulinotropic in man. This study was designed to investigate the effects of simultaneous fat ingestion, a potent stimulus for GIP release, and intravenous glucose infusion upon endogenous serum GIP and insulin concentrations in normal subjects. Seven normal volunteers were studied on three separate occasions following: a) the ingestion of 67 grams of emulsified corn oil, b) constant intravenous infusion of glucose, and c) simultaneous administration of corn oil and glucose as in parts (a) and (b) of the study. Serum glucose, insulin (IRI), and GIP concentrations were measured at intervals between 15 and 180 minutes following each stimulus. With corn oil, mean serum GIP concentrations increased from a fasting level of 290 +/- 40 (SE) pg/ml to 1936 +/- 402 pg/ml at 60 minutes without a significant change in serum IRI or glucose concentrations. The infusion of intravenous glucose alone was associated with no rise in serum GIP levels despite a substantial increase in serum IRI and glucose concentrations. With the combined stimuli, mean serum GIP increased less (P is less than .05) between 30 and 90 minutes, and total integrated incremental GIP was significantly less (P is less than .025) than that after corn oil ingestion alone. Following the combined stimuli, incremental insulin levels were higher (P is less than .05) between 15 and 90 minutes, total integrated incremental insulin was greater (P is less than .025), and glucose homeostasis was significantly enhanced (P is less than .05) at 120 and 180 minutes compared with the effects on insulin of glucose infusion alone. We conclude that the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion induced by the ingestion of fat is associated with serum GIP levels that are within the insulinotropic range. The augmented secretion of insulin may be mediated partially or completely by endogenous GIP. The lower serum GIP concentrations observed following the combined stimuli suggest a feedback inhibition of GIP release which is perhaps mediated by insulin.", "contents": "The insulinotropic effect of endogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide in normal subjects. Intravenously administered porcine GIP is insulinotropic in man. This study was designed to investigate the effects of simultaneous fat ingestion, a potent stimulus for GIP release, and intravenous glucose infusion upon endogenous serum GIP and insulin concentrations in normal subjects. Seven normal volunteers were studied on three separate occasions following: a) the ingestion of 67 grams of emulsified corn oil, b) constant intravenous infusion of glucose, and c) simultaneous administration of corn oil and glucose as in parts (a) and (b) of the study. Serum glucose, insulin (IRI), and GIP concentrations were measured at intervals between 15 and 180 minutes following each stimulus. With corn oil, mean serum GIP concentrations increased from a fasting level of 290 +/- 40 (SE) pg/ml to 1936 +/- 402 pg/ml at 60 minutes without a significant change in serum IRI or glucose concentrations. The infusion of intravenous glucose alone was associated with no rise in serum GIP levels despite a substantial increase in serum IRI and glucose concentrations. With the combined stimuli, mean serum GIP increased less (P is less than .05) between 30 and 90 minutes, and total integrated incremental GIP was significantly less (P is less than .025) than that after corn oil ingestion alone. Following the combined stimuli, incremental insulin levels were higher (P is less than .05) between 15 and 90 minutes, total integrated incremental insulin was greater (P is less than .025), and glucose homeostasis was significantly enhanced (P is less than .05) at 120 and 180 minutes compared with the effects on insulin of glucose infusion alone. We conclude that the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion induced by the ingestion of fat is associated with serum GIP levels that are within the insulinotropic range. The augmented secretion of insulin may be mediated partially or completely by endogenous GIP. The lower serum GIP concentrations observed following the combined stimuli suggest a feedback inhibition of GIP release which is perhaps mediated by insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:932175", "title": "Comparison of serum pituitary thyrotropin and chorionic gonadotropin concentrations throughout pregnancy.", "content": "Concentrations of human pituitary thyrotropin (hTSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in serum samples obtained from 243 pregnant women. The hTSH levels demonstrated suppression during the sceond through the fourth months, followed by a linear rise to non-pregnant control levels throughout the remainder of gestation. At the time that the hCG levels were at their lowest concentration. However, a reciprocal relationship between the hCG and hTSH concentrations in individual samples was not found. The inverse relationship between mean levels of hTSH and hCG during early pregnancy suggest that the intrinsic thyroid-stimulating activity of hCG may be important in the control of thyroid function during the first trimester. The failure to confirm this relationship in individual serum samples indicates that other factors also influence maternal thyroid homeostasis during early gestation.", "contents": "Comparison of serum pituitary thyrotropin and chorionic gonadotropin concentrations throughout pregnancy. Concentrations of human pituitary thyrotropin (hTSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in serum samples obtained from 243 pregnant women. The hTSH levels demonstrated suppression during the sceond through the fourth months, followed by a linear rise to non-pregnant control levels throughout the remainder of gestation. At the time that the hCG levels were at their lowest concentration. However, a reciprocal relationship between the hCG and hTSH concentrations in individual samples was not found. The inverse relationship between mean levels of hTSH and hCG during early pregnancy suggest that the intrinsic thyroid-stimulating activity of hCG may be important in the control of thyroid function during the first trimester. The failure to confirm this relationship in individual serum samples indicates that other factors also influence maternal thyroid homeostasis during early gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:932176", "title": "Effects of oral therapy with calcium and vitamin D in primary osteoporosis.", "content": "Eighteen patients (17 women and 1 man) with primary osteoporosis were divided into two groups of 9 patients each. Group A received 2.0 to 2.5 g of calcium and 400 units of vitamin D per day orally and was studied before and after short-term (3 to 4 months) treatment; group B received 1.5 to 2.0 g of calcium per day and 50,000 units of vitamin D twice weekly and was studied before, after short-term, and after long-term (1 year) treatment. In group A there was a decrease (P is less than 0.01) in bone-resorbing surfaces (microradiography of bone biopsy samples) after short-term treatment. In group B there was a decrease (P is less than 0.01) in bone-forming and bone-resorbing surfaces after both short-tern and long-term treatment. Fasting-state (morning) serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations decreased after short-term treatment (combined data of groups A and B) and after long-term treatment (group B). We conclude that the principal effect of the oral calcium and vitamin D therapy in primary osteoporosis is to decrease bone turnover. The most probable mechanism for this effect on bone is a partial inhibition of PTH secretion.", "contents": "Effects of oral therapy with calcium and vitamin D in primary osteoporosis. Eighteen patients (17 women and 1 man) with primary osteoporosis were divided into two groups of 9 patients each. Group A received 2.0 to 2.5 g of calcium and 400 units of vitamin D per day orally and was studied before and after short-term (3 to 4 months) treatment; group B received 1.5 to 2.0 g of calcium per day and 50,000 units of vitamin D twice weekly and was studied before, after short-term, and after long-term (1 year) treatment. In group A there was a decrease (P is less than 0.01) in bone-resorbing surfaces (microradiography of bone biopsy samples) after short-term treatment. In group B there was a decrease (P is less than 0.01) in bone-forming and bone-resorbing surfaces after both short-tern and long-term treatment. Fasting-state (morning) serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations decreased after short-term treatment (combined data of groups A and B) and after long-term treatment (group B). We conclude that the principal effect of the oral calcium and vitamin D therapy in primary osteoporosis is to decrease bone turnover. The most probable mechanism for this effect on bone is a partial inhibition of PTH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:932177", "title": "Growth hormone and cortisol responses to psychological stress: comparison of normal and neurotic subjects.", "content": "The mirror drawing test (MDT) was performed to induce acute psychological stress in 9 normal controls and 10 neurotic subjects. Plasma growth hormone (GH) and cortisol were determined serially before, during, and after the test. In controls the MDT caused no significant change in plasma GH level, while in neurotics plasma GH increased progressively following the test. The increase of cortisol also tended to be greater in neurotics as a group, but there was considerable overlap in individual responses. The maximum increments of GH in neurotics correlated inversely with those of cortisol. The results indicate: 1) effective psychological coping mechanisms operate in normal man to keep the hormonal response minimum. 2) GH response is a more adequate indicator than cortisol response to psychological stress in neurotics. 3) GH and cortisol may have different psychological correlates in neurotics.", "contents": "Growth hormone and cortisol responses to psychological stress: comparison of normal and neurotic subjects. The mirror drawing test (MDT) was performed to induce acute psychological stress in 9 normal controls and 10 neurotic subjects. Plasma growth hormone (GH) and cortisol were determined serially before, during, and after the test. In controls the MDT caused no significant change in plasma GH level, while in neurotics plasma GH increased progressively following the test. The increase of cortisol also tended to be greater in neurotics as a group, but there was considerable overlap in individual responses. The maximum increments of GH in neurotics correlated inversely with those of cortisol. The results indicate: 1) effective psychological coping mechanisms operate in normal man to keep the hormonal response minimum. 2) GH response is a more adequate indicator than cortisol response to psychological stress in neurotics. 3) GH and cortisol may have different psychological correlates in neurotics."}
{"id": "PMID:932178", "title": "Serum neurophysins during passive assumption of the erect posture in men and during pregnancy: effect of syncope.", "content": "A slight but reproducible increase in serum total immunoreactive neurophysin levels (IRN) occurred 30 minutes following passive assumption of the erect posture (tilt test) in 12 men (17%, 2 P is less than .02) and in 6 pregnant women (20%, 2P=NS) who showed normal cardiovascular adaptation during the test and did not suffer syncope. The increase was much more marked in 4 men in whom there was a fall in blood pressure and syncope in assuming the upright posture. An increase of twice the basal level was also found in a pregnant women who experienced syncope, although she was maintained horizontal. Our results show that it is important to ensure the absence of these intercurrent phenomena in the correct interpretation of dynamic clinical tests of neurohypophysial function.", "contents": "Serum neurophysins during passive assumption of the erect posture in men and during pregnancy: effect of syncope. A slight but reproducible increase in serum total immunoreactive neurophysin levels (IRN) occurred 30 minutes following passive assumption of the erect posture (tilt test) in 12 men (17%, 2 P is less than .02) and in 6 pregnant women (20%, 2P=NS) who showed normal cardiovascular adaptation during the test and did not suffer syncope. The increase was much more marked in 4 men in whom there was a fall in blood pressure and syncope in assuming the upright posture. An increase of twice the basal level was also found in a pregnant women who experienced syncope, although she was maintained horizontal. Our results show that it is important to ensure the absence of these intercurrent phenomena in the correct interpretation of dynamic clinical tests of neurohypophysial function."}
{"id": "PMID:932179", "title": "The effect of rate and dose of glucose infusion on the acute insulin response in man.", "content": "Two types of studies have been done to determine the importance of the rate of plasma glucose concentration change to the magnitude of the acute insulin response following an intravenous glucose injection in normal men. When an identical amount of glucose (20 g) was given at varying infusion rates (1.67 g/min to 66.7 g/min), the magnitude of the acute insulin response was found to be proportional to the rate. When various doses (5 g to 20 g) were given at the identical rate (1.67 g/min) the acute insulin response did not change. When 5 g of glucose was given in 0.3 and 3 minutes, a sub-maximal acute insulin response resulted which was still rate-dependent (delta peak IRI=35.5 +/- 5 at 5 g/0.3 minutes, 21.8 +/- 3 at 5 g/3 minutes). We have concluded that the human islet acts as a sensor for both the concentration of plasma glucose and the rate of change in plasma glucose. Islet perception of both these phenomena are critical factors in the determination of the magnitude of the acute insulin response.", "contents": "The effect of rate and dose of glucose infusion on the acute insulin response in man. Two types of studies have been done to determine the importance of the rate of plasma glucose concentration change to the magnitude of the acute insulin response following an intravenous glucose injection in normal men. When an identical amount of glucose (20 g) was given at varying infusion rates (1.67 g/min to 66.7 g/min), the magnitude of the acute insulin response was found to be proportional to the rate. When various doses (5 g to 20 g) were given at the identical rate (1.67 g/min) the acute insulin response did not change. When 5 g of glucose was given in 0.3 and 3 minutes, a sub-maximal acute insulin response resulted which was still rate-dependent (delta peak IRI=35.5 +/- 5 at 5 g/0.3 minutes, 21.8 +/- 3 at 5 g/3 minutes). We have concluded that the human islet acts as a sensor for both the concentration of plasma glucose and the rate of change in plasma glucose. Islet perception of both these phenomena are critical factors in the determination of the magnitude of the acute insulin response."}
{"id": "PMID:932180", "title": "Similar serum IgM concentrations in Greek endemic goiter and control populations: failure to confirm previous experience.", "content": "Circulating immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were determined in 47 nontoxic goiter patients from four Greek endemic goiter areas, and in 13 patients from Athens, a non-goitrous area; and compared with 38 control non-goitrous subjects from the same goiter regions, and 23 more controls from Athens. The values in both goitrous and non-goitrous groups were indistinguishable. Current techniques for single radial immunodiffusion were employed. The results are expressed in standardized international units/ml serum, instead of the formerly used mg/dl. The present findings are in disagreement with the earlier observation from this laboratory that 40 per cent of goitrous patients had elevated IgM values compared with 10 per cent of control subjects.", "contents": "Similar serum IgM concentrations in Greek endemic goiter and control populations: failure to confirm previous experience. Circulating immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations were determined in 47 nontoxic goiter patients from four Greek endemic goiter areas, and in 13 patients from Athens, a non-goitrous area; and compared with 38 control non-goitrous subjects from the same goiter regions, and 23 more controls from Athens. The values in both goitrous and non-goitrous groups were indistinguishable. Current techniques for single radial immunodiffusion were employed. The results are expressed in standardized international units/ml serum, instead of the formerly used mg/dl. The present findings are in disagreement with the earlier observation from this laboratory that 40 per cent of goitrous patients had elevated IgM values compared with 10 per cent of control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:932181", "title": "The pituitary-thyroid axis in adults with phenylketonuria.", "content": "Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in 15 adult phenylketonuric patients on an unrestricted diet were normal despite reduced circulating tyrosine levels. Serum thyrotropin levels were normal in the basal state or in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in selected patients tested. These results support and extend previous observations of normal thyroid function in phenylketonuria.", "contents": "The pituitary-thyroid axis in adults with phenylketonuria. Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels in 15 adult phenylketonuric patients on an unrestricted diet were normal despite reduced circulating tyrosine levels. Serum thyrotropin levels were normal in the basal state or in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in selected patients tested. These results support and extend previous observations of normal thyroid function in phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:932183", "title": "Growth hormone radiologand assay unresponsive to human prolactin.", "content": "A specific and sensitive radioligand assay for growth hormone with female rat liver plasma membranes is presented. Growth hormones of different species are able to displace labelled human growth hormone from membrane binding sites with parallel standard curves. Human prolactin V-L-S is not equal to 1 and the international human prolactin standard MRC 71/222 do not affect the assay. Human prolactin preparations with different growth hormone content displace human growth hormone tracer only to the same extent as they contain growth hormone when measured by radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Growth hormone radiologand assay unresponsive to human prolactin. A specific and sensitive radioligand assay for growth hormone with female rat liver plasma membranes is presented. Growth hormones of different species are able to displace labelled human growth hormone from membrane binding sites with parallel standard curves. Human prolactin V-L-S is not equal to 1 and the international human prolactin standard MRC 71/222 do not affect the assay. Human prolactin preparations with different growth hormone content displace human growth hormone tracer only to the same extent as they contain growth hormone when measured by radioimmunoassay."}
{"id": "PMID:932184", "title": "Growth hormone refractory interval to levodopa stimulation.", "content": "The GH response to repeat l-dopa stimulation was studied in three phases. In phase I and phase II, 16 normal adults divided into four groups were restimulated at 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours with 500 mg l-dopa and 1000 mg l-dopa, respectively. No response could be elicited at 3 hours and only at 6 hours (500 mg l-dopa) and 5 hours (1000 mg l-dopa) did the repeat responses return in magnitude to that of the initial. The period of decreased responsiveness to GH was terned the \"refractory interval\". In phase III, addition of an inhibitor of peripheral L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (50 mg MK-486) to the restimulation dose shortened but did not eliminate the refractoriness. Our results suggest that the refractory interval is not due to a peripherally located mechanism.", "contents": "Growth hormone refractory interval to levodopa stimulation. The GH response to repeat l-dopa stimulation was studied in three phases. In phase I and phase II, 16 normal adults divided into four groups were restimulated at 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours with 500 mg l-dopa and 1000 mg l-dopa, respectively. No response could be elicited at 3 hours and only at 6 hours (500 mg l-dopa) and 5 hours (1000 mg l-dopa) did the repeat responses return in magnitude to that of the initial. The period of decreased responsiveness to GH was terned the \"refractory interval\". In phase III, addition of an inhibitor of peripheral L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (50 mg MK-486) to the restimulation dose shortened but did not eliminate the refractoriness. Our results suggest that the refractory interval is not due to a peripherally located mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:932185", "title": "Persistence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Sera from military personnel found to have antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBS) in an epidemiological study of a hepatitis B outbreak were tested for persistence of that antibody 1 year later. Initially, 64% of the anti-HBS-positive sera reacted in passive hemagglutination tests with erythrocytes coated with hepatitis B surface antigen of both ayw and adw subtypes; the remaining sera reacted only with adw-coated erythrocytes (19%) or ayw-coated erythrocytes (17%). After 1 year, anti-HBS was detectable by passive hemagglutination tests in 87% of individuals with initial antibody to both subtypes but in only 41% and 16% (P less than 0.001) of those initially reacting only to adw- or ayw-coated erythrocytes, respectively. Seropositivity for anti-HBS correlated best with history of contact with jaundiced people (20.3%) and duty in Asia.", "contents": "Persistence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Sera from military personnel found to have antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBS) in an epidemiological study of a hepatitis B outbreak were tested for persistence of that antibody 1 year later. Initially, 64% of the anti-HBS-positive sera reacted in passive hemagglutination tests with erythrocytes coated with hepatitis B surface antigen of both ayw and adw subtypes; the remaining sera reacted only with adw-coated erythrocytes (19%) or ayw-coated erythrocytes (17%). After 1 year, anti-HBS was detectable by passive hemagglutination tests in 87% of individuals with initial antibody to both subtypes but in only 41% and 16% (P less than 0.001) of those initially reacting only to adw- or ayw-coated erythrocytes, respectively. Seropositivity for anti-HBS correlated best with history of contact with jaundiced people (20.3%) and duty in Asia."}
{"id": "PMID:932186", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the addition of gentamicin to commercially prepared mycological media.", "content": "A simple procedure is presented whereby an antibiotic solution can be added to prepared agar media for conversion to a selective medium to isolate fungi. Gentamicin solution was deposited onto slants of a variety of previously prepared agar media, allowed to diffuse overnight, and then the slants were inoculated with clinical specimens. Control media without gentamicin included a cycloheximide-chloramphenicol medium (CC), Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHI). Of 75 specimens originating from the respiratory tract, the fungi isolated were predominantly yeast; 35, 39, and 43 were positive on CC, SDA, and SDA with gentamicin, respectively, incubated at 25 C. At 37 C, 32, 34, and 41 positive cultures were obtained with the same media, respectively. The same specimens, inoculated onto BHI with and without gentamicin, yielded 23 and 39 positive cultures, respectively. Of 90 specimens that were either urine, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous, the predominant flora again were yeasts, although on nine occasions dermatophytes were isolated. Positive cultures, 32, 34, and 41, were obtained with CC, SDA, and SDA containing gentamicin, respectively. Bacterial contamination was significantly reduced by the gentamicin, especially on BHI incubated at 37 C. None of the specimens was positive for systemically pathogenic fungi, other than species of Candida, Torulopsis, and Aspergillus. The effectiveness of varying concentrations of gentamicin was investigated by comparing growth of recently isolated bacteria. Of the bacterial isolates, 33% grew on CC, 16% grew on SDA containing gentamicin, 50 mug/ml, and 3% grew on SDA with a gentamicin concentration at 100 mug/ml. With BHI, 3% grew in the presence of 50 mug of gentamicin/ml and less than 1% grew at 100 mug of gentamicin/ml.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the addition of gentamicin to commercially prepared mycological media. A simple procedure is presented whereby an antibiotic solution can be added to prepared agar media for conversion to a selective medium to isolate fungi. Gentamicin solution was deposited onto slants of a variety of previously prepared agar media, allowed to diffuse overnight, and then the slants were inoculated with clinical specimens. Control media without gentamicin included a cycloheximide-chloramphenicol medium (CC), Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHI). Of 75 specimens originating from the respiratory tract, the fungi isolated were predominantly yeast; 35, 39, and 43 were positive on CC, SDA, and SDA with gentamicin, respectively, incubated at 25 C. At 37 C, 32, 34, and 41 positive cultures were obtained with the same media, respectively. The same specimens, inoculated onto BHI with and without gentamicin, yielded 23 and 39 positive cultures, respectively. Of 90 specimens that were either urine, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous, the predominant flora again were yeasts, although on nine occasions dermatophytes were isolated. Positive cultures, 32, 34, and 41, were obtained with CC, SDA, and SDA containing gentamicin, respectively. Bacterial contamination was significantly reduced by the gentamicin, especially on BHI incubated at 37 C. None of the specimens was positive for systemically pathogenic fungi, other than species of Candida, Torulopsis, and Aspergillus. The effectiveness of varying concentrations of gentamicin was investigated by comparing growth of recently isolated bacteria. Of the bacterial isolates, 33% grew on CC, 16% grew on SDA containing gentamicin, 50 mug/ml, and 3% grew on SDA with a gentamicin concentration at 100 mug/ml. With BHI, 3% grew in the presence of 50 mug of gentamicin/ml and less than 1% grew at 100 mug of gentamicin/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:932187", "title": "Purification of influenza virus with Arcton 113.", "content": "Arcton 113 has proved effective in the removal of host membrane fragments which cosediment with influenza virus during differential centrifugation. The virus appeared morphologically undamaged by the procedure and retained its infectivity, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinating activity. Pyrogenicity, however, was considerably reduced.", "contents": "Purification of influenza virus with Arcton 113. Arcton 113 has proved effective in the removal of host membrane fragments which cosediment with influenza virus during differential centrifugation. The virus appeared morphologically undamaged by the procedure and retained its infectivity, neuraminidase, and hemagglutinating activity. Pyrogenicity, however, was considerably reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:932188", "title": "Hormone-fuel concentrations in anephric subjects. Effect of hemodialysis (with special reference to amino acids).", "content": "Arterial blood concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and various substrates were determined in six anephric subjects in the postabsorptive state and immediately after hemodialysis. Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were normal, and declined during dialysis. Plasma glucagon was elevated and remained unchanged. There was moderate hypertriglyceridemia before dialysis, but this decreased significantly after administration of heparin just before the start of dialysis, and at the end of dialysis was lowered further into the normal range. Comparison of postabsorptive whole blood concentrations of amino acids with those in normal, healthy adults revealed striking differences. Glutamine, proline, citrulline, glycine and both 1- and 3-methyl-histidines were increased, while serine, glutamate, tyrosine, lysine, and branched-chain amino acids were decreased. The glycine/serine ratio was elevated to 300% and tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio was lowered to 60% of normal. To investigate the potential role of blood cells in amino acid transport, the distribution of individual amino acids in plasma and blood cell compartments was studied. Despite a markedly diminished blood cell mass (mean hematocrit, 20.6 +/- 1.4%), there was no significant decrease in the fraction of most amino acids present in the cell compartment, and this was explained by increases of several amino acids in cellular water. None were decreased. Furthermore, during dialysis, whole blood and plasma amino acids declined by approximately 30% and 40%, respectively, whereas no significant change was observed in the cell compartment. Alanine was the only amino acid whose concentration declined in the cells as well as in plasma. The results indicate (a) significant alterations in the concentrations of hormones and substrates in patients on chronic, intermittent hemodialysis; (b) removal of amino acids during hemodialysis, predominantly from the plasma compartment, with no significant change in cell content; and (c) a redistribution of amino acids in plasma and blood cell compartments with increased gradients of most of the amino acids per unit cell water, by mechanism(s) as yet undetermined.", "contents": "Hormone-fuel concentrations in anephric subjects. Effect of hemodialysis (with special reference to amino acids). Arterial blood concentrations of insulin, glucagon, and various substrates were determined in six anephric subjects in the postabsorptive state and immediately after hemodialysis. Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations were normal, and declined during dialysis. Plasma glucagon was elevated and remained unchanged. There was moderate hypertriglyceridemia before dialysis, but this decreased significantly after administration of heparin just before the start of dialysis, and at the end of dialysis was lowered further into the normal range. Comparison of postabsorptive whole blood concentrations of amino acids with those in normal, healthy adults revealed striking differences. Glutamine, proline, citrulline, glycine and both 1- and 3-methyl-histidines were increased, while serine, glutamate, tyrosine, lysine, and branched-chain amino acids were decreased. The glycine/serine ratio was elevated to 300% and tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio was lowered to 60% of normal. To investigate the potential role of blood cells in amino acid transport, the distribution of individual amino acids in plasma and blood cell compartments was studied. Despite a markedly diminished blood cell mass (mean hematocrit, 20.6 +/- 1.4%), there was no significant decrease in the fraction of most amino acids present in the cell compartment, and this was explained by increases of several amino acids in cellular water. None were decreased. Furthermore, during dialysis, whole blood and plasma amino acids declined by approximately 30% and 40%, respectively, whereas no significant change was observed in the cell compartment. Alanine was the only amino acid whose concentration declined in the cells as well as in plasma. The results indicate (a) significant alterations in the concentrations of hormones and substrates in patients on chronic, intermittent hemodialysis; (b) removal of amino acids during hemodialysis, predominantly from the plasma compartment, with no significant change in cell content; and (c) a redistribution of amino acids in plasma and blood cell compartments with increased gradients of most of the amino acids per unit cell water, by mechanism(s) as yet undetermined."}
{"id": "PMID:932189", "title": "Magnesium absorption in the human small intestine. Results in normal subjects, patients with chronic renal disease, and patients with absorptive hypercalciuria.", "content": "Magnesium absorption was studied in the normal human jejunum and ileum by in vivo intestinal perfusion, using test solutions containing from 0 to 20 mM Mg (as MgCl2). As luminal Mg concentration was increased, the rate of absorption in the jejunum rose progressively with a tendency towards saturation at the higher concentrations. The kinetics and rates of Mg absorption in the ileum were comparable to those in the jejunum, with the exception that at higher luminal concentrations the ileal absorptive process was fully saturated. Using test solutions containing various combinations of Ca and Mg, we found that Ca had little or no influence on Mg absorption, even through Mg depressed Ca absorption to a modest extent. Patients with end-stage renal disease, who had a reduced rate of Ca absorption (presumably due to deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) were found to have a severe depression of Mg absorption. On the other hand, patients with absorptive hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis, who had an increased rate of Ca absorption, were found to absorb Mg normally. These results suggest that Mg absorption in the human is mediated by a transport process different from that which facilitates Ca absorption, and that normal Mg absorption may be dependent on vitamin D. Our results do not establish whether or not the normal intestine can absorb Mg against an electrochemical gradient.", "contents": "Magnesium absorption in the human small intestine. Results in normal subjects, patients with chronic renal disease, and patients with absorptive hypercalciuria. Magnesium absorption was studied in the normal human jejunum and ileum by in vivo intestinal perfusion, using test solutions containing from 0 to 20 mM Mg (as MgCl2). As luminal Mg concentration was increased, the rate of absorption in the jejunum rose progressively with a tendency towards saturation at the higher concentrations. The kinetics and rates of Mg absorption in the ileum were comparable to those in the jejunum, with the exception that at higher luminal concentrations the ileal absorptive process was fully saturated. Using test solutions containing various combinations of Ca and Mg, we found that Ca had little or no influence on Mg absorption, even through Mg depressed Ca absorption to a modest extent. Patients with end-stage renal disease, who had a reduced rate of Ca absorption (presumably due to deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) were found to have a severe depression of Mg absorption. On the other hand, patients with absorptive hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis, who had an increased rate of Ca absorption, were found to absorb Mg normally. These results suggest that Mg absorption in the human is mediated by a transport process different from that which facilitates Ca absorption, and that normal Mg absorption may be dependent on vitamin D. Our results do not establish whether or not the normal intestine can absorb Mg against an electrochemical gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:932190", "title": "Immune function of successfully treated lymphoma patients.", "content": "Immunologic function was evaluated in 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 5 patients with lymphocytic lymphoma who had been successfully treated with either chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both of these modalities 3-42 mo previously. Only two of the patients were found to have total anergy to a battery of six recall skin test antigens and all were responsive to skin testing with phytohemagglutinin. However, 10 of 16 patients were unable to develop delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to either of the neoantigens dinitrochlorobenzene or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Four other patients developed reactivity to only one of these neoantigens for a total of 14 of 16 (88%) of the patients demonstrating some impairment in neoantigen response. Total lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, and null cell numbers, as well as serum immunoglobulins were quantitatively normal. Monocyte numbers, chemotaxis, and Fc receptor activity were normal. Monocyte staphylocidal activity at 60 min was modestly depressed and candidacidal activity was depressed in those receiving both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Spontaneous (unstimulated) lymphocyte [3H]thymidine incorporation was low in the patients as a group and lymphoblastic transformation to specific antigens was impaired in 11 of 17 patients who had positive skin test reactions to the same antigen. Highly significant suppression of lymphoblastic transformation was noted after stimulation by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin-A. The greatest impairment of mitogen response was seen in those patients receiving both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These data demonstrate specific impairments of neoantigen processing, lymphocyte function, and to a lesser extent monocyte function in successfully treated patients with lymphoma. These impairments may contribute to the increased incidence of infections and second primary malignancies in these patients.", "contents": "Immune function of successfully treated lymphoma patients. Immunologic function was evaluated in 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 5 patients with lymphocytic lymphoma who had been successfully treated with either chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both of these modalities 3-42 mo previously. Only two of the patients were found to have total anergy to a battery of six recall skin test antigens and all were responsive to skin testing with phytohemagglutinin. However, 10 of 16 patients were unable to develop delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to either of the neoantigens dinitrochlorobenzene or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Four other patients developed reactivity to only one of these neoantigens for a total of 14 of 16 (88%) of the patients demonstrating some impairment in neoantigen response. Total lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte, and null cell numbers, as well as serum immunoglobulins were quantitatively normal. Monocyte numbers, chemotaxis, and Fc receptor activity were normal. Monocyte staphylocidal activity at 60 min was modestly depressed and candidacidal activity was depressed in those receiving both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Spontaneous (unstimulated) lymphocyte [3H]thymidine incorporation was low in the patients as a group and lymphoblastic transformation to specific antigens was impaired in 11 of 17 patients who had positive skin test reactions to the same antigen. Highly significant suppression of lymphoblastic transformation was noted after stimulation by the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed, and concanavalin-A. The greatest impairment of mitogen response was seen in those patients receiving both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These data demonstrate specific impairments of neoantigen processing, lymphocyte function, and to a lesser extent monocyte function in successfully treated patients with lymphoma. These impairments may contribute to the increased incidence of infections and second primary malignancies in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932191", "title": "Proximal bicarbonate reabsorption during Ringer and albumin infusions in the rat.", "content": "Several studies have clearly shown that extracellular volume expansion is associated with suppression of whole kidney bicarbonate reabsorption, although little is known concerning the single nephron correlates of this response. More recently, attention has also been focussed on bicarbonate transport in attempts to identify a possible role for this ion in enhancing the rate of net fluid efflux by proximal tubules. To further explore proximal tubular bicarbonate handling in the rat, we carried out recollection micropuncture studies to assess the effects of infusions of modified Ringer or salt-poor hyperoncotic human albumin. With stable levels of arterial PCO2, plasma [HCO3-] or plasma [K+], marked suppression of fractional HCO3- reabsorption occurred: during Ringer infusion fractional reabsorption fell by 31% (P less than 0.001) while during albumin infusion a decrease of 20% (P less than 0.001) was observed. Despite this, absolute net HCO3- reabsorptive rates did not change significantly. Simple and partial correlation analysis of single tubular responses revealed strong linkage effects between changes in absolute net reabsorptive rates for HCO3- and H2O in both types of infusion; the partial r was 0.91 (P less than 0.001) and 0.94 (P less than 0.001) during Ringer and albumin infusions, respectively. We conclude that under these free-flow conditions, Ringer and albumin infusions do not suppress absolute net HCO3- reabsorption by proximal tubules, and that strongly linked changes in absolute HCO3- and H2O fluxes are characteristic of both protocols.", "contents": "Proximal bicarbonate reabsorption during Ringer and albumin infusions in the rat. Several studies have clearly shown that extracellular volume expansion is associated with suppression of whole kidney bicarbonate reabsorption, although little is known concerning the single nephron correlates of this response. More recently, attention has also been focussed on bicarbonate transport in attempts to identify a possible role for this ion in enhancing the rate of net fluid efflux by proximal tubules. To further explore proximal tubular bicarbonate handling in the rat, we carried out recollection micropuncture studies to assess the effects of infusions of modified Ringer or salt-poor hyperoncotic human albumin. With stable levels of arterial PCO2, plasma [HCO3-] or plasma [K+], marked suppression of fractional HCO3- reabsorption occurred: during Ringer infusion fractional reabsorption fell by 31% (P less than 0.001) while during albumin infusion a decrease of 20% (P less than 0.001) was observed. Despite this, absolute net HCO3- reabsorptive rates did not change significantly. Simple and partial correlation analysis of single tubular responses revealed strong linkage effects between changes in absolute net reabsorptive rates for HCO3- and H2O in both types of infusion; the partial r was 0.91 (P less than 0.001) and 0.94 (P less than 0.001) during Ringer and albumin infusions, respectively. We conclude that under these free-flow conditions, Ringer and albumin infusions do not suppress absolute net HCO3- reabsorption by proximal tubules, and that strongly linked changes in absolute HCO3- and H2O fluxes are characteristic of both protocols."}
{"id": "PMID:932192", "title": "Cellular basis of insulin insensitivity in large rat adipocytes.", "content": "The marked stimulatory effect of insulin on the conversion of 20 mM D-[6-14C]glucose to CO2, glyceride-glycerol, and fatty acid observed in small rat adipocytes was greatly diminished in large cells from older rats. Similarly, total glucose utilization as estimated by summing the total metabolites accumulated intracellularly plus the release of labeled CO2 and lactate was substantially lower in large cells in the presence of insulin and 5 mM labeled glucose. However, under conditions of 0.2 mM medium glucose where transport of the hexose into adipocytes is relatively more rate-limiting for subsequent metabolism, large cells actually utilized slightly greater total amounts of glucose than small cells in the presence of insulin. Increments of total glucose utilization due to both submaximal and maximal doses of insulin were similar in large and small cells incubated with a low glucose concentration. Under these conditions, conversion of labeled glucose to CO2 and fatty acid in response to insulin was somewhat diminished in large cells, while conversion to glyceride-glycerol was enhanced. The activity of the D-glucose transport system in large and small cells was estimated by monitoring initial rates and small cells was estimated by monitoring initial rates of 3-O-[3H]methylglucose uptake by a rapid filtration method. Transport system activity on a per cell basis was actually severalfold higher in large adipocytes in the basal state as well as in the presence of submaximal and maximal concentrations of insulin compared to small cells. However, the percent stimulation by insulin was less in the large cells. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose under basal conditions and in response to insulin was also higher in large cells compared to small cells. Analysis of the accumulated label in extracts from fat cells incubated with D-[14C]deoxyglucose revealed the presence of free deoxyglucose, deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphodeoxygluconate. The levels of these metabolites were significantly higher in large cells compared to small cells indicating hexokinase activity appears not to account for the defective glucose utilization in large cells at high glucose concentrations. It is concluded that (a) possible defects in insulin receptor components, the D-glucose transport system, and the coupling mechanism which links these entities do not significantly contribute to the apparent insulin-insensitivity of large fat cells and (b) the principal cellular defect which confers this blunted insulin response to large rat adipocytes involves one or more intracellular enzymes involved in glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Cellular basis of insulin insensitivity in large rat adipocytes. The marked stimulatory effect of insulin on the conversion of 20 mM D-[6-14C]glucose to CO2, glyceride-glycerol, and fatty acid observed in small rat adipocytes was greatly diminished in large cells from older rats. Similarly, total glucose utilization as estimated by summing the total metabolites accumulated intracellularly plus the release of labeled CO2 and lactate was substantially lower in large cells in the presence of insulin and 5 mM labeled glucose. However, under conditions of 0.2 mM medium glucose where transport of the hexose into adipocytes is relatively more rate-limiting for subsequent metabolism, large cells actually utilized slightly greater total amounts of glucose than small cells in the presence of insulin. Increments of total glucose utilization due to both submaximal and maximal doses of insulin were similar in large and small cells incubated with a low glucose concentration. Under these conditions, conversion of labeled glucose to CO2 and fatty acid in response to insulin was somewhat diminished in large cells, while conversion to glyceride-glycerol was enhanced. The activity of the D-glucose transport system in large and small cells was estimated by monitoring initial rates and small cells was estimated by monitoring initial rates of 3-O-[3H]methylglucose uptake by a rapid filtration method. Transport system activity on a per cell basis was actually severalfold higher in large adipocytes in the basal state as well as in the presence of submaximal and maximal concentrations of insulin compared to small cells. However, the percent stimulation by insulin was less in the large cells. Uptake of 2-deoxyglucose under basal conditions and in response to insulin was also higher in large cells compared to small cells. Analysis of the accumulated label in extracts from fat cells incubated with D-[14C]deoxyglucose revealed the presence of free deoxyglucose, deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, and 6-phosphodeoxygluconate. The levels of these metabolites were significantly higher in large cells compared to small cells indicating hexokinase activity appears not to account for the defective glucose utilization in large cells at high glucose concentrations. It is concluded that (a) possible defects in insulin receptor components, the D-glucose transport system, and the coupling mechanism which links these entities do not significantly contribute to the apparent insulin-insensitivity of large fat cells and (b) the principal cellular defect which confers this blunted insulin response to large rat adipocytes involves one or more intracellular enzymes involved in glucose metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:932193", "title": "Comparison of effects of 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in man.", "content": "The effects of short-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(0H)2D3] or 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 [1 alpha(OH)D3] on intestinal absorption of 47Ca were compared in 41 experiments in normals and 72 experiments in patients with chronic renal failure. 11 patients were studied a second time after treatment for 2-5 mo. Doses varied from 0.14 to 5.4 mug/day to establish dose-response relationships. Urinary calcium was monitored in normal subjects, nine of whom received a constant calcium intake on a metabolic unit. There was an increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca and urinary calcium in normals receiving 1,25 (OH)2D3, 0.14 mug/day or greater, and 0.28 mug/day or greater augmented intestinal absorption of 47Ca in chronic renal failure. In contrast, 2.6 mug/day of 1 alpha (OH) D3 was required to increase intestinal absorption of 47Ca in both groups. The increase in urinary calcium to maximal levels was delayed during treatment with 1 alpha (OH) D3, 5-10 days vs. 2-5 days with 1,25 (OH)2D3. Moreover, half times for urinary calcium to decrease to pretreatment levels after stopping treatment were greater after 1 alpha-(OH) D3 (1.5-2.7 days) than 1,25(OH)2D3 (1.1-2.0 days). With long-term administration there was a progressive increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca in the patients receiving 1 alpha (OH)D3; this was not observed with 1,25(OH)2D3. The pharmacologic differences between 1 alpha(OH) D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 may be explained by the requirement for 25-hydroxylation of 1alpha(OH) D3 before biologic effects occur; at low doses (less than 1 mug/day), 1 alpha(OH) D3 competes with vitamin D3 for 25-hydroxylation. With prolonged treatment or larger doses (greater than 2 mug/day),, 1alpha(OH) D3 could accumulate and then be hydroxylated resulting in production of higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in man. The effects of short-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(0H)2D3] or 1 alpha-hydroxy-vitamin D3 [1 alpha(OH)D3] on intestinal absorption of 47Ca were compared in 41 experiments in normals and 72 experiments in patients with chronic renal failure. 11 patients were studied a second time after treatment for 2-5 mo. Doses varied from 0.14 to 5.4 mug/day to establish dose-response relationships. Urinary calcium was monitored in normal subjects, nine of whom received a constant calcium intake on a metabolic unit. There was an increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca and urinary calcium in normals receiving 1,25 (OH)2D3, 0.14 mug/day or greater, and 0.28 mug/day or greater augmented intestinal absorption of 47Ca in chronic renal failure. In contrast, 2.6 mug/day of 1 alpha (OH) D3 was required to increase intestinal absorption of 47Ca in both groups. The increase in urinary calcium to maximal levels was delayed during treatment with 1 alpha (OH) D3, 5-10 days vs. 2-5 days with 1,25 (OH)2D3. Moreover, half times for urinary calcium to decrease to pretreatment levels after stopping treatment were greater after 1 alpha-(OH) D3 (1.5-2.7 days) than 1,25(OH)2D3 (1.1-2.0 days). With long-term administration there was a progressive increase in intestinal absorption of 47Ca in the patients receiving 1 alpha (OH)D3; this was not observed with 1,25(OH)2D3. The pharmacologic differences between 1 alpha(OH) D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 may be explained by the requirement for 25-hydroxylation of 1alpha(OH) D3 before biologic effects occur; at low doses (less than 1 mug/day), 1 alpha(OH) D3 competes with vitamin D3 for 25-hydroxylation. With prolonged treatment or larger doses (greater than 2 mug/day),, 1alpha(OH) D3 could accumulate and then be hydroxylated resulting in production of higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D3."}
{"id": "PMID:932194", "title": "The role of the medullary collecting ducts in postobstructive diuresis.", "content": "Medullary collecting duct function was studied by direct microcatheterization techniques in rats undergoing postobstructive diuresis. Significant net addition of water and sodium to the duct was demonstrated during postobstructive diuresis after relief of 24-h bilateral ureteral ligation. This striking abnormality in function was associated with reduced delivery of sodium and water to the collecting duct compared to sham-operated controls. To examine the role of circulating factors in this phenomenon, another group of rats was studied that underwent 24 h of total urine reinfusion into the femoral vein. Natriuresis and diuresis were similar to the postobstructive group, but absolute collecting duct reabsorption of sodium and water was normal. The natriuresis and diuresis in rats with urine reinfusion resulted from increased delivery of fluid and sodium to the medullary collecting duct. A third group of rats was studied with 24-h unilateral ureteral ligation as well as urine reinfusion from the contralateral normal kidney. Without urine reinfusion there was no diuresis-natriuresis but with urine reinfusion the diuresis and natriuresis after relief of unilateral obstruction was similar to that after relief of bilateral obstruction. Moreover, net addition of sodium and no significant water reabsorption were demonstrated in the medullary collecting duct of such animals. The results indicate that (a) the medullary collecting duct is the critical nephron segment affected by ureteral obstruction, since postobstructive diuresis occurred despite reduced delivery of fluid from the more proximal nephron; (b) the net addition of sodium to the medullary collecting duct observed during postobstructive diuresis is probably a direct effect of obstruction, since it was found during postobstructive diuresis after relief of bilateral or unilateral ureteral ligation, but not with urine reinfusion alone; and (c) blood-borne factors are important in the development of postobstructive natriuresis and diuresis, and probably act by increasing the fraction of filtered sodium and water delivered from the proximal and distal tubule to the collecting duct.", "contents": "The role of the medullary collecting ducts in postobstructive diuresis. Medullary collecting duct function was studied by direct microcatheterization techniques in rats undergoing postobstructive diuresis. Significant net addition of water and sodium to the duct was demonstrated during postobstructive diuresis after relief of 24-h bilateral ureteral ligation. This striking abnormality in function was associated with reduced delivery of sodium and water to the collecting duct compared to sham-operated controls. To examine the role of circulating factors in this phenomenon, another group of rats was studied that underwent 24 h of total urine reinfusion into the femoral vein. Natriuresis and diuresis were similar to the postobstructive group, but absolute collecting duct reabsorption of sodium and water was normal. The natriuresis and diuresis in rats with urine reinfusion resulted from increased delivery of fluid and sodium to the medullary collecting duct. A third group of rats was studied with 24-h unilateral ureteral ligation as well as urine reinfusion from the contralateral normal kidney. Without urine reinfusion there was no diuresis-natriuresis but with urine reinfusion the diuresis and natriuresis after relief of unilateral obstruction was similar to that after relief of bilateral obstruction. Moreover, net addition of sodium and no significant water reabsorption were demonstrated in the medullary collecting duct of such animals. The results indicate that (a) the medullary collecting duct is the critical nephron segment affected by ureteral obstruction, since postobstructive diuresis occurred despite reduced delivery of fluid from the more proximal nephron; (b) the net addition of sodium to the medullary collecting duct observed during postobstructive diuresis is probably a direct effect of obstruction, since it was found during postobstructive diuresis after relief of bilateral or unilateral ureteral ligation, but not with urine reinfusion alone; and (c) blood-borne factors are important in the development of postobstructive natriuresis and diuresis, and probably act by increasing the fraction of filtered sodium and water delivered from the proximal and distal tubule to the collecting duct."}
{"id": "PMID:932195", "title": "Functional adaptation of nephrons in dogs with acute progressing to chronic experimental glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Although a diminished fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is the hallmark of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis (APGN), an enhanced natriuresis per glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the chronic phases of this disease has been reported. We studied this adaptive response utilizing two different split-bladder dog models with unilateral, and a third group of dogs with bilateral Masugi's nephritis. Group I. Six dogs with unilateral nonaccelerated APGN studied a mean of 6 days after induction had a mean base-line APGN/intact kidney GFR of 31/50 ml/min (P less than 0.005) and FENa of 0.2/0.75% (P less than 0.005). Acute volume expansion caused a smaller absolute increase in FENa from the APGN kidney, 1.6%, than from the intact kidney, 4.0%, (P less than 0.01). Maximum tubular secretion of rho-aminohippuric acid/GFR (TmPAH/GFR) measured in three dogs was higher in the APGN kidney than intact kidney, 13.1 vs. 9.3 mg/dl. Subsequent studies on three of the six dogs when the disease had become chronic demonstrated a reversal in the pattern of sodium excretion in response to volume expansion. Group II. Six dogs with accelerated unilateral APGN (dogs presensitized to antibody source) studied a mean of 5 days after induction had a mean base-line APGN/intact kidney GFR of 16/57 ml/min and FENa of 0.22/0.12% (P less than 0.1). Contrary to group I, volume expansion caused a greater absolute increase in FENa from the APGN kidney, 5.8%, than from the intact kidney, 2.9% (P less than 0.05). TmPAH/GFR studied in four dogs was similar for both kidneys, 17.9 and 18.5 mg/dl for the APGN kidney and intact kidney, respectively. Group III. Sequential studies were performed on seven dogs with bilateral nonaccelerated APGN. Initially each demonstrated sodium retention and a smaller absolute increase in FENa in response to volume expansion compared to a predisease control study. With disease progression, volume expansion induced a greater absolute increase in FENa than in the control study. We concluded that (a) the fractional excretion of sodium from the APGN kidney will be less or greater than the contralateral intact kidney or control study depending on the severity and/or chronicity of the disease, possibly as the result of morphologic alterations; (b) the degree of extracellular fluid volume expansion is an important variable influencing similarity of glomerulotubular balance between the APGN and contralateral intact kidney; and (c) the \"intact nephron hypothesis\" applies in a limited fashion to kidneys with APGN in the absence of volume expansion just as it does for kidneys with chronic glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Functional adaptation of nephrons in dogs with acute progressing to chronic experimental glomerulonephritis. Although a diminished fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is the hallmark of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis (APGN), an enhanced natriuresis per glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the chronic phases of this disease has been reported. We studied this adaptive response utilizing two different split-bladder dog models with unilateral, and a third group of dogs with bilateral Masugi's nephritis. Group I. Six dogs with unilateral nonaccelerated APGN studied a mean of 6 days after induction had a mean base-line APGN/intact kidney GFR of 31/50 ml/min (P less than 0.005) and FENa of 0.2/0.75% (P less than 0.005). Acute volume expansion caused a smaller absolute increase in FENa from the APGN kidney, 1.6%, than from the intact kidney, 4.0%, (P less than 0.01). Maximum tubular secretion of rho-aminohippuric acid/GFR (TmPAH/GFR) measured in three dogs was higher in the APGN kidney than intact kidney, 13.1 vs. 9.3 mg/dl. Subsequent studies on three of the six dogs when the disease had become chronic demonstrated a reversal in the pattern of sodium excretion in response to volume expansion. Group II. Six dogs with accelerated unilateral APGN (dogs presensitized to antibody source) studied a mean of 5 days after induction had a mean base-line APGN/intact kidney GFR of 16/57 ml/min and FENa of 0.22/0.12% (P less than 0.1). Contrary to group I, volume expansion caused a greater absolute increase in FENa from the APGN kidney, 5.8%, than from the intact kidney, 2.9% (P less than 0.05). TmPAH/GFR studied in four dogs was similar for both kidneys, 17.9 and 18.5 mg/dl for the APGN kidney and intact kidney, respectively. Group III. Sequential studies were performed on seven dogs with bilateral nonaccelerated APGN. Initially each demonstrated sodium retention and a smaller absolute increase in FENa in response to volume expansion compared to a predisease control study. With disease progression, volume expansion induced a greater absolute increase in FENa than in the control study. We concluded that (a) the fractional excretion of sodium from the APGN kidney will be less or greater than the contralateral intact kidney or control study depending on the severity and/or chronicity of the disease, possibly as the result of morphologic alterations; (b) the degree of extracellular fluid volume expansion is an important variable influencing similarity of glomerulotubular balance between the APGN and contralateral intact kidney; and (c) the \"intact nephron hypothesis\" applies in a limited fashion to kidneys with APGN in the absence of volume expansion just as it does for kidneys with chronic glomerulonephritis or pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:932196", "title": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in intact fibroblasts from patients with X-linked hyperuricemia.", "content": "Discordance between clinical phenotype and the level of a mutant enzyme activity may reflect differences between enzyme function in vivo and that measured by the customary enzyme assays on cell extracts. In the present study, the conversion of hypoxanthine to phosphorylated products was measured in intact skin fibroblasts and in cell extracts from seven patients with mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and six control subjects. The patient's phenotypes ranged from asymptomatic hyperuricemia to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Although there was a general correlation between the HPRT activity in cell extracts assayed by the usual methods and the function of the purine salvage pathway in patients, as reflected by urinary oxypurine excretion, there were notable exceptions. A more accurate appraisal of the functioning of the pathway at the cellular level is achieved by measuring the conversion of substrate to product in the intact cell at physiological concentrations of substrates, activators, and product and metabolite inhibitors, and in a physiological ionic environment. In one of the seven patients, the standard enzyme assay indicated normal function, whereas measurements in the intact cell exposed severe dysfunction of the salvage system. In another, the standard assay suggested a severe deficiency not evident in the intact cell or in the patient.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in intact fibroblasts from patients with X-linked hyperuricemia. Discordance between clinical phenotype and the level of a mutant enzyme activity may reflect differences between enzyme function in vivo and that measured by the customary enzyme assays on cell extracts. In the present study, the conversion of hypoxanthine to phosphorylated products was measured in intact skin fibroblasts and in cell extracts from seven patients with mutant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and six control subjects. The patient's phenotypes ranged from asymptomatic hyperuricemia to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Although there was a general correlation between the HPRT activity in cell extracts assayed by the usual methods and the function of the purine salvage pathway in patients, as reflected by urinary oxypurine excretion, there were notable exceptions. A more accurate appraisal of the functioning of the pathway at the cellular level is achieved by measuring the conversion of substrate to product in the intact cell at physiological concentrations of substrates, activators, and product and metabolite inhibitors, and in a physiological ionic environment. In one of the seven patients, the standard enzyme assay indicated normal function, whereas measurements in the intact cell exposed severe dysfunction of the salvage system. In another, the standard assay suggested a severe deficiency not evident in the intact cell or in the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:932197", "title": "Hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement in man. I. Clinical, immunochemical, and family studies.", "content": "The first recognized human kindred with hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5) is described. The proband, a 20-year-old black female with systemic lupus erythematosus since age 11, lacked serum hemolytic complement activity, even during remission. C5 was undetectable in her serum by both immunodiffusion and hemolytic assays. Other complement components were normal during remission of lupus, but C1, C4, C2, and C3 levels fell during exacerbations. A younger half-sister, who had no underlying disease, was also found to lack immunochemically detectable C5. By hemolytic assay, she exhibited 1-2% of the normal serum C5 level and normal concentrations of other complement components. C5 levels of other family members were either normal or approximately half-normal, consistent with autosomal codominant inheritance of the gene determining C5 deficiency. Normal hemolytic titers were restored to both homozygous C5-deficient (C5D) sera by addition of highly purified human C5. In specific C5 titrations, however, it was noted that when limited amounts of C5 were assayed in the presence of low dilutions of either C5D serum, curving rather than linear dose-response plots were consistently obtained, suggesting some inhibitory effect. Further studies suggested that low dilutions of C5D serum contain a factor (or factors) interfering at some step in the hemolytic assay of C5, rather than a true C5 inhibitor or inactivator. Of clinical interest are (a) the documentation of membranous glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and arthritis in an individual lacking C5 (and its biologic functions), and (b) a remarkable propensity to bacterial infections in the proband, even during periods of low-dose or alternate-day corticosteroid therapy. Other observations indicate that the C5D state is compatible with normal coagulation function and the capacity to mount a neutrophilic leukocytosis during pyogenic infection.", "contents": "Hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement in man. I. Clinical, immunochemical, and family studies. The first recognized human kindred with hereditary deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5) is described. The proband, a 20-year-old black female with systemic lupus erythematosus since age 11, lacked serum hemolytic complement activity, even during remission. C5 was undetectable in her serum by both immunodiffusion and hemolytic assays. Other complement components were normal during remission of lupus, but C1, C4, C2, and C3 levels fell during exacerbations. A younger half-sister, who had no underlying disease, was also found to lack immunochemically detectable C5. By hemolytic assay, she exhibited 1-2% of the normal serum C5 level and normal concentrations of other complement components. C5 levels of other family members were either normal or approximately half-normal, consistent with autosomal codominant inheritance of the gene determining C5 deficiency. Normal hemolytic titers were restored to both homozygous C5-deficient (C5D) sera by addition of highly purified human C5. In specific C5 titrations, however, it was noted that when limited amounts of C5 were assayed in the presence of low dilutions of either C5D serum, curving rather than linear dose-response plots were consistently obtained, suggesting some inhibitory effect. Further studies suggested that low dilutions of C5D serum contain a factor (or factors) interfering at some step in the hemolytic assay of C5, rather than a true C5 inhibitor or inactivator. Of clinical interest are (a) the documentation of membranous glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and arthritis in an individual lacking C5 (and its biologic functions), and (b) a remarkable propensity to bacterial infections in the proband, even during periods of low-dose or alternate-day corticosteroid therapy. Other observations indicate that the C5D state is compatible with normal coagulation function and the capacity to mount a neutrophilic leukocytosis during pyogenic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:932198", "title": "Mechanism of action of pentagastrin on the lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "The effects of pentagastrin on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in trained, unanesthetized dogs. LES pressure was monitored by an infusion manometric technique. Increasing doses of pentagastrin up to 3 mug/kg given as an i.v. bolus resulted in increasing rises in LES pressure; larger doses resulted in a lesser effect of shorter duration. Increasing i.v. boluses of methacholine produced greater increases in LES pressure up to a maximum of 5 mug/kg; higher doses had similar effects. Atropine (50-100 mug/kg) slightly diminished the response of the LES to 2 or 6 mug/kg of pentagastrin. In large doses (500-2,000 mug/kg), atropine did not diminish the response to pentagastrin and prolonged the response of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin. Hexamethonium (2 mg/kg i.v.) depressed the peak response to 3 mug/kg pentagastrin slightly but the response to 6 mug/kg was increased and prolonged. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) significantly prolonged the effect of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin on the LES. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of pentagastrin is mainly due to a direct action on the LES. A lesser stimulatory effect is due to an action on preganglionic cholinergic neurons. Large doses of pentagastrin have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The inhibitory effect is mediated at least in part via preganglionic neurons acting through adrenergic receptors. Ganglionic transmission of the effect may be through muscarinic as well as nicotinic receptors.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of pentagastrin on the lower esophageal sphincter. The effects of pentagastrin on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in trained, unanesthetized dogs. LES pressure was monitored by an infusion manometric technique. Increasing doses of pentagastrin up to 3 mug/kg given as an i.v. bolus resulted in increasing rises in LES pressure; larger doses resulted in a lesser effect of shorter duration. Increasing i.v. boluses of methacholine produced greater increases in LES pressure up to a maximum of 5 mug/kg; higher doses had similar effects. Atropine (50-100 mug/kg) slightly diminished the response of the LES to 2 or 6 mug/kg of pentagastrin. In large doses (500-2,000 mug/kg), atropine did not diminish the response to pentagastrin and prolonged the response of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin. Hexamethonium (2 mg/kg i.v.) depressed the peak response to 3 mug/kg pentagastrin slightly but the response to 6 mug/kg was increased and prolonged. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) significantly prolonged the effect of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin on the LES. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of pentagastrin is mainly due to a direct action on the LES. A lesser stimulatory effect is due to an action on preganglionic cholinergic neurons. Large doses of pentagastrin have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The inhibitory effect is mediated at least in part via preganglionic neurons acting through adrenergic receptors. Ganglionic transmission of the effect may be through muscarinic as well as nicotinic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:932199", "title": "The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo.", "content": "Hemoglobin A1c, the most abundant minor hemoglobin component in human erythrocytes, is formed by the condensation of glucose with the N-terminal amino groups of the beta-chains of Hb A. The biosynthesis of this glycosylated hemoglobin was studied in vitro by incubating suspensions of reticulocytes and bone marrow cells with [3H]leucine or 59Fe-bound transferrin. In all experiments, the specific activity of Hb A1c was significantly lower than that of Hb A, suggesting that the formation of Hb A1c is a posttranslational modification. The formation of Hb A1c in vivo was determined in two individuals who were given an infusion of 59Fe-labeled transferrin. As expected, the specific activity of Hb A rose promptly to a maximum during the 1st week and remained nearly constant thereafter. In contrast, the specific activity of Hb A1c and also of Hbs A1a and A1b rose slowly, reaching that of Hb A by about day 60. These results indicate that Hb A1c is slowly formed during the 120-day life-span of the erythrocyte, probably by a nonenzymatic process. Patients with shortened erythrocyte life-span due to hemolysis had markedly decreased levels of Hb A1c.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. Hemoglobin A1c, the most abundant minor hemoglobin component in human erythrocytes, is formed by the condensation of glucose with the N-terminal amino groups of the beta-chains of Hb A. The biosynthesis of this glycosylated hemoglobin was studied in vitro by incubating suspensions of reticulocytes and bone marrow cells with [3H]leucine or 59Fe-bound transferrin. In all experiments, the specific activity of Hb A1c was significantly lower than that of Hb A, suggesting that the formation of Hb A1c is a posttranslational modification. The formation of Hb A1c in vivo was determined in two individuals who were given an infusion of 59Fe-labeled transferrin. As expected, the specific activity of Hb A rose promptly to a maximum during the 1st week and remained nearly constant thereafter. In contrast, the specific activity of Hb A1c and also of Hbs A1a and A1b rose slowly, reaching that of Hb A by about day 60. These results indicate that Hb A1c is slowly formed during the 120-day life-span of the erythrocyte, probably by a nonenzymatic process. Patients with shortened erythrocyte life-span due to hemolysis had markedly decreased levels of Hb A1c."}
{"id": "PMID:932201", "title": "Effect of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone on hormones stimulating exocrine pancreatic secretion.", "content": "The nature and extent of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH, somatostatin)-induced inhibition of pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein, an index of enzyme secretion, were studied by administration of exogenous secretin or cholecystokinin (CCK) and of a number of stimulants for endogenous release of these hormones in fasted pancreatic fistula dogs with and without an infusion of GH-RIH. The results of this study show that GH-RIH inhibits the pancreatic fluid and bicarbonate secretion induced by duodenal acidification and exogenous secretion. The kinetic analysis shows that the interaction between GH-RIH and secretin affecting pancreatic bicarbonate secretion possesses the characteristics of competitive inhibition. GH-RIH does not change the pancreatic protein response to exogenous CCK, but profoundly inhibits pancreatic response to a variety of the endogenous stimulants of CCK release, including duodenal perfusion of sodium oleate, amino acid mixture, or feeding of a peptone meal. We conclude that GH-RIH is a very potent inhibitor of the endogenous release of CCK from the intestinal mucosa and inhibits competitively the action of secretin but not CCK on the exocrine pancreatic secretion.", "contents": "Effect of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone on hormones stimulating exocrine pancreatic secretion. The nature and extent of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH, somatostatin)-induced inhibition of pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate and protein, an index of enzyme secretion, were studied by administration of exogenous secretin or cholecystokinin (CCK) and of a number of stimulants for endogenous release of these hormones in fasted pancreatic fistula dogs with and without an infusion of GH-RIH. The results of this study show that GH-RIH inhibits the pancreatic fluid and bicarbonate secretion induced by duodenal acidification and exogenous secretion. The kinetic analysis shows that the interaction between GH-RIH and secretin affecting pancreatic bicarbonate secretion possesses the characteristics of competitive inhibition. GH-RIH does not change the pancreatic protein response to exogenous CCK, but profoundly inhibits pancreatic response to a variety of the endogenous stimulants of CCK release, including duodenal perfusion of sodium oleate, amino acid mixture, or feeding of a peptone meal. We conclude that GH-RIH is a very potent inhibitor of the endogenous release of CCK from the intestinal mucosa and inhibits competitively the action of secretin but not CCK on the exocrine pancreatic secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:932202", "title": "Fibrinopeptide A in plasma of normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA) has been developed. This assay uses rabbit antibodies induced by injection of native FPA-human serum albumin conjugates and 125I introduced into tyrosine-FPA synthesized in out laboratory. Plasma FPA is separated from fibrinogen by TCA extraction. The assay is capable of detecting as little as 50 pg/ml of FPA. In 20 normal donors this assay revealed a mean concentration of 0.9 ng/ml (0.3 SD). In five patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, FPA concentrations ranged from 13.0 to 346 ng/ml. Two groups of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) whose disease had achieved complete remission were studied; one consisted of four patients with no history of lupus nephritis and another with a history of nephritis. Mean FPA concentrations of 1.5 ng/ml (range, 0.7-1.8 ng/ml) and 2.7 ng/ml (range, 1.1-5.6 ng/ml) were found in these two groups, respectively. Another group of nine patients with active SLE, but without evidence of lupus nephritis, had a mean FPA concentration of 4.5 ng/ml (range, 2.4-7.8 ng/ml). Finally, a group of seven patients with active SLE, including active nephritis, had a mean FPA concentration of 10.2 ng/ml (range, 5.3-17.0 ng/ml). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of plasma FPA and serum DNA-binding activity and an inverse correlation was found between plasma FPA and the concentration of serum C3. No correlation existed between plasma FPA and concentration of serum creatinine. Several possibilities for the origin of plasma FPA in patients with SLE were considered; at present it seems most likely that FPA arises through the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.", "contents": "Fibrinopeptide A in plasma of normal subjects and patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and systemic lupus erythematosus. A radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A (FPA) has been developed. This assay uses rabbit antibodies induced by injection of native FPA-human serum albumin conjugates and 125I introduced into tyrosine-FPA synthesized in out laboratory. Plasma FPA is separated from fibrinogen by TCA extraction. The assay is capable of detecting as little as 50 pg/ml of FPA. In 20 normal donors this assay revealed a mean concentration of 0.9 ng/ml (0.3 SD). In five patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, FPA concentrations ranged from 13.0 to 346 ng/ml. Two groups of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) whose disease had achieved complete remission were studied; one consisted of four patients with no history of lupus nephritis and another with a history of nephritis. Mean FPA concentrations of 1.5 ng/ml (range, 0.7-1.8 ng/ml) and 2.7 ng/ml (range, 1.1-5.6 ng/ml) were found in these two groups, respectively. Another group of nine patients with active SLE, but without evidence of lupus nephritis, had a mean FPA concentration of 4.5 ng/ml (range, 2.4-7.8 ng/ml). Finally, a group of seven patients with active SLE, including active nephritis, had a mean FPA concentration of 10.2 ng/ml (range, 5.3-17.0 ng/ml). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of plasma FPA and serum DNA-binding activity and an inverse correlation was found between plasma FPA and the concentration of serum C3. No correlation existed between plasma FPA and concentration of serum creatinine. Several possibilities for the origin of plasma FPA in patients with SLE were considered; at present it seems most likely that FPA arises through the action of thrombin on fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:932203", "title": "A comparative analysis of the C1-binding ability of fragments derived from complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing IgM proteins.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular parameters necessary for initiation of complement fixation by IgM proteins. To determine why some IgM molecules are capable of complement fixation while others are not, several different Waldenstr\u00f6m IgM proteins were examined for their ability to fix total hemolytic complement in the CH(50) assay. Subsequently, the C1 fixing ability of a 56-residue fragment derived from the Cmu4 domain of each of these IgM molecules was studied with C1 fixation assay. One of the three Waldenstr\u00f6m IgM proteins (Gr) used in the present study was found unable to consume complement in a CH(50) assay when tested at the same concentration as the two complement-consuming IgM molecules (Dau and Bus). However, when the 56-residue C(H)4 fragment from the Cmu4 domain of each IgM molecule was tested for C1-fixing ability, all three were found to bind C1. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that a C1 binding site exists within the Cmu4 domain of both complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing IgM molecules. Presumably, the latter molecules are unable to interact in their native state with C1 in the manner required for initiation of the classical complement pathway, possibly due to the configurational inaccessibility of the entire C1 binding site.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of the C1-binding ability of fragments derived from complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing IgM proteins. The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular parameters necessary for initiation of complement fixation by IgM proteins. To determine why some IgM molecules are capable of complement fixation while others are not, several different Waldenstr\u00f6m IgM proteins were examined for their ability to fix total hemolytic complement in the CH(50) assay. Subsequently, the C1 fixing ability of a 56-residue fragment derived from the Cmu4 domain of each of these IgM molecules was studied with C1 fixation assay. One of the three Waldenstr\u00f6m IgM proteins (Gr) used in the present study was found unable to consume complement in a CH(50) assay when tested at the same concentration as the two complement-consuming IgM molecules (Dau and Bus). However, when the 56-residue C(H)4 fragment from the Cmu4 domain of each IgM molecule was tested for C1-fixing ability, all three were found to bind C1. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that a C1 binding site exists within the Cmu4 domain of both complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing IgM molecules. Presumably, the latter molecules are unable to interact in their native state with C1 in the manner required for initiation of the classical complement pathway, possibly due to the configurational inaccessibility of the entire C1 binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:932204", "title": "Metabolism of [1-(14)C] and [2-(14)C] leucine in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with isovaleric acidemia. Characterization of metabolic defects.", "content": "Leucine metabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with isovaleric acidemia was compared with that in normal fibroblasts and in cells from patients with maple syrup urine disease using [1-(14)C] and [2-(14)C] leucine as substrates. Inhibitory effects of methylenecyclopropylacetic acid on leucine metabolism in normal cells were also investigated. Production of 14CO2 from [2-(14)C] leucine was very reduced (96-99%) in both types of mutant cells. Radioactive isovaleric acid accumulated in assay media with isovaleric acidemia cells but not in those with maple syrup urine disease cells. Unexpectedly, 14CO2 production from [1-(14)C] leucine was partially depressed (80%) in isovaleric acidemia cells whereas in maple syrup urine disease cells it was strongly depressed (99%) as expected. These two mutant cells were clearly distinguished by detection of 14C-isovaleric acid accumulation after incubation with [2-(14)C] leucine. A pattern of inhibition of leucine oxidation similar to that seen in isovaleric acidemia cells was induced in normal cells by the addition of 0.7 mM methylenecyclopropylacetic acid to the assay medium. The partial inhibition of [1-(14)C] leucine oxidation seen in isovaleric acidemia cells and also in normal cells in the presence of the inhibitor appears to be, at least in part, due to an accumulation of isovalerate in the cells. Isovaleric acid (5-10) mM) inhibited [1-(14)C] leucine oxidation 32-68% when added to the assay medium with normal cells. Addition of flavin adenine dinucleoside to culture medium or assay medium or both did not restore oxidation of either leucine substrate in isovaleric acidemia cells.", "contents": "Metabolism of [1-(14)C] and [2-(14)C] leucine in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with isovaleric acidemia. Characterization of metabolic defects. Leucine metabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with isovaleric acidemia was compared with that in normal fibroblasts and in cells from patients with maple syrup urine disease using [1-(14)C] and [2-(14)C] leucine as substrates. Inhibitory effects of methylenecyclopropylacetic acid on leucine metabolism in normal cells were also investigated. Production of 14CO2 from [2-(14)C] leucine was very reduced (96-99%) in both types of mutant cells. Radioactive isovaleric acid accumulated in assay media with isovaleric acidemia cells but not in those with maple syrup urine disease cells. Unexpectedly, 14CO2 production from [1-(14)C] leucine was partially depressed (80%) in isovaleric acidemia cells whereas in maple syrup urine disease cells it was strongly depressed (99%) as expected. These two mutant cells were clearly distinguished by detection of 14C-isovaleric acid accumulation after incubation with [2-(14)C] leucine. A pattern of inhibition of leucine oxidation similar to that seen in isovaleric acidemia cells was induced in normal cells by the addition of 0.7 mM methylenecyclopropylacetic acid to the assay medium. The partial inhibition of [1-(14)C] leucine oxidation seen in isovaleric acidemia cells and also in normal cells in the presence of the inhibitor appears to be, at least in part, due to an accumulation of isovalerate in the cells. Isovaleric acid (5-10) mM) inhibited [1-(14)C] leucine oxidation 32-68% when added to the assay medium with normal cells. Addition of flavin adenine dinucleoside to culture medium or assay medium or both did not restore oxidation of either leucine substrate in isovaleric acidemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932205", "title": "Cystinosis. Intracellular cystine depletion by aminothiols in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Certain aminothiols rapidly deplete cultured cystinotic skin fibroblasts of their abnormally high free (nonprotein) cystine pool. The free cystine content of these cells if reduced by over 90% in 1 h with 0.1 mM cysteamine. This is more rapid than previously known methods of removing free cystine from cystinotic fibroblasts. The disulfide, cystamine, is also able to deplete cystinotic cells of free cystine. A patient with nephropathic cystinosis and end-stage renal disease was treated with cysteamine, both intravenously and orally. Both methods of administration rapidly lowered the free cystine content of the patient's peripheral leukocytes. Study of the patient's urinary sulfur excretion did not conclusively determine the effect of this therapy on the total body cystine pool. Her renal status remained at end stage after 1 mo of oral cysteamine, when an episode of grand mal seizures prompted cessation of the study. Determination of the proper place of aminothiol therapy in this disease will depend upon further clinical trial with patients whose kidney function has not deteriorated to the point of irreversible change, accompanied by careful monitoring of plasma aminothiol levels.", "contents": "Cystinosis. Intracellular cystine depletion by aminothiols in vitro and in vivo. Certain aminothiols rapidly deplete cultured cystinotic skin fibroblasts of their abnormally high free (nonprotein) cystine pool. The free cystine content of these cells if reduced by over 90% in 1 h with 0.1 mM cysteamine. This is more rapid than previously known methods of removing free cystine from cystinotic fibroblasts. The disulfide, cystamine, is also able to deplete cystinotic cells of free cystine. A patient with nephropathic cystinosis and end-stage renal disease was treated with cysteamine, both intravenously and orally. Both methods of administration rapidly lowered the free cystine content of the patient's peripheral leukocytes. Study of the patient's urinary sulfur excretion did not conclusively determine the effect of this therapy on the total body cystine pool. Her renal status remained at end stage after 1 mo of oral cysteamine, when an episode of grand mal seizures prompted cessation of the study. Determination of the proper place of aminothiol therapy in this disease will depend upon further clinical trial with patients whose kidney function has not deteriorated to the point of irreversible change, accompanied by careful monitoring of plasma aminothiol levels."}
{"id": "PMID:932206", "title": "Physical chemistry of the lipids of human atherosclerotic lesions. Demonstration of a lesion intermediate between fatty streaks and advanced plaques.", "content": "95 individual human atherosclerotic lesions from 26 persons were classified into three groups under the dissecting microscope: fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, and gruel (atheromatous) plaques. Each lesion was isolated by microdissection, its lipid composition determined by chromatography, and the physical states of the lipids identified by polarizing microscopy and in some cases by X-ray diffraction. The composition of each lesion was plotted on the in vitro phase diagram of the major lipids of plaques: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid. The observed physical states were compared with those predicted by the location of the lipid composition on the phase diagram. The most severe lesions (gruel plaques) had an average lipid composition of cholesterol 31.5+/-1.9%, cholesterol ester 47.2+/-2.3%, and phospholipid 15.3+/-0.5%. Their compositions fell within the three-phase zone of the phase diagram, predicting the lipids to be separated into a cholesterol crystal phase, a cholesterol ester oily phase and a phospholipid liquid crystalline phase. In addition to the phospholipid liquid crystalline phase of membranes and myelin-like figures demonstrable by electron microscopy, polarizing microscopy revealed the other two predicted phases, isotropic cholesterol ester-rich droplets and cholesterol crystals. X-ray diffraction studies verified the identity of the crystals as cholesterol monohydrate. Fibrous plaques also had an average lipid composition within the three-phase zone of the phase diagram. Polarizing microscopy revealed the presence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals and lipid droplets in all of these lesions; the droplets were predominately isotropic in 28 of the 31 fibrous plaques. Although these lesions had less free cholesterol and more cholesterol ester than gruel plaques, they were otherwise similar. Fatty streaks had compositions within both the two- and three-phase zones of the phase diagram. Compared with gruel plaques, the fatty streaks within the two-phase zone, defined as \"ordinary,\" had more cholesterol ester, less free cholesterol, a higher cholesteryl oleate/cholesteryl linoleate ratio, a lower sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio, more anisotropic lipid droplets, and rare or no cholesterol crystals. Those lesions within the three-phase zone had many chemical and physical features intermediate between ordinary fatty streaks and gruel plaques. Moreover, 68% of these \"intermediate\" lesions had no cholesterol crystals by polarizing microscopy in spite of their compositions being within the three-phase zone, indicating the cholesterol ester oily phase or the phospholipid phase or both were supersaturated with cholesterol. Identification of this group of intermediate lesions provides evidence that some fatty streaks may be precursors of advanced plaques.", "contents": "Physical chemistry of the lipids of human atherosclerotic lesions. Demonstration of a lesion intermediate between fatty streaks and advanced plaques. 95 individual human atherosclerotic lesions from 26 persons were classified into three groups under the dissecting microscope: fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, and gruel (atheromatous) plaques. Each lesion was isolated by microdissection, its lipid composition determined by chromatography, and the physical states of the lipids identified by polarizing microscopy and in some cases by X-ray diffraction. The composition of each lesion was plotted on the in vitro phase diagram of the major lipids of plaques: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid. The observed physical states were compared with those predicted by the location of the lipid composition on the phase diagram. The most severe lesions (gruel plaques) had an average lipid composition of cholesterol 31.5+/-1.9%, cholesterol ester 47.2+/-2.3%, and phospholipid 15.3+/-0.5%. Their compositions fell within the three-phase zone of the phase diagram, predicting the lipids to be separated into a cholesterol crystal phase, a cholesterol ester oily phase and a phospholipid liquid crystalline phase. In addition to the phospholipid liquid crystalline phase of membranes and myelin-like figures demonstrable by electron microscopy, polarizing microscopy revealed the other two predicted phases, isotropic cholesterol ester-rich droplets and cholesterol crystals. X-ray diffraction studies verified the identity of the crystals as cholesterol monohydrate. Fibrous plaques also had an average lipid composition within the three-phase zone of the phase diagram. Polarizing microscopy revealed the presence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals and lipid droplets in all of these lesions; the droplets were predominately isotropic in 28 of the 31 fibrous plaques. Although these lesions had less free cholesterol and more cholesterol ester than gruel plaques, they were otherwise similar. Fatty streaks had compositions within both the two- and three-phase zones of the phase diagram. Compared with gruel plaques, the fatty streaks within the two-phase zone, defined as \"ordinary,\" had more cholesterol ester, less free cholesterol, a higher cholesteryl oleate/cholesteryl linoleate ratio, a lower sphingomyelin/lecithin ratio, more anisotropic lipid droplets, and rare or no cholesterol crystals. Those lesions within the three-phase zone had many chemical and physical features intermediate between ordinary fatty streaks and gruel plaques. Moreover, 68% of these \"intermediate\" lesions had no cholesterol crystals by polarizing microscopy in spite of their compositions being within the three-phase zone, indicating the cholesterol ester oily phase or the phospholipid phase or both were supersaturated with cholesterol. Identification of this group of intermediate lesions provides evidence that some fatty streaks may be precursors of advanced plaques."}
{"id": "PMID:932207", "title": "Interactions of acetylcholine and epinephrine on the dynamics of insulin release in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro system for perifusion of rat pancreatic islets has been utilized to define the effects of epinephrine on acetylcholine-induced insulin release over varying concentrations of the two agents. Perifusion of islets with epinephrine before challenge with acetycholine produced marked enhancement of both phases of cholinergically induced insulin release; enhancement of the first phase being more marked with increase in acetylcholine concentration and the converse being observed with the second phase. Perifusion of islets with epinephrine during stimulation with acetylcholine produced inhibition of insulin release, an effect dependent upon the concentration of epinephrine and of acetylcholine. There was an order of difference in the acetycholine concentration needed to overcome significant epinephrine-mediated inhibition of the first phase of insulin release (5 X 10(-4) mug/ml) and that needed to overcome inhibition of the second phase (5 X 10(-3) mug/ml). Comparison of the effects of various concentrations of epinephrine on glucose- and acetyl-choline-induced insulin release revealed that epinephrine was a less potent inhibitor of the first phase of acetylcholine-induced insulin release than of the first phase of glucose-induced insulin release. These data provide some insight into the potential interactions between cholinergic and adrenergic autonomic systems in modifying insulin release.", "contents": "Interactions of acetylcholine and epinephrine on the dynamics of insulin release in vitro. An in vitro system for perifusion of rat pancreatic islets has been utilized to define the effects of epinephrine on acetylcholine-induced insulin release over varying concentrations of the two agents. Perifusion of islets with epinephrine before challenge with acetycholine produced marked enhancement of both phases of cholinergically induced insulin release; enhancement of the first phase being more marked with increase in acetylcholine concentration and the converse being observed with the second phase. Perifusion of islets with epinephrine during stimulation with acetylcholine produced inhibition of insulin release, an effect dependent upon the concentration of epinephrine and of acetylcholine. There was an order of difference in the acetycholine concentration needed to overcome significant epinephrine-mediated inhibition of the first phase of insulin release (5 X 10(-4) mug/ml) and that needed to overcome inhibition of the second phase (5 X 10(-3) mug/ml). Comparison of the effects of various concentrations of epinephrine on glucose- and acetyl-choline-induced insulin release revealed that epinephrine was a less potent inhibitor of the first phase of acetylcholine-induced insulin release than of the first phase of glucose-induced insulin release. These data provide some insight into the potential interactions between cholinergic and adrenergic autonomic systems in modifying insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:932208", "title": "Lymphokine stimulation of collagen accumulation.", "content": "Lymphokine-rich supernates from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin, have been shown to cause enhanced collagen accumulation by human embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38), as measured by hydroxyproline content of fibroblast monolayers, [14C] proline incorporation into soluble collagen and collagenase release of radioactivity in supernates and monolayers of cultures incubated with [14C] proline. This fibroblast-stimulating activity, demonstrable by suitable dilutions of the supernates, coexisted with a number of other lymphokine activities such as lymphotoxin, proliferation inhibitory factor, and cloning inhibitory factor, which tend to reduce the numbers of function of fibroblasts. The increased content of collagen appeared to be the product of selected surviving and responding fibroblasts. The factor causing this increased collagen accumulation was nondialyzable and stable at -70 degrees C. It represents the first described lymphoid cell-derived activity capable of enhancing collagen accumulation. Fibroblast-stimulating activity may be implicated in the abnormal fibrosis seen in association with chronic inflammation in a variety of disease states. It may have special relevance to progressive systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Lymphokine stimulation of collagen accumulation. Lymphokine-rich supernates from normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated by the mitogen phytohemagglutinin, have been shown to cause enhanced collagen accumulation by human embryonic lung fibroblasts (WI-38), as measured by hydroxyproline content of fibroblast monolayers, [14C] proline incorporation into soluble collagen and collagenase release of radioactivity in supernates and monolayers of cultures incubated with [14C] proline. This fibroblast-stimulating activity, demonstrable by suitable dilutions of the supernates, coexisted with a number of other lymphokine activities such as lymphotoxin, proliferation inhibitory factor, and cloning inhibitory factor, which tend to reduce the numbers of function of fibroblasts. The increased content of collagen appeared to be the product of selected surviving and responding fibroblasts. The factor causing this increased collagen accumulation was nondialyzable and stable at -70 degrees C. It represents the first described lymphoid cell-derived activity capable of enhancing collagen accumulation. Fibroblast-stimulating activity may be implicated in the abnormal fibrosis seen in association with chronic inflammation in a variety of disease states. It may have special relevance to progressive systemic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932209", "title": "An assessment of daily production and significance of thyroidal secretion of 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in man.", "content": "While 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) has been detected both in human serum and in thyroglobulin, no quantitative assessment of its metabolic clearance rate (MCR), production rate (PR), or secretion by the thyroid is yet available. This study examines this information in euthyroid subjects and evaluates it in light of similar information about two other iodothyronines in the thyroid: 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thus, it was noted that rT3 is cleared from human serum at a much faster rate than are T3 and T4; the mean (+/-SE) MCR of rT3 was 76.7+/-5.4 liters/day in 10 subjects, whereas MCR-T3 and MCR-T4 in 8 of them were 26.0+/-2.2 liters/day and 1.02+/-0.06 liters/day, respectively. Therefore, even though the mean serum concentration of rT3, 48+/-2.8 ng/100 ml, was much lower than that (128+/-6.7 ng/100 ml) of T3, the mean PR-rT3 (36.5+/-2.8 mug/day) and the mean PR-T3 (33.5+/-3.7 mug/day) were similar; in comparison, the mean serum concentration and PR of T4 were 8.6+/-0.5 mug/100 ml and 87.0+/-3.9 mug/day, respecitvely. These data and those on the relative proportion of rT3, T3, and T4 in 10 thyroid glands were used to assess the significance of the contribution of thyroidal secretion to PR-rT3 and PR-T3. It was estimated that whereas thyroidal secretion may account for about 23.8% of serum T3 (or PR-T3), it may account for only about 2.5% of serum rT3 (or PR-rT3). Since peripheral metabolism of T4 is the only known source of rT3 and T3 other than the thyroidal secretion, it could be calculated that as much as 73.0 mug or 84% of daily PR-T4 may normally be metabolized by monodeiodination either to T3 or to rT3. MCR and PR of various iodothyronines were also examined in five cases with hepatic cirrhosis, where, as documented previously, serum rT3 may be elevated while serum T3 is diminished. The mean MCR-rT3 in these cases (41.0 liters/day) was clearly (P is less than 0.005) less than that (76.7 liters/day) in normal subjects. This was the case at a time when the mean MCR-T3 (26.7 liters/day) and the mean MCR-T4 (1.19 liters/day) did not differ from those (vide supra) in normal subjects. Distinct from changes in MCRs, the mean PR-rT3 (33.0 mug/day) was similar to, and the mean PR-T3 (10.1 mug/day) and the mean PR-T4 (66.4 mug/day) were much less than, the corresponding value in normal subjects. Furthermore, while the ratio of PR-rT3 and PR-T4 (rT3/T4) in individual patients was either supranormal or normal, the ratio of PR-T3 and PR-T4 (T3/T4) was clearly subnormal. The various data suggest that: (a) just as in the case of T3, the thyroid gland is a relatively minor source of rT3; peripheral metabolism of T4 is apparently its major source; (b) the bulk of T4 metabolized daily is monodeiodinated to T3 or to rT3; (c) monodeiodination may be an obligatory step in metabolism of T4; (d) monodeiodination of T4 to rT3 is maintained normal or is increased in hepatic cirrhosis at a time when monodeiodination of T4 to T3 is decreased.", "contents": "An assessment of daily production and significance of thyroidal secretion of 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in man. While 3, 3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) has been detected both in human serum and in thyroglobulin, no quantitative assessment of its metabolic clearance rate (MCR), production rate (PR), or secretion by the thyroid is yet available. This study examines this information in euthyroid subjects and evaluates it in light of similar information about two other iodothyronines in the thyroid: 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thus, it was noted that rT3 is cleared from human serum at a much faster rate than are T3 and T4; the mean (+/-SE) MCR of rT3 was 76.7+/-5.4 liters/day in 10 subjects, whereas MCR-T3 and MCR-T4 in 8 of them were 26.0+/-2.2 liters/day and 1.02+/-0.06 liters/day, respectively. Therefore, even though the mean serum concentration of rT3, 48+/-2.8 ng/100 ml, was much lower than that (128+/-6.7 ng/100 ml) of T3, the mean PR-rT3 (36.5+/-2.8 mug/day) and the mean PR-T3 (33.5+/-3.7 mug/day) were similar; in comparison, the mean serum concentration and PR of T4 were 8.6+/-0.5 mug/100 ml and 87.0+/-3.9 mug/day, respecitvely. These data and those on the relative proportion of rT3, T3, and T4 in 10 thyroid glands were used to assess the significance of the contribution of thyroidal secretion to PR-rT3 and PR-T3. It was estimated that whereas thyroidal secretion may account for about 23.8% of serum T3 (or PR-T3), it may account for only about 2.5% of serum rT3 (or PR-rT3). Since peripheral metabolism of T4 is the only known source of rT3 and T3 other than the thyroidal secretion, it could be calculated that as much as 73.0 mug or 84% of daily PR-T4 may normally be metabolized by monodeiodination either to T3 or to rT3. MCR and PR of various iodothyronines were also examined in five cases with hepatic cirrhosis, where, as documented previously, serum rT3 may be elevated while serum T3 is diminished. The mean MCR-rT3 in these cases (41.0 liters/day) was clearly (P is less than 0.005) less than that (76.7 liters/day) in normal subjects. This was the case at a time when the mean MCR-T3 (26.7 liters/day) and the mean MCR-T4 (1.19 liters/day) did not differ from those (vide supra) in normal subjects. Distinct from changes in MCRs, the mean PR-rT3 (33.0 mug/day) was similar to, and the mean PR-T3 (10.1 mug/day) and the mean PR-T4 (66.4 mug/day) were much less than, the corresponding value in normal subjects. Furthermore, while the ratio of PR-rT3 and PR-T4 (rT3/T4) in individual patients was either supranormal or normal, the ratio of PR-T3 and PR-T4 (T3/T4) was clearly subnormal. The various data suggest that: (a) just as in the case of T3, the thyroid gland is a relatively minor source of rT3; peripheral metabolism of T4 is apparently its major source; (b) the bulk of T4 metabolized daily is monodeiodinated to T3 or to rT3; (c) monodeiodination may be an obligatory step in metabolism of T4; (d) monodeiodination of T4 to rT3 is maintained normal or is increased in hepatic cirrhosis at a time when monodeiodination of T4 to T3 is decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:932210", "title": "Phosphaturic effect of dopamine in dogs. Possible role of intrarenally produced dopamine in phosphate regulation.", "content": "A possible role for dopamine in phosphate handling by the dog kidney was investigated by intrarenal artery infusions of dopamine. Dopamine increased fractional phosphate excretion both in the presence and absence of control of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In addition, dopamine increased both renal blood flow and sodium excretion, however, the phosphaturia was independent of these changes; since 30 min after completion of dopamine infusion, renal blood flow and sodium excretion returned to control levels and phosphate excretion remained elevated. For comparison, the vasodilator isoproterenol increased renal blood flow and sodium excretion without a significant change in fractional phosphate excretion. Thus, the phosphaturic effect of dopamine is probably independent of its vasodilator effect. The phosphaturic effect of dopamine could not be accounted for by subsequent conversion to norepinephrine, since norepinephrine was antiphosphaturic in the dog. The effect of endogenous dopamine on renal phosphate excretion was investigated by intrarenal infusion of the precursor dopa. Dopa was phosphaturic both in the presence and absence of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In dogs pretreated with carbidopa, which blocks conversion of dopa to dopamine, dopa was no longer phosphaturic, although the kidney remained responsive to dopamine. It is postulated that dopamine may play a role in the intrarenal regulation of phosphate excretion.", "contents": "Phosphaturic effect of dopamine in dogs. Possible role of intrarenally produced dopamine in phosphate regulation. A possible role for dopamine in phosphate handling by the dog kidney was investigated by intrarenal artery infusions of dopamine. Dopamine increased fractional phosphate excretion both in the presence and absence of control of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In addition, dopamine increased both renal blood flow and sodium excretion, however, the phosphaturia was independent of these changes; since 30 min after completion of dopamine infusion, renal blood flow and sodium excretion returned to control levels and phosphate excretion remained elevated. For comparison, the vasodilator isoproterenol increased renal blood flow and sodium excretion without a significant change in fractional phosphate excretion. Thus, the phosphaturic effect of dopamine is probably independent of its vasodilator effect. The phosphaturic effect of dopamine could not be accounted for by subsequent conversion to norepinephrine, since norepinephrine was antiphosphaturic in the dog. The effect of endogenous dopamine on renal phosphate excretion was investigated by intrarenal infusion of the precursor dopa. Dopa was phosphaturic both in the presence and absence of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. In dogs pretreated with carbidopa, which blocks conversion of dopa to dopamine, dopa was no longer phosphaturic, although the kidney remained responsive to dopamine. It is postulated that dopamine may play a role in the intrarenal regulation of phosphate excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:932211", "title": "The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport.", "content": "The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on renal handling of sodium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in dogs employing the recollection micropuncture technique. Subthreshold sustained hyperglycemia resulted in an isonatric inhibition of proximal tubular sodium, fluid, calcium, and phosphate reabsorption by 8-14%. Fractional excretion of sodium and phosphate, however, fell (P is less than 0.01) indicating that the increased delivery of these ions was reabsorbed in portions of the nephron distal to the site of puncture and in addition net sodium and phosphate transport was enhanced resulting in a significant antinatriuresis and antiphosphaturia. The creation of a steady state plateau of hyperinsulinemia while maintaining the blood glucose concentration of euglycemic levels mimicked the effects of hyperglycemia on proximal tubular transport and fractional excretion of sodium and calcium. Tubular fluid to plasma insulin ratio fell, similar to the hyperglycemic studies. These results suggest that the effects of hyperglycemia on renal handling of sodium and calcium may be mediated through changes in plasma insulin concentration. In contrast to hyperglycemia, however, hyperinsulinemia cuased a significant fall in tubular fluid to plasma phosphate ratio with enhanced proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption (P is less than 0.02). This occurred concomitantly with a significant inhibition of proximal tubular sodium transport. These data indicate that insulin has a direct effect on proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and this effect of insulin is masked by the presence of increased amounts of unreabsorbed glucose in the tubule that ensues when hyperinsulinemia occurs secondary to hyperglycemia. Fractional excretion of phosphate fell significantly during insulin infusion but unlike the hyperglycemic studies, the fall in phosphate excretion could be entirely accounted for by enhanced proximal reabsorption.", "contents": "The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. The effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on renal handling of sodium, calcium, and phosphate were studied in dogs employing the recollection micropuncture technique. Subthreshold sustained hyperglycemia resulted in an isonatric inhibition of proximal tubular sodium, fluid, calcium, and phosphate reabsorption by 8-14%. Fractional excretion of sodium and phosphate, however, fell (P is less than 0.01) indicating that the increased delivery of these ions was reabsorbed in portions of the nephron distal to the site of puncture and in addition net sodium and phosphate transport was enhanced resulting in a significant antinatriuresis and antiphosphaturia. The creation of a steady state plateau of hyperinsulinemia while maintaining the blood glucose concentration of euglycemic levels mimicked the effects of hyperglycemia on proximal tubular transport and fractional excretion of sodium and calcium. Tubular fluid to plasma insulin ratio fell, similar to the hyperglycemic studies. These results suggest that the effects of hyperglycemia on renal handling of sodium and calcium may be mediated through changes in plasma insulin concentration. In contrast to hyperglycemia, however, hyperinsulinemia cuased a significant fall in tubular fluid to plasma phosphate ratio with enhanced proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption (P is less than 0.02). This occurred concomitantly with a significant inhibition of proximal tubular sodium transport. These data indicate that insulin has a direct effect on proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption, and this effect of insulin is masked by the presence of increased amounts of unreabsorbed glucose in the tubule that ensues when hyperinsulinemia occurs secondary to hyperglycemia. Fractional excretion of phosphate fell significantly during insulin infusion but unlike the hyperglycemic studies, the fall in phosphate excretion could be entirely accounted for by enhanced proximal reabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:932212", "title": "Intestinal myoelectric activity in response to live Vibrio cholerae and cholera enterotoxin.", "content": "The myoelectric response of the rabbit ileum was studied in response to live Vibrio cholerae culture, a whole cell lysate of cholera, and the purified enterotoxin. Each cholera preparation produced a series of highly organized migrating action potential complexes (MAPC). An MAPC was defined as action potential discharge with a duration of 2.5 s or longer, followed by similar activity on at least one other consecutive electrode site. The mean and modal onset time of MAPC activity occurred 4 h after the infection with live Vibrio cholerae culture, the freeze-dried whole cell lysate preparation, or the purified enterotoxin. After the onset of activity this pattern persisted for the duration of the recording period (up to 12 h). The MAPC had a mean propagation velocity of 0.85+/-0.07 cm/s (mean+/-SEM), which remained constant with time. Direct visual observation of the loop revealed that the MAPC's resulted in contractions that propelled intraluminal contents in an aborad direction. The mean fluid output from the 12-cm ileal loops was 6.4+/-1.1 ml/h (mean+/-SEM). Control experiments consisted of recordings from: (a) a ligated ileal loop into which nothing was placed; (b) a ligated ileal loop into which either uninfected culture broth or 0.9% NaCl solution was injected; (c) a ligated ileal loop infused with 0.9% NaCl solution at a rate of 11.2 ml/h, and (d) rapid injection of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0-ml boluses of 0.9% NaCl into the proximal catheter. MAPC activity was not observed in any of the control experiments. These studies indicate that in addition to a secretory component to cholera, there exists a highly organized MAPC that results in contractions that propel intraluminal contents in an aborad direction.", "contents": "Intestinal myoelectric activity in response to live Vibrio cholerae and cholera enterotoxin. The myoelectric response of the rabbit ileum was studied in response to live Vibrio cholerae culture, a whole cell lysate of cholera, and the purified enterotoxin. Each cholera preparation produced a series of highly organized migrating action potential complexes (MAPC). An MAPC was defined as action potential discharge with a duration of 2.5 s or longer, followed by similar activity on at least one other consecutive electrode site. The mean and modal onset time of MAPC activity occurred 4 h after the infection with live Vibrio cholerae culture, the freeze-dried whole cell lysate preparation, or the purified enterotoxin. After the onset of activity this pattern persisted for the duration of the recording period (up to 12 h). The MAPC had a mean propagation velocity of 0.85+/-0.07 cm/s (mean+/-SEM), which remained constant with time. Direct visual observation of the loop revealed that the MAPC's resulted in contractions that propelled intraluminal contents in an aborad direction. The mean fluid output from the 12-cm ileal loops was 6.4+/-1.1 ml/h (mean+/-SEM). Control experiments consisted of recordings from: (a) a ligated ileal loop into which nothing was placed; (b) a ligated ileal loop into which either uninfected culture broth or 0.9% NaCl solution was injected; (c) a ligated ileal loop infused with 0.9% NaCl solution at a rate of 11.2 ml/h, and (d) rapid injection of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0-ml boluses of 0.9% NaCl into the proximal catheter. MAPC activity was not observed in any of the control experiments. These studies indicate that in addition to a secretory component to cholera, there exists a highly organized MAPC that results in contractions that propel intraluminal contents in an aborad direction."}
{"id": "PMID:932213", "title": "The mechanism whereby bile acid micelles increase the rate of fatty acid and cholesterol uptake into the intestinal mucosal cell.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to define the mechanism whereby bile acid facilitates fatty acid and cholesterol uptake into the intestinal mucosal cell. Initial studies showed that the rate of uptake (Jd) of several fatty acids and cholesterol was a linear function of the concentration of these molecules in the bulk phase if the concentration of bile acid was kept constant. In contrast, Jd decreased markedly when the concentration of bile acid was increased relative to that of the probe molecule but remained essentially constant when the concentration of both the bile acid and probe molecule was increased in parallel. In other studies Jd for lauric acid measured from solutions containing either 0 or 20 mM taurodeoxycholate and saturated with the fatty acid equaled 79.8+/-5.2 and 120.8+/-9.4 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1), respectively: after correction for unstirred layer resistance, however, the former value equaled 113.5+/-7.1 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1). Maximum values of Jd for the saturated fatty acids with 12, 16, and 18 carbons equaled 120.8+/-9.4, 24.1+/-3.2, and 13.6+/-1.1 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1), respectively. These values essentially equaled those derived by multiplying the maximum solubility times the passive permeability coefficients appropriate for each of these compounds. The theoretical equations were then derived that define the expected behavior of Jd for the various lipids under these different experimental circumstances where the mechanism of absorption was assumed to occur either by uptake of the whole micelle, during interaction of the micelle with an infinite number of sites on the microvillus membrane or through a monomer phase of lipid molecules in equilibrium with the micelle. The experimental results were consistent both qualitatively and quantitatively with the third model indicating that the principle role of the micelle in facilitating lipid absorption is to overcome unstirred layer resistance while the actual process of fatty acid and cholesterol absorption occurs through a monomer phase in equilibrium with the micelle.", "contents": "The mechanism whereby bile acid micelles increase the rate of fatty acid and cholesterol uptake into the intestinal mucosal cell. Studies were undertaken to define the mechanism whereby bile acid facilitates fatty acid and cholesterol uptake into the intestinal mucosal cell. Initial studies showed that the rate of uptake (Jd) of several fatty acids and cholesterol was a linear function of the concentration of these molecules in the bulk phase if the concentration of bile acid was kept constant. In contrast, Jd decreased markedly when the concentration of bile acid was increased relative to that of the probe molecule but remained essentially constant when the concentration of both the bile acid and probe molecule was increased in parallel. In other studies Jd for lauric acid measured from solutions containing either 0 or 20 mM taurodeoxycholate and saturated with the fatty acid equaled 79.8+/-5.2 and 120.8+/-9.4 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1), respectively: after correction for unstirred layer resistance, however, the former value equaled 113.5+/-7.1 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1). Maximum values of Jd for the saturated fatty acids with 12, 16, and 18 carbons equaled 120.8+/-9.4, 24.1+/-3.2, and 13.6+/-1.1 nmol.min(-1).100 mg(-1), respectively. These values essentially equaled those derived by multiplying the maximum solubility times the passive permeability coefficients appropriate for each of these compounds. The theoretical equations were then derived that define the expected behavior of Jd for the various lipids under these different experimental circumstances where the mechanism of absorption was assumed to occur either by uptake of the whole micelle, during interaction of the micelle with an infinite number of sites on the microvillus membrane or through a monomer phase of lipid molecules in equilibrium with the micelle. The experimental results were consistent both qualitatively and quantitatively with the third model indicating that the principle role of the micelle in facilitating lipid absorption is to overcome unstirred layer resistance while the actual process of fatty acid and cholesterol absorption occurs through a monomer phase in equilibrium with the micelle."}
{"id": "PMID:932214", "title": "Diagnostic potential of lysosomal hydrolases in body cavity effusions.", "content": "Hexosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and arylsulphatase A were measured inperitoneal and pleural effusions from patients with benign, malignant, and inflammatory disorders. Compared with the benign transudates, all enzyme activities were moderately elevated in malignant effusions and markedly elevated in inflammatory effusions. The assay of hexosaminidase and and alpha-mannosidase indicated clearly the underlying pathology in most specimens studied. This method could be of clinical value when the cause of an effusion is in doubt, particularly since the diagnostic criteria are independent of the presence or absence of tumour cells in the aspirate.", "contents": "Diagnostic potential of lysosomal hydrolases in body cavity effusions. Hexosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and arylsulphatase A were measured inperitoneal and pleural effusions from patients with benign, malignant, and inflammatory disorders. Compared with the benign transudates, all enzyme activities were moderately elevated in malignant effusions and markedly elevated in inflammatory effusions. The assay of hexosaminidase and and alpha-mannosidase indicated clearly the underlying pathology in most specimens studied. This method could be of clinical value when the cause of an effusion is in doubt, particularly since the diagnostic criteria are independent of the presence or absence of tumour cells in the aspirate."}
{"id": "PMID:932215", "title": "A microplate enzyme-immunoassay for toxoplasma antibody.", "content": "A new test for the detection and measurement of toxoplasma antibody is described. Test sera are reacted with antigen-sensitized wells in micro-haemagglutination plates. Any attached antibody is shown by the addition of an enzyme-labelled antiglobulin followed by assay of the enzyme reaction with its substrate. The test is easy to carry out on a large scale, and there is a positive correlation between the results and dye test and haemagglutination test titres.", "contents": "A microplate enzyme-immunoassay for toxoplasma antibody. A new test for the detection and measurement of toxoplasma antibody is described. Test sera are reacted with antigen-sensitized wells in micro-haemagglutination plates. Any attached antibody is shown by the addition of an enzyme-labelled antiglobulin followed by assay of the enzyme reaction with its substrate. The test is easy to carry out on a large scale, and there is a positive correlation between the results and dye test and haemagglutination test titres."}
{"id": "PMID:932221", "title": "Susceptibility of urinary pathogens to various antimicrobial substances: a four-year study.", "content": "The results of testing all urinary pathogens from general practice and hospital practice for their sensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents over the four years 1971-74 are presented. The changes observed in each situation with the passage of time are discussed. Resistance has become more frequent to those drugs to which resistance is commonly R factor-mediated. Less change has been observed in resistance to other antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Susceptibility of urinary pathogens to various antimicrobial substances: a four-year study. The results of testing all urinary pathogens from general practice and hospital practice for their sensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents over the four years 1971-74 are presented. The changes observed in each situation with the passage of time are discussed. Resistance has become more frequent to those drugs to which resistance is commonly R factor-mediated. Less change has been observed in resistance to other antimicrobial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:932222", "title": "Tuberculosis of the cervix: cytology as an aid to diagnosis.", "content": "Two cases of tuberculous cervicitis are presented. The presence in cervical smears of both epithelioid and Langhans' giant cells, which are described, should raise a strong suspicion of tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the cervix: cytology as an aid to diagnosis. Two cases of tuberculous cervicitis are presented. The presence in cervical smears of both epithelioid and Langhans' giant cells, which are described, should raise a strong suspicion of tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932223", "title": "Introduction of a Vickers M300 analyser into the routine service of a hospital laboratory. 1. Installation, staffing, logistics.", "content": "A Vickers M300 analyser has been successfully installed in a busy hospital laboratory. A permanent team of operators is used, but this introduces problems for staff rotation, particularly for educational purposes. The vials used for the collection of samples are an essential feature of the system, but they present many difficulties and are no longer used for collecting samples from outpatients, or at remote sites. Direct costs during 1974, excluding staff and depreciation, amounted to approximately pounds 0-45 per patient sample: this is assessed on the rising workload during implementation. An increased workload could still be handled with existing staff. The siting of such high-capacity analysers constitutes an important policy decision.", "contents": "Introduction of a Vickers M300 analyser into the routine service of a hospital laboratory. 1. Installation, staffing, logistics. A Vickers M300 analyser has been successfully installed in a busy hospital laboratory. A permanent team of operators is used, but this introduces problems for staff rotation, particularly for educational purposes. The vials used for the collection of samples are an essential feature of the system, but they present many difficulties and are no longer used for collecting samples from outpatients, or at remote sites. Direct costs during 1974, excluding staff and depreciation, amounted to approximately pounds 0-45 per patient sample: this is assessed on the rising workload during implementation. An increased workload could still be handled with existing staff. The siting of such high-capacity analysers constitutes an important policy decision."}
{"id": "PMID:932224", "title": "Introduction of a Vickers M300 analyser into the routine service of a hospital laboratory. 2. Tests, methods, evaluation.", "content": "A Vickers M300 analyser has been introduced into a busy hospital laboratory; a profile of 13 biochemical tests is currently provided. Analytical performance has been assessed over one year of routine service operation, and mechanical performance has been assessed over two separate three-month periods. At its best, the M300 achieves high standards of precision and accuracy and has the advantage of unrivalled speed. Enzyme assay methods are less satisfactory than the kinetic assays in current use. Random analytical errors occur and are difficult to detect. The restricted facilities of the integral process-control computer are inadequate for effective quality control.", "contents": "Introduction of a Vickers M300 analyser into the routine service of a hospital laboratory. 2. Tests, methods, evaluation. A Vickers M300 analyser has been introduced into a busy hospital laboratory; a profile of 13 biochemical tests is currently provided. Analytical performance has been assessed over one year of routine service operation, and mechanical performance has been assessed over two separate three-month periods. At its best, the M300 achieves high standards of precision and accuracy and has the advantage of unrivalled speed. Enzyme assay methods are less satisfactory than the kinetic assays in current use. Random analytical errors occur and are difficult to detect. The restricted facilities of the integral process-control computer are inadequate for effective quality control."}
{"id": "PMID:932225", "title": "Conditions for collection of serum samples for the measurement of fibrin(ogen) degradation products by radioimmunoassay of fragment E.", "content": "A number of conditions have been assessed for the collection of serum samples for the measurement of fibrin(ogen) degradation products using a radioimmunoassay for degradation fragment E, which permits precise quantitation of differences. Blood should be collected using minimal venous occlusion into glass tubes containing 10 mg/ml of epsilon amino caproic acid and allowed to clot at 4 to 20 degrees C for at least 4 hours before centrifugation. The serum may be stored at 4 or -20 degrees C. Samples from patients receiving anticoagulant therapy should be treated with 10 IU of thrombin per ml.", "contents": "Conditions for collection of serum samples for the measurement of fibrin(ogen) degradation products by radioimmunoassay of fragment E. A number of conditions have been assessed for the collection of serum samples for the measurement of fibrin(ogen) degradation products using a radioimmunoassay for degradation fragment E, which permits precise quantitation of differences. Blood should be collected using minimal venous occlusion into glass tubes containing 10 mg/ml of epsilon amino caproic acid and allowed to clot at 4 to 20 degrees C for at least 4 hours before centrifugation. The serum may be stored at 4 or -20 degrees C. Samples from patients receiving anticoagulant therapy should be treated with 10 IU of thrombin per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:932226", "title": "Fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "An increase in low molecular weight fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) was demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 17 of 18 patients with bacterial or viral meningitis compared with 29 patients without meningitis. The CSF also showed an increase in coagulation proteins of molecular weight less than 90000 (factors VII, IX, and plasminogen) but did not contain fibrinogen (MW 340000) or plasminogen activator. It is concluded that low molecular weight FDP in the CSF in infective meningitis result from leakage through a damaged blood-CSF barrier rather than from local digestion of fibrin deposited on the meninges.", "contents": "Fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in cerebrospinal fluid. An increase in low molecular weight fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) was demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 17 of 18 patients with bacterial or viral meningitis compared with 29 patients without meningitis. The CSF also showed an increase in coagulation proteins of molecular weight less than 90000 (factors VII, IX, and plasminogen) but did not contain fibrinogen (MW 340000) or plasminogen activator. It is concluded that low molecular weight FDP in the CSF in infective meningitis result from leakage through a damaged blood-CSF barrier rather than from local digestion of fibrin deposited on the meninges."}
{"id": "PMID:932227", "title": "Systemic angioendotheliomatosis with metastases.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings of a case of systemic angioendotheliomatosis are presented. The previously published cases of this disease are analysed. The present case is only the third to show clear evidence of metastasis.", "contents": "Systemic angioendotheliomatosis with metastases. The clinical and pathological findings of a case of systemic angioendotheliomatosis are presented. The previously published cases of this disease are analysed. The present case is only the third to show clear evidence of metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:932230", "title": "Histometry of lymphoid infiltrate in the thyroid of primary thyrotoxicosis patients. Relation of extent of thyroiditis to preoperative drug treatment and postoperative hypothyroidism.", "content": "The thyroids of primary thyrotoxicosis patients prepared for partial thyroidectomy with propranolol contained much more lymphoid infiltrate than those prepared with carbimazole. No relation was found between the extent of lymphoid infiltrate in the thyroid and the development of postoperative hypothyroidism either between or within the two drug treatment groups. This study has shown that the extent of thyroid infiltrate should not be used as the major factor in predicting hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "Histometry of lymphoid infiltrate in the thyroid of primary thyrotoxicosis patients. Relation of extent of thyroiditis to preoperative drug treatment and postoperative hypothyroidism. The thyroids of primary thyrotoxicosis patients prepared for partial thyroidectomy with propranolol contained much more lymphoid infiltrate than those prepared with carbimazole. No relation was found between the extent of lymphoid infiltrate in the thyroid and the development of postoperative hypothyroidism either between or within the two drug treatment groups. This study has shown that the extent of thyroid infiltrate should not be used as the major factor in predicting hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for primary thyrotoxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932232", "title": "Introduction of a rapid, simple radioimmunoassay and quality control scheme for thyroxine.", "content": "A simple radioimmunoassay has been developed for service purposes to determine serum total thyroxine levels. Only three additions are required, of standard or sample, labelled thyroxine and antibody in polyethylene glycol. After 2 hours' incubation at room temperature the antibody-bound and free fractions are separated by centrifugation. Serum total thyroxine levels were measured in 195 euthyroid subjects and it was established that normal values lay within the range 57 to 155 nmol/1. Serial blood samples taken over a 24-hour period, from 11 subjects, indicated that there was no circadian rhythm so that samples for total thyroxine assay can be taken at any time of the day. Similar results were obtained using serum or plasma. Satisfactory results were obtained for three quality control sera when measured by seven different laboratories using this method.", "contents": "Introduction of a rapid, simple radioimmunoassay and quality control scheme for thyroxine. A simple radioimmunoassay has been developed for service purposes to determine serum total thyroxine levels. Only three additions are required, of standard or sample, labelled thyroxine and antibody in polyethylene glycol. After 2 hours' incubation at room temperature the antibody-bound and free fractions are separated by centrifugation. Serum total thyroxine levels were measured in 195 euthyroid subjects and it was established that normal values lay within the range 57 to 155 nmol/1. Serial blood samples taken over a 24-hour period, from 11 subjects, indicated that there was no circadian rhythm so that samples for total thyroxine assay can be taken at any time of the day. Similar results were obtained using serum or plasma. Satisfactory results were obtained for three quality control sera when measured by seven different laboratories using this method."}
{"id": "PMID:932231", "title": "Biopterin derivatives in human body fluids and tissues.", "content": "Levels of biopterin derivatives in urine, serum, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, and liver have been measured with the Crithidia fasciculata assay. Normal levels in serum and urine have been given and compared with those in a number of benign and malignant proliferative disorders, phenylketonuria, kidney disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, controlled epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, and pernicious anaemia. The active component of Crithidia factor in serum was 7,8-dihydrobiopterin. Tissue, urine, and some serum samples contained two active materials, the principal one being 7,8-dihydrobiopterin; a minor constituent was probably tetrahydrobiopterin. Serum biopterin levels following methotrexate administration were raised and subsequent administration of folic acid and 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid further increased serum levels of biopterin derivatives; this was in contrast to the total absence of response to oral folates without prior methotrexate and to 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid either with or without methotrexate being given.", "contents": "Biopterin derivatives in human body fluids and tissues. Levels of biopterin derivatives in urine, serum, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, and liver have been measured with the Crithidia fasciculata assay. Normal levels in serum and urine have been given and compared with those in a number of benign and malignant proliferative disorders, phenylketonuria, kidney disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, controlled epilepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, and pernicious anaemia. The active component of Crithidia factor in serum was 7,8-dihydrobiopterin. Tissue, urine, and some serum samples contained two active materials, the principal one being 7,8-dihydrobiopterin; a minor constituent was probably tetrahydrobiopterin. Serum biopterin levels following methotrexate administration were raised and subsequent administration of folic acid and 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid further increased serum levels of biopterin derivatives; this was in contrast to the total absence of response to oral folates without prior methotrexate and to 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid either with or without methotrexate being given."}
{"id": "PMID:932237", "title": "The time of origin and the pattern of survival of neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus of the chick.", "content": "The time of origin of the cells in the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION--the nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the avian retina) has been determined in the chick by a variant of the cumulative labeling method, using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. All the neurons of the ION are generated (i.e., pass through their last phase of DNA synthesis) over a 50-hour period between the latter part of the fifth and the seventh days of incubation (stages 28--31 of the Hamburger and Hamilton ['51] series) but the cells come to be assembled within the nucleus along a distinct temporo-spatial gradient. The earliest-formed cells occupy the ventrolateral part of the nucleus while the last neurons to be generated come to lie along its dorsomedial margin. When the nucleus is numerically complete, around the eleventh day of incubation, it contains about 22,000 neurons, but between the thirteenth and seventeenth days (stages 39 through 43) this number is produced by nearly 60% to about 9,500 cells. Following the radical extirpation of the one optic cup or the circumscribed removal of the neural retina early on the third day of incubation, the cell loss in the contralateral ION is greatly accentuated, so that by the eighteenth day of incubation no cells remain in the nucleus. Serial counts of the numbers of cells in the nucleus on the side of the eye (or retinal) removals show that it, too, undergoes additional cell degeneration, so that by the end of the phase of naturally occurring neuronal loss, only about half the normal number of cells persist in these experimental animals.", "contents": "The time of origin and the pattern of survival of neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus of the chick. The time of origin of the cells in the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION--the nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the avian retina) has been determined in the chick by a variant of the cumulative labeling method, using 3H-thymidine autoradiography. All the neurons of the ION are generated (i.e., pass through their last phase of DNA synthesis) over a 50-hour period between the latter part of the fifth and the seventh days of incubation (stages 28--31 of the Hamburger and Hamilton ['51] series) but the cells come to be assembled within the nucleus along a distinct temporo-spatial gradient. The earliest-formed cells occupy the ventrolateral part of the nucleus while the last neurons to be generated come to lie along its dorsomedial margin. When the nucleus is numerically complete, around the eleventh day of incubation, it contains about 22,000 neurons, but between the thirteenth and seventeenth days (stages 39 through 43) this number is produced by nearly 60% to about 9,500 cells. Following the radical extirpation of the one optic cup or the circumscribed removal of the neural retina early on the third day of incubation, the cell loss in the contralateral ION is greatly accentuated, so that by the eighteenth day of incubation no cells remain in the nucleus. Serial counts of the numbers of cells in the nucleus on the side of the eye (or retinal) removals show that it, too, undergoes additional cell degeneration, so that by the end of the phase of naturally occurring neuronal loss, only about half the normal number of cells persist in these experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:932238", "title": "Dendroaxonic synapses in the substantia gelatinosa glomeruli of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The glomeruli in the substantia gelatinosa layer of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat contain three kinds of dendritic processes. One of these, the type 2 dendrite, contains large synaptic vesicles in its spine heads and in its shafts. The type 2 dendrite receivers axodendritic synapses from primary trigeminal afferent (C) axons and an occasional axodendritic synapse from small axonal (P) endings with small synaptic vesicles. The type 2 dendrites in turn form dendroaxonic synapses on the C endings. The dendroaxonic synapse and the axodendritic synapse of the C ending typically occur in reciprocal pairs. The axodendritic synapse usually lies in the depths of scalloped depressions in the surface of the C ending while the dendroaxonic synapse is found on the rim of the depression. Type 1 spines, i.e., dendritic spines receiving axodendritic synapses from the primary ending and lacking synaptic vesicles, also receive dendrodentritic synapses from type 2 dendrites. The type 2 dendrite with its large, rounded synaptic vesicles is considered to be excitatory at its dendroaxonic and dendrodendritic synapses. The type 2 dendrites course from glomerulus to glomerulus receiving their excitatory input through the axodendritic synapses of C axons. A type 2 dendrite, in response to C axon excitation would activate type 1 spines directly through their dendrodendritic synapses (C leads to 2 leads to 1) and indirectly by increasing transmitter release at the axodendritic synapses of the C axonal endings through their dendroaxonic synapses (2 leads to C leads to 1). The type 2 dendrites could serve two functions. First, they may prolong transmitter release from the axodendritic synapses of C axonal endings beyond the time of arrival of incoming potentials because of the reciprocal pairing of dendroaxonic and axodendritic synapses (C in equilibrium 2). Second, they may extend the spatial range of the excitatory output of active primary afferent axons to type 1 spines of glomeruli whose primary afferent axons may be inactive (C leads to 2 leads to 1).", "contents": "Dendroaxonic synapses in the substantia gelatinosa glomeruli of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. The glomeruli in the substantia gelatinosa layer of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat contain three kinds of dendritic processes. One of these, the type 2 dendrite, contains large synaptic vesicles in its spine heads and in its shafts. The type 2 dendrite receivers axodendritic synapses from primary trigeminal afferent (C) axons and an occasional axodendritic synapse from small axonal (P) endings with small synaptic vesicles. The type 2 dendrites in turn form dendroaxonic synapses on the C endings. The dendroaxonic synapse and the axodendritic synapse of the C ending typically occur in reciprocal pairs. The axodendritic synapse usually lies in the depths of scalloped depressions in the surface of the C ending while the dendroaxonic synapse is found on the rim of the depression. Type 1 spines, i.e., dendritic spines receiving axodendritic synapses from the primary ending and lacking synaptic vesicles, also receive dendrodentritic synapses from type 2 dendrites. The type 2 dendrite with its large, rounded synaptic vesicles is considered to be excitatory at its dendroaxonic and dendrodendritic synapses. The type 2 dendrites course from glomerulus to glomerulus receiving their excitatory input through the axodendritic synapses of C axons. A type 2 dendrite, in response to C axon excitation would activate type 1 spines directly through their dendrodendritic synapses (C leads to 2 leads to 1) and indirectly by increasing transmitter release at the axodendritic synapses of the C axonal endings through their dendroaxonic synapses (2 leads to C leads to 1). The type 2 dendrites could serve two functions. First, they may prolong transmitter release from the axodendritic synapses of C axonal endings beyond the time of arrival of incoming potentials because of the reciprocal pairing of dendroaxonic and axodendritic synapses (C in equilibrium 2). Second, they may extend the spatial range of the excitatory output of active primary afferent axons to type 1 spines of glomeruli whose primary afferent axons may be inactive (C leads to 2 leads to 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:932239", "title": "The facial motor nucleus of the opossum: cytology and axosomatic synapses.", "content": "The normal cytology and synaptic organization of the opossum facial motor nucleus was determined by use of Nissl preparations, Golgi impregnations, one-micron plastic sections and electron microscopy. Neurons from all regions of the nucleus can be classified into three categories based on the size and shape of their perikarya, the distribution of Nissl substance and extent of their dendritic arbors. Large neurons (30--50 mu) exhibit numerous Nissl granules and their dendrites often span more than one-half the width of the nucleus in the transverse plane. Their proximal dendrites measure 4--7 mu in diameter, taper to 0.5--2 mu and display few spines. Medium neurons (20--30 mu) can be distinguished from the large nerve cells by their size and their less extensive dendritic arbor. Proximal dendrites measure 4--7 mu in diameter, tapes to 0.5--2 mu and are relativel aspinous. Small neurons (10--20 mu) display a thin rim of cytoplasm which is either uniformly basophilic or achromatic. The dendrites of these neurons are relatively unbranched and taper from 4--5 mu proximally to 0.5--2 mu distally. Their axons give off one or two collaterals within the nuclear borders. More than one-half the perikaryal membrane of large and medium neurons is covered by presynaptic profiles which were grouped into three primary categories based upon differences in their vesicle shape (spherical, pleomorphic, or ellipsoidal). Only a few axosomatic contacts are present on small neurons. Further differentiation of axosomatic synaptic endings is suggested by differences in vesicle size, in pre- and postsynaptic membrane densities and in the size of the synaptic terminals. Vesicle size was determined by a cybergraphic tablet and a PDP-12 computer system and is expressed as a mean area in nm2.", "contents": "The facial motor nucleus of the opossum: cytology and axosomatic synapses. The normal cytology and synaptic organization of the opossum facial motor nucleus was determined by use of Nissl preparations, Golgi impregnations, one-micron plastic sections and electron microscopy. Neurons from all regions of the nucleus can be classified into three categories based on the size and shape of their perikarya, the distribution of Nissl substance and extent of their dendritic arbors. Large neurons (30--50 mu) exhibit numerous Nissl granules and their dendrites often span more than one-half the width of the nucleus in the transverse plane. Their proximal dendrites measure 4--7 mu in diameter, taper to 0.5--2 mu and display few spines. Medium neurons (20--30 mu) can be distinguished from the large nerve cells by their size and their less extensive dendritic arbor. Proximal dendrites measure 4--7 mu in diameter, tapes to 0.5--2 mu and are relativel aspinous. Small neurons (10--20 mu) display a thin rim of cytoplasm which is either uniformly basophilic or achromatic. The dendrites of these neurons are relatively unbranched and taper from 4--5 mu proximally to 0.5--2 mu distally. Their axons give off one or two collaterals within the nuclear borders. More than one-half the perikaryal membrane of large and medium neurons is covered by presynaptic profiles which were grouped into three primary categories based upon differences in their vesicle shape (spherical, pleomorphic, or ellipsoidal). Only a few axosomatic contacts are present on small neurons. Further differentiation of axosomatic synaptic endings is suggested by differences in vesicle size, in pre- and postsynaptic membrane densities and in the size of the synaptic terminals. Vesicle size was determined by a cybergraphic tablet and a PDP-12 computer system and is expressed as a mean area in nm2."}
{"id": "PMID:932240", "title": "The facial motor nucleus of the opossum: synaptic endings on dendrites.", "content": "The diameters of dendrites of large, medium and small neurons (Falls and King, '76) were measured from Golgi impregnations of the opossum facial motor nucleus in order to classify dendritic profiles sectioned in the transverse plane in electron micrographs. Three categories of dendrites are described: (1) proximal (4-7 mu in diameter); (2) intermediate (2-4 mu in diameter) and (3) distal (0.5-2 mu in diameter). The distribution of axodendritic synaptic endings was determined, recognizing that the neuronal source of individual dendritic profiles when seen in the transverse plane of section cannot be absolutely determined in view of the overlap in size of the dendrites issuing from the three types of neurons. Presynaptic terminals were categorized according to vesicle shape (spherical, pleomorphic or ellipsoidal), vesicle size, terminal size, junctional characteristics and post synaptic distribution. The vesicle size is expressed as a mean area (nm2) and was determined by using a cybergraphic tablet and a PDP-12 computer system. In any given plane of section, synaptic terminals cover most of the membrane of proximal dendrites and decrease in number as intermediate and distal dendrites are encountered. In Golgi impregnations four classes of afferent fibers which ramify among the dendrites of facial neurons can be distinguished. As yet, their sources have not been identified. Possible sites of origin for presynaptic profiles are discussed in the context of previous light microscopic findings.", "contents": "The facial motor nucleus of the opossum: synaptic endings on dendrites. The diameters of dendrites of large, medium and small neurons (Falls and King, '76) were measured from Golgi impregnations of the opossum facial motor nucleus in order to classify dendritic profiles sectioned in the transverse plane in electron micrographs. Three categories of dendrites are described: (1) proximal (4-7 mu in diameter); (2) intermediate (2-4 mu in diameter) and (3) distal (0.5-2 mu in diameter). The distribution of axodendritic synaptic endings was determined, recognizing that the neuronal source of individual dendritic profiles when seen in the transverse plane of section cannot be absolutely determined in view of the overlap in size of the dendrites issuing from the three types of neurons. Presynaptic terminals were categorized according to vesicle shape (spherical, pleomorphic or ellipsoidal), vesicle size, terminal size, junctional characteristics and post synaptic distribution. The vesicle size is expressed as a mean area (nm2) and was determined by using a cybergraphic tablet and a PDP-12 computer system. In any given plane of section, synaptic terminals cover most of the membrane of proximal dendrites and decrease in number as intermediate and distal dendrites are encountered. In Golgi impregnations four classes of afferent fibers which ramify among the dendrites of facial neurons can be distinguished. As yet, their sources have not been identified. Possible sites of origin for presynaptic profiles are discussed in the context of previous light microscopic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:932241", "title": "Effects of stimulation on embryonic activity in the chick.", "content": "Effects of stimulation on the stereotyped and coordinated movements in the chick embryo were investigated using the type of stimulation (regular loud clicks) that is known to accelerate development and the time of hatching. The number of coordinated movements, the amount and approximate size of all activity, heart rates and, in 20-day embryos, respiration rates were assessed during a 15-min control period, a 15-min period of stimulation, and a 15-min period of no stimulation. The results showed an increase in the number of coordinated movements, but not their size, and some changes in the heart and respiration rates after the onset of stimulation. These effects occurred in most cases only after several minutes of delay. It is suggested that this delay may be connected with the reciprocal relationship between the coordinated movements and random motility in that the former may be triggered more readily at times when the latter are suppressed.", "contents": "Effects of stimulation on embryonic activity in the chick. Effects of stimulation on the stereotyped and coordinated movements in the chick embryo were investigated using the type of stimulation (regular loud clicks) that is known to accelerate development and the time of hatching. The number of coordinated movements, the amount and approximate size of all activity, heart rates and, in 20-day embryos, respiration rates were assessed during a 15-min control period, a 15-min period of stimulation, and a 15-min period of no stimulation. The results showed an increase in the number of coordinated movements, but not their size, and some changes in the heart and respiration rates after the onset of stimulation. These effects occurred in most cases only after several minutes of delay. It is suggested that this delay may be connected with the reciprocal relationship between the coordinated movements and random motility in that the former may be triggered more readily at times when the latter are suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:932242", "title": "Role of thyroid hormones in an abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions.", "content": "Thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions exhibit the same abnormal grooming behavior. Investigations were conducted to determine whether the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with pontile lesions was attributable to a hypothyroid condition. Administration of thyroid hormones abolished the abnormal behavior of thyroidectomized cats but was without effect in cats with pontile lesions. Studies of brain and blood levels of thyroid hormones in cats with pontile lesions failed to detect any differences from normal cats, and normal effects of thyroid hormones on evoked potentials to light flashes and to clicks were obtained in cats with pontile lesions. It was concluded that any thyroid dysfunction that may exist in the cats with pontile lesions was not involved in the genesis of the abnormal grooming behavior. Because the abnormal grooming behavior fluctuates rhythmically during the year, an endocrine hypothesis was entertained as the source of the fluctuations; endocrine concomitants of the abnormal behavior were investigated with longitudinal studies. The urinary excretion of 11-hydroxycorticoids exhibited a significant negative correlation with the abnormal behavior. When compared with that of normal cats, the plasma level of 11-hydroxycorticoids of thyroidectomized cats was significantly decreased. Intramuscular injections of 11-hydroxycorticoids abolished the abnormal behavior in both thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions. These results considered together with previous findings indicate that thyroidectomy and pontile lesions induce similar changes in 11-hydroxycorticoid and serotonergic functions-changes that are critical features of the physiological bases of the abnormal grooming behavior in both groups.", "contents": "Role of thyroid hormones in an abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions. Thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions exhibit the same abnormal grooming behavior. Investigations were conducted to determine whether the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with pontile lesions was attributable to a hypothyroid condition. Administration of thyroid hormones abolished the abnormal behavior of thyroidectomized cats but was without effect in cats with pontile lesions. Studies of brain and blood levels of thyroid hormones in cats with pontile lesions failed to detect any differences from normal cats, and normal effects of thyroid hormones on evoked potentials to light flashes and to clicks were obtained in cats with pontile lesions. It was concluded that any thyroid dysfunction that may exist in the cats with pontile lesions was not involved in the genesis of the abnormal grooming behavior. Because the abnormal grooming behavior fluctuates rhythmically during the year, an endocrine hypothesis was entertained as the source of the fluctuations; endocrine concomitants of the abnormal behavior were investigated with longitudinal studies. The urinary excretion of 11-hydroxycorticoids exhibited a significant negative correlation with the abnormal behavior. When compared with that of normal cats, the plasma level of 11-hydroxycorticoids of thyroidectomized cats was significantly decreased. Intramuscular injections of 11-hydroxycorticoids abolished the abnormal behavior in both thyroidectomized cats and cats with pontile lesions. These results considered together with previous findings indicate that thyroidectomy and pontile lesions induce similar changes in 11-hydroxycorticoid and serotonergic functions-changes that are critical features of the physiological bases of the abnormal grooming behavior in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:932243", "title": "Posttrial hippocampal, amygdaloid, and lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: effects on short- and long-term memory of an appetitive experience.", "content": "Water-deprived rats were given 150 licks of a 10% sucrose solution, followed 4 sec later by 30 sec of low-intensity electrical brain stimulation applied through bipolar electrodes implanted bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus, amygdala, or lateral hypothalamus. Retention of the licking experience was then tested either 90 sec or 24 hr after the 150-lick experience by measuring the number of licks taken on an empty drinking tube. Rats that received hippocampal stimulation licked the empty tube less than controls did during the 24-hr, but not during the 90-sec, retention test. These data suggest that the hippocampus may be critically involved in processes (e.g., consolidation) mediating long-term, but not short-term, memory. Compared with controls, rats that received amygdala stimulation did not exhibit any changes in licking at either retention test. Rats that received lateral hypothalamic stimulation showed more licking compared with controls during the 90-sec, but not the 24-hr, retention test. Subsequent tests suggested that facilitation of short-term memory may have been influenced by stimulation-induced motivational changes.", "contents": "Posttrial hippocampal, amygdaloid, and lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: effects on short- and long-term memory of an appetitive experience. Water-deprived rats were given 150 licks of a 10% sucrose solution, followed 4 sec later by 30 sec of low-intensity electrical brain stimulation applied through bipolar electrodes implanted bilaterally in the dorsal hippocampus, amygdala, or lateral hypothalamus. Retention of the licking experience was then tested either 90 sec or 24 hr after the 150-lick experience by measuring the number of licks taken on an empty drinking tube. Rats that received hippocampal stimulation licked the empty tube less than controls did during the 24-hr, but not during the 90-sec, retention test. These data suggest that the hippocampus may be critically involved in processes (e.g., consolidation) mediating long-term, but not short-term, memory. Compared with controls, rats that received amygdala stimulation did not exhibit any changes in licking at either retention test. Rats that received lateral hypothalamic stimulation showed more licking compared with controls during the 90-sec, but not the 24-hr, retention test. Subsequent tests suggested that facilitation of short-term memory may have been influenced by stimulation-induced motivational changes."}
{"id": "PMID:932244", "title": "Neutralization of sensory-input modification of seizure thresholds in rats.", "content": "In this series of experiments it was demonstrated that the result of exposing rats to various parameters of either intermittent sound or intermittent light stimulation significantly decreased the threshold to chemically induced generalized seizures. Furthermore, simultaneous presentation of intermittent light with intermittent sound resulted in a mutual intersensory inhibition (cancellation, neutralization) of the preexisting seizurogenic potential of each stimulus. In these cases, the seizure thresholds did not differ from control values. Several working hypotheses are extended to probe the mechanism of the above results. The probable significance of these observations are (a) that the corroboration of results of other experiments on bimodal inhibitory interactions in normal animals suggests that intersensory inhibition is a property of the nervous system presented simultaneously with certain inputs and (b) that if generalizable to humans, the principle of intersensory inhibition may find an application in the abortion of sensory-precipitated seizures.", "contents": "Neutralization of sensory-input modification of seizure thresholds in rats. In this series of experiments it was demonstrated that the result of exposing rats to various parameters of either intermittent sound or intermittent light stimulation significantly decreased the threshold to chemically induced generalized seizures. Furthermore, simultaneous presentation of intermittent light with intermittent sound resulted in a mutual intersensory inhibition (cancellation, neutralization) of the preexisting seizurogenic potential of each stimulus. In these cases, the seizure thresholds did not differ from control values. Several working hypotheses are extended to probe the mechanism of the above results. The probable significance of these observations are (a) that the corroboration of results of other experiments on bimodal inhibitory interactions in normal animals suggests that intersensory inhibition is a property of the nervous system presented simultaneously with certain inputs and (b) that if generalizable to humans, the principle of intersensory inhibition may find an application in the abortion of sensory-precipitated seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:932245", "title": "Effects of serial unilateral and serial bilateral visual cortex lesions on brightness discrimination relearning in rats.", "content": "In Experiment 1, rats with serial unilateral (SU), serial bilateral (SB), or one-stage bilateral (B) visual cortex lesions (areas 17, 18 and 18a) were compared in their retention of a preoperatively learned brightness discrimination. Both the first-stage and second-stage lesions for the SU and SB groups involved the same amount of cortical tissue and the same composite areas of visual field projection in primary and extraprimary visual cortex. Groups SU and SB showed substantial savings of the brightness discrimination after the completed bilateral visual cortex removals, while Group B showed a complete postoperative loss. In Experiment 2, the effects of two additional types of serial bilateral visual cortex lesions were investigated. These involved the medial and then lateral aspects of visual cortex in two stages (ML), or vice versa (LM). Once again, the serial bilateral lesion groups (SB, ML, and LM) showed substantial savings of the discrimination after the completed lesion, while Group B showed a complete post-operative loss. These results demonstrate a general advantage of serial damage over one-stage damage to visual cortex in recovery of a preoperatively learned brightness discrimination and indicate that the serial lesion effect is not specific to interhemispheric relationships.", "contents": "Effects of serial unilateral and serial bilateral visual cortex lesions on brightness discrimination relearning in rats. In Experiment 1, rats with serial unilateral (SU), serial bilateral (SB), or one-stage bilateral (B) visual cortex lesions (areas 17, 18 and 18a) were compared in their retention of a preoperatively learned brightness discrimination. Both the first-stage and second-stage lesions for the SU and SB groups involved the same amount of cortical tissue and the same composite areas of visual field projection in primary and extraprimary visual cortex. Groups SU and SB showed substantial savings of the brightness discrimination after the completed bilateral visual cortex removals, while Group B showed a complete postoperative loss. In Experiment 2, the effects of two additional types of serial bilateral visual cortex lesions were investigated. These involved the medial and then lateral aspects of visual cortex in two stages (ML), or vice versa (LM). Once again, the serial bilateral lesion groups (SB, ML, and LM) showed substantial savings of the discrimination after the completed lesion, while Group B showed a complete post-operative loss. These results demonstrate a general advantage of serial damage over one-stage damage to visual cortex in recovery of a preoperatively learned brightness discrimination and indicate that the serial lesion effect is not specific to interhemispheric relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:932246", "title": "Chemical sympathectomy and two-way escape and avoidance learning in the rat.", "content": "Six experiments are reported on the effects of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylethyl-amine (6-hydroxydopamine) on two-way escape and avoidance learning. Rats were tested on either escape or avoidance learning at 80 days of age after chemical sympathectomy at birth or 40 or 80 days of age. Neonatal and chronic sympathectomy (at 40 days), but not acute sympathectomy (at 80 days), resulted in depressed escape learning. Avoidance learning was affected by neonatal sympathectomy and partially by acute sympathectomy. The results have implications for the role of the autonomic nervous system in escape-avoidance learning.", "contents": "Chemical sympathectomy and two-way escape and avoidance learning in the rat. Six experiments are reported on the effects of 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylethyl-amine (6-hydroxydopamine) on two-way escape and avoidance learning. Rats were tested on either escape or avoidance learning at 80 days of age after chemical sympathectomy at birth or 40 or 80 days of age. Neonatal and chronic sympathectomy (at 40 days), but not acute sympathectomy (at 80 days), resulted in depressed escape learning. Avoidance learning was affected by neonatal sympathectomy and partially by acute sympathectomy. The results have implications for the role of the autonomic nervous system in escape-avoidance learning."}
{"id": "PMID:932247", "title": "Topical cycloheximide in psoriasis.", "content": "Cycloheximide is an antimitotic and an inhibitor of the synthesis of both DNA and protein. Topical application in low concentrations (0.1%-0.2%) resulted in definite involution of psoriatic plaques. Because of its potency this experimental drug - not yet available for clinical use - was employed on small areas only and with extreme caution. Results of a full evaluation for safety, currently in progress, are being awaited with interest.", "contents": "Topical cycloheximide in psoriasis. Cycloheximide is an antimitotic and an inhibitor of the synthesis of both DNA and protein. Topical application in low concentrations (0.1%-0.2%) resulted in definite involution of psoriatic plaques. Because of its potency this experimental drug - not yet available for clinical use - was employed on small areas only and with extreme caution. Results of a full evaluation for safety, currently in progress, are being awaited with interest."}
{"id": "PMID:932248", "title": "Ultrastructure of spindle cell squamous carcinoma.", "content": "A 63-year-old white male presented with a nine-month history of a nontender ulcerated lesion on his ear. Light microscopy demonstrated a moderately well circumscribed lesion in the dermis which abutted upon epidermis. There was no evidence of continuity between the tumor and overlying epithelium. The tumor was very cellular with an admixture of cells - spindle, polyhedral and bizarre giant cells. Mitotoc figures were abundant and frequently abnormal. We interpreted this lesion to have the clinical and pathologic features of an atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). Ultrastructure, however, showed abundant tonofilaments and desmosomes indicative of an epithelial origin and therefore most consistent with a spindle cell squamous carcinoma (SCSC). It is urged that, when possible, electron microscopy be performed on problematic cases diagnosed either as an AFX or spindle cell squamous carcinoma since it is the most valid basis on which a correct diagnosis can be made.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of spindle cell squamous carcinoma. A 63-year-old white male presented with a nine-month history of a nontender ulcerated lesion on his ear. Light microscopy demonstrated a moderately well circumscribed lesion in the dermis which abutted upon epidermis. There was no evidence of continuity between the tumor and overlying epithelium. The tumor was very cellular with an admixture of cells - spindle, polyhedral and bizarre giant cells. Mitotoc figures were abundant and frequently abnormal. We interpreted this lesion to have the clinical and pathologic features of an atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). Ultrastructure, however, showed abundant tonofilaments and desmosomes indicative of an epithelial origin and therefore most consistent with a spindle cell squamous carcinoma (SCSC). It is urged that, when possible, electron microscopy be performed on problematic cases diagnosed either as an AFX or spindle cell squamous carcinoma since it is the most valid basis on which a correct diagnosis can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:932249", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase in normal and X-irradiated epidermis.", "content": "Acid phosphatase activity has been studied in normal and X-irradiated rat epidermis. A remarkable reaction increment was found in irradiated epithelium at the granular layer keeping the same pattern of distribution observed in the normal tissue. No reactive lysosomes or keratinosomes were observed in the cytochemical sections, while many keratinosomes but no lysosomes appeared in the electron microscopic preparations of irradiated animals. Irradiated epithelium is discussed as a suitable model to analyze the role of acid phosphatase in the keratinization mechanisms.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase in normal and X-irradiated epidermis. Acid phosphatase activity has been studied in normal and X-irradiated rat epidermis. A remarkable reaction increment was found in irradiated epithelium at the granular layer keeping the same pattern of distribution observed in the normal tissue. No reactive lysosomes or keratinosomes were observed in the cytochemical sections, while many keratinosomes but no lysosomes appeared in the electron microscopic preparations of irradiated animals. Irradiated epithelium is discussed as a suitable model to analyze the role of acid phosphatase in the keratinization mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:932250", "title": "Ultrastructure of pustules in impetigo herpetiformis.", "content": "Typical pustular lesions of impetigo herpetiformis were examined by electron microscopy. In the upper layers of the epidermis degenerated keratinocytes and neutrophils lay close together and amorphous substances were seen within and outside the keratinocytes. Neutrophiles were not observed within the keratinocytes. The spongiform pustules of Kogoj observed with light microscopy were made up of a large number of neutrophils in a network of degenerated and stretched-out keratinocytes. Amorphous masses of high electron density which seemed to represent highly degenerated keratinocytes were observed among neutrophils.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of pustules in impetigo herpetiformis. Typical pustular lesions of impetigo herpetiformis were examined by electron microscopy. In the upper layers of the epidermis degenerated keratinocytes and neutrophils lay close together and amorphous substances were seen within and outside the keratinocytes. Neutrophiles were not observed within the keratinocytes. The spongiform pustules of Kogoj observed with light microscopy were made up of a large number of neutrophils in a network of degenerated and stretched-out keratinocytes. Amorphous masses of high electron density which seemed to represent highly degenerated keratinocytes were observed among neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:932251", "title": "Lobomycosis. An electronmicroscopic, histochemical and immunologic study.", "content": "A 73-year-old woman from Guyana had nodular keloidal lesions on her face which had persisted for 56 years. A biopsy of the lesion revealed lobomycosis, a rare fungal infection. Microscopically, numerous fungi were seen in giant cells and macrophages. The macrophages had abundant pink reticulated cytoplasm. These macrophages in lobomycosis, considered by some in the past to be granular myoblastoma cells, were rich in glycoproteins and appeared to be \"Gaucher-like cells\" in electronmicrographs. Further, a transition of macrophages containing organisms to Gaucher-like cells was noted. Antibodies to the fungus were demonstrated in the patient's serum by counter immunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence studies. We postulate that the Gaucher-like cells formed because of the inability of host macrophages to digest glycoproteins in the capsule of this unusual fungus.", "contents": "Lobomycosis. An electronmicroscopic, histochemical and immunologic study. A 73-year-old woman from Guyana had nodular keloidal lesions on her face which had persisted for 56 years. A biopsy of the lesion revealed lobomycosis, a rare fungal infection. Microscopically, numerous fungi were seen in giant cells and macrophages. The macrophages had abundant pink reticulated cytoplasm. These macrophages in lobomycosis, considered by some in the past to be granular myoblastoma cells, were rich in glycoproteins and appeared to be \"Gaucher-like cells\" in electronmicrographs. Further, a transition of macrophages containing organisms to Gaucher-like cells was noted. Antibodies to the fungus were demonstrated in the patient's serum by counter immunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence studies. We postulate that the Gaucher-like cells formed because of the inability of host macrophages to digest glycoproteins in the capsule of this unusual fungus."}
{"id": "PMID:932253", "title": "Amino terminal sequence and location of phosphate groups of the major human casein.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the first 28 residues of the major human casein was determined. This protein in multiphosphorylated forms (0 to 5 phosphorous per molecule) was compared to cow beta-casein which is similar in composition but phosphorylated at a constant level. After sequencing the phosphate-free human casein, phosphorylated seryl and threonyl residues were located in three of the other phosphorylated forms by examining the aqueous layer of the phenylthiohydantoin conversion step during automatic liquid phase sequencing. Phosphate groups on specific seryl/threonyl residues suggest a biosynthetic mechanism involving stepwise phosphorylation or dephosphorylation.", "contents": "Amino terminal sequence and location of phosphate groups of the major human casein. The amino acid sequence of the first 28 residues of the major human casein was determined. This protein in multiphosphorylated forms (0 to 5 phosphorous per molecule) was compared to cow beta-casein which is similar in composition but phosphorylated at a constant level. After sequencing the phosphate-free human casein, phosphorylated seryl and threonyl residues were located in three of the other phosphorylated forms by examining the aqueous layer of the phenylthiohydantoin conversion step during automatic liquid phase sequencing. Phosphate groups on specific seryl/threonyl residues suggest a biosynthetic mechanism involving stepwise phosphorylation or dephosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:932254", "title": "Effect of alcohols on lactose solubility.", "content": "In tests of effects of high (70 to 90% volume/volume) and low (2 and 5% volume/volume) alcohol concentrations, solubility of lactose decreased with increased alcohol concentration and decreased as alcohol chain length increased. Since lactose has lower solubility in alcohol, crystallization would be expected to be speeded by increased supersaturation. Composition of precipitates formed by the action of ethanol changed with time; alpha-lactose precipitated more rapidly at first, then beta-lactose. Time of crystallization was related directly to the percentage of beta-lactose (therefore, the relation was inverse for total alpha). However, the percentage of alpha-hydrate increased with time and with water content. Agitation during crystallization increased production of beta-lactose. Composition of the lactose precipitate varied greatly with concentration of alcohol (ethanol). When ethanol concentration was low, only alpha-hydrate was precipitated whereas at higher concentrations stable anhydrous alpha lactose also was precipitated, with the percentage of total alpha decreasing while the percentage of beta-lactose increased. Crystal shape changed from prisms initially to partially or fully developed tomahawks as time went by or as the percentage of ethanol decreased, and crystal color increased with crystallization time and as ethanol percentage decreased. Choosing long-chain alcohols and controlling suitable parameters enabled recovery of greater amounts and more desirable forms of lactose.", "contents": "Effect of alcohols on lactose solubility. In tests of effects of high (70 to 90% volume/volume) and low (2 and 5% volume/volume) alcohol concentrations, solubility of lactose decreased with increased alcohol concentration and decreased as alcohol chain length increased. Since lactose has lower solubility in alcohol, crystallization would be expected to be speeded by increased supersaturation. Composition of precipitates formed by the action of ethanol changed with time; alpha-lactose precipitated more rapidly at first, then beta-lactose. Time of crystallization was related directly to the percentage of beta-lactose (therefore, the relation was inverse for total alpha). However, the percentage of alpha-hydrate increased with time and with water content. Agitation during crystallization increased production of beta-lactose. Composition of the lactose precipitate varied greatly with concentration of alcohol (ethanol). When ethanol concentration was low, only alpha-hydrate was precipitated whereas at higher concentrations stable anhydrous alpha lactose also was precipitated, with the percentage of total alpha decreasing while the percentage of beta-lactose increased. Crystal shape changed from prisms initially to partially or fully developed tomahawks as time went by or as the percentage of ethanol decreased, and crystal color increased with crystallization time and as ethanol percentage decreased. Choosing long-chain alcohols and controlling suitable parameters enabled recovery of greater amounts and more desirable forms of lactose."}
{"id": "PMID:932255", "title": "Bovine milk intake and xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum.", "content": "Xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum was measured by a sensitive radio-enzymatic assay. Pigs receiving 7.6 liters of milk daily for 100 days did not show any detectable enzymatic activity in their blood Xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum of 25 human volunteers had an average of 6.7 milliunits per liter with a range of 0 to 34.6 milliunits per liter. Neither a causal nor statistically significant relationship existed between xanthine oxidase activity in blood and average daily milk consumption, age, or sex.", "contents": "Bovine milk intake and xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum. Xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum was measured by a sensitive radio-enzymatic assay. Pigs receiving 7.6 liters of milk daily for 100 days did not show any detectable enzymatic activity in their blood Xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum of 25 human volunteers had an average of 6.7 milliunits per liter with a range of 0 to 34.6 milliunits per liter. Neither a causal nor statistically significant relationship existed between xanthine oxidase activity in blood and average daily milk consumption, age, or sex."}
{"id": "PMID:932256", "title": "Influence of caloric density on energy intake by dairy cows.", "content": "Twenty-four Holstein cows were fed mixed diets of alfalfa hay and concentrate in a series of periods to determine the relationship between caloric density (mcal digestible energy/liter) of the diet and energy intake. Five diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, .68, .84, and 1.17 (as-fed form) were used. Steers were fed the diets in digestion trials to determine maintenance digestibility. Intake of digestible energy was adjusted for intake. Means of digestible energy intakes (kcal/day per kg. 75) were: 291.7, 324.0, 370.0, 371.4, and 369.1 for diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, .68, .68, .84, and 1.17. Physical fill was limiting for the two most dilute diets. The diet with caloric density of .68 represented the point above which physiological regulation was employed by the animals. The relationship between digestible energy intake (kcal/day per kg-75) body weight (Y) and caloric density (mcal/liter dry matter, as fed form) (X) was Y = 759.2X-148.4, simple correlation .99, for diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, and .68. Potential uses of this relationship in maximizing forage utilization and formulating diets to meet specific energy requirements are cited.", "contents": "Influence of caloric density on energy intake by dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows were fed mixed diets of alfalfa hay and concentrate in a series of periods to determine the relationship between caloric density (mcal digestible energy/liter) of the diet and energy intake. Five diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, .68, .84, and 1.17 (as-fed form) were used. Steers were fed the diets in digestion trials to determine maintenance digestibility. Intake of digestible energy was adjusted for intake. Means of digestible energy intakes (kcal/day per kg. 75) were: 291.7, 324.0, 370.0, 371.4, and 369.1 for diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, .68, .68, .84, and 1.17. Physical fill was limiting for the two most dilute diets. The diet with caloric density of .68 represented the point above which physiological regulation was employed by the animals. The relationship between digestible energy intake (kcal/day per kg-75) body weight (Y) and caloric density (mcal/liter dry matter, as fed form) (X) was Y = 759.2X-148.4, simple correlation .99, for diets with caloric densities of .58, .63, and .68. Potential uses of this relationship in maximizing forage utilization and formulating diets to meet specific energy requirements are cited."}
{"id": "PMID:932257", "title": "Factors influencing growth of rumen, liver, and other organs in kids weaned from milk replacers to solid foods.", "content": "From pooled data of many feeding trials with kids fed various types of solid foods from 37 days of age and slaughtered thereafter, relationships between such independent variables as age, cumulative intake of solid food, weight gain, and/or final body weight and such dependent variables as weights and such dependent variables as weights of stomach-compartments, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen were analyzed. Growth of forestomachs, and especially rumen mucosa, relative to body weight was stimulated only in feeding periods of solid foods. Gain, intake of solid food, and final body weight were the best predictors for growth of forestomach-compartments, liver, and heart, respectively. Correlations were large between ruminoreticulum weight and liver weight and among weights of forestomach-compartments. Second degree polynomials were fitted to predict the curvilinear relationships between solid-food intake and either ruminoreticulum weight or rumen mucosal weight, and a linear equation was fitted to predict the relationship between solid-food intake and liver weight. Feeding of roughage increased rumen muscular and omasal weights. Growth of the rumen under stimulation of solid-food intake may be regulated by the same biological factors contributing to increased growth rate of the whole animal. In this situation, growth of the rumen may be correlated closely with growth of the liver.", "contents": "Factors influencing growth of rumen, liver, and other organs in kids weaned from milk replacers to solid foods. From pooled data of many feeding trials with kids fed various types of solid foods from 37 days of age and slaughtered thereafter, relationships between such independent variables as age, cumulative intake of solid food, weight gain, and/or final body weight and such dependent variables as weights and such dependent variables as weights of stomach-compartments, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen were analyzed. Growth of forestomachs, and especially rumen mucosa, relative to body weight was stimulated only in feeding periods of solid foods. Gain, intake of solid food, and final body weight were the best predictors for growth of forestomach-compartments, liver, and heart, respectively. Correlations were large between ruminoreticulum weight and liver weight and among weights of forestomach-compartments. Second degree polynomials were fitted to predict the curvilinear relationships between solid-food intake and either ruminoreticulum weight or rumen mucosal weight, and a linear equation was fitted to predict the relationship between solid-food intake and liver weight. Feeding of roughage increased rumen muscular and omasal weights. Growth of the rumen under stimulation of solid-food intake may be regulated by the same biological factors contributing to increased growth rate of the whole animal. In this situation, growth of the rumen may be correlated closely with growth of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:932258", "title": "Brucellosis status report.", "content": "Tremendous progress was made in the eradication of brucellosis for about 15 yr beginning in 1955. However, progress has been little in the last few years. This has been due to inflation and commitment of resources to other programs which had a higher priority at the time. We need additional resources, strengthened program procedures, and a renewed commitment on the part of all people and organizations involved in the eradication effort.", "contents": "Brucellosis status report. Tremendous progress was made in the eradication of brucellosis for about 15 yr beginning in 1955. However, progress has been little in the last few years. This has been due to inflation and commitment of resources to other programs which had a higher priority at the time. We need additional resources, strengthened program procedures, and a renewed commitment on the part of all people and organizations involved in the eradication effort."}
{"id": "PMID:932290", "title": "Epidermal surgery.", "content": "A review is given of the concepts, special tools, and techniques required for the intelligent practice of surgery on the epidermis and a new technique for removal of epidermal lesions by electrosurgical dissection is described.", "contents": "Epidermal surgery. A review is given of the concepts, special tools, and techniques required for the intelligent practice of surgery on the epidermis and a new technique for removal of epidermal lesions by electrosurgical dissection is described."}
{"id": "PMID:932291", "title": "Present status of surgical management of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Malignant melanoma has a distinctive appearance and has been clinically and histologically classified by Clark and Mihm. Using this classification a rationale for the surgical treatment of melanoma has been developed at the New York University Medical Center. The choice and extent of surgery is described. Early detection of melanoma and prompt surgical attention can significantly reduce the mortality from this neoplasm.", "contents": "Present status of surgical management of malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma has a distinctive appearance and has been clinically and histologically classified by Clark and Mihm. Using this classification a rationale for the surgical treatment of melanoma has been developed at the New York University Medical Center. The choice and extent of surgery is described. Early detection of melanoma and prompt surgical attention can significantly reduce the mortality from this neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:932292", "title": "Wedge resection of the pinna.", "content": "In the treatment of large carcinomas whose local removal would be mutilating to a greater or lesser extent, wedge resection of the ear can preserve the normal appearance and function of the pinna. No significant complications have occurred in any of the patients so treated.", "contents": "Wedge resection of the pinna. In the treatment of large carcinomas whose local removal would be mutilating to a greater or lesser extent, wedge resection of the ear can preserve the normal appearance and function of the pinna. No significant complications have occurred in any of the patients so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:932293", "title": "Basal-cell epithelioma occurring in a smallpox vaccination scar.", "content": "A patient with basal-cell epithelioma occurring in a smallpox vaccination site is reported. The association is probably not a chance occurrence.", "contents": "Basal-cell epithelioma occurring in a smallpox vaccination scar. A patient with basal-cell epithelioma occurring in a smallpox vaccination site is reported. The association is probably not a chance occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:932294", "title": "Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa.", "content": "Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, suppurative inflammation of apocrine glands. Morbidity is high and serious complications may occur. A technique of surgical treatment utilizing an electrosurgical unit to provide cutting current is described. This allows rapid unroofing and cauterization of extensive cysts and sinus tracts.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, suppurative inflammation of apocrine glands. Morbidity is high and serious complications may occur. A technique of surgical treatment utilizing an electrosurgical unit to provide cutting current is described. This allows rapid unroofing and cauterization of extensive cysts and sinus tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:932295", "title": "Squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas in black patients.", "content": "Squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas of the skin are rare in black patients. Etiologic factors, body distribution, and aggressiveness of these cancers in blacks are discussed. The roles of ultraviolet light and pigment dispersion are noted.", "contents": "Squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas in black patients. Squamous-cell and basal-cell carcinomas of the skin are rare in black patients. Etiologic factors, body distribution, and aggressiveness of these cancers in blacks are discussed. The roles of ultraviolet light and pigment dispersion are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:932298", "title": "Tumor on shoulder arising after excision of a cyst.", "content": "A primary cutaneous myxosarcoma of the skin developed at the site from which an epithelial cyst had been excised. Following this surgical excision a \"keloid\" developed which was injected with intralesional corticosteroids. At this site an enlarging tumor developed which was initially thought to be myxoma on the histologic examination but subsequently gave rise to a solitary lymphnode metastasis. Wide local excision of the primary lesion with skin graft and radical axillary lymphadenectomy resulted in cure. Now, nine years post surgery the only problem that remains is repeated bouts of acute cellulitis in the slightly lymphe dematous upper extremity. Myxosarcomas of the skin are rare tumours. Metastases from such lesions are exceedingly rare.", "contents": "Tumor on shoulder arising after excision of a cyst. A primary cutaneous myxosarcoma of the skin developed at the site from which an epithelial cyst had been excised. Following this surgical excision a \"keloid\" developed which was injected with intralesional corticosteroids. At this site an enlarging tumor developed which was initially thought to be myxoma on the histologic examination but subsequently gave rise to a solitary lymphnode metastasis. Wide local excision of the primary lesion with skin graft and radical axillary lymphadenectomy resulted in cure. Now, nine years post surgery the only problem that remains is repeated bouts of acute cellulitis in the slightly lymphe dematous upper extremity. Myxosarcomas of the skin are rare tumours. Metastases from such lesions are exceedingly rare."}
{"id": "PMID:932299", "title": "Histopathologic considerations in the management of skin cancer.", "content": "A knowledge of the pathology and biologic behavior of skin cancers is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The dual nature and newer concepts of squamous-cell carcinoma and basal-cell epithelioma are reviewed. Some difficulties encountered in differentiating the two are discussed, including the \"basosquamous\" problem, squamous metaplasia, and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Sclerosis within basal-cell epitheliomas is discussed, specifically relating to its importance in treatment. Follicular involvement in epidermal malignant and pre-malignant lesions is presented as a possible cause of recurrence.", "contents": "Histopathologic considerations in the management of skin cancer. A knowledge of the pathology and biologic behavior of skin cancers is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The dual nature and newer concepts of squamous-cell carcinoma and basal-cell epithelioma are reviewed. Some difficulties encountered in differentiating the two are discussed, including the \"basosquamous\" problem, squamous metaplasia, and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Sclerosis within basal-cell epitheliomas is discussed, specifically relating to its importance in treatment. Follicular involvement in epidermal malignant and pre-malignant lesions is presented as a possible cause of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:932300", "title": "Excisional electrosurgery (endothermy) in dermatology.", "content": "The physical characteristics of electrosurgery are reviewed and the peculiar behavior of the cutting current is described. The indications for excisional by electrosurgery are discussed and the procedure is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are given. It is concluded that the overall results of excisional electrosurgery compare very favorably with other surgical procedures on the skin.", "contents": "Excisional electrosurgery (endothermy) in dermatology. The physical characteristics of electrosurgery are reviewed and the peculiar behavior of the cutting current is described. The indications for excisional by electrosurgery are discussed and the procedure is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are given. It is concluded that the overall results of excisional electrosurgery compare very favorably with other surgical procedures on the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:932301", "title": "Little tips with big rewards.", "content": "We all would like to reduce the pain of injecting a local anesthetic, to simplify the treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum and chondrodermatitis nodularis; and to improve methods of shave excision of nevi and cosmetic extirpation of large seborrheic keratoses. Here are some tips that might help.", "contents": "Little tips with big rewards. We all would like to reduce the pain of injecting a local anesthetic, to simplify the treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum and chondrodermatitis nodularis; and to improve methods of shave excision of nevi and cosmetic extirpation of large seborrheic keratoses. Here are some tips that might help."}
{"id": "PMID:932302", "title": "Diseases of the oral mucosa.", "content": "Lesions of the oral mucosa are numerous. The purpose of this article is to review the more common and most serious of them, to explore some basic-science aspects of their development and to discuss prevention and treatment.", "contents": "Diseases of the oral mucosa. Lesions of the oral mucosa are numerous. The purpose of this article is to review the more common and most serious of them, to explore some basic-science aspects of their development and to discuss prevention and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:932303", "title": "Dermabrasion for showers of seborrheic keratoses.", "content": "Seborrheic keratoses, skin tumors of undetermined etiology, are easily traumatized with consequent local irritation and inflammation, and are cosmetically undesirable. They can occasionally undergo malignant degeneration. A rapid increase in size and number of these lesions is thought by many to be a sign of internal malignancy. Dermabrasion using a diamond fraise is a simple and fast method for removing multiple seborrheic keratoses with minimal trauma, rapid healing, and good cosmetic results.", "contents": "Dermabrasion for showers of seborrheic keratoses. Seborrheic keratoses, skin tumors of undetermined etiology, are easily traumatized with consequent local irritation and inflammation, and are cosmetically undesirable. They can occasionally undergo malignant degeneration. A rapid increase in size and number of these lesions is thought by many to be a sign of internal malignancy. Dermabrasion using a diamond fraise is a simple and fast method for removing multiple seborrheic keratoses with minimal trauma, rapid healing, and good cosmetic results."}
{"id": "PMID:932340", "title": "Precipitating antibodies in a midwest dairy farming population toward the antigens associated with farmer's lung disease.", "content": "A survey of the frequency of precipitins to the antigens of the thermophilic actinomycetes and Aspergillus species was conducted on serum samples from 1,045 farmers obtained at a 3-day exposition on modern farm equipment and farming practices in central Wisconsin. Each farmer filled out a questionnaire including socioeconomic information, lung disease history, exposure history, and smoking history. Precipitins were detected by the double-diffusion method. The antigen panel included eight thermophilic actinomycetes species and a mixture of Aspergillus species. Precipitins were found in the sera of 93 famers (8.9%). The distribution of positive precipitins was: Micropolyspora faeni 63 (67.7%), Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 7 (7.5%), Thermomonospora viridis 2 (2.2%), M. faeni + T. viridis 16 (17.2%), M. faeni + T. vulgaris 1 (1.1%), Aspergillus species 4 (4.3%). Of all the parameters tested for in the questionnaire, those with positive serology differed significantly from the whole population only in that a higher proportion of the positives reported exposure to silo gas and illness after uncapping silos. Comparison of the size of the farm and the number of dairy cows in the state of Wisconsin with the population samples indicated that the sample population was skewed toward those with larger farms and larger dairy herds. This study confirms that a significant proportion of the farm population in Wisconsin does have precipitins to the microorganisms associated with farmer's lung disease. Follow-up studies to establish the relationship between the positive precipitin reactions to the presence of clinical disease are now under way.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies in a midwest dairy farming population toward the antigens associated with farmer's lung disease. A survey of the frequency of precipitins to the antigens of the thermophilic actinomycetes and Aspergillus species was conducted on serum samples from 1,045 farmers obtained at a 3-day exposition on modern farm equipment and farming practices in central Wisconsin. Each farmer filled out a questionnaire including socioeconomic information, lung disease history, exposure history, and smoking history. Precipitins were detected by the double-diffusion method. The antigen panel included eight thermophilic actinomycetes species and a mixture of Aspergillus species. Precipitins were found in the sera of 93 famers (8.9%). The distribution of positive precipitins was: Micropolyspora faeni 63 (67.7%), Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 7 (7.5%), Thermomonospora viridis 2 (2.2%), M. faeni + T. viridis 16 (17.2%), M. faeni + T. vulgaris 1 (1.1%), Aspergillus species 4 (4.3%). Of all the parameters tested for in the questionnaire, those with positive serology differed significantly from the whole population only in that a higher proportion of the positives reported exposure to silo gas and illness after uncapping silos. Comparison of the size of the farm and the number of dairy cows in the state of Wisconsin with the population samples indicated that the sample population was skewed toward those with larger farms and larger dairy herds. This study confirms that a significant proportion of the farm population in Wisconsin does have precipitins to the microorganisms associated with farmer's lung disease. Follow-up studies to establish the relationship between the positive precipitin reactions to the presence of clinical disease are now under way."}
{"id": "PMID:932341", "title": "Immunological studies of the effect of whole body insect extracts in the treatment of stinging insect allergy.", "content": "Specific IgE antibodies and total antibodies reacting with bee venom and yellow jacket venom were measured in sequential serum samples of insect-sensitive individuals. Venom-specific IgE decreased as a function of time and was not significantly affected by treatment with whole body extracts. There was no stimulation of total antibodies reacting with bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) following treatment with whole bee body extracts. These studies suggest that as measured by these parameters, whole body insect extracts used in the usual recommended doses are immunologically ineffective antigens.", "contents": "Immunological studies of the effect of whole body insect extracts in the treatment of stinging insect allergy. Specific IgE antibodies and total antibodies reacting with bee venom and yellow jacket venom were measured in sequential serum samples of insect-sensitive individuals. Venom-specific IgE decreased as a function of time and was not significantly affected by treatment with whole body extracts. There was no stimulation of total antibodies reacting with bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA) following treatment with whole bee body extracts. These studies suggest that as measured by these parameters, whole body insect extracts used in the usual recommended doses are immunologically ineffective antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:932342", "title": "Metabolic changes in exercise-induced and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction.", "content": "Metabolic and physiological responses to graded exercise and methacholine challenge were investigated in asthmatics with or without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The results showed that after methacholine challenge, free fatty acid levels increased only in patients with exercise-induced asthma, while they increased in both groups of asthmatics after treadmill exercise. No significant changes were noted in plasma lactic acid levels, ventilation, or oxygen consumption among the groups studied. These data suggest that asthmatics with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction may differ from other asthmatics in some of their metabolic responses.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in exercise-induced and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. Metabolic and physiological responses to graded exercise and methacholine challenge were investigated in asthmatics with or without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The results showed that after methacholine challenge, free fatty acid levels increased only in patients with exercise-induced asthma, while they increased in both groups of asthmatics after treadmill exercise. No significant changes were noted in plasma lactic acid levels, ventilation, or oxygen consumption among the groups studied. These data suggest that asthmatics with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction may differ from other asthmatics in some of their metabolic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:932343", "title": "Immunologically induced lung disease in guinea pigs. A comparison of ovalbumin and pigeon serum as antigens.", "content": "This study was conducted to compare the capacity of pigeon serum (PS), an antigen (Ag) associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), and ovalbumin (OA) in the induction of immunologic lung disease in guinea pigs (gp). Whereas OA was very effective in inducing a severe pneumonitis, PS failed to produce significant disease. A determination of the antibody (Ab) responses in OA- or PS-sensitized GP revealed that total Ab activity, as well as specific IgG1, and IgG2 responses, were not significantly different in the two groups. There was, however, a markedly higher IgE-like Ab response to OA than to PS. Thus, there was a striking correlation between specific IgE synthesis and the production of immunologic lung disease. The disease resembled immune complex disease histologically, and we suggest that the IgE antibody may function as a preceding \"anaphylactic trigger\" mechanism for the lodging of complement-fixing Ag-Ab complexes in the vasculature of the lung. It is further suggested that PS may be a poor Ag for the induction of IgE synthesis in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Immunologically induced lung disease in guinea pigs. A comparison of ovalbumin and pigeon serum as antigens. This study was conducted to compare the capacity of pigeon serum (PS), an antigen (Ag) associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), and ovalbumin (OA) in the induction of immunologic lung disease in guinea pigs (gp). Whereas OA was very effective in inducing a severe pneumonitis, PS failed to produce significant disease. A determination of the antibody (Ab) responses in OA- or PS-sensitized GP revealed that total Ab activity, as well as specific IgG1, and IgG2 responses, were not significantly different in the two groups. There was, however, a markedly higher IgE-like Ab response to OA than to PS. Thus, there was a striking correlation between specific IgE synthesis and the production of immunologic lung disease. The disease resembled immune complex disease histologically, and we suggest that the IgE antibody may function as a preceding \"anaphylactic trigger\" mechanism for the lodging of complement-fixing Ag-Ab complexes in the vasculature of the lung. It is further suggested that PS may be a poor Ag for the induction of IgE synthesis in guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:932344", "title": "Pollen season severity and meteorologic parameters in central New Jersey.", "content": "A systematic search is made for optimum parameters to be used in forecasting pollen season severity. All possible averaging periods for daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation are tested. Useful positive correlations are found with spring and summer daily minimum temperatures and average temperatures, and with midspring precipitation amounts.", "contents": "Pollen season severity and meteorologic parameters in central New Jersey. A systematic search is made for optimum parameters to be used in forecasting pollen season severity. All possible averaging periods for daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation are tested. Useful positive correlations are found with spring and summer daily minimum temperatures and average temperatures, and with midspring precipitation amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:932372", "title": "Energy expenditure and consumption of mature, pregnant and lactating women.", "content": "Activity patterns, energy expenditure, and energy and protein consumption of mature women were determined during preganncy and lactation. Homemakers of average economic status from a mixed population were not significantly more active than teenage women, but the range of activities was greater. Average energy output for the latter half of gestation was 2,200 to 2,300 kcal per day; per unit of body weight, the mean was 32.5 +/- 4 kcal per kilogram for the twenty-week period. A small decline of 6 per cent in energy expenditure was noted near term. Allowing for deposition of fetal and material tissue, the average metabolizable energy need for this group was about 35 to 36 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of pregnancy. These data show that a pregnant woman of reference body weight (68 kg.) may vary in energy output by 800 to 900 kcal per day, depending on occupation. Homemakers with small children and especially those who work outside the home constitute a high energy work category. Thus, the need for considering work pace and work load, as well as body mass, in estimating the energy requirement during pregnancy was confirmed. Average daily energy intake reported was 1,955 kcal or 28.5 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of gestation. A mean protein intake of 1.17 gm. per kilogram per day represented 17 per cent of gross energy consumed. It is questionable whether the energy level consumed by these women was sufficient to maintain positive nitrogen balance on the days recorded. Lactating homemakers expended an average of 30 kcal per kilogram per day, exclusive of milk production. Energy intake was 30 kcal per kilogram, and was equal to 74 per cent of need when adjusted for milk production. Non-lactating women expended 34 kcal per kilogram per day, 13 per cent above the values for lactating women. Average energy intake of non-lactating women was 19 kcal per kilogram, with protein intake representing 19 per cent of energy consumed for both groups.", "contents": "Energy expenditure and consumption of mature, pregnant and lactating women. Activity patterns, energy expenditure, and energy and protein consumption of mature women were determined during preganncy and lactation. Homemakers of average economic status from a mixed population were not significantly more active than teenage women, but the range of activities was greater. Average energy output for the latter half of gestation was 2,200 to 2,300 kcal per day; per unit of body weight, the mean was 32.5 +/- 4 kcal per kilogram for the twenty-week period. A small decline of 6 per cent in energy expenditure was noted near term. Allowing for deposition of fetal and material tissue, the average metabolizable energy need for this group was about 35 to 36 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of pregnancy. These data show that a pregnant woman of reference body weight (68 kg.) may vary in energy output by 800 to 900 kcal per day, depending on occupation. Homemakers with small children and especially those who work outside the home constitute a high energy work category. Thus, the need for considering work pace and work load, as well as body mass, in estimating the energy requirement during pregnancy was confirmed. Average daily energy intake reported was 1,955 kcal or 28.5 kcal per kilogram for the latter half of gestation. A mean protein intake of 1.17 gm. per kilogram per day represented 17 per cent of gross energy consumed. It is questionable whether the energy level consumed by these women was sufficient to maintain positive nitrogen balance on the days recorded. Lactating homemakers expended an average of 30 kcal per kilogram per day, exclusive of milk production. Energy intake was 30 kcal per kilogram, and was equal to 74 per cent of need when adjusted for milk production. Non-lactating women expended 34 kcal per kilogram per day, 13 per cent above the values for lactating women. Average energy intake of non-lactating women was 19 kcal per kilogram, with protein intake representing 19 per cent of energy consumed for both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:932373", "title": "The Comprehensive Nutrition Action Program in Arizona.", "content": "Through the Comprehensive Nutrition Action Program for Arizona (funded by the Nutrition Program, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta), a nutrition care delivery system was developed. Four sub-systems-screening, referral, monitoring, and the development of community nutrition workers--allowed for the identification of problems, intervention, utilization of other agencies, and expansion of manpower with community nutrition/health workers. Improvement in nutritional status was demonstrated by this program. As a result, it has been expanded.", "contents": "The Comprehensive Nutrition Action Program in Arizona. Through the Comprehensive Nutrition Action Program for Arizona (funded by the Nutrition Program, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta), a nutrition care delivery system was developed. Four sub-systems-screening, referral, monitoring, and the development of community nutrition workers--allowed for the identification of problems, intervention, utilization of other agencies, and expansion of manpower with community nutrition/health workers. Improvement in nutritional status was demonstrated by this program. As a result, it has been expanded."}
{"id": "PMID:932374", "title": "Microcrystalline cellulose replacement in cakes and biscuits.", "content": "Sensory and physical characteristics of cakes and biscuits with up to 60 per cent of flour replaced, volume for volume, with microcrystalline cellulose were compared with those of the respective controls. High quality products were obtained at replacement levels of 40 and 20 per cent, respectively, in lean-formula cakes and in biscuits. At these replacement levels, caloric density was reduced by 12 and 10 per cent, respectively, in the cakes and biscuits.", "contents": "Microcrystalline cellulose replacement in cakes and biscuits. Sensory and physical characteristics of cakes and biscuits with up to 60 per cent of flour replaced, volume for volume, with microcrystalline cellulose were compared with those of the respective controls. High quality products were obtained at replacement levels of 40 and 20 per cent, respectively, in lean-formula cakes and in biscuits. At these replacement levels, caloric density was reduced by 12 and 10 per cent, respectively, in the cakes and biscuits."}
{"id": "PMID:932377", "title": "Noninvasive differentiation of cardiomyopathy from coronary disease; pulse transmission time and systolic time intervals.", "content": "Systolic time intervals and central pulse transmission time were compared in cardiomyopathy (CM) patients and age-and sex-matched patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Significant differences were found in pulse transmission time (shorter in the CAD patients (p less than .001) and in the pre-ejection period (p less than .001), ejection time index (p less than .05), and in the ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (p less than .001); all were markedly abnormal in the CM group. Pulse transmission time differences may have been the result of more generalized arteriosclerotic disease in the CAD patients. It appears that both systolic time intervals and pulse transmission time clearly distinguish CM from CAD.", "contents": "Noninvasive differentiation of cardiomyopathy from coronary disease; pulse transmission time and systolic time intervals. Systolic time intervals and central pulse transmission time were compared in cardiomyopathy (CM) patients and age-and sex-matched patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Significant differences were found in pulse transmission time (shorter in the CAD patients (p less than .001) and in the pre-ejection period (p less than .001), ejection time index (p less than .05), and in the ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (p less than .001); all were markedly abnormal in the CM group. Pulse transmission time differences may have been the result of more generalized arteriosclerotic disease in the CAD patients. It appears that both systolic time intervals and pulse transmission time clearly distinguish CM from CAD."}
{"id": "PMID:932378", "title": "Free radical theory of aging: effect of dietary fat on central nervous system function.", "content": "Free radical reactions have been implicated in aging. A rise in the level of random free radical reactions in a biologic system might have a greater effect on the central nervous system (CNS) than elsewhere, partly because of the presence of glial cells and the unique connections between neurons. To evaluate this possibility, some animal experiments were conducted. The initial experiment involved old male Sprague-Dawley rats fed (since shortly after weaning) with semisynthetic diets characterized by fat differing in amount or degree of unsaturation. The number of errors made in a Hebb-Williams maze was determined and found to be higher as the amount or degree of unsaturation of the fat was increased. Likewise rats aged 6 and 9 months, fed semisynthetic diets containing 20 percent by weight of lard, oleinate, or safflower oil +alpha-tocopherol performed significantly better in a discrimination learning situation (Skinner box) than did rats fed a diet containing 20 percent by weight of safflower oil. The diets employed in these studies did not have a significant effect on the mortality rates. These results are compatible with the possibility that enhancing the level of lipid peroxidation has an adverse effect on the CNS, out of proportion to the effect on the body as a whole, as measured by the mortality rate.", "contents": "Free radical theory of aging: effect of dietary fat on central nervous system function. Free radical reactions have been implicated in aging. A rise in the level of random free radical reactions in a biologic system might have a greater effect on the central nervous system (CNS) than elsewhere, partly because of the presence of glial cells and the unique connections between neurons. To evaluate this possibility, some animal experiments were conducted. The initial experiment involved old male Sprague-Dawley rats fed (since shortly after weaning) with semisynthetic diets characterized by fat differing in amount or degree of unsaturation. The number of errors made in a Hebb-Williams maze was determined and found to be higher as the amount or degree of unsaturation of the fat was increased. Likewise rats aged 6 and 9 months, fed semisynthetic diets containing 20 percent by weight of lard, oleinate, or safflower oil +alpha-tocopherol performed significantly better in a discrimination learning situation (Skinner box) than did rats fed a diet containing 20 percent by weight of safflower oil. The diets employed in these studies did not have a significant effect on the mortality rates. These results are compatible with the possibility that enhancing the level of lipid peroxidation has an adverse effect on the CNS, out of proportion to the effect on the body as a whole, as measured by the mortality rate."}
{"id": "PMID:932379", "title": "Sleep deprivation in the treatment of elderly depressed patients.", "content": "Fifteen elderly depressed patients were treated by 36-hour sleep deprivation (SD). The depression was unipolar in 3 cases, bipolar in 3, and secondary in 4. Nine of the 15 patients responded to SD, and 6 had a remission (1 with SD alone and 5 with SD plus an antidepressant drug). Some of the remaining 6 patients might have responded if the treatment had not been interrupted for various reasons. These favorable results in elderly patients were better than anticipated. SD was well tolerated, although in one patient with bipolar depression a manic attack was precipitated. The effectiveness of SD poses interesting theoretic questions.", "contents": "Sleep deprivation in the treatment of elderly depressed patients. Fifteen elderly depressed patients were treated by 36-hour sleep deprivation (SD). The depression was unipolar in 3 cases, bipolar in 3, and secondary in 4. Nine of the 15 patients responded to SD, and 6 had a remission (1 with SD alone and 5 with SD plus an antidepressant drug). Some of the remaining 6 patients might have responded if the treatment had not been interrupted for various reasons. These favorable results in elderly patients were better than anticipated. SD was well tolerated, although in one patient with bipolar depression a manic attack was precipitated. The effectiveness of SD poses interesting theoretic questions."}
{"id": "PMID:932381", "title": "Internal carotid arterial occlusion simulating extracerebral hematoma: relation to diagnosis of stroke.", "content": "In 2 elderly male patients, a progressive neurologic deficit and alteration of consciousness developed following substantial head trauma succeeded by an asymptomatic \"lucid\" interval. The sequence of events and the associated electroencephalographic, echoencephalographic and cerebrospinal fluid findings strongly suggested the presence of an extracerebral hematoma. The cerebral angiographic study, however, disclosed complete occlusion of the extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery in both patients. This report stresses the diagnostic difficulties sometimes encountered in relation to stroke patients.", "contents": "Internal carotid arterial occlusion simulating extracerebral hematoma: relation to diagnosis of stroke. In 2 elderly male patients, a progressive neurologic deficit and alteration of consciousness developed following substantial head trauma succeeded by an asymptomatic \"lucid\" interval. The sequence of events and the associated electroencephalographic, echoencephalographic and cerebrospinal fluid findings strongly suggested the presence of an extracerebral hematoma. The cerebral angiographic study, however, disclosed complete occlusion of the extracranial portion of the internal carotid artery in both patients. This report stresses the diagnostic difficulties sometimes encountered in relation to stroke patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932382", "title": "The problem of pressure sores in a nursing home population: statistical data.", "content": "This study on 93 patients was conducted at a skilled nursing facility. Twenty-two of the 93 patients had pressure sores; 34 of the 54 sores were present when the patients were admitted and 20 developed after admission. Only 5 of the 54 sores healed. Healing times ranged from 15 to 55 days after the beginning of treatment. Thirteen deaths occurred among the 71 patients without sores, and 17 deaths among the 22 patients with sores. Specific treatment regimens varied (cleaning solutions, antimicrobial drugs, heat, enzymatic debridement) but always included frequent changes in the position of the patient. Ten of the 22 patients with sores were anemic vs. 19 of the 71 patients without sores. Half of the patients with sores were maintained with tube feedings whereas more than half of the patients without sores received regular house diets. Pressure sores are a serious problem among geriatric patients in nursing homes. All those who care for the aged should be fully aware of the procedures involved in the prevention and management of these sores.", "contents": "The problem of pressure sores in a nursing home population: statistical data. This study on 93 patients was conducted at a skilled nursing facility. Twenty-two of the 93 patients had pressure sores; 34 of the 54 sores were present when the patients were admitted and 20 developed after admission. Only 5 of the 54 sores healed. Healing times ranged from 15 to 55 days after the beginning of treatment. Thirteen deaths occurred among the 71 patients without sores, and 17 deaths among the 22 patients with sores. Specific treatment regimens varied (cleaning solutions, antimicrobial drugs, heat, enzymatic debridement) but always included frequent changes in the position of the patient. Ten of the 22 patients with sores were anemic vs. 19 of the 71 patients without sores. Half of the patients with sores were maintained with tube feedings whereas more than half of the patients without sores received regular house diets. Pressure sores are a serious problem among geriatric patients in nursing homes. All those who care for the aged should be fully aware of the procedures involved in the prevention and management of these sores."}
{"id": "PMID:932383", "title": "Community intervention with the elderly: a social network approach.", "content": "A technique is described for using the advantages of a social systems approach when working with elderly persons in psychiatric distress. The technique is based on the assumption that the solution to a variety of human predicaments lies within the collective instrumental and affective resources of the client's social network. The vehicle for accomplishing this objective is the \"Network Session\" during which a mental health professional meets with the elderly person and members of his/her social network to help resolve the difficulty. A case report demonstrating use of the technique is included.", "contents": "Community intervention with the elderly: a social network approach. A technique is described for using the advantages of a social systems approach when working with elderly persons in psychiatric distress. The technique is based on the assumption that the solution to a variety of human predicaments lies within the collective instrumental and affective resources of the client's social network. The vehicle for accomplishing this objective is the \"Network Session\" during which a mental health professional meets with the elderly person and members of his/her social network to help resolve the difficulty. A case report demonstrating use of the technique is included."}
{"id": "PMID:932384", "title": "Effect of prolonged bran administration on serum levels of cholesterol, ionized calcium and iron in the elderly.", "content": "A significant lowering of serum cholesterol, ionized calcium and iron levels was demonstrated in 27 elderly patients given 10 or 20 gm of unprocessed wheat bran daily in the diet for six weeks.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged bran administration on serum levels of cholesterol, ionized calcium and iron in the elderly. A significant lowering of serum cholesterol, ionized calcium and iron levels was demonstrated in 27 elderly patients given 10 or 20 gm of unprocessed wheat bran daily in the diet for six weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:932410", "title": "Radiobiochemistry of phytodrugs: I. role of juvenile hormones and analogs in the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in drosophila larvae.", "content": "The present communication concerns the investigations of the effect of Juvenile Hormone (J.H.) and its analogs (J.H.A.), such as Altosid (R) and Altozar(R), used as insecticides, on the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in subcellular preparations of drosophila larvae with Leucine-U-14C and Uridine-2-14C respectively. The incorporation of leucine into proteins decreases progressively from crude homogenate to the microsome-free fraction in the same way as the degradation of the compounds. During RNA biosynthesis the incorporation of uridine increases from the crude homogenate up to mithocondria-free fraction and with Altosid is always below the test controls. The reduced incorporation of uridine into RNA and leucine into proteins in the presence of Altosid and Altozar indicates a genetic action of this compounds comparable to that of natural J.H. but slightly more efficient.", "contents": "Radiobiochemistry of phytodrugs: I. role of juvenile hormones and analogs in the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in drosophila larvae. The present communication concerns the investigations of the effect of Juvenile Hormone (J.H.) and its analogs (J.H.A.), such as Altosid (R) and Altozar(R), used as insecticides, on the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in subcellular preparations of drosophila larvae with Leucine-U-14C and Uridine-2-14C respectively. The incorporation of leucine into proteins decreases progressively from crude homogenate to the microsome-free fraction in the same way as the degradation of the compounds. During RNA biosynthesis the incorporation of uridine increases from the crude homogenate up to mithocondria-free fraction and with Altosid is always below the test controls. The reduced incorporation of uridine into RNA and leucine into proteins in the presence of Altosid and Altozar indicates a genetic action of this compounds comparable to that of natural J.H. but slightly more efficient."}
{"id": "PMID:932411", "title": "The evaluation of a radio gas-chromatographic system for the detection of trace amounts of labelled insecticides.", "content": "A radio gas-chromatographic system consisting of a gas chromatograph, combustion furnace, proportional counter and guard scintillation counter has been studied for the analysis of trace amounts of 14C-labelled organophosphorus insecticides. The proportional detector is a concentration sensitive detector requiring strict flow control. Sensitivity depends on the concentration of the quenching gas used. Using 14C-ethyl parathion and 14C-metamidophos as model compounds a linear range of 3500-5000 was measured. A sensitivity of 0.98 cpm/pCi and a detection limit of 24pCi were obtained which allows the detection of 0.33 ng if the specific activity of the insecticide is 21.5 mCi/mMol. The system must be decontaminated in order to achieve optimum detection levels by passage of oxygen through the combustion tube and by periodically injecting the corresponding non-labelled compound into the column. A solvent effect was found to interfere in the analysis due to the sudden production and expansion of CO2. This effect was eliminated by choosing column conditions to prevent elution near the solvent.  The system was tested by analyzing a mixture of 37 ppb and 23 ppb of ethyl parathion and its oxygen analog in orange juice.", "contents": "The evaluation of a radio gas-chromatographic system for the detection of trace amounts of labelled insecticides. A radio gas-chromatographic system consisting of a gas chromatograph, combustion furnace, proportional counter and guard scintillation counter has been studied for the analysis of trace amounts of 14C-labelled organophosphorus insecticides. The proportional detector is a concentration sensitive detector requiring strict flow control. Sensitivity depends on the concentration of the quenching gas used. Using 14C-ethyl parathion and 14C-metamidophos as model compounds a linear range of 3500-5000 was measured. A sensitivity of 0.98 cpm/pCi and a detection limit of 24pCi were obtained which allows the detection of 0.33 ng if the specific activity of the insecticide is 21.5 mCi/mMol. The system must be decontaminated in order to achieve optimum detection levels by passage of oxygen through the combustion tube and by periodically injecting the corresponding non-labelled compound into the column. A solvent effect was found to interfere in the analysis due to the sudden production and expansion of CO2. This effect was eliminated by choosing column conditions to prevent elution near the solvent.  The system was tested by analyzing a mixture of 37 ppb and 23 ppb of ethyl parathion and its oxygen analog in orange juice."}
{"id": "PMID:932422", "title": "Studies on the terminal stages of antibody-complement mediated killing of a tumor cell. III. Effect of membrane active agents.", "content": "A comparison of the events leading from T to dead cell and E to E ghost and hemoglobin was made. Transformation of T to dead cells was inhibitable by EDTA, NaF, histamine, DMSO, cytochalasin B and 3'5' cAMP. Transformation of E to E ghost and hemoglobin was only inhibited by EDTA.", "contents": "Studies on the terminal stages of antibody-complement mediated killing of a tumor cell. III. Effect of membrane active agents. A comparison of the events leading from T to dead cell and E to E ghost and hemoglobin was made. Transformation of T to dead cells was inhibitable by EDTA, NaF, histamine, DMSO, cytochalasin B and 3'5' cAMP. Transformation of E to E ghost and hemoglobin was only inhibited by EDTA."}
{"id": "PMID:932423", "title": "Inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis is maximal in H-2K or H-2D compatible interactions.", "content": "Capacity to transfer adoptively fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) to immunosuppressed, virus-infected recipients is a property of H-2 compatible, non-Ig-bearing virus-immune lymphocytes. Severe meningitis is recognized when donor and recipient share at least one allele at either H-2K or H-2D. Presence of unshared H-2 genes is not obviously inhibitory, and identity at the immune response (Ir) region of the H-2 gene complex is neither sufficient nor necessary. The same constraint applies to cytotoxic T cell activity in vitro; lymphocytes and virus-infected targets must be compatible for a minimum of one allele mapping at H-2K or H-2D. The present findings thus support the concept that populations of T cells, which are cytotoxic in vitro, also mediate inflammatory process in vivo and are a major, if not the only, effector population in murine LCM.", "contents": "Inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis is maximal in H-2K or H-2D compatible interactions. Capacity to transfer adoptively fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) to immunosuppressed, virus-infected recipients is a property of H-2 compatible, non-Ig-bearing virus-immune lymphocytes. Severe meningitis is recognized when donor and recipient share at least one allele at either H-2K or H-2D. Presence of unshared H-2 genes is not obviously inhibitory, and identity at the immune response (Ir) region of the H-2 gene complex is neither sufficient nor necessary. The same constraint applies to cytotoxic T cell activity in vitro; lymphocytes and virus-infected targets must be compatible for a minimum of one allele mapping at H-2K or H-2D. The present findings thus support the concept that populations of T cells, which are cytotoxic in vitro, also mediate inflammatory process in vivo and are a major, if not the only, effector population in murine LCM."}
{"id": "PMID:932424", "title": "Antibody-mediated basophil accumulations in cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions of guinea pigs.", "content": "Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) was studied in guinea pigs by using simplified histologic techniques. Animals immunized with oxazolone or picryl conjugates of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified with complete (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjunvant (IFA) were found to have hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions when skin tested at 1 week with oxazolone or picryl chloride contant painting or intradermal injection of oxazolone or picryl-conjugated human serum albumin, respectively. Thus, hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions were present in guinea pigs immunized with CFA for classical delayed hypersensitivity, and in animals immunized with IFA for Jones-Mote reactions. Hapten-specific 24-hr cutaneous basophil reactions were passively transferred with immune serum from donors sensitized with conjugates of oxazolone or picryl-KLH in CFA or IFA, and with serum from oxazolone contact-sensitized animals as well. As little as 0.5 ml sera obtained from donors 1 week after immunization could systemically transfer cutaneous basophil reactions. It is likely that hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions are mediated by small quantities of serum antibodies. We conclude that antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil reactions may be distinctive hypersensitivity responses that can be distinguished from classical anaphylactic, Arthus, and delayed hypersensitivities. It is suggested that CBH reactions are heterogeneous and that antibody products of B lymphocytes, and factors probably derived from T lymphocytes, play a role in basophil accumulations at cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated basophil accumulations in cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions of guinea pigs. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) was studied in guinea pigs by using simplified histologic techniques. Animals immunized with oxazolone or picryl conjugates of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified with complete (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjunvant (IFA) were found to have hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions when skin tested at 1 week with oxazolone or picryl chloride contant painting or intradermal injection of oxazolone or picryl-conjugated human serum albumin, respectively. Thus, hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions were present in guinea pigs immunized with CFA for classical delayed hypersensitivity, and in animals immunized with IFA for Jones-Mote reactions. Hapten-specific 24-hr cutaneous basophil reactions were passively transferred with immune serum from donors sensitized with conjugates of oxazolone or picryl-KLH in CFA or IFA, and with serum from oxazolone contact-sensitized animals as well. As little as 0.5 ml sera obtained from donors 1 week after immunization could systemically transfer cutaneous basophil reactions. It is likely that hapten-specific cutaneous basophil reactions are mediated by small quantities of serum antibodies. We conclude that antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil reactions may be distinctive hypersensitivity responses that can be distinguished from classical anaphylactic, Arthus, and delayed hypersensitivities. It is suggested that CBH reactions are heterogeneous and that antibody products of B lymphocytes, and factors probably derived from T lymphocytes, play a role in basophil accumulations at cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:932425", "title": "Immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by hydrocortisone and azathioprine.", "content": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), induced in rabbits by injection of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica, was suppressed by appropriate treatment with hydrocortisone or with azathioprine. Administration of hydrocortisone in gradually increasing doses, starting at the time of immunization with the receptor, prevented exacerbation of the disease in the early stages of treatment, as was the case when hydrocortisone was administered in high doses from the beginning. Prolonged administration of the antimetabolite azathioprine (Imuran) prevented the appearance of EAMG, for at least 4 months, in rabbits immunized with AChR. Cell-mediated immunity to AChR was demonstrated to be significantly decreased in such treated animals. The effects of hydrocortisone and azathioprine on EAMG support the view that the disease involves an immunologically cell-mediated mechanism and indicate that the experimental disease can serve as a useful model for chemotherapy of the human disease.", "contents": "Immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by hydrocortisone and azathioprine. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), induced in rabbits by injection of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica, was suppressed by appropriate treatment with hydrocortisone or with azathioprine. Administration of hydrocortisone in gradually increasing doses, starting at the time of immunization with the receptor, prevented exacerbation of the disease in the early stages of treatment, as was the case when hydrocortisone was administered in high doses from the beginning. Prolonged administration of the antimetabolite azathioprine (Imuran) prevented the appearance of EAMG, for at least 4 months, in rabbits immunized with AChR. Cell-mediated immunity to AChR was demonstrated to be significantly decreased in such treated animals. The effects of hydrocortisone and azathioprine on EAMG support the view that the disease involves an immunologically cell-mediated mechanism and indicate that the experimental disease can serve as a useful model for chemotherapy of the human disease."}
{"id": "PMID:932426", "title": "Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF). II. Release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis.", "content": "Phagocytosis was found to stimulate ECF release from neutrophils (PMN). Human PMN (less than 98%) were exposed to zymosan (Z), zymosan-coated with complement (Z(x)), or zymosan in the presence of serum (Z(s)). The release of ECF was shown to be time- and dose-dependent. Like ionophore-induced ECF, phagocytosis-derived ECF preferentially attracted and deactivated eosinophils. Chromatography on Sephadex G-25 revealed an elution pattern similar to the antigen-induced, basophil-derived and to the ionophore-induced PMN-derived ECF. The addition of complement either as Z(x) or Z(s) accelerated the release of ECF. With both stimuli, the initial kinetics of ECF paralleled the release of beta-glucuronidase and NBT reduction. With Z alone, beta-glucuronidase release and NBT reduction were negligible, whereas the amount of ECF released was similar to that induced by Z(x). In the presence of serum Z(s), decreased activity was noted. Supernatants of phagocytosis at late time periods showed less activity than early supernatants, suggesting that ECF might be inactivated. These data indicate that phagocytosis causes the release of an ECF, which appears to be similar to the IgE-induced ECF-A.", "contents": "Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF). II. Release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis. Phagocytosis was found to stimulate ECF release from neutrophils (PMN). Human PMN (less than 98%) were exposed to zymosan (Z), zymosan-coated with complement (Z(x)), or zymosan in the presence of serum (Z(s)). The release of ECF was shown to be time- and dose-dependent. Like ionophore-induced ECF, phagocytosis-derived ECF preferentially attracted and deactivated eosinophils. Chromatography on Sephadex G-25 revealed an elution pattern similar to the antigen-induced, basophil-derived and to the ionophore-induced PMN-derived ECF. The addition of complement either as Z(x) or Z(s) accelerated the release of ECF. With both stimuli, the initial kinetics of ECF paralleled the release of beta-glucuronidase and NBT reduction. With Z alone, beta-glucuronidase release and NBT reduction were negligible, whereas the amount of ECF released was similar to that induced by Z(x). In the presence of serum Z(s), decreased activity was noted. Supernatants of phagocytosis at late time periods showed less activity than early supernatants, suggesting that ECF might be inactivated. These data indicate that phagocytosis causes the release of an ECF, which appears to be similar to the IgE-induced ECF-A."}
{"id": "PMID:932427", "title": "Chemotactic responses of normal human basophils to C5a and to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor.", "content": "Peripheral blood basophils from normal human subjects responded chemotactically to the complement component C5a and also to the supernatant fluid from cultured human lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens or specific antigen. Basophil chemotactic factor (BCF) was detected in stimulated lymphocyte cultures within 24 hr and increased for the first 3 days. BCF was found after stimulation of lymphocytes by B or T cell mitogens as well as by specific antigen. The amount of BCF in culture fluids was independent of cell proliferation. Monocyte chemotactic factor (MCF) and BCF could not be separated from one another by Sephadex or DEAE chromatography. Both activities were eluted from Sephadex G-100 columns in a m.w. region of about 15,000 daltons and were found after ion exchange chromatography on DEAE in a peak eluted by 0.1 M NaCl. These findings suggest that mitogen or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes secrete a molecule that is chemotactic for both monocytes and basophils. Thus, in the absence of a basophil-specific chemotactic molecule, the preferential accumulation of basophils in certain types of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions must be due to additional factors such as basophil chemotaxis augmentation factor.", "contents": "Chemotactic responses of normal human basophils to C5a and to lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor. Peripheral blood basophils from normal human subjects responded chemotactically to the complement component C5a and also to the supernatant fluid from cultured human lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens or specific antigen. Basophil chemotactic factor (BCF) was detected in stimulated lymphocyte cultures within 24 hr and increased for the first 3 days. BCF was found after stimulation of lymphocytes by B or T cell mitogens as well as by specific antigen. The amount of BCF in culture fluids was independent of cell proliferation. Monocyte chemotactic factor (MCF) and BCF could not be separated from one another by Sephadex or DEAE chromatography. Both activities were eluted from Sephadex G-100 columns in a m.w. region of about 15,000 daltons and were found after ion exchange chromatography on DEAE in a peak eluted by 0.1 M NaCl. These findings suggest that mitogen or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes secrete a molecule that is chemotactic for both monocytes and basophils. Thus, in the absence of a basophil-specific chemotactic molecule, the preferential accumulation of basophils in certain types of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions must be due to additional factors such as basophil chemotaxis augmentation factor."}
{"id": "PMID:932428", "title": "Separation of populations of sensitized lymphoid cells into fractions inhibiting and fractions enhancing syngeneic tumor growth in vivo.", "content": "Separation of subpopulations of lymphoid cells sensitized against a syngeneic tumor was attempted by means of velocity sedimentation and the fractions were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic hosts. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice or spleen cells sensitized on tumor cell monolayers could be fractionated into a subpopulation capable of inhibiting growth of the same tumor and a separable fraction which enhanced tumor growth. Activity of the tumor-inhibiting lymphocytes was not apparent in the presence of the tumor-enhancing cells. The former activity was associated with small lymphocytes and the latter with injection of larger cells. Preliminary experiments investigated the developmental relation between the cells responsible for these opposing activities.", "contents": "Separation of populations of sensitized lymphoid cells into fractions inhibiting and fractions enhancing syngeneic tumor growth in vivo. Separation of subpopulations of lymphoid cells sensitized against a syngeneic tumor was attempted by means of velocity sedimentation and the fractions were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic hosts. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice or spleen cells sensitized on tumor cell monolayers could be fractionated into a subpopulation capable of inhibiting growth of the same tumor and a separable fraction which enhanced tumor growth. Activity of the tumor-inhibiting lymphocytes was not apparent in the presence of the tumor-enhancing cells. The former activity was associated with small lymphocytes and the latter with injection of larger cells. Preliminary experiments investigated the developmental relation between the cells responsible for these opposing activities."}
{"id": "PMID:932429", "title": "Studies on glycopeptide released by trypsin from sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Pretreatment of sheep erythrocytes with trypsin abolishes their specific binding and rosette formation with human T lymphocytes. A glycopeptide containing sialic acid is released from the intact sheep erythrocytes by incubation with trypsin and purified. This glycopeptide contains activity that can be bound to T lymphocytes and produces inhibition of rosette formation. This component with a m.w. of about 10,000 contains galactose, acetylglucosamine, acetylgalactosamine, sialic acid, and serine. These results suggest that the glycopeptide released by trypsin treatment may contain the site of the T cell receptor of sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "Studies on glycopeptide released by trypsin from sheep erythrocytes. Pretreatment of sheep erythrocytes with trypsin abolishes their specific binding and rosette formation with human T lymphocytes. A glycopeptide containing sialic acid is released from the intact sheep erythrocytes by incubation with trypsin and purified. This glycopeptide contains activity that can be bound to T lymphocytes and produces inhibition of rosette formation. This component with a m.w. of about 10,000 contains galactose, acetylglucosamine, acetylgalactosamine, sialic acid, and serine. These results suggest that the glycopeptide released by trypsin treatment may contain the site of the T cell receptor of sheep erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:932430", "title": "Interaction of soluble C3 fragments with guinea pig lymphocytes. Comparison of effects of C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d on lymphokine production and lymphocyte proliferation.", "content": "C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d were generated from purified guinea pig C3 by trypsin treatment. These fragments were characterized immunochemically and functionally by rosette inhibition. C3b is capable of binding to both C3b and C3d receptors on lymphocytes whereas C3d binds only to C3D receptors. C3b stimulates guinea pig spleen cells to elaborate a macrophage chemotactic factor which is similar in m.w. to that generated in response to PHA or LPS and is antigenically unrelated to C3 or C5. In contrast, neither C3a, C3c, or C3d stimulate guinea pig lymphocytes. Neither C3 nor any of its major fragments induce cellular proliferation. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that C3b triggers spleen cells to release a macrophage chemotactic factor by cross-linking C3b and C3d receptors.", "contents": "Interaction of soluble C3 fragments with guinea pig lymphocytes. Comparison of effects of C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d on lymphokine production and lymphocyte proliferation. C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d were generated from purified guinea pig C3 by trypsin treatment. These fragments were characterized immunochemically and functionally by rosette inhibition. C3b is capable of binding to both C3b and C3d receptors on lymphocytes whereas C3d binds only to C3D receptors. C3b stimulates guinea pig spleen cells to elaborate a macrophage chemotactic factor which is similar in m.w. to that generated in response to PHA or LPS and is antigenically unrelated to C3 or C5. In contrast, neither C3a, C3c, or C3d stimulate guinea pig lymphocytes. Neither C3 nor any of its major fragments induce cellular proliferation. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that C3b triggers spleen cells to release a macrophage chemotactic factor by cross-linking C3b and C3d receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:932431", "title": "Divergent effects of cyclophosphamide administration on mononuclear killer cells: quantitative depletion of cell numbers versus qualitative suppression of functional capabilities.", "content": "The effects of various regimens of cyclophosphamide administration on guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes were studied. Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression was assessed by the effect of drug administration on the proportions and absolute numbers of leukocyte populations, and by the effect on functional capabilities of unfractionated and adherent cell-depleted mononuclear cell suspensions as measured by the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays against chicken erythrocyte targets. Intraperitoneal administration of five daily doses of cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg) caused a modest absolute leukopenia but no change in cytotoxic effector function of the mononuclear cells remaining in the circulation. As the dosage of cyclophosphamide was increased to 20 mg/kg/day to produce a pronounced leukopenia, a profound neutropenia (less than 300 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/mm3) together with a marked decrease in mononuclear cell effector function was noted. A single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg), which produced identical degrees of leukopenia of each leukocyte class as did daily administration of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg/day), caused no change in mononuclear cell effector function when compared to saline controls. Complement receptor-bearing and Fc-receptor bearing mononuclear cells were decreased to the same degree by both regimens of cyclophosphamide administration. Removal of adherent cells from mononuclear cell suspensions by column purification resulted in a marked decrease in cytotoxic effector function at low effector to target ratios. At higher effector to target ratios there was no difference in cytotoxic effector function between unfractionated and column-purified cells. In contrast, the functional defect in mononuclear cell suspensions from animals that received five daily doses of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) could not be compensated for at higher effector to target ratios, indicating that this functional defect was not an artifact of relative depletion of monocytes by cyclophosphamide, but was due to an actual suppression of the effector functional capabilities of the killer cells. This study indicates that, dependent on the particular regimen of drug administration, the quantitative depletion of mononuclear cell populations by cyclophosphamide administration can be clearly distinguished from the qualitative effect on certain functional capabilities of surviving cells.", "contents": "Divergent effects of cyclophosphamide administration on mononuclear killer cells: quantitative depletion of cell numbers versus qualitative suppression of functional capabilities. The effects of various regimens of cyclophosphamide administration on guinea pig peripheral blood leukocytes were studied. Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression was assessed by the effect of drug administration on the proportions and absolute numbers of leukocyte populations, and by the effect on functional capabilities of unfractionated and adherent cell-depleted mononuclear cell suspensions as measured by the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays against chicken erythrocyte targets. Intraperitoneal administration of five daily doses of cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg) caused a modest absolute leukopenia but no change in cytotoxic effector function of the mononuclear cells remaining in the circulation. As the dosage of cyclophosphamide was increased to 20 mg/kg/day to produce a pronounced leukopenia, a profound neutropenia (less than 300 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/mm3) together with a marked decrease in mononuclear cell effector function was noted. A single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg), which produced identical degrees of leukopenia of each leukocyte class as did daily administration of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg/day), caused no change in mononuclear cell effector function when compared to saline controls. Complement receptor-bearing and Fc-receptor bearing mononuclear cells were decreased to the same degree by both regimens of cyclophosphamide administration. Removal of adherent cells from mononuclear cell suspensions by column purification resulted in a marked decrease in cytotoxic effector function at low effector to target ratios. At higher effector to target ratios there was no difference in cytotoxic effector function between unfractionated and column-purified cells. In contrast, the functional defect in mononuclear cell suspensions from animals that received five daily doses of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) could not be compensated for at higher effector to target ratios, indicating that this functional defect was not an artifact of relative depletion of monocytes by cyclophosphamide, but was due to an actual suppression of the effector functional capabilities of the killer cells. This study indicates that, dependent on the particular regimen of drug administration, the quantitative depletion of mononuclear cell populations by cyclophosphamide administration can be clearly distinguished from the qualitative effect on certain functional capabilities of surviving cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932432", "title": "Hybridization kinetics of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid from antigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells.", "content": "In an attempt to explore the mechanism by which antigenic stimulation alters gene expression in lymphoid cells in vivo, three different hybridization techniques have been used to compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells from normal and from immune BALB/c mice. RNA/DNA hybridization experiments at a DNA excess of 1000 demonstrated that normal RNA and immune RNA hybridized identically with DNA extracted from mouse spleen cells before and after immunization and with liver DNA. These findings indicate that DNA sequences complementary to immune RNA or to normal RNA are represented in a number of copies not significantly different in the genome of normal lymphoid cells and in that of immune lymphoid cells. Hybridizations of normal and of immune RNA with normal and immune pulse-labeled DNA, done at RNA excess, detected no differences between these two DNA. However, significant differences were observed in the percentage of DNA hybridized with normal and immune RNA; 3 to 4% of the DNA hybridized with normal RNA and 8 to 9% with immune RNA. This indicates that more DNA sequences are transcribed 48 hr after immunization than before immunization. The RNA exhaustion rates caused by normal and immune DNA were found to be identical, indicating that antigenic stimulation did not induce major changes in the number of DNA base sequences complementary to the RNA tested. However, when normal and immune pulse-labeled RNA were compared by exhaustion with DNA, the immune pulse-labeled RNA obtained 48 hr after immunization displayed a slower exhaustion rate than normal RNA or RNA extracted 72 hr after immunization. These results suggest the temporary synthesis, at a higher frequency, of certain RNA sepcies 48 hr after immunization, as compared to the RNA synthesis in normal, nonimmune cells, or that occurring 72 hr after immunization. Thus, the three experimental approaches used lead to the conclusion that antigenic stimulation does not induce major gene amplification; it does, however, change the transcription rate of certain RNA species.", "contents": "Hybridization kinetics of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid from antigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. In an attempt to explore the mechanism by which antigenic stimulation alters gene expression in lymphoid cells in vivo, three different hybridization techniques have been used to compare the complexity of the genome of lymphoid cells from normal and from immune BALB/c mice. RNA/DNA hybridization experiments at a DNA excess of 1000 demonstrated that normal RNA and immune RNA hybridized identically with DNA extracted from mouse spleen cells before and after immunization and with liver DNA. These findings indicate that DNA sequences complementary to immune RNA or to normal RNA are represented in a number of copies not significantly different in the genome of normal lymphoid cells and in that of immune lymphoid cells. Hybridizations of normal and of immune RNA with normal and immune pulse-labeled DNA, done at RNA excess, detected no differences between these two DNA. However, significant differences were observed in the percentage of DNA hybridized with normal and immune RNA; 3 to 4% of the DNA hybridized with normal RNA and 8 to 9% with immune RNA. This indicates that more DNA sequences are transcribed 48 hr after immunization than before immunization. The RNA exhaustion rates caused by normal and immune DNA were found to be identical, indicating that antigenic stimulation did not induce major changes in the number of DNA base sequences complementary to the RNA tested. However, when normal and immune pulse-labeled RNA were compared by exhaustion with DNA, the immune pulse-labeled RNA obtained 48 hr after immunization displayed a slower exhaustion rate than normal RNA or RNA extracted 72 hr after immunization. These results suggest the temporary synthesis, at a higher frequency, of certain RNA sepcies 48 hr after immunization, as compared to the RNA synthesis in normal, nonimmune cells, or that occurring 72 hr after immunization. Thus, the three experimental approaches used lead to the conclusion that antigenic stimulation does not induce major gene amplification; it does, however, change the transcription rate of certain RNA species."}
{"id": "PMID:932434", "title": "The ultrastructure of C1t, a subcomponent of the first component of complement: an E.M. and ultracentrifuge study.", "content": "C1t is a 9.5 S alpha1 glycoprotein that has been shown to be a fourth subcomponent of the first component of complement. The m.w. of C1t was found to be 233,000 by sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge. A subunit m.w. of 23,000 was obtained by sedimentation equilibrium in 5.95 M guanidinium chloride. No change in either m.w. was produced by prior reduction and alkylation. In the electron microscope characteristic pentagonal figures of 85 A diameter were observed together with rod-like figures which appear to be stacked assemblies of the pentagonal figures. These observations lead us to propose that C1t is a noncovalent, decameric protein with the subunits disposed at the vertices of two regular pentagons joined at one of their faces. A possible relationship between C1t and the P-component of amyloid is discussed.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of C1t, a subcomponent of the first component of complement: an E.M. and ultracentrifuge study. C1t is a 9.5 S alpha1 glycoprotein that has been shown to be a fourth subcomponent of the first component of complement. The m.w. of C1t was found to be 233,000 by sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge. A subunit m.w. of 23,000 was obtained by sedimentation equilibrium in 5.95 M guanidinium chloride. No change in either m.w. was produced by prior reduction and alkylation. In the electron microscope characteristic pentagonal figures of 85 A diameter were observed together with rod-like figures which appear to be stacked assemblies of the pentagonal figures. These observations lead us to propose that C1t is a noncovalent, decameric protein with the subunits disposed at the vertices of two regular pentagons joined at one of their faces. A possible relationship between C1t and the P-component of amyloid is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932435", "title": "In vitro production of IgE by human peripheral blood lymphocytes: effect of cholera toxin and beta adrenergic stimulation.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two human donors with elevated serum IgE concentrations were maintained in short term tissue culture preparations. Repeated culture preparations demonstrated that IgE was produced in vitro in amounts that could be measured by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The amount of IgE produced by replicate cultures of cells from a single bleeding of the donor was similar when the cultures were simultaneously prepared. In contrast, IgE production by the same donor's lymphocytes varied when the culture preparations were initiated from separate bleedings. The results of simultaneous cultures of a single bleeding were sufficiently consistent to provide a means of testing the effect of pharmacologic agents on the in vitro production of IgE. Cholera toxin effected a marked reduction in production of IgE by lymphocytes of both cell donors. Isoproterenol showed marked inhibition of IgE production at 10(-3) M but cell viability studies suggested that this may have been due to decreased cell viability. At lower, nontoxic concentrations of isoproterenol (10(-4) M-10(-6) M) slight but definite inhibition of in vitro IgE production was evident. This inhibition was more pronounced subsequent to the first 24 hr of exposure of the cells to isoproterenol.", "contents": "In vitro production of IgE by human peripheral blood lymphocytes: effect of cholera toxin and beta adrenergic stimulation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two human donors with elevated serum IgE concentrations were maintained in short term tissue culture preparations. Repeated culture preparations demonstrated that IgE was produced in vitro in amounts that could be measured by the double antibody radioimmunoassay technique. The amount of IgE produced by replicate cultures of cells from a single bleeding of the donor was similar when the cultures were simultaneously prepared. In contrast, IgE production by the same donor's lymphocytes varied when the culture preparations were initiated from separate bleedings. The results of simultaneous cultures of a single bleeding were sufficiently consistent to provide a means of testing the effect of pharmacologic agents on the in vitro production of IgE. Cholera toxin effected a marked reduction in production of IgE by lymphocytes of both cell donors. Isoproterenol showed marked inhibition of IgE production at 10(-3) M but cell viability studies suggested that this may have been due to decreased cell viability. At lower, nontoxic concentrations of isoproterenol (10(-4) M-10(-6) M) slight but definite inhibition of in vitro IgE production was evident. This inhibition was more pronounced subsequent to the first 24 hr of exposure of the cells to isoproterenol."}
{"id": "PMID:932436", "title": "Macroscopic cloning assay using complement fixation to isolate secretion variants of myeloma cells.", "content": "Mouse myeloma cells were cloned in agar and overlaid in antiserum to a mouse immunoglobulin. The resulting local immune precipitates were used as complement fixing layers to protect macroscopically visible zones of sheep erythrocytes from lysis. The immunological specificity of the assay was confirmed in mixing experiments using two different myeloma cell lines.", "contents": "Macroscopic cloning assay using complement fixation to isolate secretion variants of myeloma cells. Mouse myeloma cells were cloned in agar and overlaid in antiserum to a mouse immunoglobulin. The resulting local immune precipitates were used as complement fixing layers to protect macroscopically visible zones of sheep erythrocytes from lysis. The immunological specificity of the assay was confirmed in mixing experiments using two different myeloma cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:932437", "title": "A comparison of the direct and indirect leukocyte migration tests in man.", "content": "In the Direct Leukocyte Migration Test, as few as 10% mononuclear cells are sufficient to produce antigen-specific inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in the presence of 100 mug of excipient-free PPD per ml. A clear distinction between tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative donors can be made. The inhibition of migration is blocked by the presence of actinomycin D. In the Indirect Test, significant inhibition of migration of pure polymorphs is produced by supernatants from stimulated tuberculin-sensitive lymphocyte cultures. Inhibition is maximal at 6 h and is of a similar degree to that obtained in the direct test.", "contents": "A comparison of the direct and indirect leukocyte migration tests in man. In the Direct Leukocyte Migration Test, as few as 10% mononuclear cells are sufficient to produce antigen-specific inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration in the presence of 100 mug of excipient-free PPD per ml. A clear distinction between tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative donors can be made. The inhibition of migration is blocked by the presence of actinomycin D. In the Indirect Test, significant inhibition of migration of pure polymorphs is produced by supernatants from stimulated tuberculin-sensitive lymphocyte cultures. Inhibition is maximal at 6 h and is of a similar degree to that obtained in the direct test."}
{"id": "PMID:932438", "title": "A method for producing anti-DNA antibodies in ascitic fluid of mice.", "content": "Immunological methods for the production of antibodies to DNA in ascitic fluid of DDY, A/He, and C57B1/6 mice were investigated. Relatively large volumes of ascitic fluid containing antibodies for DNA in high concentration were obtainable after seven injections of denatured ssDNA-MBSA complexes emulsified with CFA into peritoneal cavities of DDY mice. The quantity of anti-ascitic fluid from 4 to 5 DDY mice was equivalent to that of antiserum from one rabbit. DDY mice accumulation of ascites is much greater than in other strains, and the ascitic fluid contains antibodies of higher titer regardless of sex. The antibody titers in ascitic fluid are not affected by alteration of the ascites volume, and are proportional to those of the corresponding sera. Antibodies to DNA in ascitic fluid of these mice occurred exclusively in IgG as in DNA antisera.", "contents": "A method for producing anti-DNA antibodies in ascitic fluid of mice. Immunological methods for the production of antibodies to DNA in ascitic fluid of DDY, A/He, and C57B1/6 mice were investigated. Relatively large volumes of ascitic fluid containing antibodies for DNA in high concentration were obtainable after seven injections of denatured ssDNA-MBSA complexes emulsified with CFA into peritoneal cavities of DDY mice. The quantity of anti-ascitic fluid from 4 to 5 DDY mice was equivalent to that of antiserum from one rabbit. DDY mice accumulation of ascites is much greater than in other strains, and the ascitic fluid contains antibodies of higher titer regardless of sex. The antibody titers in ascitic fluid are not affected by alteration of the ascites volume, and are proportional to those of the corresponding sera. Antibodies to DNA in ascitic fluid of these mice occurred exclusively in IgG as in DNA antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:932439", "title": "An adjuvant effect of poly A - poly U on production of antibodies to DNA in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of polyadenylate-polyuridylate copolymer (poly A-poly U) on the formation of anti-DNA antibodies in rabbits was investigated. 1) Poly A-poly U proved to be an effective adjuvant for production of antibodies to DNA. These were elicited in rabbits at high titer and were formed at an early stage of immunizations. 2) The antiserum obtained reached potently with denatured DNA, but with neither methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) used as carrier protein nor poly A-poly U used as adjuvant. This was demonstrable both by C-fixation and double diffusion tests. 3) The antibodies occurred exclusively in the IgG fraction separated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography.", "contents": "An adjuvant effect of poly A - poly U on production of antibodies to DNA in rabbits. The effect of polyadenylate-polyuridylate copolymer (poly A-poly U) on the formation of anti-DNA antibodies in rabbits was investigated. 1) Poly A-poly U proved to be an effective adjuvant for production of antibodies to DNA. These were elicited in rabbits at high titer and were formed at an early stage of immunizations. 2) The antiserum obtained reached potently with denatured DNA, but with neither methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) used as carrier protein nor poly A-poly U used as adjuvant. This was demonstrable both by C-fixation and double diffusion tests. 3) The antibodies occurred exclusively in the IgG fraction separated by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:932440", "title": "A micromethod for evaluating the phagocytic activity of human macrophages by ingestion of radio-labelled polystyrene particles.", "content": "Studies in vitro of human macrophage function in health and disease have been impeded by the difficulty of obtaining such cells in sufficient number. Unlike animal species, the only readily available source of human macrophages are circulating monocytes. Herein, a method is described whereby the phagocytic rate of small numbers of glass-adherent mononuclear cells can be accurately measured. The method utilizes the ingestion by macrophages of technetium labelled polystyrene particles; both the radiolabel and ingestible substrate are readily available and the labelling process simple and efficient. The phagocytic rate can be expressed as radioactive counts per microgram of cell protein; data is also presented showing that the number of particles ingested per cell can be accurately derived.", "contents": "A micromethod for evaluating the phagocytic activity of human macrophages by ingestion of radio-labelled polystyrene particles. Studies in vitro of human macrophage function in health and disease have been impeded by the difficulty of obtaining such cells in sufficient number. Unlike animal species, the only readily available source of human macrophages are circulating monocytes. Herein, a method is described whereby the phagocytic rate of small numbers of glass-adherent mononuclear cells can be accurately measured. The method utilizes the ingestion by macrophages of technetium labelled polystyrene particles; both the radiolabel and ingestible substrate are readily available and the labelling process simple and efficient. The phagocytic rate can be expressed as radioactive counts per microgram of cell protein; data is also presented showing that the number of particles ingested per cell can be accurately derived."}
{"id": "PMID:932441", "title": "Empirical and theoretical relationships between the sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of various proteins, with particular reference to the immunoglobulins.", "content": "The empirical and theoretical relationships between the sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of proteins of various conformational shapes have been investigated. In each case it was found that the relationship obeys the general formula log S020,W= a log molecular weight +b. The empirical values obtained for the slope and intercept for globular proteins (non-immunoglobulins) and immunoglobulins have been used to calculate the molecular weight from the sedimentation coefficients of other proteins belonging to these two groups. For most proteins and particularly the immunoglobulins the values obtained were found to be similar to those obtained using the classical experimental techniques. The application of this approach to the determination of molecular weights, of proteins and more particularly protein containing complexes is discussed.", "contents": "Empirical and theoretical relationships between the sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of various proteins, with particular reference to the immunoglobulins. The empirical and theoretical relationships between the sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of proteins of various conformational shapes have been investigated. In each case it was found that the relationship obeys the general formula log S020,W= a log molecular weight +b. The empirical values obtained for the slope and intercept for globular proteins (non-immunoglobulins) and immunoglobulins have been used to calculate the molecular weight from the sedimentation coefficients of other proteins belonging to these two groups. For most proteins and particularly the immunoglobulins the values obtained were found to be similar to those obtained using the classical experimental techniques. The application of this approach to the determination of molecular weights, of proteins and more particularly protein containing complexes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932442", "title": "A simple numerical method for the construction of isokinetic sucrose density gradients, and their application to the characterisation of immunoglobulin complexes.", "content": "A simple numerical method for calculating the parameters required for the production of isokinetic sucrose density gradients is described. Calculation is based on tables of viscosity and density of sucrose solutions at various concentrations. When density gradients prepared according to this method were used for centrifugation of a number of well characterised proteins, it was shown that isokinetic behavior occurs, and that sedimentation coefficients obtained are comparable to those determined by conventional analytical ultracentrifugation. The method was used to characterise polymers of IgM and IgG, and results suggest that IgM polymers up to the tetramer can occur in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemic serum, and that IgG polymers up to the pentamer can occur in stored specimens of ethanol precipitated human IgG. The sedimentation behaviour of 125I-IgE was studied by fractionating the gradients and counting the fractions, and it was shown that degradation of the labelled IgE took place during storage. It was also found that labelled IgE induces rapid breakdown of IgG with which it was mixed prior to centrifugation. The method has also been used to study immunoglobulin-containing complexes found in the knee joint fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The high degree of resolution of this method is demonstrated by the fact that many more of these components were detectable by density gradient centrifugation than by conventional analytical ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "A simple numerical method for the construction of isokinetic sucrose density gradients, and their application to the characterisation of immunoglobulin complexes. A simple numerical method for calculating the parameters required for the production of isokinetic sucrose density gradients is described. Calculation is based on tables of viscosity and density of sucrose solutions at various concentrations. When density gradients prepared according to this method were used for centrifugation of a number of well characterised proteins, it was shown that isokinetic behavior occurs, and that sedimentation coefficients obtained are comparable to those determined by conventional analytical ultracentrifugation. The method was used to characterise polymers of IgM and IgG, and results suggest that IgM polymers up to the tetramer can occur in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemic serum, and that IgG polymers up to the pentamer can occur in stored specimens of ethanol precipitated human IgG. The sedimentation behaviour of 125I-IgE was studied by fractionating the gradients and counting the fractions, and it was shown that degradation of the labelled IgE took place during storage. It was also found that labelled IgE induces rapid breakdown of IgG with which it was mixed prior to centrifugation. The method has also been used to study immunoglobulin-containing complexes found in the knee joint fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The high degree of resolution of this method is demonstrated by the fact that many more of these components were detectable by density gradient centrifugation than by conventional analytical ultracentrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:932444", "title": "The use of sucrose as a cryoprotective agent for the labile sheep erythrocyte-complement component--intermediate complex, EAC142.", "content": "Sucrose (15% w/v) was found to be a useful agent for cryopreservation of sheep erythrocytes in the intermediate state EAC142. The ordinarilly very labile SAC142, associated with the cells, did not decay to any appreciable degree during periods of storage of 1, 72 or 132 days at -65 to -70 degrees C. Recovery of erythrocytes after freezing and thawing varied. Our best recovery was 76.6% and the poorest was 43.0%. The poorest recoveries were obtained during the latter part of the 132 day experiment after the freezer malfunctioned on day 35 causing a temperature rise to -50 degrees C which lasted for 3 days. The average spontaneous lysis of cells before freezing and thawing was 5.6%. The average spontaneous lysis for cells which had been stored in the frozen state was 6.9%.", "contents": "The use of sucrose as a cryoprotective agent for the labile sheep erythrocyte-complement component--intermediate complex, EAC142. Sucrose (15% w/v) was found to be a useful agent for cryopreservation of sheep erythrocytes in the intermediate state EAC142. The ordinarilly very labile SAC142, associated with the cells, did not decay to any appreciable degree during periods of storage of 1, 72 or 132 days at -65 to -70 degrees C. Recovery of erythrocytes after freezing and thawing varied. Our best recovery was 76.6% and the poorest was 43.0%. The poorest recoveries were obtained during the latter part of the 132 day experiment after the freezer malfunctioned on day 35 causing a temperature rise to -50 degrees C which lasted for 3 days. The average spontaneous lysis of cells before freezing and thawing was 5.6%. The average spontaneous lysis for cells which had been stored in the frozen state was 6.9%."}
{"id": "PMID:932445", "title": "Serological techniques for detection of antibody to galactocerebroside.", "content": "Two serological techniques were developed for the detection of antibody to galactocerebroside using liposomes as a carrier for the lipid hapten. One assay is a radioimmunoprecipitation test employing [3H] cholesterol as a marker in the galactocerebroside-liposomes. The other is a less sensitive but quick and easy galactocerebroside-liposome agglutination assay. Specificity is demonstrated by comparison of titers when other lipid haptens replace galactocerebroside in the liposomes, and when other anti-glycolipid antisera are reacted with galactocerebroside-liposomes.", "contents": "Serological techniques for detection of antibody to galactocerebroside. Two serological techniques were developed for the detection of antibody to galactocerebroside using liposomes as a carrier for the lipid hapten. One assay is a radioimmunoprecipitation test employing [3H] cholesterol as a marker in the galactocerebroside-liposomes. The other is a less sensitive but quick and easy galactocerebroside-liposome agglutination assay. Specificity is demonstrated by comparison of titers when other lipid haptens replace galactocerebroside in the liposomes, and when other anti-glycolipid antisera are reacted with galactocerebroside-liposomes."}
{"id": "PMID:932447", "title": "Immunology of DNA. IV. Quantitative aspects of the Farr assay.", "content": "We have investigated whether the Farr assay measures the primary interaction between DNA and anti-DNA. By the use of zonal centrifugation to analyse DNA/anti-DNA complexes and by a detailed study of the quantitative aspects of the Farr assay we demonstrate that: (a) binding of a single IgG molecule to a PM2 DNA molecule (molecular weight 5.9 X 10(6)) renders the latter precipitable in half-saturated ammonium sulphate; (b) two antibody molecules are required for precipitation of T7 DNA (molecular weight 25 X 10(6)); (c) millipore filtration detects binding of a single antibody molecule per molecule of PM2 DNA; (d) theoretically and experimentally the relation between free DNA (F) and the amount of serum (S) can be described by IfF =-cS where c is a constant; (e) it is feasable to quantitate serum anti-DNA activity in terms of units per ml.", "contents": "Immunology of DNA. IV. Quantitative aspects of the Farr assay. We have investigated whether the Farr assay measures the primary interaction between DNA and anti-DNA. By the use of zonal centrifugation to analyse DNA/anti-DNA complexes and by a detailed study of the quantitative aspects of the Farr assay we demonstrate that: (a) binding of a single IgG molecule to a PM2 DNA molecule (molecular weight 5.9 X 10(6)) renders the latter precipitable in half-saturated ammonium sulphate; (b) two antibody molecules are required for precipitation of T7 DNA (molecular weight 25 X 10(6)); (c) millipore filtration detects binding of a single antibody molecule per molecule of PM2 DNA; (d) theoretically and experimentally the relation between free DNA (F) and the amount of serum (S) can be described by IfF =-cS where c is a constant; (e) it is feasable to quantitate serum anti-DNA activity in terms of units per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:932446", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the aminoterminal peptide of procollagen p alpha 1(I)-chain.", "content": "Peptides derived from the aminoterminal portion of the palpha1(I)-chain of calf and sheep procollagen were labeled with iodine-125. Despite changes in electrophoretic homogeneity after labeling, reaction of the labeled peptide with antisera to unlabeled peptide was retained. Antisera to procollagen or the isolated procollagen peptide showed high titers for the native peptide, a much weaker binding with the reduced and alkylated peptide and little or no reaction with collagen. Antisera to collagen showed strong binding with collagen and a weaker but distinct reaction with the procollagen peptide. Evidence was obtained that a minor contaminant of procollagen peptide was present in the acid-extracted collagen and that there were no shared antigenic determinants. Bovine serum and amniotic fluid contained 1-10 mug/ml reactive antigen. These results indicate that the labeled peptides can be used as a specific, sensitive and accurate assay for the amino-terminal portion of procollagen in biological samples.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the aminoterminal peptide of procollagen p alpha 1(I)-chain. Peptides derived from the aminoterminal portion of the palpha1(I)-chain of calf and sheep procollagen were labeled with iodine-125. Despite changes in electrophoretic homogeneity after labeling, reaction of the labeled peptide with antisera to unlabeled peptide was retained. Antisera to procollagen or the isolated procollagen peptide showed high titers for the native peptide, a much weaker binding with the reduced and alkylated peptide and little or no reaction with collagen. Antisera to collagen showed strong binding with collagen and a weaker but distinct reaction with the procollagen peptide. Evidence was obtained that a minor contaminant of procollagen peptide was present in the acid-extracted collagen and that there were no shared antigenic determinants. Bovine serum and amniotic fluid contained 1-10 mug/ml reactive antigen. These results indicate that the labeled peptides can be used as a specific, sensitive and accurate assay for the amino-terminal portion of procollagen in biological samples."}
{"id": "PMID:932448", "title": "The use of nylon fibre as a method of separating human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "When the mononuclear cell population separated from normal human blood is passed through a nylon fibre column, monocytes and surface Ig bearing cells are retained; the eluted cells are a mixed properties. It appears that a proportion of the T cells eluted form EA-rosettes, and the eluted cell subpopulation includes non-T cells which share with B cells the ability to bind both EA and aggregated human IgG.", "contents": "The use of nylon fibre as a method of separating human lymphocyte subpopulations. When the mononuclear cell population separated from normal human blood is passed through a nylon fibre column, monocytes and surface Ig bearing cells are retained; the eluted cells are a mixed properties. It appears that a proportion of the T cells eluted form EA-rosettes, and the eluted cell subpopulation includes non-T cells which share with B cells the ability to bind both EA and aggregated human IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:932449", "title": "Carbodimide coupling to formalin-fixed red blood cells. A direct passive hemagglutination test for anti-horse ferritin.", "content": "The water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate, has been used to couple horse ferritin covalently to formalin-fixed, human red blood cells. This method has been optimized with respect to sensitivity, range, and reproducibility. The sensitized cells are stable for at least 6 months at 4 degrees C, and they may be stored frozen without additives or special precautions. Titers of 1/216 are routinely obtained with antisera to ferritin.", "contents": "Carbodimide coupling to formalin-fixed red blood cells. A direct passive hemagglutination test for anti-horse ferritin. The water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate, has been used to couple horse ferritin covalently to formalin-fixed, human red blood cells. This method has been optimized with respect to sensitivity, range, and reproducibility. The sensitized cells are stable for at least 6 months at 4 degrees C, and they may be stored frozen without additives or special precautions. Titers of 1/216 are routinely obtained with antisera to ferritin."}
{"id": "PMID:932450", "title": "The use of frozen-stored sheep erythrocytes for demonstrating lymphocytic membrane markers.", "content": "The usefulness of cryopreserved sheep erythrocytes (unsensitized or coated with fluorescein, IgG-type antibody or complement) for marker tests on human blood lymphocytes was studied. It appears that the rosetting properties or freshly prepared or frozen-stored erythrocytes are not significantly different. The method may be used to provide homogeneous stocks of sensitized erythrocytes for lymphocyte rosetting technique.", "contents": "The use of frozen-stored sheep erythrocytes for demonstrating lymphocytic membrane markers. The usefulness of cryopreserved sheep erythrocytes (unsensitized or coated with fluorescein, IgG-type antibody or complement) for marker tests on human blood lymphocytes was studied. It appears that the rosetting properties or freshly prepared or frozen-stored erythrocytes are not significantly different. The method may be used to provide homogeneous stocks of sensitized erythrocytes for lymphocyte rosetting technique."}
{"id": "PMID:932451", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for antibodies against surface membrane antigens using adhering cells.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay using cells adhering to plastic is described. In this assay, A-10 mammary carcinoma attached to the surface of plastic in microtiter plates were permitted to bind antibody and the bound antibody was detected with purified rabbit 125I-anti-mouse-Fab. The bound radioactive material was eluted with glycine-HCI buffer (pH 2.5), and the acid eluates were counted in a gamma counter. This assay can be used to detect cytolytic or noncyctolytic antibody to cell surface antigens in studies with any tumor or normal cell that will adhere to a solid surface.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for antibodies against surface membrane antigens using adhering cells. A radioimmunoassay using cells adhering to plastic is described. In this assay, A-10 mammary carcinoma attached to the surface of plastic in microtiter plates were permitted to bind antibody and the bound antibody was detected with purified rabbit 125I-anti-mouse-Fab. The bound radioactive material was eluted with glycine-HCI buffer (pH 2.5), and the acid eluates were counted in a gamma counter. This assay can be used to detect cytolytic or noncyctolytic antibody to cell surface antigens in studies with any tumor or normal cell that will adhere to a solid surface."}
{"id": "PMID:932452", "title": "A simple method of lymphocyte purification from human peripheral blood.", "content": "We present a simple technique for obtaining cell suspension from human peripheral venous blood containing on average 96% lymphocytes, no macrophages and leukocyte red blood cell ratio 1 : 1. Cells are readily prepared under sterile conditions and can be used in culture experiments. The high yield of lymphocytes and the avoidance of Ficoll-Triosil makes the technique especially valuable for micro cytotoxicity tests such as those aimed at measuring tumour immunity.", "contents": "A simple method of lymphocyte purification from human peripheral blood. We present a simple technique for obtaining cell suspension from human peripheral venous blood containing on average 96% lymphocytes, no macrophages and leukocyte red blood cell ratio 1 : 1. Cells are readily prepared under sterile conditions and can be used in culture experiments. The high yield of lymphocytes and the avoidance of Ficoll-Triosil makes the technique especially valuable for micro cytotoxicity tests such as those aimed at measuring tumour immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:932453", "title": "Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate.", "content": "A technique for the detection and demonstration of antigens or antibodies by means of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate (CAM) is described. The method is simple, sensitive and rapid. There is no need for preliminary preparation. The samples are contained in wells punched in the CAM. The equipment required is commonly available in routine laboratories, and the whole procedure can be performed and the results obtained within 90 min.", "contents": "Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate. A technique for the detection and demonstration of antigens or antibodies by means of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate (CAM) is described. The method is simple, sensitive and rapid. There is no need for preliminary preparation. The samples are contained in wells punched in the CAM. The equipment required is commonly available in routine laboratories, and the whole procedure can be performed and the results obtained within 90 min."}
{"id": "PMID:932454", "title": "Inhibition of thymidine uptake by staphylococci, a new method for the investigation of phagocytosis.", "content": "A radioassay employing (3H) thymidine, to measure inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aures by human phagocytes is presented. The principle of this new method is that viable and dividing staphylococci take up thymidine more rapidly than white cells, so that whereas in control cultures containing staphylococci alone high counts per minute (cpm) are obtained within 90 min of incubation in test cultures both leucocytes and plasma from 25 normal subjects reduced the cpm, following ingestion and killing of staphylococci.", "contents": "Inhibition of thymidine uptake by staphylococci, a new method for the investigation of phagocytosis. A radioassay employing (3H) thymidine, to measure inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aures by human phagocytes is presented. The principle of this new method is that viable and dividing staphylococci take up thymidine more rapidly than white cells, so that whereas in control cultures containing staphylococci alone high counts per minute (cpm) are obtained within 90 min of incubation in test cultures both leucocytes and plasma from 25 normal subjects reduced the cpm, following ingestion and killing of staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:932455", "title": "Semi-automated method for the enumeration of cytotoxicity results.", "content": "This communication provides information on the design and use of a counting machine that enumerates adherent cells in cytotoxicity assays. To date, investigators have relied on inverted microscopes or quantimat automatic image analysis. The former method is tedious and time consuming while the latter method is prohibitively expensive. The counting machine which consists of projection microscope attached to an electronic counter is as accurate as the inverted microscope but is both less tedious and less time consuming.", "contents": "Semi-automated method for the enumeration of cytotoxicity results. This communication provides information on the design and use of a counting machine that enumerates adherent cells in cytotoxicity assays. To date, investigators have relied on inverted microscopes or quantimat automatic image analysis. The former method is tedious and time consuming while the latter method is prohibitively expensive. The counting machine which consists of projection microscope attached to an electronic counter is as accurate as the inverted microscope but is both less tedious and less time consuming."}
{"id": "PMID:932456", "title": "A modified technique for the radioallergosorbent test.", "content": "A modification of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is described utilizing a multiple automated sample harvester. The technique increases the efficiency of the procedure by shortening the time required for its performance. A study is reported in which this method is compared to that recommended by the manufacturer.", "contents": "A modified technique for the radioallergosorbent test. A modification of the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is described utilizing a multiple automated sample harvester. The technique increases the efficiency of the procedure by shortening the time required for its performance. A study is reported in which this method is compared to that recommended by the manufacturer."}
{"id": "PMID:932462", "title": "Common origin and evolution of variable and constant regions of immunoglobulins.", "content": "Sequence data show that the immunoglobulins evolved from two sets of paralogous genes: a gene set coding for the V regions and another for the  different C regions. A comparison of sequences from these two gene sets shows homology between the V and C sets of genes: this homology is only significant when VH is compared with Cmu1, Cmu2 and Cgamma1. There is a close agreement between our data drawn from sequence comparisons and the data of Poljak et al. (1974) drawn from crystallographic data. This finding is in agreement with the results of the phylogenetic trees of the C and V gene sets: they suggest that the VH subgroups and the first constant domain of the heavy chains are the most ancient. Moreover homology between the red blood cell glycophorin and Cmu2 suggests that immunoglobulins could have a common origin with some membrane proteins.", "contents": "Common origin and evolution of variable and constant regions of immunoglobulins. Sequence data show that the immunoglobulins evolved from two sets of paralogous genes: a gene set coding for the V regions and another for the  different C regions. A comparison of sequences from these two gene sets shows homology between the V and C sets of genes: this homology is only significant when VH is compared with Cmu1, Cmu2 and Cgamma1. There is a close agreement between our data drawn from sequence comparisons and the data of Poljak et al. (1974) drawn from crystallographic data. This finding is in agreement with the results of the phylogenetic trees of the C and V gene sets: they suggest that the VH subgroups and the first constant domain of the heavy chains are the most ancient. Moreover homology between the red blood cell glycophorin and Cmu2 suggests that immunoglobulins could have a common origin with some membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:932463", "title": "Immunochemical observations on the human blood group P system.", "content": "Haemagglutination inhibition experiments were carried out with anti-P1, anti-Pk and anti-P sera in an attempt to increase understanding of the chemical, genetical and serological relationships within the P system. The test-substances comprised a glycoprotein with human blood group P1 and Pk activity isolated from sheep hydatid cyst fluid, fragments isolated from the partial acid hydrolysis products of the P1Pk active glycoprotein, glycolipids, monosaccharides and di- and oligo-saccharides of known structure. The trisaccharide alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)GlcNAc isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, and earlier established as the P1 determinant (Cory et al., 1974), was the only low molecular weight compound that gave strong inhibition with human, rabbit and goat anti-P1 sera. A disaccharide alphaGal(1 leads to 4)Gal, also isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, failed to react with anti-P1 reagents but inhibited human anti-Pk sera as strongly as the trisaccharide. The glycolipid alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer (Ceramide trihexoside) and other oligosaccharides containing alphaGal(1 leads to 4)Gal at the non-reducing terminal were also strong inhibitors of anti-Pk sera. Oligosaccharides with terminal alpha-galactosyl residues joined in other positional linkages gave definite, although less strong, inhibition. The inhibition results suggest a close structural relationship between the P1 and Pk determinants and indicate that the specificity of anti-Pk sera is less closely delineated than that of anti-P1. Human anti-P sera differed markedly from anti-P1 and anti-Pk and were not inhibited by any of the compounds containing alpha-galactosyl residues. The glycolipid betaGalNAc(1 leads to 3)alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer (globoside) strongly inhibited the anti-P sera. The inhibition of anti-Pk and anti-P sera by ceramide trihexoside and globoside, respectively, confirms the observations of Naiki & Marcus (1974) and supports their conclusions that Pk is the precursor of P. The genetic relationship of the P1 antigen to P and Pk is not clear but biosynthetic pathways are discussed that might explain the absence of P1, Pk and P antigens in individuals of the p phenotype.", "contents": "Immunochemical observations on the human blood group P system. Haemagglutination inhibition experiments were carried out with anti-P1, anti-Pk and anti-P sera in an attempt to increase understanding of the chemical, genetical and serological relationships within the P system. The test-substances comprised a glycoprotein with human blood group P1 and Pk activity isolated from sheep hydatid cyst fluid, fragments isolated from the partial acid hydrolysis products of the P1Pk active glycoprotein, glycolipids, monosaccharides and di- and oligo-saccharides of known structure. The trisaccharide alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)GlcNAc isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, and earlier established as the P1 determinant (Cory et al., 1974), was the only low molecular weight compound that gave strong inhibition with human, rabbit and goat anti-P1 sera. A disaccharide alphaGal(1 leads to 4)Gal, also isolated from the glycoprotein hydrolysis products, failed to react with anti-P1 reagents but inhibited human anti-Pk sera as strongly as the trisaccharide. The glycolipid alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer (Ceramide trihexoside) and other oligosaccharides containing alphaGal(1 leads to 4)Gal at the non-reducing terminal were also strong inhibitors of anti-Pk sera. Oligosaccharides with terminal alpha-galactosyl residues joined in other positional linkages gave definite, although less strong, inhibition. The inhibition results suggest a close structural relationship between the P1 and Pk determinants and indicate that the specificity of anti-Pk sera is less closely delineated than that of anti-P1. Human anti-P sera differed markedly from anti-P1 and anti-Pk and were not inhibited by any of the compounds containing alpha-galactosyl residues. The glycolipid betaGalNAc(1 leads to 3)alphaGal(1 leads to 4)betaGal(1 leads to 4)Glc-Cer (globoside) strongly inhibited the anti-P sera. The inhibition of anti-Pk and anti-P sera by ceramide trihexoside and globoside, respectively, confirms the observations of Naiki & Marcus (1974) and supports their conclusions that Pk is the precursor of P. The genetic relationship of the P1 antigen to P and Pk is not clear but biosynthetic pathways are discussed that might explain the absence of P1, Pk and P antigens in individuals of the p phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:932464", "title": "Inactivation of HL-A antigens in vitro by action of antibiotics.", "content": "The effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens in vitro is of variable character. All antibiotics under examination suppressed the absorption capacity of HL-A antigens after 2 hr of lymphocyte treatment at 37 degrees C. Ceporin and Kanamytrex inhibited even the cytotoxic reactivity of Hl-A antigens after 15-30 min of lymphocyte treatment. Chloramphenicol, aureomycin, streptomycin and oleandomycin, on the contrary, increased the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HL-A antigens after 15-30 min, after 1 hr they were ineffective for HL-A antigens, and after two or more hours they produced polyreactivity. Penicillin and erythromycin produced polyreactivity after only 15-30 min. The results show that for the follow-up of the drug effect on HL-A antigens the absorption test rather than the cytotoxicity test is of importance. The suppressed absorption capacity of HL-A antigens caused by the action of antibiotics proves their inactivation effect on the lymphocytes. The possibility of an analogous effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens, even after administration to patients, is discussed.", "contents": "Inactivation of HL-A antigens in vitro by action of antibiotics. The effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens in vitro is of variable character. All antibiotics under examination suppressed the absorption capacity of HL-A antigens after 2 hr of lymphocyte treatment at 37 degrees C. Ceporin and Kanamytrex inhibited even the cytotoxic reactivity of Hl-A antigens after 15-30 min of lymphocyte treatment. Chloramphenicol, aureomycin, streptomycin and oleandomycin, on the contrary, increased the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HL-A antigens after 15-30 min, after 1 hr they were ineffective for HL-A antigens, and after two or more hours they produced polyreactivity. Penicillin and erythromycin produced polyreactivity after only 15-30 min. The results show that for the follow-up of the drug effect on HL-A antigens the absorption test rather than the cytotoxicity test is of importance. The suppressed absorption capacity of HL-A antigens caused by the action of antibiotics proves their inactivation effect on the lymphocytes. The possibility of an analogous effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens, even after administration to patients, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932465", "title": "The component fragments obtained by acid dissociation of papain-solubilized H-2 molecules.", "content": "H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules were specificially purified from a radioiodinated H-2a preparation obtained by papain digestion of spleen cell membranes of A/J strain mice. The molecules were isolated by binding to H-2 alloantisera of the corresponding private specificity followed by precipitation with rabbit anti-mouse IgG antiserum. The specifically precipitated radioiodinated H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules were dissociated by acid treatment into large and small components of about 37,000 and 11,000 respectively. These were separated by gel filtration at acid pH or by gel isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6 M urea. Each component separated by gel filtration of the acid-dissociated H-2 molecules showed a high degree of size homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon gel isoelectric focusing, however, the small components showed two peaks of radioactivity closely located together at pH 7-8, both of which had a restricted pH range, while the large components gave one peak of a relatively wide pH range of pH 5-6. The H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules gave essentially the same pattern in terms of the numbers and the positions of the radioactivity bands. Under the iodination conditions used the large components of H-2Kk molecules contained more radioactivity than the small components, while the reverse was true in case of H-2Dd molecules. Such a difference was also found with H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules isolated by use of alloantisera of the respective public specificity. The assay of binding of the isolated components with H-2 alloantisera of defined specificity revealed that the large components retain most of the allospecificities of the parental H-2 molecules. No H-2 allospecificities were found on the small components. The small components showed extensive binding with rabbit antiserum against mouse beta2-microglobulin. The same antiserum did not show any binding with the large components. On the other hand, both of the components did bind with rabbit antiserum against papain-solubilized H-2 molecules.", "contents": "The component fragments obtained by acid dissociation of papain-solubilized H-2 molecules. H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules were specificially purified from a radioiodinated H-2a preparation obtained by papain digestion of spleen cell membranes of A/J strain mice. The molecules were isolated by binding to H-2 alloantisera of the corresponding private specificity followed by precipitation with rabbit anti-mouse IgG antiserum. The specifically precipitated radioiodinated H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules were dissociated by acid treatment into large and small components of about 37,000 and 11,000 respectively. These were separated by gel filtration at acid pH or by gel isoelectric focusing in the presence of 6 M urea. Each component separated by gel filtration of the acid-dissociated H-2 molecules showed a high degree of size homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon gel isoelectric focusing, however, the small components showed two peaks of radioactivity closely located together at pH 7-8, both of which had a restricted pH range, while the large components gave one peak of a relatively wide pH range of pH 5-6. The H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules gave essentially the same pattern in terms of the numbers and the positions of the radioactivity bands. Under the iodination conditions used the large components of H-2Kk molecules contained more radioactivity than the small components, while the reverse was true in case of H-2Dd molecules. Such a difference was also found with H-2Kk and H-2Dd molecules isolated by use of alloantisera of the respective public specificity. The assay of binding of the isolated components with H-2 alloantisera of defined specificity revealed that the large components retain most of the allospecificities of the parental H-2 molecules. No H-2 allospecificities were found on the small components. The small components showed extensive binding with rabbit antiserum against mouse beta2-microglobulin. The same antiserum did not show any binding with the large components. On the other hand, both of the components did bind with rabbit antiserum against papain-solubilized H-2 molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:932466", "title": "Immune response gene (Ir-SRBC) exerts its effect via macrophages in inbred rats.", "content": "In the previous report, strain differences of inbred rats were investigated in the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). A low-responder strain (Fischer rats) produced only IgM antibody, but other high-responder strains switched over from IgM to IgG antibody to SRBC. Pretreatment with incomplete Freund's adjuvant made Fischer rats a high-responder. These results seemed to indicate that there are malfunctions of macrophages, together with T cells, in Fischer rat strain. In this report, strain differences in the phagocytic activity of macrophages were examined using radiolabelled SRBC. High uptake of SRBC by the spleen in the low responder rats, and vice versa, was confirmed in various experimental conditions. Genetic analyses were made of the specific spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC in backcrossed rats. The result clearly showed that the degree of spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC is genetically determined by a single gene and this property itself has a close negative correlation with the ability of each rat to produce haemolysin against SRBC. These results strongly suggest that the Ir-SRBC gene exerts its effect, at least in part, via macrophages. The relationship between the function of the macrophage and the antibody response is discussed.", "contents": "Immune response gene (Ir-SRBC) exerts its effect via macrophages in inbred rats. In the previous report, strain differences of inbred rats were investigated in the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). A low-responder strain (Fischer rats) produced only IgM antibody, but other high-responder strains switched over from IgM to IgG antibody to SRBC. Pretreatment with incomplete Freund's adjuvant made Fischer rats a high-responder. These results seemed to indicate that there are malfunctions of macrophages, together with T cells, in Fischer rat strain. In this report, strain differences in the phagocytic activity of macrophages were examined using radiolabelled SRBC. High uptake of SRBC by the spleen in the low responder rats, and vice versa, was confirmed in various experimental conditions. Genetic analyses were made of the specific spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC in backcrossed rats. The result clearly showed that the degree of spleen uptake of the radiolabelled SRBC is genetically determined by a single gene and this property itself has a close negative correlation with the ability of each rat to produce haemolysin against SRBC. These results strongly suggest that the Ir-SRBC gene exerts its effect, at least in part, via macrophages. The relationship between the function of the macrophage and the antibody response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932467", "title": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus: HLA-antigen frequencies dependent on the age of onset of the disease.", "content": "A close correlation between juvenile mellitus and HLA-B8, HLA-BW15 and HLA-CW3 was found. Association of these antigens with juvenile diabetes mellitus was closely dependent on the ages of onset of the disease. Frequencies of BW15 and CW3 showed a remarkably low incidence in the childhood diabetics (0-15 years old) and were found increased in the patients with later (16 years or older) onset diabetes. HLA-B8 frequencies were found increased in all the groups of diabetics with different ages of onset. These findings point to the importance of HLA-B8 in childhood and HLA-B8, BW15 and CW3 in the later onset juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JOD).", "contents": "Juvenile diabetes mellitus: HLA-antigen frequencies dependent on the age of onset of the disease. A close correlation between juvenile mellitus and HLA-B8, HLA-BW15 and HLA-CW3 was found. Association of these antigens with juvenile diabetes mellitus was closely dependent on the ages of onset of the disease. Frequencies of BW15 and CW3 showed a remarkably low incidence in the childhood diabetics (0-15 years old) and were found increased in the patients with later (16 years or older) onset diabetes. HLA-B8 frequencies were found increased in all the groups of diabetics with different ages of onset. These findings point to the importance of HLA-B8 in childhood and HLA-B8, BW15 and CW3 in the later onset juvenile onset diabetes mellitus (JOD)."}
{"id": "PMID:932468", "title": "Effect of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the cytotoxic reaction between HL-A antigens and corresponding sera.", "content": "Effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the interaction between the HL-A antigens and the corresponding lymphocytotoxic sera vary from case to case. Streptomycin, oleandomycin, cephaloridine and kanamycin completely inhibit the cytotoxic reaction when added in the first or second stage of the test. Cytembena weakens the reaction while chlortetracyclin exhibits various effects. The rest of the drugs under investigation proved ineffective.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the cytotoxic reaction between HL-A antigens and corresponding sera. Effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the interaction between the HL-A antigens and the corresponding lymphocytotoxic sera vary from case to case. Streptomycin, oleandomycin, cephaloridine and kanamycin completely inhibit the cytotoxic reaction when added in the first or second stage of the test. Cytembena weakens the reaction while chlortetracyclin exhibits various effects. The rest of the drugs under investigation proved ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:932469", "title": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VII. Tentative model for the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Several lines of evidence are presented which support a tentative model of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The serologically defined (SD), lymphocyte defined (LD) and immune response (Ir) loci are separate but linked, and there are probably two loci controlling the serologically defined antigens. The MHC in the rat appears to resemble that in the human more than that in the mouse.", "contents": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VII. Tentative model for the major histocompatibility complex. Several lines of evidence are presented which support a tentative model of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The serologically defined (SD), lymphocyte defined (LD) and immune response (Ir) loci are separate but linked, and there are probably two loci controlling the serologically defined antigens. The MHC in the rat appears to resemble that in the human more than that in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:932483", "title": "Synthesis of DNA in isolated nuclei from differentiated mammalin epidermal cells.", "content": "Epidermal spinous and granular cells from the newborn rat neither replicate their nuclear DNA nor proliferate in vitro under conditions which support both processes in basal cells. However, as shown by autoradiography, (3H)thymidine and (14C)bromodeoxyuridine do label nuclei removed from spinous cells but not from granular cells. CsCl density gradient centrifugation of DNA obtained from early differentiated nuclei which had been exposed in vitro to (14C)bromodeoxyuridine, indicated that a considerable level of the tracer was present in the nucleic acid and suggested that replication of the genome had occurred. Therefore, spinous cells appear to retain the capability of reproducing nuclear DNA. Since differentiated cells appear to have the \"diploid\" level of DNA, these observations point to the replication of DNA as a possible locus of the mitotic inhibition which is coincident with epidermal differentiation.", "contents": "Synthesis of DNA in isolated nuclei from differentiated mammalin epidermal cells. Epidermal spinous and granular cells from the newborn rat neither replicate their nuclear DNA nor proliferate in vitro under conditions which support both processes in basal cells. However, as shown by autoradiography, (3H)thymidine and (14C)bromodeoxyuridine do label nuclei removed from spinous cells but not from granular cells. CsCl density gradient centrifugation of DNA obtained from early differentiated nuclei which had been exposed in vitro to (14C)bromodeoxyuridine, indicated that a considerable level of the tracer was present in the nucleic acid and suggested that replication of the genome had occurred. Therefore, spinous cells appear to retain the capability of reproducing nuclear DNA. Since differentiated cells appear to have the \"diploid\" level of DNA, these observations point to the replication of DNA as a possible locus of the mitotic inhibition which is coincident with epidermal differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:932484", "title": "The effect of MSH on thymidine incorporation by keratinocytes in the epidermal melanin unit.", "content": "Epidermal melanocytes were observed in the black but not in the white skin of black-and-white spotted guinea pigs. In experiments designed to determine whether melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) affects the incorporation of thymidine by kerationcyte nuclei of the epidermal melanin unit, the labeling index was the same in all skin before MSH administration. After MSH injections, the level of (3H)thymidine incorporation in keratinocytes increased significantly in black skin but not in white. We suggest that through the mediation of melanocytes MSH indirectly afffects keratinocytes in the epidermal melanin unit.", "contents": "The effect of MSH on thymidine incorporation by keratinocytes in the epidermal melanin unit. Epidermal melanocytes were observed in the black but not in the white skin of black-and-white spotted guinea pigs. In experiments designed to determine whether melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) affects the incorporation of thymidine by kerationcyte nuclei of the epidermal melanin unit, the labeling index was the same in all skin before MSH administration. After MSH injections, the level of (3H)thymidine incorporation in keratinocytes increased significantly in black skin but not in white. We suggest that through the mediation of melanocytes MSH indirectly afffects keratinocytes in the epidermal melanin unit."}
{"id": "PMID:932485", "title": "Trace-element concentrations in human hair measured by proton-induced x-ray emission.", "content": "Proton-induced x-ray spectroscopy has been used to measure trace elements concentration ratios for 10 elements relative to Zn on a group of the population in the harbor city of Rijeka, Yugoslavia. The average biologic levels of elemental ratios for the inhabitants of this region have been established. The presence of pollutants has been confirmed by studying the variation of elemental concentration ratios along single samples of hair.", "contents": "Trace-element concentrations in human hair measured by proton-induced x-ray emission. Proton-induced x-ray spectroscopy has been used to measure trace elements concentration ratios for 10 elements relative to Zn on a group of the population in the harbor city of Rijeka, Yugoslavia. The average biologic levels of elemental ratios for the inhabitants of this region have been established. The presence of pollutants has been confirmed by studying the variation of elemental concentration ratios along single samples of hair."}
{"id": "PMID:932486", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of dexamethasone estimated by a plasma radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Precutaneous absorption of dexamethasone and its effect on the pituitary adrenal axis were measured in vivo in normal human subjects after application to skin. Specific plasma dexamethasone and cortisol radioimmunoassays were used. Following application of 1% dexamethasone on 500 cm2 of normal skin, the plasma dexamethasone concentration was maximal at 2 hr, and the average absorption was 0.25% over 8 hr; significant cortisol suppression occurred at 2, 4, and 8 hr. This technique: (1) provides an accurate assessment of the in vivo absorption of dexamethasone applied to human skin, (2) avoids exposure of the subjects to radioactive steroids, (3)permits estimation of the quantity of unmetabolized steroids absorbed, and (4) serves as a possible model for the development of similar assays for other topical steroids.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of dexamethasone estimated by a plasma radioimmunoassay. Precutaneous absorption of dexamethasone and its effect on the pituitary adrenal axis were measured in vivo in normal human subjects after application to skin. Specific plasma dexamethasone and cortisol radioimmunoassays were used. Following application of 1% dexamethasone on 500 cm2 of normal skin, the plasma dexamethasone concentration was maximal at 2 hr, and the average absorption was 0.25% over 8 hr; significant cortisol suppression occurred at 2, 4, and 8 hr. This technique: (1) provides an accurate assessment of the in vivo absorption of dexamethasone applied to human skin, (2) avoids exposure of the subjects to radioactive steroids, (3)permits estimation of the quantity of unmetabolized steroids absorbed, and (4) serves as a possible model for the development of similar assays for other topical steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:932487", "title": "Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of topical (14C)flutamide in men.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the fate of the nonsteroid antiandrogen flutamide in men following a single 6-hr topical application of 5 mg 14C-labeled drug dissolved in 50% ethanol/50% propylene glycol. Analysis of 0-120 hr urine shows at least 16% of the applied flutamide is absorbed. Fifty-six percent of the dose is recovered from the site of application with cotton swabs moistened with 50% ethanol/50% propylene glycol. Flutamide plasma levels peak in 4 to 6 hr at about 1.3 ng/ml and then decline rapidly to about 0.08 ng/ml 24 hr after application. Only 13% of plasma 14C is associated with flutamide 6 hr after drug application. There are at least 10 plasma metabolites, of which 6 have been tentatively identified. These are alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-m-acetotoluidide (A); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-lactotoluidide (B); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-nitro-m-acetotoluidide (C); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-lactotoluidide (D); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-propionotoluidide (E); and alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-6-nitro-m-toluidine (F). (D) is the major plasma metabolite, and its concentration exceeds flutamide's between 8 and 24 hr after drug. All the plasma metabolites are found in 0-24 hr urine in minor amounts. An additional metabolite, alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-amino-5-nitro-p-cresol (G), accounts for 27% of urine 14C.", "contents": "Percutaneous penetration and metabolism of topical (14C)flutamide in men. This study was designed to determine the fate of the nonsteroid antiandrogen flutamide in men following a single 6-hr topical application of 5 mg 14C-labeled drug dissolved in 50% ethanol/50% propylene glycol. Analysis of 0-120 hr urine shows at least 16% of the applied flutamide is absorbed. Fifty-six percent of the dose is recovered from the site of application with cotton swabs moistened with 50% ethanol/50% propylene glycol. Flutamide plasma levels peak in 4 to 6 hr at about 1.3 ng/ml and then decline rapidly to about 0.08 ng/ml 24 hr after application. Only 13% of plasma 14C is associated with flutamide 6 hr after drug application. There are at least 10 plasma metabolites, of which 6 have been tentatively identified. These are alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-m-acetotoluidide (A); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-lactotoluidide (B); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-nitro-m-acetotoluidide (C); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-2-methyl-4'-nitro-m-lactotoluidide (D); alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-4'-amino-2-methyl-m-propionotoluidide (E); and alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-6-nitro-m-toluidine (F). (D) is the major plasma metabolite, and its concentration exceeds flutamide's between 8 and 24 hr after drug. All the plasma metabolites are found in 0-24 hr urine in minor amounts. An additional metabolite, alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-amino-5-nitro-p-cresol (G), accounts for 27% of urine 14C."}
{"id": "PMID:932488", "title": "Epilogue as prologue. The skin: continual source of biologic problems and discoveries.", "content": "In much the same way as the survival of many species depends upon their abundant production of such genetic materials as pollens and spermatozoa, so does scientific progress depend upon a continual, lavish production of basic scientific works. In stimulating assembling, and disseminating various scientific studies related to the skin, the Montagna Symposia on the Biology of Skin have ensured progress not only in the understanding and management of skin was, is, and probably will always will be one of the richest sources of basic biologic information. No scientific discovery is wasted, no accurate clinical observation useless. No one can foresee when or how some seemingly irrelevant discovery in pure science or some seemingly insignificant clinical observation will yield fruits of incalculable practicable value. We cite here a few examples of some of the best results from apparently unrelated research and isolated clinical findings. In dermatologic research, the circular rhythm from patient with cutaneous disease to laboratory and from laboratory back to patient creates a centrifugal force that often spins off valuable discoveries.", "contents": "Epilogue as prologue. The skin: continual source of biologic problems and discoveries. In much the same way as the survival of many species depends upon their abundant production of such genetic materials as pollens and spermatozoa, so does scientific progress depend upon a continual, lavish production of basic scientific works. In stimulating assembling, and disseminating various scientific studies related to the skin, the Montagna Symposia on the Biology of Skin have ensured progress not only in the understanding and management of skin was, is, and probably will always will be one of the richest sources of basic biologic information. No scientific discovery is wasted, no accurate clinical observation useless. No one can foresee when or how some seemingly irrelevant discovery in pure science or some seemingly insignificant clinical observation will yield fruits of incalculable practicable value. We cite here a few examples of some of the best results from apparently unrelated research and isolated clinical findings. In dermatologic research, the circular rhythm from patient with cutaneous disease to laboratory and from laboratory back to patient creates a centrifugal force that often spins off valuable discoveries."}
{"id": "PMID:932489", "title": "Percutaneous absorption after twenty-five years: or \"old wine in new wineskins\".", "content": "Two developments have greatly added to our knowledge of percutaneous absorption over the past quarter century: (1) proof that the entire stratum corneum is the effective barrier layer of the skin, and (2) the advent of highly sensitive analytical techniques. The first enabled us to measure permeation rates on excised skin and the second greatly extended the kinds of substances that could be studied in vivo and in vitro. The process of percutaneous absorption is beginning to be understood more quantitatively. New light has been shed on the elementary mechanisms of permeation, the site of diffusional resistance at the molecular level, the effect of specific functional groups on solute permeation, the role of skin appendages, and the effects of vehicles.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption after twenty-five years: or \"old wine in new wineskins\". Two developments have greatly added to our knowledge of percutaneous absorption over the past quarter century: (1) proof that the entire stratum corneum is the effective barrier layer of the skin, and (2) the advent of highly sensitive analytical techniques. The first enabled us to measure permeation rates on excised skin and the second greatly extended the kinds of substances that could be studied in vivo and in vitro. The process of percutaneous absorption is beginning to be understood more quantitatively. New light has been shed on the elementary mechanisms of permeation, the site of diffusional resistance at the molecular level, the effect of specific functional groups on solute permeation, the role of skin appendages, and the effects of vehicles."}
{"id": "PMID:932490", "title": "Clearance of gentamicin during hemodialysis: comparison of four artificial kidneys.", "content": "The effects of four types of artificial kidney on dialyzer clearance rates and serum pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were compared. In 19 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, the mean (+/-SE) interdialysis half-life of gentamicin in serum was 49.3 +/- 3.5 hr, whereas during dialysis this value was reduced to 10.0 +/- 0.7 hr. The mean half-life of gentamicin in serum at conventional flow rates for the Hollow Fiber Kidney, Kiil, Gambro, and Coil dialyzers was 11.3, 10.9, 8.2, and 7.4 hr, respectively, and the mean values for clearance of gentamicin were 26,28,42, and 48 ml per min, respectively. For all dialyzers, rates of clearance of gentamicin increased linearly with plasma flow rate over the flow range studied. The Gambro and Coil dialyzers had significantly higher rates of clearance of gentamicin from serum (P less than 0.05) than the Hollow Fiber Kidney and Kiil dialyzers over a wide range of clinically useful plasma flow rates (119-300 ml per min), whereas the Kiil dialyzer cleared gentamicin more effectively (P less than 0.05) than the Hollow Fiber Kidney dialyzer over a more limited interval (117-177 ml per min). Therapeutic recommendations for patients undergoing hemodialysis were made in light of current findings.", "contents": "Clearance of gentamicin during hemodialysis: comparison of four artificial kidneys. The effects of four types of artificial kidney on dialyzer clearance rates and serum pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were compared. In 19 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, the mean (+/-SE) interdialysis half-life of gentamicin in serum was 49.3 +/- 3.5 hr, whereas during dialysis this value was reduced to 10.0 +/- 0.7 hr. The mean half-life of gentamicin in serum at conventional flow rates for the Hollow Fiber Kidney, Kiil, Gambro, and Coil dialyzers was 11.3, 10.9, 8.2, and 7.4 hr, respectively, and the mean values for clearance of gentamicin were 26,28,42, and 48 ml per min, respectively. For all dialyzers, rates of clearance of gentamicin increased linearly with plasma flow rate over the flow range studied. The Gambro and Coil dialyzers had significantly higher rates of clearance of gentamicin from serum (P less than 0.05) than the Hollow Fiber Kidney and Kiil dialyzers over a wide range of clinically useful plasma flow rates (119-300 ml per min), whereas the Kiil dialyzer cleared gentamicin more effectively (P less than 0.05) than the Hollow Fiber Kidney dialyzer over a more limited interval (117-177 ml per min). Therapeutic recommendations for patients undergoing hemodialysis were made in light of current findings."}
{"id": "PMID:932491", "title": "Immunity to intranasal challenge with Rubella virus two years after vaccination: comparison of three vaccines.", "content": "The persistence of antibodies was studied in 143 women two years after postpartum rubella vaccination. In addition, the effect of intranasal revaccination with the RA 27/3 strain was studied in 99 women after two years. All women had responded to primary immunization with the development of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Intranasal revaccination resulted in a significant rise in titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in 9% of the vaccinees who received the RA 27/3 strain compared with 53% and 24% of those who received the Cendehill and HPV-77 DE-5 vaccines, respectively. The difference between the response in the RA 27/3 group and that in the C Cendehill group was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), as was the difference between the response of the latter group and that of the HPV-77 DE-5 group (0.03 greater than P greater than 0.01). The susceptibility to intranasal challenge was found to be related to low levels of serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. The titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were well maintained during the follow-up period, but three of the 52 Cendehill vaccinees had titers of less than 1:10 after two years.", "contents": "Immunity to intranasal challenge with Rubella virus two years after vaccination: comparison of three vaccines. The persistence of antibodies was studied in 143 women two years after postpartum rubella vaccination. In addition, the effect of intranasal revaccination with the RA 27/3 strain was studied in 99 women after two years. All women had responded to primary immunization with the development of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Intranasal revaccination resulted in a significant rise in titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in 9% of the vaccinees who received the RA 27/3 strain compared with 53% and 24% of those who received the Cendehill and HPV-77 DE-5 vaccines, respectively. The difference between the response in the RA 27/3 group and that in the C Cendehill group was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), as was the difference between the response of the latter group and that of the HPV-77 DE-5 group (0.03 greater than P greater than 0.01). The susceptibility to intranasal challenge was found to be related to low levels of serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. The titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody were well maintained during the follow-up period, but three of the 52 Cendehill vaccinees had titers of less than 1:10 after two years."}
{"id": "PMID:932492", "title": "Protein binding and concentrations of cephaloridine and cefazolin in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs.", "content": "Percentages of free and protein-bound cefazolin and cephaloridine in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs were determined by ultrafiltration and microbiologic assay. The percentages of cephaloridine and cefazolin bound to protein in serum were 10% and 80%, respectively. In interstitial fluid accumulating within tissue-embedded polypropylene capsules, 29% of cefazolin was bound to protein, and cephaloridine was unbound. Both antibiotics rapidly penetrated the interstitial fluid and attained measurable levels 5 min after intravenous administration. Levels of total cefazolin in the interstitial fluid were generally higher than those of cephaloridine; however, concentrations of free cephaloridine in the fluid exceeded the levels of free cefazolin after the first 15 min. Binding of anitbiotics by serum proteins does not restrict such agents to the intravascular space, since a highly protein-bound compound has been shown to penetrate interstitial fluid as readily as one that is minimally bound. It should be noted, however, that this penetration may be due primarily to the slow rate of binding of cefazolin to serum proteins.", "contents": "Protein binding and concentrations of cephaloridine and cefazolin in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs. Percentages of free and protein-bound cefazolin and cephaloridine in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs were determined by ultrafiltration and microbiologic assay. The percentages of cephaloridine and cefazolin bound to protein in serum were 10% and 80%, respectively. In interstitial fluid accumulating within tissue-embedded polypropylene capsules, 29% of cefazolin was bound to protein, and cephaloridine was unbound. Both antibiotics rapidly penetrated the interstitial fluid and attained measurable levels 5 min after intravenous administration. Levels of total cefazolin in the interstitial fluid were generally higher than those of cephaloridine; however, concentrations of free cephaloridine in the fluid exceeded the levels of free cefazolin after the first 15 min. Binding of anitbiotics by serum proteins does not restrict such agents to the intravascular space, since a highly protein-bound compound has been shown to penetrate interstitial fluid as readily as one that is minimally bound. It should be noted, however, that this penetration may be due primarily to the slow rate of binding of cefazolin to serum proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:932493", "title": "Infection of hypercholesterolemic mice with Coxsackievirus B.", "content": "Adult male mice were made hypercholesterolemic by a diet high in cholesterol, cholic acid, animal fat, and sucrose. After three months on this diet, animals were infected with 5 X 10(9) plaque-forming units of coxsackievirus B5. Control groups consisted of uninfected hypercholesterolemic mice and infected mice maintained on a standard laboratory diet. Infection in the hypercholesterolemic animals was associated with leukopenia, severe fatty metamorphosis and focal necrosis in the liver, cholelithiasis, ileus, cardiomyolysis, and lack of inflammatory response. These mice died within seven to 14 days. Uninfected hypercholesterolemic animals had lesser degrees of fatty liver and cholelithiasis, and all survived. Infected mice maintained on a standard diet also survived. Titers of virus in representative tissues were lower in the hypercholesterolemic than in the normal mice, an indication that replication of virus was not solely responsible for the lethal outcome of the infections. These experiments demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia may alter host defenses against group B coxsackievirus in the mouse.", "contents": "Infection of hypercholesterolemic mice with Coxsackievirus B. Adult male mice were made hypercholesterolemic by a diet high in cholesterol, cholic acid, animal fat, and sucrose. After three months on this diet, animals were infected with 5 X 10(9) plaque-forming units of coxsackievirus B5. Control groups consisted of uninfected hypercholesterolemic mice and infected mice maintained on a standard laboratory diet. Infection in the hypercholesterolemic animals was associated with leukopenia, severe fatty metamorphosis and focal necrosis in the liver, cholelithiasis, ileus, cardiomyolysis, and lack of inflammatory response. These mice died within seven to 14 days. Uninfected hypercholesterolemic animals had lesser degrees of fatty liver and cholelithiasis, and all survived. Infected mice maintained on a standard diet also survived. Titers of virus in representative tissues were lower in the hypercholesterolemic than in the normal mice, an indication that replication of virus was not solely responsible for the lethal outcome of the infections. These experiments demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia may alter host defenses against group B coxsackievirus in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:932494", "title": "Enhanced efficacy of amphotericin B and rifampicin combined in treatment of murine histoplasmosis and blastomycosis.", "content": "Amphotericin B in combination with rifampicin was more effective in the treatment of murine histoplasmosis and blastomycosis than either agent alone. The increased therapeutic effects were not accompanied by an increase in toxicity.", "contents": "Enhanced efficacy of amphotericin B and rifampicin combined in treatment of murine histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Amphotericin B in combination with rifampicin was more effective in the treatment of murine histoplasmosis and blastomycosis than either agent alone. The increased therapeutic effects were not accompanied by an increase in toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:932495", "title": "Clinical pathology of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.", "content": "The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a complication that can follow treatment of several infectious diseases. Its most severe form is in louse-borne relapsing fever; in this syndrome the reaction can cause death. Information from studies in Ethiopia during the past eight years is presented, and clinical, physiological, pathological, and immunological features of the reaction are described. Possible causative mechanisms of the reaction are discussed, especially in relation to the role of endotoxin, and an attempt is made to consider this reaction in relation to other endotoxin-associated states.", "contents": "Clinical pathology of the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a complication that can follow treatment of several infectious diseases. Its most severe form is in louse-borne relapsing fever; in this syndrome the reaction can cause death. Information from studies in Ethiopia during the past eight years is presented, and clinical, physiological, pathological, and immunological features of the reaction are described. Possible causative mechanisms of the reaction are discussed, especially in relation to the role of endotoxin, and an attempt is made to consider this reaction in relation to other endotoxin-associated states."}
{"id": "PMID:932500", "title": "Optimal schedules for use of interferon in the corneas of rabbits with herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "The 50% infectious dose of a preparation of herpes simplex virus was measured in eyes of rabbits by a multiple corneal inoculation method. One hour after inoculation of virus, one eye was treated with drops of human leukocyte interferon, and the other was treated with saline or with a different dose of interferon. Results from groups of three to four rabbits were combined for analysis. Treatment reduced the 50% infectious dose of virus in proportion to the concentration of interferon applied (within the range of 6.5 X 10(4)-1.3 X 10(6) units/ml) and not according to the total number of units instilled. Different treatment schedules were tried. Two applications of interferon each day were as effective as eight applications at intervals of 15 min or 1 hr. One application produced near-maximal antiviral effects for 18-24 hr. Thus, in human herpetic keratitis, a single daily application of the most concentrated available preparation of human interferon might be the most efficient schedule of treatment.", "contents": "Optimal schedules for use of interferon in the corneas of rabbits with herpes simplex keratitis. The 50% infectious dose of a preparation of herpes simplex virus was measured in eyes of rabbits by a multiple corneal inoculation method. One hour after inoculation of virus, one eye was treated with drops of human leukocyte interferon, and the other was treated with saline or with a different dose of interferon. Results from groups of three to four rabbits were combined for analysis. Treatment reduced the 50% infectious dose of virus in proportion to the concentration of interferon applied (within the range of 6.5 X 10(4)-1.3 X 10(6) units/ml) and not according to the total number of units instilled. Different treatment schedules were tried. Two applications of interferon each day were as effective as eight applications at intervals of 15 min or 1 hr. One application produced near-maximal antiviral effects for 18-24 hr. Thus, in human herpetic keratitis, a single daily application of the most concentrated available preparation of human interferon might be the most efficient schedule of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:932501", "title": "Small-particle aerosols of antiviral compounds in treatment of type A influenza pneumonia in mice.", "content": "Three chemotherapeutic drugs active against type A influenza virus (amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin) were tested as therapeutic agents against established infections with influenza virus in mice. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally or as aerosols either from 6 hr to four days or from three to seven days after infection. Small-particle aerosols were administered continuously 24 hr per day. Continuous dissemination of aerosols was superior to intraperitoneal administration, as evidenced by higher survival rates at 21 days. Rimantadine, amantadine, and ribavirin were effective when treatment was delayed for three days. Ribavirin was the most efficacious if therapy was initiated as an aerosol 6 hr after infection. In contrast to amantadine, ribavirin given in samll-particle aerosols at 6 hr prevented the development of pneumonia and decreased titers of virus in lung.", "contents": "Small-particle aerosols of antiviral compounds in treatment of type A influenza pneumonia in mice. Three chemotherapeutic drugs active against type A influenza virus (amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin) were tested as therapeutic agents against established infections with influenza virus in mice. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally or as aerosols either from 6 hr to four days or from three to seven days after infection. Small-particle aerosols were administered continuously 24 hr per day. Continuous dissemination of aerosols was superior to intraperitoneal administration, as evidenced by higher survival rates at 21 days. Rimantadine, amantadine, and ribavirin were effective when treatment was delayed for three days. Ribavirin was the most efficacious if therapy was initiated as an aerosol 6 hr after infection. In contrast to amantadine, ribavirin given in samll-particle aerosols at 6 hr prevented the development of pneumonia and decreased titers of virus in lung."}
{"id": "PMID:932502", "title": "Comparison of rates of clearance of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferon from the circulatory system of rabbits.", "content": "In view of the lower physical stability of human fibroblast interferon than of human leukocyte interferon, the rates of clearance of the two types of interferon were compared in vivo. Both types were injected intravenously and intramuscularly into rabbits, and serum titers were determined at various times after injection. The rates of clearance of the two types of interferon were very similar after both intravenous and intramuscular injection, a finding which indicated that, at least in the circulatory system of rabbits, human fibroblast interferon is not less stable than human leukocyte interferon. After intravenous injection of either type, very little interferon was found in soluble extracts of the rabbit liver. This result implies that heterologous interferon is broken down rapidly in the liver, that it is bound to some particulate fraction, or that it does not accumulate in the liver.", "contents": "Comparison of rates of clearance of human fibroblast and leukocyte interferon from the circulatory system of rabbits. In view of the lower physical stability of human fibroblast interferon than of human leukocyte interferon, the rates of clearance of the two types of interferon were compared in vivo. Both types were injected intravenously and intramuscularly into rabbits, and serum titers were determined at various times after injection. The rates of clearance of the two types of interferon were very similar after both intravenous and intramuscular injection, a finding which indicated that, at least in the circulatory system of rabbits, human fibroblast interferon is not less stable than human leukocyte interferon. After intravenous injection of either type, very little interferon was found in soluble extracts of the rabbit liver. This result implies that heterologous interferon is broken down rapidly in the liver, that it is bound to some particulate fraction, or that it does not accumulate in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:932503", "title": "Paradoxical effects of immunopotentiators on tumors and tumor viruses.", "content": "Growth of tumors was inhibited or enhanced in mice by a synthetic (pyran) or a biologic (corynebacterium parvum) immunopotentiator. Marked inhibition of leukemogenesis induced by Friend leukemia virus was produced by prophylactic intraperitoneal treatment with pyran, while intravenous treatment with pyran (in the same dose and regimen) significantly enhanced growth of tumor virus. Paradoxical effects were also seen with the biologic immunopotentiator C. parvum in solid tumor systems. Treatment with C. parvum either potentiated disease or had no effect on the life span of most mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. In contrast, the same treatment could produce a high percentage of tumor regressions in mice bearing the MCA 2182 sarcoma, although the effect was somewhat variable. These data, which show that a change in route of drug administration or in the type of tumor treated may reverse the effect of treatment, emphasize that the mechanism of action of immunopotentiators must be elucidated before consistent beneficial treatment of tumor viruses or tumors can be achieved.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of immunopotentiators on tumors and tumor viruses. Growth of tumors was inhibited or enhanced in mice by a synthetic (pyran) or a biologic (corynebacterium parvum) immunopotentiator. Marked inhibition of leukemogenesis induced by Friend leukemia virus was produced by prophylactic intraperitoneal treatment with pyran, while intravenous treatment with pyran (in the same dose and regimen) significantly enhanced growth of tumor virus. Paradoxical effects were also seen with the biologic immunopotentiator C. parvum in solid tumor systems. Treatment with C. parvum either potentiated disease or had no effect on the life span of most mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma. In contrast, the same treatment could produce a high percentage of tumor regressions in mice bearing the MCA 2182 sarcoma, although the effect was somewhat variable. These data, which show that a change in route of drug administration or in the type of tumor treated may reverse the effect of treatment, emphasize that the mechanism of action of immunopotentiators must be elucidated before consistent beneficial treatment of tumor viruses or tumors can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:932504", "title": "Clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus.", "content": "Studies of human globulin immune to rabies virus before licensure showed that it suppressed active antibody responses when individuals received 16 doses of duck embryo vaccine but not when they received 23 doses of duck embryo vaccine. Prospective surveillance of use of human globulin immune to rabies virus since licensure in 1974 has revealed that 40% of persons who receive 14-16 doses of duck embryo vaccine have low or undetectable antibody responses 30-90 days after initiation of the series. Ten percent of individuals receiving 21-23 doses of duck embryo vaccine have inadequate antibody responses, a percentage not significantly different from that found in recipients of 14 doses of vaccine alone. Human globulin immune to rabies virus has also been used for treatment of one case of clinical human rabies; this use was based on the observation that antibodies to rabies virus in serum do not develop until after the seventh day of clinical illness, and antibodies are absent from spinal fluid as long as 19 days after onset of symptoms. Intracranial pressure and neurological function remained stable after administration of human globulin immune to rabies virus, but two days after initiation of therapy, the patient died of progressive pulmonary dysfunction and tension pneumothorax.", "contents": "Clinical use of human globulin immune to rabies virus. Studies of human globulin immune to rabies virus before licensure showed that it suppressed active antibody responses when individuals received 16 doses of duck embryo vaccine but not when they received 23 doses of duck embryo vaccine. Prospective surveillance of use of human globulin immune to rabies virus since licensure in 1974 has revealed that 40% of persons who receive 14-16 doses of duck embryo vaccine have low or undetectable antibody responses 30-90 days after initiation of the series. Ten percent of individuals receiving 21-23 doses of duck embryo vaccine have inadequate antibody responses, a percentage not significantly different from that found in recipients of 14 doses of vaccine alone. Human globulin immune to rabies virus has also been used for treatment of one case of clinical human rabies; this use was based on the observation that antibodies to rabies virus in serum do not develop until after the seventh day of clinical illness, and antibodies are absent from spinal fluid as long as 19 days after onset of symptoms. Intracranial pressure and neurological function remained stable after administration of human globulin immune to rabies virus, but two days after initiation of therapy, the patient died of progressive pulmonary dysfunction and tension pneumothorax."}
{"id": "PMID:932505", "title": "Target cells for interferon induction by BL-20803.", "content": "The role of certain cells of the reticuloendothelial system in the interferon response of mice to the low-molecular-weight compound 1,3-dimethyl-4-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-1H-pyrazola-3,4-b-quinoline dihydrochloride (BL-20803) was studied. Mouse spleen adherent cells cultured in vitro with subtoxic concentrations of BL-20803 produced interferon. Adherent cells isolated from peritoneal washes were unresponsive to the compound. Treatment of mice with rabbit antiserum to mouse adherent cells suppressed interferon production by at least 65%, wheras antisera to thymocytes or to nonadherent spleen cells failed to suppress the interferon response. Pretreatment of mice with zymosan resulted in the appearance of circulating interferon in mice given 100 mg of the inducer/kg (a dosage to which they are normally unresponsive). No potentiation of the interferon response to the drug occured in immunized mice actively making a humoral or delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response. It is concluded that a specific type of cell in the mouse, the so-called \"fixed macrophage,\" may be a major target for interferon induction by BL 20803.", "contents": "Target cells for interferon induction by BL-20803. The role of certain cells of the reticuloendothelial system in the interferon response of mice to the low-molecular-weight compound 1,3-dimethyl-4-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-1H-pyrazola-3,4-b-quinoline dihydrochloride (BL-20803) was studied. Mouse spleen adherent cells cultured in vitro with subtoxic concentrations of BL-20803 produced interferon. Adherent cells isolated from peritoneal washes were unresponsive to the compound. Treatment of mice with rabbit antiserum to mouse adherent cells suppressed interferon production by at least 65%, wheras antisera to thymocytes or to nonadherent spleen cells failed to suppress the interferon response. Pretreatment of mice with zymosan resulted in the appearance of circulating interferon in mice given 100 mg of the inducer/kg (a dosage to which they are normally unresponsive). No potentiation of the interferon response to the drug occured in immunized mice actively making a humoral or delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response. It is concluded that a specific type of cell in the mouse, the so-called \"fixed macrophage,\" may be a major target for interferon induction by BL 20803."}
{"id": "PMID:932506", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Most of the human leukocyte interferon or rabbit serum interferon administered intravenously to rabbits was detectabble in their plasma 1 min after injection. An increase in the dose did not affect the early clearance of human interferon but did prolong its persistence in the serum. Repeated intramuscular injections had no effect on the kinetics of circulating interferon. The purity of the preparation influenced the rate at which interferon entered the blood after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection but did not affect clearance from the blood after intravenous injection. The circulating interferons obtained after intravenous or intramuscular administration cleared at similar rates. During the first 1-2 hr after intravenous or intramuscular injection into rats, the interferon levels were lower in lymph than in serum; after 2 hr lymph and serum samples contained similar amounts of interferon.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of human leukocyte interferon. Most of the human leukocyte interferon or rabbit serum interferon administered intravenously to rabbits was detectabble in their plasma 1 min after injection. An increase in the dose did not affect the early clearance of human interferon but did prolong its persistence in the serum. Repeated intramuscular injections had no effect on the kinetics of circulating interferon. The purity of the preparation influenced the rate at which interferon entered the blood after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection but did not affect clearance from the blood after intravenous injection. The circulating interferons obtained after intravenous or intramuscular administration cleared at similar rates. During the first 1-2 hr after intravenous or intramuscular injection into rats, the interferon levels were lower in lymph than in serum; after 2 hr lymph and serum samples contained similar amounts of interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:932507", "title": "Interferon and delayed-type hypersensitivity to a viral antigen.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity to Newcastle disease virus was measured with use of a footpad test in mice. When tissue culture interferon was administered 24 hr before sensitization, footpad swelling upon subsequent challenge with the virus was significantly decreased. In animals already sensitized to the virus, footpad swelling was similarly decreased if interferon was administered a few hours before footpad challenge. This result indicates that interferon can affect both the afferent and the efferent pathways of delayed hypersensitivity to Newcastle disease virus and is in agreement with previous results obtained with nonviral antigens.", "contents": "Interferon and delayed-type hypersensitivity to a viral antigen. Delayed hypersensitivity to Newcastle disease virus was measured with use of a footpad test in mice. When tissue culture interferon was administered 24 hr before sensitization, footpad swelling upon subsequent challenge with the virus was significantly decreased. In animals already sensitized to the virus, footpad swelling was similarly decreased if interferon was administered a few hours before footpad challenge. This result indicates that interferon can affect both the afferent and the efferent pathways of delayed hypersensitivity to Newcastle disease virus and is in agreement with previous results obtained with nonviral antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:932509", "title": "Changing ideas on antiviral agents for respiratory infection.", "content": "Since the early 1950s it has been shown that some nontoxic antiviral substances, given either orally or intransally, can inhibit the growth of respiratory viruses and their clinical effects. The next targets of research are the improvement of present methods of drug administration and the exploration of the possibility of giving drugs in combination. The most potent antiviral agents available should be used to establish whether drugs given when symptoms commence can have a significant effect, i.e., whether antiviral therapy is possible.", "contents": "Changing ideas on antiviral agents for respiratory infection. Since the early 1950s it has been shown that some nontoxic antiviral substances, given either orally or intransally, can inhibit the growth of respiratory viruses and their clinical effects. The next targets of research are the improvement of present methods of drug administration and the exploration of the possibility of giving drugs in combination. The most potent antiviral agents available should be used to establish whether drugs given when symptoms commence can have a significant effect, i.e., whether antiviral therapy is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:932510", "title": "The need for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis of viral ocular disease.", "content": "The cost of development of a compound with clinical potential as an antiviral agent is so great that it cannot be undertaken unless there is likely to be a market that will return the investment. The current practice, assessment of the prospect on the basis of the present market for idoxuridine and calculation of a likely percentage of capture by a potentially superior compound, is basically erroneous and may lead to gross underestimates of the market. In addition to the market for agents effective in treatment of dendritic and amoeboid ulcers, there is a potentially much greater market, first, for somewhat less toxic compounds that may be used more or less continuously over very long periods for prevention of recurrences. Substances with promise of filling each of these requirements are already under investigation. There is also a potential market for therapeutic preparations with activities against a range of agents, particularly herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and chlamydiae, that commonly cause follicular conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis.", "contents": "The need for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis of viral ocular disease. The cost of development of a compound with clinical potential as an antiviral agent is so great that it cannot be undertaken unless there is likely to be a market that will return the investment. The current practice, assessment of the prospect on the basis of the present market for idoxuridine and calculation of a likely percentage of capture by a potentially superior compound, is basically erroneous and may lead to gross underestimates of the market. In addition to the market for agents effective in treatment of dendritic and amoeboid ulcers, there is a potentially much greater market, first, for somewhat less toxic compounds that may be used more or less continuously over very long periods for prevention of recurrences. Substances with promise of filling each of these requirements are already under investigation. There is also a potential market for therapeutic preparations with activities against a range of agents, particularly herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and chlamydiae, that commonly cause follicular conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:932520", "title": "Superoxide dismutase in red blood cells: method of assay and enzyme content in normal subjects and in patients with beta-thalassemia (major and intermedia).", "content": "The applicability to red blood cells of two widely used methods for spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase activity has been tested, in view of the demand for routine screening of the level of this enzyme in various circumstances of hematological interest. The nitro blue tetrazolium reduction method was found to be inapplicable, even after removal of hemoglobin by chloroform-ethanol extraction. On the other hand, the epinephrine oxidation method gave reliable values after chloroform-ethanol extraction. The enzyme content in normal adults was found to be 6.2 +/- 1.4 X 10(15) gr. per red blood cell. No significant change in the enzyme content was found in 19 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 5 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia, indicating no influence on the level of this enzyme by the increased flux of oxygen radicals which is to be expected in thalassemic red blood cells.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase in red blood cells: method of assay and enzyme content in normal subjects and in patients with beta-thalassemia (major and intermedia). The applicability to red blood cells of two widely used methods for spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase activity has been tested, in view of the demand for routine screening of the level of this enzyme in various circumstances of hematological interest. The nitro blue tetrazolium reduction method was found to be inapplicable, even after removal of hemoglobin by chloroform-ethanol extraction. On the other hand, the epinephrine oxidation method gave reliable values after chloroform-ethanol extraction. The enzyme content in normal adults was found to be 6.2 +/- 1.4 X 10(15) gr. per red blood cell. No significant change in the enzyme content was found in 19 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 5 patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia, indicating no influence on the level of this enzyme by the increased flux of oxygen radicals which is to be expected in thalassemic red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932521", "title": "A new test for both neutrophil marrow reserves and intravascular survival.", "content": "Reinfusion of a patient's own blood through a hemodialysis coil causes neutrophilia, reaching a peak less than 1 hour after starting the blood reinfusion and returning to baseline count over the next few hours, resulting from a transient release of neutrophils from the bone marrow. This report gives data regarding the double clinical utility of so stimulating a patient's marrow. First, we found that the magnitude of this neutrophilia was a good measure of marrow neutrophil reserves, as determined by comparison with the marrow mature neutrophil cellularity. Second, the falloff from peak neutrophilia to baseline count was a good estimate of neutrophil intravascular survival, as determined by comparison with the standard, in vitro, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) survival procedure. Thus, this one test could detect abnormalities both of marrow neutrophil production (release) and of peripheral destruction. The coil test requires no radioactive isotope, utilizes commonly available equipment, is apparently harmless and acceptable to the patients, and can be greatly simplified by the development of a blood bag containing sterile cellophane. Even in its present form, it offers considerable clinical and economic advantages in the assessment of pathophysiology of neutropenia in individual patients.", "contents": "A new test for both neutrophil marrow reserves and intravascular survival. Reinfusion of a patient's own blood through a hemodialysis coil causes neutrophilia, reaching a peak less than 1 hour after starting the blood reinfusion and returning to baseline count over the next few hours, resulting from a transient release of neutrophils from the bone marrow. This report gives data regarding the double clinical utility of so stimulating a patient's marrow. First, we found that the magnitude of this neutrophilia was a good measure of marrow neutrophil reserves, as determined by comparison with the marrow mature neutrophil cellularity. Second, the falloff from peak neutrophilia to baseline count was a good estimate of neutrophil intravascular survival, as determined by comparison with the standard, in vitro, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) survival procedure. Thus, this one test could detect abnormalities both of marrow neutrophil production (release) and of peripheral destruction. The coil test requires no radioactive isotope, utilizes commonly available equipment, is apparently harmless and acceptable to the patients, and can be greatly simplified by the development of a blood bag containing sterile cellophane. Even in its present form, it offers considerable clinical and economic advantages in the assessment of pathophysiology of neutropenia in individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932523", "title": "Thrombocytopoiesis in W/Wv mice.", "content": "W/Wv mice are genetically anemic, but usually have normal numbers of circulating granulocytes and platelets. An intrinsic stem cell defect has been suggested by numerous experiments, and a reduced number of megakaryocytes has been found in the bone marrow. Platelet production in W/Wv mice and +/+ litter mate controls was studied by measurement of the incorporation of 75Se-methionine (SeM) into platelets after intravenous injection of 2 muCi of SeM. Mean incorporation of SeM into platelets of W/Wv mice was 17 per cent greater than that of +/+ controls at 66 hours. Mean platelet counts of W/Wv mice were not different from controls. Recovery from thrombocytopenia resulted in a greater proportion of labeled platelets in W/Wv mice, and a slight delay in recovery of the platelet count. These results suggest that W/Wv mice have a normal overall rate of thrombopoiesis despite having a decreased megakaryocyte mass.", "contents": "Thrombocytopoiesis in W/Wv mice. W/Wv mice are genetically anemic, but usually have normal numbers of circulating granulocytes and platelets. An intrinsic stem cell defect has been suggested by numerous experiments, and a reduced number of megakaryocytes has been found in the bone marrow. Platelet production in W/Wv mice and +/+ litter mate controls was studied by measurement of the incorporation of 75Se-methionine (SeM) into platelets after intravenous injection of 2 muCi of SeM. Mean incorporation of SeM into platelets of W/Wv mice was 17 per cent greater than that of +/+ controls at 66 hours. Mean platelet counts of W/Wv mice were not different from controls. Recovery from thrombocytopenia resulted in a greater proportion of labeled platelets in W/Wv mice, and a slight delay in recovery of the platelet count. These results suggest that W/Wv mice have a normal overall rate of thrombopoiesis despite having a decreased megakaryocyte mass."}
{"id": "PMID:932524", "title": "The roles of renal catabolism and uremia in modifying the clearance of fibrinogen and its degradative fragments D and E.", "content": "Elevated levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) occur in uremia, and have been thought to be in part related to intravascular coagulation in the kidney. More recent data indicated that delayed catabolism of fibrinogen fragment D occurred in anephric animals. To further evaluate FDP catabolism in the kidney, turnover studies of purified dog 131I-Fg-D and 125I-Fg-E were performed on dogs before and after acute subtotal nephrectomies, and later during chronic uremia. 131I-fibrinogen clearances were also perfomed. Slowed catabolism of Fg-D and Fg-E was observed in both the acute and chronic uremic stages. Altered urinary excretion was not a factor as only minimal amounts of Fg-D and Fg-E were excreted in the urine of the control animals. In the 131I-fibrinogen studies, there were significant changes in plasma volume, fibrinogen t 1/2, and intravascular/extravascular distribution, but not in fractional catabolic rate. To differentiate fully, the effects of uremia from those of loss of catabolic renal tissue, the Fg-D and Fg-E turnover studies were repeated on other animals with intact kidneys whose ureters were diverted into the peritoneum and compared to subsequent studies after total nephrectomy. The control and ureter-severed studies had the same clearance pattern, whereas decreased catabolism occurred in the nephrectomized dogs. The results demonstrate uremia per se does not have a major effect upon the catabolism of fibrinogen, Fg-D, and Fg-E. Loss of renal tissue does impair the clearance of Fg-D and Fg-E, indicating these proteins are normally catabolized in part by the kidneys. Thus elevated plasma FRA in uremic patients may reflect decreased Fg-D and Fg-E catabolism rather than increased FDP production from primary or secondary fibrinolysis.", "contents": "The roles of renal catabolism and uremia in modifying the clearance of fibrinogen and its degradative fragments D and E. Elevated levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP) occur in uremia, and have been thought to be in part related to intravascular coagulation in the kidney. More recent data indicated that delayed catabolism of fibrinogen fragment D occurred in anephric animals. To further evaluate FDP catabolism in the kidney, turnover studies of purified dog 131I-Fg-D and 125I-Fg-E were performed on dogs before and after acute subtotal nephrectomies, and later during chronic uremia. 131I-fibrinogen clearances were also perfomed. Slowed catabolism of Fg-D and Fg-E was observed in both the acute and chronic uremic stages. Altered urinary excretion was not a factor as only minimal amounts of Fg-D and Fg-E were excreted in the urine of the control animals. In the 131I-fibrinogen studies, there were significant changes in plasma volume, fibrinogen t 1/2, and intravascular/extravascular distribution, but not in fractional catabolic rate. To differentiate fully, the effects of uremia from those of loss of catabolic renal tissue, the Fg-D and Fg-E turnover studies were repeated on other animals with intact kidneys whose ureters were diverted into the peritoneum and compared to subsequent studies after total nephrectomy. The control and ureter-severed studies had the same clearance pattern, whereas decreased catabolism occurred in the nephrectomized dogs. The results demonstrate uremia per se does not have a major effect upon the catabolism of fibrinogen, Fg-D, and Fg-E. Loss of renal tissue does impair the clearance of Fg-D and Fg-E, indicating these proteins are normally catabolized in part by the kidneys. Thus elevated plasma FRA in uremic patients may reflect decreased Fg-D and Fg-E catabolism rather than increased FDP production from primary or secondary fibrinolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:932525", "title": "Effect of aging on renin activity and aldosterone excretion.", "content": "Twenty or more normal subjects (half of whom were males) in each decade of life from age 20 to 80 years were included in the study. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured with the subjects on a normal sodium diet and after sodium restriction and standing. Aldosterone and sodium excretion rate was measured on unrestricted sodium intake and on day 3 of sodium restriction. Plasma renin activity was quantitated by both bioassay and radioimmunoassay of angiotensin-I. Plasma renin activity under both test conditions declined with increasing age, especially those over 40. Values of those in the seventh decade averaged 60 per cent of the value of that of the younger age group. Response of renin activity to sodium restriction and standing was 73 per cent of that of the younger age group. Older females tended to be less responsive to sodium restriction and standing. Aldosterone excretion rate declined with increasing age so that by the seventh decade the values averaged 55 per cent of those in the second decade of life. Aldosterone excretion rate in response to sodium restriction also declined with increasing age, particularly above the fourth decade, so that the values on day 3 of sodium restriction in the older subjects averaged 33 per cent of that of the subjects in the second decade of life. Renin substrate did not decline with increasing age. The decline in renin activity and aldosterone values in the older subjects appeared to be due to factors other than sodium or potassium intake.", "contents": "Effect of aging on renin activity and aldosterone excretion. Twenty or more normal subjects (half of whom were males) in each decade of life from age 20 to 80 years were included in the study. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured with the subjects on a normal sodium diet and after sodium restriction and standing. Aldosterone and sodium excretion rate was measured on unrestricted sodium intake and on day 3 of sodium restriction. Plasma renin activity was quantitated by both bioassay and radioimmunoassay of angiotensin-I. Plasma renin activity under both test conditions declined with increasing age, especially those over 40. Values of those in the seventh decade averaged 60 per cent of the value of that of the younger age group. Response of renin activity to sodium restriction and standing was 73 per cent of that of the younger age group. Older females tended to be less responsive to sodium restriction and standing. Aldosterone excretion rate declined with increasing age so that by the seventh decade the values averaged 55 per cent of those in the second decade of life. Aldosterone excretion rate in response to sodium restriction also declined with increasing age, particularly above the fourth decade, so that the values on day 3 of sodium restriction in the older subjects averaged 33 per cent of that of the subjects in the second decade of life. Renin substrate did not decline with increasing age. The decline in renin activity and aldosterone values in the older subjects appeared to be due to factors other than sodium or potassium intake."}
{"id": "PMID:932526", "title": "Inhibitory effect of furosemide on glucose transport.", "content": "The carrier-mediated glucose transport function in the intact human erythrocytes and also that of their isolated membranes is markedly inhibited in the presence of furosemide in vitro. A noncompetitive process is believed to be involved since the transport inhibition was not affected by the presence of high concentrations of glucose in the medium. The inhibition developed slowly over 2 hours. Most of the inhibition was slowly reversed during a 3-hour incubation in medium free of the drug. It is concluded that furosemide inhibits the glucose transport function directly in absence of insulin-mediated transduction mechanism and independently of any interference with intracellular glycolysis.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of furosemide on glucose transport. The carrier-mediated glucose transport function in the intact human erythrocytes and also that of their isolated membranes is markedly inhibited in the presence of furosemide in vitro. A noncompetitive process is believed to be involved since the transport inhibition was not affected by the presence of high concentrations of glucose in the medium. The inhibition developed slowly over 2 hours. Most of the inhibition was slowly reversed during a 3-hour incubation in medium free of the drug. It is concluded that furosemide inhibits the glucose transport function directly in absence of insulin-mediated transduction mechanism and independently of any interference with intracellular glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:932527", "title": "Changes in serum potassium and blood glucose concentrations after trimethaphan administration in man.", "content": "Blood glucose and serum potassium (K+) concentrations were measured before, during, and 60 minutes after operation in two groups of 10 patients during nitrous oxide/halothane/d-tubocurarine anesthesia for major orthopedic surgery. In the control group, arterial blood pressure was maintained within normal range, while in the study group trimethaphan camsylate was administered as an intravenous infusion (average, 218 mg.) to maintain a systolic blood pressure of 60 to 65 torr. In the normotensive group, blood glucose rose significantly during operation and early postoperatively and serum K+ was essentially unchanged. In the hypotensive group, trimethaphan caused a striking modification of surgically induced hyperglycemia, together with a small significant decrease in serum K+ intraoperatively. The observed increase in blood glucose is part of the autonomic response to surgical stress. Hormonal factors (growth hormone, cortisol and glucagon) may conceivably be involved. The decrease in serum K+ is probably caused by decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and attenuation of the suppressive effect of catecholamines on insulin release, both effects being secondary to the ganglionic blocking property of trimethaphan. These results indicate that trimethaphan, in contrast to other ganglionic blocking drugs, does not cause hypoglycemia and suggest that serum K+ concentration should be monitored whenever these drugs are used.", "contents": "Changes in serum potassium and blood glucose concentrations after trimethaphan administration in man. Blood glucose and serum potassium (K+) concentrations were measured before, during, and 60 minutes after operation in two groups of 10 patients during nitrous oxide/halothane/d-tubocurarine anesthesia for major orthopedic surgery. In the control group, arterial blood pressure was maintained within normal range, while in the study group trimethaphan camsylate was administered as an intravenous infusion (average, 218 mg.) to maintain a systolic blood pressure of 60 to 65 torr. In the normotensive group, blood glucose rose significantly during operation and early postoperatively and serum K+ was essentially unchanged. In the hypotensive group, trimethaphan caused a striking modification of surgically induced hyperglycemia, together with a small significant decrease in serum K+ intraoperatively. The observed increase in blood glucose is part of the autonomic response to surgical stress. Hormonal factors (growth hormone, cortisol and glucagon) may conceivably be involved. The decrease in serum K+ is probably caused by decreased hepatic glycogenolysis and attenuation of the suppressive effect of catecholamines on insulin release, both effects being secondary to the ganglionic blocking property of trimethaphan. These results indicate that trimethaphan, in contrast to other ganglionic blocking drugs, does not cause hypoglycemia and suggest that serum K+ concentration should be monitored whenever these drugs are used."}
{"id": "PMID:932529", "title": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in commercially prepared plasma products.", "content": "Commercially available lots of plasma derivatives prepared between 1957 and 1975 were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay. In all, 69 per cent of lots of plasma protein fraction, 40 per cent of factor IX concentrate, 20 per cent of normal serum albumin, 13 per cent of antihemophilic factor, 3 per cent of fibrinogen, and 0.7 per cent of immune serum globulin lots tested were HBsAg-positive. There was great variation in the prevalence of HBsAg-positive lots of each product among the different manufacturers, reflecting not only differences in methods of processing plasma, but also differences in donor populations. Those manufacturers relying upon volunteer donor plasma or placental source material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg-positive lots of final products than those relying upon commercial donor plasma. There was a marked decrease in the prevalence of positive lots during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine plasma donor screening for HBsAg. However, current requirements for plasma screening have not resulted in totally HBsAg-free plasma products. Use of more sensitive and more reliable tests for HBsAg will probably reduce contamination of plasma pools with HBsAg to undetectable levels. Despite HBsAg-status, however, the \"high-risk\" plasma products (fibrinogen, antihemophilic factor, factor IX concentrate) must still be considered capable of transmitting hepatitis and used only with the strictest indications.", "contents": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in commercially prepared plasma products. Commercially available lots of plasma derivatives prepared between 1957 and 1975 were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by radioimmunoassay. In all, 69 per cent of lots of plasma protein fraction, 40 per cent of factor IX concentrate, 20 per cent of normal serum albumin, 13 per cent of antihemophilic factor, 3 per cent of fibrinogen, and 0.7 per cent of immune serum globulin lots tested were HBsAg-positive. There was great variation in the prevalence of HBsAg-positive lots of each product among the different manufacturers, reflecting not only differences in methods of processing plasma, but also differences in donor populations. Those manufacturers relying upon volunteer donor plasma or placental source material demonstrated lower rates of HBsAg-positive lots of final products than those relying upon commercial donor plasma. There was a marked decrease in the prevalence of positive lots during the period 1971 to 1973, coincident with the onset of routine plasma donor screening for HBsAg. However, current requirements for plasma screening have not resulted in totally HBsAg-free plasma products. Use of more sensitive and more reliable tests for HBsAg will probably reduce contamination of plasma pools with HBsAg to undetectable levels. Despite HBsAg-status, however, the \"high-risk\" plasma products (fibrinogen, antihemophilic factor, factor IX concentrate) must still be considered capable of transmitting hepatitis and used only with the strictest indications."}
{"id": "PMID:932530", "title": "Composition of nasal secretion in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Quantitative examination of nasal secretion in patients with cystic fibrosis revealed a significantly greater than normal concentration of calcium, a finding in keeping with the hypothesized importance of this ion in the pathophysiology of the disease.", "contents": "Composition of nasal secretion in patients with cystic fibrosis. Quantitative examination of nasal secretion in patients with cystic fibrosis revealed a significantly greater than normal concentration of calcium, a finding in keeping with the hypothesized importance of this ion in the pathophysiology of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:932531", "title": "Hemoglobin Hope: studies of oxygen equilibrium in heterozygotes, hemoglobin S-Hope disease, and isolated hemoglobin Hope.", "content": "Hemoglobin Hope (beta(H14)136gly leads to asp), a mildly unstable variant, was found to have decreased oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect and diminished cooperativity. Decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin Hope may explain the previous failure to find an appropriate response to hemolysis in individuals studied who were heterozygous for both hemoglobin Hope and sickle hemoglobin. Salt bridge formation between NA1 valine and H14 aspartic acid may stabilize the beta Hope subunit in its deoxy form thus producing intrinsically low oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Hope: studies of oxygen equilibrium in heterozygotes, hemoglobin S-Hope disease, and isolated hemoglobin Hope. Hemoglobin Hope (beta(H14)136gly leads to asp), a mildly unstable variant, was found to have decreased oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect and diminished cooperativity. Decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin Hope may explain the previous failure to find an appropriate response to hemolysis in individuals studied who were heterozygous for both hemoglobin Hope and sickle hemoglobin. Salt bridge formation between NA1 valine and H14 aspartic acid may stabilize the beta Hope subunit in its deoxy form thus producing intrinsically low oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity."}
{"id": "PMID:932532", "title": "131I-asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Investigation of its use for liver function tests; metabolism in the rat.", "content": "On intravenous injection into rats, 131I-asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was rapidly removed from the circulation. Five minutes after injection only a few per cent of the injected dose remained in the plasma and 75 per cent was found to be in the liver, where it could be localized in the hepatocytes. Fifteen minutes after injection, however, the 131I reappeared in the plasma after the labeled protein had been metabolized by the liver. One hour after injection less than 5 per cent of the injected dose remained in the liver. Studies with this material in a series of rats using a gammacamera showed the reproducibility of the the time-activity curves of the liver. In contrast, the unmodified radioactive alpha 1-acid glycoprotein disappeared from the blood at a much slower rate. The disappearance curve of the unmodified alpha1-acid glycoprotein could be fitted with the sum of two exponential curves with half-times of 2.88 H. and 27.3 H., respectively. The 131I-alpha1-acid glycoprotein did not accumulate in any tissue except the kidneys and some of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. The possible application of 131I-asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein and the comparison with other radiopharmaceuticals for liver studies in nuclear medicine are discussed.", "contents": "131I-asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Investigation of its use for liver function tests; metabolism in the rat. On intravenous injection into rats, 131I-asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein was rapidly removed from the circulation. Five minutes after injection only a few per cent of the injected dose remained in the plasma and 75 per cent was found to be in the liver, where it could be localized in the hepatocytes. Fifteen minutes after injection, however, the 131I reappeared in the plasma after the labeled protein had been metabolized by the liver. One hour after injection less than 5 per cent of the injected dose remained in the liver. Studies with this material in a series of rats using a gammacamera showed the reproducibility of the the time-activity curves of the liver. In contrast, the unmodified radioactive alpha 1-acid glycoprotein disappeared from the blood at a much slower rate. The disappearance curve of the unmodified alpha1-acid glycoprotein could be fitted with the sum of two exponential curves with half-times of 2.88 H. and 27.3 H., respectively. The 131I-alpha1-acid glycoprotein did not accumulate in any tissue except the kidneys and some of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. The possible application of 131I-asialo-alpha1-acid glycoprotein and the comparison with other radiopharmaceuticals for liver studies in nuclear medicine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932533", "title": "Malondialdehyde formation as an indicator of prostaglandin production by human platelets.", "content": "The formation of malondialdehyde, a metabolite of prostaglandin endoperoxides, has been studied in platelet-rich plasma. Small amounts were produced in response to ADP, epinephrine, or collagen and larger amounts in response to thrombin. Arachidonic acid induced platelets to produce large amounts of malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde formation by platelets was prevented by aspirin or indomethacin. The measurement of malondialdehyde in platelet-rich plasma may be used as an indicator of platelet prostaglandin synthesis, and is simpler than the measurement of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Malondialdehyde formation as an indicator of prostaglandin production by human platelets. The formation of malondialdehyde, a metabolite of prostaglandin endoperoxides, has been studied in platelet-rich plasma. Small amounts were produced in response to ADP, epinephrine, or collagen and larger amounts in response to thrombin. Arachidonic acid induced platelets to produce large amounts of malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde formation by platelets was prevented by aspirin or indomethacin. The measurement of malondialdehyde in platelet-rich plasma may be used as an indicator of platelet prostaglandin synthesis, and is simpler than the measurement of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:932534", "title": "The rheological factor in mucociliary clearance.", "content": "The viscoelastic properties of sputum samples obtained from bronchitic patients were measured and correlated with the speed at which the samples were transported by the ciliary action of isolated pharyngeal palates of bull frogs maintained in amphibian Ringers solution at 28 degrees C. The viscoelastic properties were measured at very low shear stress which allowed to express them in terms of Newtonian viscosity and linear elastic modulus, which greatly minimized the variations in such measurements previously experienced with sputum. Samples with lower values of viscosity and moduli (less than 10,000 poises and 15 dynes per square centimeter, respectively) showed faster transport rates in a system where ciliary beat frequency and volume of added mucus were kept relatively constant.", "contents": "The rheological factor in mucociliary clearance. The viscoelastic properties of sputum samples obtained from bronchitic patients were measured and correlated with the speed at which the samples were transported by the ciliary action of isolated pharyngeal palates of bull frogs maintained in amphibian Ringers solution at 28 degrees C. The viscoelastic properties were measured at very low shear stress which allowed to express them in terms of Newtonian viscosity and linear elastic modulus, which greatly minimized the variations in such measurements previously experienced with sputum. Samples with lower values of viscosity and moduli (less than 10,000 poises and 15 dynes per square centimeter, respectively) showed faster transport rates in a system where ciliary beat frequency and volume of added mucus were kept relatively constant."}
{"id": "PMID:932535", "title": "Chromosomal breakage and scleroderma: studies in family members.", "content": "Chromosome studies were performed on 54 apparently healthy relatives of 29 scleroderma patients and on 40 controls. Increased chromosomal breakage is observed in 86 per cent of brothers and sisters and in 68 per cent of children of patients. If the findings in relatives are compared to those obtained in the 29 scleroderma patients of these families, the percentage of abnormal cells does not differ significantly between the two groups (25.8 per cent and 29.1 per cent respectively), and there is no difference for the frequencies of gaps and open breaks. However acentric fragments, \"minutes\" and morphologically abnormal chromosomes are significantly increased in patients as compared to their asymptomatic relatives with increased breakage. The distribution of breaks is found to be random. The presence of structural chromosome aberrations in relatives of scleroderma patients may have a special importance with regard to the concept of familial autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Chromosomal breakage and scleroderma: studies in family members. Chromosome studies were performed on 54 apparently healthy relatives of 29 scleroderma patients and on 40 controls. Increased chromosomal breakage is observed in 86 per cent of brothers and sisters and in 68 per cent of children of patients. If the findings in relatives are compared to those obtained in the 29 scleroderma patients of these families, the percentage of abnormal cells does not differ significantly between the two groups (25.8 per cent and 29.1 per cent respectively), and there is no difference for the frequencies of gaps and open breaks. However acentric fragments, \"minutes\" and morphologically abnormal chromosomes are significantly increased in patients as compared to their asymptomatic relatives with increased breakage. The distribution of breaks is found to be random. The presence of structural chromosome aberrations in relatives of scleroderma patients may have a special importance with regard to the concept of familial autoimmune disease."}
{"id": "PMID:932536", "title": "Hemodialysis and chloroquine poisoning.", "content": "The use of hemodialysis in the treatment of chloroquine intoxication was investigated. The in vitro and in vivo clearances of chloroquine were adequate (in vitro 53.4 ml. per minute, in vivo 57 ml. per minute). However, dialysis did not reduce the mortality in dogs. Eight milligrams per kilogram were uniformly fatal with or without dialysis whereas 5 mg. per kilogram were not fatal in any dog. Less than 5 per cent of administered chloroquine was removed during 6 hours of dialysis. Red cell chloroquine averaged 4 times serum values. Hemodialysis is ineffective in the treatment of chloroquine intoxication probably because chloroquine rapidly becomes intracellular after administration.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and chloroquine poisoning. The use of hemodialysis in the treatment of chloroquine intoxication was investigated. The in vitro and in vivo clearances of chloroquine were adequate (in vitro 53.4 ml. per minute, in vivo 57 ml. per minute). However, dialysis did not reduce the mortality in dogs. Eight milligrams per kilogram were uniformly fatal with or without dialysis whereas 5 mg. per kilogram were not fatal in any dog. Less than 5 per cent of administered chloroquine was removed during 6 hours of dialysis. Red cell chloroquine averaged 4 times serum values. Hemodialysis is ineffective in the treatment of chloroquine intoxication probably because chloroquine rapidly becomes intracellular after administration."}
{"id": "PMID:932537", "title": "Removal of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from plasma fractions.", "content": "Endogenous or deliberately added hepatitis B antigen was removed and concentrated for assay from albumin, and from coagulation factor II, VII, IX, and X concentrates as model plasma fractions. The concentrates carry considerable risk of causing hepatitis in transfused patients. The amount of antigen remaining in the fraction was estimated to be less than 1/10,000 of that detectable by the Ausria II radioimmunoassay and 1/100 of that found to be infectious when highly contaminated human sera were diluted and injected in chimpanzees. Batch fractionation methods with polyethylene glycol were used. The yield of albumin was 96 per cent and of the coagulation factors about 90 per cent.", "contents": "Removal of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from plasma fractions. Endogenous or deliberately added hepatitis B antigen was removed and concentrated for assay from albumin, and from coagulation factor II, VII, IX, and X concentrates as model plasma fractions. The concentrates carry considerable risk of causing hepatitis in transfused patients. The amount of antigen remaining in the fraction was estimated to be less than 1/10,000 of that detectable by the Ausria II radioimmunoassay and 1/100 of that found to be infectious when highly contaminated human sera were diluted and injected in chimpanzees. Batch fractionation methods with polyethylene glycol were used. The yield of albumin was 96 per cent and of the coagulation factors about 90 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:932543", "title": "The occurrence of the Tullio phenomenon in congenitally deaf children.", "content": "One hundred and fifty deaf children between 5 and 16 years old of the 'Rudolf Mees' Institute were investigated in search of the Tullio phenomenon with nystagmus as a criterion. Seventy-six out of those 300 ears were positive. A functioning (calorically excitable) pars superior of the labyrinth was a 'conditio sine qua non' for this reflex. We may assume that deaf ears which show a positive Tullio phenomenon have a labyrinthine pathology of the Mondini-Alexander type and that this symptom is a pathologic one.", "contents": "The occurrence of the Tullio phenomenon in congenitally deaf children. One hundred and fifty deaf children between 5 and 16 years old of the 'Rudolf Mees' Institute were investigated in search of the Tullio phenomenon with nystagmus as a criterion. Seventy-six out of those 300 ears were positive. A functioning (calorically excitable) pars superior of the labyrinth was a 'conditio sine qua non' for this reflex. We may assume that deaf ears which show a positive Tullio phenomenon have a labyrinthine pathology of the Mondini-Alexander type and that this symptom is a pathologic one."}
{"id": "PMID:932544", "title": "The differential diagnosis of the orbital manifestations of paranasal disease.", "content": "The paper attempts to summarize the orbital conditions likely to be referred to the ear, nose and throat surgeon and to outline the pathological classifications in current use. Particular attention is paid to the various named syndromes in an effort to clarify their meanings. A series of twenty seven cases referred to the Ear, Nose and Throat Department at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square is presented and analysed in the light of the classifications given. The value of radiological investigation in the determination of the site of the lesion in these cases is stressed.", "contents": "The differential diagnosis of the orbital manifestations of paranasal disease. The paper attempts to summarize the orbital conditions likely to be referred to the ear, nose and throat surgeon and to outline the pathological classifications in current use. Particular attention is paid to the various named syndromes in an effort to clarify their meanings. A series of twenty seven cases referred to the Ear, Nose and Throat Department at the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square is presented and analysed in the light of the classifications given. The value of radiological investigation in the determination of the site of the lesion in these cases is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:932545", "title": "Deafness in sarcoidosis.", "content": "A case of sarcoidosis and sensori-neural deafness in which the lesion was thought to be cochlear in position is presented and the audiometric findings are discussed in detail. A review of the reported cases shows that sarcoid lesions may involve the hearing mechanism at any point along its neural axis.", "contents": "Deafness in sarcoidosis. A case of sarcoidosis and sensori-neural deafness in which the lesion was thought to be cochlear in position is presented and the audiometric findings are discussed in detail. A review of the reported cases shows that sarcoid lesions may involve the hearing mechanism at any point along its neural axis."}
{"id": "PMID:932547", "title": "Personality measures in E.N.T. outpatients.", "content": "Middlesex Hospital Questionnaires were given to 170 new adult outpatients at Lymington Hospital, the Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton, and the Royal Northern Hospital, London. The examiners were asked to give their comments on the patients personality and a tentative clinical diagnosis. The significantly older population of Lymington Hospital was found to have lower hysteria and phobic anxiety scores. High hysteria and anxiety scores were found in a group of patients with rhinitis. As a whole there seemed to be little relation between the examiner's impression of the patient and their personality scores.", "contents": "Personality measures in E.N.T. outpatients. Middlesex Hospital Questionnaires were given to 170 new adult outpatients at Lymington Hospital, the Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton, and the Royal Northern Hospital, London. The examiners were asked to give their comments on the patients personality and a tentative clinical diagnosis. The significantly older population of Lymington Hospital was found to have lower hysteria and phobic anxiety scores. High hysteria and anxiety scores were found in a group of patients with rhinitis. As a whole there seemed to be little relation between the examiner's impression of the patient and their personality scores."}
{"id": "PMID:932554", "title": "Estimation of surface area and counterion binding characteristics in fatty amine monolayers from desorption kinetics.", "content": "The surface area per molecule of an un-ionized fatty amine is very similar to the surface area per molecule of an un-ionized fatty acid. Surface area increases with ionization in both fatty amine and fatty acid films. However, fatty amino cations have much smaller surface areas than the corresponding fatty acid anions. Thus counterion binding is stronger with fatty amine cations than with fatty acid anions. Surface area data show that counterion binding affinities for fatty amine cations decrease in the strong field sequence Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than SCN-. Furthermore, surface areas in the presence of the most strongly bound counterions, Cl- and Br-, increase significantly with an increase in subphase ionic strength. These data are consistent with the formation of strong ion-pair bonds and their disruption with an increase in ionic strength. Fatty amine cations desorb as micelles with much lower relative diffusion coefficients than the corresponding fatty acid anions. Furthermore, relative diffusion coefficients for fatty amine cations are strongly dependent on the specific cation. These data show that fatty amine cations form larger micelles when they desorb in the presence of strongly bound counterions. Anions enhance the solubility of a fatty acid anion in the sequence Cl- less than I- less than SCN-, which is characteristic of chaotropic anions that disrupt water structure.", "contents": "Estimation of surface area and counterion binding characteristics in fatty amine monolayers from desorption kinetics. The surface area per molecule of an un-ionized fatty amine is very similar to the surface area per molecule of an un-ionized fatty acid. Surface area increases with ionization in both fatty amine and fatty acid films. However, fatty amino cations have much smaller surface areas than the corresponding fatty acid anions. Thus counterion binding is stronger with fatty amine cations than with fatty acid anions. Surface area data show that counterion binding affinities for fatty amine cations decrease in the strong field sequence Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than SCN-. Furthermore, surface areas in the presence of the most strongly bound counterions, Cl- and Br-, increase significantly with an increase in subphase ionic strength. These data are consistent with the formation of strong ion-pair bonds and their disruption with an increase in ionic strength. Fatty amine cations desorb as micelles with much lower relative diffusion coefficients than the corresponding fatty acid anions. Furthermore, relative diffusion coefficients for fatty amine cations are strongly dependent on the specific cation. These data show that fatty amine cations form larger micelles when they desorb in the presence of strongly bound counterions. Anions enhance the solubility of a fatty acid anion in the sequence Cl- less than I- less than SCN-, which is characteristic of chaotropic anions that disrupt water structure."}
{"id": "PMID:932555", "title": "Effects of fasting on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition in man.", "content": "The effects of a four to six day fast on gallbladder bile lipid composition, bile acid pool size, bile acid composition, and cholic acid metabolism have been determined in normal human subjects. Total bile acid pool size and cholic acid pool size were measured before and after fasting by a one-sample technique previously validated in our laboratory. The rate of synthesis of cholic acid and its fractional turnover rate before fasting were measured using standard techniques. Estimates of fasting cholic acid synthesis rate and fractional turnover rate were calculated as daily averages from the change in cholic acid pool size, in combination with the change in cholic acid specific activity, during the fasting period. Since these estimates are approximate, a maximum value for cholic acid synthesis rate during fasting was also determined by assuming that the entire change in cholic acid specific activity during the fasting period occurred instantaneously. The molar percent of cholesterol in gallbladder bile was reduced in eight of nine subjects after a four to six day fast (p less than .01; mean reduction 30.5%). The molar percents of bile acid and phospholipid were not significantly altered by fasting. The cholesterol saturation index, calculated on the basis of these data, was reduced by an average of 31.0% after a four to six day fast (p less than .02). The average daily cholic acid synthesis rate and the fractional turnover rate were reduced in all six subjects on whom isotope kinetic studies were carried out. The mean decrease in synthesis rate was 68.5% (p less than .05; range 55.2-79.8%) while the mean decrease in fractional turnover rate was 64.4% (p less than .05; range 30.2-100%). Reduction in synthesis rate was confirmed by the determination of maximum fasting synthesis of cholic acid, which averaged 61.1% lower than synthesis in the fed period. Fasting had no consistent effect on total bile acid pool size, cholic acid pool size, or bile acid species composition.", "contents": "Effects of fasting on bile acid metabolism and biliary lipid composition in man. The effects of a four to six day fast on gallbladder bile lipid composition, bile acid pool size, bile acid composition, and cholic acid metabolism have been determined in normal human subjects. Total bile acid pool size and cholic acid pool size were measured before and after fasting by a one-sample technique previously validated in our laboratory. The rate of synthesis of cholic acid and its fractional turnover rate before fasting were measured using standard techniques. Estimates of fasting cholic acid synthesis rate and fractional turnover rate were calculated as daily averages from the change in cholic acid pool size, in combination with the change in cholic acid specific activity, during the fasting period. Since these estimates are approximate, a maximum value for cholic acid synthesis rate during fasting was also determined by assuming that the entire change in cholic acid specific activity during the fasting period occurred instantaneously. The molar percent of cholesterol in gallbladder bile was reduced in eight of nine subjects after a four to six day fast (p less than .01; mean reduction 30.5%). The molar percents of bile acid and phospholipid were not significantly altered by fasting. The cholesterol saturation index, calculated on the basis of these data, was reduced by an average of 31.0% after a four to six day fast (p less than .02). The average daily cholic acid synthesis rate and the fractional turnover rate were reduced in all six subjects on whom isotope kinetic studies were carried out. The mean decrease in synthesis rate was 68.5% (p less than .05; range 55.2-79.8%) while the mean decrease in fractional turnover rate was 64.4% (p less than .05; range 30.2-100%). Reduction in synthesis rate was confirmed by the determination of maximum fasting synthesis of cholic acid, which averaged 61.1% lower than synthesis in the fed period. Fasting had no consistent effect on total bile acid pool size, cholic acid pool size, or bile acid species composition."}
{"id": "PMID:932556", "title": "Isolation, characterization, and biological activity of retinyl phosphate from hamster intestinal epithelium.", "content": "Epithelial cells from hamster small intestine, in short term culture, incorporated [carbinol-14C]retinol into a compound that is identical to synthetic retinyl phosphate, as judged by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, silicic acid, and thin layers of silica gel. The biological compound displays the same absorption spectrum as does synthetic retinyl phosphate with a maximum at 325 nm. Hydrolysis with mild alkali yields anhydroretinol, as it does for synthetic retinyl phosphate, with absorption maxima at 388, 368, and 346 nm. Enzymic hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase releases 9% of the radioactivity as [14C]retinol. Under the same conditions, 9% of synthetic retinyl phosphate is hydrolyzed to retinol. The biological compound was tested for biological activity. At a concentration of 5.5 x 10-8 M it was as active as retinol and retinyl phosphate in reversing keratinization induced in hamster tracheal epithelium by vitamin A deficiency. It is concluded that hamster intestinal cells synthesize retinyl phosphate.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization, and biological activity of retinyl phosphate from hamster intestinal epithelium. Epithelial cells from hamster small intestine, in short term culture, incorporated [carbinol-14C]retinol into a compound that is identical to synthetic retinyl phosphate, as judged by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, silicic acid, and thin layers of silica gel. The biological compound displays the same absorption spectrum as does synthetic retinyl phosphate with a maximum at 325 nm. Hydrolysis with mild alkali yields anhydroretinol, as it does for synthetic retinyl phosphate, with absorption maxima at 388, 368, and 346 nm. Enzymic hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase releases 9% of the radioactivity as [14C]retinol. Under the same conditions, 9% of synthetic retinyl phosphate is hydrolyzed to retinol. The biological compound was tested for biological activity. At a concentration of 5.5 x 10-8 M it was as active as retinol and retinyl phosphate in reversing keratinization induced in hamster tracheal epithelium by vitamin A deficiency. It is concluded that hamster intestinal cells synthesize retinyl phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:932557", "title": "Synthesis of 11, 12-2H2- and 11, 12-3H2-labeled chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids.", "content": "Deuterium- and tritium-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic were prepared by catalytic reduction of their respective delta11 derivatives. Structures of the intermediates and their isotopic purity were verified by chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Experimental conditions for reductive deuteration were defined which gave complete reduction of the olefin and a product of high isotopic purity. Conditions for optimal tritiation were developed with which little exchange of protons with the solvent occurred; the product had high specific activity. To test biological stability of the label, the 3H-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid was administered simultaneously with 14C-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid to two healthy subjects and the 3H/14C ratio in bile was determined daily for several days. The ratio remained identical to that administered, suggesting that the 11,12-3Hlabel in chenodeoxycholic acid is stable during enterohepatic cycling and can be used for valid estimates fo bile acid kinetics in many by the isotope dilution technique.", "contents": "Synthesis of 11, 12-2H2- and 11, 12-3H2-labeled chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids. Deuterium- and tritium-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic were prepared by catalytic reduction of their respective delta11 derivatives. Structures of the intermediates and their isotopic purity were verified by chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Experimental conditions for reductive deuteration were defined which gave complete reduction of the olefin and a product of high isotopic purity. Conditions for optimal tritiation were developed with which little exchange of protons with the solvent occurred; the product had high specific activity. To test biological stability of the label, the 3H-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid was administered simultaneously with 14C-labeled chenodeoxycholic acid to two healthy subjects and the 3H/14C ratio in bile was determined daily for several days. The ratio remained identical to that administered, suggesting that the 11,12-3Hlabel in chenodeoxycholic acid is stable during enterohepatic cycling and can be used for valid estimates fo bile acid kinetics in many by the isotope dilution technique."}
{"id": "PMID:932558", "title": "Side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol, campesterol and beta-sitosterol in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The extent of the side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol, campesterol (24 alpha-methylcholesterol), and beta-sitosterol (24 alpha-ethylcholesterol) in rat liver mitochondria has been compared. Two beta-sitosterol metabolites, tentatively identified by liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, combined with radioactivity detection, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the 26- and 29-hydroxy derivatives, were formed in the proportion 1:1. The sum of 26-hydroxy- and 29-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol obtained amounted only to about one-fourth of the yield of 26-hydroxycholesterol. Campersterol appeared to give rise only to 26-hydroxycampesterol (tentatively identified), which was formed in similar yields as 26-hydroxycholesterol (0.2-0.4%). The formation of 29-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol but not of 28-hydroxycampesterol indicates that the omega-hydroxylation of the steroid side chain is dependent on the length of the side chain. Cholesterol gave rise to identifiable amounts of a 25-hydroxy derivative but the formation of 25-hydroxy derivatives of beta-sitosterol and campesterol could not be established with certainty. 24-hydroxycholesterol was also found to be formed in the mitochondrial system. The ratio between the yields of 26- and 25-hydroxychoelsterol ranged between 2 and 3, and that between 26- and 24-hydroxycholesterol was about 10.", "contents": "Side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol, campesterol and beta-sitosterol in rat liver mitochondria. The extent of the side chain hydroxylation of cholesterol, campesterol (24 alpha-methylcholesterol), and beta-sitosterol (24 alpha-ethylcholesterol) in rat liver mitochondria has been compared. Two beta-sitosterol metabolites, tentatively identified by liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, combined with radioactivity detection, and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the 26- and 29-hydroxy derivatives, were formed in the proportion 1:1. The sum of 26-hydroxy- and 29-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol obtained amounted only to about one-fourth of the yield of 26-hydroxycholesterol. Campersterol appeared to give rise only to 26-hydroxycampesterol (tentatively identified), which was formed in similar yields as 26-hydroxycholesterol (0.2-0.4%). The formation of 29-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol but not of 28-hydroxycampesterol indicates that the omega-hydroxylation of the steroid side chain is dependent on the length of the side chain. Cholesterol gave rise to identifiable amounts of a 25-hydroxy derivative but the formation of 25-hydroxy derivatives of beta-sitosterol and campesterol could not be established with certainty. 24-hydroxycholesterol was also found to be formed in the mitochondrial system. The ratio between the yields of 26- and 25-hydroxychoelsterol ranged between 2 and 3, and that between 26- and 24-hydroxycholesterol was about 10."}
{"id": "PMID:932559", "title": "An improved and simplified radioisotopic assay for the determination of free and esterified carnitine.", "content": "The radioisotopic assay for carnitine first described by Cederblad and Lindstedt (Clin. Chim. Acta. 37:235-543, 1972) and modified by Bohmer et al (Clin. Chim. Acta. 57:55-61, 1974) has been improved and simplified. As a result, the assay yields a linear response over a wide range of carnitine concentrations without the need for excessive amounts of labeled acetyl-CoA. In addition, it will measure very small quantities of carnitine even in the presence of excess acylcarnitine. The method allows rapid determination of free and esterified carnitine in small volumes of plasma (50 mul is sufficient) without the need for prior deproteinization of the samples.", "contents": "An improved and simplified radioisotopic assay for the determination of free and esterified carnitine. The radioisotopic assay for carnitine first described by Cederblad and Lindstedt (Clin. Chim. Acta. 37:235-543, 1972) and modified by Bohmer et al (Clin. Chim. Acta. 57:55-61, 1974) has been improved and simplified. As a result, the assay yields a linear response over a wide range of carnitine concentrations without the need for excessive amounts of labeled acetyl-CoA. In addition, it will measure very small quantities of carnitine even in the presence of excess acylcarnitine. The method allows rapid determination of free and esterified carnitine in small volumes of plasma (50 mul is sufficient) without the need for prior deproteinization of the samples."}
{"id": "PMID:932560", "title": "Isolation of disaturated phosphatidylcholine with osmium tetroxide.", "content": "A simple, rapid, inexpensive method for isolating disaturated phosphatidylcholine from adult rat lung has been devised. Total lipids are reacted with osmium tetroxide dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, and the disaturated phosphatidylcholine is isolated on a column of neutral alumina. More than 99% of the fatty acids in the phosphatidylcholine fraction are saturated and 94% of this material migrates as phosphatidylcholine on subsequent thin-layer chromatography.", "contents": "Isolation of disaturated phosphatidylcholine with osmium tetroxide. A simple, rapid, inexpensive method for isolating disaturated phosphatidylcholine from adult rat lung has been devised. Total lipids are reacted with osmium tetroxide dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, and the disaturated phosphatidylcholine is isolated on a column of neutral alumina. More than 99% of the fatty acids in the phosphatidylcholine fraction are saturated and 94% of this material migrates as phosphatidylcholine on subsequent thin-layer chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:932561", "title": "Rapid screening of lipid metabolism in monolayer cell cultures.", "content": "Monolayer cell cultures grown on coverslips in the presence of radioactive lipid precursors were embedded in silica gel layers for extraction and resolution of the labelled products directly by thin-layer chromatography. The method permits rapid screening of lipid metabolism in tissue cultures with a small number of cells.", "contents": "Rapid screening of lipid metabolism in monolayer cell cultures. Monolayer cell cultures grown on coverslips in the presence of radioactive lipid precursors were embedded in silica gel layers for extraction and resolution of the labelled products directly by thin-layer chromatography. The method permits rapid screening of lipid metabolism in tissue cultures with a small number of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932562", "title": "Preparative isolation of cerebrosides (galactosyl and glucosyl ceramide).", "content": "An improved method for isolating cerebrosides from natural sources is described. The method is particularly suited to large scale work and can be adapted to the isolation of sphingolipids that are less polar than the gangliosides. It is based on the use of sodium sulfate to absorb the water from chloroform-methanol tissue extracts, the use of triiodide to cleave the ether linkage of plasmalogens, and the use of alkaline methanolysis to cleave the ester linkages of the glycerolipids. The final separation of the lipids is done with a silica gel column.", "contents": "Preparative isolation of cerebrosides (galactosyl and glucosyl ceramide). An improved method for isolating cerebrosides from natural sources is described. The method is particularly suited to large scale work and can be adapted to the isolation of sphingolipids that are less polar than the gangliosides. It is based on the use of sodium sulfate to absorb the water from chloroform-methanol tissue extracts, the use of triiodide to cleave the ether linkage of plasmalogens, and the use of alkaline methanolysis to cleave the ester linkages of the glycerolipids. The final separation of the lipids is done with a silica gel column."}
{"id": "PMID:932563", "title": "Sarcomere length changes during stimulation of frog semitendinosus muscle.", "content": "A method is described for detecting rapid changes in sarcomere length at different points along a muscle specimen during stimulation. Reproducible differences in behaviour are observed at different positions along the length of the muscle both during contraction and during relaxation. By summing individual observations made at points closely spaced along the specimen it is found that in tetanus at 6 degrees C the average sarcomere contraction is about 5% for an initial length of 2.6 mum; a maximum rate of contraction of about 4 nm.ms-1 (0.16% ms-1) is reached and maintained for some 10 ms during the development of tension. In twitch the corresponding values are 4% and 3 nm.ms-1 (0.12% ms-1).", "contents": "Sarcomere length changes during stimulation of frog semitendinosus muscle. A method is described for detecting rapid changes in sarcomere length at different points along a muscle specimen during stimulation. Reproducible differences in behaviour are observed at different positions along the length of the muscle both during contraction and during relaxation. By summing individual observations made at points closely spaced along the specimen it is found that in tetanus at 6 degrees C the average sarcomere contraction is about 5% for an initial length of 2.6 mum; a maximum rate of contraction of about 4 nm.ms-1 (0.16% ms-1) is reached and maintained for some 10 ms during the development of tension. In twitch the corresponding values are 4% and 3 nm.ms-1 (0.12% ms-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:932564", "title": "Polymerization polarity of actin.", "content": "The actin polymer, like the thin filaments of muscle, is known to be polarized as demonstrated by the well known \"HMM decoration\" technique to give a \"herringbone\" pattern pointing in one direction. The question \"Does polymer formation proceed unidirectionally, or bidirectionally?\" was raised and tested experimentally. Short fragments of actin polymers were prepared, fully decorated with HMM and these decorated fragments were used as initiation centers for further actin polymerization without HMM. The resultant polymers showing both decorated and undecorated portions were examined and found to consist of a large majority of \"spears\" i.e., the added undecorated polymer extended in the direction opposite to that direction pointed by the \"herringbone\" pattern. However, a few cases of polymers indicating the opposite direction of polymerization were also found. Analysis leads to the conclusion that actin polymerization is unidirectional, although further experimentation is necessary to establish this completely.", "contents": "Polymerization polarity of actin. The actin polymer, like the thin filaments of muscle, is known to be polarized as demonstrated by the well known \"HMM decoration\" technique to give a \"herringbone\" pattern pointing in one direction. The question \"Does polymer formation proceed unidirectionally, or bidirectionally?\" was raised and tested experimentally. Short fragments of actin polymers were prepared, fully decorated with HMM and these decorated fragments were used as initiation centers for further actin polymerization without HMM. The resultant polymers showing both decorated and undecorated portions were examined and found to consist of a large majority of \"spears\" i.e., the added undecorated polymer extended in the direction opposite to that direction pointed by the \"herringbone\" pattern. However, a few cases of polymers indicating the opposite direction of polymerization were also found. Analysis leads to the conclusion that actin polymerization is unidirectional, although further experimentation is necessary to establish this completely."}
{"id": "PMID:932565", "title": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of flagellated bacteria. II. The ratio of the propulsive velocity to the frequency of the wave propagation along flagellar tail.", "content": "We took cinemicrographs of the movement of the flagellar tail of the peritrichously flagellated bacterium, Salmonella, swimming in a medium containing methylcellulose under a dark-ground microscope. By analysing the film, the velocity of translation u, the frequency of the propagation of helical waves along the tail fF and the frequency of the induced rotation of bacterial body fB of individual organism were measured and the experimental values of the ratios u/fF, u/fB and fF/fB were obtained. On the other hand, the theoretical values of these ratios were calculated by inserting the geometrical parameters describing the shapes and the sizes of the body and the tail of individual organism into the equations previously derived for the hydrodynamic model of the propulsion of flagellated bacteria (Holwill and Burge, 1963; Chwang and Wu, 1971). For four bacterial specimens presently analysed, the experimental values of u/fF ranged from 0.5 to 0.9, whereas the theoretical values were about 0.3. As reported by the preceding paper, such a tendency for the experimental values to exceed the theoretical ones by two or three times was also seen in u/fB and, consequently, the experimental and the theoretical values of fF/fB showed good agreement. From the results of these quantitative analyses of the movements of flagellated bacteria, it was concluded that the validity of the hydrodynamic model was further supported experimentally.", "contents": "Cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of flagellated bacteria. II. The ratio of the propulsive velocity to the frequency of the wave propagation along flagellar tail. We took cinemicrographs of the movement of the flagellar tail of the peritrichously flagellated bacterium, Salmonella, swimming in a medium containing methylcellulose under a dark-ground microscope. By analysing the film, the velocity of translation u, the frequency of the propagation of helical waves along the tail fF and the frequency of the induced rotation of bacterial body fB of individual organism were measured and the experimental values of the ratios u/fF, u/fB and fF/fB were obtained. On the other hand, the theoretical values of these ratios were calculated by inserting the geometrical parameters describing the shapes and the sizes of the body and the tail of individual organism into the equations previously derived for the hydrodynamic model of the propulsion of flagellated bacteria (Holwill and Burge, 1963; Chwang and Wu, 1971). For four bacterial specimens presently analysed, the experimental values of u/fF ranged from 0.5 to 0.9, whereas the theoretical values were about 0.3. As reported by the preceding paper, such a tendency for the experimental values to exceed the theoretical ones by two or three times was also seen in u/fB and, consequently, the experimental and the theoretical values of fF/fB showed good agreement. From the results of these quantitative analyses of the movements of flagellated bacteria, it was concluded that the validity of the hydrodynamic model was further supported experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:932566", "title": "Conformational changes induced in plasmodium actin polymer by Ca2+ in the presence of muscle native tropomysin.", "content": "The flexible polymer of plasmodium actin (Mg-polymer) combines with muscle native tropomyosin up to a weight ratio of actin: tropomyosin:troponin = 6:1:1. Mg-polymer which combined with muscle native tropomyosin undergoes a conformational change when the Ca2+ concentration of the solution is decreased by adding 0.5 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA): the viscosity of the solution increases by 50% and its ATPase activity decreases to about 20% of the original value, which suggests that the structure of Mg-polymer becomes more rigid. This change is reversible with respect to the Ca2+ concentration in the solution. The threshold concentration of Ca2+ for the conformational change is about 10(-6) M. The possible role of this transformation in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "Conformational changes induced in plasmodium actin polymer by Ca2+ in the presence of muscle native tropomysin. The flexible polymer of plasmodium actin (Mg-polymer) combines with muscle native tropomyosin up to a weight ratio of actin: tropomyosin:troponin = 6:1:1. Mg-polymer which combined with muscle native tropomyosin undergoes a conformational change when the Ca2+ concentration of the solution is decreased by adding 0.5 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA): the viscosity of the solution increases by 50% and its ATPase activity decreases to about 20% of the original value, which suggests that the structure of Mg-polymer becomes more rigid. This change is reversible with respect to the Ca2+ concentration in the solution. The threshold concentration of Ca2+ for the conformational change is about 10(-6) M. The possible role of this transformation in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932592", "title": "Incorporation of rat prolactin into rat milk in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Rat prolactin (11 i.u./mg) was continuously infused into the circulation of urethane-anaesthetized lactating rats for 35 min at doses of either 200 or 472 ng/min. The immunoreactive prolactin in both milk and plasma rose quickly during the first 20-25 min of infusion, then stabilized at similar levels over baseline (68 and 98 ng/ml for milk and plasma, respectively, with the 200 ng/min dose and 250 and 230 ng/ml, respectively, with the 472 ng/min dose). The concentration of prolactin in plasma fell after the infusion was stopped, whereas that in the milk either did not fall at all or fell slightly to a new stabilized level. There was a rapid and extensive loss in the immunoreactivity of prolactin added to milk when rat milk was incubated in vitro (37 degrees C for 1-120 min) with 600 ng/ml of extracted pituitary prolactin (NIAMDD RP-1) or unit equivalent amounts of prolactin obtained from pituitary culture media (secreted prolactin, supplied by C.S. Nicoll). Significantly greater amounts of added RP-1 prolactin were lost when it was incubated with milk obtained after 4 h than after 18 h of non-suckling. There was, however, no drop in endogenous immunoreactive milk prolactin levels (350-400 ng/ml) when rat milk was incubated with saline for 30 min. This suggests that milk prolactin obtained as a result of plasma transfer is different chemically from the milk prolactin resulting from the addition of either RP-1 or secreted prolactin to milk in vitro. Approximately 90% of 131I-labelled rat prolactin appeared in the trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction after incubation (37 degrees C for 120 min) with milk obtained after 4 h of non-suckling in either the presence or absence  of thiouracil (added to prevent binding of 131I or 131I-labelled fragments to milk protein). The recovery was slightly less when 131I-labelled prolactin was incubated with milk obtained after 18 h of non-suckling. These data suggest that prolactin is quickly transferred from plasma into milk in direct relation to the plasma concentration. Once there, much of it appears to be retained by the milk perhaps chemically or physically bound; there is little, if any, degradation of the hormone. We conclude that the lactating the mammary gland may function normally as an excretory organ for prolactin.", "contents": "Incorporation of rat prolactin into rat milk in vivo and in vitro. Rat prolactin (11 i.u./mg) was continuously infused into the circulation of urethane-anaesthetized lactating rats for 35 min at doses of either 200 or 472 ng/min. The immunoreactive prolactin in both milk and plasma rose quickly during the first 20-25 min of infusion, then stabilized at similar levels over baseline (68 and 98 ng/ml for milk and plasma, respectively, with the 200 ng/min dose and 250 and 230 ng/ml, respectively, with the 472 ng/min dose). The concentration of prolactin in plasma fell after the infusion was stopped, whereas that in the milk either did not fall at all or fell slightly to a new stabilized level. There was a rapid and extensive loss in the immunoreactivity of prolactin added to milk when rat milk was incubated in vitro (37 degrees C for 1-120 min) with 600 ng/ml of extracted pituitary prolactin (NIAMDD RP-1) or unit equivalent amounts of prolactin obtained from pituitary culture media (secreted prolactin, supplied by C.S. Nicoll). Significantly greater amounts of added RP-1 prolactin were lost when it was incubated with milk obtained after 4 h than after 18 h of non-suckling. There was, however, no drop in endogenous immunoreactive milk prolactin levels (350-400 ng/ml) when rat milk was incubated with saline for 30 min. This suggests that milk prolactin obtained as a result of plasma transfer is different chemically from the milk prolactin resulting from the addition of either RP-1 or secreted prolactin to milk in vitro. Approximately 90% of 131I-labelled rat prolactin appeared in the trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction after incubation (37 degrees C for 120 min) with milk obtained after 4 h of non-suckling in either the presence or absence  of thiouracil (added to prevent binding of 131I or 131I-labelled fragments to milk protein). The recovery was slightly less when 131I-labelled prolactin was incubated with milk obtained after 18 h of non-suckling. These data suggest that prolactin is quickly transferred from plasma into milk in direct relation to the plasma concentration. Once there, much of it appears to be retained by the milk perhaps chemically or physically bound; there is little, if any, degradation of the hormone. We conclude that the lactating the mammary gland may function normally as an excretory organ for prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:932594", "title": "Regulation by testosterone and serum protein of DNA synthesis in the developing epididymis of the rat.", "content": "Rates of DNA synthesis were measured as an index of cellular proliferation during the pubertal development of the rat epididymis. A highly reproducible pattern of DNA synthesis was defined by (1) a prepubertal, testosterone-insensitive peak of DNA synthesis at 25 days; (2) a dramatic decrease in DNA synthesis with the onset of puberty; (3) a major burst of testosterone-dependent synthesis peaking at 40 days in the head of the epididymis and at 40-60 days in the tail; (4) a fall to low levels as the adult organ weight was attained. An organ culture system was defined and utilized to analyse further the hormonal dependence of DNA synthesis in the epididymis. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone failed to activate DNA synthesis at any stage of development in vitro. DNA synthesis was stimulated 100-300% by insulin at supra-physiological concentrations and by protein serum factor(s) at physiological concentrations. The serum activity was stable to heat treatment at 60 degrees C, destroyed by heating at 70 degrees C, and was present in the sera of hypophysectomized animals. These results indicate a primarily 'permissive' role for the action of testerone on DNA synthesis in the epididymis: testosterone acts to permit the expression of a developmental 'programme' of cell proliferation which is activated by specific protein(s) in serum.", "contents": "Regulation by testosterone and serum protein of DNA synthesis in the developing epididymis of the rat. Rates of DNA synthesis were measured as an index of cellular proliferation during the pubertal development of the rat epididymis. A highly reproducible pattern of DNA synthesis was defined by (1) a prepubertal, testosterone-insensitive peak of DNA synthesis at 25 days; (2) a dramatic decrease in DNA synthesis with the onset of puberty; (3) a major burst of testosterone-dependent synthesis peaking at 40 days in the head of the epididymis and at 40-60 days in the tail; (4) a fall to low levels as the adult organ weight was attained. An organ culture system was defined and utilized to analyse further the hormonal dependence of DNA synthesis in the epididymis. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone failed to activate DNA synthesis at any stage of development in vitro. DNA synthesis was stimulated 100-300% by insulin at supra-physiological concentrations and by protein serum factor(s) at physiological concentrations. The serum activity was stable to heat treatment at 60 degrees C, destroyed by heating at 70 degrees C, and was present in the sera of hypophysectomized animals. These results indicate a primarily 'permissive' role for the action of testerone on DNA synthesis in the epididymis: testosterone acts to permit the expression of a developmental 'programme' of cell proliferation which is activated by specific protein(s) in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:932595", "title": "Corticosteroid production by the human foetus: evidence from analysis of urine from women pregnant with a normal or an anencephalic foetus.", "content": "The quantities of nine corticosteroids in 24 h urine samples collected by pregnant women (nine with normal foetuses and nine with anencephalic foetuses) were measured after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and separation by paper chromatography. The excretion (mumol/24 h, mean +/- S.D.) of prenanetriol (0-85 +/- 0-17), 3 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one (17 alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, 0-55 +/- 0-17), 3 alpha, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one (tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, 0-17 +/- 0-14) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (0-65 +/- 0-26) by women with an anencephalic foetus was significantly lower (P less than 0-01 or less than 0-05) than the excretion of these compounds by women with a normal foetus (pregnanetriol, 2-42 +/- 0-62; 17 alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, 2-72 +/- 0-69; tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, 0-56 +/- 0-37; tetrahydrocorticosterone, 1-95 +/- 0-94). These differences suggest that the adrenal of the normal foetus contributes to the quantity of pregnanetriol, 17alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol and tetrahydrocorticosterone in maternal urine. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, cortol and cortolone were similar in both groups of subjects. No evidence was obtained therefore to indicate the secretion of cortisol or deoxycorticosterone by the foetal zone of the adrenal of the undisturbed human foetus in late gestation.", "contents": "Corticosteroid production by the human foetus: evidence from analysis of urine from women pregnant with a normal or an anencephalic foetus. The quantities of nine corticosteroids in 24 h urine samples collected by pregnant women (nine with normal foetuses and nine with anencephalic foetuses) were measured after hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and separation by paper chromatography. The excretion (mumol/24 h, mean +/- S.D.) of prenanetriol (0-85 +/- 0-17), 3 alpha, 17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one (17 alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, 0-55 +/- 0-17), 3 alpha, 17 alpha, 21-trihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one (tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, 0-17 +/- 0-14) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (0-65 +/- 0-26) by women with an anencephalic foetus was significantly lower (P less than 0-01 or less than 0-05) than the excretion of these compounds by women with a normal foetus (pregnanetriol, 2-42 +/- 0-62; 17 alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, 2-72 +/- 0-69; tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol, 0-56 +/- 0-37; tetrahydrocorticosterone, 1-95 +/- 0-94). These differences suggest that the adrenal of the normal foetus contributes to the quantity of pregnanetriol, 17alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol and tetrahydrocorticosterone in maternal urine. The excretion of tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, cortol and cortolone were similar in both groups of subjects. No evidence was obtained therefore to indicate the secretion of cortisol or deoxycorticosterone by the foetal zone of the adrenal of the undisturbed human foetus in late gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:932598", "title": "Effect of aldosterone on lithium permeability of rat colon mucosa.", "content": "The effect of aldosterone on the ionic composition of colonic epithelial cells and on lithium absorption rate was studied by experiments on rats in vivo. Aldosterone considerably increased the rate of sodium absorption without measurably altering the sodium and potassium content of the epithelium. Aldosterone did not alter the electrical resistance of the tissue. With lithium in the lumen, the net sodium fluxes in the colon were similar in normal and aldosterone-stimulated rats but the rate of diffusion of lithium across the epithelium was greater in the aldosterone-stimulated group. The amount of lithium accumulating in the epithelial layer was also considerably increased by aldosterone stimulation. Aldosterone appears to increase the permeability of the mucosal (luminal) barrier allowing increased entry of lithium into the colonic epithelial cells.", "contents": "Effect of aldosterone on lithium permeability of rat colon mucosa. The effect of aldosterone on the ionic composition of colonic epithelial cells and on lithium absorption rate was studied by experiments on rats in vivo. Aldosterone considerably increased the rate of sodium absorption without measurably altering the sodium and potassium content of the epithelium. Aldosterone did not alter the electrical resistance of the tissue. With lithium in the lumen, the net sodium fluxes in the colon were similar in normal and aldosterone-stimulated rats but the rate of diffusion of lithium across the epithelium was greater in the aldosterone-stimulated group. The amount of lithium accumulating in the epithelial layer was also considerably increased by aldosterone stimulation. Aldosterone appears to increase the permeability of the mucosal (luminal) barrier allowing increased entry of lithium into the colonic epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932600", "title": "Adsorption of free steroids with charcoal-gelatin disks in radioimmunoassays.", "content": "The preparation of charcoal-gelatin disks and their use for removing free steroid in radioimmunoassays are described. Plasma concentrations of several steroids were determined using charcoal-gelatin disks or charcoal suspension and the results are compared. The advantages of using charcoal-gelatin disks are discussed.", "contents": "Adsorption of free steroids with charcoal-gelatin disks in radioimmunoassays. The preparation of charcoal-gelatin disks and their use for removing free steroid in radioimmunoassays are described. Plasma concentrations of several steroids were determined using charcoal-gelatin disks or charcoal suspension and the results are compared. The advantages of using charcoal-gelatin disks are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932607", "title": "Suppression of luteinizing hormone release by 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol and its 3 beta epimer in immature ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol, its 3 beta epimer and oestradiol benzoate on suppression of LH release after ovariectomy was studied in immature rats. At doses of 50 and 100 mug/100 g body weight/day the 3alpha compound suppressed LH release after ovariectomy to the same extent as 0-1 mug oestradiol benzoate/100 g/day. 3alpha-Androstanediol at a dose of 25 mug/100 g/day suppressed LH release only up to day 45 of life, while the same dose of the 3beta epimer had no effect on LH suppression. The effect of 3beta-androstanediol on inducing precocious vaginal opening was found to be mediated by the ovaries, since it was eliminated by ovariectomy. These results confirm our previous findings on the participation of androstanediol in the normal regulation of LH and in the mechanism of onset of puberty in the rat.", "contents": "Suppression of luteinizing hormone release by 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol and its 3 beta epimer in immature ovariectomized rats. The effect of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17 beta-diol, its 3 beta epimer and oestradiol benzoate on suppression of LH release after ovariectomy was studied in immature rats. At doses of 50 and 100 mug/100 g body weight/day the 3alpha compound suppressed LH release after ovariectomy to the same extent as 0-1 mug oestradiol benzoate/100 g/day. 3alpha-Androstanediol at a dose of 25 mug/100 g/day suppressed LH release only up to day 45 of life, while the same dose of the 3beta epimer had no effect on LH suppression. The effect of 3beta-androstanediol on inducing precocious vaginal opening was found to be mediated by the ovaries, since it was eliminated by ovariectomy. These results confirm our previous findings on the participation of androstanediol in the normal regulation of LH and in the mechanism of onset of puberty in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:932608", "title": "Studies on the uptake and binding of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol by canine prostatic nuclei.", "content": "Nuclei have been isolated from canine prostatic tissue previously incubated with tritiated testosterone or tritiated 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol. The protein-bound radioactivity has, in both cases, been shown to be associated with 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol. The formation and translocation of this steroid to the nucleus supports previous evidence that it has an active part to play in prostatic function in the dog. The formation from testosterone of another titriated steroid, possibly 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, was also demonstrated although this product did not enter the nucleus and was apparently bound to the nuclear membrane.", "contents": "Studies on the uptake and binding of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol by canine prostatic nuclei. Nuclei have been isolated from canine prostatic tissue previously incubated with tritiated testosterone or tritiated 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol. The protein-bound radioactivity has, in both cases, been shown to be associated with 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17alpha-diol. The formation and translocation of this steroid to the nucleus supports previous evidence that it has an active part to play in prostatic function in the dog. The formation from testosterone of another titriated steroid, possibly 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, was also demonstrated although this product did not enter the nucleus and was apparently bound to the nuclear membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:932611", "title": "Renin, cortisol and plasma volume in marine teleost fishes adapted to dilute media.", "content": "The renin-angiotensin system has been found in teleost fishes from both marine and fresh-water environments. In an attempt to define whether activity of the renin-angiotensin system is related to sodium balance in fishes, we transferred two euryhaline teleosts from seawater to hypo-osmotic media. Plasma renin activity decreased in American eels, Anguilla rostrata, after they were transferred from seawater to fresh water, and it did not change in the aglomerular toadfish, Opsanus tau, after transfer from 50% seawater to 5% seawater. Plasma sodium concentrations decreased significantly in toadfish in 5% seawater and in one group of eels in fresh water. Plasma levels of cortisol, a major mineralocorticoid in teleosts, and plasma volume, measured in eels, remained relatively constant. There are no clear correlations between plasma renin levels and those of plasma sodium or plasma cortisol. These results provide no evidence that the need of these fishes to conserve sodium when in hypo-osmotic media stimulates the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Renin, cortisol and plasma volume in marine teleost fishes adapted to dilute media. The renin-angiotensin system has been found in teleost fishes from both marine and fresh-water environments. In an attempt to define whether activity of the renin-angiotensin system is related to sodium balance in fishes, we transferred two euryhaline teleosts from seawater to hypo-osmotic media. Plasma renin activity decreased in American eels, Anguilla rostrata, after they were transferred from seawater to fresh water, and it did not change in the aglomerular toadfish, Opsanus tau, after transfer from 50% seawater to 5% seawater. Plasma sodium concentrations decreased significantly in toadfish in 5% seawater and in one group of eels in fresh water. Plasma levels of cortisol, a major mineralocorticoid in teleosts, and plasma volume, measured in eels, remained relatively constant. There are no clear correlations between plasma renin levels and those of plasma sodium or plasma cortisol. These results provide no evidence that the need of these fishes to conserve sodium when in hypo-osmotic media stimulates the renin-angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:932615", "title": "Near-field visual acuity of pigeons: effects of head location and stimulus luminance.", "content": "Two pigeons were trained to discriminate a grating stimulus from a blank stimulus of equivalent luminance in a three-key chamber. The stimuli and blanks were presented behind a transparent center key. The procedure was a conditional discrimination in which pecks on the left key were reinforced if the blank had been present behind the center key and pecks on the right key were reinforced if the grating had been present behind the center key. The spatial frequency of the stimuli was varied in each session from four to 29.5 lines per millimeter in accordance with a variation of the method of constant stimuli. The number of lines per millimeter that the subjects could discriminate at threshold was determined from psychometric functions. Data were collected at five values of stimulus luminance ranging from--0.07 to 3.29 log cd/m2. The distance from the stimulus to the anterior nodal point of the eye, which was determined from measurements taken from high-speed motion-picture photographs of three additional pigeons and published intraocular measurements, was 62.0 mm. This distance and the grating detection thresholds were used to calculate the visual acuity of the birds at each level of luminance. Acuity improved with increasing luminance to a peak value of 0.52, which corresponds to a visual angle of 1.92 min, at a luminance of 2.33 log cd/m2. Further increase in luminance produced a small decline in acuity.", "contents": "Near-field visual acuity of pigeons: effects of head location and stimulus luminance. Two pigeons were trained to discriminate a grating stimulus from a blank stimulus of equivalent luminance in a three-key chamber. The stimuli and blanks were presented behind a transparent center key. The procedure was a conditional discrimination in which pecks on the left key were reinforced if the blank had been present behind the center key and pecks on the right key were reinforced if the grating had been present behind the center key. The spatial frequency of the stimuli was varied in each session from four to 29.5 lines per millimeter in accordance with a variation of the method of constant stimuli. The number of lines per millimeter that the subjects could discriminate at threshold was determined from psychometric functions. Data were collected at five values of stimulus luminance ranging from--0.07 to 3.29 log cd/m2. The distance from the stimulus to the anterior nodal point of the eye, which was determined from measurements taken from high-speed motion-picture photographs of three additional pigeons and published intraocular measurements, was 62.0 mm. This distance and the grating detection thresholds were used to calculate the visual acuity of the birds at each level of luminance. Acuity improved with increasing luminance to a peak value of 0.52, which corresponds to a visual angle of 1.92 min, at a luminance of 2.33 log cd/m2. Further increase in luminance produced a small decline in acuity."}
{"id": "PMID:932616", "title": "Detection of the velocity of movement of visual stimuli by pigeons?", "content": "Nine pigeons were trained to discriminate a moving stimulus from a stationary stimulus. In one experiment, the stimulus was a rotating disc with radial stripes. In a second experiment, the stimulus was a vertically moving film strip with horizontal bars. Several psychophysical procedures were used to determine the minimal detectable velocity of movement. The detection thresholds for most of the pigeons fell in the range of 4.4 to 6.5 millimeters per second, corresponding to a retinal velocity of 4.1 to 6.01 degrees per second. A signal detection analysis of the psychophysical data indicated systematic changes in response bias that were related to the ordinal position of the stimulus velocity in the sequence.", "contents": "Detection of the velocity of movement of visual stimuli by pigeons? Nine pigeons were trained to discriminate a moving stimulus from a stationary stimulus. In one experiment, the stimulus was a rotating disc with radial stripes. In a second experiment, the stimulus was a vertically moving film strip with horizontal bars. Several psychophysical procedures were used to determine the minimal detectable velocity of movement. The detection thresholds for most of the pigeons fell in the range of 4.4 to 6.5 millimeters per second, corresponding to a retinal velocity of 4.1 to 6.01 degrees per second. A signal detection analysis of the psychophysical data indicated systematic changes in response bias that were related to the ordinal position of the stimulus velocity in the sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:932617", "title": "Control by the auditory or the visual element of a compound discriminative stimulus: effects of feedback.", "content": "Groups of pigeons were trained to depress a treadle in the presence of a compound stimulus consisting of a tone and a red houselight (a) to avoid electric shock, or (b) to obtain grain. Immediate, exteroceptive feedback was equated for avoidance and appetitive groups within an experiment, but varied across experiments from elevation of a nonilluminated feeder to darkening of the chamber, termination of the tone, and elevation of an illuminated feeder. Responding in the absence of the compound stimulus postponed its next occurrence. After performance had stabilized, the degree to which each element controlled treadle pressing was determined. Generally, in the appetitive tests, the red light controlled much more responding than did the tone, but in the avoidance tests, the tone controlled more responding than did the red light.", "contents": "Control by the auditory or the visual element of a compound discriminative stimulus: effects of feedback. Groups of pigeons were trained to depress a treadle in the presence of a compound stimulus consisting of a tone and a red houselight (a) to avoid electric shock, or (b) to obtain grain. Immediate, exteroceptive feedback was equated for avoidance and appetitive groups within an experiment, but varied across experiments from elevation of a nonilluminated feeder to darkening of the chamber, termination of the tone, and elevation of an illuminated feeder. Responding in the absence of the compound stimulus postponed its next occurrence. After performance had stabilized, the degree to which each element controlled treadle pressing was determined. Generally, in the appetitive tests, the red light controlled much more responding than did the tone, but in the avoidance tests, the tone controlled more responding than did the red light."}
{"id": "PMID:932618", "title": "Excretion of alkaloids by malpighian tubules of insects.", "content": "Nicotine is transported at high rates by Malpighian tubules of larvae of Manduca sexta, Pieris brassicae and Rhodnius prolixus and the transport persists in the absence of alkaloid from the diet. In the fluid-secreting portion of Rhodnius tubules this transport is not coupled to ion transport, nor is it dependent on the physiological state of the animal. The transport, which can occur against a steep electrochemical gradient, shows saturation kinetics with a maximal rate of 700 pmol. min-1 per tubule and is half saturated at 2-3 mM. Nicotine transport independent of ion movements also occurs in the lower resorptive parts of Rhodnius tubules. Both portions of Rhodnius tubules can transport morphine and atropine. These alkaloids and nicotine compete with one naother and are presumed to be carried by the smae transport system. Nicotine transport in Rhodnius was unaffected by organic anions, such as amaranth and benzyl penicillin, or by the organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid. Fluid secretion in 5-HT-stimulated tubules was reduced by atropine and nicotine, probably by blocking the 5-HT receptors. The Malpighian tubules of adult Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica remove nicotine from bathing solutions, an unknown metabolic accumulating in the tubules. Adult P. brassicae and M. sexta do not exhibit transport of nicotine by their Malpighian tubules.", "contents": "Excretion of alkaloids by malpighian tubules of insects. Nicotine is transported at high rates by Malpighian tubules of larvae of Manduca sexta, Pieris brassicae and Rhodnius prolixus and the transport persists in the absence of alkaloid from the diet. In the fluid-secreting portion of Rhodnius tubules this transport is not coupled to ion transport, nor is it dependent on the physiological state of the animal. The transport, which can occur against a steep electrochemical gradient, shows saturation kinetics with a maximal rate of 700 pmol. min-1 per tubule and is half saturated at 2-3 mM. Nicotine transport independent of ion movements also occurs in the lower resorptive parts of Rhodnius tubules. Both portions of Rhodnius tubules can transport morphine and atropine. These alkaloids and nicotine compete with one naother and are presumed to be carried by the smae transport system. Nicotine transport in Rhodnius was unaffected by organic anions, such as amaranth and benzyl penicillin, or by the organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid. Fluid secretion in 5-HT-stimulated tubules was reduced by atropine and nicotine, probably by blocking the 5-HT receptors. The Malpighian tubules of adult Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica remove nicotine from bathing solutions, an unknown metabolic accumulating in the tubules. Adult P. brassicae and M. sexta do not exhibit transport of nicotine by their Malpighian tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:932619", "title": "Ciliary propulsion of objects in tubes: wall drag on swimming Tetrahymena (Ciliata) in the presence of mucin and other long-chain polymers.", "content": "The lubrication effect of three long-chain polymers - mucin, methylcellulose and Ficoll - on ciliary propulsion in tubes is measured by plotting the relative velocities of swimming cilitates as a function of the tube bore diameter. Mucin shows the most unequivocal lubrication, which is found at concentrations between 0% and 9.1% (w/v). This observation, coupled with viscometric measurements which show that ciliary tip shear rates are sufficient to solate mucin, serve as  the groundwork for a model of mucin lubrication which explains the optimized lubrication behaviour of thixotropic gelating polymers as an expression of the response to shear by the various stages of polymer clustering during the gelatin process. In addition to the lubricative effect, another wall drag reduction effect by mucin was measured in the clearance region beyond the lubrication layer. This apparent viscosity reduction is optimized in the concentration range between I.7% and 4.I% mucin and may also be explained in terms of the properties of gel clustering.", "contents": "Ciliary propulsion of objects in tubes: wall drag on swimming Tetrahymena (Ciliata) in the presence of mucin and other long-chain polymers. The lubrication effect of three long-chain polymers - mucin, methylcellulose and Ficoll - on ciliary propulsion in tubes is measured by plotting the relative velocities of swimming cilitates as a function of the tube bore diameter. Mucin shows the most unequivocal lubrication, which is found at concentrations between 0% and 9.1% (w/v). This observation, coupled with viscometric measurements which show that ciliary tip shear rates are sufficient to solate mucin, serve as  the groundwork for a model of mucin lubrication which explains the optimized lubrication behaviour of thixotropic gelating polymers as an expression of the response to shear by the various stages of polymer clustering during the gelatin process. In addition to the lubricative effect, another wall drag reduction effect by mucin was measured in the clearance region beyond the lubrication layer. This apparent viscosity reduction is optimized in the concentration range between I.7% and 4.I% mucin and may also be explained in terms of the properties of gel clustering."}
{"id": "PMID:932620", "title": "Horomonal control of larval diapause and metamorphosis of the southwestern corn borer Diatraea grandiosella.", "content": "Changes in haemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) concentrations of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were used to estimate the activity of the corpora allata. The haemolymph of penultimate nondiapause instars contained a maximum JH titre of 3000 Galleria units (GU)/ml, whereas the titre in the final instar had dropped to 140 GU/ml within 6 h of the ecdysis and continued to remain low. Corpora allata of last-stage non-diapause larvae therefore remain inactive. Some signal other than a rapidly declining JH titre in mid-instar triggers the release of ecdysiotropin because the pupal moulting cyclic did not become independent of the brain and ecdvsial glands until 4-25 and 4-75 days after the final larval ecdysis, respectively. Newly diapaused immaculate larvae had a haemolymph JH titre of ca. 1500 GU/ml. Three JH mimics applied to early last stage non-dispause larvae induced the formation of the immaculate dispause morph. The mimics did not activate the recipient's corpora allata, but elevated the function JH concentration, each having a different intrinsic hormonal activity. Threshold JH concentrations which control larval ecdyses, dispause maintenance, and metamorphosis are presented.", "contents": "Horomonal control of larval diapause and metamorphosis of the southwestern corn borer Diatraea grandiosella. Changes in haemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) concentrations of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were used to estimate the activity of the corpora allata. The haemolymph of penultimate nondiapause instars contained a maximum JH titre of 3000 Galleria units (GU)/ml, whereas the titre in the final instar had dropped to 140 GU/ml within 6 h of the ecdysis and continued to remain low. Corpora allata of last-stage non-diapause larvae therefore remain inactive. Some signal other than a rapidly declining JH titre in mid-instar triggers the release of ecdysiotropin because the pupal moulting cyclic did not become independent of the brain and ecdvsial glands until 4-25 and 4-75 days after the final larval ecdysis, respectively. Newly diapaused immaculate larvae had a haemolymph JH titre of ca. 1500 GU/ml. Three JH mimics applied to early last stage non-dispause larvae induced the formation of the immaculate dispause morph. The mimics did not activate the recipient's corpora allata, but elevated the function JH concentration, each having a different intrinsic hormonal activity. Threshold JH concentrations which control larval ecdyses, dispause maintenance, and metamorphosis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:932621", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of Calliphora.", "content": "1. Potassium is the major cation in the secretion of the salivary glands of Calliphora and is necessary for full secretory rates. 2. Other ions (rubidium and sodium) can support secretion in the absence of potassium. 39. During stimulation with 5-HT a Nernst plot of the basal membrane potential has a slope of 53 mV for a tenfold change in external potassium concentration and the slope at rest deviates from this over the range I-20 mM external potassium. 4. Hyperpolarization of the basal membrane by 5-HT is abolished if the chloride in the bathing medium is replaced by isethionate. 5. The diuretic agent amiloride inhibits fluid secretion by a mechanism which may include a reduction in calcium entry in addition to its recognized effect on sodium permeability. 6. A model is proposed in which fluid secretion is driven by the active transport of potassium across the apical membrane with chloride following passively.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of Calliphora. 1. Potassium is the major cation in the secretion of the salivary glands of Calliphora and is necessary for full secretory rates. 2. Other ions (rubidium and sodium) can support secretion in the absence of potassium. 39. During stimulation with 5-HT a Nernst plot of the basal membrane potential has a slope of 53 mV for a tenfold change in external potassium concentration and the slope at rest deviates from this over the range I-20 mM external potassium. 4. Hyperpolarization of the basal membrane by 5-HT is abolished if the chloride in the bathing medium is replaced by isethionate. 5. The diuretic agent amiloride inhibits fluid secretion by a mechanism which may include a reduction in calcium entry in addition to its recognized effect on sodium permeability. 6. A model is proposed in which fluid secretion is driven by the active transport of potassium across the apical membrane with chloride following passively."}
{"id": "PMID:932622", "title": "Neural regulation of the heart muscle in an isopod crustacean: acceleration and peripheral inhibition.", "content": "1. In the neurogenic heart of the isopod crustacean Porcellio dilatatus, repetitive electrical stimulation of the cardiac nerves elicted either cardio-acceleratory or cardio-inhibitory effects depending on the stimulation parameters. 2. Acceleratory effects were accompanied by a decrease of membrane potential and by changes in the contour of the spontaneous electrical responses: increase in the speed of the rising phase and enhancement of the plateau phase. 3. Inhibitory stimulation acted on rhytjmicity and/or contour of spontaneous responses. At stimulation pulse frequencies beyond 25/s a hyperpolarization appeared after the cessation of the inhibitory train. 4. Inhibitory stimulation elicted IJPs in the myocardium. Their reversal potential was found to be close to the value of the resting membrane potential. During inhibitory stimulation, the membrane resistance of the heart muscle was frequently decreased. 5. The effects of changing the external chloride content, and of adding GABA and picrotoxin support the hypothesis that the inhibitory impulses increased the myocardium permeability to CL-. 6. On the basis of these findings it is assumed that cardio-inhibitory fibres act on both cardiac ganglion and myocardium. 7. Comparisons are established between the wood-louse's heart and the skeletal or heart muscle of some arthropods. The functional significance of peripheral inhibition is further discussed in relation to the nature of the spontaneous electrical responses and to contraction.", "contents": "Neural regulation of the heart muscle in an isopod crustacean: acceleration and peripheral inhibition. 1. In the neurogenic heart of the isopod crustacean Porcellio dilatatus, repetitive electrical stimulation of the cardiac nerves elicted either cardio-acceleratory or cardio-inhibitory effects depending on the stimulation parameters. 2. Acceleratory effects were accompanied by a decrease of membrane potential and by changes in the contour of the spontaneous electrical responses: increase in the speed of the rising phase and enhancement of the plateau phase. 3. Inhibitory stimulation acted on rhytjmicity and/or contour of spontaneous responses. At stimulation pulse frequencies beyond 25/s a hyperpolarization appeared after the cessation of the inhibitory train. 4. Inhibitory stimulation elicted IJPs in the myocardium. Their reversal potential was found to be close to the value of the resting membrane potential. During inhibitory stimulation, the membrane resistance of the heart muscle was frequently decreased. 5. The effects of changing the external chloride content, and of adding GABA and picrotoxin support the hypothesis that the inhibitory impulses increased the myocardium permeability to CL-. 6. On the basis of these findings it is assumed that cardio-inhibitory fibres act on both cardiac ganglion and myocardium. 7. Comparisons are established between the wood-louse's heart and the skeletal or heart muscle of some arthropods. The functional significance of peripheral inhibition is further discussed in relation to the nature of the spontaneous electrical responses and to contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:932623", "title": "The unreliability of mammalian glomerular markers in teleostean renal studies.", "content": "1. The assumption that (3H) methoxy inulin, (14C) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (125) iothalamate (glofil) are reliable volume and glomerular markers in teleosts was tested. 2. PEG occupied smaller volumes than inulin and glofil in sea-water-adapted Salmo gairdneri. Ureteral clearances of PEG were about 22% higher than those of inulin and glofil, and urine-to-plasma ratios were significantly greater for PEG than for the other two markers. 3. After introduction into the urinary bladder the three macro-molecules appeared in the plasma, PEG at the lowest rates. 4. These observations indicate that mammalian glomerular markers can penetrate the bladder and possibly the ureters and renal tubules. Therefore, their clearances may not give a true measure of glomerular filtration rates in teleosts.", "contents": "The unreliability of mammalian glomerular markers in teleostean renal studies. 1. The assumption that (3H) methoxy inulin, (14C) polyethylene glycol (PEG) and (125) iothalamate (glofil) are reliable volume and glomerular markers in teleosts was tested. 2. PEG occupied smaller volumes than inulin and glofil in sea-water-adapted Salmo gairdneri. Ureteral clearances of PEG were about 22% higher than those of inulin and glofil, and urine-to-plasma ratios were significantly greater for PEG than for the other two markers. 3. After introduction into the urinary bladder the three macro-molecules appeared in the plasma, PEG at the lowest rates. 4. These observations indicate that mammalian glomerular markers can penetrate the bladder and possibly the ureters and renal tubules. Therefore, their clearances may not give a true measure of glomerular filtration rates in teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:932624", "title": "A method for recording the respiratory and hatching movements of the chick embryo.", "content": "1. An artificial air space was made in the narrow end of the pipped egg by separating the shell membranes from the shell. The respiratory and hatching movements of the embryo set up pressure changes within the artificial air space and these were recorded up until the moment when the chick emerged from the shell. 3. Random movements appeared to be inhibited during the period of hatching. 4. The ways in which the presence of the artificial air space might affect the embryo have been discussed.", "contents": "A method for recording the respiratory and hatching movements of the chick embryo. 1. An artificial air space was made in the narrow end of the pipped egg by separating the shell membranes from the shell. The respiratory and hatching movements of the embryo set up pressure changes within the artificial air space and these were recorded up until the moment when the chick emerged from the shell. 3. Random movements appeared to be inhibited during the period of hatching. 4. The ways in which the presence of the artificial air space might affect the embryo have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932625", "title": "Analysis of burst activity of the buccal ganglion of Aplysia depilans.", "content": "1. Certain nonlinear properties of molluscan neurones suggest that network activity could be described in relation to nonlinear relaxation oscillators. 2. A specific example is fitted by the Van der Pol equation with an exponentially decaying damping coefficient, and changes in the associated energy and sensitivity are considered. 3. More precise details of the interaction pattern determined by analysis of a single cycle of burst activity, and it is shown that there are two states of activity, depending on the balance of presumed inhibitory components. 4. Previous results are discussed in relation to an overall decaying oscillation. 5. Changes in subcomponents of a cycle are described for decaying sequences and the constancy of synaptic interaction is demonstrated. The results are briefly discussed in relation to catastrophe theory and learning.", "contents": "Analysis of burst activity of the buccal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. 1. Certain nonlinear properties of molluscan neurones suggest that network activity could be described in relation to nonlinear relaxation oscillators. 2. A specific example is fitted by the Van der Pol equation with an exponentially decaying damping coefficient, and changes in the associated energy and sensitivity are considered. 3. More precise details of the interaction pattern determined by analysis of a single cycle of burst activity, and it is shown that there are two states of activity, depending on the balance of presumed inhibitory components. 4. Previous results are discussed in relation to an overall decaying oscillation. 5. Changes in subcomponents of a cycle are described for decaying sequences and the constancy of synaptic interaction is demonstrated. The results are briefly discussed in relation to catastrophe theory and learning."}
{"id": "PMID:932626", "title": "Activities of antennal and ocellar interneurones in the protocerebrum of the honey-bee.", "content": "1. Unit responses to olfactory and mechanical stimuli of the antennae, and illumination of the ocelli, were recorded extracellularly in the protocerebrum of the honey-bee. 2. Bimodal units responded both to antennal and to ocellar stimuli; antennal units responded to the former and the ocellar units to the latter. Some antennal units responded to olfactory stimuli (olfactory units), and others responded to mechanical stimuli (mechanical units). 3. Ocellar units in the brain showed phasic responses at the start and/or cessation of illumination. Six types of responses were found. 4. About two-thirds of the bimodal units showed the same type of response to stimulation of the antennae as to stimulation of the ocelli. Most of them showed excitation by each stimulus. 5. Bimodal units were distributed around the alpha-lobe in the protocerebral lobe, whereas the antennal and the ocellar units were widely distributed.  6. By turning off the ocellar illumination, background discharge frequency, and the pattern and magnitude of responses to antennal stimuli, were changed. The activities of the ocellar units were altered by inputs from the antenna. 7. It was postulated that antennal and ocellar inputs converge and interact with each other in the protocerebral lobe of the honey-bee.", "contents": "Activities of antennal and ocellar interneurones in the protocerebrum of the honey-bee. 1. Unit responses to olfactory and mechanical stimuli of the antennae, and illumination of the ocelli, were recorded extracellularly in the protocerebrum of the honey-bee. 2. Bimodal units responded both to antennal and to ocellar stimuli; antennal units responded to the former and the ocellar units to the latter. Some antennal units responded to olfactory stimuli (olfactory units), and others responded to mechanical stimuli (mechanical units). 3. Ocellar units in the brain showed phasic responses at the start and/or cessation of illumination. Six types of responses were found. 4. About two-thirds of the bimodal units showed the same type of response to stimulation of the antennae as to stimulation of the ocelli. Most of them showed excitation by each stimulus. 5. Bimodal units were distributed around the alpha-lobe in the protocerebral lobe, whereas the antennal and the ocellar units were widely distributed.  6. By turning off the ocellar illumination, background discharge frequency, and the pattern and magnitude of responses to antennal stimuli, were changed. The activities of the ocellar units were altered by inputs from the antenna. 7. It was postulated that antennal and ocellar inputs converge and interact with each other in the protocerebral lobe of the honey-bee."}
{"id": "PMID:932627", "title": "Morphometric study of trout gills: a light-microscopic method suitable for the evaluation of pollutant action.", "content": "1. Methods are described for the morphometric estimation of parameters of the gill system of trout which are relevant to its function in gas exchange. The methods have been used with 1 mum sections viewed under the light microscope. 2. In particular the diffusion distances between water and blood are measured, which together with determinations of gill area, provide figures for the morphometrically estimated diffusing capacity. 3. The methods have been used to compare the diffusing capacity of gills from control fish and those treated in polluted waters. The concept of relative diffusing capacity (Drel) is introduced which enables comparisons to be made without the need to determine the absolute diffusing capacity. 4. Quantitative estimation of changes in relative volumes and surface areas of components of the secondary lamellae were determined, and employed to explain the possible anatomical causes of changes in Drel. 5. It is suggested that these methods can be of value in the comparison of the gills of fish treated in different waters.", "contents": "Morphometric study of trout gills: a light-microscopic method suitable for the evaluation of pollutant action. 1. Methods are described for the morphometric estimation of parameters of the gill system of trout which are relevant to its function in gas exchange. The methods have been used with 1 mum sections viewed under the light microscope. 2. In particular the diffusion distances between water and blood are measured, which together with determinations of gill area, provide figures for the morphometrically estimated diffusing capacity. 3. The methods have been used to compare the diffusing capacity of gills from control fish and those treated in polluted waters. The concept of relative diffusing capacity (Drel) is introduced which enables comparisons to be made without the need to determine the absolute diffusing capacity. 4. Quantitative estimation of changes in relative volumes and surface areas of components of the secondary lamellae were determined, and employed to explain the possible anatomical causes of changes in Drel. 5. It is suggested that these methods can be of value in the comparison of the gills of fish treated in different waters."}
{"id": "PMID:932628", "title": "The effects of transecting the IXth and Xth cranial nerves on hydromineral balance in the eel Anguilla anguilla.", "content": "The IXth and the Xth cranial nerves in Anguilla anguilla were transected, and the effects upon ion and water balance were studied in fresh water and sea water, and during transfer from fresh water and vice versa. In fresh water there is a slow demineralization due to an excess loss of Na and Cl ions. During freshwater to seawater transfer the eel survives only for 4-5 days. The fish do not drink and Na efflux does not increase enough to extrude excess ions. In sea water the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are necessary for the maintenance of the hydromineral balance. Denervation is followed by an increase in plasma ion concentrations. Na fluxes are not modified and increased water loss is not compensated by drinking. The rapid reduction of Na efflux during transfer from sea water to fresh water is not modified by denervation.", "contents": "The effects of transecting the IXth and Xth cranial nerves on hydromineral balance in the eel Anguilla anguilla. The IXth and the Xth cranial nerves in Anguilla anguilla were transected, and the effects upon ion and water balance were studied in fresh water and sea water, and during transfer from fresh water and vice versa. In fresh water there is a slow demineralization due to an excess loss of Na and Cl ions. During freshwater to seawater transfer the eel survives only for 4-5 days. The fish do not drink and Na efflux does not increase enough to extrude excess ions. In sea water the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves are necessary for the maintenance of the hydromineral balance. Denervation is followed by an increase in plasma ion concentrations. Na fluxes are not modified and increased water loss is not compensated by drinking. The rapid reduction of Na efflux during transfer from sea water to fresh water is not modified by denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:932629", "title": "The different actions of chloride and potassium on postsynaptic inhibition of an isolated neurone.", "content": "Isolated  stretch receptor neurones from freshwater crayfish were examined in solutions containing different concentrations of chloride and potassium. In normal solution the inhibitory reversal potential (Eipsp) of this preparation was strictly negative with respect to the resting potential and even to the reversal potential of spike after-hyperpolarization. The time courses of resting potential and Eipsp following rapid solution change suggest that the current generating the IPSP is mainly carried by chloride ions and that the participation of potassium is very small. This has also been confirmed by the calculated conductances of the activated inhibitory membrane in the different solutions. The results add further evidence for an outwardly directed pumping of chloride ions which keeps the intracellular concentration of this anion at the low level necessary for hyperpolarizing inhibition.", "contents": "The different actions of chloride and potassium on postsynaptic inhibition of an isolated neurone. Isolated  stretch receptor neurones from freshwater crayfish were examined in solutions containing different concentrations of chloride and potassium. In normal solution the inhibitory reversal potential (Eipsp) of this preparation was strictly negative with respect to the resting potential and even to the reversal potential of spike after-hyperpolarization. The time courses of resting potential and Eipsp following rapid solution change suggest that the current generating the IPSP is mainly carried by chloride ions and that the participation of potassium is very small. This has also been confirmed by the calculated conductances of the activated inhibitory membrane in the different solutions. The results add further evidence for an outwardly directed pumping of chloride ions which keeps the intracellular concentration of this anion at the low level necessary for hyperpolarizing inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:932630", "title": "The series elastic component and the force-velocity relation in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis during active and catch contractions.", "content": "1. The length changes of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis, following step changes in load, were studied at various phases of active and catch contractions produced by acetylcholine. 2. The load-extension curves of the series elastic component (SEC) were found to be scaled down in proportion to the isometric tension immediately before step changes in load, but remain unchanged irrespective of whether the ABRM was in active or in catch contraction. 3. In hypertonic solutions the compliance of the SEC was reduced in the same manner as that of the SEC in frog skeletal muscle. 4. These results seem to favour the linkage hypothesis for the catch mechanism, though the SEC in the ABRM is suggested to be composed not only of the cross-linkages, but also of the compliance of the myofilaments.", "contents": "The series elastic component and the force-velocity relation in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis during active and catch contractions. 1. The length changes of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis, following step changes in load, were studied at various phases of active and catch contractions produced by acetylcholine. 2. The load-extension curves of the series elastic component (SEC) were found to be scaled down in proportion to the isometric tension immediately before step changes in load, but remain unchanged irrespective of whether the ABRM was in active or in catch contraction. 3. In hypertonic solutions the compliance of the SEC was reduced in the same manner as that of the SEC in frog skeletal muscle. 4. These results seem to favour the linkage hypothesis for the catch mechanism, though the SEC in the ABRM is suggested to be composed not only of the cross-linkages, but also of the compliance of the myofilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:932631", "title": "Flight energetics of sphinx moths: power input during hovering flight.", "content": "The energetic cost of hovering flight was measured in sphinx moths from five species. Mean power input per unit mass (Pi/M) varied from 237-2 W kg-1 in Manduca sexta (Subfamily:Sphinginae), mean body mass 1-2 X 10(-3) kg, to 327-9 W kg-1 in Deilephila elpenor (Subfamily: Macroglossinae) mean body mass 7-3 X 10(-4) kg. Mean Pi/M for the five species was inversely proportional to mean body mass and directly proportional to mean wing loading. For any given body mass, Pi/M was greater in Hyles lineata than in M. sexta. This difference is correlated with higher wing loading at any given mass in H. lineata. Energy expenditure per unit mass of thorax was 1018 W kg-1 in H. lineata and 694 W kg-1 in M. sexta. Within each of these species, Pi per unit mass of thorax does not vary with body mass. Power input data are compared with calculated power requirements based on momentum theory and blade-element theory of helicopter aerodynamics. Absolute efficiency, the ratio between calculated power requirements and measured energy expenditure, appears to vary directly with body mass. These data provide an energetic basis for observed correlates between thoracic temperature and flight effort in flying sphinx moths.", "contents": "Flight energetics of sphinx moths: power input during hovering flight. The energetic cost of hovering flight was measured in sphinx moths from five species. Mean power input per unit mass (Pi/M) varied from 237-2 W kg-1 in Manduca sexta (Subfamily:Sphinginae), mean body mass 1-2 X 10(-3) kg, to 327-9 W kg-1 in Deilephila elpenor (Subfamily: Macroglossinae) mean body mass 7-3 X 10(-4) kg. Mean Pi/M for the five species was inversely proportional to mean body mass and directly proportional to mean wing loading. For any given body mass, Pi/M was greater in Hyles lineata than in M. sexta. This difference is correlated with higher wing loading at any given mass in H. lineata. Energy expenditure per unit mass of thorax was 1018 W kg-1 in H. lineata and 694 W kg-1 in M. sexta. Within each of these species, Pi per unit mass of thorax does not vary with body mass. Power input data are compared with calculated power requirements based on momentum theory and blade-element theory of helicopter aerodynamics. Absolute efficiency, the ratio between calculated power requirements and measured energy expenditure, appears to vary directly with body mass. These data provide an energetic basis for observed correlates between thoracic temperature and flight effort in flying sphinx moths."}
{"id": "PMID:932632", "title": "Flight energetics in sphinx moths: heat production and heat loss in Hyles lineata during free flight.", "content": "1. Mean thoracic temperature of free-flying H. lineata in the field and in the laboratory increased from about 40 degrees C at Ta=16 degrees C to 42-5 degrees C at Ta=32 degrees C. At a given Ta, thoracic temperature was independent of body weight and weakly correlated with wing loading. 2. The difference between abdominal temperature and air temperature increased from 2 degrees C at low Ta to 4-2 degrees C at high Ta. At a given Ta, the difference between Tab and Ta was positively correlated with thoracic temperature. 3. Oxygen consumption per unit weight did not appear to vary with Ta from 15 to 30 degrees C and was inversely proportional to body weight. 4. Thermal conductance of the abdomen (Cab) was greater than thermal conductance of the thorax (Cth) in still air and at wind velocities up to 2-5 m/s. In moving air at speeds approximating flight, Cth was twice as high as in still air. Under the same conditions Cab was 3-4 times as high as in still air. 5. Thoracic and abdominal conductance are inversely proportional to their respective weights. 6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that thoracic temperature is controlled by regulation of heat loss. However, a heat budget derived from these data suggests that heat dissipation may not be sufficient to offset the decrease in passive cooling of the thorax at high ambient temperatures.", "contents": "Flight energetics in sphinx moths: heat production and heat loss in Hyles lineata during free flight. 1. Mean thoracic temperature of free-flying H. lineata in the field and in the laboratory increased from about 40 degrees C at Ta=16 degrees C to 42-5 degrees C at Ta=32 degrees C. At a given Ta, thoracic temperature was independent of body weight and weakly correlated with wing loading. 2. The difference between abdominal temperature and air temperature increased from 2 degrees C at low Ta to 4-2 degrees C at high Ta. At a given Ta, the difference between Tab and Ta was positively correlated with thoracic temperature. 3. Oxygen consumption per unit weight did not appear to vary with Ta from 15 to 30 degrees C and was inversely proportional to body weight. 4. Thermal conductance of the abdomen (Cab) was greater than thermal conductance of the thorax (Cth) in still air and at wind velocities up to 2-5 m/s. In moving air at speeds approximating flight, Cth was twice as high as in still air. Under the same conditions Cab was 3-4 times as high as in still air. 5. Thoracic and abdominal conductance are inversely proportional to their respective weights. 6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that thoracic temperature is controlled by regulation of heat loss. However, a heat budget derived from these data suggests that heat dissipation may not be sufficient to offset the decrease in passive cooling of the thorax at high ambient temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:932633", "title": "Osmotic and ionic regulation in different populations of the new zealand freshwater crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus.", "content": "1. Some features of the osmoregulatory mechanism are compared in four populations of Paranephrops zeal andicus White collected form freshwaters of different ionic concentrations. 2. Crayfish from freshwaters of ca, 2-0 mM-NaCl concentration show a sustained decrease in blood concentration of ca. 8% when placed in 0-2 mM-NaCl. 3. Populations from freshwaters of ca. 0-2-0-4 mM-NaCl show lower rates of net salt loss in distilled water and higher rates of net salt uptake form dilute NaCl solutions than do populations from freshwaters of ca. 0-8-2-0 mM-NaCl. 4. Renal salt losses over the first 24 h in distilled water account for ca. 18% of the total salt loss. 5. It is suggested that P. zealandicus from environments of lowest concentration shows a similar degree of adaptation to freshwater as do crayfish of the northern hemisphere. It differs in possessing a substantially higher blood concentration.", "contents": "Osmotic and ionic regulation in different populations of the new zealand freshwater crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus. 1. Some features of the osmoregulatory mechanism are compared in four populations of Paranephrops zeal andicus White collected form freshwaters of different ionic concentrations. 2. Crayfish from freshwaters of ca, 2-0 mM-NaCl concentration show a sustained decrease in blood concentration of ca. 8% when placed in 0-2 mM-NaCl. 3. Populations from freshwaters of ca. 0-2-0-4 mM-NaCl show lower rates of net salt loss in distilled water and higher rates of net salt uptake form dilute NaCl solutions than do populations from freshwaters of ca. 0-8-2-0 mM-NaCl. 4. Renal salt losses over the first 24 h in distilled water account for ca. 18% of the total salt loss. 5. It is suggested that P. zealandicus from environments of lowest concentration shows a similar degree of adaptation to freshwater as do crayfish of the northern hemisphere. It differs in possessing a substantially higher blood concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:932634", "title": "Elastic energy storage in primary feather shafts.", "content": "It is proposed that the kinetic energy of a pigeon's wing, in hovering or slow forward flight, is transferred to the air at the end of the downstroke by a mechanism involving temporary storage of additional energy in bent primary feather shafts. Estimates of the amounts of energy which can be stored and recovered in this way are compared with the requirements of the theory. The hypothesis is not rejected, as far as present evidence goes. If is is correct, high-velocity pulses of calculable magnitude should be detectable in the wake.", "contents": "Elastic energy storage in primary feather shafts. It is proposed that the kinetic energy of a pigeon's wing, in hovering or slow forward flight, is transferred to the air at the end of the downstroke by a mechanism involving temporary storage of additional energy in bent primary feather shafts. Estimates of the amounts of energy which can be stored and recovered in this way are compared with the requirements of the theory. The hypothesis is not rejected, as far as present evidence goes. If is is correct, high-velocity pulses of calculable magnitude should be detectable in the wake."}
{"id": "PMID:932635", "title": "Electrical activity of the proventriculus of the polychaete worm Syllis spongiphila.", "content": "The straited myoepithelial cells of the proventriculus of Syllis spongiphila are composed of only one or two sarcomeres that may reach 40 mum in length. Experiments were performed to study some of their electrophysiological properties and their synaptic control. The mean resting potentials recorded in two different bathing media were 59-1 +/- 5-5 mV (S.D., n=91) and 62-5 +/- 6-3 mV (S.D., n=98). At rest the membrane potential is determined largely by permeability of the membrane to K+ ions, but the membrane is also permeable to other ions. On a semilogarithmic plot of membrane potential v. [K]o the mean slope of the data points from 9 to 90 mM-[K]o was 48 +/- 3 mV for a 10-fold change in [K]o. The anterior end of the animal was stimulated with a suction electrode to elicit activity of nerve fibres that innervate the proventriculus. Single indirect stimuli usually evoked hyperpolarizing or biphasic responses, and occasionally depolarizing responses, from the myoepithelial cells. The depolarizing synaptic potentials exhibited a faster time course than the hyperpolarizing ones. The rise time to peak ranged from 20 to 35 ms for simple depolarizations (n=32) and 25-75 ms for simple hyperpolarizations (n=103). Time to decay to half amplitude ranged from 20 to 55 ms for depolarizations (n=29) and 62-135 ms for hyperpolarizations (n=87). Low frequency (is less than or equal to 4 Hz) trains of indirectly applied stimuli elicited mainly hyperpolarizing responses; higher frequency (5-40 Hz) trains elicited complex responses composed of hyperpolarizations and depolarizations. Hyperpolarizations were selectively and reversibly abolished in chloride-free solutions. The reversal potential of the hyperpolarizing synaptic potential was -104 +/- 3 mV (S.D., n=8, 2 preparations). In calcium-free solution both hyperpolarizations and depolarizations were almost completely abolished. 4 mM-Mn2+ added to the bath almost completely abolished the depolarization but not the hyperpolarization. It was not clear whether Mn2+ acted at the presynaptic membrane, the postsynaptic membrane or both. The myoepithelial cells are electrically coupled. The mean space constant of five preparations was 0-52 mm (range 0-40-0-66 mm).", "contents": "Electrical activity of the proventriculus of the polychaete worm Syllis spongiphila. The straited myoepithelial cells of the proventriculus of Syllis spongiphila are composed of only one or two sarcomeres that may reach 40 mum in length. Experiments were performed to study some of their electrophysiological properties and their synaptic control. The mean resting potentials recorded in two different bathing media were 59-1 +/- 5-5 mV (S.D., n=91) and 62-5 +/- 6-3 mV (S.D., n=98). At rest the membrane potential is determined largely by permeability of the membrane to K+ ions, but the membrane is also permeable to other ions. On a semilogarithmic plot of membrane potential v. [K]o the mean slope of the data points from 9 to 90 mM-[K]o was 48 +/- 3 mV for a 10-fold change in [K]o. The anterior end of the animal was stimulated with a suction electrode to elicit activity of nerve fibres that innervate the proventriculus. Single indirect stimuli usually evoked hyperpolarizing or biphasic responses, and occasionally depolarizing responses, from the myoepithelial cells. The depolarizing synaptic potentials exhibited a faster time course than the hyperpolarizing ones. The rise time to peak ranged from 20 to 35 ms for simple depolarizations (n=32) and 25-75 ms for simple hyperpolarizations (n=103). Time to decay to half amplitude ranged from 20 to 55 ms for depolarizations (n=29) and 62-135 ms for hyperpolarizations (n=87). Low frequency (is less than or equal to 4 Hz) trains of indirectly applied stimuli elicited mainly hyperpolarizing responses; higher frequency (5-40 Hz) trains elicited complex responses composed of hyperpolarizations and depolarizations. Hyperpolarizations were selectively and reversibly abolished in chloride-free solutions. The reversal potential of the hyperpolarizing synaptic potential was -104 +/- 3 mV (S.D., n=8, 2 preparations). In calcium-free solution both hyperpolarizations and depolarizations were almost completely abolished. 4 mM-Mn2+ added to the bath almost completely abolished the depolarization but not the hyperpolarization. It was not clear whether Mn2+ acted at the presynaptic membrane, the postsynaptic membrane or both. The myoepithelial cells are electrically coupled. The mean space constant of five preparations was 0-52 mm (range 0-40-0-66 mm)."}
{"id": "PMID:932636", "title": "The cardiac responses to shell opening and closure in the bivalve Arctica islandica (L.).", "content": "Shell closure in Arctica islandica is followed by an exponential decrease in the oxygen tension of the mantle cavity water and is accompanied by an initial increase in heart rate which is followed at lower oxygen tensions by a bradycardia. Prior to shell opening there is a slight increase in heart rate before any movement of the shell valves can be detected. However, once the shell opens and pumping activity recommences there is a rapid increase in heart rate, often to levels above normal. Perfusion of the mantle cavity with water of high and low oxygen tension resulted in the cardiac responses normally associated with shell opening and closure. Recordings of the PO2 of the blood in the ventricle, made simultaneously with cardiac recordings, showed that the changes in heart rate were recorded only after the PO2 of the blood had changed. These experiments suggest that changes in the PO2 of the mantle cavity water may be primarily responsible for the cardiac responses to shell closure in Arctica.", "contents": "The cardiac responses to shell opening and closure in the bivalve Arctica islandica (L.). Shell closure in Arctica islandica is followed by an exponential decrease in the oxygen tension of the mantle cavity water and is accompanied by an initial increase in heart rate which is followed at lower oxygen tensions by a bradycardia. Prior to shell opening there is a slight increase in heart rate before any movement of the shell valves can be detected. However, once the shell opens and pumping activity recommences there is a rapid increase in heart rate, often to levels above normal. Perfusion of the mantle cavity with water of high and low oxygen tension resulted in the cardiac responses normally associated with shell opening and closure. Recordings of the PO2 of the blood in the ventricle, made simultaneously with cardiac recordings, showed that the changes in heart rate were recorded only after the PO2 of the blood had changed. These experiments suggest that changes in the PO2 of the mantle cavity water may be primarily responsible for the cardiac responses to shell closure in Arctica."}
{"id": "PMID:932637", "title": "Anatomy and development of the somatic musculature of the nematode Ascaris.", "content": "The musculature of the nematode Ascaris has been studied by the examination of serial sections by light and electron microscopy. The muscle cells of nematodes are unusual in that they send branches to the neurones in contrast to the more usual situation in other animals where neurones send processes to the muscles. The neuromuscular synapses are made at the ends of the arms. Muscle cells receive multiple innervations and perform integration of the combined inputs. The action potentials are initiated near the ends of the arms so each arm acts as an integrative centre. It is shown that it is common for a muscle cell to have several arms, raising the possibility that each arm may integrate different combinations of neuronal inputs. In the second larval stage the total number of muscle cells is 83. The adult has approximately 5 X 10(4) muscle cells. The very striking increase in cell numbers of the musculature is not matched by a corresponding increase in the number of cells in the nervous system. A model for the way in which a small number of neurones can co-ordinate the activity of an increasing population of muscle cells is presented.", "contents": "Anatomy and development of the somatic musculature of the nematode Ascaris. The musculature of the nematode Ascaris has been studied by the examination of serial sections by light and electron microscopy. The muscle cells of nematodes are unusual in that they send branches to the neurones in contrast to the more usual situation in other animals where neurones send processes to the muscles. The neuromuscular synapses are made at the ends of the arms. Muscle cells receive multiple innervations and perform integration of the combined inputs. The action potentials are initiated near the ends of the arms so each arm acts as an integrative centre. It is shown that it is common for a muscle cell to have several arms, raising the possibility that each arm may integrate different combinations of neuronal inputs. In the second larval stage the total number of muscle cells is 83. The adult has approximately 5 X 10(4) muscle cells. The very striking increase in cell numbers of the musculature is not matched by a corresponding increase in the number of cells in the nervous system. A model for the way in which a small number of neurones can co-ordinate the activity of an increasing population of muscle cells is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:932638", "title": "The effect of caffeine on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal and smooth muscle.", "content": "1. For cockroach skeletal muscle, 2 mM caffeine considerably lowered the mechanical threshold without affecting the membrane potential. Constractures were induced by 8-10 mM caffeine. 2. In rat ileal smooth muscle, 1-10 mM caffeine inhibited spontaneous contractile behaviour, abolished spike activity and reduced KCl-induced contracture tension. 3. Enhanced spike activity associated with the KCl-induced phasic contraction was abolished by caffeine, the degree of caffeine-induced relaxation being proportional to the concentration employed. These relaxations were not accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization. 4. The present results accord with previous work which has shown that caffeine increases myoplasmic free calcium in the skeletal muscle and lowers it in the smooth muscle. It is suggested that caffiene releases bound calcium in the former muscle and promotes binding in the latter. 5. It is further suggested that in the smooth muscle caffeine may reduce the membrane permeability to calcium.", "contents": "The effect of caffeine on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal and smooth muscle. 1. For cockroach skeletal muscle, 2 mM caffeine considerably lowered the mechanical threshold without affecting the membrane potential. Constractures were induced by 8-10 mM caffeine. 2. In rat ileal smooth muscle, 1-10 mM caffeine inhibited spontaneous contractile behaviour, abolished spike activity and reduced KCl-induced contracture tension. 3. Enhanced spike activity associated with the KCl-induced phasic contraction was abolished by caffeine, the degree of caffeine-induced relaxation being proportional to the concentration employed. These relaxations were not accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization. 4. The present results accord with previous work which has shown that caffeine increases myoplasmic free calcium in the skeletal muscle and lowers it in the smooth muscle. It is suggested that caffiene releases bound calcium in the former muscle and promotes binding in the latter. 5. It is further suggested that in the smooth muscle caffeine may reduce the membrane permeability to calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:932639", "title": "Immunologic characterization of the membrane-bound collagen in normal human fibroblasts: identification of a distinct membrane collagen.", "content": "Collagen, the major extracellular matrix protein, is also a membrane protein. Two types of collagen are detected on the normal human fibroblast membrane in culture, type I collagen and a new immunologically and chemically distinct collagen, type M (membrane) collagen. Antibodies to type M collagen elicited complement-mediated cytotoxicity, which could be blocked by pretreatment of the cells with bacterial collagenase or the antibody with type M collagen. Pretreatment of the cells with other proteolytic enzymes or the antibody with type I collagen or type III collagen had no effect on this complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Although type I collagen is the major collagen synthesized by normal human fibroblasts type M collagen may be the major cell membrane collagen and may be a major cell membrane component.", "contents": "Immunologic characterization of the membrane-bound collagen in normal human fibroblasts: identification of a distinct membrane collagen. Collagen, the major extracellular matrix protein, is also a membrane protein. Two types of collagen are detected on the normal human fibroblast membrane in culture, type I collagen and a new immunologically and chemically distinct collagen, type M (membrane) collagen. Antibodies to type M collagen elicited complement-mediated cytotoxicity, which could be blocked by pretreatment of the cells with bacterial collagenase or the antibody with type M collagen. Pretreatment of the cells with other proteolytic enzymes or the antibody with type I collagen or type III collagen had no effect on this complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Although type I collagen is the major collagen synthesized by normal human fibroblasts type M collagen may be the major cell membrane collagen and may be a major cell membrane component."}
{"id": "PMID:932640", "title": "Variation and control of specific antigen-binding cell populations in individual fetal mice.", "content": "To determine the extent and nature of individual variation in the development of specific antigen-binding cells, the numbers of cells specific for each of two antigens in the spleens of individual random-bred Swiss-L and inbred CBA/J and BALB/c fetal mice were measured as a function of spleen size. For Swiss-L fetuses, the ratio of antigen-binding cells to nucleateated cells varied more than would arise from sampling fluctuation. For each inbred strain, however, the number of cells specific for a given antigen was a constant proportion of the total number of nucleated cells within sampling error. These proportions varied from antigen to antigen, and from strain to strain. The ratio of the proportions of cells specific for the two antigens, however, differed no more from CBA/J to BALB/c mice than would be expected in repeated samples of cells from the spleen of a single fetus. These results confirm at the level of the individual fetus the uniform pattern of development seen for populations of fetuses. They reveal a surprising precision in the proliferation of specific antigen-binding cell populations and suggest that the development of these cells may be subject to strong genetic controls.", "contents": "Variation and control of specific antigen-binding cell populations in individual fetal mice. To determine the extent and nature of individual variation in the development of specific antigen-binding cells, the numbers of cells specific for each of two antigens in the spleens of individual random-bred Swiss-L and inbred CBA/J and BALB/c fetal mice were measured as a function of spleen size. For Swiss-L fetuses, the ratio of antigen-binding cells to nucleateated cells varied more than would arise from sampling fluctuation. For each inbred strain, however, the number of cells specific for a given antigen was a constant proportion of the total number of nucleated cells within sampling error. These proportions varied from antigen to antigen, and from strain to strain. The ratio of the proportions of cells specific for the two antigens, however, differed no more from CBA/J to BALB/c mice than would be expected in repeated samples of cells from the spleen of a single fetus. These results confirm at the level of the individual fetus the uniform pattern of development seen for populations of fetuses. They reveal a surprising precision in the proliferation of specific antigen-binding cell populations and suggest that the development of these cells may be subject to strong genetic controls."}
{"id": "PMID:932641", "title": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. III. Mapping of H-2 complex complementing genes controlling immune suppression by the random copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT).", "content": "Earlier studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrpsine (GAT) stimulated the development of T cells capable of specifically suppressing the antibody responses in vivo and in vitro of nonresponder strains (bearing the H-2(s), H-2(q), and H-2(p) haplotypes) to GAT complexed with an immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin, MBSA (1,2). We then extended these findings to another antigen, the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT). None of 19 inbred or congenic resistant mouse strains developed antibody responses to GT after immunization with this synthetic polypeptide in adjuvants. All the strains investigated, however, developed IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) primary responses to GT complexed with MBSA (3). This permitted us to determine that: (a) preimmunization with GT suppressed the response to GT-MBSA in certain but not in all strains; (b) the suppression could be transferred by thymocytes and spleen cells from GT-primed animals; (c) the development of GT-specific suppressor cells is under dominant control of H-2- linked gene(s) which have been designated specific immune suppressor genes (Is genes); (d) the Is genes are antigen specific since GAT-MBSA responses are suppressed by GAT in strains carrying the H-2(q) haplotype, while GT-MBSA responses are not suppressed by the related polymer GT in these same strains (3,4). The experiments reported in this study map the Is genes responsible for GT-specific suppression within the H-2 complex. The data indicate that the K and D loci are not concerned with GT-specific suppression, and that this phenomenon is controlled by complementing or interacting genes which map on either side of cross-over events between the IB and IC subregions.", "contents": "Genetic control of specific immune suppression. III. Mapping of H-2 complex complementing genes controlling immune suppression by the random copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). Earlier studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the terpolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, and L-tyrpsine (GAT) stimulated the development of T cells capable of specifically suppressing the antibody responses in vivo and in vitro of nonresponder strains (bearing the H-2(s), H-2(q), and H-2(p) haplotypes) to GAT complexed with an immunogenic carrier, methylated bovine serum albumin, MBSA (1,2). We then extended these findings to another antigen, the copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT). None of 19 inbred or congenic resistant mouse strains developed antibody responses to GT after immunization with this synthetic polypeptide in adjuvants. All the strains investigated, however, developed IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) primary responses to GT complexed with MBSA (3). This permitted us to determine that: (a) preimmunization with GT suppressed the response to GT-MBSA in certain but not in all strains; (b) the suppression could be transferred by thymocytes and spleen cells from GT-primed animals; (c) the development of GT-specific suppressor cells is under dominant control of H-2- linked gene(s) which have been designated specific immune suppressor genes (Is genes); (d) the Is genes are antigen specific since GAT-MBSA responses are suppressed by GAT in strains carrying the H-2(q) haplotype, while GT-MBSA responses are not suppressed by the related polymer GT in these same strains (3,4). The experiments reported in this study map the Is genes responsible for GT-specific suppression within the H-2 complex. The data indicate that the K and D loci are not concerned with GT-specific suppression, and that this phenomenon is controlled by complementing or interacting genes which map on either side of cross-over events between the IB and IC subregions."}
{"id": "PMID:932642", "title": "[Clinical-chemical diagnosis of poisoning].", "content": "There is a disparity between the number of reported cases of poisoning and the number of chemical analyses performed for the identification and quantitative determination of a particular poison. The aim of the workshop conference was to clarify the extent to which different clinics possess or require the necessary facilities for the investigation of poisons. The following summary of 16 lectures and accompanying discussion puts into perspective the present state of clinical toxicological analysis. Guide lines for the further development of clinical-toxicological analysis are formulated in the final discussion, where a plan is proposed for the incorporation of toxicological analysis into clinical chemistry.", "contents": "[Clinical-chemical diagnosis of poisoning]. There is a disparity between the number of reported cases of poisoning and the number of chemical analyses performed for the identification and quantitative determination of a particular poison. The aim of the workshop conference was to clarify the extent to which different clinics possess or require the necessary facilities for the investigation of poisons. The following summary of 16 lectures and accompanying discussion puts into perspective the present state of clinical toxicological analysis. Guide lines for the further development of clinical-toxicological analysis are formulated in the final discussion, where a plan is proposed for the incorporation of toxicological analysis into clinical chemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:932643", "title": "The use of aldehyde dehydrogenase to determine H2O2 -producing reactions. I. The determination of the uric acid concentration.", "content": "The sequence of reactions catalyzed by uricase, catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase for determination of the uric acid concentration was evaluated for human serum and urine samples. More than 60 substances were tested for possible interferences. Alcohol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde and homogentistic acid can disturb the proposed assay, but at concentrations which are not usually encountered in human serum or urine. In the presence of protein at least 99% of the uric acid was recovered.", "contents": "The use of aldehyde dehydrogenase to determine H2O2 -producing reactions. I. The determination of the uric acid concentration. The sequence of reactions catalyzed by uricase, catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase for determination of the uric acid concentration was evaluated for human serum and urine samples. More than 60 substances were tested for possible interferences. Alcohol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde and homogentistic acid can disturb the proposed assay, but at concentrations which are not usually encountered in human serum or urine. In the presence of protein at least 99% of the uric acid was recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:932644", "title": "[The feigned release of cell enzymes. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. I (author's transl)].", "content": "A sudden increase of enzyme activities in plasma is not necessarily due to a release of enzymes from damaged cells. Three experimental models were used to demonstrate that acute alterations of enzyme activities, as much as +/- 15%, can be caused by fluid-shifts between the intra- and extravascular compartments. Venous occlusion of the forearm by tourniquet produces an increase of the intravascular hydrostatic pressure and subsequently results in a decrease of the plasma volume distal to the tourniquet. Because enzyme molecules are not freely diffusible across the capillary membrane the enzymatic activity increases proportionally to the decrease of plasma volume. Changes in the body posture are accompanied by changes in plasma volume and similarly by alterations in the concentration of plasma-proteins and by alterations in intravascular enzyme activities. Increased enzyme activities in plasma during strenuous physical effort are due chiefly to a concentration of macromolecules within the intravascular space because of a decrease in plasma volume and not to a release of enzymes from hypoxic muscle cells. During recovery after termination of the exercise there is a second and longer lasting increase in enzyme activities in plasma which could be related to a release of enzymes from injured cells. It is suggested that some of these changes could be due to an increase in lymph flow and thereby an increasing transport of enzymes from the interstitial to the intravascular compartment.", "contents": "[The feigned release of cell enzymes. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. I (author's transl)]. A sudden increase of enzyme activities in plasma is not necessarily due to a release of enzymes from damaged cells. Three experimental models were used to demonstrate that acute alterations of enzyme activities, as much as +/- 15%, can be caused by fluid-shifts between the intra- and extravascular compartments. Venous occlusion of the forearm by tourniquet produces an increase of the intravascular hydrostatic pressure and subsequently results in a decrease of the plasma volume distal to the tourniquet. Because enzyme molecules are not freely diffusible across the capillary membrane the enzymatic activity increases proportionally to the decrease of plasma volume. Changes in the body posture are accompanied by changes in plasma volume and similarly by alterations in the concentration of plasma-proteins and by alterations in intravascular enzyme activities. Increased enzyme activities in plasma during strenuous physical effort are due chiefly to a concentration of macromolecules within the intravascular space because of a decrease in plasma volume and not to a release of enzymes from hypoxic muscle cells. During recovery after termination of the exercise there is a second and longer lasting increase in enzyme activities in plasma which could be related to a release of enzymes from injured cells. It is suggested that some of these changes could be due to an increase in lymph flow and thereby an increasing transport of enzymes from the interstitial to the intravascular compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:932645", "title": "[Cell enzymes in lymph. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. II (author's transl)].", "content": "Enzyme patterns were measured in the lymph of the thoracic duct of the dog and in the intestinal lymph of the rat. Those patterns were compared to the corresponding activities in blood plasma. From the results it is concluded that under physiological conditions cell enzymes are released into the interstitial space and from there are transported via the lymph into the intravascular space. Only enzymes with a low molecular weight such as myokinase are able to penetrate the capillary membrane, thereby reaching the plasma without being transported exclusively by the lymph. There is a close relationship between the molecular weight of enzymes and their plasma/lymph ratios. In the rat the enzyme patterns in mesenteric lymph nodes and in intestinal mucosa and muscularis (duodenum as well as ileum) were also determined. No direct correlation between those intracellular patterns and the enzyme patterns in the intestinal lymph could be established. The significance of lymph and lymph flow for clinical enzymology is discussed with respect to physiological and pathological conditions. High sensitivity of diagnosis by means of enzyme measurements in plasma can be achieved only if the capillary permeability in the injured organ is high and/or the lymph flow from the organ is not restricted by the injury.", "contents": "[Cell enzymes in lymph. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. II (author's transl)]. Enzyme patterns were measured in the lymph of the thoracic duct of the dog and in the intestinal lymph of the rat. Those patterns were compared to the corresponding activities in blood plasma. From the results it is concluded that under physiological conditions cell enzymes are released into the interstitial space and from there are transported via the lymph into the intravascular space. Only enzymes with a low molecular weight such as myokinase are able to penetrate the capillary membrane, thereby reaching the plasma without being transported exclusively by the lymph. There is a close relationship between the molecular weight of enzymes and their plasma/lymph ratios. In the rat the enzyme patterns in mesenteric lymph nodes and in intestinal mucosa and muscularis (duodenum as well as ileum) were also determined. No direct correlation between those intracellular patterns and the enzyme patterns in the intestinal lymph could be established. The significance of lymph and lymph flow for clinical enzymology is discussed with respect to physiological and pathological conditions. High sensitivity of diagnosis by means of enzyme measurements in plasma can be achieved only if the capillary permeability in the injured organ is high and/or the lymph flow from the organ is not restricted by the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:932646", "title": "[Distribution of intravenously injected enzymes of heterologous, homologous and autologous origin. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. III (author's transl)].", "content": "The disappearance rates of intravenously injected enzymes of heterologous, homologous and autologous origin were determined in rats. Within four hours after administration, the activities show an exponential decline, that is either mono- or biphasic. The constant of the exponential function is a measure of the capillary permeability. In the case of biphasic disappearance this holds true only for the first slope, whereas the second one represents the elimination of active enzyme molecules from the extracellular space. If the decline in enzyme activity is monophasic the elimination of those enzymes from the interstitial space is limited by the permeability of the capillary membrane. Enzymes of homologous and autologous origin (extracts of liver or muscle) show a close correlation between their molecular weights and their rates of distribution within the extracellular compartment. For heterologous enzymes (crystallized) such a correlation could not be found. Possible causes for these differences in distribution are discussed. Heterologous and/or crystallized enzymes seem not to be suited for studies on the distribution of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. After enzymes are released from injured cells they undergo the processes of distribution, transport and elimination which are superimposed. The effects of the distribution and transport of enzymes on the results of clinical studies on enzyme elimination are discussed. It seems questionable at this point to assume that from the elimination rate of enzymes and their actual plasma activity one can account for the amount of enzymes originally released from injured cells.", "contents": "[Distribution of intravenously injected enzymes of heterologous, homologous and autologous origin. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. III (author's transl)]. The disappearance rates of intravenously injected enzymes of heterologous, homologous and autologous origin were determined in rats. Within four hours after administration, the activities show an exponential decline, that is either mono- or biphasic. The constant of the exponential function is a measure of the capillary permeability. In the case of biphasic disappearance this holds true only for the first slope, whereas the second one represents the elimination of active enzyme molecules from the extracellular space. If the decline in enzyme activity is monophasic the elimination of those enzymes from the interstitial space is limited by the permeability of the capillary membrane. Enzymes of homologous and autologous origin (extracts of liver or muscle) show a close correlation between their molecular weights and their rates of distribution within the extracellular compartment. For heterologous enzymes (crystallized) such a correlation could not be found. Possible causes for these differences in distribution are discussed. Heterologous and/or crystallized enzymes seem not to be suited for studies on the distribution of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. After enzymes are released from injured cells they undergo the processes of distribution, transport and elimination which are superimposed. The effects of the distribution and transport of enzymes on the results of clinical studies on enzyme elimination are discussed. It seems questionable at this point to assume that from the elimination rate of enzymes and their actual plasma activity one can account for the amount of enzymes originally released from injured cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932647", "title": "[Plasmapheresis as an experimental model for studies on the extracellular distribution of enzymes. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. IV (author's transl)].", "content": "The rate of distribution of cell enzymes between the intravascular and extravascular space was studied, following a sudden decrease of enzyme activities in plasma. This rapid decrease of enzyme activities was achieved in rats by a rapid exchange of the blood with a twofold volume of a suspension of homologous erythrocytes in isoosmolar bovine serum albumin solution. After this plasmapheresis, the activities of seven cell enzymes in the plasma were decreased to 14 to 22% of their original values. The subsequent increase in activities showed different kinetics, depending on the enzyme. After 120 min, creatine kinase had reached the starting activity; malate dehydrogenase and aldolase reached their original activities after 180 min. Aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate kinase increased more slowly and they had still not reached their starting values after 240 min. Repetition of the plasmapheresis after 90 min had no obvious effect on the kinetics of the subsequent activity increase. During the first minutes after plasmapheresis the adjustment of the activity equilibrium between the interstitial and the intravascular compartments depends mainly on the capillary permeability. It is therefore possible to determine half-life constants for the distribution of enzymes within the extracellular space. The constants for malate dehydrogenase and aldolase are almost identical with those determined by intravenous injection, whereas there are discrepancies in the constants for the remaining enzymes. The constants for pyruvate kinase and glutamate dehydrogenase are significantly lower, while those for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase are significantly higher, than those determined after intravenous injection. Possible reasons for these differences are disucssed.", "contents": "[Plasmapheresis as an experimental model for studies on the extracellular distribution of enzymes. Distribution and transport of cell enzymes within the extracellular space. IV (author's transl)]. The rate of distribution of cell enzymes between the intravascular and extravascular space was studied, following a sudden decrease of enzyme activities in plasma. This rapid decrease of enzyme activities was achieved in rats by a rapid exchange of the blood with a twofold volume of a suspension of homologous erythrocytes in isoosmolar bovine serum albumin solution. After this plasmapheresis, the activities of seven cell enzymes in the plasma were decreased to 14 to 22% of their original values. The subsequent increase in activities showed different kinetics, depending on the enzyme. After 120 min, creatine kinase had reached the starting activity; malate dehydrogenase and aldolase reached their original activities after 180 min. Aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and pyruvate kinase increased more slowly and they had still not reached their starting values after 240 min. Repetition of the plasmapheresis after 90 min had no obvious effect on the kinetics of the subsequent activity increase. During the first minutes after plasmapheresis the adjustment of the activity equilibrium between the interstitial and the intravascular compartments depends mainly on the capillary permeability. It is therefore possible to determine half-life constants for the distribution of enzymes within the extracellular space. The constants for malate dehydrogenase and aldolase are almost identical with those determined by intravenous injection, whereas there are discrepancies in the constants for the remaining enzymes. The constants for pyruvate kinase and glutamate dehydrogenase are significantly lower, while those for aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and creatine kinase are significantly higher, than those determined after intravenous injection. Possible reasons for these differences are disucssed."}
{"id": "PMID:932648", "title": "[The fecal pigment (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypothesis is developed that the fecal pigment constitutes a copolymer of bacterially produced monomers. The possible monomers (oxidation products mainly of urobilinogen and hydrolysis products thereof) and the principles of their polymerization are defined.", "contents": "[The fecal pigment (author's transl)]. The hypothesis is developed that the fecal pigment constitutes a copolymer of bacterially produced monomers. The possible monomers (oxidation products mainly of urobilinogen and hydrolysis products thereof) and the principles of their polymerization are defined."}
{"id": "PMID:932649", "title": "The ICSH reference method for serum iron assay: recommendation for a viable automated alternative.", "content": "A viable alternative to the ICSH reference method for serum iron assay is proposed where automated batch analysis is required. The introduction of Ferrozene into contemporary automated methodology makes this possible. The Donnan effect on membrane dialysis has been resolved by observing the fate of aqueous and protein matrices inoculated with 59FeCl3 as they leave the system.", "contents": "The ICSH reference method for serum iron assay: recommendation for a viable automated alternative. A viable alternative to the ICSH reference method for serum iron assay is proposed where automated batch analysis is required. The introduction of Ferrozene into contemporary automated methodology makes this possible. The Donnan effect on membrane dialysis has been resolved by observing the fate of aqueous and protein matrices inoculated with 59FeCl3 as they leave the system."}
{"id": "PMID:932650", "title": "[Suitability of the Weidemann test for galactose in mass screening (author's transl)].", "content": "With slight practical modification, especially in the preparation of blood samples on filter paper in place of liquid blood samples, it was possible to adapt the determination of galactose dehydrogenase (Weidemann, G. (1971), this Journal 9,527) to mass screening. The technique is described, and the first results are briefly discussed and compared with those obtained over the years in our screening program with proven the Guthrie test (1): The dehydrogenase test is much quicker and shows a higher substrate specificity than the Guthrie test (duration 2 hours compared with 44 hours; false positive results of 16.87 mmol/l galactose or higher 1:42231 compared with 1:3519). It is, however, less sensitive (16.87 mmol/l compared with 1.69 mmol/l galactose), so that a combination of both tests would seem appropriate for the mass screening of new borns.", "contents": "[Suitability of the Weidemann test for galactose in mass screening (author's transl)]. With slight practical modification, especially in the preparation of blood samples on filter paper in place of liquid blood samples, it was possible to adapt the determination of galactose dehydrogenase (Weidemann, G. (1971), this Journal 9,527) to mass screening. The technique is described, and the first results are briefly discussed and compared with those obtained over the years in our screening program with proven the Guthrie test (1): The dehydrogenase test is much quicker and shows a higher substrate specificity than the Guthrie test (duration 2 hours compared with 44 hours; false positive results of 16.87 mmol/l galactose or higher 1:42231 compared with 1:3519). It is, however, less sensitive (16.87 mmol/l compared with 1.69 mmol/l galactose), so that a combination of both tests would seem appropriate for the mass screening of new borns."}
{"id": "PMID:932651", "title": "Structural units and the redintegrative power of picture fragments.", "content": "We suppose that line drawings are perceived and represented in memory as a hierarchy of related parts and subparts, as dictated by Gestalt laws like common direction and spatial proximity. Therefore, a figure fragment comprising a natural part of an orginally studied pattern should serve as a strong retrieval cue for redintegrating memory for the pattern, whereas an equally large fragment suggesting either no units of misleading units should lead to poorer recall. This was confirmed in an experiment in which subjects studied 33 nonsense line drawings; recall of each was tested with good, mediocre, or bad (misleading) fragments of the original patterns. Good cues had about five time more redintegrative power than bad cues. A second experiment testing multiple-choice recognition memory showed that subjects confused an originally studied pattern about four times as often with a structurally similar distractor as with a structurally dissimilar distractor (which had an equal-sized change). Thus, memory cuing by fragments and memory confusions with slightly altered distractors indicate the significant constitutents of a figure.", "contents": "Structural units and the redintegrative power of picture fragments. We suppose that line drawings are perceived and represented in memory as a hierarchy of related parts and subparts, as dictated by Gestalt laws like common direction and spatial proximity. Therefore, a figure fragment comprising a natural part of an orginally studied pattern should serve as a strong retrieval cue for redintegrating memory for the pattern, whereas an equally large fragment suggesting either no units of misleading units should lead to poorer recall. This was confirmed in an experiment in which subjects studied 33 nonsense line drawings; recall of each was tested with good, mediocre, or bad (misleading) fragments of the original patterns. Good cues had about five time more redintegrative power than bad cues. A second experiment testing multiple-choice recognition memory showed that subjects confused an originally studied pattern about four times as often with a structurally similar distractor as with a structurally dissimilar distractor (which had an equal-sized change). Thus, memory cuing by fragments and memory confusions with slightly altered distractors indicate the significant constitutents of a figure."}
{"id": "PMID:932652", "title": "Recognition gradients for random shapes following distinctive or equivalent verbal association training.", "content": "The effect of distinctive and equivalent verbal label training on a subsequent test of recognition memory for random shapes were assessed. Shape continua, systematically relating the labeled shapes, were used in the memory test so that gradients of recognition memory were obtained. Distinctive-nonrepresentative-label training produced symmetrical recognition gradients with a single mode at the correct target shape. Equivalent-label training produced symmetrical gradients that were as steep as the distinctive-label gradients, but the mode of the equivalent-label gradients was shifted to a distractor shape that varied from the target in the direction of the equivalent-label shape. The results offered support to a Gestalt/configurational account of the effects of verbal labels on memory for form, but the data were also consistent with an extension of Ellis' conceptual coding hypothesis. It was concluded that, rather than being a competing alternative account, the conceptual coding hypothesis may be viewed as an updated, more analytic statement of the older Gestalt view.", "contents": "Recognition gradients for random shapes following distinctive or equivalent verbal association training. The effect of distinctive and equivalent verbal label training on a subsequent test of recognition memory for random shapes were assessed. Shape continua, systematically relating the labeled shapes, were used in the memory test so that gradients of recognition memory were obtained. Distinctive-nonrepresentative-label training produced symmetrical recognition gradients with a single mode at the correct target shape. Equivalent-label training produced symmetrical gradients that were as steep as the distinctive-label gradients, but the mode of the equivalent-label gradients was shifted to a distractor shape that varied from the target in the direction of the equivalent-label shape. The results offered support to a Gestalt/configurational account of the effects of verbal labels on memory for form, but the data were also consistent with an extension of Ellis' conceptual coding hypothesis. It was concluded that, rather than being a competing alternative account, the conceptual coding hypothesis may be viewed as an updated, more analytic statement of the older Gestalt view."}
{"id": "PMID:932653", "title": "Hormone induction of specific protein synthesis in midpregnant mouse mammary cell culture.", "content": "Monolayer primary cell cultures of midpregnant mouse mammary cells were subjected to hormone stimulation under strictly defined conditions. Hormonal response was measured in terms of increase in rate of synthesis of mouse casein, using a double antibody precipitation technique. Cells stimulated by insulin plus prolactin plus cortisol plus estradiol plus progesterone showed a marked increase in rate of mouse casein synthesis over the controls. This specific product synthesis, which remains inducible in these cells for at least ten days, was detected either by labelled phosphoric acid or labelled amino acid incorporation. The mouse casein synthesized was identical, as judged by the identification techniques used, to that of mouse milk. Mouse midpregnant mammary explants in organ culture require insulin plus prolactin plus cortisol to express their full lactogenic capabilities. Nevertheless, when the same cells are dispersed and grown in monolayers they require ovarian steroids to elicit a lactogenic response as shown in this study. Ovarian steroids, therefore, are necessary in lactogenesis, although the fundamental nature of their action remains to be established.", "contents": "Hormone induction of specific protein synthesis in midpregnant mouse mammary cell culture. Monolayer primary cell cultures of midpregnant mouse mammary cells were subjected to hormone stimulation under strictly defined conditions. Hormonal response was measured in terms of increase in rate of synthesis of mouse casein, using a double antibody precipitation technique. Cells stimulated by insulin plus prolactin plus cortisol plus estradiol plus progesterone showed a marked increase in rate of mouse casein synthesis over the controls. This specific product synthesis, which remains inducible in these cells for at least ten days, was detected either by labelled phosphoric acid or labelled amino acid incorporation. The mouse casein synthesized was identical, as judged by the identification techniques used, to that of mouse milk. Mouse midpregnant mammary explants in organ culture require insulin plus prolactin plus cortisol to express their full lactogenic capabilities. Nevertheless, when the same cells are dispersed and grown in monolayers they require ovarian steroids to elicit a lactogenic response as shown in this study. Ovarian steroids, therefore, are necessary in lactogenesis, although the fundamental nature of their action remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:932654", "title": "The fine structural development of preimplantation mouse parthenotes.", "content": "The normality of the preimplantation development of 2-cell to expanded blastocyst stage mouse parthenotes, derived from oocytes activated in vivo, or in vitro, has been assessed at the fine structural level. Major changes in the organization of the cellular organelles, i.e., nucleoli, mitochondria, ribosomes, RER and junctional complexes, follow the same developmental sequences observed in embryos obtained from normally fertilized oocytes. One difference between parthenotes and controls is the scarcity of crystalloid bodies in parthenotes at the blastocyst stage. Because the embryos examined in this study had been cultured in vitro, in a simple salt and albumin medium in the absence of maternal influences, our observations on parthenotes indicate that developmental, preimplantation changes in the subcellular organization of the embryo do not require the continued presence of \"maternal\" factors or the participation of the paternal genome.", "contents": "The fine structural development of preimplantation mouse parthenotes. The normality of the preimplantation development of 2-cell to expanded blastocyst stage mouse parthenotes, derived from oocytes activated in vivo, or in vitro, has been assessed at the fine structural level. Major changes in the organization of the cellular organelles, i.e., nucleoli, mitochondria, ribosomes, RER and junctional complexes, follow the same developmental sequences observed in embryos obtained from normally fertilized oocytes. One difference between parthenotes and controls is the scarcity of crystalloid bodies in parthenotes at the blastocyst stage. Because the embryos examined in this study had been cultured in vitro, in a simple salt and albumin medium in the absence of maternal influences, our observations on parthenotes indicate that developmental, preimplantation changes in the subcellular organization of the embryo do not require the continued presence of \"maternal\" factors or the participation of the paternal genome."}
{"id": "PMID:932655", "title": "The effects of acetylcholine, biogenic amines and other vasoactive agents on the cardiovascular functions of the Eel, Anguilla japonica.", "content": "The blood pressure in the cardinal vein, cardiac chambers and ventral and dorsal aortae have been recorded from conscious eels in water. At low doses, acetylcholine reduced the heart rate but increased the transbranchial differential blood pressure. The effects were abolished by atropine but not by tubocurarine. At doses in excess of 0.1 mug/kg, a secondary rise in arterial blood pressure was observed which could be abolished by bretylium, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. Catecholamines did not affect the heart rate although a transient bradycardia due to reflex inhibition could be observed with adrenaline and noradrenaline. Catecholamines increased the cardiac contractile force through an alpha-adrenergic mechanism which was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. The relative potency was noradrenaline greater than adrenaline greater than isoprenaline. A beta-adrenergic receptor located in the branchial circulation led to vasodilation and decrease in transbranchial differential pressure. Both alpha-(vasoconstriction) and beta-(vasodilation) adrenergic receptors were present in the systemic circulation. Dopamine, 5-HT, GABA and bradykinin caused bradycardia abolishable by vagotomy or atropine treatment. Angiotensin II was hypertensive but did not affect the heart rate nor the transbranchial differential pressure. Tyramine caused release of endogenous catecholamines. With repeated doses, tachyphylaxis to the drug was observed. Histamine was without any obvious cardiovascular effects in the eel.", "contents": "The effects of acetylcholine, biogenic amines and other vasoactive agents on the cardiovascular functions of the Eel, Anguilla japonica. The blood pressure in the cardinal vein, cardiac chambers and ventral and dorsal aortae have been recorded from conscious eels in water. At low doses, acetylcholine reduced the heart rate but increased the transbranchial differential blood pressure. The effects were abolished by atropine but not by tubocurarine. At doses in excess of 0.1 mug/kg, a secondary rise in arterial blood pressure was observed which could be abolished by bretylium, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. Catecholamines did not affect the heart rate although a transient bradycardia due to reflex inhibition could be observed with adrenaline and noradrenaline. Catecholamines increased the cardiac contractile force through an alpha-adrenergic mechanism which was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. The relative potency was noradrenaline greater than adrenaline greater than isoprenaline. A beta-adrenergic receptor located in the branchial circulation led to vasodilation and decrease in transbranchial differential pressure. Both alpha-(vasoconstriction) and beta-(vasodilation) adrenergic receptors were present in the systemic circulation. Dopamine, 5-HT, GABA and bradykinin caused bradycardia abolishable by vagotomy or atropine treatment. Angiotensin II was hypertensive but did not affect the heart rate nor the transbranchial differential pressure. Tyramine caused release of endogenous catecholamines. With repeated doses, tachyphylaxis to the drug was observed. Histamine was without any obvious cardiovascular effects in the eel."}
{"id": "PMID:932656", "title": "Sperm concentration dependency in the fertilization and zonae sperm binding properties of mouse eggs inseminated in vitro.", "content": "Sperm penetration of zonae and fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro was studied as a function of sperm concentration over the range 10(3)-10(6) cells/ml. Maximal fertilization was obtained at 10(5) sperm/ml with markedly reduced levels seen at lower concentrations. Eggs inseminated at low sperm concentrations were, however, characterized by the absence of multiple sperm penetrations of their zonae and by the retention of an intact cumulus oophorus during culture. Penetration levels were similar in eggs inseminated with and without an intact cumulus, although increases in supernumerary and supplemental sperm were observed with partly denuded ova. The distribution of sperm found within eggs inseminated in vitro was compared with a distribution predicted by chance alone. The similarity in observed and expected distributions indicated that a functional zona reaction was absent in eggs inseminated in vitro. Sperm binding to zonae of cumulus-free unfertilized mouse eggs was shown to be related to sperm concentration over the range 10(3)-10(6) cells/ml. Zonae sperm binding sites, while too numerous for accurate quantitation, exceeded 100 per zona. The interrelationships between sperm penetration of and sperm binding to the zonae of cumulus-free eggs were examined. At low sperm concentrations, the ratio of sperm/zonae with bound sperm to sperm/penetrated egg approached one, although the total number of bound sperm exceeded the total number of penetrating sperm. That proportion of cells in a preincubated epididymal sperm suspension, capable of binding to the zona was determined and employed in an estimation of the extent of sperm capacitation.", "contents": "Sperm concentration dependency in the fertilization and zonae sperm binding properties of mouse eggs inseminated in vitro. Sperm penetration of zonae and fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro was studied as a function of sperm concentration over the range 10(3)-10(6) cells/ml. Maximal fertilization was obtained at 10(5) sperm/ml with markedly reduced levels seen at lower concentrations. Eggs inseminated at low sperm concentrations were, however, characterized by the absence of multiple sperm penetrations of their zonae and by the retention of an intact cumulus oophorus during culture. Penetration levels were similar in eggs inseminated with and without an intact cumulus, although increases in supernumerary and supplemental sperm were observed with partly denuded ova. The distribution of sperm found within eggs inseminated in vitro was compared with a distribution predicted by chance alone. The similarity in observed and expected distributions indicated that a functional zona reaction was absent in eggs inseminated in vitro. Sperm binding to zonae of cumulus-free unfertilized mouse eggs was shown to be related to sperm concentration over the range 10(3)-10(6) cells/ml. Zonae sperm binding sites, while too numerous for accurate quantitation, exceeded 100 per zona. The interrelationships between sperm penetration of and sperm binding to the zonae of cumulus-free eggs were examined. At low sperm concentrations, the ratio of sperm/zonae with bound sperm to sperm/penetrated egg approached one, although the total number of bound sperm exceeded the total number of penetrating sperm. That proportion of cells in a preincubated epididymal sperm suspension, capable of binding to the zona was determined and employed in an estimation of the extent of sperm capacitation."}
{"id": "PMID:932657", "title": "The role of the copulatory plug in reproduction of the guinea pig.", "content": "Two methods of artificial insemination and removal of copulatory plugs were used to investigate the role of the plug in the guinea pig. In addition, the effectiveness of the copulatory plug in blocking the passage of spermatozoa from the second mating was tested in albino females, where coat color was used as a genetic marker. Thirteen female guinea pigs that were either in proestrus, estrus, or metestrus, and inseminated with freshly collected copulatory plugs containing living spermatozoa, did not conceive. In a group of six females from which the copulatory plus was immediately removed, five conceived. Of nine estrous females artificially inseminated, five conceived. In five albino females, copulatory plugs from albino males completely blocked spermatozoa deposited by colored males, and 20 offspring, all albino were born. In a second group of four albino females where the plugs of albino males were removed prior to copulation with colored males, resulting litters were sired by either male or a combination of both males.", "contents": "The role of the copulatory plug in reproduction of the guinea pig. Two methods of artificial insemination and removal of copulatory plugs were used to investigate the role of the plug in the guinea pig. In addition, the effectiveness of the copulatory plug in blocking the passage of spermatozoa from the second mating was tested in albino females, where coat color was used as a genetic marker. Thirteen female guinea pigs that were either in proestrus, estrus, or metestrus, and inseminated with freshly collected copulatory plugs containing living spermatozoa, did not conceive. In a group of six females from which the copulatory plus was immediately removed, five conceived. Of nine estrous females artificially inseminated, five conceived. In five albino females, copulatory plugs from albino males completely blocked spermatozoa deposited by colored males, and 20 offspring, all albino were born. In a second group of four albino females where the plugs of albino males were removed prior to copulation with colored males, resulting litters were sired by either male or a combination of both males."}
{"id": "PMID:932658", "title": "The influence of the otic capsule in ambystomid skull formation.", "content": "In the absence of the otic capsule, or in the presence of capsular materials of varying volume or placement, the bones and cartilages of the contiguous skull showed several sorts of responses. A. The parietal and squamosal bones, and possibly the parasphenoid bone and parachordal cartilage apparently used the capsule as a substrate, spreading over its surface. B. The parietal, squamosal, and exoccipital bones, and the quadrate cartilage were displaced when otic capsule material was absent or oversized. C. The squamosal bone developed at first independently of the capsule but was modified in its shape and size by the capsule in later, possibly inductive, response. D. Stresses resulting from paired otic capsules of unequal size bent the parasphenoid bone and the parachordal cartilage through angles of predictable direction relative to the notochord. E. The paired exoccipital bones developed at different rates when one otic capsule was absent or oversized. The results obtained following manipulation of the otocyst indicate the major role of extrinsic (epigenetic) parameters in normal skeletogenesis and emphasize an apparent discrepancy between the normal and potential expansion of a bone.", "contents": "The influence of the otic capsule in ambystomid skull formation. In the absence of the otic capsule, or in the presence of capsular materials of varying volume or placement, the bones and cartilages of the contiguous skull showed several sorts of responses. A. The parietal and squamosal bones, and possibly the parasphenoid bone and parachordal cartilage apparently used the capsule as a substrate, spreading over its surface. B. The parietal, squamosal, and exoccipital bones, and the quadrate cartilage were displaced when otic capsule material was absent or oversized. C. The squamosal bone developed at first independently of the capsule but was modified in its shape and size by the capsule in later, possibly inductive, response. D. Stresses resulting from paired otic capsules of unequal size bent the parasphenoid bone and the parachordal cartilage through angles of predictable direction relative to the notochord. E. The paired exoccipital bones developed at different rates when one otic capsule was absent or oversized. The results obtained following manipulation of the otocyst indicate the major role of extrinsic (epigenetic) parameters in normal skeletogenesis and emphasize an apparent discrepancy between the normal and potential expansion of a bone."}
{"id": "PMID:932659", "title": "Differential gene expression in multilocus isozyme systmes of the developing green sunfish.", "content": "The patterns of expression of eight multilocous isozyme systems were investigated in the differentiated adult tissues and the early embryonic stages (0-210 hours after fertilization) of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Enzymes encoded by approximately 23 gene loci were resolved by starch-gel electrophoresis and detected by specific histochemical staining. The developmental patterns of these isozyme systems appear to be the result of the diffential expression of the multiple gene loci. Isozymic forms of glucoseophosphate isomerase (GPI-A2), malate dehydrogenase (MDH-A2), and creatine kinase (CK-C2) were present in most differentiated tissues, in the unfertilized eggs, and in all stages of embryonic development. Closely homologous forms of these isozymes (GPI-B2, MDH-B2, and CK-A2) were expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle and were first detected at around the time of hatching (38-42 hours). The similar temporal and spatial patterns of gene expressions for the GPI, LDH, MDH, and CK loci suggest that the duplicates loci encoding enzymes, diverged in their regulation to patterns of differential gene expression which are similar for each enzyme system.", "contents": "Differential gene expression in multilocus isozyme systmes of the developing green sunfish. The patterns of expression of eight multilocous isozyme systems were investigated in the differentiated adult tissues and the early embryonic stages (0-210 hours after fertilization) of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. Enzymes encoded by approximately 23 gene loci were resolved by starch-gel electrophoresis and detected by specific histochemical staining. The developmental patterns of these isozyme systems appear to be the result of the diffential expression of the multiple gene loci. Isozymic forms of glucoseophosphate isomerase (GPI-A2), malate dehydrogenase (MDH-A2), and creatine kinase (CK-C2) were present in most differentiated tissues, in the unfertilized eggs, and in all stages of embryonic development. Closely homologous forms of these isozymes (GPI-B2, MDH-B2, and CK-A2) were expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle and were first detected at around the time of hatching (38-42 hours). The similar temporal and spatial patterns of gene expressions for the GPI, LDH, MDH, and CK loci suggest that the duplicates loci encoding enzymes, diverged in their regulation to patterns of differential gene expression which are similar for each enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:932660", "title": "Stages of tail regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Five distinguishable stages of tail regeneration in the adult newt have been established. The stages are based on external morphological changes and internal histological characteristics rather than chronological age of the regenerate.", "contents": "Stages of tail regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Five distinguishable stages of tail regeneration in the adult newt have been established. The stages are based on external morphological changes and internal histological characteristics rather than chronological age of the regenerate."}
{"id": "PMID:932661", "title": "Regeneration from different levels along the tail of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "Some aspects of the influence of position on regeneration have been examined by comparing regeneration from different levels along the newt tail. Tails amputated such that either three-fourths one-half or one-fourth of the tail was removed pass through the same morphological and histological stages at the same times after amputation. In tails amputated at these three different levels, the rate of elongation of regenerates from more proximal levels is greater than that of regenerates from more distal levels. The total lengths of regenerates from different levels are proportional to the lengths of tail removed by amputation. Furthermore, the number of vertebrae formed in a tail regenerate is directly proportional to the number of vertebrae removed by amputation. When a tail blastema is transplanted to a more proximal level tail stump, intercalary regeneration between the stump and transplant occurs and the resulting regenerate has a complement of vertabrae appropriate to its new level along the tail. The results indicate that position along the appendage does not influence the developmental sequence of events of regeneration, but that it does influence the rate of growth and the structures to be replaced.", "contents": "Regeneration from different levels along the tail of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Some aspects of the influence of position on regeneration have been examined by comparing regeneration from different levels along the newt tail. Tails amputated such that either three-fourths one-half or one-fourth of the tail was removed pass through the same morphological and histological stages at the same times after amputation. In tails amputated at these three different levels, the rate of elongation of regenerates from more proximal levels is greater than that of regenerates from more distal levels. The total lengths of regenerates from different levels are proportional to the lengths of tail removed by amputation. Furthermore, the number of vertebrae formed in a tail regenerate is directly proportional to the number of vertebrae removed by amputation. When a tail blastema is transplanted to a more proximal level tail stump, intercalary regeneration between the stump and transplant occurs and the resulting regenerate has a complement of vertabrae appropriate to its new level along the tail. The results indicate that position along the appendage does not influence the developmental sequence of events of regeneration, but that it does influence the rate of growth and the structures to be replaced."}
{"id": "PMID:932662", "title": "Retention of ova in oviducts of senescent mice and hamsters.", "content": "Young (3-5 months of age) and senescent (12-17 months of age depending on the species) female mice, hamsters and rats were mated with young mature males and examined for numbers of degenerating ova. Young female mice, hamsters, rats and senescent rats exhibited normal numbers of ova following ovulation and, in general, normal numbers of blastocysts before implantation. In contrast, on the morning of ovulation some senescent mice and hamsters exhibited degenerating ova in the isthmus or isthmic-utero-tubal region of the oviduct, while normal ova were found in the ampulla. Degenerating ova were also located in the uterine horns of one mouse and hamster before implantation (day 3 of preganacy). Another hamster at the same stage of pregnancy exhibited 24 degenerating ova and nine blastocysts, all of which remained in the oviducts except for one blastocysts recovered from the uterus. In a previous study (Parkening and Soderwall, '75) a histological examination of the number of copora lutea from ovaries removed from senescent female hamsters whose oviducts contained large numbers of degenerating ova indicated the deteriorating ova were not ovulated following mating. Why ova from the previous unmated estrous cycle(s) remain in the oviducts of some senescent mice and hamsters remains to be determined.", "contents": "Retention of ova in oviducts of senescent mice and hamsters. Young (3-5 months of age) and senescent (12-17 months of age depending on the species) female mice, hamsters and rats were mated with young mature males and examined for numbers of degenerating ova. Young female mice, hamsters, rats and senescent rats exhibited normal numbers of ova following ovulation and, in general, normal numbers of blastocysts before implantation. In contrast, on the morning of ovulation some senescent mice and hamsters exhibited degenerating ova in the isthmus or isthmic-utero-tubal region of the oviduct, while normal ova were found in the ampulla. Degenerating ova were also located in the uterine horns of one mouse and hamster before implantation (day 3 of preganacy). Another hamster at the same stage of pregnancy exhibited 24 degenerating ova and nine blastocysts, all of which remained in the oviducts except for one blastocysts recovered from the uterus. In a previous study (Parkening and Soderwall, '75) a histological examination of the number of copora lutea from ovaries removed from senescent female hamsters whose oviducts contained large numbers of degenerating ova indicated the deteriorating ova were not ovulated following mating. Why ova from the previous unmated estrous cycle(s) remain in the oviducts of some senescent mice and hamsters remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:932663", "title": "Abnormal morphagenesis of feather structure and pattern in the chick embryo integument. I. Macroscopic description.", "content": "The development of feathers in embryos from a profusely feathered line derived from a homozygous scaleless mutant stock was compared with that of embryos from a standard White Leghorn stock. The time of appearance of feather primordia, their structure and their arrangement all were altered in mutant embryos. Unit structures ranging in size from hillocks of 300 mu diameter (the size of normal primordia) to ridges 8 mm long were found in varying numbers in the different tracts of the mutant embryos. the hexagonal pattern characterizing feather primordia in normal embryos was disrupted in scaleless high line embryos. Differential growth and morphogenetic sculpting, as evidenced by the appearance of clefts, generate the form of and subdivide the variable shaped unit structures of the mutant as they elongate. Selection for high feather number was successful in dramatically increasing the total amount of feathering but the absence of coordinate controls of pattern and feather structure development led to the aberrant arrangement of tracts and of structures within the tracts. The basic pattern thus appears to have been destroyed by the scaleless mutation, and the alteration of the phenotype accomplished by selection has not apparently restored its control.", "contents": "Abnormal morphagenesis of feather structure and pattern in the chick embryo integument. I. Macroscopic description. The development of feathers in embryos from a profusely feathered line derived from a homozygous scaleless mutant stock was compared with that of embryos from a standard White Leghorn stock. The time of appearance of feather primordia, their structure and their arrangement all were altered in mutant embryos. Unit structures ranging in size from hillocks of 300 mu diameter (the size of normal primordia) to ridges 8 mm long were found in varying numbers in the different tracts of the mutant embryos. the hexagonal pattern characterizing feather primordia in normal embryos was disrupted in scaleless high line embryos. Differential growth and morphogenetic sculpting, as evidenced by the appearance of clefts, generate the form of and subdivide the variable shaped unit structures of the mutant as they elongate. Selection for high feather number was successful in dramatically increasing the total amount of feathering but the absence of coordinate controls of pattern and feather structure development led to the aberrant arrangement of tracts and of structures within the tracts. The basic pattern thus appears to have been destroyed by the scaleless mutation, and the alteration of the phenotype accomplished by selection has not apparently restored its control."}
{"id": "PMID:932664", "title": "Stromal induction and specification of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the epithelia of the Mullerian ducts and urogenital sinus during development of the uterus and vagina in mice.", "content": "Homotypic and heterotypic recombinations were preapred with trypsin-separated epithelium and stroma from uterus of 1- to 9-day-old and vagina of 2- to 150-day-old mice. Growth of homotypic recombinants in adult female hosts resulted in normal uterine and vaginal morphogenesis. Heterotypic recombinants composed of uterine stroma and vaginal epithelium (VE) usually formed uterus, while recombinants composed of vaginal stroma and uterine epithelium (UE) usually underwent vaginal morphogenesis. The developmental responses of these heterotypic recombinants was age-dependent. Epithelia (UE and VE) from mice two to five-days old were responsive to stromal induction. However, from days 5 to 9 postpartum a progressive loss in competence was observed in both epithelia, and vaginal epithelium nine or more days old was unresponsive to heterotypic inductors. Inductive activities of uterine stroma were demonstrated in 2- to 7-day-old neonates and of vaginal stroma in 2- to 150-day-old mice. These results indicate that establishment of the regional specification of Mullerian and sinus epithelium during uterine and vaginal morphogenesis is due to inductive activities of the stroma.", "contents": "Stromal induction and specification of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the epithelia of the Mullerian ducts and urogenital sinus during development of the uterus and vagina in mice. Homotypic and heterotypic recombinations were preapred with trypsin-separated epithelium and stroma from uterus of 1- to 9-day-old and vagina of 2- to 150-day-old mice. Growth of homotypic recombinants in adult female hosts resulted in normal uterine and vaginal morphogenesis. Heterotypic recombinants composed of uterine stroma and vaginal epithelium (VE) usually formed uterus, while recombinants composed of vaginal stroma and uterine epithelium (UE) usually underwent vaginal morphogenesis. The developmental responses of these heterotypic recombinants was age-dependent. Epithelia (UE and VE) from mice two to five-days old were responsive to stromal induction. However, from days 5 to 9 postpartum a progressive loss in competence was observed in both epithelia, and vaginal epithelium nine or more days old was unresponsive to heterotypic inductors. Inductive activities of uterine stroma were demonstrated in 2- to 7-day-old neonates and of vaginal stroma in 2- to 150-day-old mice. These results indicate that establishment of the regional specification of Mullerian and sinus epithelium during uterine and vaginal morphogenesis is due to inductive activities of the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:932665", "title": "Ionophore A23187 induces acrosome reactions in sea urchin and guinea pig spermatozoa.", "content": "Ionophore A23187, in the presence of extracellular Ca+2, induces a morphologically normal acrosome reaction in sperm of the sea urchin and precocious acrosome reaction and activation of guinea pig sperm. Increased membrane permeability to Ca+2 is responsible for initiating the acrosome reaction in both sea urchin and guinea pig sperm. In sea urchin sperm, the permeability change is brought about by egg jelly, whereas in the guinea pig sperm it accompanies capacitation.", "contents": "Ionophore A23187 induces acrosome reactions in sea urchin and guinea pig spermatozoa. Ionophore A23187, in the presence of extracellular Ca+2, induces a morphologically normal acrosome reaction in sperm of the sea urchin and precocious acrosome reaction and activation of guinea pig sperm. Increased membrane permeability to Ca+2 is responsible for initiating the acrosome reaction in both sea urchin and guinea pig sperm. In sea urchin sperm, the permeability change is brought about by egg jelly, whereas in the guinea pig sperm it accompanies capacitation."}
{"id": "PMID:932666", "title": "The effect of hypothalamic thermal stimulation on respiration in the turtle.", "content": "Cumulative Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Oxygen Consumption per Unit Time were measured for fresh water turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) as hypothalamic stimulation was applied. Stimulation was provided by means of a thermode at 9-2o C (cold), 27o C (sham), and 55-60 degrees C (HOT). A statistically significant increase in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for hot stimulation as compared to control value. A less dramatic but significant decrease in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for cold stimulation. Both the increase and decrease, for hot and cold application, respectively, were proportional to the temperature of the thermode. Mean cumulative oxygen consumption per unit time did not show any corresponding statistically significant increase or decrease for hot or cold stimulation, respectively. Application of thermode at room temperature (sham) produced no significant change in respiration. This study indicates that reptiles have evolved a neural input mechanism sensitive to temperature change before mammalian and avian endothermy had developed.", "contents": "The effect of hypothalamic thermal stimulation on respiration in the turtle. Cumulative Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Oxygen Consumption per Unit Time were measured for fresh water turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) as hypothalamic stimulation was applied. Stimulation was provided by means of a thermode at 9-2o C (cold), 27o C (sham), and 55-60 degrees C (HOT). A statistically significant increase in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for hot stimulation as compared to control value. A less dramatic but significant decrease in mean cumulative oxygen consumption was noted for cold stimulation. Both the increase and decrease, for hot and cold application, respectively, were proportional to the temperature of the thermode. Mean cumulative oxygen consumption per unit time did not show any corresponding statistically significant increase or decrease for hot or cold stimulation, respectively. Application of thermode at room temperature (sham) produced no significant change in respiration. This study indicates that reptiles have evolved a neural input mechanism sensitive to temperature change before mammalian and avian endothermy had developed."}
{"id": "PMID:932667", "title": "Some respiratory characteristics of the blood of four antarctic fishes.", "content": "Oxygen equilibrium curves of blood from four antarctic fishes were obtained at subzero temperatures. Oxygen contents were measured directly and the results on two of these fishes agreed favorably with previous studies in which oxygen electrodes were used.", "contents": "Some respiratory characteristics of the blood of four antarctic fishes. Oxygen equilibrium curves of blood from four antarctic fishes were obtained at subzero temperatures. Oxygen contents were measured directly and the results on two of these fishes agreed favorably with previous studies in which oxygen electrodes were used."}
{"id": "PMID:932668", "title": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. I. Intracellular analysis of chloride-sensitive electrogenic properties of receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells.", "content": "Intracellular recordings from receptors, horizontal cells, bipolars, and amacrines have been carried out in the perfused mudpuppy eyecup. The introduction of a chloride-free (c-f) medium results in initial transient potential changes in many cells followed by a slow loss of light-evoked activity of the depolarizing bipolar, the horizontal cell, and the on depolarization of amacrine cells. The hyperpolarizing bipolar remains responsive to light stimulation in a c-f medium, but the antagonistic surround mechanism is abolished. These effects are reversible after returning to a normal ionic medium. The results of this study provide insight into the retinal connections which underlie ganglion cell receptive field organization. It is concluded that the depolarizing bipolar is excitatory to on ganglion cells and is also the pathway for on-excitation of on-off cells. The hyperpolarizing bipolar mediates the off discharge of off and on-off cells. Amacrine cells receive input from both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. These findings raise the possibility that transmembrane movements of chloride ions are critical for the light responsiveness of horizontal and depolarizing bipolar cell activity.", "contents": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. I. Intracellular analysis of chloride-sensitive electrogenic properties of receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, and amacrine cells. Intracellular recordings from receptors, horizontal cells, bipolars, and amacrines have been carried out in the perfused mudpuppy eyecup. The introduction of a chloride-free (c-f) medium results in initial transient potential changes in many cells followed by a slow loss of light-evoked activity of the depolarizing bipolar, the horizontal cell, and the on depolarization of amacrine cells. The hyperpolarizing bipolar remains responsive to light stimulation in a c-f medium, but the antagonistic surround mechanism is abolished. These effects are reversible after returning to a normal ionic medium. The results of this study provide insight into the retinal connections which underlie ganglion cell receptive field organization. It is concluded that the depolarizing bipolar is excitatory to on ganglion cells and is also the pathway for on-excitation of on-off cells. The hyperpolarizing bipolar mediates the off discharge of off and on-off cells. Amacrine cells receive input from both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. These findings raise the possibility that transmembrane movements of chloride ions are critical for the light responsiveness of horizontal and depolarizing bipolar cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:932669", "title": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. II. Chloride-dependent ganglion cell mechanisms.", "content": "Extracellular ganglion cell recordings in the perfused mudpuppy eyecup show that a chloride-free (c-f) perfusate abolishes the center and surround excitation of on-center cells, the surround excitation of off-center cells, and the on discharge of on-off cells. These changes in ganglion cell receptive field organization are anticipated in view of the effects of a c-f environment on the neurons which are presynaptic to the ganglion cells. However, chloride-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic (IPS) responses have been observed in on-off ganglion cells. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) are preceeded by (ESPS's) exitatory postsynaptic potentials and are apparently mediated by amacrine cells. The light-activated hyperpolarization of off cells is not the result of a chloride-dependent IPSP and probably results from disfacilitation.", "contents": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. II. Chloride-dependent ganglion cell mechanisms. Extracellular ganglion cell recordings in the perfused mudpuppy eyecup show that a chloride-free (c-f) perfusate abolishes the center and surround excitation of on-center cells, the surround excitation of off-center cells, and the on discharge of on-off cells. These changes in ganglion cell receptive field organization are anticipated in view of the effects of a c-f environment on the neurons which are presynaptic to the ganglion cells. However, chloride-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic (IPS) responses have been observed in on-off ganglion cells. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) are preceeded by (ESPS's) exitatory postsynaptic potentials and are apparently mediated by amacrine cells. The light-activated hyperpolarization of off cells is not the result of a chloride-dependent IPSP and probably results from disfacilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:932670", "title": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. III. A model of ganglion cell receptive field organization based on chloride-free experiments.", "content": "A chloride-free environment produces selective changes in the retinal network which include a separation of on and off channels. The identification of chloride-sensitive and insensitivie neuronal activity permits identification of some of the connections and intervening polarities of synaptic interactions which are expressed in ganglion cell receptive field organization. These experiments support previous suggestions that surround antagonism is dependent on horizontal cell activity. In addition they suggest a model of the neuronal connections which subserve on-center, off-center, and on-off ganglion cells. Experimental tests of the on-off ganglion cell model favor the idea that this type of ganglion cell receives inhibitory input from amacrine cells and excitatory activation from depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells.", "contents": "Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. III. A model of ganglion cell receptive field organization based on chloride-free experiments. A chloride-free environment produces selective changes in the retinal network which include a separation of on and off channels. The identification of chloride-sensitive and insensitivie neuronal activity permits identification of some of the connections and intervening polarities of synaptic interactions which are expressed in ganglion cell receptive field organization. These experiments support previous suggestions that surround antagonism is dependent on horizontal cell activity. In addition they suggest a model of the neuronal connections which subserve on-center, off-center, and on-off ganglion cells. Experimental tests of the on-off ganglion cell model favor the idea that this type of ganglion cell receives inhibitory input from amacrine cells and excitatory activation from depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells."}
{"id": "PMID:932671", "title": "Patterns of proteins synthesized in the R15 neuron of Aplysia. Temporal studies and evidence for processing.", "content": "The time-course of changes in the pattern of newly synthesized proteins in the R15 neuron of the parietovisceral ganglion of Aplysia californica has been studied at 14 degrees C. 5% polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have been used to separate newly synthesized (leucine-labeled) proteins from the neuron. We have demonstrated that the pattern of newly synthesized proteins from the R15 neuron does not change significantly if 5-h pulses of labeled leucine are given during the first 72 h of in vitro incubation of the excised ganglion. However, the level of leucine incorporation begins to decline somewhere between 17 and 43 h after the ganglion is isolated; at 43 and 69 h the levels of incorporation fell to 29 and 10% of the initial level, respectively. A number of conclusions have been drawn from the use of a sequential, double-label type of experiment in the same cell. There is processing of SDS-soluble, 12,000-dalton (12k) material to 6,000-9,000-dalton (6-9k) material. These materials are the two major peaks on gels after long labeling periods and together account for about 35% of all newly synthesized proteins. After synthesis of 12k material, there is a gradual disappearance of 12k (half-life about 8 h) and simultaneous appearance of 6-9k material on the gels, as the postsynthesis \"chase\" period of ganglia incubation is increased. The processing of 12k to 6-9k material occurs even in the presence of anisomycin, a protein syntehsis inhibitor, during the chase period. While the rate of 12k to 6-9k conversion can vary from cell to cell, it appears to remain consistent within, and is characteristic of, any individual R15. We detect no circadian rhythm in either the rate of 12k synthesis or the rate of 12k to 6-9k processing with 5-h label periods. These results are discussed in relation to the roles of 12k and 6-9k material in the R15 neuron.", "contents": "Patterns of proteins synthesized in the R15 neuron of Aplysia. Temporal studies and evidence for processing. The time-course of changes in the pattern of newly synthesized proteins in the R15 neuron of the parietovisceral ganglion of Aplysia californica has been studied at 14 degrees C. 5% polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have been used to separate newly synthesized (leucine-labeled) proteins from the neuron. We have demonstrated that the pattern of newly synthesized proteins from the R15 neuron does not change significantly if 5-h pulses of labeled leucine are given during the first 72 h of in vitro incubation of the excised ganglion. However, the level of leucine incorporation begins to decline somewhere between 17 and 43 h after the ganglion is isolated; at 43 and 69 h the levels of incorporation fell to 29 and 10% of the initial level, respectively. A number of conclusions have been drawn from the use of a sequential, double-label type of experiment in the same cell. There is processing of SDS-soluble, 12,000-dalton (12k) material to 6,000-9,000-dalton (6-9k) material. These materials are the two major peaks on gels after long labeling periods and together account for about 35% of all newly synthesized proteins. After synthesis of 12k material, there is a gradual disappearance of 12k (half-life about 8 h) and simultaneous appearance of 6-9k material on the gels, as the postsynthesis \"chase\" period of ganglia incubation is increased. The processing of 12k to 6-9k material occurs even in the presence of anisomycin, a protein syntehsis inhibitor, during the chase period. While the rate of 12k to 6-9k conversion can vary from cell to cell, it appears to remain consistent within, and is characteristic of, any individual R15. We detect no circadian rhythm in either the rate of 12k synthesis or the rate of 12k to 6-9k processing with 5-h label periods. These results are discussed in relation to the roles of 12k and 6-9k material in the R15 neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:932672", "title": "Inactivation of monazomycin-induced voltage-dependent conductance in thin lipid membranes. I. Inactivation produced by long chain quaternary ammonium ions.", "content": "The voltage-dependent conductance induced in thin lipid membranes by monazomycin undergoes inactivation upon the introduction of quaternary ammonium ions (QA) having a long alkyl chain (e.g. dodecyltrimethylammonium [C12]) to the side containing monazomycin. That is, in response to a step of voltage the conductance rises to a peak and then falls to a much lower steady-state value. We demonstrate that the basis of this phenomenon is the ability of QA to pass through the stimulated membrane and bind to the opposite surface. As a consequence, the surface potential on that side becomes more positive, thus reducing the voltage across the membrane proper and turning off the monazomycin-induced conductance. Because the flux of QA through the membrane increases linearly with conductance, we believe that these ions pass through the monazomycin channels. QA permeability increases with alkyl chain length; remarkably, in spite of its much larger size, C12 is about 150 times more permeant than K+. It appears, therefore, that there is a hydrophobic region of the cahnnel that favors the alkyl chain; we propose that this region is formed by the hydrophobic faces of the monazomycin channels in lipid bilayers to QA inactivation of potassium channels in the squid giant azon, and suggest that there may be a common structural feature for the two channels. It is possible that some of the inactivation phenomena in excitable cells may arise from local field changes not measurable by the recording electrodes.", "contents": "Inactivation of monazomycin-induced voltage-dependent conductance in thin lipid membranes. I. Inactivation produced by long chain quaternary ammonium ions. The voltage-dependent conductance induced in thin lipid membranes by monazomycin undergoes inactivation upon the introduction of quaternary ammonium ions (QA) having a long alkyl chain (e.g. dodecyltrimethylammonium [C12]) to the side containing monazomycin. That is, in response to a step of voltage the conductance rises to a peak and then falls to a much lower steady-state value. We demonstrate that the basis of this phenomenon is the ability of QA to pass through the stimulated membrane and bind to the opposite surface. As a consequence, the surface potential on that side becomes more positive, thus reducing the voltage across the membrane proper and turning off the monazomycin-induced conductance. Because the flux of QA through the membrane increases linearly with conductance, we believe that these ions pass through the monazomycin channels. QA permeability increases with alkyl chain length; remarkably, in spite of its much larger size, C12 is about 150 times more permeant than K+. It appears, therefore, that there is a hydrophobic region of the cahnnel that favors the alkyl chain; we propose that this region is formed by the hydrophobic faces of the monazomycin channels in lipid bilayers to QA inactivation of potassium channels in the squid giant azon, and suggest that there may be a common structural feature for the two channels. It is possible that some of the inactivation phenomena in excitable cells may arise from local field changes not measurable by the recording electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:932673", "title": "Inactivation of monazomycin-induced voltage-dependent conductance in thin lipid membranes. II. Inactivation produced by monazomycin transport through the membrane.", "content": "At sufficiently large conductances, the voltage-dependent conductance induced in thin lipid membranes by monazomycin undergoes inactivation. This is a consequence of depletion of monazomycin from the membrane solution interface, as monazomycin crosses the membrane to the opposite (trans) side from which it was added. The flux of monazomycin is directly proportional to the monazomycin-induced conductance; at a given conductance it is independent of monazomycin concentration. We conclude that when monazomycin channels break up, some or all of the molecules making up a channel are deposited on the trans side. We present a model for the monazomycin channel: approximately five molecules, each spanning the membrane with its NH3+ on the trans side and an uncharged hydrophilic (probably sugar) group anchored to the cis side, form an aqueous channel lined by--OH groups. The voltage dependence arises from the flipping by the electrical field of molecules lying parallel to the cis surface into the \"spanned state;\" the subsequent aggregation of these molecules into channels is, to a first approximation, voltage independent. The channel breakup that deposits monomers on the trans side involves the collapsing of the channel in such a way that the uncharged hydrophilic groups remain in contact with the water in the channel as they close the channel from behind. We also discuss the possibility that inactivation of sodium channels in nerve involves the movement from one side of the membrane to the other of the molecules (or molecule) forming the channel.", "contents": "Inactivation of monazomycin-induced voltage-dependent conductance in thin lipid membranes. II. Inactivation produced by monazomycin transport through the membrane. At sufficiently large conductances, the voltage-dependent conductance induced in thin lipid membranes by monazomycin undergoes inactivation. This is a consequence of depletion of monazomycin from the membrane solution interface, as monazomycin crosses the membrane to the opposite (trans) side from which it was added. The flux of monazomycin is directly proportional to the monazomycin-induced conductance; at a given conductance it is independent of monazomycin concentration. We conclude that when monazomycin channels break up, some or all of the molecules making up a channel are deposited on the trans side. We present a model for the monazomycin channel: approximately five molecules, each spanning the membrane with its NH3+ on the trans side and an uncharged hydrophilic (probably sugar) group anchored to the cis side, form an aqueous channel lined by--OH groups. The voltage dependence arises from the flipping by the electrical field of molecules lying parallel to the cis surface into the \"spanned state;\" the subsequent aggregation of these molecules into channels is, to a first approximation, voltage independent. The channel breakup that deposits monomers on the trans side involves the collapsing of the channel in such a way that the uncharged hydrophilic groups remain in contact with the water in the channel as they close the channel from behind. We also discuss the possibility that inactivation of sodium channels in nerve involves the movement from one side of the membrane to the other of the molecules (or molecule) forming the channel."}
{"id": "PMID:932674", "title": "Damped oscillations in continuous culture of Lactobacillus plantarum.", "content": "Lactobacillus plantarum exhibited long-period damped oscillations when grown aerobically with glucose as the rate-limiting substrate. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the cultures and its concentration also exhibited damped oscillations. It is suggested that inhibition of growth by hydrogen peroxide is involved in the production of the damped oscillations of microbiol population density.", "contents": "Damped oscillations in continuous culture of Lactobacillus plantarum. Lactobacillus plantarum exhibited long-period damped oscillations when grown aerobically with glucose as the rate-limiting substrate. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the cultures and its concentration also exhibited damped oscillations. It is suggested that inhibition of growth by hydrogen peroxide is involved in the production of the damped oscillations of microbiol population density."}
{"id": "PMID:932675", "title": "A morphological mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9. Isolation and wall characterization.", "content": "A morphological mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 was isolated after treatment of the yeast-like (Y) form with nitrosoguanidine. Colonies of the mutant grown at room temperature did not show the whitish cotton-like morphology typical of the mycelial form of the parental strain. Y-cells were much smaller than those produced by the parent and grew forming chains of different sizes. The main chemical difference in the wall of the Y-form was the replacement of the alpha-I,3-glucan, typical of the parental strain, by an amorphous I,3-mannan in the mutant.", "contents": "A morphological mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9. Isolation and wall characterization. A morphological mutant of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis strain IVIC Pb9 was isolated after treatment of the yeast-like (Y) form with nitrosoguanidine. Colonies of the mutant grown at room temperature did not show the whitish cotton-like morphology typical of the mycelial form of the parental strain. Y-cells were much smaller than those produced by the parent and grew forming chains of different sizes. The main chemical difference in the wall of the Y-form was the replacement of the alpha-I,3-glucan, typical of the parental strain, by an amorphous I,3-mannan in the mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:932676", "title": "Heterokaryosis in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici.", "content": "Intra-isolate and inter-isolate heterokaryons were synthesized between auxotrophic mutants of Fusarium crown rot, 'purple variant' and the wilt isolates. This is the first report of intra- and inter-isolate heterokaryons in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Conidial ratios determined for several heterokaryons between different mutants of the Fusarium crown rot organism showed that the ratio is constant for each heterokaryon and that the ratio usually is in favour of one of the mutants.", "contents": "Heterokaryosis in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Intra-isolate and inter-isolate heterokaryons were synthesized between auxotrophic mutants of Fusarium crown rot, 'purple variant' and the wilt isolates. This is the first report of intra- and inter-isolate heterokaryons in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Conidial ratios determined for several heterokaryons between different mutants of the Fusarium crown rot organism showed that the ratio is constant for each heterokaryon and that the ratio usually is in favour of one of the mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:932677", "title": "Failure of complex supplementation of minimal cultures to elicit a shift-up response in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "The addition of complex supplements (particularly amino acids) to cultures of Pseudomonas putida growing on a good carbon source did not result in a substantial increase in the growth rate. Amino acids entered the cells within 30 s of addition and reached significant internal pool concentrations. Endogenous amino acid biosynthesis was quickly inhibited (about 75%), with a substantial sparing of the original carbon source. Within 20 min of supplementation significant respiration of added amino acids was detected, yet the ATP pool size did not increase and the bacteria did not grow faster. The RNA content of P. putida growing in complex medium differed from that of enteric bacteria in that, although it varied with growth rate, it was not substantially larger than the RNA content of bacteria grown in a minimal medium with a good carbon and energy source. The rate of RNA accumulation on shift-up remained substantially unchanged on supplementation if the minimal medium had a carbon source producing fast growth, and did not increase for about 30 min if the carbon source was relatively poor. In other respects RNA synthesis was similar to that of the enteric bacteria, being stringently controlled, inhibited by trimethoprim and continuing in the presence of chloramphenicol. It is proposed that growth of P. putida in complex media is limited by the rate of synthesis of stable RNA.", "contents": "Failure of complex supplementation of minimal cultures to elicit a shift-up response in Pseudomonas putida. The addition of complex supplements (particularly amino acids) to cultures of Pseudomonas putida growing on a good carbon source did not result in a substantial increase in the growth rate. Amino acids entered the cells within 30 s of addition and reached significant internal pool concentrations. Endogenous amino acid biosynthesis was quickly inhibited (about 75%), with a substantial sparing of the original carbon source. Within 20 min of supplementation significant respiration of added amino acids was detected, yet the ATP pool size did not increase and the bacteria did not grow faster. The RNA content of P. putida growing in complex medium differed from that of enteric bacteria in that, although it varied with growth rate, it was not substantially larger than the RNA content of bacteria grown in a minimal medium with a good carbon and energy source. The rate of RNA accumulation on shift-up remained substantially unchanged on supplementation if the minimal medium had a carbon source producing fast growth, and did not increase for about 30 min if the carbon source was relatively poor. In other respects RNA synthesis was similar to that of the enteric bacteria, being stringently controlled, inhibited by trimethoprim and continuing in the presence of chloramphenicol. It is proposed that growth of P. putida in complex media is limited by the rate of synthesis of stable RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:932678", "title": "The rate of recombination repair and its relationship to the radiation-induced delay in DNA synthesis in Micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "The measurement of the time at which normal colony-forming ability returns in irradiated cultures of Micrococcus radiodurans tsI held at 30 degrees C can be used to estimate the time of completion of recombination repair. By comparing the times to complete such repair in populations given increasing radiation doses it is possible to calculate the rate of recombination repair. The rate was independent of the radiation dose; recombination could repair in one minute the damage caused either by 1-2 krad gamma radiation or 4 X 10(-6) J mm-2 u.v. radiation. The time taken for the normal rate of DNA synthesis to return in irradiated M. radiodurans tsI was measured under conditions identical to those used to measure recombination repair. The delay in DNA synthesis was 1-0 min per 1-2 krad gamma radiation and 1-0 min per 5-6 X 10(-6) J mm-2 u.v. radiation. The data suggest that the normal rate of DNA synthesis resumes immediately after the completion of recombination repair of gamma-induced damage, but before the completion of recombination repair of u.v.-induced damage. It is postulated that cell death at the lethal dose of u.v. radiation is caused by a second round of replication of DNA which is still being repaired by recombination.", "contents": "The rate of recombination repair and its relationship to the radiation-induced delay in DNA synthesis in Micrococcus radiodurans. The measurement of the time at which normal colony-forming ability returns in irradiated cultures of Micrococcus radiodurans tsI held at 30 degrees C can be used to estimate the time of completion of recombination repair. By comparing the times to complete such repair in populations given increasing radiation doses it is possible to calculate the rate of recombination repair. The rate was independent of the radiation dose; recombination could repair in one minute the damage caused either by 1-2 krad gamma radiation or 4 X 10(-6) J mm-2 u.v. radiation. The time taken for the normal rate of DNA synthesis to return in irradiated M. radiodurans tsI was measured under conditions identical to those used to measure recombination repair. The delay in DNA synthesis was 1-0 min per 1-2 krad gamma radiation and 1-0 min per 5-6 X 10(-6) J mm-2 u.v. radiation. The data suggest that the normal rate of DNA synthesis resumes immediately after the completion of recombination repair of gamma-induced damage, but before the completion of recombination repair of u.v.-induced damage. It is postulated that cell death at the lethal dose of u.v. radiation is caused by a second round of replication of DNA which is still being repaired by recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:932679", "title": "A biochemical basis for obligate methylotrophy: properties of a mutant of Pseudomonas AM1 lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Pseudomonas AMI is a facultative methylotroph which grows on a wide range of carbon compounds. A mutant of Pseudomonas AMI (ICT4I) grew only on C1 compounds and is thus an artificial obligate methylotroph. Measurements of activities of the components of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex suggest that the E2 component (dihydrolipoamide transsuccinylase) is not functional. All other tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes were present with activities comparable to those in wild-type Pseudomonas AMI and cytochrome levels were unchanged in the mutant. Suspensions of the mutant oxidized pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and 2-oxoglutarate at very low rates. By contrast, C1 compounds were oxidized at the same rate as in wild-type bacteria. Two revertants of ICT4I which regained 2-oxyoglutarate dehydrogenase activity also regained the ability to oxidize and grow on the same substrates as wild-type bacteria. It is concluded that lack of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase may well be the basis of obligate methylotrophy in some bacteria.", "contents": "A biochemical basis for obligate methylotrophy: properties of a mutant of Pseudomonas AM1 lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. Pseudomonas AMI is a facultative methylotroph which grows on a wide range of carbon compounds. A mutant of Pseudomonas AMI (ICT4I) grew only on C1 compounds and is thus an artificial obligate methylotroph. Measurements of activities of the components of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex suggest that the E2 component (dihydrolipoamide transsuccinylase) is not functional. All other tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes were present with activities comparable to those in wild-type Pseudomonas AMI and cytochrome levels were unchanged in the mutant. Suspensions of the mutant oxidized pyruvate, lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and 2-oxoglutarate at very low rates. By contrast, C1 compounds were oxidized at the same rate as in wild-type bacteria. Two revertants of ICT4I which regained 2-oxyoglutarate dehydrogenase activity also regained the ability to oxidize and grow on the same substrates as wild-type bacteria. It is concluded that lack of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase may well be the basis of obligate methylotrophy in some bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:932680", "title": "Differentiation of Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus varians on the basis of catalase isoenzymes.", "content": "Crude extracts prepared from four Micrococcus varians strains, 11 M. luteus strains and four laboratory isolates subsequently classified with M. luteus were assayed for catalase activity following electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme patterns produced from the M. varians strains exhibited three catalase isoenzymes which were distinguished into two types of patterns depending upon the location of the major band. The extracts from all the M. luteus strains produced the same pattern, composed of two catalase isoenzymes of similar electrophoretic mobility. For both species the isoenzyme patterns agreed with the differentiation based on biochemical properties. The catalase activity activity staining method was shown to be a restricted yet reliable assay in the intrageneric but not intraspecies differentiation of yellow-pigmented micrococci.", "contents": "Differentiation of Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus varians on the basis of catalase isoenzymes. Crude extracts prepared from four Micrococcus varians strains, 11 M. luteus strains and four laboratory isolates subsequently classified with M. luteus were assayed for catalase activity following electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme patterns produced from the M. varians strains exhibited three catalase isoenzymes which were distinguished into two types of patterns depending upon the location of the major band. The extracts from all the M. luteus strains produced the same pattern, composed of two catalase isoenzymes of similar electrophoretic mobility. For both species the isoenzyme patterns agreed with the differentiation based on biochemical properties. The catalase activity activity staining method was shown to be a restricted yet reliable assay in the intrageneric but not intraspecies differentiation of yellow-pigmented micrococci."}
{"id": "PMID:932681", "title": "Differentiation of Claviceps purpurea in axenic culture.", "content": "The growth form of a strain of Claviceps purpurea in axenic culture has been controlled by the amino nitrogen source. Within the pairs asparagine/aspartic acid or glutamine/glutamic acid the amide promoted sphacelial growth of the colony whereas the acid supported differentiation of plectenchymatic sclerotial tissue and synthesis of ergot alkaloids. Sclerotial colonies showed purple pigmentation. The mycelium had a greater lipid content, rich in ricinoleic acid, and sporulation was much less than in sphacelial colonies. Changes in the relative distribution of amino acids between the free and peptidyl components of the cells was most marked with respect to lysine; growth on asparagine resulted in more than half remaining free, whereas less than 10% remained free on aspartic acid. Lysine supplied exogenously as a nitrogen source did not promote sclerotial differentiation. Frequent transfers to fresh medium of colonies grown on dialysis membrane accentuated the extent of sphacelial or sclerotial growth; four transfers during an 18-day growth period yielded mycelia with an alkaloid content (0-4%, w/w) similar to that of parasitic ergot sclerotia. Asparagine and glutamine were taken up more rapidly from liquid media than their corresponding acids, but each acid exerted a dominant effect over the amide, in a mixture providing equivalent nitrogen, resulting in differentiation from sphacelial to sclerotial growth analogous to that occurring during parasitism. The apparently greater (w/w) proportion of total amino acids in sphacelial mycelia than in sclerotial mycelia mainly reflected the lower lipid content of these tissues, but this factor was insufficient to account for the persistence of a significant proportion of the total lysine amongst the free amino acids. The promotion of sclerotial growth by aspartic and glutamic acids was not confined solely to the experimental strain of the fungus. Although some isolates failed to differentiate into plectenchymatic mycelia on these nitrogen sources, the extent of their sphacelial growth, as indicated by the degree of sporulation, was always much reduced with respect to that promoted by asparagine.", "contents": "Differentiation of Claviceps purpurea in axenic culture. The growth form of a strain of Claviceps purpurea in axenic culture has been controlled by the amino nitrogen source. Within the pairs asparagine/aspartic acid or glutamine/glutamic acid the amide promoted sphacelial growth of the colony whereas the acid supported differentiation of plectenchymatic sclerotial tissue and synthesis of ergot alkaloids. Sclerotial colonies showed purple pigmentation. The mycelium had a greater lipid content, rich in ricinoleic acid, and sporulation was much less than in sphacelial colonies. Changes in the relative distribution of amino acids between the free and peptidyl components of the cells was most marked with respect to lysine; growth on asparagine resulted in more than half remaining free, whereas less than 10% remained free on aspartic acid. Lysine supplied exogenously as a nitrogen source did not promote sclerotial differentiation. Frequent transfers to fresh medium of colonies grown on dialysis membrane accentuated the extent of sphacelial or sclerotial growth; four transfers during an 18-day growth period yielded mycelia with an alkaloid content (0-4%, w/w) similar to that of parasitic ergot sclerotia. Asparagine and glutamine were taken up more rapidly from liquid media than their corresponding acids, but each acid exerted a dominant effect over the amide, in a mixture providing equivalent nitrogen, resulting in differentiation from sphacelial to sclerotial growth analogous to that occurring during parasitism. The apparently greater (w/w) proportion of total amino acids in sphacelial mycelia than in sclerotial mycelia mainly reflected the lower lipid content of these tissues, but this factor was insufficient to account for the persistence of a significant proportion of the total lysine amongst the free amino acids. The promotion of sclerotial growth by aspartic and glutamic acids was not confined solely to the experimental strain of the fungus. Although some isolates failed to differentiate into plectenchymatic mycelia on these nitrogen sources, the extent of their sphacelial growth, as indicated by the degree of sporulation, was always much reduced with respect to that promoted by asparagine."}
{"id": "PMID:932682", "title": "Changes in spores of Clostridium bifermentans caused by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and cations.", "content": "Spores of Clostridium bifermentans were treated with hydrogen peroxide until their peripheries had lost refractility. The centres of such spores only retained refractility at acid pH. Adding monovalent cations or increasing the pH caused the treated spores to lose their remaining refractility and decreased the turbidity of spore suspensions. Divalent cations prevented or reversed this loss of central refractility and decreased the fall in turbidity. Calcium ions also prevented but did not reverse the loss of central refractility which occurred on drying or applying pressure. Electron micrographs of spores treated with hydrogen peroxide showed that the cortex was depleted or absent and that the loss of central refractility was accompanied by protoplast swelling. It is suggested that divalent cations make spores resistant to drying and pressure by cross-linking negatively charged groups within the protoplast, and that together with hydrogen ions they neutralize the negatively charged groups, thus preventing the swelling of the protoplast, loss of refractility and fall in extinction which occur when divalent cations are replaced by monovalent cations.", "contents": "Changes in spores of Clostridium bifermentans caused by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and cations. Spores of Clostridium bifermentans were treated with hydrogen peroxide until their peripheries had lost refractility. The centres of such spores only retained refractility at acid pH. Adding monovalent cations or increasing the pH caused the treated spores to lose their remaining refractility and decreased the turbidity of spore suspensions. Divalent cations prevented or reversed this loss of central refractility and decreased the fall in turbidity. Calcium ions also prevented but did not reverse the loss of central refractility which occurred on drying or applying pressure. Electron micrographs of spores treated with hydrogen peroxide showed that the cortex was depleted or absent and that the loss of central refractility was accompanied by protoplast swelling. It is suggested that divalent cations make spores resistant to drying and pressure by cross-linking negatively charged groups within the protoplast, and that together with hydrogen ions they neutralize the negatively charged groups, thus preventing the swelling of the protoplast, loss of refractility and fall in extinction which occur when divalent cations are replaced by monovalent cations."}
{"id": "PMID:932684", "title": "A taxonomic study of the Aeromonas hydrophila-Aeromonas punctata group.", "content": "A total of 203 characters has been determined for 68 strains of Aeromonas belonging to the Aeromonas hydrophila-A. punctata group. The results have been subjected to computer analysis using the coefficient of Jaccard-Sneath and the strains clustered by the method of aggregation according to the variance. The 68 strains can be divided into two well-segregated classes on the basis of 59 variable characters, of which seven are of diagnostic value. The two classes are considered as two separate species. The first one (42 strains) is assigned to the type species of the genus, A. hydrophila, and it appears that the species name, A. punctata, is an illegitimate synonym for A. hydrophila. The second (26 strains) constitutes a new species for which the name A. sobria sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this new species has been deposited under the reference CIP7433 (our strain 208).", "contents": "A taxonomic study of the Aeromonas hydrophila-Aeromonas punctata group. A total of 203 characters has been determined for 68 strains of Aeromonas belonging to the Aeromonas hydrophila-A. punctata group. The results have been subjected to computer analysis using the coefficient of Jaccard-Sneath and the strains clustered by the method of aggregation according to the variance. The 68 strains can be divided into two well-segregated classes on the basis of 59 variable characters, of which seven are of diagnostic value. The two classes are considered as two separate species. The first one (42 strains) is assigned to the type species of the genus, A. hydrophila, and it appears that the species name, A. punctata, is an illegitimate synonym for A. hydrophila. The second (26 strains) constitutes a new species for which the name A. sobria sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this new species has been deposited under the reference CIP7433 (our strain 208)."}
{"id": "PMID:932685", "title": "Synchronous growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris from the swarmer phase.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas palustris was chosen as a model organism for studying bacterial differentiation. Synchronous populations selected by sucrose gradient centrifugation yielded more than 95% swarmer cells. The appearance and disappearance of cell morphological groupings and the doubling of cell numbers in cultures of such swarmer populations were very well defined. Cells were only motile for the first half of the division cycle, but motility was regained before division. Development gave rise to a distinct and characteristic pattern of extinction increase and particle volume distribution. The development of swarmers into mother cells and the dimorphic division of R. palustris are discussed as simple examples of differentiation.", "contents": "Synchronous growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris from the swarmer phase. Rhodopseudomonas palustris was chosen as a model organism for studying bacterial differentiation. Synchronous populations selected by sucrose gradient centrifugation yielded more than 95% swarmer cells. The appearance and disappearance of cell morphological groupings and the doubling of cell numbers in cultures of such swarmer populations were very well defined. Cells were only motile for the first half of the division cycle, but motility was regained before division. Development gave rise to a distinct and characteristic pattern of extinction increase and particle volume distribution. The development of swarmers into mother cells and the dimorphic division of R. palustris are discussed as simple examples of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:932686", "title": "Regulatory properties of an inducible aliphatic amidase in a thermophilic bacillus.", "content": "A thermophilic bacillus growing on acetamide as both carbon and nitrogen sources produces an inducible amidase. This amidase hydrolysed the following amides in decreasing order or activity, in comparison with acetamide (1.00): propionamide (0.97), fluoroacetamide (0.84), formamide (0.35) and glycinamide (0.12). Cyanoacetamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and urea also induced the synthesis of the amidase, but were not substrates of the enzyme. Studies with protoplasts suggest that the amidase is located in the cytoplasm. Glucose strongly inhibited amidase synthesis; and limiting nitrogen did not release this inhibition. Urea strongly inhibited amidase activity in a competitive manner; but the inhibition caused by iodoacetamide and cyanoacetamide was non-competitive. Both thioacetamide and thiourea were effective inhibitors of enzyme induction. Bacteria grown on a succinate-minimal medium exhibited a lag in amidase synthesis, which could be eliminated by decreasing the concentration of succinate. Acetate- or pyruvate-grown cultures behaved similarly, while those grown on alanine or glutamate exhibited no lag in enzyme induction. In the mutant strain E21, repression of amidase synthesis by glucose was much less evident and no lag for induction was apparent with any of the other carbon sources mentioned.", "contents": "Regulatory properties of an inducible aliphatic amidase in a thermophilic bacillus. A thermophilic bacillus growing on acetamide as both carbon and nitrogen sources produces an inducible amidase. This amidase hydrolysed the following amides in decreasing order or activity, in comparison with acetamide (1.00): propionamide (0.97), fluoroacetamide (0.84), formamide (0.35) and glycinamide (0.12). Cyanoacetamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and urea also induced the synthesis of the amidase, but were not substrates of the enzyme. Studies with protoplasts suggest that the amidase is located in the cytoplasm. Glucose strongly inhibited amidase synthesis; and limiting nitrogen did not release this inhibition. Urea strongly inhibited amidase activity in a competitive manner; but the inhibition caused by iodoacetamide and cyanoacetamide was non-competitive. Both thioacetamide and thiourea were effective inhibitors of enzyme induction. Bacteria grown on a succinate-minimal medium exhibited a lag in amidase synthesis, which could be eliminated by decreasing the concentration of succinate. Acetate- or pyruvate-grown cultures behaved similarly, while those grown on alanine or glutamate exhibited no lag in enzyme induction. In the mutant strain E21, repression of amidase synthesis by glucose was much less evident and no lag for induction was apparent with any of the other carbon sources mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:932687", "title": "Chloramphenicol acetylation in Streptomyces.", "content": "Twenty-one strains of actinomycetes were screened for the presence of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in many species of bacteria. Only five strains, belonging to three species, yielded mycelial lysates which catalysed the formation of chloramphenicol acetates in the presence of acetyl-coenzyme A: Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller, S. acrimycini, and S. griseus. A mutant of S. acrimycini selected for an increase in resistance to chloramphenicol had a higher specific activity for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase than that found in the parental strain; the enzyme was not inducible in the mutant, the parental strain, or any other strain tested. Chloramphenicol was not acetylated by lysates of a strain of S. venezuelae, the organism known to produce it.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol acetylation in Streptomyces. Twenty-one strains of actinomycetes were screened for the presence of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in many species of bacteria. Only five strains, belonging to three species, yielded mycelial lysates which catalysed the formation of chloramphenicol acetates in the presence of acetyl-coenzyme A: Streptomyces coelicolor M\u00fcller, S. acrimycini, and S. griseus. A mutant of S. acrimycini selected for an increase in resistance to chloramphenicol had a higher specific activity for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase than that found in the parental strain; the enzyme was not inducible in the mutant, the parental strain, or any other strain tested. Chloramphenicol was not acetylated by lysates of a strain of S. venezuelae, the organism known to produce it."}
{"id": "PMID:932688", "title": "Highly specific bacteriophage-associated polysaccharide hydrolases for Klebsiella aerogenes type 8.", "content": "Two phage-bound polysaccharide hydrolases specific for Klebsiella aerogenes type 8 exopolysaccharides were isolated. Each enzyme was specific for the polysaccharide produced by the host strain. One enzyme hydrolysed a pyruvylated and acetylated polymer, while the other only acted on the substrate lacking these substituents. Both enzymes were endogalactosidases releasing tetrasaccharides from their substrates which were only hydrolysed to a limited extent.", "contents": "Highly specific bacteriophage-associated polysaccharide hydrolases for Klebsiella aerogenes type 8. Two phage-bound polysaccharide hydrolases specific for Klebsiella aerogenes type 8 exopolysaccharides were isolated. Each enzyme was specific for the polysaccharide produced by the host strain. One enzyme hydrolysed a pyruvylated and acetylated polymer, while the other only acted on the substrate lacking these substituents. Both enzymes were endogalactosidases releasing tetrasaccharides from their substrates which were only hydrolysed to a limited extent."}
{"id": "PMID:932690", "title": "Adenine nucleotide pool and energy charge during growth of a tyrothricin-producing strain of Bacillus brevis.", "content": "The adenine nucleotide levels and derived energy charge value of a tyrothricin-producing strain of Bacillus brevis under aerobic conditions were in good agreement with published values for other bacteria. When growing cultures of B. brevis underwent a transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, cyclic variations in the level of adenine nucleotides were observed and the energy charge value oxcillated between 0.87 and 0.70. The significance of these changes is considered in relation to antibiotic production as a possible regulatory mechanism in energy metabolism. It is concluded that tyrothricin is not directly involved in the observed changes in energy charge value.", "contents": "Adenine nucleotide pool and energy charge during growth of a tyrothricin-producing strain of Bacillus brevis. The adenine nucleotide levels and derived energy charge value of a tyrothricin-producing strain of Bacillus brevis under aerobic conditions were in good agreement with published values for other bacteria. When growing cultures of B. brevis underwent a transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, cyclic variations in the level of adenine nucleotides were observed and the energy charge value oxcillated between 0.87 and 0.70. The significance of these changes is considered in relation to antibiotic production as a possible regulatory mechanism in energy metabolism. It is concluded that tyrothricin is not directly involved in the observed changes in energy charge value."}
{"id": "PMID:932691", "title": "Preparation and characterization of influenza virus cores.", "content": "Lipid-free influenza virus cores have been obtained by a three step procedure consisting of (a) treatment with proteolytic enzyme, (b) fixation with formaldehyde and (c) delipidization with saponin or deoxycholate. Several reagents proved efficient in removing the virus lipids as judged by morphological features and increased buoyant density, but only cores prepared by means of sodium deoxycholate have been characterized closely. Ultrathin sections revealed round bodies (about 65 nm in diam.) delineated by a single dense track and with an internal structure very similar to that of the complete virus particles. They contained both the nucleoprotein and the M-protein and no lipids. It is proposed to call the limiting structure which appears (3 to 4 nm thick in ultrathin sections) the core shell.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of influenza virus cores. Lipid-free influenza virus cores have been obtained by a three step procedure consisting of (a) treatment with proteolytic enzyme, (b) fixation with formaldehyde and (c) delipidization with saponin or deoxycholate. Several reagents proved efficient in removing the virus lipids as judged by morphological features and increased buoyant density, but only cores prepared by means of sodium deoxycholate have been characterized closely. Ultrathin sections revealed round bodies (about 65 nm in diam.) delineated by a single dense track and with an internal structure very similar to that of the complete virus particles. They contained both the nucleoprotein and the M-protein and no lipids. It is proposed to call the limiting structure which appears (3 to 4 nm thick in ultrathin sections) the core shell."}
{"id": "PMID:932692", "title": "Variants of the HR strain of Sindbis virus lethal for mice.", "content": "We have selected two similar variants of Sindbis HR virus which are lethal for mice. Consecutive brain to brain passage series were conducted in suckling and weanling mice. Specific anti-Sindbis HR neutralization tests and protection tests demonstrate that these viruses are derived from the parent Sindbis HR.", "contents": "Variants of the HR strain of Sindbis virus lethal for mice. We have selected two similar variants of Sindbis HR virus which are lethal for mice. Consecutive brain to brain passage series were conducted in suckling and weanling mice. Specific anti-Sindbis HR neutralization tests and protection tests demonstrate that these viruses are derived from the parent Sindbis HR."}
{"id": "PMID:932693", "title": "A genetic approach to studies on the synthesis of the complementary RNA's of fowl plague virus.", "content": "The rate of incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into complementary strands of replicating RNA of fowl plague virus (FPV) has been studied. The efficiency of incorporation was estimated by determination of the reversion frequency in s-mutants with known types of base transitions in the RNA of the virus particle. It was established that maximum incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into progeny virus particle RNA took place between 2 and 4 h after infection. The maximum incorporation of the mutagen into complementary RNA (plus strands) occurred when the cells were exposed to 5-fluorouracil from 1 to 2 h after infection.", "contents": "A genetic approach to studies on the synthesis of the complementary RNA's of fowl plague virus. The rate of incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into complementary strands of replicating RNA of fowl plague virus (FPV) has been studied. The efficiency of incorporation was estimated by determination of the reversion frequency in s-mutants with known types of base transitions in the RNA of the virus particle. It was established that maximum incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into progeny virus particle RNA took place between 2 and 4 h after infection. The maximum incorporation of the mutagen into complementary RNA (plus strands) occurred when the cells were exposed to 5-fluorouracil from 1 to 2 h after infection."}
{"id": "PMID:932694", "title": "Defective-interfering particles of Semliki Forest Virus: structural differences between standard virus and defective-interfering particles.", "content": "Serial passaging of Semlike Forest virus in BHK cells at a constant input multiplicity of 50 p.f.u./cell resulted in a 4 log10 drop in yield of infectious virus by passage 9. An interference analysis showed that this drop was due to the presence of defective-interfering (DI) particles. Attempts were made to separate the DI particles from standard virus by equilibrium and velocity centrifugation. Only equilbrium centrifugation on CsCl resolved the DI particles (identified by interference analyses) from standard virus. The buoyant density of the DI particles (1.23 g/ml) was higher than that of standard virus (p = 1-20 g/ml). No difference was observed between the structural porteins of standard virus and DI particles. Analysis of the RNA of standard virus and DI particles showed that whereas standard virus contained only 42S RNA (mol. wt. approx. 4-2 X 10(6), DI particles contained two small pieces of RNA of mol. wt. 0.81 and 0-75 X 10(6) respectively. Infectivity assays showed that these low mol. wt. species were not only non-infectious but also interfered with the infectivity of 42S RNA from standard virus. Nucleocapsids derived from purified DI particles had a buoyant density 0-02 g/ml greater than the nucleocapsids from standard virus. Analysis of the RNA from DI nucleocapsids showed it to be entirely of the low mol. wt. class. To account therefore for the density difference not only between DI particles and standard virus but also between their respective nucleocapsids we propose that each SFV DI particle contains several molecules of the low mol. wt. RNA species.", "contents": "Defective-interfering particles of Semliki Forest Virus: structural differences between standard virus and defective-interfering particles. Serial passaging of Semlike Forest virus in BHK cells at a constant input multiplicity of 50 p.f.u./cell resulted in a 4 log10 drop in yield of infectious virus by passage 9. An interference analysis showed that this drop was due to the presence of defective-interfering (DI) particles. Attempts were made to separate the DI particles from standard virus by equilibrium and velocity centrifugation. Only equilbrium centrifugation on CsCl resolved the DI particles (identified by interference analyses) from standard virus. The buoyant density of the DI particles (1.23 g/ml) was higher than that of standard virus (p = 1-20 g/ml). No difference was observed between the structural porteins of standard virus and DI particles. Analysis of the RNA of standard virus and DI particles showed that whereas standard virus contained only 42S RNA (mol. wt. approx. 4-2 X 10(6), DI particles contained two small pieces of RNA of mol. wt. 0.81 and 0-75 X 10(6) respectively. Infectivity assays showed that these low mol. wt. species were not only non-infectious but also interfered with the infectivity of 42S RNA from standard virus. Nucleocapsids derived from purified DI particles had a buoyant density 0-02 g/ml greater than the nucleocapsids from standard virus. Analysis of the RNA from DI nucleocapsids showed it to be entirely of the low mol. wt. class. To account therefore for the density difference not only between DI particles and standard virus but also between their respective nucleocapsids we propose that each SFV DI particle contains several molecules of the low mol. wt. RNA species."}
{"id": "PMID:932695", "title": "Defective-interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus: intracellular events during interference.", "content": "Purified defective-interfering (DI) particles of Semliki Forest virus are unable to carry out any of the steps in virus multiplication except uncoating. Cells co-infected with DI particles and standard virus contain several virus-specified RNA species (DI particle-specific species) absent from cells infected with standard virus alone. Moreover, synthesis of all the virus-specified components distinctive of standard virus-infected cells is reduced. The DI particle-specific RNA species comprise two poly A-containing single-stranded RNAs (DIss1 and DIss2), identical to those found in purified DI particles, two double-stranded RNA'S (RFs) and a new size class of replicative intermediate (RI). Hybridization experiments showed that the nucleotide sequences of DIss1 and DIss2 (i) are present in the 42S genome of standard virus but absent from the 26S RNA- the RNA from standard virus-infected cells which encodes the structural proteins of the virion (Clegg & Kennedy, 1975 a) and (ii) are complementary to the negative strands of the DI paritcle-specific RFs and RI. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting revealed extensive nucleotide sequence homology between DIssI and DIss2. Analysis of the mRNA complement of standard virus-infected, co-infected and uninfected cells strongly indicated that neither DIss1 nor DIss2 can serve as a functional messenger RNA. From these studies we propose a mechanism for the multiplication of and interference by DI particles of Semliki Forest virus.", "contents": "Defective-interfering particles of Semliki Forest virus: intracellular events during interference. Purified defective-interfering (DI) particles of Semliki Forest virus are unable to carry out any of the steps in virus multiplication except uncoating. Cells co-infected with DI particles and standard virus contain several virus-specified RNA species (DI particle-specific species) absent from cells infected with standard virus alone. Moreover, synthesis of all the virus-specified components distinctive of standard virus-infected cells is reduced. The DI particle-specific RNA species comprise two poly A-containing single-stranded RNAs (DIss1 and DIss2), identical to those found in purified DI particles, two double-stranded RNA'S (RFs) and a new size class of replicative intermediate (RI). Hybridization experiments showed that the nucleotide sequences of DIss1 and DIss2 (i) are present in the 42S genome of standard virus but absent from the 26S RNA- the RNA from standard virus-infected cells which encodes the structural proteins of the virion (Clegg & Kennedy, 1975 a) and (ii) are complementary to the negative strands of the DI paritcle-specific RFs and RI. Oligonucleotide fingerprinting revealed extensive nucleotide sequence homology between DIssI and DIss2. Analysis of the mRNA complement of standard virus-infected, co-infected and uninfected cells strongly indicated that neither DIss1 nor DIss2 can serve as a functional messenger RNA. From these studies we propose a mechanism for the multiplication of and interference by DI particles of Semliki Forest virus."}
{"id": "PMID:932696", "title": "[Genetic counseling in retinoblastoma].", "content": "The author reviews the literature about the inheritance of retinoblastoma and notes an increase of both the frequency of the affection and the chance of survival. He then estimates the genetic risks for the descendency in all cases of sporadic and familial retinoblastoma.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling in retinoblastoma]. The author reviews the literature about the inheritance of retinoblastoma and notes an increase of both the frequency of the affection and the chance of survival. He then estimates the genetic risks for the descendency in all cases of sporadic and familial retinoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:932697", "title": "[Polycystic kidney disease of the newborn in two different sibships].", "content": "The two only children in two different sibships died soon after birth from polycystic kidney disease. Autopsy disclosed hepatic lesions. The modes of transmission of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Polycystic kidney disease of the newborn in two different sibships]. The two only children in two different sibships died soon after birth from polycystic kidney disease. Autopsy disclosed hepatic lesions. The modes of transmission of this disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932698", "title": "The importance of determining the mode of inheritance for the estimation of recurrence risks.", "content": "Recurrence risks for the generalised single locus model and for the multifactorial model have been derived and compared. First the areas of overlap for the two models were determined and sets of parameters chosen to represent these overlap areas. Certain sets of parameters for the single locus model give recurrence risks in sibships similar to these for multifactorial inheritance. Other sets (representing very low penetrant dominant genes) give markedly lower risks. Similar results hold for more complex family histories. Empiric risks for families with two or more affected individuals are needed so as to indicate the trend of the increase in risk which could then be extrapolated to other families and be used in genetic counseling.", "contents": "The importance of determining the mode of inheritance for the estimation of recurrence risks. Recurrence risks for the generalised single locus model and for the multifactorial model have been derived and compared. First the areas of overlap for the two models were determined and sets of parameters chosen to represent these overlap areas. Certain sets of parameters for the single locus model give recurrence risks in sibships similar to these for multifactorial inheritance. Other sets (representing very low penetrant dominant genes) give markedly lower risks. Similar results hold for more complex family histories. Empiric risks for families with two or more affected individuals are needed so as to indicate the trend of the increase in risk which could then be extrapolated to other families and be used in genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:932700", "title": "The development of trait inference.", "content": "This study charted the increase with age in trait inference and examined the accompanying organizational processes. The Ss, eight males and eight females at each grade level from kindergarten through sixth, were read descriptions of other children. These served as the basis for \"spontaneous\" and \"suggested\" inferences which they were then asked to justify. Trait inference appeared as early as kindergarten and increased in frequency up to sixth grade. This increase was explained as evidence of a greater capacity for hierarchical organization. The justifications were classified into five reasoning categories which were interpreted in terms of the social psychological literature and Piaget's (16, 17) \"mother structures.\"", "contents": "The development of trait inference. This study charted the increase with age in trait inference and examined the accompanying organizational processes. The Ss, eight males and eight females at each grade level from kindergarten through sixth, were read descriptions of other children. These served as the basis for \"spontaneous\" and \"suggested\" inferences which they were then asked to justify. Trait inference appeared as early as kindergarten and increased in frequency up to sixth grade. This increase was explained as evidence of a greater capacity for hierarchical organization. The justifications were classified into five reasoning categories which were interpreted in terms of the social psychological literature and Piaget's (16, 17) \"mother structures.\""}
{"id": "PMID:932701", "title": "The psychological effects of vasectomy for American men.", "content": "Evidence concerning the psychological effects of vasectomy for American men was reviewed. Surveys of postoperative sexual behavior, satisfaction, and/or happiness suggest that the effects of vasectomy are generally positive. Data from studies employing clinical interviews and/or psychological tests, however, support a very different conclusion. These investigations which are generally superior in methodology and measurement techniques to the survey studies indicate that (a) although men in general verbally express satisfaction with vasectomy, many men are probably describing feelings which have been distorted as part of an attempt to cope with their private concerns about the consequences of the operation; and (b) many men experience some difficulty in adjusting to the psychological consequences of vasectomy. Implications for future research are discussed.", "contents": "The psychological effects of vasectomy for American men. Evidence concerning the psychological effects of vasectomy for American men was reviewed. Surveys of postoperative sexual behavior, satisfaction, and/or happiness suggest that the effects of vasectomy are generally positive. Data from studies employing clinical interviews and/or psychological tests, however, support a very different conclusion. These investigations which are generally superior in methodology and measurement techniques to the survey studies indicate that (a) although men in general verbally express satisfaction with vasectomy, many men are probably describing feelings which have been distorted as part of an attempt to cope with their private concerns about the consequences of the operation; and (b) many men experience some difficulty in adjusting to the psychological consequences of vasectomy. Implications for future research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932702", "title": "Aggressive behavior as a function of age and sex.", "content": "The present experiment investigated age and sex differences in aggressive behavior. With the use of an apparatus which delivered differentially noxious noise bursts, 40 male and female Ss of preschool and adolescent age aggressed against a male or female peer. Results indicated that aggression by and toward females was relatively stable over age, while aggression by males toward other males increased markedly (p less than .05). The implication of findings for reinforcement explanations of sex differences in aggression are discussed.", "contents": "Aggressive behavior as a function of age and sex. The present experiment investigated age and sex differences in aggressive behavior. With the use of an apparatus which delivered differentially noxious noise bursts, 40 male and female Ss of preschool and adolescent age aggressed against a male or female peer. Results indicated that aggression by and toward females was relatively stable over age, while aggression by males toward other males increased markedly (p less than .05). The implication of findings for reinforcement explanations of sex differences in aggression are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932703", "title": "Factors affecting accuracy of perception on a task requiring the ability to identify viewpoints.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the relative contribution of age, sex, and three stimulus features (board shape, block arrangement, and block shape) to perceptual accuracy on 39 board/block adaptations of Piaget's three-mountain task. The sample consisted of 830 children (420 1st graders and 410 5th graders) and 130 college students. Stimulus features of the board/block task accounted for between 22% and 26% of the explained variability among accuracy scores; however, interactions of other factors with age were nonsignificant. When data from college students were combined with children, a curvilinear developmental relationship between age and perceptual accuracy was obtained. The board/block task has promise as an instrument for longitudinal studies.", "contents": "Factors affecting accuracy of perception on a task requiring the ability to identify viewpoints. A study was undertaken to determine the relative contribution of age, sex, and three stimulus features (board shape, block arrangement, and block shape) to perceptual accuracy on 39 board/block adaptations of Piaget's three-mountain task. The sample consisted of 830 children (420 1st graders and 410 5th graders) and 130 college students. Stimulus features of the board/block task accounted for between 22% and 26% of the explained variability among accuracy scores; however, interactions of other factors with age were nonsignificant. When data from college students were combined with children, a curvilinear developmental relationship between age and perceptual accuracy was obtained. The board/block task has promise as an instrument for longitudinal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:932704", "title": "An exploratory study of the interaction of cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization among college students.", "content": "Two hundred nineteen male and female college students returned questionnaire measures relating to cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization. Analyses revealed very complex interactions among the variables. Highly dogmatic repressors were low in cognitive complexity, and open- minded sensitizers were high in cognitive complexity. Ss exhibiting other combinations of dogmatism and repression-sensitization (e.g., highly dogmatic sensitizers, open-minded repressors) were moderate in cognitive complexity. Many of the conclusions about the behavioral correlates of cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization may be confounded if these variables are not conjointly assessed.", "contents": "An exploratory study of the interaction of cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization among college students. Two hundred nineteen male and female college students returned questionnaire measures relating to cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization. Analyses revealed very complex interactions among the variables. Highly dogmatic repressors were low in cognitive complexity, and open- minded sensitizers were high in cognitive complexity. Ss exhibiting other combinations of dogmatism and repression-sensitization (e.g., highly dogmatic sensitizers, open-minded repressors) were moderate in cognitive complexity. Many of the conclusions about the behavioral correlates of cognitive complexity, dogmatism, and repression-sensitization may be confounded if these variables are not conjointly assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:932705", "title": "Comparison of aggression and incongruity as factors in children's judgments of humor.", "content": "It was hypothesized that both aggression and incongruity are variables that will positively influence preschool children's judgments of humorous incidents. Past research has shown the influence of incongruity on humor only for school-age children, and--with the exception of studies of children's television viewing--the allegedly \"antisocial\" variable of aggression has been ignored. Two hundred and thirty boys and girls from ages three to eight each made six paired comparison judgments as to which of two brief incidents was funnier. The incidents were produced by the E manipulating either one or two hand puppets with or without accompanying dialogue. At all ages children significantly preferred aggressive and incongruous incidents to neutral incidents. When aggressive and incongruous nonverbal incidents were paired, there was no significant preference. Two major conclusions were reached: (a) Though neglected in the developmental theory of humor, aggression is an early occurring and potent factor in children's humor; (b) The clear-cut results obtained from preschoolers argue for the usefulness of cognitive choice as against such observational measures as smiling and laughing.", "contents": "Comparison of aggression and incongruity as factors in children's judgments of humor. It was hypothesized that both aggression and incongruity are variables that will positively influence preschool children's judgments of humorous incidents. Past research has shown the influence of incongruity on humor only for school-age children, and--with the exception of studies of children's television viewing--the allegedly \"antisocial\" variable of aggression has been ignored. Two hundred and thirty boys and girls from ages three to eight each made six paired comparison judgments as to which of two brief incidents was funnier. The incidents were produced by the E manipulating either one or two hand puppets with or without accompanying dialogue. At all ages children significantly preferred aggressive and incongruous incidents to neutral incidents. When aggressive and incongruous nonverbal incidents were paired, there was no significant preference. Two major conclusions were reached: (a) Though neglected in the developmental theory of humor, aggression is an early occurring and potent factor in children's humor; (b) The clear-cut results obtained from preschoolers argue for the usefulness of cognitive choice as against such observational measures as smiling and laughing."}
{"id": "PMID:932706", "title": "Egocentric error and the construct of egocentrism.", "content": "It was hypothesized that perception errors on a task requiring Ss to take different viewpoints could be explained in terms of response bias. Four hundred ten first graders, 421 fifth graders, and 260 undergradutaes' error patterns on 39 board/block adaptations of Piaget's three-mountain task were examined with respect to their front, opposite, and reversed choices of camera position. Front choices or egocentric errors were found, overall, to be independent of grade level. Results from this analysis were consistent with the response bias hypothesis: clearly, making an egocentric error is different from behaving in an egocentric manner.", "contents": "Egocentric error and the construct of egocentrism. It was hypothesized that perception errors on a task requiring Ss to take different viewpoints could be explained in terms of response bias. Four hundred ten first graders, 421 fifth graders, and 260 undergradutaes' error patterns on 39 board/block adaptations of Piaget's three-mountain task were examined with respect to their front, opposite, and reversed choices of camera position. Front choices or egocentric errors were found, overall, to be independent of grade level. Results from this analysis were consistent with the response bias hypothesis: clearly, making an egocentric error is different from behaving in an egocentric manner."}
{"id": "PMID:932707", "title": "Measuring psychoneurotic behavior in cross-cultural surveys.", "content": "In recent years, a number of studies have appeared which attempt to measure neurotic disorders among population samples in different cultural settings. The problem of how to define and measure psychiatric disorders in untreated groups, and especially in cultures to which the investigators are not native, is, however, far from resolved. The present report describes an effort to study psychological stress among the Serer of Senegal. We describe a method we used to develop a questionnaire to tap symptoms of psychiatric distress, and which would be geared to the realities of place and setting. By means of a factor analysis of the responses to this questionnaire by more than 400 subjects, we identify four dimensions by which the Serer express neurotic disturbance. Further analyses presented in the report demonstrate that these are not merely ways of expressing symptoms based on physical illness, that they are able to discriminate between ill and well people in the Serer frame of reference, that they possess domain validity, and that they demonstrate important similarities and differences with factors obtained using similar techniques in different cultural settings. From a methodological point of view, we illustrate the importance of using a multidimensional approach in such studies.", "contents": "Measuring psychoneurotic behavior in cross-cultural surveys. In recent years, a number of studies have appeared which attempt to measure neurotic disorders among population samples in different cultural settings. The problem of how to define and measure psychiatric disorders in untreated groups, and especially in cultures to which the investigators are not native, is, however, far from resolved. The present report describes an effort to study psychological stress among the Serer of Senegal. We describe a method we used to develop a questionnaire to tap symptoms of psychiatric distress, and which would be geared to the realities of place and setting. By means of a factor analysis of the responses to this questionnaire by more than 400 subjects, we identify four dimensions by which the Serer express neurotic disturbance. Further analyses presented in the report demonstrate that these are not merely ways of expressing symptoms based on physical illness, that they are able to discriminate between ill and well people in the Serer frame of reference, that they possess domain validity, and that they demonstrate important similarities and differences with factors obtained using similar techniques in different cultural settings. From a methodological point of view, we illustrate the importance of using a multidimensional approach in such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:932708", "title": "Rheumatic brain disease: a disease in its own right.", "content": "In many cases of patients who had rheumatic fever--at times undiagnosed--there is a chronic involvement of the brain as a result of disseminated recurrent obliterating arteritis or emboli in the small blood vessels, especially in the brain membranes or the cortex. As a result, disseminated, unstable, and transient neurological and psychiatric symptoms appear. The nature of these symptoms depends upon the age of the patient and the time of onset of the disease. It is suggested that the term \"rheumatic brain disease\" or \"rheumatic encephalopathy\" be used, and introduced into the nomenclature of the American Rheumatic Association.", "contents": "Rheumatic brain disease: a disease in its own right. In many cases of patients who had rheumatic fever--at times undiagnosed--there is a chronic involvement of the brain as a result of disseminated recurrent obliterating arteritis or emboli in the small blood vessels, especially in the brain membranes or the cortex. As a result, disseminated, unstable, and transient neurological and psychiatric symptoms appear. The nature of these symptoms depends upon the age of the patient and the time of onset of the disease. It is suggested that the term \"rheumatic brain disease\" or \"rheumatic encephalopathy\" be used, and introduced into the nomenclature of the American Rheumatic Association."}
{"id": "PMID:932709", "title": "Prognostic implications of neuropsychological test performance for surgical treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "Surgical treatment of epilepsy is undertaken on the basis of prognostically favorable clinical and laboratory data. Analysis of neuropsychological test data obtained preoperatively and postoperatively from 14 surgically treated patients indicates that specific measures of neuropsychological test performance may provide prognostic information aside from the utility of this testing for lateralization and localization. An impairment Index which is derived from the extensive test battery was related to change of seizure frequency. The groups of patients which have an improved or seizure-free status postoperatively also have the least preoperative neuropsychological impairment. The group of patients which did not show improvement of seizure frequency had a younger mean age at onset of seizures (x = 6.7 years), while the group which was rendered seizure free had a later age at onset (x = 17.2 years). There was no relationship for the duration of seizures prior to surgery and the outcome following surgery.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of neuropsychological test performance for surgical treatment of epilepsy. Surgical treatment of epilepsy is undertaken on the basis of prognostically favorable clinical and laboratory data. Analysis of neuropsychological test data obtained preoperatively and postoperatively from 14 surgically treated patients indicates that specific measures of neuropsychological test performance may provide prognostic information aside from the utility of this testing for lateralization and localization. An impairment Index which is derived from the extensive test battery was related to change of seizure frequency. The groups of patients which have an improved or seizure-free status postoperatively also have the least preoperative neuropsychological impairment. The group of patients which did not show improvement of seizure frequency had a younger mean age at onset of seizures (x = 6.7 years), while the group which was rendered seizure free had a later age at onset (x = 17.2 years). There was no relationship for the duration of seizures prior to surgery and the outcome following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:932710", "title": "Depression and normal pressure hydrocephalus. A dilemma in neuropsychiatric differential diagnosis.", "content": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a surgically correctable syndrome of progressive dementia, gait abnormalities, and urinary incontinence resulting from an occult hydrocephalus in association with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Occurring most frequently in midlife and often idiopathic in origin, the early course of the illness may be characterized by symptoms of apathy, inattentiveness, agitation, and poverty of thought which mimic a depressive illness and may delay the recognition and treatment of the underlying structural defect. A review of the literature reveals that this association of depressive symptomatology and NPH has received little attention in the psychiatric literature, and the authors describe a case of NPH which presented as a severe, agitated depression. Clinical findings which suggest the presence of NPH are discussed, and the need to include NPH in the differential diagnosis of depression in the presenium is emphasized. The authors believe such diagnostic vigilance is necessary if the needless deterioration of potentially salvageable individuals is to be prevented.", "contents": "Depression and normal pressure hydrocephalus. A dilemma in neuropsychiatric differential diagnosis. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a surgically correctable syndrome of progressive dementia, gait abnormalities, and urinary incontinence resulting from an occult hydrocephalus in association with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Occurring most frequently in midlife and often idiopathic in origin, the early course of the illness may be characterized by symptoms of apathy, inattentiveness, agitation, and poverty of thought which mimic a depressive illness and may delay the recognition and treatment of the underlying structural defect. A review of the literature reveals that this association of depressive symptomatology and NPH has received little attention in the psychiatric literature, and the authors describe a case of NPH which presented as a severe, agitated depression. Clinical findings which suggest the presence of NPH are discussed, and the need to include NPH in the differential diagnosis of depression in the presenium is emphasized. The authors believe such diagnostic vigilance is necessary if the needless deterioration of potentially salvageable individuals is to be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:932711", "title": "An analysis of 70 years of morphine classical conditioning: implications for clinical treatment of narcotic addition.", "content": "A review of all morphine classical conditioning studies performed since Pavlov reveals significant shifts in methodological and conceptual thinking during the past 7 decades. These shifts have tended to obscure the fact that a great deal of basic data are still needed before morphine classical conditioning can be understood. These data are needed to help clarify the relationship between drug conditioning and drug addiction. Recent evidence, for example, suggests that once morphine autonomic conditional reactions are established, they are highly resistant to extinction. The inclusion of these types of data in any conceptualization of drug dependency would appear to be of help in the formulation of new clinical approaches to this problem.", "contents": "An analysis of 70 years of morphine classical conditioning: implications for clinical treatment of narcotic addition. A review of all morphine classical conditioning studies performed since Pavlov reveals significant shifts in methodological and conceptual thinking during the past 7 decades. These shifts have tended to obscure the fact that a great deal of basic data are still needed before morphine classical conditioning can be understood. These data are needed to help clarify the relationship between drug conditioning and drug addiction. Recent evidence, for example, suggests that once morphine autonomic conditional reactions are established, they are highly resistant to extinction. The inclusion of these types of data in any conceptualization of drug dependency would appear to be of help in the formulation of new clinical approaches to this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:932712", "title": "Dream recall and the contraceptive pill.", "content": "Data collected on women students at Edinburgh University allowed a comparison to be made between those who were taking a contraceptive pill and those who were not. The evidence suggests that women taking a contraceptive pill are more likely to recall dreaming, and that it is the progestagenic component that is the more active one. However, the data collected do not exclude the possibility that the differences observed are the consequence of other psychosocial variables; further research is recommended.", "contents": "Dream recall and the contraceptive pill. Data collected on women students at Edinburgh University allowed a comparison to be made between those who were taking a contraceptive pill and those who were not. The evidence suggests that women taking a contraceptive pill are more likely to recall dreaming, and that it is the progestagenic component that is the more active one. However, the data collected do not exclude the possibility that the differences observed are the consequence of other psychosocial variables; further research is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:932713", "title": "The use of assertive training and psychodynamic insight in the treatment of migraine headache: a case study.", "content": "In this paper, a case study is cited in which two techniques, assertive training and the development of psychodynamic insight, were used in an A/B/BC experimental design to treat successfully a patient suffering from severe migraine headaches. The point is made that in treating psychosomatic disorders, the structure of the disorder has to be treated, necessitating consideration, where relevant, of a number of dimensions of functioning integrated into an effective treatment program rather than the use of single unidimensional techniques.", "contents": "The use of assertive training and psychodynamic insight in the treatment of migraine headache: a case study. In this paper, a case study is cited in which two techniques, assertive training and the development of psychodynamic insight, were used in an A/B/BC experimental design to treat successfully a patient suffering from severe migraine headaches. The point is made that in treating psychosomatic disorders, the structure of the disorder has to be treated, necessitating consideration, where relevant, of a number of dimensions of functioning integrated into an effective treatment program rather than the use of single unidimensional techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:932738", "title": "Changes in CO2 responsiveness and in autoregulation of the cerebral circulation during and after halothane-induced hypotension.", "content": "CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation has been measured in baboons before, during, and after halothane-induced hypotension. At a systolic blood pressure (BP) of 60 mmHg, C02 responsiveness was abolished, but was maintained at higher levels of BP. After hypotension, CO2 responsiveness returned to control values. Autoregulation to BP increases induced by intravenous noradrenaline was impaired when cerebral perfusion pressure during the hypotensive period had been below 30-40 mmHg. It is concluded that at levels of halothane-induced hypotension commonly employed clinically, CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation may be absent. The return of CO2 responsiveness in the post-hypotensive phase argues in favour of controlled hyperventilation after neurosurgery which has involved induced hypotension.", "contents": "Changes in CO2 responsiveness and in autoregulation of the cerebral circulation during and after halothane-induced hypotension. CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation has been measured in baboons before, during, and after halothane-induced hypotension. At a systolic blood pressure (BP) of 60 mmHg, C02 responsiveness was abolished, but was maintained at higher levels of BP. After hypotension, CO2 responsiveness returned to control values. Autoregulation to BP increases induced by intravenous noradrenaline was impaired when cerebral perfusion pressure during the hypotensive period had been below 30-40 mmHg. It is concluded that at levels of halothane-induced hypotension commonly employed clinically, CO2 responsiveness of the cerebral circulation may be absent. The return of CO2 responsiveness in the post-hypotensive phase argues in favour of controlled hyperventilation after neurosurgery which has involved induced hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:932739", "title": "A dominant form of adult neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis (Kufs' disease) with an associated occipital astrocytoma: early diagnosis by cortical biopsy.", "content": "A patient with a dominantly inherited form of Kuf's disease and an associated occipital astrocytoma is presented. This is the first reported case in which the diagnosis of Kufs' disease was made by a cortical biopsy several years before its expected clinical onset. The nosology of this disease, and its clinical, genetic, and histopathological characteristics are discussed. The establishment of an early diagnosis by cortical biopsy and its implications are considered.", "contents": "A dominant form of adult neuronal ceroidlipofuscinosis (Kufs' disease) with an associated occipital astrocytoma: early diagnosis by cortical biopsy. A patient with a dominantly inherited form of Kuf's disease and an associated occipital astrocytoma is presented. This is the first reported case in which the diagnosis of Kufs' disease was made by a cortical biopsy several years before its expected clinical onset. The nosology of this disease, and its clinical, genetic, and histopathological characteristics are discussed. The establishment of an early diagnosis by cortical biopsy and its implications are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:932740", "title": "New methods of estimating the number of motor units in a muscle.", "content": "Two electrophysiological methods have been described for estimating the number of motor units (MU) in a muscle. The methods are based on the original methods of Mc Comas and others, which involve dividing the maximum compound potential (MCP) of muscle evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation of nerve by a mean motor unit potential (MMUP). The important modifications in the methods are the incorporation of the fluctuations in the response of MU to electrical excitation and a possible correction for the overlap in the firing levels of motor axons. The methods have been used in the estimation of the number of motor units in the first dorsal interosseous, thenar, hypothenar, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles of normal subjects and patients with various neuromuscular disorders. The results indicate that previous motor unit estimates were in general erroneously high.", "contents": "New methods of estimating the number of motor units in a muscle. Two electrophysiological methods have been described for estimating the number of motor units (MU) in a muscle. The methods are based on the original methods of Mc Comas and others, which involve dividing the maximum compound potential (MCP) of muscle evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation of nerve by a mean motor unit potential (MMUP). The important modifications in the methods are the incorporation of the fluctuations in the response of MU to electrical excitation and a possible correction for the overlap in the firing levels of motor axons. The methods have been used in the estimation of the number of motor units in the first dorsal interosseous, thenar, hypothenar, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles of normal subjects and patients with various neuromuscular disorders. The results indicate that previous motor unit estimates were in general erroneously high."}
{"id": "PMID:932741", "title": "Clonus: beats provoked by the application of a rhythmic force.", "content": "(1) Clonus has been elicited by using a printed motor in nine patients with sustained ankle clonus. (2) When a dorsiflexing biasing force was applied to the foot the amplitude, but not the frequency, of the clonus varied according to the strength of the force. (3) When the biasing force was withdrawn there could be, for some seconds, continuing EMG evidence of a rhythmic discharge. (4) The clonus did not synchronise with an externally applied rhythmic force. In all relevant observations beats were set up between the clonus and the applied force. (5) When clonus was started by the abrupt application of bias the waveform in successive trials was fairly closely repeatable. (6) Beats were also established in two cases of wrist clonus. (7) It is concluded that clonus is not due to the self re-excitation of proprioceptive reflexes but is dependent on a spinal generator, the rate of beating of which is normally independent of peripheral circumstances, although it may be switched on and its activity maintained by appropriate events.", "contents": "Clonus: beats provoked by the application of a rhythmic force. (1) Clonus has been elicited by using a printed motor in nine patients with sustained ankle clonus. (2) When a dorsiflexing biasing force was applied to the foot the amplitude, but not the frequency, of the clonus varied according to the strength of the force. (3) When the biasing force was withdrawn there could be, for some seconds, continuing EMG evidence of a rhythmic discharge. (4) The clonus did not synchronise with an externally applied rhythmic force. In all relevant observations beats were set up between the clonus and the applied force. (5) When clonus was started by the abrupt application of bias the waveform in successive trials was fairly closely repeatable. (6) Beats were also established in two cases of wrist clonus. (7) It is concluded that clonus is not due to the self re-excitation of proprioceptive reflexes but is dependent on a spinal generator, the rate of beating of which is normally independent of peripheral circumstances, although it may be switched on and its activity maintained by appropriate events."}
{"id": "PMID:932742", "title": "Equivocal plantar responses: a clinical and electromyographic study.", "content": "Thirty patients in whom others found equivocal plantar reflexes were studied clinically and electromyographically (EMG-og flexor hallucis brevis, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior), during mechanical stimulation of the sole. Bias of recording or interpretation of EMG was excluded. The study was repeated after one week; the EMG outcome was reproducible in 26 patients (87%). Of these 26, a pathological reflex was suspected by the clinician in 17, but shown by EMG in only six patients. Compared with the 'final' diagnosis, false-pathological EMG results did not occur; conversely, EMG criteria were wide enough to demonstrate expected, but clinically unconvincing, Babinski signs. Various factors that cause false impressions in the routine situation could be identified. Provided one has some experience with reference groups, EMG can improve clinical interpretation of equivocal plantar responses.", "contents": "Equivocal plantar responses: a clinical and electromyographic study. Thirty patients in whom others found equivocal plantar reflexes were studied clinically and electromyographically (EMG-og flexor hallucis brevis, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior), during mechanical stimulation of the sole. Bias of recording or interpretation of EMG was excluded. The study was repeated after one week; the EMG outcome was reproducible in 26 patients (87%). Of these 26, a pathological reflex was suspected by the clinician in 17, but shown by EMG in only six patients. Compared with the 'final' diagnosis, false-pathological EMG results did not occur; conversely, EMG criteria were wide enough to demonstrate expected, but clinically unconvincing, Babinski signs. Various factors that cause false impressions in the routine situation could be identified. Provided one has some experience with reference groups, EMG can improve clinical interpretation of equivocal plantar responses."}
{"id": "PMID:932743", "title": "Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of acute optic neuritis 144 cases in adults were found and, of these, 127 were reviewed, five had died of causes related to multiple sclerosis, and 12 were lost to follow-up. There was a statistically significant seasonal variation in the incidence of optic neuritis. When the life-table method of analysis was used, the probability of developing multiple sclerosis rises to 78% 15 years after an episode of optic neuritis. At review, 49 (73%) of the 67 patients with multiple sclerosis were independent and leading active lives.", "contents": "Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis. In a retrospective survey of acute optic neuritis 144 cases in adults were found and, of these, 127 were reviewed, five had died of causes related to multiple sclerosis, and 12 were lost to follow-up. There was a statistically significant seasonal variation in the incidence of optic neuritis. When the life-table method of analysis was used, the probability of developing multiple sclerosis rises to 78% 15 years after an episode of optic neuritis. At review, 49 (73%) of the 67 patients with multiple sclerosis were independent and leading active lives."}
{"id": "PMID:932744", "title": "Epidemiology of primary tumours of the brain and spinal cord: a regional survey in southern England.", "content": "This survey is based upon 894 patients presenting with primary tumours of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, over a nine year period in the Wessex population of about 1 1/2 million. All patients were 15 years of age or over. Each tumour type is characterized by age, sex, district, social class, and by rural or urban distribution. Standardized morbidity ratios for each tumour type are calculated for each health district. Gliomas are the commonest tumour with an average annual incidence of 3.94 per 100,000; they occur with a lower frequency in large urban areas. Grade 3-4 astrocytomas (glioblastoma multiforme) have a peak annual incidence of 7.53 per 100,000 in the 50-59 years age group and are more common in males. The peak incidence for oligodendrogliomas is also 50-59 years but for grade 1-2 astrocytomas it is 30-39 years. Meningiomas have an average annual incidence of 1.23 per 100,000 with a peak incidence of 2.48 per 100,000 at 60-69 years; they have a female predominance (female 1.76 per 100,000; male of 0.64 per 100,000). Rural districts have a lower incidence of meningiomas than urban areas. There is some variation in the distribution of gliomas, meningiomas, and Schwannomas throughout the Wessex region and there is a suggestion of geographical clustering of ependymomas, acoustic neuromas, and meningiomas. An excess of patients with grade 1-2 astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas is seen in social classes 1 and 2 and a deficit in classes 4-5; a similar, but less marked, preponderance is seen with meningiomas.", "contents": "Epidemiology of primary tumours of the brain and spinal cord: a regional survey in southern England. This survey is based upon 894 patients presenting with primary tumours of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges, over a nine year period in the Wessex population of about 1 1/2 million. All patients were 15 years of age or over. Each tumour type is characterized by age, sex, district, social class, and by rural or urban distribution. Standardized morbidity ratios for each tumour type are calculated for each health district. Gliomas are the commonest tumour with an average annual incidence of 3.94 per 100,000; they occur with a lower frequency in large urban areas. Grade 3-4 astrocytomas (glioblastoma multiforme) have a peak annual incidence of 7.53 per 100,000 in the 50-59 years age group and are more common in males. The peak incidence for oligodendrogliomas is also 50-59 years but for grade 1-2 astrocytomas it is 30-39 years. Meningiomas have an average annual incidence of 1.23 per 100,000 with a peak incidence of 2.48 per 100,000 at 60-69 years; they have a female predominance (female 1.76 per 100,000; male of 0.64 per 100,000). Rural districts have a lower incidence of meningiomas than urban areas. There is some variation in the distribution of gliomas, meningiomas, and Schwannomas throughout the Wessex region and there is a suggestion of geographical clustering of ependymomas, acoustic neuromas, and meningiomas. An excess of patients with grade 1-2 astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas is seen in social classes 1 and 2 and a deficit in classes 4-5; a similar, but less marked, preponderance is seen with meningiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:932745", "title": "Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsant (clonazepam).", "content": "Twenty-five patients affected by 30 episodes of tic douloureux were treated with a new anticonvulsant, clonazepam. In 40% there was complete control of the neuralgia and an additional 23.3% were significantly helped by the drug. Sixteen patients had previously been resistant to carbamazepine, and eight of them were completely and one partially relieved by clonazepam. The side-effects, somnolence and unsteadiness of gait, were present to some extent in 80 and 88% of the cases respectively, being severe in about half of them. It is concluded that clonazepam can be considered as a second choice for the treatment of this condition, after proven failure with carbamazepine. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of tic douloureux with a new anticonvulsant (clonazepam). Twenty-five patients affected by 30 episodes of tic douloureux were treated with a new anticonvulsant, clonazepam. In 40% there was complete control of the neuralgia and an additional 23.3% were significantly helped by the drug. Sixteen patients had previously been resistant to carbamazepine, and eight of them were completely and one partially relieved by clonazepam. The side-effects, somnolence and unsteadiness of gait, were present to some extent in 80 and 88% of the cases respectively, being severe in about half of them. It is concluded that clonazepam can be considered as a second choice for the treatment of this condition, after proven failure with carbamazepine. Possible mechanisms of action are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932746", "title": "Voluntary nystagmus in five generations.", "content": "Voluntary nystagmus is not a pathological condition. By voluntary effort, rapid synchronous pendular eye movements in the horizontal plane can be performed. Voluntary nystagmus has a frequency of 10 to 25 Hz, amplitude up to 6 degrees, and can be maintained for up to 35 s. Oscillopsia is a concomitant feature. It has been reported in more than 100 individuals since 1855 but only once in three siblings, or in two generations. This paper reports five cases in five generations of one family and autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance is suggested.", "contents": "Voluntary nystagmus in five generations. Voluntary nystagmus is not a pathological condition. By voluntary effort, rapid synchronous pendular eye movements in the horizontal plane can be performed. Voluntary nystagmus has a frequency of 10 to 25 Hz, amplitude up to 6 degrees, and can be maintained for up to 35 s. Oscillopsia is a concomitant feature. It has been reported in more than 100 individuals since 1855 but only once in three siblings, or in two generations. This paper reports five cases in five generations of one family and autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:932747", "title": "Visual localization in patients with unilateral brain disease.", "content": "The accuracy of localization of briefly exposed single dots and pairs of dots was assessed in patients with lesions of the left and right hemispheres and in control patients without history or evidence of brain disease. A remarkably high frequency of impaired performance was found in the patients with right hemisphere lesions. The performance of the patients with left hemisphere lesions was comparable with that of the control patients. Visual field defect was associated with defective localization in the right hemisphere group but not in the left hemisphere group. Aphasic disorder and age were not related to performance level. The relationship of the findings to those of previous studies of visual localization in patients with unilateral brain disease is discussed.", "contents": "Visual localization in patients with unilateral brain disease. The accuracy of localization of briefly exposed single dots and pairs of dots was assessed in patients with lesions of the left and right hemispheres and in control patients without history or evidence of brain disease. A remarkably high frequency of impaired performance was found in the patients with right hemisphere lesions. The performance of the patients with left hemisphere lesions was comparable with that of the control patients. Visual field defect was associated with defective localization in the right hemisphere group but not in the left hemisphere group. Aphasic disorder and age were not related to performance level. The relationship of the findings to those of previous studies of visual localization in patients with unilateral brain disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932748", "title": "Analysis of a case of periodic alternating nystagmus.", "content": "A patient is described in whom there was periodic deviation of the eyes in darkness associated with alternating nystagmus. An exactly similar situation occurs in normal man subjected to a pendular stimulus. It is proposed that in this patient there was alternating activity of the vestibular nuclei on either side of the brain-stem as a result of a removal of cerebellar inhibition, and that this caused periodic shifts in the null region of Daroff and Dell'Osso.", "contents": "Analysis of a case of periodic alternating nystagmus. A patient is described in whom there was periodic deviation of the eyes in darkness associated with alternating nystagmus. An exactly similar situation occurs in normal man subjected to a pendular stimulus. It is proposed that in this patient there was alternating activity of the vestibular nuclei on either side of the brain-stem as a result of a removal of cerebellar inhibition, and that this caused periodic shifts in the null region of Daroff and Dell'Osso."}
{"id": "PMID:932749", "title": "Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis after internal carotid arterial occlusion in polycythaemia vera.", "content": "Two patients with untreated polycythaemia vera developed intracranial internal carotid arterial occlusion followed by monocular blindness and the characteristic features of ipsilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis. Primary septic source and signs of systemic infection were absent. It is suggested that the predisposing factors in this unusual syndrome were hyperviscosity and venous sludging induced by the basic haematological disorder and progression of the thrombotic process within the internal carotid artery towards its intracavernous portion with occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and of the arterial branches which supply the walls of the sinus.", "contents": "Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis after internal carotid arterial occlusion in polycythaemia vera. Two patients with untreated polycythaemia vera developed intracranial internal carotid arterial occlusion followed by monocular blindness and the characteristic features of ipsilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis. Primary septic source and signs of systemic infection were absent. It is suggested that the predisposing factors in this unusual syndrome were hyperviscosity and venous sludging induced by the basic haematological disorder and progression of the thrombotic process within the internal carotid artery towards its intracavernous portion with occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and of the arterial branches which supply the walls of the sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:932750", "title": "Neuropsychiatric manifestations of infective endocarditis: a study of 95 patients at Ibadan, Nigeria.", "content": "Thirty-eight percent of patients with infective endocarditis (36 of 95) had neuropsychiatric manifestations. In 75% (27 of 36), these features were the major presenting picture. Fifteen patients (42%) presented with cerebrovascular lesions and seven (19%) with meningitis. Toxic encephalopathy (12.5%) was not uncommon. Other neurological syndromes seen included psychosis and spinal cord lesions. The mortality was high especially when the infective endocarditis was acute in onset. It is essential to search diligently for an underlying cardiac cause in patients who present with neuropsychiatric symptoms because treatment of the underlying pathology improves prognosis.", "contents": "Neuropsychiatric manifestations of infective endocarditis: a study of 95 patients at Ibadan, Nigeria. Thirty-eight percent of patients with infective endocarditis (36 of 95) had neuropsychiatric manifestations. In 75% (27 of 36), these features were the major presenting picture. Fifteen patients (42%) presented with cerebrovascular lesions and seven (19%) with meningitis. Toxic encephalopathy (12.5%) was not uncommon. Other neurological syndromes seen included psychosis and spinal cord lesions. The mortality was high especially when the infective endocarditis was acute in onset. It is essential to search diligently for an underlying cardiac cause in patients who present with neuropsychiatric symptoms because treatment of the underlying pathology improves prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932751", "title": "Cerebral cryptococcosis in Malaysia.", "content": "Cryptococcal infection of the brain as encountered in a tropical country is reviewed. The meningitic form is not uncommon and there has been, in the last decade, an apparent, if not real, rise in incidence in Malaysia as in Singapore. Only exceptionally was there overt evidence of immunological deficiency. Hydrocephalus was present in about three-quarters of the patients with meningitis and shunts were employed readily. The presence of multiple small intracerebral cysts could be suspected clinically but treatment for this complication  was ineffective. The antifungal agent used most frequently was 5-fluorocytosine. Resistance to this drug developed in about one patient in four. There is a need for further epidemiological studies and for a continuing search for new antifungal agents.", "contents": "Cerebral cryptococcosis in Malaysia. Cryptococcal infection of the brain as encountered in a tropical country is reviewed. The meningitic form is not uncommon and there has been, in the last decade, an apparent, if not real, rise in incidence in Malaysia as in Singapore. Only exceptionally was there overt evidence of immunological deficiency. Hydrocephalus was present in about three-quarters of the patients with meningitis and shunts were employed readily. The presence of multiple small intracerebral cysts could be suspected clinically but treatment for this complication  was ineffective. The antifungal agent used most frequently was 5-fluorocytosine. Resistance to this drug developed in about one patient in four. There is a need for further epidemiological studies and for a continuing search for new antifungal agents."}
{"id": "PMID:932752", "title": "Myoclonus epilepsy with cerebellar Lafora bodies. Report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported of an 18 year old man with progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of numerous Lafora bodies in the cerebellar granular layer, without other significant changes in the central nervous system or in other organs.", "contents": "Myoclonus epilepsy with cerebellar Lafora bodies. Report of a case. A case is reported of an 18 year old man with progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of numerous Lafora bodies in the cerebellar granular layer, without other significant changes in the central nervous system or in other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:932753", "title": "Intraocular haemorrhage as a complication of pneumoencephalography.", "content": "The ocular fundi of 20 patients were examined before and after pneumoencephalography. In four of these, fresh venous retinal haemorrhages were seen, and a further patient had developed an exudate. Possible reasons for a rise in retinal venous pressure include bodily inverting the patient, compression of the thorax, the use of positive pressure respiration, and the air injection itself. It may be advisable to take steps to limit the effects of such possible causative factors.", "contents": "Intraocular haemorrhage as a complication of pneumoencephalography. The ocular fundi of 20 patients were examined before and after pneumoencephalography. In four of these, fresh venous retinal haemorrhages were seen, and a further patient had developed an exudate. Possible reasons for a rise in retinal venous pressure include bodily inverting the patient, compression of the thorax, the use of positive pressure respiration, and the air injection itself. It may be advisable to take steps to limit the effects of such possible causative factors."}
{"id": "PMID:932754", "title": "'Sneeze syncope', basilar invagination and Arnold-Chiari type I malformation.", "content": "Syncope precipitated by sneezing in an adult male associated with an Arnold-Chiari type I malformation and basilar invagination presents a clinical problem  in the differential diagnosis and pathological anatomy of Valsalva-related syncope. An abnormally acute clivoaxial angle, small foramen magnum, and type I Arnold-Chiari malformation appear to be a combination of features intolerant of Valsalva-induced changes in cerebral volume, brain-stem position, CSF fluid dynamics, or blood vessel relationships. Proposed mechanisms of pressure transmission to the area of intracranial pathology are discussed.", "contents": "'Sneeze syncope', basilar invagination and Arnold-Chiari type I malformation. Syncope precipitated by sneezing in an adult male associated with an Arnold-Chiari type I malformation and basilar invagination presents a clinical problem  in the differential diagnosis and pathological anatomy of Valsalva-related syncope. An abnormally acute clivoaxial angle, small foramen magnum, and type I Arnold-Chiari malformation appear to be a combination of features intolerant of Valsalva-induced changes in cerebral volume, brain-stem position, CSF fluid dynamics, or blood vessel relationships. Proposed mechanisms of pressure transmission to the area of intracranial pathology are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932755", "title": "Positional cerebral ischaemia.", "content": "Four patients are described in whom recurrent, dramatic transient clinical worsening accompanied elevation from the supine toward the sitting position, though postural hypotension was not present. In each patient occlusive cerebrovascular disease was documented angiographically. During an acute stroke syndrome, some patients' compensatory capacity may be so tenuous that postural changes may produce clinical worsening. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Positional cerebral ischaemia. Four patients are described in whom recurrent, dramatic transient clinical worsening accompanied elevation from the supine toward the sitting position, though postural hypotension was not present. In each patient occlusive cerebrovascular disease was documented angiographically. During an acute stroke syndrome, some patients' compensatory capacity may be so tenuous that postural changes may produce clinical worsening. Possible mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932756", "title": "Patterns of arousal in comatose patients.", "content": "The EEG changes, with associated cardiorespiratory phenomena and, where possible, postmortem findings, are described in six patients in coma, with some reference to other similar cases. Spontaneously occurring periodic changes were observed at varying intervals between 20 s and 4 min but most commonly at 1/2-2 min. These involved simultaneous cardiorespiratory, EEG, and somatic motor phenomena related to changes in the level of arousal. It is suggested that a physiological periodicity of the arousal mechanisms exists which may be of importance in the understanding of the pathophysiology of comatose states.", "contents": "Patterns of arousal in comatose patients. The EEG changes, with associated cardiorespiratory phenomena and, where possible, postmortem findings, are described in six patients in coma, with some reference to other similar cases. Spontaneously occurring periodic changes were observed at varying intervals between 20 s and 4 min but most commonly at 1/2-2 min. These involved simultaneous cardiorespiratory, EEG, and somatic motor phenomena related to changes in the level of arousal. It is suggested that a physiological periodicity of the arousal mechanisms exists which may be of importance in the understanding of the pathophysiology of comatose states."}
{"id": "PMID:932757", "title": "Anterior tibial compartment syndrome following prolonged tetany.", "content": "A patient developed a persistent, disabling, bilateral anterior tibial compartment syndrome after salicylate self-poisoning. Prolonged tetany is postulated as the probable mechanism.", "contents": "Anterior tibial compartment syndrome following prolonged tetany. A patient developed a persistent, disabling, bilateral anterior tibial compartment syndrome after salicylate self-poisoning. Prolonged tetany is postulated as the probable mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:932758", "title": "Progressive dialytic encephalopathy.", "content": "A subacutely progressive dialytic encephalopathy lasting for three to 15 months in 11 patients who had been on haemodialysis for 14 to 36 months was characterized by dementia, language disorder, myoclonic jerks, behavioural disturbance, distinctive EEG abnormalities, and normal or nonspecific neuropathological findings.", "contents": "Progressive dialytic encephalopathy. A subacutely progressive dialytic encephalopathy lasting for three to 15 months in 11 patients who had been on haemodialysis for 14 to 36 months was characterized by dementia, language disorder, myoclonic jerks, behavioural disturbance, distinctive EEG abnormalities, and normal or nonspecific neuropathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:932759", "title": "Familial benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "Three sisters with benign intracranial hypertension are reported. This is the first documentation of benign intracranial hypertension in three family members. Obesity is a striking feature in these patients as well as five of the six previously reported patients with familial benign intracranial hypertension. Pregnancy and chronic dysfunctional uterine bleeding, well known predisposing factors in this syndrome when it occurs sporadically, were present in two of the sisters. A familial metabolic defect may be responsible for the intracranial hypertension in these patients.", "contents": "Familial benign intracranial hypertension. Three sisters with benign intracranial hypertension are reported. This is the first documentation of benign intracranial hypertension in three family members. Obesity is a striking feature in these patients as well as five of the six previously reported patients with familial benign intracranial hypertension. Pregnancy and chronic dysfunctional uterine bleeding, well known predisposing factors in this syndrome when it occurs sporadically, were present in two of the sisters. A familial metabolic defect may be responsible for the intracranial hypertension in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932760", "title": "Abnormal dynamic scintigraphy in hydrocephalus: a proposed mechanism.", "content": "Dynamic brain scintigraphy was performed on seven patients with documented hydrocephalus of various aetiologies. The patients had a characteristic abnormality consisting of lateral displacement of the proximal middle cerebral activity associated with a paracentral lucent zone. No focal areas of increased activity were identified on the static brain images. A proposed mechanism for these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Abnormal dynamic scintigraphy in hydrocephalus: a proposed mechanism. Dynamic brain scintigraphy was performed on seven patients with documented hydrocephalus of various aetiologies. The patients had a characteristic abnormality consisting of lateral displacement of the proximal middle cerebral activity associated with a paracentral lucent zone. No focal areas of increased activity were identified on the static brain images. A proposed mechanism for these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932761", "title": "Sturge-Weber syndrome with bilateral intracranial calcification.", "content": "Four children affected by Sturge-Weber syndrome and demonstrating bilateral intracranial calcification are described, bringing up to 21 the number of similar reported cases. The frequency of bilateral hemisphere involvement in this syndrome is not known, but it might be as high as 15%. If present, neurosurgical intervention is, in our opinion, contraindicated.", "contents": "Sturge-Weber syndrome with bilateral intracranial calcification. Four children affected by Sturge-Weber syndrome and demonstrating bilateral intracranial calcification are described, bringing up to 21 the number of similar reported cases. The frequency of bilateral hemisphere involvement in this syndrome is not known, but it might be as high as 15%. If present, neurosurgical intervention is, in our opinion, contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:932762", "title": "Experimental studies of the effects of extrinsic factors on conduction in normal and demyelinated nerve. 1. Temperature.", "content": "Previous studies in experimentally demyelinated mammalian nerves have demonstrated that a reversible conduction block occurs with small increases of temperature within the animal's normal body temperature range. This phenomenon is believed to be the mechanism for clinical temperature effects in multiple sclerosis. This study examines some quantitative thermal relationships in demyelinated nerves of guinea pigs with experimental allergic neuritis. The observed results in normal and experimental animals are in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations based on the effects of temperature on the voltage and time-dependent behavior of the ionic permeabilities of the nodes of Ranvier. Guinea pigs with increasing motor dysfunction generally exhibited corresponding increases in the overall latency of the conducted action potential, as well as decreases in amplitude. In addition, the lower the initial velocity increment per degree of temperature elevation, the lower was the temperature at which conduction block began to occur. Except for a few cases in which the recorded action potential was bimodal, with response at both normal and prolonged latency, the results tended to indicate a remarkedly uniform involvement of the sciatic nerve within the region of temperature control.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the effects of extrinsic factors on conduction in normal and demyelinated nerve. 1. Temperature. Previous studies in experimentally demyelinated mammalian nerves have demonstrated that a reversible conduction block occurs with small increases of temperature within the animal's normal body temperature range. This phenomenon is believed to be the mechanism for clinical temperature effects in multiple sclerosis. This study examines some quantitative thermal relationships in demyelinated nerves of guinea pigs with experimental allergic neuritis. The observed results in normal and experimental animals are in good agreement with previous theoretical calculations based on the effects of temperature on the voltage and time-dependent behavior of the ionic permeabilities of the nodes of Ranvier. Guinea pigs with increasing motor dysfunction generally exhibited corresponding increases in the overall latency of the conducted action potential, as well as decreases in amplitude. In addition, the lower the initial velocity increment per degree of temperature elevation, the lower was the temperature at which conduction block began to occur. Except for a few cases in which the recorded action potential was bimodal, with response at both normal and prolonged latency, the results tended to indicate a remarkedly uniform involvement of the sciatic nerve within the region of temperature control."}
{"id": "PMID:932763", "title": "Normal median nerve proximal latency in carpal tunnel syndrome: a clue to coexisting Martin-Gruber anastomosis.", "content": "Five of 65 patients referred for electrodiagnosis because of clinical evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome were found to have near normal latency on proximal stimulation of the median nerve, although the distal motor latency was prolonged. In one patient, the proximal latency was actually shorter than the distal latency. The failure of the proximal latency to be prolonged in proportion to the distal latency results in a spuriously high apparent conduction velocity in the forearm segment of the nerve. This value may even exceed the conduction velocity of the corresponding nerve segment in the unaffected arm. Stimulation studies on the ulnar nerve reveal that this disparity is the result of some of the median nerve fibres destined for the thenar muscles taking an aberrant course through the ulnar nerve and thus escaping compression at the wrist. A median-ulnar communication in the forearm, the 'Martin-Gruber' anastomosis, may occur in up to 15% of the population. The presence of the Martin-Gruber anastomosis in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome results in a partial or total sparing of thenar muscles from denervation and the paradoxical recording of normal proximal latencies in the median nerve when the distal latency is prolonged.", "contents": "Normal median nerve proximal latency in carpal tunnel syndrome: a clue to coexisting Martin-Gruber anastomosis. Five of 65 patients referred for electrodiagnosis because of clinical evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome were found to have near normal latency on proximal stimulation of the median nerve, although the distal motor latency was prolonged. In one patient, the proximal latency was actually shorter than the distal latency. The failure of the proximal latency to be prolonged in proportion to the distal latency results in a spuriously high apparent conduction velocity in the forearm segment of the nerve. This value may even exceed the conduction velocity of the corresponding nerve segment in the unaffected arm. Stimulation studies on the ulnar nerve reveal that this disparity is the result of some of the median nerve fibres destined for the thenar muscles taking an aberrant course through the ulnar nerve and thus escaping compression at the wrist. A median-ulnar communication in the forearm, the 'Martin-Gruber' anastomosis, may occur in up to 15% of the population. The presence of the Martin-Gruber anastomosis in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome results in a partial or total sparing of thenar muscles from denervation and the paradoxical recording of normal proximal latencies in the median nerve when the distal latency is prolonged."}
{"id": "PMID:932764", "title": "Peripheral motor nerve function in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Motor conduction velocity was measured in the median, ulnar and common peroneal nerves of 32 diabetics with clinical features of autonomic neuropathy. The responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre and sustained handgrip, and the postural fall in blood pressure were used to assess the integrity of the autonomic nervous system. Abnormalities in the three autonomic function tests were significantly correlated with the forearm conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve, the conduction velocity and motor latency of the common peroneal nerve, and the H reflex. These results show that, in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy, abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system parallel changes in the peripheral nerves. Any diabetic with peripheral neuropathy should be examined for evidence of autonomic nervous system involvement.", "contents": "Peripheral motor nerve function in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Motor conduction velocity was measured in the median, ulnar and common peroneal nerves of 32 diabetics with clinical features of autonomic neuropathy. The responses to the Valsalva manoeuvre and sustained handgrip, and the postural fall in blood pressure were used to assess the integrity of the autonomic nervous system. Abnormalities in the three autonomic function tests were significantly correlated with the forearm conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve, the conduction velocity and motor latency of the common peroneal nerve, and the H reflex. These results show that, in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy, abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system parallel changes in the peripheral nerves. Any diabetic with peripheral neuropathy should be examined for evidence of autonomic nervous system involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:932765", "title": "Pronator syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological features in seven cases.", "content": "The clinical and electrophysiological picture of seven patients with the pronator syndrome is contrasted with other causes of median nerve neuropathy. In general, these patients have tenderness over the pronator teres and weakness of flexor pollicis longus as well as abductor pollicis brevis. Conduction velocity of the median nerve in the proximal forearm is usually slow but the distal latency and sensory nerve action potential at the wrist are normal. Injection of corticosteroids into the pronator teres has produced relief of symptoms in a majority of patients.", "contents": "Pronator syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological features in seven cases. The clinical and electrophysiological picture of seven patients with the pronator syndrome is contrasted with other causes of median nerve neuropathy. In general, these patients have tenderness over the pronator teres and weakness of flexor pollicis longus as well as abductor pollicis brevis. Conduction velocity of the median nerve in the proximal forearm is usually slow but the distal latency and sensory nerve action potential at the wrist are normal. Injection of corticosteroids into the pronator teres has produced relief of symptoms in a majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932766", "title": "Pain mechanisma in causalgia.", "content": "A study of the clinical features of causalgia and the central neuronal effects of injuries to peripheral nerves suggests that causalgia is the functional expression of the intensity of the retrograde neuronal reaction in which pools of dorsal horn neurones become converted into foci of abnormal activity. These foci initiate a chain reaction along transmission pathways as far centrally as the cortex, causalgia being the terminal effect of this disorderly activity on the sensorium. This is the basis of the 'turbulance hypothesis' introduced to account for the pain.", "contents": "Pain mechanisma in causalgia. A study of the clinical features of causalgia and the central neuronal effects of injuries to peripheral nerves suggests that causalgia is the functional expression of the intensity of the retrograde neuronal reaction in which pools of dorsal horn neurones become converted into foci of abnormal activity. These foci initiate a chain reaction along transmission pathways as far centrally as the cortex, causalgia being the terminal effect of this disorderly activity on the sensorium. This is the basis of the 'turbulance hypothesis' introduced to account for the pain."}
{"id": "PMID:932767", "title": "Brain abscess and subdural empyema. Factors influencing mortality and results of various surgical techniques.", "content": "The authors review the results of various surgical techniques in relation to mortality and morbidity in 100 consecutive cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema. The mortality rate is the same with total excision and fractional drainage of brain abscesses, although in acute and subacute cases slight differences between both techniques are seen. In terms of morbidity, fractional drainage appears to be more favourable than total excision. The authors believe that factors other than surgical procedure influence mortality in cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema. These factors are defined in detail.", "contents": "Brain abscess and subdural empyema. Factors influencing mortality and results of various surgical techniques. The authors review the results of various surgical techniques in relation to mortality and morbidity in 100 consecutive cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema. The mortality rate is the same with total excision and fractional drainage of brain abscesses, although in acute and subacute cases slight differences between both techniques are seen. In terms of morbidity, fractional drainage appears to be more favourable than total excision. The authors believe that factors other than surgical procedure influence mortality in cases of brain abscess and subdural empyema. These factors are defined in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:932768", "title": "Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia).", "content": "Polyneuropathy is a rare but possible manifestation of severe hyperthyroidism. The patient reported here developed a polyneuropathy affecting mostly leg muscles (Basedow's paraplegia) during the course of severe thyrotoxicosis. The polyneuropathy was confirmed with sequential electrophysiological studies of nerves and muscles and by muscle biopsy. The involvement of the proximal leg muscle is also interpreted as a neuropathic or nerve-mediated process rather than a concomitant thyrotoxic myopathy.", "contents": "Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia). Polyneuropathy is a rare but possible manifestation of severe hyperthyroidism. The patient reported here developed a polyneuropathy affecting mostly leg muscles (Basedow's paraplegia) during the course of severe thyrotoxicosis. The polyneuropathy was confirmed with sequential electrophysiological studies of nerves and muscles and by muscle biopsy. The involvement of the proximal leg muscle is also interpreted as a neuropathic or nerve-mediated process rather than a concomitant thyrotoxic myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:932769", "title": "Dupuytren's disease in epilepsy: result of prolonged administration of anticonvulsants.", "content": "In a study of chronic epileptics in a residential centre we recorded a 56% incidence of Dupuytren's disease. The lesions were usually bilateral and symmetrical and frequently associated with knuckle pads and plantar nodules. There was no direct relationship between Dupuytren's disease and frozen shoulder. Dupuytren's disease was seen equally in those with idiopathic or symptomatic epilepsy. The incidence increased with the duration of epilepsy and is probably a sequel to long-term administration of phenobarbitone. Reasons are given for presuming that the association between Dupuytren's disease and antiepileptic therapy is mediated through the peripheral stimulation of tissue growth factors and not through the central release of growth hormone or through alterations in liver metabolism.", "contents": "Dupuytren's disease in epilepsy: result of prolonged administration of anticonvulsants. In a study of chronic epileptics in a residential centre we recorded a 56% incidence of Dupuytren's disease. The lesions were usually bilateral and symmetrical and frequently associated with knuckle pads and plantar nodules. There was no direct relationship between Dupuytren's disease and frozen shoulder. Dupuytren's disease was seen equally in those with idiopathic or symptomatic epilepsy. The incidence increased with the duration of epilepsy and is probably a sequel to long-term administration of phenobarbitone. Reasons are given for presuming that the association between Dupuytren's disease and antiepileptic therapy is mediated through the peripheral stimulation of tissue growth factors and not through the central release of growth hormone or through alterations in liver metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:932770", "title": "Bulbar infarcts.  Vascular lesions in 26 observations.", "content": "The pattern of arterial occlusion and related lesions have been studied in 26 cases with 38 medullary infarcts. In 10 of these cases, only the intracranial vessels were examined. In the 16 other cases, the entire cerebral arterial supply was dissected. Medial infarcts were more often related to occlusion of the vertebral artery involving the termination of the artery (7/10 cases). In 6 cases a thrombosis on an atheromatous plaque and, once, an embolus of cardiac origin, were found. Lateral infarcts were usually due either to occlusion of the vertebral artery (14/23 cases), reaching, in 10 cases, the mouth of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or to an isolated occlusion of the latter vessel (3 cases). A thrombosis on an atheromatous plaque was found in 15 cases, and emboli from the heart or from the origin of the vertebral artery in the others. The dorsal infarcts were related, in 4/5 cases, to an isolated occlusion of the stem of the PICA and, in the other case, to one of the vertebral artery involving the ostium of the PICA. A thrombosis due to atheromatous stenosis was found in 4 cases, an embolus of cardiac origin in the other one.", "contents": "Bulbar infarcts.  Vascular lesions in 26 observations. The pattern of arterial occlusion and related lesions have been studied in 26 cases with 38 medullary infarcts. In 10 of these cases, only the intracranial vessels were examined. In the 16 other cases, the entire cerebral arterial supply was dissected. Medial infarcts were more often related to occlusion of the vertebral artery involving the termination of the artery (7/10 cases). In 6 cases a thrombosis on an atheromatous plaque and, once, an embolus of cardiac origin, were found. Lateral infarcts were usually due either to occlusion of the vertebral artery (14/23 cases), reaching, in 10 cases, the mouth of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or to an isolated occlusion of the latter vessel (3 cases). A thrombosis on an atheromatous plaque was found in 15 cases, and emboli from the heart or from the origin of the vertebral artery in the others. The dorsal infarcts were related, in 4/5 cases, to an isolated occlusion of the stem of the PICA and, in the other case, to one of the vertebral artery involving the ostium of the PICA. A thrombosis due to atheromatous stenosis was found in 4 cases, an embolus of cardiac origin in the other one."}
{"id": "PMID:932771", "title": "Intracisternal virus-like particles in brain of a multiple sclerosis patient.", "content": "Doughnut-shaped particles, 55-65 nm in diameter, were revealed by electron microscopy in the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of cells from an active lesion in autopsied brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis patient. The morphology of the particles closely resembled that of coronaviruses.", "contents": "Intracisternal virus-like particles in brain of a multiple sclerosis patient. Doughnut-shaped particles, 55-65 nm in diameter, were revealed by electron microscopy in the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of cells from an active lesion in autopsied brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis patient. The morphology of the particles closely resembled that of coronaviruses."}
{"id": "PMID:932772", "title": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with \"essential tremor\": Report of 7 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "A study of 7 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with a dyskinesia resembling benign essential tremor is presented. In 4 patients, the family history strongly suggested an autosomal mode of transmission, 2 cases were sporadic without an established genetic pattern and 1 was probably recessive. The distal parts of the upper and lower limbs showed imparied muscle strength with slight or no atrophy in 4 patients and conspicuous weakness and wasting in another 2. One patient was a chairbound. Although essential tremor and the tremor seen in these patients are clinically (phenotypically) similar it seems possible that they result from two different genotypes. Further, it seems that cases with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and \"essential tremor\" are not the result of the association of two separate dominant characteristics which are generally inherited as mendelian dominant traits. In spite of the diversity of the clinical manifestations of the peripheral neuropathy, the semiologically different types of essential tremor and the electrophysiological data, it is concluded that patients who develop a peripheral neuropathy on a familial basis and who exhibit clinical features of similar character, suffer from a common type of pathological disorder. Stress is laid upon the fact that Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease share many clinical features. It is suggested that when Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease seem to be present in the same individual and/or alternate in different members of the same family, the process is likely to be one of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The value of the type of inheritance, natural history, clinical examination and electrophysiological data in differentiating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (with or without essential tremor) from other degenerative disorders is analyzed.", "contents": "Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with \"essential tremor\": Report of 7 cases and a review of the literature. A study of 7 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with a dyskinesia resembling benign essential tremor is presented. In 4 patients, the family history strongly suggested an autosomal mode of transmission, 2 cases were sporadic without an established genetic pattern and 1 was probably recessive. The distal parts of the upper and lower limbs showed imparied muscle strength with slight or no atrophy in 4 patients and conspicuous weakness and wasting in another 2. One patient was a chairbound. Although essential tremor and the tremor seen in these patients are clinically (phenotypically) similar it seems possible that they result from two different genotypes. Further, it seems that cases with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and \"essential tremor\" are not the result of the association of two separate dominant characteristics which are generally inherited as mendelian dominant traits. In spite of the diversity of the clinical manifestations of the peripheral neuropathy, the semiologically different types of essential tremor and the electrophysiological data, it is concluded that patients who develop a peripheral neuropathy on a familial basis and who exhibit clinical features of similar character, suffer from a common type of pathological disorder. Stress is laid upon the fact that Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease share many clinical features. It is suggested that when Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease seem to be present in the same individual and/or alternate in different members of the same family, the process is likely to be one of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The value of the type of inheritance, natural history, clinical examination and electrophysiological data in differentiating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (with or without essential tremor) from other degenerative disorders is analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:932773", "title": "Different excitability of type 1 and type 2 alpha-motoneurons. The recruitment curve of H- and M-responses in slow and fast muscles of rabbits.", "content": "To evaluate the different excitability of Type 1 and Type 2 alpha-motoneurones, we analyzed comparatively the threshold and amplitude of the H-reflex and the Hmax/Mmax ratio in a slow muscle, soleus, and in a fast muscle, lateral gastrocnemius, of the rabbit. The H-reflex had almost always the same threshold in the muscles examined, but in soleus its amplitude increased much more than in lateral gastrocnemius when the stimulus intensity was increased. A clear difference in amplitude of the H-reflexes was already evident with stimuli subliminal for direct responses (M). The maximal H-reflex was always much higher in soleus than in lateral gastrocnemius. The calculation of the mean Hmax/Mmax ratio showed that it was 3 times higher in the slow than in the fast muscle. On the basis of these results, showing a clear-cut difference in the reflex excitability of slow and fast muscles and in the light of other experimental data available in the literature, we tend to conclude that Type 1 alpha-motoneurones are exclusively, or at least predominatly, depolarized by stimulation of afferent Ia fibres.", "contents": "Different excitability of type 1 and type 2 alpha-motoneurons. The recruitment curve of H- and M-responses in slow and fast muscles of rabbits. To evaluate the different excitability of Type 1 and Type 2 alpha-motoneurones, we analyzed comparatively the threshold and amplitude of the H-reflex and the Hmax/Mmax ratio in a slow muscle, soleus, and in a fast muscle, lateral gastrocnemius, of the rabbit. The H-reflex had almost always the same threshold in the muscles examined, but in soleus its amplitude increased much more than in lateral gastrocnemius when the stimulus intensity was increased. A clear difference in amplitude of the H-reflexes was already evident with stimuli subliminal for direct responses (M). The maximal H-reflex was always much higher in soleus than in lateral gastrocnemius. The calculation of the mean Hmax/Mmax ratio showed that it was 3 times higher in the slow than in the fast muscle. On the basis of these results, showing a clear-cut difference in the reflex excitability of slow and fast muscles and in the light of other experimental data available in the literature, we tend to conclude that Type 1 alpha-motoneurones are exclusively, or at least predominatly, depolarized by stimulation of afferent Ia fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:932774", "title": "Bulbar infarcts. Systematic study of lesion topography in 49 cases.", "content": "A pathological study has been carried out of 49 examples of medullary infarction in 33 patients. The medial infarcts, very seldom single (2 /12), spared the subolivary levels. The pontomedullary junction was affected in 3 /9 cases studied. The lesions were more frequent in the ventral part of the arterial zonal pattern. They more often extended to its dorsal part at the level of the middle and upper one-third of the olive. The lateral infarcts, seldom single (6/30), extended to the subolivary levels in 6/22 cases studied and to the pontomedullary junction in 9/24 cases. The structures involved in each case and the area of the lesions at each cranio-caudal level have been studied. None of the 7 dorsal infarcts was single; in 6 of these cases there was also a cerebellar infarct involving the area of supply of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The subolivary levels (1/6) and ponto-medullary junctions (1/6) were seldom affected. The extent of the lesions in these uncommon infarcts has been described in detail.", "contents": "Bulbar infarcts. Systematic study of lesion topography in 49 cases. A pathological study has been carried out of 49 examples of medullary infarction in 33 patients. The medial infarcts, very seldom single (2 /12), spared the subolivary levels. The pontomedullary junction was affected in 3 /9 cases studied. The lesions were more frequent in the ventral part of the arterial zonal pattern. They more often extended to its dorsal part at the level of the middle and upper one-third of the olive. The lateral infarcts, seldom single (6/30), extended to the subolivary levels in 6/22 cases studied and to the pontomedullary junction in 9/24 cases. The structures involved in each case and the area of the lesions at each cranio-caudal level have been studied. None of the 7 dorsal infarcts was single; in 6 of these cases there was also a cerebellar infarct involving the area of supply of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The subolivary levels (1/6) and ponto-medullary junctions (1/6) were seldom affected. The extent of the lesions in these uncommon infarcts has been described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:932775", "title": "The nigrostriatal projection in the cat. Part 1. Silver impregnation study.", "content": "The course and destination of the degenerating nigrostriatal fibers were studied by selective silver impregnation methods in 37 cats with unilateral lesions in the substantia nigra. The nigrostriatal fibers ascend along the dorsomedial border of the substantia nigra to the prerubral area; they proceed for a short distance through the lateral hypothalamus, enter the medial part of the internal capsule and run in a dorsorostral direction to reach the head of the caudate nucleus and the rostral portion of the putamen. A smaller number of degenerating fibers obliquely cross the peduncular part of the internal capsule and traverse the entopeduncular nucleus and the pallidum to terminate in the central and caudal portions of the putamen. Some features of the topical distribution of the nigrostriatal tract are described. Apparently, the more anterior part of the pars compacta sends axons primarily to the head of the caudate nucleus and to the most rostral putamen. The most medially situated nigral neurons project to the fundus striati. The posteromedial cell groups of the pars compacta innervate primarily the central putamen and the caudal part of the caudate nucleus. The projection of the lateral cell group of the posterior zona compacta to the caudal putamen is sparser than from the other nigral groups, suggesting that a part of them has another destination, possibly lower in the neuraxis. The contribution of the pars of reticulata to the nigrostriatal connections seems to be modest, according to the small number of neurons; they project to the lateral caudate and putamen. Thus, the ascending nigrostriatal fibers mirror the distribution of the descending striatonigral fibers. No convincing evidence for the existence of a nigroentopeduncular and nigropallidal projection was found.", "contents": "The nigrostriatal projection in the cat. Part 1. Silver impregnation study. The course and destination of the degenerating nigrostriatal fibers were studied by selective silver impregnation methods in 37 cats with unilateral lesions in the substantia nigra. The nigrostriatal fibers ascend along the dorsomedial border of the substantia nigra to the prerubral area; they proceed for a short distance through the lateral hypothalamus, enter the medial part of the internal capsule and run in a dorsorostral direction to reach the head of the caudate nucleus and the rostral portion of the putamen. A smaller number of degenerating fibers obliquely cross the peduncular part of the internal capsule and traverse the entopeduncular nucleus and the pallidum to terminate in the central and caudal portions of the putamen. Some features of the topical distribution of the nigrostriatal tract are described. Apparently, the more anterior part of the pars compacta sends axons primarily to the head of the caudate nucleus and to the most rostral putamen. The most medially situated nigral neurons project to the fundus striati. The posteromedial cell groups of the pars compacta innervate primarily the central putamen and the caudal part of the caudate nucleus. The projection of the lateral cell group of the posterior zona compacta to the caudal putamen is sparser than from the other nigral groups, suggesting that a part of them has another destination, possibly lower in the neuraxis. The contribution of the pars of reticulata to the nigrostriatal connections seems to be modest, according to the small number of neurons; they project to the lateral caudate and putamen. Thus, the ascending nigrostriatal fibers mirror the distribution of the descending striatonigral fibers. No convincing evidence for the existence of a nigroentopeduncular and nigropallidal projection was found."}
{"id": "PMID:932776", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of the development of virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki forest virus in mouse brain.", "content": "Two strains of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV),  the avirulent and virulent, were used to study the development of virus in both baby and adult mouse brain. The development of SFV in the brain was similar in baby and adult brain using the virulent strain and in the baby mouse brain using the avirulent strain. Mature virus could not be found in adult mouse brain using the avirulent strain. This paper shows that extracellular virus particles near the cell membrane stimulate the formation of coated vesicles and thus absorption of virus particles by the cell. It is suggested that these coated vesicles with contained virus particles are stimulated to develop nucleoid cores on their membrane forming cytopathic vacuoles, Type II (CPV-II). Excessive membrane growth takes place and the membrane of the CPV-II with the nucleoid cores invaginates to form intravacuolar tubules. It is suggested that these tubules become responsible fro the formation of mature virus particles. Thus the membrane of the CPV-II appears to be responsible for the development of both the inner core and outer coat of the virus.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of the development of virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki forest virus in mouse brain. Two strains of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV),  the avirulent and virulent, were used to study the development of virus in both baby and adult mouse brain. The development of SFV in the brain was similar in baby and adult brain using the virulent strain and in the baby mouse brain using the avirulent strain. Mature virus could not be found in adult mouse brain using the avirulent strain. This paper shows that extracellular virus particles near the cell membrane stimulate the formation of coated vesicles and thus absorption of virus particles by the cell. It is suggested that these coated vesicles with contained virus particles are stimulated to develop nucleoid cores on their membrane forming cytopathic vacuoles, Type II (CPV-II). Excessive membrane growth takes place and the membrane of the CPV-II with the nucleoid cores invaginates to form intravacuolar tubules. It is suggested that these tubules become responsible fro the formation of mature virus particles. Thus the membrane of the CPV-II appears to be responsible for the development of both the inner core and outer coat of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:932777", "title": "A modification of eye-head coordination by CNS disease.", "content": "When a subject, seated and facing ahead, was asked to look toward one side, the result was a combined movement of the eyes and head. Normal subjects began the eye movement just before the onset of head movement; 4 neurologic patients who showed abnormalities in eye movements (saccades that tended to be smaller in amplitude and lower in velocity than those of the control subjects) regularly began eye movement after the onset of head movement. Thus the initiation of the head rotation was not as much retarded in these patients as that of eye movement. Amplitudes of the movements were reduced in the patients, but this change too was less for the head than for the eyes. Because the amplitude and velocity of the head movement were less affected in the patient group, the relative contribution of the head to the total gaze shift was increased. It appears as if, when the oculomotor system is affected, the head can assume a leading role in the initiation and execution of gaze shifts.", "contents": "A modification of eye-head coordination by CNS disease. When a subject, seated and facing ahead, was asked to look toward one side, the result was a combined movement of the eyes and head. Normal subjects began the eye movement just before the onset of head movement; 4 neurologic patients who showed abnormalities in eye movements (saccades that tended to be smaller in amplitude and lower in velocity than those of the control subjects) regularly began eye movement after the onset of head movement. Thus the initiation of the head rotation was not as much retarded in these patients as that of eye movement. Amplitudes of the movements were reduced in the patients, but this change too was less for the head than for the eyes. Because the amplitude and velocity of the head movement were less affected in the patient group, the relative contribution of the head to the total gaze shift was increased. It appears as if, when the oculomotor system is affected, the head can assume a leading role in the initiation and execution of gaze shifts."}
{"id": "PMID:932778", "title": "Frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex in progressive supranuclear palsy (subcortical argyrophilic dystrophy).", "content": "The frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles was studied, employing large sections of the cerebral hemispheres, in the cerebral cortex in 2 cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. The majority of the neurofibrillary tangles were found in the smaller nerve cells of the third layer. The typical triangular form was rare, and most of them showed argyrophilic neurofibrillary filaments which coiled around the well-preserved nucleus. We concluded that their occurrence in the cerebral cortex is one of the morphological manifestations of the disease process.", "contents": "Frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex in progressive supranuclear palsy (subcortical argyrophilic dystrophy). The frequency of Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles was studied, employing large sections of the cerebral hemispheres, in the cerebral cortex in 2 cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. The majority of the neurofibrillary tangles were found in the smaller nerve cells of the third layer. The typical triangular form was rare, and most of them showed argyrophilic neurofibrillary filaments which coiled around the well-preserved nucleus. We concluded that their occurrence in the cerebral cortex is one of the morphological manifestations of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:932779", "title": "A study of visual processes in a case of interhemispheric disconnexion.", "content": "A 75-year-old right-handed woman, after a probable cerebral infarct, developed an irregular constriction of the visual fields, a left-sided agraphia, and an anomia for objects in the left hand. Subsequent testing demonstrated an inability to name, though ability to recognize, letters and objects flashed in the homonymous left visual field. An inter-hemispheric disconnexion syndrome was inferred from these findings. The present publication concerns mainly the visual aspects of this disconnexion syndrome. Tasks were devised to test the abilities of the major and minor hemisphere: (a) the left hemisphere demonstrated a complete dominance for language expression and an incomplete dominance for written language comprehension; (b) the right hemisphere appeared to be dominant for some visuo-spatial tasks including number comprehension; (c) when the hemispheres were given contradictory visual informations on a non-verbal task (chimeric stimuli) there was a predominance of the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere appeared able to process complex information. Specialization of functional activities in each hemisphere is briefly discussed.", "contents": "A study of visual processes in a case of interhemispheric disconnexion. A 75-year-old right-handed woman, after a probable cerebral infarct, developed an irregular constriction of the visual fields, a left-sided agraphia, and an anomia for objects in the left hand. Subsequent testing demonstrated an inability to name, though ability to recognize, letters and objects flashed in the homonymous left visual field. An inter-hemispheric disconnexion syndrome was inferred from these findings. The present publication concerns mainly the visual aspects of this disconnexion syndrome. Tasks were devised to test the abilities of the major and minor hemisphere: (a) the left hemisphere demonstrated a complete dominance for language expression and an incomplete dominance for written language comprehension; (b) the right hemisphere appeared to be dominant for some visuo-spatial tasks including number comprehension; (c) when the hemispheres were given contradictory visual informations on a non-verbal task (chimeric stimuli) there was a predominance of the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere appeared able to process complex information. Specialization of functional activities in each hemisphere is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932780", "title": "In vitro cellular responsiveness in multiple sclerosis patients to a purified measles virus nuclear core and to other viral antigens.", "content": "The Clausen modification of the peripheral blood buffy coat leukocyte migration test was used to test patients with multiple sclerosis, normal subjects and patients with other neurologic diseases for cell-mediated immunity to commercial measles virus, purified nuclear core material from a human neurotropic strain of measles virus, as well as to commercial preparations of rubella, mumps and parainfluenza HA2. Leukocytes of multiple sclerosis patients showed significantly less mean inhibition of migration in the presence of both measles antigens, mumps and parainfluenza but no difference from controls when incubated with rubella. No correlation could be found between the degree of migration inhibition and concomitant serum anti-measles neutralization antibody titers to the same strain of virus. The use of purified viral antigens might result in more meaningful studies of the status of cellmediated immunity to viral antigens in multiple sclerosis. The relationship of our findings to other studies in this area and to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro cellular responsiveness in multiple sclerosis patients to a purified measles virus nuclear core and to other viral antigens. The Clausen modification of the peripheral blood buffy coat leukocyte migration test was used to test patients with multiple sclerosis, normal subjects and patients with other neurologic diseases for cell-mediated immunity to commercial measles virus, purified nuclear core material from a human neurotropic strain of measles virus, as well as to commercial preparations of rubella, mumps and parainfluenza HA2. Leukocytes of multiple sclerosis patients showed significantly less mean inhibition of migration in the presence of both measles antigens, mumps and parainfluenza but no difference from controls when incubated with rubella. No correlation could be found between the degree of migration inhibition and concomitant serum anti-measles neutralization antibody titers to the same strain of virus. The use of purified viral antigens might result in more meaningful studies of the status of cellmediated immunity to viral antigens in multiple sclerosis. The relationship of our findings to other studies in this area and to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932781", "title": "Organized cerebral heterotopia in the ethmoid sinus. A case report.", "content": "A 60-year-old woman afflicted with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea was found to have a  heterotopia consisting of well-differentiated neurons organized in layers in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the ethmoid sinus. This heterotopic cerebral anlage is best classified within the spectrum of \"nasal gliomas\". The origin of this malformation is a failure of closure of the anterior neuropore which delays the ingrowth of the mesoderm that is destined to form the skull and dura beyond the 10th week of gestation, leaving behind trapped cerebral tissue. The presentation of this congenital malformation late in life is attributed to the development of sinusitis.", "contents": "Organized cerebral heterotopia in the ethmoid sinus. A case report. A 60-year-old woman afflicted with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea was found to have a  heterotopia consisting of well-differentiated neurons organized in layers in the lamina propria of the mucosa of the ethmoid sinus. This heterotopic cerebral anlage is best classified within the spectrum of \"nasal gliomas\". The origin of this malformation is a failure of closure of the anterior neuropore which delays the ingrowth of the mesoderm that is destined to form the skull and dura beyond the 10th week of gestation, leaving behind trapped cerebral tissue. The presentation of this congenital malformation late in life is attributed to the development of sinusitis."}
{"id": "PMID:932782", "title": "[An experimental study of the psychostimulant action of amantadine].", "content": "According to previous experimental and clinical data, we have tested the hypothetic psycho-stimulating activity of amantadine on experimental sensitized models. We obtained a strong action on the spontaneous sleep of rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg and a less striking action in diminishing the effects of barbitol on the righting reflex of mice and in reducing the narcosis of rats induced by mebubarbital. This action does not seem to be due to a release of catecholamine because the lesions produced by electrocoagulation in the ascending aminergic pathways or pretreatment by alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT) do not block it. It is suggested that there may be a non-aminergic receptor of amantadine which is different from the amphetamine receptor.", "contents": "[An experimental study of the psychostimulant action of amantadine]. According to previous experimental and clinical data, we have tested the hypothetic psycho-stimulating activity of amantadine on experimental sensitized models. We obtained a strong action on the spontaneous sleep of rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg and a less striking action in diminishing the effects of barbitol on the righting reflex of mice and in reducing the narcosis of rats induced by mebubarbital. This action does not seem to be due to a release of catecholamine because the lesions produced by electrocoagulation in the ascending aminergic pathways or pretreatment by alpha-methylparatyrosine (AMPT) do not block it. It is suggested that there may be a non-aminergic receptor of amantadine which is different from the amphetamine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:932783", "title": "Spontaneous sleep and induced arousal. A depth-electroencephalographic study.", "content": "Although arousal effects from electric stimulation have been found in animals, reports of similar responses in humans have been uncommon. During depth electroencephalography in a 16-year-old boy for evaluation of intractable temporal lobe seizures, electric stimulation of a pair of contact leads located within the dorsal and medial portions of the thalamus but not within specific sensory nuclei produced unequivocal behavioral and electrographic arousals from spontaneous sleep. Lowvoltage stimuli were effective during non-REM and REM sleep. These findings verify the presence of a thalamic arousal system in the human.", "contents": "Spontaneous sleep and induced arousal. A depth-electroencephalographic study. Although arousal effects from electric stimulation have been found in animals, reports of similar responses in humans have been uncommon. During depth electroencephalography in a 16-year-old boy for evaluation of intractable temporal lobe seizures, electric stimulation of a pair of contact leads located within the dorsal and medial portions of the thalamus but not within specific sensory nuclei produced unequivocal behavioral and electrographic arousals from spontaneous sleep. Lowvoltage stimuli were effective during non-REM and REM sleep. These findings verify the presence of a thalamic arousal system in the human."}
{"id": "PMID:932784", "title": "[Cerebral hemangiopericytoma. Ultrastructural study of one case].", "content": "The authors report electron-microscopic observations upon a primitive cerebral haemangiopericytoma. The vascular appearance of the tumour is due to the presence of abundant extracellular material which has a structure like that of vascular basement membranes. The fact that the tumour cells are pericytes is confirmed by the existence of intracytoplasmic microfilaments of 60-80 A in diameter, sometimes gathered into osmiophilic aggregations and forming simple cellular junctions (zonulae adherentes). Stress is laid upon the importance of differentiating this rare tumour from an angioblastic meningioma; the haemangiopericytoma is more rapidly growing and carries a more serious prognosis.", "contents": "[Cerebral hemangiopericytoma. Ultrastructural study of one case]. The authors report electron-microscopic observations upon a primitive cerebral haemangiopericytoma. The vascular appearance of the tumour is due to the presence of abundant extracellular material which has a structure like that of vascular basement membranes. The fact that the tumour cells are pericytes is confirmed by the existence of intracytoplasmic microfilaments of 60-80 A in diameter, sometimes gathered into osmiophilic aggregations and forming simple cellular junctions (zonulae adherentes). Stress is laid upon the importance of differentiating this rare tumour from an angioblastic meningioma; the haemangiopericytoma is more rapidly growing and carries a more serious prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:932785", "title": "Neural crest defects. A neuroanatomic basis for classification of multiple malformations related to phocomelia.", "content": "Skeletal and internal structures are shown to be linked anatomically through segmental levels of innervation, or \"neurotomes\", and are related embryologically to the neural crest. Congenital abnormalities within the same or adjacent neurotomes would explain the distribution of defects in thalidomide embryopathy and morphologically similar multiple malformation syndromes. Classification of these \"neural crest defects\" on the basis of the segmental nerve supply is suggested.", "contents": "Neural crest defects. A neuroanatomic basis for classification of multiple malformations related to phocomelia. Skeletal and internal structures are shown to be linked anatomically through segmental levels of innervation, or \"neurotomes\", and are related embryologically to the neural crest. Congenital abnormalities within the same or adjacent neurotomes would explain the distribution of defects in thalidomide embryopathy and morphologically similar multiple malformation syndromes. Classification of these \"neural crest defects\" on the basis of the segmental nerve supply is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:932786", "title": "Correlative assay of computerized cranial tomography CCT, water content and specific gravity in normal and pathological postmortem brain.", "content": "An assay of water content and specific gravity in normal and pathological autopsy brain has been correlated with CCT attenuation values obtained just prior to brain cutting. Formalin fixation does not alter normal values so that fixed brain appears to be suitable for this type of study. Low attenuation values in CCT correlate better with changes in specific gravity, rather than water in infarcts, but they have a close relationship to water content in edema. The high water content in infarcts of the white matter reveals a striking disparity in fluid control between cortex and white matter, which has not been emphasized in experimental studies. Water movement within and around blood clots has been discussed.", "contents": "Correlative assay of computerized cranial tomography CCT, water content and specific gravity in normal and pathological postmortem brain. An assay of water content and specific gravity in normal and pathological autopsy brain has been correlated with CCT attenuation values obtained just prior to brain cutting. Formalin fixation does not alter normal values so that fixed brain appears to be suitable for this type of study. Low attenuation values in CCT correlate better with changes in specific gravity, rather than water in infarcts, but they have a close relationship to water content in edema. The high water content in infarcts of the white matter reveals a striking disparity in fluid control between cortex and white matter, which has not been emphasized in experimental studies. Water movement within and around blood clots has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932787", "title": "Organ culture of craniopharyngioma and its cellular effects induced by colloidal chromic phosphate.", "content": "Since a marked clinical improvement has been reported following chromic phosphate treatment in recurrent craniopharyngioma, we have attempted to study the in vitro cellular changes of two craniopharyngiomas maintained in organ culture system and subsequently treated with colloidal chronic phosphate. When incubated for 24 and 48 hours respectively, at a concentration of 10 muCi/ml. of colloidal 32P, only vacuolar degeneration and hyperchromasia of the tumor cells have been observed. When incubated with 50 muCi/ml. for 24 hours, further cellular degeneration and focal necrosis begin to appear. Up to 48 hours after 50 muCi/ml. obvious necrosis and extensive degeneration become apparent. Autoradiography confirms the fact that radioactive material is absorbed by the tumor cells. Brain tumors when maintained in an organ culture system may serve as a useful model for the evaluation of the effects of various chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic agents in vitro.", "contents": "Organ culture of craniopharyngioma and its cellular effects induced by colloidal chromic phosphate. Since a marked clinical improvement has been reported following chromic phosphate treatment in recurrent craniopharyngioma, we have attempted to study the in vitro cellular changes of two craniopharyngiomas maintained in organ culture system and subsequently treated with colloidal chronic phosphate. When incubated for 24 and 48 hours respectively, at a concentration of 10 muCi/ml. of colloidal 32P, only vacuolar degeneration and hyperchromasia of the tumor cells have been observed. When incubated with 50 muCi/ml. for 24 hours, further cellular degeneration and focal necrosis begin to appear. Up to 48 hours after 50 muCi/ml. obvious necrosis and extensive degeneration become apparent. Autoradiography confirms the fact that radioactive material is absorbed by the tumor cells. Brain tumors when maintained in an organ culture system may serve as a useful model for the evaluation of the effects of various chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic agents in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:932788", "title": "Pathogenesis of methylazoxymethanol-induced lesions in the postnatal mouse cerebellum.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) and methylazoxymethanol glucoside (cycasin) cause destruction of differentiation cells in the postnatal mouse cerebellum. The major features of the resulting architectural disarray were Purkinje cell misalignment and granule cell deletion along with cerebellar dysfunction. Although it was clear from a number of studies that destruction of differentiation cells in the immediate postnatal period was the primary lesion, several important facets of the pathellular response to the injury was incompletely described. The relationship of the cellular response to the subsequent pathological alterations was not completely evaluated. Also, the presence of unattached Purkinje cell dendritic spine postsynpatic sites suggested that their development had occurred without presynaptic parallel fiber terminal differentiation. The possibility of early synaptogenesis and degeneration was not, however, completely ruled out.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of methylazoxymethanol-induced lesions in the postnatal mouse cerebellum. Previous studies have shown that methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) and methylazoxymethanol glucoside (cycasin) cause destruction of differentiation cells in the postnatal mouse cerebellum. The major features of the resulting architectural disarray were Purkinje cell misalignment and granule cell deletion along with cerebellar dysfunction. Although it was clear from a number of studies that destruction of differentiation cells in the immediate postnatal period was the primary lesion, several important facets of the pathellular response to the injury was incompletely described. The relationship of the cellular response to the subsequent pathological alterations was not completely evaluated. Also, the presence of unattached Purkinje cell dendritic spine postsynpatic sites suggested that their development had occurred without presynaptic parallel fiber terminal differentiation. The possibility of early synaptogenesis and degeneration was not, however, completely ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:932789", "title": "Gold tracer studies of muscle regeneration.", "content": "Rabbits were injected with soluble gold, and cold injury was inflicted upon their extraocular muscles. Following the typical freeze-thaw damage in which the myofiber basement membrane is preserved, a polymorphonuclear granulocyte exudation occurred. At this stage only a few interstitial cells with long processes contained gold. At one and two days abundant mononuclear cells with gold were observed at the site of injury. In subsequent stages of muscle regeneration the amount of tracer decreased but myoblasts, and even fully formed myotubes, often contained detectable gold. Some data on \"in vivo\" gold salt kinetics and the specificity of gold localization were utilised in the study of the relation between mononuclear interstitial cells and myoblasts.", "contents": "Gold tracer studies of muscle regeneration. Rabbits were injected with soluble gold, and cold injury was inflicted upon their extraocular muscles. Following the typical freeze-thaw damage in which the myofiber basement membrane is preserved, a polymorphonuclear granulocyte exudation occurred. At this stage only a few interstitial cells with long processes contained gold. At one and two days abundant mononuclear cells with gold were observed at the site of injury. In subsequent stages of muscle regeneration the amount of tracer decreased but myoblasts, and even fully formed myotubes, often contained detectable gold. Some data on \"in vivo\" gold salt kinetics and the specificity of gold localization were utilised in the study of the relation between mononuclear interstitial cells and myoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:932790", "title": "Reversal of dementia in normotensive hydrocephalus after removal of a cauda equina tumor. Case report.", "content": "An elderly man presented with signs of normotensive hydrocephalus. Elevated protein content in the spinal fluid led to the diagnosis of an \"asymptomatic\" cauda equine neurilemoma and its removal. Within 6 weeks the patient's mental status had dramatically improved. Chronic transudation of plasma proteins including fibrinogen into the subarachnoid space had probably impeded spinal fluid reabsorption. It is suggested that the leakage of fibrinogen into the cerebrospinal fluid may be the cause of hydrocephalus in other clinical settings in which there is an elevation of the spinal fluid protein.", "contents": "Reversal of dementia in normotensive hydrocephalus after removal of a cauda equina tumor. Case report. An elderly man presented with signs of normotensive hydrocephalus. Elevated protein content in the spinal fluid led to the diagnosis of an \"asymptomatic\" cauda equine neurilemoma and its removal. Within 6 weeks the patient's mental status had dramatically improved. Chronic transudation of plasma proteins including fibrinogen into the subarachnoid space had probably impeded spinal fluid reabsorption. It is suggested that the leakage of fibrinogen into the cerebrospinal fluid may be the cause of hydrocephalus in other clinical settings in which there is an elevation of the spinal fluid protein."}
{"id": "PMID:932791", "title": "Interhemispheric ependymoma mimicking falx meningioma. Case report.", "content": "A report of an interhemispheric ependymoma with classical angiographic characteristics of falx meningioma illustrates that a neoplasm of intracerebral origin may present in a predomimantly extracerebral location.", "contents": "Interhemispheric ependymoma mimicking falx meningioma. Case report. A report of an interhemispheric ependymoma with classical angiographic characteristics of falx meningioma illustrates that a neoplasm of intracerebral origin may present in a predomimantly extracerebral location."}
{"id": "PMID:932793", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the transverse dural sinus.", "content": "Clinical, radioanatomical, and therapeutic aspects of dural arteriovenous malformations in the region of the transverse sinsu are discussed on the basis of seven personal observations and the analysis of 72 reported cases. Common symptoms are headache and troublesome tinnitus aurium. More serious neurological deficiencies may occur as a result of distrubance in cerebral hemodynamics. A complete neuroradiological investigation is essential for adequate treatment. Most frequent arterial feeders are the occipital, tentorial, and middle meningeal arteries. Ligation of the occipital artery is not sufficient in most cases. Operative isolation of the transverse sinus by craniotomy and dural section is considered by far the most successful treatment and should be performed whenever ligations fail or are not indicated.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the transverse dural sinus. Clinical, radioanatomical, and therapeutic aspects of dural arteriovenous malformations in the region of the transverse sinsu are discussed on the basis of seven personal observations and the analysis of 72 reported cases. Common symptoms are headache and troublesome tinnitus aurium. More serious neurological deficiencies may occur as a result of distrubance in cerebral hemodynamics. A complete neuroradiological investigation is essential for adequate treatment. Most frequent arterial feeders are the occipital, tentorial, and middle meningeal arteries. Ligation of the occipital artery is not sufficient in most cases. Operative isolation of the transverse sinus by craniotomy and dural section is considered by far the most successful treatment and should be performed whenever ligations fail or are not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:932797", "title": "Facial nevi associated with anomalous venous return and hydrocephalus.", "content": "The authors describe two children with anomalous intracranial venous return associated with bilateral facial nevi, macrocrania, and cephalic venous hypertension. Both children had functional absence of the jugular bulbs, forcing the intracranial venous effluent to exit through persistent emissary pathways. Both children had sustained intracranial hypertension, with one child developing symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus that responded satisfactorily to shunting. The relationship between these patients and those with Sturge-Weber syndrome is discussed. The embryologic abnormality producing the anomalous venous return is characterized. The link between venous hypertension and the development of hydrocephalus is discussed. The increased cranial compliance seen in this age group may predispose certain pediatric patients to develop hydrocephalus when stressed by venous hypertension.", "contents": "Facial nevi associated with anomalous venous return and hydrocephalus. The authors describe two children with anomalous intracranial venous return associated with bilateral facial nevi, macrocrania, and cephalic venous hypertension. Both children had functional absence of the jugular bulbs, forcing the intracranial venous effluent to exit through persistent emissary pathways. Both children had sustained intracranial hypertension, with one child developing symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus that responded satisfactorily to shunting. The relationship between these patients and those with Sturge-Weber syndrome is discussed. The embryologic abnormality producing the anomalous venous return is characterized. The link between venous hypertension and the development of hydrocephalus is discussed. The increased cranial compliance seen in this age group may predispose certain pediatric patients to develop hydrocephalus when stressed by venous hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:932798", "title": "Spectrum of the hangman's fracture.", "content": "The authors review their experience in managing 26 cases of \"hangman's fracture.\" The basic mechanism of injury was hyperextension of the upper cervical spine. Radiographic studies revealed a spectrum of injury beginning with the classical hangman's fracture and progressing to the simple C-2 laminar-pedicle fracture. Appreciation of the fracture instability will dictate the method and duration of fracture treatment. Management by a closed, nonoperative means resulted in solid union of the bone in all fully treated cases, with a minimum of morbidity.", "contents": "Spectrum of the hangman's fracture. The authors review their experience in managing 26 cases of \"hangman's fracture.\" The basic mechanism of injury was hyperextension of the upper cervical spine. Radiographic studies revealed a spectrum of injury beginning with the classical hangman's fracture and progressing to the simple C-2 laminar-pedicle fracture. Appreciation of the fracture instability will dictate the method and duration of fracture treatment. Management by a closed, nonoperative means resulted in solid union of the bone in all fully treated cases, with a minimum of morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:932799", "title": "Sensory and nonsensory portions of the nucleus \"ventralis posterior\" thalami of chimpanzee and man.", "content": "In man and chimpanzee, the large-celled region in the posteroinferior portion of the lateroventral thalamic mass, commonly called the nucleus ventralis posterior thalami, is separated cytoarchitecturally into two regions. The anterior portion is called the nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) and the posterior part, the nucleus ventrocaudalis (Vc). In the chimpanzee it was found that most of the fibers from the superior cerebellar peduncle entered Vim on the way to distribution in the anterior half of the lateroventral thalamic mass. Fibers from the posterior spinal column (medial lemniscus) entered the Vc. No overlap was evident in the radiations from the two sources. An unusual human case is presented suporting the sensory function of Vc since a lesion in this nucleus resulted in persistent contralateral paresthesia. On the other side, a discrete lesion in Vim caused no sensory disturbance.", "contents": "Sensory and nonsensory portions of the nucleus \"ventralis posterior\" thalami of chimpanzee and man. In man and chimpanzee, the large-celled region in the posteroinferior portion of the lateroventral thalamic mass, commonly called the nucleus ventralis posterior thalami, is separated cytoarchitecturally into two regions. The anterior portion is called the nucleus ventrointermedius (Vim) and the posterior part, the nucleus ventrocaudalis (Vc). In the chimpanzee it was found that most of the fibers from the superior cerebellar peduncle entered Vim on the way to distribution in the anterior half of the lateroventral thalamic mass. Fibers from the posterior spinal column (medial lemniscus) entered the Vc. No overlap was evident in the radiations from the two sources. An unusual human case is presented suporting the sensory function of Vc since a lesion in this nucleus resulted in persistent contralateral paresthesia. On the other side, a discrete lesion in Vim caused no sensory disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:932800", "title": "Carbamazepine in the treatment of the flashing pain syndrome.", "content": "Five patients were seen who described similar rapid shot-like pains that we have called \"flashing pain syndrome\" and whose pain was relieved by carbamazepine. The pathology of these conditions is not uniform, but the clinical description appears to be specific for an unpleasant condition that will respond dramatically to carbamazepine.", "contents": "Carbamazepine in the treatment of the flashing pain syndrome. Five patients were seen who described similar rapid shot-like pains that we have called \"flashing pain syndrome\" and whose pain was relieved by carbamazepine. The pathology of these conditions is not uniform, but the clinical description appears to be specific for an unpleasant condition that will respond dramatically to carbamazepine."}
{"id": "PMID:932801", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of human ependyma.", "content": "Specimens of human ependyma obtained immediately after death were immersion-fixed and studied with a scanning electron microscope. Human ependyma is nearly identical in its surface ultrastructural features to the ependyma of other mammals.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of human ependyma. Specimens of human ependyma obtained immediately after death were immersion-fixed and studied with a scanning electron microscope. Human ependyma is nearly identical in its surface ultrastructural features to the ependyma of other mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:932802", "title": "Some characteristic findings of isotope cisternograms in children.", "content": "The authors describe the characteristic pattern in the isotope cisternograms of normal children and emphasize that, in interpreting isotope cisternograms, the age of the patient must be taken into account.", "contents": "Some characteristic findings of isotope cisternograms in children. The authors describe the characteristic pattern in the isotope cisternograms of normal children and emphasize that, in interpreting isotope cisternograms, the age of the patient must be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:932803", "title": "Shunt system patency testing by lumbar infusion.", "content": "A simple and reliable bedside infusion test is described to evaluate shunt-system patency in adult patients with treated \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus. Fifteen consecutive patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts were tested by a two-part infusion test between 2 days and 32 months after shunt surgery. When we used the criteria presented, shunt patency could be established with certainty, and shunt malfunction could be established with relative certainty. Shunt malfunction was verified surgically.", "contents": "Shunt system patency testing by lumbar infusion. A simple and reliable bedside infusion test is described to evaluate shunt-system patency in adult patients with treated \"normal\" pressure hydrocephalus. Fifteen consecutive patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts were tested by a two-part infusion test between 2 days and 32 months after shunt surgery. When we used the criteria presented, shunt patency could be established with certainty, and shunt malfunction could be established with relative certainty. Shunt malfunction was verified surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:932804", "title": "Carotid sinus syndrome. Report of five cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Five cases of carotid sinus syndrome are presented. The syndrome is defined by spontaneous attacks of dizziness and fainting which can be reproduced by graded pressure on one carotid sinus. Three forms of the clinical syndrome, cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor, and cerebral, are discussed. The hyperactive carotid sinsu reflex, in which there is ventricular asystole lasting at least 3 seconds or a decrease of more than 50 mm Hg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, should be differentiated from this syndrome. Treatment modalities include reassurance, drugs, radiotherapy, cardiac pacemakers, and surgical approaches. Carotid sinus syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained syncope, arteriovenous block, or inappropriate sinus bradycardia.", "contents": "Carotid sinus syndrome. Report of five cases and review of the literature. Five cases of carotid sinus syndrome are presented. The syndrome is defined by spontaneous attacks of dizziness and fainting which can be reproduced by graded pressure on one carotid sinus. Three forms of the clinical syndrome, cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor, and cerebral, are discussed. The hyperactive carotid sinsu reflex, in which there is ventricular asystole lasting at least 3 seconds or a decrease of more than 50 mm Hg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, should be differentiated from this syndrome. Treatment modalities include reassurance, drugs, radiotherapy, cardiac pacemakers, and surgical approaches. Carotid sinus syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained syncope, arteriovenous block, or inappropriate sinus bradycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:932805", "title": "Effect of central venous pressure on brain tissue pressure and brain volume.", "content": "In cats, brain tissue pressure (BTP) was measured by the wick-catheter method. The BTP was positive, but lower than cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Elevation on central venous pressure led only to a transient proportional increase of BTP. When the calvaria and dura of one hemisphere were removed, the rise of BTP was even less. Water content of the brain was normal in either case, even after prolonged venous hypertension. Venous hypertension led in all cases to a marked increase of the brain volume which was caused by vessel dilatation. In brain edema, produced by rinsing the brain surface with ouabain and concentrated saline, BTP was increased permanently by venous hypertension. The water content of the brain was much greater than normal. From these results it was concluded that congestive edema does not occur in the brain unless the tissue is damaged. However, venous hypertension does cause brain swelling.", "contents": "Effect of central venous pressure on brain tissue pressure and brain volume. In cats, brain tissue pressure (BTP) was measured by the wick-catheter method. The BTP was positive, but lower than cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Elevation on central venous pressure led only to a transient proportional increase of BTP. When the calvaria and dura of one hemisphere were removed, the rise of BTP was even less. Water content of the brain was normal in either case, even after prolonged venous hypertension. Venous hypertension led in all cases to a marked increase of the brain volume which was caused by vessel dilatation. In brain edema, produced by rinsing the brain surface with ouabain and concentrated saline, BTP was increased permanently by venous hypertension. The water content of the brain was much greater than normal. From these results it was concluded that congestive edema does not occur in the brain unless the tissue is damaged. However, venous hypertension does cause brain swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:932806", "title": "Multidirectional tomography in cervical spine injury.", "content": "Forty-one patients with acute cervical spine injury were examined by both conventional radiography and multidirectional tomography and the findings compared. Indications for tomography are given.", "contents": "Multidirectional tomography in cervical spine injury. Forty-one patients with acute cervical spine injury were examined by both conventional radiography and multidirectional tomography and the findings compared. Indications for tomography are given."}
{"id": "PMID:932807", "title": "Oncotic aneurysm. Case report.", "content": "The author describes a case of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with an intracranial aneurysm caused by a metastatic tumor. The aneurysm formation is explained as being result of tumor cells invading the vessel wall while still preserving the arterial circulation.", "contents": "Oncotic aneurysm. Case report. The author describes a case of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with an intracranial aneurysm caused by a metastatic tumor. The aneurysm formation is explained as being result of tumor cells invading the vessel wall while still preserving the arterial circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:932808", "title": "Scintigraphic criteria for hepatic metastases from cancer of the colon and breast.", "content": "Scintigraphic criteria for hepatic metastases were studied by examination of 333 liver scintigrams performed on 275 patients with primary cancers of the colon or breast. Focal defects in radiocolloid distribution correctly signaled the presence of metastatic colon carcinoma in 88% of the patients with that disease and incorrectly pointed to only 6% of the patients without such metastases. In contrast, the same criterion detected only 67% of hepatic metastases from breast carcinoma. This lower sensitivity could be improved to 87% by adding heterogeneity or hepatomegaly to the criteria for abnormality when patients with breast cancer are examined. Scintigraphic indicators of metastatic disease may vary according to the site of primary cancer.", "contents": "Scintigraphic criteria for hepatic metastases from cancer of the colon and breast. Scintigraphic criteria for hepatic metastases were studied by examination of 333 liver scintigrams performed on 275 patients with primary cancers of the colon or breast. Focal defects in radiocolloid distribution correctly signaled the presence of metastatic colon carcinoma in 88% of the patients with that disease and incorrectly pointed to only 6% of the patients without such metastases. In contrast, the same criterion detected only 67% of hepatic metastases from breast carcinoma. This lower sensitivity could be improved to 87% by adding heterogeneity or hepatomegaly to the criteria for abnormality when patients with breast cancer are examined. Scintigraphic indicators of metastatic disease may vary according to the site of primary cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:932809", "title": "Factors affecting the uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid by the lung and kidney.", "content": "Occasionally patients injected with 99mTc-sulfur colloid (TSC) for liver--spleen imaging show increased uptake by the lungs or kidneys. In animals, increased lung uptake of TSC can be produced by injecting endotoxin intraperitoneally. Using an intraperitoneal endotoxin model, we studied the effect of heparin on dose-response curves for TSC uptake by the lungs and kidneys. Over a dose range of 1 mug to 10 mg of endotoxin, TSC uptake by the lungs increased progressively; heparin had no effect. In the kidneys, endotoxin in doses from 1 mug to 1 mg resulted in an increased TSC uptake which was less marked than that in the lungs and which was also unaffected by heparin. However, at a dose of 10 mg of endotoxin, a marked increase occurred in TSC uptake by the kidneys, and this could be prevented by heparin. Although the increased TSC uptake by the kidneys at lower doses of endotoxin and by the lungs at all doses is probably not related to intraavascular coagulation, the marked increase in TSC uptake by the kidneys at 10 mg of intraperitoneal endotoxin probably is related to intravascular coagulation, possibly by entrapment in fibrin deposits in the renal capillaries.", "contents": "Factors affecting the uptake of 99mTc-sulfur colloid by the lung and kidney. Occasionally patients injected with 99mTc-sulfur colloid (TSC) for liver--spleen imaging show increased uptake by the lungs or kidneys. In animals, increased lung uptake of TSC can be produced by injecting endotoxin intraperitoneally. Using an intraperitoneal endotoxin model, we studied the effect of heparin on dose-response curves for TSC uptake by the lungs and kidneys. Over a dose range of 1 mug to 10 mg of endotoxin, TSC uptake by the lungs increased progressively; heparin had no effect. In the kidneys, endotoxin in doses from 1 mug to 1 mg resulted in an increased TSC uptake which was less marked than that in the lungs and which was also unaffected by heparin. However, at a dose of 10 mg of endotoxin, a marked increase occurred in TSC uptake by the kidneys, and this could be prevented by heparin. Although the increased TSC uptake by the kidneys at lower doses of endotoxin and by the lungs at all doses is probably not related to intraavascular coagulation, the marked increase in TSC uptake by the kidneys at 10 mg of intraperitoneal endotoxin probably is related to intravascular coagulation, possibly by entrapment in fibrin deposits in the renal capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:932810", "title": "Salivary gland uptake of 67Ga-citrate following radiation therapy.", "content": "Radiogallium uptake in the salivary glands is strongly correlated with prior therapeutic radiation which includes the cervical region. Fifteen of 17 patients with increased salivary gland uptake had such a history. An easily identified characteristic pattern of symmetric localization of 67Ga occurs in the parotid and submandibular regions in these patients. This pattern must not be mistaken for recurrent tumor in the cervical region.", "contents": "Salivary gland uptake of 67Ga-citrate following radiation therapy. Radiogallium uptake in the salivary glands is strongly correlated with prior therapeutic radiation which includes the cervical region. Fifteen of 17 patients with increased salivary gland uptake had such a history. An easily identified characteristic pattern of symmetric localization of 67Ga occurs in the parotid and submandibular regions in these patients. This pattern must not be mistaken for recurrent tumor in the cervical region."}
{"id": "PMID:932811", "title": "99MTc-diphosphonate bone imaging and uptake in healing rat extraction sockets.", "content": "Clinically positive bone scans of the jaws may result from a variety of benign dental conditions. An experimental system for studying radionuclide imaging and uptake in the jaws of rats was developed. Sequential 99mTc-diphosphonate bone scans and radionuclide uptake determinations were performed on rats after standardized extractions of their mandibular left first molars. Positive bone scans were seen 4-16 days after molar extraction, and increased radionuclide uptake was found in the healing extraction wounds 4-42 days after the extraction. Conventional radiography and histology fail to show unusual bony architecture in extraction sockets at such times. These results correlate with clinical findings in patients and suggest that human beings may have positive bone scans for several months after dental extraction.", "contents": "99MTc-diphosphonate bone imaging and uptake in healing rat extraction sockets. Clinically positive bone scans of the jaws may result from a variety of benign dental conditions. An experimental system for studying radionuclide imaging and uptake in the jaws of rats was developed. Sequential 99mTc-diphosphonate bone scans and radionuclide uptake determinations were performed on rats after standardized extractions of their mandibular left first molars. Positive bone scans were seen 4-16 days after molar extraction, and increased radionuclide uptake was found in the healing extraction wounds 4-42 days after the extraction. Conventional radiography and histology fail to show unusual bony architecture in extraction sockets at such times. These results correlate with clinical findings in patients and suggest that human beings may have positive bone scans for several months after dental extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:932812", "title": "Two unusual causes of peripatellar nonmetastatic positive bone scans in patients with malignancies: case reports.", "content": "Bone scans performed with 99mTc-polyphosphate in two patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung each showed activity in one knee area. In the first case, radiographs of the area revealed Pellegrini-Stieda calcification over the internal femoral condyle. Uptake corresponded to this process, rather than to a lesion deep in the bone. In the second case, the activity accumulation in the right tibia was the only abnormality noted in the scan. An open biopsy revealed Paget's disease, and no radiographic evidence of Paget's disease was found in any other bone. These cases again illustrate that localized accumulation of a bone-scanning agent, in patients with known primary tumors, does not necessarily denote malignancy in bone.", "contents": "Two unusual causes of peripatellar nonmetastatic positive bone scans in patients with malignancies: case reports. Bone scans performed with 99mTc-polyphosphate in two patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung each showed activity in one knee area. In the first case, radiographs of the area revealed Pellegrini-Stieda calcification over the internal femoral condyle. Uptake corresponded to this process, rather than to a lesion deep in the bone. In the second case, the activity accumulation in the right tibia was the only abnormality noted in the scan. An open biopsy revealed Paget's disease, and no radiographic evidence of Paget's disease was found in any other bone. These cases again illustrate that localized accumulation of a bone-scanning agent, in patients with known primary tumors, does not necessarily denote malignancy in bone."}
{"id": "PMID:932813", "title": "Lung scintigraphy with 51Cr-erythrocytes in Goodpasture's syndrome: case report.", "content": "A lung scan using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome revealed radioactivity in the lung due to massive intrapulmonary hemorrhage.", "contents": "Lung scintigraphy with 51Cr-erythrocytes in Goodpasture's syndrome: case report. A lung scan using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome revealed radioactivity in the lung due to massive intrapulmonary hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:932814", "title": "The effect of carrier technetium in the preparation of 99mTc-human serum albumin.", "content": "Accumulation of daughter 99Tc in 99Mo-99mTc generator systems may adversely affect the preparation of certain 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. In a study of the effect of \"carrier\" technetium on the radiochemical purity of 99mTc-human serum albumin, varying amounts of 99Tc were added to a commercially available electrolytic kit. The maximum amount of 99Tc that could be added to such a kit and still maintain radiochemical purity above 90% was about 3 X 10(15) atoms. When kits containing 10(16) 99Tc atoms were electrolyzed for the conventional 42 sec, the radiochemical purity was only 50.8%. However, when the electrolysis time was varied, it was found that electrolysis for 80 sec yielded a product with greater than 90% radiochemical purity. Four solutions to the problem created by the 99Tc carrier effect are described.", "contents": "The effect of carrier technetium in the preparation of 99mTc-human serum albumin. Accumulation of daughter 99Tc in 99Mo-99mTc generator systems may adversely affect the preparation of certain 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. In a study of the effect of \"carrier\" technetium on the radiochemical purity of 99mTc-human serum albumin, varying amounts of 99Tc were added to a commercially available electrolytic kit. The maximum amount of 99Tc that could be added to such a kit and still maintain radiochemical purity above 90% was about 3 X 10(15) atoms. When kits containing 10(16) 99Tc atoms were electrolyzed for the conventional 42 sec, the radiochemical purity was only 50.8%. However, when the electrolysis time was varied, it was found that electrolysis for 80 sec yielded a product with greater than 90% radiochemical purity. Four solutions to the problem created by the 99Tc carrier effect are described."}
{"id": "PMID:932815", "title": "A high-frequency ultrasonic nebulizer system for radioaerosol delivery.", "content": "A prototype high-frequency ultrasonic nebulizer, coupled with a nebulization chamber, has been designed specifically to overcome the problem of inefficient and unpredictable radioaerosol delivery. The objective was to reduce mean particle size, increase aerosol concentration, and minimize dead space. Thirty-nine patients were studied, including 15 patients in significant respiratory distress. Delivery of the radioaerosol proved to be rapid, efficient, and reproducible, and excellent alveolar distribution patterns were obtained in all 39 patients. Minimal nonpathologic tracheal deposition occurred in five patients, but this did not interfere with the interpretability or diagnostic validity of the study. All other instances of airway aerosol deposition correlated with documented airway disease. The images obtained with this system are a reliable measure of ventilatory distribution and airway tubulence.", "contents": "A high-frequency ultrasonic nebulizer system for radioaerosol delivery. A prototype high-frequency ultrasonic nebulizer, coupled with a nebulization chamber, has been designed specifically to overcome the problem of inefficient and unpredictable radioaerosol delivery. The objective was to reduce mean particle size, increase aerosol concentration, and minimize dead space. Thirty-nine patients were studied, including 15 patients in significant respiratory distress. Delivery of the radioaerosol proved to be rapid, efficient, and reproducible, and excellent alveolar distribution patterns were obtained in all 39 patients. Minimal nonpathologic tracheal deposition occurred in five patients, but this did not interfere with the interpretability or diagnostic validity of the study. All other instances of airway aerosol deposition correlated with documented airway disease. The images obtained with this system are a reliable measure of ventilatory distribution and airway tubulence."}
{"id": "PMID:932816", "title": "Influence of dose rate on carcinogenesis resulting from x-ray, 113In, and 198Au irradiation.", "content": "The potential hazards from internally administered radionuclides used in nuclear medicine are usually compared with one another and with diagnostic x-rays on the basis of the absorbed dose in rads, with no regard to the dose rate of the radiation. This study compared the carcinogenic potential of a dose of 250 rads delivered at different dose rates to rat livers by x-ray, 113mIn, and 198Au. The chemical carcinogen N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide was administered after irradiation to reduce the latent period and increase the number of radiogenic liver tumors. No significant difference in tumor incidence was observed among groups of animals treated with either 198Au, 113mIn, or x-irradiation.", "contents": "Influence of dose rate on carcinogenesis resulting from x-ray, 113In, and 198Au irradiation. The potential hazards from internally administered radionuclides used in nuclear medicine are usually compared with one another and with diagnostic x-rays on the basis of the absorbed dose in rads, with no regard to the dose rate of the radiation. This study compared the carcinogenic potential of a dose of 250 rads delivered at different dose rates to rat livers by x-ray, 113mIn, and 198Au. The chemical carcinogen N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide was administered after irradiation to reduce the latent period and increase the number of radiogenic liver tumors. No significant difference in tumor incidence was observed among groups of animals treated with either 198Au, 113mIn, or x-irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:932817", "title": "Collimation for imaging the myocardium. II.", "content": "Line-source response functions and modulation transfer functions (MTF) were used to compare the spatial resolutions obtained with an Anger camera system and four different nuclides used as myocardial-imaging agents: 99mTc, 123I, 201Tl, and 43K. The measurements were made with a low-energy converging collimator (LECY, a medium-energy converging collimator (MEC), and a pinhole collimator. The MTF values for 99mTc were very similar for all three collimator types, although the LEC collimator gave slightly higher values at hgih spatial frequencies and had 40% greater sensitivity. Iodine-123 was satisfactorily imaged only with the MEC and pinhole collimators, which in turn yielded MTF values comparable to those measured for 99mTc. Thallium-201 produced MTF curves that were similar for the MEC and pinhole collimators; the curve for th LEC collimator was slightly poorer. All three MTF curves for 201 Tl were inferior to those of 99mTc. For imaging with 43K, only the pinhole collimator provided marginally acceptable spatial resolution.", "contents": "Collimation for imaging the myocardium. II. Line-source response functions and modulation transfer functions (MTF) were used to compare the spatial resolutions obtained with an Anger camera system and four different nuclides used as myocardial-imaging agents: 99mTc, 123I, 201Tl, and 43K. The measurements were made with a low-energy converging collimator (LECY, a medium-energy converging collimator (MEC), and a pinhole collimator. The MTF values for 99mTc were very similar for all three collimator types, although the LEC collimator gave slightly higher values at hgih spatial frequencies and had 40% greater sensitivity. Iodine-123 was satisfactorily imaged only with the MEC and pinhole collimators, which in turn yielded MTF values comparable to those measured for 99mTc. Thallium-201 produced MTF curves that were similar for the MEC and pinhole collimators; the curve for th LEC collimator was slightly poorer. All three MTF curves for 201 Tl were inferior to those of 99mTc. For imaging with 43K, only the pinhole collimator provided marginally acceptable spatial resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:932818", "title": "Neutron-activation measurement of metabolic activity of sodium in the human hand.", "content": "Turnover of sodium in the human hand was studied by neutron activation. One hand of each subject was irradiated with a 1.5-rad dose of partially thermalized fast neutrons. The activity of 24Na was measured at intervals from 3 min to 48 hr after irradiation. The loss of sodium from the hand during this period can be described either by two exponentials or by a single power function. The latter description involves only two disposable factors compared with four in the former. The rate of loss of sodium was found, on the average, to be greater in patients suffering from bone disease than in normal subjects. Neutron activation is a powerful method for studying sodium turnover because the sodium atoms are labeled simultaneously and with equal probability, regardless of the turnover time of individual bodily compartments.", "contents": "Neutron-activation measurement of metabolic activity of sodium in the human hand. Turnover of sodium in the human hand was studied by neutron activation. One hand of each subject was irradiated with a 1.5-rad dose of partially thermalized fast neutrons. The activity of 24Na was measured at intervals from 3 min to 48 hr after irradiation. The loss of sodium from the hand during this period can be described either by two exponentials or by a single power function. The latter description involves only two disposable factors compared with four in the former. The rate of loss of sodium was found, on the average, to be greater in patients suffering from bone disease than in normal subjects. Neutron activation is a powerful method for studying sodium turnover because the sodium atoms are labeled simultaneously and with equal probability, regardless of the turnover time of individual bodily compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:932819", "title": "In vitro studies of leukocyte labeling with technetium-99m.", "content": "A method for labeling leukocytes in vitro with 99mTc is described. Separated leukocytes are incubated with 99mTc, followed by reduction with stannous chloride and washing with acid citrate dextrose solution. Maximum labeling occurs after at least 5 min incubation with pertechnetate, followed by at least 10 min incubation with stannous chloride. Labeling is similar at room temperature and at 37 degrees C. The labeled leukocytes are viable, and reutilization of label does not occur in vitro. In acid conditions (pH 5.2), the elution of 99mTc from leukocytes is comparable with that of 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate, but 99mTc elution is greater at pH 7.2--7.4. Neutrophils label more heavily with 99mTc than do monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets.", "contents": "In vitro studies of leukocyte labeling with technetium-99m. A method for labeling leukocytes in vitro with 99mTc is described. Separated leukocytes are incubated with 99mTc, followed by reduction with stannous chloride and washing with acid citrate dextrose solution. Maximum labeling occurs after at least 5 min incubation with pertechnetate, followed by at least 10 min incubation with stannous chloride. Labeling is similar at room temperature and at 37 degrees C. The labeled leukocytes are viable, and reutilization of label does not occur in vitro. In acid conditions (pH 5.2), the elution of 99mTc from leukocytes is comparable with that of 32P-diisopropylfluorophosphate, but 99mTc elution is greater at pH 7.2--7.4. Neutrophils label more heavily with 99mTc than do monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:932820", "title": "Significance of radiocontaminants in 123I for dosimetry and scintillation camera imaging.", "content": "Estimates of absorbed radiation dose and qualitative assessments of image resolution were compared for pure 131I and for 123I produced by the 122Te(d,n), 124Te(p,2n), and 127I(p,5n) 123Xe reactions. A substantial reduction in radiation dose is indicated when 123I replaces 131I, in spite of the radiocontaminants typically present 30-35 hr after the production of 123I by any of these methods. Only a marginal further reduction in radiation dose was noted with use of the most \"pure\" 123I as opposed to the least \"pure\" 123I. Comparable scintillation camera resolution was obtained for all 123I preparations at 30-35 hr after bombardment when the medium-energy and pinhole collimators were used. However, the radiocontaminants in the 123I produced from tellurium affected image resolution when the low-energy collimator was used.", "contents": "Significance of radiocontaminants in 123I for dosimetry and scintillation camera imaging. Estimates of absorbed radiation dose and qualitative assessments of image resolution were compared for pure 131I and for 123I produced by the 122Te(d,n), 124Te(p,2n), and 127I(p,5n) 123Xe reactions. A substantial reduction in radiation dose is indicated when 123I replaces 131I, in spite of the radiocontaminants typically present 30-35 hr after the production of 123I by any of these methods. Only a marginal further reduction in radiation dose was noted with use of the most \"pure\" 123I as opposed to the least \"pure\" 123I. Comparable scintillation camera resolution was obtained for all 123I preparations at 30-35 hr after bombardment when the medium-energy and pinhole collimators were used. However, the radiocontaminants in the 123I produced from tellurium affected image resolution when the low-energy collimator was used."}
{"id": "PMID:932821", "title": "Interpolative background subtraction.", "content": "A method for background subtraction is presented. The data are digitized scintigraphic images, stored in 64 X 64 frames. Within this array a rectangular area surrounding the target is defined. All data points outside of this area are set equal to zero. From each data point within the area, the computer subtracts a background value equal to the average of the two intersecting linear interpolations between the values at the edges of the rectangular area having the ordinate and abscissa values of the point of interest. The rationale for this approach is discussed and its application in myocardial perfusion studies is illustrated.", "contents": "Interpolative background subtraction. A method for background subtraction is presented. The data are digitized scintigraphic images, stored in 64 X 64 frames. Within this array a rectangular area surrounding the target is defined. All data points outside of this area are set equal to zero. From each data point within the area, the computer subtracts a background value equal to the average of the two intersecting linear interpolations between the values at the edges of the rectangular area having the ordinate and abscissa values of the point of interest. The rationale for this approach is discussed and its application in myocardial perfusion studies is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:932822", "title": "Radiopharmaceuticals. XIX. 11C-labeled octylamine, a potential diagnostic agent for lung structure and function.", "content": "After intravenous injection, 11C-octylamine - HC1 is rapidly sequestered by the rabbit lung. The initial lung uptake during the first minute was 70 +/- 6% of the administered dose, and 40% of the injected dose remained after 15 min. Approximately 12% of the administered radioactivity is exhaled as 11CO2 during the first 30 min.", "contents": "Radiopharmaceuticals. XIX. 11C-labeled octylamine, a potential diagnostic agent for lung structure and function. After intravenous injection, 11C-octylamine - HC1 is rapidly sequestered by the rabbit lung. The initial lung uptake during the first minute was 70 +/- 6% of the administered dose, and 40% of the injected dose remained after 15 min. Approximately 12% of the administered radioactivity is exhaled as 11CO2 during the first 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:932827", "title": "Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical deficiency signs.", "content": "Either simultaneous or separate dietary deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium in Atlantic salmon during first 4 weeks of feeding caused twice the mortality shown in fish fed both supplemental vitamin E (0.5 IU/g dry diet) and selenium (0.1 mug/g). Subsequent dietary repletion with both vitamin E and selenium significantly reduced mortality during the following 2 weeks. Larger salmon (0.9 g initial mean weight), with vitamin E deficiency with or without selenium resulted in the following deficiency signs: extreme anemia, pale gills, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, elevated plasma protein, exudative diathesis, dermal depigmentation, in vitro ascorbic acid-stimulated peroxidation in hepatic microsomes, yellow-orange liver color, yellow-brown intestinal contents, enlarged gall bladder distended with dark green bile, low vitamin E in carcass and hepatic tissue, muscular dystrophy, increased carcass fat and water, and a response to handling characterized by a transitory fainting with interruption in swimming. A deficiency of dietary selenium suppressed plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. Supplemental selenium with vitamin E significantly increased tocopherol activity in hepatic, but not carcass tissues. Supplements of both vitamin E and selenium were necessary to prevent muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical deficiency signs. Either simultaneous or separate dietary deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium in Atlantic salmon during first 4 weeks of feeding caused twice the mortality shown in fish fed both supplemental vitamin E (0.5 IU/g dry diet) and selenium (0.1 mug/g). Subsequent dietary repletion with both vitamin E and selenium significantly reduced mortality during the following 2 weeks. Larger salmon (0.9 g initial mean weight), with vitamin E deficiency with or without selenium resulted in the following deficiency signs: extreme anemia, pale gills, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, elevated plasma protein, exudative diathesis, dermal depigmentation, in vitro ascorbic acid-stimulated peroxidation in hepatic microsomes, yellow-orange liver color, yellow-brown intestinal contents, enlarged gall bladder distended with dark green bile, low vitamin E in carcass and hepatic tissue, muscular dystrophy, increased carcass fat and water, and a response to handling characterized by a transitory fainting with interruption in swimming. A deficiency of dietary selenium suppressed plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. Supplemental selenium with vitamin E significantly increased tocopherol activity in hepatic, but not carcass tissues. Supplements of both vitamin E and selenium were necessary to prevent muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:932828", "title": "Effect of dietary alpha tocopherol on liver microsomes and mitochondria of aging rats.", "content": "Rats of three age groups were fed tocopherol deficient or supplemented diets for 16 weeks or until signs of tocopherol deficiency were apparent. Erythrocyte hemolysis and liver tocopherol content were used as measurements of the tocopherol status of the rats. The following measurements were made on liver microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of all three groups; phospholipid content, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid patterns, pigment fluorescence, ANS fluorescence and the activities of several membrane bound enzymes. Eleven week-old rats displayed signs of vitamin E deficiency after consuming the diet for 7 weeks. Forty-two-week-old rats displayed borderline deficiency signs after 16 weeks of consuming the diet whereas 67-week-old rats displayed no deficiency signs. The need for dietary tocopherol, therefore, appeared to decrease with increasing animal age. Age related alterations in membrane compositional and functional parameters were not modified by either tocopherol deficient or supplemented diets. Tocopherol does not appear to stabilize microsomal membrane composition or function although mitochondrial membranes appear to be labilized by the dietary manipulation of the vitamin.", "contents": "Effect of dietary alpha tocopherol on liver microsomes and mitochondria of aging rats. Rats of three age groups were fed tocopherol deficient or supplemented diets for 16 weeks or until signs of tocopherol deficiency were apparent. Erythrocyte hemolysis and liver tocopherol content were used as measurements of the tocopherol status of the rats. The following measurements were made on liver microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of all three groups; phospholipid content, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid patterns, pigment fluorescence, ANS fluorescence and the activities of several membrane bound enzymes. Eleven week-old rats displayed signs of vitamin E deficiency after consuming the diet for 7 weeks. Forty-two-week-old rats displayed borderline deficiency signs after 16 weeks of consuming the diet whereas 67-week-old rats displayed no deficiency signs. The need for dietary tocopherol, therefore, appeared to decrease with increasing animal age. Age related alterations in membrane compositional and functional parameters were not modified by either tocopherol deficient or supplemented diets. Tocopherol does not appear to stabilize microsomal membrane composition or function although mitochondrial membranes appear to be labilized by the dietary manipulation of the vitamin."}
{"id": "PMID:932829", "title": "The effect of cycloheximide on hepatic RNA synthesis and nucleolar size in rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet.", "content": "Young rats were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. On the fourth morning, rats of each group were injected intraperitoneally with cycloheximide (150 mug/100 g body weight) or saline with [6-14C]orotic acid 30 minutes later, 2 hours before killing. Incorporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into hepatic RNA fractions (whole homogenate, postmitochondrial supernatant, microsomes, ribosomes, nuclei and soluble) revealed elevated levels (cpm/mg RNA) in rats force-fed the threoninedevoid diet in comparison to those of rats force-fed the complete diet. However, treatment with cycloheximide decreased the incroporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into the hepatic RNA fractions of the rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet to levels that were similar to those in rats force-fed the complete diet with or without cycloheximide treatment. Studies dealing with nucleoli isolated by sucrose gradients from livers of control and experimental rats revealed heavier nucleoli and more radioactive labeled RNA in nucleoli ([6-14C]orotic acid administered 30 minutes before killing) of rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet than in those force-fed the complete diet for 3 days. Treatment with cycloheximide decreased the elevated incorporation in the experimental rats. Also, electron microscopic studies revealed that after cycloheximide treatment, the enlarged hepatic nucleoli of the experimental rats became smaller and returned to a more normal pattern, as found in the control rats. The studies suggest that active hepatic protein synthesis is involved in the increased hepatic RNA synthesis in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet and that following inhibition of protein synthesis, as induced by cycloheximide, there is a rapid inhibition of the accelerated hepatic RNA synthesis observed in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet with a rapid reversal toward a normal level, i.e. toward that found in control rats.", "contents": "The effect of cycloheximide on hepatic RNA synthesis and nucleolar size in rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet. Young rats were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. On the fourth morning, rats of each group were injected intraperitoneally with cycloheximide (150 mug/100 g body weight) or saline with [6-14C]orotic acid 30 minutes later, 2 hours before killing. Incorporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into hepatic RNA fractions (whole homogenate, postmitochondrial supernatant, microsomes, ribosomes, nuclei and soluble) revealed elevated levels (cpm/mg RNA) in rats force-fed the threoninedevoid diet in comparison to those of rats force-fed the complete diet. However, treatment with cycloheximide decreased the incroporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into the hepatic RNA fractions of the rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet to levels that were similar to those in rats force-fed the complete diet with or without cycloheximide treatment. Studies dealing with nucleoli isolated by sucrose gradients from livers of control and experimental rats revealed heavier nucleoli and more radioactive labeled RNA in nucleoli ([6-14C]orotic acid administered 30 minutes before killing) of rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet than in those force-fed the complete diet for 3 days. Treatment with cycloheximide decreased the elevated incorporation in the experimental rats. Also, electron microscopic studies revealed that after cycloheximide treatment, the enlarged hepatic nucleoli of the experimental rats became smaller and returned to a more normal pattern, as found in the control rats. The studies suggest that active hepatic protein synthesis is involved in the increased hepatic RNA synthesis in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet and that following inhibition of protein synthesis, as induced by cycloheximide, there is a rapid inhibition of the accelerated hepatic RNA synthesis observed in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet with a rapid reversal toward a normal level, i.e. toward that found in control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:932830", "title": "Decreased dietary protein or energy intake and plasma growth hormone levels of the pregnant pig, its fetuses and developing progeny.", "content": "The effects of low protein diets on plasma growth hormone were studied in pregnant pigs, fetuses and the developing progeny. Pregnant pigs were fed 18%, 3% or 0.5% protein diet throughout the gestation period. At 10, 13 and 15 week of gestation, fetuses were removed from the uterus after the dam had been bled to death. Plasma samples were used for growth hormone determinations. In a second experiment, 2-day old pigs from another set of pregnant pigs fed the diet containing 18%, 3% or 0.5% protein during gestation were cross-fostered to control nursing dams and weaned at 4 weeks of age to a standard diet. Plasma obtained at regular intervals was used for growth hormone determination. Plasma growth hormone was significantly higher in dams fed 0.5% protein after week 13 of gestation. High growth hormone (ten times the dam GH level) was observed in all fetuses irrespective of maternal dietary manipulation. Offspring of severely protein deprived pits (0.5% protein) had significantly elevated growth hormone levels up to 12 weeks of age in spite of cross fostering to a control dam after birth. The data suggest that there is little or no effect of maternal protein restriction on fetal growth hormone levels but the persistent high growth hormone levels in the progeny of severely malnourished pigs indicate a possible impairment of the production, release or catabolism of growth hormone and/or its releasing factor.", "contents": "Decreased dietary protein or energy intake and plasma growth hormone levels of the pregnant pig, its fetuses and developing progeny. The effects of low protein diets on plasma growth hormone were studied in pregnant pigs, fetuses and the developing progeny. Pregnant pigs were fed 18%, 3% or 0.5% protein diet throughout the gestation period. At 10, 13 and 15 week of gestation, fetuses were removed from the uterus after the dam had been bled to death. Plasma samples were used for growth hormone determinations. In a second experiment, 2-day old pigs from another set of pregnant pigs fed the diet containing 18%, 3% or 0.5% protein during gestation were cross-fostered to control nursing dams and weaned at 4 weeks of age to a standard diet. Plasma obtained at regular intervals was used for growth hormone determination. Plasma growth hormone was significantly higher in dams fed 0.5% protein after week 13 of gestation. High growth hormone (ten times the dam GH level) was observed in all fetuses irrespective of maternal dietary manipulation. Offspring of severely protein deprived pits (0.5% protein) had significantly elevated growth hormone levels up to 12 weeks of age in spite of cross fostering to a control dam after birth. The data suggest that there is little or no effect of maternal protein restriction on fetal growth hormone levels but the persistent high growth hormone levels in the progeny of severely malnourished pigs indicate a possible impairment of the production, release or catabolism of growth hormone and/or its releasing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:932831", "title": "Immunoreactive growth hormone levels in pigs fed protein or energy restricted diets during the postweaning period.", "content": "Developmental changes in growth hormone levels during protein or energy malnutrition was studied in weaned pigs. Three or 4 weeks old pigs from control dams were fed a control diet (18% protein), an energy-restricted diet (18% protein) or a low protein diet (6% protein) for 8 weeks. Energy restriction was achieved by feeding the control diet in amounts that allowed very little growth. After the restriction period, all pigs were fed the control diet ad libitum for another 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at intervals throughout the experiment and the plasma was analyzed for growth hormone by radioimmunoassay. Post weaning protein deprivation resulted in higher growth hormone levels during the restriction period as compared to control pigs or pigs with a restricted energy intake.", "contents": "Immunoreactive growth hormone levels in pigs fed protein or energy restricted diets during the postweaning period. Developmental changes in growth hormone levels during protein or energy malnutrition was studied in weaned pigs. Three or 4 weeks old pigs from control dams were fed a control diet (18% protein), an energy-restricted diet (18% protein) or a low protein diet (6% protein) for 8 weeks. Energy restriction was achieved by feeding the control diet in amounts that allowed very little growth. After the restriction period, all pigs were fed the control diet ad libitum for another 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at intervals throughout the experiment and the plasma was analyzed for growth hormone by radioimmunoassay. Post weaning protein deprivation resulted in higher growth hormone levels during the restriction period as compared to control pigs or pigs with a restricted energy intake."}
{"id": "PMID:932832", "title": "Influence of ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the nature of the effect of dietary ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick. Results showed that ascorbic acid resulted in increased activities of the selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase in plasma, accompanied by an apparent reduction in the dietary selenium requirement of the vitamin E-deficient chick. The ascorbic acid contents of plasma, liver, kidney and adrenals were not affected by selenium or vitamin E deficiencies, indicating that selenium-vitamin E deficient chicks are not rendered scrobutic. Absorption experiments using ligated duodenal loops or oral doses indicated that dietary ascorbic acid promoted the enteric absorption of selenium but did not affect the absorption of vitamin E. These results support the hypothesis previously reported that factors which inhibit the oxidation of dietary selenium promote its absorption and, perhaps, its post-absorptive utilization in metabolically active components of the cell.", "contents": "Influence of ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick. Experiments were conducted to determine the nature of the effect of dietary ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick. Results showed that ascorbic acid resulted in increased activities of the selenium-containing enzyme glutathione peroxidase in plasma, accompanied by an apparent reduction in the dietary selenium requirement of the vitamin E-deficient chick. The ascorbic acid contents of plasma, liver, kidney and adrenals were not affected by selenium or vitamin E deficiencies, indicating that selenium-vitamin E deficient chicks are not rendered scrobutic. Absorption experiments using ligated duodenal loops or oral doses indicated that dietary ascorbic acid promoted the enteric absorption of selenium but did not affect the absorption of vitamin E. These results support the hypothesis previously reported that factors which inhibit the oxidation of dietary selenium promote its absorption and, perhaps, its post-absorptive utilization in metabolically active components of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:932833", "title": "Differential effects of high dietary levels of vitamin A on the vitamin E-selenium nutrition of young and adult chickens.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the nature of the interaction of high levels of vitamin A and vitamin E-selenium nutrition in the chicken. Results showed that chicks were protected from the vitamin E-selenium deficiency disease exudative diathesis (ED) by a high dietary level of vitamin A (1.0 X 10(6) IU/kg) which moderately depressed growth. A greater concentration (1.5 X 10(6) IU/kg) of vitamin A in the diets of hens fed a low vitamin E diet hastened their depletion of plasma tocopherols and increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity. At hatching the progeny of vitamin A-fed hens were severely depleted of plasma tocopherols but had normal plasma GSH-px activities. They showed increased susceptibility to ED when fed selenium-deficient, vitamin E-free diets for 2 weeks. Absorption studies using ligated duodenal loops or oral doses indicated that high-level dietary vitamin A promoted the enteric absorption of selenium but interfered with the absorption of vitamin E. The dual nature of these effects was related to the ED-protective influence of vitamin A when fed to chicks, and the ED-stimulative influence on progeny when vitamin A was fed to dams.", "contents": "Differential effects of high dietary levels of vitamin A on the vitamin E-selenium nutrition of young and adult chickens. Experiments were conducted to determine the nature of the interaction of high levels of vitamin A and vitamin E-selenium nutrition in the chicken. Results showed that chicks were protected from the vitamin E-selenium deficiency disease exudative diathesis (ED) by a high dietary level of vitamin A (1.0 X 10(6) IU/kg) which moderately depressed growth. A greater concentration (1.5 X 10(6) IU/kg) of vitamin A in the diets of hens fed a low vitamin E diet hastened their depletion of plasma tocopherols and increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity. At hatching the progeny of vitamin A-fed hens were severely depleted of plasma tocopherols but had normal plasma GSH-px activities. They showed increased susceptibility to ED when fed selenium-deficient, vitamin E-free diets for 2 weeks. Absorption studies using ligated duodenal loops or oral doses indicated that high-level dietary vitamin A promoted the enteric absorption of selenium but interfered with the absorption of vitamin E. The dual nature of these effects was related to the ED-protective influence of vitamin A when fed to chicks, and the ED-stimulative influence on progeny when vitamin A was fed to dams."}
{"id": "PMID:932834", "title": "The effect of a long-term excess of pyridoxine on the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids in the rat.", "content": "The effect of a long-term excess of pyridoxine on the fatty acid spectrum of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of liver, plasma and kidneys in rats was studied to determine whether this response might be opposite to that observed during a deficiency. As a function of time, the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids generally changed similarly in both the control group and the pyridoxine-treated group. Though differences did occur between the two groups, particularly on day 14 of the treatment, they generally disappeared by day 22. We therefore attributed the major part of the changes occurring in the pyridoxine-treated rats to the age or development of the rats rather than to the pyridoxine treatment itself. In general, the proportion of arachidonic acid increased with time in the phospholipids of both groups while that of linoleic acid decreased. The magnitude of these changes and the proportion of the different fatty acids in the various phospholipids were not uniform from one phospholipid to another or from one tissue to another. Possible mechanism were discussed.", "contents": "The effect of a long-term excess of pyridoxine on the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids in the rat. The effect of a long-term excess of pyridoxine on the fatty acid spectrum of phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine of liver, plasma and kidneys in rats was studied to determine whether this response might be opposite to that observed during a deficiency. As a function of time, the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids generally changed similarly in both the control group and the pyridoxine-treated group. Though differences did occur between the two groups, particularly on day 14 of the treatment, they generally disappeared by day 22. We therefore attributed the major part of the changes occurring in the pyridoxine-treated rats to the age or development of the rats rather than to the pyridoxine treatment itself. In general, the proportion of arachidonic acid increased with time in the phospholipids of both groups while that of linoleic acid decreased. The magnitude of these changes and the proportion of the different fatty acids in the various phospholipids were not uniform from one phospholipid to another or from one tissue to another. Possible mechanism were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932844", "title": "Color-tolerance data and the tentative CIE 1976 L a b formula.", "content": "In response to general request of CIE Technical Committee TC 1.3 for evaluation of the proposed small-color-difference formula, tentative CIE 1976 L a b, unit color-difference contours generated this formula have been calculated and compared to cross sections in the chromaticity diagram of ellipsoids fitted nearly optimally to relevant visual color-tolerance data.", "contents": "Color-tolerance data and the tentative CIE 1976 L a b formula. In response to general request of CIE Technical Committee TC 1.3 for evaluation of the proposed small-color-difference formula, tentative CIE 1976 L a b, unit color-difference contours generated this formula have been calculated and compared to cross sections in the chromaticity diagram of ellipsoids fitted nearly optimally to relevant visual color-tolerance data."}
{"id": "PMID:932845", "title": "A method for the treatment of metamerism in colorimetry.", "content": "All of the spectrally different colors that match according to an observer form a metamer ensemble. We present a new method to generate the metamer ensembles for both direct light and reflecting-surface-color problems. The method is based on the properties of particular metameric functions (the simple elements) and is particularly appropriate for treating problems of theoretical limits of metamerism. The method is illustrated with several practical examples and is compared with previously known methods.", "contents": "A method for the treatment of metamerism in colorimetry. All of the spectrally different colors that match according to an observer form a metamer ensemble. We present a new method to generate the metamer ensembles for both direct light and reflecting-surface-color problems. The method is based on the properties of particular metameric functions (the simple elements) and is particularly appropriate for treating problems of theoretical limits of metamerism. The method is illustrated with several practical examples and is compared with previously known methods."}
{"id": "PMID:932846", "title": "Theory of spatial-frequency filtering by the human visual system. I. Performance limited by quantum noise.", "content": "A theory and model of the visual system are presented to explain the detection of static sinusoidal gratings near the threshold. The model incorporates a set of independent decision centers and associated photoreceptive fields (PRFs). The decision criterion value at each decision center is proportional to the standard deviation of the excitation current transmitted from a PRF to its associated decision center caused by quantum fluctuations in the absorption of light. It is well known that the spatial-frequency-response (SFR) function and the spatial-impulse-response (SIR) function of a photodetector are a Fourier transform pair. A systematic examination of the SIR and SFR functions of PRF configurations consisting of rectangular regions of alternately excitatory and inhibitory response reveals that modulation sensitivity of the visual system is explained at scotopic and photopic illuminance by a set of PRFs composed of a single excitatory region and a central excitatory region bordered by inhibitory regions, respectively. The complete model is shown to yield a high degree of conformity between theoretical and experimental threshold modulation curves.", "contents": "Theory of spatial-frequency filtering by the human visual system. I. Performance limited by quantum noise. A theory and model of the visual system are presented to explain the detection of static sinusoidal gratings near the threshold. The model incorporates a set of independent decision centers and associated photoreceptive fields (PRFs). The decision criterion value at each decision center is proportional to the standard deviation of the excitation current transmitted from a PRF to its associated decision center caused by quantum fluctuations in the absorption of light. It is well known that the spatial-frequency-response (SFR) function and the spatial-impulse-response (SIR) function of a photodetector are a Fourier transform pair. A systematic examination of the SIR and SFR functions of PRF configurations consisting of rectangular regions of alternately excitatory and inhibitory response reveals that modulation sensitivity of the visual system is explained at scotopic and photopic illuminance by a set of PRFs composed of a single excitatory region and a central excitatory region bordered by inhibitory regions, respectively. The complete model is shown to yield a high degree of conformity between theoretical and experimental threshold modulation curves."}
{"id": "PMID:932847", "title": "Theory of spatial-frequency filtering by the human visual system. II. Performance limited by video noise.", "content": "A detailed theory of the detection of sinusoidal gratings displayed with suprathreshold luminous fluctuations is developed by employing a previous model of the visual and decision-making systems. An important feature of the model is the organization of the photoreceptors and decision-making system into a set of parallel, independent photoreceptive field (PRF)-decision center channels that function like a set of parallel spatial-frequency filters, each associated with an independent threshold detector. A technique is proposed for determining the modulation sensitivity functions (MSFs) of single detection channels by obtaining threshold modulation (MTN) data at a fixed sinusoidal grating frequency (v) while varying the center frequency (vc) of narrow-band luminous fluctuations caused by video noise (VN). The theory predicts that the ratio, at a given v, of MTN obtained as a function of vc to the MTN obtained without VN is proportional to the MSF of the particular channel for which the widths of the excitatory and inhibitory regions of the PRF equal a half-period of v. Good agreement between theoretical curves and experimental data appearing in the literature provides strong corroboration of the theory.", "contents": "Theory of spatial-frequency filtering by the human visual system. II. Performance limited by video noise. A detailed theory of the detection of sinusoidal gratings displayed with suprathreshold luminous fluctuations is developed by employing a previous model of the visual and decision-making systems. An important feature of the model is the organization of the photoreceptors and decision-making system into a set of parallel, independent photoreceptive field (PRF)-decision center channels that function like a set of parallel spatial-frequency filters, each associated with an independent threshold detector. A technique is proposed for determining the modulation sensitivity functions (MSFs) of single detection channels by obtaining threshold modulation (MTN) data at a fixed sinusoidal grating frequency (v) while varying the center frequency (vc) of narrow-band luminous fluctuations caused by video noise (VN). The theory predicts that the ratio, at a given v, of MTN obtained as a function of vc to the MTN obtained without VN is proportional to the MSF of the particular channel for which the widths of the excitatory and inhibitory regions of the PRF equal a half-period of v. Good agreement between theoretical curves and experimental data appearing in the literature provides strong corroboration of the theory."}
{"id": "PMID:932870", "title": "Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in lambs. III. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of immunopathology.", "content": "Newborn Finnish Landrace lambs subsequently affected with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) were deficient in the third component of complement (C'3), serum levels being approximately 5 per cent. of those in unaffected lambs. Hypocomplementaemia persisted until symptoms of renal failure occurred at around 6-8 wk of age. Immunofluorescence examinations of renal cortex with antisera specific for IgG, IgM, IgA, C'3 and fibrin supported previous morphological evidence of a strong similarity between this disease and MCGN in man. Similar examinations of choroid plexus suggested that immune complexes containing IgG, IgM and C'3 were present in the interstitium.", "contents": "Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis in lambs. III. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of immunopathology. Newborn Finnish Landrace lambs subsequently affected with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (MCGN) were deficient in the third component of complement (C'3), serum levels being approximately 5 per cent. of those in unaffected lambs. Hypocomplementaemia persisted until symptoms of renal failure occurred at around 6-8 wk of age. Immunofluorescence examinations of renal cortex with antisera specific for IgG, IgM, IgA, C'3 and fibrin supported previous morphological evidence of a strong similarity between this disease and MCGN in man. Similar examinations of choroid plexus suggested that immune complexes containing IgG, IgM and C'3 were present in the interstitium."}
{"id": "PMID:932871", "title": "Localisation and tissue effects of tritiated dehydroretronecine in young rats.", "content": "Sixteen male Spraque-Dawley rats were injected with 3H-dehydroretronecine. The rats were subsequently evaluated for gross and microscopic changes. Scintillation counts and autoradiographic studies of the various organs demonstrated that the pyrrole accumulates in organs which were shown here and by others (Peterson et al; Allen and Hsu) to be affected most severely by dehydroretronecine and dehydroheliotridine. In the present experiment 3H-dehydroretronecine was shown to decrease the growth rate of the rats, decrease the percentage of circulating neutrophils and alter the hepatic mitotic index. Histologically, accumulations of label were seen in the glandular region of the stomach, in the liver, in Huxley's and Henle's layers of the hair follicles and in the epithelial cells lining the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Scintillation counts on the various tissues and autoradiographic evaluations of tissue sections indicate that there is a preferential localisation of radioactivity in the gastric mucosa which is postulated to be related to the pH in this area.", "contents": "Localisation and tissue effects of tritiated dehydroretronecine in young rats. Sixteen male Spraque-Dawley rats were injected with 3H-dehydroretronecine. The rats were subsequently evaluated for gross and microscopic changes. Scintillation counts and autoradiographic studies of the various organs demonstrated that the pyrrole accumulates in organs which were shown here and by others (Peterson et al; Allen and Hsu) to be affected most severely by dehydroretronecine and dehydroheliotridine. In the present experiment 3H-dehydroretronecine was shown to decrease the growth rate of the rats, decrease the percentage of circulating neutrophils and alter the hepatic mitotic index. Histologically, accumulations of label were seen in the glandular region of the stomach, in the liver, in Huxley's and Henle's layers of the hair follicles and in the epithelial cells lining the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Scintillation counts on the various tissues and autoradiographic evaluations of tissue sections indicate that there is a preferential localisation of radioactivity in the gastric mucosa which is postulated to be related to the pH in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:932872", "title": "The development and persistence of bronchialgland hypertrophy and goblet-cell hyperplasia in the pig after injection of isoprenaline.", "content": "Pigs were injected i.m. with isoprenaline sulphate on 6 consecutive days. In the bronchial mucosa of animals killed 24 hr after the sixth injection there was a significant increase in the ratio of submucosal gland thickness to bronchial-wall thickness, indicating glandular hypertrophy. The hypertrophy was due to an increase in size of mucous cells, which were filled with secretion. There was also a much higher proportion of acid glycoprotein in the mucous acini of IPN-treated pigs compared with those of controls. This acid glycoprotein was predominantly sialomucin, but a small quantity of sulphomucin, not present in the normal animal, was observed. IPN also caused a significant increase in the number of goblet cells in the bronchial epithelium, but there was no change in their glycoprotein type, most containing exclusively sialomucin. IPN produced a significant increase in the weight of the salivary and adrenal glands, and of the heart, in which the right and left ventricles were hypertrophied equally. Examination of pigs killed up to 3 mth after IPN showed that the submucosal gland hypertrophy persisted for about 1 mth and the goblet cell hyperplasia persisted for 2 mth.", "contents": "The development and persistence of bronchialgland hypertrophy and goblet-cell hyperplasia in the pig after injection of isoprenaline. Pigs were injected i.m. with isoprenaline sulphate on 6 consecutive days. In the bronchial mucosa of animals killed 24 hr after the sixth injection there was a significant increase in the ratio of submucosal gland thickness to bronchial-wall thickness, indicating glandular hypertrophy. The hypertrophy was due to an increase in size of mucous cells, which were filled with secretion. There was also a much higher proportion of acid glycoprotein in the mucous acini of IPN-treated pigs compared with those of controls. This acid glycoprotein was predominantly sialomucin, but a small quantity of sulphomucin, not present in the normal animal, was observed. IPN also caused a significant increase in the number of goblet cells in the bronchial epithelium, but there was no change in their glycoprotein type, most containing exclusively sialomucin. IPN produced a significant increase in the weight of the salivary and adrenal glands, and of the heart, in which the right and left ventricles were hypertrophied equally. Examination of pigs killed up to 3 mth after IPN showed that the submucosal gland hypertrophy persisted for about 1 mth and the goblet cell hyperplasia persisted for 2 mth."}
{"id": "PMID:932873", "title": "A quantitative microscopical study of tumour cell nuclei in lymphatic metastasis, using a Quantimet.", "content": "The projected areas of nuclei of tumour cells in experimental and human tumours have been measured with a Quantimet. In nearly all the specimens examined the nuclei in the lymph node metastasis, and the nuclei in the site from which metastasis had occurred, were similar in size. In one case of human breast cancer, nuclei in the axillary nodal metastasis were twice as large as those in the mammary primary. In another case of human breast cancer a few very large nuclei were seen only in the mammary primary.", "contents": "A quantitative microscopical study of tumour cell nuclei in lymphatic metastasis, using a Quantimet. The projected areas of nuclei of tumour cells in experimental and human tumours have been measured with a Quantimet. In nearly all the specimens examined the nuclei in the lymph node metastasis, and the nuclei in the site from which metastasis had occurred, were similar in size. In one case of human breast cancer, nuclei in the axillary nodal metastasis were twice as large as those in the mammary primary. In another case of human breast cancer a few very large nuclei were seen only in the mammary primary."}
{"id": "PMID:932874", "title": "Triamcinolone-induced systemic infections in female mice.", "content": "Six-week-old female mice were injected for prolonged periods of time with a synthetic glucocorticoid (triamcinolone diacetate). With the progression of the experiment the mortality rate increased significantly. Tissue samples were obtained from the surviving animals after 10, 22, 35 and 45 consecutive daily injections. Cultures were obtained from kidney and liver homogenates as well as from blood samples. Quantitative measurements indicated severe renal and hepatic infections which were followed by bactoeremia. The prevalent organisms in all cultures were enterobacteriae such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Streptococcus fecalis. Placebo-control animals which received daily injections of the vehicle revealed a moderate, transient infection.", "contents": "Triamcinolone-induced systemic infections in female mice. Six-week-old female mice were injected for prolonged periods of time with a synthetic glucocorticoid (triamcinolone diacetate). With the progression of the experiment the mortality rate increased significantly. Tissue samples were obtained from the surviving animals after 10, 22, 35 and 45 consecutive daily injections. Cultures were obtained from kidney and liver homogenates as well as from blood samples. Quantitative measurements indicated severe renal and hepatic infections which were followed by bactoeremia. The prevalent organisms in all cultures were enterobacteriae such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Streptococcus fecalis. Placebo-control animals which received daily injections of the vehicle revealed a moderate, transient infection."}
{"id": "PMID:932875", "title": "An improved method of reporting on laryngectomy specimens.", "content": "A new simple method is described for the macroscopic examination of total laryngectomy specimens. The technique facilitates assessment of the spread of laryngeal carcinoma without the need of serial sections.", "contents": "An improved method of reporting on laryngectomy specimens. A new simple method is described for the macroscopic examination of total laryngectomy specimens. The technique facilitates assessment of the spread of laryngeal carcinoma without the need of serial sections."}
{"id": "PMID:932876", "title": "The influence of hepatic microsomal amidopyrine demethylase activity on halothane hepatotoxicity in the horse.", "content": "The hepatotoxic effect of oral halothane in the horse is increased by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or DDT but not by chlorpromazine. Phenobarbitone and DDT increase the activity of hepatic amidopyrine N-demethylase but chlorpromazine does not. Carbon disulphide protects the liver of the horse against halothane.", "contents": "The influence of hepatic microsomal amidopyrine demethylase activity on halothane hepatotoxicity in the horse. The hepatotoxic effect of oral halothane in the horse is increased by pretreatment with phenobarbitone or DDT but not by chlorpromazine. Phenobarbitone and DDT increase the activity of hepatic amidopyrine N-demethylase but chlorpromazine does not. Carbon disulphide protects the liver of the horse against halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:932877", "title": "Tumoural lipocalcinosis: a clinicopathological study of 20 cases.", "content": "Twenty cases of tumoural lipocalcinosis are described. Active and inactive stages can be recognised, each with distinctive histological features. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the lesion remains obscure.", "contents": "Tumoural lipocalcinosis: a clinicopathological study of 20 cases. Twenty cases of tumoural lipocalcinosis are described. Active and inactive stages can be recognised, each with distinctive histological features. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the lesion remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:932878", "title": "Malakoplakia of the prostate.", "content": "A case a malakoplakia of the prostate is reported, the fourth case in this site. The clinical features, histology and ultrastructure are described.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of the prostate. A case a malakoplakia of the prostate is reported, the fourth case in this site. The clinical features, histology and ultrastructure are described."}
{"id": "PMID:932879", "title": "Venous infarction of the adrenal glands.", "content": "An investigation of 78 cases of adrenal haemorrhage and necrosis disclosed that 32 were examples of adrenal venous infarction. In all these cases there was thrombosis of the main adrenal vein and in most there was also thrombosis of the capsular veins, a finding which has not been well established. In a number of cases with venous infarction there was clinical and pathological evidence that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) had occurred, but it appears that it was not the direct cause of venous thrombosis. The majority of cases of venous infarction occur in patients with severe infection, frequently of the respiratory tract. Venous infarction was found in five cases with hypothermia an association which had rarely been described, and in three of these there was evidence of DIC. This is apparently the first occasion on which DIC has been demonstrated in cases of hypothermia in man. The cause of venous thrombosis in the adrenal glands is obscure in most cases of venous infarction, although in three it was due to involvement by metastatic carcinoma. It is suggested that the factors responsible for the initiation of thrombosis in the adrenal veins are catecholamines, thrombin, fibrin and endotoxin. Localisation of the thrombi to the adrenal vein is due to the unique anatomical structure of the vein which, under certain circumstances, results in the local stasis of blood.", "contents": "Venous infarction of the adrenal glands. An investigation of 78 cases of adrenal haemorrhage and necrosis disclosed that 32 were examples of adrenal venous infarction. In all these cases there was thrombosis of the main adrenal vein and in most there was also thrombosis of the capsular veins, a finding which has not been well established. In a number of cases with venous infarction there was clinical and pathological evidence that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) had occurred, but it appears that it was not the direct cause of venous thrombosis. The majority of cases of venous infarction occur in patients with severe infection, frequently of the respiratory tract. Venous infarction was found in five cases with hypothermia an association which had rarely been described, and in three of these there was evidence of DIC. This is apparently the first occasion on which DIC has been demonstrated in cases of hypothermia in man. The cause of venous thrombosis in the adrenal glands is obscure in most cases of venous infarction, although in three it was due to involvement by metastatic carcinoma. It is suggested that the factors responsible for the initiation of thrombosis in the adrenal veins are catecholamines, thrombin, fibrin and endotoxin. Localisation of the thrombi to the adrenal vein is due to the unique anatomical structure of the vein which, under certain circumstances, results in the local stasis of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:932880", "title": "An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of the placenta of the diabetic woman.", "content": "An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study has been made of placentae from seven women, all of whom were established diabetics before the onset of pregnancy. None of these women had suffered from any of the hypertensive complications of pregnancy. Patchy focal syncytiotrophoblastic necrosis was evident and indirect evidence of syncytial damage was seen in the form of marked cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia. The syncytial necrosis appeared to be lysosomally mediated, possibly as a result of altered intracellular pH. Occasional cytotrophoblastic cells also showed degenerative changes. Most of the villous trophoblast was, however, morphologically normal and showed features suggestive of normal or increased synthetic, transfer and excretory activity. Focal thickening of the villous trophoblastic basement membrane was seen and this did not appear to be due to deposition of immune complexes. The endothelial cells of the villous capillaries appeared unduly immature but no evidence was seen of immune complex deposition in these vessels or of diabetic angiopathy. It is concluded that the diabetic's placenta shows a consistent pattern of abnormalities which appear to be a direct result of the diabetic state.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study of the placenta of the diabetic woman. An ultrastructural and ultrahistochemical study has been made of placentae from seven women, all of whom were established diabetics before the onset of pregnancy. None of these women had suffered from any of the hypertensive complications of pregnancy. Patchy focal syncytiotrophoblastic necrosis was evident and indirect evidence of syncytial damage was seen in the form of marked cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia. The syncytial necrosis appeared to be lysosomally mediated, possibly as a result of altered intracellular pH. Occasional cytotrophoblastic cells also showed degenerative changes. Most of the villous trophoblast was, however, morphologically normal and showed features suggestive of normal or increased synthetic, transfer and excretory activity. Focal thickening of the villous trophoblastic basement membrane was seen and this did not appear to be due to deposition of immune complexes. The endothelial cells of the villous capillaries appeared unduly immature but no evidence was seen of immune complex deposition in these vessels or of diabetic angiopathy. It is concluded that the diabetic's placenta shows a consistent pattern of abnormalities which appear to be a direct result of the diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:932882", "title": "Yellow pulmonary hyaline membranes.", "content": "Yellow pulmonary hyaline membranes were observed at autopsy in 16 newborn infants between 1972 and 1974 in four hospitals of Philadelphia, Pa., and Newark, N.J. Other pediatric pathologists in this country and in Spain have seen the same lesion within the last decade. Chemical analysis of affected lung tissue, histochemistry, and electron microscopy show the yellow color to be due to the presence of bilirubin. No substantial clues concerning the basic etiology or mechanism for the formation of these unique membranes emerge from a detailed review of clinical and postmortem data nor from comparison of these data with those for 68 control infants with the usual acidophilic pulmonary hyaline membranes. We are left, however, with the impression that prolongation of life, relatively elevated levels of serum bilirubin, and protracted assisted ventilation (with either CPAP or PEEP) are intimately related to their formation.", "contents": "Yellow pulmonary hyaline membranes. Yellow pulmonary hyaline membranes were observed at autopsy in 16 newborn infants between 1972 and 1974 in four hospitals of Philadelphia, Pa., and Newark, N.J. Other pediatric pathologists in this country and in Spain have seen the same lesion within the last decade. Chemical analysis of affected lung tissue, histochemistry, and electron microscopy show the yellow color to be due to the presence of bilirubin. No substantial clues concerning the basic etiology or mechanism for the formation of these unique membranes emerge from a detailed review of clinical and postmortem data nor from comparison of these data with those for 68 control infants with the usual acidophilic pulmonary hyaline membranes. We are left, however, with the impression that prolongation of life, relatively elevated levels of serum bilirubin, and protracted assisted ventilation (with either CPAP or PEEP) are intimately related to their formation."}
{"id": "PMID:932883", "title": "How do children and funerals mix?", "content": "Although no specific post-funeral syndrome seems to exist, many, if not most, children under the age of six or seven seem not benefited psychologically by attending a funeral. Although some young children can tolerate funerals well if sensitively supported by their parents, the fact is that such support is more often absent than present. One useful indicator of the parents' ability to make the funeral experience a positive one is whether or not the child wishes to attend. A child, no matter how young, who feels secure in attending should usually do so. Conversely, a child who refuses or is steadfastly reluctant to attend a funeral is usually perceiving accurately his parents' inability in their own mourning to provide him with adequate support for this emotionally charged endeavor.", "contents": "How do children and funerals mix? Although no specific post-funeral syndrome seems to exist, many, if not most, children under the age of six or seven seem not benefited psychologically by attending a funeral. Although some young children can tolerate funerals well if sensitively supported by their parents, the fact is that such support is more often absent than present. One useful indicator of the parents' ability to make the funeral experience a positive one is whether or not the child wishes to attend. A child, no matter how young, who feels secure in attending should usually do so. Conversely, a child who refuses or is steadfastly reluctant to attend a funeral is usually perceiving accurately his parents' inability in their own mourning to provide him with adequate support for this emotionally charged endeavor."}
{"id": "PMID:932900", "title": "A familial defect in cellular chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection.", "content": "This study describes a familial defect in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection in two of six siblings. Laboratory data indicate that this defect in chemotaxis is not associated with a concurrent defect in leukocyte bactericidal activity. Additional studies demonstrate that although these children experience recurrent infections, immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) and complement components (total hemolytic complement, Clq, C3 and C3PA) are all within normal limits. Measurements of PMN random mobility and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation were also within normal limits. These studies demonstrate a familial PMN defect limited to leukocyte chemotaxis and associated with recurrent infection and possibly redheadedness.", "contents": "A familial defect in cellular chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection. This study describes a familial defect in polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis associated with redheadedness and recurrent infection in two of six siblings. Laboratory data indicate that this defect in chemotaxis is not associated with a concurrent defect in leukocyte bactericidal activity. Additional studies demonstrate that although these children experience recurrent infections, immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) and complement components (total hemolytic complement, Clq, C3 and C3PA) are all within normal limits. Measurements of PMN random mobility and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte transformation were also within normal limits. These studies demonstrate a familial PMN defect limited to leukocyte chemotaxis and associated with recurrent infection and possibly redheadedness."}
{"id": "PMID:932901", "title": "Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in a child with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and bronchiectasis.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy was hospitalized for resection of a bronchiectatic lesion. Investigation of an elevated cencentration of serum IgE led to a diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. ABPA has rarely been described in the pediatric age group. This hypersensitivity lung disease is characterized by intermittent wheezing, fever, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and Type I (allergic) skin reactivity to aspergillus extract. Hyphae of aspergillus may also be found in expectorated brown mucus plugs. Type III (Arthus) skin test response and presence of precipitating antibody to this fungus may be demonstrated. Central bronchiectasis or pulmonary fibrosis may result from uncontrolled progression of this disease.", "contents": "Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in a child with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and bronchiectasis. A 12-year-old boy was hospitalized for resection of a bronchiectatic lesion. Investigation of an elevated cencentration of serum IgE led to a diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. ABPA has rarely been described in the pediatric age group. This hypersensitivity lung disease is characterized by intermittent wheezing, fever, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and Type I (allergic) skin reactivity to aspergillus extract. Hyphae of aspergillus may also be found in expectorated brown mucus plugs. Type III (Arthus) skin test response and presence of precipitating antibody to this fungus may be demonstrated. Central bronchiectasis or pulmonary fibrosis may result from uncontrolled progression of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:932902", "title": "Insulin and proinsulin in normal and chemical diabetic children.", "content": "Plasma levels of total immunoreactive insulin and immunoreactive proinsulin were studied in 10 normal children and 15 children with chemical diabetes ranging in age from 5 to 13 years. Eleven of the children with chemical diabetes demonstrated significantly elevated TIRI during fasting and following glucose administration. There was a delay in the increment of plasma TIRI in four children with chemical diabetes, but otherwise their TIRI levels were normal. In these four children IRP was not significantly different from normal; however, in the remaining children with chemical diabetes, those with elevated TIRI, the IRP was elevated following glucose administration. Although the IRP was significantly elevated in the hyperinsulinemic group, the TIRI was also increased to such an extent that the glucose intolerance demonstrated in these patients could not be attributed to the elevated IRP.", "contents": "Insulin and proinsulin in normal and chemical diabetic children. Plasma levels of total immunoreactive insulin and immunoreactive proinsulin were studied in 10 normal children and 15 children with chemical diabetes ranging in age from 5 to 13 years. Eleven of the children with chemical diabetes demonstrated significantly elevated TIRI during fasting and following glucose administration. There was a delay in the increment of plasma TIRI in four children with chemical diabetes, but otherwise their TIRI levels were normal. In these four children IRP was not significantly different from normal; however, in the remaining children with chemical diabetes, those with elevated TIRI, the IRP was elevated following glucose administration. Although the IRP was significantly elevated in the hyperinsulinemic group, the TIRI was also increased to such an extent that the glucose intolerance demonstrated in these patients could not be attributed to the elevated IRP."}
{"id": "PMID:932903", "title": "Prominent lateral palatine ridges: developmental and clinical relevance.", "content": "Unusually prominent lateral palatine ridges have been found to be a nonspecific feature of a variety of disorders in which there is either neuromotor dysfunction or a malformation which prevents tongue thrust into the palatal vault. Observations of the lateral palatine ridges in 3 fetal specimens and in 260 normal individuals over a wide range of ages revealed that these structures are normally more prominent during prenatal life and infancy. With increasing age these ridges normally become progressively flattened and usually disappear by age 5 years. The observation of unusual prominence of these ridges in infants with neuromuscular dysfunction as well as in those with malformations which limit tongue thrust into the palatal vault suggests that a long-standing deficit of tongue thrust is the common pathogenetic mechanism. Prominent lateral palatine ridges may be misinterpreted as a true \"narrow, high-arched palate\", which is a much less common anomaly. This distinction is important clinically, since prominent lateral palatine ridges most commonly imply a long-term deficit of neuromuscular function and thus may be an important diagnostic clue to alterations dating back to early prenatal development.", "contents": "Prominent lateral palatine ridges: developmental and clinical relevance. Unusually prominent lateral palatine ridges have been found to be a nonspecific feature of a variety of disorders in which there is either neuromotor dysfunction or a malformation which prevents tongue thrust into the palatal vault. Observations of the lateral palatine ridges in 3 fetal specimens and in 260 normal individuals over a wide range of ages revealed that these structures are normally more prominent during prenatal life and infancy. With increasing age these ridges normally become progressively flattened and usually disappear by age 5 years. The observation of unusual prominence of these ridges in infants with neuromuscular dysfunction as well as in those with malformations which limit tongue thrust into the palatal vault suggests that a long-standing deficit of tongue thrust is the common pathogenetic mechanism. Prominent lateral palatine ridges may be misinterpreted as a true \"narrow, high-arched palate\", which is a much less common anomaly. This distinction is important clinically, since prominent lateral palatine ridges most commonly imply a long-term deficit of neuromuscular function and thus may be an important diagnostic clue to alterations dating back to early prenatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:932904", "title": "Diagnosis of lipogranulomatosis (Farber disease) by use of cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The enzyme defect in Farber disease, a deficiency of acid ceramidase, has been demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts, which provides a means of confirming the diagnosis during life. The assay can also be performed using cultured amniotic fluid cells and is a potential tool for detection of carriers of the disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis of lipogranulomatosis (Farber disease) by use of cultured fibroblasts. The enzyme defect in Farber disease, a deficiency of acid ceramidase, has been demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts, which provides a means of confirming the diagnosis during life. The assay can also be performed using cultured amniotic fluid cells and is a potential tool for detection of carriers of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:932905", "title": "Epidemiology of high-tension electrical injuries in children.", "content": "Twenty-seven acute high-tension electrical injuries were seen in seven years at the Shriners Burns Institute. All were in boys 7 to 16 years old; 13 suffered amputation(s) and 2 died. Most accidents occurred when boys climbed utility poles (9), trespassed, generally around transformer substations (9), or contacted power lines when tree climbing (5). All occurred in daylight, generally between 4 and 6 PM, on weekends in warm weather with boys in groups. Preventive education directed to this high-risk population should illustrate properties of high-voltage electricity, effects on the body, and how to cope with peer pressures in unstructured time.", "contents": "Epidemiology of high-tension electrical injuries in children. Twenty-seven acute high-tension electrical injuries were seen in seven years at the Shriners Burns Institute. All were in boys 7 to 16 years old; 13 suffered amputation(s) and 2 died. Most accidents occurred when boys climbed utility poles (9), trespassed, generally around transformer substations (9), or contacted power lines when tree climbing (5). All occurred in daylight, generally between 4 and 6 PM, on weekends in warm weather with boys in groups. Preventive education directed to this high-risk population should illustrate properties of high-voltage electricity, effects on the body, and how to cope with peer pressures in unstructured time."}
{"id": "PMID:932913", "title": "Redescription of oocysts of the bovine coccidia Eimeria bukidnonensis Tubangui 1931 and E. wyomingensis Huizinga and Winger 1942.", "content": "Oocysts of Eimeria bukidnonenisis and E. wyomingensis were found to be morphologically similar, and could be reliably differentiated only by measurements. Pyriform oocysts of E. bukidnonensis measured 43 to 51 by 30 to 35 mum (mean 47.4 by 33.0 mum); sporocysts were 18 to 21 by 9 to 11 mum (mean 19.6 by 9.8 mum). Micropyle present; polar granule, oocyst residuum, and sporocyst residuum absent. Oocyst wall of 2 layers, 3.5 mum thick, and dark brown. Pyriform oocysts of E. wyomingensis measured 36 to 44 by 26 to 30 mum (mean 39.9 by 28.3 mum); sporocysts were 17 to 20 by 8 to 10 mum (mean 18.7 by 8.6 mum). Micropyle present; polar granule, oocyst residuum, and sporocyst residuum absent. Oocyst wall of 2 layers, 2.5 mum thick, and colored brown. The width of the oocyst was the most reliable criterion for differentiating the 2 species.", "contents": "Redescription of oocysts of the bovine coccidia Eimeria bukidnonensis Tubangui 1931 and E. wyomingensis Huizinga and Winger 1942. Oocysts of Eimeria bukidnonenisis and E. wyomingensis were found to be morphologically similar, and could be reliably differentiated only by measurements. Pyriform oocysts of E. bukidnonensis measured 43 to 51 by 30 to 35 mum (mean 47.4 by 33.0 mum); sporocysts were 18 to 21 by 9 to 11 mum (mean 19.6 by 9.8 mum). Micropyle present; polar granule, oocyst residuum, and sporocyst residuum absent. Oocyst wall of 2 layers, 3.5 mum thick, and dark brown. Pyriform oocysts of E. wyomingensis measured 36 to 44 by 26 to 30 mum (mean 39.9 by 28.3 mum); sporocysts were 17 to 20 by 8 to 10 mum (mean 18.7 by 8.6 mum). Micropyle present; polar granule, oocyst residuum, and sporocyst residuum absent. Oocyst wall of 2 layers, 2.5 mum thick, and colored brown. The width of the oocyst was the most reliable criterion for differentiating the 2 species."}
{"id": "PMID:932915", "title": "Miracidium of Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji 1969 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae).", "content": "The miracidium of Allocreadium fasciatusi has 18 epidermal cells arranged in 3 tiers according to the formula 6,8,4. In the posterior part of the miracidium there is a fully formed redia while the anterior part contains 2 fluid-filled refractile sacs which appear to store the waste material released by the redia. The 2 excretory pores of the miracidium are middorsal and midventeral rather than lateral.", "contents": "Miracidium of Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji 1969 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae). The miracidium of Allocreadium fasciatusi has 18 epidermal cells arranged in 3 tiers according to the formula 6,8,4. In the posterior part of the miracidium there is a fully formed redia while the anterior part contains 2 fluid-filled refractile sacs which appear to store the waste material released by the redia. The 2 excretory pores of the miracidium are middorsal and midventeral rather than lateral."}
{"id": "PMID:932916", "title": "Patterns of argentophilic papillae of Schistosoma rodhaini and S. mansoni cercariae.", "content": "Argentophilic papillar patterns on cercariae of Schistosoma rodhaini from Kenya and S. Africa, and S. mansoni from Kenya and Brazil were compared with each other and with earlier results on cercariae of a Puerto Rican stock. The basic total number of papillae of both species is the same (62), and the basic numbers of papillae in the various groups are the same: dorsal, 20; ventral, 18; lateral, 10 on each side; and acetabular, 4. The cercariae of these 2 species differ, however, in patterns of papillae, chiefly the dorsal patterns, and can be distinguished from each other.", "contents": "Patterns of argentophilic papillae of Schistosoma rodhaini and S. mansoni cercariae. Argentophilic papillar patterns on cercariae of Schistosoma rodhaini from Kenya and S. Africa, and S. mansoni from Kenya and Brazil were compared with each other and with earlier results on cercariae of a Puerto Rican stock. The basic total number of papillae of both species is the same (62), and the basic numbers of papillae in the various groups are the same: dorsal, 20; ventral, 18; lateral, 10 on each side; and acetabular, 4. The cercariae of these 2 species differ, however, in patterns of papillae, chiefly the dorsal patterns, and can be distinguished from each other."}
{"id": "PMID:932917", "title": "Seasonal periodicity of three species of caryophyllaeid cestodes in the creek chubsucker, Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill), in North Carolina.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-two specimens of Erimyzon oblongus from Lake Raleigh, North Carolina, were examined for caryophyllaeid cestodes from December 1972 to July 1974. Monobothrium ulmeri, Biacetabulum meridianum, and an undescribed species of Penarchigetes were recovered from the \"stomach,\" \"pyloric bend,\" and the first loop of the small intestine of the suckers. Infections of M. ulmeri were limited to an 8-month period and were seasonally periodic in prevalence, mean intensity, maturation, and length distribution. A \"temperature dependeant rejection response\" is discussed as a possible factor involved in the periodicity of this species. The maturation of M. ulmeri corresponded closely to the host's reproductive cycle, and may have been affected by changes in the host's hormonal levels during the spring. Infections of R. meridianum were present throughout the year, and exhibited a seasonal periodicity in prevalence, maturation, and length distribution. The mean intensity of infection suggests that the establishment of this species is inhibited by heavy burdens of M. ulmeri. Penarchigetes sp. was nonseasonal in prevalence, mean intensity, and maturation. The continuous availability of infective procercoids and the lack of a sucker \"rejection response\" are discussed as possible explanations for this destribution. Unlike B. meridianum and Penarchigetes sp., the mean intensity of M. ulmeri showed a close relationship with host sex.", "contents": "Seasonal periodicity of three species of caryophyllaeid cestodes in the creek chubsucker, Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill), in North Carolina. One hundred and seventy-two specimens of Erimyzon oblongus from Lake Raleigh, North Carolina, were examined for caryophyllaeid cestodes from December 1972 to July 1974. Monobothrium ulmeri, Biacetabulum meridianum, and an undescribed species of Penarchigetes were recovered from the \"stomach,\" \"pyloric bend,\" and the first loop of the small intestine of the suckers. Infections of M. ulmeri were limited to an 8-month period and were seasonally periodic in prevalence, mean intensity, maturation, and length distribution. A \"temperature dependeant rejection response\" is discussed as a possible factor involved in the periodicity of this species. The maturation of M. ulmeri corresponded closely to the host's reproductive cycle, and may have been affected by changes in the host's hormonal levels during the spring. Infections of R. meridianum were present throughout the year, and exhibited a seasonal periodicity in prevalence, maturation, and length distribution. The mean intensity of infection suggests that the establishment of this species is inhibited by heavy burdens of M. ulmeri. Penarchigetes sp. was nonseasonal in prevalence, mean intensity, and maturation. The continuous availability of infective procercoids and the lack of a sucker \"rejection response\" are discussed as possible explanations for this destribution. Unlike B. meridianum and Penarchigetes sp., the mean intensity of M. ulmeri showed a close relationship with host sex."}
{"id": "PMID:932918", "title": "Nerves originating from the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala).", "content": "Extending from the cerebral ganglion are the following 6 pairs of nerves: 2 pairs of anterior medial nerves, 2 pairs of lateral medial nerves, 1 pair of anterior proboscis nerves, 1 pair of lateral medial nerves. The dorsal anterior medial nerve and the ventral anterior medial nerve are unpaired nerves. The dorsal anterior medial nerve supplies the apical sensory device on the proboscis. The ventral anterior medial nerve supplies the retractor and protrusor muscles of the proboscis and the lateral posterior nerve supplies the longitudinal and circular muscles of the body wall. This last nerve is the largest of the nerves and is enclosed by the retinacular muscle as it extends through the pseudocoel to the body wall where it divides into a posterior and anterior nerve. The anterior medial nerve originates from 2 different levels along the dorsal anterior surface of the ganglion. These nerves serve the anterior presoma. The anterior proboscis nerve originates from the apical cells of the ganglion and is found between the proboscis retractor muscles throughout their length.", "contents": "Nerves originating from the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala). Extending from the cerebral ganglion are the following 6 pairs of nerves: 2 pairs of anterior medial nerves, 2 pairs of lateral medial nerves, 1 pair of anterior proboscis nerves, 1 pair of lateral medial nerves. The dorsal anterior medial nerve and the ventral anterior medial nerve are unpaired nerves. The dorsal anterior medial nerve supplies the apical sensory device on the proboscis. The ventral anterior medial nerve supplies the retractor and protrusor muscles of the proboscis and the lateral posterior nerve supplies the longitudinal and circular muscles of the body wall. This last nerve is the largest of the nerves and is enclosed by the retinacular muscle as it extends through the pseudocoel to the body wall where it divides into a posterior and anterior nerve. The anterior medial nerve originates from 2 different levels along the dorsal anterior surface of the ganglion. These nerves serve the anterior presoma. The anterior proboscis nerve originates from the apical cells of the ganglion and is found between the proboscis retractor muscles throughout their length."}
{"id": "PMID:932919", "title": "Diplotriaena darnaudii sp. n. (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) from D'Arnaud's barbet, Trachyphonus darnaudii.", "content": "Diplotriaena darnaudii sp. n. is described from 13 specimens collected from the thoracic air sacs of a D'Arnaud's barbet (Trachyphonus darnaudii) originating in the Lake Baringo area of Kenya and which died in captivity in Canada. In morphology it is similar to D. bargusinica Skrjabin 1917, D. campanae Anderson 1959, D. dollfusi Anderson 1959, and D. epsilon Johnston and Mawson 1940, but can be separated from these species by combinations of trident size and spicule size and morphology.", "contents": "Diplotriaena darnaudii sp. n. (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) from D'Arnaud's barbet, Trachyphonus darnaudii. Diplotriaena darnaudii sp. n. is described from 13 specimens collected from the thoracic air sacs of a D'Arnaud's barbet (Trachyphonus darnaudii) originating in the Lake Baringo area of Kenya and which died in captivity in Canada. In morphology it is similar to D. bargusinica Skrjabin 1917, D. campanae Anderson 1959, D. dollfusi Anderson 1959, and D. epsilon Johnston and Mawson 1940, but can be separated from these species by combinations of trident size and spicule size and morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:932920", "title": "Transplacental migration of Toxocara canis larvae in experimentally infected mice.", "content": "In experimentally infected, nonpregnant mice the larvae of Toxocara canis were not found in the uterus at any time. In mice infected at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks, before gestation, larvae were found in the uterus but not in either the placenta or fetus. In mice infected during pregnancy, larvae were found in the uterus and placenta from the 9th day and in the fetus from the 11th day of pregnancy, more abundantly when infected at the middle than at the earlier stages. Examination of microsections revealed larvae in both maternal sinusoidal spaces and fetal blood vessels of the placenta; though mechanical damage to the tissues and the debris of tissues were sometimes seen, larva-associated inflammation in these tissues were not observed. The results suggest that in the pregnant mouse the migration of T. canis larvae is influenced by the developmental stages of the placenta.", "contents": "Transplacental migration of Toxocara canis larvae in experimentally infected mice. In experimentally infected, nonpregnant mice the larvae of Toxocara canis were not found in the uterus at any time. In mice infected at 1 week, but not at 2 weeks, before gestation, larvae were found in the uterus but not in either the placenta or fetus. In mice infected during pregnancy, larvae were found in the uterus and placenta from the 9th day and in the fetus from the 11th day of pregnancy, more abundantly when infected at the middle than at the earlier stages. Examination of microsections revealed larvae in both maternal sinusoidal spaces and fetal blood vessels of the placenta; though mechanical damage to the tissues and the debris of tissues were sometimes seen, larva-associated inflammation in these tissues were not observed. The results suggest that in the pregnant mouse the migration of T. canis larvae is influenced by the developmental stages of the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:932921", "title": "Nasal mites of the subfamily Speleognathinae (Ereynetidae) from birds in Texas.", "content": "Nasal mites of the subfamily Speleognathinae were recovered from several species of birds in Texas. New host records include Ophthalmophagus striatus (Crossley) 1952 from Columbigallina passerina, Boydaia clarki Fain 1963 from Callipepla squamata, Boydaia falconis Fain 1956 from Falco sparverius, and Boydaia tyrannus Ford 1959 from Myiarchus cinerascens. Also recovered was Astrida coccyzae Pence 1972 from Coccyzus americanus. Boydaia pheucticola sp. n. from Pheucticus melanocephalus is described. It differs from similar species in the adult female by having the coxal setae formula 2-1-2-0, sensillae clavate but not globose or subglobose, and interior seta on coxa I reduced in size but not vestigial. The larva is differentiated by the modified legs II with one long recurved hooklike claw and a shorter curved claw.", "contents": "Nasal mites of the subfamily Speleognathinae (Ereynetidae) from birds in Texas. Nasal mites of the subfamily Speleognathinae were recovered from several species of birds in Texas. New host records include Ophthalmophagus striatus (Crossley) 1952 from Columbigallina passerina, Boydaia clarki Fain 1963 from Callipepla squamata, Boydaia falconis Fain 1956 from Falco sparverius, and Boydaia tyrannus Ford 1959 from Myiarchus cinerascens. Also recovered was Astrida coccyzae Pence 1972 from Coccyzus americanus. Boydaia pheucticola sp. n. from Pheucticus melanocephalus is described. It differs from similar species in the adult female by having the coxal setae formula 2-1-2-0, sensillae clavate but not globose or subglobose, and interior seta on coxa I reduced in size but not vestigial. The larva is differentiated by the modified legs II with one long recurved hooklike claw and a shorter curved claw."}
{"id": "PMID:932922", "title": "Reproductive morphology of Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae).", "content": "The male reproductive system consists of paired tests, vasa deferentia and dark-staining lateral accessory glands, single ventromedial spongy accessory gland, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory apparatus, and gonopore. The female system consists of paired rami sacculi, sacculus foemineus, ovary (lyriform and medial portions), oviduct, vagina, and paired vaginal glands.", "contents": "Reproductive morphology of Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae). The male reproductive system consists of paired tests, vasa deferentia and dark-staining lateral accessory glands, single ventromedial spongy accessory gland, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory apparatus, and gonopore. The female system consists of paired rami sacculi, sacculus foemineus, ovary (lyriform and medial portions), oviduct, vagina, and paired vaginal glands."}
{"id": "PMID:932923", "title": "Differential variation of parthenogenetic and bisexual Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae).", "content": "Morphological characters are measured from each tick specimen from samples of 10 \"populations\" of Haemaphysalis longicornis. The 10 populations consist of 6 diploid bisexual and 4 triploid parthenogenetic populations from Australia, Japan, and Korea. Statistical analyses (univariate and multivariate) of differential morphological variation are made among sex, method of reproduction, and chromosome ploidy level in attempts to determine the effects of these parameters on overall variation. In general, laboratory-reared thelytokous females (3n = 33y are least variable, laboratory-reared bisexual females and males (2n = 22 female; 21 male) are intermediate in variation, and field-collected bisexual males and females are most variable. However, the only field-collected thelytokous \"population\" (3n = 33) in the analyses is more variable than even the field-collected bisexual ticks.", "contents": "Differential variation of parthenogenetic and bisexual Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). Morphological characters are measured from each tick specimen from samples of 10 \"populations\" of Haemaphysalis longicornis. The 10 populations consist of 6 diploid bisexual and 4 triploid parthenogenetic populations from Australia, Japan, and Korea. Statistical analyses (univariate and multivariate) of differential morphological variation are made among sex, method of reproduction, and chromosome ploidy level in attempts to determine the effects of these parameters on overall variation. In general, laboratory-reared thelytokous females (3n = 33y are least variable, laboratory-reared bisexual females and males (2n = 22 female; 21 male) are intermediate in variation, and field-collected bisexual males and females are most variable. However, the only field-collected thelytokous \"population\" (3n = 33) in the analyses is more variable than even the field-collected bisexual ticks."}
{"id": "PMID:932924", "title": "Boophilus microplus: passive transfer of resistance in cattle.", "content": "Plasma from cattle highly resistant to the tick Boophilus microplus conferred some resistance to unexposed calves. In contrast plasma from hosts of low resistance had no significant effect compared with plasma from unexposed donors.", "contents": "Boophilus microplus: passive transfer of resistance in cattle. Plasma from cattle highly resistant to the tick Boophilus microplus conferred some resistance to unexposed calves. In contrast plasma from hosts of low resistance had no significant effect compared with plasma from unexposed donors."}
{"id": "PMID:932929", "title": "Programmed diffusional release rate from encapsulated cosolvent system.", "content": "The programmed diffusional release rate of an active agent through a rate-controlling membrane from a cosolvent system is discussed. At initial conditions, the drug is present below saturation in solution in a solvent mixture, enclosed by the rate-controlling membrane; the solvent is composed of the main solvent and a consolvent, which increases the drug solubility in the main solvent. During operation, the active agent and cosolvent diffuse from the capsule at a rate controlled by the membrane. Equations were derived describing the release rate of the active agent as a function of the permeability of the cosolvent and agent, the capsule dimensions, and the system's initial conditions. A great variety of release rate profiles can be programmed from declining to increasing delivery rate patterns as a function of time. Experimental data are presented for the drug progesterone in solution in cyclohexane with methyl, heptyl, or cetyl alcohol as the cosolvent in a polyethylene capsule. The theory qualitatively predicts the theory qualitatively predicts the experimental results.", "contents": "Programmed diffusional release rate from encapsulated cosolvent system. The programmed diffusional release rate of an active agent through a rate-controlling membrane from a cosolvent system is discussed. At initial conditions, the drug is present below saturation in solution in a solvent mixture, enclosed by the rate-controlling membrane; the solvent is composed of the main solvent and a consolvent, which increases the drug solubility in the main solvent. During operation, the active agent and cosolvent diffuse from the capsule at a rate controlled by the membrane. Equations were derived describing the release rate of the active agent as a function of the permeability of the cosolvent and agent, the capsule dimensions, and the system's initial conditions. A great variety of release rate profiles can be programmed from declining to increasing delivery rate patterns as a function of time. Experimental data are presented for the drug progesterone in solution in cyclohexane with methyl, heptyl, or cetyl alcohol as the cosolvent in a polyethylene capsule. The theory qualitatively predicts the theory qualitatively predicts the experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:932930", "title": "Bioavailability of 17 ampicillin products.", "content": "The bioavailability of single lots of 250-mg ampicillin capsules, available from 17 distributors and/or manufactures, was determined. Each product was evaluated in terms of the serum ampicillin levels achieved at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr postadministration, the peak serum levels, the time of peak serum level, and the area under the serum level-time curve. There was no statistically significant difference (p is greater than 0.05) between any of the 17 products tested.", "contents": "Bioavailability of 17 ampicillin products. The bioavailability of single lots of 250-mg ampicillin capsules, available from 17 distributors and/or manufactures, was determined. Each product was evaluated in terms of the serum ampicillin levels achieved at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hr postadministration, the peak serum levels, the time of peak serum level, and the area under the serum level-time curve. There was no statistically significant difference (p is greater than 0.05) between any of the 17 products tested."}
{"id": "PMID:932931", "title": "Solubilities of testosterone propionate and related esters in organic solvents.", "content": "The solubility parameters of a range of saturated hydrocarbons were calculated from vapor pressures and heats of vaporization. Solubilities of testosterone propionate were determined in these solvents at 25 degrees and yielded solute solubility parameters which varied from solvent to solvent. The solubility parameter of testosterone propionate was determined by several other methods, and support was found for the previously published figure of 9.5 cal(1/2) cm(-3/2). The geometric mean coefficient (l(12)) in saturated hydrocarbons was found to be a rectilinear function of the branching ratio (r). The mean l(12) of androstanolone and testosterone propionates was used to calculate the solubilities of other esters, giving good agreement with experimental results. IR data, presented as the sum of the shifts of the 3-keto and 17-ester carbonyl stretching frequencies in polar solvents, correlated rectilinearly with the geometric mean coefficients and the plot extrapolated to the l(12) value of n-hexane, calculated from the branching ratio plot. Attempts to predict solubilities of other esters in polar solvents using l(12) values achieved only limited success.", "contents": "Solubilities of testosterone propionate and related esters in organic solvents. The solubility parameters of a range of saturated hydrocarbons were calculated from vapor pressures and heats of vaporization. Solubilities of testosterone propionate were determined in these solvents at 25 degrees and yielded solute solubility parameters which varied from solvent to solvent. The solubility parameter of testosterone propionate was determined by several other methods, and support was found for the previously published figure of 9.5 cal(1/2) cm(-3/2). The geometric mean coefficient (l(12)) in saturated hydrocarbons was found to be a rectilinear function of the branching ratio (r). The mean l(12) of androstanolone and testosterone propionates was used to calculate the solubilities of other esters, giving good agreement with experimental results. IR data, presented as the sum of the shifts of the 3-keto and 17-ester carbonyl stretching frequencies in polar solvents, correlated rectilinearly with the geometric mean coefficients and the plot extrapolated to the l(12) value of n-hexane, calculated from the branching ratio plot. Attempts to predict solubilities of other esters in polar solvents using l(12) values achieved only limited success."}
{"id": "PMID:932932", "title": "Synthesis of 3-substituted thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H)-one-2-mercaptoacetic acids and their ethyl esters for pharmacological screening.", "content": "3-Substituted thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H)-one-2-mercaptoacetic acids and their ethyl esters were synthesized from 2-mercaptothieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H]-ones, which were obtained by cyclization of thienylthioureas in acidic medium. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities were found in some of these compounds. Significant antimicrobial activity was exhibited by thienylthioureas.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3-substituted thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H)-one-2-mercaptoacetic acids and their ethyl esters for pharmacological screening. 3-Substituted thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H)-one-2-mercaptoacetic acids and their ethyl esters were synthesized from 2-mercaptothieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4(3H]-ones, which were obtained by cyclization of thienylthioureas in acidic medium. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities were found in some of these compounds. Significant antimicrobial activity was exhibited by thienylthioureas."}
{"id": "PMID:932933", "title": "GLC analysis of thioridazine, mesoridazine, and their metabolites.", "content": "A GLC method for measuring thioridazine, mesoridazine, their metabolites, and possibly other phenothiazines was developed. By using this method, seven different phenothiazine derivatives, thioridazine, and six known thioridazine metabolites were extracted and separated. This method was tested by assaying plasma samples from 30 hospitalized psychiatric patients receiving thioridazine or mesoridazine.", "contents": "GLC analysis of thioridazine, mesoridazine, and their metabolites. A GLC method for measuring thioridazine, mesoridazine, their metabolites, and possibly other phenothiazines was developed. By using this method, seven different phenothiazine derivatives, thioridazine, and six known thioridazine metabolites were extracted and separated. This method was tested by assaying plasma samples from 30 hospitalized psychiatric patients receiving thioridazine or mesoridazine."}
{"id": "PMID:932934", "title": "GLC assay of belladonna extracts.", "content": "Samples of belladonna pilular and powdered extract and tincture from two suppliers were analyzed by GLC as a cooperative effort between two laboratories to develop methodology with substantial improvements in sensitivity, specificity, precision, and working time over the present official method. This goal was achieved, but marked differences in response of the individual extracts to different isolation schemes were noted.", "contents": "GLC assay of belladonna extracts. Samples of belladonna pilular and powdered extract and tincture from two suppliers were analyzed by GLC as a cooperative effort between two laboratories to develop methodology with substantial improvements in sensitivity, specificity, precision, and working time over the present official method. This goal was achieved, but marked differences in response of the individual extracts to different isolation schemes were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:932935", "title": "Dissolution rate studies of cholesterol monohydrate in bile acid-lecithin solutions using the rotatingdisk method.", "content": "A physical model approach was used to investigate cholesterol gallstone dissolution kinetics in simulated bile. Critical experimental and theoretical investigations simulating in vivo conditions showed that, in the bile acid-lecithin solutions, there is a significant interfacial barrier for both cholesterol gallstone and cholesterol monohydrate pellet dissolution. In the present study, the rotating-disk dissolution method and the accompanying Levich theory were applied to assess the contributions of the diffusion convection mass transfer resistance and of the interfacial barrier to the overall kinetics. Cholesterol dissolution rates in bile acid solutions were about 2-20 times slower than diffusion-controlled rates depending upon the degree of agitation. As found in previous studies, these rates in the presence of sufficient concentrations of dissolution accelerators approached the theoretical diffusion-convection-controlled rates. To account for the much slower dissolution rates in bile acid-lecithin solutions, two possible kinetic interpretations were investigated. The first is based upon slow crystal-micellar solution interfacial kinetics, and the second is based upon a slow rate of cholesterol solubilization in the aqueous diffusion layer. For the latter, an analytical mathematical solution was obtained.", "contents": "Dissolution rate studies of cholesterol monohydrate in bile acid-lecithin solutions using the rotatingdisk method. A physical model approach was used to investigate cholesterol gallstone dissolution kinetics in simulated bile. Critical experimental and theoretical investigations simulating in vivo conditions showed that, in the bile acid-lecithin solutions, there is a significant interfacial barrier for both cholesterol gallstone and cholesterol monohydrate pellet dissolution. In the present study, the rotating-disk dissolution method and the accompanying Levich theory were applied to assess the contributions of the diffusion convection mass transfer resistance and of the interfacial barrier to the overall kinetics. Cholesterol dissolution rates in bile acid solutions were about 2-20 times slower than diffusion-controlled rates depending upon the degree of agitation. As found in previous studies, these rates in the presence of sufficient concentrations of dissolution accelerators approached the theoretical diffusion-convection-controlled rates. To account for the much slower dissolution rates in bile acid-lecithin solutions, two possible kinetic interpretations were investigated. The first is based upon slow crystal-micellar solution interfacial kinetics, and the second is based upon a slow rate of cholesterol solubilization in the aqueous diffusion layer. For the latter, an analytical mathematical solution was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:932936", "title": "Chlorpromazine metabolism VII: new quantitative fluorometric determination of chloropromazine and its sulfoxide.", "content": "A new, sensitive assay is described for chlorpromazine and/or its sulfoxide. The method is based on reacting the tertiary amine base with 9-bromomethylacridine to form a quaternary compound which, on photolysis, yields highly fluorescent products that are determinable fluorometrically. The procedural steps were standardized, and an optimum assay procedure was developed. The method shows a less than 3% coefficient of variation when applied directly to chlorpromazine samples and is capable of determining 15-20 ng of the drug. The method is readily adaptable to clinical and bioavailability studies.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine metabolism VII: new quantitative fluorometric determination of chloropromazine and its sulfoxide. A new, sensitive assay is described for chlorpromazine and/or its sulfoxide. The method is based on reacting the tertiary amine base with 9-bromomethylacridine to form a quaternary compound which, on photolysis, yields highly fluorescent products that are determinable fluorometrically. The procedural steps were standardized, and an optimum assay procedure was developed. The method shows a less than 3% coefficient of variation when applied directly to chlorpromazine samples and is capable of determining 15-20 ng of the drug. The method is readily adaptable to clinical and bioavailability studies."}
{"id": "PMID:932937", "title": "Bumetanide: radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetic profile in humans.", "content": "A simple, specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of the diuretic bumetanide in plasma and urine. Antiserum to bumetanide was obtained from rabbits immunized with an immunogen prepared by covalently coupling the glycine conjugate of bumetanide to bovine serum albumin. Following extraction of the sample at pH 5.5 with ether, radioimmunoassay of the residue from the ether extract allows for the determination of bumetanide with a limit of sensitivity of about 1 ng/ml using 0.1 ml of plasma or urine. The specificity of the radioimmunoassay was established by comparison with specific radiometric and spectrofluorometric techniques. The pharmacokinetic profile of bumetanide in eight human subjects receiving single 2-mg oral doses of the drug was elucidated using the radioimmunoassay. The peak plasma levels ranged from 39 to 50 ng/ml at 1-4 hr after administration and declined with a mean apparent half-life of 1.17 hr. The mean plasma clearance rate was calculated to be 255 ml/min. During the first 24 hr, a mean of 43% of the bumetanide dose was excreted in the urine as intact drug.", "contents": "Bumetanide: radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetic profile in humans. A simple, specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of the diuretic bumetanide in plasma and urine. Antiserum to bumetanide was obtained from rabbits immunized with an immunogen prepared by covalently coupling the glycine conjugate of bumetanide to bovine serum albumin. Following extraction of the sample at pH 5.5 with ether, radioimmunoassay of the residue from the ether extract allows for the determination of bumetanide with a limit of sensitivity of about 1 ng/ml using 0.1 ml of plasma or urine. The specificity of the radioimmunoassay was established by comparison with specific radiometric and spectrofluorometric techniques. The pharmacokinetic profile of bumetanide in eight human subjects receiving single 2-mg oral doses of the drug was elucidated using the radioimmunoassay. The peak plasma levels ranged from 39 to 50 ng/ml at 1-4 hr after administration and declined with a mean apparent half-life of 1.17 hr. The mean plasma clearance rate was calculated to be 255 ml/min. During the first 24 hr, a mean of 43% of the bumetanide dose was excreted in the urine as intact drug."}
{"id": "PMID:932938", "title": "Muscle relaxant properties of chloramphenicol.", "content": "Experiments with the guinea pig ileum, guinea pig trachea, rat fundal strip, rat colon, rat vas deferens, and toad heart indicated that chloramphenicol inhibited smooth muscles, decreasing both the height and frequency of spontaneous contraction. Chloramphenicol-induced relaxation was not mediated through adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic mechanisms. The degree of muscle relaxation was related to the concentration of chloramphenicol, and the relaxant effect could be reversed by removing chloramphenicol from site of action by washing. Its action appears to be direct on the muscle, possibly by interfering with the energy-generating mechanism.", "contents": "Muscle relaxant properties of chloramphenicol. Experiments with the guinea pig ileum, guinea pig trachea, rat fundal strip, rat colon, rat vas deferens, and toad heart indicated that chloramphenicol inhibited smooth muscles, decreasing both the height and frequency of spontaneous contraction. Chloramphenicol-induced relaxation was not mediated through adrenergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic mechanisms. The degree of muscle relaxation was related to the concentration of chloramphenicol, and the relaxant effect could be reversed by removing chloramphenicol from site of action by washing. Its action appears to be direct on the muscle, possibly by interfering with the energy-generating mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:932939", "title": "Controlled drug permeation I: controlled release of butamben through silicone membrane by complexation.", "content": "The effects of caffeine, beta-cyclodextrin, and povidone on the permeation behavior of butamben from saturated solutions in these complexing agents through a dimethyl polysiloxane membrane were investigated at 30 degrees. In all systems, these agents increased the rate of release over the plain saturated drug solution. The effect was more pronounced with caffeine and beta-cyclodextrin than with povidone. Interpretation of these results with the aid of solubility data for the corresponding systems led to the following generalization. For a fixed total (free and complexed) amount of drug available for release, sustained release is associated with systems containing more stable complexes. The practical value of this approach to the controlled release of drug is discussed.", "contents": "Controlled drug permeation I: controlled release of butamben through silicone membrane by complexation. The effects of caffeine, beta-cyclodextrin, and povidone on the permeation behavior of butamben from saturated solutions in these complexing agents through a dimethyl polysiloxane membrane were investigated at 30 degrees. In all systems, these agents increased the rate of release over the plain saturated drug solution. The effect was more pronounced with caffeine and beta-cyclodextrin than with povidone. Interpretation of these results with the aid of solubility data for the corresponding systems led to the following generalization. For a fixed total (free and complexed) amount of drug available for release, sustained release is associated with systems containing more stable complexes. The practical value of this approach to the controlled release of drug is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932940", "title": "Pharmacokinetic model for simultaneous determination of drug levels in organs and tissues.", "content": "An extension of the Bischoff-Dedrick pharmacokinetic model is presented. This model is derived from basic considerations of drug distrubition with physiological and anatomical meaning. The Bischoff-Dedrick model can simultaneously predict drug distribution with time in blood, organs, and tissues of pharmacological interest. The parameters are applied to a 15-kg standard dog. The experimental kinetic data of thiopental in brain, plasma, liver, lean tissue, and adipose tissue in a dog are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the model. Allowable variations in the parameters are determined. In general, the kinetics of drug distribution in blood, organs, and tissues depend on the drug dosage, lipid solubility, partition coefficients, metabolism rate, excretion rate, protein binding, route of administration, sizes of organs and tissues, and blood flow rates through organs and tissues. These factors enter the kinetic model separately and explicitly so their effects on the kinetics of drug distribution can be studied to provide valuable information for optimal therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic model for simultaneous determination of drug levels in organs and tissues. An extension of the Bischoff-Dedrick pharmacokinetic model is presented. This model is derived from basic considerations of drug distrubition with physiological and anatomical meaning. The Bischoff-Dedrick model can simultaneously predict drug distribution with time in blood, organs, and tissues of pharmacological interest. The parameters are applied to a 15-kg standard dog. The experimental kinetic data of thiopental in brain, plasma, liver, lean tissue, and adipose tissue in a dog are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the model. Allowable variations in the parameters are determined. In general, the kinetics of drug distribution in blood, organs, and tissues depend on the drug dosage, lipid solubility, partition coefficients, metabolism rate, excretion rate, protein binding, route of administration, sizes of organs and tissues, and blood flow rates through organs and tissues. These factors enter the kinetic model separately and explicitly so their effects on the kinetics of drug distribution can be studied to provide valuable information for optimal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:932941", "title": "Hypocholesterolemic agents IV: inhibition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by arylalkenyl and arylepoxy hydrogen succinates and glutarates.", "content": "Two series of half acid esters of succinic and glutaric acids were synthesized and assayed for inhibition of rat liver beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Irreversible inhibition was studied by incorporation of a potential alkylating group (the epoxide function) into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters. Incorporation of a terminal olefin function into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters provided a group that could form a charge-transfer complex. Neither irreversible inhibition nor formation of a charge-transfer complex was indicated from these studies; however, the two series of half acid esters exhibited reversible inhibition.", "contents": "Hypocholesterolemic agents IV: inhibition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by arylalkenyl and arylepoxy hydrogen succinates and glutarates. Two series of half acid esters of succinic and glutaric acids were synthesized and assayed for inhibition of rat liver beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Irreversible inhibition was studied by incorporation of a potential alkylating group (the epoxide function) into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters. Incorporation of a terminal olefin function into the side chain of the alcohol portion of the half acid esters provided a group that could form a charge-transfer complex. Neither irreversible inhibition nor formation of a charge-transfer complex was indicated from these studies; however, the two series of half acid esters exhibited reversible inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:932942", "title": "Continuous-flow system for determination of diffusion coefficients: use of a natural membrane.", "content": "A natural membrane was employed in an automated diffusion system. A mature male Mongolian gerbil sebaceous gland pad was excised and mounted into a suitable retainer so that the external surface was oriented toward the concentrated aqueous drug solution. Aqueous solutions of benzoic acid and the three commonly used parabens were studied. The gerbil sebaceous pad effectively prevented any diffusion of these drug solutions within 15 hr. Water by itself, however, was transported through the skin even against a pressure gradient. Although no apparent diffusion of these compounds occurred, a significant amount of drug was retained by the sebaceous pad. An expression for membrane-water partition coefficients could be calculated. Based upon thicknesses of natural and synthetic membranes, theoretical approximations of diffusion rates were found using lag time calculations.", "contents": "Continuous-flow system for determination of diffusion coefficients: use of a natural membrane. A natural membrane was employed in an automated diffusion system. A mature male Mongolian gerbil sebaceous gland pad was excised and mounted into a suitable retainer so that the external surface was oriented toward the concentrated aqueous drug solution. Aqueous solutions of benzoic acid and the three commonly used parabens were studied. The gerbil sebaceous pad effectively prevented any diffusion of these drug solutions within 15 hr. Water by itself, however, was transported through the skin even against a pressure gradient. Although no apparent diffusion of these compounds occurred, a significant amount of drug was retained by the sebaceous pad. An expression for membrane-water partition coefficients could be calculated. Based upon thicknesses of natural and synthetic membranes, theoretical approximations of diffusion rates were found using lag time calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:932943", "title": "Nonspecific effect of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on hexobarbital sleep time.", "content": "The data presented suggest that the intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate prolongs hexobarbital sleep time in mice and rats by enlarging the lipophilic pool, a phenomenon that can be replicated by pretreatment of the animals with olive oil. These results call attention to the importance of considering the physical characteristics of a substance when evaluating its effect on a pharmacologically active agent.", "contents": "Nonspecific effect of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on hexobarbital sleep time. The data presented suggest that the intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate prolongs hexobarbital sleep time in mice and rats by enlarging the lipophilic pool, a phenomenon that can be replicated by pretreatment of the animals with olive oil. These results call attention to the importance of considering the physical characteristics of a substance when evaluating its effect on a pharmacologically active agent."}
{"id": "PMID:932944", "title": "Interference by butyl rubber stoppers in GLC analysis for theophylline.", "content": "During a study of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline using GLC analysis, unexpectedly high values occurred in a random manner. The cause of there abnormal values was investigated, and significant interference was observed when blood samples were drawn using evacuated glass tubes sealed with butyl rubber stoppers. In vitro tests using distilled water showed no apparent theophylline levels due to the additives in three commonly used tubes. However, when water was allowed to remain in contact with the butyl rubber stoppers for 1 min, an apparent theophylline content of as high as 5.5 mug/ml was observed. A contact time of 60 min resulted in apparent theophylline levels of as high as 52.3 mug/ml. It was concluded that a substance leached from the butyl rubber stoppers accounted for the spurious results.", "contents": "Interference by butyl rubber stoppers in GLC analysis for theophylline. During a study of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline using GLC analysis, unexpectedly high values occurred in a random manner. The cause of there abnormal values was investigated, and significant interference was observed when blood samples were drawn using evacuated glass tubes sealed with butyl rubber stoppers. In vitro tests using distilled water showed no apparent theophylline levels due to the additives in three commonly used tubes. However, when water was allowed to remain in contact with the butyl rubber stoppers for 1 min, an apparent theophylline content of as high as 5.5 mug/ml was observed. A contact time of 60 min resulted in apparent theophylline levels of as high as 52.3 mug/ml. It was concluded that a substance leached from the butyl rubber stoppers accounted for the spurious results."}
{"id": "PMID:932945", "title": "Isolation of pinastric acid and ergosterol from Parmelia caperata (L.) Arch.", "content": "Among other common compounds, pinastric acid and ergosterol were isolated for the first time from Parmelia caperata. The isolation of these compounds is described; identification was made from the melting point and UV, IR, and mass spectral data.", "contents": "Isolation of pinastric acid and ergosterol from Parmelia caperata (L.) Arch. Among other common compounds, pinastric acid and ergosterol were isolated for the first time from Parmelia caperata. The isolation of these compounds is described; identification was made from the melting point and UV, IR, and mass spectral data."}
{"id": "PMID:932946", "title": "Quantitative NMR analysis of a four-component mixture of phenylglycine derivatives.", "content": "A rapid, accurate, and precise NMR analytical method for the analysis of phenylglycine, dihydrophenylglycine, tetrahydrophenylglycine, and cyclohexylglycine in combination with each other was developed. The method is based on the integration of the NMR signal characteristic of each component relative to the signal from tetramethylammonium bromide, which is added as an internal standard. No prior separation of the four components is required.", "contents": "Quantitative NMR analysis of a four-component mixture of phenylglycine derivatives. A rapid, accurate, and precise NMR analytical method for the analysis of phenylglycine, dihydrophenylglycine, tetrahydrophenylglycine, and cyclohexylglycine in combination with each other was developed. The method is based on the integration of the NMR signal characteristic of each component relative to the signal from tetramethylammonium bromide, which is added as an internal standard. No prior separation of the four components is required."}
{"id": "PMID:932947", "title": "Electron-capture GLC determination of phenylpropanolamine as a pentofluorophenyloxazolidine derivative.", "content": "A simplified procedure is described for an electron-capture GLC determination of phenylpropanolamine in blood plasma. The method is based on derivatization of phenylpropanolamine with pentafluorobenzaldehyde at room temperature without prior extraction of the drug from plasma. The derivative, pentafluorophenyloxazolidine, is readily extracted from plasma into a small volume of hexane. Samples usually can be injected directly into the gas chromatograph without concentration of the hexane solution. Data are presented to illustrate the suitability of the method for dosage form bioavailability evaluation from plasma phenylpropanolamine levels achieved after acute oral administration of a typical dosage form.", "contents": "Electron-capture GLC determination of phenylpropanolamine as a pentofluorophenyloxazolidine derivative. A simplified procedure is described for an electron-capture GLC determination of phenylpropanolamine in blood plasma. The method is based on derivatization of phenylpropanolamine with pentafluorobenzaldehyde at room temperature without prior extraction of the drug from plasma. The derivative, pentafluorophenyloxazolidine, is readily extracted from plasma into a small volume of hexane. Samples usually can be injected directly into the gas chromatograph without concentration of the hexane solution. Data are presented to illustrate the suitability of the method for dosage form bioavailability evaluation from plasma phenylpropanolamine levels achieved after acute oral administration of a typical dosage form."}
{"id": "PMID:932948", "title": "Interpretation of distribution coefficients of p-alkylpyridines by a modified regular solution theory.", "content": "The hypothetical hexadecane-octane distribution coefficients for the alkylpyridines were deduced from the corresponding oil-water distribution data. The values were analyzed by a modified regular solution theory. A good correlation was noted by including the Flory-Huggins entropy factor in the calculation and by considering the deviation from the geometric mean assumption.", "contents": "Interpretation of distribution coefficients of p-alkylpyridines by a modified regular solution theory. The hypothetical hexadecane-octane distribution coefficients for the alkylpyridines were deduced from the corresponding oil-water distribution data. The values were analyzed by a modified regular solution theory. A good correlation was noted by including the Flory-Huggins entropy factor in the calculation and by considering the deviation from the geometric mean assumption."}
{"id": "PMID:932949", "title": "Reduction of activity of cyanocobalamin in the presence of methylparaben sodium at autoclave temperature.", "content": "Reduction of activity of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) due to degradation or interaction with methylparaben sodium was measured by UV spectrophotometry and microbial assay. TLC of the heated mixture showed two different spots, which indicate some alteration in the structure of the cyanocobalamin molecule in the presence of methylparaben sodium at 115 degrees for 10 min. The losses were about 20% by UV measurements and 32% by microbial assay. The degree of loss was sufficient to suggest that methylparaben sodium might have considerable influence on the stability of pharmaceutical products containing cyanocobalamin. Methylparaben and sodium chloride had no effect on cyanocobalamin.", "contents": "Reduction of activity of cyanocobalamin in the presence of methylparaben sodium at autoclave temperature. Reduction of activity of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) due to degradation or interaction with methylparaben sodium was measured by UV spectrophotometry and microbial assay. TLC of the heated mixture showed two different spots, which indicate some alteration in the structure of the cyanocobalamin molecule in the presence of methylparaben sodium at 115 degrees for 10 min. The losses were about 20% by UV measurements and 32% by microbial assay. The degree of loss was sufficient to suggest that methylparaben sodium might have considerable influence on the stability of pharmaceutical products containing cyanocobalamin. Methylparaben and sodium chloride had no effect on cyanocobalamin."}
{"id": "PMID:932950", "title": "Enhancement of solubility of drug salts by hydrophilic counterions: properties of organic salts of an antimalarial drug.", "content": "Judicious choice of the salt form of a drug can greatly affect the aqueous solubility and formulation of the compound. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the effect of various counteranions on the aqueous solubility of the antimalarial agent alpha-(2-piperidyl)-3, 6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol. Several organic salts of this drug were studied. The methods of synthesis, the apparent aqueous solubilities, and in vitro dissolution tests for these salts are reported. The lactate salt was 200 times as soluble as the hydrochloride salt. This enhanced solubility suggests that parenteral administration of this drug may now be feasible.", "contents": "Enhancement of solubility of drug salts by hydrophilic counterions: properties of organic salts of an antimalarial drug. Judicious choice of the salt form of a drug can greatly affect the aqueous solubility and formulation of the compound. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the effect of various counteranions on the aqueous solubility of the antimalarial agent alpha-(2-piperidyl)-3, 6-bis(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrenemethanol. Several organic salts of this drug were studied. The methods of synthesis, the apparent aqueous solubilities, and in vitro dissolution tests for these salts are reported. The lactate salt was 200 times as soluble as the hydrochloride salt. This enhanced solubility suggests that parenteral administration of this drug may now be feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:932951", "title": "Errors involved in instantaneous intravascular input assumptions.", "content": "A comparative evaluation of a zero-order input and the generally accepted instantaneous intravascular input assumption is made for two- and three-compartment open model systems. Equations are derived and a nomogram is prepared to calculate the magnitude of error involved in instantaneous input assumptions. It is suggested that all intravascular administrations be considered as zero-order inputs.", "contents": "Errors involved in instantaneous intravascular input assumptions. A comparative evaluation of a zero-order input and the generally accepted instantaneous intravascular input assumption is made for two- and three-compartment open model systems. Equations are derived and a nomogram is prepared to calculate the magnitude of error involved in instantaneous input assumptions. It is suggested that all intravascular administrations be considered as zero-order inputs."}
{"id": "PMID:932952", "title": "Correlations between substituent parameters of 4-substituted benzoic acids and their in vitro dissolution and partitioning.", "content": "The in vitro dissolution and partitioning of some 4-substituted benzoic acids from nondisintegrating disks was investigated using a water-octanol system. The rates of appearance of benzoic acids in the aqueous phase differed from the rates of appearance in octanol, probably due to back-transfer from the octanol phase. The suitability of the procedure for investigating the influence of molecular modification on in vitro dissolution and partitioning is considered. Correlations among the rates of appearance in octanol, the rates of appearance in an aqueous phase, and substituent parameters of benzoic acids were investigated. The best statistical fit was obtained using molecular orbital substituent indexes.", "contents": "Correlations between substituent parameters of 4-substituted benzoic acids and their in vitro dissolution and partitioning. The in vitro dissolution and partitioning of some 4-substituted benzoic acids from nondisintegrating disks was investigated using a water-octanol system. The rates of appearance of benzoic acids in the aqueous phase differed from the rates of appearance in octanol, probably due to back-transfer from the octanol phase. The suitability of the procedure for investigating the influence of molecular modification on in vitro dissolution and partitioning is considered. Correlations among the rates of appearance in octanol, the rates of appearance in an aqueous phase, and substituent parameters of benzoic acids were investigated. The best statistical fit was obtained using molecular orbital substituent indexes."}
{"id": "PMID:932953", "title": "Sinoacutine from Glaucium contortuplicatum Boiss.", "content": "A phytochemical investigation of Glaucium contortuplicatum Boiss. (Papaveraceae) resulted in the isolation of sinoacutine from this plant for the first time. Spectral evidence for the identity of the isolated compound as sinoacutine is presented.", "contents": "Sinoacutine from Glaucium contortuplicatum Boiss. A phytochemical investigation of Glaucium contortuplicatum Boiss. (Papaveraceae) resulted in the isolation of sinoacutine from this plant for the first time. Spectral evidence for the identity of the isolated compound as sinoacutine is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:932954", "title": "Antihemolytic and antiproteolytic properties of substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and thiazolidonylphenothiazines.", "content": "Antihemolytic and antiproteolytic properties of several 10-(1-acetyl-4-arylthiosemicarbazido) phenothiazines and their corresponding cyclized 10-(2-arylimino-3-acetylamino-4-thiazolidonyl) phenothiazines were investigated. In vitro protection of hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells by substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and substituted thiazolidonyl-phenothiazines was concentration dependent; the degree of protection ranged from 19 to 32 and 26 to 42%, respectively, at a final concentration of 0.1 mM. All phenothiazines exhibited antiproteolytic activity. The in vitro inhibition of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by these phenothiazines was concentration dependent and competitive in nature; the degree of inhibition ranged from 30 to 50 and 32 to 79% for substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and substituted thiazolidonlyphenothiazines, respectively, at a concentration of 1mM. Cyclization of substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines into the corresponding cyclized substitited thiazolidonlyphenothiazines increased the antihemolytic and antiproteolytic effectiveness of these phenothiazines.", "contents": "Antihemolytic and antiproteolytic properties of substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and thiazolidonylphenothiazines. Antihemolytic and antiproteolytic properties of several 10-(1-acetyl-4-arylthiosemicarbazido) phenothiazines and their corresponding cyclized 10-(2-arylimino-3-acetylamino-4-thiazolidonyl) phenothiazines were investigated. In vitro protection of hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells by substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and substituted thiazolidonyl-phenothiazines was concentration dependent; the degree of protection ranged from 19 to 32 and 26 to 42%, respectively, at a final concentration of 0.1 mM. All phenothiazines exhibited antiproteolytic activity. The in vitro inhibition of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by these phenothiazines was concentration dependent and competitive in nature; the degree of inhibition ranged from 30 to 50 and 32 to 79% for substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines and substituted thiazolidonlyphenothiazines, respectively, at a concentration of 1mM. Cyclization of substituted thiosemicarbazidophenothiazines into the corresponding cyclized substitited thiazolidonlyphenothiazines increased the antihemolytic and antiproteolytic effectiveness of these phenothiazines."}
{"id": "PMID:932955", "title": "Fluorometric determination of cephradine in plasma.", "content": "A fluorometric method was developed for the determination of cephradine in plasma. A fluorescent product is formed when samples of deproteinized plasma containing cephradine are heated for 3 hr at 100 degrees and pH 1. The fluorescence is determined in sodium hydroxide solution (pH 13.5) at excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 and 445 nm, respectively. Only 0.1 ml of plasma is required, and concentrations of cephradine as small as 0.1 mug/ml may be determined. In plasma samples from a dog taken over a 10-hr period after an intramuscular injection of 250 mg of cephradine, essentially similar concentrations of cephradine were obtained by the fluorometric method and a standard microbiological bioassay.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of cephradine in plasma. A fluorometric method was developed for the determination of cephradine in plasma. A fluorescent product is formed when samples of deproteinized plasma containing cephradine are heated for 3 hr at 100 degrees and pH 1. The fluorescence is determined in sodium hydroxide solution (pH 13.5) at excitation and emission wavelengths of 350 and 445 nm, respectively. Only 0.1 ml of plasma is required, and concentrations of cephradine as small as 0.1 mug/ml may be determined. In plasma samples from a dog taken over a 10-hr period after an intramuscular injection of 250 mg of cephradine, essentially similar concentrations of cephradine were obtained by the fluorometric method and a standard microbiological bioassay."}
{"id": "PMID:932962", "title": "Comparison of several molecular topological indexes with molecular surface area in aqueous solubility estimation.", "content": "The molecular topological indexes proposed by Wiener (Wiener number), Hosoya (Z-value), and Randic (branching index) were corelated with computed molecular surface areas and aqueous solubilities for the monofunctional aliphatic alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and hydrocarbons. Comparison of the indexes with molecular surface area indicates that all three indexes (or simple modifications) correlate with molecular surface area and, although computed in different manners, reflect molecular topology. Comparison of the correlations of log solubility with the several indexes leads to the following conclusions: (a) the branching index works well for aliphatic, acyclic monofunctional compounds but not cyclic aliphatic compounds; (b) the square root of the Wiener number correlates less satisfactorily with log solubility than the other indexes but more correctly handles cyclic compounds (when generalized after Hosoya); (c) correlations of log solubility with the log Z-value are satisfactory, but the index is difficult to compute; and (d) the molecular surface are represents the single best parameter with which to correlate and estimate aqueous solubility due to its generality. However, for a restricted series of compounds, the branching index is perhaps the most useful index by virtue of its simplicity.", "contents": "Comparison of several molecular topological indexes with molecular surface area in aqueous solubility estimation. The molecular topological indexes proposed by Wiener (Wiener number), Hosoya (Z-value), and Randic (branching index) were corelated with computed molecular surface areas and aqueous solubilities for the monofunctional aliphatic alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and hydrocarbons. Comparison of the indexes with molecular surface area indicates that all three indexes (or simple modifications) correlate with molecular surface area and, although computed in different manners, reflect molecular topology. Comparison of the correlations of log solubility with the several indexes leads to the following conclusions: (a) the branching index works well for aliphatic, acyclic monofunctional compounds but not cyclic aliphatic compounds; (b) the square root of the Wiener number correlates less satisfactorily with log solubility than the other indexes but more correctly handles cyclic compounds (when generalized after Hosoya); (c) correlations of log solubility with the log Z-value are satisfactory, but the index is difficult to compute; and (d) the molecular surface are represents the single best parameter with which to correlate and estimate aqueous solubility due to its generality. However, for a restricted series of compounds, the branching index is perhaps the most useful index by virtue of its simplicity."}
{"id": "PMID:932963", "title": "Isolation of 10, 11-epoxide of protriptyline in rat urine after protriptyline administration.", "content": "The 10, 11-epoxide, 10-hydroxy, and 10, 11-dihydrodiol metabolites of protriptyline were identified in rat urine collected after the administration of 40 mg/kg ip of protriptyline. Mass spectrometric characterization confirmed the structure of these metabolites.", "contents": "Isolation of 10, 11-epoxide of protriptyline in rat urine after protriptyline administration. The 10, 11-epoxide, 10-hydroxy, and 10, 11-dihydrodiol metabolites of protriptyline were identified in rat urine collected after the administration of 40 mg/kg ip of protriptyline. Mass spectrometric characterization confirmed the structure of these metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:932964", "title": "Identification of 10, 11-epoxide and other cyclobenzaprine metabolites isolated from rat urine.", "content": "Cyclobenzaprine (40 mg/kg ip) was administered to rats, and six urinary metabolites of this drug were identified. They were the 10, 11-epoxide, the N -oxide, the desmethyl derivative, the hydroxylated and desmethylhydroxylated compounds, and the N-oxide hydroxylated at the 10- or 11-position. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed their structures.", "contents": "Identification of 10, 11-epoxide and other cyclobenzaprine metabolites isolated from rat urine. Cyclobenzaprine (40 mg/kg ip) was administered to rats, and six urinary metabolites of this drug were identified. They were the 10, 11-epoxide, the N -oxide, the desmethyl derivative, the hydroxylated and desmethylhydroxylated compounds, and the N-oxide hydroxylated at the 10- or 11-position. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed their structures."}
{"id": "PMID:932965", "title": "Influence of route of administration on physiological availability of levodopa in dogs.", "content": "The physiological basis for the reduced levodopa bioavailability following oral administration was investigated. Four dogs received single 25-mg/kg doses of 14C-levodopa on three separate occasions in a crossover fashion via hepatoportal catheter, intravenous, and oral administrations. Plasma and urine specimens were analyzed for intact levodopa and total radioactivity. The ratios of areas under the plasma concentration-time curves following hepatoportal and intravenous adminstrations were close to unity, and the shapes of the curves were virtually identical. Following oral administration, however, significant reductions in the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves were observed. These data indicate that the physiologically impaired bioavailability of orally administered levodopa occurs almost exclusively as a result of metabolic degradation within the GI lumen and/or gut wall.", "contents": "Influence of route of administration on physiological availability of levodopa in dogs. The physiological basis for the reduced levodopa bioavailability following oral administration was investigated. Four dogs received single 25-mg/kg doses of 14C-levodopa on three separate occasions in a crossover fashion via hepatoportal catheter, intravenous, and oral administrations. Plasma and urine specimens were analyzed for intact levodopa and total radioactivity. The ratios of areas under the plasma concentration-time curves following hepatoportal and intravenous adminstrations were close to unity, and the shapes of the curves were virtually identical. Following oral administration, however, significant reductions in the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves were observed. These data indicate that the physiologically impaired bioavailability of orally administered levodopa occurs almost exclusively as a result of metabolic degradation within the GI lumen and/or gut wall."}
{"id": "PMID:932966", "title": "Rheological evaluation of hog gastric mucin as a model mucus system.", "content": "The rheological evaluation of preparations containing 10, 15, 20, and 25% powdered hog gastric mucin was carried out over the 13-48 degrees temperature range using rotational and creep viscometry. The preparations were almost viscous, and no elastic behavior was demonstrated. The addition of borate ions frequently produced a slight decrease in viscosity. Tetracycline hydrochloride decreased the viscosity of the 10 and 25% materials, although the addition of this compound to fresh gastric and bronchial mucous gels markedly increased viscosity. The model is, therefore, only suitable in limited circumstances as a basis for the evaluation of the effect of drugs on gastric mucus.", "contents": "Rheological evaluation of hog gastric mucin as a model mucus system. The rheological evaluation of preparations containing 10, 15, 20, and 25% powdered hog gastric mucin was carried out over the 13-48 degrees temperature range using rotational and creep viscometry. The preparations were almost viscous, and no elastic behavior was demonstrated. The addition of borate ions frequently produced a slight decrease in viscosity. Tetracycline hydrochloride decreased the viscosity of the 10 and 25% materials, although the addition of this compound to fresh gastric and bronchial mucous gels markedly increased viscosity. The model is, therefore, only suitable in limited circumstances as a basis for the evaluation of the effect of drugs on gastric mucus."}
{"id": "PMID:932967", "title": "Absorption and  distribution of radioactivity from suppositories containing 3H-benzocaine in rats.", "content": "The effects of the suppository vehicle, drug concentration, and nonionic surfactants on in vitro benzocaine dialysis through a cellulose membrane and on rectal absorption in rats of total radioactivity following administration of 3H-benzocaine were investigated. In vitro dialysis correlated quite well with in vivo absorption, and drug release was greater from water-soluble vehicles than from oleaginous vehicles. Inclusion of a nonionic hydrophilic or lipophilic surfactant in cocoa butter resulted in a statistically significant increase for in vitro drug release, while a lipophilic surfactant showed little effect in vivo and a hydrophilic surfactant depressed release in vivo. Both types of surfactant had small effects on release from polyethylene glycol. In vitro release of benzocaine from some commercially available suppositories was compared with experimental preparations. Variation in blood radioactivity following administration of the same concentration of 3H-benzocaine in the same dosage  form in male and female rats is reported.", "contents": "Absorption and  distribution of radioactivity from suppositories containing 3H-benzocaine in rats. The effects of the suppository vehicle, drug concentration, and nonionic surfactants on in vitro benzocaine dialysis through a cellulose membrane and on rectal absorption in rats of total radioactivity following administration of 3H-benzocaine were investigated. In vitro dialysis correlated quite well with in vivo absorption, and drug release was greater from water-soluble vehicles than from oleaginous vehicles. Inclusion of a nonionic hydrophilic or lipophilic surfactant in cocoa butter resulted in a statistically significant increase for in vitro drug release, while a lipophilic surfactant showed little effect in vivo and a hydrophilic surfactant depressed release in vivo. Both types of surfactant had small effects on release from polyethylene glycol. In vitro release of benzocaine from some commercially available suppositories was compared with experimental preparations. Variation in blood radioactivity following administration of the same concentration of 3H-benzocaine in the same dosage  form in male and female rats is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:932968", "title": "Attainment of highly uniform solid drug dispersions employing molecular scale drug entrapment in polymeric latices.", "content": "The uniformity of distribution attainable for an amine drug in solid dispersions prepared using a molecular scale entrapment procedure was investigated. Excellent reproducibility of drug content throughout the entire entrapment product was demonstrated in both flocculated (high drug levels) and deflocculated (low drug levels) systems. Drug content and content uniformity were found to be predictable for deflocculated systems, even at high drug dilution ratios. Milling or particle-size fractionation appeared to have no effect on the distribution of drug throughout the solid dispersion entrapment products. Dry blending was inferior to molecular scale drug entrapment in distributing small quantities of drug uniformly.", "contents": "Attainment of highly uniform solid drug dispersions employing molecular scale drug entrapment in polymeric latices. The uniformity of distribution attainable for an amine drug in solid dispersions prepared using a molecular scale entrapment procedure was investigated. Excellent reproducibility of drug content throughout the entire entrapment product was demonstrated in both flocculated (high drug levels) and deflocculated (low drug levels) systems. Drug content and content uniformity were found to be predictable for deflocculated systems, even at high drug dilution ratios. Milling or particle-size fractionation appeared to have no effect on the distribution of drug throughout the solid dispersion entrapment products. Dry blending was inferior to molecular scale drug entrapment in distributing small quantities of drug uniformly."}
{"id": "PMID:932969", "title": "Contact angles and wetting of pharmaceutical powders.", "content": "Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders were determined by the h-epsilon method, which consists essentially of measuring the maximum height of a drop of liquid fomed on a presaturated compact of the material. Determinations with aspirin as the test material indicate that the measured value is independent of the particle size of the powder and the porosity of the cake. The method was extended to include determinations on mixed powder systems. The results show that the hydrophobic material dominates with large particle-size powders; with small particle sizes, a linear relationship between the cosine of the contact angle of the mixed system and the proportion of the components is obtained. Results are presented for a wide variety of materials of pharmaceutical interest.", "contents": "Contact angles and wetting of pharmaceutical powders. Contact angles of pharmaceutical powders were determined by the h-epsilon method, which consists essentially of measuring the maximum height of a drop of liquid fomed on a presaturated compact of the material. Determinations with aspirin as the test material indicate that the measured value is independent of the particle size of the powder and the porosity of the cake. The method was extended to include determinations on mixed powder systems. The results show that the hydrophobic material dominates with large particle-size powders; with small particle sizes, a linear relationship between the cosine of the contact angle of the mixed system and the proportion of the components is obtained. Results are presented for a wide variety of materials of pharmaceutical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:932970", "title": "In vivo and in vitro evaluation of a microencapsulated narcotic antagonist.", "content": "Injectable microcapsules containing 75% (w/w) cyclazocine, a narcotic antagonist, were prepared with dl-poly(lactic acid) as the coating material. Capsule fractions falling between 105 and 295 mum released about 90% of their cyclazocine in 8 days of rotating-bottle extraction at 37 degrees in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Although larger capsules released the drug somewhat more slowly, all capsules released cyclazocine far more rapidly than an ideal capsule should. This rapid release is attributed to macroscopic defects located in the capsule walls. The ability of the capsules to block the action of morphine in vivo was assessed by injection of a sesame seed oil suspension into Holtzman rats. A hot-plate test procedure was used to evaluate animal behavior. Capsule doses of 100-250 mg/kg to rats caused significant antagonism of morphine's analgesic effect for 14 days after injection. By Day 17, no antagonism occurred, indicating that the capsules completely released the drug in vivo between 14 and 17 days after injection.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro evaluation of a microencapsulated narcotic antagonist. Injectable microcapsules containing 75% (w/w) cyclazocine, a narcotic antagonist, were prepared with dl-poly(lactic acid) as the coating material. Capsule fractions falling between 105 and 295 mum released about 90% of their cyclazocine in 8 days of rotating-bottle extraction at 37 degrees in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Although larger capsules released the drug somewhat more slowly, all capsules released cyclazocine far more rapidly than an ideal capsule should. This rapid release is attributed to macroscopic defects located in the capsule walls. The ability of the capsules to block the action of morphine in vivo was assessed by injection of a sesame seed oil suspension into Holtzman rats. A hot-plate test procedure was used to evaluate animal behavior. Capsule doses of 100-250 mg/kg to rats caused significant antagonism of morphine's analgesic effect for 14 days after injection. By Day 17, no antagonism occurred, indicating that the capsules completely released the drug in vivo between 14 and 17 days after injection."}
{"id": "PMID:932971", "title": "Molecular orbital calculations for parabens: a  possible mechanism of action.", "content": "Molecular orbital calculations were carried out on the series benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, and ethylparaben. The characteristic trends of this entire series of preservatives are demonstrated by these members. The computer program  used was Iterated Extended H\u00fcckel Theory. These systems were characterized in terms of atomic charge distributions, effect of hydroxyl and ester groups (both sterically and electronically), preferred molecular conformations, and  distinguishing features of molecular orbitals. Through this approach, it was hoped that a common mode of action for all members of this series could be detected and that the trend(s) in this feature would correlate with known trends in activity of members of this series.", "contents": "Molecular orbital calculations for parabens: a  possible mechanism of action. Molecular orbital calculations were carried out on the series benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methylparaben, and ethylparaben. The characteristic trends of this entire series of preservatives are demonstrated by these members. The computer program  used was Iterated Extended H\u00fcckel Theory. These systems were characterized in terms of atomic charge distributions, effect of hydroxyl and ester groups (both sterically and electronically), preferred molecular conformations, and  distinguishing features of molecular orbitals. Through this approach, it was hoped that a common mode of action for all members of this series could be detected and that the trend(s) in this feature would correlate with known trends in activity of members of this series."}
{"id": "PMID:932972", "title": "Rapid determination of theophylline in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of theophylline in plasma was developed. The procedure is fast enough (21 min from receipt of blood to reporting value) to be used for emergency determinations. The sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are sufficient for  routine monitoring of therapeutic levels in patients. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of caffeine and theobromine. Metabolites of theophylline as well as a number of drugs do not interfere with the assay.", "contents": "Rapid determination of theophylline in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A rapid, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of theophylline in plasma was developed. The procedure is fast enough (21 min from receipt of blood to reporting value) to be used for emergency determinations. The sensitivity, precision, and accuracy are sufficient for  routine monitoring of therapeutic levels in patients. The assay is specific enough to be valid in the presence of caffeine and theobromine. Metabolites of theophylline as well as a number of drugs do not interfere with the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:932973", "title": "Interaction of dantrolene sodium with human serum albumin.", "content": "The binding of dantrolene sodium to human serum albumin was studied by fluorescence quenching and difference spectrophotometry. The association constant was calculated from each method of measurement and was large. This binding affinity may be of importance in the clinical setting, since competitive displacement of anionic drug by concurrently administered agents can occur. Consequently, the displacement of dantrolene from albumin was examined with a wide range of drugs. To gain insight into the characteristics of drug-albumin binding, the interaction of drug with cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants was also studied. Additions of drug to solutions of either the anionic or nonionic surfactant failed to result in a perturbation with the difference spectral technique. However, dantrolene added to the cationic resin produced a difference spectrum analogous to that observed with the drug-protein interaction.", "contents": "Interaction of dantrolene sodium with human serum albumin. The binding of dantrolene sodium to human serum albumin was studied by fluorescence quenching and difference spectrophotometry. The association constant was calculated from each method of measurement and was large. This binding affinity may be of importance in the clinical setting, since competitive displacement of anionic drug by concurrently administered agents can occur. Consequently, the displacement of dantrolene from albumin was examined with a wide range of drugs. To gain insight into the characteristics of drug-albumin binding, the interaction of drug with cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfactants was also studied. Additions of drug to solutions of either the anionic or nonionic surfactant failed to result in a perturbation with the difference spectral technique. However, dantrolene added to the cationic resin produced a difference spectrum analogous to that observed with the drug-protein interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:932974", "title": "Identification and quantitative GLC determination of iproniazid in human urine.", "content": "A GLC method for the specific identification and quantitation of iproiazid, a potent monamine oxidase inhibitor drug, is described. The free drug isolated from urine samples by two-phase extraction reinforced with salting out. Identification and quantitative determination at the microgram level are done on aliquots of the chloroform extract by GLC, using the 2-butyl analog as an internal standard. Iproniazid and potentially interfering compounds present in the extracts are also identified by GLC-mass spectrometry and TLC for supporting evidence of the GLC method's specificity.", "contents": "Identification and quantitative GLC determination of iproniazid in human urine. A GLC method for the specific identification and quantitation of iproiazid, a potent monamine oxidase inhibitor drug, is described. The free drug isolated from urine samples by two-phase extraction reinforced with salting out. Identification and quantitative determination at the microgram level are done on aliquots of the chloroform extract by GLC, using the 2-butyl analog as an internal standard. Iproniazid and potentially interfering compounds present in the extracts are also identified by GLC-mass spectrometry and TLC for supporting evidence of the GLC method's specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:932975", "title": "Solubilization as a method for studying self-association: solubility of naphthalene in the bile salt sodium cholate and the complex pattern of its aggregation.", "content": "Solubilization of uncharged, slightly soluble solutes is shown to be a useful approach for investigating patterns of self-association. The solubility of naphthalene in aqueous solutions of sodium cholate was determined over the concentration range of 0-0.20 mole/liter at 25 degrees. Bile salts such as sodium cholate have many detergent-like properties and exhibit hydrophobic self-association in aqueous solutions. It has become cutomary to describe this aggregation using the model of micelle formation. The naphthalene solubility data show that the CMC for sodium cholate is not well defined. Comparison with solubilization in a typical micelle-forming system, sodium decanesulfonate, shows clearly that sodium cholate does not resemble a micelle-forming system. Further examination of the solubility data in terms of mutual association of naphthalene with aggregate species shows that the self-association of sodium cholate is not consistent with the formation of (a) only large micelles containing 10 or more monomers, (b) only dimers, (c) dimers and large micelles, and (d) any unique oligomer or multimer. A complex pattern of association, including the formation of dimers and one or more higher oligomers, is indicated.", "contents": "Solubilization as a method for studying self-association: solubility of naphthalene in the bile salt sodium cholate and the complex pattern of its aggregation. Solubilization of uncharged, slightly soluble solutes is shown to be a useful approach for investigating patterns of self-association. The solubility of naphthalene in aqueous solutions of sodium cholate was determined over the concentration range of 0-0.20 mole/liter at 25 degrees. Bile salts such as sodium cholate have many detergent-like properties and exhibit hydrophobic self-association in aqueous solutions. It has become cutomary to describe this aggregation using the model of micelle formation. The naphthalene solubility data show that the CMC for sodium cholate is not well defined. Comparison with solubilization in a typical micelle-forming system, sodium decanesulfonate, shows clearly that sodium cholate does not resemble a micelle-forming system. Further examination of the solubility data in terms of mutual association of naphthalene with aggregate species shows that the self-association of sodium cholate is not consistent with the formation of (a) only large micelles containing 10 or more monomers, (b) only dimers, (c) dimers and large micelles, and (d) any unique oligomer or multimer. A complex pattern of association, including the formation of dimers and one or more higher oligomers, is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:932976", "title": "Interactions of nucleic acid bases with catechol: UV studies.", "content": "UV absorption studies on weak interactions of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil with cathechol in aqueous solutions containing 0.1 N HCl gave evidence for the formation of charge transfer complexes. The absorptions of these complexes were found in the UV region at longer wavelengths than those of the pure components. It was possible to calculate various thermodynamic parameters and molar extinction coefficients at different wavelengths. The biological significance of the results is discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of nucleic acid bases with catechol: UV studies. UV absorption studies on weak interactions of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil with cathechol in aqueous solutions containing 0.1 N HCl gave evidence for the formation of charge transfer complexes. The absorptions of these complexes were found in the UV region at longer wavelengths than those of the pure components. It was possible to calculate various thermodynamic parameters and molar extinction coefficients at different wavelengths. The biological significance of the results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:932977", "title": "In vitro adsorption of various pharmaceutical to montmorillonite.", "content": "Dissolution and dialysis studies showed that cationic drugs and certain nonionic drugs bind strongly to montmorillonite clay. The quantity of drug bound by one unit of clay varied considerably. Anionic drugs were weakly bound, and less bioavailabilty problems would be anticipated with these medicinals. The mechanism of binding of cationic drugs to montmorillonite was proposed as a two-step process: a cation-exchange reaction followed by strong surface chemisorption.", "contents": "In vitro adsorption of various pharmaceutical to montmorillonite. Dissolution and dialysis studies showed that cationic drugs and certain nonionic drugs bind strongly to montmorillonite clay. The quantity of drug bound by one unit of clay varied considerably. Anionic drugs were weakly bound, and less bioavailabilty problems would be anticipated with these medicinals. The mechanism of binding of cationic drugs to montmorillonite was proposed as a two-step process: a cation-exchange reaction followed by strong surface chemisorption."}
{"id": "PMID:932978", "title": "Alpha-and beta-halomorphides: stereochemistry, analgesic potency, toxicity, and interaction with narcotic receptors in vitro.", "content": "The configuration of the halogen on  the C-ring of several alpha- and beta-halomorphides was determined by NMR. The analgesic potencies of these halomorphides and their interactions with narcotic receptors in a rat brain homogenate were measured, as was the toxicity of the alpha- and beta-chloromorphides. The halomorphides were examined as possible irreversible binders to the narcotic receptor.", "contents": "Alpha-and beta-halomorphides: stereochemistry, analgesic potency, toxicity, and interaction with narcotic receptors in vitro. The configuration of the halogen on  the C-ring of several alpha- and beta-halomorphides was determined by NMR. The analgesic potencies of these halomorphides and their interactions with narcotic receptors in a rat brain homogenate were measured, as was the toxicity of the alpha- and beta-chloromorphides. The halomorphides were examined as possible irreversible binders to the narcotic receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:932979", "title": "Partition coefficients of selected pyridine carbamates and comparisons with their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potencies.", "content": "Partition coefficients of a series of 2-substituted 3-(N,N-dimethyl)carbamyloxypyridines were determined in an octanol-buffer (pH 7.4) system. The values obtained were compared with the ihnibitory potencies of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. No significant difference was found for the role of hydrophobicity in the two enzyme systems.", "contents": "Partition coefficients of selected pyridine carbamates and comparisons with their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potencies. Partition coefficients of a series of 2-substituted 3-(N,N-dimethyl)carbamyloxypyridines were determined in an octanol-buffer (pH 7.4) system. The values obtained were compared with the ihnibitory potencies of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. No significant difference was found for the role of hydrophobicity in the two enzyme systems."}
{"id": "PMID:932980", "title": "Pharmacology of malnutrition III: binding of digoxin to normal and kwashiorkor serum.", "content": "Digoxin binding to normal and kwashiorkor serum was studied and found to be inferior in the latter. Digoxin should be used with care in hypoalbuminemic patients.", "contents": "Pharmacology of malnutrition III: binding of digoxin to normal and kwashiorkor serum. Digoxin binding to normal and kwashiorkor serum was studied and found to be inferior in the latter. Digoxin should be used with care in hypoalbuminemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:932981", "title": "Antileukemic and other constituents of Tithonia tagitiflora Desf.", "content": "Phytochemical investigation of Tithonia tagitiflora has led to isolation of six new germacranolides, tagitinins A, B, C, D, E, AND F, beta-sitosterol, and its beta-D-glucoside. Among these, tagitinin F possesses  antileukemic activity.", "contents": "Antileukemic and other constituents of Tithonia tagitiflora Desf. Phytochemical investigation of Tithonia tagitiflora has led to isolation of six new germacranolides, tagitinins A, B, C, D, E, AND F, beta-sitosterol, and its beta-D-glucoside. Among these, tagitinin F possesses  antileukemic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:932982", "title": "Conformationally defined adrenergic agents I: potentiation of levarterenol in rat vas deferens by endo- and exo- 2- aminobenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octenes, conformationally defined analogs of amphetamine.", "content": "Four conformationally defined analogs of amphetamine were synthesized and studied for their ability to potentiate the action of levarterenol on the isolated vas deferens from reserpine-treated rats. The compunds also were studied for indirect adrenergic agonist activity in the same test system. A definite stereochemical correlation was demonstrated in each case, the exo-isomers being considerably more active than their endo-counterparts both in potentiation and in indirect activity. The more active isomers of each pair correspond to an anti-periplanar conformation of amphetamine. The compounds are probably acting by inhibition of the neuronal amine uptake mechanism, since none of the compounds was a direct-acting agonist itself. These results are discussed in relationship to other previously reported, conformationally defined, amphetamine analogs.", "contents": "Conformationally defined adrenergic agents I: potentiation of levarterenol in rat vas deferens by endo- and exo- 2- aminobenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octenes, conformationally defined analogs of amphetamine. Four conformationally defined analogs of amphetamine were synthesized and studied for their ability to potentiate the action of levarterenol on the isolated vas deferens from reserpine-treated rats. The compunds also were studied for indirect adrenergic agonist activity in the same test system. A definite stereochemical correlation was demonstrated in each case, the exo-isomers being considerably more active than their endo-counterparts both in potentiation and in indirect activity. The more active isomers of each pair correspond to an anti-periplanar conformation of amphetamine. The compounds are probably acting by inhibition of the neuronal amine uptake mechanism, since none of the compounds was a direct-acting agonist itself. These results are discussed in relationship to other previously reported, conformationally defined, amphetamine analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:932983", "title": "Major alkaloids of Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Ghom.", "content": "Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Ghom, contains 1.24% dicentrine, 0.89% bulbocapnine, and 0.05% salutaridine in dry aerial parts and root of the flowering plant. These alkaloids were detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus.", "contents": "Major alkaloids of Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Ghom. Glaucium flavum Grantz, population Ghom, contains 1.24% dicentrine, 0.89% bulbocapnine, and 0.05% salutaridine in dry aerial parts and root of the flowering plant. These alkaloids were detected for the first time in the Glaucium genus."}
{"id": "PMID:932984", "title": "Simultaneous quantitative GLC determination of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in a cold tablet preparation.", "content": "A GLC method was developed for the simultaneous determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride in a cold tablet preparation containing a large amount of aspirin. The method utilizes a solid sampling device to eliminate interference from solvent, and it is rapid and precise. The total analysis time is less than 1.5 hr, thereby permitting its use for quality control purposes.", "contents": "Simultaneous quantitative GLC determination of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in a cold tablet preparation. A GLC method was developed for the simultaneous determinations of chlorpheniramine maleate and phenylpropanolamine hydrocholride in a cold tablet preparation containing a large amount of aspirin. The method utilizes a solid sampling device to eliminate interference from solvent, and it is rapid and precise. The total analysis time is less than 1.5 hr, thereby permitting its use for quality control purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:932985", "title": "GLC analysis of lidocaine in plasma using a novel nitrogen-sensitive detector.", "content": "A simple, rapid GLC method for the determination of therapeutic levels of lidocaine in plasma or blood is described. After extraction with benzene from alkalinized plasma, the compound is analyzed by GLC using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Quantitation is accomplished using an internal standard and a standard curve, which was linear over the 0.1-10-mug range. The limit of detection was approximately 10 ng/ml. Recovery of the parent compound was essentially quantitative. Plasma data are presented to demonstrate the utility of the method.", "contents": "GLC analysis of lidocaine in plasma using a novel nitrogen-sensitive detector. A simple, rapid GLC method for the determination of therapeutic levels of lidocaine in plasma or blood is described. After extraction with benzene from alkalinized plasma, the compound is analyzed by GLC using a nitrogen-sensitive detector. Quantitation is accomplished using an internal standard and a standard curve, which was linear over the 0.1-10-mug range. The limit of detection was approximately 10 ng/ml. Recovery of the parent compound was essentially quantitative. Plasma data are presented to demonstrate the utility of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:932986", "title": "Synthesis and activity of (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride: a prodrug form of (R)-(-)-phenylephrine.", "content": "Optically pure (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride was synthesized by the following sequence: (R)-(-)-phenylephrine was condensed with acetone in the presence of calcium carbide to give an oxazolidine derivative and then treated with thallous ethoxide in ether followed by trimethylacetyl chloride to yield the phenolic ester. Finally, the oxazolidine ring was cleaved by one equivalent of hydrogen chloride in ethanol. Condensation of phenylephrine with benzaldehyde, with or without solvents, gave either 1,1,2-trimethyl-4,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline or a mixture of side-chain oxazolidine and the tetrahydroisoquinoline. Condensation of epinephrine with opianic acid in pyridine also gave a tetrahydroisoquinoline only. When applied on rabbit eyes, the prodrug (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride exhibited an unexpected, three times higher mydriatic activity than the corresponding racemic prodrug and was 15 times more active than the parent, (R)-(-)-phenylephrine.", "contents": "Synthesis and activity of (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride: a prodrug form of (R)-(-)-phenylephrine. Optically pure (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride was synthesized by the following sequence: (R)-(-)-phenylephrine was condensed with acetone in the presence of calcium carbide to give an oxazolidine derivative and then treated with thallous ethoxide in ether followed by trimethylacetyl chloride to yield the phenolic ester. Finally, the oxazolidine ring was cleaved by one equivalent of hydrogen chloride in ethanol. Condensation of phenylephrine with benzaldehyde, with or without solvents, gave either 1,1,2-trimethyl-4,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline or a mixture of side-chain oxazolidine and the tetrahydroisoquinoline. Condensation of epinephrine with opianic acid in pyridine also gave a tetrahydroisoquinoline only. When applied on rabbit eyes, the prodrug (R)-(-)-m-trimethylacetoxy-alpha[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol hydrochloride exhibited an unexpected, three times higher mydriatic activity than the corresponding racemic prodrug and was 15 times more active than the parent, (R)-(-)-phenylephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:932988", "title": "Systematic assessment of tolerance to pentobarbital by pellet implantation.", "content": "Rapid tolerance development to pentobarbital by pentobarbital pellet implantation was evidenced by a decrease in sleeping time after challenge with different doses of sodium pentobarbital ranging from 37.5 to 100 mg/kg i.p. or a fixed dose of 75 mg/kg i.p. of the drug. The sleeping time produced by sodium pentobarbital decreased by 50% after 1 day. After 2 or 3 days of implantation, the sleeping time was generally further decreased to 15 to 20% of the placebo control group. Tolerance to pentobarbital was still evident 72 hours after pellet removal. The tolerance development to pentobarbital by pentobarbital pellet implantation also was demonstrated by other pentobarbital-induced responses such as hypothermia and lethality. In mice implanted with a 75-mg pentobarbital pellet for 3 days, the degree and duration of pentobarbital-induced hypothermia by intraperitoneal or intracerebral administration of the drug was attenuated. The chronic administration of pentobarbital by three days of pellet implantation reduced the effect of sodium pentobarbital on lethality as evidenced by an increase in the LD50 of sodium pentobarbital after intraperitoneal or intracerebral administration of the drug.", "contents": "Systematic assessment of tolerance to pentobarbital by pellet implantation. Rapid tolerance development to pentobarbital by pentobarbital pellet implantation was evidenced by a decrease in sleeping time after challenge with different doses of sodium pentobarbital ranging from 37.5 to 100 mg/kg i.p. or a fixed dose of 75 mg/kg i.p. of the drug. The sleeping time produced by sodium pentobarbital decreased by 50% after 1 day. After 2 or 3 days of implantation, the sleeping time was generally further decreased to 15 to 20% of the placebo control group. Tolerance to pentobarbital was still evident 72 hours after pellet removal. The tolerance development to pentobarbital by pentobarbital pellet implantation also was demonstrated by other pentobarbital-induced responses such as hypothermia and lethality. In mice implanted with a 75-mg pentobarbital pellet for 3 days, the degree and duration of pentobarbital-induced hypothermia by intraperitoneal or intracerebral administration of the drug was attenuated. The chronic administration of pentobarbital by three days of pellet implantation reduced the effect of sodium pentobarbital on lethality as evidenced by an increase in the LD50 of sodium pentobarbital after intraperitoneal or intracerebral administration of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:932989", "title": "Human sedative self-administration: effects of interingestion interval and dose.", "content": "In a residential hospital ward setting, either sodium pentobarbital, diazepam or ethanol was made availabe for oral ingestion to volunteer human subjects with documented histories of drug abuse. During specified portions of the day, tokens could be earned by riding an exercise bicycle and exchanged for doses of a drug. Increases in the required minimum interingestion interval from 0 to 30 minutes produced decreases in the number of ingestions of sodium pentobarbital and diazepam. In another experiment, increases in the dose per ingestion (30-90 mg of sodium pentobarbital, 2-10 mg of diazepam, or 1.86-11.14 g of ethanol) produced increases in the number of ingestions. In both experiments, the effects of the manipulated variable were similar for all of the drugs studied. The study demonstrates the feasibility of human self-administration research with the sedative drugs, sodium pentobarbital and diazepam, for which substantive experimental data have not previously been reported. In addition, the results indicate that both dose and minimum interingestion interval bear a systematic controlling relationship to the occurrence of drug self-administration behavior.", "contents": "Human sedative self-administration: effects of interingestion interval and dose. In a residential hospital ward setting, either sodium pentobarbital, diazepam or ethanol was made availabe for oral ingestion to volunteer human subjects with documented histories of drug abuse. During specified portions of the day, tokens could be earned by riding an exercise bicycle and exchanged for doses of a drug. Increases in the required minimum interingestion interval from 0 to 30 minutes produced decreases in the number of ingestions of sodium pentobarbital and diazepam. In another experiment, increases in the dose per ingestion (30-90 mg of sodium pentobarbital, 2-10 mg of diazepam, or 1.86-11.14 g of ethanol) produced increases in the number of ingestions. In both experiments, the effects of the manipulated variable were similar for all of the drugs studied. The study demonstrates the feasibility of human self-administration research with the sedative drugs, sodium pentobarbital and diazepam, for which substantive experimental data have not previously been reported. In addition, the results indicate that both dose and minimum interingestion interval bear a systematic controlling relationship to the occurrence of drug self-administration behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:932990", "title": "Prenatal administration of morphine to the rat: tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring.", "content": "The analgesic activity of morphine was assessed by the hot-plate technique in the offspring of female CFE rats that had received morphine twice daily on days 5 to 12 of pregnancy. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg of morphine was administered for the first 3 injections; 10 mg/kg was used for each of the remaining 13. Morphine dose-response curves were determined in the offspring at 5 weeks of age. The analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring of morphine-treated females (morphine offspring) was attenuated by as much as 50% compared to the offspring of saline-treated females (saline offspring). This same relationship between the morphine and saline offspring was also observed in offspring rendered tolerant to the analgesic effect of morphine. A diminished analgesia in the morphine offspring compared to the saline offspring was also observed after the injection of graded doeses of levorphanol in both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant offspring. The analgesic effect of a single dose of morphine was also attenuated in 3-, 5- and 11-week-old morphine offspring. No differences were found in either brain or plasma concentration of morphine between the morphine and saline offspring. The long-term effect of prenatal morphine administration could not be explained on the basis of maternal influences since cross-fostering procedures failed to abolish it. It is concluded that the administration of moderate doses of morphine to gestating rats can induce a long-lasting tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring.", "contents": "Prenatal administration of morphine to the rat: tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring. The analgesic activity of morphine was assessed by the hot-plate technique in the offspring of female CFE rats that had received morphine twice daily on days 5 to 12 of pregnancy. A dose of 5.0 mg/kg of morphine was administered for the first 3 injections; 10 mg/kg was used for each of the remaining 13. Morphine dose-response curves were determined in the offspring at 5 weeks of age. The analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring of morphine-treated females (morphine offspring) was attenuated by as much as 50% compared to the offspring of saline-treated females (saline offspring). This same relationship between the morphine and saline offspring was also observed in offspring rendered tolerant to the analgesic effect of morphine. A diminished analgesia in the morphine offspring compared to the saline offspring was also observed after the injection of graded doeses of levorphanol in both nontolerant and morphine-tolerant offspring. The analgesic effect of a single dose of morphine was also attenuated in 3-, 5- and 11-week-old morphine offspring. No differences were found in either brain or plasma concentration of morphine between the morphine and saline offspring. The long-term effect of prenatal morphine administration could not be explained on the basis of maternal influences since cross-fostering procedures failed to abolish it. It is concluded that the administration of moderate doses of morphine to gestating rats can induce a long-lasting tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine in the offspring."}
{"id": "PMID:932991", "title": "Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on myocardial ischemia in the cat.", "content": "Indomethacin, meclofenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid are prostaglandin synthetase-inhibiting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Their effects on hemodynamic and enzymatic responses to coronary artery occlusion were evaluated in the cat. The direct effects of these drugs on isolated tissue preparations (i.e., cat papillary muscle, aortic strip and liver lysosomes) were also studied. None of the drugs tested exhibited any significant hemodynamic or biochemical effects which would indicate protection against damage due to myocardial ischemia during the 5-hour experimental period. Furthermore, only indomethacin produced significant effects on the isolated tissues studied. Indomethacin increased the tension of aortic strips confirming a pressor effect seen in the intact animal and exerted a modest stabilization of isolated liver lysosomes. All three anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited prostaglandin F2alpha, release in heart homogenates by 82 to 87%. It is concluded that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not significantly influence the early course of myocardial ischemia in the cat, in contrast to the previously reported preservation of myocardial integrity afforded by dexamethasone and methylprednisolone.", "contents": "Influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents on myocardial ischemia in the cat. Indomethacin, meclofenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid are prostaglandin synthetase-inhibiting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Their effects on hemodynamic and enzymatic responses to coronary artery occlusion were evaluated in the cat. The direct effects of these drugs on isolated tissue preparations (i.e., cat papillary muscle, aortic strip and liver lysosomes) were also studied. None of the drugs tested exhibited any significant hemodynamic or biochemical effects which would indicate protection against damage due to myocardial ischemia during the 5-hour experimental period. Furthermore, only indomethacin produced significant effects on the isolated tissues studied. Indomethacin increased the tension of aortic strips confirming a pressor effect seen in the intact animal and exerted a modest stabilization of isolated liver lysosomes. All three anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited prostaglandin F2alpha, release in heart homogenates by 82 to 87%. It is concluded that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not significantly influence the early course of myocardial ischemia in the cat, in contrast to the previously reported preservation of myocardial integrity afforded by dexamethasone and methylprednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:932992", "title": "Effects of therapeutic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin on transmembrane potentials of normal and depressed Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Standard intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to study canine Purkinje fibers (PF) which had been superfused with blood or Tyrode's solution to determine the cardiac cellular electrophysiologic changes induced by antiarrhythmic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH). Some PF were normal whereas others were depressed by stretch, exposure to ouabain (125 mug/1) or superfusion with a solution in which all Na+ was replaced by tetraethylammonium. For normal fibers, therapeutic concentrations of DPH (DPH) induced slight decreases in action potential (AP) amplitude, maximum upstroke velocity of phase O (Vmax) and membrane responsiveness and somewhat greater decreases in AP duration. For fibers moderately depressed by ouabain or stretch, with reduced AP amplitude, maximum diastolic potential and Vmax, therapeutic [DPH] increased these variables. Fibers markedly depressed by Na-free solution or stretch developed slow response AP. The amplitude and Vmax of the AP were decreased by therapeutic [DPH]. Therapeutic [DPH] also suppressed automaticity and ouabain-induced delayed afterdepolarizations. Our studies suggest that the slight depression of normal PF AP characteristics induced by therapeutic [DPH] probably is of little significance with respect to antiarrhythmic effect. In contrast, both the improvement of AP characteristics of moderately depressed fibers and further depression of severely depressed fibers caused by [DPH] might modify arrhythmias. Effects of DPH on automaticity and delayed afterdepolarizations also would contribute to its antiarrhythmic effect.", "contents": "Effects of therapeutic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin on transmembrane potentials of normal and depressed Purkinje fibers. Standard intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to study canine Purkinje fibers (PF) which had been superfused with blood or Tyrode's solution to determine the cardiac cellular electrophysiologic changes induced by antiarrhythmic concentrations of diphenylhydantoin (DPH). Some PF were normal whereas others were depressed by stretch, exposure to ouabain (125 mug/1) or superfusion with a solution in which all Na+ was replaced by tetraethylammonium. For normal fibers, therapeutic concentrations of DPH (DPH) induced slight decreases in action potential (AP) amplitude, maximum upstroke velocity of phase O (Vmax) and membrane responsiveness and somewhat greater decreases in AP duration. For fibers moderately depressed by ouabain or stretch, with reduced AP amplitude, maximum diastolic potential and Vmax, therapeutic [DPH] increased these variables. Fibers markedly depressed by Na-free solution or stretch developed slow response AP. The amplitude and Vmax of the AP were decreased by therapeutic [DPH]. Therapeutic [DPH] also suppressed automaticity and ouabain-induced delayed afterdepolarizations. Our studies suggest that the slight depression of normal PF AP characteristics induced by therapeutic [DPH] probably is of little significance with respect to antiarrhythmic effect. In contrast, both the improvement of AP characteristics of moderately depressed fibers and further depression of severely depressed fibers caused by [DPH] might modify arrhythmias. Effects of DPH on automaticity and delayed afterdepolarizations also would contribute to its antiarrhythmic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:932993", "title": "Effect of quinidine on cation exchange in cultured cells.", "content": "The effects of quinidine on membrane ion exchange were examined using monolayer cultures of mammalian cells. Quinidine, in concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M, produced a prompt inhibition of the passive Na influx, dose-dependent along a sigmoid log dose-response curve. This effect was at a maximum for each concentration of the drug within 30 seconds of application. Passive Na influx (pmol/cm2/sec) decreased from 18.8 to 17.6 (P less than .05) and 10.5 (P less than .001) in the presence of 10(-6) and 10(-3) M quinidine, respectively. In the continued presence of quinidine, there was no further time-dependent effect on the Na influx, nor was there any tendency for the influx to recover. Washing the cells free of quinidine, however, resulted in a return of Na influx to control levels within 1 to 3 minutes. After 1 to 2 minute of quinidine treatment, coupled active Na efflux/K influx rapidly declined, reaching minimum values for each concentration between 2 to 4 minutes of drug treatment. Beyond that time, active Na/K fluxes again increased, but to values which remained significantly less than control, for up to 4 hours. Ten minutes of exposure to quinidine were required before any demonstrable effect on the passive K efflux could be recorded. In the presence of quinidine, there was reduced membrane turnover of both Na and K, but such that after a brief initial period (10 minutes or less) both ions were in flux equilibrium, explaining the absence of change in [Nai] and [Ki] in the presence of quinidine. Calculations of Ec1 indicated that, when present for 4 hours, quinidine did not change the Em in these cells although significant (P less than .001) reductions in apparent PNa and Pk values were recorded. The effect on PNa was much greater than that on Pk. The quinidine-induced flux changes occurred in a definite temporal sequence suggesting that they could all be explained on the basis of one direct initial action. This initial direct action, namely the prompt reduction in Na influx, by modifying Na pump activity, could lead to a decreased K efflux, secondary to the depressed Na-coupled active K influx via the Na pump.", "contents": "Effect of quinidine on cation exchange in cultured cells. The effects of quinidine on membrane ion exchange were examined using monolayer cultures of mammalian cells. Quinidine, in concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M, produced a prompt inhibition of the passive Na influx, dose-dependent along a sigmoid log dose-response curve. This effect was at a maximum for each concentration of the drug within 30 seconds of application. Passive Na influx (pmol/cm2/sec) decreased from 18.8 to 17.6 (P less than .05) and 10.5 (P less than .001) in the presence of 10(-6) and 10(-3) M quinidine, respectively. In the continued presence of quinidine, there was no further time-dependent effect on the Na influx, nor was there any tendency for the influx to recover. Washing the cells free of quinidine, however, resulted in a return of Na influx to control levels within 1 to 3 minutes. After 1 to 2 minute of quinidine treatment, coupled active Na efflux/K influx rapidly declined, reaching minimum values for each concentration between 2 to 4 minutes of drug treatment. Beyond that time, active Na/K fluxes again increased, but to values which remained significantly less than control, for up to 4 hours. Ten minutes of exposure to quinidine were required before any demonstrable effect on the passive K efflux could be recorded. In the presence of quinidine, there was reduced membrane turnover of both Na and K, but such that after a brief initial period (10 minutes or less) both ions were in flux equilibrium, explaining the absence of change in [Nai] and [Ki] in the presence of quinidine. Calculations of Ec1 indicated that, when present for 4 hours, quinidine did not change the Em in these cells although significant (P less than .001) reductions in apparent PNa and Pk values were recorded. The effect on PNa was much greater than that on Pk. The quinidine-induced flux changes occurred in a definite temporal sequence suggesting that they could all be explained on the basis of one direct initial action. This initial direct action, namely the prompt reduction in Na influx, by modifying Na pump activity, could lead to a decreased K efflux, secondary to the depressed Na-coupled active K influx via the Na pump."}
{"id": "PMID:932994", "title": "Studies of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma: biochemical characterization and catecholamine secretion.", "content": "The biochemistry and secretory characteristics of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma have been studied. This tumor possesses the enzyme required for the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from tyrosine, and stores large amounts of norepinephrine (33 +/- 3 nmol/mg of protein). The tumor does not have detectable levels of noradrenalin N-methyltransferase, nor does it contain significant amounts of epinephrine. Approximately two-thirds of the catecholamine content, and one-half of the dopamine beta-monoxygenase activity in the tumor can be isolated in a granule fraction by sedimentation. This granule fraction also contains ATP; the molar ratio of catecholamine to ATP in this granule fraction (5.6 +/- 0.9) is similar to that found in granules prepared from normal adrenal glands. Cell suspensions were prepared by mechanical disruption of the tumor. Incubation of these cell suspensions in media containing 56 mM K+, or the divalant cation ionophores, lasolocid or A23187, leads to the release of catecholamine from these cells. The cells do not secrete catecholamine in response to acetycholine. Catecholamine release induced by 56 mM K+ appears to be by exocytosis, since this release is dependent upon extracellular Ca++, and is accompanied by the release of dopamine beta-monooxygenase, but not of lactate dehydrogenase, from the cells. The mechanism by which the ionophores stimulate catecholamine secretion has not been established.", "contents": "Studies of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma: biochemical characterization and catecholamine secretion. The biochemistry and secretory characteristics of a transplantable rat pheochromocytoma have been studied. This tumor possesses the enzyme required for the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from tyrosine, and stores large amounts of norepinephrine (33 +/- 3 nmol/mg of protein). The tumor does not have detectable levels of noradrenalin N-methyltransferase, nor does it contain significant amounts of epinephrine. Approximately two-thirds of the catecholamine content, and one-half of the dopamine beta-monoxygenase activity in the tumor can be isolated in a granule fraction by sedimentation. This granule fraction also contains ATP; the molar ratio of catecholamine to ATP in this granule fraction (5.6 +/- 0.9) is similar to that found in granules prepared from normal adrenal glands. Cell suspensions were prepared by mechanical disruption of the tumor. Incubation of these cell suspensions in media containing 56 mM K+, or the divalant cation ionophores, lasolocid or A23187, leads to the release of catecholamine from these cells. The cells do not secrete catecholamine in response to acetycholine. Catecholamine release induced by 56 mM K+ appears to be by exocytosis, since this release is dependent upon extracellular Ca++, and is accompanied by the release of dopamine beta-monooxygenase, but not of lactate dehydrogenase, from the cells. The mechanism by which the ionophores stimulate catecholamine secretion has not been established."}
{"id": "PMID:932995", "title": "Interactions between local anesthetics and spasmogens on the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "The effect of various local anesthetics and other substances known to modify calcium fluxes in cells, on submaximal responses of guinea-pig ileum to substance P, acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride was determined. Procaine caused a dose-related depression of the response to all the agonists but the response to substance P was far less susceptible to this depression. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, pramoxine and W 6211 also caused a lower degree of attenuation of the response to substance P than the responses to acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride. Verapamil caused a dose-related depression of responses to all the agonists equally. The use of calcium-free solutions abolished responses to substance P, acetylcholine and histamine. The response to barium chloride was less affected by calcium withdrawal but was reduced markedly. In the presence of 10 mM lanthanum chloride, the response to all the agonists was abolished. The relative resistance of the substance P responses to antagonism by local anesthetics suggests that different and more efficient channels for calcium entry into the smooth muscle cell are involved.", "contents": "Interactions between local anesthetics and spasmogens on the guinea-pig ileum. The effect of various local anesthetics and other substances known to modify calcium fluxes in cells, on submaximal responses of guinea-pig ileum to substance P, acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride was determined. Procaine caused a dose-related depression of the response to all the agonists but the response to substance P was far less susceptible to this depression. Lidocaine, bupivacaine, pramoxine and W 6211 also caused a lower degree of attenuation of the response to substance P than the responses to acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride. Verapamil caused a dose-related depression of responses to all the agonists equally. The use of calcium-free solutions abolished responses to substance P, acetylcholine and histamine. The response to barium chloride was less affected by calcium withdrawal but was reduced markedly. In the presence of 10 mM lanthanum chloride, the response to all the agonists was abolished. The relative resistance of the substance P responses to antagonism by local anesthetics suggests that different and more efficient channels for calcium entry into the smooth muscle cell are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:932996", "title": "An analysis of the subsynaptic site of action of theophylline on isolated cat tenuissimus muscle.", "content": "The subsynaptic actions of theophylline were studied by employing intracellular recording techniques in the isolated cat tenuissimus muscle. Theophylline produced a dose-dependent increase in miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude. The maximal increase (30%) in MEPP amplitude occurred at the 1.8 mM concentration of theophylline with a concomitant depolarization of the resting membrane potential. Depolarizations induced by acetylcholine were potentiated by 1.8 mM theophylline. This effect was less evident with a carbachol-induced depolarization, which indicates a possible anticholinesterase action. Input resistance decreased significantly; this effect correlated with the decline in resting membrane potential produced by theophylline. The equilibrium potential of the EPP was shifted to a more positive value in a reversible manner. In addition, the conductance change due to MEPPs, acetylcholine and carbachol was increased by theophylline treatment. These results suggest that the shift in equilibrium potential of the EPP coupled with a slight anticholinesterase action may account for the increase in MEPP amplitude observed with theophylline treatment.", "contents": "An analysis of the subsynaptic site of action of theophylline on isolated cat tenuissimus muscle. The subsynaptic actions of theophylline were studied by employing intracellular recording techniques in the isolated cat tenuissimus muscle. Theophylline produced a dose-dependent increase in miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude. The maximal increase (30%) in MEPP amplitude occurred at the 1.8 mM concentration of theophylline with a concomitant depolarization of the resting membrane potential. Depolarizations induced by acetylcholine were potentiated by 1.8 mM theophylline. This effect was less evident with a carbachol-induced depolarization, which indicates a possible anticholinesterase action. Input resistance decreased significantly; this effect correlated with the decline in resting membrane potential produced by theophylline. The equilibrium potential of the EPP was shifted to a more positive value in a reversible manner. In addition, the conductance change due to MEPPs, acetylcholine and carbachol was increased by theophylline treatment. These results suggest that the shift in equilibrium potential of the EPP coupled with a slight anticholinesterase action may account for the increase in MEPP amplitude observed with theophylline treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:932997", "title": "Histamine-induced lipid mobilization in humans and dogs.", "content": "The effect of histamine on serum free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol levels was examined in humans and dogs in vivo. By the end of a 15-minute infusion of histamine diphosphate (11 mug of histamine per min i.v.), FFA levels in six male human volunteers had risen from basal values of 424 +/- 41 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 909 +/- 45 muEq/1, and glycerol levels had risen from 66 +/- 5.5 to 124 +/- 9.3 mumol/1. These effects in man were not blocked by diphenhydramine, an H1-receptor antagonist, but were entirely blocked by propranolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist. Similar infusions of histamine (11 mug/min i.v.) in six anesthetized dogs caused FFA levels to rise from 189 +/- 13 to 461 +/- 92 muEq/1 and glycerol levels to rise from 58 +/- 3.7 to 157 +/- 22.4 mumol/1. These effects in the dog were not blocked by diphenhydramine or by propranolol but were entirely blocked by metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist. These observations illustrate that low levels of histamine in vivo can produce significant elevations of serum FFA and glycerol levels in both humans and dogs. These results further suggest that the action of histamine in humans is indirect whereas the effect in dogs may be due to a direct action of histamine at the H2-receptor in canine adipose tissue.", "contents": "Histamine-induced lipid mobilization in humans and dogs. The effect of histamine on serum free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol levels was examined in humans and dogs in vivo. By the end of a 15-minute infusion of histamine diphosphate (11 mug of histamine per min i.v.), FFA levels in six male human volunteers had risen from basal values of 424 +/- 41 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 909 +/- 45 muEq/1, and glycerol levels had risen from 66 +/- 5.5 to 124 +/- 9.3 mumol/1. These effects in man were not blocked by diphenhydramine, an H1-receptor antagonist, but were entirely blocked by propranolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist. Similar infusions of histamine (11 mug/min i.v.) in six anesthetized dogs caused FFA levels to rise from 189 +/- 13 to 461 +/- 92 muEq/1 and glycerol levels to rise from 58 +/- 3.7 to 157 +/- 22.4 mumol/1. These effects in the dog were not blocked by diphenhydramine or by propranolol but were entirely blocked by metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist. These observations illustrate that low levels of histamine in vivo can produce significant elevations of serum FFA and glycerol levels in both humans and dogs. These results further suggest that the action of histamine in humans is indirect whereas the effect in dogs may be due to a direct action of histamine at the H2-receptor in canine adipose tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:932998", "title": "The elimination of ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols by the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The elimination of ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols has been investigated over a dose range in the isolated perfused rat liver. The elimination of ethanol was saturable with a zero-order phase being succeeded below a concentration of 5 mmol by an exponential phase. The elimination of n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols was similar. There was an increasing affinity of the alcohol to the rate-limiting process with increasing carbon chain length of the alcohol. The apparent Michaelis constants for the alcohols were similar to those determined in vitro with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The addition of ethanol simultaneously with either n-propyl, n-butyl or iso-amyl alcohol was associated with a reduction in the rate of elimination of both ethanol and the higher alcohol. Changes in the apparent Michaelis constant (KM) in the absence of changes in the apparent maximal velocity (Vmax) suggested competitive inhibition for the elimination process.", "contents": "The elimination of ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols by the isolated perfused rat liver. The elimination of ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols has been investigated over a dose range in the isolated perfused rat liver. The elimination of ethanol was saturable with a zero-order phase being succeeded below a concentration of 5 mmol by an exponential phase. The elimination of n-propyl, n-butyl and iso-amyl alcohols was similar. There was an increasing affinity of the alcohol to the rate-limiting process with increasing carbon chain length of the alcohol. The apparent Michaelis constants for the alcohols were similar to those determined in vitro with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The addition of ethanol simultaneously with either n-propyl, n-butyl or iso-amyl alcohol was associated with a reduction in the rate of elimination of both ethanol and the higher alcohol. Changes in the apparent Michaelis constant (KM) in the absence of changes in the apparent maximal velocity (Vmax) suggested competitive inhibition for the elimination process."}
{"id": "PMID:932999", "title": "A comparative diuretic and tissue distribution study of bumetanide and furosemide in the dog.", "content": "Intravenous dose-response data obtained from renal clearance studies in anesthetized dogs indicated that bumetanide was approximately 30-fold more potent than furosemide in enhancing sodium excretion. After the administration of 0.01 mg/kg of bumetanide or 1.0 mg/kg of furosemide, the relationship between i.v. diuretic activity and tissue distribution was evaluated. In dog renal clearance experiments, bumetanide and furosemide significantly enhanced urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion. Inulin clearance as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate was not altered by either drug, but sodium reabsorption was decreased with bumetanide (13%) and furosemide (12%). At these diuretic doses, both compounds were bound to dog plasma protein to about the same extent (86-91%), although total plasma levels were 100-fold higher for furosemide. Within 1/2 hour after the i.v. administration of 14C-bumetanide or 14C-furosemide, 86 to 99% of the 14C in urine, plasma, kidney, and liver appeared as unchanged drug. One minute after maximal diuresis bumetanide was found to have a higher affinity (3-fold) for kidney compared to furosemide. These data offer a possible explanation for the i.v. diuretic potency difference between these two compounds. Furthermore, the lack of significant difference in plasma protein binding and the absence of urinary metabolites of either drug suggest that other factors may also contribute to the marked differences in diuretic activity between bumetanide and furosemide.", "contents": "A comparative diuretic and tissue distribution study of bumetanide and furosemide in the dog. Intravenous dose-response data obtained from renal clearance studies in anesthetized dogs indicated that bumetanide was approximately 30-fold more potent than furosemide in enhancing sodium excretion. After the administration of 0.01 mg/kg of bumetanide or 1.0 mg/kg of furosemide, the relationship between i.v. diuretic activity and tissue distribution was evaluated. In dog renal clearance experiments, bumetanide and furosemide significantly enhanced urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion. Inulin clearance as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate was not altered by either drug, but sodium reabsorption was decreased with bumetanide (13%) and furosemide (12%). At these diuretic doses, both compounds were bound to dog plasma protein to about the same extent (86-91%), although total plasma levels were 100-fold higher for furosemide. Within 1/2 hour after the i.v. administration of 14C-bumetanide or 14C-furosemide, 86 to 99% of the 14C in urine, plasma, kidney, and liver appeared as unchanged drug. One minute after maximal diuresis bumetanide was found to have a higher affinity (3-fold) for kidney compared to furosemide. These data offer a possible explanation for the i.v. diuretic potency difference between these two compounds. Furthermore, the lack of significant difference in plasma protein binding and the absence of urinary metabolites of either drug suggest that other factors may also contribute to the marked differences in diuretic activity between bumetanide and furosemide."}
{"id": "PMID:933000", "title": "Inactivation of neural and exogenous norepinephrine in rat tail artery studied by the oil immersion technique.", "content": "The inactivation of exogenous and neural norepinephrine (NE) by helical strips of rat tail artery was studied with a combination of the techniques of transmural stimulation and oil immersion. A steady-state contraction was elicited either by adding low concentrations of NE to the bath or by low frequency transmural stimulation. The aqueous bath solution was then replaced with mineral oil and relaxation was monitored. A prolongation of the rate of relaxation of the strip at a given concentration of exogenous NE or frequency of transmural stimulation indicates that inactivation of NE has been slowed. The major known processes for inactivation of NE were inhibited by pharmacological agents used singly or in various combinations (uptake by cocaine, uptake by corticosterone, catechol-O-methyltransferase by tropolone and monoamine oxidase by iproniazid). Cocaine was the only agent which alone caused a marked shift in the relaxation curve. A modest and equivocal effect on relaxation after inhibition of extraneuronal uptake (uptake), or catabolism of NE (catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase) was only demonstrated under special circumstances (high concentrations of NE, combinations of inhibitors, or uptake simultaneously inhibited). The data suggest that low concentrations of NE, both exogenous and neural, are preferentially inactivated in rat tail artery by neuronal uptake and storage.", "contents": "Inactivation of neural and exogenous norepinephrine in rat tail artery studied by the oil immersion technique. The inactivation of exogenous and neural norepinephrine (NE) by helical strips of rat tail artery was studied with a combination of the techniques of transmural stimulation and oil immersion. A steady-state contraction was elicited either by adding low concentrations of NE to the bath or by low frequency transmural stimulation. The aqueous bath solution was then replaced with mineral oil and relaxation was monitored. A prolongation of the rate of relaxation of the strip at a given concentration of exogenous NE or frequency of transmural stimulation indicates that inactivation of NE has been slowed. The major known processes for inactivation of NE were inhibited by pharmacological agents used singly or in various combinations (uptake by cocaine, uptake by corticosterone, catechol-O-methyltransferase by tropolone and monoamine oxidase by iproniazid). Cocaine was the only agent which alone caused a marked shift in the relaxation curve. A modest and equivocal effect on relaxation after inhibition of extraneuronal uptake (uptake), or catabolism of NE (catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase) was only demonstrated under special circumstances (high concentrations of NE, combinations of inhibitors, or uptake simultaneously inhibited). The data suggest that low concentrations of NE, both exogenous and neural, are preferentially inactivated in rat tail artery by neuronal uptake and storage."}
{"id": "PMID:933001", "title": "Differential effects of nerve impulses on adrenergic storage vesicles in rat heart.", "content": "The effects of increasing and decreasing activity in sympathetic neurons on light (D420 = 1.05) and heavy (D420 = 1.15) populations of adrenergic vesicles have been determined. Norepinephrine (NE) was used as a marker for the soluble contents of the vesicles, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase was used as a marker for the vesicle membranes. Cold exposure was used to increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system. A 40% decrease in the NE content of the rat heart with no change in the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase was observed after 70 minutes at 5 degrees C. The fall in NE content was completely blocked by pretreating the animals with chlorisondamine. Separation of light and heavy populations of vesicles was achieved with linear sucrose density gradients. Cold stress of 70 minutes duration led to a marked decrease in the NE content of the light vesicles. Blocking adrenergic nerve impulses with chlorisondamine resulted in an increase in total NE in the heart but had no effect on dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. The initial effect of chlorisondamine was to increase the NE content of the light vesicles. The administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine for 6 hours caused an approximately equal loss of NE from both vesicle populations. The decrease in total heart NE was about 25% and could be prevented by pretreating the animals with chlorisondamine. These results suggest that the light vesicle fraction is involved in the rapid or short-term responses to changes in nerve impulse frequency. Changes in the NE content of the heavy vesicles in rat heart were seen only after longer times, suggesting that these particles may function only as auxiliary storage sites for the neurotransmitter.", "contents": "Differential effects of nerve impulses on adrenergic storage vesicles in rat heart. The effects of increasing and decreasing activity in sympathetic neurons on light (D420 = 1.05) and heavy (D420 = 1.15) populations of adrenergic vesicles have been determined. Norepinephrine (NE) was used as a marker for the soluble contents of the vesicles, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase was used as a marker for the vesicle membranes. Cold exposure was used to increase activity in the sympathetic nervous system. A 40% decrease in the NE content of the rat heart with no change in the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase was observed after 70 minutes at 5 degrees C. The fall in NE content was completely blocked by pretreating the animals with chlorisondamine. Separation of light and heavy populations of vesicles was achieved with linear sucrose density gradients. Cold stress of 70 minutes duration led to a marked decrease in the NE content of the light vesicles. Blocking adrenergic nerve impulses with chlorisondamine resulted in an increase in total NE in the heart but had no effect on dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. The initial effect of chlorisondamine was to increase the NE content of the light vesicles. The administration of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine for 6 hours caused an approximately equal loss of NE from both vesicle populations. The decrease in total heart NE was about 25% and could be prevented by pretreating the animals with chlorisondamine. These results suggest that the light vesicle fraction is involved in the rapid or short-term responses to changes in nerve impulse frequency. Changes in the NE content of the heavy vesicles in rat heart were seen only after longer times, suggesting that these particles may function only as auxiliary storage sites for the neurotransmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:933002", "title": "Coincidence of blockade of synaptosomal 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity: effects of fenfluramine.", "content": "A single injection of fenfluramine hydrochloride resulted in a short-term increase in striate synaptosomal conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5-HT) in rat brain. In contrast, D- and L-amphetamine sulfate resulted in a short-term decrease of this index of 5-HT biosynthesis. None of the amphetamines studied altered the kinetics of synaptosomal uptake of L-[3-14C]-tryptophan measured in the same striate preparation. Within 4 hours after fenfluramine administration, 3H-5-HT uptake into synaptosomes was markedly decreased; it returned to control levels in 10 to 14 days. Intrasynaptosomal tryptophan hydroxylase activity dropped markedly within 4 hours of drug administration and remained depressed for 10 to 14 days, its return to control levels coinciding with that of 3H-5-HT uptake. Only 5-HT cell body enzyme prepared from the lateral midbrain (B9) demonstrated a reduction in activity comparable to that seen in the synaptosomes; very small decreases occurred in cell body enzyme prepared from whole midbrain (B7, B8, B9) or medial midbrain (B7, B8). Lateral midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase activity returned to control levels by 8 days. In vitro, fenfluramine (100 muM) affected none of these indices of central 5-HT synthesis except 3H-5-HT uptake, which it reduced, and synaptosomal 3H-5-HT release, which it facilitated. The effects of fenfluramine on 5-HT biosynthesis persisted longer than those of D-amphetamine, which lasted less than 24 hours. However, the fenfluramine effects were much shorter than those reported for p-chloroamphetamine, which persist for up to 3 months. These three amphetamines apparently affect the lateral midbrain raphe nuclei selectively.", "contents": "Coincidence of blockade of synaptosomal 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity: effects of fenfluramine. A single injection of fenfluramine hydrochloride resulted in a short-term increase in striate synaptosomal conversion of tryptophan to serotonin (5-HT) in rat brain. In contrast, D- and L-amphetamine sulfate resulted in a short-term decrease of this index of 5-HT biosynthesis. None of the amphetamines studied altered the kinetics of synaptosomal uptake of L-[3-14C]-tryptophan measured in the same striate preparation. Within 4 hours after fenfluramine administration, 3H-5-HT uptake into synaptosomes was markedly decreased; it returned to control levels in 10 to 14 days. Intrasynaptosomal tryptophan hydroxylase activity dropped markedly within 4 hours of drug administration and remained depressed for 10 to 14 days, its return to control levels coinciding with that of 3H-5-HT uptake. Only 5-HT cell body enzyme prepared from the lateral midbrain (B9) demonstrated a reduction in activity comparable to that seen in the synaptosomes; very small decreases occurred in cell body enzyme prepared from whole midbrain (B7, B8, B9) or medial midbrain (B7, B8). Lateral midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase activity returned to control levels by 8 days. In vitro, fenfluramine (100 muM) affected none of these indices of central 5-HT synthesis except 3H-5-HT uptake, which it reduced, and synaptosomal 3H-5-HT release, which it facilitated. The effects of fenfluramine on 5-HT biosynthesis persisted longer than those of D-amphetamine, which lasted less than 24 hours. However, the fenfluramine effects were much shorter than those reported for p-chloroamphetamine, which persist for up to 3 months. These three amphetamines apparently affect the lateral midbrain raphe nuclei selectively."}
{"id": "PMID:933003", "title": "Carbon-11 labeled aliphatic amines in lung uptake and metabolism studies: potential for dynamic measurements in vivo.", "content": "In order to assess the potential utility of amines labeled with short-lived nuclides as agents for lung imaging and function studies in humans, a series of aliphatic amines (C4-C10 and C13) labeled with carbon-11 (T 1/2 = 20.4 minutes), which decays by the emission of body-penetrating radiation, has been used as a model for studying some basic parameters affecting amine uptake and metabolism by the lung and other tissues in mice. The lung uptake (percentage of dose per organ) of aliphatic amines at 1 minute increased from 2.18 +/- 0.13% for butylamine to 13.33 +/- 0.84% for tridecylamine. Partition coefficients (between n-octanol and pH = 7 buffer) were measured for the C4 through C10 amines and for octanoic acid and octanenitrile. Within the amine series, the partition coefficient correlated with lung uptake. A comparison of a series of compounds all having a carbon chain length of eight but with different functional groups (--NH2, --C=N, --CO2H, --OH) showed that the amino group as well as the relatively lipophilic alkyl group were required for lung specificity. The 11C-aliphatic amines were rapidly metabolized via monoamine oxidase (ultimately to 11CO2). Non-amine metabolites in blood and lungs at 5 minutes postinjection were 95 and 50%, respectively. Pretreatment of mice with iproniazid and with pargyline decreased 11CO2 excretion, and iproniazid significantly increased the radioactivity retained by the brain, lungs and liver at 15 minutes. The rate of 11CO2 excretion depended on carbon chain length (C4 less than C5 less than C6 greater than C7 greater than C8 greater than C9 greater than C10 greater than C13).", "contents": "Carbon-11 labeled aliphatic amines in lung uptake and metabolism studies: potential for dynamic measurements in vivo. In order to assess the potential utility of amines labeled with short-lived nuclides as agents for lung imaging and function studies in humans, a series of aliphatic amines (C4-C10 and C13) labeled with carbon-11 (T 1/2 = 20.4 minutes), which decays by the emission of body-penetrating radiation, has been used as a model for studying some basic parameters affecting amine uptake and metabolism by the lung and other tissues in mice. The lung uptake (percentage of dose per organ) of aliphatic amines at 1 minute increased from 2.18 +/- 0.13% for butylamine to 13.33 +/- 0.84% for tridecylamine. Partition coefficients (between n-octanol and pH = 7 buffer) were measured for the C4 through C10 amines and for octanoic acid and octanenitrile. Within the amine series, the partition coefficient correlated with lung uptake. A comparison of a series of compounds all having a carbon chain length of eight but with different functional groups (--NH2, --C=N, --CO2H, --OH) showed that the amino group as well as the relatively lipophilic alkyl group were required for lung specificity. The 11C-aliphatic amines were rapidly metabolized via monoamine oxidase (ultimately to 11CO2). Non-amine metabolites in blood and lungs at 5 minutes postinjection were 95 and 50%, respectively. Pretreatment of mice with iproniazid and with pargyline decreased 11CO2 excretion, and iproniazid significantly increased the radioactivity retained by the brain, lungs and liver at 15 minutes. The rate of 11CO2 excretion depended on carbon chain length (C4 less than C5 less than C6 greater than C7 greater than C8 greater than C9 greater than C10 greater than C13)."}
{"id": "PMID:933004", "title": "Alteration by phosphatidyl serine of tension responses and 45Ca distribution in aortic smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of phosphatidyl serine (PS) on 45Ca distribution, 45Ca movements and contractions were examined in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Contractile responses to submaximal concentrations of norepinephrine and histamine were potentiated by prior exposure to PS, but equivalent responses to potassium were unaffected. Addition of PS to the incubation solution decreased 45Ca uptake; exposure of aortic strips to PS during washout of either 45Ca or promethium (147Pm) resulted in maintained increases in efflux. These PS-induced alterations in net loss of 45Ca or 147Pm can be attributed to a decreased membrane reuptake and/or rebinding. However, the presence of PS during the washout significantly reduced the increases in 45Ca efflux rate elicited with either 0.05 mM concentrations of Ca++ or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Thus, in rabbit aortic smooth muscle, exogenous PS can alter the availability and/or exchangeability of a membrane-bound Ca++ fraction. By specifically increasing the affinity for Ca++ at relevant membrane sites or stores. PS may enhance the ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to stimulatory agents that mobilize Ca++ from these sites and, in this manner, potentiate contractile responses.", "contents": "Alteration by phosphatidyl serine of tension responses and 45Ca distribution in aortic smooth muscle. The effects of phosphatidyl serine (PS) on 45Ca distribution, 45Ca movements and contractions were examined in rabbit aortic smooth muscle. Contractile responses to submaximal concentrations of norepinephrine and histamine were potentiated by prior exposure to PS, but equivalent responses to potassium were unaffected. Addition of PS to the incubation solution decreased 45Ca uptake; exposure of aortic strips to PS during washout of either 45Ca or promethium (147Pm) resulted in maintained increases in efflux. These PS-induced alterations in net loss of 45Ca or 147Pm can be attributed to a decreased membrane reuptake and/or rebinding. However, the presence of PS during the washout significantly reduced the increases in 45Ca efflux rate elicited with either 0.05 mM concentrations of Ca++ or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Thus, in rabbit aortic smooth muscle, exogenous PS can alter the availability and/or exchangeability of a membrane-bound Ca++ fraction. By specifically increasing the affinity for Ca++ at relevant membrane sites or stores. PS may enhance the ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to stimulatory agents that mobilize Ca++ from these sites and, in this manner, potentiate contractile responses."}
{"id": "PMID:933005", "title": "A comparative study between the cardiovascular effects of cetiedil, a new vasodilator, and papaverine and aminophylline.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of progressively increasing infusions of papaverine hydrochloride, aminophylline and cetiedil, a new vasodilator, were studied and compared in the anesthetized intact dog preparations. Papaverine and aminophylline had qualitatively the same effects on the various parameters, but in general the maximal effects of papaverine were of a greater order of magnitude. Cetiedil exhibited a different pattern of cardiovascular activity characterized by initial decrease in mean pulmonary arterial flow of 16% accompanied by an increase in systemic vascular resistance of 28% and in pulmonary vascular resistance of 19%, a stage of restoration of mean pulmonary arterial flow to control level accompanied by decrease in dp/dt of 25% and increase in pulmonary vascular resistance of 27% and a final stage of decrease in mean pulmonary arterial flow, representing toxic effects and accompanied by decrease in mean aortic pressure of 26%, dp/dt of 54% and heart rate of 27%, and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance of 84%. These results indicate that cetiedil is devoid of cardiac stimulant activity. In another group of experiments devoted to measurement of vascular resistance of the hind limb, the results indicate that cetiedil, like papaverine and aminophylline, increased femoral blood flow through a decrease in resistance of the hind limb vasculature. This increase in flow could have been brought about only by redistribution of the cardiac output through differential effects on different vascular beds, since unlike papaverine and aminophylline, cetiedil does not increase cardiac output. The lesser maximal increase in femoral blood flow following cetiedil as compared to that following papaverine is probably referable to the relatively limited capacity of redistribution of the cardiac output to augment femoral blood flow. Superimposition of cetiedil and aminophylline on maximal effects of papaverine led to an additional decrease in mean femoral perfusion pressure, probably implying differences in basic mechanisms by which the three agents bring about their smooth muscle relaxant action.", "contents": "A comparative study between the cardiovascular effects of cetiedil, a new vasodilator, and papaverine and aminophylline. The cardiovascular effects of progressively increasing infusions of papaverine hydrochloride, aminophylline and cetiedil, a new vasodilator, were studied and compared in the anesthetized intact dog preparations. Papaverine and aminophylline had qualitatively the same effects on the various parameters, but in general the maximal effects of papaverine were of a greater order of magnitude. Cetiedil exhibited a different pattern of cardiovascular activity characterized by initial decrease in mean pulmonary arterial flow of 16% accompanied by an increase in systemic vascular resistance of 28% and in pulmonary vascular resistance of 19%, a stage of restoration of mean pulmonary arterial flow to control level accompanied by decrease in dp/dt of 25% and increase in pulmonary vascular resistance of 27% and a final stage of decrease in mean pulmonary arterial flow, representing toxic effects and accompanied by decrease in mean aortic pressure of 26%, dp/dt of 54% and heart rate of 27%, and an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance of 84%. These results indicate that cetiedil is devoid of cardiac stimulant activity. In another group of experiments devoted to measurement of vascular resistance of the hind limb, the results indicate that cetiedil, like papaverine and aminophylline, increased femoral blood flow through a decrease in resistance of the hind limb vasculature. This increase in flow could have been brought about only by redistribution of the cardiac output through differential effects on different vascular beds, since unlike papaverine and aminophylline, cetiedil does not increase cardiac output. The lesser maximal increase in femoral blood flow following cetiedil as compared to that following papaverine is probably referable to the relatively limited capacity of redistribution of the cardiac output to augment femoral blood flow. Superimposition of cetiedil and aminophylline on maximal effects of papaverine led to an additional decrease in mean femoral perfusion pressure, probably implying differences in basic mechanisms by which the three agents bring about their smooth muscle relaxant action."}
{"id": "PMID:933006", "title": "Microcirculatory approach to the treatment of circulatory shock with a new analog of vasopressin, (2-phenylalanine, 8-ornithine)vasopressin.", "content": "Pressor amine therapy in circulatory shock has been generally unfavorable, presumably because these drugs produce unselective, intense vasoconstriction and curtail rather than improve true capillary inflow, distribution and outflow in the microcirculation. The present study compares the influence of a new analog of vasopressin, [2-phenylalanine, 8-ornithine]vasopressin (POV), over wide dose ranges and Ringer's solution on: 1) survival after circulatory shock, induced by different means (e.g., hemorrhage, bowel ischemia); 2) blood pressure and hematocrit in shocked animals; and 3) various microcirculatory parameters after induction of hemorrhage and bowel ischemia shock (e.g., lumen diameters of various types of microvessels, reactivity of microvessels, microvascular flow patterns, leukocytic sticking, petechial hemorrhage formations, vasomotion, etc.). Local administration of POV, in contrast to constrictor catecholamines, induces a venular-to-arteriolar profile of constrictor activity in the normal rat mesenteric microcirculation. Systemic administration of POV to rats subjected to either lethal hemorrhage or bowel ischemia shock: 1) increases survival rates 2- to 8-fold over control rats receiving Ringer's solution; 2) produces a plateau-like effect on arterial blood pressure and returns arterial hematocrits toward normal after hemorrhage; and 3) regenerates and sustains vasomotion and venular tone, decreases microvascular hyper-reactivity characteristic of shock syndromes, restores constricted arteriolar lumen sizes toward normal, predisposes to a splanchnic microbed virtually free of stasis and petechiae, and restores capillary perfusion and outflow to near-normal. These findings indicate that it is possible to synthesize vasoactive molecules which exert selective microvascular effects and are highly beneficial in therapy of low-flow states.", "contents": "Microcirculatory approach to the treatment of circulatory shock with a new analog of vasopressin, (2-phenylalanine, 8-ornithine)vasopressin. Pressor amine therapy in circulatory shock has been generally unfavorable, presumably because these drugs produce unselective, intense vasoconstriction and curtail rather than improve true capillary inflow, distribution and outflow in the microcirculation. The present study compares the influence of a new analog of vasopressin, [2-phenylalanine, 8-ornithine]vasopressin (POV), over wide dose ranges and Ringer's solution on: 1) survival after circulatory shock, induced by different means (e.g., hemorrhage, bowel ischemia); 2) blood pressure and hematocrit in shocked animals; and 3) various microcirculatory parameters after induction of hemorrhage and bowel ischemia shock (e.g., lumen diameters of various types of microvessels, reactivity of microvessels, microvascular flow patterns, leukocytic sticking, petechial hemorrhage formations, vasomotion, etc.). Local administration of POV, in contrast to constrictor catecholamines, induces a venular-to-arteriolar profile of constrictor activity in the normal rat mesenteric microcirculation. Systemic administration of POV to rats subjected to either lethal hemorrhage or bowel ischemia shock: 1) increases survival rates 2- to 8-fold over control rats receiving Ringer's solution; 2) produces a plateau-like effect on arterial blood pressure and returns arterial hematocrits toward normal after hemorrhage; and 3) regenerates and sustains vasomotion and venular tone, decreases microvascular hyper-reactivity characteristic of shock syndromes, restores constricted arteriolar lumen sizes toward normal, predisposes to a splanchnic microbed virtually free of stasis and petechiae, and restores capillary perfusion and outflow to near-normal. These findings indicate that it is possible to synthesize vasoactive molecules which exert selective microvascular effects and are highly beneficial in therapy of low-flow states."}
{"id": "PMID:933007", "title": "Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins in the conscious guinea pig.", "content": "A technique to assess respiratory and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins (PGs) in conscious guinea pigs was developed. Animals were placed in a plethysmograph and tidal volume, airflow, and heart rate were recorded. In addition, blood pressure and/or pleural pressure were obtained. Some experiments involved the use of a pulmonary calculator that processed the appropriate pulmonary signal and provided on-line readout of dynamic compliance and airway resistance. Aerosolized antagonists were evaluated for their ability to block responses to aerosolized histamine. We found the relative antagonistic potencies of PGE1, PGE2, isoproterenol, and salbutamol to be 5.5, 2.3, 1 and 0.2, respectively. Aerosolized PGE1 and PGE2 but not PGF2alpha given prior to histamine caused decreases in tidal volume, airflow and heart rate. These effects were not seen in animals that were prepared for measurements involving invasive surgical techniques. The aerosolized PGE2 induced tidal volume changes were not prevented by pretreatment with salbutamol, chlorpheniramine, atropine or hexamethonium, though the latter two drugs inhibited the fall in heart rate. We suggest that the bradycardia following aerosolized PGE2 administration may originate from airway irritant receptors. The results validate use of our methods for the assessment of responses to bronchoactive agents under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins in the conscious guinea pig. A technique to assess respiratory and cardiovascular effects of prostaglandins (PGs) in conscious guinea pigs was developed. Animals were placed in a plethysmograph and tidal volume, airflow, and heart rate were recorded. In addition, blood pressure and/or pleural pressure were obtained. Some experiments involved the use of a pulmonary calculator that processed the appropriate pulmonary signal and provided on-line readout of dynamic compliance and airway resistance. Aerosolized antagonists were evaluated for their ability to block responses to aerosolized histamine. We found the relative antagonistic potencies of PGE1, PGE2, isoproterenol, and salbutamol to be 5.5, 2.3, 1 and 0.2, respectively. Aerosolized PGE1 and PGE2 but not PGF2alpha given prior to histamine caused decreases in tidal volume, airflow and heart rate. These effects were not seen in animals that were prepared for measurements involving invasive surgical techniques. The aerosolized PGE2 induced tidal volume changes were not prevented by pretreatment with salbutamol, chlorpheniramine, atropine or hexamethonium, though the latter two drugs inhibited the fall in heart rate. We suggest that the bradycardia following aerosolized PGE2 administration may originate from airway irritant receptors. The results validate use of our methods for the assessment of responses to bronchoactive agents under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:933008", "title": "Effect of paraquat (methyl viologen) on liver function in mice.", "content": "Paraquat poisoning may result in pulmonary damage and hepatotoxicity. To examine the effect of paraquat on liver function, paraquat-treated mice were injected with sulfobromophthalein (BSP, 100 mg/kg) or indocyanine green (20 mg/kg) via the tail vein and plasma concentrations of these compounds were determined at various times. Hepatic concentrations of reduced glutathione were also determined following paraquat. Retention of BSP and indocyanine green in the plasma was observed 24 hours after paraquat. Body temperature of the poisoned mice was significantly depressed 24 hours after treatment and the paraquat-induced indocyanine green retention could be reversed by warming the paraquat-treated mice to normal body temperature. In contrast, paraquat-induced BSP retention was independent of body temperature. Inasmuch as hepatic glutathione concentrations were reduced 24 hours after paraquat treatment, the retention of BSP in the plasma may have been secondary to the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of paraquat (methyl viologen) on liver function in mice. Paraquat poisoning may result in pulmonary damage and hepatotoxicity. To examine the effect of paraquat on liver function, paraquat-treated mice were injected with sulfobromophthalein (BSP, 100 mg/kg) or indocyanine green (20 mg/kg) via the tail vein and plasma concentrations of these compounds were determined at various times. Hepatic concentrations of reduced glutathione were also determined following paraquat. Retention of BSP and indocyanine green in the plasma was observed 24 hours after paraquat. Body temperature of the poisoned mice was significantly depressed 24 hours after treatment and the paraquat-induced indocyanine green retention could be reversed by warming the paraquat-treated mice to normal body temperature. In contrast, paraquat-induced BSP retention was independent of body temperature. Inasmuch as hepatic glutathione concentrations were reduced 24 hours after paraquat treatment, the retention of BSP in the plasma may have been secondary to the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:933009", "title": "Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of d-tubocurarine and trimethyltubocurarine in the rat in vivo and in isolated perfused rat livers.", "content": "The clearance from perfusion medium and the biliary excretion of d-tubocurarine (d-TC) and trimethyltubocurarine (tMeTC) was studied in isolated perfused rat livers. Despite the related structure, d-TC exhibited considerably higher lipophilicity and plasma protein binding than its trimethyl derivative. Significant differences in hepatic disposition of the two agents were found. The clearance constant of elimination from the perfusate for d-TC was 2.00 and 0.41 ml/min for tMeTC. Fifty-one percent of the administered d-TC was excreted in the bile during 2 hours of perfusion. For tMeTC this amounted to only 16%. Bile/plasma concentration ratios of d-TC were 10 times those of tMeTC. There was no evidence for biotransformation of the substances. The unequal biliary output cannot be explained by differences in subcellular distribution. After injection into rats in vivo, the major part of drug in the liver is confined to the particulate fractions. Subfractionation studies indicate binding to lysosomes. The hepatocyte cytosol concentrations of d-TC and tMeTC are in the same order and are lower than the concomitant plasma concentrations. Both bile/liver and liver/plasms concentration ratios were higher for d-TC. The results support the idea that the balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties is an important factor determining hepatic transport of organic compounds.", "contents": "Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of d-tubocurarine and trimethyltubocurarine in the rat in vivo and in isolated perfused rat livers. The clearance from perfusion medium and the biliary excretion of d-tubocurarine (d-TC) and trimethyltubocurarine (tMeTC) was studied in isolated perfused rat livers. Despite the related structure, d-TC exhibited considerably higher lipophilicity and plasma protein binding than its trimethyl derivative. Significant differences in hepatic disposition of the two agents were found. The clearance constant of elimination from the perfusate for d-TC was 2.00 and 0.41 ml/min for tMeTC. Fifty-one percent of the administered d-TC was excreted in the bile during 2 hours of perfusion. For tMeTC this amounted to only 16%. Bile/plasma concentration ratios of d-TC were 10 times those of tMeTC. There was no evidence for biotransformation of the substances. The unequal biliary output cannot be explained by differences in subcellular distribution. After injection into rats in vivo, the major part of drug in the liver is confined to the particulate fractions. Subfractionation studies indicate binding to lysosomes. The hepatocyte cytosol concentrations of d-TC and tMeTC are in the same order and are lower than the concomitant plasma concentrations. Both bile/liver and liver/plasms concentration ratios were higher for d-TC. The results support the idea that the balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties is an important factor determining hepatic transport of organic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:933010", "title": "Toxicity of antitumor agents on hemopoietic colony forming cells.", "content": "The effects of selected antitumor agents--methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside on hemopoietic progenitor cells were determined by femoral and splenic colony forming cell (CFC) content after single and multiple injections of the agents. Mice were injected in groups of three with the agents on different days and killed on the same day. Major findings were: 1) All the antitumor agents (by single or multiple injections), with the exception of 6-mercaptopurine, caused an early reduction in the number of CFC per femur and an increase in CFC levels per spleen on day 7.2)CFC levels per 10(5) cells were significantly lower at 1 hour after single injections of hydroxyurea or methotrexate than at 24 hours after a single injection of either drug. 3) Multiple vs. single doses of hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside showed that multiple doses were more effective in reducing femoral CFC levels on day 1 and elevating splenic CFC content on day 7 than were single doses. 4) Multiple doses of 6-mercaptopurine were more effective than single doses in lowering femoral CFC levels on day 1, but all doses of 6-mercaptopurine failed to evoke a change in splenic CFC levels. 5) Multiple doses of methotrexate were not more effective than single doses in decreasing femoral CFC content and raising splenic CFC levels.", "contents": "Toxicity of antitumor agents on hemopoietic colony forming cells. The effects of selected antitumor agents--methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside on hemopoietic progenitor cells were determined by femoral and splenic colony forming cell (CFC) content after single and multiple injections of the agents. Mice were injected in groups of three with the agents on different days and killed on the same day. Major findings were: 1) All the antitumor agents (by single or multiple injections), with the exception of 6-mercaptopurine, caused an early reduction in the number of CFC per femur and an increase in CFC levels per spleen on day 7.2)CFC levels per 10(5) cells were significantly lower at 1 hour after single injections of hydroxyurea or methotrexate than at 24 hours after a single injection of either drug. 3) Multiple vs. single doses of hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside showed that multiple doses were more effective in reducing femoral CFC levels on day 1 and elevating splenic CFC content on day 7 than were single doses. 4) Multiple doses of 6-mercaptopurine were more effective than single doses in lowering femoral CFC levels on day 1, but all doses of 6-mercaptopurine failed to evoke a change in splenic CFC levels. 5) Multiple doses of methotrexate were not more effective than single doses in decreasing femoral CFC content and raising splenic CFC levels."}
{"id": "PMID:933011", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on electric shock postponement responding by the pigeon.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on responding under schedules of electric shock postponement were studied in pigeons. Responding was maintained by three different response-shock intervals (10, 20 and 60 seconds). Low doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased response rates without decreasing shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. The highest dose (10 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased the shock rates under all response-shock intervals and decreased the high response rate under the 10-second response-shock interval but did not decrease the lower rates of responding under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Pentobarbital decreased the high rate of responding maintained under the 10-second response-shock interval at lower dose (10 mg/kg) than the lower rates of under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. The high dose (17.5 mg/kg) of pentobarbital decreased responding and the low doses (1-3 mg/kg) had no effect under all three response-shock intervals. Chlorpromazine (3-100 mg/kg) did not affect the average rate of responding under all response-shock intervals and only slightly increased shock rates under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Promazine (3-30 mg/kg) increased the rates of responding and decreased shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. Analysis of the temporal patterns of responding within the response-shock interval showed that d-amphetamine tended to induce the animals to respond earlier than they normally would in the response-shock interval while otherwise maintaining the temporal pattern of responding, pentobarbital decreased the probability of responses late in the response-shock interval, and chlorpromazine and promazine increased the probability of responses in the middle of the response-shock interval, producing a lessening of the temporal patterning of responding within the response-shock interval.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on electric shock postponement responding by the pigeon. The effects of d-amphetamine, pentobarbital, chlorpromazine and promazine on responding under schedules of electric shock postponement were studied in pigeons. Responding was maintained by three different response-shock intervals (10, 20 and 60 seconds). Low doses (0.3-3 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased response rates without decreasing shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. The highest dose (10 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine increased the shock rates under all response-shock intervals and decreased the high response rate under the 10-second response-shock interval but did not decrease the lower rates of responding under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Pentobarbital decreased the high rate of responding maintained under the 10-second response-shock interval at lower dose (10 mg/kg) than the lower rates of under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. The high dose (17.5 mg/kg) of pentobarbital decreased responding and the low doses (1-3 mg/kg) had no effect under all three response-shock intervals. Chlorpromazine (3-100 mg/kg) did not affect the average rate of responding under all response-shock intervals and only slightly increased shock rates under the 20- and 60-second response-shock intervals. Promazine (3-30 mg/kg) increased the rates of responding and decreased shock rates under all three response-shock intervals. Analysis of the temporal patterns of responding within the response-shock interval showed that d-amphetamine tended to induce the animals to respond earlier than they normally would in the response-shock interval while otherwise maintaining the temporal pattern of responding, pentobarbital decreased the probability of responses late in the response-shock interval, and chlorpromazine and promazine increased the probability of responses in the middle of the response-shock interval, producing a lessening of the temporal patterning of responding within the response-shock interval."}
{"id": "PMID:933012", "title": "Operant acquisition of marihuana in man.", "content": "Operant work for marihuana cigarettes or money and the effects of marihuana smoking on behavior were examined in 12 casual and 15 heavy marihuana users. Male volunteers were studied in groups of four on a clinical research ward and each subject served as his own control. A 5-day base-line period was followed by a 21-day marihuana available period and a 5-day postmarihuana control period. Subjects could earn one 1-g marihuana cigarette or 50 cents by 30 minutes of sustained performance on a simple operant task. All casual and most heavy user subjects gradually increased marihuana smoking through time. The heavy users smoked more (4.3-6 cigarettes/day) than the casual users (2-3/day). Both groups worked between 2 and 5 times as many hours per day as was necessary to earn the number of cigarettes smoked. Consequently, subjects earned and saved far more money than was spent for marihuana. The heaviest smokers worked between 6.7 and 14.4 hours/day, every day. Periods of maximal work coincided with periods of maximal smoking, i.e., between 4 P.M. and 12 midnight each day. Delayed effects of marihuana dose on points earned the following day showed a dose-related decrement in operant work output. In the heavy user group, operant performance decreased sharply 24 hours after 3 ciagrettes/day were smoked, then remained relatively stable after 3 to 8 cigarettes daily and decreased further on the few occasions when more than 8 cigarettes were smoked. In the casual user group, the largest 24-hour delayed changes in performance occurred after the smoking of between 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 marihuana cigarettes. No subject stopped operant work even when he smoked 10 or more marihuana cigarettes per day. These data do not support the hypothesis that marihuana induces an \"amotivational\" syndrome.", "contents": "Operant acquisition of marihuana in man. Operant work for marihuana cigarettes or money and the effects of marihuana smoking on behavior were examined in 12 casual and 15 heavy marihuana users. Male volunteers were studied in groups of four on a clinical research ward and each subject served as his own control. A 5-day base-line period was followed by a 21-day marihuana available period and a 5-day postmarihuana control period. Subjects could earn one 1-g marihuana cigarette or 50 cents by 30 minutes of sustained performance on a simple operant task. All casual and most heavy user subjects gradually increased marihuana smoking through time. The heavy users smoked more (4.3-6 cigarettes/day) than the casual users (2-3/day). Both groups worked between 2 and 5 times as many hours per day as was necessary to earn the number of cigarettes smoked. Consequently, subjects earned and saved far more money than was spent for marihuana. The heaviest smokers worked between 6.7 and 14.4 hours/day, every day. Periods of maximal work coincided with periods of maximal smoking, i.e., between 4 P.M. and 12 midnight each day. Delayed effects of marihuana dose on points earned the following day showed a dose-related decrement in operant work output. In the heavy user group, operant performance decreased sharply 24 hours after 3 ciagrettes/day were smoked, then remained relatively stable after 3 to 8 cigarettes daily and decreased further on the few occasions when more than 8 cigarettes were smoked. In the casual user group, the largest 24-hour delayed changes in performance occurred after the smoking of between 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 marihuana cigarettes. No subject stopped operant work even when he smoked 10 or more marihuana cigarettes per day. These data do not support the hypothesis that marihuana induces an \"amotivational\" syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:933013", "title": "Influence of the frequency of nerve stimulation on the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine released from the perfused cat spleen: differences observed during and after the period of stimulation.", "content": "The metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) released by different frequencies of nerve stimulation was studied in the perfused cat spleen after labeling the endogenous stores with (-)-3H-NE. For a wide range of frequencies of stimulation, unmetabolized 3H-NE represented between 50 and 60% of the total increase in outflow of radioactivity elicited by nerve stimulation. The deaminated glycol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG), was the main metabolite of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation. When the increase in outflow of radioactivity was analyzed for the samples collected during nerve stimulation, there was a progressive decrease in the fraction of 3H-NE released which was collected as 3H-metabolites as the frequency of stimulation was increased from 0.5 to 5 Hz. For the samples collected in the poststimulation period, there was no frequency dependence in the metabolism of the released transmitter: approximately 75% of the total overflow of radioactivity was accounted for by the 3H-NE metabolites, particularly 3H-DOPEG. The time course of the metabolism of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation revealed that 3H-DOPEG formation was rather small during stimulation and that it increased sharply in the poststimulation samples. The selective increase in 3H-DOPEG formation in the poststimulation period is compatible with the view that neuronal uptake of the released transmitter might be increased immediately after nerve stimulation. Inhibition of neuronal uptake by cocaine or by phenoxybenzamine prevented 3H-DOPEG formation from 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation. Yet, in the presence of cocaine, the fractional release of total radioactivity per shock was not increased at either 1, 5 or 30 Hz. These results support the view that  a large fraction of the 3H-NE released by stimulation which is recaptured by nerve endings is metabolized to 3H-DOPEG rather than stored for subsequent reuse. The extensive conversion to 3H-DOPEG of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation suggests that there may be a difference between the process of neuronal uptake under resting conditions and that which operates under conditions of nerve stimulation. This difference may be related to the concentration of the transmitter achieved in the synaptic gap in each experimental condition. Under resting conditions and during perfusion with low concentrations of NE, neuronal uptake in the perfused cat spleen is coupled with vesicular storage. On the other hand, when the extracellular concentration of NE is increased as a result of nerve stimulation, neuronal uptake of NE appears to be coupled with presynaptic metabolism through monoamine oxidase and aldehyde reductase.", "contents": "Influence of the frequency of nerve stimulation on the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine released from the perfused cat spleen: differences observed during and after the period of stimulation. The metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) released by different frequencies of nerve stimulation was studied in the perfused cat spleen after labeling the endogenous stores with (-)-3H-NE. For a wide range of frequencies of stimulation, unmetabolized 3H-NE represented between 50 and 60% of the total increase in outflow of radioactivity elicited by nerve stimulation. The deaminated glycol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (3H-DOPEG), was the main metabolite of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation. When the increase in outflow of radioactivity was analyzed for the samples collected during nerve stimulation, there was a progressive decrease in the fraction of 3H-NE released which was collected as 3H-metabolites as the frequency of stimulation was increased from 0.5 to 5 Hz. For the samples collected in the poststimulation period, there was no frequency dependence in the metabolism of the released transmitter: approximately 75% of the total overflow of radioactivity was accounted for by the 3H-NE metabolites, particularly 3H-DOPEG. The time course of the metabolism of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation revealed that 3H-DOPEG formation was rather small during stimulation and that it increased sharply in the poststimulation samples. The selective increase in 3H-DOPEG formation in the poststimulation period is compatible with the view that neuronal uptake of the released transmitter might be increased immediately after nerve stimulation. Inhibition of neuronal uptake by cocaine or by phenoxybenzamine prevented 3H-DOPEG formation from 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation. Yet, in the presence of cocaine, the fractional release of total radioactivity per shock was not increased at either 1, 5 or 30 Hz. These results support the view that  a large fraction of the 3H-NE released by stimulation which is recaptured by nerve endings is metabolized to 3H-DOPEG rather than stored for subsequent reuse. The extensive conversion to 3H-DOPEG of 3H-NE released by nerve stimulation suggests that there may be a difference between the process of neuronal uptake under resting conditions and that which operates under conditions of nerve stimulation. This difference may be related to the concentration of the transmitter achieved in the synaptic gap in each experimental condition. Under resting conditions and during perfusion with low concentrations of NE, neuronal uptake in the perfused cat spleen is coupled with vesicular storage. On the other hand, when the extracellular concentration of NE is increased as a result of nerve stimulation, neuronal uptake of NE appears to be coupled with presynaptic metabolism through monoamine oxidase and aldehyde reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:933014", "title": "Dopamine evoked inhibition of single cells of the feline putamen and basolateral amygdala.", "content": "1. In cats under pentobarbitone or halothane anaesthesia, neurones of the putamen and basolateral amygdala were inhibited with a similar time course by iontophoretic applications of dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ejected with relatively short (20 sec) low intensity (less than 40 nA) pulses of positive current from five and seven barrelled extracellular micropipettes.  The use of a stereotaxically positioned guide tube, sealed to the skull with dental cement, made it possible to obtain stable recording conditions and to correlate the stereotaxic position of the cells with the position of the micro-electrode tracks determined histologically by the post-mortem reconstruction of serial sections. 2. Since in cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone none of the cells were found to be spontaneously active, the relative potency of dopamine and GABA were compared on glutamate excited cells. Approximately 2-5 times more current was required to release sufficient dopamine to cause just submaximal inhibition, equal in magnitude and duration to that evoked by GABA. 3. In nitrous oxide/halothane anaesthetized cats, approximately one quarter of the cells were spontaneously active. Relative potency studies showed that for dopamine, currents 2-0 and 1-6 times larger than those used for GABA were required to inhibit glutamate excited and spontaneously active cells respectively. 4. When the depth distribution of the cells was compared with the sensitivity of the cells to dopamine and GABA, the most sensitive cells were found to lie within the putamen and the basolateral amygdala. 5. On more than one third of the cells tested, iontophoretic application of the neuroleptic, alpha-flupenthixol of more than 3 or 4 min in duration, greatly reduced or abolished the inhibition of the cells by dopamine without impairing their sensitivity to GABA. 6. In four cats, large I.V. injections of alpha-flupenthixol (10 mg/kg) and the more potent neuroleptic pimozide (1 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the dopamine or GABA sensitivity of seventy cells in the putamen and basolateral amygdala. 7. Our results are in keeping with the view that dopamine has a predominantly inhibitory action in the mammalian forebrain. However the failure of I.V. neuroleptics to modify the sensitivity of the cells to dopamine suggests that the dramatic effects of neuroleptics on animal behaviour may not be explicable simply in terms of a generalized blockade of dopamine receptors at post-synaptic sites.", "contents": "Dopamine evoked inhibition of single cells of the feline putamen and basolateral amygdala. 1. In cats under pentobarbitone or halothane anaesthesia, neurones of the putamen and basolateral amygdala were inhibited with a similar time course by iontophoretic applications of dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ejected with relatively short (20 sec) low intensity (less than 40 nA) pulses of positive current from five and seven barrelled extracellular micropipettes.  The use of a stereotaxically positioned guide tube, sealed to the skull with dental cement, made it possible to obtain stable recording conditions and to correlate the stereotaxic position of the cells with the position of the micro-electrode tracks determined histologically by the post-mortem reconstruction of serial sections. 2. Since in cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone none of the cells were found to be spontaneously active, the relative potency of dopamine and GABA were compared on glutamate excited cells. Approximately 2-5 times more current was required to release sufficient dopamine to cause just submaximal inhibition, equal in magnitude and duration to that evoked by GABA. 3. In nitrous oxide/halothane anaesthetized cats, approximately one quarter of the cells were spontaneously active. Relative potency studies showed that for dopamine, currents 2-0 and 1-6 times larger than those used for GABA were required to inhibit glutamate excited and spontaneously active cells respectively. 4. When the depth distribution of the cells was compared with the sensitivity of the cells to dopamine and GABA, the most sensitive cells were found to lie within the putamen and the basolateral amygdala. 5. On more than one third of the cells tested, iontophoretic application of the neuroleptic, alpha-flupenthixol of more than 3 or 4 min in duration, greatly reduced or abolished the inhibition of the cells by dopamine without impairing their sensitivity to GABA. 6. In four cats, large I.V. injections of alpha-flupenthixol (10 mg/kg) and the more potent neuroleptic pimozide (1 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the dopamine or GABA sensitivity of seventy cells in the putamen and basolateral amygdala. 7. Our results are in keeping with the view that dopamine has a predominantly inhibitory action in the mammalian forebrain. However the failure of I.V. neuroleptics to modify the sensitivity of the cells to dopamine suggests that the dramatic effects of neuroleptics on animal behaviour may not be explicable simply in terms of a generalized blockade of dopamine receptors at post-synaptic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:933019", "title": "Reflex responses of gamma motoneurones to vibration of the muscle they innervate.", "content": "1. High frequency vibration was applied to the tendon of the non-contracting triceps surae muscle while recording the background discharges of single gamma fibres only small nerve bundles were cut, leaving most of the nerve supply to the triceps intact. 2. 22% out of a total of sixty-three gamma efferents were tonically inhibited by vibration. The inhibition appeared between 25 and 50mum peak-to-peak amplitude of vibration and increased to a plateau for amplitudes of about 100mum. The dependence of the tonic vibration reflex of alpha-efferents on the amplitude of vibration was found to be similar. Increasing the frequency of vibration from 150 to 300 Hz increased the degree of inhibition. 3. 33% of the fusimotor neurones investigated responded to muscle vibration with an increase in discharge rate. The threshold amplitudes of this reflex ranged from 20 to 50mum. Some features of the reflex, in particular the parallel post-vibratory facilitation found in alpha and gamma efferents, pointed to a polysynaptic pathway organized in an alpha-gamma linkage. 4. All gamma efferents inhibited by vibration showed inhibitory responses to antidromic stimulation of the parent ventral root, and most of them were inhibited by ramp stretch of the triceps. The gamma motoneurones facilitated by vibration, however, were excited by muscle stretch and were less susceptible to antidromic inhibition, some lacking it completely. 5. Cutting the nerves to triceps abolished the inhibitory as well as the excitatory responses of gamma efferents to muscle vibration. Both fusimotor reflexes were preserved after spinal section and subsequent administration of L-DOPA. 6. It is concluded that both of the fusimotor reflex effects of vibration are caused by excitation of primary spindle endings within the triceps. The inhibition of fusimotor neurones is thought to be mediated by Renshaw cells activated during vibration. The significance of positive feed-back on to gamma motoneurones as a result of autogenetic facilitation by Ia afferents is discussed in connexion with stability in the stretch reflex loop.", "contents": "Reflex responses of gamma motoneurones to vibration of the muscle they innervate. 1. High frequency vibration was applied to the tendon of the non-contracting triceps surae muscle while recording the background discharges of single gamma fibres only small nerve bundles were cut, leaving most of the nerve supply to the triceps intact. 2. 22% out of a total of sixty-three gamma efferents were tonically inhibited by vibration. The inhibition appeared between 25 and 50mum peak-to-peak amplitude of vibration and increased to a plateau for amplitudes of about 100mum. The dependence of the tonic vibration reflex of alpha-efferents on the amplitude of vibration was found to be similar. Increasing the frequency of vibration from 150 to 300 Hz increased the degree of inhibition. 3. 33% of the fusimotor neurones investigated responded to muscle vibration with an increase in discharge rate. The threshold amplitudes of this reflex ranged from 20 to 50mum. Some features of the reflex, in particular the parallel post-vibratory facilitation found in alpha and gamma efferents, pointed to a polysynaptic pathway organized in an alpha-gamma linkage. 4. All gamma efferents inhibited by vibration showed inhibitory responses to antidromic stimulation of the parent ventral root, and most of them were inhibited by ramp stretch of the triceps. The gamma motoneurones facilitated by vibration, however, were excited by muscle stretch and were less susceptible to antidromic inhibition, some lacking it completely. 5. Cutting the nerves to triceps abolished the inhibitory as well as the excitatory responses of gamma efferents to muscle vibration. Both fusimotor reflexes were preserved after spinal section and subsequent administration of L-DOPA. 6. It is concluded that both of the fusimotor reflex effects of vibration are caused by excitation of primary spindle endings within the triceps. The inhibition of fusimotor neurones is thought to be mediated by Renshaw cells activated during vibration. The significance of positive feed-back on to gamma motoneurones as a result of autogenetic facilitation by Ia afferents is discussed in connexion with stability in the stretch reflex loop."}
{"id": "PMID:933024", "title": "The study of (Methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride incorporation into normal and dystrophic mouse muscle.", "content": "1. (Methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride was injected intravenously into the tail vein of dystrophic and normal mice of the Bar Harbour strain 129 ReJ/dy in paralysing doses. 2. Scintillation counts were made of 1 mm sections of diaphragm and tibialis anterior which showed a normal distribution of tritiated decamethonium in the dystrophic animals. 3. Intraperitoneal injections of L-(gamma-3H)leucine were made into dystrophic and normal mice. Examination of diaphragm and tibialis anterior by scintillation counting showed the abnormal uptake typical of dystrophic involvement of murine muscle. 4. The normal distribution of (methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride uptake by the dystrophic muscle does not support the concept of active denervation in this disease.", "contents": "The study of (Methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride incorporation into normal and dystrophic mouse muscle. 1. (Methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride was injected intravenously into the tail vein of dystrophic and normal mice of the Bar Harbour strain 129 ReJ/dy in paralysing doses. 2. Scintillation counts were made of 1 mm sections of diaphragm and tibialis anterior which showed a normal distribution of tritiated decamethonium in the dystrophic animals. 3. Intraperitoneal injections of L-(gamma-3H)leucine were made into dystrophic and normal mice. Examination of diaphragm and tibialis anterior by scintillation counting showed the abnormal uptake typical of dystrophic involvement of murine muscle. 4. The normal distribution of (methyl-3H)decamethonium dichloride uptake by the dystrophic muscle does not support the concept of active denervation in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:933025", "title": "Plasma kininogen during the oestrous cycle, early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the rat.", "content": "1. Changes in the plasma kinin precursor, kininogen, occur following treatment with oestrogens and progestogens. This work was undertaken to attempt to relate plasma kininogen values to hormonal changes in various reproductive states. 2. During the oestrous cycle kininogen concentrations follow a nychthemeral rhythm, kininogen depletion occurring during the increase in general activity of the rat. 3. Superimposed on the nychthemeral changes in kininogen concentration are changes which may be related to the hormonal events of the oestrous cycle. 4. During early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy the kininogen level rises; this increase may be due to changes in the circulating levels of oestrogens and progestogens. 5. It is suggested that the changes in kininogen concentration may result from utilization of kinin which could be of functional significance.", "contents": "Plasma kininogen during the oestrous cycle, early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the rat. 1. Changes in the plasma kinin precursor, kininogen, occur following treatment with oestrogens and progestogens. This work was undertaken to attempt to relate plasma kininogen values to hormonal changes in various reproductive states. 2. During the oestrous cycle kininogen concentrations follow a nychthemeral rhythm, kininogen depletion occurring during the increase in general activity of the rat. 3. Superimposed on the nychthemeral changes in kininogen concentration are changes which may be related to the hormonal events of the oestrous cycle. 4. During early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy the kininogen level rises; this increase may be due to changes in the circulating levels of oestrogens and progestogens. 5. It is suggested that the changes in kininogen concentration may result from utilization of kinin which could be of functional significance."}
{"id": "PMID:933027", "title": "Renal handling of phenol red. II. The mechanism of substituted phenolsulphophthalein (PSP) dye transport in rabbit kidney tubules in vitro.", "content": "1. The uptake of various substituted phenolsulphophthalein dyes by cortical slices of rabbit kidney has been studied in detail in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for organic anions. 2. The rate of initial uptake of dyes and the accumulation after incubation for 2 hr under aerobic conditions increased in the order: phenol red (PR) greater than bromophenol blue (BPB) greater than bromocresol green (BCG) greater than bromothymol blue (BTB), while the reverse order of uptake was observed under anaerobic conditions. There was no difference between the uptake of BTB under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 3. The accumulation of dyes under anaerobic conditions could be accounted for by binding to tissue constituents. In comparison with PR (Sheikh, 1972), the substituted dyes were found to interact extensively with the 700 G (cell membranes) and cytosol fractions of renal homogenates. 4. Low concentrations of the substituted dyes efficiently inhibited the accumulation of rho-aminohippurate (PAH). The concentration of dye resulting in 50% inhibition of PAH accumulation (KI) agreed well with concentrations estimated to sustain 50% of maximal dye transport (KM). On this basis the affinity of the dyes for the transport system increases in the order: PR less than BPB less than BCG less than BTB. 5. Probenecid, 2,4-dinitrophenol, PAH, octanoate and succinate affected to a smaller extent the uptake and binding of BPB and BCG by renal tissue than that previously shown for PR (Sheikh, 1972). No inhibitory effect of these substances on the accumulation of BTB by kidney tissue was observed. 6. The binding of PSP dyes by phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and a representative binding protein, human serum albumin, exhibited close similarity to that of binding by renal tissue. Partition experiments involving octanol-water phases indicated that the hydrophobicity of the dyes increased in the order: PR less than BPB less than BCG less than BTB. 7. The results indicate that BTB, despite its inhibitory potency, is not transported by the organic anion system. BPB and BCG are transported to a lesser extent, and interact more strongly with the transport system than does PR. It is suggested that the substituted dyes by virtue of hydrophobic interaction with the transport system reduce the movement of the mobile part of the transport system.", "contents": "Renal handling of phenol red. II. The mechanism of substituted phenolsulphophthalein (PSP) dye transport in rabbit kidney tubules in vitro. 1. The uptake of various substituted phenolsulphophthalein dyes by cortical slices of rabbit kidney has been studied in detail in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for organic anions. 2. The rate of initial uptake of dyes and the accumulation after incubation for 2 hr under aerobic conditions increased in the order: phenol red (PR) greater than bromophenol blue (BPB) greater than bromocresol green (BCG) greater than bromothymol blue (BTB), while the reverse order of uptake was observed under anaerobic conditions. There was no difference between the uptake of BTB under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 3. The accumulation of dyes under anaerobic conditions could be accounted for by binding to tissue constituents. In comparison with PR (Sheikh, 1972), the substituted dyes were found to interact extensively with the 700 G (cell membranes) and cytosol fractions of renal homogenates. 4. Low concentrations of the substituted dyes efficiently inhibited the accumulation of rho-aminohippurate (PAH). The concentration of dye resulting in 50% inhibition of PAH accumulation (KI) agreed well with concentrations estimated to sustain 50% of maximal dye transport (KM). On this basis the affinity of the dyes for the transport system increases in the order: PR less than BPB less than BCG less than BTB. 5. Probenecid, 2,4-dinitrophenol, PAH, octanoate and succinate affected to a smaller extent the uptake and binding of BPB and BCG by renal tissue than that previously shown for PR (Sheikh, 1972). No inhibitory effect of these substances on the accumulation of BTB by kidney tissue was observed. 6. The binding of PSP dyes by phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and a representative binding protein, human serum albumin, exhibited close similarity to that of binding by renal tissue. Partition experiments involving octanol-water phases indicated that the hydrophobicity of the dyes increased in the order: PR less than BPB less than BCG less than BTB. 7. The results indicate that BTB, despite its inhibitory potency, is not transported by the organic anion system. BPB and BCG are transported to a lesser extent, and interact more strongly with the transport system than does PR. It is suggested that the substituted dyes by virtue of hydrophobic interaction with the transport system reduce the movement of the mobile part of the transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:933030", "title": "Aspects of intestinal folate transport in the rat.", "content": "1. In vitro preparations of rat jejunum were used to study the metabolic dependence, the structural specificity, and the pH sensitivity of the folic acid absorption process. 2. The presence of 2:4 dinitrophenol, and the absence of oxygen, in the muscosal bathing medium both led to a decrease in the tissue accumulation and serosal transfer of folic acid by everted sacs. 3. 10-formylfolic acid, present in the mucosal medium at a molar ratio of 10:1 with labelled folic acid, appears to compete for tissue accumulation sites but has no significant effect on serosal transfer. 4. The efflux of folic acid from pre-loaded jejunal sacs is stimulated by the presence in the mucosal medium of the folic acid and related compounds. Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, 10-formylfolic acid and methotrexate elicit a significant increase in the efflux rate; pteroyl-D-glutamic acid was significantly less effective and pteroic acid had no effect. 5. The uptake of folic acid by isolated jejunal cells prepared by enzymic disaggregation of the mucosa, was found to be influenced by the pH of the bathing medium, uptake being enhanced at a pH of between 5 and 6. 6. It is concluded that the effect of metabolic inhibitors and acid pH conditions on the uptake of folic acid in vitro is consistent with a passive absorption mechanism, influenced in intact preparations and in vivo by the jejunal pH microclimate. However the occurrence of competitive inhibition and stimulated efflux may indicate the existence of a structurally specific accumulation process at some site, or sites, within the mucosa.", "contents": "Aspects of intestinal folate transport in the rat. 1. In vitro preparations of rat jejunum were used to study the metabolic dependence, the structural specificity, and the pH sensitivity of the folic acid absorption process. 2. The presence of 2:4 dinitrophenol, and the absence of oxygen, in the muscosal bathing medium both led to a decrease in the tissue accumulation and serosal transfer of folic acid by everted sacs. 3. 10-formylfolic acid, present in the mucosal medium at a molar ratio of 10:1 with labelled folic acid, appears to compete for tissue accumulation sites but has no significant effect on serosal transfer. 4. The efflux of folic acid from pre-loaded jejunal sacs is stimulated by the presence in the mucosal medium of the folic acid and related compounds. Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, 10-formylfolic acid and methotrexate elicit a significant increase in the efflux rate; pteroyl-D-glutamic acid was significantly less effective and pteroic acid had no effect. 5. The uptake of folic acid by isolated jejunal cells prepared by enzymic disaggregation of the mucosa, was found to be influenced by the pH of the bathing medium, uptake being enhanced at a pH of between 5 and 6. 6. It is concluded that the effect of metabolic inhibitors and acid pH conditions on the uptake of folic acid in vitro is consistent with a passive absorption mechanism, influenced in intact preparations and in vivo by the jejunal pH microclimate. However the occurrence of competitive inhibition and stimulated efflux may indicate the existence of a structurally specific accumulation process at some site, or sites, within the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:933031", "title": "The preparation of human red cell ghosts containing calcium buffers.", "content": "1. Ca buffers may be introduced into human red cells by reversible haemolysis. The resealed ghosts retain Ca and chelating anions in the same ratio as in the haemolysing solution, enabling the intracellular Ca2+ concentration to be calculated simply. 2. The passive permeability of the ghosts to Na and Cl is unaffected by intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the 10(-8)-10(-4) M range, whereas the K permeability is greatly increased at concentrations above 10(-7) M. 3. These preparations enable Ca-dependent K movements to be studied under stable conditions. When the ghosts contain about 5 X 10(-6) M-Ca2+, over 96% of K transport occurs via the Ca-sensitive route.", "contents": "The preparation of human red cell ghosts containing calcium buffers. 1. Ca buffers may be introduced into human red cells by reversible haemolysis. The resealed ghosts retain Ca and chelating anions in the same ratio as in the haemolysing solution, enabling the intracellular Ca2+ concentration to be calculated simply. 2. The passive permeability of the ghosts to Na and Cl is unaffected by intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the 10(-8)-10(-4) M range, whereas the K permeability is greatly increased at concentrations above 10(-7) M. 3. These preparations enable Ca-dependent K movements to be studied under stable conditions. When the ghosts contain about 5 X 10(-6) M-Ca2+, over 96% of K transport occurs via the Ca-sensitive route."}
{"id": "PMID:933034", "title": "Calcium-dependent potassium exchange in human red cell ghosts.", "content": "1. The properties of the Ca-dependent K transport system of human red cell ghosts have been examined under equilibrium exchange conditions. 2. K transport is stimulated half-maximally by about 0-4muM-Ca2i+ or 5muM-Sr2i+, but much higher concentrations of Ba2i+ give only slight stimulation. Mg is a weak antagonist to Ca. 3. The free Ca2+ concentration in human red cells is estimated to be below 0-25muM. 4. The curve relating the rate of K transport to the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is complicated and suggests that internal Ca acts at three or more sites. 5. K, Rb and possibly Cs ions are transported by the Ca-dependent system. Under comparable conditions the relative rates are 1(K):1-5(Rb): less than 0-05(Cs). 6. No Ca-dependent transport of Na, Li or choline could be detected. If Na is transported, it must be at less than 1/40 of the rate of K. 7. The rate of K transport is almost linearly related to the K concentration in the 0-200 mM range, but the curve is sigmoid close to the origin. 8. Intracellular, but not extracellular Na inhibits K transport, in a way that suggests competition with K at more than one site. 9. These results suggest that the transport system has a complex mechanism.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent potassium exchange in human red cell ghosts. 1. The properties of the Ca-dependent K transport system of human red cell ghosts have been examined under equilibrium exchange conditions. 2. K transport is stimulated half-maximally by about 0-4muM-Ca2i+ or 5muM-Sr2i+, but much higher concentrations of Ba2i+ give only slight stimulation. Mg is a weak antagonist to Ca. 3. The free Ca2+ concentration in human red cells is estimated to be below 0-25muM. 4. The curve relating the rate of K transport to the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is complicated and suggests that internal Ca acts at three or more sites. 5. K, Rb and possibly Cs ions are transported by the Ca-dependent system. Under comparable conditions the relative rates are 1(K):1-5(Rb): less than 0-05(Cs). 6. No Ca-dependent transport of Na, Li or choline could be detected. If Na is transported, it must be at less than 1/40 of the rate of K. 7. The rate of K transport is almost linearly related to the K concentration in the 0-200 mM range, but the curve is sigmoid close to the origin. 8. Intracellular, but not extracellular Na inhibits K transport, in a way that suggests competition with K at more than one site. 9. These results suggest that the transport system has a complex mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:933035", "title": "A study of the transport and permeability properties of the guinea-pig amniotic membrane.", "content": "1. The simultaneous measurement of the two-way sodium flux across the in vitro amniotic epithelium did not reveal a preferential active movement of sodium in either direction. The amnion is thus unlikely to be the site of formation of amniotic fluid. 2. The permeability of the amniotic epithelium to some non-electrolytes has been measured with isotopes and was found to be generally low in relation to the thinness of the tissue. The permeability to non-electroytes would appear to be depebility to sodium and to non-electrolytes was found to vary with gestational age. The amnion from animals of 61-70 days' gestation was markedly more permanent than those at 50-60 days (term 70 days).", "contents": "A study of the transport and permeability properties of the guinea-pig amniotic membrane. 1. The simultaneous measurement of the two-way sodium flux across the in vitro amniotic epithelium did not reveal a preferential active movement of sodium in either direction. The amnion is thus unlikely to be the site of formation of amniotic fluid. 2. The permeability of the amniotic epithelium to some non-electrolytes has been measured with isotopes and was found to be generally low in relation to the thinness of the tissue. The permeability to non-electroytes would appear to be depebility to sodium and to non-electrolytes was found to vary with gestational age. The amnion from animals of 61-70 days' gestation was markedly more permanent than those at 50-60 days (term 70 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:933067", "title": "The role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on anion permeability into ox red blood cells.", "content": "1. Organic anion permeability in ox red blood cell was measured by studying steady-state self-exchange of oxalate, chosen as a prototypical substrate of the organic anion transport system previously described; chloride self-exchange measured the inorganic anion permeability. 2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors of the sulphonamide class inhibit both organic anion self-exchange (A-/A-) and chloride self-exchang (CL-/CL-) although carbonic anhydrase plays no role in these exchanges. These results confirm the conclusions already published that sulphonamides can act directly on the cellular membrane as specific inhibitors of anion transport. 3. There is a correlation between the chemical structure of the sulphonamides and their capacity for inhibiting transmembrane anionic exchange. It is of significance that N-sulphamyl substitution, which abolishes the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory potency, does not destroy anionic inhibitory capacity and may even increase it. 4. For each sulphonamide the capacities for inhibiting chloride transport and oxalate transport are strictly identical. Inhibition appears non-competitive. 5. The temperature sensitivity of oxalate self-exchange is exactly the same as that of chloride self-exchange. From this, and from the nature of their inhibition by sulphonamides, it is proposed that chloride and organic anions share the same transport mechanism. 6. In the light of the present results the chloruretic action of sulphonamides in various tissues, in particular the kidney, is discussed.", "contents": "The role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on anion permeability into ox red blood cells. 1. Organic anion permeability in ox red blood cell was measured by studying steady-state self-exchange of oxalate, chosen as a prototypical substrate of the organic anion transport system previously described; chloride self-exchange measured the inorganic anion permeability. 2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors of the sulphonamide class inhibit both organic anion self-exchange (A-/A-) and chloride self-exchang (CL-/CL-) although carbonic anhydrase plays no role in these exchanges. These results confirm the conclusions already published that sulphonamides can act directly on the cellular membrane as specific inhibitors of anion transport. 3. There is a correlation between the chemical structure of the sulphonamides and their capacity for inhibiting transmembrane anionic exchange. It is of significance that N-sulphamyl substitution, which abolishes the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory potency, does not destroy anionic inhibitory capacity and may even increase it. 4. For each sulphonamide the capacities for inhibiting chloride transport and oxalate transport are strictly identical. Inhibition appears non-competitive. 5. The temperature sensitivity of oxalate self-exchange is exactly the same as that of chloride self-exchange. From this, and from the nature of their inhibition by sulphonamides, it is proposed that chloride and organic anions share the same transport mechanism. 6. In the light of the present results the chloruretic action of sulphonamides in various tissues, in particular the kidney, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933069", "title": "The effect of a meal of meat on glomerular filtration rate in dogs at normal urine flows.", "content": "1. The exogenous creatinine clearance of conscious dogs has been measured by a method in which no loading doses of water or saline were given. The urine volume was thus in the normal range, 0-1-0-3ml./min. 2. Under these conditions, the exogenous creatine clearance of fourteen dogs, measured 17 hr after a meal, was 2-74 ml./min kg-1+/-0-54 (s.d.). This is about 40% lower than values usually regarded as \"normal.\" 3. A meal of meat, 10g/kg, increased exogenous creatinine clearance reflects an increase in glomerular filtration rate. Since this occurs with small doses of meat, increase in glomerular filtration may be important in normal renal function of dogs.", "contents": "The effect of a meal of meat on glomerular filtration rate in dogs at normal urine flows. 1. The exogenous creatinine clearance of conscious dogs has been measured by a method in which no loading doses of water or saline were given. The urine volume was thus in the normal range, 0-1-0-3ml./min. 2. Under these conditions, the exogenous creatine clearance of fourteen dogs, measured 17 hr after a meal, was 2-74 ml./min kg-1+/-0-54 (s.d.). This is about 40% lower than values usually regarded as \"normal.\" 3. A meal of meat, 10g/kg, increased exogenous creatinine clearance reflects an increase in glomerular filtration rate. Since this occurs with small doses of meat, increase in glomerular filtration may be important in normal renal function of dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:933071", "title": "The excretion of urea by dogs following a meat meal.", "content": "1. After a meal of meat (10g/kg), urea excretion in dogs increased by about 200%, plasma urea by 60% and exogenous creatinine clearance by 40% in comparison with control experiments. 2. Urea, given by stomach tube in doses producing the same increase in plasma urea, caused urea excretion to increase by only 90%, with no increase in creatinine clearance. With the increased glomerular filtration rate after meat there was added excretion of urea. 3. In control experiments and after urea, the rate of excretion of urea was directly proportional to plasma urea. The ratio urea clearance/creatinine clearance, was 0-45. 4. After meat, urea clearance increased more than creatinine clearance, the ratio increasing to 0-55, i.e. a smaller fraction of the filtered urea was re-absorbed after meat. 5. After meat, 10g/kg, the rate of urea production rose to 230-600 mumole/min for 4-6 hr.", "contents": "The excretion of urea by dogs following a meat meal. 1. After a meal of meat (10g/kg), urea excretion in dogs increased by about 200%, plasma urea by 60% and exogenous creatinine clearance by 40% in comparison with control experiments. 2. Urea, given by stomach tube in doses producing the same increase in plasma urea, caused urea excretion to increase by only 90%, with no increase in creatinine clearance. With the increased glomerular filtration rate after meat there was added excretion of urea. 3. In control experiments and after urea, the rate of excretion of urea was directly proportional to plasma urea. The ratio urea clearance/creatinine clearance, was 0-45. 4. After meat, urea clearance increased more than creatinine clearance, the ratio increasing to 0-55, i.e. a smaller fraction of the filtered urea was re-absorbed after meat. 5. After meat, 10g/kg, the rate of urea production rose to 230-600 mumole/min for 4-6 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:933072", "title": "Inhibition of in vitro concentrative prostaglandin accumulation by prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogues and by some inhibitors of organic anion transport.", "content": "1. Incubation of rabbit choroid plexus, anterior uvea (iris-ciliary body complex) or slices of kidney cortex in a medium containing tritium-labelled prostaglandin F(2alpha) ([3H]PGF(2alpha) or E1 ([3H]PGE1) results in a four- to thirteenfold concentrative accumulation of 3H activity. 2. Addition of PGF(2alpha, PGF(1) or PGA(1), any one of five PG analogues or a PG precursor, arachidonic acid, at a concentration of 10(-4) M reduced the active accumulation of [3H]PGs by 47-97%. Octanoic acid, at the same concentration, had only a moderate effect on the choroid plexus and no significant inhibitory effect on [3H]PFG(2alpha) accumulation by anterior uvea or kidney cortex. 3. Inhibition was also obtained with 2 mM iodoacetate (under anaerobic conditions) and with 10(-4) M diploretin phosphate, probenecid, iodipamide, indomethacin or dinitrophenol. Perchlorate (10(-4) M) and iodide (10(-4) or 10(-3) M) had no inhibitory effect while 10(-4) M p-aminohippuric acid had a significant inhibitory effect on the kidney cortex at a concentration of 10(-4) M and on the anterior uvea at 10(-3) M. 4. It is concluded that the apparent carrier mediated PG transport systems of the choroid plexus, anterior uvea and kidney cortex are not related to the iodide transport system, but may represent a subcomponent of the iodipamide transport system of these tissues. 5. These results suggest that the systemic distribution and the rate of renal excretion of PGs could be altered by high concentrations of PGs, pharmacologically less active PG analogues, some inhibitors of organic acid transport, and by some inhibitors of PG synthesis and PG action.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vitro concentrative prostaglandin accumulation by prostaglandins, prostaglandin analogues and by some inhibitors of organic anion transport. 1. Incubation of rabbit choroid plexus, anterior uvea (iris-ciliary body complex) or slices of kidney cortex in a medium containing tritium-labelled prostaglandin F(2alpha) ([3H]PGF(2alpha) or E1 ([3H]PGE1) results in a four- to thirteenfold concentrative accumulation of 3H activity. 2. Addition of PGF(2alpha, PGF(1) or PGA(1), any one of five PG analogues or a PG precursor, arachidonic acid, at a concentration of 10(-4) M reduced the active accumulation of [3H]PGs by 47-97%. Octanoic acid, at the same concentration, had only a moderate effect on the choroid plexus and no significant inhibitory effect on [3H]PFG(2alpha) accumulation by anterior uvea or kidney cortex. 3. Inhibition was also obtained with 2 mM iodoacetate (under anaerobic conditions) and with 10(-4) M diploretin phosphate, probenecid, iodipamide, indomethacin or dinitrophenol. Perchlorate (10(-4) M) and iodide (10(-4) or 10(-3) M) had no inhibitory effect while 10(-4) M p-aminohippuric acid had a significant inhibitory effect on the kidney cortex at a concentration of 10(-4) M and on the anterior uvea at 10(-3) M. 4. It is concluded that the apparent carrier mediated PG transport systems of the choroid plexus, anterior uvea and kidney cortex are not related to the iodide transport system, but may represent a subcomponent of the iodipamide transport system of these tissues. 5. These results suggest that the systemic distribution and the rate of renal excretion of PGs could be altered by high concentrations of PGs, pharmacologically less active PG analogues, some inhibitors of organic acid transport, and by some inhibitors of PG synthesis and PG action."}
{"id": "PMID:933073", "title": "[Heat debt and thermal insulation in women exposed to cold : contribution of direct calorimetry to the study of a mathematical model (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Measurements of total heat losses by direct calorimetry, metabolic heat production by indirect calorimetry, body temperatures by thermometry, and thickness of subcutaneous fat with skin-fold calipers were made in four groups of subjects (anorexic, controls, trend to obesity, and obesity) at ambient temperatures of 28 degrees C and 20 degrees C. 2. At 28 degrees C, the four groups of subjects reached thermal equilibrium after 30 min. 3. Both metabolic heat production and total heat losses were lower in the anorexic group than in the control group. 4. Body thermal insulation was not simply related to the thickness of subcutaneous fat (passive insulation), but was actively regulated in such a way that thermal balance was attained by all subjects at 28 degrees C. Body tissues underlying the subcutaneous fat contributed to the thermal insulation of the subjects at both 28 degrees C and 20 degrees C. 5. At 28 degrees C, total body thermal insulation was higher in anorexic subjects than in controls. 6. At 20 degrees C, heat debt was similar in three of the four groups : the anorexic subjects showed a higher debt. 7. A highly significant correlation between subcutaneous fat and weight/area ratio, was found. 8. The heat exchange coefficient of radiation and convection was found to be 6,47 Wm-2 degrees C-1. 9. By combining our measured values with those of various tissue physical characteristics, it was possible to produce a mathematical model. With this model one can calculate the penetration of the thermal gradient into the body, and estimate the mean temperature of each tissue participating in the thermal insulation for moderately cold ambient temperatures.", "contents": "[Heat debt and thermal insulation in women exposed to cold : contribution of direct calorimetry to the study of a mathematical model (author's transl)]. 1. Measurements of total heat losses by direct calorimetry, metabolic heat production by indirect calorimetry, body temperatures by thermometry, and thickness of subcutaneous fat with skin-fold calipers were made in four groups of subjects (anorexic, controls, trend to obesity, and obesity) at ambient temperatures of 28 degrees C and 20 degrees C. 2. At 28 degrees C, the four groups of subjects reached thermal equilibrium after 30 min. 3. Both metabolic heat production and total heat losses were lower in the anorexic group than in the control group. 4. Body thermal insulation was not simply related to the thickness of subcutaneous fat (passive insulation), but was actively regulated in such a way that thermal balance was attained by all subjects at 28 degrees C. Body tissues underlying the subcutaneous fat contributed to the thermal insulation of the subjects at both 28 degrees C and 20 degrees C. 5. At 28 degrees C, total body thermal insulation was higher in anorexic subjects than in controls. 6. At 20 degrees C, heat debt was similar in three of the four groups : the anorexic subjects showed a higher debt. 7. A highly significant correlation between subcutaneous fat and weight/area ratio, was found. 8. The heat exchange coefficient of radiation and convection was found to be 6,47 Wm-2 degrees C-1. 9. By combining our measured values with those of various tissue physical characteristics, it was possible to produce a mathematical model. With this model one can calculate the penetration of the thermal gradient into the body, and estimate the mean temperature of each tissue participating in the thermal insulation for moderately cold ambient temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:933074", "title": "Influence of mechanical properties on the relation between EMG activity and torque.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine the average stiffness and viscosity of the muscle groups responsible, in human subjects, for the flexion and extension of the forearm, when these movements are produced intentionally. To this end, the subjects were instructed to produce sinusoidal movements by tracking acoustic and visual signals. 1. By recording simultaneously the sinusoidal angular variations and the EMG activity of both triceps and biceps it was possible to determine the phase angle between EMG and inertial torque at different frequencies (between 0.2 and 5 Hz). 2. The known phase relations between EMG and torque were then subtracted from this plot obtaining, therefore, the phase characteristics of the mechanical system (forearm-lever complex). 3. The average resonant frequency for different amounts of intentional contraction of the muscles responsible for the motion was 0.8 Hz, leading to an estimate of the average stiffness of 2.57 kgw.m/rad. 4. The slope of the phase in proximity of the resonant frequency lends an estimate for the viscosity of 0.85 kgw.m.sec/rad. 5. The contribution to the motion by elastic forces and the active contraction due to intentional motor commands was also considered.", "contents": "Influence of mechanical properties on the relation between EMG activity and torque. An attempt was made to determine the average stiffness and viscosity of the muscle groups responsible, in human subjects, for the flexion and extension of the forearm, when these movements are produced intentionally. To this end, the subjects were instructed to produce sinusoidal movements by tracking acoustic and visual signals. 1. By recording simultaneously the sinusoidal angular variations and the EMG activity of both triceps and biceps it was possible to determine the phase angle between EMG and inertial torque at different frequencies (between 0.2 and 5 Hz). 2. The known phase relations between EMG and torque were then subtracted from this plot obtaining, therefore, the phase characteristics of the mechanical system (forearm-lever complex). 3. The average resonant frequency for different amounts of intentional contraction of the muscles responsible for the motion was 0.8 Hz, leading to an estimate of the average stiffness of 2.57 kgw.m/rad. 4. The slope of the phase in proximity of the resonant frequency lends an estimate for the viscosity of 0.85 kgw.m.sec/rad. 5. The contribution to the motion by elastic forces and the active contraction due to intentional motor commands was also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:933075", "title": "[Influence of the acclimation temperature on the phospholipid metabolism of the fresh water ell (Anguilla anguilla) (author's transl)].", "content": "Lowering of the acclimation temperature of the eel induced a reduction of 32P incorporation into the lipid phosphorus of various tissues. This effect was partly the result of a slight decrease of the inorganic phosphate exchange and metabolism of tissues. 2. The variation of the 32P incorporation into the various phosphatides was different according to the tissue ; gill and kidney phospholipids being the most effected. At high temperature (22 degrees C), the turnover of sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl-choline was four or seven fold higher in all tissues than at low temperature. At low temperature (12 degrees C), the incorporation of 32P into gill and kidney phosphatidylinositol and gill diphosphatidyl-glycerol was the same as at high temperature. The kidney diphosphatidyl-glycerol turnover was affected to the same extent as the other phosphatides by high acclimation temperature. The gill phosphatidyl-ethanolamines had a relatively higher turnover at low temperature. 3. The acclimation of the eel at low temperature provoked an increase of the turnover of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and diphosphatyl-glycerol into the gill, parallel with an increase of some enzymatic activities. 4. The variation of the acclimation temperature may impose restrictions on the turnover of some phosphatides. There is a limited action of the temperature on the turnover of metabolically active phosphatides of the osmoregulatory organs, such as gill phosphatidyl-inositol and diphosphatidyl-glycerol or kidney phosphatidyl-inositol. 5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the role of phospholipids in the cell and to the physiological functions of the various organs of the eel.", "contents": "[Influence of the acclimation temperature on the phospholipid metabolism of the fresh water ell (Anguilla anguilla) (author's transl)]. Lowering of the acclimation temperature of the eel induced a reduction of 32P incorporation into the lipid phosphorus of various tissues. This effect was partly the result of a slight decrease of the inorganic phosphate exchange and metabolism of tissues. 2. The variation of the 32P incorporation into the various phosphatides was different according to the tissue ; gill and kidney phospholipids being the most effected. At high temperature (22 degrees C), the turnover of sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl-choline was four or seven fold higher in all tissues than at low temperature. At low temperature (12 degrees C), the incorporation of 32P into gill and kidney phosphatidylinositol and gill diphosphatidyl-glycerol was the same as at high temperature. The kidney diphosphatidyl-glycerol turnover was affected to the same extent as the other phosphatides by high acclimation temperature. The gill phosphatidyl-ethanolamines had a relatively higher turnover at low temperature. 3. The acclimation of the eel at low temperature provoked an increase of the turnover of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and diphosphatyl-glycerol into the gill, parallel with an increase of some enzymatic activities. 4. The variation of the acclimation temperature may impose restrictions on the turnover of some phosphatides. There is a limited action of the temperature on the turnover of metabolically active phosphatides of the osmoregulatory organs, such as gill phosphatidyl-inositol and diphosphatidyl-glycerol or kidney phosphatidyl-inositol. 5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the role of phospholipids in the cell and to the physiological functions of the various organs of the eel."}
{"id": "PMID:933076", "title": "Variation in intramembrane components of Trypanosoma brucei from intact and x-irradiated rats: a freeze-cleave study.", "content": "Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze-cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3-dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody-induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids. The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed. On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze-cleave method corresponds to an electron-dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms.", "contents": "Variation in intramembrane components of Trypanosoma brucei from intact and x-irradiated rats: a freeze-cleave study. Additional information on host interactions with trypanosomatid membranes was obtained from studies of a monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei harvested at peak parasitemia from intact and lethally irradiated rats. Pellets of trypanosomes were fixed briefly in glutaraldehyde and processed for thin section electron microscopy or freeze-cleave replicas. Observations of sectioned material facilitated orientation and comparison of details seen in replicas. Fracture faces of cell body and flagellar membranes as well as 3-dimensional views of the nuclear membrane were studied. Cell body membranes of 80% of the organisms from intact rats contained random arrays of intramembranous particles (IMP). Aggregated clusters of particles appeared on the fracture faces of 20% of the trypanosomes. Some of these membranes had nonrandomly distributed particles aligned in distinct rows on the outer fracture face of both cell body and flagellum. Many inner face fractures of the cell body membranes had a particle arrangement similar to the longitudinal alignment of cytoskeletal microtubules. No aggregated particle distribution was seen in membranes of trypanosomes harvested from lethally irradiated rats. Replicas of trypanosome pellets also had plasmanemes as a series of attached, empty, coated membrane vesicles. These structures were found in close association with, as well as widely separated from the parasites. The shedding of these vesicles and the variation of particles in cell body membranes are discussed in light of antibody-induced architectural and antigenic changes in surface properties of trypanosomatids. The convex face of the inner membrane of the nucleus also is covered with randomly arrayed particles. More IMP were observed on the inner than on the outer nuclear membranes. Images of nuclear pores were also seen. The importance of these structures in drug and developmental studies of trypanosomes is discussed. On fracture faces of the flagellar membrane there were miniature maculae adherentes, unique to the inner fracture face and occurring only at regions of membrane apposition between cell body and flagellum. Each cluster of particles exposed by the freeze-cleave method corresponds to an electron-dense plaque seen in thin section images. However, because of a unique fracture pattern, these plaques were not revealed on the apposing body membranes, as illustrated in thin sectioned organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:933077", "title": "Feeding mechanisms in extracellular Babesia microti and Plasmodium lophurae.", "content": "Although large hemoglobin inclusions are observed in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti parasites, they are absent from parasites freed of hamster red cells by immune lysis with anti-hamster erythrocyte serum. Babesia microti has no cytostome. This parasite, therefore, does not appear to feed by phagocytosis of large boluses of hemoglobin, as does Plasmodium. To determine whether Babesia can pinocytose protein, free parasites were fed ferritin in an in vitro system. Ferritin was taken up from the entire cell surface into narrow channels within 15 min at 37 C. Only merozoites, with their pellicular complex, failed to take up the protein. By 60 min, the ferritin was highly concentrated in many channels and vesicles, which formed interconnecting stacks. The ferritin-containing channels became associated with membrane whorls of the multimembranous structure. Membrane whorls were also observed in the process of extrusion in samples incubated for longer times. These events may represent steps in the digestion and excretion of the pinocytosed protein. Empty channels formed when Babesia was fed albumin. The diaminobenzidine reaction for hemoprotein was positive for the channels in both free and intraerythrocytic babesias. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by cyanide, but not at all by aminotriazole. These results further suggest that Babesia pinocytoses hemoglobin in vivo. Plasmodium lophurae parasites freed of red cells by immune lysis are surrounded by 2 membranes and apparently can ingest ferritin only through the cytostome. Extracellular cytostomal feeding involves both membranes, as it does in vivo. Ferritin was found in food vacuoles, some of which contained hemoglobin ingested before parasite isolation, connected to or near the cytostome. In both Plasmodium and Babesia low temperature inhibited ferritin uptake.", "contents": "Feeding mechanisms in extracellular Babesia microti and Plasmodium lophurae. Although large hemoglobin inclusions are observed in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti parasites, they are absent from parasites freed of hamster red cells by immune lysis with anti-hamster erythrocyte serum. Babesia microti has no cytostome. This parasite, therefore, does not appear to feed by phagocytosis of large boluses of hemoglobin, as does Plasmodium. To determine whether Babesia can pinocytose protein, free parasites were fed ferritin in an in vitro system. Ferritin was taken up from the entire cell surface into narrow channels within 15 min at 37 C. Only merozoites, with their pellicular complex, failed to take up the protein. By 60 min, the ferritin was highly concentrated in many channels and vesicles, which formed interconnecting stacks. The ferritin-containing channels became associated with membrane whorls of the multimembranous structure. Membrane whorls were also observed in the process of extrusion in samples incubated for longer times. These events may represent steps in the digestion and excretion of the pinocytosed protein. Empty channels formed when Babesia was fed albumin. The diaminobenzidine reaction for hemoprotein was positive for the channels in both free and intraerythrocytic babesias. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by cyanide, but not at all by aminotriazole. These results further suggest that Babesia pinocytoses hemoglobin in vivo. Plasmodium lophurae parasites freed of red cells by immune lysis are surrounded by 2 membranes and apparently can ingest ferritin only through the cytostome. Extracellular cytostomal feeding involves both membranes, as it does in vivo. Ferritin was found in food vacuoles, some of which contained hemoglobin ingested before parasite isolation, connected to or near the cytostome. In both Plasmodium and Babesia low temperature inhibited ferritin uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:933078", "title": "Ultrastructure of intraerythrocytic Babesia microti with emphasis on the feeding mechanism.", "content": "Babesia microti is a highly polymorphic organism. To unravel its fine structure and the function of organelles it was necessary to resort often to serial sections. A single plasma membrane covers the organism. In trophozoites approaching reproduction, segments of double membranes can be found below the plasma membrane. In electron micrographs of poor resolution these segments of double membranes look like pieces of thick membranes and they were often thought to be a thick 2nd membrane. Before the segments of double membranes appear 2 other organelles are formed in older trophozoites: micronemes and rhoptries. There are indications that these structures originate from vesicles of the Golgi apparatus. Large dense bodies of the same structure as the host cytoplasm are not food vacuoles but merely invaginations of host cytoplasm, as found in serial sections and in organisms removed from the host cell. Feeding in Babesia seems to take place by a special organelle composed of tightly coiled double membranes located partly inside and partly outside the parasite. It is assumed that extracellular digestion of host cytoplasm take place through this organelle. The nucleus remains undifferentiated throughout the whole intraerythrocytic stage. It becomes irregular, loboid, but does not divide and remains a single body until the late stage of reproduction when only a small portion, a bud, extends into the forming merozoite.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of intraerythrocytic Babesia microti with emphasis on the feeding mechanism. Babesia microti is a highly polymorphic organism. To unravel its fine structure and the function of organelles it was necessary to resort often to serial sections. A single plasma membrane covers the organism. In trophozoites approaching reproduction, segments of double membranes can be found below the plasma membrane. In electron micrographs of poor resolution these segments of double membranes look like pieces of thick membranes and they were often thought to be a thick 2nd membrane. Before the segments of double membranes appear 2 other organelles are formed in older trophozoites: micronemes and rhoptries. There are indications that these structures originate from vesicles of the Golgi apparatus. Large dense bodies of the same structure as the host cytoplasm are not food vacuoles but merely invaginations of host cytoplasm, as found in serial sections and in organisms removed from the host cell. Feeding in Babesia seems to take place by a special organelle composed of tightly coiled double membranes located partly inside and partly outside the parasite. It is assumed that extracellular digestion of host cytoplasm take place through this organelle. The nucleus remains undifferentiated throughout the whole intraerythrocytic stage. It becomes irregular, loboid, but does not divide and remains a single body until the late stage of reproduction when only a small portion, a bud, extends into the forming merozoite."}
{"id": "PMID:933079", "title": "Ultrastructure of the peripheral zone of a Glugea-induced xenoma.", "content": "The Glugea stephani-induced xenoma in the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is a large spherical host-parasite complex, up to 4.0 mm in diameter, with the host and parasite components of the xenoma being most active in the peripheral zone. The xenoma has an extensive periodic acid-silver methenamine-positive surface coat covering the plasma membrane. The surface of this membrane is amplified by the presence of numerous folds and fine tubular extensions. The peripheral zone of the xenoma contains many host-cell mitochondria in addition to numerous microsporidan parasites. At the ultrastructural level, the peripheral zone of the host-cell cytoplasm appears normal. Inside the peripheral region of the 0.4-1.0 mm xenoma, the host-cell component largely disintegrates in the presence of microsporidan parasites undergoing sporogenesis.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the peripheral zone of a Glugea-induced xenoma. The Glugea stephani-induced xenoma in the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is a large spherical host-parasite complex, up to 4.0 mm in diameter, with the host and parasite components of the xenoma being most active in the peripheral zone. The xenoma has an extensive periodic acid-silver methenamine-positive surface coat covering the plasma membrane. The surface of this membrane is amplified by the presence of numerous folds and fine tubular extensions. The peripheral zone of the xenoma contains many host-cell mitochondria in addition to numerous microsporidan parasites. At the ultrastructural level, the peripheral zone of the host-cell cytoplasm appears normal. Inside the peripheral region of the 0.4-1.0 mm xenoma, the host-cell component largely disintegrates in the presence of microsporidan parasites undergoing sporogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:933080", "title": "Axenic cultivation of Phytomonas davidi Lafont (Trypanosomatidae), a symbiote of laticiferous plants (Euphorbiaceae).", "content": "Phytomonas davidi (Trypanosomatidae) originally discovered by Lafont in 1909 on the island of Mauritius was rediscovered in Euphorbia cyathophora in Florida. Successful cultures were established in diphasic medium consisting of duck blood agar and modified Phillips' medium as overlay. Optimal growth was obtained when Mansour's medium was used as overlay and poorest growth when Cowperthwaite's medium buffered at pH 5.0 was utilized for this purpose. Marked changes tending toward choanomastigotes rather than the elongate twisted promastigotes were observed in cultures.", "contents": "Axenic cultivation of Phytomonas davidi Lafont (Trypanosomatidae), a symbiote of laticiferous plants (Euphorbiaceae). Phytomonas davidi (Trypanosomatidae) originally discovered by Lafont in 1909 on the island of Mauritius was rediscovered in Euphorbia cyathophora in Florida. Successful cultures were established in diphasic medium consisting of duck blood agar and modified Phillips' medium as overlay. Optimal growth was obtained when Mansour's medium was used as overlay and poorest growth when Cowperthwaite's medium buffered at pH 5.0 was utilized for this purpose. Marked changes tending toward choanomastigotes rather than the elongate twisted promastigotes were observed in cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:933081", "title": "Symbiote-free hemoflagellates, Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti: their liver factor requirement and serologic identity.", "content": "Several aposymbiotic strains of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti were cultivated in Trager's chemically defined medium as well as in a blood broth, both supplemented with 0.25% (v/v) liver extract concentrate. For all such strains, the liver extract was found to serve as an essential growth factor in the defined medium and as growth promoting additive in the blood broth. The active molecules were found to be water-soluble, heat stable, dialyzable, and probably nonlipid fractions. Antisera were developed in rabbit against all the available aposymbiotic strains. An almost total cross-reactivity at very high titers was observed in reciprocal agglutination test using strains with and without the bacterial symbiotes. These results indicate that the loss of the symbiotes does not affect the antigenic identity of B. culicis and C. oncopelti.", "contents": "Symbiote-free hemoflagellates, Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti: their liver factor requirement and serologic identity. Several aposymbiotic strains of Blastocrithidia culicis and Crithidia oncopelti were cultivated in Trager's chemically defined medium as well as in a blood broth, both supplemented with 0.25% (v/v) liver extract concentrate. For all such strains, the liver extract was found to serve as an essential growth factor in the defined medium and as growth promoting additive in the blood broth. The active molecules were found to be water-soluble, heat stable, dialyzable, and probably nonlipid fractions. Antisera were developed in rabbit against all the available aposymbiotic strains. An almost total cross-reactivity at very high titers was observed in reciprocal agglutination test using strains with and without the bacterial symbiotes. These results indicate that the loss of the symbiotes does not affect the antigenic identity of B. culicis and C. oncopelti."}
{"id": "PMID:933082", "title": "Infectivity of Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes for golden hamsters.", "content": "Intracardial injection of hamsters with from 5 to 114 million amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and screening of the 8th-day liver impression smears, provides a rapid and reproducible method for assaying infectivity. Amastigotes are at least 10X more infective than promastigotes, and log-phase promastigotes act as a single infective population for hamsters.", "contents": "Infectivity of Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes for golden hamsters. Intracardial injection of hamsters with from 5 to 114 million amastigotes or promastigotes of Leishmania donovani and screening of the 8th-day liver impression smears, provides a rapid and reproducible method for assaying infectivity. Amastigotes are at least 10X more infective than promastigotes, and log-phase promastigotes act as a single infective population for hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:933083", "title": "The cell surface of Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream forms. II. Lectin and immunologic studies.", "content": "Living  Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with concanavalin A (ConA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose-binding protein (FBP). The agglutination with these lectins of living cells from which the coat was removed by trypsinization was the same as with intact trypanosomes. Glutaraldehyde or formalin fixation did not affect the results with regard to agglutination with WGA, SBA, and FBP, but lower agglutination with ConA was observed upon fixation. By using a dense iron-dextran marker many fewer ConA marker particles were localized at the fine structural level in the intact than in trypsin-treated trypanosomes. On the basis of the results obtained by agglutination and electron microscopy, it is likely that fixation  cross-links intact surface-coat components associated with the ConA binding sites. It is  evident from the studies in which lectins were employed that ligands containing alpha-D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and alpha-L-fucose are randomly distributed in the outer surface of the pellicular and flagellar membranes of T. musculi trypomastigotes. Results obtained with alpha-amylase- and dextranase-treated trypanosomes suggested that lectin-binding sugar ligands in the cell surface were not directly associated with alpha-1,4 or repetitive alpha-1,6 glucan-bonded polysaccharide moieties. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the basis of neuraminidase treatment with regard to N-acetylated neuraminic acids. After thorough washing, intact, but not trypsin-treated trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with antisera against whole mouse serum and against mouse IgG. Evidently, adsorbed constituents of mouse serum are regular components of the T. musculi surface coat. After incubation in dilute whole mouse serum or in mouse IgG solutions, also the trypsinized cells were agglutinated by the 2 antisera. No such results were obtained with trypsinized cells incubated in serum-free buffers. It was concluded that mouse serum proteins were readily readsorbed on, and firmly bound to the trypsinized cells' surfaces. Specific agglutinations were obtained with trypsinized cells after incubation in dilute rat, rabbit, bovine, and human sera and in solutions of rat and rabbit IgG in reactions with the corresponding antisera. It seems, therefore, that the host serum proteins are adsorbed nonspecifically to the cell surface of trypsinized T. musculi bloodstream forms. When examined by electron microscopy, the intact trypomastigotes were covered by an ununiform, slightly granular, fibrillar extracellular coat, applied to the entire outer lamina of the pellicular and flagellar membranes. No indication of such a coat was noted in the trypsinized organisms. Flocculent surface coat-like matrix could, however, be discerned in cells which, after trypsinization, were incubated in various sera.", "contents": "The cell surface of Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream forms. II. Lectin and immunologic studies. Living  Trypanosoma musculi bloodstream trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with concanavalin A (ConA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and fucose-binding protein (FBP). The agglutination with these lectins of living cells from which the coat was removed by trypsinization was the same as with intact trypanosomes. Glutaraldehyde or formalin fixation did not affect the results with regard to agglutination with WGA, SBA, and FBP, but lower agglutination with ConA was observed upon fixation. By using a dense iron-dextran marker many fewer ConA marker particles were localized at the fine structural level in the intact than in trypsin-treated trypanosomes. On the basis of the results obtained by agglutination and electron microscopy, it is likely that fixation  cross-links intact surface-coat components associated with the ConA binding sites. It is  evident from the studies in which lectins were employed that ligands containing alpha-D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and alpha-L-fucose are randomly distributed in the outer surface of the pellicular and flagellar membranes of T. musculi trypomastigotes. Results obtained with alpha-amylase- and dextranase-treated trypanosomes suggested that lectin-binding sugar ligands in the cell surface were not directly associated with alpha-1,4 or repetitive alpha-1,6 glucan-bonded polysaccharide moieties. Similar conclusions can be drawn on the basis of neuraminidase treatment with regard to N-acetylated neuraminic acids. After thorough washing, intact, but not trypsin-treated trypomastigotes were agglutinated specifically with antisera against whole mouse serum and against mouse IgG. Evidently, adsorbed constituents of mouse serum are regular components of the T. musculi surface coat. After incubation in dilute whole mouse serum or in mouse IgG solutions, also the trypsinized cells were agglutinated by the 2 antisera. No such results were obtained with trypsinized cells incubated in serum-free buffers. It was concluded that mouse serum proteins were readily readsorbed on, and firmly bound to the trypsinized cells' surfaces. Specific agglutinations were obtained with trypsinized cells after incubation in dilute rat, rabbit, bovine, and human sera and in solutions of rat and rabbit IgG in reactions with the corresponding antisera. It seems, therefore, that the host serum proteins are adsorbed nonspecifically to the cell surface of trypsinized T. musculi bloodstream forms. When examined by electron microscopy, the intact trypomastigotes were covered by an ununiform, slightly granular, fibrillar extracellular coat, applied to the entire outer lamina of the pellicular and flagellar membranes. No indication of such a coat was noted in the trypsinized organisms. Flocculent surface coat-like matrix could, however, be discerned in cells which, after trypsinization, were incubated in various sera."}
{"id": "PMID:933084", "title": "Does a histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium lophurae have a function in merozoite penetration?", "content": "Autoradiography was used to localize the distribution of L-[3H]histidine incorporated in vitro by developing  segmenters of Plasmodium lophurae. Under conditions used for the visualization of high specific activity loci, radioactivity appeared associated mainly with the histidine-rich protein of cytoplasmic granules as well as with rhoptries and micronemes of merozoites. The isolated histidine-rich protein caused agglutination of erythrocytes and increased their osmotic fragility. Based on the observed evidence suggesting the presence of this histidine-rich protein in the polar organelles of merozoites and its reactivity with erythrocyte membranes, the hypothesis that such a protein may have a function in the penetration of merozoites is proposed.", "contents": "Does a histidine-rich protein from Plasmodium lophurae have a function in merozoite penetration? Autoradiography was used to localize the distribution of L-[3H]histidine incorporated in vitro by developing  segmenters of Plasmodium lophurae. Under conditions used for the visualization of high specific activity loci, radioactivity appeared associated mainly with the histidine-rich protein of cytoplasmic granules as well as with rhoptries and micronemes of merozoites. The isolated histidine-rich protein caused agglutination of erythrocytes and increased their osmotic fragility. Based on the observed evidence suggesting the presence of this histidine-rich protein in the polar organelles of merozoites and its reactivity with erythrocyte membranes, the hypothesis that such a protein may have a function in the penetration of merozoites is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:933085", "title": "Demonstration that Leptomonas pessoai Galv\u00e3o, Oliveira, Carvalho & Veiga, 1970, is a Herpetomonas.", "content": "Leptomonas pessoai from the reduviid hemipteron Zelus leucogrammus, was cloned. The original strain (ATCC 30252) and clones can differentiate from promastigote to opisthomastigote. Differentiation is faster at high temperature (37 C) and in a defined medium as compared with a complex medium. It is suggested that Leptomonas pessoai be designated Herpetomonas samuelpessoai.", "contents": "Demonstration that Leptomonas pessoai Galv\u00e3o, Oliveira, Carvalho & Veiga, 1970, is a Herpetomonas. Leptomonas pessoai from the reduviid hemipteron Zelus leucogrammus, was cloned. The original strain (ATCC 30252) and clones can differentiate from promastigote to opisthomastigote. Differentiation is faster at high temperature (37 C) and in a defined medium as compared with a complex medium. It is suggested that Leptomonas pessoai be designated Herpetomonas samuelpessoai."}
{"id": "PMID:933086", "title": "Demonstration of concanavalin A receptors on Leptomonas pessoai cell memebrane.", "content": "Leptomonas pessoai promastigotes cultivated in a synthetic medium were agglutinated with concanavalin A (ConA). Agglutination was predominantly of the flagellar-flagellar type, and was inhibited with sucrose or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Cell surface polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins were demonstrated by several cytochemical methods at the fine-structural level. A Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technic was used to detect Con A receptors in the pellicular membrane of the flagellar pocket region and in the flagellar membrane proper. Somewhat less of the Con A-DAB reaction product was observed in the pellicular membrane enclosing the rest of the cell.", "contents": "Demonstration of concanavalin A receptors on Leptomonas pessoai cell memebrane. Leptomonas pessoai promastigotes cultivated in a synthetic medium were agglutinated with concanavalin A (ConA). Agglutination was predominantly of the flagellar-flagellar type, and was inhibited with sucrose or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Cell surface polysaccharides and/or glycoproteins were demonstrated by several cytochemical methods at the fine-structural level. A Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (DAB) technic was used to detect Con A receptors in the pellicular membrane of the flagellar pocket region and in the flagellar membrane proper. Somewhat less of the Con A-DAB reaction product was observed in the pellicular membrane enclosing the rest of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:933087", "title": "Effects of actinomycin D on generation time and morphogenesis in Paramecium.", "content": "The sensitivity of Paramecium tetraurelia (=P. aurelia syngen 4) cells to pulse treatments with various doses of Actinomycin D (AMD) was estimated by comparing the generation times of treated and untreated sister cells. It was found that the delay of division in treated cells depended on the concentration of AMD, on their \"age\" at the time of the pulse treatment, and on their individual sensitivity. Sensitivity of Paramecium to AMD changes during the cell cycle in a predictable way. About 3 1/2 hr before the normally expected cell fission (total generation time approximately 5 1/2 hr) there is a decrease of sensitivity. Thereafter, the cell enters a new stage with a progressive increase of sensitivity. This 2nd phase ends at the \"transition point\" (approximately 2 hr before cell division), when sensitivity drops abruptly. The division process itself may be altered and slowed down by high concentrations of AMD, even if the drug is applied after the transition point, but this process can never be completely annulled. The impairment of the division mechanism may lead to morphologic anomalies in the offspring. Resorption of oral anlagen in P. tetraurelia probably never occurs during the cell cycle after AMD treatment. The reason for individual variability of the cells, mechanisms controlling development, and the question of an obligate sequence of gene action in each cell cycle are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of actinomycin D on generation time and morphogenesis in Paramecium. The sensitivity of Paramecium tetraurelia (=P. aurelia syngen 4) cells to pulse treatments with various doses of Actinomycin D (AMD) was estimated by comparing the generation times of treated and untreated sister cells. It was found that the delay of division in treated cells depended on the concentration of AMD, on their \"age\" at the time of the pulse treatment, and on their individual sensitivity. Sensitivity of Paramecium to AMD changes during the cell cycle in a predictable way. About 3 1/2 hr before the normally expected cell fission (total generation time approximately 5 1/2 hr) there is a decrease of sensitivity. Thereafter, the cell enters a new stage with a progressive increase of sensitivity. This 2nd phase ends at the \"transition point\" (approximately 2 hr before cell division), when sensitivity drops abruptly. The division process itself may be altered and slowed down by high concentrations of AMD, even if the drug is applied after the transition point, but this process can never be completely annulled. The impairment of the division mechanism may lead to morphologic anomalies in the offspring. Resorption of oral anlagen in P. tetraurelia probably never occurs during the cell cycle after AMD treatment. The reason for individual variability of the cells, mechanisms controlling development, and the question of an obligate sequence of gene action in each cell cycle are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933099", "title": "The new colposcopic terminology.", "content": "A generally acceptable scheme for the classification of colposcopic findings is critical for the more widespread acceptance of this valuable diagnostic tool. Older schemes have tended to confuse students. The scheme described in this article sets appearances against an order of events in time and place based on the biological life history of the organ. This amounts to the history of exposed columnar epithelium as it changes, by a typical or atypical process, into squamous epithelium to produce, respectively, a typical or atypical transformation zone. The former produces a homogeneous appearance, the latter a heterogeneous appearance requiring further subdivision by the use of the categories of white epithelium, blood vessel abnormalities such as punctation and mosaic and other atypical patterns, and leukoplakia. Not all of these abnormal appearances are associated with greatly altered histological appearances and, therefore, a further system of their grading is introduced. Other categories include appearances associated with overt cancer, with miscellaneous noncancerous conditions and with states in which the complete transformation zone is not viewed and, therefore, the colposcopic findings are not satisfactory. Finally, the present scheme is integrated as far as possible with older schemes.", "contents": "The new colposcopic terminology. A generally acceptable scheme for the classification of colposcopic findings is critical for the more widespread acceptance of this valuable diagnostic tool. Older schemes have tended to confuse students. The scheme described in this article sets appearances against an order of events in time and place based on the biological life history of the organ. This amounts to the history of exposed columnar epithelium as it changes, by a typical or atypical process, into squamous epithelium to produce, respectively, a typical or atypical transformation zone. The former produces a homogeneous appearance, the latter a heterogeneous appearance requiring further subdivision by the use of the categories of white epithelium, blood vessel abnormalities such as punctation and mosaic and other atypical patterns, and leukoplakia. Not all of these abnormal appearances are associated with greatly altered histological appearances and, therefore, a further system of their grading is introduced. Other categories include appearances associated with overt cancer, with miscellaneous noncancerous conditions and with states in which the complete transformation zone is not viewed and, therefore, the colposcopic findings are not satisfactory. Finally, the present scheme is integrated as far as possible with older schemes."}
{"id": "PMID:933102", "title": "Colposcopic evaluation of cervical neoplasia in pregnancy.", "content": "The need for histologic examination of the cervix during pregnancy is not uncommon. Classically, the cone biopsy has been the diagnostic procedure of choice, but this procedure is attended by a significant and excessive complication rate. The cumulative data strongly supports the conclusion that the combination of cytology and colposcopically directed biopsy can be relied upon to provide an accurate diagnosis in a high percentage of patients. Colposcopy should be a routine diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patients with abnormal Pap smears or grossly abnormal cervices.", "contents": "Colposcopic evaluation of cervical neoplasia in pregnancy. The need for histologic examination of the cervix during pregnancy is not uncommon. Classically, the cone biopsy has been the diagnostic procedure of choice, but this procedure is attended by a significant and excessive complication rate. The cumulative data strongly supports the conclusion that the combination of cytology and colposcopically directed biopsy can be relied upon to provide an accurate diagnosis in a high percentage of patients. Colposcopy should be a routine diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of patients with abnormal Pap smears or grossly abnormal cervices."}
{"id": "PMID:933103", "title": "Colposcopy screening for cervical cancer in a family planning program.", "content": "A brief history is presented of colposcopy in the United States and at Louisiana State University. Incorporation of colposcopy screening as a part of the cervical cancer screening program in the Louisiana Family Planning Program is discussed, and the reasons for the need of \"in house\" colposcopy service are outlined. Data of the Louisiana Family Planning Program Colposcopy Service for the three-year period 1972 through 1974 are presented. Analysis of these data reveals that cytology when used without colposcopy fails to reveal the presence of major cervical pathology in 30.2% of patients. It is concluded that colposcopic screening must be a part of all family planning and cervical cancer detection programs.", "contents": "Colposcopy screening for cervical cancer in a family planning program. A brief history is presented of colposcopy in the United States and at Louisiana State University. Incorporation of colposcopy screening as a part of the cervical cancer screening program in the Louisiana Family Planning Program is discussed, and the reasons for the need of \"in house\" colposcopy service are outlined. Data of the Louisiana Family Planning Program Colposcopy Service for the three-year period 1972 through 1974 are presented. Analysis of these data reveals that cytology when used without colposcopy fails to reveal the presence of major cervical pathology in 30.2% of patients. It is concluded that colposcopic screening must be a part of all family planning and cervical cancer detection programs."}
{"id": "PMID:933104", "title": "Histopathologic spectrum of benign proliferative and intraepithelial neoplastic reactions of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A working model for the histogenesis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is summarized in Table I. The inclusion of squamous metaplasia in this chart does not imply that this reaction falls into the spectrum of cervical neoplasia or is necessarily an antecedent to neoplasia. It does simply imply that the carcinogenic event or events apparently occur in or involve an epithelium that is indistinguishable from squamous metaplasia. The chart intentionally implies that the lesions mentioned are not separate diseases but arbitrary points in the spectrum of cervical neoplasia. It must be emphasized that one stage does not necessarily progress to the next and that at any stage up to indisputable cancer the changes may regress, persist or progress. The careful evaluation of histologic material from the uterine cervix will permit the pathologist to exclude those epithelial abnormalities which are not a part of the spectrum of cervical neoplasia and allow him or her to place the patient with cervical neoplasia at the proper stage in the development of the process. With this information the clinician can then intelligently plan appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Histopathologic spectrum of benign proliferative and intraepithelial neoplastic reactions of the uterine cervix. A working model for the histogenesis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix is summarized in Table I. The inclusion of squamous metaplasia in this chart does not imply that this reaction falls into the spectrum of cervical neoplasia or is necessarily an antecedent to neoplasia. It does simply imply that the carcinogenic event or events apparently occur in or involve an epithelium that is indistinguishable from squamous metaplasia. The chart intentionally implies that the lesions mentioned are not separate diseases but arbitrary points in the spectrum of cervical neoplasia. It must be emphasized that one stage does not necessarily progress to the next and that at any stage up to indisputable cancer the changes may regress, persist or progress. The careful evaluation of histologic material from the uterine cervix will permit the pathologist to exclude those epithelial abnormalities which are not a part of the spectrum of cervical neoplasia and allow him or her to place the patient with cervical neoplasia at the proper stage in the development of the process. With this information the clinician can then intelligently plan appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:933105", "title": "Midtrimester pregnancy termination with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories.", "content": "One hundred midtrimester pregnancies were randomly selected for elective termination with 20 mg prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. The abortion rate was 93%. There were 66% complete abortions, 27% incomplete abortions and 7% failures. Mean insertion abortion time was 17 hours, 26 minutes. Average dosage was 82 mg. There were no mortalities but a high percentage of side effects, all of which were well tolerated. Two patients were admitted to other hospitals unfamiliar with termination technics, transfused and subjected to dilatations and curettages. There were no long-term sequelae.", "contents": "Midtrimester pregnancy termination with prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. One hundred midtrimester pregnancies were randomly selected for elective termination with 20 mg prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppositories. The abortion rate was 93%. There were 66% complete abortions, 27% incomplete abortions and 7% failures. Mean insertion abortion time was 17 hours, 26 minutes. Average dosage was 82 mg. There were no mortalities but a high percentage of side effects, all of which were well tolerated. Two patients were admitted to other hospitals unfamiliar with termination technics, transfused and subjected to dilatations and curettages. There were no long-term sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:933106", "title": "Intrauterine (extraamniotic) prostaglandins in the management of unsuccessful pregnancy.", "content": "Extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandin F2alpha has been used in the treatment of 72 cases of unsuccessful pregnancy which included 50 of fetal death in utero, 13 of anencephaly and nine of hydatidiform mole. This management is highly effective in achieving abortion or delivery within 24 hours in almost all cases and results in few side effects. Pyrexia occurred during treatment in three patients, but in none was intrauterine infection observed. Blood loss greater than 250 ml occurred in only two patients, and none required transfusion. We advocate the use of extraamniotic prostaglandins as an active approach to the problem of unsuccessful pregnancy to relieve the patient of emotional distress and avoid the hazards of blood coagulopathy and intrauterine infection, both of which increase the longer a dead fetus is retained in utero.", "contents": "Intrauterine (extraamniotic) prostaglandins in the management of unsuccessful pregnancy. Extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandin F2alpha has been used in the treatment of 72 cases of unsuccessful pregnancy which included 50 of fetal death in utero, 13 of anencephaly and nine of hydatidiform mole. This management is highly effective in achieving abortion or delivery within 24 hours in almost all cases and results in few side effects. Pyrexia occurred during treatment in three patients, but in none was intrauterine infection observed. Blood loss greater than 250 ml occurred in only two patients, and none required transfusion. We advocate the use of extraamniotic prostaglandins as an active approach to the problem of unsuccessful pregnancy to relieve the patient of emotional distress and avoid the hazards of blood coagulopathy and intrauterine infection, both of which increase the longer a dead fetus is retained in utero."}
{"id": "PMID:933107", "title": "The use of oral prostaglandin E2 to induce labor at term.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was given to 60 patients to induce labor at term. Two dosage schedules were used: 30 patients were given 0.5 mg hourly and 30 patients were given 1.0 mg hourly. Membranes were ruptured when active labor had occurred. The Bishop score was used for inducibility quotient. In general, the higher the Bishop score, the shorter the delivery time. The 1.0 mg dosage schedule decreased the induction time in both nulliparas and multiparas. There were 55 vaginal deliveries. Five patients were delivered by cesarean section for obstetrical indications; two were in active labor. The overall success rate was 91.6%. No fetal distress occurred that could be attributed to the PGE2. Maternal complications consisted of nausea and vomiting.", "contents": "The use of oral prostaglandin E2 to induce labor at term. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was given to 60 patients to induce labor at term. Two dosage schedules were used: 30 patients were given 0.5 mg hourly and 30 patients were given 1.0 mg hourly. Membranes were ruptured when active labor had occurred. The Bishop score was used for inducibility quotient. In general, the higher the Bishop score, the shorter the delivery time. The 1.0 mg dosage schedule decreased the induction time in both nulliparas and multiparas. There were 55 vaginal deliveries. Five patients were delivered by cesarean section for obstetrical indications; two were in active labor. The overall success rate was 91.6%. No fetal distress occurred that could be attributed to the PGE2. Maternal complications consisted of nausea and vomiting."}
{"id": "PMID:933108", "title": "Classification and relationships of induced chromosomal structual changes.", "content": "A detailed survey is given of the types and classification of primary structural changes that can be induced in chromosomes and observed at the first metaphase after the initial damage. Comments upon identification and scoring are given for the benefit of new workers. The annotation concludes with a brief discussion of the potential relationships between the primary types, and the secondary or derived types encountered in clinical studies.", "contents": "Classification and relationships of induced chromosomal structual changes. A detailed survey is given of the types and classification of primary structural changes that can be induced in chromosomes and observed at the first metaphase after the initial damage. Comments upon identification and scoring are given for the benefit of new workers. The annotation concludes with a brief discussion of the potential relationships between the primary types, and the secondary or derived types encountered in clinical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:933109", "title": "Absence of distal interphalangeal creases of fingers with flexion limitation.", "content": "An Ashkenazi Jewish family is described, in which absence of distal interphalangeal creases of fingers with flexion limitation is transmitted through 4 generations with 8 affected individuals. The malformation is caused by an autosomal dominant gene with full penetrance and variable expressivity, and causes only little inconvenience. In one case the joints were normal on radiological examination. The malformation was not associated with any other anomaly except in the propositus who was referred becaused of profound mental retardation and cerebral palsy. This association is probably fortuitous as the other affected members were of above average intelligence. We were unable to find any report on this anomaly without associated malformations.", "contents": "Absence of distal interphalangeal creases of fingers with flexion limitation. An Ashkenazi Jewish family is described, in which absence of distal interphalangeal creases of fingers with flexion limitation is transmitted through 4 generations with 8 affected individuals. The malformation is caused by an autosomal dominant gene with full penetrance and variable expressivity, and causes only little inconvenience. In one case the joints were normal on radiological examination. The malformation was not associated with any other anomaly except in the propositus who was referred becaused of profound mental retardation and cerebral palsy. This association is probably fortuitous as the other affected members were of above average intelligence. We were unable to find any report on this anomaly without associated malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:933110", "title": "A family of juvenile proximal spinal muscular atrophy with dominant inheritance.", "content": "A family with juvenile proximal spinal muscular atrophy with dominant inheritance and complete penetrance is reported. The disease occurred in three generations and showed high variations in the age of onset and progression among the affected members. A characteristic feature was the constant involvement of facial nuclei.", "contents": "A family of juvenile proximal spinal muscular atrophy with dominant inheritance. A family with juvenile proximal spinal muscular atrophy with dominant inheritance and complete penetrance is reported. The disease occurred in three generations and showed high variations in the age of onset and progression among the affected members. A characteristic feature was the constant involvement of facial nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:933111", "title": "Camptodactyly, with muscular hypoplasia, skeletal dysplasia, and abnormal palmar creases: Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome.", "content": "A syndrome characterized by camptodactyly, distinct facial features, multiple musculoskeletal defects, and unique dermatoglyphic changes is described in two sisters born of consanguineous parents. In 1972 this same constellation of findings was first reported in two sibs from a different ethnic origin. This heritable disorder of connective tissue termed the Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome is thought to be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The basic defect is unknown.", "contents": "Camptodactyly, with muscular hypoplasia, skeletal dysplasia, and abnormal palmar creases: Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome. A syndrome characterized by camptodactyly, distinct facial features, multiple musculoskeletal defects, and unique dermatoglyphic changes is described in two sisters born of consanguineous parents. In 1972 this same constellation of findings was first reported in two sibs from a different ethnic origin. This heritable disorder of connective tissue termed the Tel Hashomer camptodactyly syndrome is thought to be transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The basic defect is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:933112", "title": "Haemoglobin M Hyde Park occurring as a fresh mutation: diagnostic, structural, and genetic considerations.", "content": "Hb M Hyde Park disease was detected in a girl who for several years was thought to have cyanotic heart disease. The problems of recognizing the condition are outlined and clues to diagnosis are discussed. Evidence for heme loss from the aberrant beta chains of Hb M Hyde Park and production of an unstable molecule is presented. The normal haematological findings in the patient's parents, as well as their blood groups and isozymes, suggest that the occurrence of her Hb M Hyde Park was the result of a fresh mutation.", "contents": "Haemoglobin M Hyde Park occurring as a fresh mutation: diagnostic, structural, and genetic considerations. Hb M Hyde Park disease was detected in a girl who for several years was thought to have cyanotic heart disease. The problems of recognizing the condition are outlined and clues to diagnosis are discussed. Evidence for heme loss from the aberrant beta chains of Hb M Hyde Park and production of an unstable molecule is presented. The normal haematological findings in the patient's parents, as well as their blood groups and isozymes, suggest that the occurrence of her Hb M Hyde Park was the result of a fresh mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:933113", "title": "The Prader-Willi syndrome with a 15/15 translocation. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case, diagnosed clinically as the Prader-Willi syndrome, was shown by Giemsa banding, to have a 15/15 chromosome translocation. A review of the literature indicates that such a translocation has only been described once before, in a normal woman, but that chromosme abnormalities in the Prader-Willi syndrome most commonly involve the D group. The significance of this would be clarified by specific chromosome identification in these patients.", "contents": "The Prader-Willi syndrome with a 15/15 translocation. Case report and review of the literature. A case, diagnosed clinically as the Prader-Willi syndrome, was shown by Giemsa banding, to have a 15/15 chromosome translocation. A review of the literature indicates that such a translocation has only been described once before, in a normal woman, but that chromosme abnormalities in the Prader-Willi syndrome most commonly involve the D group. The significance of this would be clarified by specific chromosome identification in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933114", "title": "Trisomy 13 in a female over 5 years of age.", "content": "A case of simple trisomy 13, confirmed by G-banded chromosome analysis, is reported in a Caucasian female over 5 years of age. There is no cytogenetic evidence available for mosaicism in the propositus or her parents. The patient's salient clinical features are: profound mental and motor retardation; microcephaly with trigonocephaly; ear malformations; small, sunken eyes; unusual eyebrows; cleft lip and palate; bulbar nose; coloboma iris; polydactyly; unusual dermatoglyphic patterns; large adductor thumbs; enlarged great toes; multiple capillary haemangiomas; club feet; inguinal and umbilical hernias; hyperconvexed fingernails; and seizure disorder.", "contents": "Trisomy 13 in a female over 5 years of age. A case of simple trisomy 13, confirmed by G-banded chromosome analysis, is reported in a Caucasian female over 5 years of age. There is no cytogenetic evidence available for mosaicism in the propositus or her parents. The patient's salient clinical features are: profound mental and motor retardation; microcephaly with trigonocephaly; ear malformations; small, sunken eyes; unusual eyebrows; cleft lip and palate; bulbar nose; coloboma iris; polydactyly; unusual dermatoglyphic patterns; large adductor thumbs; enlarged great toes; multiple capillary haemangiomas; club feet; inguinal and umbilical hernias; hyperconvexed fingernails; and seizure disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:933115", "title": "Familial ureteric bud anomalies.", "content": "A family is described in which various renal anomalies occurred. The condition is considered to represent an autosomal dominantly inherited 'instability' of the ureteric bud.", "contents": "Familial ureteric bud anomalies. A family is described in which various renal anomalies occurred. The condition is considered to represent an autosomal dominantly inherited 'instability' of the ureteric bud."}
{"id": "PMID:933118", "title": "Use of phytohaemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes to study effects of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency on polynucleotide and protein synthesis in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "The incorporation of [14C]thymidine and [14C]uridine into the nucleoprotein, and [14C]phenylalanine into the protein by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome [hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.8 HGPRT) deficiency] and controls, was studied over 72 hours of incubation, with and without azaserine to block de novo purine biosynthesis. No difference was observed between the values obtained for Lesch-Nyhan and control lymphocytes, when PHA-stimulated without added azaserine. The percentage reduction in the incorporation of precursors into nucleoprotein and protein after PHA stimulation in the presence of azaserine was more obvious in the lymphocytes of the patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome than in the controls after the shorter incubation periods at the lower rates of synthesis. Blocking the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, in control PHA stimulated lymphocytes, inhibited transformation, whereas loss of the purine salvage enzyme HGPRT did not have this effect. These results are compatible with the view that the brain and bone-marrow damage that occur in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are the result of lack of HGPRT in tissues with little de novo purine biosynthetic capability. Other tissues with both pruine biosynthetic and salvage pathways are less vulnerable to the enzyme defect. Some possible mechanisms by which HGPRT deficiency could act are discussed. We suggest that inability to increase the supply of guanylic acid (GMP) in response to a mitotic stimulus may mediate the effect of HGPRT deficiency.", "contents": "Use of phytohaemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes to study effects of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency on polynucleotide and protein synthesis in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The incorporation of [14C]thymidine and [14C]uridine into the nucleoprotein, and [14C]phenylalanine into the protein by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome [hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.8 HGPRT) deficiency] and controls, was studied over 72 hours of incubation, with and without azaserine to block de novo purine biosynthesis. No difference was observed between the values obtained for Lesch-Nyhan and control lymphocytes, when PHA-stimulated without added azaserine. The percentage reduction in the incorporation of precursors into nucleoprotein and protein after PHA stimulation in the presence of azaserine was more obvious in the lymphocytes of the patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome than in the controls after the shorter incubation periods at the lower rates of synthesis. Blocking the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, in control PHA stimulated lymphocytes, inhibited transformation, whereas loss of the purine salvage enzyme HGPRT did not have this effect. These results are compatible with the view that the brain and bone-marrow damage that occur in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are the result of lack of HGPRT in tissues with little de novo purine biosynthetic capability. Other tissues with both pruine biosynthetic and salvage pathways are less vulnerable to the enzyme defect. Some possible mechanisms by which HGPRT deficiency could act are discussed. We suggest that inability to increase the supply of guanylic acid (GMP) in response to a mitotic stimulus may mediate the effect of HGPRT deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:933119", "title": "Differential expression of salivary (Amy1) and pancreatic (Amy2) human amylase loci in prenatal and postnatal development.", "content": "The age-dependent development of alpha-amylase expression in utero and during the first two years of life is reported. Separation of salivary and pancreatic amylase isozymes in a discontinuous buffered sheet polyacrylamide electrophoretic system, with subsequent densitometry, provides a reliable semiquantitative method of estimating the proportions of salivary and pancreatic amylases in urine and amniotic fluid samples. In the newborn the predominant amylase isozymes seen in the urine are of salivary origin. As the child ages the level of amylase in the urine rises and an increase in the proportion of pancreatic amylase isozymes occurs. Amniotic fluids of late first and early second trimester pregnancies contain salivary isozymes. None of the amniotic fluid samples examined has pancreatic amylase isozymes. These data reflect a differential development of the expression of the two amylase approaches adult levels by 16 months of age. Conversely, the salivary (Amy1) locus is expressed as early as 18 weeks of gestation and remains relatively constant with but a small increase in salivary amylase (units/ml) activity during early development, as the total amylase activity approaches adult values.", "contents": "Differential expression of salivary (Amy1) and pancreatic (Amy2) human amylase loci in prenatal and postnatal development. The age-dependent development of alpha-amylase expression in utero and during the first two years of life is reported. Separation of salivary and pancreatic amylase isozymes in a discontinuous buffered sheet polyacrylamide electrophoretic system, with subsequent densitometry, provides a reliable semiquantitative method of estimating the proportions of salivary and pancreatic amylases in urine and amniotic fluid samples. In the newborn the predominant amylase isozymes seen in the urine are of salivary origin. As the child ages the level of amylase in the urine rises and an increase in the proportion of pancreatic amylase isozymes occurs. Amniotic fluids of late first and early second trimester pregnancies contain salivary isozymes. None of the amniotic fluid samples examined has pancreatic amylase isozymes. These data reflect a differential development of the expression of the two amylase approaches adult levels by 16 months of age. Conversely, the salivary (Amy1) locus is expressed as early as 18 weeks of gestation and remains relatively constant with but a small increase in salivary amylase (units/ml) activity during early development, as the total amylase activity approaches adult values."}
{"id": "PMID:933120", "title": "Immunogenetic factors in aetiology of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (gestosis).", "content": "The evidence that genetic and immunogenetic influences operate in the causation of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (gestosis) is reviewed. The problems of definitive diagnosis are discussed along with the possibility of a multifactorial aetiology. The difficulties of differentiating trigger and effector mechanisms are also considered. It is concluded that there is evidence for a predisposition, probably genetic, operating in some cases, an immunogenetic mechanism in others, and chromosomal factors in a small group.", "contents": "Immunogenetic factors in aetiology of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (gestosis). The evidence that genetic and immunogenetic influences operate in the causation of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (gestosis) is reviewed. The problems of definitive diagnosis are discussed along with the possibility of a multifactorial aetiology. The difficulties of differentiating trigger and effector mechanisms are also considered. It is concluded that there is evidence for a predisposition, probably genetic, operating in some cases, an immunogenetic mechanism in others, and chromosomal factors in a small group."}
{"id": "PMID:933121", "title": "Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in twin pregnancies.", "content": "A study of 1045 twin gestations with regard to known or likely zygosity and the incidence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia failed to reveal differences between known dizygous twins and like-sex 'presumed' and 'estimated' monozygous twins except in the 'estimated' data for multigravidae. There was a threefold increase in the incidence for twins as opposed to singleton pregnancies. These results are discussed in relation to increased conceptus-mother antigenic differences. It is suggested that the risk of gestosis in twin pregnancy involves more than a summation of that operating in two singleton pregnancies.", "contents": "Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in twin pregnancies. A study of 1045 twin gestations with regard to known or likely zygosity and the incidence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia failed to reveal differences between known dizygous twins and like-sex 'presumed' and 'estimated' monozygous twins except in the 'estimated' data for multigravidae. There was a threefold increase in the incidence for twins as opposed to singleton pregnancies. These results are discussed in relation to increased conceptus-mother antigenic differences. It is suggested that the risk of gestosis in twin pregnancy involves more than a summation of that operating in two singleton pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:933122", "title": "X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with some unusual features.", "content": "A total of 85 members of a family in which several individuals presented with hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and hypohidrosis were examined. Of these, 77 were evaluated clinically and the results compared with those obtained in an equal number of carefully chosen controls. The main symptoms among the affected males and females involved changes in the quantity and texture of head hair and in the distrubution of body hair. More than half of the males also showed precocious baldness, and 6 of them had dyskeratosis. The average of missing teeth was 12 among men with the syndrome, but only 2 among the obligate female carriers. The sweat pore counts were lower in the two sexes (42% and 60% of the normal values, respectively), and a much higher degree of asymmetry was observed especially among the affected women. Inheritance of the syndrome seems to be the result of a dominant sex-linked gene with 78% to 87.5% penetrance in the females. Genetic data concerning anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia are still unsatisfactory; new, more detailed studies are needed, in which special attention is given to the female carriers.", "contents": "X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with some unusual features. A total of 85 members of a family in which several individuals presented with hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and hypohidrosis were examined. Of these, 77 were evaluated clinically and the results compared with those obtained in an equal number of carefully chosen controls. The main symptoms among the affected males and females involved changes in the quantity and texture of head hair and in the distrubution of body hair. More than half of the males also showed precocious baldness, and 6 of them had dyskeratosis. The average of missing teeth was 12 among men with the syndrome, but only 2 among the obligate female carriers. The sweat pore counts were lower in the two sexes (42% and 60% of the normal values, respectively), and a much higher degree of asymmetry was observed especially among the affected women. Inheritance of the syndrome seems to be the result of a dominant sex-linked gene with 78% to 87.5% penetrance in the females. Genetic data concerning anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia are still unsatisfactory; new, more detailed studies are needed, in which special attention is given to the female carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:933123", "title": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis-infantile hypercalcaemia syndrome: in vitro hypersensitivity to vitamin D2 and calcium.", "content": "The incidence of cytoplasmic metachromasia has been studied in cultures of skin fibroblasts derived from 6 cases of the syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis, characteristic facies, and mental retardation which in many instances represents the late normocalcaemic stage of the severe form of infantile hypercalcaemia. The percentage of metachromatic cells (mean positivity 7.3%) was significantly higher than in control cultures. The addition of vitamin D2 and calcium to culture media caused a highly significant increase in metachromatic cells (mean positivity in supplemented media 16.1%) compared with a lesser increase in controls. These findings strengthen previous suggestions that there is a genetically determined hypersensitivity to vitamin D in some cases of the syndrome. A multifactorial aetiology is proposed, dependent on a variable genetic susceptibility of fetal connective tissues to a non-physiological effect of D vitamins and a variable level of maternal vitamin D nutrition.", "contents": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis-infantile hypercalcaemia syndrome: in vitro hypersensitivity to vitamin D2 and calcium. The incidence of cytoplasmic metachromasia has been studied in cultures of skin fibroblasts derived from 6 cases of the syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis, characteristic facies, and mental retardation which in many instances represents the late normocalcaemic stage of the severe form of infantile hypercalcaemia. The percentage of metachromatic cells (mean positivity 7.3%) was significantly higher than in control cultures. The addition of vitamin D2 and calcium to culture media caused a highly significant increase in metachromatic cells (mean positivity in supplemented media 16.1%) compared with a lesser increase in controls. These findings strengthen previous suggestions that there is a genetically determined hypersensitivity to vitamin D in some cases of the syndrome. A multifactorial aetiology is proposed, dependent on a variable genetic susceptibility of fetal connective tissues to a non-physiological effect of D vitamins and a variable level of maternal vitamin D nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:933124", "title": "Partial trisomy 9 with resemblance to Coffin-Siris syndrome.", "content": "An infant with partial trisomy of chromosome 9 who phenotypically resembled a case of Coffin-Siris syndrome is presented.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 9 with resemblance to Coffin-Siris syndrome. An infant with partial trisomy of chromosome 9 who phenotypically resembled a case of Coffin-Siris syndrome is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:933125", "title": "Pure partial trisomy for long arm of chromosome 9.", "content": "A case of a 4-year-old boy with trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 9 is described (46,XY, der (9), t (9;9) (q32;q12)). The trisomy is probably the result of a translocation of the long arm of the chromosome from one homologue to the other in a parental gonad. The clinical features of the child which include severe developmental retardation, bird-like facies, tapered fingers, and flexion contractures of the legs are similar to those of the few cases described of trisomy of the whole chromosome.", "contents": "Pure partial trisomy for long arm of chromosome 9. A case of a 4-year-old boy with trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 9 is described (46,XY, der (9), t (9;9) (q32;q12)). The trisomy is probably the result of a translocation of the long arm of the chromosome from one homologue to the other in a parental gonad. The clinical features of the child which include severe developmental retardation, bird-like facies, tapered fingers, and flexion contractures of the legs are similar to those of the few cases described of trisomy of the whole chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:933126", "title": "Pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syndrome.", "content": "A 21-year-old phenotypic female with a 46,XY chromosome complement and gonadal absence was studied. Basal levels of plasma immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and oestradiol were measured. Pituitary sensitivity and reserve was evaluated by the exogenous administration of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. The episodic release of gonadotrophins was assessed by measuring plasma LH and FSH in plasma samples obtained at 20-minute intervals for a 4-hour period. Endocrine gonadal function was evaluated by a stimulation test with human chorionic gonadotrophin for 3 days. The results showed: a) persistently raised plasma levels of both LH and FSH; b) a pulsatile pattern of release of both gonadotrophins and a normal pituitary response to the synthetic hypothalamic decapeptide; and c) extremely low levels of circulating testosterone and oestradiol with a lack of response to the HCG stimulus. A careful exploratory laparotomy revealed absence of uterus, Fallopian tubes, the Mullerian portion of the vagina, and gonads. No Wolffian derivatives were found. A dissociation of testosterone and the so-called Jost substance effects during early sexual development may explain the findings in this unusual abnormality. The term 'XY gonadal absence syndrome' including five types of variants to designate this condition is proposed.", "contents": "Pseudohermaphroditism due to XY gonadal absence syndrome. A 21-year-old phenotypic female with a 46,XY chromosome complement and gonadal absence was studied. Basal levels of plasma immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and oestradiol were measured. Pituitary sensitivity and reserve was evaluated by the exogenous administration of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. The episodic release of gonadotrophins was assessed by measuring plasma LH and FSH in plasma samples obtained at 20-minute intervals for a 4-hour period. Endocrine gonadal function was evaluated by a stimulation test with human chorionic gonadotrophin for 3 days. The results showed: a) persistently raised plasma levels of both LH and FSH; b) a pulsatile pattern of release of both gonadotrophins and a normal pituitary response to the synthetic hypothalamic decapeptide; and c) extremely low levels of circulating testosterone and oestradiol with a lack of response to the HCG stimulus. A careful exploratory laparotomy revealed absence of uterus, Fallopian tubes, the Mullerian portion of the vagina, and gonads. No Wolffian derivatives were found. A dissociation of testosterone and the so-called Jost substance effects during early sexual development may explain the findings in this unusual abnormality. The term 'XY gonadal absence syndrome' including five types of variants to designate this condition is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:933127", "title": "Cervical vertebral fusion (Klippel-Feil) syndrome with consanguineous parents.", "content": "We describe a female infant with the cervical vertebral fusion (Klippel-Feil) syndrome whom we recognized at birth because of her short neck, restriction of cervical movement, and low posterior hairline. X-ray examination showed anomalies of C1, and between C2-3 and C3-4; thus, we classified her as type II, with variable cervical fusion. At 24 months she was small and manifested hearing deficiency. The mother and father were consanguineous with five common ancestors four generations ago, which resulted in a coefficient of inbreeding equivalent to a second cousin relationship. The parents and grandparents were phenotypically normal, and the parents were radiologically normal. This form of the syndrome has previously been said to be autosomal dominant. Our conclusion of determination by a single autosomal recessive gene is evidence of genetic heterogeneity.", "contents": "Cervical vertebral fusion (Klippel-Feil) syndrome with consanguineous parents. We describe a female infant with the cervical vertebral fusion (Klippel-Feil) syndrome whom we recognized at birth because of her short neck, restriction of cervical movement, and low posterior hairline. X-ray examination showed anomalies of C1, and between C2-3 and C3-4; thus, we classified her as type II, with variable cervical fusion. At 24 months she was small and manifested hearing deficiency. The mother and father were consanguineous with five common ancestors four generations ago, which resulted in a coefficient of inbreeding equivalent to a second cousin relationship. The parents and grandparents were phenotypically normal, and the parents were radiologically normal. This form of the syndrome has previously been said to be autosomal dominant. Our conclusion of determination by a single autosomal recessive gene is evidence of genetic heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:933128", "title": "Pterygium syndrome.", "content": "The pterygium syndrome consists of the neck, the antecubital fossae and the popliteal regions together with flexion deformities of the limb joints and anomalies of the vertebrae. A family, three offspring of which appear to be affected with the same disorder, is presented. All three are female; there is also a normal female child of the same union.", "contents": "Pterygium syndrome. The pterygium syndrome consists of the neck, the antecubital fossae and the popliteal regions together with flexion deformities of the limb joints and anomalies of the vertebrae. A family, three offspring of which appear to be affected with the same disorder, is presented. All three are female; there is also a normal female child of the same union."}
{"id": "PMID:933129", "title": "Weiskotten survey, class of 1960: a profile of physician location and specialty choice.", "content": "This survey is the eighth in a series which has included every fifth American medical school graduating class, starting with the class of 1915. The questionnaire design differed from previous Weiskotten studies and emphasized attitudes towards location information not contained in the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. Traditional tabular comparisons are focused on contemporary locational policy needs. The findings and methodology of this study are generally similar to those of many earlier studies of both physician location and, in a very limited way, of specialty choice. The paper contains findings on certain characteristics of physicians who move their practice and those who do not. These characteristics have not been contrasted previously in this series.", "contents": "Weiskotten survey, class of 1960: a profile of physician location and specialty choice. This survey is the eighth in a series which has included every fifth American medical school graduating class, starting with the class of 1915. The questionnaire design differed from previous Weiskotten studies and emphasized attitudes towards location information not contained in the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. Traditional tabular comparisons are focused on contemporary locational policy needs. The findings and methodology of this study are generally similar to those of many earlier studies of both physician location and, in a very limited way, of specialty choice. The paper contains findings on certain characteristics of physicians who move their practice and those who do not. These characteristics have not been contrasted previously in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:933130", "title": "A positive approach to the utilization of student feedback in medical education.", "content": "Many of the problems related to the usability of student feedback in medical education are concerned with validity and reliability. In this paper the author presents a rationale and a systematic procedure for the construction, implementation, and analysis of student feedback data which will provide both valid and reliable information about specific areas of the educational process that are controllable by instructors. This information can then be combined with other factors and used for continuous improvement of the teaching/learning process.", "contents": "A positive approach to the utilization of student feedback in medical education. Many of the problems related to the usability of student feedback in medical education are concerned with validity and reliability. In this paper the author presents a rationale and a systematic procedure for the construction, implementation, and analysis of student feedback data which will provide both valid and reliable information about specific areas of the educational process that are controllable by instructors. This information can then be combined with other factors and used for continuous improvement of the teaching/learning process."}
{"id": "PMID:933131", "title": "A look at a deviant group of medical school applicants.", "content": "A total of 246 physicians who either had graduated from or had matriculated without graduating from dental school prior to entering a medical school were identified, and a combination multiple-choice, open-ended questionnaire was mailed to the group. Completed questionnaires were recived from 194 subjects for a 79 percent response rate. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the decision to study dentistry and the subsequent decision to study medicine. The authors were also interested in the process of admission to medical school, in academic performance in both schools, in choice of medical specialty, and in attitudes toward dentistry and medicine.", "contents": "A look at a deviant group of medical school applicants. A total of 246 physicians who either had graduated from or had matriculated without graduating from dental school prior to entering a medical school were identified, and a combination multiple-choice, open-ended questionnaire was mailed to the group. Completed questionnaires were recived from 194 subjects for a 79 percent response rate. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information about the decision to study dentistry and the subsequent decision to study medicine. The authors were also interested in the process of admission to medical school, in academic performance in both schools, in choice of medical specialty, and in attitudes toward dentistry and medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:933132", "title": "An individualized course in clinical psychiatry.", "content": "Although a variety of new teaching strategies and materials are available in education today, medical education has been slow to move away from the traditional lecture format. An individualized course in clinical psychiatry is described, both from a philosophical and operational frame of reference. Features of the course of include programmed instruction, behavioral objectives, criterion-referenced mastery level evaluations, contracting for grades, and utilization of small-group discussions. Attention is directed to the advantages of the new methods as well as to new problems which surfaced.", "contents": "An individualized course in clinical psychiatry. Although a variety of new teaching strategies and materials are available in education today, medical education has been slow to move away from the traditional lecture format. An individualized course in clinical psychiatry is described, both from a philosophical and operational frame of reference. Features of the course of include programmed instruction, behavioral objectives, criterion-referenced mastery level evaluations, contracting for grades, and utilization of small-group discussions. Attention is directed to the advantages of the new methods as well as to new problems which surfaced."}
{"id": "PMID:933133", "title": "Trends in medical education in Great Britain.", "content": "In this paper the author examines the ways in which medical school curricula have been influenced in recent years. First, consideration is given to the factors that led to the basic curriculum adopted by British medical schools at the time the National Health Service was established in Britain. Then the author goes on to examine how the founding of the National Health Service itself about a further influence on patterns in medical education and considers the effects this has had. Finally, he considers likely future development in light of present trends and assesses their implications.", "contents": "Trends in medical education in Great Britain. In this paper the author examines the ways in which medical school curricula have been influenced in recent years. First, consideration is given to the factors that led to the basic curriculum adopted by British medical schools at the time the National Health Service was established in Britain. Then the author goes on to examine how the founding of the National Health Service itself about a further influence on patterns in medical education and considers the effects this has had. Finally, he considers likely future development in light of present trends and assesses their implications."}
{"id": "PMID:933134", "title": "A comparison of two item-scoring procedures and student reactions to them.", "content": "Two scoring schemes--a partial-credit scoring scheme and a dichotomous scoring approach--were compared to determine whether one could be selected over the other on the basis of empirical data. Means, variances, and reliabilities on alternate measures and student reactions to the two approaches were analyzed. It was found that the mean partial-credit test score was significantly greater than the dichotomous test score. Reliability on the partial-credit measure was higher, but not significantly, than the dichotomously scored measure. Variance of the dichotomously scored measure was greater, but not statistically, than its partial-credit counterpart. Students clearly preferred the partial-credit approach over the dichotomous scheme. It was concluded that the partial-credit scoring system permitted the assessment of a significant amount of partial knowledge. The approach is recommended if rewarding for partial knowledge is an important concern.", "contents": "A comparison of two item-scoring procedures and student reactions to them. Two scoring schemes--a partial-credit scoring scheme and a dichotomous scoring approach--were compared to determine whether one could be selected over the other on the basis of empirical data. Means, variances, and reliabilities on alternate measures and student reactions to the two approaches were analyzed. It was found that the mean partial-credit test score was significantly greater than the dichotomous test score. Reliability on the partial-credit measure was higher, but not significantly, than the dichotomously scored measure. Variance of the dichotomously scored measure was greater, but not statistically, than its partial-credit counterpart. Students clearly preferred the partial-credit approach over the dichotomous scheme. It was concluded that the partial-credit scoring system permitted the assessment of a significant amount of partial knowledge. The approach is recommended if rewarding for partial knowledge is an important concern."}
{"id": "PMID:933135", "title": "Mathematical modeling and the redesign of a teaching ambulatory clinic.", "content": "Mathematical modeling was utilized in the planning and decision-making process involved in reorganizing a teaching clinic to effect continuity of care. The model interrelated physicians, time and space, facilitating value judgments and decisions. After examining multiple model runs, the authors finally selected a per-clinic-session doctor mix of 5 interns, 2.3 residents, and 1.6 fellows. Group productivity by model simulation was 14.6 pts/hour, utilizing 10.1 rooms. Subsequently, 90 house officers were each assigned to the clinic one-half day a week on a continuing basis. Time-motion data, from 10 sessions five months after the change, showed that during one week 353 patients were seen at a rate of 13.9 patients per hour in the rooms and time available. The fact that the reorganization was successful and the outcomes remarkably similar to model predictions has engendered confidence in the role of modeling in the planning process.", "contents": "Mathematical modeling and the redesign of a teaching ambulatory clinic. Mathematical modeling was utilized in the planning and decision-making process involved in reorganizing a teaching clinic to effect continuity of care. The model interrelated physicians, time and space, facilitating value judgments and decisions. After examining multiple model runs, the authors finally selected a per-clinic-session doctor mix of 5 interns, 2.3 residents, and 1.6 fellows. Group productivity by model simulation was 14.6 pts/hour, utilizing 10.1 rooms. Subsequently, 90 house officers were each assigned to the clinic one-half day a week on a continuing basis. Time-motion data, from 10 sessions five months after the change, showed that during one week 353 patients were seen at a rate of 13.9 patients per hour in the rooms and time available. The fact that the reorganization was successful and the outcomes remarkably similar to model predictions has engendered confidence in the role of modeling in the planning process."}
{"id": "PMID:933146", "title": "Clostridium difficile: isolation and characteristics.", "content": "Clostridium difficile can be grown readily in Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) containing 0-1-0-4% of o-, m- or p-cresol, or phenol. We recommend 0-2% of phenol or p-cresol in RCM for the isolation of this organism. The characteristic \"cornfield\" growth in RCM in 25-ml Universal containers is described. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, raffinose, aesculin and mannitol are fermented with production of acid and gas; maltose, sucrose, glycogen, soluble starch and sorbitol are fermented with production of acid only. Lactose and rice starch are not fermented by any strain, and DL-methionine is not attacked. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Hydrogen sulphide and indole are not produced. Gelatin is attacked by all strains, but in some cases prolonged incubation is required. Hyaluronidase is produced, but not deoxyribonuclease. A lethal toxin appears to be produced. Strains possess shared and strain-specific antigens.", "contents": "Clostridium difficile: isolation and characteristics. Clostridium difficile can be grown readily in Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) containing 0-1-0-4% of o-, m- or p-cresol, or phenol. We recommend 0-2% of phenol or p-cresol in RCM for the isolation of this organism. The characteristic \"cornfield\" growth in RCM in 25-ml Universal containers is described. Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, raffinose, aesculin and mannitol are fermented with production of acid and gas; maltose, sucrose, glycogen, soluble starch and sorbitol are fermented with production of acid only. Lactose and rice starch are not fermented by any strain, and DL-methionine is not attacked. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. Hydrogen sulphide and indole are not produced. Gelatin is attacked by all strains, but in some cases prolonged incubation is required. Hyaluronidase is produced, but not deoxyribonuclease. A lethal toxin appears to be produced. Strains possess shared and strain-specific antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:933147", "title": "The route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule.", "content": "To study the migration of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona through the kidney, conventionally-reared mice aged 2 or 3 weeks were infected intraperitoneally with this organism. Within the first 4 days, the organisms migrated from the capillary lumina to the interstitial tissue and provoked an interstitial oedema. By the 10th day they were seen between the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and by the 14th day many were located within tubular lumina. There was no evidence of viable leptospires within the cells of the proximal tubules, though occasionally structures resembling leptospiral fragments inside lysosomes were observed. At no stage during the study were glomerular lesions seen.", "contents": "The route of entry of leptospires into the kidney tubule. To study the migration of Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona through the kidney, conventionally-reared mice aged 2 or 3 weeks were infected intraperitoneally with this organism. Within the first 4 days, the organisms migrated from the capillary lumina to the interstitial tissue and provoked an interstitial oedema. By the 10th day they were seen between the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules and by the 14th day many were located within tubular lumina. There was no evidence of viable leptospires within the cells of the proximal tubules, though occasionally structures resembling leptospiral fragments inside lysosomes were observed. At no stage during the study were glomerular lesions seen."}
{"id": "PMID:933148", "title": "Studies on Campylobacter sputorum subspecies Mucosalis.", "content": "Catalase-negative vibrios can be isolated in large numbers from the affected intestinal mucosa of pigs suffering from a range of porcine enteropathies in which the mucosa has an adenomatous component. These vibrios cannot be distinguished from strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis. The resemblance between these bacteria strengthens the case already made on morphological evidence that these enteropathies have a common origin. Catalase-negative vibrios have also been isolated from the mouth and faeces of pigs. Some of these conform to the criteria established for the mucosalis subspecies but others can be differentiated from it. An antigenic analysis shows that strains of the mucosalis subspecies are closely related antigenically, but that differences may allow separation of strains.", "contents": "Studies on Campylobacter sputorum subspecies Mucosalis. Catalase-negative vibrios can be isolated in large numbers from the affected intestinal mucosa of pigs suffering from a range of porcine enteropathies in which the mucosa has an adenomatous component. These vibrios cannot be distinguished from strains of Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis. The resemblance between these bacteria strengthens the case already made on morphological evidence that these enteropathies have a common origin. Catalase-negative vibrios have also been isolated from the mouth and faeces of pigs. Some of these conform to the criteria established for the mucosalis subspecies but others can be differentiated from it. An antigenic analysis shows that strains of the mucosalis subspecies are closely related antigenically, but that differences may allow separation of strains."}
{"id": "PMID:933149", "title": "Lipolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources.", "content": "The lipolytic activity for a number of triglycerides, oils, and Tween 80 of 50 Staphylococcus aureus strains from the margin of the eyelids in patients with chronic blepharitis was found to be significantly greater than that of 80 S. aureus strains from the upper respiratory tract.", "contents": "Lipolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus from different sources. The lipolytic activity for a number of triglycerides, oils, and Tween 80 of 50 Staphylococcus aureus strains from the margin of the eyelids in patients with chronic blepharitis was found to be significantly greater than that of 80 S. aureus strains from the upper respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:933150", "title": "Calcium-binding of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. IV. Effects of ruthenium red on the Co-operative nature of calcium-binding.", "content": "Ruthenium red combines with isolated synaptosomes, resulting in strong inhibition of their Ca2+-binding. In isotonic saline media, however, the dye-induced inhibition of Ca2+-binding is significantly greater than that expected for the amount of bound dye and Hill's exponent of the Ca2+-binding decreases to 1 with an increase in the amount of the dye bound. On the other hand in isotonic mannitol-sucrose solution, inhibition of synaptosmal Ca2+-binding brought about by the dye is proportional to the amount of dye bound. Based on these results, the effects of the dye on the co-operative nature of synaptosomal Ca2+-binding is discussed.", "contents": "Calcium-binding of synaptosomes isolated from rat brain cortex. IV. Effects of ruthenium red on the Co-operative nature of calcium-binding. Ruthenium red combines with isolated synaptosomes, resulting in strong inhibition of their Ca2+-binding. In isotonic saline media, however, the dye-induced inhibition of Ca2+-binding is significantly greater than that expected for the amount of bound dye and Hill's exponent of the Ca2+-binding decreases to 1 with an increase in the amount of the dye bound. On the other hand in isotonic mannitol-sucrose solution, inhibition of synaptosmal Ca2+-binding brought about by the dye is proportional to the amount of dye bound. Based on these results, the effects of the dye on the co-operative nature of synaptosomal Ca2+-binding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933151", "title": "The effect of poly-L-lysine, amiloride and methyl-L-lysine on gill ion transport and permeability in the rainbow trout.", "content": "The action of poly-L-lysine (PLL) on Na and Cl transport across freshwater fish gills was studied. Low concentration (10-6M) were added to the external medium for brief periods (1--5 min), then removed. During the next 20 min there was a rapid net loss of Na (117+/17 muEquiv[100 g]-1hr-1) and Cl (129+/17 muEquiv[100 g]-1hr-1). Both values are an order of magnitude larger than unidirectional effluxes in control fish. The efflux of both ions decreased to control values within 60 min after application and removal of PLL. In contrast, unidirectional influxes (JCl in and JNa in) were inhibited by about 40+ and showed no sign of returning to the original rates for 3 hr. Thus, PLL has two independent actions, causing a large increase in gill permeability which is reversible within an hour and apartial inhibition of influx which showed no sign of reversing for 2--3 hr. When PLL was applied for a longer period (60 min, the results were qualitatively similar but the permeability change was larger and persisted longer. These effects were compared with those of the small organic amines, amiloride and methyl-L-lysine. The latter inhibited JNa in, but there was not other similarity to PLL. Neither affected sodium efflux, not did they have any effect on Cl movements, in or out, across the gill. Inhibition of JNa in, was rapidly and completely reversible, and amiloride was shown to act by competing with Na for an entry site.", "contents": "The effect of poly-L-lysine, amiloride and methyl-L-lysine on gill ion transport and permeability in the rainbow trout. The action of poly-L-lysine (PLL) on Na and Cl transport across freshwater fish gills was studied. Low concentration (10-6M) were added to the external medium for brief periods (1--5 min), then removed. During the next 20 min there was a rapid net loss of Na (117+/17 muEquiv[100 g]-1hr-1) and Cl (129+/17 muEquiv[100 g]-1hr-1). Both values are an order of magnitude larger than unidirectional effluxes in control fish. The efflux of both ions decreased to control values within 60 min after application and removal of PLL. In contrast, unidirectional influxes (JCl in and JNa in) were inhibited by about 40+ and showed no sign of returning to the original rates for 3 hr. Thus, PLL has two independent actions, causing a large increase in gill permeability which is reversible within an hour and apartial inhibition of influx which showed no sign of reversing for 2--3 hr. When PLL was applied for a longer period (60 min, the results were qualitatively similar but the permeability change was larger and persisted longer. These effects were compared with those of the small organic amines, amiloride and methyl-L-lysine. The latter inhibited JNa in, but there was not other similarity to PLL. Neither affected sodium efflux, not did they have any effect on Cl movements, in or out, across the gill. Inhibition of JNa in, was rapidly and completely reversible, and amiloride was shown to act by competing with Na for an entry site."}
{"id": "PMID:933152", "title": "Modification of valinomycin-mediated bilayer membrane conductance by 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-methylbenzimidazole.", "content": "The compound 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-methylbenzimidazole (TMB), has been found to markedly modify the steady-state valinomycin-mediated conductance of potassium (K+) ions through lipid bilayer membranes. TMB alone does not contribute significantly to membrane conductance, being electrically neutral in solution. In one of two classes of experiments (I), valinomycin is first added to the aqueous phases, then changes of membrane conductance accompanying stepwise addition of TMB to the water are measured. In a second class of experiments (II), valinomycin is added to the membrane-forming solution, followed by TMB additions to the surrounding water. In both cases membrane conductance shows an initial increase with increasing TMB concentration which is more pronounced at lower K+ ion concentration. At TMB concentrations in excess of 10(-5) M, membrane conductance becomes independent of K+ ion concentration, in contrast to the linear dependence observed at TMB concentrations below 10(-7) M. This transition is accompanied by a change of high field current-voltage characteristics from superlinear (or weakly sublinear) to a strongly sublinear form. All of these observations may be correlated by the kinetic model for carrier-mediated transport proposed by L\u00e4uger and Stark (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 211:458, 1970) from which it may be concluded that valinomycin-mediated ion transport is limited by back diffusion of the uncomplexed carrier at high TMB concentrations. Experiments of class I reveal a sharp drop of conductance at high (greater than 10(-5) M) TMB concentration, not seen in class II experiments, which is attributed to blocked entry of uncomplexed carrier from the aqueous phases. Valinomycin initially in the membrane is removed by lateral diffusion to the surrounding torus. The time dependence of this removal has been studied in a separate series of experiments, leading to a measured coefficient of lateral diffusion for valinomycin of 5 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 25 degrees C. This value is about two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding coefficient for transmembrane carrier diffusion, and provides further evidence for localization of valinomycin in the membrane/solution interfaces.", "contents": "Modification of valinomycin-mediated bilayer membrane conductance by 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-methylbenzimidazole. The compound 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-methylbenzimidazole (TMB), has been found to markedly modify the steady-state valinomycin-mediated conductance of potassium (K+) ions through lipid bilayer membranes. TMB alone does not contribute significantly to membrane conductance, being electrically neutral in solution. In one of two classes of experiments (I), valinomycin is first added to the aqueous phases, then changes of membrane conductance accompanying stepwise addition of TMB to the water are measured. In a second class of experiments (II), valinomycin is added to the membrane-forming solution, followed by TMB additions to the surrounding water. In both cases membrane conductance shows an initial increase with increasing TMB concentration which is more pronounced at lower K+ ion concentration. At TMB concentrations in excess of 10(-5) M, membrane conductance becomes independent of K+ ion concentration, in contrast to the linear dependence observed at TMB concentrations below 10(-7) M. This transition is accompanied by a change of high field current-voltage characteristics from superlinear (or weakly sublinear) to a strongly sublinear form. All of these observations may be correlated by the kinetic model for carrier-mediated transport proposed by L\u00e4uger and Stark (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 211:458, 1970) from which it may be concluded that valinomycin-mediated ion transport is limited by back diffusion of the uncomplexed carrier at high TMB concentrations. Experiments of class I reveal a sharp drop of conductance at high (greater than 10(-5) M) TMB concentration, not seen in class II experiments, which is attributed to blocked entry of uncomplexed carrier from the aqueous phases. Valinomycin initially in the membrane is removed by lateral diffusion to the surrounding torus. The time dependence of this removal has been studied in a separate series of experiments, leading to a measured coefficient of lateral diffusion for valinomycin of 5 x 10(-6) cm2/sec at 25 degrees C. This value is about two orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding coefficient for transmembrane carrier diffusion, and provides further evidence for localization of valinomycin in the membrane/solution interfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:933154", "title": "Studies on the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum. III. Iodination of membrane proteins.", "content": "Microvillus membranes were iodinated from luminally administered lactoperoxidase, H2O2 and 125I before and after neuraminidase treatment. Membranes were isolated, solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulphate buffer and electrophoresed on gels. Gels were stained for protein, and then sliced for liquid scintillation counting. When membranes were not treated with neuraminidase, the nonpermeating iodination probe attached only to a band containing protein of 150,000 daltons approximate molecular weight. This size class of protein may reside on the luminal side of the brush border membrane as opposed to the serosol side. Qualifications of this statement are discussed with reference to the location of tyrosyl residues and to the possibilities of masking molecules. Membranes treated from the luminal side with neuraminidase to remove possibly masking carbohydrate and then iodinated, appeared to contain an additional protein of estimated molecular weight 220,000 daltons which was accessible to 125I. Thus, a 220,000 dalton protein may also be on the luminal side of the membrane. An explanation is attempted for the discrepancy between the very few proteins labelled and the many proteins involved in terminal digestion and transport which would all be expected to be available to luminally administered iodination probe. Membranes were isolated, exposed to iodination and then solubilized for electrophoresis. Nearly all proteins were labelled, which indicated that there is an asymmetric distribution of proteins in the plane of the membrane. The two smallest molecular weight polypeptides which were not iodinated were proposed to be so disposed in the membrane that they were inaccessible to the probe, from either side.", "contents": "Studies on the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum. III. Iodination of membrane proteins. Microvillus membranes were iodinated from luminally administered lactoperoxidase, H2O2 and 125I before and after neuraminidase treatment. Membranes were isolated, solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulphate buffer and electrophoresed on gels. Gels were stained for protein, and then sliced for liquid scintillation counting. When membranes were not treated with neuraminidase, the nonpermeating iodination probe attached only to a band containing protein of 150,000 daltons approximate molecular weight. This size class of protein may reside on the luminal side of the brush border membrane as opposed to the serosol side. Qualifications of this statement are discussed with reference to the location of tyrosyl residues and to the possibilities of masking molecules. Membranes treated from the luminal side with neuraminidase to remove possibly masking carbohydrate and then iodinated, appeared to contain an additional protein of estimated molecular weight 220,000 daltons which was accessible to 125I. Thus, a 220,000 dalton protein may also be on the luminal side of the membrane. An explanation is attempted for the discrepancy between the very few proteins labelled and the many proteins involved in terminal digestion and transport which would all be expected to be available to luminally administered iodination probe. Membranes were isolated, exposed to iodination and then solubilized for electrophoresis. Nearly all proteins were labelled, which indicated that there is an asymmetric distribution of proteins in the plane of the membrane. The two smallest molecular weight polypeptides which were not iodinated were proposed to be so disposed in the membrane that they were inaccessible to the probe, from either side."}
{"id": "PMID:933155", "title": "New membrane formation and intercellular communication in the early Xenopus embryo.", "content": "The ionic permeability of the nonjunctional and newly formed junctional membranes was investigated in embryos of Xenopus laevis up to the onset of the fifth cleavage. Continuous measurements were made of the equivalent nonjunctional (R'o) and junctional resistances (R'i) in different pairs of adjacent cells separated by one of the four cleavage membranes formed in that period. The specific resistance of the nonjunctional membranes (ro) and of each cleavage membrane (ri) as a function of time were derived using a generally applicable computer simulation model. ro decreased from about 40 komega cm2 in the in the uncleaved egg to about 10 komega cm2 at the 16-cell stage, due to the insertion of a small fraction of the relatively permeable newly formed cleavage membranes into the outer surface. Superimposed on this overall decline, a transient decrease of ro was observed during each cycle, caused by a temporary partial separation of the peripheral parts of adjacent blastomeres. The changes in followed the same pattern. R'1 increased stepwise during each cleavage cycle. At the onset of each cleavage there were no significant differences in R'i as measured between different pairs of cells. After an initial phase of membrane formation ri of all cleavage membranes remained constant at about 400 omega cm2. In the states investigated the coupling ratio ranged from 0.8 to 1. It is argued that this close coupling could be the result of the highly impermeable outer surface even in the absence of specialized junctions in the intercellular membranes.", "contents": "New membrane formation and intercellular communication in the early Xenopus embryo. The ionic permeability of the nonjunctional and newly formed junctional membranes was investigated in embryos of Xenopus laevis up to the onset of the fifth cleavage. Continuous measurements were made of the equivalent nonjunctional (R'o) and junctional resistances (R'i) in different pairs of adjacent cells separated by one of the four cleavage membranes formed in that period. The specific resistance of the nonjunctional membranes (ro) and of each cleavage membrane (ri) as a function of time were derived using a generally applicable computer simulation model. ro decreased from about 40 komega cm2 in the in the uncleaved egg to about 10 komega cm2 at the 16-cell stage, due to the insertion of a small fraction of the relatively permeable newly formed cleavage membranes into the outer surface. Superimposed on this overall decline, a transient decrease of ro was observed during each cycle, caused by a temporary partial separation of the peripheral parts of adjacent blastomeres. The changes in followed the same pattern. R'1 increased stepwise during each cleavage cycle. At the onset of each cleavage there were no significant differences in R'i as measured between different pairs of cells. After an initial phase of membrane formation ri of all cleavage membranes remained constant at about 400 omega cm2. In the states investigated the coupling ratio ranged from 0.8 to 1. It is argued that this close coupling could be the result of the highly impermeable outer surface even in the absence of specialized junctions in the intercellular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:933156", "title": "New membrane formation and intercellular communication in the early Xenopus embryo. II. Theoretical analysis.", "content": "In conjunction with a previous analysis of the electrical networks formed by the Xenopus embryo during development from the 2-cell stage to the 16-cell stage, some theoretical aspects are investigated. A computer simulation method for the derivation of the specific membrane resistances from the measured equivalent resistances between different compartments of a multicellular biological system is described in detail. The interdependence of the equivalent junctional and nonjunctional resistances, and the possible role of the blastocoel in intercellular communication are analyzed. Assuming that no direct pathways exist between nonadjacent cells, the equivalent junctional and nonjunctional resistances, as well as the resulting coupling ratios are calculated for all pairs of cells in the 4-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell embryo. Previous studies on electrotonic coupling in the early Xenopus embryo are discussed.", "contents": "New membrane formation and intercellular communication in the early Xenopus embryo. II. Theoretical analysis. In conjunction with a previous analysis of the electrical networks formed by the Xenopus embryo during development from the 2-cell stage to the 16-cell stage, some theoretical aspects are investigated. A computer simulation method for the derivation of the specific membrane resistances from the measured equivalent resistances between different compartments of a multicellular biological system is described in detail. The interdependence of the equivalent junctional and nonjunctional resistances, and the possible role of the blastocoel in intercellular communication are analyzed. Assuming that no direct pathways exist between nonadjacent cells, the equivalent junctional and nonjunctional resistances, as well as the resulting coupling ratios are calculated for all pairs of cells in the 4-cell, 8-cell and 16-cell embryo. Previous studies on electrotonic coupling in the early Xenopus embryo are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933157", "title": "Kinetic analysis of carrier-mediated ion transport by the charge-pulse technique.", "content": "The charge-pulse technique has been used previously for the study of quasi-stationary processes in membranes which required only a moderate time resolution. It is shown here that a time resolution of about 400 nsec may be achieved with this technique and that it may be applied to the kinetic analysis of carrier-mediated ion transport. By this method we have studied the transport of alkali ions through optically black monoolein membranes in the presence of the ion carrier valinomycin. All three relaxation processes that are predicted by theory have been resolved. From the relaxation times and the relaxation amplitudes the rate constants for the association (kR) and the dissociation (kD) of the ion-carrier complex, as well as the translocation rate constants of the complex (kMS) and the free carrier (kS) could be obtained. For 1 M Rb+ at 25 degrees C the values are kR=3 x 10(5) M(-1) sec(-1), kD=2 x 10(5) sec (-1), kMS=3 x 10(5) sec(-1), kS=4 x 10(4) sec(-1). The activation energies of the single rate constants which have been estimated from experiments at two different temperatures range between 50 and 90kJ/mol.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of carrier-mediated ion transport by the charge-pulse technique. The charge-pulse technique has been used previously for the study of quasi-stationary processes in membranes which required only a moderate time resolution. It is shown here that a time resolution of about 400 nsec may be achieved with this technique and that it may be applied to the kinetic analysis of carrier-mediated ion transport. By this method we have studied the transport of alkali ions through optically black monoolein membranes in the presence of the ion carrier valinomycin. All three relaxation processes that are predicted by theory have been resolved. From the relaxation times and the relaxation amplitudes the rate constants for the association (kR) and the dissociation (kD) of the ion-carrier complex, as well as the translocation rate constants of the complex (kMS) and the free carrier (kS) could be obtained. For 1 M Rb+ at 25 degrees C the values are kR=3 x 10(5) M(-1) sec(-1), kD=2 x 10(5) sec (-1), kMS=3 x 10(5) sec(-1), kS=4 x 10(4) sec(-1). The activation energies of the single rate constants which have been estimated from experiments at two different temperatures range between 50 and 90kJ/mol."}
{"id": "PMID:933158", "title": "Temporal and local concentration changes in diffusion layers at cellulose membranes due to concentration differences between the solutions on both sides of the membrane.", "content": "By means of a laser-interferometrical method diffusion layers at the interface of a noncharged cellulose membrane are studied. These layers are induced by a concentration difference between the NaCl solutions separated by the membrane. The temporal and local shift of the NaCl concentration in the diffusion layers were measured. A steady-state concentration profile could be obtained for times of 121 sec less than or equal to to less than or equal to 484 sec. The concentration profiles at any time (to less than or equal to 900) are not a linear function of the membrane surface, but could be fitted to a quadratic function. The thickness of the diffusion layers is also a function of time and its stationary value in this system is (575 +/- 49) X 10(-6)m. The role of concentration polarization for the determination of phenomenological thermodynamic coefficients of membranes is discussed and a new method is suggested, which excludes the difficulties of the concentration polarization in the diffusion layers at the membrane.", "contents": "Temporal and local concentration changes in diffusion layers at cellulose membranes due to concentration differences between the solutions on both sides of the membrane. By means of a laser-interferometrical method diffusion layers at the interface of a noncharged cellulose membrane are studied. These layers are induced by a concentration difference between the NaCl solutions separated by the membrane. The temporal and local shift of the NaCl concentration in the diffusion layers were measured. A steady-state concentration profile could be obtained for times of 121 sec less than or equal to to less than or equal to 484 sec. The concentration profiles at any time (to less than or equal to 900) are not a linear function of the membrane surface, but could be fitted to a quadratic function. The thickness of the diffusion layers is also a function of time and its stationary value in this system is (575 +/- 49) X 10(-6)m. The role of concentration polarization for the determination of phenomenological thermodynamic coefficients of membranes is discussed and a new method is suggested, which excludes the difficulties of the concentration polarization in the diffusion layers at the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:933159", "title": "Membrane capacity of squid giant axon during hyper- and depolarizations.", "content": "The change in membrane capacitance and conductance of squid giant axons during hyper- and depolarizations was investigated. The measurements of capacitance and conductance were performed using an admittance bridge with resting, hyperpolarizaed and depolarized membranes. The duration of DC pulses is 20-40 msec and is long enough to permit the admittance measurements between 1 and 50 kHZ. The amplitudes of DC pulses were varied between 0 and 40 mV for both depolarization and hyperpolarization. Within these limited experimental conditions, we found a substantial increase in membrane capacitance with depolarization and a decrease with hyperpolarization. Our results indicate that the change in membrane capacitance will increase further if low frequencies are used with larger depolarizing pulses. The change in membrane capacitance is frequency dependent and it increases with decreasing frequencies. The analyses based on an equivalent circuit (vide infra) gives rise to a time constant of active membrane capacitance close to that of sodium currents. This result indicates that the observed capacitance changes may arise from sodium channels. A brief discussion is given on the nature of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance of nerve axons.", "contents": "Membrane capacity of squid giant axon during hyper- and depolarizations. The change in membrane capacitance and conductance of squid giant axons during hyper- and depolarizations was investigated. The measurements of capacitance and conductance were performed using an admittance bridge with resting, hyperpolarizaed and depolarized membranes. The duration of DC pulses is 20-40 msec and is long enough to permit the admittance measurements between 1 and 50 kHZ. The amplitudes of DC pulses were varied between 0 and 40 mV for both depolarization and hyperpolarization. Within these limited experimental conditions, we found a substantial increase in membrane capacitance with depolarization and a decrease with hyperpolarization. Our results indicate that the change in membrane capacitance will increase further if low frequencies are used with larger depolarizing pulses. The change in membrane capacitance is frequency dependent and it increases with decreasing frequencies. The analyses based on an equivalent circuit (vide infra) gives rise to a time constant of active membrane capacitance close to that of sodium currents. This result indicates that the observed capacitance changes may arise from sodium channels. A brief discussion is given on the nature of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance of nerve axons."}
{"id": "PMID:933160", "title": "Pigment containing lipid vesicles. II. Interaction of valinomycin with lecithin as sensed by chlorophyll a.", "content": "Valinomycin added to a suspension of chlorophyll a containing lecithin vesicles induces slight changes in the spectrum of chlorophyll a. These changes are measured as a difference spectrum between samples with and without valinomycin but of otherwise identical composition. The analysis of the experiments reveals that the effect is neither associated with the ionophoric properties of valinomycin nor due to a direct interaction of this agent with chlorophyll a. The molar ratio of valinomycin dissolved in the membrane to lecithin is found to be the relevant parameter, thus indicating an interaction between these two components. As a consequence, the aggregational state of the lecithin molecules is altered. Chlorophyll a incorporated into the membrane acts as a sensor, i.e. it reflects the alteration by a change in its spectroscopic parameters.", "contents": "Pigment containing lipid vesicles. II. Interaction of valinomycin with lecithin as sensed by chlorophyll a. Valinomycin added to a suspension of chlorophyll a containing lecithin vesicles induces slight changes in the spectrum of chlorophyll a. These changes are measured as a difference spectrum between samples with and without valinomycin but of otherwise identical composition. The analysis of the experiments reveals that the effect is neither associated with the ionophoric properties of valinomycin nor due to a direct interaction of this agent with chlorophyll a. The molar ratio of valinomycin dissolved in the membrane to lecithin is found to be the relevant parameter, thus indicating an interaction between these two components. As a consequence, the aggregational state of the lecithin molecules is altered. Chlorophyll a incorporated into the membrane acts as a sensor, i.e. it reflects the alteration by a change in its spectroscopic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:933161", "title": "Studies on the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum. II. Membrane protein metabolism.", "content": "Mouse duodenal microvillus membrane protein metabolism was measured using radioactive labelling techniques. Labelled amino acids were introduced into the lumen of ligatured duodena. Following exposure to label, brush border membranes were isolated and analyzed. Experiments measuring the specific activity of protein labelled with a single amino acid revealed that total membrane protein appeared to turnover in about 14 hr. Protein in the mucosal homogenate had a faster turnover rate. Turnover rates of individual proteins were measured with single and dual isotope experiments. Membrane protein was solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) buffer. Single isotope experiments showed that all polypeptides separated on SDS-gels were maximally labelled at 6 hr after injection. Bands did not incorporate label linearly. Rates of loss (degradation) of label from membrane proteins in the seventeen bands appeared to be related to the estimated molecular size of the proteins. Rates were highest for larger polypeptides. A double isotope technique, in which proteins were allowed to incorporate the same amino acid in two isotopic forms, delivered with a set time interval intervening, revealed that the ratios of the second label to the first in the SDS-separated polypeptides were highest for larger proteins and lowest for smaller polypeptides. Certain assumptions were outlined and the ratios taken as measures of turnover  of proteins. Loss of label due to cell sloughing is discussed. A mixture of labelled amino acids (excluding leucine) was used to show that differences in leucine contents of different proteins was not an explanation for the variation in level of leucine radioactivity in different bands. For specific activity measurements throughout, protein in gels was quantitated with reference to the uptake of Coomassie stain. The use of this stain was validated by the finding that, at low protein concentration, the amount of stain taken up was proportional to the amount of bovine serum albumin or membrane protein loaded.", "contents": "Studies on the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum. II. Membrane protein metabolism. Mouse duodenal microvillus membrane protein metabolism was measured using radioactive labelling techniques. Labelled amino acids were introduced into the lumen of ligatured duodena. Following exposure to label, brush border membranes were isolated and analyzed. Experiments measuring the specific activity of protein labelled with a single amino acid revealed that total membrane protein appeared to turnover in about 14 hr. Protein in the mucosal homogenate had a faster turnover rate. Turnover rates of individual proteins were measured with single and dual isotope experiments. Membrane protein was solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) buffer. Single isotope experiments showed that all polypeptides separated on SDS-gels were maximally labelled at 6 hr after injection. Bands did not incorporate label linearly. Rates of loss (degradation) of label from membrane proteins in the seventeen bands appeared to be related to the estimated molecular size of the proteins. Rates were highest for larger polypeptides. A double isotope technique, in which proteins were allowed to incorporate the same amino acid in two isotopic forms, delivered with a set time interval intervening, revealed that the ratios of the second label to the first in the SDS-separated polypeptides were highest for larger proteins and lowest for smaller polypeptides. Certain assumptions were outlined and the ratios taken as measures of turnover  of proteins. Loss of label due to cell sloughing is discussed. A mixture of labelled amino acids (excluding leucine) was used to show that differences in leucine contents of different proteins was not an explanation for the variation in level of leucine radioactivity in different bands. For specific activity measurements throughout, protein in gels was quantitated with reference to the uptake of Coomassie stain. The use of this stain was validated by the finding that, at low protein concentration, the amount of stain taken up was proportional to the amount of bovine serum albumin or membrane protein loaded."}
{"id": "PMID:933166", "title": "Neuronal pathways from the dorsal ocelli of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus.", "content": "Each ocellar nerve in the house cricket Acheta domesticus contains giant nerve fibers of 10--15 mum diameter, characterized in Golgi-Cox preparations by a single row of short collaterals which runs along nearly the entire length of a fiber. Numerous long collaterals are given off by thin fibers in the ocellar nerve; medium-size fibers give off relatively few collaterals. The lateral ocellar tracts extend posteriorly through the dorsal protocerebrum, crossing the protocerebral bridge dorsally. The smaller median ocellar tract runs more ventrally through the pars intercerebralis; posterior to the bridge its fibers turn out toward the lateral nerves. Golgi and cobalt preparations reveal branching of giant and medium-size ocellar fibers posterior to the bridge at two levels, forming bilateral regions of ocellar neuropile. No ocellar processes appear to be given off to the corpora pedunculata, central body, nervi corporis cardiaci, antennal lobes, or circumesophageal connectives; it is uncertain whether ocellar collaterals extend into the protocerebral bridge or optic lobes. Cell bodies of giant and medium-sized fibers are located in the pars intercerebralis.", "contents": "Neuronal pathways from the dorsal ocelli of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Each ocellar nerve in the house cricket Acheta domesticus contains giant nerve fibers of 10--15 mum diameter, characterized in Golgi-Cox preparations by a single row of short collaterals which runs along nearly the entire length of a fiber. Numerous long collaterals are given off by thin fibers in the ocellar nerve; medium-size fibers give off relatively few collaterals. The lateral ocellar tracts extend posteriorly through the dorsal protocerebrum, crossing the protocerebral bridge dorsally. The smaller median ocellar tract runs more ventrally through the pars intercerebralis; posterior to the bridge its fibers turn out toward the lateral nerves. Golgi and cobalt preparations reveal branching of giant and medium-size ocellar fibers posterior to the bridge at two levels, forming bilateral regions of ocellar neuropile. No ocellar processes appear to be given off to the corpora pedunculata, central body, nervi corporis cardiaci, antennal lobes, or circumesophageal connectives; it is uncertain whether ocellar collaterals extend into the protocerebral bridge or optic lobes. Cell bodies of giant and medium-sized fibers are located in the pars intercerebralis."}
{"id": "PMID:933167", "title": "Collagenous and other organizations in mature annelid cuticle and epidermis.", "content": "The mature annelid cuticle contains orthogonally oriented collagen in a matrix capped superficially by a dense epicuticle with external corpuscles. The underlying epidermis is a simple columnar epithelium with two major cell types, mucous-secreting cells which secrete through channels in the cuticle to the exterior of the worm, and \"supportive\" cells which presumably produce and increase the cuticle by secreting into it. The structures of supportive cells, previously interpreted as specialized for establishing interfibrillar collagen order, are revealed by glutaraldehyde fixation as common cellular components without the qualities deemed useful to align collagen. Cell processes which penetrate and sometimes pass completely through the cuticle are not stable, not in geometric order, and lack cilia-like structure. Cilia, unlike the ubiquitous cellular processes, are highly restricted to regions of the epidermis with specialized functions. Cellular control, or other control, of collagen fibrillogenesis remains unestablished.", "contents": "Collagenous and other organizations in mature annelid cuticle and epidermis. The mature annelid cuticle contains orthogonally oriented collagen in a matrix capped superficially by a dense epicuticle with external corpuscles. The underlying epidermis is a simple columnar epithelium with two major cell types, mucous-secreting cells which secrete through channels in the cuticle to the exterior of the worm, and \"supportive\" cells which presumably produce and increase the cuticle by secreting into it. The structures of supportive cells, previously interpreted as specialized for establishing interfibrillar collagen order, are revealed by glutaraldehyde fixation as common cellular components without the qualities deemed useful to align collagen. Cell processes which penetrate and sometimes pass completely through the cuticle are not stable, not in geometric order, and lack cilia-like structure. Cilia, unlike the ubiquitous cellular processes, are highly restricted to regions of the epidermis with specialized functions. Cellular control, or other control, of collagen fibrillogenesis remains unestablished."}
{"id": "PMID:933168", "title": "Collagen deposition on a preformed grid.", "content": "Appearance of collagen fibrils in the cuticle was seen by electron microscopy to be preceded by formation of a finely filamentous matrix material. At first, the fine filaments of the matrix are unorganized. However, signs of orthogonal ordering soon appear in the most superficial portion of the cuticle, and subsequently appear more basally and closer to the underlying epidermis. Meanwhile, fibrils of different staining properties and identifiable as collagen begin to be deposited in the superficial portion of the cuticle, the same region which first showed organized fine filaments. Then, like the fine filaments before them, the collagen fibrils polymerize more basally. Collagen appears to polymerize on the preformed skeleton of fine filaments as though the fine filaments lagen fibrils seems to require direct cellular intervention but occur first in that portion of the cuticle which is furthest away from the underlying epidermis. The fine filaments may be self ordering, extracellular macromolecules which in turn determine the polymerization of collagen fibrils.", "contents": "Collagen deposition on a preformed grid. Appearance of collagen fibrils in the cuticle was seen by electron microscopy to be preceded by formation of a finely filamentous matrix material. At first, the fine filaments of the matrix are unorganized. However, signs of orthogonal ordering soon appear in the most superficial portion of the cuticle, and subsequently appear more basally and closer to the underlying epidermis. Meanwhile, fibrils of different staining properties and identifiable as collagen begin to be deposited in the superficial portion of the cuticle, the same region which first showed organized fine filaments. Then, like the fine filaments before them, the collagen fibrils polymerize more basally. Collagen appears to polymerize on the preformed skeleton of fine filaments as though the fine filaments lagen fibrils seems to require direct cellular intervention but occur first in that portion of the cuticle which is furthest away from the underlying epidermis. The fine filaments may be self ordering, extracellular macromolecules which in turn determine the polymerization of collagen fibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:933169", "title": "Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.", "content": "The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits. The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells. The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occuring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher oxygen requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport. Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. \"Mitochondria-rich\" and \"mitochondria-poor\" superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble \"chloride cells\" of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to chloride cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to chloride cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.", "contents": "Morphology of the gills of larval and parasitic adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits. The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells. The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occuring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher oxygen requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport. Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. \"Mitochondria-rich\" and \"mitochondria-poor\" superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble \"chloride cells\" of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to chloride cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to chloride cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat."}
{"id": "PMID:933170", "title": "The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta. I. Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs in five species.", "content": "Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs is common among adults of the genus Periplaneta. In three out of the four strains of Periplaneta americana examined, adult males had more contact chemoreceptros than females. In the fourth strain of P. americana and in P. australasiae, P. brunnea, P. fuliginosa, and P. japonica, no statistically supportable sexual dimorphism of contact chemoreceptors was found. However, in all strains and species of Periplaneta examined, sexual dimorphism was found in the total number and/or density of olfactory sensilla. Male adults had nearly twice as many olfactory sensilla as female adults. These observations are consistent with the behavioral observation that males within the genus Periplaneta rely on the reception of an airborne pheromone for the initiation of courtship behavior. In P. americana, where sexual dimorphism was found in the contact chemoreceptors, contact stimuli release the full wing raising display and presentation in males during courtship.", "contents": "The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus Periplaneta. I. Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs in five species. Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs is common among adults of the genus Periplaneta. In three out of the four strains of Periplaneta americana examined, adult males had more contact chemoreceptros than females. In the fourth strain of P. americana and in P. australasiae, P. brunnea, P. fuliginosa, and P. japonica, no statistically supportable sexual dimorphism of contact chemoreceptors was found. However, in all strains and species of Periplaneta examined, sexual dimorphism was found in the total number and/or density of olfactory sensilla. Male adults had nearly twice as many olfactory sensilla as female adults. These observations are consistent with the behavioral observation that males within the genus Periplaneta rely on the reception of an airborne pheromone for the initiation of courtship behavior. In P. americana, where sexual dimorphism was found in the contact chemoreceptors, contact stimuli release the full wing raising display and presentation in males during courtship."}
{"id": "PMID:933171", "title": "The cranial arteries of turtles and their evolutionary significance.", "content": "In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.", "contents": "The cranial arteries of turtles and their evolutionary significance. In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles."}
{"id": "PMID:933172", "title": "Ultrastructure of the main excretory duct of the cat submandibular gland.", "content": "The main excretory ducts (MED's) from the submandibular gland of adult cats were examined by electron microscopy. The ducts consisted of a pseudostratified epithelial lining surrounded by abundant connective tissue and numerous, small, longitudinally-oriented blood vessels. The taller epithelial cells were closely coherent, without the luminal clefts between adjacent cells that are characteristic of rat MED's. In the cat, these cells lacked basal membrane specialization, but showed considerable lateral interdigitation. Some microvilli were present on the apical surface. In a few rare cells, the luminal surface bore cilia of typical appearance. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells had irregular basal surfaces that gave rise to one or more long cytoplasmic processes. The basal surface of the pyramidal cells was studded with hemidesmosomes. The cytoplasms contained abundant tonofilaments, which sometimes aggregated in prominent perinuclear bundles. Occasional goblet cells were present in the duct wall. MED's perfused either in situ or in a perfusion chamber with Locke's solution also were studied. Even after perfusion of 160 minutes duration, the ultrastructure of the ductal epithelium showed remarkably few alterations. The MED model system thus remains stable long enough to carry out physiological experiments which may produce ultrastructural alterations.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the main excretory duct of the cat submandibular gland. The main excretory ducts (MED's) from the submandibular gland of adult cats were examined by electron microscopy. The ducts consisted of a pseudostratified epithelial lining surrounded by abundant connective tissue and numerous, small, longitudinally-oriented blood vessels. The taller epithelial cells were closely coherent, without the luminal clefts between adjacent cells that are characteristic of rat MED's. In the cat, these cells lacked basal membrane specialization, but showed considerable lateral interdigitation. Some microvilli were present on the apical surface. In a few rare cells, the luminal surface bore cilia of typical appearance. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells had irregular basal surfaces that gave rise to one or more long cytoplasmic processes. The basal surface of the pyramidal cells was studded with hemidesmosomes. The cytoplasms contained abundant tonofilaments, which sometimes aggregated in prominent perinuclear bundles. Occasional goblet cells were present in the duct wall. MED's perfused either in situ or in a perfusion chamber with Locke's solution also were studied. Even after perfusion of 160 minutes duration, the ultrastructure of the ductal epithelium showed remarkably few alterations. The MED model system thus remains stable long enough to carry out physiological experiments which may produce ultrastructural alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:933173", "title": "The structure and formation of the byssus attachment plaque in Mytilus.", "content": "The byssus attachment plaque and the tissues responsible for its formation were studied in M. californianus by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the plaque consists of at least three phases which ultrastructurally resemble three secretions considered to be collagen, mucoid material and polyphenol. The mucoid and polyphenol appear to mix as a colloidal suspension in which the latter is the continuous phase and forms the definitive bonding surface. Plaque collagen represents an extension of thread material into the cementing substance. Stimulated secretion within the ducts and distal depression of the mussel's foot shows a continuum of increasing heterogeneity from the inner toward the outer regions. This reflects the distribution of exocrine cell apices wherein exocytosis of polyphenol granules predominate deeply, mucous granules superficially and collagen granules in between. It is proposed that the morphology of the plaque conforms to theoretical physical-chemical requirements for adhesion under water.", "contents": "The structure and formation of the byssus attachment plaque in Mytilus. The byssus attachment plaque and the tissues responsible for its formation were studied in M. californianus by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the plaque consists of at least three phases which ultrastructurally resemble three secretions considered to be collagen, mucoid material and polyphenol. The mucoid and polyphenol appear to mix as a colloidal suspension in which the latter is the continuous phase and forms the definitive bonding surface. Plaque collagen represents an extension of thread material into the cementing substance. Stimulated secretion within the ducts and distal depression of the mussel's foot shows a continuum of increasing heterogeneity from the inner toward the outer regions. This reflects the distribution of exocrine cell apices wherein exocytosis of polyphenol granules predominate deeply, mucous granules superficially and collagen granules in between. It is proposed that the morphology of the plaque conforms to theoretical physical-chemical requirements for adhesion under water."}
{"id": "PMID:933174", "title": "Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. I. Functional density in proteins.", "content": "The distinction between molecular sites that mainly carry out general functions and sites committed to specific functions is analyzed, notably in terms of different evolutionary variabilities. Functional density is defined as the proportion of sites involved in specific functions. Weighted functional density, by representing the relative variability at specific-function sites is to some extent a measure of the specificity of molecular interactions. The relationship between general- and specific-function sites on the one hand the covarions of Fitch on the other is discussed. The functional \"degeneracy\" of amino acids is described as increasing the interdependence of general functions. It is predicted that proteins tht do not possess general-function sites besides their specific-function sites tend to \"freeze\" their primary structure, according to an evolutionary process that is an autocatalytic function of the decrease in site variability. This limits the use of weighted functional density as an indicator of the overall degree of interaction specificity of a protein to values that are not close to unity.", "contents": "Evolutionary processes and evolutionary noise at the molecular level. I. Functional density in proteins. The distinction between molecular sites that mainly carry out general functions and sites committed to specific functions is analyzed, notably in terms of different evolutionary variabilities. Functional density is defined as the proportion of sites involved in specific functions. Weighted functional density, by representing the relative variability at specific-function sites is to some extent a measure of the specificity of molecular interactions. The relationship between general- and specific-function sites on the one hand the covarions of Fitch on the other is discussed. The functional \"degeneracy\" of amino acids is described as increasing the interdependence of general functions. It is predicted that proteins tht do not possess general-function sites besides their specific-function sites tend to \"freeze\" their primary structure, according to an evolutionary process that is an autocatalytic function of the decrease in site variability. This limits the use of weighted functional density as an indicator of the overall degree of interaction specificity of a protein to values that are not close to unity."}
{"id": "PMID:933175", "title": "Counter-examples to a neutralist hypothesis.", "content": "Specific counter-examples are derived theoretically to the hypothesis that a random amino acid composition signifies a random evolutionary process.", "contents": "Counter-examples to a neutralist hypothesis. Specific counter-examples are derived theoretically to the hypothesis that a random amino acid composition signifies a random evolutionary process."}
{"id": "PMID:933176", "title": "On certain homologies between proteins.", "content": "Using, in part, comparisons between reconstructed ancestral sequences, homologies are suggested between certain proteins. Genetically related groups seem to be: 1. pancreatic and bacterial nucleases, 2. lysozymes and subtilisins, 3. c type cytochromes, ferredoxins and rubredoxins, 4. b type cytochromes, myoglobins and hemoglobins, catalase, and glutamic dehydrogenase. These homologies suggest that a given ancestral sequence can evolve into quite different tertiary structures.", "contents": "On certain homologies between proteins. Using, in part, comparisons between reconstructed ancestral sequences, homologies are suggested between certain proteins. Genetically related groups seem to be: 1. pancreatic and bacterial nucleases, 2. lysozymes and subtilisins, 3. c type cytochromes, ferredoxins and rubredoxins, 4. b type cytochromes, myoglobins and hemoglobins, catalase, and glutamic dehydrogenase. These homologies suggest that a given ancestral sequence can evolve into quite different tertiary structures."}
{"id": "PMID:933177", "title": "Polymerization of nucleotide analogues I: reaction of nucleoside 5'-phosphorimidazolides with 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine.", "content": "2'-Amino-2'-deoxyuridine reacts efficiently with nucleoside 5'-phosphorimidazolides in aqueous solution. The dinucleoside monophosphate analogues were obtained in yields exceeding 80% under conditions in which little reaction occurs with the natural nucleosides. In a similar way, the 5'-phosphorimidazolide of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine undergoes self-condensation in aqueous solution to give a complex mixture of oligomers. The phosphoramidate bond in the dinucleoside monophosphate analogues is stable for several days at room temperature and pH 7. The mechanisms of their hydrolysis under acidic and alkaline conditions are described.", "contents": "Polymerization of nucleotide analogues I: reaction of nucleoside 5'-phosphorimidazolides with 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine. 2'-Amino-2'-deoxyuridine reacts efficiently with nucleoside 5'-phosphorimidazolides in aqueous solution. The dinucleoside monophosphate analogues were obtained in yields exceeding 80% under conditions in which little reaction occurs with the natural nucleosides. In a similar way, the 5'-phosphorimidazolide of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine undergoes self-condensation in aqueous solution to give a complex mixture of oligomers. The phosphoramidate bond in the dinucleoside monophosphate analogues is stable for several days at room temperature and pH 7. The mechanisms of their hydrolysis under acidic and alkaline conditions are described."}
{"id": "PMID:933178", "title": "5-Methylcytosine content in the vertebrate deoxyribonucleic acids: species specificity.", "content": "RNA-free native DNA samples, isolated by four methods, from different vertebrate tissues and species, were hydrolyzed chemically and enzymatically and analyzed by paper chromatography to estimate the base composition. It was noted that (i) all the DNA preparations analyzed contained 5-methylcytosine, (ii) on the basis of mole percent of 5-methylcytosine, the composition of DNA varied in different species, but not so much in different tissues of the same species, (iii) the method of DNA hydrolysis, but not the method of deproteinization, affected the mole percent of 5-methylcytosine, and (iv) no 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) was detected in any of the DNA preparations analyzed.", "contents": "5-Methylcytosine content in the vertebrate deoxyribonucleic acids: species specificity. RNA-free native DNA samples, isolated by four methods, from different vertebrate tissues and species, were hydrolyzed chemically and enzymatically and analyzed by paper chromatography to estimate the base composition. It was noted that (i) all the DNA preparations analyzed contained 5-methylcytosine, (ii) on the basis of mole percent of 5-methylcytosine, the composition of DNA varied in different species, but not so much in different tissues of the same species, (iii) the method of DNA hydrolysis, but not the method of deproteinization, affected the mole percent of 5-methylcytosine, and (iv) no 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-HMC) was detected in any of the DNA preparations analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:933205", "title": "Regional transport of phenylalanine across the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "In adult rats, using the single-pass brain uptake technique with a tritiated water standard, L-phenylalanine was shown to enter brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by both a saturable and diffusionary process. A kinetic analysis of the data revealed a Michaelis constant (Ka) of 0.42 mM and a Vmax of 35 nmoles g-1 min-1. The saturable component of L-phenylalanine transport was adversely affected by dinitrophenol or or low sodium concentration in the intracarotid injection solution. Intravascular ouabain did not affect transport and only partial inhibition was observed with 1.5 mM L-leucine. It appears that there is no reginonal difference in the capacity of the BBB to move L-phenylalanine from blood to brain. This process is directly or indirectly coupled to sodium movement and is partially dependent on cellular energy.", "contents": "Regional transport of phenylalanine across the blood-brain barrier. In adult rats, using the single-pass brain uptake technique with a tritiated water standard, L-phenylalanine was shown to enter brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by both a saturable and diffusionary process. A kinetic analysis of the data revealed a Michaelis constant (Ka) of 0.42 mM and a Vmax of 35 nmoles g-1 min-1. The saturable component of L-phenylalanine transport was adversely affected by dinitrophenol or or low sodium concentration in the intracarotid injection solution. Intravascular ouabain did not affect transport and only partial inhibition was observed with 1.5 mM L-leucine. It appears that there is no reginonal difference in the capacity of the BBB to move L-phenylalanine from blood to brain. This process is directly or indirectly coupled to sodium movement and is partially dependent on cellular energy."}
{"id": "PMID:933206", "title": "Bioelectric observations on adult and newborn hypothalamic dendrites.", "content": "Bioelectric activities of hypothalamic dendrites of newborn kittens and adult cats were recorded in vivo. Stimulation of various hypothalamic areas with electrical stimuli, or by injection of norepinephrine, generated propagated spikes in both newborn and adult neurons. The morphologically immature hypothalamic dendrites were hypersensitive to stimuli and were able to generate propagated spikes not only of axon hillock (adults) but also of dendritic membrane origin. Some mechanisms responsible for the two types of spike formation (newborn and adult) have been identified.", "contents": "Bioelectric observations on adult and newborn hypothalamic dendrites. Bioelectric activities of hypothalamic dendrites of newborn kittens and adult cats were recorded in vivo. Stimulation of various hypothalamic areas with electrical stimuli, or by injection of norepinephrine, generated propagated spikes in both newborn and adult neurons. The morphologically immature hypothalamic dendrites were hypersensitive to stimuli and were able to generate propagated spikes not only of axon hillock (adults) but also of dendritic membrane origin. Some mechanisms responsible for the two types of spike formation (newborn and adult) have been identified."}
{"id": "PMID:933207", "title": "Effects of specific brain lesions on the thermal responses of rats to D-amphetamine.", "content": "Lesions in either olfactory bulb or in area postrema modify the amphetamine-induced paradoxical thermoregulatory behavior, although these lesions in no way affect amphetamine-induced hypothermia. In addition, these lesions lead to complicated patterns of thermoregulatory behavior. These results can be best explained by assuming that lesions in one part of the brain monoamine system might affect levels and turnover of monoamines in remote parts of the brain. Among d-amphetamine behavioral effects which are known to be mediated by central dopaminergic neurons are hypothermia in animals placed in a cold environment, and paradoxical thermoregulatory behavior (this involves the movement of animals away from the heating source despite hypothermia). This latter effect requires intact alpha norepinephrine receptors. It seems that neither type of lesion affected dopaminergic neuronal activity in the brain. However, norepinephrine activity in the brain was affected by the area postrema lesion as well as by the olfactory bulb removal.", "contents": "Effects of specific brain lesions on the thermal responses of rats to D-amphetamine. Lesions in either olfactory bulb or in area postrema modify the amphetamine-induced paradoxical thermoregulatory behavior, although these lesions in no way affect amphetamine-induced hypothermia. In addition, these lesions lead to complicated patterns of thermoregulatory behavior. These results can be best explained by assuming that lesions in one part of the brain monoamine system might affect levels and turnover of monoamines in remote parts of the brain. Among d-amphetamine behavioral effects which are known to be mediated by central dopaminergic neurons are hypothermia in animals placed in a cold environment, and paradoxical thermoregulatory behavior (this involves the movement of animals away from the heating source despite hypothermia). This latter effect requires intact alpha norepinephrine receptors. It seems that neither type of lesion affected dopaminergic neuronal activity in the brain. However, norepinephrine activity in the brain was affected by the area postrema lesion as well as by the olfactory bulb removal."}
{"id": "PMID:933208", "title": "The effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) on the metabolism of biogenic amines in the rat brain.", "content": "The effect of the chronic administration of alpha-MSH on the incorporation of tritiated tyrosine into noradrenalin and dopamine and of tritiated tryptophan into serotonin was studied in different regions of the rat brain. Alpha-MSH increased the incorporation of tritiated trytophan into serotonin in the cortex and slightly decreased that of tryosine into the dopamine in the hypothalamus. As the brain concentration of serotonin was unchanged in the animals treated with alpha-MSH, it is suggested that some of the changes in behavior, which other investigators have found following the administration of peptides containing the same sequence of amino acids to that found in MSH, could be associated with an increased turnover of cortical serotonin.", "contents": "The effect of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) on the metabolism of biogenic amines in the rat brain. The effect of the chronic administration of alpha-MSH on the incorporation of tritiated tyrosine into noradrenalin and dopamine and of tritiated tryptophan into serotonin was studied in different regions of the rat brain. Alpha-MSH increased the incorporation of tritiated trytophan into serotonin in the cortex and slightly decreased that of tryosine into the dopamine in the hypothalamus. As the brain concentration of serotonin was unchanged in the animals treated with alpha-MSH, it is suggested that some of the changes in behavior, which other investigators have found following the administration of peptides containing the same sequence of amino acids to that found in MSH, could be associated with an increased turnover of cortical serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:933209", "title": "Mesencephalic lesions followed by normophagia but decreased body weight.", "content": "Twenty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were lesioned in the area of the ascending ventral noradrenergic bundle in the mesencephalon. Nine sham-operated animals served as controls. Food intake between the lesioned and nonlesioned groups was not significantly different except for the first day post surgery. However, body weight of the lesioned group was significantly below that of the controls when measured 15 days after the operation. The lesioned animals weighed significantly less than the controls throughout the rest of the  experiment. They also were hypoactive when compared to the sham-operated rats. Control rats and lesioned rats did not differ significantly in deep rectal temperature. It is suggested that the significant decrease in body weight of the lesioned rats in the presence of normophagia may be caused by alterations in the animal's metabolism.", "contents": "Mesencephalic lesions followed by normophagia but decreased body weight. Twenty mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were lesioned in the area of the ascending ventral noradrenergic bundle in the mesencephalon. Nine sham-operated animals served as controls. Food intake between the lesioned and nonlesioned groups was not significantly different except for the first day post surgery. However, body weight of the lesioned group was significantly below that of the controls when measured 15 days after the operation. The lesioned animals weighed significantly less than the controls throughout the rest of the  experiment. They also were hypoactive when compared to the sham-operated rats. Control rats and lesioned rats did not differ significantly in deep rectal temperature. It is suggested that the significant decrease in body weight of the lesioned rats in the presence of normophagia may be caused by alterations in the animal's metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:933210", "title": "Kinetics of interfacial ATP adsorption and anionic exchange with a synaptic membrane protein.", "content": "A study was conducted on the adsorption of 14C-ATP to a surface film of a hydrophobic protein derived from synaptic membranes isolated from bovine cerebellum. The adsorption of ATP to the protein film followed a rate law based on diffusion and an energy barrier to adsorption, the rate law being generally applicable to the adsorption of ions to a charged interface. Studies were also carried out on the displacement of ATP from the film by the injection of other nucleotides, inorganic phosphates, and other anions. The kinetics conformed to a rate law based on diffusion and displacement. The most important factor in the displacement of ATP was the magnitude of charge of the anion, while steric factors were relatively minor. However, from a consideration of the energy barrier to adsorption it appeared that steric factors play a greater role in the adsorption of ATP. The results are discussed in relationship to the configurational aspects of the surface film as well as their possible significance in synaptic function.", "contents": "Kinetics of interfacial ATP adsorption and anionic exchange with a synaptic membrane protein. A study was conducted on the adsorption of 14C-ATP to a surface film of a hydrophobic protein derived from synaptic membranes isolated from bovine cerebellum. The adsorption of ATP to the protein film followed a rate law based on diffusion and an energy barrier to adsorption, the rate law being generally applicable to the adsorption of ions to a charged interface. Studies were also carried out on the displacement of ATP from the film by the injection of other nucleotides, inorganic phosphates, and other anions. The kinetics conformed to a rate law based on diffusion and displacement. The most important factor in the displacement of ATP was the magnitude of charge of the anion, while steric factors were relatively minor. However, from a consideration of the energy barrier to adsorption it appeared that steric factors play a greater role in the adsorption of ATP. The results are discussed in relationship to the configurational aspects of the surface film as well as their possible significance in synaptic function."}
{"id": "PMID:933211", "title": "A study of 3H-L-flucose-containing glycoproteins of the crude synaptosomal fraction obtained from rat brain regions at various ages.", "content": "The frontal cortex showed a marked elevation of incorporation of 3H-L-fucose into glycoproteins of the crude synaptosomal fraction at 9 days of age. The effect was observed at both 8 and 24 hr after intraperitoneal administration of radioactive fucose. The elevation was absent in the 1, 5, 16, and 25-day-old frontal cortices. It was also absent in the hippocampus and cerebellum at all ages studied. Fucose-labeled glycoproteins of high molecular weight in the crude synaptosomal fraction, as separated by polyacrylamide gels,were preferentially labeled in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum at all ages studied. In general, these glycoproteins became less prominent in the oldest animals studied (25 days). However, the relative amount of these glycoproteins varied with age of the animal, time between administration of isotope and sacrifice, and with the brain areas studied.", "contents": "A study of 3H-L-flucose-containing glycoproteins of the crude synaptosomal fraction obtained from rat brain regions at various ages. The frontal cortex showed a marked elevation of incorporation of 3H-L-fucose into glycoproteins of the crude synaptosomal fraction at 9 days of age. The effect was observed at both 8 and 24 hr after intraperitoneal administration of radioactive fucose. The elevation was absent in the 1, 5, 16, and 25-day-old frontal cortices. It was also absent in the hippocampus and cerebellum at all ages studied. Fucose-labeled glycoproteins of high molecular weight in the crude synaptosomal fraction, as separated by polyacrylamide gels,were preferentially labeled in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum at all ages studied. In general, these glycoproteins became less prominent in the oldest animals studied (25 days). However, the relative amount of these glycoproteins varied with age of the animal, time between administration of isotope and sacrifice, and with the brain areas studied."}
{"id": "PMID:933213", "title": "Analysis of the response to therapeutic measures to reduce intracranial pressure in head injured patients.", "content": "Five methods of therapy for increased ICP were used in the treatment of 32 head-injured patients. The effects of steroids could not be evaluated. Withdrawal of CSF was always effective because intracranial volume was reduced and pressure must follow, but because of brain swelling and collapse of the ventricular system in this group of patients, it was not an effective permanent form of therapy. Hypertonic Mannitol reduced ICP in nearly every case irrespective of the degree of brain damage or the height of ICP. Hyperventilation was least effective in the most severely ill patients, presumably due to the non-responsiveness of the cerebral vessels to changes in PaCO2. The poorest response of ICP seemed to be with hypothermia.", "contents": "Analysis of the response to therapeutic measures to reduce intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Five methods of therapy for increased ICP were used in the treatment of 32 head-injured patients. The effects of steroids could not be evaluated. Withdrawal of CSF was always effective because intracranial volume was reduced and pressure must follow, but because of brain swelling and collapse of the ventricular system in this group of patients, it was not an effective permanent form of therapy. Hypertonic Mannitol reduced ICP in nearly every case irrespective of the degree of brain damage or the height of ICP. Hyperventilation was least effective in the most severely ill patients, presumably due to the non-responsiveness of the cerebral vessels to changes in PaCO2. The poorest response of ICP seemed to be with hypothermia."}
{"id": "PMID:933214", "title": "A civilian air emergency service: a report of its development, technical aspects, and experience.", "content": "1) The development of Air Emergency Service sponsored by a private community hospital is described. 2) Helicopter evacuation of the seriously injured and critically ill in civilian life proved feasible if the community is willing to pay for the services rendered. 3) Two thousand six hundred fifty patients have been transported by helicopter (85%) or fixed-wing plane in 27 months. A minimum of 2,000 flights seems a certainty for 1975. 4) The types of patient, causes of death, and other medical aspects are discussed. 5) The helicopter must be considered as only one component in the E.M.S. System. It will be successful only with development of a complete program which includes: communications; cooperation of law enforcement agencies, fire districts, and rescue squads; integration with ground transportation; the inclusion of highly trained allied medical personnel, physicians, emergency departments and hospitals; and community education and acceptance.", "contents": "A civilian air emergency service: a report of its development, technical aspects, and experience. 1) The development of Air Emergency Service sponsored by a private community hospital is described. 2) Helicopter evacuation of the seriously injured and critically ill in civilian life proved feasible if the community is willing to pay for the services rendered. 3) Two thousand six hundred fifty patients have been transported by helicopter (85%) or fixed-wing plane in 27 months. A minimum of 2,000 flights seems a certainty for 1975. 4) The types of patient, causes of death, and other medical aspects are discussed. 5) The helicopter must be considered as only one component in the E.M.S. System. It will be successful only with development of a complete program which includes: communications; cooperation of law enforcement agencies, fire districts, and rescue squads; integration with ground transportation; the inclusion of highly trained allied medical personnel, physicians, emergency departments and hospitals; and community education and acceptance."}
{"id": "PMID:933216", "title": "Pulmonary capillary permeability - a transfusion lesion.", "content": "Massive transfusion of bank blood has been implicated as a major etiologic factor in the evolution of pulmonary insufficiency after injury. In spite of the demonstration of significant debris, including aggregates, in stored blood, a precise and reproducible pulmonary effect of transfusion has not previously been demonstrated. Since clinical pulmonary insufficiency is frequently accompanied by increased lung water, these experiments were designed to measure pulmonary capillary permeability and its response to transfusion of blood and blood components in rats. These experiments demonstrate that: 1) the rat lung is a target organ with regard to blood transfusion; 2) the lung lesion with transfusion is attributable, at least in part, to a selective and acute increase in pulmonary capillary permeability; 3) pulmonary capillary permeability is highly responsive to viable platelets; 4) prolonged storage of blood in polyvinyl chloride containers may enhance its ability to induce pulmonary capillary permeability; 5) increased capillary permeability with transfusion is largely eliminated when platelets and buffy coat are eliminated.", "contents": "Pulmonary capillary permeability - a transfusion lesion. Massive transfusion of bank blood has been implicated as a major etiologic factor in the evolution of pulmonary insufficiency after injury. In spite of the demonstration of significant debris, including aggregates, in stored blood, a precise and reproducible pulmonary effect of transfusion has not previously been demonstrated. Since clinical pulmonary insufficiency is frequently accompanied by increased lung water, these experiments were designed to measure pulmonary capillary permeability and its response to transfusion of blood and blood components in rats. These experiments demonstrate that: 1) the rat lung is a target organ with regard to blood transfusion; 2) the lung lesion with transfusion is attributable, at least in part, to a selective and acute increase in pulmonary capillary permeability; 3) pulmonary capillary permeability is highly responsive to viable platelets; 4) prolonged storage of blood in polyvinyl chloride containers may enhance its ability to induce pulmonary capillary permeability; 5) increased capillary permeability with transfusion is largely eliminated when platelets and buffy coat are eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:933217", "title": "Post-traumatic trapped dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint.", "content": "This paper deals with the uncommon and frequently unrecognized problem of trapped dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint. These may be dorsal or volar. Soft tissue forming a noose, or interposed in the joint, is implicated. There is injury to one or more of the following structures: 1) extensor mechanism, 2) collateral ligament, 3) volar plate, 4) flexor tendon sheath, and 5) skin (compound dislocations). Open reduction and appropriate soft tissue repair are mandatory the essential features of diagnosis and management are discussed and four illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Post-traumatic trapped dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint. This paper deals with the uncommon and frequently unrecognized problem of trapped dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal joint. These may be dorsal or volar. Soft tissue forming a noose, or interposed in the joint, is implicated. There is injury to one or more of the following structures: 1) extensor mechanism, 2) collateral ligament, 3) volar plate, 4) flexor tendon sheath, and 5) skin (compound dislocations). Open reduction and appropriate soft tissue repair are mandatory the essential features of diagnosis and management are discussed and four illustrative cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:933218", "title": "The influence of route of administration on wound fluid concentration of prophylactic antibiotics.", "content": "The effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics is dependent upon both the antimicrobial potency of the drug and the time at which it is first administered. Effectiveness is progressively lost when therapy is delayed, and it is generally recognized that drugs administered only 3-4 hours after contamination of a wound are largely without benefit. Another factor potentially influencing effectiveness in the traumatized patient is the considerable variation in the rate in which various antibiotics penetrate into the interstitial fluid compartment of surgical or traumatic wounds. The present study investigated the effect of route and method of administration of ampicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and cephalothin on subsequent wound fluid concentrations. Equivalent doses of each antibiotic were administered by either intermittent intravenous bolus (IV Push), continuous IV infusion (IV Cont) or intermittent intramuscular injection (IM). Peripheral blood and wound tissue fluid from previously implanted stainless steel cylinders were sampled sequentially during an 18 to 24 hour period and assayed for concentration of the antibiotic. Each antibiotic had a different pattern of distribution between serum and wound tissue compartments, but in general, the IV Push method showed comparable levels in wound fluid 4-12 times faster than the IV Cont method. After 12 hours, the highest sustained antibiotic concentrations in wound fluid was usually achieved with the IM route. These data suggest that the earliest and most sustained levels of antibiotic in wound tissue fluid can be achieved by a simultaneous IV Push and IM injection of the drug followed by intermittent IM injections in the normotensive patient or by an IV Push followed by IV Cont administration for patients in shock. These techniques are recommended when it is not possible to administer prophylactic antibiotics before bacterial contamination has occurred, such as regularly occurs in the traumatized patient, especially when treatment is delayed.", "contents": "The influence of route of administration on wound fluid concentration of prophylactic antibiotics. The effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics is dependent upon both the antimicrobial potency of the drug and the time at which it is first administered. Effectiveness is progressively lost when therapy is delayed, and it is generally recognized that drugs administered only 3-4 hours after contamination of a wound are largely without benefit. Another factor potentially influencing effectiveness in the traumatized patient is the considerable variation in the rate in which various antibiotics penetrate into the interstitial fluid compartment of surgical or traumatic wounds. The present study investigated the effect of route and method of administration of ampicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and cephalothin on subsequent wound fluid concentrations. Equivalent doses of each antibiotic were administered by either intermittent intravenous bolus (IV Push), continuous IV infusion (IV Cont) or intermittent intramuscular injection (IM). Peripheral blood and wound tissue fluid from previously implanted stainless steel cylinders were sampled sequentially during an 18 to 24 hour period and assayed for concentration of the antibiotic. Each antibiotic had a different pattern of distribution between serum and wound tissue compartments, but in general, the IV Push method showed comparable levels in wound fluid 4-12 times faster than the IV Cont method. After 12 hours, the highest sustained antibiotic concentrations in wound fluid was usually achieved with the IM route. These data suggest that the earliest and most sustained levels of antibiotic in wound tissue fluid can be achieved by a simultaneous IV Push and IM injection of the drug followed by intermittent IM injections in the normotensive patient or by an IV Push followed by IV Cont administration for patients in shock. These techniques are recommended when it is not possible to administer prophylactic antibiotics before bacterial contamination has occurred, such as regularly occurs in the traumatized patient, especially when treatment is delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:933219", "title": "Changing concepts in the management of pathological and impending pathological fractures.", "content": "The benefits in the management of pathological fractures by internal fixation are well recognized. However, failures in bone or metal can occur where there is a large amount of bone destruction. Seven of 69 pathological fractures in our series were treated by internal fixation with adjunctive use of methylmethacrylate without failure. This allowed for secure fixation in fractures with large amounts of bone destruction, thus decreasing the patient's pain and allowing earlier mobilization. Neither the effects of radiotherapy on bone involved with neoplasm nor methylmethacrylate are altered when radiotherapy is used after internal fixation and adjunctive use of methylmethacrylate. We believe that an aggressive program of stabilization of these fractures or fixation before actual fracture provides significant patient benefits including reduction of pain, decreased length of hospital stay, reduction of financial expense, and return to as near normal function as possible.", "contents": "Changing concepts in the management of pathological and impending pathological fractures. The benefits in the management of pathological fractures by internal fixation are well recognized. However, failures in bone or metal can occur where there is a large amount of bone destruction. Seven of 69 pathological fractures in our series were treated by internal fixation with adjunctive use of methylmethacrylate without failure. This allowed for secure fixation in fractures with large amounts of bone destruction, thus decreasing the patient's pain and allowing earlier mobilization. Neither the effects of radiotherapy on bone involved with neoplasm nor methylmethacrylate are altered when radiotherapy is used after internal fixation and adjunctive use of methylmethacrylate. We believe that an aggressive program of stabilization of these fractures or fixation before actual fracture provides significant patient benefits including reduction of pain, decreased length of hospital stay, reduction of financial expense, and return to as near normal function as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:933224", "title": "Peritoneal tuberculosis presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin in immigrants.", "content": "Three immigrant patients with peritoneal tuberculosis seen over a three year period are discussed. All three patients presented with fever and minimal abdominal signs. One patient developed ascites while under investigation. In all cases, the fever was prolonged, liver enzymes were elevated and the ESR was raised. Two patients required laparotomy to make the diagnosis, and in the third tubercle bacilli were grown from the ascitic fluid. The difficulties in diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Peritoneal tuberculosis presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin in immigrants. Three immigrant patients with peritoneal tuberculosis seen over a three year period are discussed. All three patients presented with fever and minimal abdominal signs. One patient developed ascites while under investigation. In all cases, the fever was prolonged, liver enzymes were elevated and the ESR was raised. Two patients required laparotomy to make the diagnosis, and in the third tubercle bacilli were grown from the ascitic fluid. The difficulties in diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933226", "title": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bisha Town, Saudi Arabia.", "content": "Of 620 out-patients of Bisha hospital, 110 showed cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania bodies were demonstrated in smears of 73 patients. Both sexes were similarly affected. The highest incidence was among children in the age group one to 10 years. A single lesion was the predominant feature. The face was the commonest site of infection.", "contents": "Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bisha Town, Saudi Arabia. Of 620 out-patients of Bisha hospital, 110 showed cutaneous leishmaniasis. Leishmania bodies were demonstrated in smears of 73 patients. Both sexes were similarly affected. The highest incidence was among children in the age group one to 10 years. A single lesion was the predominant feature. The face was the commonest site of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:933228", "title": "The problem of medical officer recruitment in agricultural industry.", "content": "All developing countries have difficulty in persuading doctors to opt for service in rural areas. This problem is shared by the agricultural industries. Two factors play a major role in this: isolation and the lack of a career structure. Isolation is an unavoidable accompaniment to rural practice. It can be considered as isolation from amenities, social isolation and professional isolation. The doctor in the rural area is often deprived of all urban amenities e.g. suitable shopping facilities, entertainment, cultural amenities and suitable leisure pursuits. Most of all, perhaps, he has major difficulties in educating his children. The maintenance of friendships and family connections is made difficult. There is a lack of suitable social intercourse for himself and his wife, a lack which very often leads to his wife's unhappiness and his own resignation. Professional isolation is serious and reflects adversely after a time on his professional ability. It may be that he only sees a colleague at long intervals and there is no stimulus towards keeping up to date professionally, and no opportunity to talk out professional and ethical problems. In many agricultural industries there is no career structure and therefore no scope for the good, ambitious doctor. This is particularly true of small, single-ownership plantations. It is clear that there is nothing to attract a good doctor to a place where he may remain at the same status for the rest of his professional career. It is suggested that only by the creation of a service structure within agricultural industries, which will create opportunities and within which means can be found to alleviate the effects of isolation, can a solution be found to the recruitment problem.", "contents": "The problem of medical officer recruitment in agricultural industry. All developing countries have difficulty in persuading doctors to opt for service in rural areas. This problem is shared by the agricultural industries. Two factors play a major role in this: isolation and the lack of a career structure. Isolation is an unavoidable accompaniment to rural practice. It can be considered as isolation from amenities, social isolation and professional isolation. The doctor in the rural area is often deprived of all urban amenities e.g. suitable shopping facilities, entertainment, cultural amenities and suitable leisure pursuits. Most of all, perhaps, he has major difficulties in educating his children. The maintenance of friendships and family connections is made difficult. There is a lack of suitable social intercourse for himself and his wife, a lack which very often leads to his wife's unhappiness and his own resignation. Professional isolation is serious and reflects adversely after a time on his professional ability. It may be that he only sees a colleague at long intervals and there is no stimulus towards keeping up to date professionally, and no opportunity to talk out professional and ethical problems. In many agricultural industries there is no career structure and therefore no scope for the good, ambitious doctor. This is particularly true of small, single-ownership plantations. It is clear that there is nothing to attract a good doctor to a place where he may remain at the same status for the rest of his professional career. It is suggested that only by the creation of a service structure within agricultural industries, which will create opportunities and within which means can be found to alleviate the effects of isolation, can a solution be found to the recruitment problem."}
{"id": "PMID:933229", "title": "Use of amphotericin B in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Twelve patients with South American mococutaneous leishmaniasis who attended the Hospital Amazonico in Peru between February and September 1974 were treated with amphotericin B. The lesions responded rapidly to treatment. A relatively low total dose of amphotericin B induced healing of active lesions. No serious adverse effects of treatment were encountered.", "contents": "Use of amphotericin B in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Twelve patients with South American mococutaneous leishmaniasis who attended the Hospital Amazonico in Peru between February and September 1974 were treated with amphotericin B. The lesions responded rapidly to treatment. A relatively low total dose of amphotericin B induced healing of active lesions. No serious adverse effects of treatment were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:933232", "title": "Serum proteins in hepatic amoebiasis.", "content": "Serum proteins were estimated in two patient groups, namely (i) 20 cases with proven ameobic liver abscess and (ii) 12 cases with hepatic amoebiasis without demonstrable pus, commonly referred to by the misnomer 'ameobic hepatitis'. In amoebic liver abscess a fall in albumin and an increase in alpha 2 and gamma globulin results in a serum protein pattern somewhat different from that in hepatic amoebiasis without demonstrable pus, where an elevation in gamma globulin was infrequent. Post-therapy serum protein estimations revealed that, irrespective of the presence or absence of pus, a rising gamma globulin level in hepatic amoebiasis may be of prognostic significance and post-treatment surveillance would be necessary in patients showing this type of response.", "contents": "Serum proteins in hepatic amoebiasis. Serum proteins were estimated in two patient groups, namely (i) 20 cases with proven ameobic liver abscess and (ii) 12 cases with hepatic amoebiasis without demonstrable pus, commonly referred to by the misnomer 'ameobic hepatitis'. In amoebic liver abscess a fall in albumin and an increase in alpha 2 and gamma globulin results in a serum protein pattern somewhat different from that in hepatic amoebiasis without demonstrable pus, where an elevation in gamma globulin was infrequent. Post-therapy serum protein estimations revealed that, irrespective of the presence or absence of pus, a rising gamma globulin level in hepatic amoebiasis may be of prognostic significance and post-treatment surveillance would be necessary in patients showing this type of response."}
{"id": "PMID:933234", "title": "Middle ear disease in native Indian children in British Columbia--incidence of disease and an evaluation of screening methods.", "content": "A total of 1,109 Indian children in five British Columbia communities were surveyed for middle ear disease. Evaluation included a history, pure screening, impedance audiometry, and otolaryngological examination. Of these, 12.7 per cent had middle ear disease requiring treatment, namely serous otitis media, perforated tympanic membrane, or cholesteatoma. Serous otitis media was the commonest disease and it was most prevalent in the 0-4 years age group. Pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry were both unsatisfactory screening methods in this study. The tests could not be performed in the majority of patients four years of age or younger, and they both showed a high incidence of false positive results as well as a significant incidence of false negative results. On the basis of this preliminary report a proposal is made for a screening and continuing evaluation program involving local health care personnel, audiologists, and otolaryngologists.", "contents": "Middle ear disease in native Indian children in British Columbia--incidence of disease and an evaluation of screening methods. A total of 1,109 Indian children in five British Columbia communities were surveyed for middle ear disease. Evaluation included a history, pure screening, impedance audiometry, and otolaryngological examination. Of these, 12.7 per cent had middle ear disease requiring treatment, namely serous otitis media, perforated tympanic membrane, or cholesteatoma. Serous otitis media was the commonest disease and it was most prevalent in the 0-4 years age group. Pure tone audiometry and impedance audiometry were both unsatisfactory screening methods in this study. The tests could not be performed in the majority of patients four years of age or younger, and they both showed a high incidence of false positive results as well as a significant incidence of false negative results. On the basis of this preliminary report a proposal is made for a screening and continuing evaluation program involving local health care personnel, audiologists, and otolaryngologists."}
{"id": "PMID:933235", "title": "Ear disease in Western Canadian natives with a note on treatment by tympanoplasty.", "content": "A review is given of otitis media in northern native populations, including incidence, natural history, the effects on the individuals affected, and what is known of causative factors. A brief account of tympanoplasty is presented, followed by a description of the method used at the Charles Camsell Hospital, and the results obtained. Suggestions are made for improved follow-up and a plea is made for improved home conditions for the native population.", "contents": "Ear disease in Western Canadian natives with a note on treatment by tympanoplasty. A review is given of otitis media in northern native populations, including incidence, natural history, the effects on the individuals affected, and what is known of causative factors. A brief account of tympanoplasty is presented, followed by a description of the method used at the Charles Camsell Hospital, and the results obtained. Suggestions are made for improved follow-up and a plea is made for improved home conditions for the native population."}
{"id": "PMID:933236", "title": "Chronic ear disease along the coasts of Labrador and Northern Newfoundland.", "content": "The high incidence of chronic ear disease among the three ethnic groups, Eskimo, Algonkian Indians, and Caucasians living under the same environmental conditions is studied. The role of socio-economic factors in the incidence and sequelae of ear disease in this population was similar to other studies among the native peoples of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The variation in the disease pattern in the different ethnic groups was shown to be related to the aeration of the middle ear cleft. The air cell system of the mastoid is determined by x-rays and/or surgical exploration, but the patency of the Eustachian tube and its size is determined by impedance audiometry and use of ureteric catheters. The clinical and surgical findings of the behavior of chronic ear disease in the different ethnic groups is correlated to tissue culture experiments. The role of lowered oxygen tension in the formation and behavior of cholesteatoma is illustrated well among the Caucasians with poor aeration of the middle ear cleft who show a high incidence of cholesteatoma, unlike the Eskimos with good aeration who show a complete absnece of cholesteatoma.", "contents": "Chronic ear disease along the coasts of Labrador and Northern Newfoundland. The high incidence of chronic ear disease among the three ethnic groups, Eskimo, Algonkian Indians, and Caucasians living under the same environmental conditions is studied. The role of socio-economic factors in the incidence and sequelae of ear disease in this population was similar to other studies among the native peoples of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The variation in the disease pattern in the different ethnic groups was shown to be related to the aeration of the middle ear cleft. The air cell system of the mastoid is determined by x-rays and/or surgical exploration, but the patency of the Eustachian tube and its size is determined by impedance audiometry and use of ureteric catheters. The clinical and surgical findings of the behavior of chronic ear disease in the different ethnic groups is correlated to tissue culture experiments. The role of lowered oxygen tension in the formation and behavior of cholesteatoma is illustrated well among the Caucasians with poor aeration of the middle ear cleft who show a high incidence of cholesteatoma, unlike the Eskimos with good aeration who show a complete absnece of cholesteatoma."}
{"id": "PMID:933237", "title": "Surgical treatment of laryngeal stenosis.", "content": "In this study of the surgical treatment of acquired definite stenoses and atresia of the larynx, the author made the following classification: (i) stenoses due to bilateral paralysis of the recurrent nerve; (ii) stenoses caused by cicatrization of endolaryngeal structures, complete atresia of the larynx with obliteration of the lumen (a) the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx is still preserved, (b) cases in whom for various reasons the cartilaginous skeleton had been destroyed and the lumen of the larynx assumed the shape of a narrow fissure covered with mucosa; and (iii) cases without cartilaginous skeleton or mucosa where only a cicatricial tissue has remained. As a basis for this research 120 cases were used. Two surgical techniques in bilateral paralysis of the recurrent nerve are described in detail. A combined extra- and intralaryngeal method of submucosal exenteration of the larynx and arytenoidectomy on one half, and cordopexy and disarticulation of the arytenoid was carried out on 30 patients. The second technique, which is still in a clinically experimental phase, is called arytenoidectomy and cordopexy via intercricothyroidolaryngotomy. It was used on only two patients, while greater experience has been gained through experiments carried out on animals (horses and dogs). In 22 patients treated for cicatricial stenoses and atresia various kinds of plastic reconstructive procedures were used. In all 22 patients treated for cicatricial stenoses and atresia various kinds of plastic reconstructive procedures were used. In all 120 cases the respiratory function of the larynx was satisfactorily restored. The voice of all these patients was altered and the phonatory function in 65 per cent of cases remained significantly impaired.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of laryngeal stenosis. In this study of the surgical treatment of acquired definite stenoses and atresia of the larynx, the author made the following classification: (i) stenoses due to bilateral paralysis of the recurrent nerve; (ii) stenoses caused by cicatrization of endolaryngeal structures, complete atresia of the larynx with obliteration of the lumen (a) the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx is still preserved, (b) cases in whom for various reasons the cartilaginous skeleton had been destroyed and the lumen of the larynx assumed the shape of a narrow fissure covered with mucosa; and (iii) cases without cartilaginous skeleton or mucosa where only a cicatricial tissue has remained. As a basis for this research 120 cases were used. Two surgical techniques in bilateral paralysis of the recurrent nerve are described in detail. A combined extra- and intralaryngeal method of submucosal exenteration of the larynx and arytenoidectomy on one half, and cordopexy and disarticulation of the arytenoid was carried out on 30 patients. The second technique, which is still in a clinically experimental phase, is called arytenoidectomy and cordopexy via intercricothyroidolaryngotomy. It was used on only two patients, while greater experience has been gained through experiments carried out on animals (horses and dogs). In 22 patients treated for cicatricial stenoses and atresia various kinds of plastic reconstructive procedures were used. In all 22 patients treated for cicatricial stenoses and atresia various kinds of plastic reconstructive procedures were used. In all 120 cases the respiratory function of the larynx was satisfactorily restored. The voice of all these patients was altered and the phonatory function in 65 per cent of cases remained significantly impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:933238", "title": "Tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Tracheal stenosis following assisted ventilation is becoming recognized as a major complication of tracheostomy, and the use of cuffed tracheostomy tubes. The possible causes and surgical management of this condition are discussed together with recommendations to minimize the possibility of post-tracheostomy tracheal stenosis.", "contents": "Tracheal stenosis. Tracheal stenosis following assisted ventilation is becoming recognized as a major complication of tracheostomy, and the use of cuffed tracheostomy tubes. The possible causes and surgical management of this condition are discussed together with recommendations to minimize the possibility of post-tracheostomy tracheal stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:933239", "title": "Electronystagmographic findings in cerebellar dysfunction.", "content": "Ocular dysmetria is seldom mentioned in the neurootologic literature as an electronystagmographic (ENG) abnormality. For the last two years, we found ocular dysmetria on 38 cases out of 1,879 ENG recordings. Cerebellar dysfunction was the most apparent cause in 13 out of 21 cases examined by us. The group of unilateral hypermetria showed some other ENG abnormalities like positional nystagmus, post-caloric directional preponderance, failure of fixation suppression of post-caloric nystagmus (FFS), more scattered distribution of quick phase amplitudes of post-caloric and optokinetic nystagmus on the side of hypermetria. We wonder whether this symptomatology, or at least part of it, is due to dysfunction of the flocculo-nodular lobe of the cerrebellum.", "contents": "Electronystagmographic findings in cerebellar dysfunction. Ocular dysmetria is seldom mentioned in the neurootologic literature as an electronystagmographic (ENG) abnormality. For the last two years, we found ocular dysmetria on 38 cases out of 1,879 ENG recordings. Cerebellar dysfunction was the most apparent cause in 13 out of 21 cases examined by us. The group of unilateral hypermetria showed some other ENG abnormalities like positional nystagmus, post-caloric directional preponderance, failure of fixation suppression of post-caloric nystagmus (FFS), more scattered distribution of quick phase amplitudes of post-caloric and optokinetic nystagmus on the side of hypermetria. We wonder whether this symptomatology, or at least part of it, is due to dysfunction of the flocculo-nodular lobe of the cerrebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:933240", "title": "A clinical-functional evaluation of facial paralysis.", "content": "A clinical-functional evaluation of facial paralysis is presented in order to suggest a uniform and standard classification. The outcome of this disease treated with various modalities may be similarly appraised by all medical disciplines. A score of 50 per cent is allotted to each of the main divisions of the facial nerve, namely, eye and oral commissure; 15 per cent is given to the symmetry in repose of the eye and oral commissure respectively; and 35 per cent to the sphincteric function of the orbicularis oculus and oris respectively.", "contents": "A clinical-functional evaluation of facial paralysis. A clinical-functional evaluation of facial paralysis is presented in order to suggest a uniform and standard classification. The outcome of this disease treated with various modalities may be similarly appraised by all medical disciplines. A score of 50 per cent is allotted to each of the main divisions of the facial nerve, namely, eye and oral commissure; 15 per cent is given to the symmetry in repose of the eye and oral commissure respectively; and 35 per cent to the sphincteric function of the orbicularis oculus and oris respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:933241", "title": "Cryosurgery in chronic nasal obstruction.", "content": "This is a paper presented to show the results that have been achieved by the utilization of cryosurgery in chronic rhinitis. In my hands, it has worked out very successfully and I offer this as an encouraging modality of treatment for a troublesome group of cases.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in chronic nasal obstruction. This is a paper presented to show the results that have been achieved by the utilization of cryosurgery in chronic rhinitis. In my hands, it has worked out very successfully and I offer this as an encouraging modality of treatment for a troublesome group of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:933242", "title": "[Malignant bilateral external otitis in a 10-year-old girl].", "content": "Malignant external otitis in which the prognosis is very severe has been recently described, as related to diabetes in old age. We present a case with malignant external otitis which occurred in a 10 year old girl, with a very peculiar development. Indeed, the external otitis which appeared at first on the left side was accompanied on this side by a facial paralysis, and six months later in the right, a malignant external otitis was also found without facial palsy. Furthermore, this young girl has been affected by an insipid diabetes, for which no hypophysial or renal pathology has been found. After reviewing the literature on that subject, the authors discuss the clinical aspect of that case and its treatment.", "contents": "[Malignant bilateral external otitis in a 10-year-old girl]. Malignant external otitis in which the prognosis is very severe has been recently described, as related to diabetes in old age. We present a case with malignant external otitis which occurred in a 10 year old girl, with a very peculiar development. Indeed, the external otitis which appeared at first on the left side was accompanied on this side by a facial paralysis, and six months later in the right, a malignant external otitis was also found without facial palsy. Furthermore, this young girl has been affected by an insipid diabetes, for which no hypophysial or renal pathology has been found. After reviewing the literature on that subject, the authors discuss the clinical aspect of that case and its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:933243", "title": "Familial bleeding tendency and tonsillectomy.", "content": "A retrospective study of 2,292 tonsillectomies revealed 12 cases of hereditary capillary fragility. These cases showed an increased morbidity from bleeding complications and accounted for 4.8 per cent of those with a secondary hemorrhage. When diagnosed, skin bleeding time should be carried out at the time of premedication, and, if prolonged, the procedure postponed.", "contents": "Familial bleeding tendency and tonsillectomy. A retrospective study of 2,292 tonsillectomies revealed 12 cases of hereditary capillary fragility. These cases showed an increased morbidity from bleeding complications and accounted for 4.8 per cent of those with a secondary hemorrhage. When diagnosed, skin bleeding time should be carried out at the time of premedication, and, if prolonged, the procedure postponed."}
{"id": "PMID:933244", "title": "Wound healing.", "content": "This paper briefly summarizes some aspects of wound healing with particular reference to: the healing of a simple skin incision as compared to that of a wound with separated edges; granulation tissue formation and the nature of myofibroblasts; wound contraction; and, finally, the structure and biosynthesis of collagen.", "contents": "Wound healing. This paper briefly summarizes some aspects of wound healing with particular reference to: the healing of a simple skin incision as compared to that of a wound with separated edges; granulation tissue formation and the nature of myofibroblasts; wound contraction; and, finally, the structure and biosynthesis of collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:933245", "title": "Facial asymmetry and the oral surgeon.", "content": "Facial asymmetry is often caused by deformities of the mandible or maxilla. Mandibular deformities are often pronounced, and various surgical procedures have been developed to treat such conditions. Deformities of the maxilla are similarly deviated from the normal. Although they are not always so noticeable as those of the mandible, they adversely affect function, esthetics and mental wellbeing. There are instances where both jaws are at fault and require treatment. More recently, osteotomies in the anterior of the maxilla or mandible have been performed with success. If the blood supply to the segment of bone and teeth is respected, a variety of procedures is possible in mandibular-maxillary surgery.", "contents": "Facial asymmetry and the oral surgeon. Facial asymmetry is often caused by deformities of the mandible or maxilla. Mandibular deformities are often pronounced, and various surgical procedures have been developed to treat such conditions. Deformities of the maxilla are similarly deviated from the normal. Although they are not always so noticeable as those of the mandible, they adversely affect function, esthetics and mental wellbeing. There are instances where both jaws are at fault and require treatment. More recently, osteotomies in the anterior of the maxilla or mandible have been performed with success. If the blood supply to the segment of bone and teeth is respected, a variety of procedures is possible in mandibular-maxillary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:933247", "title": "Current developments in bronchoscopy. The role of the flexible fiberscope.", "content": "The development and increasing use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has added immeasurably to the potential of diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy. However, neither the flexible nor rigid (open tube) bronchoscope should be regarded as the \"primary instrument\", but the use of one or the other in the individual case should depend on relative indications. Ideally, bronchologists should be proficient with both rigid and flexible instruments; it is preferable that those experienced only in flexible bronchoscopy work in collaboration with those who are familiar with open tube bronchoscopy as well. In any case, the need for facility in management of airway obstruction, indirect and direct laryngoscopy, and proper administration of topical anesthetics to the larynx and tracheobronchial tree should be recognized. Indications, instrumentarium and technique, special applications, contraindications and complications of flexible bronchoscopy are reviewed.", "contents": "Current developments in bronchoscopy. The role of the flexible fiberscope. The development and increasing use of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy has added immeasurably to the potential of diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy. However, neither the flexible nor rigid (open tube) bronchoscope should be regarded as the \"primary instrument\", but the use of one or the other in the individual case should depend on relative indications. Ideally, bronchologists should be proficient with both rigid and flexible instruments; it is preferable that those experienced only in flexible bronchoscopy work in collaboration with those who are familiar with open tube bronchoscopy as well. In any case, the need for facility in management of airway obstruction, indirect and direct laryngoscopy, and proper administration of topical anesthetics to the larynx and tracheobronchial tree should be recognized. Indications, instrumentarium and technique, special applications, contraindications and complications of flexible bronchoscopy are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:933248", "title": "Anesthesia for endolaryngeal surgery.", "content": "A method of anesthesia for endolaryngeal surgery that dispenses with the use of an indwelling endotracheal tube with consequent improvement in the surgical conditions is described. This method further permits the manipulation of the surgeon's laryngoscope and the use of endolaryngeal surgery to improve the compromised or potentially compromised laryngeal airway without serious risk and with avoidance in some circumstances of preliminary tracheostomy.", "contents": "Anesthesia for endolaryngeal surgery. A method of anesthesia for endolaryngeal surgery that dispenses with the use of an indwelling endotracheal tube with consequent improvement in the surgical conditions is described. This method further permits the manipulation of the surgeon's laryngoscope and the use of endolaryngeal surgery to improve the compromised or potentially compromised laryngeal airway without serious risk and with avoidance in some circumstances of preliminary tracheostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:933249", "title": "Observations on the simultaneous occurrence of laryngocele and cancer.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of laryngocele and laryngeal cancer is uncommon. To date, 64 detailed descriptions of this association have appeared in the world's literature. In large restrospective series of laryngeal cancers, the incidence varies between zero and 9.7 per cent. Four additional cases are discussed. The pathogenesis of laryngoceles associated with tumor appears to be related to factors altering the mechanics of the laryngeal ventricle to a chronically elevated intralaryngeal pressure. Circumstances producing a ball valve effect appear to be a factor for saccular distention in some cases. In other instances, the association between laryngocele and cancer is probably coincidental.", "contents": "Observations on the simultaneous occurrence of laryngocele and cancer. The simultaneous occurrence of laryngocele and laryngeal cancer is uncommon. To date, 64 detailed descriptions of this association have appeared in the world's literature. In large restrospective series of laryngeal cancers, the incidence varies between zero and 9.7 per cent. Four additional cases are discussed. The pathogenesis of laryngoceles associated with tumor appears to be related to factors altering the mechanics of the laryngeal ventricle to a chronically elevated intralaryngeal pressure. Circumstances producing a ball valve effect appear to be a factor for saccular distention in some cases. In other instances, the association between laryngocele and cancer is probably coincidental."}
{"id": "PMID:933250", "title": "A radiological and clinical correlative study of laryngeal abnormalities seen in Northern Alberta.", "content": "Contrast laryngograms performed on 50 patients referred to the radiology department of University Hospital between 1967 and 1973 were correlated with the direct laryngoscopic and pathological findings. Not a single malignancy in this series was missed radiologically, but in three out of 32 cases, the radiological extent of these lesions was considered more advanced than the pathology results. All patients with proven chronic inflammations, had symptoms of carcinomas of the larynx. No false positive carcinomas were diagnosed laryngographically in this group. In a patient with the nasopharyngeal carcinoma and in a case of myasthenia laryngis the radiological diagnosis would probably not have been misinterpreted if clinical histories were obtained prior to laryngography.", "contents": "A radiological and clinical correlative study of laryngeal abnormalities seen in Northern Alberta. Contrast laryngograms performed on 50 patients referred to the radiology department of University Hospital between 1967 and 1973 were correlated with the direct laryngoscopic and pathological findings. Not a single malignancy in this series was missed radiologically, but in three out of 32 cases, the radiological extent of these lesions was considered more advanced than the pathology results. All patients with proven chronic inflammations, had symptoms of carcinomas of the larynx. No false positive carcinomas were diagnosed laryngographically in this group. In a patient with the nasopharyngeal carcinoma and in a case of myasthenia laryngis the radiological diagnosis would probably not have been misinterpreted if clinical histories were obtained prior to laryngography."}
{"id": "PMID:933251", "title": "Petrous meningioma en plaque presenting as a right middle ear tumor.", "content": "A case of meningioma en plaque presenting as a tumor in the right middle ear is described. A review of the relevant literature indicates only three previous reports of an en plaque meningioma occurring in the posterior cranial fossa. The unusual features of this tumor are described and the clinical manifestations and diagnosis discussed in detail.", "contents": "Petrous meningioma en plaque presenting as a right middle ear tumor. A case of meningioma en plaque presenting as a tumor in the right middle ear is described. A review of the relevant literature indicates only three previous reports of an en plaque meningioma occurring in the posterior cranial fossa. The unusual features of this tumor are described and the clinical manifestations and diagnosis discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:933252", "title": "Effect of marihuana on hearing.", "content": "Marihuana has been said to improve hearing. Two earlier studies have supported this contention. In this investigation, marihuana or placebo cigarettes were randomly smoked by 30 subjects, 15 in each group. Before and after smoking, batteries of standard audiological tests were carried out; pure tone threshold (air and bone conduction), speech reception threshold, speech discrimination at most comfortable level, and relative acoustic impedance measurements including middle ear pressure, stapedial reflexes, compliance, tympanic mobility, and Eustachian tube function. A comparison of pre and post smoking auditory test scores did not demonstrate any significant change in auditory function in the marihuana or placebo group. However, as all subjects had normal hearing and maximum speech discrimination scores pre-smoking, it can only be concluded that smoking marihuana did not worsen the hearing--the experiments were not designed to see whether it would improve hearing.", "contents": "Effect of marihuana on hearing. Marihuana has been said to improve hearing. Two earlier studies have supported this contention. In this investigation, marihuana or placebo cigarettes were randomly smoked by 30 subjects, 15 in each group. Before and after smoking, batteries of standard audiological tests were carried out; pure tone threshold (air and bone conduction), speech reception threshold, speech discrimination at most comfortable level, and relative acoustic impedance measurements including middle ear pressure, stapedial reflexes, compliance, tympanic mobility, and Eustachian tube function. A comparison of pre and post smoking auditory test scores did not demonstrate any significant change in auditory function in the marihuana or placebo group. However, as all subjects had normal hearing and maximum speech discrimination scores pre-smoking, it can only be concluded that smoking marihuana did not worsen the hearing--the experiments were not designed to see whether it would improve hearing."}
{"id": "PMID:933253", "title": "Clival chordoma.", "content": "Chordomas are uncommon tumors arising from embryonic remnats of the fetal notochord. The spheno-occipital and sacrococcygeal regions account for over 90 per cent of cases, the remaining 10 per cent occurring anywhere along the vertebral axis. A case of chordoma arising from the clivus is presented with a view to discussing management. The ability to obtain reasonable survival times associated with a useful and meaningful quality of life is emphasized. This may be accomplished by repeated, judicious surgical intervention with surprising ease and little morbidity to the patient in spite of its intracranial location.", "contents": "Clival chordoma. Chordomas are uncommon tumors arising from embryonic remnats of the fetal notochord. The spheno-occipital and sacrococcygeal regions account for over 90 per cent of cases, the remaining 10 per cent occurring anywhere along the vertebral axis. A case of chordoma arising from the clivus is presented with a view to discussing management. The ability to obtain reasonable survival times associated with a useful and meaningful quality of life is emphasized. This may be accomplished by repeated, judicious surgical intervention with surprising ease and little morbidity to the patient in spite of its intracranial location."}
{"id": "PMID:933254", "title": "Complication and correction of the pierced ear.", "content": "This paper emphasizes three major complications that are corrected by techniques of soft tissue surgery. These are: (1) keloid formation; (2) bifid earlobe; (3) recurrent itching and weeping. Other complications are also mentioned.", "contents": "Complication and correction of the pierced ear. This paper emphasizes three major complications that are corrected by techniques of soft tissue surgery. These are: (1) keloid formation; (2) bifid earlobe; (3) recurrent itching and weeping. Other complications are also mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:933255", "title": "[Surgery of the narrow liminal valve extranasal let out: technic and biomechanical explanation].", "content": "Using cadaver material and drawings, the surgical procedure called \"let out\" of the nasal pyramid was described. It utilizes the principles of conservation of the skeletal integrity of the nasal dorsum of the \"push down\". This procedure is indicated in patients with a narrow valve and high thin nose, without vasomotor rhinopathy or allergy. A patient illustrates the good functional results of the surgery as shown by the base view and the secondary benefits from an appearance standpoint as shown by the profile view. We thought that we could explain the improved nasal ventilation by an augmentation of the cross section area of the nose at the valve. Measurements on the cadaver showed that the area was smaller after surgery. We hypothesized finally that the improved rigidity of the valve secondary to its shortening and the augmentation of the angle of the liminal valve created a conduit that allowed normal inspiratory flow through the nose.", "contents": "[Surgery of the narrow liminal valve extranasal let out: technic and biomechanical explanation]. Using cadaver material and drawings, the surgical procedure called \"let out\" of the nasal pyramid was described. It utilizes the principles of conservation of the skeletal integrity of the nasal dorsum of the \"push down\". This procedure is indicated in patients with a narrow valve and high thin nose, without vasomotor rhinopathy or allergy. A patient illustrates the good functional results of the surgery as shown by the base view and the secondary benefits from an appearance standpoint as shown by the profile view. We thought that we could explain the improved nasal ventilation by an augmentation of the cross section area of the nose at the valve. Measurements on the cadaver showed that the area was smaller after surgery. We hypothesized finally that the improved rigidity of the valve secondary to its shortening and the augmentation of the angle of the liminal valve created a conduit that allowed normal inspiratory flow through the nose."}
{"id": "PMID:933266", "title": "Crossed fusion of renal pelves and Klippel-Feil syndrome.", "content": "Congenital fusion of the renal pelves occurs rarely and is usually associated with fusion of the kidneys. The first case of surgically proved separate kidneys with crossed fusion of the renal pelves is reported.", "contents": "Crossed fusion of renal pelves and Klippel-Feil syndrome. Congenital fusion of the renal pelves occurs rarely and is usually associated with fusion of the kidneys. The first case of surgically proved separate kidneys with crossed fusion of the renal pelves is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:933267", "title": "Renal medullary fibroma presenting as a calcified mass with neovascularity.", "content": "Radiologic evaluation of a 70-year-old woman revealed a large calcified mass in the left kidney. Arteriography demonstrated neovascularity and left nephrectomy was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed the lesion to be a large renal medullary fibroma.", "contents": "Renal medullary fibroma presenting as a calcified mass with neovascularity. Radiologic evaluation of a 70-year-old woman revealed a large calcified mass in the left kidney. Arteriography demonstrated neovascularity and left nephrectomy was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed the lesion to be a large renal medullary fibroma."}
{"id": "PMID:933268", "title": "The stone-forming kidney: a study of functional differences between individual kidneys in idiopathic renal lithiasis.", "content": "The 24-hour urinary excretion of various electrolytes, as well as the glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and maximal rate of tubular excretion of para-aminohippuric acid was measured in each kidney of 10 patients with idiopathic renal lithiasis. Results in hypercalciuric patients indicate that, in contrast to earlier views, actively stone-forming, normally functioning kidneys are normocalciuric but hypophosphaturic in comparison to their mates with inactive or no stone disease, which are hypercalciuric but normophosphaturic. Therefore, hypophosphaturia rather than hypercalciuria may be an important calculogenic factor in some patients.", "contents": "The stone-forming kidney: a study of functional differences between individual kidneys in idiopathic renal lithiasis. The 24-hour urinary excretion of various electrolytes, as well as the glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow and maximal rate of tubular excretion of para-aminohippuric acid was measured in each kidney of 10 patients with idiopathic renal lithiasis. Results in hypercalciuric patients indicate that, in contrast to earlier views, actively stone-forming, normally functioning kidneys are normocalciuric but hypophosphaturic in comparison to their mates with inactive or no stone disease, which are hypercalciuric but normophosphaturic. Therefore, hypophosphaturia rather than hypercalciuria may be an important calculogenic factor in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933269", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of an iliac artery aneurysm into a ureter: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of massive hematuria from spontaneous rupture of an iliac artery aneurysm into a ureter is reported. The vascular causes for gross hematuria are reviewed and the various arterial aneurysms are discussed. The need to consider vascular abnormalities when dealing with massive hematuria is emphasized.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of an iliac artery aneurysm into a ureter: a case report and review of the literature. A case of massive hematuria from spontaneous rupture of an iliac artery aneurysm into a ureter is reported. The vascular causes for gross hematuria are reviewed and the various arterial aneurysms are discussed. The need to consider vascular abnormalities when dealing with massive hematuria is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:933270", "title": "An unusual complication  of pelvic exenteration.", "content": "A case of recurrent carcinoma at the site of a urinary conduit stoma after total pelvic exenteration for carcinoma of the cervix is reported. Treatment by radical excision of the abdominal wall encircling the conduit and postoperative radiotherapy was successful. The patient is free of disease 6 years later.", "contents": "An unusual complication  of pelvic exenteration. A case of recurrent carcinoma at the site of a urinary conduit stoma after total pelvic exenteration for carcinoma of the cervix is reported. Treatment by radical excision of the abdominal wall encircling the conduit and postoperative radiotherapy was successful. The patient is free of disease 6 years later."}
{"id": "PMID:933271", "title": "Septic arthritis secondary to vesico-acetabular fistula: a case report.", "content": "The second case of septic arthritis resulting from a vesico-acetabular fistula secondary to a penetrating injury is reported. Despite reported good results in blunt trauma with hip and urinary tract drainage combined with appropriate antibiotics, improvement occurred in our patient only after surgical excision of the fistulous tract. It appears that in some cases early fistulectomy can shorten hospital stay and reduce the incident of complete ankylosis.", "contents": "Septic arthritis secondary to vesico-acetabular fistula: a case report. The second case of septic arthritis resulting from a vesico-acetabular fistula secondary to a penetrating injury is reported. Despite reported good results in blunt trauma with hip and urinary tract drainage combined with appropriate antibiotics, improvement occurred in our patient only after surgical excision of the fistulous tract. It appears that in some cases early fistulectomy can shorten hospital stay and reduce the incident of complete ankylosis."}
{"id": "PMID:933272", "title": "Leiomyoma of the female urethra: a case report.", "content": "A case of leiomyoma of the female urethra arising from the anterior lip of the external urinary meatus is presented. The tumor was missed originally and, subsequently, increased in size. Although the neoplasm was suspected clinically, it was confirmed only by histopathology. The tumor was responsible for recurrent urinary tract infection, which ceased after the neoplasm was excised.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the female urethra: a case report. A case of leiomyoma of the female urethra arising from the anterior lip of the external urinary meatus is presented. The tumor was missed originally and, subsequently, increased in size. Although the neoplasm was suspected clinically, it was confirmed only by histopathology. The tumor was responsible for recurrent urinary tract infection, which ceased after the neoplasm was excised."}
{"id": "PMID:933273", "title": "Urethral carcinoma after radiation therapy for mixed prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The first case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bulbous urethra occurring 8 months after radiation therapy for mixed ductal and adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. The significance of the sequential appearance of these tumors is discussed. Periodic endoscopic evaluation appears warranted following the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate to ensure early recognition of secondary  urethral lesions or bladder extension of the tumor.", "contents": "Urethral carcinoma after radiation therapy for mixed prostatic carcinoma. The first case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bulbous urethra occurring 8 months after radiation therapy for mixed ductal and adenocarcinoma of the prostate is presented. The significance of the sequential appearance of these tumors is discussed. Periodic endoscopic evaluation appears warranted following the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate to ensure early recognition of secondary  urethral lesions or bladder extension of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:933274", "title": "Priapism: an unusual presentation.", "content": "A patient with an unusual form of priapism is described. Only the corpora cavernosa proximal to the suspensory ligament were erect. A well defined membrane was found in each corpus cavernosum at the penoscrotal junction, separating turgid and flaccid erectile tissue. When these membranes were removed the erect proximal corpora drained into the flaccid distal corpora and the entire penis remained flaccid 6 weeks later.", "contents": "Priapism: an unusual presentation. A patient with an unusual form of priapism is described. Only the corpora cavernosa proximal to the suspensory ligament were erect. A well defined membrane was found in each corpus cavernosum at the penoscrotal junction, separating turgid and flaccid erectile tissue. When these membranes were removed the erect proximal corpora drained into the flaccid distal corpora and the entire penis remained flaccid 6 weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:933277", "title": "Reaction to indigo carmine.", "content": "The commonly encountered cardiovascular effects of intravenous indigo carmine administration is transient alpha-receptor stimulation, namely increased total peripheral resistance, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and central venous pressure with decreased cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate. These usually cause no problems and frequently go undetected unless the patient is monitored closely during that brief interval. However, significant problems occur occasionally and its use is not totally without risks.", "contents": "Reaction to indigo carmine. The commonly encountered cardiovascular effects of intravenous indigo carmine administration is transient alpha-receptor stimulation, namely increased total peripheral resistance, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and central venous pressure with decreased cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate. These usually cause no problems and frequently go undetected unless the patient is monitored closely during that brief interval. However, significant problems occur occasionally and its use is not totally without risks."}
{"id": "PMID:933280", "title": "Treatment of hemorrhage from renal trauma by angiographic injection of clot.", "content": "Experimental results in rats and modest clinical experience now indicate that persistent or massive hemorrhage from renal trauma can be treated by injection of clot(under angiographic control) into the bleeding vessels. There is minimal loss of renal tissue and an operation is avoided.", "contents": "Treatment of hemorrhage from renal trauma by angiographic injection of clot. Experimental results in rats and modest clinical experience now indicate that persistent or massive hemorrhage from renal trauma can be treated by injection of clot(under angiographic control) into the bleeding vessels. There is minimal loss of renal tissue and an operation is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:933283", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of a urinary leak after ureteroileal conduit for diversion.", "content": "Of 1,120 cases of ileal loop urinary diversion reviewed from our hospital 21 postoperative loop leaks were noted (1.87 per cent). Definite indications for diagnostic studies of urinary extravasation include persistent postoperative azotemia, sepsis and/or urinary leakage via the drains. In this series 2 types of loop leaks were noted--an early postoperative leak within the first 24 hours and a leakage 6 to 12 days postoperatively. More aggressive management of postoperatively urinary extravasation is urged, especially in patients who had been irradiated and suffered leakage later on in the postoperative course.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of a urinary leak after ureteroileal conduit for diversion. Of 1,120 cases of ileal loop urinary diversion reviewed from our hospital 21 postoperative loop leaks were noted (1.87 per cent). Definite indications for diagnostic studies of urinary extravasation include persistent postoperative azotemia, sepsis and/or urinary leakage via the drains. In this series 2 types of loop leaks were noted--an early postoperative leak within the first 24 hours and a leakage 6 to 12 days postoperatively. More aggressive management of postoperatively urinary extravasation is urged, especially in patients who had been irradiated and suffered leakage later on in the postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:933281", "title": "A unified concept of renal trauma.", "content": "Of 115 cases of renal trauma 75 injuries were blunt and 40 were penetrating. Primary exploration was done in20 per cent of the patients with blunt injuries and in 100 per cent of those with penetrating injuries. A reparative procedure was done in 60 per cent of the patients operated on for  blunt trauma and in 73 per cent of those operated upon for penetrating trauma. Only 3 per cent of the patients with blunt injury and 28 per cent of those with penetrating injury required a nephrectomy. We have concluded that renal injuries should be classified by type and extent rather than by etiology, that the extent of injury should be determined and not surmised, and that the management of renal trauma is a function of the extent of injury and the over-all status of the patient. In addition, the non-operative management of an inadequately defined renal injury cannot be considered conservative management.", "contents": "A unified concept of renal trauma. Of 115 cases of renal trauma 75 injuries were blunt and 40 were penetrating. Primary exploration was done in20 per cent of the patients with blunt injuries and in 100 per cent of those with penetrating injuries. A reparative procedure was done in 60 per cent of the patients operated on for  blunt trauma and in 73 per cent of those operated upon for penetrating trauma. Only 3 per cent of the patients with blunt injury and 28 per cent of those with penetrating injury required a nephrectomy. We have concluded that renal injuries should be classified by type and extent rather than by etiology, that the extent of injury should be determined and not surmised, and that the management of renal trauma is a function of the extent of injury and the over-all status of the patient. In addition, the non-operative management of an inadequately defined renal injury cannot be considered conservative management."}
{"id": "PMID:933282", "title": "Bilateral simultaneously-occurring adenocarcinoma of the kidney.", "content": "Our 3 patients with simultaneously-occurring hypernephromas treated with simultaneously-directed surgical therapy on both kidneys are described. One patient died with residual neoplasm 2 1/2 years postoperatively, while the other 2 patients are alive and presumably free of tumor 60 and 22 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Bilateral simultaneously-occurring adenocarcinoma of the kidney. Our 3 patients with simultaneously-occurring hypernephromas treated with simultaneously-directed surgical therapy on both kidneys are described. One patient died with residual neoplasm 2 1/2 years postoperatively, while the other 2 patients are alive and presumably free of tumor 60 and 22 months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:933284", "title": "Vesicorectostomy revisited.", "content": "Between 1948 and 1959 vesicorectostomy, a permanent anastomosis between the bladder and rectum, was constructed in 7 male patients. Scattered reports of this procedure exist but none since 1959 and long-term followup has never been reported. we present long-term followup, including renal function, excretory urography and voiding cystorectography, and review the quality of life in the 7 patients. The most frequent complication was stenosis of the anastomosis. None of the patients in this series with normal preoperative upper tracts showed radiographic or chemical deterioration postoperatively. Since this procedure maintains urinary continence, does not disturb the normal physiology of the ureterovesical junction and minimizes urinary reabsorption its use should be considered in certain patients as an alternative method of urinary diversion.", "contents": "Vesicorectostomy revisited. Between 1948 and 1959 vesicorectostomy, a permanent anastomosis between the bladder and rectum, was constructed in 7 male patients. Scattered reports of this procedure exist but none since 1959 and long-term followup has never been reported. we present long-term followup, including renal function, excretory urography and voiding cystorectography, and review the quality of life in the 7 patients. The most frequent complication was stenosis of the anastomosis. None of the patients in this series with normal preoperative upper tracts showed radiographic or chemical deterioration postoperatively. Since this procedure maintains urinary continence, does not disturb the normal physiology of the ureterovesical junction and minimizes urinary reabsorption its use should be considered in certain patients as an alternative method of urinary diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:933285", "title": "Further experience with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.", "content": "Intravesical dimethyl sylfoxide has given satisfactory symptomatic relief in 75 per cent of patients with interstitial cystitis so treated. The treatment is simple and inexpensive, and can be safely administered as an office procedure. Objective improvement in the endoscopic appearance of the disease, with improvement in bladder capacity, was noted in 80 per cent of the patients in our series. Further work with dimethyl sulfoxide is indicated in the treatment of interstitial cystitis, as well as a variety of other genitourinary disorders.", "contents": "Further experience with intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Intravesical dimethyl sylfoxide has given satisfactory symptomatic relief in 75 per cent of patients with interstitial cystitis so treated. The treatment is simple and inexpensive, and can be safely administered as an office procedure. Objective improvement in the endoscopic appearance of the disease, with improvement in bladder capacity, was noted in 80 per cent of the patients in our series. Further work with dimethyl sulfoxide is indicated in the treatment of interstitial cystitis, as well as a variety of other genitourinary disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:933286", "title": "A second look at injection of vesical neck contractures with triamcinolone.", "content": "Adjuvant therapy for vesical neck contractures with triamcinolone injection has given good results with long-term followup but similar results have been obtained with transurethral resection alone in our current re-evaluation. Herein we review 220 consecutive vesical neck contractures treated by the aforementioned modalities.", "contents": "A second look at injection of vesical neck contractures with triamcinolone. Adjuvant therapy for vesical neck contractures with triamcinolone injection has given good results with long-term followup but similar results have been obtained with transurethral resection alone in our current re-evaluation. Herein we review 220 consecutive vesical neck contractures treated by the aforementioned modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:933287", "title": "Cytology in the diagnosis and followup of transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a review with a case series.", "content": "Acceptance of the value of urinary cytology in transitional cell carcinoma has been mixed. Over-all accuracy is only fair to good and the results in mass screening are poor. However, cytology can be valuable in the serial evaluation of selected patients by the collection of multiple specimens. It is an important adjunct in upper tract lesions, in carcinoma in situ and in the evaluation of the patient with unexplained hematuria. Herein we analyze patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium with special reference to the use of cytology irrigation specimens from the bladder and the renal pelvis as  an initial diagnostic tool and as an adjunctive technique for the evaluation of recurrence.", "contents": "Cytology in the diagnosis and followup of transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a review with a case series. Acceptance of the value of urinary cytology in transitional cell carcinoma has been mixed. Over-all accuracy is only fair to good and the results in mass screening are poor. However, cytology can be valuable in the serial evaluation of selected patients by the collection of multiple specimens. It is an important adjunct in upper tract lesions, in carcinoma in situ and in the evaluation of the patient with unexplained hematuria. Herein we analyze patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium with special reference to the use of cytology irrigation specimens from the bladder and the renal pelvis as  an initial diagnostic tool and as an adjunctive technique for the evaluation of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:933288", "title": "Experience with implantation of the Small-Carrion penile implant for organic impotence.", "content": "The 13 patients described herein have had successful placement of a Small-Carrion penile prosthesis through a penile incision. Because of surgical control and possible decreased chance of infection this approach is advocated over the perineal incision except in cases of post-priapism impotence or simultaneous placement of a Kaufman anti-incontinence device.", "contents": "Experience with implantation of the Small-Carrion penile implant for organic impotence. The 13 patients described herein have had successful placement of a Small-Carrion penile prosthesis through a penile incision. Because of surgical control and possible decreased chance of infection this approach is advocated over the perineal incision except in cases of post-priapism impotence or simultaneous placement of a Kaufman anti-incontinence device."}
{"id": "PMID:933289", "title": "Association of priapism in phenothiazine therapy.", "content": "We present 4 patients seen in the last 5 years who had taken thioridazine (Mellaril) prior to development of priapism. One of the 4 patients suffered penile trauma while taking the phenothiazine drug and this is another possible etiologic factor in that case. No underlying urologic or hematologic disorders were present. All patients were treated by corporeal aspiration and corpus cavernosum-corpus spongiosum shunts. The mechanism of phenothiazine=induced priapism is hypothesized as being related to its peripheral adrenergic blockade, perhaps directly blocking the sympathetic impulse for detumescence, although a central nervous system effect must be considered as well. Lastly there exists the possibility of coincidence since phenothiazine treatment is becoming more common and was unrelated to the condition in an additional 6 patients with priapism seen during the same period.", "contents": "Association of priapism in phenothiazine therapy. We present 4 patients seen in the last 5 years who had taken thioridazine (Mellaril) prior to development of priapism. One of the 4 patients suffered penile trauma while taking the phenothiazine drug and this is another possible etiologic factor in that case. No underlying urologic or hematologic disorders were present. All patients were treated by corporeal aspiration and corpus cavernosum-corpus spongiosum shunts. The mechanism of phenothiazine=induced priapism is hypothesized as being related to its peripheral adrenergic blockade, perhaps directly blocking the sympathetic impulse for detumescence, although a central nervous system effect must be considered as well. Lastly there exists the possibility of coincidence since phenothiazine treatment is becoming more common and was unrelated to the condition in an additional 6 patients with priapism seen during the same period."}
{"id": "PMID:933290", "title": "Treating the subfertile male patient: improvement semen characteristics after low dose androgen therapy.", "content": "Preliminary results suggest that the semen of selected patients can be improved after administration of low doses of fluoxymesterone and that the therapeutic regimen may be most beneficial for individuals with reduced sperm motility, abnormal semen morphology and/or low semen volume.", "contents": "Treating the subfertile male patient: improvement semen characteristics after low dose androgen therapy. Preliminary results suggest that the semen of selected patients can be improved after administration of low doses of fluoxymesterone and that the therapeutic regimen may be most beneficial for individuals with reduced sperm motility, abnormal semen morphology and/or low semen volume."}
{"id": "PMID:933291", "title": "Endocrine studies in Sertoli-cell-only syndrome.", "content": "Pituitary-gonadal endocrine functions were studied in 15 patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and a comparison was made with other testicular diseases, such as Klinefelter's syndrome. Elevated levels of serum luteinizing hormone as well as follicle stimulating hormone and lowered levels of serum testosterone suggested the existence of Leydig cell failure in addition to germ cell failure. However, the degree of these endocrinological abnormalities in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome was mild compared to that in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Reserve capacity of Leydig cells in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome was considered to be preserved as suggested by the human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. Pituitary-gonadal endocrine functions were studied in 15 patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and a comparison was made with other testicular diseases, such as Klinefelter's syndrome. Elevated levels of serum luteinizing hormone as well as follicle stimulating hormone and lowered levels of serum testosterone suggested the existence of Leydig cell failure in addition to germ cell failure. However, the degree of these endocrinological abnormalities in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome was mild compared to that in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Reserve capacity of Leydig cells in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome was considered to be preserved as suggested by the human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation test."}
{"id": "PMID:933292", "title": "Prognosis for pathologic stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis managed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.", "content": "The over-all 3,5 and 10-year survival rate for 87 patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis undergoing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was 90.5 per cent. Of the 72 patients receiving no form of therapy other than retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy after operative removal of the testicular tumor the 5-year survival rate was 90.8 per cent. The 5-year survival rates for these 72 patients, calculated according to the histologic characteristics of the primary tumor, were 74.4 per cent for 18 patients with embryonal carcinoma, 93.0 per cent for 36 patients with teratocarcinoma and 100 per cent for 18 patients with teratoma. Although no advantage could be demonstrated for bilateral lymphadenectomy as opposed to unilateral dissection, it is concluded that a modified bilateral dissection should be reserved only for tumors on the left side.", "contents": "Prognosis for pathologic stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis managed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. The over-all 3,5 and 10-year survival rate for 87 patients with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis undergoing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy was 90.5 per cent. Of the 72 patients receiving no form of therapy other than retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy after operative removal of the testicular tumor the 5-year survival rate was 90.8 per cent. The 5-year survival rates for these 72 patients, calculated according to the histologic characteristics of the primary tumor, were 74.4 per cent for 18 patients with embryonal carcinoma, 93.0 per cent for 36 patients with teratocarcinoma and 100 per cent for 18 patients with teratoma. Although no advantage could be demonstrated for bilateral lymphadenectomy as opposed to unilateral dissection, it is concluded that a modified bilateral dissection should be reserved only for tumors on the left side."}
{"id": "PMID:933293", "title": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infection. VI. Analysis of segmented leukocytes on the vaginal vestibule in relation to enterobacterial colonization.", "content": "Segmented leukocytes on the vaginal vestibule were quantitated in 93 specimens from 27 women with recurrent bacteriuria (1.03 times 10(5) plus or minus 4.9 times 10(5) cells per ml.) and compared to 251 specimens from 26 control women who had never had bacteriuria (8.0 times 10(4) plus or minus 1.7 times 10(5)). There was no significant difference (p more than 0.6). Leukocyte counts accompanying colonization with more than 100 Enterobacteriaceae per ml. (6.4 times 10(4) plus or minus 1.0 times 10(5) cells per ml). were no different from those unaccompanied by Enterobacteriaceae (8.7 times 10(4) plus or minus 3.3 times 10(5) cells per ml., p more than 0.9). No distinctive pattern was observed in excretion of vaginal leukocytes during the menstrual cycles of 21 premenopausal, control volunteers.", "contents": "Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infection. VI. Analysis of segmented leukocytes on the vaginal vestibule in relation to enterobacterial colonization. Segmented leukocytes on the vaginal vestibule were quantitated in 93 specimens from 27 women with recurrent bacteriuria (1.03 times 10(5) plus or minus 4.9 times 10(5) cells per ml.) and compared to 251 specimens from 26 control women who had never had bacteriuria (8.0 times 10(4) plus or minus 1.7 times 10(5)). There was no significant difference (p more than 0.6). Leukocyte counts accompanying colonization with more than 100 Enterobacteriaceae per ml. (6.4 times 10(4) plus or minus 1.0 times 10(5) cells per ml). were no different from those unaccompanied by Enterobacteriaceae (8.7 times 10(4) plus or minus 3.3 times 10(5) cells per ml., p more than 0.9). No distinctive pattern was observed in excretion of vaginal leukocytes during the menstrual cycles of 21 premenopausal, control volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:933296", "title": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy using autogenous plasma a and bovine thrombin.", "content": "Herein we describe a technique in which the patient's own plasma was used to form an intrapelvic clot, thus aiding in the removal of calculi lying loose in the renal pelvis or infundibula.", "contents": "Coagulum pyelolithotomy using autogenous plasma a and bovine thrombin. Herein we describe a technique in which the patient's own plasma was used to form an intrapelvic clot, thus aiding in the removal of calculi lying loose in the renal pelvis or infundibula."}
{"id": "PMID:933297", "title": "Investigating wide ureters with ureteral pressure flow studies.", "content": "A perfusion study is described and its usefulness in the diagnosis of ureterovesical obstruction is discussed. The study includes 31 children with either primary or secondary non-refluxing wide ureters or ureters that had been reimplanted previously.", "contents": "Investigating wide ureters with ureteral pressure flow studies. A perfusion study is described and its usefulness in the diagnosis of ureterovesical obstruction is discussed. The study includes 31 children with either primary or secondary non-refluxing wide ureters or ureters that had been reimplanted previously."}
{"id": "PMID:933298", "title": "Concentrating ability after antireflux operation.", "content": "Children undergoing surgical correction of reflux require short-term and long-term assessment of the functional, bacteriological and radiologic results. In short-term assessment concentrating ability may be a more sensitive indicator of benefit or harm than creatinine clearance. There were no cases of persistent reflux and a 7 per cent obstruction rate in 59 ureteral reimplantations in 36 children.", "contents": "Concentrating ability after antireflux operation. Children undergoing surgical correction of reflux require short-term and long-term assessment of the functional, bacteriological and radiologic results. In short-term assessment concentrating ability may be a more sensitive indicator of benefit or harm than creatinine clearance. There were no cases of persistent reflux and a 7 per cent obstruction rate in 59 ureteral reimplantations in 36 children."}
{"id": "PMID:933299", "title": "Silver nitrate irrigation to control bladder hemorrhage in children receiving cancer therapy.", "content": "Silver nitrate irrigations after cystoscopic evacuation of clots stopped intractable hemorrhage from the bladder in 8 of 9 children who had received cyclophosphamide and/or pelvic irradiation for various malignant diseases. This method of management produces fewer adverse side effects yet appears to be as effective as the more drastic measures of control, such as cystectomy or colocystoplasty.", "contents": "Silver nitrate irrigation to control bladder hemorrhage in children receiving cancer therapy. Silver nitrate irrigations after cystoscopic evacuation of clots stopped intractable hemorrhage from the bladder in 8 of 9 children who had received cyclophosphamide and/or pelvic irradiation for various malignant diseases. This method of management produces fewer adverse side effects yet appears to be as effective as the more drastic measures of control, such as cystectomy or colocystoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:933300", "title": "Urinary ascites secondary to posterior urethral valves.", "content": "Neonatal urinary ascites demands prompt diagnostic and therapeutic medical attention. Obstructing posterior urethral valves are a major cause (70 per cent) of this entity. Survival in these children can be directly related to age, selection of therapeutic modality and the presence or absence of associated pulmonary and electrolyte abnormalities. Oligohydramnios is implicated in the production of pulmonary hypoplasia leading to respiratory distress in these patients. Other manifestations of prolonged, increased fetal compression, that is the non-renal features of Potter's syndrome, include altered facies, aberrant hand and foot development and late fetal growth deficiency. Aberrant pulmonary development seems to be related to increased intrauterine pressure (oligohydramnios alone) as well as increased fetal intra-abdominal pressure (oligohydramnios plus urinary ascites). The best therapeutic results were achieved in those children treated by early, high urinary diversion. The mortality rate for newborns less than 72 hours old was significantly higher (66 per cent) than for those more than 72 hours old (15 per cent).", "contents": "Urinary ascites secondary to posterior urethral valves. Neonatal urinary ascites demands prompt diagnostic and therapeutic medical attention. Obstructing posterior urethral valves are a major cause (70 per cent) of this entity. Survival in these children can be directly related to age, selection of therapeutic modality and the presence or absence of associated pulmonary and electrolyte abnormalities. Oligohydramnios is implicated in the production of pulmonary hypoplasia leading to respiratory distress in these patients. Other manifestations of prolonged, increased fetal compression, that is the non-renal features of Potter's syndrome, include altered facies, aberrant hand and foot development and late fetal growth deficiency. Aberrant pulmonary development seems to be related to increased intrauterine pressure (oligohydramnios alone) as well as increased fetal intra-abdominal pressure (oligohydramnios plus urinary ascites). The best therapeutic results were achieved in those children treated by early, high urinary diversion. The mortality rate for newborns less than 72 hours old was significantly higher (66 per cent) than for those more than 72 hours old (15 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:933301", "title": "Pneumomediastinum following a surgical renal biopsy.", "content": "A case of pneumomediastinum, which appeared after a biopsy of the right kidney by minimal lumbotomy, is reported.  The anatomicopathological condition of the renal fragment obtained was judged to be focal and segmental hyalinosis. We wish to emphasize the rarity of such a complication, the type of electrocardiographic changes observed, and the rapid and spontaneous recuperation of the patient without further repercussions.", "contents": "Pneumomediastinum following a surgical renal biopsy. A case of pneumomediastinum, which appeared after a biopsy of the right kidney by minimal lumbotomy, is reported.  The anatomicopathological condition of the renal fragment obtained was judged to be focal and segmental hyalinosis. We wish to emphasize the rarity of such a complication, the type of electrocardiographic changes observed, and the rapid and spontaneous recuperation of the patient without further repercussions."}
{"id": "PMID:933302", "title": "Wedged catheter management of a bleeding renal pseudoaneurysm.", "content": "A patient with significant gross hematuria following renal biopsy is managed successfully with subselective wedged arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Wedged catheter management of a bleeding renal pseudoaneurysm. A patient with significant gross hematuria following renal biopsy is managed successfully with subselective wedged arterial occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:933303", "title": "Percutaneous transfemoral embolization of arterio-infundibular-venous fistula.", "content": "An arterio-infundibular-venous fistula complicating partial nephrectomy was embolized successfully via transfemoral catheterization of the right renal artery using autologous muscle. The use of autologous material occluded this vascular malformation with preservation of renal function in the remaining portion of the kidney. The technique was lifesaving since this patient was in critical condition and could not tolerate an operation.", "contents": "Percutaneous transfemoral embolization of arterio-infundibular-venous fistula. An arterio-infundibular-venous fistula complicating partial nephrectomy was embolized successfully via transfemoral catheterization of the right renal artery using autologous muscle. The use of autologous material occluded this vascular malformation with preservation of renal function in the remaining portion of the kidney. The technique was lifesaving since this patient was in critical condition and could not tolerate an operation."}
{"id": "PMID:933304", "title": "Environmentally acquired lead in the laughing gull, Larus atricilla.", "content": "Lead concentrations were measured in eggs, prefledgings and adult laughing gulls collected near Galveston, Texas. No lead was found in eggs. Prefledgling and adult birds had lead ranging from zero to 16 mug/g wet tissue. Liver had the greatest lead concentrations followed by brain, heart and skeletal muscle. There were no significant differences in lead concentrations between fledglings and adults or between males and females.", "contents": "Environmentally acquired lead in the laughing gull, Larus atricilla. Lead concentrations were measured in eggs, prefledgings and adult laughing gulls collected near Galveston, Texas. No lead was found in eggs. Prefledgling and adult birds had lead ranging from zero to 16 mug/g wet tissue. Liver had the greatest lead concentrations followed by brain, heart and skeletal muscle. There were no significant differences in lead concentrations between fledglings and adults or between males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:933305", "title": "Visual defects in white-tailed deer from Michigan six case reports.", "content": "Six cases of unrelated visual defects in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Michigan are described. Two were congenital, two were of infectious etiology, one from central nervous neoplasia, and one from degenerative changes in lenses of both eyes.", "contents": "Visual defects in white-tailed deer from Michigan six case reports. Six cases of unrelated visual defects in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Michigan are described. Two were congenital, two were of infectious etiology, one from central nervous neoplasia, and one from degenerative changes in lenses of both eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:933306", "title": "Dirofilariasis in Iowa coyotes.", "content": "(Dirofilaria immitis) were found in eight of 220 (3.6%) coyotes (Canis latrans) collected from fur buyers in Adams, Carroll, Cass, and Warren counties in southwestern Iowa. Infections ranged from one to 23 worms per coyote.", "contents": "Dirofilariasis in Iowa coyotes. (Dirofilaria immitis) were found in eight of 220 (3.6%) coyotes (Canis latrans) collected from fur buyers in Adams, Carroll, Cass, and Warren counties in southwestern Iowa. Infections ranged from one to 23 worms per coyote."}
{"id": "PMID:933307", "title": "A case report of an epidermal papilloma in Mustelus canis.", "content": "A white, raised mass present on the caudal fin of a smooth dogfish shark (Mustelus canis) was identified as an epidermal papilloma with areas suggestive of carcinoma in situ. When examined by electron microscopy no structures or particles of viral origin were apparent.", "contents": "A case report of an epidermal papilloma in Mustelus canis. A white, raised mass present on the caudal fin of a smooth dogfish shark (Mustelus canis) was identified as an epidermal papilloma with areas suggestive of carcinoma in situ. When examined by electron microscopy no structures or particles of viral origin were apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:933308", "title": "Prevalence of cuterebrid parasitism among woodmice in Virginia.", "content": "Botfly infestation was analyzed in 1319 small mammals from varied habitats and elevations in upland Virginia, 1972-1974. Adult Cuterebra fontinella were reared from bots infesting the woodmouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Of 651 woodmice, 199 (30.6%) were infested at least once. The season of bot infestation extended from May through November of all years, with peak prevalence (mean 42.2%) in August. Infestation in woodmice was general over a 2000 km2 study area during peak months. Significantly greater prevalence (P less than 0.001) was seen in forested and brushy habitat (39.9%) compared with old fields (2.6%). Higher prevalence (P less than 0.01) was found in males than in females, and in postjuveniles compared to adults. Greatest overall prevalence (39.1%) was in postjuvenile males. Most warble sites (98%) were inguinal, and observations suggested that many infested adults were non-reproductive. Mean burden (1.27) was independent of host age, sex, habitat, and month of capture. Multi-infestations occurred in 23% of the affected mice; maximum burden was six bots. Botflies were absent or negligible in sympatric deermice (P. maniculatus) and twelve other species of rodents and shrews.", "contents": "Prevalence of cuterebrid parasitism among woodmice in Virginia. Botfly infestation was analyzed in 1319 small mammals from varied habitats and elevations in upland Virginia, 1972-1974. Adult Cuterebra fontinella were reared from bots infesting the woodmouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Of 651 woodmice, 199 (30.6%) were infested at least once. The season of bot infestation extended from May through November of all years, with peak prevalence (mean 42.2%) in August. Infestation in woodmice was general over a 2000 km2 study area during peak months. Significantly greater prevalence (P less than 0.001) was seen in forested and brushy habitat (39.9%) compared with old fields (2.6%). Higher prevalence (P less than 0.01) was found in males than in females, and in postjuveniles compared to adults. Greatest overall prevalence (39.1%) was in postjuvenile males. Most warble sites (98%) were inguinal, and observations suggested that many infested adults were non-reproductive. Mean burden (1.27) was independent of host age, sex, habitat, and month of capture. Multi-infestations occurred in 23% of the affected mice; maximum burden was six bots. Botflies were absent or negligible in sympatric deermice (P. maniculatus) and twelve other species of rodents and shrews."}
{"id": "PMID:933309", "title": "A hematologic survey of captive waterfowl.", "content": "Hematologic parameters were studied in giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima), mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and various species of diving ducks at seasinal intervals throughout the year. Highest values for packed cell volume, hemoglobin content and erythrocyte counts were found in the winter and pre-nesting periods. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin varied inversely with these values.", "contents": "A hematologic survey of captive waterfowl. Hematologic parameters were studied in giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima), mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and various species of diving ducks at seasinal intervals throughout the year. Highest values for packed cell volume, hemoglobin content and erythrocyte counts were found in the winter and pre-nesting periods. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin varied inversely with these values."}
{"id": "PMID:933310", "title": "Moose milk and hair element levels and relationships.", "content": "Milk was collected from 21 Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) at the Kenai Moose Research Center (MRC), Soldotna, Alaska nad analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. Hair samples were collected from 100 moose at the MRC to correspond with the lactation period and serve as a metabolic indicator of mineral elements stored in tissue. Published analyses of bovine milk were compared to moose milk; Al, Fe, Se and Zn were higher in moose milk by factors of 1.6 to 290. Elements potentially influenced by nutrition and those determined genetically were also  considered. Elements in moose milk and hair values were compared, since mineral element levels in hair potentially reflect the availability and intake of these elements. Calcium and Mg were the only values in hair lower than the values in milk (factors of 4.2 and 1.5 respectively). Moose, as well as domestic cattle, apparently are subjected  to lactation stress by the genetically determined levels of Ca and Mg in milk.", "contents": "Moose milk and hair element levels and relationships. Milk was collected from 21 Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas) at the Kenai Moose Research Center (MRC), Soldotna, Alaska nad analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy for Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn. Hair samples were collected from 100 moose at the MRC to correspond with the lactation period and serve as a metabolic indicator of mineral elements stored in tissue. Published analyses of bovine milk were compared to moose milk; Al, Fe, Se and Zn were higher in moose milk by factors of 1.6 to 290. Elements potentially influenced by nutrition and those determined genetically were also  considered. Elements in moose milk and hair values were compared, since mineral element levels in hair potentially reflect the availability and intake of these elements. Calcium and Mg were the only values in hair lower than the values in milk (factors of 4.2 and 1.5 respectively). Moose, as well as domestic cattle, apparently are subjected  to lactation stress by the genetically determined levels of Ca and Mg in milk."}
{"id": "PMID:933311", "title": "Growth dynamics and seasonal prevalence of Crepidostomum isostomum and Phyllodistomum pearsei in Aphredoderus sayanus.", "content": "A trematode survey of pirate perch, Aphredoderus sayanus, in Louisiana demonstrated a seasonal periodicity of Crepidostomum isostomum with regard to prevalence, worm burden, and maturation. The prevalence of Phyllodistomum pearsei showed no discernable periodicity and only the worn development followed a seasonal pattern.", "contents": "Growth dynamics and seasonal prevalence of Crepidostomum isostomum and Phyllodistomum pearsei in Aphredoderus sayanus. A trematode survey of pirate perch, Aphredoderus sayanus, in Louisiana demonstrated a seasonal periodicity of Crepidostomum isostomum with regard to prevalence, worm burden, and maturation. The prevalence of Phyllodistomum pearsei showed no discernable periodicity and only the worn development followed a seasonal pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:933312", "title": "Experimental chlamydiosis in wild and domestic lagomorphs.", "content": "Chlamydia psittaci (strain M56, the agent of epizootic chlamydiosis of muskrats and hares) was highly lethal for the snowshoe hare (Lepus americans) following intravenous inoculation, whereas the agent was much less virulent for cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) and albino domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Tissue titres of strain M56 were generally higher after 96 hr in the snowshoe hare than in tissues of the other lagomorphs. Spleen, liver and bone marrow were apparently the chief sites of primary multiplication of strain M56 in the hare. Virulence appeared to be very host specific in that only strain M56 among the six chlamydiae tested was highly lethal for the snowshoe hare.", "contents": "Experimental chlamydiosis in wild and domestic lagomorphs. Chlamydia psittaci (strain M56, the agent of epizootic chlamydiosis of muskrats and hares) was highly lethal for the snowshoe hare (Lepus americans) following intravenous inoculation, whereas the agent was much less virulent for cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) and albino domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Tissue titres of strain M56 were generally higher after 96 hr in the snowshoe hare than in tissues of the other lagomorphs. Spleen, liver and bone marrow were apparently the chief sites of primary multiplication of strain M56 in the hare. Virulence appeared to be very host specific in that only strain M56 among the six chlamydiae tested was highly lethal for the snowshoe hare."}
{"id": "PMID:933313", "title": "Clinical observations on the use of ketamine hydrochloride in wild carnivores.", "content": "Ketamine hydrochloride was administered intramuscularly to 171 individual animals of five carnivore species. The drug was used in doses which resulted in a range of effects from simple immobilization to a surgical plane of anesthesia during which minor operations were conducted. The drug was found to have a wide margin of safety, was easily administered by syringe, and took effect rapidly. Undesirable side effects of excessive salivation and maintenance of muscle tone were readily controlled by combining ketamine hydrochloride with other drugs.", "contents": "Clinical observations on the use of ketamine hydrochloride in wild carnivores. Ketamine hydrochloride was administered intramuscularly to 171 individual animals of five carnivore species. The drug was used in doses which resulted in a range of effects from simple immobilization to a surgical plane of anesthesia during which minor operations were conducted. The drug was found to have a wide margin of safety, was easily administered by syringe, and took effect rapidly. Undesirable side effects of excessive salivation and maintenance of muscle tone were readily controlled by combining ketamine hydrochloride with other drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:933314", "title": "Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado.", "content": "Using the Sabin-Feldman dye test, sera from wild and domestic animals in New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of positive titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) in animals from these areas was: New Mexico (178 of 569, 31%), Arizona (11 of 56, 20%), and Colorado (2 of 7, 29%). The overall prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma was 30% (191 of 632). Nine of 17 fecal samples from wild zoo felines contained Toxoplasma-like oocysts which were inoculated per os and intraperitoneally into mice. Mice from six of these nine inoculations later showed positive dye test titers and tissues from five of these six groups had tissue cysts when examined histologically.", "contents": "Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. Using the Sabin-Feldman dye test, sera from wild and domestic animals in New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of positive titers (greater than or equal to 1:8) in animals from these areas was: New Mexico (178 of 569, 31%), Arizona (11 of 56, 20%), and Colorado (2 of 7, 29%). The overall prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma was 30% (191 of 632). Nine of 17 fecal samples from wild zoo felines contained Toxoplasma-like oocysts which were inoculated per os and intraperitoneally into mice. Mice from six of these nine inoculations later showed positive dye test titers and tissues from five of these six groups had tissue cysts when examined histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:933315", "title": "Further studies on trypanosomers in game animals in Wyoming.", "content": "Blood samples were collected from captive and free-ranging elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), moose (Alces alces), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) for cultural evidence of Trypanosoma sp. infection. Eleven of 188 (12%) hunter-killed elk, 22 of 37 (59%) free-ranging elk, and 79 of 119 (66%) captive elk were culture positive in 1973-74. Parasitemia in adult captive elk showed seasonal variation. Other captive or live-trapped animals found positive included 16 mule deer, two white-tailed deer, and one black-tailed deer. No pronghorn, moose, or bighorn sheep were positive. A 0.25 ml inoculum of elk blood was sufficient to give positive culture results. Small sample size may have contributed to negative results from elk trapped in March 1973.", "contents": "Further studies on trypanosomers in game animals in Wyoming. Blood samples were collected from captive and free-ranging elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer, (Odocoileus virginianus), black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), moose (Alces alces), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) for cultural evidence of Trypanosoma sp. infection. Eleven of 188 (12%) hunter-killed elk, 22 of 37 (59%) free-ranging elk, and 79 of 119 (66%) captive elk were culture positive in 1973-74. Parasitemia in adult captive elk showed seasonal variation. Other captive or live-trapped animals found positive included 16 mule deer, two white-tailed deer, and one black-tailed deer. No pronghorn, moose, or bighorn sheep were positive. A 0.25 ml inoculum of elk blood was sufficient to give positive culture results. Small sample size may have contributed to negative results from elk trapped in March 1973."}
{"id": "PMID:933316", "title": "Subcutaneous exposure of the Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii Sabine) to western equine encephalomyelitis virus.", "content": "Both adult and suckling Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) were susceptible to subcutaneous exposure with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus, but the virus was more virulent for sucklings than adults. In sucklings, the incubation period was from 4 to 5 days, followed by apparent signs of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Death occurred 10 to 13 days postexposure. In adults, infections were inapparent or acute with typical signs of CNS involvement similar to those observed in sucklings. In both age groups, brain and lymph nodes were the most frequently involved tissues. The highest titres of virus were recovered from brain, sections of which also showed the most marked histological changes. Lesions in the brain included multifocal vasculitis, perivascular edema, perivascular cuffing, focal or diffuse gliosis, parenchymal hemorrhage, meningitis with infiltration of mononuclear cells, neuronal degeneration, and occasional demyelination. For both age groups, viremias were detected for 3 to 5 days with a maximum virus titre of 4 to 6 logs, a sufficient time and magnitude to infect numerous mosquitoes, further supporting the hypothesis that S. richardsonii may serve as an amplifying host of WEE virus in the prairie provinces.", "contents": "Subcutaneous exposure of the Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii Sabine) to western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Both adult and suckling Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) were susceptible to subcutaneous exposure with western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus, but the virus was more virulent for sucklings than adults. In sucklings, the incubation period was from 4 to 5 days, followed by apparent signs of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Death occurred 10 to 13 days postexposure. In adults, infections were inapparent or acute with typical signs of CNS involvement similar to those observed in sucklings. In both age groups, brain and lymph nodes were the most frequently involved tissues. The highest titres of virus were recovered from brain, sections of which also showed the most marked histological changes. Lesions in the brain included multifocal vasculitis, perivascular edema, perivascular cuffing, focal or diffuse gliosis, parenchymal hemorrhage, meningitis with infiltration of mononuclear cells, neuronal degeneration, and occasional demyelination. For both age groups, viremias were detected for 3 to 5 days with a maximum virus titre of 4 to 6 logs, a sufficient time and magnitude to infect numerous mosquitoes, further supporting the hypothesis that S. richardsonii may serve as an amplifying host of WEE virus in the prairie provinces."}
{"id": "PMID:933317", "title": "Necrosis and bacterial infection in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following hypoxia.", "content": "Apparently sterile lesions developed in the skin and musculature of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) six days after fish were severely stressed by an oxygen depletion associated with a phytoplankton die-off in an 8.9 ha pond. Lesions were characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from either the lesions ot internal organs of all moribund fish necropsied the day after lesions were first found. As the water quality improved the health of the fish improved. Water quality data collected before and after the oxygen depletion, and associated fish mortality, are presented.", "contents": "Necrosis and bacterial infection in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) following hypoxia. Apparently sterile lesions developed in the skin and musculature of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) six days after fish were severely stressed by an oxygen depletion associated with a phytoplankton die-off in an 8.9 ha pond. Lesions were characterized by hemorrhage and necrosis. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from either the lesions ot internal organs of all moribund fish necropsied the day after lesions were first found. As the water quality improved the health of the fish improved. Water quality data collected before and after the oxygen depletion, and associated fish mortality, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:933318", "title": "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca).", "content": "Erysipelas was diagnosed in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca) kept as hunting stock. Mortality was 265 of 500 (53%) over a period of one week.", "contents": "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca). Erysipelas was diagnosed in chukar partridges (Alectoris graeca) kept as hunting stock. Mortality was 265 of 500 (53%) over a period of one week."}
{"id": "PMID:933319", "title": "An investigation of North Atlantic whales for trichinosis.", "content": "In 1971, 81 finback (Balaenoptera physalus), 119 sei (B. borealis), two piked (B. acutorostrata), 15 humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and one sperm whale (Physeter catodon) taken in the North Atlantic off the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia coasts were examined for the presence of Trichinella spiralis. All 218 whales were negative for trichinosis.", "contents": "An investigation of North Atlantic whales for trichinosis. In 1971, 81 finback (Balaenoptera physalus), 119 sei (B. borealis), two piked (B. acutorostrata), 15 humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and one sperm whale (Physeter catodon) taken in the North Atlantic off the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia coasts were examined for the presence of Trichinella spiralis. All 218 whales were negative for trichinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:933320", "title": "The effect of sublethal concentrations of zinc on growth and plasma glucose levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson).", "content": "The long term effects of three sublethal concentrations of zinc (0.214, 0.52 and 1.12 ppm) on growth and plasma glucose concentration in yearling rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) were investigated. Analysis of covariance of percent weight increase revealed that a significant inhibition of growth (P less than 0.05) in the 1.12 ppm zinc-exposed fish had occurred. Plasma glucose showed a significant hyperglycemia (P less than 0.05) in all three zinc-exposed groups of fish after 7 days exposure and in the 1.12 ppm zinc-exposed group after 63 days. The hyperglycemia observed has been explained as possibly resulting from activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis by the stress of zinc causing mobilization of tissue glycogen.", "contents": "The effect of sublethal concentrations of zinc on growth and plasma glucose levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson). The long term effects of three sublethal concentrations of zinc (0.214, 0.52 and 1.12 ppm) on growth and plasma glucose concentration in yearling rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) were investigated. Analysis of covariance of percent weight increase revealed that a significant inhibition of growth (P less than 0.05) in the 1.12 ppm zinc-exposed fish had occurred. Plasma glucose showed a significant hyperglycemia (P less than 0.05) in all three zinc-exposed groups of fish after 7 days exposure and in the 1.12 ppm zinc-exposed group after 63 days. The hyperglycemia observed has been explained as possibly resulting from activation of the pituitary-interrenal axis by the stress of zinc causing mobilization of tissue glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:933321", "title": "Cerebral abscess associated with stranding in a dolphin.", "content": "A captive Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was examined after being found beached in the shallows of its lagoon enclosure. An abscess was found in the right cerebral hemisphere, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the lesion. Histopathologic examination of the brain revealed a pyogenic meningoencephalitis.", "contents": "Cerebral abscess associated with stranding in a dolphin. A captive Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was examined after being found beached in the shallows of its lagoon enclosure. An abscess was found in the right cerebral hemisphere, and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the lesion. Histopathologic examination of the brain revealed a pyogenic meningoencephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:933322", "title": "Studies of hypoxemia and pulmonary hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "On 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction blood gas changes and A-aDO2 while breathing room air were observed for a period of 5 weeks. PaO2 during the 35% O2 inhalation was measured on admission and 5 weeks later for comparisons with the PaO2 while breathing room air. Pulmonary circulatory hemodynamics was measured in 29 cases on admission using Swan-Ganz's right heart flow directed catheter 7F, and the catheter was kept in the pulmonary artery in 13 cases for a maximum of 9 days. The mean PaO2 while breathing room air on admission was 66.7 mmHg in the 55 cases. It was 52.3 mmHg in the heart failure group and 74.9 mmHg in the non-heart failure group, showing prominent hypoxemia in the heart failure group. The mean PaO2 recovered to normal (84.1 mmHg and 87.0 mmHg) 5 weeks later. Inhalation of 35% O2 was performed for 20 minutes on admission and 5 weeks later. The elevation of PaO2 during the oxygen inhalation on admission was smaller than that 5 weeks later, significantly smaller in the heart failure group (P less than 0.001). The mean A-aDO2 on admission was higher in the heart failure group (58.1 mmHg) than in the non-heart failure group (34.8 mmHg). PaO2 showed significant correlations with cardiac index and SvO2. Although it was significantly correlated with PA diast. and TPR, no correlation with CVP was observed. Hypoxemia in acute myocardial infarction is caused by the following process: the onset of myocardial infarction causes low output, leading to left ventricular failure. As the result of elevated left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure, intestinal pulmonary edema develops provoking ventilation-perfusion inequality, intra-pulmonary shunting, and diffusing defect.", "contents": "Studies of hypoxemia and pulmonary hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction. On 55 patients with acute myocardial infarction blood gas changes and A-aDO2 while breathing room air were observed for a period of 5 weeks. PaO2 during the 35% O2 inhalation was measured on admission and 5 weeks later for comparisons with the PaO2 while breathing room air. Pulmonary circulatory hemodynamics was measured in 29 cases on admission using Swan-Ganz's right heart flow directed catheter 7F, and the catheter was kept in the pulmonary artery in 13 cases for a maximum of 9 days. The mean PaO2 while breathing room air on admission was 66.7 mmHg in the 55 cases. It was 52.3 mmHg in the heart failure group and 74.9 mmHg in the non-heart failure group, showing prominent hypoxemia in the heart failure group. The mean PaO2 recovered to normal (84.1 mmHg and 87.0 mmHg) 5 weeks later. Inhalation of 35% O2 was performed for 20 minutes on admission and 5 weeks later. The elevation of PaO2 during the oxygen inhalation on admission was smaller than that 5 weeks later, significantly smaller in the heart failure group (P less than 0.001). The mean A-aDO2 on admission was higher in the heart failure group (58.1 mmHg) than in the non-heart failure group (34.8 mmHg). PaO2 showed significant correlations with cardiac index and SvO2. Although it was significantly correlated with PA diast. and TPR, no correlation with CVP was observed. Hypoxemia in acute myocardial infarction is caused by the following process: the onset of myocardial infarction causes low output, leading to left ventricular failure. As the result of elevated left atrial pressure and pulmonary venous pressure, intestinal pulmonary edema develops provoking ventilation-perfusion inequality, intra-pulmonary shunting, and diffusing defect."}
{"id": "PMID:933323", "title": "Intermittent claudication of the foot in view of foot muscle blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance technique and arteriographic findings.", "content": "In 20 limbs of 10 healthy subjects and 55 limbs of 41 patients with occlusive areterial diseases of the legs, muscle blood flow was measured in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle by 133Xe clearance technique. The clearance curves after the ischemic exercise differenciated limbs with intermittent claudication of the foot from normals and limbs without claudication. An attempt was also made with arteriographic findings in 102 limbs of 84 patients with occlusions of the leg and/or foot arteries only. From results obtained, it is concluded that 133Xe clearance technique applied in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle can be used for diagnosis of foot  pain during walking of uncertain origin and intermittent claudication of the foot is caused by severe circulatory insufficiencies of the plantar muscles during walking in the patients with involvements of the posterior tibial and/or plantar arteries.", "contents": "Intermittent claudication of the foot in view of foot muscle blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance technique and arteriographic findings. In 20 limbs of 10 healthy subjects and 55 limbs of 41 patients with occlusive areterial diseases of the legs, muscle blood flow was measured in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle by 133Xe clearance technique. The clearance curves after the ischemic exercise differenciated limbs with intermittent claudication of the foot from normals and limbs without claudication. An attempt was also made with arteriographic findings in 102 limbs of 84 patients with occlusions of the leg and/or foot arteries only. From results obtained, it is concluded that 133Xe clearance technique applied in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle can be used for diagnosis of foot  pain during walking of uncertain origin and intermittent claudication of the foot is caused by severe circulatory insufficiencies of the plantar muscles during walking in the patients with involvements of the posterior tibial and/or plantar arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:933324", "title": "Effect of prolonged administration of clonidine to spontaneously hypertensive rats on blood pressure, cerebral norpinephrine content and angiographic finding in the kidney.", "content": "1. The effects of clonidine on blood pressure, cerebral norepinephrine content and vascular structures of the kidneys were investigated in 21 SHR. Although the body weight was not affected by long term clonidine treatment up to 36 weeks, the syatolic blood pressure was significantly reduced. The reduction of the blood pressure was already obvious after 1 week administration of clonidine but the effect was  more prominent after long term treatment of 30 weeks or longer. 2. The cerebral norepinephrine content was significantly lower in SHR, regardless of with or without clonidine treatment, than in the control Wistar rats. Although the cerebral norepinephrine content was slightly increased following clonidine treatment SHR, the increase was not statistically significant. 3. Angiographic study of the kidneys revealed a poor opacification of the blood vessels and glomeruli in SHR compared with the control Wistar rats. There was no difference in the sizes of the arcuate and interlobular arteries in SHR and the control Wistar rats, although the medial muscular hypertrophy of the arteries was slightly more prominent in the SHR histologically. The more prominent in the SHR histologically. The angiographic and histologic findings of the renal arteries were not altered following long term clonidine treatment. A possibility was considered that the renal arterioles are mainly functionally affected in SHR.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged administration of clonidine to spontaneously hypertensive rats on blood pressure, cerebral norpinephrine content and angiographic finding in the kidney. 1. The effects of clonidine on blood pressure, cerebral norepinephrine content and vascular structures of the kidneys were investigated in 21 SHR. Although the body weight was not affected by long term clonidine treatment up to 36 weeks, the syatolic blood pressure was significantly reduced. The reduction of the blood pressure was already obvious after 1 week administration of clonidine but the effect was  more prominent after long term treatment of 30 weeks or longer. 2. The cerebral norepinephrine content was significantly lower in SHR, regardless of with or without clonidine treatment, than in the control Wistar rats. Although the cerebral norepinephrine content was slightly increased following clonidine treatment SHR, the increase was not statistically significant. 3. Angiographic study of the kidneys revealed a poor opacification of the blood vessels and glomeruli in SHR compared with the control Wistar rats. There was no difference in the sizes of the arcuate and interlobular arteries in SHR and the control Wistar rats, although the medial muscular hypertrophy of the arteries was slightly more prominent in the SHR histologically. The more prominent in the SHR histologically. The angiographic and histologic findings of the renal arteries were not altered following long term clonidine treatment. A possibility was considered that the renal arterioles are mainly functionally affected in SHR."}
{"id": "PMID:933325", "title": "Effect of verapamil on electrical activities of SA node, ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers in isolated rabbit hearts.", "content": "In the isolated rabbit heart, verapamil reduced the rate of rise and the slopes of diastolic slow depolarization, the maximum diastolic potential (Ed) and the membrane potential at the peak of depolarization (Ea) of the SA node without preventing regenerative responses in ventricular and Purkinje fibers. This effect of verapamil on SA node was counteracted by raising the extracellular calcium ion concentration. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) had almost no effect on these parameters of the SA node, but it reduced the maximum rate of rise of the ventricular and Purkinje fibers markedly and eventually rendered these tissues non-excitable. The difference in the actions of verapamil and TTX on the SA node suggests that the SA nodal action potential comes from a different ionic channel (slow channel) from that of the Purkinje fibers or the working myocardium, and the effect of calcium ion suggests that this ion plays an important role in the generation of the SA nodal action potential. The difference in the effect of verapamil on the  repolarization phase between ventricular and Purkinje fibers was pointed out and the possible participation of calcium ion in the repolarization phase of these two tissues was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of verapamil on electrical activities of SA node, ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers in isolated rabbit hearts. In the isolated rabbit heart, verapamil reduced the rate of rise and the slopes of diastolic slow depolarization, the maximum diastolic potential (Ed) and the membrane potential at the peak of depolarization (Ea) of the SA node without preventing regenerative responses in ventricular and Purkinje fibers. This effect of verapamil on SA node was counteracted by raising the extracellular calcium ion concentration. On the other hand, tetrodotoxin (TTX) had almost no effect on these parameters of the SA node, but it reduced the maximum rate of rise of the ventricular and Purkinje fibers markedly and eventually rendered these tissues non-excitable. The difference in the actions of verapamil and TTX on the SA node suggests that the SA nodal action potential comes from a different ionic channel (slow channel) from that of the Purkinje fibers or the working myocardium, and the effect of calcium ion suggests that this ion plays an important role in the generation of the SA nodal action potential. The difference in the effect of verapamil on the  repolarization phase between ventricular and Purkinje fibers was pointed out and the possible participation of calcium ion in the repolarization phase of these two tissues was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933326", "title": "Maximal cardiac output in angina patients before abd after coronary artery surgery.", "content": "Ten patients with angina pectoris underwent multistage maximal treadmill exercise with hemodynamic measurements before, and again 6 months following coronary artery surgery. Subjectively, 9 patients experienced a total and one patient partial relief from angina, and all patients noted improved exercise tolerance following surgery. Objectively, significant improvement was found in duration of exercise, maximal oxygen intake in maximal cardiac output, maximal heart rate, and maximal pressure-rate product. Surgery did not significantly affect systemic or pulmonary arterial pressures during exercise. Despite these improvements, maximal cardiac output did not return to normal levels following surgery, due to an unexpected but significant reduction in stroke volume.", "contents": "Maximal cardiac output in angina patients before abd after coronary artery surgery. Ten patients with angina pectoris underwent multistage maximal treadmill exercise with hemodynamic measurements before, and again 6 months following coronary artery surgery. Subjectively, 9 patients experienced a total and one patient partial relief from angina, and all patients noted improved exercise tolerance following surgery. Objectively, significant improvement was found in duration of exercise, maximal oxygen intake in maximal cardiac output, maximal heart rate, and maximal pressure-rate product. Surgery did not significantly affect systemic or pulmonary arterial pressures during exercise. Despite these improvements, maximal cardiac output did not return to normal levels following surgery, due to an unexpected but significant reduction in stroke volume."}
{"id": "PMID:933327", "title": "A clinical study on familial heart diseases.", "content": "Clinical pictures of 107 cases of familial heart diseases belonging to 30 families were studied. 1. Initial manifestations frequently observed were palpitation, chest pain, becoming aware of irregular heart beats, dyspnea and a syncopal attack. The initial manifestation was most frequently observed in the second or the third decade. In familial idiopathic cardiomyopathy a systolic murmur was the most common auscultatory findingd followed by the third and fourth heart sounds. 2. The cardiothoracic ratio was not necessarily increased. 3. In the ECG of familial idiopathic cardiomyopathy, arrythmia was frequently observed. A-V block was rare but a premature ventricular contraction was frequent. During a syncopal attack, the ECG showed ventricular trachycardia. An abnormal Q-wave, ST segment depression and a negative T-wave were also observed but their incidence did not differ from one lead to the other. Some cases of familial heart diseases showed QTc-prolongation but QTc was not over 0.47 seconds and was not as markedly prolonged as in familial QT-prolongation syndrome. 4. A similarity of clinical findings was observed among cases belonging to the same family. There was a striking similarity among the patients belonging to the same family  in initial symptoms, characters of a systolic murmur, morphology of the cardiac silhouette, morphology of an abnormal Q-wave or ST segment depression and in the leads which showed these abnormalities. 5. The most frequent mode of death was sudden death. A cardiothoracic ratio of 0.6 or more, an abnormal R-wave in V1 suggesting high dorsal wall damage, left axis deviation, and the low voltage of Sv1 + Rv5 of 1.5 mV or less suggested a poor prognosis.", "contents": "A clinical study on familial heart diseases. Clinical pictures of 107 cases of familial heart diseases belonging to 30 families were studied. 1. Initial manifestations frequently observed were palpitation, chest pain, becoming aware of irregular heart beats, dyspnea and a syncopal attack. The initial manifestation was most frequently observed in the second or the third decade. In familial idiopathic cardiomyopathy a systolic murmur was the most common auscultatory findingd followed by the third and fourth heart sounds. 2. The cardiothoracic ratio was not necessarily increased. 3. In the ECG of familial idiopathic cardiomyopathy, arrythmia was frequently observed. A-V block was rare but a premature ventricular contraction was frequent. During a syncopal attack, the ECG showed ventricular trachycardia. An abnormal Q-wave, ST segment depression and a negative T-wave were also observed but their incidence did not differ from one lead to the other. Some cases of familial heart diseases showed QTc-prolongation but QTc was not over 0.47 seconds and was not as markedly prolonged as in familial QT-prolongation syndrome. 4. A similarity of clinical findings was observed among cases belonging to the same family. There was a striking similarity among the patients belonging to the same family  in initial symptoms, characters of a systolic murmur, morphology of the cardiac silhouette, morphology of an abnormal Q-wave or ST segment depression and in the leads which showed these abnormalities. 5. The most frequent mode of death was sudden death. A cardiothoracic ratio of 0.6 or more, an abnormal R-wave in V1 suggesting high dorsal wall damage, left axis deviation, and the low voltage of Sv1 + Rv5 of 1.5 mV or less suggested a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:933330", "title": "[Evaluation of left ventricular function in acute and old myocardial infaraction by non-invasive method with special reference to systolic time intervals].", "content": "Systolic time intervals were studied in acute and old myocardial infarction, and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Acute myocardial infarction. a) LVET was the shortest on the 3rd and 4th day of the illness, normalizing on the 14th day in cases without heart failure; but generally lower values were encountered in cases with heart failure, with a delay in recovery. b) PEP tended to be prolonged in the initial stage in cases with heart faii showed scarcely any change. d) PEP/LVET was the greatest prolongation near the 4th day of the illness, normalizing on the 14th day in cases without heart failure; but no recovery was seen after 10th week in cases with heart failure. e) Correlation was found between LVET or PEP/LVET and SI, but no concentration was seen between Q-II or PEP and SI. f) A tendency of correlation was noted between Peel's prognostic index and LVET or PEP/LVET. g) A marked deviation of either one of STI, especially that of PEP/LVET, suggests a poor prognosis. Persistence of the LVET value less than 240 msec up to the 7th day of the illness suggests the complication of heart failure. 2. Old myocardial infarction. While LVET was almost normal, PEP was considerably high regardless of the presence or absence of heart failure, with a tendency of aggravation in the course of years. The tendency of PEP/LVET was similar to that of PEP.", "contents": "[Evaluation of left ventricular function in acute and old myocardial infaraction by non-invasive method with special reference to systolic time intervals]. Systolic time intervals were studied in acute and old myocardial infarction, and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Acute myocardial infarction. a) LVET was the shortest on the 3rd and 4th day of the illness, normalizing on the 14th day in cases without heart failure; but generally lower values were encountered in cases with heart failure, with a delay in recovery. b) PEP tended to be prolonged in the initial stage in cases with heart faii showed scarcely any change. d) PEP/LVET was the greatest prolongation near the 4th day of the illness, normalizing on the 14th day in cases without heart failure; but no recovery was seen after 10th week in cases with heart failure. e) Correlation was found between LVET or PEP/LVET and SI, but no concentration was seen between Q-II or PEP and SI. f) A tendency of correlation was noted between Peel's prognostic index and LVET or PEP/LVET. g) A marked deviation of either one of STI, especially that of PEP/LVET, suggests a poor prognosis. Persistence of the LVET value less than 240 msec up to the 7th day of the illness suggests the complication of heart failure. 2. Old myocardial infarction. While LVET was almost normal, PEP was considerably high regardless of the presence or absence of heart failure, with a tendency of aggravation in the course of years. The tendency of PEP/LVET was similar to that of PEP."}
{"id": "PMID:933332", "title": "[Clinical use of amoxicillin in the otorhinolaryngological field (authors's transl)].", "content": "Forty-eight cases of otorhinolaryngological infections were treated with amoxicillin (AMPC) at a daily dose of 750mg. The clinical and microbiological effects were studied, and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The subjects comprised 20 cases of otitis media, 10 of tonsillitis, 4 of sinusitis, 4 of chroditis, 2 bronchitis, 5 of furuncle of the ear and 3 of furuncle of the nose. The clinical effective rate of AMPC was 82.9%, and the microbiological effective rate was 80.6%. 2. The effect of AMPC against strains isolated from the above diseases was also studied. The effective rate against Streptococcus was 91.6% and against Staphylococcus 83.3%. 3. Side effects were observed in 4 cases (one of diarrhea, two of abdominal discomfort and one of lingual pain), but none of them was so severe as the use of AMPC should have been discontinued.", "contents": "[Clinical use of amoxicillin in the otorhinolaryngological field (authors's transl)]. Forty-eight cases of otorhinolaryngological infections were treated with amoxicillin (AMPC) at a daily dose of 750mg. The clinical and microbiological effects were studied, and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The subjects comprised 20 cases of otitis media, 10 of tonsillitis, 4 of sinusitis, 4 of chroditis, 2 bronchitis, 5 of furuncle of the ear and 3 of furuncle of the nose. The clinical effective rate of AMPC was 82.9%, and the microbiological effective rate was 80.6%. 2. The effect of AMPC against strains isolated from the above diseases was also studied. The effective rate against Streptococcus was 91.6% and against Staphylococcus 83.3%. 3. Side effects were observed in 4 cases (one of diarrhea, two of abdominal discomfort and one of lingual pain), but none of them was so severe as the use of AMPC should have been discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:933342", "title": "[Studies on erythromycin stearate capsules (OE-7) (author's transl)].", "content": "The blood concentration and urinary excretion of OE-7 (erythromycin stearate capsules) and control drug were investigated in 6 volunteers having gastroptosis. OE-7, newly arranged capsules containing erythromycin stearate, was investigated and obtained the results of high blood concentration by oral administration. To confirm the above, we measured blood concentration and urinary excretion of OE-7 comparing with ordinary erythromycin stearate capsules in 6 volunteers having gastroptosis. The peaks of blood concentration were noted at 3 hours after administration in 6 volunteers uniformly. The mean maximum blood concentration of OE-7 was 1.17 mcg/ml which was significantly higher than ordinary erythromycin stearate capsules. In time course of mean blood concentration, the blood concentration levels of OE-7 were higher than those of control erythromycin stearate capsules at any measurement. Effective blood levels were continuously high in OE-7. Urinary excretion of OE-7 reached to the maximum from 4 to 6 hours after administration which was also higher than control erythromycin stearate. Clinical efficacy of OE-7 was investigated in 28 cases in acute respiratory infection. The results noted were excellent in 5 cases (17.9%), good in 16 cases (57.1%), no change in 6 cases (21.4%), and undetermined in 1 case (3.6%). There were 5 cases of slight gastro-intestinal discomfort as the side effects. As the conclusion, OE-7 revealed good bioavailability and seemed to be useful antibiotic for acute respiratory infections.", "contents": "[Studies on erythromycin stearate capsules (OE-7) (author's transl)]. The blood concentration and urinary excretion of OE-7 (erythromycin stearate capsules) and control drug were investigated in 6 volunteers having gastroptosis. OE-7, newly arranged capsules containing erythromycin stearate, was investigated and obtained the results of high blood concentration by oral administration. To confirm the above, we measured blood concentration and urinary excretion of OE-7 comparing with ordinary erythromycin stearate capsules in 6 volunteers having gastroptosis. The peaks of blood concentration were noted at 3 hours after administration in 6 volunteers uniformly. The mean maximum blood concentration of OE-7 was 1.17 mcg/ml which was significantly higher than ordinary erythromycin stearate capsules. In time course of mean blood concentration, the blood concentration levels of OE-7 were higher than those of control erythromycin stearate capsules at any measurement. Effective blood levels were continuously high in OE-7. Urinary excretion of OE-7 reached to the maximum from 4 to 6 hours after administration which was also higher than control erythromycin stearate. Clinical efficacy of OE-7 was investigated in 28 cases in acute respiratory infection. The results noted were excellent in 5 cases (17.9%), good in 16 cases (57.1%), no change in 6 cases (21.4%), and undetermined in 1 case (3.6%). There were 5 cases of slight gastro-intestinal discomfort as the side effects. As the conclusion, OE-7 revealed good bioavailability and seemed to be useful antibiotic for acute respiratory infections."}
{"id": "PMID:933343", "title": "Quantitative and qualitative determinations of the combined effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin. II. In vivo effect.", "content": "The combination effect of tetracycline (TC) and oleandomycin (OM) on acute infection of mice with four strains of Staphylococcus aureus including TC or OM resistant ones was examined by the quantitative determination of protective potencies of single and combined drugs. The grade of synergism was expressed by the synergistic ratio (SR), a ratio of experimentally determined potency of the combined drug over a hypothetical potency in which additive effect of the both drugs is assumed. With 3 out of the 4 strains of S. aureus synergism between TC and OM or triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) was demonstrated by the determination of the 50% effective dose and by statistical examination of the SR. The grade of synergistic protection by these drugs varied with the strains infected and it did not depend upon the sensitivity to antibiotics or grade of synergism in vitro. There was no synergistic enhancement of acute toxic action in the combined administration of TC and OM to mice.", "contents": "Quantitative and qualitative determinations of the combined effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin. II. In vivo effect. The combination effect of tetracycline (TC) and oleandomycin (OM) on acute infection of mice with four strains of Staphylococcus aureus including TC or OM resistant ones was examined by the quantitative determination of protective potencies of single and combined drugs. The grade of synergism was expressed by the synergistic ratio (SR), a ratio of experimentally determined potency of the combined drug over a hypothetical potency in which additive effect of the both drugs is assumed. With 3 out of the 4 strains of S. aureus synergism between TC and OM or triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) was demonstrated by the determination of the 50% effective dose and by statistical examination of the SR. The grade of synergistic protection by these drugs varied with the strains infected and it did not depend upon the sensitivity to antibiotics or grade of synergism in vitro. There was no synergistic enhancement of acute toxic action in the combined administration of TC and OM to mice."}
{"id": "PMID:933344", "title": "[Bacteriological studies on doxycycline (Bonnamycin 'Cipan') (author's transl)].", "content": "Bonnamycin which is a new tetracycline group antibiotic isolated from a variant strain of Streptomyces rimosus and is identified chemically as doxycycline was investigated, comparing with tetracycline. The results are as follows: (1) In in vitro studies of anti-bacterial spectrum, doxycycline is widely effective against standard strains kept in our department. (2) The distribution of susceptibility of 75 Staphylococci, 62 Salmonella and 64 Shigella strains isolated from clinical materials was similar to that of tetracycline. (3) As to the therapeutic experiment in acute infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice, the drugs were equally effective and the ED50 was both 70.8 mcg. (4) Doxycycline administrated orally or subcutaneously in rats was distributed in kidneys, livers, lungs and spleens at relatively high concentration among organs.", "contents": "[Bacteriological studies on doxycycline (Bonnamycin 'Cipan') (author's transl)]. Bonnamycin which is a new tetracycline group antibiotic isolated from a variant strain of Streptomyces rimosus and is identified chemically as doxycycline was investigated, comparing with tetracycline. The results are as follows: (1) In in vitro studies of anti-bacterial spectrum, doxycycline is widely effective against standard strains kept in our department. (2) The distribution of susceptibility of 75 Staphylococci, 62 Salmonella and 64 Shigella strains isolated from clinical materials was similar to that of tetracycline. (3) As to the therapeutic experiment in acute infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice, the drugs were equally effective and the ED50 was both 70.8 mcg. (4) Doxycycline administrated orally or subcutaneously in rats was distributed in kidneys, livers, lungs and spleens at relatively high concentration among organs."}
{"id": "PMID:933346", "title": "A case of acute anterolateral infarction complicated with \"left posterior hemiblock\".", "content": "A case of transient left posterior hemiblock and various intraventricular conduction disturbances associated with acute anterolateral infarction is reported. The earliest manifestation was an appearance of ventricular premature systoles originated in the area of the left posterior fascicle. On following recordings left posterior hemiblock with periods of high grade A-V block developed. A few minutes later regular alternation of left posterior hemiblock and left anterior hemiblock was recorded in the presence of 2:1 A-V block. The mechanism for such rare manifestation is analysed. After representing complete left bundle branch block, spontaneous recovery of normal conduction was obtained without any change in heart rate.", "contents": "A case of acute anterolateral infarction complicated with \"left posterior hemiblock\". A case of transient left posterior hemiblock and various intraventricular conduction disturbances associated with acute anterolateral infarction is reported. The earliest manifestation was an appearance of ventricular premature systoles originated in the area of the left posterior fascicle. On following recordings left posterior hemiblock with periods of high grade A-V block developed. A few minutes later regular alternation of left posterior hemiblock and left anterior hemiblock was recorded in the presence of 2:1 A-V block. The mechanism for such rare manifestation is analysed. After representing complete left bundle branch block, spontaneous recovery of normal conduction was obtained without any change in heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:933347", "title": "Prinzmetal's angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms.", "content": "Four cases of variant angina pectoris with normal findings on coronary arteriogram were experienced. The facts may show that the existence of serious arteriosclerotic lesions in a major branch of coronary artery as pointed out by Prinzmetal is at least not essential for the occurrence of anginal attack in the present disease. But the finding that age and sex distribution of variant angina was nearly the same as that of effort angina seems to still indicate the possibility that arteriosclerotic lesion somehow participates in the mechanism of occurrence of the present disease.", "contents": "Prinzmetal's angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms. Four cases of variant angina pectoris with normal findings on coronary arteriogram were experienced. The facts may show that the existence of serious arteriosclerotic lesions in a major branch of coronary artery as pointed out by Prinzmetal is at least not essential for the occurrence of anginal attack in the present disease. But the finding that age and sex distribution of variant angina was nearly the same as that of effort angina seems to still indicate the possibility that arteriosclerotic lesion somehow participates in the mechanism of occurrence of the present disease."}
{"id": "PMID:933348", "title": "Antiarrhythmic effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride in ouabain-induced arrhythmias.", "content": "Ouabain-induced tachyarrhythmias in cats can be abolished by bolus injection of NaHCO3 solution. This effect is consistent, rapid and of short duration. The antiarrhythmic effect appears to be due to high sodium concentration of this solution, as hypertonic NaCl solution with equal concentration of sodium exerts the same effect. Alkalinity and hyper-osmolality cannot account for the antiarrhythmic effect of NaHCO3 as respiratory alkalosis and mannitol solution with equal osmolality did not relieve the arrhythmias. Overdrive suppression is not responsible for this effect as the heart rate slows down during normalization of the cardiac rhythm. It is postulated that high Na+ concentration abolished ouabain-induced arrhythmias by competition with calcium ion in the myocardial cell sarcotubular system thus replacing it. This hypothesis is supported by the known effect of other agents such as sodium-EDTA and magnesium chloride, in digitalis-induced arrhythmias, which exert their antiarrhythmic properties by removal or displacement of calcium in the myocardial cells.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride in ouabain-induced arrhythmias. Ouabain-induced tachyarrhythmias in cats can be abolished by bolus injection of NaHCO3 solution. This effect is consistent, rapid and of short duration. The antiarrhythmic effect appears to be due to high sodium concentration of this solution, as hypertonic NaCl solution with equal concentration of sodium exerts the same effect. Alkalinity and hyper-osmolality cannot account for the antiarrhythmic effect of NaHCO3 as respiratory alkalosis and mannitol solution with equal osmolality did not relieve the arrhythmias. Overdrive suppression is not responsible for this effect as the heart rate slows down during normalization of the cardiac rhythm. It is postulated that high Na+ concentration abolished ouabain-induced arrhythmias by competition with calcium ion in the myocardial cell sarcotubular system thus replacing it. This hypothesis is supported by the known effect of other agents such as sodium-EDTA and magnesium chloride, in digitalis-induced arrhythmias, which exert their antiarrhythmic properties by removal or displacement of calcium in the myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:933349", "title": "Differences in chronotropic and inotropic responses of canine atrial muscle and SA node pacemaker activity to adenosine and ACh.", "content": "The right atrium isolated from the dog heart was perfused through the cannulated sinus node artery with heparinized arterial blood led from a support dog anesthesized with 30 mg/Kg of sodium pentobarbital. When adenosine was administered into the sinus node artery, negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were dose-relatedly induced. The threshold dose for inducing the negative ones was 0.3 mug. Even a large dose level of 100 mug of adenosine did not cause sinus arrest although a profound sinus deceleration was induced. Adenosine action was suppressed by treatment with caffeine both in chronotropism and in inotropism. On the other hand, ACh induced only negative inotropic effect at a dose range of 0.01-0.03 mug. At 0.1 mug, ACh produced a significantly negative chronotropic effect. A large amount of 3-10 mug of ACh usually caused sinus arrest. Atropine treatment inhibited a negative chronotropic effect much more readily than a negative inotropic one. Although ACh action was enhanced by physostigmine, the difference of threshold doses remained unchanged even after physostigmine treatment. From these results, either adenosine or ACh depresses both SA nodal pacemaker activity and atrial contractile force and there may be the difference of receptor density for ACh between the SA node and atrial tissue.", "contents": "Differences in chronotropic and inotropic responses of canine atrial muscle and SA node pacemaker activity to adenosine and ACh. The right atrium isolated from the dog heart was perfused through the cannulated sinus node artery with heparinized arterial blood led from a support dog anesthesized with 30 mg/Kg of sodium pentobarbital. When adenosine was administered into the sinus node artery, negative chronotropic and inotropic effects were dose-relatedly induced. The threshold dose for inducing the negative ones was 0.3 mug. Even a large dose level of 100 mug of adenosine did not cause sinus arrest although a profound sinus deceleration was induced. Adenosine action was suppressed by treatment with caffeine both in chronotropism and in inotropism. On the other hand, ACh induced only negative inotropic effect at a dose range of 0.01-0.03 mug. At 0.1 mug, ACh produced a significantly negative chronotropic effect. A large amount of 3-10 mug of ACh usually caused sinus arrest. Atropine treatment inhibited a negative chronotropic effect much more readily than a negative inotropic one. Although ACh action was enhanced by physostigmine, the difference of threshold doses remained unchanged even after physostigmine treatment. From these results, either adenosine or ACh depresses both SA nodal pacemaker activity and atrial contractile force and there may be the difference of receptor density for ACh between the SA node and atrial tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:933350", "title": "Effects of allopurinol on tissue oxygen tension of the ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The effects of allopurinol on the myocardial oxygen metabolism were studied in dogs with acute coronary artery occlusion. Upon occlusion of the contributory branch of the coronary artery, myocardial pO2, as measured with an improved polarographic technique, decreased to various lower values depending on the site of the electrode inserted. In the slightly ischemic myocardium, where myocardial pO2 decreased less than 50% of the control by the coronary occlusion, administration of allopurinol brought about a further diminution in myocardial pO2. In the severly ischemic myocardium, where myocardial pO2 decreased more than 50% of the control upon the coronary occlusion, no significant change was observed following allopurinol infusion. Theoretical beneficial effects of allopurinol on the ischemic myocardium by preserving functional purine bases might be offset by the aggravation of the negative oxygen balance in the ischemic but still viable myocardium following administration of allopurinol.", "contents": "Effects of allopurinol on tissue oxygen tension of the ischemic myocardium. The effects of allopurinol on the myocardial oxygen metabolism were studied in dogs with acute coronary artery occlusion. Upon occlusion of the contributory branch of the coronary artery, myocardial pO2, as measured with an improved polarographic technique, decreased to various lower values depending on the site of the electrode inserted. In the slightly ischemic myocardium, where myocardial pO2 decreased less than 50% of the control by the coronary occlusion, administration of allopurinol brought about a further diminution in myocardial pO2. In the severly ischemic myocardium, where myocardial pO2 decreased more than 50% of the control upon the coronary occlusion, no significant change was observed following allopurinol infusion. Theoretical beneficial effects of allopurinol on the ischemic myocardium by preserving functional purine bases might be offset by the aggravation of the negative oxygen balance in the ischemic but still viable myocardium following administration of allopurinol."}
{"id": "PMID:933351", "title": "Effects of pyridinolcarbamate on the cardiovascular system of the anesthetized dog after bilateral cervical vagotomy.", "content": "Pyridinolcarbamate (PDC) was injected at a dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight into the femoral vein of anesthetized dogs with a bilateral cervical vagosympathotomy. At this dose, it produced a transitory decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate. In addition, it produced a more prolonged increase in stroke volume, peak aortic flow, cardiac output, and left ventricular minute work. It also lowered peripheral resistance and apparently decreased the vaso-constrictor action of injected norepinephrine (1 mug of active base/Kg of body weight). These data are consistent with the view that PDC has a direct action on the heart that is similar to that of norepinephrine and that PDC blocks the alpha adrenergic receptors of the systemic resistance vessels.", "contents": "Effects of pyridinolcarbamate on the cardiovascular system of the anesthetized dog after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Pyridinolcarbamate (PDC) was injected at a dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight into the femoral vein of anesthetized dogs with a bilateral cervical vagosympathotomy. At this dose, it produced a transitory decrease in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate. In addition, it produced a more prolonged increase in stroke volume, peak aortic flow, cardiac output, and left ventricular minute work. It also lowered peripheral resistance and apparently decreased the vaso-constrictor action of injected norepinephrine (1 mug of active base/Kg of body weight). These data are consistent with the view that PDC has a direct action on the heart that is similar to that of norepinephrine and that PDC blocks the alpha adrenergic receptors of the systemic resistance vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:933352", "title": "A 4-year survival rate after cardiac pacing in A-V block in the heart institute of Japan.", "content": "The long-term prognosis after cardiac pacing in A-V block was assessed by a follow-up study of 59 patients in whom pacing had been introduced 4 years or more before analysis. The 1 year survival rate was 85% and the 4 year survival rate was 71%. These figures are substantially better than the survival rate reported in patients not paced. The mortality has been higher in patients older than 70 years old. Even though patients were reviewed monthly or every 3 months in a pacemaker clinic, there were 3 sudden deaths in 4 years.", "contents": "A 4-year survival rate after cardiac pacing in A-V block in the heart institute of Japan. The long-term prognosis after cardiac pacing in A-V block was assessed by a follow-up study of 59 patients in whom pacing had been introduced 4 years or more before analysis. The 1 year survival rate was 85% and the 4 year survival rate was 71%. These figures are substantially better than the survival rate reported in patients not paced. The mortality has been higher in patients older than 70 years old. Even though patients were reviewed monthly or every 3 months in a pacemaker clinic, there were 3 sudden deaths in 4 years."}
{"id": "PMID:933353", "title": "The significance of T-loop change in Frank's lead exercise electrocardiography.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with angina pectoris and 15 patients with myocardial infarction who performed exercise test by Master's double two-step test have been longitudinally followed up for 4-10 years. Exercise electrocardiogram was taken by Frank's lead and T loop was constructed in frontal and horizontal planes from 3 scalar tracings recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/sec. ST vector was determined at 100 msec from the beginning of Q wave and the line connecting 2 ST vectors before exercise and at the point of the maximal ST change after exercise was determined as ST exercise vector. To indicate width of the T loop, the length to width ratio (L/W) was used and the change of width of the T loop induced by exercise was expressed by a ratio of L/W between before exercise and at the maximal change in frontal and horizontal planes. In cases having ST exercise vector of 0.1 mV or more the magnitude or the direction of the ST exercise vector alone has little prognostic value and widening of the T loop in addition to the ST exercise vector of 0.1 mV or more occurring after exercise was a predictive sign of poor prognosis and no widening of the T loop was a predictive sign of good prognosis.", "contents": "The significance of T-loop change in Frank's lead exercise electrocardiography. Thirty-one patients with angina pectoris and 15 patients with myocardial infarction who performed exercise test by Master's double two-step test have been longitudinally followed up for 4-10 years. Exercise electrocardiogram was taken by Frank's lead and T loop was constructed in frontal and horizontal planes from 3 scalar tracings recorded at a paper speed of 100 mm/sec. ST vector was determined at 100 msec from the beginning of Q wave and the line connecting 2 ST vectors before exercise and at the point of the maximal ST change after exercise was determined as ST exercise vector. To indicate width of the T loop, the length to width ratio (L/W) was used and the change of width of the T loop induced by exercise was expressed by a ratio of L/W between before exercise and at the maximal change in frontal and horizontal planes. In cases having ST exercise vector of 0.1 mV or more the magnitude or the direction of the ST exercise vector alone has little prognostic value and widening of the T loop in addition to the ST exercise vector of 0.1 mV or more occurring after exercise was a predictive sign of poor prognosis and no widening of the T loop was a predictive sign of good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:933354", "title": "Genesis of the third heart sound. Phonoechocardiographic studies.", "content": "To clarify the genesis of the third heart sound (IIIS), phonoechocardiographic analysis was made in 31 cases with apparent IIIS. The mitral valve, either anterior or posterior, showed no definite movement coincided with the IIIS. At the time of IIIS, mitral valve is in the closing process, but it is still widely open, and there was no evidence of the stretch or tension of the valve apparatus. On the other hand, the endocardial echoes, either of interventricular septum or of posterior wall of the left ventricle, almost always showed definite check point (point of inflexion) during (or exactly at the end of) rapid ventricular filling as manifested by the sudden change in the diastolic dimension of the left ventricle near the apex. The IIIS seems likely to originate from the abruptly arrested momentum of the moving mass of blood at this check point and then the vibration of the relaxed cardiohemic system.", "contents": "Genesis of the third heart sound. Phonoechocardiographic studies. To clarify the genesis of the third heart sound (IIIS), phonoechocardiographic analysis was made in 31 cases with apparent IIIS. The mitral valve, either anterior or posterior, showed no definite movement coincided with the IIIS. At the time of IIIS, mitral valve is in the closing process, but it is still widely open, and there was no evidence of the stretch or tension of the valve apparatus. On the other hand, the endocardial echoes, either of interventricular septum or of posterior wall of the left ventricle, almost always showed definite check point (point of inflexion) during (or exactly at the end of) rapid ventricular filling as manifested by the sudden change in the diastolic dimension of the left ventricle near the apex. The IIIS seems likely to originate from the abruptly arrested momentum of the moving mass of blood at this check point and then the vibration of the relaxed cardiohemic system."}
{"id": "PMID:933355", "title": "Echocardiography and angiocardiography for detection of left atrial thrombosis.", "content": "Diagnostic capabilities for detection of the left atrial clot in patients with mitral stenosis were compared between echocardiography and angiocardiography. Large clots in the left atrial body were correctly diagnosed either by echocardiography or by angiocardiography. Clots in the left atrial appendage were not disclosed by echocardiography. Left atrial visualization with pulmonary arteriography offers only possible diagnosis of the clot in the appendage. Definite diagnosis of the clot in this location requires transseptal left atriography.", "contents": "Echocardiography and angiocardiography for detection of left atrial thrombosis. Diagnostic capabilities for detection of the left atrial clot in patients with mitral stenosis were compared between echocardiography and angiocardiography. Large clots in the left atrial body were correctly diagnosed either by echocardiography or by angiocardiography. Clots in the left atrial appendage were not disclosed by echocardiography. Left atrial visualization with pulmonary arteriography offers only possible diagnosis of the clot in the appendage. Definite diagnosis of the clot in this location requires transseptal left atriography."}
{"id": "PMID:933356", "title": "P waves in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Relationships between P wave abnormalities in lead II and V1 and clinical as well as hemodynamic findings and the prognosis of 27 attacks of AMI were evaluated. 1) Patients with clinical left ventricular failure showed large negative deflections in lead V1 compared to patients without. 2) There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of PTF-V1 and PCW (r=-0.75, p less than 0.01). 3) In 20 of the 27 attacks (74%), PTF-V1 correctly identified whether or not PCW was normal on admission. 4) Patients with frequent premature beats and any of the bundle branch blocks had a large negative deflection in V1 compared to patients without. 5) There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of PTF-V1 and Peel's prognostic index (r=-0.74, p less than 0.01). Moreover, 70% of the patients with abnormal PTF-V1 (less than -0.03 mm-sec) and elevated Peel's prognostic index (more than 12) died during hospitalization. 6) The patients who died during hospitalization had a large negative deflection in lead V1 compared to those patients who survived. 7) Patients with past history of old myocardial infarction had a larger negative deflection in lead V1 compared to the patients without past history of old myocardial infarction. 8) There is no correlation between the duration and amplitude of P wave in lead II and PCW. 9) Thus, it is concluded that in patients with AMI, the magnitude of PTF-V1 reflects the level of PCW and is useful as a parameter for therapy and prognosis evaluation.", "contents": "P waves in acute myocardial infarction. Relationships between P wave abnormalities in lead II and V1 and clinical as well as hemodynamic findings and the prognosis of 27 attacks of AMI were evaluated. 1) Patients with clinical left ventricular failure showed large negative deflections in lead V1 compared to patients without. 2) There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of PTF-V1 and PCW (r=-0.75, p less than 0.01). 3) In 20 of the 27 attacks (74%), PTF-V1 correctly identified whether or not PCW was normal on admission. 4) Patients with frequent premature beats and any of the bundle branch blocks had a large negative deflection in V1 compared to patients without. 5) There was a significant correlation between the magnitude of PTF-V1 and Peel's prognostic index (r=-0.74, p less than 0.01). Moreover, 70% of the patients with abnormal PTF-V1 (less than -0.03 mm-sec) and elevated Peel's prognostic index (more than 12) died during hospitalization. 6) The patients who died during hospitalization had a large negative deflection in lead V1 compared to those patients who survived. 7) Patients with past history of old myocardial infarction had a larger negative deflection in lead V1 compared to the patients without past history of old myocardial infarction. 8) There is no correlation between the duration and amplitude of P wave in lead II and PCW. 9) Thus, it is concluded that in patients with AMI, the magnitude of PTF-V1 reflects the level of PCW and is useful as a parameter for therapy and prognosis evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:933357", "title": "The construction method of the QRS loop in myocardial infarction.", "content": "In order to investigate the relation between the infarcted area in myocardial infarction and the change of the QRS loop, the following method was tried. The normal QRS loops in 3 planes were constructed with the digital computer. Then the vector of an optional segment corresponding to infarction was diminished and the QRS loops were constructed. The comparison of the QRS loops in clinical cases and in the construction method was made and the vectorcardiographic findings to estimate the infarcted area were discussed.", "contents": "The construction method of the QRS loop in myocardial infarction. In order to investigate the relation between the infarcted area in myocardial infarction and the change of the QRS loop, the following method was tried. The normal QRS loops in 3 planes were constructed with the digital computer. Then the vector of an optional segment corresponding to infarction was diminished and the QRS loops were constructed. The comparison of the QRS loops in clinical cases and in the construction method was made and the vectorcardiographic findings to estimate the infarcted area were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933358", "title": "Influence of heart rate and age on Q-Korotkoff sound intervals.", "content": "The Korotkoff sound appearance time (QK intervals) was measured in 224 normal subjects of both sexes between the age of 6 and 79 years. The sex difference was not obvious except for the diastolic values of the intervals (QKd) in the sixth decade. Although the QK intervals remained almost unchanged between the third and the fifth decade, both the systolic (QKs) and the diastolic values were significantly smaller in the young subjects under the age of 20. On the other hand, QKs was significantly decreased and QKd and the difference between the systolic and diastolic values (QKs-d) were significantly increased in the elderly subjects. The short QK interval in the young subjects was considered to be mainly attributable to the short preejection period, while the increased pulse wave velocity was postulated to be the main responsible factor for the shortening of QKd in the elderly subjects. A statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between QKd and the heart rate in both sexes, while QKs and QKs-d were not significantly correlated with the heart rate.", "contents": "Influence of heart rate and age on Q-Korotkoff sound intervals. The Korotkoff sound appearance time (QK intervals) was measured in 224 normal subjects of both sexes between the age of 6 and 79 years. The sex difference was not obvious except for the diastolic values of the intervals (QKd) in the sixth decade. Although the QK intervals remained almost unchanged between the third and the fifth decade, both the systolic (QKs) and the diastolic values were significantly smaller in the young subjects under the age of 20. On the other hand, QKs was significantly decreased and QKd and the difference between the systolic and diastolic values (QKs-d) were significantly increased in the elderly subjects. The short QK interval in the young subjects was considered to be mainly attributable to the short preejection period, while the increased pulse wave velocity was postulated to be the main responsible factor for the shortening of QKd in the elderly subjects. A statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between QKd and the heart rate in both sexes, while QKs and QKs-d were not significantly correlated with the heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:933359", "title": "Correlative changes in total vascular capacity and resistance in carotid sinus reflex.", "content": "To attain a quantitative understanding of carotid sinus reflex control of circulation, we studied the correlation between changes in total vascular capacity (V) and total peripheral resistance (R). We used a newly devised, accurate and simple method to measure changes in V while both mean central venous and arterial pressures being kept constant. In 7 open chest dogs (7-11 Kg, mean 8.9 Kg), bilateral carotid occlusion after vagotomy reduced V by as much as 58 +/- 9 (SE) ml or approximately 8% of total blood volume while R increased by 36 +/- 5% from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmHg-min/ml. Similar responses were obtained either in the reflex before vagotomy or with infusion of norepinephrine. Mathematical analysis with Poiseuille's law suggested that internal radius of an average resistance vessel decreased approximately 1.5 to 3 times as much as that of an average capacitance vessel. The wall to lumen ratio of the average resistance vessel estimated from the correlation was 0.3 to 0.6, being within physiological range. Therefore, the difference in vascular sensitivity may be partly owing to the wall to lumen ratio of resistance vessels. Moreover, the correlative changes in the capacitance and resistance vessels were elucidated to be significantly responsible for the characteristic hemodynamic changes in carotid sinus reflex.", "contents": "Correlative changes in total vascular capacity and resistance in carotid sinus reflex. To attain a quantitative understanding of carotid sinus reflex control of circulation, we studied the correlation between changes in total vascular capacity (V) and total peripheral resistance (R). We used a newly devised, accurate and simple method to measure changes in V while both mean central venous and arterial pressures being kept constant. In 7 open chest dogs (7-11 Kg, mean 8.9 Kg), bilateral carotid occlusion after vagotomy reduced V by as much as 58 +/- 9 (SE) ml or approximately 8% of total blood volume while R increased by 36 +/- 5% from 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmHg-min/ml. Similar responses were obtained either in the reflex before vagotomy or with infusion of norepinephrine. Mathematical analysis with Poiseuille's law suggested that internal radius of an average resistance vessel decreased approximately 1.5 to 3 times as much as that of an average capacitance vessel. The wall to lumen ratio of the average resistance vessel estimated from the correlation was 0.3 to 0.6, being within physiological range. Therefore, the difference in vascular sensitivity may be partly owing to the wall to lumen ratio of resistance vessels. Moreover, the correlative changes in the capacitance and resistance vessels were elucidated to be significantly responsible for the characteristic hemodynamic changes in carotid sinus reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:933360", "title": "Sympathetic influence on ventricular compliance.", "content": "Intracisternal injections of veratrine in the anesthetized dog were used to study the effects of extreme sympathetic stimulation on left ventricular diastolic compliance. The results obtained were compared with those seen during volume expansion with whole blood, and after removal of both stellate ganglia. The injection of veratrine into the cisterna magna caused an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) which was considerably larger than that which occurred in left ventricular end-diastolic circumferential (LVEDC) segment length suggesting a reduction in diastolic compliance. There were also increases in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) as well as its first derivative (LV dp/dt). Bilateral stellectomy during the veratrine response abruptly reduced LVEDP with a lesser decrease in LVEDC. Thus, the left ventricular compliance change was reversed. Both LVSP and LV dp/dt were decreased by stellectomy but remained above control levels. During transfusion, the pressure-length curve of the ventricle was located downward and to the right in comparison with the curve observed with intracisternal veratrine.", "contents": "Sympathetic influence on ventricular compliance. Intracisternal injections of veratrine in the anesthetized dog were used to study the effects of extreme sympathetic stimulation on left ventricular diastolic compliance. The results obtained were compared with those seen during volume expansion with whole blood, and after removal of both stellate ganglia. The injection of veratrine into the cisterna magna caused an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) which was considerably larger than that which occurred in left ventricular end-diastolic circumferential (LVEDC) segment length suggesting a reduction in diastolic compliance. There were also increases in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) as well as its first derivative (LV dp/dt). Bilateral stellectomy during the veratrine response abruptly reduced LVEDP with a lesser decrease in LVEDC. Thus, the left ventricular compliance change was reversed. Both LVSP and LV dp/dt were decreased by stellectomy but remained above control levels. During transfusion, the pressure-length curve of the ventricle was located downward and to the right in comparison with the curve observed with intracisternal veratrine."}
{"id": "PMID:933361", "title": "Pathological studies of the animals replaced totally with the artificial heart. Part I. Concerning lungs, natural heart, and brain.", "content": "Pathological studies using routine pathological technics, microangiography and electron microscopy were performed on the 28 goats with an artificial heart (including 2 goats which survived for 30 and 37 days). In this paper, the brain, natural heart, and lungs of the goats were discussed. No special findings were seen in the brain except for rare infarcted areas. The natural heart almost always showed infarction-like lesions in the sub-endocardium and myocardium at the cut surface. The longer the animal survive, these findings became the more serious. The light microscopic findings on the lungs were classified into 6 groups. The most important findings of them are massive, diffuse exsudation with hemorrhage and its changes to chronic status. The main pathophysiological status, causing the pulmonary lesions, seemed to be peripheral circulatory insufficiency with increased permeability of peripheral vessels, especially of venulae. Thrombi were detected more frequently in the kidneys and lungs than in any other organs. The vascular walls where the thrombi were attached to, where often seen to be damaged, so that almost all thrombi were thought to be formed in the local vessels in situ, but not in the artificial heart. The main clinical causes to the pulmonary insufficiency were thought to be surgical operation including anesthesia, functional incompleteness of the artificial heart, etc.", "contents": "Pathological studies of the animals replaced totally with the artificial heart. Part I. Concerning lungs, natural heart, and brain. Pathological studies using routine pathological technics, microangiography and electron microscopy were performed on the 28 goats with an artificial heart (including 2 goats which survived for 30 and 37 days). In this paper, the brain, natural heart, and lungs of the goats were discussed. No special findings were seen in the brain except for rare infarcted areas. The natural heart almost always showed infarction-like lesions in the sub-endocardium and myocardium at the cut surface. The longer the animal survive, these findings became the more serious. The light microscopic findings on the lungs were classified into 6 groups. The most important findings of them are massive, diffuse exsudation with hemorrhage and its changes to chronic status. The main pathophysiological status, causing the pulmonary lesions, seemed to be peripheral circulatory insufficiency with increased permeability of peripheral vessels, especially of venulae. Thrombi were detected more frequently in the kidneys and lungs than in any other organs. The vascular walls where the thrombi were attached to, where often seen to be damaged, so that almost all thrombi were thought to be formed in the local vessels in situ, but not in the artificial heart. The main clinical causes to the pulmonary insufficiency were thought to be surgical operation including anesthesia, functional incompleteness of the artificial heart, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:933362", "title": "Spontaneous electrical activity induced by depolarizing currents in canine ventricular myocardium. A preliminary note.", "content": "Spontaneous action potential (AP) discharge could be induced by an application of long (5-10 sec) depolarizing currents in 68% of canine ventricular myocardium tested in the voltage range between about -65 and -10 mV. The constant currents of various intensities were applied across a sucrose gap, and intracellular potentials were recorded with a microelectrode. The firing rate of the AP's was voltage-dependent and ranged between 0.7 and 2.5 Hz. The AP was dependent on both [Ca++]0 and [Na+]0. Increase of [Na+]0. Increase of [Na+]0 from 37 to 149 mM increased the firing rate, maximum rate of rise, and overshoot of the AP's while increase of [Ca++]0 from 0.45 mM to 1.8 and 7.2 mM increased the firing rate and maximum rate of rise, but did not change the amplitude of overshoot. AP discharges were not blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) Gm/ml), but were effectively blocked by verapamil (6 X 10(-6) Gm/ml). Adrenaline (5 X 10(-6) Gm/ml) initiated AP's in otherwise quiescent preparations. The results suggest that spontaneous AP's may be produced by inflowing of slow Na+ and Ca++ currents modified by underlying change of K+-permeability. Possible clinical significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to ventricular arrhythmia.", "contents": "Spontaneous electrical activity induced by depolarizing currents in canine ventricular myocardium. A preliminary note. Spontaneous action potential (AP) discharge could be induced by an application of long (5-10 sec) depolarizing currents in 68% of canine ventricular myocardium tested in the voltage range between about -65 and -10 mV. The constant currents of various intensities were applied across a sucrose gap, and intracellular potentials were recorded with a microelectrode. The firing rate of the AP's was voltage-dependent and ranged between 0.7 and 2.5 Hz. The AP was dependent on both [Ca++]0 and [Na+]0. Increase of [Na+]0. Increase of [Na+]0 from 37 to 149 mM increased the firing rate, maximum rate of rise, and overshoot of the AP's while increase of [Ca++]0 from 0.45 mM to 1.8 and 7.2 mM increased the firing rate and maximum rate of rise, but did not change the amplitude of overshoot. AP discharges were not blocked by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) Gm/ml), but were effectively blocked by verapamil (6 X 10(-6) Gm/ml). Adrenaline (5 X 10(-6) Gm/ml) initiated AP's in otherwise quiescent preparations. The results suggest that spontaneous AP's may be produced by inflowing of slow Na+ and Ca++ currents modified by underlying change of K+-permeability. Possible clinical significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to ventricular arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:933363", "title": "A case of aortic atresia associated with right aortic arch.", "content": "A case of aortic atresia associated with right aortic arch is described. This is the second case in the literature. The diagnosis of aortic atresia was made prior to death by right heart catheterization with angiocardiography and this was confirmed at autopsy. The necessity of an early and accurate diagnosis of this disease is discussed for providing more opportunity of surgical treatment.", "contents": "A case of aortic atresia associated with right aortic arch. A case of aortic atresia associated with right aortic arch is described. This is the second case in the literature. The diagnosis of aortic atresia was made prior to death by right heart catheterization with angiocardiography and this was confirmed at autopsy. The necessity of an early and accurate diagnosis of this disease is discussed for providing more opportunity of surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:933364", "title": "A case of tumor embolism of the coronary artery, resulting in myocardial infarction and cardiac rupture.", "content": "A case of tumor embolism of the coronary artery in a 78-year-old woman was presented. The tumor embolus originating from cancer of the breast resulted in massive large myocardial infarction in the lateral wall of the left ventricle, and she died of cardiac rupture. Metastatic lesions were found in the bilateral lungs, the endocardial and subendocardial layers of the left ventricle, with a growth of tumor thrombus into the left atrium, and also other extracardiac organs.", "contents": "A case of tumor embolism of the coronary artery, resulting in myocardial infarction and cardiac rupture. A case of tumor embolism of the coronary artery in a 78-year-old woman was presented. The tumor embolus originating from cancer of the breast resulted in massive large myocardial infarction in the lateral wall of the left ventricle, and she died of cardiac rupture. Metastatic lesions were found in the bilateral lungs, the endocardial and subendocardial layers of the left ventricle, with a growth of tumor thrombus into the left atrium, and also other extracardiac organs."}
{"id": "PMID:933365", "title": "Potentiation by lithium and protection by rubidium of digitalis intoxication.", "content": "Investigating the effects of Li and Rb on the toxicity of digoxin and ouabain revealed Li to be a potentiator while Rb to be a protector. The effects of Rb in this respect are, more or less, qualitatively comparable to those of K; the intensity of Rb effects is more than that of K. In case of digoxin the effect produced from the combined use of both Rb and K is more than each individual effect. With ouabain, however, whereas Rb offered protection K failed to do so. Electrolyte changes in cardiac tissue showed that Li increased the tissue content of Ca while Rb produced the opposite effect. In comparing Rb with K, both increased the K level in the cardiac muscle. However, in the case of ouabain the infusion of K failed to decrease the Ca level and this might explain its failure to protect against ouabain toxicity. This points to the importance of Ca, rather than K, in controlling the excitability of the cardiac muscle and in effecting the toxicity of cardiac glycosides. Evidences presented indicate the superiority of Rb over K and propose its trial in clinical practice.", "contents": "Potentiation by lithium and protection by rubidium of digitalis intoxication. Investigating the effects of Li and Rb on the toxicity of digoxin and ouabain revealed Li to be a potentiator while Rb to be a protector. The effects of Rb in this respect are, more or less, qualitatively comparable to those of K; the intensity of Rb effects is more than that of K. In case of digoxin the effect produced from the combined use of both Rb and K is more than each individual effect. With ouabain, however, whereas Rb offered protection K failed to do so. Electrolyte changes in cardiac tissue showed that Li increased the tissue content of Ca while Rb produced the opposite effect. In comparing Rb with K, both increased the K level in the cardiac muscle. However, in the case of ouabain the infusion of K failed to decrease the Ca level and this might explain its failure to protect against ouabain toxicity. This points to the importance of Ca, rather than K, in controlling the excitability of the cardiac muscle and in effecting the toxicity of cardiac glycosides. Evidences presented indicate the superiority of Rb over K and propose its trial in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:933366", "title": "Migration of Oncomelania quadrasi observed by the mark and release method in a wet bank of a stream in Leyte, Philippines.", "content": "The migration and population size of Oncomelania quandrasi were studied at two sites in a submerged bank of a stream in Leyte Philippines. The snails collected by filter paper in an experimental area were marked with manicure and released in the same area. Collection was repeated every 4 days in the same area for 5 more times and snails without mark were marked with manicure of different colors at each time. The immigration and emigration rates and population were calculated from the collection data. One experimental site with an area of 5.86 m2 was established at the edge of the water pathway, 3 sides of which were surrounded by wooden planks except that side facing the water pathway to determine the migration between the bank and water pathway. The other experimental site was 7.54 m2 in area, located in a submerged place close to high land and was left open in all sides. The ranges of the population, immigration and emigration rates during a 4 day period were 3845 to 7638, 0 to 0.4448 and 0.2263 to 0.8911, respectively in the former site. The results in the latter area were 1336 to 2468, 0.1261 to 0.6725 and 0.1349 to 1.2340, respectively. It was observed that the replacement of individual snails in a habitat was largely due to migration which in turn was influenced much by the change of water level in the bank. The emigration increased with the elevation of water level. On the other hand, the immigration increased with the lowering of water.", "contents": "Migration of Oncomelania quadrasi observed by the mark and release method in a wet bank of a stream in Leyte, Philippines. The migration and population size of Oncomelania quandrasi were studied at two sites in a submerged bank of a stream in Leyte Philippines. The snails collected by filter paper in an experimental area were marked with manicure and released in the same area. Collection was repeated every 4 days in the same area for 5 more times and snails without mark were marked with manicure of different colors at each time. The immigration and emigration rates and population were calculated from the collection data. One experimental site with an area of 5.86 m2 was established at the edge of the water pathway, 3 sides of which were surrounded by wooden planks except that side facing the water pathway to determine the migration between the bank and water pathway. The other experimental site was 7.54 m2 in area, located in a submerged place close to high land and was left open in all sides. The ranges of the population, immigration and emigration rates during a 4 day period were 3845 to 7638, 0 to 0.4448 and 0.2263 to 0.8911, respectively in the former site. The results in the latter area were 1336 to 2468, 0.1261 to 0.6725 and 0.1349 to 1.2340, respectively. It was observed that the replacement of individual snails in a habitat was largely due to migration which in turn was influenced much by the change of water level in the bank. The emigration increased with the elevation of water level. On the other hand, the immigration increased with the lowering of water."}
{"id": "PMID:933367", "title": "Studies on hemagglutination test on filariasis. I. The fractionation and purification of antigens by column chromatography and disc electrophoresis.", "content": "The fractionation of antigens for hemagglutination test from adult worms of Dirofilaria (D.) immitis was carried out by defatting with diethylether, sonication, centrifugation, gel-filtration on sephadex G-100 column, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, saturation with ammonium sulfate and disc electrophoresis. An antigen FPSD4 thus obtained, showed potent HA activity against sera from patients infected with Wuchereria (W.) bancrofti. But it was also reactive with normal sera. After elimination of the cross-reacting substance from antigen FPSD4 by the saturation of ammonium sulfate, a specific antigen FPSD4-2 was obtained. By the tests using FSCD4-2 in a protein concentration of 20 mug/ml, sera of 27 patients with microfilariae of W. bancrofti in their blood were examined and 18 positive cases (66.7% positive) were obtained. With 21 normal human sera, no cross reaction was found. As antigen FPSD4-2 showed about 20 protein bands, the further purification of the antigen by disc electrophoresis was carried out. Among three subfractions thus obtained, FPSDA which contained 5 protein bands was most reactive and specific.", "contents": "Studies on hemagglutination test on filariasis. I. The fractionation and purification of antigens by column chromatography and disc electrophoresis. The fractionation of antigens for hemagglutination test from adult worms of Dirofilaria (D.) immitis was carried out by defatting with diethylether, sonication, centrifugation, gel-filtration on sephadex G-100 column, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, saturation with ammonium sulfate and disc electrophoresis. An antigen FPSD4 thus obtained, showed potent HA activity against sera from patients infected with Wuchereria (W.) bancrofti. But it was also reactive with normal sera. After elimination of the cross-reacting substance from antigen FPSD4 by the saturation of ammonium sulfate, a specific antigen FPSD4-2 was obtained. By the tests using FSCD4-2 in a protein concentration of 20 mug/ml, sera of 27 patients with microfilariae of W. bancrofti in their blood were examined and 18 positive cases (66.7% positive) were obtained. With 21 normal human sera, no cross reaction was found. As antigen FPSD4-2 showed about 20 protein bands, the further purification of the antigen by disc electrophoresis was carried out. Among three subfractions thus obtained, FPSDA which contained 5 protein bands was most reactive and specific."}
{"id": "PMID:933368", "title": "Furylfuramide-induced hepatic necrosis in mice and its modification by phenobarbital.", "content": "Oral administration of furylfuramide (2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide), used as an antimicrobial food preservative until recently, caused centrolobular coagulation necrosis of the liver of the mouse (ddYS, male) in the degree corresponding to the doses. The recovery process after a single oral administration was characteristic: the necrotic cells were laden with calcium and replaced by foreign body granuloma accompanied by multinucleate giant cells. Complete healing ensued in about a month. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduced injurious effect of furylfuramide on the liver with preservation of the centrolobular region. In this case necrosis occurred in the intermediate zone in a ring-like shape. This indicates enhanced detoxication of furylfuramide by microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme(s) of the liver cells induced by phenobarbital.", "contents": "Furylfuramide-induced hepatic necrosis in mice and its modification by phenobarbital. Oral administration of furylfuramide (2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide), used as an antimicrobial food preservative until recently, caused centrolobular coagulation necrosis of the liver of the mouse (ddYS, male) in the degree corresponding to the doses. The recovery process after a single oral administration was characteristic: the necrotic cells were laden with calcium and replaced by foreign body granuloma accompanied by multinucleate giant cells. Complete healing ensued in about a month. Phenobarbital pretreatment reduced injurious effect of furylfuramide on the liver with preservation of the centrolobular region. In this case necrosis occurred in the intermediate zone in a ring-like shape. This indicates enhanced detoxication of furylfuramide by microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme(s) of the liver cells induced by phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:933370", "title": "Differential response of cultured mammalian cells to cytochalasin B in multinucleation.", "content": "Cytochalasin B (CB) was applied to 13 kinds of non-tumorigenic or tumorigenic cells in vitro to investigate whether the drug would be applicable as an indicator to identify the transformation of cells. Normal cell strains suffered from more deteriorative changes in morphology than cell lines, showing arborization of their cytoplasm at 5 mug/ml. CB at 2.5 mug/ml consistently prevented cytoplasmic cleavage without interfering with nuclear division. Multinucleation of the cells exposed to CB was not related to their generation time. The correlation between multinucleation and tumorigenicity of the cells was found with some exceptions. It appears, however, that multinucleation induced by CB would not be a reliable parameter for identifying malignant transformation of cells in vitro.", "contents": "Differential response of cultured mammalian cells to cytochalasin B in multinucleation. Cytochalasin B (CB) was applied to 13 kinds of non-tumorigenic or tumorigenic cells in vitro to investigate whether the drug would be applicable as an indicator to identify the transformation of cells. Normal cell strains suffered from more deteriorative changes in morphology than cell lines, showing arborization of their cytoplasm at 5 mug/ml. CB at 2.5 mug/ml consistently prevented cytoplasmic cleavage without interfering with nuclear division. Multinucleation of the cells exposed to CB was not related to their generation time. The correlation between multinucleation and tumorigenicity of the cells was found with some exceptions. It appears, however, that multinucleation induced by CB would not be a reliable parameter for identifying malignant transformation of cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:933371", "title": "Pseudoasthma: a new clinical entity?", "content": "A functional syndrome resembling either asthma or airway obstruction, or both, is described. It is probably caused by voluntary glottic closure. Therapy with sedation and reassurance has proven successful. Patients with this syndrome must be carefully examined and observed to exclude the possibility of organic upper airway obstruction.", "contents": "Pseudoasthma: a new clinical entity? A functional syndrome resembling either asthma or airway obstruction, or both, is described. It is probably caused by voluntary glottic closure. Therapy with sedation and reassurance has proven successful. Patients with this syndrome must be carefully examined and observed to exclude the possibility of organic upper airway obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:933372", "title": "Bedside emergency transvenous cardiac pacing: experience in two community hospitals.", "content": "Emergency bedside transvenous subclavian cardiac pacing in 51 patients over a three-year period in two community hospitals is described. Fifty-three procedures were performed at the bedside with semifloating bipolar pacemaker catheters under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to assist in the placement of the catheter tip. Of the 53 procedures, initial success in pacing was observed in 41 patients (77%). The largest number of failures to either initiate or maintain pacing was observed in the group with cardiac arrest associated with extensive myocardial infarction and complete heart block. Complications of this procedure were minimal. Only one 10% pneumothorax was noted. This modified technique is easily mastered and may prove lifesaving in an emergency.", "contents": "Bedside emergency transvenous cardiac pacing: experience in two community hospitals. Emergency bedside transvenous subclavian cardiac pacing in 51 patients over a three-year period in two community hospitals is described. Fifty-three procedures were performed at the bedside with semifloating bipolar pacemaker catheters under continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to assist in the placement of the catheter tip. Of the 53 procedures, initial success in pacing was observed in 41 patients (77%). The largest number of failures to either initiate or maintain pacing was observed in the group with cardiac arrest associated with extensive myocardial infarction and complete heart block. Complications of this procedure were minimal. Only one 10% pneumothorax was noted. This modified technique is easily mastered and may prove lifesaving in an emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:933373", "title": "An emergency medical care facility: program characteristics and patient attributes.", "content": "The objectives of this research were: (1) to describe the programmatic structure and characteristics of an emergency medical care facility that is a satellite clinic of a community hospital; (2) to describe the types of illness treated, and (3) to characterize the patients who used the facility. One-half of the presenting patients were treated for traumatic conditions; a major factor of clinic use for such patients was proximity. For patients with nontraumatic illnesses, the clinic was used when private physicians were unavailable. Almost 20% of all presentations resulted from referrals, suggesting acceptance of the clinic by private practitioners in the area. Previous users had more tenuous relationships with private physicians than did initial users and no difference was found between initial and previous users in the amount of nontraumatic illness. Patient attributes of high mobility, lower socio-economic status, and younger age were associated positively with frequent clinic use.", "contents": "An emergency medical care facility: program characteristics and patient attributes. The objectives of this research were: (1) to describe the programmatic structure and characteristics of an emergency medical care facility that is a satellite clinic of a community hospital; (2) to describe the types of illness treated, and (3) to characterize the patients who used the facility. One-half of the presenting patients were treated for traumatic conditions; a major factor of clinic use for such patients was proximity. For patients with nontraumatic illnesses, the clinic was used when private physicians were unavailable. Almost 20% of all presentations resulted from referrals, suggesting acceptance of the clinic by private practitioners in the area. Previous users had more tenuous relationships with private physicians than did initial users and no difference was found between initial and previous users in the amount of nontraumatic illness. Patient attributes of high mobility, lower socio-economic status, and younger age were associated positively with frequent clinic use."}
{"id": "PMID:933374", "title": "Contraindications to the repositioning of fractured or dislocated limbs in the fields.", "content": "Supracondylar fractures of the femor or humerus and fractures of the radius, ulna, tibia or fibula, plus crush injuries of the limbs, most likely should not be manipulated in the field because of the potential for traumatizing adjacent nerves, veins and arteries. An emergency splinting system that allows immobilization without repositioning has been developed. Furthermore, fractures in or about the elbow, wrist, knee, or ankle should not be subjected to reduction in the field, unless there are compelling reasons to justify the risk of producing significant additional trauma. Conservative immobilization without repositioning may yield a more positive prognosis for the patient.", "contents": "Contraindications to the repositioning of fractured or dislocated limbs in the fields. Supracondylar fractures of the femor or humerus and fractures of the radius, ulna, tibia or fibula, plus crush injuries of the limbs, most likely should not be manipulated in the field because of the potential for traumatizing adjacent nerves, veins and arteries. An emergency splinting system that allows immobilization without repositioning has been developed. Furthermore, fractures in or about the elbow, wrist, knee, or ankle should not be subjected to reduction in the field, unless there are compelling reasons to justify the risk of producing significant additional trauma. Conservative immobilization without repositioning may yield a more positive prognosis for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:933375", "title": "Posthypoxic ascites: a cause of post-traumatic abdominal distention.", "content": "A previously unreported etiology for post-traumatic abdominal distention was observed in a 5-year-old girl who suffered only head trauma and a prolonged period of hypoxemia. When there is a rapid accumulation of peritoneal fluid containing a high concentration of protein but negative for amylase, no evidence of blood loss, plus abnormal serial liver enzyme studies and the need for placement of large volumes of fluid, posthypoxic ascites should be suspected. Peritoneal aspiration confirmed the diagnosis and treatment was supportive. Because early operative intervention is necessary in pancreatic ascites and treatment is supportive for posthypoxic ascites, it is imperative to differentiate them.", "contents": "Posthypoxic ascites: a cause of post-traumatic abdominal distention. A previously unreported etiology for post-traumatic abdominal distention was observed in a 5-year-old girl who suffered only head trauma and a prolonged period of hypoxemia. When there is a rapid accumulation of peritoneal fluid containing a high concentration of protein but negative for amylase, no evidence of blood loss, plus abnormal serial liver enzyme studies and the need for placement of large volumes of fluid, posthypoxic ascites should be suspected. Peritoneal aspiration confirmed the diagnosis and treatment was supportive. Because early operative intervention is necessary in pancreatic ascites and treatment is supportive for posthypoxic ascites, it is imperative to differentiate them."}
{"id": "PMID:933376", "title": "Phenformin and lactic acidosis in a diabetic and a nondiabetic.", "content": "Two patients, each with a history of taking \"diabetes pills,\" which proved to be phenformin, presented to the emergency department. The first, a 56-year-old female diabetic, on daily medication was symptomatic. The second, a non-diabetic 21-year-old man had attempted suicide using his grandmother's phenformin tablets. Both patients had lactic acidosis. The causal role of phenformin is discussed and the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Phenformin and lactic acidosis in a diabetic and a nondiabetic. Two patients, each with a history of taking \"diabetes pills,\" which proved to be phenformin, presented to the emergency department. The first, a 56-year-old female diabetic, on daily medication was symptomatic. The second, a non-diabetic 21-year-old man had attempted suicide using his grandmother's phenformin tablets. Both patients had lactic acidosis. The causal role of phenformin is discussed and the need for early recognition and aggressive treatment is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:933377", "title": "The elusive artery: found by sound.", "content": "The Doppler flow probe can be used to locate blood vessels in patients with shock or severe burns. The technique, which uses an ultrasonic signal, is described.", "contents": "The elusive artery: found by sound. The Doppler flow probe can be used to locate blood vessels in patients with shock or severe burns. The technique, which uses an ultrasonic signal, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:933382", "title": "Call for help: an algorithm for burn assessment, triage, and acute care.", "content": "Because of the Medical College of Georgia Burn Treatment Center frequently received patients with extensive burns who had been badly managed locally, we devised an Algorithm to provide health care professionals a logical method for assessment, triage and obtaining help. Limited experience suggests that the Algorithm does, in fact, accomplish these ends but that continued evaluation of its efficacy is necessary.", "contents": "Call for help: an algorithm for burn assessment, triage, and acute care. Because of the Medical College of Georgia Burn Treatment Center frequently received patients with extensive burns who had been badly managed locally, we devised an Algorithm to provide health care professionals a logical method for assessment, triage and obtaining help. Limited experience suggests that the Algorithm does, in fact, accomplish these ends but that continued evaluation of its efficacy is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:933383", "title": "Cleansing the traumatic wound by high pressure syringe irrigation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the fluid dynamics of syringe irrigation on the efficacy of wound cleansing and the infection rate of experimental wounds. The pressure experienced by a surface following wound irrigation was directly proportional to the pressure within the syringe and the size of the needle. High pressure syringe irrigation effectively removed bacteria from the surface of the wound. This reduction in the wound bacterial count resulted in a decrease in the infection rate of tissues. Low pressure irrigation with an asepto syringe did not significantly cleanse the wound of its bacterial contaminants and had no demonstrable clinical merit. On the basis of these studies, high pressure syringe irrigation is being employed routinely in our emergency department for the care of traumatic wounds.", "contents": "Cleansing the traumatic wound by high pressure syringe irrigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the fluid dynamics of syringe irrigation on the efficacy of wound cleansing and the infection rate of experimental wounds. The pressure experienced by a surface following wound irrigation was directly proportional to the pressure within the syringe and the size of the needle. High pressure syringe irrigation effectively removed bacteria from the surface of the wound. This reduction in the wound bacterial count resulted in a decrease in the infection rate of tissues. Low pressure irrigation with an asepto syringe did not significantly cleanse the wound of its bacterial contaminants and had no demonstrable clinical merit. On the basis of these studies, high pressure syringe irrigation is being employed routinely in our emergency department for the care of traumatic wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:933384", "title": "Pneumomediastinum in heroin and marijuana users.", "content": "During the past three years, more than 500 patients were seen with mediastinal or cervical emphysema or both the Ben Taub General Hospital Emergency Center. In all but 15 there was a history of recent trauma or antecedent respiratory conditions with repeated sustained intrabronchial pressure, such as asthma. These 15 patients had a common history of repeated sustained Valsalva's maneuvers during marijuana smoking or during intravenous injections of heroin. The results of esophagography, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy were normal in these 15 patients. Conservative management consisted of close observation and re-evaluation for possible causes of secondary pneumomediastinum. All recovered without sequelae with resolution of the pneumomediastinum within 2 to 5 days. Radiographic and physical findings in primary pneumomediastinum resulting from prolonged intraalveolar hyperpressure are similar to those seen in patients with trauma or spontaneous rupture of the esophagus.", "contents": "Pneumomediastinum in heroin and marijuana users. During the past three years, more than 500 patients were seen with mediastinal or cervical emphysema or both the Ben Taub General Hospital Emergency Center. In all but 15 there was a history of recent trauma or antecedent respiratory conditions with repeated sustained intrabronchial pressure, such as asthma. These 15 patients had a common history of repeated sustained Valsalva's maneuvers during marijuana smoking or during intravenous injections of heroin. The results of esophagography, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy were normal in these 15 patients. Conservative management consisted of close observation and re-evaluation for possible causes of secondary pneumomediastinum. All recovered without sequelae with resolution of the pneumomediastinum within 2 to 5 days. Radiographic and physical findings in primary pneumomediastinum resulting from prolonged intraalveolar hyperpressure are similar to those seen in patients with trauma or spontaneous rupture of the esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:933385", "title": "Esophageal obturator airway: use and complications.", "content": "The esophageal obturator airway, in lieu of placement of an endotracheal tube, has been found to be an effective and reliably safe means of providing an artificial airway. By occluding the esophagus, it prevents gastric dilatation and aspiration. However, it is not totally without hazard. Two cases of pharyngoesophageal trauma are reported: a high esophageal tear found at post mortem examination and a pyriform sinus laceration noted on admission to the hospital. The authors recommend conservative treatment for cervical esophageal perforations and surgery for thoracic esophageal perforations. Despite these complications, the authors feel the esophageal obturator airway is safe and effective for use by those unskilled in direct endotracheal intubation when participating in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "Esophageal obturator airway: use and complications. The esophageal obturator airway, in lieu of placement of an endotracheal tube, has been found to be an effective and reliably safe means of providing an artificial airway. By occluding the esophagus, it prevents gastric dilatation and aspiration. However, it is not totally without hazard. Two cases of pharyngoesophageal trauma are reported: a high esophageal tear found at post mortem examination and a pyriform sinus laceration noted on admission to the hospital. The authors recommend conservative treatment for cervical esophageal perforations and surgery for thoracic esophageal perforations. Despite these complications, the authors feel the esophageal obturator airway is safe and effective for use by those unskilled in direct endotracheal intubation when participating in cardiopulmonary resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:933386", "title": "Health services research as a management tool in the emergency department.", "content": "Researchers at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, with a grant under section 1205 of the Emergency Medical Services Systems (EMSS) Act of 1973 from the National Center for Health Services Research (DHEW), are doing three research projects pertaining to the quality and effectiveness of care and management in the emergency department. Project 1 concerns assessing the impact of categorization of facilities and ambulance and communication improvements on the use of emergency departments and ambulances. Project 2 assesses the impact of triage nursing, patient exit interviews, patient advocacy, nursing audit, walk-in clinics and education of asthmatic patients on emergency department care. Project 3 investigates the effect of specific clinical procedures on patient outcome.", "contents": "Health services research as a management tool in the emergency department. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, with a grant under section 1205 of the Emergency Medical Services Systems (EMSS) Act of 1973 from the National Center for Health Services Research (DHEW), are doing three research projects pertaining to the quality and effectiveness of care and management in the emergency department. Project 1 concerns assessing the impact of categorization of facilities and ambulance and communication improvements on the use of emergency departments and ambulances. Project 2 assesses the impact of triage nursing, patient exit interviews, patient advocacy, nursing audit, walk-in clinics and education of asthmatic patients on emergency department care. Project 3 investigates the effect of specific clinical procedures on patient outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:933392", "title": "Inpatient and emergency department utilization: the effect of distance, social class, age, sex, and marital status.", "content": "This study attempted to measure whether patients using two hospital services -- inpatient facilities and the emergency department -- were representative of the population. It sought to confirm the assumptions that, if patient demands were uniform and there were no barriers to emergency department use: (1) emergency patients would closely represent the population in the geographic service area of the hospital, and (2) factors such as distance from residence, age, marital status, social class, and sex, would be relatively uniform between inpatients and emergency patients. The first assumption was supported by the results of the study. Concerning the second, the 0- to 19-year-old group had a high emergency department utilization and low utilization of inpatient facilities when 35- to 65-year-old group had a lower emergency department and a higher inpatient usage pattern. The 65-year-old and over group had two and one-half times as many inpatient admissions as their number in the general service area would suggest. More men than women used the emergency department. Separated and divorced people were heavy users of the emergency department whereas widows heavily used inpatient facilities. Social class was not found to be significantly different among those using the inpatient service or emergency department.", "contents": "Inpatient and emergency department utilization: the effect of distance, social class, age, sex, and marital status. This study attempted to measure whether patients using two hospital services -- inpatient facilities and the emergency department -- were representative of the population. It sought to confirm the assumptions that, if patient demands were uniform and there were no barriers to emergency department use: (1) emergency patients would closely represent the population in the geographic service area of the hospital, and (2) factors such as distance from residence, age, marital status, social class, and sex, would be relatively uniform between inpatients and emergency patients. The first assumption was supported by the results of the study. Concerning the second, the 0- to 19-year-old group had a high emergency department utilization and low utilization of inpatient facilities when 35- to 65-year-old group had a lower emergency department and a higher inpatient usage pattern. The 65-year-old and over group had two and one-half times as many inpatient admissions as their number in the general service area would suggest. More men than women used the emergency department. Separated and divorced people were heavy users of the emergency department whereas widows heavily used inpatient facilities. Social class was not found to be significantly different among those using the inpatient service or emergency department."}
{"id": "PMID:933393", "title": "Methadone overdoses in a New York City hospital.", "content": "Charts of the 81 methadone overdose patients admitted to Morrisania City Hospital from the Emergency Department during the eight month period between June, 1973 and January, 1974 were reviewed. There were 87 overdose cases in the 81 patients. All were treated successfully with naloxone hydrochloride administered intravenously. Four patients had pulmonary edema. In more than half, liver and muscle function studies showed abnormalities. Ninety percent (79) of the overdoses were associated with a combination of methadone and other non-opiate drugs, including alcohol.", "contents": "Methadone overdoses in a New York City hospital. Charts of the 81 methadone overdose patients admitted to Morrisania City Hospital from the Emergency Department during the eight month period between June, 1973 and January, 1974 were reviewed. There were 87 overdose cases in the 81 patients. All were treated successfully with naloxone hydrochloride administered intravenously. Four patients had pulmonary edema. In more than half, liver and muscle function studies showed abnormalities. Ninety percent (79) of the overdoses were associated with a combination of methadone and other non-opiate drugs, including alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:933394", "title": "Common childhood bacterial infections.", "content": "Acute bacterial infections are a common cause of pediatric visits to the emergency department. The diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute bacterial lymphadenitis and gastroenteritis are reviewed. The authors propose the use of a limited number of antibiotic agents including penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, cephalexin, a sulfonamide and tetracycline to improve efficiency and quality of care and to allow physicians to become familar with the drugs' characteristics, indications, dosage and side effects.", "contents": "Common childhood bacterial infections. Acute bacterial infections are a common cause of pediatric visits to the emergency department. The diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute bacterial lymphadenitis and gastroenteritis are reviewed. The authors propose the use of a limited number of antibiotic agents including penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, cephalexin, a sulfonamide and tetracycline to improve efficiency and quality of care and to allow physicians to become familar with the drugs' characteristics, indications, dosage and side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:933395", "title": "Compound depressed skull fracture.", "content": "Although compound depressed skull fractures are common and their management and diagnosis have been described at length, their occurrence following dog bites is unusual. The case of an 18-month-old infant with this injury as a complication of multiple dog bites in the facial and head regions is described with the treatment employed. The necessity of searching for skull fractures in children following dog bites in this region is emphasized.", "contents": "Compound depressed skull fracture. Although compound depressed skull fractures are common and their management and diagnosis have been described at length, their occurrence following dog bites is unusual. The case of an 18-month-old infant with this injury as a complication of multiple dog bites in the facial and head regions is described with the treatment employed. The necessity of searching for skull fractures in children following dog bites in this region is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:933396", "title": "Physostigmine treatment of anticholinergic poisoning.", "content": "Physostigmine salicylate, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, is effective in rapidly and dramatically reversing the effects produced by anticholinergic drugs. Three case reports of successful use of physostigmine are presented. Since physostigmine is a tertiary amine that allows for passage of the drug into the central nervous system, it can reverse both the peripheral and central nervous system effects of anticholinergic poisoning. The adverse effects and contraindications of physostigmine use are discussed.", "contents": "Physostigmine treatment of anticholinergic poisoning. Physostigmine salicylate, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, is effective in rapidly and dramatically reversing the effects produced by anticholinergic drugs. Three case reports of successful use of physostigmine are presented. Since physostigmine is a tertiary amine that allows for passage of the drug into the central nervous system, it can reverse both the peripheral and central nervous system effects of anticholinergic poisoning. The adverse effects and contraindications of physostigmine use are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933397", "title": "Public entry into emergency medical services systems.", "content": "The problems of public access to emergency medical services systems can decrease the effectiveness of emergency care. Much of the public is unable to recognize signs of serious illness, such as myocardial infarction, and dose not know how to obtain emergency medical help. In addition, emergency facilities and personnel are used for more non-emergency care than true emergency cases. Suggestions for the improvement of public access to emergency care include the use of telephones for triage and for providing information; ambulatory centers for non-emergency care; physician extenders such as paramedics or midwives, and improved systems of alerting emergency personnel that an emergency exists.", "contents": "Public entry into emergency medical services systems. The problems of public access to emergency medical services systems can decrease the effectiveness of emergency care. Much of the public is unable to recognize signs of serious illness, such as myocardial infarction, and dose not know how to obtain emergency medical help. In addition, emergency facilities and personnel are used for more non-emergency care than true emergency cases. Suggestions for the improvement of public access to emergency care include the use of telephones for triage and for providing information; ambulatory centers for non-emergency care; physician extenders such as paramedics or midwives, and improved systems of alerting emergency personnel that an emergency exists."}
{"id": "PMID:933401", "title": "Assessing the quality of care by house staff in a mucicipal hospital emergency department.", "content": "The hypothesis that the results of process measures of the quality of care would be improved in a busy municipal hospital emergency department by using a medical record audit and reviewing findings with house staff and those responsible for their training was tested over a one year period and, tentatively, rejected. Out of 21 audit items, 14 showed no significant change. Of the remaining seven, only three items showed significant improvement. Other mediating factors are related to quality of care in this setting such as patient/staff ratios, supervision, the focus of training programs, the physical plant, staff attitudes, behavior and questions of control.", "contents": "Assessing the quality of care by house staff in a mucicipal hospital emergency department. The hypothesis that the results of process measures of the quality of care would be improved in a busy municipal hospital emergency department by using a medical record audit and reviewing findings with house staff and those responsible for their training was tested over a one year period and, tentatively, rejected. Out of 21 audit items, 14 showed no significant change. Of the remaining seven, only three items showed significant improvement. Other mediating factors are related to quality of care in this setting such as patient/staff ratios, supervision, the focus of training programs, the physical plant, staff attitudes, behavior and questions of control."}
{"id": "PMID:933402", "title": "Brown recluse spider bites: five cases with a review of the literature.", "content": "Brown recluse spider bites can cause ulcerations of the skin, intravascular hemolysis and death. Five clinical cases are presented with a summary of known pathological processes, clinical findings, and recommended methods of treatment. The possibility of systemic manifestation make the physician's knowledge of loxoscelism, early diagnosis and adequate treatment necessary.", "contents": "Brown recluse spider bites: five cases with a review of the literature. Brown recluse spider bites can cause ulcerations of the skin, intravascular hemolysis and death. Five clinical cases are presented with a summary of known pathological processes, clinical findings, and recommended methods of treatment. The possibility of systemic manifestation make the physician's knowledge of loxoscelism, early diagnosis and adequate treatment necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:933403", "title": "Arthrography in penetrating injuries.", "content": "Arthrography in cases of trauma to joints may provide valuable information about joint disruption as well as the location of foreign bodies. Allergy to contrast agents and bleeding diathesis are the only contraindications. Four cases are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of this technique.", "contents": "Arthrography in penetrating injuries. Arthrography in cases of trauma to joints may provide valuable information about joint disruption as well as the location of foreign bodies. Allergy to contrast agents and bleeding diathesis are the only contraindications. Four cases are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:933404", "title": "Extratemporal facial nerve injury.", "content": "Isolated traumatic facial nerve injury, frequently seen in wartime combat, may also be encountered among civilians. The clinical picture occurring as a result of such injury may be confusing because partial, or incomplete, damage to the peripheral nerve may mimic impairment of the central facial motor mechanism. In treating the patient with facial injury, life-threatening aspects of the injury must be assessed and stabilized first. Then, attention may be focused on the injured facial nerve, for which prompt surgical repair is the treatment of choice. Prior to surgery, the assessment of taste and hearing, as well as mastoid and skull x-ray films and electrodiagnostic tests are helpful in localizing the facial nerve injury.", "contents": "Extratemporal facial nerve injury. Isolated traumatic facial nerve injury, frequently seen in wartime combat, may also be encountered among civilians. The clinical picture occurring as a result of such injury may be confusing because partial, or incomplete, damage to the peripheral nerve may mimic impairment of the central facial motor mechanism. In treating the patient with facial injury, life-threatening aspects of the injury must be assessed and stabilized first. Then, attention may be focused on the injured facial nerve, for which prompt surgical repair is the treatment of choice. Prior to surgery, the assessment of taste and hearing, as well as mastoid and skull x-ray films and electrodiagnostic tests are helpful in localizing the facial nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:933409", "title": "Sudden cardiac death: a retrospective and prospective study.", "content": "Since the inception of mobile coronary care units (MCCU), patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD) saved by advanced emergency medical technicians (EMT-A) can be studied retrospectively and prospectively. Forty-eight cases of SCD found in ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully resuscitated. Only 32% had a myocardial infarction. Most survivors were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I or II. All class IV survivors with severe congestive heart failure died within 45 days. All class II survivors had angina as the limiting factor. Of all patients with VF, 23% survived. Eighty percent of survivors were class I or II and have resumed previous lifestyles. No clear cut symptom complex was identified. Rescue response time was generally less than five minutes. Intracardiac medications were administered without complications. Empirical administration of sodium bicarbonate correlated poorly with arterial blood gas determinations.", "contents": "Sudden cardiac death: a retrospective and prospective study. Since the inception of mobile coronary care units (MCCU), patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD) saved by advanced emergency medical technicians (EMT-A) can be studied retrospectively and prospectively. Forty-eight cases of SCD found in ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully resuscitated. Only 32% had a myocardial infarction. Most survivors were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I or II. All class IV survivors with severe congestive heart failure died within 45 days. All class II survivors had angina as the limiting factor. Of all patients with VF, 23% survived. Eighty percent of survivors were class I or II and have resumed previous lifestyles. No clear cut symptom complex was identified. Rescue response time was generally less than five minutes. Intracardiac medications were administered without complications. Empirical administration of sodium bicarbonate correlated poorly with arterial blood gas determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:933410", "title": "Conversion of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia by facial immersion in ice water.", "content": "Based on the concept of the classic diving reflex, which produced bradycardia, a technique for treating uncomplicated, but symptomatic, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia was developed. This technique consists of facial immersion for 15 to 30 seconds in water at 10 C (50 F). Of ten patients 9 (90%) achieved rapid conversion without complications. This technique may be especially useful for those patients resistant to more conventional methods of inducing conversion of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.", "contents": "Conversion of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia by facial immersion in ice water. Based on the concept of the classic diving reflex, which produced bradycardia, a technique for treating uncomplicated, but symptomatic, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia was developed. This technique consists of facial immersion for 15 to 30 seconds in water at 10 C (50 F). Of ten patients 9 (90%) achieved rapid conversion without complications. This technique may be especially useful for those patients resistant to more conventional methods of inducing conversion of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:933411", "title": "Physostigmine--its use and abuse.", "content": "Physostigmine salicylate, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to reverse the effects of certain drugs with anticholinergic properties. The paper provides a brief historical account of physostigmine, reviews the cholinergic drugs and their effects and suggests a management protocol based on physiologic criteria. Twenty-six overdose cases, recently treated with physostigmine, are summarized. The controversy regarding the etiology of seizures following physostigmine administration is discussed.", "contents": "Physostigmine--its use and abuse. Physostigmine salicylate, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to reverse the effects of certain drugs with anticholinergic properties. The paper provides a brief historical account of physostigmine, reviews the cholinergic drugs and their effects and suggests a management protocol based on physiologic criteria. Twenty-six overdose cases, recently treated with physostigmine, are summarized. The controversy regarding the etiology of seizures following physostigmine administration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933412", "title": "Anticholinergic poisoning from Jimson weed.", "content": "Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), is a wild growing herb that contains belladonna alkaloids. Recently there have been reports of intentional ingestion of Jimson weed by adolescents for psychedelic purposes. When seen in emergency department, these patients appear with physical signs of atropine-like poisoning, disturbances of thought and hallucinations. Diagnosis depends on a positive history, if available, and recognition of anticholinergic effects. Differentiation from lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) ingestion and schizophrenia is important. Physostigmine, an anticholinergic agent, can reverse both central and peripheral manifestations of Jimson weed intoxication.", "contents": "Anticholinergic poisoning from Jimson weed. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), is a wild growing herb that contains belladonna alkaloids. Recently there have been reports of intentional ingestion of Jimson weed by adolescents for psychedelic purposes. When seen in emergency department, these patients appear with physical signs of atropine-like poisoning, disturbances of thought and hallucinations. Diagnosis depends on a positive history, if available, and recognition of anticholinergic effects. Differentiation from lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) ingestion and schizophrenia is important. Physostigmine, an anticholinergic agent, can reverse both central and peripheral manifestations of Jimson weed intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:933413", "title": "Physostigmine in tricyclic antidepressant overdose.", "content": "Acute accidental and suicidal overdosages are becoming common in emergency medicine. Physostigmine salicylate (Antilirium) is the only parasympathomimetic drug capable of reversing both the central and peripheral manifestations of the anticholinergic syndrome caused by overdosage of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Physostigmine acts rapidly, within 5 to 20 minutes, dramatically reversing the toxic effects. Because of the short duration of action, intoxication may recur and repeated doses may be necessary. Four cases, successfully managed, are presented and the pertinent literature reviewed.", "contents": "Physostigmine in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Acute accidental and suicidal overdosages are becoming common in emergency medicine. Physostigmine salicylate (Antilirium) is the only parasympathomimetic drug capable of reversing both the central and peripheral manifestations of the anticholinergic syndrome caused by overdosage of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Physostigmine acts rapidly, within 5 to 20 minutes, dramatically reversing the toxic effects. Because of the short duration of action, intoxication may recur and repeated doses may be necessary. Four cases, successfully managed, are presented and the pertinent literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:933414", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema treated by partial uvulectomy.", "content": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) is a rare familial disease of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency that produces recurring attacks of acute, circumscribed, noninflammatory edema. The technique of partial uvulectomy to treat HANE can reduce the mortality from this condition due to asphyxiation. Three cases in which partial uvulectomy was the successful mode of treatment are described.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema treated by partial uvulectomy. Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) is a rare familial disease of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency that produces recurring attacks of acute, circumscribed, noninflammatory edema. The technique of partial uvulectomy to treat HANE can reduce the mortality from this condition due to asphyxiation. Three cases in which partial uvulectomy was the successful mode of treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:933415", "title": "Pulseless idioventricular rhythm during CPR: an indication for massive intravenous bolus glucocorticoids.", "content": "Five consecutive patients were initially resuscitated successfully from pulseless idioventricular rhythm with the use of 100 mg of dexamethazone administered by intravenous push after all conventional modes of management had failed. In this small series, two of the five patients are long-term survivors and the deaths of the other three patients are attributable to advanced underlying pathology. The possible mechanisms of action of the glucocorticoids are not conclusively known. There is a need for detailed laboratory study of Purkinje conduction and single-cell depolarization and mechanical patterns, under controlled settings approximating the clinical conditions.", "contents": "Pulseless idioventricular rhythm during CPR: an indication for massive intravenous bolus glucocorticoids. Five consecutive patients were initially resuscitated successfully from pulseless idioventricular rhythm with the use of 100 mg of dexamethazone administered by intravenous push after all conventional modes of management had failed. In this small series, two of the five patients are long-term survivors and the deaths of the other three patients are attributable to advanced underlying pathology. The possible mechanisms of action of the glucocorticoids are not conclusively known. There is a need for detailed laboratory study of Purkinje conduction and single-cell depolarization and mechanical patterns, under controlled settings approximating the clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:933453", "title": "[Differentiation of the effect of diuretic urine extracts on the renal medullary blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "In sodium depleted rats urine extracts of hydrated healthy human volunteer cause an increase in water excretion of 52% (p less than 0.005) and in sodium excretion of 45% (p less than 0.005). Cardiac output of the volumen loaded rats increases from 465 +/- 104 ml to 528 +/- 128 ml/kg-min (p=n.s.). Rb86 is used as an indicator for renal hemodynamics. Compared with controls there is an increase in blood flow through the outer medulla from 1.57 +/- 0.65 to 2.28 +/- 0.61 ml/g-min, through the inner medulla from 0.75 +/- 0.30 to 1.01 +/- 0.30 ml/g-min, and through the papillary tips from 0.85 +/- 0.04 ml to 1.21 +/- 0.25 ml/g-min. The experiments show that the diuretic/natriuretic urine extracts influence the hemodynamics of the renal medulla.However, since the significance level of the enhanced medullary blood flow is only low (p less than 0.1) it is impossible to find out the direct site of action of the urine extracts.", "contents": "[Differentiation of the effect of diuretic urine extracts on the renal medullary blood flow (author's transl)]. In sodium depleted rats urine extracts of hydrated healthy human volunteer cause an increase in water excretion of 52% (p less than 0.005) and in sodium excretion of 45% (p less than 0.005). Cardiac output of the volumen loaded rats increases from 465 +/- 104 ml to 528 +/- 128 ml/kg-min (p=n.s.). Rb86 is used as an indicator for renal hemodynamics. Compared with controls there is an increase in blood flow through the outer medulla from 1.57 +/- 0.65 to 2.28 +/- 0.61 ml/g-min, through the inner medulla from 0.75 +/- 0.30 to 1.01 +/- 0.30 ml/g-min, and through the papillary tips from 0.85 +/- 0.04 ml to 1.21 +/- 0.25 ml/g-min. The experiments show that the diuretic/natriuretic urine extracts influence the hemodynamics of the renal medulla.However, since the significance level of the enhanced medullary blood flow is only low (p less than 0.1) it is impossible to find out the direct site of action of the urine extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:933454", "title": "[Pupillary reaction on tyramine- a parameter of uremic sympathicopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical tests, for instance pupillometry, Valsalvatest, and orthostatic tests show evidence of sympathicopathy in chronic renal failure (GFR: less than 30 ml/min). Hemodialysis does not improve the intensity or frequency of the alterations. Toxic effects of uremic toxins on the autonomic nervous system can be supposed.", "contents": "[Pupillary reaction on tyramine- a parameter of uremic sympathicopathy (author's transl)]. Clinical tests, for instance pupillometry, Valsalvatest, and orthostatic tests show evidence of sympathicopathy in chronic renal failure (GFR: less than 30 ml/min). Hemodialysis does not improve the intensity or frequency of the alterations. Toxic effects of uremic toxins on the autonomic nervous system can be supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:933455", "title": "[Corneal arcus and hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 60 patients with corneal arcus the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia was examined by serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis. An elevation of the serum lipid, or lipoprotein contents was found in every patient. 52 patients showed a primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia, three had a type IV, and one a type V pattern. In three cases hyperlipoproteinemia was found to be secondary to a severe cholestasis. The results show that the occurrence of corneal arcus in nearly every subject under 50 years of age and in most subjects over 50 years of age is highly suggestive of the presence of type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Until atherosclerotic complications appear, the course of the type II hyperlipoproteinemia is lingering and shows poor symptoms. Therefore, corneal arcus is of special importance for the early detection of this type of hyperlipoproteinemia.", "contents": "[Corneal arcus and hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)]. In 60 patients with corneal arcus the incidence of hyperlipoproteinemia was examined by serum lipid and lipoprotein analysis. An elevation of the serum lipid, or lipoprotein contents was found in every patient. 52 patients showed a primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia, three had a type IV, and one a type V pattern. In three cases hyperlipoproteinemia was found to be secondary to a severe cholestasis. The results show that the occurrence of corneal arcus in nearly every subject under 50 years of age and in most subjects over 50 years of age is highly suggestive of the presence of type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Until atherosclerotic complications appear, the course of the type II hyperlipoproteinemia is lingering and shows poor symptoms. Therefore, corneal arcus is of special importance for the early detection of this type of hyperlipoproteinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:933456", "title": "[Hemoperfusion by means of encapsuled charcoal for the treatment of exogenous and endogenous intoxications].", "content": "The method developed by Chang for using in collodion and albumin encapsuled charcoal as artificial cells for hemoperfusion has been studied in vitro. The capacity for the absorption of more or less dialysable exogenous substances (barbiturate, Diazepam, Parathion) and an endogenous toxic metabolite (p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) has been examined. With the absorption unit one can eliminate 80 to 90 per cent of the initial concentration of barbiturate, Diazepam and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid in about 90 min, of Parathion about 50 per cent in the same time, whereas bromide and ammonia are not absorbed. Attempts to avoid regional heparinisation by the incorporation of heparin into the capsule of charcoal granules were not successful. Assuming correct preparation of the hemoperfusion system, observance of steril precoutions and regional heparinisation, the use of the \"detoxication shunt\" is a promising means in the treatment of severe exogenous and endogenous intoxications which are not accessible by conventional therapeutic means.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion by means of encapsuled charcoal for the treatment of exogenous and endogenous intoxications]. The method developed by Chang for using in collodion and albumin encapsuled charcoal as artificial cells for hemoperfusion has been studied in vitro. The capacity for the absorption of more or less dialysable exogenous substances (barbiturate, Diazepam, Parathion) and an endogenous toxic metabolite (p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) has been examined. With the absorption unit one can eliminate 80 to 90 per cent of the initial concentration of barbiturate, Diazepam and p-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid in about 90 min, of Parathion about 50 per cent in the same time, whereas bromide and ammonia are not absorbed. Attempts to avoid regional heparinisation by the incorporation of heparin into the capsule of charcoal granules were not successful. Assuming correct preparation of the hemoperfusion system, observance of steril precoutions and regional heparinisation, the use of the \"detoxication shunt\" is a promising means in the treatment of severe exogenous and endogenous intoxications which are not accessible by conventional therapeutic means."}
{"id": "PMID:933457", "title": "[Metabolic differences between males and females and between normal and obese subjects during total fast].", "content": "In 24 normal and 24 obese subjects of both sexes circulating substrates (blood sugar, free fatty acids, ketone bodies) and hormones (insulin, growth hormone, pancreatic glucagon) were determined during 6 days of total fast. In normals the blood sugar fell to lower levels than in the obese. Plasma free fatty acids and ketone concentrations rose faster in normal than in obese subjects, and faster in females than in males. Plasma insulin concentrations declined to a greater extent in obese than in normal subjects. In all groups studied a significant increase of the pancreatic glucagon level within 1-3 days of fasting was observed, however, its rise occurred faster in normal females than in males. Growth hormone (GH) rose significantly in normal males but not in obese males. Following high overnight fasting values in some normal females  showed no significant increase in GH levels but significantly higher GH values than obese females after 1-6 days of fasting. After summarizing starvation-induced metabolic changes common to all study groups the respective differences found between males and females and between normal and obese subjects are discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic differences between males and females and between normal and obese subjects during total fast]. In 24 normal and 24 obese subjects of both sexes circulating substrates (blood sugar, free fatty acids, ketone bodies) and hormones (insulin, growth hormone, pancreatic glucagon) were determined during 6 days of total fast. In normals the blood sugar fell to lower levels than in the obese. Plasma free fatty acids and ketone concentrations rose faster in normal than in obese subjects, and faster in females than in males. Plasma insulin concentrations declined to a greater extent in obese than in normal subjects. In all groups studied a significant increase of the pancreatic glucagon level within 1-3 days of fasting was observed, however, its rise occurred faster in normal females than in males. Growth hormone (GH) rose significantly in normal males but not in obese males. Following high overnight fasting values in some normal females  showed no significant increase in GH levels but significantly higher GH values than obese females after 1-6 days of fasting. After summarizing starvation-induced metabolic changes common to all study groups the respective differences found between males and females and between normal and obese subjects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933458", "title": "[Percutaneous dilatation of experimental coronary artery stenosis- description of a new catheter system].", "content": "A technical description of a catheter system is given for percutaneous dilatation of experimental stenosis in small ateries (e.g. left coronary artery). The system consists of two catheters: the first is positioned into the orifice of the small artery and guides the second, double-lumen-dilatation catheter into the artery. During the manipulation ischemia in the peripheral area is prevented by contineous perfusion with oxygenated blood taken from the femoral artery by a roller-pump. The catheter system was tested in canine experiments.", "contents": "[Percutaneous dilatation of experimental coronary artery stenosis- description of a new catheter system]. A technical description of a catheter system is given for percutaneous dilatation of experimental stenosis in small ateries (e.g. left coronary artery). The system consists of two catheters: the first is positioned into the orifice of the small artery and guides the second, double-lumen-dilatation catheter into the artery. During the manipulation ischemia in the peripheral area is prevented by contineous perfusion with oxygenated blood taken from the femoral artery by a roller-pump. The catheter system was tested in canine experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:933459", "title": "Appearance of keratitis in laboratory mice: influence of azathioprine and meticorten.", "content": "Keratitis was noted in mice which were splenectomized and subsequently treated with immunosuppressive drugs. It was found that anaesthesia was the cause of the lesion and not the azathioprine or meticorten administration.", "contents": "Appearance of keratitis in laboratory mice: influence of azathioprine and meticorten. Keratitis was noted in mice which were splenectomized and subsequently treated with immunosuppressive drugs. It was found that anaesthesia was the cause of the lesion and not the azathioprine or meticorten administration."}
{"id": "PMID:933461", "title": "Decomposition of supplementary vitamin C in diets compounded for laboratory animals.", "content": "Processing may result in losses approaching 20% of the added vitamin C. The extent of these losses depends upon the process and is apparently related to temperature and moisture. Storage losses are also related to processing conditions, and no more than 50% of the vitamin C present in the diet immediately after 6 weeks. These results indicate that the current practice of including 1000 mg/kg of vitamin C in pelleted guinea-pig diets should be satisfactory, provided such diets are used within 6 weeks of manufacture and are stored during this period in conditions conducive to stability, that is dry, not exposed to direct sunlight and, preferably, with an even cool temperature.", "contents": "Decomposition of supplementary vitamin C in diets compounded for laboratory animals. Processing may result in losses approaching 20% of the added vitamin C. The extent of these losses depends upon the process and is apparently related to temperature and moisture. Storage losses are also related to processing conditions, and no more than 50% of the vitamin C present in the diet immediately after 6 weeks. These results indicate that the current practice of including 1000 mg/kg of vitamin C in pelleted guinea-pig diets should be satisfactory, provided such diets are used within 6 weeks of manufacture and are stored during this period in conditions conducive to stability, that is dry, not exposed to direct sunlight and, preferably, with an even cool temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:933464", "title": "Ammonia build-up in animal boxes and its effect on rat tracheal epithelium.", "content": "Some common laboratory species are now considered unsuitable for the study of the toxicity of inhalants because of the natural incidence of abnormal respiratory histology. Levels of ammonia commonly encountered in animal boxes and cages have been shown to cause histopathological changes in the tracheal epithelium of rats, and it is suggested that 'abnormal respiratory histology\" could be a reflection of the standard of husbandry employed before and during an experiment.", "contents": "Ammonia build-up in animal boxes and its effect on rat tracheal epithelium. Some common laboratory species are now considered unsuitable for the study of the toxicity of inhalants because of the natural incidence of abnormal respiratory histology. Levels of ammonia commonly encountered in animal boxes and cages have been shown to cause histopathological changes in the tracheal epithelium of rats, and it is suggested that 'abnormal respiratory histology\" could be a reflection of the standard of husbandry employed before and during an experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:933465", "title": "Electron microscope study of experimental enteric infection in neonatal dogs with a canine coronavirus.", "content": "Neonatal dogs, inoculated orally with coronavirus 1-71, grown in canine kidney cell cultures, developed diarrhea and a severe enteritis characterized by atrophy of the villi, changes in the enterocytes, and accelerated epithelial cell loss. Electron microscopy of the mucosal epithelium, 4 days after challenge, showed that the virus penetrated into the enterocytes between microvilli, possibly by pinocytotic mechanism. In the enterocytes, virions were most often enclosed, singly or in groups, in cytoplasmic vesicles. They were less frequently found in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, or in the dilated perinuclear space and only rarely, free in the cytoplasm. Virions replicated by budding only on the smooth.membranes of the cytoplasmic vesicles. The infected cells showed a variety of cytopathic effects, some nonspecific, such as disruption of the microvilli, loss of density of the cytoplasm, presence of lipid inclusions, alteration of mitochondria, and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and of the perinuclear space. Other cytopathic effects, characteristic of the coronavirus infection, consisted of formation of dense filamentous structures and of membrane-bound bodies. Progeny virions appeared to discharge into the gut lumen through the disrupted cell membranes of infected enterocytes still in situ or following their premature shedding.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of experimental enteric infection in neonatal dogs with a canine coronavirus. Neonatal dogs, inoculated orally with coronavirus 1-71, grown in canine kidney cell cultures, developed diarrhea and a severe enteritis characterized by atrophy of the villi, changes in the enterocytes, and accelerated epithelial cell loss. Electron microscopy of the mucosal epithelium, 4 days after challenge, showed that the virus penetrated into the enterocytes between microvilli, possibly by pinocytotic mechanism. In the enterocytes, virions were most often enclosed, singly or in groups, in cytoplasmic vesicles. They were less frequently found in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum, or in the dilated perinuclear space and only rarely, free in the cytoplasm. Virions replicated by budding only on the smooth.membranes of the cytoplasmic vesicles. The infected cells showed a variety of cytopathic effects, some nonspecific, such as disruption of the microvilli, loss of density of the cytoplasm, presence of lipid inclusions, alteration of mitochondria, and dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi cisternae and of the perinuclear space. Other cytopathic effects, characteristic of the coronavirus infection, consisted of formation of dense filamentous structures and of membrane-bound bodies. Progeny virions appeared to discharge into the gut lumen through the disrupted cell membranes of infected enterocytes still in situ or following their premature shedding."}
{"id": "PMID:933466", "title": "Pulmonary responses of rats to ambient levels of ozone: effects of 7-day intermittent or continuous exposure.", "content": "Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ozone for either 8 or 24 hours a day for 7 consecutive days to evaluate morphologic changes of the respiratory system. Three levels of exposure (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 p.p.m. of O3) were selected to simulate moderate to severe episodes of oxidant pollution in urban environments. Morphologic evaluation included light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Biochemical parameters which were examined included succinate oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activities. The results indicated that (1) exposure to concentrations as low as 0.2 p.p.m. for 7 days induced pulmonary damage; (2) there was a dose-dependent pulmonary response to the three levels of ozone which was quantitated by alterations in biochemical marker enzyme activities and observed morphologically; (3) proportionate differences were not observed in morphologic characteristics of the lesions or detected in biochemical parameters between rats exposed continuously for 7 days and those exposed intermittently for 8 hours a day for 7 consecutive days; (4) alterations in surface height and granularity of the cytoplasmic luminal projection of Clara cells were subtle changes which were dose-dependent, occurring even at the lowest ozone concentration, and best detected by scanning electron microscopy; (5) alveolar macrophage accumulation within proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts was the most readily detectable morphologic indicator of pulmonary damage; and (6) although the brunt of ozone damage was borne by the centriacinar region, there was damage to cilia and increased ciliogenesis occurring in the trachea and larger conducting airways following exposure of 0.5 and 0.8 p.p.m. of ozone.", "contents": "Pulmonary responses of rats to ambient levels of ozone: effects of 7-day intermittent or continuous exposure. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ozone for either 8 or 24 hours a day for 7 consecutive days to evaluate morphologic changes of the respiratory system. Three levels of exposure (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 p.p.m. of O3) were selected to simulate moderate to severe episodes of oxidant pollution in urban environments. Morphologic evaluation included light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Biochemical parameters which were examined included succinate oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome c reductase activities. The results indicated that (1) exposure to concentrations as low as 0.2 p.p.m. for 7 days induced pulmonary damage; (2) there was a dose-dependent pulmonary response to the three levels of ozone which was quantitated by alterations in biochemical marker enzyme activities and observed morphologically; (3) proportionate differences were not observed in morphologic characteristics of the lesions or detected in biochemical parameters between rats exposed continuously for 7 days and those exposed intermittently for 8 hours a day for 7 consecutive days; (4) alterations in surface height and granularity of the cytoplasmic luminal projection of Clara cells were subtle changes which were dose-dependent, occurring even at the lowest ozone concentration, and best detected by scanning electron microscopy; (5) alveolar macrophage accumulation within proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts was the most readily detectable morphologic indicator of pulmonary damage; and (6) although the brunt of ozone damage was borne by the centriacinar region, there was damage to cilia and increased ciliogenesis occurring in the trachea and larger conducting airways following exposure of 0.5 and 0.8 p.p.m. of ozone."}
{"id": "PMID:933467", "title": "Urinary kallikrein in experimental renal disease.", "content": "Urinary kallikrein excretion was studied in two types of experimentally induced renal disease: anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis (20 rats) and aminonucleoside nephrosis (five rats) with appropriate controls (23 rats) for a period of 6 to 9 weeks following disease induction. In both models there was a prompt significant decrease (p less than 0.01 - 0.001) in urinary kallikrein excretion associated with proteinuria but unrelated to urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urinary volumes. In antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis the fall in kallikrein excretion occurred within the first 24 hours concurrent with the onset of proteinuria. In aminonucleoside nephrosis the decrease antedated the onset of proteinuria by 48 hours beginning within the first 24 hours following injection of the aminonucleoside. Kallikrein inhibitors were not demonstrable in the urines of diseased animals from either model. The mechanism of the decrease in kallikrein excretion in immune and nonimmune glomerular disease associated with proteinuria is unknown.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein in experimental renal disease. Urinary kallikrein excretion was studied in two types of experimentally induced renal disease: anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis (20 rats) and aminonucleoside nephrosis (five rats) with appropriate controls (23 rats) for a period of 6 to 9 weeks following disease induction. In both models there was a prompt significant decrease (p less than 0.01 - 0.001) in urinary kallikrein excretion associated with proteinuria but unrelated to urinary sodium and potassium excretion and urinary volumes. In antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis the fall in kallikrein excretion occurred within the first 24 hours concurrent with the onset of proteinuria. In aminonucleoside nephrosis the decrease antedated the onset of proteinuria by 48 hours beginning within the first 24 hours following injection of the aminonucleoside. Kallikrein inhibitors were not demonstrable in the urines of diseased animals from either model. The mechanism of the decrease in kallikrein excretion in immune and nonimmune glomerular disease associated with proteinuria is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:933536", "title": "Effect of polyamines on the uptake of poly (2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylic acid) by a mammalian cell line.", "content": "VERO cells can take up poly(dUfl)1 from the medium. The uptake involves surface adsorption and, most probably, intracellular penetration. Part of the poly(dUfl) is hydrolyzed during incubation with the cells but the hydrolysis products are not incorporated into de novo synthesized nucleic acids. The uptake is reduced by serum and stimulated by polycationic ionenes. The magnitude of stimulation depends on the structure of the ionene and the treatment regimen.", "contents": "Effect of polyamines on the uptake of poly (2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylic acid) by a mammalian cell line. VERO cells can take up poly(dUfl)1 from the medium. The uptake involves surface adsorption and, most probably, intracellular penetration. Part of the poly(dUfl) is hydrolyzed during incubation with the cells but the hydrolysis products are not incorporated into de novo synthesized nucleic acids. The uptake is reduced by serum and stimulated by polycationic ionenes. The magnitude of stimulation depends on the structure of the ionene and the treatment regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:933537", "title": "Substrate heterogeneity of component a of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Component a of the erythrocyte membrane is a specific substrate for endogenous protein kinase activity and its phosphorylation is significantly decreased under assay conditions in myotonic muscular dystrophy (Roses, A.D., and Appel, S.H.J. Membr. Biol 20:51-58 (1975)). We have demonstrated substrate heterogeneity of two fractions of component a separated by concanavalin A (Con-A) sepharose chromatography. The fraction of component a that is retarded by Con A and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside does not accept the transfer of phosphate from [gamma-32 P]  ATP as a substrate for endogenous protein kinase activity. The nonretarded fraction contains greater than 90% of the radioactive label. These experiments also confirm the carbohydrate heterogeneity of component a (Findley, J.B.C., J. Biol. Chem. 249:4398 (1974).", "contents": "Substrate heterogeneity of component a of the human erythrocyte membrane. Component a of the erythrocyte membrane is a specific substrate for endogenous protein kinase activity and its phosphorylation is significantly decreased under assay conditions in myotonic muscular dystrophy (Roses, A.D., and Appel, S.H.J. Membr. Biol 20:51-58 (1975)). We have demonstrated substrate heterogeneity of two fractions of component a separated by concanavalin A (Con-A) sepharose chromatography. The fraction of component a that is retarded by Con A and eluted with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside does not accept the transfer of phosphate from [gamma-32 P]  ATP as a substrate for endogenous protein kinase activity. The nonretarded fraction contains greater than 90% of the radioactive label. These experiments also confirm the carbohydrate heterogeneity of component a (Findley, J.B.C., J. Biol. Chem. 249:4398 (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:933538", "title": "Drug-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells possess an altered cell surface carbohydrate component.", "content": "Surface label experiments using the galactose oxidase-]3H]-borohydride technique reveal that cells from drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary clones possess a surface carbohydrate component of apparent molecular weight 165,000 which is absent from wild-type cells. The component may also be demonstrated by [14C]glucosamine incorporation but not by [3H]leucine incorporation or by the lactoperoxidase surface labeling reaction.", "contents": "Drug-resistant mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells possess an altered cell surface carbohydrate component. Surface label experiments using the galactose oxidase-]3H]-borohydride technique reveal that cells from drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary clones possess a surface carbohydrate component of apparent molecular weight 165,000 which is absent from wild-type cells. The component may also be demonstrated by [14C]glucosamine incorporation but not by [3H]leucine incorporation or by the lactoperoxidase surface labeling reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:933539", "title": "Protein transport: a selective membrane mechanism.", "content": "Proteins are selectively sequestered by a number of cell types. However, only in oocytes is the process sufficiently aggravated and specific to be readily studied. In these cells certain serum proteins are taken up in proportions different from those found in the serum. In vitro incubations of hormonally stimulated and synchronous mosquito oocytes show that the only protein capable of initiating the transport process is the female specific yolk protein. Heterologous proteins such as IgG, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome C, and ferritin are inactive. The female specific protein is a phosphoglycolipoprotein. It is synthesized in the fat body, a liver analog in the insect, and passed into the serum before being transported into the oocytes. Preliminary kinetic analysis shows the uptake process to be specific with an apparent Km of about 10(-7) M. Glycolytic inhibitors stop protein uptake. The receptor-mediated binding steps in the transport process are most easily studied in the chicken because of the enormous amount of oocyte membrane available from a given oocyte and because up to 1 gm of protein is normally transported per day per oocyte. IgG and the hen specific phosvitin lipovitellin are two of the physiologically important proteins that are transported intact into the chicken oocytes. The uptake appears selective as shown by studies with iodinated proteins. Ferritin conjugated to IgG is shown by electron microscopy to bind to isolated plasma membranes only where coated pits have formed, whereas ferritin alone is not seen localized on any membrane surface. These very specialized regions of the membrane are similar to micropinocytotic pits but, in addition, possess on their cytoplasmic side dense ridges that form the coat. Transport involves binding to the coated pits, the pinching off of the pits, and the subsequent movement of the coated vesicles in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Protein transport: a selective membrane mechanism. Proteins are selectively sequestered by a number of cell types. However, only in oocytes is the process sufficiently aggravated and specific to be readily studied. In these cells certain serum proteins are taken up in proportions different from those found in the serum. In vitro incubations of hormonally stimulated and synchronous mosquito oocytes show that the only protein capable of initiating the transport process is the female specific yolk protein. Heterologous proteins such as IgG, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome C, and ferritin are inactive. The female specific protein is a phosphoglycolipoprotein. It is synthesized in the fat body, a liver analog in the insect, and passed into the serum before being transported into the oocytes. Preliminary kinetic analysis shows the uptake process to be specific with an apparent Km of about 10(-7) M. Glycolytic inhibitors stop protein uptake. The receptor-mediated binding steps in the transport process are most easily studied in the chicken because of the enormous amount of oocyte membrane available from a given oocyte and because up to 1 gm of protein is normally transported per day per oocyte. IgG and the hen specific phosvitin lipovitellin are two of the physiologically important proteins that are transported intact into the chicken oocytes. The uptake appears selective as shown by studies with iodinated proteins. Ferritin conjugated to IgG is shown by electron microscopy to bind to isolated plasma membranes only where coated pits have formed, whereas ferritin alone is not seen localized on any membrane surface. These very specialized regions of the membrane are similar to micropinocytotic pits but, in addition, possess on their cytoplasmic side dense ridges that form the coat. Transport involves binding to the coated pits, the pinching off of the pits, and the subsequent movement of the coated vesicles in the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:933540", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of concanavalin A receptors on retinal rod cells labeled with latex microspheres.", "content": "Con A-methacrylate microsphere conjugates prepared by a two-step glutaraldehyde reaction were used to label Con A-binding sites on bovine rod photoreceptor cells for visualization by scanning electron microscopy. A dense distribution of markers was observed on the surface of the rod outer segment, the inner segment, and the synaptic region. Disk membranes also appear to be heavily labeled with the Con A-microsphere conjugates. The Con A inhibitor, alpha-methyl mannoside, inhibited the binding of the conjugate to the surface of these visual cells.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of concanavalin A receptors on retinal rod cells labeled with latex microspheres. Con A-methacrylate microsphere conjugates prepared by a two-step glutaraldehyde reaction were used to label Con A-binding sites on bovine rod photoreceptor cells for visualization by scanning electron microscopy. A dense distribution of markers was observed on the surface of the rod outer segment, the inner segment, and the synaptic region. Disk membranes also appear to be heavily labeled with the Con A-microsphere conjugates. The Con A inhibitor, alpha-methyl mannoside, inhibited the binding of the conjugate to the surface of these visual cells."}
{"id": "PMID:933541", "title": "Frozen section- frozen attitudes.", "content": "Patients with breast cancer who have clinically negative axillae, tumors 2 cm in diameter or less, and tumors with a moderate or low degree of anaplasticity are candidates for treatment by local excision and irradiation. A definitive histologic diagnosis should be made in all cases of breast cancer before a final treatment decision is made. This can be accomplished by needle or excisional biopsy. After a histologic diagnosis is established, the decision regarding treatment can be arrived at with the patient enering into the process. Those patients requiring mastectomy will be better able to cope with this, knowing why the operation was considered best for them. The elimination of frozen section diagnosis will free the patient from one of the great fears of the current treatment of breast cancer- subjecting herself to biopsy without knowing what the outcome will be. It will free the surgeon from the rigid sequence of frozen section followed by mastectomy and allow him to begin to rationally assign patients with proper criteria to conservative treatment, reserving mastectomy for those who do not meet these criteria.", "contents": "Frozen section- frozen attitudes. Patients with breast cancer who have clinically negative axillae, tumors 2 cm in diameter or less, and tumors with a moderate or low degree of anaplasticity are candidates for treatment by local excision and irradiation. A definitive histologic diagnosis should be made in all cases of breast cancer before a final treatment decision is made. This can be accomplished by needle or excisional biopsy. After a histologic diagnosis is established, the decision regarding treatment can be arrived at with the patient enering into the process. Those patients requiring mastectomy will be better able to cope with this, knowing why the operation was considered best for them. The elimination of frozen section diagnosis will free the patient from one of the great fears of the current treatment of breast cancer- subjecting herself to biopsy without knowing what the outcome will be. It will free the surgeon from the rigid sequence of frozen section followed by mastectomy and allow him to begin to rationally assign patients with proper criteria to conservative treatment, reserving mastectomy for those who do not meet these criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:933542", "title": "The influence of pineal ablation and administration of melatonin on growth and spread of hamster melanoma.", "content": "Removal of the pineal organ resulted in increase in the growth of transplanted melanoma in hamsters. Administration of melatonin, which is the priniciple indole found in pineal tissue, to pinealectomized animals abolished this effect. Therefore it was concluded that the effect of pinealectomy on tumor growth is due to a lack of endogenous melatonin. Administration of large doses of melatonin (4 mg/day) to intact animals, however, did not influence the rate of tumour growth, indicating that the drug has no direct effect on tumor growth and that the changes produced by melatonin deficiency is perhaps due to complex reaction involving centers in the hypothalamus and brain stem. Certain morphologic changes were noted in the pineal organs of animals treated with exogenous melatonin. Although the biologic significance of these changes is not clear, study of the electron micrographs indicates that the pinealocytes of the melatonin-treated animals are in a state of increased activity.", "contents": "The influence of pineal ablation and administration of melatonin on growth and spread of hamster melanoma. Removal of the pineal organ resulted in increase in the growth of transplanted melanoma in hamsters. Administration of melatonin, which is the priniciple indole found in pineal tissue, to pinealectomized animals abolished this effect. Therefore it was concluded that the effect of pinealectomy on tumor growth is due to a lack of endogenous melatonin. Administration of large doses of melatonin (4 mg/day) to intact animals, however, did not influence the rate of tumour growth, indicating that the drug has no direct effect on tumor growth and that the changes produced by melatonin deficiency is perhaps due to complex reaction involving centers in the hypothalamus and brain stem. Certain morphologic changes were noted in the pineal organs of animals treated with exogenous melatonin. Although the biologic significance of these changes is not clear, study of the electron micrographs indicates that the pinealocytes of the melatonin-treated animals are in a state of increased activity."}
{"id": "PMID:933543", "title": "Immunocompetence and spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "Spontaneous remission of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma was correlated with a positive response to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). When first seen, the patient was DNCB negative and a chest radiograph showed nodular densities in the right lung and left midlung. Six months after sensitization, the patient had a positive response to DNCB and no evidence of lung metastases. Three mo later, the patient developed brain metastases although X-ray examination showed no pulmonary nodules. A diminished response to DNCB noted over the next several months and chest X ray verified the return of pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "Immunocompetence and spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Spontaneous remission of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma was correlated with a positive response to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). When first seen, the patient was DNCB negative and a chest radiograph showed nodular densities in the right lung and left midlung. Six months after sensitization, the patient had a positive response to DNCB and no evidence of lung metastases. Three mo later, the patient developed brain metastases although X-ray examination showed no pulmonary nodules. A diminished response to DNCB noted over the next several months and chest X ray verified the return of pulmonary metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:933544", "title": "Possible factors in remote metastases in female breast cancer.", "content": "The association of metastases (M) with age of patient, stage of disease, the gross and microscopic characteristics of the primary tumor, its physical location, the postradiational status of the breast, the extent and level of histological nodal involvement, the type of surgery practiced, and the host's biological environment are analysed. The authors conclude that the critical factor in systemic dissemination in female breast cancer is the extent and level of metastatic nodal involvement. Though the association between stage of disease, character of tumor (T), and histology are significant, the cruicial factor seems to be the nodal involvement. Systemic metastases are significantly higher in inner quadrant tumors. Possible methods of circumventing this dissemination are discussed.", "contents": "Possible factors in remote metastases in female breast cancer. The association of metastases (M) with age of patient, stage of disease, the gross and microscopic characteristics of the primary tumor, its physical location, the postradiational status of the breast, the extent and level of histological nodal involvement, the type of surgery practiced, and the host's biological environment are analysed. The authors conclude that the critical factor in systemic dissemination in female breast cancer is the extent and level of metastatic nodal involvement. Though the association between stage of disease, character of tumor (T), and histology are significant, the cruicial factor seems to be the nodal involvement. Systemic metastases are significantly higher in inner quadrant tumors. Possible methods of circumventing this dissemination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933545", "title": "Differences in potentiation of melanoma growth by absorbable and nonabsorbable suture.", "content": "This study demonstrates that various suture materials have different influences on tumor take and growth. When used in an area containing 10(5) or greater tumor cells, all suture types studied potentiated tumor growth. At subclinical tumor cell doses- that is, 1,000 or fewer cells that do not normally grow to a clinically detectable tumor- silk and steel increased tumor occurrence. In comparison, monofilament nylon, polyglycolic acid, and chromic suture did not potentiate tumor growth. This phenomenon of increased tumor growth associated with certain suture types appears to be related to the physical characteristics of the suture involved, although the interaction of the chemical breakdown products of the suture material with the local tumor cells is under investigation. The type of suture material used may play a significant role in the subsequent development of local recurrence of cancer.", "contents": "Differences in potentiation of melanoma growth by absorbable and nonabsorbable suture. This study demonstrates that various suture materials have different influences on tumor take and growth. When used in an area containing 10(5) or greater tumor cells, all suture types studied potentiated tumor growth. At subclinical tumor cell doses- that is, 1,000 or fewer cells that do not normally grow to a clinically detectable tumor- silk and steel increased tumor occurrence. In comparison, monofilament nylon, polyglycolic acid, and chromic suture did not potentiate tumor growth. This phenomenon of increased tumor growth associated with certain suture types appears to be related to the physical characteristics of the suture involved, although the interaction of the chemical breakdown products of the suture material with the local tumor cells is under investigation. The type of suture material used may play a significant role in the subsequent development of local recurrence of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:933546", "title": "Mesenchymoma: a review of literature and report of two cases.", "content": "Both benign and malignant varieties of the mesenchymoma have been described. Previously reported cases of mesenchymoma in the head and neck are rare. Two cases of mesenchymoma occuring intraorally are  reported here. In each case local excision has affected apparent cure, for periods of 12 yr and 8 mo, respectively. Local excision is advocated as the primary treatment for such lesions occurring in the oral cavity. Although recurrences in areas other than the oral cavity tend to undergo malignant changes, this phenomenon has bot been demonstrated in lesions occurring in oral tissues.", "contents": "Mesenchymoma: a review of literature and report of two cases. Both benign and malignant varieties of the mesenchymoma have been described. Previously reported cases of mesenchymoma in the head and neck are rare. Two cases of mesenchymoma occuring intraorally are  reported here. In each case local excision has affected apparent cure, for periods of 12 yr and 8 mo, respectively. Local excision is advocated as the primary treatment for such lesions occurring in the oral cavity. Although recurrences in areas other than the oral cavity tend to undergo malignant changes, this phenomenon has bot been demonstrated in lesions occurring in oral tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:933547", "title": "Prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts and carcinoembryonic antigens in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "An association between pretreatment lymphocyte counts and 5-year prognosis was noted in colorectal cancer. Among 188 patients with 5-year follow-up significant difference in survival rates in relation to lymphocyte counts was noted: 61% for patients with counts greater than 2,000/cm, 30% for those with counts less than 1,000/cmm, and 58% for the intermediate group. Similar differences were also noted within groups with Dukes' B and C lesions and in elderly patients. Highly significant differences were noted in women. Those with Dukes' B and C lesions with counts greater than 2,000/cmm had an 81% survival rate, compared to 50% for those with lower counts X2 = 6.81 P LESS THAN 0.01. Women had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and higher survival rates than men. An inverse correlation was noted between pretreatment lymphocytes and simultaneously determined carcinoembryonic antigens. These observations indicate that lymphocyte counts may be of prognostic value in colorectal cancer when used in association with carcinoembryonic antigens.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of peripheral lymphocyte counts and carcinoembryonic antigens in colorectal carcinoma. An association between pretreatment lymphocyte counts and 5-year prognosis was noted in colorectal cancer. Among 188 patients with 5-year follow-up significant difference in survival rates in relation to lymphocyte counts was noted: 61% for patients with counts greater than 2,000/cm, 30% for those with counts less than 1,000/cmm, and 58% for the intermediate group. Similar differences were also noted within groups with Dukes' B and C lesions and in elderly patients. Highly significant differences were noted in women. Those with Dukes' B and C lesions with counts greater than 2,000/cmm had an 81% survival rate, compared to 50% for those with lower counts X2 = 6.81 P LESS THAN 0.01. Women had significantly higher lymphocyte counts and higher survival rates than men. An inverse correlation was noted between pretreatment lymphocytes and simultaneously determined carcinoembryonic antigens. These observations indicate that lymphocyte counts may be of prognostic value in colorectal cancer when used in association with carcinoembryonic antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:933548", "title": "The regional lymph node question. To treat or not to treat: the pros and cons.", "content": "The question of whether or not to extend treatment to the regional lymph nodes when treating malignant disease remains unanswered. The clinician must individually approaise the pros and cons and derive a satisfactory treatment plan for each patient. Six reasons which are generally stated as indications for regional lymphadenectomy and seven potential arguments against lymphadenectomy are presented.", "contents": "The regional lymph node question. To treat or not to treat: the pros and cons. The question of whether or not to extend treatment to the regional lymph nodes when treating malignant disease remains unanswered. The clinician must individually approaise the pros and cons and derive a satisfactory treatment plan for each patient. Six reasons which are generally stated as indications for regional lymphadenectomy and seven potential arguments against lymphadenectomy are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:933549", "title": "Comparison of the inotropic action of morphine and ketamine studied in canine cardiac muscle.", "content": "This study compares the inotropic action of morphine sulfate and ketamine hydrochloride on isolated canine right ventricular trabeculae. The heart was removed from 19 mongrel puppies weighing 5 to 9 kilograms and placed in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. The bathing solution contained 1.3 mM. of Ca2+ and was bubbled with a gas mixture of 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide. At Lmax (i.e., the peak of isometric force-length curve) morphine even in large concentrations (up to 1 mg. per milliter) produced no significant direct inotropic effect. At the lower concentrations tested there was a minor but not significant increase in contractile performance, whereas at the highest concentration used there was a minor but not significant depression in contractility. In these same muscles lower concentrations of ketamine had a significant positive inotropic action, but a concentration of 200 mug per milliliter, which is approximately equimolecular to 1 mg. per milliliter of morphine sulfate, caused a profound depression in contractile performance. In the presence of a beta-blocking agent and in reserpine-pretreated muscles, low concentrations of ketamine, which had only a positive inotropic action in the normal muscles, now caused depression of contractile performance. The positive inotropic action of ketamine is thus indirect and mediated via adrenergic influences. At each concentration studied the direct inotropic action of ketamine was exclusively negative. Because of this bimodal inotropic action seen when adrenergic mechanisms are intact, we conclude that caution must be exercised when ketamine is given to patients previously treated or still under the influence of drugs having adrenolytic properties. Caution is also necessary when ketamine is used in patients having diminished cardiac adrenergic reserves as in congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Comparison of the inotropic action of morphine and ketamine studied in canine cardiac muscle. This study compares the inotropic action of morphine sulfate and ketamine hydrochloride on isolated canine right ventricular trabeculae. The heart was removed from 19 mongrel puppies weighing 5 to 9 kilograms and placed in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. The bathing solution contained 1.3 mM. of Ca2+ and was bubbled with a gas mixture of 95 per cent oxygen and 5 per cent carbon dioxide. At Lmax (i.e., the peak of isometric force-length curve) morphine even in large concentrations (up to 1 mg. per milliter) produced no significant direct inotropic effect. At the lower concentrations tested there was a minor but not significant increase in contractile performance, whereas at the highest concentration used there was a minor but not significant depression in contractility. In these same muscles lower concentrations of ketamine had a significant positive inotropic action, but a concentration of 200 mug per milliliter, which is approximately equimolecular to 1 mg. per milliliter of morphine sulfate, caused a profound depression in contractile performance. In the presence of a beta-blocking agent and in reserpine-pretreated muscles, low concentrations of ketamine, which had only a positive inotropic action in the normal muscles, now caused depression of contractile performance. The positive inotropic action of ketamine is thus indirect and mediated via adrenergic influences. At each concentration studied the direct inotropic action of ketamine was exclusively negative. Because of this bimodal inotropic action seen when adrenergic mechanisms are intact, we conclude that caution must be exercised when ketamine is given to patients previously treated or still under the influence of drugs having adrenolytic properties. Caution is also necessary when ketamine is used in patients having diminished cardiac adrenergic reserves as in congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:933550", "title": "Human skin burns induced by defibrillator default current.", "content": "The attachment of various types of electronic instrumentation to a patient can lead to hazardous interactions. Component malfunction in a single piece of equipment connected to a patient may be totally innocuous. However, the same fault occurring in an identical piece of equipment functioning as one component in a network of monitoring and electrosurgical equipment can result in severe burns or even electrocution. This paper describes interaction between a defective defibrillator paddle and an electrosurgical unit. Burns and ventricular fibrillation resulting from this malfunction and interaction are described in detail and the electrical circuits are analyzed.", "contents": "Human skin burns induced by defibrillator default current. The attachment of various types of electronic instrumentation to a patient can lead to hazardous interactions. Component malfunction in a single piece of equipment connected to a patient may be totally innocuous. However, the same fault occurring in an identical piece of equipment functioning as one component in a network of monitoring and electrosurgical equipment can result in severe burns or even electrocution. This paper describes interaction between a defective defibrillator paddle and an electrosurgical unit. Burns and ventricular fibrillation resulting from this malfunction and interaction are described in detail and the electrical circuits are analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:933551", "title": "Successful total repair of complicated cardiac anomalies with asplenia syndrome.", "content": "A one-stage total repair was successfully accomplished in a Japanese girl, 7 years, 8 months old, who had asplenia syndrome with vixceral heterotaxia, isolated levocardia, and complicated cardiovascular anomalies; double-outlet right ventricle with d-malposition of the great arteries (anterior aorta, posterior pulmonary trunk), complete form of endocardial cushion defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, pulmonary stenosis, sinus venosus type of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, bilateral superior venae cavae, and inferior vena cava draining into the left-sided atrium. A routine cardiopulmonary bypass, consisting of ligations of the patent ductus arteriosus and right superior vena cava, was followed by direct and patch closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects. An internal conduit was inserted to drain the systemic venous blood from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Thus a total repair is physiologically possible in such complicated cardiovascular anomalies with an asplenia syndrome. One year after this operation the child is well and attends school daily.", "contents": "Successful total repair of complicated cardiac anomalies with asplenia syndrome. A one-stage total repair was successfully accomplished in a Japanese girl, 7 years, 8 months old, who had asplenia syndrome with vixceral heterotaxia, isolated levocardia, and complicated cardiovascular anomalies; double-outlet right ventricle with d-malposition of the great arteries (anterior aorta, posterior pulmonary trunk), complete form of endocardial cushion defect, total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, pulmonary stenosis, sinus venosus type of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, bilateral superior venae cavae, and inferior vena cava draining into the left-sided atrium. A routine cardiopulmonary bypass, consisting of ligations of the patent ductus arteriosus and right superior vena cava, was followed by direct and patch closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects. An internal conduit was inserted to drain the systemic venous blood from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Thus a total repair is physiologically possible in such complicated cardiovascular anomalies with an asplenia syndrome. One year after this operation the child is well and attends school daily."}
{"id": "PMID:933552", "title": "Delayed timing of heart and arterial sounds in patients with implanted pacemakers.", "content": "We have recorded the timing of the heart sounds and the arterial sounds with reference to the onset of each cardiac cycle in 16 patients before and after implantation of a pacemaker prosthesis, and in an additional 18 patients after pacemaker implantation only. The interval between the QRS complex and the Korotkoff sound at diastolic pressure (QKd) is markedly prolonged, from 206 to 294 msec., a change corresponding to 10 standard errors of the mean difference. Likewise, the Q-Korotkoff interval at systolic pressure (QKs) is prolonged from 329 to 414 msec. The interval between the QRS complex and the onset of the first sound (S1) is prolonged by approximately 90 msec., whereas the interval between the QRS and the second heart sound (S2) is prolonged by 70 msec. We noted an associated increase in heart rate, a slight decrease in systolic pressure, an increase in diastolic pressure, a decrease in pulse pressure, and a slight decrease in the  deltaP/deltat at the brachial artery measured indirectly and noninvasively.", "contents": "Delayed timing of heart and arterial sounds in patients with implanted pacemakers. We have recorded the timing of the heart sounds and the arterial sounds with reference to the onset of each cardiac cycle in 16 patients before and after implantation of a pacemaker prosthesis, and in an additional 18 patients after pacemaker implantation only. The interval between the QRS complex and the Korotkoff sound at diastolic pressure (QKd) is markedly prolonged, from 206 to 294 msec., a change corresponding to 10 standard errors of the mean difference. Likewise, the Q-Korotkoff interval at systolic pressure (QKs) is prolonged from 329 to 414 msec. The interval between the QRS complex and the onset of the first sound (S1) is prolonged by approximately 90 msec., whereas the interval between the QRS and the second heart sound (S2) is prolonged by 70 msec. We noted an associated increase in heart rate, a slight decrease in systolic pressure, an increase in diastolic pressure, a decrease in pulse pressure, and a slight decrease in the  deltaP/deltat at the brachial artery measured indirectly and noninvasively."}
{"id": "PMID:933553", "title": "Persistence of biologic activity after disappearance of propranolol from the serum.", "content": "In order to evaluate the duration of the biologic effects of propranolol after the drug was discontinued, we evaluated a variety of noninvasively determined hemodynamic parameters. Significant depression was found in the heart rate (18 per cent), cardiac output (13 per cent) (determined echocardiographically), and the triple product of blood pressure, heart rate, and systolic ejection time (16 per per cent) during administration or propranolol (200 mg. per day) to 9 normal volunteers. Significant depression of these parameters was present 12 hours after discontinuing the drug. By 12 hours, serum propranolol levels had returned 90 per cent toward their base line; however, at the same time, the heart rate and cardiac output had returned only 19.4 and 14.3 per cent toward their base-line values, and the triple product had returned 41 per cent toward its baseline. By 36 hours no biologic effect was seen. Thus if propranolol were discontinued 2 days prior to cardiac surgery, no significant biologic effect would remain to complicate the patient's postoperative course.", "contents": "Persistence of biologic activity after disappearance of propranolol from the serum. In order to evaluate the duration of the biologic effects of propranolol after the drug was discontinued, we evaluated a variety of noninvasively determined hemodynamic parameters. Significant depression was found in the heart rate (18 per cent), cardiac output (13 per cent) (determined echocardiographically), and the triple product of blood pressure, heart rate, and systolic ejection time (16 per per cent) during administration or propranolol (200 mg. per day) to 9 normal volunteers. Significant depression of these parameters was present 12 hours after discontinuing the drug. By 12 hours, serum propranolol levels had returned 90 per cent toward their base line; however, at the same time, the heart rate and cardiac output had returned only 19.4 and 14.3 per cent toward their base-line values, and the triple product had returned 41 per cent toward its baseline. By 36 hours no biologic effect was seen. Thus if propranolol were discontinued 2 days prior to cardiac surgery, no significant biologic effect would remain to complicate the patient's postoperative course."}
{"id": "PMID:933554", "title": "Left ventricular and biventricular extracardiac conduits.", "content": "The insertion of an extracardiac conduit from the right ventricle has gained extensive success during the past decade. This report concerns the application of such a conduit from the left ventricle. Its use in four types of anomalies is described: (1) left ventricular outflow hypoplasia, (2) transposition of the great arteries with ventricular inversion and associated pulmonary stenosis, (3) complex anomalies involving double-outlet right ventricle wherein construction of an intracardiac tunnel is not feasible, and (4) transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and severe pulmonary stenosis. The correction of the last two mentioned anomalies involves the insertion of two parallel conduits, one from each ventricle to its appropriate great artery. The transposition anomaly may alternatively be corrected by combined Mustard repair and a left ventricle-to-pulmonary artery extracardiac conduit.", "contents": "Left ventricular and biventricular extracardiac conduits. The insertion of an extracardiac conduit from the right ventricle has gained extensive success during the past decade. This report concerns the application of such a conduit from the left ventricle. Its use in four types of anomalies is described: (1) left ventricular outflow hypoplasia, (2) transposition of the great arteries with ventricular inversion and associated pulmonary stenosis, (3) complex anomalies involving double-outlet right ventricle wherein construction of an intracardiac tunnel is not feasible, and (4) transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and severe pulmonary stenosis. The correction of the last two mentioned anomalies involves the insertion of two parallel conduits, one from each ventricle to its appropriate great artery. The transposition anomaly may alternatively be corrected by combined Mustard repair and a left ventricle-to-pulmonary artery extracardiac conduit."}
{"id": "PMID:933555", "title": "Postperfusion coronary ostial stenosis: incidence and significance.", "content": "In a study of 117 consecutive aortic valve replacements in which selective coronary perfusion was routinely employed, four patients developed coronary ostial stenosis (3.5 per cent). Continuous selective coronary perfusion was performed by use of Mayo balloon catheters with individual measuring of pressure and flow. All 4 patients developed progressive symptoms of angina pectoris within 6 months of the original operation, after uneventful recoveries. All 4 were found to have lesions in the left main coronary ostium and required a coronary bypass. Two made uneventful recoveries and are presently asymptomatic, whereas 2 died in the immediate postoperative period. The literature indicates that the reported incidence of this complication varies from 1 to 5 per cent. Furthermore, the mortality rate for reoperation in these patients is higher than that for those undergoing uncomplicated coronary bypass without an antecedent procedure. Our experience confirms the lethal nature of this complication and the necessity for reoperation once the diagnosis is established. The development of these dangerous lesions must be taken into account in the prevailing controversy between the most effective methods of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement.", "contents": "Postperfusion coronary ostial stenosis: incidence and significance. In a study of 117 consecutive aortic valve replacements in which selective coronary perfusion was routinely employed, four patients developed coronary ostial stenosis (3.5 per cent). Continuous selective coronary perfusion was performed by use of Mayo balloon catheters with individual measuring of pressure and flow. All 4 patients developed progressive symptoms of angina pectoris within 6 months of the original operation, after uneventful recoveries. All 4 were found to have lesions in the left main coronary ostium and required a coronary bypass. Two made uneventful recoveries and are presently asymptomatic, whereas 2 died in the immediate postoperative period. The literature indicates that the reported incidence of this complication varies from 1 to 5 per cent. Furthermore, the mortality rate for reoperation in these patients is higher than that for those undergoing uncomplicated coronary bypass without an antecedent procedure. Our experience confirms the lethal nature of this complication and the necessity for reoperation once the diagnosis is established. The development of these dangerous lesions must be taken into account in the prevailing controversy between the most effective methods of myocardial protection during aortic valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:933556", "title": "Program for managing chronic pain. I. Program description and characteristics of patients.", "content": "A program for the management of patients with treatment-resistant pain involves behavior modification, physical treatment, medication management, and counseling. The first 50 patients were characterized by pain of many years' duration, multiple operations, treatment failures, prolonged disability, compensation factors, and dependency on medication. In addition, they demonstrated loss of intellectual efficiency and were more psychologically deviant than the general medical population. Management problems were encountered in the following areas: patient acceptance, drug seeking, complicating psychopathology, complicating physical disorders, group dynamics, family reactions, and staff morale. Fifty-four percent of patients achieved moderate to marked improvement.", "contents": "Program for managing chronic pain. I. Program description and characteristics of patients. A program for the management of patients with treatment-resistant pain involves behavior modification, physical treatment, medication management, and counseling. The first 50 patients were characterized by pain of many years' duration, multiple operations, treatment failures, prolonged disability, compensation factors, and dependency on medication. In addition, they demonstrated loss of intellectual efficiency and were more psychologically deviant than the general medical population. Management problems were encountered in the following areas: patient acceptance, drug seeking, complicating psychopathology, complicating physical disorders, group dynamics, family reactions, and staff morale. Fifty-four percent of patients achieved moderate to marked improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:933557", "title": "Suprasellar extension of tumor associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid activity of growth hormone.", "content": "The diagnosis of hormonally active acromegaly has been aided by the radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone (hGH). We report a case in which baseline plasma hGH levels were elevated minimally and partial suppression during the glucose tolerance test occurred. Subsequent hGH assay of the cerebrospinal fluid, however, confirmed active acromegaly and correctly predicted suprasellar extension of the tumor.", "contents": "Suprasellar extension of tumor associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid activity of growth hormone. The diagnosis of hormonally active acromegaly has been aided by the radioimmunoassay for human growth hormone (hGH). We report a case in which baseline plasma hGH levels were elevated minimally and partial suppression during the glucose tolerance test occurred. Subsequent hGH assay of the cerebrospinal fluid, however, confirmed active acromegaly and correctly predicted suprasellar extension of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:933558", "title": "A volume-displacement plethysmograph to measure limb blood flow in the newborn infant.", "content": "An instrument is described that measures limb blood flow in newborn infants by venous occlusion plethysmography. The plethysmograph is filled with air and a pneumotachygraph measures the volume displaced during venous occlusion. The response of the system is linear for flows over the range 1 to 100 ml/min and the frequency response to a square wave pressure change is 22 Hz with a 95% response time of 0.5 second. The average flow in the forearm of 10 normal newborn infants was 5.9 ml/min per 100 ml of tissue.", "contents": "A volume-displacement plethysmograph to measure limb blood flow in the newborn infant. An instrument is described that measures limb blood flow in newborn infants by venous occlusion plethysmography. The plethysmograph is filled with air and a pneumotachygraph measures the volume displaced during venous occlusion. The response of the system is linear for flows over the range 1 to 100 ml/min and the frequency response to a square wave pressure change is 22 Hz with a 95% response time of 0.5 second. The average flow in the forearm of 10 normal newborn infants was 5.9 ml/min per 100 ml of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:933559", "title": "The primary surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast: a changing trend toward modified radical mastectomy.", "content": "To study the effectiveness of a trend at the Mayo Clinic toward modifying the standard radical mastectomy, the 5-year survival of 873 women treated surgically for breast cancer from 1965 through 1968 was evaluated. The observed survival of 534 patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy was 85% when nodes were negative and 56% when nodes were positive. For 339 patients treated by the modified radical mastectomy, the observed survival was 80% and 48% when axillary nodes were negative and positive, respectively. In order to accomplish a more significant analysis of cancer risk and results of the two operative procedures, a relatively homogeneous group of 541 patients was established from the total group. In this homogeneous group, the observed survival of 336 patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy was 86% when nodes were negative and 66% when nodes were positive. For 205 patients treated by the modified radical mastectomy, the observed survival was 84% and 66% when axillary nodes were negative and positive, respectively. When patients were further analyzed and compared according to the extent of axillary-node involvement, age at the time of treatment, grade, size, location, and histopathologic type of tumor, and the use of postoperative irradiation, survival was essentially the same, irrespective of the type of mastectomy performed.", "contents": "The primary surgical treatment of carcinoma of the breast: a changing trend toward modified radical mastectomy. To study the effectiveness of a trend at the Mayo Clinic toward modifying the standard radical mastectomy, the 5-year survival of 873 women treated surgically for breast cancer from 1965 through 1968 was evaluated. The observed survival of 534 patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy was 85% when nodes were negative and 56% when nodes were positive. For 339 patients treated by the modified radical mastectomy, the observed survival was 80% and 48% when axillary nodes were negative and positive, respectively. In order to accomplish a more significant analysis of cancer risk and results of the two operative procedures, a relatively homogeneous group of 541 patients was established from the total group. In this homogeneous group, the observed survival of 336 patients treated by the standard radical mastectomy was 86% when nodes were negative and 66% when nodes were positive. For 205 patients treated by the modified radical mastectomy, the observed survival was 84% and 66% when axillary nodes were negative and positive, respectively. When patients were further analyzed and compared according to the extent of axillary-node involvement, age at the time of treatment, grade, size, location, and histopathologic type of tumor, and the use of postoperative irradiation, survival was essentially the same, irrespective of the type of mastectomy performed."}
{"id": "PMID:933560", "title": "Patho-physiologic findings after chronic tryptophan deficiency in rats: a model for delayed growth and aging.", "content": "Long-Evans female rats three weeks, three months and 13-14 months of age were placed on tryptophan-deficient diets for periods ranging from a few months to nearly two years. Growth was interupted during the period of tryptophan-deficiency, but when the animals were returned to a complete diet, they gained weight and grew to normal size. Ability to reproduce, as indicated by litter production, was present at 17-28 months of age in rats which had been deprived of tryptophan, whereas no controls over 17 months of age produced any offspring. Other signs of delayed aging in the experimental group included, at advanced ages, greater longevity, as well as later onset in the appearance of obvious tumors, and better coat condition and hair regrowth. Many of these effects were also seen in pair-fed controls (fed a diet equal in amount to that eaten by the tryptophan-deprived rats, but with 1-tryptophan added). It is hypothesized that tryptophan deficiency delays growth, development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), in particular, by decreasing the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, for which tryptophan is the necessary precursor. In a parallel experiment, chronic treatment with d, 1-parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of brain serotonin synthesis, from weaning until adulthood, also inhibited growth (body weight) and delayed sexual maturation (age of vaginal opening). These observations suggest that diets deficient in tryptophan or restricted in calories can affect maturation and aging by interfering with CNS protein synthesis, or neurotransmitter metabolism, or both.", "contents": "Patho-physiologic findings after chronic tryptophan deficiency in rats: a model for delayed growth and aging. Long-Evans female rats three weeks, three months and 13-14 months of age were placed on tryptophan-deficient diets for periods ranging from a few months to nearly two years. Growth was interupted during the period of tryptophan-deficiency, but when the animals were returned to a complete diet, they gained weight and grew to normal size. Ability to reproduce, as indicated by litter production, was present at 17-28 months of age in rats which had been deprived of tryptophan, whereas no controls over 17 months of age produced any offspring. Other signs of delayed aging in the experimental group included, at advanced ages, greater longevity, as well as later onset in the appearance of obvious tumors, and better coat condition and hair regrowth. Many of these effects were also seen in pair-fed controls (fed a diet equal in amount to that eaten by the tryptophan-deprived rats, but with 1-tryptophan added). It is hypothesized that tryptophan deficiency delays growth, development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), in particular, by decreasing the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, for which tryptophan is the necessary precursor. In a parallel experiment, chronic treatment with d, 1-parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of brain serotonin synthesis, from weaning until adulthood, also inhibited growth (body weight) and delayed sexual maturation (age of vaginal opening). These observations suggest that diets deficient in tryptophan or restricted in calories can affect maturation and aging by interfering with CNS protein synthesis, or neurotransmitter metabolism, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:933561", "title": "Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurella. I. Alterations in the cytoplasm.", "content": "Electron microscopical examination of aging P. aurelia revealed that definitive changes occur in the cytoplasm of old cells. There was an increase in the number of mitochondria and lysosomal bodies as well as the appearance of large dense bodies and autophagous vacuoles. The mitochondria were altered morphologically and many appeared to be coalesced with lysosome-like bodies and were also observed to be degenerating within autophagous vacuoles. The large dense bodies were considered to be similar to the lipofuscin or age pigments reported in other aging cells. The relationship of the large dense bodies to the lipofuscin pigments and their probable origin are discussed as is the involvement of the cytoplasm in the aging death process in P. aurelia.", "contents": "Morphological changes in aging cell lines of Paramecium aurella. I. Alterations in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopical examination of aging P. aurelia revealed that definitive changes occur in the cytoplasm of old cells. There was an increase in the number of mitochondria and lysosomal bodies as well as the appearance of large dense bodies and autophagous vacuoles. The mitochondria were altered morphologically and many appeared to be coalesced with lysosome-like bodies and were also observed to be degenerating within autophagous vacuoles. The large dense bodies were considered to be similar to the lipofuscin or age pigments reported in other aging cells. The relationship of the large dense bodies to the lipofuscin pigments and their probable origin are discussed as is the involvement of the cytoplasm in the aging death process in P. aurelia."}
{"id": "PMID:933562", "title": "Ovarian development in athymic nude mice. IV. The effect of PMSG and oestradiol on the growth of the oocyte and follicle.", "content": "Retarded follicular and oocyte nucleolar growth rates in ovaries of 1 month old congenitally athymic nude mice are restored by pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). By contrast oestradiol-17beta depresses follicular growth rate in phenotypically normal (control) mice to levels found in nude littermates. Paradoxically, oestradiol-17beta stimulates nucleolar growth rate in control mice, but not nudes, to levels found in PMSG treated groups. These results are discussed in relation to the position of the thymus gland in the pituitary/ovarian axis and the mode of action gonadotrophin upon oocyte and follicular growth in the pre-puberal mouse ovary.", "contents": "Ovarian development in athymic nude mice. IV. The effect of PMSG and oestradiol on the growth of the oocyte and follicle. Retarded follicular and oocyte nucleolar growth rates in ovaries of 1 month old congenitally athymic nude mice are restored by pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). By contrast oestradiol-17beta depresses follicular growth rate in phenotypically normal (control) mice to levels found in nude littermates. Paradoxically, oestradiol-17beta stimulates nucleolar growth rate in control mice, but not nudes, to levels found in PMSG treated groups. These results are discussed in relation to the position of the thymus gland in the pituitary/ovarian axis and the mode of action gonadotrophin upon oocyte and follicular growth in the pre-puberal mouse ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:933573", "title": "13. Studies in rating the physical, mental, and social dysfunction of the chronically ill aged.", "content": "It is difficult to separate what might be considered the normal from the dysfunctional aspects of aging in the physical, mental, and social areas, and wide variation occurs in the way persons age, with and without chronic illness. One cannot, and would not want to, disentangle these interrelated areas, but they are often measured as if they were independent of each other. Any assessment of the total functioning of an individual must take into account the subject's own perception of his health or functional status which, in addition to the cultural influences and feedback from the environment, interact to produce total adjustment. There is some indication that self-assessments of health may be a reliable predictor of more detailed functional assessments. Lastly, there is a plea for the study of a multidimensional approach including objective and subjective physical, mental, and social measurements related to patient outcome. With currently available statistical methods, it may be possible to reduce the number of variables needed for assessment of the total person to a few that uniquely describe overall status.", "contents": "13. Studies in rating the physical, mental, and social dysfunction of the chronically ill aged. It is difficult to separate what might be considered the normal from the dysfunctional aspects of aging in the physical, mental, and social areas, and wide variation occurs in the way persons age, with and without chronic illness. One cannot, and would not want to, disentangle these interrelated areas, but they are often measured as if they were independent of each other. Any assessment of the total functioning of an individual must take into account the subject's own perception of his health or functional status which, in addition to the cultural influences and feedback from the environment, interact to produce total adjustment. There is some indication that self-assessments of health may be a reliable predictor of more detailed functional assessments. Lastly, there is a plea for the study of a multidimensional approach including objective and subjective physical, mental, and social measurements related to patient outcome. With currently available statistical methods, it may be possible to reduce the number of variables needed for assessment of the total person to a few that uniquely describe overall status."}
{"id": "PMID:933574", "title": "16. Recent studies using a global approach to measuring illness.", "content": "Global measures of illness are designed to measure the performance of a health service as a whole and the contribution of its various components. Such measures convert data about the outcome of medical care into information for use in planning at all administrative levels including the highest levels of government. This is achieved by means of a classification of states of illness applicable to all patients, whatever their diagnosis and symptoms, and of a scale which places valuations as perceived by society on the defined states. The valuations of changes in the states of individuals during treatment or over a period of time can then be summed for heterogeneous populations. By adjusting the valuations of future changes for time preferences it may be possible to take into account prognosis, and by placing a valuation on death, mortality and morbidity data can be combined. The properties appropriate to the classification and scale are defined and problems encountered in their derivation are discussed. Examples are presented of the application of one global measure to a group of medical specialists and to population data for the United Kingdom.", "contents": "16. Recent studies using a global approach to measuring illness. Global measures of illness are designed to measure the performance of a health service as a whole and the contribution of its various components. Such measures convert data about the outcome of medical care into information for use in planning at all administrative levels including the highest levels of government. This is achieved by means of a classification of states of illness applicable to all patients, whatever their diagnosis and symptoms, and of a scale which places valuations as perceived by society on the defined states. The valuations of changes in the states of individuals during treatment or over a period of time can then be summed for heterogeneous populations. By adjusting the valuations of future changes for time preferences it may be possible to take into account prognosis, and by placing a valuation on death, mortality and morbidity data can be combined. The properties appropriate to the classification and scale are defined and problems encountered in their derivation are discussed. Examples are presented of the application of one global measure to a group of medical specialists and to population data for the United Kingdom."}
{"id": "PMID:933575", "title": "28. The nursing home project of the Iowa Health Services Data System.", "content": "The long-term care project of the Iowa Hospital Association has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of a multipurpose data system for nursing homes and related institutions. Important features of the Iowa system are emphasis on the needs and constraints of those providing care and collecting the data; prior establishment of specific criteria for the content of the system; the use of three related forms (admission, evaluation, and discharge) to produce current reports; and ease, flexibility, and transferability. A significant byproduct of the demonstration project was improved record keeping and patient care planning by the 14 participating facilities. Major problems encountered were lack of experience on the part of nursing homes and external regulatory agencies in defining their data needs and using data effectively, and financial support. Contribution to cost by external agencies in return for data and a major commitment to educational programs, both initial and continuing, are seen as essential to the success of long-term care data systems.", "contents": "28. The nursing home project of the Iowa Health Services Data System. The long-term care project of the Iowa Hospital Association has demonstrated the feasibility and utility of a multipurpose data system for nursing homes and related institutions. Important features of the Iowa system are emphasis on the needs and constraints of those providing care and collecting the data; prior establishment of specific criteria for the content of the system; the use of three related forms (admission, evaluation, and discharge) to produce current reports; and ease, flexibility, and transferability. A significant byproduct of the demonstration project was improved record keeping and patient care planning by the 14 participating facilities. Major problems encountered were lack of experience on the part of nursing homes and external regulatory agencies in defining their data needs and using data effectively, and financial support. Contribution to cost by external agencies in return for data and a major commitment to educational programs, both initial and continuing, are seen as essential to the success of long-term care data systems."}
{"id": "PMID:933576", "title": "29. The Multi-State Information System for Psychiatric patients.", "content": "The Multi-State Information System for Psychiatric Patients (MSIS) is a computer based, clinical and administrative management information system used by numerous mental health programs and facilities for patient and program management. Structured forms are used for the collection of core information on patients, on services rendered, on affiliated agencies, and on fiscal and administrative processes. A variety of output reports and general retrieval techniques are being used to help administer and evaluate patient care programs, monitor clinical and program management functions, refer clients to other service agencies, and review individual cases, as well as for administrative functions such as cost finding, rate setting, billing, and inventory control. MSIS is currently field testing an automated problem-oriented psychiatric record, and a goal-oriented record to be used with the mentally retarded is under development.", "contents": "29. The Multi-State Information System for Psychiatric patients. The Multi-State Information System for Psychiatric Patients (MSIS) is a computer based, clinical and administrative management information system used by numerous mental health programs and facilities for patient and program management. Structured forms are used for the collection of core information on patients, on services rendered, on affiliated agencies, and on fiscal and administrative processes. A variety of output reports and general retrieval techniques are being used to help administer and evaluate patient care programs, monitor clinical and program management functions, refer clients to other service agencies, and review individual cases, as well as for administrative functions such as cost finding, rate setting, billing, and inventory control. MSIS is currently field testing an automated problem-oriented psychiatric record, and a goal-oriented record to be used with the mentally retarded is under development."}
{"id": "PMID:933577", "title": "Policies to influence the spatial distribution of physicians: a conceptual review of selected programs and empirical evidence.", "content": "To increase the usefulness of existing physician location literature for policy evaluation, literature is grouped into intraurban and urban-rural studies. A conceptual overview of physician location literature is presented. Consensus results, if any, are discussed. A list of hypotheses suggested by the literature is then utilized in a discussion of economic social, prior exposure, and professional development incentives embodied in selected public and private sector programs. Programs are evaluated by type of incentive mechanism and geographic target area to determine if present program structures are based on a solid empirical foundation. This assessment indicates that, in general, use of prevalent location incentive mechanisms is not justified by a consensus of empirical evidence.", "contents": "Policies to influence the spatial distribution of physicians: a conceptual review of selected programs and empirical evidence. To increase the usefulness of existing physician location literature for policy evaluation, literature is grouped into intraurban and urban-rural studies. A conceptual overview of physician location literature is presented. Consensus results, if any, are discussed. A list of hypotheses suggested by the literature is then utilized in a discussion of economic social, prior exposure, and professional development incentives embodied in selected public and private sector programs. Programs are evaluated by type of incentive mechanism and geographic target area to determine if present program structures are based on a solid empirical foundation. This assessment indicates that, in general, use of prevalent location incentive mechanisms is not justified by a consensus of empirical evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:933578", "title": "Distribution of private practice offices of physicians with specified characteristics among urban neighborhoods.", "content": "The office location of New York County physicians in private practice is determined for a verified subpopulation of the \"Medical Directory of New York State\" listing for the year 1970-71. Physicians are categorized by specialty status, medical schools attended, dates of graduation, and hospital affiliations. Multiple regression analysis is performed to relate numbers of physicians per Health Area (average population: 20,000) to demographic, economic, and medical care characteristics of the areas. There is considerable unevenness in the number of private physician offices among Health Areas (mean, 66; standard deviation, 173; range, 1 to 1,043). Multiple regression analysis shows a strong, positive association between practice location and median area income. The influence of population size on practice location is also found to be significant for many categories of physicians but less strong than that of income. Other independent variables are found to have a weaker to nonsignificant impact on practice location. Disaggregation of physicians into specified categories reveals differences in elasticity of location estimates that would have gone undetected had only the aggregated physician population been investigated. Itis concluded that policy decisions concerning physician distribution should be made on the basis of data on smaller areas than has been done in the past, and on specified categories of physicians rather than on aggregates.", "contents": "Distribution of private practice offices of physicians with specified characteristics among urban neighborhoods. The office location of New York County physicians in private practice is determined for a verified subpopulation of the \"Medical Directory of New York State\" listing for the year 1970-71. Physicians are categorized by specialty status, medical schools attended, dates of graduation, and hospital affiliations. Multiple regression analysis is performed to relate numbers of physicians per Health Area (average population: 20,000) to demographic, economic, and medical care characteristics of the areas. There is considerable unevenness in the number of private physician offices among Health Areas (mean, 66; standard deviation, 173; range, 1 to 1,043). Multiple regression analysis shows a strong, positive association between practice location and median area income. The influence of population size on practice location is also found to be significant for many categories of physicians but less strong than that of income. Other independent variables are found to have a weaker to nonsignificant impact on practice location. Disaggregation of physicians into specified categories reveals differences in elasticity of location estimates that would have gone undetected had only the aggregated physician population been investigated. Itis concluded that policy decisions concerning physician distribution should be made on the basis of data on smaller areas than has been done in the past, and on specified categories of physicians rather than on aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:933579", "title": "United States foreign medical graduates in Connecticut: how they compare with foreign medical graduates.", "content": "This study contrasts the graduate training and subsequent careers of a cohort of United States-born foreign medical graduates (USFMGs) and foreign medical graduates (FMGs) who were in training positions in Connecticut in 1964 and who were located in 1971. The data suggest that although USFMGs were foreign-educated, they had certain advantages--both cultural and administrative--in hospital training positions which helped them to pursue different career alternatives than FMGs. However, the data further suggest that they retained characteristics of their foreign training which continued to differentiate them from United States medical graduates (USMGs).", "contents": "United States foreign medical graduates in Connecticut: how they compare with foreign medical graduates. This study contrasts the graduate training and subsequent careers of a cohort of United States-born foreign medical graduates (USFMGs) and foreign medical graduates (FMGs) who were in training positions in Connecticut in 1964 and who were located in 1971. The data suggest that although USFMGs were foreign-educated, they had certain advantages--both cultural and administrative--in hospital training positions which helped them to pursue different career alternatives than FMGs. However, the data further suggest that they retained characteristics of their foreign training which continued to differentiate them from United States medical graduates (USMGs)."}
{"id": "PMID:933580", "title": "Physician migration to the U.S.--foreign aid for U.S. manpower.", "content": "Data were obtained from the American Medical Association on Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S., and from the Iranian Medical Registry on U.S.-trained Iranian physicians who have returned to practice in Iran. There were 2,066 Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S. in 1972, 1,234 (60%) of whom were not undergoing any training. Only 600 of Iran's 9,535 physicians in 1972 had been trained in the United States. Thus, less than one-third of the specialists who have completed training in the U.S. have returned to practice in Iran. The specialist group with the highest rate of return is the combined surgery subspecialties (neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery). The specialist groups with the lowest rates of return were pathology, anesthesiology, and psychiatry. A comparison is made of the manpower problems Iran faces and the American problems in the area of physician manpower.", "contents": "Physician migration to the U.S.--foreign aid for U.S. manpower. Data were obtained from the American Medical Association on Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S., and from the Iranian Medical Registry on U.S.-trained Iranian physicians who have returned to practice in Iran. There were 2,066 Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S. in 1972, 1,234 (60%) of whom were not undergoing any training. Only 600 of Iran's 9,535 physicians in 1972 had been trained in the United States. Thus, less than one-third of the specialists who have completed training in the U.S. have returned to practice in Iran. The specialist group with the highest rate of return is the combined surgery subspecialties (neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery). The specialist groups with the lowest rates of return were pathology, anesthesiology, and psychiatry. A comparison is made of the manpower problems Iran faces and the American problems in the area of physician manpower."}
{"id": "PMID:933581", "title": "Unaccepted applicants to medical school as a health resource.", "content": "The career decisions of national samples of male and female unaccepted applicants to the 1971-72 entering U.S. medical school class are studied in order to determine whether the increasing number of unaccepted applicants is a potential manpower pool for alternative health occupations. The dominant response to rejection among respondents is reapplication to medical school in subsequent years, and the principal determinant of reapplication is receiving postrejection support (usually from family or friends) of the original career intentions. Most of the respondents who do not gain admittance to medical school on reapplications still aspire to doctoral-level degrees, but only half remain in the health area. Those respondents who had formulated contingency career plans in the professions and who had high science aptitude but low math aptitude tended to remain in the health area. A service orientation toward occupations is not associated with remaining in the health area.", "contents": "Unaccepted applicants to medical school as a health resource. The career decisions of national samples of male and female unaccepted applicants to the 1971-72 entering U.S. medical school class are studied in order to determine whether the increasing number of unaccepted applicants is a potential manpower pool for alternative health occupations. The dominant response to rejection among respondents is reapplication to medical school in subsequent years, and the principal determinant of reapplication is receiving postrejection support (usually from family or friends) of the original career intentions. Most of the respondents who do not gain admittance to medical school on reapplications still aspire to doctoral-level degrees, but only half remain in the health area. Those respondents who had formulated contingency career plans in the professions and who had high science aptitude but low math aptitude tended to remain in the health area. A service orientation toward occupations is not associated with remaining in the health area."}
{"id": "PMID:933582", "title": "Socioeconomic factors and maternal and child health care.", "content": "A sample of mothers was interviewed between 12 and 18 months after delivery of a liveborn infant. Data were gathered concerning planned parenthood, prenatal care, the child's care in the first year of life, and socioeconomic factors. Among socioeconomic variables, maternal education was found to be the single best parameter in terms of detecting differences within the sample with regard to levels of birth control, prenatal care, and child care.", "contents": "Socioeconomic factors and maternal and child health care. A sample of mothers was interviewed between 12 and 18 months after delivery of a liveborn infant. Data were gathered concerning planned parenthood, prenatal care, the child's care in the first year of life, and socioeconomic factors. Among socioeconomic variables, maternal education was found to be the single best parameter in terms of detecting differences within the sample with regard to levels of birth control, prenatal care, and child care."}
{"id": "PMID:933651", "title": "Clinical experiences in hyoid arch transposition.", "content": "Autogenous hyoid bone grafts for the repair of subglottic stenosis have been used successfully in canine experiments. This technique was subsequently modified for human use, and the experience in six patients over the past year at Washington University is reported. In five of the six patients, satisfactory results were obtained. Several case reports are included, and the surgical procedure is described in detail.", "contents": "Clinical experiences in hyoid arch transposition. Autogenous hyoid bone grafts for the repair of subglottic stenosis have been used successfully in canine experiments. This technique was subsequently modified for human use, and the experience in six patients over the past year at Washington University is reported. In five of the six patients, satisfactory results were obtained. Several case reports are included, and the surgical procedure is described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:933652", "title": "Vocal cord injection in the treatment of acute and chronic aspiration.", "content": "The problem of maintenance of proper tracheobronchial toilet is frequently a determining factor in the morbidity and mortality of patients with vocal cord paralysis. Aspiration from an incompetent glottis can cause pneumonitis and its attendant complications. Standard management of tracheobronchial toilet in patients with vocal cord paralysis has involved direct or indirect suctioning of the trachea; however, only the symptoms and not the anatomic defect are treated by these measures. Largely due to the work of Arnold and Lewy, the technique of vocal cord injection has been advocated as a method of correcting the anatomic deficiencies in patients with vocal cord paralysis, and has been advocated in the past to prevent recurrent and chronic aspiration. This study has shown that vocal cord injection increases the ability to maintain maximum peak intraluminal air pressures following injection. It has also shown that there is an increased ability to maintain air flow by glottic closure following injection. Eleven patients were studied, each of whom has been evaluated separately in this paper. The use of vocal cord injection should be more widely used by otolaryngologists and chest disease specialists for treatment of physiologic problems as well as correcting vocal disturbances.", "contents": "Vocal cord injection in the treatment of acute and chronic aspiration. The problem of maintenance of proper tracheobronchial toilet is frequently a determining factor in the morbidity and mortality of patients with vocal cord paralysis. Aspiration from an incompetent glottis can cause pneumonitis and its attendant complications. Standard management of tracheobronchial toilet in patients with vocal cord paralysis has involved direct or indirect suctioning of the trachea; however, only the symptoms and not the anatomic defect are treated by these measures. Largely due to the work of Arnold and Lewy, the technique of vocal cord injection has been advocated as a method of correcting the anatomic deficiencies in patients with vocal cord paralysis, and has been advocated in the past to prevent recurrent and chronic aspiration. This study has shown that vocal cord injection increases the ability to maintain maximum peak intraluminal air pressures following injection. It has also shown that there is an increased ability to maintain air flow by glottic closure following injection. Eleven patients were studied, each of whom has been evaluated separately in this paper. The use of vocal cord injection should be more widely used by otolaryngologists and chest disease specialists for treatment of physiologic problems as well as correcting vocal disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:933653", "title": "Supraglottic larynx and its pathology as studied by whole laryngeal sections.", "content": "The need for additional data regarding the behavior of carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx was recognized during attempts to identify candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. The crux of the matter was whether supraglottic carcinomas remain confined at the supraglottic larynx. If some do not, can these exceptions be detected preoperatively? Information gained from whole-organ study of 40 larynges with such tumors showed that most tumors do remain confined to the supraglottic larynx; however, there are exceptions, and these are usually high-grade tumors. Preoperative biopsy demonstrating undifferentiation in a tumor suggests a potential for atypical behavior. Patients with these high-grade lesions are not candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. Fortunately, most supraglottic carcinomas are well-differentiated, behave in a typical manner, and fulfill the expectations gained from the preoperative mucosal appearance. Supraglottic laryngectomy is, therefore, feasible and successful in carefully selected candidates. The conclusions of this study are the following: 1. Most supraglottic cancers behave as expected, being typically well-differentiated tumors that remain confined to the supraglottic larynx. 2. Exceptions to such behavior are exemplified by tumors manifesting submucosal extension some distance away from the main tumor mass, tumors invading the thyroid cartilage, second primaries, and tumors disseminating emboli away from the main tumor. 3. Present preoperative diagnostic measures still fail to detect tumors with atypical behavior. Subsequent supraglottic laryngectomy in patients with such tumors would, therefore, leave residual tumor. 4. Carcinomas exhibiting atypical behavior are characteristically undifferentiated and aggressive. 5. The epiglottis and pre-epiglottic space are easily invaded by supraglottic cancer. The pre-epiglottic space is removed during either supraglottic or total laryngectomy. 6. The thyroid cartilage is an excellent barrier to the spread of supraglottic cancers. Tumors that invade it penetrate the anterior commissure first. 7. The pitfalls in the selection of candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy are assessment problems in which the tumor mass makes it difficult to see its full mucosal extent. Inadequate biopsy may also fail to detect a tumor. 8. In the preoperative assessment of a patient with supraglottic carcinoma, supraglottic laryngectomy is contraindicated if the biopsy does show high-grade differentiation and if the tumor is situated near the petiole. 9. Undetected extension submucosally to the level of the glottis will result in some failures with conservation surgery of the larynx.", "contents": "Supraglottic larynx and its pathology as studied by whole laryngeal sections. The need for additional data regarding the behavior of carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx was recognized during attempts to identify candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. The crux of the matter was whether supraglottic carcinomas remain confined at the supraglottic larynx. If some do not, can these exceptions be detected preoperatively? Information gained from whole-organ study of 40 larynges with such tumors showed that most tumors do remain confined to the supraglottic larynx; however, there are exceptions, and these are usually high-grade tumors. Preoperative biopsy demonstrating undifferentiation in a tumor suggests a potential for atypical behavior. Patients with these high-grade lesions are not candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy. Fortunately, most supraglottic carcinomas are well-differentiated, behave in a typical manner, and fulfill the expectations gained from the preoperative mucosal appearance. Supraglottic laryngectomy is, therefore, feasible and successful in carefully selected candidates. The conclusions of this study are the following: 1. Most supraglottic cancers behave as expected, being typically well-differentiated tumors that remain confined to the supraglottic larynx. 2. Exceptions to such behavior are exemplified by tumors manifesting submucosal extension some distance away from the main tumor mass, tumors invading the thyroid cartilage, second primaries, and tumors disseminating emboli away from the main tumor. 3. Present preoperative diagnostic measures still fail to detect tumors with atypical behavior. Subsequent supraglottic laryngectomy in patients with such tumors would, therefore, leave residual tumor. 4. Carcinomas exhibiting atypical behavior are characteristically undifferentiated and aggressive. 5. The epiglottis and pre-epiglottic space are easily invaded by supraglottic cancer. The pre-epiglottic space is removed during either supraglottic or total laryngectomy. 6. The thyroid cartilage is an excellent barrier to the spread of supraglottic cancers. Tumors that invade it penetrate the anterior commissure first. 7. The pitfalls in the selection of candidates for supraglottic laryngectomy are assessment problems in which the tumor mass makes it difficult to see its full mucosal extent. Inadequate biopsy may also fail to detect a tumor. 8. In the preoperative assessment of a patient with supraglottic carcinoma, supraglottic laryngectomy is contraindicated if the biopsy does show high-grade differentiation and if the tumor is situated near the petiole. 9. Undetected extension submucosally to the level of the glottis will result in some failures with conservation surgery of the larynx."}
{"id": "PMID:933654", "title": "Surgical salvage after radiation for laryngeal cancer.", "content": "From January, 1962, through December, 1973, 1,084 patients with cancer of the intrinsic larynx were treated at the Mayo Clinic. Of the 1,084 patients, 136 were retreated after radiation therapy failed to cure their cancer (105 glottic, 30 supraglottic, and one subglottic cancers). Recurrence of glottic cancer was generally recognized later than recurrences in the supraglottic area; likewise, glottic cancers were more advanced at recurrence than supraglottic growths. When feasible, conservation surgery was carried out on both glottic and supraglottic growths. Unfortunately, many growths were too advanced for conservation surgery by the time recurrence was recognized. The concept of \"radiate-and-watch\" for early glottic and supraglottic cancers is designed to save larynges. The concept is not supported by this study.", "contents": "Surgical salvage after radiation for laryngeal cancer. From January, 1962, through December, 1973, 1,084 patients with cancer of the intrinsic larynx were treated at the Mayo Clinic. Of the 1,084 patients, 136 were retreated after radiation therapy failed to cure their cancer (105 glottic, 30 supraglottic, and one subglottic cancers). Recurrence of glottic cancer was generally recognized later than recurrences in the supraglottic area; likewise, glottic cancers were more advanced at recurrence than supraglottic growths. When feasible, conservation surgery was carried out on both glottic and supraglottic growths. Unfortunately, many growths were too advanced for conservation surgery by the time recurrence was recognized. The concept of \"radiate-and-watch\" for early glottic and supraglottic cancers is designed to save larynges. The concept is not supported by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:933655", "title": "The middle cranial fossa approach to the petrous apex.", "content": "Petrositis is still a very real complication of otitis media. The most striking diagnostic feature is facial and/or retrobulbar pain, and it is the most consistent symptom. External rectus paralysis was present in only one of the four cases presented in this series. Treatment is surgical. In order to spare the cochlea and give adequate exposure to the apical cells, the middle fossa approach to the petrous apex is presented, to be used alone or in conjunction with mastoidectomy.", "contents": "The middle cranial fossa approach to the petrous apex. Petrositis is still a very real complication of otitis media. The most striking diagnostic feature is facial and/or retrobulbar pain, and it is the most consistent symptom. External rectus paralysis was present in only one of the four cases presented in this series. Treatment is surgical. In order to spare the cochlea and give adequate exposure to the apical cells, the middle fossa approach to the petrous apex is presented, to be used alone or in conjunction with mastoidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:933656", "title": "Perichondritis of the ear.", "content": "A total of five ears with perichondritis secondary to burns was treated using a method of excising cartilage. This treatment resulted in the need for general anesthesia, frequent repeat debridement and frequent loss of structure of the ear with subsequent deformity. The presentation, etiology, pathology and present modes of therapy are presented. Our experience stresses the importance of early recognition and treatment and further consideration for the use of drains with continuous antibiotic and proteolytic enzyme administration.", "contents": "Perichondritis of the ear. A total of five ears with perichondritis secondary to burns was treated using a method of excising cartilage. This treatment resulted in the need for general anesthesia, frequent repeat debridement and frequent loss of structure of the ear with subsequent deformity. The presentation, etiology, pathology and present modes of therapy are presented. Our experience stresses the importance of early recognition and treatment and further consideration for the use of drains with continuous antibiotic and proteolytic enzyme administration."}
{"id": "PMID:933657", "title": "Management of the mastoid air cell system in chronic otitis media.", "content": "The influence of the Mastoid Air Cell System in Chronic Otitis Media is subject to much speculation. Does a mastoidectomy influence the surgical results following chronic inflammatory ear surgery? An understanding of the pathology associated within the mastoid air cell system is necessary before a discussion of the need for a mastoidectomy can be presented. Most mastoid air cell systems are sclerotic in chronic otitis media patients. The report summarizes one author's experiences with the influence of mastoidectomy upon surgical reconstruction for chronic inflammatory diseases of the ear. Emphasis is directed toward the eustachian tube rather than the mastoid air cell system.", "contents": "Management of the mastoid air cell system in chronic otitis media. The influence of the Mastoid Air Cell System in Chronic Otitis Media is subject to much speculation. Does a mastoidectomy influence the surgical results following chronic inflammatory ear surgery? An understanding of the pathology associated within the mastoid air cell system is necessary before a discussion of the need for a mastoidectomy can be presented. Most mastoid air cell systems are sclerotic in chronic otitis media patients. The report summarizes one author's experiences with the influence of mastoidectomy upon surgical reconstruction for chronic inflammatory diseases of the ear. Emphasis is directed toward the eustachian tube rather than the mastoid air cell system."}
{"id": "PMID:933658", "title": "Recurrent meningitis and labyrinthine gusher, related to congenital defects of the labyrinthine capsule and stapes footplate.", "content": "A congenital defect in the bony footplate of the stapes is now known to be a point of lowered resistance to extension of bacterial middle ear suppuration to the vestibule and thence to the meninges. Tomographic demonstration of the congenital pathologic condition of the ear permits the surgeon preoperatively to chart his surgical course. Despite antibiotic and chemotherapy, recurrent meningitis remains a serious disease as manifested by the death of two of the patients reported. The capacity for surgical correction of the congenital defect is manifested by one of our patients who has been free of meningitis for more than two years after surgery. If a congenital defect is considered in each case of recurrent meningitis, it is believed the mortality of this serious disease can be reversed.", "contents": "Recurrent meningitis and labyrinthine gusher, related to congenital defects of the labyrinthine capsule and stapes footplate. A congenital defect in the bony footplate of the stapes is now known to be a point of lowered resistance to extension of bacterial middle ear suppuration to the vestibule and thence to the meninges. Tomographic demonstration of the congenital pathologic condition of the ear permits the surgeon preoperatively to chart his surgical course. Despite antibiotic and chemotherapy, recurrent meningitis remains a serious disease as manifested by the death of two of the patients reported. The capacity for surgical correction of the congenital defect is manifested by one of our patients who has been free of meningitis for more than two years after surgery. If a congenital defect is considered in each case of recurrent meningitis, it is believed the mortality of this serious disease can be reversed."}
{"id": "PMID:933659", "title": "Endolymphatic sac drainage for intractable vertigo (method and experiences).", "content": "This paper describes a method of endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage. The method emphasizes widely exposing dura, avoiding skeletonization of the posterior semicircular canal and draining the sac via a T tube. The results of this procedure in 75 patients, including statistics in 46 ears are discussed. In patients with unilateral disease good results were obtained in control of vertigo in 94 percent of patients and significant improvement in cochlear function in over 30 percent.", "contents": "Endolymphatic sac drainage for intractable vertigo (method and experiences). This paper describes a method of endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage. The method emphasizes widely exposing dura, avoiding skeletonization of the posterior semicircular canal and draining the sac via a T tube. The results of this procedure in 75 patients, including statistics in 46 ears are discussed. In patients with unilateral disease good results were obtained in control of vertigo in 94 percent of patients and significant improvement in cochlear function in over 30 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:933660", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare, and of those reported, most are chondromas. To date, approximately 157 cartilaginous tumors of the larynx have been reported, but only 37 have been chondrosarcomas. A review of the records of the past 25 years (1948-1974) of the Johns Hopkins University Hospital and the Greater Baltimore Medical Center was made and revealed only two previous cartilaginous tumors, both chondromas. A case of an exceptionally large chondrosarcoma of the larynx which appeared as a neck mass invading the thyroid cartilage in a patient with a six-month history of hoarseness is presented. A complete review of the literature was made which shows that most chondrosarcomas occur in middle-aged males originating most often from the posterior cricoid lamina, next from the thyroid cartilage. Misdiagnosis has been a problem with low-grade tumors, and although wide local excision has been stated as being the treatment of choice, the authors emphasize the need for more aggressive surgery because of the high recurrence rate discovered in the literature.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the larynx. Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare, and of those reported, most are chondromas. To date, approximately 157 cartilaginous tumors of the larynx have been reported, but only 37 have been chondrosarcomas. A review of the records of the past 25 years (1948-1974) of the Johns Hopkins University Hospital and the Greater Baltimore Medical Center was made and revealed only two previous cartilaginous tumors, both chondromas. A case of an exceptionally large chondrosarcoma of the larynx which appeared as a neck mass invading the thyroid cartilage in a patient with a six-month history of hoarseness is presented. A complete review of the literature was made which shows that most chondrosarcomas occur in middle-aged males originating most often from the posterior cricoid lamina, next from the thyroid cartilage. Misdiagnosis has been a problem with low-grade tumors, and although wide local excision has been stated as being the treatment of choice, the authors emphasize the need for more aggressive surgery because of the high recurrence rate discovered in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:933661", "title": "Respiratory function in infants with Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "content": "The respiratory pattern of each of eight infants with Arnold-Chiari malformation was studied, employing an especially constructed nosepiece for the pneumotachograph. The apparatus was developed, using the principle that infants are nose breathers. Respiratory function was normal in seven infants and abnormal in one. The respiratory pattern of infants with ACM should be critically reviewed upon observing any changes in breathing.", "contents": "Respiratory function in infants with Arnold-Chiari malformation. The respiratory pattern of each of eight infants with Arnold-Chiari malformation was studied, employing an especially constructed nosepiece for the pneumotachograph. The apparatus was developed, using the principle that infants are nose breathers. Respiratory function was normal in seven infants and abnormal in one. The respiratory pattern of infants with ACM should be critically reviewed upon observing any changes in breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:933662", "title": "Parapharyngeal neurilemmoma of the hypoglossal nerve.", "content": "Although neurilemmomas are uncommon cervical neoplasms, they account for a significant percentage of parapharyngeal space tumors. These neoplasms may originate from any nerve traversing this space, but the vast majority arise from the vagus nerve and sympathetic chain. Satisfactory treatment of neurilemmomas consists of total excision which is best accomplished via an external approach. Immediate nerve grafting is advocated when a segment of cranial nerve must be sacrificed in order to achieve complete tumor removal. A case of a parapharyngeal neurilemmoma arising from the hypoglossal which required treatment in this manner is presented. Electromyographic studies performed 15 months postoperatively demonstrate reinervation of the lingual musculature via the nerve graft.", "contents": "Parapharyngeal neurilemmoma of the hypoglossal nerve. Although neurilemmomas are uncommon cervical neoplasms, they account for a significant percentage of parapharyngeal space tumors. These neoplasms may originate from any nerve traversing this space, but the vast majority arise from the vagus nerve and sympathetic chain. Satisfactory treatment of neurilemmomas consists of total excision which is best accomplished via an external approach. Immediate nerve grafting is advocated when a segment of cranial nerve must be sacrificed in order to achieve complete tumor removal. A case of a parapharyngeal neurilemmoma arising from the hypoglossal which required treatment in this manner is presented. Electromyographic studies performed 15 months postoperatively demonstrate reinervation of the lingual musculature via the nerve graft."}
{"id": "PMID:933663", "title": "Primary osteoma of the sphenoid sinus.", "content": "Osteomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are rather common benign tumors arising in the head and neck area. The sphenoid sinus is involved in various inflammatory and neoplastic conditions; however, an osteoma arising from the sphenoid sinus proper has not been reported in the available literature. This paper reviews, in detail, osteomas of the paranasal sinuses and their incidence, and a case of a sphenoid sinus osteoma is presented with radiological and pathological findings.", "contents": "Primary osteoma of the sphenoid sinus. Osteomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses are rather common benign tumors arising in the head and neck area. The sphenoid sinus is involved in various inflammatory and neoplastic conditions; however, an osteoma arising from the sphenoid sinus proper has not been reported in the available literature. This paper reviews, in detail, osteomas of the paranasal sinuses and their incidence, and a case of a sphenoid sinus osteoma is presented with radiological and pathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:933664", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus causing subglottic stenosis.", "content": "Acute lupus erythematosus has manifested itself in many ways. Symptoms most often pertain to polyarthritis, arthralgias, skin lesions and those attributed to lupus nephritis. Recently documented lesions have been seen in the nose and larynx. The following case report shows evidence of subglottic stenosis due to SLE.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus causing subglottic stenosis. Acute lupus erythematosus has manifested itself in many ways. Symptoms most often pertain to polyarthritis, arthralgias, skin lesions and those attributed to lupus nephritis. Recently documented lesions have been seen in the nose and larynx. The following case report shows evidence of subglottic stenosis due to SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:933665", "title": "First branchial cleft syndromes and associated congenital hearing loss.", "content": "We have recently encountered three cases of first branchial cleft syndromes, two of which had prominent hearing losses. The cases are described, and the literature pertaining to first branchial cleft syndrome is reviewed. Because of the frequent coexistence of various congenital anomalies, we feel that the prevalence of congenital otologic problems associated with a first branchial cleft syndrome may be greater than has previously been suspected.", "contents": "First branchial cleft syndromes and associated congenital hearing loss. We have recently encountered three cases of first branchial cleft syndromes, two of which had prominent hearing losses. The cases are described, and the literature pertaining to first branchial cleft syndrome is reviewed. Because of the frequent coexistence of various congenital anomalies, we feel that the prevalence of congenital otologic problems associated with a first branchial cleft syndrome may be greater than has previously been suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:933668", "title": "Specialties and the specialty boards.", "content": "As specialism has developed in the United States, multiple specialty societies and specialty boards have been created. Although they, in a very realistic fashion, have established the general standards for the delivery of specialty care and for graduate medical education, they, with other national medical organizations such as the American Medical Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the American Hospital Association, function with a considerable degree of independence. There is lacking a cohesive and integrated effort to develop unified attitudes, postures, and policies that represent the medical profession and the health care industry in general. Recently the Coordinating Council on Medical Education and the Liaison Committee on Graduate Medical Education have been established. These two agencies represent a significant attempt to integrate policies for medical education and to identify a single accrediting agency that will apply uniform standards to the process of accrediting programs of graduate medical education. The federal government for the past several years has had an increasing interest in the health care industry and medical education. Many legislative bills have been passed which have imposed more and more regulations on medicine and have established more bureaucratic control over the professional activities of physicians. Insidiously the medical profession is being socialized. If accountability for the public welfare cannot be exercised by medicine, at least in the perspective of the federal government, more and more legislation and regulation are inevitable. The pluralistic structure of organized medicine will ultimately be self defeating. Cohesive policies on behalf of the medical profession must be developed if leadership in medicine is to remain in the private sector. The Coordinating Council on Medical Education is unquestionably a significant attempt to demonstrate public accountability. It is, however, only the first step in the long and difficult process of developing cohesive national policies on behalf of organized medicine.", "contents": "Specialties and the specialty boards. As specialism has developed in the United States, multiple specialty societies and specialty boards have been created. Although they, in a very realistic fashion, have established the general standards for the delivery of specialty care and for graduate medical education, they, with other national medical organizations such as the American Medical Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the American Hospital Association, function with a considerable degree of independence. There is lacking a cohesive and integrated effort to develop unified attitudes, postures, and policies that represent the medical profession and the health care industry in general. Recently the Coordinating Council on Medical Education and the Liaison Committee on Graduate Medical Education have been established. These two agencies represent a significant attempt to integrate policies for medical education and to identify a single accrediting agency that will apply uniform standards to the process of accrediting programs of graduate medical education. The federal government for the past several years has had an increasing interest in the health care industry and medical education. Many legislative bills have been passed which have imposed more and more regulations on medicine and have established more bureaucratic control over the professional activities of physicians. Insidiously the medical profession is being socialized. If accountability for the public welfare cannot be exercised by medicine, at least in the perspective of the federal government, more and more legislation and regulation are inevitable. The pluralistic structure of organized medicine will ultimately be self defeating. Cohesive policies on behalf of the medical profession must be developed if leadership in medicine is to remain in the private sector. The Coordinating Council on Medical Education is unquestionably a significant attempt to demonstrate public accountability. It is, however, only the first step in the long and difficult process of developing cohesive national policies on behalf of organized medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:933669", "title": "Human laryngeal reinnervation.", "content": "Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is fortunately an uncommon occurrence although the incidence of this injury secondary to external neck trauma is increasing. In general, a patient with this lesion is faced with the choice between adequate airway at the expense of a breathy, weak voice or a fairly good voice with the need for a permanent tracheotomy. In an effort to provide a better solution to this dilemma, an attempt has been made to develop a means of reinnervation of at least one vocal cord without the problems inherent in the usual nerve anastomosis techniques. After extensive preliminary work in dogs the nerve-muscle pedicle technique for reinnervation has been developed. In this procedure the branch of the ansa hypoglossi to the anterior belly of the omohyoid is mobilized and a small block of muscle containing the terminal branches is freed from the muscle proper. Using an approach similar to the Woodman arytenoidectomy, the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is exposed, and its fibers are partially incised. The previously prepared nerve-muscle pedicle is sutured to it. In the first five patients subjected to this procedure, return of spontaneous abduction of the reinnervated vocal cord was noted between six and eight weeks post surgery. In no case was the voice weakened nor was there any problem with aspiration. All five patients have achieved sufficient airway so that exercise tolerance for daily activities is adequate without a tracheotomy. The physiologic and histologic background of this technique is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Human laryngeal reinnervation. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is fortunately an uncommon occurrence although the incidence of this injury secondary to external neck trauma is increasing. In general, a patient with this lesion is faced with the choice between adequate airway at the expense of a breathy, weak voice or a fairly good voice with the need for a permanent tracheotomy. In an effort to provide a better solution to this dilemma, an attempt has been made to develop a means of reinnervation of at least one vocal cord without the problems inherent in the usual nerve anastomosis techniques. After extensive preliminary work in dogs the nerve-muscle pedicle technique for reinnervation has been developed. In this procedure the branch of the ansa hypoglossi to the anterior belly of the omohyoid is mobilized and a small block of muscle containing the terminal branches is freed from the muscle proper. Using an approach similar to the Woodman arytenoidectomy, the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is exposed, and its fibers are partially incised. The previously prepared nerve-muscle pedicle is sutured to it. In the first five patients subjected to this procedure, return of spontaneous abduction of the reinnervated vocal cord was noted between six and eight weeks post surgery. In no case was the voice weakened nor was there any problem with aspiration. All five patients have achieved sufficient airway so that exercise tolerance for daily activities is adequate without a tracheotomy. The physiologic and histologic background of this technique is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:933670", "title": "A radiologic advance in the diagnosis of disorders of the larynx.", "content": "The cervical spine greatly reduces the usefulness of anteroposterior soft tissue radiologic examination of the larynx. Fractures of the laryngeal and cricoid cartilages are difficult to diagnose by soft tissue technique, and time-consuming laminagraphy is often required. A new technique for single exposure anteroposterior soft tissue radiography of the cartilages and airway is described. An esophageal cassette containing ultraspeed dental film placed in a retrolaryngeal position is shown to yield detailed radiographs of high contrast. The feasibility of this technique is illustrated by the presentation of radiographs from patients with laryngeal disorders. The new technique is compared with existing examinations available to the clinician and its application in other disorders of laryngeal cartilages and soft tissue is discussed.", "contents": "A radiologic advance in the diagnosis of disorders of the larynx. The cervical spine greatly reduces the usefulness of anteroposterior soft tissue radiologic examination of the larynx. Fractures of the laryngeal and cricoid cartilages are difficult to diagnose by soft tissue technique, and time-consuming laminagraphy is often required. A new technique for single exposure anteroposterior soft tissue radiography of the cartilages and airway is described. An esophageal cassette containing ultraspeed dental film placed in a retrolaryngeal position is shown to yield detailed radiographs of high contrast. The feasibility of this technique is illustrated by the presentation of radiographs from patients with laryngeal disorders. The new technique is compared with existing examinations available to the clinician and its application in other disorders of laryngeal cartilages and soft tissue is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933671", "title": "Transposition of the lingual thyroid.", "content": "Lingual thyroid represents the only functioning thyroid tissue in the body in 70-80% of the cases, surgical ablation of which will produce hypothyroidism. Transposition of the lingual ectopic thyroid with its vasculary supply intact as a pedicle graft is presented. This seems to be the most locigal approach in preserving the viability and function of these ectopic tissues.", "contents": "Transposition of the lingual thyroid. Lingual thyroid represents the only functioning thyroid tissue in the body in 70-80% of the cases, surgical ablation of which will produce hypothyroidism. Transposition of the lingual ectopic thyroid with its vasculary supply intact as a pedicle graft is presented. This seems to be the most locigal approach in preserving the viability and function of these ectopic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:933672", "title": "Postoperative chylous fistula prevention and management.", "content": "Postoperative chylous fistulas occur as a complication in 1-2% of all radical neck dissections. Twelve cases are reviewed herein. Chylous fistulas are more common with left neck dissections, but 25% occurred on the right side in this series. An intraoperative chylous fistula was recognized and treated in 75% of the cases which later developed a postoperative fistula. Postoperative fistulas may be divided into two groups: minor fistulas may be treated with pressure dressings and repeated aspirations; fistulas which do not respond to conservative management should be re-explored early and the fistula ligated.", "contents": "Postoperative chylous fistula prevention and management. Postoperative chylous fistulas occur as a complication in 1-2% of all radical neck dissections. Twelve cases are reviewed herein. Chylous fistulas are more common with left neck dissections, but 25% occurred on the right side in this series. An intraoperative chylous fistula was recognized and treated in 75% of the cases which later developed a postoperative fistula. Postoperative fistulas may be divided into two groups: minor fistulas may be treated with pressure dressings and repeated aspirations; fistulas which do not respond to conservative management should be re-explored early and the fistula ligated."}
{"id": "PMID:933673", "title": "Surgical pathology of cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx.", "content": "A study was designed to determine the influence of certain surgical pathologic findings on tumor spread and survival in patients with cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. All patients with primary epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx, treated by either surgery or preoperative irradiation and surgery, between 1955 and 1971 were included in the study. The patient population consisted of 791 patients all of whom were eligible for three-year follow-up. Information from a retrospective study of the surgical pathology reports regarding resection margins, size and differentiation of the primary tumor, histopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and neck dissection, number, position and size of positive lymph nodes and post treatment staging, was correlated with tumor spread and survival.", "contents": "Surgical pathology of cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. A study was designed to determine the influence of certain surgical pathologic findings on tumor spread and survival in patients with cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. All patients with primary epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx, treated by either surgery or preoperative irradiation and surgery, between 1955 and 1971 were included in the study. The patient population consisted of 791 patients all of whom were eligible for three-year follow-up. Information from a retrospective study of the surgical pathology reports regarding resection margins, size and differentiation of the primary tumor, histopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and neck dissection, number, position and size of positive lymph nodes and post treatment staging, was correlated with tumor spread and survival."}
{"id": "PMID:933674", "title": "Arytenoidectomy revisited.", "content": "The spectrum of disabilities attendant to laryngeal paralysis range from mild hoarseness to complete upper airway obstruction depending upon the static position of the paralyzed cord or cords. The most distressing disabilities are those of bilateral vocal cord paralysis in which both vocal folds are fixed in the midline resulting in severe upper airway obstruction. Clearly the most acceptable solution to the problem of persistent laryngeal paralysis is through the establishment of normal neuromuscular integrity by vagal repair or neural transfer techniques. While electromyographic evidence of reinnervation and some restoration of cord motion has been described, synchronous neuromuscular activity is, at best, unpredictable and generally unsuccessful. Successful reinnervation procedures depend in part on early repair and herein lies a disparity between experimental work and its clinical applicability. Given the realities of delays in diagnosis and the unpredictability of operative reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx, we rely on alternative methods of improving the compromised glottic airway consequent to bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis of the larynx. During the period 1962 through 1974, 23 patients with complete bilateral paralysis of the larynx have been treated by the posterior extralaryngeal approach originally described by Woodman. The following is a description of the operative technique utilized with technical modifications which we consider important in enhancing operative results.", "contents": "Arytenoidectomy revisited. The spectrum of disabilities attendant to laryngeal paralysis range from mild hoarseness to complete upper airway obstruction depending upon the static position of the paralyzed cord or cords. The most distressing disabilities are those of bilateral vocal cord paralysis in which both vocal folds are fixed in the midline resulting in severe upper airway obstruction. Clearly the most acceptable solution to the problem of persistent laryngeal paralysis is through the establishment of normal neuromuscular integrity by vagal repair or neural transfer techniques. While electromyographic evidence of reinnervation and some restoration of cord motion has been described, synchronous neuromuscular activity is, at best, unpredictable and generally unsuccessful. Successful reinnervation procedures depend in part on early repair and herein lies a disparity between experimental work and its clinical applicability. Given the realities of delays in diagnosis and the unpredictability of operative reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx, we rely on alternative methods of improving the compromised glottic airway consequent to bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis of the larynx. During the period 1962 through 1974, 23 patients with complete bilateral paralysis of the larynx have been treated by the posterior extralaryngeal approach originally described by Woodman. The following is a description of the operative technique utilized with technical modifications which we consider important in enhancing operative results."}
{"id": "PMID:933675", "title": "Amyloid deposits in the trachea and esophagus ultrastructural confirmation.", "content": "The clinical details of two patients suffering from amyloid infiltration of the trachea and esophagus respectively are presented. The \"amyloid tumor\" in the trachea presented with dysphonia and a swelling in the lower subglottic region. Attempts at complete surgical excision of it were unsuccessful. The patient with esophageal amyloid presented acutely with dysphagia and features of dehydration and malnutrition. Systematized amyloidosis was discovered at autopsy, but no primary initiating cause for it was found. In both cases it was possible to confirm the diagnosis by electron microscopy. The current views on the composition, structure, causation and treatment of amyloid disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Amyloid deposits in the trachea and esophagus ultrastructural confirmation. The clinical details of two patients suffering from amyloid infiltration of the trachea and esophagus respectively are presented. The \"amyloid tumor\" in the trachea presented with dysphonia and a swelling in the lower subglottic region. Attempts at complete surgical excision of it were unsuccessful. The patient with esophageal amyloid presented acutely with dysphagia and features of dehydration and malnutrition. Systematized amyloidosis was discovered at autopsy, but no primary initiating cause for it was found. In both cases it was possible to confirm the diagnosis by electron microscopy. The current views on the composition, structure, causation and treatment of amyloid disease are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:933676", "title": "Anesthetic management for carbon dioxide laser surgery of the larynx.", "content": "Fifty-one patients underwent 71 carbon dioxide laser procedures under general anesthesia for various intralaryngeal pathology. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium, followed by succinylcholine to facilitate endotracheal intubation. For maintenance of anesthesia, 70% nitrous oxide was supplemented with halothane, enflurane or small doses of fentanyl. Succinylcholine, d-tubocurare or pancuronium were used to maintain muscular relaxation of jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles for a smooth lasing procedure. Small diameter (16-22 Fr.), red rubber, cuffed endotracheal tubes provided maximum working space, facilitated the controlled ventilation and reduced the explosion hazard of the anesthetic gases. Safely eyeglasses were used by all the personnel in the operating room against accidental injury to the cornea by the laser beam. Anesthetic management provided excellent operative conditions with maximum safety to the patient and the personnel in the operating room.", "contents": "Anesthetic management for carbon dioxide laser surgery of the larynx. Fifty-one patients underwent 71 carbon dioxide laser procedures under general anesthesia for various intralaryngeal pathology. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium, followed by succinylcholine to facilitate endotracheal intubation. For maintenance of anesthesia, 70% nitrous oxide was supplemented with halothane, enflurane or small doses of fentanyl. Succinylcholine, d-tubocurare or pancuronium were used to maintain muscular relaxation of jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles for a smooth lasing procedure. Small diameter (16-22 Fr.), red rubber, cuffed endotracheal tubes provided maximum working space, facilitated the controlled ventilation and reduced the explosion hazard of the anesthetic gases. Safely eyeglasses were used by all the personnel in the operating room against accidental injury to the cornea by the laser beam. Anesthetic management provided excellent operative conditions with maximum safety to the patient and the personnel in the operating room."}
{"id": "PMID:933677", "title": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Reported herein is the experience of the authors with 38 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients for whom cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed. The major surgical objectives were facilitation of swallowing and amelioration of the tendency of these patients to aspirate ingestants and secretions. In the group of these patients in which the follow-up information has been adequate, 64% were improved and 36% experienced no significant benefits. The authors' surgical indications, methods of anesthesia, surgical technique, and postoperative care are described.", "contents": "Cricopharyngeal myotomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Reported herein is the experience of the authors with 38 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients for whom cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed. The major surgical objectives were facilitation of swallowing and amelioration of the tendency of these patients to aspirate ingestants and secretions. In the group of these patients in which the follow-up information has been adequate, 64% were improved and 36% experienced no significant benefits. The authors' surgical indications, methods of anesthesia, surgical technique, and postoperative care are described."}
{"id": "PMID:933678", "title": "Arterial blood gas determination in patients with anterior packing.", "content": "Twenty-two healthy males ranging in age between 18 and 43 years were studied by arterial blood sample obtained before nasal surgery and again after complete bilateral nasal obstruction produced by nasal packing. Five of these patients had a third sample drawn after pack removal. The pO2 dropped from a preoperative mean of 85 mm Hg to 74 mm Hg. This difference is statistically significant; pCO2 did not change between the two measurements. This result is attributed to hypoxia caused by acute total nasal obstruction. It suggests that anterior packing alone may cause a clinically important hypoxia in patients with inadequate pulmonary reserve and that these patients merit close observation when bilateral anterior packing is placed. The early removal of anterior packing in patients where possible seems indicated. Supplemental O2 (40%) for patients over 40 years of age requiring nasal packing is practiced at this Center.", "contents": "Arterial blood gas determination in patients with anterior packing. Twenty-two healthy males ranging in age between 18 and 43 years were studied by arterial blood sample obtained before nasal surgery and again after complete bilateral nasal obstruction produced by nasal packing. Five of these patients had a third sample drawn after pack removal. The pO2 dropped from a preoperative mean of 85 mm Hg to 74 mm Hg. This difference is statistically significant; pCO2 did not change between the two measurements. This result is attributed to hypoxia caused by acute total nasal obstruction. It suggests that anterior packing alone may cause a clinically important hypoxia in patients with inadequate pulmonary reserve and that these patients merit close observation when bilateral anterior packing is placed. The early removal of anterior packing in patients where possible seems indicated. Supplemental O2 (40%) for patients over 40 years of age requiring nasal packing is practiced at this Center."}
{"id": "PMID:933679", "title": "Examination of the vestibular system by short-time accelerations.", "content": "Short accelerations, lasting for the split part of a second can be produced by the chair rotating with uniform speed in such a way that the chair will change its direction after each turn of 360 degrees. The accelerations of alternating directions produce ampullopetal flows in the right and the left labyrinth alternately. The nystagmus elicited will be finished during the rotation of the chair with uniform speed, thus during the stimulus-free period. The short acceleration rates render possible the multiple dosage of identical stimuli as well as the gradual increase of the intensity of the stimulus. Since the stimulus produces ampullopetal flow in the right and the left labyrinth alternately the central vestibular equilibrium will not be changed. The author applied acceleration stimuli of 20, 30, 40 and 50 degrees/sec2 doses to 20 healthy male subjects and studied the manifestations of the nystagmus elicited.", "contents": "Examination of the vestibular system by short-time accelerations. Short accelerations, lasting for the split part of a second can be produced by the chair rotating with uniform speed in such a way that the chair will change its direction after each turn of 360 degrees. The accelerations of alternating directions produce ampullopetal flows in the right and the left labyrinth alternately. The nystagmus elicited will be finished during the rotation of the chair with uniform speed, thus during the stimulus-free period. The short acceleration rates render possible the multiple dosage of identical stimuli as well as the gradual increase of the intensity of the stimulus. Since the stimulus produces ampullopetal flow in the right and the left labyrinth alternately the central vestibular equilibrium will not be changed. The author applied acceleration stimuli of 20, 30, 40 and 50 degrees/sec2 doses to 20 healthy male subjects and studied the manifestations of the nystagmus elicited."}
{"id": "PMID:933680", "title": "The importance of panographic and dental evaluation for lesions of the antrum.", "content": "A large dentigerous cyst which displaced the antrum and partly eroded its bony walls was interpreted as a malignant neoplasm in routine sinus films. The true nature of the process was readily apparent in a panographic view which showed an unerupted third molar lying horizontally above the apices of the first and second molars. This case is an excellent demonstration of the important role of panographic views in the differential diagnosis of maxillary sinus lesions.", "contents": "The importance of panographic and dental evaluation for lesions of the antrum. A large dentigerous cyst which displaced the antrum and partly eroded its bony walls was interpreted as a malignant neoplasm in routine sinus films. The true nature of the process was readily apparent in a panographic view which showed an unerupted third molar lying horizontally above the apices of the first and second molars. This case is an excellent demonstration of the important role of panographic views in the differential diagnosis of maxillary sinus lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:933681", "title": "Human stapes crura: surface bone architecture: scanning electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Human stapes crura obtained at the time of stapedectomy for clinical otosclerosis have been studied after removal of the mucosal and periosteal layers by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonification. With the scanning electron microscope, four basic architectural patterns are evident: honeycomb, fibrillar, compact and pitted. The significance of these patterns is as yet unclear, but they do appear to be in intimate relationship one to another and perhaps are varying stages in a single process.", "contents": "Human stapes crura: surface bone architecture: scanning electron microscopic findings. Human stapes crura obtained at the time of stapedectomy for clinical otosclerosis have been studied after removal of the mucosal and periosteal layers by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonification. With the scanning electron microscope, four basic architectural patterns are evident: honeycomb, fibrillar, compact and pitted. The significance of these patterns is as yet unclear, but they do appear to be in intimate relationship one to another and perhaps are varying stages in a single process."}
{"id": "PMID:933682", "title": "Hemangiomas of the salivary glands.", "content": "Five salivary gland hemangiomas in adults are reported. The feasibility of preoperative diagnosis on clinical and radiologic grounds is emphasized. Adult hemangiomas are of the cavernous type and can be differentiated from infantile capillary hemangiomas clinically as well as histologically. Cavernous hemangiomas in the adult should be treated by surgical excision.", "contents": "Hemangiomas of the salivary glands. Five salivary gland hemangiomas in adults are reported. The feasibility of preoperative diagnosis on clinical and radiologic grounds is emphasized. Adult hemangiomas are of the cavernous type and can be differentiated from infantile capillary hemangiomas clinically as well as histologically. Cavernous hemangiomas in the adult should be treated by surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:933683", "title": "An endolaryngeal method of vertico-lateral transposition of the vocal cord for bilateral abductor paralysis.", "content": "An endolaryngeal method of vertico-lateral elevation and fixation of the vocal fold in the treatment of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is described. In 62 patients on whom this operative procedure was performed, a considerable improvement in respiration at the same time as almost unchanged phonation has been obtained in 61 cases. The results are illustrated by sonograms and respirometric examinations. Laryngograms demonstrate the function of the newly created glottis.", "contents": "An endolaryngeal method of vertico-lateral transposition of the vocal cord for bilateral abductor paralysis. An endolaryngeal method of vertico-lateral elevation and fixation of the vocal fold in the treatment of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is described. In 62 patients on whom this operative procedure was performed, a considerable improvement in respiration at the same time as almost unchanged phonation has been obtained in 61 cases. The results are illustrated by sonograms and respirometric examinations. Laryngograms demonstrate the function of the newly created glottis."}
{"id": "PMID:933684", "title": "Paget's disease and sensori-neural deafness: temporal bone histopathology of Paget's disease.", "content": "Four cases with Paget's disease of the temporal bone are presented to illustrate the pathogenesis of the associated deafness. One case illustrates the combination of severe deafness due to bilateral otosclerosis with probably asymptomatic bilateral Paget's disease. One case with advanced Paget's disease presents features to explain early stages of sensori-neural deafness before actual cellular invasion of the inner ear. One case of profound deafness due to Paget's disease presents a different stage of cellular invasion of the inner ear by the disease on each side. One case illustrates invasion of the internal auditory meatus by Paget's disease with infiltration of the acoustic division of the nerve and profound deafness.", "contents": "Paget's disease and sensori-neural deafness: temporal bone histopathology of Paget's disease. Four cases with Paget's disease of the temporal bone are presented to illustrate the pathogenesis of the associated deafness. One case illustrates the combination of severe deafness due to bilateral otosclerosis with probably asymptomatic bilateral Paget's disease. One case with advanced Paget's disease presents features to explain early stages of sensori-neural deafness before actual cellular invasion of the inner ear. One case of profound deafness due to Paget's disease presents a different stage of cellular invasion of the inner ear by the disease on each side. One case illustrates invasion of the internal auditory meatus by Paget's disease with infiltration of the acoustic division of the nerve and profound deafness."}
{"id": "PMID:933685", "title": "Otitis media with effusion: specific antibody activities against exotoxins in middle ear effusions.", "content": "Findings of recent immunologic studies on otitis media with effusion indicate that antibodies in middle ear effusions can either originate from serum and/or from local production in the middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube. Determination of specific antibody activity of different immunoglobulin classes in effusions and sera against certain bacterial antigens may aid in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. A radioimmunosorbent assay was employed in the present study to determine specific antibody activity against streptolysin or staphylolysin. Although these antibody activities were mainly limited to IgG and IgA class antibodies in effusion as well as in serum, it was also found that SIgA of various types of the effusion possesses the antibody activity against these exotoxins. Findings of this study suggest that a local immunity functions in the middle ear cavity of patients with otitis media with effusions and that bacterial infection may contribute to the development of middle ear effusion in certain cases.", "contents": "Otitis media with effusion: specific antibody activities against exotoxins in middle ear effusions. Findings of recent immunologic studies on otitis media with effusion indicate that antibodies in middle ear effusions can either originate from serum and/or from local production in the middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube. Determination of specific antibody activity of different immunoglobulin classes in effusions and sera against certain bacterial antigens may aid in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion. A radioimmunosorbent assay was employed in the present study to determine specific antibody activity against streptolysin or staphylolysin. Although these antibody activities were mainly limited to IgG and IgA class antibodies in effusion as well as in serum, it was also found that SIgA of various types of the effusion possesses the antibody activity against these exotoxins. Findings of this study suggest that a local immunity functions in the middle ear cavity of patients with otitis media with effusions and that bacterial infection may contribute to the development of middle ear effusion in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:933686", "title": "Intracranial carotid catastrophies encountered by the otolaryngologist.", "content": "Arteriographic studies are utilized to illustrate the presence and document the results of arterial ligation on three intracranial carotid aneurysms. All three aneurysms resulted from trauma, surgical and otherwise, and all presented as otolaryngologic dilemmas. All were successfully controlled by a combined Otolaryngological and Neurosurgical Team employing varying combinations of intra and extra cranial arterial ligations. None developed significant neurological impairments. The two major indications for common or internal carotid ligation are the resection of neoplasm and the control or prevention of hemorrhage. Sixty percent of patients undergoing elective carotid ligation survive these procedures without evidence of neurological sequelae. This uncompromised survival is based upon the presence or rapid development of collateral circulation to the cerebrovascular bed. Further arteriographic studies are employed to illustrate the development of intra and extra cranial collateralization to the internal carotid artery after surgical interruption of the ipsilateral common carotid. The major collateral circuits demonstrated via a case report are as follows: a. from the vertebral artery to the external carotid and hence to the internal carotid; b. from the posterior communicating artery to the internal carotid; and c. from the ophthalmic artery to the internal carotid.", "contents": "Intracranial carotid catastrophies encountered by the otolaryngologist. Arteriographic studies are utilized to illustrate the presence and document the results of arterial ligation on three intracranial carotid aneurysms. All three aneurysms resulted from trauma, surgical and otherwise, and all presented as otolaryngologic dilemmas. All were successfully controlled by a combined Otolaryngological and Neurosurgical Team employing varying combinations of intra and extra cranial arterial ligations. None developed significant neurological impairments. The two major indications for common or internal carotid ligation are the resection of neoplasm and the control or prevention of hemorrhage. Sixty percent of patients undergoing elective carotid ligation survive these procedures without evidence of neurological sequelae. This uncompromised survival is based upon the presence or rapid development of collateral circulation to the cerebrovascular bed. Further arteriographic studies are employed to illustrate the development of intra and extra cranial collateralization to the internal carotid artery after surgical interruption of the ipsilateral common carotid. The major collateral circuits demonstrated via a case report are as follows: a. from the vertebral artery to the external carotid and hence to the internal carotid; b. from the posterior communicating artery to the internal carotid; and c. from the ophthalmic artery to the internal carotid."}
{"id": "PMID:933687", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea via the fossa of Rosenmuller.", "content": "Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas in children are not rare as described by Harwood-Nash and Caldicott, North, and Simpson. Those involving the sphenoid bone apparently are rare, particularly in early childhood.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea via the fossa of Rosenmuller. Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas in children are not rare as described by Harwood-Nash and Caldicott, North, and Simpson. Those involving the sphenoid bone apparently are rare, particularly in early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:933688", "title": "The otological aspects of palatal myoclonus.", "content": "Palatal myoclonus with its concomittant objective tinnitus is often a missed diagnosis and poses a problem to the clinician in separating it from other middle ear anomalies. The etiology and symptomatology is outlined, but as suggested by our case presentations are not always diagnostic. The anatomical pathways of palatal myoclonus are traced, and its etiological complexities are realized when any locus or pathology along these tracks may create the characteristic chronic rhythmic contractions. We have experienced excellent results in determining a differential diagnosis of palatal myoclonus from other middle ear problems by the correlations of impedance audiometry with our clinical findings. Although the etiology is not defined the target structures can be separated from this test method and, therefore, enable more specific therapy.", "contents": "The otological aspects of palatal myoclonus. Palatal myoclonus with its concomittant objective tinnitus is often a missed diagnosis and poses a problem to the clinician in separating it from other middle ear anomalies. The etiology and symptomatology is outlined, but as suggested by our case presentations are not always diagnostic. The anatomical pathways of palatal myoclonus are traced, and its etiological complexities are realized when any locus or pathology along these tracks may create the characteristic chronic rhythmic contractions. We have experienced excellent results in determining a differential diagnosis of palatal myoclonus from other middle ear problems by the correlations of impedance audiometry with our clinical findings. Although the etiology is not defined the target structures can be separated from this test method and, therefore, enable more specific therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:933689", "title": "The protean clinical features of polymorphic reticulosis (lethal midline granuloma).", "content": "Confusion surrounds the entity known as \"lethal midline granuloma\". Partly responsible is the lack of specificity in this term. \"Polymorphic reticulosis\" has been used as a term to describe the morphology of the disease. Thirty-two cases illustrate the protean features of this disease. Although it commonly presents in the head and neck, other sites such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, and gastrointestinal tract may be involved, either alone or in conjunction with lesions of the head and neck. Clinically, it is easily confused with Wegener's granulomatosis. Histopathologic differentiation, however, is both feasible and important. Wegener's granulomatosis is treatable with steroids with or without cyclophosphamide; polymorphic reticulosis confined to one site responds to irradiation. In polymorphic reticulosis, thhe best results of treatment are obtained in localized lesions of the upper airway treated early with irradiation; a poorer outcome is associated with multifocal involvement, which necessitates systemic therapy.", "contents": "The protean clinical features of polymorphic reticulosis (lethal midline granuloma). Confusion surrounds the entity known as \"lethal midline granuloma\". Partly responsible is the lack of specificity in this term. \"Polymorphic reticulosis\" has been used as a term to describe the morphology of the disease. Thirty-two cases illustrate the protean features of this disease. Although it commonly presents in the head and neck, other sites such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, and gastrointestinal tract may be involved, either alone or in conjunction with lesions of the head and neck. Clinically, it is easily confused with Wegener's granulomatosis. Histopathologic differentiation, however, is both feasible and important. Wegener's granulomatosis is treatable with steroids with or without cyclophosphamide; polymorphic reticulosis confined to one site responds to irradiation. In polymorphic reticulosis, thhe best results of treatment are obtained in localized lesions of the upper airway treated early with irradiation; a poorer outcome is associated with multifocal involvement, which necessitates systemic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:933690", "title": "Geniculate neuralgia: diagnosis and surgical management.", "content": "Pain in the ear is a common complaint for which patients consult their otolaryngologist. A rare cause is geniculate neuralgia, which has also been called tic douloureux of the nervus intermedius. In its most typical form, it is characterized by severe paroxysmal neuralgic pain centered directly in the ear. The pain may also be of gradual onset and of a dull, persistent nature, with occasional sharp, stabbing pain. The diagnostic features and two new surgical techniques for its treatment are described. Afferent sensory facial nerve fibers are shown to pass not only through the nervus intermedius, but also through the main motor trunk of the facial nerve. Excision of the nervus intermedius and/or of the geniculate ganglion by the middle cranial fossa approach without the production of facial paralysis, in any of 15 cases with geniculate neuralgia is reported. Use of these new techniques, sometimes in combination with selective section of the Vth cranial nerve, has been successful in relieving the pain of geniculate neuralgia.", "contents": "Geniculate neuralgia: diagnosis and surgical management. Pain in the ear is a common complaint for which patients consult their otolaryngologist. A rare cause is geniculate neuralgia, which has also been called tic douloureux of the nervus intermedius. In its most typical form, it is characterized by severe paroxysmal neuralgic pain centered directly in the ear. The pain may also be of gradual onset and of a dull, persistent nature, with occasional sharp, stabbing pain. The diagnostic features and two new surgical techniques for its treatment are described. Afferent sensory facial nerve fibers are shown to pass not only through the nervus intermedius, but also through the main motor trunk of the facial nerve. Excision of the nervus intermedius and/or of the geniculate ganglion by the middle cranial fossa approach without the production of facial paralysis, in any of 15 cases with geniculate neuralgia is reported. Use of these new techniques, sometimes in combination with selective section of the Vth cranial nerve, has been successful in relieving the pain of geniculate neuralgia."}
{"id": "PMID:933691", "title": "Laryngeal problems following infant esophageal surgery.", "content": "This paper focuses on vocal cord paralysis in children after operation for tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia. We reviewed the charts of 65 children who were operated upon for congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula during a period from 1964 to 1974. Ten of these children manifested laryngeal symptoms. Five had laryngeal paralysis. Two were untreated. One was treated with cordectomy and stent. Two were treated successfully with the Thornell arytenoidectomy, one of these being done without a tracheotomy in place. Mention is made of a third case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis due to hydrocephalus treated successfully by the Thornell procedure. Follow-up laryngoscopy was done on 21 children without laryngeal symptoms whiich revealed two previously unsuspected vocal cord paralyses and one vocal cord paresis which cleared.", "contents": "Laryngeal problems following infant esophageal surgery. This paper focuses on vocal cord paralysis in children after operation for tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia. We reviewed the charts of 65 children who were operated upon for congenital esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula during a period from 1964 to 1974. Ten of these children manifested laryngeal symptoms. Five had laryngeal paralysis. Two were untreated. One was treated with cordectomy and stent. Two were treated successfully with the Thornell arytenoidectomy, one of these being done without a tracheotomy in place. Mention is made of a third case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis due to hydrocephalus treated successfully by the Thornell procedure. Follow-up laryngoscopy was done on 21 children without laryngeal symptoms whiich revealed two previously unsuspected vocal cord paralyses and one vocal cord paresis which cleared."}
{"id": "PMID:933692", "title": "Effects of head blow on the development of hearing loss.", "content": "The effects of the direction and intensity of the head blow and the effects of the lapse of time after a head blow on the development of hearing loss were studied in guinea pigs. The electrical responses from the right inferior colliculus (ER) and from the left round window (CP) to acoustic stimuli were measured. The elevation in threshold of the ER in the presence of normal CP in guinea pigs after a head blow suggests that the site of the lesion is central to the cochlea.", "contents": "Effects of head blow on the development of hearing loss. The effects of the direction and intensity of the head blow and the effects of the lapse of time after a head blow on the development of hearing loss were studied in guinea pigs. The electrical responses from the right inferior colliculus (ER) and from the left round window (CP) to acoustic stimuli were measured. The elevation in threshold of the ER in the presence of normal CP in guinea pigs after a head blow suggests that the site of the lesion is central to the cochlea."}
{"id": "PMID:933693", "title": "A new functional approach to the surgical management of Pierre Robin syndrome: experimental and clinical report.", "content": "A functional and simple surgical method for treating the respiratory distress of the neonate affected by Pierre Robin syndrome is described. The base of the tongue is placed in an anterior position via a buried wire suture tied around the body of the hyoid. The method proposed in this paper fulfills the following: 1. It is physiologic since the infant is able to suckle and maintain its nutrition by preserving the function of the mobile portion of the tongue for deglutition. 2. Maintenance of the \"pushing\" action of the tongue stimulates growth of the mandible. 3. The anchoring wire is not exposed in the oral cavity and the risk of tissue breakdown and infection is eliminated. 4. This technique utilizes the stronger fibrous portion of the mid-tongue rather than muscle which \"gives\" more readily under pressure. 5. The shortest distance from the base of the tongue to the mid-hyoid provides the best mechanical advantage. 6. The suture, if need be, may be tightened at subsequent periods of time. Under Ketamin (Ketalan) anesthesia the tip of the tongue was held in the forward position. An 18 gauge stainless steel wire was inserted via a large curved needle through the midline of the posterior-most portion at the base of the tongue. The needle was directed anteriorly and inferiorly to emerge below the mid point of the inferior border of the hyoid bone. The opposite end of the wire was then tunneled submucosally to the anterior portion of the base of the tongue at foramen caecum, and directed inferiorly to emerge above the superior border of the mid-portion of the hyoid bone. Through a small skin incision opposite the body of the hyoid bone, both free ends of the wire were tied under tension around the body of the hyoid while pulling the base of the tongue forward. The skin incision was closed with a single nylon suture. A prosthetic obturator was used to close the cleft palate. The outcome was satisfactory with no morbidity.", "contents": "A new functional approach to the surgical management of Pierre Robin syndrome: experimental and clinical report. A functional and simple surgical method for treating the respiratory distress of the neonate affected by Pierre Robin syndrome is described. The base of the tongue is placed in an anterior position via a buried wire suture tied around the body of the hyoid. The method proposed in this paper fulfills the following: 1. It is physiologic since the infant is able to suckle and maintain its nutrition by preserving the function of the mobile portion of the tongue for deglutition. 2. Maintenance of the \"pushing\" action of the tongue stimulates growth of the mandible. 3. The anchoring wire is not exposed in the oral cavity and the risk of tissue breakdown and infection is eliminated. 4. This technique utilizes the stronger fibrous portion of the mid-tongue rather than muscle which \"gives\" more readily under pressure. 5. The shortest distance from the base of the tongue to the mid-hyoid provides the best mechanical advantage. 6. The suture, if need be, may be tightened at subsequent periods of time. Under Ketamin (Ketalan) anesthesia the tip of the tongue was held in the forward position. An 18 gauge stainless steel wire was inserted via a large curved needle through the midline of the posterior-most portion at the base of the tongue. The needle was directed anteriorly and inferiorly to emerge below the mid point of the inferior border of the hyoid bone. The opposite end of the wire was then tunneled submucosally to the anterior portion of the base of the tongue at foramen caecum, and directed inferiorly to emerge above the superior border of the mid-portion of the hyoid bone. Through a small skin incision opposite the body of the hyoid bone, both free ends of the wire were tied under tension around the body of the hyoid while pulling the base of the tongue forward. The skin incision was closed with a single nylon suture. A prosthetic obturator was used to close the cleft palate. The outcome was satisfactory with no morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:933694", "title": "Microscopic characteristics of the acoustic tumor in relationship of its nerve of origin.", "content": "The microscopic characteristics of a 0.9 cm vestibular schwannoma en bloc resected with its nerve of origin which occurred in a 54-year-old white woman presenting with a two-year history of a unilateral progressive sensori-neural hearing loss is described. The tumor originated in the inferior vestibular portion of the vestibular division of the VIIIth cranial nerve just medial to the internal auditory canal meatus at approximately the level of the glial-non-glial junction. The tumor demonstrated two distinctly different, yet simultaneous, modes of involvement with its nerve of origin: 1. inseparable cellular continuity; and 2. peripheral compression of the remainder of the nerve within the tumor capsule. Despite only slight microscopic continuity of the nerve histologically, electronystagmography showed no unilateral weakness on bithermal caloric testing, and pure tone and speech audiometry was only moderately depressed.", "contents": "Microscopic characteristics of the acoustic tumor in relationship of its nerve of origin. The microscopic characteristics of a 0.9 cm vestibular schwannoma en bloc resected with its nerve of origin which occurred in a 54-year-old white woman presenting with a two-year history of a unilateral progressive sensori-neural hearing loss is described. The tumor originated in the inferior vestibular portion of the vestibular division of the VIIIth cranial nerve just medial to the internal auditory canal meatus at approximately the level of the glial-non-glial junction. The tumor demonstrated two distinctly different, yet simultaneous, modes of involvement with its nerve of origin: 1. inseparable cellular continuity; and 2. peripheral compression of the remainder of the nerve within the tumor capsule. Despite only slight microscopic continuity of the nerve histologically, electronystagmography showed no unilateral weakness on bithermal caloric testing, and pure tone and speech audiometry was only moderately depressed."}
{"id": "PMID:933695", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and serous otitis media.", "content": "Extrasalivary lymphoid abnormalities in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome are well described. Patients have been found to have lymphoid infiltration of many organ systems. The nature of the lymphoid abnormalities constitutes a spectrum ranging from benign to malignant disease. A case of an elderly patient with long standing Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is presented because of the unusual manifestation of a benign lymphoid mass in the nasopharynx producing unilateral eustachian tube obstruction and serous otitis media. Serous otitis media associated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is recognized, but to our knowledge in previous cases an extrasalivary lymphoid abnormality has not been implicated as the underlying pathology.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and serous otitis media. Extrasalivary lymphoid abnormalities in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome are well described. Patients have been found to have lymphoid infiltration of many organ systems. The nature of the lymphoid abnormalities constitutes a spectrum ranging from benign to malignant disease. A case of an elderly patient with long standing Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is presented because of the unusual manifestation of a benign lymphoid mass in the nasopharynx producing unilateral eustachian tube obstruction and serous otitis media. Serous otitis media associated with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome is recognized, but to our knowledge in previous cases an extrasalivary lymphoid abnormality has not been implicated as the underlying pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:933721", "title": "Structure of some intact lipids of petrel stomach oils.", "content": "The stomach or proventricular oils from 16 species of petrel have been analyzed and the carbon number distributions of the wax esters, triglycerides, and diacylglyceryl ethers are reported. The wax esters have been fractionated further into less and more polar species. To determine whether any intermolecular specificity existed, carbon number distributions for each lipid class were calculated, assuming random esterifications. The tirglyceride and diacylglyceryl ether compositions observed were all found to aggree closely with those calculated. The wax esters from three petrel species were found to have greater proportions of the middle range species with carbon numbers 34-38 than calculated. However, most of the lipids examined had random structures which have been found to be characteristic of marine sources. The results in general support the belief that the oils are derived directly from dietary sources rather than synthesis by the proventricular glands.", "contents": "Structure of some intact lipids of petrel stomach oils. The stomach or proventricular oils from 16 species of petrel have been analyzed and the carbon number distributions of the wax esters, triglycerides, and diacylglyceryl ethers are reported. The wax esters have been fractionated further into less and more polar species. To determine whether any intermolecular specificity existed, carbon number distributions for each lipid class were calculated, assuming random esterifications. The tirglyceride and diacylglyceryl ether compositions observed were all found to aggree closely with those calculated. The wax esters from three petrel species were found to have greater proportions of the middle range species with carbon numbers 34-38 than calculated. However, most of the lipids examined had random structures which have been found to be characteristic of marine sources. The results in general support the belief that the oils are derived directly from dietary sources rather than synthesis by the proventricular glands."}
{"id": "PMID:933722", "title": "Vitamin e, cholesterol, and lipids during atherogenesis in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were fed diets including cholesterol and 10% butterfat to determine whether polyunsaturated butter (9% 18:2) would be less atherogenic than normal saturated butter (3% 18:2) when fed for 12 weeks. The cholesterol diets alone, 0.5% or 2%, produced aortic plaque development, and plasma cholesterol increased 20 times, lipids increased 10 times, and vitamin E increased 5 times. The inclusion of both fat and cholesterol in the diet produced a synergistic effect, doubling these values to 40 times for cholesterol, 20 times for lipids, and 10 times for vitamin E. The higher circulating levels of cholesterol caused increased tissue levels of cholesterol. With 2% cholesterol and fat, liver and aorta cholesterol increased 10 times, heart 4 times, and muscle cholesterol 2 times. The lower 0.5% dietary cholesterol load was successful in limiting the amount of tissue cholesterol increase. Liver, aorta, heart, and muscle levels of cholesterol were only about half the concentration attained when 2% cholesterol was fed. It was concluded that there were no differences in plasma or tissue cholesterol, vitamin E, or atherosclerosis attributable to the polyunsaturated nature of the diet. The 10% butterfat diets alone, whether saturated or unsaturated, did not induce aortic plaques and did not increase blood or tissue cholesterol, lipids, or vitamin E. Our results suggest that the lipid mobilizing effect is mediated by cholesterol, probably by conversion to bile acids and a stimulation in intestinal absorption.", "contents": "Vitamin e, cholesterol, and lipids during atherogenesis in rabbits. Rabbits were fed diets including cholesterol and 10% butterfat to determine whether polyunsaturated butter (9% 18:2) would be less atherogenic than normal saturated butter (3% 18:2) when fed for 12 weeks. The cholesterol diets alone, 0.5% or 2%, produced aortic plaque development, and plasma cholesterol increased 20 times, lipids increased 10 times, and vitamin E increased 5 times. The inclusion of both fat and cholesterol in the diet produced a synergistic effect, doubling these values to 40 times for cholesterol, 20 times for lipids, and 10 times for vitamin E. The higher circulating levels of cholesterol caused increased tissue levels of cholesterol. With 2% cholesterol and fat, liver and aorta cholesterol increased 10 times, heart 4 times, and muscle cholesterol 2 times. The lower 0.5% dietary cholesterol load was successful in limiting the amount of tissue cholesterol increase. Liver, aorta, heart, and muscle levels of cholesterol were only about half the concentration attained when 2% cholesterol was fed. It was concluded that there were no differences in plasma or tissue cholesterol, vitamin E, or atherosclerosis attributable to the polyunsaturated nature of the diet. The 10% butterfat diets alone, whether saturated or unsaturated, did not induce aortic plaques and did not increase blood or tissue cholesterol, lipids, or vitamin E. Our results suggest that the lipid mobilizing effect is mediated by cholesterol, probably by conversion to bile acids and a stimulation in intestinal absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:933723", "title": "Site of bile acid absorption in the rat.", "content": "Bile acid absorption was measured in the small intestine of the rat using 91Y as a nonabsorbed reference substance. Some 50% of the secreted bile acids were absorbed in the proximal half of the small intestine. In situ incubations of ligated intestinal segments into which tauro(14C-carbonyl)cholic acid was introduced confirmed the considerable uptake of bile acids in the jejunum. The situ experiments indicated that serosal transport is the limiting stage of bile acid absorption in the jejunum but not in the ileum. Increasing bile acid concentrations in the in situ experiments did not affect the percentage disappearance of dose from the jejunum but reduced the percentage mucosal uptake in the ileum. It is concluded that, in the rat, the proximal small intestine is as important in the absorption of bile acids as the distal small intestine.", "contents": "Site of bile acid absorption in the rat. Bile acid absorption was measured in the small intestine of the rat using 91Y as a nonabsorbed reference substance. Some 50% of the secreted bile acids were absorbed in the proximal half of the small intestine. In situ incubations of ligated intestinal segments into which tauro(14C-carbonyl)cholic acid was introduced confirmed the considerable uptake of bile acids in the jejunum. The situ experiments indicated that serosal transport is the limiting stage of bile acid absorption in the jejunum but not in the ileum. Increasing bile acid concentrations in the in situ experiments did not affect the percentage disappearance of dose from the jejunum but reduced the percentage mucosal uptake in the ileum. It is concluded that, in the rat, the proximal small intestine is as important in the absorption of bile acids as the distal small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:933724", "title": "Specific inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis exerted by dietary linoleate and linolenate in essential fatty acid adequate rats.", "content": "Dietary linoleate and linolenate were investigated for their ability to specifically inhibit liver and adipose tissue lipogenesis in meal-fed (access to food 900-1,200 hr), essential fatty acid (EFA) adequate rats. Supplementing a high carbohydrate diet containing 2.5% safflower oil with 3% palmitate 16:0, oleate 18:1, or linoleate 18:2 did not affect in vivo liver or adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis. However, 18:2 addition to the basal diet did result in a significant (P less than 0.05) decline of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. When the safflower oil content of the basal diet was reduced to 1%, the addition of 3% 18:2 or linolenate 18:3 significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed hepatic FAS, G6PD, and in vivo fatty acid synthesis by 50%. Addition of 18:1 caused no depression in hepatic FAS activity but did result in a significant (P less than 0.05) decline in liver G6PD activity and fatty acid synthesis which was intermediate between basal and basal +18:2- or +18:3-fed animals. Adipose tissue rates of lipogenesis were completely unaffected by dietary fatty acid supplementation. Similarly, the addition of 3 or 5% 18:3 to a basal diet for only one meal resulted in no change in lipogenesis relative to that in animals fed the basal diet. The data indicate that, like rats fed EFA-deficient diets, dietary 18:2 and 18:3 exert a specific capacity to depress rat liver FAS and G6PD activities and rate of fatty acid synthesis.", "contents": "Specific inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis exerted by dietary linoleate and linolenate in essential fatty acid adequate rats. Dietary linoleate and linolenate were investigated for their ability to specifically inhibit liver and adipose tissue lipogenesis in meal-fed (access to food 900-1,200 hr), essential fatty acid (EFA) adequate rats. Supplementing a high carbohydrate diet containing 2.5% safflower oil with 3% palmitate 16:0, oleate 18:1, or linoleate 18:2 did not affect in vivo liver or adipose tissue fatty acid synthesis. However, 18:2 addition to the basal diet did result in a significant (P less than 0.05) decline of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities. When the safflower oil content of the basal diet was reduced to 1%, the addition of 3% 18:2 or linolenate 18:3 significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed hepatic FAS, G6PD, and in vivo fatty acid synthesis by 50%. Addition of 18:1 caused no depression in hepatic FAS activity but did result in a significant (P less than 0.05) decline in liver G6PD activity and fatty acid synthesis which was intermediate between basal and basal +18:2- or +18:3-fed animals. Adipose tissue rates of lipogenesis were completely unaffected by dietary fatty acid supplementation. Similarly, the addition of 3 or 5% 18:3 to a basal diet for only one meal resulted in no change in lipogenesis relative to that in animals fed the basal diet. The data indicate that, like rats fed EFA-deficient diets, dietary 18:2 and 18:3 exert a specific capacity to depress rat liver FAS and G6PD activities and rate of fatty acid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:933756", "title": "Valve dynamics.", "content": "Flow between two contiguous elastic sheets (valve leaflets) generates one of two types of behavior. At low pressure differences, e.g. 1 cm H2O, the sheets part slightly and the fluid passes silently between them. The aperture under these silent conditions varies with the square of the length of the orifice, the transvalvular pressure difference and the kinetic energy, divided by the thickness of the leaflets. At higher transvalvular pressure differences the downstream end of the bicuspid valve alternately closes and reopens (flitter), and functions as an acoustic oscillator. The recurrence rate of flitter varies with the tension on the leaflets and inversely with the thickness. The threshold of the onset of flitter varies with the product of the pressure and the square of the length of the valve aperture, divided by the wall tension and thickness. The significance of these data in the onset of the flitter and of the recurrence rate is discussed in terms of the production of sounds and murmurs at the heart valves, vocal cords and other sites.", "contents": "Valve dynamics. Flow between two contiguous elastic sheets (valve leaflets) generates one of two types of behavior. At low pressure differences, e.g. 1 cm H2O, the sheets part slightly and the fluid passes silently between them. The aperture under these silent conditions varies with the square of the length of the orifice, the transvalvular pressure difference and the kinetic energy, divided by the thickness of the leaflets. At higher transvalvular pressure differences the downstream end of the bicuspid valve alternately closes and reopens (flitter), and functions as an acoustic oscillator. The recurrence rate of flitter varies with the tension on the leaflets and inversely with the thickness. The threshold of the onset of flitter varies with the product of the pressure and the square of the length of the valve aperture, divided by the wall tension and thickness. The significance of these data in the onset of the flitter and of the recurrence rate is discussed in terms of the production of sounds and murmurs at the heart valves, vocal cords and other sites."}
{"id": "PMID:933867", "title": "[Oxidation and assimilation pathways of methylated amines in Arthrobacter globiformis].", "content": "The oxidation by Arthrobacter globiformis B-175 of tertiary, secondary, and primary amines is catalyzed by specific induced enzymes. Trimethylamine is oxidized to dimethylamine via trimethylamine N-oxide by monooxygenase and demethylase. Dimethylamine is converted to methylamine by another monooxygenase. Methylamine is oxidized to ammonia and formaldehyde by aminoxidase. Formaldehyde is assimilated via ribulose monophosphate cycle, which is confirmed by the presence of hexose-phosphate synthase and by the early and predominant formation of radioactive sugar phosphates during short-term incubation of the cells with labelled methylated amines. Hexose-phosphate synthase was also found in two other strains of A. globiforms (B-126, B-53) which assimilated methylated amines. This methylotroph contains the enzymes of the Krebs cycle which seems to be involved in the synthesis of organic acids. The participation of ammonium nitrogen in anabolic processes is accomplished by reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate, glyoxylate, and pyruvate.", "contents": "[Oxidation and assimilation pathways of methylated amines in Arthrobacter globiformis]. The oxidation by Arthrobacter globiformis B-175 of tertiary, secondary, and primary amines is catalyzed by specific induced enzymes. Trimethylamine is oxidized to dimethylamine via trimethylamine N-oxide by monooxygenase and demethylase. Dimethylamine is converted to methylamine by another monooxygenase. Methylamine is oxidized to ammonia and formaldehyde by aminoxidase. Formaldehyde is assimilated via ribulose monophosphate cycle, which is confirmed by the presence of hexose-phosphate synthase and by the early and predominant formation of radioactive sugar phosphates during short-term incubation of the cells with labelled methylated amines. Hexose-phosphate synthase was also found in two other strains of A. globiforms (B-126, B-53) which assimilated methylated amines. This methylotroph contains the enzymes of the Krebs cycle which seems to be involved in the synthesis of organic acids. The participation of ammonium nitrogen in anabolic processes is accomplished by reductive amination of alpha-ketoglutarate, glyoxylate, and pyruvate."}
{"id": "PMID:933868", "title": "[Raffinose metabolism in Gluconobacter oxydans].", "content": "Metabolism of raffinose has been examined in experiments with the growing culture and washed cells of Gluconobacter oxydans L-1. Degradtion of the trisaccharide was found to be catalyzed by levansucrase, levan being synthesized, and melibiose and small quantitites of fructose being liberated in the reaction. Melibiose is not hydrolyzed and is not used by the bacterium as a source of carbon, but is oxidized to melibionic acid. Fructose is assimilated by the bacterium in constructive metabolism, being oxidized to gluconic, 2-ketogluconic acids and 5-ketofructose.", "contents": "[Raffinose metabolism in Gluconobacter oxydans]. Metabolism of raffinose has been examined in experiments with the growing culture and washed cells of Gluconobacter oxydans L-1. Degradtion of the trisaccharide was found to be catalyzed by levansucrase, levan being synthesized, and melibiose and small quantitites of fructose being liberated in the reaction. Melibiose is not hydrolyzed and is not used by the bacterium as a source of carbon, but is oxidized to melibionic acid. Fructose is assimilated by the bacterium in constructive metabolism, being oxidized to gluconic, 2-ketogluconic acids and 5-ketofructose."}
{"id": "PMID:933869", "title": "[The multiphase character of methane fermentation of cellulose].", "content": "An enrichment culture producing methane from cellulose was studied. The culture is a system of changing microbial populations realizing various pathways of methane formation. This change of microbial associations is expressed in three phases of growth; each phase is characterized by its maximum of methane production. The first maximum is related to accumulation and utilization of propionic acid. The second maximum is due to methane formation from acetate by Methanosarcina. One of the possible pathways regulating the methanogenous ecosystem is the action of concentrations of the main metabolites--glucose and the products of its fermentation.", "contents": "[The multiphase character of methane fermentation of cellulose]. An enrichment culture producing methane from cellulose was studied. The culture is a system of changing microbial populations realizing various pathways of methane formation. This change of microbial associations is expressed in three phases of growth; each phase is characterized by its maximum of methane production. The first maximum is related to accumulation and utilization of propionic acid. The second maximum is due to methane formation from acetate by Methanosarcina. One of the possible pathways regulating the methanogenous ecosystem is the action of concentrations of the main metabolites--glucose and the products of its fermentation."}
{"id": "PMID:933870", "title": "[Isolation, purification and several properties of the extracellular RNA-ase of Bacillus amylozyma].", "content": "RNase has been isolated from the cultural broth of Bacillus amylozyma 9a. The dynamics of accumulation of this exocellular enzyme was studied during the growth of the bacterial population, and the optimal conditions for production of the RNase were determined. The enzyme was isolated and purified as follows: precipitation with ammonium sulphate, dialysis, thermal treatment of the enzyme solution, chromatography on DEAE- and CM-celluloses. The enzyme has been purified by 274 times; its specific activity is 3300 units. The preparation contains no DNase, PDEase, and PMEase. The following physical and chemical properties of the enzyme has been studied: molecular weight, thermostability, pH otimum, activation with metal ions.", "contents": "[Isolation, purification and several properties of the extracellular RNA-ase of Bacillus amylozyma]. RNase has been isolated from the cultural broth of Bacillus amylozyma 9a. The dynamics of accumulation of this exocellular enzyme was studied during the growth of the bacterial population, and the optimal conditions for production of the RNase were determined. The enzyme was isolated and purified as follows: precipitation with ammonium sulphate, dialysis, thermal treatment of the enzyme solution, chromatography on DEAE- and CM-celluloses. The enzyme has been purified by 274 times; its specific activity is 3300 units. The preparation contains no DNase, PDEase, and PMEase. The following physical and chemical properties of the enzyme has been studied: molecular weight, thermostability, pH otimum, activation with metal ions."}
{"id": "PMID:933871", "title": "[Amino acid regulation of L-asparaginase formation in Bacillus mesentericus].", "content": "The role of amino acids in regulation of L-asparaginase formation was studied in Bacillus mesentericus 43A. Asparagic acid and, to a less extent, asparagine repress biosynthesis of the enzyme. Glutamic acid, glutamine, and other 15 studied amino acids, added separately at a concentration of 10 or 20 mM to the growing culture, have no effect on the activity of the enzyme. Addition of a combination of all 18 amino acids, each at a concentration of 4 mM, to the culture represses the activity by 64%; addition of an acid hydrolysate of lactoalbumin (10 g/litre) represses the activity of the enzyme by 80%. A mixture of amino acids without asparagic acid and asparagine also displays a strong repressing action. Amino acids formed from asparagic acid--lysine, methionine, and isoleucine--do not repress biosynthesis of the enzyme, neither together nor separately. Ammonium nitrogen also does not participate in regulation of asparaginase formation. The cumulative repressing action of amino acids is supposed to be manifested via the mechanism of catabolite repression.", "contents": "[Amino acid regulation of L-asparaginase formation in Bacillus mesentericus]. The role of amino acids in regulation of L-asparaginase formation was studied in Bacillus mesentericus 43A. Asparagic acid and, to a less extent, asparagine repress biosynthesis of the enzyme. Glutamic acid, glutamine, and other 15 studied amino acids, added separately at a concentration of 10 or 20 mM to the growing culture, have no effect on the activity of the enzyme. Addition of a combination of all 18 amino acids, each at a concentration of 4 mM, to the culture represses the activity by 64%; addition of an acid hydrolysate of lactoalbumin (10 g/litre) represses the activity of the enzyme by 80%. A mixture of amino acids without asparagic acid and asparagine also displays a strong repressing action. Amino acids formed from asparagic acid--lysine, methionine, and isoleucine--do not repress biosynthesis of the enzyme, neither together nor separately. Ammonium nitrogen also does not participate in regulation of asparaginase formation. The cumulative repressing action of amino acids is supposed to be manifested via the mechanism of catabolite repression."}
{"id": "PMID:933872", "title": "[Pyruvate- and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity during yeast growth on glucose and hexadecane].", "content": "The activity of pyruvate- and ketoglutarate dehydrogenases (PDH and KGDH) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis during the exponential phase of their growth on glucose and hexadecane. The activity of PDH in the cells growing on hexadecane was found to be lower than in the cells growing on glucose. The activity of KGDH was almost the same in the cells cultivated on hexadecane and glucose. The results obtained are discussed with respect to different pathways of degradation of glucose and n-alkanes, and a decreased requirement in thiamine during growth of the yeast cells on n-alkanes.", "contents": "[Pyruvate- and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity during yeast growth on glucose and hexadecane]. The activity of pyruvate- and ketoglutarate dehydrogenases (PDH and KGDH) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis during the exponential phase of their growth on glucose and hexadecane. The activity of PDH in the cells growing on hexadecane was found to be lower than in the cells growing on glucose. The activity of KGDH was almost the same in the cells cultivated on hexadecane and glucose. The results obtained are discussed with respect to different pathways of degradation of glucose and n-alkanes, and a decreased requirement in thiamine during growth of the yeast cells on n-alkanes."}
{"id": "PMID:933874", "title": "[Chitinase formation by actinomycetes in deep cultures].", "content": "Actinomycetes were cultivated in the medium containing demineralized crab shells as a source of carbon. Chitinase was found in filtrates of the cultural broth of all 44 studied strains. The activity of the extracellular chitinase was determined both by decomposition of ground chitin (CHI-activity) and colloid chitin (CHI-activity). The ratio between CHI and CHX in filtrates of the cultural broth of the most active nine strains varied from one to two.", "contents": "[Chitinase formation by actinomycetes in deep cultures]. Actinomycetes were cultivated in the medium containing demineralized crab shells as a source of carbon. Chitinase was found in filtrates of the cultural broth of all 44 studied strains. The activity of the extracellular chitinase was determined both by decomposition of ground chitin (CHI-activity) and colloid chitin (CHI-activity). The ratio between CHI and CHX in filtrates of the cultural broth of the most active nine strains varied from one to two."}
{"id": "PMID:933875", "title": "[Thermophilic nitrifying bacteria from hot springs].", "content": "A culture of thermophilic nitrifying bacteria was isolated from geothermal springs of Kamchatka (50-86 degrees C, pH 6.3-7.5) AND Tajig SSR (50-85 degrees C, pH 7.3-8.5). The culture oxidizes ammonium nitrogen at 40-70 degrees C. It resembles Nitrosomonas europea Winogradskyi by its morphology. Dimensions of the cells vary within 0.7-0.9 X 0.8-1.4 mcm. Each cell has a polar flagellum whose diameter is about 140 A. This is the first description of thermophilic nitrifying bacteria belonging to the genus Nitrosomonas.", "contents": "[Thermophilic nitrifying bacteria from hot springs]. A culture of thermophilic nitrifying bacteria was isolated from geothermal springs of Kamchatka (50-86 degrees C, pH 6.3-7.5) AND Tajig SSR (50-85 degrees C, pH 7.3-8.5). The culture oxidizes ammonium nitrogen at 40-70 degrees C. It resembles Nitrosomonas europea Winogradskyi by its morphology. Dimensions of the cells vary within 0.7-0.9 X 0.8-1.4 mcm. Each cell has a polar flagellum whose diameter is about 140 A. This is the first description of thermophilic nitrifying bacteria belonging to the genus Nitrosomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:933877", "title": "[Carotenoids synthesized by a culture of a mutant actinomycete strain].", "content": "Several pigments (beta-, gamma-carotenes and lycopene) have been isolated from the culture of the mutant strain of Actinomyces sp. 2 var. PIII related to Actinomyces chrysomallus. The pigments were identified by the position of maxima and absorption of light by the pigments within the range of 400 to 520 nm, and also by chromatography in several solvent systems, the results were compared with standard samples and literature data. The total yield of the carotenes during cultivation in flasks was 0.744 mg/g of dry mycelium; the content of beta-carotene was 0.590 mg/g.", "contents": "[Carotenoids synthesized by a culture of a mutant actinomycete strain]. Several pigments (beta-, gamma-carotenes and lycopene) have been isolated from the culture of the mutant strain of Actinomyces sp. 2 var. PIII related to Actinomyces chrysomallus. The pigments were identified by the position of maxima and absorption of light by the pigments within the range of 400 to 520 nm, and also by chromatography in several solvent systems, the results were compared with standard samples and literature data. The total yield of the carotenes during cultivation in flasks was 0.744 mg/g of dry mycelium; the content of beta-carotene was 0.590 mg/g."}
{"id": "PMID:933878", "title": "[Alpha-ketoglutaric acid transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids in bacteria].", "content": "Bacteria utilizing synthetic lactams and omega-amino acids contain enzymes involved in transamination of epsilon-aminocaproic, zeta-aminoenanthic, eta-aminocaprilic acids with alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Natural and synthetic omega-amino acids are not inductors of the synthesis of corresponding transaminases. A strain of Pseudomonas dacunchae has been selected; it possesses an elevated activity of transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids, including zeta-aminoenanthic and eta-aminocaprilic acids.", "contents": "[Alpha-ketoglutaric acid transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids in bacteria]. Bacteria utilizing synthetic lactams and omega-amino acids contain enzymes involved in transamination of epsilon-aminocaproic, zeta-aminoenanthic, eta-aminocaprilic acids with alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Natural and synthetic omega-amino acids are not inductors of the synthesis of corresponding transaminases. A strain of Pseudomonas dacunchae has been selected; it possesses an elevated activity of transamination of synthetic omega-amino acids, including zeta-aminoenanthic and eta-aminocaprilic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:933879", "title": "[A flavinogenic mutant of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii with impaired iron transport].", "content": "A mutant of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii was produced by means of UV; the mutant was capable of riboflavin overproduction in the presence of high concentrations of iron in the medium. The content of total and non-hemin iron and cytochrome c, and the activity of catalase, were lower in the cells of the mutant than in the parent cells, while the activity of riboflavin synthetase was higher. The content of iron in the cells increased when the mutant was cultivated on media with citric acid, siderochromes of Klebsiella aerogenes, Neurospora crassa, Rhodotorula glutinis, cultural broth of Pichia ohmeri, and autolysate of brewer's yeast, whereas the flavinogenous activity of the cells decreased. Rotenone inhibited respiration of the intact cells of the mutant producing elevated amounts of riboflavin; therefore, flavinogenesis was not regulated by non-hemin iron on the first segment of the respiratory chain. Overproduction of riboflavin in the mutant of Pichia guilliermondii was proved to be a recessive property.", "contents": "[A flavinogenic mutant of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii with impaired iron transport]. A mutant of the yeast Pichia guilliermondii was produced by means of UV; the mutant was capable of riboflavin overproduction in the presence of high concentrations of iron in the medium. The content of total and non-hemin iron and cytochrome c, and the activity of catalase, were lower in the cells of the mutant than in the parent cells, while the activity of riboflavin synthetase was higher. The content of iron in the cells increased when the mutant was cultivated on media with citric acid, siderochromes of Klebsiella aerogenes, Neurospora crassa, Rhodotorula glutinis, cultural broth of Pichia ohmeri, and autolysate of brewer's yeast, whereas the flavinogenous activity of the cells decreased. Rotenone inhibited respiration of the intact cells of the mutant producing elevated amounts of riboflavin; therefore, flavinogenesis was not regulated by non-hemin iron on the first segment of the respiratory chain. Overproduction of riboflavin in the mutant of Pichia guilliermondii was proved to be a recessive property."}
{"id": "PMID:933882", "title": "[An electron microscopic study of Nocardia rubra growing in a medium containing phenol].", "content": "Changes in the cytoplasm were detected in the ultrastructure of Nocardia rubra 80 growing on a medium containing phenol: the cytoplasm aggregated to yield inclusions with different electron density, having round shape and granular structure. The inclusions are surrounded with bright zones. Cells were formed, which resembled bacterial endospores by their formation and structure; however, typical refractive spores with envelopes and cortex have not been detected.", "contents": "[An electron microscopic study of Nocardia rubra growing in a medium containing phenol]. Changes in the cytoplasm were detected in the ultrastructure of Nocardia rubra 80 growing on a medium containing phenol: the cytoplasm aggregated to yield inclusions with different electron density, having round shape and granular structure. The inclusions are surrounded with bright zones. Cells were formed, which resembled bacterial endospores by their formation and structure; however, typical refractive spores with envelopes and cortex have not been detected."}
{"id": "PMID:933880", "title": "[The influence of growth conditions on the composition of free amino acids in cells of staphylococcus and its pigmentless mutant].", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative composition of free amino acids was studied in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 209-P, and its pigmentless mutant B-6 grown in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobiosis stimulated accumulation of dicarboxylic and hydroxy amino acids, alanine and leucine, and pigment biosynthesis in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus. One amino acid has not been identified. The content of free amino acids was different in the cells of the parent strain and its mutant grown in anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "[The influence of growth conditions on the composition of free amino acids in cells of staphylococcus and its pigmentless mutant]. The qualitative and quantitative composition of free amino acids was studied in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 209-P, and its pigmentless mutant B-6 grown in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobiosis stimulated accumulation of dicarboxylic and hydroxy amino acids, alanine and leucine, and pigment biosynthesis in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus. One amino acid has not been identified. The content of free amino acids was different in the cells of the parent strain and its mutant grown in anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:933883", "title": "[Fine structure of the vegetative and spore-forming hyphae of Micropolyspora fascifera].", "content": "Changes in the fine structure of the hyphae were studied in the course of spore formation by Micropolyspora fascifera. Sporulating hyphae differ from vegetative hyphae by a less dense cytoplasm, a large zone of the nucleoid with distinctly fibrillar structure, and a thin layerless cell wall. Spore formation is accompanied with autolysis of the vegetative hyphae, which consists in vacuolization of the hyphae and appearance of a large number of tubular membrane structures within them. Spores are formed, like in Actinomyces spp., by simultaneous division of the hyphae with septa; the structure of sporulating septa is similar to that of the fragmenting mycelium in Nocardia; the structure of mature spores is similar to that in some Actinomyces spp. Therefore, M. fascifera differs from other Micropolyspora spp. not only by the chemical composition of the cells (the presence of nocardiomicolic acids) but also by their structure. Taxonomic position of the species is discussed.", "contents": "[Fine structure of the vegetative and spore-forming hyphae of Micropolyspora fascifera]. Changes in the fine structure of the hyphae were studied in the course of spore formation by Micropolyspora fascifera. Sporulating hyphae differ from vegetative hyphae by a less dense cytoplasm, a large zone of the nucleoid with distinctly fibrillar structure, and a thin layerless cell wall. Spore formation is accompanied with autolysis of the vegetative hyphae, which consists in vacuolization of the hyphae and appearance of a large number of tubular membrane structures within them. Spores are formed, like in Actinomyces spp., by simultaneous division of the hyphae with septa; the structure of sporulating septa is similar to that of the fragmenting mycelium in Nocardia; the structure of mature spores is similar to that in some Actinomyces spp. Therefore, M. fascifera differs from other Micropolyspora spp. not only by the chemical composition of the cells (the presence of nocardiomicolic acids) but also by their structure. Taxonomic position of the species is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:933885", "title": "[The nature of the luminescence of the heliomycin producer Actinomyces enissus].", "content": "Luminescence of Actinomyces enissus synthesizing heliomycin is caused by the action of UV; it is multicoloured, mosaic, and changes in the course of growth. Multicoloured luminescence is due to formation of substances with various colours of luminescence (antibiotics heliomycin and resistoflavin, coproporphyrins I and III, riboflavin, etc.); its mosaic character is caused by the presence in the population of variants with difference in the component composition of luminescent substances and the degree of differentiation of colonies.", "contents": "[The nature of the luminescence of the heliomycin producer Actinomyces enissus]. Luminescence of Actinomyces enissus synthesizing heliomycin is caused by the action of UV; it is multicoloured, mosaic, and changes in the course of growth. Multicoloured luminescence is due to formation of substances with various colours of luminescence (antibiotics heliomycin and resistoflavin, coproporphyrins I and III, riboflavin, etc.); its mosaic character is caused by the presence in the population of variants with difference in the component composition of luminescent substances and the degree of differentiation of colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:933890", "title": "[A parasitological study of cockroaches (Blattidae)].", "content": "All kinds of arthropoda can find a suitable environment to grow and spread in this country because of its mild and subtropical climate. Arthropods are harmful to men, animals and plants in many ways. The most important role the arthropods play is in carrying germs and parasites. Cockroaches are widely spread in Turkey, they transmit bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths mechanically and biologically. Because of their close contact with human beings, these insects encouraged us to make parasitological investigations. In the hindgut of cockroaches we found three nemethod species; Suifunema caudelli, Galebia aegyptiaca, and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi.", "contents": "[A parasitological study of cockroaches (Blattidae)]. All kinds of arthropoda can find a suitable environment to grow and spread in this country because of its mild and subtropical climate. Arthropods are harmful to men, animals and plants in many ways. The most important role the arthropods play is in carrying germs and parasites. Cockroaches are widely spread in Turkey, they transmit bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths mechanically and biologically. Because of their close contact with human beings, these insects encouraged us to make parasitological investigations. In the hindgut of cockroaches we found three nemethod species; Suifunema caudelli, Galebia aegyptiaca, and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi."}
{"id": "PMID:933891", "title": "[The bacterial flora of decubitus ulcers and the effects of ultraviolet light on this flora].", "content": "Decubitus ulcers, their treatment, the effect of UV light on bacterial flora of these ulcers, different effects of UV light according to the wave length, the UV lamp used in experiments, and the bacterial flora of wounds in different phases are explained. From 21 patients, with decubitus ulcers under UV treatment, 974 samples were collected before and after UV treatments. These samples were cultured on blood agar plates by the isolation method in 5 steps. After 24 hours incubation, the colonies were counted at each step and then identified. It has seen that bacterial flora decreased gradually from 1 MED, up to 6 MED of UV exposure. (MED = Minimal eritemal dose = about 1 minute) From 6 MED up to 20 MED the rate of decrease remained almost at the same level as in 6 MED. The number of colonies at each step before and after UV exposures were compared with each other. Only the averages of first steps in every MED, their standard errors and (P) values are shown in table III. The ulcers showed higher granulation tissue and faster healing parallel to the effect of UV light on bacteria. In cultures from 974 samples, pseudomonas was most commonly found, followed by diphtheroides, hemolytic staphylococci, non-hemolytic staphylococci, Gram (--) micrococci, proteus, mima (only in two patients), candida, saprophytic staphylococci, neisseria, haemophilus, and aerobic spore-forming bacilli.", "contents": "[The bacterial flora of decubitus ulcers and the effects of ultraviolet light on this flora]. Decubitus ulcers, their treatment, the effect of UV light on bacterial flora of these ulcers, different effects of UV light according to the wave length, the UV lamp used in experiments, and the bacterial flora of wounds in different phases are explained. From 21 patients, with decubitus ulcers under UV treatment, 974 samples were collected before and after UV treatments. These samples were cultured on blood agar plates by the isolation method in 5 steps. After 24 hours incubation, the colonies were counted at each step and then identified. It has seen that bacterial flora decreased gradually from 1 MED, up to 6 MED of UV exposure. (MED = Minimal eritemal dose = about 1 minute) From 6 MED up to 20 MED the rate of decrease remained almost at the same level as in 6 MED. The number of colonies at each step before and after UV exposures were compared with each other. Only the averages of first steps in every MED, their standard errors and (P) values are shown in table III. The ulcers showed higher granulation tissue and faster healing parallel to the effect of UV light on bacteria. In cultures from 974 samples, pseudomonas was most commonly found, followed by diphtheroides, hemolytic staphylococci, non-hemolytic staphylococci, Gram (--) micrococci, proteus, mima (only in two patients), candida, saprophytic staphylococci, neisseria, haemophilus, and aerobic spore-forming bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:933892", "title": "[Studies of Yersinia pestis in wild animals captured in Ankara, Konya and Nevsehir].", "content": "No Yersinia pestis could be isolated, by culturing and by inoculations to 1212 guinea-pigs and 150 mice; from 623 citellus, 41 Mus musculus, 55 Microtus, 442 Meriones, 70 Rattus rattus, 56 turtle, 89 hare, 1 hamster, 1 hedgehog, 1 sea snake, altogether 790 dead, 589 alive, i.e. 1379. wild animals captured in Ankara, Konya (Karapinar), Urfa (Ak\u00e7akale) and in Nev\u015fehir. In 141 sera taken from citellus captured alive, and in 174 sera taken from guinea-pigs inoculated with spleen, liver and kidney suspensions of wild animals, 1/20 - 1/80 agglutination titers (one of the sera from a guinea-pig inoculated with hare organ suspension) were obtained. These findings, probably were due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, because this organism was isolated from citellus captured in Ankara and Konya.", "contents": "[Studies of Yersinia pestis in wild animals captured in Ankara, Konya and Nevsehir]. No Yersinia pestis could be isolated, by culturing and by inoculations to 1212 guinea-pigs and 150 mice; from 623 citellus, 41 Mus musculus, 55 Microtus, 442 Meriones, 70 Rattus rattus, 56 turtle, 89 hare, 1 hamster, 1 hedgehog, 1 sea snake, altogether 790 dead, 589 alive, i.e. 1379. wild animals captured in Ankara, Konya (Karapinar), Urfa (Ak\u00e7akale) and in Nev\u015fehir. In 141 sera taken from citellus captured alive, and in 174 sera taken from guinea-pigs inoculated with spleen, liver and kidney suspensions of wild animals, 1/20 - 1/80 agglutination titers (one of the sera from a guinea-pig inoculated with hare organ suspension) were obtained. These findings, probably were due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, because this organism was isolated from citellus captured in Ankara and Konya."}
{"id": "PMID:933894", "title": "[First isolation of S. newlands serotype in Turkey].", "content": "Authors report the first isolation of Salmonella newlands serotype in Ankara from the stool culture of a patient with acute gastroenteritis.", "contents": "[First isolation of S. newlands serotype in Turkey]. Authors report the first isolation of Salmonella newlands serotype in Ankara from the stool culture of a patient with acute gastroenteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:933886", "title": "[Total number, biomass and production of bacteria in the water of the subtropical and equatorial-tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean].", "content": "The total number and biomass of bacteria were determined by capillary microscopy in 168 samples of water taken from different horizons (0-5,000 m) in the subtropic and equatorial-tropic regions of the central part of the Pacific Ocean (135 degrees and 150 degrees w. long) and the western half of the Indian Ocean (65 degrees e. long). In most cases, 1 ml of water contained dozens and hundreds of thousands of the cells whose biomass was several or dozens milligrams per 1 m3. Layers with a high content of bacteria were encountered not only in the surface zone but also at large depths. In the euphotic layer (0-200 m), the mean value of the bacterial biomass was similar to that of phytoplankton in mesotrophic waters of tropic divergences and subpolar zones. Vertical distribution of the total number of the microorganisms was found to be similar to distribution of saprophytic bacteria studied earlier.", "contents": "[Total number, biomass and production of bacteria in the water of the subtropical and equatorial-tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean]. The total number and biomass of bacteria were determined by capillary microscopy in 168 samples of water taken from different horizons (0-5,000 m) in the subtropic and equatorial-tropic regions of the central part of the Pacific Ocean (135 degrees and 150 degrees w. long) and the western half of the Indian Ocean (65 degrees e. long). In most cases, 1 ml of water contained dozens and hundreds of thousands of the cells whose biomass was several or dozens milligrams per 1 m3. Layers with a high content of bacteria were encountered not only in the surface zone but also at large depths. In the euphotic layer (0-200 m), the mean value of the bacterial biomass was similar to that of phytoplankton in mesotrophic waters of tropic divergences and subpolar zones. Vertical distribution of the total number of the microorganisms was found to be similar to distribution of saprophytic bacteria studied earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:933888", "title": "[Biogenic elements and sulfate reduction in a flooded oil carbonate stratum].", "content": "Biogenous sulphate reduction and accumulation of secondary H2S were caused by the action of pumping waters with a low content of mineral elements on carbonate collectors with a high concentration of relict H2S during long periods of time. The amount of sulphates, phosphates, and ammonium nitrogen in water from layers of various mineralization is sufficient for active sulphate reduction. Sulphates and phosphates are eliminated from rocks of layers with diluted waters. The maximum increase of SO42- in waters was 1545 mg/litre, that of HPO42- was 0.34 mg/litre. The amount of ammonium decreases with mineralization of the layer waters, remaining within the range of 129-7 mg/litre. The content of CO2 and HCO3- increases in diluted waters to 197 and 695 mg/litre, respectively, correlating with biogenous processes. The highest number of sulphate reducing bacteria (dozens of thousands of the cells per ml) was found in water with mineralization of 19 g/litre. Curves for the content of SO42-, HPO42-, NH4+, and CO2 have a common maximum in waters of the Polaznensky deposit with a salinity of 62 g/litre.", "contents": "[Biogenic elements and sulfate reduction in a flooded oil carbonate stratum]. Biogenous sulphate reduction and accumulation of secondary H2S were caused by the action of pumping waters with a low content of mineral elements on carbonate collectors with a high concentration of relict H2S during long periods of time. The amount of sulphates, phosphates, and ammonium nitrogen in water from layers of various mineralization is sufficient for active sulphate reduction. Sulphates and phosphates are eliminated from rocks of layers with diluted waters. The maximum increase of SO42- in waters was 1545 mg/litre, that of HPO42- was 0.34 mg/litre. The amount of ammonium decreases with mineralization of the layer waters, remaining within the range of 129-7 mg/litre. The content of CO2 and HCO3- increases in diluted waters to 197 and 695 mg/litre, respectively, correlating with biogenous processes. The highest number of sulphate reducing bacteria (dozens of thousands of the cells per ml) was found in water with mineralization of 19 g/litre. Curves for the content of SO42-, HPO42-, NH4+, and CO2 have a common maximum in waters of the Polaznensky deposit with a salinity of 62 g/litre."}
{"id": "PMID:933895", "title": "[First isolation of S. zanzibar in Turkey].", "content": "Author reports first isolation of a Salmonella zanzibar serotype from the stool culture of an 8 year old boy with gastroenteritis in Ankara.", "contents": "[First isolation of S. zanzibar in Turkey]. Author reports first isolation of a Salmonella zanzibar serotype from the stool culture of an 8 year old boy with gastroenteritis in Ankara."}
{"id": "PMID:933887", "title": "[The number and respiratory intensity of bacterioplankton in the South Ural lakes].", "content": "The rate of oxygen assimilation by bacterioplankton was determined in the course of vegetative period in nine lakes of the Southern Urals. A correlation was established between the respiration rate and the presence of easily oxidizable organic substance in water within one lake. The optimum concentration of bacteria was found in the lakes when their activity was maximal. An increase or a decrease of this concentration results in a decrease of oxygen assimilation by a bacterial cell. The highest rate of oxygen assimilation by a bacterial cell was detected in mesotrophic lakes (2.0-10(-11) mgO/hr), being lower in oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes (0.9-10(-11)-1.0-10(-11) mgO/hr).", "contents": "[The number and respiratory intensity of bacterioplankton in the South Ural lakes]. The rate of oxygen assimilation by bacterioplankton was determined in the course of vegetative period in nine lakes of the Southern Urals. A correlation was established between the respiration rate and the presence of easily oxidizable organic substance in water within one lake. The optimum concentration of bacteria was found in the lakes when their activity was maximal. An increase or a decrease of this concentration results in a decrease of oxygen assimilation by a bacterial cell. The highest rate of oxygen assimilation by a bacterial cell was detected in mesotrophic lakes (2.0-10(-11) mgO/hr), being lower in oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes (0.9-10(-11)-1.0-10(-11) mgO/hr)."}
{"id": "PMID:933897", "title": "[II. The process of spontaneous bacteriolysis in water and micropredator bacteria].", "content": "In her conference presented in Public Health School in Ankara in June 1975, the author summarizes the present knowledge on spontaneous bacteriolysis process in water and gives information on the bacteria which are thought to be mostly responsible for auto-purification of water, with special emphasis on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains.", "contents": "[II. The process of spontaneous bacteriolysis in water and micropredator bacteria]. In her conference presented in Public Health School in Ankara in June 1975, the author summarizes the present knowledge on spontaneous bacteriolysis process in water and gives information on the bacteria which are thought to be mostly responsible for auto-purification of water, with special emphasis on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains."}
{"id": "PMID:933898", "title": "[A comparison of complete and incomplete antibodies by Middlebrook-Dubos, Boyden and Coombs hemagglutination tests in man].", "content": "The antibodies in the sera of 160 tuberculous persons and in a control group of 100 healthy persons were investigated by Middlebrook-Dubos (M-D), Boyden hemagglutination and modified M-D antiglobulin methods. By the M-D method 88% of the sera from 135 persons with lung tuberculosis, and 57.1% sera from 21 persons with other organ tuberculosis gave positive results. In the control group of 100 persons 11% were positive, while all of PPD negative persons remained negative. By Boyden method 90% of 135 lung tuberculosis, 57.1% of 21 with other organ tuberculosis and 4% of the control group gave positive results. In 91.2% of 80 persons with lung tuberculosis, tested with modified M-D antiglobulin method, found incomplete antibodies. The difference in control groups (11%, 4%), and in persons with active tuberculosis (88%, 90%) indicates that the serological tests are just as significant as other diagnostic methods.", "contents": "[A comparison of complete and incomplete antibodies by Middlebrook-Dubos, Boyden and Coombs hemagglutination tests in man]. The antibodies in the sera of 160 tuberculous persons and in a control group of 100 healthy persons were investigated by Middlebrook-Dubos (M-D), Boyden hemagglutination and modified M-D antiglobulin methods. By the M-D method 88% of the sera from 135 persons with lung tuberculosis, and 57.1% sera from 21 persons with other organ tuberculosis gave positive results. In the control group of 100 persons 11% were positive, while all of PPD negative persons remained negative. By Boyden method 90% of 135 lung tuberculosis, 57.1% of 21 with other organ tuberculosis and 4% of the control group gave positive results. In 91.2% of 80 persons with lung tuberculosis, tested with modified M-D antiglobulin method, found incomplete antibodies. The difference in control groups (11%, 4%), and in persons with active tuberculosis (88%, 90%) indicates that the serological tests are just as significant as other diagnostic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:933899", "title": "[Anaerobic bacteria isolated from appendices and appendicitis cases].", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 17 of 40 normal appendices and appendicitis cases in Ankara. In both cases gram positive, nonsporulating, and gram negative organisms were isolated. Gram positive cocci were only isolated from appendicitis cases. The bacteria isolated from appendicitis are usually like the anaerobic bacteria of the colon flora. All anaerobic bacteria in appendix flora can cause appendicitis in suitable conditions.", "contents": "[Anaerobic bacteria isolated from appendices and appendicitis cases]. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 17 of 40 normal appendices and appendicitis cases in Ankara. In both cases gram positive, nonsporulating, and gram negative organisms were isolated. Gram positive cocci were only isolated from appendicitis cases. The bacteria isolated from appendicitis are usually like the anaerobic bacteria of the colon flora. All anaerobic bacteria in appendix flora can cause appendicitis in suitable conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:933900", "title": "[Diagnosis of human hydatidosis by hemagglutination and complement fixation (Weinberg) tests].", "content": "397 sera were tested by passive hemaglutination and weinberg reactions to diagnose hydatid cysts. 5 of 211 sera (2.53%) gave positive and 206 sera (97.63%) gave negative results by passive hemagglutination test, whereas in weinberg reaction 204 of them (96.68%) were negative and 7 (3.32%) anticomplementary. 13 sera (14.13%) from another batch of 92 sera gave negative results and 79 of them (85.87%) remained negative by passive hemagglutination test, when 6 of them (6.52%) were positive and 96 (93.48%) negative by weinberg reaction. 56 (91.80%) of 61 sera taken from patients operated on for hydatid cysts gave positive and 5 (8.20%) of them negative by passive hemagglutination test. 29 (47.54%) were positive, and 32 (52.46%) negative by weinberg reaction. In another batch of 15 sera taken from patients, 3 were positive and 12 were negative by passive hemagglutination, 2 were positive and 13 were negative by weinberg test. When the two tests are compared, passive hemagglutination test gave better results both qualitatively and quantitatively than weinberg so that it may be preferred in laboratories having improved facilities.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of human hydatidosis by hemagglutination and complement fixation (Weinberg) tests]. 397 sera were tested by passive hemaglutination and weinberg reactions to diagnose hydatid cysts. 5 of 211 sera (2.53%) gave positive and 206 sera (97.63%) gave negative results by passive hemagglutination test, whereas in weinberg reaction 204 of them (96.68%) were negative and 7 (3.32%) anticomplementary. 13 sera (14.13%) from another batch of 92 sera gave negative results and 79 of them (85.87%) remained negative by passive hemagglutination test, when 6 of them (6.52%) were positive and 96 (93.48%) negative by weinberg reaction. 56 (91.80%) of 61 sera taken from patients operated on for hydatid cysts gave positive and 5 (8.20%) of them negative by passive hemagglutination test. 29 (47.54%) were positive, and 32 (52.46%) negative by weinberg reaction. In another batch of 15 sera taken from patients, 3 were positive and 12 were negative by passive hemagglutination, 2 were positive and 13 were negative by weinberg test. When the two tests are compared, passive hemagglutination test gave better results both qualitatively and quantitatively than weinberg so that it may be preferred in laboratories having improved facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:933901", "title": "[The results of copro parasitological investigations in two poor districts in Ankara].", "content": "542 stools were examined for intestinal helminths. 97 of them showed parasitic infestation. The number and percentages of the species found are shown below, Ascaris lumbricoides 39 7.4%, Hymenolepis nana 24 4.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 16 3.0%, Taenia saginata 4 0.8%, Trichuris trichiura 12 2.2%. The helminthological diagnosis is based on the enrichment methods of flotation.", "contents": "[The results of copro parasitological investigations in two poor districts in Ankara]. 542 stools were examined for intestinal helminths. 97 of them showed parasitic infestation. The number and percentages of the species found are shown below, Ascaris lumbricoides 39 7.4%, Hymenolepis nana 24 4.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 16 3.0%, Taenia saginata 4 0.8%, Trichuris trichiura 12 2.2%. The helminthological diagnosis is based on the enrichment methods of flotation."}
{"id": "PMID:933907", "title": "Myasthenia gravis: An embryologic and phylogenetic perspective.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is a rare disease with unique clinical features. These include (1) progressive fatigue on exertion, most evident clinically in the muscles of the head and neck (2) a definite relationship of the disease to the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands. A hypothesis is advanced with correlates these facts on the basis of a common embryologic origin of these glands and the branchial arch muscles. A corollary is that the muscles of the head and neck differ from the somatic musculature in some as-yet-unidentified manner, for example, pharmacologically. A plea is made for comparative studies between the two.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis: An embryologic and phylogenetic perspective. Myasthenia gravis is a rare disease with unique clinical features. These include (1) progressive fatigue on exertion, most evident clinically in the muscles of the head and neck (2) a definite relationship of the disease to the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands. A hypothesis is advanced with correlates these facts on the basis of a common embryologic origin of these glands and the branchial arch muscles. A corollary is that the muscles of the head and neck differ from the somatic musculature in some as-yet-unidentified manner, for example, pharmacologically. A plea is made for comparative studies between the two."}
{"id": "PMID:933908", "title": "Determination of ventricular volume from changes in wall thickness.", "content": "A new method of measuring left ventricular volume is proposed which utilizes ventricular wall thickness at end systole and end diastole to estimate the ejection fraction. These measurements plus stroke volume allow the calculation of ventricular EDV. Although data from angiocardiographic studies have been used to validate the method it appears that the same data can be derived from ultrasound studies. The use of ultrasound methods would allow long term monitoring of ventricular volume changes during the course of a disease process. The proposed method appears to offer a more consistently accurate means of measuring EDV than previously suggested ultrasound methods. Comparison of EDV data calculated from angiographic and wall thickness measurements reveals the two methods to be statistically identical. In patients with a normal myocardium or valve lesions the correlation between the two methods is 0.97 with a standard error of 21 cc. There is a significant loss of accuracy when estimating ventricular volume in patients having diagnoses compatible with ventricular asynergy. An alternative method is suggested which may improve estimates of ventricular volume in these patients.", "contents": "Determination of ventricular volume from changes in wall thickness. A new method of measuring left ventricular volume is proposed which utilizes ventricular wall thickness at end systole and end diastole to estimate the ejection fraction. These measurements plus stroke volume allow the calculation of ventricular EDV. Although data from angiocardiographic studies have been used to validate the method it appears that the same data can be derived from ultrasound studies. The use of ultrasound methods would allow long term monitoring of ventricular volume changes during the course of a disease process. The proposed method appears to offer a more consistently accurate means of measuring EDV than previously suggested ultrasound methods. Comparison of EDV data calculated from angiographic and wall thickness measurements reveals the two methods to be statistically identical. In patients with a normal myocardium or valve lesions the correlation between the two methods is 0.97 with a standard error of 21 cc. There is a significant loss of accuracy when estimating ventricular volume in patients having diagnoses compatible with ventricular asynergy. An alternative method is suggested which may improve estimates of ventricular volume in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933909", "title": "The fundamental characteristics of individual development.", "content": "Individual development in the course of a generation has an unidirectional, irreversible, \"closed\", predominantly structly-determined, predominantly autoprogrammed, autoreproducible character. The characteristics of individual development differ in terms of its processes, stages, types and orders. Ontogenesis and ageing of the organism represent the principal processes of individual development. Individual development has three main stages (progressive stage, \"plateau\" stage and regressive stage). The types of individual development may be grouped into two categories: elementary and complex. The complex types result from the combining in different ways of the elementary types. Similarly, orders of the generations of individual development and hierarchical orders of individual development may be differentiated. Between the processes, stages, types and orders of individual development certain \"combining\" relationships may appear. The processes, stages and types of individual development as well as their mutual relationships serve both development and stability.", "contents": "The fundamental characteristics of individual development. Individual development in the course of a generation has an unidirectional, irreversible, \"closed\", predominantly structly-determined, predominantly autoprogrammed, autoreproducible character. The characteristics of individual development differ in terms of its processes, stages, types and orders. Ontogenesis and ageing of the organism represent the principal processes of individual development. Individual development has three main stages (progressive stage, \"plateau\" stage and regressive stage). The types of individual development may be grouped into two categories: elementary and complex. The complex types result from the combining in different ways of the elementary types. Similarly, orders of the generations of individual development and hierarchical orders of individual development may be differentiated. Between the processes, stages, types and orders of individual development certain \"combining\" relationships may appear. The processes, stages and types of individual development as well as their mutual relationships serve both development and stability."}
{"id": "PMID:933910", "title": "Catch 22 in the NIH peer review system.", "content": "The per review system for the assessment of research proposals is widely respected by working scientists. Nevertheless two problems associated with the operation of this system by the US National Institutes of Health are identified. First the scientist has no control over which committee will review an application and it may be considered by a quite inappropriate group. Second analysis of the committee composition suggests that in some of the groups several members are not active scientists and therefore not the \"peers\" of the applicant.", "contents": "Catch 22 in the NIH peer review system. The per review system for the assessment of research proposals is widely respected by working scientists. Nevertheless two problems associated with the operation of this system by the US National Institutes of Health are identified. First the scientist has no control over which committee will review an application and it may be considered by a quite inappropriate group. Second analysis of the committee composition suggests that in some of the groups several members are not active scientists and therefore not the \"peers\" of the applicant."}
{"id": "PMID:933912", "title": "Cancer mortality correlation studies. I. Statistical associations between cancers at anatomically unrelated sites and some epidemiological implications.", "content": "Reported age-corrected cancer mortalities in different countries and in the USA were systematically correlated with the female breast cancer mortalities in order to establish the extent by which cancers at other sites are affected by regional and temporal variations of exogenous factors controlling the etiology of and/or mortality from cancer of the female breast. Some of the most common human cancers are directly correlated with breast cancer, with a high degree of statistical significance. Genuine inverse associations are rare, and only a few of the major neoplastic diseases appear to be uncorrelated. The results suggest that the human cancer mortality is controlled by exogenous factors which vary over space and time. These factors are as yet unidentified but are probably related to diet.", "contents": "Cancer mortality correlation studies. I. Statistical associations between cancers at anatomically unrelated sites and some epidemiological implications. Reported age-corrected cancer mortalities in different countries and in the USA were systematically correlated with the female breast cancer mortalities in order to establish the extent by which cancers at other sites are affected by regional and temporal variations of exogenous factors controlling the etiology of and/or mortality from cancer of the female breast. Some of the most common human cancers are directly correlated with breast cancer, with a high degree of statistical significance. Genuine inverse associations are rare, and only a few of the major neoplastic diseases appear to be uncorrelated. The results suggest that the human cancer mortality is controlled by exogenous factors which vary over space and time. These factors are as yet unidentified but are probably related to diet."}
{"id": "PMID:933919", "title": "An occupational health approach to anaesthetic air pollution.", "content": "The principles of occupational health practice as applicable to operating theatre staff are stated. Operating theatre air was samples for halothane at three Sydney hospitals--one in which a scavenging system was in operation and two without such a system. A method giving time-weighted average concentrations over the period of sampling was used. Anaesthetic techniques varied for adults and children. The scavenging system was found to be highly efficient. Less than 0.1 ppm of halothane was found in the air of one theatre in which a flow rate of 4 litres per minute with 0.5% halothane and controlled ventilation were being used for routine anaesthetics in adults. In another theatre in which paediatric surgery was being performed, the anaesthetic technique utilized a flow rate of 6 litres per minute with 0.5% halothane and a T-piece, and the air was found to contain 0.8 ppm of halothane. Concentrations of up to 8 ppm were found in unscavenged theatres. Other possible occupational hazards of the environment, such as exposure to X-rays, viral infection and aerosol sprays, are mentioned. These may be significant.", "contents": "An occupational health approach to anaesthetic air pollution. The principles of occupational health practice as applicable to operating theatre staff are stated. Operating theatre air was samples for halothane at three Sydney hospitals--one in which a scavenging system was in operation and two without such a system. A method giving time-weighted average concentrations over the period of sampling was used. Anaesthetic techniques varied for adults and children. The scavenging system was found to be highly efficient. Less than 0.1 ppm of halothane was found in the air of one theatre in which a flow rate of 4 litres per minute with 0.5% halothane and controlled ventilation were being used for routine anaesthetics in adults. In another theatre in which paediatric surgery was being performed, the anaesthetic technique utilized a flow rate of 6 litres per minute with 0.5% halothane and a T-piece, and the air was found to contain 0.8 ppm of halothane. Concentrations of up to 8 ppm were found in unscavenged theatres. Other possible occupational hazards of the environment, such as exposure to X-rays, viral infection and aerosol sprays, are mentioned. These may be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:933913", "title": "Cancer: restriction of chemical energy by fatty acids as the common pathway whereby various anti-tumour procedures selectively damage malignant cells in situ.", "content": "Harmful effects may be inflicted upon cancer cells in vivo by a variety of means, for example, by the administration of bacterial endotoxins or alkylating agents, and by radiation treatment. These different procedures appear to act on tumours indirectly, and are also capable of inducing shock. The suggestion is made that the deleterious actions on cancer cells are mediated by the tissues of the host, and involve raising the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in the plasma. Fatty acids may restrict the availability of chemical energy within cancer cells in at least two ways, either by modulating the activity of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase through the agency of their coenzyme A derivatives (LCFACoAs), or by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation through the activation of phospholipase A2. The effectiveness of fatty acids in the former respect is theoretically and qualitatively examined on the basis of the affinity constants for LCFACoAs of the translocase and of certain enzymes concerned with beta-oxidation. The development of a new form of cancer chemotherapy by selectively harnessing and stimulating the lipotropic response of the host to a tumour is discussed in terms of the administration of fatty acids which possess specific properties while as the same time raising plasma NEFA concentrations and maintaining them at an elevated level.", "contents": "Cancer: restriction of chemical energy by fatty acids as the common pathway whereby various anti-tumour procedures selectively damage malignant cells in situ. Harmful effects may be inflicted upon cancer cells in vivo by a variety of means, for example, by the administration of bacterial endotoxins or alkylating agents, and by radiation treatment. These different procedures appear to act on tumours indirectly, and are also capable of inducing shock. The suggestion is made that the deleterious actions on cancer cells are mediated by the tissues of the host, and involve raising the levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in the plasma. Fatty acids may restrict the availability of chemical energy within cancer cells in at least two ways, either by modulating the activity of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase through the agency of their coenzyme A derivatives (LCFACoAs), or by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation through the activation of phospholipase A2. The effectiveness of fatty acids in the former respect is theoretically and qualitatively examined on the basis of the affinity constants for LCFACoAs of the translocase and of certain enzymes concerned with beta-oxidation. The development of a new form of cancer chemotherapy by selectively harnessing and stimulating the lipotropic response of the host to a tumour is discussed in terms of the administration of fatty acids which possess specific properties while as the same time raising plasma NEFA concentrations and maintaining them at an elevated level."}
{"id": "PMID:933920", "title": "Chronic bronchitis in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.", "content": "A study of chronic bronchitis was carried out on 195 ex-servicemen from Victoria New South Wales and Queensland. Exacerbations of chest symptoms were commonly found and chronic bronchitis was in important cause of haemoptysis. Weather conditions, especially cold weather, affected chest symptoms and early age of starting to smoke affected the incidence of severe bronchitis. The clinical profiles of the cases studied were similar to those in some of the reports from Canada and Britain.", "contents": "Chronic bronchitis in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. A study of chronic bronchitis was carried out on 195 ex-servicemen from Victoria New South Wales and Queensland. Exacerbations of chest symptoms were commonly found and chronic bronchitis was in important cause of haemoptysis. Weather conditions, especially cold weather, affected chest symptoms and early age of starting to smoke affected the incidence of severe bronchitis. The clinical profiles of the cases studied were similar to those in some of the reports from Canada and Britain."}
{"id": "PMID:933921", "title": "Surgical relief of post-herpetic pain by excision of scarred skin.", "content": "This paper deals with the problems of post-herpetic pain. The various modes of treatment which have been tried for its relief are discussed as is our experience of excision of the scarred area of skin. The procedure has been found to offer worthwhile pain relief to a significant number of patients.", "contents": "Surgical relief of post-herpetic pain by excision of scarred skin. This paper deals with the problems of post-herpetic pain. The various modes of treatment which have been tried for its relief are discussed as is our experience of excision of the scarred area of skin. The procedure has been found to offer worthwhile pain relief to a significant number of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933914", "title": "The relationship between measles virus infection and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).", "content": "On theoretical grounds we propose that the essential step in the development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) after measles virus infection involves a reverse transcriptase-mediated change to a DNA form, probably brought about by co-infection with a leukovirus at a critical point in time. We further suggest that this new DNA then replicates either as the core of a new slow virus or as a membrane-attached viroid exhibiting a form of non-structural integration with host cell DNA resembling that found with the herpes viruses.", "contents": "The relationship between measles virus infection and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). On theoretical grounds we propose that the essential step in the development of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) after measles virus infection involves a reverse transcriptase-mediated change to a DNA form, probably brought about by co-infection with a leukovirus at a critical point in time. We further suggest that this new DNA then replicates either as the core of a new slow virus or as a membrane-attached viroid exhibiting a form of non-structural integration with host cell DNA resembling that found with the herpes viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:933915", "title": "Dynamic electrocardiography, the electromechanical S wave: the problem of the contradictory converse.", "content": "Two basic hypotheses concerning an electromechanical S wave of the electrocardiogram during exercise have been expanded to five to include the effect of recovery which should produce converse changes. Four hypotheses have been supported and the fifth contradicted. An attempt has been made to analyse the ensuing dilemma and a conclusion is reached that either the electromechanical hypothesis is in error or a new hypothesis, which predicts an increase in the cardiac end-diastolic volume after exhaustive exercise, must be proposed. This new hypothesis is commonly accepted by physical educationalists but appears to be rarely discussed in physiological texts.", "contents": "Dynamic electrocardiography, the electromechanical S wave: the problem of the contradictory converse. Two basic hypotheses concerning an electromechanical S wave of the electrocardiogram during exercise have been expanded to five to include the effect of recovery which should produce converse changes. Four hypotheses have been supported and the fifth contradicted. An attempt has been made to analyse the ensuing dilemma and a conclusion is reached that either the electromechanical hypothesis is in error or a new hypothesis, which predicts an increase in the cardiac end-diastolic volume after exhaustive exercise, must be proposed. This new hypothesis is commonly accepted by physical educationalists but appears to be rarely discussed in physiological texts."}
{"id": "PMID:933922", "title": "The mortality of exchange transfusions.", "content": "A prospective study of the effect and mortality of exchange transfusion was carried out in the Kandang Kerbau Hospital, Singapore. Altogether 140 exchange transfusions were performed on 122 infants. The exchanges were done for hyperbilirubinaemia due to \"idiopathic\" jaundice, ABO haemolytic disease, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Eight infants deteriorated during the exchange, in three of whom the procedure had to be terminated prematurely. Two deaths occurred two days after the exchange--the procedure being partly responsible in one case; necrotizing enterocolitis was present in addition to the kernicterus. Exchange transfusion is not without hazards, and should be performed carefully with close monitoring of the clinical status of the infant during and immediately after the procedure.", "contents": "The mortality of exchange transfusions. A prospective study of the effect and mortality of exchange transfusion was carried out in the Kandang Kerbau Hospital, Singapore. Altogether 140 exchange transfusions were performed on 122 infants. The exchanges were done for hyperbilirubinaemia due to \"idiopathic\" jaundice, ABO haemolytic disease, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Eight infants deteriorated during the exchange, in three of whom the procedure had to be terminated prematurely. Two deaths occurred two days after the exchange--the procedure being partly responsible in one case; necrotizing enterocolitis was present in addition to the kernicterus. Exchange transfusion is not without hazards, and should be performed carefully with close monitoring of the clinical status of the infant during and immediately after the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:933923", "title": "A comparative investigation of cervical cytology in Central Australian full-blooded aboriginal women.", "content": "The results of cytological screening of a group of full-blooded Aborigines are compared with the results of a similar study of women attending a teaching hospital cytology clinic. Abnormal appearances were found in the smears of four of the 430 Aborigines and 73 of the 1,069 women attending the clinic. The actual incidence of unsuspected dysplastic change was 0.23% for cervical dysplasia among the Aborigines and 0.75% for dysplasia and 0.84% for carcinoma-in-situ in the metropolitan group. Comment is made concerning the difference in appearance of the cervix in the two groups.", "contents": "A comparative investigation of cervical cytology in Central Australian full-blooded aboriginal women. The results of cytological screening of a group of full-blooded Aborigines are compared with the results of a similar study of women attending a teaching hospital cytology clinic. Abnormal appearances were found in the smears of four of the 430 Aborigines and 73 of the 1,069 women attending the clinic. The actual incidence of unsuspected dysplastic change was 0.23% for cervical dysplasia among the Aborigines and 0.75% for dysplasia and 0.84% for carcinoma-in-situ in the metropolitan group. Comment is made concerning the difference in appearance of the cervix in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:933924", "title": "Aminophylline injection and theophylline tablets: Acute response in partially reversible chronic airway obstruction.", "content": "Intravenous injections of aminophylline (250 mg) and tablets of theophylline (Neulin) (400 mg) were given, on separate occasions, to 10 patients with partially reversible severe airway obstruction. The dose of aminophylline was shown to be inadequate on the basis of the unsatisfactory plasma theophylline levels and a poor ventilatory response. Two hours after oral administration of theophylline, a mean plasma theophylline concentration in the optimal range (10 to 20 mug/ml) was reached, and a consistent improvement in the mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) occurred. A further large improvement in FEV1 after inhalation of salbutamol showed that the improvement in ventilation with the theophylline tablets, although consistent, was less than maximal.", "contents": "Aminophylline injection and theophylline tablets: Acute response in partially reversible chronic airway obstruction. Intravenous injections of aminophylline (250 mg) and tablets of theophylline (Neulin) (400 mg) were given, on separate occasions, to 10 patients with partially reversible severe airway obstruction. The dose of aminophylline was shown to be inadequate on the basis of the unsatisfactory plasma theophylline levels and a poor ventilatory response. Two hours after oral administration of theophylline, a mean plasma theophylline concentration in the optimal range (10 to 20 mug/ml) was reached, and a consistent improvement in the mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) occurred. A further large improvement in FEV1 after inhalation of salbutamol showed that the improvement in ventilation with the theophylline tablets, although consistent, was less than maximal."}
{"id": "PMID:933925", "title": "Thoracoomphalopagus diagnosed before delivery.", "content": "Twins may be dizygotic or monozygotic. Of the monozygotic twins, 25% to 30% are dichorionic and 70% to 75% are monochorionic. Whilst all the dichorionic twins are diamniotic, very occasionally some monochlorionic ones may be monoamniotic; some of these may be conjoined. A case of conjoined twins was diagnosed during pregnancy. The two girls were delivered by elective classical caesarean section. They were joined together from just above the xiphisternum to the umbilicus and were successfully separated. Recent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Thoracoomphalopagus diagnosed before delivery. Twins may be dizygotic or monozygotic. Of the monozygotic twins, 25% to 30% are dichorionic and 70% to 75% are monochorionic. Whilst all the dichorionic twins are diamniotic, very occasionally some monochlorionic ones may be monoamniotic; some of these may be conjoined. A case of conjoined twins was diagnosed during pregnancy. The two girls were delivered by elective classical caesarean section. They were joined together from just above the xiphisternum to the umbilicus and were successfully separated. Recent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:933926", "title": "The conservative management of chronic renal failure.", "content": "The management of patients with chronic renal failure is complicated and demanding for both physician and patient, but is frequently rewarding. When specific treatment of the underlying cause is not possible, therapy is aimed at making the maximum use of existing nephrons and preventing further loss of nephrons through hypertension and infection. Careful attention to salt and water balance is necessary, and all patients and all drugs prescribed must be considered with care. Special problems exist with regard to anaemia, bone disease, pericarditis and hyperkalaemia. An important aspect of care at this time is the education of patients about the next major phase of management, dialysis and transplantation.", "contents": "The conservative management of chronic renal failure. The management of patients with chronic renal failure is complicated and demanding for both physician and patient, but is frequently rewarding. When specific treatment of the underlying cause is not possible, therapy is aimed at making the maximum use of existing nephrons and preventing further loss of nephrons through hypertension and infection. Careful attention to salt and water balance is necessary, and all patients and all drugs prescribed must be considered with care. Special problems exist with regard to anaemia, bone disease, pericarditis and hyperkalaemia. An important aspect of care at this time is the education of patients about the next major phase of management, dialysis and transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:933927", "title": "Physical examination in ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Physical examination can yield valuable diagnostic clues in a patient suspected of ischaemic heart disease. Examination during chest pain is especially informative. The haemodynamic abnormalities which accompany angina pectoris may precipitate elevation of blood pressure, pulsus alternans, pulsus bigeminus, abnormal precordial pulsations, a fourth heart sound or a systolic bruit; all of these may subsequently disappear with cessation of the anginal attack. Careful technique of examination, especially in detecting a fourth heart sound, is essential.", "contents": "Physical examination in ischaemic heart disease. Physical examination can yield valuable diagnostic clues in a patient suspected of ischaemic heart disease. Examination during chest pain is especially informative. The haemodynamic abnormalities which accompany angina pectoris may precipitate elevation of blood pressure, pulsus alternans, pulsus bigeminus, abnormal precordial pulsations, a fourth heart sound or a systolic bruit; all of these may subsequently disappear with cessation of the anginal attack. Careful technique of examination, especially in detecting a fourth heart sound, is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:933929", "title": "Mens rea for a traffic breach successfully sustained on medical evidence.", "content": "A case is described in which a patient was accused of a serious breach of the Traffic Act and in which, on medical evidence, he was found to be in a state of dissociation and ataractic, which led to successful defence of mens rea.", "contents": "Mens rea for a traffic breach successfully sustained on medical evidence. A case is described in which a patient was accused of a serious breach of the Traffic Act and in which, on medical evidence, he was found to be in a state of dissociation and ataractic, which led to successful defence of mens rea."}
{"id": "PMID:933936", "title": "Multiple primary cancers in patients with malignant melanoma.", "content": "The incidence of second primary tumours not related to the skin in patients with malignant melanoma was determined. This was compared with the corresponding incidence of a first primary tumour in the general age-matched population. The available data indicate that, in patients with malignant melanoma, there exists a predisposition to developing a second unrelated cancer.", "contents": "Multiple primary cancers in patients with malignant melanoma. The incidence of second primary tumours not related to the skin in patients with malignant melanoma was determined. This was compared with the corresponding incidence of a first primary tumour in the general age-matched population. The available data indicate that, in patients with malignant melanoma, there exists a predisposition to developing a second unrelated cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:933937", "title": "Congenital renal tract malformations. A comparison of two consecutive autopsy series during an eleven-year period.", "content": "In a previous paper, a significant recent increase in the incidence of congenital renal tract malformations discovered in perinatal autopsies at the Royal Women's Hospital, Brisbane, was reported. In an attempt to throw some light on the cause of this increase, both the types of renal tract malformations and the associated abnormalities in other systems observed during the past 15 months were compared with those observed in the same institution during the preceding nine years; no significant differences were detected. However, when these groups were compared with similar studies elsewhere, there were obvious differences in both the type of renal tract lesion discovered and in their associated anomalies.", "contents": "Congenital renal tract malformations. A comparison of two consecutive autopsy series during an eleven-year period. In a previous paper, a significant recent increase in the incidence of congenital renal tract malformations discovered in perinatal autopsies at the Royal Women's Hospital, Brisbane, was reported. In an attempt to throw some light on the cause of this increase, both the types of renal tract malformations and the associated abnormalities in other systems observed during the past 15 months were compared with those observed in the same institution during the preceding nine years; no significant differences were detected. However, when these groups were compared with similar studies elsewhere, there were obvious differences in both the type of renal tract lesion discovered and in their associated anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:933938", "title": "Further studies on the \"curry kidney\".", "content": "The Fijian Indian is a prolific renal stone former, whereas the native Fijian living in the same climate is not. An excessive intake of curry has previously been suggested as the cause of this extensive stone formation in the Fijian Indian. Metabolic studies in these patients have not revealed any other biochemical abnormality which might cause nephrolithiasis. Nearly half of the Fijian Indians who meet violent and sudden deaths have evidence of nephrocalcinosis. These findings add further weight to the theory that an excessive intake of curry is nephrotoxic.", "contents": "Further studies on the \"curry kidney\". The Fijian Indian is a prolific renal stone former, whereas the native Fijian living in the same climate is not. An excessive intake of curry has previously been suggested as the cause of this extensive stone formation in the Fijian Indian. Metabolic studies in these patients have not revealed any other biochemical abnormality which might cause nephrolithiasis. Nearly half of the Fijian Indians who meet violent and sudden deaths have evidence of nephrocalcinosis. These findings add further weight to the theory that an excessive intake of curry is nephrotoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:933939", "title": "Myelofibrosis in Western Australia: an epidemiological study of 29 cases.", "content": "Survival figures and other epidemiological features are described for 29 patients with myelofibrosis living in Western Australia during the period 1959 to 1963. These patients form part of a larger series of 509 patients with leukaemia and allied disorders. The diagnostic incidence rate was found to be 0.5 per 100,000 population, the mortality rate was 0.4 per 100,000 and the prevalence 1.8 per 100,000. Comparison with related myeloproliferative disorders shows that myelofibrosis occurs somewhat less frequently than chronic granulocytic leukaemia and considerably less so than polycythaemia vera. The sex ratio indicates a small male preponderance and the age distribution is similar to that in other descriptions. Survival times for all patients accord with those reported in the literature, but this series showed a marked female advantage in survival. Findings in other series are described.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis in Western Australia: an epidemiological study of 29 cases. Survival figures and other epidemiological features are described for 29 patients with myelofibrosis living in Western Australia during the period 1959 to 1963. These patients form part of a larger series of 509 patients with leukaemia and allied disorders. The diagnostic incidence rate was found to be 0.5 per 100,000 population, the mortality rate was 0.4 per 100,000 and the prevalence 1.8 per 100,000. Comparison with related myeloproliferative disorders shows that myelofibrosis occurs somewhat less frequently than chronic granulocytic leukaemia and considerably less so than polycythaemia vera. The sex ratio indicates a small male preponderance and the age distribution is similar to that in other descriptions. Survival times for all patients accord with those reported in the literature, but this series showed a marked female advantage in survival. Findings in other series are described."}
{"id": "PMID:933940", "title": "Giant leiomyoma of the stomach.", "content": "A giant smooth muscle tumour of the stomach was excised in a 58-year-old man. Although small leiomyomas are not rare, the giant gastric leiomyoma is not common, and may present diagnostic and operative difficulties. It is an essentially benign tumour, unlike the \"bizarre\" leiomyoma or leiomyoblastoma.", "contents": "Giant leiomyoma of the stomach. A giant smooth muscle tumour of the stomach was excised in a 58-year-old man. Although small leiomyomas are not rare, the giant gastric leiomyoma is not common, and may present diagnostic and operative difficulties. It is an essentially benign tumour, unlike the \"bizarre\" leiomyoma or leiomyoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:933941", "title": "Vasa praevia.", "content": "A case of vasa praevia is presented in which the condition was recognized by palpation at the time of routine amniotomy, and delivery was expedited by lower segment caesarean section. The condition was accompanied by velamentous insertion.", "contents": "Vasa praevia. A case of vasa praevia is presented in which the condition was recognized by palpation at the time of routine amniotomy, and delivery was expedited by lower segment caesarean section. The condition was accompanied by velamentous insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:933943", "title": "Staffing crisis in preclinical medicine.", "content": "The proportions of medical graduates on the staffs of the preclinical departments of Australian medical schools have declined dramatically in recent years. It is now extremely difficult to attract medically qualified applicants to positions in these departments. The present proportions of medically qualified staff now fall short of the levels regarded as \"educationally desirable\" by Australian preclinical departmental chairmen, at a time when the curricula of most of our medical schools are being reformed so as to include more medically relevant courses in the preclinical disciplines. The cause of the problem is that there are serious disincentives, of both salary and career prospects, to the choice of a career in preclinical medicine. Methods of removing these disincentives are discussed in this paper.", "contents": "Staffing crisis in preclinical medicine. The proportions of medical graduates on the staffs of the preclinical departments of Australian medical schools have declined dramatically in recent years. It is now extremely difficult to attract medically qualified applicants to positions in these departments. The present proportions of medically qualified staff now fall short of the levels regarded as \"educationally desirable\" by Australian preclinical departmental chairmen, at a time when the curricula of most of our medical schools are being reformed so as to include more medically relevant courses in the preclinical disciplines. The cause of the problem is that there are serious disincentives, of both salary and career prospects, to the choice of a career in preclinical medicine. Methods of removing these disincentives are discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:933944", "title": "Teaching the behavioural sciences to medical students: some observations on Australia.", "content": "Despite a climate generally favourable to the teaching of the behavioural sciences, many Australian medical school programmes seem to be hampered by the lack of trained faculty teachers and demographic and epidemiological data. Consequently, they teach what is feasible rather than what is relevant. The persistence of this trend will inhibit programme modification toward greater relevance.", "contents": "Teaching the behavioural sciences to medical students: some observations on Australia. Despite a climate generally favourable to the teaching of the behavioural sciences, many Australian medical school programmes seem to be hampered by the lack of trained faculty teachers and demographic and epidemiological data. Consequently, they teach what is feasible rather than what is relevant. The persistence of this trend will inhibit programme modification toward greater relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:933945", "title": "Treatment of paraplegic sheep with hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "The results of the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to control the onset of paraplegia after recent spinal cord injury in sheep are described. This preliminary report suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy instituted within two hours of the injury will result in improved motor recovery.", "contents": "Treatment of paraplegic sheep with hyperbaric oxygen. The results of the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to control the onset of paraplegia after recent spinal cord injury in sheep are described. This preliminary report suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy instituted within two hours of the injury will result in improved motor recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:933946", "title": "Antibody responses to influenza virus subunit vaccine in the aged.", "content": "Elderly patients were immunized with one dose of subunit influenza virus vaccine, and their antibody responses were compared with those in a group of younger adults. Antibody responses in the aged compared favourably with those in the younger group.", "contents": "Antibody responses to influenza virus subunit vaccine in the aged. Elderly patients were immunized with one dose of subunit influenza virus vaccine, and their antibody responses were compared with those in a group of younger adults. Antibody responses in the aged compared favourably with those in the younger group."}
{"id": "PMID:933954", "title": "Studies with prazosin--a new effective hypotensive agent. I. Open clinical study of prazosin in combination with other antihypertensive agents.", "content": "The use of prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent, in combination with other conventional antihypertensive agents, in a hospital outpatient clinic setting, was studied in a mixed group of 104 hypertensive patients. Prazosin effectively lowered the lying and standing blood pressure in the majority of patients whose blood pressure was uncontrolled or poorly controlled before the introduction of prazosin. Blood pressure control was adequately maintained in patients who were given prazosin because of the occurrence of side effects of other antihypertensive medication. No significant change in renal function attributable to prazosin was found in patients with normal or impaired renal function.", "contents": "Studies with prazosin--a new effective hypotensive agent. I. Open clinical study of prazosin in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The use of prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent, in combination with other conventional antihypertensive agents, in a hospital outpatient clinic setting, was studied in a mixed group of 104 hypertensive patients. Prazosin effectively lowered the lying and standing blood pressure in the majority of patients whose blood pressure was uncontrolled or poorly controlled before the introduction of prazosin. Blood pressure control was adequately maintained in patients who were given prazosin because of the occurrence of side effects of other antihypertensive medication. No significant change in renal function attributable to prazosin was found in patients with normal or impaired renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:933955", "title": "Experience with prazosin in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension.", "content": "The efficacy and safety of prazosin, a new vasodilator antihypertensive agent, used mainly in combination with other hypotensive medication, was evaluated in 50 hypertensive patients, 28 of whom had left ventricular hypertrophy and 28 of whom had renal impairment. In 44 cases this agent was introduced because of an inadequate response to, or side effects from other agents. In 38 cases (76%) there was a satisfactory response, the diastolic blood pressure being reduced to 100 mm Hg or less. The blood pressure of the whole group of 50 patients was reduced by an average of 31/20 mm Hg. The mean duration of therapy was 6-6 months. Side effects necessitating withdrawal of prazosin occurred in only three cases. Plasma renin activity was reduced to 25% of the control value in a group treated with prazosin alone.", "contents": "Experience with prazosin in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension. The efficacy and safety of prazosin, a new vasodilator antihypertensive agent, used mainly in combination with other hypotensive medication, was evaluated in 50 hypertensive patients, 28 of whom had left ventricular hypertrophy and 28 of whom had renal impairment. In 44 cases this agent was introduced because of an inadequate response to, or side effects from other agents. In 38 cases (76%) there was a satisfactory response, the diastolic blood pressure being reduced to 100 mm Hg or less. The blood pressure of the whole group of 50 patients was reduced by an average of 31/20 mm Hg. The mean duration of therapy was 6-6 months. Side effects necessitating withdrawal of prazosin occurred in only three cases. Plasma renin activity was reduced to 25% of the control value in a group treated with prazosin alone."}
{"id": "PMID:933956", "title": "Stroke in Melbourne. A study of the relationship between a teaching hospital and the community.", "content": "A prospective study of stroke admissions to the Royal Melbourne Hospital was planned to provide baseline information before the introduction of Medibank. One hundred and seventy patients admitted consecutively over a six-month period were followed until either three months had elapsed since admission, or death had supervened. Although over half the cases (57%) came from areas close to the hospital, the remainder come from a wide area embracing most of suburban Melbourne. Of the cases expected from the local areas, less than one-third were admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Expected demand for admission to hospital from the north-west region was calculated and the dependence of the community upon the private sector demonstrated.", "contents": "Stroke in Melbourne. A study of the relationship between a teaching hospital and the community. A prospective study of stroke admissions to the Royal Melbourne Hospital was planned to provide baseline information before the introduction of Medibank. One hundred and seventy patients admitted consecutively over a six-month period were followed until either three months had elapsed since admission, or death had supervened. Although over half the cases (57%) came from areas close to the hospital, the remainder come from a wide area embracing most of suburban Melbourne. Of the cases expected from the local areas, less than one-third were admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital. Expected demand for admission to hospital from the north-west region was calculated and the dependence of the community upon the private sector demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:933957", "title": "Successful use of thiothixene in two cases of pathological jealousy.", "content": "Two cases of pathological jealousy are presented and their successful treatment with thiothixene is discussed. Evaluation of the projection mechanism is also presented.", "contents": "Successful use of thiothixene in two cases of pathological jealousy. Two cases of pathological jealousy are presented and their successful treatment with thiothixene is discussed. Evaluation of the projection mechanism is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:933970", "title": "Head injuries--what happens to survivors.", "content": "The head injury syndrome is a series of psychological characteristics observed in survivors of traumatic head injuries referred to a hospital-based rehabilitation centre. Severe cases of head injury syndrome are readily identifiable as cases of organic dementia. In less florid cases patients easily pass for normal in routine consultation situations, but upon expert psychometric assessment, elements of the head injury syndrome can be demonstrated. Such patients exhibit a high propensity to fail to live up to the normal expectations of their work and domestic environment, and suffer repeated failures and social difficulties which are the direct result of the head injury syndrome. This leads to breakdown of work and family life, increasing frustration, loss of confidence, and final disintegration of the affected personality.", "contents": "Head injuries--what happens to survivors. The head injury syndrome is a series of psychological characteristics observed in survivors of traumatic head injuries referred to a hospital-based rehabilitation centre. Severe cases of head injury syndrome are readily identifiable as cases of organic dementia. In less florid cases patients easily pass for normal in routine consultation situations, but upon expert psychometric assessment, elements of the head injury syndrome can be demonstrated. Such patients exhibit a high propensity to fail to live up to the normal expectations of their work and domestic environment, and suffer repeated failures and social difficulties which are the direct result of the head injury syndrome. This leads to breakdown of work and family life, increasing frustration, loss of confidence, and final disintegration of the affected personality."}
{"id": "PMID:933971", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia: induced remission without surgery, and observations on its aetiology.", "content": "A case is described in which trigeminal neuralgia was controlled primarily by a programme of mandibular relaxation. The symptoms and the success of the management were consistent with the hypothesis that trigeminal neuralgia is caused by chronic compression of the trigeminal nerve and surrounding tissues in the vicinity of the temporomandibular joint. The triggering of attacks appears to be a result of stimulation of individual pain receptors associated with neurons in which transmission thresholds have been reduced by cumulative nerve damage. Extracranial and systemic trigger factors, of cervical and abdominal origin, are described. The conservative management involved mandibular relaxation, avoidance of flatulence and constipation, occasional use of an acrylic occlusal splint, and when necessary, use of Dilantin in prescribed amounts.", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia: induced remission without surgery, and observations on its aetiology. A case is described in which trigeminal neuralgia was controlled primarily by a programme of mandibular relaxation. The symptoms and the success of the management were consistent with the hypothesis that trigeminal neuralgia is caused by chronic compression of the trigeminal nerve and surrounding tissues in the vicinity of the temporomandibular joint. The triggering of attacks appears to be a result of stimulation of individual pain receptors associated with neurons in which transmission thresholds have been reduced by cumulative nerve damage. Extracranial and systemic trigger factors, of cervical and abdominal origin, are described. The conservative management involved mandibular relaxation, avoidance of flatulence and constipation, occasional use of an acrylic occlusal splint, and when necessary, use of Dilantin in prescribed amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:933972", "title": "A survey of new physical methods in the treatment of asthma.", "content": "The introduction of some new physical methods has considerably improved the writer's treatment of asthmatic children. These methods include an endeavour to attain nasal breathing, together with slow, deep \"sleep breathing\", and a system of eight or ten physiotherapy exercises which are described in detail. Since their adoption the consumption of aerosol bronchodilators has fallen dramatically.", "contents": "A survey of new physical methods in the treatment of asthma. The introduction of some new physical methods has considerably improved the writer's treatment of asthmatic children. These methods include an endeavour to attain nasal breathing, together with slow, deep \"sleep breathing\", and a system of eight or ten physiotherapy exercises which are described in detail. Since their adoption the consumption of aerosol bronchodilators has fallen dramatically."}
{"id": "PMID:933973", "title": "Single-dose evaluation of a new enteric-coated aspirin preparation.", "content": "The bioavailability of a new enteric-coated tablet of aspirin (Ecotrin, Smith, Kline and French) was evaluated after single doses to eight volunteers. One tablet was administered to each subject on four occasions--twice after a light breakfast, once after a heavy breakfast and once after pretreatment with metoclopramide. The study utilized non-invasive techniques. The rate of absorption of aspirin was estimated by the time course of concentrations of salicylate in saliva, while the total bioavailability was determined by the recovery of total salicylate in urine. The urinary recovery of aspirin from all 32 trials was 575 +/- 25 mg (mean +/- standard error), representing 89% +/- 4% of the administered dose. The different treatments did not significantly alter the urinary recovery. The absorption of aspirin from the enteric-coated tablets was delayed and slow. Absorption was retarded by a heavy meal and hastened by pretreatment with metoclopramide. The effect of metoclopramide is consistent with the release of aspirin in the small intestine. Overall, the single-dose tests indicated satisfactory functioning of the enteric coating.", "contents": "Single-dose evaluation of a new enteric-coated aspirin preparation. The bioavailability of a new enteric-coated tablet of aspirin (Ecotrin, Smith, Kline and French) was evaluated after single doses to eight volunteers. One tablet was administered to each subject on four occasions--twice after a light breakfast, once after a heavy breakfast and once after pretreatment with metoclopramide. The study utilized non-invasive techniques. The rate of absorption of aspirin was estimated by the time course of concentrations of salicylate in saliva, while the total bioavailability was determined by the recovery of total salicylate in urine. The urinary recovery of aspirin from all 32 trials was 575 +/- 25 mg (mean +/- standard error), representing 89% +/- 4% of the administered dose. The different treatments did not significantly alter the urinary recovery. The absorption of aspirin from the enteric-coated tablets was delayed and slow. Absorption was retarded by a heavy meal and hastened by pretreatment with metoclopramide. The effect of metoclopramide is consistent with the release of aspirin in the small intestine. Overall, the single-dose tests indicated satisfactory functioning of the enteric coating."}
{"id": "PMID:933974", "title": "The gastrectomy cripple: results of jejunal loop interposition.", "content": "The use of an interposed antiperistaltic jejunal loop between the stomach and the duodenum in the treatment of severe postgastrectomy nutritional disorder is described in two patients. Both patients had a gratifying return of digestive comfort and a striking increase in weight after the interposition operation. Several aspects of operative technique are described. This procedure should be considered in any patient suffering from this disorder.", "contents": "The gastrectomy cripple: results of jejunal loop interposition. The use of an interposed antiperistaltic jejunal loop between the stomach and the duodenum in the treatment of severe postgastrectomy nutritional disorder is described in two patients. Both patients had a gratifying return of digestive comfort and a striking increase in weight after the interposition operation. Several aspects of operative technique are described. This procedure should be considered in any patient suffering from this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:933982", "title": "[Plasmocytoma. A clinical and statistical survey (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of the case-records of 61 patients with plasmocytoma revealed an equal sex-distribution with a mean age of 58.6 years. The most common initial symptom of the disorder was ossary pain. The diagnosis was confirmed by bone marrow cytology, demonstration of paraproteins in serum and urine and the characteristic radiological changes. Renal insufficiency, immunodeficiency syndrome, fractures and neurological defects complicated the clinical course in many patients.", "contents": "[Plasmocytoma. A clinical and statistical survey (author's transl)]. Analysis of the case-records of 61 patients with plasmocytoma revealed an equal sex-distribution with a mean age of 58.6 years. The most common initial symptom of the disorder was ossary pain. The diagnosis was confirmed by bone marrow cytology, demonstration of paraproteins in serum and urine and the characteristic radiological changes. Renal insufficiency, immunodeficiency syndrome, fractures and neurological defects complicated the clinical course in many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933983", "title": "[Citrate values in the whole blood of patients with malignant tumors of various locations].", "content": "Based on reports on elevated concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate in the blood of human subjects with tumors of various locations, data are presented on the concentration of citrate and pyruvate in the whole blood of 41 patients with malignant tumors (mainly of the female breast and of the digestive tract), 30 patients with benign surgical diseases and 12 healthy subjects. Adopting a level of significance of 2P=0.10 differences of concentration were found between the following collectives: (1) The mean value of citrate for the patients in tumor stage T4 was decreased by 23%, compared with healthy persons, and by 19%, compared with patients with benign surgical diseases. (2) The mean value of pyruvate for the patients with malignant tumors was increased by 40%, compared with healthy subjects and by 17%, compared with patients with benign surgical diseases. (3) The maximum of the pyruvate concentration was reached in tumor stage T3, where an increase of 52% was noted, compared with healthy subjects. (4) The pyruvate value of the patients with tumors of the digestive tract was increased by 34%, compared with healthy subjects. With regard to the total group of patients with malignant tumors, even with a low level of significance, no differences in citrate values were found as compared with the control groups. Thus the results do not indicate a disturbance of the citric acid cycle in the organism of tumor bearing hosts in general.", "contents": "[Citrate values in the whole blood of patients with malignant tumors of various locations]. Based on reports on elevated concentrations of 2-oxoglutarate in the blood of human subjects with tumors of various locations, data are presented on the concentration of citrate and pyruvate in the whole blood of 41 patients with malignant tumors (mainly of the female breast and of the digestive tract), 30 patients with benign surgical diseases and 12 healthy subjects. Adopting a level of significance of 2P=0.10 differences of concentration were found between the following collectives: (1) The mean value of citrate for the patients in tumor stage T4 was decreased by 23%, compared with healthy persons, and by 19%, compared with patients with benign surgical diseases. (2) The mean value of pyruvate for the patients with malignant tumors was increased by 40%, compared with healthy subjects and by 17%, compared with patients with benign surgical diseases. (3) The maximum of the pyruvate concentration was reached in tumor stage T3, where an increase of 52% was noted, compared with healthy subjects. (4) The pyruvate value of the patients with tumors of the digestive tract was increased by 34%, compared with healthy subjects. With regard to the total group of patients with malignant tumors, even with a low level of significance, no differences in citrate values were found as compared with the control groups. Thus the results do not indicate a disturbance of the citric acid cycle in the organism of tumor bearing hosts in general."}
{"id": "PMID:933984", "title": "[Objectivation of psychic alterations in patients after hypophysectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "17 patients who had undergone transfrontal hypophysectomy were compared as regards their performance in the MMPI Saarbr\u00fccken and the Rosenzweig-Picture-Frustation Study with an equal number of patients who had undergone comparable head surgery. The results suggest that the psychic alterations revealed in these tests may be regarded as unspecific consequences of the operative method.", "contents": "[Objectivation of psychic alterations in patients after hypophysectomy (author's transl)]. 17 patients who had undergone transfrontal hypophysectomy were compared as regards their performance in the MMPI Saarbr\u00fccken and the Rosenzweig-Picture-Frustation Study with an equal number of patients who had undergone comparable head surgery. The results suggest that the psychic alterations revealed in these tests may be regarded as unspecific consequences of the operative method."}
{"id": "PMID:933985", "title": "[Cytologic identification of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid by fine needle aspiration biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytologic detection of follicular carcinoma is a main problem of fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. Benign conditions of the thyroid showing microfollicular structure as follicular adenoma, nodular hyperplasia in adenomatous goiter and adenoma-like proliferations induced by antithyroidal drugs are to be distinguished from follicular carcinoma. Surgical biopsy should be performed, when cytologic findings indicate follicular proliferation of the thyroid.", "contents": "[Cytologic identification of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid by fine needle aspiration biopsy (author's transl)]. The cytologic detection of follicular carcinoma is a main problem of fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. Benign conditions of the thyroid showing microfollicular structure as follicular adenoma, nodular hyperplasia in adenomatous goiter and adenoma-like proliferations induced by antithyroidal drugs are to be distinguished from follicular carcinoma. Surgical biopsy should be performed, when cytologic findings indicate follicular proliferation of the thyroid."}
{"id": "PMID:933986", "title": "[Consumption coagulopathy in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation with secondary hyperfibrinolysis occurred in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma. In the beginning the treatment with heparin was successfull. Heparindosage up to 35 000 E/day could never suppress this process completely. The value of determining thrombintime, concentration of fibrin splitting products, coagulation factors II, V, VII, IX, X and XIII, antithrombins II and III in controlling heparintherapy is discussed. Besides thrombintime and platelets the determination of fibrin splitting products is another substantial factor in controlling treatment of chronic intravascular coagulation. The patient died of myocardial rupture with heart tamponade, caused by a great intramyocardial metastasis.", "contents": "[Consumption coagulopathy in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation with secondary hyperfibrinolysis occurred in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma. In the beginning the treatment with heparin was successfull. Heparindosage up to 35 000 E/day could never suppress this process completely. The value of determining thrombintime, concentration of fibrin splitting products, coagulation factors II, V, VII, IX, X and XIII, antithrombins II and III in controlling heparintherapy is discussed. Besides thrombintime and platelets the determination of fibrin splitting products is another substantial factor in controlling treatment of chronic intravascular coagulation. The patient died of myocardial rupture with heart tamponade, caused by a great intramyocardial metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:933987", "title": "[Eosinophilia and sarcoma of the small intestine (author's transl)].", "content": "Eosinophilia occurs as a concomitant sign in multiple diseases of different etiology. Especially its occurrence in malignant diseases is still unknown. In three cases of primary sarcoma of the small intestine a constant eosinophilia is described. In one case this pronounced eosinophilia was present long before the final diagnose was made. The eosinophilic count was highest in the presence of clear symptoms of obstruction and normalized after surgical removal of the tumor. In one case a relapse was indicated by an increasing eosinophilic count. It is difficult to diagnose the sarcoma of the small intestine especially in its early stage because of the lack of typical symptoms. Concerning the described cases it is therefore pointed out, that in connection with undifferentiated abdominal complaints an obscure eosinophilia should be considered to be due to sarcomatous small bowel disease.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia and sarcoma of the small intestine (author's transl)]. Eosinophilia occurs as a concomitant sign in multiple diseases of different etiology. Especially its occurrence in malignant diseases is still unknown. In three cases of primary sarcoma of the small intestine a constant eosinophilia is described. In one case this pronounced eosinophilia was present long before the final diagnose was made. The eosinophilic count was highest in the presence of clear symptoms of obstruction and normalized after surgical removal of the tumor. In one case a relapse was indicated by an increasing eosinophilic count. It is difficult to diagnose the sarcoma of the small intestine especially in its early stage because of the lack of typical symptoms. Concerning the described cases it is therefore pointed out, that in connection with undifferentiated abdominal complaints an obscure eosinophilia should be considered to be due to sarcomatous small bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:933992", "title": "[The importance of mammography in the early diagnosis of breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Mammography has been performed routinely preoperatively over the last 5 years on 278 patients with breast tumors. In 85 per cent the radiographic findings showed an exact correlation to histologic results. In 12 per cent there was only a partial correlation, in only 3 per cent the mammograpic findings could not be verified by the pathologist. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that mammography should be considered as the prime diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of breast disease. The examination of the breast should therefore always be followed by mammography, especially in women at risk and elderly patients. In this connection we would also like to stress the vital cooperation between the radiologist and surgeon both pre- and intraoperatively. and intraoperatively. In summary we would like to emphasize the importance of possibility to achieve a better survial rate in these patients.", "contents": "[The importance of mammography in the early diagnosis of breast cancer (author's transl)]. Mammography has been performed routinely preoperatively over the last 5 years on 278 patients with breast tumors. In 85 per cent the radiographic findings showed an exact correlation to histologic results. In 12 per cent there was only a partial correlation, in only 3 per cent the mammograpic findings could not be verified by the pathologist. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that mammography should be considered as the prime diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of breast disease. The examination of the breast should therefore always be followed by mammography, especially in women at risk and elderly patients. In this connection we would also like to stress the vital cooperation between the radiologist and surgeon both pre- and intraoperatively. and intraoperatively. In summary we would like to emphasize the importance of possibility to achieve a better survial rate in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:933993", "title": "[Endoscopical retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with the ERCP is based on the results obtained in 140 cases. This method has brought important advances for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic affection and is indispensable for the exact differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, diagnosis of the stenosis of the papilla Vateri, the chronic pancreatitis and pancreas cysts. Regarding the necessary precautions, this method is associated with low risk in skilled hands in relation ot its informational value.", "contents": "[Endoscopical retrograde cholangio-pancreaticography (author's transl)]. Our experience with the ERCP is based on the results obtained in 140 cases. This method has brought important advances for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic affection and is indispensable for the exact differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, diagnosis of the stenosis of the papilla Vateri, the chronic pancreatitis and pancreas cysts. Regarding the necessary precautions, this method is associated with low risk in skilled hands in relation ot its informational value."}
{"id": "PMID:933994", "title": "[Thrombocytopenia in hepatitis-B-antigenemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Determination of hepatitis-B-antigen and thrombocytes in 1488 cases of liver diseases, 173 of whom had been treated with immunsuppressive drugs. There was no significant relation between hepatitis-B-antigenemia and thrombocyte-count, nor could an influence of the immunsuppressive therapy be evaluated. The thrombocyte-count was correlated with high significance only to the degree of the liver injury.", "contents": "[Thrombocytopenia in hepatitis-B-antigenemia (author's transl)]. Determination of hepatitis-B-antigen and thrombocytes in 1488 cases of liver diseases, 173 of whom had been treated with immunsuppressive drugs. There was no significant relation between hepatitis-B-antigenemia and thrombocyte-count, nor could an influence of the immunsuppressive therapy be evaluated. The thrombocyte-count was correlated with high significance only to the degree of the liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:933997", "title": "[Serum gastrin levels in patients with changes of gastric or duodenal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The mean concentration of gastrin in serum was determined in healthy fasting persons (n = 27), it amounted to 56.8 pg/ml (SD = 19.8 PG/ML). The values of gastrin in serum of patients, who were grouped by endoscopicbioptic criteria of antral mucosa and who exceptionally showed diffuse inflammation of gastric mucosa, amounted to 73.2 pg/ml in patients with mild superficial gastritis (n = 24), to 73.4 pg/ml in those with severe superficial gastritis (n = 55), to 82.3 pg/ml in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (n = 11) and to 70.7 pg/ml in those with chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (n = 17). The concentration of serum gastrin in patients with additional pathological processes of gastric or duodenal mucosa was also determined. Patients with gastric resection according to Billroth II (n = 15) revealed gastrin values of 47.8 pg/ml, those with duodenal ulcer (n = 5) of 58.5 pg/ml, with gastric ulcer (n = 50) of 61.3 pg/ml, with polyps in stomach (n = 10) of 109.6 pg/ml and with neoplasms of the stomach (n = 27) of 77.7 pg/ml. Gastrin values were not correlated to age or sex. The difference between the mean gastrin concentrations of the mentioned groups of patients however is not marked enough and the range of values is too wide to characterize those groups by specific gastrin levels. The determination of gastrin in serum of fasting patients is not helpful for diagnosis of gastritis without antibodies to intrinsic factor or for diagnosis of certain localized pathological conditions in stomach or duodenum obviously.", "contents": "[Serum gastrin levels in patients with changes of gastric or duodenal mucosa (author's transl)]. The mean concentration of gastrin in serum was determined in healthy fasting persons (n = 27), it amounted to 56.8 pg/ml (SD = 19.8 PG/ML). The values of gastrin in serum of patients, who were grouped by endoscopicbioptic criteria of antral mucosa and who exceptionally showed diffuse inflammation of gastric mucosa, amounted to 73.2 pg/ml in patients with mild superficial gastritis (n = 24), to 73.4 pg/ml in those with severe superficial gastritis (n = 55), to 82.3 pg/ml in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (n = 11) and to 70.7 pg/ml in those with chronic atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (n = 17). The concentration of serum gastrin in patients with additional pathological processes of gastric or duodenal mucosa was also determined. Patients with gastric resection according to Billroth II (n = 15) revealed gastrin values of 47.8 pg/ml, those with duodenal ulcer (n = 5) of 58.5 pg/ml, with gastric ulcer (n = 50) of 61.3 pg/ml, with polyps in stomach (n = 10) of 109.6 pg/ml and with neoplasms of the stomach (n = 27) of 77.7 pg/ml. Gastrin values were not correlated to age or sex. The difference between the mean gastrin concentrations of the mentioned groups of patients however is not marked enough and the range of values is too wide to characterize those groups by specific gastrin levels. The determination of gastrin in serum of fasting patients is not helpful for diagnosis of gastritis without antibodies to intrinsic factor or for diagnosis of certain localized pathological conditions in stomach or duodenum obviously."}
{"id": "PMID:933998", "title": "[Postoperative treatment of patients after pancreatectomy. Closely meshed monitoring of blood sugar (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is presented on the postoperative treatment of 4 patients who had undergone duodeno-pancreatectomy because of chronic pancreatitis. When the patients co-operate well satisfactory metabolic compensation can be achieved with small doses of insulin. Replacement of the pancreatic enzymes with the appropriate preparations can be particularly well monitored by means of the fat content of the faeces. The substitution of vitamins A, D, K, and B12 parenterally at intervals of several weeks is also advisable as a safety measure. A method is described for the closely meshed monitoring of the blood sugar. This method is suitable in co-operative patients who are capable of collecting capillary blood for achieving a particularly good control of the metabolic state.", "contents": "[Postoperative treatment of patients after pancreatectomy. Closely meshed monitoring of blood sugar (author's transl)]. A report is presented on the postoperative treatment of 4 patients who had undergone duodeno-pancreatectomy because of chronic pancreatitis. When the patients co-operate well satisfactory metabolic compensation can be achieved with small doses of insulin. Replacement of the pancreatic enzymes with the appropriate preparations can be particularly well monitored by means of the fat content of the faeces. The substitution of vitamins A, D, K, and B12 parenterally at intervals of several weeks is also advisable as a safety measure. A method is described for the closely meshed monitoring of the blood sugar. This method is suitable in co-operative patients who are capable of collecting capillary blood for achieving a particularly good control of the metabolic state."}
{"id": "PMID:934001", "title": "[Influence of ornithin-alpha-ketoglutaric acid on fatmetabolism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Formation of endogenous toxins through protein metabolism and detoxification through liver are described. In chronic hepatic insufficiency (cirrhosis of the liver), with failure of liver metabolism, levels of endogenous toxins in plasma and tissue, i.e. ammonia, phenol-derivatives and free fatty acids, rise. Plasma levels of ammonia and free fatty acids are both dependent on the Krebs cycle. This interaction and mutual dependance was examined clinically through application of amino acids that lower plasma ammonia level. Di-L(+)ornithin-alpha-ketoglutaric acid was able to lower ammonia levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. The difference between pre- and postinfusion levels of ammonia was significant, this corresponds to the observations of other authors. In addition we found a fall in levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. This effect on fatmetabolism was also observed in patients with no evidence of incipient or manifest hepatic insufficiency. The biochemical basis and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of ornithin-alpha-ketoglutaric acid on fatmetabolism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. Formation of endogenous toxins through protein metabolism and detoxification through liver are described. In chronic hepatic insufficiency (cirrhosis of the liver), with failure of liver metabolism, levels of endogenous toxins in plasma and tissue, i.e. ammonia, phenol-derivatives and free fatty acids, rise. Plasma levels of ammonia and free fatty acids are both dependent on the Krebs cycle. This interaction and mutual dependance was examined clinically through application of amino acids that lower plasma ammonia level. Di-L(+)ornithin-alpha-ketoglutaric acid was able to lower ammonia levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. The difference between pre- and postinfusion levels of ammonia was significant, this corresponds to the observations of other authors. In addition we found a fall in levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. This effect on fatmetabolism was also observed in patients with no evidence of incipient or manifest hepatic insufficiency. The biochemical basis and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934002", "title": "[Bilrubinemia after administration of nicotinic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Nicotinic acid concentrations in the serum over 80 mug/100 ml induce at the start of high dosage nicotinic acid therapy an acute rise in bilirubin to 1-3mg/100 ml serum. Even after postprandial administration there are clearly raised bilirubin concentrations in the serum. After treatment for 1 week with 0.5 g nicotinic acid daily by mouth the bilirubin increase is no longer detectable. The increased bilirubin concentrations in the serum are apparently the result of a transient inhibition of glucuronyl-transferase and is not a symptom of an acute liver disorder. When starting high dosage nicotinic acid therapy, therefore, disorders of the bilirubin metabolism and liver function must be excluded by differential diagnosis in doubtful cases. Further investigations are necessary to see whether the high concentrations of nicotinic acid in the serum cause competition with other drugs for the bilirubin-specific glucuronyl-transferase.", "contents": "[Bilrubinemia after administration of nicotinic acid (author's transl)]. Nicotinic acid concentrations in the serum over 80 mug/100 ml induce at the start of high dosage nicotinic acid therapy an acute rise in bilirubin to 1-3mg/100 ml serum. Even after postprandial administration there are clearly raised bilirubin concentrations in the serum. After treatment for 1 week with 0.5 g nicotinic acid daily by mouth the bilirubin increase is no longer detectable. The increased bilirubin concentrations in the serum are apparently the result of a transient inhibition of glucuronyl-transferase and is not a symptom of an acute liver disorder. When starting high dosage nicotinic acid therapy, therefore, disorders of the bilirubin metabolism and liver function must be excluded by differential diagnosis in doubtful cases. Further investigations are necessary to see whether the high concentrations of nicotinic acid in the serum cause competition with other drugs for the bilirubin-specific glucuronyl-transferase."}
{"id": "PMID:934003", "title": "[Weight reduction by a high protein, low carbohydrate diet (author's transl)].", "content": "A standardized high protein, low carbohydrate diet was tested in 128 overweight patients over a period of 12 months. Under this regimen a weight reduction of up to 38% of the original body weight was observed. Apart from the weight reduction there was a normalization of the blood pressure, blood lipids and blood glucose. The diet is easily adapted to out-patient care and is exceptionally well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "[Weight reduction by a high protein, low carbohydrate diet (author's transl)]. A standardized high protein, low carbohydrate diet was tested in 128 overweight patients over a period of 12 months. Under this regimen a weight reduction of up to 38% of the original body weight was observed. Apart from the weight reduction there was a normalization of the blood pressure, blood lipids and blood glucose. The diet is easily adapted to out-patient care and is exceptionally well tolerated by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:934007", "title": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi. I. Remedies (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal is a novel procedure for treating acute poisoning. It enables the elimination of both, water-soluble and liposoluble toxins. Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal has proved to be superior to hemodialysis in the treatment of barbiturate or bromocarbamide poisoning both under experimental conditions as well as in the ward. Analogous statements may be made for the therapy of glutethimide poisoning. Methaqualone, on the other hand, could not be eliminated sufficiently well in animal trials. Intoxications by \"mild\" analgetics, such as paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid, may be treated successfully with hemoperfusion. Treatment of acetylsalicylic acid poisoning is equally effective with hemoperfusion as with hemodialysis. Prospects for the success of hemoperfusion in treating intoxication from tricyclic antidepressants and neuroliptics are slight. It is simply the danger of antidepressant poisoning that justifies using this method of treatment in the first few hours after ingestion in order to reduced the flow of the psychopharmaceutical substance into the tissue.", "contents": "[Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal for treating acute poisoning by remedies, plant protectants, and fungi. I. Remedies (author's transl)]. Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal is a novel procedure for treating acute poisoning. It enables the elimination of both, water-soluble and liposoluble toxins. Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal has proved to be superior to hemodialysis in the treatment of barbiturate or bromocarbamide poisoning both under experimental conditions as well as in the ward. Analogous statements may be made for the therapy of glutethimide poisoning. Methaqualone, on the other hand, could not be eliminated sufficiently well in animal trials. Intoxications by \"mild\" analgetics, such as paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid, may be treated successfully with hemoperfusion. Treatment of acetylsalicylic acid poisoning is equally effective with hemoperfusion as with hemodialysis. Prospects for the success of hemoperfusion in treating intoxication from tricyclic antidepressants and neuroliptics are slight. It is simply the danger of antidepressant poisoning that justifies using this method of treatment in the first few hours after ingestion in order to reduced the flow of the psychopharmaceutical substance into the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:934022", "title": "Butandioldehydrogenase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "396 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 345 originating from Togo and 51 from Japan, were submitted to the study of butandiol dehydrogenase (BDH). It was found that 52.3% of the strains were BDH-positive and 44.2% BDH-negative. An intermediate group characterized by weak reactions amounted to 3.5% of the strains. The distribution of this enzyme parallels to a certain degree the results of serotyping. Positive reactions have been found in all or most strains belonging to serotypes 03K29, O4K8, 04K12, 04K55, 05K15, and 012K19, whereas strains of serotypes 03K5 and 04K10 gave negative reactions. In serotype 05K17 both properties were found in nearly equal proportions. The test of BDH, which can supplement serotyping in characterizing strains of V. parahaemolyticus, can be applied as an aid to epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Butandioldehydrogenase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 396 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 345 originating from Togo and 51 from Japan, were submitted to the study of butandiol dehydrogenase (BDH). It was found that 52.3% of the strains were BDH-positive and 44.2% BDH-negative. An intermediate group characterized by weak reactions amounted to 3.5% of the strains. The distribution of this enzyme parallels to a certain degree the results of serotyping. Positive reactions have been found in all or most strains belonging to serotypes 03K29, O4K8, 04K12, 04K55, 05K15, and 012K19, whereas strains of serotypes 03K5 and 04K10 gave negative reactions. In serotype 05K17 both properties were found in nearly equal proportions. The test of BDH, which can supplement serotyping in characterizing strains of V. parahaemolyticus, can be applied as an aid to epidemiological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:934023", "title": "Some properties of coagulase-negative deoxyribonuclease-producing strains of staphylococci from human infections.", "content": "Twenty-seven coagulase-negative and deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci were isolated from more than 3000 specimens from human infections. The strains were tested by conventional biochemical tests and by simple agar plate assays for production of different extracellular enzymes and toxins. Three strains were lysed by S. epidermidis phages and 7 strains by S. aureus phages. All strains produced thermolabile nuclease but only 21 strains produced thermostable nuclease. The investigated strains belonged to a heterogeneous intermediate group sharing characters of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Tests for production of coagulase and thermostable nuclease should be used in the classification of these intermediate strains in diagnostic bacteriology.", "contents": "Some properties of coagulase-negative deoxyribonuclease-producing strains of staphylococci from human infections. Twenty-seven coagulase-negative and deoxyribonuclease-positive staphylococci were isolated from more than 3000 specimens from human infections. The strains were tested by conventional biochemical tests and by simple agar plate assays for production of different extracellular enzymes and toxins. Three strains were lysed by S. epidermidis phages and 7 strains by S. aureus phages. All strains produced thermolabile nuclease but only 21 strains produced thermostable nuclease. The investigated strains belonged to a heterogeneous intermediate group sharing characters of S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Tests for production of coagulase and thermostable nuclease should be used in the classification of these intermediate strains in diagnostic bacteriology."}
{"id": "PMID:934024", "title": "Suppression of growth of Vibrio cholerae in the intestine of immunized mice.", "content": "In ligated intestinal loops of actively immunized adult mice, growth of V. cholerae 569B was suppressed approximately seven fold when compared to bacterial growth in non-immune animals. Similarly, growth of V. cholerae 569B was reduced in mice immunized with a hybrid vibrio strain, NCV569B-165, which shares only flagella antigens with V. cholerae 569B. Immunofluorescence studies of intestinal loop contents and intestinal sections indicated that, in non-immune mice, vibrios coated the intestinal mucosa. In contrast, the intestinal mucosa of immune animals was almost free of bacteria. The vibrios were found agglutinated in the intestinal lumen contents of immune animals. It was concluded that immunization suppressed the growth of V. cholerae in the intestinal lumen and the possibility that bacterial agglutination mediates this growth suppression is discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of growth of Vibrio cholerae in the intestine of immunized mice. In ligated intestinal loops of actively immunized adult mice, growth of V. cholerae 569B was suppressed approximately seven fold when compared to bacterial growth in non-immune animals. Similarly, growth of V. cholerae 569B was reduced in mice immunized with a hybrid vibrio strain, NCV569B-165, which shares only flagella antigens with V. cholerae 569B. Immunofluorescence studies of intestinal loop contents and intestinal sections indicated that, in non-immune mice, vibrios coated the intestinal mucosa. In contrast, the intestinal mucosa of immune animals was almost free of bacteria. The vibrios were found agglutinated in the intestinal lumen contents of immune animals. It was concluded that immunization suppressed the growth of V. cholerae in the intestinal lumen and the possibility that bacterial agglutination mediates this growth suppression is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934026", "title": "Mononuclear cell content of human solid tumors.", "content": "The mononuclear cell content and mononuclear cell function of human solid tumors were determined. Twenty-eight primary, and 17 metastatic solid tumors, including 6 lymph node metastases, were obtained from 45 patients. Cells were released from the tumors by mincing, scraping, and sieving. Analysis of the cellular content was determined by light microscopy, and tumor lymphocyte function was determined by stimulation of blastogenesis with PHA, PWM, Con-A, MLC, and SLO. A median of 3.3 X 10(7) tumor cells with 12.5% viability was obtained per gram of tumor, and a median of 7.8 X 10(6) lymphocytes with a viability of 96% and 0.35 X 10(6) macrophages with a viability of 85% was also obtained per gram of tumor. Significant lymphocyte responses to various mitogens and antigens were obtained in 31-40% of the tumor lymphocyte preparations. From 9.4% to 23% had vigorous responses with a stimulation index greater than 10. Primary tumors contained significantly more lymphocytes than metastatic tumors; thus, the percent lymphocytes in primary tumors was 13.5% compared to 5% for metastatic tumors. In contrast, some of the lymphocyte responses were significantly greater for metastatic tumors than primary tumors. These data suggest that the direct study of lymphocytes infiltrating primary and metastatic tumors may be a useful approach to understanding tumor immunity in man.", "contents": "Mononuclear cell content of human solid tumors. The mononuclear cell content and mononuclear cell function of human solid tumors were determined. Twenty-eight primary, and 17 metastatic solid tumors, including 6 lymph node metastases, were obtained from 45 patients. Cells were released from the tumors by mincing, scraping, and sieving. Analysis of the cellular content was determined by light microscopy, and tumor lymphocyte function was determined by stimulation of blastogenesis with PHA, PWM, Con-A, MLC, and SLO. A median of 3.3 X 10(7) tumor cells with 12.5% viability was obtained per gram of tumor, and a median of 7.8 X 10(6) lymphocytes with a viability of 96% and 0.35 X 10(6) macrophages with a viability of 85% was also obtained per gram of tumor. Significant lymphocyte responses to various mitogens and antigens were obtained in 31-40% of the tumor lymphocyte preparations. From 9.4% to 23% had vigorous responses with a stimulation index greater than 10. Primary tumors contained significantly more lymphocytes than metastatic tumors; thus, the percent lymphocytes in primary tumors was 13.5% compared to 5% for metastatic tumors. In contrast, some of the lymphocyte responses were significantly greater for metastatic tumors than primary tumors. These data suggest that the direct study of lymphocytes infiltrating primary and metastatic tumors may be a useful approach to understanding tumor immunity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:934025", "title": "Persistent infection of tissue culture cells by RNA viruses.", "content": "In this paper, the characteristics of cultured cells persistently infected with RNA viruses, other than leuko viruses are described. The roles that the host cell, interferon, virus mutants and defective interfering particles may play in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection are discussed. It is proposed that the interaction of viruses with certain types of host cells can lead to persistent infection. The differences in virus-host interactions may be attributable to differences in membrane properties of various cells. Defective interfering particles may play a role in the establishment of persistent infections in cells which normally undergo lytic virus development. Mutant types of virus appear to be prominent in the virus released from persistently infected cells, but the role that various mutants play in the maintenance of persistent infections remains unclear.", "contents": "Persistent infection of tissue culture cells by RNA viruses. In this paper, the characteristics of cultured cells persistently infected with RNA viruses, other than leuko viruses are described. The roles that the host cell, interferon, virus mutants and defective interfering particles may play in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection are discussed. It is proposed that the interaction of viruses with certain types of host cells can lead to persistent infection. The differences in virus-host interactions may be attributable to differences in membrane properties of various cells. Defective interfering particles may play a role in the establishment of persistent infections in cells which normally undergo lytic virus development. Mutant types of virus appear to be prominent in the virus released from persistently infected cells, but the role that various mutants play in the maintenance of persistent infections remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:934027", "title": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in the design of optimal chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of breast carcinoma: a comceptual approach.", "content": "Pharmacological data are currently available for a number of antineoplastic agents which have shown clinical activity in advanced breast carcincoma. Preclinical data reveal a relationship between therapeutic response and certain pharmacokinetic parameters such as time of effective cytotoxic exposure (Teff) and the product of concentration with time (Cxt). We have attempted to apply human pharmacologic data to get estimates of these parameters for 6 active agents in breast cancer, to relate them to response rates, and to suggest a method for estimating the role of individual drugs in a multidrug combination. The response rates for 6 single agents were obtained from literature review and related to estimates of Teff and Cxt. The Cxt-response relations for single drugs were linear for cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and thiotepa; exponential for vincristine; and relatively flat for methotrexate and cytoxine arabinoside. Most Teff values for the active single agents clustered about 15 hr/dose. From the graphs of response rate vs Cxt, the individual contribution of each agent in a combination study was estimated to arrive at a predicted response rate. The predicted response rates for the combination studies correlated with the actual response rates determined in the clinical study, for 6 of 6 nonrandomized studies and for 12 of 14 randomized studies analyzed. In 2 studies, deviations from the predicted response rate were attributed to differences in study design or analysis. There was no correlation between Teff and predicted response rate. Analyses of pharmacokinetic data may be useful to simulate combination chemotherapy studies to predict the effectiveness of clinical trials in breast cancer. Since the pharmacologic data were not obtained for any of the agents in the actual clinical trials done, we can only speculate on the usefulness of this method. We would encourage the prospective collection of this data in future clinical trails.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic considerations in the design of optimal chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of breast carcinoma: a comceptual approach. Pharmacological data are currently available for a number of antineoplastic agents which have shown clinical activity in advanced breast carcincoma. Preclinical data reveal a relationship between therapeutic response and certain pharmacokinetic parameters such as time of effective cytotoxic exposure (Teff) and the product of concentration with time (Cxt). We have attempted to apply human pharmacologic data to get estimates of these parameters for 6 active agents in breast cancer, to relate them to response rates, and to suggest a method for estimating the role of individual drugs in a multidrug combination. The response rates for 6 single agents were obtained from literature review and related to estimates of Teff and Cxt. The Cxt-response relations for single drugs were linear for cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and thiotepa; exponential for vincristine; and relatively flat for methotrexate and cytoxine arabinoside. Most Teff values for the active single agents clustered about 15 hr/dose. From the graphs of response rate vs Cxt, the individual contribution of each agent in a combination study was estimated to arrive at a predicted response rate. The predicted response rates for the combination studies correlated with the actual response rates determined in the clinical study, for 6 of 6 nonrandomized studies and for 12 of 14 randomized studies analyzed. In 2 studies, deviations from the predicted response rate were attributed to differences in study design or analysis. There was no correlation between Teff and predicted response rate. Analyses of pharmacokinetic data may be useful to simulate combination chemotherapy studies to predict the effectiveness of clinical trials in breast cancer. Since the pharmacologic data were not obtained for any of the agents in the actual clinical trials done, we can only speculate on the usefulness of this method. We would encourage the prospective collection of this data in future clinical trails."}
{"id": "PMID:934028", "title": "The influence of sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Although these studies do not allow a definitive differentiation between the relative influence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation, the data suggested both radiotherapy and chemotherapy can cause depression; however, radiotherapy may have a more pronounced effect. The relationship between the absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and phytohemagglutin and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was also analyzed. These data revealed that patients who are receiving or who have received intensive therapy may have normal peripheral absolute lymphocyte counts with impaired lymphocyte transformation. Serial studies of lymphocyte transformation were evaluated in 10 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.", "contents": "The influence of sequential chemotherapy and radiotherapy on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although these studies do not allow a definitive differentiation between the relative influence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation, the data suggested both radiotherapy and chemotherapy can cause depression; however, radiotherapy may have a more pronounced effect. The relationship between the absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte count and phytohemagglutin and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was also analyzed. These data revealed that patients who are receiving or who have received intensive therapy may have normal peripheral absolute lymphocyte counts with impaired lymphocyte transformation. Serial studies of lymphocyte transformation were evaluated in 10 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:934029", "title": "Mitomycin C in large infrequent doses in breast cancer.", "content": "Seventy-one women with far-advanced breast cancer resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents were administered mitomycin C using an intermittent high dose schedule. One group consisted of 54 patients with measurable metastatic tumor; a second group consisted of 18 patients with nonmeasurable osseous metastases. Objective response rate in group 1 was 26% for an average duration of 2 1/2 months. Subjective response rate in group 2 was 44% for an average duration of 3 months. Response and toxicity data were similar to those of studies employing the less convenient protracted low-dose schedule. Prior treatment with other alkylating agents did not adversely affect response. Further investigation into the role of mitomycin in combination chemotherapy programs is recommended.", "contents": "Mitomycin C in large infrequent doses in breast cancer. Seventy-one women with far-advanced breast cancer resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents were administered mitomycin C using an intermittent high dose schedule. One group consisted of 54 patients with measurable metastatic tumor; a second group consisted of 18 patients with nonmeasurable osseous metastases. Objective response rate in group 1 was 26% for an average duration of 2 1/2 months. Subjective response rate in group 2 was 44% for an average duration of 3 months. Response and toxicity data were similar to those of studies employing the less convenient protracted low-dose schedule. Prior treatment with other alkylating agents did not adversely affect response. Further investigation into the role of mitomycin in combination chemotherapy programs is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:934030", "title": "The disparity of the size of the liver as determined by physical examination and by hepatic gammascanning in 504 patients.", "content": "The liver extended a minimum of 5 cm inferior to the right costal margin in 51% of the 504 patients studied. In 53% of these patients, experienced, mature physicians declared that the liver was not palpable on physical examination. In 3% of the cases, a mass was palpated which was believed to be liver by the examining physician but was found to be extrahepatic upon scanning and laparotomy. The unreliability of physical examination in determining whether or not the liver extends inferior to the costal margin in many instances is demonstrated.", "contents": "The disparity of the size of the liver as determined by physical examination and by hepatic gammascanning in 504 patients. The liver extended a minimum of 5 cm inferior to the right costal margin in 51% of the 504 patients studied. In 53% of these patients, experienced, mature physicians declared that the liver was not palpable on physical examination. In 3% of the cases, a mass was palpated which was believed to be liver by the examining physician but was found to be extrahepatic upon scanning and laparotomy. The unreliability of physical examination in determining whether or not the liver extends inferior to the costal margin in many instances is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:934031", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "From 1921 to 1973, 106 children with Hodgkin's disease under the age of 17 years were seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute and were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluation was separated into three eras: 1921-1949 (early era), 1950-1964 (middle era), and 1965-1973 (recent era). In the early era, suboptimal radiation therapy was employed. In the middle era, radiation therapy techniques were improved, and single-agent chemotherapy was introduced. In the recent era, multiagent chemotherapy routines were frequently used; aggressive external megavoltage radiation therapy became routine in conjunction with improvement in staging procedures. The best survival was observed in the recent era where five-year survival of 96% was noted in early stage disease. Favorable prognostic features included: younger age group (5-9 years), female sex, lymphocytic predominant histology, early stage disease, and complete response to therapy. Nodular sclerosing and mixed cell types had an equal prognosis. The concept of involved area radiotherapy along with combination chemotherapy appears a reasonable approach in children and should be tested in a randomized study against more extensive radiotherapy techniques in early stage disease.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in children. From 1921 to 1973, 106 children with Hodgkin's disease under the age of 17 years were seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute and were analyzed retrospectively. Evaluation was separated into three eras: 1921-1949 (early era), 1950-1964 (middle era), and 1965-1973 (recent era). In the early era, suboptimal radiation therapy was employed. In the middle era, radiation therapy techniques were improved, and single-agent chemotherapy was introduced. In the recent era, multiagent chemotherapy routines were frequently used; aggressive external megavoltage radiation therapy became routine in conjunction with improvement in staging procedures. The best survival was observed in the recent era where five-year survival of 96% was noted in early stage disease. Favorable prognostic features included: younger age group (5-9 years), female sex, lymphocytic predominant histology, early stage disease, and complete response to therapy. Nodular sclerosing and mixed cell types had an equal prognosis. The concept of involved area radiotherapy along with combination chemotherapy appears a reasonable approach in children and should be tested in a randomized study against more extensive radiotherapy techniques in early stage disease."}
{"id": "PMID:934032", "title": "Comparison of voltage-divider, modified Ardran-Crooks cassette, and Ge(Li) spectrometer methods to determine the peak kilovoltage (kVp) of diagnostic x-ray units.", "content": "This report describes several different techniques that have been used to determine the peak kilovoltage (kVp) of single- and three-phase diagnostic x-ray units operating in both the radiographic and fluoroscopic mode, from 60 to 110 kVp, using (1) a voltage divider with oxcilloscope display; (2) a voltage divider and special summing amplifier with digital display of the voltage utilizing a multichannel analyzer; (3) a version of the Ardran-Crooks cassette technique; and (4) a Ge(Li) spectrometer method. Each technique presents a distinct advantage: Method (1) enables the waveform to be viewed directly; method (2) is probably the most accurate and reproducible technique; method (3) has the greatest ease of operation; and method (4) provides the ability to visualize the x-ray spectrum.", "contents": "Comparison of voltage-divider, modified Ardran-Crooks cassette, and Ge(Li) spectrometer methods to determine the peak kilovoltage (kVp) of diagnostic x-ray units. This report describes several different techniques that have been used to determine the peak kilovoltage (kVp) of single- and three-phase diagnostic x-ray units operating in both the radiographic and fluoroscopic mode, from 60 to 110 kVp, using (1) a voltage divider with oxcilloscope display; (2) a voltage divider and special summing amplifier with digital display of the voltage utilizing a multichannel analyzer; (3) a version of the Ardran-Crooks cassette technique; and (4) a Ge(Li) spectrometer method. Each technique presents a distinct advantage: Method (1) enables the waveform to be viewed directly; method (2) is probably the most accurate and reproducible technique; method (3) has the greatest ease of operation; and method (4) provides the ability to visualize the x-ray spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:934037", "title": "Xeroradiography and ionography: new technologies to replace the x-ray film.", "content": "Novel methods of radiogram imaging are described and compared with conventional means. They include: xeoradiography, low- and high-pressure ionography and liquid phase ionography. The possibility of real time operation is considered also. Of these systems, xeroradiography is already in use for a limited range of applications. High pressure gas ionography shows great promise and practical systems may be expected to appear in the near future.", "contents": "Xeroradiography and ionography: new technologies to replace the x-ray film. Novel methods of radiogram imaging are described and compared with conventional means. They include: xeoradiography, low- and high-pressure ionography and liquid phase ionography. The possibility of real time operation is considered also. Of these systems, xeroradiography is already in use for a limited range of applications. High pressure gas ionography shows great promise and practical systems may be expected to appear in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:934038", "title": "Cardiac output measurement by thermodilution: methodologic problems.", "content": "In clinical practice, thermodilution technique for cardiac output measurement is generally applied to the right heart (injection of a saline cold bolus in the right atrium, temperature measurement downstream in the pulmonary artery). This technique is well adapted to repetitive measurements using a single catheter. However, its validity is dependent on several methodologic requirements: quantitation of the indicator, control of the catheter's dead-space effect, conservation and mixing of the cold bolus, accurate measurement of small thermal gradients. Calculations from the thermal dilution curve must be adapted to possible baseline shifts. All these different methodologic aspects are studied. Several solutions (heat exchanger, automatic injection, calculation method) are proposed. Comparison between an automatic thermodilution device and dye dilution has been performed successfully.", "contents": "Cardiac output measurement by thermodilution: methodologic problems. In clinical practice, thermodilution technique for cardiac output measurement is generally applied to the right heart (injection of a saline cold bolus in the right atrium, temperature measurement downstream in the pulmonary artery). This technique is well adapted to repetitive measurements using a single catheter. However, its validity is dependent on several methodologic requirements: quantitation of the indicator, control of the catheter's dead-space effect, conservation and mixing of the cold bolus, accurate measurement of small thermal gradients. Calculations from the thermal dilution curve must be adapted to possible baseline shifts. All these different methodologic aspects are studied. Several solutions (heat exchanger, automatic injection, calculation method) are proposed. Comparison between an automatic thermodilution device and dye dilution has been performed successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:934034", "title": "Absorption-edge fluoroscopy using a three-spectrum technique.", "content": "We have recently reported on a 1-kVp, two-filter image subtraction method for visualizing low concentrations of elements like iodine which have K-shell absorption edges in the diagnostic x-ray energy range. However, in the application of this technique to human thyroid imaging, superimposed images due to variations in tissue and bone thickness presented serious difficulties. In this paper, a technique is described for implementing a 3-kVp, three-filter approach. Using carefully chosen spectra and logarithmic image processing, images are produced which are compatible with our previously described two-stage storage-tube subtraction device. Proper manipulation of the resulting difference images results in a final absorption-edge image in which only the element of interest is visualized, with unwanted background images suppressed. Computer calculations are presented to illustrate the relative sizes of difference signals arising from the element of interest and from tissue and bone backgrounds. Phantom studies using iodine concentrations as small as 1 mg/cm2, with variations of 10 cm of tissue and 2 g/cm2 of bone, suggest that the theory is sound and that, with straightforward apparatus modifications, images of good quality should be possible.", "contents": "Absorption-edge fluoroscopy using a three-spectrum technique. We have recently reported on a 1-kVp, two-filter image subtraction method for visualizing low concentrations of elements like iodine which have K-shell absorption edges in the diagnostic x-ray energy range. However, in the application of this technique to human thyroid imaging, superimposed images due to variations in tissue and bone thickness presented serious difficulties. In this paper, a technique is described for implementing a 3-kVp, three-filter approach. Using carefully chosen spectra and logarithmic image processing, images are produced which are compatible with our previously described two-stage storage-tube subtraction device. Proper manipulation of the resulting difference images results in a final absorption-edge image in which only the element of interest is visualized, with unwanted background images suppressed. Computer calculations are presented to illustrate the relative sizes of difference signals arising from the element of interest and from tissue and bone backgrounds. Phantom studies using iodine concentrations as small as 1 mg/cm2, with variations of 10 cm of tissue and 2 g/cm2 of bone, suggest that the theory is sound and that, with straightforward apparatus modifications, images of good quality should be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:934039", "title": "In vitro study of hemolysis induced by flow-regulated and pressure-dependent flow pumps.", "content": "In vitro experiments showed that a pressure-dependent flow pump which \"obeys Starling's law\" (with flexible tube stretched on vertical rotor) was less hemolytic than a classical flow-regulated pump (with pump inset occluded between a rotor and a stator). The degree of hemolysis obtained with fresh human blood was higher with blood from chronic respiratory patients than with blood from normal donors. Also, the hemolysis was less with fresh heparinized blood than with stored ACD blood, and less with normal blood than with diluted blood. Comparing hemodialysis pumps with ECC pumps showed that hemolysis tripled with the pressure-dependent flow types and was 30 times higher with the classical pumps.", "contents": "In vitro study of hemolysis induced by flow-regulated and pressure-dependent flow pumps. In vitro experiments showed that a pressure-dependent flow pump which \"obeys Starling's law\" (with flexible tube stretched on vertical rotor) was less hemolytic than a classical flow-regulated pump (with pump inset occluded between a rotor and a stator). The degree of hemolysis obtained with fresh human blood was higher with blood from chronic respiratory patients than with blood from normal donors. Also, the hemolysis was less with fresh heparinized blood than with stored ACD blood, and less with normal blood than with diluted blood. Comparing hemodialysis pumps with ECC pumps showed that hemolysis tripled with the pressure-dependent flow types and was 30 times higher with the classical pumps."}
{"id": "PMID:934040", "title": "Display of the vectorcardiograms with a new complementary loop of formula Z = f (square root X2 + Y2).", "content": "It is important in vectorcardiography to be able to determine the position and magnitude of a given vector, e.g., the left maximum spatial vector, or the vector occurring 20 ms after beginning of QRS, etc. In this aim the authors present besides the three classical planar projections , a fourth curve of Lissajous, known asthe \"modulus curve\" and which corresponds to the formula Z = f (square root X2 + Y2). In general applications, this curve is very simple to use, and several examples of application are given. The technical realization, which involves no great modification of standard equipment, is described.", "contents": "Display of the vectorcardiograms with a new complementary loop of formula Z = f (square root X2 + Y2). It is important in vectorcardiography to be able to determine the position and magnitude of a given vector, e.g., the left maximum spatial vector, or the vector occurring 20 ms after beginning of QRS, etc. In this aim the authors present besides the three classical planar projections , a fourth curve of Lissajous, known asthe \"modulus curve\" and which corresponds to the formula Z = f (square root X2 + Y2). In general applications, this curve is very simple to use, and several examples of application are given. The technical realization, which involves no great modification of standard equipment, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:934035", "title": "Dose measurements in the build-up region for cobalt-60 therapy units.", "content": "The dose in the build-up region for four different Cobalt-60 therapy units was measured. It was found that, for large collimator openings and relatively short SSDs, a new dose peak occurs at a depth very much smaller than 0.5 cm. The dose at this peak is a function of collimator openings and SSDs and, in some extreme case, could be 15% or more higher than the dose at the conventional peak dose of 0.5 cm. The new dose peak is probably due to electrons produced in the source capsule and the part of the collimator close to the source; it can be almost eliminated by a filter placed just below the collimator.", "contents": "Dose measurements in the build-up region for cobalt-60 therapy units. The dose in the build-up region for four different Cobalt-60 therapy units was measured. It was found that, for large collimator openings and relatively short SSDs, a new dose peak occurs at a depth very much smaller than 0.5 cm. The dose at this peak is a function of collimator openings and SSDs and, in some extreme case, could be 15% or more higher than the dose at the conventional peak dose of 0.5 cm. The new dose peak is probably due to electrons produced in the source capsule and the part of the collimator close to the source; it can be almost eliminated by a filter placed just below the collimator."}
{"id": "PMID:934033", "title": "Feasibility study: in vivo neutron activation for regional measurement of calcium using californium 252.", "content": "The feasibility of using a collimated 252Cf neutron source to measure regional changes in skeletal calcium was tested because in vivo regional activation of diseased bone should offer advantages over the more widely reported total-body calcium measuring techniques. Regional activation allows examination of discrete regions where the greatest changes in calcium content occur. Additionally, a simpler radiation facility is required for regional studies. Using a 5.5-mug 252Cf source, thermal neutron flux and absorbed dose were measured in a tissue-equivalent phantom. Detection efficiency of 49Ca gamma rays for conditions simulating regional activation were measured using a 29-cm-diameter X 10-cm-thickness sodium iodide detector. These in vitro measurements indicate that a collimated 252Cf source can be used for regional neutron activation of the lower spine and legs. Preliminary calculations indicate that a 1-3-mg source provides adequate count rates for statistical accuracy with a bone marrow dosage acceptable for human patients and normal subjects.", "contents": "Feasibility study: in vivo neutron activation for regional measurement of calcium using californium 252. The feasibility of using a collimated 252Cf neutron source to measure regional changes in skeletal calcium was tested because in vivo regional activation of diseased bone should offer advantages over the more widely reported total-body calcium measuring techniques. Regional activation allows examination of discrete regions where the greatest changes in calcium content occur. Additionally, a simpler radiation facility is required for regional studies. Using a 5.5-mug 252Cf source, thermal neutron flux and absorbed dose were measured in a tissue-equivalent phantom. Detection efficiency of 49Ca gamma rays for conditions simulating regional activation were measured using a 29-cm-diameter X 10-cm-thickness sodium iodide detector. These in vitro measurements indicate that a collimated 252Cf source can be used for regional neutron activation of the lower spine and legs. Preliminary calculations indicate that a 1-3-mg source provides adequate count rates for statistical accuracy with a bone marrow dosage acceptable for human patients and normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:934043", "title": "Quality control in clinical chemistry: the essential steps.", "content": "Assurance of the quality or reliability of test results is the responsibility of the laboratory and the concern of the veterinarian who uses these results in the diagnosis or treatment of animal patients. Quality assurance can be produced only by implementation and continuing maintenance of a quality control program to monitor the daily performance of the laboratory. Quality control programs usually are multifaceted and may be comprised of one or several optional components. An essential ingredient in any program designed to provide quality assurance is the \"quality-awareness\" of those who perform the tests or make clinical use of the test results.", "contents": "Quality control in clinical chemistry: the essential steps. Assurance of the quality or reliability of test results is the responsibility of the laboratory and the concern of the veterinarian who uses these results in the diagnosis or treatment of animal patients. Quality assurance can be produced only by implementation and continuing maintenance of a quality control program to monitor the daily performance of the laboratory. Quality control programs usually are multifaceted and may be comprised of one or several optional components. An essential ingredient in any program designed to provide quality assurance is the \"quality-awareness\" of those who perform the tests or make clinical use of the test results."}
{"id": "PMID:934036", "title": "Tumor localization and beam monitoring--electrofluorotomography.", "content": "Methodology and instrumentation are presented which are potentially capable of presenting fluoroscopically derived transverse axial body sections for use in radiation-oncology treatment planning and beam monitoring. These combine the methods of Takahashi for generating transverse axial tomograms with electronic radiography, electrofluorotomography, and a contouring program for extracting body and tumor contours in a digital format. The system will also be capable of assuring both initial and day-to-day beam alignment.", "contents": "Tumor localization and beam monitoring--electrofluorotomography. Methodology and instrumentation are presented which are potentially capable of presenting fluoroscopically derived transverse axial body sections for use in radiation-oncology treatment planning and beam monitoring. These combine the methods of Takahashi for generating transverse axial tomograms with electronic radiography, electrofluorotomography, and a contouring program for extracting body and tumor contours in a digital format. The system will also be capable of assuring both initial and day-to-day beam alignment."}
{"id": "PMID:934047", "title": "A method for the isolation of phage mutants altered in their response ot lysogenic induction.", "content": "Phage lambdacl+ gives clear plaques whereas phage lambdacIind- gives turbid plaques on a lawn of a mutant strain of E. coli K12. This strain, called STS, carries mutation spr in a tif sfi genetic background. I hypothesize that upon temperate phage infection, STS bacteria spontaneously inactivate phage repressor by the same mechanism involved in normal lysogenic induction which results in obligatory lytic growth of lambda+. The use of the STS mutant facilitates the isolation and genetic analysis of phage mutants with an abnormal response to lysogenic induction.", "contents": "A method for the isolation of phage mutants altered in their response ot lysogenic induction. Phage lambdacl+ gives clear plaques whereas phage lambdacIind- gives turbid plaques on a lawn of a mutant strain of E. coli K12. This strain, called STS, carries mutation spr in a tif sfi genetic background. I hypothesize that upon temperate phage infection, STS bacteria spontaneously inactivate phage repressor by the same mechanism involved in normal lysogenic induction which results in obligatory lytic growth of lambda+. The use of the STS mutant facilitates the isolation and genetic analysis of phage mutants with an abnormal response to lysogenic induction."}
{"id": "PMID:934048", "title": "The effect of nitrosoguanidine upon DNA synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Both the polymerase and the exonuclease activities of DNA polymerase III are inactivated by treatment with nitrosoguanidine. The treatment of the DNA template with the mutagen does not affect the template in supporting DNA synthesis. No effect of nitrosoguanidine upon fidelity of replication in vitro was detected.", "contents": "The effect of nitrosoguanidine upon DNA synthesis in vitro. Both the polymerase and the exonuclease activities of DNA polymerase III are inactivated by treatment with nitrosoguanidine. The treatment of the DNA template with the mutagen does not affect the template in supporting DNA synthesis. No effect of nitrosoguanidine upon fidelity of replication in vitro was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:934049", "title": "Molecular evolution of 5S RNA.", "content": "Based on the comparative analyses of the primary structure of 5S RNAs from 19 organisms, a secondary structure model of 5S RNA is proposed. 5S RNA has essentially the same structure among all prokaryotic species. The same is true for eukaryotic 5S RNAs. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5S RNAs are also quite similar to each other, except for a difference in a specific region. By comparing the nucleotide alignment from the juxtaposed 5S RNA secondary structures, a phylogenic tree of nineteen organisms was constructed. The time of divergence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(9) years ago (minimum estimate: 2.1 X 10(9).", "contents": "Molecular evolution of 5S RNA. Based on the comparative analyses of the primary structure of 5S RNAs from 19 organisms, a secondary structure model of 5S RNA is proposed. 5S RNA has essentially the same structure among all prokaryotic species. The same is true for eukaryotic 5S RNAs. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 5S RNAs are also quite similar to each other, except for a difference in a specific region. By comparing the nucleotide alignment from the juxtaposed 5S RNA secondary structures, a phylogenic tree of nineteen organisms was constructed. The time of divergence between prokaryotes and eukaryotes was estimated to be 2.5 X 10(9) years ago (minimum estimate: 2.1 X 10(9)."}
{"id": "PMID:934050", "title": "Induced mutagenesis in Ustilago maydis. I. Isolation and characterization of a radiation-revertible allele of the structural gene for nitrate reductase.", "content": "A UV-revertible mutant of the nar1 structural gene for nitrate reductase was isolated in wild-type (nar+ nir+) Ustilago maydis. It proved to be vigorously revertible by gamma rays as well. Genetic analysis revealed that the strain carried a single, nonleaky, recessive allele (nar1-m) with an unusually high spontaneous reversion rate (approximately 3 X 10(-5)/div.). Reliable reversion frequencies were determined with a special agar medium that reduced the normally high level of residual growth observed on nitrate minimal agar. Radiation-induced reversion frequencies in the homozygous diploid were approximately twice those in the haploid. Following crosses to wild type, two revertants (one spontaneous and one UV-induced) were found to map at nar1. Although the molecular basis of nar1-m reversion is not known, available data suggest that some form of point mutation is involved.", "contents": "Induced mutagenesis in Ustilago maydis. I. Isolation and characterization of a radiation-revertible allele of the structural gene for nitrate reductase. A UV-revertible mutant of the nar1 structural gene for nitrate reductase was isolated in wild-type (nar+ nir+) Ustilago maydis. It proved to be vigorously revertible by gamma rays as well. Genetic analysis revealed that the strain carried a single, nonleaky, recessive allele (nar1-m) with an unusually high spontaneous reversion rate (approximately 3 X 10(-5)/div.). Reliable reversion frequencies were determined with a special agar medium that reduced the normally high level of residual growth observed on nitrate minimal agar. Radiation-induced reversion frequencies in the homozygous diploid were approximately twice those in the haploid. Following crosses to wild type, two revertants (one spontaneous and one UV-induced) were found to map at nar1. Although the molecular basis of nar1-m reversion is not known, available data suggest that some form of point mutation is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:934051", "title": "Induced mutagenesis in Ustilago maydis. II. An in vivo biochemical assay.", "content": "UV gamma radiation-induced reversion to nar+ in a nar1-m nir1-1 strain of Ustilago maydis was found to occur under nongrowth conditions by performing the in vivo assay for functional nitrate reductase described by Resnick and Holliday (1971) who previously demonstrated that nonviable cells may still synthesize normal or near-normal levels of activity. Reversion frequencies of a signle gamma-irradiated culture were estimated in two cell populations by different methods: (A) among surviving clones after plating, and (B) among all cells (viable and nonviable) in suspension in the absence of postirradiation cell division. At gamma doses (300, 500 krad) corresponding to considerable cell killing (35%, 2% survival), reversion frequency by either method was the same. This supports the conclusion that mutation induction by gamma rays and its expression occur in nonviable cells with the same frequency as among survivors. If an error-prone repair system is assumed to be responsible for the observed gamma revertibility, then it is argued that this process is constituitive rather than inducible and that it is recombination-independent.", "contents": "Induced mutagenesis in Ustilago maydis. II. An in vivo biochemical assay. UV gamma radiation-induced reversion to nar+ in a nar1-m nir1-1 strain of Ustilago maydis was found to occur under nongrowth conditions by performing the in vivo assay for functional nitrate reductase described by Resnick and Holliday (1971) who previously demonstrated that nonviable cells may still synthesize normal or near-normal levels of activity. Reversion frequencies of a signle gamma-irradiated culture were estimated in two cell populations by different methods: (A) among surviving clones after plating, and (B) among all cells (viable and nonviable) in suspension in the absence of postirradiation cell division. At gamma doses (300, 500 krad) corresponding to considerable cell killing (35%, 2% survival), reversion frequency by either method was the same. This supports the conclusion that mutation induction by gamma rays and its expression occur in nonviable cells with the same frequency as among survivors. If an error-prone repair system is assumed to be responsible for the observed gamma revertibility, then it is argued that this process is constituitive rather than inducible and that it is recombination-independent."}
{"id": "PMID:934052", "title": "The isolation of IS1 and IS2 DNA.", "content": "DNA of the IS-elements IS1 and IS2 was prepared by digestion of appropriate heteroduplex molecules with endonuclease S1, followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation or gel electrophoresis. The material obtained is homogeneous with regard to size. The length of IS1 DNA is 820 +/- 65 nucleotides, the length of IS2 DNA is 1,350 +/- 70 nucleotides. IS1 DNA is not cleaved by the restriction endonucleases Eco R1, Hind II or Hind III. IS2 DNA is cleaved once by each of the two latter enzymes. The buoyand density determined by equilibrium centrifugation of Hg-complexes in Cs2so4 corresponds to a GC content of approximately 50%. Labelling with polynucleotide kinase indicates that both IS DNA's have a guanosyl residue at both of their 5'-termini.", "contents": "The isolation of IS1 and IS2 DNA. DNA of the IS-elements IS1 and IS2 was prepared by digestion of appropriate heteroduplex molecules with endonuclease S1, followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation or gel electrophoresis. The material obtained is homogeneous with regard to size. The length of IS1 DNA is 820 +/- 65 nucleotides, the length of IS2 DNA is 1,350 +/- 70 nucleotides. IS1 DNA is not cleaved by the restriction endonucleases Eco R1, Hind II or Hind III. IS2 DNA is cleaved once by each of the two latter enzymes. The buoyand density determined by equilibrium centrifugation of Hg-complexes in Cs2so4 corresponds to a GC content of approximately 50%. Labelling with polynucleotide kinase indicates that both IS DNA's have a guanosyl residue at both of their 5'-termini."}
{"id": "PMID:934053", "title": "Octopine and nopaline synthesis and breakdown genetically controlled by a plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.", "content": "Several nopaline degrading strains and one octopine degrading strain are shown to loose oncogenicity as well as the ability to utilize these guanidine compounds when they are cured of their TI plasmid. To investigate whether the specific genes involved in the utilization of one or the other compound are located on the plasmid, plasmid-transfer experiments have been performed. The plasmid from a nopaline degrading strain has been transferred to a naturally non oncogenic Agrobacterium namely A. radiobacter. Furthermore, the plasmid from an octopine degrading strain has been transferred to a plasmid-cured strain which originally had the capacity to utilize nopaline. Both kinds of experiments prove that the TI plasmid determines the strain specificity with regard to the utilization of either octopine or nopaline. They also demonstrate that the synthesis of either octopine or nopaline in crown gall cells is also determined by genes located on the TI plasmid harboured by the transforming A. tumefaciens strains.", "contents": "Octopine and nopaline synthesis and breakdown genetically controlled by a plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Several nopaline degrading strains and one octopine degrading strain are shown to loose oncogenicity as well as the ability to utilize these guanidine compounds when they are cured of their TI plasmid. To investigate whether the specific genes involved in the utilization of one or the other compound are located on the plasmid, plasmid-transfer experiments have been performed. The plasmid from a nopaline degrading strain has been transferred to a naturally non oncogenic Agrobacterium namely A. radiobacter. Furthermore, the plasmid from an octopine degrading strain has been transferred to a plasmid-cured strain which originally had the capacity to utilize nopaline. Both kinds of experiments prove that the TI plasmid determines the strain specificity with regard to the utilization of either octopine or nopaline. They also demonstrate that the synthesis of either octopine or nopaline in crown gall cells is also determined by genes located on the TI plasmid harboured by the transforming A. tumefaciens strains."}
{"id": "PMID:934054", "title": "The influence of DNA binding protein on the substrate affinities of DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis: one polymerase implicated in both DNA replication and repair.", "content": "The DNA polymerase of Ustilago maydis is stimulated by a DNA binding protein from the same organism. Analysis of this stimulation shows that there is an increase in affinity for both substrates of the reaction. The apparent Km for deoxynucleoside triphosphates is decreased 3 fold, and that for denatured DNA by 4 fold. In both cases the maximum velocity (Vmax) is increased 1.2 to 1.4 fold. It is suggested that the variability in the affinity of the enzyme for deoxynucleoside triphosphates mediated by the binding protein may provide the basis for the UV sensitivity of pyrimidine auxotrophs in this organism.", "contents": "The influence of DNA binding protein on the substrate affinities of DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis: one polymerase implicated in both DNA replication and repair. The DNA polymerase of Ustilago maydis is stimulated by a DNA binding protein from the same organism. Analysis of this stimulation shows that there is an increase in affinity for both substrates of the reaction. The apparent Km for deoxynucleoside triphosphates is decreased 3 fold, and that for denatured DNA by 4 fold. In both cases the maximum velocity (Vmax) is increased 1.2 to 1.4 fold. It is suggested that the variability in the affinity of the enzyme for deoxynucleoside triphosphates mediated by the binding protein may provide the basis for the UV sensitivity of pyrimidine auxotrophs in this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:934161", "title": "[A new (brachymelic) type of primordial dwarfism (author's transl)].", "content": "Second report of an apparently new type of primordial dwarfism characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, striking craniofacial deformities and a peculiar osteochondrodysplasia. The major clinical findings are microcephaly, hypotrichosis, bulging eyes, prominent nose, micrognathia and short extremities. The osteochondrodysplasia is characterized by short and bowed humeri and femora with absent ossification of the femoral necks, small and dysplastic iliac wings, strikingly retarded ossification of the epiphyses and shortened metacarpal I and middle phalanges II-V. Possible this condition is caused by the homozygous state of mutant gene. The brachymelic type of primordial dwarfism differs from other forms of primordial dwarfism (particularly from case I of Seckel) by its skeletal abnormalities. The cases described by Seckel (and sometimes referred to as Seckel or bird-headed dwarfism) are heterogenous: Seckel dwarfism apparently does not exist as a nosologic entity.", "contents": "[A new (brachymelic) type of primordial dwarfism (author's transl)]. Second report of an apparently new type of primordial dwarfism characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, striking craniofacial deformities and a peculiar osteochondrodysplasia. The major clinical findings are microcephaly, hypotrichosis, bulging eyes, prominent nose, micrognathia and short extremities. The osteochondrodysplasia is characterized by short and bowed humeri and femora with absent ossification of the femoral necks, small and dysplastic iliac wings, strikingly retarded ossification of the epiphyses and shortened metacarpal I and middle phalanges II-V. Possible this condition is caused by the homozygous state of mutant gene. The brachymelic type of primordial dwarfism differs from other forms of primordial dwarfism (particularly from case I of Seckel) by its skeletal abnormalities. The cases described by Seckel (and sometimes referred to as Seckel or bird-headed dwarfism) are heterogenous: Seckel dwarfism apparently does not exist as a nosologic entity."}
{"id": "PMID:934162", "title": "[Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of a new electrode by A. Huch, R. Huch, and D. L\u00fcbbers to measure the arterial oxygen tension transcutaneously (tcPo2) has provided the opportunity for continuous monitoring in critically ill children. For the first time it is possible to monitor oxygen therapy and to minimize considerably the risk of oxygen therapy. With this technique respirator therapy can be managed much more critically and effectively. Changes in PaO2 are recognized within seconds and dangerous hyper- and hypoxias can be corrected immediately. We demonstrated that there exist different heart rate patterns with hypoxemia; these changes normally are not recognized with convential methods. The significance of the silent heart rate pattern has not yet been established. As there are no problems now with the manufacturing of the electrodes, we hope that this excellent method will be used wherever critically ill children are treated.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement in pediatrics (author's transl)]. The development of a new electrode by A. Huch, R. Huch, and D. L\u00fcbbers to measure the arterial oxygen tension transcutaneously (tcPo2) has provided the opportunity for continuous monitoring in critically ill children. For the first time it is possible to monitor oxygen therapy and to minimize considerably the risk of oxygen therapy. With this technique respirator therapy can be managed much more critically and effectively. Changes in PaO2 are recognized within seconds and dangerous hyper- and hypoxias can be corrected immediately. We demonstrated that there exist different heart rate patterns with hypoxemia; these changes normally are not recognized with convential methods. The significance of the silent heart rate pattern has not yet been established. As there are no problems now with the manufacturing of the electrodes, we hope that this excellent method will be used wherever critically ill children are treated."}
{"id": "PMID:934163", "title": "[Pyelonephritis in patients with congenital malformations of the urinary tract after corrective operation and under antibiotic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "398 (otherwise unselected) children with certain types of congenital urinary tract malformation were followed up for a period of not less than three years for evaluation of the infection rate after surgical correction (the latter performed in 1968 to 1972). During a six month course post op., all patients received appropriate antibacterial drugs, thereafter cessation of medical treatment depending upon normal findings in urinalysis. The over-all cure rate was 77% after six months, 85% after twelve months, 95% after two years and 97% after three years. No recurrence of urinary tract infection was observed three years after surgery of in frapelvic ureteral stenosis/hydronephrosis (n=86; Anderson-Hynes procedure) in 100%; of distal ureteral stenosis/megaureter (n=76; Politano-Leadbetter or occasionally Boari approach) in 92%; and of primary reflux (n=236; Lich-Gr\u00e9goir technique) in 98%. The incidence of infectious relapse following any normal cytological and bacteriological control was 1% resp. 7% resp. 2%, with an average of 3% for all three groups.", "contents": "[Pyelonephritis in patients with congenital malformations of the urinary tract after corrective operation and under antibiotic therapy (author's transl)]. 398 (otherwise unselected) children with certain types of congenital urinary tract malformation were followed up for a period of not less than three years for evaluation of the infection rate after surgical correction (the latter performed in 1968 to 1972). During a six month course post op., all patients received appropriate antibacterial drugs, thereafter cessation of medical treatment depending upon normal findings in urinalysis. The over-all cure rate was 77% after six months, 85% after twelve months, 95% after two years and 97% after three years. No recurrence of urinary tract infection was observed three years after surgery of in frapelvic ureteral stenosis/hydronephrosis (n=86; Anderson-Hynes procedure) in 100%; of distal ureteral stenosis/megaureter (n=76; Politano-Leadbetter or occasionally Boari approach) in 92%; and of primary reflux (n=236; Lich-Gr\u00e9goir technique) in 98%. The incidence of infectious relapse following any normal cytological and bacteriological control was 1% resp. 7% resp. 2%, with an average of 3% for all three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:934164", "title": "[Ballooning mitral valve in tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The ballooning mitral valve defect has been repeatedly found in hereditary disorders of connective tissue such as the Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. The present report concerns a nine year old girl with tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia type I and this peculiar anomaly of the mitral valve. Since a literature review disclosed two more cases with tricho-rhinophalangeal dysplasia I and mitral insufficiency, the association may be more than fortuitous. Apparently the mesenchymal changes in tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia I are not limited to the skeletal system.", "contents": "[Ballooning mitral valve in tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)]. The ballooning mitral valve defect has been repeatedly found in hereditary disorders of connective tissue such as the Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. The present report concerns a nine year old girl with tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia type I and this peculiar anomaly of the mitral valve. Since a literature review disclosed two more cases with tricho-rhinophalangeal dysplasia I and mitral insufficiency, the association may be more than fortuitous. Apparently the mesenchymal changes in tricho-rhino-phalangeal dysplasia I are not limited to the skeletal system."}
{"id": "PMID:934165", "title": "Dose-response data for X-ray induced translocations in spermatogonia of Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The yields of translocations in spermatocytes after irradiation of spermatogonia of Rhesus monkeys with doses of 100, 200 or 300 rad X-rays were low, and consistent with a humped dose-response curve with a peak at about 200 rad. Such a curve would agree well with earlier results on the marmoset and man, but the yields at any dose in the Rhesus monkey were lower.", "contents": "Dose-response data for X-ray induced translocations in spermatogonia of Rhesus monkeys. The yields of translocations in spermatocytes after irradiation of spermatogonia of Rhesus monkeys with doses of 100, 200 or 300 rad X-rays were low, and consistent with a humped dose-response curve with a peak at about 200 rad. Such a curve would agree well with earlier results on the marmoset and man, but the yields at any dose in the Rhesus monkey were lower."}
{"id": "PMID:934166", "title": "The effect of changes in dose rate on the yield of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to gamma radiation.", "content": "The yield of chromosome aberrations was studied in Go human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro exposure to 100, 250 and 500 rad of caesium-137 gamma radiation. The doses were given at various rates up to 400 rad per h with the longest exposures lasting for approx. 50 h. At 500 and 250 rad the dicentric yields fell by 66 and 64% when the dose rate was reduced from 400 to 10 rad per h whereas at 100 rad the reduction was only 29%. Reductions were also noted in frequency of acentric aberrations. At the higher dose rates (greater than 150 R/h) the aberration yield was constant and agreed with data published elsewhere for 3000 R/h. The dose rate at which the decline in aberration yield became apparent was dose dependent and, for dicentrics, occurred at about 150, 100 and 25 rad/h respectively for the 500-, 250- and 100-rad doses. The data are interpreted in terms of the quadratic model of aberration induction in which the dose-squared term represents dose rate dependent two-track aberrations which constitute an increasingly important component of yield as dose increases. The implications of this work for cytogenetic dosimetry are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of changes in dose rate on the yield of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to gamma radiation. The yield of chromosome aberrations was studied in Go human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro exposure to 100, 250 and 500 rad of caesium-137 gamma radiation. The doses were given at various rates up to 400 rad per h with the longest exposures lasting for approx. 50 h. At 500 and 250 rad the dicentric yields fell by 66 and 64% when the dose rate was reduced from 400 to 10 rad per h whereas at 100 rad the reduction was only 29%. Reductions were also noted in frequency of acentric aberrations. At the higher dose rates (greater than 150 R/h) the aberration yield was constant and agreed with data published elsewhere for 3000 R/h. The dose rate at which the decline in aberration yield became apparent was dose dependent and, for dicentrics, occurred at about 150, 100 and 25 rad/h respectively for the 500-, 250- and 100-rad doses. The data are interpreted in terms of the quadratic model of aberration induction in which the dose-squared term represents dose rate dependent two-track aberrations which constitute an increasingly important component of yield as dose increases. The implications of this work for cytogenetic dosimetry are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934167", "title": "Factors affecting the growth of Chinese hamster cells in HAT selection media.", "content": "Factors affecting the efficiency of selection of \"revertants\" of salvage pathway mutants in media containing amethopterin have been examined. Our V79 Chinese hamster cell line was found to require a significantly higher level of thymidine for optimal growth in such media than has been reported for other cell lines. Hypoxanthine (but not glycine) was also required for reversal of amethopterin toxicity, but levels did not differ significantly from those reported elsewhere. Growth in HAT was also dependent on plating density and serum batch. Our modification (VHAT) was compared with published HAT recipies in back selection reconstruction experiments. A sharp fall in EOR (efficiency of recovery) of wild type cells from  mixtures with mutants at plating densities greater than 3500 cells/cm2 (10(5) cells/6 cm dish) was observed for VHAT. EOR with other HAT recipes was lower still, and was affected also by the particular mutant used in the mixture. EMS induced \"revertants\" were isolated from three 8AZr mutants by plating in VHAT. All revertants were however amethopterin resistant, they were also 8AZ resistant and the mobility of residual HGPRT (as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was similar to that of their 8AZr parents i.e. dissimilar from that in wild type. The modal chromosome number of V79 wild type cells was 21. No significant deviation from this mode was detected in any of the mutant lines examined. The data indicate that the recovery of colonies in HAT from 8AZr mutants does not necessarily indicate that a back mutation in the structural gene for HGPRT has occurred. Thus, the frequency of HAT+ colonies cannot be taken as a direct indication of reversion frequencies.", "contents": "Factors affecting the growth of Chinese hamster cells in HAT selection media. Factors affecting the efficiency of selection of \"revertants\" of salvage pathway mutants in media containing amethopterin have been examined. Our V79 Chinese hamster cell line was found to require a significantly higher level of thymidine for optimal growth in such media than has been reported for other cell lines. Hypoxanthine (but not glycine) was also required for reversal of amethopterin toxicity, but levels did not differ significantly from those reported elsewhere. Growth in HAT was also dependent on plating density and serum batch. Our modification (VHAT) was compared with published HAT recipies in back selection reconstruction experiments. A sharp fall in EOR (efficiency of recovery) of wild type cells from  mixtures with mutants at plating densities greater than 3500 cells/cm2 (10(5) cells/6 cm dish) was observed for VHAT. EOR with other HAT recipes was lower still, and was affected also by the particular mutant used in the mixture. EMS induced \"revertants\" were isolated from three 8AZr mutants by plating in VHAT. All revertants were however amethopterin resistant, they were also 8AZ resistant and the mobility of residual HGPRT (as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was similar to that of their 8AZr parents i.e. dissimilar from that in wild type. The modal chromosome number of V79 wild type cells was 21. No significant deviation from this mode was detected in any of the mutant lines examined. The data indicate that the recovery of colonies in HAT from 8AZr mutants does not necessarily indicate that a back mutation in the structural gene for HGPRT has occurred. Thus, the frequency of HAT+ colonies cannot be taken as a direct indication of reversion frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:934168", "title": "Factors affecting the efficiency of purine analogues as selective agents for mutants of mammalian cells induced by ionising radiation.", "content": "In the Chinese hamster cell line V79-4, the frequencies of the cells selected for their resistance to purine analogues do not always reflect the true frequencies of resistant mutants. The frequency of cells resistant to 8-azaguanine varied widely, especially when different sources of serum were used in the selective medium. Even with the more efficient analogue, 6-thioguanine, small colonies arose in the selective medium at a frequency which was strongly dependent upon analogue concentration and viable cell seeding density. These colonies were shown to have a phenotype which was indistinguishable from wild type. Hence with irradiated cells, where the viability of the cell population is reduced to an extent varying with the dose and the interval allowed for mutant expression, the counting of all colonies arising in selective medium  can lead to spuriously variable, and sometimes very high, \"mutation frequencies\". Although the frequency of wild type colonies selected in thioguanine was diminished by the use of high concentrations of the analogue, a loss of induced mutants also occurred at these concentrations. Further, the V79-4 line contained two distinct types of mutant with different levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity, and only of these types (HGPRT-negative mutants) increased in frequency with radiation dose. These results can account for many of the anomalies encountered in previous studies with purine analogues as selective agents, and show that some care has to be taken to characterize the mutants selected by resistance to purine analogues before meaningful dose-response relationships can be established.", "contents": "Factors affecting the efficiency of purine analogues as selective agents for mutants of mammalian cells induced by ionising radiation. In the Chinese hamster cell line V79-4, the frequencies of the cells selected for their resistance to purine analogues do not always reflect the true frequencies of resistant mutants. The frequency of cells resistant to 8-azaguanine varied widely, especially when different sources of serum were used in the selective medium. Even with the more efficient analogue, 6-thioguanine, small colonies arose in the selective medium at a frequency which was strongly dependent upon analogue concentration and viable cell seeding density. These colonies were shown to have a phenotype which was indistinguishable from wild type. Hence with irradiated cells, where the viability of the cell population is reduced to an extent varying with the dose and the interval allowed for mutant expression, the counting of all colonies arising in selective medium  can lead to spuriously variable, and sometimes very high, \"mutation frequencies\". Although the frequency of wild type colonies selected in thioguanine was diminished by the use of high concentrations of the analogue, a loss of induced mutants also occurred at these concentrations. Further, the V79-4 line contained two distinct types of mutant with different levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity, and only of these types (HGPRT-negative mutants) increased in frequency with radiation dose. These results can account for many of the anomalies encountered in previous studies with purine analogues as selective agents, and show that some care has to be taken to characterize the mutants selected by resistance to purine analogues before meaningful dose-response relationships can be established."}
{"id": "PMID:934171", "title": "A new statistical evaluation of the dominant-lethal mutation test.", "content": "A multivariate statistical method for evaluation of the dominant-lethal mutation test is outlined which takes into consideration the dependence among the dimensions of the test. It can also be fitted into a computer programme as is necessary with dominant-lethal tests which often give a large number of data. This article describes a multivariate statistical method and gives an example of an experiment evaluated with the method.", "contents": "A new statistical evaluation of the dominant-lethal mutation test. A multivariate statistical method for evaluation of the dominant-lethal mutation test is outlined which takes into consideration the dependence among the dimensions of the test. It can also be fitted into a computer programme as is necessary with dominant-lethal tests which often give a large number of data. This article describes a multivariate statistical method and gives an example of an experiment evaluated with the method."}
{"id": "PMID:934173", "title": "The effect of insecticides on Chinese hamster cell cultures.", "content": "The effect of p,p'-isomers of DDT and its derivatives DDD, DDE and DDA on Chinese hamster cells in culture was studied. At different concentrations and various times of treatment the proliferation rate was inhibited most strongly by DDD and DDT, whereas DDE exhibited a markedly weaker influence. DDA was the least toxic compound of the four. The cytogenetic effects were also different. Again, DDA induced the least damage. Only enhanced gap rates but no chromosome breaks were observed. DDE was more active, and higher break rates occurred. DDD and DDT were by far the most damaging compounds, and they raised the gap and break rates markedly. However, no induction of configuration anomalies was found in any experiment. Chronic treatment of the cells for 3 months with DDT at 8 ppm did not alter the proliferation rate, the sensitivity to acute treatment with higher DDT concentrations or the chromosomal aberration rates. The results are discussed in relation to the relevance of differential pesticide effectivity in organs of higher animals and man.", "contents": "The effect of insecticides on Chinese hamster cell cultures. The effect of p,p'-isomers of DDT and its derivatives DDD, DDE and DDA on Chinese hamster cells in culture was studied. At different concentrations and various times of treatment the proliferation rate was inhibited most strongly by DDD and DDT, whereas DDE exhibited a markedly weaker influence. DDA was the least toxic compound of the four. The cytogenetic effects were also different. Again, DDA induced the least damage. Only enhanced gap rates but no chromosome breaks were observed. DDE was more active, and higher break rates occurred. DDD and DDT were by far the most damaging compounds, and they raised the gap and break rates markedly. However, no induction of configuration anomalies was found in any experiment. Chronic treatment of the cells for 3 months with DDT at 8 ppm did not alter the proliferation rate, the sensitivity to acute treatment with higher DDT concentrations or the chromosomal aberration rates. The results are discussed in relation to the relevance of differential pesticide effectivity in organs of higher animals and man."}
{"id": "PMID:934174", "title": "Mutagenic effect of sodium nitrite on cultured mouse cells.", "content": "Effect of sodium nitrite on cultured FM3A cells, a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, was examined. The chromosomal preparations demonstrated that severe aberrations were induced in more than 80% of the mitotic plates at 10(-2) M and in nearly 40% at 10(-25) M after 24 and 48 h treatment. According to the results of alkaline sucrose gradient analysis sedimentation profiles of cell DNA treated at as high as 10(-1) M for 24 h scarcely changed from that of control cell DNA. Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation was demonstrated above 10(-3) M sodium nitrite.", "contents": "Mutagenic effect of sodium nitrite on cultured mouse cells. Effect of sodium nitrite on cultured FM3A cells, a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma cell line, was examined. The chromosomal preparations demonstrated that severe aberrations were induced in more than 80% of the mitotic plates at 10(-2) M and in nearly 40% at 10(-25) M after 24 and 48 h treatment. According to the results of alkaline sucrose gradient analysis sedimentation profiles of cell DNA treated at as high as 10(-1) M for 24 h scarcely changed from that of control cell DNA. Induction of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutation was demonstrated above 10(-3) M sodium nitrite."}
{"id": "PMID:934175", "title": "Chromosome analyses in cell cultures of the Chinese hamster after application of cadmiumsulphate.", "content": "Cell cultures of a Chinese hamster cell line were treated with CdSO4 in concentrations of between 10(-4) and 10(-8) mol/l for different time periods. After a treatment of 16 h the mitotic index was reduced. Strong stickiness and pycnosis of chromosomes occurred at the highest concentrations. A treatment period of 3 h with concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/l without additional application of Colcemid and hypotonic solution yielded a stathmokinetic effect. The mitotic index increased, mitoses were blocked in metaphase stage and \"initial C-mitoses'' and \"C-mitoses'' were present. Structural chromosome aberrations were present in the recovery period of more than 12 h following a treatment of 1 h with 10(-4) mol/l CdSO4. The observed aberrations were mainly of the chromatid type.", "contents": "Chromosome analyses in cell cultures of the Chinese hamster after application of cadmiumsulphate. Cell cultures of a Chinese hamster cell line were treated with CdSO4 in concentrations of between 10(-4) and 10(-8) mol/l for different time periods. After a treatment of 16 h the mitotic index was reduced. Strong stickiness and pycnosis of chromosomes occurred at the highest concentrations. A treatment period of 3 h with concentrations of 10(-5) and 10(-4) mol/l without additional application of Colcemid and hypotonic solution yielded a stathmokinetic effect. The mitotic index increased, mitoses were blocked in metaphase stage and \"initial C-mitoses'' and \"C-mitoses'' were present. Structural chromosome aberrations were present in the recovery period of more than 12 h following a treatment of 1 h with 10(-4) mol/l CdSO4. The observed aberrations were mainly of the chromatid type."}
{"id": "PMID:934176", "title": "Cytogenetic study of DDT on human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The cytogenetic effect of DDT on human blood cultures, in vitro, was investigated. Two types of experiment were carried out: one, in which the DDT concentrations found in the culture media were similar to those found in the plasma of individuals of the Brazilian population (0.06--0.20 mug/ml); in the second experiments, doses ranging from 1 to 15 mug/ml were used. No correlation was found between DDT doses and cells with chromosomal aberrations. The Poisson test of comparison between means showed that at certain DDT concentrations (0.20, 4.05 and 8.72 mug/ml) the proportion of cells with structural aberrations was significantly greater than in the controls.", "contents": "Cytogenetic study of DDT on human lymphocytes in vitro. The cytogenetic effect of DDT on human blood cultures, in vitro, was investigated. Two types of experiment were carried out: one, in which the DDT concentrations found in the culture media were similar to those found in the plasma of individuals of the Brazilian population (0.06--0.20 mug/ml); in the second experiments, doses ranging from 1 to 15 mug/ml were used. No correlation was found between DDT doses and cells with chromosomal aberrations. The Poisson test of comparison between means showed that at certain DDT concentrations (0.20, 4.05 and 8.72 mug/ml) the proportion of cells with structural aberrations was significantly greater than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:934177", "title": "Lymphocyte chromosome studies in humans exposed to chemical mutagens. The validity of the method in 67 patients under cytostatic therapy.", "content": "Eighty-three lymphocyte cultures from 67 patients exposed to high therapeutic doses of chemical mutagens and from 10 healthy controls were examined for structural aberrations of the chromatid type (gaps, breaks and exchanges) and chromosome type (rings, dicentrics, acentric fragments and abnormal chromosomes) in order to evaluate the reliability of this testing system. Most of the patients had received several drugs; a few had radiotherapy as well. Owing to insufficient yields of mitoses at shorter incubation periods a culture time of 72 h had to be chosen. Whenever possible, 100 mitoses were analyzed. Because evaluation is highly subjective, gaps (i.e. interruptions of the chromatid structure not clearly exceeding a chromatid's width) were not included in the results. The incidence of chromatid breaks was 0--2% in the controls and 0--4% in most of the patients. In 6 cases containing 5--15% mitoses with chromatid breaks and exchanges, these values did not correlate with increased incidences of chromosome type aberrations. The incidence of chromosome type aberrations was 0--1% in the controls as well as in 19/20 patients who had received anti-metabolites and spindle poisons only and in 22/53 patients who had received therapeutic irradiation and/or well-known clastogenic agents. From these findings it is concluded that an increased incidence of chromatid breaks and exchanges is not a typical finding in lymphocyte cultures of persons exposed in vivo to chromosome breaking agents, and that a normal incidence of chromosome type aberrations does not exclude exposure to massive doses of clastogens. This testing system is therefore judged to be inadequate for monitoring weak or questionable mutagens in exposed populations.", "contents": "Lymphocyte chromosome studies in humans exposed to chemical mutagens. The validity of the method in 67 patients under cytostatic therapy. Eighty-three lymphocyte cultures from 67 patients exposed to high therapeutic doses of chemical mutagens and from 10 healthy controls were examined for structural aberrations of the chromatid type (gaps, breaks and exchanges) and chromosome type (rings, dicentrics, acentric fragments and abnormal chromosomes) in order to evaluate the reliability of this testing system. Most of the patients had received several drugs; a few had radiotherapy as well. Owing to insufficient yields of mitoses at shorter incubation periods a culture time of 72 h had to be chosen. Whenever possible, 100 mitoses were analyzed. Because evaluation is highly subjective, gaps (i.e. interruptions of the chromatid structure not clearly exceeding a chromatid's width) were not included in the results. The incidence of chromatid breaks was 0--2% in the controls and 0--4% in most of the patients. In 6 cases containing 5--15% mitoses with chromatid breaks and exchanges, these values did not correlate with increased incidences of chromosome type aberrations. The incidence of chromosome type aberrations was 0--1% in the controls as well as in 19/20 patients who had received anti-metabolites and spindle poisons only and in 22/53 patients who had received therapeutic irradiation and/or well-known clastogenic agents. From these findings it is concluded that an increased incidence of chromatid breaks and exchanges is not a typical finding in lymphocyte cultures of persons exposed in vivo to chromosome breaking agents, and that a normal incidence of chromosome type aberrations does not exclude exposure to massive doses of clastogens. This testing system is therefore judged to be inadequate for monitoring weak or questionable mutagens in exposed populations."}
{"id": "PMID:934188", "title": "Hyperuricosuria due to high-dose pancreatic extract therapy in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Dysuria, uric acid crystalluria and hyperuricosuria developed in a child with cystic fibrosis and normal serum uric acid. Hyperuricosuria in this patient and two other children was directly related to ingestion of large amounts of pancreatic extract. In these three children, reducing pancreatic extract dosage by 85 percent lowered their purine intake by 307, 225, and 148 mg, respectively; urinary uric acid excretion decreased by 245, 239, and 158 mg. Overmedication resulted from parents' decisions to increase enzyme dosages. In our cystic fibrosis clinic, 15 of 32 patients screened at random were taking higher than the prescribed dose of pancreatic enzymes, and 14 of these 15 children were hyperuricosuric. On the basis of this information, we suggest that the minimal effective dose of pancreatic extract should be determined and adhered to for each child with cystic fibrosis to avoid potential renal injury from hyperuricosuria.", "contents": "Hyperuricosuria due to high-dose pancreatic extract therapy in cystic fibrosis. Dysuria, uric acid crystalluria and hyperuricosuria developed in a child with cystic fibrosis and normal serum uric acid. Hyperuricosuria in this patient and two other children was directly related to ingestion of large amounts of pancreatic extract. In these three children, reducing pancreatic extract dosage by 85 percent lowered their purine intake by 307, 225, and 148 mg, respectively; urinary uric acid excretion decreased by 245, 239, and 158 mg. Overmedication resulted from parents' decisions to increase enzyme dosages. In our cystic fibrosis clinic, 15 of 32 patients screened at random were taking higher than the prescribed dose of pancreatic enzymes, and 14 of these 15 children were hyperuricosuric. On the basis of this information, we suggest that the minimal effective dose of pancreatic extract should be determined and adhered to for each child with cystic fibrosis to avoid potential renal injury from hyperuricosuria."}
{"id": "PMID:934189", "title": "Lack of efficacy of thermography as a screening tool for minimal and stage I breast cancer.", "content": "In a study of thermograms of 42 patients with Stage 1 or smaller carcinomas of the breast, 44 confounding cases and 64 randomly selected subjects being screened, we found that the ability of expert thermographers to identify the patients with carcinoma correctly (true positive = 0.238) varied little from the ability of untrained readers (true positive = 0.301). Furthermore, in the expert group, the indexes of suspicion were so high (0.436) and the true-positive levels were so relatively low (0.238, P = 0.0005) that thermography may well have a very limited role as a screening or pre-screening modality for the detection of minimal or Stage 1 breast cancers.", "contents": "Lack of efficacy of thermography as a screening tool for minimal and stage I breast cancer. In a study of thermograms of 42 patients with Stage 1 or smaller carcinomas of the breast, 44 confounding cases and 64 randomly selected subjects being screened, we found that the ability of expert thermographers to identify the patients with carcinoma correctly (true positive = 0.238) varied little from the ability of untrained readers (true positive = 0.301). Furthermore, in the expert group, the indexes of suspicion were so high (0.436) and the true-positive levels were so relatively low (0.238, P = 0.0005) that thermography may well have a very limited role as a screening or pre-screening modality for the detection of minimal or Stage 1 breast cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:934210", "title": "Low thyroid hormones and respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn. Studies on cord blood.", "content": "To investigate the relation between thyroid function and respiratory-distress syndrome we determined thyroid hormone in cord serum from 39 term and 120 premature newborns. In groups matched for gestational age (33 to 37 weeks) and body length, after exclusion of newborns with birth asphyxia, maternal diabetes and delivery by cesarean section, the newborns with respiratory distress syndrome had significantly lower cord tri-iodothyronine index, higher ratio of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine and higher thyrotropin concentration than those without syndrome (P less than 0.05 or less). Conversely, the frequency and severity of respiratory-distress syndrome were higher in newborns who had low cord tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine concentration, low free tri-iodothyronine index and high thyrotropin levels. These observations show an association between low thyroid activity at birth and respiratory-distress syndrome and are in accord with animal studies showing accelerated lung maturation due to thyroxine administration.", "contents": "Low thyroid hormones and respiratory-distress syndrome of the newborn. Studies on cord blood. To investigate the relation between thyroid function and respiratory-distress syndrome we determined thyroid hormone in cord serum from 39 term and 120 premature newborns. In groups matched for gestational age (33 to 37 weeks) and body length, after exclusion of newborns with birth asphyxia, maternal diabetes and delivery by cesarean section, the newborns with respiratory distress syndrome had significantly lower cord tri-iodothyronine index, higher ratio of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine and higher thyrotropin concentration than those without syndrome (P less than 0.05 or less). Conversely, the frequency and severity of respiratory-distress syndrome were higher in newborns who had low cord tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine concentration, low free tri-iodothyronine index and high thyrotropin levels. These observations show an association between low thyroid activity at birth and respiratory-distress syndrome and are in accord with animal studies showing accelerated lung maturation due to thyroxine administration."}
{"id": "PMID:934222", "title": "Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy.", "content": "In a historical cohort study of 300,000 19-year-old men exposed to the Dutch famine of 1944-45 and examined at military induction, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal and early postnatal nutrition determines subsequent obesity. Outcomes were opposite depending on the time of exposure. During the last trimester of pregnancy and the first months of life, exposure produced significantly lower obesity rates (P less than 0.005). This result is consistent with the inference that nutritional deprivation affected a critical period of development for adipose-tissue cellularity. During the first half of pregnancy, however, exposure resulted in significantly higher obesity rates (P less than 0.0005). This observation is consistent with the inference that nutritional deprivation affected the differentiation of hypothalamic centers regulating food intake and growth, and that subsequent increased food availability produced an accumulation of excess fat in an organism growing to its predetermined maximum size.", "contents": "Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. In a historical cohort study of 300,000 19-year-old men exposed to the Dutch famine of 1944-45 and examined at military induction, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal and early postnatal nutrition determines subsequent obesity. Outcomes were opposite depending on the time of exposure. During the last trimester of pregnancy and the first months of life, exposure produced significantly lower obesity rates (P less than 0.005). This result is consistent with the inference that nutritional deprivation affected a critical period of development for adipose-tissue cellularity. During the first half of pregnancy, however, exposure resulted in significantly higher obesity rates (P less than 0.0005). This observation is consistent with the inference that nutritional deprivation affected the differentiation of hypothalamic centers regulating food intake and growth, and that subsequent increased food availability produced an accumulation of excess fat in an organism growing to its predetermined maximum size."}
{"id": "PMID:934223", "title": "The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man.", "content": "Because of the known interaction of warfarin and disulfiram and the \"disulfiram effect\" of metronidazole, the interaction with metronidazole of commercial racemic warfarin and its separated enantiomorphs was evaluated in eight normal subjects. Single oral doses of racemate, S(-)-warfarin, and R (+)-warfarin, were administered in the amounts of 1.5, 0.75 and 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight, respectively, with and without metronidazole, 750 mg by mouth, beginning seven days before the warfarin dose and continuing seven days before the warfarin dose and continuing daily throughout the hypoprothrombinemia. Daily plasma samples were analyzed for warfarin in content and one-stage prothrombin time. A highly significant (P less than 0.01) augmentation of the mean warfarin level and hypoprothrombinemia with metronidazole occurred for racemic and S (-)-warfarin; none occurred with R (+)-warfarin. Thus, the interaction of racemic warfarin and metronidazole is stereoselective and can be lessened or even avoided by use of R (+)-warfarin alone for long-term therapy.", "contents": "The stereoselective interaction of warfarin and metronidazole in man. Because of the known interaction of warfarin and disulfiram and the \"disulfiram effect\" of metronidazole, the interaction with metronidazole of commercial racemic warfarin and its separated enantiomorphs was evaluated in eight normal subjects. Single oral doses of racemate, S(-)-warfarin, and R (+)-warfarin, were administered in the amounts of 1.5, 0.75 and 1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight, respectively, with and without metronidazole, 750 mg by mouth, beginning seven days before the warfarin dose and continuing seven days before the warfarin dose and continuing daily throughout the hypoprothrombinemia. Daily plasma samples were analyzed for warfarin in content and one-stage prothrombin time. A highly significant (P less than 0.01) augmentation of the mean warfarin level and hypoprothrombinemia with metronidazole occurred for racemic and S (-)-warfarin; none occurred with R (+)-warfarin. Thus, the interaction of racemic warfarin and metronidazole is stereoselective and can be lessened or even avoided by use of R (+)-warfarin alone for long-term therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:934239", "title": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of theophylline in premature newborns.", "content": "To characterize further the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature infants, its concentraion in blood was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography after intravenous infusion given to six apneic premature newborns three to 15 days of age. Theophylline's apparent volume of distribution was 0.690 +/- 0.095 liters per kilogram (mean +/- S.E.), a value similar to that of children, but the half-life (30.2 +/- 6.5 hours) was nine times longer. Blood clearance rate (17.6 +/- 2.3 ml per kilogram per hour) was lower than plasma clearance rate (100 ml per kilogram per hour) of young children. At a total plasma concentration of 17 mg per liter, 56.4 +/- 3.8 and 36.4 +/- 3.8 per cent of the theophylline was bound to adult or full-term cord plasma proteins, respectively. Bilirubin and theophylline did not compete for plasma protein. Calculations suggest that a loading doses of 5.5 mg per kilogram and a maintenance dose rate of 1.1 mg per kilogram per eight hours would achieve and maintain a mean blood concentration of 8 mg per liter (about 10 mg per liter in plasma).", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic aspects of theophylline in premature newborns. To characterize further the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature infants, its concentraion in blood was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography after intravenous infusion given to six apneic premature newborns three to 15 days of age. Theophylline's apparent volume of distribution was 0.690 +/- 0.095 liters per kilogram (mean +/- S.E.), a value similar to that of children, but the half-life (30.2 +/- 6.5 hours) was nine times longer. Blood clearance rate (17.6 +/- 2.3 ml per kilogram per hour) was lower than plasma clearance rate (100 ml per kilogram per hour) of young children. At a total plasma concentration of 17 mg per liter, 56.4 +/- 3.8 and 36.4 +/- 3.8 per cent of the theophylline was bound to adult or full-term cord plasma proteins, respectively. Bilirubin and theophylline did not compete for plasma protein. Calculations suggest that a loading doses of 5.5 mg per kilogram and a maintenance dose rate of 1.1 mg per kilogram per eight hours would achieve and maintain a mean blood concentration of 8 mg per liter (about 10 mg per liter in plasma)."}
{"id": "PMID:934240", "title": "Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "We studied the increased levels of hemoglobins AIa+Ib and AIc in five hospitalized diabetic patients to determine whether changes in diabetic control would cause parallel changes in the levels of these hemoglobins. Before control of diabetes the mean fasting blood sugar for all patients was 343 mg per deciliter (range, 280 to 450), and hemoglobin AIc concentration 9.8 per cent (range, 6.8 to 12.1). During optimal diabetic control the blood sugar concentration was 84 mg per deciliter (range, 70 to 100), and hemoglobin AIc concentration 5.8 per cent (range, 4.2 to 7.6). Hemoglobin AIc concentration appears to reflect the mean blood sugar concentration best over previous weeks to months. The periodic monitoring of hemoglobin AIc levels provides a useful way of documenting the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients and provides a means whereby the relation of carbohydrate control to the development of sequelae can be assessed.", "contents": "Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus. We studied the increased levels of hemoglobins AIa+Ib and AIc in five hospitalized diabetic patients to determine whether changes in diabetic control would cause parallel changes in the levels of these hemoglobins. Before control of diabetes the mean fasting blood sugar for all patients was 343 mg per deciliter (range, 280 to 450), and hemoglobin AIc concentration 9.8 per cent (range, 6.8 to 12.1). During optimal diabetic control the blood sugar concentration was 84 mg per deciliter (range, 70 to 100), and hemoglobin AIc concentration 5.8 per cent (range, 4.2 to 7.6). Hemoglobin AIc concentration appears to reflect the mean blood sugar concentration best over previous weeks to months. The periodic monitoring of hemoglobin AIc levels provides a useful way of documenting the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients and provides a means whereby the relation of carbohydrate control to the development of sequelae can be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:934259", "title": "Search for B-1 aflatoxin and similar fluorescent compounds in 'misso'.", "content": "Following previous studies on the investigation of B-1 Aflatoxin in food samples (4,5) we report in this paper the results obtained using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with three different solvent systems and spectrophotometric analysis in order to differentiate actual B-1 Aflatoxin and Aflatoxin-like substances. Twenty 'Misso' samples were studied and we could detect Aflatoxin in 3 of them. An Aflatoxin-suspected substance was also isolated. No Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus was isolated from the samples analysed.", "contents": "Search for B-1 aflatoxin and similar fluorescent compounds in 'misso'. Following previous studies on the investigation of B-1 Aflatoxin in food samples (4,5) we report in this paper the results obtained using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with three different solvent systems and spectrophotometric analysis in order to differentiate actual B-1 Aflatoxin and Aflatoxin-like substances. Twenty 'Misso' samples were studied and we could detect Aflatoxin in 3 of them. An Aflatoxin-suspected substance was also isolated. No Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus was isolated from the samples analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:934260", "title": "[Systematic study of Saccharomyces: oxidases and vitamin requirements].", "content": "A study of the genus Saccharomyces by new biocharacters demonstrates indirectly the genotype of each species; intracellular osidases (lactose - maltose -cellobiase - melibiase - invertase - trehalase) and vitamin requirements (biotin-folic acid-inositol-niacine-pantoth\u00e9nate-para-aminobenzoic acid-pyridozine-thiamine) reveal some phylogenetic links between the species. It appears that Van der Walt's group I is very homogeneous and must be restricted to only 7 species. The torulospora group seems very similar to the genus Debaryomyces when vitamin needs and osidases are considered; the relations between the 2 groups are discussed. When other biocharacters are studied (nitrite reductase-immunological properties, etc. ...) the value in the GC content (4-5% lower in Debaryomyces) will be established. These results confirm that intracellular oxidases and vitamin needs are very valuable tools for systematic criteria.", "contents": "[Systematic study of Saccharomyces: oxidases and vitamin requirements]. A study of the genus Saccharomyces by new biocharacters demonstrates indirectly the genotype of each species; intracellular osidases (lactose - maltose -cellobiase - melibiase - invertase - trehalase) and vitamin requirements (biotin-folic acid-inositol-niacine-pantoth\u00e9nate-para-aminobenzoic acid-pyridozine-thiamine) reveal some phylogenetic links between the species. It appears that Van der Walt's group I is very homogeneous and must be restricted to only 7 species. The torulospora group seems very similar to the genus Debaryomyces when vitamin needs and osidases are considered; the relations between the 2 groups are discussed. When other biocharacters are studied (nitrite reductase-immunological properties, etc. ...) the value in the GC content (4-5% lower in Debaryomyces) will be established. These results confirm that intracellular oxidases and vitamin needs are very valuable tools for systematic criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:934261", "title": "Effect of acetone on production of aflatoxins and versicolorin pigments by resting cell cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "content": "Resting cell cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus were grown in medium containing four different concentrations of glucose, with and without acetone. In addition, the effect of different equimolar concentrations of acetone, acetic acid, ethanol, and sodium acetate was compared at two glucose levels. Aflatoxin and versicolorin pigment production increased in resting cell medium containing increasing concentrations of glucose. In the presence of glucose high concentrations of acetone (1.0 and 0.25 M) inhibited secondary biosynthesis and low concentrations of acetone (0.1, 0.025 and 0.01 M) stimulated secondary biosynthesis of aflatoxins and versicolorin pigments.", "contents": "Effect of acetone on production of aflatoxins and versicolorin pigments by resting cell cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus. Resting cell cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus were grown in medium containing four different concentrations of glucose, with and without acetone. In addition, the effect of different equimolar concentrations of acetone, acetic acid, ethanol, and sodium acetate was compared at two glucose levels. Aflatoxin and versicolorin pigment production increased in resting cell medium containing increasing concentrations of glucose. In the presence of glucose high concentrations of acetone (1.0 and 0.25 M) inhibited secondary biosynthesis and low concentrations of acetone (0.1, 0.025 and 0.01 M) stimulated secondary biosynthesis of aflatoxins and versicolorin pigments."}
{"id": "PMID:934262", "title": "Ex vivo determination of potentially virulent Sporothrix schenckii,.", "content": "Hyphae from 30 isolants of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma species were washed, dried and pyrolyzed at 350 degrees C. Pyrolysis products were separated on a Carbowax column heated 7.5 degrees C/min to and maintained for 50 min at 160 degrees C. Hydrogen flame detector responses were recorded graphically. Fifteen clinical isolants of S. schenckii from geographically separated sources produced qualitatively identical pyrograms. S. foliorum, 8 avirulent S. schenckii and other Sporothrix species isolants from soils, and Sporothrix states of 6 Ophiostoma species yielded pyrograms readily distinguished from each other and from those of virulent S. schenckii. Taxonomic and clinical implications of the pyrograms are mentioned.", "contents": "Ex vivo determination of potentially virulent Sporothrix schenckii,. Hyphae from 30 isolants of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma species were washed, dried and pyrolyzed at 350 degrees C. Pyrolysis products were separated on a Carbowax column heated 7.5 degrees C/min to and maintained for 50 min at 160 degrees C. Hydrogen flame detector responses were recorded graphically. Fifteen clinical isolants of S. schenckii from geographically separated sources produced qualitatively identical pyrograms. S. foliorum, 8 avirulent S. schenckii and other Sporothrix species isolants from soils, and Sporothrix states of 6 Ophiostoma species yielded pyrograms readily distinguished from each other and from those of virulent S. schenckii. Taxonomic and clinical implications of the pyrograms are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:934263", "title": "Mycoflora of activated sewage sludge.", "content": "Thirty-eight species of fungi were identified in pure culture after isolation from activated sewage sludge by serial dilution. Nine species and genera were identified that had not been previously reported. In 1963, Cooke (1) published an excellent laboratory guide on the identification of fungi from polluted water, sewage, and sewage treatment systems; of approximately 30 papers cited only one (2) dealt with fungi from activated sewage sludge. Later (1970), Cooke & Pipes (3) enumerated 47 fungi consisting of 4 genera of yeasts and 33 genera of filamentous fungi that had been isolated from activated sludge. This paper reports the mycoflora of anaerobically digested sludge from a residential area in Auburn, Alabama.", "contents": "Mycoflora of activated sewage sludge. Thirty-eight species of fungi were identified in pure culture after isolation from activated sewage sludge by serial dilution. Nine species and genera were identified that had not been previously reported. In 1963, Cooke (1) published an excellent laboratory guide on the identification of fungi from polluted water, sewage, and sewage treatment systems; of approximately 30 papers cited only one (2) dealt with fungi from activated sewage sludge. Later (1970), Cooke & Pipes (3) enumerated 47 fungi consisting of 4 genera of yeasts and 33 genera of filamentous fungi that had been isolated from activated sludge. This paper reports the mycoflora of anaerobically digested sludge from a residential area in Auburn, Alabama."}
{"id": "PMID:934265", "title": "Pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis: a model based on the study of 46 patients.", "content": "Forty-six Paracoccidioidomycosis patients were studied with emphasis on lung pathology. It was found that the greatest clinical involvement of the reticuloendothelial system occurred in younger individuals. On the other hand, the frequency of tegumentary lesions was low in young patients and increased with age. Lung involvement was nearly always demonstrated when searched for and showed no relationship to the patient's age. In the young patients the disease was acute while in the older individuals its course was chronic. The findings from this study permitted formulation of a model for the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis in which the respiratory tract is accepted as the primary site of infection. Based on this model, a classification of the various forms of the entity is proposed.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis: a model based on the study of 46 patients. Forty-six Paracoccidioidomycosis patients were studied with emphasis on lung pathology. It was found that the greatest clinical involvement of the reticuloendothelial system occurred in younger individuals. On the other hand, the frequency of tegumentary lesions was low in young patients and increased with age. Lung involvement was nearly always demonstrated when searched for and showed no relationship to the patient's age. In the young patients the disease was acute while in the older individuals its course was chronic. The findings from this study permitted formulation of a model for the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis in which the respiratory tract is accepted as the primary site of infection. Based on this model, a classification of the various forms of the entity is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:934266", "title": "[Study of the contamination by dermatophytes of a population of small wild mammals in Alsace].", "content": "Mature fruit-bodies of Coprinus congregatus grown on modified Bille-Hansen medium were obtained with concentrations of glucose ranging from  5 to 40 g/l and asparagine from 0 to 4 g/l; the carbon/nitrogen ratio varying from 13 to 100. When the ratio C/N is too high (above 100), no visible primordium is formed; when this ratio is under 13, numerous primordia are produced, but they never reach maturity. A positive correlation exists between the C2/N ratio and the time required for producing mature fruit-bodies. The best yield for basidiocarps production is reached when the C/N ratio value is around 30 and glucose concentrations range from 10 to 20 g/l.", "contents": "[Study of the contamination by dermatophytes of a population of small wild mammals in Alsace]. Mature fruit-bodies of Coprinus congregatus grown on modified Bille-Hansen medium were obtained with concentrations of glucose ranging from  5 to 40 g/l and asparagine from 0 to 4 g/l; the carbon/nitrogen ratio varying from 13 to 100. When the ratio C/N is too high (above 100), no visible primordium is formed; when this ratio is under 13, numerous primordia are produced, but they never reach maturity. A positive correlation exists between the C2/N ratio and the time required for producing mature fruit-bodies. The best yield for basidiocarps production is reached when the C/N ratio value is around 30 and glucose concentrations range from 10 to 20 g/l."}
{"id": "PMID:934280", "title": "Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics.", "content": "First-order difference equations arise in many contexts in the biological, economic and social sciences. Such equations, even though simple and deterministic, can exhibit a surprising array of dynamical behaviour, from stable points, to a bifurcating hiearchy of stable cycles, to apparently random fluctuations. There are consequently many fascinating problems, some concerned with delicate mathematical aspects of the fine structure of the trajectories, and some concerned with the practical implications and applications. This is an interpretive review of them.", "contents": "Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. First-order difference equations arise in many contexts in the biological, economic and social sciences. Such equations, even though simple and deterministic, can exhibit a surprising array of dynamical behaviour, from stable points, to a bifurcating hiearchy of stable cycles, to apparently random fluctuations. There are consequently many fascinating problems, some concerned with delicate mathematical aspects of the fine structure of the trajectories, and some concerned with the practical implications and applications. This is an interpretive review of them."}
{"id": "PMID:934293", "title": "Structural patterns in globular proteins.", "content": "A simple diagrammatic representation has been used to show the arrangement of alpha helices and beta sheets in 31 globular proteins, which are classified into four clearly separated classes. The observed arrangements are significantly non-random in that pieces of secondary structure adjacent in sequence along the polypeptide chain are also often in contact in three dimensions.", "contents": "Structural patterns in globular proteins. A simple diagrammatic representation has been used to show the arrangement of alpha helices and beta sheets in 31 globular proteins, which are classified into four clearly separated classes. The observed arrangements are significantly non-random in that pieces of secondary structure adjacent in sequence along the polypeptide chain are also often in contact in three dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:934294", "title": "Identification of an enzyme in platelet microsomes which generates thromboxane A2 from prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "content": "The microsomal fraction of horse and human platelets contains an enzyme which converts prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxides (PGG2 or PGH2) to a substance which is much more potent in contracting strips of rabbit aorta. This substance has the same characteristics as thromboxane A2, and can be distinguished from other products of arachidonic acid metabolism by differential bioassay.", "contents": "Identification of an enzyme in platelet microsomes which generates thromboxane A2 from prostaglandin endoperoxides. The microsomal fraction of horse and human platelets contains an enzyme which converts prostaglandin cyclic endoperoxides (PGG2 or PGH2) to a substance which is much more potent in contracting strips of rabbit aorta. This substance has the same characteristics as thromboxane A2, and can be distinguished from other products of arachidonic acid metabolism by differential bioassay."}
{"id": "PMID:934330", "title": "4S oop RNA is a leader sequence for the immunity-establishment transcription in coliphage lambda.", "content": "oop RNA, which is initiated at the po promoter and is 81 nucleotides long, can function as a leader sequence for the lambda immunity establishment transcription, previously believed to originate at a special promoter pre located in the y region. Thus, oop RNA seems to have a dual role, either favouring the lytic cycle as a primer for the initiation of lambda DNA replication, or leading to the establishment of lysogeny when elongated into the imm transcript, which directs synthesis of the repressor.", "contents": "4S oop RNA is a leader sequence for the immunity-establishment transcription in coliphage lambda. oop RNA, which is initiated at the po promoter and is 81 nucleotides long, can function as a leader sequence for the lambda immunity establishment transcription, previously believed to originate at a special promoter pre located in the y region. Thus, oop RNA seems to have a dual role, either favouring the lytic cycle as a primer for the initiation of lambda DNA replication, or leading to the establishment of lysogeny when elongated into the imm transcript, which directs synthesis of the repressor."}
{"id": "PMID:934343", "title": "Model consideration for the origin of life. Environmental structure as stimulus for the evolution of chemical systems.", "content": "In an attempt to understand the origin of living systems we encounter the following problems: How can we conceive the origin of the first self-reproducing forms, and by means of what stimuli could a constant increase in the complexity of such forms commence? How can a translation apparatus for genetic information develop? One cannot imagine that such an apparatus for the synthesis of enzymes can function alone without the interference of enzymes themselves, which, however, could only become available after the construction of the apparatus itself. What stimulus mechanism is conceivable that leads to the division of the genetic apparatus into a replication system, and an enzyme-synthesis system? The main problem therefore, is not the search for basic theoretical concepts. It is not a question which can be answered by means of specific experiments. One should rather explore the principal possibilities of how molecules combine to produce more and more complicated functional units. We look for the fundamental structural changes in the organizational systems and the driving forces initiating these developments. Questions concerning the detailed chemical realization are of secondary importance. In trying to solve the puzzle of how the genetic apparatus is gradually built up as complex aggregates of molecules, we consider a consistent causal chain of simple and transparent physiochemical model steps. The driving force for the self-organization of matter is seen in a specific environmental structure to be found on the surface of the earth. By this structure, which is periodic in time and heterogeneous in space, evolution is initiated and driven towards a continuously increasing degree of complexity correlated with a continuous expansion of the accessible living space. This process is a necessity under proper environmental conditions. Accidental events initiate each step but do not determine the general course of evolution which is determined by the selection mechanism.", "contents": "Model consideration for the origin of life. Environmental structure as stimulus for the evolution of chemical systems. In an attempt to understand the origin of living systems we encounter the following problems: How can we conceive the origin of the first self-reproducing forms, and by means of what stimuli could a constant increase in the complexity of such forms commence? How can a translation apparatus for genetic information develop? One cannot imagine that such an apparatus for the synthesis of enzymes can function alone without the interference of enzymes themselves, which, however, could only become available after the construction of the apparatus itself. What stimulus mechanism is conceivable that leads to the division of the genetic apparatus into a replication system, and an enzyme-synthesis system? The main problem therefore, is not the search for basic theoretical concepts. It is not a question which can be answered by means of specific experiments. One should rather explore the principal possibilities of how molecules combine to produce more and more complicated functional units. We look for the fundamental structural changes in the organizational systems and the driving forces initiating these developments. Questions concerning the detailed chemical realization are of secondary importance. In trying to solve the puzzle of how the genetic apparatus is gradually built up as complex aggregates of molecules, we consider a consistent causal chain of simple and transparent physiochemical model steps. The driving force for the self-organization of matter is seen in a specific environmental structure to be found on the surface of the earth. By this structure, which is periodic in time and heterogeneous in space, evolution is initiated and driven towards a continuously increasing degree of complexity correlated with a continuous expansion of the accessible living space. This process is a necessity under proper environmental conditions. Accidental events initiate each step but do not determine the general course of evolution which is determined by the selection mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:934345", "title": "[Use of microalgae for nutritional purposes].", "content": "Mass cultures of planktonic microalgae can render large quantities of proteinaceous matter. The good nutritional quality of microalgal protein has been proven both for animals and for human. The toxicologic safety of microalgal biomasses is, however, not yet sufficiently established. This requires further toxicologic studies, before cultivated mocralgae can commercially be utilized as ingredients of animal feed, or as food additives. Both types of nutritional application may become economically feasible.", "contents": "[Use of microalgae for nutritional purposes]. Mass cultures of planktonic microalgae can render large quantities of proteinaceous matter. The good nutritional quality of microalgal protein has been proven both for animals and for human. The toxicologic safety of microalgal biomasses is, however, not yet sufficiently established. This requires further toxicologic studies, before cultivated mocralgae can commercially be utilized as ingredients of animal feed, or as food additives. Both types of nutritional application may become economically feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:934350", "title": "Hypothalamic superfusion with muscarinic drugs: their effects on pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "The posterior hypothalamus of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula and electrically stimulated with the noninsulated tip of the cannula. The effects of muscarinic drugs on the pressor response to stimulation of the hypothalamus were investigated. Superfusion with muscarine, oxotremorine or N-benzyl-3-pyrrolidyl acetate methobromide (AHR 602) decreased the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Superfusion with methylatropine did not influence the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation; however, superfusion with methylatropine 60 min prior to and during superfusion with the muscarinic drugs abolished the inhibitory effects of muscarine and oxotremorine and temporarily reversed that of AHR 602 on the pressor responses. Superfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with arecoline enhanced the rise of blood pressure elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. When the hypothalamus was superfused with hexamethonium 60 min prior to and during superfusion with arecoline, arecoline reduced the pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Superfusion with methylatropine prior to and together with an ineffective concentration of arecoline increased the rise of blood pressure elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. From the drugs studied here only oxotremorine caused a fall of the \"resting\" arterial blood pressure; it was abolished by the intravenous injection of methylatropine. From these results it was concluded that superfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with muscarinic drugs impairs the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Drugs possessing both nicotinic and muscarinic properties either enhance or diminish the pressor responses according to their relative potencies on the two types of receptor.", "contents": "Hypothalamic superfusion with muscarinic drugs: their effects on pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. The posterior hypothalamus of cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula and electrically stimulated with the noninsulated tip of the cannula. The effects of muscarinic drugs on the pressor response to stimulation of the hypothalamus were investigated. Superfusion with muscarine, oxotremorine or N-benzyl-3-pyrrolidyl acetate methobromide (AHR 602) decreased the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Superfusion with methylatropine did not influence the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation; however, superfusion with methylatropine 60 min prior to and during superfusion with the muscarinic drugs abolished the inhibitory effects of muscarine and oxotremorine and temporarily reversed that of AHR 602 on the pressor responses. Superfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with arecoline enhanced the rise of blood pressure elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. When the hypothalamus was superfused with hexamethonium 60 min prior to and during superfusion with arecoline, arecoline reduced the pressor responses to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. Superfusion with methylatropine prior to and together with an ineffective concentration of arecoline increased the rise of blood pressure elicited by hypothalamic stimulation. From the drugs studied here only oxotremorine caused a fall of the \"resting\" arterial blood pressure; it was abolished by the intravenous injection of methylatropine. From these results it was concluded that superfusion of the posterior hypothalamus with muscarinic drugs impairs the pressor responses to hypothalamic stimulation. Drugs possessing both nicotinic and muscarinic properties either enhance or diminish the pressor responses according to their relative potencies on the two types of receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:934351", "title": "Peptide and acetylcholine action on neurones of the cat subfornical organ.", "content": "Angiotensin II, related oligopeptides and acetylcholine were tested on neurones of the cat subfornical organ (SFO). Angiotensin II activates SFO-neurones by local administration onto the surface, by i.v. injection or with the aid of microiontophoretic techniques. Application of related oligopeptides, bradykinin, physalaemin and eledoisin showed no comparable results. Activation of neurones similar to those observed after angiotensin II was obtained with acetylcholine. About 30% of the cells tested were excited by both substances, 56% of tested SFO-cells responded only to angiotensin II, but not to acetylcholine. Atropine sulphate prevents specifically the acetylcholine excitation. Since angiotensin II is involved in regulatory mechanism of thirst, these results suggest the possibility that the SFO is one of the sites, where dipsogenic receptors for this circulating peptide are located.", "contents": "Peptide and acetylcholine action on neurones of the cat subfornical organ. Angiotensin II, related oligopeptides and acetylcholine were tested on neurones of the cat subfornical organ (SFO). Angiotensin II activates SFO-neurones by local administration onto the surface, by i.v. injection or with the aid of microiontophoretic techniques. Application of related oligopeptides, bradykinin, physalaemin and eledoisin showed no comparable results. Activation of neurones similar to those observed after angiotensin II was obtained with acetylcholine. About 30% of the cells tested were excited by both substances, 56% of tested SFO-cells responded only to angiotensin II, but not to acetylcholine. Atropine sulphate prevents specifically the acetylcholine excitation. Since angiotensin II is involved in regulatory mechanism of thirst, these results suggest the possibility that the SFO is one of the sites, where dipsogenic receptors for this circulating peptide are located."}
{"id": "PMID:934352", "title": "Effect of theophylline on calcium exchangeability in ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The effects of theophylline on contractile force and myocardial calcium exchangeability were studied in isolated, electrically driven Langendorff perfused guinea-pig hearts. Following a 30-min exposure to 45Ca, total cellular calcium and 45Ca activity were measured in right ventricular samples. \"Nontoxic\" theophylline concentrations (5 x 10(-5) -10(-3) g/ml) which augmented contractile force without producing arrhythmias or contractures had no effect on total tissue calcium and did not alter the size of the fraction of cellular calcium exchangeable under steady-state conditions. A \"toxic\" concentration of theophylline (2 x 10(-3) g/ml) induced contractures and increased the amount of exchangeable cellular calcium. The latter effect was due to an increase in total calcium; the unlabelled cellular calcium fraction remained unchanged under the influence of all theophylline concentrations studied. The results suggest that theophylline increases the steady-state calcium exchangeability in ventricular myocardium only when the total calcium concentration is also increased.", "contents": "Effect of theophylline on calcium exchangeability in ventricular myocardium. The effects of theophylline on contractile force and myocardial calcium exchangeability were studied in isolated, electrically driven Langendorff perfused guinea-pig hearts. Following a 30-min exposure to 45Ca, total cellular calcium and 45Ca activity were measured in right ventricular samples. \"Nontoxic\" theophylline concentrations (5 x 10(-5) -10(-3) g/ml) which augmented contractile force without producing arrhythmias or contractures had no effect on total tissue calcium and did not alter the size of the fraction of cellular calcium exchangeable under steady-state conditions. A \"toxic\" concentration of theophylline (2 x 10(-3) g/ml) induced contractures and increased the amount of exchangeable cellular calcium. The latter effect was due to an increase in total calcium; the unlabelled cellular calcium fraction remained unchanged under the influence of all theophylline concentrations studied. The results suggest that theophylline increases the steady-state calcium exchangeability in ventricular myocardium only when the total calcium concentration is also increased."}
{"id": "PMID:934353", "title": "On the relation between release of prostaglandins and contractility of rabbit splenic capsular strips.", "content": "Rabbit splenic capsular strips release prostaglandins E and F when contracted by noradrenaline or methoxamine. Contractions and prostaglandin release are dose-dependent. Cocaine increases significantly the effect of noradrenaline, but not that of methoxamine, on contraction of the strips and release of prostaglandin E. Release of prostaglandin F was increased by the addition of cocaine not only when noradrenaline was used as an agonist but also at two of three dose levels of methoxamine. When indometacin is added to the bath fluid, it inhibits prostaglandin release and at the same time potentiates the contractile effects of noradrenaline and methoxamine on the rabbit splenic capsular strips. The prostaglandin-synthetase blocker 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid also potentiates the contractions induced by noradrenaline and methoxamine. Both the effects on prostaglandin synthesis and on contraction exerted by indometacin can be reversed, when indometacin is washed out. Exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha in concentrations up to 150 ng/ml do not influence contractions of the strips induced by either noradrenaline or methoxamine. At higher concentrations prostaglandin E1 decreases, but prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha increase the contractions induced by both agonists. The potentiation of the effects of noradrenaline and methoxamine on rabbit splenic strips by indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid cannot be explained by inhibition of uptake1 or uptake2, release of endogenous noradrenaline or inhibition of metabolism of the agonists. It is suggested that the potentiation is caused by inhibition of synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins, although an undefined sensitizing effect of indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid cannot be completely exclused.", "contents": "On the relation between release of prostaglandins and contractility of rabbit splenic capsular strips. Rabbit splenic capsular strips release prostaglandins E and F when contracted by noradrenaline or methoxamine. Contractions and prostaglandin release are dose-dependent. Cocaine increases significantly the effect of noradrenaline, but not that of methoxamine, on contraction of the strips and release of prostaglandin E. Release of prostaglandin F was increased by the addition of cocaine not only when noradrenaline was used as an agonist but also at two of three dose levels of methoxamine. When indometacin is added to the bath fluid, it inhibits prostaglandin release and at the same time potentiates the contractile effects of noradrenaline and methoxamine on the rabbit splenic capsular strips. The prostaglandin-synthetase blocker 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid also potentiates the contractions induced by noradrenaline and methoxamine. Both the effects on prostaglandin synthesis and on contraction exerted by indometacin can be reversed, when indometacin is washed out. Exogenous prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha in concentrations up to 150 ng/ml do not influence contractions of the strips induced by either noradrenaline or methoxamine. At higher concentrations prostaglandin E1 decreases, but prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha increase the contractions induced by both agonists. The potentiation of the effects of noradrenaline and methoxamine on rabbit splenic strips by indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid cannot be explained by inhibition of uptake1 or uptake2, release of endogenous noradrenaline or inhibition of metabolism of the agonists. It is suggested that the potentiation is caused by inhibition of synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins, although an undefined sensitizing effect of indometacin and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid cannot be completely exclused."}
{"id": "PMID:934354", "title": "The fate of phenylhydroxylamine in human red cells.", "content": "Phenylhydroxylamine added to human red cells under aerobic conditions and in the presence of glucose was partly reduced to aniline. About half the hydroxylamine was recovered as amine after a 2-hr incubation. The aniline, after acetylation, was identified as acetanilide by melting point, Rf-value in TCL as well as UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The fate of the remaining phenylhydroxylamine was followed by use of 14C-labeled phenylhydroxylamine. About 30% of the total radioactivity was bound to hemoglobin or other proteins and about 20% was found in highly polar low-molecular substances which were insoluble in organic solvents. The elucidation of the sites at which phenylhydroxylamine was bound to hemoglobin was complicated by the lability of the bonds. When purified human hemoglobin had reacted with radioactive phenylhydroxylamine, large proportions of the radioactivity bound to hemoglobin were removed by treatment with acid or with PMB for separation of alpha- and beta-chains. The radioactive compound liberated from hemoglobin by acid was found to be aniline. After reaction with phenylhydroxylamine the number of SH groups titrable with PMB was found to be diminished. Pretreatment of hemoglobin with N-ethylmaleimide or PMB decreased the amount of phenylhydroxylamine bound to hemoglobin but did not fully prevent the reaction. Tryptic digestion of hemoglobin after reaction with radioactive phenylhydroxylamine yielded tryptic peptides with lower specific activity than that of hemoglobin. Chymotryptic digestion of the tryptic core yielded a core with specific activity much higher than that of hemoglobin. Fingerprinting of the tryptic or chymotryptic hydrolyzates showed the presence of peptides with high and other ones with low or no radioactivity and of radioactive compounds which did not react with ninhydrin. In the covalent binding of phenylhydroxylamine to globin the SH group beta93 plays an important role, but other yet unknown sites are also reactive.", "contents": "The fate of phenylhydroxylamine in human red cells. Phenylhydroxylamine added to human red cells under aerobic conditions and in the presence of glucose was partly reduced to aniline. About half the hydroxylamine was recovered as amine after a 2-hr incubation. The aniline, after acetylation, was identified as acetanilide by melting point, Rf-value in TCL as well as UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The fate of the remaining phenylhydroxylamine was followed by use of 14C-labeled phenylhydroxylamine. About 30% of the total radioactivity was bound to hemoglobin or other proteins and about 20% was found in highly polar low-molecular substances which were insoluble in organic solvents. The elucidation of the sites at which phenylhydroxylamine was bound to hemoglobin was complicated by the lability of the bonds. When purified human hemoglobin had reacted with radioactive phenylhydroxylamine, large proportions of the radioactivity bound to hemoglobin were removed by treatment with acid or with PMB for separation of alpha- and beta-chains. The radioactive compound liberated from hemoglobin by acid was found to be aniline. After reaction with phenylhydroxylamine the number of SH groups titrable with PMB was found to be diminished. Pretreatment of hemoglobin with N-ethylmaleimide or PMB decreased the amount of phenylhydroxylamine bound to hemoglobin but did not fully prevent the reaction. Tryptic digestion of hemoglobin after reaction with radioactive phenylhydroxylamine yielded tryptic peptides with lower specific activity than that of hemoglobin. Chymotryptic digestion of the tryptic core yielded a core with specific activity much higher than that of hemoglobin. Fingerprinting of the tryptic or chymotryptic hydrolyzates showed the presence of peptides with high and other ones with low or no radioactivity and of radioactive compounds which did not react with ninhydrin. In the covalent binding of phenylhydroxylamine to globin the SH group beta93 plays an important role, but other yet unknown sites are also reactive."}
{"id": "PMID:934355", "title": "Release of creatine kinase by antigen, histamine, and catecholamines.", "content": "In mepyramine treated, ovalbumin sensitized anaesthetized guinea pigs protracted anaphylactic shock was produced by i.p. injection of antigen, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activities were determined 4, 6, or 17 hrs thereafter. Significant increases above nonsensitized controls were obtained. In nonanaesthetized guinea pigs shock course and serum CK increase were considerably accelerated. Histamine increased the serum CK only when given in high amounts (10 mg/kg) s.c., in the presence or absence of mepyramine. I.p. injection of histamine in mepyramine treated animals had no effect. Adrenaline (1 or 10 mg/kg) given as a s.c. depot in oil produced a significant increase of serum CK, as well as noradrenaline (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg). Dibenamine reduced the effect of adrenaline. In isolated perfused guinea pig hearts a significant CK liberation occurred already within the first hour after eliciting anaphylaxis. Nonanaphylactic hearts released CK too, but significant amounts were obtained only in the total 4 hrs after ovalbumin administration. Isolated anaphylactic hearts incubated in Tyrode solution liberated significantly more CK than did nonsensitized control hearts. The findings are discussed in view of a possible myocardial damage in anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Release of creatine kinase by antigen, histamine, and catecholamines. In mepyramine treated, ovalbumin sensitized anaesthetized guinea pigs protracted anaphylactic shock was produced by i.p. injection of antigen, and serum creatine kinase (CK) activities were determined 4, 6, or 17 hrs thereafter. Significant increases above nonsensitized controls were obtained. In nonanaesthetized guinea pigs shock course and serum CK increase were considerably accelerated. Histamine increased the serum CK only when given in high amounts (10 mg/kg) s.c., in the presence or absence of mepyramine. I.p. injection of histamine in mepyramine treated animals had no effect. Adrenaline (1 or 10 mg/kg) given as a s.c. depot in oil produced a significant increase of serum CK, as well as noradrenaline (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg). Dibenamine reduced the effect of adrenaline. In isolated perfused guinea pig hearts a significant CK liberation occurred already within the first hour after eliciting anaphylaxis. Nonanaphylactic hearts released CK too, but significant amounts were obtained only in the total 4 hrs after ovalbumin administration. Isolated anaphylactic hearts incubated in Tyrode solution liberated significantly more CK than did nonsensitized control hearts. The findings are discussed in view of a possible myocardial damage in anaphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:934356", "title": "Methylxanthines and intestinal drug absorption.", "content": "1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were filled with buffered isotonic solutions of tritiated water (HTO), urea, antipyrine and salicylic acid at pH 6-8. The venous outflow and the appearence rate of the substances in the intestinal venous blood were determined. Blood pressure was kept constant by adjustable supply of blood from donor rats throughout the experiment. 2. The absorption of urea, antipyrine and salicylic acid was, in concentrations from 0.001 to 1.0 mg/ml found to be directly proportional to the intraluminal concentration. 3. Theophylline and caffeine (2 mg/ml), when injected into the lumen, increased the blood flow to 188% and 166% of controls. 4. The theophylline induced increase in blood flow caused an enhancement in the absorption of antipyrine to 153%, HTO and urea to 135% and salicylic acid 123% of controls. 5. Caffeine influenced the absorption of HTO and salicylic acid similar to theophylline.", "contents": "Methylxanthines and intestinal drug absorption. 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were filled with buffered isotonic solutions of tritiated water (HTO), urea, antipyrine and salicylic acid at pH 6-8. The venous outflow and the appearence rate of the substances in the intestinal venous blood were determined. Blood pressure was kept constant by adjustable supply of blood from donor rats throughout the experiment. 2. The absorption of urea, antipyrine and salicylic acid was, in concentrations from 0.001 to 1.0 mg/ml found to be directly proportional to the intraluminal concentration. 3. Theophylline and caffeine (2 mg/ml), when injected into the lumen, increased the blood flow to 188% and 166% of controls. 4. The theophylline induced increase in blood flow caused an enhancement in the absorption of antipyrine to 153%, HTO and urea to 135% and salicylic acid 123% of controls. 5. Caffeine influenced the absorption of HTO and salicylic acid similar to theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:934357", "title": "Evidence for the possible formation of a toxic tyrosine metabolite by the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system.", "content": "The toxicity of tyrosine in the mouse was found to be affected by agents which interact with the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system. Pretreatment of mice with SKF 525A or cobaltous chloride, two different types of inhibitors of the drug metabolizing system, afforded a marked protection against tyrosine toxicity. Pretreatment with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, two inducers of the drug metabolizing system, potentiated the toxic effects of tyrosine. Toxicity, as determined by lethality, was also found to be correlated with a depletion of liver glutathione levels. It is concluded that the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system is capable of converting tyrosine to a toxic metabolite, conceivably a 2.3 epoxide of tyrosine. The present results are discussed in relation to the human disease tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis).", "contents": "Evidence for the possible formation of a toxic tyrosine metabolite by the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system. The toxicity of tyrosine in the mouse was found to be affected by agents which interact with the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system. Pretreatment of mice with SKF 525A or cobaltous chloride, two different types of inhibitors of the drug metabolizing system, afforded a marked protection against tyrosine toxicity. Pretreatment with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, two inducers of the drug metabolizing system, potentiated the toxic effects of tyrosine. Toxicity, as determined by lethality, was also found to be correlated with a depletion of liver glutathione levels. It is concluded that the liver microsomal drug metabolizing system is capable of converting tyrosine to a toxic metabolite, conceivably a 2.3 epoxide of tyrosine. The present results are discussed in relation to the human disease tyrosinemia (tyrosinosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:934358", "title": "Effects of pretreatment with spironolactone of pharmacokinetics of 4'''-methyldigoxin in man.", "content": "Pharmacokinetics of 3H-4''' -methyldigoxin (md) were studied in three paired experiments with and without pretreatment with spironolactone (7 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and in one additional test person after pretreatment only. The results were compared with controls after oral (n equals 6) and intravenous (n equals 6) administration of md. In addition the biliary excretion of md and its metabolites was investigated in biliary fistula patients with and without pretreatment with spironolactone. After pretreatment of normal persons maximum plasma levels of tritium were approximately 35% lower and they were reached on average 60 min after oral administration as compared with approximately 15 min without pretreatment. Already 12 hrs after oral administration the plasma concentrations, with and without pretreatment, no longer differed and the biological half lives of radioactivity in plasma were equal. With or without pretreatment, the cumulative excretion of tritium in urine and faeces was nearly identical in the paired experiments within 7 days. It was in the range of the controls which eliminated 55.2 +/- 2.8 and 28.6 +/- 5.7% of the dose in urine and faeces, respectively, after oral, and 62.2 +/- 2.1 and 28.9 +/- 5.2%, respectively, after i.v. administration. Accordingly after pretreatment the radioactivity excreted in bile within 48 hrs (14.9% of the dose) did not differ from controls. Examination of the composition of labelled compounds excreted in urine and bile revealed no significant alterations in the metabolic degradation of md under the influence of spironolactone. Thus the profound effects of spironolactone upon pharmacokinetics of md previously observed in rats are without any significance for human conditions.", "contents": "Effects of pretreatment with spironolactone of pharmacokinetics of 4'''-methyldigoxin in man. Pharmacokinetics of 3H-4''' -methyldigoxin (md) were studied in three paired experiments with and without pretreatment with spironolactone (7 mg/kg/day for 7 days) and in one additional test person after pretreatment only. The results were compared with controls after oral (n equals 6) and intravenous (n equals 6) administration of md. In addition the biliary excretion of md and its metabolites was investigated in biliary fistula patients with and without pretreatment with spironolactone. After pretreatment of normal persons maximum plasma levels of tritium were approximately 35% lower and they were reached on average 60 min after oral administration as compared with approximately 15 min without pretreatment. Already 12 hrs after oral administration the plasma concentrations, with and without pretreatment, no longer differed and the biological half lives of radioactivity in plasma were equal. With or without pretreatment, the cumulative excretion of tritium in urine and faeces was nearly identical in the paired experiments within 7 days. It was in the range of the controls which eliminated 55.2 +/- 2.8 and 28.6 +/- 5.7% of the dose in urine and faeces, respectively, after oral, and 62.2 +/- 2.1 and 28.9 +/- 5.2%, respectively, after i.v. administration. Accordingly after pretreatment the radioactivity excreted in bile within 48 hrs (14.9% of the dose) did not differ from controls. Examination of the composition of labelled compounds excreted in urine and bile revealed no significant alterations in the metabolic degradation of md under the influence of spironolactone. Thus the profound effects of spironolactone upon pharmacokinetics of md previously observed in rats are without any significance for human conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:934359", "title": "Preferential deamination of dopamine by an A type monoamine oxidase in rat brain.", "content": "The effect of graded doses of clorgyline, a preferential inhibitor of MAO A, and of deprenil, a preferential inhibitor of MAO B, on the activities of serotonin-deaminating MAO (MAO A) of dopamine-deaminating MAO, and of phenethylamine-deaminating MAO, (MAO  B), in rat corpus striatum were compared with the effects of the drugs on striatal levels of homovanillic acid(HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The dose-response curves for the two last-mentioned dopamine metabolites closely follow those for MAO A and dopamine-deaminating activity, whether clorgyline or deprenil was used as MAO inhibitor. In addition, the effect of these drugs on dopamine levels and on the accumulation of 3H-dopamine + 3H-methoxytyramine formed from 3H-DOPA in rat whole brain was analysed. In contrast to the marked increases caused by clorgyline, the effects of deprenil were negligible. In reserpinized rats, clorgyline potentiated the effect of L-DOPA on motor activity; deprenil did not. These results suggest that the deamination of dopamine in vivo is almost entirely effected by MAO A.", "contents": "Preferential deamination of dopamine by an A type monoamine oxidase in rat brain. The effect of graded doses of clorgyline, a preferential inhibitor of MAO A, and of deprenil, a preferential inhibitor of MAO B, on the activities of serotonin-deaminating MAO (MAO A) of dopamine-deaminating MAO, and of phenethylamine-deaminating MAO, (MAO  B), in rat corpus striatum were compared with the effects of the drugs on striatal levels of homovanillic acid(HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The dose-response curves for the two last-mentioned dopamine metabolites closely follow those for MAO A and dopamine-deaminating activity, whether clorgyline or deprenil was used as MAO inhibitor. In addition, the effect of these drugs on dopamine levels and on the accumulation of 3H-dopamine + 3H-methoxytyramine formed from 3H-DOPA in rat whole brain was analysed. In contrast to the marked increases caused by clorgyline, the effects of deprenil were negligible. In reserpinized rats, clorgyline potentiated the effect of L-DOPA on motor activity; deprenil did not. These results suggest that the deamination of dopamine in vivo is almost entirely effected by MAO A."}
{"id": "PMID:934360", "title": "Inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin by tryptoline.", "content": "Tryptoline, a metabolite of tryptamine, competitively inhibits serotonin accumulation in nuclei-free homogenate of rat \"forebrains\". After intraventricular injection the drug elicits an increase of serotonin levels in the same part of the brain whereas the monoamine oxidase activity is not altered.", "contents": "Inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin by tryptoline. Tryptoline, a metabolite of tryptamine, competitively inhibits serotonin accumulation in nuclei-free homogenate of rat \"forebrains\". After intraventricular injection the drug elicits an increase of serotonin levels in the same part of the brain whereas the monoamine oxidase activity is not altered."}
{"id": "PMID:934387", "title": "Nucleoli of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with bronchogenic lung and gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Patients suffering from bronchogenic and gastrointestinal cancer without, as well as with metastases, were investigated to provide more information on the number of morphology of lymphocytes in their peripheral blood particularly in respect to the frequency of various nucleolar types in these cells. The decreased number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the cancer patients was due to the decline of lymphocytes with ringshaped nucleoli representing resting cells which can be stimulated in respect to the RNA synthesis and blastic transformation. The decreased number of such cells was apparently more pronounced in the peripheral blood of the patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer with metastases. The increased frequency of lymphocytes with compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas representing immature or stimulated cells was noted in most patients suffering from bronchogenic cancer without, and with metastases in lymph nodes, as well as in some patients with gastrointestinal cancer and, without metastases. On the contrary, the decreased number of these cells was observed in the peripheral blood of patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer with metastases. All these changes provide further information on the changes of the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the patients suffering from malignant disease. The possible interpretation of these changes presented in the discussion is in accordance with the present conception on the relationship between the malignant growth and lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nucleoli of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with bronchogenic lung and gastrointestinal cancer. Patients suffering from bronchogenic and gastrointestinal cancer without, as well as with metastases, were investigated to provide more information on the number of morphology of lymphocytes in their peripheral blood particularly in respect to the frequency of various nucleolar types in these cells. The decreased number of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the cancer patients was due to the decline of lymphocytes with ringshaped nucleoli representing resting cells which can be stimulated in respect to the RNA synthesis and blastic transformation. The decreased number of such cells was apparently more pronounced in the peripheral blood of the patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer with metastases. The increased frequency of lymphocytes with compact nucleoli or nucleoli with nucleolonemas representing immature or stimulated cells was noted in most patients suffering from bronchogenic cancer without, and with metastases in lymph nodes, as well as in some patients with gastrointestinal cancer and, without metastases. On the contrary, the decreased number of these cells was observed in the peripheral blood of patients suffering from gastrointestinal cancer with metastases. All these changes provide further information on the changes of the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the patients suffering from malignant disease. The possible interpretation of these changes presented in the discussion is in accordance with the present conception on the relationship between the malignant growth and lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:934388", "title": "Multiple myeloma in two brothers. Immunoglobulin levels among their relatives.", "content": "The reports on the occurrence of myeloma in two or more members of the same family are very scanty, and until present, only about twenty observations of the familial occurrence have been reported. In this paper the observation of multiple myeloma in two brothers is described. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the bone marrow biopsy which showed an infiltration of abnormal plasma cells. X-ray examination of the skeleton revealed typical osteolytic changes in one patient and diffuse osteoporosis in the other. Moreoever both patients had a massive monoclonal protein fraction in serum and Bence-Jones protein in urine. In one case the monoclonal serum protein was of the IgG-K type and in the other, of the IgA-K type. Thus the antigenic determinants were different in the class specificity. Immunoglobulin studies among healthy relatives of the two brothers demonstrated much higher incidence of the polyclonal increase in one immunoglobulin class than could be expected in the population. Without evidence of monoclonal serum protein, unusally high IgA serum levels, more than 500 mg/100 ml, were observed in seven of seventeen healthy family members. This could be explained on genetic basis in connection with the familial occurrence of myeloma either by an abnormal distribution of plasma cell clones or by their abnormal activity. However, a defective control mechanism in protein synthesis may also be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma in two brothers. Immunoglobulin levels among their relatives. The reports on the occurrence of myeloma in two or more members of the same family are very scanty, and until present, only about twenty observations of the familial occurrence have been reported. In this paper the observation of multiple myeloma in two brothers is described. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the bone marrow biopsy which showed an infiltration of abnormal plasma cells. X-ray examination of the skeleton revealed typical osteolytic changes in one patient and diffuse osteoporosis in the other. Moreoever both patients had a massive monoclonal protein fraction in serum and Bence-Jones protein in urine. In one case the monoclonal serum protein was of the IgG-K type and in the other, of the IgA-K type. Thus the antigenic determinants were different in the class specificity. Immunoglobulin studies among healthy relatives of the two brothers demonstrated much higher incidence of the polyclonal increase in one immunoglobulin class than could be expected in the population. Without evidence of monoclonal serum protein, unusally high IgA serum levels, more than 500 mg/100 ml, were observed in seven of seventeen healthy family members. This could be explained on genetic basis in connection with the familial occurrence of myeloma either by an abnormal distribution of plasma cell clones or by their abnormal activity. However, a defective control mechanism in protein synthesis may also be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:934389", "title": "Metastases into the cervical lymph nodes from unknown primary focus.", "content": "The analysis bears on 33 patients with histologically verified metastases into the cervical region from an unknown primary tumor, which was found intra vitam in 7 cases and by resection in 2 of the cases (i. e. 27.2%) only. The best form of treatment is a surgical-radiological combination. The search for the primary focus is often difficult and necessitates the use of ORL investigation and the other diagnostic methods. Emphasis is laid on the need of regular and frequent check-ups in case the primary focus is not detected. An early detection of the origin favourably affects the results of treatment.", "contents": "Metastases into the cervical lymph nodes from unknown primary focus. The analysis bears on 33 patients with histologically verified metastases into the cervical region from an unknown primary tumor, which was found intra vitam in 7 cases and by resection in 2 of the cases (i. e. 27.2%) only. The best form of treatment is a surgical-radiological combination. The search for the primary focus is often difficult and necessitates the use of ORL investigation and the other diagnostic methods. Emphasis is laid on the need of regular and frequent check-ups in case the primary focus is not detected. An early detection of the origin favourably affects the results of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:934390", "title": "Carcinoma cervicis uteri. Treatment results from the period 1953--1968.", "content": "During the course of 16 years, i. e. from 1953 to 1968 inclusively, a total of 2111 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated at the Oncological Institute in Brno. Of these, 1829 patients, i. e. 86.6% were irradiated, 282, i. e. 13.4% underwent primarily a radical excision and subsequently were irradiated. During the past years, approximately 95% of all such patients are being given radical irradiation. The mean age is 52.7 years, the sixth decade being numerically the highest in incidence -- 27.4%. The distribution pattern according to the tumor stage: I -- 29.3%, II -- 14.3%, III -- 48.2%, IV -- 8.2%. This distribution remained practically unchanged over the follow-up period of 16 years. The fundamental method treatment of practically 87% of all the patients was actinotherapy consisting in a combined application of radium and X-rays. Of the total number of 2111 patients, 1298, i. e. 61.5% have survived 5 years without any symptoms of the disease, 966 patients, i. e. 59.0% (out of a total of 1671 patients) survived 10 years. The five-year survival symptom-free period for the various stages ia as follows: I -- 82.5%, II -- 77.1%, III -- 52.8% and IV -- 9.8%. A comparison of the results of treatment in patients radically irradiated and those primarily operated upon then subsequently irradiated, i. e. in 619 patients of stage I showed the 5-year recovery to be superior by almost 4% in the former than in the latter group --84.1% as against 80.3%. Over the last 6 years of the follow-up, i. e. 1962--1968, this difference went up to 6.0% in favour of those radically irradiated--85.1% as against 79.2%. An increasing mortality rate due to carcinoma is noted with advancing age.", "contents": "Carcinoma cervicis uteri. Treatment results from the period 1953--1968. During the course of 16 years, i. e. from 1953 to 1968 inclusively, a total of 2111 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated at the Oncological Institute in Brno. Of these, 1829 patients, i. e. 86.6% were irradiated, 282, i. e. 13.4% underwent primarily a radical excision and subsequently were irradiated. During the past years, approximately 95% of all such patients are being given radical irradiation. The mean age is 52.7 years, the sixth decade being numerically the highest in incidence -- 27.4%. The distribution pattern according to the tumor stage: I -- 29.3%, II -- 14.3%, III -- 48.2%, IV -- 8.2%. This distribution remained practically unchanged over the follow-up period of 16 years. The fundamental method treatment of practically 87% of all the patients was actinotherapy consisting in a combined application of radium and X-rays. Of the total number of 2111 patients, 1298, i. e. 61.5% have survived 5 years without any symptoms of the disease, 966 patients, i. e. 59.0% (out of a total of 1671 patients) survived 10 years. The five-year survival symptom-free period for the various stages ia as follows: I -- 82.5%, II -- 77.1%, III -- 52.8% and IV -- 9.8%. A comparison of the results of treatment in patients radically irradiated and those primarily operated upon then subsequently irradiated, i. e. in 619 patients of stage I showed the 5-year recovery to be superior by almost 4% in the former than in the latter group --84.1% as against 80.3%. Over the last 6 years of the follow-up, i. e. 1962--1968, this difference went up to 6.0% in favour of those radically irradiated--85.1% as against 79.2%. An increasing mortality rate due to carcinoma is noted with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:934391", "title": "New potential cytotoxic and antitumor substances. II. Effect of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glucosides on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro.", "content": "Mono and dihydroxyanthraquinones and their derivatives affected the utilization of 14C-labeled precursors nucleic acid and protein synthesis into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Inhibitory effect of the substances markedly increased when one acetyl group was introduced into the basic molecule. As the tested substances inhibited mainly incorporation of 14C uridine into the cold TCA insoluble fraction of EAC cells, their mechanism of action can be explained by the inhibition of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "New potential cytotoxic and antitumor substances. II. Effect of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glucosides on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro. Mono and dihydroxyanthraquinones and their derivatives affected the utilization of 14C-labeled precursors nucleic acid and protein synthesis into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. Inhibitory effect of the substances markedly increased when one acetyl group was introduced into the basic molecule. As the tested substances inhibited mainly incorporation of 14C uridine into the cold TCA insoluble fraction of EAC cells, their mechanism of action can be explained by the inhibition of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:934411", "title": "Abnormal hydroxyproline polypeptides in the urine of patients with chronic uremia.", "content": "An abnormal peak of hydroxyproline polypeptides has been observed when the polypeptide fraction from the urines of patients with advanced chronic uremia was subjected to gel chromatography. This abnormality was apparently related to the degree of uremia and to the presence of uremic osteodystrophy. The abnormal peak was not observed in patients with high turnover bone disease without renal insufficiency and in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Abnormal hydroxyproline polypeptides in the urine of patients with chronic uremia. An abnormal peak of hydroxyproline polypeptides has been observed when the polypeptide fraction from the urines of patients with advanced chronic uremia was subjected to gel chromatography. This abnormality was apparently related to the degree of uremia and to the presence of uremic osteodystrophy. The abnormal peak was not observed in patients with high turnover bone disease without renal insufficiency and in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal glomerular filtration rate."}
{"id": "PMID:934412", "title": "Acute renal failure due to radio-contrast agents.", "content": "Over a 2-year period, acute renal failure following radio-contrast studies was observed in 25 patients after intravenous urography in 13, angiography in 10, oral cholecystography in 1, and cholangiography in 1. 20 had impaired renal function prior to the study. Renal failure, oliguric in 16 patients, occurred within 24 h. Serum creatinines reached levels of 5.3-13.3 mg% in 3-10 days. Recovery occurred in 20 patients within 5-37 days. Among the 5 patients in whom renal failure function was not restored, 1 died of progressive underlying renal disease and 4 of other causes while still in acute renal failure. These observations demonstrate the not infrequent occurrence of severe oliguric renal failure following radio-contrast study in patients with preexisting renal disease.", "contents": "Acute renal failure due to radio-contrast agents. Over a 2-year period, acute renal failure following radio-contrast studies was observed in 25 patients after intravenous urography in 13, angiography in 10, oral cholecystography in 1, and cholangiography in 1. 20 had impaired renal function prior to the study. Renal failure, oliguric in 16 patients, occurred within 24 h. Serum creatinines reached levels of 5.3-13.3 mg% in 3-10 days. Recovery occurred in 20 patients within 5-37 days. Among the 5 patients in whom renal failure function was not restored, 1 died of progressive underlying renal disease and 4 of other causes while still in acute renal failure. These observations demonstrate the not infrequent occurrence of severe oliguric renal failure following radio-contrast study in patients with preexisting renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:934413", "title": "Lipid composition of the rat kidney.", "content": "The lipid fractions free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids of rat kidney cortex, outer and inner medulla were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The concentrations of 23 individual fatty acids in the lipid fractions of each zone were determined by gas chromatography; 14 of them were evaluated by an analysis of variance. For most of the lipid fractions a corticomedullary concentration gradient was found, the highest concentrations occurring in the cortex. The lipid classes primarily determined the pattern of individual fatty acid concentrations. A significant concentration difference between the three zones only existed for 4 of 14 fatty acids. Long chain fatty acids were found in a higher concentration in the phospholipids of cortex and outer medulla (about 95%) in comparison to the inner medulla (65%).", "contents": "Lipid composition of the rat kidney. The lipid fractions free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids of rat kidney cortex, outer and inner medulla were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The concentrations of 23 individual fatty acids in the lipid fractions of each zone were determined by gas chromatography; 14 of them were evaluated by an analysis of variance. For most of the lipid fractions a corticomedullary concentration gradient was found, the highest concentrations occurring in the cortex. The lipid classes primarily determined the pattern of individual fatty acid concentrations. A significant concentration difference between the three zones only existed for 4 of 14 fatty acids. Long chain fatty acids were found in a higher concentration in the phospholipids of cortex and outer medulla (about 95%) in comparison to the inner medulla (65%)."}
{"id": "PMID:934414", "title": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure.", "content": "Renal blood flow (RBF) and its distribution were measured in acute renal failure induced by glycerol injection to water-drinking rats and to rats chronically loaded with NaCl solution. Mean RBF and intracortical blood flow distribution of both water-drinking and saline-loaded rats at 24 h after glycerol injection were not different from those of control rats. Although chronic saline loading blunted the impairment of renal function caused by glycerol as evidenced by serum creatinine values, no differences in renal hemodynamics were noted. This suggests that changes in glomerular arteriolar resistance or glomerular permeability might be of greater importance in the reduction of glomerular filtration rate than are alterations of blood flow.", "contents": "Intrarenal hemodynamics in acute myohemoglobinuric renal failure. Renal blood flow (RBF) and its distribution were measured in acute renal failure induced by glycerol injection to water-drinking rats and to rats chronically loaded with NaCl solution. Mean RBF and intracortical blood flow distribution of both water-drinking and saline-loaded rats at 24 h after glycerol injection were not different from those of control rats. Although chronic saline loading blunted the impairment of renal function caused by glycerol as evidenced by serum creatinine values, no differences in renal hemodynamics were noted. This suggests that changes in glomerular arteriolar resistance or glomerular permeability might be of greater importance in the reduction of glomerular filtration rate than are alterations of blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:934415", "title": "Influence of middle-sized molecule aggregates from dialysate of uremic patients on lymphocyte transformation in vitro.", "content": "It was found that middle-sized molecules obtained from dialysate of uremic patients caused suppression of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. This was expressed by the lowering of labeled leucine incorporation and by the suppression of lymphocyte transformation as morphologically assessed. In view of the presented data middle-sized molecules seem to be biologically active substances.", "contents": "Influence of middle-sized molecule aggregates from dialysate of uremic patients on lymphocyte transformation in vitro. It was found that middle-sized molecules obtained from dialysate of uremic patients caused suppression of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation. This was expressed by the lowering of labeled leucine incorporation and by the suppression of lymphocyte transformation as morphologically assessed. In view of the presented data middle-sized molecules seem to be biologically active substances."}
{"id": "PMID:934416", "title": "Cerebral dermoid tumours.", "content": "Four cases of cerebral dermoid tumour with an intraventricular, occipital and sellar location are reported, representing 0.04% of the verified cerebral tumours in the authors' statistics. A recurrence occurred after one year in the first case of intraventricular dermoid tumour; after the second operation aseptic meningitis developed and the patient died. In the second case microscopic examination revealed aspects of malignant transformation of the tumour. The symptoms did not differ from those of other cerebral tumours. Operations should be radical whenever possible, avoiding dispersion of the tumour contents in order to prevent a recurrence or aseptic meningitis.", "contents": "Cerebral dermoid tumours. Four cases of cerebral dermoid tumour with an intraventricular, occipital and sellar location are reported, representing 0.04% of the verified cerebral tumours in the authors' statistics. A recurrence occurred after one year in the first case of intraventricular dermoid tumour; after the second operation aseptic meningitis developed and the patient died. In the second case microscopic examination revealed aspects of malignant transformation of the tumour. The symptoms did not differ from those of other cerebral tumours. Operations should be radical whenever possible, avoiding dispersion of the tumour contents in order to prevent a recurrence or aseptic meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:934417", "title": "Multiple meningiomas. Two patients with a spinal and an intracranial meningioma. Radiological diagnosis.", "content": "We report two patients with a spinal and intracranial meningioma without evidence of von Recklinghausen's disease. The radiological and scintigraphical findings are demonstrated. Certain implications with regard to the examination and follow-up of patients with a meningioma are indicated.", "contents": "Multiple meningiomas. Two patients with a spinal and an intracranial meningioma. Radiological diagnosis. We report two patients with a spinal and intracranial meningioma without evidence of von Recklinghausen's disease. The radiological and scintigraphical findings are demonstrated. Certain implications with regard to the examination and follow-up of patients with a meningioma are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:934418", "title": "Traumatic intracerebral haematoma: complication of skull caliper traction. Case report.", "content": "Recently, a unique case of traumatic intracerebral haematoma complicating the insertion of skull calipers, has been observed. It is assumed it was due to: 1. the accidental penetration of the burr into the skull, while making the insertion hole for the caliper; 1. the failure to grip the skull with the special metal sleeve, the Blackburn skull caliper is provided with, so that the end plates were free to move in and out of the skull in this restless patient. The correct diagnosis was made only after severe uncal herniation had developed. The reasons for missing the correct diagnosis within useful time for proper treatment are considered to be: 1. carotid angiography performed too early in the process of haematoma formation: 2. the vascular displacements were only slight and not fully diagnostic; 3. a recognized complication, extradural haematoma, had already been excluded.", "contents": "Traumatic intracerebral haematoma: complication of skull caliper traction. Case report. Recently, a unique case of traumatic intracerebral haematoma complicating the insertion of skull calipers, has been observed. It is assumed it was due to: 1. the accidental penetration of the burr into the skull, while making the insertion hole for the caliper; 1. the failure to grip the skull with the special metal sleeve, the Blackburn skull caliper is provided with, so that the end plates were free to move in and out of the skull in this restless patient. The correct diagnosis was made only after severe uncal herniation had developed. The reasons for missing the correct diagnosis within useful time for proper treatment are considered to be: 1. carotid angiography performed too early in the process of haematoma formation: 2. the vascular displacements were only slight and not fully diagnostic; 3. a recognized complication, extradural haematoma, had already been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:934419", "title": "Complications of skull caliper traction.", "content": "During a period of 20 years 88 patients with fracture dislocation of the cervical spine were treated by attaching Crutchfield tongs to the skull. Sixty-seven per cent of all patients had some complications. The different types of complications are reported and discussed in order of frequency.", "contents": "Complications of skull caliper traction. During a period of 20 years 88 patients with fracture dislocation of the cervical spine were treated by attaching Crutchfield tongs to the skull. Sixty-seven per cent of all patients had some complications. The different types of complications are reported and discussed in order of frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:934420", "title": "Massive cerebellar abscess due to candida albicans.", "content": "A case of a previously healthy 51-year-old man, who was diagnosed clinically as having a posterior cranial fossa tumour. At operation this proved to be an abscess which was radically removed. Histological investigations showed the presence of a fungus which was identified as Candida albicans.", "contents": "Massive cerebellar abscess due to candida albicans. A case of a previously healthy 51-year-old man, who was diagnosed clinically as having a posterior cranial fossa tumour. At operation this proved to be an abscess which was radically removed. Histological investigations showed the presence of a fungus which was identified as Candida albicans."}
{"id": "PMID:934421", "title": "[Clinical significance of encycling clips in neurosurgery].", "content": "It is reported how, in 5 cases of arterial haemorrhage, the ligature of an artery was avoided by the use of Heifetz encircling clips with teflon liner. Two of the five patients had aneurysms. The remaining 3 were suffering from brain tumours. Postoperative computer tomography together with neurological follow up examinations indicated, that in two cases there was no disturbance of cerebral circulation. With a carotid angiography it was possible to show that in the other three cases normal flow through the arteries was maintained, 2, 11 and 45 days after emplacement of the clip.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of encycling clips in neurosurgery]. It is reported how, in 5 cases of arterial haemorrhage, the ligature of an artery was avoided by the use of Heifetz encircling clips with teflon liner. Two of the five patients had aneurysms. The remaining 3 were suffering from brain tumours. Postoperative computer tomography together with neurological follow up examinations indicated, that in two cases there was no disturbance of cerebral circulation. With a carotid angiography it was possible to show that in the other three cases normal flow through the arteries was maintained, 2, 11 and 45 days after emplacement of the clip."}
{"id": "PMID:934422", "title": "Direct effects of estradiol and progesterone on pituitary graft gonadotrophs and their differential response to median eminence extract.", "content": "The direct effects of median eminence extract (MEE), estradiol (E) or progesterone (P) or combinations of these hormone preparations on the structure of the adenohypophysis and its secretion of gonadotrophins were examined in female rats bearing pituitary homografts obtained from long-term ovariectomized (LTO) donors. Preliminary investigation had shown that the pars distalis of LTO animals retained large numbers of hypertrophied gonadotrophs for several weeks even when homografted under the kidnay capsule of hypophysectomized recipients. Homografts from vehicle-treated controls contained many gonadotrophs at 24 days. Treatment with E or P resulted in complete disappearance of gonadotrophs at 24 days, but not at 10 days. E produced depletion of gonadotrophs even in the presence of MEE, while P + MEE treatment resulted in retention of gonadotrophs. In general, ovarian morphology correlated well with changes in pituitary cytology. These results suggest that the ability of MEE to stimulate release (and probably synthesis) of gonadotrophic hormones depends on the steroid sensitization of pituitary tissue and the differential effect of E and P on gonadotrophin release in the presence of MEE.", "contents": "Direct effects of estradiol and progesterone on pituitary graft gonadotrophs and their differential response to median eminence extract. The direct effects of median eminence extract (MEE), estradiol (E) or progesterone (P) or combinations of these hormone preparations on the structure of the adenohypophysis and its secretion of gonadotrophins were examined in female rats bearing pituitary homografts obtained from long-term ovariectomized (LTO) donors. Preliminary investigation had shown that the pars distalis of LTO animals retained large numbers of hypertrophied gonadotrophs for several weeks even when homografted under the kidnay capsule of hypophysectomized recipients. Homografts from vehicle-treated controls contained many gonadotrophs at 24 days. Treatment with E or P resulted in complete disappearance of gonadotrophs at 24 days, but not at 10 days. E produced depletion of gonadotrophs even in the presence of MEE, while P + MEE treatment resulted in retention of gonadotrophs. In general, ovarian morphology correlated well with changes in pituitary cytology. These results suggest that the ability of MEE to stimulate release (and probably synthesis) of gonadotrophic hormones depends on the steroid sensitization of pituitary tissue and the differential effect of E and P on gonadotrophin release in the presence of MEE."}
{"id": "PMID:934423", "title": "Basal and stress-induced adrenal cortical activities in the chronic thalamic pigeon.", "content": "The plasma corticosterone level was determined in chronic thalamic pigeons. Basal resting adrenocortical activity did not show any diurnal variation and kept a steady intermediate level. The peak and nadir in the morning and in the evening were completely suppressed. Neurogenic stress (restraint) resulted in a sharp increase in the plasma corticosterone concentration 15 min after immobilization. This response was as important in magnitude (three-fold the resting level) in thalamic pigeons as in intact birds. These results can be compared with data obtained after complete or partial deafferentation of the hypothalamus, and after hippocampal or archistriate lesions, and are discussed in terms of sleep-walking alternation in these various experimentally-prepared pigeons.", "contents": "Basal and stress-induced adrenal cortical activities in the chronic thalamic pigeon. The plasma corticosterone level was determined in chronic thalamic pigeons. Basal resting adrenocortical activity did not show any diurnal variation and kept a steady intermediate level. The peak and nadir in the morning and in the evening were completely suppressed. Neurogenic stress (restraint) resulted in a sharp increase in the plasma corticosterone concentration 15 min after immobilization. This response was as important in magnitude (three-fold the resting level) in thalamic pigeons as in intact birds. These results can be compared with data obtained after complete or partial deafferentation of the hypothalamus, and after hippocampal or archistriate lesions, and are discussed in terms of sleep-walking alternation in these various experimentally-prepared pigeons."}
{"id": "PMID:934424", "title": "Effect of suckling on serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in nursing women.", "content": "The effect of breast feeding on serum FSH and LH concentrations was studied in 13 puerperal women. Despite the collateral increase in serum prolactin levels, nursing was not followed by significant changes in serum FSH or LH levels during a 30-min observation period. Our data indicate that nursing has no significant effect on pituitary FSH and LH release.", "contents": "Effect of suckling on serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in nursing women. The effect of breast feeding on serum FSH and LH concentrations was studied in 13 puerperal women. Despite the collateral increase in serum prolactin levels, nursing was not followed by significant changes in serum FSH or LH levels during a 30-min observation period. Our data indicate that nursing has no significant effect on pituitary FSH and LH release."}
{"id": "PMID:934425", "title": "Neurosecretory axo-axonic synapses in the median eminence of the turtle, Geoclemys reevesii.", "content": "Neurosecretory axo-axonic synapses were found in the median eminence of the turtle. Most of the presynaptic axons contain granules approximately 95 nm in diameter, and the postsynaptic elements have granules approximately 110 nm in diameter. The functional significance of axo-axonic synapses in the median eminence is discussed in relation to the discharge of releasing hormones from the axon terminals.", "contents": "Neurosecretory axo-axonic synapses in the median eminence of the turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. Neurosecretory axo-axonic synapses were found in the median eminence of the turtle. Most of the presynaptic axons contain granules approximately 95 nm in diameter, and the postsynaptic elements have granules approximately 110 nm in diameter. The functional significance of axo-axonic synapses in the median eminence is discussed in relation to the discharge of releasing hormones from the axon terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:934426", "title": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus upon corticosteroid levels in the freely-behaving, non-stressed rat.", "content": "The influence of the hippocampus upon pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats which had concentric bipolar stainless stell electrodes chemically implanted in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Blood samples were withdrawn at half-hour intervals from a cannula in the right atrium. Plasma corticosterone levels reflected ACTH release. 30 min of 25 or 250-cps electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in the freely-behaving, non-stressed rat resulted in significant increases in basal plasma corticosterone levels evident at the end of stimulation. In afternoon experiments, after stimulation at either hippocampal site with 25 cps only, the increase was followed by a delayed inhibitroy phase and temporary inhibition of the circadian rise in corticosterone levels. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced with ventral than with dorsal hippocampal stimulation. The basis for these differential effects is discussed in terms of the anatomical organization of the hippocampus.", "contents": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus upon corticosteroid levels in the freely-behaving, non-stressed rat. The influence of the hippocampus upon pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats which had concentric bipolar stainless stell electrodes chemically implanted in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Blood samples were withdrawn at half-hour intervals from a cannula in the right atrium. Plasma corticosterone levels reflected ACTH release. 30 min of 25 or 250-cps electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in the freely-behaving, non-stressed rat resulted in significant increases in basal plasma corticosterone levels evident at the end of stimulation. In afternoon experiments, after stimulation at either hippocampal site with 25 cps only, the increase was followed by a delayed inhibitroy phase and temporary inhibition of the circadian rise in corticosterone levels. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced with ventral than with dorsal hippocampal stimulation. The basis for these differential effects is discussed in terms of the anatomical organization of the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:934462", "title": "Radiographic measurements of the normal spinal cord in childhood.", "content": "110 normal air myelograms of children were reviewed and the ratio of the spinal cord width to the subarachnoid space width (cord/SAS ratio) was calculated in the sagittal and transverse planes. This ratio proved to be independent of age and sex. The mean values at different vertebral levels are in close agreement with those previously reported for adults. The cord/sas ratio is helpful in evaluating changed cord dimensions, especially that of cord atrophy.", "contents": "Radiographic measurements of the normal spinal cord in childhood. 110 normal air myelograms of children were reviewed and the ratio of the spinal cord width to the subarachnoid space width (cord/SAS ratio) was calculated in the sagittal and transverse planes. This ratio proved to be independent of age and sex. The mean values at different vertebral levels are in close agreement with those previously reported for adults. The cord/sas ratio is helpful in evaluating changed cord dimensions, especially that of cord atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:934463", "title": "A technical contribution of the exact angiographic localization of carotid cavernous fistulas.", "content": "A better visualization and localization of carotid cavernous fistulas may be achieved by selective angiography of the vertebral artery with simultaneous digital compression of the ipsilateral carotid artery, if the posterior communicating artery is patent.", "contents": "A technical contribution of the exact angiographic localization of carotid cavernous fistulas. A better visualization and localization of carotid cavernous fistulas may be achieved by selective angiography of the vertebral artery with simultaneous digital compression of the ipsilateral carotid artery, if the posterior communicating artery is patent."}
{"id": "PMID:934464", "title": "Angiotomographic study of the normal cerebral circulation. II. The vertebrobasilar system.", "content": "Simultaneous tomography applied to normal vertebral angiography has, by the dissociation of the vascular planes, made a selective and spatial study of the vertebrobasilar circulation possible, and therefore, the identification of the vessels which are partly or totally hidden by other vascular structures. This technique has also led to a better delimitation and sometimes a direct observation and spatial localization of some anatomical structures above and below the tentorium.", "contents": "Angiotomographic study of the normal cerebral circulation. II. The vertebrobasilar system. Simultaneous tomography applied to normal vertebral angiography has, by the dissociation of the vascular planes, made a selective and spatial study of the vertebrobasilar circulation possible, and therefore, the identification of the vessels which are partly or totally hidden by other vascular structures. This technique has also led to a better delimitation and sometimes a direct observation and spatial localization of some anatomical structures above and below the tentorium."}
{"id": "PMID:934465", "title": "The potential of vertebral phlebography for the diagnosis of tumours in the posterior cranial fossa.", "content": "The diagnostic value of the vertebral phlebogram is emphasized. A practice orientated principle is recommended for the classification of infratentorial veins. A total of 132 phlebograms taken from patients with intratentorial tumours is analyzed for local diagnosis, general diagnosis, venous circulatory disorder, and pathologic veins. An example is given to underline the importance of tomography in vertebral phlebography.", "contents": "The potential of vertebral phlebography for the diagnosis of tumours in the posterior cranial fossa. The diagnostic value of the vertebral phlebogram is emphasized. A practice orientated principle is recommended for the classification of infratentorial veins. A total of 132 phlebograms taken from patients with intratentorial tumours is analyzed for local diagnosis, general diagnosis, venous circulatory disorder, and pathologic veins. An example is given to underline the importance of tomography in vertebral phlebography."}
{"id": "PMID:934466", "title": "The petrosal vein and its demonstration in the normal vertebral angiogram.", "content": "The great variability of the petrosal vein in terms of position, shape, and course was established by vertebral phlebography in 100 normal subjects and by metric studies. Knowledge of this variability is essential to any assessment of phlebographs and adds to the possibility of differentiating between normal and pathological findings.", "contents": "The petrosal vein and its demonstration in the normal vertebral angiogram. The great variability of the petrosal vein in terms of position, shape, and course was established by vertebral phlebography in 100 normal subjects and by metric studies. Knowledge of this variability is essential to any assessment of phlebographs and adds to the possibility of differentiating between normal and pathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:934467", "title": "Morphogenesis of the spinal canal, normal and stenotic.", "content": "The closest formative developmental dependence of the axial skeleton upon the morphogenesis of the intraspinal nervous structures is reflected in the roentgen features of the individual vertebrae as well as of the vertebral column in its entirety. The vertebroneural developmental events are characterized by a steady relative decrease in size of the nervous structures (the first to be laid down and huge in the embryonic period) under a corresponding increase in size of the skeletogenic tissues. There exists experimental evidence that the maintenance  of the necessary developmental balance between the two tissues, the bony and the skeletogenic, is a function of the nervous substance. The tight spinal canal appears to result from a failure of the latter neural function leading to overgrowth of the bony structures, viz., to massive vertebrae and laminae encroaching upon the neural contents. Morphogenesis of the normal and tight lumbar spinal canal is discussed with special reference to the developmental interrelations between the cauda equina complex and the lumbar vertebrae.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the spinal canal, normal and stenotic. The closest formative developmental dependence of the axial skeleton upon the morphogenesis of the intraspinal nervous structures is reflected in the roentgen features of the individual vertebrae as well as of the vertebral column in its entirety. The vertebroneural developmental events are characterized by a steady relative decrease in size of the nervous structures (the first to be laid down and huge in the embryonic period) under a corresponding increase in size of the skeletogenic tissues. There exists experimental evidence that the maintenance  of the necessary developmental balance between the two tissues, the bony and the skeletogenic, is a function of the nervous substance. The tight spinal canal appears to result from a failure of the latter neural function leading to overgrowth of the bony structures, viz., to massive vertebrae and laminae encroaching upon the neural contents. Morphogenesis of the normal and tight lumbar spinal canal is discussed with special reference to the developmental interrelations between the cauda equina complex and the lumbar vertebrae."}
{"id": "PMID:934468", "title": "Measurement of effective atomic number and electron density using an EMI scanner.", "content": "Computed tomography, employing an EMI scanner at two beam energies, can be used to obtain information about the electron density and the effective atomic number of materials. The theory which is discussed has been verified experimentally and then applied in the investigation of some brain tumours in vivo. It is anticipated that, as techniques improve, the ability to carry out chemical and physical analysis of pathological processes in vivo will be an important application of computed tomography.", "contents": "Measurement of effective atomic number and electron density using an EMI scanner. Computed tomography, employing an EMI scanner at two beam energies, can be used to obtain information about the electron density and the effective atomic number of materials. The theory which is discussed has been verified experimentally and then applied in the investigation of some brain tumours in vivo. It is anticipated that, as techniques improve, the ability to carry out chemical and physical analysis of pathological processes in vivo will be an important application of computed tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:934469", "title": "X-ray energies for effective atomic number determination.", "content": "The measurement of the effective atomic number of a piece of material in vivo can be achieved using computed tomography. The precision of measurement of this parameter depends on the precision of measurement of the X-ray absorption coefficient at two energies and the separation of these energies. With the assumption of a fixed photon flux, it is shown that two optimum energies exist for the measurement of effective atomic number. The analysis indicates that if energies of 40 keV and 80 keV are employed, a precision of at least 1 part in 400 in the measurement of effective atomic number may be achieved.", "contents": "X-ray energies for effective atomic number determination. The measurement of the effective atomic number of a piece of material in vivo can be achieved using computed tomography. The precision of measurement of this parameter depends on the precision of measurement of the X-ray absorption coefficient at two energies and the separation of these energies. With the assumption of a fixed photon flux, it is shown that two optimum energies exist for the measurement of effective atomic number. The analysis indicates that if energies of 40 keV and 80 keV are employed, a precision of at least 1 part in 400 in the measurement of effective atomic number may be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:934470", "title": "The limitations of definition of blood vessels with computer intravenous angiography.", "content": "Using a polystyrene phantom and various concentrations of iodine contrast material, the discrimination of blood vessels by the EMI scanner was studied. Although a 2 mm tube can be delineated using high concentrations of iodine, smaller tubes are not seen due to noise inherent in the system.", "contents": "The limitations of definition of blood vessels with computer intravenous angiography. Using a polystyrene phantom and various concentrations of iodine contrast material, the discrimination of blood vessels by the EMI scanner was studied. Although a 2 mm tube can be delineated using high concentrations of iodine, smaller tubes are not seen due to noise inherent in the system."}
{"id": "PMID:934471", "title": "The influence of atherosclerosis and ectasia on cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Of 65 patients with neurological disorders examined with rapid serial angiography of the carotid artery, 24 had normal cerebral arteries, 17 atherosclerosis, 11 arterial ectasia and 13 both kinds of vascular changes. These patients were examined for hemispherical rCBF determination on the same occasion, using the 133Xenon clearance method. Primarily, the patients were examined without general anaesthesia, and they did not have acute illness, trauma, or angiographic evidence of a focal intracranial lesion. In addition, other parameters such as arterial size, ventricular size, cerebral circulation time, age, and sex were determined. All these data were studied statistically in a series of multiple regression analyses with a computer. No significant differences in rCBF could be found between cases with ectasia, atherosclerosis and without any kind of vascular changes. However, the mean value of rCBF in patients with atherosclerosis and in patients with intracranial ectasia was below the normal mean value, although it did not differ significantly from this value. Nor was any influence on the rCBF found in patients with marked stenosis of the internal carotid artery and those with slight stenosis.", "contents": "The influence of atherosclerosis and ectasia on cerebral blood flow. Of 65 patients with neurological disorders examined with rapid serial angiography of the carotid artery, 24 had normal cerebral arteries, 17 atherosclerosis, 11 arterial ectasia and 13 both kinds of vascular changes. These patients were examined for hemispherical rCBF determination on the same occasion, using the 133Xenon clearance method. Primarily, the patients were examined without general anaesthesia, and they did not have acute illness, trauma, or angiographic evidence of a focal intracranial lesion. In addition, other parameters such as arterial size, ventricular size, cerebral circulation time, age, and sex were determined. All these data were studied statistically in a series of multiple regression analyses with a computer. No significant differences in rCBF could be found between cases with ectasia, atherosclerosis and without any kind of vascular changes. However, the mean value of rCBF in patients with atherosclerosis and in patients with intracranial ectasia was below the normal mean value, although it did not differ significantly from this value. Nor was any influence on the rCBF found in patients with marked stenosis of the internal carotid artery and those with slight stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:934472", "title": "Delineation of pituitary adenomas by angiotomography.", "content": "The supra sellar extension of even small sized pituitary adenomas can be delineated with accuracy by angiotomography. This technique avoids the discomfort of pneumoencephalography in many patients. Angiotomography is also useful for the differential diagnosis of empty sellae.", "contents": "Delineation of pituitary adenomas by angiotomography. The supra sellar extension of even small sized pituitary adenomas can be delineated with accuracy by angiotomography. This technique avoids the discomfort of pneumoencephalography in many patients. Angiotomography is also useful for the differential diagnosis of empty sellae."}
{"id": "PMID:934473", "title": "Topographic measurement of the superior vermian vein by lateral vertebral phlebography.", "content": "The position of the superior vermian vein (SVV) has been defined by means of an easily constructed triangular system with two fixed points and by determination of quotients of measured lengths or angles. 100 normal lateral vertebral phlebograms with well outlined SVV and accurate projection were thoroughly measured and calculated. Since SVV was found to occupy a constant position in the reference system used, certain quotients and angles might be suitable for diagnosis.", "contents": "Topographic measurement of the superior vermian vein by lateral vertebral phlebography. The position of the superior vermian vein (SVV) has been defined by means of an easily constructed triangular system with two fixed points and by determination of quotients of measured lengths or angles. 100 normal lateral vertebral phlebograms with well outlined SVV and accurate projection were thoroughly measured and calculated. Since SVV was found to occupy a constant position in the reference system used, certain quotients and angles might be suitable for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:934474", "title": "Calibration and response of an EMI scanner.", "content": "Computed tomography provides a measurement of the linear absorption coefficient of material in vivo. The precision and accuracy of the measurements of this parameter made by the EMI scanner have been investigated at all three recommended voltage settings of the machine. The relationship between the EMI number and the linear absorption coefficient was found to be linear despite the polychromatic nature of the X-ray beam. The spatial resolution of the machine and the response to materials at different depths within the section have also been investigated.", "contents": "Calibration and response of an EMI scanner. Computed tomography provides a measurement of the linear absorption coefficient of material in vivo. The precision and accuracy of the measurements of this parameter made by the EMI scanner have been investigated at all three recommended voltage settings of the machine. The relationship between the EMI number and the linear absorption coefficient was found to be linear despite the polychromatic nature of the X-ray beam. The spatial resolution of the machine and the response to materials at different depths within the section have also been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:934480", "title": "[Changes in blood sugar, and insulin levels induced by somatostatin in normal, diabetic and acromegalic subjects].", "content": "The effect of somatostatin on plasma sugar and insulin levels was determined in 8 normal, 7 diabetic and 5 acromegalic subjects. An absolute fall in blood sugar values on the order of about 20% was noted, though during administration of the drug only, in all cases. Normal and diabetic subjects also showed an approximately 40% decrease in blood insulin, whereas no such fall was observed in the acromegalic. In spite of the simultaneous fall in insulin levels, it was clear that the reduction in blood sugar was ascribable to a drug-induced block of glucagon secretion. The part possibly played by somatostatin in the regulation of glucide homeostasis is examined in the light of these results.", "contents": "[Changes in blood sugar, and insulin levels induced by somatostatin in normal, diabetic and acromegalic subjects]. The effect of somatostatin on plasma sugar and insulin levels was determined in 8 normal, 7 diabetic and 5 acromegalic subjects. An absolute fall in blood sugar values on the order of about 20% was noted, though during administration of the drug only, in all cases. Normal and diabetic subjects also showed an approximately 40% decrease in blood insulin, whereas no such fall was observed in the acromegalic. In spite of the simultaneous fall in insulin levels, it was clear that the reduction in blood sugar was ascribable to a drug-induced block of glucagon secretion. The part possibly played by somatostatin in the regulation of glucide homeostasis is examined in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:934481", "title": "[Isoproterenol in the emergency treatment of cardiac stimulus conduction].", "content": "Continuous infusion with isoproterenol (mean dose 2 mug/min) was carried out for periods of a few hours to a few days in 22 patients recurrent Adams-Stokes syncope. In all cases, an improvement leading to or in the direction of physiological cardio-circulatory conditions was noted. Undesired side-effects foreseeable as the result of beta-adrenergic stimulation were not observed. Isoproterenol is more active than metaproterenol and is to be preferred on this account. It is indicated in Adams-Stokes crises due to conduction disturbances when pacemakers cannot or should not be fitted, or as a prelude to their application.", "contents": "[Isoproterenol in the emergency treatment of cardiac stimulus conduction]. Continuous infusion with isoproterenol (mean dose 2 mug/min) was carried out for periods of a few hours to a few days in 22 patients recurrent Adams-Stokes syncope. In all cases, an improvement leading to or in the direction of physiological cardio-circulatory conditions was noted. Undesired side-effects foreseeable as the result of beta-adrenergic stimulation were not observed. Isoproterenol is more active than metaproterenol and is to be preferred on this account. It is indicated in Adams-Stokes crises due to conduction disturbances when pacemakers cannot or should not be fitted, or as a prelude to their application."}
{"id": "PMID:934482", "title": "[Use of a new water-soluble aldosterone-antagonist in surgery. Early clinical results].", "content": "A new i.v., water-soluble aldosterone antagonist (potassium canrenoate) was employed for the first time in a series of patients operated for various forms of abdominal disease. The pharmacological and clinical effects of the drug were constantly reproduced and a marked anti-aldosterone activity was noted. The drug is felt to be specifically indicated in the management of secondary hyperaldosteronism typical of the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "[Use of a new water-soluble aldosterone-antagonist in surgery. Early clinical results]. A new i.v., water-soluble aldosterone antagonist (potassium canrenoate) was employed for the first time in a series of patients operated for various forms of abdominal disease. The pharmacological and clinical effects of the drug were constantly reproduced and a marked anti-aldosterone activity was noted. The drug is felt to be specifically indicated in the management of secondary hyperaldosteronism typical of the immediate postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:934483", "title": "[The apexcardiogram in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The relation between intracardial haemodynamics and apicocardiogram (ACG) parameters is explained. A wave (amplitude and duration), A/H ratio, true and total TCI, total systole, total expulsion, RIV, RFW, TE/TCI (total) and TE/TCI (true) findings in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarct are presented. Attention is also given to clinical and radiological signs of cardiac insufficiency and the infarct site. Constant and significant increases in the A wave, A/H ratio and RIV, together with a decrease in total expulsion, were noted, particularly in cases with clinical evident insufficiency. In the pre-expulsive stage, ACG Data could not be taken as a reliable index of myocardial contractility in cases where insufficiency was not manifest. It is felt, therefore, that ACG may be of assistance in the evaluation of changes in myocardial performance, even where clinical and radiological signs of decompensation are absent.", "contents": "[The apexcardiogram in acute myocardial infarct]. The relation between intracardial haemodynamics and apicocardiogram (ACG) parameters is explained. A wave (amplitude and duration), A/H ratio, true and total TCI, total systole, total expulsion, RIV, RFW, TE/TCI (total) and TE/TCI (true) findings in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarct are presented. Attention is also given to clinical and radiological signs of cardiac insufficiency and the infarct site. Constant and significant increases in the A wave, A/H ratio and RIV, together with a decrease in total expulsion, were noted, particularly in cases with clinical evident insufficiency. In the pre-expulsive stage, ACG Data could not be taken as a reliable index of myocardial contractility in cases where insufficiency was not manifest. It is felt, therefore, that ACG may be of assistance in the evaluation of changes in myocardial performance, even where clinical and radiological signs of decompensation are absent."}
{"id": "PMID:934484", "title": "[Difficulties in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of a previous posterior myocardial infarct].", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out of 39 cases of posterior m.i. from 8 months to 6 years after acute episode. In each case the diagnostic reliability of the standard derivations of a series of parameters was evaluated (duration of Q D3 and Q aVF, Q.100/R ratio in aVF, R/S ratio in V1 and R V1/R V6) and of the following accessory derivations: De Maria, III P of Pescador (classical and in two personal modifications), dorsal and sternal derivations. It is concluded that in many cases, standard derivations do not enable previous posterior m.i. to be diagnosed. The De Maria and III P of Pescador derivations (with the proposed personal modifications) are advisable. In isolated cases, the sternal derivation may also be very useful.", "contents": "[Difficulties in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of a previous posterior myocardial infarct]. A retrospective study was carried out of 39 cases of posterior m.i. from 8 months to 6 years after acute episode. In each case the diagnostic reliability of the standard derivations of a series of parameters was evaluated (duration of Q D3 and Q aVF, Q.100/R ratio in aVF, R/S ratio in V1 and R V1/R V6) and of the following accessory derivations: De Maria, III P of Pescador (classical and in two personal modifications), dorsal and sternal derivations. It is concluded that in many cases, standard derivations do not enable previous posterior m.i. to be diagnosed. The De Maria and III P of Pescador derivations (with the proposed personal modifications) are advisable. In isolated cases, the sternal derivation may also be very useful."}
{"id": "PMID:934485", "title": "[Myocardial infarct. Dimensions of the problem and its local aspects].", "content": "World statistics of infarction are given in brief from the viewpoints of incidence, mortality and prevalence. The results of analysing admittances for m.i. to the Imperia Hospital in the period 1960-1972 are then reported. The series is considered from the general and local standpoints, with reference to the organizational and welfare problems created by the high number of admittances and their high annual increment.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct. Dimensions of the problem and its local aspects]. World statistics of infarction are given in brief from the viewpoints of incidence, mortality and prevalence. The results of analysing admittances for m.i. to the Imperia Hospital in the period 1960-1972 are then reported. The series is considered from the general and local standpoints, with reference to the organizational and welfare problems created by the high number of admittances and their high annual increment."}
{"id": "PMID:934486", "title": "[Identification of corpses in mass disasters].", "content": "Reference is made to an air disaster causing considerable loss of life near Palermo. The type of lesions noted on the bodies is described and the criteria adopted for identification and recognition in accordance with the present legislation are explained. The reasons for mistaken identification, some of them of a most unusual nature, are listed and their prevention is discussed. An examination is also made of some recent proposals concerning the avoidance of such errors in disasters involging large numbers of persons.", "contents": "[Identification of corpses in mass disasters]. Reference is made to an air disaster causing considerable loss of life near Palermo. The type of lesions noted on the bodies is described and the criteria adopted for identification and recognition in accordance with the present legislation are explained. The reasons for mistaken identification, some of them of a most unusual nature, are listed and their prevention is discussed. An examination is also made of some recent proposals concerning the avoidance of such errors in disasters involging large numbers of persons."}
{"id": "PMID:934487", "title": "[Radiothermolumiscent dosimetry in plesioroentgenotherapy].", "content": "The employment of thermoluminescence dosimeters in the evaluation of X-rays emitted by a plesiotherapy apparatus was investigated. It was found that lithium fluoride microdosimeters gave good linearity of response in function of the energy involved. This response was also repeatable as required.", "contents": "[Radiothermolumiscent dosimetry in plesioroentgenotherapy]. The employment of thermoluminescence dosimeters in the evaluation of X-rays emitted by a plesiotherapy apparatus was investigated. It was found that lithium fluoride microdosimeters gave good linearity of response in function of the energy involved. This response was also repeatable as required."}
{"id": "PMID:934488", "title": "[Incidence of hepatic metastases of breast cancer. Scintigraphic study with radiocolloids in 111 patients].", "content": "The anatomical and physiological premises of liver scintigraphy with radiocolloids as a useful study in patients suffering from various stages of breast cancer are analysed. A series of 111 cases is then reported. The technique was used on these cases one or more times and revealed the presence of a scintigraphic picture suggesting liver metastasis in 36% of cases (27.5% at first observation). These data proved higher than those previously reported in the literature by other workers. The technique is therefore proposed as a routine investigation in patients suffering from breast cancer.", "contents": "[Incidence of hepatic metastases of breast cancer. Scintigraphic study with radiocolloids in 111 patients]. The anatomical and physiological premises of liver scintigraphy with radiocolloids as a useful study in patients suffering from various stages of breast cancer are analysed. A series of 111 cases is then reported. The technique was used on these cases one or more times and revealed the presence of a scintigraphic picture suggesting liver metastasis in 36% of cases (27.5% at first observation). These data proved higher than those previously reported in the literature by other workers. The technique is therefore proposed as a routine investigation in patients suffering from breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:934489", "title": "[Modern views concerning surgical treatment of psychogenic chronic hepatic abscesses].", "content": "A case of paracholecystic pyogenic abscess of the liver discovered intraoperatively in a patient with calculous cholecystitis is reported. Successful management was obtained by means of extensive resection of the protruding cap, scrapping of the wall and suture of the parenchyma, coupled with cholecystectomy. The literature on treatment of liver abscesses is reviewed. The conclusion is drawn that radical removal, with respect for the parenchyma, is best employed in chronic, restricted forms. The pus must, of course, be cultured and an antibiogram run on the germs isolated, as a prelude to planned antibiotic management after surgery.", "contents": "[Modern views concerning surgical treatment of psychogenic chronic hepatic abscesses]. A case of paracholecystic pyogenic abscess of the liver discovered intraoperatively in a patient with calculous cholecystitis is reported. Successful management was obtained by means of extensive resection of the protruding cap, scrapping of the wall and suture of the parenchyma, coupled with cholecystectomy. The literature on treatment of liver abscesses is reviewed. The conclusion is drawn that radical removal, with respect for the parenchyma, is best employed in chronic, restricted forms. The pus must, of course, be cultured and an antibiogram run on the germs isolated, as a prelude to planned antibiotic management after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:934490", "title": "[An unusual complication of calculous cholecystitis: transparietal migration of a calculus into a circumscribed peritoneal sac without a fistulous passage].", "content": "A rare complication of calculous cholecystitis (calculous that had migrated from the gallbladder and held in a circumscribed peritoneal sac with no fistula between this and the gallbladder) was observed in a woman who had been suffering from dropsy of the gallbladder with calculi for some 13 years. The most recent literature on acute and chronic perforations of the gall bladder and on known pathogenetic mechanisms regarding transparietal migration of calculi and the establishment of bilio-digestive and bilio-biliar fistulas is reviewed. A number of hypotheses are put forward to explain the unusual operative finding but the impossibility of formulating any precise preoperative diagnosis is recognized and it is stressed that many cases are recognized only following surgery.", "contents": "[An unusual complication of calculous cholecystitis: transparietal migration of a calculus into a circumscribed peritoneal sac without a fistulous passage]. A rare complication of calculous cholecystitis (calculous that had migrated from the gallbladder and held in a circumscribed peritoneal sac with no fistula between this and the gallbladder) was observed in a woman who had been suffering from dropsy of the gallbladder with calculi for some 13 years. The most recent literature on acute and chronic perforations of the gall bladder and on known pathogenetic mechanisms regarding transparietal migration of calculi and the establishment of bilio-digestive and bilio-biliar fistulas is reviewed. A number of hypotheses are put forward to explain the unusual operative finding but the impossibility of formulating any precise preoperative diagnosis is recognized and it is stressed that many cases are recognized only following surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:934492", "title": "[Hemi-agenesis of the thyroid gland].", "content": "The paper is based on the observation of two cases of thyroid hemiagenesis, not so much for the rarity of the findings as for their diagnostic ambiguity. These aspects are discussed along with the consequent therapeutic problems. The concept of \"no clinical significance\" expressed elsewhere on the question of hemiagenetic thyroids is not shared because of possible development into goitre, myxoedema, Basedow's disease and, particularly, neoplastic degeneration. The congenitally incomplete organ is called on to sustain the entire functional burden from birth and even earlier. Where hemiagenesis is identified, this means careful supervision because it is precisely as a result of the organ's mutilated condition and the duration of the functional burden involved that the danger lies.", "contents": "[Hemi-agenesis of the thyroid gland]. The paper is based on the observation of two cases of thyroid hemiagenesis, not so much for the rarity of the findings as for their diagnostic ambiguity. These aspects are discussed along with the consequent therapeutic problems. The concept of \"no clinical significance\" expressed elsewhere on the question of hemiagenetic thyroids is not shared because of possible development into goitre, myxoedema, Basedow's disease and, particularly, neoplastic degeneration. The congenitally incomplete organ is called on to sustain the entire functional burden from birth and even earlier. Where hemiagenesis is identified, this means careful supervision because it is precisely as a result of the organ's mutilated condition and the duration of the functional burden involved that the danger lies."}
{"id": "PMID:934493", "title": "[Hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma in the pediatric age].", "content": "A case of non-ketotic hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar diabetic coma in a 8 yr. old boy after a severe mental trauma is reported. This joins the 18 similar cases of paediatric age published up to now. On the basis of the results of virological and immunological investigations, insulinogenic function and psychodiagnosis, the diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis and therapy of this unusual event are discussed. The desirability of measuring plasma osmolarity in children diabetic coma is stressed.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma in the pediatric age]. A case of non-ketotic hyperglycaemic-hyperosmolar diabetic coma in a 8 yr. old boy after a severe mental trauma is reported. This joins the 18 similar cases of paediatric age published up to now. On the basis of the results of virological and immunological investigations, insulinogenic function and psychodiagnosis, the diagnosis, aetiopathogenesis and therapy of this unusual event are discussed. The desirability of measuring plasma osmolarity in children diabetic coma is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:934495", "title": "[The vanishing testis syndrome. Considerations on a case].", "content": "The aetiopathogenesis and clinical and diagnostic features of bilateral absence of the testicles in 46XY subjects are briefly reviewed. A eunuchoid 25-yr-old patient with male sex chromatin, 46 XY genotype, plasma testosterone slightly below normal, normal urinary 17-KS unaltered by gonadotropin stimulation, and bilateral absence of the testicles is presented. Examination of the inguinal canal showed a funiculus and ductus deferens residue terminating in an adipose mass. Section of the fibrous duct showed that this mass was full of capillaries and venules. Lesion between the 14th and 16th week of pregnancy is postulated.", "contents": "[The vanishing testis syndrome. Considerations on a case]. The aetiopathogenesis and clinical and diagnostic features of bilateral absence of the testicles in 46XY subjects are briefly reviewed. A eunuchoid 25-yr-old patient with male sex chromatin, 46 XY genotype, plasma testosterone slightly below normal, normal urinary 17-KS unaltered by gonadotropin stimulation, and bilateral absence of the testicles is presented. Examination of the inguinal canal showed a funiculus and ductus deferens residue terminating in an adipose mass. Section of the fibrous duct showed that this mass was full of capillaries and venules. Lesion between the 14th and 16th week of pregnancy is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:934497", "title": "[Use of cloridarol in coronary insufficiency].", "content": "The therapeutical activity of a new oral drug with a coronaric and myocardiotrophic action of choice, 2-benzofuryl-p-chlorophenyl-carbinol (Menacor, Menarini) in 20 patients with chronic coronary insufficiency was studied by administering 750 mg/day for at least 20 days. General and gastroenteric tolerance was excellent, while good or fair therapeutic results were obtained in 16 cases (80%). It is felt that the drug can be usefully employed in the management of coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Use of cloridarol in coronary insufficiency]. The therapeutical activity of a new oral drug with a coronaric and myocardiotrophic action of choice, 2-benzofuryl-p-chlorophenyl-carbinol (Menacor, Menarini) in 20 patients with chronic coronary insufficiency was studied by administering 750 mg/day for at least 20 days. General and gastroenteric tolerance was excellent, while good or fair therapeutic results were obtained in 16 cases (80%). It is felt that the drug can be usefully employed in the management of coronary insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:934499", "title": "[Selective angiography and transcervical exeresis in mediastinal parthyroid adenoma with anomalous drainage].", "content": "A personal case of hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma is reported: selective angiography enabled the neoplasia to be precisely localized in an unusual site and made it possible to identify its abnormal venous drainage. Transcervical surgery was used to remove the adenoma and the patient cured with no relapse up to the present. In the light of this expecience and a review of the recent literature on diagnostic techniques, emphasis is laid on the effectiveness of angiography in the localization of parathyroid adenoma, a localization which should always be sought preoperatively to avoid the risk of pointless surgical exploration.", "contents": "[Selective angiography and transcervical exeresis in mediastinal parthyroid adenoma with anomalous drainage]. A personal case of hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma is reported: selective angiography enabled the neoplasia to be precisely localized in an unusual site and made it possible to identify its abnormal venous drainage. Transcervical surgery was used to remove the adenoma and the patient cured with no relapse up to the present. In the light of this expecience and a review of the recent literature on diagnostic techniques, emphasis is laid on the effectiveness of angiography in the localization of parathyroid adenoma, a localization which should always be sought preoperatively to avoid the risk of pointless surgical exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:934500", "title": "[Bleeding fibroma of the small intestine].", "content": "A case of serious, recurrent enterorrhagia is reported. The cause could not be identified with normal diagnostic tools and was discovered only after explorative laparotomy. The finding was benign ulcerated tumour of the small intestine, histologically defined as fibroma with fluorishing cellularity.", "contents": "[Bleeding fibroma of the small intestine]. A case of serious, recurrent enterorrhagia is reported. The cause could not be identified with normal diagnostic tools and was discovered only after explorative laparotomy. The finding was benign ulcerated tumour of the small intestine, histologically defined as fibroma with fluorishing cellularity."}
{"id": "PMID:934501", "title": "[\"Very slow\" cholangiography in hyperbilirubinemias and in chronic liver diseases].", "content": "The \"ultra-slow\" method for cholangiography in serious icterus due to chronic heptopathy is described. The results are related to different icterus stages. A comparison is drawn between this and conventional methods for examination of the bile ducts, assuming equal degrees of blood bilirubin.", "contents": "[\"Very slow\" cholangiography in hyperbilirubinemias and in chronic liver diseases]. The \"ultra-slow\" method for cholangiography in serious icterus due to chronic heptopathy is described. The results are related to different icterus stages. A comparison is drawn between this and conventional methods for examination of the bile ducts, assuming equal degrees of blood bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:934503", "title": "[Problems of gastrointestinal angiography].", "content": "The subject of abdominal angiography is discussed, for informational rather than technical reasons, on the basis of seven years personal experience. The method used to prepare the patient for angiography and emergency treatment of the various episodes of reaction to the contrast medium or of complications of arterial catheterism are illustrated and some of the most significant aspects of abdominal angiographic symptomatology described.", "contents": "[Problems of gastrointestinal angiography]. The subject of abdominal angiography is discussed, for informational rather than technical reasons, on the basis of seven years personal experience. The method used to prepare the patient for angiography and emergency treatment of the various episodes of reaction to the contrast medium or of complications of arterial catheterism are illustrated and some of the most significant aspects of abdominal angiographic symptomatology described."}
{"id": "PMID:934505", "title": "[Frequency of lung asbestos bodies in autopsy material at Udine].", "content": "Following chemical digestion of the pulmonary tissue, asbestos bodies were sought in 50 random necropsies carried out at Udine. The age of the subjects examined, 24 men and 26 women, was between 23 and 90, and 43 cases were older than 50. A positive finding was observed in 44 cases (88%).", "contents": "[Frequency of lung asbestos bodies in autopsy material at Udine]. Following chemical digestion of the pulmonary tissue, asbestos bodies were sought in 50 random necropsies carried out at Udine. The age of the subjects examined, 24 men and 26 women, was between 23 and 90, and 43 cases were older than 50. A positive finding was observed in 44 cases (88%)."}
{"id": "PMID:934506", "title": "[Clinico-statistical studies on 700 cases of lymphatic diseases of various kinds. Laboratory parameters].", "content": "Statistical assessment of laboratory data relating to about 700 cases of lymphopathy of various kinds was used in the elaboration of material to be used in diagnosis in the very early stages of the disease. Diagnostic tables giving a high degree of probability were prepared.", "contents": "[Clinico-statistical studies on 700 cases of lymphatic diseases of various kinds. Laboratory parameters]. Statistical assessment of laboratory data relating to about 700 cases of lymphopathy of various kinds was used in the elaboration of material to be used in diagnosis in the very early stages of the disease. Diagnostic tables giving a high degree of probability were prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:934507", "title": "[Cardiovascular disorders in young military personnel. Treatment and readjustment].", "content": "The vascular disturbances most commonly encountered in conscripts are examined and the features leading to their diagnosis and the consequent differentiation of organic heart diseases are described. Rhythm variations, auscultation abnormalities (systolic, diastolic and vascular murmurs, additional tones) and ECG alterations thus detected are seen as instances of functional disorders, of a non-dangerous nature that will regress or disappear in the course of time.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular disorders in young military personnel. Treatment and readjustment]. The vascular disturbances most commonly encountered in conscripts are examined and the features leading to their diagnosis and the consequent differentiation of organic heart diseases are described. Rhythm variations, auscultation abnormalities (systolic, diastolic and vascular murmurs, additional tones) and ECG alterations thus detected are seen as instances of functional disorders, of a non-dangerous nature that will regress or disappear in the course of time."}
{"id": "PMID:934508", "title": "[Behavior of the ventricular gradient under hypoxia conditions in applicants for officer pilot training schools].", "content": "Two ECG traces were taken to measure the value and orientation of the QRS, T wave, and ventricular gradient areas in 18 applicants for places in flying officer schools subjected to hypoxia by inhalation of a poor mixture. A significant reduction was noted in the T and ventricular gradient areas, whereas there was no appreciable change in the QRS. The significance and usefulness of this form of examination is discussed, particularly with respect to subjects with abnormal ECG responses in hypoxia.", "contents": "[Behavior of the ventricular gradient under hypoxia conditions in applicants for officer pilot training schools]. Two ECG traces were taken to measure the value and orientation of the QRS, T wave, and ventricular gradient areas in 18 applicants for places in flying officer schools subjected to hypoxia by inhalation of a poor mixture. A significant reduction was noted in the T and ventricular gradient areas, whereas there was no appreciable change in the QRS. The significance and usefulness of this form of examination is discussed, particularly with respect to subjects with abnormal ECG responses in hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:934509", "title": "[Chromosome studies of personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation at radar centers].", "content": "The possibility that chromosome alterations take place in personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation in radar centres has been studied. The study was carried out \"blind\" on short-term cultures of peripheral blood, some 450 metaphases being analysed for each case. No aberrations were found in either radar operators or controls and there was no statistically significant difference between them.", "contents": "[Chromosome studies of personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation at radar centers]. The possibility that chromosome alterations take place in personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation in radar centres has been studied. The study was carried out \"blind\" on short-term cultures of peripheral blood, some 450 metaphases being analysed for each case. No aberrations were found in either radar operators or controls and there was no statistically significant difference between them."}
{"id": "PMID:934510", "title": "[Various pulmonary lesions induced by high-pressure oxygen].", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygen may provoke lesions in various organs and tissues depending on the dose and application time. The toxic action mechanisms of oxygen are manifold. The pulmonary lesions that occur in mice submitted to various oxygen pressures are investigated. Anatomo-pathological examination revealed numerous alterations of various kinds depending on pressure used. Emphysema, pulmonary oedema and enormous inflammatory processes in the lung are the most frequent findings encountered in research.", "contents": "[Various pulmonary lesions induced by high-pressure oxygen]. Hyperbaric oxygen may provoke lesions in various organs and tissues depending on the dose and application time. The toxic action mechanisms of oxygen are manifold. The pulmonary lesions that occur in mice submitted to various oxygen pressures are investigated. Anatomo-pathological examination revealed numerous alterations of various kinds depending on pressure used. Emphysema, pulmonary oedema and enormous inflammatory processes in the lung are the most frequent findings encountered in research."}
{"id": "PMID:934511", "title": "[Health education campaign conducted among Air Force personnel in relation to visual refraction defects].", "content": "A permanent health education campaign was begum some months ago among air force personnel designed to persuade men of all functions and ranks and suffering from refraction defects, to use prescribed corrective means permanently. The causes of failure to use them on the part of many subjects are analysed and the desirability of the health education campaign and the most suitable means of conducting it are illustrated.", "contents": "[Health education campaign conducted among Air Force personnel in relation to visual refraction defects]. A permanent health education campaign was begum some months ago among air force personnel designed to persuade men of all functions and ranks and suffering from refraction defects, to use prescribed corrective means permanently. The causes of failure to use them on the part of many subjects are analysed and the desirability of the health education campaign and the most suitable means of conducting it are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:934512", "title": "[Development of the internal ear in albino rat embryos subjected to transverse acceleration at + 3 G.  Note 3: First observations on the ultrastructural picture of the labyrinth. 1st ultrastructural studies of the labyrinth].", "content": "Marked body size reduction (minus 50.5%), and delayed head and body skeletal development were noted in albino rat embryos following exposure of the mother to +/- 3 G acceleration for 3 hr/day between the 10th and 19th day of pregnancy. In addition, electron microscope examination of the inner ear showed signs of greater functional activity of the labyrinth, unaccompanied by reduction of development. Semicircular canal cells and size, in fact, were normal in the crests and at a distance from the latter. There was a marked increase in the number of mitochondria in the cells, in ER area and volume, and A and B glycogen granule richness compared with the controls, these being all signs of considerable activity. The findings substantiate prior histological and histochemical observations: the physiological stimulus offered by acceleration is highly specific for the inner ear structure, particularly that of the labyrinth, to the point where the handicap imposed by the circulatory hypoxia caused by such acceleration, by disturbing the mother-foetus circulation, is overcome.", "contents": "[Development of the internal ear in albino rat embryos subjected to transverse acceleration at + 3 G.  Note 3: First observations on the ultrastructural picture of the labyrinth. 1st ultrastructural studies of the labyrinth]. Marked body size reduction (minus 50.5%), and delayed head and body skeletal development were noted in albino rat embryos following exposure of the mother to +/- 3 G acceleration for 3 hr/day between the 10th and 19th day of pregnancy. In addition, electron microscope examination of the inner ear showed signs of greater functional activity of the labyrinth, unaccompanied by reduction of development. Semicircular canal cells and size, in fact, were normal in the crests and at a distance from the latter. There was a marked increase in the number of mitochondria in the cells, in ER area and volume, and A and B glycogen granule richness compared with the controls, these being all signs of considerable activity. The findings substantiate prior histological and histochemical observations: the physiological stimulus offered by acceleration is highly specific for the inner ear structure, particularly that of the labyrinth, to the point where the handicap imposed by the circulatory hypoxia caused by such acceleration, by disturbing the mother-foetus circulation, is overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:934513", "title": "[Biological effects of radiomimetic compounds: quantitative studies of changes in the urinary excretion of creatine and creatinine in rats treated with HN-2].", "content": "Urinary creatine and creatinine excretion in rats treated by HN-2 (\"bb'-dichlorodiethyl-N-methylamine\") has been studied as function of dose and time from administration. Experimental results obtained in treated animals show an increased urinary excretion for creatine and decreased urinary excretion for creatinine. The variations are correctly related with the dose. Observed modifications are compared with the informations about urinary creatine and creatinine excretion after ionizing radiations exposure. Within research bounds, experimental results let to regard studied compounds as a possible biological dose indicators in the HN-2 intoxication.", "contents": "[Biological effects of radiomimetic compounds: quantitative studies of changes in the urinary excretion of creatine and creatinine in rats treated with HN-2]. Urinary creatine and creatinine excretion in rats treated by HN-2 (\"bb'-dichlorodiethyl-N-methylamine\") has been studied as function of dose and time from administration. Experimental results obtained in treated animals show an increased urinary excretion for creatine and decreased urinary excretion for creatinine. The variations are correctly related with the dose. Observed modifications are compared with the informations about urinary creatine and creatinine excretion after ionizing radiations exposure. Within research bounds, experimental results let to regard studied compounds as a possible biological dose indicators in the HN-2 intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:934514", "title": "[Normal echogram of the mitral valve. Study of 50 normal, military-age subjects].", "content": "The mitral echograms of 50 normal subjects of military age were studied and basic parameters compared with anthropometric data and heart frequency; unlike what has been found by other workers, no significant statistical correlation was observed. Mean values of the parameters used are not substantially different to those reported in the literature consulted although deeper statistical studies are required if more valid standards are to be found.", "contents": "[Normal echogram of the mitral valve. Study of 50 normal, military-age subjects]. The mitral echograms of 50 normal subjects of military age were studied and basic parameters compared with anthropometric data and heart frequency; unlike what has been found by other workers, no significant statistical correlation was observed. Mean values of the parameters used are not substantially different to those reported in the literature consulted although deeper statistical studies are required if more valid standards are to be found."}
{"id": "PMID:934515", "title": "[Our experience with peripheral vascular contrastography].", "content": "The Authors are showing here come of the most significant clinical instances of lumbar aortography and upper & lower limbs arteriography and flebography. As the work comes from the cooperation between a civilian and a Navy medical staff, the Authors hope the'll be allowed by their own respective Authorities to go further on cooperating.", "contents": "[Our experience with peripheral vascular contrastography]. The Authors are showing here come of the most significant clinical instances of lumbar aortography and upper & lower limbs arteriography and flebography. As the work comes from the cooperation between a civilian and a Navy medical staff, the Authors hope the'll be allowed by their own respective Authorities to go further on cooperating."}
{"id": "PMID:934516", "title": "[Personal experiences of immunotherapy using the transfer factor].", "content": "Six subjects, four suffering from chronic mucocutaneous candidosis, one from ataxiatelangiectasia and one from partial combined immunological deficiency with ongoing pulmonary tuberculosis, were treated with transfer factor. The deficient immunological situation normalized in all subjects after treatment. Clinically, all showed improvement excepting one candidosis case.", "contents": "[Personal experiences of immunotherapy using the transfer factor]. Six subjects, four suffering from chronic mucocutaneous candidosis, one from ataxiatelangiectasia and one from partial combined immunological deficiency with ongoing pulmonary tuberculosis, were treated with transfer factor. The deficient immunological situation normalized in all subjects after treatment. Clinically, all showed improvement excepting one candidosis case."}
{"id": "PMID:934528", "title": "[Nosological classification of headaches].", "content": "The problem of headache classification is still open. As a mention of all the attempts to classification is not possible, the Author proposes the scheme of work adopted at Turin Headache Unit (referring himself to the best known classifications). The most important idiopathic headaches are described and it is also suggested that they should be kept separated, one from the other, at least up to now. This criterium makes also easier their differential diagnosis from other head pains. Anyway, is has to be emphasized the actual tendency to group together an ever larger amount of headache types.", "contents": "[Nosological classification of headaches]. The problem of headache classification is still open. As a mention of all the attempts to classification is not possible, the Author proposes the scheme of work adopted at Turin Headache Unit (referring himself to the best known classifications). The most important idiopathic headaches are described and it is also suggested that they should be kept separated, one from the other, at least up to now. This criterium makes also easier their differential diagnosis from other head pains. Anyway, is has to be emphasized the actual tendency to group together an ever larger amount of headache types."}
{"id": "PMID:934529", "title": "[Exploration of extra-cephalic pain induced in essential headaches].", "content": "The deep pain threshold and migrainous patient's tolerance were investigated by different methods such as: the post-ischemic stasis, muscular exercise in an ischemic condition, sural pressure, comparing them with the cold pain test employed to assess the superficial pain threshold. The tests were carried out simultaneously and symmetrically to both extremities in order to check the possible asymmetry of the pain threshold. Migrainous patients showed a reduced threshold and a lower tolerance to deep pain, while this is not evident when testing the superficial threshold. The simultaneous measurement of both extremities showed higher differences in migrainous patients than in control patients. The meaning of the change of systemic pain is discussed, with special reference to the possible correlation with the hypothesis of a central origin of pain in essential headaches.", "contents": "[Exploration of extra-cephalic pain induced in essential headaches]. The deep pain threshold and migrainous patient's tolerance were investigated by different methods such as: the post-ischemic stasis, muscular exercise in an ischemic condition, sural pressure, comparing them with the cold pain test employed to assess the superficial pain threshold. The tests were carried out simultaneously and symmetrically to both extremities in order to check the possible asymmetry of the pain threshold. Migrainous patients showed a reduced threshold and a lower tolerance to deep pain, while this is not evident when testing the superficial threshold. The simultaneous measurement of both extremities showed higher differences in migrainous patients than in control patients. The meaning of the change of systemic pain is discussed, with special reference to the possible correlation with the hypothesis of a central origin of pain in essential headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:934530", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic studies using the cryoprobe in various forms of facial pain, not of the migraine or trigeminal type].", "content": "The application of cold in neurosurgery (cryosurgery) has already clearly shown that it acts on the nervous structures in two opposite directions, depending on the temperature: i.e., at temperature from 0 degrees to --10 degrees, it stimulates the nervous fibres, and, at lower temperatures (below--80 degrees), it causes their destruction. On these bases we started our diagnostic researches and the treatment of certain forms of non-migraine nor trigeminal facial pain.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic studies using the cryoprobe in various forms of facial pain, not of the migraine or trigeminal type]. The application of cold in neurosurgery (cryosurgery) has already clearly shown that it acts on the nervous structures in two opposite directions, depending on the temperature: i.e., at temperature from 0 degrees to --10 degrees, it stimulates the nervous fibres, and, at lower temperatures (below--80 degrees), it causes their destruction. On these bases we started our diagnostic researches and the treatment of certain forms of non-migraine nor trigeminal facial pain."}
{"id": "PMID:934531", "title": "[Changes of testosterone levels in the cluster headache syndrome. Preliminary study].", "content": "In a preliminary study, plasma testosterone values were obtained by the RIA method from 2 groups of cluster headache males at separate laboratories. Within each group the mean testosterone levels were compared between normal control and cluster patients in active and remission periods. Significantly lower values were consistently obtained from the active cluster patients when compared to either cluster-remission or normal control. The results of this preliminary study are interpreted as revealing a possible association of lowered plasma testosterone levels with the active cluster period in cluster headache syndrome.", "contents": "[Changes of testosterone levels in the cluster headache syndrome. Preliminary study]. In a preliminary study, plasma testosterone values were obtained by the RIA method from 2 groups of cluster headache males at separate laboratories. Within each group the mean testosterone levels were compared between normal control and cluster patients in active and remission periods. Significantly lower values were consistently obtained from the active cluster patients when compared to either cluster-remission or normal control. The results of this preliminary study are interpreted as revealing a possible association of lowered plasma testosterone levels with the active cluster period in cluster headache syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:934532", "title": "[Headache in the pathology of small cerebral blood vessels: study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "Seventy-two records of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty-one fulfilled the criteria for the disease. Forty-six percent had clinical evidence of central nervous system involvement. The incidence of headache was compared in those with and without central nervous system lupus. No difference in the frequency of headache in the two groups was found and the incidence of hypertension, renal disease and steroid therapy was equally distributed among those with and without headache. A significantly higher incidence of hypertension was found in patients with central nervous system lupus erythematosus. We conclude that headache in systemic lupus erythematosus in the absence of neurologic symptoms or signs is no indication of central nervous system involvement by the process and that small vessel disease of the brain is not a cause of headache.", "contents": "[Headache in the pathology of small cerebral blood vessels: study of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. Seventy-two records of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty-one fulfilled the criteria for the disease. Forty-six percent had clinical evidence of central nervous system involvement. The incidence of headache was compared in those with and without central nervous system lupus. No difference in the frequency of headache in the two groups was found and the incidence of hypertension, renal disease and steroid therapy was equally distributed among those with and without headache. A significantly higher incidence of hypertension was found in patients with central nervous system lupus erythematosus. We conclude that headache in systemic lupus erythematosus in the absence of neurologic symptoms or signs is no indication of central nervous system involvement by the process and that small vessel disease of the brain is not a cause of headache."}
{"id": "PMID:934533", "title": "[The use of drugs in migraine].", "content": "Drugs may be given either for treatment of the acute attack or as prophylaxis. Those most commonly used for the acute attack are analgesics, anti-emetics and ergotamine tartrate. A recent work (Volans, 1974) has shown that absorption may be impaired during a migraine attack. It is important therefore that not only is the analgesic given in an easily absorbed form but that a drug such as metaclopromide should be given to help restore the normal activity of the gastro-intestinal tract. Patients having one or more attacks of migraine a week may need prophylactic treatment. The drugs now used include: Methysergide, should only be used for severe cases when no other treatment has been found helpful. Dihydroergotamine, the vasoconstrictor activity is less than in ergotamine tartrate and can therefore be used prophylactically. Pizotifen, possesses powerful anti-serotonin properties. It also has marked antihistamine and antitryptamine properties as well as being a central sedative and anti-depressant. Clonidine, in doses of 1 mugm/Kg renders the blood vessels less sensitive to circulating amines and seems to be effective in about one third of patients with classical or common migraine. Sympathetic Blocking Agents: alpha-blockers: indoramine has recently given some good results; beta-blockers: such as propanolol and pindolol have also been used. Full trials of all the substances are now in progress. Tranquilisers and anti-depressants, two of those commonly used are diazepam and amitryptiline. In either cases a small dose only should be used. Anticonvulsants, phenytoin in doses of 50-100 mgs per day is sometimes helpful particularly in children or in those who have abnormal electroencephalograms.", "contents": "[The use of drugs in migraine]. Drugs may be given either for treatment of the acute attack or as prophylaxis. Those most commonly used for the acute attack are analgesics, anti-emetics and ergotamine tartrate. A recent work (Volans, 1974) has shown that absorption may be impaired during a migraine attack. It is important therefore that not only is the analgesic given in an easily absorbed form but that a drug such as metaclopromide should be given to help restore the normal activity of the gastro-intestinal tract. Patients having one or more attacks of migraine a week may need prophylactic treatment. The drugs now used include: Methysergide, should only be used for severe cases when no other treatment has been found helpful. Dihydroergotamine, the vasoconstrictor activity is less than in ergotamine tartrate and can therefore be used prophylactically. Pizotifen, possesses powerful anti-serotonin properties. It also has marked antihistamine and antitryptamine properties as well as being a central sedative and anti-depressant. Clonidine, in doses of 1 mugm/Kg renders the blood vessels less sensitive to circulating amines and seems to be effective in about one third of patients with classical or common migraine. Sympathetic Blocking Agents: alpha-blockers: indoramine has recently given some good results; beta-blockers: such as propanolol and pindolol have also been used. Full trials of all the substances are now in progress. Tranquilisers and anti-depressants, two of those commonly used are diazepam and amitryptiline. In either cases a small dose only should be used. Anticonvulsants, phenytoin in doses of 50-100 mgs per day is sometimes helpful particularly in children or in those who have abnormal electroencephalograms."}
{"id": "PMID:934534", "title": "[Reserpine in the prevention of migraine and in the therapy of tension-vascular headache].", "content": "The results of many researches on migraine pathogenesis and our knowledge of the pharmacological action of reserpine led us to start using it in migraine prophylaxis ten years ago. For this purpose, standardized cycles of twenty administrations--heach dose being of 0.20 mg--were given intravenously; each cycle lasted a period of six to eight weeks. The positive data obtained on 300 patients suffering from severe migraine resulted statistically significant. Then, a double-blind clinical trial was carried out in Turin in agreement with a double-blind biochemical trial carried out in Copenhagen by Fog-M\u00f8ller, Dalsgaard-Nielsen, Byrndum and Kemp Genefke. The results obtained have confirmed the efficacy of reserpine administered in appropriate doses and enabled the demonstration of its pharmacological mechanism. The results obtained also in \"tension-vascular headache\" with reserpine treatment were reviewed retrospectively and were highly significant.", "contents": "[Reserpine in the prevention of migraine and in the therapy of tension-vascular headache]. The results of many researches on migraine pathogenesis and our knowledge of the pharmacological action of reserpine led us to start using it in migraine prophylaxis ten years ago. For this purpose, standardized cycles of twenty administrations--heach dose being of 0.20 mg--were given intravenously; each cycle lasted a period of six to eight weeks. The positive data obtained on 300 patients suffering from severe migraine resulted statistically significant. Then, a double-blind clinical trial was carried out in Turin in agreement with a double-blind biochemical trial carried out in Copenhagen by Fog-M\u00f8ller, Dalsgaard-Nielsen, Byrndum and Kemp Genefke. The results obtained have confirmed the efficacy of reserpine administered in appropriate doses and enabled the demonstration of its pharmacological mechanism. The results obtained also in \"tension-vascular headache\" with reserpine treatment were reviewed retrospectively and were highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:934535", "title": "[The action of reserpine on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the venous blood of migraine patients].", "content": "Vasoactive amines, particularly 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) have been implicated as the cause of migraine. Our study was a biochemical one on the effect of reserpine on the content of 5-HT, NE and E in migraneurs. The effect of one single infection of reserpine. 23 migrainous patients and 7 controls were given one i.m. injection of reserpine (1,5 mg/1.7 m2 surface). The content of 5-HT in blood platelets of 8 migraneurs and 7 controls 6 hours after the injection of reserpine decreased to comparable levels in both groups. The serotonin releasing effect of reserpine, however, is different from that of tyramine. The effect of prolonged reserpine medication. The effect of i.v. injection of reserpine over a period of 6 weeks on 5-HT, NE and E, was investigated. The doses of reserpine corresponded exactly to the doses already used by Nattero et al. (0.2 mg reserpine 3 times a week for 6 weeks). In correspondance with this work a double blind clinical examination was carried out by Nattero et al. (1975). Blood amine levels were measured weekly. The NE decreased to a minimum of 62% of basal mean value after 3-7 weeks of treatment. The decrease is significant from the third to the sixth week. Basal value was not reached until 6 weeks after withdrawal of reserpine. The concentration of 5-HT in blood platelets decreased to 5% of basal mean value and remained low during the reserpine treatment. The decrease is highly significant. A clinical improvement began 1-2 weeks after the introduction of reserpine treatment, continued during treatment and for 2-6 weeks after. In the open trial performed by us, we can confirm the results of Nattero et al. We demonstrated a marked decrease in concentration of blood amines corresponding to clinical improvement.", "contents": "[The action of reserpine on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the venous blood of migraine patients]. Vasoactive amines, particularly 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) have been implicated as the cause of migraine. Our study was a biochemical one on the effect of reserpine on the content of 5-HT, NE and E in migraneurs. The effect of one single infection of reserpine. 23 migrainous patients and 7 controls were given one i.m. injection of reserpine (1,5 mg/1.7 m2 surface). The content of 5-HT in blood platelets of 8 migraneurs and 7 controls 6 hours after the injection of reserpine decreased to comparable levels in both groups. The serotonin releasing effect of reserpine, however, is different from that of tyramine. The effect of prolonged reserpine medication. The effect of i.v. injection of reserpine over a period of 6 weeks on 5-HT, NE and E, was investigated. The doses of reserpine corresponded exactly to the doses already used by Nattero et al. (0.2 mg reserpine 3 times a week for 6 weeks). In correspondance with this work a double blind clinical examination was carried out by Nattero et al. (1975). Blood amine levels were measured weekly. The NE decreased to a minimum of 62% of basal mean value after 3-7 weeks of treatment. The decrease is significant from the third to the sixth week. Basal value was not reached until 6 weeks after withdrawal of reserpine. The concentration of 5-HT in blood platelets decreased to 5% of basal mean value and remained low during the reserpine treatment. The decrease is highly significant. A clinical improvement began 1-2 weeks after the introduction of reserpine treatment, continued during treatment and for 2-6 weeks after. In the open trial performed by us, we can confirm the results of Nattero et al. We demonstrated a marked decrease in concentration of blood amines corresponding to clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:934536", "title": "[Cranial acupuncture in the treatment of spasticity. Clinical results].", "content": "Hospitals in communist China perfected a new acupuncture technique about 3 yrs ago, whereby needles are placed in the scalp to stimulate the cortical centres below. This method is particularly indicated in subjects with neurological damage. Results observed in 45 subjects with cerebral vasculopathy at the neurological clinic of Pisa University and the reflexotherapy service of the University of Turin were encouraging and suggest that clinical experimentation should be attempted on a wider scale.", "contents": "[Cranial acupuncture in the treatment of spasticity. Clinical results]. Hospitals in communist China perfected a new acupuncture technique about 3 yrs ago, whereby needles are placed in the scalp to stimulate the cortical centres below. This method is particularly indicated in subjects with neurological damage. Results observed in 45 subjects with cerebral vasculopathy at the neurological clinic of Pisa University and the reflexotherapy service of the University of Turin were encouraging and suggest that clinical experimentation should be attempted on a wider scale."}
{"id": "PMID:934537", "title": "[Cranial acupuncture in the treatment of spasticity. Neurophysiological findings].", "content": "On the basis of a study of the innervation of the cutaneous areas stimulated in cranial acupuncture, a neurophysiological classification of the technique is proposed, considering the bulbar level as the first site of integration of the afferent vessels activated by cranial acupuncture.", "contents": "[Cranial acupuncture in the treatment of spasticity. Neurophysiological findings]. On the basis of a study of the innervation of the cutaneous areas stimulated in cranial acupuncture, a neurophysiological classification of the technique is proposed, considering the bulbar level as the first site of integration of the afferent vessels activated by cranial acupuncture."}
{"id": "PMID:934538", "title": "[Primary results of the reflexotherapy in the syndrome of irritable colon. Preliminary note5].", "content": "After stressing the uncertainties of classifying the syndrome exactly and the part played by psychosomatism in its aetiopathogenesis, some forms of acupuncture have been attempted as alternatives to psychodrugs and antispastic substances. 50 cases are examined in which diagnosis of irritable colon was confirmed by thorough clinical and laboratory examinations, use is also being made of appropriate computerizable tables.", "contents": "[Primary results of the reflexotherapy in the syndrome of irritable colon. Preliminary note5]. After stressing the uncertainties of classifying the syndrome exactly and the part played by psychosomatism in its aetiopathogenesis, some forms of acupuncture have been attempted as alternatives to psychodrugs and antispastic substances. 50 cases are examined in which diagnosis of irritable colon was confirmed by thorough clinical and laboratory examinations, use is also being made of appropriate computerizable tables."}
{"id": "PMID:934539", "title": "[Hyperbaric treatment in the post-bronchitic emphysema].", "content": "Following some introductory mention of the physiology of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and some notes on the physiology of postbronchitic emphysema and its cardiac, hepatic, renal and neurological sequelae, a personal method of hyperbaric treatment is described. The results in the first 50 emphysematous patients submitted to this therapy are reported along with those of the examinations carried out to evaluate respiratory function, and changes in haematosis, and cardiac, hepatic, neurological and renal function. It is concluded that hyperbaric treatment of postbronchitic emphysema should be considered of choice for quick, effective resolution of alterations in haematosis and the organic sequelae deriving from respiratory insufficiency. In association with other therapy (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and balsamic drugs) it is also capable of stopping or usefully delaying the disease's development.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric treatment in the post-bronchitic emphysema]. Following some introductory mention of the physiology of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and some notes on the physiology of postbronchitic emphysema and its cardiac, hepatic, renal and neurological sequelae, a personal method of hyperbaric treatment is described. The results in the first 50 emphysematous patients submitted to this therapy are reported along with those of the examinations carried out to evaluate respiratory function, and changes in haematosis, and cardiac, hepatic, neurological and renal function. It is concluded that hyperbaric treatment of postbronchitic emphysema should be considered of choice for quick, effective resolution of alterations in haematosis and the organic sequelae deriving from respiratory insufficiency. In association with other therapy (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and balsamic drugs) it is also capable of stopping or usefully delaying the disease's development."}
{"id": "PMID:934540", "title": "[Indications and limitations of ultrasonic investigation in abdominal pathology].", "content": "Investigation of the abdomen by ultrasounds must now be included among routine tools in abdominal diseases. All abdominal organs, with the exception of the intestine with its gas content, are open to investigation with this technique which combines harmlessness and rapidity with its unique possibility of making differential diagnosis possible in structures with different tissue constitution. The limitations are to be sought more in the examiner's interpretational capacities and in the apparatu's limited resolution power rather than in the technique proper.", "contents": "[Indications and limitations of ultrasonic investigation in abdominal pathology]. Investigation of the abdomen by ultrasounds must now be included among routine tools in abdominal diseases. All abdominal organs, with the exception of the intestine with its gas content, are open to investigation with this technique which combines harmlessness and rapidity with its unique possibility of making differential diagnosis possible in structures with different tissue constitution. The limitations are to be sought more in the examiner's interpretational capacities and in the apparatu's limited resolution power rather than in the technique proper."}
{"id": "PMID:934541", "title": "[Alithiasic cholecystopathies. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "The frequency of alithiasic cholecystitis is considered and the various forms are subdivided into diffuse and localized dyskinesia. Symptomatology is described and the former are indicated as being electively medical and the latter surgical forms whether the condition is congenital or acquired. The various forms of cholecystosis are also distinguished with full documentation. Symptomatological techniques and diagnostic conclusions are illustrated for all forms and personal experience with their therapy reported.", "contents": "[Alithiasic cholecystopathies. Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. The frequency of alithiasic cholecystitis is considered and the various forms are subdivided into diffuse and localized dyskinesia. Symptomatology is described and the former are indicated as being electively medical and the latter surgical forms whether the condition is congenital or acquired. The various forms of cholecystosis are also distinguished with full documentation. Symptomatological techniques and diagnostic conclusions are illustrated for all forms and personal experience with their therapy reported."}
{"id": "PMID:934542", "title": "[Metabolic alkalosis. Relation between bicarbonate load and the behavior of blood lactic acid in the light of the intra-erythrocyte indices of the acid-base balance].", "content": "The plasma an intra-erythrocyte acid-base balance in man was studied, along with blood pyruvate and lactate levels, in acute metabolic alkalosis induced by i.v. infusion of bicarbonate. It was found that the red cell offers a satisfactory expression of the phenomena that occur in the intracellular space. The bicarbonate ion has difficulty in crossing the red cell membrane, while the production of lactate is seen as a fundamental compensation mechanism for rapid buffering of the extra base.", "contents": "[Metabolic alkalosis. Relation between bicarbonate load and the behavior of blood lactic acid in the light of the intra-erythrocyte indices of the acid-base balance]. The plasma an intra-erythrocyte acid-base balance in man was studied, along with blood pyruvate and lactate levels, in acute metabolic alkalosis induced by i.v. infusion of bicarbonate. It was found that the red cell offers a satisfactory expression of the phenomena that occur in the intracellular space. The bicarbonate ion has difficulty in crossing the red cell membrane, while the production of lactate is seen as a fundamental compensation mechanism for rapid buffering of the extra base."}
{"id": "PMID:934545", "title": "[Therapeutic possibilities in idiopathic headaches. Analysis of about 1000 cases].", "content": "This work is an attempt to find an answer to the question: once arrived at the diagnostic identification of a certain type of idiopathic headache, which treatment should be followed? On the basis of recent researches and experience acquired during ten years' activity of our Headache Unit, a diagnostic identification can be made for migraine (in all its types and evolution stages), cluster headache, tension headache and pure psycogenic headache. Among the most widely used drugs, positive pharmacological results were obtained with: cyproheptadine, pizotifen, cinnarizine, lysergic acid derivatives, histamine, reserpine, clonidine and a barbituric acid derivative. The therapeutic cycles were standardized, for each drug, in the way of administration, dosage and total duration of the treatment. A comparison between the data obtained and the pre-therapeutic situation was made. When repeated, the most efficacious therapeutic cycle was evaluated. According to Pearson's dispersion index, each group of patients improved respresents 16.68% of the expected total results (frequency of attacks reduced to 50%, 25% and 0%): for cyproheptadine, pizotifen, methysergide, histamine, clonidine and allil-propyl-malonylurea, the \"p\" is less than 0.001; for cinnarizine, less than 0.02. This \"a posteriori\" analysis does not take into account the placebo control, the \"anticipation effect\", and the \"carry over effect\". It cannot therefore be a comparison of efficacy among the various drugs. An evaluation based on \"among patients\" and \"inside patient\" method by means of the cross over system, can instead give some useful suggestion about which treatment is to be recommended to patients suffering from recurrent headaches. With regard to migraine sufferers: cinnarizine, cyproheptadine, clonidine, histamine, pizotifen und reserpine. For cluster headaches: cinnarizine, cyproheptadine, clonidine, histamine and reserpine. For tension headaches: cyproheptadine. For pure psychogenic headache: allyl-propyl-malonylurea. For migraine attacks or parossystic crises in the course of ondulating or continuous headaches, positive therapeutic results, statistically significant, were obtained with an association of indomethacin, caffeine and prochlorperazine.", "contents": "[Therapeutic possibilities in idiopathic headaches. Analysis of about 1000 cases]. This work is an attempt to find an answer to the question: once arrived at the diagnostic identification of a certain type of idiopathic headache, which treatment should be followed? On the basis of recent researches and experience acquired during ten years' activity of our Headache Unit, a diagnostic identification can be made for migraine (in all its types and evolution stages), cluster headache, tension headache and pure psycogenic headache. Among the most widely used drugs, positive pharmacological results were obtained with: cyproheptadine, pizotifen, cinnarizine, lysergic acid derivatives, histamine, reserpine, clonidine and a barbituric acid derivative. The therapeutic cycles were standardized, for each drug, in the way of administration, dosage and total duration of the treatment. A comparison between the data obtained and the pre-therapeutic situation was made. When repeated, the most efficacious therapeutic cycle was evaluated. According to Pearson's dispersion index, each group of patients improved respresents 16.68% of the expected total results (frequency of attacks reduced to 50%, 25% and 0%): for cyproheptadine, pizotifen, methysergide, histamine, clonidine and allil-propyl-malonylurea, the \"p\" is less than 0.001; for cinnarizine, less than 0.02. This \"a posteriori\" analysis does not take into account the placebo control, the \"anticipation effect\", and the \"carry over effect\". It cannot therefore be a comparison of efficacy among the various drugs. An evaluation based on \"among patients\" and \"inside patient\" method by means of the cross over system, can instead give some useful suggestion about which treatment is to be recommended to patients suffering from recurrent headaches. With regard to migraine sufferers: cinnarizine, cyproheptadine, clonidine, histamine, pizotifen und reserpine. For cluster headaches: cinnarizine, cyproheptadine, clonidine, histamine and reserpine. For tension headaches: cyproheptadine. For pure psychogenic headache: allyl-propyl-malonylurea. For migraine attacks or parossystic crises in the course of ondulating or continuous headaches, positive therapeutic results, statistically significant, were obtained with an association of indomethacin, caffeine and prochlorperazine."}
{"id": "PMID:934546", "title": "[Long-term studies of patients with headache and pathological EEG].", "content": "In 53 patients, consulting for headache of different types, a pathological EEG had been observed several years ago; at this time, a neurological or medical origin of the bioelectric abnormalities could not be found. These patients (average age: 32.4 y.) were reexamined systematically after an average delay of 3 years. Generally, one observes a clear improvement or a normalization of the EEG and the clinical state. In 1/9 only of the population the EEG-abnormalities persisted. All these patients belonged to a subgroup, where certain complicating factors (cerebral-organic or general) could be specified. No brain tumour had developed meanwhile. The authors conclude: a pathological EEG in the context of headache does not obligatory indicate bad prognosis.", "contents": "[Long-term studies of patients with headache and pathological EEG]. In 53 patients, consulting for headache of different types, a pathological EEG had been observed several years ago; at this time, a neurological or medical origin of the bioelectric abnormalities could not be found. These patients (average age: 32.4 y.) were reexamined systematically after an average delay of 3 years. Generally, one observes a clear improvement or a normalization of the EEG and the clinical state. In 1/9 only of the population the EEG-abnormalities persisted. All these patients belonged to a subgroup, where certain complicating factors (cerebral-organic or general) could be specified. No brain tumour had developed meanwhile. The authors conclude: a pathological EEG in the context of headache does not obligatory indicate bad prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:934547", "title": "[Meteorotropy of vasomotor cephalea].", "content": "During a period of 823 days (from 1st October 1971 to 31st December 1973), attacks of migraine, non-migraine vascular cephalea and cephalea due to other neighbouring disturbances strong enough to affect working capacity were studied in 4 subjects. 2152 pieces of data were collected. 2) Frequency was at a minimum in summer and peaked in spring and autumn. 3) Comparison with meteorological conditions points to a highly significant recrudescence of disturbances in cold, damp weather, and meteorological periodicity independent of biological (circadian) rhythms.", "contents": "[Meteorotropy of vasomotor cephalea]. During a period of 823 days (from 1st October 1971 to 31st December 1973), attacks of migraine, non-migraine vascular cephalea and cephalea due to other neighbouring disturbances strong enough to affect working capacity were studied in 4 subjects. 2152 pieces of data were collected. 2) Frequency was at a minimum in summer and peaked in spring and autumn. 3) Comparison with meteorological conditions points to a highly significant recrudescence of disturbances in cold, damp weather, and meteorological periodicity independent of biological (circadian) rhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:934548", "title": "[Cerebral circulation (measured by isotopes) and acid-base equilibrium of the cerebrospinal fluid during migraine].", "content": "In migraine patients a considerable metabolic disturbance characterised by a decrease in bicarbonate and an increase in lactate was demonstrated during the migrainous state. Measurements of the cerebral circulation were taken by means of radioactive isotope and showed a distinct decrease in blood supply to the entire brain during the migraine attack. Following forced hyperventilation during the attack-free interval a pathological reactivity with decreased blood flow was found in the hemisphere which had been indicated as the usual site of the migrainous pain.", "contents": "[Cerebral circulation (measured by isotopes) and acid-base equilibrium of the cerebrospinal fluid during migraine]. In migraine patients a considerable metabolic disturbance characterised by a decrease in bicarbonate and an increase in lactate was demonstrated during the migrainous state. Measurements of the cerebral circulation were taken by means of radioactive isotope and showed a distinct decrease in blood supply to the entire brain during the migraine attack. Following forced hyperventilation during the attack-free interval a pathological reactivity with decreased blood flow was found in the hemisphere which had been indicated as the usual site of the migrainous pain."}
{"id": "PMID:934549", "title": "[Neurosurgical treatment of headaches].", "content": "Apart from headaches due to expanding lesions or vascular abnormalities which require a direct neurosurgical approach, some cases of untractable, acute or chronic headaches may need some neurosurgical management. Among these, \"low pressure hydrocephalus\" is responsible for a number of cases that can be relieved by ventriculo-atrial or ventriculo-peritoneal shunts: \"dural headaches\" including some atypic migraines and \"cluster headaches\" can be cured by sectioning of the afferent meningeal rootlet of the trigeminal nerve in its retrogasserian portion. Some occipital types of headache, \"venous headache\" or \"strain headache\", may benefit of a cross section of the occipital dura mater. The Authors have also used in selected cases of untractable headache, their technique of intermittent electrical stimulation of the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis by means of an implanted stimulator.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical treatment of headaches]. Apart from headaches due to expanding lesions or vascular abnormalities which require a direct neurosurgical approach, some cases of untractable, acute or chronic headaches may need some neurosurgical management. Among these, \"low pressure hydrocephalus\" is responsible for a number of cases that can be relieved by ventriculo-atrial or ventriculo-peritoneal shunts: \"dural headaches\" including some atypic migraines and \"cluster headaches\" can be cured by sectioning of the afferent meningeal rootlet of the trigeminal nerve in its retrogasserian portion. Some occipital types of headache, \"venous headache\" or \"strain headache\", may benefit of a cross section of the occipital dura mater. The Authors have also used in selected cases of untractable headache, their technique of intermittent electrical stimulation of the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis by means of an implanted stimulator."}
{"id": "PMID:934550", "title": "[Statistical approach to psychosomatic headaches].", "content": "Three groups of patients were compared statistically: 79 with the diagnosis psychosomatic headache' (in the strict sense of the term), 450 others whose headache was part of another disorder (termed symptomatic headache'), and 850 patients free from headache symptoms. The following characteristics were found for the group with psychosomatic headache: More psychosomatic diseases in the family, usually the eldest in birth rank, usually living in towns, married, two children, intellectual level above average, overweight, ego-strength with compulsive features, tendency towards oral abuse of different kinds, few other psychosomatic complaints (contrary to the group with symptomatic headache). In the discussion the Authors try to demonstrate the defensive function of this selective somatisation.", "contents": "[Statistical approach to psychosomatic headaches]. Three groups of patients were compared statistically: 79 with the diagnosis psychosomatic headache' (in the strict sense of the term), 450 others whose headache was part of another disorder (termed symptomatic headache'), and 850 patients free from headache symptoms. The following characteristics were found for the group with psychosomatic headache: More psychosomatic diseases in the family, usually the eldest in birth rank, usually living in towns, married, two children, intellectual level above average, overweight, ego-strength with compulsive features, tendency towards oral abuse of different kinds, few other psychosomatic complaints (contrary to the group with symptomatic headache). In the discussion the Authors try to demonstrate the defensive function of this selective somatisation."}
{"id": "PMID:934551", "title": "[Headache as initial symptom of schizophrenic disease].", "content": "Initial schizophrenia was observed in 15 out of 93 out-patients being treated for cephalea in a Regional Neuropsychiatrical Department. Certain abnormal phenomena in the field of consciousness and body sensations are typical of coenasthetic schizophrenia, with vital asthenia and vegetative symptoms. Cephaleas and head dysaesthesias are reported. There is no doubt that coenaesthetic schizophrenia has many points in common with latent schizophrenia; on the other hand it is also closely linked to hypochondriac depression, the syndrome of endogenous juvenile failure, certain latent depressions, hypochondriac euphoria, vegetative and endoreactive dysthmia and pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. Personal studies of stress responses in schizophrenia, and pneumoencephalographic examinations and EEG data in the active stage suggest diencephalic alteration. For diagnostic and initially therapeutic purposes, every patient with cephalea should be examined thoroughly by the psychiatrist; in this way the number of schizophrenias identified and treated will be considerably increased.", "contents": "[Headache as initial symptom of schizophrenic disease]. Initial schizophrenia was observed in 15 out of 93 out-patients being treated for cephalea in a Regional Neuropsychiatrical Department. Certain abnormal phenomena in the field of consciousness and body sensations are typical of coenasthetic schizophrenia, with vital asthenia and vegetative symptoms. Cephaleas and head dysaesthesias are reported. There is no doubt that coenaesthetic schizophrenia has many points in common with latent schizophrenia; on the other hand it is also closely linked to hypochondriac depression, the syndrome of endogenous juvenile failure, certain latent depressions, hypochondriac euphoria, vegetative and endoreactive dysthmia and pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. Personal studies of stress responses in schizophrenia, and pneumoencephalographic examinations and EEG data in the active stage suggest diencephalic alteration. For diagnostic and initially therapeutic purposes, every patient with cephalea should be examined thoroughly by the psychiatrist; in this way the number of schizophrenias identified and treated will be considerably increased."}
{"id": "PMID:934552", "title": "Endometrial abnormalities occurring in young women on long-term sequential oral contraception.", "content": "Recently the occurrence of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has been reported in young women exposed to sequential oral contraceptive agents for long periods of time. Twelve young women who had been using Oracon for periods of from 13 to 93 months were subjected to office endometrial aspirations. Tissue specimens showed endometrium which varied in diagnosis from proliferative endometrium to severe atypical adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia bordering on endometrial carcinoma in situ. Adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia is though by many investigators to be a precancerous condition. The progression of endometrial changes from benign proliferation to cystic hyperplasia and adenomatous hyperplasia accompanied by varying degrees of anaplasia in young women exposed to Oracon for long periods of time is significant. It is not surprising, therefore, that adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has been reported in these women at an age where this condition had been relatively uncommon prior to the use of sequential oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Endometrial abnormalities occurring in young women on long-term sequential oral contraception. Recently the occurrence of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has been reported in young women exposed to sequential oral contraceptive agents for long periods of time. Twelve young women who had been using Oracon for periods of from 13 to 93 months were subjected to office endometrial aspirations. Tissue specimens showed endometrium which varied in diagnosis from proliferative endometrium to severe atypical adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia bordering on endometrial carcinoma in situ. Adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia is though by many investigators to be a precancerous condition. The progression of endometrial changes from benign proliferation to cystic hyperplasia and adenomatous hyperplasia accompanied by varying degrees of anaplasia in young women exposed to Oracon for long periods of time is significant. It is not surprising, therefore, that adenocarcinoma of the endometrium has been reported in these women at an age where this condition had been relatively uncommon prior to the use of sequential oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:934553", "title": "Origin of estrogen in a postmenopausal woman with a nonendocrine tumor of the ovary and endometrial hyperplasia.", "content": "The origin and quantity of estrogen and androgen were measured in a postmenopausal woman with clinical signs of estrogen excess and a nonendocrine tumor of the ovary. The plasma androstenedione production rate was elevated 5-fold. The estrone production rate was also five times that normally expected for a postmenopausal women and could be accounted for totally by the extraglandular conversion of plasma and androstenedione. Following removal of the tumor, the concentration of plasma androstenedione and the estrone production rate fell dramatically to normal postmenopausal levels. It is concluded that this markedly increased androstenedione production was the result of excessive secretion of androstenedione by the hyperplastic stromal cells of the ovary containing the mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The excessive prehormone production together with its normal extraglandular conversion to estrone resulted in the massive increase in endogenous estrogen formation.", "contents": "Origin of estrogen in a postmenopausal woman with a nonendocrine tumor of the ovary and endometrial hyperplasia. The origin and quantity of estrogen and androgen were measured in a postmenopausal woman with clinical signs of estrogen excess and a nonendocrine tumor of the ovary. The plasma androstenedione production rate was elevated 5-fold. The estrone production rate was also five times that normally expected for a postmenopausal women and could be accounted for totally by the extraglandular conversion of plasma and androstenedione. Following removal of the tumor, the concentration of plasma androstenedione and the estrone production rate fell dramatically to normal postmenopausal levels. It is concluded that this markedly increased androstenedione production was the result of excessive secretion of androstenedione by the hyperplastic stromal cells of the ovary containing the mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. The excessive prehormone production together with its normal extraglandular conversion to estrone resulted in the massive increase in endogenous estrogen formation."}
{"id": "PMID:934554", "title": "Uterus unicornis with uterus solidaris.", "content": "Five patients are presented who manifested a heretofore unreported uterine anomaly: uterus unicornis with uterus solidaris. The condition is illustrated and described in detail. Patients with this anomaly have a good fertility potential, although they may expect a high fetal wastage, frequent premature labor and delivery, increased complications of pregnancy and delivery, and an increased incidence of infants that are small for the pregnancy duration. The importance of laparoscopy in diagnosing this anomaly is emphasized.", "contents": "Uterus unicornis with uterus solidaris. Five patients are presented who manifested a heretofore unreported uterine anomaly: uterus unicornis with uterus solidaris. The condition is illustrated and described in detail. Patients with this anomaly have a good fertility potential, although they may expect a high fetal wastage, frequent premature labor and delivery, increased complications of pregnancy and delivery, and an increased incidence of infants that are small for the pregnancy duration. The importance of laparoscopy in diagnosing this anomaly is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:934555", "title": "Uterine anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "Six cases of concomitant uterine anomalies and absent kidney are reported. Five of these were obstructive in type, 2 representing a mother and daughter relationship. The importance of investigation of the genitourinary system in the presence of uterine anomaly is emphasized. Fertility is unimpaired but obstetric complications are common, especially premature delivery and breech presentation. Treatment can be simple--drainage of unilateral hematocolpos--but excision of the septum may be necessary. The abnormal embryonic development is reviewed.", "contents": "Uterine anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis. Six cases of concomitant uterine anomalies and absent kidney are reported. Five of these were obstructive in type, 2 representing a mother and daughter relationship. The importance of investigation of the genitourinary system in the presence of uterine anomaly is emphasized. Fertility is unimpaired but obstetric complications are common, especially premature delivery and breech presentation. Treatment can be simple--drainage of unilateral hematocolpos--but excision of the septum may be necessary. The abnormal embryonic development is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:934556", "title": "T-tube suction drainage and/or prophylactic antibiotics. A randomized study of 451 hysterectomies.", "content": "The technics of T-tube suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space and of prophylactic antibiotics were evaluated each alone and then in combination in a randomized study of 451 private patients undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. As compared with results in a control group, suction drainage alone and prophylactic antibiotics alone were equally effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative pelvic infection and febrile morbidity. When the two technics were used in combination, there was further reduction in the incidence of pelvic infection and febrile morbidity. However, these results were not statistically different from those of either technic alone. Date are presented to indicate that hysterectomy is performed in a bacteriologically contaminated operative field and that a contaminated fluid collection routinely accumulates in the retroperitoneal space. It is therefore suggested that hysterectomy be managed as a potentially infected surgical wound.", "contents": "T-tube suction drainage and/or prophylactic antibiotics. A randomized study of 451 hysterectomies. The technics of T-tube suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space and of prophylactic antibiotics were evaluated each alone and then in combination in a randomized study of 451 private patients undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. As compared with results in a control group, suction drainage alone and prophylactic antibiotics alone were equally effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative pelvic infection and febrile morbidity. When the two technics were used in combination, there was further reduction in the incidence of pelvic infection and febrile morbidity. However, these results were not statistically different from those of either technic alone. Date are presented to indicate that hysterectomy is performed in a bacteriologically contaminated operative field and that a contaminated fluid collection routinely accumulates in the retroperitoneal space. It is therefore suggested that hysterectomy be managed as a potentially infected surgical wound."}
{"id": "PMID:934557", "title": "Selection of patients for clomiphene citrate therapy.", "content": "Ninety-three infertile women were treated with clomiphene citrate alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for absent or infrequent ovulation. The patients were divided into eight categories according to the diagnosis obtained: ovarian androgenic hyperplasia, adrenal androgenic hyperplasia, mixed ovarian and adrenal androgenic hyperplasia, hypothalamic anovulation, postpill anovulation, follicular phase defect, luteal phase defect, and amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Each group was analyzed individually to compare the ovulation and conception rates and the complications involved. A survey of the data presented in this study shows that the best response was noted in patients with ovarian androgenic hyperplasia. Patients with a functional pathologic adrenal component responded favorably when dexamethasone was used as an adjuvant to clomiphene therapy. Those with hypothalamic anovulation responded better when hCG was added to clomiphene therapy. Women with postpill anovulation as well as those with follicular phase defect were found to be good candidates for clomiphene therapy. In properly selected patients with poor luteal phase defect, hCG secured excellent results both in ovulation and conception. Patients with lactation amenorrhea failed to ovulate when treated with clomiphene alone.", "contents": "Selection of patients for clomiphene citrate therapy. Ninety-three infertile women were treated with clomiphene citrate alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for absent or infrequent ovulation. The patients were divided into eight categories according to the diagnosis obtained: ovarian androgenic hyperplasia, adrenal androgenic hyperplasia, mixed ovarian and adrenal androgenic hyperplasia, hypothalamic anovulation, postpill anovulation, follicular phase defect, luteal phase defect, and amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Each group was analyzed individually to compare the ovulation and conception rates and the complications involved. A survey of the data presented in this study shows that the best response was noted in patients with ovarian androgenic hyperplasia. Patients with a functional pathologic adrenal component responded favorably when dexamethasone was used as an adjuvant to clomiphene therapy. Those with hypothalamic anovulation responded better when hCG was added to clomiphene therapy. Women with postpill anovulation as well as those with follicular phase defect were found to be good candidates for clomiphene therapy. In properly selected patients with poor luteal phase defect, hCG secured excellent results both in ovulation and conception. Patients with lactation amenorrhea failed to ovulate when treated with clomiphene alone."}
{"id": "PMID:934559", "title": "Colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal cytologic smears during pregnancy.", "content": "One-hundred thirty-two patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears of the cervix uteri during pregnancy underwent colposcopic evaluation. Seventy-five patients had biopsies during pregnancy, and 34 patients had colposcopic evaluation without performing any biopsy. Postpartum colposcopic evaluation was performed on 95 patients. In 93 patients of this group, the postpartum cytologic and histologic information obtained was the same or less than that obtained in antepartum evaluation. In only 1 case, antepartum colposcopically guided biopsy at 38 weeks' gestation revealed moderate dysplasia, and postpartum cold conization showed carcinoma in situ. In another case, colposcopic evaluation and biopsy during pregnancy showed mild dysplasia while colposcopic biopsy as well as examination of a hysterectomy specimen taken at 16 months after delivery revealed severe dysplasia. No case of invasive carcinoma was missed during pregnancy. The results of this study, in support of previous reports, show that colposcopic evaluation is a simple, safe, and accurate method of investigating abnormal Papanicolaou smears during pregnancy.", "contents": "Colposcopic evaluation of patients with abnormal cytologic smears during pregnancy. One-hundred thirty-two patients with abnormal Papanicolaou smears of the cervix uteri during pregnancy underwent colposcopic evaluation. Seventy-five patients had biopsies during pregnancy, and 34 patients had colposcopic evaluation without performing any biopsy. Postpartum colposcopic evaluation was performed on 95 patients. In 93 patients of this group, the postpartum cytologic and histologic information obtained was the same or less than that obtained in antepartum evaluation. In only 1 case, antepartum colposcopically guided biopsy at 38 weeks' gestation revealed moderate dysplasia, and postpartum cold conization showed carcinoma in situ. In another case, colposcopic evaluation and biopsy during pregnancy showed mild dysplasia while colposcopic biopsy as well as examination of a hysterectomy specimen taken at 16 months after delivery revealed severe dysplasia. No case of invasive carcinoma was missed during pregnancy. The results of this study, in support of previous reports, show that colposcopic evaluation is a simple, safe, and accurate method of investigating abnormal Papanicolaou smears during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:934560", "title": "Obstetric complications after treatment of intrauterine synechiae (Asherman's syndrome).", "content": "This review comprises 36 patients who were treated for Asherman's syndrome from 1968 to 1974 at the Sloane Hospital for Women. Of the 18 patients who later conceived only 6 had uncomplicated term deliveries. Four had premature deliveries resulting in neonatal death. Three had placenta accreta and postpartum hemorrhage, necessitating a cesarean hysterectomy in 1. Two patients required cesarean section for complications due to the syndrome, 2 had spontaneous abortion, and 1 had a cervical pregnancy requiring total hysterectomy. Only 10 babies survived. The incidence and severity of complications in conceptions following treatment for Asherman's syndrome is high, and the obstetrician must be prepared to manage them.", "contents": "Obstetric complications after treatment of intrauterine synechiae (Asherman's syndrome). This review comprises 36 patients who were treated for Asherman's syndrome from 1968 to 1974 at the Sloane Hospital for Women. Of the 18 patients who later conceived only 6 had uncomplicated term deliveries. Four had premature deliveries resulting in neonatal death. Three had placenta accreta and postpartum hemorrhage, necessitating a cesarean hysterectomy in 1. Two patients required cesarean section for complications due to the syndrome, 2 had spontaneous abortion, and 1 had a cervical pregnancy requiring total hysterectomy. Only 10 babies survived. The incidence and severity of complications in conceptions following treatment for Asherman's syndrome is high, and the obstetrician must be prepared to manage them."}
{"id": "PMID:934561", "title": "Electronic fetal monitoring during labor.", "content": "Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring tracings from 620 women monitored internally over 60 minutes were analyzed. Fetal heart rate patterns were statistically analyzed against four variables of labor: 1) the presence of meconium; 2) fetal acidosis; 3) 1-minute Apgar score; and 4) clinical correlates considered as etiologic factors in FHR decelerations. No significant etiologic correlation was found between these clinical correlates and FHR deceleration patterns. Statistically significant correlations were established between poor neonatal outcome and fetal acidosis (P less than 0.01) and the presence of meconium (P less than 0.05). No correlation was found between FHR patterns and fetal acidosis. Variable deceleration showed no significant relation to low Apgar score (less than or equal to 6). Late deceleration showed a significant correlation with depressed infants. FHR patterns are best used as an alarm system of fetal difficulty than as an absolute measure of fetal distress.", "contents": "Electronic fetal monitoring during labor. Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring tracings from 620 women monitored internally over 60 minutes were analyzed. Fetal heart rate patterns were statistically analyzed against four variables of labor: 1) the presence of meconium; 2) fetal acidosis; 3) 1-minute Apgar score; and 4) clinical correlates considered as etiologic factors in FHR decelerations. No significant etiologic correlation was found between these clinical correlates and FHR deceleration patterns. Statistically significant correlations were established between poor neonatal outcome and fetal acidosis (P less than 0.01) and the presence of meconium (P less than 0.05). No correlation was found between FHR patterns and fetal acidosis. Variable deceleration showed no significant relation to low Apgar score (less than or equal to 6). Late deceleration showed a significant correlation with depressed infants. FHR patterns are best used as an alarm system of fetal difficulty than as an absolute measure of fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:934562", "title": "The choice of long-term anticoagulants for the pregnant patient.", "content": "The use of long-term anticoagulants in a pregnant patient poses many problems. In order to minimize the hazards for the patient and fetus the therapy must be individualized. A therapeutic regimen which calls for the use of both heparin and sodium warfarin at various intervals during gestation is discussed.", "contents": "The choice of long-term anticoagulants for the pregnant patient. The use of long-term anticoagulants in a pregnant patient poses many problems. In order to minimize the hazards for the patient and fetus the therapy must be individualized. A therapeutic regimen which calls for the use of both heparin and sodium warfarin at various intervals during gestation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934563", "title": "Pregnancy and lupus nephritis. A detailed report of six cases with a review of the literature.", "content": "The maternal and fetal courses of six pregnancies in 5 patients with histories of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis were studied. The immediate and remote effects of these pregnancies on specific parameters of renal function are discussed, and a review of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Pregnancy and lupus nephritis. A detailed report of six cases with a review of the literature. The maternal and fetal courses of six pregnancies in 5 patients with histories of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis were studied. The immediate and remote effects of these pregnancies on specific parameters of renal function are discussed, and a review of the literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:934565", "title": "Studies of human pregnancy. I. Immunoglobulins attached to the trophoblast.", "content": "The human placenta was studied for the binding of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgE, and C3 complement to the cell membrane of the trophoblast by use of fluorescein-conjugated and unlabelled antihuman immunoglobulins. Gestations of 8 to 40 weeks were evaluated for placental tissues taken from women undergoing therapeutic abortion, elective induction of labor, cesarean section, spontaneous labor, and toxemia of pregnancy. IgA was increased on the syncytial cytotrophoblast membranes at 8 to 10 weeks' gestation; IgE was present on the surface of the trophoblast only during spontaneous labor; and IgG was observed on the syncytial cytotrophoblastic cell membrane and basement membrane, and in the cytoplasm and the nucleus in all stages of gestation.", "contents": "Studies of human pregnancy. I. Immunoglobulins attached to the trophoblast. The human placenta was studied for the binding of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, IgE, and C3 complement to the cell membrane of the trophoblast by use of fluorescein-conjugated and unlabelled antihuman immunoglobulins. Gestations of 8 to 40 weeks were evaluated for placental tissues taken from women undergoing therapeutic abortion, elective induction of labor, cesarean section, spontaneous labor, and toxemia of pregnancy. IgA was increased on the syncytial cytotrophoblast membranes at 8 to 10 weeks' gestation; IgE was present on the surface of the trophoblast only during spontaneous labor; and IgG was observed on the syncytial cytotrophoblastic cell membrane and basement membrane, and in the cytoplasm and the nucleus in all stages of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:934566", "title": "Effect of aspirin on bleeding time during elective abortion.", "content": "The template bleeding time, indicative of a predictable measure of potential blood loss due to altered platelet function, is unaffected by pregnancy or by the first stage of labor. Two tablets of aspirin (650 mg), but not sodium salicylate or acetaminophen, significantly prolongs the template bleeding time for at least 26 hours after consumption in patients undergoing first or second trimester induced abortion. Patients anticipating induced pregnancy interruption should refrain from any aspirin consumption for at least 26 hours prior to abortion.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on bleeding time during elective abortion. The template bleeding time, indicative of a predictable measure of potential blood loss due to altered platelet function, is unaffected by pregnancy or by the first stage of labor. Two tablets of aspirin (650 mg), but not sodium salicylate or acetaminophen, significantly prolongs the template bleeding time for at least 26 hours after consumption in patients undergoing first or second trimester induced abortion. Patients anticipating induced pregnancy interruption should refrain from any aspirin consumption for at least 26 hours prior to abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:934567", "title": "Endometrial cytoloty. Using the Milan-Markley Technic.", "content": "Increased attention has been given to cytologic and histopathologic technic in the detection of endometrial lesions because of an increasing incidence of endometrial malignancy. The cervical-vaginal smear as performed by most clinicians is inadequate for the detection of endometrial neoplasia. Existing technics for the detection of endometrial lesions are costly and time consuming. An effective, reliable and economical technic has been developed for rapid smearing and fixation of endometrial cells. The routine endometrial screening of 739 patients (1143 specimens) using the Milan-Markley technic detected 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma, 1 case of carcinoma of the tube, 22 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, and 9 of endometrial polypi. It is hoped that this cytologic method will complement existing histologic detection procedures.", "contents": "Endometrial cytoloty. Using the Milan-Markley Technic. Increased attention has been given to cytologic and histopathologic technic in the detection of endometrial lesions because of an increasing incidence of endometrial malignancy. The cervical-vaginal smear as performed by most clinicians is inadequate for the detection of endometrial neoplasia. Existing technics for the detection of endometrial lesions are costly and time consuming. An effective, reliable and economical technic has been developed for rapid smearing and fixation of endometrial cells. The routine endometrial screening of 739 patients (1143 specimens) using the Milan-Markley technic detected 4 cases of endometrial carcinoma, 1 case of carcinoma of the tube, 22 cases of endometrial hyperplasia, and 9 of endometrial polypi. It is hoped that this cytologic method will complement existing histologic detection procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:934568", "title": "Inappropriate fetal bradycardia.", "content": "Intrauterine life demands unique respiratory and nutrient mechanisms, and it seems reasonable that some cardiorespiratory responses developed for later extrauterine life would not necessarily be entirely appropriate for the fetal period. In other words, a human fetus may not always be acting in its own best interest when it responds to intrauterine stress with what are appropriate extrauterine responses, such as gasping or the baroreflex (bradycardia). The detrimental effects of in utero gasping of meconium are well known, but the potentially harmful effects of inappropriate fetal bradycardia are little appreciated. A review of this condition is presented.", "contents": "Inappropriate fetal bradycardia. Intrauterine life demands unique respiratory and nutrient mechanisms, and it seems reasonable that some cardiorespiratory responses developed for later extrauterine life would not necessarily be entirely appropriate for the fetal period. In other words, a human fetus may not always be acting in its own best interest when it responds to intrauterine stress with what are appropriate extrauterine responses, such as gasping or the baroreflex (bradycardia). The detrimental effects of in utero gasping of meconium are well known, but the potentially harmful effects of inappropriate fetal bradycardia are little appreciated. A review of this condition is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:934569", "title": "Pregnancy in patients with renal disease. A study of 44 cases.", "content": "A study of 37 pregnant patients with renal disease is presented in an effort to gauge the effect of gestation on renal function and to establish guidelines for effictively managing pregnancy in these patients. Serum creatinine determinations as indicators of maternal well-being are proposed as the basis for deciding to continue or terminate the pregnancy.", "contents": "Pregnancy in patients with renal disease. A study of 44 cases. A study of 37 pregnant patients with renal disease is presented in an effort to gauge the effect of gestation on renal function and to establish guidelines for effictively managing pregnancy in these patients. Serum creatinine determinations as indicators of maternal well-being are proposed as the basis for deciding to continue or terminate the pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:934570", "title": "Fetal activity acceleration determination for the evaluation of fetal reserve.", "content": "Fetal activity acceleration determination (FAD) was performed 462 times on a total of 410 patients for the evaluation of fetal reserve. Simultaneous oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was performed 324 times to evaluate the correlation between the two tests. In 308 instances, FAD was positive and OCT was either negative or probably negative. In 2 cases with inadequate FAD results the simultaneous OCT was suspicious and positive. In four instances of negative FAD the simultaneous OCT was positive. The correlation between the two tests was excellent. The outcome of all cases with positive FAD was also excellent. The result of the present study strongly suggests that the positive FAD indeed provides reassurance of fetal well-being. Only the inadequate or negative FAD requires the performance of an OCT for further evaluation of the fetal condition.", "contents": "Fetal activity acceleration determination for the evaluation of fetal reserve. Fetal activity acceleration determination (FAD) was performed 462 times on a total of 410 patients for the evaluation of fetal reserve. Simultaneous oxytocin challenge test (OCT) was performed 324 times to evaluate the correlation between the two tests. In 308 instances, FAD was positive and OCT was either negative or probably negative. In 2 cases with inadequate FAD results the simultaneous OCT was suspicious and positive. In four instances of negative FAD the simultaneous OCT was positive. The correlation between the two tests was excellent. The outcome of all cases with positive FAD was also excellent. The result of the present study strongly suggests that the positive FAD indeed provides reassurance of fetal well-being. Only the inadequate or negative FAD requires the performance of an OCT for further evaluation of the fetal condition."}
{"id": "PMID:934571", "title": "Acidosis, local anesthetics, and the newborn.", "content": "Four newborn infants were studied following maternal epidural block with lidocaine or mepivacaine. Each of these neonates, born with a pH of 7.23 or below in the umbilical vein blood, showed an elevated fetal-to-maternal concentration ratio, a possible manifestation of ion trapping of a weak base.", "contents": "Acidosis, local anesthetics, and the newborn. Four newborn infants were studied following maternal epidural block with lidocaine or mepivacaine. Each of these neonates, born with a pH of 7.23 or below in the umbilical vein blood, showed an elevated fetal-to-maternal concentration ratio, a possible manifestation of ion trapping of a weak base."}
{"id": "PMID:934572", "title": "Predicting respiratory distress by thin-layer chromatography of the newborn gastric aspirate.", "content": "The analysis of gastric fluid from newborns for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio evaluation is useful in determining whether respiratory distress will follow an early delivery. Without exception, the L/S ratios obtained on 14 gastric aspirates paralleled and were slightly higher than intrapartum values obtained from corresponding amniotic fluids (5.6 vs 3.7). Of 46 normal infants, only 1 had a gastric aspirate L/S ratio less than 2:1. No false positive results were found. The obstetrician can easily obtain gastric fluid at delivery, and by ordering an L/S ratio determination, the neonatologist can have an estimation of lung surfactant levels within 2 hours after birth. In cases where true respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) must be differentiated from other problems of respiratory distress, this information can assist in the early management of patients with RDS. Even after the development of RDS, the procedure offers a prognostic tool which the clinician can use in discussing the outcome with the parents.", "contents": "Predicting respiratory distress by thin-layer chromatography of the newborn gastric aspirate. The analysis of gastric fluid from newborns for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio evaluation is useful in determining whether respiratory distress will follow an early delivery. Without exception, the L/S ratios obtained on 14 gastric aspirates paralleled and were slightly higher than intrapartum values obtained from corresponding amniotic fluids (5.6 vs 3.7). Of 46 normal infants, only 1 had a gastric aspirate L/S ratio less than 2:1. No false positive results were found. The obstetrician can easily obtain gastric fluid at delivery, and by ordering an L/S ratio determination, the neonatologist can have an estimation of lung surfactant levels within 2 hours after birth. In cases where true respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) must be differentiated from other problems of respiratory distress, this information can assist in the early management of patients with RDS. Even after the development of RDS, the procedure offers a prognostic tool which the clinician can use in discussing the outcome with the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:934573", "title": "Contraceptives and the conceptus. I. Chromosome abnormalities of the fetus and neonate related to maternal contraceptive history.", "content": "The chromosomes of 3080 products of conception, consisting primarily of newborn infants and medically induced abortions, were examined. These were from 3 major groups of women, those who had used oral contraceptives (primarily the combination types), those who had used nonhormonal contraceptives, and a control group of those who had not used any contraceptives. In the newborn study population, the chromosome abnormality rate was 5.4 per 1000 infants (when cases of proven hereditary involvement are excluded the figure drops to 3.6 per 1000), and in the entire induced-abortion study series it was 7.3 per 1000. These rates are very similar to those obtained in other surveys. The rate of chromosomally abnormal conceptuses increases with increasing maternal age in both the newborn and induced-abortion groups. No statistically significant relationships were found between the observed or age-adjusted rates of chromosome abnormalities and contraceptive history (P greater than .10 in all cases). The findings make it clear that the use of oral contraceptives has no large effect on the risk of having a chromosomally abnormal child although the possibility of a small increase or decrease in this risk, of at most about 10 per 1000, cannot be ruled out because of the small number of abnormalities found.", "contents": "Contraceptives and the conceptus. I. Chromosome abnormalities of the fetus and neonate related to maternal contraceptive history. The chromosomes of 3080 products of conception, consisting primarily of newborn infants and medically induced abortions, were examined. These were from 3 major groups of women, those who had used oral contraceptives (primarily the combination types), those who had used nonhormonal contraceptives, and a control group of those who had not used any contraceptives. In the newborn study population, the chromosome abnormality rate was 5.4 per 1000 infants (when cases of proven hereditary involvement are excluded the figure drops to 3.6 per 1000), and in the entire induced-abortion study series it was 7.3 per 1000. These rates are very similar to those obtained in other surveys. The rate of chromosomally abnormal conceptuses increases with increasing maternal age in both the newborn and induced-abortion groups. No statistically significant relationships were found between the observed or age-adjusted rates of chromosome abnormalities and contraceptive history (P greater than .10 in all cases). The findings make it clear that the use of oral contraceptives has no large effect on the risk of having a chromosomally abnormal child although the possibility of a small increase or decrease in this risk, of at most about 10 per 1000, cannot be ruled out because of the small number of abnormalities found."}
{"id": "PMID:934574", "title": "Experience with 40,000 Papanicolaou smears.", "content": "Forty thousand consecutive cytologic smears and subsequent diagnostic procedures resulted in the diagnosis of 41 carcinomas in situ, 35 microinvasive and invasive carcinomas, and 24 severe dysplasias for a yield of significant neoplasia of one lesion per 400 Papanicolaou smears. Twenty-five of the carcinomas in situ and microinvasive and invasive carcinomas were diagnosed in patients with atypical smears indicating that all patients with persistent atypical smears require evaluation by tissue examination. Seventy-eight percent of the 119 patients subjected to conization either had carcinoma in situ, microinvasive and invasive carcinoma, or significant cervical dysplasia. Post-operative complications following conization were negligible. In addition there were no postconization deleterious effects on three concurrent and nine subsequent pregnancies. A history of gonorrhea places a patient at a higher risk of developing cervical carcinoma. Annual performance of cytologic smear evaluation is indicated in all sexually active women and in all virginal women over 20 years of age.", "contents": "Experience with 40,000 Papanicolaou smears. Forty thousand consecutive cytologic smears and subsequent diagnostic procedures resulted in the diagnosis of 41 carcinomas in situ, 35 microinvasive and invasive carcinomas, and 24 severe dysplasias for a yield of significant neoplasia of one lesion per 400 Papanicolaou smears. Twenty-five of the carcinomas in situ and microinvasive and invasive carcinomas were diagnosed in patients with atypical smears indicating that all patients with persistent atypical smears require evaluation by tissue examination. Seventy-eight percent of the 119 patients subjected to conization either had carcinoma in situ, microinvasive and invasive carcinoma, or significant cervical dysplasia. Post-operative complications following conization were negligible. In addition there were no postconization deleterious effects on three concurrent and nine subsequent pregnancies. A history of gonorrhea places a patient at a higher risk of developing cervical carcinoma. Annual performance of cytologic smear evaluation is indicated in all sexually active women and in all virginal women over 20 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:934575", "title": "Recurrent carcinoma in situ of the vagina in patients previously treated for in situ carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Sixty-six patients were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 through 1974 with in situ carcinoma of the vagina following various forms of treatment for a similar lesion of the cervix. Sixty-three patients have remained free of recurrent disease. One patient has been lost to followup, 1 patient required a second local excision, and 1 patient had recurrent carcinoma that progressed to invasive vaginal malignant disease. The recurrent malignant disease was usually asymptomatic; its presence was suggested by an abnormal Papanicolaou smear and confirmed by Schiller stain or colposcopically directed biopsy. Colposcopic examination of the vagina has greatly facilitated delineation of the lesion; this may allow relatively simple definitive therapy in some instances--that is, local excision or partial vaginectomy. Total vaginectomy, with or without skin graft vaginal reconstruction, must be carried out in patients who have multicentric lesions. The use of vaginal radium or external beam therapy should be limited to the elderly patients or those to whom a functional vagina is unimportant.", "contents": "Recurrent carcinoma in situ of the vagina in patients previously treated for in situ carcinoma of the cervix. Sixty-six patients were seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 through 1974 with in situ carcinoma of the vagina following various forms of treatment for a similar lesion of the cervix. Sixty-three patients have remained free of recurrent disease. One patient has been lost to followup, 1 patient required a second local excision, and 1 patient had recurrent carcinoma that progressed to invasive vaginal malignant disease. The recurrent malignant disease was usually asymptomatic; its presence was suggested by an abnormal Papanicolaou smear and confirmed by Schiller stain or colposcopically directed biopsy. Colposcopic examination of the vagina has greatly facilitated delineation of the lesion; this may allow relatively simple definitive therapy in some instances--that is, local excision or partial vaginectomy. Total vaginectomy, with or without skin graft vaginal reconstruction, must be carried out in patients who have multicentric lesions. The use of vaginal radium or external beam therapy should be limited to the elderly patients or those to whom a functional vagina is unimportant."}
{"id": "PMID:934576", "title": "Lymph node metastasis in microinvasive epidermoid cancer of the cervix.", "content": "A retrospective series of 69 patients indicates that  the definition of a diagnosis of microinvasive cancer of the cervix should indicate a lack of blood vessel or lymphatic permeation as well as invasion of not more than 3 mm below the basement membrane. The incidence of lymph node metastases in this group of patients in whom microinvasive cancer of the cervix had been diagnosed was 7.1%. Two of the 4 patients with positive lymph nodes demonstrated lymphatic or blood vessel permeation on preoperative conization and 2 did not, an incidence of 3.6%. One patient had lymphatic invasion on conization with negative lymph nodes on final surgical specimen. Two patients had recurrent epidermoid carcinoma within less than 10 years and died of recurrent carcinoma. Maximum survival can only be achieved by full treatment of Stage IA lesions. Since surgical mortality was absent in our series, surgical extirpation by extensive (radical) hysterectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy should give optimum results.", "contents": "Lymph node metastasis in microinvasive epidermoid cancer of the cervix. A retrospective series of 69 patients indicates that  the definition of a diagnosis of microinvasive cancer of the cervix should indicate a lack of blood vessel or lymphatic permeation as well as invasion of not more than 3 mm below the basement membrane. The incidence of lymph node metastases in this group of patients in whom microinvasive cancer of the cervix had been diagnosed was 7.1%. Two of the 4 patients with positive lymph nodes demonstrated lymphatic or blood vessel permeation on preoperative conization and 2 did not, an incidence of 3.6%. One patient had lymphatic invasion on conization with negative lymph nodes on final surgical specimen. Two patients had recurrent epidermoid carcinoma within less than 10 years and died of recurrent carcinoma. Maximum survival can only be achieved by full treatment of Stage IA lesions. Since surgical mortality was absent in our series, surgical extirpation by extensive (radical) hysterectomy and bilateral lymphadenectomy should give optimum results."}
{"id": "PMID:934577", "title": "The relation of adenomyosis uteri to coexistent endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia.", "content": "The relation of adenomyosis uteri to endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia has been the subject of only a few studies. These investigations have resulted in opposing conclusions on the association between the conditions. In this study of a 10-year period, all cases were retrieved from the surgical pathology laboratory files of adenomyosis uteri with either simultaneous endometrial carcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia. A control population was selected from patients who underwent hysterectomy for mechanical problems related to the uterus. Adenomyosis was found in association with endometrial carcinoma in 19.4% of 175 cases and in association with endometrial hyperplasia in 20.5% of 254 cases. The control series of 203 patients had a 16.7% incidence of adenomyosis. Statistical analysis showed no association between these conditions.", "contents": "The relation of adenomyosis uteri to coexistent endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia. The relation of adenomyosis uteri to endometrial carcinoma and endometrial hyperplasia has been the subject of only a few studies. These investigations have resulted in opposing conclusions on the association between the conditions. In this study of a 10-year period, all cases were retrieved from the surgical pathology laboratory files of adenomyosis uteri with either simultaneous endometrial carcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia. A control population was selected from patients who underwent hysterectomy for mechanical problems related to the uterus. Adenomyosis was found in association with endometrial carcinoma in 19.4% of 175 cases and in association with endometrial hyperplasia in 20.5% of 254 cases. The control series of 203 patients had a 16.7% incidence of adenomyosis. Statistical analysis showed no association between these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:934578", "title": "Secondary surgical treatment of the masculinized external genitalia of patients with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "Among 84 patients with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia operated on for deformed genitalia and followed for 7 to 22 years (mean 12 9/12 yr), 25 (30%) required secondary operations. For the most part, the secondary procedures were to provide a vaginal orifice adequate for coitus. The difficulties were due either to failure to adequately exteriorize the orifice at the first operation or to contraction of the outlet due to scar formation. Simple operative procedures to correct these difficulties are described.", "contents": "Secondary surgical treatment of the masculinized external genitalia of patients with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. Among 84 patients with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia operated on for deformed genitalia and followed for 7 to 22 years (mean 12 9/12 yr), 25 (30%) required secondary operations. For the most part, the secondary procedures were to provide a vaginal orifice adequate for coitus. The difficulties were due either to failure to adequately exteriorize the orifice at the first operation or to contraction of the outlet due to scar formation. Simple operative procedures to correct these difficulties are described."}
{"id": "PMID:934579", "title": "Sella turcica abnormalities in an anovulatory population.", "content": "In a series of 177 anovulatory patients, x-ray studies of sella turcica revealed 4 patients with pituitary adenomas and 1 with an empty sella. Galactorrhea was present in 15 patients (8.5%) of the total series, but 4 of the 5 patients with pituitary abnormalities also showed galactorrhea. As patients were frequently unaware of the presence of milk in their breasts, careful examination by the physician will delineate a population at high risk for pituitary abnormalities. Clinical and endocrinologic characteristics of the 5 patients with pituitary abnormalities are presented and their management is discussed.", "contents": "Sella turcica abnormalities in an anovulatory population. In a series of 177 anovulatory patients, x-ray studies of sella turcica revealed 4 patients with pituitary adenomas and 1 with an empty sella. Galactorrhea was present in 15 patients (8.5%) of the total series, but 4 of the 5 patients with pituitary abnormalities also showed galactorrhea. As patients were frequently unaware of the presence of milk in their breasts, careful examination by the physician will delineate a population at high risk for pituitary abnormalities. Clinical and endocrinologic characteristics of the 5 patients with pituitary abnormalities are presented and their management is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934580", "title": "Effect of bromo-ergocryptine on serum hPRL, hLH, hFSH, and estradiol 17-beta in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea.", "content": "Fourteen women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea were treated with bromo-ergocryptine. Serum prolactin hPRL, hLH, hFSH, estradiol 17-beta (E2), and progesterone values were determined before and during treatment. No consistent pretreatment hormonal pattern was found. During treatment hPRL levels fell in 13 of 14 patients, and E2 rose in 12 of 14 patients. Levels of hLH became normal, and amounts of hFSH did not change. Galactorrhea lessened in all cases and ceased in 11. Menses resumed in 11 patients and 3 women became pregnant. Cessation of galactorrhea and resumption of menses occurred irrespective of initial hPRL or hLH levels. It is suggested that improvement of galactorrhea and resumption of menses in some patients with normal hPRL values are the result of increased serum E2 levels and may be due to a direct action of bromo-ergocryptine on the ovary. Bromo-ergocryptine may also be effective in treatment of amenorrhea, unassociated with galactorrhea or elevated hPRL levels.", "contents": "Effect of bromo-ergocryptine on serum hPRL, hLH, hFSH, and estradiol 17-beta in women with galactorrhea-amenorrhea. Fourteen women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea were treated with bromo-ergocryptine. Serum prolactin hPRL, hLH, hFSH, estradiol 17-beta (E2), and progesterone values were determined before and during treatment. No consistent pretreatment hormonal pattern was found. During treatment hPRL levels fell in 13 of 14 patients, and E2 rose in 12 of 14 patients. Levels of hLH became normal, and amounts of hFSH did not change. Galactorrhea lessened in all cases and ceased in 11. Menses resumed in 11 patients and 3 women became pregnant. Cessation of galactorrhea and resumption of menses occurred irrespective of initial hPRL or hLH levels. It is suggested that improvement of galactorrhea and resumption of menses in some patients with normal hPRL values are the result of increased serum E2 levels and may be due to a direct action of bromo-ergocryptine on the ovary. Bromo-ergocryptine may also be effective in treatment of amenorrhea, unassociated with galactorrhea or elevated hPRL levels."}
{"id": "PMID:934581", "title": "Electrocardiographic monitoring during hysterosalpingography.", "content": "Five hundred hysterosalpinogograms were performed over a 2 1/2-year period at Louisville General Hospital for infertility evaluation, followup of tubal sterilization or localization of intrauterine contraceptive devices. The incidence of significant vasomotor reactions to the procedure was 5.0%. Of the 500 procedures performed, 30 were selected for electrocardiographic monitoring. Among these 30 patients, sinus bradycardia was noted in 5 and sinus tachycardia in 6 patients. No other significant electrocardiographic changes were noted, although transient minor alterations of rate occurred frequently. Predisposing factors and preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic monitoring during hysterosalpingography. Five hundred hysterosalpinogograms were performed over a 2 1/2-year period at Louisville General Hospital for infertility evaluation, followup of tubal sterilization or localization of intrauterine contraceptive devices. The incidence of significant vasomotor reactions to the procedure was 5.0%. Of the 500 procedures performed, 30 were selected for electrocardiographic monitoring. Among these 30 patients, sinus bradycardia was noted in 5 and sinus tachycardia in 6 patients. No other significant electrocardiographic changes were noted, although transient minor alterations of rate occurred frequently. Predisposing factors and preventive measures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934585", "title": "[Transport RNA in early embryogenesis of fish. 3. Certain problems of regulation of RNA synthesis at the early stages of development of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis (1)].", "content": "tRNA synthesis in the early loach embryos of different ploidy and factors of the activation of synthesis and the maturation of tRNA molecules at the mid-blastula stage have been studied. tRNA synthesis is activated at the early- and mid-blastula and in the beginning of gastrulation. The normal activation of synthesis and maturation of tRNA molecules require the embryo to be maintained in the contact with the yolk at the earlier developmental stages. The methionine starvation may be one of the factors limiting the rate of tRNA maturation. The activity of tRNA synthesis during blastulation was shown to depend on gene dosage. At this stage the paternal and maternal tRNA genes are transcribed independently. In the beginning of gastrulation, the type of tRNA synthesis control markedly changes and the effect of gene dose compensation manifests itself, that is typical for the control of rRNA synthesis as well. The data obtained are discussed with respect to the state of protein synthesizing system at the moment of activation of specific protein syntheses with the onset of morphogenesis.", "contents": "[Transport RNA in early embryogenesis of fish. 3. Certain problems of regulation of RNA synthesis at the early stages of development of the loach (Misgurnus fossilis (1)]. tRNA synthesis in the early loach embryos of different ploidy and factors of the activation of synthesis and the maturation of tRNA molecules at the mid-blastula stage have been studied. tRNA synthesis is activated at the early- and mid-blastula and in the beginning of gastrulation. The normal activation of synthesis and maturation of tRNA molecules require the embryo to be maintained in the contact with the yolk at the earlier developmental stages. The methionine starvation may be one of the factors limiting the rate of tRNA maturation. The activity of tRNA synthesis during blastulation was shown to depend on gene dosage. At this stage the paternal and maternal tRNA genes are transcribed independently. In the beginning of gastrulation, the type of tRNA synthesis control markedly changes and the effect of gene dose compensation manifests itself, that is typical for the control of rRNA synthesis as well. The data obtained are discussed with respect to the state of protein synthesizing system at the moment of activation of specific protein syntheses with the onset of morphogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:934586", "title": "[Role of mitochondria in the process of steroidogenesis induced by gonadotropins].", "content": "Specific inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis in mitochondria, ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol, suppress the increase in the uterine weight of sexually immature mice and the in vitro maturation of oocytes of anuran amphibians induced by gonadotropins. The effect of steroid hormones on the uterus of mice and the oocytes of amphibians is not prevented by the inhibitors of macromolecular syntheses in mitochondria. In in vivo experiments, the doses of ethidium bromide inhibiting RNA synthesis in the liver mitochondria of mice stimulate RNA synthesis in the nuclei. This stimulation is accompanied by the increase in the activity of RNA polymerases. The possible involvement of mitochondrial genome in the gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Role of mitochondria in the process of steroidogenesis induced by gonadotropins]. Specific inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis in mitochondria, ethidium bromide and chloramphenicol, suppress the increase in the uterine weight of sexually immature mice and the in vitro maturation of oocytes of anuran amphibians induced by gonadotropins. The effect of steroid hormones on the uterus of mice and the oocytes of amphibians is not prevented by the inhibitors of macromolecular syntheses in mitochondria. In in vivo experiments, the doses of ethidium bromide inhibiting RNA synthesis in the liver mitochondria of mice stimulate RNA synthesis in the nuclei. This stimulation is accompanied by the increase in the activity of RNA polymerases. The possible involvement of mitochondrial genome in the gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934587", "title": "[Genetics of isoenzymes and development].", "content": "Possibilities of utilization of isozymes as markers of the activity of genes in ontogenesis are considered. There are cases of both the synchronous and asynchronous activation of paternal and maternal genes controlling the synthesis of appropriate isozymes. The asynchronous activation is peculiar, mainly, of interspecific hybrids. The organospecific pattern of isozymes in ontogenesis is determined not only by the activity of structural genes controlling their syntheses, but also by numerous genes-modificators active at the translation and posttranslation levels.", "contents": "[Genetics of isoenzymes and development]. Possibilities of utilization of isozymes as markers of the activity of genes in ontogenesis are considered. There are cases of both the synchronous and asynchronous activation of paternal and maternal genes controlling the synthesis of appropriate isozymes. The asynchronous activation is peculiar, mainly, of interspecific hybrids. The organospecific pattern of isozymes in ontogenesis is determined not only by the activity of structural genes controlling their syntheses, but also by numerous genes-modificators active at the translation and posttranslation levels."}
{"id": "PMID:934589", "title": "[Synthesis of ribosomal proteins in early development of the loach].", "content": "The synthesis of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) in the loach embryos was studied by the way of analysis of protein-labeled ribosomes isolated from the cytoplasm and purified from de novo synthesized polypeptide and contaminating proteins. The ribosomes at the mid-blastula and mid-gastrula stages were shown to contain no de novo synthesized proteins. The synthesis of r-proteins at the stage of organogenesis was revealed by sedimentation analysis of ribosomes in the gradient of sucrose concentrations, density analysis in the gradient of cesium chloride and analysis of the distribution of radioactivity in r-proteins separated from the labelled ribosomes by electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel. At the stage of organogenesis, the exchange of ribosomal proteins with de novo synthesized r-proteins continues under the conditions of complete inhibition of RNA synthesis and incubation of unlabeled ribosomes with the labelled cytosol. The correlation between the absence of rRNA and r-protein syntheses at the early developmental stages and possible causes of the independence of r-protein synthesis and exchange from the simultaneous rRNA synthesis at the stage of organogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[Synthesis of ribosomal proteins in early development of the loach]. The synthesis of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) in the loach embryos was studied by the way of analysis of protein-labeled ribosomes isolated from the cytoplasm and purified from de novo synthesized polypeptide and contaminating proteins. The ribosomes at the mid-blastula and mid-gastrula stages were shown to contain no de novo synthesized proteins. The synthesis of r-proteins at the stage of organogenesis was revealed by sedimentation analysis of ribosomes in the gradient of sucrose concentrations, density analysis in the gradient of cesium chloride and analysis of the distribution of radioactivity in r-proteins separated from the labelled ribosomes by electrophoresis in polyacrilamide gel. At the stage of organogenesis, the exchange of ribosomal proteins with de novo synthesized r-proteins continues under the conditions of complete inhibition of RNA synthesis and incubation of unlabeled ribosomes with the labelled cytosol. The correlation between the absence of rRNA and r-protein syntheses at the early developmental stages and possible causes of the independence of r-protein synthesis and exchange from the simultaneous rRNA synthesis at the stage of organogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934590", "title": "[Correlation of tetratogenic and antimitotic activity of a number of derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine].", "content": "The effect of 6 substances, analogues of the antimalarial drug chloridine, on the mitotic activity of liver cells in rat embryos and cells of corneal epithelium in adult rats has been studied. A definite correlation was established between the antimitotic activity and the chemical structure of the drugs under study, and namely the length of alkyl radical in the position 6 of pyrimidine ring. The full correlation was noted between the teratogenic and antimitoic activities of these drugs.", "contents": "[Correlation of tetratogenic and antimitotic activity of a number of derivatives of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine]. The effect of 6 substances, analogues of the antimalarial drug chloridine, on the mitotic activity of liver cells in rat embryos and cells of corneal epithelium in adult rats has been studied. A definite correlation was established between the antimitotic activity and the chemical structure of the drugs under study, and namely the length of alkyl radical in the position 6 of pyrimidine ring. The full correlation was noted between the teratogenic and antimitoic activities of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:934591", "title": "[Reutilization of labelled DNA precursors by the iris cells during the regeneration of the lens and retina in newts].", "content": "In the adult crested newts, the proliferating cells of the proximal and distal iris zones reutilize the labelled DNA precursors 4 days after triple injections of 3H-thymidine. The density of radioautographs (intensity of labelling per nucleus) under reutilization is 2.5--3 times weaker than under 3H-thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "[Reutilization of labelled DNA precursors by the iris cells during the regeneration of the lens and retina in newts]. In the adult crested newts, the proliferating cells of the proximal and distal iris zones reutilize the labelled DNA precursors 4 days after triple injections of 3H-thymidine. The density of radioautographs (intensity of labelling per nucleus) under reutilization is 2.5--3 times weaker than under 3H-thymidine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:934592", "title": "[Nuclear apparatus and differentiation of salivary glands of larvae of Drosophila virilis. 1. Change in DNA and RNA content in different cell structures at the stage of secretion formation].", "content": "Changes in the content of DNA, RNA and secretion products have been studied in chromosomes, nucleoli and cytoplasm of the salivary gland cells in the III instar larvae D. virilis. The DNA content doubles twice: 20--30 and 30--40 hrs after the second moult. The first doubling is followed by the intensive formation of secretion products. The RNA content increases from 30 hrs in chromosomes and twice in nucleoli: from the beginning of II instar till 20 and from 40 till 50 hrs. The maximum RNA content is registered at 50 hrs in chromosomes and nucleoli and between 50 and 70 hrs in cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Nuclear apparatus and differentiation of salivary glands of larvae of Drosophila virilis. 1. Change in DNA and RNA content in different cell structures at the stage of secretion formation]. Changes in the content of DNA, RNA and secretion products have been studied in chromosomes, nucleoli and cytoplasm of the salivary gland cells in the III instar larvae D. virilis. The DNA content doubles twice: 20--30 and 30--40 hrs after the second moult. The first doubling is followed by the intensive formation of secretion products. The RNA content increases from 30 hrs in chromosomes and twice in nucleoli: from the beginning of II instar till 20 and from 40 till 50 hrs. The maximum RNA content is registered at 50 hrs in chromosomes and nucleoli and between 50 and 70 hrs in cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:934593", "title": "[Relationship between mitotic phases at different stages of embryonic development of axolotl].", "content": "Indices and durations of mitotic phases and interphase have been determined in the axolotl embryos at the late blastula, early gastrula and mid-neurula stages. The data obtained suggest that the ratio of mitotic phases changes during embryogenesis and differs in different rudiments of the embryo at the same developmental stage.", "contents": "[Relationship between mitotic phases at different stages of embryonic development of axolotl]. Indices and durations of mitotic phases and interphase have been determined in the axolotl embryos at the late blastula, early gastrula and mid-neurula stages. The data obtained suggest that the ratio of mitotic phases changes during embryogenesis and differs in different rudiments of the embryo at the same developmental stage."}
{"id": "PMID:934594", "title": "[Comparative study of biological effect of purified gonadotropins of sturgeon (Acepenser stellatus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio)].", "content": "A comparison was made of the biological effect of purified gonadotropins of the sevryuga and the carp on the activation of adenyl cyclase in the homogenate of the goldfish ovary, the reaction of spermiation in two species of frogs, and the in vitro maturation of oocytes of two amphibian species and sevryuga. The ratio of specific activities of the preparations under study was shown to vary markedly with respect to test-subject and test-reaction. The data obtained suggest, thus, qualitative differences in the effect of the gonadotropins under study and the response of organs-targets. It is proposed to use the system of in vitro maturation of amphibian oocytes for studying the phenomenon of species specificity of gonadotropins of lower vertebrates.", "contents": "[Comparative study of biological effect of purified gonadotropins of sturgeon (Acepenser stellatus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio)]. A comparison was made of the biological effect of purified gonadotropins of the sevryuga and the carp on the activation of adenyl cyclase in the homogenate of the goldfish ovary, the reaction of spermiation in two species of frogs, and the in vitro maturation of oocytes of two amphibian species and sevryuga. The ratio of specific activities of the preparations under study was shown to vary markedly with respect to test-subject and test-reaction. The data obtained suggest, thus, qualitative differences in the effect of the gonadotropins under study and the response of organs-targets. It is proposed to use the system of in vitro maturation of amphibian oocytes for studying the phenomenon of species specificity of gonadotropins of lower vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:934595", "title": "[Heat resistance of aldolase of the hybrid embryos of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S, intermedius].", "content": "The time of expression of the genes controlling aldolase has been studied in the hybrid embryos female Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis X male S. intermedius. The enzyme heat resistance estimated by the temperature of 50% inactivation following the exposition for 30 min (T50) was used as its genetic marker. T50 of aldolase of the psychrophilic maternal species suffered practically no changes from the stage of mesenchyme blastula till the stage of 11 days old pluteus and equated 35.3 degrees. T50 of aldolase of autumn- and spring-spawning populations of the thermophilic paternal species equaled 39.5 degrees at the stage of 11 days old pluteus. The heat resistance of aldolase of the hybrid embryos did not differ reliably from that of maternal enzyme during the first 4 days of development (at 8 degrees) till the late gastrula stage and attained the maximum (T50 =36.9 degrees) on the 8th day (stage of pluteus). The expression of the genes controlling aldolase appears to take place between these developmental stages.", "contents": "[Heat resistance of aldolase of the hybrid embryos of sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and S, intermedius]. The time of expression of the genes controlling aldolase has been studied in the hybrid embryos female Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis X male S. intermedius. The enzyme heat resistance estimated by the temperature of 50% inactivation following the exposition for 30 min (T50) was used as its genetic marker. T50 of aldolase of the psychrophilic maternal species suffered practically no changes from the stage of mesenchyme blastula till the stage of 11 days old pluteus and equated 35.3 degrees. T50 of aldolase of autumn- and spring-spawning populations of the thermophilic paternal species equaled 39.5 degrees at the stage of 11 days old pluteus. The heat resistance of aldolase of the hybrid embryos did not differ reliably from that of maternal enzyme during the first 4 days of development (at 8 degrees) till the late gastrula stage and attained the maximum (T50 =36.9 degrees) on the 8th day (stage of pluteus). The expression of the genes controlling aldolase appears to take place between these developmental stages."}
{"id": "PMID:934596", "title": "Ultrasonography in foreign body detection and localization.", "content": "The relative advantages and disadvantages of radiographic and ultrasonic studies in foreign body detection and localization are discussed. The value of ultrasonography in finding radiolucent orbital foreign bodies and its clear superiority in the localization of foreign bodies with respect to the walls of the eye is demonstrated by several examples. The information concerning the state of the lens, vitreous, and retina in such traumatized eyes which is obtained by ultrasonography represents a very important additional benefit of such study.", "contents": "Ultrasonography in foreign body detection and localization. The relative advantages and disadvantages of radiographic and ultrasonic studies in foreign body detection and localization are discussed. The value of ultrasonography in finding radiolucent orbital foreign bodies and its clear superiority in the localization of foreign bodies with respect to the walls of the eye is demonstrated by several examples. The information concerning the state of the lens, vitreous, and retina in such traumatized eyes which is obtained by ultrasonography represents a very important additional benefit of such study."}
{"id": "PMID:934597", "title": "Computerized axial tomography of the orbit.", "content": "Computerized Axial Tomography is a noninvasive radiologic technique that gives definition to orbital structures that aids the ophthalmologist in his diagnosis and treatment. This outpatient study is painless, takes approximately thirty minutes, but does demand a very still patient. The globe, horizontal extraocular muscles, and optic nerve are well delineated which allows detection of retrobulbar abnormalities. Eleven examples of the sixty patients studied are presented demonstrating its value as the most informative test now available in orbital diagnosis.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography of the orbit. Computerized Axial Tomography is a noninvasive radiologic technique that gives definition to orbital structures that aids the ophthalmologist in his diagnosis and treatment. This outpatient study is painless, takes approximately thirty minutes, but does demand a very still patient. The globe, horizontal extraocular muscles, and optic nerve are well delineated which allows detection of retrobulbar abnormalities. Eleven examples of the sixty patients studied are presented demonstrating its value as the most informative test now available in orbital diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:934598", "title": "The use of the cryoprobe in the removal of posterior orbital tumors.", "content": "Experience with a cryoprobe for the surgical removal of encapsulated and circumscribed tumors, cysts, and neoplasms in the posterior orbit indicates that the instrument is a useful and efficient adjunct to the surgical management of orbital tumors.", "contents": "The use of the cryoprobe in the removal of posterior orbital tumors. Experience with a cryoprobe for the surgical removal of encapsulated and circumscribed tumors, cysts, and neoplasms in the posterior orbit indicates that the instrument is a useful and efficient adjunct to the surgical management of orbital tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:934599", "title": "Emergency management of acute congestive glaucoma using an anterior chamber microsyringe and needle.", "content": "A microsyringe-needle assembly is described for use in aspiration and microinfusion procedures in the anterior chamber. Assets of a lancet pointed 30-gauge needle, surface anesthesia, and fine control of ocular pressure and aqueous humor volume are stressed. Use of the assembly for emergency treatment of acute congestive glaucoma, surgical paracentesis, aqueous sampling, and drug infusion are described. Drug volumes and concentrations must be maintained at levels which do not damage corneal endothelium.", "contents": "Emergency management of acute congestive glaucoma using an anterior chamber microsyringe and needle. A microsyringe-needle assembly is described for use in aspiration and microinfusion procedures in the anterior chamber. Assets of a lancet pointed 30-gauge needle, surface anesthesia, and fine control of ocular pressure and aqueous humor volume are stressed. Use of the assembly for emergency treatment of acute congestive glaucoma, surgical paracentesis, aqueous sampling, and drug infusion are described. Drug volumes and concentrations must be maintained at levels which do not damage corneal endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:934601", "title": "An evaluation of 8-0 Polyglactin 910 synthetic absorbable suture in cataract surgery.", "content": "This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 8-0 Polyglactin 910 in cataract surgery. The evaluation represents a clinical comparison of 7-0 Polyglactin 910 to the same suture in 8-0 size in 155 cataract surgical procedures. In 45 cases, 8-0 Polyglactin 910 was the sole wound closure material used. 8-0 Polyglactin 910 provided high tensile strength, good knot security, batch-to-batch uniformity, ease of handling, minimal reaction, and a predictable absorption rate that was virtually completed in 33 days. When compared to 7-0 Polyglactin 910, 8-0 produced less tissue drag, fibrillation, and reaction. Early in our series, three cases of wound dehiscence occurred. One was caused by trauma and the other two by 8-0 Polyglactin 910 cutting through tissue. This study's conclusion stresses avoiding the tendency of tying the knot too tightly to prevent suture pull-out.", "contents": "An evaluation of 8-0 Polyglactin 910 synthetic absorbable suture in cataract surgery. This study describes the operative and postoperative performance of 8-0 Polyglactin 910 in cataract surgery. The evaluation represents a clinical comparison of 7-0 Polyglactin 910 to the same suture in 8-0 size in 155 cataract surgical procedures. In 45 cases, 8-0 Polyglactin 910 was the sole wound closure material used. 8-0 Polyglactin 910 provided high tensile strength, good knot security, batch-to-batch uniformity, ease of handling, minimal reaction, and a predictable absorption rate that was virtually completed in 33 days. When compared to 7-0 Polyglactin 910, 8-0 produced less tissue drag, fibrillation, and reaction. Early in our series, three cases of wound dehiscence occurred. One was caused by trauma and the other two by 8-0 Polyglactin 910 cutting through tissue. This study's conclusion stresses avoiding the tendency of tying the knot too tightly to prevent suture pull-out."}
{"id": "PMID:934602", "title": "Combined cyclodialysis and cataract extraction.", "content": "Combined cyclodialysis and cataract extraction was performed on 78 eyes in a consecutive series of 26 years duration. This operation was performed on eyes with severe glaucoma, inadequately controlled on maximum medical therapy, and with a cataract needing extraction. Glaucoma types included open-angle, angle-closure with peripheral anterior synechias, combined open-angle and angle-closure, and secondary to uveitis. Seventy of the 78 eyes had follow-up of six months or more and the results in these 70 eyes were analyzed. In thirteen percent of the eyes in this study the postoperative intraocular pressure was the same or higher than the preoperative level, or reductions of intraocular pressure were not clinically significant. Eighty-seven percent (61 eyes) had a clinically significant lowering of intraocular pressure following the combined procedure. Thirty-nine percent (27 eyes) of the 70 eyes in this study had a tension of 0-14 mm Hg, and 44% (31 eyes) had a tension of 15-20 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure was improved significantly more often in patients over 60 years of age. Resulting intraocular pressures of 14 mm Hg or less were more likely when the cyclodialysis was performed in the lower quadrant. The results of the combined procedure were not significantly influenced by the type of glaucoma involved or by a history of previous glaucoma surgery. Bleeding was a frequent complication, but was not related to resulting intraocular pressure. Other complications were rare. We conclude that combining cyclodialysis with cataract extraction is safe and effective, and is a suitable procedure when there is need for surgery to relieve severe glaucoma, along with a need for cataract extraction.", "contents": "Combined cyclodialysis and cataract extraction. Combined cyclodialysis and cataract extraction was performed on 78 eyes in a consecutive series of 26 years duration. This operation was performed on eyes with severe glaucoma, inadequately controlled on maximum medical therapy, and with a cataract needing extraction. Glaucoma types included open-angle, angle-closure with peripheral anterior synechias, combined open-angle and angle-closure, and secondary to uveitis. Seventy of the 78 eyes had follow-up of six months or more and the results in these 70 eyes were analyzed. In thirteen percent of the eyes in this study the postoperative intraocular pressure was the same or higher than the preoperative level, or reductions of intraocular pressure were not clinically significant. Eighty-seven percent (61 eyes) had a clinically significant lowering of intraocular pressure following the combined procedure. Thirty-nine percent (27 eyes) of the 70 eyes in this study had a tension of 0-14 mm Hg, and 44% (31 eyes) had a tension of 15-20 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure was improved significantly more often in patients over 60 years of age. Resulting intraocular pressures of 14 mm Hg or less were more likely when the cyclodialysis was performed in the lower quadrant. The results of the combined procedure were not significantly influenced by the type of glaucoma involved or by a history of previous glaucoma surgery. Bleeding was a frequent complication, but was not related to resulting intraocular pressure. Other complications were rare. We conclude that combining cyclodialysis with cataract extraction is safe and effective, and is a suitable procedure when there is need for surgery to relieve severe glaucoma, along with a need for cataract extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:934603", "title": "Fifty consecutive eyes with anterior segment disease treated by the pars plana approach.", "content": "Results of a pars plana approach using the Peyman vitrophage to treat various anterior segment diseases are presented in 48 patients (50 eyes). These included cases of ocular trauma, congenital cataracts, complications following unplanned and planned extracapsular cataract extractions and phacoemulsification, and dense secondary membranes. Visual acuity improved in 86%, remained unchanged in 10% and worsened in 4% of all eyes.", "contents": "Fifty consecutive eyes with anterior segment disease treated by the pars plana approach. Results of a pars plana approach using the Peyman vitrophage to treat various anterior segment diseases are presented in 48 patients (50 eyes). These included cases of ocular trauma, congenital cataracts, complications following unplanned and planned extracapsular cataract extractions and phacoemulsification, and dense secondary membranes. Visual acuity improved in 86%, remained unchanged in 10% and worsened in 4% of all eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:934604", "title": "The future of our profession: a true-false test.", "content": "You are supposed to draw the conclusions and take the actions. My own belief is that we have a continuing obligation to provide a high quality education to as many qualified applicants as we effectively can. At this time we enjoy a unique opportunity that combines large numbers of qualified applicants with a substantial number of excellent training programs, and an unprecedented public demand for more and better health care. We must state clearly the public need for ophthalmologic eye care and must provide the manpower to deliver such care. Most importantly, we must not forget what it's all about: The philosophy of Mount Carmel is service to God through service to man, a service which is based on a belief in, and love for God. This love provides the finest medical and spiritual care for each patient without discrimination. The primary objective is to relieve suffering and to promote and to restore health in a Christian manner, which demands competence, mercy, love, and respect.", "contents": "The future of our profession: a true-false test. You are supposed to draw the conclusions and take the actions. My own belief is that we have a continuing obligation to provide a high quality education to as many qualified applicants as we effectively can. At this time we enjoy a unique opportunity that combines large numbers of qualified applicants with a substantial number of excellent training programs, and an unprecedented public demand for more and better health care. We must state clearly the public need for ophthalmologic eye care and must provide the manpower to deliver such care. Most importantly, we must not forget what it's all about: The philosophy of Mount Carmel is service to God through service to man, a service which is based on a belief in, and love for God. This love provides the finest medical and spiritual care for each patient without discrimination. The primary objective is to relieve suffering and to promote and to restore health in a Christian manner, which demands competence, mercy, love, and respect."}
{"id": "PMID:934605", "title": "Intravitreous air injection and the Custodis procedure.", "content": "Occasional failure follows any form of retinal detachment surgery. Most of these persistent detachments are due to inadequate closure of a known retinal tear by scleral buckling. Avoidance of major reconstructive surgery may be accomplished by the judicious application of an intravitreous air injection under local anesthesia at bedside. Although technically precise, this singular maneuver was found safe and reliable. Its use is suggested as an alternative to classical reoperative procedures.", "contents": "Intravitreous air injection and the Custodis procedure. Occasional failure follows any form of retinal detachment surgery. Most of these persistent detachments are due to inadequate closure of a known retinal tear by scleral buckling. Avoidance of major reconstructive surgery may be accomplished by the judicious application of an intravitreous air injection under local anesthesia at bedside. Although technically precise, this singular maneuver was found safe and reliable. Its use is suggested as an alternative to classical reoperative procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:934653", "title": "The emergency management of trauma.", "content": "For effective care, the severely injured patient may require the cooperative effort of many physicians and paramedical personnel. In the individual with isolated maxillofacial injury, adequate management may be provided by one or several specialists. In any event, there should be a plan for emergency, semiurgent, and delayed treatment. It is also important for each individual caring for the patient to understand and appreciate the problems within and outside his area of expertise. There is a logical progression of evaluation, with particular attention to the more severe and significant area of trauma. Hemmorrhage, shock, and airway problems take priority. Often the definitive treatment, from a cosmetic and functional standpoint, is delayed.", "contents": "The emergency management of trauma. For effective care, the severely injured patient may require the cooperative effort of many physicians and paramedical personnel. In the individual with isolated maxillofacial injury, adequate management may be provided by one or several specialists. In any event, there should be a plan for emergency, semiurgent, and delayed treatment. It is also important for each individual caring for the patient to understand and appreciate the problems within and outside his area of expertise. There is a logical progression of evaluation, with particular attention to the more severe and significant area of trauma. Hemmorrhage, shock, and airway problems take priority. Often the definitive treatment, from a cosmetic and functional standpoint, is delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:934654", "title": "Penetrating wounds of the neck in civilians.", "content": "The management of penetrating neck wounds can be approached in a logical manner. The priorities in saving life are to ensure an airway and to maintain cardiocerebral perfusion. The initial evaluation and heroic life saving measure often rest upon the most inexperienced person, the house officer, who may be handicapped by the lack of experienced support personnel and sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic equipment required for total management of these most challenging problems. It is hoped that this presentation provides the necessary guidelines for meeting this challenge. The pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic measures are reviewed in the order in which they would be handled when the patient is brought to the emergency room, taken for special radiographic studies, and then subjected to surgical exploration. Special emphasis is placed upon diagnosis and management of traumatic arterial injuries, since these are the most challenging and most difficult to manage, as well as the most common causes of death following cervical penetrating wounds. Late vascular defects and associated injuries to the lymphatic, neural, airway, and foodway systems complete the discussion.", "contents": "Penetrating wounds of the neck in civilians. The management of penetrating neck wounds can be approached in a logical manner. The priorities in saving life are to ensure an airway and to maintain cardiocerebral perfusion. The initial evaluation and heroic life saving measure often rest upon the most inexperienced person, the house officer, who may be handicapped by the lack of experienced support personnel and sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic equipment required for total management of these most challenging problems. It is hoped that this presentation provides the necessary guidelines for meeting this challenge. The pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic measures are reviewed in the order in which they would be handled when the patient is brought to the emergency room, taken for special radiographic studies, and then subjected to surgical exploration. Special emphasis is placed upon diagnosis and management of traumatic arterial injuries, since these are the most challenging and most difficult to manage, as well as the most common causes of death following cervical penetrating wounds. Late vascular defects and associated injuries to the lymphatic, neural, airway, and foodway systems complete the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:934658", "title": "Reduction of mandibular fractures.", "content": "The decision to reduce a mandibular fracture by closed or open intraoral or extraoral techniques is not simple and depends upon multiple factors. That decision can be made only by the surgeon who understands the nature of the injury, the forces acting upon the injury site, and the relationship of the injury to other mandibular structures and to surrounding tissue. Other factors to consider include dentition and occlusion and an understanding of the healing processes, including the effects of concurrent disease and associated and distant trauma.", "contents": "Reduction of mandibular fractures. The decision to reduce a mandibular fracture by closed or open intraoral or extraoral techniques is not simple and depends upon multiple factors. That decision can be made only by the surgeon who understands the nature of the injury, the forces acting upon the injury site, and the relationship of the injury to other mandibular structures and to surrounding tissue. Other factors to consider include dentition and occlusion and an understanding of the healing processes, including the effects of concurrent disease and associated and distant trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:934659", "title": "Complicated mandibular fractures.", "content": "In many mandibular fractures, proper alignment of the fragments is only a portion of the management program. Consideration must be given to the possibility of numerous other complications, and the patient should be carefully evaluated for injuries of the cervical spine, skull, head, and chest. The medical background, age, and other factors, such as the patient's ability to cooperate and follow the physician's instructions, may determine the method of applied treatment.", "contents": "Complicated mandibular fractures. In many mandibular fractures, proper alignment of the fragments is only a portion of the management program. Consideration must be given to the possibility of numerous other complications, and the patient should be carefully evaluated for injuries of the cervical spine, skull, head, and chest. The medical background, age, and other factors, such as the patient's ability to cooperate and follow the physician's instructions, may determine the method of applied treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:934666", "title": "External fixation in maxillofacial surgery.", "content": "The role of external fixation in the treatment of facial fractures is well defined. If standard open reduction and internal fixation techniques do not yield a satisfactory result, external fixation techniques may be required. Open reduction has the advantage of effecting precise approximation of fragments. However, this type of fixation may be inadequate, either because no stable point is available or because the angle of traction involved in fixation may result in displacement of the reduced fracture and subsequent malunion. When the facial skeleton is fractured, it tends to collapse inward, and if injury is severe, an external traction point anterior, lateral, or superior to the facial skeleton may be required to obtain a satisfactory result. There are occasions when intermaxillary fixation may be inadvisable, and in these instances external fixation techniques may be an appropriate means of immobilization. Finally external fixation techniques may be required in instances in which massive tissue loss precludes the use of standard open reduction and internal fixation techniques. It must be reemphasized that the methods of external fixation described here are not meant to supplant the standard techniques of open reduction and interosseous wiring, but when judicially employed complement them in achieving the desired result of precise reduction and firm fixation of the fractured facial skeleton.", "contents": "External fixation in maxillofacial surgery. The role of external fixation in the treatment of facial fractures is well defined. If standard open reduction and internal fixation techniques do not yield a satisfactory result, external fixation techniques may be required. Open reduction has the advantage of effecting precise approximation of fragments. However, this type of fixation may be inadequate, either because no stable point is available or because the angle of traction involved in fixation may result in displacement of the reduced fracture and subsequent malunion. When the facial skeleton is fractured, it tends to collapse inward, and if injury is severe, an external traction point anterior, lateral, or superior to the facial skeleton may be required to obtain a satisfactory result. There are occasions when intermaxillary fixation may be inadvisable, and in these instances external fixation techniques may be an appropriate means of immobilization. Finally external fixation techniques may be required in instances in which massive tissue loss precludes the use of standard open reduction and internal fixation techniques. It must be reemphasized that the methods of external fixation described here are not meant to supplant the standard techniques of open reduction and interosseous wiring, but when judicially employed complement them in achieving the desired result of precise reduction and firm fixation of the fractured facial skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:934667", "title": "Complications in the treatment of facial fractures.", "content": "The evaluation and treatment of the more common and severe complications of facial fractures are reviewed. This analysis includes such conditions as nonunion and malunion of the maxilla, mandible, and zygoma, temporomandibular ankylosis, diplopia, enophthalmos, hypertelorism, dacrocystitis, and cerebrospinal otorhinorrhea. The discussion attempts to stress the importance of diagnosis regarding cosmesis and functional abnormalities. When possible, the pathophysiology is elucidated and evaluated to decide about methods of prevention. Preferred traditional and improved techniques of management are noted and compared to some of the less satisfactory procedures.", "contents": "Complications in the treatment of facial fractures. The evaluation and treatment of the more common and severe complications of facial fractures are reviewed. This analysis includes such conditions as nonunion and malunion of the maxilla, mandible, and zygoma, temporomandibular ankylosis, diplopia, enophthalmos, hypertelorism, dacrocystitis, and cerebrospinal otorhinorrhea. The discussion attempts to stress the importance of diagnosis regarding cosmesis and functional abnormalities. When possible, the pathophysiology is elucidated and evaluated to decide about methods of prevention. Preferred traditional and improved techniques of management are noted and compared to some of the less satisfactory procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:934673", "title": "[Etiology of psychosomatic diseases in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiology of psychosomatic diseases in childhood is discussed. At first the most frequent causes of psychosomatic diseases are briefly reviewed; then the fact is discussed in detail that psychosomatic diseases in childhood are only to understand if one pays attention to the disturbed interrelationship between parents and child. This context makes it necessary that the parents are included in the therapeutic approach. In regard to therapy it is very important to reinstitute the psychosomatic unity; this means, to distract the patient from his somatic symptom and confront himself with his own-personal problems. The appearance of a somatic disease is considered as an effective defense-mechanism and may be understood as an \"escape into the disease\".", "contents": "[Etiology of psychosomatic diseases in childhood (author's transl)]. The etiology of psychosomatic diseases in childhood is discussed. At first the most frequent causes of psychosomatic diseases are briefly reviewed; then the fact is discussed in detail that psychosomatic diseases in childhood are only to understand if one pays attention to the disturbed interrelationship between parents and child. This context makes it necessary that the parents are included in the therapeutic approach. In regard to therapy it is very important to reinstitute the psychosomatic unity; this means, to distract the patient from his somatic symptom and confront himself with his own-personal problems. The appearance of a somatic disease is considered as an effective defense-mechanism and may be understood as an \"escape into the disease\"."}
{"id": "PMID:934674", "title": "[Methods and technique of investigations in the course of sport activities of children (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to carry out investigations in the course of sport activities of children an efficient telemetering device is essential, which can also be used on children. The Kinderspital Salzburg has developed a telemetry system in cooperation with the Technische Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt der Technischen Hochschule Wien and the Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm-Werke M\u00fcnchen. For the first time in this field a Pulse Code Modulation (P.C.M.) System was utilized, implying high accuracy on data transmission and recovery as required for scientific examinations. The children's physical capacity is determined on a bicycle ergometer, and the performance measured in this fashion is then compared with the performance achieved in sport.", "contents": "[Methods and technique of investigations in the course of sport activities of children (author's transl)]. In order to carry out investigations in the course of sport activities of children an efficient telemetering device is essential, which can also be used on children. The Kinderspital Salzburg has developed a telemetry system in cooperation with the Technische Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt der Technischen Hochschule Wien and the Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm-Werke M\u00fcnchen. For the first time in this field a Pulse Code Modulation (P.C.M.) System was utilized, implying high accuracy on data transmission and recovery as required for scientific examinations. The children's physical capacity is determined on a bicycle ergometer, and the performance measured in this fashion is then compared with the performance achieved in sport."}
{"id": "PMID:934675", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of megacolon in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease can be established praeoperatively by the histochemical demonstration of an increased acethylcholinesterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsies. Furthermore the intraoperative diagnosis of the extension of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment, which should be resected. The results of our histochemical investigation on 92 cases of megacolon, especially on 12 cases of Hirschsprung's disease were reported. The histochemical diagnosis was confirmed finally by an extensive examination of the resected bowel segment.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of megacolon in childhood (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease can be established praeoperatively by the histochemical demonstration of an increased acethylcholinesterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsies. Furthermore the intraoperative diagnosis of the extension of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment, which should be resected. The results of our histochemical investigation on 92 cases of megacolon, especially on 12 cases of Hirschsprung's disease were reported. The histochemical diagnosis was confirmed finally by an extensive examination of the resected bowel segment."}
{"id": "PMID:934676", "title": "[Cytogenetic and clinical investigations in trisomia 22 (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the introduction of new cytogenetic methods, as the \"Pancreatin-Giemsa\"-stain and similar methods, it is possible for the first time to determine the chromosomes of group G accurately. There are few cases reported in the literature with an additional small chromosome which could be associated with group G. None of those children presented the classical signs of a Down-Syndrome, therefore a trisomy 22 was discussed. This is the report of a female patient, on whom trisomy 22 was confirmed cytogenetically. So far it was only in a small number of cases possible to prove this thesis by cytogenetic studies. We compare our findings with previous reports of suspected or proven cases of trisomy 22.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic and clinical investigations in trisomia 22 (author's transl)]. Since the introduction of new cytogenetic methods, as the \"Pancreatin-Giemsa\"-stain and similar methods, it is possible for the first time to determine the chromosomes of group G accurately. There are few cases reported in the literature with an additional small chromosome which could be associated with group G. None of those children presented the classical signs of a Down-Syndrome, therefore a trisomy 22 was discussed. This is the report of a female patient, on whom trisomy 22 was confirmed cytogenetically. So far it was only in a small number of cases possible to prove this thesis by cytogenetic studies. We compare our findings with previous reports of suspected or proven cases of trisomy 22."}
{"id": "PMID:934677", "title": "[Announcement of an Austrian study group for the treatment of leukemia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The formation of an Austrian study group for the treatment of leukemia in children with international cooperation is reported. An essential aim is the centralisation of treatment at the 3 Austrian University clinics, the St. Anna children's hospital in Vienna and other children's hospitals particularly interested in the treatment of leukemia. Secondly the group undertakes randomised therapeutic studies, at present on two new variants of the Pinkel treatment scheme. Within the first 9 months 33 cases were included in this study in cooperation with the Zagreb University children's clinic (Doz. TIEFENBACH).", "contents": "[Announcement of an Austrian study group for the treatment of leukemia in children (author's transl)]. The formation of an Austrian study group for the treatment of leukemia in children with international cooperation is reported. An essential aim is the centralisation of treatment at the 3 Austrian University clinics, the St. Anna children's hospital in Vienna and other children's hospitals particularly interested in the treatment of leukemia. Secondly the group undertakes randomised therapeutic studies, at present on two new variants of the Pinkel treatment scheme. Within the first 9 months 33 cases were included in this study in cooperation with the Zagreb University children's clinic (Doz. TIEFENBACH)."}
{"id": "PMID:934678", "title": "[Acute increased intracranial pressure--first symptom of renovascular hypertension? (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the history of a 7 months old male infant who showed acutely increased intracranial pressure associated with hydrocephalus internus. These symptoms appeared probably as the first manifestation of severe renovascular hypertension. The possible etiologic relations are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute increased intracranial pressure--first symptom of renovascular hypertension? (author's transl)]. The authors report the history of a 7 months old male infant who showed acutely increased intracranial pressure associated with hydrocephalus internus. These symptoms appeared probably as the first manifestation of severe renovascular hypertension. The possible etiologic relations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934679", "title": "[Pathogenesis of osteopathy caused by anticonvulsives (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short survey of the recent suggestions of the pathogenesis of osteopathy caused by therapy with anticonvulsives it is demonstrated in the light of 3 case reports that 1. A vitamin D-sensible rickets, which is only due to abnormal living conditions, can develop in severely cerebral-damaged persons if there is no specific vitamin D administration. 2. An \"antiepileptic rickets\" is spontaneously reversible if the anticonvulsive therapy is stopped. 3. An enzymatic induction due to anticonvulsives is also detectable in the light of morphologic hepatic changes (biopsy, electron microscopy). Hence it follows that there are demands for a specific control of all patients treated with anticonvulsives. It is recommended to carry out a rickets prevention for a selected patient group.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of osteopathy caused by anticonvulsives (author's transl)]. After a short survey of the recent suggestions of the pathogenesis of osteopathy caused by therapy with anticonvulsives it is demonstrated in the light of 3 case reports that 1. A vitamin D-sensible rickets, which is only due to abnormal living conditions, can develop in severely cerebral-damaged persons if there is no specific vitamin D administration. 2. An \"antiepileptic rickets\" is spontaneously reversible if the anticonvulsive therapy is stopped. 3. An enzymatic induction due to anticonvulsives is also detectable in the light of morphologic hepatic changes (biopsy, electron microscopy). Hence it follows that there are demands for a specific control of all patients treated with anticonvulsives. It is recommended to carry out a rickets prevention for a selected patient group."}
{"id": "PMID:934680", "title": "[Treatment of pneumonia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "It is necessary to start with antibiotic treatment in infections of the lower respiratory system, especially pneumonias. The finding of the infectious agent is difficult and without security. With simple investigations, as sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and cell differentiation there is a possibility of 80% to get a diagnosis of bacterial infection. In 25 patients aged 1 1/2 to 9 years with x-ray diagnosis of pneumonia the results of treatment with cephacetril (100 mg/kg/d) are given. Clinical symptoms disappeared after 5 days, the average time of illness was 12 days. One patient got a severe pleural effusion.", "contents": "[Treatment of pneumonia in childhood (author's transl)]. It is necessary to start with antibiotic treatment in infections of the lower respiratory system, especially pneumonias. The finding of the infectious agent is difficult and without security. With simple investigations, as sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and cell differentiation there is a possibility of 80% to get a diagnosis of bacterial infection. In 25 patients aged 1 1/2 to 9 years with x-ray diagnosis of pneumonia the results of treatment with cephacetril (100 mg/kg/d) are given. Clinical symptoms disappeared after 5 days, the average time of illness was 12 days. One patient got a severe pleural effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:934686", "title": "Surgical management of spinal cord cysts.", "content": "A new surgical method, myelocyst-peritoneal shunt, has been performed on a small series of patients with congenital and acquired spinal cord cysts. In all cases, the progressive deterioration of neurological function ceased and all patients had slight to significant objective and/or subjective improvement in neurological function. The technical method is described along with individual case reports. Due to the short length of follow-up, the small number of operations, and the tendency for spinal cord cysts to spontaneously improve, the author discussed only potential advantages and disadvantages of this procedure as compared to prior spinal cord cyst operations. The creation of an in vitro human module spinal cord cyst by means of this operation has made it possible for the author to perform more basic ongoing investigation into the pathophysiology of spinal cord cysts and other similar disorders.", "contents": "Surgical management of spinal cord cysts. A new surgical method, myelocyst-peritoneal shunt, has been performed on a small series of patients with congenital and acquired spinal cord cysts. In all cases, the progressive deterioration of neurological function ceased and all patients had slight to significant objective and/or subjective improvement in neurological function. The technical method is described along with individual case reports. Due to the short length of follow-up, the small number of operations, and the tendency for spinal cord cysts to spontaneously improve, the author discussed only potential advantages and disadvantages of this procedure as compared to prior spinal cord cyst operations. The creation of an in vitro human module spinal cord cyst by means of this operation has made it possible for the author to perform more basic ongoing investigation into the pathophysiology of spinal cord cysts and other similar disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:934687", "title": "Pattern of spinal cord injury in the elderly.", "content": "A study was made of the pattern of spinal cord injury in the elderly who are forming an ever-increasing proportion of our population. It was noted that the elderly patients had a higher incidence of cervical injuries than other age-groups with a much lower incidence of dorsal and lumbar injuries. The mortality rate in complete cervical injuries was very high but in incomplete cervical injuries and those at a lower level the majority survived the acute phase. The cause of death in the acute phase was similar to that of other age-groups. The majority of survivors were able to be discharged to their own homes to the care of relatives and they fared better then those who had to be transferred to long term geriatric hospitals. Most of the late deaths occurred within five years of discharge from hospital but a few survived over ten years. The causes of the accidents were mostly falls at home and less frequently road traffic accidents.", "contents": "Pattern of spinal cord injury in the elderly. A study was made of the pattern of spinal cord injury in the elderly who are forming an ever-increasing proportion of our population. It was noted that the elderly patients had a higher incidence of cervical injuries than other age-groups with a much lower incidence of dorsal and lumbar injuries. The mortality rate in complete cervical injuries was very high but in incomplete cervical injuries and those at a lower level the majority survived the acute phase. The cause of death in the acute phase was similar to that of other age-groups. The majority of survivors were able to be discharged to their own homes to the care of relatives and they fared better then those who had to be transferred to long term geriatric hospitals. Most of the late deaths occurred within five years of discharge from hospital but a few survived over ten years. The causes of the accidents were mostly falls at home and less frequently road traffic accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:934688", "title": "Survival periods in traumatic tetraplegia.", "content": "The survival periods in 331 cases of quadriplegia are reviewed. Important features are degree of injury, age at time of accident and ability to survive the first three months. A comparison of comparable circumstances is essential if we are to correctly interpret our respective mortality rates.", "contents": "Survival periods in traumatic tetraplegia. The survival periods in 331 cases of quadriplegia are reviewed. Important features are degree of injury, age at time of accident and ability to survive the first three months. A comparison of comparable circumstances is essential if we are to correctly interpret our respective mortality rates."}
{"id": "PMID:934689", "title": "Uro-check in paraplegics. (A survey of pathological changes of urinary tract in paraplegics).", "content": "On the basis of a Uro-check list, drawn up by the rehabilitation centre Tobelbad near Graz, 120 spinal cord injured persons were followed up, identifying changes in the urological tract. The classification and evaluation of the urological complications revealed a high percentage of severe changes which had occurred during the first decade after the accident. As a consequence it must be ensured that spinal cord injured persons receive yearly check-ups in a urological oriented rehabilitation centre where all modern examination methods, including electronic techniques for the measurement of intravesical pressure and urethral resistance, are available.", "contents": "Uro-check in paraplegics. (A survey of pathological changes of urinary tract in paraplegics). On the basis of a Uro-check list, drawn up by the rehabilitation centre Tobelbad near Graz, 120 spinal cord injured persons were followed up, identifying changes in the urological tract. The classification and evaluation of the urological complications revealed a high percentage of severe changes which had occurred during the first decade after the accident. As a consequence it must be ensured that spinal cord injured persons receive yearly check-ups in a urological oriented rehabilitation centre where all modern examination methods, including electronic techniques for the measurement of intravesical pressure and urethral resistance, are available."}
{"id": "PMID:934690", "title": "Deep venous thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury: a comparison of 125I fibrinogen leg scanning, impedance plethysmography and venography.", "content": "Twenty acute spinal cord injury patients were surveyed for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by 125I fibrinogen leg scanning, impedance plethysmography (IPG), and venography. Leg scanning was a more sensitive indicator of thrombotic events than IPG or venography. IPG was a reliable indicator of accumulated thrombosis. The incidence of dvt assessed by leg scanning alone was 100 per cent. Its occurrence as determined by either of the screening techniques was found to be considerably greater than those of previous reports.", "contents": "Deep venous thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury: a comparison of 125I fibrinogen leg scanning, impedance plethysmography and venography. Twenty acute spinal cord injury patients were surveyed for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by 125I fibrinogen leg scanning, impedance plethysmography (IPG), and venography. Leg scanning was a more sensitive indicator of thrombotic events than IPG or venography. IPG was a reliable indicator of accumulated thrombosis. The incidence of dvt assessed by leg scanning alone was 100 per cent. Its occurrence as determined by either of the screening techniques was found to be considerably greater than those of previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:934691", "title": "Treatment results of spinal cord injuries in the Swiss Parplegic Centre of Basle.", "content": "The results concerning the last 117 acute traumatic spinal cord lesions admitted in the Swiss Paraplegic Centre of Basle have been analysed as regards the rate of neurological recovery. The treatment not only concerns the vertebral damage but also the medical aspects of the spinal cord lesion itself. The routine use of combined Dexamethasone, Rheomacrodex and Hydergine in the very early treatment might have accounted for encouraging results which need to be confirmed in the future.", "contents": "Treatment results of spinal cord injuries in the Swiss Parplegic Centre of Basle. The results concerning the last 117 acute traumatic spinal cord lesions admitted in the Swiss Paraplegic Centre of Basle have been analysed as regards the rate of neurological recovery. The treatment not only concerns the vertebral damage but also the medical aspects of the spinal cord lesion itself. The routine use of combined Dexamethasone, Rheomacrodex and Hydergine in the very early treatment might have accounted for encouraging results which need to be confirmed in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:934693", "title": "Medical social work in the 'Centro Nacional de Paraplejicos', Toledo, Spain.", "content": "The Medical Social Service in the 'Centro Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de Parapl\u00e9jicos' of Toledo is briefly explained. Until 30 April 1975, 141 patients were treated in this hospital and the pertinent statistics are shown. The main social problems were housing, pension and job. The Medical Social Service makes use of all its resources to solve these problems.", "contents": "Medical social work in the 'Centro Nacional de Paraplejicos', Toledo, Spain. The Medical Social Service in the 'Centro Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de Parapl\u00e9jicos' of Toledo is briefly explained. Until 30 April 1975, 141 patients were treated in this hospital and the pertinent statistics are shown. The main social problems were housing, pension and job. The Medical Social Service makes use of all its resources to solve these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:934695", "title": "The United States National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Centre.", "content": "The National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Center has been established at Godd Samaritan Hospital, Pheonix, Arizona by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to develop information related to spinal cord injury in the United States. The research questions to be addressed by the project have been designed to define the magnitude and composition of the spinal cord injured population. How well does the spinal cord injured person cope with his disability? How much and what kind of services does he consume? How much does it cost? What does he produce? The project should add to our knowledge of the optimal methodology for delivery of proper services at the proper time at minimal cost to reduce the disability created by this catastrophic injury. Following the presentation of the above paper, 16 international spinal cord injury centers expressed their desire to participate in the United States Data Center Project.", "contents": "The United States National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Centre. The National Spinal Cord Injury Data Research Center has been established at Godd Samaritan Hospital, Pheonix, Arizona by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to develop information related to spinal cord injury in the United States. The research questions to be addressed by the project have been designed to define the magnitude and composition of the spinal cord injured population. How well does the spinal cord injured person cope with his disability? How much and what kind of services does he consume? How much does it cost? What does he produce? The project should add to our knowledge of the optimal methodology for delivery of proper services at the proper time at minimal cost to reduce the disability created by this catastrophic injury. Following the presentation of the above paper, 16 international spinal cord injury centers expressed their desire to participate in the United States Data Center Project."}
{"id": "PMID:934696", "title": "A basic evaluation framework for spinal cord injury care systems.", "content": "Regional spinal cord injury care systems have recently been initiated in the United States. A basic strategy for evaluating effectiveness and cost of care in these systems has been developed and preliminary results from one of the regional systems indicates the utility of the evaluation plan and effectiveness/cost savings of the system.", "contents": "A basic evaluation framework for spinal cord injury care systems. Regional spinal cord injury care systems have recently been initiated in the United States. A basic strategy for evaluating effectiveness and cost of care in these systems has been developed and preliminary results from one of the regional systems indicates the utility of the evaluation plan and effectiveness/cost savings of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:934697", "title": "Information in the early stages after spinal cord injury.", "content": "The information of the patient in the early stages after his spinal cord injury is often deficient. The opinion of 60 patients regarding some aspects of the information given to them during these early stages is discussed. The actual approach of patients with acute traumatic para- or tetraplegia, providing early detailed information and including a psychological interview, is presented.", "contents": "Information in the early stages after spinal cord injury. The information of the patient in the early stages after his spinal cord injury is often deficient. The opinion of 60 patients regarding some aspects of the information given to them during these early stages is discussed. The actual approach of patients with acute traumatic para- or tetraplegia, providing early detailed information and including a psychological interview, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:934698", "title": "Fine structure and origin of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "Tumour cells in Kaposi's sarcoma with visceral involvement were studied by fine structural analysis. In the cytoplasm of these cells rod-shaped tubulated bodies resembling Weibel-Palade granules could be demonstrated. This finding and the occurrence of a basement membrane around the tumour cells characterize Kaposi cells as endothelial cells of blood vessels which may originate from undifferentiated vasoformative cells of the adventitia.", "contents": "Fine structure and origin of Kaposi's sarcoma. Tumour cells in Kaposi's sarcoma with visceral involvement were studied by fine structural analysis. In the cytoplasm of these cells rod-shaped tubulated bodies resembling Weibel-Palade granules could be demonstrated. This finding and the occurrence of a basement membrane around the tumour cells characterize Kaposi cells as endothelial cells of blood vessels which may originate from undifferentiated vasoformative cells of the adventitia."}
{"id": "PMID:934699", "title": "Pituitary thyrotropic tumour secondary to long-standing primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Pituitary neoplasms in primary myxoedema are rare and previously reported cases have mostly been described as chromophobe adenomas. None of them were subjected to modern methods of study. A 26 year-old woman with untreated primary hypothyroidism developed a pituitary tumour which produced bitemporal hemianopsia. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies characterized the tumour cells as thyrotrops. The secretory granules present had a mean diameter of 110 mum and were membrane-bound and surrounded by clear halos. Many of the tumour cells were actively secreting. They had reduced numbers of granules, possessed expanded Golgi complexes, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Cytoplasmic microfilaments were also seen. A possible mechanism of production of this tumour is discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary thyrotropic tumour secondary to long-standing primary hypothyroidism. Pituitary neoplasms in primary myxoedema are rare and previously reported cases have mostly been described as chromophobe adenomas. None of them were subjected to modern methods of study. A 26 year-old woman with untreated primary hypothyroidism developed a pituitary tumour which produced bitemporal hemianopsia. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies characterized the tumour cells as thyrotrops. The secretory granules present had a mean diameter of 110 mum and were membrane-bound and surrounded by clear halos. Many of the tumour cells were actively secreting. They had reduced numbers of granules, possessed expanded Golgi complexes, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Cytoplasmic microfilaments were also seen. A possible mechanism of production of this tumour is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934700", "title": "Modern ideas on chromosome structure.", "content": "The structural element of an eukaryotic chromosome is the so-called chromatin fibre. It is a DNA-protein complex of about 100-200 A thickness and most probably running through from one end of a chromatid to the other. The fine structure of this DNA-protein fibre suggests a core of globular histone subunits around which the DNA-molecule is wound. The single strandedness of chromatids is suggested by the structure of premature condensed chromosomes. The course G-banding seen in metaphase chromosomes is presumably caused by groups of much finer bands seen in decondensed chromosomes. The number of such fine bands in the human genome is estimated to be 10 000-100 000, figures which are in the range of the number of genes in man.", "contents": "Modern ideas on chromosome structure. The structural element of an eukaryotic chromosome is the so-called chromatin fibre. It is a DNA-protein complex of about 100-200 A thickness and most probably running through from one end of a chromatid to the other. The fine structure of this DNA-protein fibre suggests a core of globular histone subunits around which the DNA-molecule is wound. The single strandedness of chromatids is suggested by the structure of premature condensed chromosomes. The course G-banding seen in metaphase chromosomes is presumably caused by groups of much finer bands seen in decondensed chromosomes. The number of such fine bands in the human genome is estimated to be 10 000-100 000, figures which are in the range of the number of genes in man."}
{"id": "PMID:934701", "title": "The angio-architecture of normal, hypertrophic and denervated muscle. A study in the rat, using micro-angiography and the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "The angio-architecture of normal, hypertrophic and denervated rat muscles was studied by micro-angiography and by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts made of methylmethacrylate. In hypertrophy, there was a slightly coarse-meshed irregular capillary network with some loss of normal parallelism, an increased calibre and a slight spiralization of all vessels. Probably all these changes, except the slight spiralization, increase the circulation. In denervation atrophy, the vascular pattern was much more irregular, with much more marked spiralization and loss of parallelism and narrowed capillaries. The changes probably contribute to the impairment of the circulation.", "contents": "The angio-architecture of normal, hypertrophic and denervated muscle. A study in the rat, using micro-angiography and the scanning electron microscope. The angio-architecture of normal, hypertrophic and denervated rat muscles was studied by micro-angiography and by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts made of methylmethacrylate. In hypertrophy, there was a slightly coarse-meshed irregular capillary network with some loss of normal parallelism, an increased calibre and a slight spiralization of all vessels. Probably all these changes, except the slight spiralization, increase the circulation. In denervation atrophy, the vascular pattern was much more irregular, with much more marked spiralization and loss of parallelism and narrowed capillaries. The changes probably contribute to the impairment of the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:934702", "title": "Nuclear inclusions and other ultrastructural aspects in the liver of animals treated with n-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "In the course of two chronic experiments including the administration of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-A-AF) to male Wistar rats, alterations were observed in the fine structure of the nuclei isolated from the liver. After the first 3 to 4 months of ingestion of the carcinogen, the heterochromatin became uniformly distributed throughout the nucleus, with dissociation of the nucleolus-associated heterochromatin. At longer intervals (7 months) evidence was found in the nucleus of various types of inclusions, chiefly granular virus-like bodies. Subsequently, the frequency of inclusions diminished but the liver cell nucleus remained large, with numerous large nucleoli. This suggested the existence of a stage of metabolic activation of the liver cell nucleus in the course of experimental induction of hepatocarcinoma with N-A-AF, giving rise to an increase in the nuclear and nucleolar volume by accumulation of synthesis products and disorders in nucleo-cytoplasmic exchanges.", "contents": "Nuclear inclusions and other ultrastructural aspects in the liver of animals treated with n-2-acetylaminofluorene. In the course of two chronic experiments including the administration of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-A-AF) to male Wistar rats, alterations were observed in the fine structure of the nuclei isolated from the liver. After the first 3 to 4 months of ingestion of the carcinogen, the heterochromatin became uniformly distributed throughout the nucleus, with dissociation of the nucleolus-associated heterochromatin. At longer intervals (7 months) evidence was found in the nucleus of various types of inclusions, chiefly granular virus-like bodies. Subsequently, the frequency of inclusions diminished but the liver cell nucleus remained large, with numerous large nucleoli. This suggested the existence of a stage of metabolic activation of the liver cell nucleus in the course of experimental induction of hepatocarcinoma with N-A-AF, giving rise to an increase in the nuclear and nucleolar volume by accumulation of synthesis products and disorders in nucleo-cytoplasmic exchanges."}
{"id": "PMID:934703", "title": "Glycogenous hepatonuclear inclusions in the aged mouse--an electron microscopical study of the histogenesis of nuclear inclusions.", "content": "Fifty-three and 84 week old mice have been investigated for liver nuclear inclusions. Light microscopical investigations revealed a significantly higher incidence of intranuclear PAS-positive material in the 84 week old mice. Electron microscopical studies showed a continuous development of nuclear inclusions from invagination of the double nuclear membrane containing all cytoplasmic organelles in various conditions via isolation of the invaginated portion to intranuclear free glycogen as a visible final stage. During the whole process alpha-glycogen is degraded to beta- and gamma-particles. These nuclear changes are not accompanied by other pathological changes either in the cells concerned or in the surrounding liver parenchyma. These nuclear findings are attributed to specific metabolic conditions in the ageing mouse.", "contents": "Glycogenous hepatonuclear inclusions in the aged mouse--an electron microscopical study of the histogenesis of nuclear inclusions. Fifty-three and 84 week old mice have been investigated for liver nuclear inclusions. Light microscopical investigations revealed a significantly higher incidence of intranuclear PAS-positive material in the 84 week old mice. Electron microscopical studies showed a continuous development of nuclear inclusions from invagination of the double nuclear membrane containing all cytoplasmic organelles in various conditions via isolation of the invaginated portion to intranuclear free glycogen as a visible final stage. During the whole process alpha-glycogen is degraded to beta- and gamma-particles. These nuclear changes are not accompanied by other pathological changes either in the cells concerned or in the surrounding liver parenchyma. These nuclear findings are attributed to specific metabolic conditions in the ageing mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:934704", "title": "Centrioles and cilia in non-tumourous anterior lobes and adenomas of the human pituitary.", "content": "Electron microscopy revealed the presence of centrioles and cilia in non-tumourous adenohypophysiocytes as well as in various adenomas of the human pituitary gland. Accumulation of centrioles and cilia was evident in sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenomas. Abundance of centrioles is a valuable sign in establishing the diagnosis of this tumour. The possible functional significance of centrioles and cilia in adenohypophysial cells has been discussed.", "contents": "Centrioles and cilia in non-tumourous anterior lobes and adenomas of the human pituitary. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of centrioles and cilia in non-tumourous adenohypophysiocytes as well as in various adenomas of the human pituitary gland. Accumulation of centrioles and cilia was evident in sparsely granulated growth hormone cell adenomas. Abundance of centrioles is a valuable sign in establishing the diagnosis of this tumour. The possible functional significance of centrioles and cilia in adenohypophysial cells has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934705", "title": "'Collagenous colitis' with watery diarrhoea--a new entity?", "content": "A case of chronic watery diarrhoea showed in rectal biopsy a thick subepithelial collagenous deposit in the colorectal mucosa. This deposit was of the same type as that described in the jejunal mucosa in collagenous sprue, and seems to have been the cause of the diarrhoea.", "contents": "'Collagenous colitis' with watery diarrhoea--a new entity? A case of chronic watery diarrhoea showed in rectal biopsy a thick subepithelial collagenous deposit in the colorectal mucosa. This deposit was of the same type as that described in the jejunal mucosa in collagenous sprue, and seems to have been the cause of the diarrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:934715", "title": "A homeostatic adaptive response to alpha-methyl-dopa in conscious dogs.", "content": "Repeated daily administration of an oral dose of 1000 mg of alpha-methyl-dopa (methyl dopa) to conscious dogs produced a conditioned adaptive hypertensive systolic and diastolic arterial pressure response along with the direct hypotensive pharmacological effect. The lower dose of 500 mg/day appeared to be devoid of direct or adaptive response effects, while the higher dose of 2000 mg/day only produced a blood pressure lowering response. The abrupt drug withdrawal unmasking the homeostatic state resulted in a marked systolic and diastolic pressor response which endured for about 10-days with peak effect reached at 17-days after termination of drug treatment. Comparable results were obtained whether the dogs were evaluated while in their normal horizontal body position or in a repositional upright condition.", "contents": "A homeostatic adaptive response to alpha-methyl-dopa in conscious dogs. Repeated daily administration of an oral dose of 1000 mg of alpha-methyl-dopa (methyl dopa) to conscious dogs produced a conditioned adaptive hypertensive systolic and diastolic arterial pressure response along with the direct hypotensive pharmacological effect. The lower dose of 500 mg/day appeared to be devoid of direct or adaptive response effects, while the higher dose of 2000 mg/day only produced a blood pressure lowering response. The abrupt drug withdrawal unmasking the homeostatic state resulted in a marked systolic and diastolic pressor response which endured for about 10-days with peak effect reached at 17-days after termination of drug treatment. Comparable results were obtained whether the dogs were evaluated while in their normal horizontal body position or in a repositional upright condition."}
{"id": "PMID:934716", "title": "Classical aversive conditioning of heart rate in curarized rats at different blood gas levels.", "content": "In an effort to examine whether normal blood gas tensions were essential for conditioning, paralyzed rats received a classical aversive heart rate (HR) conditioning session while respirated at different peak expired CO2 values. After the session, arterial blood was drawn for analysis. That peak expired CO2 was effective in manipulating PCO2 was indicated by a significant correlation (r=0.594, df=17, P less than 0.05). In addition, only rats with blood gas values similar to those of anesthetized controls displayed a discriminated HR CR. These animals also had lower baseline HRs and greater HR variability. Further, 7 of the 9 rats with normal blood gas values were respirated at peak expired CO2 values from 5.0-5.1 per cent, and no animal ventilated within this range displayed abnormal values. These findings suggest that previous difficulties in obtaining calssical and operant conditioning in paralyzed animals may, in part, be attributable to inadequate ventilation.", "contents": "Classical aversive conditioning of heart rate in curarized rats at different blood gas levels. In an effort to examine whether normal blood gas tensions were essential for conditioning, paralyzed rats received a classical aversive heart rate (HR) conditioning session while respirated at different peak expired CO2 values. After the session, arterial blood was drawn for analysis. That peak expired CO2 was effective in manipulating PCO2 was indicated by a significant correlation (r=0.594, df=17, P less than 0.05). In addition, only rats with blood gas values similar to those of anesthetized controls displayed a discriminated HR CR. These animals also had lower baseline HRs and greater HR variability. Further, 7 of the 9 rats with normal blood gas values were respirated at peak expired CO2 values from 5.0-5.1 per cent, and no animal ventilated within this range displayed abnormal values. These findings suggest that previous difficulties in obtaining calssical and operant conditioning in paralyzed animals may, in part, be attributable to inadequate ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:934717", "title": "Trends in the psychophysiology of individual differences.", "content": "Pavlov's typology of higher nervous activity was the first systematic approach to the psychophysiology of individual differences. Pavlov's theory has been further developed by Teplov, Nebylitsyn and their pupils in the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. In particular, Nebylitsyn has delineated a new property of the nervous system and has shown that it is different from strength of nervous system. In the Western research context we can compare the relationship between these two parameters to that between arousal and conditioning level. Eysenck's theory of the physiological bases of extraversion/introversion is discussed in relation to Nebylitsyn's theses and Gray's conception of arousability. Finally, it is suggested that future work in the psychophysiology of individual differences should stress the study of the ontogenetic development of the physiological variables.", "contents": "Trends in the psychophysiology of individual differences. Pavlov's typology of higher nervous activity was the first systematic approach to the psychophysiology of individual differences. Pavlov's theory has been further developed by Teplov, Nebylitsyn and their pupils in the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. In particular, Nebylitsyn has delineated a new property of the nervous system and has shown that it is different from strength of nervous system. In the Western research context we can compare the relationship between these two parameters to that between arousal and conditioning level. Eysenck's theory of the physiological bases of extraversion/introversion is discussed in relation to Nebylitsyn's theses and Gray's conception of arousability. Finally, it is suggested that future work in the psychophysiology of individual differences should stress the study of the ontogenetic development of the physiological variables."}
{"id": "PMID:934722", "title": "Electrolyte abnormalities in very low birthweight infants.", "content": "In 30 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, fed a commercial formula at 200 ml/kg/24 hr to provide 160 cal/kg/24 hr, hyponatremia (plasma Na+ less than 130 mEq/liter) occurred in 23 patients (14 appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 9 small for gestational age (SGA)) between the ages of 2 and 6 weeks. In five infants the hyponatremia recurred even after adequate correction of the deficit. Calcium supplementation given to 14 of the infants did not affect the incidence or severity of hyponatremia. In AGA infants, the hyponatremia was more severe than in SGA babies. Hyperkalemia (plasma K+ greater than 5.5 mEq/liter) was more common in AGA than in SGA infants (16/17 AGA, 7/13 SGA). Decrease in mean plasma chloride concentrations was proportionate to the decrease in mean Na+. Urinary Na+ averaged 1.0 mEq/kg/24 hr and was equal between groups during the first balance at a mean age of 18 days. In subsequent balances it appeared to decrease more rapidly in noncalcium-supplemented than in calcium-supplemented infants, but the difference was not significant (P less than 0.1). Fecal excretion of Na+ did not differ between groups. Symptoms were unrelated to the degree of hyponatremia or hyperkalemia and were nonspecific. Hyponatremia in AGA infants occurred in 50% of instances when growth was less than or equal to 0.75 cm/week, whereas it occurred in only 13.5% of infants when growth exceeded 1 cm/week (P less than 0.01). A similar trend in SGA infants was not statistically significant (P less than 0.2).", "contents": "Electrolyte abnormalities in very low birthweight infants. In 30 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, fed a commercial formula at 200 ml/kg/24 hr to provide 160 cal/kg/24 hr, hyponatremia (plasma Na+ less than 130 mEq/liter) occurred in 23 patients (14 appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 9 small for gestational age (SGA)) between the ages of 2 and 6 weeks. In five infants the hyponatremia recurred even after adequate correction of the deficit. Calcium supplementation given to 14 of the infants did not affect the incidence or severity of hyponatremia. In AGA infants, the hyponatremia was more severe than in SGA babies. Hyperkalemia (plasma K+ greater than 5.5 mEq/liter) was more common in AGA than in SGA infants (16/17 AGA, 7/13 SGA). Decrease in mean plasma chloride concentrations was proportionate to the decrease in mean Na+. Urinary Na+ averaged 1.0 mEq/kg/24 hr and was equal between groups during the first balance at a mean age of 18 days. In subsequent balances it appeared to decrease more rapidly in noncalcium-supplemented than in calcium-supplemented infants, but the difference was not significant (P less than 0.1). Fecal excretion of Na+ did not differ between groups. Symptoms were unrelated to the degree of hyponatremia or hyperkalemia and were nonspecific. Hyponatremia in AGA infants occurred in 50% of instances when growth was less than or equal to 0.75 cm/week, whereas it occurred in only 13.5% of infants when growth exceeded 1 cm/week (P less than 0.01). A similar trend in SGA infants was not statistically significant (P less than 0.2)."}
{"id": "PMID:934718", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to avoidance conditioning in the dog: effects of alpha adrenergic blockade.", "content": "Laboratory dogs were trained to press a response panel to postpone shocks during daily one-hour avoidance conditioning periods. Each dog was also confined in the experimental environment for 5 hours prior to the avoidance periods. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously during these experiments from chronically indwelling arterial catheters. Extended training resulted in the emergence of a cardiovascular response pattern during the pre-avoidance interval characterized by gradual increases in blood pressure together with decreases in heart rate. Elevations in both blood pressure and heart rate were sustained during the avoidance periods. During sessions in which alpha adrenergic activity was suppressed by phenoxybenzamine, absolute levels of blood pressure were found to be lower than during control (non-drug) sessions, but a progressive rise in blood pressure continued to be observed during pre-avoidance. These results suggest that sustained cardiovascular responses during avoidance periods are associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but that the gradual rise in blood pressure during pre-avoidance is due to other factors.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to avoidance conditioning in the dog: effects of alpha adrenergic blockade. Laboratory dogs were trained to press a response panel to postpone shocks during daily one-hour avoidance conditioning periods. Each dog was also confined in the experimental environment for 5 hours prior to the avoidance periods. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously during these experiments from chronically indwelling arterial catheters. Extended training resulted in the emergence of a cardiovascular response pattern during the pre-avoidance interval characterized by gradual increases in blood pressure together with decreases in heart rate. Elevations in both blood pressure and heart rate were sustained during the avoidance periods. During sessions in which alpha adrenergic activity was suppressed by phenoxybenzamine, absolute levels of blood pressure were found to be lower than during control (non-drug) sessions, but a progressive rise in blood pressure continued to be observed during pre-avoidance. These results suggest that sustained cardiovascular responses during avoidance periods are associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but that the gradual rise in blood pressure during pre-avoidance is due to other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:934723", "title": "Late hyponatremia in very low birthweight infants. (less than 1.3 kilograms).", "content": "Late hyponatremia (plasma Na+ less than 130 mEq/liter) occurred frequently (on 54 of 159 occasions) in 46 very low virthweight (VLBW) infants (less than 1.3 kg at birth) between 2 and 6 weeks of age while receiving a sodium intake of less than or equal to 2 mEg/kg/24 hr. To elucidate possible pathogenetic mechanisms five groups of such infants were studied while receiving a commercially available formula reconstituted to give two different volumes and two different Na+ concentrations. Sodium intake in the nonsupplemented (NS) infants (n = 23) was less than 2 mEq/kg/24 hr. Supplemented (S) infants (n = 16) received approximately 3 mEq Na+/kg/24 hr. A further group of seven infants given a high volume (200 ml/kg/24 hr), high caloric (100 cal/dl) formula and Na+ supplementation (to 3 mEq/kg/24 hr) was also included. Infants were studied from age 14 days until they weighed 1.80 +/- 0.05 kg at a mean age of 47 days. At the time of start of the study, 6 of 20 NS and 6 of 19 S infants were hyponatremic. After supplementation only two episodes of hyponatremia occurred in S infants, both during the first study week, whereas the high incidence of hyponatremia in NS infants period. During baseline urine collections all infants excreted between 80 and 100 ml/kg/24 hr urine, but those receiving 150 ml/kg/24 hr formula decreased their urinary output rapidly to 50 ml/kg/24 hr, whereas infants receiving high volume feeds (200 ml/kg/24 hr) did not decrease their urinary output until the third balance at an average age of 45 days. All infants excreted between 1.0 and 1.2 mEq/kg/24 hr of sodium in their urine during the initial collection. Nonsupplemented infants reduced their urinary Na+ excretion more rapidly than supplemented babies (NS: from 1.03 to 0.55 mEq/kg/24 hr, first vs second balance; S: from 1.00 to 0.80 mEq/kg/24 hr, first vs third balance). Mean potassium excretion remained unchanged in NS and S infants during the study period and was not affected by the volume or caloric content of the formula. Extracellular volume (ECV) and total body water (TBW) were measure serially, and there were no differences between S and NS infants in the distribution of body water. The percentage of TBW and ECV decreased in all groups with increasing postnatal age.", "contents": "Late hyponatremia in very low birthweight infants. (less than 1.3 kilograms). Late hyponatremia (plasma Na+ less than 130 mEq/liter) occurred frequently (on 54 of 159 occasions) in 46 very low virthweight (VLBW) infants (less than 1.3 kg at birth) between 2 and 6 weeks of age while receiving a sodium intake of less than or equal to 2 mEg/kg/24 hr. To elucidate possible pathogenetic mechanisms five groups of such infants were studied while receiving a commercially available formula reconstituted to give two different volumes and two different Na+ concentrations. Sodium intake in the nonsupplemented (NS) infants (n = 23) was less than 2 mEq/kg/24 hr. Supplemented (S) infants (n = 16) received approximately 3 mEq Na+/kg/24 hr. A further group of seven infants given a high volume (200 ml/kg/24 hr), high caloric (100 cal/dl) formula and Na+ supplementation (to 3 mEq/kg/24 hr) was also included. Infants were studied from age 14 days until they weighed 1.80 +/- 0.05 kg at a mean age of 47 days. At the time of start of the study, 6 of 20 NS and 6 of 19 S infants were hyponatremic. After supplementation only two episodes of hyponatremia occurred in S infants, both during the first study week, whereas the high incidence of hyponatremia in NS infants period. During baseline urine collections all infants excreted between 80 and 100 ml/kg/24 hr urine, but those receiving 150 ml/kg/24 hr formula decreased their urinary output rapidly to 50 ml/kg/24 hr, whereas infants receiving high volume feeds (200 ml/kg/24 hr) did not decrease their urinary output until the third balance at an average age of 45 days. All infants excreted between 1.0 and 1.2 mEq/kg/24 hr of sodium in their urine during the initial collection. Nonsupplemented infants reduced their urinary Na+ excretion more rapidly than supplemented babies (NS: from 1.03 to 0.55 mEq/kg/24 hr, first vs second balance; S: from 1.00 to 0.80 mEq/kg/24 hr, first vs third balance). Mean potassium excretion remained unchanged in NS and S infants during the study period and was not affected by the volume or caloric content of the formula. Extracellular volume (ECV) and total body water (TBW) were measure serially, and there were no differences between S and NS infants in the distribution of body water. The percentage of TBW and ECV decreased in all groups with increasing postnatal age."}
{"id": "PMID:934719", "title": "Cross modal transfer of a conditional flexion response in dogs.", "content": "Two experiments investigated cross modal transfer of a conditional flexion response. In the first experiment, two dogs with extensive experimental past histories transferred a discrimination based on the pattern of presentation of auditory stimuli to a comparable pattern of visual stimuli. A second experiment with a naive dog demonstrated that such stimulus patterning also occurred from visual to auditory modalities. Additional tests showed that transfer was based on the relationship between discriminative stimuli and that the negative stimulus in the second modality was actively inhibitory. The data were discussed with reference to general attentiveness and rudimentary concept learning.", "contents": "Cross modal transfer of a conditional flexion response in dogs. Two experiments investigated cross modal transfer of a conditional flexion response. In the first experiment, two dogs with extensive experimental past histories transferred a discrimination based on the pattern of presentation of auditory stimuli to a comparable pattern of visual stimuli. A second experiment with a naive dog demonstrated that such stimulus patterning also occurred from visual to auditory modalities. Additional tests showed that transfer was based on the relationship between discriminative stimuli and that the negative stimulus in the second modality was actively inhibitory. The data were discussed with reference to general attentiveness and rudimentary concept learning."}
{"id": "PMID:934721", "title": "Double responding in classical nictitating membrane conditioning with single-CS dual-ISI training.", "content": "Rabbits were classically conditioned under a single-CS dual-ISI paradigm. Contrary to a previous experiment by Frey (1970), a separate CR was conditioned at each interstimulus interval (ISI), producing a double response (DR) on long-ISI trials. Further experiments indicated that DR development is facilitated by (a) circumorbital US-location and (b) relatively high US-intensity. However, subsequent shifts to nonoptimal conditions did not produce substantial decreases in DR frequency. The presence of DRs appears to be readily amenable to interpretation in terms of a Pavlovian stimulus-trace mechanism in which the US becomes associated with a particular temporal portion of the CS. An instrumental-response-shaping hypothesis of classical conditioning can explain these data only if the hypothetical reinforcement mechanism is assumed to be considerably more complex than had previously been supposed.", "contents": "Double responding in classical nictitating membrane conditioning with single-CS dual-ISI training. Rabbits were classically conditioned under a single-CS dual-ISI paradigm. Contrary to a previous experiment by Frey (1970), a separate CR was conditioned at each interstimulus interval (ISI), producing a double response (DR) on long-ISI trials. Further experiments indicated that DR development is facilitated by (a) circumorbital US-location and (b) relatively high US-intensity. However, subsequent shifts to nonoptimal conditions did not produce substantial decreases in DR frequency. The presence of DRs appears to be readily amenable to interpretation in terms of a Pavlovian stimulus-trace mechanism in which the US becomes associated with a particular temporal portion of the CS. An instrumental-response-shaping hypothesis of classical conditioning can explain these data only if the hypothetical reinforcement mechanism is assumed to be considerably more complex than had previously been supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:934724", "title": "The effect of spermidine and spermine on proliferation in vitro of fibroblasts from normal and cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "The effects of spermidine and spermine at varying concentrations upon the replicative ability of human fibroblasts in cell culture have been studied. The average concentrations of spermidine causing a 50% inhibition of prolifertion (ID50) after 3 days of growth for three normal cell strains and three strains derived from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were 4.4 X 10(-6) +/- 1.2 M and 6.2 X 10(-6) +/- 2.1 M, respectively. The values for spermine were 2.0 X 10(-6) +/- 0.5 M for normal and 2.2 X 10(-6) +/- 0.1 M for fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis patients. No significant difference between the replicative ability of normal and CF cell strains was seen over a wide range of polyamine concentrations employed for a period of up to 3 days.", "contents": "The effect of spermidine and spermine on proliferation in vitro of fibroblasts from normal and cystic fibrosis patients. The effects of spermidine and spermine at varying concentrations upon the replicative ability of human fibroblasts in cell culture have been studied. The average concentrations of spermidine causing a 50% inhibition of prolifertion (ID50) after 3 days of growth for three normal cell strains and three strains derived from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were 4.4 X 10(-6) +/- 1.2 M and 6.2 X 10(-6) +/- 2.1 M, respectively. The values for spermine were 2.0 X 10(-6) +/- 0.5 M for normal and 2.2 X 10(-6) +/- 0.1 M for fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis patients. No significant difference between the replicative ability of normal and CF cell strains was seen over a wide range of polyamine concentrations employed for a period of up to 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:934720", "title": "A multivariate discriminate analysis of behavioral measures in genetically nervous dogs.", "content": "For some years we have studied a strain of genetically nervous dogs in the Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital, North Little Rock, Arkansas. In the manner of Pavlov and Gantt and later Scott and Fuller we have characterized these dogs in such descriptive terms as timid, human aversive, and catatonic-like. Behavioral tests have been administered on nearly all dogs in this longitudinal study, and we are using these data to try to develop statistical procedures to maximize the discriminatory power of the behavioral assay and to more accurately characterize the behavioral deficit. A multivariate discriminate analysis of 13 variables on 91 healthy and 63 nervous dogs assayed at 3 months of age shows: (1) that much of our present behavioral testing procedures is redundant, and (2) that simple \"friendliness to humans\" in the dog is as effective for discriminating between the two groups as any of the 13 measures, taken either singly or collectively.", "contents": "A multivariate discriminate analysis of behavioral measures in genetically nervous dogs. For some years we have studied a strain of genetically nervous dogs in the Neuropsychiatric Research Laboratory, Veterans Administration Hospital, North Little Rock, Arkansas. In the manner of Pavlov and Gantt and later Scott and Fuller we have characterized these dogs in such descriptive terms as timid, human aversive, and catatonic-like. Behavioral tests have been administered on nearly all dogs in this longitudinal study, and we are using these data to try to develop statistical procedures to maximize the discriminatory power of the behavioral assay and to more accurately characterize the behavioral deficit. A multivariate discriminate analysis of 13 variables on 91 healthy and 63 nervous dogs assayed at 3 months of age shows: (1) that much of our present behavioral testing procedures is redundant, and (2) that simple \"friendliness to humans\" in the dog is as effective for discriminating between the two groups as any of the 13 measures, taken either singly or collectively."}
{"id": "PMID:934725", "title": "Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy.", "content": "Metabolic effects of a new ketogenic regimen in which ketonemia is induced by feeding of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are described, and comparisons are made with effects of the standard high fat ketogenic diet. Eighteen children maintained on the MCT diet for 3 months to 4 years failed to show elevations of serum cholesterol and had only a slight rise in serum total fatty acids, in contrast to the marked hyperlipidemia observed in children on the standard high fat diet. Long term use of the MCT diet did not affect pH of venous blood. Blood glucose fell below 50 mg/100 ml in one-third of the children, the lowest levels being reached 2--3 weeks after the start of the diet. Plasma D(--)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate rose gradually after institution of diet therapy, maximum levels being reached after about 1 month. Higher levels of BHB and acetoacetate were achieved in children under the age of 10 years (BHB = 4.3 mM +/- 0.6 SEM, acetoacetate = 1.8 mM +/- 0.3 SEM) than in 10--18 year olds (BHB = 1.6 mM +/- 0.2 SEM, acetoacetate = 0.57 mM +/- 0.08 SEM). Plasma BHB and acetoacetate levels in children maintained on a 3:1 high fat diet were similar to those in children on a 60% MCT diet. Plasma levels of BHB showed a significant correlation with anticonvulsant effect (P less than 0.02). Both the ketonemia and the anticonvulsant action were reversed rapidly by intravenous infusion of glucose.", "contents": "Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Metabolic effects of a new ketogenic regimen in which ketonemia is induced by feeding of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are described, and comparisons are made with effects of the standard high fat ketogenic diet. Eighteen children maintained on the MCT diet for 3 months to 4 years failed to show elevations of serum cholesterol and had only a slight rise in serum total fatty acids, in contrast to the marked hyperlipidemia observed in children on the standard high fat diet. Long term use of the MCT diet did not affect pH of venous blood. Blood glucose fell below 50 mg/100 ml in one-third of the children, the lowest levels being reached 2--3 weeks after the start of the diet. Plasma D(--)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate rose gradually after institution of diet therapy, maximum levels being reached after about 1 month. Higher levels of BHB and acetoacetate were achieved in children under the age of 10 years (BHB = 4.3 mM +/- 0.6 SEM, acetoacetate = 1.8 mM +/- 0.3 SEM) than in 10--18 year olds (BHB = 1.6 mM +/- 0.2 SEM, acetoacetate = 0.57 mM +/- 0.08 SEM). Plasma BHB and acetoacetate levels in children maintained on a 3:1 high fat diet were similar to those in children on a 60% MCT diet. Plasma levels of BHB showed a significant correlation with anticonvulsant effect (P less than 0.02). Both the ketonemia and the anticonvulsant action were reversed rapidly by intravenous infusion of glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:934726", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in cultured fibroblasts in adrenoleukodystrophy.", "content": "The basic biochemical defect of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (sudanophilic leukodystrophy, Schilder's disease) is unknown. To investigate reported abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism in vitro, we examined cultured skin fibroblasts of four patients and four normal control subjects. The kinetics of retention and accumulation of [14C]cholesterol by these cells was studied. After 3 days of exposure to tracer amounts of [14C]cholesterol, an apparent steady state between the medium and cellular cholesterol was established. The specific radioactivity expressed per mg of protein was similar for both Schilder and control fibroblasts. tafter labeling the pre-existing cellular cholesterol pool, the rate of loss of label was followed up for a 6-day period. About 23% and 14%, respectively, of the cellular radioactivity in both Schilder's disease and control cells were released into the medium after the consecutive change with fresh nonlabeled medium. No significant differences in [14C]cholesterol rates of uptake or release were observed between control and Schilder's disease fibroblasts. About 44% of the labeled cholesterol was present in an esterfied form after incubation in the presence of unheated serum in both Schilder's and control cultures.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in cultured fibroblasts in adrenoleukodystrophy. The basic biochemical defect of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (sudanophilic leukodystrophy, Schilder's disease) is unknown. To investigate reported abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism in vitro, we examined cultured skin fibroblasts of four patients and four normal control subjects. The kinetics of retention and accumulation of [14C]cholesterol by these cells was studied. After 3 days of exposure to tracer amounts of [14C]cholesterol, an apparent steady state between the medium and cellular cholesterol was established. The specific radioactivity expressed per mg of protein was similar for both Schilder and control fibroblasts. tafter labeling the pre-existing cellular cholesterol pool, the rate of loss of label was followed up for a 6-day period. About 23% and 14%, respectively, of the cellular radioactivity in both Schilder's disease and control cells were released into the medium after the consecutive change with fresh nonlabeled medium. No significant differences in [14C]cholesterol rates of uptake or release were observed between control and Schilder's disease fibroblasts. About 44% of the labeled cholesterol was present in an esterfied form after incubation in the presence of unheated serum in both Schilder's and control cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:934727", "title": "Type I hyperprolinemia: a study of the intestinal absorption of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine was interpreted by investigation of a type I hyperprolinemia patient and six control subjects. Intestinal perfusion was performed. When proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (OH-Pro), and glycine (Gly) were infused together, an increase in proline concentration did not alter aminoacid uptake in the control subjects; however, in the hyperprolinemia patient, uptake of aminoacids became negliglible (Pro, 17--6 muM/min; OH-Pro, 15--0.3 muM/min; and Gly, 13.5--0 muM/min). When each aminoacid was infused alone at increasing concentrations aminoacid uptake increased in controls; in the hyperprolinemic patient, intestinal absorption was less for glycine and hydroxyproline but aminoacid uptake increased with substrate concentration; however, for proline, the uptake remained constant (1l.5--17 muM/min/20 cm of intestinal test segment) (Table 1). When hydroxyproline was infused with an increased concentration of proline in the hyperprolinemic patient, hydroxyproline uptake first increased (9.8--14.3 muM/min/20 cm) then decreased to its basal value, whereas, in the control subjects, uptake increased without decreasing subsequently.", "contents": "Type I hyperprolinemia: a study of the intestinal absorption of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine. Intestinal absorption of proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine was interpreted by investigation of a type I hyperprolinemia patient and six control subjects. Intestinal perfusion was performed. When proline (Pro), hydroxyproline (OH-Pro), and glycine (Gly) were infused together, an increase in proline concentration did not alter aminoacid uptake in the control subjects; however, in the hyperprolinemia patient, uptake of aminoacids became negliglible (Pro, 17--6 muM/min; OH-Pro, 15--0.3 muM/min; and Gly, 13.5--0 muM/min). When each aminoacid was infused alone at increasing concentrations aminoacid uptake increased in controls; in the hyperprolinemic patient, intestinal absorption was less for glycine and hydroxyproline but aminoacid uptake increased with substrate concentration; however, for proline, the uptake remained constant (1l.5--17 muM/min/20 cm of intestinal test segment) (Table 1). When hydroxyproline was infused with an increased concentration of proline in the hyperprolinemic patient, hydroxyproline uptake first increased (9.8--14.3 muM/min/20 cm) then decreased to its basal value, whereas, in the control subjects, uptake increased without decreasing subsequently."}
{"id": "PMID:934728", "title": "Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid-modifying activity of phototherapy lights.", "content": "Little information is available on the intracellular consequences of the high intensity illumination with visible light that is commonly used in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The present study was undertaken to determine whether DNA isolated from human cells growing in culture had undergone structural alterations as a result of exposure to high intensity visible light in the absence of added photosensitizers. Analysis of such DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients revealed a diminution is size after illumination. This structural lesion was repairable when the treated cells were subsequently incubated in the dark. These changes were observed at wave lengths (450 nm) of light identical with those utilized in phototherapy and with total light doses (70.4 kJ/m2) representing only 5% of that received by a newborn infant undergoing phototherapy in our nursery for a 24-hr period (1.3 X 10(3) KJ/m2.", "contents": "Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid-modifying activity of phototherapy lights. Little information is available on the intracellular consequences of the high intensity illumination with visible light that is commonly used in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The present study was undertaken to determine whether DNA isolated from human cells growing in culture had undergone structural alterations as a result of exposure to high intensity visible light in the absence of added photosensitizers. Analysis of such DNA on alkaline sucrose gradients revealed a diminution is size after illumination. This structural lesion was repairable when the treated cells were subsequently incubated in the dark. These changes were observed at wave lengths (450 nm) of light identical with those utilized in phototherapy and with total light doses (70.4 kJ/m2) representing only 5% of that received by a newborn infant undergoing phototherapy in our nursery for a 24-hr period (1.3 X 10(3) KJ/m2."}
{"id": "PMID:934729", "title": "Transport of L-cystine by cultivated skin fibroblasts of normal subjects and patients with cystinosis.", "content": "Uptake of L-cystine at the plasma membrane of fibroblasts derived from normal and cystinotic subjects was studied. L-Cystine accumulation after a 20-min period was increased in cystinotic fibroblasts incubated in 0.08 mM L-cystine. This effect appeared to be concentration-dependent since accumulation after 20 min at 0.004 mM concentration was decreased in cystinotic cells. Kinetic data suggested that at least two nondiffusional saturable processes with widely different substrate affinities mediate initial L-cystine uptake in skin fibroblasts. In addition, the transport process with high affinity for L-cystine may itself be a two-component system, as suggested by (1) additive inhibitory effect of other neutral amino acids, and (2) preincubation studies in which preincubation with cystathionine enhanced subsequent L-cystine uptake, whereas preincubation with other neutral amino acids depressed subsequent uptake. Affinity constants and maximal velocities of initial uptake did not appear to be altered in cells derived from patients with cystinosis. After 60-sec incubation with L-[35S] cystine, cystinotic cells retained more label as cystine than did normal cells at each concentration studied. These data indicate that initial L-cystine uptakein fibroblasts of patients with cystinosis proceeds at a normal rate by means of all transport systems currently shown to be present in normal cells.", "contents": "Transport of L-cystine by cultivated skin fibroblasts of normal subjects and patients with cystinosis. Uptake of L-cystine at the plasma membrane of fibroblasts derived from normal and cystinotic subjects was studied. L-Cystine accumulation after a 20-min period was increased in cystinotic fibroblasts incubated in 0.08 mM L-cystine. This effect appeared to be concentration-dependent since accumulation after 20 min at 0.004 mM concentration was decreased in cystinotic cells. Kinetic data suggested that at least two nondiffusional saturable processes with widely different substrate affinities mediate initial L-cystine uptake in skin fibroblasts. In addition, the transport process with high affinity for L-cystine may itself be a two-component system, as suggested by (1) additive inhibitory effect of other neutral amino acids, and (2) preincubation studies in which preincubation with cystathionine enhanced subsequent L-cystine uptake, whereas preincubation with other neutral amino acids depressed subsequent uptake. Affinity constants and maximal velocities of initial uptake did not appear to be altered in cells derived from patients with cystinosis. After 60-sec incubation with L-[35S] cystine, cystinotic cells retained more label as cystine than did normal cells at each concentration studied. These data indicate that initial L-cystine uptakein fibroblasts of patients with cystinosis proceeds at a normal rate by means of all transport systems currently shown to be present in normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:934730", "title": "Hypophosphatasia: a developmental anomaly of alkaline phosphatase?", "content": "This report deals with quantitative and qualitative investigations of alkaline phosphatase in two unrelated infants with the severe infantile form of hypophosphatasia. Both affected infants had no detectable leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activities and both sets of parents and one sibling tended to have low but variable leukocyte enzyme activities. Normal duodenal juice alkaline phosphatase activity was present in the one patient in whom it was measured and a wide range of variation in enzymic activity was observed in the stools. There was no significant difference in the stool enzyme activity between both patients with hypophosphatasia (42.01 +/- 9.77 U) and control infants (40.55 +/- 6.29 U). However, the heterozygous parents had values significantly lower than the control adults (2.10 +/- 0.47 as compared with 19.10 +/- 4.44 U). Intestinal bacteria did not contribute significantly to the stool alkaline phosphatase activity. Enzyme activity was present in the bile of one of the patients and nearly absent in that of the other. Three \"inducers\" of alkaline phosphatase were given to both patients (phenobarbital, vitamin A, and corticosteroid). No clinical improvement or rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed during the trial of therapy with these agents. However, a significant increase in the activity of serum acid phosphatase was demonstrated during the course of vitamin A administration, suggesting an in vivo action of vitamin A on the lysosomes through decreasing the stability of the membrane and releasing acid phosphatase to the serum. Quantitative determination of tissue alkaline phosphatases from autopsy tissues was highly variable: no activity was found in bone, lungs, or spleen of either infant; there was a discrepancy in liver and kidney alkaline phosphatase values (zero in one patient and present in the other) and activity was present in the intestinal mucosa of both. Qualitative analysis of kidney, liver, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase revealed some differences between the patients and control subjects in heat inactivation and phenylalanine inhibition (Table 3). Starch gel electrophoresis of the liver preparation of one patient disclosed a single band which had greater mobility than that of six control subjects matched for age. Liver extracts from a premature and from full term newborns showed two bands. The single band of the patient's liver enzyme corresponded to the newborn's fast moving component. In addition, the intestinal enzyme prepared from the same patient had an extra band when compared with age-matched control subjects.", "contents": "Hypophosphatasia: a developmental anomaly of alkaline phosphatase? This report deals with quantitative and qualitative investigations of alkaline phosphatase in two unrelated infants with the severe infantile form of hypophosphatasia. Both affected infants had no detectable leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activities and both sets of parents and one sibling tended to have low but variable leukocyte enzyme activities. Normal duodenal juice alkaline phosphatase activity was present in the one patient in whom it was measured and a wide range of variation in enzymic activity was observed in the stools. There was no significant difference in the stool enzyme activity between both patients with hypophosphatasia (42.01 +/- 9.77 U) and control infants (40.55 +/- 6.29 U). However, the heterozygous parents had values significantly lower than the control adults (2.10 +/- 0.47 as compared with 19.10 +/- 4.44 U). Intestinal bacteria did not contribute significantly to the stool alkaline phosphatase activity. Enzyme activity was present in the bile of one of the patients and nearly absent in that of the other. Three \"inducers\" of alkaline phosphatase were given to both patients (phenobarbital, vitamin A, and corticosteroid). No clinical improvement or rise in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was observed during the trial of therapy with these agents. However, a significant increase in the activity of serum acid phosphatase was demonstrated during the course of vitamin A administration, suggesting an in vivo action of vitamin A on the lysosomes through decreasing the stability of the membrane and releasing acid phosphatase to the serum. Quantitative determination of tissue alkaline phosphatases from autopsy tissues was highly variable: no activity was found in bone, lungs, or spleen of either infant; there was a discrepancy in liver and kidney alkaline phosphatase values (zero in one patient and present in the other) and activity was present in the intestinal mucosa of both. Qualitative analysis of kidney, liver, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase revealed some differences between the patients and control subjects in heat inactivation and phenylalanine inhibition (Table 3). Starch gel electrophoresis of the liver preparation of one patient disclosed a single band which had greater mobility than that of six control subjects matched for age. Liver extracts from a premature and from full term newborns showed two bands. The single band of the patient's liver enzyme corresponded to the newborn's fast moving component. In addition, the intestinal enzyme prepared from the same patient had an extra band when compared with age-matched control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:934731", "title": "Effect of umbilical artery catheters on blood flow and oxygen supply to extremities.", "content": "The effect of catheter placement in the abdominal aorta on the blood flow and oxygenation of lower extremities was evaluated in 30 New Zealand rabbits, weighing 0.55-3.5 kg, by inserting 3.5 and 5.0 French polyvinyl chloride catheters, of the type commonly used for umbilical artery catheterization, through the femoral artery, advancing 15-20 cm, and leaving in place for 10-30 min. Arterial blood pressure (BP), common iliac artery blood flow (BF), gracilis muscle tissue oxygen availability (O2a), and subcutaneous temperature (T) in the foot were continuously monitored before and during catheter placement and after withdrawal. There were no changes in the physiologic variables measured in the contralateral leg when the catheter remained below the aortic bifurcation; however, when the catheter was advanced 15-20 cm into the abdominal aorta, a decrease in lower extremity BF, O2a, and T occurred. Because the length of catheter insertion was maintained constant in each animal, the decreases in BF, O2a, and T are related to the relative dimensions of the vessel and the catheter. The ratio of catheter to vessel diamter, in addition to the site of catheter placement, should be considered during the clinical application of arterial catheters. Reduction in blood flow could be detected by continuous differential monitoring of core and extremity temperature or extremity muscle oxygen availability.", "contents": "Effect of umbilical artery catheters on blood flow and oxygen supply to extremities. The effect of catheter placement in the abdominal aorta on the blood flow and oxygenation of lower extremities was evaluated in 30 New Zealand rabbits, weighing 0.55-3.5 kg, by inserting 3.5 and 5.0 French polyvinyl chloride catheters, of the type commonly used for umbilical artery catheterization, through the femoral artery, advancing 15-20 cm, and leaving in place for 10-30 min. Arterial blood pressure (BP), common iliac artery blood flow (BF), gracilis muscle tissue oxygen availability (O2a), and subcutaneous temperature (T) in the foot were continuously monitored before and during catheter placement and after withdrawal. There were no changes in the physiologic variables measured in the contralateral leg when the catheter remained below the aortic bifurcation; however, when the catheter was advanced 15-20 cm into the abdominal aorta, a decrease in lower extremity BF, O2a, and T occurred. Because the length of catheter insertion was maintained constant in each animal, the decreases in BF, O2a, and T are related to the relative dimensions of the vessel and the catheter. The ratio of catheter to vessel diamter, in addition to the site of catheter placement, should be considered during the clinical application of arterial catheters. Reduction in blood flow could be detected by continuous differential monitoring of core and extremity temperature or extremity muscle oxygen availability."}
{"id": "PMID:934732", "title": "A comparison of the active stiffness of fetal and adult cardiac muscle.", "content": "This report described the in vitro analysis of the series elasticity of ventricular myocardium isolated from five fetal lambs and six adult sheep. Active compliance measurements were obtained by quick releases utilizing a closed loop servosystem and electromagnetic positioning device to control cardiac muscle length or tension. Right ventricular moderator bands were obtained from five fetuses (average 139 days of gestation, term=147 days), and compared with two adult moderator bands and four adult right ventricular trabeculae carneae. After correction for equipment coupling the experimental load extension data were fit to an exponential expression by a least squares technique: strain=1/b ln (1 + stress/a). When fetal and adult data were compared, no age-related differences in the constants were observed (a=0.185 +/- 0.062 SE (fetal) and 0.159 +/- 0.03 g/mm2 (adult); b=40.4 +/- 5.2 (fetal) and 43.1 +/- 5.2 (adult); and ab=7.39 +/-2.34 (fetal) and 5.27 +/- .99 (adult). However, significant variation existed in the histologically determined amount of contractile tissue present in muscle samples from both fetus (57-85%, average=74.0 +/- 4.9) and adult (64-94%, average=82.3 +/- 5.3). Wihtout regard to age, a signficant correlation was found between the b stiffness constant and the amount of contractile mass present in cardiac muscle. Thus, it is concluded that there is no age-related difference in the stiffness of fetal and adult ventricular muscle. However, there is a significant relationship between active compliance and true muscle mass.", "contents": "A comparison of the active stiffness of fetal and adult cardiac muscle. This report described the in vitro analysis of the series elasticity of ventricular myocardium isolated from five fetal lambs and six adult sheep. Active compliance measurements were obtained by quick releases utilizing a closed loop servosystem and electromagnetic positioning device to control cardiac muscle length or tension. Right ventricular moderator bands were obtained from five fetuses (average 139 days of gestation, term=147 days), and compared with two adult moderator bands and four adult right ventricular trabeculae carneae. After correction for equipment coupling the experimental load extension data were fit to an exponential expression by a least squares technique: strain=1/b ln (1 + stress/a). When fetal and adult data were compared, no age-related differences in the constants were observed (a=0.185 +/- 0.062 SE (fetal) and 0.159 +/- 0.03 g/mm2 (adult); b=40.4 +/- 5.2 (fetal) and 43.1 +/- 5.2 (adult); and ab=7.39 +/-2.34 (fetal) and 5.27 +/- .99 (adult). However, significant variation existed in the histologically determined amount of contractile tissue present in muscle samples from both fetus (57-85%, average=74.0 +/- 4.9) and adult (64-94%, average=82.3 +/- 5.3). Wihtout regard to age, a signficant correlation was found between the b stiffness constant and the amount of contractile mass present in cardiac muscle. Thus, it is concluded that there is no age-related difference in the stiffness of fetal and adult ventricular muscle. However, there is a significant relationship between active compliance and true muscle mass."}
{"id": "PMID:934733", "title": "Pseudohypoaldosteronism due to sweat gland dysfunction.", "content": "Pseudohypoaldosteronism is an uncommon disorder characterized by urinary sodium wasting and is attributed to a defect in distal renal tubular sodium handling with failure to respond to endogenous aldosterone. Sweat electrolyte values in other reported patients, when measured, have been normal. A 3.5-year-old girl developed repeated episodes of dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia during the first 19 months of life. Serum sodium was as low as 113 mEq/liter and potassium as high as 11.1 mEq/liter. Her plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were persistently elevated (Figs. 1-4). Unlike patients with classic pseudohypoaldosteronism she demonstrated no urinary sodium wasting (Figs. 2 and 3). During episodes of hyponatremia and reduced sodium intake her urinary sodium was less than 5 mEq/liter. In addition, her sweat sodium concentration was consistently above 125 mEq/liter and salivary sodium concentration above 58 mEq/liter. Her chest x-ray, 72-hr fecal fat excretion, serum and urinary pancreatic amylase (amy-2) were normal, providing no evidence for cystic fibrosis. It is proposed that this patient represents a new variant of pseudohypoaldosteronism with excessive loss of sodium from the sweat and salivary glands instead of the kidneys.", "contents": "Pseudohypoaldosteronism due to sweat gland dysfunction. Pseudohypoaldosteronism is an uncommon disorder characterized by urinary sodium wasting and is attributed to a defect in distal renal tubular sodium handling with failure to respond to endogenous aldosterone. Sweat electrolyte values in other reported patients, when measured, have been normal. A 3.5-year-old girl developed repeated episodes of dehydration, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia during the first 19 months of life. Serum sodium was as low as 113 mEq/liter and potassium as high as 11.1 mEq/liter. Her plasma and urinary aldosterone levels were persistently elevated (Figs. 1-4). Unlike patients with classic pseudohypoaldosteronism she demonstrated no urinary sodium wasting (Figs. 2 and 3). During episodes of hyponatremia and reduced sodium intake her urinary sodium was less than 5 mEq/liter. In addition, her sweat sodium concentration was consistently above 125 mEq/liter and salivary sodium concentration above 58 mEq/liter. Her chest x-ray, 72-hr fecal fat excretion, serum and urinary pancreatic amylase (amy-2) were normal, providing no evidence for cystic fibrosis. It is proposed that this patient represents a new variant of pseudohypoaldosteronism with excessive loss of sodium from the sweat and salivary glands instead of the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:934734", "title": "Effect of propionic acid on fatty acid oxidation and ureagenesis.", "content": "Propionic acid significantly inhibited 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate at a concentration of 10 muM in control fibroblasts and 100 muM in methylmalonic fibroblasts. This inhibition was similar to that produced by 4-pentenoic acid. Methylmalonic acid also inhibited 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate, but only at a concentration of 1 mM in control cells and 5 mM in methylmalonic cells. Propionic acid (5 mM) also inhibited ureagenesis in rat liver slices when ammonia was the substrate but not with aspartate and citrulline as substrates. Propionic acid had no direct effect on either carbamyl phosphate synthetase or ornithine transcarbamylase. These findings may explain the fatty degeneration of the liver and the hyperammonemia in propionic and methylmalonic acidemia.", "contents": "Effect of propionic acid on fatty acid oxidation and ureagenesis. Propionic acid significantly inhibited 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate at a concentration of 10 muM in control fibroblasts and 100 muM in methylmalonic fibroblasts. This inhibition was similar to that produced by 4-pentenoic acid. Methylmalonic acid also inhibited 14CO2 production from [1-14C] palmitate, but only at a concentration of 1 mM in control cells and 5 mM in methylmalonic cells. Propionic acid (5 mM) also inhibited ureagenesis in rat liver slices when ammonia was the substrate but not with aspartate and citrulline as substrates. Propionic acid had no direct effect on either carbamyl phosphate synthetase or ornithine transcarbamylase. These findings may explain the fatty degeneration of the liver and the hyperammonemia in propionic and methylmalonic acidemia."}
{"id": "PMID:934735", "title": "Multiple enzyme defects in familial hyperlysinemia.", "content": "Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (EC. 1.5.1.8) deficiency in skin fibroblasts has been previously reported in patients with familial hyperlysinemia, providing an adequate explanation for the biochemical derangements noted clinically. In the present study, analysis of liver obtained at autopsy from a patient with familial hyperlysinemia confirmed the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency but, unexpectedly, also revealed an absence of saccharopine dehydrogenase (EC. 1.5.1.9) and saccharopine oxidoreductase activity. Skin fibroblasts from two siblings with the disease and a third patient from an unrelated family were also deficient in all three enzymes (lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, average 9%; saccharopine dehydrogenase, average 4%; saccharopine oxidoreductase, less than 10% of normal). The possibility that saccharopine dehydrogenase is a substrate-inducible enzyme was investigated by maintaining normal skin fibroblasts in a medium with minimal lysine concentration, and exposing hyperlysinemic fibroblasts to elevated saccharopine concentrations. There was no significant modification in saccharopine dehydrogenase activity.", "contents": "Multiple enzyme defects in familial hyperlysinemia. Lysine-ketoglutarate reductase (EC. 1.5.1.8) deficiency in skin fibroblasts has been previously reported in patients with familial hyperlysinemia, providing an adequate explanation for the biochemical derangements noted clinically. In the present study, analysis of liver obtained at autopsy from a patient with familial hyperlysinemia confirmed the lysine-ketoglutarate reductase deficiency but, unexpectedly, also revealed an absence of saccharopine dehydrogenase (EC. 1.5.1.9) and saccharopine oxidoreductase activity. Skin fibroblasts from two siblings with the disease and a third patient from an unrelated family were also deficient in all three enzymes (lysine-ketoglutarate reductase, average 9%; saccharopine dehydrogenase, average 4%; saccharopine oxidoreductase, less than 10% of normal). The possibility that saccharopine dehydrogenase is a substrate-inducible enzyme was investigated by maintaining normal skin fibroblasts in a medium with minimal lysine concentration, and exposing hyperlysinemic fibroblasts to elevated saccharopine concentrations. There was no significant modification in saccharopine dehydrogenase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:934736", "title": "The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents.", "content": "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of profiles of low molecular weight volatile organic constituents obtained from cord blood and maternal blood samples collected at birth reflect transplacentally acquired compounds. The transplacental passage of halogenated hydrocarbons, plastic components, and abnormal accumulations of compounds have been demonstrated. In the 11 paired cord blood-maternal blood samples analyzed, the relative amounts of constituents in cord blood closely correspond to those quantities present in the maternal blood. However, some of the over 100 components are present in the cord blood in significantly higher concentrations than in the maternal blood, suggesting a possible selective one-way transfer of certain constituents into the fetus. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform are present in quantities equal to or greater than in maternal blood. In one infant with a lumbosacral meningomyelocele abnormally high concentrations of acetone, other components, and the food preservative 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) were identified.", "contents": "The transplacental migration and accumulation in blood of volatile organic constituents. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of profiles of low molecular weight volatile organic constituents obtained from cord blood and maternal blood samples collected at birth reflect transplacentally acquired compounds. The transplacental passage of halogenated hydrocarbons, plastic components, and abnormal accumulations of compounds have been demonstrated. In the 11 paired cord blood-maternal blood samples analyzed, the relative amounts of constituents in cord blood closely correspond to those quantities present in the maternal blood. However, some of the over 100 components are present in the cord blood in significantly higher concentrations than in the maternal blood, suggesting a possible selective one-way transfer of certain constituents into the fetus. Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform are present in quantities equal to or greater than in maternal blood. In one infant with a lumbosacral meningomyelocele abnormally high concentrations of acetone, other components, and the food preservative 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:934737", "title": "Heme synthesis in hereditary hemolytic anemias: decreased delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in hemoglobin K\u00f6ln disease.", "content": "The activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and ALA dehydratase in cord blood erythrocytes of newborn infants and peripheral blood red cells of patients with beta-thalassemia major, beta-thalassemia intermedia, hemoglobin K\u00f6ln (Hb K\u00f6ln) disease, sickle cell anemia, and pyruvate kinase deficiency were studied. The activity of ALA dehydratase did not vary appreciably with the number of immature RBC (reticulocytes and nucleated red blood cells) or the severity of the hemolytic anemia except in pyruvate kinase deficiency. The activity of ALA synthetase was linearly correlated with the number of immature RBC (r=0.974, p is less than 0.001). The ALA synthetase activity was significantly decreased in the RBC of Hb K\u00f6ln (p is less than 0.01) when compared with the activity in immature RBC of newborns and of patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia intermedia.", "contents": "Heme synthesis in hereditary hemolytic anemias: decreased delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in hemoglobin K\u00f6ln disease. The activities of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and ALA dehydratase in cord blood erythrocytes of newborn infants and peripheral blood red cells of patients with beta-thalassemia major, beta-thalassemia intermedia, hemoglobin K\u00f6ln (Hb K\u00f6ln) disease, sickle cell anemia, and pyruvate kinase deficiency were studied. The activity of ALA dehydratase did not vary appreciably with the number of immature RBC (reticulocytes and nucleated red blood cells) or the severity of the hemolytic anemia except in pyruvate kinase deficiency. The activity of ALA synthetase was linearly correlated with the number of immature RBC (r=0.974, p is less than 0.001). The ALA synthetase activity was significantly decreased in the RBC of Hb K\u00f6ln (p is less than 0.01) when compared with the activity in immature RBC of newborns and of patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia intermedia."}
{"id": "PMID:934739", "title": "Detection of urinary tract infections in 3- to 5-year-old girls by mothers using a nitrite indicator strip.", "content": "A program to detect urinary tract infections among 3- to 5-year-old girls was conducted in Madison-Dane County, Wisconsin using local pharmacies as the distribution site for test kits. Screening was conducted at home by mothers with a nitrite dip-strip on three consecutive first morning specimens. Twenty-one percent of the target population participated during a one-month study period. Eighteen cases were found among 1,573 participants (1.1%). In addition, 243 girls other than those in the target area or age group participated and yielded eight additional cases, for a total of 26 cases among 1,816 total participants. The rate of false-positive nitrite tests was 0.3%. Newspapers were the most effective means of alerting the public to the program. The only factors which were associated with less awareness or participation were low socioeconomic and rural residence. Past history of infection, minor urinary symptoms, and pyuria were common among the bacteriuric girls. Immunoglobulin-coated bacteria suggestive of tissue invasion were present in one third of the cases. Vesico-ureteral reflux was present in five and caliectasis in two of 23 girls studied. Despite the likelihood that some bacteriuric girls, particularly those infected with gram-positive organisms were not detected, screening at home appears to be a highly efficient method of detecting urinary tract infections in large populations of preschool children.", "contents": "Detection of urinary tract infections in 3- to 5-year-old girls by mothers using a nitrite indicator strip. A program to detect urinary tract infections among 3- to 5-year-old girls was conducted in Madison-Dane County, Wisconsin using local pharmacies as the distribution site for test kits. Screening was conducted at home by mothers with a nitrite dip-strip on three consecutive first morning specimens. Twenty-one percent of the target population participated during a one-month study period. Eighteen cases were found among 1,573 participants (1.1%). In addition, 243 girls other than those in the target area or age group participated and yielded eight additional cases, for a total of 26 cases among 1,816 total participants. The rate of false-positive nitrite tests was 0.3%. Newspapers were the most effective means of alerting the public to the program. The only factors which were associated with less awareness or participation were low socioeconomic and rural residence. Past history of infection, minor urinary symptoms, and pyuria were common among the bacteriuric girls. Immunoglobulin-coated bacteria suggestive of tissue invasion were present in one third of the cases. Vesico-ureteral reflux was present in five and caliectasis in two of 23 girls studied. Despite the likelihood that some bacteriuric girls, particularly those infected with gram-positive organisms were not detected, screening at home appears to be a highly efficient method of detecting urinary tract infections in large populations of preschool children."}
{"id": "PMID:934740", "title": "Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in \"healthy\" and \"ill\" infants.", "content": "The effectiveness of phototherapy for nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia was evaluated in two groups of closely matched newborns, one group consisting of \"healthy\" and the other \"ill\" infants. Phototherapy was equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in both groups of infants. It would seem to be the treatment of choice in all infants with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia, especially ill infants in whom its simplicity, safety, and effectiveness would make it an ideal form of therapy.", "contents": "Phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in \"healthy\" and \"ill\" infants. The effectiveness of phototherapy for nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia was evaluated in two groups of closely matched newborns, one group consisting of \"healthy\" and the other \"ill\" infants. Phototherapy was equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in both groups of infants. It would seem to be the treatment of choice in all infants with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia, especially ill infants in whom its simplicity, safety, and effectiveness would make it an ideal form of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:934741", "title": "The hematology of bacterial infections in premature infants.", "content": "A series of premature infants was studied for the presence of bacterial infection. On the basis of clinical evidence and bacteriological studies, they were divided into three groups in which sepsis was considered to be proven, possible, or unlikely. Band neutrophil counts were elevated most frequently in the \"sepsis-proven\" group and the elevation occurred usually within 24 hours of onset of signs of disease. Qualitative changes in neutrophils (D\u00f6hle bodies, toxic granulation, and vacuolization) were more frequent in the sepsis-proven group and, together with the band count, provided valuable techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Thrombocytopenia occurred frequently in the sepsis-proven group and seemed to result from increased utilization or destruction of platelets rather than failure of production. In such cases, evidence of intravascular coagulation was minimal and it was concluded that thrombocytopenia had resulted from a direct effect of the bacteria or its products on platelets and/or endothelium.", "contents": "The hematology of bacterial infections in premature infants. A series of premature infants was studied for the presence of bacterial infection. On the basis of clinical evidence and bacteriological studies, they were divided into three groups in which sepsis was considered to be proven, possible, or unlikely. Band neutrophil counts were elevated most frequently in the \"sepsis-proven\" group and the elevation occurred usually within 24 hours of onset of signs of disease. Qualitative changes in neutrophils (D\u00f6hle bodies, toxic granulation, and vacuolization) were more frequent in the sepsis-proven group and, together with the band count, provided valuable techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Thrombocytopenia occurred frequently in the sepsis-proven group and seemed to result from increased utilization or destruction of platelets rather than failure of production. In such cases, evidence of intravascular coagulation was minimal and it was concluded that thrombocytopenia had resulted from a direct effect of the bacteria or its products on platelets and/or endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:934742", "title": "Nosocomial staphylococcal cervical lymphadenitis in infants: report of an outbreak.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus infections developed in 16 of 721 infants born at a general hospital during a six-month period (October 1972 to March 1973). Twelve of the 16 affected infants had cervical adenitis, which usually became manifest two to four months after they were discharged from the hospital. Although most infants with adenitis underwent incision and drainage procedures, physicians noted few constitutional symptoms. Staphylococcal phage types from infants with adenitis were identical to phage types commonly recovered from colonized newborns and nursery personnel at the hospital. Despite the long period between hospital discharge and onset of clinical symptoms, cases of cervical adenitis were probably nosocomial in origin.", "contents": "Nosocomial staphylococcal cervical lymphadenitis in infants: report of an outbreak. Staphylococcus aureus infections developed in 16 of 721 infants born at a general hospital during a six-month period (October 1972 to March 1973). Twelve of the 16 affected infants had cervical adenitis, which usually became manifest two to four months after they were discharged from the hospital. Although most infants with adenitis underwent incision and drainage procedures, physicians noted few constitutional symptoms. Staphylococcal phage types from infants with adenitis were identical to phage types commonly recovered from colonized newborns and nursery personnel at the hospital. Despite the long period between hospital discharge and onset of clinical symptoms, cases of cervical adenitis were probably nosocomial in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:934743", "title": "Bacteremia in children: an outpatient clinical review.", "content": "In a 20-month period, 1,783 children seen in the pediatric outpatient department had blood cultures performed and 117 (6.5%) of these children had bacteremia. Two thirds of the isolates were Diplococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae b. Ninety-three percent of children with H. influenzae b bacteremia and 20% of children with pneumococcal bacteremia had soft tissue involvement at the initial visit. Most children with positive blood cultures (102) were previously well and beyond the newborn period and many (46) had seemingly trivial illnesses initially: upper respiratory tract infection, fever of unknown origin, otitis media, and diarrhea. In the absence of soft tissue infection, the latter three diagnoses correlated best with bloodstream invasion. Nineteen children had persistent bacteremia and five developed soft tissue complications not noted initially. Two factors, age between 7 and 24 months and temperature between 39.4 and 40.6 C, showed increased specificity for bacteremia but were sensitive only for pneumococcal disease. A temperature larger than or equal to 40.5 C showed more specificity for bacteremia than lesser fevers. A white blood cell count greater than 20,000/cu mm was poorly sensitive, and pulmonary infiltrates were neither specific nor sensitive for positive blood cultures. Five bacteremic children had aseptic lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. Two days of intravenous antibiotic therapy and eight days of oral therapy were adequate for pneumococcal bacteremia without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be ideal, however, since other routes and duration of therapy were not evaluated.", "contents": "Bacteremia in children: an outpatient clinical review. In a 20-month period, 1,783 children seen in the pediatric outpatient department had blood cultures performed and 117 (6.5%) of these children had bacteremia. Two thirds of the isolates were Diplococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae b. Ninety-three percent of children with H. influenzae b bacteremia and 20% of children with pneumococcal bacteremia had soft tissue involvement at the initial visit. Most children with positive blood cultures (102) were previously well and beyond the newborn period and many (46) had seemingly trivial illnesses initially: upper respiratory tract infection, fever of unknown origin, otitis media, and diarrhea. In the absence of soft tissue infection, the latter three diagnoses correlated best with bloodstream invasion. Nineteen children had persistent bacteremia and five developed soft tissue complications not noted initially. Two factors, age between 7 and 24 months and temperature between 39.4 and 40.6 C, showed increased specificity for bacteremia but were sensitive only for pneumococcal disease. A temperature larger than or equal to 40.5 C showed more specificity for bacteremia than lesser fevers. A white blood cell count greater than 20,000/cu mm was poorly sensitive, and pulmonary infiltrates were neither specific nor sensitive for positive blood cultures. Five bacteremic children had aseptic lymphocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. Two days of intravenous antibiotic therapy and eight days of oral therapy were adequate for pneumococcal bacteremia without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be without soft tissue involvement. This therapy may not be ideal, however, since other routes and duration of therapy were not evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:934744", "title": "Insecticide exposure of mothers and newborns in a rural agricultural area.", "content": "Pregnant women in a rural agricultural area were found to have levels of residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in their serum which were comparable to those found in occupationally exposed men. Cord blood of offspring also had significant residue levels. Residues were higher in blacks and in mothers living in rural areas where exposure was more intense. In newborns no signs or symptoms compatible with acute chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning were found. Despite the lack of DDT use during most of the study period, over 90% of the mothers. 84% of the black newborns, and 45% of the white newborns demonstrated evidence of recent DDT exposure.", "contents": "Insecticide exposure of mothers and newborns in a rural agricultural area. Pregnant women in a rural agricultural area were found to have levels of residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in their serum which were comparable to those found in occupationally exposed men. Cord blood of offspring also had significant residue levels. Residues were higher in blacks and in mothers living in rural areas where exposure was more intense. In newborns no signs or symptoms compatible with acute chlorinated hydrocarbon poisoning were found. Despite the lack of DDT use during most of the study period, over 90% of the mothers. 84% of the black newborns, and 45% of the white newborns demonstrated evidence of recent DDT exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:934745", "title": "ABO hemolytic disease in Puerto Rico and North Carolina.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out at the University of Puerto Rico Hospital (UPRH) and at the North Carolina Baptist Hospital (NCBH) in order to establish the incidence of ABO hemolytic disease (ABO HD) in the two populations and to determine the relationship of intestinal parasitic infection of the mother to ABO HD in the infant. The incidence of ABO HD among UPRH at risk pregnancies (type O mother with type A or B infant) was 28.3% or 1 in 3.5 as compared with 18.4% or 1 in 5.4 of NCBH at risk pregnancies (P less than .05). Indirect Coombs' tests in cord sera, representing the passive transfer from mother to fetus of antibodies directed toward antigens on the infants' erythrocytes, were positive in 58.8% of UPRH at risk infants as opposed to 40.4% of NCBH at risk infants (P less than .001). Maternal isohemagglutinin titers at term were higher in type O UPRH mothers than in type O NCBH mothers (P less than .01). A relationship between helminth parasitic infection of the mother and ABO HD in the infant was suspected but not proved.", "contents": "ABO hemolytic disease in Puerto Rico and North Carolina. A prospective study was carried out at the University of Puerto Rico Hospital (UPRH) and at the North Carolina Baptist Hospital (NCBH) in order to establish the incidence of ABO hemolytic disease (ABO HD) in the two populations and to determine the relationship of intestinal parasitic infection of the mother to ABO HD in the infant. The incidence of ABO HD among UPRH at risk pregnancies (type O mother with type A or B infant) was 28.3% or 1 in 3.5 as compared with 18.4% or 1 in 5.4 of NCBH at risk pregnancies (P less than .05). Indirect Coombs' tests in cord sera, representing the passive transfer from mother to fetus of antibodies directed toward antigens on the infants' erythrocytes, were positive in 58.8% of UPRH at risk infants as opposed to 40.4% of NCBH at risk infants (P less than .001). Maternal isohemagglutinin titers at term were higher in type O UPRH mothers than in type O NCBH mothers (P less than .01). A relationship between helminth parasitic infection of the mother and ABO HD in the infant was suspected but not proved."}
{"id": "PMID:934746", "title": "Post-traumatic anterior hypopituitarism.", "content": "Reports of anterior pituitary insufficiency following closed head trauma are unusual. In those cases reported, extensive endocrinologic evidence to support the clinical syndrome is often lacking. The present report documents a case of anterior pituitary insufficiency in a 14-year-old girl following a skull fracture. Endocrine evaluation one year after her automobile accident revealed hypopituitarism minifested by cachexia, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypogonadism with regression of secondary sex characteristics. Laboratory studies demonstrated deficiencies of both trophic and peripheral anterior pituitary hormones. The patient has responded to replacement therapy and is clinically well. A review of previously described cases is included.", "contents": "Post-traumatic anterior hypopituitarism. Reports of anterior pituitary insufficiency following closed head trauma are unusual. In those cases reported, extensive endocrinologic evidence to support the clinical syndrome is often lacking. The present report documents a case of anterior pituitary insufficiency in a 14-year-old girl following a skull fracture. Endocrine evaluation one year after her automobile accident revealed hypopituitarism minifested by cachexia, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and hypogonadism with regression of secondary sex characteristics. Laboratory studies demonstrated deficiencies of both trophic and peripheral anterior pituitary hormones. The patient has responded to replacement therapy and is clinically well. A review of previously described cases is included."}
{"id": "PMID:934747", "title": "Delivery of health care for children: report of an experiment.", "content": "This paper summarizes an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of primary pediatric care delivered to a sample of low-income inner-city families. Primary pediatric care in this study was similar to pediatric group practice. The study findings indicated that the effects of primary care compared with the episodic care received by the control families were appreciable. This included the decreasing of hospitalizations, operations, illness visits, and appointment breaking; increasing of health supervision visits, preventive services, and patient satisfactions; and accomplishing these changes at a lower cost. Patient morbidity was not altered. Medicaid made no difference in the care patterns of the experimental families and apparently benefited only those control families who were white. The controlled clinical trial offers the best opportunity to compare different models of priervices for children.", "contents": "Delivery of health care for children: report of an experiment. This paper summarizes an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of primary pediatric care delivered to a sample of low-income inner-city families. Primary pediatric care in this study was similar to pediatric group practice. The study findings indicated that the effects of primary care compared with the episodic care received by the control families were appreciable. This included the decreasing of hospitalizations, operations, illness visits, and appointment breaking; increasing of health supervision visits, preventive services, and patient satisfactions; and accomplishing these changes at a lower cost. Patient morbidity was not altered. Medicaid made no difference in the care patterns of the experimental families and apparently benefited only those control families who were white. The controlled clinical trial offers the best opportunity to compare different models of priervices for children."}
{"id": "PMID:934748", "title": "Removal of foreign bodies from esophagus and stomach with flexible fiberoptic panendoscopes.", "content": "Accidentally swallowed foreign bodies were removed from the esophagus or stomach in six children using flexible panendoscopes. Complications did not occur. The increased flexibility of these new instruments allows removal of objects from the stomach that would previously have required gastrotomy. Our experience suggests that fiberoptic endoscopy should be used for removal of foreign bodies.", "contents": "Removal of foreign bodies from esophagus and stomach with flexible fiberoptic panendoscopes. Accidentally swallowed foreign bodies were removed from the esophagus or stomach in six children using flexible panendoscopes. Complications did not occur. The increased flexibility of these new instruments allows removal of objects from the stomach that would previously have required gastrotomy. Our experience suggests that fiberoptic endoscopy should be used for removal of foreign bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:934749", "title": "Citrullinemia: phenotypic variations.", "content": "An 18-month-old female infant was found to have citrullinemia on routine plasma screening by the Scriver Method at 5 days of age. At 10 days of age, plasma citrulline concentration was 0.704mumol/ml (normal, 0.010 to 0.030mumol/ml) and has remained 60 to 80 times higher than normal. Urine citrulline concentration was markedly elevated. Hyperammonemia occurred at 1 month of age. The serum ammonia concentration was 473mug/100 ml (normal, 50 to 250 mug/100 ml) and rose to 770mug/100 ml at 4 months of age. Dietary protein was restricted to 1.6 gm/kg/day. Without further change in protein intake, the serum ammonia concentration decreased to 280mug/100 ml and, since then, it has returned to normal. The addition of three synthetic L-amino acids was required for a short time during dietary therapy. At 10 months of age, the infant was given a normal diet. At 18 months of age, her physical and mental development is normal. Activity of argininosuccinic acid synthetase measured in skin fibroblasts was 0.0037mumol of radioactive carbon dioxide per milligram of protein per hour. To demonstrate heterozygosity, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were measured in five members of the family. Comparison of findings in this patient with those reported in the literature suggests phenotypical variation of the disease, probably due to genetic heterogeneity.", "contents": "Citrullinemia: phenotypic variations. An 18-month-old female infant was found to have citrullinemia on routine plasma screening by the Scriver Method at 5 days of age. At 10 days of age, plasma citrulline concentration was 0.704mumol/ml (normal, 0.010 to 0.030mumol/ml) and has remained 60 to 80 times higher than normal. Urine citrulline concentration was markedly elevated. Hyperammonemia occurred at 1 month of age. The serum ammonia concentration was 473mug/100 ml (normal, 50 to 250 mug/100 ml) and rose to 770mug/100 ml at 4 months of age. Dietary protein was restricted to 1.6 gm/kg/day. Without further change in protein intake, the serum ammonia concentration decreased to 280mug/100 ml and, since then, it has returned to normal. The addition of three synthetic L-amino acids was required for a short time during dietary therapy. At 10 months of age, the infant was given a normal diet. At 18 months of age, her physical and mental development is normal. Activity of argininosuccinic acid synthetase measured in skin fibroblasts was 0.0037mumol of radioactive carbon dioxide per milligram of protein per hour. To demonstrate heterozygosity, fasting plasma citrulline concentrations were measured in five members of the family. Comparison of findings in this patient with those reported in the literature suggests phenotypical variation of the disease, probably due to genetic heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:934750", "title": "Variable efficacy of glucocorticoids in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "We have examined the suppression of urinary pregnanetriol and 17-ketosteroids during treatment with cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone in eight patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A large individual variation in response to each agent was observed. In some individuals, cortisone is less effective than its generally accepted potency would indicate. At equivalent glucocorticoid dosage, dexamethasone was twice as effective as the other steroids in suppressing urinary 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol. The potency of dexamethasone in suppressing adrenal function was 80 times that of cortisol, about twice its generally accepted potency as a glucocorticoid or anti-inflammatory agent.", "contents": "Variable efficacy of glucocorticoids in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We have examined the suppression of urinary pregnanetriol and 17-ketosteroids during treatment with cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, and dexamethasone in eight patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A large individual variation in response to each agent was observed. In some individuals, cortisone is less effective than its generally accepted potency would indicate. At equivalent glucocorticoid dosage, dexamethasone was twice as effective as the other steroids in suppressing urinary 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol. The potency of dexamethasone in suppressing adrenal function was 80 times that of cortisol, about twice its generally accepted potency as a glucocorticoid or anti-inflammatory agent."}
{"id": "PMID:934751", "title": "Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Fifty-three patients 3 1/2 to 20 years of age with steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Two dosage schedules were used: a short course (SC) at 3 to 5 mg/kg/day for six to eight weeks and a longer course (LC) at 3 to 5 mg/kg/day for eight weeks followed by 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg for an additional four weeks. Prednisone was administered concurrently at 50 to 75 mg/sq M every other day. Twenty-nine patients were in the SC group and 24 in the LC group. The two groups did not differ significantly as to age at onset of idiopathic nephrosis nor as to the duration of the INS prior to cyclophosphamide therapy. All patients were followed for a minimum of 42 months after cyclophosphamide therapy. The SC was associated with a higher relapse rate during the first year than the LC (42% and 8% respectively, .01 larger than P less than .025). At 42 months 63% of the LC group were in remission compared with 21% in the SC group.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Fifty-three patients 3 1/2 to 20 years of age with steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) were treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Two dosage schedules were used: a short course (SC) at 3 to 5 mg/kg/day for six to eight weeks and a longer course (LC) at 3 to 5 mg/kg/day for eight weeks followed by 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg for an additional four weeks. Prednisone was administered concurrently at 50 to 75 mg/sq M every other day. Twenty-nine patients were in the SC group and 24 in the LC group. The two groups did not differ significantly as to age at onset of idiopathic nephrosis nor as to the duration of the INS prior to cyclophosphamide therapy. All patients were followed for a minimum of 42 months after cyclophosphamide therapy. The SC was associated with a higher relapse rate during the first year than the LC (42% and 8% respectively, .01 larger than P less than .025). At 42 months 63% of the LC group were in remission compared with 21% in the SC group."}
{"id": "PMID:934752", "title": "The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in asthmatic children, measured by the mouth-occlusion method (Pm100).", "content": "Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide vary widely in patients with bronchial asthma; some have a high response despite increased airway resistance. This paradoxical response was studied in 31 asthmatic children and 22 age-matched healthy children. Measurement of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide with a conventional rebreathing method showed wide variation in the patients, paralleling the degree of their airway obstruction as measured by the one-second forced expiratory volume and maximal midexpiratory flow rate, but their mean response was similar to that in the control subjects. The ventilatory response was then determined with a new index (Pm100), which rises linearly with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. Despite wide variation in the slope of Pm100 in the patients, their mean response significantly exceeded normal, confirming that the neurochemical drive is increased in bronchial asthma.", "contents": "The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in asthmatic children, measured by the mouth-occlusion method (Pm100). Ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide vary widely in patients with bronchial asthma; some have a high response despite increased airway resistance. This paradoxical response was studied in 31 asthmatic children and 22 age-matched healthy children. Measurement of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide with a conventional rebreathing method showed wide variation in the patients, paralleling the degree of their airway obstruction as measured by the one-second forced expiratory volume and maximal midexpiratory flow rate, but their mean response was similar to that in the control subjects. The ventilatory response was then determined with a new index (Pm100), which rises linearly with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. Despite wide variation in the slope of Pm100 in the patients, their mean response significantly exceeded normal, confirming that the neurochemical drive is increased in bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:934754", "title": "Toxic megacolon of ulcerative colitis in infancy.", "content": "A 12-week-old white male infant with ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon is described. His diarrhea and rectal bleeding responded to prednisone. He subsequently developed toxic dilatation of the transverse colon while on salicylazosulfapyridine and one week after discontinuation of prednisone. His toxic megacolon disappeared during close medical observation, readministration of prednisone, and avoidance of repeated abdominal examinations. One year later sigmoidoscopy showed only friable mucosa and the barium enema showed the presence of ulcerative colitis but with improvement from the initial study. Currently he is taking 375 mg of salicylazosulfapyridine daily. Growth and development are normal and he is asymptomatic.", "contents": "Toxic megacolon of ulcerative colitis in infancy. A 12-week-old white male infant with ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon is described. His diarrhea and rectal bleeding responded to prednisone. He subsequently developed toxic dilatation of the transverse colon while on salicylazosulfapyridine and one week after discontinuation of prednisone. His toxic megacolon disappeared during close medical observation, readministration of prednisone, and avoidance of repeated abdominal examinations. One year later sigmoidoscopy showed only friable mucosa and the barium enema showed the presence of ulcerative colitis but with improvement from the initial study. Currently he is taking 375 mg of salicylazosulfapyridine daily. Growth and development are normal and he is asymptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:934764", "title": "Neonatal hypoglycemia revisited, 1975.", "content": "Between 1971 and 1973, the frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia was 4.4/1,000 total inborn live births or 15.5/1,000 low-birthweight infants. During that same time, of 257 transferred infants, 13 or 5.1% were hypoglycemic. The hypoglycemic manifestations differed between the inborn and outborn infants as well as from those previously described for transient symptomatic hypoglycemia. This required a new classification for low blood glucose values in the neonate, based on intrauterine nutrition, stress, symptoms, and underlying pathology. Four categories were defined: category I: early transitional hypoglycemia; category II: secondary hypoglycemia; category III: classical transient hypoglycemia; and category IV: recurrent, severe hypoglycemia. One outborn infant was in the latter group due to beta-cell hyperplasia and was only cured after a 90% pancreatectomy. Data revealed that early treatment of perinatal asphyxia was associated with a decreased frequency of hypoglycemia. While not a prospective survey, the evidence suggested that current neonatal intensive care may decrease the frequency of transient symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Neonatal hypoglycemia revisited, 1975. Between 1971 and 1973, the frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia was 4.4/1,000 total inborn live births or 15.5/1,000 low-birthweight infants. During that same time, of 257 transferred infants, 13 or 5.1% were hypoglycemic. The hypoglycemic manifestations differed between the inborn and outborn infants as well as from those previously described for transient symptomatic hypoglycemia. This required a new classification for low blood glucose values in the neonate, based on intrauterine nutrition, stress, symptoms, and underlying pathology. Four categories were defined: category I: early transitional hypoglycemia; category II: secondary hypoglycemia; category III: classical transient hypoglycemia; and category IV: recurrent, severe hypoglycemia. One outborn infant was in the latter group due to beta-cell hyperplasia and was only cured after a 90% pancreatectomy. Data revealed that early treatment of perinatal asphyxia was associated with a decreased frequency of hypoglycemia. While not a prospective survey, the evidence suggested that current neonatal intensive care may decrease the frequency of transient symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:934765", "title": "The automobile and heat stress.", "content": "This study suggests that the thermal burden of poorly ventilated parked automobiles can be considerable, particularly when the automobiles are exposed to direct sunlight. Leaving the windows open two inches does not appear to be protective. The pratice of exposing infants and toddlers to such thermal risk appears to be common and the need for adequate ventilation unrecognized. Education measures stressing the use of carseats and other safety devices should include the potential hazards of high temperature in parked automobiles.", "contents": "The automobile and heat stress. This study suggests that the thermal burden of poorly ventilated parked automobiles can be considerable, particularly when the automobiles are exposed to direct sunlight. Leaving the windows open two inches does not appear to be protective. The pratice of exposing infants and toddlers to such thermal risk appears to be common and the need for adequate ventilation unrecognized. Education measures stressing the use of carseats and other safety devices should include the potential hazards of high temperature in parked automobiles."}
{"id": "PMID:934766", "title": "Measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera using an assay specific for the beta subunit of HCG.", "content": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations were determined in paired maternal and cord sera using an essay specific for the beta subunit of HCG. The sera of 46 mothers and 46 infants, 24 female and 22 male, were studied. Results were compared to those obtained using a radioimmunoassay for luteinizing-hormone (LH) which cross-reacted with HCG. With either assay system, mean maternal HCG concentrations were lower when the sex of the fetus was male than when the sex of the fetus was female. Mean cord HCG concentrations of male (0.09 +/- 0.02 IU/ml) and female (0.09 +/- 0.04 IU/ml) infants were not different as determined by the beta HCG assay. In contrast, the mean cord serum concentration of HCG was significantly greater (P less than .005) in male infants (0.29 +/- 0.05 IU/ml) than in female infants (0.23 +/- 0.09 IU/ml) as determined by the cross-reacting assay. HCG concentrations were lower in both maternal and cord sera when assayed in the specific HCG system than when assayed in the cross-reacting system. There was a significant correlation (r=.9; P less than .005) between the results obtained with the two assays in both maternal and cord blood. Regardless of the assay system employed, the cord serum concentration of HCG was markedly less than the corresponding maternal serum concentration. There was no correlation between maternal and cord serum HCG concentrations with either assay. These data are in agreement with the results of previous studies employing less specific methodology which indicated that maternal serum HCG concentrations were less when the fetus was male than when it was female. They are also consistent with a placental barrier effect with regard to HCG transfer to the fetus. The difference in results obtained in cord blood with the two assay systems suggests that the newborn male infant secretes more LH and/or alpha LH subunits than the newborn female infant.", "contents": "Measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations in paired maternal and cord sera using an assay specific for the beta subunit of HCG. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations were determined in paired maternal and cord sera using an essay specific for the beta subunit of HCG. The sera of 46 mothers and 46 infants, 24 female and 22 male, were studied. Results were compared to those obtained using a radioimmunoassay for luteinizing-hormone (LH) which cross-reacted with HCG. With either assay system, mean maternal HCG concentrations were lower when the sex of the fetus was male than when the sex of the fetus was female. Mean cord HCG concentrations of male (0.09 +/- 0.02 IU/ml) and female (0.09 +/- 0.04 IU/ml) infants were not different as determined by the beta HCG assay. In contrast, the mean cord serum concentration of HCG was significantly greater (P less than .005) in male infants (0.29 +/- 0.05 IU/ml) than in female infants (0.23 +/- 0.09 IU/ml) as determined by the cross-reacting assay. HCG concentrations were lower in both maternal and cord sera when assayed in the specific HCG system than when assayed in the cross-reacting system. There was a significant correlation (r=.9; P less than .005) between the results obtained with the two assays in both maternal and cord blood. Regardless of the assay system employed, the cord serum concentration of HCG was markedly less than the corresponding maternal serum concentration. There was no correlation between maternal and cord serum HCG concentrations with either assay. These data are in agreement with the results of previous studies employing less specific methodology which indicated that maternal serum HCG concentrations were less when the fetus was male than when it was female. They are also consistent with a placental barrier effect with regard to HCG transfer to the fetus. The difference in results obtained in cord blood with the two assay systems suggests that the newborn male infant secretes more LH and/or alpha LH subunits than the newborn female infant."}
{"id": "PMID:934780", "title": "Hypoglycemia in small-for-dates newborn infants.", "content": "In 24% (18 out of 76) small-for-dates a \"significant\" though asymptomatic hypoglycemia was demonstrated during the first six hours of life. The cord blood glucose concentration was lower in the hypoglycemic compared to that of the small-for-date normoglycemic group. In the hypoglycemic infants, the disappearance rate of glucose was significantly elevated and the lipid mobilization disturbed. It is suggested that a lack of lipids for energy metabolism increases the glucose expenditure and hence increases the risk for hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Hypoglycemia in small-for-dates newborn infants. In 24% (18 out of 76) small-for-dates a \"significant\" though asymptomatic hypoglycemia was demonstrated during the first six hours of life. The cord blood glucose concentration was lower in the hypoglycemic compared to that of the small-for-date normoglycemic group. In the hypoglycemic infants, the disappearance rate of glucose was significantly elevated and the lipid mobilization disturbed. It is suggested that a lack of lipids for energy metabolism increases the glucose expenditure and hence increases the risk for hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:934781", "title": "Sleep apnea in eight children.", "content": "Eight children, 5 to 14 years of age, were diagnosed by means of nocturnal polygraphic monitoring with a sleep apnea syndrome similar to that seen in adults. Excessive daytime sleepiness, decrease in school performance, abnormal daytime behavior, recent enuresis, morning headache, abnormal weight, and progressive development of hypertension should suggest the possibility of a sleep apnea syndrome when any of these symptoms is associated with loud snoring interrupted by pauses during sleep. Surgery may eliminate the clinical symptomatology.", "contents": "Sleep apnea in eight children. Eight children, 5 to 14 years of age, were diagnosed by means of nocturnal polygraphic monitoring with a sleep apnea syndrome similar to that seen in adults. Excessive daytime sleepiness, decrease in school performance, abnormal daytime behavior, recent enuresis, morning headache, abnormal weight, and progressive development of hypertension should suggest the possibility of a sleep apnea syndrome when any of these symptoms is associated with loud snoring interrupted by pauses during sleep. Surgery may eliminate the clinical symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:934782", "title": "Chronic illness in childhood: a regional survey of care.", "content": "Patterns of care provided by primary physicians for children with chronic physician illnesses are examined. Pratices of pediatricians are compared with those of general practitioners in a ten-county region in Upstate New York. Data collected from 82 physicians surveyed in nine rural counties and one urban area indicate that, on the average, 7.4% of all children seen annually have one or more chronic conditions. Most such children are referred to subspecialists for part or all of their care; the frequency of referral, however, depends chiefly on the nature of the disorder. Primary responsiblity for the broader aspects of care is more often assumed by rural than urban physicians and more often by general practitioners than pediatricians. Nevertheless, mental, social, and some technical services are generally underutilized by groups of primary physicians.", "contents": "Chronic illness in childhood: a regional survey of care. Patterns of care provided by primary physicians for children with chronic physician illnesses are examined. Pratices of pediatricians are compared with those of general practitioners in a ten-county region in Upstate New York. Data collected from 82 physicians surveyed in nine rural counties and one urban area indicate that, on the average, 7.4% of all children seen annually have one or more chronic conditions. Most such children are referred to subspecialists for part or all of their care; the frequency of referral, however, depends chiefly on the nature of the disorder. Primary responsiblity for the broader aspects of care is more often assumed by rural than urban physicians and more often by general practitioners than pediatricians. Nevertheless, mental, social, and some technical services are generally underutilized by groups of primary physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:934784", "title": "Intellectual performance of 36 phenylketonuria patients and their nonaffected siblings.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with a confirmed diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU) were identified and placed on dietary therapy before reaching 121 days of age. These children are currently between 4 and 6 years old, and have been given the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Subsequently, their normal siblings of closet age were selected as matched-pair controls and were also tested with the Stanford-Binet. The mean age of the PKU sample when tested was 50.0 months, and 50.9 months for the normal controls. The 36 index patients scored a mean IQ of 94 and their nonaffected siblings obtained a mean IQ of 99. This five-point mean difference was significant at the .02 level, and suggests the presence of a minimal intellectual impairment associated with PKU, even when treatment begins early and is rigorously monitored.", "contents": "Intellectual performance of 36 phenylketonuria patients and their nonaffected siblings. Thirty-six patients with a confirmed diagnosis of phenylketonuria (PKU) were identified and placed on dietary therapy before reaching 121 days of age. These children are currently between 4 and 6 years old, and have been given the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Subsequently, their normal siblings of closet age were selected as matched-pair controls and were also tested with the Stanford-Binet. The mean age of the PKU sample when tested was 50.0 months, and 50.9 months for the normal controls. The 36 index patients scored a mean IQ of 94 and their nonaffected siblings obtained a mean IQ of 99. This five-point mean difference was significant at the .02 level, and suggests the presence of a minimal intellectual impairment associated with PKU, even when treatment begins early and is rigorously monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:934785", "title": "Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents.", "content": "During the three-year period beginning in early 1972, nine previously healthy children, ages 8 to 15 years, presented with manifestations of life-threatening septicemia due to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. In no patient was a predisposing cause for such infection, such as immunologic deficiency, drug abuse, or previous antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy, discovered. Seven patients manifested evidence of bone and/or joint infection, while eight had pulmonary disease of varying degrees of severity, characterized initially by multiple small septic pulmonary emboli. One patient succumbed to the pulmonary complications of her disease. S. aureus was recovered from specimens of blood (seven patients), joint fluid (four), bone (four), pleural fluid (two), urine (one), sputum (one), and pericardial fluid (one). All organism isolated were methicillin-sensitive; isolates from only one patient were penicillin-sensitive. In several instances, lack of clinical response was related to delay in adequate surgical drainage of infected material. Review of hospital records for the preceding five-year period failed to reveal similar cases of severe systemic staphylococcal infection in healthy adolescents. Although no direct evidence for a causal relationship is available, the occurrence of these cases corresponds temporally with implementation of restrictions upon the use of hexachlorophene.", "contents": "Severe staphylococcal sepsis in adolescents. During the three-year period beginning in early 1972, nine previously healthy children, ages 8 to 15 years, presented with manifestations of life-threatening septicemia due to coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. In no patient was a predisposing cause for such infection, such as immunologic deficiency, drug abuse, or previous antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy, discovered. Seven patients manifested evidence of bone and/or joint infection, while eight had pulmonary disease of varying degrees of severity, characterized initially by multiple small septic pulmonary emboli. One patient succumbed to the pulmonary complications of her disease. S. aureus was recovered from specimens of blood (seven patients), joint fluid (four), bone (four), pleural fluid (two), urine (one), sputum (one), and pericardial fluid (one). All organism isolated were methicillin-sensitive; isolates from only one patient were penicillin-sensitive. In several instances, lack of clinical response was related to delay in adequate surgical drainage of infected material. Review of hospital records for the preceding five-year period failed to reveal similar cases of severe systemic staphylococcal infection in healthy adolescents. Although no direct evidence for a causal relationship is available, the occurrence of these cases corresponds temporally with implementation of restrictions upon the use of hexachlorophene."}
{"id": "PMID:934786", "title": "Hypoglycorrhachia in pediatric patients.", "content": "Hypoglycorrhachia (abnormally low cerebro spinal fluid glucose content) eludes exact numerical definition, largely because of the dynamic equilibrium between blood and CSF glucose. A group of 181 pediatric patients with a CSF glucose less than 50 mg/100 ml or a CSF/blood glucose ratio less than 0.50 were studied. Hypoglycorrhachia was present in patients with bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subarachnoid hemmorrhage, and hypoglycemia. Markedly diminished CSF glucose values were seen primarily in patients with bacterial meningitis. Higher CSF/blood glucose ratios predominated in those with hypoglycemia and neonates with low-normal blood sugars. Following bacterial meningitis and hypoglycemia, aseptic meningitis (including five children with documented enterovirus meningitis and one with documented mumps meningitis) was the third most common cause of hypoglycorrhachia in children. When readily available, positive CSF viral cultures may allow early cessation of antibiotic therapy in two types of patients with meningitis and hypoglycorrhachia: (1) those receiving previous recent antibiotic therapy, and (2) those with CSF findings more typical of a bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "Hypoglycorrhachia in pediatric patients. Hypoglycorrhachia (abnormally low cerebro spinal fluid glucose content) eludes exact numerical definition, largely because of the dynamic equilibrium between blood and CSF glucose. A group of 181 pediatric patients with a CSF glucose less than 50 mg/100 ml or a CSF/blood glucose ratio less than 0.50 were studied. Hypoglycorrhachia was present in patients with bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subarachnoid hemmorrhage, and hypoglycemia. Markedly diminished CSF glucose values were seen primarily in patients with bacterial meningitis. Higher CSF/blood glucose ratios predominated in those with hypoglycemia and neonates with low-normal blood sugars. Following bacterial meningitis and hypoglycemia, aseptic meningitis (including five children with documented enterovirus meningitis and one with documented mumps meningitis) was the third most common cause of hypoglycorrhachia in children. When readily available, positive CSF viral cultures may allow early cessation of antibiotic therapy in two types of patients with meningitis and hypoglycorrhachia: (1) those receiving previous recent antibiotic therapy, and (2) those with CSF findings more typical of a bacterial meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:934788", "title": "Acute fluoride poisoning.", "content": "Fluoride poisoning is a potentially severe environmental hazard for children. A case of fluoride poisong is presented which was manifested by severe hypocalcemia, ventricular arrhythmias, and respiratory failure. Treatment of this poisoning, including peritoneal dialysis, is discussed. The kinetics of fluoride distribution as measured in this patient suggest a rapid binding of ingested fluoride to bone, followed by gradual release and excretion. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in no significant fluoride removal.", "contents": "Acute fluoride poisoning. Fluoride poisoning is a potentially severe environmental hazard for children. A case of fluoride poisong is presented which was manifested by severe hypocalcemia, ventricular arrhythmias, and respiratory failure. Treatment of this poisoning, including peritoneal dialysis, is discussed. The kinetics of fluoride distribution as measured in this patient suggest a rapid binding of ingested fluoride to bone, followed by gradual release and excretion. Peritoneal dialysis resulted in no significant fluoride removal."}
{"id": "PMID:934789", "title": "Regional obstetric anesthesia and newborn behavior: effect over the first ten days of life.", "content": "This study examined the effects of carefully controlled amounts of analgesic premedications and anesthetics administered to mothers during delivery on the behavior of the newborn over the first ten days of life. The subjects were selected to minimize the synergistic effects of medication and other stress factors, such as abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, or delivery. The effects of these drugs on the behavior of these infants was small. The data provide a picture of the behavioral recovery of a group of minimally stressed newborns.", "contents": "Regional obstetric anesthesia and newborn behavior: effect over the first ten days of life. This study examined the effects of carefully controlled amounts of analgesic premedications and anesthetics administered to mothers during delivery on the behavior of the newborn over the first ten days of life. The subjects were selected to minimize the synergistic effects of medication and other stress factors, such as abnormalities of pregnancy, labor, or delivery. The effects of these drugs on the behavior of these infants was small. The data provide a picture of the behavioral recovery of a group of minimally stressed newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:934805", "title": "[Investigations concerning bovine gastro-intestinal strongyles. II. Seasonal variations in the herbage infestation with infective larvae (author's transl)].", "content": "Ecological studies of bovine gastro-intestinal trichostrongylide larvae have been carried on during a three-year period (1972-1974). The studies mainly included pastures grazed by heifers (2nd time grazing cattle). Examination of the herbage samples was based on washing and filtration (sieve mesh-size 36 and 28 mu) followed by Baermann test on the debris. The pasture infestation with infective larvae (L3) followed a nearly stereotype seasonal pattern (cf. fig. 2 and fig. 3): A considerable larval population survived on the pasture during the winter, the infestation decreased strongly during April-May, was low during June and beginning of July, and increased from the middle of July to reach a peak in September-October. The infestation was usually much higher just around the faecal pats than in the rest of the pasture area (cf. fig. 3). The observed populations of trichostrongylide larvae were dominated by Ostertagia (ostertagi), but included other species as well, e.g. Cooperia (oncophora), Nematodirus spp., etc.", "contents": "[Investigations concerning bovine gastro-intestinal strongyles. II. Seasonal variations in the herbage infestation with infective larvae (author's transl)]. Ecological studies of bovine gastro-intestinal trichostrongylide larvae have been carried on during a three-year period (1972-1974). The studies mainly included pastures grazed by heifers (2nd time grazing cattle). Examination of the herbage samples was based on washing and filtration (sieve mesh-size 36 and 28 mu) followed by Baermann test on the debris. The pasture infestation with infective larvae (L3) followed a nearly stereotype seasonal pattern (cf. fig. 2 and fig. 3): A considerable larval population survived on the pasture during the winter, the infestation decreased strongly during April-May, was low during June and beginning of July, and increased from the middle of July to reach a peak in September-October. The infestation was usually much higher just around the faecal pats than in the rest of the pasture area (cf. fig. 3). The observed populations of trichostrongylide larvae were dominated by Ostertagia (ostertagi), but included other species as well, e.g. Cooperia (oncophora), Nematodirus spp., etc."}
{"id": "PMID:934804", "title": "Interaction effects of epidemiologic factors in the feline urological syndrome.", "content": "Disease-associated factors are most often evaluated individually, while as disease determinants they act in mutual combinations. Applying simple epidemiologic methods, the present study evaluates the effect on occurrence of the Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS) of combining categories within sex, diet and activity. Some factor interactions could be described as additive, while certain combinations acted in a synergistic fashion. The apparent overall effect which might be explained by the excess-risk categories within these three factors was found to account for approximately 90% of the total occurrence of FUS in the population at risk. As a further result of the epidemiologic methods applied, a possible pathogenesis is outlined. It involves relative impairment of kidney function affected through two pathways: increased kidney working load and decreased kidney capability, both associated in various ways with castration, high levels of dry cat foods, and indoor confinement.", "contents": "Interaction effects of epidemiologic factors in the feline urological syndrome. Disease-associated factors are most often evaluated individually, while as disease determinants they act in mutual combinations. Applying simple epidemiologic methods, the present study evaluates the effect on occurrence of the Feline Urological Syndrome (FUS) of combining categories within sex, diet and activity. Some factor interactions could be described as additive, while certain combinations acted in a synergistic fashion. The apparent overall effect which might be explained by the excess-risk categories within these three factors was found to account for approximately 90% of the total occurrence of FUS in the population at risk. As a further result of the epidemiologic methods applied, a possible pathogenesis is outlined. It involves relative impairment of kidney function affected through two pathways: increased kidney working load and decreased kidney capability, both associated in various ways with castration, high levels of dry cat foods, and indoor confinement."}
{"id": "PMID:934806", "title": "[The serum pepsinogen analysis and its relation to bovine ostertagiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "An outline of literature on the pepsinogen analysis and its application, especially within the veterinary parasitology, is given. The pepsinogen content of the blood in experimental infection with Ostertagia larvae is mentioned. The authors state their own experiences with the analysis. Testing of 100 parasite-free calves kept indoors gave a mean value of 0.5 units tyrosin/litre. 95 of the calves were within the range 0.3-0.7 units. Flutuations of serum pepsinogen in the course of a subclinical infection in 6 calves during their first grazing season are described and compared to pasture contamination and egg excretion of the calves. In a second experiment the authors give a critical evaluation of the correlation between pasture contamination, weight gain, pepsinogen, and eggs in faeces. The correlation between pepsinogen and weight gain was found to be considerably higher than the correlation between e.p.g. and weight gain. A highly significant correlation between pasture contamination and serum pepsinogen (r=0.60-0.75) was found. The correlation between pasture contamination and e.p.g. was considerably lower (r=0.10-0.43) and only significant in a single case. The value of pepsinogen determinations in epidemiological experiments and weight gain experiments with calves is emphasized and the authors indicate possibilities of their application in practice.", "contents": "[The serum pepsinogen analysis and its relation to bovine ostertagiasis (author's transl)]. An outline of literature on the pepsinogen analysis and its application, especially within the veterinary parasitology, is given. The pepsinogen content of the blood in experimental infection with Ostertagia larvae is mentioned. The authors state their own experiences with the analysis. Testing of 100 parasite-free calves kept indoors gave a mean value of 0.5 units tyrosin/litre. 95 of the calves were within the range 0.3-0.7 units. Flutuations of serum pepsinogen in the course of a subclinical infection in 6 calves during their first grazing season are described and compared to pasture contamination and egg excretion of the calves. In a second experiment the authors give a critical evaluation of the correlation between pasture contamination, weight gain, pepsinogen, and eggs in faeces. The correlation between pepsinogen and weight gain was found to be considerably higher than the correlation between e.p.g. and weight gain. A highly significant correlation between pasture contamination and serum pepsinogen (r=0.60-0.75) was found. The correlation between pasture contamination and e.p.g. was considerably lower (r=0.10-0.43) and only significant in a single case. The value of pepsinogen determinations in epidemiological experiments and weight gain experiments with calves is emphasized and the authors indicate possibilities of their application in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:934808", "title": "[Toxicity of the PVC-plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (author's transl)].", "content": "The plastizicer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is produced in hundreds of thousands tons and has got a widespread use in a multitude of PVC-plast products. In the present review the toxicology and possible harmful environmental effects of DEHP is discussed. The four following topics have also been considered: 1. The solubility of DEHP in water and the complex between DEHP and fulvic acid. 2. Residues and metabolites of DEHP in fish and invertebrates. 3. The metabolites of DEHP in rat, where four major metabolites have been found (fig. 1). 4. The problem concerning residues of DEHP in blood stored in PVC plastic bags for transfusion and the relationship of DEHP to microaggregation of platelets in stored blood. Although the oral LD50 in the rat, mouse and rabbit is about 30 g/kg, its toxicology reveals problematic features such as high toxicity to some invertebrates, specific effects on the nervous system of fish and teratogenic effects in rats.", "contents": "[Toxicity of the PVC-plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (author's transl)]. The plastizicer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is produced in hundreds of thousands tons and has got a widespread use in a multitude of PVC-plast products. In the present review the toxicology and possible harmful environmental effects of DEHP is discussed. The four following topics have also been considered: 1. The solubility of DEHP in water and the complex between DEHP and fulvic acid. 2. Residues and metabolites of DEHP in fish and invertebrates. 3. The metabolites of DEHP in rat, where four major metabolites have been found (fig. 1). 4. The problem concerning residues of DEHP in blood stored in PVC plastic bags for transfusion and the relationship of DEHP to microaggregation of platelets in stored blood. Although the oral LD50 in the rat, mouse and rabbit is about 30 g/kg, its toxicology reveals problematic features such as high toxicity to some invertebrates, specific effects on the nervous system of fish and teratogenic effects in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:934807", "title": "[Artificial insemination in pigs: study of conception conditions with use of 2 inseminations in heat with about 24 hours interval].", "content": "140 sows and gilts of Danish Landrace were inseminated twice per heat with an interval of approximately 24 hours. Half of the females had their first insemination with semen of Danish Landrace and their second insemination with semen of Yorkshire, the other half vice versa. 114 females became pregnant. At farrowing the number of offspring of Danish Landrace and/or Danish Landrace X Yorkshire per sow/gilt was registrated. The results have been set out in tables I and II, from which it can be seen, that 59% conceived only after first insemination, 18% only after second insemination and 23% after both first and second insemination. In the last group 52% of the offspring were from the first insemination and 48% from the second insemination. In the sows no increase in av. litter size after two inseminations was found. The results are discussed and apparent discrepancy with earlier results is explained with a presumbably existing competition in the female genital tract between sperms from two inseminations at different times in the heat, resulting in ageing of the first inseminated sperms.", "contents": "[Artificial insemination in pigs: study of conception conditions with use of 2 inseminations in heat with about 24 hours interval]. 140 sows and gilts of Danish Landrace were inseminated twice per heat with an interval of approximately 24 hours. Half of the females had their first insemination with semen of Danish Landrace and their second insemination with semen of Yorkshire, the other half vice versa. 114 females became pregnant. At farrowing the number of offspring of Danish Landrace and/or Danish Landrace X Yorkshire per sow/gilt was registrated. The results have been set out in tables I and II, from which it can be seen, that 59% conceived only after first insemination, 18% only after second insemination and 23% after both first and second insemination. In the last group 52% of the offspring were from the first insemination and 48% from the second insemination. In the sows no increase in av. litter size after two inseminations was found. The results are discussed and apparent discrepancy with earlier results is explained with a presumbably existing competition in the female genital tract between sperms from two inseminations at different times in the heat, resulting in ageing of the first inseminated sperms."}
{"id": "PMID:934809", "title": "Inoculation experiments with Bordetella bronchiseptica strains in SPF pigs.", "content": "The progeny of 9 SPF gilts fed a balanced ration (Table I) was used in an inoculation experiment with field strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated in herds suffering atrophic rhinitis. Acute rhinitis was produced within a week after intranasal inoculation of B. bronchiseptica into 1 to 11-day-old piglets. Coughing occurred in some of the exposed pigs, but signs of pneumonia did not develop. A few pigs were killed at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. These pigs all showed histological lesions in the turbinate and B. bronchiseptica was recovered from various parts of the respiratory tract. Pigs killed 3 weeks after inoculation showed advanced turbinate atrophy (Tables II and III). Among inoculated litter mates reared to slaughter weight, only one developed clinical signs (slight) of atrophic rhinitis, and a tendency towards an elimination of the B. bronchiseptica infection from the accessible part of the nasal cavity was noticed during the growth period. By examination of nasal swabs collected when the pigs were 10 to 13 weeks old, Mycoplasma flocculare was isolated as well from pigs inoculated with B. bronchiseptica as from the control pigs. The growth rate of the experimental pigs was high and no difference in feed consumption or feed conversion occurred between the exposed pigs and the control pigs. By post mortem examination of the snouts from the pigs slaughtered at approx. 85 kg live weight, severe atrophic rhinitis was not found. Approximately one third (32%) of the exposed pigs showed slight atrophic rhinitis lesions (Table IV). The results are discussed and it is concluded that the isolated B. bronchiseptica strains are pathogenic in young pigs and able to induce turbinate atrophy 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Turbinate atrophy induced in pigs a few weeks old, may apparently restore completely or almost completely during the growth period. Under the provided experimental conditions, infection with B. bronchiseptica did not result in the development of a lasting, growth-retarding atrophic rhinitis.", "contents": "Inoculation experiments with Bordetella bronchiseptica strains in SPF pigs. The progeny of 9 SPF gilts fed a balanced ration (Table I) was used in an inoculation experiment with field strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated in herds suffering atrophic rhinitis. Acute rhinitis was produced within a week after intranasal inoculation of B. bronchiseptica into 1 to 11-day-old piglets. Coughing occurred in some of the exposed pigs, but signs of pneumonia did not develop. A few pigs were killed at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks after exposure. These pigs all showed histological lesions in the turbinate and B. bronchiseptica was recovered from various parts of the respiratory tract. Pigs killed 3 weeks after inoculation showed advanced turbinate atrophy (Tables II and III). Among inoculated litter mates reared to slaughter weight, only one developed clinical signs (slight) of atrophic rhinitis, and a tendency towards an elimination of the B. bronchiseptica infection from the accessible part of the nasal cavity was noticed during the growth period. By examination of nasal swabs collected when the pigs were 10 to 13 weeks old, Mycoplasma flocculare was isolated as well from pigs inoculated with B. bronchiseptica as from the control pigs. The growth rate of the experimental pigs was high and no difference in feed consumption or feed conversion occurred between the exposed pigs and the control pigs. By post mortem examination of the snouts from the pigs slaughtered at approx. 85 kg live weight, severe atrophic rhinitis was not found. Approximately one third (32%) of the exposed pigs showed slight atrophic rhinitis lesions (Table IV). The results are discussed and it is concluded that the isolated B. bronchiseptica strains are pathogenic in young pigs and able to induce turbinate atrophy 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Turbinate atrophy induced in pigs a few weeks old, may apparently restore completely or almost completely during the growth period. Under the provided experimental conditions, infection with B. bronchiseptica did not result in the development of a lasting, growth-retarding atrophic rhinitis."}
{"id": "PMID:934810", "title": "[An outbreak of lipoid liver degeneration (LLD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a fish farm and attempts to cure the disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A description of a field experiment on the therapeutic effect of 4 different drugs against lipoid liver degeneration is given in a natural outbreak of the disease in a fish farm. The diagnosis was based on pathological and histopathological changes in the liver and characterized on the basis of the degree of ceroid deposited in the liver cells. The size and weight of the fish had no influence on the deposition, but it was shown that LLD caused a higher mortality in Atlantic salmon than in rainbow trout, showing a weekly mortality of 2.5 and 0.3%, respectively. In the field experiments therapeutic effect was obtained with 1) Vitamin E, mixed into the feed in amounts of 90 mg alpha-tocopherol + 450 mg ethoxyquin pr. kg wet feed. 2) A combination of alpha-tocopherol and selene mixed into the diet in amounts of 20 mg tocopheryli acetas and 0.4 mg natrii seleniis pr. kg wet feed. The cause of the disease is not verified, but it seemes that rancid material in the diet was the main etiological factor. Predisposing factors influencing the peroxydation of the feed under practical conditions in Norwegian fish farms have been discussed.", "contents": "[An outbreak of lipoid liver degeneration (LLD) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a fish farm and attempts to cure the disease (author's transl)]. A description of a field experiment on the therapeutic effect of 4 different drugs against lipoid liver degeneration is given in a natural outbreak of the disease in a fish farm. The diagnosis was based on pathological and histopathological changes in the liver and characterized on the basis of the degree of ceroid deposited in the liver cells. The size and weight of the fish had no influence on the deposition, but it was shown that LLD caused a higher mortality in Atlantic salmon than in rainbow trout, showing a weekly mortality of 2.5 and 0.3%, respectively. In the field experiments therapeutic effect was obtained with 1) Vitamin E, mixed into the feed in amounts of 90 mg alpha-tocopherol + 450 mg ethoxyquin pr. kg wet feed. 2) A combination of alpha-tocopherol and selene mixed into the diet in amounts of 20 mg tocopheryli acetas and 0.4 mg natrii seleniis pr. kg wet feed. The cause of the disease is not verified, but it seemes that rancid material in the diet was the main etiological factor. Predisposing factors influencing the peroxydation of the feed under practical conditions in Norwegian fish farms have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:934811", "title": "The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and other game species in Denmark.", "content": "A survey of the rate of infection with Trichinella spiralis among game animals in Denmark is given with special regard to foxes. A total of 5084 foxes and 293 mustelidae were examined, most of them by a combined digestion and Baermann technique. Deep-frozen samples were examined by a method including digestion, filtration, and sedimentation. Four foxes were found infected (cf. Fig. 1). Three of them were shot inside or just outside a fenced area within which wild boars had previously been found infected. It is concluded that Trichinella infection in Danish free-living carnivores is very rare and that the prevalence in foxes is low compared to most European countries.", "contents": "The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and other game species in Denmark. A survey of the rate of infection with Trichinella spiralis among game animals in Denmark is given with special regard to foxes. A total of 5084 foxes and 293 mustelidae were examined, most of them by a combined digestion and Baermann technique. Deep-frozen samples were examined by a method including digestion, filtration, and sedimentation. Four foxes were found infected (cf. Fig. 1). Three of them were shot inside or just outside a fenced area within which wild boars had previously been found infected. It is concluded that Trichinella infection in Danish free-living carnivores is very rare and that the prevalence in foxes is low compared to most European countries."}
{"id": "PMID:934819", "title": "[Secretion of gonadotropins during sleep. Changes during secondary amenorrheas].", "content": "4 females with secondary amenorrheas underwent sleep polygraphic recordings together with blood samples for measurements of LH, FSH and  GH, 3 normal females served as controls.  Among normal subjects LH and FSH secretion showed a pulsating pattern around the time of ovulation, appearing as secretory episodes throughout the night, without any relationship with sleep stages. In amenorrheas, 3 types of abnormalities could be identified: the first was a lack of secretory episodes of LH and FSH associated with an abnormal pattern of GH (9 subjects). The second was an hypersecretion of LH and a decrease of FSH secretion together with a normal secretion of GH in 4 subjects with a Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The last one was an hypersecretion of LH and FSH together with a normal pattern of GH in a subject with an early menopause. These results are discussed according to the present data on the part of neurotransmission in the regulation of ovulation and the 2 types of sleep. Furthermore secretory abnormalities of LH and FSH together with a disconnection between GH secretion and the stages of sleep lead to question the possibility of interrelationships in the secretory mechanisms of these different hormones.", "contents": "[Secretion of gonadotropins during sleep. Changes during secondary amenorrheas]. 4 females with secondary amenorrheas underwent sleep polygraphic recordings together with blood samples for measurements of LH, FSH and  GH, 3 normal females served as controls.  Among normal subjects LH and FSH secretion showed a pulsating pattern around the time of ovulation, appearing as secretory episodes throughout the night, without any relationship with sleep stages. In amenorrheas, 3 types of abnormalities could be identified: the first was a lack of secretory episodes of LH and FSH associated with an abnormal pattern of GH (9 subjects). The second was an hypersecretion of LH and a decrease of FSH secretion together with a normal secretion of GH in 4 subjects with a Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The last one was an hypersecretion of LH and FSH together with a normal pattern of GH in a subject with an early menopause. These results are discussed according to the present data on the part of neurotransmission in the regulation of ovulation and the 2 types of sleep. Furthermore secretory abnormalities of LH and FSH together with a disconnection between GH secretion and the stages of sleep lead to question the possibility of interrelationships in the secretory mechanisms of these different hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:934825", "title": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve. An unknown etiology of certain paralysis and certain refractory epicondylalgies].", "content": "In certain circumstances, compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve) may be caused either by transverse fibrous bands in front of the articular capsule of the elbow, by the anterior border of the 2nd radial, by Frohse's lugament or by the superficial part of supinator brevis. Such problems may be accentuated by repeated dorsal flexion movements of the wrist, with hyperextension of the elbow and above all in prosupination. Clinically, they may result in either complete paralysis (2 cases), or in a syndrome of refractory epicondylar pain with nerve involvement (4 cases). The approach described by the authors permits complete exploration of all the potential points of compression and good results were obtained in the five patients who underwent surgery.", "contents": "[Compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve. An unknown etiology of certain paralysis and certain refractory epicondylalgies]. In certain circumstances, compression of the posterior branch of the radial nerve (posterior interosseous nerve) may be caused either by transverse fibrous bands in front of the articular capsule of the elbow, by the anterior border of the 2nd radial, by Frohse's lugament or by the superficial part of supinator brevis. Such problems may be accentuated by repeated dorsal flexion movements of the wrist, with hyperextension of the elbow and above all in prosupination. Clinically, they may result in either complete paralysis (2 cases), or in a syndrome of refractory epicondylar pain with nerve involvement (4 cases). The approach described by the authors permits complete exploration of all the potential points of compression and good results were obtained in the five patients who underwent surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:934826", "title": "[Thoraco-abdominal angiotomography. 280 explorations].", "content": "Angiotomography invariably imrpves the quality of the images obtained in vascular radiology, with respect to both vascular anatomy and pathology. Its contribution is obviously essential when, for technical reasons, arterial opacification is only mediocre (extended angiocardiopneumography). In the arteriolar study of deep seated or voluminous organs, its eliminates superimpositions, makes tri-dimensional study possible and provides a means of studying fine arterioles, useful in diagnosis and difficult to demonstrate using conventional techniques. Its principle limitations are technological in character. Accepting precise and clearly defined rules in its indications and realisation, appropriate equipment, and a constant effort in the analysis and reading of its results, it is reasonable to hope that angiotomography will quickly add a new dimension to vascular studies.", "contents": "[Thoraco-abdominal angiotomography. 280 explorations]. Angiotomography invariably imrpves the quality of the images obtained in vascular radiology, with respect to both vascular anatomy and pathology. Its contribution is obviously essential when, for technical reasons, arterial opacification is only mediocre (extended angiocardiopneumography). In the arteriolar study of deep seated or voluminous organs, its eliminates superimpositions, makes tri-dimensional study possible and provides a means of studying fine arterioles, useful in diagnosis and difficult to demonstrate using conventional techniques. Its principle limitations are technological in character. Accepting precise and clearly defined rules in its indications and realisation, appropriate equipment, and a constant effort in the analysis and reading of its results, it is reasonable to hope that angiotomography will quickly add a new dimension to vascular studies."}
{"id": "PMID:934827", "title": "[Paralysis following Dimer X radiculography].", "content": "The authors report four cases of cauda equina syndrome following Dimer X radiculography. The cases are described and commented upon. The conclusion is that Dimer X is a substrate associated with a certain degree of toxicity. Indications for and technique in sacroradiculography should be rigorous.", "contents": "[Paralysis following Dimer X radiculography]. The authors report four cases of cauda equina syndrome following Dimer X radiculography. The cases are described and commented upon. The conclusion is that Dimer X is a substrate associated with a certain degree of toxicity. Indications for and technique in sacroradiculography should be rigorous."}
{"id": "PMID:934839", "title": "[Value of carcino-embryonic antigen assay in the evaluation and surveillance of breast cancer].", "content": "With the method used, the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum can be said to be abnormal above 10 ng/ml. The concentrations are normal in benign mastopathies. In 131 cases of breast cancer were studied, they are high in 8 p. cent of T1 and T2 breast cancers, and in 53.9 p. cent of T3 and T4 cancers. They are high in 22 p. cent of cases in the first perceptible phase of their disease, and 92 p. cent relapsed cases. They are also high in 23 p. cent of cases without metastasis, in 32 p. cent of cases with only nodal metastasis, in 82 p. cent of cases with extra-nodal metastasis, and in 94 p. cent of cases with nodal and extra-nodal metastasis. Concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum which are abnormal before treatment and which do not completely return to normal after treatment, of which rise again, enable one to predict the appearance of a metastasis several months before its clinical manifestation. Determination of the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum therefore deserves to become part of the battery of routine for all breast cancers. An initial high concentration is an argument for suggesting systematic chemotherapy. The fluctuations in the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum under chemotherapy allow one to assess the efficiency of the treatment.", "contents": "[Value of carcino-embryonic antigen assay in the evaluation and surveillance of breast cancer]. With the method used, the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum can be said to be abnormal above 10 ng/ml. The concentrations are normal in benign mastopathies. In 131 cases of breast cancer were studied, they are high in 8 p. cent of T1 and T2 breast cancers, and in 53.9 p. cent of T3 and T4 cancers. They are high in 22 p. cent of cases in the first perceptible phase of their disease, and 92 p. cent relapsed cases. They are also high in 23 p. cent of cases without metastasis, in 32 p. cent of cases with only nodal metastasis, in 82 p. cent of cases with extra-nodal metastasis, and in 94 p. cent of cases with nodal and extra-nodal metastasis. Concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum which are abnormal before treatment and which do not completely return to normal after treatment, of which rise again, enable one to predict the appearance of a metastasis several months before its clinical manifestation. Determination of the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum therefore deserves to become part of the battery of routine for all breast cancers. An initial high concentration is an argument for suggesting systematic chemotherapy. The fluctuations in the concentrations of carcinoembryonic in antigen serum under chemotherapy allow one to assess the efficiency of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:934840", "title": "[Role of computerized axial tomography in neuroradiology. 1st results].", "content": "On the basis of their experience, the autors report the results obtained after 1500 examinations in the study of space occupying hemispheric lesions and in the study of cerebral atrophy.", "contents": "[Role of computerized axial tomography in neuroradiology. 1st results]. On the basis of their experience, the autors report the results obtained after 1500 examinations in the study of space occupying hemispheric lesions and in the study of cerebral atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:934841", "title": "[The changes of survival of patients hospitalized in a resuscitation service].", "content": "In order to define criteria of prognosis for patients hospitalized in intensive care units, 2105 cases of patients treated for an acute life threatening illness for 4 years were reviewed. According to severity of initial illness, 3 groups were defined: Ist one initial illness, presumably reversible (55,3%), IInd, several initial illnesses presumably reversible (27,7%), IIIrd, one or several initial illnesses, with at least one of them presumably irreversible (17%). Total mortality was 31,3%, significantly lower in women than in men. According to groups, mortality was 8,7% in the Ist, 42,7% in the IInd (p less than 0,0001), 88,8% in the IIIrd (p less than 0,0001). In any group prognosis was influenced by the type of initial disease (respiratory, circulatory, renal or metabolic, septic, neurologic and hepato-digestive failure). In groups I and II mortality was greater when high risk factors exist, and is more and more bad with age, but always minus that 50%. In the group III mortality was the same with or without high risk factors, was not influenced by age, and was always near 90%. For 4 years, mortality significantly lowered in the group II, from 57% to 29%. We conclude that treatment in an intensive care unit of life threatening visceral acute failure has a poor result when this later is related to an chronic or non presumably reversible disorder. In other cases high risk factor, particularly old age, is not a contre indication to treatment in an intensive care unit.", "contents": "[The changes of survival of patients hospitalized in a resuscitation service]. In order to define criteria of prognosis for patients hospitalized in intensive care units, 2105 cases of patients treated for an acute life threatening illness for 4 years were reviewed. According to severity of initial illness, 3 groups were defined: Ist one initial illness, presumably reversible (55,3%), IInd, several initial illnesses presumably reversible (27,7%), IIIrd, one or several initial illnesses, with at least one of them presumably irreversible (17%). Total mortality was 31,3%, significantly lower in women than in men. According to groups, mortality was 8,7% in the Ist, 42,7% in the IInd (p less than 0,0001), 88,8% in the IIIrd (p less than 0,0001). In any group prognosis was influenced by the type of initial disease (respiratory, circulatory, renal or metabolic, septic, neurologic and hepato-digestive failure). In groups I and II mortality was greater when high risk factors exist, and is more and more bad with age, but always minus that 50%. In the group III mortality was the same with or without high risk factors, was not influenced by age, and was always near 90%. For 4 years, mortality significantly lowered in the group II, from 57% to 29%. We conclude that treatment in an intensive care unit of life threatening visceral acute failure has a poor result when this later is related to an chronic or non presumably reversible disorder. In other cases high risk factor, particularly old age, is not a contre indication to treatment in an intensive care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:934859", "title": "[Pseudo-anaphylactic reaction to procaine-penicillin G. 3 cases of Hoigne's syndrome].", "content": "On the basis of three cases, the authors review the clinical picture of Hoigne's syndrome, characterised by the development of acute manifestations, essentially psycho-sensorial, immediately following the injection of procaine penicillin G (PPG). The syndrome is due to the passage into the circulation of micro-aggregates of PPG and has no immuno-allergic basis. Subsequent treatment with penicillin is not contraindicated.", "contents": "[Pseudo-anaphylactic reaction to procaine-penicillin G. 3 cases of Hoigne's syndrome]. On the basis of three cases, the authors review the clinical picture of Hoigne's syndrome, characterised by the development of acute manifestations, essentially psycho-sensorial, immediately following the injection of procaine penicillin G (PPG). The syndrome is due to the passage into the circulation of micro-aggregates of PPG and has no immuno-allergic basis. Subsequent treatment with penicillin is not contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:934860", "title": "[Electrocardiographic abnormalities during meningeal hemorrhage].", "content": "The electrocardiogram (E.C.G.) was recorded in 100 cases of meningeal hemorrhages. The most frequent abnormalies encountered were bradycardia (32%) and inversion of the T wave (34%). Rhythm and conduction problems were less frequently found. Bradycardia was frequently and T wave inversion rarely found in cases without disturbances of consciousness and those with favourable prognosis. The contrary was found in comatous patients and cases with lethal outcome. The existance of an aneurysm and the location of it did not influence the type of electrocardiographic abnormalies. The influence of the parasympathetic and especially the sympathetic nervous systems is emphasized.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic abnormalities during meningeal hemorrhage]. The electrocardiogram (E.C.G.) was recorded in 100 cases of meningeal hemorrhages. The most frequent abnormalies encountered were bradycardia (32%) and inversion of the T wave (34%). Rhythm and conduction problems were less frequently found. Bradycardia was frequently and T wave inversion rarely found in cases without disturbances of consciousness and those with favourable prognosis. The contrary was found in comatous patients and cases with lethal outcome. The existance of an aneurysm and the location of it did not influence the type of electrocardiographic abnormalies. The influence of the parasympathetic and especially the sympathetic nervous systems is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:934880", "title": "[Metabolism of fibrinogen in the cirrhotic patient. Dynamic study by isotope method].", "content": "The authors studied the metabolism of fibrinogen labelled with iodine 125 in 57 cirrhotic patients and 25 controls. Their results show that if the 82 subjects are grouped according to biological period values (T) and plasma pool (N.I.) of each of them, 4 distinct populations emerge. In each  of these 4 groups a physiopathological interpretation of fibrinogen metabolism may be proposed. In the context of consumption coagulopathies in cirrhosis, the examination is of real value and offers an objective criterion of therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "[Metabolism of fibrinogen in the cirrhotic patient. Dynamic study by isotope method]. The authors studied the metabolism of fibrinogen labelled with iodine 125 in 57 cirrhotic patients and 25 controls. Their results show that if the 82 subjects are grouped according to biological period values (T) and plasma pool (N.I.) of each of them, 4 distinct populations emerge. In each  of these 4 groups a physiopathological interpretation of fibrinogen metabolism may be proposed. In the context of consumption coagulopathies in cirrhosis, the examination is of real value and offers an objective criterion of therapeutic effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:934944", "title": "The influence of the known radioprotective compounds on the metabolism of red blood cells. I. Effect of cysteamine on the cellular level of the intermediates and coenzymes.", "content": "Cysteamine added to the human blood samples in the final concentration of 6.5 X 10(-3)m, 1,9 X 10(-2) M and 3,8 X 10(-2) M exerts a significant effect on the metabolism of erythrocytes. The chromatographic determination of carbohydrate intermediates and coenzymes in red blood cells indicates that in lower concentration of the drug the rate of anaerobic metabolism of glucose is increased. Higher concentration of cysteamine (3.8 X 10(-3) M) enhances aerobic catabolism of glucose in pentose shunt.", "contents": "The influence of the known radioprotective compounds on the metabolism of red blood cells. I. Effect of cysteamine on the cellular level of the intermediates and coenzymes. Cysteamine added to the human blood samples in the final concentration of 6.5 X 10(-3)m, 1,9 X 10(-2) M and 3,8 X 10(-2) M exerts a significant effect on the metabolism of erythrocytes. The chromatographic determination of carbohydrate intermediates and coenzymes in red blood cells indicates that in lower concentration of the drug the rate of anaerobic metabolism of glucose is increased. Higher concentration of cysteamine (3.8 X 10(-3) M) enhances aerobic catabolism of glucose in pentose shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:934945", "title": "The influence of the known radioprotective compounds on the metabolism of human red blood cell. Part II. The influence of cysteamine on enzymic systems.", "content": "The influence of cysteamine on the metabolic activity of red blood cells has been estimated in vitro. Cysteamine has a marked influence on the activity of mainly aldolase F-1, 6-P and glucose-6-P dehydrogenase in red blood cells in vitro. The anaerobic metabolism of erythrocytes is more active in the presence of lower doses of cysteamine. Higher concentrations of radioprotector stimulate the pentose phosphate shunt.", "contents": "The influence of the known radioprotective compounds on the metabolism of human red blood cell. Part II. The influence of cysteamine on enzymic systems. The influence of cysteamine on the metabolic activity of red blood cells has been estimated in vitro. Cysteamine has a marked influence on the activity of mainly aldolase F-1, 6-P and glucose-6-P dehydrogenase in red blood cells in vitro. The anaerobic metabolism of erythrocytes is more active in the presence of lower doses of cysteamine. Higher concentrations of radioprotector stimulate the pentose phosphate shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:934946", "title": "Convulsive thresholds and the activity of anticonvulsants in electroseizure test. The role of serotoninergic system.", "content": "The effect of different compounds modifying the activity of serotoninergic system on the convulsive threshold and on anticonvulsant action of phenyltoin (PHEN) phenobarbital (PHB), m-bromophenyl succinimide (BPHSI) and acetazolamide (ACA) in electroseizure test was studied. The obtained results suggest that 5-HT plays a significant role in the convulsive threshold and in ACA anticonvulsant action. No correlation, however, was observed between anticonvulsant action of the studied drugs and their influence on 5-HT level in brain.", "contents": "Convulsive thresholds and the activity of anticonvulsants in electroseizure test. The role of serotoninergic system. The effect of different compounds modifying the activity of serotoninergic system on the convulsive threshold and on anticonvulsant action of phenyltoin (PHEN) phenobarbital (PHB), m-bromophenyl succinimide (BPHSI) and acetazolamide (ACA) in electroseizure test was studied. The obtained results suggest that 5-HT plays a significant role in the convulsive threshold and in ACA anticonvulsant action. No correlation, however, was observed between anticonvulsant action of the studied drugs and their influence on 5-HT level in brain."}
{"id": "PMID:934947", "title": "Influence of lithium chloride on rabbit's EEG and behavior.", "content": "The effects of intravenous or intrahippocampal injections of lithium chloride dissolved in bidistilled water were investigated on rabbits with chronically implanted canniulas and electrodes. Bioelectric activity of the limbic structures and behavior were analyzed. Electrical activity was recorded by means of bipolar electrodes implanted chronically in the dorsal hippocampus, the gyrus cinguli, the amygdaloid complex and the medial hypothalamus, LiCl inhibited electric activity of the limbic structures and caused a reduction of spontaneous motor and exploratory activity of rabbits.", "contents": "Influence of lithium chloride on rabbit's EEG and behavior. The effects of intravenous or intrahippocampal injections of lithium chloride dissolved in bidistilled water were investigated on rabbits with chronically implanted canniulas and electrodes. Bioelectric activity of the limbic structures and behavior were analyzed. Electrical activity was recorded by means of bipolar electrodes implanted chronically in the dorsal hippocampus, the gyrus cinguli, the amygdaloid complex and the medial hypothalamus, LiCl inhibited electric activity of the limbic structures and caused a reduction of spontaneous motor and exploratory activity of rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:934948", "title": "Studies on aminophenazone and phenobarbital release from suppositories prepared on different bases.", "content": "Employing in the studies in vitro the dynamic system, we investigated aminophenazone (APH) and phenobarbital (PHB) release through semipermeable membrane from suppositories prepared on different bases, namely. Massupol, Oleum Cacao, H-15 Witepsol, Imhausen Suppositorien Masse SB, 1500 polioxyethylene glycol. The rate of APH liberation was highest from Imhausen and lowest from H-15 Witepsol; PHB was released most rapidly from Oleum Cacao, the poorest results being observed in the case of polioxyethylene glycol.", "contents": "Studies on aminophenazone and phenobarbital release from suppositories prepared on different bases. Employing in the studies in vitro the dynamic system, we investigated aminophenazone (APH) and phenobarbital (PHB) release through semipermeable membrane from suppositories prepared on different bases, namely. Massupol, Oleum Cacao, H-15 Witepsol, Imhausen Suppositorien Masse SB, 1500 polioxyethylene glycol. The rate of APH liberation was highest from Imhausen and lowest from H-15 Witepsol; PHB was released most rapidly from Oleum Cacao, the poorest results being observed in the case of polioxyethylene glycol."}
{"id": "PMID:934949", "title": "Kinetic evaluation of thiopentone sodium stability in aqueous and propylene glycol medium.", "content": "Stability of thiopentone sodium (TP) was investigated by means of accelerated testing at elevated temperature and pH ca. 10. The experiments carried out do not argue for propylene glycol as a good solvent for the preparations of an injectable TP solution because the shelf-life time predicted is more favourable for the aqueous solution.", "contents": "Kinetic evaluation of thiopentone sodium stability in aqueous and propylene glycol medium. Stability of thiopentone sodium (TP) was investigated by means of accelerated testing at elevated temperature and pH ca. 10. The experiments carried out do not argue for propylene glycol as a good solvent for the preparations of an injectable TP solution because the shelf-life time predicted is more favourable for the aqueous solution."}
{"id": "PMID:934950", "title": "Derivatives of 3, 3-spirobi-5-methyltetrahydrofuranone-2 as potential neurotropic agents. Part I.", "content": "Starting from 3,3'-spirobi-5-bromomethyltetrahydrofuranone-2 (2) the amino derivatives 3a--g were obtained. The pharmacological examination showed that the new compounds are deprived of the hypnotic activity characteristic for 3,3'-spirobi-5-methyltetrahydrofuranone-2 (2) and behaved in most tests as tranquillizers.", "contents": "Derivatives of 3, 3-spirobi-5-methyltetrahydrofuranone-2 as potential neurotropic agents. Part I. Starting from 3,3'-spirobi-5-bromomethyltetrahydrofuranone-2 (2) the amino derivatives 3a--g were obtained. The pharmacological examination showed that the new compounds are deprived of the hypnotic activity characteristic for 3,3'-spirobi-5-methyltetrahydrofuranone-2 (2) and behaved in most tests as tranquillizers."}
{"id": "PMID:934954", "title": "Using ultrasound to assess the fetus at risk.", "content": "In early pregnancy, ultrasonic scanning is valuable if the patient's menstrual history is unreliable or if uterine size is less than expected. The crown-rump length of the embryo can be measured from the sixth week of gestation, and pulsation of the heart detected from the seventh. The crown-rump length of the early embryo gives precise information about maturity. Somewhat later in pregnancy, fetal maturity and growth rate can be assessed accurately by measurement of the biparietal diameter. The head circumference and the fetal upper abdominal circumference together give the head-abdomen ratio, which can be helpful in assessing fetal nutrition. The abdominal circumference also may be used to predict fetal weight.", "contents": "Using ultrasound to assess the fetus at risk. In early pregnancy, ultrasonic scanning is valuable if the patient's menstrual history is unreliable or if uterine size is less than expected. The crown-rump length of the embryo can be measured from the sixth week of gestation, and pulsation of the heart detected from the seventh. The crown-rump length of the early embryo gives precise information about maturity. Somewhat later in pregnancy, fetal maturity and growth rate can be assessed accurately by measurement of the biparietal diameter. The head circumference and the fetal upper abdominal circumference together give the head-abdomen ratio, which can be helpful in assessing fetal nutrition. The abdominal circumference also may be used to predict fetal weight."}
{"id": "PMID:934955", "title": "Ipma annals from the 60th interstate postgraduate medical assembly.", "content": "The menopause is a fact of life for every woman, and how it affects her depends on her physiologic makeup and on her emotional health. An empathetic physician is a great help to the patient going through this stage of life. Whether to offer hormone replacement therapy is a question each physician in general or gynecologic practice must answer.", "contents": "Ipma annals from the 60th interstate postgraduate medical assembly. The menopause is a fact of life for every woman, and how it affects her depends on her physiologic makeup and on her emotional health. An empathetic physician is a great help to the patient going through this stage of life. Whether to offer hormone replacement therapy is a question each physician in general or gynecologic practice must answer."}
{"id": "PMID:934957", "title": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of deep bruises.", "content": "Local application of cold, compression, and elevation of the injured part are the mainstays of emergency care of a suspected deep bruise. Lack of treatment may have unpleasant consequences, such as muscle shortening.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries: office treatment of deep bruises. Local application of cold, compression, and elevation of the injured part are the mainstays of emergency care of a suspected deep bruise. Lack of treatment may have unpleasant consequences, such as muscle shortening."}
{"id": "PMID:934956", "title": "Gastrointestinal disorders: the role of diet in cause and management.", "content": "Diet has a definite role in certain gastrointestinal disorders, and dietary manipulation often is beneficial. In other cases, such as peptic ulcer, traditional dietary therapy cannot be justified by available evidence.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal disorders: the role of diet in cause and management. Diet has a definite role in certain gastrointestinal disorders, and dietary manipulation often is beneficial. In other cases, such as peptic ulcer, traditional dietary therapy cannot be justified by available evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:934960", "title": "Recognizing and treating deep neck infection.", "content": "Deep neck infection has ominous implications if not detected and treated in an early stage. The anatomic relationships of head and neck spaces encourage spread of infection. Immediate hospitalization and constant monitoring of the patient after diagnosis are mandatory.", "contents": "Recognizing and treating deep neck infection. Deep neck infection has ominous implications if not detected and treated in an early stage. The anatomic relationships of head and neck spaces encourage spread of infection. Immediate hospitalization and constant monitoring of the patient after diagnosis are mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:934961", "title": "Neonatal nutrition: an overview.", "content": "Some everyday practices in infant feeding, such as waiting eight hours after birth, have no logical or scientific foundation and their value should be reassessed. The first feeding should always be with sterile water because it is less irritating to bronchoalveolar epithelia than are dextrose solutions. Large, low-birth-weight infants present few feeding problems but require closer supervision than normal mature neonates. Optimal feeding techniques have not yet been devised for tiny preterm or ill neonates. Application of special techniques to provide these infants with even minimal caloric requirements for several days or weeks after birth should only be attempted in centers capable of providing special, around-the-clock care and meticulous monitoring of metabolic parameters.", "contents": "Neonatal nutrition: an overview. Some everyday practices in infant feeding, such as waiting eight hours after birth, have no logical or scientific foundation and their value should be reassessed. The first feeding should always be with sterile water because it is less irritating to bronchoalveolar epithelia than are dextrose solutions. Large, low-birth-weight infants present few feeding problems but require closer supervision than normal mature neonates. Optimal feeding techniques have not yet been devised for tiny preterm or ill neonates. Application of special techniques to provide these infants with even minimal caloric requirements for several days or weeks after birth should only be attempted in centers capable of providing special, around-the-clock care and meticulous monitoring of metabolic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:934962", "title": "Neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia: two unique perinatal metabolic problems.", "content": "Hypoglycemia is a frequent, potentially morbid disease in the newborn. Most infants who are at risk can be identified either prior to or immediately after birth. A knowledge of those factors that cause or potentiate the development of hypoglycemia can alert the physician as to which infants require close observation and frequent monitoring of blood glucose. Care in interpretation of laboratory data is important in establishing the diagnosis. Prompt treatment can prevent permanent damage and promote intact survival in these infants. Hyperglycemia has been reported with the use of parenteral glucose in infants of very low birth weight. Rate of glucose infusion appears to be a critical factor in the development of hyperglycemia in these infants. The hazards of allowing fasting hypoglycemia to develop by inappropriate withholding of early calories and of causing hyperglycemia by injudicious use of parenteral glucose infusions in the tiny neonate show the critical need for constant monitoring of blood glucose both by screening techniques and by laboratory determinations.", "contents": "Neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia: two unique perinatal metabolic problems. Hypoglycemia is a frequent, potentially morbid disease in the newborn. Most infants who are at risk can be identified either prior to or immediately after birth. A knowledge of those factors that cause or potentiate the development of hypoglycemia can alert the physician as to which infants require close observation and frequent monitoring of blood glucose. Care in interpretation of laboratory data is important in establishing the diagnosis. Prompt treatment can prevent permanent damage and promote intact survival in these infants. Hyperglycemia has been reported with the use of parenteral glucose in infants of very low birth weight. Rate of glucose infusion appears to be a critical factor in the development of hyperglycemia in these infants. The hazards of allowing fasting hypoglycemia to develop by inappropriate withholding of early calories and of causing hyperglycemia by injudicious use of parenteral glucose infusions in the tiny neonate show the critical need for constant monitoring of blood glucose both by screening techniques and by laboratory determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:934964", "title": "Appraising current therapy for breast cancer; 1. surgery.", "content": "Breast cancer is an extremely unpredictable type of lesion, due in part to its hormone dependence. Although minimal resection may suffice for those patients with great host resistance, radical or modified radical mastectomy is the treatment of choice unless distant metastases are evident.", "contents": "Appraising current therapy for breast cancer; 1. surgery. Breast cancer is an extremely unpredictable type of lesion, due in part to its hormone dependence. Although minimal resection may suffice for those patients with great host resistance, radical or modified radical mastectomy is the treatment of choice unless distant metastases are evident."}
{"id": "PMID:934965", "title": "Nutrition and human milk.", "content": "The nutritional composition of human milk is specifically suited to the needs of the human infant. In addition to eliminating the chance for contamination, human milk provides active protection against infection, and breast-fed babies have fewer metabolic anomalies and are less subject to allergy than formula-fed babies.", "contents": "Nutrition and human milk. The nutritional composition of human milk is specifically suited to the needs of the human infant. In addition to eliminating the chance for contamination, human milk provides active protection against infection, and breast-fed babies have fewer metabolic anomalies and are less subject to allergy than formula-fed babies."}
{"id": "PMID:934966", "title": "Office gynecology: managing dysmenorrhea.", "content": "In addition to symptomatic or endocrine treatment, management of dysmenorrhea requires an understanding of the constitutional and psychogenic factors that play a role in the symptoms associated with the ovulatory cycle.", "contents": "Office gynecology: managing dysmenorrhea. In addition to symptomatic or endocrine treatment, management of dysmenorrhea requires an understanding of the constitutional and psychogenic factors that play a role in the symptoms associated with the ovulatory cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:934967", "title": "Cardiology: prolapsed mitral valve syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome may have no symptoms referable to the heart or, at the other extreme, may have disabling chest pain, severe arrhythmias, and electrocardiographic abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a midsystolic click and a late systolic murmur. The mechanism responsible for the valve deformity appears to be related to myxomatous degeneration. Associated ECG abnormalities strongly suggest myocardial disease. The diagnoses is established by echocardiography or cineangiocardiography.", "contents": "Cardiology: prolapsed mitral valve syndrome. A patient with the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome may have no symptoms referable to the heart or, at the other extreme, may have disabling chest pain, severe arrhythmias, and electrocardiographic abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a midsystolic click and a late systolic murmur. The mechanism responsible for the valve deformity appears to be related to myxomatous degeneration. Associated ECG abnormalities strongly suggest myocardial disease. The diagnoses is established by echocardiography or cineangiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:934968", "title": "Pulmonary problems: small pneumothorax requiring catheter drainage.", "content": "In patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema who have evidence of respiratory decompensation, often even a pneumothorax displacing 10% or less of the hemithorax may require catheter drainage as an adjunct to therapy. Three illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Pulmonary problems: small pneumothorax requiring catheter drainage. In patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema who have evidence of respiratory decompensation, often even a pneumothorax displacing 10% or less of the hemithorax may require catheter drainage as an adjunct to therapy. Three illustrative cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:934970", "title": "Superficial and cutaneous fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Fungal infections usually have characteristics that make them easily identifiable. In most cases, clinical diagnosis can be readily confirmed by examining the lesions under Wood's light or by placing infected material in potassium hydroxide solution and examining the preparation microscopically. Dermatophytes can be rapidly detected by culturing material on the recently developed Dermatophyte Test Medium. The development of topical antifungal agents with broad spectrums of activity has considerably simplified treatment. In most cases, culture on Sabouraud's agar to determine exact genus and species before starting therapy is no longer necessary.", "contents": "Superficial and cutaneous fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. Fungal infections usually have characteristics that make them easily identifiable. In most cases, clinical diagnosis can be readily confirmed by examining the lesions under Wood's light or by placing infected material in potassium hydroxide solution and examining the preparation microscopically. Dermatophytes can be rapidly detected by culturing material on the recently developed Dermatophyte Test Medium. The development of topical antifungal agents with broad spectrums of activity has considerably simplified treatment. In most cases, culture on Sabouraud's agar to determine exact genus and species before starting therapy is no longer necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:934971", "title": "Artificial cardiac pacing: 2. follow-up and complications.", "content": "Following insertion or implantation of an artificial cardiac pacemaker, both physician and patient are involved in aftercare to monitor the patient's cardiac status, the condition of the implantation site, and the function of the pacemaker. Among the complications that may occur are pacemaker malfunction and perforation of the ventricles. The physician and patient must also be alert to the possibility of electrical interference and to the physiologic factors that can modify pacemaker function.", "contents": "Artificial cardiac pacing: 2. follow-up and complications. Following insertion or implantation of an artificial cardiac pacemaker, both physician and patient are involved in aftercare to monitor the patient's cardiac status, the condition of the implantation site, and the function of the pacemaker. Among the complications that may occur are pacemaker malfunction and perforation of the ventricles. The physician and patient must also be alert to the possibility of electrical interference and to the physiologic factors that can modify pacemaker function."}
{"id": "PMID:934972", "title": "Teenage alcohol use.", "content": "Approximately 39% of the in-school adolescent population of the United States can be classified as at least moderate drinkers, and as many as 28% may be problem drinkers. More adolescent boys than girls are drinkers, but the number of girls who drink is increasing, as is the number of drinkers age 13 and under. Adolescent drinking patterns are influenced by parental drinking models, peer structure, and other sociopsychologic factors. Teenagers who drink are likely to have parents and peers who drink and to have contact with religious organizations and other social systems which they perceive as not disapproving of drinking. Abstainers, on the other hand, usually have nondrinking parents and peers and are more likely to be associated with social institutions which disapprove of drinking. A significant proportion of the current adolescent population may enter adulthood  with harmful drinking habits already ingrained. If intervention and treatment are to be effective, the social network which supports alcohol use among teenagers must be taken into account.", "contents": "Teenage alcohol use. Approximately 39% of the in-school adolescent population of the United States can be classified as at least moderate drinkers, and as many as 28% may be problem drinkers. More adolescent boys than girls are drinkers, but the number of girls who drink is increasing, as is the number of drinkers age 13 and under. Adolescent drinking patterns are influenced by parental drinking models, peer structure, and other sociopsychologic factors. Teenagers who drink are likely to have parents and peers who drink and to have contact with religious organizations and other social systems which they perceive as not disapproving of drinking. Abstainers, on the other hand, usually have nondrinking parents and peers and are more likely to be associated with social institutions which disapprove of drinking. A significant proportion of the current adolescent population may enter adulthood  with harmful drinking habits already ingrained. If intervention and treatment are to be effective, the social network which supports alcohol use among teenagers must be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:934973", "title": "Factors influencing the choice of antihypertensive agents.", "content": "Personal, social, and medical factors unique to individual patients have a bearing on the efficacy of specific antihypertensive agents and on the frequency and severity of side effects. The factors relate to age, sex, occupation, potential for adherence to a prescribed program of therapy, and associated health problems. The importance of a simple, inexpensive program is emphasized.", "contents": "Factors influencing the choice of antihypertensive agents. Personal, social, and medical factors unique to individual patients have a bearing on the efficacy of specific antihypertensive agents and on the frequency and severity of side effects. The factors relate to age, sex, occupation, potential for adherence to a prescribed program of therapy, and associated health problems. The importance of a simple, inexpensive program is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:934976", "title": "Effect of high dietary copper on gizzard integrity of the chick.", "content": "Six experiments were conducted with male broiler chicks kept in battery brooders to investigate the effects of feeding diets high in copper on the integrity of the gizzard lining. Conventional and corn starch-soy basal diets were used. Slight improvements in body weight gain and/or feed efficiency were observed when the diets were supplemented with 250 p.p.m. copper as as CuSO4-5HSO, but higher levels (500 to 1000 p.p.m.) depressed growth and decreased feed efficiency. Little or no gizzard erosion was seen in birds fed the practical ration without added copper. Gizzard erosion was observed with 250 p.p.m. copper and the severity of the condition increased with higher levels. With the same level of copper supplementation, severity of gizzard erosion was greater when chicks were fed the corn starch-soy diet than when fed the practical diet. Adding 0.5 p.p.m. selenium to the practical diet containing 1000 p.p.m. copper slightly improved the appearance of the gizzard lining, although the subjective scoring index was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in only one of two experiments. The addition of zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin B12 did not prevent the gizzard damage caused by high copper levels. Severity of gizzard erosion was significantly reduced by adding 0.35% cholic acid to the semipurified diet with 500 p.p.m. copper, but not to the practical diet with 100 p.p.m. copper. There was no correlation between acidity of the gizzard contents and severity of the erosion.", "contents": "Effect of high dietary copper on gizzard integrity of the chick. Six experiments were conducted with male broiler chicks kept in battery brooders to investigate the effects of feeding diets high in copper on the integrity of the gizzard lining. Conventional and corn starch-soy basal diets were used. Slight improvements in body weight gain and/or feed efficiency were observed when the diets were supplemented with 250 p.p.m. copper as as CuSO4-5HSO, but higher levels (500 to 1000 p.p.m.) depressed growth and decreased feed efficiency. Little or no gizzard erosion was seen in birds fed the practical ration without added copper. Gizzard erosion was observed with 250 p.p.m. copper and the severity of the condition increased with higher levels. With the same level of copper supplementation, severity of gizzard erosion was greater when chicks were fed the corn starch-soy diet than when fed the practical diet. Adding 0.5 p.p.m. selenium to the practical diet containing 1000 p.p.m. copper slightly improved the appearance of the gizzard lining, although the subjective scoring index was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in only one of two experiments. The addition of zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin B12 did not prevent the gizzard damage caused by high copper levels. Severity of gizzard erosion was significantly reduced by adding 0.35% cholic acid to the semipurified diet with 500 p.p.m. copper, but not to the practical diet with 100 p.p.m. copper. There was no correlation between acidity of the gizzard contents and severity of the erosion."}
{"id": "PMID:934977", "title": "Effect of high dietary copper on fatty acid composition of the chick.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying levels of dietary copper on fatty acid composition of adipose and liver tissue of male broiler chicks. Chicks were fed the experimental diets to 4 weeks at which time leg adipose and liver samples were obtained for fatty acid determination. Adding 500 or more p.p.m. copper to either a practical or corn starch-soy basal diet caused significant changes in fatty acid composition but the differences were variable perhaps due to a depression of growth caused by these levels of copper. Fatty acid composition of the tissue was not greatly affected by adding 250 p.p.m. of copper to the practical diet which contained 1.5% poultry fat. When a corn starch-soy diet was fed with 0, 2, or 8% added corn oil, the ratio of 16:0 + 18:0 to 16:1 to 18:1 was not lowered in leg adipose lipids by copper supplementation (250 p.p.m.) with any level of added corn oil. With liver lipids copper appeared to reduced the ratios in birds fed the diets with 0 or 2% added corn, but the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate that using copper levels in practical diets that do not depress growth rate will not have much effect on fatty acid composition of carcass lipids and probably not on physical characteristics of the fat.", "contents": "Effect of high dietary copper on fatty acid composition of the chick. Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying levels of dietary copper on fatty acid composition of adipose and liver tissue of male broiler chicks. Chicks were fed the experimental diets to 4 weeks at which time leg adipose and liver samples were obtained for fatty acid determination. Adding 500 or more p.p.m. copper to either a practical or corn starch-soy basal diet caused significant changes in fatty acid composition but the differences were variable perhaps due to a depression of growth caused by these levels of copper. Fatty acid composition of the tissue was not greatly affected by adding 250 p.p.m. of copper to the practical diet which contained 1.5% poultry fat. When a corn starch-soy diet was fed with 0, 2, or 8% added corn oil, the ratio of 16:0 + 18:0 to 16:1 to 18:1 was not lowered in leg adipose lipids by copper supplementation (250 p.p.m.) with any level of added corn oil. With liver lipids copper appeared to reduced the ratios in birds fed the diets with 0 or 2% added corn, but the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate that using copper levels in practical diets that do not depress growth rate will not have much effect on fatty acid composition of carcass lipids and probably not on physical characteristics of the fat."}
{"id": "PMID:934978", "title": "Selection of broiler chickens for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia with observations on spondylolisthesis and twisted legs (perosis).", "content": "Radiography was used to select normal birds and affected with tibial dyschondroplasia from a commercial stock of broiler chickens. Birds were selected for three generations and mated like to like in an attempt to establish low and high incidence strains. Incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in the low incidence strain was reduced to negligible levels while it was increased in the high incidence strain. Incidence of the defect in the high incidence strain could be influenced by diet. Observations during the selection program on the incidence of spondylolisthesis and twisted legs in birds younger than eight weeks of age indicated that these other skeletal defects were unrelated to tibial dyschondroplasia.", "contents": "Selection of broiler chickens for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia with observations on spondylolisthesis and twisted legs (perosis). Radiography was used to select normal birds and affected with tibial dyschondroplasia from a commercial stock of broiler chickens. Birds were selected for three generations and mated like to like in an attempt to establish low and high incidence strains. Incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in the low incidence strain was reduced to negligible levels while it was increased in the high incidence strain. Incidence of the defect in the high incidence strain could be influenced by diet. Observations during the selection program on the incidence of spondylolisthesis and twisted legs in birds younger than eight weeks of age indicated that these other skeletal defects were unrelated to tibial dyschondroplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:934979", "title": "Immunoglobulins of the chicken antibody to Newcastle disease virus (Mukteswar and F strain).", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative development of chicken immunoglobulins in response to R2B (Mukteswar) and F strain of Newcastle disease virus was studied. One primary (R2B) and two secondary (R2B - R2B, F - R2B) vaccination trials were conducted. Sera was collected at weekly intervals and analyzed. There was an increase in total serum protein content in parallel to an increase in serum neutralizing (SN), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and precipitating antibodies. The SN, HI and precipitating activities were detected both in IgM and IgG immunoglobulins when sera were treated with mercapto-ethanol. However, Sephadex G-200 fractionated sera showed only SN activity in the IgM fraction, whereas the IgG fraction showed both HI and SN activity. Serum IgM antibodies appeared during the first week following vaccination, then diminished, then rose again following secondary vaccination. Apparently, immunoglobulin induction and serological activities were not significantly influenced by the age of the chickens.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins of the chicken antibody to Newcastle disease virus (Mukteswar and F strain). The qualitative and quantitative development of chicken immunoglobulins in response to R2B (Mukteswar) and F strain of Newcastle disease virus was studied. One primary (R2B) and two secondary (R2B - R2B, F - R2B) vaccination trials were conducted. Sera was collected at weekly intervals and analyzed. There was an increase in total serum protein content in parallel to an increase in serum neutralizing (SN), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and precipitating antibodies. The SN, HI and precipitating activities were detected both in IgM and IgG immunoglobulins when sera were treated with mercapto-ethanol. However, Sephadex G-200 fractionated sera showed only SN activity in the IgM fraction, whereas the IgG fraction showed both HI and SN activity. Serum IgM antibodies appeared during the first week following vaccination, then diminished, then rose again following secondary vaccination. Apparently, immunoglobulin induction and serological activities were not significantly influenced by the age of the chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:934980", "title": "Response to selection for time interval between ovipositions in the hen.", "content": "Data were collected from seven generations of selection for reduced time interval between oviposition in a line of Single Comb White Leghorns. This study involved 151 sires, 539 dams, and 2100 female progeny. Oviposition time was measured from 174 to 280 days of age. The only deliberate selection practiced was for reduced oviposition time interval. The mating system was random with the restriction of full or half sib matings. The reduction in oviposition time interval has been 73 minutes or 4.8 percent. There were no significant changes for total egg number, body weight or age at first egg. Rate of lay after reaching 50 percent production to 280 days has increased (P less than .07). Egg weight has declined five percent. Heritability estimates for intra-clutch time interval from correlations were .33 +/- .08, .36 +/- .09 and .35 +/- .15 by sire, dam, and combined components, respectively, .36 +/- .15 by regression of offspring on dam and .39 for realized. The magnitude of the selection differential decreased, over time. The genetic correlation of time interval with early production (280 days) was --.43 +/- .13, and with total egg production (500 days) was .20 +/- .27. The genetic correlations of time interval with egg weight and age at first egg were high and positive; and with body weight, it was negative. The increase in clutch size and the days between clutches during the time of this study were both highly significant.", "contents": "Response to selection for time interval between ovipositions in the hen. Data were collected from seven generations of selection for reduced time interval between oviposition in a line of Single Comb White Leghorns. This study involved 151 sires, 539 dams, and 2100 female progeny. Oviposition time was measured from 174 to 280 days of age. The only deliberate selection practiced was for reduced oviposition time interval. The mating system was random with the restriction of full or half sib matings. The reduction in oviposition time interval has been 73 minutes or 4.8 percent. There were no significant changes for total egg number, body weight or age at first egg. Rate of lay after reaching 50 percent production to 280 days has increased (P less than .07). Egg weight has declined five percent. Heritability estimates for intra-clutch time interval from correlations were .33 +/- .08, .36 +/- .09 and .35 +/- .15 by sire, dam, and combined components, respectively, .36 +/- .15 by regression of offspring on dam and .39 for realized. The magnitude of the selection differential decreased, over time. The genetic correlation of time interval with early production (280 days) was --.43 +/- .13, and with total egg production (500 days) was .20 +/- .27. The genetic correlations of time interval with egg weight and age at first egg were high and positive; and with body weight, it was negative. The increase in clutch size and the days between clutches during the time of this study were both highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:934981", "title": "Antibody-mediated immuno-regulation in chick embryos and baby chicks.", "content": "Two- and three-week old chicks that received at hatching serum from either unimmunized birds or from chickens immunized with bovine serum albumin responded with normal hemagglutinin titers to immunization with mouse erythrocytes (MRBC). Other chicks administered at hatching or as embryos with homologous serum high in anti-MRBC activity responded poorly to MRBC immunization. When donor serum samples collected on different days after immunization were tested, the immunosuppressive capacity was negligible the first two days, increased in potency thereafter to a maximum level by the end of the week. The increase with time in the inhibiting property of the donor serum paralleled the serum anti-MRBC hemagglutinin response profile. The immune capacity of the antibody-treated recipients was severely depressed for over two weeks. By the fourth week, however, the immune responsiveness to MRBC, as measured by serum hemagglutinin titers and production of antigen sensitive units, had recovered to near normal levels.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated immuno-regulation in chick embryos and baby chicks. Two- and three-week old chicks that received at hatching serum from either unimmunized birds or from chickens immunized with bovine serum albumin responded with normal hemagglutinin titers to immunization with mouse erythrocytes (MRBC). Other chicks administered at hatching or as embryos with homologous serum high in anti-MRBC activity responded poorly to MRBC immunization. When donor serum samples collected on different days after immunization were tested, the immunosuppressive capacity was negligible the first two days, increased in potency thereafter to a maximum level by the end of the week. The increase with time in the inhibiting property of the donor serum paralleled the serum anti-MRBC hemagglutinin response profile. The immune capacity of the antibody-treated recipients was severely depressed for over two weeks. By the fourth week, however, the immune responsiveness to MRBC, as measured by serum hemagglutinin titers and production of antigen sensitive units, had recovered to near normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:934982", "title": "The effect of age and sex on the rate of change of fatty acid composition of turkeys following a change of dietary fat source.", "content": "Small White turkeys were fed 10% dietary rapeseed oil or animal tallow to 6, 12 or 18 weeks of age. The dietary fat was then changed from rapeseed oil to tallow or from tallow to rapeseed or corn oil. Weekly core samples of skin and subcutaneous fat were taken for nine weeks after each change of dietary fat. The half-time (t 1/2) of the exponential rate of change of individual fatty acids was unrelated to either the fatty acid carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation. The average t 1/2 of 2.4 weeks was influenced by sex, with more rapid change of fatty acid composition in females than males during the first but not later periods, and by age, with decreasing rate of change of fatty acids as the birds approached maturity. The extent of change of fatty acid composition in response to dietary fat decreased with age. The data presented will aid in predicting the carcass fatty acid composition of turkeys fed specific dietary fats and in estimating the effect of a change of dietary fat on carcass characteristics.", "contents": "The effect of age and sex on the rate of change of fatty acid composition of turkeys following a change of dietary fat source. Small White turkeys were fed 10% dietary rapeseed oil or animal tallow to 6, 12 or 18 weeks of age. The dietary fat was then changed from rapeseed oil to tallow or from tallow to rapeseed or corn oil. Weekly core samples of skin and subcutaneous fat were taken for nine weeks after each change of dietary fat. The half-time (t 1/2) of the exponential rate of change of individual fatty acids was unrelated to either the fatty acid carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation. The average t 1/2 of 2.4 weeks was influenced by sex, with more rapid change of fatty acid composition in females than males during the first but not later periods, and by age, with decreasing rate of change of fatty acids as the birds approached maturity. The extent of change of fatty acid composition in response to dietary fat decreased with age. The data presented will aid in predicting the carcass fatty acid composition of turkeys fed specific dietary fats and in estimating the effect of a change of dietary fat on carcass characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:934983", "title": "The effect of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the immunologic response to a Pasteurella multocida vaccine administered to turkeys via drinking water.", "content": "Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination, while 4 other groups received the feed medication 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after vaccination, respectively. Two weeks after vaccination all groups were exposed to a virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida by the drinking water route. The results suggest that turkeys on the feed medication at the time of vaccination and possibly those receiving the initial fed medication the next day, failed to experience a satisfactory immunologic response. The possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity was not determined. A schedule and level of feed medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration was used; namely, 2 days on the 0.1% level, 3 days on a normal ration, and then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication.", "contents": "The effect of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the immunologic response to a Pasteurella multocida vaccine administered to turkeys via drinking water. Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination, while 4 other groups received the feed medication 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after vaccination, respectively. Two weeks after vaccination all groups were exposed to a virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida by the drinking water route. The results suggest that turkeys on the feed medication at the time of vaccination and possibly those receiving the initial fed medication the next day, failed to experience a satisfactory immunologic response. The possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity was not determined. A schedule and level of feed medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration was used; namely, 2 days on the 0.1% level, 3 days on a normal ration, and then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication."}
{"id": "PMID:934984", "title": "Effect of dieldrin and calcium on the performance of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0,10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny.", "contents": "Effect of dieldrin and calcium on the performance of adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dieldrin and calcium on reproductive performance of quail. At 25% egg production the quail received diets containing 0,10 or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 6, 28-day periods in experiment 1 and 0, 5, or 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin for 4, 28-day periods in experiment 2. Pesticide treatments were employed with diets containing 0.5% and 3.0% calcium. The results show that egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production, feed consumption, egg weights, fertility, hatchability and body weights were not affected by dieldrin treatments. However, egg shell thickness, cracked eggs, egg production and hatchability were adversely affected by the lower calcium level. Female body weights were consistently heavier for the low calcium diet. Mortality increased in the presence of 10 and especially 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin. Livability of chicks from hens receiving rations with 10 and 25 p.p.m. of dieldrin was significantly lower than those fed no dieldrin. In summary, dieldrin was without effect on egg shell quality or other reproductive factors but did exert a detrimental effect on adult mortality and livability of progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:934985", "title": "The choline requirement of broiler chicks during the seventh week of life.", "content": "Male crossbred chicks were used to quantify the choline requirement and choline-sparing value of methionine and betaine for broiler chicks during the seventh week of life. The sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirement of male and female chicks was also determined. In all assays a crystalline amino acid diet containing 14.9% protein equivalent and 3400 kcal. M.E./kg, was employed. Increasing increments (0.08%) of SAA (equal mixture of DL-methionine and L-cystine) were fed from 0.38 to 0.70% of the diet. Least squares analysis indicated SAA requirements for maximal weight gain of 0.61 and 0.62% of the diet for males and females, respectively. The choline requirement was determined by feeding six levels of choline in the presence of 0.62% SAA. Gain but not gain/feed responded linearly to choline addition. Least squares analysis of gain indicated a dietary choline requirement of 358 p.p.m. of 30.6 mg./day. The choline-replacement value of methionine and betaine was found to be minimal.", "contents": "The choline requirement of broiler chicks during the seventh week of life. Male crossbred chicks were used to quantify the choline requirement and choline-sparing value of methionine and betaine for broiler chicks during the seventh week of life. The sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirement of male and female chicks was also determined. In all assays a crystalline amino acid diet containing 14.9% protein equivalent and 3400 kcal. M.E./kg, was employed. Increasing increments (0.08%) of SAA (equal mixture of DL-methionine and L-cystine) were fed from 0.38 to 0.70% of the diet. Least squares analysis indicated SAA requirements for maximal weight gain of 0.61 and 0.62% of the diet for males and females, respectively. The choline requirement was determined by feeding six levels of choline in the presence of 0.62% SAA. Gain but not gain/feed responded linearly to choline addition. Least squares analysis of gain indicated a dietary choline requirement of 358 p.p.m. of 30.6 mg./day. The choline-replacement value of methionine and betaine was found to be minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:934986", "title": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 1. Addition to semen on the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region.", "content": "This study was performed to clarify whether the semen from the vasa deferentia is diluted with a fluid before ejaculation and to locate the ejecting region of the fluid. Vas deferens semen, ejaculated semen and the fluid ejected from the ejaculatory groove region were obtained from the drake and their characteristics were determined. The mean concentration of ejaculated semen, 9.46 millions/mm.3, was nearly half as much as that of ampulla semen (semen contained in the dilated portion of the vasa deferentia; 20.40 millions/mm.3), and the former had positive aldose color reaction in contrast with complete negative reaction in the latter, suggesting that ampulla semen might be diluted twofold with a fluid containing aldose before ejaculation. The aldose positive fluid was observed to be ejected from the ejaculatory grove region of the cloaca and it could be collected from the vasectomized drake using an artificial vagina. Thus, the ejaculated semen of the drake, about 0.4 ml. in volume, was considered to be a mixture of the semen ejected from the vasa deferentia (estimated to be about 0.2 ml.) and the fluid ejected from the ejaculatory groove region (about 0.2 ml.). The pH value, glucose content and electrophoretic pattern of protein of the ejecting fluid were similar to that of blood plasma, and it was assumed that the fluid might be a fluid of blood origin.", "contents": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 1. Addition to semen on the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region. This study was performed to clarify whether the semen from the vasa deferentia is diluted with a fluid before ejaculation and to locate the ejecting region of the fluid. Vas deferens semen, ejaculated semen and the fluid ejected from the ejaculatory groove region were obtained from the drake and their characteristics were determined. The mean concentration of ejaculated semen, 9.46 millions/mm.3, was nearly half as much as that of ampulla semen (semen contained in the dilated portion of the vasa deferentia; 20.40 millions/mm.3), and the former had positive aldose color reaction in contrast with complete negative reaction in the latter, suggesting that ampulla semen might be diluted twofold with a fluid containing aldose before ejaculation. The aldose positive fluid was observed to be ejected from the ejaculatory grove region of the cloaca and it could be collected from the vasectomized drake using an artificial vagina. Thus, the ejaculated semen of the drake, about 0.4 ml. in volume, was considered to be a mixture of the semen ejected from the vasa deferentia (estimated to be about 0.2 ml.) and the fluid ejected from the ejaculatory groove region (about 0.2 ml.). The pH value, glucose content and electrophoretic pattern of protein of the ejecting fluid were similar to that of blood plasma, and it was assumed that the fluid might be a fluid of blood origin."}
{"id": "PMID:934987", "title": "Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids.", "content": "Studies were conducted in which levels of essential amino acids in excess of the minimum requirements were minimized in broiler diets composed of commercially available feed stuffs and synthetic amino acid supplements. Growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization of chicks fed such diets were equal to that attained by chicks fed diets formulated by conventional means when grown under conditions where heat stress was not a factor and significantly improved when fed under conditions of heat stress. Improvements were obtained in efficiency of protein and calorie utilization using this technique of formulation.", "contents": "Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids. Studies were conducted in which levels of essential amino acids in excess of the minimum requirements were minimized in broiler diets composed of commercially available feed stuffs and synthetic amino acid supplements. Growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization of chicks fed such diets were equal to that attained by chicks fed diets formulated by conventional means when grown under conditions where heat stress was not a factor and significantly improved when fed under conditions of heat stress. Improvements were obtained in efficiency of protein and calorie utilization using this technique of formulation."}
{"id": "PMID:934988", "title": "In vitro development of secondary blastodiscs from dispersed blastoderm cells of Gallus domesticus.", "content": "A study of the in vitro growth of embryonic structures from dispersed blastoderm cells is reported. The specific type of blastoderm cells with the capability of growing on the coverslip developed into the discoidal embryonic structures resembling those of avian species. The glass surface was apparently an initiator of differentiation into at least three types of cells specifically distributed in the blastodisc. Groups of structures formed were evaluated at 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours to study the developmental pattern in vitro and to estimate the number of cells per structure. Microscopic examination of the area pellucida revealed that all three basic germ layers were established after 24 hours of incubation in vitro. The 36 hour stage was represented by bulky growth of mesodermal-like cells and changes in hypoblast layer where some of the cells degenerated and some were transformed to mesenchymal spindle-like cells.", "contents": "In vitro development of secondary blastodiscs from dispersed blastoderm cells of Gallus domesticus. A study of the in vitro growth of embryonic structures from dispersed blastoderm cells is reported. The specific type of blastoderm cells with the capability of growing on the coverslip developed into the discoidal embryonic structures resembling those of avian species. The glass surface was apparently an initiator of differentiation into at least three types of cells specifically distributed in the blastodisc. Groups of structures formed were evaluated at 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours to study the developmental pattern in vitro and to estimate the number of cells per structure. Microscopic examination of the area pellucida revealed that all three basic germ layers were established after 24 hours of incubation in vitro. The 36 hour stage was represented by bulky growth of mesodermal-like cells and changes in hypoblast layer where some of the cells degenerated and some were transformed to mesenchymal spindle-like cells."}
{"id": "PMID:934989", "title": "The resistance and carrier status of meat-type hens exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "Forty-eight 32-week-old meat-type females, free from Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms.) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg.) were aerosol exposed with a 24-hour broth culture of Ms. 1331 and placed in 3 pens. 16 birds per pen. Two males were placed in each of the 3 pens and used as contact birds. All birds were bled at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 24, 26, and 30 weeks post Ms. exposure. After the 24-week bleeding, the females were equally divided into 4 pens. All females in 2 of the pens were given a foot pad injection of 0.3 ml. of Ms. 1331 broth culture. Ms. isolation attempts were made from the trachea of all birds at 2, 14, and 24 weeks post Ms. exposure. Ms. isolation attempts were made from all eggs produced, either from the allantoic fluid and egg yolk of 17- or 18-day-old embryos, dead embryos, and infertile eggs, or from the tracheas of day-old progenies. Each day-old progeny was bled. Ms. and Mg. serum plate tests were conducted on the serums from the progeny and adult birds from each bleeding. Ms. hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were conducted on the serums of the adult birds. In the Ms.-exposed birds, the geometric mean HI titer of the serums from each bleeding rose significantly over the previous bleeding. The percentages of Ms. serum plate reactions increased with length of time after Ms. exposure. There were false Mg. serum plate reactions in the early stages of Ms. infection. A foot pad challenge with a broth culture of Ms. 1331 24 weeks after Ms. exposure did not significantly increase the geometric mean HI titer over the Ms. exposed birds that did not have a Ms. foot pad challenge. Ms. was isolated from the trachea of 91.6%, 100%, and 100% of the Ms.-exposed birds at 2, 14, and 24 weeks after Ms. exposure, respectively. There were 35 Ms. isolates from 575 attempts from 17- or 18-day embryos, dead embryos, or infertile eggs, and 7 Ms. isolates from 67 attempts from the trachea of day-old progenies. All isolates were made from eggs collected from 6 through 31 days afer Ms. exposure. No isolations were made from 1760 attempts made from eggs collected from 32 through 210 days after Ms. exposure, including eggs collected from Ms. foot pad-challenged birds at 168 days after Ms. exposure. There were 312 broilers reared from eggs collected from the 22 through 24 weeks after Ms. exposure. The broilers were marketed at a federally inspected poultry processing plant. Their records showed 3 birds condemned for septicemia-toxemia, but none were condemned for air-sacculitis or synovitis. Twenty-four serums from the broilers that were positive to Ms. or Mg. serum plate tests were all negative to the Ms. and Mg. HI tests. Ms. serum plate reactors began to show up in the day-old progeny from eggs collected beginning on the 76th day after Ms. exposure. There were 16.0% (80/500) positive to the Ms. serum plate test from eggs collected from the 76 through 126 days after Ms. exposure and 14.0% (52/372) from eggs collected from the 169 through 210 days after Ms. exposure.", "contents": "The resistance and carrier status of meat-type hens exposed to Mycoplasma synoviae. Forty-eight 32-week-old meat-type females, free from Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms.) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg.) were aerosol exposed with a 24-hour broth culture of Ms. 1331 and placed in 3 pens. 16 birds per pen. Two males were placed in each of the 3 pens and used as contact birds. All birds were bled at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 24, 26, and 30 weeks post Ms. exposure. After the 24-week bleeding, the females were equally divided into 4 pens. All females in 2 of the pens were given a foot pad injection of 0.3 ml. of Ms. 1331 broth culture. Ms. isolation attempts were made from the trachea of all birds at 2, 14, and 24 weeks post Ms. exposure. Ms. isolation attempts were made from all eggs produced, either from the allantoic fluid and egg yolk of 17- or 18-day-old embryos, dead embryos, and infertile eggs, or from the tracheas of day-old progenies. Each day-old progeny was bled. Ms. and Mg. serum plate tests were conducted on the serums from the progeny and adult birds from each bleeding. Ms. hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were conducted on the serums of the adult birds. In the Ms.-exposed birds, the geometric mean HI titer of the serums from each bleeding rose significantly over the previous bleeding. The percentages of Ms. serum plate reactions increased with length of time after Ms. exposure. There were false Mg. serum plate reactions in the early stages of Ms. infection. A foot pad challenge with a broth culture of Ms. 1331 24 weeks after Ms. exposure did not significantly increase the geometric mean HI titer over the Ms. exposed birds that did not have a Ms. foot pad challenge. Ms. was isolated from the trachea of 91.6%, 100%, and 100% of the Ms.-exposed birds at 2, 14, and 24 weeks after Ms. exposure, respectively. There were 35 Ms. isolates from 575 attempts from 17- or 18-day embryos, dead embryos, or infertile eggs, and 7 Ms. isolates from 67 attempts from the trachea of day-old progenies. All isolates were made from eggs collected from 6 through 31 days afer Ms. exposure. No isolations were made from 1760 attempts made from eggs collected from 32 through 210 days after Ms. exposure, including eggs collected from Ms. foot pad-challenged birds at 168 days after Ms. exposure. There were 312 broilers reared from eggs collected from the 22 through 24 weeks after Ms. exposure. The broilers were marketed at a federally inspected poultry processing plant. Their records showed 3 birds condemned for septicemia-toxemia, but none were condemned for air-sacculitis or synovitis. Twenty-four serums from the broilers that were positive to Ms. or Mg. serum plate tests were all negative to the Ms. and Mg. HI tests. Ms. serum plate reactors began to show up in the day-old progeny from eggs collected beginning on the 76th day after Ms. exposure. There were 16.0% (80/500) positive to the Ms. serum plate test from eggs collected from the 76 through 126 days after Ms. exposure and 14.0% (52/372) from eggs collected from the 169 through 210 days after Ms. exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:934990", "title": "The relationship of circulating levels of estrogens, corticosterone and calcium to production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature.", "content": "Turkey hens were exposed to stepwise increases in ambient temperature from 21degreesC. to 25degreesC. to 30degreesC. to 35degreesC. at two-week intervals. Dietary calcium levels of 1.54, 2.01 and 2.48% were fed. Production data and circulating levels of estrone, estradiol-17-beta, corticosterone, total calcium, bound calcium, and unbound calcium were studied. The dietary calcium levels had no significant influence on any of the results. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) decrease in plasma levels of calcium and estrone, egg production, shell thickness and egg weight. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels but had no apparent effect on the plasma estradiol levels. With the temperature increase, unbound plasma calcium levels and plasma corticosterone levels showed a significant (R greater than or equal to 0.50, P less than 0. less than .01) positive correlation to egg production.", "contents": "The relationship of circulating levels of estrogens, corticosterone and calcium to production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature. Turkey hens were exposed to stepwise increases in ambient temperature from 21degreesC. to 25degreesC. to 30degreesC. to 35degreesC. at two-week intervals. Dietary calcium levels of 1.54, 2.01 and 2.48% were fed. Production data and circulating levels of estrone, estradiol-17-beta, corticosterone, total calcium, bound calcium, and unbound calcium were studied. The dietary calcium levels had no significant influence on any of the results. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) decrease in plasma levels of calcium and estrone, egg production, shell thickness and egg weight. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than .05) fluctuation in plasma corticosterone levels but had no apparent effect on the plasma estradiol levels. With the temperature increase, unbound plasma calcium levels and plasma corticosterone levels showed a significant (R greater than or equal to 0.50, P less than 0. less than .01) positive correlation to egg production."}
{"id": "PMID:934991", "title": "Replication of herpesvirus of turkeys in chick fibroblasts.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of chick embryo fibroblasts infected with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) revealed that infection produced degenerative effects in the cells ranging from alteration of cellular structures to complete lysis of the cells. Infection was indicated by margination of the nuclear chromatin, the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic virions, destruction of mitochondria, loss of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and polykaryocytosis. Viruses entered the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane, and replication took place within the nucleus. Small nuclear particles observed as aggregates in the presence of few herpesvirions appeared to be a part of the replication of the virus. Viruses were released from the cell nucleus either naked or enveloped. Where karyolysis occurred, naked viruses were released as the karyoplasm diffused into the cytoplasm. Enveloped viruses were not observed leaving the nucleus, but it appeared that departure could have occurred by the budding of the viruses through the nuclear membrane. Where complete lysis of the cells occurred, the naked viruses were released into the extracellular fluid. Enveloped viruses were observed only in intact cells. Viruses which were observed extracellularly were naked viruses, and those that were observed entering the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane were also naked. This evidence suggests that in vitro HVT does not require the envelope to be infective.", "contents": "Replication of herpesvirus of turkeys in chick fibroblasts. An ultrastructural study of chick embryo fibroblasts infected with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) revealed that infection produced degenerative effects in the cells ranging from alteration of cellular structures to complete lysis of the cells. Infection was indicated by margination of the nuclear chromatin, the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic virions, destruction of mitochondria, loss of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and polykaryocytosis. Viruses entered the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane, and replication took place within the nucleus. Small nuclear particles observed as aggregates in the presence of few herpesvirions appeared to be a part of the replication of the virus. Viruses were released from the cell nucleus either naked or enveloped. Where karyolysis occurred, naked viruses were released as the karyoplasm diffused into the cytoplasm. Enveloped viruses were not observed leaving the nucleus, but it appeared that departure could have occurred by the budding of the viruses through the nuclear membrane. Where complete lysis of the cells occurred, the naked viruses were released into the extracellular fluid. Enveloped viruses were observed only in intact cells. Viruses which were observed extracellularly were naked viruses, and those that were observed entering the cell by penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane were also naked. This evidence suggests that in vitro HVT does not require the envelope to be infective."}
{"id": "PMID:934992", "title": "Effect of fish and poultry byproduct meal on the small intestine and gizzard of broilers.", "content": "Commercial mixed-sex broiler chicks were used in two experiments to study the effects of various levels of Peruvian fish meal (PFM), menhaden fish meal (MFM) and poulty byproduct meal (PBPM) on the small intestine and gizzard. Intestinal and gizzard lesions were observed in broilers receiving finisher diets containing 7% or 12% PFM. The broilers receiving diets containing 12% MFM or 12% PBPM had intestinal and gizzard lesion scores that were not significantly different from those of the control broilers. The severity of intestinal lesions was greater than that of gizzard lesions in most groups. The causative agent in the PFM has not been identified.", "contents": "Effect of fish and poultry byproduct meal on the small intestine and gizzard of broilers. Commercial mixed-sex broiler chicks were used in two experiments to study the effects of various levels of Peruvian fish meal (PFM), menhaden fish meal (MFM) and poulty byproduct meal (PBPM) on the small intestine and gizzard. Intestinal and gizzard lesions were observed in broilers receiving finisher diets containing 7% or 12% PFM. The broilers receiving diets containing 12% MFM or 12% PBPM had intestinal and gizzard lesion scores that were not significantly different from those of the control broilers. The severity of intestinal lesions was greater than that of gizzard lesions in most groups. The causative agent in the PFM has not been identified."}
{"id": "PMID:934993", "title": "A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs.", "content": "In 12 experiments with S.C.W.L. roosters it was shown that for each of 12 feedingstuffs there was a linear relationship between feed input and the amount of energy voided as excreta. In the 24 h. period, following 21 hr. of starvation, roosters receiving no feed excreted 4.07 kcal./kg. of body weight. When dextrose was fed the energy voided as excreta did not increase with dextrose input; consequently, the true metabolizable energy (T.M.E.) value of dextrose is its gross energy value. The T.M.E. values were not affected by the level of feed input and appeared to be additive. A simple, rapid assay for T.M.E. was developed, based on gross energy assays of the test feed and of excreta voided over 24 hr. by roosters force fed the test feed and other starved over the same period.", "contents": "A bioassay for true metabolizable energy in feedingstuffs. In 12 experiments with S.C.W.L. roosters it was shown that for each of 12 feedingstuffs there was a linear relationship between feed input and the amount of energy voided as excreta. In the 24 h. period, following 21 hr. of starvation, roosters receiving no feed excreted 4.07 kcal./kg. of body weight. When dextrose was fed the energy voided as excreta did not increase with dextrose input; consequently, the true metabolizable energy (T.M.E.) value of dextrose is its gross energy value. The T.M.E. values were not affected by the level of feed input and appeared to be additive. A simple, rapid assay for T.M.E. was developed, based on gross energy assays of the test feed and of excreta voided over 24 hr. by roosters force fed the test feed and other starved over the same period."}
{"id": "PMID:934994", "title": "The ability of hens to regulate phosphorus intake when offered diets containing different levels of phosphorus.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the extent and ability of laying hens to regulate their phosphorus (P) intake when offered a choice of diets containing different levels of phosphorus. In the first experiment, Babcock B-300 hens, 72 weeks old, received a choice of diets offered in each of two plastic cups. The dietary choices of P levels included: 0.75 percent P vs. 0.75 percent P diet (control), 0.19 percent vs. 0.46 percent P, 1.00 percent vs. 2.43 percent P and 0.19 percent vs. 2.43 percent P diet. The cups were weighed and replenished every three days. After one month, the calcium level in all diets was increased from 3.00 to 6.00 percent calcium and the experiment continued for a second month. The second experiment involved the same dietary choices of P with a constant level of 3.00 percent calcium. Hens in this experiment were 48 weeks old. In both Experiments 1 and 2 the daily feed consumption was determined by weighing all cups at two hour intervals for two days. This procedure was performed after hens had been on the experimental regime for one month. Hens in both experiments clearly regulated their intake of P when offered the above choices. Hens avoided the consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet in favor of the diet containing less P. Consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet, even when avoided to a large extent, reduced both egg production and egg specific gravity. Increased calcium levels in the diets resulted in an increase in consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet. Young hens demonstrated a significant increase in consumption of the 0.46 percent P diet over the 0.19 percent P diet. Both old and young hens in the 0.46 percent P vs. 0.19 percent P group in both experiments maintained egg specific gravity, egg weight and egg production at levels comparable to controls. Results of the two hour feed weighings showed that laying hens in the 0.19% vs. 2.43% P group exhibited a noon-time peak in preferential consumption of P, followed by a marked afternoon-evening decline. This decline occurs both for relative and absolute P intake.", "contents": "The ability of hens to regulate phosphorus intake when offered diets containing different levels of phosphorus. Two experiments were conducted to determine the extent and ability of laying hens to regulate their phosphorus (P) intake when offered a choice of diets containing different levels of phosphorus. In the first experiment, Babcock B-300 hens, 72 weeks old, received a choice of diets offered in each of two plastic cups. The dietary choices of P levels included: 0.75 percent P vs. 0.75 percent P diet (control), 0.19 percent vs. 0.46 percent P, 1.00 percent vs. 2.43 percent P and 0.19 percent vs. 2.43 percent P diet. The cups were weighed and replenished every three days. After one month, the calcium level in all diets was increased from 3.00 to 6.00 percent calcium and the experiment continued for a second month. The second experiment involved the same dietary choices of P with a constant level of 3.00 percent calcium. Hens in this experiment were 48 weeks old. In both Experiments 1 and 2 the daily feed consumption was determined by weighing all cups at two hour intervals for two days. This procedure was performed after hens had been on the experimental regime for one month. Hens in both experiments clearly regulated their intake of P when offered the above choices. Hens avoided the consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet in favor of the diet containing less P. Consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet, even when avoided to a large extent, reduced both egg production and egg specific gravity. Increased calcium levels in the diets resulted in an increase in consumption of the 2.43 percent P diet. Young hens demonstrated a significant increase in consumption of the 0.46 percent P diet over the 0.19 percent P diet. Both old and young hens in the 0.46 percent P vs. 0.19 percent P group in both experiments maintained egg specific gravity, egg weight and egg production at levels comparable to controls. Results of the two hour feed weighings showed that laying hens in the 0.19% vs. 2.43% P group exhibited a noon-time peak in preferential consumption of P, followed by a marked afternoon-evening decline. This decline occurs both for relative and absolute P intake."}
{"id": "PMID:934995", "title": "Ultrastructural changes induced by chronic aflatoxicosis in chickens.", "content": "Effects in chickens of a low concentration of aflatoxin in the diet were investigated. After eight weeks, heart, pancreas, and liver tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Most damage was to liver; changes were observed both in individual parenchymal cells and in tissue organization. Proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells was extensive. The pancreas showed little change and was, therefore, a good organ for observation of early and/or mild ultrastructural changes associated with aflatoxicosis. The priority of initial nuclear change over cytoplasmic change was indicated in this organ. In the myocardium, the only significant changes were in mitochondria. Mitochondria of liver and pancreas were not altered. Leukoviruses were observed in the tissues of one aflatoxin-treated bird.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes induced by chronic aflatoxicosis in chickens. Effects in chickens of a low concentration of aflatoxin in the diet were investigated. After eight weeks, heart, pancreas, and liver tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Most damage was to liver; changes were observed both in individual parenchymal cells and in tissue organization. Proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells was extensive. The pancreas showed little change and was, therefore, a good organ for observation of early and/or mild ultrastructural changes associated with aflatoxicosis. The priority of initial nuclear change over cytoplasmic change was indicated in this organ. In the myocardium, the only significant changes were in mitochondria. Mitochondria of liver and pancreas were not altered. Leukoviruses were observed in the tissues of one aflatoxin-treated bird."}
{"id": "PMID:934996", "title": "Various types of diets, sources of energy, and positive energy balance in the induction of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome.", "content": "Adult female chickens were force-fed a corn-soy base diet at 150% of the daily amount consumed by those allowed the same diet ad libitum. Other hens were force-fed diets isocaloric to the 150% group just mentioned, but diet composition was adjusted so that 2/3 of the metabolizable energy (M.E.) came from the corn-soy diet and 1/3 from either corn oil or glucose; or force-fed a low energy diet accounting for 2/3 of the M.E. and corn oil 1/3 of M.E., or a purified diet accounting for all M.E. Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was induced in all force-fed groups with only the low energy diet plus corn oil having produced a significantly lower score for FLHS. However, the livers from the hens of the latter group had as much lipid, and the hens gained at least as much weight as those in other force-fed groups. During the third week of the experiment M.E. was determined along with a partition of energy among eggs, basal metabolism, body weight gain, and subsistance plus heat increment (H.I). The data showed that the hens force-fed corn oil had lower H.I. values indicative of associative dynamic action of fats at a plane of nutrition above normal. The data revealed that various types of diets and sources of energy in excess can induce FLHS, and this is discussed in terms of FLHS arising out of a positive energy balance.", "contents": "Various types of diets, sources of energy, and positive energy balance in the induction of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Adult female chickens were force-fed a corn-soy base diet at 150% of the daily amount consumed by those allowed the same diet ad libitum. Other hens were force-fed diets isocaloric to the 150% group just mentioned, but diet composition was adjusted so that 2/3 of the metabolizable energy (M.E.) came from the corn-soy diet and 1/3 from either corn oil or glucose; or force-fed a low energy diet accounting for 2/3 of the M.E. and corn oil 1/3 of M.E., or a purified diet accounting for all M.E. Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) was induced in all force-fed groups with only the low energy diet plus corn oil having produced a significantly lower score for FLHS. However, the livers from the hens of the latter group had as much lipid, and the hens gained at least as much weight as those in other force-fed groups. During the third week of the experiment M.E. was determined along with a partition of energy among eggs, basal metabolism, body weight gain, and subsistance plus heat increment (H.I). The data showed that the hens force-fed corn oil had lower H.I. values indicative of associative dynamic action of fats at a plane of nutrition above normal. The data revealed that various types of diets and sources of energy in excess can induce FLHS, and this is discussed in terms of FLHS arising out of a positive energy balance."}
{"id": "PMID:934997", "title": "The effect of dietary selenium level on lead toxicity in the Japanese quail.", "content": "Previous studies (Parizek et al., 1969) have shown significant interactions between selenium and certain heavy metals, particularly mercury and cadmium. Since these elements have an affinity for sulfhydryl groups, it was proposed that a similar interaction might exist with lead. In an initial experiment, adult quail hens were given diets supplemented with 0 and 1 p.p.m. selenium and 0, 500 and 1000 p.p.m. lead in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement. After 32 days of feeding, body weight, liver weight and egg production decreased in birds fed lead while kidney weights increased. Highly significant decreases in red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity occurred when lead was added to the diet. Control RBC-ALAD activity was 1337 versus 105, 91, 156 and 110 nmol. porphobilogen produced per ml. of erythrocyte per hour (nmol. PBG/ml. RBC/hr.) for the 500, 1000, 500 plus selenium and 1000 plus groups, respectively. After 85 days of feeding lead to male birds in a second study, selenium appeared to have variable effects on the concentration of lead in liver, kidney and tibia. Selenium supplementation to lead diets resulted in significantly increased levels of lead in kidney tissue while little or no effects were observed on liver or tibia lead levels. RBC-ALAD activity was significantly reduced with lead supplementation and no effect of selenium addition was observed. Electrophoretic gels of serum from birds fed lead containing diets showed increased protein bands in the transferrin and globulin regions regardless of the presence of 1 p.p.m. selenium. A third study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing an isolated soy protein diet with 0 and 1 p.p.m. selenium and 0 and 3000 p.p.m. lead. Selenium supplementation improved body weights over controls while lead additions caused reduced egg production and ALAD activity. Lead feeding increased tibia/body weight ratios and lead concentrations in liver, kidney and tibia. No significant interaction between lead and selenium was observed.", "contents": "The effect of dietary selenium level on lead toxicity in the Japanese quail. Previous studies (Parizek et al., 1969) have shown significant interactions between selenium and certain heavy metals, particularly mercury and cadmium. Since these elements have an affinity for sulfhydryl groups, it was proposed that a similar interaction might exist with lead. In an initial experiment, adult quail hens were given diets supplemented with 0 and 1 p.p.m. selenium and 0, 500 and 1000 p.p.m. lead in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement. After 32 days of feeding, body weight, liver weight and egg production decreased in birds fed lead while kidney weights increased. Highly significant decreases in red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity occurred when lead was added to the diet. Control RBC-ALAD activity was 1337 versus 105, 91, 156 and 110 nmol. porphobilogen produced per ml. of erythrocyte per hour (nmol. PBG/ml. RBC/hr.) for the 500, 1000, 500 plus selenium and 1000 plus groups, respectively. After 85 days of feeding lead to male birds in a second study, selenium appeared to have variable effects on the concentration of lead in liver, kidney and tibia. Selenium supplementation to lead diets resulted in significantly increased levels of lead in kidney tissue while little or no effects were observed on liver or tibia lead levels. RBC-ALAD activity was significantly reduced with lead supplementation and no effect of selenium addition was observed. Electrophoretic gels of serum from birds fed lead containing diets showed increased protein bands in the transferrin and globulin regions regardless of the presence of 1 p.p.m. selenium. A third study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing an isolated soy protein diet with 0 and 1 p.p.m. selenium and 0 and 3000 p.p.m. lead. Selenium supplementation improved body weights over controls while lead additions caused reduced egg production and ALAD activity. Lead feeding increased tibia/body weight ratios and lead concentrations in liver, kidney and tibia. No significant interaction between lead and selenium was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:934998", "title": "Magnesium deficiency, requirement and toxicity in the young Japanese quail.", "content": "Studies of magnesium deficiency, requirement and toxicity in the young Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were conducted. Day-old birds were fed an adequate purified diet containing 35% soy protein to 2 weeks of age. Residual magnesium in the diet without any added magnesium salts was 21 p.p.m. magnesium was supplied by graded amounts of MgSO4 to a total of 11 levels ranging from 125 to 2,000 p.p.m. Deficiency signs included poor growth, and occasionally excitability, gasping and convulsions. Most mortality occurred during the first 7 days. The maximum dietary magnesium concentrations that produced the minimal significant deviation from normal values for mortality, body weight, hemoglobin and tibia ash was 225, 200, 250 and 250 p.p.m., respectively. Based on these measurements, 300 p.p.m. magnesium is considered adequate to meet the young quail's requirement under the conditions of these experiments. With 2,000 p.p.m. magnesium, the only adverse effect was an increase in mortality. Between 200 and 1,000 p.p.m. magnesium there was a linear relationship between concentration of magnesium in the tibia and the log of the concentration of dietary magnesium. This suggests that tibia magnesium concentration might be useful for bioassay of magnesium in foodstuffs.", "contents": "Magnesium deficiency, requirement and toxicity in the young Japanese quail. Studies of magnesium deficiency, requirement and toxicity in the young Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were conducted. Day-old birds were fed an adequate purified diet containing 35% soy protein to 2 weeks of age. Residual magnesium in the diet without any added magnesium salts was 21 p.p.m. magnesium was supplied by graded amounts of MgSO4 to a total of 11 levels ranging from 125 to 2,000 p.p.m. Deficiency signs included poor growth, and occasionally excitability, gasping and convulsions. Most mortality occurred during the first 7 days. The maximum dietary magnesium concentrations that produced the minimal significant deviation from normal values for mortality, body weight, hemoglobin and tibia ash was 225, 200, 250 and 250 p.p.m., respectively. Based on these measurements, 300 p.p.m. magnesium is considered adequate to meet the young quail's requirement under the conditions of these experiments. With 2,000 p.p.m. magnesium, the only adverse effect was an increase in mortality. Between 200 and 1,000 p.p.m. magnesium there was a linear relationship between concentration of magnesium in the tibia and the log of the concentration of dietary magnesium. This suggests that tibia magnesium concentration might be useful for bioassay of magnesium in foodstuffs."}
{"id": "PMID:934999", "title": "The effect of a low energy diet on the concentration of DDT in the adipose tissue of turkeys.", "content": "Turkey hens which had completed a breeding season and contained DDT in their fat were divided into 2 groups of 20 hens each. One group was fed a high wheat control diet throughout a 6 week period while another group was fed a low energy diet for 3 weeks and then the control diet for 3 weeks. Biopsy samples of adipose tissue taken initially and at 3 weeks and carcass adipose tissue samples of 6 weeks were analyzed for DDT and DDE. Total DDT concentration in adipose tissue increased when the hens were fed the low energy diet but decreased again when fed the control diet so that the overall change in DDT concentration over the 6 week period was not different for the two groups. The biopsy technique used in this study was successful in greatly reducing variability and improving precision.", "contents": "The effect of a low energy diet on the concentration of DDT in the adipose tissue of turkeys. Turkey hens which had completed a breeding season and contained DDT in their fat were divided into 2 groups of 20 hens each. One group was fed a high wheat control diet throughout a 6 week period while another group was fed a low energy diet for 3 weeks and then the control diet for 3 weeks. Biopsy samples of adipose tissue taken initially and at 3 weeks and carcass adipose tissue samples of 6 weeks were analyzed for DDT and DDE. Total DDT concentration in adipose tissue increased when the hens were fed the low energy diet but decreased again when fed the control diet so that the overall change in DDT concentration over the 6 week period was not different for the two groups. The biopsy technique used in this study was successful in greatly reducing variability and improving precision."}
{"id": "PMID:935000", "title": "The tryptophan requirement of male and female broilers during the 4-7 week period.", "content": "Studies with broiler type chickens were conducted to determine the minimum tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency and molted body feather count for the 4-7 week period of growth for both male and females. Basal diets analyzed to contain 0.158, 0.157, and 0.147% tryptophan using analyzed tryptophan values of 0.09, 0.01, 0.31, 0.70, 0.40, and 0.46% for corn, gelatin, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal-45, and peanut meal-50, respectively. Based on the regression equations for males, the calculated tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency, and molted body feather count for the 4-7 week period is 0.179, 0.170, and 0.172%, respectively for 3300 Kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet. When expressed as a function of energy, these requirements would be 0.054, 0.052, and 0.052% tryptophan per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet, respectively. Based on the equations for females, the calculated tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency, and molted body feather count is 0.173, 0.163, and 0.172%, respectively for 3300 Kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet, respectively.", "contents": "The tryptophan requirement of male and female broilers during the 4-7 week period. Studies with broiler type chickens were conducted to determine the minimum tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency and molted body feather count for the 4-7 week period of growth for both male and females. Basal diets analyzed to contain 0.158, 0.157, and 0.147% tryptophan using analyzed tryptophan values of 0.09, 0.01, 0.31, 0.70, 0.40, and 0.46% for corn, gelatin, corn gluten meal, soybean meal, peanut meal-45, and peanut meal-50, respectively. Based on the regression equations for males, the calculated tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency, and molted body feather count for the 4-7 week period is 0.179, 0.170, and 0.172%, respectively for 3300 Kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet. When expressed as a function of energy, these requirements would be 0.054, 0.052, and 0.052% tryptophan per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet, respectively. Based on the equations for females, the calculated tryptophan requirement for maximum growth, optimum feed efficiency, and molted body feather count is 0.173, 0.163, and 0.172%, respectively for 3300 Kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:935001", "title": "Lysine requirement of White Leghorn pullets from 8 to 21 weeks of age.", "content": "White Leghorn pullets were fed rations in which the protein supplementary to that provided by the grain portion of the ration was derived from soybean meal, meat and bone meal, anchovy fish meal or cottonseed meal from 8 to 21 weeks of age. Protein levels were varied so that each protein supplement was tested in a feeding program in which pullets received 16% protein diets from 8 to 14 weeks and 14% protein from 14 to 21 weeks and in another feeding program in which 14% protein was fed from 8 to 14 weeks and 12% protein from 14 to 21 weeks. Each of the developing rations contained sufficient nutrient to enable pullets to develop and attain high rate of laying performance. The 14% and 12% protein cottonseed meal diets contained only 0.50% and 0.45% lysine respectively. Thus the lysine requirement of White Leghorn pullets from 8 to 14 weeks and from 14 to 21 weeks is not over 0.50% and 0.45% respectively.", "contents": "Lysine requirement of White Leghorn pullets from 8 to 21 weeks of age. White Leghorn pullets were fed rations in which the protein supplementary to that provided by the grain portion of the ration was derived from soybean meal, meat and bone meal, anchovy fish meal or cottonseed meal from 8 to 21 weeks of age. Protein levels were varied so that each protein supplement was tested in a feeding program in which pullets received 16% protein diets from 8 to 14 weeks and 14% protein from 14 to 21 weeks and in another feeding program in which 14% protein was fed from 8 to 14 weeks and 12% protein from 14 to 21 weeks. Each of the developing rations contained sufficient nutrient to enable pullets to develop and attain high rate of laying performance. The 14% and 12% protein cottonseed meal diets contained only 0.50% and 0.45% lysine respectively. Thus the lysine requirement of White Leghorn pullets from 8 to 14 weeks and from 14 to 21 weeks is not over 0.50% and 0.45% respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:935002", "title": "Lesions of Marek's disease in some modified cutaneous appendages of chicken.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the presence of lesions and immuno-fluorescent (IF) antigen of Marek's disease (MD) in the comb, wattles and skin overlaying the shank of MD affected birds. Lesions were more common in the comb than in the wattles and shanks, and were characterized by degeneration of epithelial lining cells and accumulation of lympho-reticular cells around the blood vessels of the dermis. Diffuse infiltration of these cells replacing varialbe areas of dermis were also seen in some cases. Immunofluorescent antigen was mostly confined to epidermal epithelium and was detected in comb from majority of cases, and the frequency of detection of IF antigen was similar to the presence of MD lesions in these tissues. This study indicates that the presence of lesions and viral antigen (If) of MD in these cutaneous appendages might play a significant role in epidemiology and diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "Lesions of Marek's disease in some modified cutaneous appendages of chicken. Studies were undertaken to determine the presence of lesions and immuno-fluorescent (IF) antigen of Marek's disease (MD) in the comb, wattles and skin overlaying the shank of MD affected birds. Lesions were more common in the comb than in the wattles and shanks, and were characterized by degeneration of epithelial lining cells and accumulation of lympho-reticular cells around the blood vessels of the dermis. Diffuse infiltration of these cells replacing varialbe areas of dermis were also seen in some cases. Immunofluorescent antigen was mostly confined to epidermal epithelium and was detected in comb from majority of cases, and the frequency of detection of IF antigen was similar to the presence of MD lesions in these tissues. This study indicates that the presence of lesions and viral antigen (If) of MD in these cutaneous appendages might play a significant role in epidemiology and diagnosis of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935003", "title": "Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the laying hen.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted; the first studied the influence of pre-laying dietary calcium levels on subsequent hen performance, while in the second and third the influence of various levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on performance, egg shell quality and calcium and phosphorus retention were investigated. Pre-dietary calcium levels (0.5 and 1.5%) resulted in a significant strain X diet interaction for weight gain up to commencement of lay but did not influence production, feed intake, egg size or sheel quality. Dietary calcium levels varying from 2.5 to 4.0% did not significantly alter the avove parameters during a 140 day laying test. Compared to a non-pelleted control diet, steam pelleting resulted in a significant enhancement in phosphorus availability is judged by higher levels of performance. Percent calcium retention varied with the level of dietary calcium and there was an indication that level of dietary phosphorus influenced calcium retention. Lower levels of dietary phosphorus resulted in egg shells with slightly lower deformation values. Regardless of dietary phosphorus, retention values were quite low. Changing the level of dietary calcium and phosphorus had little or no effect on the retention of phosphorus thus suggesting a relatively constant and low requirement for this nutrient.", "contents": "Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the laying hen. Three experiments were conducted; the first studied the influence of pre-laying dietary calcium levels on subsequent hen performance, while in the second and third the influence of various levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on performance, egg shell quality and calcium and phosphorus retention were investigated. Pre-dietary calcium levels (0.5 and 1.5%) resulted in a significant strain X diet interaction for weight gain up to commencement of lay but did not influence production, feed intake, egg size or sheel quality. Dietary calcium levels varying from 2.5 to 4.0% did not significantly alter the avove parameters during a 140 day laying test. Compared to a non-pelleted control diet, steam pelleting resulted in a significant enhancement in phosphorus availability is judged by higher levels of performance. Percent calcium retention varied with the level of dietary calcium and there was an indication that level of dietary phosphorus influenced calcium retention. Lower levels of dietary phosphorus resulted in egg shells with slightly lower deformation values. Regardless of dietary phosphorus, retention values were quite low. Changing the level of dietary calcium and phosphorus had little or no effect on the retention of phosphorus thus suggesting a relatively constant and low requirement for this nutrient."}
{"id": "PMID:935004", "title": "Effect of restricted daylength during the growing period on semen quality and fertility of turkey toms.", "content": "Two trials were conducted in which three daylength and light intensity treatments were applied to 144 growing turkey toms from 8 to 28 weeks of age. Treatments were (1) six hours of artificial light, (2) natural light and daylength, and (3) simulated natural daylength. At 28 weeks of age all toms were placed on 14 hours of daily light. Individual tom semen quality was evaluated every two weeks for six months, and on alternate weeks, eight hens were inseminated with semen pooled by treatment replicate to obtain fertility (May to December). Seasonal decline in semen production, sperm concentration, semen volume, and fertility was observed for toms on natural daylength after three months of production. Toms on six hours of light and those on simulated natural light maintained high levels of production and quality for the entire six month period. Semen production expressed as the average number of toms producing semen, sperm concentration, and fertily were significantly lower (P less than .01), and semen volume was significantly lower (P less than .05) for toms on natural light after six months. It was concluded that natural light was less desirable than controlled light for \"off season\" growing of toms.", "contents": "Effect of restricted daylength during the growing period on semen quality and fertility of turkey toms. Two trials were conducted in which three daylength and light intensity treatments were applied to 144 growing turkey toms from 8 to 28 weeks of age. Treatments were (1) six hours of artificial light, (2) natural light and daylength, and (3) simulated natural daylength. At 28 weeks of age all toms were placed on 14 hours of daily light. Individual tom semen quality was evaluated every two weeks for six months, and on alternate weeks, eight hens were inseminated with semen pooled by treatment replicate to obtain fertility (May to December). Seasonal decline in semen production, sperm concentration, semen volume, and fertility was observed for toms on natural daylength after three months of production. Toms on six hours of light and those on simulated natural light maintained high levels of production and quality for the entire six month period. Semen production expressed as the average number of toms producing semen, sperm concentration, and fertily were significantly lower (P less than .01), and semen volume was significantly lower (P less than .05) for toms on natural light after six months. It was concluded that natural light was less desirable than controlled light for \"off season\" growing of toms."}
{"id": "PMID:935005", "title": "Effects of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged layers.", "content": "When 23-, 35-, and 49-week old Ideal 236 White Leghorn hens were infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, percentage egg production 12 weeks later had decreased by 16, 34, and 46%. Meanwhile, the average hen weight had decreased by about 85, 300, and 450 grams compared with unifested control hens of the same age. There were also significant decreases in clutch size and feed consumption of the infested hens. All the decreases correlated with populations of lice.", "contents": "Effects of the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged layers. When 23-, 35-, and 49-week old Ideal 236 White Leghorn hens were infested with the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus, percentage egg production 12 weeks later had decreased by 16, 34, and 46%. Meanwhile, the average hen weight had decreased by about 85, 300, and 450 grams compared with unifested control hens of the same age. There were also significant decreases in clutch size and feed consumption of the infested hens. All the decreases correlated with populations of lice."}
{"id": "PMID:935006", "title": "Hemoglobin types in various populations of chickens.", "content": "Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of hemoglobin from 16 exotic breeds, five commercial broiler strains, nine commercial layer strains, a population of Gallus gallus and the Athens randombred population revealed only the normal hemoglobin type, consisting of one major and one slow-moving minor hemoglobin component. The same mutant and heterozygous types (in addition to normal) as were previously observed in the Athens Canadian (A-C) randombred population were observed in the Ottawa Meat Control population, from which the A-C population originated. Since the A-C population has been maintained separately from the Ottawa Meat Control since 1958, these results show that the hemoglobin mutant characterized in the A-C population in 1968 was not of recent origin, but has been segregating in the population since its construction from the Ottawa Meat Control.", "contents": "Hemoglobin types in various populations of chickens. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of hemoglobin from 16 exotic breeds, five commercial broiler strains, nine commercial layer strains, a population of Gallus gallus and the Athens randombred population revealed only the normal hemoglobin type, consisting of one major and one slow-moving minor hemoglobin component. The same mutant and heterozygous types (in addition to normal) as were previously observed in the Athens Canadian (A-C) randombred population were observed in the Ottawa Meat Control population, from which the A-C population originated. Since the A-C population has been maintained separately from the Ottawa Meat Control since 1958, these results show that the hemoglobin mutant characterized in the A-C population in 1968 was not of recent origin, but has been segregating in the population since its construction from the Ottawa Meat Control."}
{"id": "PMID:935007", "title": "The response of chickens to D-mannoheptulose: feeding behavior and blood glucose.", "content": "Administration of mannoheptulose (MH) at a concentration of 200-300 mg./kg. body weight, administered intraperitoneally or intracardiacly resulted in a significant increase of plasma glucose concentration (24.3%) four hours after administration. Food consumption was effected by administration of 300 mg./kg. body weight. There was a significant reduction in the mannoheptulose treated animals compared to the saline controls during the second and third hours of testing. The results were similar to those reported for mammals although the increase in plasma glucose concentration was not as drmatic in birds as it is in mammals. Food consumption studies in rat indicate a suppression, however, it is not significant as it was in this study.", "contents": "The response of chickens to D-mannoheptulose: feeding behavior and blood glucose. Administration of mannoheptulose (MH) at a concentration of 200-300 mg./kg. body weight, administered intraperitoneally or intracardiacly resulted in a significant increase of plasma glucose concentration (24.3%) four hours after administration. Food consumption was effected by administration of 300 mg./kg. body weight. There was a significant reduction in the mannoheptulose treated animals compared to the saline controls during the second and third hours of testing. The results were similar to those reported for mammals although the increase in plasma glucose concentration was not as drmatic in birds as it is in mammals. Food consumption studies in rat indicate a suppression, however, it is not significant as it was in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:935008", "title": "Is L-glutamic acid nutritionally a dispensable amino acid for the young chick?", "content": "The importance of dispensable amino acids for the chick was reinvestigated. Two-week chick weights were 75.7 g. and 143.7 g. when dietary nitrogen was provided solely by indispensable amino acids and by indispensable amino acids and 10% L-glutamic acid, respectively. Weight gain increased four-fold when L-glutamic acid was added to the mixture of indispensable amino acids. Plasma free amino acid concentrations were considerably decreased and total indispensable amino acid concentration (including cystine and tyrosine) was reduced to approximately a half or less with L-glutamic acid supplementation. Increments of L-glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids in the diet increased two-week weight gain proportionately over a range from 0 to 10%. When 10% of L-glutamic acid was included in the amino acid diet, growth rate was equivalent to that with a practical diet up to two weeks of age. The mixture of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine and arginine produced little growth promotion as a nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids. L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture of dispensable amino acids devoid of L-glutamic acid were found not as effective as L-glutamic acid. The estimate of effectiveness of L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture was approximately 80%, 60%, and 80%, respectively, of that of L-glutamic acid during first two weeks. Utilization of diammonium citrate for growth promotion varied with the amount used and the age of chicks. A combination of dispensable amino acids plus nominal levels of DAC was not as effective as glutamic acid during the first week but shortly after that, produced good gains. Even during the 3rd week or 4th week high levels of DAC alone did not produce normal gains of chicks. The activities and the subcellular distribution of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver of young chicks were measured. GOT activity was considerably higher than GPT activity. Initially, GOT activity was found primarily in cytosol, but the mitochondrial activity increased to 57% of total activity by day 10, whereas GPT activity was exclusively in mitochondria regardless of the age.", "contents": "Is L-glutamic acid nutritionally a dispensable amino acid for the young chick? The importance of dispensable amino acids for the chick was reinvestigated. Two-week chick weights were 75.7 g. and 143.7 g. when dietary nitrogen was provided solely by indispensable amino acids and by indispensable amino acids and 10% L-glutamic acid, respectively. Weight gain increased four-fold when L-glutamic acid was added to the mixture of indispensable amino acids. Plasma free amino acid concentrations were considerably decreased and total indispensable amino acid concentration (including cystine and tyrosine) was reduced to approximately a half or less with L-glutamic acid supplementation. Increments of L-glutamic acid as the sole nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids in the diet increased two-week weight gain proportionately over a range from 0 to 10%. When 10% of L-glutamic acid was included in the amino acid diet, growth rate was equivalent to that with a practical diet up to two weeks of age. The mixture of leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine and arginine produced little growth promotion as a nitrogen source for dispensable amino acids. L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture of dispensable amino acids devoid of L-glutamic acid were found not as effective as L-glutamic acid. The estimate of effectiveness of L-aspartic acid, L-alanine and the mixture was approximately 80%, 60%, and 80%, respectively, of that of L-glutamic acid during first two weeks. Utilization of diammonium citrate for growth promotion varied with the amount used and the age of chicks. A combination of dispensable amino acids plus nominal levels of DAC was not as effective as glutamic acid during the first week but shortly after that, produced good gains. Even during the 3rd week or 4th week high levels of DAC alone did not produce normal gains of chicks. The activities and the subcellular distribution of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in the liver of young chicks were measured. GOT activity was considerably higher than GPT activity. Initially, GOT activity was found primarily in cytosol, but the mitochondrial activity increased to 57% of total activity by day 10, whereas GPT activity was exclusively in mitochondria regardless of the age."}
{"id": "PMID:935009", "title": "Inhibition of adrenocortical function by intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital in cocks.", "content": "The response of awake and anesthesized cocks with sodium pentobarbital to stressful stimuli has been examined. The stressful stimuli was immersion in cold water. In the awake cocks plasma corticosterone concentration was increased about 4 fold; they started shivering shortly after immersion and recovered after cessation of the treatment. In the anesthesized ones there was no increase in plasma corticosterone concentration, they did not shiver and died shortly after immersion.", "contents": "Inhibition of adrenocortical function by intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital in cocks. The response of awake and anesthesized cocks with sodium pentobarbital to stressful stimuli has been examined. The stressful stimuli was immersion in cold water. In the awake cocks plasma corticosterone concentration was increased about 4 fold; they started shivering shortly after immersion and recovered after cessation of the treatment. In the anesthesized ones there was no increase in plasma corticosterone concentration, they did not shiver and died shortly after immersion."}
{"id": "PMID:935010", "title": "Importance of oviduct relaxation in artificial insemination of turkeys.", "content": "This experiment was designed to determine whether or not relaxation of the turkey oviduct prior to the release of the semen was necessary for optimal fertilization to occur with artificial insemination. A total of 96 large type turkey caged laying hens were inseminated with 0.025 ml. of pooled semen near the area of the uterovaginal junction while the oviduct was still everted or after pressure on the hen was released and the oviduct returned to its non-everted position with the insemination tube in place. The difference in fertility of 9% between the non-everted (87.4%) and everted (78.5%) group was significant (P less than 0.01). The embryonic mortality of the non-everted group (10.6%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in the everted group (13.2%).", "contents": "Importance of oviduct relaxation in artificial insemination of turkeys. This experiment was designed to determine whether or not relaxation of the turkey oviduct prior to the release of the semen was necessary for optimal fertilization to occur with artificial insemination. A total of 96 large type turkey caged laying hens were inseminated with 0.025 ml. of pooled semen near the area of the uterovaginal junction while the oviduct was still everted or after pressure on the hen was released and the oviduct returned to its non-everted position with the insemination tube in place. The difference in fertility of 9% between the non-everted (87.4%) and everted (78.5%) group was significant (P less than 0.01). The embryonic mortality of the non-everted group (10.6%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in the everted group (13.2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:935011", "title": "Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on iron utilization in the growing chick.", "content": "Day-old male broiler chicks were fed for three weeks a purified casein diet with the addition of different levels of iron and ascorbic acid. Dietary ascorbic acid fed at 0.4% increased the hemoglobin concentration and total body iron retention when the diets fed were low in iron (23 p.p.m.). At 0.1% level in the diet, ascorbic acid caused an increase in total body iron retention in chicks fed diets marginal in iron (40 p.p.m.) and did not affect either parameter in chicks fed diets adequate in iron (100 p.p.m.).", "contents": "Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on iron utilization in the growing chick. Day-old male broiler chicks were fed for three weeks a purified casein diet with the addition of different levels of iron and ascorbic acid. Dietary ascorbic acid fed at 0.4% increased the hemoglobin concentration and total body iron retention when the diets fed were low in iron (23 p.p.m.). At 0.1% level in the diet, ascorbic acid caused an increase in total body iron retention in chicks fed diets marginal in iron (40 p.p.m.) and did not affect either parameter in chicks fed diets adequate in iron (100 p.p.m.)."}
{"id": "PMID:935012", "title": "The influence of divergent growth selection of semen traits, fertility and hatchability.", "content": "The effects of divergent growth selection for 18 generations on semen characteristics, fertility and hatchability were investigated. Males from the low weight line produced semen with a significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher sperm concentration and a highly significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) lower methylene blue reduction time than the males from the high line. Differences between lines for semen volume, sperm motility, percent of live sperm, fertility and hatchability were not statistically significant.", "contents": "The influence of divergent growth selection of semen traits, fertility and hatchability. The effects of divergent growth selection for 18 generations on semen characteristics, fertility and hatchability were investigated. Males from the low weight line produced semen with a significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher sperm concentration and a highly significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) lower methylene blue reduction time than the males from the high line. Differences between lines for semen volume, sperm motility, percent of live sperm, fertility and hatchability were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:935013", "title": "Thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood after ingestion of iodinated casein by chicks.", "content": "White Leghorn cockerels were fed a broiler ration containing 0 (controls), 0.02 or 0.04% Protamone (iodinated casein) either continuously or for 10-14 days after which the 0.02% Protamone ration was switched to control or vice versa. Body growth rate was temporarily suppressed during the first 14 days of feeding 0.02% Protamone. Thyroid weight was promptly depressed during feeding of Protamone and increased more slowly when Protamone was removed from the feed. Only a fleeting increase in oxygen consumption rate was detectable in birds fed either 0.02 or 0.04% Protamone. Serum T4 and T3 promptly rose when Protamone was fed; continued feeding resulted in compensatory adjustments in secretion and perhaps peripheral metabolism of iodohormones within 2-3 days so that a level close to 200 ng. T3 or 2.5 mug T4/100 ml. serum was subsequently maintained.", "contents": "Thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood after ingestion of iodinated casein by chicks. White Leghorn cockerels were fed a broiler ration containing 0 (controls), 0.02 or 0.04% Protamone (iodinated casein) either continuously or for 10-14 days after which the 0.02% Protamone ration was switched to control or vice versa. Body growth rate was temporarily suppressed during the first 14 days of feeding 0.02% Protamone. Thyroid weight was promptly depressed during feeding of Protamone and increased more slowly when Protamone was removed from the feed. Only a fleeting increase in oxygen consumption rate was detectable in birds fed either 0.02 or 0.04% Protamone. Serum T4 and T3 promptly rose when Protamone was fed; continued feeding resulted in compensatory adjustments in secretion and perhaps peripheral metabolism of iodohormones within 2-3 days so that a level close to 200 ng. T3 or 2.5 mug T4/100 ml. serum was subsequently maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:935014", "title": "Response to selection for hatchability in turkeys at three altitudes.", "content": "Eggs from a commerical flock of Small White turkeys established at 76 meters above sea level were used to develop five lines of turkeys. Hatchability of fertile eggs was the only criterion used to establish selected lines at 76, 1524, and 2182 meters. Control lines were maintained at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of the selection program on organ weights, body weight, and packed cell volumes (PCV). For two generations, eggs from one hatch at each of the three elevations were divided into three groups, two of which were exchanged for hatching and rearing. Twenty poults from the five lines at all three locations were sacrificed at 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks of age. Heart. liver spleen, adrenals, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and gonads were removed, weighed, and the weight expressed as a percent of body weight. Blood samples were collected and PCV values determined at ages 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks at the 1524-meter elevation. Selection for hatchability had no adverse effect upon 1-day, 2, and 4-week body weights. Variations in body weight between locations were not due to natural environmental conditions, but rather to variations in management. Selection for hatchability coupled with natural selection resulted in the development of lines of turkeys with higher PCV values than the original control population. Exposure of turkey poults from the five genetic lines developed at an altitude of 2182 meters lead to an increase in relative weights of the heart and adrenal glands compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Exposure at the 2182-meter location also resulted in lighter spleens, pancreata, kidneys, and ovaries compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Selection for hatchability favors larger adrenals, livers, pancreata, kidneys, and lungs, but smaller hearts. Natural selection at higher elevations compounds the situation by favoring smaller adrenals and livers, but larger spleens, pancreata, and kidneys.", "contents": "Response to selection for hatchability in turkeys at three altitudes. Eggs from a commerical flock of Small White turkeys established at 76 meters above sea level were used to develop five lines of turkeys. Hatchability of fertile eggs was the only criterion used to establish selected lines at 76, 1524, and 2182 meters. Control lines were maintained at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of the selection program on organ weights, body weight, and packed cell volumes (PCV). For two generations, eggs from one hatch at each of the three elevations were divided into three groups, two of which were exchanged for hatching and rearing. Twenty poults from the five lines at all three locations were sacrificed at 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks of age. Heart. liver spleen, adrenals, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and gonads were removed, weighed, and the weight expressed as a percent of body weight. Blood samples were collected and PCV values determined at ages 1-day, 2-weeks, and 4-weeks at the 1524-meter elevation. Selection for hatchability had no adverse effect upon 1-day, 2, and 4-week body weights. Variations in body weight between locations were not due to natural environmental conditions, but rather to variations in management. Selection for hatchability coupled with natural selection resulted in the development of lines of turkeys with higher PCV values than the original control population. Exposure of turkey poults from the five genetic lines developed at an altitude of 2182 meters lead to an increase in relative weights of the heart and adrenal glands compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Exposure at the 2182-meter location also resulted in lighter spleens, pancreata, kidneys, and ovaries compared to birds at the 76 and 1524-meter locations. Selection for hatchability favors larger adrenals, livers, pancreata, kidneys, and lungs, but smaller hearts. Natural selection at higher elevations compounds the situation by favoring smaller adrenals and livers, but larger spleens, pancreata, and kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:935015", "title": "A note on amounts of [14C] in laying hens' blood after intramuscular administration of [4-14C]-estrone.", "content": "[4-14C]-Estrone in 2 ml. ethylene glycol was injected into the breast muscles of S.C. White Leghorn laying hens and the amounts of plasma [14C] per ml. whole blood were measured at various times thereafter. Maximal values were observed at 30 to 50 minutes after injection. The values then declined logarithmically with time and with a half-life of about 80 minutes between 40 and 270 minutes after injection.", "contents": "A note on amounts of [14C] in laying hens' blood after intramuscular administration of [4-14C]-estrone. [4-14C]-Estrone in 2 ml. ethylene glycol was injected into the breast muscles of S.C. White Leghorn laying hens and the amounts of plasma [14C] per ml. whole blood were measured at various times thereafter. Maximal values were observed at 30 to 50 minutes after injection. The values then declined logarithmically with time and with a half-life of about 80 minutes between 40 and 270 minutes after injection."}
{"id": "PMID:935016", "title": "Biotin and early poult growth.", "content": "Commerical Broad Breasted White male poults were fed either a soybean and milo ration, or similar rations containing 7.5% or 20% animal protein, for a period of 0-8 weeks. Three groups of 48 birds each were fed each of the three rations which were isocaloric (2926 M.E. Cal. /Kg. of ration) but differed slightly in protein content. Other groups were fed identical rations supplemented with biotin at a level of 220 mcg/kg. When the growth data were analyzed by analysis of variance, highly significant differences noted for treatment (P less than or equal to 0.01). Biotin supplementation of the soybean-milo ration gave no response, but supplementation of the rations containing animal protein with biotin gave excellent growth responses. When the data were combined so that the effect of biotin could be evaluated, a highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.005) improvement in growth was obtained by supplementing the rations with biotin. Feed efficiency was found to be closely related to growth rate. Mortality did not appear to be related to diet, with the differences being non-significant statistically.", "contents": "Biotin and early poult growth. Commerical Broad Breasted White male poults were fed either a soybean and milo ration, or similar rations containing 7.5% or 20% animal protein, for a period of 0-8 weeks. Three groups of 48 birds each were fed each of the three rations which were isocaloric (2926 M.E. Cal. /Kg. of ration) but differed slightly in protein content. Other groups were fed identical rations supplemented with biotin at a level of 220 mcg/kg. When the growth data were analyzed by analysis of variance, highly significant differences noted for treatment (P less than or equal to 0.01). Biotin supplementation of the soybean-milo ration gave no response, but supplementation of the rations containing animal protein with biotin gave excellent growth responses. When the data were combined so that the effect of biotin could be evaluated, a highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.005) improvement in growth was obtained by supplementing the rations with biotin. Feed efficiency was found to be closely related to growth rate. Mortality did not appear to be related to diet, with the differences being non-significant statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:935017", "title": "The effect of protein and dietary energy levels and housing regime on production and reproduction parameters of turkey hens.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted using 960 Large Board Breasted White turkey hens to measure the effect of diet and confinement housing versus range pens on egg production, fertility and hatchability. A 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of diets provided protein levels of 15 and 18% with metabolizable energy levels of 2666, 2893, and 3101 kcal. per kg. of diet. The hens were randomized into 24 range pens  and 24 pens in an open-sided house. Dietary protein levels had no effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production, fertility or hatchability. Hens fed the higher energy diet produced larger eggs (P less than .05), but there was no difference in total egg production due to dietary energy level. As dietary energy level increased, feed consumption linearly decreased. Hens fed the 3102 kcal./M.E./kg. diet had significantly higher fertility (P less than .05) than hens fed the intermediate energy level diet with no differences between the lowest energy level and either of the other two levels. Fertile eggs from hens fed the intermediate energy level diet had lower hatchability (P less than .05) than those from hens fed either the lower or higher dietary energy levels. Type of housing and no effect on average body weight or feed consumption on a hen-day basis. Housing treatment had no effect on percent fertility or hatchability. Hens housed in the range pens produced more and larger eggs (P less than .05) and more eggs per kg. of feed than hens penned in the house.", "contents": "The effect of protein and dietary energy levels and housing regime on production and reproduction parameters of turkey hens. Two experiments were conducted using 960 Large Board Breasted White turkey hens to measure the effect of diet and confinement housing versus range pens on egg production, fertility and hatchability. A 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of diets provided protein levels of 15 and 18% with metabolizable energy levels of 2666, 2893, and 3101 kcal. per kg. of diet. The hens were randomized into 24 range pens  and 24 pens in an open-sided house. Dietary protein levels had no effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production, fertility or hatchability. Hens fed the higher energy diet produced larger eggs (P less than .05), but there was no difference in total egg production due to dietary energy level. As dietary energy level increased, feed consumption linearly decreased. Hens fed the 3102 kcal./M.E./kg. diet had significantly higher fertility (P less than .05) than hens fed the intermediate energy level diet with no differences between the lowest energy level and either of the other two levels. Fertile eggs from hens fed the intermediate energy level diet had lower hatchability (P less than .05) than those from hens fed either the lower or higher dietary energy levels. Type of housing and no effect on average body weight or feed consumption on a hen-day basis. Housing treatment had no effect on percent fertility or hatchability. Hens housed in the range pens produced more and larger eggs (P less than .05) and more eggs per kg. of feed than hens penned in the house."}
{"id": "PMID:935018", "title": "Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on embryonic survival and subsequent chick performance.", "content": "Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the yolk of fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at levels of 0.0, 0.025; 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 ml./egg. Injection with 0.20 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 100% mortality of chick embryos within six days of incubation. Injection with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 22.2% embryonic mortality by 14 days of incubation and 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs compared to 84.6% for control eggs. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg exhibited a decreased growth rate and high mortality. Injection of 0.05 ml. DMSO/egg or less had no effect on embryonic survival, hatchability of chick performance. The embryos from eggs injected with higher levels of DMSO exhibited hemorrhagic areas of the brain and head region and a retarded vitelline and allantoic circulatory system and were characterized by anopthalmia and celosomia. DMSO had no effect on the packed cell volume of chicks from eggs injected with DMSO.", "contents": "Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on embryonic survival and subsequent chick performance. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the yolk of fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs at levels of 0.0, 0.025; 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 ml./egg. Injection with 0.20 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 100% mortality of chick embryos within six days of incubation. Injection with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg resulted in 22.2% embryonic mortality by 14 days of incubation and 51.9% hatchability of fertile eggs compared to 84.6% for control eggs. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.10 ml. DMSO/egg exhibited a decreased growth rate and high mortality. Injection of 0.05 ml. DMSO/egg or less had no effect on embryonic survival, hatchability of chick performance. The embryos from eggs injected with higher levels of DMSO exhibited hemorrhagic areas of the brain and head region and a retarded vitelline and allantoic circulatory system and were characterized by anopthalmia and celosomia. DMSO had no effect on the packed cell volume of chicks from eggs injected with DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:935019", "title": "The effect of the pellet binder \"Lignosol FG\" on the chicken's disgestive system and general performance.", "content": "The use of the pellet binder \"Lingnosol FG\" in broiler diets at three levels plus a control group revealed differences in the consistency, quantity and color of the caecal contents between the treated and untreated groups. By week 4, post-mortem examinations revealed that birds receiving Lignosol FG had enlarged caeca and the caecal contents were dark brown, shiny, tenacious and gelatinous which continued to slaughter age (7 weeks). The use of the pellet binder had little effect on general performance although there was an indication that it had the effect of increasing feed consumption and body weights but with a slight increase in feed conversion (feed/gain).", "contents": "The effect of the pellet binder \"Lignosol FG\" on the chicken's disgestive system and general performance. The use of the pellet binder \"Lingnosol FG\" in broiler diets at three levels plus a control group revealed differences in the consistency, quantity and color of the caecal contents between the treated and untreated groups. By week 4, post-mortem examinations revealed that birds receiving Lignosol FG had enlarged caeca and the caecal contents were dark brown, shiny, tenacious and gelatinous which continued to slaughter age (7 weeks). The use of the pellet binder had little effect on general performance although there was an indication that it had the effect of increasing feed consumption and body weights but with a slight increase in feed conversion (feed/gain)."}
{"id": "PMID:935020", "title": "The influence of feeding diets containing different calcium-phosphorous ratios on the laying hen.", "content": "Six experiments were conducted to determine the influence of feeding diets containing different calcium-phosphorus (Ca:P)ratios at different times on the laying hen. Feeding a diet containing 0.75% P from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. and a diet containing 1.50% P from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. decreased serum calcium in three or four experiments and decreased specific gravity of eggs in four of four experiments, when compared to that of the birds fed the control  diet which contained 0.75% P during both time periods. Specific gravity of eggs from hens fed a diet containing 0.75% P from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. and a diet containing 0.33% P from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. was increased in three of four experiments. Although the differences are not significant, with one exception, the trend in the experiments indicate that the level of P in the diet and time of intake can influence shell quality and serum calcium. The dietary treatments had no significant influence on feed consumption, egg production or egg weight during any of these experiments. It was postulated that the adverse or beneficial effect on specific gravity of eggs and serum calcium as a result of feeding diets containing various CaP ratios was due to the influence on calcium absorption and/or bone resorption.", "contents": "The influence of feeding diets containing different calcium-phosphorous ratios on the laying hen. Six experiments were conducted to determine the influence of feeding diets containing different calcium-phosphorus (Ca:P)ratios at different times on the laying hen. Feeding a diet containing 0.75% P from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. and a diet containing 1.50% P from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. decreased serum calcium in three or four experiments and decreased specific gravity of eggs in four of four experiments, when compared to that of the birds fed the control  diet which contained 0.75% P during both time periods. Specific gravity of eggs from hens fed a diet containing 0.75% P from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. and a diet containing 0.33% P from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. was increased in three of four experiments. Although the differences are not significant, with one exception, the trend in the experiments indicate that the level of P in the diet and time of intake can influence shell quality and serum calcium. The dietary treatments had no significant influence on feed consumption, egg production or egg weight during any of these experiments. It was postulated that the adverse or beneficial effect on specific gravity of eggs and serum calcium as a result of feeding diets containing various CaP ratios was due to the influence on calcium absorption and/or bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:935021", "title": "Effect of dietary methionine status on response of chicks to coccidial infection.", "content": "Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively.  Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia.", "contents": "Effect of dietary methionine status on response of chicks to coccidial infection. Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively.  Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia."}
{"id": "PMID:935022", "title": "Effect of excessive dietary vitamin E on the chick.", "content": "Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a broiler ration for five weeks to which was added one of the following levels of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 0; 2,000; 4,000; 8,000; 16,000; 32,000, and 64,000 I.U./kg. The chicks fed diets containing 4,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E showed decreased pigmentation in their beaks, feet and shanks, and liver as a percent of body weight was significantly increased. Feeding at least 8,000 I.U./kg of the vitamin significantly reduced chick body weight and resulted in waxy appearing feathers. Dietary inclusion of 16,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E significantly increased feather, spleen, liver, and plasma vitamin E content.", "contents": "Effect of excessive dietary vitamin E on the chick. Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a broiler ration for five weeks to which was added one of the following levels of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate; 0; 2,000; 4,000; 8,000; 16,000; 32,000, and 64,000 I.U./kg. The chicks fed diets containing 4,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E showed decreased pigmentation in their beaks, feet and shanks, and liver as a percent of body weight was significantly increased. Feeding at least 8,000 I.U./kg of the vitamin significantly reduced chick body weight and resulted in waxy appearing feathers. Dietary inclusion of 16,000 I.U./kg. or more of vitamin E significantly increased feather, spleen, liver, and plasma vitamin E content."}
{"id": "PMID:935023", "title": "Effect of dietary antibiotics on chickens infected with Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to study the effect of dietary antibiotics on percent daily weight change, mortality and gross cecal pathology in chickens during the critical phase of Eimeria tenella infection. In the first experiment, chickens were continuously fed ration containing thiopeptin, 2 mg/kg.; bacitracin, 20 mg./kg.; penicillin, 12 mg./kg.; or chlortetracycline, 22 mg./kg. One day after antibiotic fed was given, each bird received an oral inoculation of 30,000 sporulated oocyts. In the second experiment, chickens were consecutively fed ration containing amprolium plus ethopabate, 125 plus 8 mg./kg., and a combination of the coccidiostat and one of 4 antibiotics; thiopeptin, bacitracin, penicillin, or chloretracycline. One day after medicated feed was given, birds were each given an oral inoculation of 30,000 amprolium plus ethopabate-resistant E. tenella oocysts. The experiments were terminated 7 days after coccidia exposure. In both experiments, E. tenella infection resulted in depression in all birds of infected groups. Average percent weight change of infected birds was significantly lower than that of uninfected unmedicated control between 4 and 5 days after infection. Significantly greater number of birds died of cecal coccidiosis in group fed dietary bacitracin than that of other infected groups. Dietary antibiotics did not reduce gross cecal lesions.", "contents": "Effect of dietary antibiotics on chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Two experiments were performed to study the effect of dietary antibiotics on percent daily weight change, mortality and gross cecal pathology in chickens during the critical phase of Eimeria tenella infection. In the first experiment, chickens were continuously fed ration containing thiopeptin, 2 mg/kg.; bacitracin, 20 mg./kg.; penicillin, 12 mg./kg.; or chlortetracycline, 22 mg./kg. One day after antibiotic fed was given, each bird received an oral inoculation of 30,000 sporulated oocyts. In the second experiment, chickens were consecutively fed ration containing amprolium plus ethopabate, 125 plus 8 mg./kg., and a combination of the coccidiostat and one of 4 antibiotics; thiopeptin, bacitracin, penicillin, or chloretracycline. One day after medicated feed was given, birds were each given an oral inoculation of 30,000 amprolium plus ethopabate-resistant E. tenella oocysts. The experiments were terminated 7 days after coccidia exposure. In both experiments, E. tenella infection resulted in depression in all birds of infected groups. Average percent weight change of infected birds was significantly lower than that of uninfected unmedicated control between 4 and 5 days after infection. Significantly greater number of birds died of cecal coccidiosis in group fed dietary bacitracin than that of other infected groups. Dietary antibiotics did not reduce gross cecal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:935024", "title": "The effects of semen dosage and insemination frequency on the fertility of brolier breeder hens.", "content": "Sexuality mature commerical broiler breeder pullets were housed singly in laying cages and artifically inseminated with one of three different levels of undiluted pooled semen (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 ml.) at either of two different frequencies (once and twice a week) in three different trials. The best fertility was obtained by inseminating twice a week with 0.05 ml. of semen. Inseminating once a week with 0.1 ml. of semen did not provide maximum fertility in the stock used in this study.", "contents": "The effects of semen dosage and insemination frequency on the fertility of brolier breeder hens. Sexuality mature commerical broiler breeder pullets were housed singly in laying cages and artifically inseminated with one of three different levels of undiluted pooled semen (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 ml.) at either of two different frequencies (once and twice a week) in three different trials. The best fertility was obtained by inseminating twice a week with 0.05 ml. of semen. Inseminating once a week with 0.1 ml. of semen did not provide maximum fertility in the stock used in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:935025", "title": "Influence of carbohydrate source on liver fat accumulation in hens.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted with laying hens and one with broiler chicks to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source on fat accumulation in the liver. When corn and wheat in various proportions were fed to laying hens, the percent fat and total fat per liver increased as the proportion of corn increased. In comparison of different cereal grains and wheat samples in isocaloric diets, the total liver fat accumulated was the highest for hens fed grain sorghum, corn or triticale and the lowest for those fed barley, oats or rye. Intermediate levels of liver fat were obtained with wheat and similar liver fat contents were observed with hens fed different samples of West Coast wheat. There was no significant difference in liver fat of groups fed wheat diets made isocaloric with corn oil or animal fat, Liver fat accumulation of broiler chicks fed diets with corn or wheat was not significantly different. No difference in liver weight, liver fat content and total fat per liver was observed among hens fed diets containing either zero, one-half, or all glucose monohydrate substituted for corn. In comparisons of corn or wheat from different geographical area, no difference was observed in liver fat content of hens fed corn grown in Georgia or the Midwest or wheat grown in Georgia or in the Far West. Hens fed diets contaning corn had significantly more liver dry matter, liver fat, and total fat per liver than hens fed the isocaloric diets containing wheat. Considerably more fat accumulated in the livers of hens fed diets containing corn at Washington State University (15.4 to 19.6 g. fat/liver) than in hens fed corn at the University of Georgia (5.4 to 7.2 g. fat/liver), suggesting the existence of unidentified environmental factors affecting liver fat accumulation.", "contents": "Influence of carbohydrate source on liver fat accumulation in hens. Four experiments were conducted with laying hens and one with broiler chicks to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source on fat accumulation in the liver. When corn and wheat in various proportions were fed to laying hens, the percent fat and total fat per liver increased as the proportion of corn increased. In comparison of different cereal grains and wheat samples in isocaloric diets, the total liver fat accumulated was the highest for hens fed grain sorghum, corn or triticale and the lowest for those fed barley, oats or rye. Intermediate levels of liver fat were obtained with wheat and similar liver fat contents were observed with hens fed different samples of West Coast wheat. There was no significant difference in liver fat of groups fed wheat diets made isocaloric with corn oil or animal fat, Liver fat accumulation of broiler chicks fed diets with corn or wheat was not significantly different. No difference in liver weight, liver fat content and total fat per liver was observed among hens fed diets containing either zero, one-half, or all glucose monohydrate substituted for corn. In comparisons of corn or wheat from different geographical area, no difference was observed in liver fat content of hens fed corn grown in Georgia or the Midwest or wheat grown in Georgia or in the Far West. Hens fed diets contaning corn had significantly more liver dry matter, liver fat, and total fat per liver than hens fed the isocaloric diets containing wheat. Considerably more fat accumulated in the livers of hens fed diets containing corn at Washington State University (15.4 to 19.6 g. fat/liver) than in hens fed corn at the University of Georgia (5.4 to 7.2 g. fat/liver), suggesting the existence of unidentified environmental factors affecting liver fat accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:935026", "title": "Oviposition-inducing activity in the ovarian follicles of different sizes in the laying hen.", "content": "The walls of the preovulatory follicles and the  ruptured follicles collected during the middle of a clutch sequence were extracted separately for an oviposition-inducing factor. The activity of this factor in the follicular extracts was estimated by single intravenous injection of the extracts to hens with a soft-shelled egg in the uterus. Administration of the extracts from either follicles destined to ovulate in 20 to 27 hours or follicles in 46 to 53 hours failed to induce premature oviposition of soft-shelled egg in any of the hens treated. In contrast, the largest follicle within 1 hour prior to the expected ovulation exhibited a high activity for inducing premature ovipositions. This level of the activity seemed to be persisted in the subsequent ruptured follicle for several hours, followed by considerable decrease in activity after about one day or more days.", "contents": "Oviposition-inducing activity in the ovarian follicles of different sizes in the laying hen. The walls of the preovulatory follicles and the  ruptured follicles collected during the middle of a clutch sequence were extracted separately for an oviposition-inducing factor. The activity of this factor in the follicular extracts was estimated by single intravenous injection of the extracts to hens with a soft-shelled egg in the uterus. Administration of the extracts from either follicles destined to ovulate in 20 to 27 hours or follicles in 46 to 53 hours failed to induce premature oviposition of soft-shelled egg in any of the hens treated. In contrast, the largest follicle within 1 hour prior to the expected ovulation exhibited a high activity for inducing premature ovipositions. This level of the activity seemed to be persisted in the subsequent ruptured follicle for several hours, followed by considerable decrease in activity after about one day or more days."}
{"id": "PMID:935027", "title": "An association of hardness of water with incidence of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens.", "content": "Twenty-one samples of water were collected from commercial egg production farms in Georgial with or without a history of fatty liver syndrome. These samples plus a sample of water from the University of Georgia Poultry Farm were analyzed for various mineral elements by atomic absorption, direct reading emission spectroscopy and by neutron activation. Water samples from farms with a history of fatty liver syndrome had signficantly more calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, iron and barium than water samples from farms reporting no significant problem with fatty liver syndrome. Levels of manganese, boron, copper zinic and aluminum were not significantly different. Although the results do not prove that water quality is the cause of the disease, they do demonstrate an association of hardness of water with fatty liver syndrome that should be further investigated.", "contents": "An association of hardness of water with incidence of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Twenty-one samples of water were collected from commercial egg production farms in Georgial with or without a history of fatty liver syndrome. These samples plus a sample of water from the University of Georgia Poultry Farm were analyzed for various mineral elements by atomic absorption, direct reading emission spectroscopy and by neutron activation. Water samples from farms with a history of fatty liver syndrome had signficantly more calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, iron and barium than water samples from farms reporting no significant problem with fatty liver syndrome. Levels of manganese, boron, copper zinic and aluminum were not significantly different. Although the results do not prove that water quality is the cause of the disease, they do demonstrate an association of hardness of water with fatty liver syndrome that should be further investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:935028", "title": "A revised artificial insemination schedule for broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Broiler type hens maintained in individual cages were artificially inseminated with either 0.023, 0.035, or 0.047 ml. of  pooled semen. Insemination intervals were nine, nine, and ten days on a repetitive basis. This schedule was adopted because it allowed an extension of the conventional insemination interval and yet remained compatible with a five-day industrial work-week. The results demonstrated that maintaining broiler breeder hens in cages and utilizing artificial insemination as a means of obtaining fertile eggs were feasible. The data also indicated that extending the insemination interval to 10 days is possible providing the number of spermatozoa inseminated is increased.", "contents": "A revised artificial insemination schedule for broiler breeder hens. Broiler type hens maintained in individual cages were artificially inseminated with either 0.023, 0.035, or 0.047 ml. of  pooled semen. Insemination intervals were nine, nine, and ten days on a repetitive basis. This schedule was adopted because it allowed an extension of the conventional insemination interval and yet remained compatible with a five-day industrial work-week. The results demonstrated that maintaining broiler breeder hens in cages and utilizing artificial insemination as a means of obtaining fertile eggs were feasible. The data also indicated that extending the insemination interval to 10 days is possible providing the number of spermatozoa inseminated is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:935029", "title": "The temporal interaction of corticosterone and prolactin in affecting liver lipid metabolism of the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine if Brown Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) showed a daily differential responsiveness to the phased injections of corticosterone and prolactin. In experiment 1, 28 day old chicks, maintained on continuous lighting and a standard diet, were treated daily for 6 days with corticosterone (300 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) and with prolactin (150 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) for 4 days. The prolactin injections began 2 days after the first corticosterone injection. The interval between daily corticosterone injections at 1800 hours followed by prolactin injections 6, 12 or 18 hours later resulted in a significant increase in the liver lipidcontent in the chicks. However, when corticosterone and prolactin were given at the same time (1800 hours), no increase in liver lipid content was observed. Corticosterone admininstered at 6oo hours and followed by prolactin injections had no effect on liver lipid content regardless of the time of prolactin prolactin injections. Experiment 2 was designed to test the effect of the administration of corticosterone or prolactin alone at either 600 hours or 1800 hours on liver lipid metabolism. Two groups of Brown Leghorn chicks received prolactin alone (for 2 days) at either 600 hours or 1800 hours. None of these treatment groups were significantly different from the uninjected controls. It is concluded that the chick has a diurnal sensitivity to the effects of coritcosterone and that once the liver is affected by corticosterone, a temporal interaction between this steroid and prolactin can affect the liver lipid content of the Brown Leghorn chick.", "contents": "The temporal interaction of corticosterone and prolactin in affecting liver lipid metabolism of the chick. Experiments were conducted to determine if Brown Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus) showed a daily differential responsiveness to the phased injections of corticosterone and prolactin. In experiment 1, 28 day old chicks, maintained on continuous lighting and a standard diet, were treated daily for 6 days with corticosterone (300 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) and with prolactin (150 mug. in 0.2 cc. saline) for 4 days. The prolactin injections began 2 days after the first corticosterone injection. The interval between daily corticosterone injections at 1800 hours followed by prolactin injections 6, 12 or 18 hours later resulted in a significant increase in the liver lipidcontent in the chicks. However, when corticosterone and prolactin were given at the same time (1800 hours), no increase in liver lipid content was observed. Corticosterone admininstered at 6oo hours and followed by prolactin injections had no effect on liver lipid content regardless of the time of prolactin prolactin injections. Experiment 2 was designed to test the effect of the administration of corticosterone or prolactin alone at either 600 hours or 1800 hours on liver lipid metabolism. Two groups of Brown Leghorn chicks received prolactin alone (for 2 days) at either 600 hours or 1800 hours. None of these treatment groups were significantly different from the uninjected controls. It is concluded that the chick has a diurnal sensitivity to the effects of coritcosterone and that once the liver is affected by corticosterone, a temporal interaction between this steroid and prolactin can affect the liver lipid content of the Brown Leghorn chick."}
{"id": "PMID:935030", "title": "Sex difference in mortality rates of Leghorn-Red reciprocal crosses.", "content": "Mortality rates among White Leghorn-Rhode Island Red pure-line and reciprocal cross adult female progeny were recorded for 8 years. The mortality rate among progeny of White Leghorn males exceeded that of the progeny of Rhode Island Red males in both pure-line and crossbreds. White Leghorn X Rhode Island Red crossbred progeny had the highest mortality rate. In a second phase of the study, a comparison was made between mortality rates of male and female progeny of White Leghorn-Rhode Island Red reciprocal crosses. Rate of loss was significantly lower in males than in females but did not differ between crosses. These results support a conclusion that sex linkage is a major factor in differential mortality rates between progeny of White Longhorn-heavy breed reciprocal crosses.", "contents": "Sex difference in mortality rates of Leghorn-Red reciprocal crosses. Mortality rates among White Leghorn-Rhode Island Red pure-line and reciprocal cross adult female progeny were recorded for 8 years. The mortality rate among progeny of White Leghorn males exceeded that of the progeny of Rhode Island Red males in both pure-line and crossbreds. White Leghorn X Rhode Island Red crossbred progeny had the highest mortality rate. In a second phase of the study, a comparison was made between mortality rates of male and female progeny of White Leghorn-Rhode Island Red reciprocal crosses. Rate of loss was significantly lower in males than in females but did not differ between crosses. These results support a conclusion that sex linkage is a major factor in differential mortality rates between progeny of White Longhorn-heavy breed reciprocal crosses."}
{"id": "PMID:935031", "title": "Light intensity and housing for pigeons.", "content": "Four light intensities were used in completely enclosed pigeon housed for 14 hours per 24 hours. Open front pens with only natural light were also used. There were four pens per treatment and five pairs of young, breeding age, White Carneaux per pen for 420 days. Results per treatment, 16, 30, 44 and 61 lumens per sq. m. and open pens, were respectively as follows for each  objective: squabs raised-252, 220, 288, 203, and 212 with no significant differences except for the 44 lumen treatment which was higher than all others except 16; body wt./squab in g.-522, 526, 522, 508, and 531 at four weeks of age with no significant differences; feed per squab in kg.-4.7, 5.3, 4.5, 5.5, and 5.1 with only a significant difference between treatments 44 and 61 lumens; percent hatchability-89.7, 82.1, 89.6, 78.0, and 82.9 with no significant differences; percent squabs raised-93.7, 88.7, 97.9, 91.0, and 89.5 with no significant differences. The average number of squabs raised per treatment for all enclosed artifically lighted pens was 241 compared to 212 for the open pens with only natural light.", "contents": "Light intensity and housing for pigeons. Four light intensities were used in completely enclosed pigeon housed for 14 hours per 24 hours. Open front pens with only natural light were also used. There were four pens per treatment and five pairs of young, breeding age, White Carneaux per pen for 420 days. Results per treatment, 16, 30, 44 and 61 lumens per sq. m. and open pens, were respectively as follows for each  objective: squabs raised-252, 220, 288, 203, and 212 with no significant differences except for the 44 lumen treatment which was higher than all others except 16; body wt./squab in g.-522, 526, 522, 508, and 531 at four weeks of age with no significant differences; feed per squab in kg.-4.7, 5.3, 4.5, 5.5, and 5.1 with only a significant difference between treatments 44 and 61 lumens; percent hatchability-89.7, 82.1, 89.6, 78.0, and 82.9 with no significant differences; percent squabs raised-93.7, 88.7, 97.9, 91.0, and 89.5 with no significant differences. The average number of squabs raised per treatment for all enclosed artifically lighted pens was 241 compared to 212 for the open pens with only natural light."}
{"id": "PMID:935032", "title": "Acute oral ochratoxicosis in day-old White Leghorns, turkeys and Japanese Quail.", "content": "The comparative acute, oral toxicity of ochratoxin A for three day-old avian species is presented. The seven-day LD50 value for White Leghorns was calculated to be 3.4 +/-0.19 mgm./kg., for turkeys to be 5.9 +/- 0.72 mgm./kg., and for Japanese quail to be 16.5 +/- 0.56 mgm./kg., body weight. The dose-response curves are linear and parallel through one standard deviation on either side of the LD50 when log-dose is plotted against probit for survivors. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of ochratoxin A is similar in the three species, though the potency differs. The reduction in weight gain of Leghorn survivors was proportional to dose, and was observed in two separate traials over an overall dosage range from 0.2 mgm./kg. to 5 mgm./kg. The turkeys showed only a slight reduction in weight gain at doses less than 4mgm./kg., a more marked reduction being observed at higher dose levels. The quail did not show reduction of weight gain at dose levels below 10.9 mgm./kg., though the reduction was proportional to dose at higher levels. All birds dying of acute ochratoxicosis revealed a progression of symptoms from listlessness, huddling, occassionally diarrhoea, ataxia, prostration and death. Viscereal gout was observed at necropsy of the Leghorns.", "contents": "Acute oral ochratoxicosis in day-old White Leghorns, turkeys and Japanese Quail. The comparative acute, oral toxicity of ochratoxin A for three day-old avian species is presented. The seven-day LD50 value for White Leghorns was calculated to be 3.4 +/-0.19 mgm./kg., for turkeys to be 5.9 +/- 0.72 mgm./kg., and for Japanese quail to be 16.5 +/- 0.56 mgm./kg., body weight. The dose-response curves are linear and parallel through one standard deviation on either side of the LD50 when log-dose is plotted against probit for survivors. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of ochratoxin A is similar in the three species, though the potency differs. The reduction in weight gain of Leghorn survivors was proportional to dose, and was observed in two separate traials over an overall dosage range from 0.2 mgm./kg. to 5 mgm./kg. The turkeys showed only a slight reduction in weight gain at doses less than 4mgm./kg., a more marked reduction being observed at higher dose levels. The quail did not show reduction of weight gain at dose levels below 10.9 mgm./kg., though the reduction was proportional to dose at higher levels. All birds dying of acute ochratoxicosis revealed a progression of symptoms from listlessness, huddling, occassionally diarrhoea, ataxia, prostration and death. Viscereal gout was observed at necropsy of the Leghorns."}
{"id": "PMID:935033", "title": "Hematocrit, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin values for male and female guineas at various ages.", "content": "Hematocrits, erythrocyte counts, and hemoglobin values were determined for male and female guineas 2, 3, 8, 12, and 24 months of age. Values for males were greater than for females for all parameters. Value for two and three month old birds were lower than the other three age groups.", "contents": "Hematocrit, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin values for male and female guineas at various ages. Hematocrits, erythrocyte counts, and hemoglobin values were determined for male and female guineas 2, 3, 8, 12, and 24 months of age. Values for males were greater than for females for all parameters. Value for two and three month old birds were lower than the other three age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:935034", "title": "Effect of calcium propionate on performance of laying hens.", "content": "Laying hens kept in individual cages were fed a practical diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.2., 0.4, or 0.8% calcium propionate for a six-week period. Rate of egg production, average egg weight, feed consumption, and body weight change during the experiment were not significantly affected by and dietary treatments. Liver weight, moisture content and fat content were also no significantly affected by dietary treatments. The results show that the performance of normal hens is not changed by calcium propionate supplementation.", "contents": "Effect of calcium propionate on performance of laying hens. Laying hens kept in individual cages were fed a practical diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.2., 0.4, or 0.8% calcium propionate for a six-week period. Rate of egg production, average egg weight, feed consumption, and body weight change during the experiment were not significantly affected by and dietary treatments. Liver weight, moisture content and fat content were also no significantly affected by dietary treatments. The results show that the performance of normal hens is not changed by calcium propionate supplementation."}
{"id": "PMID:935035", "title": "Incomplete dominance of the gene for naked neck in domestic fowl.", "content": "The autosomal gene for naked neck in domestic fowl has been shown to be incompletely dominant. Heterozygotes characteristically have an isolated tuft of feathers on the ventral side of the neck above the crop. Homozygotes lack this tuft completely, or it may be reduced to a very few pinfeathers or small feathers.", "contents": "Incomplete dominance of the gene for naked neck in domestic fowl. The autosomal gene for naked neck in domestic fowl has been shown to be incompletely dominant. Heterozygotes characteristically have an isolated tuft of feathers on the ventral side of the neck above the crop. Homozygotes lack this tuft completely, or it may be reduced to a very few pinfeathers or small feathers."}
{"id": "PMID:935036", "title": "Reproductive response of geese to a cool environment.", "content": "Geese kept at 4.5 degrees C. trended toward greater fertility than geese housed but subjected to natural temperature variations. This trend became highly significant after April 3.", "contents": "Reproductive response of geese to a cool environment. Geese kept at 4.5 degrees C. trended toward greater fertility than geese housed but subjected to natural temperature variations. This trend became highly significant after April 3."}
{"id": "PMID:935037", "title": "Cecal mucosal response to coccidiosis in growing chickens.", "content": "The cecal mucosal changes of a subclinical coccidial (E. tenella) in chickens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Oral inoculation was used and the mucosal surface of the ceca was studied. A control group from the same hatch of chickens was sampled simultaneously. The ceca from the infected birds was markedly smaller and contained some hemorrhagic areas. The control birds maintained a relatively smooth continuous epithelium throughout the study. During the infection, early fenestration was seen in the epithelium followed by its disruption. The crypts were easily seen as the disease progressed and in some cases the epithelium became denuded. The infective organism may inhibit replacement of degenerating epithelium.", "contents": "Cecal mucosal response to coccidiosis in growing chickens. The cecal mucosal changes of a subclinical coccidial (E. tenella) in chickens was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Oral inoculation was used and the mucosal surface of the ceca was studied. A control group from the same hatch of chickens was sampled simultaneously. The ceca from the infected birds was markedly smaller and contained some hemorrhagic areas. The control birds maintained a relatively smooth continuous epithelium throughout the study. During the infection, early fenestration was seen in the epithelium followed by its disruption. The crypts were easily seen as the disease progressed and in some cases the epithelium became denuded. The infective organism may inhibit replacement of degenerating epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:935038", "title": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 3. Ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region.", "content": "The ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) of the drake was investigated. When Evans blue solution was injected into the wing wein, EGR-fluid was colored blue with the dye soon after injection. Ligation of the A. pudenda interna decreased the oozing volume of the fluid to a negligible amount and excision of the vascular body completely suppressed the erection of the penis. To investigate the ejecting course of EGR-fluid, Evans blue solution and India ink were injected into the A. pudenda interna and just beneath the epithelium of the ejaculatory groove region, respectively, using cloacal specimens. Injected Evans blue solution flowed out from the ejaculatory groove region and the particles of ink were observed to have lined between the epithelial cells. From these results, the following assumption might be made. Lymph generated in the vascular body causes the erection of the penis only and a lymph generated the tissue of ejaculatory groove, region to which blood is supplied from the A. pudenda interna is ejected from the epithelium of this region through the intercellular space of it. The ejected lymph is considered to be the EGR-fluid to be added to semen at copulation.", "contents": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 3. Ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region. The ejecting mechanism of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) of the drake was investigated. When Evans blue solution was injected into the wing wein, EGR-fluid was colored blue with the dye soon after injection. Ligation of the A. pudenda interna decreased the oozing volume of the fluid to a negligible amount and excision of the vascular body completely suppressed the erection of the penis. To investigate the ejecting course of EGR-fluid, Evans blue solution and India ink were injected into the A. pudenda interna and just beneath the epithelium of the ejaculatory groove region, respectively, using cloacal specimens. Injected Evans blue solution flowed out from the ejaculatory groove region and the particles of ink were observed to have lined between the epithelial cells. From these results, the following assumption might be made. Lymph generated in the vascular body causes the erection of the penis only and a lymph generated the tissue of ejaculatory groove, region to which blood is supplied from the A. pudenda interna is ejected from the epithelium of this region through the intercellular space of it. The ejected lymph is considered to be the EGR-fluid to be added to semen at copulation."}
{"id": "PMID:935039", "title": "Effect of serotonin on ovulation in the fowl.", "content": "Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) injected 8 hours before the expected time of ovulation effectively blocked ovulation (90%). When serotonin was administered for 10 days, the ovarian weight number follicles, adrenal weights, and ovulation rate were significantly changed (p less than or equal to .05). Serotonin or reserpine treatment induced premature oviposition if the egg was in the genital tract. It was suggested from this study that there is stimulation for ovulation at 8 hour before ovulation which can be inhibited by serotonin.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin on ovulation in the fowl. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) injected 8 hours before the expected time of ovulation effectively blocked ovulation (90%). When serotonin was administered for 10 days, the ovarian weight number follicles, adrenal weights, and ovulation rate were significantly changed (p less than or equal to .05). Serotonin or reserpine treatment induced premature oviposition if the egg was in the genital tract. It was suggested from this study that there is stimulation for ovulation at 8 hour before ovulation which can be inhibited by serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:935040", "title": "Growth of the chick embryo in vitro.", "content": "An improved technique is described for in vitro culture of the chick embryo from three days through 21 days of total incubation (three days in shell plus 18 days in culture). Mean survival time for cultured embryos is 18 days of total incubation, and mean morphological stage is Hamburger-Hamilton stage 41 (15 days). Mean measurements of wet weight, dry weight, and right third toe length for stage 45 (partial or complete abdominal yolk sac retraction, 19-20 days) cultured embryos are comparable with corresponding means for stage 42-43 (16-17 days) embryos from control intact eggs. Possible causes of growth retardation in vitro are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Growth of the chick embryo in vitro. An improved technique is described for in vitro culture of the chick embryo from three days through 21 days of total incubation (three days in shell plus 18 days in culture). Mean survival time for cultured embryos is 18 days of total incubation, and mean morphological stage is Hamburger-Hamilton stage 41 (15 days). Mean measurements of wet weight, dry weight, and right third toe length for stage 45 (partial or complete abdominal yolk sac retraction, 19-20 days) cultured embryos are comparable with corresponding means for stage 42-43 (16-17 days) embryos from control intact eggs. Possible causes of growth retardation in vitro are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935041", "title": "Effect of four lighting regimes on broiler performance, leg abnormalities and plasma corticoid levels.", "content": "The effect of four lighting regimes: (1) continuous light (5 to 10 lux); (2) an intermittent system of 1 hr. of light (5 to 10 lux) and 3 hr. of darkness; (3) an intermittent system of 1 hr. of light (5 to 10 lux) and 3 hr. of darkness interrupted by 13 hr. of regular light (5 to 10 lux); (4) as with (3) but with low intensity light (less than 1 lux) during the 13 hr. period while the intermittent system continued, was studied in 2400 broilers of two commercial crosses over two trials. Lighting regime had a significant effect of body weight in trial 2 with birds on treatments 3 and 4 being lighter than those on treatments 1 and 2 which did not differ. Lighting regime had no significant effect on feed to gain ratio, percent crooked toes or mortality to 8 weeks. Birds grown on continuous light had significantly more leg abnormalities than those grown on any of the intermittent regimes. In trial 1 birds grown on continuous light had significantly higher plasma corticoid levels than those grown on any of the intermittent regimes. The same trend existed in trial 2, except that birds on treatment 3 had the highest plasma corticoid level.", "contents": "Effect of four lighting regimes on broiler performance, leg abnormalities and plasma corticoid levels. The effect of four lighting regimes: (1) continuous light (5 to 10 lux); (2) an intermittent system of 1 hr. of light (5 to 10 lux) and 3 hr. of darkness; (3) an intermittent system of 1 hr. of light (5 to 10 lux) and 3 hr. of darkness interrupted by 13 hr. of regular light (5 to 10 lux); (4) as with (3) but with low intensity light (less than 1 lux) during the 13 hr. period while the intermittent system continued, was studied in 2400 broilers of two commercial crosses over two trials. Lighting regime had a significant effect of body weight in trial 2 with birds on treatments 3 and 4 being lighter than those on treatments 1 and 2 which did not differ. Lighting regime had no significant effect on feed to gain ratio, percent crooked toes or mortality to 8 weeks. Birds grown on continuous light had significantly more leg abnormalities than those grown on any of the intermittent regimes. In trial 1 birds grown on continuous light had significantly higher plasma corticoid levels than those grown on any of the intermittent regimes. The same trend existed in trial 2, except that birds on treatment 3 had the highest plasma corticoid level."}
{"id": "PMID:935042", "title": "Effect of diethylstilbestrol, ascorbic acid and vitamin E on serum lipid patterns.", "content": "The effects of relatively high concentration of vitamin C, vitamin E and diethylstilbestrol, and various combinations of cholestyramine and diethylstilbestrol on the lipid compositions of chicken serum were studied were studied. After DES injection (at concentrations as low as 1 mg/day for 7 days), levels of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol were much higher, the effect being much more pronounced in the hens. Cholestyramine caused a fourfold decrease in cholesterol in females, a 25% reduction males. DES consistently caused a redistribution of the esterfied fatty acids, increasing the percentage of oleic and reducing percentages of stearic and lionelic acids. Preparative TLC analysis of all constituents showed other variations in fatty acid composition, but there was no other common pattern of change. Vitamin E in the diet caused a significant rise in triglycerides and phospholipids in DES treated birds. When vitamins E and C were fed, triglyceride and phospholipid values decreased. Cholesterol concentration did not vary significantly. With birds receiving both vitamins, diethylstilbestrol seemes to have less effect in causing the shift to increase percentage of oleic acids in the total esterified fatty acids.", "contents": "Effect of diethylstilbestrol, ascorbic acid and vitamin E on serum lipid patterns. The effects of relatively high concentration of vitamin C, vitamin E and diethylstilbestrol, and various combinations of cholestyramine and diethylstilbestrol on the lipid compositions of chicken serum were studied were studied. After DES injection (at concentrations as low as 1 mg/day for 7 days), levels of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol were much higher, the effect being much more pronounced in the hens. Cholestyramine caused a fourfold decrease in cholesterol in females, a 25% reduction males. DES consistently caused a redistribution of the esterfied fatty acids, increasing the percentage of oleic and reducing percentages of stearic and lionelic acids. Preparative TLC analysis of all constituents showed other variations in fatty acid composition, but there was no other common pattern of change. Vitamin E in the diet caused a significant rise in triglycerides and phospholipids in DES treated birds. When vitamins E and C were fed, triglyceride and phospholipid values decreased. Cholesterol concentration did not vary significantly. With birds receiving both vitamins, diethylstilbestrol seemes to have less effect in causing the shift to increase percentage of oleic acids in the total esterified fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:935043", "title": "Use of tylosin to prevent early mortality in bobwhite quail.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of treating day-old quail by drenching either with a soluble tylosin, tartrate solution or plain water, or medicating for five days with tylosin in the drinking water. Diagnosis of dead birds indicated ulcerative enteritis infection. Quail drenched with plain water or tylosine had less (P less than .01) mortality than those given tylosin in the drinking water or the untreated control birds. There was no difference between quail drenched with plain water or tylosin. Birds given tylosin in the drinking water resisted mortality significantly better (P less than .01) than the control birds.", "contents": "Use of tylosin to prevent early mortality in bobwhite quail. Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of treating day-old quail by drenching either with a soluble tylosin, tartrate solution or plain water, or medicating for five days with tylosin in the drinking water. Diagnosis of dead birds indicated ulcerative enteritis infection. Quail drenched with plain water or tylosine had less (P less than .01) mortality than those given tylosin in the drinking water or the untreated control birds. There was no difference between quail drenched with plain water or tylosin. Birds given tylosin in the drinking water resisted mortality significantly better (P less than .01) than the control birds."}
{"id": "PMID:935044", "title": "Effect of toxaphene on the performance of White Leghorn layers and their progeny.", "content": "An experiment involving 48 white leghorn layers fed 0, 10 and 100 p.p.m. of toxaphene has been conducted. Except for a slight decrease in egg production, no adverse effects on various performance parameters including fertility, hatchability and survival of progeny were observed. A significant increase (P less than .05) in average 7-day weights of progeny was noted.", "contents": "Effect of toxaphene on the performance of White Leghorn layers and their progeny. An experiment involving 48 white leghorn layers fed 0, 10 and 100 p.p.m. of toxaphene has been conducted. Except for a slight decrease in egg production, no adverse effects on various performance parameters including fertility, hatchability and survival of progeny were observed. A significant increase (P less than .05) in average 7-day weights of progeny was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:935045", "title": "Water consumption and urine volume in polydipsic and normal White Leghorn chickens.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to study the route of passage of water by chickens exhibiting hereditary diabetes insipidus (di). Results showed that the excessive quantities of water consumed by the di chickens passes through the kidneys. Water reabsorption failure in the di chickens appears to occur in the kidneys.", "contents": "Water consumption and urine volume in polydipsic and normal White Leghorn chickens. Experiments were conducted to study the route of passage of water by chickens exhibiting hereditary diabetes insipidus (di). Results showed that the excessive quantities of water consumed by the di chickens passes through the kidneys. Water reabsorption failure in the di chickens appears to occur in the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:935046", "title": "Laying patterns of geese in the mid west.", "content": "In the nine years from 1966 through 1974 two large flocks of geese, one Emden and the other Toulouse, averaging respectively 1959 and 734 females began laying between January 9 and February 28 with the Toulouse lagging an average of 16 days. It took a mean of 17 days to advance from the 5% to the 33-1/3% level of laying. An average rate of 29.5% was thereafter maintained for 80 days, after which it dropped to 16% in ten more days.", "contents": "Laying patterns of geese in the mid west. In the nine years from 1966 through 1974 two large flocks of geese, one Emden and the other Toulouse, averaging respectively 1959 and 734 females began laying between January 9 and February 28 with the Toulouse lagging an average of 16 days. It took a mean of 17 days to advance from the 5% to the 33-1/3% level of laying. An average rate of 29.5% was thereafter maintained for 80 days, after which it dropped to 16% in ten more days."}
{"id": "PMID:935047", "title": "Strychnine convulsions in cockerels.", "content": "An intravenous injection of 0.85 mg/kg strychnine nitrate produced typical convulsions in all cockerels, aged 4 to 12 weeks, as well as adult hens. Convulsions consisted of an initial excitement, tonic stage associated with opisthotonos, transient clonic movement, and finally vigorous tonic convulsions. Strychnine spikes in the Wulst EEG were not induced by the same intravenous does of strychnine in both cockerels and adult hens.", "contents": "Strychnine convulsions in cockerels. An intravenous injection of 0.85 mg/kg strychnine nitrate produced typical convulsions in all cockerels, aged 4 to 12 weeks, as well as adult hens. Convulsions consisted of an initial excitement, tonic stage associated with opisthotonos, transient clonic movement, and finally vigorous tonic convulsions. Strychnine spikes in the Wulst EEG were not induced by the same intravenous does of strychnine in both cockerels and adult hens."}
{"id": "PMID:935048", "title": "Effects of method of mating on fertility in broiler breeder hens.", "content": "Sexually mature commercial broiler breeder pullets were housed singly in laying cages or in floor pens and mated by means of artificial insemination alone, natural mating and natural mating supplemented by artificial insemination. The best fertility, was obtained by the combination method where natural mating was supplemented with artificial inseminations of 0.05 or 0.025 ml of undiluted pooled semen twice a week. Other reproductive traits including percent hatch of fertile eggs and chicks per hen were not affected by method of mating.", "contents": "Effects of method of mating on fertility in broiler breeder hens. Sexually mature commercial broiler breeder pullets were housed singly in laying cages or in floor pens and mated by means of artificial insemination alone, natural mating and natural mating supplemented by artificial insemination. The best fertility, was obtained by the combination method where natural mating was supplemented with artificial inseminations of 0.05 or 0.025 ml of undiluted pooled semen twice a week. Other reproductive traits including percent hatch of fertile eggs and chicks per hen were not affected by method of mating."}
{"id": "PMID:935049", "title": "Fertility and embryonic livability as influenced by depth of insemination of turkey hens.", "content": "In two separate artificial insemination trials with individually caged breeder turkeys, semen release in the oviduct at depths of 3.0 and 7.5 cm from the exterior surface of the relaxed vent were compared. In the first trial, 7.5 cm. insemination at two-week intervals produced significantly higher (82.3 vs 78.5%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality (16.8 vs 20.2%) than the 3.0 cm. depth. In the second trial, insemination at three-week intervals, 7.5 cm. depth also produced significantly higher (79.2 vs 73.9%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality 11.2 vs 15.6%). The net gain in reproduction efficiency due to the combined effects was 6% in Trial 1 and 8% in Trial 2.", "contents": "Fertility and embryonic livability as influenced by depth of insemination of turkey hens. In two separate artificial insemination trials with individually caged breeder turkeys, semen release in the oviduct at depths of 3.0 and 7.5 cm from the exterior surface of the relaxed vent were compared. In the first trial, 7.5 cm. insemination at two-week intervals produced significantly higher (82.3 vs 78.5%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality (16.8 vs 20.2%) than the 3.0 cm. depth. In the second trial, insemination at three-week intervals, 7.5 cm. depth also produced significantly higher (79.2 vs 73.9%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality 11.2 vs 15.6%). The net gain in reproduction efficiency due to the combined effects was 6% in Trial 1 and 8% in Trial 2."}
{"id": "PMID:935050", "title": "A note on the lack of difference in fertility between old and young hens when inseminated with frozen semen.", "content": "Semen was frozen (in glycerol) from 24 males (9 months of age) of a commercial broiler line and was inseminated intravaginally into old (19 months of age) and young (7 months of age) commercial Leghorn females. Duration of fertility, percent fertility during duration and percent hens fertile were measured. The means for old and young hens respectively, were: duration of fertility (1.4 +/- 0.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.5 days), percent fertility (19.1 +/- 5.1 and 15.9 +/- 5.1) and percent hens fertile (29.2 +/- 7.7 and 25.3 +/- 7.2). The \"t\" test revealed no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences between old and young females in fertility.", "contents": "A note on the lack of difference in fertility between old and young hens when inseminated with frozen semen. Semen was frozen (in glycerol) from 24 males (9 months of age) of a commercial broiler line and was inseminated intravaginally into old (19 months of age) and young (7 months of age) commercial Leghorn females. Duration of fertility, percent fertility during duration and percent hens fertile were measured. The means for old and young hens respectively, were: duration of fertility (1.4 +/- 0.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.5 days), percent fertility (19.1 +/- 5.1 and 15.9 +/- 5.1) and percent hens fertile (29.2 +/- 7.7 and 25.3 +/- 7.2). The \"t\" test revealed no significant (P greater than 0.05) differences between old and young females in fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:935051", "title": "The effect of accidental pre-lighting of turkey hens on subsequent reproduction.", "content": "The length of the light day was accidentally increased from nine hours to continuous light on one group of thirty-week old hens for an unknown period of not more than eleven days. Egg production, after attaining a level of twenty-five percent, ceased five weeks later as the result of restricting the length of the light day to four hours and two series of feed and water deprivations. One month later hens from the pre-lighted and control groups were brought into egg production. Pre-lighting depressed later egg production more in medium-bodied hens than in large-bodied hens. The major effect of pre-lighting was to reduce the length of a laying period included 9 weeks later with no significant effects on intensity of lay, number of broody periods or average length of the broody period. It was concluded that the egg production would not be greatly reduced by pre-lighting under the above conditions if the length of the laying period were shortened from 180 days to a normal 140-day period.", "contents": "The effect of accidental pre-lighting of turkey hens on subsequent reproduction. The length of the light day was accidentally increased from nine hours to continuous light on one group of thirty-week old hens for an unknown period of not more than eleven days. Egg production, after attaining a level of twenty-five percent, ceased five weeks later as the result of restricting the length of the light day to four hours and two series of feed and water deprivations. One month later hens from the pre-lighted and control groups were brought into egg production. Pre-lighting depressed later egg production more in medium-bodied hens than in large-bodied hens. The major effect of pre-lighting was to reduce the length of a laying period included 9 weeks later with no significant effects on intensity of lay, number of broody periods or average length of the broody period. It was concluded that the egg production would not be greatly reduced by pre-lighting under the above conditions if the length of the laying period were shortened from 180 days to a normal 140-day period."}
{"id": "PMID:935052", "title": "The influence of short term exposure to two different environmental temperatures on electrolyte concentrations of fowl semen.", "content": "The concentration of some of the electrolytes found in fowl semen changed when birds were transferred from a temperature environment of 19 degrees C to either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. The pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 30 degrees C. environment significantly decreased as opposed to a significant increase in the pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium and potassium concentrations significantly increased in whole semen in both transfer groups, while magnesium increased significantly only in whole semen from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium increased in seminal plasma when the males transferred from 19 degrees C. environment to the 8 degrees C. environment. The data indicate that an abrupt change to either a warmer or colder environment causes a change in electrolyte concentration of cock semen.", "contents": "The influence of short term exposure to two different environmental temperatures on electrolyte concentrations of fowl semen. The concentration of some of the electrolytes found in fowl semen changed when birds were transferred from a temperature environment of 19 degrees C to either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. The pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 30 degrees C. environment significantly decreased as opposed to a significant increase in the pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium and potassium concentrations significantly increased in whole semen in both transfer groups, while magnesium increased significantly only in whole semen from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium increased in seminal plasma when the males transferred from 19 degrees C. environment to the 8 degrees C. environment. The data indicate that an abrupt change to either a warmer or colder environment causes a change in electrolyte concentration of cock semen."}
{"id": "PMID:935053", "title": "Rapeseed meal glucosinolates: metabolism and effect on performance in laying hens.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with Hyline Leghorn hens to study the metabolism and detrimental effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) glucosinolates. Raw Target RSM was force fed to 12 hens which were killed after varying time intervals (15 min., 30 min., 60 min.) and the contents of areas of the digestive tract (crop; proventriculus and gizzard; duodenum and ileum) were analyzed for the presence of hydrolysis products of progoitrin. Nitrile compounds were found to be present in all areas of the digestive tract in much larger relative amounts than was oxazolidinethione. When commercially prepared RSMs of varying glucosinolate content were fed to laying hens at a 50% level of dietary inclusion, high glucosinolate-content RSM depressed egg production (P less than 0.05) more than low glucosinolate-content RSM but did not cause a greater frequency of liver hemorrhage. Histological examination of liver tissues from hens suffering liver hemorrhage revealed a severe reticulolysis.", "contents": "Rapeseed meal glucosinolates: metabolism and effect on performance in laying hens. Two experiments were conducted with Hyline Leghorn hens to study the metabolism and detrimental effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) glucosinolates. Raw Target RSM was force fed to 12 hens which were killed after varying time intervals (15 min., 30 min., 60 min.) and the contents of areas of the digestive tract (crop; proventriculus and gizzard; duodenum and ileum) were analyzed for the presence of hydrolysis products of progoitrin. Nitrile compounds were found to be present in all areas of the digestive tract in much larger relative amounts than was oxazolidinethione. When commercially prepared RSMs of varying glucosinolate content were fed to laying hens at a 50% level of dietary inclusion, high glucosinolate-content RSM depressed egg production (P less than 0.05) more than low glucosinolate-content RSM but did not cause a greater frequency of liver hemorrhage. Histological examination of liver tissues from hens suffering liver hemorrhage revealed a severe reticulolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:935054", "title": "Electrocardiographic and respiratory responses to viscerotropic and neurotropic strains of Newcastle disease virus measured by radio telemetry.", "content": "Two groups each of White Rock chickens from 6 to 23 weeks old were monitored by radio telemetry to determine their electrocardiogram and respiration response after they were infected with either a velogenic viscerotropic isolate of Newcastle disease virus (VVND) or the neurotropic GB strain of Newcastle disease virus (NGB). Significant changes were found in the heart rate, R wave amplitude, ST segment elevation, T wave amplitude, RS complex interval, ST segment duration T wave interval, TP segment duration, PR segment duration and TP interval of the birds infected with VVND, but no significant ECG changes were found in the birds infected with NGB. There were no significant changes in respiration rate in any birds.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and respiratory responses to viscerotropic and neurotropic strains of Newcastle disease virus measured by radio telemetry. Two groups each of White Rock chickens from 6 to 23 weeks old were monitored by radio telemetry to determine their electrocardiogram and respiration response after they were infected with either a velogenic viscerotropic isolate of Newcastle disease virus (VVND) or the neurotropic GB strain of Newcastle disease virus (NGB). Significant changes were found in the heart rate, R wave amplitude, ST segment elevation, T wave amplitude, RS complex interval, ST segment duration T wave interval, TP segment duration, PR segment duration and TP interval of the birds infected with VVND, but no significant ECG changes were found in the birds infected with NGB. There were no significant changes in respiration rate in any birds."}
{"id": "PMID:935055", "title": "Effects of magnesium and high dietary intakes of pyridoxine on the chick.", "content": "Day-old broiler-type male chicks were used to determine what effects magnesium and high dietary pyridoxine had on the chick's performance. The chicks were randomly assigned to 15 treatments of magnesium at 875, 1375 and 1875 mg/kg. diet and pyridoxine at 1, 4, 31, 301, and 3001 mg/kg. diet in a 3 x 5 factorial block design. A regression was used to study some of the criteria. The highest mortality of 20% occurred in chicks on the 1875 mg. magnesium-3001 mg. pyridoxine treatment. Magnesium and pyridoxine had highly significant effects on body moisture. Effects due to magnesium and pyridoxine and the interaction between the two were highly significant for weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization (E.F.U.) At 1875 mg. magnesium/kg diet, maximum growth response and E.F.U. were predicted to occur on 10 and 39 mg pyridoxine/kg diet, respectively, Neither magnesium nor the interaction between magnesium and pyridoxine had any significant effect on carcass protein. Pyridoxine had a highly significant effect on carcass protein. Maximum response in carcass protein occurred at 31 mg. pyridoxine/kg diet irrespective of magnesium level. Serum aminotransferase activity (S.A) was significant for magnesium, pyridoxine and the interaction between the two. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum S.A. was 49 mg/kg diet at 1875 mg magnesium/kg diet. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum response was highest for S.A. and least for growth. But S.A. had the highest R2 whereas growth had the least.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium and high dietary intakes of pyridoxine on the chick. Day-old broiler-type male chicks were used to determine what effects magnesium and high dietary pyridoxine had on the chick's performance. The chicks were randomly assigned to 15 treatments of magnesium at 875, 1375 and 1875 mg/kg. diet and pyridoxine at 1, 4, 31, 301, and 3001 mg/kg. diet in a 3 x 5 factorial block design. A regression was used to study some of the criteria. The highest mortality of 20% occurred in chicks on the 1875 mg. magnesium-3001 mg. pyridoxine treatment. Magnesium and pyridoxine had highly significant effects on body moisture. Effects due to magnesium and pyridoxine and the interaction between the two were highly significant for weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization (E.F.U.) At 1875 mg. magnesium/kg diet, maximum growth response and E.F.U. were predicted to occur on 10 and 39 mg pyridoxine/kg diet, respectively, Neither magnesium nor the interaction between magnesium and pyridoxine had any significant effect on carcass protein. Pyridoxine had a highly significant effect on carcass protein. Maximum response in carcass protein occurred at 31 mg. pyridoxine/kg diet irrespective of magnesium level. Serum aminotransferase activity (S.A) was significant for magnesium, pyridoxine and the interaction between the two. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum S.A. was 49 mg/kg diet at 1875 mg magnesium/kg diet. Pyridoxine requirement for maximum response was highest for S.A. and least for growth. But S.A. had the highest R2 whereas growth had the least."}
{"id": "PMID:935056", "title": "Influence of high temperature stress of 16-day embryos on subsequent hatchability.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress on late-stage chicken embryos. Embryos were incubated at a normal control temperature (37.5 degrees C.) for 16 days and were then subjected to 40.6, 43.3, 46.1 or 48.9 degrees C. for various periods of time in another incubator of the same type. At the end of the stress period all embryos were placed back into the control incubator for the remainder of the incubation period. Exposure of embryos for 24 hours to a temperature of 40.6 degrees C, caused no major detrimental effects on hatchability. Exposure for 6 hours to the temperature of 43.3 degrees C, caused a decrease in hatchability with a severe decline in hatchability occurring after 9 hours of exposure. Exposure to 46.1 degrees C. for 3 hours or 48.9 degrees C for 1 hour killed all embryos. Chicks which hatched following a severe heat stress had a high incidence of clubbed, wiry down and exhibited an unsteady gait.", "contents": "Influence of high temperature stress of 16-day embryos on subsequent hatchability. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress on late-stage chicken embryos. Embryos were incubated at a normal control temperature (37.5 degrees C.) for 16 days and were then subjected to 40.6, 43.3, 46.1 or 48.9 degrees C. for various periods of time in another incubator of the same type. At the end of the stress period all embryos were placed back into the control incubator for the remainder of the incubation period. Exposure of embryos for 24 hours to a temperature of 40.6 degrees C, caused no major detrimental effects on hatchability. Exposure for 6 hours to the temperature of 43.3 degrees C, caused a decrease in hatchability with a severe decline in hatchability occurring after 9 hours of exposure. Exposure to 46.1 degrees C. for 3 hours or 48.9 degrees C for 1 hour killed all embryos. Chicks which hatched following a severe heat stress had a high incidence of clubbed, wiry down and exhibited an unsteady gait."}
{"id": "PMID:935057", "title": "Reproductive tissue activity in hypothyroid or heat stressed hens.", "content": "The ability of the reproductive tract of the White Leghorn hen under heat stress or methimazole thyroid blockage to assimilate 32P was examined. Both treatments increase the uptake of 32P by the shell gland and egg shell but only heal stress increases 32P uptake by the ovaries and reduces shell thickness. The greater shell thinness under the heat stress is related to an increased deposition of phosphate in the shell. Gilbert (1967) has reported an increased serum calcium, due to calcification inhibitions by phosphate, leading to an increased gonadotropin secretion. Thyroid blockage appears to stimulate TSH and gonadotropin LH secretion but in the absence of phosphate inhibition of calcification shell thickness is not affected. It is also speculated that hypothyroidism does not stimulate FSH secretion and therefore ovarian tissues is not activated by this condition.", "contents": "Reproductive tissue activity in hypothyroid or heat stressed hens. The ability of the reproductive tract of the White Leghorn hen under heat stress or methimazole thyroid blockage to assimilate 32P was examined. Both treatments increase the uptake of 32P by the shell gland and egg shell but only heal stress increases 32P uptake by the ovaries and reduces shell thickness. The greater shell thinness under the heat stress is related to an increased deposition of phosphate in the shell. Gilbert (1967) has reported an increased serum calcium, due to calcification inhibitions by phosphate, leading to an increased gonadotropin secretion. Thyroid blockage appears to stimulate TSH and gonadotropin LH secretion but in the absence of phosphate inhibition of calcification shell thickness is not affected. It is also speculated that hypothyroidism does not stimulate FSH secretion and therefore ovarian tissues is not activated by this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:935058", "title": "The effect of pharmacological levels of dietary vanadium on the egg production, shell thickness and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens and coturnix.", "content": "The addition of 100 p.p.m. of vanadium to a ration for White Leghorn laying hens caused a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the egg shell thickness, but did not cause any significant change in the production, egg weight or egg ypok cholesterol content. The addition of 300 p.p.m. of vanadium caused a severe depression in the egg production which was the only symptom of vanadium toxicity to be observed. The addition of 50, 100, 200 or 300 p.p.m. vanadium to the ration of laying coturnix did not cause any significant change in egg production, egg weight, or egg yolk cholesterol content. The addition of the same levels of vanadium to one-day old male coturnix chicks did not cause any significant growth depression or mortality. We suggest that coturnix may be more resistant to vanadium toxicity than chickens.", "contents": "The effect of pharmacological levels of dietary vanadium on the egg production, shell thickness and egg yolk cholesterol in laying hens and coturnix. The addition of 100 p.p.m. of vanadium to a ration for White Leghorn laying hens caused a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the egg shell thickness, but did not cause any significant change in the production, egg weight or egg ypok cholesterol content. The addition of 300 p.p.m. of vanadium caused a severe depression in the egg production which was the only symptom of vanadium toxicity to be observed. The addition of 50, 100, 200 or 300 p.p.m. vanadium to the ration of laying coturnix did not cause any significant change in egg production, egg weight, or egg yolk cholesterol content. The addition of the same levels of vanadium to one-day old male coturnix chicks did not cause any significant growth depression or mortality. We suggest that coturnix may be more resistant to vanadium toxicity than chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:935059", "title": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 2. Macroscopic and microscopic observatorys on the cloaca of the drake with special reference to the ejaculatory groove region.", "content": "The anatomical structure of the ejaculatory groove region (EGR) of the drake was investigated macro- and microscopically in connection with its function. The EGR covers a part of the urodeum and the second fold of the cloaca. The EGR is unique to the males and is characterized by red colored appearance and less smooth surface of the mucosa. The mucosa of EGR forms folds giving less smooth surface to it and is lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium. A vascular layer which contains many capillaries and lymphocytes and gives red color to the mucosa lies just beneath the epithelium. The EGR develops at puberty together with the developments of the testis and the penis. Blood supply and the arrangement of the lymphatic sinuses of EGR were described and their functions were discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. 2. Macroscopic and microscopic observatorys on the cloaca of the drake with special reference to the ejaculatory groove region. The anatomical structure of the ejaculatory groove region (EGR) of the drake was investigated macro- and microscopically in connection with its function. The EGR covers a part of the urodeum and the second fold of the cloaca. The EGR is unique to the males and is characterized by red colored appearance and less smooth surface of the mucosa. The mucosa of EGR forms folds giving less smooth surface to it and is lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium. A vascular layer which contains many capillaries and lymphocytes and gives red color to the mucosa lies just beneath the epithelium. The EGR develops at puberty together with the developments of the testis and the penis. Blood supply and the arrangement of the lymphatic sinuses of EGR were described and their functions were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935060", "title": "The effect of pantothenic acid on the diet of growing chicks on energy utilization and body composition.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying levels of pantothenic acid on the efficiency of energy utilization and changes in body composition of the growing chick. The results indicate that a pantothenic acid deficiency does not interfere with the chick's ability to obtain metabolizable energy from the diet. The data do show that the efficiency of energy utilization and body composition were markedly affected when chicks were fed diets deficient in pantothenic acid. In both experiments, protein, fat and energy stores were significantly reduced when pantothenic acid-deficient diets were fed. Increased estimates of heat increment per gram of diet were observed when levels of pantothenic acid below the N.R.C. (1971) recommended level of 10 mg. per kg of diet were fed.", "contents": "The effect of pantothenic acid on the diet of growing chicks on energy utilization and body composition. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying levels of pantothenic acid on the efficiency of energy utilization and changes in body composition of the growing chick. The results indicate that a pantothenic acid deficiency does not interfere with the chick's ability to obtain metabolizable energy from the diet. The data do show that the efficiency of energy utilization and body composition were markedly affected when chicks were fed diets deficient in pantothenic acid. In both experiments, protein, fat and energy stores were significantly reduced when pantothenic acid-deficient diets were fed. Increased estimates of heat increment per gram of diet were observed when levels of pantothenic acid below the N.R.C. (1971) recommended level of 10 mg. per kg of diet were fed."}
{"id": "PMID:935061", "title": "Dissemination of Salmonella serotypes from raw feed ingredients to chicken carcases.", "content": "During a Salmonella survey in a large integrated poultry organization it was observed that a significant correlation existed between Salmonella serotypes isolated from the raw feed ingredients and those from finished carcases. A number of serotypes hitherto unrecognized in the organization were detected in the raw feed ingredients, and were later recognized in live birds and carcases from the processing plant. It appears that a significant reduction in carcase contamination rate could be achieved by minimizing Salmonella in the meal and grain constituents of poultry feed.", "contents": "Dissemination of Salmonella serotypes from raw feed ingredients to chicken carcases. During a Salmonella survey in a large integrated poultry organization it was observed that a significant correlation existed between Salmonella serotypes isolated from the raw feed ingredients and those from finished carcases. A number of serotypes hitherto unrecognized in the organization were detected in the raw feed ingredients, and were later recognized in live birds and carcases from the processing plant. It appears that a significant reduction in carcase contamination rate could be achieved by minimizing Salmonella in the meal and grain constituents of poultry feed."}
{"id": "PMID:935062", "title": "Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine in the chick.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of selenium (Se) from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine for promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. The chicks used were hatched from eggs low in Se. They were fed a basal diet made up mostly of corn (low in Se) and torula yeast or the basal diet supplemented with various levels of Se from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine. At 10 mug. of added Se per kg of diet, sodium selenite and selenocystine were about equal in promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. Selenomethionine was less effective. Tissues from chicks fed the various Se sources providing 60 mug. Se per kg of diet for four weeks were analyzed for Se. The content of tissues from chicks fed sodium selenite or selenocystine was similar. Chicks fed selenomethionine had a higher concentration of Se in the pancreas and breast muscle than chicks fed the other two Se sources, but a lower concentration in the kidney, liver, and heart. The level of Se in the kidney, liver, or heart which a Se source produces seems to be more important for preventing exudative diathesis than that which is found in the pancreas or muscle.", "contents": "Biological potency of selenium from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine in the chick. Experiments were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of selenium (Se) from sodium selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine for promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. The chicks used were hatched from eggs low in Se. They were fed a basal diet made up mostly of corn (low in Se) and torula yeast or the basal diet supplemented with various levels of Se from sodium selenite, selenomethionine, or selenocystine. At 10 mug. of added Se per kg of diet, sodium selenite and selenocystine were about equal in promoting weight gain and preventing exudative diathesis. Selenomethionine was less effective. Tissues from chicks fed the various Se sources providing 60 mug. Se per kg of diet for four weeks were analyzed for Se. The content of tissues from chicks fed sodium selenite or selenocystine was similar. Chicks fed selenomethionine had a higher concentration of Se in the pancreas and breast muscle than chicks fed the other two Se sources, but a lower concentration in the kidney, liver, and heart. The level of Se in the kidney, liver, or heart which a Se source produces seems to be more important for preventing exudative diathesis than that which is found in the pancreas or muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:935063", "title": "Effect of light intensity on confinement rearing of male turkeys.", "content": "Light intensities of .11, 1.1, 11 and 33 lux of 12 hours per day duration were studied for their effect on growth rate and feed utilization efficiency. The two experiments were initiated when the birds were 3 weeks old. Up to 12-14 weeks of age, the .11 lux intensity was superior to the other treatments. After this age, the other treatments were superior. Two other experiments were conducted with a crossover design. Birds were reared under either 11 or .11 lux from 3 to 12 weeks of age, than half of each group was maintained, and half was switched to either the higher or lower, intensity. Best growth up to 12 weeks of age was associated with .11 lux. Best growth to 22 weeks was associated with 11 lux. Crossing from high to low or low to high had no beneficial effects in either experiment.", "contents": "Effect of light intensity on confinement rearing of male turkeys. Light intensities of .11, 1.1, 11 and 33 lux of 12 hours per day duration were studied for their effect on growth rate and feed utilization efficiency. The two experiments were initiated when the birds were 3 weeks old. Up to 12-14 weeks of age, the .11 lux intensity was superior to the other treatments. After this age, the other treatments were superior. Two other experiments were conducted with a crossover design. Birds were reared under either 11 or .11 lux from 3 to 12 weeks of age, than half of each group was maintained, and half was switched to either the higher or lower, intensity. Best growth up to 12 weeks of age was associated with .11 lux. Best growth to 22 weeks was associated with 11 lux. Crossing from high to low or low to high had no beneficial effects in either experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:935068", "title": "[Electrocardiographic findings in 100 cases of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "In this paper the authors report the results of the electrocardiographic study of 100 patients (60 males and 40 females) admitted with acute pancreatitis to the emergency room and intensive care unit at the Mexico City General Hospital in a period of 5 years. The analysis of this results is basically the same of that reported by other investigators but with an clinopathological co-relation that will be of interest in the physiopathological explanation of the complex electrocardiographical signs that could be observed in the patients with acute pancreatitis such as left ventricle ischemia and lesion.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic findings in 100 cases of acute pancreatitis]. In this paper the authors report the results of the electrocardiographic study of 100 patients (60 males and 40 females) admitted with acute pancreatitis to the emergency room and intensive care unit at the Mexico City General Hospital in a period of 5 years. The analysis of this results is basically the same of that reported by other investigators but with an clinopathological co-relation that will be of interest in the physiopathological explanation of the complex electrocardiographical signs that could be observed in the patients with acute pancreatitis such as left ventricle ischemia and lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:935069", "title": "[Hyperlipidemias as a coronary risk factor in the newborn].", "content": "This article reviews the risk factors of the coronariopathy in the newborn. The authors state that the early diagnosis of the risk factors is an important step in the prevention of ateromatous plaques. Some people are now in the investigation of the normal levels of cholesterol and triglicerides in the blood of the umbilical cord. This values seems similar in different places all over the world and have served to establish the possible interrelation between the newborn hiperlipidemia and the coronary risk.", "contents": "[Hyperlipidemias as a coronary risk factor in the newborn]. This article reviews the risk factors of the coronariopathy in the newborn. The authors state that the early diagnosis of the risk factors is an important step in the prevention of ateromatous plaques. Some people are now in the investigation of the normal levels of cholesterol and triglicerides in the blood of the umbilical cord. This values seems similar in different places all over the world and have served to establish the possible interrelation between the newborn hiperlipidemia and the coronary risk."}
{"id": "PMID:935070", "title": "[Adenopathies and anticonvulsants: Lymphoma or drug reaction?].", "content": "In this paper the authors present the clinical case of a nine years old girl with adenopathy, fever and important weight loss. 10 months after she begins with diphenidantoin the differential diagnosis was attempted between lymphoma and drug reaction. The authors reviewed the literature pointed out the development of lymphomas in patients on diphenidantoin therapy. They mention the different hipothesis to explain this drug-lymphoma interrelation concluding that there is necessary more studies and experience in future cases to clarify the certain role of the anticonvulsivants in the production of this abnormalities.", "contents": "[Adenopathies and anticonvulsants: Lymphoma or drug reaction?]. In this paper the authors present the clinical case of a nine years old girl with adenopathy, fever and important weight loss. 10 months after she begins with diphenidantoin the differential diagnosis was attempted between lymphoma and drug reaction. The authors reviewed the literature pointed out the development of lymphomas in patients on diphenidantoin therapy. They mention the different hipothesis to explain this drug-lymphoma interrelation concluding that there is necessary more studies and experience in future cases to clarify the certain role of the anticonvulsivants in the production of this abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:935071", "title": "[Personality factors that influence the working conditions in a hospital].", "content": "The author of this paper studied the structure of the personality of the doctors, nurses, social workers and auxiliar personnel of a hospital in Mexico City, through the test of incomplete sentences of Sacks-Cant\u00fa which investigate the attitude to the superior, values, repelled and accepted aspects of identity, personnel interrelations, success and downfall, character, liability, confiability and competence. The doctors has the following attributes to the performance of their work: initiative, altruism, personnel interrelations, liability and confiability. The nurses are abnegate and altruists and the social workers has initiative and acceptance of their identity. This investigation shows that the most structured personality, the best intellectual development and the best laboral effectiveness.", "contents": "[Personality factors that influence the working conditions in a hospital]. The author of this paper studied the structure of the personality of the doctors, nurses, social workers and auxiliar personnel of a hospital in Mexico City, through the test of incomplete sentences of Sacks-Cant\u00fa which investigate the attitude to the superior, values, repelled and accepted aspects of identity, personnel interrelations, success and downfall, character, liability, confiability and competence. The doctors has the following attributes to the performance of their work: initiative, altruism, personnel interrelations, liability and confiability. The nurses are abnegate and altruists and the social workers has initiative and acceptance of their identity. This investigation shows that the most structured personality, the best intellectual development and the best laboral effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:935081", "title": "[Hydroxyproline concentration in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by angiopathies].", "content": "The authors used oxyproline indices for the diagnosis of diabetic nephroangiopathies. Patients with diabetes mellitus of various severity (47 in all) were examined. Disturbance of oxyproline metabolism observed in these patients was particularly pronounced in development of nephroangiopathies; this can apparently be attributed to destruction of the basal membrane. The authors believe that it is difficult to assess the collagen metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus by the urinary oxyproline content, since these patients display a disturbance of the glomerular function of the liver at various stages of the disease.", "contents": "[Hydroxyproline concentration in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by angiopathies]. The authors used oxyproline indices for the diagnosis of diabetic nephroangiopathies. Patients with diabetes mellitus of various severity (47 in all) were examined. Disturbance of oxyproline metabolism observed in these patients was particularly pronounced in development of nephroangiopathies; this can apparently be attributed to destruction of the basal membrane. The authors believe that it is difficult to assess the collagen metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus by the urinary oxyproline content, since these patients display a disturbance of the glomerular function of the liver at various stages of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935082", "title": "[Use of pancreozymin for detection of pancreatic enzyme-secreting insufficiency in diabetic patients and selection of methods of treatment].", "content": "Under conditions of stimulation with pancreozymine (in doses of 1.5 and 0.5 Units/kg), a specific stimulant of the enzyme secretion of the pancreas, there occurred a significant fall of the concentration and of the amount of lipase and trypsin in the duodenal contents of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus for over 5 years (20 investigations) in comparison with the indices in 14 healthy persons. No disturbances of amylase secretion were found in diabetes. Proceeding from the evidence on the role played by calcium and cyclic 3'--5'-adenosinmonophosphate in the regulation of the external pancreatic secretion the effect of calcium gluconate and euphylline was tested; they appeared to be effective stimulants of pancreatic secretion of the enzymes in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Use of pancreozymin for detection of pancreatic enzyme-secreting insufficiency in diabetic patients and selection of methods of treatment]. Under conditions of stimulation with pancreozymine (in doses of 1.5 and 0.5 Units/kg), a specific stimulant of the enzyme secretion of the pancreas, there occurred a significant fall of the concentration and of the amount of lipase and trypsin in the duodenal contents of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus for over 5 years (20 investigations) in comparison with the indices in 14 healthy persons. No disturbances of amylase secretion were found in diabetes. Proceeding from the evidence on the role played by calcium and cyclic 3'--5'-adenosinmonophosphate in the regulation of the external pancreatic secretion the effect of calcium gluconate and euphylline was tested; they appeared to be effective stimulants of pancreatic secretion of the enzymes in patients with diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:935083", "title": "[Treatment of diabetes mellitus with long-acting biguanides].", "content": "The paper discusses of the results of treatment with preparations of phenylethylbiguanide (dibotin, meltrol, dipar, dibophen-retard), of butylbiguanide (silubin-retard, buforming-retard) and of dimethyl-biguanide (glucophage-retard). All these preparations were of prolonged action. The treatment was carried out in 242 patients. The saccharolytic action of the active agent contained in one tablet of each type of biguanide was approximately the same. Biguanides of prolonged action were highly effective in obese patients with diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. The best results were obtained in complex treatment with biguanides of prolonged action together with sulfonylurea preparations of the second generation. There were noted almost no toxic reactions from the use of biguanides up to 2 tablets a day.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetes mellitus with long-acting biguanides]. The paper discusses of the results of treatment with preparations of phenylethylbiguanide (dibotin, meltrol, dipar, dibophen-retard), of butylbiguanide (silubin-retard, buforming-retard) and of dimethyl-biguanide (glucophage-retard). All these preparations were of prolonged action. The treatment was carried out in 242 patients. The saccharolytic action of the active agent contained in one tablet of each type of biguanide was approximately the same. Biguanides of prolonged action were highly effective in obese patients with diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. The best results were obtained in complex treatment with biguanides of prolonged action together with sulfonylurea preparations of the second generation. There were noted almost no toxic reactions from the use of biguanides up to 2 tablets a day."}
{"id": "PMID:935085", "title": "[Ophthalmotonus in patients with thyroid gland disorders of different etiology].", "content": "A study of ophthalmotone in 123 patients with thyroid gland dysfunction of various etiology and in 26 patients with the diencephalic syndrome revealed no definite dependence of the intraopthalmic pressure on the thyroid gland function. These changes were most pronounced in the diencephalic syndrome and secondary thyrotoxicosis developed against the background of infectious-toxic encephalopathy. Elevation of ophthalmotone depended on the extent of affection of the diencephalic region.", "contents": "[Ophthalmotonus in patients with thyroid gland disorders of different etiology]. A study of ophthalmotone in 123 patients with thyroid gland dysfunction of various etiology and in 26 patients with the diencephalic syndrome revealed no definite dependence of the intraopthalmic pressure on the thyroid gland function. These changes were most pronounced in the diencephalic syndrome and secondary thyrotoxicosis developed against the background of infectious-toxic encephalopathy. Elevation of ophthalmotone depended on the extent of affection of the diencephalic region."}
{"id": "PMID:935084", "title": "[Sex gland function in obese women].", "content": "A study was made of the functional state of the gonads in 365 obese women. Clinical data were compared with the results of study of fractional composition of estrogens excreted with the urine at various phases of the menstrual cycle. Gonad dysfunction was much more frequent in neuro-endocrine than in exogenous-constitutional adiposity (62 and 31.5%, respectively). Amenorrhea was dominating among other disturbances of the menstrual cycle. Hirsutism was manifest in 10.5% of the patients with neuro-endocrine adiposity and disturbance of the menstrual cycle. A fall of the estrogen excretion, more pronounced in calculation per 1 kg and 1 m2 of body surface, was seen in obese women; as to estrogen excretion -- it approximately corresponded to such in healthy women at the initial phases of the menstrual cycle, i. e. at the period of the minimal estrogenic activity of the ovaries. There was a higher production of active estrogen fractions with their maximal content not at the ovulation phase, as in healthy persons, but at the lutein phase. A reduction of body weight promoted improvement of the gonad function, normalization of the quantitative and qualitative indices of the estrogen excretion.", "contents": "[Sex gland function in obese women]. A study was made of the functional state of the gonads in 365 obese women. Clinical data were compared with the results of study of fractional composition of estrogens excreted with the urine at various phases of the menstrual cycle. Gonad dysfunction was much more frequent in neuro-endocrine than in exogenous-constitutional adiposity (62 and 31.5%, respectively). Amenorrhea was dominating among other disturbances of the menstrual cycle. Hirsutism was manifest in 10.5% of the patients with neuro-endocrine adiposity and disturbance of the menstrual cycle. A fall of the estrogen excretion, more pronounced in calculation per 1 kg and 1 m2 of body surface, was seen in obese women; as to estrogen excretion -- it approximately corresponded to such in healthy women at the initial phases of the menstrual cycle, i. e. at the period of the minimal estrogenic activity of the ovaries. There was a higher production of active estrogen fractions with their maximal content not at the ovulation phase, as in healthy persons, but at the lutein phase. A reduction of body weight promoted improvement of the gonad function, normalization of the quantitative and qualitative indices of the estrogen excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:935087", "title": "[A fluorescent method of determining aldosterone in urine].", "content": "The authors suggest a method of aldosterone determination in the urine. Aldosterone is extracted from the sample and purified with the aid of columnar and thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. Aldosterone is distinctly identified in ultraviolet light on the chromatogram by its green fluorescence developing after sprinkling the plate with phosphoric acid and its subsequent heating. Quantitative determination is carried out by the measurement of the intensity of aldosterone fluorescence in sulfuric acid.", "contents": "[A fluorescent method of determining aldosterone in urine]. The authors suggest a method of aldosterone determination in the urine. Aldosterone is extracted from the sample and purified with the aid of columnar and thin-layer chromatography on silicagel. Aldosterone is distinctly identified in ultraviolet light on the chromatogram by its green fluorescence developing after sprinkling the plate with phosphoric acid and its subsequent heating. Quantitative determination is carried out by the measurement of the intensity of aldosterone fluorescence in sulfuric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:935086", "title": "[The rate of cortisol secretion in thyrotoxicosis patients].", "content": "The rate of cortizol secretion was determined in 5 healthy persons and 18 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis by dilution of isotopic label by the mean specific radioactivity of tetrahydrocortizol and tetrahydrocortisone excreted with the urine. There was revealed a close direct dependence of the adrenal gland activation on decompensation of the disease and a reverse dependence on the duration of thyrotoxicosis. The rate of cortizol secretion had a tendency to reduction and normalization in medicinal compensation of thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "[The rate of cortisol secretion in thyrotoxicosis patients]. The rate of cortizol secretion was determined in 5 healthy persons and 18 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis by dilution of isotopic label by the mean specific radioactivity of tetrahydrocortizol and tetrahydrocortisone excreted with the urine. There was revealed a close direct dependence of the adrenal gland activation on decompensation of the disease and a reverse dependence on the duration of thyrotoxicosis. The rate of cortizol secretion had a tendency to reduction and normalization in medicinal compensation of thyrotoxicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:935088", "title": "[Characteristics and use of the \"ROTOP-insulin-test'' for radioimmunologic determination of insulin].", "content": "The authors describe characteristics and clinical application of the \"ROTOP-insulin-test'' set. Radioimmunological insulin determination is carried out by the principle of reverse titration: 50 ml of plasma is incubated for 18 hours with antiserum. The remaining free valencies of insulin antibodies are bound with the excess of 125I-insulin. Bound 125I-insulin is precipitated after the addition of alcohol. The variation coefficient is 7.4% in one batch and 9.1% in analysis in 48 hours (insulin concentration = 2.08 ng/ml = 49 mcU/ml). The precision index of the standard curve was 0.022. Insulin secretion was analyzed in 107 healthy persons with a normal body weight under conditions of prolonged glucose infusion. Two phases of insulin secretion were shown.", "contents": "[Characteristics and use of the \"ROTOP-insulin-test'' for radioimmunologic determination of insulin]. The authors describe characteristics and clinical application of the \"ROTOP-insulin-test'' set. Radioimmunological insulin determination is carried out by the principle of reverse titration: 50 ml of plasma is incubated for 18 hours with antiserum. The remaining free valencies of insulin antibodies are bound with the excess of 125I-insulin. Bound 125I-insulin is precipitated after the addition of alcohol. The variation coefficient is 7.4% in one batch and 9.1% in analysis in 48 hours (insulin concentration = 2.08 ng/ml = 49 mcU/ml). The precision index of the standard curve was 0.022. Insulin secretion was analyzed in 107 healthy persons with a normal body weight under conditions of prolonged glucose infusion. Two phases of insulin secretion were shown."}
{"id": "PMID:935091", "title": "[The pathogenesis of the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The level of the radioimmunological growth hormone, free fatty acids and sugar was determined in the blood on fasting stomach and after the intravenous injection of insulin in 45 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, insulin-resistant and sensitive, with consideration to body weight. Patients requiring for compensation of diabetes mellitus 100 units and more of insulin per day were referred to the group of resistant cases. A significantly greater growth hormone content on fasting stomach 60 and 120 min after the administration of insulin was found in the sensitive patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal weight, in comparison with the group of healthy individuals; the content was also higher on fasting stomach and in 60 minutes in comparison with the group of sensitive diabetics with excessive weight. A conclusion was drawn on the significance in the resistance formation of prolonged and stable decompensation. A reduction of compensatory possibilities of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system in response to the insulin deficiency in diabetic patients resistant to insulin is supposed. Adiposity characterized by reduction of the insulin sensitivity increased the requirements to the regulating system and led to reduction of the compensatory reaction at the stage of less severe sensitive diabetes. No participation of free fatty acids in the resistance formation was revealed.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. The level of the radioimmunological growth hormone, free fatty acids and sugar was determined in the blood on fasting stomach and after the intravenous injection of insulin in 45 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, insulin-resistant and sensitive, with consideration to body weight. Patients requiring for compensation of diabetes mellitus 100 units and more of insulin per day were referred to the group of resistant cases. A significantly greater growth hormone content on fasting stomach 60 and 120 min after the administration of insulin was found in the sensitive patients with diabetes mellitus with a normal weight, in comparison with the group of healthy individuals; the content was also higher on fasting stomach and in 60 minutes in comparison with the group of sensitive diabetics with excessive weight. A conclusion was drawn on the significance in the resistance formation of prolonged and stable decompensation. A reduction of compensatory possibilities of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system in response to the insulin deficiency in diabetic patients resistant to insulin is supposed. Adiposity characterized by reduction of the insulin sensitivity increased the requirements to the regulating system and led to reduction of the compensatory reaction at the stage of less severe sensitive diabetes. No participation of free fatty acids in the resistance formation was revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:935090", "title": "[The effect of thyrotropic hormone on processes mediating the cytotoxicity of antithyroid antibodies].", "content": "Administration of 3 units of thyrotropic hormone to rabbits with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism led to reduction of the I131 absorption by the thyroid gland and to increase in the activity of proteolytic enzymes of the gland. Apparently, in autoimmune thyroiditis disturbances at the stages of the iodide incorporation into the gland were irreversible; proteolysis depression was apparently secondary. Possibly the mentioned disturbances were associated with the circulating antithyroid antibodies.", "contents": "[The effect of thyrotropic hormone on processes mediating the cytotoxicity of antithyroid antibodies]. Administration of 3 units of thyrotropic hormone to rabbits with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism led to reduction of the I131 absorption by the thyroid gland and to increase in the activity of proteolytic enzymes of the gland. Apparently, in autoimmune thyroiditis disturbances at the stages of the iodide incorporation into the gland were irreversible; proteolysis depression was apparently secondary. Possibly the mentioned disturbances were associated with the circulating antithyroid antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:935092", "title": "[The effect of an epiphyseal extract on regulation of fat-carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rabbits. A study was made of the effect of actic extract from the epiphysis of cattle on the level of immunoreactive insulin under conditions of glucose load, triglyceride content and insulin tolerance. There was a significant increase of glucose tolerance with the unchanged insulin tolerance. A bi-phasic action of the epiphysis preparation on the blood serum insulin and triglyceride concentration in rabbits. At the end of the 1st week of the preparation administration insulin and triglyceride concentration increased, and in 3 weeks it fell below the initial level.", "contents": "[The effect of an epiphyseal extract on regulation of fat-carbohydrate metabolism]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits. A study was made of the effect of actic extract from the epiphysis of cattle on the level of immunoreactive insulin under conditions of glucose load, triglyceride content and insulin tolerance. There was a significant increase of glucose tolerance with the unchanged insulin tolerance. A bi-phasic action of the epiphysis preparation on the blood serum insulin and triglyceride concentration in rabbits. At the end of the 1st week of the preparation administration insulin and triglyceride concentration increased, and in 3 weeks it fell below the initial level."}
{"id": "PMID:935094", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on ribonucleic acid synthesis in the nuclei and cytoplasm of sexually mature male rat liver cells].", "content": "Prolonged administration to male sexually-mature rats weighing 180-200 g of hydrocortisone, protamine-zinc-insulin enhanced considerably the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA in the nuclei and ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm of the liver; this increase was even more pronounced after the administration of both hormones. The data obtained were in favour of the participation of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA of the nuclei and ribosomal RNA of the cytoplasm of the liver of male sexually-mature rats in the synthesis of transaminases of their liver.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on ribonucleic acid synthesis in the nuclei and cytoplasm of sexually mature male rat liver cells]. Prolonged administration to male sexually-mature rats weighing 180-200 g of hydrocortisone, protamine-zinc-insulin enhanced considerably the synthesis of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA in the nuclei and ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm of the liver; this increase was even more pronounced after the administration of both hormones. The data obtained were in favour of the participation of DNA-like RNA, precursor of ribosomal RNA of the nuclei and ribosomal RNA of the cytoplasm of the liver of male sexually-mature rats in the synthesis of transaminases of their liver."}
{"id": "PMID:935093", "title": "[A comparison of the effect of hydrocortisone and corticosterone on histone and chromatin DNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Thymidin incorporation into DNA was depressed and glycin incorporation into histone proteins was decreased after the treatment of rats with hydrocortisone and corticosterone for 4 days (for 3 days before and on the day of partial hepatectomy). No significant differences in the action of these glucocorticoids on biosynthesis of DNA and histones in the course of regeneration were noted at the periods under study. There was no decrease in histones and nucleoprotein in comparison with control 6 hours after the operation at the time when the synthesis of DNA-like RNA was elevated. Apparently DNA synthesis was not imperative for biosynthesis of histone proteins, in any way--for the arginine-rich fraction of histones.", "contents": "[A comparison of the effect of hydrocortisone and corticosterone on histone and chromatin DNA biosynthesis in regenerating rat liver]. Thymidin incorporation into DNA was depressed and glycin incorporation into histone proteins was decreased after the treatment of rats with hydrocortisone and corticosterone for 4 days (for 3 days before and on the day of partial hepatectomy). No significant differences in the action of these glucocorticoids on biosynthesis of DNA and histones in the course of regeneration were noted at the periods under study. There was no decrease in histones and nucleoprotein in comparison with control 6 hours after the operation at the time when the synthesis of DNA-like RNA was elevated. Apparently DNA synthesis was not imperative for biosynthesis of histone proteins, in any way--for the arginine-rich fraction of histones."}
{"id": "PMID:935095", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on the impulse activity of cat cerebral cortex neurons].", "content": "The pulse activity of the neurons (50 in all) was studied in the brain somatic cortex by glass microelectrodes in acute experiments on 22 cats after an intravenous injection of hydrocortisone-hemisuccinate in doses of 0.03-8.0 mg/kg. 36 of 50 neurons changes their activity after the injection. Three types of reactions prevailed: an increase of the pulse frequency, its rarefaction, and a two-phase reaction in which the activation was followed by depression. As a rule the reaction occurred 10 to 60 sec after cortisone injection; this suggests a possibility of the direct action of the hormone on the brain cortex. A possible mechanism of variable neuronal reactions to hydrocortisone is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on the impulse activity of cat cerebral cortex neurons]. The pulse activity of the neurons (50 in all) was studied in the brain somatic cortex by glass microelectrodes in acute experiments on 22 cats after an intravenous injection of hydrocortisone-hemisuccinate in doses of 0.03-8.0 mg/kg. 36 of 50 neurons changes their activity after the injection. Three types of reactions prevailed: an increase of the pulse frequency, its rarefaction, and a two-phase reaction in which the activation was followed by depression. As a rule the reaction occurred 10 to 60 sec after cortisone injection; this suggests a possibility of the direct action of the hormone on the brain cortex. A possible mechanism of variable neuronal reactions to hydrocortisone is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935096", "title": "[A study of thyroglobulin biosynthesis by the incorporation of glucosamine-14C, mannose-14C and galactose-14C in thyroid gland cell-free systems].", "content": "The authors studied in the microsomal and polyribosomal protein-synthesizing system of the thyroid gland a combination of carbohydrate components of thyroglobulin by the incorporation of labeled D-glucosamine-14C, D-mannose-14C, and galactose-14C. It was shown that in the process of protein biosynthesis there occurred in the microsomal system a combination of carbohydrate-14C; no combination of carbohydrates was noted in the polyribosomic system. Analysis of the synthesized proteins was carried out by disc-electrophoresis. All the carbohydrates under study were revealed both in the 19S molecule of thyroglobulin and in its 3-8 subunits. Thus, a combination of carbohydrate components occurred after the termination of peptide chain synthesis and already at the microsome level.", "contents": "[A study of thyroglobulin biosynthesis by the incorporation of glucosamine-14C, mannose-14C and galactose-14C in thyroid gland cell-free systems]. The authors studied in the microsomal and polyribosomal protein-synthesizing system of the thyroid gland a combination of carbohydrate components of thyroglobulin by the incorporation of labeled D-glucosamine-14C, D-mannose-14C, and galactose-14C. It was shown that in the process of protein biosynthesis there occurred in the microsomal system a combination of carbohydrate-14C; no combination of carbohydrates was noted in the polyribosomic system. Analysis of the synthesized proteins was carried out by disc-electrophoresis. All the carbohydrates under study were revealed both in the 19S molecule of thyroglobulin and in its 3-8 subunits. Thus, a combination of carbohydrate components occurred after the termination of peptide chain synthesis and already at the microsome level."}
{"id": "PMID:935097", "title": "[Specific antagonism between angiotensin II and several of its analogs].", "content": "The authors studied comparatively the properties of two angiotensin II analogues, a new compound (1-hydantoin acid, 5-valine, 8-alanine)-angiotensin II (compound III) and (1-asparagine, 5-valine, 8-alanine)-angiotensin II (compound II), as of the myotropic action of angiotensinamide (these experiments were conducted on the rat isolated ascending colon); pressor action of the hormone was investigated in experiments on anesthetized rats. A competitive character of the antagonism--within the range of low concentrations of the analogues--10(-10)--10(-9) M/l--was revealed in vitro. No antagonism was expressed against the nonspecific myotropic agents--acetylcholine and bradykinin. In vivo compounds II and II manifested the antagonistic action against angiotensinamide beginning from the doses of 100 and 50 gamma/kg, respectively.", "contents": "[Specific antagonism between angiotensin II and several of its analogs]. The authors studied comparatively the properties of two angiotensin II analogues, a new compound (1-hydantoin acid, 5-valine, 8-alanine)-angiotensin II (compound III) and (1-asparagine, 5-valine, 8-alanine)-angiotensin II (compound II), as of the myotropic action of angiotensinamide (these experiments were conducted on the rat isolated ascending colon); pressor action of the hormone was investigated in experiments on anesthetized rats. A competitive character of the antagonism--within the range of low concentrations of the analogues--10(-10)--10(-9) M/l--was revealed in vitro. No antagonism was expressed against the nonspecific myotropic agents--acetylcholine and bradykinin. In vivo compounds II and II manifested the antagonistic action against angiotensinamide beginning from the doses of 100 and 50 gamma/kg, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:935098", "title": "[The extrathyroid effect of methylmercaptoimidazole. The effect of methylmercaptoimidazole on the isoenzyme distribution of tissue aspartate transaminase in thyroidectomized guinea pigs].", "content": "Administration of methylmercaptoimidazol to thyroidectomized guinea pigs decreased the activity and altered the isoenzymatic distribution of aspartic transaminase in the liver, myocardium and the brain tissue. The activity of the isoenzyme of the cytoplasm fell in all the three tissues under study. The activity of the isoenzyme of the mitochondria decreased in the liver, remained unchanged in the myocardium and increased in the brain tissue. The detected changes are associated with the direct action of methylmercaptoimidazol on the level of soluble cell proteins and on the energic metabolism in the mitochondria.", "contents": "[The extrathyroid effect of methylmercaptoimidazole. The effect of methylmercaptoimidazole on the isoenzyme distribution of tissue aspartate transaminase in thyroidectomized guinea pigs]. Administration of methylmercaptoimidazol to thyroidectomized guinea pigs decreased the activity and altered the isoenzymatic distribution of aspartic transaminase in the liver, myocardium and the brain tissue. The activity of the isoenzyme of the cytoplasm fell in all the three tissues under study. The activity of the isoenzyme of the mitochondria decreased in the liver, remained unchanged in the myocardium and increased in the brain tissue. The detected changes are associated with the direct action of methylmercaptoimidazol on the level of soluble cell proteins and on the energic metabolism in the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:935099", "title": "[The dynamics of cardiac contraction in dogs with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "Development of alloxan diabetes was accompanied in dogs by regular changes in the phasic structure of the cardiac contractions. Direction of the changes in the indices of phasic analysis in the groups of dogs with an average (up to 144.3 +/- 12.5 mg%) and marked (up to 258.0 +/- 22.8 mg%) increase in the blood sugar level was the same, but their expression increased with the elevation of hyperglycemia. In marked hyperglycemia there was established an increase (in comparison with normal values) of the index of myocardial tension, a shortening of the period of ejection, a decrease of the mechanical coefficient and of the intrasystolic index, this coinciding with the character of changes of the corresponding indices in the patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, depending on the severity of the disease. The data obtained pointed to the significant influence of metabolic changes (assessed by hyperglycemia level) on the contractile function of the heart.", "contents": "[The dynamics of cardiac contraction in dogs with alloxan diabetes]. Development of alloxan diabetes was accompanied in dogs by regular changes in the phasic structure of the cardiac contractions. Direction of the changes in the indices of phasic analysis in the groups of dogs with an average (up to 144.3 +/- 12.5 mg%) and marked (up to 258.0 +/- 22.8 mg%) increase in the blood sugar level was the same, but their expression increased with the elevation of hyperglycemia. In marked hyperglycemia there was established an increase (in comparison with normal values) of the index of myocardial tension, a shortening of the period of ejection, a decrease of the mechanical coefficient and of the intrasystolic index, this coinciding with the character of changes of the corresponding indices in the patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, depending on the severity of the disease. The data obtained pointed to the significant influence of metabolic changes (assessed by hyperglycemia level) on the contractile function of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:935100", "title": "[The role of insulin deficit in the pathogenesis of several lipid metabolism disorders].", "content": "Alloxan diabetes of various degree of severity was accompanied in rabbits by an increase in cholesterol and triglyceride level and, also by a progressive increase in the concentration of prebeta-lipoproteids in the blood serum. Feeding rabbits with alloxan diabetes with cholesterol for one month led to earlier and more pronouned atherogenic shifts in the organism than in control animals with the intact beta-cells of the pancreas.", "contents": "[The role of insulin deficit in the pathogenesis of several lipid metabolism disorders]. Alloxan diabetes of various degree of severity was accompanied in rabbits by an increase in cholesterol and triglyceride level and, also by a progressive increase in the concentration of prebeta-lipoproteids in the blood serum. Feeding rabbits with alloxan diabetes with cholesterol for one month led to earlier and more pronouned atherogenic shifts in the organism than in control animals with the intact beta-cells of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:935101", "title": "[The effect of taurine on the carbohydrate metabolism of diabetic animals].", "content": "A study was made of a new antidiabetic preparation--taurin in various methods of its administration to rats and rabbits with alloxan and ditisone model of diabetes. A short-term restoration of carbohydrate metabolism was seen after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection in a dose of 200 mg/kg. Oral use of aqueous taurin solution in the same dose failed to produce the desirable result. Microcapsulated taurin with acetylcellulose in the capacity of a filler given per os in a dose of 300 mg/kg restored to the normal glycogen content in the liver and leukocytes, blood and urine sugar level, and the insulin-like activity of blood plasma. Taurin (in a concentration of 3 mg/ml) possessed an insulinogenic action in experiments on fragments of the pancreas isolated from diabetia animals.", "contents": "[The effect of taurine on the carbohydrate metabolism of diabetic animals]. A study was made of a new antidiabetic preparation--taurin in various methods of its administration to rats and rabbits with alloxan and ditisone model of diabetes. A short-term restoration of carbohydrate metabolism was seen after intraperitoneal and intravenous injection in a dose of 200 mg/kg. Oral use of aqueous taurin solution in the same dose failed to produce the desirable result. Microcapsulated taurin with acetylcellulose in the capacity of a filler given per os in a dose of 300 mg/kg restored to the normal glycogen content in the liver and leukocytes, blood and urine sugar level, and the insulin-like activity of blood plasma. Taurin (in a concentration of 3 mg/ml) possessed an insulinogenic action in experiments on fragments of the pancreas isolated from diabetia animals."}
{"id": "PMID:935109", "title": "Efferent arterioles in glomerular haemodynamics.", "content": "In haemorrhagic rats norepinephrine normalises BP but maintains renal cortical pressures at low levels. Dopamine, however, can normalise both BP and renal cortical pressures. Dopamine is therefore useful in treating haemorrhagic hypotension in addition to or while awaiting blood transfusion. The efferent arteriole in superficial nephrons is a passive resistance in glomerular haemodynamics.", "contents": "Efferent arterioles in glomerular haemodynamics. In haemorrhagic rats norepinephrine normalises BP but maintains renal cortical pressures at low levels. Dopamine, however, can normalise both BP and renal cortical pressures. Dopamine is therefore useful in treating haemorrhagic hypotension in addition to or while awaiting blood transfusion. The efferent arteriole in superficial nephrons is a passive resistance in glomerular haemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:935110", "title": "Relationship of glomerular filtration rate and hypoalbuminaemia to renal glucose reabsorption.", "content": "Ten glucose titration studies were performed on 10 patients with chronic renal disease without renal failure. Six of them had nephrotic syndrome. The results show that patients with marked hypoalbuminaemia (i.e. patients with nephrotic syndrome) have a marked splay in the glucose titration curve. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that physical factors play a main role in tubular reabsorption and indicate that proximal tubular reabsorption is decreased in nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Relationship of glomerular filtration rate and hypoalbuminaemia to renal glucose reabsorption. Ten glucose titration studies were performed on 10 patients with chronic renal disease without renal failure. Six of them had nephrotic syndrome. The results show that patients with marked hypoalbuminaemia (i.e. patients with nephrotic syndrome) have a marked splay in the glucose titration curve. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that physical factors play a main role in tubular reabsorption and indicate that proximal tubular reabsorption is decreased in nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:935111", "title": "Chemical properties of human glomerular basement membrane in the nephropathy with electron dense deposits inside the basement membrane.", "content": "Glomerular basement membranes containing electron dense deposits have been isolated from human kidneys. The presence of electron dense material could not be accounted for by the accumulation of an exogenous substance such as gamma globulin. Chemical analyses of abnormal membranes demonstrated that the electron microscopic findings are the consequence of the accumulation of a basement membrane glycoprotein material slightly different from that normally present.", "contents": "Chemical properties of human glomerular basement membrane in the nephropathy with electron dense deposits inside the basement membrane. Glomerular basement membranes containing electron dense deposits have been isolated from human kidneys. The presence of electron dense material could not be accounted for by the accumulation of an exogenous substance such as gamma globulin. Chemical analyses of abnormal membranes demonstrated that the electron microscopic findings are the consequence of the accumulation of a basement membrane glycoprotein material slightly different from that normally present."}
{"id": "PMID:935112", "title": "Serum and glomerular complement in 205 cases of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In 205 cases of GN the glomerular deposits of C3, C1q, C4, and C3A and the serum levels of the same complement components at the time of biopsy were studied. Alterations of serum complement profile were found only in acute GN, membranoproliferative GN and lupus nephritis, while glomerular deposition was observed with a different incidence and intensity in all nephropathies. A strict correlation between the intensity of deposits and the degree of hypocomplementaemia was found only in early acute GN and in active lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Serum and glomerular complement in 205 cases of glomerulonephritis. In 205 cases of GN the glomerular deposits of C3, C1q, C4, and C3A and the serum levels of the same complement components at the time of biopsy were studied. Alterations of serum complement profile were found only in acute GN, membranoproliferative GN and lupus nephritis, while glomerular deposition was observed with a different incidence and intensity in all nephropathies. A strict correlation between the intensity of deposits and the degree of hypocomplementaemia was found only in early acute GN and in active lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:935113", "title": "Acute renal failure due to rifampicin (R-ARF).", "content": "Five episodes of acute renal failure due to rifampicin (R-ARF) were observed in four patients and the clinical and histological data were compared with the records of 52 episodes reported in the literature. The bulk of data supports the assumption that the by far most frequent renal injury responsible for R-ARF is acute tubular necrosis produced by a vasomotor mechanism. Nevertheless a few data, above all immunohistological findings, suggest the local presence of allergic process. It may be, that the development of an immunological renal lesion is prevented or blunted by the consequences of vasomotor effects.", "contents": "Acute renal failure due to rifampicin (R-ARF). Five episodes of acute renal failure due to rifampicin (R-ARF) were observed in four patients and the clinical and histological data were compared with the records of 52 episodes reported in the literature. The bulk of data supports the assumption that the by far most frequent renal injury responsible for R-ARF is acute tubular necrosis produced by a vasomotor mechanism. Nevertheless a few data, above all immunohistological findings, suggest the local presence of allergic process. It may be, that the development of an immunological renal lesion is prevented or blunted by the consequences of vasomotor effects."}
{"id": "PMID:935114", "title": "Long-term treatment of uraemic osteodystrophy with 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Three adolescents on regular haemodialysis were treated for more than one year with 1alphaOHD3 in doses of 0.25 - 10 mug/day orally. All the patients had hypocalcaemia, a high serum level of alkaline phosphatase and signs of uraemic osteodystrophy on X-ray. Clinical signs of bone disorder were present in two cases. During the treatment serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase normalised, and there was a marked improvement in the X-ray changes. Clinical improvement also took palce but not to the same extent as indicated by the laboratory data. It seems therefore important that treatment should start before severe bone lesions are present. Careful control of the treatment is necessary to avoid hypercalcaemia.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of uraemic osteodystrophy with 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Three adolescents on regular haemodialysis were treated for more than one year with 1alphaOHD3 in doses of 0.25 - 10 mug/day orally. All the patients had hypocalcaemia, a high serum level of alkaline phosphatase and signs of uraemic osteodystrophy on X-ray. Clinical signs of bone disorder were present in two cases. During the treatment serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase normalised, and there was a marked improvement in the X-ray changes. Clinical improvement also took palce but not to the same extent as indicated by the laboratory data. It seems therefore important that treatment should start before severe bone lesions are present. Careful control of the treatment is necessary to avoid hypercalcaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:935115", "title": "1 alpha hydroxycholecalciferol and 25 hydroxycholecalciferol in renal bone disease.", "content": "Four microgrammes of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OH D3) or 200 mug of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) were given orally every other day respectively to 10 uraemic patients (8 on chronic haemodialysis) for 1-12 weeks and to 3 patients on chronic haemodialysis for 4-8 weeks. A transilial bone biopsy and serial evaluation of serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) calcium phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were performed before and at the end of therapy. Both 1-alpha-OH D3 and 25-OH D3 (the latter at a 50 times higher dose) were able to depress hyperparathyroidism in two-thirds of the cases and to consistently improve the mineralisation defect. In no case did iPTH or the bone histomorphometric parameters return to normal, so that long term evaluation of these two drugs is warranted.", "contents": "1 alpha hydroxycholecalciferol and 25 hydroxycholecalciferol in renal bone disease. Four microgrammes of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1-alpha-OH D3) or 200 mug of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) were given orally every other day respectively to 10 uraemic patients (8 on chronic haemodialysis) for 1-12 weeks and to 3 patients on chronic haemodialysis for 4-8 weeks. A transilial bone biopsy and serial evaluation of serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) calcium phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were performed before and at the end of therapy. Both 1-alpha-OH D3 and 25-OH D3 (the latter at a 50 times higher dose) were able to depress hyperparathyroidism in two-thirds of the cases and to consistently improve the mineralisation defect. In no case did iPTH or the bone histomorphometric parameters return to normal, so that long term evaluation of these two drugs is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:935116", "title": "Long term therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 in dialysis bone disease.", "content": "Five patients with haemodialysis bone disease were treated with 1 to 1.5 mug of 1,25 (OH)2D3 daily for periods ranging from 6 -8 months. There was a significant improvement in calcium absorption but no troublesome hypercalcaemia was encountered. Secondary hyperparathyroidism improved, both histologically and radiologically, and there was a fall in serum PTH and return of serum alkaline phosphatase to within normal limits. There was also improvement in the patients' mineralisation status, but this change was slower and less marked. Muscle power improved significantly, both clinically and electromyographically.", "contents": "Long term therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 in dialysis bone disease. Five patients with haemodialysis bone disease were treated with 1 to 1.5 mug of 1,25 (OH)2D3 daily for periods ranging from 6 -8 months. There was a significant improvement in calcium absorption but no troublesome hypercalcaemia was encountered. Secondary hyperparathyroidism improved, both histologically and radiologically, and there was a fall in serum PTH and return of serum alkaline phosphatase to within normal limits. There was also improvement in the patients' mineralisation status, but this change was slower and less marked. Muscle power improved significantly, both clinically and electromyographically."}
{"id": "PMID:935118", "title": "Gastrin and gastric secretion in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Both gastrin and acid responses to antral stimulation by meat extracts (Oxo) were studied in 15 undialysed males with chronic renal failure (CRF). Eighteen sex and age-matched duodenal ulcers (DU) served as controls. Oxo increased acid and plasma gastrin in both groups. The rise in plasma gastrin was larger in CRF than in DU. The pattern of gastrin response in CRF suggests accumulation of gastrin in the plasma probably related to impaired renal inactivation of the hormone. Five CRF had large acid responses representing 40 to 90 percent of their maximal secretory capacity. Antral function should be measured in CRF before haemodialysis or renal transplantation.", "contents": "Gastrin and gastric secretion in chronic renal failure. Both gastrin and acid responses to antral stimulation by meat extracts (Oxo) were studied in 15 undialysed males with chronic renal failure (CRF). Eighteen sex and age-matched duodenal ulcers (DU) served as controls. Oxo increased acid and plasma gastrin in both groups. The rise in plasma gastrin was larger in CRF than in DU. The pattern of gastrin response in CRF suggests accumulation of gastrin in the plasma probably related to impaired renal inactivation of the hormone. Five CRF had large acid responses representing 40 to 90 percent of their maximal secretory capacity. Antral function should be measured in CRF before haemodialysis or renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:935119", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline levels in regular haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and renin (R) were measured in 29 regular haemodialysis patients (RHP) [13 normotensive, 10 hypertensive, 6 binephrectomised] and in 15 healthy control subjects (C) under various physiological conditions: supine-standing-walking. RHP had significant higher plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the mean than C. All RHP responded to passive orthostasis with a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma NA. In contrast to C, plasma NA did not drop after two hours of active orthostasis. Hypertensive RHP had significant higher plasma concentrations of R and A than normotensives. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a minor role in hypertensive blood pressure regulation of RHP. The adequate response to passive orthostasis in RHP with regard to diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma NA indicates and intact function of the SNS under this condition. Hypertension in RHP not controllable by salt and volume depletion can be attributed to elevated levels of R, which in turn may stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenals. The mechanisms responsible for the elevated levels of circulating catecholamines remain unclear: an inhibition of re-uptake, disturbances in enzymatic metabolism or/and abolished renal clearance are suggested.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline levels in regular haemodialysis patients. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and renin (R) were measured in 29 regular haemodialysis patients (RHP) [13 normotensive, 10 hypertensive, 6 binephrectomised] and in 15 healthy control subjects (C) under various physiological conditions: supine-standing-walking. RHP had significant higher plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the mean than C. All RHP responded to passive orthostasis with a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma NA. In contrast to C, plasma NA did not drop after two hours of active orthostasis. Hypertensive RHP had significant higher plasma concentrations of R and A than normotensives. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a minor role in hypertensive blood pressure regulation of RHP. The adequate response to passive orthostasis in RHP with regard to diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and plasma NA indicates and intact function of the SNS under this condition. Hypertension in RHP not controllable by salt and volume depletion can be attributed to elevated levels of R, which in turn may stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenals. The mechanisms responsible for the elevated levels of circulating catecholamines remain unclear: an inhibition of re-uptake, disturbances in enzymatic metabolism or/and abolished renal clearance are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:935120", "title": "Blood pressure, circulating renin and the body sodium/volume state in patients with mild renal failure.", "content": "Hypertensive patients with various renal lesions and a mean plasma creatinine of 2mg/100ml showed increases (p is less than 0.05) in mean exchangeable sodium and plasma renin activity, while blood volume was not altered significantly. Patients with mild renal failure and normal blood pressure demonstrated no consistent abnormalities in these parameters. Blood pressure correlated significantly with exchangeable sodium and with the 'sodium-renin' and 'blood volume-renin' products; but not with circulating renin or volume individually. This suggests that subtle abnormalities in the physiological sodium/volume-renin feedback mechanism may occur already in the earliest stages of renal disease and may contribute to the hypertension in such patients.", "contents": "Blood pressure, circulating renin and the body sodium/volume state in patients with mild renal failure. Hypertensive patients with various renal lesions and a mean plasma creatinine of 2mg/100ml showed increases (p is less than 0.05) in mean exchangeable sodium and plasma renin activity, while blood volume was not altered significantly. Patients with mild renal failure and normal blood pressure demonstrated no consistent abnormalities in these parameters. Blood pressure correlated significantly with exchangeable sodium and with the 'sodium-renin' and 'blood volume-renin' products; but not with circulating renin or volume individually. This suggests that subtle abnormalities in the physiological sodium/volume-renin feedback mechanism may occur already in the earliest stages of renal disease and may contribute to the hypertension in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:935122", "title": "Angiotensin II metabolism and blood pressure in chronic renal disease.", "content": "A direct positive correlation has been found between mean blood pressure (MBP) and angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate (AII MCR) (p is less than 0.001) in 12 hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) while it is not discernible in nine normals. A strong positive correlation appears between angiotensin II arterio-venous extraction (AII E) and total peripheral resistance in the two groups when analysed both jointly or separately (p is less than 0.001 in all instances). As MBP equals cardiac output (CO) x TPR and AII MCR equals CO x AII E percent, the only parameter which makes the two groups different in the relation MBP/AII MCR is the impairment of CO autoregulation in CRD cases. AII peripheral extraction and degradation is closely linked to the control of peripheral vascular resistance in the two groups.", "contents": "Angiotensin II metabolism and blood pressure in chronic renal disease. A direct positive correlation has been found between mean blood pressure (MBP) and angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate (AII MCR) (p is less than 0.001) in 12 hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) while it is not discernible in nine normals. A strong positive correlation appears between angiotensin II arterio-venous extraction (AII E) and total peripheral resistance in the two groups when analysed both jointly or separately (p is less than 0.001 in all instances). As MBP equals cardiac output (CO) x TPR and AII MCR equals CO x AII E percent, the only parameter which makes the two groups different in the relation MBP/AII MCR is the impairment of CO autoregulation in CRD cases. AII peripheral extraction and degradation is closely linked to the control of peripheral vascular resistance in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:935124", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of frusemide in chronic renal failure.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of frusemide have been studied in thirteen patients with severe chronic renal failure by using 35 S-frusemide. 2 The abosrption of aqueous frusemide was 57 +/- 20 percent (SD) and the bioavailability of 500 mg tablets was 42 +/- 12 percent, this differnece not assuming significance. 3 The renal clearance of frusemide was negligible (1.45 +/- 1.7 ml/min).", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of frusemide in chronic renal failure. 1 The pharmacokinetics of frusemide have been studied in thirteen patients with severe chronic renal failure by using 35 S-frusemide. 2 The abosrption of aqueous frusemide was 57 +/- 20 percent (SD) and the bioavailability of 500 mg tablets was 42 +/- 12 percent, this differnece not assuming significance. 3 The renal clearance of frusemide was negligible (1.45 +/- 1.7 ml/min)."}
{"id": "PMID:935125", "title": "Indolic tryptophan metabolism in uraemia.", "content": "Tryptophan and some indolic metabolites were studied in urine, plasma and dialysate of uraemic patients using thin-layer- and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Some new metabolites: indole-3-carboxylic acid, indole-3-carbaldehyde, indolelactic acid and N-acetyltryptophan were detected. Levels of the latter two metabolites in urine, dialysate and especially plasma suggest increased transamination of tryptophan and a possible defect in renal amino acid acylase in uraemia.", "contents": "Indolic tryptophan metabolism in uraemia. Tryptophan and some indolic metabolites were studied in urine, plasma and dialysate of uraemic patients using thin-layer- and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Some new metabolites: indole-3-carboxylic acid, indole-3-carbaldehyde, indolelactic acid and N-acetyltryptophan were detected. Levels of the latter two metabolites in urine, dialysate and especially plasma suggest increased transamination of tryptophan and a possible defect in renal amino acid acylase in uraemia."}
{"id": "PMID:935126", "title": "Globin synthesis in uraemia.", "content": "Globin synthesis was measured by incubating washed packed red cells with a balanced amino acid mixture and 14C-Histidine. After globin had been isolated from the haemolysate the 14C-incorporation rate per 10 mg globin per min was estimated. With regard to globin synthesis no differences existed between patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis therapy (n equals 41), patitents suffering from secondary anaemia due to chronic infection, rheumatism or malignant diseases (n equals 21) and healthy subjects (n equals 37). Patients with acute bleeding on the other hand, had significant higher 14C-incorporation rates caused by an increase of the reticulocyte count mu1 blood (n equals 13). When substances retained in renal failure were added to the incubation mixture a marked inhibition took place with guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine and fraction containing peptides with a molecular weight between 1200-1400 present in uraemic serum and normal urine, but not in serum from patients without renal failure.", "contents": "Globin synthesis in uraemia. Globin synthesis was measured by incubating washed packed red cells with a balanced amino acid mixture and 14C-Histidine. After globin had been isolated from the haemolysate the 14C-incorporation rate per 10 mg globin per min was estimated. With regard to globin synthesis no differences existed between patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis therapy (n equals 41), patitents suffering from secondary anaemia due to chronic infection, rheumatism or malignant diseases (n equals 21) and healthy subjects (n equals 37). Patients with acute bleeding on the other hand, had significant higher 14C-incorporation rates caused by an increase of the reticulocyte count mu1 blood (n equals 13). When substances retained in renal failure were added to the incubation mixture a marked inhibition took place with guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine and fraction containing peptides with a molecular weight between 1200-1400 present in uraemic serum and normal urine, but not in serum from patients without renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:935127", "title": "Factors predisposing to priapism in haemodialysis patients.", "content": "Clinical data and therapy of all male home dialysis patients of two centres were compared in order to establish predisposing factors to priapism. One centre (Frankfurt) had nine priapisms in 96 patients, whereas the other centre (Montpellier) had none in 59 patients. The only difference found were higher haematocrits in Frankfurt than in Montpellier. The highest haematocrits were found in the priapism patients. Further evaluation of the Frankfurt data showed that androgen therapy, high haematocrits and hypovolemia increase the risk of dialysis priapism. It is recommended to withdraw androgen therapy when the haematocrit is consistantly above 25%.", "contents": "Factors predisposing to priapism in haemodialysis patients. Clinical data and therapy of all male home dialysis patients of two centres were compared in order to establish predisposing factors to priapism. One centre (Frankfurt) had nine priapisms in 96 patients, whereas the other centre (Montpellier) had none in 59 patients. The only difference found were higher haematocrits in Frankfurt than in Montpellier. The highest haematocrits were found in the priapism patients. Further evaluation of the Frankfurt data showed that androgen therapy, high haematocrits and hypovolemia increase the risk of dialysis priapism. It is recommended to withdraw androgen therapy when the haematocrit is consistantly above 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:935128", "title": "Serum lipids in uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis.", "content": "Measurement of serum lipids in 75 patients on regular haemodialysis showed that they had a higher mean serum triglyceride level than normal subjects. Cholesterol levels were not significantly different. Amongst haemodialysis patients men had higher serum triglycerides than women and women had higher cholesterol levels than men, a situation analogous to that found in normal subjects. In men, serum triglycerides correlated with percent body fat and treatment with Sustanon 250(R) intramuscularly weekly caused a significant rise.", "contents": "Serum lipids in uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis. Measurement of serum lipids in 75 patients on regular haemodialysis showed that they had a higher mean serum triglyceride level than normal subjects. Cholesterol levels were not significantly different. Amongst haemodialysis patients men had higher serum triglycerides than women and women had higher cholesterol levels than men, a situation analogous to that found in normal subjects. In men, serum triglycerides correlated with percent body fat and treatment with Sustanon 250(R) intramuscularly weekly caused a significant rise."}
{"id": "PMID:935129", "title": "Portable/wearable artificial kidney (WAK) - initial evaluation.", "content": "This report discusses the modus operandi and results achieved using this new mode of haemodialysis. An insulated 20 L dialysate bath acts as a carrying case for the system. When empty the case is large enough to hold the wearable module and complete supplies for one week's operation. The total weight is 17 kg. The wearable unit consists of a combined blood and dialysate pump (1.2 kg), rechargeable batteries, tubing, Dow dialyser and charcoal regeneration module with a total weight of 3.5kg. Ideally the patient dialyses using a single needle some 3 hours/day, 6 days/week. It is necessary for the wearable module to be connected to the 20 L dialysate bath for an average of 90 minutes to achieve adequate urea and 5+ removal. One patient was dialysed on 35 consecutive days and 4 others were dialysed intermittently. Routine laboratory tests and mass balance studies were performed on all patients. Ultrafiltration rates reached 700 ml/hour, routine serum chemistries remained stable and mass balance studies demonstrated a daily removal of urea 14-20 G, creatinine 1500-2000 mg, uric acid 500-900 mg and K+ 30-55 mEq. It is concluded that dialy dialysis with WAK is biochemically adequate and also permits the patient a much less restricted esistence.", "contents": "Portable/wearable artificial kidney (WAK) - initial evaluation. This report discusses the modus operandi and results achieved using this new mode of haemodialysis. An insulated 20 L dialysate bath acts as a carrying case for the system. When empty the case is large enough to hold the wearable module and complete supplies for one week's operation. The total weight is 17 kg. The wearable unit consists of a combined blood and dialysate pump (1.2 kg), rechargeable batteries, tubing, Dow dialyser and charcoal regeneration module with a total weight of 3.5kg. Ideally the patient dialyses using a single needle some 3 hours/day, 6 days/week. It is necessary for the wearable module to be connected to the 20 L dialysate bath for an average of 90 minutes to achieve adequate urea and 5+ removal. One patient was dialysed on 35 consecutive days and 4 others were dialysed intermittently. Routine laboratory tests and mass balance studies were performed on all patients. Ultrafiltration rates reached 700 ml/hour, routine serum chemistries remained stable and mass balance studies demonstrated a daily removal of urea 14-20 G, creatinine 1500-2000 mg, uric acid 500-900 mg and K+ 30-55 mEq. It is concluded that dialy dialysis with WAK is biochemically adequate and also permits the patient a much less restricted esistence."}
{"id": "PMID:935130", "title": "Is hollow fibre occlusion due to maldistribution of blood?", "content": "Blood flow has been shown to be very slow in the central portion of a capillary bundle where intracapillary clotting mainly occurs. It is concluded that extremely uneven blood distribution is a causative factor in intracapillary clot formation in the HFAK examined.", "contents": "Is hollow fibre occlusion due to maldistribution of blood? Blood flow has been shown to be very slow in the central portion of a capillary bundle where intracapillary clotting mainly occurs. It is concluded that extremely uneven blood distribution is a causative factor in intracapillary clot formation in the HFAK examined."}
{"id": "PMID:935131", "title": "Haemodialysis with charcoal haemoperfusion.", "content": "An activated charcoal haemoperfusion device containing 300 g acrylic hydrogel coated activated charcoal, was combined with haemodialysis, on six occasions in each of two patients, for a 2-hour portion of a routine 5-hour dialysis schedule. Blood pressure changes with combined treatment were minimised by using a low priming volume dialysis filter. Plasma clearance of both creatinine and urate were increased during the combined haemodialysis-haemoperfusion period. During the two hours of the combined treatment period in one patient creatinine removal amounted to 70% and urate removal to 50% of that obtained during a 5-hour haemodialysis. No significant additional urea or phosphate removal occurred. Changes in middle molecular weight substances with combined treatment were slightly greater than changes occurring with dialysis alone. Haemodialysis alone did not result in a terminal platelet fall, but combined treatment resulted in a terminal 20-30% platelet reduction, despite unchanged platelet counts at the end of the 2-hour haemoperfusion period. This preliminary study suggests that combined haemodialysis-haemoperfusion, is worthy of further scrutiny.", "contents": "Haemodialysis with charcoal haemoperfusion. An activated charcoal haemoperfusion device containing 300 g acrylic hydrogel coated activated charcoal, was combined with haemodialysis, on six occasions in each of two patients, for a 2-hour portion of a routine 5-hour dialysis schedule. Blood pressure changes with combined treatment were minimised by using a low priming volume dialysis filter. Plasma clearance of both creatinine and urate were increased during the combined haemodialysis-haemoperfusion period. During the two hours of the combined treatment period in one patient creatinine removal amounted to 70% and urate removal to 50% of that obtained during a 5-hour haemodialysis. No significant additional urea or phosphate removal occurred. Changes in middle molecular weight substances with combined treatment were slightly greater than changes occurring with dialysis alone. Haemodialysis alone did not result in a terminal platelet fall, but combined treatment resulted in a terminal 20-30% platelet reduction, despite unchanged platelet counts at the end of the 2-hour haemoperfusion period. This preliminary study suggests that combined haemodialysis-haemoperfusion, is worthy of further scrutiny."}
{"id": "PMID:935134", "title": "Experience with a new vascular prosthetic device (Sparks mandril) for periodic haemodialysis.", "content": "In eighteen months, eleven Sparks mandrils have been implanted in ten patients who presented serious vascular access problems. So far nine mandrils have been anastomosed and six are functioning. In one patient the apparatus, inserted in the right leg, clotted after 108 dialyses and was reinserted in the left arm; after a further forty dialyses the patient died from causes not connected with dialysis. Another patient's Sparks mandril thrombosed from infection on the fourth post-operative day. Using a single needle apparatus, 693 dialyses have been carried out with particular problems either for the patients or the grafts.", "contents": "Experience with a new vascular prosthetic device (Sparks mandril) for periodic haemodialysis. In eighteen months, eleven Sparks mandrils have been implanted in ten patients who presented serious vascular access problems. So far nine mandrils have been anastomosed and six are functioning. In one patient the apparatus, inserted in the right leg, clotted after 108 dialyses and was reinserted in the left arm; after a further forty dialyses the patient died from causes not connected with dialysis. Another patient's Sparks mandril thrombosed from infection on the fourth post-operative day. Using a single needle apparatus, 693 dialyses have been carried out with particular problems either for the patients or the grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:935135", "title": "The Sparks Mandril for vessel access in haemodialysis.", "content": "The Sparks Mandril, placed as a forearm loop, provides excellent access for haemodialysis. The long-term patency rate however, is less than for other access devices and hence the mandril's place at present is in patients with access problems.", "contents": "The Sparks Mandril for vessel access in haemodialysis. The Sparks Mandril, placed as a forearm loop, provides excellent access for haemodialysis. The long-term patency rate however, is less than for other access devices and hence the mandril's place at present is in patients with access problems."}
{"id": "PMID:935136", "title": "Weekly artificial kidney: personal monitor with cartridge re-use.", "content": "Cartridge re-use is now successful in centre and home haemodialysis. The economic advantage of re-use is remarkable even in the case of a single re-use. However, hepatitis and pyrogenic reactions may follow re-use and are a source of possible contamination. The problem of storing sterilised cartridges also arises. In order to reduce the work load and simplify preparation and re-use the authors have developed a simple 'personal monitor' that permits automatic recovery of the cartridge and eliminates handling. In our unit this 'personal monitor' has been used for 14 months without complications and with considerable saving. By using the same cartridge three times for each patient, the aim of a 'weekly kidney' has been achieved.", "contents": "Weekly artificial kidney: personal monitor with cartridge re-use. Cartridge re-use is now successful in centre and home haemodialysis. The economic advantage of re-use is remarkable even in the case of a single re-use. However, hepatitis and pyrogenic reactions may follow re-use and are a source of possible contamination. The problem of storing sterilised cartridges also arises. In order to reduce the work load and simplify preparation and re-use the authors have developed a simple 'personal monitor' that permits automatic recovery of the cartridge and eliminates handling. In our unit this 'personal monitor' has been used for 14 months without complications and with considerable saving. By using the same cartridge three times for each patient, the aim of a 'weekly kidney' has been achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:935138", "title": "Undried cellulose gel film-- a high permeability dialysis membrane.", "content": "Undried cellulose gel film manufactured by British Cellophane Ltd (BCL) has been evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Results obtained indicate that undried cellulose gel film is superior in terms of ultrafiltration and middle molecular clearance to the widely used Cuprophan membrane and comparable with the Rh\u00f4ne Poulenc AN69 Acrylopolynitrile membrane for middle molecular clearance. The gel film is suitable for use with conventional dialysis equipment and in terms of residual blood volume, leak rate and pyrogenicity is indistinguishable from cuprophan.", "contents": "Undried cellulose gel film-- a high permeability dialysis membrane. Undried cellulose gel film manufactured by British Cellophane Ltd (BCL) has been evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Results obtained indicate that undried cellulose gel film is superior in terms of ultrafiltration and middle molecular clearance to the widely used Cuprophan membrane and comparable with the Rh\u00f4ne Poulenc AN69 Acrylopolynitrile membrane for middle molecular clearance. The gel film is suitable for use with conventional dialysis equipment and in terms of residual blood volume, leak rate and pyrogenicity is indistinguishable from cuprophan."}
{"id": "PMID:935139", "title": "Migration of plasticiser from haemodialysis blood tubing.", "content": "Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was found to migrate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood tubing into human blood during both in vivo and in vitro haemodialysis. DEHP blood level increased during in vivo dialysis but decreased again toward the end of a six hour dialysis period. During in vitro haemodialysis of outdated human blood DEHP accumulated up to 5580 ppb. Although toxic effects have not yet been observed, we believe plastic tubing that does not contain extractable materials should be developed.", "contents": "Migration of plasticiser from haemodialysis blood tubing. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was found to migrate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood tubing into human blood during both in vivo and in vitro haemodialysis. DEHP blood level increased during in vivo dialysis but decreased again toward the end of a six hour dialysis period. During in vitro haemodialysis of outdated human blood DEHP accumulated up to 5580 ppb. Although toxic effects have not yet been observed, we believe plastic tubing that does not contain extractable materials should be developed."}
{"id": "PMID:935141", "title": "Comparison of two strategies for short dialysis using 1m2 and 2m2 surface area dialysers.", "content": "Two matched groups of patients were dialysed either thrice weekly on a double re-used Gambro (2m2) for four and a half hours per dialysis (Group A) or thrice weekly five hours per dialysis on a single non re-used Gambro (1m2) (Group B). There was no significant differences in measured parameters of nitrogen retention between the groups, nor did the mean motor nerve conduction velocity alter significantly in any patient. Both groups preferred short dialysis. No manifestations of inadequate dialysis appeared up to 18 months even in bilateral nephrectomised patients of whom there were 2 in each group. Group B experienced significantly fewer hypovolaemic symptoms during dialysis and the single system in thus preferred. The mean dialysis index in Group A was 1.0 and 0.9 in Group B. These results suggest that a dialysis index of 1.0 overestimates dialysis needs.", "contents": "Comparison of two strategies for short dialysis using 1m2 and 2m2 surface area dialysers. Two matched groups of patients were dialysed either thrice weekly on a double re-used Gambro (2m2) for four and a half hours per dialysis (Group A) or thrice weekly five hours per dialysis on a single non re-used Gambro (1m2) (Group B). There was no significant differences in measured parameters of nitrogen retention between the groups, nor did the mean motor nerve conduction velocity alter significantly in any patient. Both groups preferred short dialysis. No manifestations of inadequate dialysis appeared up to 18 months even in bilateral nephrectomised patients of whom there were 2 in each group. Group B experienced significantly fewer hypovolaemic symptoms during dialysis and the single system in thus preferred. The mean dialysis index in Group A was 1.0 and 0.9 in Group B. These results suggest that a dialysis index of 1.0 overestimates dialysis needs."}
{"id": "PMID:935142", "title": "A comparison of short and long haemodialysis.", "content": "Two groups of patients treated by short (Milan) and long (Newcastle) haemodialysis were compared for incidence of symptoms and biochemical control. Short dialysis corrected urea and creatinine as well but control of potassium and phosphate were similar. The only apparent penalties to be paid by short dialysis patients were a higher incidence of itching, tingling or numbness, impairment of vibratory sense and difficulty in controlling blood pressure. The short dialysis group had higher haemoglobin and less dyspnoea, muscle weakness and dizziness after dialysis.", "contents": "A comparison of short and long haemodialysis. Two groups of patients treated by short (Milan) and long (Newcastle) haemodialysis were compared for incidence of symptoms and biochemical control. Short dialysis corrected urea and creatinine as well but control of potassium and phosphate were similar. The only apparent penalties to be paid by short dialysis patients were a higher incidence of itching, tingling or numbness, impairment of vibratory sense and difficulty in controlling blood pressure. The short dialysis group had higher haemoglobin and less dyspnoea, muscle weakness and dizziness after dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:935161", "title": "Comparative aspects of tumours of the central nervous system in the dog.", "content": "A wide variety of tumours of the brain occur in the dog, most commonly in the Boxer breed. Tumours may arise from the subependymal plate which may influence the parts of the brain destroyed and hence the pattern of clinical signs. Because of the small capacity of the dog's skull, vital neurological structures are quickly destroyed and the time course of these events is much shorter than in man. The high incidence of tumours in the Boxer would suggest that this breed might afford a useful model for clinical treatment using, for instance, cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of tumours of the central nervous system in the dog. A wide variety of tumours of the brain occur in the dog, most commonly in the Boxer breed. Tumours may arise from the subependymal plate which may influence the parts of the brain destroyed and hence the pattern of clinical signs. Because of the small capacity of the dog's skull, vital neurological structures are quickly destroyed and the time course of these events is much shorter than in man. The high incidence of tumours in the Boxer would suggest that this breed might afford a useful model for clinical treatment using, for instance, cytotoxic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:935177", "title": "Blockade of the postorchidectomy increase in gonadotropins by implants of atropine into the hypothalamus.", "content": "Bilateral implants of atropine sulphate were placed in various loci in the brain or into the anterior pituitary in male rats and the effects of the implants on the postcastration rise in plasma FSH and LH was determined. The increase in both gonadotropins at 16 hr after castration still occurred in animals with implants in the cerebral cortex. The postcastration rise of both FSH and LH was blocked by atropine implants in the anterior, middle, or posterior hypothalamus but was not interfered with by control implants of cholesterol. Bilateral implants of either cholesterol or atropine into the anterior pituitary failed to alter the increase in plasma LH following castration but both types of implants interfered with the postcastration rise in FSH, possibly because of trauma to the pituitary from the cannulae. It is suggested that hypothalamic cholinergic synapses may play a role in stimulating the increased LHRH release which induces the postcastration rise in gonadotropins.", "contents": "Blockade of the postorchidectomy increase in gonadotropins by implants of atropine into the hypothalamus. Bilateral implants of atropine sulphate were placed in various loci in the brain or into the anterior pituitary in male rats and the effects of the implants on the postcastration rise in plasma FSH and LH was determined. The increase in both gonadotropins at 16 hr after castration still occurred in animals with implants in the cerebral cortex. The postcastration rise of both FSH and LH was blocked by atropine implants in the anterior, middle, or posterior hypothalamus but was not interfered with by control implants of cholesterol. Bilateral implants of either cholesterol or atropine into the anterior pituitary failed to alter the increase in plasma LH following castration but both types of implants interfered with the postcastration rise in FSH, possibly because of trauma to the pituitary from the cannulae. It is suggested that hypothalamic cholinergic synapses may play a role in stimulating the increased LHRH release which induces the postcastration rise in gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:935178", "title": "Dose-response hyperplasia and neoplasia from feeding N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) to BALB/c mice for varying time intervals.", "content": "Hyperplasia induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide requires the continuous presence of the chemical for its maintenance. Feeding the chemical at levels of 8 to 86 ppm results in a dose-response related urinary bladder hyperplasia and, after 9 to 12 months, in bladder neoplasia at the higher dose levels. Neoplasia of the lungs, liver, parotid gland, lacrimal gland, harderian gland, and submaxillary gland was also observed. Measurement of oncogenic viruses revealed no synergism with 2-FAA and no relationship between virus counts and neoplasia. Calcareous pericarditis was observed and most general toxicological effects occurred in the liver. A pronounced sex difference in response was observed with the males giving greater responses than the females in all instances.", "contents": "Dose-response hyperplasia and neoplasia from feeding N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) to BALB/c mice for varying time intervals. Hyperplasia induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide requires the continuous presence of the chemical for its maintenance. Feeding the chemical at levels of 8 to 86 ppm results in a dose-response related urinary bladder hyperplasia and, after 9 to 12 months, in bladder neoplasia at the higher dose levels. Neoplasia of the lungs, liver, parotid gland, lacrimal gland, harderian gland, and submaxillary gland was also observed. Measurement of oncogenic viruses revealed no synergism with 2-FAA and no relationship between virus counts and neoplasia. Calcareous pericarditis was observed and most general toxicological effects occurred in the liver. A pronounced sex difference in response was observed with the males giving greater responses than the females in all instances."}
{"id": "PMID:935180", "title": "Observations on hexachlorophene-induced paralysis in the cat and its antagonism by hypertonic urea.", "content": "Cats given HCP (20 mg/kg) orally each day developed hindlimb paralysis and greatly elevated CSFP (174 mm saline; 19 mm in controls) in 3 to 5 days. \"Status spongiosis\" was seen in white matter only in sections of brain and cord. There was no dilation of cerebral ventricles, or damage to their ependymal linings or to the arachnoid villi. The neurological picture excluded any but a terminal effect upon cranial nerve function. There appeared to be no damage to neurons, and recovery of survivors was complete within 6 weeks after cessation of HCP administration. Elevated CSFP in paralyzed anesthetized cats was quickly lowered by an average of 256 mm by slow iv administration of 30% urea (2 g/kg in 10% invert sugar). Unanesthetized cats similarly paralyzed were able to stand and walk for up to 4 hr after this treatment. Neither acetazolamide nor prednisolone alone had any effect, nor did coadministration with urea enhance the effect of urea. The HCP lesion does not appear to be inflammatory in origin, nor does it seem to involve ventricular obstruction or overproduction  of cerebrospinal fluid. The reappearance of paralysis about 4 hr after osmotic diuresis, which corresponds with the elimination of urea, suggests that prolonged iv infusion with urea or a similar osmotically active substance may have significant clinical value in the management of HCP poisoning.", "contents": "Observations on hexachlorophene-induced paralysis in the cat and its antagonism by hypertonic urea. Cats given HCP (20 mg/kg) orally each day developed hindlimb paralysis and greatly elevated CSFP (174 mm saline; 19 mm in controls) in 3 to 5 days. \"Status spongiosis\" was seen in white matter only in sections of brain and cord. There was no dilation of cerebral ventricles, or damage to their ependymal linings or to the arachnoid villi. The neurological picture excluded any but a terminal effect upon cranial nerve function. There appeared to be no damage to neurons, and recovery of survivors was complete within 6 weeks after cessation of HCP administration. Elevated CSFP in paralyzed anesthetized cats was quickly lowered by an average of 256 mm by slow iv administration of 30% urea (2 g/kg in 10% invert sugar). Unanesthetized cats similarly paralyzed were able to stand and walk for up to 4 hr after this treatment. Neither acetazolamide nor prednisolone alone had any effect, nor did coadministration with urea enhance the effect of urea. The HCP lesion does not appear to be inflammatory in origin, nor does it seem to involve ventricular obstruction or overproduction  of cerebrospinal fluid. The reappearance of paralysis about 4 hr after osmotic diuresis, which corresponds with the elimination of urea, suggests that prolonged iv infusion with urea or a similar osmotically active substance may have significant clinical value in the management of HCP poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:935181", "title": "Longitudinal tension of anterior tibial artery segments during constrictor responses.", "content": "Longitudinal tensions were recorded from in situ isolated segments of dog anterior tibial arteries during vasoconstrictor responses. Two factors appeared to be responsible for longitudinal tensions occurring during vasoconstrictor responses. One was due to changes in intraluminal pressure and appeared to be the dominant factor. Increases in intraluminal pressures produced decreases in longitudinal tensions, indicating that the vessel segments were elongated. Thus, increases in intraluminal pressure passively stretched the blood vessel walls so that increases in both the circumferential and longitudinal axes of the vessel segment occurred. These findings agree with similar findings reported earlier (4, 7, 8). The other factor was apparently due to changes in longitudinal tension produced by vascular smooth muscle contraction. In some cases longitudinal tension changes were positive, in others they were negative. Increases in longitudinal tension were probably the result of contractions of helical smooth muscle elements. Decreases in tension may have been due to displacement of tissue parallel to the long axis of the vessel as smooth muscle elements contracted.", "contents": "Longitudinal tension of anterior tibial artery segments during constrictor responses. Longitudinal tensions were recorded from in situ isolated segments of dog anterior tibial arteries during vasoconstrictor responses. Two factors appeared to be responsible for longitudinal tensions occurring during vasoconstrictor responses. One was due to changes in intraluminal pressure and appeared to be the dominant factor. Increases in intraluminal pressures produced decreases in longitudinal tensions, indicating that the vessel segments were elongated. Thus, increases in intraluminal pressure passively stretched the blood vessel walls so that increases in both the circumferential and longitudinal axes of the vessel segment occurred. These findings agree with similar findings reported earlier (4, 7, 8). The other factor was apparently due to changes in longitudinal tension produced by vascular smooth muscle contraction. In some cases longitudinal tension changes were positive, in others they were negative. Increases in longitudinal tension were probably the result of contractions of helical smooth muscle elements. Decreases in tension may have been due to displacement of tissue parallel to the long axis of the vessel as smooth muscle elements contracted."}
{"id": "PMID:935182", "title": "Therapeutic activity of pretazettine, a narcissus alkaloid on Rauscher leukemia: comparison with tazettine and streptonigrin.", "content": "The therapeutic activity of narcissus alkaloid pretazettine HC1 (PTZ) on established Rauscher leukemia has been demonstrated and compared with the isomer tazettine (TZ) and an antibiotic, streptonigrin (SN). PTZ and SN showed remarkable prolongation effect on the life span of the leukemic mice and the antiviral activity has been confirmed in mouse 3T3 cells infected with Rauscher virus. TZ showed no significant activity in the leukemic mice and was inhibitory to the virus growth in the cells at much higher doses than PTZ. It is suggested that the stereochemical rearrangement from PTZ to TZ inactivates the biological activity of PTZ.", "contents": "Therapeutic activity of pretazettine, a narcissus alkaloid on Rauscher leukemia: comparison with tazettine and streptonigrin. The therapeutic activity of narcissus alkaloid pretazettine HC1 (PTZ) on established Rauscher leukemia has been demonstrated and compared with the isomer tazettine (TZ) and an antibiotic, streptonigrin (SN). PTZ and SN showed remarkable prolongation effect on the life span of the leukemic mice and the antiviral activity has been confirmed in mouse 3T3 cells infected with Rauscher virus. TZ showed no significant activity in the leukemic mice and was inhibitory to the virus growth in the cells at much higher doses than PTZ. It is suggested that the stereochemical rearrangement from PTZ to TZ inactivates the biological activity of PTZ."}
{"id": "PMID:935183", "title": "Zinc metabolism and homeostasis in rats fed a wide range of high dietary zinc levels.", "content": "Zinc metabolism and homeostasis were studied in young growing rats fed a 38 ppm zinc diet with added zinc levels ranging from 0 to 8400 ppm for 21 days. High dietary zinc did not cause toxicity symptoms. Stable zinc in feces increased linearly with dietary zinc intake but fecal 65Zn, from a single oral dose, did not increase above the 1200 ppm dietary level. Stable zinc in liver, kidney, and tibia increased two to three times with 2400 ppm added zinc, but was not further elevated until 8400 ppm was fed. Stable zinc in muscle and heart was not affected appreciably by dietary zinc level. In all tissues, 65Zn retention was drastically reduced with 1200 ppm added dietary zinc. Additional dietary zinc reduced 65Zn in muscle and heart but had little effect on liver and kidney 65Zn. The data indicate that rats have fairly effective homeostatic control mechanisms for tissue zinc below about 7200 ppm dietary zinc. Whereas, with dietary zinc up to about 1200 ppm, decreasing absorption is the main route of homeostatic control, above this level, more rapid zinc turnover rates and increasing endogenous zinc excretion appear to have major importance.", "contents": "Zinc metabolism and homeostasis in rats fed a wide range of high dietary zinc levels. Zinc metabolism and homeostasis were studied in young growing rats fed a 38 ppm zinc diet with added zinc levels ranging from 0 to 8400 ppm for 21 days. High dietary zinc did not cause toxicity symptoms. Stable zinc in feces increased linearly with dietary zinc intake but fecal 65Zn, from a single oral dose, did not increase above the 1200 ppm dietary level. Stable zinc in liver, kidney, and tibia increased two to three times with 2400 ppm added zinc, but was not further elevated until 8400 ppm was fed. Stable zinc in muscle and heart was not affected appreciably by dietary zinc level. In all tissues, 65Zn retention was drastically reduced with 1200 ppm added dietary zinc. Additional dietary zinc reduced 65Zn in muscle and heart but had little effect on liver and kidney 65Zn. The data indicate that rats have fairly effective homeostatic control mechanisms for tissue zinc below about 7200 ppm dietary zinc. Whereas, with dietary zinc up to about 1200 ppm, decreasing absorption is the main route of homeostatic control, above this level, more rapid zinc turnover rates and increasing endogenous zinc excretion appear to have major importance."}
{"id": "PMID:935184", "title": "Plasma steroid concentrations in conscious and anesthetized rabbits.", "content": "The ovarian steroids, estrogen, androgen, and progestin, were measured in the peripheral plasma of adult female rabbits that were either conscious or anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (nembutal) or halothane. Concentrations of estrogen, androgens, and progestin were determined before and at 10 and 45 min after systemic injection of either buffer or LH. In the controls androgen levels were significantly different between animals anesthetized with nembutal and halothane. However, the greatest treatment effect was noted in plasma progestin concentrations which were significantly elevated in halothane-anesthetized animals in comparison to the conscious and nembutal-anesthetized animals. Following LH, the androgen and progestin levels were significantly elevated over basal levels. Most likely the treatment effect observed in the controls was still present but was overridden by the increased release of steroids following gonadotrophin stimulation. This study suggests that halothane, in contrast to nembutal, does significantly elevate peripheral progestin and androgen levels.", "contents": "Plasma steroid concentrations in conscious and anesthetized rabbits. The ovarian steroids, estrogen, androgen, and progestin, were measured in the peripheral plasma of adult female rabbits that were either conscious or anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (nembutal) or halothane. Concentrations of estrogen, androgens, and progestin were determined before and at 10 and 45 min after systemic injection of either buffer or LH. In the controls androgen levels were significantly different between animals anesthetized with nembutal and halothane. However, the greatest treatment effect was noted in plasma progestin concentrations which were significantly elevated in halothane-anesthetized animals in comparison to the conscious and nembutal-anesthetized animals. Following LH, the androgen and progestin levels were significantly elevated over basal levels. Most likely the treatment effect observed in the controls was still present but was overridden by the increased release of steroids following gonadotrophin stimulation. This study suggests that halothane, in contrast to nembutal, does significantly elevate peripheral progestin and androgen levels."}
{"id": "PMID:935185", "title": "Effect of intravenous C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin and intraduodenal ricinoleic acid on contractile activity of the dog intestine.", "content": "Intraduodenal infusion of ricinoleic acid and iv bolus injection of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin produce markedly similar alterations in the digestive contractile patterns of the GI tract of the unanesthetized dog. The brief, initial stimulation of contractile activity in the proximal small intestine following both procedures is mediated through a cholinergic mechanism. The stimulatory response is followed by an inhibition of digestive contractile activity of unknown origin. These observations suggest that possibility that the GI hormone, cholecystokinin, may mediate the intestinal motor response evoked by infusion of ricinoleic acid directly into the proximal small intestine.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin and intraduodenal ricinoleic acid on contractile activity of the dog intestine. Intraduodenal infusion of ricinoleic acid and iv bolus injection of the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin produce markedly similar alterations in the digestive contractile patterns of the GI tract of the unanesthetized dog. The brief, initial stimulation of contractile activity in the proximal small intestine following both procedures is mediated through a cholinergic mechanism. The stimulatory response is followed by an inhibition of digestive contractile activity of unknown origin. These observations suggest that possibility that the GI hormone, cholecystokinin, may mediate the intestinal motor response evoked by infusion of ricinoleic acid directly into the proximal small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:935186", "title": "Lipophilic and respiratory properties of NADH and succinate dehydrogenase sites in mitochondria from various tissues of the rat.", "content": "Mitochondria were isolated from heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain of the rat. With overall regard to both resting and activated respiratory velocities with either glutamate or succinate, as well as the respective degrees of respiratory control, kidney mitochondria were most efficient and spleen mitochondria least so. A probe of mitochondrial inner membrane lipophilicity with tetrabutylammonium bromide showed that NADH dehydrogenases from liver and heart were similar, as were also those from kidney and spleen. With the exception of brain, only small differences were observed in lipophilic properties of succinate dehydrogenases from the various other tissues. Variation in lipophilic characteristics of the two sites on the mitochondrial inner membranes could not be correlated with embryological origin of the tissue.", "contents": "Lipophilic and respiratory properties of NADH and succinate dehydrogenase sites in mitochondria from various tissues of the rat. Mitochondria were isolated from heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain of the rat. With overall regard to both resting and activated respiratory velocities with either glutamate or succinate, as well as the respective degrees of respiratory control, kidney mitochondria were most efficient and spleen mitochondria least so. A probe of mitochondrial inner membrane lipophilicity with tetrabutylammonium bromide showed that NADH dehydrogenases from liver and heart were similar, as were also those from kidney and spleen. With the exception of brain, only small differences were observed in lipophilic properties of succinate dehydrogenases from the various other tissues. Variation in lipophilic characteristics of the two sites on the mitochondrial inner membranes could not be correlated with embryological origin of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:935187", "title": "Effects of propranolol on renin release during chronic thoracic caval constriction or acute renal artery stenosis in dogs.", "content": "Dogs were given d,1-propranolol before and after thoracic inferior vena cava constriction (TIVCC) or renal artery constriction (RAC) to determine if the increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and associated biological activity could be suppressed. Oral propranolol administration (240 mg twice daily) was begun at least 2 days prior to TIVCC in six dogs; heart rate was reduced from 133 to 95 beats/min but PRA did not change with propranolol administration. After TIVCC and during continued propranolol administration, daily renal sodium excretion fell from an average value of 50 to less than 3 mEq sodium/day and PRA was elevated two- to fourfold. With prolonged propranolol administration during TIVCC, PRA returned toward normal levels but renal sodium excretion remained low. At this time, hourly measurements of sodium excretion showed no change after a 240-mg oral dose or propranolol although very high plasma levels of propranolol were achieved; also, PRA was unchanged and low. The effects of RAC were studied before and during an intravenous propranolol infusion (0.2 mg/kg/hour) in conscious animals. Before propranolol administration, arterial pressure increased during RAC from 120 to 136 mm Hg and PRA doubled. Propranolol infusion lowered heart rate from 110 to 84 beats/min, but arterial pressure and PRA were not attentuated by propranolol during RAC. The data indicate that non-beta-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in renin release during TIVCC and RAC.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol on renin release during chronic thoracic caval constriction or acute renal artery stenosis in dogs. Dogs were given d,1-propranolol before and after thoracic inferior vena cava constriction (TIVCC) or renal artery constriction (RAC) to determine if the increase in plasma renin activity (PRA) and associated biological activity could be suppressed. Oral propranolol administration (240 mg twice daily) was begun at least 2 days prior to TIVCC in six dogs; heart rate was reduced from 133 to 95 beats/min but PRA did not change with propranolol administration. After TIVCC and during continued propranolol administration, daily renal sodium excretion fell from an average value of 50 to less than 3 mEq sodium/day and PRA was elevated two- to fourfold. With prolonged propranolol administration during TIVCC, PRA returned toward normal levels but renal sodium excretion remained low. At this time, hourly measurements of sodium excretion showed no change after a 240-mg oral dose or propranolol although very high plasma levels of propranolol were achieved; also, PRA was unchanged and low. The effects of RAC were studied before and during an intravenous propranolol infusion (0.2 mg/kg/hour) in conscious animals. Before propranolol administration, arterial pressure increased during RAC from 120 to 136 mm Hg and PRA doubled. Propranolol infusion lowered heart rate from 110 to 84 beats/min, but arterial pressure and PRA were not attentuated by propranolol during RAC. The data indicate that non-beta-adrenergic mechanisms are involved in renin release during TIVCC and RAC."}
{"id": "PMID:935188", "title": "Effect of nonsuckling interval in the ether-induced release of immunoprecipitable prolactin in the plasma of the lactating rat.", "content": "The concentration of prolactin in the plasma of lactating rats increased from 24 to 74 ng/ml following acute ether stress as the length of the preceding period of nonsuckling diminished from 12 to 8 hr. In a second experiment the prolactin concentration increased from 24 to 79 to 104 ng/ml as the frequency of 10-min sucklings during a 12-hr period was altered from once at the end of the twelfth hr to once every 6 hr to once every 4 hr and the mothers then exposed to ether 12 hr after the last suckling. These results indicate that more frequent activation of the prolactin-releasing mechanism facilitates the subsequent release of prolactin in response to ether stress.", "contents": "Effect of nonsuckling interval in the ether-induced release of immunoprecipitable prolactin in the plasma of the lactating rat. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma of lactating rats increased from 24 to 74 ng/ml following acute ether stress as the length of the preceding period of nonsuckling diminished from 12 to 8 hr. In a second experiment the prolactin concentration increased from 24 to 79 to 104 ng/ml as the frequency of 10-min sucklings during a 12-hr period was altered from once at the end of the twelfth hr to once every 6 hr to once every 4 hr and the mothers then exposed to ether 12 hr after the last suckling. These results indicate that more frequent activation of the prolactin-releasing mechanism facilitates the subsequent release of prolactin in response to ether stress."}
{"id": "PMID:935189", "title": "The inhibitory effect of vitamin E on desferrioxamine-induced iron excretion in rats.", "content": "The influence of vitamin E on the mobilization and excretion of storage iron induced by DF was studied in normal and iron-overloaded rats. Vitamin E administration in pharmacologic doses resulted in complete inhibition of the effect of DF on storage iron in iron-overloaded rats while no such effect could be demonstrated in rats with normal iron stores. The mechanism of the observed inhibition of DF action by vitamin E is at present unknown. Nevertheless this drug interaction has to be considered in view of ongoing therapeutic trials where both antioxidants and iron chelating drugs are administered simultaneously to thalassemic patients with transfusion induced iron overload.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of vitamin E on desferrioxamine-induced iron excretion in rats. The influence of vitamin E on the mobilization and excretion of storage iron induced by DF was studied in normal and iron-overloaded rats. Vitamin E administration in pharmacologic doses resulted in complete inhibition of the effect of DF on storage iron in iron-overloaded rats while no such effect could be demonstrated in rats with normal iron stores. The mechanism of the observed inhibition of DF action by vitamin E is at present unknown. Nevertheless this drug interaction has to be considered in view of ongoing therapeutic trials where both antioxidants and iron chelating drugs are administered simultaneously to thalassemic patients with transfusion induced iron overload."}
{"id": "PMID:935190", "title": "Protective effects of cholestyramine in rats fed a low-fiber diet containing toxic doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth.", "content": "Immature male rats were fed a purified, low-fiber diet containing massive doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth (FD and C Red No. 2). Sodium cyclamate when incorporated at a 5% level in the purified, low-fiber diet resulted in toxic manifestations which were counteracted by the concurrent administration of the anion exchange resin cholestyramine at a 2 1/2% level in the diet. Other anion exchange resins were also active in this regard. Cholestyramine at a 2 1/2% level of supplementation was also active in counteracting the toxic effects induced by amaranth when the latter was incorporated at a 5% level in the purified, low-fiber diet.", "contents": "Protective effects of cholestyramine in rats fed a low-fiber diet containing toxic doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth. Immature male rats were fed a purified, low-fiber diet containing massive doses of sodium cyclamate or amaranth (FD and C Red No. 2). Sodium cyclamate when incorporated at a 5% level in the purified, low-fiber diet resulted in toxic manifestations which were counteracted by the concurrent administration of the anion exchange resin cholestyramine at a 2 1/2% level in the diet. Other anion exchange resins were also active in this regard. Cholestyramine at a 2 1/2% level of supplementation was also active in counteracting the toxic effects induced by amaranth when the latter was incorporated at a 5% level in the purified, low-fiber diet."}
{"id": "PMID:935191", "title": "Inhibitory effect of synthetic phospholipid vesicles containing cholesterol on the fertilizing ability of rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Suspensions of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles bearing 10 to 40 (w/w)% cholesterol inhibited the fertilizing ability of uterine-capacitated rabbit spermatozoa at concentrations of 1 to 10 mg of lipid/ml. Recovery of fertilizing ability by treated sperm cells was observed following insemination into the uterus 5 to 6 hr before ovulation. Vesicles lacking the sterol were not inhibitory under the conditions employed. Suspensions of cholesterol (0.4 to 4 mg of sterol/ml) with out phospholipid, in contrast, inhibited fertilization. Implication of cholesterol in sperm decapacitation by seminal plasma membrane vesicles is discussed in terms of these results.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of synthetic phospholipid vesicles containing cholesterol on the fertilizing ability of rabbit spermatozoa. Suspensions of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles bearing 10 to 40 (w/w)% cholesterol inhibited the fertilizing ability of uterine-capacitated rabbit spermatozoa at concentrations of 1 to 10 mg of lipid/ml. Recovery of fertilizing ability by treated sperm cells was observed following insemination into the uterus 5 to 6 hr before ovulation. Vesicles lacking the sterol were not inhibitory under the conditions employed. Suspensions of cholesterol (0.4 to 4 mg of sterol/ml) with out phospholipid, in contrast, inhibited fertilization. Implication of cholesterol in sperm decapacitation by seminal plasma membrane vesicles is discussed in terms of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:935192", "title": "The effect of partial starvation and glucagon treatment on intestinal villus morphology and cell migration.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either treated with repeated ip injections of glucagon every 6 hr or partially starved. After 7 days of partial starvation or 5 days of glucagon injections, a time period shown previously to induce increased transport, all animals were sacrificed and a segment of jejunum was removed, fixed in formalin, sectioned, and dipped in Kodak NTB-2 liquid emulsion. After 8 weeks of exposure the autoradiographs were developed; assessments of villus height and crypt depth and measurements of length of the column of exposed grains were made in a calibrated microscope. The mean villus length in both semistarved and glucagon-treated groups was found to be significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) when compared to control animals. The crypt-to-villus ratio was found to be unaltered by either treatment modality. The rate of cell migration was diminished by both partial starvation and glucagon treatment, but only glucagon therapy was found to cause a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the rate of cell movement when compared to controls.", "contents": "The effect of partial starvation and glucagon treatment on intestinal villus morphology and cell migration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either treated with repeated ip injections of glucagon every 6 hr or partially starved. After 7 days of partial starvation or 5 days of glucagon injections, a time period shown previously to induce increased transport, all animals were sacrificed and a segment of jejunum was removed, fixed in formalin, sectioned, and dipped in Kodak NTB-2 liquid emulsion. After 8 weeks of exposure the autoradiographs were developed; assessments of villus height and crypt depth and measurements of length of the column of exposed grains were made in a calibrated microscope. The mean villus length in both semistarved and glucagon-treated groups was found to be significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) when compared to control animals. The crypt-to-villus ratio was found to be unaltered by either treatment modality. The rate of cell migration was diminished by both partial starvation and glucagon treatment, but only glucagon therapy was found to cause a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the rate of cell movement when compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:935193", "title": "Influence of uridine-5-monophosphate on 3H-leucine incorporation into hippocampal neurons during learning.", "content": "The influence of UMP (injected intraventricularly) on the incorporation of 3H-leucine (injected intraperitoneally) was studied in rats using the microautoradiographic technique. Under the conditions of a brightness discrimination, the incorporation of labeled leucine into hippocampal neurons was significantly increased by UMP pretreatment, whereas under control conditions UMP caused only a tendency of increase without any statistical significance. It is suggested, that under learning conditions UMP substitution increases RNA synthesis, which would yield an enhanced protein synthesis.", "contents": "Influence of uridine-5-monophosphate on 3H-leucine incorporation into hippocampal neurons during learning. The influence of UMP (injected intraventricularly) on the incorporation of 3H-leucine (injected intraperitoneally) was studied in rats using the microautoradiographic technique. Under the conditions of a brightness discrimination, the incorporation of labeled leucine into hippocampal neurons was significantly increased by UMP pretreatment, whereas under control conditions UMP caused only a tendency of increase without any statistical significance. It is suggested, that under learning conditions UMP substitution increases RNA synthesis, which would yield an enhanced protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:935194", "title": "Two types of habituation in chicks: differential dependence on cholinergic activity.", "content": "The role of cholinergic activity in habituation in chickens was tested using spontaneous alternation (SA) and reduction in response suppression to an auditory startle stimulus. While central reduction of cholinergic activity via atropine sulfate administration reduced SA and by inference, habituation, habituation to the tone was unimpaired, suppression decreasing with signal repetition even after a higher dose of atropine than that found effective in disrupting SA-indexed habituation. These findings confirmed an earlier suggested dissociation between habituation to externally produced stimuli e.g. startel stimuli, independent of cholinergic activity, and habituation to self=produced stimulation, e.g. exploration, spontaneous alternation, dependent on cholinergic functioning.", "contents": "Two types of habituation in chicks: differential dependence on cholinergic activity. The role of cholinergic activity in habituation in chickens was tested using spontaneous alternation (SA) and reduction in response suppression to an auditory startle stimulus. While central reduction of cholinergic activity via atropine sulfate administration reduced SA and by inference, habituation, habituation to the tone was unimpaired, suppression decreasing with signal repetition even after a higher dose of atropine than that found effective in disrupting SA-indexed habituation. These findings confirmed an earlier suggested dissociation between habituation to externally produced stimuli e.g. startel stimuli, independent of cholinergic activity, and habituation to self=produced stimulation, e.g. exploration, spontaneous alternation, dependent on cholinergic functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:935195", "title": "Effect of d-amphetamine, ethanol and genever on learning in the rat.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg), ethanol (2.5 g/kg), genever (equivalent to 2.5 g/kg ethanol) and the combinations d-amphetamine-ethanol and d-amphetamine-genever was studied on learning in the rat, using a shuttle-box in 4 sessions at 24 hr intervals. Acquisition was significantly favored by all treatments, being more constant in the 4 sessions when combinations d-amphetamine-ethanol and d-amphetamine-genever were administered.", "contents": "Effect of d-amphetamine, ethanol and genever on learning in the rat. The effect of oral administration of d-amphetamine (5 mg/kg), ethanol (2.5 g/kg), genever (equivalent to 2.5 g/kg ethanol) and the combinations d-amphetamine-ethanol and d-amphetamine-genever was studied on learning in the rat, using a shuttle-box in 4 sessions at 24 hr intervals. Acquisition was significantly favored by all treatments, being more constant in the 4 sessions when combinations d-amphetamine-ethanol and d-amphetamine-genever were administered."}
{"id": "PMID:935196", "title": "Effect of an angiotensin antagonist, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II on physiological thirst.", "content": "Initially it was shown that infusion of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113) into the third ventricle (50-100 mug/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) effectively abolished the large water intake induced 1-2 min after beginning an intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II at 800 ng/min which causes an unphysiologically high concentration of angiotensin II in cerebral arterial blood. Infusion of P113 (50-100 mug/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) into the third brain ventricle for 20 min prior to and during presentation of water to sheep after 48 hr water deprivation did not reduce water intake. Water intake associated with rapid food intake or carotid artery infusion of hypertonic NaC1 was similarly unaffected by intraventricular administration of P113. While high concentrations of angiotensin II are dipsogenic in sheep, these results cast doubt on a contributory role for angiotensin II in thirst caused by water depletion or rapid food intake in the sheep.", "contents": "Effect of an angiotensin antagonist, Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II on physiological thirst. Initially it was shown that infusion of Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113) into the third ventricle (50-100 mug/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) effectively abolished the large water intake induced 1-2 min after beginning an intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II at 800 ng/min which causes an unphysiologically high concentration of angiotensin II in cerebral arterial blood. Infusion of P113 (50-100 mug/ml at 1.1 ml/hr) into the third brain ventricle for 20 min prior to and during presentation of water to sheep after 48 hr water deprivation did not reduce water intake. Water intake associated with rapid food intake or carotid artery infusion of hypertonic NaC1 was similarly unaffected by intraventricular administration of P113. While high concentrations of angiotensin II are dipsogenic in sheep, these results cast doubt on a contributory role for angiotensin II in thirst caused by water depletion or rapid food intake in the sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:935197", "title": "Effect of scopolamine on the reactivity of the albino rat to footshock.", "content": "To determine if anticholergic drugs altered reactions to footshock, 9 female albino rats were tested for escape latencies following unsignaled presentations of footshock in a two-chambered shuttlebox. Different intensities of footshock (0, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.10 ma) were varied orthogonally with various doses of intraperitoneally injected scopolamine hydrobromide (0, 1.0, 4.0 and 16.0 mg/kg). Shock trials were randomly alternated with nonshock (pseudoshock) trials to estimate any drug-induced activity increase which might occur independently of any alteration in reactivity to aversive stimulation. Results indicated that scopolamine produced a significant increase in reactivity to footshock (i.e., shorter escape latencies) at near-threshold intensities as well as producing the expected increase in general activity.", "contents": "Effect of scopolamine on the reactivity of the albino rat to footshock. To determine if anticholergic drugs altered reactions to footshock, 9 female albino rats were tested for escape latencies following unsignaled presentations of footshock in a two-chambered shuttlebox. Different intensities of footshock (0, 0.04, 0.07, and 0.10 ma) were varied orthogonally with various doses of intraperitoneally injected scopolamine hydrobromide (0, 1.0, 4.0 and 16.0 mg/kg). Shock trials were randomly alternated with nonshock (pseudoshock) trials to estimate any drug-induced activity increase which might occur independently of any alteration in reactivity to aversive stimulation. Results indicated that scopolamine produced a significant increase in reactivity to footshock (i.e., shorter escape latencies) at near-threshold intensities as well as producing the expected increase in general activity."}
{"id": "PMID:935198", "title": "Effect of aminooxyacetic acid on audiogenic seizure priming in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine the effects of genetic and temporal factors on the inhibitory action of aminooxyacetic acid on priming for audiogenic seizures. SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice were administered 20 mug/g of AOAA subcutaneously, employing either a 2 hr or 5 hr injection-prime interval, and either a 2 day or a 9 day prime-test interval. It was found that an inhibitory effect on priming occurred only in C57BL/6J mice; this effect was significant only for the 9 day groups, and was observed when wild running was used as the criterion for seizures, but not when clonic convulsion was the criterion. Effects of AOAA are discussed in relation to theories of seizure development through disuse supersensitivity, or by chemical actions on the GABA system.", "contents": "Effect of aminooxyacetic acid on audiogenic seizure priming in C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice. An attempt was made to determine the effects of genetic and temporal factors on the inhibitory action of aminooxyacetic acid on priming for audiogenic seizures. SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice were administered 20 mug/g of AOAA subcutaneously, employing either a 2 hr or 5 hr injection-prime interval, and either a 2 day or a 9 day prime-test interval. It was found that an inhibitory effect on priming occurred only in C57BL/6J mice; this effect was significant only for the 9 day groups, and was observed when wild running was used as the criterion for seizures, but not when clonic convulsion was the criterion. Effects of AOAA are discussed in relation to theories of seizure development through disuse supersensitivity, or by chemical actions on the GABA system."}
{"id": "PMID:935199", "title": "Propranolol and skilled human performance.", "content": "In a double-blind crossover experiment 18 young men received on one occasion 6 doses of 40 mg propranolol and in the other placebo. Medication was given at 6 hour intervals. One hr after the last capsule was ingested subjects were measured with various physiological and behavioral tests. At the conclusion of testing mean plasma propranolol concentration was 67.6 ng/ml. Propranolol significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate. There was an increased variability on one behavioral measure but the results of other tests were not affected. The findings are discussed in terms of therapeutic use of this and other beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.", "contents": "Propranolol and skilled human performance. In a double-blind crossover experiment 18 young men received on one occasion 6 doses of 40 mg propranolol and in the other placebo. Medication was given at 6 hour intervals. One hr after the last capsule was ingested subjects were measured with various physiological and behavioral tests. At the conclusion of testing mean plasma propranolol concentration was 67.6 ng/ml. Propranolol significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate. There was an increased variability on one behavioral measure but the results of other tests were not affected. The findings are discussed in terms of therapeutic use of this and other beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents."}
{"id": "PMID:935200", "title": "Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats.", "content": "Restraint stress of 30 min increases plasma CS and lowers hypothalamic NE. Restraints of longer durations are associated with an attenuation of these changes. Daily repetitive restraint enhances the CS response on the second day and progressively diminishes it on subsequent days. Whole brain NE increases on the first day and decreases on Day 2 to 5. The CS response to acute restraint is similar in 5 different normotensive rat strains, but is enhanced in the genetically hypertensive SH rat, its normotensive backbreed WKY, and the DOCA hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rat. Comparison with other stressors (electric foot shock and novel environment) indicate that the responses to restraint are different at least in time course, if not qualitatively.", "contents": "Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats. Restraint stress of 30 min increases plasma CS and lowers hypothalamic NE. Restraints of longer durations are associated with an attenuation of these changes. Daily repetitive restraint enhances the CS response on the second day and progressively diminishes it on subsequent days. Whole brain NE increases on the first day and decreases on Day 2 to 5. The CS response to acute restraint is similar in 5 different normotensive rat strains, but is enhanced in the genetically hypertensive SH rat, its normotensive backbreed WKY, and the DOCA hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rat. Comparison with other stressors (electric foot shock and novel environment) indicate that the responses to restraint are different at least in time course, if not qualitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:935201", "title": "Effect of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled responding and schedule-induced drinking.", "content": "Lever pressing of four rats was maintained under a multiple fixed ratio 80, fixed interval 2-min schedule of food presentation.  Water was concurrently available from a drinking tube. Overall rates of lever pressing were highest under the fixed ratio schedule and, for three rats, most drinking occurred during the pause preceding responding under the fixed interval schedule. Chlordiazepoxide increased the lower rates of lever pressing maintained under the fixed interval schedule but generally decreased the higher response rates under the fixed ratio schedule. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-induced licking also depended on  the extent to which this response occurred in each schedule component. Typically chlordiazepoxide produced relatively greater increases in the lower levels of licking and either increased less or decreased licking in that component where, under control conditions, this response was more extensive. Chlordiazepoxide also produced overall increases in the total amount of water consumed during the session. When the number of food pellets obtained during the experimental session was given all at one time in the home cage, the amount of water ingested over a period of time equivalent to the session duration was substantially less than that consumed during the experimental session. Chlordiazepoxide did not increase home cage water consumption under this condition.", "contents": "Effect of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled responding and schedule-induced drinking. Lever pressing of four rats was maintained under a multiple fixed ratio 80, fixed interval 2-min schedule of food presentation.  Water was concurrently available from a drinking tube. Overall rates of lever pressing were highest under the fixed ratio schedule and, for three rats, most drinking occurred during the pause preceding responding under the fixed interval schedule. Chlordiazepoxide increased the lower rates of lever pressing maintained under the fixed interval schedule but generally decreased the higher response rates under the fixed ratio schedule. The effects of chlordiazepoxide on schedule-induced licking also depended on  the extent to which this response occurred in each schedule component. Typically chlordiazepoxide produced relatively greater increases in the lower levels of licking and either increased less or decreased licking in that component where, under control conditions, this response was more extensive. Chlordiazepoxide also produced overall increases in the total amount of water consumed during the session. When the number of food pellets obtained during the experimental session was given all at one time in the home cage, the amount of water ingested over a period of time equivalent to the session duration was substantially less than that consumed during the experimental session. Chlordiazepoxide did not increase home cage water consumption under this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:935202", "title": "Effects of amphetamine on short-term, protein-independent, memory in day-old chickens.", "content": "When the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) is administered just before or soon after a single learning trial, the formation of permanent memory is prevented in day-old chickens. In spite of the blockage of long-term memory, which occurs by 3 hr, Mark and Watts [14] have demonstrated a short-term memory which is independent of protein synthesis and which decays over the 3 hr period. D-amphetamine sulphate, administered subcutaneously (up to 2 hr) after learning to CXM pretreated chickens, held the memory at the level exhibited by the labile memory trace at the time of injection. This close relationship between the amount of labile memory and the time of injection was still apparent 24 hr after learning. These data suggest that, provided there is sufficient labile memory in existence at the time of administration, amphetamine maintains the trace which would otherwise decay and allows it subsequent consolidation into permanent memory at a time later than normal.", "contents": "Effects of amphetamine on short-term, protein-independent, memory in day-old chickens. When the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM) is administered just before or soon after a single learning trial, the formation of permanent memory is prevented in day-old chickens. In spite of the blockage of long-term memory, which occurs by 3 hr, Mark and Watts [14] have demonstrated a short-term memory which is independent of protein synthesis and which decays over the 3 hr period. D-amphetamine sulphate, administered subcutaneously (up to 2 hr) after learning to CXM pretreated chickens, held the memory at the level exhibited by the labile memory trace at the time of injection. This close relationship between the amount of labile memory and the time of injection was still apparent 24 hr after learning. These data suggest that, provided there is sufficient labile memory in existence at the time of administration, amphetamine maintains the trace which would otherwise decay and allows it subsequent consolidation into permanent memory at a time later than normal."}
{"id": "PMID:935203", "title": "Effects of phenobarbital on saccharin and citric acid intake in fluid deprived rats.", "content": "Rats were adapted to a 23 hr fluid deprivation schedule. Every third day animals were offered either 0.125 percent Na saccharin or 0.2 percent citric acid solutions in place of water during the 1 hr drinking session. Sodium phenobarbital was administered subcutaneously, 40 mg/kg, 15 min prior to drinking. Results indicate that the drug increases saccharin and citric acid consumption following the injections. No decreases in intakes of saccharin and citric acid occurred on subsequent postdrug days and the amounts of fluid consumed on these days were comparable to the baseline predrug days intakes.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbital on saccharin and citric acid intake in fluid deprived rats. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr fluid deprivation schedule. Every third day animals were offered either 0.125 percent Na saccharin or 0.2 percent citric acid solutions in place of water during the 1 hr drinking session. Sodium phenobarbital was administered subcutaneously, 40 mg/kg, 15 min prior to drinking. Results indicate that the drug increases saccharin and citric acid consumption following the injections. No decreases in intakes of saccharin and citric acid occurred on subsequent postdrug days and the amounts of fluid consumed on these days were comparable to the baseline predrug days intakes."}
{"id": "PMID:935204", "title": "Testosterone and the sex difference in blood pressure in mice.", "content": "Blood pressure of adult male SWR/J mice is approximately 20 mm Hg higher than that of females. Castrating males at weaning eliminated this sex difference. Testosterone restored blood pressure of castrated mice to the level of the intact males within 10 days indicating a pressor effect of testosterone. Ovariectomy had no effect on blood pressure.", "contents": "Testosterone and the sex difference in blood pressure in mice. Blood pressure of adult male SWR/J mice is approximately 20 mm Hg higher than that of females. Castrating males at weaning eliminated this sex difference. Testosterone restored blood pressure of castrated mice to the level of the intact males within 10 days indicating a pressor effect of testosterone. Ovariectomy had no effect on blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:935205", "title": "Exaggerated avoidance of novel stimulation in rats partially recovered from central norepinephrine damage.", "content": "Rats in which central norepinephrine lesions are made with 6-OHDA and a recovery period allowed show a behavioral syndrome distinct from controls, from rats with more extensive norepinephrine damage (lesioned with 6-OHDA, allowed to recover, and relesioned), and from rats with general depletion of serotonin (chronic PCPA). These rats administered central 6-OHDA injections and then allowed a recovery period rear less in open field than all other groups and are characterized by an exaggerated avoidance of novel visual stimulation in light onset and light escape tests. It is proposed that this reflects the hyperresponsivity of partially repaired, supersensitive norepinephrine circuitry to novel or intense stimulation.", "contents": "Exaggerated avoidance of novel stimulation in rats partially recovered from central norepinephrine damage. Rats in which central norepinephrine lesions are made with 6-OHDA and a recovery period allowed show a behavioral syndrome distinct from controls, from rats with more extensive norepinephrine damage (lesioned with 6-OHDA, allowed to recover, and relesioned), and from rats with general depletion of serotonin (chronic PCPA). These rats administered central 6-OHDA injections and then allowed a recovery period rear less in open field than all other groups and are characterized by an exaggerated avoidance of novel visual stimulation in light onset and light escape tests. It is proposed that this reflects the hyperresponsivity of partially repaired, supersensitive norepinephrine circuitry to novel or intense stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:935206", "title": "Comparison in mice of the amnestic effects of cycloheximide and 6-hydroxydopamine in a one-trial passive avoidance task.", "content": "To test further the hypothesis that cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia is due in part to its effects on the central adrenergic system, a comparison was made in mice of the effects of the antibiotic and of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on memory of a one-trial passive avoidance task. Both drugs produced anmesia 24 hr after training but unlike CXM, 6-OHDA had no effect on memory 20 min after training.", "contents": "Comparison in mice of the amnestic effects of cycloheximide and 6-hydroxydopamine in a one-trial passive avoidance task. To test further the hypothesis that cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia is due in part to its effects on the central adrenergic system, a comparison was made in mice of the effects of the antibiotic and of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on memory of a one-trial passive avoidance task. Both drugs produced anmesia 24 hr after training but unlike CXM, 6-OHDA had no effect on memory 20 min after training."}
{"id": "PMID:935207", "title": "The specificity of the dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II.", "content": "The specificity of choice in drinking by sheep was examined when a cafeteria of water and of 900 mmol/1 solutions of NaCl and KCl was presented, during intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II (800-1200 ng/min) or 4M NaCl (1.6 ml/min), and following 48 hr of water deprivation or following Na depletion. Water was the fluid of predominant choice with angiotensin II, 4M NaCl infusion and water deprivation. The hypertonic NaCl was the clear choice of the Na deficient animals. With a cafeteria of 300 mmol/l solutions, there was no clear discrimination between NaCl and water with intracarotid angiotensin II infusion. A 2 choice study of taste preference for water or NaCl concentrations with free access indicated sheep elect to take more of higher NaCl concentrations than the rat, and that 300 mmol/1 NaCl is not less preferred than water in sheep. The data indicated, overall, that the dipsogenic effect of supraphysiological cerebral blood concentrations of angiotensin II is biased to water drinking when the choice is between water and 900 mM NaCl and KCl solutions. It does not induce any specific salt appetite.", "contents": "The specificity of the dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II. The specificity of choice in drinking by sheep was examined when a cafeteria of water and of 900 mmol/1 solutions of NaCl and KCl was presented, during intracarotid infusion of angiotensin II (800-1200 ng/min) or 4M NaCl (1.6 ml/min), and following 48 hr of water deprivation or following Na depletion. Water was the fluid of predominant choice with angiotensin II, 4M NaCl infusion and water deprivation. The hypertonic NaCl was the clear choice of the Na deficient animals. With a cafeteria of 300 mmol/l solutions, there was no clear discrimination between NaCl and water with intracarotid angiotensin II infusion. A 2 choice study of taste preference for water or NaCl concentrations with free access indicated sheep elect to take more of higher NaCl concentrations than the rat, and that 300 mmol/1 NaCl is not less preferred than water in sheep. The data indicated, overall, that the dipsogenic effect of supraphysiological cerebral blood concentrations of angiotensin II is biased to water drinking when the choice is between water and 900 mM NaCl and KCl solutions. It does not induce any specific salt appetite."}
{"id": "PMID:935208", "title": "Heat-escape behavior in the rat following intrahypothalamic injection of acetylcholine.", "content": "The effects of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic injections of acetylcholine on heat-escape behavior and hypothalamic temperature were investigated in unrestrained rats implanted with bilateral cannulae. Two types of responses were observed, either a fall in hypothalamic temperature coupled with an increase in behavioral responses to escape heat or a rise in hypothalamic temperature associated with little or no change in behavioral heat-escape responses. The fall in hypothalamic temperature observed in one group of rats was significant and was associated with a dose-dependent increase in heat-escape responding. The rise in hypothalamic temperature noted in the other group of rats was nonsignificant, and the associated behavioral responses were variable. Distinct anatomical differences in cannulae loci between the 2 groups were not apparent. It is concluded that acetylcholine activates the heat-dissipating control system of the rat hypothalamus and that the hyperthermic effects of acetylcholine are nonspecific.", "contents": "Heat-escape behavior in the rat following intrahypothalamic injection of acetylcholine. The effects of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic injections of acetylcholine on heat-escape behavior and hypothalamic temperature were investigated in unrestrained rats implanted with bilateral cannulae. Two types of responses were observed, either a fall in hypothalamic temperature coupled with an increase in behavioral responses to escape heat or a rise in hypothalamic temperature associated with little or no change in behavioral heat-escape responses. The fall in hypothalamic temperature observed in one group of rats was significant and was associated with a dose-dependent increase in heat-escape responding. The rise in hypothalamic temperature noted in the other group of rats was nonsignificant, and the associated behavioral responses were variable. Distinct anatomical differences in cannulae loci between the 2 groups were not apparent. It is concluded that acetylcholine activates the heat-dissipating control system of the rat hypothalamus and that the hyperthermic effects of acetylcholine are nonspecific."}
{"id": "PMID:935209", "title": "Is the release of noradrenaline necessary for self-stimulation of the brain?", "content": "The hypothesis that a quantity of noradrenaline released contingently on every response made to obtain brain stimulation mediates the reward produced by the stimulation was tested. An alternative hypothesis is that reward is mediated by a different system, but that a steady activation of post-synaptic receptors by noradrenaline is necessary for normal behavior. The synthesis of noradrenaline was inhibited by disulfiran, and when lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rat had ceased, alpha-adrenergic stimulants were injected intraventricularly (IC) or intraperitoneally (IP). The directly acting receptor stimulants oxymetazoline (0.9-250 mug IC), naphazoline (20-250 mug IC), and clonidine (0.75-3 mug IC, 0.037-3 mg/kg IP) did not restore self-stimulation, but the indirectly acting stimulants amphetamine (2 mg/kg IP), methylphenidate (3 mg/kg IP) and phenylephrine (15 mug IC) did not restore self-stimulation. In Experiments 2 and 3, in which either the functional noradrenaline pool was depleted with disulfiram and amphetamine, or the reserve noradrenaline pool was depleted with reserpine, the action of phenylephrine in restoring self-stimulation was shown to be indirect, probably by mobilizing a reserve pool of noradrenaline. Because only indirectly acting noradrenergic stimulants which facilitate the release of noradrenaline restores self-stimulation, it is concluded that noradrenaline must be released contingent on every response for self-stimulation to occur. Whether this released noradrenaline mediates the reward or has some other function associated with bar-pressing behavior remains to be shown.", "contents": "Is the release of noradrenaline necessary for self-stimulation of the brain? The hypothesis that a quantity of noradrenaline released contingently on every response made to obtain brain stimulation mediates the reward produced by the stimulation was tested. An alternative hypothesis is that reward is mediated by a different system, but that a steady activation of post-synaptic receptors by noradrenaline is necessary for normal behavior. The synthesis of noradrenaline was inhibited by disulfiran, and when lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rat had ceased, alpha-adrenergic stimulants were injected intraventricularly (IC) or intraperitoneally (IP). The directly acting receptor stimulants oxymetazoline (0.9-250 mug IC), naphazoline (20-250 mug IC), and clonidine (0.75-3 mug IC, 0.037-3 mg/kg IP) did not restore self-stimulation, but the indirectly acting stimulants amphetamine (2 mg/kg IP), methylphenidate (3 mg/kg IP) and phenylephrine (15 mug IC) did not restore self-stimulation. In Experiments 2 and 3, in which either the functional noradrenaline pool was depleted with disulfiram and amphetamine, or the reserve noradrenaline pool was depleted with reserpine, the action of phenylephrine in restoring self-stimulation was shown to be indirect, probably by mobilizing a reserve pool of noradrenaline. Because only indirectly acting noradrenergic stimulants which facilitate the release of noradrenaline restores self-stimulation, it is concluded that noradrenaline must be released contingent on every response for self-stimulation to occur. Whether this released noradrenaline mediates the reward or has some other function associated with bar-pressing behavior remains to be shown."}
{"id": "PMID:935210", "title": "Postnatal behavioral effects in mice after prenatal exposure to methylmercury.", "content": "CFW mice were injected with methylmercury hydroxide (1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 mg/kg as mercury) on Day 8 of gestation. Mice treated with 3, 5 or 10 mg/kg averaged 1/3 fewer pups than controls. Pups from these treated animals weighed less than controls and the weight differences persisted through weaning but were no longer significant at 56 days of age. Mice exposed to methylmercury in utero showed significant differences from controls in their behavior in a 2-way active avoidance shuttle box and in a punishment situation but not when tested in an open field, a water escape runaway or a conditioned suppression paradigm. Neither the mothers nor progeny of the mice exposed prenatally to methylmercury showed bahavioral deficits.", "contents": "Postnatal behavioral effects in mice after prenatal exposure to methylmercury. CFW mice were injected with methylmercury hydroxide (1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 mg/kg as mercury) on Day 8 of gestation. Mice treated with 3, 5 or 10 mg/kg averaged 1/3 fewer pups than controls. Pups from these treated animals weighed less than controls and the weight differences persisted through weaning but were no longer significant at 56 days of age. Mice exposed to methylmercury in utero showed significant differences from controls in their behavior in a 2-way active avoidance shuttle box and in a punishment situation but not when tested in an open field, a water escape runaway or a conditioned suppression paradigm. Neither the mothers nor progeny of the mice exposed prenatally to methylmercury showed bahavioral deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:935211", "title": "The role of locomotion in conditioning methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity.", "content": "This experiment determined whether overt performance of the entire response (actual running) was necessary for the conditioning of methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity (wheel-running) in guinea pigs. Four guinea pigs were given daily injections of 2.5 mg/kg methylphenidate and were allowed to run in activity wheels; 4 other guinea pigs were given methylphenidate and were placed in locked activity wheels; a third group of 4 guinea pigs were administered saline and allowed to locomote; a fourth group of 4 guinea pigs received saline injections and were placed in locked activity wheels. After 12 days of injection, all animals were given saline injections on the 9 subsequent days and allowed to run freely in the wheels. The 2 groups which had received methylphenidate showed more locomotor activity than the saline injected animals but were not distinguishable from each other on the basis of prior opportunity to engage in locomotor activity. These results were interpreted to indicate that (a) increased methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity may be conditioned with repeated administration of the drug, and (b) actual running is not essential for the conditioning of drug-induced wheel-running.", "contents": "The role of locomotion in conditioning methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity. This experiment determined whether overt performance of the entire response (actual running) was necessary for the conditioning of methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity (wheel-running) in guinea pigs. Four guinea pigs were given daily injections of 2.5 mg/kg methylphenidate and were allowed to run in activity wheels; 4 other guinea pigs were given methylphenidate and were placed in locked activity wheels; a third group of 4 guinea pigs were administered saline and allowed to locomote; a fourth group of 4 guinea pigs received saline injections and were placed in locked activity wheels. After 12 days of injection, all animals were given saline injections on the 9 subsequent days and allowed to run freely in the wheels. The 2 groups which had received methylphenidate showed more locomotor activity than the saline injected animals but were not distinguishable from each other on the basis of prior opportunity to engage in locomotor activity. These results were interpreted to indicate that (a) increased methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity may be conditioned with repeated administration of the drug, and (b) actual running is not essential for the conditioning of drug-induced wheel-running."}
{"id": "PMID:935212", "title": "Blockade of the behavioral effects of 5-HTP by the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602.", "content": "Twenty male rats were trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio (FR 32) schedule of water reinforcement. The behavioral effects of 5-HTP (50 mg/kg) were studied following pretreatment with small (50 mg/kg) and large (400 mg/kg) doses of the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602. It was found that both doses of the pretreatment agent blocked the disruptive effects of 5-HTP. This result suggests that at least some of the effects of 5-HTP may be mediated peripherally.", "contents": "Blockade of the behavioral effects of 5-HTP by the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602. Twenty male rats were trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio (FR 32) schedule of water reinforcement. The behavioral effects of 5-HTP (50 mg/kg) were studied following pretreatment with small (50 mg/kg) and large (400 mg/kg) doses of the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602. It was found that both doses of the pretreatment agent blocked the disruptive effects of 5-HTP. This result suggests that at least some of the effects of 5-HTP may be mediated peripherally."}
{"id": "PMID:935213", "title": "Behavioral effects of chronic lead ingestion on laboratory rats.", "content": "Rats continuously exposed to lead acetate solutions were tested on a visual discrimination reversal problem, on the open field and in 2 shuttle avoidance situations. High lead intake produced slower acquisition of the visual discrimination problem but had no effect on reversal performance. High lead intake reduced activity on the open field and improved performance on both shuttle avoidance problems. Results are interpreted to indicate that the effects produced by exposure to lead may involve an increase in responsiveness to aversive situations.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of chronic lead ingestion on laboratory rats. Rats continuously exposed to lead acetate solutions were tested on a visual discrimination reversal problem, on the open field and in 2 shuttle avoidance situations. High lead intake produced slower acquisition of the visual discrimination problem but had no effect on reversal performance. High lead intake reduced activity on the open field and improved performance on both shuttle avoidance problems. Results are interpreted to indicate that the effects produced by exposure to lead may involve an increase in responsiveness to aversive situations."}
{"id": "PMID:935214", "title": "Effects of nicotine on the exploratory locomotion patterns of female Roman high- and low-avoidance rats.", "content": "Utilizing an automated, Dashiell-type hexagonal maze, it was demonstrated that RHA rats: 1) were more active, 2) reversed direction more often, 3) entered radial (blind) alleys less often, and 4) displayed shorter latencies than did RLA rats. Direction reversals (U-turns) tended to increase from day to day with the RHA rats, whereas the opposite was true for the RLA rats. Nicotine injections (0.2 mg/kg) increased activity and the number of U-turns, shortened the latencies and lessened the likelihood of entering radial alleys for both strains. The RHA rats were more sensitive to nicotine than were the RLA rats in all of these measurements, which varied, depending upon alley length and structural complexity, among the maze configurations.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine on the exploratory locomotion patterns of female Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Utilizing an automated, Dashiell-type hexagonal maze, it was demonstrated that RHA rats: 1) were more active, 2) reversed direction more often, 3) entered radial (blind) alleys less often, and 4) displayed shorter latencies than did RLA rats. Direction reversals (U-turns) tended to increase from day to day with the RHA rats, whereas the opposite was true for the RLA rats. Nicotine injections (0.2 mg/kg) increased activity and the number of U-turns, shortened the latencies and lessened the likelihood of entering radial alleys for both strains. The RHA rats were more sensitive to nicotine than were the RLA rats in all of these measurements, which varied, depending upon alley length and structural complexity, among the maze configurations."}
{"id": "PMID:935215", "title": "Cycloheximide and passive avoidance memory in mice: time-response, dose-response and short-term memory.", "content": "The greatest loss of memory shown by mice 24 hr after learning was found to occur with cycloheximide (CXM) (120 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously 30 min before training. With injection at this time the extent of the amnesia was dose dependent (30-150 mg/kg) and the resultant amnesia was found to be relatively constant when tested at 1, 7 or 14 days. An attempt was made to follow the development of this amnesia with 100 and 120 mg/kg CXM. However, the saline controls showed an unexpectedly low avoidance 6 hr after training. This was interpreted as a possible interaction between the stress of the injection and the 6 hr interval. An experiment designed to test this possibility showed that mice injected with 0.1 ml of 1% lignocaine gave high avoidance at 6 hr but mice receiving only a needle puncture of the skin gave performances similar to mice receiving saline injections. It was felt that these findings cast doubt on the usefulness of the passive avoidance task in the assessment of drug action on short term memory.", "contents": "Cycloheximide and passive avoidance memory in mice: time-response, dose-response and short-term memory. The greatest loss of memory shown by mice 24 hr after learning was found to occur with cycloheximide (CXM) (120 mg/kg) administered subcutaneously 30 min before training. With injection at this time the extent of the amnesia was dose dependent (30-150 mg/kg) and the resultant amnesia was found to be relatively constant when tested at 1, 7 or 14 days. An attempt was made to follow the development of this amnesia with 100 and 120 mg/kg CXM. However, the saline controls showed an unexpectedly low avoidance 6 hr after training. This was interpreted as a possible interaction between the stress of the injection and the 6 hr interval. An experiment designed to test this possibility showed that mice injected with 0.1 ml of 1% lignocaine gave high avoidance at 6 hr but mice receiving only a needle puncture of the skin gave performances similar to mice receiving saline injections. It was felt that these findings cast doubt on the usefulness of the passive avoidance task in the assessment of drug action on short term memory."}
{"id": "PMID:935216", "title": "Effect of ether, chloroform and carbon dioxide on monoamine inactivation.", "content": "To determine if anaesthetic agents alter monoamine inactivation, we exposed tissue homogenates (liver, kidney and brain) from mice and rabbits to ether and chloroform vapors and carbon dioxide gas. These anaesthetic agents inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity against typtamine and serotonin. Concentrations of anaesthetic agents that are achieved in the plasma of man during general anaesthesia caused a 27% (ether) and 49% (chloroform) reduction in mouse liver MAO; higher concentrations caused a 95% inhibition mouse or rabbit liver MAO. Kinetic analysis with tryptamine as substrate indicate that ether and chloroform are noncompetitive, reversible MAO inhibitors that preferentially inhibit Type B MAO. Ether and chloroform cause noncompetitive inhibition of serotonin oxidation by mouse liver MAO and competitive inhibition of serotonin oxidation by mouse brain and kidney MAO. Ether or chloroform did not alter catechol-O-methyltransferase activity from tissues of mice. Isolated blood platelets (rabbit and human) were used as a model system for neuronal uptake. Ether caused an irreversible inhibition of serotonin uptake by platelets.", "contents": "Effect of ether, chloroform and carbon dioxide on monoamine inactivation. To determine if anaesthetic agents alter monoamine inactivation, we exposed tissue homogenates (liver, kidney and brain) from mice and rabbits to ether and chloroform vapors and carbon dioxide gas. These anaesthetic agents inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity against typtamine and serotonin. Concentrations of anaesthetic agents that are achieved in the plasma of man during general anaesthesia caused a 27% (ether) and 49% (chloroform) reduction in mouse liver MAO; higher concentrations caused a 95% inhibition mouse or rabbit liver MAO. Kinetic analysis with tryptamine as substrate indicate that ether and chloroform are noncompetitive, reversible MAO inhibitors that preferentially inhibit Type B MAO. Ether and chloroform cause noncompetitive inhibition of serotonin oxidation by mouse liver MAO and competitive inhibition of serotonin oxidation by mouse brain and kidney MAO. Ether or chloroform did not alter catechol-O-methyltransferase activity from tissues of mice. Isolated blood platelets (rabbit and human) were used as a model system for neuronal uptake. Ether caused an irreversible inhibition of serotonin uptake by platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:935217", "title": "Acute intravenous infusion in freely moving rats through the sagittal and transverse sinuses.", "content": "A technique is described which allows drugs to be injected intravenously using the junction of the sagittal and transverse sinuses as the point of entry into the venous system. The procedure is rapid and uses conventional stereotaxic techniques. Subsequent restraint of movement during drug infusion is minimal. Using this method, 15 mug/kg d-lysergic acid diethylamide produced an increase in acoustic startle amplitide within about 1-2 min which lasted for about 25 min.", "contents": "Acute intravenous infusion in freely moving rats through the sagittal and transverse sinuses. A technique is described which allows drugs to be injected intravenously using the junction of the sagittal and transverse sinuses as the point of entry into the venous system. The procedure is rapid and uses conventional stereotaxic techniques. Subsequent restraint of movement during drug infusion is minimal. Using this method, 15 mug/kg d-lysergic acid diethylamide produced an increase in acoustic startle amplitide within about 1-2 min which lasted for about 25 min."}
{"id": "PMID:935218", "title": "Hyperthermia following self-stimulation of the median raphe in the rat.", "content": "Electrical self-stimulation (SS) in the median raph\u00e9 of the rat but not in the locus coeruleus resulted in a dramatic rise of body temperature. This hyperthermia was facilitated by pretreatment with a inhibitor of serotonin uptake. The functional significance of the hyperthermia elicited by stimulation of the media raph\u00e9 was discussed on the basis of the relationship between SS and primary reinforcers.", "contents": "Hyperthermia following self-stimulation of the median raphe in the rat. Electrical self-stimulation (SS) in the median raph\u00e9 of the rat but not in the locus coeruleus resulted in a dramatic rise of body temperature. This hyperthermia was facilitated by pretreatment with a inhibitor of serotonin uptake. The functional significance of the hyperthermia elicited by stimulation of the media raph\u00e9 was discussed on the basis of the relationship between SS and primary reinforcers."}
{"id": "PMID:935219", "title": "Effect of combined reserpine and ECS on electroshock seizure thresholds in mice.", "content": "Recent evidence has suggested that electroshock seizure threshold is correlated with levels of brain biogenic amines. Reserpine, a drug that depletes serotonin and norepinephrine, has been shown to decrease seizure thresholds. ECS treatment has been shown to increase amine levels as well as seizure thresholds. Combined reserpine and ECS have been shown to produce an intermediate level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but seizure threshold data for this group is absent. It was the purpose of this study to examine the seizure thresholds for combined treatment and compare them with groups treated with reserpine alone, ECS alone, and a placebo control group. The results suggest that, if only maximal seizures are considered, the seizure threshold is lowest for the reserpine and highest for the ECS alone or control groups, with the combined treatment group falling intermediate. If both minimal and maximal seizures are considered, the reserpine and combined treatment groups do not differ from one another, but do show a lower threshold as compared to ECS or control groups.", "contents": "Effect of combined reserpine and ECS on electroshock seizure thresholds in mice. Recent evidence has suggested that electroshock seizure threshold is correlated with levels of brain biogenic amines. Reserpine, a drug that depletes serotonin and norepinephrine, has been shown to decrease seizure thresholds. ECS treatment has been shown to increase amine levels as well as seizure thresholds. Combined reserpine and ECS have been shown to produce an intermediate level of serotonin and norepinephrine, but seizure threshold data for this group is absent. It was the purpose of this study to examine the seizure thresholds for combined treatment and compare them with groups treated with reserpine alone, ECS alone, and a placebo control group. The results suggest that, if only maximal seizures are considered, the seizure threshold is lowest for the reserpine and highest for the ECS alone or control groups, with the combined treatment group falling intermediate. If both minimal and maximal seizures are considered, the reserpine and combined treatment groups do not differ from one another, but do show a lower threshold as compared to ECS or control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:935220", "title": "A method to study short-term memory (STM) in the goldfish.", "content": "Twenty-one common goldfish (13-15.5 cm long) were randomly divided into alcohol (A) and nonalcohol (NA) groups and were trained in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml or in water, respectively. All alcohol fish were placed in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml for 3 hr before training in the same alcohol concentration. Fish were trained on a position discrimination task for 2 consecutive days. The door used for training was that opposite to each fish's spontaneous preference. Savings in relearning on Day 2 was taken as a measure of long term memory strength. Only fish which reached criterion on both days were immediately given 10 forced reversal trails in the opposite direction (i.e., a fish trained on right door was forced to choose the left door.) A and NA subjects were then tested after a 5 min (STM) delay, respectively, in a free choice situation for 10 trails (i.e., neither door was blocked). The results suggest that alcohol facilitates the STM of the forced reversal information.", "contents": "A method to study short-term memory (STM) in the goldfish. Twenty-one common goldfish (13-15.5 cm long) were randomly divided into alcohol (A) and nonalcohol (NA) groups and were trained in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml or in water, respectively. All alcohol fish were placed in an alcohol solution of 400 mg/100 ml for 3 hr before training in the same alcohol concentration. Fish were trained on a position discrimination task for 2 consecutive days. The door used for training was that opposite to each fish's spontaneous preference. Savings in relearning on Day 2 was taken as a measure of long term memory strength. Only fish which reached criterion on both days were immediately given 10 forced reversal trails in the opposite direction (i.e., a fish trained on right door was forced to choose the left door.) A and NA subjects were then tested after a 5 min (STM) delay, respectively, in a free choice situation for 10 trails (i.e., neither door was blocked). The results suggest that alcohol facilitates the STM of the forced reversal information."}
{"id": "PMID:935226", "title": "Effect of dimethylpolysiloxane fluid on the stability and dissolution of prednisolone.", "content": "The physicochemical effects of a dimethylpolysiloxane fluid as a vehicle for prednisolone on its stability and dissolution pattern were evaluated. No detectable degradation of prednisolone was noted during 8 weeks of storage at 4, 26 and 45 degressC. The release rate of prednisolone from its suspension in dimethylpolysiloxane was lower than that from the aqueous suspension. However, the amount of prednisolone released in 30 min from the aqueous suspension was only about 5.5% greater than that released from its suspension in the silicone fluid.", "contents": "Effect of dimethylpolysiloxane fluid on the stability and dissolution of prednisolone. The physicochemical effects of a dimethylpolysiloxane fluid as a vehicle for prednisolone on its stability and dissolution pattern were evaluated. No detectable degradation of prednisolone was noted during 8 weeks of storage at 4, 26 and 45 degressC. The release rate of prednisolone from its suspension in dimethylpolysiloxane was lower than that from the aqueous suspension. However, the amount of prednisolone released in 30 min from the aqueous suspension was only about 5.5% greater than that released from its suspension in the silicone fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:935244", "title": "Verruculogen: a new substance for decreasing of GABA levels in CNS.", "content": "In our previous work we examined the mechanism of action of the new tremorogenic substance verruculogen isolated by Cole and coworkers. Examining the effect of various substances with known mechanisms of action on verruculogen-induced tremor, we concluded that this tremor was probably related to decrease of GABA levels in CNS. In order to further define the mechanisms of action of verruculogen, we determined brain GABA levels in animals in which tremor was produced by verruculogen administration. Verruculogen administration produced a decrease in GABA levels in mouse CNS. This finding substantiates our earlier suggestion that verruculogen-induced tremor is mediated by a loss of inhibitory GABA function.", "contents": "Verruculogen: a new substance for decreasing of GABA levels in CNS. In our previous work we examined the mechanism of action of the new tremorogenic substance verruculogen isolated by Cole and coworkers. Examining the effect of various substances with known mechanisms of action on verruculogen-induced tremor, we concluded that this tremor was probably related to decrease of GABA levels in CNS. In order to further define the mechanisms of action of verruculogen, we determined brain GABA levels in animals in which tremor was produced by verruculogen administration. Verruculogen administration produced a decrease in GABA levels in mouse CNS. This finding substantiates our earlier suggestion that verruculogen-induced tremor is mediated by a loss of inhibitory GABA function."}
{"id": "PMID:935245", "title": "Comparative study of the effect of atropine, P2AM, and Buscopan. Total belladonna and hyoscyamus alkaloids on parathion poisoning.", "content": "Among the available antidotes used against parathion poisoning, atropine and Buscopan are tolerated in relatively high doses by rats. Hyoscine (in very small doses), T. Bel. Alk. and T. Hyosc. Alk. (better results in small doses, also for dogs), P2AM (of superior antimuscarine action) are redommended with each of the preceding drugs than either alone or in combination with Buscopan.", "contents": "Comparative study of the effect of atropine, P2AM, and Buscopan. Total belladonna and hyoscyamus alkaloids on parathion poisoning. Among the available antidotes used against parathion poisoning, atropine and Buscopan are tolerated in relatively high doses by rats. Hyoscine (in very small doses), T. Bel. Alk. and T. Hyosc. Alk. (better results in small doses, also for dogs), P2AM (of superior antimuscarine action) are redommended with each of the preceding drugs than either alone or in combination with Buscopan."}
{"id": "PMID:935246", "title": "Action of naloxone on the interferon-lowering activity of morphine in the mouse.", "content": "The serum titer of interferon produced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was studied in mice following subcutaneous injections of either morphine alone, naloxone alone, morphine and naloxone together, morphine preceded by naloxone, naloxone preceded by morphine, or a sequence of injections of naloxone, morphine, and naloxone again. Poly I:C injected without the other drugs present served as the control. Both morphine and naloxone produced a significant decrease in the ability of the mice to increase the serum titer of interferon in response to poly I:C. Naloxone appeared to function as an antagonist to morphine when administered following the morphine injection, but not when injected before or simultaneously with the opiate. When naloxone was injected both before and following the morphine injection, results were interpreted to indicate the possibility that naloxone could function as both an agonist and antagonist under this condition.", "contents": "Action of naloxone on the interferon-lowering activity of morphine in the mouse. The serum titer of interferon produced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) was studied in mice following subcutaneous injections of either morphine alone, naloxone alone, morphine and naloxone together, morphine preceded by naloxone, naloxone preceded by morphine, or a sequence of injections of naloxone, morphine, and naloxone again. Poly I:C injected without the other drugs present served as the control. Both morphine and naloxone produced a significant decrease in the ability of the mice to increase the serum titer of interferon in response to poly I:C. Naloxone appeared to function as an antagonist to morphine when administered following the morphine injection, but not when injected before or simultaneously with the opiate. When naloxone was injected both before and following the morphine injection, results were interpreted to indicate the possibility that naloxone could function as both an agonist and antagonist under this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:935247", "title": "Characteristics of histamine disposition in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "This study has examined uptake, efflux and metabolism of 14C-histamine by vascular smooth muscle. 14C space in aortae reached 4.3 +/- 0.14 ml/g (mean +/- SE) after 1 h exposure to 14C-histamine (2 muM) in Tyrode's solution. Aminoguanidine (10(-5) M) and non-radioactive histamine (10(-4) and 10(-3) M) significantly reduced 14C space. Efflux experiments were performed on aortic strips exposed to 14C-histamine for 1 h. The rate of loss of radioactivity was not enhanced by nonradioactive histamine or compound 48/80. It appears that 14C-histamine was not accumulated and bound in mast cells in this tissue. After 1 h exposure to 14C-histamine, labeled material was extracted from tissues for identification of metabolites by paper chromatography. About 40% of the label was 14C-histamine, and the remainder was primarily imidazole acetic acid. After exposure to aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of diamine oxidase, about 80% of the label was 14C-histamine. These data suggest that oxidative deamination is the primary catabolic route for histamine in rabbit aorta.", "contents": "Characteristics of histamine disposition in vascular smooth muscle. This study has examined uptake, efflux and metabolism of 14C-histamine by vascular smooth muscle. 14C space in aortae reached 4.3 +/- 0.14 ml/g (mean +/- SE) after 1 h exposure to 14C-histamine (2 muM) in Tyrode's solution. Aminoguanidine (10(-5) M) and non-radioactive histamine (10(-4) and 10(-3) M) significantly reduced 14C space. Efflux experiments were performed on aortic strips exposed to 14C-histamine for 1 h. The rate of loss of radioactivity was not enhanced by nonradioactive histamine or compound 48/80. It appears that 14C-histamine was not accumulated and bound in mast cells in this tissue. After 1 h exposure to 14C-histamine, labeled material was extracted from tissues for identification of metabolites by paper chromatography. About 40% of the label was 14C-histamine, and the remainder was primarily imidazole acetic acid. After exposure to aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of diamine oxidase, about 80% of the label was 14C-histamine. These data suggest that oxidative deamination is the primary catabolic route for histamine in rabbit aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:935248", "title": "Effect of adrenergic neuron inhibitors on the vascular response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "content": "In anesthetized cats, the lumbar sympathetic trunk was stimulated, and the responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the hindlimb were recorded (by resistography and plethysmography, respectively). The drugs used were reserpine, methyldopa and bretylium tosylate. It was found that reserpine and methyldopa inhibit the response of the resistance vessels to a greater extent than that of the capacitance vessels, while bretylium tosylate has a greater effect on the transmission of constrictor impulses to the capacitance vessels. Reserpine mainly suppresses responses to low-frequency stimulation and bretylium tosylate--those to high-frequency stimulation, while methyldopa affects them to the same degree at all frequencies.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic neuron inhibitors on the vascular response to sympathetic nerve stimulation. In anesthetized cats, the lumbar sympathetic trunk was stimulated, and the responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the hindlimb were recorded (by resistography and plethysmography, respectively). The drugs used were reserpine, methyldopa and bretylium tosylate. It was found that reserpine and methyldopa inhibit the response of the resistance vessels to a greater extent than that of the capacitance vessels, while bretylium tosylate has a greater effect on the transmission of constrictor impulses to the capacitance vessels. Reserpine mainly suppresses responses to low-frequency stimulation and bretylium tosylate--those to high-frequency stimulation, while methyldopa affects them to the same degree at all frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:935249", "title": "Interactions between antimigraine drugs and a high affinity uptake and storage mechanism for 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Rabbit hearts removed 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) from a perfusion concentration of 2.6 X 10(-9) g/ml. 15.8% of the extractable cardiac total radioactivity consisted of metabolites, mainly 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and metabolism appeared in the perfusion fluid during the course of the perfusion. Ergotamine tartrate (1.0 X 10(-6) g/ml) caused a small increase in 3H-5-HT uptake by the heart. Methysergide bimaleate (1.0 X 10(-6) g/ml) slowed the appearance of metabolites in the perfusion fluid. Because of the high concentrations required, neither observation seems likely to be of clinical significance to migraine. The results do, however, suggest that the frequently observed sensitisation of tissues to 5-HT by ergotamine and methysergide is not the result of inhibition of its tissue uptake.", "contents": "Interactions between antimigraine drugs and a high affinity uptake and storage mechanism for 5-hydroxytryptamine. Rabbit hearts removed 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (3H-5-HT) from a perfusion concentration of 2.6 X 10(-9) g/ml. 15.8% of the extractable cardiac total radioactivity consisted of metabolites, mainly 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and metabolism appeared in the perfusion fluid during the course of the perfusion. Ergotamine tartrate (1.0 X 10(-6) g/ml) caused a small increase in 3H-5-HT uptake by the heart. Methysergide bimaleate (1.0 X 10(-6) g/ml) slowed the appearance of metabolites in the perfusion fluid. Because of the high concentrations required, neither observation seems likely to be of clinical significance to migraine. The results do, however, suggest that the frequently observed sensitisation of tissues to 5-HT by ergotamine and methysergide is not the result of inhibition of its tissue uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:935250", "title": "Anesthetic action of methyleugenol and other eugenol derivatives.", "content": "A comparative study of four natural eugenol compounds found in the volatile oil fraction of Myristica fragans, namely eugenol (E), methyleugenol (ME), isoeugenol and methylisoeugenol, was carried out in mice. Using a mixture of saline + tween-80 to suspend the compounds and the intraperitoneal route, ME revealed to be the most active and the less toxic in inducing the loss of the righting reflex. ME was further compared with pentobarbital and with the synthetic E derivative, propanidid, using the intraperitoneal route in rats. ME anesthetized the rats more rapidly than pentobarbital; however, the duration of anesthesia was the same for both drugs. Propanidid was not active when injected through the intraperitoneal route. Rats under ME anesthesia could be more easily operated, showed less cyanosis, and recovered better than those under pentobarbital. When injected intravenously in rabbits, ME and propanidid showed equivalent anesthetic effects. Daily intraperitoneal injections of ME in rats and mice for up to 42 days, showed that the drug was not toxic and that the animals became more sensitive to the anesthetic action with repeating the injections. Similarly to pentobarbital, ME induced large amounts of slow wave activity in EEG of rats and did not change the total brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "Anesthetic action of methyleugenol and other eugenol derivatives. A comparative study of four natural eugenol compounds found in the volatile oil fraction of Myristica fragans, namely eugenol (E), methyleugenol (ME), isoeugenol and methylisoeugenol, was carried out in mice. Using a mixture of saline + tween-80 to suspend the compounds and the intraperitoneal route, ME revealed to be the most active and the less toxic in inducing the loss of the righting reflex. ME was further compared with pentobarbital and with the synthetic E derivative, propanidid, using the intraperitoneal route in rats. ME anesthetized the rats more rapidly than pentobarbital; however, the duration of anesthesia was the same for both drugs. Propanidid was not active when injected through the intraperitoneal route. Rats under ME anesthesia could be more easily operated, showed less cyanosis, and recovered better than those under pentobarbital. When injected intravenously in rabbits, ME and propanidid showed equivalent anesthetic effects. Daily intraperitoneal injections of ME in rats and mice for up to 42 days, showed that the drug was not toxic and that the animals became more sensitive to the anesthetic action with repeating the injections. Similarly to pentobarbital, ME induced large amounts of slow wave activity in EEG of rats and did not change the total brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine."}
{"id": "PMID:935251", "title": "Influence of some antirheumatic drugs and cytostatics on urinary enzyme level.", "content": "In experiments with rats, the influence of the treatment with sodium salicylate (350 mg/kg), phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg), 6-mercaptopurine (25 mg/kg) and D-penicillamine (50 mg/kg), on urinary lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase was investigated. All these drugs caused an increase in the enzyme levels in urine. In the case of sodium salicylate, the increase occurred only after the first administration of the drug; phenylbutazone caused a gradual increase of the enzymes. Cytostatic drugs caused an increase in the level of the investigated enzymes in urine with a maximum after 1 week of treatment.", "contents": "Influence of some antirheumatic drugs and cytostatics on urinary enzyme level. In experiments with rats, the influence of the treatment with sodium salicylate (350 mg/kg), phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (5 mg/kg), 6-mercaptopurine (25 mg/kg) and D-penicillamine (50 mg/kg), on urinary lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase was investigated. All these drugs caused an increase in the enzyme levels in urine. In the case of sodium salicylate, the increase occurred only after the first administration of the drug; phenylbutazone caused a gradual increase of the enzymes. Cytostatic drugs caused an increase in the level of the investigated enzymes in urine with a maximum after 1 week of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:935252", "title": "A method of X-ray attenuation analysis for approximating the intensity distribution at its point of origin of bremsstrahlung excited in a thick target by incident electrons of constant medium energy.", "content": "A computer-aided method of analysis of the attenuation by known materials of the exposure rate of a narrow beam of X-radiation generated by a constant medium potential at a thick smooth plane target is described. On the assumption that the average loss of energy of initially monoenergetic electrons is given by the Thomson-Whiddington relation, expressions are derived for the differential intensity of radiation leaving the surface of a solid plane target for a number of analytical approximations to the intensity distribution of the bremsstrahlung at its point of origin within the target. Particular forms of these approximations have been determined which yield attenuation curves closely matching those experimentally determined by Thoraeus for constant exciting potentials of 50, 60, 80 and 100 kV. They are found to be generally consistent with theoretical expectation and the few direct measurements available.", "contents": "A method of X-ray attenuation analysis for approximating the intensity distribution at its point of origin of bremsstrahlung excited in a thick target by incident electrons of constant medium energy. A computer-aided method of analysis of the attenuation by known materials of the exposure rate of a narrow beam of X-radiation generated by a constant medium potential at a thick smooth plane target is described. On the assumption that the average loss of energy of initially monoenergetic electrons is given by the Thomson-Whiddington relation, expressions are derived for the differential intensity of radiation leaving the surface of a solid plane target for a number of analytical approximations to the intensity distribution of the bremsstrahlung at its point of origin within the target. Particular forms of these approximations have been determined which yield attenuation curves closely matching those experimentally determined by Thoraeus for constant exciting potentials of 50, 60, 80 and 100 kV. They are found to be generally consistent with theoretical expectation and the few direct measurements available."}
{"id": "PMID:935253", "title": "Specification and additivity of unsharpness in diagnostic radiology.", "content": "Definitions are proposed of line spread and point spread coefficients which may be used to quantify the degree of unsharpness in a radiographic image. Where there are several independent causes of unsharpness the squares of the spread coefficients are additive.", "contents": "Specification and additivity of unsharpness in diagnostic radiology. Definitions are proposed of line spread and point spread coefficients which may be used to quantify the degree of unsharpness in a radiographic image. Where there are several independent causes of unsharpness the squares of the spread coefficients are additive."}
{"id": "PMID:935254", "title": "The construction and use of nomograms for cerebral blood flow calculation using a 133Xe inhalation technique.", "content": "Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a 133Xe inhalation technique requires monitoring the clearance rate of the radioisotope from the head using externally situated detectors and also from arterial blood using a detector to monitor the expired air activity. The end-tidal concentration function is assumed to be proportional to the arterial concentration function and this has to be deconvoluted from the clearance functions obtained from the head to enable CBF to be calculated. A digital computer is generally considered to be essential for this. In this paper a procedure using three-dimensional nomograms is derived and tested. It is shown that results obtained using the nomograms do not differ significantly from results obtained using a full deconvolution procedure, and so it is not essential to use a computer to calculate CBF by the inhalation technique.", "contents": "The construction and use of nomograms for cerebral blood flow calculation using a 133Xe inhalation technique. Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a 133Xe inhalation technique requires monitoring the clearance rate of the radioisotope from the head using externally situated detectors and also from arterial blood using a detector to monitor the expired air activity. The end-tidal concentration function is assumed to be proportional to the arterial concentration function and this has to be deconvoluted from the clearance functions obtained from the head to enable CBF to be calculated. A digital computer is generally considered to be essential for this. In this paper a procedure using three-dimensional nomograms is derived and tested. It is shown that results obtained using the nomograms do not differ significantly from results obtained using a full deconvolution procedure, and so it is not essential to use a computer to calculate CBF by the inhalation technique."}
{"id": "PMID:935255", "title": "The energy response of LiF, film and a chemical dosemeter to high energy photons and electrons.", "content": "The physical responses of LiF, film and a chemical dosemeter in high energy photon and electron beams has been studied. It is shown that the response for film and the chemical dosemeter does not change significantly up to 42 MeV, while for LiF it decreases by about 10%. Analysis of calculations and measurements showed that this decrease could not be explained by existing theories.", "contents": "The energy response of LiF, film and a chemical dosemeter to high energy photons and electrons. The physical responses of LiF, film and a chemical dosemeter in high energy photon and electron beams has been studied. It is shown that the response for film and the chemical dosemeter does not change significantly up to 42 MeV, while for LiF it decreases by about 10%. Analysis of calculations and measurements showed that this decrease could not be explained by existing theories."}
{"id": "PMID:935256", "title": "Thermometry of the surface of human skin. A study on a model using thermocouples, thermistors, thermovision and thermodyes.", "content": "The temperature of the surface of a model of human skin is measured using a recently developed probe to house a thermocouple or thermistor. The results are compared with thermovision and thermodye measurements. The effect on skin temperature of hot and cold vessels at various depths is investigated.", "contents": "Thermometry of the surface of human skin. A study on a model using thermocouples, thermistors, thermovision and thermodyes. The temperature of the surface of a model of human skin is measured using a recently developed probe to house a thermocouple or thermistor. The results are compared with thermovision and thermodye measurements. The effect on skin temperature of hot and cold vessels at various depths is investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:935263", "title": "Variables in recording motor conduction of the radial nerve.", "content": "Motor conduction examinations of the right radial nerve were performed on 25 healthy students. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimum position for placement of the active recording electrode, to determine the optimum position of the elbow during conduction examinations, and to report normal values for radial motor nerve characteristics. The radial nerve was stimulated at the supraclavicular notch, axilla, lateral surface of the brachium, and over the middle third of the forearm. The evoked responses were recorded from the abductor pollicis longus or the extensor pollicis brevis. The optimum site for placement of the active recording electrode was found over the medial aspect of the abductor pollicis longus or the extensor pollicis brevis and at a point that represents 28 percent of the forearm length. The optimum position for the elbow was full extension. The distal latency of 2.6 msec, the velocity of the brachium-forearm segment of 50 meters per second, and amplitude of muscle action potentials of 4.0 mv may serve as the limits of normal values for motor conduction of the radial nerve.", "contents": "Variables in recording motor conduction of the radial nerve. Motor conduction examinations of the right radial nerve were performed on 25 healthy students. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimum position for placement of the active recording electrode, to determine the optimum position of the elbow during conduction examinations, and to report normal values for radial motor nerve characteristics. The radial nerve was stimulated at the supraclavicular notch, axilla, lateral surface of the brachium, and over the middle third of the forearm. The evoked responses were recorded from the abductor pollicis longus or the extensor pollicis brevis. The optimum site for placement of the active recording electrode was found over the medial aspect of the abductor pollicis longus or the extensor pollicis brevis and at a point that represents 28 percent of the forearm length. The optimum position for the elbow was full extension. The distal latency of 2.6 msec, the velocity of the brachium-forearm segment of 50 meters per second, and amplitude of muscle action potentials of 4.0 mv may serve as the limits of normal values for motor conduction of the radial nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:935264", "title": "Electromyographic feedback to improve ankle dorsiflexion, wrist extension, and hand grasp.", "content": "Electromyographic feedback was used to train a patient with hemiplegia in the functional use of the muscles of his right upper and lower limbs. The patient trained with the therapist over a period of two and one-half months, engaging in exercises for ankle dorsiflexion, wrist extension, and hand grasp twice a week for one to one and one-half hours. Feedback was recorded with surface electrodes placed over the extensor surface of the forearm and the tibialis anterior; the electromyographic activity was displayed on a meter. After training, muscle control proved functional for walking, handwriting, and daily self-care activities.", "contents": "Electromyographic feedback to improve ankle dorsiflexion, wrist extension, and hand grasp. Electromyographic feedback was used to train a patient with hemiplegia in the functional use of the muscles of his right upper and lower limbs. The patient trained with the therapist over a period of two and one-half months, engaging in exercises for ankle dorsiflexion, wrist extension, and hand grasp twice a week for one to one and one-half hours. Feedback was recorded with surface electrodes placed over the extensor surface of the forearm and the tibialis anterior; the electromyographic activity was displayed on a meter. After training, muscle control proved functional for walking, handwriting, and daily self-care activities."}
{"id": "PMID:935265", "title": "Guidelines for meetings.", "content": "The major purpose of a meeting is to make decisions. The most basic and important elements of conducting a meeting, preparing motions for consideration, and recording the decisions are presented. The use of the guidelines for more or less formal meetings is discussed.", "contents": "Guidelines for meetings. The major purpose of a meeting is to make decisions. The most basic and important elements of conducting a meeting, preparing motions for consideration, and recording the decisions are presented. The use of the guidelines for more or less formal meetings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935271", "title": "A congenital band about the pelvis. Case report with a 24-year postoperative follow-up.", "content": "A patient with a congenital band about the pelvis is presented. She was operated on in her early years. Photographs document the result during a 24-year follow-up.", "contents": "A congenital band about the pelvis. Case report with a 24-year postoperative follow-up. A patient with a congenital band about the pelvis is presented. She was operated on in her early years. Photographs document the result during a 24-year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:935273", "title": "Ski pole thumb injury.", "content": "Disabling injuries can occur in the area of the MP joint of the thumb when a skier falls against the planted ski pole while holding the ski strap in the usual fashion. This is presently the most common ski injury of the upper extremity. It is important to determine if instability has resulted, because there may be disruption of the ulnar aspect of joint capsule as well as of the extensoradductor hood mechanism. If this has occurred, it is immediately to prevent the development of the chronic \"gamekeeper's thumb.\"", "contents": "Ski pole thumb injury. Disabling injuries can occur in the area of the MP joint of the thumb when a skier falls against the planted ski pole while holding the ski strap in the usual fashion. This is presently the most common ski injury of the upper extremity. It is important to determine if instability has resulted, because there may be disruption of the ulnar aspect of joint capsule as well as of the extensoradductor hood mechanism. If this has occurred, it is immediately to prevent the development of the chronic \"gamekeeper's thumb.\""}
{"id": "PMID:935274", "title": "Gamekeeper's thumb.", "content": "Gamekeeper's thumb is due to complete rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament; it should be clinically differentiated from incomplete rupture. Methods of diagnosis and treatment of gamekeeper's thumb are described. The results in 10 cases of gamekeeper's thumb treated by surgery, with more than a one-year follow-up are evaluated.", "contents": "Gamekeeper's thumb. Gamekeeper's thumb is due to complete rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament; it should be clinically differentiated from incomplete rupture. Methods of diagnosis and treatment of gamekeeper's thumb are described. The results in 10 cases of gamekeeper's thumb treated by surgery, with more than a one-year follow-up are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:935275", "title": "Relative hypoxemia during rhytidoplasty.", "content": "The results of blood gas analyses in 24 patients who had a rhytidoplasty under local anesthesia indicated that a moderate degree of hypoxemia can be elicited in these patients when they have had standard doses of the usual sedatives. While the acid-base abnormalities were generally corrected spontaneously, the extent of the hypoxemia can be aggravated further by the additional use of diazepam during the operation. Therefore, over-sedation of such a patient during the operation, without a secured airway, must be avoided. Additionally, we recommend deep breathing at frequent intervals, with or without supplemental oxygen through a high flow system.", "contents": "Relative hypoxemia during rhytidoplasty. The results of blood gas analyses in 24 patients who had a rhytidoplasty under local anesthesia indicated that a moderate degree of hypoxemia can be elicited in these patients when they have had standard doses of the usual sedatives. While the acid-base abnormalities were generally corrected spontaneously, the extent of the hypoxemia can be aggravated further by the additional use of diazepam during the operation. Therefore, over-sedation of such a patient during the operation, without a secured airway, must be avoided. Additionally, we recommend deep breathing at frequent intervals, with or without supplemental oxygen through a high flow system."}
{"id": "PMID:935276", "title": "Blood gas and hemodynamic effects of sedatives and analgesics when used as a supplement to local anesthesia in plastic surgery.", "content": "In 20 patients undergoing a rhinoplasty or rhytidectomy under local anesthesia combined with intravenous sedatives and hypnotics, fairly satisfactory operating conditions were obtained. This technique was associated with respiratory depression and hypoxia, however, with statistically significant elevations in the arterial carbon dioxide tensions, and depressions in the arterial oxygen tensions. We now advocate the routine use of supplement oxygen and periodic deep breathing during the operation, and in the immediate postoperative period. We will continue to advise the use of general anesthesia in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. The mental detachment and inability to articulate discomfort during the procedure are major disadvantages to the use of fentanyl and droperidol in these patients.", "contents": "Blood gas and hemodynamic effects of sedatives and analgesics when used as a supplement to local anesthesia in plastic surgery. In 20 patients undergoing a rhinoplasty or rhytidectomy under local anesthesia combined with intravenous sedatives and hypnotics, fairly satisfactory operating conditions were obtained. This technique was associated with respiratory depression and hypoxia, however, with statistically significant elevations in the arterial carbon dioxide tensions, and depressions in the arterial oxygen tensions. We now advocate the routine use of supplement oxygen and periodic deep breathing during the operation, and in the immediate postoperative period. We will continue to advise the use of general anesthesia in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. The mental detachment and inability to articulate discomfort during the procedure are major disadvantages to the use of fentanyl and droperidol in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:935277", "title": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin, treated by excision and spontaneous healing.", "content": "A simplified approach to the surgical treatment of hidradenitis supprativa of the groin and perineum is presented. All tissue is excised down to the fascia, and the wound is allowed to granulate and epithelialize spontaneously. The advantage of the procedure are (1) a simple surgical technique, (2) easier postoperative care, (3) full and early ambulation, (4) no donor sites, (5) no losses of skin grafts, (6) early discharge from the hospital, and (7) early return to work.", "contents": "Hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin, treated by excision and spontaneous healing. A simplified approach to the surgical treatment of hidradenitis supprativa of the groin and perineum is presented. All tissue is excised down to the fascia, and the wound is allowed to granulate and epithelialize spontaneously. The advantage of the procedure are (1) a simple surgical technique, (2) easier postoperative care, (3) full and early ambulation, (4) no donor sites, (5) no losses of skin grafts, (6) early discharge from the hospital, and (7) early return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:935278", "title": "Congenital giant nevi: clinical and pathological considerations.", "content": "A clinical and pathological review of 67 cases of congenital giant nevi and of 5 cases of malignant transformation in congenital giant nevi brings out the following. 1. The lesions should be regarded as premalignant. 2. An aggressive approach is advocated to remove the lesion before school age. 3. Staged excisions, combined with skin grafting and/or local rotation flaps, are advocated. 4. Any nodularity or ulceration developing within a congenital giant nevus should be regarded as an ominous sign. 5. A long-term follow-up is necessary in those patients having subtotal excisions.", "contents": "Congenital giant nevi: clinical and pathological considerations. A clinical and pathological review of 67 cases of congenital giant nevi and of 5 cases of malignant transformation in congenital giant nevi brings out the following. 1. The lesions should be regarded as premalignant. 2. An aggressive approach is advocated to remove the lesion before school age. 3. Staged excisions, combined with skin grafting and/or local rotation flaps, are advocated. 4. Any nodularity or ulceration developing within a congenital giant nevus should be regarded as an ominous sign. 5. A long-term follow-up is necessary in those patients having subtotal excisions."}
{"id": "PMID:935280", "title": "Submucous cleft palate.", "content": "We review 97 cases of SMCP, 79 of which were operated. The comparative results are presented. For those requiring surgery (i.e. those having hypernasality), it has been our experience that the use of a pharyngeal flap, alone or combined with a palatoplasty, is productive of better speech results than is a palatoplasty alone.", "contents": "Submucous cleft palate. We review 97 cases of SMCP, 79 of which were operated. The comparative results are presented. For those requiring surgery (i.e. those having hypernasality), it has been our experience that the use of a pharyngeal flap, alone or combined with a palatoplasty, is productive of better speech results than is a palatoplasty alone."}
{"id": "PMID:935281", "title": "Surgical cure of chronic paronychia by eponychial marsupialization.", "content": "A simple surgical procedure is presented which has been effective in curing the troublesome chronic paronychia. The anatomy and pathophysiology of this condition are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Surgical cure of chronic paronychia by eponychial marsupialization. A simple surgical procedure is presented which has been effective in curing the troublesome chronic paronychia. The anatomy and pathophysiology of this condition are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:935283", "title": "The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area.", "content": "We have investigated the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek areas by anatomical dissections, by radiographs, and by histological sections. The SMAS may be helpful in corrective surgery for facial palsy and during face lifting operations if a retrofascial approach is used. This procedure, safe in the parotid area, can become dangerous in the area anterior to the parotid gland.", "contents": "The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area. We have investigated the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek areas by anatomical dissections, by radiographs, and by histological sections. The SMAS may be helpful in corrective surgery for facial palsy and during face lifting operations if a retrofascial approach is used. This procedure, safe in the parotid area, can become dangerous in the area anterior to the parotid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:935291", "title": "A survey of social inadequacy among psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "An investigation into the extent and nature of social inadequacy among outpatients diagnosed as neuroses and personality disorders was undertaken on patients aged 18-49 attending one clinic over a six-month period. A feature of this survey was that each patient took part in a standard social interaction test, and their performance was assessed by two psychologists. A relatively high proportion of patients, one in six on the most conservative estimate, and probably over one in four, were judged by psychologists and psychiatrists to be socially inadequate, and the results showed a clear pattern of behavioural, social and personality factors associated with these judgements. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "A survey of social inadequacy among psychiatric outpatients. An investigation into the extent and nature of social inadequacy among outpatients diagnosed as neuroses and personality disorders was undertaken on patients aged 18-49 attending one clinic over a six-month period. A feature of this survey was that each patient took part in a standard social interaction test, and their performance was assessed by two psychologists. A relatively high proportion of patients, one in six on the most conservative estimate, and probably over one in four, were judged by psychologists and psychiatrists to be socially inadequate, and the results showed a clear pattern of behavioural, social and personality factors associated with these judgements. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935292", "title": "An investigation of psychological factors involved in the predisposition to auditory hallucinations.", "content": "Previous research by the author (Slade, 1972, 1973) and others has suggested that psychological stress plays an important role in triggering off the experience of auditory hallucinations. Clearly, however, predispositional factors are involved as well. The present study is an attempt to investigate some of the psychological factors which may predispose the individual to such experiences. A battery of tests involving cognitive, personality and mental imagery variables and the verbal transformation effect was administered to two small groups of psychotic patients differing only in respect of a history of auditory hallucinations and a normal control group. The main conclusion was that the results lend direct support to the proposition of Mintz & Alpert (1972) that a combination of vivid mental imagery and poor reality-testing in the auditory modality provides the basic predisposition for the experience of auditory hallucinations.", "contents": "An investigation of psychological factors involved in the predisposition to auditory hallucinations. Previous research by the author (Slade, 1972, 1973) and others has suggested that psychological stress plays an important role in triggering off the experience of auditory hallucinations. Clearly, however, predispositional factors are involved as well. The present study is an attempt to investigate some of the psychological factors which may predispose the individual to such experiences. A battery of tests involving cognitive, personality and mental imagery variables and the verbal transformation effect was administered to two small groups of psychotic patients differing only in respect of a history of auditory hallucinations and a normal control group. The main conclusion was that the results lend direct support to the proposition of Mintz & Alpert (1972) that a combination of vivid mental imagery and poor reality-testing in the auditory modality provides the basic predisposition for the experience of auditory hallucinations."}
{"id": "PMID:935293", "title": "Psychoneurotic disturbance and drug-taking in Borstal boys.", "content": "Their own accounts of their use of drugs, together with a detailed description of psychiatric history and present mental state, were obtained from a sample of institutionalized delinquents, Subjects reporting extensive involvement in drug abuse were found to be disturbed on a number of psychiatric variables; however, those reporting some limited abuse were less disturbed than subjects reporting no experience of drug taking. The results and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Psychoneurotic disturbance and drug-taking in Borstal boys. Their own accounts of their use of drugs, together with a detailed description of psychiatric history and present mental state, were obtained from a sample of institutionalized delinquents, Subjects reporting extensive involvement in drug abuse were found to be disturbed on a number of psychiatric variables; however, those reporting some limited abuse were less disturbed than subjects reporting no experience of drug taking. The results and their implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935296", "title": "Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression.", "content": "Urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion was determined in 60 depressed inpatients and in 35 psychiatric inpatients with other disorders. The depressed patients had high daily UFC values, while the other patients excreted normal amounts. Over 40% of the depressed patients had UFC excretions in the range seen in Cushing's disease, while only 6% of the other patients excreted such high amounts of cortisol. Age and sex differences did not account for the results. Among the depressed patients those with depressive neuroses excreted less than unipolar or bipolar depressives. Following treatment, more normal UFC excretion was found in depressed patients. The estimation of UFC and its clinical utility are discussed in detail. UFC determination is a simple and informative indicator of adrenal cortical activation and its application to psychoendocrine studies is recommended.", "contents": "Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion was determined in 60 depressed inpatients and in 35 psychiatric inpatients with other disorders. The depressed patients had high daily UFC values, while the other patients excreted normal amounts. Over 40% of the depressed patients had UFC excretions in the range seen in Cushing's disease, while only 6% of the other patients excreted such high amounts of cortisol. Age and sex differences did not account for the results. Among the depressed patients those with depressive neuroses excreted less than unipolar or bipolar depressives. Following treatment, more normal UFC excretion was found in depressed patients. The estimation of UFC and its clinical utility are discussed in detail. UFC determination is a simple and informative indicator of adrenal cortical activation and its application to psychoendocrine studies is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:935297", "title": "Absorption of lithium following administration of slow-release and conventional preparations.", "content": "The plasma lithium levels of 18 subjects receiving one standard and two slow-release preparations of lithium carbonate were measured at frequent intervals during the 24 hours following oral ingestion of a single dose of the drug. Although the slow-release tablets showed slow-release in vitro, this was not so in vivo. One slow-release preparation, in particular, was ineffectively absorbed by some subjects. There was no difference in the rate of absorption and excretion between the other slow-release product and the standard BP preparation. The implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Absorption of lithium following administration of slow-release and conventional preparations. The plasma lithium levels of 18 subjects receiving one standard and two slow-release preparations of lithium carbonate were measured at frequent intervals during the 24 hours following oral ingestion of a single dose of the drug. Although the slow-release tablets showed slow-release in vitro, this was not so in vivo. One slow-release preparation, in particular, was ineffectively absorbed by some subjects. There was no difference in the rate of absorption and excretion between the other slow-release product and the standard BP preparation. The implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935298", "title": "The endogenous--neurotic distinction as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs.", "content": "An inverse factor analysis of 880 depressed inpatients on 33 endogenous-neurotic variables yielded four patient types. Type 3 resembled the endogenous depressions and Type 2 the neurotic depressions. Type 3 patients responded well to both imipramine and chlorpromazine and did poorly on a placebo. Type 2 patients showed the greatest overall improvement at three weeks irrespective of treatment received, including a placebo.", "contents": "The endogenous--neurotic distinction as a predictor of response to antidepressant drugs. An inverse factor analysis of 880 depressed inpatients on 33 endogenous-neurotic variables yielded four patient types. Type 3 resembled the endogenous depressions and Type 2 the neurotic depressions. Type 3 patients responded well to both imipramine and chlorpromazine and did poorly on a placebo. Type 2 patients showed the greatest overall improvement at three weeks irrespective of treatment received, including a placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:935299", "title": "The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies.", "content": "The results of surveys and inquiries to identify autistic children, carried out in England and Wales, the U.S.A. and Denmark, are compared. Three studies, in each of which either a total population of children or a wide range of handicapped children was screened, using case-note inspection and interviews, all estimated the prevalence of the autistic syndrome to be between four and five children per 10,000 aged under 15 years. Inquiries that counted diagnosed cases only or that relied upon local authority records produced much lower prevalence rates for the autistic syndrome. The reasons for this are examined, and the implications for prevalence studies of handicapping conditions are discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies. The results of surveys and inquiries to identify autistic children, carried out in England and Wales, the U.S.A. and Denmark, are compared. Three studies, in each of which either a total population of children or a wide range of handicapped children was screened, using case-note inspection and interviews, all estimated the prevalence of the autistic syndrome to be between four and five children per 10,000 aged under 15 years. Inquiries that counted diagnosed cases only or that relied upon local authority records produced much lower prevalence rates for the autistic syndrome. The reasons for this are examined, and the implications for prevalence studies of handicapping conditions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935325", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to avoidance conditioning in the dog: effects of beta adrenergic blockade.", "content": "Five laboratory dogs were trained to press a response panel to postpone shocks during 1-hr free-operant avoidance conditioning sessions. In addition, each dog was confined in the experimental environment for 1 hr immediately prior to each avoidance session. During these 2-hr sessions, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously from indwelling catheters. After repeated exposure to the schedule, the onset of the avoidance contingency elicited acute increases in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate, which were maintained throughout the session. During the preavoidance interval, systolic and diastolic pressure increased gradually while heart rate decreased. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptor activity in these behaviorally-trained dogs by infusions of propranolol was associated with a significant attenuation of the tachycardia normally maintained during avoidance. Beta blockade did not prevent the rise in blood pressure or fall in heart rate during preavoidance. The results are consistent with the view that the cardiovascular pattern sustained during avoidance is mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but that the progressive change in cardiovascular activity during preavoidance intervals is mediated by other than sympathetic influences.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to avoidance conditioning in the dog: effects of beta adrenergic blockade. Five laboratory dogs were trained to press a response panel to postpone shocks during 1-hr free-operant avoidance conditioning sessions. In addition, each dog was confined in the experimental environment for 1 hr immediately prior to each avoidance session. During these 2-hr sessions, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously from indwelling catheters. After repeated exposure to the schedule, the onset of the avoidance contingency elicited acute increases in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate, which were maintained throughout the session. During the preavoidance interval, systolic and diastolic pressure increased gradually while heart rate decreased. Blockade of beta adrenergic receptor activity in these behaviorally-trained dogs by infusions of propranolol was associated with a significant attenuation of the tachycardia normally maintained during avoidance. Beta blockade did not prevent the rise in blood pressure or fall in heart rate during preavoidance. The results are consistent with the view that the cardiovascular pattern sustained during avoidance is mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but that the progressive change in cardiovascular activity during preavoidance intervals is mediated by other than sympathetic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:935326", "title": "Emotionally induced decreases in pulmonary flow rates in asthmatic children.", "content": "This study found that vividly remembered incidents of intense anger and similarly recalled fear decreased 1-sec forced expiratory flow rates (FEV1)in 35 male and 25 female chronic asthmatic children who had no psychopathology. FEV1 increased with relaxation. Changes in FEV1 following anger correlated with changes following fear as highly as the reliabilities of the responses permitted, although anger produced a greater decrease than fear. FEV1 decrease following anger and fear correlated with FEV1 increase due to relaxation. The amount of change in each of the three conditions correlated with history of emotionally precipitated asthma. This pattern was interpreted to mean that the same phenomenon underlies emotional-bronchoconstriction, relaxation-bronchodilitation, and emotionally triggered asthma. No relationship was found between degree of allergic sensitivity (atopy) and FEV1 changes in any of the three conditions nor did atopy correlate with history of emotionally triggered asthma. These results do not support the view that psychological and allergic factors are inversely related, alternative causes of asthma.", "contents": "Emotionally induced decreases in pulmonary flow rates in asthmatic children. This study found that vividly remembered incidents of intense anger and similarly recalled fear decreased 1-sec forced expiratory flow rates (FEV1)in 35 male and 25 female chronic asthmatic children who had no psychopathology. FEV1 increased with relaxation. Changes in FEV1 following anger correlated with changes following fear as highly as the reliabilities of the responses permitted, although anger produced a greater decrease than fear. FEV1 decrease following anger and fear correlated with FEV1 increase due to relaxation. The amount of change in each of the three conditions correlated with history of emotionally precipitated asthma. This pattern was interpreted to mean that the same phenomenon underlies emotional-bronchoconstriction, relaxation-bronchodilitation, and emotionally triggered asthma. No relationship was found between degree of allergic sensitivity (atopy) and FEV1 changes in any of the three conditions nor did atopy correlate with history of emotionally triggered asthma. These results do not support the view that psychological and allergic factors are inversely related, alternative causes of asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:935327", "title": "Classically conditioned changes of blood glucose level.", "content": "This paper reviews the literature dealing with classically conditioned changes of blood glucose level. When conditioning procedures are employed, the repeated administration of large amounts of insulin, or of glucose, leads to a conditioned decrease of blood glucose whereas the repeated administration of smaller amounts of insulin leads to a conditioned increase of glucose. These responses are interpreted as instances of reflex compensation by the central nervous system for rapid alterations of glucose availability. Instances of more naturally occurring changes of glucose levels, which appear to be under the control of the nervous system and to be conditionable, are also discussed. A model that accounts for the observed responses has been formulated and is presented.", "contents": "Classically conditioned changes of blood glucose level. This paper reviews the literature dealing with classically conditioned changes of blood glucose level. When conditioning procedures are employed, the repeated administration of large amounts of insulin, or of glucose, leads to a conditioned decrease of blood glucose whereas the repeated administration of smaller amounts of insulin leads to a conditioned increase of glucose. These responses are interpreted as instances of reflex compensation by the central nervous system for rapid alterations of glucose availability. Instances of more naturally occurring changes of glucose levels, which appear to be under the control of the nervous system and to be conditionable, are also discussed. A model that accounts for the observed responses has been formulated and is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:935374", "title": "Hepatocytic hamartoma (focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver): angiographic aspects.", "content": "A case of 'benign tumor' of the liver (hepatocytic hamartoma), in a 24-year-old female is presented. The angiographic aspects are stressed and the radiological disgnosis is discussed in the light of similar observations reported in the recent medical literature.", "contents": "Hepatocytic hamartoma (focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver): angiographic aspects. A case of 'benign tumor' of the liver (hepatocytic hamartoma), in a 24-year-old female is presented. The angiographic aspects are stressed and the radiological disgnosis is discussed in the light of similar observations reported in the recent medical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:935375", "title": "Preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands: indication for and criteria in the evaluation of venous sampling.", "content": "The results of 45 non-selective and 26 selective preoperative localization examinations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are compared with the findings at operation. First operations are distinguished from re-operations. On the basis of personal observations and data from the literature, indications for preoperative localization examination are established. Criteria are formulated for the evaluation of the result of preoperative localization examination as correct, erroneous or inconclusive.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroid glands: indication for and criteria in the evaluation of venous sampling. The results of 45 non-selective and 26 selective preoperative localization examinations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism are compared with the findings at operation. First operations are distinguished from re-operations. On the basis of personal observations and data from the literature, indications for preoperative localization examination are established. Criteria are formulated for the evaluation of the result of preoperative localization examination as correct, erroneous or inconclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:935381", "title": "Female gonadal exposure dose in routine diagnostic radiology.", "content": "Measurements of gonad doses received by female patients during routine roentgenology are presented. LiF dosemeters were used to measure the exposure doses in the vagina. With the aid  of phantom studies, the ovary doses were calculated from the doses determined in patients. Their relationships to skin doses are shown. The results are tabulated. A comparison with results by other authors is given.", "contents": "Female gonadal exposure dose in routine diagnostic radiology. Measurements of gonad doses received by female patients during routine roentgenology are presented. LiF dosemeters were used to measure the exposure doses in the vagina. With the aid  of phantom studies, the ovary doses were calculated from the doses determined in patients. Their relationships to skin doses are shown. The results are tabulated. A comparison with results by other authors is given."}
{"id": "PMID:935382", "title": "The natural history of coronary artery stenosis. A longitudinal angiographic assessment.", "content": "Comparison of sequential large film coronary angiograms was performed for 58 patients with coronary artery disease, and no coronary surgery, to determine the relationship between the location, type, and degree of stenoses and their tendency to progress. Of 230 stenoses, 76 (33%) showed progression and 154 (67%) remained stable on the follow-up studies. Progression occurred in 38 (66%) patients. A statistically significant higher tendency to progress was found with tubular stenosis with ulcerating plaques (100%) and stenoses with collateral circulation (58%). A significant linear trend for progression was also found with the increasing number of risk factors of coronary disease. The above-average progression tendency of stenoses of the right coronary artery, tubular irregular stenoses, and Grade 2 stenoses, was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The natural history of coronary artery stenosis. A longitudinal angiographic assessment. Comparison of sequential large film coronary angiograms was performed for 58 patients with coronary artery disease, and no coronary surgery, to determine the relationship between the location, type, and degree of stenoses and their tendency to progress. Of 230 stenoses, 76 (33%) showed progression and 154 (67%) remained stable on the follow-up studies. Progression occurred in 38 (66%) patients. A statistically significant higher tendency to progress was found with tubular stenosis with ulcerating plaques (100%) and stenoses with collateral circulation (58%). A significant linear trend for progression was also found with the increasing number of risk factors of coronary disease. The above-average progression tendency of stenoses of the right coronary artery, tubular irregular stenoses, and Grade 2 stenoses, was not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:935383", "title": "Spontaneously and pharmacologically provoked coronary arterial spasm in Prinzmetal variant angina.", "content": "Eleven of 21 consecutive patients with Prinzmetal angina (PMA) exhibited no significant fixed stenoses of the coronary arteries. Spontaneous coronary arterial spasm was demonstrated in 3 patients. Ergonovine maleate produced near-total occlusion of a major vessel in 3 of 4 other patients with PMA, but did not provoke spasm in 10 without PMA. The current study documents spasm as the mechanism of myocardial ischemia in some patients with normal coronary arteries and provides initial and favorable diagnostic results with provocative pharmacoangiography in this entity.", "contents": "Spontaneously and pharmacologically provoked coronary arterial spasm in Prinzmetal variant angina. Eleven of 21 consecutive patients with Prinzmetal angina (PMA) exhibited no significant fixed stenoses of the coronary arteries. Spontaneous coronary arterial spasm was demonstrated in 3 patients. Ergonovine maleate produced near-total occlusion of a major vessel in 3 of 4 other patients with PMA, but did not provoke spasm in 10 without PMA. The current study documents spasm as the mechanism of myocardial ischemia in some patients with normal coronary arteries and provides initial and favorable diagnostic results with provocative pharmacoangiography in this entity."}
{"id": "PMID:935384", "title": "Collateral circulation to an ischemic kidney.", "content": "A review of 301 consecutive abdominal arteriograms given to patients suspected of having occlusive arterial diseases was conducted. In 99 patients, 35% or more stenosis of the renal artery was demonstrated; of these, 40 showed demonstrable collaterals to the ischemic kidney. The adrenal and lumbar arteries contributed four times more frequently than the periureteric arteries to the collateral circulation. Characteristic ureteral notching from the periureteric artery collateral was noted in only 50% of the cases. Intrarenal collaterals were observed and appeared to contribute to the preservation of the size and function of the affected kidney.", "contents": "Collateral circulation to an ischemic kidney. A review of 301 consecutive abdominal arteriograms given to patients suspected of having occlusive arterial diseases was conducted. In 99 patients, 35% or more stenosis of the renal artery was demonstrated; of these, 40 showed demonstrable collaterals to the ischemic kidney. The adrenal and lumbar arteries contributed four times more frequently than the periureteric arteries to the collateral circulation. Characteristic ureteral notching from the periureteric artery collateral was noted in only 50% of the cases. Intrarenal collaterals were observed and appeared to contribute to the preservation of the size and function of the affected kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:935385", "title": "Page kidney: an unusual cause of hypertension.", "content": "A case of classical Page kidney with emphasis on radiographic findings is presented. Onset of hypertension following trauma associated with angiographic findings of attenuation, splaying and stretching of the intrarenal vessels on the arterial phase with a definite delay in transit time through the parenchyma and a non-homogeneous nephrogram should make the diagnosis of Page kidney or constricting subcapsular mass the most logical consideration.", "contents": "Page kidney: an unusual cause of hypertension. A case of classical Page kidney with emphasis on radiographic findings is presented. Onset of hypertension following trauma associated with angiographic findings of attenuation, splaying and stretching of the intrarenal vessels on the arterial phase with a definite delay in transit time through the parenchyma and a non-homogeneous nephrogram should make the diagnosis of Page kidney or constricting subcapsular mass the most logical consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:935386", "title": "Transcatheter embolization of the spleen for control of splenic hemorrhage and in situ splenectomy: an experimental study using silicone spheres.", "content": "Silicone spheres were used for the transcatheter arterial embolization of dogs. This material successfully stops splenic hemorrhage in the lacerated organ, and also reduces spleen size. Use of silicone emboli to produce in situ splenectomy is not associated with morbidity or mortality in dogs. The authors discuss the value of using these methods in treating the high-surgical-risk patient.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization of the spleen for control of splenic hemorrhage and in situ splenectomy: an experimental study using silicone spheres. Silicone spheres were used for the transcatheter arterial embolization of dogs. This material successfully stops splenic hemorrhage in the lacerated organ, and also reduces spleen size. Use of silicone emboli to produce in situ splenectomy is not associated with morbidity or mortality in dogs. The authors discuss the value of using these methods in treating the high-surgical-risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:935387", "title": "Unusual calcification in mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "An unusual egg-shell calcification was found in the thyroid gland on a routine radiograph. The 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid image showed a cold nodule in the inferior pole of the left lobe which proved to be mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma. There was no characteristic pattern of calcification in the thyroid gland which would permit precise diagnosis of cancer; however, psammomatous calcification frequently occurs in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "contents": "Unusual calcification in mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. An unusual egg-shell calcification was found in the thyroid gland on a routine radiograph. The 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid image showed a cold nodule in the inferior pole of the left lobe which proved to be mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma. There was no characteristic pattern of calcification in the thyroid gland which would permit precise diagnosis of cancer; however, psammomatous calcification frequently occurs in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid."}
{"id": "PMID:935388", "title": "Selective catheterization of the pancreatic vein for radioimmunoassay in glucagon-secreting carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "A glucagon-secreting tumor was seen in the tail of the pancreas in a 69-year-old man. The diagnosis was made by radioimmunoassay of the peripheral blood and the tumor was localized by pancreatic angiography and selective catheterization of the pancreatic veins followed by hormone assay. This technique may be a valuable adjunct in the study of endocrine tumors of the pancreas.", "contents": "Selective catheterization of the pancreatic vein for radioimmunoassay in glucagon-secreting carcinoma of the pancreas. A glucagon-secreting tumor was seen in the tail of the pancreas in a 69-year-old man. The diagnosis was made by radioimmunoassay of the peripheral blood and the tumor was localized by pancreatic angiography and selective catheterization of the pancreatic veins followed by hormone assay. This technique may be a valuable adjunct in the study of endocrine tumors of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:935389", "title": "Primary subclavian vein thrombosis and bilateral chylothorax documented by lymphography and venography.", "content": "Chylothorax secondary to trauma of the thoracic duct is uncommon. \"Stress\" thrombosis of the subclavian is a better recognized entity. The occurrence of both in the same patient is documented and their relationship discussed.", "contents": "Primary subclavian vein thrombosis and bilateral chylothorax documented by lymphography and venography. Chylothorax secondary to trauma of the thoracic duct is uncommon. \"Stress\" thrombosis of the subclavian is a better recognized entity. The occurrence of both in the same patient is documented and their relationship discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935390", "title": "Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).", "content": "The vertebral involvement of DISH is described from an evaluation of 215 cadaveric spines and 100 patients with the disease. Radiographic features include linear new bone formation along the anterolateral aspect of the thoracic spine, a bumpy contour, subjacent radiolucency, and irregular and pointed bony excrescences at the superior and inferior vertebral margins in the cervical and lumbar regions. Pathologic features include focal and diffuse calcification and ossification in the anterior longitudinal ligament, paraspinal connective tissue, and annulus fibrosis, degeneration in the peripheral annulus fibrosis fibers, L-T-, and Y-shaped anterolateral extensions of fibrous tissue, hypervascularity, chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration, and periosteal new bone formation on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies.", "contents": "Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). The vertebral involvement of DISH is described from an evaluation of 215 cadaveric spines and 100 patients with the disease. Radiographic features include linear new bone formation along the anterolateral aspect of the thoracic spine, a bumpy contour, subjacent radiolucency, and irregular and pointed bony excrescences at the superior and inferior vertebral margins in the cervical and lumbar regions. Pathologic features include focal and diffuse calcification and ossification in the anterior longitudinal ligament, paraspinal connective tissue, and annulus fibrosis, degeneration in the peripheral annulus fibrosis fibers, L-T-, and Y-shaped anterolateral extensions of fibrous tissue, hypervascularity, chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration, and periosteal new bone formation on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:935391", "title": "Radiologic classification of posterior dislocations of the hip: refinements and pitfalls.", "content": "Seventeen traumatic hip dislocations seen during a 15-month period were evaluated. In 10 of the 14 cases of posterior hip dislocation, the final Thompson-Epstein classification differed from the initial radiographic classification. Dislocations of the hip often result in radiographically obscure femoral head and acetabular damage. High quality radiographs with oblique and coned-down views are of substantial aid in evaluating the dislocated hip. After closed reduction of a dislocated hip, further views and tomography are helpful but diagnostic pitfalls exist. A persistently widened hip joint, even with negative plain films and tomography, indicates possible intra-osteochondral debris or incompletely reduced femoral head fragments.", "contents": "Radiologic classification of posterior dislocations of the hip: refinements and pitfalls. Seventeen traumatic hip dislocations seen during a 15-month period were evaluated. In 10 of the 14 cases of posterior hip dislocation, the final Thompson-Epstein classification differed from the initial radiographic classification. Dislocations of the hip often result in radiographically obscure femoral head and acetabular damage. High quality radiographs with oblique and coned-down views are of substantial aid in evaluating the dislocated hip. After closed reduction of a dislocated hip, further views and tomography are helpful but diagnostic pitfalls exist. A persistently widened hip joint, even with negative plain films and tomography, indicates possible intra-osteochondral debris or incompletely reduced femoral head fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:935392", "title": "Solitary lytic lesion of the skull.", "content": "Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the calvaria may result in a lytic, well-circumscribed lesion the appearance of which necessitates differential consideration of lytic lesions of the skull. The merits of angiography in the study of such lesions are noted. Even in young persons, the possibility of metastasis presenting as a solitary lytic defect in the skull must be kept in mind.", "contents": "Solitary lytic lesion of the skull. Thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the calvaria may result in a lytic, well-circumscribed lesion the appearance of which necessitates differential consideration of lytic lesions of the skull. The merits of angiography in the study of such lesions are noted. Even in young persons, the possibility of metastasis presenting as a solitary lytic defect in the skull must be kept in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:935393", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "The authors reviewed 17 patients with the clinical diagnosis of benign intracranial hypertension (pseudomotor cerebri). All of these patients underwent CT scans of the head which were interpreted as normal. Comparison of mean ventricular size with that of a group of control subjects showed no significant difference. On the basis of this study and others cited, there would appear to be almost no instances in which invasive neuroradiological procedures would be required to confirm the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri. The authors reviewed 17 patients with the clinical diagnosis of benign intracranial hypertension (pseudomotor cerebri). All of these patients underwent CT scans of the head which were interpreted as normal. Comparison of mean ventricular size with that of a group of control subjects showed no significant difference. On the basis of this study and others cited, there would appear to be almost no instances in which invasive neuroradiological procedures would be required to confirm the diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri."}
{"id": "PMID:935394", "title": "The normal range and position of the pineal gland on computed tomography.", "content": "Precise measurements with the Vanguard Motion Analyzer were made to determine the position of the pineal gland as shown on the Polaroid displays of 145 normal scans. The relatively midline positions of the gland are expressed in terms of percentage shift of the gland in these 145 normal cases is defined by a mean value of 0.8% with a standard deviation of 0.6%. More than 99% of normal CT scans can be expected to show a percentage shift of 2.6% or less.", "contents": "The normal range and position of the pineal gland on computed tomography. Precise measurements with the Vanguard Motion Analyzer were made to determine the position of the pineal gland as shown on the Polaroid displays of 145 normal scans. The relatively midline positions of the gland are expressed in terms of percentage shift of the gland in these 145 normal cases is defined by a mean value of 0.8% with a standard deviation of 0.6%. More than 99% of normal CT scans can be expected to show a percentage shift of 2.6% or less."}
{"id": "PMID:935395", "title": "Computed tomography in a community hospital.", "content": "Computed tomography may be effectively utilized in the radiology department of a community hospital. An ideal program features regional services, 7-day, 24-hour coverage, immediate response to emergencies, prompt reporting, and availability of ancillary hospital services. Experience indicates that early scanning may eliminate the need for invasive diagnostic procedures, prevent or shorten hospital stay, and minimize the morbidity and expense of neuroradiological diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography in a community hospital. Computed tomography may be effectively utilized in the radiology department of a community hospital. An ideal program features regional services, 7-day, 24-hour coverage, immediate response to emergencies, prompt reporting, and availability of ancillary hospital services. Experience indicates that early scanning may eliminate the need for invasive diagnostic procedures, prevent or shorten hospital stay, and minimize the morbidity and expense of neuroradiological diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:935396", "title": "Myelography in the evaluation of paravertebral mass lesions in infants and children.", "content": "The clinical, pathological, and radiological features in 21 pediatric patients with intraspinal extension may be present in the absence of either neurological symptoms or bony abnormalities. It is essential that myelography be performed prior to thoractomy or laparotomy in such cases.", "contents": "Myelography in the evaluation of paravertebral mass lesions in infants and children. The clinical, pathological, and radiological features in 21 pediatric patients with intraspinal extension may be present in the absence of either neurological symptoms or bony abnormalities. It is essential that myelography be performed prior to thoractomy or laparotomy in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:935397", "title": "Paraspinal muscle infarction. A painful complication of lumbar artery embolization associated with pathognomonic radiographic and laboratory findings.", "content": "Severe, prolonged back pain was observed in 2 patients following lumbar artery embolization with Gelfoam for angiomatous spinal lesions. Dense, persistent staining of the paravertebral muscles with a characteristic striated pattern and elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase suggested muscle infarction and necrosis. Similar angiographic and laboratory findings were reproduced in monkeys following arterial embolization with Gelfoam.", "contents": "Paraspinal muscle infarction. A painful complication of lumbar artery embolization associated with pathognomonic radiographic and laboratory findings. Severe, prolonged back pain was observed in 2 patients following lumbar artery embolization with Gelfoam for angiomatous spinal lesions. Dense, persistent staining of the paravertebral muscles with a characteristic striated pattern and elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase suggested muscle infarction and necrosis. Similar angiographic and laboratory findings were reproduced in monkeys following arterial embolization with Gelfoam."}
{"id": "PMID:935398", "title": "A noninvasive technique for the study of cardiac hemodynamics utilizing C15-O2 inhalation.", "content": "A new technique for the study of cardiac hemodynamics is described which utilizes single-breath inhalation of C15O2 (T 1/2 = 124 sec.) and the recording of activity vs. time curves with scintillation counters placed externally over the left ventricle and right lung. The results from 10 normal volunteers and 28 patients with acquired or congenital heart disease have been compared to the findings at cardiac catheterization. The technique is safe, rapid, and nontraumatic, and yielded no false positives or negatives in this series.", "contents": "A noninvasive technique for the study of cardiac hemodynamics utilizing C15-O2 inhalation. A new technique for the study of cardiac hemodynamics is described which utilizes single-breath inhalation of C15O2 (T 1/2 = 124 sec.) and the recording of activity vs. time curves with scintillation counters placed externally over the left ventricle and right lung. The results from 10 normal volunteers and 28 patients with acquired or congenital heart disease have been compared to the findings at cardiac catheterization. The technique is safe, rapid, and nontraumatic, and yielded no false positives or negatives in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:935399", "title": "Inhalation scintigraphy with radioaerosols in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy is discussed and its interpretation based on the segmental anatomy of the lung is presented. Correlation between bronchography and inhalation scintigraphy in 26 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma showed that partial obstruction of a major bronchus produces a clear \"hot spot\" with peripheral decrease of aerosol deposition, while partial or complete obstruction of the segmental bronchi causes segmentally decreased deposition distal to the site of obstruction. Even at an early stage, bronchogenic carcinoma may be detected by aerosol inhalation scintigraphy whenever the tumors are large enough to produce visible abnormalities of aerosol deposition.", "contents": "Inhalation scintigraphy with radioaerosols in bronchogenic carcinoma. Radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy is discussed and its interpretation based on the segmental anatomy of the lung is presented. Correlation between bronchography and inhalation scintigraphy in 26 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma showed that partial obstruction of a major bronchus produces a clear \"hot spot\" with peripheral decrease of aerosol deposition, while partial or complete obstruction of the segmental bronchi causes segmentally decreased deposition distal to the site of obstruction. Even at an early stage, bronchogenic carcinoma may be detected by aerosol inhalation scintigraphy whenever the tumors are large enough to produce visible abnormalities of aerosol deposition."}
{"id": "PMID:935400", "title": "Brain scintigraphy in recurrent medulloblastoma.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with previously treated medulloblastoma had brain scintigrams revealed posterior fossa recurrence in 15 patients and supratentorial metastases in 9; only 1 of the latter was clinically suspected. Two subdural hematomas and one calvarial metastasis were also detected. Comparison with other diagnostic evidence shows agreement in 13 out of 14 cases (93%) for posterior fossa recurrence and 8/10 (80%) for supratentiorial masses. Brain scintigraphy appears to be a sensitive and specific test for the detection of recurrence and metastasis in patients with treated medulloblastoma.", "contents": "Brain scintigraphy in recurrent medulloblastoma. Twenty-three patients with previously treated medulloblastoma had brain scintigrams revealed posterior fossa recurrence in 15 patients and supratentorial metastases in 9; only 1 of the latter was clinically suspected. Two subdural hematomas and one calvarial metastasis were also detected. Comparison with other diagnostic evidence shows agreement in 13 out of 14 cases (93%) for posterior fossa recurrence and 8/10 (80%) for supratentiorial masses. Brain scintigraphy appears to be a sensitive and specific test for the detection of recurrence and metastasis in patients with treated medulloblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:935401", "title": "Observation of the use of 99mTc-phosphate imaging in peripheral bone trauma.", "content": "The utility of 99mTc-phosphate imaging of fractured bones adjacent to joints soon after injury is examined. Joints usually respond to trauma by a generalized increased regional concentration of the radiopharmaceutical; but with careful attention to technique, a superimposed focal deposition due to the fractured bone can be seen. Fractures which were initially indefinite or which seemed normal at radiography were revealed as early as 7 hours after injury. In our experience, failure to show a focal concentration beyond 3 days excludes a fracture. However, a focal concentration need not necessarily represent a gross fracture; a ligamentous avulsion of a bone chip and/or periosteum could yield the same picture and not be disclosed by radiography. Radionuclide imaging of joint fractures is a useful adjunct to clinical assessment.", "contents": "Observation of the use of 99mTc-phosphate imaging in peripheral bone trauma. The utility of 99mTc-phosphate imaging of fractured bones adjacent to joints soon after injury is examined. Joints usually respond to trauma by a generalized increased regional concentration of the radiopharmaceutical; but with careful attention to technique, a superimposed focal deposition due to the fractured bone can be seen. Fractures which were initially indefinite or which seemed normal at radiography were revealed as early as 7 hours after injury. In our experience, failure to show a focal concentration beyond 3 days excludes a fracture. However, a focal concentration need not necessarily represent a gross fracture; a ligamentous avulsion of a bone chip and/or periosteum could yield the same picture and not be disclosed by radiography. Radionuclide imaging of joint fractures is a useful adjunct to clinical assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:935402", "title": "Bone within the breast. Report of a case with radiographic and nuclear medicine features.", "content": "A mass containing unusual calcific densities suggestive of bone formation was demonstrated within the breast on xeroradiography. The mass showed a very high uptake of 99mTc-polyphosphate on a total-body radionuclide bone scan and was found to have extensive bone and cartilage formation on pathological examination.", "contents": "Bone within the breast. Report of a case with radiographic and nuclear medicine features. A mass containing unusual calcific densities suggestive of bone formation was demonstrated within the breast on xeroradiography. The mass showed a very high uptake of 99mTc-polyphosphate on a total-body radionuclide bone scan and was found to have extensive bone and cartilage formation on pathological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:935403", "title": "The area and volume of the sella turcica in childhood primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Sellar area and volume are compared to chronological age, stature, and osseous maturation (bone age) in a series of control children of short stature and in those with primary hypothyroidism and idoiopathic pituitary deficiencies. Sellar area is increased most significantly in relation to bone age in primary hypothyroidism; volume is less useful than area in the diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "The area and volume of the sella turcica in childhood primary hypothyroidism. Sellar area and volume are compared to chronological age, stature, and osseous maturation (bone age) in a series of control children of short stature and in those with primary hypothyroidism and idoiopathic pituitary deficiencies. Sellar area is increased most significantly in relation to bone age in primary hypothyroidism; volume is less useful than area in the diagnosis of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935404", "title": "New standards for the assessment of sella turcica volume in children.", "content": "New standards for the assessment of sella turcica volume were derived from studies in normal children. Use of these standards facilitates the diagnostic evaluation of children with short stature, since many patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism have abnormally small sella turcica volumes. The sellar volume should be estimated early in the evaluation of the short child and, if found to be small, should serve as a stimulus for prompt, thorough evaluation of pituitary function.", "contents": "New standards for the assessment of sella turcica volume in children. New standards for the assessment of sella turcica volume were derived from studies in normal children. Use of these standards facilitates the diagnostic evaluation of children with short stature, since many patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism have abnormally small sella turcica volumes. The sellar volume should be estimated early in the evaluation of the short child and, if found to be small, should serve as a stimulus for prompt, thorough evaluation of pituitary function."}
{"id": "PMID:935405", "title": "New standards of ossification of the newborn.", "content": "Physical and neurological examinations of American and Swedish populations confirm that epiphyseal ossification of the newborn in the shoulder, knee, and foot is related to gestational age. The causes of accelerated, retarded, and dysharmonic osseous maturation of the neonate are reviewed.", "contents": "New standards of ossification of the newborn. Physical and neurological examinations of American and Swedish populations confirm that epiphyseal ossification of the newborn in the shoulder, knee, and foot is related to gestational age. The causes of accelerated, retarded, and dysharmonic osseous maturation of the neonate are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:935406", "title": "Osteonecrosis in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and naso-and oropharynx.", "content": "A group of 381 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and naso-and oropharynx treated with definitive radiotherapy were analyzed with respect to the incidence and precipitating factors of mandibular osteonecrosis. Elective dental extraction prior to therapy increased the incidence, and dental conservation decreased it. Spontaneous osteonecrosis did not occur with doses less than 6,000 rads in 6 weeks, and was uncommon (1.8%) at doses under 7,000 rads in 7 weeks. At doses over 7,000 rads, osteonecrosis developed in 9%. The incidence was greater in patients with tumors near bone (9.4%) than in those with tumors not next to bone (2.1%).", "contents": "Osteonecrosis in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and naso-and oropharynx. A group of 381 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and naso-and oropharynx treated with definitive radiotherapy were analyzed with respect to the incidence and precipitating factors of mandibular osteonecrosis. Elective dental extraction prior to therapy increased the incidence, and dental conservation decreased it. Spontaneous osteonecrosis did not occur with doses less than 6,000 rads in 6 weeks, and was uncommon (1.8%) at doses under 7,000 rads in 7 weeks. At doses over 7,000 rads, osteonecrosis developed in 9%. The incidence was greater in patients with tumors near bone (9.4%) than in those with tumors not next to bone (2.1%)."}
{"id": "PMID:935407", "title": "The use of intrauterine and intravaginal radium in the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder in women.", "content": "Eight women with advanced stage or high grade carcinoma of the bladder were treated in part with intrauterine and/or intravaginal radium. Local control was achieved in 7 cases. This is an effective form of treatment which should be considered for all women with bladder carcinoma.", "contents": "The use of intrauterine and intravaginal radium in the treatment of carcinoma of the bladder in women. Eight women with advanced stage or high grade carcinoma of the bladder were treated in part with intrauterine and/or intravaginal radium. Local control was achieved in 7 cases. This is an effective form of treatment which should be considered for all women with bladder carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:935408", "title": "The effect of the kVp level on EMI values. Selective imaging of various materials with different kVp settings.", "content": "A variety of materials and tissues as well as 3 patients were studied with the EMI scanner using the 100-, 120-, and 140-kVp settings. There was little shift in the EMI value for most tissues over this range, but significant shifts occurred with materials whose effective atomic number was moderately different from that of water. Use of the highest kVp setting may improve visualization of low-contrast images by decreasing the noise caused by statistical fluctuations. This shift in EMI values can be used to determine the approximate amount of material of high atomic number present, such as calcium or iodine.", "contents": "The effect of the kVp level on EMI values. Selective imaging of various materials with different kVp settings. A variety of materials and tissues as well as 3 patients were studied with the EMI scanner using the 100-, 120-, and 140-kVp settings. There was little shift in the EMI value for most tissues over this range, but significant shifts occurred with materials whose effective atomic number was moderately different from that of water. Use of the highest kVp setting may improve visualization of low-contrast images by decreasing the noise caused by statistical fluctuations. This shift in EMI values can be used to determine the approximate amount of material of high atomic number present, such as calcium or iodine."}
{"id": "PMID:935409", "title": "Evaluation of xeroradiographic image quality.", "content": "A theory of edge enhancement has been developed to describe xeroradiographic images of linear step objects. The theory is shown to give an accurate description of the relationship between edge enhancement, subject contrast, radiation exposure, selenium charging potential and developer bias potential. An optimal transmitted x-ray exposure exists which gives the maximum edge enhancement. For low contrast structures, this same optimal exposure was found to yield the most acceptable images as judged subjectively. This finding has led to the successful application of automatic exposure termination in mammographic examinations using xeroradiography.", "contents": "Evaluation of xeroradiographic image quality. A theory of edge enhancement has been developed to describe xeroradiographic images of linear step objects. The theory is shown to give an accurate description of the relationship between edge enhancement, subject contrast, radiation exposure, selenium charging potential and developer bias potential. An optimal transmitted x-ray exposure exists which gives the maximum edge enhancement. For low contrast structures, this same optimal exposure was found to yield the most acceptable images as judged subjectively. This finding has led to the successful application of automatic exposure termination in mammographic examinations using xeroradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:935410", "title": "Wide-field X-ray tube comparisons.", "content": "X-ray tubes having similar resolution capabilities along the central ray were compared for their wide-field characteristics. It has been suggested that focal spot size, and therefore resolution capability, along the cathode-anode axis may vary in a manner which is dependent upon the tube target angle. The authors show that differences beyond the effects of target angle occur, the extent of those differences varying from tube to tube. Although 2 different-sized focal spots may be adjusted to have equivalent central beam resolution capabilities, they can exhibit different imaging capabilities at wide-angle (off central axis) position. More than one parameter (equivalent focal spot size) is needed to characterize the behavior of a focal spot.", "contents": "Wide-field X-ray tube comparisons. X-ray tubes having similar resolution capabilities along the central ray were compared for their wide-field characteristics. It has been suggested that focal spot size, and therefore resolution capability, along the cathode-anode axis may vary in a manner which is dependent upon the tube target angle. The authors show that differences beyond the effects of target angle occur, the extent of those differences varying from tube to tube. Although 2 different-sized focal spots may be adjusted to have equivalent central beam resolution capabilities, they can exhibit different imaging capabilities at wide-angle (off central axis) position. More than one parameter (equivalent focal spot size) is needed to characterize the behavior of a focal spot."}
{"id": "PMID:935411", "title": "The metal/tissue interface effect in irradiation of the oral cavity.", "content": "Metal dental prostheses or overlays may lead to increased mucosal reactions of adjacent tissue surfaces during intensive irradiation of the oral cavity. The dosimetry of this phenomenon was investigated by irradiating dental phantoms with 4-and 6-MeV photons. Gold and amalgam interfaces may produce local mucosal doses as high as 150-170% depending on the beam geometry, but doses of 111-126% for gold crowns and about 109-118% for amalgam fillings were found for opposed-beam configurations. 2-4 mm of tissue-equivalent absorber is sufficient to re-establish a homogeneous dose distribution and should be employed throughout therapy whenever dental extraction is unwarranted. The radiobiological exaggeration of the interface effect in treatment with opposed beams using one field per day is discussed.", "contents": "The metal/tissue interface effect in irradiation of the oral cavity. Metal dental prostheses or overlays may lead to increased mucosal reactions of adjacent tissue surfaces during intensive irradiation of the oral cavity. The dosimetry of this phenomenon was investigated by irradiating dental phantoms with 4-and 6-MeV photons. Gold and amalgam interfaces may produce local mucosal doses as high as 150-170% depending on the beam geometry, but doses of 111-126% for gold crowns and about 109-118% for amalgam fillings were found for opposed-beam configurations. 2-4 mm of tissue-equivalent absorber is sufficient to re-establish a homogeneous dose distribution and should be employed throughout therapy whenever dental extraction is unwarranted. The radiobiological exaggeration of the interface effect in treatment with opposed beams using one field per day is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935412", "title": "The effects of single and multifraction radiation courses on the mouse spinal cord.", "content": "Thoraco-lumbar spinal cord segments of C3H mice were irradiated with 250 kVp x rays and the acute and late effects of several variables were compared: single and multifraction radiation courses; changes in the length of irradiated spinal cord; and multifraction studies in which three-week and three-month splits were compared to a continuous radiation course. A scoring system for assessing the degree of radiation-induced myelopathy was devised, using a scale ranging from 1.0 (loss of rear limb reflex extension) to 4.0 (paraplegia). A significant increase in severity of spinal cord radiation injury was noted when single doses were compared to equal doses given in 10 consecutive fractions. Increasing the irradiated segment from 6 to 12 mm was also associated with more severe and earlier radiation cord injury.", "contents": "The effects of single and multifraction radiation courses on the mouse spinal cord. Thoraco-lumbar spinal cord segments of C3H mice were irradiated with 250 kVp x rays and the acute and late effects of several variables were compared: single and multifraction radiation courses; changes in the length of irradiated spinal cord; and multifraction studies in which three-week and three-month splits were compared to a continuous radiation course. A scoring system for assessing the degree of radiation-induced myelopathy was devised, using a scale ranging from 1.0 (loss of rear limb reflex extension) to 4.0 (paraplegia). A significant increase in severity of spinal cord radiation injury was noted when single doses were compared to equal doses given in 10 consecutive fractions. Increasing the irradiated segment from 6 to 12 mm was also associated with more severe and earlier radiation cord injury."}
{"id": "PMID:935413", "title": "Mammalian cell survival response following irradiation with 4 MeV X rays or accelerated helium ions combined with hyperthermia.", "content": "The effects of hyperthermia on Chinese hamster ovary cell radioresponse were studied using either 4 MeV x rays or accelerated helium ions. Both pre-and postirradiation hyperthermic doses act to decrease the slope of the x-irradiation survival curve in a temperature-dependent manner, while the extrapolation number does not change appreciably. Pre-irradiation hyperthermic treatment has only a slightly greater dose-modifying effect than similar postirradiation hyperthermia. For cells irradiated with helium, pre-irradiation at 43 degrees C (1 hr.) changes the radiation survival curve slope and also the extrapolation number, implying that hyperthermia may act more readily to enhance lethal x-ray damage than lethal helium damage, while having a similar effect on the accumulation of sublethal damage for both of these radiations.", "contents": "Mammalian cell survival response following irradiation with 4 MeV X rays or accelerated helium ions combined with hyperthermia. The effects of hyperthermia on Chinese hamster ovary cell radioresponse were studied using either 4 MeV x rays or accelerated helium ions. Both pre-and postirradiation hyperthermic doses act to decrease the slope of the x-irradiation survival curve in a temperature-dependent manner, while the extrapolation number does not change appreciably. Pre-irradiation hyperthermic treatment has only a slightly greater dose-modifying effect than similar postirradiation hyperthermia. For cells irradiated with helium, pre-irradiation at 43 degrees C (1 hr.) changes the radiation survival curve slope and also the extrapolation number, implying that hyperthermia may act more readily to enhance lethal x-ray damage than lethal helium damage, while having a similar effect on the accumulation of sublethal damage for both of these radiations."}
{"id": "PMID:935414", "title": "Discrimination of normal and overinflated lungs and prediction of total lung capacity based on chest film measurements.", "content": "Plethysmography and roentgenography were performed on normal subjects and patients with emphysema. 23 measurements from postero-anterior and lateral roentgenograms were subjected to discriminant and regression analyses to discover (a) which variable(s) best distinguished normal from overinflated lungs and (b) whether these or other variables could be used to predict total lung capacity. A combination of measurements was found to work best in each case.", "contents": "Discrimination of normal and overinflated lungs and prediction of total lung capacity based on chest film measurements. Plethysmography and roentgenography were performed on normal subjects and patients with emphysema. 23 measurements from postero-anterior and lateral roentgenograms were subjected to discriminant and regression analyses to discover (a) which variable(s) best distinguished normal from overinflated lungs and (b) whether these or other variables could be used to predict total lung capacity. A combination of measurements was found to work best in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:935415", "title": "Computed tomography: contrast media within subdural hematomas. A preliminary report.", "content": "Delayed computed tomographic scans may be most helpful in disclosing subdural hematomas which have collected contrast media when the lesion is undisclosed by initial or immediate post-contrast scans.", "contents": "Computed tomography: contrast media within subdural hematomas. A preliminary report. Delayed computed tomographic scans may be most helpful in disclosing subdural hematomas which have collected contrast media when the lesion is undisclosed by initial or immediate post-contrast scans."}
{"id": "PMID:935416", "title": "Oviduct response to glucagon during hysterosalpingography.", "content": "Nine patients without evidence of tubal patency at routine hysterosalpingography were given glucagon. Five of the 9 responded with tubal dilation and spill. Three of the 4 who did not respond had a positive history and clinical examination for pelvic inflammatory disease. Data regarding side effects in the 9 patients studied are presented.", "contents": "Oviduct response to glucagon during hysterosalpingography. Nine patients without evidence of tubal patency at routine hysterosalpingography were given glucagon. Five of the 9 responded with tubal dilation and spill. Three of the 4 who did not respond had a positive history and clinical examination for pelvic inflammatory disease. Data regarding side effects in the 9 patients studied are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:935417", "title": "Serial radionuclide determinations of the electron fraction with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells.", "content": "The reproducibility of area/length ejection fraction determinations was evaluated in 21 subjects using 99mTc-labeled red blood cells (99mTc-RBCs). The ejection fraction was determined within 30 minutes and 3-5 hours after a single injection of 99mTc-RBCs. The mean absolute difference between the initial and subsequent ejection fractions was 7% (maximum, 15%) (r = 0.90). 99mTc-RBCs offer a reproducible method of determining the ejection fraction which is suitable for serial noninvasive evaluations of left ventricular function.", "contents": "Serial radionuclide determinations of the electron fraction with 99mTc-labeled red blood cells. The reproducibility of area/length ejection fraction determinations was evaluated in 21 subjects using 99mTc-labeled red blood cells (99mTc-RBCs). The ejection fraction was determined within 30 minutes and 3-5 hours after a single injection of 99mTc-RBCs. The mean absolute difference between the initial and subsequent ejection fractions was 7% (maximum, 15%) (r = 0.90). 99mTc-RBCs offer a reproducible method of determining the ejection fraction which is suitable for serial noninvasive evaluations of left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:935418", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of 111In-labeled leukocytes as an abscess imaging agent in dogs.", "content": "Leukocytes labeled with 111In chelated with 8-hydroxyquinoline were evaluated as an abscess imaging agent in dogs. The labeling technique is simple and offers 75-95% efficiency. The half-clearance time of the labeled leukocytes is 6-10 hours, and the target-to-blood activity ratios are higher than those of other compounds now in use. The authors suggest that 111In-labeled leukocytes replace 67Ga citrate as a routine abscess imaging agent.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of 111In-labeled leukocytes as an abscess imaging agent in dogs. Leukocytes labeled with 111In chelated with 8-hydroxyquinoline were evaluated as an abscess imaging agent in dogs. The labeling technique is simple and offers 75-95% efficiency. The half-clearance time of the labeled leukocytes is 6-10 hours, and the target-to-blood activity ratios are higher than those of other compounds now in use. The authors suggest that 111In-labeled leukocytes replace 67Ga citrate as a routine abscess imaging agent."}
{"id": "PMID:935419", "title": "Low cost intrathyroidal iodine quantification with a fluorescent scanner.", "content": "A thyroid fluorescent scanner has proven to be useful for imaging thyroids in cases where isotope scans are contraindicated. Minor modifications of a commercially available scanner make possible total intrathyroidal quantification, which aids in the differentiation between primary and secondary hypothyroidism and in the diagnosis of thyroiditis.", "contents": "Low cost intrathyroidal iodine quantification with a fluorescent scanner. A thyroid fluorescent scanner has proven to be useful for imaging thyroids in cases where isotope scans are contraindicated. Minor modifications of a commercially available scanner make possible total intrathyroidal quantification, which aids in the differentiation between primary and secondary hypothyroidism and in the diagnosis of thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:935420", "title": "Disparate imaging of the autonomous functioning thyroid nodule with 99mTc-pertechnetate and radioiodine.", "content": "Four nodules, visualized with 99mTc pertechnetate at 20-60 min., were not visualized with either 123I or 131I at 2-4 hours. Each nodule was demonstrated to have autonomy of function in excess of surrounding normal tissue when imaged with radioiodine after TSH suppression. Rapid turnover of an iodine moiety would seem to explain this phenomenon better then the trapping-only function previously ascribed to lesions with disparate imaging using pertechnetate and iodine radionuclides.", "contents": "Disparate imaging of the autonomous functioning thyroid nodule with 99mTc-pertechnetate and radioiodine. Four nodules, visualized with 99mTc pertechnetate at 20-60 min., were not visualized with either 123I or 131I at 2-4 hours. Each nodule was demonstrated to have autonomy of function in excess of surrounding normal tissue when imaged with radioiodine after TSH suppression. Rapid turnover of an iodine moiety would seem to explain this phenomenon better then the trapping-only function previously ascribed to lesions with disparate imaging using pertechnetate and iodine radionuclides."}
{"id": "PMID:935421", "title": "Is double-contrast examination of the colon the only acceptable radiographic examination?", "content": "Recent articles have espoused the sole use of the double-contrast method for radiographic examination of the colon. The author feels that a multitude of complementary techniques should be utilized. Scientific evaluation should determine which study, or studies, are employed.", "contents": "Is double-contrast examination of the colon the only acceptable radiographic examination? Recent articles have espoused the sole use of the double-contrast method for radiographic examination of the colon. The author feels that a multitude of complementary techniques should be utilized. Scientific evaluation should determine which study, or studies, are employed."}
{"id": "PMID:935422", "title": "Computed tomography standardization.", "content": "Since the body of literature on computed tomography is growing rapidly, some universally acceptable expression for attenuation values should be adopted. In addition, there is controversy as to the manner of viewing CT scans of the torso: some prefer viewing from below, in the same orientation as conventional radiographs, while the authors prefer viewing from above, consistent with most cross-section anatomy texts and current cranial and body CT displays.", "contents": "Computed tomography standardization. Since the body of literature on computed tomography is growing rapidly, some universally acceptable expression for attenuation values should be adopted. In addition, there is controversy as to the manner of viewing CT scans of the torso: some prefer viewing from below, in the same orientation as conventional radiographs, while the authors prefer viewing from above, consistent with most cross-section anatomy texts and current cranial and body CT displays."}
{"id": "PMID:935423", "title": "The who, why and how of radiology teaching files.", "content": "A variety of teaching files in diagnostic radiology is needed to serve a broad spectrum of purposes and students. A method of acquiring a simplified teaching file to be used for and by medical students, non-radiology house staff, first-year radiology residents and senior staff members is described. The medical student, as a learning experience, acts as the procurer of this file.", "contents": "The who, why and how of radiology teaching files. A variety of teaching files in diagnostic radiology is needed to serve a broad spectrum of purposes and students. A method of acquiring a simplified teaching file to be used for and by medical students, non-radiology house staff, first-year radiology residents and senior staff members is described. The medical student, as a learning experience, acts as the procurer of this file."}
{"id": "PMID:935424", "title": "On the use of Pantopaque in renal cysts.", "content": "Local Pantopaque instillation receives continued support in the urologic and radiologic literature as a method for treating benign renal cysts. If benign renal cysts are a common lesion with an exceedingly small complication rate, what is the rationale for such treatment with a potentially hazardous substance?", "contents": "On the use of Pantopaque in renal cysts. Local Pantopaque instillation receives continued support in the urologic and radiologic literature as a method for treating benign renal cysts. If benign renal cysts are a common lesion with an exceedingly small complication rate, what is the rationale for such treatment with a potentially hazardous substance?"}
{"id": "PMID:935426", "title": "The roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis: a reassessment with emphasis on parahilar bronchi seen end-on.", "content": "In an attempt to reassess the accuracy of the roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, we have studied the chest radiographs of approximately 300 men comprising roughly equal numbers of normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphasis has been placed on the thickness of bronchial walls visualized end-on in the parahilar zones, identified in roughly 80% of both groups. Step-wise discriminant analysis of six variables showed that the median estimate of bronchial wall thickness was of some value in discrimination.", "contents": "The roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis: a reassessment with emphasis on parahilar bronchi seen end-on. In an attempt to reassess the accuracy of the roentgenologic diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, we have studied the chest radiographs of approximately 300 men comprising roughly equal numbers of normal subjects and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphasis has been placed on the thickness of bronchial walls visualized end-on in the parahilar zones, identified in roughly 80% of both groups. Step-wise discriminant analysis of six variables showed that the median estimate of bronchial wall thickness was of some value in discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:935427", "title": "Cerebral angiotomography.", "content": "This study was undertaken with two main objectives: (a) to ascertain in the practicability of two simple types of apparatus and (b) to evaluate the clinical situations in which the procedure was most likely to be helpful. Aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, vascular diseases, tumors, including pituitary tumors, and head injuries were studied. The technique was found to be most useful in aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations and pituitary tumors.", "contents": "Cerebral angiotomography. This study was undertaken with two main objectives: (a) to ascertain in the practicability of two simple types of apparatus and (b) to evaluate the clinical situations in which the procedure was most likely to be helpful. Aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, vascular diseases, tumors, including pituitary tumors, and head injuries were studied. The technique was found to be most useful in aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations and pituitary tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:935428", "title": "Traumatic lung and paramediastinal pneumatoceles.", "content": "Traumatic pulmonary and paramediastinal pneumatoceles are definite, acutely formed, primary structural manifestations incident to nonpenetrating chest trauma. They are not secondary lesions, i.e., cavities or pneumatoceles resulting from the resolution of a pulmonary hematoma. Awareness of this fact will explain the not uncommon finding of a cavitary lesion, often containing an air-fluid level, on initial emergency room radiographs of patients who have sustained closed chest trauma. This will avoid unnecessary and unpleasant diagnostic procedures, including thoracotomy, for traumatic pneumatoceles are self-limiting, benign abnormalities which usually require no therapy other than observation.", "contents": "Traumatic lung and paramediastinal pneumatoceles. Traumatic pulmonary and paramediastinal pneumatoceles are definite, acutely formed, primary structural manifestations incident to nonpenetrating chest trauma. They are not secondary lesions, i.e., cavities or pneumatoceles resulting from the resolution of a pulmonary hematoma. Awareness of this fact will explain the not uncommon finding of a cavitary lesion, often containing an air-fluid level, on initial emergency room radiographs of patients who have sustained closed chest trauma. This will avoid unnecessary and unpleasant diagnostic procedures, including thoracotomy, for traumatic pneumatoceles are self-limiting, benign abnormalities which usually require no therapy other than observation."}
{"id": "PMID:935429", "title": "Interhemispheric infarction. Neuroradiological and clinical manifestations.", "content": "Evidence of infarction along the interhemispheric fissure was found in 3 clinically dissimilar patients. The neuroradiographic features appear to be sufficiently diagnostic when the appropriate examinations are utilized.", "contents": "Interhemispheric infarction. Neuroradiological and clinical manifestations. Evidence of infarction along the interhemispheric fissure was found in 3 clinically dissimilar patients. The neuroradiographic features appear to be sufficiently diagnostic when the appropriate examinations are utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:935430", "title": "Spinal subdural hematoma.", "content": "The authors report a case of subacute spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Only 18 such cases have been reported in the nonradiological literature. Early diagnosis is imperative in order to minimize neurological sequelae.", "contents": "Spinal subdural hematoma. The authors report a case of subacute spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Only 18 such cases have been reported in the nonradiological literature. Early diagnosis is imperative in order to minimize neurological sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:935431", "title": "Duplication of the straight sinus. An angiographic study.", "content": "Duplication of the straight sinus is often noted in the venous phase of carotid angiograms. Since this vascular anomaly is rarely described in the literature, the authors present its incidence in a series of 700 cases, and consider its embryological origins and clinical significance.", "contents": "Duplication of the straight sinus. An angiographic study. Duplication of the straight sinus is often noted in the venous phase of carotid angiograms. Since this vascular anomaly is rarely described in the literature, the authors present its incidence in a series of 700 cases, and consider its embryological origins and clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:935432", "title": "Contiguous internal carotid arteries in empty sella syndrome.", "content": "The cavernous portions of the right and left internal carotid arteries were seen to be nearly contiguous in a patient with empty sella syndrome. On the basis of previous reports, in which specific measurements of the cavernous portions of the internal carotid arteries are given, the authors believe that this case is unique. Carotid angiography may be used to diagnose this syndrome in the presence of a large sella turcica.", "contents": "Contiguous internal carotid arteries in empty sella syndrome. The cavernous portions of the right and left internal carotid arteries were seen to be nearly contiguous in a patient with empty sella syndrome. On the basis of previous reports, in which specific measurements of the cavernous portions of the internal carotid arteries are given, the authors believe that this case is unique. Carotid angiography may be used to diagnose this syndrome in the presence of a large sella turcica."}
{"id": "PMID:935433", "title": "Skeletal uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate in relation to local bone blood flow.", "content": "The right/left ratios of tibial uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate (EHDP) and relative blood flow (based on microsphere distribution) were determined in control rats and rats with a ligated right femoral artery or a healing right tibial fracture. Correlation between 99mTc-EHDP uptake and relative blood flow was highly significant (r=0.917; P less than 0.0001) for relative flow ratios less than 1.7. When the ratio was greater than 1.7, there was little further increase in 99mTc-EHDP uptake. Ligation of the femoral artery in rats with healing fractures resulted in a more marked reduction of blood flow than of 99mTc-EHDP uptake. These results suggest that regional bone blood flow is a major determinant of 99mTc-EHDP uptake, though changes in regional tracer extraction efficiency are also important.", "contents": "Skeletal uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate in relation to local bone blood flow. The right/left ratios of tibial uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate (EHDP) and relative blood flow (based on microsphere distribution) were determined in control rats and rats with a ligated right femoral artery or a healing right tibial fracture. Correlation between 99mTc-EHDP uptake and relative blood flow was highly significant (r=0.917; P less than 0.0001) for relative flow ratios less than 1.7. When the ratio was greater than 1.7, there was little further increase in 99mTc-EHDP uptake. Ligation of the femoral artery in rats with healing fractures resulted in a more marked reduction of blood flow than of 99mTc-EHDP uptake. These results suggest that regional bone blood flow is a major determinant of 99mTc-EHDP uptake, though changes in regional tracer extraction efficiency are also important."}
{"id": "PMID:935434", "title": "Efficacy of emergency radionuclide perfusion lung studies.", "content": "Over a one-year period, 206 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism received gamma camera perfusion lung images on an emergency 24 hr. basis. Clinical diagnosis listed pulmonary embolism in 37 of 39 patients whose images showed a high probability of it, in 28 of 69 whose images were abnormal but rated uncertain probability, and 5 of 98 with normal images. Retrospective clinical evaluation indicated 89 of the emergency images to be considered important, 95 contributory, and 22 not helpful in clinical management. As a result of the images, 80 patients were placed on heparin therapy of 198 considered for it, and 22 of 29 patients referred for hospital admission were placed on an outpatient basis. Delay in obtaining lung images creates the possibility of diagnostic uncertainty in interpreting the image.", "contents": "Efficacy of emergency radionuclide perfusion lung studies. Over a one-year period, 206 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism received gamma camera perfusion lung images on an emergency 24 hr. basis. Clinical diagnosis listed pulmonary embolism in 37 of 39 patients whose images showed a high probability of it, in 28 of 69 whose images were abnormal but rated uncertain probability, and 5 of 98 with normal images. Retrospective clinical evaluation indicated 89 of the emergency images to be considered important, 95 contributory, and 22 not helpful in clinical management. As a result of the images, 80 patients were placed on heparin therapy of 198 considered for it, and 22 of 29 patients referred for hospital admission were placed on an outpatient basis. Delay in obtaining lung images creates the possibility of diagnostic uncertainty in interpreting the image."}
{"id": "PMID:935435", "title": "Gallium-67 myocardial imaging for the detection of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Eleven patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis underwent scintillation scanning of the precordial region 2-7 days after the intravenous administration of 3 mCi of gallium-67 citrate. Seven had positive scans, 3 of which were confirmed by postmortem imaging at autopsy. Serial images revealed the scans to be frequently negative at 48 hours and positive from 3 to 8 days following injection. Uptake was not seen in the region of the myocardium 48 hours or longer after the injection of 15 patients without endocarditis used as controls.", "contents": "Gallium-67 myocardial imaging for the detection of bacterial endocarditis. Eleven patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis underwent scintillation scanning of the precordial region 2-7 days after the intravenous administration of 3 mCi of gallium-67 citrate. Seven had positive scans, 3 of which were confirmed by postmortem imaging at autopsy. Serial images revealed the scans to be frequently negative at 48 hours and positive from 3 to 8 days following injection. Uptake was not seen in the region of the myocardium 48 hours or longer after the injection of 15 patients without endocarditis used as controls."}
{"id": "PMID:935436", "title": "The relationship between radiographic findings and asymmetrical radioactivity in the shoulder.", "content": "A prospective study was performed to compare asymmetrical radioactivity in the shoulder on 99mTc bone scans with the conventional radiographic findings of 100 right-handed and 8 left-handed patients. Of the 100 right-handed patients, 30 had increased radioactivity in the right shoulder; 5 showed increased radioactivity on the left. Clinical history, shoulder physical examination, and site of injection did not influence the frequency of asymmetrical radioactivity; only dominant handedness correlated with this finding.", "contents": "The relationship between radiographic findings and asymmetrical radioactivity in the shoulder. A prospective study was performed to compare asymmetrical radioactivity in the shoulder on 99mTc bone scans with the conventional radiographic findings of 100 right-handed and 8 left-handed patients. Of the 100 right-handed patients, 30 had increased radioactivity in the right shoulder; 5 showed increased radioactivity on the left. Clinical history, shoulder physical examination, and site of injection did not influence the frequency of asymmetrical radioactivity; only dominant handedness correlated with this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:935437", "title": "The medial pneumothorax.", "content": "The intrapleural air of a pneumothorax may largely collect medial to the anterior aspect of the lung in supine infants. The mechanical basis for this phenomenon is presented with supporting experimental evidence. This distribution of intrapleural air poses problems in recognition of the pneumothorax radiographically, in differentiation of the pneumothorax from pneumomediastinum, in estimation of the true volume of intrapleural air, and in the proper placement of drainage tubes. The importance of horizontal-beam lateral radiographs and of careful attention to the position of intrapleural tubes is emphasized, especially in supine, immobile newborns.", "contents": "The medial pneumothorax. The intrapleural air of a pneumothorax may largely collect medial to the anterior aspect of the lung in supine infants. The mechanical basis for this phenomenon is presented with supporting experimental evidence. This distribution of intrapleural air poses problems in recognition of the pneumothorax radiographically, in differentiation of the pneumothorax from pneumomediastinum, in estimation of the true volume of intrapleural air, and in the proper placement of drainage tubes. The importance of horizontal-beam lateral radiographs and of careful attention to the position of intrapleural tubes is emphasized, especially in supine, immobile newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:935438", "title": "Radiological quiz.", "content": "The authors report a case of Letterer-Siwe syndrome presenting primarily as a mediastinal mass erroneously diagnosed as cystic thymoma. Although thymic involvement in Letterer-Siwe syndrome is common, only 2 previous cases have involved a mediastinal mass.", "contents": "Radiological quiz. The authors report a case of Letterer-Siwe syndrome presenting primarily as a mediastinal mass erroneously diagnosed as cystic thymoma. Although thymic involvement in Letterer-Siwe syndrome is common, only 2 previous cases have involved a mediastinal mass."}
{"id": "PMID:935439", "title": "Ultrasound assisted amniocentesis in prenatal genetic counseling.", "content": "Pre-amniocentesis ultrasonic placental localization and fetal age determination have greatly facilitated genetic counseling by helping to reduce the morbidity of the procedure and by providing an accurate gestational age. The indications for amniocentesis, a technique to indicate the best site for the procedure, and results in 33 patients are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasound assisted amniocentesis in prenatal genetic counseling. Pre-amniocentesis ultrasonic placental localization and fetal age determination have greatly facilitated genetic counseling by helping to reduce the morbidity of the procedure and by providing an accurate gestational age. The indications for amniocentesis, a technique to indicate the best site for the procedure, and results in 33 patients are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935440", "title": "Ultrasonic visualization of an umbilical vein.", "content": "A patent umbilical vein was demonstrated via ultrasound in a patient with portal hypertension. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of intra- and juxta-hepatic veins is given, with emphasis on real time ultrasonography.", "contents": "Ultrasonic visualization of an umbilical vein. A patent umbilical vein was demonstrated via ultrasound in a patient with portal hypertension. Ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of intra- and juxta-hepatic veins is given, with emphasis on real time ultrasonography."}
{"id": "PMID:935441", "title": "Multiple lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, mediastinum, and bones in an adult.", "content": "Whereas lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, or mediastinum are not uncommon in children, they are rarely found in the adult, and primary lymphangioma of bone is very rare. The authors report a case of multiple lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, mediastinum, and bones in a 34-year-old man, which they believe to be only the second such case reported thus far.", "contents": "Multiple lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, mediastinum, and bones in an adult. Whereas lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, or mediastinum are not uncommon in children, they are rarely found in the adult, and primary lymphangioma of bone is very rare. The authors report a case of multiple lymphangiomas of the neck, axilla, mediastinum, and bones in a 34-year-old man, which they believe to be only the second such case reported thus far."}
{"id": "PMID:935442", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary edema. An unusual complication of nitrogen mustard therapy.", "content": "Unilateral pulmonary edema developed in a 48-year-old woman following intrapleural nitrogen mustard instillation. Despite progressive infiltration, the patient's symptoms resolved spontaneously.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary edema. An unusual complication of nitrogen mustard therapy. Unilateral pulmonary edema developed in a 48-year-old woman following intrapleural nitrogen mustard instillation. Despite progressive infiltration, the patient's symptoms resolved spontaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:935443", "title": "Visual complications following irradiation for pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas.", "content": "Of 55 patients with pituitary adenomas or craniopharyngiomas treated with irradiation, a retrospective study revealed that 5 sustained a visual loss compatible with radiation damage to the optic nerve. No patient who received less than 250 rads/day fractions showed such visual loss. Within the range of total dosages used in this series, total dose was not an important determinant of this complication. The time to occurrence of visual disturbance ranged from 5 to 34 months following therapy.", "contents": "Visual complications following irradiation for pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas. Of 55 patients with pituitary adenomas or craniopharyngiomas treated with irradiation, a retrospective study revealed that 5 sustained a visual loss compatible with radiation damage to the optic nerve. No patient who received less than 250 rads/day fractions showed such visual loss. Within the range of total dosages used in this series, total dose was not an important determinant of this complication. The time to occurrence of visual disturbance ranged from 5 to 34 months following therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:935444", "title": "Performance evaluation and quality assurance of computed tomography scanners, with illustrations from the EMI, ACTA, and Delta scanners.", "content": "Performance evaluation of equipment for computed tomography (CT) involves the integration of: (a) establishing performance criteria; (b) designing and implementing test procedures; and (c) reconciling test results in terms of desired performance. Precision (noise), contrast scale, linearity, accuracy, spatial independence, spatial resolution, artifacts, reproducible performance, and patient exposure are several parameters discussed, as are problems of measurement with regard to non-water bath scanners. Performance and quality control tests for the ACTA, Delta, and EMI scanners are outlined. Guidance for the prospective purchaser of CT equipment is presented as a summary of the ideas discussed.", "contents": "Performance evaluation and quality assurance of computed tomography scanners, with illustrations from the EMI, ACTA, and Delta scanners. Performance evaluation of equipment for computed tomography (CT) involves the integration of: (a) establishing performance criteria; (b) designing and implementing test procedures; and (c) reconciling test results in terms of desired performance. Precision (noise), contrast scale, linearity, accuracy, spatial independence, spatial resolution, artifacts, reproducible performance, and patient exposure are several parameters discussed, as are problems of measurement with regard to non-water bath scanners. Performance and quality control tests for the ACTA, Delta, and EMI scanners are outlined. Guidance for the prospective purchaser of CT equipment is presented as a summary of the ideas discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935445", "title": "Comparative modulation transfer functions of the EMI and Delta scanners.", "content": "Spatial resolution of the EMI and Delta computed tomographic scanners has been measured by recording the response to a nylon and water sunburst phantom (Siemens star) and calculating the modulation transfer function at radii corresponding to various spatial frequencies. The resolution appears to be related primarily to the size of the matrix element, and exhibits an upper cut-off frequency somewhat in excess of 3 cycles/cm.", "contents": "Comparative modulation transfer functions of the EMI and Delta scanners. Spatial resolution of the EMI and Delta computed tomographic scanners has been measured by recording the response to a nylon and water sunburst phantom (Siemens star) and calculating the modulation transfer function at radii corresponding to various spatial frequencies. The resolution appears to be related primarily to the size of the matrix element, and exhibits an upper cut-off frequency somewhat in excess of 3 cycles/cm."}
{"id": "PMID:935446", "title": "The retrotracheal space.", "content": "The retrotracheal space may be abnormal when a frontal chest radiograph is normal. Common abnormalities, seen usually on the lateral view, are widening of the anterior soft tissue stripe separating the tracheal air column from the clear space behind it, and a mass density overlying the space. A barium esophagram generally facilitates the diagnosis.", "contents": "The retrotracheal space. The retrotracheal space may be abnormal when a frontal chest radiograph is normal. Common abnormalities, seen usually on the lateral view, are widening of the anterior soft tissue stripe separating the tracheal air column from the clear space behind it, and a mass density overlying the space. A barium esophagram generally facilitates the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:935447", "title": "Tissue chemical analysis with muonic x rays.", "content": "The stopped muon channel at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility was used as a source of muons for studying the elemental composition of tissue via muonic x rays. The x-ray spectra from several types of tissue were used to determine the amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen present. These determinations agree with the results of more conventional chemical analysis. Muonic x rays offer a noninvasive technique for determining the amounts of the more abundant elements in selected regions of the body.", "contents": "Tissue chemical analysis with muonic x rays. The stopped muon channel at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility was used as a source of muons for studying the elemental composition of tissue via muonic x rays. The x-ray spectra from several types of tissue were used to determine the amounts of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen present. These determinations agree with the results of more conventional chemical analysis. Muonic x rays offer a noninvasive technique for determining the amounts of the more abundant elements in selected regions of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:935448", "title": "Minute mucosal patterns in gastric carcinoma. Magnification radiography of resected gastric specimens.", "content": "Magnification radiographs of 32 resected gastric specimens were used for analysis of minute gastric mucosal patterns according to the size and shape of the gastric areas and the appearances of the sulci between them. The mucosal patterns of 92 portions of stomachs were divided into 5 types and observed for correlation with their macroscopic appearances and histology. Destruction of the gastric areas and the sulci was predominant in the carcinomatous mucosa. However, among the patterns of noncarcinomatous mucosa, 18% of those with marked mucosal atrophy had abnormal mucosal patterns impossible to distinguish from carcinomatous mucosa.", "contents": "Minute mucosal patterns in gastric carcinoma. Magnification radiography of resected gastric specimens. Magnification radiographs of 32 resected gastric specimens were used for analysis of minute gastric mucosal patterns according to the size and shape of the gastric areas and the appearances of the sulci between them. The mucosal patterns of 92 portions of stomachs were divided into 5 types and observed for correlation with their macroscopic appearances and histology. Destruction of the gastric areas and the sulci was predominant in the carcinomatous mucosa. However, among the patterns of noncarcinomatous mucosa, 18% of those with marked mucosal atrophy had abnormal mucosal patterns impossible to distinguish from carcinomatous mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:935449", "title": "Clinical evaluation of electron radiography. Current status.", "content": "Details of a 4-phase evaluation of electron radiography are reported. The experimental equipment now uses liquid toners which result in less edge contrast and latitude than in powder-cloud exposures. Use of a bias technique during development prevents deposition except to areas where voltage exceeds the bias voltage. Quality radiographs with decreased doses and expense result.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of electron radiography. Current status. Details of a 4-phase evaluation of electron radiography are reported. The experimental equipment now uses liquid toners which result in less edge contrast and latitude than in powder-cloud exposures. Use of a bias technique during development prevents deposition except to areas where voltage exceeds the bias voltage. Quality radiographs with decreased doses and expense result."}
{"id": "PMID:935450", "title": "Post-lymphographic percutaneous fine needle biopsy of lymph nodes guided by fluoroscopy.", "content": "Fine needle, percutaneous aspiration of suspect lymph nodes was carried out in 29 patients during fluoroscopy. The correct positioning of the needle was assured if the node moved with the tip of the needle. In 29 patients, there were 65 successful aspirations and 29 failures. Anesthesia is recommended but care should be taken that the anesthetic does not reach the lymph node itself as this can cause distortion of the cells.", "contents": "Post-lymphographic percutaneous fine needle biopsy of lymph nodes guided by fluoroscopy. Fine needle, percutaneous aspiration of suspect lymph nodes was carried out in 29 patients during fluoroscopy. The correct positioning of the needle was assured if the node moved with the tip of the needle. In 29 patients, there were 65 successful aspirations and 29 failures. Anesthesia is recommended but care should be taken that the anesthetic does not reach the lymph node itself as this can cause distortion of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:935451", "title": "Peripheral angiograph enhancement by long leg pneumatic boots.", "content": "In patients with arterial occlusive disease it is virtually impossible to predict the speed of blood flow due to the presence of stenoses, occlusions, and collaterals. Repeated exposures and injections can be avoided by the use of pneumatic boots which increase peripheral blood flow by reactive hyperemia, are well tolerated by patients, and decreases the pain associated with injection of contrast material.", "contents": "Peripheral angiograph enhancement by long leg pneumatic boots. In patients with arterial occlusive disease it is virtually impossible to predict the speed of blood flow due to the presence of stenoses, occlusions, and collaterals. Repeated exposures and injections can be avoided by the use of pneumatic boots which increase peripheral blood flow by reactive hyperemia, are well tolerated by patients, and decreases the pain associated with injection of contrast material."}
{"id": "PMID:935452", "title": "Effects of negative pi mesons on mouse bone marrow cells.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow cells exposed in vitro to graded doses of negative pi mesons at 3.5-6.0 rads/min. gave Do values of 160 rads in the plateau (0.6 and 12.0 cm), and 130 rads in the peak (16.5 and 18.4 cm). Survival curve shoulders were narrow, with Dq values of 25 and 15 rads for plateau and peak positions. Gamma rays from 60Co at 4.5 rads/min. produced a curve with wider shoulder but steeper slope such that the RBE was essentially 1 for single doses between 100-400 rads.", "contents": "Effects of negative pi mesons on mouse bone marrow cells. Mouse bone marrow cells exposed in vitro to graded doses of negative pi mesons at 3.5-6.0 rads/min. gave Do values of 160 rads in the plateau (0.6 and 12.0 cm), and 130 rads in the peak (16.5 and 18.4 cm). Survival curve shoulders were narrow, with Dq values of 25 and 15 rads for plateau and peak positions. Gamma rays from 60Co at 4.5 rads/min. produced a curve with wider shoulder but steeper slope such that the RBE was essentially 1 for single doses between 100-400 rads."}
{"id": "PMID:935453", "title": "Feasibility of coronal views in computed scanning of the head.", "content": "With some models of computerized scanners, it is possible to obtain not only axial, but also coronal tomograms. This is feasible because a water bag is not used and limited tilting capacity is built into the gantry. The head is extended and the central ray directed perpendicularly to the base of the skull. The resulting views, orthogonal to the conventional axial views, furnish important complementary information.", "contents": "Feasibility of coronal views in computed scanning of the head. With some models of computerized scanners, it is possible to obtain not only axial, but also coronal tomograms. This is feasible because a water bag is not used and limited tilting capacity is built into the gantry. The head is extended and the central ray directed perpendicularly to the base of the skull. The resulting views, orthogonal to the conventional axial views, furnish important complementary information."}
{"id": "PMID:935454", "title": "Computed coronal tomography.", "content": "A method for obtaining coronal scans of the cranium is described in which a scanner with a tilting gantry is used. Computed coronal tomography is especially useful in the high convexity area and in the suprasellar and foramen magnum regions.", "contents": "Computed coronal tomography. A method for obtaining coronal scans of the cranium is described in which a scanner with a tilting gantry is used. Computed coronal tomography is especially useful in the high convexity area and in the suprasellar and foramen magnum regions."}
{"id": "PMID:935460", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of blastomycosis. Radiological support of a new concept.", "content": "The pulmonary manifestations of blastomycosis were observed in 51 patients and correlated with their location in the lungs and the clinical appearance of the patient. Blastomycosis is primarily an airbone infection that occurs in both acute and chronic forms and follows a specific pathway within the lungs. It must be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in geographical areas endemic to the disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of blastomycosis. Radiological support of a new concept. The pulmonary manifestations of blastomycosis were observed in 51 patients and correlated with their location in the lungs and the clinical appearance of the patient. Blastomycosis is primarily an airbone infection that occurs in both acute and chronic forms and follows a specific pathway within the lungs. It must be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in geographical areas endemic to the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935461", "title": "Intrapulmonary effusion. Effect of expiration on the pseudodiaphragmatic contour.", "content": "The pseudodiaphragmatic contour of infrapulmonary effusion may differ from the contour of an elevated hemidiaphragm in the frontal view in that its medial portion is straight and shows a gradual inclination upward and laterally from the cardiac shadow, so that its apex is located more laterally. Previous studies have indicated that this configuration is seen only in about 50% of cases of infrapulmonary effusion. Using expiration radiographs, it is possible to routinely demonstrate this characteristic pseudodiaphragmatic contour. This study provides an additional sign of infrapulmonary effusion and aids in the explanation of the pseudodiaphragmatic contour.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary effusion. Effect of expiration on the pseudodiaphragmatic contour. The pseudodiaphragmatic contour of infrapulmonary effusion may differ from the contour of an elevated hemidiaphragm in the frontal view in that its medial portion is straight and shows a gradual inclination upward and laterally from the cardiac shadow, so that its apex is located more laterally. Previous studies have indicated that this configuration is seen only in about 50% of cases of infrapulmonary effusion. Using expiration radiographs, it is possible to routinely demonstrate this characteristic pseudodiaphragmatic contour. This study provides an additional sign of infrapulmonary effusion and aids in the explanation of the pseudodiaphragmatic contour."}
{"id": "PMID:935462", "title": "Right colonic adhesions.", "content": "Adhesive bands may cause narrowing of the colon. The radiographic appearance may show evidence of a sharp, localized narrowing and smooth mucosal contour. Adhesions involving the ascending colon may also precipitate acute colonic obstruction due to formation of a cecal bascule. The nature of the adhesive bands and their relationship to prior surgery, to anomalies of mesenteric fixation, and to appendices epiploicae are discussed.", "contents": "Right colonic adhesions. Adhesive bands may cause narrowing of the colon. The radiographic appearance may show evidence of a sharp, localized narrowing and smooth mucosal contour. Adhesions involving the ascending colon may also precipitate acute colonic obstruction due to formation of a cecal bascule. The nature of the adhesive bands and their relationship to prior surgery, to anomalies of mesenteric fixation, and to appendices epiploicae are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935463", "title": "The biliary and urinary excretion of iopanoic acid: pharmacokinetics, influence of bile salts, and choleretic effect. An experimental study in bile-fistula dogs.", "content": "The biliary and urinary excretion and the choleretic effect of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) were studied in nonanesthetized bile-fistula dogs using a stepwise increase of infusion rates of iopanoic acid and a constant infusion of sodium taurocholate at a rate of either 0.5 or 2.0 mumoles/min./kg. The maximum rate of bile excretion (0.671 mumoles/min./kg) when taurocholate was infused at the lower rate nearly doubled (1.325 mumoles/min./kg) when given at the higher rate. Maximum biliary concentrations of iopanoic acid at both rates of taurocholate infusion (70-77 mumoles/ml) were almost double the maximum concentration previously determined for iodipamide (Cholografin) (42 mumoles/ml).", "contents": "The biliary and urinary excretion of iopanoic acid: pharmacokinetics, influence of bile salts, and choleretic effect. An experimental study in bile-fistula dogs. The biliary and urinary excretion and the choleretic effect of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) were studied in nonanesthetized bile-fistula dogs using a stepwise increase of infusion rates of iopanoic acid and a constant infusion of sodium taurocholate at a rate of either 0.5 or 2.0 mumoles/min./kg. The maximum rate of bile excretion (0.671 mumoles/min./kg) when taurocholate was infused at the lower rate nearly doubled (1.325 mumoles/min./kg) when given at the higher rate. Maximum biliary concentrations of iopanoic acid at both rates of taurocholate infusion (70-77 mumoles/ml) were almost double the maximum concentration previously determined for iodipamide (Cholografin) (42 mumoles/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:935464", "title": "A new, simple test for thrombogenicity.", "content": "A simple technique is described to test thrombogenicity in dogs. Materials to be tested are introduced percutaneously into the femoral arteries of dogs in the form of a No. 5 catheter which is advanced to the aortic bifurcation. Another catheter can be introduced into the contralateral femoral artery in order to test two different materials in the same animal at the same time. After the catheter has been exposed to arterial blood for one hour, it is removed with a large-bore retrieval system, and all fibrin deposits are collected in a plastic basket. Significant thrombus formation was almost uniformly present in over 100 control studies. The technique has the advantage of being relatively noninvasive, allowing the testing of several materials in the same animal and yielding consistent results.", "contents": "A new, simple test for thrombogenicity. A simple technique is described to test thrombogenicity in dogs. Materials to be tested are introduced percutaneously into the femoral arteries of dogs in the form of a No. 5 catheter which is advanced to the aortic bifurcation. Another catheter can be introduced into the contralateral femoral artery in order to test two different materials in the same animal at the same time. After the catheter has been exposed to arterial blood for one hour, it is removed with a large-bore retrieval system, and all fibrin deposits are collected in a plastic basket. Significant thrombus formation was almost uniformly present in over 100 control studies. The technique has the advantage of being relatively noninvasive, allowing the testing of several materials in the same animal and yielding consistent results."}
{"id": "PMID:935465", "title": "Localized amyloidosis of the ureter.", "content": "A case of localized amyloidosis of the distal ureter in a 51-year-old man is described. Pertinent features of previously reported cases are described, and the difficulty of distinguishing this entity from primary carcinoma of the ureter is discussed.", "contents": "Localized amyloidosis of the ureter. A case of localized amyloidosis of the distal ureter in a 51-year-old man is described. Pertinent features of previously reported cases are described, and the difficulty of distinguishing this entity from primary carcinoma of the ureter is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935466", "title": "Reticular neovascularity in malignant and inflammatory renal masses.", "content": "Experienced angiographers were asked to differentiate malignancy from inflammatory disease on arteriograms of 37 renal masses containing fine reticular neovascularity, as opposed to the coarser, more irregular vessels typical of hypernephroma. The rate of accuracy was only 58%. Distribution of vessels chiefly around the periphery of the mass was associated with a diagnosis of inflammatory disease in all 6 patients with this finding; this was the sole criterion which proved to be helpful in making the distinction. The authors feel that when arteriography reveals reticular neovascularity, differentiation between malignant and inflammatory renal masses may be difficult or impossible and that the term \"tumor vascularity\" should be avoided in such situations.", "contents": "Reticular neovascularity in malignant and inflammatory renal masses. Experienced angiographers were asked to differentiate malignancy from inflammatory disease on arteriograms of 37 renal masses containing fine reticular neovascularity, as opposed to the coarser, more irregular vessels typical of hypernephroma. The rate of accuracy was only 58%. Distribution of vessels chiefly around the periphery of the mass was associated with a diagnosis of inflammatory disease in all 6 patients with this finding; this was the sole criterion which proved to be helpful in making the distinction. The authors feel that when arteriography reveals reticular neovascularity, differentiation between malignant and inflammatory renal masses may be difficult or impossible and that the term \"tumor vascularity\" should be avoided in such situations."}
{"id": "PMID:935467", "title": "Resorption of the undersurface of the distal clavicle in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "An elongated erosion on the undersurface of the distal clavicle, adjacent to the coracoid process, may be seen in the shoulder of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is apparently related to inflammatory changes in the coracoclavicular ligament. Such an erosion may occur with or without additional radiographic alterations and, although not entirely specific, suggests rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Resorption of the undersurface of the distal clavicle in rheumatoid arthritis. An elongated erosion on the undersurface of the distal clavicle, adjacent to the coracoid process, may be seen in the shoulder of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is apparently related to inflammatory changes in the coracoclavicular ligament. Such an erosion may occur with or without additional radiographic alterations and, although not entirely specific, suggests rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:935468", "title": "Lisfranc's tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation.", "content": "Lisfranc's fracture-dislocation is an injury at the tarsometatarsal joints. Usually the metatarsals dislocate dorsally and laterally. These frectures can be subtle, and a knowledge of the normal relationships is essential. Review of foot radiographs indicated that the most constant normal relationship of the tarsometatarsal joints is the alignment of the second tarsometatarsal joint, which, fortunately, is involved in most Lisfranc's dislocations. There is more variation in normal alignment of the other tarsometatarsal joints, but gross abnormalities are detectable, and the presence of associated chip fractures and clinical correlation will usually clarify more subtle cases.", "contents": "Lisfranc's tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation. Lisfranc's fracture-dislocation is an injury at the tarsometatarsal joints. Usually the metatarsals dislocate dorsally and laterally. These frectures can be subtle, and a knowledge of the normal relationships is essential. Review of foot radiographs indicated that the most constant normal relationship of the tarsometatarsal joints is the alignment of the second tarsometatarsal joint, which, fortunately, is involved in most Lisfranc's dislocations. There is more variation in normal alignment of the other tarsometatarsal joints, but gross abnormalities are detectable, and the presence of associated chip fractures and clinical correlation will usually clarify more subtle cases."}
{"id": "PMID:935469", "title": "Eosinophilic gastritis. Radiologic-pathologic correlation (RPC) from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP).", "content": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis may involve the gastrointestinal tract locally ofr diffusely. When localized to the stomach, the preferred terminology is \"eosinophilic gastritis\". Pathologically, this entity is characterized by a high eosinophil count (which closely follows the symptomatology) and diffuse infiltration of the antral wall by eosinophils. Typical roentgenographic manifestations include gastric antral rigidity, thickened folds, and mucosal nodules. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Correct diagnosis is vital because of the benign nature of the disease and good response to conservative therapy.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastritis. Radiologic-pathologic correlation (RPC) from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). Eosinophilic gastroenteritis may involve the gastrointestinal tract locally ofr diffusely. When localized to the stomach, the preferred terminology is \"eosinophilic gastritis\". Pathologically, this entity is characterized by a high eosinophil count (which closely follows the symptomatology) and diffuse infiltration of the antral wall by eosinophils. Typical roentgenographic manifestations include gastric antral rigidity, thickened folds, and mucosal nodules. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Correct diagnosis is vital because of the benign nature of the disease and good response to conservative therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:935470", "title": "Pneumatosis coli secondary to acute appendicitis. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of pneumatosis coli is presented. The patient had acute inflammatory disease with gangrene of the appendix associated with air within the wall of the contiguous right colon.", "contents": "Pneumatosis coli secondary to acute appendicitis. Case report. An unusual case of pneumatosis coli is presented. The patient had acute inflammatory disease with gangrene of the appendix associated with air within the wall of the contiguous right colon."}
{"id": "PMID:935471", "title": "The cervicothoracic continuum.", "content": "The anatomic communications between the neck and the mediastinum are described. Anatomic sections and drawing are used to demonstrate the normal compartments, their fascial envelopes, their contained structures, and their interrelationships. Selected cases are used to illustrate the spread of pathologic processes within the cervicothoracic region.", "contents": "The cervicothoracic continuum. The anatomic communications between the neck and the mediastinum are described. Anatomic sections and drawing are used to demonstrate the normal compartments, their fascial envelopes, their contained structures, and their interrelationships. Selected cases are used to illustrate the spread of pathologic processes within the cervicothoracic region."}
{"id": "PMID:935472", "title": "The radiology of the superior intercostal veins.", "content": "The superior intercostal veins define the pleural reflections of the caudad extent of the posterior junction line. They are paired structures which drain the first three intercostal spaces and join the azygous on the right and the accessory hemiazygous on the left. Because of their location posterior and lateral to the esophagus and trachea, their pleural reflections may be altered early in the course of a focal nodal disease of the posterior mediastinum.", "contents": "The radiology of the superior intercostal veins. The superior intercostal veins define the pleural reflections of the caudad extent of the posterior junction line. They are paired structures which drain the first three intercostal spaces and join the azygous on the right and the accessory hemiazygous on the left. Because of their location posterior and lateral to the esophagus and trachea, their pleural reflections may be altered early in the course of a focal nodal disease of the posterior mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:935473", "title": "Radiological features of mixed connective tissue disease and scleroderma--systemic lupus erythematosus overlap.", "content": "The radiological, clinical, and laboratory features found in seven patients with scleroderma-SLE overlap, including three with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), are described. There were no distinctive roentgenographic features which differentiated those with MCTD from the others with a clinical overlap syndrome of scleroderma and SLE. When features of both coexist in a single patient the radiologist may be the first to suggest the correct diagnosis of overlap syndrome of MCTD.", "contents": "Radiological features of mixed connective tissue disease and scleroderma--systemic lupus erythematosus overlap. The radiological, clinical, and laboratory features found in seven patients with scleroderma-SLE overlap, including three with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), are described. There were no distinctive roentgenographic features which differentiated those with MCTD from the others with a clinical overlap syndrome of scleroderma and SLE. When features of both coexist in a single patient the radiologist may be the first to suggest the correct diagnosis of overlap syndrome of MCTD."}
{"id": "PMID:935474", "title": "Radiographic distribution of intrathoracic disease in previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "An analysis was made of the incidence of various intrathoracic abnormalities noted on plain chest radiographs and tomograms in a consecutive series of 300 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease and nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Those with Hodgkin's disease have a higher incidence of intrathoracic disease at presentation than those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (67% vs. 43%). Bulky superior mediastinal lymphadenopathy is the hallmark of Hodgkin's disease. Lung involvement was more common in Hodgkin's disease (11.6% vs. 3.7%) and was always accompanied by mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy.", "contents": "Radiographic distribution of intrathoracic disease in previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An analysis was made of the incidence of various intrathoracic abnormalities noted on plain chest radiographs and tomograms in a consecutive series of 300 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease and nonHodgkin's lymphoma. Those with Hodgkin's disease have a higher incidence of intrathoracic disease at presentation than those with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (67% vs. 43%). Bulky superior mediastinal lymphadenopathy is the hallmark of Hodgkin's disease. Lung involvement was more common in Hodgkin's disease (11.6% vs. 3.7%) and was always accompanied by mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:935475", "title": "Intrathoracic manifestations of amyloid disease.", "content": "Nine cases of intrathoracic amyloid disease have been reviewed. A brief summary of historical material is presented along with detailed descriptions of the more pertinent cases. Observations suggest that a classification of the radiographic manifestations is needed with stress on massive calcific lymph node enlargement and a pulmonary lesion characterized by aggregations of small nodules.", "contents": "Intrathoracic manifestations of amyloid disease. Nine cases of intrathoracic amyloid disease have been reviewed. A brief summary of historical material is presented along with detailed descriptions of the more pertinent cases. Observations suggest that a classification of the radiographic manifestations is needed with stress on massive calcific lymph node enlargement and a pulmonary lesion characterized by aggregations of small nodules."}
{"id": "PMID:935476", "title": "Roentgen recognition of enlarged hilar lymph nodes: an anatomical review.", "content": "A new anatomical classification of the hilar lymph nodes, and their usual roentgen distribution, is presented, along with the most appropriate radiographic techniques for their demonstration. The characteristic roentgen appearances of enlarged hilar lymph nodes in various locations are correlated with the differential diagnoses. The appearance of a rounded lobulated mass is the typical radiographic finding of total hilar enlargement. The diagnosis of hilar nodal enlargement is best made from lateral body section radiographs.", "contents": "Roentgen recognition of enlarged hilar lymph nodes: an anatomical review. A new anatomical classification of the hilar lymph nodes, and their usual roentgen distribution, is presented, along with the most appropriate radiographic techniques for their demonstration. The characteristic roentgen appearances of enlarged hilar lymph nodes in various locations are correlated with the differential diagnoses. The appearance of a rounded lobulated mass is the typical radiographic finding of total hilar enlargement. The diagnosis of hilar nodal enlargement is best made from lateral body section radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:935477", "title": "The evaluation of pathologic alterations of juxtaosseous soft tissue by xeroradiography.", "content": "Xeroradiography proved extremely helpful in (a) evaluation of soft-tissue masses of both the axial and appendicular skeleton; (b) quantifying soft-tissue changes in advanced rheumatoid arthritis; (c) evaluation of bony involvement by an adjacent soft-tissue tumor or infection; (d) evaluation of rib lesions or rib integrity; and (e) assessment of bones in casted extremities. The technique was not helpful in the following conditions: early soft-tissue changes of rheumatoid arthritis; detection of minimal skeletal trauma; arthrography of the knee; evaluation of any portion of the vertebral column; evaluation of submandibular neck masses; or assessment of abdominal films for visceral structures.", "contents": "The evaluation of pathologic alterations of juxtaosseous soft tissue by xeroradiography. Xeroradiography proved extremely helpful in (a) evaluation of soft-tissue masses of both the axial and appendicular skeleton; (b) quantifying soft-tissue changes in advanced rheumatoid arthritis; (c) evaluation of bony involvement by an adjacent soft-tissue tumor or infection; (d) evaluation of rib lesions or rib integrity; and (e) assessment of bones in casted extremities. The technique was not helpful in the following conditions: early soft-tissue changes of rheumatoid arthritis; detection of minimal skeletal trauma; arthrography of the knee; evaluation of any portion of the vertebral column; evaluation of submandibular neck masses; or assessment of abdominal films for visceral structures."}
{"id": "PMID:935478", "title": "Use of substrate-coated barium sulfate tablets in the evaluation of digestive enzyme deficiency.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo studies determined the effect of digestive enzymes on substrate-coated barium sulfate tablets. Fragmentation of the barium tablet core was detected radiographically after enzymatic digestion of the substrate material occurred. Preliminary studies in humans suggest that such tablets may be used in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.", "contents": "Use of substrate-coated barium sulfate tablets in the evaluation of digestive enzyme deficiency. In vitro and in vivo studies determined the effect of digestive enzymes on substrate-coated barium sulfate tablets. Fragmentation of the barium tablet core was detected radiographically after enzymatic digestion of the substrate material occurred. Preliminary studies in humans suggest that such tablets may be used in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:935479", "title": "Double tracking in the sigmoid colon.", "content": "Double tracking of barium in the sigmoid colon has been associated with granulomatous colitis by some; others consider it a sign of peridiverticulitis. Patients who showed no evidence of inflammatory disease elsewhere in the large intestine were analysed. The pathological diagnosis was diverticulitis in 29 of 35 cases, and granulomatous diverticulitis in only 1. In 5 the underlying process was perforated carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. In those with paracolonic sinus tracts due to peridiverticulitis, pathological study demonstrated tracts extrinsic to the muscularis and usually traceable to a perforated diverticulum. Long-term follow-up disclosed no evidence of subsequent inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Double tracking in the sigmoid colon. Double tracking of barium in the sigmoid colon has been associated with granulomatous colitis by some; others consider it a sign of peridiverticulitis. Patients who showed no evidence of inflammatory disease elsewhere in the large intestine were analysed. The pathological diagnosis was diverticulitis in 29 of 35 cases, and granulomatous diverticulitis in only 1. In 5 the underlying process was perforated carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. In those with paracolonic sinus tracts due to peridiverticulitis, pathological study demonstrated tracts extrinsic to the muscularis and usually traceable to a perforated diverticulum. Long-term follow-up disclosed no evidence of subsequent inflammatory bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935480", "title": "Fatal aspiration of thick barium.", "content": "The authors report a case of fatal aspiration of thick barium during esophagography in a 75-year-old woman. Apparently the patient held much of the barium in her mouth and then aspirated it as she tried to swallow. The authors suggest that thick barium be avoided when fluoroscopy shows that the patient has difficulty in swallowing thin barium and that a suction machine equipped with a large-bore catheter be readily available during esophagography, particularly in the elderly or obtunded patient.", "contents": "Fatal aspiration of thick barium. The authors report a case of fatal aspiration of thick barium during esophagography in a 75-year-old woman. Apparently the patient held much of the barium in her mouth and then aspirated it as she tried to swallow. The authors suggest that thick barium be avoided when fluoroscopy shows that the patient has difficulty in swallowing thin barium and that a suction machine equipped with a large-bore catheter be readily available during esophagography, particularly in the elderly or obtunded patient."}
{"id": "PMID:935481", "title": "Hodgkin's disease of the rectum.", "content": "In a rare case of Hodgkin's disease of the rectum, plain films of the abdomen revealed splenomegaly, and fluoroscopy demonstrated anterior displacement of the stomach and duodenum, believed to be secondary to enlarged lymph nodes. Fluoroscopic examination of the colon showed a large, annular constricting lesion with nodular-appearing mucosa.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease of the rectum. In a rare case of Hodgkin's disease of the rectum, plain films of the abdomen revealed splenomegaly, and fluoroscopy demonstrated anterior displacement of the stomach and duodenum, believed to be secondary to enlarged lymph nodes. Fluoroscopic examination of the colon showed a large, annular constricting lesion with nodular-appearing mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:935482", "title": "Hepatic lymphatics as opacified by percutaneous intrahepatic injection of contrast medium. Analysis of hepatic lymphograms in 125 cases.", "content": "Hepatic lymph vessels were opacified in 125 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases during percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or portography. Contrast medium deposited in the parenchyma flowed relatively quickly in winding channels, usually toward the hepatic hilus. No correlation was demonstrated between the locus of the intraparenchymal deposit and the direction of the flow. Contrast medium also opacified the lymphatics near the hepatic hilus and abdominal aorta. Neither jaundice nor liver disorder were prerequisite for the visualization of the hepatic lymphatics. The intrahepatic injection of contrast medium provides a safe and useful method for the study of hepatic lymph and its pathways.", "contents": "Hepatic lymphatics as opacified by percutaneous intrahepatic injection of contrast medium. Analysis of hepatic lymphograms in 125 cases. Hepatic lymph vessels were opacified in 125 patients with various hepatobiliary diseases during percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or portography. Contrast medium deposited in the parenchyma flowed relatively quickly in winding channels, usually toward the hepatic hilus. No correlation was demonstrated between the locus of the intraparenchymal deposit and the direction of the flow. Contrast medium also opacified the lymphatics near the hepatic hilus and abdominal aorta. Neither jaundice nor liver disorder were prerequisite for the visualization of the hepatic lymphatics. The intrahepatic injection of contrast medium provides a safe and useful method for the study of hepatic lymph and its pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:935483", "title": "Malignant giant cell tumor of the soft tissue: angiographic manifestations.", "content": "Two cases of malignant giant cell tumor originating within the soft tissues of the thigh are reported. In both instances, angiography demonstrated hypervascular masses with arterial and venous abnormalities indicative of an aggressive malignancy. The histopathologic appearance of the lesions was similar to that of osseous giant cell tumors. The clinical and radiographic features of this rare entity are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Malignant giant cell tumor of the soft tissue: angiographic manifestations. Two cases of malignant giant cell tumor originating within the soft tissues of the thigh are reported. In both instances, angiography demonstrated hypervascular masses with arterial and venous abnormalities indicative of an aggressive malignancy. The histopathologic appearance of the lesions was similar to that of osseous giant cell tumors. The clinical and radiographic features of this rare entity are briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:935484", "title": "Observations of radionuclide imaging in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.", "content": "99mTc pyrophosphate was employed in the study of patients with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Several facts emerge when comparing the radionuclide, radiographic and clinical findings. Radionuclide imaging reveals the presence and extent of subperiosteal activity with greater clarity than does radiography. Synovitis associated with the syndrome is readily disclosed, and the regression of the skeletal manifestions following excision of the pulmonary lesion can be documented.", "contents": "Observations of radionuclide imaging in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. 99mTc pyrophosphate was employed in the study of patients with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Several facts emerge when comparing the radionuclide, radiographic and clinical findings. Radionuclide imaging reveals the presence and extent of subperiosteal activity with greater clarity than does radiography. Synovitis associated with the syndrome is readily disclosed, and the regression of the skeletal manifestions following excision of the pulmonary lesion can be documented."}
{"id": "PMID:935485", "title": "Manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Demonstration by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scans.", "content": "Two patients with carcinoma of the lung were studied with 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate. Resolution of scintigraphic activity was observed postoperatively in one patient, while the second patient showed an asymmetric pattern of radionuclide uptake and radiographic changes as well as clinical findings of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.", "contents": "Manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Demonstration by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scans. Two patients with carcinoma of the lung were studied with 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate. Resolution of scintigraphic activity was observed postoperatively in one patient, while the second patient showed an asymmetric pattern of radionuclide uptake and radiographic changes as well as clinical findings of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:935486", "title": "Bronchial adenoma causing unilateral absence of pulmonary perfusion.", "content": "This case of bronchial adenoma is used as a clinical model demonstrating absence of pulmonary perfusion by 131I-MAA scanning secondary to bronchial obstruction. Radiographic and radionuclide studies are correlated and other causes of pulmonary hypoperfusion discussed. The literature and related cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Bronchial adenoma causing unilateral absence of pulmonary perfusion. This case of bronchial adenoma is used as a clinical model demonstrating absence of pulmonary perfusion by 131I-MAA scanning secondary to bronchial obstruction. Radiographic and radionuclide studies are correlated and other causes of pulmonary hypoperfusion discussed. The literature and related cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:935487", "title": "Mesenteric vasculature masquerading as a kidney at renal imaging.", "content": "A case is described in which mesenteric vasculature simulated a perfused left kidney during the dynamic renal imaging of a patient who had undergone a prior left nephrectomy. Confirmation was provided by abdominal angiography.", "contents": "Mesenteric vasculature masquerading as a kidney at renal imaging. A case is described in which mesenteric vasculature simulated a perfused left kidney during the dynamic renal imaging of a patient who had undergone a prior left nephrectomy. Confirmation was provided by abdominal angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:935488", "title": "Malposition of the colon in left renal agenesis and ectopia.", "content": "The anatomic splenic flexure of the colon occupies the renal fossa in patients with left renal agenesis or ectopia and presents a characteristic appearance on radiographs and contrast enema studies. If excretory urography fails to reveal the left kidney, demonstration of the normal colon will exclude renal agenesis or ectopia. The colon remains in normal position in patients with left renal dysplasia or after left nephrectomy.", "contents": "Malposition of the colon in left renal agenesis and ectopia. The anatomic splenic flexure of the colon occupies the renal fossa in patients with left renal agenesis or ectopia and presents a characteristic appearance on radiographs and contrast enema studies. If excretory urography fails to reveal the left kidney, demonstration of the normal colon will exclude renal agenesis or ectopia. The colon remains in normal position in patients with left renal dysplasia or after left nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:935489", "title": "Retention cysts of Cowper's duct.", "content": "Retention cysts arising from obstructed Cowper's ducts are rare lesions of the anterior urethra. Five cases are reported, 3 in male infacts and 2 in young boys. In children and adults the cysts may cause dysuria, urinary frequency, or urinary retention. The etiology of Cowper's duct cysts remains uncertain, but both congenital and acquired cysts have been described. The radiographic findings are characteristic: a smooth, rounded filling defect is seen on the ventral wall of the proximal bulbous urethra during voiding cystourethrography. After fulguration of the cyst, urethrography may reveal reflux into a dilated Cowper's duct.", "contents": "Retention cysts of Cowper's duct. Retention cysts arising from obstructed Cowper's ducts are rare lesions of the anterior urethra. Five cases are reported, 3 in male infacts and 2 in young boys. In children and adults the cysts may cause dysuria, urinary frequency, or urinary retention. The etiology of Cowper's duct cysts remains uncertain, but both congenital and acquired cysts have been described. The radiographic findings are characteristic: a smooth, rounded filling defect is seen on the ventral wall of the proximal bulbous urethra during voiding cystourethrography. After fulguration of the cyst, urethrography may reveal reflux into a dilated Cowper's duct."}
{"id": "PMID:935490", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the thyroid.", "content": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed in 33 patients, utilizing a commercially available scanning unit and an aqueous gel coupling medium. Solid and cystic lesions could readily be differentiated, but it was impossible to tell benign lesions from malignant tumors. The ultrasound appearance of thyroid cysts, adenoma, goiter, and carcinoma is illustrated.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonography of the thyroid. Gray-scale ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed in 33 patients, utilizing a commercially available scanning unit and an aqueous gel coupling medium. Solid and cystic lesions could readily be differentiated, but it was impossible to tell benign lesions from malignant tumors. The ultrasound appearance of thyroid cysts, adenoma, goiter, and carcinoma is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:935491", "title": "New technique for ultrasound imaging.", "content": "A new system of ultrasonic imaging has been developed which utilizes optical interferometry. This system has a broad frequency range, wide angular response, and good resolution. Operation of the system and the results of experimental imaging are described. Application of this technique to the evaluation of in vitro tissue specimens demonstrates its capability for characterization of ultrasonic tissue properties.", "contents": "New technique for ultrasound imaging. A new system of ultrasonic imaging has been developed which utilizes optical interferometry. This system has a broad frequency range, wide angular response, and good resolution. Operation of the system and the results of experimental imaging are described. Application of this technique to the evaluation of in vitro tissue specimens demonstrates its capability for characterization of ultrasonic tissue properties."}
{"id": "PMID:935492", "title": "Approaches to optimization of dose in radiation therapy of cervix carcinoma.", "content": "A treatment planning approach to radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix which attempts to maximize tumor dose and minimize the effect on normal tissue must include additonal dose reference points besides the standard ones (Manchester points A and B, mg-hrs.) A variety of loading configurations can be used to treat the tumor volume to a specified dose. In order to avoid inappropriate loading arrangements, dose at the tumor and at the vault must be carried to required therapeutic levels.", "contents": "Approaches to optimization of dose in radiation therapy of cervix carcinoma. A treatment planning approach to radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix which attempts to maximize tumor dose and minimize the effect on normal tissue must include additonal dose reference points besides the standard ones (Manchester points A and B, mg-hrs.) A variety of loading configurations can be used to treat the tumor volume to a specified dose. In order to avoid inappropriate loading arrangements, dose at the tumor and at the vault must be carried to required therapeutic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:935493", "title": "Control of dose administered once a week and three times a day according to schedules calculated by the CRE formula, using skin reaction as a biological parameter.", "content": "Patients with breast cancer were irradiated postoperatively to bilateral parasternal fields. The validity of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) formula for treatment once a week and three times a day was analyzed, and both schedules were compared with treatment once a day (five times a week). The biological radiation effect on normal tissue was studied by reflectance spectrophotometry of skin erythema and pigmentation. Early skin reactions were identical after irradiation daily and once a week, respectively, but were found to be significantly more pronounced after irradiation three times a day than after treatment once a day, corresponding to an overexposure of 7-10%.", "contents": "Control of dose administered once a week and three times a day according to schedules calculated by the CRE formula, using skin reaction as a biological parameter. Patients with breast cancer were irradiated postoperatively to bilateral parasternal fields. The validity of the Cumulative Radiation Effect (CRE) formula for treatment once a week and three times a day was analyzed, and both schedules were compared with treatment once a day (five times a week). The biological radiation effect on normal tissue was studied by reflectance spectrophotometry of skin erythema and pigmentation. Early skin reactions were identical after irradiation daily and once a week, respectively, but were found to be significantly more pronounced after irradiation three times a day than after treatment once a day, corresponding to an overexposure of 7-10%."}
{"id": "PMID:935494", "title": "Performance specifications for diagnostic x-ray equipment.", "content": "The specification of performance characteristics for diagnostic x-ray equipment involves an interplay between purchaser and supplier which often results in inadequate understanding of imaging requirements by the supplier, and unfulfilled expectations by the purchaser. A statement of performance specifications has been prepared and accompanies requests for bids distributed to suppliers. The statement is described in its general form; modifications bay be needed to adapt it to a specific radiographic system.", "contents": "Performance specifications for diagnostic x-ray equipment. The specification of performance characteristics for diagnostic x-ray equipment involves an interplay between purchaser and supplier which often results in inadequate understanding of imaging requirements by the supplier, and unfulfilled expectations by the purchaser. A statement of performance specifications has been prepared and accompanies requests for bids distributed to suppliers. The statement is described in its general form; modifications bay be needed to adapt it to a specific radiographic system."}
{"id": "PMID:935495", "title": "The modification of gastrointestinal tolerance and responses to abdominal irradiation by chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Groups of male DBA/2 mice were irradiated with partial abdominal exposures of x radiation ranging from 100 to 1,600 rads. Concomitant with radiation exposure and at 1 or 4 hours prior to, and at 1, 6, 24, or 48 hours after irradiation, various chemotherapeutic agents were administered, i.e., methotrexate, Cytoxan, adriamycin and BCNU. The results suggest that excessive gastrointestinal toxicity may result if aggressive chemotherapy is closely spaced with radiation exposure for the treatment of abdominal neoplasms. However, adjustment of dose and time patterns based on the proliferative responses of the mucosa may circumvent such toxicity to a large extent.", "contents": "The modification of gastrointestinal tolerance and responses to abdominal irradiation by chemotherapeutic agents. Groups of male DBA/2 mice were irradiated with partial abdominal exposures of x radiation ranging from 100 to 1,600 rads. Concomitant with radiation exposure and at 1 or 4 hours prior to, and at 1, 6, 24, or 48 hours after irradiation, various chemotherapeutic agents were administered, i.e., methotrexate, Cytoxan, adriamycin and BCNU. The results suggest that excessive gastrointestinal toxicity may result if aggressive chemotherapy is closely spaced with radiation exposure for the treatment of abdominal neoplasms. However, adjustment of dose and time patterns based on the proliferative responses of the mucosa may circumvent such toxicity to a large extent."}
{"id": "PMID:935496", "title": "Image characteristics of liquid developed electron radiographs.", "content": "This paper presents electron radiograph studies using the new Xonics liquid development system described only briefly previously. Results indicate: (a) higher contrast images with reduced but useful edge enhancement; (b) adjustable contrast; (c) reduced exposure vs. aerosol development; (d) sharp, low artifact images to densities greater than 2.5; and (e) possibility of nongrid scatter control in some situations.", "contents": "Image characteristics of liquid developed electron radiographs. This paper presents electron radiograph studies using the new Xonics liquid development system described only briefly previously. Results indicate: (a) higher contrast images with reduced but useful edge enhancement; (b) adjustable contrast; (c) reduced exposure vs. aerosol development; (d) sharp, low artifact images to densities greater than 2.5; and (e) possibility of nongrid scatter control in some situations."}
{"id": "PMID:935497", "title": "Percutaneous antecubital transvenous cholangiography. A modified technique using a flexible needle.", "content": "A percutaneous antecubital transvenous cholangiography technique using a flexible 20 gauge needle is described. The porcedure was successful in 6 patients with obstructive jaundice but failed in 2 patients without bile duct dilatation. The authors feel that this technique is easier and safer than present transvenous methods. Modifications for the femoral approach and use of the technique in pediatric patients are described.", "contents": "Percutaneous antecubital transvenous cholangiography. A modified technique using a flexible needle. A percutaneous antecubital transvenous cholangiography technique using a flexible 20 gauge needle is described. The porcedure was successful in 6 patients with obstructive jaundice but failed in 2 patients without bile duct dilatation. The authors feel that this technique is easier and safer than present transvenous methods. Modifications for the femoral approach and use of the technique in pediatric patients are described."}
{"id": "PMID:935498", "title": "Portal vein visualization during intravenous cholangiography.", "content": "The portal vein (PV) was frequently visualized during infusion intravenous cholangiography with tomography. Although visualization was usually faint, the PV was occasionally seen as well as or better than the common duct (CD). Occasionally, there is sufficient periportal fat to enable PV visualization without contrast material, but PV visualization is probably usually due to a combination of faint venous opacification and surrounding periportal and omental fat. If unrecognized, the opacified portal vein may occasionally be mistaken for a dilated common duct.", "contents": "Portal vein visualization during intravenous cholangiography. The portal vein (PV) was frequently visualized during infusion intravenous cholangiography with tomography. Although visualization was usually faint, the PV was occasionally seen as well as or better than the common duct (CD). Occasionally, there is sufficient periportal fat to enable PV visualization without contrast material, but PV visualization is probably usually due to a combination of faint venous opacification and surrounding periportal and omental fat. If unrecognized, the opacified portal vein may occasionally be mistaken for a dilated common duct."}
{"id": "PMID:935499", "title": "Breast cancer screening. Benefit and risk for the first annual screening.", "content": "Of 96 cancers which have been detected as a result of the first annual screening of 10,470 volunteers, 46 have been clinically occult. Forty-one of these have been Stage 1 or less carcinoma, and 26 of these 41 have been minimal cancer. For the radiographic parameters used, the benefit of detecting these cancers vs. the risk of induced cancer is estimated as 103:1 and 65:1, respectively.", "contents": "Breast cancer screening. Benefit and risk for the first annual screening. Of 96 cancers which have been detected as a result of the first annual screening of 10,470 volunteers, 46 have been clinically occult. Forty-one of these have been Stage 1 or less carcinoma, and 26 of these 41 have been minimal cancer. For the radiographic parameters used, the benefit of detecting these cancers vs. the risk of induced cancer is estimated as 103:1 and 65:1, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:935500", "title": "Gated blood pool imaging following 99mTc stannous pyrophosphate imaging.", "content": "Cardiac patients who have undergone 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial imaging can be injected 24 hours later with 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTc04) to assess left ventricular function. Reduction of 99mTc04 by tin remaining in the blood following the stannous pyrophosphate injection causes labeling of the red cells by 99mTc04 and the creation of a vascular tracer suitable for electrocardiographically gated imaging.", "contents": "Gated blood pool imaging following 99mTc stannous pyrophosphate imaging. Cardiac patients who have undergone 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial imaging can be injected 24 hours later with 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTc04) to assess left ventricular function. Reduction of 99mTc04 by tin remaining in the blood following the stannous pyrophosphate injection causes labeling of the red cells by 99mTc04 and the creation of a vascular tracer suitable for electrocardiographically gated imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:935501", "title": "Shaping of isodose curves in intracavitary irradiation using the afterloading method. A feasibility study involving mathematical simulation.", "content": "The possibility of adjusting the irradiation scheme to shape the isodose curve around an intracavitary source arrangement was studied mathematically. The total number of millicurie hours of irradiation for each source position was derived by a linear programming approach, taking into account the shape of the tumor in three different cases. The practical isodose curves obtainable with the source arrangement chosen were compared with the shape desired.", "contents": "Shaping of isodose curves in intracavitary irradiation using the afterloading method. A feasibility study involving mathematical simulation. The possibility of adjusting the irradiation scheme to shape the isodose curve around an intracavitary source arrangement was studied mathematically. The total number of millicurie hours of irradiation for each source position was derived by a linear programming approach, taking into account the shape of the tumor in three different cases. The practical isodose curves obtainable with the source arrangement chosen were compared with the shape desired."}
{"id": "PMID:935502", "title": "The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) of neon ions for the EMT6 tumor system.", "content": "EMT6 tumors were exposed to neon ions in vivo and in vitro in the plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of the beam. The RBE in vivo was 1.7-2.1 in the plateau region and 2.6-2.9 in the Bragg peak; the OER was 2.0 and 1.4, respectively. Neon ions have great potential in the radiotherapy of tumors because of their decreased OER and excellent depth-dose distribution in tissue.", "contents": "The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) of neon ions for the EMT6 tumor system. EMT6 tumors were exposed to neon ions in vivo and in vitro in the plateau and spread-out Bragg peak regions of the beam. The RBE in vivo was 1.7-2.1 in the plateau region and 2.6-2.9 in the Bragg peak; the OER was 2.0 and 1.4, respectively. Neon ions have great potential in the radiotherapy of tumors because of their decreased OER and excellent depth-dose distribution in tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:935503", "title": "Is this radiograph really necessary?", "content": "While agreeing that overutilization of radiological diagnosis creates an unnecessary increase in both medical costs and patient exposure, the author calls for a more sensible and economical approach to the number of radiographs taken as part of any given study, noting that in many cases the number could be cut in half without any loss of diagnostic efficiency. By limiting the number of views per study, the radiologist would be able to remain in a safe medico-legal situation without reducing his ability to function as a diagnostician.", "contents": "Is this radiograph really necessary? While agreeing that overutilization of radiological diagnosis creates an unnecessary increase in both medical costs and patient exposure, the author calls for a more sensible and economical approach to the number of radiographs taken as part of any given study, noting that in many cases the number could be cut in half without any loss of diagnostic efficiency. By limiting the number of views per study, the radiologist would be able to remain in a safe medico-legal situation without reducing his ability to function as a diagnostician."}
{"id": "PMID:935504", "title": "The incidence of hiatal hernia in infants and children. Results of a survey of members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology.", "content": "A questionaire regarding the incidence of hiatal hernia in infacts and children was sent to the 50 largest departments of pediatric radiology in the United States and Canada. The 36 returned revealed that the larger departments see an average of 3.2 hiatal hernias per year or about 0.62 per cent of their upper gastrointestinal studies.", "contents": "The incidence of hiatal hernia in infants and children. Results of a survey of members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology. A questionaire regarding the incidence of hiatal hernia in infacts and children was sent to the 50 largest departments of pediatric radiology in the United States and Canada. The 36 returned revealed that the larger departments see an average of 3.2 hiatal hernias per year or about 0.62 per cent of their upper gastrointestinal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:935510", "title": "Correlation between release of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation in brain cortex and cerebellum.", "content": "Levels of free arachidonic acid and of prostaglandin F2alpha and E2 have been measured in both brain cortex and cerebellum of rats killed by focussed microwave irradiation, and after decapitation followed by ischemia. The same parameters were studied during incubation assays. It was found that: a) after ischemia levels of both free arachidonic acid and of prostaglandins in cerebellum are lower than in brain cortex, b) formation of prostaglandins from endogenous precursor in incubated cortex is higher than in cerebellum, c) release of free arachidonic acid occurs mainly during the time interval between the sacrifice of the animals and the beginning of the incubation, whereas prostaglandins are formed mainly during the incubation assay. The correlation between release of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation is discussed.", "contents": "Correlation between release of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation in brain cortex and cerebellum. Levels of free arachidonic acid and of prostaglandin F2alpha and E2 have been measured in both brain cortex and cerebellum of rats killed by focussed microwave irradiation, and after decapitation followed by ischemia. The same parameters were studied during incubation assays. It was found that: a) after ischemia levels of both free arachidonic acid and of prostaglandins in cerebellum are lower than in brain cortex, b) formation of prostaglandins from endogenous precursor in incubated cortex is higher than in cerebellum, c) release of free arachidonic acid occurs mainly during the time interval between the sacrifice of the animals and the beginning of the incubation, whereas prostaglandins are formed mainly during the incubation assay. The correlation between release of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin formation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935511", "title": "Effects of hypoxia on the hemodynamic actions of prostaglandin E1.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on central and peripheral hemodynamics was studied in seven conscious dogs under conditions of normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia to ascertain if hypoxia attenuated the cardiovascular actions of PGE1. Silastic catheters were chronically implanted in the pulmonary artery, left atrium, and aorta. Acute hypoxia was produced in a hypobaric chamber maintained at 446 mmHg pressure (14,000 feet). PGE1 at sea level (normoxia) resulted in significant increases in heart rate, cardiac output, left ventricular stroke work and pulmonary blood volume as well as significant decreases in aortic, pulmonary arterial, and left atrial pressures. During hypobaric hypoxia, PGE1 produced essentially identical effects on all hemodynamic parameters except pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary arterial pressure where marked attenuation of PGE1 action occurred.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia on the hemodynamic actions of prostaglandin E1. The effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on central and peripheral hemodynamics was studied in seven conscious dogs under conditions of normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia to ascertain if hypoxia attenuated the cardiovascular actions of PGE1. Silastic catheters were chronically implanted in the pulmonary artery, left atrium, and aorta. Acute hypoxia was produced in a hypobaric chamber maintained at 446 mmHg pressure (14,000 feet). PGE1 at sea level (normoxia) resulted in significant increases in heart rate, cardiac output, left ventricular stroke work and pulmonary blood volume as well as significant decreases in aortic, pulmonary arterial, and left atrial pressures. During hypobaric hypoxia, PGE1 produced essentially identical effects on all hemodynamic parameters except pulmonary blood volume and pulmonary arterial pressure where marked attenuation of PGE1 action occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:935512", "title": "Enteropooling assay: a test for diarrhea produced by prostaglandins.", "content": "An assay (enteropooling assay) to test the diarrheogenic property of prostaglandins is described. Fasted rats are given a prostaglandins either orally or subcutaneously, and are killed 30 min later. The entire small intestine is removed and its contents collected into a test tube. The greater the volume of this intestinal fluid, the more diarrheogenic is the prostaglandin. The assay is simple, rapid, quantitative, and predictive of diarrhea. It can be used to grade the relative diarrhoegenic activity of prostaglandins as well as to test agents that may block this effect. The accumulation of fluid into the small intestine is called \"enteropooling\". It is the sum of (a) the fluid being excreted from the blood into the lumen, and (b) to a lesser extent, the portion of fluid already into the lumen but whose absorption is inhibited by the prostaglandin. The degree of enteropooling depends also on how much fluid flows from the small to the large intestine. Our results support the hypothesis that the diarrhea observed after administration of high doses of prostaglandins is due to accumulation of abundant fluid into the small intestine, and not intestinal hypermotility. This fluid is then carried into the large intestine and eventually expelled as diarrhea. Agents other than prostaglandins were tested for enteropooling activity. Laxatives such as castor oil, hypertonic solutions and bile salts caused enteropooling.", "contents": "Enteropooling assay: a test for diarrhea produced by prostaglandins. An assay (enteropooling assay) to test the diarrheogenic property of prostaglandins is described. Fasted rats are given a prostaglandins either orally or subcutaneously, and are killed 30 min later. The entire small intestine is removed and its contents collected into a test tube. The greater the volume of this intestinal fluid, the more diarrheogenic is the prostaglandin. The assay is simple, rapid, quantitative, and predictive of diarrhea. It can be used to grade the relative diarrhoegenic activity of prostaglandins as well as to test agents that may block this effect. The accumulation of fluid into the small intestine is called \"enteropooling\". It is the sum of (a) the fluid being excreted from the blood into the lumen, and (b) to a lesser extent, the portion of fluid already into the lumen but whose absorption is inhibited by the prostaglandin. The degree of enteropooling depends also on how much fluid flows from the small to the large intestine. Our results support the hypothesis that the diarrhea observed after administration of high doses of prostaglandins is due to accumulation of abundant fluid into the small intestine, and not intestinal hypermotility. This fluid is then carried into the large intestine and eventually expelled as diarrhea. Agents other than prostaglandins were tested for enteropooling activity. Laxatives such as castor oil, hypertonic solutions and bile salts caused enteropooling."}
{"id": "PMID:935513", "title": "Inhibitory actions of polyphloretin phosphate and related compounds on the response to prostaglandin in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "The inhibitory actions of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and related compounds, di-4-phloretin phosphate (DPP), PHLORETIN AND TRIHYDROXY PROPIOPHENONE (THPP) on the contractile responses to prostaglandin (PG) and acetylcholine (ACh) in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach were studied. Of the four inhibitors PPP and DPP showed relatively selective antagonism for PGE1. DPP gave the highest pW2 value against PGE1. These results indicate that DPP is a useful antagonist of PG in smooth muscle, although it slightly inhibits responses to ACh, 5-HT or histamine, and the Ca-induced contracture in K depolarized preparation.", "contents": "Inhibitory actions of polyphloretin phosphate and related compounds on the response to prostaglandin in the smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach. The inhibitory actions of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) and related compounds, di-4-phloretin phosphate (DPP), PHLORETIN AND TRIHYDROXY PROPIOPHENONE (THPP) on the contractile responses to prostaglandin (PG) and acetylcholine (ACh) in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig stomach were studied. Of the four inhibitors PPP and DPP showed relatively selective antagonism for PGE1. DPP gave the highest pW2 value against PGE1. These results indicate that DPP is a useful antagonist of PG in smooth muscle, although it slightly inhibits responses to ACh, 5-HT or histamine, and the Ca-induced contracture in K depolarized preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:935514", "title": "Experience with 276 intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha induced midtrimester abortions.", "content": "Induction of midtrimester abortion using 40 mg intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha was performed on 276 patients. Gestational age and fetal status had no effect on injection-to-abortion time while multiparity and the concomitant use of laminaria appeared to decrease the abortion time. The side effect and complication rates were acceptable and the results compare favorably with those of other midtrimester abortion techniques.", "contents": "Experience with 276 intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha induced midtrimester abortions. Induction of midtrimester abortion using 40 mg intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha was performed on 276 patients. Gestational age and fetal status had no effect on injection-to-abortion time while multiparity and the concomitant use of laminaria appeared to decrease the abortion time. The side effect and complication rates were acceptable and the results compare favorably with those of other midtrimester abortion techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:935515", "title": "Labour induction using buccal prostaglandin e2.", "content": "Prostaglandins may remain in the circulation for some two hours after oral therapy and any resultant hypertonus may be difficult to treat in these circumstances. Buccal administration based on the concept that tablets could be discarded should this occur, has been evaluated in 30 patients. Effective uterine stimulation occurred in 90% of subjects receiving a dose of 1mg hourly. No hypertonus occurred but two patients had a prolonged contraction on a single occasion during labour. The fact that the tablets dissolve rapidly and in addition produce an unpleasant buccal prostaglandins do not have advantages over alternative methods of oxytocic administration.", "contents": "Labour induction using buccal prostaglandin e2. Prostaglandins may remain in the circulation for some two hours after oral therapy and any resultant hypertonus may be difficult to treat in these circumstances. Buccal administration based on the concept that tablets could be discarded should this occur, has been evaluated in 30 patients. Effective uterine stimulation occurred in 90% of subjects receiving a dose of 1mg hourly. No hypertonus occurred but two patients had a prolonged contraction on a single occasion during labour. The fact that the tablets dissolve rapidly and in addition produce an unpleasant buccal prostaglandins do not have advantages over alternative methods of oxytocic administration."}
{"id": "PMID:935516", "title": "Temporal changes in circulating steroids during prostaglandin  F2alpha induced abortion in the rat and rabbit.", "content": "The serum levels of progesterone (delta4P), 20alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), pregnenolone (delta5P) and estrogens at different time intervals during Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tube induced midterm abortion were measured by radioimmunoassay in the rat and rabbit. The concentrations of delta4P and delta5P were significantly reduced but that of 20alpha-DHP was increased significantly as early as 20 hours after PGF2alpha treatment. Estrogen levels showed slight reduction in the rat but remained unchanged in the rabbit. The ratio of delta4P/20alpha-DHP recorded were 2.15 and 16.86 (pretreatment) and dropped to 0.08 and 0.37 (60 hours after insertion of Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tube) in the rat and rabbit, respectively. These findings suggest that the suppression of circulating delta4P by PGF2alpha might be the result of a reduced precursor (delta5P) pool size as well as changes in the enzymic systems responsible for the formation and conversion of delta4P. It is still to be determined if changes in estrogen levels in the rat have any bearing on abortion induced by PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Temporal changes in circulating steroids during prostaglandin  F2alpha induced abortion in the rat and rabbit. The serum levels of progesterone (delta4P), 20alpha-dihydroxyprogesterone (20alpha-DHP), pregnenolone (delta5P) and estrogens at different time intervals during Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tube induced midterm abortion were measured by radioimmunoassay in the rat and rabbit. The concentrations of delta4P and delta5P were significantly reduced but that of 20alpha-DHP was increased significantly as early as 20 hours after PGF2alpha treatment. Estrogen levels showed slight reduction in the rat but remained unchanged in the rabbit. The ratio of delta4P/20alpha-DHP recorded were 2.15 and 16.86 (pretreatment) and dropped to 0.08 and 0.37 (60 hours after insertion of Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tube) in the rat and rabbit, respectively. These findings suggest that the suppression of circulating delta4P by PGF2alpha might be the result of a reduced precursor (delta5P) pool size as well as changes in the enzymic systems responsible for the formation and conversion of delta4P. It is still to be determined if changes in estrogen levels in the rat have any bearing on abortion induced by PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:935517", "title": "Plasma levels of the methyl ester of 15-methyl PGF2alpha in connection with intravenous and vaginal administration to the human.", "content": "After intravenous injection of the methyl ester of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha the drug initially disappeared faster than the corresponding free acid, but still after one hour, about 1% of the active drug is circulating in plasma. Vaginal administration of single suppositories containing 1 mg of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha methyl ester and determination of plasma levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that the highest plasma levels were reached after 1.5-3 hours. Vaginal suppositories were administered according to different dose schedules for induction of abortion and plasma levels of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha and it's ester were determined. There seemed to be a gross correlation between given doses and obtained plasma level. The data will serve as basis for further development of vaginal delivery devices.", "contents": "Plasma levels of the methyl ester of 15-methyl PGF2alpha in connection with intravenous and vaginal administration to the human. After intravenous injection of the methyl ester of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha the drug initially disappeared faster than the corresponding free acid, but still after one hour, about 1% of the active drug is circulating in plasma. Vaginal administration of single suppositories containing 1 mg of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha methyl ester and determination of plasma levels using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that the highest plasma levels were reached after 1.5-3 hours. Vaginal suppositories were administered according to different dose schedules for induction of abortion and plasma levels of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha and it's ester were determined. There seemed to be a gross correlation between given doses and obtained plasma level. The data will serve as basis for further development of vaginal delivery devices."}
{"id": "PMID:935518", "title": "Prostaglandins, indomethacin and dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Uterine contractility was recorded during the period of menstruation in six dysmenorrheic women. A variable high tonus was observed in each case. Uterine recordings were repeated during the subsequent menstruation following pre-treatment with indomethacin at an oral dose of 75 mg or 200 mg per day beginning one day before the expected onset of menstruation. A lower uterine tonus was found in all indomethacin-treated cycles. Complete alleviation of spasmodic pain was obtained in the six subjects. The endogenous concentration of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro PGF2alpha was determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method and observed to be relatively high in women with dysmenorrhea.", "contents": "Prostaglandins, indomethacin and dysmenorrhea. Uterine contractility was recorded during the period of menstruation in six dysmenorrheic women. A variable high tonus was observed in each case. Uterine recordings were repeated during the subsequent menstruation following pre-treatment with indomethacin at an oral dose of 75 mg or 200 mg per day beginning one day before the expected onset of menstruation. A lower uterine tonus was found in all indomethacin-treated cycles. Complete alleviation of spasmodic pain was obtained in the six subjects. The endogenous concentration of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro PGF2alpha was determined by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method and observed to be relatively high in women with dysmenorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:935519", "title": "Serum hormone levels in women undergoing abortion with intra-amniotic, extra-amniotic or intra-muscular administration of 15(S) 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "The serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone and HPL have been estimated by specific radioimmunoassay in thirty women undergoing abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2alpha given by intra-amniotic, extra-amniotic or intra-muscular route. A significant decline in the levels of these hormones was observed in 27 cases in which the pregnancy was terminated. However, in the remaining three cases, 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was found to be unsuccessful, and no significant change in the hormone levels was evident. The decline in these hormones was more marked by intra-muscular route, than that observed by the other routes. The pattern of estradiol-17beta decline was more consistent when compared with progesterone and HPL. The levels of progesterone and HPL, in a few cases, rather showed an increase in the initial hours of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha administration before the decline began and this pattern was more prominent on extra-amniotic administration. In general, the decline in the hormone levels was slower in cases which took longer time for abortion than cases with shorter induction-abortion time (IAT). The decline in estradiol-17beta levels was about 65% at six hour of intra-muscular administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha, whereas the corresponding fall with intra-amniotic and extra-amniotic routes was 29 and 22%, respectively. However, the net drop in its levels during IAT was not significantly different (range 70 to 80%) by the three routes. About 38% fall in progesterone levels was observed at six hour of intra-muscular administration whereas, by intra-amniotic the fall was 19%. The net decline in progesterone levels, during IAT, was in the range of 46 to 60% by the three routes. Similarly, intra-muscular 15-methyl-PGF2alpha evoked a sharper decline in HPL levels as compared with other routes. The total decline during IAT was 58 to 66%. The results, thus indicated that the abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was associated with a fall in the serum hormone levels, which could be resultant effect of alterations in the hormone production by the foeto-placental unit. This along with the uterine contractions may play a significant role in the abortifacient action of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Serum hormone levels in women undergoing abortion with intra-amniotic, extra-amniotic or intra-muscular administration of 15(S) 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. The serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone and HPL have been estimated by specific radioimmunoassay in thirty women undergoing abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2alpha given by intra-amniotic, extra-amniotic or intra-muscular route. A significant decline in the levels of these hormones was observed in 27 cases in which the pregnancy was terminated. However, in the remaining three cases, 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was found to be unsuccessful, and no significant change in the hormone levels was evident. The decline in these hormones was more marked by intra-muscular route, than that observed by the other routes. The pattern of estradiol-17beta decline was more consistent when compared with progesterone and HPL. The levels of progesterone and HPL, in a few cases, rather showed an increase in the initial hours of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha administration before the decline began and this pattern was more prominent on extra-amniotic administration. In general, the decline in the hormone levels was slower in cases which took longer time for abortion than cases with shorter induction-abortion time (IAT). The decline in estradiol-17beta levels was about 65% at six hour of intra-muscular administration of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha, whereas the corresponding fall with intra-amniotic and extra-amniotic routes was 29 and 22%, respectively. However, the net drop in its levels during IAT was not significantly different (range 70 to 80%) by the three routes. About 38% fall in progesterone levels was observed at six hour of intra-muscular administration whereas, by intra-amniotic the fall was 19%. The net decline in progesterone levels, during IAT, was in the range of 46 to 60% by the three routes. Similarly, intra-muscular 15-methyl-PGF2alpha evoked a sharper decline in HPL levels as compared with other routes. The total decline during IAT was 58 to 66%. The results, thus indicated that the abortion with 15-methyl-PGF2alpha was associated with a fall in the serum hormone levels, which could be resultant effect of alterations in the hormone production by the foeto-placental unit. This along with the uterine contractions may play a significant role in the abortifacient action of 15-methyl-PGF2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:935520", "title": "Midtrimester prostaglandin-induced abortion: gross and light microscopic findings in the placenta.", "content": "A systematic gross and light microscopic study was done of 60 placentas, spontaneously delivered following induction by intra-amniotic PGF2alpha administration. The main findings were: high incidence of marginal and basal decidual hemorrhage, widespread degenerative changes in the decidua and chorionic villi, intervillous congestion and thrombosis and significant underfilling of the fetal vasculature. These changes are discussed in terms of the possible factors underlying the mechanism of prostaglandin-induced abortion.", "contents": "Midtrimester prostaglandin-induced abortion: gross and light microscopic findings in the placenta. A systematic gross and light microscopic study was done of 60 placentas, spontaneously delivered following induction by intra-amniotic PGF2alpha administration. The main findings were: high incidence of marginal and basal decidual hemorrhage, widespread degenerative changes in the decidua and chorionic villi, intervillous congestion and thrombosis and significant underfilling of the fetal vasculature. These changes are discussed in terms of the possible factors underlying the mechanism of prostaglandin-induced abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:935521", "title": "Prostaglandins in the circulation of the fetal lamb.", "content": "Prostaglandin E and PGF have been measured in the plasma of chronically catheterized fetal lambs throughout the last 20-35 days (0.73 onwards) of gestation. The mean concentration of PGE was higher than that of PGF. There was a significant increase in the concentration of PGE but little change in the concentration of PGF in samples of fetal plasma taken within 24 h of parturition. In contrast, at this time in maternal utero-ovarian venous plasma, there was a large increase in PGF, but relatively little change in PGE. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of PGE and PGF in the plasma of lambs within 12 h after birth compared to the levels found in the same animals as fetuses a few hours previously. The physiological importance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in the circulation of the fetal lamb. Prostaglandin E and PGF have been measured in the plasma of chronically catheterized fetal lambs throughout the last 20-35 days (0.73 onwards) of gestation. The mean concentration of PGE was higher than that of PGF. There was a significant increase in the concentration of PGE but little change in the concentration of PGF in samples of fetal plasma taken within 24 h of parturition. In contrast, at this time in maternal utero-ovarian venous plasma, there was a large increase in PGF, but relatively little change in PGE. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of PGE and PGF in the plasma of lambs within 12 h after birth compared to the levels found in the same animals as fetuses a few hours previously. The physiological importance of these changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935522", "title": "Prostaglandin E2: a factor in the pathogenesis of cholera.", "content": "Injection of cholera toxin in vivo into loops of intestine in rats caused the production of an exudate. This was found to contain prostaglandin E2 by assay on the rat stomach strip and by thin-layer chromatography. The amounts found ranged from 20 to 40 ng per loop of intestine. Introduction of 30 ng of prostaglandin E2 into intestinal loops caused the production of an exudate similar in volume to that found after the introduction of cholera toxin. These results indicate that the exudate in cholera is caused by the action of prostaglandin liberated by the enterotoxin. It is suggested that an inhibitor of prostaglandin release could be added to the solutions used in treatment for the restoration of fluids and electrolytes, with the object of blocking the action of toxin still present in the intestinal lumen, thereby achieving a more rapid therapeutic result.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E2: a factor in the pathogenesis of cholera. Injection of cholera toxin in vivo into loops of intestine in rats caused the production of an exudate. This was found to contain prostaglandin E2 by assay on the rat stomach strip and by thin-layer chromatography. The amounts found ranged from 20 to 40 ng per loop of intestine. Introduction of 30 ng of prostaglandin E2 into intestinal loops caused the production of an exudate similar in volume to that found after the introduction of cholera toxin. These results indicate that the exudate in cholera is caused by the action of prostaglandin liberated by the enterotoxin. It is suggested that an inhibitor of prostaglandin release could be added to the solutions used in treatment for the restoration of fluids and electrolytes, with the object of blocking the action of toxin still present in the intestinal lumen, thereby achieving a more rapid therapeutic result."}
{"id": "PMID:935523", "title": "Fatty acid and prostaglandin composition of left ventricular myocardium from dexamethasone-treated dogs with severe low output syndrome (LOS).", "content": "The effects of dexamethasone (DEX) administration on the left ventricular myocardial content of fatty acids and prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were studied. Following a complete right and left cardiac catheterization, either DEX (8 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of its vehicle was given intravenously 30 minutes prior to low output syndrome (LOS induction, and supplemental doses of DEX (4 mg/kg) or vehicle administered at 15 and 75 minutes post-LOS induction. Low output syndrome was induced by intravenous administration of a myocardial depressor protein (MDP) which has been isolated from the venom of the Western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Neither DEX nor its vehicle had a significant effect during the entire experiment, that is, in the normal or low cardiac output state in most of the hemodynamic parameters investigated. The three hour mortality rate for the DEX-treated animals was 22% (n=10) while that of the control group was 41% (n=26) indicating that the beneficial effects of this corticosteroid are not really apparent from hemodynamic evaluation alone. Since DEX only had a significant post-LOS induction effect in maintaining a lower left ventricular end-diastolic and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, a higher arterio-venous oxygen saturation difference, and a more efficient contractile state of myocardial fibers (Vmax), an indirect correlation to coronary arterial blood flow at the subcellular level was sought. To this effect, prostaglandins and specific lipid classes of left ventricular myocardium (LVM) from control and LOS animals receiving either vehicle or DEX were analyzed. Low output state induction alone raised myocardial PG levels above those of sham-catheterized animals; on the other hand, dexamethasone induced a significant decrease in the three prostaglandins studied when administered to control (no LOS) animals. In the presence of LOS, however, dexamethasone overrode in part the increase in PGE1 and PGE2 brought about by LOS while in the case of PGF2alpha the LOS effect was totally prevented and its concentration was not significantly higher than in control animals receiving dexamathasone. LOS induction led to an increase in myristic and arachidonic acids and a decrease in palmitic and linolenic acids. Dexamethasone administration to control animals increased the concentration of stearic acid above all the other groups but decreased the concentration of linolenic acid when compared to DEX-treated animals with LOS or sham-catheterized animals. There were no significant differences in the total myocardial lipid among the four groups of animals studied. It is suggested that the potentially beneficial effects of corticosteroid administration to animals with low output syndrome are related to their effects on fatty acid and prostaglandin content of myocardium.", "contents": "Fatty acid and prostaglandin composition of left ventricular myocardium from dexamethasone-treated dogs with severe low output syndrome (LOS). The effects of dexamethasone (DEX) administration on the left ventricular myocardial content of fatty acids and prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha were studied. Following a complete right and left cardiac catheterization, either DEX (8 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of its vehicle was given intravenously 30 minutes prior to low output syndrome (LOS induction, and supplemental doses of DEX (4 mg/kg) or vehicle administered at 15 and 75 minutes post-LOS induction. Low output syndrome was induced by intravenous administration of a myocardial depressor protein (MDP) which has been isolated from the venom of the Western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. Neither DEX nor its vehicle had a significant effect during the entire experiment, that is, in the normal or low cardiac output state in most of the hemodynamic parameters investigated. The three hour mortality rate for the DEX-treated animals was 22% (n=10) while that of the control group was 41% (n=26) indicating that the beneficial effects of this corticosteroid are not really apparent from hemodynamic evaluation alone. Since DEX only had a significant post-LOS induction effect in maintaining a lower left ventricular end-diastolic and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, a higher arterio-venous oxygen saturation difference, and a more efficient contractile state of myocardial fibers (Vmax), an indirect correlation to coronary arterial blood flow at the subcellular level was sought. To this effect, prostaglandins and specific lipid classes of left ventricular myocardium (LVM) from control and LOS animals receiving either vehicle or DEX were analyzed. Low output state induction alone raised myocardial PG levels above those of sham-catheterized animals; on the other hand, dexamethasone induced a significant decrease in the three prostaglandins studied when administered to control (no LOS) animals. In the presence of LOS, however, dexamethasone overrode in part the increase in PGE1 and PGE2 brought about by LOS while in the case of PGF2alpha the LOS effect was totally prevented and its concentration was not significantly higher than in control animals receiving dexamathasone. LOS induction led to an increase in myristic and arachidonic acids and a decrease in palmitic and linolenic acids. Dexamethasone administration to control animals increased the concentration of stearic acid above all the other groups but decreased the concentration of linolenic acid when compared to DEX-treated animals with LOS or sham-catheterized animals. There were no significant differences in the total myocardial lipid among the four groups of animals studied. It is suggested that the potentially beneficial effects of corticosteroid administration to animals with low output syndrome are related to their effects on fatty acid and prostaglandin content of myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:935525", "title": "The behaviour of the pulmonary metabolites of prostaglandins in several simple thin-layer chromatography and bioassay systems.", "content": "The behaviour of the pulmonary metabolites of prostaglanding E1, E2 and F2alpha were examined in several thin-layer chromatography (TLC) systems commonly used to differentiate parent prostaglandins. Although the systems chosen readily distinguished between a prostaglandin and its own metabolites, they often did not differentiate between a parent prostaglandin and the metabolites of another. In particular, 13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha was virtually indistinguishable from PGE2 and 13, 14-dihydro-PGE2 was similarly indistinguishable from PGE1, in all systems investigated. These pairs of prostaglandins could not be distinguished by bioassay on the rat stomach strip alone. Although distinction could be made by parallel assay on the rat stomach strip, chick rectum and rat colon, the differential assay obtained would not be enough to allow identification of these prostaglandins and metabolites in samples containing their mixtures. The 13, 14-dihydro-prostaglandin metabolites were also active in contracting the isolated rat uterus. The findings indicate that TLC and bioassay together may not permit identification of prostaglandins in biological fluids.", "contents": "The behaviour of the pulmonary metabolites of prostaglandins in several simple thin-layer chromatography and bioassay systems. The behaviour of the pulmonary metabolites of prostaglanding E1, E2 and F2alpha were examined in several thin-layer chromatography (TLC) systems commonly used to differentiate parent prostaglandins. Although the systems chosen readily distinguished between a prostaglandin and its own metabolites, they often did not differentiate between a parent prostaglandin and the metabolites of another. In particular, 13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha was virtually indistinguishable from PGE2 and 13, 14-dihydro-PGE2 was similarly indistinguishable from PGE1, in all systems investigated. These pairs of prostaglandins could not be distinguished by bioassay on the rat stomach strip alone. Although distinction could be made by parallel assay on the rat stomach strip, chick rectum and rat colon, the differential assay obtained would not be enough to allow identification of these prostaglandins and metabolites in samples containing their mixtures. The 13, 14-dihydro-prostaglandin metabolites were also active in contracting the isolated rat uterus. The findings indicate that TLC and bioassay together may not permit identification of prostaglandins in biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:935524", "title": "A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of (+/-) 11-deoxy prostaglandin E1 with its 15-methyl analogue, (doxaprost).", "content": "The bronchodilator activity of (+/-) 11-deoxy prostaglandin E1 was compared to the activity of its (+/-) 15-methyl analogue, (doxaprost). Both compounds inhibited histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the anesthetized guinea pig where changes in tracheal pressure were measured. Doxaprost was 73 and 32 times more potent that (+/-) 11-deoxy PGE1 by the aerosol and i.v. routes, respectively. Doxaprost also demonstrated a longer duration of effect. Both compounds decreased pulmonary resistance in the 5HT tonal cat. There was no difference in the potency of the two compounds. However, doxaprost had a longer duration of effect. Both compounds caused a fall in mean arterial blood pressure after i.v. administration in the guinea pig but not after aerosol administration in the guinea pig and cat. Both compounds caused relaxation of the isolated guinea pig tracheal strip when tone was induced with carbachol. There was no difference in the potency of the two compounds. The increased activity in vivo but not in vitro of the 15-methyl analogue doxaprost is consistent with a lack of enzyme inactivation.", "contents": "A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of (+/-) 11-deoxy prostaglandin E1 with its 15-methyl analogue, (doxaprost). The bronchodilator activity of (+/-) 11-deoxy prostaglandin E1 was compared to the activity of its (+/-) 15-methyl analogue, (doxaprost). Both compounds inhibited histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the anesthetized guinea pig where changes in tracheal pressure were measured. Doxaprost was 73 and 32 times more potent that (+/-) 11-deoxy PGE1 by the aerosol and i.v. routes, respectively. Doxaprost also demonstrated a longer duration of effect. Both compounds decreased pulmonary resistance in the 5HT tonal cat. There was no difference in the potency of the two compounds. However, doxaprost had a longer duration of effect. Both compounds caused a fall in mean arterial blood pressure after i.v. administration in the guinea pig but not after aerosol administration in the guinea pig and cat. Both compounds caused relaxation of the isolated guinea pig tracheal strip when tone was induced with carbachol. There was no difference in the potency of the two compounds. The increased activity in vivo but not in vitro of the 15-methyl analogue doxaprost is consistent with a lack of enzyme inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:935526", "title": "Glass capillary columns applied to prostaglandins measurement: a useful tool for gas-chromatography mass spectrometry analysis.", "content": "The difficulties to analyse prostaglandins (PG) by gas-liquid chromatography are mainly due to the lack of sensitivity of the gas-chromatograph itself (higher than 200 ng) and to the poor resolution of the packed columns. Therefore the use of glass capillary columns which has been applied with success for other biological compounds was tempting. We describe a comparison of the preparation of the columns and their use for PG analysis of standards and of human semen. A complete resolution of PG-1 from PG-2 series was achieved. The sensitivity was multiplied 100 fold with a flame ionisation detector when compared to packed columns and was equal to the one obtained with electron capture detectors without the inconveniences of this technique. The successful coupling of glass capillary columns to a mass spectrometer leads to promising results and allows profile studies of primary PG and their metabolites as seen with human semen.", "contents": "Glass capillary columns applied to prostaglandins measurement: a useful tool for gas-chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. The difficulties to analyse prostaglandins (PG) by gas-liquid chromatography are mainly due to the lack of sensitivity of the gas-chromatograph itself (higher than 200 ng) and to the poor resolution of the packed columns. Therefore the use of glass capillary columns which has been applied with success for other biological compounds was tempting. We describe a comparison of the preparation of the columns and their use for PG analysis of standards and of human semen. A complete resolution of PG-1 from PG-2 series was achieved. The sensitivity was multiplied 100 fold with a flame ionisation detector when compared to packed columns and was equal to the one obtained with electron capture detectors without the inconveniences of this technique. The successful coupling of glass capillary columns to a mass spectrometer leads to promising results and allows profile studies of primary PG and their metabolites as seen with human semen."}
{"id": "PMID:935559", "title": "[Pre-systolic deflexion in pressure recordings of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors demonstrated experimentally that the origin of the pre-systolic deflexion, previously observed by many investigators in pressure recordings of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, is due to the effective atrial contraction, which, besides the pressure change, produces a blood flow from the ventricle towards the artery. This flow must possibly exert an important role in the maintenance of the cardiac output when a failure of the right ventricle is established.", "contents": "[Pre-systolic deflexion in pressure recordings of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (author's transl)]. The authors demonstrated experimentally that the origin of the pre-systolic deflexion, previously observed by many investigators in pressure recordings of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, is due to the effective atrial contraction, which, besides the pressure change, produces a blood flow from the ventricle towards the artery. This flow must possibly exert an important role in the maintenance of the cardiac output when a failure of the right ventricle is established."}
{"id": "PMID:935560", "title": "[Mathematical formula for calculating ventricular ejection volume by changes in intracardiac electric conductivity (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper a formula appropiate to stroke volume estimation in the experimental animal is presented. Based in the indicator concentration difference during the two diastoles which follows the indicator injection on the ventricle chamber, the electric conductivity through impedance recording indicates these concentration. Appropiate procedures and a calibrating scale are used in order to obtain these two concentrations. From the stroke volume which appears as changes in impedance measured between a pair of electrodes located at the apex and base of the ventricle and the data obtained through the formula, the cardiac output and ventricular volume can be calculated.", "contents": "[Mathematical formula for calculating ventricular ejection volume by changes in intracardiac electric conductivity (author's transl)]. In the present paper a formula appropiate to stroke volume estimation in the experimental animal is presented. Based in the indicator concentration difference during the two diastoles which follows the indicator injection on the ventricle chamber, the electric conductivity through impedance recording indicates these concentration. Appropiate procedures and a calibrating scale are used in order to obtain these two concentrations. From the stroke volume which appears as changes in impedance measured between a pair of electrodes located at the apex and base of the ventricle and the data obtained through the formula, the cardiac output and ventricular volume can be calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:935561", "title": "[Dispersion pattern of saline indicator on canine left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "The cardiac output evaluation is usually realized through indicator dilution techniques and this principle was applied to ventricular volume measurements. However this approach has been criticized by several workers. Based on the recently developed association of indicator dilution method with intraventricular impedance recording to cardiac output determinations, the present investigation was designed to analize the dipersion pattern of saline solution within the ventricle. Three bipolar eletrodes were placed in different positions on the left ventricle in order to record the duration in seconds, for the saline to reach these positions. The detection of the saline was done through conductibility changes at the eletrodes ends. The results indicate a time duration smaller to the indicator dispersion than those of the diastole duration, simultaneously measured.", "contents": "[Dispersion pattern of saline indicator on canine left ventricle (author's transl)]. The cardiac output evaluation is usually realized through indicator dilution techniques and this principle was applied to ventricular volume measurements. However this approach has been criticized by several workers. Based on the recently developed association of indicator dilution method with intraventricular impedance recording to cardiac output determinations, the present investigation was designed to analize the dipersion pattern of saline solution within the ventricle. Three bipolar eletrodes were placed in different positions on the left ventricle in order to record the duration in seconds, for the saline to reach these positions. The detection of the saline was done through conductibility changes at the eletrodes ends. The results indicate a time duration smaller to the indicator dispersion than those of the diastole duration, simultaneously measured."}
{"id": "PMID:935563", "title": "[Differentiation of foetal and prepuberty leydig cell in electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "A morphometric study of intra-uterine and extra-uterine Leydig cell differentiation was carried out by the Weibel's technique which was adapted for morphometry on electronmicrography. The results obtained in rats, the animals studied in this investigation, were: a) Testis of intra-uterine life as well as those of extra-uterine life displayed Leydig cells with lipid droplets. b) The percentage of Leydig cells varied from one testis to another. c) This percentage increased at 20th day of intra-uterine life and between 60th and 90th day of extra-uterine life. d) The percentage of lipid droplets within cytoplasm of Leydig cell increased at 20th day of intra-uterine life, at 15th day of extra-uterine life and at the proximity of puberty. e) The percentages of mitochondria are at inverse ratio of percentage of lipid droplets until the 40th day of life.", "contents": "[Differentiation of foetal and prepuberty leydig cell in electron microscope (author's transl)]. A morphometric study of intra-uterine and extra-uterine Leydig cell differentiation was carried out by the Weibel's technique which was adapted for morphometry on electronmicrography. The results obtained in rats, the animals studied in this investigation, were: a) Testis of intra-uterine life as well as those of extra-uterine life displayed Leydig cells with lipid droplets. b) The percentage of Leydig cells varied from one testis to another. c) This percentage increased at 20th day of intra-uterine life and between 60th and 90th day of extra-uterine life. d) The percentage of lipid droplets within cytoplasm of Leydig cell increased at 20th day of intra-uterine life, at 15th day of extra-uterine life and at the proximity of puberty. e) The percentages of mitochondria are at inverse ratio of percentage of lipid droplets until the 40th day of life."}
{"id": "PMID:935564", "title": "[Effects of bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion on vagal activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of carotid occlusion on parasympathetic activity were studied in anesthetized dogs, submitted to beta adrenergic blockade. Modifications of the heart rate, before and after administration of atropine, were utilized for assessment of vagal changes. When vagal activity was intact there was elevation of the heart rate. After parasympathetic blockade carotid occlusion did not cause heart rate modifications. The data suggest that carotid occlusion produced vagal inhibition.", "contents": "[Effects of bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion on vagal activity (author's transl)]. The effects of carotid occlusion on parasympathetic activity were studied in anesthetized dogs, submitted to beta adrenergic blockade. Modifications of the heart rate, before and after administration of atropine, were utilized for assessment of vagal changes. When vagal activity was intact there was elevation of the heart rate. After parasympathetic blockade carotid occlusion did not cause heart rate modifications. The data suggest that carotid occlusion produced vagal inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:935562", "title": "Apgar score and blood coagulation factors.", "content": "Blood coagulation tests were performed in 93 newborn infants with different Apgar score at the 1st and 5th minutes of life. The laboratorial determinations were periodically performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours of life. The following tests were performed: bleeding time, whole blood clotting time, prothrombin time, kaolin-cephalin clotting time, thrombin time, dosage of factors I, V, VIII and X, clot retraction, platelet count, englobulin lysis time and the tourniquet test. Immediately after birth, the mean values of the blood coagulation factors were significantly different among the groups, with the exception of the whole blood clotting time and the platelet count. Those differences were due to the presence of the more depressed neonates. Although these results could indicate some degree of hepatic damage, it was apparent that an activation of the blood coagulation mechanisms took place, leading to a consumption coagulopathy. The infants who died (10) presented clinical and laboratorial data suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Necroscopic findings of microthrombosis in the liver and in the central nervous system were diagnosed in two infants.", "contents": "Apgar score and blood coagulation factors. Blood coagulation tests were performed in 93 newborn infants with different Apgar score at the 1st and 5th minutes of life. The laboratorial determinations were periodically performed at 0, 24 and 48 hours of life. The following tests were performed: bleeding time, whole blood clotting time, prothrombin time, kaolin-cephalin clotting time, thrombin time, dosage of factors I, V, VIII and X, clot retraction, platelet count, englobulin lysis time and the tourniquet test. Immediately after birth, the mean values of the blood coagulation factors were significantly different among the groups, with the exception of the whole blood clotting time and the platelet count. Those differences were due to the presence of the more depressed neonates. Although these results could indicate some degree of hepatic damage, it was apparent that an activation of the blood coagulation mechanisms took place, leading to a consumption coagulopathy. The infants who died (10) presented clinical and laboratorial data suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Necroscopic findings of microthrombosis in the liver and in the central nervous system were diagnosed in two infants."}
{"id": "PMID:935566", "title": "[Right ventricle--pulmonary artery diastolic blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors show the possibility of the establishment of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during the period of ventricular diastole, through experimental models mimetizing hemodynamic patterns described in the literature for certain cardiopathies. These models consisted of experimental hypodiastoly, associated or not with right ventricle hyposystoly. The detection of the existence or not of blood flow in the several phases of the cardiac cycle, was made recording the variations of the electrical impedance of the blood.", "contents": "[Right ventricle--pulmonary artery diastolic blood flow (author's transl)]. The authors show the possibility of the establishment of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during the period of ventricular diastole, through experimental models mimetizing hemodynamic patterns described in the literature for certain cardiopathies. These models consisted of experimental hypodiastoly, associated or not with right ventricle hyposystoly. The detection of the existence or not of blood flow in the several phases of the cardiac cycle, was made recording the variations of the electrical impedance of the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:935565", "title": "[Simplified techniques for toxoplasmosis studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Some improvements on laboratory technics for Toxoplasmosis are presented: 1--the use of serum from guinea-pigs as accessory factor (AF) on the dye-test; 2--the use of filter-paper discs for collecting and storing blood of children and small animals for the dye test; 3--conservation of Toxoplasma gondii at various media and temperatures. 1--the pool of serum from 14 guinea-pigs gave good results when diluted in 1/5 Alsever solution at the proportion of 6/10; 2--the blood from digital puncture usually could be collected on filter-paper discs of 15 mm of diameter and stored at the freezer to -23 degrees C for 3-4 weeks, protected with alumen-paper. The dilution with saline 8.5% could be made 1/2 hour before starting the procedure; 3--the Toxoplasma gondii (cysts and trophozoites) could be stored at LIT medium or saline 8.5% at refrigator a +4 degrees C for 15-22 days, with some reduction in virulence.", "contents": "[Simplified techniques for toxoplasmosis studies (author's transl)]. Some improvements on laboratory technics for Toxoplasmosis are presented: 1--the use of serum from guinea-pigs as accessory factor (AF) on the dye-test; 2--the use of filter-paper discs for collecting and storing blood of children and small animals for the dye test; 3--conservation of Toxoplasma gondii at various media and temperatures. 1--the pool of serum from 14 guinea-pigs gave good results when diluted in 1/5 Alsever solution at the proportion of 6/10; 2--the blood from digital puncture usually could be collected on filter-paper discs of 15 mm of diameter and stored at the freezer to -23 degrees C for 3-4 weeks, protected with alumen-paper. The dilution with saline 8.5% could be made 1/2 hour before starting the procedure; 3--the Toxoplasma gondii (cysts and trophozoites) could be stored at LIT medium or saline 8.5% at refrigator a +4 degrees C for 15-22 days, with some reduction in virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:935617", "title": "[Immunological and oxidase measurement of ceruloplasmin in pregnant women and newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "Ceruloplasmin measurements were made by oxidase and immunochemical methods in serum from three groups of people, normal, pregnant women and their newborns. Whatever the method ceruloplasmin showed a decrease in the newborns and an increase in pregnant women as compared with the normal controls. The three groups showed a significant correlation between both measurement. The correlation ratio between the two methods of measurement in the newborns is significantly different from the pregnant and the normal groups. It appears that ceruloplasmin in the newborns' serum has a lower oxidase activity per molecule than that from adult's serum.", "contents": "[Immunological and oxidase measurement of ceruloplasmin in pregnant women and newborn (author's transl)]. Ceruloplasmin measurements were made by oxidase and immunochemical methods in serum from three groups of people, normal, pregnant women and their newborns. Whatever the method ceruloplasmin showed a decrease in the newborns and an increase in pregnant women as compared with the normal controls. The three groups showed a significant correlation between both measurement. The correlation ratio between the two methods of measurement in the newborns is significantly different from the pregnant and the normal groups. It appears that ceruloplasmin in the newborns' serum has a lower oxidase activity per molecule than that from adult's serum."}
{"id": "PMID:935618", "title": "[Effect of somatostatin on renin secretion in the isolated perfused rat kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of tetradecapeptide somatostatin on renin secretion has been studied in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. The stimulation mediated by isoproterenol (7 X 10(-9) M), theophylline (10(-4) M) and PGE2 (10 ng/ml) was not inhibited by somatostatin (75 ng/ml).", "contents": "[Effect of somatostatin on renin secretion in the isolated perfused rat kidney (author's transl)]. The effects of tetradecapeptide somatostatin on renin secretion has been studied in the isolated perfused kidney of the rat. The stimulation mediated by isoproterenol (7 X 10(-9) M), theophylline (10(-4) M) and PGE2 (10 ng/ml) was not inhibited by somatostatin (75 ng/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:935619", "title": "[Constancy of total protein contents in various regions of the feline central nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "A striking constancy of total protein content was shown in 45 regions of the feline CNS, recognized as markedly heterogeneous. The hypophysis differed from these tissues, due perhaps to its high blood element content. Synaptosomal fractions prepared from 17 regions of the CNS did not exhibit this constancy.", "contents": "[Constancy of total protein contents in various regions of the feline central nervous system (author's transl)]. A striking constancy of total protein content was shown in 45 regions of the feline CNS, recognized as markedly heterogeneous. The hypophysis differed from these tissues, due perhaps to its high blood element content. Synaptosomal fractions prepared from 17 regions of the CNS did not exhibit this constancy."}
{"id": "PMID:935620", "title": "The serum ferroxidase system and the effect of estrogen on plasma iron.", "content": "Estrogen effects on plasma iron and ferroxidase activity in some mammals and domestic fowl are studied, to investigate a possible estrogen mechanism on iron through its action on the ferroxidase system. Although estrogen generally induces ceruloplasmin, iron mobilization, characterized by a rise in plasma iron, was evident only in rats and chickens. Gonadotrophin treatment confirmed these results. A decreasing affect on plasma iron was noted in rabbits and guinea-pigs, substantiated by some bibliographical data. Ferroxidase activity increased and a copper-dependent factor was evident in copper injected species. Iron mobilization, however, was produced only in rats and chickens. D-penicillamine treatment considerably lowered ferroxidase activity in rats and suppressed the estradiol increasing plasma iron effect. This response to the copper-chelating drug did not take place in the other species. This phenomenon could be explained by the presence of two copper-dependent ferroxidases (ferroxidase I or ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase II) in rat plasma, as recently published.", "contents": "The serum ferroxidase system and the effect of estrogen on plasma iron. Estrogen effects on plasma iron and ferroxidase activity in some mammals and domestic fowl are studied, to investigate a possible estrogen mechanism on iron through its action on the ferroxidase system. Although estrogen generally induces ceruloplasmin, iron mobilization, characterized by a rise in plasma iron, was evident only in rats and chickens. Gonadotrophin treatment confirmed these results. A decreasing affect on plasma iron was noted in rabbits and guinea-pigs, substantiated by some bibliographical data. Ferroxidase activity increased and a copper-dependent factor was evident in copper injected species. Iron mobilization, however, was produced only in rats and chickens. D-penicillamine treatment considerably lowered ferroxidase activity in rats and suppressed the estradiol increasing plasma iron effect. This response to the copper-chelating drug did not take place in the other species. This phenomenon could be explained by the presence of two copper-dependent ferroxidases (ferroxidase I or ceruloplasmin and ferroxidase II) in rat plasma, as recently published."}
{"id": "PMID:935621", "title": "[Effect of vagal denervation on the alkaline phosphatases of the jejunal mucosa of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of experiments conducted on the qualitative (histochemical) and quantitative (biochemical) determination of alkaline phosphatase present in rat yeyunum mucosa. Normal and vagal denervated animals were used. Results indicate that there are no significant enzymatical changes after vagal extirpation.", "contents": "[Effect of vagal denervation on the alkaline phosphatases of the jejunal mucosa of the rat (author's transl)]. The results of experiments conducted on the qualitative (histochemical) and quantitative (biochemical) determination of alkaline phosphatase present in rat yeyunum mucosa. Normal and vagal denervated animals were used. Results indicate that there are no significant enzymatical changes after vagal extirpation."}
{"id": "PMID:935622", "title": "Presence of urea in rat brain.", "content": "This paper reports the presence of urea in rat brain and the evidence that it does not come from blood contamination. The amount of urea is higher during the first 4 days after birth, and it decreases thereon as the brain develops. Urea concentration in brain remains constant from the age of 9 days to 1 year. A possible mechanism of brain urea formation is discussed.", "contents": "Presence of urea in rat brain. This paper reports the presence of urea in rat brain and the evidence that it does not come from blood contamination. The amount of urea is higher during the first 4 days after birth, and it decreases thereon as the brain develops. Urea concentration in brain remains constant from the age of 9 days to 1 year. A possible mechanism of brain urea formation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935623", "title": "[L-alanine: 2-ketoglutarate aminotransferase from maize embryo with complex kinetic properties for l-alanine (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of L-Alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2) has been studied in maize (Zea mays) embryo. Crude extracts were fractioned with ammoniun sulfate to obtain low activity preparations of other aminotransferases present in crude extracts. The enzyme shows normal hyperbolic saturation curves for the substrasts: Pyruvate (Km 1 mM), 2-oxoglutarate (Km 0.4 mM) and L-Glutamate (Km 0.07 mM). However, it shows complex kinetics properties for the substrate L-Alanine, giving sigmoid saturation curves for L-Alanine at low but not at high fixed 2-oxoglutarate concentrations. These last results point to a regulation of the of L-Alanine degradation, which takes place during the germination of maize. Together with L-Glutamate and L-Alanine, the enzyme only seems to use L-Serine and L-Cysteine and their cetoacids.", "contents": "[L-alanine: 2-ketoglutarate aminotransferase from maize embryo with complex kinetic properties for l-alanine (author's transl)]. The activity of L-Alanine: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.2) has been studied in maize (Zea mays) embryo. Crude extracts were fractioned with ammoniun sulfate to obtain low activity preparations of other aminotransferases present in crude extracts. The enzyme shows normal hyperbolic saturation curves for the substrasts: Pyruvate (Km 1 mM), 2-oxoglutarate (Km 0.4 mM) and L-Glutamate (Km 0.07 mM). However, it shows complex kinetics properties for the substrate L-Alanine, giving sigmoid saturation curves for L-Alanine at low but not at high fixed 2-oxoglutarate concentrations. These last results point to a regulation of the of L-Alanine degradation, which takes place during the germination of maize. Together with L-Glutamate and L-Alanine, the enzyme only seems to use L-Serine and L-Cysteine and their cetoacids."}
{"id": "PMID:935624", "title": "[Effect of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent on erythropoietin production in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) on erythropoietin production in carbon monoxide intoxicated mice were studied. The raise in plasma erythropoietin after a 4 hour intoxication with carbon monoxide was 47% less in the propranolol treated group. A decrease of 65% in the endogenous erythropoietic response after 75 minutes of carbon monoxide intoxication was found in policithemic treated mice, as against the untreated ones. The tissue oxygen tension was reduced in the propranolol treated group. No changes was found in the hemoglobin oxygen affinity.", "contents": "[Effect of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent on erythropoietin production in the mouse (author's transl)]. The effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent (propranolol) on erythropoietin production in carbon monoxide intoxicated mice were studied. The raise in plasma erythropoietin after a 4 hour intoxication with carbon monoxide was 47% less in the propranolol treated group. A decrease of 65% in the endogenous erythropoietic response after 75 minutes of carbon monoxide intoxication was found in policithemic treated mice, as against the untreated ones. The tissue oxygen tension was reduced in the propranolol treated group. No changes was found in the hemoglobin oxygen affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:935625", "title": "Protection by GABA and succinic semialdehyde of seed germination and some enzymatic activities against high concentration of hydroxylamine.", "content": "Hydroxylamine was found to stimulate germination of Lupinus albus at concentrations inferior to 10 mM and to inhibit it greatly at 20 mM concentration. This inhibition was partially restored by GABA or succinic semialdehyde. Hydroxylamine, at high concentrations, behaved as inhibitor in vivo on GABA 2-oxyglutarate amino-transferase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase NAD-dependent, whereas it behaved as activator on succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase NADP-dependent. No effects were observed on the enzymatic activities and the inhibited germination was partially restored, after GABA and succinic semialdehyde had been added to a growth medium with a 20 mM hydroxylamine concentration. A possible protection mechanism of GABA and succinic semialdehyde against hydroxylamine action is discussed.", "contents": "Protection by GABA and succinic semialdehyde of seed germination and some enzymatic activities against high concentration of hydroxylamine. Hydroxylamine was found to stimulate germination of Lupinus albus at concentrations inferior to 10 mM and to inhibit it greatly at 20 mM concentration. This inhibition was partially restored by GABA or succinic semialdehyde. Hydroxylamine, at high concentrations, behaved as inhibitor in vivo on GABA 2-oxyglutarate amino-transferase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase NAD-dependent, whereas it behaved as activator on succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase NADP-dependent. No effects were observed on the enzymatic activities and the inhibited germination was partially restored, after GABA and succinic semialdehyde had been added to a growth medium with a 20 mM hydroxylamine concentration. A possible protection mechanism of GABA and succinic semialdehyde against hydroxylamine action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935626", "title": "[Determination of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity by a radioisotopic assay (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for determining Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is presented. Trace amounts of labelled cholesterol are added to innactivated homologous substrate from a pool of normal serum. LCAT activity is determined measuring the cholesterol esterification, and is expressed as micrograms of cholesterol esters formed per milliliter plasma per hour. LCAT time-course, reproducibility, activity after serum storage at 4 degrees C, and normal values from 20 healthy subjects are studied.", "contents": "[Determination of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity by a radioisotopic assay (author's transl)]. A method for determining Lecithin: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) activity is presented. Trace amounts of labelled cholesterol are added to innactivated homologous substrate from a pool of normal serum. LCAT activity is determined measuring the cholesterol esterification, and is expressed as micrograms of cholesterol esters formed per milliliter plasma per hour. LCAT time-course, reproducibility, activity after serum storage at 4 degrees C, and normal values from 20 healthy subjects are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:935627", "title": "Effect of insulin on plasma triglyceride concentration in hepatectomized geese.", "content": "The effect of insulin on the removal of plasma triglycerides was tested in hepatectomized geese. In this preparation plasma triglyceride concentration decreases exponentially following hepatectomy. Infusion of insulin (0.001 U/kg/min. for 60 minutes) had no significant effect on the rate of disappearance of plasma triglycerides in the hepatectomized animals. The conclusion is, therefore, reached that insulin does not affect the removal of plasma triglycerides by the extrahepatic tissues in the goose.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on plasma triglyceride concentration in hepatectomized geese. The effect of insulin on the removal of plasma triglycerides was tested in hepatectomized geese. In this preparation plasma triglyceride concentration decreases exponentially following hepatectomy. Infusion of insulin (0.001 U/kg/min. for 60 minutes) had no significant effect on the rate of disappearance of plasma triglycerides in the hepatectomized animals. The conclusion is, therefore, reached that insulin does not affect the removal of plasma triglycerides by the extrahepatic tissues in the goose."}
{"id": "PMID:935631", "title": "Imipramine enhancement of pentobarbital toxicity in rats.", "content": "The toxicity of pentobarbital was examined in male Wistar rats pretreated with a non-toxic dose of imipramine (10 mg/kg, po). Pentobarbital (70 mg/kg, ip) lethality was enhanced up to 6 hr after imipramine administration, and pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, ip) sleeping time was prolonged up to 12 hr after imipramine. Physiological measurements showed that imipramine pretreatment 2 hr prior to pentobarbital (70 mg/kg, ip) enhanced barbiturate depression in mean blood pressure, oxygen consumption and respiration rate, but not in heart rate or back skin temperature. Analysis of brain radioactivity after [14C] pentobarbital indicated that these effects of imipramine were not solely the result of inhibition of liver metabolism.", "contents": "Imipramine enhancement of pentobarbital toxicity in rats. The toxicity of pentobarbital was examined in male Wistar rats pretreated with a non-toxic dose of imipramine (10 mg/kg, po). Pentobarbital (70 mg/kg, ip) lethality was enhanced up to 6 hr after imipramine administration, and pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, ip) sleeping time was prolonged up to 12 hr after imipramine. Physiological measurements showed that imipramine pretreatment 2 hr prior to pentobarbital (70 mg/kg, ip) enhanced barbiturate depression in mean blood pressure, oxygen consumption and respiration rate, but not in heart rate or back skin temperature. Analysis of brain radioactivity after [14C] pentobarbital indicated that these effects of imipramine were not solely the result of inhibition of liver metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:935632", "title": "Fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia and stimulation in the rabbit.", "content": "Fenfluramine produces dose-related hyperthermia and behavioral stimulation in rabbits following intravenous administration. Both responses were antagonized by pretreatment with cinanserin, cyproheptadine, or fluxetine. Methergoline likewise abolished the stimulatory effect of fenfluramine and produced a partial blockade of the hyperthermia. Haloperidol was ineffective as a fenfluramine antagonist. This study demonstrates that fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia and stimulation in the rabbit result from an indirect action upon serotonergic receptors.", "contents": "Fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia and stimulation in the rabbit. Fenfluramine produces dose-related hyperthermia and behavioral stimulation in rabbits following intravenous administration. Both responses were antagonized by pretreatment with cinanserin, cyproheptadine, or fluxetine. Methergoline likewise abolished the stimulatory effect of fenfluramine and produced a partial blockade of the hyperthermia. Haloperidol was ineffective as a fenfluramine antagonist. This study demonstrates that fenfluramine-induced hyperthermia and stimulation in the rabbit result from an indirect action upon serotonergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:935633", "title": "Myocardial function during hypoxia in the presence of different buffers.", "content": "Electrically driven rabbit left atria were exposed to 20 min periods of either hypoxia or anoxia in the presence of a bicarbonate-phosphate buffer, a Tris buffer [tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride] or combination of both. The bicarbonate-phosphate buffer system was shown to be important for tissue survival during hypoxia or anoxia whereas recovery was diminished in the presence of Tris only. Stimulus threshold and arrhythmias were shown to increase for atria in Tris. Oxygen consumption determinations on both spontaneously beating right atria and quiescent left atria showed no difference between pre- and post-hypoxia or between different buffers. Tris was shown to elicit a positive inotropic effect without an increase in O2 consumption.", "contents": "Myocardial function during hypoxia in the presence of different buffers. Electrically driven rabbit left atria were exposed to 20 min periods of either hypoxia or anoxia in the presence of a bicarbonate-phosphate buffer, a Tris buffer [tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride] or combination of both. The bicarbonate-phosphate buffer system was shown to be important for tissue survival during hypoxia or anoxia whereas recovery was diminished in the presence of Tris only. Stimulus threshold and arrhythmias were shown to increase for atria in Tris. Oxygen consumption determinations on both spontaneously beating right atria and quiescent left atria showed no difference between pre- and post-hypoxia or between different buffers. Tris was shown to elicit a positive inotropic effect without an increase in O2 consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:935634", "title": "Absorption and first-pass metabolism of 14C-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.", "content": "The recovery of radioactivity from plasma, urine and feces was determined in rats after administration of oral and intravenous doses (200 mg/kg) of 14C-labeled sodium gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very small portions of the radioactive dose were recovered in the urine (5.5%, oral; 7.1%, intravenous) and feces (1.5% oral; 0.6%, intravenous) collected between 0-48 hours after drug administration. Considerable levels of radioactivity were found in the plasma after oral dosing. The area under the plasma radioactivity time curve after an oral dose was found to be 65% of that observed after an equivalent intravenous dose. This value is much larger than the relative area value (8%) calculated on the basis of free gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Results of this study strongly indicate that first-pass metabolism, rather than lack of absorption, is responsible for the apparently poor oral bioavailability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.", "contents": "Absorption and first-pass metabolism of 14C-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. The recovery of radioactivity from plasma, urine and feces was determined in rats after administration of oral and intravenous doses (200 mg/kg) of 14C-labeled sodium gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very small portions of the radioactive dose were recovered in the urine (5.5%, oral; 7.1%, intravenous) and feces (1.5% oral; 0.6%, intravenous) collected between 0-48 hours after drug administration. Considerable levels of radioactivity were found in the plasma after oral dosing. The area under the plasma radioactivity time curve after an oral dose was found to be 65% of that observed after an equivalent intravenous dose. This value is much larger than the relative area value (8%) calculated on the basis of free gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Results of this study strongly indicate that first-pass metabolism, rather than lack of absorption, is responsible for the apparently poor oral bioavailability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:935635", "title": "Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) by trout liver microsomal mixed function monooxygenase.", "content": "Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) has been characterized in trout liver microsomes. Trout liver microsomes have been found to metabolize PPO into at least one NaOH extractable flourescing metabolite having a strong excitation peak at 345 nm and an emission peak at about 510 nm. As the metabolite(s) has (have) not been characterized, Vmax has not been determined, however in arbitary fluorescent units (FU) Vmax is several fold higher in the trout than in the male rat hepatic microsomes. Km is 12.7 M, being about twice as high as reported for mouse (Cantrell et al. 1975). Optimum assay conditions have been established for the metabolism of PPO by trout liver microsomes. NADPH generating system is essential and the metabolism was strongly inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, but much less markedly by SKF 525 A or metyrapone.", "contents": "Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) by trout liver microsomal mixed function monooxygenase. Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) has been characterized in trout liver microsomes. Trout liver microsomes have been found to metabolize PPO into at least one NaOH extractable flourescing metabolite having a strong excitation peak at 345 nm and an emission peak at about 510 nm. As the metabolite(s) has (have) not been characterized, Vmax has not been determined, however in arbitary fluorescent units (FU) Vmax is several fold higher in the trout than in the male rat hepatic microsomes. Km is 12.7 M, being about twice as high as reported for mouse (Cantrell et al. 1975). Optimum assay conditions have been established for the metabolism of PPO by trout liver microsomes. NADPH generating system is essential and the metabolism was strongly inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, but much less markedly by SKF 525 A or metyrapone."}
{"id": "PMID:935636", "title": "Inhalation of tobacco and marijuana in dog over a period of 30 months: effect on body weight, food intake and organ weight.", "content": "The measures of body weight and food intake in marijuana or tobacco smoking dogs and a non-smoking control group show no significant change after 27 months of inhalation; except a slowing of weight gain during 9 months, in spite of increased food consumption at 3 months. During this period, the tobacco smokers ate much less and at the 9 th month only a significant slowing in weight gain was noted. At the end of the experiment, the organ weight/total weight ratio of these 3 groupes of dogs presented no significant difference.", "contents": "Inhalation of tobacco and marijuana in dog over a period of 30 months: effect on body weight, food intake and organ weight. The measures of body weight and food intake in marijuana or tobacco smoking dogs and a non-smoking control group show no significant change after 27 months of inhalation; except a slowing of weight gain during 9 months, in spite of increased food consumption at 3 months. During this period, the tobacco smokers ate much less and at the 9 th month only a significant slowing in weight gain was noted. At the end of the experiment, the organ weight/total weight ratio of these 3 groupes of dogs presented no significant difference."}
{"id": "PMID:935637", "title": "Benzene and lead inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis: evidence for additive toxicity of these two components of commercial gasoline.", "content": "Both benzene and lead are known hematopoietic toxins. These compounds are components of commercial gasoline, and therefore pose an environmental risk. The present study demonstrates that benzene and lead individually inhibit both intact reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis in the presence or absence of iron-transferrin. When these two compounds are present in the same incubation, their effects are additive. These in vitro results suggest that further evaluation of the combined risks of benzene and lead is indicated. Furthermore, the data shows the potential for additive interaction by chemically unrelated environmental compounds.", "contents": "Benzene and lead inhibition of rabbit reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis: evidence for additive toxicity of these two components of commercial gasoline. Both benzene and lead are known hematopoietic toxins. These compounds are components of commercial gasoline, and therefore pose an environmental risk. The present study demonstrates that benzene and lead individually inhibit both intact reticulocyte heme and protein synthesis in the presence or absence of iron-transferrin. When these two compounds are present in the same incubation, their effects are additive. These in vitro results suggest that further evaluation of the combined risks of benzene and lead is indicated. Furthermore, the data shows the potential for additive interaction by chemically unrelated environmental compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:935638", "title": "Theophylline radioimmunoassay: synthesis of antigen and characterization of antiserum.", "content": "Antisera to theophylline (T) have been obtained by immunizing rabbits with a conjugate of 8-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine and bovine serum albumin. Comparison of 50% displacement values indicated good selectivity for T vs. a number of other xanthine derivatives. An analytical procedure using this antiserum can measure 200 pg of T and direct analysis of 0.1 mug/ml in plasma or 0.02 mug/ml in saliva is feasible.", "contents": "Theophylline radioimmunoassay: synthesis of antigen and characterization of antiserum. Antisera to theophylline (T) have been obtained by immunizing rabbits with a conjugate of 8-(3-carboxypropyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine and bovine serum albumin. Comparison of 50% displacement values indicated good selectivity for T vs. a number of other xanthine derivatives. An analytical procedure using this antiserum can measure 200 pg of T and direct analysis of 0.1 mug/ml in plasma or 0.02 mug/ml in saliva is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:935639", "title": "In vitro testing of surface thrombogenicity using the thrombelastograph.", "content": "Synthetic surfaces can be assessed for their ability to promote or inhibit whole blood coagulation with improved accuracy using a new protocol developed for the Thrombelastograph instrument. Results obtained from the analysis of the hydrodynamic state of blood clotting in Thrombelastograph chambers have enabled a quantitative interpretation of the output of this instrument to be made. The thrombogenic properties of a segmented polyurethane and a polydimethyl siloxane are compared with a preparation of reconstituted elastin. It is seen that a four-fold delay in clotting time is exhibited by reconstituted elastin when it is compared with other biomedical synthetic materials tested.", "contents": "In vitro testing of surface thrombogenicity using the thrombelastograph. Synthetic surfaces can be assessed for their ability to promote or inhibit whole blood coagulation with improved accuracy using a new protocol developed for the Thrombelastograph instrument. Results obtained from the analysis of the hydrodynamic state of blood clotting in Thrombelastograph chambers have enabled a quantitative interpretation of the output of this instrument to be made. The thrombogenic properties of a segmented polyurethane and a polydimethyl siloxane are compared with a preparation of reconstituted elastin. It is seen that a four-fold delay in clotting time is exhibited by reconstituted elastin when it is compared with other biomedical synthetic materials tested."}
{"id": "PMID:935640", "title": "Drug induction and experimental cholestasis.", "content": "The occlusion of bile duct reduced the microsomal cytochrome P-450 activity in the liver of rats. However, the effects of the inducer drug, phenobarbital, were not abolished.", "contents": "Drug induction and experimental cholestasis. The occlusion of bile duct reduced the microsomal cytochrome P-450 activity in the liver of rats. However, the effects of the inducer drug, phenobarbital, were not abolished."}
{"id": "PMID:935641", "title": "Studies concerning the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy: cholesterol catabolism and excretion during late pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia noted in pregnancy, cholesterol catabolism and excretion was investigated during late pregnancy in the rat. Pregnancy was associated with an increase in plasma cholesterol and a decrease in the concentration of both cholesterol and bile acids in bile (with no difference in bile flows). The appearance of injected 4-C14-cholesterol in the bile of pregnant females was less than that of virgin females with a significant decrease in the bile acid fraction. The cholic/chenodeoxycholic acid ratio of newly formed C14 bile acids in pregnant rat bile was lower than in the bile of virgin female rats. Surprisingly, cholesterol balance studies failed to reveal any difference in the fecal excretion of neutral sterols or bile acids between virgin and pregnant female rats. The hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy could be partially due to the decrease in biliary cholesterol and bile acid excretion. The lack of difference in fecal cholesterol excretion is perhaps due to the operation of compensatory absorption mechanisms in the intestine which needs further investigation.", "contents": "Studies concerning the hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy: cholesterol catabolism and excretion during late pregnancy in the rat. To investigate the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia noted in pregnancy, cholesterol catabolism and excretion was investigated during late pregnancy in the rat. Pregnancy was associated with an increase in plasma cholesterol and a decrease in the concentration of both cholesterol and bile acids in bile (with no difference in bile flows). The appearance of injected 4-C14-cholesterol in the bile of pregnant females was less than that of virgin females with a significant decrease in the bile acid fraction. The cholic/chenodeoxycholic acid ratio of newly formed C14 bile acids in pregnant rat bile was lower than in the bile of virgin female rats. Surprisingly, cholesterol balance studies failed to reveal any difference in the fecal excretion of neutral sterols or bile acids between virgin and pregnant female rats. The hypercholesterolemia of pregnancy could be partially due to the decrease in biliary cholesterol and bile acid excretion. The lack of difference in fecal cholesterol excretion is perhaps due to the operation of compensatory absorption mechanisms in the intestine which needs further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:935642", "title": "Demethylation in rats chronically treated with cocaine.", "content": "Norcocaine was prepared from cocaine utilizing diethyl azodicarboxylate. The rate of demethylation of 14C-cocaine in rats receiving either chronic or acute dosages of the drug was investigated. No significant difference in the rate of 14CO2 exhalation from the two groups was observed.", "contents": "Demethylation in rats chronically treated with cocaine. Norcocaine was prepared from cocaine utilizing diethyl azodicarboxylate. The rate of demethylation of 14C-cocaine in rats receiving either chronic or acute dosages of the drug was investigated. No significant difference in the rate of 14CO2 exhalation from the two groups was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:935643", "title": "Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on lipase in vitro.", "content": "Mefenamic acid, and to a lesser extent, flufenamic acid have a significant inhibitory effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (didodecanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Ibuprofen, fenoprofen calcium, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and alclofenac had comparatively little effect.", "contents": "Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on lipase in vitro. Mefenamic acid, and to a lesser extent, flufenamic acid have a significant inhibitory effect on lipolysis as determined by the action of mouse pancreas lipase on the dilauric (didodecanoic) acid ester of fluorescein. Ibuprofen, fenoprofen calcium, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and alclofenac had comparatively little effect."}
{"id": "PMID:935644", "title": "Cardiovascular toxicity of dihydroxytryptamines.", "content": "A comparison of the acute toxicity and a histological examination of the toxic effects in mouse of 4,7-; 5,6-; 5,7- and 6,7-dihydroxytryptamines and related compounds are present. A time and dose dependent induction of subepicardial lesions by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine is demonstrated. The development of ischemic necrosis of the vaculature of the tail following 6,7-dihydroxytryptamine is described. The toxic effects of these tryptamines are discussed with regard to the phenomena of specific neurodegeneration induced by 5,6- and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamines.", "contents": "Cardiovascular toxicity of dihydroxytryptamines. A comparison of the acute toxicity and a histological examination of the toxic effects in mouse of 4,7-; 5,6-; 5,7- and 6,7-dihydroxytryptamines and related compounds are present. A time and dose dependent induction of subepicardial lesions by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine is demonstrated. The development of ischemic necrosis of the vaculature of the tail following 6,7-dihydroxytryptamine is described. The toxic effects of these tryptamines are discussed with regard to the phenomena of specific neurodegeneration induced by 5,6- and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamines."}
{"id": "PMID:935645", "title": "Penetration of phenylacetic acid across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.", "content": "Labeled phenylacetic acid (14C-PAA) penetrates blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in cats only under a high gradient of concentration; under these conditions the administration of large doses of either PAA or probenecid decreases the plasma:CSF 14C-PAA ratio. 14C-PAA is quickly removed from the CSF and blood and is excreted into urine; this excretion is blocked by probenecid. It appears, therefore, that PAA crosses the blood-CSF barrier with difficulty and that is secreted by the kidney.", "contents": "Penetration of phenylacetic acid across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Labeled phenylacetic acid (14C-PAA) penetrates blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in cats only under a high gradient of concentration; under these conditions the administration of large doses of either PAA or probenecid decreases the plasma:CSF 14C-PAA ratio. 14C-PAA is quickly removed from the CSF and blood and is excreted into urine; this excretion is blocked by probenecid. It appears, therefore, that PAA crosses the blood-CSF barrier with difficulty and that is secreted by the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:935646", "title": "Effect of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor on the uptake and metabolism of arabinosyl adenine (Vidarabine) by intact human erythrocytes.", "content": "Tritium-labeled vidarabine was incubated with fresh citrated human blood in the absence and presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, co-vidarabine was rapidly deaminated to form ara-Hx with minimal incorporation into the erythrocytes. Ara-HxMP was identified as the major component in the erythrocytic nucleotide pool, together with small amounts of IMP, adenosine nucleotides and traces of arabinosyl nucleotides. Addition of the inhibitor completely protected vidarabine from enzymatic deamination and resulted in much greater accumulation of vidarabine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Effect of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor on the uptake and metabolism of arabinosyl adenine (Vidarabine) by intact human erythrocytes. Tritium-labeled vidarabine was incubated with fresh citrated human blood in the absence and presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, co-vidarabine was rapidly deaminated to form ara-Hx with minimal incorporation into the erythrocytes. Ara-HxMP was identified as the major component in the erythrocytic nucleotide pool, together with small amounts of IMP, adenosine nucleotides and traces of arabinosyl nucleotides. Addition of the inhibitor completely protected vidarabine from enzymatic deamination and resulted in much greater accumulation of vidarabine 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates in the erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:935647", "title": "Long-retained metabolites of delta9- and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols identified as novel fatty acid conjugates.", "content": "Long-retained metabolites of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) previously detected in the liver, spleen, fat, and bone marrow of the rat after I.V. or I.P. injections of 14C-delta8-THC or 14C-delta9-THC, have been identified as fatty acid conjugates of 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-delta8-THC. Characterization of the metabolites was facilitated by their large-scale in vitro production from 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-delta8-THC with a rat-liver microsomal enzyme system. Conjugation of long-chain fatty acids to drugs or their hydroxylated metabolites may have considerable biological significance.", "contents": "Long-retained metabolites of delta9- and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinols identified as novel fatty acid conjugates. Long-retained metabolites of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta8-THC) previously detected in the liver, spleen, fat, and bone marrow of the rat after I.V. or I.P. injections of 14C-delta8-THC or 14C-delta9-THC, have been identified as fatty acid conjugates of 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-delta8-THC. Characterization of the metabolites was facilitated by their large-scale in vitro production from 11-hydroxy-delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-delta8-THC with a rat-liver microsomal enzyme system. Conjugation of long-chain fatty acids to drugs or their hydroxylated metabolites may have considerable biological significance."}
{"id": "PMID:935648", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on uptake of calcium-45 by pregnant human and rat myometrium.", "content": "Rat and human myometria contract is response to substitution of external Na+ with Li+. This contraction was accompanied by elevation of 45Ca uptake in rat but not human uterus. The lanthanum technique failed to demonstrate elevation of cellular 45Ca in human myometrium by Li+ substitution. It also failed to demonstrate reduction of Li-elevated 45Ca uptake by isoproterenol or drugs considered to inhibit calcium influx, in rat myometrium although these drugs prevented Li-induced contraction. In human myometrium, isoproterenol increased 45Ca uptake. This probably represents increased extracellular calcium binding. Isoproterenol relaxed depolarized human myometrium provided that the external calcium had been removed for 15 minutes.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on uptake of calcium-45 by pregnant human and rat myometrium. Rat and human myometria contract is response to substitution of external Na+ with Li+. This contraction was accompanied by elevation of 45Ca uptake in rat but not human uterus. The lanthanum technique failed to demonstrate elevation of cellular 45Ca in human myometrium by Li+ substitution. It also failed to demonstrate reduction of Li-elevated 45Ca uptake by isoproterenol or drugs considered to inhibit calcium influx, in rat myometrium although these drugs prevented Li-induced contraction. In human myometrium, isoproterenol increased 45Ca uptake. This probably represents increased extracellular calcium binding. Isoproterenol relaxed depolarized human myometrium provided that the external calcium had been removed for 15 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:935649", "title": "Retardation of symptoms of dystrophy in genetically dystrophic chickens by chemotherapy.", "content": "Chickens homozygous for muscular dystrophy were treated twice-daily with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide. Development of the dystrophic state was monitored by a test of skeletal muscle weakness, and by the characteristic marked evaluation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum. The drug treatment prevented the onset of muscle weakness for 45 days ex ovo in all of the test animals, and for more than 60 days in 80% of them, in contrast to the untreated dystrophic animals. The CPK elevation in serum was also markedly reduced in the treated animals. A serotonin-mediated vascular effect or a direct action of serotonin on the muscle, is suggested to be involved in the development of muscle weakness in this form of dystrophy, and to be an appropriate target for chemotherapeutic control.", "contents": "Retardation of symptoms of dystrophy in genetically dystrophic chickens by chemotherapy. Chickens homozygous for muscular dystrophy were treated twice-daily with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide. Development of the dystrophic state was monitored by a test of skeletal muscle weakness, and by the characteristic marked evaluation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the serum. The drug treatment prevented the onset of muscle weakness for 45 days ex ovo in all of the test animals, and for more than 60 days in 80% of them, in contrast to the untreated dystrophic animals. The CPK elevation in serum was also markedly reduced in the treated animals. A serotonin-mediated vascular effect or a direct action of serotonin on the muscle, is suggested to be involved in the development of muscle weakness in this form of dystrophy, and to be an appropriate target for chemotherapeutic control."}
{"id": "PMID:935650", "title": "CC14 administration to strain A/J mice or rats and the arachidonic acid content of their liver microsomal prospholipids.", "content": "CC14 administration of Sprague-Dawley male rats causes a significant decrease in the arachidonic acid content of their liver microsomal phospholipids. On the contrary, its administration to strain A/J male mice does not modify the concentration during periods of intoxication up to 24 hr. Since this strain of mice is more susceptible to CC14-induced injury than the rat, results indicate that lipid peroxidation can not be the key event in damage induced by this haloalkane.", "contents": "CC14 administration to strain A/J mice or rats and the arachidonic acid content of their liver microsomal prospholipids. CC14 administration of Sprague-Dawley male rats causes a significant decrease in the arachidonic acid content of their liver microsomal phospholipids. On the contrary, its administration to strain A/J male mice does not modify the concentration during periods of intoxication up to 24 hr. Since this strain of mice is more susceptible to CC14-induced injury than the rat, results indicate that lipid peroxidation can not be the key event in damage induced by this haloalkane."}
{"id": "PMID:935651", "title": "Tolerance development to cadmium-induced alteration of drug action.", "content": "Cadmium administration potentiates the duration of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis and inhibits the rate of hepatic microsomal metabolism of this drug in the male rat. The threshold dose of cadmium required to produce these alterations in drug action is 0.84 mg Ck/kg. If subthreshold doses of cadmium (0.21 or 0.42 mg Cd/kg) are administered prior to the 0.84 mg Cd/kg dose, the cadmium-induced alterations in drug action are no longer observed.", "contents": "Tolerance development to cadmium-induced alteration of drug action. Cadmium administration potentiates the duration of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis and inhibits the rate of hepatic microsomal metabolism of this drug in the male rat. The threshold dose of cadmium required to produce these alterations in drug action is 0.84 mg Ck/kg. If subthreshold doses of cadmium (0.21 or 0.42 mg Cd/kg) are administered prior to the 0.84 mg Cd/kg dose, the cadmium-induced alterations in drug action are no longer observed."}
{"id": "PMID:935652", "title": "Effects of chronic administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the heart rate of mongrel dogs.", "content": "Chronic administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) 1 mg/kg, s.c. twice a day for 7 days failed to produce any significant alterations in the peripheral autonomic transmission to the heart of mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Prior to anesthesia, heart rate of the treated dogs was slightly greater than that of the placebo group. However, under pentobarbital anesthesia, heart rate of the delta9-THC treated animals was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. The data suggested that chronic delta9-THC may have an inhibitory effect on the central vagal structures and in addition, this agent antagonizes the ability of pentobarbital to elevate heart rate in dogs.", "contents": "Effects of chronic administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the heart rate of mongrel dogs. Chronic administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) 1 mg/kg, s.c. twice a day for 7 days failed to produce any significant alterations in the peripheral autonomic transmission to the heart of mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Prior to anesthesia, heart rate of the treated dogs was slightly greater than that of the placebo group. However, under pentobarbital anesthesia, heart rate of the delta9-THC treated animals was significantly lower than that of the placebo group. The data suggested that chronic delta9-THC may have an inhibitory effect on the central vagal structures and in addition, this agent antagonizes the ability of pentobarbital to elevate heart rate in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:935653", "title": "The importance of angiotensin II formation in the CNS in angiostensin I - elicited thirst.", "content": "The drinking response produced by direct injection of angiotensin I and II into the brain of the rat, was studied, using the angiotensin blocking agents SQ-20,881 (SQ) and P-113 (Saralasin). SQ inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, preventing formation of angiotensin II, while P-113 is an analogue and competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. SQ blocked central angiotensin I drinking, but only when the enzyme inhibitor was injected into the ventricle. Angiotensin II induced thirst was not blocked by SQ. P-113 inhibited angiotensin I and II drinking responses in both the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the lateral ventricle. These data indicate that conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is important in angiotensin-induced drinking, although an independent action of angiotensin I on drinking can not be ruled out at this time.", "contents": "The importance of angiotensin II formation in the CNS in angiostensin I - elicited thirst. The drinking response produced by direct injection of angiotensin I and II into the brain of the rat, was studied, using the angiotensin blocking agents SQ-20,881 (SQ) and P-113 (Saralasin). SQ inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme, preventing formation of angiotensin II, while P-113 is an analogue and competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. SQ blocked central angiotensin I drinking, but only when the enzyme inhibitor was injected into the ventricle. Angiotensin II induced thirst was not blocked by SQ. P-113 inhibited angiotensin I and II drinking responses in both the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the lateral ventricle. These data indicate that conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is important in angiotensin-induced drinking, although an independent action of angiotensin I on drinking can not be ruled out at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:935654", "title": "Disenecioyl dehydroretronecine--synthesis and acute hepatic toxicity of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid pyrrole analog.", "content": "Disenecioyl dehydroretronecine (DSDR), a semi-synthetic analog of the highly reactive pyrrole metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has been synthesized from disenecioyl retronecine. Rats which received 40 mg DSDR/kg body weight via the mesenteric vein showed multiple depressed areas (less than 2 mm in diameter) on the surface of the median lobe of the liver. Microscopically these areas consisted of hepatic venous occlusion, necrosis, and proliferation of fibroblasts and bile ducts in and around the portal triad. These hepatic lesions were similar to those produced by dehydroretrorcine.", "contents": "Disenecioyl dehydroretronecine--synthesis and acute hepatic toxicity of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid pyrrole analog. Disenecioyl dehydroretronecine (DSDR), a semi-synthetic analog of the highly reactive pyrrole metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has been synthesized from disenecioyl retronecine. Rats which received 40 mg DSDR/kg body weight via the mesenteric vein showed multiple depressed areas (less than 2 mm in diameter) on the surface of the median lobe of the liver. Microscopically these areas consisted of hepatic venous occlusion, necrosis, and proliferation of fibroblasts and bile ducts in and around the portal triad. These hepatic lesions were similar to those produced by dehydroretrorcine."}
{"id": "PMID:935655", "title": "The distribution of halofenate in plasma: a comparative analysis using Scatchard vs. stepwise association constants.", "content": "The distribution of Halofenate between the free and albumin bound forms was calculated by the use of two computer programs using both Scatchard association constants for a 3,3,7 model, and six stepwise equilbrium constants over a range of drug concentrations reported in man. The calculations, using either set of constants, showed that only 0.3 to 0.5% of the drug would be free. Using Scatchard association constants, it was estimated that 92 to 95% of the drug would be bound by the high affinity set of sites, and lesser amounts by sites of lesser affinity. A more complex pattern of distribution was obtained with the stepwise equilibrium constants. At low concentrations of Halofenate the complex with one mole of drug/mole of protein was most abundant and at the highest concentration studied the complex with two moles of drug/mole of protein was most abundant.", "contents": "The distribution of halofenate in plasma: a comparative analysis using Scatchard vs. stepwise association constants. The distribution of Halofenate between the free and albumin bound forms was calculated by the use of two computer programs using both Scatchard association constants for a 3,3,7 model, and six stepwise equilbrium constants over a range of drug concentrations reported in man. The calculations, using either set of constants, showed that only 0.3 to 0.5% of the drug would be free. Using Scatchard association constants, it was estimated that 92 to 95% of the drug would be bound by the high affinity set of sites, and lesser amounts by sites of lesser affinity. A more complex pattern of distribution was obtained with the stepwise equilibrium constants. At low concentrations of Halofenate the complex with one mole of drug/mole of protein was most abundant and at the highest concentration studied the complex with two moles of drug/mole of protein was most abundant."}
{"id": "PMID:935656", "title": "Specificity of the digoxin radioimmunoassay with respect to dihydrodigoxin.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to determine the specificity of the digoxin antibody provided in a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit with respect to dihydrodigoxin. Over the concentration range of 0.5 to 8.0 ng./ml. dihydrodigoxin displaced the 125I digoxin derivative from the antibody to a degree that could be significant at clinically observed serum and urine digoxin concentrations.", "contents": "Specificity of the digoxin radioimmunoassay with respect to dihydrodigoxin. An investigation was conducted to determine the specificity of the digoxin antibody provided in a commercially available radioimmunoassay kit with respect to dihydrodigoxin. Over the concentration range of 0.5 to 8.0 ng./ml. dihydrodigoxin displaced the 125I digoxin derivative from the antibody to a degree that could be significant at clinically observed serum and urine digoxin concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:935657", "title": "Determination of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil levels in plasma and urine.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method was developed for ftorafur (Ft) detection in plasma and urine with a sensitivity of 1 mug/ml. Specific determination of its metabolite 5-fluorouracil (FU) with a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml was achieved by column chromatographic separation from Ft and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of bis-silyl-FU in the selected ion mode (GC-MS-SIM) using bis-15N-FU as internal standard. Intravenous injections of 2-14C-Ft and 2',5'-14C-Ft were given to rats and rabbits respectively, and plasma and urine were analyzed for Ft, and 14C activity. Unchanged Ft accounted for most of the 14C activity in plasma, while FU concentrations were below 0.15% and 0.4% relative to Ft concentrations in the rabbit and the rat, respectively. 30-60% of the urinary 14C activity was unchanged Ft and less than 0.2% FU. The significance or low FU levels is discussed in view of the hypothesis that Ft acts as a transport form of its metabolite FU.", "contents": "Determination of ftorafur and 5-fluorouracil levels in plasma and urine. A gas chromatographic method was developed for ftorafur (Ft) detection in plasma and urine with a sensitivity of 1 mug/ml. Specific determination of its metabolite 5-fluorouracil (FU) with a sensitivity of 1 ng/ml was achieved by column chromatographic separation from Ft and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of bis-silyl-FU in the selected ion mode (GC-MS-SIM) using bis-15N-FU as internal standard. Intravenous injections of 2-14C-Ft and 2',5'-14C-Ft were given to rats and rabbits respectively, and plasma and urine were analyzed for Ft, and 14C activity. Unchanged Ft accounted for most of the 14C activity in plasma, while FU concentrations were below 0.15% and 0.4% relative to Ft concentrations in the rabbit and the rat, respectively. 30-60% of the urinary 14C activity was unchanged Ft and less than 0.2% FU. The significance or low FU levels is discussed in view of the hypothesis that Ft acts as a transport form of its metabolite FU."}
{"id": "PMID:935658", "title": "Experimental infection of poultry with Salmonella infantis.", "content": "Six-month-old cockerels and point-of-lay pullets were infected orally with S infantis (1 X 10(10). The cockerels were slaughtered at intervals up to 42 days, and the pullets slaughtered 20 weeks, after infection. Infection produced no clinical disease and minimal changes were observed at autopsy. Serological responses were transient, frequently absent three to six weeks after infection, no response at all being recorded in some birds. Faecal excretion was observed most frequently during the early stages of infection. There was no evidence of egg transmission.", "contents": "Experimental infection of poultry with Salmonella infantis. Six-month-old cockerels and point-of-lay pullets were infected orally with S infantis (1 X 10(10). The cockerels were slaughtered at intervals up to 42 days, and the pullets slaughtered 20 weeks, after infection. Infection produced no clinical disease and minimal changes were observed at autopsy. Serological responses were transient, frequently absent three to six weeks after infection, no response at all being recorded in some birds. Faecal excretion was observed most frequently during the early stages of infection. There was no evidence of egg transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:935659", "title": "The presence of erythritol in the fetal fluids of fallow deer (Dama dama).", "content": "Gas liquid chromatography has been used to compare the levels of erythritol in fetal fluids from fallow deer with those in fetal fluids from cows and small laboratory animals. The relationship between the relatively high levels of erythritol found in allantoic and amniotic fluid from fallow deer and the possible susceptibility of this species to brucellosis is discussed. An interesting accessory finding was the high concentration of calcium phosphate in the allantoic fluid from these deer.", "contents": "The presence of erythritol in the fetal fluids of fallow deer (Dama dama). Gas liquid chromatography has been used to compare the levels of erythritol in fetal fluids from fallow deer with those in fetal fluids from cows and small laboratory animals. The relationship between the relatively high levels of erythritol found in allantoic and amniotic fluid from fallow deer and the possible susceptibility of this species to brucellosis is discussed. An interesting accessory finding was the high concentration of calcium phosphate in the allantoic fluid from these deer."}
{"id": "PMID:935660", "title": "Role of pentose-phosphate pathway in haemolytic crisis of chronic copper toxicity of sheep.", "content": "Although the rise in blood copper is associated with onset of the acute haemolytic crisis of chronic copper poisoning in sheep, the sudden fall in erythrocyte glutathione is apparently not due to a direct action of the copper. Moreover the reduced glutathione of the red cells is converted to some form that is not capable of regeneration by the pentose-phosphate mechanism. Only negligible inhibition of the pentose-phosphate enzymes occurs. As the haemolysis proceeds, there is a rapid recovery of erythrocyte glutathione levels, and a marked increase in pentose-phosphate enzyme activity, consistent with influx of young red cells. It seems that the release of copper into blood from liver at the haemolytic crisis is associated with an increase of the oxidative state of the blood, possibly by simultaneous release of other components from the liver.", "contents": "Role of pentose-phosphate pathway in haemolytic crisis of chronic copper toxicity of sheep. Although the rise in blood copper is associated with onset of the acute haemolytic crisis of chronic copper poisoning in sheep, the sudden fall in erythrocyte glutathione is apparently not due to a direct action of the copper. Moreover the reduced glutathione of the red cells is converted to some form that is not capable of regeneration by the pentose-phosphate mechanism. Only negligible inhibition of the pentose-phosphate enzymes occurs. As the haemolysis proceeds, there is a rapid recovery of erythrocyte glutathione levels, and a marked increase in pentose-phosphate enzyme activity, consistent with influx of young red cells. It seems that the release of copper into blood from liver at the haemolytic crisis is associated with an increase of the oxidative state of the blood, possibly by simultaneous release of other components from the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:935661", "title": "Pathogenicity of certain Mycoplasma species in the bovine mammary gland.", "content": "Strains of three of the species of mycoplasmas isolated from pneumonic calf lungs, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma laidlawii, were inoculated into the bovine mammary gland. Pathogenicity of the species was monitored by counting the inflammatory cells and mycoplasmas in milk. Six of the seven M dispar strains produced clinical mastitis, but the seventh strain, Vic12, was apparently avirulent. The four strains of M bovirhinis caused subclinical mastitis. None of the four strains of A laidlawii multiplied and they produced only a transient cell response in the milk.", "contents": "Pathogenicity of certain Mycoplasma species in the bovine mammary gland. Strains of three of the species of mycoplasmas isolated from pneumonic calf lungs, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovirhinis and Acholeplasma laidlawii, were inoculated into the bovine mammary gland. Pathogenicity of the species was monitored by counting the inflammatory cells and mycoplasmas in milk. Six of the seven M dispar strains produced clinical mastitis, but the seventh strain, Vic12, was apparently avirulent. The four strains of M bovirhinis caused subclinical mastitis. None of the four strains of A laidlawii multiplied and they produced only a transient cell response in the milk."}
{"id": "PMID:935662", "title": "Neuropathological changes associated with the neonatal maladjustment syndrome in the thoroughbred foal.", "content": "A neuropathological investigation was carried out on the brains of 18 foals suffering from the neonatal maladjustment syndrome and results were compared with those obtained from the brains of nine foals dying from other causes. Necrosis of the cerebral cortex of an ischaemic nature was found in nine of the neonatal maladjustment foals, frequently accompanied by local haemorrhage. In three of this group of foals there was also necrosis in the diencephalon and brain stem. In the brains of the nine other affected foals there was haemorrhage in the cerebrum and sometimes in the brain stem and cerebellum; in four animals there was also brain swelling or oedema. In the control gorup, significant haemorrhage in the brain was the only finding in two foals, one premature and one stillborn apart from minimal ischaemic damage in the latter. The nature of the CNS damage in the neonatal maladjustment syndrome is considered in the light of recent experimental evidence. Although the cause is unknown it may be related to circulatory disturbances induced in the foal at the time of birth.", "contents": "Neuropathological changes associated with the neonatal maladjustment syndrome in the thoroughbred foal. A neuropathological investigation was carried out on the brains of 18 foals suffering from the neonatal maladjustment syndrome and results were compared with those obtained from the brains of nine foals dying from other causes. Necrosis of the cerebral cortex of an ischaemic nature was found in nine of the neonatal maladjustment foals, frequently accompanied by local haemorrhage. In three of this group of foals there was also necrosis in the diencephalon and brain stem. In the brains of the nine other affected foals there was haemorrhage in the cerebrum and sometimes in the brain stem and cerebellum; in four animals there was also brain swelling or oedema. In the control gorup, significant haemorrhage in the brain was the only finding in two foals, one premature and one stillborn apart from minimal ischaemic damage in the latter. The nature of the CNS damage in the neonatal maladjustment syndrome is considered in the light of recent experimental evidence. Although the cause is unknown it may be related to circulatory disturbances induced in the foal at the time of birth."}
{"id": "PMID:935663", "title": "Biological and ecological investigations on thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus of bovine udder origin.", "content": "Thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus (D strains) were compared with their homologous normal-colony variants and with normal S aureus. The majority of D strains tested in vitro exhibited biological features typical of S aureus. D strains, however, produced lower titres of alpha-haemolysin and this toxin was also produced by a smaller proportion of these strains. D strains and S aureus strains were equally susceptible to disinfectants used in dairy farming and were isolated with similar frequency from the skin of the udders of infected cows. Attempts at inducing and selecting D strains from normal S aureus by exposing the latter to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo have so far failed.", "contents": "Biological and ecological investigations on thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus of bovine udder origin. Thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus (D strains) were compared with their homologous normal-colony variants and with normal S aureus. The majority of D strains tested in vitro exhibited biological features typical of S aureus. D strains, however, produced lower titres of alpha-haemolysin and this toxin was also produced by a smaller proportion of these strains. D strains and S aureus strains were equally susceptible to disinfectants used in dairy farming and were isolated with similar frequency from the skin of the udders of infected cows. Attempts at inducing and selecting D strains from normal S aureus by exposing the latter to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo have so far failed."}
{"id": "PMID:935664", "title": "Studies on the pathogenicity of thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the bovine udder.", "content": "The pathogenic characteristics of thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus (D strains) were compared with those of normal S aureus isolated from the bovine udder. Intravenous injection of D strains into embryonated hen's eggs and intracranial inoculations into mice produced similar results to those with normal S aureus. Intramammary infusion of D strains into normal cows resulted in mastitis which was indistinguishable from the type produced by infusion of S aureus. Intramuscular injection of thiamine HCl into cows with chronic mastitis due to D strains did not alter the course of the disease, although normal sized S aureus colonies were isolated several days after thiamine injection.", "contents": "Studies on the pathogenicity of thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the bovine udder. The pathogenic characteristics of thiamineless dwarf-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus (D strains) were compared with those of normal S aureus isolated from the bovine udder. Intravenous injection of D strains into embryonated hen's eggs and intracranial inoculations into mice produced similar results to those with normal S aureus. Intramammary infusion of D strains into normal cows resulted in mastitis which was indistinguishable from the type produced by infusion of S aureus. Intramuscular injection of thiamine HCl into cows with chronic mastitis due to D strains did not alter the course of the disease, although normal sized S aureus colonies were isolated several days after thiamine injection."}
{"id": "PMID:935665", "title": "Aspects of body fluid dynam1cs of neonatal calf diarrhoea.", "content": "The results of balance studies upon 26 calves, most of which were diarrhoeic and some of which died, demonstrated that: (a) milk intake helped to maintain plasma volume but calves still died: (b) changes in haematocrit were related to milk intake but not to faecal output; (c) the kidney tended to compensate for excess faecal water output. but this function was dependent on the maintenance of adequate plasma volume and therefore on milk intake.", "contents": "Aspects of body fluid dynam1cs of neonatal calf diarrhoea. The results of balance studies upon 26 calves, most of which were diarrhoeic and some of which died, demonstrated that: (a) milk intake helped to maintain plasma volume but calves still died: (b) changes in haematocrit were related to milk intake but not to faecal output; (c) the kidney tended to compensate for excess faecal water output. but this function was dependent on the maintenance of adequate plasma volume and therefore on milk intake."}
{"id": "PMID:935666", "title": "Changes in the width of epithelial cells in the healing excised cutaneous wound.", "content": "An account is given of the changes which take place in the width of epithelial cells over and around healing full-thickness excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog. Cellular hypertrophy extended for a distance of 4 mm into the surrounding epidermis. The widest basal cells occurred at the wound edge and close to the tip of the migrating epithelial sheet; thus they were found in regions where the rate of mitotic division was greatest. The width of the hypertrophic basal cells was 210 to 240 per cent greater than that of the normal basal cell. The maximum width of the spinosal cells was 17-9 mum which was 15 to 20 per cent wider than the underlying basal cells. The relatively large area covered by the enlarged migrating spinosal cells increased the rate at which the wound surface was covered with epithelium.", "contents": "Changes in the width of epithelial cells in the healing excised cutaneous wound. An account is given of the changes which take place in the width of epithelial cells over and around healing full-thickness excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog. Cellular hypertrophy extended for a distance of 4 mm into the surrounding epidermis. The widest basal cells occurred at the wound edge and close to the tip of the migrating epithelial sheet; thus they were found in regions where the rate of mitotic division was greatest. The width of the hypertrophic basal cells was 210 to 240 per cent greater than that of the normal basal cell. The maximum width of the spinosal cells was 17-9 mum which was 15 to 20 per cent wider than the underlying basal cells. The relatively large area covered by the enlarged migrating spinosal cells increased the rate at which the wound surface was covered with epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:935667", "title": "Some in vivo and in vitro properties of various fractions of Pimelea trichostachya.", "content": "Various fractions of alcoholic extract of Pimelea trichostachya were prepared and three of these were compared in terms of (a) ability to produce sustained contraction of spiral muscle of bovine pulmonary vein in vitro, (b) LD50 values in mice by intraperitoneal injection and (c) acute toxicity by intravenous injection into calves. Good agreement was observed between activity of the fractions in all three systems, thus providing further evidence for the role of pulmonary venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of at least part of the syndrome of Pimelea poisoning in the bovine. The most toxic of the fractions was shown by chronic intoxication of a calf to be capable of producing most of the features of the natural disease.", "contents": "Some in vivo and in vitro properties of various fractions of Pimelea trichostachya. Various fractions of alcoholic extract of Pimelea trichostachya were prepared and three of these were compared in terms of (a) ability to produce sustained contraction of spiral muscle of bovine pulmonary vein in vitro, (b) LD50 values in mice by intraperitoneal injection and (c) acute toxicity by intravenous injection into calves. Good agreement was observed between activity of the fractions in all three systems, thus providing further evidence for the role of pulmonary venous hypertension in the pathogenesis of at least part of the syndrome of Pimelea poisoning in the bovine. The most toxic of the fractions was shown by chronic intoxication of a calf to be capable of producing most of the features of the natural disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935668", "title": "The applied pharmacology of azaperone in ponies.", "content": "The butyrophenone tranquilliser, azaperone, was administered intramuscularly to ponies in five series of experiments, using a dose level of 0-4 mg/kg once and 0-8 mg/kg four times. An excellent or good sedative effect was usually obtained with both dose levels, but the response was more consistent with the higher dose. The onset of sedation was apparent within 10 min of administration, the maximal effect usually occurring between 20 and 60 min while sedation was no longer apparent after 2 to 6 h. Body temperature was reduced in all animals for at least 2 h and respiratory rate was increased in some ponies but not in others. A mild tachycardia occurred in the first hour after administering azaperone (0-8 mg/kg) and arterial blood pressure was reduced for at least 4 h. The hypothesis that azaperone reduced blood pressure by blocking alpha-adrenoceptors, thereby decreasing vasomotor tone, was tested by measuring the ability of azaperone (0-8 mg/kg) to antagonise the action of standard intravenous doses of adrenaline (1-5 mug/kg) on blood pressure, Azaperone partially antagonised the pressor action of adrenaline and in comparative studies the phenothiazine tranquilliser, acepromazine (0-1 mg/kg), also exerted a similar blocking effect.", "contents": "The applied pharmacology of azaperone in ponies. The butyrophenone tranquilliser, azaperone, was administered intramuscularly to ponies in five series of experiments, using a dose level of 0-4 mg/kg once and 0-8 mg/kg four times. An excellent or good sedative effect was usually obtained with both dose levels, but the response was more consistent with the higher dose. The onset of sedation was apparent within 10 min of administration, the maximal effect usually occurring between 20 and 60 min while sedation was no longer apparent after 2 to 6 h. Body temperature was reduced in all animals for at least 2 h and respiratory rate was increased in some ponies but not in others. A mild tachycardia occurred in the first hour after administering azaperone (0-8 mg/kg) and arterial blood pressure was reduced for at least 4 h. The hypothesis that azaperone reduced blood pressure by blocking alpha-adrenoceptors, thereby decreasing vasomotor tone, was tested by measuring the ability of azaperone (0-8 mg/kg) to antagonise the action of standard intravenous doses of adrenaline (1-5 mug/kg) on blood pressure, Azaperone partially antagonised the pressor action of adrenaline and in comparative studies the phenothiazine tranquilliser, acepromazine (0-1 mg/kg), also exerted a similar blocking effect."}
{"id": "PMID:935669", "title": "The pathogenesis of anaemia in Theileria annulata infection.", "content": "Calves infected by a field strain of Theileria annulata developed severe anaemia, which was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the appearance of free serum autohaemagglutinin antibodies. Animals infected with an agamogenous strain (lacking erythrocytic forms) also became anaemic. Anisocytosis appeared in all infected animals but regenerative anaemic lesions were observed only in those which survived the infection. In this group of animals anaemia was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the development of free serum auto-haemagglutinin. In calves premune to theileriosis splenectomy resulted in a recrudescence of erythrocytic forms but no fever. Only mild anaemia and bilirubinaemia occurred in this group of animals in spite of the high level of parasitism. Tests failed to show any production of free serum auto-haemagglutinin. It is postulated that, in T annulata infection, erythrocytic forms as well as schizonts contribute to the anaemia although the role played by schizonts is greater. The involvement of an auto-immune reaction is proposed.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of anaemia in Theileria annulata infection. Calves infected by a field strain of Theileria annulata developed severe anaemia, which was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the appearance of free serum autohaemagglutinin antibodies. Animals infected with an agamogenous strain (lacking erythrocytic forms) also became anaemic. Anisocytosis appeared in all infected animals but regenerative anaemic lesions were observed only in those which survived the infection. In this group of animals anaemia was accompanied by bilirubinaemia and the development of free serum auto-haemagglutinin. In calves premune to theileriosis splenectomy resulted in a recrudescence of erythrocytic forms but no fever. Only mild anaemia and bilirubinaemia occurred in this group of animals in spite of the high level of parasitism. Tests failed to show any production of free serum auto-haemagglutinin. It is postulated that, in T annulata infection, erythrocytic forms as well as schizonts contribute to the anaemia although the role played by schizonts is greater. The involvement of an auto-immune reaction is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:935670", "title": "Pathogenicity studies in poultry with an undefined serotype of Mycoplasma.", "content": "Pathogenicity trials in poultry are reported with an isolate of mycoplasma, designated 'W8', which is serologically unrelated to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae or M meleagridis. W8 killed fowl and turkey embryos when injected into the yold sacs of embryonating eggs. Infection of one-day-old fowls, turkeys and pheasants by the air sac route caused marked growth depression and a high incidence of osteomyelitis of the vertebral column in all species. A large proportion of infected turkeys and a smaller proportion of infected pheasants also developed chondrodystrophic changes of the long bones similar to those of turkey syndrome '65. Infection did not cause mortality or macroscopic air sacculitis. No obvious pathological changes occurred in fowls following W8 infection by the air sac route at two weeks of age and only minimal changes when infection was given at one week. Infection did not appear to spread to in-contact controls. W8 was recovered most frequently and in greatest profusion from the air sacs, tracheas, kidneys and vertebral columns of fowls and turkeys following air sac infection at one day of age.", "contents": "Pathogenicity studies in poultry with an undefined serotype of Mycoplasma. Pathogenicity trials in poultry are reported with an isolate of mycoplasma, designated 'W8', which is serologically unrelated to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M synoviae or M meleagridis. W8 killed fowl and turkey embryos when injected into the yold sacs of embryonating eggs. Infection of one-day-old fowls, turkeys and pheasants by the air sac route caused marked growth depression and a high incidence of osteomyelitis of the vertebral column in all species. A large proportion of infected turkeys and a smaller proportion of infected pheasants also developed chondrodystrophic changes of the long bones similar to those of turkey syndrome '65. Infection did not cause mortality or macroscopic air sacculitis. No obvious pathological changes occurred in fowls following W8 infection by the air sac route at two weeks of age and only minimal changes when infection was given at one week. Infection did not appear to spread to in-contact controls. W8 was recovered most frequently and in greatest profusion from the air sacs, tracheas, kidneys and vertebral columns of fowls and turkeys following air sac infection at one day of age."}
{"id": "PMID:935671", "title": "An in vitro study of the relative importance of bile and carbon dioxide in the activation of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae.", "content": "The relative importance of bile and atmospheric stimuli in activating metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica prior to excystment has been studied by omitting each in turn from the in vitro excystment medium, and by separating each from the period of incubation at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that bile is less important than carbon dioxide in triggering excystment, and may serve only to increase the permeability of the cyst wall to carbon dioxide. It is speculated that activation involves initiation of carbon dioxide fixation and anaerobic metabolism due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide and low redox potential prevalent in the gut.", "contents": "An in vitro study of the relative importance of bile and carbon dioxide in the activation of Fasciola gigantica metacercariae. The relative importance of bile and atmospheric stimuli in activating metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica prior to excystment has been studied by omitting each in turn from the in vitro excystment medium, and by separating each from the period of incubation at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that bile is less important than carbon dioxide in triggering excystment, and may serve only to increase the permeability of the cyst wall to carbon dioxide. It is speculated that activation involves initiation of carbon dioxide fixation and anaerobic metabolism due to the high concentration of carbon dioxide and low redox potential prevalent in the gut."}
{"id": "PMID:935672", "title": "Changes in the concentrations of urea, glucose and some mineral elements in the plasma of the ewe during induced parturition.", "content": "Four Finnish Landrace X Dorset Horn ewes were each given an intramuscular injection of 15 mg of dexamethazone on day 142 of gestation. Four ewes with the same fetal numbers were used as controls. Administration of the corticosteroid reduced the mean gestation length from 146-5 to 143-3 days and had no effect on the pre-lambing concentrations of Na, Cl, Ca P and Mg in the maternal plasma or on blood pH. There was a slight but significant (P less than 0-05) decrease in plasma K before lambing in the treated ewes. Plasma urea and glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment. There was a significant increase in the plasma concentration of glucose in both groups of ewes immediately after parturition.", "contents": "Changes in the concentrations of urea, glucose and some mineral elements in the plasma of the ewe during induced parturition. Four Finnish Landrace X Dorset Horn ewes were each given an intramuscular injection of 15 mg of dexamethazone on day 142 of gestation. Four ewes with the same fetal numbers were used as controls. Administration of the corticosteroid reduced the mean gestation length from 146-5 to 143-3 days and had no effect on the pre-lambing concentrations of Na, Cl, Ca P and Mg in the maternal plasma or on blood pH. There was a slight but significant (P less than 0-05) decrease in plasma K before lambing in the treated ewes. Plasma urea and glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment. There was a significant increase in the plasma concentration of glucose in both groups of ewes immediately after parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:935673", "title": "Age resistance of cattle to the nodular worm Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "content": "Two groups of seven castrated male calves, aged three and 13 months respectively, which had been reared worm-free, were infected with 5000 larvae of Oesophagostomun radiatum. At autopsy six weeks later a mean of 403 +/- 398 adult worms were recovered from the older animals and a mean of 1174 +/- 484 from the younger. This significant difference (P less than 0-01) indicates that the resistance of cattle to initial infection with O radiatum increases with age.", "contents": "Age resistance of cattle to the nodular worm Oesophagostomum radiatum. Two groups of seven castrated male calves, aged three and 13 months respectively, which had been reared worm-free, were infected with 5000 larvae of Oesophagostomun radiatum. At autopsy six weeks later a mean of 403 +/- 398 adult worms were recovered from the older animals and a mean of 1174 +/- 484 from the younger. This significant difference (P less than 0-01) indicates that the resistance of cattle to initial infection with O radiatum increases with age."}
{"id": "PMID:935674", "title": "[He washout from obstructed lung segments by collateral ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "The time of He washout from totally obstructed segments in the intact dog lung is about twice that of non-obstructed segments. Within one breath the He is transferred from obstructed to non-obstructed to non-obstructed segments in relative great quantities, indicating that the transport of the gas occurs by collateral ventilation and not by diffusion. This is in good agreement with calculations about the He transfer through the alveolar wall by diffusion or by flow through the alveolar pores. It can be assumed that the transfer by collateral ventilation in obstructed segments is about 10(4) times greater than by diffusion through collateral channels.", "contents": "[He washout from obstructed lung segments by collateral ventilation (author's transl)]. The time of He washout from totally obstructed segments in the intact dog lung is about twice that of non-obstructed segments. Within one breath the He is transferred from obstructed to non-obstructed to non-obstructed segments in relative great quantities, indicating that the transport of the gas occurs by collateral ventilation and not by diffusion. This is in good agreement with calculations about the He transfer through the alveolar wall by diffusion or by flow through the alveolar pores. It can be assumed that the transfer by collateral ventilation in obstructed segments is about 10(4) times greater than by diffusion through collateral channels."}
{"id": "PMID:935675", "title": "Pulmonary arterial wedge and left atrial pressures and the site of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "The pulmonary vascular response to breathing 5% oxygen in nitrogen was studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated dogs. The pulmonary arterial (Pa), pulmonary arterial wedge (PW), left atrial (LAP) pressures and pulmonary blood flow (Q) were monitored. The pulmonary arterial catheter was wedged at the mid-lung level. At 10 min of hypoxia, Pa-PW pressure gradient increased while the PW-LAP gradient did not change significantly. The PW and LAP were significantly correlated during room air breathing (r=0.832) and during hypoxia (r=0.980). The calculated resistance from the pulmonary artery to the wedged catheter (Pa-Pa/Q) increased and the calculated resistance from the wedged catheter (Pa-Pw/Q) did not change significantly. These findings indicate that the mean LAP and PW pressures are not significantly different during severe hypoxia, and that the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia is due to constriction of the large precapillary vessels.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial wedge and left atrial pressures and the site of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The pulmonary vascular response to breathing 5% oxygen in nitrogen was studied in anesthetized, artificially ventilated dogs. The pulmonary arterial (Pa), pulmonary arterial wedge (PW), left atrial (LAP) pressures and pulmonary blood flow (Q) were monitored. The pulmonary arterial catheter was wedged at the mid-lung level. At 10 min of hypoxia, Pa-PW pressure gradient increased while the PW-LAP gradient did not change significantly. The PW and LAP were significantly correlated during room air breathing (r=0.832) and during hypoxia (r=0.980). The calculated resistance from the pulmonary artery to the wedged catheter (Pa-Pa/Q) increased and the calculated resistance from the wedged catheter (Pa-Pw/Q) did not change significantly. These findings indicate that the mean LAP and PW pressures are not significantly different during severe hypoxia, and that the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia is due to constriction of the large precapillary vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:935676", "title": "Effect of hemorrhagic shock on intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt (QS/QT) and dead space (VD/VT).", "content": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock on intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and dead space ratio was investigated in spontaneously breathing dogs under barbiturate anesthesia. Intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt was reduced sufficiently to offset the marked increase in arteriovenous oxygen difference and PaO2 did not fall. Dead space ratio was increased markedly; therefore, in shock, sufficient CO2-elimination depends on severe hyperventilation. According to this empirical findings, a decrease in PaO2 in shock must not be interpreted as a consequence of the shock itself, but it implies an additional pulmonary pathology.", "contents": "Effect of hemorrhagic shock on intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt (QS/QT) and dead space (VD/VT). The effect of hemorrhagic shock on intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and dead space ratio was investigated in spontaneously breathing dogs under barbiturate anesthesia. Intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt was reduced sufficiently to offset the marked increase in arteriovenous oxygen difference and PaO2 did not fall. Dead space ratio was increased markedly; therefore, in shock, sufficient CO2-elimination depends on severe hyperventilation. According to this empirical findings, a decrease in PaO2 in shock must not be interpreted as a consequence of the shock itself, but it implies an additional pulmonary pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:935677", "title": "Cardiopulmonary changes during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "Changes of pulse rate and arterial blood gases were measured before, during, and after fiberoptic bronchoscopy in eleven patients with resting arterial PO2 breathing room air of 75 mm Hg or greater. Tachycardia was greatest after anesthesia (mean change greater than 20 beats/min) and declined thereafter. Hypoxemia was progressive from the time of entrance of the bronchoscope into the respiratory tree and continued into the immediate postbronchoscopic period when the mean fall was about 16 mm Hg. Mild hyperventilation was noted under all conditions. Since progressive hypoxemia persists following removal of the instrument and does not occur during rigid bronchoscopy, direct irritation causing reflex bronchospasm and the effects of aspirated secretions, anesthetic or lavage must be considered as possible causes for the hypoxemia.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary changes during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Changes of pulse rate and arterial blood gases were measured before, during, and after fiberoptic bronchoscopy in eleven patients with resting arterial PO2 breathing room air of 75 mm Hg or greater. Tachycardia was greatest after anesthesia (mean change greater than 20 beats/min) and declined thereafter. Hypoxemia was progressive from the time of entrance of the bronchoscope into the respiratory tree and continued into the immediate postbronchoscopic period when the mean fall was about 16 mm Hg. Mild hyperventilation was noted under all conditions. Since progressive hypoxemia persists following removal of the instrument and does not occur during rigid bronchoscopy, direct irritation causing reflex bronchospasm and the effects of aspirated secretions, anesthetic or lavage must be considered as possible causes for the hypoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:935678", "title": "[Viscosity and density fluctuations of natural respiratory gases and of mixtures of helium, oxygen and nitrogen due to temperature and composition of the gas mixture (author's transl)].", "content": "For the estimation and correction of errors in the measurement of the respiratory flow with viscosity-affected respiratory flow receptors the viscosity of natural respiratory gases (N2, O2, CO2, H2O) and of the ternary system helium-oxygen-nitrogen, which is of importance in pulmonary function diagnosis, was determined. Corresponding density values were calculated. Allowance was made for such special features of spirometry as exchange of O2 for CO2 and water vapour saturation at 37 degrees C. The viscosity of the ternary system is shown in a graph. The formulae indicated have been simplified as far as this was compatible with the demands of accuracy. The fluctuations in density and viscosity of natural respiratory gases can be read directly from a table.", "contents": "[Viscosity and density fluctuations of natural respiratory gases and of mixtures of helium, oxygen and nitrogen due to temperature and composition of the gas mixture (author's transl)]. For the estimation and correction of errors in the measurement of the respiratory flow with viscosity-affected respiratory flow receptors the viscosity of natural respiratory gases (N2, O2, CO2, H2O) and of the ternary system helium-oxygen-nitrogen, which is of importance in pulmonary function diagnosis, was determined. Corresponding density values were calculated. Allowance was made for such special features of spirometry as exchange of O2 for CO2 and water vapour saturation at 37 degrees C. The viscosity of the ternary system is shown in a graph. The formulae indicated have been simplified as far as this was compatible with the demands of accuracy. The fluctuations in density and viscosity of natural respiratory gases can be read directly from a table."}
{"id": "PMID:935679", "title": "Antigen-induced airway obstruction and the influence of vagus blockade.", "content": "Respiratory hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigens is carried out on 9 dogs. The participation of vagus reflex on this respiratory distress is studied in 4 of these dogs. The dogs were exposed initially to Ascaris aerosol, then to egg albumin and NaCl aerosol for control, and once more to Ascaris aerosol after bilateral vagi blockade and lavage, respectively. The principal parameters studied were deltaPoes (mm Hg)/100 ml TV as a measurement of flow resistance in the airways, and respiratory rates (Poes=changes of oesphagus pressure; TV=tidal volume). All the animals presented a significant respiratory distress with Ascaris aerosol, which could be clearly avoided with the central bilateral blockade of nervus vagus.", "contents": "Antigen-induced airway obstruction and the influence of vagus blockade. Respiratory hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigens is carried out on 9 dogs. The participation of vagus reflex on this respiratory distress is studied in 4 of these dogs. The dogs were exposed initially to Ascaris aerosol, then to egg albumin and NaCl aerosol for control, and once more to Ascaris aerosol after bilateral vagi blockade and lavage, respectively. The principal parameters studied were deltaPoes (mm Hg)/100 ml TV as a measurement of flow resistance in the airways, and respiratory rates (Poes=changes of oesphagus pressure; TV=tidal volume). All the animals presented a significant respiratory distress with Ascaris aerosol, which could be clearly avoided with the central bilateral blockade of nervus vagus."}
{"id": "PMID:935680", "title": "Adrenergic mechanisms and the pulmonary vascular response to respiratory acidosis.", "content": "The role of sympathetic mechanisms in mediating the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to respiratory acidosis was studied in intact dogs. Arterial oxygen tension and ventilation were maintained at resting levels and the response was studied during a constant level of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade. There were significant increases in the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary perfusion pressure and no change in pulmonary blood flow (Q) when the dogs breathed 5% CO2 for 10 min. The alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, did not significantly alter the pulmonary vascular response, while the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, enhanced the response. Phenoxybenzamine significantly reduced the resting pulmonary perfusion pressure from control values, while propranolol did not alter it. Both propranolol and phenoxybenzamine produced comparable decreases in the resting Q from control  values. The resting PVR increased to a greater extent with propranolol than with phenoxybenzamine. These results indicate that adrenergic mechanisms do not play a role in mediating rise in PVR induced by respiratory acidosis. The finding that the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to respiratory acidosis is enhanced during beta-adrenergic blockade suggests that vasoconstrictor alpha-receptors may be unmasked during beta-adrenergic blockade. Finally, the studies suggest that both alpha- and beta-receptors contribute to maintaining the resting PVR.", "contents": "Adrenergic mechanisms and the pulmonary vascular response to respiratory acidosis. The role of sympathetic mechanisms in mediating the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to respiratory acidosis was studied in intact dogs. Arterial oxygen tension and ventilation were maintained at resting levels and the response was studied during a constant level of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade. There were significant increases in the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary perfusion pressure and no change in pulmonary blood flow (Q) when the dogs breathed 5% CO2 for 10 min. The alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phenoxybenzamine, did not significantly alter the pulmonary vascular response, while the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, enhanced the response. Phenoxybenzamine significantly reduced the resting pulmonary perfusion pressure from control values, while propranolol did not alter it. Both propranolol and phenoxybenzamine produced comparable decreases in the resting Q from control  values. The resting PVR increased to a greater extent with propranolol than with phenoxybenzamine. These results indicate that adrenergic mechanisms do not play a role in mediating rise in PVR induced by respiratory acidosis. The finding that the pulmonary vasoconstrictor response to respiratory acidosis is enhanced during beta-adrenergic blockade suggests that vasoconstrictor alpha-receptors may be unmasked during beta-adrenergic blockade. Finally, the studies suggest that both alpha- and beta-receptors contribute to maintaining the resting PVR."}
{"id": "PMID:935681", "title": "CO2 breathing of children.", "content": "In 20 co-operative paediatric patients without cardiopulmonary disease, 2 and 4% CO2 in air were given to breathe and the ventilatory response as well as end-tidal CO2 were recorded. A rise of ventilation concomitant with a rise in alveolar CO2 was seen in most cases. The amount of ventilatory response was less than that previously reported with tube rebreathing for any given rise in alveolar PCO2. It appears therefore, that in addition to the absolute level of PaCO2, the mode of presentation of the CO2 signal to chemosensitive areas also serves as an important determinant for the amount of the ventilatory response.", "contents": "CO2 breathing of children. In 20 co-operative paediatric patients without cardiopulmonary disease, 2 and 4% CO2 in air were given to breathe and the ventilatory response as well as end-tidal CO2 were recorded. A rise of ventilation concomitant with a rise in alveolar CO2 was seen in most cases. The amount of ventilatory response was less than that previously reported with tube rebreathing for any given rise in alveolar PCO2. It appears therefore, that in addition to the absolute level of PaCO2, the mode of presentation of the CO2 signal to chemosensitive areas also serves as an important determinant for the amount of the ventilatory response."}
{"id": "PMID:935682", "title": "Chronic cough in young adults in relation to smoking habits, childhood environment and chest illness.", "content": "A survey of the respiratory symptoms and smoking habits of a population of 20-year-olds- followed since birth- was repeated when they reached the age of 25. The association of cough prevalence with current smoking habits and with lower respiratory tract illness in childhood found in the survey at age 20 was confirmed and in each instance appears to have increased in strength over the 5 years. At age 25, however, the prevalence of cough was associated at a statistically significant level with fathers' occupation; and this association with social class of origin could not be explained by persisting differences in social status based on the educational levels attained by early adult life. The association with exposure to air pollution in childhood, although more obvious than before, could be due to chance. The prevalence of cough increased between the ages of 20 and 25 among those who smoked throughout or who started to smoke during this period. It declined for those who never smoked and for those who were smoking at 20 but had given up by 25. The implications of these changing patterns of respiratory disease behaviour at a crucial stage between adolescence and adult life are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Chronic cough in young adults in relation to smoking habits, childhood environment and chest illness. A survey of the respiratory symptoms and smoking habits of a population of 20-year-olds- followed since birth- was repeated when they reached the age of 25. The association of cough prevalence with current smoking habits and with lower respiratory tract illness in childhood found in the survey at age 20 was confirmed and in each instance appears to have increased in strength over the 5 years. At age 25, however, the prevalence of cough was associated at a statistically significant level with fathers' occupation; and this association with social class of origin could not be explained by persisting differences in social status based on the educational levels attained by early adult life. The association with exposure to air pollution in childhood, although more obvious than before, could be due to chance. The prevalence of cough increased between the ages of 20 and 25 among those who smoked throughout or who started to smoke during this period. It declined for those who never smoked and for those who were smoking at 20 but had given up by 25. The implications of these changing patterns of respiratory disease behaviour at a crucial stage between adolescence and adult life are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935683", "title": "Partitioning of the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference under normal, hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions.", "content": "The alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference (AaDO2) is composed of three parts which depend on inhomogeneities of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (AaD(distr.) 1), on size and distribution of the diffusing capacity-perfusion ratio (AaD(distr.) 2), and on the effect of the shunt perfusion (AaD(sh)). These three parts can be calculated for normal, hypoxic and hyperoxic breathing conditions if the inhomogeneities of the function parameters and the size of the shunt perfusion are known. The calculation based on experimental data in 28 healthy subjects shows the following results: (1) Under hypoxic breathing conditions the AaD(distr.) 2 due to diffusion dominates. However, even at alveolar O2 pressures below 45 mm Hg the AaD(distr.) 1 must not be ignored. (2) Under normal breathing conditions AaD(distr.) 2 may be ignored and will under pathological conditions become relevant only if the diffusing capacity-perfusion ratio is below 3.10(-3) mm Hg(-1). (3) Under hyperoxic breathing conditions the AaD(sh) is predominant. However, even with the inhalation of pure oxygen, the AaD(distr.) 1 contributes 10% of the total AaDO2. (4) When evaluating the methods of measurement of the O2 diffusing capacity and of the shunt perfusion the inhomogeneities of ventilation, perfusion and diffusion must be considered.", "contents": "Partitioning of the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference under normal, hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions. The alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference (AaDO2) is composed of three parts which depend on inhomogeneities of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (AaD(distr.) 1), on size and distribution of the diffusing capacity-perfusion ratio (AaD(distr.) 2), and on the effect of the shunt perfusion (AaD(sh)). These three parts can be calculated for normal, hypoxic and hyperoxic breathing conditions if the inhomogeneities of the function parameters and the size of the shunt perfusion are known. The calculation based on experimental data in 28 healthy subjects shows the following results: (1) Under hypoxic breathing conditions the AaD(distr.) 2 due to diffusion dominates. However, even at alveolar O2 pressures below 45 mm Hg the AaD(distr.) 1 must not be ignored. (2) Under normal breathing conditions AaD(distr.) 2 may be ignored and will under pathological conditions become relevant only if the diffusing capacity-perfusion ratio is below 3.10(-3) mm Hg(-1). (3) Under hyperoxic breathing conditions the AaD(sh) is predominant. However, even with the inhalation of pure oxygen, the AaD(distr.) 1 contributes 10% of the total AaDO2. (4) When evaluating the methods of measurement of the O2 diffusing capacity and of the shunt perfusion the inhomogeneities of ventilation, perfusion and diffusion must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:935684", "title": "Quantification of lung scintigrams.", "content": "A simple method of obtaining objective information consists in recording numerical information of the counts in each lung. Albumin macroaggregates labeled with 99Tc(m) and a gamma camera with a data processor were used.", "contents": "Quantification of lung scintigrams. A simple method of obtaining objective information consists in recording numerical information of the counts in each lung. Albumin macroaggregates labeled with 99Tc(m) and a gamma camera with a data processor were used."}
{"id": "PMID:935685", "title": "Adrenergic compounds and the respiratory tract. A physiological and electron-microscopical study.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of several adrenergic compounds on ciliary activity and on the micromorphology of the goblet cells and mucous glands. All the substances tested, L-adrenaline, d-L-ephedrine, N-isopropyl-noradrenaline and 1-(4-amino-3, 5-dichlorphenyl)-2-tert-butyl-aminoethanol-HCl increased ciliary activity, but have markedly different effects on goblet cells, mucous glands and on the quality of the produced mucus.", "contents": "Adrenergic compounds and the respiratory tract. A physiological and electron-microscopical study. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of several adrenergic compounds on ciliary activity and on the micromorphology of the goblet cells and mucous glands. All the substances tested, L-adrenaline, d-L-ephedrine, N-isopropyl-noradrenaline and 1-(4-amino-3, 5-dichlorphenyl)-2-tert-butyl-aminoethanol-HCl increased ciliary activity, but have markedly different effects on goblet cells, mucous glands and on the quality of the produced mucus."}
{"id": "PMID:935686", "title": "Early diagnosis of interstitial fibrosis.", "content": "2 cases of interstitial fibrosis of the Hamman-Rich type are presented. The patients were symptomatic, but had normal X-rays. They were suspected of having interstitial infiltration by pulmonary function tests. Diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. Pulmonary function tests, especially the study of elastic properties of the lung, can be of primary help in the diagnosis of pulmonary interstitial infiltration and fibrosis when the patient's X-ray is normal.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of interstitial fibrosis. 2 cases of interstitial fibrosis of the Hamman-Rich type are presented. The patients were symptomatic, but had normal X-rays. They were suspected of having interstitial infiltration by pulmonary function tests. Diagnosis was confirmed by lung biopsy. Pulmonary function tests, especially the study of elastic properties of the lung, can be of primary help in the diagnosis of pulmonary interstitial infiltration and fibrosis when the patient's X-ray is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:935687", "title": "Normal and pathological respiratory sounds analyzed by means of a new phonopneumographic apparatus.", "content": "A technique and an original apparatus for recording and displaying the sound levels emitted by human lungs during respiratory movements are described. By means of it a graphic recording of chest acoustics can be obtained. An analysis of the phonopneumographic findings shows clear differences between normal pathological readings, both in the level of the sounds and in their frequency content. Evidence is given of cases in which the physician can directly recognize the presence of special diseases. Beside this, FPGraphic representations are also useful for retaining evidence of findings which cannot be recorded by other methods, and for checking the natural evolution of a disease or its response to clinical treatments.", "contents": "Normal and pathological respiratory sounds analyzed by means of a new phonopneumographic apparatus. A technique and an original apparatus for recording and displaying the sound levels emitted by human lungs during respiratory movements are described. By means of it a graphic recording of chest acoustics can be obtained. An analysis of the phonopneumographic findings shows clear differences between normal pathological readings, both in the level of the sounds and in their frequency content. Evidence is given of cases in which the physician can directly recognize the presence of special diseases. Beside this, FPGraphic representations are also useful for retaining evidence of findings which cannot be recorded by other methods, and for checking the natural evolution of a disease or its response to clinical treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:935688", "title": "Static and dynamic lung compliance in asthmatic symptom-free children.", "content": "The static lung compliance was studied in 27 symptom-free asthmatic children, 6-14 years old. The technique of so-called end-expiratory compliance measurement as well as that of the 'zero volume' in the balloon at barometric pressure, used in this study, have been previously discussed. The static lung compliance value is larger than the dynamic lung compliance value, this difference being larger in asthmatic than in healthy children. This difference is explained by higher static lung compliance values in asthmatic than in healthy children, whereas dynamic lung compliance values are only slightly lower in the group of asthmatic patients compared to healthy children. Static lung compliance per unit of lung volume (specific static lung compliance) is identical in both groups. Static recoil pressure at 80% of total lung capacity (TLC) is similar in asthmatic and healthy children. However, in symptom-free asthmatic children with hyperinflated lungs [functional residual capacity (FRC) higher than 25% of predicted value and FRC/TLC ratio higher than 0.45], static recoil pressure at 80% TLC is lower than the predicted value, this difference being not significant.", "contents": "Static and dynamic lung compliance in asthmatic symptom-free children. The static lung compliance was studied in 27 symptom-free asthmatic children, 6-14 years old. The technique of so-called end-expiratory compliance measurement as well as that of the 'zero volume' in the balloon at barometric pressure, used in this study, have been previously discussed. The static lung compliance value is larger than the dynamic lung compliance value, this difference being larger in asthmatic than in healthy children. This difference is explained by higher static lung compliance values in asthmatic than in healthy children, whereas dynamic lung compliance values are only slightly lower in the group of asthmatic patients compared to healthy children. Static lung compliance per unit of lung volume (specific static lung compliance) is identical in both groups. Static recoil pressure at 80% of total lung capacity (TLC) is similar in asthmatic and healthy children. However, in symptom-free asthmatic children with hyperinflated lungs [functional residual capacity (FRC) higher than 25% of predicted value and FRC/TLC ratio higher than 0.45], static recoil pressure at 80% TLC is lower than the predicted value, this difference being not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:935689", "title": "Effect of unilateral vagus blockade on antigen-induced airway obstruction.", "content": "Respiratory hypersensitivity and the effect of unilateral vagus blockade on the same, after the use of Ascaris extract aerosol, are studied in three boxer dogs with spontaneous reactivity to this aerosol. The dogs were exposed initially to Ascaris extract aerosol, and this exposure was repeated after unilateral vagus blockade and after its lavage. The principal parameters, deltaPoes (mm Hg)/100 ml TV, are given as a measurement of airway flow resistance and respiratory rates. The spontaneous respiratory distress observed in all the animals after exposure to the mentioned aerosol was avoided with unilateral blockade of the nervus vagus.", "contents": "Effect of unilateral vagus blockade on antigen-induced airway obstruction. Respiratory hypersensitivity and the effect of unilateral vagus blockade on the same, after the use of Ascaris extract aerosol, are studied in three boxer dogs with spontaneous reactivity to this aerosol. The dogs were exposed initially to Ascaris extract aerosol, and this exposure was repeated after unilateral vagus blockade and after its lavage. The principal parameters, deltaPoes (mm Hg)/100 ml TV, are given as a measurement of airway flow resistance and respiratory rates. The spontaneous respiratory distress observed in all the animals after exposure to the mentioned aerosol was avoided with unilateral blockade of the nervus vagus."}
{"id": "PMID:935690", "title": "Some anamnestic and clinical parameters correlated to longterm pulmonary hypertension development in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "A statistical correlation between anamnestic and hemodynamic data was performed in 40 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension at rest. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic performance was significantly correlated with some of the assessed parameters, especially duration of illness and symptoms generally related with airway obstruction as dyspnea, cough and sputum.", "contents": "Some anamnestic and clinical parameters correlated to longterm pulmonary hypertension development in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. A statistical correlation between anamnestic and hemodynamic data was performed in 40 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and pulmonary hypertension at rest. Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic performance was significantly correlated with some of the assessed parameters, especially duration of illness and symptoms generally related with airway obstruction as dyspnea, cough and sputum."}
{"id": "PMID:935691", "title": "Thromboembolic disease.", "content": "In 52 patients with pulmonary embolism, the deep venous circulation of the lower extremities and the pulmonary arterial blood flow were studied with albumin macroaggregates labeled with technetium-99m. A gamma camera with a data processor was used for this study. At the beginning, the perfusion lung scintigrams were abnormal in all the patients, 42 of them also had abnormal phlebograms and in half of them the perfusion by lung scintigram became normal when the phlebograms were obtained. These findings establish the high incidence of deep thrombophebitis in the legs of the patients with pulmonary embolism and indicate that the leg is of the most important 'thrombi factory' and that the deep venous circulation of the extremities should be studied to determine the primary cause of the pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "Thromboembolic disease. In 52 patients with pulmonary embolism, the deep venous circulation of the lower extremities and the pulmonary arterial blood flow were studied with albumin macroaggregates labeled with technetium-99m. A gamma camera with a data processor was used for this study. At the beginning, the perfusion lung scintigrams were abnormal in all the patients, 42 of them also had abnormal phlebograms and in half of them the perfusion by lung scintigram became normal when the phlebograms were obtained. These findings establish the high incidence of deep thrombophebitis in the legs of the patients with pulmonary embolism and indicate that the leg is of the most important 'thrombi factory' and that the deep venous circulation of the extremities should be studied to determine the primary cause of the pulmonary embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:935692", "title": "Sarcoid-like lesions in the lung by selective intrabronchial instillation of antigen in previously sensitized rabbits.", "content": "Sarcoid-like lesions were observed in the lung after selective intrabronchial instillation of antigen in previously sensitized rabbits. These lesions consisted of an early exudative phase, an intermediate phase of interstitial pneumonia and a late proliferative phase. Sarcoid-like granulomas, similar to granuloma, in human lung developed during the late phase.", "contents": "Sarcoid-like lesions in the lung by selective intrabronchial instillation of antigen in previously sensitized rabbits. Sarcoid-like lesions were observed in the lung after selective intrabronchial instillation of antigen in previously sensitized rabbits. These lesions consisted of an early exudative phase, an intermediate phase of interstitial pneumonia and a late proliferative phase. Sarcoid-like granulomas, similar to granuloma, in human lung developed during the late phase."}
{"id": "PMID:935693", "title": "Coagulation factors and fibrinogen in pleural effusions.", "content": "31 pleural effusions from 27 patients with varied diseases were studied for specific coagulation factors and fibrinogen. In all fluids, exudates had a higher content of factors and fibrinogen than transudates. When pleural fluid to plasma total protein ratios were compared to specific coagulation factors a positive correlation existed for all. This was not true for fibrinogen. There was a poor correlation between the molecular weights of the specific factors and fibrinogen and their appearance in the pleural fluid. The concentration of factor XII in 35% and factor XI in 11% of pleural fluid exceeded their respective plasma concentration.", "contents": "Coagulation factors and fibrinogen in pleural effusions. 31 pleural effusions from 27 patients with varied diseases were studied for specific coagulation factors and fibrinogen. In all fluids, exudates had a higher content of factors and fibrinogen than transudates. When pleural fluid to plasma total protein ratios were compared to specific coagulation factors a positive correlation existed for all. This was not true for fibrinogen. There was a poor correlation between the molecular weights of the specific factors and fibrinogen and their appearance in the pleural fluid. The concentration of factor XII in 35% and factor XI in 11% of pleural fluid exceeded their respective plasma concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:935694", "title": "Role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise in the cat.", "content": "The role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise was investigated. The activity of the sinus nerve of the cat was monitored while the blood supply to the carotid body was controlled independently of the systemic circulation. By this technique, fluctuations in the arterial blood was gases during a short interval of exercise induced by electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles were unable to affect the chemoreceptor activity. While minute ventilation increased by an average of 51%, chemoreceptor discharge was found to be unchanged in 12 experiments, 6 while perfusing with normoxic blood and 6 while perfusing with hypoxic blood. Thus, it must be concluded that alteration of carotid chemoreceptor sensitivity does not occur during artificially induced exercise in anesthetized cats. However, the difference in the time course of ventilation following the initiation of artificially induced exercise between cats and other species does not allow it to be ruled out in other species, including man. Indirect evidence is against such a role.", "contents": "Role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise in the cat. The role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise was investigated. The activity of the sinus nerve of the cat was monitored while the blood supply to the carotid body was controlled independently of the systemic circulation. By this technique, fluctuations in the arterial blood was gases during a short interval of exercise induced by electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles were unable to affect the chemoreceptor activity. While minute ventilation increased by an average of 51%, chemoreceptor discharge was found to be unchanged in 12 experiments, 6 while perfusing with normoxic blood and 6 while perfusing with hypoxic blood. Thus, it must be concluded that alteration of carotid chemoreceptor sensitivity does not occur during artificially induced exercise in anesthetized cats. However, the difference in the time course of ventilation following the initiation of artificially induced exercise between cats and other species does not allow it to be ruled out in other species, including man. Indirect evidence is against such a role."}
{"id": "PMID:935695", "title": "Fluctuations in alveolar CO2 and in base excess during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "End-tidal PCO2 and base excess were measured on 10 healthy females throughout a total of 16 menstrual cycles. A corresponding decrease was observed in both variables during the luteal phase of the cycle. The curve for PCO2 was essentially that reported by previous authors, the tension dropping from a mean value of 39.8 to 36.7, 10 days after ovulation. The parallel drop in BE lowered the variable from -0.5 to -2.6. The resulting arterial pH throughout the cycle was calculated to be between 7.38 and 7.40. Since no time lag could be observed between the change in PCO2 and that of base excess, the primary disturbance could be either a ventilatory or metabolic response to an increase in progesterone during the luteal phase. In either case, a considerable decrease in body CO2 stores must result from these changes.", "contents": "Fluctuations in alveolar CO2 and in base excess during the menstrual cycle. End-tidal PCO2 and base excess were measured on 10 healthy females throughout a total of 16 menstrual cycles. A corresponding decrease was observed in both variables during the luteal phase of the cycle. The curve for PCO2 was essentially that reported by previous authors, the tension dropping from a mean value of 39.8 to 36.7, 10 days after ovulation. The parallel drop in BE lowered the variable from -0.5 to -2.6. The resulting arterial pH throughout the cycle was calculated to be between 7.38 and 7.40. Since no time lag could be observed between the change in PCO2 and that of base excess, the primary disturbance could be either a ventilatory or metabolic response to an increase in progesterone during the luteal phase. In either case, a considerable decrease in body CO2 stores must result from these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:935696", "title": "Morphology of the bronchial tree in the dog.", "content": "Polyester resin casts were made of the bronchial trees from three adult dogs. The branches were ordered by the method of Strahler and the number of branches in each order counted. The length and diameter of each branch was measured and the mean dimensions of branches in each order calculated. When number, mean diameter and mean length of branches in each order are plotted semilogarithmically against order, linear relationships are found. From the data thus obtained a dimensional model of the dog's bronchial tree has been developed.", "contents": "Morphology of the bronchial tree in the dog. Polyester resin casts were made of the bronchial trees from three adult dogs. The branches were ordered by the method of Strahler and the number of branches in each order counted. The length and diameter of each branch was measured and the mean dimensions of branches in each order calculated. When number, mean diameter and mean length of branches in each order are plotted semilogarithmically against order, linear relationships are found. From the data thus obtained a dimensional model of the dog's bronchial tree has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:935697", "title": "The effect of hypercapnia on respiratory characteristics and diving behaviour of freely diving seals.", "content": "Three trained young seals, one harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus, and two hooded seals, Cystophora cristata, have been used to study the effect of hypercapnia on respiratory characteristics and diving behaviour. The seals were allowed free movements within a circular pool, while diving and respiratory behaviour were recorded. During the experiments the alveolar CO2 tension was continually recorded. There was a significant decrease in duration of dives with increasing Paco2 for all animals. Ve increased significantly with increasing Paco2. This increase was caused by more frequent surfacing rather than by a higher respiratory frequency during the breathing periods. Tidal volume increased from 3 to 43% when inspired CO2 was increased from 0.03 to 9 vol%. The seals were all found to be less sensitive to CO2 than man. A decreased sensitivity to CO2 with age is suggested from the results.", "contents": "The effect of hypercapnia on respiratory characteristics and diving behaviour of freely diving seals. Three trained young seals, one harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus, and two hooded seals, Cystophora cristata, have been used to study the effect of hypercapnia on respiratory characteristics and diving behaviour. The seals were allowed free movements within a circular pool, while diving and respiratory behaviour were recorded. During the experiments the alveolar CO2 tension was continually recorded. There was a significant decrease in duration of dives with increasing Paco2 for all animals. Ve increased significantly with increasing Paco2. This increase was caused by more frequent surfacing rather than by a higher respiratory frequency during the breathing periods. Tidal volume increased from 3 to 43% when inspired CO2 was increased from 0.03 to 9 vol%. The seals were all found to be less sensitive to CO2 than man. A decreased sensitivity to CO2 with age is suggested from the results."}
{"id": "PMID:935698", "title": "Limiting role of stratification in alveolar exchange of oxygen.", "content": "On the basis of a simple lung model the limiting effects of stratification on tidal/alveolar transfer of O2 are calculated using values for diffusive conductance of distal airways previously obtained from analysis of wash-out kinetics of He and SF6. In particular it is shown that the alveolar-capillary transfer of O2 (neglected in a previous study) plays an important role in giving rise to stratificational gradients of O2 in distal airways. For 10 kg dogs breathing hypoxic mixtures the stratificational component of the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference is estimated at about 0.8 torr for resting conditions and at about 3.5 torr for medium level exercise.", "contents": "Limiting role of stratification in alveolar exchange of oxygen. On the basis of a simple lung model the limiting effects of stratification on tidal/alveolar transfer of O2 are calculated using values for diffusive conductance of distal airways previously obtained from analysis of wash-out kinetics of He and SF6. In particular it is shown that the alveolar-capillary transfer of O2 (neglected in a previous study) plays an important role in giving rise to stratificational gradients of O2 in distal airways. For 10 kg dogs breathing hypoxic mixtures the stratificational component of the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference is estimated at about 0.8 torr for resting conditions and at about 3.5 torr for medium level exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:935699", "title": "Effect of negative abdominal pressure on regional lung volumes in supine dogs.", "content": "Using 133Xe we measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in supine dogs during the application of negative abdominal pressure (-50 cm H2O). Changes in rib cage shape were monitored with magnetometers. Negative abdominal pressure caused a decrease of 5% in the cross-sectional area of the upper rib cage and a decrease of 19% in the cross-sectional area of the lower rib cage. These changes were similar to those observed when the dog was tilted to the erect position. Over the 10 cm of lung examined, control measurements showed a mean apex-to-base gradient of 1.4% TLC/cm, apical regions being more expanded than basal. Negative abdominal pressure increased this gradient to a mean of 2.1% TLC/cm. This change was in qualitative agreement with measurements of costal pleural surface pressure made in similar experiments by others. However, the changes we observed tended to be smaller than those predicted on the basis of costal pleural surface pressure. Since regional volumes represented the average of the pressures operating on lung regions, it was suggested that during negative abdominal pressure this average differed from pressure measured at the costal surface.", "contents": "Effect of negative abdominal pressure on regional lung volumes in supine dogs. Using 133Xe we measured regional lung volumes from apex to base in supine dogs during the application of negative abdominal pressure (-50 cm H2O). Changes in rib cage shape were monitored with magnetometers. Negative abdominal pressure caused a decrease of 5% in the cross-sectional area of the upper rib cage and a decrease of 19% in the cross-sectional area of the lower rib cage. These changes were similar to those observed when the dog was tilted to the erect position. Over the 10 cm of lung examined, control measurements showed a mean apex-to-base gradient of 1.4% TLC/cm, apical regions being more expanded than basal. Negative abdominal pressure increased this gradient to a mean of 2.1% TLC/cm. This change was in qualitative agreement with measurements of costal pleural surface pressure made in similar experiments by others. However, the changes we observed tended to be smaller than those predicted on the basis of costal pleural surface pressure. Since regional volumes represented the average of the pressures operating on lung regions, it was suggested that during negative abdominal pressure this average differed from pressure measured at the costal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:935700", "title": "Intrapulmonary CO2 receptors in the duck: IV. Discharge pattern of the population during a respiratory cycle.", "content": "We used single-unit vagal recordings to study the average discharge pattern during a respiratory cycle from 57 intrapulmonary CO2 receptors in 6 ducks artificially ventilated with a Starling pump. Peak discharge frequency occurred during inspiration in 51%, expiration in 19%, and both inspiration and expiration in 30% of the receptors. Average discharge frequency from all receptors was maximum at mid-inspiration, but frequency also increased slightly during early expiration. The results suggest that the brain receives a discharge pattern from the total population of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors which is phasic with respiration. Such a signal may control the rate and amplitude of breathing.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary CO2 receptors in the duck: IV. Discharge pattern of the population during a respiratory cycle. We used single-unit vagal recordings to study the average discharge pattern during a respiratory cycle from 57 intrapulmonary CO2 receptors in 6 ducks artificially ventilated with a Starling pump. Peak discharge frequency occurred during inspiration in 51%, expiration in 19%, and both inspiration and expiration in 30% of the receptors. Average discharge frequency from all receptors was maximum at mid-inspiration, but frequency also increased slightly during early expiration. The results suggest that the brain receives a discharge pattern from the total population of intrapulmonary CO2 receptors which is phasic with respiration. Such a signal may control the rate and amplitude of breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:935701", "title": "Pleural pressure with lobar obstruction in dogs.", "content": "The effects of acute lobar obstruction on pleural surface pressure in supine dogs were examined. The right lower lobes (RLL) were obstructed at FRC in some dogs while in others the left lung and RLL were both obstructed at FRC. At the end of the subsequent inspiration, costal surface pressure was less over the obstructed lobe than over the unobstructed right upper lobe. Alveolar pressure within the obstructed RLL decreased relative to tracheal pressure at end inspiration resulting in an inflating pressure being applied to the obstructed lobe. In most dogs elastic recoil increased at the lateral costal margin of the obstructed RLL implying the application of a deforming pressure to the obstructed lobes. The tendency to inflate and deform the obstructed RLL was greater during spontaneous breathing than during artificial ventilation.", "contents": "Pleural pressure with lobar obstruction in dogs. The effects of acute lobar obstruction on pleural surface pressure in supine dogs were examined. The right lower lobes (RLL) were obstructed at FRC in some dogs while in others the left lung and RLL were both obstructed at FRC. At the end of the subsequent inspiration, costal surface pressure was less over the obstructed lobe than over the unobstructed right upper lobe. Alveolar pressure within the obstructed RLL decreased relative to tracheal pressure at end inspiration resulting in an inflating pressure being applied to the obstructed lobe. In most dogs elastic recoil increased at the lateral costal margin of the obstructed RLL implying the application of a deforming pressure to the obstructed lobes. The tendency to inflate and deform the obstructed RLL was greater during spontaneous breathing than during artificial ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:935702", "title": "A new technique for the determination of low CO2 concentrations in liquids.", "content": "A new method is described by which total CO2 concentration as low as 0.05 mM can be determined in 2 ml samples of liquid. The principle is based on the measurement of CO2 escape from the liquid into the gas phase following acidification and vigorous stirring of samples. This escape is recorded as pressure variations at constant volume and temperature by means of an electronic manometer connected to the reaction vessel. The precision, which depends on the amount of total CO2 present, ranges from 5 to 15 muM.", "contents": "A new technique for the determination of low CO2 concentrations in liquids. A new method is described by which total CO2 concentration as low as 0.05 mM can be determined in 2 ml samples of liquid. The principle is based on the measurement of CO2 escape from the liquid into the gas phase following acidification and vigorous stirring of samples. This escape is recorded as pressure variations at constant volume and temperature by means of an electronic manometer connected to the reaction vessel. The precision, which depends on the amount of total CO2 present, ranges from 5 to 15 muM."}
{"id": "PMID:935712", "title": "[2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of CSF proteins].", "content": "Two-dimensional electrophoresis isolates the various proteins in the CSF in peaks ; this a method which gives very reliable results ; the height of the peaks has a certain quantitative value, similar to that obtained with electro-immunodiffusion. The peaks visible in the CSF can be increased separately -- mainly the \"alpha 2\", \"alpha 2 beta\", the IgA and IgG peaks -- in another type of recording, the height and number of the peaks may be increased, indicating the presence in the CSF of normally absent protein originating in the serum. An increase in the \"alpha 2\" or \"alpha 2 beta\" peaks is not specific, but it is always indicative that the development of a neurological process is under way ; the increase of IgG and IgA retains its character of great specificity in evolutive inflammatory conditions. Multiple peaks indicate the passage of serum proteins into the CSF in oedematous and destructive processes, in expansive or compressive processes and in polyradiculoneuritis. This method with its well-codified technique, which may be carried out on an unconcentrated CSF without risk of denaturing the proteins, may be carried out routinely in clinical practice with human anti-serum immune serum or with more specific serum, anti CSF for example, which seems to give quite reliable results.", "contents": "[2-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of CSF proteins]. Two-dimensional electrophoresis isolates the various proteins in the CSF in peaks ; this a method which gives very reliable results ; the height of the peaks has a certain quantitative value, similar to that obtained with electro-immunodiffusion. The peaks visible in the CSF can be increased separately -- mainly the \"alpha 2\", \"alpha 2 beta\", the IgA and IgG peaks -- in another type of recording, the height and number of the peaks may be increased, indicating the presence in the CSF of normally absent protein originating in the serum. An increase in the \"alpha 2\" or \"alpha 2 beta\" peaks is not specific, but it is always indicative that the development of a neurological process is under way ; the increase of IgG and IgA retains its character of great specificity in evolutive inflammatory conditions. Multiple peaks indicate the passage of serum proteins into the CSF in oedematous and destructive processes, in expansive or compressive processes and in polyradiculoneuritis. This method with its well-codified technique, which may be carried out on an unconcentrated CSF without risk of denaturing the proteins, may be carried out routinely in clinical practice with human anti-serum immune serum or with more specific serum, anti CSF for example, which seems to give quite reliable results."}
{"id": "PMID:935726", "title": "[Irradiation of the thyroid gland: changes in its function].", "content": "The authors have studied some usual parameters of the evaluation of the thyroid gland function, after secondary irradiation during tele-cobaltherapy treatment in 20 patients with larynx carcinoma. The parameters studied have been iodine uptake, Hamolsky index, T4, FT4 PB127I and cholesterol. The values, statistically treated, enable the conclusion that normal adult thyroid gland has a very low clinical and analytical radiosensibility.", "contents": "[Irradiation of the thyroid gland: changes in its function]. The authors have studied some usual parameters of the evaluation of the thyroid gland function, after secondary irradiation during tele-cobaltherapy treatment in 20 patients with larynx carcinoma. The parameters studied have been iodine uptake, Hamolsky index, T4, FT4 PB127I and cholesterol. The values, statistically treated, enable the conclusion that normal adult thyroid gland has a very low clinical and analytical radiosensibility."}
{"id": "PMID:935729", "title": "[Review of the fluorometric determination of urinary estrogens].", "content": "The main methods for aisolation, purification and quantification of human urine estrogens are described. The authors also analyze the historical evolution of the methods for assessing estrogens in women's urine during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy, particularly they stress the importance of the evolution in automatic methods.", "contents": "[Review of the fluorometric determination of urinary estrogens]. The main methods for aisolation, purification and quantification of human urine estrogens are described. The authors also analyze the historical evolution of the methods for assessing estrogens in women's urine during the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy, particularly they stress the importance of the evolution in automatic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:935735", "title": "The organ culture of adult human articular cartilage, from patients with osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Adult human articular cartilage has been maintained in organ culture for three days. The uptake of 35SO4 has been studied over a 48-hour period. The incorporation of 35SO4 was significantly increased in osteoarthrotic cartilage compared to normal cartilage from the same joints. The uronic acid content of the osteoarthrotic cartilage was significantly reduced which reflects the proteoglycan loss in the diseased tissue. The DNA content, which is an indirect measurement of the cell population, was not significantly different in the diseased and normal cartilage.", "contents": "The organ culture of adult human articular cartilage, from patients with osteoarthrosis. Adult human articular cartilage has been maintained in organ culture for three days. The uptake of 35SO4 has been studied over a 48-hour period. The incorporation of 35SO4 was significantly increased in osteoarthrotic cartilage compared to normal cartilage from the same joints. The uronic acid content of the osteoarthrotic cartilage was significantly reduced which reflects the proteoglycan loss in the diseased tissue. The DNA content, which is an indirect measurement of the cell population, was not significantly different in the diseased and normal cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:935730", "title": "[Secretion of growth hormone in hyperthyroidism].", "content": "The authors studied growth hormone (GH) secretion in a group of adult controls and another group of hyperthyroid patients after stimulation with intravenous insulin-induced (0,1 IU/kg) hypoglycemia, aiming to clear out the problem of discrepancies in literature concerning GH secretion in hyperthyroidism. They concluded that in this syndrome, GH levels are significantly higher than those of controls. The GH releasing response is normal, though it could be expected to be decreased due to decreased pituitary GH contents as a result of permanent somatotrophic cell stimulation.", "contents": "[Secretion of growth hormone in hyperthyroidism]. The authors studied growth hormone (GH) secretion in a group of adult controls and another group of hyperthyroid patients after stimulation with intravenous insulin-induced (0,1 IU/kg) hypoglycemia, aiming to clear out the problem of discrepancies in literature concerning GH secretion in hyperthyroidism. They concluded that in this syndrome, GH levels are significantly higher than those of controls. The GH releasing response is normal, though it could be expected to be decreased due to decreased pituitary GH contents as a result of permanent somatotrophic cell stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:935731", "title": "[Current study of Cushing's syndrome, apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "The authors describe three cases of Cushing' syndrome, due to nodular hyperplasia, simple hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma respectively, and the most useful approaches (dexamethasone, metopirona, insulinic hypoglycemia, cortisol rhythm, catheterism and assessment of urinary free cortisol) for diagnosis and etiology of Cushing's syndrome.", "contents": "[Current study of Cushing's syndrome, apropos of 3 cases]. The authors describe three cases of Cushing' syndrome, due to nodular hyperplasia, simple hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma respectively, and the most useful approaches (dexamethasone, metopirona, insulinic hypoglycemia, cortisol rhythm, catheterism and assessment of urinary free cortisol) for diagnosis and etiology of Cushing's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:935732", "title": "[Effect of a new hypoglycemic drug on the blood sugar in rats].", "content": "A sesquiterpenic lactone has been isolated from an extract of Artemisia cannariensis Lee by Clark's method and column chromatography. The hypoglycemic effects of the drug have been assayed in rats, as compared to different doses of insulin and a known sulphonylures drug. The subatance, which has been identified as vulgarine by professor Gonzalez, has highly significant hypoglycemic effects when administered orally or intravenously in relation to glycemia curves of rats previously injected with saline.", "contents": "[Effect of a new hypoglycemic drug on the blood sugar in rats]. A sesquiterpenic lactone has been isolated from an extract of Artemisia cannariensis Lee by Clark's method and column chromatography. The hypoglycemic effects of the drug have been assayed in rats, as compared to different doses of insulin and a known sulphonylures drug. The subatance, which has been identified as vulgarine by professor Gonzalez, has highly significant hypoglycemic effects when administered orally or intravenously in relation to glycemia curves of rats previously injected with saline."}
{"id": "PMID:935727", "title": "[Possible existence of retinal vascular disease in relatives of diabetic patients and its metabolic correlation].", "content": "The authors studied the possible presence of retinal vasculopathy in 31 patients with a diabetic father or mother. In 12 of them (38.7 per cent of the total number of patients) some degree of alteration in the glycemia curve and increased insulinemia were observed. Neither of these anomalies were related to sex of patients. Opthalmologic examination revealed diabetic retinopathy in 6.45 per cent of the patients, and the disease was only present in female patients. Among the 8 patients with diabetic glycemia curve (25.8 per cent of the total), only one (12.5 per cent of the diabetic patients, and 0.31 of the total) hand diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy was not observed in any of the 4 non-diabetic patients with glucose load intolerance. I phase diabetic retinopathy was found in one subject (0.31 per cent of the total) with normal glucose and insulin tolerance.", "contents": "[Possible existence of retinal vascular disease in relatives of diabetic patients and its metabolic correlation]. The authors studied the possible presence of retinal vasculopathy in 31 patients with a diabetic father or mother. In 12 of them (38.7 per cent of the total number of patients) some degree of alteration in the glycemia curve and increased insulinemia were observed. Neither of these anomalies were related to sex of patients. Opthalmologic examination revealed diabetic retinopathy in 6.45 per cent of the patients, and the disease was only present in female patients. Among the 8 patients with diabetic glycemia curve (25.8 per cent of the total), only one (12.5 per cent of the diabetic patients, and 0.31 of the total) hand diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy was not observed in any of the 4 non-diabetic patients with glucose load intolerance. I phase diabetic retinopathy was found in one subject (0.31 per cent of the total) with normal glucose and insulin tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:935737", "title": "Ankylosing hyperostosis with cervical spinal cord compression.", "content": "This report describes a patient whose clinical and radiological features conform to those of ankylosing hyperostosis. Posterior bridging osteophytes were also apparent and these have not been previously described in ankylosing hyperostosis. We have considered alternative explanations for this finding and concluded that they were manifestations of the hyperostotic process. This unusual feature occurring in the presence of a comparatively narrow spinal canal resulted in cord compression and a spastic tetraparesis and we would therefore suggest that ankylosing hyperostosis may sometimes have serious neurological consequences.", "contents": "Ankylosing hyperostosis with cervical spinal cord compression. This report describes a patient whose clinical and radiological features conform to those of ankylosing hyperostosis. Posterior bridging osteophytes were also apparent and these have not been previously described in ankylosing hyperostosis. We have considered alternative explanations for this finding and concluded that they were manifestations of the hyperostotic process. This unusual feature occurring in the presence of a comparatively narrow spinal canal resulted in cord compression and a spastic tetraparesis and we would therefore suggest that ankylosing hyperostosis may sometimes have serious neurological consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:935738", "title": "HL-A 27-associated arthritis.", "content": "Seventy-one of 78 patients presenting to routine rheumatology clinics with seronegative arthritis were found to possess the histocompatibility antigen HL-A 27. Four principal components to their arthritis emerged, namely: spondylitis, sacroiliitis, peripheral polyarthritis, oligoarthritis (involvement of one or two large joints). It is suggested that each of these may be influenced by separate genetic determinants. The various combinations in which these occur warrant a unified nomenclature. A small subgroup of patients with HL-A 27-associated arthritis is described in whom the diseases may be especially benign.", "contents": "HL-A 27-associated arthritis. Seventy-one of 78 patients presenting to routine rheumatology clinics with seronegative arthritis were found to possess the histocompatibility antigen HL-A 27. Four principal components to their arthritis emerged, namely: spondylitis, sacroiliitis, peripheral polyarthritis, oligoarthritis (involvement of one or two large joints). It is suggested that each of these may be influenced by separate genetic determinants. The various combinations in which these occur warrant a unified nomenclature. A small subgroup of patients with HL-A 27-associated arthritis is described in whom the diseases may be especially benign."}
{"id": "PMID:935728", "title": "[Effect of adrenalectomy and the administration of cortisol on plasma and liver cholesterol free and esterified in rats].", "content": "The effect of cortisol on the levels of free and sterified cholesterol in the livers of normal and adrenectomized rats has been studied. The results indicate that cortisol enhances those lipids in plasma and decreases their level in the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenalectomy and the administration of cortisol on plasma and liver cholesterol free and esterified in rats]. The effect of cortisol on the levels of free and sterified cholesterol in the livers of normal and adrenectomized rats has been studied. The results indicate that cortisol enhances those lipids in plasma and decreases their level in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:935739", "title": "Incidence of joint involvement in early rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The frequency of joint involvement is described in 102 patients seen within one year of onset of rheumatoid arthritis. The joints most commonly affected were metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and wrists, followed by metatarsophalangeal and shoulders. The least commonly affected were the hips and spine. Temporomandibular and cervical spine involvement often occurred even in these early stages. Where there was unilateral involvement of corresponding joints there was a marked tendency for one side of the body to be more often affected. The arthritis was predominantly peripheral. There was a marked gradation of frequency in the small joints of the hands. The patients were followed prospectively for a mean 4.5 years and outcome assessed. An eventually more severe disease was associated with early writst and metatarsophalangeal joint involvement.", "contents": "Incidence of joint involvement in early rheumatoid arthritis. The frequency of joint involvement is described in 102 patients seen within one year of onset of rheumatoid arthritis. The joints most commonly affected were metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and wrists, followed by metatarsophalangeal and shoulders. The least commonly affected were the hips and spine. Temporomandibular and cervical spine involvement often occurred even in these early stages. Where there was unilateral involvement of corresponding joints there was a marked tendency for one side of the body to be more often affected. The arthritis was predominantly peripheral. There was a marked gradation of frequency in the small joints of the hands. The patients were followed prospectively for a mean 4.5 years and outcome assessed. An eventually more severe disease was associated with early writst and metatarsophalangeal joint involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:935794", "title": "Gastric acid responses to graded i.v. infusion of pentagastrin and histalog in peptic ulcer patients before and after antrum-bulb resection.", "content": "Gastric acid responses to graded i.v. infusion of pentagastrin and Histalog were determined in peptic ulcer patients. Single-day multiple-dose tests were performed. The sensitivity to the humoral stimuli as determined by the calculated ED50's was not significantly different for duodenal ulcer patients with moderate (DUmod) or massive (DUmass) observed hypersecretion or for gastric ulcer (GU) patients: median ED50's of pentagastrin were 6.2, 6.6, and 13.1 mug/h in 18 DUmod, 22 DUmass and 7 GU patients respectively, and median ED50's of Histalog were 16.6, 25.3, and 17.1 mg/h in 14 DUmod, 10 DUmass and 6 GU patients respectively. Antrum-bulb resection significantly reduced basal acid secretion and maximal acid responses to the humoral stimuli (about 45% reduction) but did not significantly change the loss of gastric contents to the intestine or the sensitivity to the humoral stimuli (median ED50 of pentagastrin increased from 5.2 to 6.7 mug/h in 14 patients, and median ED50 of Histalog increased from 16.0 to 20.8 mg/h in 12 patients), suggesting that the intact antrum-bulb region of the ulcer patient is controlling the capacity to secrete acid, and indicating that antrum-bulb gastrin is an important trophic factor for the parietal cells in man.", "contents": "Gastric acid responses to graded i.v. infusion of pentagastrin and histalog in peptic ulcer patients before and after antrum-bulb resection. Gastric acid responses to graded i.v. infusion of pentagastrin and Histalog were determined in peptic ulcer patients. Single-day multiple-dose tests were performed. The sensitivity to the humoral stimuli as determined by the calculated ED50's was not significantly different for duodenal ulcer patients with moderate (DUmod) or massive (DUmass) observed hypersecretion or for gastric ulcer (GU) patients: median ED50's of pentagastrin were 6.2, 6.6, and 13.1 mug/h in 18 DUmod, 22 DUmass and 7 GU patients respectively, and median ED50's of Histalog were 16.6, 25.3, and 17.1 mg/h in 14 DUmod, 10 DUmass and 6 GU patients respectively. Antrum-bulb resection significantly reduced basal acid secretion and maximal acid responses to the humoral stimuli (about 45% reduction) but did not significantly change the loss of gastric contents to the intestine or the sensitivity to the humoral stimuli (median ED50 of pentagastrin increased from 5.2 to 6.7 mug/h in 14 patients, and median ED50 of Histalog increased from 16.0 to 20.8 mg/h in 12 patients), suggesting that the intact antrum-bulb region of the ulcer patient is controlling the capacity to secrete acid, and indicating that antrum-bulb gastrin is an important trophic factor for the parietal cells in man."}
{"id": "PMID:935795", "title": "The effect of long-term postoperative pentagastrin infusion on the maximal acid responses to pentagastrin in patients subjected to antrectomy.", "content": "Six duodenal ulcer patients subjected to antrectomy were given a continuous i.v. infusion of pentagastrin in a dose just below ED50 during 1 week in the immediate postoperative course. The peak acid output following stimulation with pentagastrin (PAOG) was determined preoperatively and 1 and 5 weeks postoperatively. PAOG was determined preoperatively and 1 week after antrectomy in a control group of 25 duodenal ulcer patients, and preoperatively and 5 weeks after antrectomy in another control group of 19 duodenal ulcer patients. One week post-antrectomy the PAOG was significantly less reduced (23%)  in the pentagastrin infusion group than in the control group (46%). The reductions of PAOG 5 weeks post-antrectomy were not significantly different in the pentagastrin infusion group and the control group. The results show that the dysfunction of the parietal cells, reflected in a decreased capacity to secrete acid following antrectomy, can be partly reversed by continuous administration of pentagastrin in the immediate postoperative course. The results are interpreted as suggesting that antral gastrin in man, besides its property to stimulate acid secretion, also has a trophic effect on the parietal cells in analogy with the postulated trophic effect of antral gastrin in rats.", "contents": "The effect of long-term postoperative pentagastrin infusion on the maximal acid responses to pentagastrin in patients subjected to antrectomy. Six duodenal ulcer patients subjected to antrectomy were given a continuous i.v. infusion of pentagastrin in a dose just below ED50 during 1 week in the immediate postoperative course. The peak acid output following stimulation with pentagastrin (PAOG) was determined preoperatively and 1 and 5 weeks postoperatively. PAOG was determined preoperatively and 1 week after antrectomy in a control group of 25 duodenal ulcer patients, and preoperatively and 5 weeks after antrectomy in another control group of 19 duodenal ulcer patients. One week post-antrectomy the PAOG was significantly less reduced (23%)  in the pentagastrin infusion group than in the control group (46%). The reductions of PAOG 5 weeks post-antrectomy were not significantly different in the pentagastrin infusion group and the control group. The results show that the dysfunction of the parietal cells, reflected in a decreased capacity to secrete acid following antrectomy, can be partly reversed by continuous administration of pentagastrin in the immediate postoperative course. The results are interpreted as suggesting that antral gastrin in man, besides its property to stimulate acid secretion, also has a trophic effect on the parietal cells in analogy with the postulated trophic effect of antral gastrin in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:935796", "title": "Experimental regional enteritis in pigs.", "content": "Lymphatic obstruction is constantly present in regional enteritis, but its role in the pathogenesis is poorly understood. To clarify this the mesenterial lymphatics of the terminal ileum were obstructed in 21 pigs chosen for experiments because spontaneous ileitis is common in pigs. Long-lasting obstruction was produced by injecting formaline into regional lymph nodes. The growth of the pigs was retarded. Their ileum became reddish and oedematous with numerous intra-abdominal adhesions, and mucosal ulcerations. Eleven pigs developed fistulae; none had chylous ascites. Histologically the subserosa was infiltrated by round and giant cells giving an impression of granulomatous inflammation. Many lymphatics were thrombosed. The lymphoid tissue was hyperplastic. These changes became more prominent with extensive subserosal fibrosis after three weeks, when the oedema diminshed. Transmural inflammation with round cell aggregations was then the most typical feature. Purulent infection with crypt abcesses appeared near the fistulae. If the function of lymphatics is destroyed, transport of particles too big to enter blood vessels is inhibited. This produces chronic irritation and oedema with declining tissue nutrition and oxygenation, thus causing fibrosis. Moreover, the intestinal lumen is a source of infections, and the oedematous tissue is easily infected. This may lead to mucosal ulcerations and, progressively, to fistulae.", "contents": "Experimental regional enteritis in pigs. Lymphatic obstruction is constantly present in regional enteritis, but its role in the pathogenesis is poorly understood. To clarify this the mesenterial lymphatics of the terminal ileum were obstructed in 21 pigs chosen for experiments because spontaneous ileitis is common in pigs. Long-lasting obstruction was produced by injecting formaline into regional lymph nodes. The growth of the pigs was retarded. Their ileum became reddish and oedematous with numerous intra-abdominal adhesions, and mucosal ulcerations. Eleven pigs developed fistulae; none had chylous ascites. Histologically the subserosa was infiltrated by round and giant cells giving an impression of granulomatous inflammation. Many lymphatics were thrombosed. The lymphoid tissue was hyperplastic. These changes became more prominent with extensive subserosal fibrosis after three weeks, when the oedema diminshed. Transmural inflammation with round cell aggregations was then the most typical feature. Purulent infection with crypt abcesses appeared near the fistulae. If the function of lymphatics is destroyed, transport of particles too big to enter blood vessels is inhibited. This produces chronic irritation and oedema with declining tissue nutrition and oxygenation, thus causing fibrosis. Moreover, the intestinal lumen is a source of infections, and the oedematous tissue is easily infected. This may lead to mucosal ulcerations and, progressively, to fistulae."}
{"id": "PMID:935797", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in normal and diabetic rats following long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration.", "content": "The effect of long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration on blood glucose, plasma insulin, liver, and muscle glycogen and glucose utilization in vitro by peripheral tissues in normal and diabetic rats was studied. In normal rats the glycogen levels in liver and muscle were increased after 3 weeks of treatment. Glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) was augmented in muscle after 3 and 8 weeks and in liver after 3 weeks. An increased 14C-incorporation into glycogen from 14C-glucose and increased glycogen concentration after incubation were found in muscle after 3 weeks. In diabetic rats the basal blood glucose was decreased after 3 and 5 weeks of treatment, and the basal plasma insulin:blood glucose ratio increased after 5 weeks. The glycogen levels were increased after 3 and 5 weeks in liver. No effect on glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) in muscle was found. The 14C-incorporation into glycogen and the total glycogen content, however, was increased in muscle after both 3 and 5 weeks. Incubation of muscle tissue with serum from normal or diabetic rats treated with oral trypsin inhibitor for 3 and 5 weeks respectively had no apparent acute effects on the glucose metabolism. It is suggested that the observed action of oral trypsin inhibitors on glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues is mediated by one or more unknown gastrointestinal factor(s).", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in normal and diabetic rats following long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration. The effect of long-term oral trypsin inhibitor administration on blood glucose, plasma insulin, liver, and muscle glycogen and glucose utilization in vitro by peripheral tissues in normal and diabetic rats was studied. In normal rats the glycogen levels in liver and muscle were increased after 3 weeks of treatment. Glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) was augmented in muscle after 3 and 8 weeks and in liver after 3 weeks. An increased 14C-incorporation into glycogen from 14C-glucose and increased glycogen concentration after incubation were found in muscle after 3 weeks. In diabetic rats the basal blood glucose was decreased after 3 and 5 weeks of treatment, and the basal plasma insulin:blood glucose ratio increased after 5 weeks. The glycogen levels were increased after 3 and 5 weeks in liver. No effect on glucose oxidation (14CO2-production) in muscle was found. The 14C-incorporation into glycogen and the total glycogen content, however, was increased in muscle after both 3 and 5 weeks. Incubation of muscle tissue with serum from normal or diabetic rats treated with oral trypsin inhibitor for 3 and 5 weeks respectively had no apparent acute effects on the glucose metabolism. It is suggested that the observed action of oral trypsin inhibitors on glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues is mediated by one or more unknown gastrointestinal factor(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:935798", "title": "Congenital chloridorrhoea. A question of reversed brush border transport processes and varying junctional tightness.", "content": "The surprising results of intestinal perfusion studies in an 8-month-old child with congenital chloridorrhoea offered a unique opportunity not only to elucidate the underlying defect, but also to test the adequacy of proposed models for normal intestinal transport. In ileum Na, K and Cl as well as water were secreted and HCO3 absorbed. Lumen was 91 mV negative to blood. Only Cl was transported against both electrical and chemical gradients, but discrepancies between observed and predicted Na flux ratios suggested the presence of a Na-absorbing mechanism as well. Mucosa was impermeable to Cl from the lumen side. 2.5 mM glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) mediated Na and water absorption and abolished any transport of Cl. PD was -95 mV. In colon a similar pattern was observed and mucosa to serosa fluxes of Cl were abnormally low. Rectal PD was -116 mV. GCDC made the epithelium more absorptive in function, but contrary to ileum the effect was due to an increase of Na and Cl fluxes from mucosa to serosa. The patient was at that time in severe electrolyte imbalance. He was reinvestigated three months later when he was in a good clinical condition with normal serum electrolytes. Net transfer of electrolytes and water and bidirectional fluxes of Cl and K were unchanged while bidirectional Na fluxes had increased considerably and PD decreased to -18 mV. Rectal PD was -45 mV. In jejunum water and electrolyte transport were normal and PD -3 mV. It is tentatively concluded that the abnormal transport in ileum is due to an inversion of the brush border transport processes, which also satisfies the paradoxical effects of GCDC. Furthermore, Na and Cl seem to migrate through separate pathways. A varying degree of junctional tightness, which is almost completely cationic, may be responsible for the functional differences observed in resonse to improvement of the general electrolyte status.", "contents": "Congenital chloridorrhoea. A question of reversed brush border transport processes and varying junctional tightness. The surprising results of intestinal perfusion studies in an 8-month-old child with congenital chloridorrhoea offered a unique opportunity not only to elucidate the underlying defect, but also to test the adequacy of proposed models for normal intestinal transport. In ileum Na, K and Cl as well as water were secreted and HCO3 absorbed. Lumen was 91 mV negative to blood. Only Cl was transported against both electrical and chemical gradients, but discrepancies between observed and predicted Na flux ratios suggested the presence of a Na-absorbing mechanism as well. Mucosa was impermeable to Cl from the lumen side. 2.5 mM glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) mediated Na and water absorption and abolished any transport of Cl. PD was -95 mV. In colon a similar pattern was observed and mucosa to serosa fluxes of Cl were abnormally low. Rectal PD was -116 mV. GCDC made the epithelium more absorptive in function, but contrary to ileum the effect was due to an increase of Na and Cl fluxes from mucosa to serosa. The patient was at that time in severe electrolyte imbalance. He was reinvestigated three months later when he was in a good clinical condition with normal serum electrolytes. Net transfer of electrolytes and water and bidirectional fluxes of Cl and K were unchanged while bidirectional Na fluxes had increased considerably and PD decreased to -18 mV. Rectal PD was -45 mV. In jejunum water and electrolyte transport were normal and PD -3 mV. It is tentatively concluded that the abnormal transport in ileum is due to an inversion of the brush border transport processes, which also satisfies the paradoxical effects of GCDC. Furthermore, Na and Cl seem to migrate through separate pathways. A varying degree of junctional tightness, which is almost completely cationic, may be responsible for the functional differences observed in resonse to improvement of the general electrolyte status."}
{"id": "PMID:935799", "title": "Hepatic morphology and bile acid composition of bile and urine during chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for radiolucent gallstones.", "content": "In 9 patients with radiolucent gallstones, percutanous liver biopsy was performed during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid in a dose of 500 to 750 mg per day for 3-14 months. In 4 patients pretreatment specimens were available for comparison. No sign of hepatic cellular necrosis or bile duct proliferation was noticed in the biopsies. In 2 patients hepatic steatosis was reduced, and in one patient moderate portal tract inflammation decreased during therapy. Mean values of alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferases, prothrombin, and serum lipids remained unchanged and did not exceed normal limits. In 5 patients the urinary bile acid profile was examined during therapy. Chenodeoxycholic acid constituted 27-50%, lithocholic acid 25-63%, and ursodeoxycholic acid 0-13% of total bile acids in urine. The renal excretion of total bile acids was estimated to be less than two mg per day in each patient. From 86 to 100 per cent of the bile acids in urine was sulfated.", "contents": "Hepatic morphology and bile acid composition of bile and urine during chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for radiolucent gallstones. In 9 patients with radiolucent gallstones, percutanous liver biopsy was performed during treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid in a dose of 500 to 750 mg per day for 3-14 months. In 4 patients pretreatment specimens were available for comparison. No sign of hepatic cellular necrosis or bile duct proliferation was noticed in the biopsies. In 2 patients hepatic steatosis was reduced, and in one patient moderate portal tract inflammation decreased during therapy. Mean values of alkaline phosphatases, alanine aminotransferases, prothrombin, and serum lipids remained unchanged and did not exceed normal limits. In 5 patients the urinary bile acid profile was examined during therapy. Chenodeoxycholic acid constituted 27-50%, lithocholic acid 25-63%, and ursodeoxycholic acid 0-13% of total bile acids in urine. The renal excretion of total bile acids was estimated to be less than two mg per day in each patient. From 86 to 100 per cent of the bile acids in urine was sulfated."}
{"id": "PMID:935800", "title": "Observations of increased levels of blood coagulation factors and other plasma proteins in cholestatic liver disease.", "content": "One group of 8 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and one group of 7 patients with common duct stone both had generally high levels of blood coagulation factors and a wide range of other plasma proteins. In contrast, one group of 6 patients with chronic active hepatitis generally had low levels of the same coagulation factors and plasma proteins. Analyses of factor II-VII-X, plasminogen, ceruloplasmin, beta1C/1A-globulin, IgG and IgM are especially helpful in the differentiation between primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. The data are interpreted as suggesting a generally increased synthesis of liver-produced proteins in cholestasis, although more specific factors may modify the degree of increase of the individual proteins.", "contents": "Observations of increased levels of blood coagulation factors and other plasma proteins in cholestatic liver disease. One group of 8 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and one group of 7 patients with common duct stone both had generally high levels of blood coagulation factors and a wide range of other plasma proteins. In contrast, one group of 6 patients with chronic active hepatitis generally had low levels of the same coagulation factors and plasma proteins. Analyses of factor II-VII-X, plasminogen, ceruloplasmin, beta1C/1A-globulin, IgG and IgM are especially helpful in the differentiation between primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. The data are interpreted as suggesting a generally increased synthesis of liver-produced proteins in cholestasis, although more specific factors may modify the degree of increase of the individual proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:935801", "title": "Mucosal iron retention and plasma iron absorption in the duodenum and jejunum of dogs.", "content": "Two groups of non-anemic dogs, one with normal tissue iron stores and one with decreased tissue iron stores, underwent a surgical construction of two equal segments of duodenum and jejunum. A solution of 0.1 mg ferrous sulfate and 1 mg ascorbic acid was injected into the lumen of each segment. The solution for the duodenal segment contained 30 muc of iron59, for the jejunum segment 60 muc of iron55. The solutions were left in the segments for 2 1/2 hours before washout. On the 14th postoperative day, iron59 and iron55 radioactivity per ml/RBC was measured, and iron uptake by segments determined in two ways. Bone marrow, liver, and spleen were histologically assessed of iron stores. In dogs with normal iron stores, percent iron retained was slightly higher in jejunum that duodenum. In dogs with decreased iron stores percent retention was always higher in duodenum; in this group iron retained was about four times higher than in dogs with normal iron stores. This indicates that mucosal uptake of iron from lumen and mucosal transfer of iron from plasma vary inversely with body iron stores, but compared to mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer is more restricted to duodenum, more affected by body iron stores, more limited, and more crucial to regulation of iron absorption.", "contents": "Mucosal iron retention and plasma iron absorption in the duodenum and jejunum of dogs. Two groups of non-anemic dogs, one with normal tissue iron stores and one with decreased tissue iron stores, underwent a surgical construction of two equal segments of duodenum and jejunum. A solution of 0.1 mg ferrous sulfate and 1 mg ascorbic acid was injected into the lumen of each segment. The solution for the duodenal segment contained 30 muc of iron59, for the jejunum segment 60 muc of iron55. The solutions were left in the segments for 2 1/2 hours before washout. On the 14th postoperative day, iron59 and iron55 radioactivity per ml/RBC was measured, and iron uptake by segments determined in two ways. Bone marrow, liver, and spleen were histologically assessed of iron stores. In dogs with normal iron stores, percent iron retained was slightly higher in jejunum that duodenum. In dogs with decreased iron stores percent retention was always higher in duodenum; in this group iron retained was about four times higher than in dogs with normal iron stores. This indicates that mucosal uptake of iron from lumen and mucosal transfer of iron from plasma vary inversely with body iron stores, but compared to mucosal uptake, mucosal transfer is more restricted to duodenum, more affected by body iron stores, more limited, and more crucial to regulation of iron absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:935802", "title": "The disease activity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "content": "The disease activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease was studied. Parameters found to reflect the disease activity were given scores from 1 to 4. The score obtained by a patient compared with the maximum scores gives the percentage disease activity. The regressions between the percentage disease activity and the ESR in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were r=0.68 (p less than 0.001) and r=0.48 (p less than 0.001), respectively. The different activity parameters have different time response curves explaining the occasional slight correlation. The percentage disease activity represents the mean activity of the different parameters at a given time. It is proposed to define slight, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease as percentage disease activity of less than 30, 30-70 and greater than 70 per cent, respectively.", "contents": "The disease activity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The disease activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease was studied. Parameters found to reflect the disease activity were given scores from 1 to 4. The score obtained by a patient compared with the maximum scores gives the percentage disease activity. The regressions between the percentage disease activity and the ESR in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease were r=0.68 (p less than 0.001) and r=0.48 (p less than 0.001), respectively. The different activity parameters have different time response curves explaining the occasional slight correlation. The percentage disease activity represents the mean activity of the different parameters at a given time. It is proposed to define slight, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease as percentage disease activity of less than 30, 30-70 and greater than 70 per cent, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:935803", "title": "Value of urinary simple phenol and indican determinations in the diagnosis of the stagnant loop syndrome.", "content": "The urinary excretion of phenol, p-cresol, and indican was determined in 7 patients with the stagnant loop syndrome, 26 patients with coeliac disease, chronic pancreatitis, and partial gastrectomy, and 18 control patients. The mean excretion of the compounds in the patients with the stagnant loop syndrome and in the control patients, respectively, was 77 and 2.3 mg/24 h of phenol (p less than 0.05), 164 and 39.5 mg/24 h of p-cresol (n.s.), and 369 and 41.5 mg/24 h of indican (p less than 0.01). When applied as diagnostic tests for the stagnant loop syndrome, the phenol excretion showed 2 false negative results, the p-cresol excretion 3 false negative and 2 false positive results, and the indican excretion 6 false positive results. The combined use of phenol and indican determinations eliminated the number of false positive results with the indican test, and was found most useful as screening procedure. Determination of phenol and indican in a 24-hour urine sample is likely to provide a simple method for selecting patients with signs of abnormal bacterial colonization in the small intestine for more detailed investigations.", "contents": "Value of urinary simple phenol and indican determinations in the diagnosis of the stagnant loop syndrome. The urinary excretion of phenol, p-cresol, and indican was determined in 7 patients with the stagnant loop syndrome, 26 patients with coeliac disease, chronic pancreatitis, and partial gastrectomy, and 18 control patients. The mean excretion of the compounds in the patients with the stagnant loop syndrome and in the control patients, respectively, was 77 and 2.3 mg/24 h of phenol (p less than 0.05), 164 and 39.5 mg/24 h of p-cresol (n.s.), and 369 and 41.5 mg/24 h of indican (p less than 0.01). When applied as diagnostic tests for the stagnant loop syndrome, the phenol excretion showed 2 false negative results, the p-cresol excretion 3 false negative and 2 false positive results, and the indican excretion 6 false positive results. The combined use of phenol and indican determinations eliminated the number of false positive results with the indican test, and was found most useful as screening procedure. Determination of phenol and indican in a 24-hour urine sample is likely to provide a simple method for selecting patients with signs of abnormal bacterial colonization in the small intestine for more detailed investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:935804", "title": "The intestinal phase of gastric secretion. Response to liver extract infusion into the proximal jejunum of healthy human subjects.", "content": "A Levine tube was placed under radiological control in the stomach, and a thin polyethylene tube in the proximal jejunum of 6 healthy volunteers. The stomach and proximal part of jejunum were perfused for 2 hours with 1% acetylcholine, 20% meat extract (Bovril), and 15% liver extract (LE) alone and in combination with simultaneous infusion of different doses of exogenous pentagastrin intravenously. A significant increase in serum gastrin concentration was found with antral perfusion of LE only, whereas perfusion of the proximal jejunum did not change the basal level of the serum gastrin concentration. No change from control values was observed in gastric acid, and pepsin output on perfusing proximal jejunum with LE alone, or in combination with pentagastrin. Reflux to the stomach varied between 0-1.4%, as determined by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. The experiments showed that gastrin was released from the antrum of the stomach by perfusion with 15 per cent LE, but not from the jejunum under the present experimental conditions. In the present experiments Bovril and acetylcholine perfusions did not cause significant responses from the antrum or from the proximal jejunum.", "contents": "The intestinal phase of gastric secretion. Response to liver extract infusion into the proximal jejunum of healthy human subjects. A Levine tube was placed under radiological control in the stomach, and a thin polyethylene tube in the proximal jejunum of 6 healthy volunteers. The stomach and proximal part of jejunum were perfused for 2 hours with 1% acetylcholine, 20% meat extract (Bovril), and 15% liver extract (LE) alone and in combination with simultaneous infusion of different doses of exogenous pentagastrin intravenously. A significant increase in serum gastrin concentration was found with antral perfusion of LE only, whereas perfusion of the proximal jejunum did not change the basal level of the serum gastrin concentration. No change from control values was observed in gastric acid, and pepsin output on perfusing proximal jejunum with LE alone, or in combination with pentagastrin. Reflux to the stomach varied between 0-1.4%, as determined by addition of radioactive B12 to the perfusates. The experiments showed that gastrin was released from the antrum of the stomach by perfusion with 15 per cent LE, but not from the jejunum under the present experimental conditions. In the present experiments Bovril and acetylcholine perfusions did not cause significant responses from the antrum or from the proximal jejunum."}
{"id": "PMID:935805", "title": "Newly synthesized hepatic cholesterol as precursor for cholesterol and bile acids in rat bile.", "content": "Adult, male rats were given simultaneously 3H-mevalonate and 14C-cholesterol on autologous lipoproteins intravenously in barbital anaesthesia. The specific radioactivities of sterols in bile, liver and serum were determined. Newly synthesized hepatic cholesterol was a better substrate for cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid than was cholesterol reaching the liver via plasma lipoproteins. The cholesterol secreted into bile was derived from a pool of liver cholesterol which was in close contact with newly synthesized cholesterol. Specific radioactivity of chenodeoxycholate in bile was higher than that of cholate in bile, both when newly made radioactive cholesterol and when radioactive cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins was the precursor for the labelled bile acids.", "contents": "Newly synthesized hepatic cholesterol as precursor for cholesterol and bile acids in rat bile. Adult, male rats were given simultaneously 3H-mevalonate and 14C-cholesterol on autologous lipoproteins intravenously in barbital anaesthesia. The specific radioactivities of sterols in bile, liver and serum were determined. Newly synthesized hepatic cholesterol was a better substrate for cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid than was cholesterol reaching the liver via plasma lipoproteins. The cholesterol secreted into bile was derived from a pool of liver cholesterol which was in close contact with newly synthesized cholesterol. Specific radioactivity of chenodeoxycholate in bile was higher than that of cholate in bile, both when newly made radioactive cholesterol and when radioactive cholesterol on plasma lipoproteins was the precursor for the labelled bile acids."}
{"id": "PMID:935806", "title": "Surface charge of erythrocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal haemogloninuria.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes from 3 patients with PNH was measured by standard techniques. Erythrocyte mobility is a measure of the net negative surface charge of these cells. In each of the 3 patients studied in mobility was significantly increased over normal cells indicating that there is an increase in negative surface charge of PNH erythrocytes. Following the Ham's and sucrose lysis tests; surviving cells showed mean mobilities that were not statistically different from normal cells. This suggests that these cells with higher surface charge are vulnerable to complement lysis.", "contents": "Surface charge of erythrocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal haemogloninuria. The electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes from 3 patients with PNH was measured by standard techniques. Erythrocyte mobility is a measure of the net negative surface charge of these cells. In each of the 3 patients studied in mobility was significantly increased over normal cells indicating that there is an increase in negative surface charge of PNH erythrocytes. Following the Ham's and sucrose lysis tests; surviving cells showed mean mobilities that were not statistically different from normal cells. This suggests that these cells with higher surface charge are vulnerable to complement lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:935807", "title": "Erythrocytosis associated with multiple cutaneous leiomyomata: report of a case with demonstration of erythropoietic activity in the tumour.", "content": "A patient with leiomyomata of the skin and erythrocytosis is reported. After surgical removal of the larger skin tumours there was remission of the haematologic abnormalities and the erythrocytosis and the red cell mass decreased to normal levels. The raised serum erythropoietin levels were reduced but remained slightly elevated and less than those recorded prior to surgery. Tumour extracts contained significant erythropoietic activity. This seems to be the first documented case of erythrocytosis associated with skin leiomyomata.", "contents": "Erythrocytosis associated with multiple cutaneous leiomyomata: report of a case with demonstration of erythropoietic activity in the tumour. A patient with leiomyomata of the skin and erythrocytosis is reported. After surgical removal of the larger skin tumours there was remission of the haematologic abnormalities and the erythrocytosis and the red cell mass decreased to normal levels. The raised serum erythropoietin levels were reduced but remained slightly elevated and less than those recorded prior to surgery. Tumour extracts contained significant erythropoietic activity. This seems to be the first documented case of erythrocytosis associated with skin leiomyomata."}
{"id": "PMID:935808", "title": "Chronic haemolytic anaemia in two patients heterozygous for erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. Electrofocusing and immunological studies of erythrocyte and liver pyruvate kinase.", "content": "Two patients with mild chronic haemolytic anaemia, a mother and her son, were found to be heterozygous for erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. In the red blood cells the enzymatic activity was reduced by about 50% and the residual PK had normal kinetic properties, stability and electrofocusing pattern. The PK antigen concentration was also decreased by half, so that the ratio of the enzymatic activity to the immunological reactivity (i.e. the molecular specific activity) was normal. In the son's liver PK enzymatic activity was slightly reduced and, above all, an abnormal active form, more anodic than normal PK, was detected by electrofocusing. The propositus's liver PK was also slightly thermo-unstable. It is suggested that the patients were heterozygous for an unstable PK variant which is found in liver, nucleated tissue actively synthesizing proteins, but which disappeared from the erythrocytes because of its unstability.", "contents": "Chronic haemolytic anaemia in two patients heterozygous for erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. Electrofocusing and immunological studies of erythrocyte and liver pyruvate kinase. Two patients with mild chronic haemolytic anaemia, a mother and her son, were found to be heterozygous for erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. In the red blood cells the enzymatic activity was reduced by about 50% and the residual PK had normal kinetic properties, stability and electrofocusing pattern. The PK antigen concentration was also decreased by half, so that the ratio of the enzymatic activity to the immunological reactivity (i.e. the molecular specific activity) was normal. In the son's liver PK enzymatic activity was slightly reduced and, above all, an abnormal active form, more anodic than normal PK, was detected by electrofocusing. The propositus's liver PK was also slightly thermo-unstable. It is suggested that the patients were heterozygous for an unstable PK variant which is found in liver, nucleated tissue actively synthesizing proteins, but which disappeared from the erythrocytes because of its unstability."}
{"id": "PMID:935809", "title": "Mechanism of calcium-induced reptilase clot retraction.", "content": "Calcium ions induce retraction of reptilase clots. This could also be induced by thrombin. Heparin inhibited the reptilase clot retraction induced either by thrombin or calcium, but did not influence the clot retraction induced by ADP. This indicated that the clot retraction induced by Ca2+ was mediated by an activation of the coagulation system with the formation of thrombin.", "contents": "Mechanism of calcium-induced reptilase clot retraction. Calcium ions induce retraction of reptilase clots. This could also be induced by thrombin. Heparin inhibited the reptilase clot retraction induced either by thrombin or calcium, but did not influence the clot retraction induced by ADP. This indicated that the clot retraction induced by Ca2+ was mediated by an activation of the coagulation system with the formation of thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:935811", "title": "Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in urine and serum after prolonged heavy exercise.", "content": "The presence of FDP in the urine, known to be a sensitive indicator of various kidney disorders, was studied in 14 well-trained men participating in a 70-km cross-country ski race. None of the urine samples contained FDP on the day before the race. Immediately after the race, 4 samples contained FDP. High molecular weight FDP were found in 2 of them, whereas 2 others contained low molecular weight products only. 2 days after the race, 1 of these subjects still had FDP in the urine. In addition, 2 newly FDP positives were observed. Serum FDP were slightly elevated in 2 subjects before the race, and in another subject immediately after the race. The presence of urinary FDP did not correlate either with urinary albumin or uromucoid, or with serum FDP. A drop in plasma fibrinogen immediately after the race was noted in all subjects. It is suggested that the present observations may reflect a transient hyperproteolysis (coagulation and fibrinolysis) in the glomerular circulation, including fibrin formation and dissolution, associated with a transient damage of glomerular capillaries.", "contents": "Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in urine and serum after prolonged heavy exercise. The presence of FDP in the urine, known to be a sensitive indicator of various kidney disorders, was studied in 14 well-trained men participating in a 70-km cross-country ski race. None of the urine samples contained FDP on the day before the race. Immediately after the race, 4 samples contained FDP. High molecular weight FDP were found in 2 of them, whereas 2 others contained low molecular weight products only. 2 days after the race, 1 of these subjects still had FDP in the urine. In addition, 2 newly FDP positives were observed. Serum FDP were slightly elevated in 2 subjects before the race, and in another subject immediately after the race. The presence of urinary FDP did not correlate either with urinary albumin or uromucoid, or with serum FDP. A drop in plasma fibrinogen immediately after the race was noted in all subjects. It is suggested that the present observations may reflect a transient hyperproteolysis (coagulation and fibrinolysis) in the glomerular circulation, including fibrin formation and dissolution, associated with a transient damage of glomerular capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:935812", "title": "Red cell organic phosphates during administration of salicylates.", "content": "The effect of salicylates on erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was studied in vivo in 3 groups of healthy subjects receiving acetylsalicyclic acid (18 persons), sodium salicylate (5 persons) and salicylamide (7 persons) in therapeutic dosage. No effect was found on 2,3-DPG in any of the 3 groups. ATP was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) when acetylsalicylic acid or sodium salicylate was given.", "contents": "Red cell organic phosphates during administration of salicylates. The effect of salicylates on erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was studied in vivo in 3 groups of healthy subjects receiving acetylsalicyclic acid (18 persons), sodium salicylate (5 persons) and salicylamide (7 persons) in therapeutic dosage. No effect was found on 2,3-DPG in any of the 3 groups. ATP was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) when acetylsalicylic acid or sodium salicylate was given."}
{"id": "PMID:935813", "title": "The effect of intravenous injection of purified human tissue thromboplastin in rats.", "content": "As a background for the development and testing of phospholipase C in the therapy of post-traumatic and post-surgical intravascular coagulation, highly purified tissue thromboplastin was injected i.v. into rats. The levels of factor V, VII, VIII and blood platelets and the activity of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in general (the cephalin test) were followed. Histological examination of pulmonary, kidney and liver tissue was carried. The dose-response was highly dependent on the injection rate. A marked activation of factor VII and a fall in the activities of factors V and VIII as well as in thrombocyte counts were observed. Very few or no thrombi were seen beyond the pulmonary circulation. The main changes (fibrin-containing thrombi and platelet aggregates) were observed in the lungs during the first 15 min after injection. Atter 15 min virtually no thrombi or platelet aggregates could be detected. The effect of tissue thromboplastin was counteracted by large doses of antithrombin III.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous injection of purified human tissue thromboplastin in rats. As a background for the development and testing of phospholipase C in the therapy of post-traumatic and post-surgical intravascular coagulation, highly purified tissue thromboplastin was injected i.v. into rats. The levels of factor V, VII, VIII and blood platelets and the activity of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in general (the cephalin test) were followed. Histological examination of pulmonary, kidney and liver tissue was carried. The dose-response was highly dependent on the injection rate. A marked activation of factor VII and a fall in the activities of factors V and VIII as well as in thrombocyte counts were observed. Very few or no thrombi were seen beyond the pulmonary circulation. The main changes (fibrin-containing thrombi and platelet aggregates) were observed in the lungs during the first 15 min after injection. Atter 15 min virtually no thrombi or platelet aggregates could be detected. The effect of tissue thromboplastin was counteracted by large doses of antithrombin III."}
{"id": "PMID:935814", "title": "Toxicological problems with the REDY system.", "content": "Dialysate from the REDY dialysis system was examined for toxic elements, special attention being paid to the content of zirconium and aluminium. Also investigated was the concentration of formaldehyde in the rinsing fluid of three consecutive washings. The amount of zirconium and aluminium found in the dialysate was negligible. The concentration of formaldehyde was alarmingly high after two consecutive washings, a considerable amount (less than 50 mg) still remaining after three washings. It is recommended that at least three consecutive washings be performed, and that, if possible, formaldehyde be substituted by another antiseptic. Of special interest was the finding of a very high concentration of boron in the dialysate. It is suggested that this metal, which is a potentially toxic substance, may emanate from the patient. It is concluded that use of the REDY system carries no obvious toxicological risk.", "contents": "Toxicological problems with the REDY system. Dialysate from the REDY dialysis system was examined for toxic elements, special attention being paid to the content of zirconium and aluminium. Also investigated was the concentration of formaldehyde in the rinsing fluid of three consecutive washings. The amount of zirconium and aluminium found in the dialysate was negligible. The concentration of formaldehyde was alarmingly high after two consecutive washings, a considerable amount (less than 50 mg) still remaining after three washings. It is recommended that at least three consecutive washings be performed, and that, if possible, formaldehyde be substituted by another antiseptic. Of special interest was the finding of a very high concentration of boron in the dialysate. It is suggested that this metal, which is a potentially toxic substance, may emanate from the patient. It is concluded that use of the REDY system carries no obvious toxicological risk."}
{"id": "PMID:935815", "title": "On acid-base problems in REDY dialysis.", "content": "The acid-base status of dialysate and blood during REDY dialysis has been studied. A very low pH (6,90) has been found in the venous blood. However, the predialytic acidosis of the patients is corrected, which is attributed to the acetate supply during dialysis. It is pointed out that the implications of the low venous blood pH are still inadequately investigated.", "contents": "On acid-base problems in REDY dialysis. The acid-base status of dialysate and blood during REDY dialysis has been studied. A very low pH (6,90) has been found in the venous blood. However, the predialytic acidosis of the patients is corrected, which is attributed to the acetate supply during dialysis. It is pointed out that the implications of the low venous blood pH are still inadequately investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:935816", "title": "Clinical experience with the REDY dialysis system.", "content": "363 dialysis runs with the REDY sorbent dialysis system have been carried out in 3 patients with acute uraemia, and 14 with chronic uraemia, during a period of 19 months. Nine of the patients with chronic uraemia received from 15 to 87 dialyses, and 6 patients were treated at home. It is concluded that both clinical, biochemical, and rehabilitational results are comparable to those obtained by treatment with conventional techniques. Technical problems have been few and surmountable.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the REDY dialysis system. 363 dialysis runs with the REDY sorbent dialysis system have been carried out in 3 patients with acute uraemia, and 14 with chronic uraemia, during a period of 19 months. Nine of the patients with chronic uraemia received from 15 to 87 dialyses, and 6 patients were treated at home. It is concluded that both clinical, biochemical, and rehabilitational results are comparable to those obtained by treatment with conventional techniques. Technical problems have been few and surmountable."}
{"id": "PMID:935818", "title": "On the absorption capacity of the REDY cartridge.", "content": "The absorption capacity of the REDY cartridge was investigated exclusively by in vitro experiments. The maximum absorption capacity for urea, phosphate, creatinine, and urinc acid, was found to be respectively 55 g, more than 4 g (phosphorus), 10 g, and more than 7,5 g. The maximum absorption rates of the same substances were found to be 600-800 mg/min., more than 33 mg/min., more than 170 mg/min., and 13 mg/min. respectively. The ability of the cartridge to absorb urea was found to be practically unaffected by 2 mmol of copper and 7 mmol of zinc, and to be unaffected by supraphysiological concentrations of lithium. The amount of exchangeable cations was determined for three cartridges, and found to be 6100, 3800, and 7200 mmol. The cation exchanger was found to act as a buffer, giving the whole cartridge a buffering capacity of 0,6 mol. Of the layers of cation exchanger, anion exchanger, and activated charcoal, only the latter was found to be able to bind urea.", "contents": "On the absorption capacity of the REDY cartridge. The absorption capacity of the REDY cartridge was investigated exclusively by in vitro experiments. The maximum absorption capacity for urea, phosphate, creatinine, and urinc acid, was found to be respectively 55 g, more than 4 g (phosphorus), 10 g, and more than 7,5 g. The maximum absorption rates of the same substances were found to be 600-800 mg/min., more than 33 mg/min., more than 170 mg/min., and 13 mg/min. respectively. The ability of the cartridge to absorb urea was found to be practically unaffected by 2 mmol of copper and 7 mmol of zinc, and to be unaffected by supraphysiological concentrations of lithium. The amount of exchangeable cations was determined for three cartridges, and found to be 6100, 3800, and 7200 mmol. The cation exchanger was found to act as a buffer, giving the whole cartridge a buffering capacity of 0,6 mol. Of the layers of cation exchanger, anion exchanger, and activated charcoal, only the latter was found to be able to bind urea."}
{"id": "PMID:935821", "title": "Flexor tendon synovectomy of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of 201 operated hands.", "content": "A follow-up study of 201 flexor tendon synovectomies of the hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. The operations were performed from 1/2-49 years after onset of the disease, and the patients were between 16 and 76 years of age. The follow-up study is based on questionnaires and, in addition, 78% of the patients also had a physical re-examination. The follow-up time spanned 12-78 months. Nearly 70% of the operated hands were subjectively improved; the others were unchanged or worse. The poor results were often caused by progression of arthritis in finger joints. Recurrence of the tenosynovitis was observed in about 37% of the hands, but in very few to such an extent that reoperation has been necessary.", "contents": "Flexor tendon synovectomy of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. A follow-up study of 201 operated hands. A follow-up study of 201 flexor tendon synovectomies of the hand in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is presented. The operations were performed from 1/2-49 years after onset of the disease, and the patients were between 16 and 76 years of age. The follow-up study is based on questionnaires and, in addition, 78% of the patients also had a physical re-examination. The follow-up time spanned 12-78 months. Nearly 70% of the operated hands were subjectively improved; the others were unchanged or worse. The poor results were often caused by progression of arthritis in finger joints. Recurrence of the tenosynovitis was observed in about 37% of the hands, but in very few to such an extent that reoperation has been necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:935822", "title": "Soft tissue radiography of the hands in the rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "25 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were investigated radiologically and clinically over a period of 3 months, using soft tissue radiograms of the hands and Lansbury's Activity Index. The soft tissue radiography technique was a new combination using molybdenum target mammographic equipment and immersion of the hands in a 2.5 cm layer of 1:1 ethanol-water solution, in order to reduce the uneven darkening of films. Periarticular oedema and progression of erosive and soft tissue changes were observed in clinically active cases. High scores for joint swelling and erosions were also registered in some clinically inactive cases. Determination of the rapid progression of erosive and soft tissue changes and the determination of periarticular hyperaemic oedema using special radiographic methods appear to be of some value in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Soft tissue radiography of the hands in the rheumatoid arthritis. 25 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were investigated radiologically and clinically over a period of 3 months, using soft tissue radiograms of the hands and Lansbury's Activity Index. The soft tissue radiography technique was a new combination using molybdenum target mammographic equipment and immersion of the hands in a 2.5 cm layer of 1:1 ethanol-water solution, in order to reduce the uneven darkening of films. Periarticular oedema and progression of erosive and soft tissue changes were observed in clinically active cases. High scores for joint swelling and erosions were also registered in some clinically inactive cases. Determination of the rapid progression of erosive and soft tissue changes and the determination of periarticular hyperaemic oedema using special radiographic methods appear to be of some value in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:935823", "title": "The value of individual joints for radiologic assessment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-seven bilateral joints of 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were radiographed and divided into six grades of severity by means of standard reference films. The results indicated that the four lateral metatarsophalangeal joints and the wrists are the most valuable joints for the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis as they show the strongest correlation of involvement with duration, the highest slope value, and the lowest standard deviation of involvement. It was concluded that many currently used methods of radiologic assessment could be improved by evaluating proper radiologic changes in joints representative of rheumatoid arthritis. The need for a new generally accepted classification of severity of rheumatoid arthritis is evident from this paper.", "contents": "The value of individual joints for radiologic assessment of rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-seven bilateral joints of 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were radiographed and divided into six grades of severity by means of standard reference films. The results indicated that the four lateral metatarsophalangeal joints and the wrists are the most valuable joints for the assessment of rheumatoid arthritis as they show the strongest correlation of involvement with duration, the highest slope value, and the lowest standard deviation of involvement. It was concluded that many currently used methods of radiologic assessment could be improved by evaluating proper radiologic changes in joints representative of rheumatoid arthritis. The need for a new generally accepted classification of severity of rheumatoid arthritis is evident from this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:935824", "title": "Morphological changes in liver biopsies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Oxphenisatin is known to induce liver damage and is suspected to cause or perpetuate chronic liver disease. In order to evaluate the hepatotoxic effect of long-term therapy with oxyphenisatin 26 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated for the presence of liver disease. In all cases, liver biopsy, biochemical liver function tests and determination of Hepatitis-B antigen were performed. Ten patients showed no pathological changes in the liver biopsy and a further 2 had only non-specific changes. Seven patients had fatty liver, 5 passive congestion, one haemosiderosis and only one had cirrhosis of the liver. No correlation was found between the activity of rheumatoid arthritis, and duration of the disease, the drug therapy given, and the liver damage.", "contents": "Morphological changes in liver biopsies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Oxphenisatin is known to induce liver damage and is suspected to cause or perpetuate chronic liver disease. In order to evaluate the hepatotoxic effect of long-term therapy with oxyphenisatin 26 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated for the presence of liver disease. In all cases, liver biopsy, biochemical liver function tests and determination of Hepatitis-B antigen were performed. Ten patients showed no pathological changes in the liver biopsy and a further 2 had only non-specific changes. Seven patients had fatty liver, 5 passive congestion, one haemosiderosis and only one had cirrhosis of the liver. No correlation was found between the activity of rheumatoid arthritis, and duration of the disease, the drug therapy given, and the liver damage."}
{"id": "PMID:935825", "title": "Changes in muscle fibre size and physical performance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after short-term physical training.", "content": "Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis of moderate severity were given 6 weeks' intense physical training. During the investigation period the patients improved their physical performance capacity as well as their rate of perceived exertion. There was an increase in the muscle fibre size, of type I and type II, most pronounced in the latter fibre group. No 'flare-up' of the arthritis could be seen during the training period. Comments are made as to which patients might benefit by a short-term physical training.", "contents": "Changes in muscle fibre size and physical performance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after short-term physical training. Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis of moderate severity were given 6 weeks' intense physical training. During the investigation period the patients improved their physical performance capacity as well as their rate of perceived exertion. There was an increase in the muscle fibre size, of type I and type II, most pronounced in the latter fibre group. No 'flare-up' of the arthritis could be seen during the training period. Comments are made as to which patients might benefit by a short-term physical training."}
{"id": "PMID:935826", "title": "Sarcoidosis with thyroid involvement, polymyalgia rheumatica and breast carcinoma. A case report.", "content": "Polymyalgia rheumatica developed in a 71-year-old patient within 2 years of the onset of acute sarcoidosis with biopsy-verified involvement of the thyroid, and concomitant autoimmune thyroiditis with hyperthyroid symptoms. Three years after the onset of muscle symptoms a non-metastasizing breast carcinoma was discovered and treated surgically. Neither the long interval between the onset of polymyalgia rheumatica and the discovery of the breast tumour, nor the good response of muscle symptoms to a one-year maintenance treatment with corticosteroids, was consistent with a paraneoplastic mechanism of the polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. It was therefore hypothesized that the various disorders suffered by this patient might be related to a partly age-dependent depression of T-lymphocyte function, leading to an altered immunological reactivity to which the various clinical manifestations could be attributed. Such a hypothesis is supported by recent reports showing that in old people and in ageing experimental animals, a decrease in T-lymphocyte function and in the number of circulating T-cells occurs concomitantly with an increase in the incidence of a variety of neoplasms and autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis with thyroid involvement, polymyalgia rheumatica and breast carcinoma. A case report. Polymyalgia rheumatica developed in a 71-year-old patient within 2 years of the onset of acute sarcoidosis with biopsy-verified involvement of the thyroid, and concomitant autoimmune thyroiditis with hyperthyroid symptoms. Three years after the onset of muscle symptoms a non-metastasizing breast carcinoma was discovered and treated surgically. Neither the long interval between the onset of polymyalgia rheumatica and the discovery of the breast tumour, nor the good response of muscle symptoms to a one-year maintenance treatment with corticosteroids, was consistent with a paraneoplastic mechanism of the polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. It was therefore hypothesized that the various disorders suffered by this patient might be related to a partly age-dependent depression of T-lymphocyte function, leading to an altered immunological reactivity to which the various clinical manifestations could be attributed. Such a hypothesis is supported by recent reports showing that in old people and in ageing experimental animals, a decrease in T-lymphocyte function and in the number of circulating T-cells occurs concomitantly with an increase in the incidence of a variety of neoplasms and autoimmune disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:935827", "title": "Oral antipyretic therapy.", "content": "The capacity of ibuprofen to reduce fever in children was compared with that of aspirin, paracetamol, aminophenazone and indomethacin. The series of cases studied consisted of 79 patients in the age range 3 months to 13 years and with a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 30 minutes, and 1,2,4 and 6 hours after challenge with the drug. The antipyretic effect of ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg was optimal and twice that of aspirin or paracetamol and similar to that of aminophenazone. The antipyretic effect of indomethacin was about 12 times that of ibuprofen. This ratio is almost the same as what is said to occur between the antirheumatic effects between these drugs. Ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg would thus appear to be a useful antipyretic drug when both antipyretic and antirheumatic effects are needed.", "contents": "Oral antipyretic therapy. The capacity of ibuprofen to reduce fever in children was compared with that of aspirin, paracetamol, aminophenazone and indomethacin. The series of cases studied consisted of 79 patients in the age range 3 months to 13 years and with a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C. Temperatures were recorded at 15 and 30 minutes, and 1,2,4 and 6 hours after challenge with the drug. The antipyretic effect of ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg was optimal and twice that of aspirin or paracetamol and similar to that of aminophenazone. The antipyretic effect of indomethacin was about 12 times that of ibuprofen. This ratio is almost the same as what is said to occur between the antirheumatic effects between these drugs. Ibuprofen with a dose of 6 mg/kg would thus appear to be a useful antipyretic drug when both antipyretic and antirheumatic effects are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:935828", "title": "The immediate effects of intra-articular injections of osmic acid.", "content": "One hundred mg of osmic acid (with corticosteroid and lidocaine) was injected for therapeutic purposes into the knee in 10 patients suffering from various types of recalcitrant synovitis (mostly rheumatoid arthritis). The effects of this injection were followed by examination of synovial fluid, blood, and urine of these patients, collected at various intervals after intra-articular injection. As a control, a group of 3 patients (5 knees) received corticosteroid and lidocaine intra-articularly, and another group (6 patients, 7 knees) was injected with lidocaine only, both with the same total volume as the first group. Blood and urine examinations revealed essentially no effects of osmic acid, whereas in synovial fluid a strong inflammatory reaction was observed up to the second day after the injection, though the effusion soon disappeared. In a group treated with lidocaine + corticosteroid, a mild, early inflammatory reaction was noted, while lidocaine alone produced only a dilution effect, and the exudate remained relatively longer. Thus, the early local inflammatory reaction due to osmic acid is an expression of the necessary drastic effect of this beneficial therapeutic agent.", "contents": "The immediate effects of intra-articular injections of osmic acid. One hundred mg of osmic acid (with corticosteroid and lidocaine) was injected for therapeutic purposes into the knee in 10 patients suffering from various types of recalcitrant synovitis (mostly rheumatoid arthritis). The effects of this injection were followed by examination of synovial fluid, blood, and urine of these patients, collected at various intervals after intra-articular injection. As a control, a group of 3 patients (5 knees) received corticosteroid and lidocaine intra-articularly, and another group (6 patients, 7 knees) was injected with lidocaine only, both with the same total volume as the first group. Blood and urine examinations revealed essentially no effects of osmic acid, whereas in synovial fluid a strong inflammatory reaction was observed up to the second day after the injection, though the effusion soon disappeared. In a group treated with lidocaine + corticosteroid, a mild, early inflammatory reaction was noted, while lidocaine alone produced only a dilution effect, and the exudate remained relatively longer. Thus, the early local inflammatory reaction due to osmic acid is an expression of the necessary drastic effect of this beneficial therapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:935836", "title": "Peripheral arterial insufficiency, effect of physical training on walking tolerance, calf blood flow, and blood flow resistance.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with intermittent claudication were submitted to physical training during 4-6 months. Eleven other patients with intermittent claudication served as a control group and were given placebo tablets during the same period. The aim of the investigation was to study the influence of physical training on the blood flow conditions in the calf. The effect of treatment on walking tolerance, on calf blood flow, blood flow resistance, and systolic blood pressure graident between the systemic circulation and the vascular bed in the calf was studied. Half a year after the end of the treatment period the patients were reexamined. The walking tolerance increased in both groups but more in the trained group. The increase in walking tolerance even in the control group was caused by the fact that the control group began to train to some extent. In neither group the maximal calf blood flow changed significantly compared with the pretreatment values. The maximal blood flow showed an increasing trend in the training group after a period fo 4 months compared with the control goupr (2p greater than 0.10). The blood flow resistance at maximal dilatation did not change significantly as compared with the initial values in any of the groups, but there was a significant difference (2p greater than 0.05) between the two groups with a decrease in the training group after 4 months. The changes in maximal calf blood flow and the changes in blood flow resistance at maximal dilatation were not related to the changes in walking tolerance. Half a year after the treatment period the walking tolerance had not decreased and there was no difference between the two groups. The maximal calf blood flow, the blood flow resistance, and the systolic pressure gradient were unchanged in comparison with the pretreatment values and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The small changes in blood flow conditions observed after physical training cannot be the only factor explaining the well known improvement in walking tolerance. However, training may cause a redistribution of the blood flow in the working muscle.", "contents": "Peripheral arterial insufficiency, effect of physical training on walking tolerance, calf blood flow, and blood flow resistance. Twenty-three patients with intermittent claudication were submitted to physical training during 4-6 months. Eleven other patients with intermittent claudication served as a control group and were given placebo tablets during the same period. The aim of the investigation was to study the influence of physical training on the blood flow conditions in the calf. The effect of treatment on walking tolerance, on calf blood flow, blood flow resistance, and systolic blood pressure graident between the systemic circulation and the vascular bed in the calf was studied. Half a year after the end of the treatment period the patients were reexamined. The walking tolerance increased in both groups but more in the trained group. The increase in walking tolerance even in the control group was caused by the fact that the control group began to train to some extent. In neither group the maximal calf blood flow changed significantly compared with the pretreatment values. The maximal blood flow showed an increasing trend in the training group after a period fo 4 months compared with the control goupr (2p greater than 0.10). The blood flow resistance at maximal dilatation did not change significantly as compared with the initial values in any of the groups, but there was a significant difference (2p greater than 0.05) between the two groups with a decrease in the training group after 4 months. The changes in maximal calf blood flow and the changes in blood flow resistance at maximal dilatation were not related to the changes in walking tolerance. Half a year after the treatment period the walking tolerance had not decreased and there was no difference between the two groups. The maximal calf blood flow, the blood flow resistance, and the systolic pressure gradient were unchanged in comparison with the pretreatment values and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The small changes in blood flow conditions observed after physical training cannot be the only factor explaining the well known improvement in walking tolerance. However, training may cause a redistribution of the blood flow in the working muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:935837", "title": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients recovering from fractures of the leg.", "content": "The oxygen consumption during walking has been studied in 13 patients recovering from fractures of the  leg and in 8 control subjects. Oxygen consumption of  normal subjects when walking at velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m sec-1 was 8.0, 9.8 and 13.6 ml kg-1 min-1 respectively. For subjects walking on crutches with the leg encased in a Plaster of Paris cast, the oxygen consumption at these velocities was 12.0, 17.5 and 25.3 ml kg-1 min-1 respectively. The energy cost of walking was reduced when the cast was removed, when the crutches were replaced by sticks and when all aides were discarded. When all aids had been discarded the energy expenditure was normal at 0.5 and 1.0 m sec-1 but was still significantly higher at faster velocities.", "contents": "Energy expenditure during walking in patients recovering from fractures of the leg. The oxygen consumption during walking has been studied in 13 patients recovering from fractures of the  leg and in 8 control subjects. Oxygen consumption of  normal subjects when walking at velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m sec-1 was 8.0, 9.8 and 13.6 ml kg-1 min-1 respectively. For subjects walking on crutches with the leg encased in a Plaster of Paris cast, the oxygen consumption at these velocities was 12.0, 17.5 and 25.3 ml kg-1 min-1 respectively. The energy cost of walking was reduced when the cast was removed, when the crutches were replaced by sticks and when all aides were discarded. When all aids had been discarded the energy expenditure was normal at 0.5 and 1.0 m sec-1 but was still significantly higher at faster velocities."}
{"id": "PMID:935838", "title": "Stabilization of spine fracture in paraplegic patients using a plaster cradle.", "content": "A plaster cradle for vertebral fracture stabilization in paraplegic patients is described. Thirteen consecutively referred patients have been treated. The advantages of the cradle are that it allows early mobilization in the vertical plane, early ambulation in a convertible wheel-chair in the ward and out-doors and that the nursing staff are subject to less strain during turning sessions than they would be if methods involving lifting were used. Use of the plaster cradle has not given rise to any complications in the form of pressure sores or increased neurological symptoms. The fracture healing is similar to that observed when other methods of stabilization are used.", "contents": "Stabilization of spine fracture in paraplegic patients using a plaster cradle. A plaster cradle for vertebral fracture stabilization in paraplegic patients is described. Thirteen consecutively referred patients have been treated. The advantages of the cradle are that it allows early mobilization in the vertical plane, early ambulation in a convertible wheel-chair in the ward and out-doors and that the nursing staff are subject to less strain during turning sessions than they would be if methods involving lifting were used. Use of the plaster cradle has not given rise to any complications in the form of pressure sores or increased neurological symptoms. The fracture healing is similar to that observed when other methods of stabilization are used."}
{"id": "PMID:935839", "title": "Sudden death and factors related to long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Factors related to a 6-year prognosis after acute myocardial infarction were studied in a series of 158 men. The prognostic power of clinical and electrocardiographic variables recorded soon after infarction and in connection with exercise test were analysed by stepwise multiple discriminant analysis. The best predictor of poor prognosis was pathological P terminal force. The discriminatory power of the same pattern of variables had weakened slightly when this 6-year analysis was compared with earlier made 2- and 4-year analyses. The prognosis was correctly predicted in 86, 80 and 74% of cases in 2-, 4- and 6-year analyses, respectively. Sudden death was most usual in the last trimester during the 6-year follow-up period. Paradoxical cardiac pulsation, T wave negativity after exercise, earlier resuscitation, sedentary life before infarction and occurrence of ectopic beats during exercise were of discriminatory value in relation to sudden death.", "contents": "Sudden death and factors related to long-term prognosis following acute myocardial infarction. Factors related to a 6-year prognosis after acute myocardial infarction were studied in a series of 158 men. The prognostic power of clinical and electrocardiographic variables recorded soon after infarction and in connection with exercise test were analysed by stepwise multiple discriminant analysis. The best predictor of poor prognosis was pathological P terminal force. The discriminatory power of the same pattern of variables had weakened slightly when this 6-year analysis was compared with earlier made 2- and 4-year analyses. The prognosis was correctly predicted in 86, 80 and 74% of cases in 2-, 4- and 6-year analyses, respectively. Sudden death was most usual in the last trimester during the 6-year follow-up period. Paradoxical cardiac pulsation, T wave negativity after exercise, earlier resuscitation, sedentary life before infarction and occurrence of ectopic beats during exercise were of discriminatory value in relation to sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:935847", "title": "Measures of association of some air pollutants, natural ionizing radiation and cigarette smoking with mortality rates.", "content": "Two methods are employed to estimate the association the association of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, natural ionizing radiation, and cigarette smoking with some age stratified and disease specific United States mortality rates for white males. The first method is based on a ridge regression technique and the second on a sign constrained least squares analysis. The measure of association between these environmental factors and mortality are quantified as elasticities; i.e., the indicated percentage change in the average mortality rate corresponding to a 1% change in the average level of environmental factor. Elasticities are estimated for age specific and disease specific mortality rates, and these values are then aggregated and compared to estimates corresponding to total mortality rates. Overall, consistent results are obtained using the above methods for sulfur compounds and cigarette smoking. Many of these results differ considerably from corresponding results obtained from the ordinary least squares regression analysis, highlighting the need for applying the appropriate estimation methods. In addition to the variables already specified, these analyses take into consideration the following groups of explanatory variables: Climate--Precipitation, January temperature, July temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. Socioeconomic--Age, education, sound housing, population per household, population density, % non-white, % white-collar, income, and city size.", "contents": "Measures of association of some air pollutants, natural ionizing radiation and cigarette smoking with mortality rates. Two methods are employed to estimate the association the association of hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds, nitrogen compounds, natural ionizing radiation, and cigarette smoking with some age stratified and disease specific United States mortality rates for white males. The first method is based on a ridge regression technique and the second on a sign constrained least squares analysis. The measure of association between these environmental factors and mortality are quantified as elasticities; i.e., the indicated percentage change in the average mortality rate corresponding to a 1% change in the average level of environmental factor. Elasticities are estimated for age specific and disease specific mortality rates, and these values are then aggregated and compared to estimates corresponding to total mortality rates. Overall, consistent results are obtained using the above methods for sulfur compounds and cigarette smoking. Many of these results differ considerably from corresponding results obtained from the ordinary least squares regression analysis, highlighting the need for applying the appropriate estimation methods. In addition to the variables already specified, these analyses take into consideration the following groups of explanatory variables: Climate--Precipitation, January temperature, July temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. Socioeconomic--Age, education, sound housing, population per household, population density, % non-white, % white-collar, income, and city size."}
{"id": "PMID:935848", "title": "Hexachlorobutadiene residues in aquatic fauna from surface water fed by the river rhine.", "content": "Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was identified as a component of the residue mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish from inland waters fed by the Rhine, particularly in the Ketelmeer. The residue level in fish is related to the fat content; no bioaccumulation in the food chain to higher trophic levels was observed. HCBD concentrations in the water of the Ketelmeer appeared to be three orders of magnitude lower than those found in aquatic animals.", "contents": "Hexachlorobutadiene residues in aquatic fauna from surface water fed by the river rhine. Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was identified as a component of the residue mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons in fish from inland waters fed by the Rhine, particularly in the Ketelmeer. The residue level in fish is related to the fat content; no bioaccumulation in the food chain to higher trophic levels was observed. HCBD concentrations in the water of the Ketelmeer appeared to be three orders of magnitude lower than those found in aquatic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:935849", "title": "Calcium content of river water, trace element concentrations in toenails, and blood pressure in village populations in New Guinea.", "content": "Several studies carried out on industrialized population groups have revealed the presence of an inverse relationship between hardness of drinking water and certain cardiovascular parameters, e.g., death rates, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, etc. In the present paper an attempt was made to see whether such an association also exists in primitive population groups who drink untreated water collected directly from rivers. Blood pressure was measured in persons living in villages along the banks of the Wogupmeri river in New Guinea. The water was analyzed for calcium content. Trace element concentrations were also determined in toenails from the same subjects to see whether a correlation existed. Calcium content of river water decreases as the river flows downstream, while blood pressure of the villagers living along this river increases. The trace element analysis of toenails revealed strong correlations between aluminium and vanadium. The concentrations of these two elements decrease with age. This association is present in both sexes, in adults and in children. A similarly strong correlation also exists between these two elements in staple food. The results of the present investigation tend to confirm the findings of other studies indicating an apparently beneficial effect of relatively hard water on cardiovascular parameters. The concentration of aluminium and vanadium in toenails show interesting trends, the biological meaning of which, if any, is still unknown.", "contents": "Calcium content of river water, trace element concentrations in toenails, and blood pressure in village populations in New Guinea. Several studies carried out on industrialized population groups have revealed the presence of an inverse relationship between hardness of drinking water and certain cardiovascular parameters, e.g., death rates, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, etc. In the present paper an attempt was made to see whether such an association also exists in primitive population groups who drink untreated water collected directly from rivers. Blood pressure was measured in persons living in villages along the banks of the Wogupmeri river in New Guinea. The water was analyzed for calcium content. Trace element concentrations were also determined in toenails from the same subjects to see whether a correlation existed. Calcium content of river water decreases as the river flows downstream, while blood pressure of the villagers living along this river increases. The trace element analysis of toenails revealed strong correlations between aluminium and vanadium. The concentrations of these two elements decrease with age. This association is present in both sexes, in adults and in children. A similarly strong correlation also exists between these two elements in staple food. The results of the present investigation tend to confirm the findings of other studies indicating an apparently beneficial effect of relatively hard water on cardiovascular parameters. The concentration of aluminium and vanadium in toenails show interesting trends, the biological meaning of which, if any, is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:935850", "title": "Mussels (mytilus sp.) as an indicator of lead pollution.", "content": "The lead contents of two species of mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. edulis) collected along the Pacific coast from Piedras Blancas, California to Punta Banda, Baja California were determined by isotope dilution method. The whole soft parts of the mussels, on a dry weight basis, contained from 0.27 to 42 ppm of lead, which can be related to their local habitats. The gill tissues of the mussels showed the highest lead concentration.", "contents": "Mussels (mytilus sp.) as an indicator of lead pollution. The lead contents of two species of mussels (Mytilus californianus and M. edulis) collected along the Pacific coast from Piedras Blancas, California to Punta Banda, Baja California were determined by isotope dilution method. The whole soft parts of the mussels, on a dry weight basis, contained from 0.27 to 42 ppm of lead, which can be related to their local habitats. The gill tissues of the mussels showed the highest lead concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:935851", "title": "Trace element concentrations in higher fungi.", "content": "The concentrations of ten trace elements, As. Br, Cd, Cu, Hg I, Mn, Se, Zn and V, have been determined in up to 27 species of higher fungi from several sites in Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Analyses were based on destructive neutron activation techniques. Data are presented and compared with the concentrations found in soils. Previously values were non-existent or scanty for these elements, so that the data represent typical levels for basidiomycetes. In addition to confirming high levels of mercury in many species, the survey also found that cadmium is accumulated to a surprising extent by most fungi, the average value being 5 ppm. Among other accumulations found was bromine by the genus Amanita, and selenium by the edible Boletus. Correlation analysis between all pairs of trace elements gave values for r of from 0.75 to 0.43 for 7 pairs (Cu and Hg, 0.75; Se and As, 0.69). As well as these features of biochemical interest, the values found and the pattern of accumulation suggest potential uses of fungi in environmental studies.", "contents": "Trace element concentrations in higher fungi. The concentrations of ten trace elements, As. Br, Cd, Cu, Hg I, Mn, Se, Zn and V, have been determined in up to 27 species of higher fungi from several sites in Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Analyses were based on destructive neutron activation techniques. Data are presented and compared with the concentrations found in soils. Previously values were non-existent or scanty for these elements, so that the data represent typical levels for basidiomycetes. In addition to confirming high levels of mercury in many species, the survey also found that cadmium is accumulated to a surprising extent by most fungi, the average value being 5 ppm. Among other accumulations found was bromine by the genus Amanita, and selenium by the edible Boletus. Correlation analysis between all pairs of trace elements gave values for r of from 0.75 to 0.43 for 7 pairs (Cu and Hg, 0.75; Se and As, 0.69). As well as these features of biochemical interest, the values found and the pattern of accumulation suggest potential uses of fungi in environmental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:935853", "title": "Time-resolved spectroscopy of hemoglobin and its complexes with subpicosecond optical pulses.", "content": "Subpicosecond optical pulses have been used to study the photolysis of hemoglobin conplexes. Photodissociation of carboxyhemoglobin is found to occur in less than 0.5 picosecond. In hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin a nondissociative excited state recovery in 2.5 picoseconds is observed.", "contents": "Time-resolved spectroscopy of hemoglobin and its complexes with subpicosecond optical pulses. Subpicosecond optical pulses have been used to study the photolysis of hemoglobin conplexes. Photodissociation of carboxyhemoglobin is found to occur in less than 0.5 picosecond. In hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin a nondissociative excited state recovery in 2.5 picoseconds is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:935854", "title": "Drinking water and cancer mortality in Louisiana.", "content": "Multivariant regression analysis indicates a statistically significant relation between cancer mortality rates in Louisiana and drinking water obtained from the Missippi River. This is true for total cancer, cancer of the urinary organs, and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Drinking water and cancer mortality in Louisiana. Multivariant regression analysis indicates a statistically significant relation between cancer mortality rates in Louisiana and drinking water obtained from the Missippi River. This is true for total cancer, cancer of the urinary organs, and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:935855", "title": "Cross-linking of DNA in situ as a probe for chromatin structure.", "content": "The photochemical cross-linking of DNA in situ in chromatin is blocked over short intervals. Electron microscopy of DNA cross-linked in chromatin reveals the lengths of protected regions and provides a map of their sites along the DNA. Protected regions occur most frequently in tandem and have a basic length of 160 to 200 base pairs.", "contents": "Cross-linking of DNA in situ as a probe for chromatin structure. The photochemical cross-linking of DNA in situ in chromatin is blocked over short intervals. Electron microscopy of DNA cross-linked in chromatin reveals the lengths of protected regions and provides a map of their sites along the DNA. Protected regions occur most frequently in tandem and have a basic length of 160 to 200 base pairs."}
{"id": "PMID:935856", "title": "Karyotype conservation and difference in DNA amount in anguilloid fishes.", "content": "The two Pacific anguilloid sishes Anguilla japonica and Astroconger myriaster, belonging to the different families, appear to have identical chromosome numbers (2n = 38) and karyotypes, including one pair of conspicuous heteromorphic chromosomes in females. Cytophotometric measurements, however, indicate a considerable difference in DNA content between the two species.", "contents": "Karyotype conservation and difference in DNA amount in anguilloid fishes. The two Pacific anguilloid sishes Anguilla japonica and Astroconger myriaster, belonging to the different families, appear to have identical chromosome numbers (2n = 38) and karyotypes, including one pair of conspicuous heteromorphic chromosomes in females. Cytophotometric measurements, however, indicate a considerable difference in DNA content between the two species."}
{"id": "PMID:935857", "title": "(+)-alpha-(N-1-phenethyl) urea stereospecifically inhibits Ca2+ - but not ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration.", "content": "The (+) isomer of alpha-(N-1-phenethyl) urea is a moderately potent inhibitor of Ca2+ -stimulated mitochondrial respiration of 45Ca2+ uptake (50 percent inhibition at 0.18 mM) while having no effect on adenosine diphosphate-stimulated respiration; the (-) isomer is without effect up to 4 mM. beta-Phenethylurea does not inhibit with either stimulus. The data support the involvement of a Ca2+ -specific protein in energized mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "(+)-alpha-(N-1-phenethyl) urea stereospecifically inhibits Ca2+ - but not ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration. The (+) isomer of alpha-(N-1-phenethyl) urea is a moderately potent inhibitor of Ca2+ -stimulated mitochondrial respiration of 45Ca2+ uptake (50 percent inhibition at 0.18 mM) while having no effect on adenosine diphosphate-stimulated respiration; the (-) isomer is without effect up to 4 mM. beta-Phenethylurea does not inhibit with either stimulus. The data support the involvement of a Ca2+ -specific protein in energized mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:935858", "title": "Thermal polyamino acids: synthesis at less than 100 degrees C.", "content": "Thermally prepared polyamino acids, regarded as models for prebiotic protein, typically have been synthesized at 120 degrees to 200 degrees C. In this study, three different sets of amino acid mixtures were found to yield material of relatively high molecular weight (molecular sieving and diffusion techniques) when heated for up to 81 days at 85 degrees, 75 degrees, and 65 degrees C. These  temperatures, which today are generated by radiation from the sun in some terrestrial locales, probably were more common on the prebiotic earth than those above the boiling point of water. The results thus suggest that prebiotic polyamino acids may have been relatively common and widespread.", "contents": "Thermal polyamino acids: synthesis at less than 100 degrees C. Thermally prepared polyamino acids, regarded as models for prebiotic protein, typically have been synthesized at 120 degrees to 200 degrees C. In this study, three different sets of amino acid mixtures were found to yield material of relatively high molecular weight (molecular sieving and diffusion techniques) when heated for up to 81 days at 85 degrees, 75 degrees, and 65 degrees C. These  temperatures, which today are generated by radiation from the sun in some terrestrial locales, probably were more common on the prebiotic earth than those above the boiling point of water. The results thus suggest that prebiotic polyamino acids may have been relatively common and widespread."}
{"id": "PMID:935859", "title": "Isolations of a cartilage factor that inhibits tumor neovascularization.", "content": "A cartilage fraction isolated by guanidine extraction and purified by affinity chromatography inhibits tumor-induced vascular proliferation and consequently restricts tumor growth. This fraction contains several different proteins; the major one has a molecular weight of about 16,000. The fraction strongly inhibits protease activity.", "contents": "Isolations of a cartilage factor that inhibits tumor neovascularization. A cartilage fraction isolated by guanidine extraction and purified by affinity chromatography inhibits tumor-induced vascular proliferation and consequently restricts tumor growth. This fraction contains several different proteins; the major one has a molecular weight of about 16,000. The fraction strongly inhibits protease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:935863", "title": "Vasopressin and oxytocin are depleted from rat hypothalamic nuclei after oral hypertonic saline.", "content": "Vasopressin and oxytocin were measured by radioimmunoassay in rat posterior pituitary and microdissected hypothalamic areas after 3 and 10 days of oral 2 percent sodium chloride in place of drinking water. There was a significant decrease in concentration of both hormones in posterior pituitary and in specific areas of the hypothalamus. Supraoptic, paraventricular, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei and the retrochiasmatic area had decreased concentration of one or both hormones following hypertonic saline, while hormone concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and median eminence was unaffected.", "contents": "Vasopressin and oxytocin are depleted from rat hypothalamic nuclei after oral hypertonic saline. Vasopressin and oxytocin were measured by radioimmunoassay in rat posterior pituitary and microdissected hypothalamic areas after 3 and 10 days of oral 2 percent sodium chloride in place of drinking water. There was a significant decrease in concentration of both hormones in posterior pituitary and in specific areas of the hypothalamus. Supraoptic, paraventricular, and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei and the retrochiasmatic area had decreased concentration of one or both hormones following hypertonic saline, while hormone concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and median eminence was unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:935864", "title": "Heart rate in spiders: influence of body size and foraging energetics.", "content": "Resting heart rates in 18 species of spiders as determined by a cool laser transillumination technique range from 9 to 125 beats per minute. Cardiac frequencies obtained in this fashion may readily serve as a measure of standard rates of metabolism. A spider's resting heart rate is a function of body size and of foraging energetics.", "contents": "Heart rate in spiders: influence of body size and foraging energetics. Resting heart rates in 18 species of spiders as determined by a cool laser transillumination technique range from 9 to 125 beats per minute. Cardiac frequencies obtained in this fashion may readily serve as a measure of standard rates of metabolism. A spider's resting heart rate is a function of body size and of foraging energetics."}
{"id": "PMID:935865", "title": "Mevalonate metabolism: role of kidneys.", "content": "More than one-half of the amount of mevalonate that is metabolized by pathways not leading to sterols is accounted for by the action of the kidneys. Conversion of mevalonate in vivo to squalene and sterols in the kidneys is confined almost entirely to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the cortex. More sterol than squalene is synthesized from mevalonate not only in the liver but also in the kidney.", "contents": "Mevalonate metabolism: role of kidneys. More than one-half of the amount of mevalonate that is metabolized by pathways not leading to sterols is accounted for by the action of the kidneys. Conversion of mevalonate in vivo to squalene and sterols in the kidneys is confined almost entirely to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in the cortex. More sterol than squalene is synthesized from mevalonate not only in the liver but also in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:935866", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for colchicine in plasma and urine.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of colchicine (in quantities as small as 0.05 nanogram) in plasma and urine was developed with the use of an antibody from immunized rabbits. After the intravenous injection of 2 milligrams of colchicine in seven subjects, the calculated zero-time concentration in the plasma was 2.9 +/- 1.5 micrograms per deciliter, and the mean half-time in the plasma was 58 +/- 20 minutes. Declining, but measurable, amounts of colchicine could be detected in urine up to day 9 after the drug was administered.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for colchicine in plasma and urine. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of colchicine (in quantities as small as 0.05 nanogram) in plasma and urine was developed with the use of an antibody from immunized rabbits. After the intravenous injection of 2 milligrams of colchicine in seven subjects, the calculated zero-time concentration in the plasma was 2.9 +/- 1.5 micrograms per deciliter, and the mean half-time in the plasma was 58 +/- 20 minutes. Declining, but measurable, amounts of colchicine could be detected in urine up to day 9 after the drug was administered."}
{"id": "PMID:935867", "title": "Fever: effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival.", "content": "To determine whether the prevention of fever affects the survival of an animal infected with pathogenic bacteria, lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were infected with live Aeromonas hydrophila and received varying doses of sodium salicylate, an antipyretic drug. Twelve lizards received identical injections of bacteria along with a nontoxic dose of sodium salicylate; five animals increased their mean body temperature at least 0.6 degrees C and survived the week, whereas seven did not develop a fever and died within 3 days. These data indicate that in these lizards the prevention of fever by use of an antipyretic drug such as sodium salicylate increases the mortality rate from bacterial infection.", "contents": "Fever: effect of drug-induced antipyresis on survival. To determine whether the prevention of fever affects the survival of an animal infected with pathogenic bacteria, lizards (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were infected with live Aeromonas hydrophila and received varying doses of sodium salicylate, an antipyretic drug. Twelve lizards received identical injections of bacteria along with a nontoxic dose of sodium salicylate; five animals increased their mean body temperature at least 0.6 degrees C and survived the week, whereas seven did not develop a fever and died within 3 days. These data indicate that in these lizards the prevention of fever by use of an antipyretic drug such as sodium salicylate increases the mortality rate from bacterial infection."}
{"id": "PMID:935869", "title": "Clonal origin of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma.", "content": "A black female with inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma was a mosaic for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase types A and B in normal tissues (blood, thyroid, and adrenal gland); both the medullary carcinoma and pheochromocytoma tissue showed a B pattern only. This finding suggests a single clone origin for each of the tumors. Other inherited tumors similarly studied in man have appeared to be multiclonal in origin.", "contents": "Clonal origin of inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. A black female with inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma was a mosaic for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase types A and B in normal tissues (blood, thyroid, and adrenal gland); both the medullary carcinoma and pheochromocytoma tissue showed a B pattern only. This finding suggests a single clone origin for each of the tumors. Other inherited tumors similarly studied in man have appeared to be multiclonal in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:935870", "title": "Morphine analgesic tolerance: its situation specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model.", "content": "Rats were made tolerant to morphine in either of two environments and then assessed for morphine-induced alteration of pain sensitivity in both environments. Analgesic tolerance was displayed when rats were tested in that environment in which they previously received morphine, but not in the alternative environment. The results indicate than an association between environmental cues and the systemic effects of morphine is crucial to tolerance development.", "contents": "Morphine analgesic tolerance: its situation specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model. Rats were made tolerant to morphine in either of two environments and then assessed for morphine-induced alteration of pain sensitivity in both environments. Analgesic tolerance was displayed when rats were tested in that environment in which they previously received morphine, but not in the alternative environment. The results indicate than an association between environmental cues and the systemic effects of morphine is crucial to tolerance development."}
{"id": "PMID:935871", "title": "Polyploid amphibians: three more diploid-tetraploid cryptic species of frogs.", "content": "The nominal African species Pyxicephalus delalandii and Dicroglossus occipitalis have diploid and tetraploid populations. There are also cryptic tetraploid and diploid species similar to Bufo kerinyagae. These represent the first bisexual polyploid \"species\" so far encountered in the major frog families Ranidae and Bufonidae. The contention that polyploidy is a widespread and important evolutionary phenomenon in anuran amphibians is supported.", "contents": "Polyploid amphibians: three more diploid-tetraploid cryptic species of frogs. The nominal African species Pyxicephalus delalandii and Dicroglossus occipitalis have diploid and tetraploid populations. There are also cryptic tetraploid and diploid species similar to Bufo kerinyagae. These represent the first bisexual polyploid \"species\" so far encountered in the major frog families Ranidae and Bufonidae. The contention that polyploidy is a widespread and important evolutionary phenomenon in anuran amphibians is supported."}
{"id": "PMID:935872", "title": "Functional development of prefrontal cortex in rats continues into adolescence.", "content": "Bilateral removal of the sulcal prefrontal cortex in rats at 60 days of age and older results in aphagia and adipsia, but removal of this area before 60 days of age does not affect food or water regulation. Apparently the development of the role of this neocortical region in feeding and drinking continues well beyond the time of weaning in the rat.", "contents": "Functional development of prefrontal cortex in rats continues into adolescence. Bilateral removal of the sulcal prefrontal cortex in rats at 60 days of age and older results in aphagia and adipsia, but removal of this area before 60 days of age does not affect food or water regulation. Apparently the development of the role of this neocortical region in feeding and drinking continues well beyond the time of weaning in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:935874", "title": "Nuclear ghosts: a nonmembranous structural component of mammalian cell nuclei.", "content": "Electron micrographs of positively stained preparations of nonmembranous ghosts prepared from HeLa cell nuclei have revealed the presence of an array consisting of rodlike and annular structures interconnected by strands sensitive to deoxyribonuclease. This array is believed to be responsible for the spherical shape of nuclei that are free of membrane. In addition, a configurational change in this array may be associated with the cyclic dissolution and reformation of the nuclear envelope that accompanies mitosis in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Nuclear ghosts: a nonmembranous structural component of mammalian cell nuclei. Electron micrographs of positively stained preparations of nonmembranous ghosts prepared from HeLa cell nuclei have revealed the presence of an array consisting of rodlike and annular structures interconnected by strands sensitive to deoxyribonuclease. This array is believed to be responsible for the spherical shape of nuclei that are free of membrane. In addition, a configurational change in this array may be associated with the cyclic dissolution and reformation of the nuclear envelope that accompanies mitosis in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:935875", "title": "Interkingdom fusion between human (HeLa) cells and tobacco hybrid (GGLL) protoplasts.", "content": "The fusion of human HeLa cells with tobacco protoplasts has been accomplished with the use of polyethylene glycol. The sequence from heterocellular adherence to heterokaryon formation has been followed with light microscopy and confirmed by autoradiographs of heterokaryons containing unlabeled tobacco nuclei and tritium-labeled HeLa nuclei. The HeLa nucleus retained its integrity in the tobacco cytoplasm up to 6 days after fusion.", "contents": "Interkingdom fusion between human (HeLa) cells and tobacco hybrid (GGLL) protoplasts. The fusion of human HeLa cells with tobacco protoplasts has been accomplished with the use of polyethylene glycol. The sequence from heterocellular adherence to heterokaryon formation has been followed with light microscopy and confirmed by autoradiographs of heterokaryons containing unlabeled tobacco nuclei and tritium-labeled HeLa nuclei. The HeLa nucleus retained its integrity in the tobacco cytoplasm up to 6 days after fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:935877", "title": "Postmating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a male-contributed antiaphrodisiac?", "content": "Genetic crosses between races of Heliconius erato that differ in the odor of female abdominal glands show that the odor originates in the male and is transferred to the female at mating. Behavioral observations strongly suggest that the odor is an antiaphrodisiac that helps to enforce monogamy among females.", "contents": "Postmating female odor in Heliconius butterflies: a male-contributed antiaphrodisiac? Genetic crosses between races of Heliconius erato that differ in the odor of female abdominal glands show that the odor originates in the male and is transferred to the female at mating. Behavioral observations strongly suggest that the odor is an antiaphrodisiac that helps to enforce monogamy among females."}
{"id": "PMID:935878", "title": "Suckling in newborn rats: eliminated by nipple lavage, reinstated by pup saliva.", "content": "Chemical lavage of the nipples of anesthetized maternal rats virtually eliminated suckling by their 4- to 5-day-old pups. Normal suckling was immediately reinstated, however, by painting a vacuum distillate of the wash or of pup saliva onto the nipples. Thus, a substance necessary to direct and release suckling, possibly rat pup saliva, appears to coat the nipple surface.", "contents": "Suckling in newborn rats: eliminated by nipple lavage, reinstated by pup saliva. Chemical lavage of the nipples of anesthetized maternal rats virtually eliminated suckling by their 4- to 5-day-old pups. Normal suckling was immediately reinstated, however, by painting a vacuum distillate of the wash or of pup saliva onto the nipples. Thus, a substance necessary to direct and release suckling, possibly rat pup saliva, appears to coat the nipple surface."}
{"id": "PMID:935879", "title": "Sex and the single hemisphere: specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing.", "content": "Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing was studied in 200 normal boys and girls between 6 and 13 years of age. Boys performed in a manner consistent with right hemisphere specialization as early as the age of 6. Girls showed evidence of bilateral representation until the age of 13. The results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the neural organization underlying cognition during a major period of childhood. The results, which have implications for reading instruction, are discussed in terms of a possible sex difference in neural plasticity during development and the clinical consequences of such a difference.", "contents": "Sex and the single hemisphere: specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing. Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing was studied in 200 normal boys and girls between 6 and 13 years of age. Boys performed in a manner consistent with right hemisphere specialization as early as the age of 6. Girls showed evidence of bilateral representation until the age of 13. The results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the neural organization underlying cognition during a major period of childhood. The results, which have implications for reading instruction, are discussed in terms of a possible sex difference in neural plasticity during development and the clinical consequences of such a difference."}
{"id": "PMID:935881", "title": "Immunology of prostatic carcinoma-an overview.", "content": "The possibility of altering the course of prostatic cancer by immunologic means requires a clear understanding of the host-tumor relationship in this disease. Available data suggest that prostatic tumors contain both prostate-specific and tumor-specific antigens, although evidence on the latter is still debatable. Patients with prostatic cancer often show nonspecific depression of their cell-mediated immunocompetence, as do patients with many other forms of cancer. The question of whether prostatic cancers are immunogenic; that is, whether they elicit a specific immunologic response, remains unanswered.", "contents": "Immunology of prostatic carcinoma-an overview. The possibility of altering the course of prostatic cancer by immunologic means requires a clear understanding of the host-tumor relationship in this disease. Available data suggest that prostatic tumors contain both prostate-specific and tumor-specific antigens, although evidence on the latter is still debatable. Patients with prostatic cancer often show nonspecific depression of their cell-mediated immunocompetence, as do patients with many other forms of cancer. The question of whether prostatic cancers are immunogenic; that is, whether they elicit a specific immunologic response, remains unanswered."}
{"id": "PMID:935888", "title": "Hereditary spherocytosis: a study of splenectomized persons.", "content": "Sixty-one persons splenectomized for hereditary spherocytosis have been studied and compared to 36 nonsplenectomized clinically affected and to 77 nonaffected family members. Serum IgM levels were reduced by 25% and IgD levels were nearly doubled in the splenectomized group. No fatal bacterial infection was identified by history covering a total of 800 postsplenectomy years. Platelet counts remained elevated for many years after removal of the spleen, as did the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Heinz bodies were seen in 3% of red cells after splenectomy. Though within the range of \"normal,\" reticulocyte levels and serum bilirubin levels were satistically higher in the splenectomized group than in the nonaffected persons. Hemoglobin levels were higher in splenectomized affected persons than in matched controls of the same sex and maturity.", "contents": "Hereditary spherocytosis: a study of splenectomized persons. Sixty-one persons splenectomized for hereditary spherocytosis have been studied and compared to 36 nonsplenectomized clinically affected and to 77 nonaffected family members. Serum IgM levels were reduced by 25% and IgD levels were nearly doubled in the splenectomized group. No fatal bacterial infection was identified by history covering a total of 800 postsplenectomy years. Platelet counts remained elevated for many years after removal of the spleen, as did the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Heinz bodies were seen in 3% of red cells after splenectomy. Though within the range of \"normal,\" reticulocyte levels and serum bilirubin levels were satistically higher in the splenectomized group than in the nonaffected persons. Hemoglobin levels were higher in splenectomized affected persons than in matched controls of the same sex and maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:935896", "title": "Hepatic adenoma: a possible complication of oral contraceptive therapy.", "content": "Three cases of hepatic adenoma occurred in women, two of whom were taking oral contraceptive medication. The clinical and pathologic data from these and previously reported cases are reviewed. The possible causal relationship between the development of hepatic adenomas and the use of oral contraceptives is explored.", "contents": "Hepatic adenoma: a possible complication of oral contraceptive therapy. Three cases of hepatic adenoma occurred in women, two of whom were taking oral contraceptive medication. The clinical and pathologic data from these and previously reported cases are reviewed. The possible causal relationship between the development of hepatic adenomas and the use of oral contraceptives is explored."}
{"id": "PMID:935897", "title": "Impact of intensive newborn care on neonatal mortality in a community hospital.", "content": "Development of a Perinatal Center delivering Level 3 intensive care in a community hospital is described. The inborn neonatal mortality at the hospital in which the Center is located, as well as that of the 13 surrounding counties, has diminished more rapidly than the state neonatal mortality. This has coincided with an almost constant delivery rate, increased proportion of staff patients, relatively constant rate of low birth weight, and declining total perinatal mortality. Our experience suggests that appropriately trained and motivated people, not equipment or geographic location, represent the key factor in the development of such a center.", "contents": "Impact of intensive newborn care on neonatal mortality in a community hospital. Development of a Perinatal Center delivering Level 3 intensive care in a community hospital is described. The inborn neonatal mortality at the hospital in which the Center is located, as well as that of the 13 surrounding counties, has diminished more rapidly than the state neonatal mortality. This has coincided with an almost constant delivery rate, increased proportion of staff patients, relatively constant rate of low birth weight, and declining total perinatal mortality. Our experience suggests that appropriately trained and motivated people, not equipment or geographic location, represent the key factor in the development of such a center."}
{"id": "PMID:935898", "title": "Colposcopic management of abnormal cervical cytology during pregnancy.", "content": "A total of 104 pregnant patients with abnormal cervical cells were referred to the Dysplasia Clinic for evaluation and management by colposcopy. Seventy-one pregnant patients presenting with basal cell atypia on cytologic examination had colposcopically directed biopsy revealing 8.45% severe dysplasia and 1.41% carcinoma in situ. Cytologic study in 31 pregnant patients with basal cell dysplasia revealed severe dysplasia in 29% and carcinoma in situ in 12.9% of the colposcopic biopsies. Cervical cytology revealed carcinoma in situ in two patients. Directed biopsy in both cases revealed carcinoma in situ with one case of questionable microinvasion. Colposcopically observed normal and abnormal physiologic findings and the pregnant cervix, complications after conization during pregnancy, and the impact of colposcopy in the management of the cytologically abnormal cervix during pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Colposcopic management of abnormal cervical cytology during pregnancy. A total of 104 pregnant patients with abnormal cervical cells were referred to the Dysplasia Clinic for evaluation and management by colposcopy. Seventy-one pregnant patients presenting with basal cell atypia on cytologic examination had colposcopically directed biopsy revealing 8.45% severe dysplasia and 1.41% carcinoma in situ. Cytologic study in 31 pregnant patients with basal cell dysplasia revealed severe dysplasia in 29% and carcinoma in situ in 12.9% of the colposcopic biopsies. Cervical cytology revealed carcinoma in situ in two patients. Directed biopsy in both cases revealed carcinoma in situ with one case of questionable microinvasion. Colposcopically observed normal and abnormal physiologic findings and the pregnant cervix, complications after conization during pregnancy, and the impact of colposcopy in the management of the cytologically abnormal cervix during pregnancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935899", "title": "Associated systemic factors in cerebrovascular ischemia.", "content": "Systemic disorders (eg, cardiac, hematologic) are commonly recognized as predisposing and sometimes actual precipitating events in cerebral ischemia. From available studies, the incidence of precipitation is not clear. To determine this, we undertook a comprehensive investigation of all patients with ischemic brain disease for a one-year period. Results reveal that brain ischemia is more commonly precipitated by systemic illness than usually supposed, particularly transient ischemic attacks of the vertebrobasilar circulation and completed infarcts in the carotid distribution. Cardiac disorders outnumber all other precipitating events. As they are more amenable to therapy than atherosclerosis, a diligent search for such precipitating events is warranted in patients with ischemic symptoms.", "contents": "Associated systemic factors in cerebrovascular ischemia. Systemic disorders (eg, cardiac, hematologic) are commonly recognized as predisposing and sometimes actual precipitating events in cerebral ischemia. From available studies, the incidence of precipitation is not clear. To determine this, we undertook a comprehensive investigation of all patients with ischemic brain disease for a one-year period. Results reveal that brain ischemia is more commonly precipitated by systemic illness than usually supposed, particularly transient ischemic attacks of the vertebrobasilar circulation and completed infarcts in the carotid distribution. Cardiac disorders outnumber all other precipitating events. As they are more amenable to therapy than atherosclerosis, a diligent search for such precipitating events is warranted in patients with ischemic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:935900", "title": "Transient ischemic attacks not produced by extracranial vascular disease: a plea for complete and early angiographic investigation.", "content": "Six patients with classical transient ischemic attacks that were not directly related to extracranial carotid disease are presented. These cases were selected to include a variety of pathologic conditions: one case each of brain tumor, arteriovenous malformation, chronic subdural hematoma, cervical spondylosis, and two cases of giant intracranial aneurysms. These case histories are significant because they illustrate that without complete angiographic investigation, tragic results could have and did occur in some cases. Transient ischemic attacks should be considered as a symptom of various possible pathologic conditions, and a careful search for the cause must be pursued aggressively.", "contents": "Transient ischemic attacks not produced by extracranial vascular disease: a plea for complete and early angiographic investigation. Six patients with classical transient ischemic attacks that were not directly related to extracranial carotid disease are presented. These cases were selected to include a variety of pathologic conditions: one case each of brain tumor, arteriovenous malformation, chronic subdural hematoma, cervical spondylosis, and two cases of giant intracranial aneurysms. These case histories are significant because they illustrate that without complete angiographic investigation, tragic results could have and did occur in some cases. Transient ischemic attacks should be considered as a symptom of various possible pathologic conditions, and a careful search for the cause must be pursued aggressively."}
{"id": "PMID:935901", "title": "Diet and dermatosis.", "content": "Diet and medical history of 1,058 physicians and dentists and their wives were analyzed. Five parameters of refined carbohydrate consumption were found to be significantly (p less than 0.010 to less than 0.001) related to the incidence of skin symptoms and signs. Those subjects reporting one or more symptoms and signs (versus none) consumed a significantly greater quantity of refined carbohydrates as measured by each parameter--total calories, calories from refined carbohydrate, percentage of calories from refined carbohydrate, grams of refined carbohydrate, and teaspoonfuls of sugar.", "contents": "Diet and dermatosis. Diet and medical history of 1,058 physicians and dentists and their wives were analyzed. Five parameters of refined carbohydrate consumption were found to be significantly (p less than 0.010 to less than 0.001) related to the incidence of skin symptoms and signs. Those subjects reporting one or more symptoms and signs (versus none) consumed a significantly greater quantity of refined carbohydrates as measured by each parameter--total calories, calories from refined carbohydrate, percentage of calories from refined carbohydrate, grams of refined carbohydrate, and teaspoonfuls of sugar."}
{"id": "PMID:935902", "title": "Small-bowel obstruction: a review of 465 cases.", "content": "A retrospective review of experience with small-bowel obstruction at the University Hospital in Birmingham for a ten-year period (January 1963 through December 1972) revealed 465 episodes of obstruction in 415 patients. The mortality was 4% in obstruction due to adhesions, and 28% in obstruction caused by carcinoma; overall mortality was 8%. Intra-abdominal adhesions were the cause of 69% of cases. Malignant obstruction (mostly from metastatic disease) was the second most common cause of obstruction, and external hernia was third. Delay in diagnosis and inappropriately prolonged used of long intestinal tubes added to the mortality and can be avoided. We suggest a plan for prompt, consistent diagnosis and recommend more liberal use of the barium meal in questionable cases.", "contents": "Small-bowel obstruction: a review of 465 cases. A retrospective review of experience with small-bowel obstruction at the University Hospital in Birmingham for a ten-year period (January 1963 through December 1972) revealed 465 episodes of obstruction in 415 patients. The mortality was 4% in obstruction due to adhesions, and 28% in obstruction caused by carcinoma; overall mortality was 8%. Intra-abdominal adhesions were the cause of 69% of cases. Malignant obstruction (mostly from metastatic disease) was the second most common cause of obstruction, and external hernia was third. Delay in diagnosis and inappropriately prolonged used of long intestinal tubes added to the mortality and can be avoided. We suggest a plan for prompt, consistent diagnosis and recommend more liberal use of the barium meal in questionable cases."}
{"id": "PMID:935903", "title": "Late pulmonary function in survivors of adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Early recognition and improvements in treatment have brought an appreciable decline in mortality from the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Physiologic changes during the acute illness include restriction of lung volumes and a defect in gas transfer. Until recently, pulmonary function of long-term survivors has not been discussed. This report concerns the pulmonary function of two patients studied 19 and 22 months, respectively, after surviving an episode. No residual changes in lung volume or compliance were found. A mild decrease in diffusing capacity was noted, and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients were at the upper limit of normal in both.", "contents": "Late pulmonary function in survivors of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Early recognition and improvements in treatment have brought an appreciable decline in mortality from the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Physiologic changes during the acute illness include restriction of lung volumes and a defect in gas transfer. Until recently, pulmonary function of long-term survivors has not been discussed. This report concerns the pulmonary function of two patients studied 19 and 22 months, respectively, after surviving an episode. No residual changes in lung volume or compliance were found. A mild decrease in diffusing capacity was noted, and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients were at the upper limit of normal in both."}
{"id": "PMID:935904", "title": "Outpatient chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer in a community setting: a five-drug regimen.", "content": "Forty-two (37 evaluable) unselected women with advanced breast carcinoma were treated with a modified \"Cooper regimen\" in a community setting. After 12 weeks of induction therapy, the patients were evaluated for response and toxicity. The 74% overall response rate (78% in the evaluable group) compares favorably with that of other series. The median duration of remission was 13.7 months. The median survival was 17 months for the evaluable patients and 14 months for the entire group. Twenty-two percent of the patients required hospitalization during the induction phase, and 35% were treated exclusively as outpatients during all phases of therapy. There was only one drug-related death. It is concluded that a complex chemotherapeutic regimen can be managed adequately by physicians experienced in chemotherapy in a community setting with results comparable to those from cancer centers.", "contents": "Outpatient chemotherapy of advanced breast cancer in a community setting: a five-drug regimen. Forty-two (37 evaluable) unselected women with advanced breast carcinoma were treated with a modified \"Cooper regimen\" in a community setting. After 12 weeks of induction therapy, the patients were evaluated for response and toxicity. The 74% overall response rate (78% in the evaluable group) compares favorably with that of other series. The median duration of remission was 13.7 months. The median survival was 17 months for the evaluable patients and 14 months for the entire group. Twenty-two percent of the patients required hospitalization during the induction phase, and 35% were treated exclusively as outpatients during all phases of therapy. There was only one drug-related death. It is concluded that a complex chemotherapeutic regimen can be managed adequately by physicians experienced in chemotherapy in a community setting with results comparable to those from cancer centers."}
{"id": "PMID:935906", "title": "Vaginal hysterectomy by an anterior colpotomy technic.", "content": "A simple, relatively unknown technic of vaginal hysterectomy using the anterior colpotomy approach is presented. Experience with this procedure at a small Naval hospital is described. Morbidity occurred in 6.6% of the patients. The advantages of this method of vaginal hysterectomy are summarized.", "contents": "Vaginal hysterectomy by an anterior colpotomy technic. A simple, relatively unknown technic of vaginal hysterectomy using the anterior colpotomy approach is presented. Experience with this procedure at a small Naval hospital is described. Morbidity occurred in 6.6% of the patients. The advantages of this method of vaginal hysterectomy are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:935907", "title": "Treatment of chronic unilateral frontal sinusitis by removal of the interfrontal septum.", "content": "External surgical treatment of unilateral chronic frontal sinusitis by removal of the interfrontal septum is described. Eleven patients were treated by this method with excellent cosmetic results and only one transient recurrence.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic unilateral frontal sinusitis by removal of the interfrontal septum. External surgical treatment of unilateral chronic frontal sinusitis by removal of the interfrontal septum is described. Eleven patients were treated by this method with excellent cosmetic results and only one transient recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:935908", "title": "Transabdominal gunshot wounds of the hip.", "content": "Experience with two cases of transabdominal gunshot wounds of the hip in nonmilitary circumstances indicated delayed recognition of the hip involvement. This delay resulted in compromised end results in both cases. The wartime principles of early recognition and prompt surgical management are recommended for civilian settings.", "contents": "Transabdominal gunshot wounds of the hip. Experience with two cases of transabdominal gunshot wounds of the hip in nonmilitary circumstances indicated delayed recognition of the hip involvement. This delay resulted in compromised end results in both cases. The wartime principles of early recognition and prompt surgical management are recommended for civilian settings."}
{"id": "PMID:935909", "title": "A diphtheria outbreak in Dade County, Florida.", "content": "During a 16-week period in late 1969, 11 cases of diphtheria (three fatal) were reported from Miami, Dade County, Florida. For each of ten previous years, two cases at most had been reported. All patients resided in a predominantly black, low socioeconomic community within the 7-square-mile Model City area. Nine patients had positive cultures for toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, mitis strain. None of the 11 patients or 22 culture-positive household contacts had been vaccinated against diphtheria. During the outbreak, one dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine or tetanus-diphtheria toxoid was given to more than 90,000 residents of Model City (95%) and to more than 200,000 residents of Dade County (16%). A state law was passed in June 1971 requiring all children to be vaccinated before entering school. No subsequent cases of diphtheria were reported in the ensuing five-year period. The Miami experience suggests that prompt mass vaccination will abort the spread of epidemic diphtheria and emphasizes the need for routine vaccination to minimize morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "A diphtheria outbreak in Dade County, Florida. During a 16-week period in late 1969, 11 cases of diphtheria (three fatal) were reported from Miami, Dade County, Florida. For each of ten previous years, two cases at most had been reported. All patients resided in a predominantly black, low socioeconomic community within the 7-square-mile Model City area. Nine patients had positive cultures for toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, mitis strain. None of the 11 patients or 22 culture-positive household contacts had been vaccinated against diphtheria. During the outbreak, one dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine or tetanus-diphtheria toxoid was given to more than 90,000 residents of Model City (95%) and to more than 200,000 residents of Dade County (16%). A state law was passed in June 1971 requiring all children to be vaccinated before entering school. No subsequent cases of diphtheria were reported in the ensuing five-year period. The Miami experience suggests that prompt mass vaccination will abort the spread of epidemic diphtheria and emphasizes the need for routine vaccination to minimize morbidity and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:935910", "title": "Malpractice liability of physicians to nonpatients.", "content": "Sometimes physicians assume responsibilities to third parties when undertaking the care of patients. Physicians have been held liable to third parties, though strangers to the patients, for failing to warn regarding the communicability of contagious diseases. Two suits have been allowed against physicians by third parties who were injured by drivers of vehicles who had not been warned by the physician of the danger of driving caused by their medical problem. Hospitals and psychiatrists have been held liable to injured third parties for failing to warn of the dangerous propensities of their patients under psychotherapy. Courts have held that such disclosures do not violate the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality. However, physicians may exercise professional discretion and need not warn if, in their judgment, that would be unreasonable, unnecessary, or harmful. Nevertheless, rights of patients must yield to the public interest when it collides with public safety and welfare.", "contents": "Malpractice liability of physicians to nonpatients. Sometimes physicians assume responsibilities to third parties when undertaking the care of patients. Physicians have been held liable to third parties, though strangers to the patients, for failing to warn regarding the communicability of contagious diseases. Two suits have been allowed against physicians by third parties who were injured by drivers of vehicles who had not been warned by the physician of the danger of driving caused by their medical problem. Hospitals and psychiatrists have been held liable to injured third parties for failing to warn of the dangerous propensities of their patients under psychotherapy. Courts have held that such disclosures do not violate the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality. However, physicians may exercise professional discretion and need not warn if, in their judgment, that would be unreasonable, unnecessary, or harmful. Nevertheless, rights of patients must yield to the public interest when it collides with public safety and welfare."}
{"id": "PMID:935911", "title": "The lower cervical spine in trauma: a study of false-negative and false-positive findings.", "content": "Evaluation of roentgenographic studies of the lower cervical spine may be complicated by posttraumatic immobility, certain body types, and technical factors which produce equivocal findings. False-positive and false-negative findings are reported, with suggestions for additional views and more diagnostic evaluation.", "contents": "The lower cervical spine in trauma: a study of false-negative and false-positive findings. Evaluation of roentgenographic studies of the lower cervical spine may be complicated by posttraumatic immobility, certain body types, and technical factors which produce equivocal findings. False-positive and false-negative findings are reported, with suggestions for additional views and more diagnostic evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:935912", "title": "A modified solid ankle brace for the treatment of arthritides.", "content": "A modified solid ankle short leg brace is presented for use in patients with ankle joint and hind foot arthritides. Thirty-five patients were followed up for an average of 2 1/2 years. Thirty patients had marked relief of pain; three, moderate relief; and two, no relief. Thirty-two patients had improved cosmesis of their gait patterns.", "contents": "A modified solid ankle brace for the treatment of arthritides. A modified solid ankle short leg brace is presented for use in patients with ankle joint and hind foot arthritides. Thirty-five patients were followed up for an average of 2 1/2 years. Thirty patients had marked relief of pain; three, moderate relief; and two, no relief. Thirty-two patients had improved cosmesis of their gait patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:935913", "title": "Statistical manipulation for normalization of data: in vitro thyroid function tests.", "content": "Interest in chemical and statistical methods chosen to define \"normal\" populations for the clinical significance of tests has grown recently. Because few clinical values are distributed in gaussian fashion, recommendations for smoothing of data by transforms have been prepared. In this paper we examine mathematical transformations as they are applied to in vitro tests of thyroid function and evaluate the use of multivariate regression analysis. Mathematical transforms used included square root, two parameter log, three parameter log, and inverse hyperbolic sine methods. Multivariate regression analysis was obtained by comparing test data for the T3 uptake, T4, and effective thyroxine ratio with clinical diagnoses as individual and aggregate weighting values for decision. None of the mathematical transforms resulted in complete elimination of diagnostic errors when compared with clinical diagnoses. The effective thyroxine ratio by itself had the highest correlation with patient findings. Additions of other commonly used in vitro function tests added little diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Statistical manipulation for normalization of data: in vitro thyroid function tests. Interest in chemical and statistical methods chosen to define \"normal\" populations for the clinical significance of tests has grown recently. Because few clinical values are distributed in gaussian fashion, recommendations for smoothing of data by transforms have been prepared. In this paper we examine mathematical transformations as they are applied to in vitro tests of thyroid function and evaluate the use of multivariate regression analysis. Mathematical transforms used included square root, two parameter log, three parameter log, and inverse hyperbolic sine methods. Multivariate regression analysis was obtained by comparing test data for the T3 uptake, T4, and effective thyroxine ratio with clinical diagnoses as individual and aggregate weighting values for decision. None of the mathematical transforms resulted in complete elimination of diagnostic errors when compared with clinical diagnoses. The effective thyroxine ratio by itself had the highest correlation with patient findings. Additions of other commonly used in vitro function tests added little diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:935914", "title": "Duodenal crypts.", "content": "During the course of 2,340 barium examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, four male patients were found to have multiple small outpouchings on the surface of the duodenal bulb. These findings, designated duodenal crypts, are considered to be asymptomatic and are not to be confused with inflammatory changes. The endoscopic and roentgenologic appearances are illustrated.", "contents": "Duodenal crypts. During the course of 2,340 barium examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract, four male patients were found to have multiple small outpouchings on the surface of the duodenal bulb. These findings, designated duodenal crypts, are considered to be asymptomatic and are not to be confused with inflammatory changes. The endoscopic and roentgenologic appearances are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:935916", "title": "Treatment of intestinal parasitic disease.", "content": "Although improved sanitation in the United States has resulted in a general diminution in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, some, such as enterobiasis, are not reduced by improved environmental or water sanitation and others, such as amebiasis and hookworm infection, persist in foci. Other infections, notably giardiasis, have increased due to the travels of American tourists in other countries where environmental sanitation is poor. North American physicians, therefore, may expect at some time to have to treat parasitic infections. Favored chemotherapeutic agents currently are: for amebiasis--metronidazole and diiodohydroxyquin; for giardiasis--metronidazole; for tapeworm infections--niclosamide; for enterobiasis--pyrantel pamoate, piperazine citrate, or pyrvinium pamoate; for ascariasis--piperazine citrate; for stronglyoidiasis--thiabendazole; for trichuriasis--mebendazole; for hookworm infection--pyrantel pamoate; for schistosomiasis japonica--tartar emetic; and for schistosomiasis mansoni--niridazole.", "contents": "Treatment of intestinal parasitic disease. Although improved sanitation in the United States has resulted in a general diminution in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, some, such as enterobiasis, are not reduced by improved environmental or water sanitation and others, such as amebiasis and hookworm infection, persist in foci. Other infections, notably giardiasis, have increased due to the travels of American tourists in other countries where environmental sanitation is poor. North American physicians, therefore, may expect at some time to have to treat parasitic infections. Favored chemotherapeutic agents currently are: for amebiasis--metronidazole and diiodohydroxyquin; for giardiasis--metronidazole; for tapeworm infections--niclosamide; for enterobiasis--pyrantel pamoate, piperazine citrate, or pyrvinium pamoate; for ascariasis--piperazine citrate; for stronglyoidiasis--thiabendazole; for trichuriasis--mebendazole; for hookworm infection--pyrantel pamoate; for schistosomiasis japonica--tartar emetic; and for schistosomiasis mansoni--niridazole."}
{"id": "PMID:935917", "title": "Cystic hemangioma of the spleen in a schizophrenic patient.", "content": "We have presented a single case of cavernous hemangioma of the spleen with cystic formation. We believe this is the first reported case associated with schizophrenia. Splenic scan demonstrated only a thin rim of functioning tissue. In the absence of a reliable history, celiac angiography provided the most important preoperative information on this large, barely functioning cystic spleen. A generous incision gave the required exposure for removal. The size of the cyst and the amount of compression and deviation of the splenic artery encouraged us to use a thoracoabdominal incision. We believe this is the 75th case of cystic hemangioma of the spleen reported in the literature.", "contents": "Cystic hemangioma of the spleen in a schizophrenic patient. We have presented a single case of cavernous hemangioma of the spleen with cystic formation. We believe this is the first reported case associated with schizophrenia. Splenic scan demonstrated only a thin rim of functioning tissue. In the absence of a reliable history, celiac angiography provided the most important preoperative information on this large, barely functioning cystic spleen. A generous incision gave the required exposure for removal. The size of the cyst and the amount of compression and deviation of the splenic artery encouraged us to use a thoracoabdominal incision. We believe this is the 75th case of cystic hemangioma of the spleen reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:935918", "title": "Peroneal spastic flatfoot syndrome.", "content": "Tarsal coalitions are not the sole cause of peroneal spastic flatfoot, and any irritative lesion in the peritalar area can induce protective contraction of any or all of the muscles bridging the peritalar joints. True muscular peroneal spasm has been shown to be present on a clinical basis in this entity where tarsal coalitions are not present. Neoplasm should be included in the differential diagnosis of the rigid flatfoot deformity.", "contents": "Peroneal spastic flatfoot syndrome. Tarsal coalitions are not the sole cause of peroneal spastic flatfoot, and any irritative lesion in the peritalar area can induce protective contraction of any or all of the muscles bridging the peritalar joints. True muscular peroneal spasm has been shown to be present on a clinical basis in this entity where tarsal coalitions are not present. Neoplasm should be included in the differential diagnosis of the rigid flatfoot deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:935919", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: discussion of operating technics.", "content": "A case of carpal tunnel syndrome's is presented. Histologic examination of the volar carpal ligament showed fibrocartilaginous changes suggesting a progressive degenerative phenomenon. Operative intervention relieved the pain and disability. It is implied that biopsy of the carpal ligament and/or the synovial sheath often will be helpful in making a complete diagnosis. The results of this simple operating technic are contrasted with other procedures.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome: discussion of operating technics. A case of carpal tunnel syndrome's is presented. Histologic examination of the volar carpal ligament showed fibrocartilaginous changes suggesting a progressive degenerative phenomenon. Operative intervention relieved the pain and disability. It is implied that biopsy of the carpal ligament and/or the synovial sheath often will be helpful in making a complete diagnosis. The results of this simple operating technic are contrasted with other procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:935951", "title": "Artificial feeding of Black infants.", "content": "Analysis of milk formula feeds in a community where infant malnutrition is common, showed that overdilution of feeds is less frequent than expected. Many feeds were too concentrated. Modified and 'humanised' milks were more often and more seriously too strong than unmodified milks. An inadequate number and volume of milk feeds per day was probably more important in causing malnutrition than the strength of the feeds.", "contents": "Artificial feeding of Black infants. Analysis of milk formula feeds in a community where infant malnutrition is common, showed that overdilution of feeds is less frequent than expected. Many feeds were too concentrated. Modified and 'humanised' milks were more often and more seriously too strong than unmodified milks. An inadequate number and volume of milk feeds per day was probably more important in causing malnutrition than the strength of the feeds."}
{"id": "PMID:935952", "title": "The prognostic significance of the viscerocardiac reflex phenomenon.", "content": "The acid perfusion test, combined with manometric studies of the oesophagus and serial electrocardiography, has been utilised to determine the incidence of ischaemic ST-segment depression and of significant arrhythmias during acid-induced oesophageal pain. Eight per cent of patients with oesophagitis and coexistent ischaemic heart disease manifest significant ECG changes during oesophageal acid perfusion. The follow-up period of 5 years indicates that these patients have a high incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of the viscerocardiac reflex phenomenon. The acid perfusion test, combined with manometric studies of the oesophagus and serial electrocardiography, has been utilised to determine the incidence of ischaemic ST-segment depression and of significant arrhythmias during acid-induced oesophageal pain. Eight per cent of patients with oesophagitis and coexistent ischaemic heart disease manifest significant ECG changes during oesophageal acid perfusion. The follow-up period of 5 years indicates that these patients have a high incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:935953", "title": "The determinants of pelvic brim morphology in the female.", "content": "There is a significant positive correlation between the brim index and the conjugate dimension (r = 0,66). The latter also shows a high degree of correlation with stature (r = 0,58). The inverse covariability between the transverse inlet diameter and the brim index is weak (r = -0,17). The larger brim areas and brim indices of taller women are due to their greater sagittal inlet measurements.", "contents": "The determinants of pelvic brim morphology in the female. There is a significant positive correlation between the brim index and the conjugate dimension (r = 0,66). The latter also shows a high degree of correlation with stature (r = 0,58). The inverse covariability between the transverse inlet diameter and the brim index is weak (r = -0,17). The larger brim areas and brim indices of taller women are due to their greater sagittal inlet measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:935954", "title": "Proplast implants used in otology and in facial reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Proplast, a self-stabilising alloplastic material, was evaluated in ear surgery and in facial reconstructive surgery. Proplast implants were used on 33 patients to reconstruct the ossicular chain (total or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis), or to rebuild the mastoid cavity. The lack of extrusion over a 24-month period is encouraging. In facial reconstructive surgery 11 patients received Proplast implants to augment and restore facial contours. Contamination with saliva remains a problem, owing to the high porosity of Proplast, which could harbour infection. When Proplast was sterile when implanted, no extrusion appeared over a 12-month period. Although the patients presented here were followed up for a relatively short time, they provide reason for some optimism that the vexed question of alloplastics applied in the field of ear, nose and throat surgery may be solved.", "contents": "Proplast implants used in otology and in facial reconstructive surgery. Proplast, a self-stabilising alloplastic material, was evaluated in ear surgery and in facial reconstructive surgery. Proplast implants were used on 33 patients to reconstruct the ossicular chain (total or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis), or to rebuild the mastoid cavity. The lack of extrusion over a 24-month period is encouraging. In facial reconstructive surgery 11 patients received Proplast implants to augment and restore facial contours. Contamination with saliva remains a problem, owing to the high porosity of Proplast, which could harbour infection. When Proplast was sterile when implanted, no extrusion appeared over a 12-month period. Although the patients presented here were followed up for a relatively short time, they provide reason for some optimism that the vexed question of alloplastics applied in the field of ear, nose and throat surgery may be solved."}
{"id": "PMID:935955", "title": "Minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "The syndrome of minimal brain dysfunction is found in at least 5% of South African schoolchildren. The aetiology and pathology of this entity are uncertain. Presenting features include hyperactive behaviour, problems of fine motor co-ordination, learning disabilities and certain 'soft' neurological signs. Skilled remedial teaching is the mainstay of successful management.", "contents": "Minimal brain dysfunction. The syndrome of minimal brain dysfunction is found in at least 5% of South African schoolchildren. The aetiology and pathology of this entity are uncertain. Presenting features include hyperactive behaviour, problems of fine motor co-ordination, learning disabilities and certain 'soft' neurological signs. Skilled remedial teaching is the mainstay of successful management."}
{"id": "PMID:935960", "title": "Follow-up of five severely deprived and malnourished siblings, after their placement in foster care.", "content": "Five siblings, neglected and malnourished to the extent that they had become nutritional dwarfs, were placed in foster care. Their weights and heights were recorded at the time of placement, and at intervals for the following 6 years. In all cases there was an initial spurt in weight, which lasted for 1 to 2 years. Thereafer, the gains in weight and height continued on lines parallel with, but below the centile lines, except in the cases of the 2 youngest children, both of whom achieved the 3rd centile for weight and approached it for height. The eldest sibling was the most severely dwarfed.", "contents": "Follow-up of five severely deprived and malnourished siblings, after their placement in foster care. Five siblings, neglected and malnourished to the extent that they had become nutritional dwarfs, were placed in foster care. Their weights and heights were recorded at the time of placement, and at intervals for the following 6 years. In all cases there was an initial spurt in weight, which lasted for 1 to 2 years. Thereafer, the gains in weight and height continued on lines parallel with, but below the centile lines, except in the cases of the 2 youngest children, both of whom achieved the 3rd centile for weight and approached it for height. The eldest sibling was the most severely dwarfed."}
{"id": "PMID:935961", "title": "Stoma care.", "content": "Without doubt a most, if not the most, spectacular advance in the surgery of the colon and rectum in the last decade has been the vastly improved management of abdominal stomas and fistulas. This has been accomplished by a re-organisation of stoma care, aceptance by surgeons of the need to site their stomas with more precision and better apparatus.", "contents": "Stoma care. Without doubt a most, if not the most, spectacular advance in the surgery of the colon and rectum in the last decade has been the vastly improved management of abdominal stomas and fistulas. This has been accomplished by a re-organisation of stoma care, aceptance by surgeons of the need to site their stomas with more precision and better apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:935962", "title": "Stomatherapy and the stomatherapist.", "content": "Stomatherapy can be defined as specialist care given to patients who undergo surgery with construction of a colostomy, ileostomy or urinary conduit. The role of the stomatherapist is outlined and the stomatherapy techniques and appliances used by the Groote Schuur Hospital Stomatherapy Service are described.", "contents": "Stomatherapy and the stomatherapist. Stomatherapy can be defined as specialist care given to patients who undergo surgery with construction of a colostomy, ileostomy or urinary conduit. The role of the stomatherapist is outlined and the stomatherapy techniques and appliances used by the Groote Schuur Hospital Stomatherapy Service are described."}
{"id": "PMID:935963", "title": "Stomas in children.", "content": "During a 2-year period 176 stoma operations were performed at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, for various conditions. About 50% were performed on neonates and a further 30% on infants under 1 year of age. The majority of stoma operations in this age group are performed as emergencies and the stomas are temporary. Only 10% are permanent. The specific stomas, the indications for these, some special points in technique, and the complications are considered and discussed. The management of an infant or child with a stoma is reviewed and the value of a stomatherapist in a surgical unit is stressed.", "contents": "Stomas in children. During a 2-year period 176 stoma operations were performed at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, for various conditions. About 50% were performed on neonates and a further 30% on infants under 1 year of age. The majority of stoma operations in this age group are performed as emergencies and the stomas are temporary. Only 10% are permanent. The specific stomas, the indications for these, some special points in technique, and the complications are considered and discussed. The management of an infant or child with a stoma is reviewed and the value of a stomatherapist in a surgical unit is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:935969", "title": "The treatment of cerebral aneurysms. A report on 51 cases.", "content": "The treatment of 51 patients with proven cerebral aneurysms is reviewed. The management is discussed and the relative safety of the microneurosurgical operation is stressed.", "contents": "The treatment of cerebral aneurysms. A report on 51 cases. The treatment of 51 patients with proven cerebral aneurysms is reviewed. The management is discussed and the relative safety of the microneurosurgical operation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:935970", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology in breast disease.", "content": "The cytopathology of benign and malignant breast lesions is described and correlated with the histopathology. Problems in diagnosis and the advantages of fine-needle aspiration are discussed. The diagnostic accuracy is approximately 93% with this technique.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology in breast disease. The cytopathology of benign and malignant breast lesions is described and correlated with the histopathology. Problems in diagnosis and the advantages of fine-needle aspiration are discussed. The diagnostic accuracy is approximately 93% with this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:935971", "title": "Ketamine for anaesthetic induction at Caesarean section.", "content": "Fifty healthy mothers, with normal placental function, were anaesthetised with ketamine (2 mg/kg body mass) for Caesarean section. Surgery was conducted with the patient in the lateral tilt position and anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen, muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation. Eight of the 50 infants delivered were clinically depressed, judged on the basis of the modified Apgar score at 2 minutes after delivery. The average time to sustained respiration was 58, 1 minutes. Studies of maternal blood gases before induction and at delivery revealed mild respiratory alkalosis, associated with an appropriate degree of compensatory metabolic acidosis. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis showed the presence of a fetal respiratory acidosis. The average derived fetal base excess levels were similar to those obtained in a previous study with thiopentone anaesthesia, but calculated mean maternal-to-fetal pH and base excess gradients were slightly greater in the present study. Prolonged induction-to-delivery intervals were associated with an increase in maternal metabolic and fetal respiratory acidosis. Slow delivery of the infant after invasion of the uterus magnified the degree of fetal metabolic acidosis, and widened the maternal-to-fetal acid-base gradients. Convincing evidence of maternal awareness during surgery was not obtained in this study. Five patients had hallucinations in the immediate postanaesthetic period. Unpleasant dreams were reported by 10% of patients. Delirium on emergence from anesthesia was not encountered. In this study, ketamine appeared to maintain fetoplacental exchange adequately, but may have been responsible for some degree of drug-induced neonatal depression. It is suggested that ketamine should be re-evaluated, using a lower dosage schedule, for Caesarean section.", "contents": "Ketamine for anaesthetic induction at Caesarean section. Fifty healthy mothers, with normal placental function, were anaesthetised with ketamine (2 mg/kg body mass) for Caesarean section. Surgery was conducted with the patient in the lateral tilt position and anaesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen, muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation. Eight of the 50 infants delivered were clinically depressed, judged on the basis of the modified Apgar score at 2 minutes after delivery. The average time to sustained respiration was 58, 1 minutes. Studies of maternal blood gases before induction and at delivery revealed mild respiratory alkalosis, associated with an appropriate degree of compensatory metabolic acidosis. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis showed the presence of a fetal respiratory acidosis. The average derived fetal base excess levels were similar to those obtained in a previous study with thiopentone anaesthesia, but calculated mean maternal-to-fetal pH and base excess gradients were slightly greater in the present study. Prolonged induction-to-delivery intervals were associated with an increase in maternal metabolic and fetal respiratory acidosis. Slow delivery of the infant after invasion of the uterus magnified the degree of fetal metabolic acidosis, and widened the maternal-to-fetal acid-base gradients. Convincing evidence of maternal awareness during surgery was not obtained in this study. Five patients had hallucinations in the immediate postanaesthetic period. Unpleasant dreams were reported by 10% of patients. Delirium on emergence from anesthesia was not encountered. In this study, ketamine appeared to maintain fetoplacental exchange adequately, but may have been responsible for some degree of drug-induced neonatal depression. It is suggested that ketamine should be re-evaluated, using a lower dosage schedule, for Caesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:935972", "title": "Effect of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist and an anticholinergic on gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "Metiamide (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist) and propantheline (an anticholinergic) are both inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. We have investigated the effect of gastric acid secretion of blocking the histamine and acetylcholine receptor sites separately and together. There was a statistically significant additive inhibitory effect on pentagastrin-stimulated volume secretion when both drugs were given together. The inhibition of acid output was slightly but insignificantly greater with the combination of drugs than when they were given separately.", "contents": "Effect of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist and an anticholinergic on gastric acid secretion in man. Metiamide (a histamine H2-receptor antagonist) and propantheline (an anticholinergic) are both inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. We have investigated the effect of gastric acid secretion of blocking the histamine and acetylcholine receptor sites separately and together. There was a statistically significant additive inhibitory effect on pentagastrin-stimulated volume secretion when both drugs were given together. The inhibition of acid output was slightly but insignificantly greater with the combination of drugs than when they were given separately."}
{"id": "PMID:935973", "title": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Blacks.", "content": "Two patients with salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia are reported. The occurrence of this condition among Blacks in Southern Africa has not yet been recorded. Both patients presented in the first month of life with dehydration, although they did not have diarrhoea. One was a boy, and the other a girl who had signs of virilisation. The typical biochemical changes of this condition were demonstrated. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia appears to be less common in Blacks than in Whites.", "contents": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Blacks. Two patients with salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia are reported. The occurrence of this condition among Blacks in Southern Africa has not yet been recorded. Both patients presented in the first month of life with dehydration, although they did not have diarrhoea. One was a boy, and the other a girl who had signs of virilisation. The typical biochemical changes of this condition were demonstrated. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia appears to be less common in Blacks than in Whites."}
{"id": "PMID:935974", "title": "Pharmacotherapy of opiate addiction.", "content": "Addiction to opioids has become a widespread disorder, particularly in the USA. The following review indicates experiences of the author among opiate addicts and summarises in particular the \"heroin drug scene\" and certain recent innovations in the pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy of opiate addiction. Addiction to opioids has become a widespread disorder, particularly in the USA. The following review indicates experiences of the author among opiate addicts and summarises in particular the \"heroin drug scene\" and certain recent innovations in the pharmacotherapy of opiate dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:935975", "title": "A manual system for patients' accounting records.", "content": "A medical practitioner's formalised education and practical training prior to private practice does not usually include methodology in keeping patients' accounting records. This article is directed at assisting practitioners to implement a suitable system, as well as to provide standards against which they can assess their current procedures.", "contents": "A manual system for patients' accounting records. A medical practitioner's formalised education and practical training prior to private practice does not usually include methodology in keeping patients' accounting records. This article is directed at assisting practitioners to implement a suitable system, as well as to provide standards against which they can assess their current procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:935979", "title": "Transnasal hypophysectomy.", "content": "A transnasal trans-sphenoidal surgical approach to the pituitary gland is described. The operative and post-operative experiences with the use of this technique on 21 patients with hormone-dependent malignant disease are reported. In 2 patients the procedure was abandoned because of intrasellar haemorrhage and in 1 an empty sella was found. Fifteen patients developed diabetes insipidus and 1 patient died in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Transnasal hypophysectomy. A transnasal trans-sphenoidal surgical approach to the pituitary gland is described. The operative and post-operative experiences with the use of this technique on 21 patients with hormone-dependent malignant disease are reported. In 2 patients the procedure was abandoned because of intrasellar haemorrhage and in 1 an empty sella was found. Fifteen patients developed diabetes insipidus and 1 patient died in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:935980", "title": "Control of bleb fibrosis after glaucoma surgery by anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The methods used to identify and evaluate anti-inflammatory agents, and the effects of a triple drug regimen, consisting of oral prednisone and flufenamic acid and topical l-adrenaline in controlling bleb inflammation and fibrosis around drainage implants in patients with terminal glaucoma are described. The benefits of anti-inflammatory agents in other surgical glaucoma procedures are suggested.", "contents": "Control of bleb fibrosis after glaucoma surgery by anti-inflammatory agents. The methods used to identify and evaluate anti-inflammatory agents, and the effects of a triple drug regimen, consisting of oral prednisone and flufenamic acid and topical l-adrenaline in controlling bleb inflammation and fibrosis around drainage implants in patients with terminal glaucoma are described. The benefits of anti-inflammatory agents in other surgical glaucoma procedures are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:935981", "title": "A silastic prosthesis for laryngeal stenosis.", "content": "A Silastic prosthesis anchored to a tracheostomy tube was used in the treatment of 5 children with subglottic stenosis. It did not cause any significant tissue reaction and obviated the problems of transfixion sutures. We treated 3 children successfully. Another died from complications owing to the tracheostomy. In the fifth patient the prosthesis was replaced by a Silastic T-tube. The use of the Silastic prosthesis is advocated for tough, dilatable laryngeal strictures, for which a T-tube is unsuitable. The advantages, disadvantages, method of manufacture and technique of insertion are discussed.", "contents": "A silastic prosthesis for laryngeal stenosis. A Silastic prosthesis anchored to a tracheostomy tube was used in the treatment of 5 children with subglottic stenosis. It did not cause any significant tissue reaction and obviated the problems of transfixion sutures. We treated 3 children successfully. Another died from complications owing to the tracheostomy. In the fifth patient the prosthesis was replaced by a Silastic T-tube. The use of the Silastic prosthesis is advocated for tough, dilatable laryngeal strictures, for which a T-tube is unsuitable. The advantages, disadvantages, method of manufacture and technique of insertion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:935982", "title": "APUD cells, apudomas and the neural crest.", "content": "The most characteristic feature of the APUD cell series is the ability to take up and decarboxylate amine precursors. Other features, regarded as characteristic by Pearse, are the secretion of polypeptide hormones and their origin from the neural crest. An increasing number of APUD cells is being shown to elaborate polypeptide hormones. It is acknowledged that some members are derived from the neural crest, but there is a good reason to believe that others are not, and no good reason to believe that yet others are so derived. It is therefore suggested that the common factor sought in the genesis of the APUD cell, and perhaps other tumours, may be the biochemical, rather than the embryological, relationship of the progenitor cell types.", "contents": "APUD cells, apudomas and the neural crest. The most characteristic feature of the APUD cell series is the ability to take up and decarboxylate amine precursors. Other features, regarded as characteristic by Pearse, are the secretion of polypeptide hormones and their origin from the neural crest. An increasing number of APUD cells is being shown to elaborate polypeptide hormones. It is acknowledged that some members are derived from the neural crest, but there is a good reason to believe that others are not, and no good reason to believe that yet others are so derived. It is therefore suggested that the common factor sought in the genesis of the APUD cell, and perhaps other tumours, may be the biochemical, rather than the embryological, relationship of the progenitor cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:935983", "title": "Reduction of porphyrin excretion in porphyria variegata by propranolol. A case report.", "content": "DL-Propranolol was shown to reduce the elevated urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors in a patient with variegate porphyria and to improve the patient's symptoms during attacks of the disease.", "contents": "Reduction of porphyrin excretion in porphyria variegata by propranolol. A case report. DL-Propranolol was shown to reduce the elevated urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors in a patient with variegate porphyria and to improve the patient's symptoms during attacks of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:935984", "title": "Nutrition knowledge in urban Blacks.", "content": "A simple questionnaire has been presented to Blacks at Baragwanath Hospital and in Soweto to test their current knowledge of basic nutrition and some related attitudes. The survey of 400 persons included nurses, schoolchildren, and a group of others whose standard of general education was lower. The vast majority had received nutrition instruction, were aware of basic requirements, and, given a free choice, could select reasonable diets. Fatness is no longer considered a desirable attribute in these urban Blacks but reasons for this vary.", "contents": "Nutrition knowledge in urban Blacks. A simple questionnaire has been presented to Blacks at Baragwanath Hospital and in Soweto to test their current knowledge of basic nutrition and some related attitudes. The survey of 400 persons included nurses, schoolchildren, and a group of others whose standard of general education was lower. The vast majority had received nutrition instruction, were aware of basic requirements, and, given a free choice, could select reasonable diets. Fatness is no longer considered a desirable attribute in these urban Blacks but reasons for this vary."}
{"id": "PMID:935987", "title": "Classification of hyperlipidaemias - a time for review?", "content": "Evidence is presented to show that the classical diagnosis of disturbances in lipid metabolism in terms of lipoprotein phenotypes should now be replaced by a more simple one based on evaluation of plasma lipids alone. This is because of the chemical heterogeneity of the lipoproteins, the clinical, biochemical, pathogenic and genetic heterogeneity of hyperlipoproteinaemias, and the questionable value of 'typing' of the secondary disorders.", "contents": "Classification of hyperlipidaemias - a time for review? Evidence is presented to show that the classical diagnosis of disturbances in lipid metabolism in terms of lipoprotein phenotypes should now be replaced by a more simple one based on evaluation of plasma lipids alone. This is because of the chemical heterogeneity of the lipoproteins, the clinical, biochemical, pathogenic and genetic heterogeneity of hyperlipoproteinaemias, and the questionable value of 'typing' of the secondary disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:935988", "title": "Serological studies on human plague in Southern Africa. Part II. A bubonic/pneumonic plague epidemic in Lesotho.", "content": "A description is given of an outbreak of human plague in Lesotho in 1968 which was preceded by, and merged with, a typhoid epidemic. This circumstance was responsible for a diagnosis of typhoid fever being made in the earliest plague cases, especially as the clinical presentation was similar to that of the typhoid patients. Consequently, the plague epidemic ran its natural course and with the onset of winter the pneumonic form appeared. Serological follow-up studies of recovered patients were carried out up to 4 years after the outbreak.", "contents": "Serological studies on human plague in Southern Africa. Part II. A bubonic/pneumonic plague epidemic in Lesotho. A description is given of an outbreak of human plague in Lesotho in 1968 which was preceded by, and merged with, a typhoid epidemic. This circumstance was responsible for a diagnosis of typhoid fever being made in the earliest plague cases, especially as the clinical presentation was similar to that of the typhoid patients. Consequently, the plague epidemic ran its natural course and with the onset of winter the pneumonic form appeared. Serological follow-up studies of recovered patients were carried out up to 4 years after the outbreak."}
{"id": "PMID:935989", "title": "A review of orthopaedic and accident surgery at a rural mission hospital.", "content": "All orthopaedic and trauma patients admitted to Holy Cross Hospital in the Transkei during the year 1974 have been surveyed and classified by disease type. These patients formed 8% of all admissions but occupied 16% of the beds and contributed 26% of the procedures in the main operating theatre. The significance of these findings is considered briefly.", "contents": "A review of orthopaedic and accident surgery at a rural mission hospital. All orthopaedic and trauma patients admitted to Holy Cross Hospital in the Transkei during the year 1974 have been surveyed and classified by disease type. These patients formed 8% of all admissions but occupied 16% of the beds and contributed 26% of the procedures in the main operating theatre. The significance of these findings is considered briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:935990", "title": "Notifications of diseases in the Republic of South Africa, 1971-1974.", "content": "Statistics of notifiable diseases in South Africa during the period 1971-1974 are presented, with brief comments on tuberculosis, typhoid fever and malaria.", "contents": "Notifications of diseases in the Republic of South Africa, 1971-1974. Statistics of notifiable diseases in South Africa during the period 1971-1974 are presented, with brief comments on tuberculosis, typhoid fever and malaria."}
{"id": "PMID:936006", "title": "Residual biliary tract stones: nonoperative treatment of 570 patients.", "content": "A nonperative method has been employed over a period of 11 years in the treatment of 570 patients with residual biliary duct lithiasis. A successful instrumental extraction was accomplished in 543 of these patients (95.3%). These extractions were performed via the transcholedochal and the transcholecystic routes, the latter being used both for choledochal and gallbladder stones. The high percentage of successes, the extremely few complications, and the good long-term results turn this method into a definitely useful adjunct to the conventional therapy for biliary pathology.", "contents": "Residual biliary tract stones: nonoperative treatment of 570 patients. A nonperative method has been employed over a period of 11 years in the treatment of 570 patients with residual biliary duct lithiasis. A successful instrumental extraction was accomplished in 543 of these patients (95.3%). These extractions were performed via the transcholedochal and the transcholecystic routes, the latter being used both for choledochal and gallbladder stones. The high percentage of successes, the extremely few complications, and the good long-term results turn this method into a definitely useful adjunct to the conventional therapy for biliary pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:936014", "title": "Disability after gastric surgery.", "content": "Partial gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and gastrojejunostomy, singly and in combination, produce clinical disturbances in gastric reservoir function, gastric emptying, gastric mucosal integrity, small intestinal motility, and small intestinal fluids shifts. Ordinarily, these disturbances are of minor clinical importance and respond readily to conservative management. However, postoperative gastric surgical symptoms are, at times, annoying or disabling to the patient. Some of these clinical states are amenable to surgical treatment, and in others, operative intervention is definitely contraindicated. Therefore, it is important to recognize those syndromes which are amenable to an operative procedure. Alkaline gastritis, a syndrome of postcibal pain and diffuse endoscopic gastritis with or without vomiting of bile, is best treated by vagotomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. The afferent loop syndrome of relief of pain by vomiting and the demonstration of a dilated or tortuous afferent loop is likewise best treated by vagotomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or enteroenterostomy. Efferent loop obstruction causing vomiting and gastric distention requires a revision of the gastrojejunostomy. The dumping syndrome is best treated conservatively for at least a year. If this approach fails, loop reversal at the stoma or conversion of a Billroth II to a Billroth I anastomosis is effective. For postvagotomy diarrhea, loop reversal in the distal jejunum gives relief, and for the postvagotomy atonic stomach, a subtotal gastrectomy should be performed after failure of conservative management, although there is not enough experience with this condition to make accurate prognoses. Beware of the patient who does not fit any of these syndromes. A poor result is likely to follow attempts at surgical correction.", "contents": "Disability after gastric surgery. Partial gastrectomy, truncal vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and gastrojejunostomy, singly and in combination, produce clinical disturbances in gastric reservoir function, gastric emptying, gastric mucosal integrity, small intestinal motility, and small intestinal fluids shifts. Ordinarily, these disturbances are of minor clinical importance and respond readily to conservative management. However, postoperative gastric surgical symptoms are, at times, annoying or disabling to the patient. Some of these clinical states are amenable to surgical treatment, and in others, operative intervention is definitely contraindicated. Therefore, it is important to recognize those syndromes which are amenable to an operative procedure. Alkaline gastritis, a syndrome of postcibal pain and diffuse endoscopic gastritis with or without vomiting of bile, is best treated by vagotomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy. The afferent loop syndrome of relief of pain by vomiting and the demonstration of a dilated or tortuous afferent loop is likewise best treated by vagotomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy or enteroenterostomy. Efferent loop obstruction causing vomiting and gastric distention requires a revision of the gastrojejunostomy. The dumping syndrome is best treated conservatively for at least a year. If this approach fails, loop reversal at the stoma or conversion of a Billroth II to a Billroth I anastomosis is effective. For postvagotomy diarrhea, loop reversal in the distal jejunum gives relief, and for the postvagotomy atonic stomach, a subtotal gastrectomy should be performed after failure of conservative management, although there is not enough experience with this condition to make accurate prognoses. Beware of the patient who does not fit any of these syndromes. A poor result is likely to follow attempts at surgical correction."}
{"id": "PMID:936019", "title": "Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis. Is differentiation necessary?", "content": "Three types of colitis are now recognized. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, 51 per cent of our patients having colectomy had classic chronic ulcerative colitis. Of our patients operated on at that time, 39 per cent had Crohn's colitis and 10 per cent had colitis of indeterminate type. These three types of colitis should be differentiated because of the high risk of cancer of the colon in patients with long-standing chronic ulcerative colitis. We have not seen an increased risk of carcinoma associated with Crohn's colitis. We performed resection with anastomosis in approximately one third of patients with Crohn's colitis, but recurrent disease developed in two thirds. In contrast, recurrent Crohn's disease developed in only 5.7 per cent of patients having colectomy with ileostomy. Toxic megacolon associated with Crohn's colitis has been seen only in the early clinical stage of the disease. From the standpoint of management and prognosis, attempts to differentiate between the two major types of colitis are appropriate. We have outlined some of the basic clinical and pathologic differences between these two types of colitis.", "contents": "Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis. Is differentiation necessary? Three types of colitis are now recognized. In the late 1950's and early 1960's, 51 per cent of our patients having colectomy had classic chronic ulcerative colitis. Of our patients operated on at that time, 39 per cent had Crohn's colitis and 10 per cent had colitis of indeterminate type. These three types of colitis should be differentiated because of the high risk of cancer of the colon in patients with long-standing chronic ulcerative colitis. We have not seen an increased risk of carcinoma associated with Crohn's colitis. We performed resection with anastomosis in approximately one third of patients with Crohn's colitis, but recurrent disease developed in two thirds. In contrast, recurrent Crohn's disease developed in only 5.7 per cent of patients having colectomy with ileostomy. Toxic megacolon associated with Crohn's colitis has been seen only in the early clinical stage of the disease. From the standpoint of management and prognosis, attempts to differentiate between the two major types of colitis are appropriate. We have outlined some of the basic clinical and pathologic differences between these two types of colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:936021", "title": "Infected aortic grafts and aortic fistulas.", "content": "Infection in prosthetic grafts of the aorta and in the groin present different problems. Retroperitoneal sepsis must be treated by total removal of the graft. This is probably equally true for acutely infected grafts seen in enteric fistula. The surgical technique described can be performed in one stage. The principles of treatment for groin infections are the same as for infections associated with prosthetic grafts. The hazard is more to limb than to life, since the infection tends to point outward in the groin and thus be confined. The technique for dealing with groin infections, as presented, is straightforward.", "contents": "Infected aortic grafts and aortic fistulas. Infection in prosthetic grafts of the aorta and in the groin present different problems. Retroperitoneal sepsis must be treated by total removal of the graft. This is probably equally true for acutely infected grafts seen in enteric fistula. The surgical technique described can be performed in one stage. The principles of treatment for groin infections are the same as for infections associated with prosthetic grafts. The hazard is more to limb than to life, since the infection tends to point outward in the groin and thus be confined. The technique for dealing with groin infections, as presented, is straightforward."}
{"id": "PMID:936025", "title": "Revision of intestinal bypass procedures.", "content": "The results of jejunoileal bypass have been satisfactory in 80 per cent of the patients. In the remaining 20 per cent, one or more problems eventually may require revision of the bypass. These problems fall into four categories: inadequate weight loss; excessive weight loss; persistent uncontrollable diarrhea or associated severe anorectal problems, or both, and severe unmanageable electrolyte and metabolic imbalance with or without liver failure. In our series, 108 patients were observed for one to five years, and ten patients required revision, one revision for every 12 bypass operations performed. The preoperative evaluation and management and the options available to the surgeon in correcting the abnormalities are evaluated. The results of ten patients who underwent revision of the bypass and the rationale for the revision are outlined. Criteria for an ideal operation have not as yet been attained.", "contents": "Revision of intestinal bypass procedures. The results of jejunoileal bypass have been satisfactory in 80 per cent of the patients. In the remaining 20 per cent, one or more problems eventually may require revision of the bypass. These problems fall into four categories: inadequate weight loss; excessive weight loss; persistent uncontrollable diarrhea or associated severe anorectal problems, or both, and severe unmanageable electrolyte and metabolic imbalance with or without liver failure. In our series, 108 patients were observed for one to five years, and ten patients required revision, one revision for every 12 bypass operations performed. The preoperative evaluation and management and the options available to the surgeon in correcting the abnormalities are evaluated. The results of ten patients who underwent revision of the bypass and the rationale for the revision are outlined. Criteria for an ideal operation have not as yet been attained."}
{"id": "PMID:936026", "title": "The role of angioplasty of the profunda femoris artery in revascularization of the ischemic limb.", "content": "Angioplasty of the profunda femoris should be the primary approach to revascularization of the limb whenever it is feasible. Claudication distance can be significantly improved in almost all patients and prolonged limb salvage achieved in the majority of patients. In some high risk patients, the entire procedure can be accomplished expeditiously and atraumatically under local anesthesia, using a single groin incision. When the pattern of distribution of atherosclerosis provides the surgeon with the choice of performing either angioplasty of the profunda femoris or femoral popliteal bypass, the former option should be tried initially with resort to the latter if ischemia is not adequately relieved. In many instances when distal bypass is not possible or is unlikely to function effectively, angioplasty of the profunda femoris may provide the only opportunity to relieve ischemic symptoms. Operative blood flow measurements support the thesis that the collateral function of the profunda femoris artery is able to compensate for extensive obstructive disease in both the superficial femoral and popliteal segments.", "contents": "The role of angioplasty of the profunda femoris artery in revascularization of the ischemic limb. Angioplasty of the profunda femoris should be the primary approach to revascularization of the limb whenever it is feasible. Claudication distance can be significantly improved in almost all patients and prolonged limb salvage achieved in the majority of patients. In some high risk patients, the entire procedure can be accomplished expeditiously and atraumatically under local anesthesia, using a single groin incision. When the pattern of distribution of atherosclerosis provides the surgeon with the choice of performing either angioplasty of the profunda femoris or femoral popliteal bypass, the former option should be tried initially with resort to the latter if ischemia is not adequately relieved. In many instances when distal bypass is not possible or is unlikely to function effectively, angioplasty of the profunda femoris may provide the only opportunity to relieve ischemic symptoms. Operative blood flow measurements support the thesis that the collateral function of the profunda femoris artery is able to compensate for extensive obstructive disease in both the superficial femoral and popliteal segments."}
{"id": "PMID:936027", "title": "Hemodialysis versus cross hemodialysis in experimental hepatic coma.", "content": "In this study, the effects of conventional hemodialysis on experimental hepatic coma have been compared with those of hemodialysis against blood from a normal donor which allows exchanges without mixing of blood. cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes were compared. Cross hemodialysis with a donor resulted in rpompt but transient recovery of consciousness, whichever membrane was used. Cuprophan hemodialysis without donor had no effect. Polacrylonitrile hemodialysis without donor allowed progressive and prolonged improvement in the consciusness level and the electroencephalograms. Therefore, clearance of middle molecular weight substances was more effective than exchange with a donor. Preliminary results in man showed total recovery of consciousness in six of ten patients with acute liver failure and coma and partial recovery from complete grade IV coma to grade II encephalopathy in two patients. These two patients reacted when called by their name by opening their eyes and obeying simple orders.", "contents": "Hemodialysis versus cross hemodialysis in experimental hepatic coma. In this study, the effects of conventional hemodialysis on experimental hepatic coma have been compared with those of hemodialysis against blood from a normal donor which allows exchanges without mixing of blood. cuprophan and polyacrylonitrile membranes were compared. Cross hemodialysis with a donor resulted in rpompt but transient recovery of consciousness, whichever membrane was used. Cuprophan hemodialysis without donor had no effect. Polacrylonitrile hemodialysis without donor allowed progressive and prolonged improvement in the consciusness level and the electroencephalograms. Therefore, clearance of middle molecular weight substances was more effective than exchange with a donor. Preliminary results in man showed total recovery of consciousness in six of ten patients with acute liver failure and coma and partial recovery from complete grade IV coma to grade II encephalopathy in two patients. These two patients reacted when called by their name by opening their eyes and obeying simple orders."}
{"id": "PMID:936028", "title": "Significance of hyperbilirubinemia in acute cholecystitis.", "content": "The incidence and significant of hyperbilirubinemia were examined in 110 consecutive patients who entered the hospital with signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis and underwent laparotomy. Thirty-two or 29 per cent were found to have abnormally elevated serum bilirubin levels on admission. Surgical or roentgenographic examination of the common duct, or both, in 19 of these patients disclosed stones in 13. Serum levels of bilirubin averaged 6.1 milligrams per cent in those with stones and 2.7 milligrams per cent in the others. In the remaining 13 patients, the common duct was not examined, but elevated bilirubin levels, averaging 2.6 milligrams per cent, quickly returned to normal values, and the subsequent course was uneventful. Hyperbilirubinemia significantly increases the likelihood of finding common duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis, although it also occurs frequently in patients with acute cholecystitis without common duct stones. The underlying mechanism in the latter situation is still oscure but may depend on an alteration in the normal impermeability of epithelium of the gallbladder to conjugated bilirubin.", "contents": "Significance of hyperbilirubinemia in acute cholecystitis. The incidence and significant of hyperbilirubinemia were examined in 110 consecutive patients who entered the hospital with signs and symptoms of acute cholecystitis and underwent laparotomy. Thirty-two or 29 per cent were found to have abnormally elevated serum bilirubin levels on admission. Surgical or roentgenographic examination of the common duct, or both, in 19 of these patients disclosed stones in 13. Serum levels of bilirubin averaged 6.1 milligrams per cent in those with stones and 2.7 milligrams per cent in the others. In the remaining 13 patients, the common duct was not examined, but elevated bilirubin levels, averaging 2.6 milligrams per cent, quickly returned to normal values, and the subsequent course was uneventful. Hyperbilirubinemia significantly increases the likelihood of finding common duct stones in patients with acute cholecystitis, although it also occurs frequently in patients with acute cholecystitis without common duct stones. The underlying mechanism in the latter situation is still oscure but may depend on an alteration in the normal impermeability of epithelium of the gallbladder to conjugated bilirubin."}
{"id": "PMID:936029", "title": "Primary neoplasms of the duodenum.", "content": "The records of 12 patients with primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum, excluding ampullary lesions, have been studied. There were eight adenocarcinomas and four leiomyosarcomas. The second portion of the duodenum was the most common site for these neoplasms. Common symptoms were epigastric pain; obstructive symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting; obstructive jaundice, and hematemesis. Hematemesis is the most common symptom in leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum. The mean duration of symptoms was six months for leiomyosarcoma and 3.2 months for adenocarcinoma. In five patients, excision of the tumor was carried out more frequently for those in the distal portion of the duodenum. More radical procedures, such as pancreaticoduodenectomy, are the treatment of choice in neoplasms of the second portion of the duodenum. A bypass procedure is done for palliation of intestinal obstruction. Three patients with leiomyosarcomas that were resected had a mean survival time of 51 months. On the other hand, patients with adenocarcinomas that were resected had a mean survival time of nine months, while patients with unresectable tumors had a mean survival time of 2.3 months.", "contents": "Primary neoplasms of the duodenum. The records of 12 patients with primary malignant neoplasms of the duodenum, excluding ampullary lesions, have been studied. There were eight adenocarcinomas and four leiomyosarcomas. The second portion of the duodenum was the most common site for these neoplasms. Common symptoms were epigastric pain; obstructive symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting; obstructive jaundice, and hematemesis. Hematemesis is the most common symptom in leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum. The mean duration of symptoms was six months for leiomyosarcoma and 3.2 months for adenocarcinoma. In five patients, excision of the tumor was carried out more frequently for those in the distal portion of the duodenum. More radical procedures, such as pancreaticoduodenectomy, are the treatment of choice in neoplasms of the second portion of the duodenum. A bypass procedure is done for palliation of intestinal obstruction. Three patients with leiomyosarcomas that were resected had a mean survival time of 51 months. On the other hand, patients with adenocarcinomas that were resected had a mean survival time of nine months, while patients with unresectable tumors had a mean survival time of 2.3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:936030", "title": "Critique of the Allen test for continuity of the palmar arch assessed by doppler ultrasound.", "content": "The arterial circulation of both hands of 128 adults was assessed by the Allen test, a modified Allen test emphasizing proper hand position and by Doppler ultrasound. Full extension of the fingers during the Allen test resulted incomplete capillary refilling of the hand in 73 per cent of the patients. The modified Allen test, avoiding hyperextension of the wrist and fingers, revealed interruption of the palmar arch in only one patient with absence of the left radialy artery. There was complete concordance of findings by Doppler ultrasound and the modified Allen test, emphasizing the importance of maintaining proper hand position to avoid false interpretations of incomplete circulation of the palmar arch.", "contents": "Critique of the Allen test for continuity of the palmar arch assessed by doppler ultrasound. The arterial circulation of both hands of 128 adults was assessed by the Allen test, a modified Allen test emphasizing proper hand position and by Doppler ultrasound. Full extension of the fingers during the Allen test resulted incomplete capillary refilling of the hand in 73 per cent of the patients. The modified Allen test, avoiding hyperextension of the wrist and fingers, revealed interruption of the palmar arch in only one patient with absence of the left radialy artery. There was complete concordance of findings by Doppler ultrasound and the modified Allen test, emphasizing the importance of maintaining proper hand position to avoid false interpretations of incomplete circulation of the palmar arch."}
{"id": "PMID:936031", "title": "Indications, clinical value and complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Endoscopy combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a unique tool providing a broad, precise yield of diagnostic information about diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In the absence of gross anatomic disease, its diagnostic accuracy should exceed 90 per cent and risk be minuscule. The incidence of complications and, therefore, risk to the patient and proportional to the magnitude and remedial nature of the disease processes found. In the absence of diagnostic procedures for diseases of the biliary tree and pancreas that are riskless, the relationship of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography risk to diagnostic value and patient salvage emphasizes the value of endoscopy combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as the diagnostic procedure of choice for patients with suspected disease of the biliary tract or pancreas. The unique value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in providing rapid visualization of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa combined with cholangiography and pancreatography is dramatized in the patient with upper abdominal pain syndrome with or without jaundice. In the face of a rapidly evolving illness and the potential need for early surgical intervention, barium studies are relatively contraindicated and have a poor diagnostic yield. By contrast, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with endoscopy rapidly rules out, or, in the presence of disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract, permits the immediate use of subsequent diagnostic procedures. An experience with more than 1,000 procedures reveals that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and management of disease of the pancreas and biliary tract.", "contents": "Indications, clinical value and complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopy combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a unique tool providing a broad, precise yield of diagnostic information about diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In the absence of gross anatomic disease, its diagnostic accuracy should exceed 90 per cent and risk be minuscule. The incidence of complications and, therefore, risk to the patient and proportional to the magnitude and remedial nature of the disease processes found. In the absence of diagnostic procedures for diseases of the biliary tree and pancreas that are riskless, the relationship of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography risk to diagnostic value and patient salvage emphasizes the value of endoscopy combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography as the diagnostic procedure of choice for patients with suspected disease of the biliary tract or pancreas. The unique value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in providing rapid visualization of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa combined with cholangiography and pancreatography is dramatized in the patient with upper abdominal pain syndrome with or without jaundice. In the face of a rapidly evolving illness and the potential need for early surgical intervention, barium studies are relatively contraindicated and have a poor diagnostic yield. By contrast, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with endoscopy rapidly rules out, or, in the presence of disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract, permits the immediate use of subsequent diagnostic procedures. An experience with more than 1,000 procedures reveals that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and management of disease of the pancreas and biliary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:936032", "title": "The effect of dopamine on renal microcirculation in hemorrhagic shock in dogs.", "content": "Dopamine, a naturally occuring catecholamine, was infused at the rate of 6 micrograms per kilogram per minute on an hemorrhagic shock model in dogs. Urinary output was continuously recorded, with arterial pressure being maintained at 50 millimeters of mercury. At the termination of the experiment, the dogs were sacrificed, and renal microcirculation was studied by an angiomicrohistologic technique. There was a dramatic increase in urinary output following the infusion of dopamine. Results of the microcirculatory study of the renal vasculature showed markedly increased cortical perfusion and dilation of vessels, particularly at a level of afferent arterioles; however, findings on efferent arterioles were inconsistent. Also, changes in the microvasculature of the medulla were less striking than those of the cortex following the administration of dopamine.", "contents": "The effect of dopamine on renal microcirculation in hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Dopamine, a naturally occuring catecholamine, was infused at the rate of 6 micrograms per kilogram per minute on an hemorrhagic shock model in dogs. Urinary output was continuously recorded, with arterial pressure being maintained at 50 millimeters of mercury. At the termination of the experiment, the dogs were sacrificed, and renal microcirculation was studied by an angiomicrohistologic technique. There was a dramatic increase in urinary output following the infusion of dopamine. Results of the microcirculatory study of the renal vasculature showed markedly increased cortical perfusion and dilation of vessels, particularly at a level of afferent arterioles; however, findings on efferent arterioles were inconsistent. Also, changes in the microvasculature of the medulla were less striking than those of the cortex following the administration of dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:936033", "title": "The incidence of male hermaphroditism in girls with inguinal hernia.", "content": "The incidence of male hermaphroditism in girls with inguinal hernias is estimated to be 1.4 per cent. From 1961 to 1972, 340 girls were admitted to the Department of Surgery at St. Josephs Hospital for hernial repair. One hundred and two patients had menstruated prior to the follow-up study. Buccal smears from the remaining patients were examined for Y chromatin-positive cells. We observed a zero per cent rate of male hermaphroditism, which is not significantly different from the aforementioned frequency, p greater than 0.05. Large scale prospective studies must be available before any conclusion can be drawn as to whether or not determination of the genetic gender prior to hernial repair in girls should be conducted as a routine procedure.", "contents": "The incidence of male hermaphroditism in girls with inguinal hernia. The incidence of male hermaphroditism in girls with inguinal hernias is estimated to be 1.4 per cent. From 1961 to 1972, 340 girls were admitted to the Department of Surgery at St. Josephs Hospital for hernial repair. One hundred and two patients had menstruated prior to the follow-up study. Buccal smears from the remaining patients were examined for Y chromatin-positive cells. We observed a zero per cent rate of male hermaphroditism, which is not significantly different from the aforementioned frequency, p greater than 0.05. Large scale prospective studies must be available before any conclusion can be drawn as to whether or not determination of the genetic gender prior to hernial repair in girls should be conducted as a routine procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:936035", "title": "Effective colostomy irrigation.", "content": "The ultimate goal of the cone method of colostomy irrigation is to return patients with colostomies to their former role in society with confidence in themselves to the extent that having a colostomy is not considered a handicap. The results have generally been excellent. We believe all patients with stomas should be afforded the opportunity to attempt colostomy irrigation.", "contents": "Effective colostomy irrigation. The ultimate goal of the cone method of colostomy irrigation is to return patients with colostomies to their former role in society with confidence in themselves to the extent that having a colostomy is not considered a handicap. The results have generally been excellent. We believe all patients with stomas should be afforded the opportunity to attempt colostomy irrigation."}
{"id": "PMID:936037", "title": "Use of a U tube in the treatment of biliary disease.", "content": "This surgical technique has permitted re-entry into the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree for the purpose of dilatation and the manual propulsion of debris through a ductal anastomosis. The method undoubtedly has other applications in the treatment of complicated biliary duct problems.", "contents": "Use of a U tube in the treatment of biliary disease. This surgical technique has permitted re-entry into the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree for the purpose of dilatation and the manual propulsion of debris through a ductal anastomosis. The method undoubtedly has other applications in the treatment of complicated biliary duct problems."}
{"id": "PMID:936038", "title": "Preoperative localization of occult lesions of the breast.", "content": "An outpatient procedure that accurately localizes occult lesions of the breast has been used in 26 patients. A small biopsy is performed using local anesthesia, the excised specimen is xerographed and, if necessary, bread-loafed to identify the involved specimen. This has corroborated the xeromammographic diagnosis of cancer in six patients in whom the lesions were clinically not detectable.", "contents": "Preoperative localization of occult lesions of the breast. An outpatient procedure that accurately localizes occult lesions of the breast has been used in 26 patients. A small biopsy is performed using local anesthesia, the excised specimen is xerographed and, if necessary, bread-loafed to identify the involved specimen. This has corroborated the xeromammographic diagnosis of cancer in six patients in whom the lesions were clinically not detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:936040", "title": "The effect of fundoplication on the lower esophageal sphincter.", "content": "Fundoplication restores normal length and amplitude of pressure to the hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter. If the procedure is properly performed, symptomatic reflux is almost uniformly prevented. The operation is less successful in patients with esophageal stricture and in those without normal esophageal peristalsis. The effect of fundoplication on the lower sphincter is by mechanical restoration of sphincter strength and the normal physiologic neural response of the sphincter to increases in intragastric pressure.", "contents": "The effect of fundoplication on the lower esophageal sphincter. Fundoplication restores normal length and amplitude of pressure to the hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter. If the procedure is properly performed, symptomatic reflux is almost uniformly prevented. The operation is less successful in patients with esophageal stricture and in those without normal esophageal peristalsis. The effect of fundoplication on the lower sphincter is by mechanical restoration of sphincter strength and the normal physiologic neural response of the sphincter to increases in intragastric pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:936041", "title": "Temporary axillary-carotid shunting for unusual instances of carotid stenosis.", "content": "A method has been developed which entails the introduction of the larger end of a Javid shunt tube in the axillary artery and the other in the internal carotid with only momentary interruption of blood flow. The method of closing the incision after the thromboendarterectomy almost entirely eliminates a second period of carotid occlusion. This procedure may be useful in unusual instances in which it is believed advantageous to avoid even the relatively short occlusion periods usually necessary when using the standard intraluminal shunt technique.", "contents": "Temporary axillary-carotid shunting for unusual instances of carotid stenosis. A method has been developed which entails the introduction of the larger end of a Javid shunt tube in the axillary artery and the other in the internal carotid with only momentary interruption of blood flow. The method of closing the incision after the thromboendarterectomy almost entirely eliminates a second period of carotid occlusion. This procedure may be useful in unusual instances in which it is believed advantageous to avoid even the relatively short occlusion periods usually necessary when using the standard intraluminal shunt technique."}
{"id": "PMID:936043", "title": "A method of intermittent occlusion and chemotherapy infusion of the hepatic artery.", "content": "A method of intermittent occlusion of the hepatic artery and chemotherapy infusion has been developed using a catheter introduced into the hepatic artery, with interruption of the blood flow accomplished by inflation of the balloon. This method is less likely than ligation of the hepatic artery to produce massive liver necrosis, and it ensures adequate perfusion of the tumor tissue with the chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "A method of intermittent occlusion and chemotherapy infusion of the hepatic artery. A method of intermittent occlusion of the hepatic artery and chemotherapy infusion has been developed using a catheter introduced into the hepatic artery, with interruption of the blood flow accomplished by inflation of the balloon. This method is less likely than ligation of the hepatic artery to produce massive liver necrosis, and it ensures adequate perfusion of the tumor tissue with the chemotherapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:936044", "title": "The critical relationship of intravascular blood volume and vascular capacitance in sepsis.", "content": "The present article represents a more detailed study of the septic leg models used in our previous work on sepsis and septic shock. An improvement in this model is described, and the period of maximum hyperdynamic response is delineated. An attempt was made to measure changes in the rate of swelling of the septic leg in responding and nonresponding dogs. The exquisitely sensitive response of the dog with sepsis to minor reductions in blood volume was demonstrated. Results of our previous studies concerning the redistribution of blood flow in sepsis were extended using radioactively labeled microspheres.", "contents": "The critical relationship of intravascular blood volume and vascular capacitance in sepsis. The present article represents a more detailed study of the septic leg models used in our previous work on sepsis and septic shock. An improvement in this model is described, and the period of maximum hyperdynamic response is delineated. An attempt was made to measure changes in the rate of swelling of the septic leg in responding and nonresponding dogs. The exquisitely sensitive response of the dog with sepsis to minor reductions in blood volume was demonstrated. Results of our previous studies concerning the redistribution of blood flow in sepsis were extended using radioactively labeled microspheres."}
{"id": "PMID:936045", "title": "Differentiation of superficial thrombophlebitis from lymphangitis by doppler ultrasound.", "content": "Of 61 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound, only 23 were found to have superficial venous thrombosis. The remaining 38 patients were considered to have lymphangitis or cellulitis. An algorithm of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways has been developed for the management of the patient who has suspected superficial thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "Differentiation of superficial thrombophlebitis from lymphangitis by doppler ultrasound. Of 61 patients examined by Doppler ultrasound, only 23 were found to have superficial venous thrombosis. The remaining 38 patients were considered to have lymphangitis or cellulitis. An algorithm of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways has been developed for the management of the patient who has suspected superficial thrombophlebitis."}
{"id": "PMID:936046", "title": "Current surgical approach to toxic megacolon.", "content": "Presented evidence illustrates that proctocolectomy performed as an emergency procedure is frequently less than adequate in salvaging patients with toxic megacolon, and a current mortality of 27 per cent is recorded. The mortality and morbidity of this disease are directly related to the delay in recognition and treatment of this complication and to iatrogenic perforation of the colon during colectomy, which results in fecal peritonitis. This is particularly evident when definitive operation is postponed for more than five days after the initial diagnosis of toxic megacolon. The rationale of current adherence to proctocolectomy for this complication is questioned, and a plea is made for the recognition of the life-saving potential for ileostomy-colostomy for selected patients and also for closer and earlier collaboration between surgeon and internist during the management of these patients.", "contents": "Current surgical approach to toxic megacolon. Presented evidence illustrates that proctocolectomy performed as an emergency procedure is frequently less than adequate in salvaging patients with toxic megacolon, and a current mortality of 27 per cent is recorded. The mortality and morbidity of this disease are directly related to the delay in recognition and treatment of this complication and to iatrogenic perforation of the colon during colectomy, which results in fecal peritonitis. This is particularly evident when definitive operation is postponed for more than five days after the initial diagnosis of toxic megacolon. The rationale of current adherence to proctocolectomy for this complication is questioned, and a plea is made for the recognition of the life-saving potential for ileostomy-colostomy for selected patients and also for closer and earlier collaboration between surgeon and internist during the management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936047", "title": "Short term hypothermic perfusion for intestinal preservation with dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Morphologic changes, resulting from intracellular or extracellular perfusates with dimethyl sulfoxide as a cryophylactic agent, are similar and probably due to the anoxic period, after short term perfusion. These changes are temporary and are followed by complete recovery. No statistically significant changes in disaccharidase activity between intracellular and extracellular perfusates are found in the jejunal mucosa. No differences are found between normal disaccharidase activity and values obtained experimentally. Results of this study support the suggestion that vascular endothelial damage, as observed in evaluations utilizing the electron microscope, is certainly an important factor in the limitation of perfusion techniques of the intestine.", "contents": "Short term hypothermic perfusion for intestinal preservation with dimethyl sulfoxide. Morphologic changes, resulting from intracellular or extracellular perfusates with dimethyl sulfoxide as a cryophylactic agent, are similar and probably due to the anoxic period, after short term perfusion. These changes are temporary and are followed by complete recovery. No statistically significant changes in disaccharidase activity between intracellular and extracellular perfusates are found in the jejunal mucosa. No differences are found between normal disaccharidase activity and values obtained experimentally. Results of this study support the suggestion that vascular endothelial damage, as observed in evaluations utilizing the electron microscope, is certainly an important factor in the limitation of perfusion techniques of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:936048", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine extraction by the lung.", "content": "Both 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine are removed from blood during a single passage through the pulmonary vasculature of the dog; 5-hydroxytryptamine is removed to a greater degree than is norepinephrine. The magnitude of extraction of both 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine is similar to that previously determined in man. In the intact dog, imipramine inhibits the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by the lung in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine extraction by the lung. Both 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine are removed from blood during a single passage through the pulmonary vasculature of the dog; 5-hydroxytryptamine is removed to a greater degree than is norepinephrine. The magnitude of extraction of both 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine is similar to that previously determined in man. In the intact dog, imipramine inhibits the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by the lung in a dose-dependent manner."}
{"id": "PMID:936049", "title": "Acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Two thousand and twenty-one patients treated surgically for acute cholecystitis over a 42 year period with a mortality of 3.4 per cent are reported. This experience reveals that acute cholecystitis among patients 65 years of age and older is a serious condition and is associated with an appreciable operative mortality. However, nonsurgical management results in an even greater mortality. An aggressive surgical approach, cholecystectomy without prolonged delay after the demonstration of calculous disease of the biliary tract, is urged. In the future, this should diminish the proportion of patients 65 years of age and older with acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis. Two thousand and twenty-one patients treated surgically for acute cholecystitis over a 42 year period with a mortality of 3.4 per cent are reported. This experience reveals that acute cholecystitis among patients 65 years of age and older is a serious condition and is associated with an appreciable operative mortality. However, nonsurgical management results in an even greater mortality. An aggressive surgical approach, cholecystectomy without prolonged delay after the demonstration of calculous disease of the biliary tract, is urged. In the future, this should diminish the proportion of patients 65 years of age and older with acute cholecystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:936050", "title": "The role of clean air in wound infection acquired during operation.", "content": "A wound isolator was used to perform 109 total arthroplasties of the hip, while 108 similar operations were done in a plenum ventilated operating room. Extensive bacteriologic studies of all patients were carried out before, during and after operation. Despite sterility of the air around the wound in the isolator group of patients, two major wound infections occurred in each of the two groups. Five minor wound infections occurred in the isolator and three in the nonisolator group of patients. All wound infections appeared to be secondarily acquired. No evidence was obtained to indicate that primary wound infection occurred during operation. The need for ultraclean air in operating rooms is deemed to be less urgent than the need to prevent secondary infection after operation.", "contents": "The role of clean air in wound infection acquired during operation. A wound isolator was used to perform 109 total arthroplasties of the hip, while 108 similar operations were done in a plenum ventilated operating room. Extensive bacteriologic studies of all patients were carried out before, during and after operation. Despite sterility of the air around the wound in the isolator group of patients, two major wound infections occurred in each of the two groups. Five minor wound infections occurred in the isolator and three in the nonisolator group of patients. All wound infections appeared to be secondarily acquired. No evidence was obtained to indicate that primary wound infection occurred during operation. The need for ultraclean air in operating rooms is deemed to be less urgent than the need to prevent secondary infection after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:936051", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity of carcinoma of the colorectum.", "content": "Twenty patients with carcinoma, mostly of the colorectum, and five without malignant tumors who were used as controls, have been investigated to elucidate the relationship between tumor fibrinolytic activity and the release of circulating malignant cells. The nature of the tumor fibrinolytic activity has been considered. The most significant fibrinolytic activity was seen in blood draining from the tumors and was evident in 80 per cent. Circulating malignant cells were recovered from half the patients, and in those with significant blood fibrinolysis, recovery from the draining vein reached 89 per cent. The most undifferentiated tumors appeared to be more active and released more cells. Fibrinolytic activity of tumor tissue derives from inflammatory cells, dead tumor cells, avascular areas of the tumor and vascular endothelium and is probably proteolytic as well as purely fibrinolytic.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity of carcinoma of the colorectum. Twenty patients with carcinoma, mostly of the colorectum, and five without malignant tumors who were used as controls, have been investigated to elucidate the relationship between tumor fibrinolytic activity and the release of circulating malignant cells. The nature of the tumor fibrinolytic activity has been considered. The most significant fibrinolytic activity was seen in blood draining from the tumors and was evident in 80 per cent. Circulating malignant cells were recovered from half the patients, and in those with significant blood fibrinolysis, recovery from the draining vein reached 89 per cent. The most undifferentiated tumors appeared to be more active and released more cells. Fibrinolytic activity of tumor tissue derives from inflammatory cells, dead tumor cells, avascular areas of the tumor and vascular endothelium and is probably proteolytic as well as purely fibrinolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:936052", "title": "A simple method of intraoperative autotransfusion.", "content": "A new method of intraoperative blood collection and autotransfusion can be incorporated into an available suction system. It combines systemic heparinization with immediate extracorporeal citrate phosphate dextrose anticoagulation. Analysis of the autologous blood collected and its recipients indicates that it is safe. The preservation of platelets, coagulation factors and erythrocyte oxygen carrying capacity is better in this autologous blood than in homologous banked units. Potential problems of autotransfusion exist, but they are minimized when this system is used.", "contents": "A simple method of intraoperative autotransfusion. A new method of intraoperative blood collection and autotransfusion can be incorporated into an available suction system. It combines systemic heparinization with immediate extracorporeal citrate phosphate dextrose anticoagulation. Analysis of the autologous blood collected and its recipients indicates that it is safe. The preservation of platelets, coagulation factors and erythrocyte oxygen carrying capacity is better in this autologous blood than in homologous banked units. Potential problems of autotransfusion exist, but they are minimized when this system is used."}
{"id": "PMID:936053", "title": "Diagnosis and management of colovesical fistulas.", "content": "Diagnosis and management may present difficult problems in patients with colovesical fistulas. Symptoms in the urinary tract are most common, and cystoscopy, and cystography are the most valuable diagnostic procedures. It may not always be possible to demonstrate the fistula by diagnostic tests, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with inflammatory or neoplastic disease of the rectosigmoid area or bladder with recurrent cystitis. Definitive treatment should include resection of the fistula and diseased segment of the intestine. Both one stage and multistage procedures have their place in the treatment of this condition. There are specific criteria for success for a one stage procedure.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of colovesical fistulas. Diagnosis and management may present difficult problems in patients with colovesical fistulas. Symptoms in the urinary tract are most common, and cystoscopy, and cystography are the most valuable diagnostic procedures. It may not always be possible to demonstrate the fistula by diagnostic tests, and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with inflammatory or neoplastic disease of the rectosigmoid area or bladder with recurrent cystitis. Definitive treatment should include resection of the fistula and diseased segment of the intestine. Both one stage and multistage procedures have their place in the treatment of this condition. There are specific criteria for success for a one stage procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:936054", "title": "Neck dissection in the treatment of carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.", "content": "The records of 340 patients treated surgically over the 20 year period 1950 through 1969 at this clinic for primary epidermoid carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in their treatment. There has been a change in the clinical presentation of this disease, with more people presenting at an earlier stage, with a smaller primary lesion and fewer cervical node metastases. The over-all survival rate has shown a marked improvement to 69 per cent at five years. The proportion of women afflicted has increased. The status of the cervical nodes is a major prognostic factor, the determining five year survival rate being reduced from 78 to 26 per cent if the nodes are metastatically involved. It cannot be directly proved that removal of occult metastasis to the neck by elective radical neck dissection before nodes are clinically detectable leads to a better survival rate partly because the two groups being compared are selected and not randomly assigned. However, the marked tendency for carcinoma of the tongue to metastasize regionally at some time in its course, the significant error in clinical evaluation of the neck, the significant conversion of clinically negative nodes to positive in patients not treated with radical neck dissection, the poor prognosis after treatment of conversion from clinically negative into positive and the fact that more than half of the deaths are due to uncontrolled disease of the neck alone, make us strongly favor the principle of elective radical neck dissection to enhance the survival time in the group of patients without clinical evidence of nodal involvement. With current surgical expertise, the mortality and morbidity rates of simultaneous radical neck dissection are low, and the potential benefit of the procedure outweighs its potential risks. Obviously, elective radical neck dissection, if beneficial, would most likely be so in patients with the highest likelihood of having occult metastasis.", "contents": "Neck dissection in the treatment of carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The records of 340 patients treated surgically over the 20 year period 1950 through 1969 at this clinic for primary epidermoid carcinoma of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue were reviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in their treatment. There has been a change in the clinical presentation of this disease, with more people presenting at an earlier stage, with a smaller primary lesion and fewer cervical node metastases. The over-all survival rate has shown a marked improvement to 69 per cent at five years. The proportion of women afflicted has increased. The status of the cervical nodes is a major prognostic factor, the determining five year survival rate being reduced from 78 to 26 per cent if the nodes are metastatically involved. It cannot be directly proved that removal of occult metastasis to the neck by elective radical neck dissection before nodes are clinically detectable leads to a better survival rate partly because the two groups being compared are selected and not randomly assigned. However, the marked tendency for carcinoma of the tongue to metastasize regionally at some time in its course, the significant error in clinical evaluation of the neck, the significant conversion of clinically negative nodes to positive in patients not treated with radical neck dissection, the poor prognosis after treatment of conversion from clinically negative into positive and the fact that more than half of the deaths are due to uncontrolled disease of the neck alone, make us strongly favor the principle of elective radical neck dissection to enhance the survival time in the group of patients without clinical evidence of nodal involvement. With current surgical expertise, the mortality and morbidity rates of simultaneous radical neck dissection are low, and the potential benefit of the procedure outweighs its potential risks. Obviously, elective radical neck dissection, if beneficial, would most likely be so in patients with the highest likelihood of having occult metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:936055", "title": "The mechanism of impaired coagulation after partial hepatectomy in the dog.", "content": "Coagulation mechanisms were examined in the dog after a 70 per cent hepatectomy and the additional effect of varying periods of ischemia on the liver remnant. Dogs were submitted to a 70 per cent partial hepatectomy, and the liver remnant was rendered ischemic by occluding the vascular inflow. Portal decompression during ischemia was accomplished by allowing portal venous flow through the lobes subsequently resected. Dogs in the control group, those undergoing hepatectomy alone and those undergoing hepatectomy together with 60 minutes of ischemia time exhibited a fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit values, a transient leukocytosis, a small increase in kaolincephalin clotting time and a decline in platelet count but no significant thrombocytopenia. Prothrombin time was changed in dogs undergoing hepatectomy, but this was not affected by ischemia. The characteristic rise in plasma fibrinogen postoperatively was abolished, and fibrinogen levels were lower in dogs undergoing hepatectomy alone and fell significantly in dogs subjected to 30 to 60 minutes of ischemia of the liver remnant. Factors V and VII were decreased after hepatectomy, and Factor V was more severely reduced after 30 to 60 minutes of ischemia. There was no overt bleeding tendency. In ten dogs, the liver remnant was subjected to ischemia for 75 minutes. Four of these died within three days of operation, two with severe hypoglycemia and two with postoperative bleeding. All six surviving dogs exhibited gross coagulation defects. Prothrombin time rose, kaolin-cephalin clotting time increased and platelets fell to a greater degree than in any of the other dogs. Plasma fibrinogen level showed a profound fall, as did Factor V, the magnitude of these changes being greater than after a shorter period of ischemia. Factor VII was also decreased, but this did not appear to be related to the ischemic interval. In the clinical situation in which intrinsic coagulation mechanisms are shown to be impaired, treatment with Factor V and VII concentrates may be the best way of correcting the coagulation defect.", "contents": "The mechanism of impaired coagulation after partial hepatectomy in the dog. Coagulation mechanisms were examined in the dog after a 70 per cent hepatectomy and the additional effect of varying periods of ischemia on the liver remnant. Dogs were submitted to a 70 per cent partial hepatectomy, and the liver remnant was rendered ischemic by occluding the vascular inflow. Portal decompression during ischemia was accomplished by allowing portal venous flow through the lobes subsequently resected. Dogs in the control group, those undergoing hepatectomy alone and those undergoing hepatectomy together with 60 minutes of ischemia time exhibited a fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit values, a transient leukocytosis, a small increase in kaolincephalin clotting time and a decline in platelet count but no significant thrombocytopenia. Prothrombin time was changed in dogs undergoing hepatectomy, but this was not affected by ischemia. The characteristic rise in plasma fibrinogen postoperatively was abolished, and fibrinogen levels were lower in dogs undergoing hepatectomy alone and fell significantly in dogs subjected to 30 to 60 minutes of ischemia of the liver remnant. Factors V and VII were decreased after hepatectomy, and Factor V was more severely reduced after 30 to 60 minutes of ischemia. There was no overt bleeding tendency. In ten dogs, the liver remnant was subjected to ischemia for 75 minutes. Four of these died within three days of operation, two with severe hypoglycemia and two with postoperative bleeding. All six surviving dogs exhibited gross coagulation defects. Prothrombin time rose, kaolin-cephalin clotting time increased and platelets fell to a greater degree than in any of the other dogs. Plasma fibrinogen level showed a profound fall, as did Factor V, the magnitude of these changes being greater than after a shorter period of ischemia. Factor VII was also decreased, but this did not appear to be related to the ischemic interval. In the clinical situation in which intrinsic coagulation mechanisms are shown to be impaired, treatment with Factor V and VII concentrates may be the best way of correcting the coagulation defect."}
{"id": "PMID:936057", "title": "Dissection of the posterior part of the neck.", "content": "The operation described consists of an anatomic en bloc dissection of posterior and deep cervical lymphatic channels and nodes. The procedure is cosmetically and functionally acceptable and provides adequate clearance of lymphatics from the posterior part of the neck. It is recommended for selected cutaneous lesions of the parietal, occipital and mastoid scalp as well as of the skin of the posterior part of the neck.", "contents": "Dissection of the posterior part of the neck. The operation described consists of an anatomic en bloc dissection of posterior and deep cervical lymphatic channels and nodes. The procedure is cosmetically and functionally acceptable and provides adequate clearance of lymphatics from the posterior part of the neck. It is recommended for selected cutaneous lesions of the parietal, occipital and mastoid scalp as well as of the skin of the posterior part of the neck."}
{"id": "PMID:936059", "title": "Intramedullary cysticercosis.", "content": "An unusual case of intremedullary cysticerosis in a 22-year-old Mexican female is presented. The patient had a marked paraparesis with a D12 sensory level, absent deep tendon reflexes and no sphincteric disturbances. Pain in the spine was a prominent feature. A complete myelographic block opposite D12 proved at laminectomy to be due to a solitary cysticercus vesicle. It was removed from the conus medullaris through a right ventro-lateral myelotomy. The patient recovered.", "contents": "Intramedullary cysticercosis. An unusual case of intremedullary cysticerosis in a 22-year-old Mexican female is presented. The patient had a marked paraparesis with a D12 sensory level, absent deep tendon reflexes and no sphincteric disturbances. Pain in the spine was a prominent feature. A complete myelographic block opposite D12 proved at laminectomy to be due to a solitary cysticercus vesicle. It was removed from the conus medullaris through a right ventro-lateral myelotomy. The patient recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:936061", "title": "Epidermoid tumor of the lateral ventricle.", "content": "The authors present a case report of the successful removal of an epidermoid tumor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The tumor was confined to the ventricular cavity and was not adherent or connected to the choroid plexus. Spilling of tumor material during surgery was presumed to have contributed to the development of a postoperative acute hydrocephalus, either by obstructing the cerebospinal fluid pathways or by causing an aseptic meningitis in conjunction with cholesterol in the ventricular fluid in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Epidermoid tumor of the lateral ventricle. The authors present a case report of the successful removal of an epidermoid tumor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The tumor was confined to the ventricular cavity and was not adherent or connected to the choroid plexus. Spilling of tumor material during surgery was presumed to have contributed to the development of a postoperative acute hydrocephalus, either by obstructing the cerebospinal fluid pathways or by causing an aseptic meningitis in conjunction with cholesterol in the ventricular fluid in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:936195", "title": "[Simple amputation above the coronet as a possible method of treatment in arthritis of the pedal joint (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the possible methods of treatment in arthritis of the pedal joint in cattle consists in simple amputation above the coronet. The surgical procedure in the standing animal is described and the results of this operation are reported.", "contents": "[Simple amputation above the coronet as a possible method of treatment in arthritis of the pedal joint (author's transl)]. One of the possible methods of treatment in arthritis of the pedal joint in cattle consists in simple amputation above the coronet. The surgical procedure in the standing animal is described and the results of this operation are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:936196", "title": "[Testing two simple photometers (Lange) for use in small animal practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Two simple photometers were tested for their suitability for use in veterinary practice. Determinations of haemoglobin, glucose and total serum protein were studied using specially designed testing kits. The methods were found to be rapid, simple and reliable. Comparison of the results with those obtained using known standard methods showed a satisfactory correlation for haemoglobin and total serum protein. The results obtained on determination of glucose showed some minor differences which were possibly due to the different chemical methods used. Instruments as well as the methods used in testing are recommended.", "contents": "[Testing two simple photometers (Lange) for use in small animal practice (author's transl)]. Two simple photometers were tested for their suitability for use in veterinary practice. Determinations of haemoglobin, glucose and total serum protein were studied using specially designed testing kits. The methods were found to be rapid, simple and reliable. Comparison of the results with those obtained using known standard methods showed a satisfactory correlation for haemoglobin and total serum protein. The results obtained on determination of glucose showed some minor differences which were possibly due to the different chemical methods used. Instruments as well as the methods used in testing are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:936198", "title": "Coexistence in human sera of a cell (membrane?) ANTIGEN AND Of autoantibodies directed against it.", "content": "Antibodies purified from sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma by absorption onto and elution from cultured lymphoblastoid cells, were labeled with 125I and repurified by repeating the absorption-elution procedure. The doubly purified antibodies could bound with a high degree of efficiency to immunoadsorbents prepared by entrapping in polyacrylamide gel normal human serum or exudate fluids from patients with ovarian or breast cancer. Binding was specific, as it could be inhibited by high dilutions of human sera but not by animal sera. Globulin fractions of human sera were strongly inhibitory. Their capacity to inhibit was lost after treatment with rabbit anti-human IgG serum, indicating that at least part of the inhibition could be ascribed to antibodies. Some inhibitory activity was also found, however, in the \"albumin\" fractions of sera, suggesting that an antigen was also involved. It appears, therefore, that practically all human sera contain antibodies reacting with an antigen(s) which is present on human cells and is also circulating freely in serum and other body fluids. Sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma contained, on the average higher concentrations of these antibodies, as compared to sera of individuals not suffering from this disease. This antigen is thought to be associated with the cell membrane and has been identified in cells of widely differing origin.", "contents": "Coexistence in human sera of a cell (membrane?) ANTIGEN AND Of autoantibodies directed against it. Antibodies purified from sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma by absorption onto and elution from cultured lymphoblastoid cells, were labeled with 125I and repurified by repeating the absorption-elution procedure. The doubly purified antibodies could bound with a high degree of efficiency to immunoadsorbents prepared by entrapping in polyacrylamide gel normal human serum or exudate fluids from patients with ovarian or breast cancer. Binding was specific, as it could be inhibited by high dilutions of human sera but not by animal sera. Globulin fractions of human sera were strongly inhibitory. Their capacity to inhibit was lost after treatment with rabbit anti-human IgG serum, indicating that at least part of the inhibition could be ascribed to antibodies. Some inhibitory activity was also found, however, in the \"albumin\" fractions of sera, suggesting that an antigen was also involved. It appears, therefore, that practically all human sera contain antibodies reacting with an antigen(s) which is present on human cells and is also circulating freely in serum and other body fluids. Sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma contained, on the average higher concentrations of these antibodies, as compared to sera of individuals not suffering from this disease. This antigen is thought to be associated with the cell membrane and has been identified in cells of widely differing origin."}
{"id": "PMID:936199", "title": "HL-A frequencies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with Crohn's disease and 51 with ulcerative colitis were HL-A typed. Phenotype frequencies were calculated and compared with those of a control group of 335 individuals. A higher frequency of HL-A17 was found among the Crohn's disease patient but this was not significant. However, HL-A17 has been included in two studies on Crohn's disease and the combined relative risk is 3.24 which significantly deviates from 1 unity. No statistically significant differences in the HL-A antigen distribution were found among the patients with ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "HL-A frequencies in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Sixty-two patients with Crohn's disease and 51 with ulcerative colitis were HL-A typed. Phenotype frequencies were calculated and compared with those of a control group of 335 individuals. A higher frequency of HL-A17 was found among the Crohn's disease patient but this was not significant. However, HL-A17 has been included in two studies on Crohn's disease and the combined relative risk is 3.24 which significantly deviates from 1 unity. No statistically significant differences in the HL-A antigen distribution were found among the patients with ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:936200", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of an anti-HL-A2 antiserum cross-reacting with W28.", "content": "The cytotoxicity activity of an anti-HL-A2 antiserum cross-reactive with W28 appeared in three distinct peaks after the serum was subjected to isoelectric focusing. The pH at which the peaks formed was reproducible using pH 5-8 or pH 3.5-10 gradients. Anti-HL-A2 activity occurred in each peak, but the cross-reactive anti-W28 cytotoxicity appeared to be largely confined to the second and third peaks. The first peak was exclusively IgG, the second contained IgG and IgM, and the third contained IgG, IgA, and IgM.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of an anti-HL-A2 antiserum cross-reacting with W28. The cytotoxicity activity of an anti-HL-A2 antiserum cross-reactive with W28 appeared in three distinct peaks after the serum was subjected to isoelectric focusing. The pH at which the peaks formed was reproducible using pH 5-8 or pH 3.5-10 gradients. Anti-HL-A2 activity occurred in each peak, but the cross-reactive anti-W28 cytotoxicity appeared to be largely confined to the second and third peaks. The first peak was exclusively IgG, the second contained IgG and IgM, and the third contained IgG, IgA, and IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:936201", "title": "Quantitative isolation of mouse thymus leukemia antigen, TL.", "content": "This report describes the purification of TL from papain digests of a tumor line (ASL1) and of an established cell line (L251A). Through the use of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, the TL was purified approximately 100-fold with respect to the original digest. It was noted that the TL isolated from ASL1 had a specific activity 1.4 times higher than that isolated from L251A. The reason for this anomaly is unexplained. However, this work indicates that classical methods of protein chemistry can be used in the purification of these membrane components which are present in only small amounts on the cell surface.", "contents": "Quantitative isolation of mouse thymus leukemia antigen, TL. This report describes the purification of TL from papain digests of a tumor line (ASL1) and of an established cell line (L251A). Through the use of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, the TL was purified approximately 100-fold with respect to the original digest. It was noted that the TL isolated from ASL1 had a specific activity 1.4 times higher than that isolated from L251A. The reason for this anomaly is unexplained. However, this work indicates that classical methods of protein chemistry can be used in the purification of these membrane components which are present in only small amounts on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:936202", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and myocardial infarction.", "content": "The incidence of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in 100 men with myocardial infarction was compared with the incidence in 500 healthy controls. No significant difference was found, providing no support for either a genetic or an immunological basis for myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and myocardial infarction. The incidence of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in 100 men with myocardial infarction was compared with the incidence in 500 healthy controls. No significant difference was found, providing no support for either a genetic or an immunological basis for myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:936203", "title": "Linkage of the pig main histocompatibility complex and the J blood group system.", "content": "Linkage of the main histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the J blood locus was demonstrated in pgis by means of segregation data in families of double back-cross matings. A recombination frequency of 9.82% was estimated. No evidence of close association with the blood group systems A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N and O was found.", "contents": "Linkage of the pig main histocompatibility complex and the J blood group system. Linkage of the main histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the J blood locus was demonstrated in pgis by means of segregation data in families of double back-cross matings. A recombination frequency of 9.82% was estimated. No evidence of close association with the blood group systems A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N and O was found."}
{"id": "PMID:936204", "title": "The mixed kidney cell-lymphocyte reaction in rats.", "content": "Optimal conditions for obtaining the proliverative response in mixed kidney cell-lymphocyte culture (MKLC) have been determined in rats. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the culture medium was essential for successful stimulation of lymphocytes by allogeneic kidney cells. Proliferative responses by standard MLC and MKLC were compared in rats with the same or a different Ag-B locus. In most strain combinations, there was a significant correlation between MLC and MKLC reactions, However, the DA-ACI combination, compatible at the Ag-B locus, consistently showed negative MLC and positive MKLC reactions. This suggested the possibility that this technique allowed the expression of kidney specific antigens.", "contents": "The mixed kidney cell-lymphocyte reaction in rats. Optimal conditions for obtaining the proliverative response in mixed kidney cell-lymphocyte culture (MKLC) have been determined in rats. The addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the culture medium was essential for successful stimulation of lymphocytes by allogeneic kidney cells. Proliferative responses by standard MLC and MKLC were compared in rats with the same or a different Ag-B locus. In most strain combinations, there was a significant correlation between MLC and MKLC reactions, However, the DA-ACI combination, compatible at the Ag-B locus, consistently showed negative MLC and positive MKLC reactions. This suggested the possibility that this technique allowed the expression of kidney specific antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:936205", "title": "Regional difference of respiratory changes in pleural pressure between left and right thoraxes in dogs.", "content": "Respiratory changes in pleural pressure were recorded simultaneously from the left and right pleural spaces in 6 anesthetized closed-chest dogs in the supine, prone, left lateral and right lateral positions. Saline-filled radiopaque catheters connected to strain-gauge manometers were inserted percutaneously in the left and right pleural spaces by an air tight technique and their tips were placed in the mid-thoracic plane. The esophageal pressure was also recorded with the saline-filled system. The value of respiratory pressure amplitude (deltap, the difference between end-expiratory and minimal inspiratory pressures) in the pleural spaces was significantly greater in the left thorax than in the right in the supine, prone and right lateral positions. In 4 body positions, deltap in pleural pressure was significantly greater than in esophageal pressure. It is concluded that respiratory variations in pleural pressure of the left and right thorax are not the same and that postural change does not produce significant regional difference of the respiratory variations.", "contents": "Regional difference of respiratory changes in pleural pressure between left and right thoraxes in dogs. Respiratory changes in pleural pressure were recorded simultaneously from the left and right pleural spaces in 6 anesthetized closed-chest dogs in the supine, prone, left lateral and right lateral positions. Saline-filled radiopaque catheters connected to strain-gauge manometers were inserted percutaneously in the left and right pleural spaces by an air tight technique and their tips were placed in the mid-thoracic plane. The esophageal pressure was also recorded with the saline-filled system. The value of respiratory pressure amplitude (deltap, the difference between end-expiratory and minimal inspiratory pressures) in the pleural spaces was significantly greater in the left thorax than in the right in the supine, prone and right lateral positions. In 4 body positions, deltap in pleural pressure was significantly greater than in esophageal pressure. It is concluded that respiratory variations in pleural pressure of the left and right thorax are not the same and that postural change does not produce significant regional difference of the respiratory variations."}
{"id": "PMID:936206", "title": "A prospective survey on chest malignancies following multiple fluroscopies during artificial pneumothorax therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated in 4 sanatoria in Niigata prefecture during the period from 1941 to 1961 were followed up. Of 2,756 patients, 1,193 responded and sent us effective information. However, 1,224 did not come into contact because of changed and unknown adress, 326 did not respond, and 13 were omitted because of incomplete answers. Of 1,193 effective responders, 568 had been treated by artificial pneumothorax (the pneumothorax group), and 552 had been treated by the other measures than pneumothorax (the control group). There were 65 deaths in the pneumothorax, group, and 40 deaths in the control group. No deaths from chest malignancies were reported in the pneumothorax group, while 4 chest malignancies in the control. In this survey, no evidence of increased frequency of chest malignancies including leukemia following multiple fluoroscopies during artificial pneumothorax was detected.", "contents": "A prospective survey on chest malignancies following multiple fluroscopies during artificial pneumothorax therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated in 4 sanatoria in Niigata prefecture during the period from 1941 to 1961 were followed up. Of 2,756 patients, 1,193 responded and sent us effective information. However, 1,224 did not come into contact because of changed and unknown adress, 326 did not respond, and 13 were omitted because of incomplete answers. Of 1,193 effective responders, 568 had been treated by artificial pneumothorax (the pneumothorax group), and 552 had been treated by the other measures than pneumothorax (the control group). There were 65 deaths in the pneumothorax, group, and 40 deaths in the control group. No deaths from chest malignancies were reported in the pneumothorax group, while 4 chest malignancies in the control. In this survey, no evidence of increased frequency of chest malignancies including leukemia following multiple fluoroscopies during artificial pneumothorax was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:936207", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "In 6 cases of high risk pregnancies for Tay-Sachs disease, prenatal diagnosis was successfully carried out by examining hexosaminidase A activity in the supernatant of amniotic fluid and the uncultured and cultured amniotic fluid cells. In 5 out of 6 cases, the activity of hexosaminidase A was found to be within normal or heterozygous levels. They continued their pregnancies and were delivered of healthy children. In the remaining 1 case, the activity was undetected. Her pregnancy was terminated at the 23rd week of gestation. There was no activity of hexosamindase A in the brain and liver from the aborted fetus. A moderate increase in GM2 ganglioside was found in the brain. Electron-microscopic findings revealed membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the spinal ganglion cells as well as in the nerve cells of the retina. These biochemical and histological findings of Tay-Sachs fetus suggest that the disease proceeds early in fetal period. It was found that the cultured amniotic fluid cells was the most reliable material for the prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease, because the values of hexoxaminidase A in the cultured cells were well in accord with those in serum from the consequently bord children. Hexosaminidase pattern in the supernatant of amniotic fluid on DEAE-cellulose columnchromatogram showed a distinct difference between homozygote, heterozygote and normal. This procedure also may be useful for prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis and fetal pathology of Tay-Sachs disease. In 6 cases of high risk pregnancies for Tay-Sachs disease, prenatal diagnosis was successfully carried out by examining hexosaminidase A activity in the supernatant of amniotic fluid and the uncultured and cultured amniotic fluid cells. In 5 out of 6 cases, the activity of hexosaminidase A was found to be within normal or heterozygous levels. They continued their pregnancies and were delivered of healthy children. In the remaining 1 case, the activity was undetected. Her pregnancy was terminated at the 23rd week of gestation. There was no activity of hexosamindase A in the brain and liver from the aborted fetus. A moderate increase in GM2 ganglioside was found in the brain. Electron-microscopic findings revealed membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the spinal ganglion cells as well as in the nerve cells of the retina. These biochemical and histological findings of Tay-Sachs fetus suggest that the disease proceeds early in fetal period. It was found that the cultured amniotic fluid cells was the most reliable material for the prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease, because the values of hexoxaminidase A in the cultured cells were well in accord with those in serum from the consequently bord children. Hexosaminidase pattern in the supernatant of amniotic fluid on DEAE-cellulose columnchromatogram showed a distinct difference between homozygote, heterozygote and normal. This procedure also may be useful for prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease."}
{"id": "PMID:936208", "title": "Electrophoretic analysis of acid proteolytic zymogens in mucosa surrounding gastric ulcer.", "content": "Acid proteolytic zymogens contained in biopsy specimens obtained from the area surrounding peptic ulcers of the stomach were analyzed by means of agar gel electrophoresis and compared with histopathological findings. It was demonstrated that the specimens obtained from the base of ulcer contained only slow moving protease (SMP) while mucosa located near the margin of ulcer showed the pyloric mucosal type of electrophoretic pattern and increase in distance between the margin of ulcer and the site of biopsy changed the electrophoretic pattern of specimens to the fundic mucosal type. The electrophoretic findings of acid proteolytic zymogens were found to be correlated closely to histological findings, and these changes were found to distribute in a patchy form around the ulcer. It was also found that endoscopically healed scared was covered with regenerated epithelium containing parietal and chief cells of which the electrophoretic pattern of acid proteolytic zymogens was of a fundic mucosal type.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analysis of acid proteolytic zymogens in mucosa surrounding gastric ulcer. Acid proteolytic zymogens contained in biopsy specimens obtained from the area surrounding peptic ulcers of the stomach were analyzed by means of agar gel electrophoresis and compared with histopathological findings. It was demonstrated that the specimens obtained from the base of ulcer contained only slow moving protease (SMP) while mucosa located near the margin of ulcer showed the pyloric mucosal type of electrophoretic pattern and increase in distance between the margin of ulcer and the site of biopsy changed the electrophoretic pattern of specimens to the fundic mucosal type. The electrophoretic findings of acid proteolytic zymogens were found to be correlated closely to histological findings, and these changes were found to distribute in a patchy form around the ulcer. It was also found that endoscopically healed scared was covered with regenerated epithelium containing parietal and chief cells of which the electrophoretic pattern of acid proteolytic zymogens was of a fundic mucosal type."}
{"id": "PMID:936209", "title": "A substrain mouse serologically classified in ddN strain and its behavioral characteristics.", "content": "A special substrain mouse in ddN strain was classified by cross agglutination reaction of the red blood cells with anti-ddN mice red blood cells rabbit immune serume. The agglutination reactivity in the full-grown substrain mouse was as high as in an infant ddN mouse. Incidence of the substrain mouse in ddN strain aged older than 9 weeks was about 10%. The full-grown substrain mouse revealed a form of excitation after long-term administration of methamphetamine while other mice in the same strain were depressed. The behavioral and serological properties of histocompatible strain mice such as C57Bl and C3/ were studied to compare with those of the ddN substrain mouse.", "contents": "A substrain mouse serologically classified in ddN strain and its behavioral characteristics. A special substrain mouse in ddN strain was classified by cross agglutination reaction of the red blood cells with anti-ddN mice red blood cells rabbit immune serume. The agglutination reactivity in the full-grown substrain mouse was as high as in an infant ddN mouse. Incidence of the substrain mouse in ddN strain aged older than 9 weeks was about 10%. The full-grown substrain mouse revealed a form of excitation after long-term administration of methamphetamine while other mice in the same strain were depressed. The behavioral and serological properties of histocompatible strain mice such as C57Bl and C3/ were studied to compare with those of the ddN substrain mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:936210", "title": "Further studies on irreversible inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine.", "content": "In the process of studying the inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine, we observed an interesting relationship between cysteine and catalase. This suggests that two different patterns of the inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase exist; the one is reversible inhibition, the other is irreversible inhibition. In the present experiments, we have particularly investigated the irreversible inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine, and the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The rate of the inhibitory effect of cysteine pretreatment on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is independent of a function of the temperature, while at temperature above 20 degrees C the extent of the reversibility of cysteine inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide is temperature dependent. (b) The rate of inhibitory effect is dependent on the time of cysteine pretreatment at 37 degrees C, and the ability of N-ethylmaleimide to reverse the cystine-induced inhibition is gradually diminished by increasing the time of cysteine pretreatment. (c) The inhibitory effect of cysteine pretreatment (37 degrees C, 10 min) is not reversed by the addition of Cu++. (d) In the presence of higher concentrations of catalase, the cystein-induced inhibition is recovered after the addition of equimolar concentration of N-ethylmaleimide. (e) Both inhibitions of cysteine on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase with and without pretreatment were the noncompetitive type to the substrate, tyramine.", "contents": "Further studies on irreversible inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine. In the process of studying the inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine, we observed an interesting relationship between cysteine and catalase. This suggests that two different patterns of the inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase exist; the one is reversible inhibition, the other is irreversible inhibition. In the present experiments, we have particularly investigated the irreversible inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by cysteine, and the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The rate of the inhibitory effect of cysteine pretreatment on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase is independent of a function of the temperature, while at temperature above 20 degrees C the extent of the reversibility of cysteine inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide is temperature dependent. (b) The rate of inhibitory effect is dependent on the time of cysteine pretreatment at 37 degrees C, and the ability of N-ethylmaleimide to reverse the cystine-induced inhibition is gradually diminished by increasing the time of cysteine pretreatment. (c) The inhibitory effect of cysteine pretreatment (37 degrees C, 10 min) is not reversed by the addition of Cu++. (d) In the presence of higher concentrations of catalase, the cystein-induced inhibition is recovered after the addition of equimolar concentration of N-ethylmaleimide. (e) Both inhibitions of cysteine on dopamine-beta-hydroxylase with and without pretreatment were the noncompetitive type to the substrate, tyramine."}
{"id": "PMID:936211", "title": "An evaluation of the function of new special equipment for transrectal ultrasonotomography.", "content": "A new type of equipment for transrectal ultrasonotomography was described in a previous paper. This equipment was evaluated from the data obtained from 205 cases in which examinations were performed. Tomograms were successfully recorded in 94% of cases. Tomograms sufficiently useful for diagnosis and the measurement of organs were obtained in 89% of cases for the prostate, 78% for the urinary bladder, and 80% for the seminal vesicles. No basic problems in the procedure were found, although hypotension of unknown origin was observed during the examination in a few cases.", "contents": "An evaluation of the function of new special equipment for transrectal ultrasonotomography. A new type of equipment for transrectal ultrasonotomography was described in a previous paper. This equipment was evaluated from the data obtained from 205 cases in which examinations were performed. Tomograms were successfully recorded in 94% of cases. Tomograms sufficiently useful for diagnosis and the measurement of organs were obtained in 89% of cases for the prostate, 78% for the urinary bladder, and 80% for the seminal vesicles. No basic problems in the procedure were found, although hypotension of unknown origin was observed during the examination in a few cases."}
{"id": "PMID:936212", "title": "Non-invasive detection of ultrasonic Doppler signals from renal vessels.", "content": "We successfully obtained ultrasonic Doppler signals, presumably caused by the renal vessels, through the body surface without invasion. An outline of the method and several results are presented in this preliminary report.", "contents": "Non-invasive detection of ultrasonic Doppler signals from renal vessels. We successfully obtained ultrasonic Doppler signals, presumably caused by the renal vessels, through the body surface without invasion. An outline of the method and several results are presented in this preliminary report."}
{"id": "PMID:936213", "title": "Specimen holders for simultaneous critical point drying of multiple biological specimens.", "content": "Specimen holders were developed for simultaneous critical point drying of multiple specimens of monolayer cell cultures grown on Leighton tube glass cover slips or for specimens of cells collected on silver or cellulose membrane filters. The use of these multiple specimen holders makes it possible to process several specimens in parallel and thus significantly reduce the time required for handling large numbers of samples and also eliminate the possible variations that occur in processing individual samples one at a time in series.", "contents": "Specimen holders for simultaneous critical point drying of multiple biological specimens. Specimen holders were developed for simultaneous critical point drying of multiple specimens of monolayer cell cultures grown on Leighton tube glass cover slips or for specimens of cells collected on silver or cellulose membrane filters. The use of these multiple specimen holders makes it possible to process several specimens in parallel and thus significantly reduce the time required for handling large numbers of samples and also eliminate the possible variations that occur in processing individual samples one at a time in series."}
{"id": "PMID:936216", "title": "Device for manual trimming of tissue blocks for ultramicrotomy.", "content": "An instrument for the precise trimming of flat or cylindrical embedded specimens to be sectioned in an ultramicrotome is described. It will produce the required truncated pyramid accurately by hand slicing. A simple modification to the LKB specimen holder allows it to be used with the Reichert ultramicrotome as well.", "contents": "Device for manual trimming of tissue blocks for ultramicrotomy. An instrument for the precise trimming of flat or cylindrical embedded specimens to be sectioned in an ultramicrotome is described. It will produce the required truncated pyramid accurately by hand slicing. A simple modification to the LKB specimen holder allows it to be used with the Reichert ultramicrotome as well."}
{"id": "PMID:936250", "title": "Radiation exposure of the breast in film- and xero-mammography.", "content": "In addition to other advantages, xeoradiography, compared with film-mammography, seems to result in a lower radiation dosage to the breast. In order to get some valid information concerning this point, depth dose measurements, were carried out in a plexiglas phantom for the different radiographic factors used in film- and xero-mammography. It could be shown that the exposure of the skin and the mean exposure of the breast are generally lower in xero-mammography than in film-mammography, and that this difference increased with increasing thickness of the breast. Therefore it can be concluded that xero-mammography should be preferred on account of its lower radiation exposure, whenever it is possible from the diagnostic point of view.", "contents": "Radiation exposure of the breast in film- and xero-mammography. In addition to other advantages, xeoradiography, compared with film-mammography, seems to result in a lower radiation dosage to the breast. In order to get some valid information concerning this point, depth dose measurements, were carried out in a plexiglas phantom for the different radiographic factors used in film- and xero-mammography. It could be shown that the exposure of the skin and the mean exposure of the breast are generally lower in xero-mammography than in film-mammography, and that this difference increased with increasing thickness of the breast. Therefore it can be concluded that xero-mammography should be preferred on account of its lower radiation exposure, whenever it is possible from the diagnostic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:936251", "title": "[Dose-response relationship in radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism].", "content": "For the analysis of the dose-response relationship during radioiodine therapy, the effective dose was calculated based on measurements in 1171 patients in the course of treatment. Early results of the radioiodine therapy of these cases were checked up from six to nine months afterwards. The probability of incidence of a residual hyperthyroidism or of the induction of hypothyroidism respectively, in dependence on dosage, is represented by a dose-response curve. The dose-response curve for residual hyperthyreoses shows an exponential shape, whereas the curve of induced hypothyroidism is sigmoidally shaped. The results of experimental biophysics concerning dose-response curves allow the statement that there is no reactivity of the thyroid gland in cases of residual hyperthyroidism, whereas distinct compensation mechanisms are counteracting the induction of hypothyroidism. Thus, the conception of fractionated radioiodine therapy is supported by the shape of dose-response curves. The fractionation of the dose leads to accumulated inactivation effects on the hyperthyroidism, while the compensational mechanisms against hypothyroidism are strengthening by intermittent recovery and the rate of induced hypothyroidism is decreasing. The favorable effect of multiple treatment on the number of induced hypothyreoses could be verified by our own material. During the radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism, a defined interrelation is found between the effective dose, the thyroid mass and the effect of the dose. A formula of the isoeffective dose in dependence of the thyroid mass is derived analogically to percutaneous radiation therapy. The deviation of the effective dose from the dose previously calculated is represented as a distribution function. The mean value of this distribution function can be regarded as an expectation of the effective dose. Hence, a previous calculation of the dose is considered useful also in future. The isoeffective dose is proposed to be chosen in dependence on the thyroid mass according to a fifty-per-cent-probability of residual hyperthyroidism. Relative to the intensity of residual hyperthyroidism, a second treatment considering the same standards should be performed after four to nine months. The number of reiterated treatments needed depends on individual radiation sensitivity resulting from biological factors.", "contents": "[Dose-response relationship in radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism]. For the analysis of the dose-response relationship during radioiodine therapy, the effective dose was calculated based on measurements in 1171 patients in the course of treatment. Early results of the radioiodine therapy of these cases were checked up from six to nine months afterwards. The probability of incidence of a residual hyperthyroidism or of the induction of hypothyroidism respectively, in dependence on dosage, is represented by a dose-response curve. The dose-response curve for residual hyperthyreoses shows an exponential shape, whereas the curve of induced hypothyroidism is sigmoidally shaped. The results of experimental biophysics concerning dose-response curves allow the statement that there is no reactivity of the thyroid gland in cases of residual hyperthyroidism, whereas distinct compensation mechanisms are counteracting the induction of hypothyroidism. Thus, the conception of fractionated radioiodine therapy is supported by the shape of dose-response curves. The fractionation of the dose leads to accumulated inactivation effects on the hyperthyroidism, while the compensational mechanisms against hypothyroidism are strengthening by intermittent recovery and the rate of induced hypothyroidism is decreasing. The favorable effect of multiple treatment on the number of induced hypothyreoses could be verified by our own material. During the radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism, a defined interrelation is found between the effective dose, the thyroid mass and the effect of the dose. A formula of the isoeffective dose in dependence of the thyroid mass is derived analogically to percutaneous radiation therapy. The deviation of the effective dose from the dose previously calculated is represented as a distribution function. The mean value of this distribution function can be regarded as an expectation of the effective dose. Hence, a previous calculation of the dose is considered useful also in future. The isoeffective dose is proposed to be chosen in dependence on the thyroid mass according to a fifty-per-cent-probability of residual hyperthyroidism. Relative to the intensity of residual hyperthyroidism, a second treatment considering the same standards should be performed after four to nine months. The number of reiterated treatments needed depends on individual radiation sensitivity resulting from biological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:936252", "title": "Intestinal ultrastructure after prolonged use of an elemental diet.", "content": "The role of 3 diets (Purina, whole casein and hydrolyzed casein) on the morphological aspect of the intestinal mucosa has been studied in adult mice, irradiated with a single dose of 950 R or with 4 doses of 600 R. The experimental group receiving the hydrolyzed casein exhibited always the fastest recovery. 45 days after a single irradiation, some alterations of columnar cells were still noted in the other groups. The prolonged use of an hydrolyzed casein (6 months) did not alter the structure of the mucosal cells.", "contents": "Intestinal ultrastructure after prolonged use of an elemental diet. The role of 3 diets (Purina, whole casein and hydrolyzed casein) on the morphological aspect of the intestinal mucosa has been studied in adult mice, irradiated with a single dose of 950 R or with 4 doses of 600 R. The experimental group receiving the hydrolyzed casein exhibited always the fastest recovery. 45 days after a single irradiation, some alterations of columnar cells were still noted in the other groups. The prolonged use of an hydrolyzed casein (6 months) did not alter the structure of the mucosal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:936253", "title": "[Influence of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine on blood pressure reaction to bradykinine and kallidine in normal and spinal rats].", "content": "2-Mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) enhances the hypotension reaction to bradykinine and kallidine injections. In normal and spinal rats the secondary rise of the blood pressure after bradykinine, caused by catecholamine liberation, was transformed into a hypotension through MEG. These effects are partially interpreted as sympatholytic effects of MEG.", "contents": "[Influence of 2-mercaptoethylguanidine on blood pressure reaction to bradykinine and kallidine in normal and spinal rats]. 2-Mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) enhances the hypotension reaction to bradykinine and kallidine injections. In normal and spinal rats the secondary rise of the blood pressure after bradykinine, caused by catecholamine liberation, was transformed into a hypotension through MEG. These effects are partially interpreted as sympatholytic effects of MEG."}
{"id": "PMID:936254", "title": "Effect of whole body gamma irradiation on fatty acid composition of liver lipids of female rats and radioprotection by cystamine.", "content": "Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 R) on the fatty acid composition of liver lipids and its triglycerides (TG), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) has been studied in female rats. Radioprotective effect of cystamine on radiation-induced alterations in fatty acid composition of above liver lipid fractions has been studied by giving crystamine 15 min before irradiation. Irradiation increased palmitic acid levels in liver total lipids, and PE and decreased in TG. Cystamine prevented these changes. Irradiation increased palmitoleic acid levels in liver total lipids, total phospholipids and PC and these were prevented by prior administration of cystamine. Linoleic acid was decreased in liver total lipids, TG, total phospholipids and increased in PE and PC of irradiated rats. Administration of cystamine before irradiation partially protected these changes. Arachidonic acid was reduced in all liver lipid fractions of irradiated rats and this was only partially protected by cystamine, which itself reduced its levels in the control animals. Irradiation increased the levels of eicosatrienoic acid and these were not prevented by cystamine.", "contents": "Effect of whole body gamma irradiation on fatty acid composition of liver lipids of female rats and radioprotection by cystamine. Effect of whole body gamma irradiation (1200 R) on the fatty acid composition of liver lipids and its triglycerides (TG), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) has been studied in female rats. Radioprotective effect of cystamine on radiation-induced alterations in fatty acid composition of above liver lipid fractions has been studied by giving crystamine 15 min before irradiation. Irradiation increased palmitic acid levels in liver total lipids, and PE and decreased in TG. Cystamine prevented these changes. Irradiation increased palmitoleic acid levels in liver total lipids, total phospholipids and PC and these were prevented by prior administration of cystamine. Linoleic acid was decreased in liver total lipids, TG, total phospholipids and increased in PE and PC of irradiated rats. Administration of cystamine before irradiation partially protected these changes. Arachidonic acid was reduced in all liver lipid fractions of irradiated rats and this was only partially protected by cystamine, which itself reduced its levels in the control animals. Irradiation increased the levels of eicosatrienoic acid and these were not prevented by cystamine."}
{"id": "PMID:936255", "title": "An approach to the analysis of menstrual patterns in the critical evaluation of contraceptives.", "content": "An approach to a standardized analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns is presented. The method utilizes a prospective bleeding record and characterizes the menstrual pattern of a woman according to bleeding and nonbleeding events without imposing definitions of cycle or intermenstrual bleeding. Further, the analysis is done within a time reference period similar to life-table analysis, with the experience of each woman having equal value. The method is thus applicable to the study of menstrual patterns of both normal, untreated women, and women on experimental contraceptive regimens in which expected bleeding patterns are disrupted. The methodology is aided by computer programs to process the data and by the use of standard statistical packages for comparison of output data of different groups.", "contents": "An approach to the analysis of menstrual patterns in the critical evaluation of contraceptives. An approach to a standardized analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns is presented. The method utilizes a prospective bleeding record and characterizes the menstrual pattern of a woman according to bleeding and nonbleeding events without imposing definitions of cycle or intermenstrual bleeding. Further, the analysis is done within a time reference period similar to life-table analysis, with the experience of each woman having equal value. The method is thus applicable to the study of menstrual patterns of both normal, untreated women, and women on experimental contraceptive regimens in which expected bleeding patterns are disrupted. The methodology is aided by computer programs to process the data and by the use of standard statistical packages for comparison of output data of different groups."}
{"id": "PMID:936256", "title": "China's population figures: can the contradictions be resolved?", "content": "In recent years, the government of the People's Republic of China has been reporting the country's population as \"nearly 800 million.\" A variety of evidence suggests that this approximation is the best currently available in China, and that it may be some time before further, more accurate, demographic data are produced. The paper presents and discusses alternate population estimates and projections by UN, US, and USSR specialists.", "contents": "China's population figures: can the contradictions be resolved? In recent years, the government of the People's Republic of China has been reporting the country's population as \"nearly 800 million.\" A variety of evidence suggests that this approximation is the best currently available in China, and that it may be some time before further, more accurate, demographic data are produced. The paper presents and discusses alternate population estimates and projections by UN, US, and USSR specialists."}
{"id": "PMID:936257", "title": "Participative style of management in a family planning program.", "content": "In 1973, a small-scale project to involve family planning staff in program management was introduced in the Sangam primary health center in Andhra Pradesh by the Adminstrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad. Through group meetings, involving all levels of health center personnel, problem areas were identified and analysed and solutions sought. On the basis of recommendations made by the groups, a work plan was drawn up. Monthly review meetings were held to discuss progress in implementing the plan. The project was found to have a positive effect on staff morale and commitment, and program acceptance levels increased. In light of the success of the project at Sangam, a proposal has been submitted to the government to expand the project to other primary health centers in the district.", "contents": "Participative style of management in a family planning program. In 1973, a small-scale project to involve family planning staff in program management was introduced in the Sangam primary health center in Andhra Pradesh by the Adminstrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad. Through group meetings, involving all levels of health center personnel, problem areas were identified and analysed and solutions sought. On the basis of recommendations made by the groups, a work plan was drawn up. Monthly review meetings were held to discuss progress in implementing the plan. The project was found to have a positive effect on staff morale and commitment, and program acceptance levels increased. In light of the success of the project at Sangam, a proposal has been submitted to the government to expand the project to other primary health centers in the district."}
{"id": "PMID:936258", "title": "A report on a contraceptive social marketing experiment in rural Kenya.", "content": "There is a recognized need for the development of nonmedical, grassroots family planning delivery systems. This report describes the results of a two-year experiment in rural Kenya in which local marketing resources were utilized to promote and distribute condoms through village stores. The impact of the extensive advertising campaign on the test market area was measured by comparison with a control area and by before, during, and after sample surveys. In addition to achieving a condom sales level of 0.21 pieces per capita after 12 months, the program had a marked impact on family planning knowledge  and practice, although not on attitudes. The authors assess the program's performance in relation to its goals and suggest how such social marketing programs could have far-reaching significance in most developing countries.", "contents": "A report on a contraceptive social marketing experiment in rural Kenya. There is a recognized need for the development of nonmedical, grassroots family planning delivery systems. This report describes the results of a two-year experiment in rural Kenya in which local marketing resources were utilized to promote and distribute condoms through village stores. The impact of the extensive advertising campaign on the test market area was measured by comparison with a control area and by before, during, and after sample surveys. In addition to achieving a condom sales level of 0.21 pieces per capita after 12 months, the program had a marked impact on family planning knowledge  and practice, although not on attitudes. The authors assess the program's performance in relation to its goals and suggest how such social marketing programs could have far-reaching significance in most developing countries."}
{"id": "PMID:936259", "title": "Some aspects of health care in rural Nigeria.", "content": "1973 and 1974 surveys of Ibo women of childbearing age were undertaken in order to obtain baseline information for developing a community health program. Findings from the village of Ebendo show extremely high fertility rates and infant and maternal mortality levels as well as high desired family size. An examination of the traditional health care and family planning attitudes suggests that a health program offering family planning services in this region should consider offering subfertility counseling; providing services free or nearly free; and focusing on the younger women who are more receptive to family planning.", "contents": "Some aspects of health care in rural Nigeria. 1973 and 1974 surveys of Ibo women of childbearing age were undertaken in order to obtain baseline information for developing a community health program. Findings from the village of Ebendo show extremely high fertility rates and infant and maternal mortality levels as well as high desired family size. An examination of the traditional health care and family planning attitudes suggests that a health program offering family planning services in this region should consider offering subfertility counseling; providing services free or nearly free; and focusing on the younger women who are more receptive to family planning."}
{"id": "PMID:936260", "title": "A comparison of the copper T-200 and the Lippes Loop in four countries.", "content": "A comparative field trial of the Copper TCu-200 and the Lippes loop was conducted in Colombia, Iran, Korea, and Thailand from 1971 to 1973. The study, involving 7,400 women, provided two-year first segment continuation and termination rates. In three countries, TCu-200 expulsion rates were significantly below Lippes loop expulsion rates. For women with three or fewer living children, TCu-200 expulsion rates were markedly below Lippes loop rates in all four countries. The comparative advantage accruing to the TCu-200 in this characteristic did not extend to the two-year continuation rates.", "contents": "A comparison of the copper T-200 and the Lippes Loop in four countries. A comparative field trial of the Copper TCu-200 and the Lippes loop was conducted in Colombia, Iran, Korea, and Thailand from 1971 to 1973. The study, involving 7,400 women, provided two-year first segment continuation and termination rates. In three countries, TCu-200 expulsion rates were significantly below Lippes loop expulsion rates. For women with three or fewer living children, TCu-200 expulsion rates were markedly below Lippes loop rates in all four countries. The comparative advantage accruing to the TCu-200 in this characteristic did not extend to the two-year continuation rates."}
{"id": "PMID:936261", "title": "Interactions between health and population.", "content": "Both health and population have multiple direct and indirect, as well as positive and negative, influences on each other and on the development process. There is much evidence to show that high fertility produces multiple health hazards and that family planning is one of the most effective health measures available. Conversely, there are also multiple ways in which health influences fertility. Whereas health services resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality have often been considered a major cause of population growth, the authors argue that health programs can also contribute to a more rapid decline in birth rates by facilitating the increased practice of family planning. Evidence is reviewed to support the position that family planning services can be more effective, efficient, and acceptable when combined with maternal and child health and nutrition programs.", "contents": "Interactions between health and population. Both health and population have multiple direct and indirect, as well as positive and negative, influences on each other and on the development process. There is much evidence to show that high fertility produces multiple health hazards and that family planning is one of the most effective health measures available. Conversely, there are also multiple ways in which health influences fertility. Whereas health services resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality have often been considered a major cause of population growth, the authors argue that health programs can also contribute to a more rapid decline in birth rates by facilitating the increased practice of family planning. Evidence is reviewed to support the position that family planning services can be more effective, efficient, and acceptable when combined with maternal and child health and nutrition programs."}
{"id": "PMID:936262", "title": "The changing African family project: a report with special reference to the Nigerian segment.", "content": "The Changing African Family Project was begun in 1973 as a cooperative venture of the Sociology Department of the University of Ibadan and the Demography Department of the Australian National University, with research institutes and individual researchers in 11 representative countries of Africa, to investigate the preconditions for fertility decline. This paper reports initial initial findings from the large Nigerian segment of the project, which was used as a laboratory, and presents technical information about the surveys, as well as findings on economic supports for high fertility, factors affecting fertility, the role of sexual abstinence in determining fertility levels, the increase in contraception and its relation to family size limitation, and the incidence and nature of achieved small families. Information is also provided on the projects in Cameroon, the Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, and the Sudan.", "contents": "The changing African family project: a report with special reference to the Nigerian segment. The Changing African Family Project was begun in 1973 as a cooperative venture of the Sociology Department of the University of Ibadan and the Demography Department of the Australian National University, with research institutes and individual researchers in 11 representative countries of Africa, to investigate the preconditions for fertility decline. This paper reports initial initial findings from the large Nigerian segment of the project, which was used as a laboratory, and presents technical information about the surveys, as well as findings on economic supports for high fertility, factors affecting fertility, the role of sexual abstinence in determining fertility levels, the increase in contraception and its relation to family size limitation, and the incidence and nature of achieved small families. Information is also provided on the projects in Cameroon, the Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, and the Sudan."}
{"id": "PMID:936263", "title": "Preferences for sex of children in Thailand: a comparison of husbands' and wives' attitudes.", "content": "Findings on sex preference for children from a Thai national survey show substantial differences for men and women. Married women appear to have a weak or moderate preference for sons, coexisting with a desire to have at least one child of each sex. Their husbands' preference for sons is noticeably more pronounced. Son preference is strongest among urban ethnic Chinese men but is also substantial among ethnic Thai men. There is also some evidence that men like to have at least one daughter. The contrasting patterns of sex preferences found for men and women in Thailand suggest that results can be misleading if studies of sex preferences for children are based exclusively on samples of married women.", "contents": "Preferences for sex of children in Thailand: a comparison of husbands' and wives' attitudes. Findings on sex preference for children from a Thai national survey show substantial differences for men and women. Married women appear to have a weak or moderate preference for sons, coexisting with a desire to have at least one child of each sex. Their husbands' preference for sons is noticeably more pronounced. Son preference is strongest among urban ethnic Chinese men but is also substantial among ethnic Thai men. There is also some evidence that men like to have at least one daughter. The contrasting patterns of sex preferences found for men and women in Thailand suggest that results can be misleading if studies of sex preferences for children are based exclusively on samples of married women."}
{"id": "PMID:936264", "title": "Family planning in Pakistan: an analysis of some factors constraining use.", "content": "Family planning efforts by the Pakistan government were greatly expanded during its third Five-Year Plan (1965-70). Cross-sectional data obtained from the 1968-1969 IMPACT Survey are analyzed to determine the relative importance of demand and availability factors in explaining the response of Pakistani couples to the program's efforts. The findings indicate that the proportion of couples who express interest in controlling their fertility in the future is larger than the proportion who report current use of a family planning method. The analysis, however, shows that the program delivery system did not reach most of those who indicated they were potential users. When adequate availability was reported, family planning was adopted despite existing traditional social constraints; nonetheless, the analysis also points out that the potential of the program was severely limited by these constraints.", "contents": "Family planning in Pakistan: an analysis of some factors constraining use. Family planning efforts by the Pakistan government were greatly expanded during its third Five-Year Plan (1965-70). Cross-sectional data obtained from the 1968-1969 IMPACT Survey are analyzed to determine the relative importance of demand and availability factors in explaining the response of Pakistani couples to the program's efforts. The findings indicate that the proportion of couples who express interest in controlling their fertility in the future is larger than the proportion who report current use of a family planning method. The analysis, however, shows that the program delivery system did not reach most of those who indicated they were potential users. When adequate availability was reported, family planning was adopted despite existing traditional social constraints; nonetheless, the analysis also points out that the potential of the program was severely limited by these constraints."}
{"id": "PMID:936268", "title": "Survival of transfused factor VIII in hemophilic patients treated with epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "content": "The effect of EACA (epsilon aminocaproic acid) on the survival of factor VIII (F. VIII, antihemophilic factor, AHF) concentrates after infusion in hemophilic subjects was studied using two F. VIII preparations: an intermediate purity \"cryoglobulin\" and a high purity glycine-precipitated concentrate. In vivo recoveries of F. VIII with both concentrates were found to be close to the values predicted on the basis of concentrate potencies assayed prior to infusion, but not if the labeled potency was used in the calculation. Control studies showed similar first and second phase half-life times and half-disappearance times when the two F. VIII preparations were infused, and both preparations were found to follow a biphasic disappearance curve. The biological half-life (second phase rate of disappearance) was 12 to 13 hours. The administration of EACA in conjunction with the F. VIII concentrates did not prolong the half-life times (first or second phase) or the half-disappearance times.", "contents": "Survival of transfused factor VIII in hemophilic patients treated with epsilon aminocaproic acid. The effect of EACA (epsilon aminocaproic acid) on the survival of factor VIII (F. VIII, antihemophilic factor, AHF) concentrates after infusion in hemophilic subjects was studied using two F. VIII preparations: an intermediate purity \"cryoglobulin\" and a high purity glycine-precipitated concentrate. In vivo recoveries of F. VIII with both concentrates were found to be close to the values predicted on the basis of concentrate potencies assayed prior to infusion, but not if the labeled potency was used in the calculation. Control studies showed similar first and second phase half-life times and half-disappearance times when the two F. VIII preparations were infused, and both preparations were found to follow a biphasic disappearance curve. The biological half-life (second phase rate of disappearance) was 12 to 13 hours. The administration of EACA in conjunction with the F. VIII concentrates did not prolong the half-life times (first or second phase) or the half-disappearance times."}
{"id": "PMID:936269", "title": "The fate of bacteria in frozen red cells.", "content": "Units of blood were intentionally contaiminated with suspensions of either Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea, Seratia marcesens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Paracolabacterum aerogenoides (Enterobacter hafriae), Mima polymorpha or Acinetobacter- calcoaceticus. When inoculation was made prior to glycerolization, the subsequent glycerolization, freezing, thawing, and deglycerolization resulted in roughly a two log reduction in the number of bacteria. When inoculation was made with a final concentration of between 10(1) and 10(5) organisms per milliliter, immediately following deglycerolization or following washing without glycerolization and freezing, no increase in the number of bacteria was seen after 72 hours storage at 4 C. Three of the 12 organisms studied decreased in number during 72 hours of storage. These data suggest that the current 24-hour limit on the post-thaw storage of frozen red blood cells may be unnecessarily restrictive.", "contents": "The fate of bacteria in frozen red cells. Units of blood were intentionally contaiminated with suspensions of either Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea, Seratia marcesens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Paracolabacterum aerogenoides (Enterobacter hafriae), Mima polymorpha or Acinetobacter- calcoaceticus. When inoculation was made prior to glycerolization, the subsequent glycerolization, freezing, thawing, and deglycerolization resulted in roughly a two log reduction in the number of bacteria. When inoculation was made with a final concentration of between 10(1) and 10(5) organisms per milliliter, immediately following deglycerolization or following washing without glycerolization and freezing, no increase in the number of bacteria was seen after 72 hours storage at 4 C. Three of the 12 organisms studied decreased in number during 72 hours of storage. These data suggest that the current 24-hour limit on the post-thaw storage of frozen red blood cells may be unnecessarily restrictive."}
{"id": "PMID:936270", "title": "The acquisition of granylocytes by leukapheresis: a comparison of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis in normal and corticosteroid-stimulated donors.", "content": "Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or filtration (FL) were compared in untreated and corticosteroid-treated donors. The administration of prednisone 60 mg orally 10 to 12 hours before leukapheresis increased significantly both the donor's prepheresis WBC counts and the total granulocyte yields by CFC or FL. Dexamethasone 6 mg iv at the start of FL did not increase granulocyte yields significantly. In untreated donors FL yielded 0.25 x 10(10) granulocytes per liter donor blood processed as compared with 0.05 x 10(10) per liter in CFC donors. Corticosteroid premedication has a greater relative effect in increasing yields by CFC than by FL. Donor reaction rates were between 4 and 6 per cent for both procedures.", "contents": "The acquisition of granylocytes by leukapheresis: a comparison of continuous flow centrifugation and filtration leukapheresis in normal and corticosteroid-stimulated donors. Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) or filtration (FL) were compared in untreated and corticosteroid-treated donors. The administration of prednisone 60 mg orally 10 to 12 hours before leukapheresis increased significantly both the donor's prepheresis WBC counts and the total granulocyte yields by CFC or FL. Dexamethasone 6 mg iv at the start of FL did not increase granulocyte yields significantly. In untreated donors FL yielded 0.25 x 10(10) granulocytes per liter donor blood processed as compared with 0.05 x 10(10) per liter in CFC donors. Corticosteroid premedication has a greater relative effect in increasing yields by CFC than by FL. Donor reaction rates were between 4 and 6 per cent for both procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:936271", "title": "Platelets and factor VIII as functions of blood collection time.", "content": "Plasma and platelet concentrates were prepared from whole blood collected in less than eight minutes, and from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Comparison was made between the two collection groups of Factor VIII activity in fresh plasma, and of Factor VIII activity in fresh frozen plasma. Using the rank sum test, no significant difference was found between Factor VIII activities in either fresh or fresh frozen plasma. The number of platelets in concentrates prepared from blood collected in less than eight minutes were compared with those in concentrates from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Mean numbers of platelets were 6.89 x 10(10) and 7.12 x 10(10),respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups when compared by the rank sum test, or the \"t\" test. Current guidelines recommending maximum eight-minute collection for component preparation may be inappropriately restrictive.", "contents": "Platelets and factor VIII as functions of blood collection time. Plasma and platelet concentrates were prepared from whole blood collected in less than eight minutes, and from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Comparison was made between the two collection groups of Factor VIII activity in fresh plasma, and of Factor VIII activity in fresh frozen plasma. Using the rank sum test, no significant difference was found between Factor VIII activities in either fresh or fresh frozen plasma. The number of platelets in concentrates prepared from blood collected in less than eight minutes were compared with those in concentrates from blood collected in 8 to 12 minutes. Mean numbers of platelets were 6.89 x 10(10) and 7.12 x 10(10),respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups when compared by the rank sum test, or the \"t\" test. Current guidelines recommending maximum eight-minute collection for component preparation may be inappropriately restrictive."}
{"id": "PMID:936277", "title": "Selective elimination of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration.", "content": "Calves were sensitized to tuberculin and histoplasmin. The delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response to these antigens was produced and the diameter of induration measured. Repeated skin tests prior to filtration demonstrated that the amount of induration produced by these skin tests was closely reproducible. Histoplasmin or tuberculin-coated columns were then introduced into a closed circuit extracorporeal thoracic duct circulation. A significant (P is less than 0.01) reduction or ablation of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was obtained to the antigen used to coat the column. In contrast, no significant reduction occurred in the skin test response to the other antigen. Repeated skin tests to both antigens after the cessation of filtration showed a gradual rise toward prefiltration levels in the skin test to the filtered antigen. The results of these experiments indicate that a selective population of T lymphocytes can be removed from an in vivo system. The removal of these cells can selectively reduce a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test response to a particular antigen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a type of in vivo selective immunosuppression can be produced by antigen-coated columns when they are placed in an extracorporeal thoracic duct lymph circulation system.", "contents": "Selective elimination of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration. Calves were sensitized to tuberculin and histoplasmin. The delayed-type hypersensitivity skin response to these antigens was produced and the diameter of induration measured. Repeated skin tests prior to filtration demonstrated that the amount of induration produced by these skin tests was closely reproducible. Histoplasmin or tuberculin-coated columns were then introduced into a closed circuit extracorporeal thoracic duct circulation. A significant (P is less than 0.01) reduction or ablation of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was obtained to the antigen used to coat the column. In contrast, no significant reduction occurred in the skin test response to the other antigen. Repeated skin tests to both antigens after the cessation of filtration showed a gradual rise toward prefiltration levels in the skin test to the filtered antigen. The results of these experiments indicate that a selective population of T lymphocytes can be removed from an in vivo system. The removal of these cells can selectively reduce a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test response to a particular antigen. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a type of in vivo selective immunosuppression can be produced by antigen-coated columns when they are placed in an extracorporeal thoracic duct lymph circulation system."}
{"id": "PMID:936272", "title": "Increasing whole blood oxygen affinity during rapid exchange transfusion: a potential hazard.", "content": "Whole blood cell separators are being used to achieve partial exchange transfusions in patients with hemoglobin S. The rate and extent of the alteration of whole blood oxygen affinity, incurred by this procedure, has been determined in a patient with Hb S/C disease. The implications in terms of oxygen delivery to the tissues are described for this patient and also for patients with the more severe disease associated with Hb S/S. It is concluded that whole blood cell separators should be used with an awareness of the possible detrimental effects of acute increases of whole blood oxygen affinity in these patients.", "contents": "Increasing whole blood oxygen affinity during rapid exchange transfusion: a potential hazard. Whole blood cell separators are being used to achieve partial exchange transfusions in patients with hemoglobin S. The rate and extent of the alteration of whole blood oxygen affinity, incurred by this procedure, has been determined in a patient with Hb S/C disease. The implications in terms of oxygen delivery to the tissues are described for this patient and also for patients with the more severe disease associated with Hb S/S. It is concluded that whole blood cell separators should be used with an awareness of the possible detrimental effects of acute increases of whole blood oxygen affinity in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936278", "title": "72-hr canine kidney preservation without continuous perfusion.", "content": "A new flushing solution consisting of electrolytes and mannitol has provided successful 3 day canine kidney preservation evidenced by immediate life-supporting renal function. In our experiments the solutions described by Sacks and Collins have failed to achieve this prolonged renal storage but have been successful in storing canine kidneys for 2 days. This relatively simple new hypertonic solution does not require additives and has been successfully used in clinical renal transplantation.", "contents": "72-hr canine kidney preservation without continuous perfusion. A new flushing solution consisting of electrolytes and mannitol has provided successful 3 day canine kidney preservation evidenced by immediate life-supporting renal function. In our experiments the solutions described by Sacks and Collins have failed to achieve this prolonged renal storage but have been successful in storing canine kidneys for 2 days. This relatively simple new hypertonic solution does not require additives and has been successfully used in clinical renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:936282", "title": "The effect of X-irradiation upon the fate of cancellous bone allografts in inbred rats.", "content": "The effect of two doses of X-irradiation upon the osteogenesis in isografts or allografts of cancellous bone has been studied. Exposure of rats to 500 rads of X-irradiation caused a transient depression in osteogenesis in the skeleton. This depression was more marked, however, after 600 rads of X-ray. Five hundred rads of X-ray had no effect upon the level of osteogenesis in isografts 2 weeks after grafting, but did depress new bone formation in 3-week-old grafts. The higher dose of X-rays caused a more profound depression in new bone formation at both 2 and 3 weeks. Both 500 rads and 600 rads of X-ray had little effect upon the degree of first phase osteogenesis in H-1 disparate allografts. However, there was some improvement in late phase new bone formation in recipients treated with 600 rads. Both doses of X-rays markedly improved the amount of first phase osteogenesis in H-1 identical allografts. There was also a significant improvement in the new bone formation in grafts in the second phase. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of X-irradiation upon the fate of cancellous bone allografts in inbred rats. The effect of two doses of X-irradiation upon the osteogenesis in isografts or allografts of cancellous bone has been studied. Exposure of rats to 500 rads of X-irradiation caused a transient depression in osteogenesis in the skeleton. This depression was more marked, however, after 600 rads of X-ray. Five hundred rads of X-ray had no effect upon the level of osteogenesis in isografts 2 weeks after grafting, but did depress new bone formation in 3-week-old grafts. The higher dose of X-rays caused a more profound depression in new bone formation at both 2 and 3 weeks. Both 500 rads and 600 rads of X-ray had little effect upon the degree of first phase osteogenesis in H-1 disparate allografts. However, there was some improvement in late phase new bone formation in recipients treated with 600 rads. Both doses of X-rays markedly improved the amount of first phase osteogenesis in H-1 identical allografts. There was also a significant improvement in the new bone formation in grafts in the second phase. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936283", "title": "The distribution of effector cells for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is species dependent.", "content": "Murine lymphoma cells were lysed by using either an allogeneic or a xenogeneic (rat) antiserum and antibody-dependent effectors from mice and rats. It was found that murine spleens were poorly antibody-dependent effectors against this target. The peritoneal cavities of mice were a good source of effectors. In rats, the spleen contained effectors, whereas adherent cells from the peritoneal cavity were comparatively ineffective. Cells from both rat and murine spleens lysed sheep erythrocytes in conjunction with an appropriate antiserum. The data emphasize that there is a difference in the antibody-dependent lysis of erythrocytes compared to nucleated mammalian cells. They also demonstrate that the distribution of antibody-dependent effectors is species dependent.", "contents": "The distribution of effector cells for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is species dependent. Murine lymphoma cells were lysed by using either an allogeneic or a xenogeneic (rat) antiserum and antibody-dependent effectors from mice and rats. It was found that murine spleens were poorly antibody-dependent effectors against this target. The peritoneal cavities of mice were a good source of effectors. In rats, the spleen contained effectors, whereas adherent cells from the peritoneal cavity were comparatively ineffective. Cells from both rat and murine spleens lysed sheep erythrocytes in conjunction with an appropriate antiserum. The data emphasize that there is a difference in the antibody-dependent lysis of erythrocytes compared to nucleated mammalian cells. They also demonstrate that the distribution of antibody-dependent effectors is species dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:936284", "title": "The role of effector cells and antiserum in the inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity of allogeneic tumor cells.", "content": "Previous experiments in this laboratory demonstrated a progressive decrease in cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against allogeneic tumor cells by immune spleen cells from mice repeatedly immunized with those tumor cells. In the present study, immune spleen cells, obtained at specified intervals during the course of multiple immunizations of BALB/c mice with EL-4 lymphoma cells, were tested for CMC against EL-4 target cells pretreated with anti-EL-4 serum which had been obtained from singly or repeatedly immunized animals. Cytolysis of EL-4 cells was measured by a 51Cr-release assay. The results indicate that blocking of CMC in an allogeneic tumor model may occur by two pathways. First, antigen or antigen-antibody complexes present in the immunized animal may bind in vivo to the antigen receptor sites of of sensitized effector cells that are used in the in vitro CMC assay, thereby blocking their interaction with tumor cells. Second, immune serum that is added to the in vitro CMC assay may contain highly avid antibodies, as well as antigen-antibody complexes, that bind to tumor cells and thereby block interaction with sensitized effector cells. The identification of these elements may be of prognostic significance in certain clinical situations.", "contents": "The role of effector cells and antiserum in the inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity of allogeneic tumor cells. Previous experiments in this laboratory demonstrated a progressive decrease in cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against allogeneic tumor cells by immune spleen cells from mice repeatedly immunized with those tumor cells. In the present study, immune spleen cells, obtained at specified intervals during the course of multiple immunizations of BALB/c mice with EL-4 lymphoma cells, were tested for CMC against EL-4 target cells pretreated with anti-EL-4 serum which had been obtained from singly or repeatedly immunized animals. Cytolysis of EL-4 cells was measured by a 51Cr-release assay. The results indicate that blocking of CMC in an allogeneic tumor model may occur by two pathways. First, antigen or antigen-antibody complexes present in the immunized animal may bind in vivo to the antigen receptor sites of of sensitized effector cells that are used in the in vitro CMC assay, thereby blocking their interaction with tumor cells. Second, immune serum that is added to the in vitro CMC assay may contain highly avid antibodies, as well as antigen-antibody complexes, that bind to tumor cells and thereby block interaction with sensitized effector cells. The identification of these elements may be of prognostic significance in certain clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:936273", "title": "The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB S Ag) and its antibody (Anti-HB S) among London hemophiliacs and blood donors from London and two tropical areas.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB s AG) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among 49 London hemophiliacs was compared with that among women attending an antenatal clinic and healthy blood donors from London and from two parts of the tropics (Mauritius and Zambia). The prevalence of HBsAG and anti-HBs was low in antenatal patients, London blood donors and blood donors from Mauritius. However, a high proportion of hemophiliacs (59%) were anti-HBs positive, this being comparable with Zambian blood donors (53%), although anti-HBs titers in hemophiliacs were much higher (GMT 1:342) than in Zambian blood donors (GMT 1:36). In contrast, HBsAG was detected in 29 of 250 (12%) Zambian donors but in only 3 of 49 (6%) hemophiliacs. Clinically overt hepatitis occurred in only two hemophiliacs. However, the presence of HBsAG-specific IgM in 7 of 29 (24%) anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs suggests that a proportion of these patients recently experienced subclinical infection by hepatitis-B virus, Anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs received a significantly higher number of- cryoprecipitate units than did those without anti-HBs(P less than 0.01). Five of seven hemophiliacs with high titers of anti-HBs (greater than 1:4,096) showed a decline in titer after 1972 which may have been associated with the introduction of screening of cryoprecipitate for HBsAG.", "contents": "The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB S Ag) and its antibody (Anti-HB S) among London hemophiliacs and blood donors from London and two tropical areas. The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB s AG) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among 49 London hemophiliacs was compared with that among women attending an antenatal clinic and healthy blood donors from London and from two parts of the tropics (Mauritius and Zambia). The prevalence of HBsAG and anti-HBs was low in antenatal patients, London blood donors and blood donors from Mauritius. However, a high proportion of hemophiliacs (59%) were anti-HBs positive, this being comparable with Zambian blood donors (53%), although anti-HBs titers in hemophiliacs were much higher (GMT 1:342) than in Zambian blood donors (GMT 1:36). In contrast, HBsAG was detected in 29 of 250 (12%) Zambian donors but in only 3 of 49 (6%) hemophiliacs. Clinically overt hepatitis occurred in only two hemophiliacs. However, the presence of HBsAG-specific IgM in 7 of 29 (24%) anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs suggests that a proportion of these patients recently experienced subclinical infection by hepatitis-B virus, Anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs received a significantly higher number of- cryoprecipitate units than did those without anti-HBs(P less than 0.01). Five of seven hemophiliacs with high titers of anti-HBs (greater than 1:4,096) showed a decline in titer after 1972 which may have been associated with the introduction of screening of cryoprecipitate for HBsAG."}
{"id": "PMID:936285", "title": "Humoral sensitization in parous women: cytotoxic antibodies to non HL-A antigens.", "content": "From sera of parous women, we selected 100 samples that lacked cytotoxic antibodies to human peripheral lymphocytes from at least 80 unrelated persons. These sera were then reacted with a panel of 17 cultured human lymphoid cells in the complement-dependent cytotoxic test. Forty-six sera contained cytotoxic antibodies apparently directed to an antigenic system distinct from HL-A antigens, and other known cell surface markers. Rabbit serum was the most efficient source of complement with these cytotoxic antibodies which did not appear to be directed to tumor associated antigens: in fact, no lysis of melanoma cells or leukemic cells could be detected. Ten specificities could be identified which were represented on the cultured human lymphoid cells in various combinations. It is suggested that antigens detected by this approach may be similar to the Ia antigens of the mouse.", "contents": "Humoral sensitization in parous women: cytotoxic antibodies to non HL-A antigens. From sera of parous women, we selected 100 samples that lacked cytotoxic antibodies to human peripheral lymphocytes from at least 80 unrelated persons. These sera were then reacted with a panel of 17 cultured human lymphoid cells in the complement-dependent cytotoxic test. Forty-six sera contained cytotoxic antibodies apparently directed to an antigenic system distinct from HL-A antigens, and other known cell surface markers. Rabbit serum was the most efficient source of complement with these cytotoxic antibodies which did not appear to be directed to tumor associated antigens: in fact, no lysis of melanoma cells or leukemic cells could be detected. Ten specificities could be identified which were represented on the cultured human lymphoid cells in various combinations. It is suggested that antigens detected by this approach may be similar to the Ia antigens of the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:936288", "title": "[Chromatin activation at early stages of PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes (cytofluorometric study)].", "content": "The activation of lymphocyte DNP-complex in peripheral blood of people 19-34 and 90 years was studied using the method of cytofluorometry. After stimulation with PHA, a trustworthy increase in fluorescence within a range of 530 nm was observed after 15 and 60 minutes. No significant differences were revealed in activation of the DNP -complex in the people aged 19-34 and 90.", "contents": "[Chromatin activation at early stages of PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes (cytofluorometric study)]. The activation of lymphocyte DNP-complex in peripheral blood of people 19-34 and 90 years was studied using the method of cytofluorometry. After stimulation with PHA, a trustworthy increase in fluorescence within a range of 530 nm was observed after 15 and 60 minutes. No significant differences were revealed in activation of the DNP -complex in the people aged 19-34 and 90."}
{"id": "PMID:936287", "title": "[Lipid composition of wild and histamine-dependent strains of Candida tropicalis D-2].", "content": "Lipid composition of prototropic and histidine-dependent strains of Candida tripicalis D-2 was studied by the method of gas and thin layer chromatography. Essential differences are shown in the quantitative composition of neutral lipids and fatty acids of the studied strains.", "contents": "[Lipid composition of wild and histamine-dependent strains of Candida tropicalis D-2]. Lipid composition of prototropic and histidine-dependent strains of Candida tripicalis D-2 was studied by the method of gas and thin layer chromatography. Essential differences are shown in the quantitative composition of neutral lipids and fatty acids of the studied strains."}
{"id": "PMID:936289", "title": "[Age changes in the structure of adenohypophysical gonadotropocytes and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurocytes].", "content": "The results of cytochemical and electron-microscopic examinations show a similarity for age- and season-dependent changes in hormone secretion of the adenohypophysial gonadotropocytes and the arcuate nucleus function of the hypothalamus in geeze. Transition to sexual maturity and the reproductive period are connected with the intensive evacuation of secretory granules from the above-mentioned structures. The period of sexual quietness is characterized by the absence of secretory granules in the neurocytes of the arcuate nucleus and by a slow evacuation of secretion from gonadotropocytes.", "contents": "[Age changes in the structure of adenohypophysical gonadotropocytes and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurocytes]. The results of cytochemical and electron-microscopic examinations show a similarity for age- and season-dependent changes in hormone secretion of the adenohypophysial gonadotropocytes and the arcuate nucleus function of the hypothalamus in geeze. Transition to sexual maturity and the reproductive period are connected with the intensive evacuation of secretory granules from the above-mentioned structures. The period of sexual quietness is characterized by the absence of secretory granules in the neurocytes of the arcuate nucleus and by a slow evacuation of secretion from gonadotropocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:936296", "title": "The Proechimys rat; a potential laboratory host and model for the study of Trypanosoma evansi.", "content": "A group of Proechimys rats (family Echimyidae, subfamily Echimyinae( was experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The long-term chronic infection induced, and the nature of the tissue lesions encountered, point towards their possible use as laboratory models for the study of T. evansi infections. Comparisons were made with albino rats in which the flagellate produced a short-term infection following inoculation.", "contents": "The Proechimys rat; a potential laboratory host and model for the study of Trypanosoma evansi. A group of Proechimys rats (family Echimyidae, subfamily Echimyinae( was experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The long-term chronic infection induced, and the nature of the tissue lesions encountered, point towards their possible use as laboratory models for the study of T. evansi infections. Comparisons were made with albino rats in which the flagellate produced a short-term infection following inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:936291", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the reaction of nephron mitochondria at different periods in thermal injury].", "content": "Different reaction of the nephron mitochondria in dogs at thermal injury is characterized by alteration in the bioenergetic processes of the obligate and facultative reabsorbtion.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of the reaction of nephron mitochondria at different periods in thermal injury]. Different reaction of the nephron mitochondria in dogs at thermal injury is characterized by alteration in the bioenergetic processes of the obligate and facultative reabsorbtion."}
{"id": "PMID:936290", "title": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of Brown-Pearce carcinoma in rabbits].", "content": "The Brown-Pears carcinoma in rabbits is characterized by a high proliferation activity of cells (to 1%), high chromosome variability (to 34%) and a high index of genome variability (to 60%). The data obtained may serve as a theoretical basis when studying the growth of malignant tumours.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of Brown-Pearce carcinoma in rabbits]. The Brown-Pears carcinoma in rabbits is characterized by a high proliferation activity of cells (to 1%), high chromosome variability (to 34%) and a high index of genome variability (to 60%). The data obtained may serve as a theoretical basis when studying the growth of malignant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:936292", "title": "[Variability of postvaccinal antibody activity in swine with different blood groups].", "content": "In pigs with A--/--, Kace/--, Kace/b; Lbdfi/bdfi-allels in the genotype the titre of postvaccinal antibodies was 4-15 times as high as in pigs with allels Acp; Lbcgi/adhi, Kb/-or K--/--. Frequency of animals with allels, connected with a low titre of antibodies in certain populations ranged from 0 to 11.6%. Such animals grew badly and had a low viability.", "contents": "[Variability of postvaccinal antibody activity in swine with different blood groups]. In pigs with A--/--, Kace/--, Kace/b; Lbdfi/bdfi-allels in the genotype the titre of postvaccinal antibodies was 4-15 times as high as in pigs with allels Acp; Lbcgi/adhi, Kb/-or K--/--. Frequency of animals with allels, connected with a low titre of antibodies in certain populations ranged from 0 to 11.6%. Such animals grew badly and had a low viability."}
{"id": "PMID:936297", "title": "Normal haematological parameters of pigs in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The normal haematological parameters of pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs under intensive management are listed. The values for both groups are within the wide range of normal values for conventional breeds under intensive management. The \"normal\" haematological values 5-month and 11-month Village pigs are also listed. Compared with the corresponding age group of both pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs, the Village pigs had significantly lower haemoglobin, red blood cell counts and haematocrit values. The cause of the lower values in Village pigs is thought to be due to the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs. The significantly higher leucocyte count of Village pigs is thought to be due to chronic pneumonia and parasitism of the Village pigs.", "contents": "Normal haematological parameters of pigs in Papua New Guinea. The normal haematological parameters of pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs under intensive management are listed. The values for both groups are within the wide range of normal values for conventional breeds under intensive management. The \"normal\" haematological values 5-month and 11-month Village pigs are also listed. Compared with the corresponding age group of both pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs, the Village pigs had significantly lower haemoglobin, red blood cell counts and haematocrit values. The cause of the lower values in Village pigs is thought to be due to the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs. The significantly higher leucocyte count of Village pigs is thought to be due to chronic pneumonia and parasitism of the Village pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:936293", "title": "[Study of the nucleoprotein composition of sheep liver subcellular fractions in relation to heterosis].", "content": "A comparative characteristic of the liver main cellular organoids is given for sheep of different age and origin. Crossing of different types of sheep breeds (Krazakh fine-wool and Lincoln) results in an increase in the amount of nucleic acids and proteins in nuclei and microsomes and does not influence other cellular structures of cross-breeds.", "contents": "[Study of the nucleoprotein composition of sheep liver subcellular fractions in relation to heterosis]. A comparative characteristic of the liver main cellular organoids is given for sheep of different age and origin. Crossing of different types of sheep breeds (Krazakh fine-wool and Lincoln) results in an increase in the amount of nucleic acids and proteins in nuclei and microsomes and does not influence other cellular structures of cross-breeds."}
{"id": "PMID:936294", "title": "[Possible mechanism for histone regulation of genetic activity].", "content": "A hypothesis is advanced on the possible mechanism for specific repression and depression of genes by histones are realized only at the level of the quaternary structure of histones. It is also supposed that a few histone molecules can form a supermolecular complex with unique structure.", "contents": "[Possible mechanism for histone regulation of genetic activity]. A hypothesis is advanced on the possible mechanism for specific repression and depression of genes by histones are realized only at the level of the quaternary structure of histones. It is also supposed that a few histone molecules can form a supermolecular complex with unique structure."}
{"id": "PMID:936299", "title": "Some normal biochemical parameters of pigs in Pupua New Guinea.", "content": "The normal values of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, creatine, cholesterol, glucose, magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were measured monthly over a 12-month period from 10 \"pure\" Native and 10 Native X British Crossbred pigs. Except for cholesterol, no significant difference was found between the two groups. Similar estimations were made for 5-month and 11-month Village pigs in which the serum alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, urea, creatinine and calcium were significantly lower when compared with the corresponding age group of the pure Native pigs and Crossbred pigs. These lower values are thought to be due to the effects of the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs.", "contents": "Some normal biochemical parameters of pigs in Pupua New Guinea. The normal values of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, creatine, cholesterol, glucose, magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were measured monthly over a 12-month period from 10 \"pure\" Native and 10 Native X British Crossbred pigs. Except for cholesterol, no significant difference was found between the two groups. Similar estimations were made for 5-month and 11-month Village pigs in which the serum alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, urea, creatinine and calcium were significantly lower when compared with the corresponding age group of the pure Native pigs and Crossbred pigs. These lower values are thought to be due to the effects of the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:936301", "title": "Caprine pneumonia in Nigeria. I. Epidemiology and bacterial flora of normal and diseased respiratory tracts.", "content": "The prevalence of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria is high during the rainy and \"harmattan\" seasons. In this investigation the important bacteria isolated both from normal and diseased respiratory tracts of goats were pasteurellae and mycoplasmata.", "contents": "Caprine pneumonia in Nigeria. I. Epidemiology and bacterial flora of normal and diseased respiratory tracts. The prevalence of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria is high during the rainy and \"harmattan\" seasons. In this investigation the important bacteria isolated both from normal and diseased respiratory tracts of goats were pasteurellae and mycoplasmata."}
{"id": "PMID:936303", "title": "A mycoplasma from acute contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya.", "content": "A mycoplasma was isolated from acute caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. The organism could be differentiated serologically from the known strains of mycoplasma with which it was compared. When the organism was inoculated into goats it caused pleuropneumonia which was readily contagious, and from which the organism could be reisolated.", "contents": "A mycoplasma from acute contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. A mycoplasma was isolated from acute caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. The organism could be differentiated serologically from the known strains of mycoplasma with which it was compared. When the organism was inoculated into goats it caused pleuropneumonia which was readily contagious, and from which the organism could be reisolated."}
{"id": "PMID:936295", "title": "[Molecular biological bases for adenovirus-induced syntheses in cells].", "content": "The latest data from literature concerning the peculiarities of the molecular structure of adenoviruseses and their reproduction in a cell are summarized. Analysis of experimental materials gives evidence that the regulation of adenovirus-induced syntheses in the infected cell takes place at the transcription and translation level; adenoviruses themselves can be used as a model for studying molecular mechanisms for reproduction of DNA-containing viruses.", "contents": "[Molecular biological bases for adenovirus-induced syntheses in cells]. The latest data from literature concerning the peculiarities of the molecular structure of adenoviruseses and their reproduction in a cell are summarized. Analysis of experimental materials gives evidence that the regulation of adenovirus-induced syntheses in the infected cell takes place at the transcription and translation level; adenoviruses themselves can be used as a model for studying molecular mechanisms for reproduction of DNA-containing viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:936333", "title": "Ultrasonic pelvimetry. A method for preliminary estimation of the pelvic outlet.", "content": "Vaginal sound, with transmitter crystals of 2 MHz, is used when measuring the interspinous diameter. The echo from pelvic wall, the effect on the measured spinal diameter by altering the position of the ultrasonic transmitter, and the influence of air or faeces between the ultrasound transmitter and the pelvic wall, have been analysed in a series of model trials on a dummy submerged in water. Thereafter clinical trials were performed on 102 women, pregnant in their 9th month. The results obtained when measuring the interspinous diameter on the ultrasonic tomogram were compared with the results obtained when measuring the same distance on a frontal x-ray picture taken using the orthographic technique according to Borell-Frenstr\u00f6m. The method is suitable for selecting those cases with suspect constriction of the pelvic outlet for an x-ray examination by the Borell-Fernstr\u00f6m technique.", "contents": "Ultrasonic pelvimetry. A method for preliminary estimation of the pelvic outlet. Vaginal sound, with transmitter crystals of 2 MHz, is used when measuring the interspinous diameter. The echo from pelvic wall, the effect on the measured spinal diameter by altering the position of the ultrasonic transmitter, and the influence of air or faeces between the ultrasound transmitter and the pelvic wall, have been analysed in a series of model trials on a dummy submerged in water. Thereafter clinical trials were performed on 102 women, pregnant in their 9th month. The results obtained when measuring the interspinous diameter on the ultrasonic tomogram were compared with the results obtained when measuring the same distance on a frontal x-ray picture taken using the orthographic technique according to Borell-Frenstr\u00f6m. The method is suitable for selecting those cases with suspect constriction of the pelvic outlet for an x-ray examination by the Borell-Fernstr\u00f6m technique."}
{"id": "PMID:936334", "title": "Ultrasonic absorbed dose, dose rate, and produced lesion volume.", "content": "Histological preparations of ultrasonically produced lesions in cat brain, at 3 and 4 MHz, have been studied microscopically. The relationship of the delivered acoustic intensity at the lesion site, the energy absorbed per unit volume of the lesion, and the lesion volume is exhibited. It is suggested that universal responses to ultrasonic exposure may exist for different tissues.", "contents": "Ultrasonic absorbed dose, dose rate, and produced lesion volume. Histological preparations of ultrasonically produced lesions in cat brain, at 3 and 4 MHz, have been studied microscopically. The relationship of the delivered acoustic intensity at the lesion site, the energy absorbed per unit volume of the lesion, and the lesion volume is exhibited. It is suggested that universal responses to ultrasonic exposure may exist for different tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:936335", "title": "A comparison of heat production and cavitational intensity in several ultrasonic cell disruptors.", "content": "High power ultrasonic equipment is now commonplace in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories. These devices are being used for a variety of purposes including emulsification, dispersion, extraction and cell disruption. The average researcher has little basis for comparing the relative energy output of various ultrasonic probes at different power settings and he has neither the interest nor the time to determine their relative heat production. This research was designed to prepare a series of relative power indices and temperature profiles for several ultrasonic cell disruptors. Even though there are variations among equipment bearing the same model number it was considered worthwhile to make available relative cavitational and temperature data.", "contents": "A comparison of heat production and cavitational intensity in several ultrasonic cell disruptors. High power ultrasonic equipment is now commonplace in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories. These devices are being used for a variety of purposes including emulsification, dispersion, extraction and cell disruption. The average researcher has little basis for comparing the relative energy output of various ultrasonic probes at different power settings and he has neither the interest nor the time to determine their relative heat production. This research was designed to prepare a series of relative power indices and temperature profiles for several ultrasonic cell disruptors. Even though there are variations among equipment bearing the same model number it was considered worthwhile to make available relative cavitational and temperature data."}
{"id": "PMID:936336", "title": "Ultrasound production by the long haired rat of Australia (Rattus villosissimus).", "content": "The ultrasonic vocalizations produced by the long haired Australian rat Rattus villosissimus, during agonistic behaviour were investigated using a commercial ultrasonic receiver with earphones, a microphone and storage oscilloscope, and a tape recorder and sonograph. The rats were found to produce one audible call with ultrasonic components up to 64 kHz, the limit of the detecting apparatus used, and one pure ultrasound. Suggestions are made as to their behavioural significance.", "contents": "Ultrasound production by the long haired rat of Australia (Rattus villosissimus). The ultrasonic vocalizations produced by the long haired Australian rat Rattus villosissimus, during agonistic behaviour were investigated using a commercial ultrasonic receiver with earphones, a microphone and storage oscilloscope, and a tape recorder and sonograph. The rats were found to produce one audible call with ultrasonic components up to 64 kHz, the limit of the detecting apparatus used, and one pure ultrasound. Suggestions are made as to their behavioural significance."}
{"id": "PMID:936372", "title": "[The operative treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults with the Politano-Leadbetter method (author's transl)].", "content": "The following is an account of the Politano-Leadbetter method of maintenance of 47 reflux ureters in 35 adults. In all cases the reflux is eliminated. Of the 26 controlled patients, 9 still experienced a continuance of ureter infection. With regard to the operative indications it is evident that the limit of serum creatinine may lie around 2.3 mg%. Higher values do not yield operative indications, the low secretion pressure and the disturbed ureteral dynamics of the implantation obstruct secretion which exaggerates the kidney insufficiency.", "contents": "[The operative treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults with the Politano-Leadbetter method (author's transl)]. The following is an account of the Politano-Leadbetter method of maintenance of 47 reflux ureters in 35 adults. In all cases the reflux is eliminated. Of the 26 controlled patients, 9 still experienced a continuance of ureter infection. With regard to the operative indications it is evident that the limit of serum creatinine may lie around 2.3 mg%. Higher values do not yield operative indications, the low secretion pressure and the disturbed ureteral dynamics of the implantation obstruct secretion which exaggerates the kidney insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:936373", "title": "[Inner pyelovesical splinting in pyeloplasties (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 112 cases of pyeloplasty were analyzed and the advantages of inner pyelovesical splinting as opposed to external drainage are outlined. Long-term results especially favor the former procedure. Scanning electron microscopic studies were done on the splinting material.", "contents": "[Inner pyelovesical splinting in pyeloplasties (author's transl)]. A total of 112 cases of pyeloplasty were analyzed and the advantages of inner pyelovesical splinting as opposed to external drainage are outlined. Long-term results especially favor the former procedure. Scanning electron microscopic studies were done on the splinting material."}
{"id": "PMID:936374", "title": "[Plate thermographic studies on the male external genitalia. A preliminary communication].", "content": "The author describes the diagnostic possibilities of plate thermography according to Tricoire in the area of the male external genitalia. This technique enables early detection of tumors and varicosities. The application of plate thermography is recommended for diagnosis in urology and andrology.", "contents": "[Plate thermographic studies on the male external genitalia. A preliminary communication]. The author describes the diagnostic possibilities of plate thermography according to Tricoire in the area of the male external genitalia. This technique enables early detection of tumors and varicosities. The application of plate thermography is recommended for diagnosis in urology and andrology."}
{"id": "PMID:936375", "title": "[Infection analysis in pyeloplasty with special reference to endoprosthesis].", "content": "An analysis of urinary infection in pyeloplasties with the inner splinting method as opposed to external drainage was done. Five main bacterial groups were found. Based on the author's studies there are better results with the \"endoprothesis\". Preferring this modification, the question of the then existing reflux is discussed.", "contents": "[Infection analysis in pyeloplasty with special reference to endoprosthesis]. An analysis of urinary infection in pyeloplasties with the inner splinting method as opposed to external drainage was done. Five main bacterial groups were found. Based on the author's studies there are better results with the \"endoprothesis\". Preferring this modification, the question of the then existing reflux is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936376", "title": "[Renal and circulatory function under ketamine anesthesia. An experimental study on animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac output, glomerular filtration rate, stroke volume, heart rate, and urinary output were determined in 10 mongrel dogs. Under the conditions of the experiment it was observed that in contrast to man cardiac and renal output as well as stroke volume declined significantly. Heart rate showed no significant change. With diminished urinary output a differential excretion of individual electrolytes was noted. To carry the results of these experiments over to humans is, in the author's view, not warranted unreservedly.", "contents": "[Renal and circulatory function under ketamine anesthesia. An experimental study on animals (author's transl)]. Cardiac output, glomerular filtration rate, stroke volume, heart rate, and urinary output were determined in 10 mongrel dogs. Under the conditions of the experiment it was observed that in contrast to man cardiac and renal output as well as stroke volume declined significantly. Heart rate showed no significant change. With diminished urinary output a differential excretion of individual electrolytes was noted. To carry the results of these experiments over to humans is, in the author's view, not warranted unreservedly."}
{"id": "PMID:936377", "title": "Complications of renal cyst puncture.", "content": "One hundred nineteen renal cyst punctures have been reviewed. There have been four complications (3.4 per cent), three requiring surgery. This should be expected, as all invasive diagnostic procedures are accompanied by some morbidity. The relative benefit of nonoperative diagnostic procedures in differentiating benign renal cyst from adenocarcinoma is discussed.", "contents": "Complications of renal cyst puncture. One hundred nineteen renal cyst punctures have been reviewed. There have been four complications (3.4 per cent), three requiring surgery. This should be expected, as all invasive diagnostic procedures are accompanied by some morbidity. The relative benefit of nonoperative diagnostic procedures in differentiating benign renal cyst from adenocarcinoma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936378", "title": "Hypertension as complication of vesicoureteral reflux in children.", "content": "Eight cases are reported of female children presenting with hypertension and found to have primary vesicoureteral reflux with chronic pyelonephritis. In 6 patients renal function was essentially normal while 2 had azotemia and progessive renal deterioration. As a result of early surgical intervention in the form of antireflux procedures, occasionally combined with unilateral nephrectomy for renin-dependent lesions, 5 of the 8 had complete disappearance or amelioration of hypertension with stabilization of renal function. The interactions of each member of the triad--vesicoureteral reflux, pyelonephritis, and hypertension--are reviewed with emphasis on pertinent pathophysiologic concepts regarding their roles in the production of progressive renal deterioration.", "contents": "Hypertension as complication of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eight cases are reported of female children presenting with hypertension and found to have primary vesicoureteral reflux with chronic pyelonephritis. In 6 patients renal function was essentially normal while 2 had azotemia and progessive renal deterioration. As a result of early surgical intervention in the form of antireflux procedures, occasionally combined with unilateral nephrectomy for renin-dependent lesions, 5 of the 8 had complete disappearance or amelioration of hypertension with stabilization of renal function. The interactions of each member of the triad--vesicoureteral reflux, pyelonephritis, and hypertension--are reviewed with emphasis on pertinent pathophysiologic concepts regarding their roles in the production of progressive renal deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:936379", "title": "Ileal conduit surgery with a nippled ureteroileal anastomosis.", "content": "A nippled ureteroileal anastomosis was performed in 37 patients. Follow-up examination showed reflux to be absent in most patients. Ureteroileal stenosis developed in 1 patient, and this was the only patient in the series who had a clinical attack of pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Ileal conduit surgery with a nippled ureteroileal anastomosis. A nippled ureteroileal anastomosis was performed in 37 patients. Follow-up examination showed reflux to be absent in most patients. Ureteroileal stenosis developed in 1 patient, and this was the only patient in the series who had a clinical attack of pyelonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:936380", "title": "Regression of prostatic cancer metastasis by high doses of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate.", "content": "Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-P) has shown effective symptomatic relief in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Although there is little known about its role in soft tissue metastasis, our experience in 3 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate infiltrating the trigone and ureterovesical junction revealed significant improvement of hydronephrosis. All patients failed to respond to conventional doses of stilbestrol. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate is recommended in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with soft tissue metastasis. It is safe and effective, and the tumor responses outweigh the side effects of the drug. The mechanism of action of this compound is discussed.", "contents": "Regression of prostatic cancer metastasis by high doses of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-P) has shown effective symptomatic relief in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Although there is little known about its role in soft tissue metastasis, our experience in 3 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate infiltrating the trigone and ureterovesical junction revealed significant improvement of hydronephrosis. All patients failed to respond to conventional doses of stilbestrol. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate is recommended in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with soft tissue metastasis. It is safe and effective, and the tumor responses outweigh the side effects of the drug. The mechanism of action of this compound is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936381", "title": "Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic cancer. Evaluation of response parameters.", "content": "A total of 125 patients with progressing advanced prostatic cancer were entered into a chemotherapy study comparing cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and standard therapy. Parameters of response were studied in 110 patients who could be evaluated. Thirty-six patients (33 per cent) were considered to have an objective response, that is becoming stable (29 patients) or in partial regression (7 patients). Negative response parameters (predictors of a poor response to chemotherapy or standard theraphy leading to progress) included (1) bone marrow evidence of prostatic cancer, (2) abnormal liver scan, (3) prior radiation therapy (indirectly through increased toxicity to chemotherapy), and (4) lack of bilateral orchiectomy prior to randomization. Positive indicators (predictors of good responses) included (1) reduction of primary tumor mass, especially after administration of 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, and (2) hemoglobin values. There were more objective responders to cyclophosphamide than standard therapy whether the hemoglobin was initially normal or low. Indeterminate parameters of response included weight gain, presence of bony or soft tissue metastases, relief of pain, performance status, excretory urography, and biochemical determinations of liver and renal function.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic cancer. Evaluation of response parameters. A total of 125 patients with progressing advanced prostatic cancer were entered into a chemotherapy study comparing cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and standard therapy. Parameters of response were studied in 110 patients who could be evaluated. Thirty-six patients (33 per cent) were considered to have an objective response, that is becoming stable (29 patients) or in partial regression (7 patients). Negative response parameters (predictors of a poor response to chemotherapy or standard theraphy leading to progress) included (1) bone marrow evidence of prostatic cancer, (2) abnormal liver scan, (3) prior radiation therapy (indirectly through increased toxicity to chemotherapy), and (4) lack of bilateral orchiectomy prior to randomization. Positive indicators (predictors of good responses) included (1) reduction of primary tumor mass, especially after administration of 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, and (2) hemoglobin values. There were more objective responders to cyclophosphamide than standard therapy whether the hemoglobin was initially normal or low. Indeterminate parameters of response included weight gain, presence of bony or soft tissue metastases, relief of pain, performance status, excretory urography, and biochemical determinations of liver and renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:936382", "title": "Bowen's disease of shaft of penis. Successful treatment with 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Bowen's disease is a precancerous lesion of the superficial layers of the skin. The topical application of 5-fluorouracil has been successfully used in the treatment of such lesions. An ususual case of Bowen's disease of the skin of the penile shaft treated successfully with topical 5-fluorouracil is presented along with a review of different modes of treatment.", "contents": "Bowen's disease of shaft of penis. Successful treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Bowen's disease is a precancerous lesion of the superficial layers of the skin. The topical application of 5-fluorouracil has been successfully used in the treatment of such lesions. An ususual case of Bowen's disease of the skin of the penile shaft treated successfully with topical 5-fluorouracil is presented along with a review of different modes of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:936383", "title": "Renin-dependent renovascular hypertension in infant with abdominal aortic atresia.", "content": "A newborn infant was seen with severe and progressive arterial hypertension, congenital atresia of the abdominal aorta, and a renal venous renin activity ratio greater that 1:1.5 (1:3.1). Preoperative studies indicated that the renin-angiotensin axis was responsible for the production and maintenance of the severe hypertensive process. Right nephrectomy cured the arterial hypertension both above and below the area of coarctation. The possible roles of the pathogenic mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Renin-dependent renovascular hypertension in infant with abdominal aortic atresia. A newborn infant was seen with severe and progressive arterial hypertension, congenital atresia of the abdominal aorta, and a renal venous renin activity ratio greater that 1:1.5 (1:3.1). Preoperative studies indicated that the renin-angiotensin axis was responsible for the production and maintenance of the severe hypertensive process. Right nephrectomy cured the arterial hypertension both above and below the area of coarctation. The possible roles of the pathogenic mechanism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936384", "title": "One-stage correction of chordee and 180-degree penile torsion.", "content": "The surgical management of a patient with 180-degree penile torsion, balanitic hypospadias, and chordee is presented. Complete resolution of the torsion was effected by completely reflecting the penile skin. Correction of the penile curvature was accomplished simultaneously by freeing the corpora spongiosa from the corpora cavernosa.", "contents": "One-stage correction of chordee and 180-degree penile torsion. The surgical management of a patient with 180-degree penile torsion, balanitic hypospadias, and chordee is presented. Complete resolution of the torsion was effected by completely reflecting the penile skin. Correction of the penile curvature was accomplished simultaneously by freeing the corpora spongiosa from the corpora cavernosa."}
{"id": "PMID:936386", "title": "Effect of autonomic hyperreflexia on plasma renin.", "content": "Four patients with paroxysmal hypertension related to spinal cord injury (autonomic hyperreflexia) were studied to determine if the plasma renin became elevated in relation to a sympathetic stimulus. Using bladder distention to produce the autonomic hyperreflexia, renin determinations were made during and after the hypertensive episode. None of the patients demonstrated elevation of the plasma renin after this event.", "contents": "Effect of autonomic hyperreflexia on plasma renin. Four patients with paroxysmal hypertension related to spinal cord injury (autonomic hyperreflexia) were studied to determine if the plasma renin became elevated in relation to a sympathetic stimulus. Using bladder distention to produce the autonomic hyperreflexia, renin determinations were made during and after the hypertensive episode. None of the patients demonstrated elevation of the plasma renin after this event."}
{"id": "PMID:936387", "title": "Pigmented adenoma of adrenal cortex associated with Cushing's syndrome: light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A pigmented adenoma of the adrenal cortex was surgically removed from a thirty-nine-year-old woman with clinical and biochemical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. Light and electron microscopic study revealed numerous pigment granules, exhibiting the structural features of lipofuscin in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. It appears that adrenocortical adenomas with excessive pigment deposition can be accompanied by increased production of corticosteroid hormones.", "contents": "Pigmented adenoma of adrenal cortex associated with Cushing's syndrome: light and electron microscopic study. A pigmented adenoma of the adrenal cortex was surgically removed from a thirty-nine-year-old woman with clinical and biochemical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. Light and electron microscopic study revealed numerous pigment granules, exhibiting the structural features of lipofuscin in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. It appears that adrenocortical adenomas with excessive pigment deposition can be accompanied by increased production of corticosteroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:936388", "title": "Spermatocytic seminoma.", "content": "A case is reported of a forty-four-year-old man with spermatocytic seminoma with no evidence of metastasis for twelve years. This patient is the second to have undergone retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and the third to have histopathologic examination of these lymph nodes. Review of 52 cases of spermatocytic seminoma disclosed 70 per cent of patients were over fifty years of age; none developed in a cryptorchid testis, none occurred in associated with teratoma, and there was no histopathologic evidence of metastasis. Whether or not radiation therapy is necessary is questionalbe. Prognosis appears to be good if not better than in classic seminoma. Available data indicate that spermatocytic and classic seminoma are two distinct neoplasms with different histogenesis and pathologic, clinical, and biologic features.", "contents": "Spermatocytic seminoma. A case is reported of a forty-four-year-old man with spermatocytic seminoma with no evidence of metastasis for twelve years. This patient is the second to have undergone retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and the third to have histopathologic examination of these lymph nodes. Review of 52 cases of spermatocytic seminoma disclosed 70 per cent of patients were over fifty years of age; none developed in a cryptorchid testis, none occurred in associated with teratoma, and there was no histopathologic evidence of metastasis. Whether or not radiation therapy is necessary is questionalbe. Prognosis appears to be good if not better than in classic seminoma. Available data indicate that spermatocytic and classic seminoma are two distinct neoplasms with different histogenesis and pathologic, clinical, and biologic features."}
{"id": "PMID:936389", "title": "Urography in preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Ultrasound is a commonly used and accurate method to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. A case of abdominal aortic aneurysm, diagnosed by ultrasound, which at surgery was found to have an overlying horseshoe kidney with multiple renal vessels is reported. The clot surrounding the aneurysm most likely prevented demonstration of the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney by echography. Since preservation of renal blood supply is crucial, urography should routinely be performed prior to surgery to discover such anomalies.", "contents": "Urography in preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ultrasound is a commonly used and accurate method to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. A case of abdominal aortic aneurysm, diagnosed by ultrasound, which at surgery was found to have an overlying horseshoe kidney with multiple renal vessels is reported. The clot surrounding the aneurysm most likely prevented demonstration of the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney by echography. Since preservation of renal blood supply is crucial, urography should routinely be performed prior to surgery to discover such anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:936393", "title": "The optic disc in glaucoma: pathogenetic correlation of five patterns of cupping in chronic open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Visible alteration of the optic nerve head is a hallmark of glaucoma. Five patterns in which this alteration becomes manifest have been discussed. These different patterns of cupping suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms, both mechanical and vascular.", "contents": "The optic disc in glaucoma: pathogenetic correlation of five patterns of cupping in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Visible alteration of the optic nerve head is a hallmark of glaucoma. Five patterns in which this alteration becomes manifest have been discussed. These different patterns of cupping suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms, both mechanical and vascular."}
{"id": "PMID:936397", "title": "Angel-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations.", "content": "We have observed 22 patients with angle-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. These patients did not have narrow anterior chamber angles preoperatively, and several were aphakix with surgical iris colobomas. The angle-closure glaucoma was manifest by a hazy cornea, elevated intraocular pressure, closed angle, absence or iris bomb\u00e9, and presence of choroidal detachments. Treatment with cycloplegics and corticosteroids was more effective than treatment with miotics. A likely pathogenic mechanism is congestion and swelling of the ciliary body due to a temporary interference by the scleral buckle with venous drainage. Episcleral implants accounted for a statistically significant higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma as compared to intrascleral implants.", "contents": "Angel-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. We have observed 22 patients with angle-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. These patients did not have narrow anterior chamber angles preoperatively, and several were aphakix with surgical iris colobomas. The angle-closure glaucoma was manifest by a hazy cornea, elevated intraocular pressure, closed angle, absence or iris bomb\u00e9, and presence of choroidal detachments. Treatment with cycloplegics and corticosteroids was more effective than treatment with miotics. A likely pathogenic mechanism is congestion and swelling of the ciliary body due to a temporary interference by the scleral buckle with venous drainage. Episcleral implants accounted for a statistically significant higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma as compared to intrascleral implants."}
{"id": "PMID:936396", "title": "Photogrammetric analysis of the three-dimensional geometry of normal and glaucomatous optic cups.", "content": "Using photogrammetrically generated maps and measurements, the geometric configuration of the optic cups from a group of normal, hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes were analyzed in detail. Six distinct three-dimensional shapes were found to characterize the range of normal cups. These forms closely resemble a cone, a cylinder, a hemisphere, a cone-cylinder, a cone-hemisphere, and a cylinder-hemisphere. A composite picture of glaucomatous change was produced by collating the data obtained from different nerve heads which were thought to represent serial stages of disease. Among the many topographic features identified by this analysis is the early deepening of the optic cup which seems to take place only in disc in which the lamina was not visible before glaucoma began. In cups in which this process has occurred and in those in which the lamina was already exposed during the physiologic state, no further increase in the maximum value of this dimension appears to take place until late in the course of the disease. On the surface of the disc, the pattern of  erosion is more vertical than horizontal in direction, creating a vertically oriented ellipse of the cup orifice. Its enlargement occurs in a concentric fashion and usually leads to the disappearance of the superior or inferior disc margins or both before losing the rest of the rim. In spite of the precision with which the optic cup morphology was mapped and measured, the end result still lacks the specificity which could be achieved by actually following the same optic discs while they are undergoing progressive atrophy. Such a study is now underway.", "contents": "Photogrammetric analysis of the three-dimensional geometry of normal and glaucomatous optic cups. Using photogrammetrically generated maps and measurements, the geometric configuration of the optic cups from a group of normal, hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes were analyzed in detail. Six distinct three-dimensional shapes were found to characterize the range of normal cups. These forms closely resemble a cone, a cylinder, a hemisphere, a cone-cylinder, a cone-hemisphere, and a cylinder-hemisphere. A composite picture of glaucomatous change was produced by collating the data obtained from different nerve heads which were thought to represent serial stages of disease. Among the many topographic features identified by this analysis is the early deepening of the optic cup which seems to take place only in disc in which the lamina was not visible before glaucoma began. In cups in which this process has occurred and in those in which the lamina was already exposed during the physiologic state, no further increase in the maximum value of this dimension appears to take place until late in the course of the disease. On the surface of the disc, the pattern of  erosion is more vertical than horizontal in direction, creating a vertically oriented ellipse of the cup orifice. Its enlargement occurs in a concentric fashion and usually leads to the disappearance of the superior or inferior disc margins or both before losing the rest of the rim. In spite of the precision with which the optic cup morphology was mapped and measured, the end result still lacks the specificity which could be achieved by actually following the same optic discs while they are undergoing progressive atrophy. Such a study is now underway."}
{"id": "PMID:936398", "title": "Visual field progression in open-angle glaucoma patients presenting with monocular field loss.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were followed an average of 4.4 years after developing monocular field loss. Nine of the undamaged fellow eyes developed field loss, while 16 of the 21 eyes presenting with field loss showed progression of field changes. In 13 patients, the presenting eye had a greater progression of field loss than the fellow eye, and asymmetry of pressure control explained this in only five patients. Eleven patients with symmetric pressure control had progressive field changes in one or both eyes, and in seven, the presenting eye showed greater progression than its fellow. This suggests that an eye with field loss may be more susceptible to progression of field changes at similar pressure levels than an eye without previous damage. Furthermore, patients with unilateral field loss have a greater incidence of field loss in the undamaged fellow eye than do patients with bilateral ocular hypertension.", "contents": "Visual field progression in open-angle glaucoma patients presenting with monocular field loss. Twenty-one patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were followed an average of 4.4 years after developing monocular field loss. Nine of the undamaged fellow eyes developed field loss, while 16 of the 21 eyes presenting with field loss showed progression of field changes. In 13 patients, the presenting eye had a greater progression of field loss than the fellow eye, and asymmetry of pressure control explained this in only five patients. Eleven patients with symmetric pressure control had progressive field changes in one or both eyes, and in seven, the presenting eye showed greater progression than its fellow. This suggests that an eye with field loss may be more susceptible to progression of field changes at similar pressure levels than an eye without previous damage. Furthermore, patients with unilateral field loss have a greater incidence of field loss in the undamaged fellow eye than do patients with bilateral ocular hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:936400", "title": "A comparison of patient compliance in treated vs untreated ocular hypertension.", "content": "Eighty-nine patients with newly diagnosed asymptomatic elevations of intraocular pressure were followed up over a 12- to 20-month interval. During this period 33 (37%) of the patients were lost to ophthalmic follow-up evaluation. The majority of these patients dropped out within one month following the initial diagnosis. While institution of medical therapy for the elevated ocular pressure improved patient compliance when compared to the nontreated group, the rates of noncompliance in both groups were unacceptably high in view of the disease risk. Management of the noncompliant patient requires good physician-patient communication, emphasis on patient education activities, and the use of selective reminder and recall systems within the ophthalmologist's office.", "contents": "A comparison of patient compliance in treated vs untreated ocular hypertension. Eighty-nine patients with newly diagnosed asymptomatic elevations of intraocular pressure were followed up over a 12- to 20-month interval. During this period 33 (37%) of the patients were lost to ophthalmic follow-up evaluation. The majority of these patients dropped out within one month following the initial diagnosis. While institution of medical therapy for the elevated ocular pressure improved patient compliance when compared to the nontreated group, the rates of noncompliance in both groups were unacceptably high in view of the disease risk. Management of the noncompliant patient requires good physician-patient communication, emphasis on patient education activities, and the use of selective reminder and recall systems within the ophthalmologist's office."}
{"id": "PMID:936402", "title": "Radiographic exophthalmometry.", "content": "Radiographic exophthalmometry is based on the simultaneous exposure of a radiograph and a photograph. The fixed reference point for both eyes is the tuberculum sellae, which is a midline structure. Eye position is correlated with skull size and race to provide a sensitive detection of exophthalmos. A statistically significant difference in the position of the eyes in US black and white people has been found to exist. No difference in the position of left or right eyes has been found in either US black or white people.", "contents": "Radiographic exophthalmometry. Radiographic exophthalmometry is based on the simultaneous exposure of a radiograph and a photograph. The fixed reference point for both eyes is the tuberculum sellae, which is a midline structure. Eye position is correlated with skull size and race to provide a sensitive detection of exophthalmos. A statistically significant difference in the position of the eyes in US black and white people has been found to exist. No difference in the position of left or right eyes has been found in either US black or white people."}
{"id": "PMID:936399", "title": "Spectrum of trabecular pigmentation in open-angle glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "In eight patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and associated trabecular pigmentation, trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Clinically, three patients displayed signs of classic pigmentary glaucoma (Group 1). In the other cases chronic open-angle glaucoma was associated with varying degrees of expression of the full pigmentary glaucoma syndrome (Group 2). Histopathologic examination of peripheral iridectomy and trabeculectomy specimens from Group 1 showed: (1) marked focal atrophy and hypopigmentation of iris pigmented epithelium with an apparent delay in melanogenesis. The dilator muscle was thickened except for occasional thinned areas. (2) The trabeculectomy specimens revealed excessive amounts of pigmented epithelial melanosomes and moderate accumulation of electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Similar specimens from Group 2 showed: (1) minimal hypopigmentation of the iris pigmented epithelium with normal melanogenesis. The iris stroma and dilator muscle were normal. (2) Trabeculectomy specimens displayed excessive electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork and minimal to moderate accumulation of melanosomes.", "contents": "Spectrum of trabecular pigmentation in open-angle glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study. In eight patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and associated trabecular pigmentation, trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Clinically, three patients displayed signs of classic pigmentary glaucoma (Group 1). In the other cases chronic open-angle glaucoma was associated with varying degrees of expression of the full pigmentary glaucoma syndrome (Group 2). Histopathologic examination of peripheral iridectomy and trabeculectomy specimens from Group 1 showed: (1) marked focal atrophy and hypopigmentation of iris pigmented epithelium with an apparent delay in melanogenesis. The dilator muscle was thickened except for occasional thinned areas. (2) The trabeculectomy specimens revealed excessive amounts of pigmented epithelial melanosomes and moderate accumulation of electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Similar specimens from Group 2 showed: (1) minimal hypopigmentation of the iris pigmented epithelium with normal melanogenesis. The iris stroma and dilator muscle were normal. (2) Trabeculectomy specimens displayed excessive electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork and minimal to moderate accumulation of melanosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:936403", "title": "Comparison of ultrasonography, computerized tomography (EMI scan), and radiographic techniques in evaluation of exophthalmos.", "content": "A series of 342 consecutive patients with unilateral exophthalmos of confirmed etiology have been studied with a combination of clinical investigative techniques. High resolution B-scan ultrasonography and computerized tomography proved to be the most valuable tests for detecting orbital tumors and inflammatory conditions. Ultrasonography demonstrated primary orbital tumors but failed to show intracranial and some secondary tumors. Computerized tomography demonstrated primary, secondary, and intracranial tumors but not cystic masses. Inflammatory conditions such as Graves' disease and pseudotumor were characterized by ultrasonography also, while computerized tomography was not reliable for this. Correct diagnosis of orbital abnormalities in this series was 82% with ultrasonography and 72% with computerized tomography. Combined accuracy of these two complementary tests was 97% for tumor diagnosis. Conventional radiography and polytomography revealed secondary bony changes but not primary orbital tumors and inflammation. Orbital venography and arteriography had a low yield with tumors but were essential for demonstrating arteriovenous abnormalities. Orbital diagnosis has been improved significantly with the two newer techniques of ultrasonography and computerized tomography.", "contents": "Comparison of ultrasonography, computerized tomography (EMI scan), and radiographic techniques in evaluation of exophthalmos. A series of 342 consecutive patients with unilateral exophthalmos of confirmed etiology have been studied with a combination of clinical investigative techniques. High resolution B-scan ultrasonography and computerized tomography proved to be the most valuable tests for detecting orbital tumors and inflammatory conditions. Ultrasonography demonstrated primary orbital tumors but failed to show intracranial and some secondary tumors. Computerized tomography demonstrated primary, secondary, and intracranial tumors but not cystic masses. Inflammatory conditions such as Graves' disease and pseudotumor were characterized by ultrasonography also, while computerized tomography was not reliable for this. Correct diagnosis of orbital abnormalities in this series was 82% with ultrasonography and 72% with computerized tomography. Combined accuracy of these two complementary tests was 97% for tumor diagnosis. Conventional radiography and polytomography revealed secondary bony changes but not primary orbital tumors and inflammation. Orbital venography and arteriography had a low yield with tumors but were essential for demonstrating arteriovenous abnormalities. Orbital diagnosis has been improved significantly with the two newer techniques of ultrasonography and computerized tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:936404", "title": "Localization of intraorbital foreign bodies: an improved photoradiographic method.", "content": "A previously described photoradiographic camera used to localize intraocular or intraorbital foreign bodies has been modified to a more versatile unit. One photograph and one radiograph are taken simultaneously, and the pictures are combined, whereby the eye appears as its own indicator on the radiophotograph. More than 50 foreign bodies have been successfully localized with the camera which is easy to handle and can be used in any x-ray film room where an overhead tube is available.", "contents": "Localization of intraorbital foreign bodies: an improved photoradiographic method. A previously described photoradiographic camera used to localize intraocular or intraorbital foreign bodies has been modified to a more versatile unit. One photograph and one radiograph are taken simultaneously, and the pictures are combined, whereby the eye appears as its own indicator on the radiophotograph. More than 50 foreign bodies have been successfully localized with the camera which is easy to handle and can be used in any x-ray film room where an overhead tube is available."}
{"id": "PMID:936418", "title": "Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a dog.", "content": "A malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma that arose from the ciliary body was found in an adult Beagle. The anterior part contained relatively well-differentiated tumor cells, cartilage, and ganglion cells. These structures were interpreted as teratoid formations derived from the embryonic anlage of the medullary epithelium. The more posterior part was highly anaplastic and invasive. A transitional area contained neural rosettes of the Flexner-Wintersteiner type. This tumor is rare in both man and animals.", "contents": "Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a dog. A malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma that arose from the ciliary body was found in an adult Beagle. The anterior part contained relatively well-differentiated tumor cells, cartilage, and ganglion cells. These structures were interpreted as teratoid formations derived from the embryonic anlage of the medullary epithelium. The more posterior part was highly anaplastic and invasive. A transitional area contained neural rosettes of the Flexner-Wintersteiner type. This tumor is rare in both man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:936419", "title": "[Fat-embolic vascular occlusions in avian lungs. Research of histologically determinable neutral fats in parrotlike birds (Psittaciformes)].", "content": "In 50 flying birds (49 parrot-like, one peacock), the content of fat-embolic vascular occlusions was determined. In 22 cases, fat-embolic occlusions of low intensity were found in pulmonary capillaries. There were no occlusions in renal vessels. The fat embolies had no influence on a lethal outcome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the fatty infiltration of the liver, the fat content of the bone marrow, and the frequency of fat-embolic occlusion of blood vessels. In 18 cases, mycoses were the cause of death. These infections did not influence the number of fat-embolic vascular occlusions.", "contents": "[Fat-embolic vascular occlusions in avian lungs. Research of histologically determinable neutral fats in parrotlike birds (Psittaciformes)]. In 50 flying birds (49 parrot-like, one peacock), the content of fat-embolic vascular occlusions was determined. In 22 cases, fat-embolic occlusions of low intensity were found in pulmonary capillaries. There were no occlusions in renal vessels. The fat embolies had no influence on a lethal outcome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the fatty infiltration of the liver, the fat content of the bone marrow, and the frequency of fat-embolic occlusion of blood vessels. In 18 cases, mycoses were the cause of death. These infections did not influence the number of fat-embolic vascular occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:936420", "title": "Aberrant nerve fibre bundles in the retina of the dog.", "content": "Systematic ophthalmoscopic examinations of 2511 Beagles, test animals in 72 long-term toxicological studies, showed archiform thin white stripes in the fundi of 98 animals (3.9%). The stripes occurred in one or both eyes in the non-tapetal fundus of the two lower quadrants. Examinations of the fundus of some dogs by fluorescence angiography and ophthalmoscopy with red-free light showed that these fibriform stripes were in the retina. Histological examination showed these stripes to be nerve fibre bundles (5-120 axons) lying at the ganglion cell layer. The ultrastructure of the fibres did not differ from that of the nonmyelinated neurites of the fibre layer. The stripes may be retinal nerve fibres with a normal structure but could be distinguished from fibres of the nerve fibre layer by their intraretinal location and by their course.", "contents": "Aberrant nerve fibre bundles in the retina of the dog. Systematic ophthalmoscopic examinations of 2511 Beagles, test animals in 72 long-term toxicological studies, showed archiform thin white stripes in the fundi of 98 animals (3.9%). The stripes occurred in one or both eyes in the non-tapetal fundus of the two lower quadrants. Examinations of the fundus of some dogs by fluorescence angiography and ophthalmoscopy with red-free light showed that these fibriform stripes were in the retina. Histological examination showed these stripes to be nerve fibre bundles (5-120 axons) lying at the ganglion cell layer. The ultrastructure of the fibres did not differ from that of the nonmyelinated neurites of the fibre layer. The stripes may be retinal nerve fibres with a normal structure but could be distinguished from fibres of the nerve fibre layer by their intraretinal location and by their course."}
{"id": "PMID:936421", "title": "Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis of normal and dwarfed swine.", "content": "Dwarfing of swine maintained in large groups with relatively little space per animal may be attributed to psychosocial factors. Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis developed at approximately the same rate in dwarfed and normally developing animals. Lesions in arteries of the left posterior papillary muscle were more advanced than in the left anterior papillary muscle of the same animal, irrespective of its growth rate, and often were more advanced than in swine twice as old.", "contents": "Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis of normal and dwarfed swine. Dwarfing of swine maintained in large groups with relatively little space per animal may be attributed to psychosocial factors. Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis developed at approximately the same rate in dwarfed and normally developing animals. Lesions in arteries of the left posterior papillary muscle were more advanced than in the left anterior papillary muscle of the same animal, irrespective of its growth rate, and often were more advanced than in swine twice as old."}
{"id": "PMID:936422", "title": "Effects of levamisole on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the liver of Beagle dogs.", "content": "Purebred Beagle dogs were treated daily for 6 days with levamisole in oral doses of 10 mg/kg body weight. Liver biopsies taken before and after treatment showed no ultrastructural differences. Intramitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions before, as well as after, the drug administration were rare. Other minor abnormalities, in a few mitochondria, were as frequent before as after the drug treatment.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the liver of Beagle dogs. Purebred Beagle dogs were treated daily for 6 days with levamisole in oral doses of 10 mg/kg body weight. Liver biopsies taken before and after treatment showed no ultrastructural differences. Intramitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions before, as well as after, the drug administration were rare. Other minor abnormalities, in a few mitochondria, were as frequent before as after the drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:936424", "title": "A boxer dog with chronic hypertrophic gastritis resembling Menetrier's disease in man.", "content": "Chronic hypertrophic gastritis in a 7-year-old Boxer dog is described. This gastritis resembles Menetrier's disease in man. The dog was emaciated, lethargic, vomiting and had a poor appetite over a 4-month period. There was anaemia, and the blood smear was characterized by hypochromasia, strong anisoplania and striking poikilocytosis. There was a protein loss and at a later stage of the disease, a hypoalbuminaemia. On gastroscopic examination the plicae gastricae were numerous and strongly marked; moreover, they were granulated with numerous small haemorrhages. Radiographically, the stomach had a marked folding, primarily at the greater curvature. The passage of contrast medium from the stomach into the duodenum was strongly retarded. The pathological findings included macroscopical folding caused by local gland cell hyperplasia in the body as well as the pylorus, foveolar hyperplasia and, in the fundus and in the corpus near the greater curvature, folding of the muscularis mucosae and the submucosa. A superficial gastritis was found particularly in the fundus and corpus, whereas the pyloric antrum showed a more diffuse inflammation.", "contents": "A boxer dog with chronic hypertrophic gastritis resembling Menetrier's disease in man. Chronic hypertrophic gastritis in a 7-year-old Boxer dog is described. This gastritis resembles Menetrier's disease in man. The dog was emaciated, lethargic, vomiting and had a poor appetite over a 4-month period. There was anaemia, and the blood smear was characterized by hypochromasia, strong anisoplania and striking poikilocytosis. There was a protein loss and at a later stage of the disease, a hypoalbuminaemia. On gastroscopic examination the plicae gastricae were numerous and strongly marked; moreover, they were granulated with numerous small haemorrhages. Radiographically, the stomach had a marked folding, primarily at the greater curvature. The passage of contrast medium from the stomach into the duodenum was strongly retarded. The pathological findings included macroscopical folding caused by local gland cell hyperplasia in the body as well as the pylorus, foveolar hyperplasia and, in the fundus and in the corpus near the greater curvature, folding of the muscularis mucosae and the submucosa. A superficial gastritis was found particularly in the fundus and corpus, whereas the pyloric antrum showed a more diffuse inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:936425", "title": "General pathology of experimental swine vesicular disease.", "content": "Twenty-four minimal disease pigs were inoculated intracerebrally, intravenously or intradermally with an English strain of swine vesicular disease virus. In the skin, snout, tongue and tonsil the main lesion was a full-thickness coagulative necrosis of the stratified squamous epithelium. In the renal pelvis, bladder, tonsillar crypts and the collecting ducts of salivary glands and pancreas, epithelial degeneration with the formation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material were consistent features of this disease. Histopathological examination alone could not be relied upon to differentiate between well-established skin lesions caused by swine vesicular disease and foot and mouth disease. The relationship between vesicular disease and Coxsackie B5 is discussed briefly.", "contents": "General pathology of experimental swine vesicular disease. Twenty-four minimal disease pigs were inoculated intracerebrally, intravenously or intradermally with an English strain of swine vesicular disease virus. In the skin, snout, tongue and tonsil the main lesion was a full-thickness coagulative necrosis of the stratified squamous epithelium. In the renal pelvis, bladder, tonsillar crypts and the collecting ducts of salivary glands and pancreas, epithelial degeneration with the formation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material were consistent features of this disease. Histopathological examination alone could not be relied upon to differentiate between well-established skin lesions caused by swine vesicular disease and foot and mouth disease. The relationship between vesicular disease and Coxsackie B5 is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:936426", "title": "Susceptibility of desert sheep to infection with Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan.", "content": "Each of two Desert Sheep was infected with 1500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan. Signs of infection were anorexia, soft faces, progressive weakness and loss of wool. The sheep were killed 254 and 269 days after infection. The findings were heavy infiltration of the lamina propria with inflammatory cells, numerous ova in the submucosa, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue, oedema of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and focal pulmonary oedema and congestion. There were egg granulomas, focal necrosis, schistosomal pigment, fatty change, depletion of glycogen and reduction in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, succinic tetrazolium reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver. In one sheep 1330 cercariae penetrated and 700 matured to produce males and females in a 5:2 ratio. In the other sheep, about one third of the cercariae penetrated and matured. The ratio of males to females was 3:1.", "contents": "Susceptibility of desert sheep to infection with Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan. Each of two Desert Sheep was infected with 1500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan. Signs of infection were anorexia, soft faces, progressive weakness and loss of wool. The sheep were killed 254 and 269 days after infection. The findings were heavy infiltration of the lamina propria with inflammatory cells, numerous ova in the submucosa, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue, oedema of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and focal pulmonary oedema and congestion. There were egg granulomas, focal necrosis, schistosomal pigment, fatty change, depletion of glycogen and reduction in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, succinic tetrazolium reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver. In one sheep 1330 cercariae penetrated and 700 matured to produce males and females in a 5:2 ratio. In the other sheep, about one third of the cercariae penetrated and matured. The ratio of males to females was 3:1."}
{"id": "PMID:936427", "title": "Experimental feline panleucopenia in the conventional cat.", "content": "Coventional kittens, 12-27 weeks old, were inoculated with cell-cultured feline panleucopenia virus and killed sequentially between day 3 and day 24 after inoculation. All developed a non-fatal mild disease between days 2 and 9, characterized by lymphopenia, neutropenia, listlessness, depression and the development of neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Small intestinal bacterial counts were reduced during the period of maximal clinical disease, presumably a result of decreased food intake. There was involution of the thymus with marked depletion of lymphocytes between days 3 and 12. Depletion of lymphocytes also characterized the lesions in the lymph nodes between days 3 and 8. At the same time crypt lesions with spotty distribution were in the small intestinal and colonic mucosa. The changes were loss of crypt epithelial cells with compensatory attenuation of the remaining epithelium. Electron microscopically, the number and size of microvilli and secretory granules were reduced but there was no change indicating lethal cell injury. There were no virus particles. The findings point to an early and transient cellular damage by the virus. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity disappeared from the luminal surface of the attenuated crypt epithelial cells. Otherwise, intestinal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity were not altered in inoculated cats.", "contents": "Experimental feline panleucopenia in the conventional cat. Coventional kittens, 12-27 weeks old, were inoculated with cell-cultured feline panleucopenia virus and killed sequentially between day 3 and day 24 after inoculation. All developed a non-fatal mild disease between days 2 and 9, characterized by lymphopenia, neutropenia, listlessness, depression and the development of neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Small intestinal bacterial counts were reduced during the period of maximal clinical disease, presumably a result of decreased food intake. There was involution of the thymus with marked depletion of lymphocytes between days 3 and 12. Depletion of lymphocytes also characterized the lesions in the lymph nodes between days 3 and 8. At the same time crypt lesions with spotty distribution were in the small intestinal and colonic mucosa. The changes were loss of crypt epithelial cells with compensatory attenuation of the remaining epithelium. Electron microscopically, the number and size of microvilli and secretory granules were reduced but there was no change indicating lethal cell injury. There were no virus particles. The findings point to an early and transient cellular damage by the virus. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity disappeared from the luminal surface of the attenuated crypt epithelial cells. Otherwise, intestinal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity were not altered in inoculated cats."}
{"id": "PMID:936428", "title": "Statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test.", "content": "The statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test is described and alternative methods for choosing animals for blood sampling are discussed. Recent modifications to the presentation of results, which facilitate interpretation, are described.", "contents": "Statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test. The statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test is described and alternative methods for choosing animals for blood sampling are discussed. Recent modifications to the presentation of results, which facilitate interpretation, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:936429", "title": "Observations on plasma creatine phosphokinase activity in dogs.", "content": "Plasma creatine phosphokinase (PCPK) activity was determined in 14 clinically normal adult pedigree dogs of various breeds with an activated enzyme assay medium. PCPK levels were not significantly influenced by the time of sampling, body mass or eating, but there was a significant correlation (P is less than 0.05) between PCPK levels and moderate physical activity. The mean enzyme activity was 22.9 iu/litre at 30 degrees C. The PCPK levels are 10 times greater than those obtained by other authors with the non-activated enzyme assay method.", "contents": "Observations on plasma creatine phosphokinase activity in dogs. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (PCPK) activity was determined in 14 clinically normal adult pedigree dogs of various breeds with an activated enzyme assay medium. PCPK levels were not significantly influenced by the time of sampling, body mass or eating, but there was a significant correlation (P is less than 0.05) between PCPK levels and moderate physical activity. The mean enzyme activity was 22.9 iu/litre at 30 degrees C. The PCPK levels are 10 times greater than those obtained by other authors with the non-activated enzyme assay method."}
{"id": "PMID:936430", "title": "Coccidoisis of sheep: a review.", "content": "To the practicing veterinarian, coccidiosis in the sheep is an enigma; further research is required into the pathogenicity of the parasite and the role of husbandry and nutritional factors.", "contents": "Coccidoisis of sheep: a review. To the practicing veterinarian, coccidiosis in the sheep is an enigma; further research is required into the pathogenicity of the parasite and the role of husbandry and nutritional factors."}
{"id": "PMID:936434", "title": "Three cases of metaldehyde poisoning in cattle.", "content": "Poisoning of dairy cows and of calves by metaldehyde is reported. The clinical signs, post mortem and toxicological findings are described. Confirmations of the diagnoses was obtained by biochemical estimations. It would appear that a dose as low as 0.2 g/kg in adult cattle, and even less in calves, can be lethal.", "contents": "Three cases of metaldehyde poisoning in cattle. Poisoning of dairy cows and of calves by metaldehyde is reported. The clinical signs, post mortem and toxicological findings are described. Confirmations of the diagnoses was obtained by biochemical estimations. It would appear that a dose as low as 0.2 g/kg in adult cattle, and even less in calves, can be lethal."}
{"id": "PMID:936439", "title": "Atypical mycoplasmas from sheep in Great Britain and Australia identified as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.", "content": "Representative strains of \"lacy-colony\" mycoplasmas isolated from sheep in Great Britain and Victoria (Australia) were classified as M ovipneumoniae following comparison with strain Y98 of this species. The taxonomic description of M ovipneumoniae is extended and Y98 is proposed as the type strain. A brief description is given of the isolation of M ovipneumoniae from sheep in East Anglia.", "contents": "Atypical mycoplasmas from sheep in Great Britain and Australia identified as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Representative strains of \"lacy-colony\" mycoplasmas isolated from sheep in Great Britain and Victoria (Australia) were classified as M ovipneumoniae following comparison with strain Y98 of this species. The taxonomic description of M ovipneumoniae is extended and Y98 is proposed as the type strain. A brief description is given of the isolation of M ovipneumoniae from sheep in East Anglia."}
{"id": "PMID:936447", "title": "Investigations into the relationship of selected blood components to nutrition and fertility of the dairy cow under commercial farm conditions.", "content": "Blood chemistry, nutrition, productivity and fertility were monitored and their interrelationship examined in groups of cows from 15 commercial dairy herds. Plasma urea, albumin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acetone, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus (IP), blood copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were examined in relation to the intakes of starch equivalent (SE) digestible crude protein (DCP), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and manganese. The most consistent correlations were found for the regressions of SE intake as a percentage of requirements (I/R per cent) on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, the ratio of SE intake over DCP intake on plasma urea, DCP I/R per cent on plasma urea and phosphorus I/R per cent on plasma IP, but factors other than nutrition accounted for a large part of the variation in all cases. The mean plasma glucose concentration within +/- three days before or after first service of cows which held was higher than that of cows which returned, but the difference was only approaching significance at the 5% level and it is doubtful whether it could be of practical value. No other differences in blood component levels were demonstrated for first or second service. It is concluded that, within the nutritional ranges encountered, the levels of the selected blood components did not show a consistent relationship to nutrient balance or potential fertility. In this context a multiple analytical scheme employing these components would appear to be of limited value, particularly if samples are taken on only one occasion. The technique is more appropriately regarded as an aid to the conventional approach involving the examination of feeding systems and feedstuffs, herd records, management and clinical conditions.", "contents": "Investigations into the relationship of selected blood components to nutrition and fertility of the dairy cow under commercial farm conditions. Blood chemistry, nutrition, productivity and fertility were monitored and their interrelationship examined in groups of cows from 15 commercial dairy herds. Plasma urea, albumin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acetone, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus (IP), blood copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were examined in relation to the intakes of starch equivalent (SE) digestible crude protein (DCP), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and manganese. The most consistent correlations were found for the regressions of SE intake as a percentage of requirements (I/R per cent) on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, the ratio of SE intake over DCP intake on plasma urea, DCP I/R per cent on plasma urea and phosphorus I/R per cent on plasma IP, but factors other than nutrition accounted for a large part of the variation in all cases. The mean plasma glucose concentration within +/- three days before or after first service of cows which held was higher than that of cows which returned, but the difference was only approaching significance at the 5% level and it is doubtful whether it could be of practical value. No other differences in blood component levels were demonstrated for first or second service. It is concluded that, within the nutritional ranges encountered, the levels of the selected blood components did not show a consistent relationship to nutrient balance or potential fertility. In this context a multiple analytical scheme employing these components would appear to be of limited value, particularly if samples are taken on only one occasion. The technique is more appropriately regarded as an aid to the conventional approach involving the examination of feeding systems and feedstuffs, herd records, management and clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:936454", "title": "Otognathia with complete pharyngeal fistulae in an Angus calif.", "content": "An Angus calf affected with bilateral otognathia and complete pharyngeal fistulae is described. The cause could not be determined.", "contents": "Otognathia with complete pharyngeal fistulae in an Angus calif. An Angus calf affected with bilateral otognathia and complete pharyngeal fistulae is described. The cause could not be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:936460", "title": "Observations on growth plates in limbs of foals.", "content": "Observations were made which may be related to growth plate disorders. They included irregularity and thickening of the growth plate bridging of the plate by bony spicules, distortion of the plate adjacent to foci of fusion, and metaphyseal lipping. These observations are very similar to those found in \"epiphysitis.\" The question had to be asked, where these normal foals or did they have sub-clinical \"epiphysitis\"?", "contents": "Observations on growth plates in limbs of foals. Observations were made which may be related to growth plate disorders. They included irregularity and thickening of the growth plate bridging of the plate by bony spicules, distortion of the plate adjacent to foci of fusion, and metaphyseal lipping. These observations are very similar to those found in \"epiphysitis.\" The question had to be asked, where these normal foals or did they have sub-clinical \"epiphysitis\"?"}
{"id": "PMID:936463", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm and cardiac tamponade.", "content": "A Gir cow which died suddenly had a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Death was caused by cardiac tamponade which followed rupture of the intrapericardial aorta after it had been damaged by onchocercosis.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm and cardiac tamponade. A Gir cow which died suddenly had a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Death was caused by cardiac tamponade which followed rupture of the intrapericardial aorta after it had been damaged by onchocercosis."}
{"id": "PMID:936522", "title": "[Hormonal function of the ovaries in women with breast hyperplasia].", "content": "In females showing fibrous-cystic mastopathy and fibroadenomatosis of mammary glands a specific form of progesterone insufficiency- relative one, was revealed, a high persistantly maintained level of urine pregnandiol and blood progesterone in a luteal phase (indicating a high hormonal activity of the corpus luteum) being observed. But luteal transformations were insignificant both in endometrium and vaginal epithelium, a moderate hypoestrogenemia being noted in the first phase and increased estrogen excretion- in the second phase of the cycle.", "contents": "[Hormonal function of the ovaries in women with breast hyperplasia]. In females showing fibrous-cystic mastopathy and fibroadenomatosis of mammary glands a specific form of progesterone insufficiency- relative one, was revealed, a high persistantly maintained level of urine pregnandiol and blood progesterone in a luteal phase (indicating a high hormonal activity of the corpus luteum) being observed. But luteal transformations were insignificant both in endometrium and vaginal epithelium, a moderate hypoestrogenemia being noted in the first phase and increased estrogen excretion- in the second phase of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:936523", "title": "[Synthetic progestins in combined treatment of cancer of the uterine body].", "content": "The effect of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-capronate therapy on primary tumor in 102 patients with cancer of the uterine body in 1-11 stage was studied. A more pronounced therapeutic effect of the hormone therapy was noted in patients with a high degree of differentiation and less tumor mass.", "contents": "[Synthetic progestins in combined treatment of cancer of the uterine body]. The effect of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-capronate therapy on primary tumor in 102 patients with cancer of the uterine body in 1-11 stage was studied. A more pronounced therapeutic effect of the hormone therapy was noted in patients with a high degree of differentiation and less tumor mass."}
{"id": "PMID:936524", "title": "[Sclerocystic ovaries and cancer of the uterine body].", "content": "As a result of investigation and treatment of 5000 patients with disorders in menstrual function and endocrinous sterility sclerocystic ovaries were diagnosed in 1.8-2% (90 patients). In 6 of them ovarian changes were associated with cancer of the uterine body. In uterine body cancer and sclerocystic ovaries opsomenorrhea and menorrhagia, obesity were of great persistance, the duration of the disease being 12-20 years. Based on the conducted investigations it is considered rational to perform a wedge resection as early as possible, but not following many years of unsuccessful hormone therapy, and to study histologically endometrial curettage specimens. In recurrence of the disease and enlargement even of one ovary a repeat wedge ovariectomy should be performed.", "contents": "[Sclerocystic ovaries and cancer of the uterine body]. As a result of investigation and treatment of 5000 patients with disorders in menstrual function and endocrinous sterility sclerocystic ovaries were diagnosed in 1.8-2% (90 patients). In 6 of them ovarian changes were associated with cancer of the uterine body. In uterine body cancer and sclerocystic ovaries opsomenorrhea and menorrhagia, obesity were of great persistance, the duration of the disease being 12-20 years. Based on the conducted investigations it is considered rational to perform a wedge resection as early as possible, but not following many years of unsuccessful hormone therapy, and to study histologically endometrial curettage specimens. In recurrence of the disease and enlargement even of one ovary a repeat wedge ovariectomy should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:936528", "title": "[Isoforms of human and animal tumor hexokinase].", "content": "In human brain tumors of neuro-ectodermal and meningo-vascular series, using the method of enzymoelectrophoresis and specific tetrazole blue staining, three isoforms of hexokinase were revealed, these differ from each other by their activity and electrophoretic mobility in agar gel. Three isoforms of hexokinase were also found in benign and malignant uterine tumors in females, in 22 A mice hepatoma and homologous intact tissues. Morever, in muscles and muscle tumors (MOP, CRM-1) of rats and of these animals embryos two isoforms of hexokinase were found. The increased rate of hexose phosphorylation in malignant uterine tumors of female patients and in blastomas of mice liver and rat muscles is associated with the increased activity of I and II isoforms of hexokinase. An analogous phenomenon is observed in muscles of rat embryos. On the other hand, the decreased activity of phosphotransferases in blastomas of human brain depends on a decrease in the activity of separate isoforms of hexokinase.", "contents": "[Isoforms of human and animal tumor hexokinase]. In human brain tumors of neuro-ectodermal and meningo-vascular series, using the method of enzymoelectrophoresis and specific tetrazole blue staining, three isoforms of hexokinase were revealed, these differ from each other by their activity and electrophoretic mobility in agar gel. Three isoforms of hexokinase were also found in benign and malignant uterine tumors in females, in 22 A mice hepatoma and homologous intact tissues. Morever, in muscles and muscle tumors (MOP, CRM-1) of rats and of these animals embryos two isoforms of hexokinase were found. The increased rate of hexose phosphorylation in malignant uterine tumors of female patients and in blastomas of mice liver and rat muscles is associated with the increased activity of I and II isoforms of hexokinase. An analogous phenomenon is observed in muscles of rat embryos. On the other hand, the decreased activity of phosphotransferases in blastomas of human brain depends on a decrease in the activity of separate isoforms of hexokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:936530", "title": "[The effect of specific immunization and BCG vaccine on the growth of Krebs-2 ascitic tumor in mice].", "content": "Immunization of CC57Br mice with irradiated Krebs-2 carcinoma cells renders no influence on the rate of ascites aggravation in subsequent transplantation of the tumor but increases considerably life-terms of tumor-bearing animals. Immunization with tumor cells in combination with not high doses of BCG results in a reverse development of ascites in some mice and a complete disappearance of tumor in them. With increased dosage of the vaccine the number of animals with ascites regression is increased, but their life-terms are reduced due to reactivation of the tumor process and, presumably, to the development of autoimmune lesions.", "contents": "[The effect of specific immunization and BCG vaccine on the growth of Krebs-2 ascitic tumor in mice]. Immunization of CC57Br mice with irradiated Krebs-2 carcinoma cells renders no influence on the rate of ascites aggravation in subsequent transplantation of the tumor but increases considerably life-terms of tumor-bearing animals. Immunization with tumor cells in combination with not high doses of BCG results in a reverse development of ascites in some mice and a complete disappearance of tumor in them. With increased dosage of the vaccine the number of animals with ascites regression is increased, but their life-terms are reduced due to reactivation of the tumor process and, presumably, to the development of autoimmune lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:936532", "title": "[The clinical picture and results of treating patients with ovarian fibromas (according to findings of the Prof. N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health)].", "content": "The author presented a clinico-pathological analysis of the data concerning 41 patients with fibroma of the ovaries, treated at the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health from 1926 to 1974. A method of the \"dynamic analysis\" was used in studying 10-year survival rates which made 96.9%. Recurrences were observed among patients under a long-term follow-up, despite various scope of surgery employed. The author made a conclusion on the possibility to remove the adnexa only in women of childbearing age.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and results of treating patients with ovarian fibromas (according to findings of the Prof. N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health)]. The author presented a clinico-pathological analysis of the data concerning 41 patients with fibroma of the ovaries, treated at the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health from 1926 to 1974. A method of the \"dynamic analysis\" was used in studying 10-year survival rates which made 96.9%. Recurrences were observed among patients under a long-term follow-up, despite various scope of surgery employed. The author made a conclusion on the possibility to remove the adnexa only in women of childbearing age."}
{"id": "PMID:936536", "title": "[Assessment of the findings of fibrogastroscopy with gastrobiopsy and determination of hexokinase activity in the serum and gastric juice of stomach ulcer patients].", "content": "To compare the results of fibrogastroscopic study and to determine the activity of hexokinase (HK) in gastric juice 113 persons were examined 89 of them having ulcerous disease. The control group comprised 24 healthy individuals. The data obtained indicated that in the control group the activity of HK was not found in any portion of the gastric juice. In patients with ulcerous disease the presence of the enzyme was noted in 36 of 89 subjects. In two of them malignant transformation of the ulcer was observed. Patients with gastric ulcer, who show HK activity in any gastric juice portion, seem to be assessed as gastric cancer high-risk group.", "contents": "[Assessment of the findings of fibrogastroscopy with gastrobiopsy and determination of hexokinase activity in the serum and gastric juice of stomach ulcer patients]. To compare the results of fibrogastroscopic study and to determine the activity of hexokinase (HK) in gastric juice 113 persons were examined 89 of them having ulcerous disease. The control group comprised 24 healthy individuals. The data obtained indicated that in the control group the activity of HK was not found in any portion of the gastric juice. In patients with ulcerous disease the presence of the enzyme was noted in 36 of 89 subjects. In two of them malignant transformation of the ulcer was observed. Patients with gastric ulcer, who show HK activity in any gastric juice portion, seem to be assessed as gastric cancer high-risk group."}
{"id": "PMID:936540", "title": "[Clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the large intestine and \"risk groups\"].", "content": "In processing of 1603 clinical observations, studied dynamically during 15 years, using the multifactor analysis of clinico-morphological, roentgenological and statistic parallels, there were registered 156 different possible variants in a combination of the forms and clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the colon. The degree of the malignant transformation risk for various forms of polyposis and polyps of the colon is extremely variable.", "contents": "[Clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the large intestine and \"risk groups\"]. In processing of 1603 clinical observations, studied dynamically during 15 years, using the multifactor analysis of clinico-morphological, roentgenological and statistic parallels, there were registered 156 different possible variants in a combination of the forms and clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the colon. The degree of the malignant transformation risk for various forms of polyposis and polyps of the colon is extremely variable."}
{"id": "PMID:936541", "title": "[Immunologic determination of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood of patients with tumors of the large intestine and rectum].", "content": "The results of study of an unusual antigen containing carcinogenic triptophan metabolite - 3-oxyanthranilic acid as a haptene (3-OAA-antigen) in blood serum of patients with colonic and rectal tumors indicated that it is present in the majority of patients with histologically proved cancer of the large intestine in different stages, as well as in some patients with polyps of the large intestine. 3-OAA-antigen is found to be absent in blood serum of healthy donors.", "contents": "[Immunologic determination of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood of patients with tumors of the large intestine and rectum]. The results of study of an unusual antigen containing carcinogenic triptophan metabolite - 3-oxyanthranilic acid as a haptene (3-OAA-antigen) in blood serum of patients with colonic and rectal tumors indicated that it is present in the majority of patients with histologically proved cancer of the large intestine in different stages, as well as in some patients with polyps of the large intestine. 3-OAA-antigen is found to be absent in blood serum of healthy donors."}
{"id": "PMID:936542", "title": "[The morphology of cancer of the esophagus developing after a chemical burn].", "content": "Morphological studies on 25 esophageal cancers developed after chemical burn have indicated that cancer is more frequently located above the cicatricial stricture in the zone of an enlarged lumen over it. Chronic inflammation contributed to the tumor occurrence. Changes of the ulcerous esophagitis type were accompanied with inflammatory regeneration of the epithelium proceeding synchronously with regeneration of the scar in the esophageal wall. The presence of both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharids observed in developing scars indicated regeneration of the latter. An abundance of mast cells among scars has evidenced the intensity of metabolic processes. The tumor always showed the structure of squamous cell cancer, the development of the former was noted not earlier than 15 and up to 75 years following the burn. Morphological alterations in the esophagus, changed cicatricially, may be regarded as pretumor conditions.", "contents": "[The morphology of cancer of the esophagus developing after a chemical burn]. Morphological studies on 25 esophageal cancers developed after chemical burn have indicated that cancer is more frequently located above the cicatricial stricture in the zone of an enlarged lumen over it. Chronic inflammation contributed to the tumor occurrence. Changes of the ulcerous esophagitis type were accompanied with inflammatory regeneration of the epithelium proceeding synchronously with regeneration of the scar in the esophageal wall. The presence of both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharids observed in developing scars indicated regeneration of the latter. An abundance of mast cells among scars has evidenced the intensity of metabolic processes. The tumor always showed the structure of squamous cell cancer, the development of the former was noted not earlier than 15 and up to 75 years following the burn. Morphological alterations in the esophagus, changed cicatricially, may be regarded as pretumor conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:936543", "title": "[Metastatic tumors of the retroperitoneal space].", "content": "In 22 patients retroperitoneal nonorganic tumors, considered to be primary, proved to be metastatic. Prior to surgery the character of neoplasms was recognized only in 4 patients. Due to unwarranted efforts of \"radical\" removal of tumors 2 of 4 patients died. In 3 cases neoplasms were urgently removed due to internal hemorrhage and obstruction. In 7 cases a palliative effect of radiotherapy. 5-fluoruracil thiophosphamide employed prior to detection of the primary focus, was obtained. The latter was found following 3-12 months in the stomach (1), small intestine (1) and rectum (4), kidneys (4) and genitalia (9) in further follow-up of patients.", "contents": "[Metastatic tumors of the retroperitoneal space]. In 22 patients retroperitoneal nonorganic tumors, considered to be primary, proved to be metastatic. Prior to surgery the character of neoplasms was recognized only in 4 patients. Due to unwarranted efforts of \"radical\" removal of tumors 2 of 4 patients died. In 3 cases neoplasms were urgently removed due to internal hemorrhage and obstruction. In 7 cases a palliative effect of radiotherapy. 5-fluoruracil thiophosphamide employed prior to detection of the primary focus, was obtained. The latter was found following 3-12 months in the stomach (1), small intestine (1) and rectum (4), kidneys (4) and genitalia (9) in further follow-up of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936544", "title": "[The ultrastructure of human rhabdomyosarcomas].", "content": "As a result of exploration of the ultrastructure of 5 human rhabdomyosarcomas it was shown that, if present in the cytoplasm, cells of fibrillar bundles consisting of filaments of two types (40-60 A and 100-150 A) and regular aggregations of Z-like bands type present a reliable diagnostic sign of the myogenic origin of tumors. A possibility to determine such undifferentiated microfibrillae in electrone-microscopic study makes it rational to use the method as an adjunct in association with light optics to diagnose malignant soft tissue tumors of occult genesis.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of human rhabdomyosarcomas]. As a result of exploration of the ultrastructure of 5 human rhabdomyosarcomas it was shown that, if present in the cytoplasm, cells of fibrillar bundles consisting of filaments of two types (40-60 A and 100-150 A) and regular aggregations of Z-like bands type present a reliable diagnostic sign of the myogenic origin of tumors. A possibility to determine such undifferentiated microfibrillae in electrone-microscopic study makes it rational to use the method as an adjunct in association with light optics to diagnose malignant soft tissue tumors of occult genesis."}
{"id": "PMID:936545", "title": "[The transforming activity of influenza virus in tissue cultures].", "content": "First, it was shown that one can model chronic influenza infection induced by influenza virus A (Honkong) 1/68 and A (Victoria) 35/72 in a primary culture of human kidney (PHK). The persistance of the mentioned viruses in PHK and diploid cells of human lungs (DCHL) is associated with a cytoproliferative effect, manifested in the enhancement of mitotic and proliferative activity of the cultures, in prolongation of \"the life\" of the primary persistantly infected PHK culture for 60-100 days, as compared with the control. During passages epithelial cells were replaced by fibroblast ones, these were readily transplanted later. No transformation effect due to the action of influenza virus in cell cultures, chronically infected, was noted.", "contents": "[The transforming activity of influenza virus in tissue cultures]. First, it was shown that one can model chronic influenza infection induced by influenza virus A (Honkong) 1/68 and A (Victoria) 35/72 in a primary culture of human kidney (PHK). The persistance of the mentioned viruses in PHK and diploid cells of human lungs (DCHL) is associated with a cytoproliferative effect, manifested in the enhancement of mitotic and proliferative activity of the cultures, in prolongation of \"the life\" of the primary persistantly infected PHK culture for 60-100 days, as compared with the control. During passages epithelial cells were replaced by fibroblast ones, these were readily transplanted later. No transformation effect due to the action of influenza virus in cell cultures, chronically infected, was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:936546", "title": "[Distribution and mechanism of the carcinogenic action of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats].", "content": "The radioactivity of blood, bile, urine and contents of isolated intestinal segments was measured at various periods after 3H-1,2-dimethylhydrazine (3H-DMH) and 3H-1,2-diethylhydrazine (3H-DEH) subcutaneous administration. These experiments have revealed that DMH metabolites entered the intestine both with bile and directly through the intestinal wall. The DMH metabolites entering the bowel as glucuronides are cleaved with beta-glucuronidase of bacterial origin, and as a result of this the alkylation of enterocytes nucleic acids and protein takes place. In totally hepatectomized animals no methylation of enterocyte macromolecules was noted. DEH fails to penetrate the intestinal wall and to alkylate biomolecules of enterocytes, when administered parenterally or per os. Some possible DMH metabolic pathways are discussed, and the dynamics of DNA and protein methylation is analysed in the light of these proposed pathways.", "contents": "[Distribution and mechanism of the carcinogenic action of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats]. The radioactivity of blood, bile, urine and contents of isolated intestinal segments was measured at various periods after 3H-1,2-dimethylhydrazine (3H-DMH) and 3H-1,2-diethylhydrazine (3H-DEH) subcutaneous administration. These experiments have revealed that DMH metabolites entered the intestine both with bile and directly through the intestinal wall. The DMH metabolites entering the bowel as glucuronides are cleaved with beta-glucuronidase of bacterial origin, and as a result of this the alkylation of enterocytes nucleic acids and protein takes place. In totally hepatectomized animals no methylation of enterocyte macromolecules was noted. DEH fails to penetrate the intestinal wall and to alkylate biomolecules of enterocytes, when administered parenterally or per os. Some possible DMH metabolic pathways are discussed, and the dynamics of DNA and protein methylation is analysed in the light of these proposed pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:936547", "title": "[The role of organ cultures of mouse embryonal lung tissue in studying the transplacental blastomogenic effect of benz(alpha)pyrene].", "content": "Under study was organ cultivation of embryonal pulmonary tissue in mice A and C57B1 given during the pregnancy period BP (4 and 12 mg), pyrene (12 mg) and a solvent (0.4 ml of sunflower oil). Only BP was found to produce marked hyperplastic changes in the pulmonary epithelium and adenomas in organ cultures of the lungs of line A, whereas in the lung cultures of line C57B1 the same dosage of BP resulted in the development of less pronounced hyperplastic changes in the epithelium. However, in both cases in the cultures the effect of BP was dependent on its dosage.", "contents": "[The role of organ cultures of mouse embryonal lung tissue in studying the transplacental blastomogenic effect of benz(alpha)pyrene]. Under study was organ cultivation of embryonal pulmonary tissue in mice A and C57B1 given during the pregnancy period BP (4 and 12 mg), pyrene (12 mg) and a solvent (0.4 ml of sunflower oil). Only BP was found to produce marked hyperplastic changes in the pulmonary epithelium and adenomas in organ cultures of the lungs of line A, whereas in the lung cultures of line C57B1 the same dosage of BP resulted in the development of less pronounced hyperplastic changes in the epithelium. However, in both cases in the cultures the effect of BP was dependent on its dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:936548", "title": "[Incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tiumen region during 1959--1973].", "content": "The analysis of the incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tjumen Province during the period of 1959--1973 indicated that the first place in its structure in males is occupied by gastric cancer, in females--by cervical cancer. Within 15 year period the specific weight of pulmonary cancer was found to be 2.9 times increased, while that of cancer of the mammary gland--by 1.7 times. The malignant neoplasms morbidity during the period in question has increased as much as 19.4% according to standard indices. In females the mobidity during this period proved to be higher than in females. The morbidity with respect to age is mostly high in males aged 70 years and older, and at the age of 60--69 in females. There is a growth of the morbidity with age in male and female groups, but it is mostly pronounced at the age under 30.", "contents": "[Incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tiumen region during 1959--1973]. The analysis of the incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tjumen Province during the period of 1959--1973 indicated that the first place in its structure in males is occupied by gastric cancer, in females--by cervical cancer. Within 15 year period the specific weight of pulmonary cancer was found to be 2.9 times increased, while that of cancer of the mammary gland--by 1.7 times. The malignant neoplasms morbidity during the period in question has increased as much as 19.4% according to standard indices. In females the mobidity during this period proved to be higher than in females. The morbidity with respect to age is mostly high in males aged 70 years and older, and at the age of 60--69 in females. There is a growth of the morbidity with age in male and female groups, but it is mostly pronounced at the age under 30."}
{"id": "PMID:936551", "title": "[Correlation between the circulation of the hemispheres and brain stem regions, the peripheral circulation and bioelectrical activity of the brain in the dynamics of the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "Polygraphic recording of rheoencephalography, rheovasography and EEG was used for a dynamic examination of 45 patients with severe (28 cases) and moderate (17 cases) craniocerebral injuries. In 13 patients, of the former group intracranial haematomas were noted, in 15--contusion foci. A method of rheoencephalography recording from the brain stem with the aid of a basal electrode was developed, and it permitted to obtain valuable information on the degree of the haemodynamic shifts in the brain stem. A persistent reduction of the CBF was observed in the basalocciptal lead found to be proportional to the severity of the craniocerebral injury. The results of mathematical processing of the obtained data demonstrated a clear correlation of the clinical state of the patient, the bioelectrical activity of the brain and the indices of the tonicity and blood filling of the cerebral vessels: along with re-establishment of the normal alpha-rhythm and reduction of a slow pathological activity of the EEG, a clear increase in the cerebral blood flow value was observed.", "contents": "[Correlation between the circulation of the hemispheres and brain stem regions, the peripheral circulation and bioelectrical activity of the brain in the dynamics of the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury]. Polygraphic recording of rheoencephalography, rheovasography and EEG was used for a dynamic examination of 45 patients with severe (28 cases) and moderate (17 cases) craniocerebral injuries. In 13 patients, of the former group intracranial haematomas were noted, in 15--contusion foci. A method of rheoencephalography recording from the brain stem with the aid of a basal electrode was developed, and it permitted to obtain valuable information on the degree of the haemodynamic shifts in the brain stem. A persistent reduction of the CBF was observed in the basalocciptal lead found to be proportional to the severity of the craniocerebral injury. The results of mathematical processing of the obtained data demonstrated a clear correlation of the clinical state of the patient, the bioelectrical activity of the brain and the indices of the tonicity and blood filling of the cerebral vessels: along with re-establishment of the normal alpha-rhythm and reduction of a slow pathological activity of the EEG, a clear increase in the cerebral blood flow value was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:936552", "title": "[Characteristics of the process of brain stem compression in the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "Proceeding from an analysis of 520 cases of surgery for acute and subacute intracranial haematomas, the author concludes that the process of brain compression is characterized by the tempo, degree and duration that are interrelated. A slow tempo of compression may bring about a significant degree and duration of the compression, with the compression-dislocation syndrome being rather indistinct, which is not observed in cases of a fast tempo. The degree of compression is determined not only by the size of the haematoma, but also by the severity of the contusion and oedema of the brain, by the size of the reserve intracranial spaces, etc. The duration of an acutely developing significant brain compression is a decisive factor in the success of a surgical management of a haematoma. The severity of brain contusion affects various aspects of the compression process--its tempo, degree, and --indirectly--duration.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the process of brain stem compression in the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury]. Proceeding from an analysis of 520 cases of surgery for acute and subacute intracranial haematomas, the author concludes that the process of brain compression is characterized by the tempo, degree and duration that are interrelated. A slow tempo of compression may bring about a significant degree and duration of the compression, with the compression-dislocation syndrome being rather indistinct, which is not observed in cases of a fast tempo. The degree of compression is determined not only by the size of the haematoma, but also by the severity of the contusion and oedema of the brain, by the size of the reserve intracranial spaces, etc. The duration of an acutely developing significant brain compression is a decisive factor in the success of a surgical management of a haematoma. The severity of brain contusion affects various aspects of the compression process--its tempo, degree, and --indirectly--duration."}
{"id": "PMID:936553", "title": "[The value of otoneurologic findings for prognosing the outcome of severe cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "The otoneurological symptoms of the acute period of craniocerebral injuries provide clear data for the determination of the severity of the trauma and depth of coma, the distinctness of the general cerebral, hypertensive and brain stem symptoms; they are important for the diagnosis of fissures of the temporal bone pyramids and anterior cranial fossa, and for revealing the penetrating nature of the injury. Otoneurological symptoms are observed during the residual period of the trauma in 94% of the injured; their importance consists in the determination of the residual local disorders due to the trauma in order to define the degree of rehabilitation of the patients.", "contents": "[The value of otoneurologic findings for prognosing the outcome of severe cranio-cerebral injury]. The otoneurological symptoms of the acute period of craniocerebral injuries provide clear data for the determination of the severity of the trauma and depth of coma, the distinctness of the general cerebral, hypertensive and brain stem symptoms; they are important for the diagnosis of fissures of the temporal bone pyramids and anterior cranial fossa, and for revealing the penetrating nature of the injury. Otoneurological symptoms are observed during the residual period of the trauma in 94% of the injured; their importance consists in the determination of the residual local disorders due to the trauma in order to define the degree of rehabilitation of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936555", "title": "[The role of brain stem lesions in cerebral circulatory disorders accompanying severe cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "Clinical and anatomical comparisons were undertaken in 23 cases of mortality due to severe craniocerebral injuries. The set of clinical examinations included circulation and brain gas exchange studies. Cerebral circulatory hypoxy was revealed in all the patients, but in cases of its compensated form all signs of brain stem injury were lacking, while in cases of its non-compensated form foci of brain stem injury could be revealed at autopsy. Timely elimination of brain stem compression in cases of its anatomic integrity preserved helps to convert the non-compensated form of cerebral circulatory hypoxy into its compensated form.", "contents": "[The role of brain stem lesions in cerebral circulatory disorders accompanying severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. Clinical and anatomical comparisons were undertaken in 23 cases of mortality due to severe craniocerebral injuries. The set of clinical examinations included circulation and brain gas exchange studies. Cerebral circulatory hypoxy was revealed in all the patients, but in cases of its compensated form all signs of brain stem injury were lacking, while in cases of its non-compensated form foci of brain stem injury could be revealed at autopsy. Timely elimination of brain stem compression in cases of its anatomic integrity preserved helps to convert the non-compensated form of cerebral circulatory hypoxy into its compensated form."}
{"id": "PMID:936556", "title": "[Current and unresolved problems in the classification of cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "A careful study of the literature of the recent years and a special questionary presented in 1974 to 146 leading scientists and specialists of the country revealed important problems for discussion, such as contradictory approaches to the differentiation of the prevailing forms of lesions--commotion and contusion of the brain--by the degree of their severity, to distinguishing between brain contusion and compression. A prognosis of the tendencies and pathways to the creation of a common up-to-date classification of craniocerebral injuries is made.", "contents": "[Current and unresolved problems in the classification of cranio-cerebral injuries]. A careful study of the literature of the recent years and a special questionary presented in 1974 to 146 leading scientists and specialists of the country revealed important problems for discussion, such as contradictory approaches to the differentiation of the prevailing forms of lesions--commotion and contusion of the brain--by the degree of their severity, to distinguishing between brain contusion and compression. A prognosis of the tendencies and pathways to the creation of a common up-to-date classification of craniocerebral injuries is made."}
{"id": "PMID:936554", "title": "[Use of ultrasound for diagnosis of foreign bodies of the brain].", "content": "With the aid of modern ultrasonic diagnostic devices experiments were conducted in order to receive signals from foreign bodies of a different composition, non-radiocontrast ones including. Experiments on 10 human brain preparations revealed the typical peculiarities of echo-signal from foreign bodies in the cerebral matter. In 30 adult mongrel dogs it was proved that foreign bodies can be diagnosed in the course of primary and secondary debridement of skull and brain wounds. It was found that the shape and size of the foreign bodies in the human brain can be most explicitly determined with the aid of a specially designed device having a high azimuthal resolution.", "contents": "[Use of ultrasound for diagnosis of foreign bodies of the brain]. With the aid of modern ultrasonic diagnostic devices experiments were conducted in order to receive signals from foreign bodies of a different composition, non-radiocontrast ones including. Experiments on 10 human brain preparations revealed the typical peculiarities of echo-signal from foreign bodies in the cerebral matter. In 30 adult mongrel dogs it was proved that foreign bodies can be diagnosed in the course of primary and secondary debridement of skull and brain wounds. It was found that the shape and size of the foreign bodies in the human brain can be most explicitly determined with the aid of a specially designed device having a high azimuthal resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:936557", "title": "[The prognostic value of the lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid following acute cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The study was conducted in 80 patients with ischaemic and 29 with haemorrhagic cerebral stroke. Lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose were determined in the arterial blood and lumbar CSF. A high prognostic value of the CSF lactate content was found in cases of ischaemic stroke. According to the data obtained, an elevation of the CSF lactate concentration above 4.0 mEq/l should be considered life-threatening. Haemorrhagic stroked was found to be accompanied by a reduced CSF glucose level and an elevated lactate content, as well as by a significant proportional elevation of the lactate and red blood cells count in the CSF. The conducted calculations demonstrated that 1/4 to 1/3 of the CSF lactate is formed at the expense of the glycolytic metabolism in the CSF erythrocytes. This constitutes the main reason of the discordance between the CSF lactate content in haemorrhagic stroke and the routine criteria of prognosis in ischaemic stroke. The lactate/pyruvate ratio in the CSF is of no prognostic importance in both forms of cerebral stroke.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of the lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid following acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. The study was conducted in 80 patients with ischaemic and 29 with haemorrhagic cerebral stroke. Lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose were determined in the arterial blood and lumbar CSF. A high prognostic value of the CSF lactate content was found in cases of ischaemic stroke. According to the data obtained, an elevation of the CSF lactate concentration above 4.0 mEq/l should be considered life-threatening. Haemorrhagic stroked was found to be accompanied by a reduced CSF glucose level and an elevated lactate content, as well as by a significant proportional elevation of the lactate and red blood cells count in the CSF. The conducted calculations demonstrated that 1/4 to 1/3 of the CSF lactate is formed at the expense of the glycolytic metabolism in the CSF erythrocytes. This constitutes the main reason of the discordance between the CSF lactate content in haemorrhagic stroke and the routine criteria of prognosis in ischaemic stroke. The lactate/pyruvate ratio in the CSF is of no prognostic importance in both forms of cerebral stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:936561", "title": "Failure to demonstrate dosage of U antigen.", "content": "Tests in which 11 examples of anti-U were used in titration studies against the red blood cells of 9 obligate Uu heterozygotes, from 4 unrelated families, and random Negro and Caucasian donors (many of whom were of the presumptive UU genotype) have failed to demonstrate any dosage of the U antigen.", "contents": "Failure to demonstrate dosage of U antigen. Tests in which 11 examples of anti-U were used in titration studies against the red blood cells of 9 obligate Uu heterozygotes, from 4 unrelated families, and random Negro and Caucasian donors (many of whom were of the presumptive UU genotype) have failed to demonstrate any dosage of the U antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:936558", "title": "[Tomoangiography in neurosurgical clinical practice].", "content": "The method of tomoangiography was developed on the \"Neuroprincips\" apparatus (of CGR company, France) provided with a simultaneous casset (7 films every 0.3--0.5 cm) that permits to obtain linear slides up to 2 mm thick in any phase of cerebral circulation, and in any plane and position of the patient. The examinations were conducted in 51 patients: 16 with saccular aneurysms, 9 with arteriovenous malformations, 7 with carotid-cavernous fistulas, 16 with brain tumours, 3 with orbital pathology. In 42 patients the carotid artery system was examined, in 6--the ventebrobasilar one, in 3--the venous system of the orbit, in 3--the zone of the cavernous sinuses. Tomoangiography provided additional information on the borders and depth of various pathological formations in the brain.", "contents": "[Tomoangiography in neurosurgical clinical practice]. The method of tomoangiography was developed on the \"Neuroprincips\" apparatus (of CGR company, France) provided with a simultaneous casset (7 films every 0.3--0.5 cm) that permits to obtain linear slides up to 2 mm thick in any phase of cerebral circulation, and in any plane and position of the patient. The examinations were conducted in 51 patients: 16 with saccular aneurysms, 9 with arteriovenous malformations, 7 with carotid-cavernous fistulas, 16 with brain tumours, 3 with orbital pathology. In 42 patients the carotid artery system was examined, in 6--the ventebrobasilar one, in 3--the venous system of the orbit, in 3--the zone of the cavernous sinuses. Tomoangiography provided additional information on the borders and depth of various pathological formations in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:936562", "title": "Detection of hepatitis-B surface antigen in plasma samples by reversed passive haemagglutination tests.", "content": "A comparison of two commercial reversed passive haemmagglutination tests with a counter-immunoelectrophoretic test, used to detect hepatitis-B surface antigen in reconstituted freeze-dried plasma, showed an increase in the number of positive results by the haemagglutination tests. No difficulty was encountered with the appearance of non-specific agglutination provided the plasma was heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min, frozen overnight at -35 degrees C, thawed and centrifuged before testing.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis-B surface antigen in plasma samples by reversed passive haemagglutination tests. A comparison of two commercial reversed passive haemmagglutination tests with a counter-immunoelectrophoretic test, used to detect hepatitis-B surface antigen in reconstituted freeze-dried plasma, showed an increase in the number of positive results by the haemagglutination tests. No difficulty was encountered with the appearance of non-specific agglutination provided the plasma was heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min, frozen overnight at -35 degrees C, thawed and centrifuged before testing."}
{"id": "PMID:936559", "title": "[Conductivity of the radial nerve following its injury].", "content": "Evoked muscle potentials are usually lacking in cases of complete anatomical interruption of the radial nerve. With all other data considered, such patients are subject to surgery. In cases when evoked muscle potentials are recorded in the presence of neurological signs of a complete interruption of the nerve, its anatomical continuity is usually retained. In such patients the velocity of conduction falls to 6.37 +/- 1.9 (sigma4) m/sec. In such patients non-sucrgial treatment results in the appearance of active fingers extension and sensations improvement.", "contents": "[Conductivity of the radial nerve following its injury]. Evoked muscle potentials are usually lacking in cases of complete anatomical interruption of the radial nerve. With all other data considered, such patients are subject to surgery. In cases when evoked muscle potentials are recorded in the presence of neurological signs of a complete interruption of the nerve, its anatomical continuity is usually retained. In such patients the velocity of conduction falls to 6.37 +/- 1.9 (sigma4) m/sec. In such patients non-sucrgial treatment results in the appearance of active fingers extension and sensations improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:936563", "title": "Genetics of the HL-A system in a venezuelan heterogeneous population.", "content": "HL-A antigen and gene frequencies of 206 unrelated adults living in the cities of Caracas and Maracaibo have shown that this heterogeneous Venezuelan population sample possess 11 specificities of the first (LA) HL-A series and 15 specificities of the second (Four) series. HL-A2, HL-A9, HL-A5 and W5 showed frequencies higher than those observed in caucasoid populations. The most frequent haplotypes were 2, W5; 2, 5; 9, 12; 2, 12 and 2, X2. No outstandingly high value for gametic association between the alleles of the 2 HL-A series was observed, but haplotypes formed by antigens with dissimilar frequencies in Caucasoids, Negroids and American Indian tribes have shown statistically significant D values. Genetic distance calculated using the HL-A system alone showed that this population is closer to the average Caucasoid and Negroid population tested at the 5th International Histocompatibility Workshop than to 2 American Indian tribes living in the same country.", "contents": "Genetics of the HL-A system in a venezuelan heterogeneous population. HL-A antigen and gene frequencies of 206 unrelated adults living in the cities of Caracas and Maracaibo have shown that this heterogeneous Venezuelan population sample possess 11 specificities of the first (LA) HL-A series and 15 specificities of the second (Four) series. HL-A2, HL-A9, HL-A5 and W5 showed frequencies higher than those observed in caucasoid populations. The most frequent haplotypes were 2, W5; 2, 5; 9, 12; 2, 12 and 2, X2. No outstandingly high value for gametic association between the alleles of the 2 HL-A series was observed, but haplotypes formed by antigens with dissimilar frequencies in Caucasoids, Negroids and American Indian tribes have shown statistically significant D values. Genetic distance calculated using the HL-A system alone showed that this population is closer to the average Caucasoid and Negroid population tested at the 5th International Histocompatibility Workshop than to 2 American Indian tribes living in the same country."}
{"id": "PMID:936564", "title": "Unusual delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction characterised by slow destruction of red cells.", "content": "In a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to an apparently typical complement-binding IgG anti-Jka, it was possible to show that transfused Jk (a+b+) cells were destroyed progressively over a period of about 3 weeks. The slow destruction may have been due partly to the fact that the patient had been splenectomised.", "contents": "Unusual delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction characterised by slow destruction of red cells. In a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to an apparently typical complement-binding IgG anti-Jka, it was possible to show that transfused Jk (a+b+) cells were destroyed progressively over a period of about 3 weeks. The slow destruction may have been due partly to the fact that the patient had been splenectomised."}
{"id": "PMID:936565", "title": "Another example of anti-HL-A8 reacting by platelet complement fixation microtechnique.", "content": "We report the study of a serum from a polytransfused patient, that contains an anti-HL-A8 antibody reacting by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. The specificity is confirmed by a study on a panel of 112 different platelets and by experiments of absorption-elution on platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes.", "contents": "Another example of anti-HL-A8 reacting by platelet complement fixation microtechnique. We report the study of a serum from a polytransfused patient, that contains an anti-HL-A8 antibody reacting by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. The specificity is confirmed by a study on a panel of 112 different platelets and by experiments of absorption-elution on platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:936566", "title": "Incidence and distribution of hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey.", "content": "The sera of 3,363 healthy people from different regions of Turkey were investigated for the presence of hepatitis Bs-antigen. Agar-gel double diffusion technique was employed for the demonstration of this antigen. In 101 persons than antigen was found to be present, giving an incidence of 3% for hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey.", "contents": "Incidence and distribution of hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey. The sera of 3,363 healthy people from different regions of Turkey were investigated for the presence of hepatitis Bs-antigen. Agar-gel double diffusion technique was employed for the demonstration of this antigen. In 101 persons than antigen was found to be present, giving an incidence of 3% for hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey."}
{"id": "PMID:936567", "title": "New laboratory method to detect hepatitis-B (Australia) antigen based on 'anomalous' lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme.", "content": "A laboratory method for the indirect detection of hepatitis-B antigen (HB8Ag) based on the presence of 'anomalous' LDH isoenzyme by disc electrophoresis has been developed. The method is specific and highly sensitive when compared with existing methods.", "contents": "New laboratory method to detect hepatitis-B (Australia) antigen based on 'anomalous' lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme. A laboratory method for the indirect detection of hepatitis-B antigen (HB8Ag) based on the presence of 'anomalous' LDH isoenzyme by disc electrophoresis has been developed. The method is specific and highly sensitive when compared with existing methods."}
{"id": "PMID:936569", "title": "[Speed and intensity of the immune response to the administration of inactivated influenza vaccine in relation to neuraminidase activity].", "content": "A comparative study of the rate of appearance of specific virus antigen in immune competent organs of mice immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine with active neuraminidase or a vaccine devoid of the neuraminidase activity was carried out by means of the immunofluorescence test and the serological tests. A considerable delay in the time (by 16--18 hours) of detection of virus antigen in cells of lymph nodes of mice as well as later (1--2 days) and less intensive (2--4-fold) production of specific virus antibody was demonstrated after immunization of mice with the vaccine without the active enzyme.", "contents": "[Speed and intensity of the immune response to the administration of inactivated influenza vaccine in relation to neuraminidase activity]. A comparative study of the rate of appearance of specific virus antigen in immune competent organs of mice immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine with active neuraminidase or a vaccine devoid of the neuraminidase activity was carried out by means of the immunofluorescence test and the serological tests. A considerable delay in the time (by 16--18 hours) of detection of virus antigen in cells of lymph nodes of mice as well as later (1--2 days) and less intensive (2--4-fold) production of specific virus antibody was demonstrated after immunization of mice with the vaccine without the active enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:936571", "title": "[Possibility of occurrence of mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis in subjects immunized repeatedly with live poliomyelitis vaccine].", "content": "The results of clinical, epidemiological, serological and virological examinations of patients with mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis occurring under conditions of mass immunization  with oral live poliomyelitis vaccine are presented. The etiological role of poliomyelitis virus types I and III in these diseases has been established. It has been shown that multiple vaccination does not always prevent diseases but in these cases they are milder. Serological examination of patients and normal subjects suggests inadequacy of seroconversion to poliomyelitis viruses under conditions of mass vaccination of the population against poliomyelitis.", "contents": "[Possibility of occurrence of mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis in subjects immunized repeatedly with live poliomyelitis vaccine]. The results of clinical, epidemiological, serological and virological examinations of patients with mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis occurring under conditions of mass immunization  with oral live poliomyelitis vaccine are presented. The etiological role of poliomyelitis virus types I and III in these diseases has been established. It has been shown that multiple vaccination does not always prevent diseases but in these cases they are milder. Serological examination of patients and normal subjects suggests inadequacy of seroconversion to poliomyelitis viruses under conditions of mass vaccination of the population against poliomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:936570", "title": "[Change in host immune response to heterologous antigen when exposed to togavirus infection].", "content": "The influence of some members of the togavirus family (tick-borne encephalitis, dengue 2, Langat, Tahyna) and the vaccines used extensively for prophylaxis of tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever on the immune response to a heterologous antigen was studied. The tick-borne encephalitis, Langat and dengue 2 viruses as well as the tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever vaccines were found to alter the immune response of the recipient to subsequent administration of sheep erythrocytes. Some togaviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, Langat, yellow fever, dengue 2) stimulate formation of specific hemolysin-synthesizing cells, while others (Tahyna, dengue 2) under certain conditions may inhibit heterologous immune response. The nature of the influence depends upon genetically determined factors in the recipient, however, the conditions favouring the adjuvant or immunodepressive effect of one virus are not identical to those for another.", "contents": "[Change in host immune response to heterologous antigen when exposed to togavirus infection]. The influence of some members of the togavirus family (tick-borne encephalitis, dengue 2, Langat, Tahyna) and the vaccines used extensively for prophylaxis of tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever on the immune response to a heterologous antigen was studied. The tick-borne encephalitis, Langat and dengue 2 viruses as well as the tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever vaccines were found to alter the immune response of the recipient to subsequent administration of sheep erythrocytes. Some togaviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, Langat, yellow fever, dengue 2) stimulate formation of specific hemolysin-synthesizing cells, while others (Tahyna, dengue 2) under certain conditions may inhibit heterologous immune response. The nature of the influence depends upon genetically determined factors in the recipient, however, the conditions favouring the adjuvant or immunodepressive effect of one virus are not identical to those for another."}
{"id": "PMID:936572", "title": "[Reactivity of the lymphoid-macrophage system in relation to the toxic properties of influenza virus].", "content": "Influenza A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus, highly virulent for mice, replicated actively in the lungs, had comparatively low immunogenicity and a toxic effect manifested by the development of circulation disorders, hemorrhages in regional lymph nodes as well as damages of lymphoid and macrophage elements. Mouse avirulent A2/21/65 virus showing the same degree of reproduction, exerted no toxic effect in the respiratory organs, caused no considerable destructive changes in the lymphoid tissue and had comparatively greater immunogenicity. Comparatively low antibody titers after infection of mice with A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus may probably be due to the toxic effect of the virus on the lymphoidmacrophage system.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the lymphoid-macrophage system in relation to the toxic properties of influenza virus]. Influenza A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus, highly virulent for mice, replicated actively in the lungs, had comparatively low immunogenicity and a toxic effect manifested by the development of circulation disorders, hemorrhages in regional lymph nodes as well as damages of lymphoid and macrophage elements. Mouse avirulent A2/21/65 virus showing the same degree of reproduction, exerted no toxic effect in the respiratory organs, caused no considerable destructive changes in the lymphoid tissue and had comparatively greater immunogenicity. Comparatively low antibody titers after infection of mice with A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus may probably be due to the toxic effect of the virus on the lymphoidmacrophage system."}
{"id": "PMID:936575", "title": "[Reasons for lowered resistance to Krebs 2 ascitic carcinoma in mice in a state of hyporeactivity (tolerance) to a viral interferon inducer].", "content": "Decreased resistance to Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma was demonstrated in mice which were in the state of hyporesponsiveness (tolerance) to virus interferon inducer (NDV) and increased resistance of the control mice to transplantation of tolerant carcinoma cells. Manifestations of tolerance in peritoneal and carcinoma cells were shown to be identical: interferon production and reproduction of vesicular stomatitis virus were inhibited, the number of viable cells was reduced, masked infection with NDV was detected, and the activity of cell enzymes was similarly changed. It is assumed that cellular manifestations of tolerance are the cause of reduced resistance of tolerant mice to ascitic carcinoma.", "contents": "[Reasons for lowered resistance to Krebs 2 ascitic carcinoma in mice in a state of hyporeactivity (tolerance) to a viral interferon inducer]. Decreased resistance to Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma was demonstrated in mice which were in the state of hyporesponsiveness (tolerance) to virus interferon inducer (NDV) and increased resistance of the control mice to transplantation of tolerant carcinoma cells. Manifestations of tolerance in peritoneal and carcinoma cells were shown to be identical: interferon production and reproduction of vesicular stomatitis virus were inhibited, the number of viable cells was reduced, masked infection with NDV was detected, and the activity of cell enzymes was similarly changed. It is assumed that cellular manifestations of tolerance are the cause of reduced resistance of tolerant mice to ascitic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:936574", "title": "[Human bone marrow interferon].", "content": "Bone marrow cells from suddenly dying people can produce interferon in response to incoulation of an inducer. The interferon obtained in bone marrow cells did not differ by its properties from the reference preparation. the lots of bone marrow interferon which had been prepared were not inferior in the antiviral activity to leukocyte interferon or were even superior to it. It is suggested that bone marrow cells be used for preparation of human interferon.", "contents": "[Human bone marrow interferon]. Bone marrow cells from suddenly dying people can produce interferon in response to incoulation of an inducer. The interferon obtained in bone marrow cells did not differ by its properties from the reference preparation. the lots of bone marrow interferon which had been prepared were not inferior in the antiviral activity to leukocyte interferon or were even superior to it. It is suggested that bone marrow cells be used for preparation of human interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:936573", "title": "[Method of parallel study of cell metabolism and extracellular structures using oncornavirus as a model].", "content": "A method is described which permits simultaneous comparative study of cell metabolism and extracellular virus structures in minimal volumes. The method is based on the growing of cells in vials for scintillation count and it has been tested on a HEp-2 cell culture chronically producing oncornavirus type D. A comparative analysis of acid-insoluble radioactivity in heterogenous systems has been shown to be justified. For demonstration of the fields of possible utilization of the method, data are presented from the studies of the effect of various inhibitors (ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and anti-PPLO agent) on 3H-uridine incorporation into cells and extracellular virus structures.", "contents": "[Method of parallel study of cell metabolism and extracellular structures using oncornavirus as a model]. A method is described which permits simultaneous comparative study of cell metabolism and extracellular virus structures in minimal volumes. The method is based on the growing of cells in vials for scintillation count and it has been tested on a HEp-2 cell culture chronically producing oncornavirus type D. A comparative analysis of acid-insoluble radioactivity in heterogenous systems has been shown to be justified. For demonstration of the fields of possible utilization of the method, data are presented from the studies of the effect of various inhibitors (ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and anti-PPLO agent) on 3H-uridine incorporation into cells and extracellular virus structures."}
{"id": "PMID:936578", "title": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of bonafton and rimantadine in influenza].", "content": "The therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone and rimantadine was studied by treatment of 439 patients with influenza between 18 and 21 years of age (bonaphthone 94, controls 105, rimantadine 120, controls 120). No therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone was established in the study. When rimantadine was given to the patients from the 1st day of the disease, shorter intervals of normalization of the temperature, disappearance of toxicity and catarrhal symptoms were observed than in patients treated with symptomatic drugs. During the period of rimantadine therapy the rate of findings the influenza antigen in smears from the nasal mucosa was lower, but after termination of the course of treatment the antigen was found twice as frequently as in the control group. With the positive therapeutic effect in patients treated with rimantadine, the diagnostic rise of antibody in this group was observed in a lower per cent of cases than in the control group (13 and 20%, respectively). The results of immunofluorescent and serological studies indicate a possible virus reproduction-inhibiting effect of rimantadine. This, however, requires further study. On the basis of the above observations rimantadine may be recommended for treatment of patients with influenza.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of bonafton and rimantadine in influenza]. The therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone and rimantadine was studied by treatment of 439 patients with influenza between 18 and 21 years of age (bonaphthone 94, controls 105, rimantadine 120, controls 120). No therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone was established in the study. When rimantadine was given to the patients from the 1st day of the disease, shorter intervals of normalization of the temperature, disappearance of toxicity and catarrhal symptoms were observed than in patients treated with symptomatic drugs. During the period of rimantadine therapy the rate of findings the influenza antigen in smears from the nasal mucosa was lower, but after termination of the course of treatment the antigen was found twice as frequently as in the control group. With the positive therapeutic effect in patients treated with rimantadine, the diagnostic rise of antibody in this group was observed in a lower per cent of cases than in the control group (13 and 20%, respectively). The results of immunofluorescent and serological studies indicate a possible virus reproduction-inhibiting effect of rimantadine. This, however, requires further study. On the basis of the above observations rimantadine may be recommended for treatment of patients with influenza."}
{"id": "PMID:936579", "title": "[Effect of benzimidazole derivatives on viral infection].", "content": "Dibazole and vitamin B12 reduced production of hemagglutinin by influenza A (PR8 and WSN strain) and B-1/73 (Yamagata strain) viruses in chick embryos when inoculated at various intervals after infection. The drugs stimulated interferon production in serum and by blood leukocytes, showing also some protective effect in influenza infection in mice. The necessity of further study of relationships between the chemotherapeutic activity of drugs and their capacity to stimulate nonspecific resistance to infection is emphasized.", "contents": "[Effect of benzimidazole derivatives on viral infection]. Dibazole and vitamin B12 reduced production of hemagglutinin by influenza A (PR8 and WSN strain) and B-1/73 (Yamagata strain) viruses in chick embryos when inoculated at various intervals after infection. The drugs stimulated interferon production in serum and by blood leukocytes, showing also some protective effect in influenza infection in mice. The necessity of further study of relationships between the chemotherapeutic activity of drugs and their capacity to stimulate nonspecific resistance to infection is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:936577", "title": "[Biochemical changes in cytoplasmic membranes in dog liver during experimental viral hepatitis].", "content": "The composition of cytoplasmic membranes isolated from livers of dogs infected with virus of infectious hepatitis of carnivora (IHC) was studied. Inoculation with IHC virus was found not to cause any marked changes in the contents of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids of the membranes under study, but considerable differences in the composition of membrane proteins, lipids and fatty acids of virus-affected cells were demonstrated. The experimental data suggest that the virus infection exerts a considerable effect on the protein-lipid complex of the cytoplasmic membranes of the cell.", "contents": "[Biochemical changes in cytoplasmic membranes in dog liver during experimental viral hepatitis]. The composition of cytoplasmic membranes isolated from livers of dogs infected with virus of infectious hepatitis of carnivora (IHC) was studied. Inoculation with IHC virus was found not to cause any marked changes in the contents of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids of the membranes under study, but considerable differences in the composition of membrane proteins, lipids and fatty acids of virus-affected cells were demonstrated. The experimental data suggest that the virus infection exerts a considerable effect on the protein-lipid complex of the cytoplasmic membranes of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:936589", "title": "[Physical work capacity in soldiers after treatment and leave of absence for acute pneumonia].", "content": "The physical activity capacity (W170) was twofold determined in 26 soldiers, aged about 20 by the method of three-stage loading (25,50 and 75 W) upon mechanic veloergometer and with the aid of regression extrapolation- at the release from the hospital after treatment for acute pneumonia and after 28+/-11 days of home sick leave. W170 was established not change significantly after the sick leave in spite of the favourable evolution towards further normalization of the remaining X-ray changes of the pneumonia and RES. The possible explanations are discussed for that W170 decrease after acute pneumonias and the conclusion is that further investigators in the field are necessary.", "contents": "[Physical work capacity in soldiers after treatment and leave of absence for acute pneumonia]. The physical activity capacity (W170) was twofold determined in 26 soldiers, aged about 20 by the method of three-stage loading (25,50 and 75 W) upon mechanic veloergometer and with the aid of regression extrapolation- at the release from the hospital after treatment for acute pneumonia and after 28+/-11 days of home sick leave. W170 was established not change significantly after the sick leave in spite of the favourable evolution towards further normalization of the remaining X-ray changes of the pneumonia and RES. The possible explanations are discussed for that W170 decrease after acute pneumonias and the conclusion is that further investigators in the field are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:936582", "title": "[Acute and chronic infection of mice, caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolated from Mus musculus in Moscow].", "content": "Infection of mice with strain No. 325 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) isolated in Moscow was of two types depending on the age of the animals at the time of inoculation. Infection in adult mice terminated either in death or recovery with development of immunity. Inoculation of suckling mice resulted in formation of chronic virus carrier state in most survivors. The indirect hemagglutination inhibition test was found to be very sensitive for detection of antibody in convalescent animals as well as in mice with chronic LCM infection.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic infection of mice, caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolated from Mus musculus in Moscow]. Infection of mice with strain No. 325 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) isolated in Moscow was of two types depending on the age of the animals at the time of inoculation. Infection in adult mice terminated either in death or recovery with development of immunity. Inoculation of suckling mice resulted in formation of chronic virus carrier state in most survivors. The indirect hemagglutination inhibition test was found to be very sensitive for detection of antibody in convalescent animals as well as in mice with chronic LCM infection."}
{"id": "PMID:936576", "title": "[Detection of Babes-Negri bodies in blood erythrocytes of rabid white mice].", "content": "Large numbers of polymorphous dense Babes-Negri bodies were found in brain neurons of mice sick with street rabies and dying of it. Among blood cells filling the cerebral vessels of mice dead from rabies, erythrocytes containing small dense inclusions, Babes-Negri bodies, could be seen clearly.", "contents": "[Detection of Babes-Negri bodies in blood erythrocytes of rabid white mice]. Large numbers of polymorphous dense Babes-Negri bodies were found in brain neurons of mice sick with street rabies and dying of it. Among blood cells filling the cerebral vessels of mice dead from rabies, erythrocytes containing small dense inclusions, Babes-Negri bodies, could be seen clearly."}
{"id": "PMID:936581", "title": "[RNAase activity in pig embryo kidney culture during interferon formation].", "content": "In production by pig embryo kidney cell (PEK) culture of interferon induced by UV-irradiated Newcastle disease virus, T strain, an increase in the activity of intracellular RNA-ase is observed at the optimal pH 8.5. RNA-ases of experimental cell extract have exonuclease activity in contrast to control cell enzymes which show endo- and exonuclease activity. A thermolable inhibitor absent  in control cells was detected in experimental PEK cells.", "contents": "[RNAase activity in pig embryo kidney culture during interferon formation]. In production by pig embryo kidney cell (PEK) culture of interferon induced by UV-irradiated Newcastle disease virus, T strain, an increase in the activity of intracellular RNA-ase is observed at the optimal pH 8.5. RNA-ases of experimental cell extract have exonuclease activity in contrast to control cell enzymes which show endo- and exonuclease activity. A thermolable inhibitor absent  in control cells was detected in experimental PEK cells."}
{"id": "PMID:936583", "title": "Antibodies of oncornaviruses and virus-associated antigens in cancer patients.", "content": "Specific antibodies to oncornaviruses type D and to induced by them new virus-associated antigens were found by the CFT and the adsorption method in 72.4% of 29 tested sera from patients with gynecological cancer and sarcoma and in 62.5% of 72 sera from patients with benign tumours of the genitalia. At the same time, similar antibodies were found in 73% of 63 sera from healthy donors with the blood group O.", "contents": "Antibodies of oncornaviruses and virus-associated antigens in cancer patients. Specific antibodies to oncornaviruses type D and to induced by them new virus-associated antigens were found by the CFT and the adsorption method in 72.4% of 29 tested sera from patients with gynecological cancer and sarcoma and in 62.5% of 72 sera from patients with benign tumours of the genitalia. At the same time, similar antibodies were found in 73% of 63 sera from healthy donors with the blood group O."}
{"id": "PMID:936585", "title": "[Study of stabilized erythrocytes in the direct hemagglutination reaction with influenza viruses by the method of multifactorial planning of experiments].", "content": "It was demonstrated that human, chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes stabilized with acrolein, glutaraldehyde and formalin could be used for titration of influenza A1, A2 and B viruses. For this purpose, a four-factor experiment of the type of 3X4X3X2 was planned. All the factors under study (the erythrocyte species, stabilization, erythrocyte concentration and virus type), and some dual interactions (erythrocyte species and stabilization, erythrocyte species and virus type, stabilization and virus type) were found to be significant. Planning of a multifactorial experiment permits a composite investigation of the infleunce of the factors under study and their interactions on influenza virus titers with a reduction of the total number of tests and to obtain more significant answers to preset tasks.", "contents": "[Study of stabilized erythrocytes in the direct hemagglutination reaction with influenza viruses by the method of multifactorial planning of experiments]. It was demonstrated that human, chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes stabilized with acrolein, glutaraldehyde and formalin could be used for titration of influenza A1, A2 and B viruses. For this purpose, a four-factor experiment of the type of 3X4X3X2 was planned. All the factors under study (the erythrocyte species, stabilization, erythrocyte concentration and virus type), and some dual interactions (erythrocyte species and stabilization, erythrocyte species and virus type, stabilization and virus type) were found to be significant. Planning of a multifactorial experiment permits a composite investigation of the infleunce of the factors under study and their interactions on influenza virus titers with a reduction of the total number of tests and to obtain more significant answers to preset tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:936590", "title": "[Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in chronic hepatitis studied in vitro].", "content": "A considerable damage of immunogenesis with involving both humoral and cellular immunity was recently established in certain forms of chronic hepatitis. The investigation of nonspecific cellular immunity of following-up the transformation activity of lymphocytes in vitro in stimulation with PHA provides data for the inhibition of that immunity in chronic agressive hepatitis with manifestations of hypersplenia. In the progress of the disease, the increase or decrease of the transformation activity of lymphocytes correspond to the improvement or deterioration of the disease. After splenectomy transformation activity of lymphocytes is increased parallelly with the favourable effect as regards the basic ailment and the hematological indices.", "contents": "[Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in chronic hepatitis studied in vitro]. A considerable damage of immunogenesis with involving both humoral and cellular immunity was recently established in certain forms of chronic hepatitis. The investigation of nonspecific cellular immunity of following-up the transformation activity of lymphocytes in vitro in stimulation with PHA provides data for the inhibition of that immunity in chronic agressive hepatitis with manifestations of hypersplenia. In the progress of the disease, the increase or decrease of the transformation activity of lymphocytes correspond to the improvement or deterioration of the disease. After splenectomy transformation activity of lymphocytes is increased parallelly with the favourable effect as regards the basic ailment and the hematological indices."}
{"id": "PMID:936580", "title": "[Detection of cell culture tumorigenic activity by heterotransplantation into hamster cheek pouch tissue using immunodepressants].", "content": "Different strains of diploid cells were studied experimentally in Syrian hamsters by heterotransplantation into cheek pouch tissue for detection of their tumorigenic activity. Cortisone and antilymphocyte serum were used as immunodepressors. The results showed that the use of antilymphocyte serum increased considerably the sensitivity of the method of determination of cell culture tumorigenic activity.", "contents": "[Detection of cell culture tumorigenic activity by heterotransplantation into hamster cheek pouch tissue using immunodepressants]. Different strains of diploid cells were studied experimentally in Syrian hamsters by heterotransplantation into cheek pouch tissue for detection of their tumorigenic activity. Cortisone and antilymphocyte serum were used as immunodepressors. The results showed that the use of antilymphocyte serum increased considerably the sensitivity of the method of determination of cell culture tumorigenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:936591", "title": "[Observations of respiratory function in advanced liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The respiratory function in 24 patients with liver cirrhosis (21 of them with ascites) was examined. A moderate hypoxemia was established as well as hypocapnia and high alveolar-aterial gradient for O2 pressure. The rest of the indices for gas and blood distribution in lungs do not reveal considerable deviations from the norm. The results obtained provide grounds that the manifested alveolar-arterial gradient for O2 pressure and the light to moderate hypoxemia in advanced liver cirrhosis are due mainly to increased right-left shunt and probably to increased number of alveoli with the ventilation/profusion ration equal to zero. The pathogenetic mechanism of the disturbances of gas metabolism in liver cirrhosis differ from that in chronic obstructive lung disease, characterized by manifested heterogenicity of the ventilation/perfusion raton.", "contents": "[Observations of respiratory function in advanced liver cirrhosis]. The respiratory function in 24 patients with liver cirrhosis (21 of them with ascites) was examined. A moderate hypoxemia was established as well as hypocapnia and high alveolar-aterial gradient for O2 pressure. The rest of the indices for gas and blood distribution in lungs do not reveal considerable deviations from the norm. The results obtained provide grounds that the manifested alveolar-arterial gradient for O2 pressure and the light to moderate hypoxemia in advanced liver cirrhosis are due mainly to increased right-left shunt and probably to increased number of alveoli with the ventilation/profusion ration equal to zero. The pathogenetic mechanism of the disturbances of gas metabolism in liver cirrhosis differ from that in chronic obstructive lung disease, characterized by manifested heterogenicity of the ventilation/perfusion raton."}
{"id": "PMID:936586", "title": "[Production of an erythrocyte preparation for detection of herpes antibody in the hemagglutination reaction].", "content": "A method for obtaining an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation for detection and titration of herpetic antibody in the passive hemagglutination test is reported. The use of this preparation for quantitative assay of herpetic antibody in sera from herpes simplex patients detected antibody in 100% of cases. Considerably less frequent findings of herpetic antibody were in human sera from diseases of other etiologies and in donor sera. Titers of antibody detected in the PHA test were 2--10 times higher than in the CFT. However, no differences between the PHA test and the CFT were found in per sent of seroconversions and in increase of antibody titers. The method is simple, sensitive and easy to perform in any clinical laboratory.", "contents": "[Production of an erythrocyte preparation for detection of herpes antibody in the hemagglutination reaction]. A method for obtaining an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation for detection and titration of herpetic antibody in the passive hemagglutination test is reported. The use of this preparation for quantitative assay of herpetic antibody in sera from herpes simplex patients detected antibody in 100% of cases. Considerably less frequent findings of herpetic antibody were in human sera from diseases of other etiologies and in donor sera. Titers of antibody detected in the PHA test were 2--10 times higher than in the CFT. However, no differences between the PHA test and the CFT were found in per sent of seroconversions and in increase of antibody titers. The method is simple, sensitive and easy to perform in any clinical laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:936592", "title": "[Age and sex distribution of biliary lithiasis].", "content": "The authors analyze the age and sex distribution of cholelithiasis in 388 patients. Cholelithiasis in those patients is diagnosed by X-ray method and in 24 of them -- was verified at operation. The incidence of cholelithiasis patients increases with age advancing. The percentage of patients with cholithiasis in the age group from 21 to 30 is 8,2 per cent, to reach 24,7 per cent among the patients from the age group 61 to 70. After that age the incidence of cholelithiasis decreases and among patients over 80 - the percentage is 0,5 per cent. Females are more frequently affected than males. From all the patients examined 77,9 per cent are females and 22,1 per cent are males; the ratio is about 4:1. Younger females suffer more after than the young males and the ration ranges about 15:1.", "contents": "[Age and sex distribution of biliary lithiasis]. The authors analyze the age and sex distribution of cholelithiasis in 388 patients. Cholelithiasis in those patients is diagnosed by X-ray method and in 24 of them -- was verified at operation. The incidence of cholelithiasis patients increases with age advancing. The percentage of patients with cholithiasis in the age group from 21 to 30 is 8,2 per cent, to reach 24,7 per cent among the patients from the age group 61 to 70. After that age the incidence of cholelithiasis decreases and among patients over 80 - the percentage is 0,5 per cent. Females are more frequently affected than males. From all the patients examined 77,9 per cent are females and 22,1 per cent are males; the ratio is about 4:1. Younger females suffer more after than the young males and the ration ranges about 15:1."}
{"id": "PMID:936593", "title": "[Effect of the sinocarotid test on heart bundle-branch block].", "content": "The pressing effect of sinus caroticus upon an existing permanent heart bundle branch block is studied. The test was applied on 23 patients with bundle branch block (9 with left and 14- with right). A short-term disappearance of the bundle branch block was observed in five of them, accompanied with sinus bradycardia and in one case the restoration of normal intraventricular conductivity was not accompanied with frequency change. Theoretical reasonings upon the possible explanation of the phenomenon are reported.", "contents": "[Effect of the sinocarotid test on heart bundle-branch block]. The pressing effect of sinus caroticus upon an existing permanent heart bundle branch block is studied. The test was applied on 23 patients with bundle branch block (9 with left and 14- with right). A short-term disappearance of the bundle branch block was observed in five of them, accompanied with sinus bradycardia and in one case the restoration of normal intraventricular conductivity was not accompanied with frequency change. Theoretical reasonings upon the possible explanation of the phenomenon are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:936594", "title": "[Male patient with anterior left hemiblock simulating anteroseptal infarct].", "content": "One case with left anterior hemiblock is described with ECG and image, simulating anteroseptal infarction. The precordial recording one intercostal space below facilitates the correct interpretation of the electrocardiogram. A short survey on the mechanism of septum activation is carried out and an explanation is given to the ECG changes, described, manifested with the appearance of Q peaks in the precordial V1-V3 leads.", "contents": "[Male patient with anterior left hemiblock simulating anteroseptal infarct]. One case with left anterior hemiblock is described with ECG and image, simulating anteroseptal infarction. The precordial recording one intercostal space below facilitates the correct interpretation of the electrocardiogram. A short survey on the mechanism of septum activation is carried out and an explanation is given to the ECG changes, described, manifested with the appearance of Q peaks in the precordial V1-V3 leads."}
{"id": "PMID:936600", "title": "Tuberculous enteritis.", "content": "Tuberculous enteritis occurs in about 2 percent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Although it is uncommon in the United States, tuberculous enteritis should be considered in any patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis and abdominal complaints. Eight cases of T. enteritis have been treated at Harbor General Hospital in the last 25 years. Associated pulmonary disease was shown radiologically to be present in seven of eight patients. Findings on contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract showed disease in six of six patients examined. In five patients, surgical operation was required for diagnosis or complications. Resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis was done in five patients. Although medical therapy is the mainstay in the treatment of both pulmonary and intestinal tuberculosis, one staged resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis is the procedure of choice for complications such as obstruction, hemorrhage or perforation.", "contents": "Tuberculous enteritis. Tuberculous enteritis occurs in about 2 percent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Although it is uncommon in the United States, tuberculous enteritis should be considered in any patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis and abdominal complaints. Eight cases of T. enteritis have been treated at Harbor General Hospital in the last 25 years. Associated pulmonary disease was shown radiologically to be present in seven of eight patients. Findings on contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract showed disease in six of six patients examined. In five patients, surgical operation was required for diagnosis or complications. Resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis was done in five patients. Although medical therapy is the mainstay in the treatment of both pulmonary and intestinal tuberculosis, one staged resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis is the procedure of choice for complications such as obstruction, hemorrhage or perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:936640", "title": "[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials].", "content": "Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials.", "contents": "[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials]. Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials."}
{"id": "PMID:936641", "title": "Effects of 6-aminochrysene on liver microsomal enzyme activity.", "content": "1. No transformation of 6-aminochrysene took place during its incubation with rat liver microsomes under oxygen or anaerobic conditions. 2. 6-Aminochrysene inhibited the hydroxylation of aniline, O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, and N-demethylation of aminopyrine by rat liver microsomes. 3. Pre-treatment of rats with 6-aminochrysene markedly decreased the N-demethylation in vitro but significantly increased the hydroxylation and the O-demethylation. Similar effects were observed also with microsomal preparations from livers perfused with 6-aminochrysene.", "contents": "Effects of 6-aminochrysene on liver microsomal enzyme activity. 1. No transformation of 6-aminochrysene took place during its incubation with rat liver microsomes under oxygen or anaerobic conditions. 2. 6-Aminochrysene inhibited the hydroxylation of aniline, O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, and N-demethylation of aminopyrine by rat liver microsomes. 3. Pre-treatment of rats with 6-aminochrysene markedly decreased the N-demethylation in vitro but significantly increased the hydroxylation and the O-demethylation. Similar effects were observed also with microsomal preparations from livers perfused with 6-aminochrysene."}
{"id": "PMID:936642", "title": "The metabolism of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man.", "content": "1. The major urinary metabolite of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man was an enol glucuronide of N-desmethyl isopropylanipyrine, which comprised about 80% of the whole urinary metabolites. 2. Six other minor metabolites occurred in rat urine; all lacked the N-methyl group of the parent drug, and some had undergone further oxidation at the isopropyl group, the phenyl group or in the C-4 position.", "contents": "The metabolism of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man. 1. The major urinary metabolite of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man was an enol glucuronide of N-desmethyl isopropylanipyrine, which comprised about 80% of the whole urinary metabolites. 2. Six other minor metabolites occurred in rat urine; all lacked the N-methyl group of the parent drug, and some had undergone further oxidation at the isopropyl group, the phenyl group or in the C-4 position."}
{"id": "PMID:936643", "title": "Comparative metabolic studies of phenacetin and structurally-related compounds in the rat.", "content": "1. A comparative study of the metabolism of [acetyl-14C]phenacetin, [acetyl-14C]methacetin, [acetyl-14C]paracetamol and [acetyl=14C]acetanilide in the rat is reported. 2. The extent of N-deacetylation, evidenced by the measurement of respired 14CO2, varied, being greatest with acetanilide (25-31%) and least with paracetamol (6%). 3. The major urinary metabolites in each case were N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl sulphate and N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl glucuronide; the relative proportions varied with the sex of the animals and as a result of extended dosage. 4. The metabolism of [ethyl-14C]phenacetin and [ethyl-14C]phenetidine was investigated and the extent of O-dealkylation determined by measurement of respired 14CO2. 5. The metabolic pathways of some related glycolanilides and oxanilic acids included N-deacylation, and in the glycolanilides, oxidation of the glycollic group.", "contents": "Comparative metabolic studies of phenacetin and structurally-related compounds in the rat. 1. A comparative study of the metabolism of [acetyl-14C]phenacetin, [acetyl-14C]methacetin, [acetyl-14C]paracetamol and [acetyl=14C]acetanilide in the rat is reported. 2. The extent of N-deacetylation, evidenced by the measurement of respired 14CO2, varied, being greatest with acetanilide (25-31%) and least with paracetamol (6%). 3. The major urinary metabolites in each case were N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl sulphate and N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl glucuronide; the relative proportions varied with the sex of the animals and as a result of extended dosage. 4. The metabolism of [ethyl-14C]phenacetin and [ethyl-14C]phenetidine was investigated and the extent of O-dealkylation determined by measurement of respired 14CO2. 5. The metabolic pathways of some related glycolanilides and oxanilic acids included N-deacylation, and in the glycolanilides, oxidation of the glycollic group."}
{"id": "PMID:936644", "title": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of laevodopa and its metabolites in the rat.", "content": "1. Plasma levels of total radioactivity, unchanged laevodopa, dopamine, 3-O-methyldopa and non-amino phenolic acids were measured in rats treated orally with [3H]laevodopa at total laevodopa doses of 1, 10, 20 and 100mg/kg while the radioactive dose was maintained at 100muCi/kg for all animal groups. 2. Within the dosage range studied, non-linear pharmacokinetics were observed for unchanged laevodopa, non-amino phenolic acids and dopamine but not for 3-O-methyldopa. 3. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for laevodopa increased exponentially with linear increments in the oral dose. This non-linear increase in laevodopa bioavailability is consistent with the hypothesis that high oral doses of laevodopa are required to saturate gastro-intestinal metabolism of the drug. 4. At the lower doses (1 and 20 mg/kg), only 2-3% of total radioactivity could be attributed to dopamine. At 100mg/kg, the dopamine metabolite fraction amounted to about 1/3 of total radioactivity in the plasma.", "contents": "Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of laevodopa and its metabolites in the rat. 1. Plasma levels of total radioactivity, unchanged laevodopa, dopamine, 3-O-methyldopa and non-amino phenolic acids were measured in rats treated orally with [3H]laevodopa at total laevodopa doses of 1, 10, 20 and 100mg/kg while the radioactive dose was maintained at 100muCi/kg for all animal groups. 2. Within the dosage range studied, non-linear pharmacokinetics were observed for unchanged laevodopa, non-amino phenolic acids and dopamine but not for 3-O-methyldopa. 3. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for laevodopa increased exponentially with linear increments in the oral dose. This non-linear increase in laevodopa bioavailability is consistent with the hypothesis that high oral doses of laevodopa are required to saturate gastro-intestinal metabolism of the drug. 4. At the lower doses (1 and 20 mg/kg), only 2-3% of total radioactivity could be attributed to dopamine. At 100mg/kg, the dopamine metabolite fraction amounted to about 1/3 of total radioactivity in the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:936645", "title": "Paracetamol metabolism in the rat: relationship to covalent binding and hepatic damage.", "content": "1. The degree of liver damage observed 48 h after administration of 14C ring-labelled paracetamol (3-23 mmol/kg) to rats was proportional to the amount of a highly reactive metabolite retained in the liver, bound covalently to hepatocellular proteins. 2. With increasing doses of paracetamol, urinary excretion of the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates reached a plateau, whereas the output of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates increased markedly. 3. The degree of covalent binding at 48 h was proportional to the rate of urinary elimination of these two latter conjugates in the first 24 h after dosing.", "contents": "Paracetamol metabolism in the rat: relationship to covalent binding and hepatic damage. 1. The degree of liver damage observed 48 h after administration of 14C ring-labelled paracetamol (3-23 mmol/kg) to rats was proportional to the amount of a highly reactive metabolite retained in the liver, bound covalently to hepatocellular proteins. 2. With increasing doses of paracetamol, urinary excretion of the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates reached a plateau, whereas the output of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates increased markedly. 3. The degree of covalent binding at 48 h was proportional to the rate of urinary elimination of these two latter conjugates in the first 24 h after dosing."}
{"id": "PMID:936646", "title": "The formation of an N-hydroxymethyl intermediate in the N-demethylation of N-methylcarbazole in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "1. The metabolism of N-methylcarbazole has been studied in several mammalian species, both in vivo and in vitro. 2. An important metabolite after incubation of N-methylcarbazole with liver microsomes in vitro was identified as N-hydroxymethylcarbazole. 3. This metabolite was also found as a conjugate (probably the O-glucuronide) in the urine of some species. 4. N-Hydroxymethylcarbazole decomposed spontaneously in solution at pH 7-4 to formaldehyde and carbazole; this breakdown was enhanced by incubation with liver microsomes from several species, especially the guinea-pig. 5. The role of N-methyl hydroxylation, compared with N-oxidation, in the mechanism of N-dealkylation of non-basic N-methyl compounds is discussed.", "contents": "The formation of an N-hydroxymethyl intermediate in the N-demethylation of N-methylcarbazole in vivo and in vitro. 1. The metabolism of N-methylcarbazole has been studied in several mammalian species, both in vivo and in vitro. 2. An important metabolite after incubation of N-methylcarbazole with liver microsomes in vitro was identified as N-hydroxymethylcarbazole. 3. This metabolite was also found as a conjugate (probably the O-glucuronide) in the urine of some species. 4. N-Hydroxymethylcarbazole decomposed spontaneously in solution at pH 7-4 to formaldehyde and carbazole; this breakdown was enhanced by incubation with liver microsomes from several species, especially the guinea-pig. 5. The role of N-methyl hydroxylation, compared with N-oxidation, in the mechanism of N-dealkylation of non-basic N-methyl compounds is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936647", "title": "Post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples.", "content": "1. A rapid and sensitive semi-micro method for the determination of hippuric acid formation by tissue samples in vitro is described and applied to the determination of the post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples. 2. Hippuric acid formation survived in rat and human cadaver liver for at least 72 h when corpses were stored at 4 degrees. 3. Hippuric acid formation was detected in human cadaver liver and kidney samples and was absent from brain, intestine, heart and lung. 4. Post-mortem liver samples from a case of acute pancreatitis failed to form hippuric acid as did kidney samples from a case of systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement.", "contents": "Post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples. 1. A rapid and sensitive semi-micro method for the determination of hippuric acid formation by tissue samples in vitro is described and applied to the determination of the post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples. 2. Hippuric acid formation survived in rat and human cadaver liver for at least 72 h when corpses were stored at 4 degrees. 3. Hippuric acid formation was detected in human cadaver liver and kidney samples and was absent from brain, intestine, heart and lung. 4. Post-mortem liver samples from a case of acute pancreatitis failed to form hippuric acid as did kidney samples from a case of systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:936648", "title": "The disposition of coralyne sulphoacetate in rodents.", "content": "1. The disposition of (14C) coralyne sulphoacetate has been examined in the mouse and rat at three dose levels. 2. In both species the major route of excretion is biliary following either intraperitoneal or intravenous administration. In rats, 18-24% of the 14C is eliminated in the bile in the first 24 h and only 1-2% in the urine. Transport into bile appears to be active and the transport system saturable at the doses employed. 3. The majority of the biliary 14C in the rats is unchanged parent compound and a minority is associated with a metabolite. The maximum amount of metabolite is 12% at 10-30 min following the administered dose. 4. The initial plasma decay of (14C) coralyne following intravenous administration is rapid. Half-life values are 12-3, 16-2 and 2-41 min after doses of 13, 26 and 52 mg/kg respectively. 5. No sex differences were found in the rat in the parameters studied.", "contents": "The disposition of coralyne sulphoacetate in rodents. 1. The disposition of (14C) coralyne sulphoacetate has been examined in the mouse and rat at three dose levels. 2. In both species the major route of excretion is biliary following either intraperitoneal or intravenous administration. In rats, 18-24% of the 14C is eliminated in the bile in the first 24 h and only 1-2% in the urine. Transport into bile appears to be active and the transport system saturable at the doses employed. 3. The majority of the biliary 14C in the rats is unchanged parent compound and a minority is associated with a metabolite. The maximum amount of metabolite is 12% at 10-30 min following the administered dose. 4. The initial plasma decay of (14C) coralyne following intravenous administration is rapid. Half-life values are 12-3, 16-2 and 2-41 min after doses of 13, 26 and 52 mg/kg respectively. 5. No sex differences were found in the rat in the parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:936649", "title": "Studies on metabolism of trazodone. III Species differences.", "content": "1. After oral administration of (14C) trazodone HCl (4 mg/kg) to rabbits, the blood level of radioactivity shows a peak at 3 h; unchanged trazodone concentration in brain is higher than that in plasma at 3 h after dosage. 29 The metabolic fate of trazodone in rabbits is different from that in rats and a new, basic metabolite is present in rabbit liver, brain, plasma and urine. 3. The concentration pattern in blood of humans given a single dosage (50 mg) of trazodone HCl is similar to that in rabbits rather than that in rats. 4. The rate of metabolism of trazodone by liver microsomes from mice is approximately 1-5 times higher than that with rat or rabbit liver microsomes.", "contents": "Studies on metabolism of trazodone. III Species differences. 1. After oral administration of (14C) trazodone HCl (4 mg/kg) to rabbits, the blood level of radioactivity shows a peak at 3 h; unchanged trazodone concentration in brain is higher than that in plasma at 3 h after dosage. 29 The metabolic fate of trazodone in rabbits is different from that in rats and a new, basic metabolite is present in rabbit liver, brain, plasma and urine. 3. The concentration pattern in blood of humans given a single dosage (50 mg) of trazodone HCl is similar to that in rabbits rather than that in rats. 4. The rate of metabolism of trazodone by liver microsomes from mice is approximately 1-5 times higher than that with rat or rabbit liver microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:936702", "title": "[Carbohydrate tolerance and behavior of insulin in the glucose infusion test in persons with normal weight with prediabetic suspicion].", "content": "In altogether 289 persons with normal weight with suspicion of the existence of a prestage of diabetes the 2 hour's glucose infusion test was carried out. In these cases 61% of the test persons showed a normal, 8% a critical, 26% a pathological and 5% a manifest diabetic metabolic condition. A reduction of the initial and late phase of the insulin secretion provable with deterioration of the carbohydrate tolerance must be regarded as cause of metabolic disturbances. The lack of a significant relation between diabetic heredofamiliality and carbohydrate tolerance indirectly refers to the importance of the environmental factors which on the basis of a genetic defect have a decisive influence of the morbidity caused by diabetes. The reduction of the initial phase which is provable already in potential diabetes, particularly clearly it is to be demonstrated in pathological and manifest diabetic metabolic situation, may be regarded as an early symptom of diabetes. Carbohydrate tolerance and preparation of insulin were reduced in decenniums of older age.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate tolerance and behavior of insulin in the glucose infusion test in persons with normal weight with prediabetic suspicion]. In altogether 289 persons with normal weight with suspicion of the existence of a prestage of diabetes the 2 hour's glucose infusion test was carried out. In these cases 61% of the test persons showed a normal, 8% a critical, 26% a pathological and 5% a manifest diabetic metabolic condition. A reduction of the initial and late phase of the insulin secretion provable with deterioration of the carbohydrate tolerance must be regarded as cause of metabolic disturbances. The lack of a significant relation between diabetic heredofamiliality and carbohydrate tolerance indirectly refers to the importance of the environmental factors which on the basis of a genetic defect have a decisive influence of the morbidity caused by diabetes. The reduction of the initial phase which is provable already in potential diabetes, particularly clearly it is to be demonstrated in pathological and manifest diabetic metabolic situation, may be regarded as an early symptom of diabetes. Carbohydrate tolerance and preparation of insulin were reduced in decenniums of older age."}
{"id": "PMID:936703", "title": "[Aldosteroneia in acute kidney failure].", "content": "In 19 patients with acute renal insufficiency the plasma renin activity (PRA) and the aldosteronaemia were determined during the phase of anuria and oliguria. Significantly elevated PRA values were found while plasma aldosterone was only moderately elevated in the blood plasma. Apart from this a significantly negative correlation between the aldosterone level and the sodium and bicarbonate concentrations in the blood plasma were found. The lack of a significant positive correlation between PRA and plasma aldosterone levels suggests the participation of factors other than renin in the regulation of the aldosterone secretion in patients with acute renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Aldosteroneia in acute kidney failure]. In 19 patients with acute renal insufficiency the plasma renin activity (PRA) and the aldosteronaemia were determined during the phase of anuria and oliguria. Significantly elevated PRA values were found while plasma aldosterone was only moderately elevated in the blood plasma. Apart from this a significantly negative correlation between the aldosterone level and the sodium and bicarbonate concentrations in the blood plasma were found. The lack of a significant positive correlation between PRA and plasma aldosterone levels suggests the participation of factors other than renin in the regulation of the aldosterone secretion in patients with acute renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:936704", "title": "[Alcohol-induced lesions of the nerve and muscle].", "content": "A review is given on the most important neurologic sequelae after long lasting abuse of alcohol. The paper especially deals with the clinical features of neuropathic and myopathic disorders in alcoholics. Electromyography (including electroneurography) is considered to be a major diagnostic aid in these conditions.", "contents": "[Alcohol-induced lesions of the nerve and muscle]. A review is given on the most important neurologic sequelae after long lasting abuse of alcohol. The paper especially deals with the clinical features of neuropathic and myopathic disorders in alcoholics. Electromyography (including electroneurography) is considered to be a major diagnostic aid in these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:936705", "title": "[Drug-fever due to ajmaline (Tachmalin)].", "content": "A report is given on a patient in whom during treatment and prophylactic measures of paroxysmal tachycardias after intravenous application of ajmalin large attacks of fever with chills developed. The oral application evoked subfebrile temperatures and weakness. The drug-fever which was to be ascertained by exposition and omitting experiments was falsely explained for many years.", "contents": "[Drug-fever due to ajmaline (Tachmalin)]. A report is given on a patient in whom during treatment and prophylactic measures of paroxysmal tachycardias after intravenous application of ajmalin large attacks of fever with chills developed. The oral application evoked subfebrile temperatures and weakness. The drug-fever which was to be ascertained by exposition and omitting experiments was falsely explained for many years."}
{"id": "PMID:936707", "title": "[The correlation of glucose-concentration and acid-base-balance of the maternal and fetal blood during labor (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of the present paper was to investigate if the glucose concentration of the fetal blood is reduced already during parturition. It was further of interest if there is a relationship between the glucose concentration in the maternal blood and the acid-base-balance of the maternal and the fetal blood, respectively. The observations comprised 40 patients during labor. Blood was sampled from the hyperemized fetal scalp and the umbilical artery. The maternal blood was collected from the hyperemized earlobe and fingertip, respectively. The blood was analyzed for pH, PCO2, base excess and blood glucose. The dip area (DA) was taken from the cardiogram and measured by planimetry. During labor the blood glucose increased in the fetal blood from 67 mg% (SD 12) to 87 mg% (SD 23) (2 alpha less than 0,001) and in the maternal blood from 88 mg% (SD 14) to 113 mg% (SD 29) (2 alpha less than 0,02). There was a significant correlation between the fetal and maternal blood glucose concentrations. The increase of the fetal glucose concentration is, however, less with increasing maternal blood glucose. (b = 0,66). The base excess in the maternal and fetal blood fell significantly. The rise of the maternal and fetal base excess (= base deficit) was related to the increase of the glucose concentration (2 alpha less than 0,001). If the base excess was zero, the fetal and the maternal blood glucose was 46 mg% and 78 mg%, respectively. The difference between the maternal and fetal blood glucose was 28 mg%. With increasing DA the fetal blood glucose increased (2 alpha less than 0,001.). From the observations it is concluded that there developes no hypoglycemia during parturition. This is due to the correlation found between fetal and maternal blood glucose and due to the rise in fetal blood glucose during hypoxia. Obviously, the decrease in fetal glucose following delivery is caused by a lack of glycogen which is enduced during labor and strengthened by a deficit of enteral glucose supply.", "contents": "[The correlation of glucose-concentration and acid-base-balance of the maternal and fetal blood during labor (author's transl)]. The aim of the present paper was to investigate if the glucose concentration of the fetal blood is reduced already during parturition. It was further of interest if there is a relationship between the glucose concentration in the maternal blood and the acid-base-balance of the maternal and the fetal blood, respectively. The observations comprised 40 patients during labor. Blood was sampled from the hyperemized fetal scalp and the umbilical artery. The maternal blood was collected from the hyperemized earlobe and fingertip, respectively. The blood was analyzed for pH, PCO2, base excess and blood glucose. The dip area (DA) was taken from the cardiogram and measured by planimetry. During labor the blood glucose increased in the fetal blood from 67 mg% (SD 12) to 87 mg% (SD 23) (2 alpha less than 0,001) and in the maternal blood from 88 mg% (SD 14) to 113 mg% (SD 29) (2 alpha less than 0,02). There was a significant correlation between the fetal and maternal blood glucose concentrations. The increase of the fetal glucose concentration is, however, less with increasing maternal blood glucose. (b = 0,66). The base excess in the maternal and fetal blood fell significantly. The rise of the maternal and fetal base excess (= base deficit) was related to the increase of the glucose concentration (2 alpha less than 0,001). If the base excess was zero, the fetal and the maternal blood glucose was 46 mg% and 78 mg%, respectively. The difference between the maternal and fetal blood glucose was 28 mg%. With increasing DA the fetal blood glucose increased (2 alpha less than 0,001.). From the observations it is concluded that there developes no hypoglycemia during parturition. This is due to the correlation found between fetal and maternal blood glucose and due to the rise in fetal blood glucose during hypoxia. Obviously, the decrease in fetal glucose following delivery is caused by a lack of glycogen which is enduced during labor and strengthened by a deficit of enteral glucose supply."}
{"id": "PMID:936708", "title": "[A suggestion for the evaluation of the antepartal cardiotocogram (author's transl)].", "content": "An evaluation scale for the antepartal cardiotocogram is suggested which is intentionally based on the Apgar scale. Five criteria were evaluated: three characteristics of the basal fetal heart rate and two characteristic, recognized alterations in heart rate. In regard to the interpretation of the basal heart rate, level, range and number of flat readings per minute are significant for the prognosis. Alterations in heart rate permit a prognostic statement depending on the form and type of the acceleration and deceleration 0-2 points are given for every characteristic so that the index can vary from 0 to 10 points. The condition of the fetus is physiologic when the index is between 8-10, the prognosis is questionable when the index is between 5 and 7 and the condition of the fetus is critical when it is 4 or lower.", "contents": "[A suggestion for the evaluation of the antepartal cardiotocogram (author's transl)]. An evaluation scale for the antepartal cardiotocogram is suggested which is intentionally based on the Apgar scale. Five criteria were evaluated: three characteristics of the basal fetal heart rate and two characteristic, recognized alterations in heart rate. In regard to the interpretation of the basal heart rate, level, range and number of flat readings per minute are significant for the prognosis. Alterations in heart rate permit a prognostic statement depending on the form and type of the acceleration and deceleration 0-2 points are given for every characteristic so that the index can vary from 0 to 10 points. The condition of the fetus is physiologic when the index is between 8-10, the prognosis is questionable when the index is between 5 and 7 and the condition of the fetus is critical when it is 4 or lower."}
{"id": "PMID:936709", "title": "[The importance of the risk factor \"obesity\" during gravidy (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1. 6. 1972 and 31. 12. 1974 obese gravidae with a body weight of 90 kg or more were observed (7,6% of all patients in this period). This 315 patients were compared with a group of 315 patients with normal body weight chosen by random. The results of both groups were compared and evaluated by statistic (t-test, x2-test). A significant higher rate of Diabetes, latent Diabetes, EPH-Gestosis and cases of over-term deliveries were found in the group of obese patients.", "contents": "[The importance of the risk factor \"obesity\" during gravidy (author's transl)]. Between 1. 6. 1972 and 31. 12. 1974 obese gravidae with a body weight of 90 kg or more were observed (7,6% of all patients in this period). This 315 patients were compared with a group of 315 patients with normal body weight chosen by random. The results of both groups were compared and evaluated by statistic (t-test, x2-test). A significant higher rate of Diabetes, latent Diabetes, EPH-Gestosis and cases of over-term deliveries were found in the group of obese patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936710", "title": "[The importance of the risk factor \"obesity\" during delivery, postpartal and for the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of delivery and labor, the post partum period and the postpartal condition of the newborn were reviewed in 315 obese patients with a bodyweight of 90 kg or more at delivery. The results were compared with those of a group of 315 patients with a body-weight of less than 90 kg, choosed by random and evaluated by statistic (t-test, x2-test). In the group of obese gravidae we found a significant higher rate of cases with induction of labor, protracted deliveries, breech presentation and operative deliveries. Also the rate of manual removal of the placenta, post partum uterine infections and disorders in the milk secretion was significant higher in this group. Post partum abnormal glucose tolerance tests ocurred abnormal more frequently in the obese patients. The weight of the infants of obese mothers was higher as in the control group. Significant higher were the perinatal mortality and the cases of fetal death in utero in the obese group compared to the non obese group.", "contents": "[The importance of the risk factor \"obesity\" during delivery, postpartal and for the newborn (author's transl)]. The course of delivery and labor, the post partum period and the postpartal condition of the newborn were reviewed in 315 obese patients with a bodyweight of 90 kg or more at delivery. The results were compared with those of a group of 315 patients with a body-weight of less than 90 kg, choosed by random and evaluated by statistic (t-test, x2-test). In the group of obese gravidae we found a significant higher rate of cases with induction of labor, protracted deliveries, breech presentation and operative deliveries. Also the rate of manual removal of the placenta, post partum uterine infections and disorders in the milk secretion was significant higher in this group. Post partum abnormal glucose tolerance tests ocurred abnormal more frequently in the obese patients. The weight of the infants of obese mothers was higher as in the control group. Significant higher were the perinatal mortality and the cases of fetal death in utero in the obese group compared to the non obese group."}
{"id": "PMID:936711", "title": "[Are more girls than boys born in breech presentation compared with head presentation?].", "content": "In breech presentations a little more girls are born than boys, among head presentations there is a slight excess of boys. Among the factors favoring pelvic presentation birth weight has, according to present investigations, a decisive influence on the different sex relationship in the two presentations. Boys are little more common than girls in head presentation in the higher weight groups, in breech presentation in the upper and lower weight groups, while girls predominate in the middle weight groups. The absolute size of the middle weight groups in breech presentation causes the small excess of girls. A possible link with the slightly higher mortality of boys during the first year and its higher incidence in very high and very low weight groups are discussed as well as the dependence of the production of breech presentation on weight and mobility of the fetus.", "contents": "[Are more girls than boys born in breech presentation compared with head presentation?]. In breech presentations a little more girls are born than boys, among head presentations there is a slight excess of boys. Among the factors favoring pelvic presentation birth weight has, according to present investigations, a decisive influence on the different sex relationship in the two presentations. Boys are little more common than girls in head presentation in the higher weight groups, in breech presentation in the upper and lower weight groups, while girls predominate in the middle weight groups. The absolute size of the middle weight groups in breech presentation causes the small excess of girls. A possible link with the slightly higher mortality of boys during the first year and its higher incidence in very high and very low weight groups are discussed as well as the dependence of the production of breech presentation on weight and mobility of the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:936712", "title": "Placental transfer of thiamphenicol.", "content": "The placental transfer of thiamphenicol was studied in 29 subjects at term after intravenous bolus injection of 500 mg of the drug. Detectable plasma levels were present in umbilical blood and amniotic fluid as early as 5 and 18 minutes, respectively, after maternal administration. With the dosage applied, minimum concentrations required for the inhibition of many organisms causing intrauterine infections were reached in maternal and fetal plasma and in amniotic fluid. The value of thiamphenicol for the treatment of intrauterine infections is discussed.", "contents": "Placental transfer of thiamphenicol. The placental transfer of thiamphenicol was studied in 29 subjects at term after intravenous bolus injection of 500 mg of the drug. Detectable plasma levels were present in umbilical blood and amniotic fluid as early as 5 and 18 minutes, respectively, after maternal administration. With the dosage applied, minimum concentrations required for the inhibition of many organisms causing intrauterine infections were reached in maternal and fetal plasma and in amniotic fluid. The value of thiamphenicol for the treatment of intrauterine infections is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936713", "title": "[Prenatal weight loss in the infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Hillemanns and coworkers established, that infants born after induced labor were heavier, on the average, than those from a control group; who were born after spontaneous labor. Since it was postulated, that a weight loss preceded the onset of spontaneous labor, the birth weight and length of 444 infants born after induced labor and 70 infants born via a primary cesarean section was compared with a control group of 1,028 uncomplicated births via spontaneous labor. Thirty seven post term infants were also included in the study. The birth weight and length of infants after induced labor or delivered by primary cesarean section significantly higher than those in the control group. The post term infants were also significantly longer, but their weight was not significantly lower, than that in the control group. The major differences could not be accounted for by varying periods of gestation nor could they be accounted for by the special conditions of induced labor or cesarean section. Therefore, the only possibility remaining is that a weight loss precedes spontaneous labor. This may possibly be explained by the reduction in the relative water content which begins before birth and continues through the newborn period or by a relative placenta insufficiency. The infant weight loss and loss of amniotic fluid after the thirtyeighth week of pregnancy refutes the theory, that birth is induced by a stretching of the uterine wall. The possibility is discussed, that the onset of labor is influenced by a corresponding relief from tension such as that, which occurs following a premature rupture of the fetal membranes.", "contents": "[Prenatal weight loss in the infant (author's transl)]. Hillemanns and coworkers established, that infants born after induced labor were heavier, on the average, than those from a control group; who were born after spontaneous labor. Since it was postulated, that a weight loss preceded the onset of spontaneous labor, the birth weight and length of 444 infants born after induced labor and 70 infants born via a primary cesarean section was compared with a control group of 1,028 uncomplicated births via spontaneous labor. Thirty seven post term infants were also included in the study. The birth weight and length of infants after induced labor or delivered by primary cesarean section significantly higher than those in the control group. The post term infants were also significantly longer, but their weight was not significantly lower, than that in the control group. The major differences could not be accounted for by varying periods of gestation nor could they be accounted for by the special conditions of induced labor or cesarean section. Therefore, the only possibility remaining is that a weight loss precedes spontaneous labor. This may possibly be explained by the reduction in the relative water content which begins before birth and continues through the newborn period or by a relative placenta insufficiency. The infant weight loss and loss of amniotic fluid after the thirtyeighth week of pregnancy refutes the theory, that birth is induced by a stretching of the uterine wall. The possibility is discussed, that the onset of labor is influenced by a corresponding relief from tension such as that, which occurs following a premature rupture of the fetal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:936714", "title": "[Four cases of extrapyramidal effects following the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with triflupromazin (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of four cases of extrapyramidal effects following the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with neuroleptica (Triflupromazin). A short list is made of the common preparations and their neuroleptic potency. The pathophysiological theory is mentioned and the simple and very effectfull therapy with anti-parkinsonism-drugs.", "contents": "[Four cases of extrapyramidal effects following the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with triflupromazin (author's transl)]. Report of four cases of extrapyramidal effects following the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum with neuroleptica (Triflupromazin). A short list is made of the common preparations and their neuroleptic potency. The pathophysiological theory is mentioned and the simple and very effectfull therapy with anti-parkinsonism-drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:936715", "title": "Intolerance to aspirin: clinical and immunological studies.", "content": "Skin-tests, patch-tests, Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs according to Ovary and lymphocyte proliferation tests in vitro using thymidine 2-C14 have been carried out in 31 patients with aspirin intolerance. Acetylsalicyclic acid, aspiryl-polylysine, lysine acetylsalicylate, and sodium salicylate were used in these investigations. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation according to BORN in the presence of aspirin was also studied. An immunological mechanism was revealed in only a small percentage of the patients studied, indicating in the remaining cases the possible role of nonimmunological processes or the inadequacy of the test technique employed.", "contents": "Intolerance to aspirin: clinical and immunological studies. Skin-tests, patch-tests, Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs according to Ovary and lymphocyte proliferation tests in vitro using thymidine 2-C14 have been carried out in 31 patients with aspirin intolerance. Acetylsalicyclic acid, aspiryl-polylysine, lysine acetylsalicylate, and sodium salicylate were used in these investigations. Collagen-induced platelet aggregation according to BORN in the presence of aspirin was also studied. An immunological mechanism was revealed in only a small percentage of the patients studied, indicating in the remaining cases the possible role of nonimmunological processes or the inadequacy of the test technique employed."}
{"id": "PMID:936716", "title": "[Contributions to the mechanism of the Witebsky-test (author's transl)].", "content": "The assumption that immune and normal alloantibodies of the ABO system could be distinguished by partial neutralization with soluble specific blood group substance (Witebsky test) has been reexamined. The following results were presented: 1. ABO alloantibodies in both normal and immune sera as well as their IgG and IgM preparations were inhibited by their homologous soluble specific blood group substances. 2. Anti-A and anti-B immune antibodies as well as normal antibodies of the IgG class were found to be strong hemagglutinins in a saline medium; therefore they have to be called \"complete\" hemagglutinins as have anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the class IgM too. 3. ABO alloantibodies in both IgG and IgM preparations were able to form precipitation pellets with their homologous soluble specific blood group substances. IgM revealed a stronger precipitation power as IgG. 4. Agglutination reaction in saline was inhibited by the 50-200-fold group substance concentration needed for a optimal precipitation reaction, whereas agglutination of enzyme treated erythrocytes or red cells tested with antiglobulin (Coombs) sera was inhibited by a 20,000-80,000-fold concentration of the blood group substances. 5. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes, prepared from solubilized precipitates or from Witebsky test mixtures using chromatography, ultracentrifuge or ultrafiltration for separation were able to agglutinate erythrocytes in the antiglobulin or papain test. Following conclusions were drawn: A. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes are the main component leading to a positive Witebsky test. B. The mechanism of the Witebsky test as it has to be assumed in respect to our findings do not allow the distinguish immune and normal alloantibodies resp. IgG and IgM alloagglutinins in the ABO system.", "contents": "[Contributions to the mechanism of the Witebsky-test (author's transl)]. The assumption that immune and normal alloantibodies of the ABO system could be distinguished by partial neutralization with soluble specific blood group substance (Witebsky test) has been reexamined. The following results were presented: 1. ABO alloantibodies in both normal and immune sera as well as their IgG and IgM preparations were inhibited by their homologous soluble specific blood group substances. 2. Anti-A and anti-B immune antibodies as well as normal antibodies of the IgG class were found to be strong hemagglutinins in a saline medium; therefore they have to be called \"complete\" hemagglutinins as have anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the class IgM too. 3. ABO alloantibodies in both IgG and IgM preparations were able to form precipitation pellets with their homologous soluble specific blood group substances. IgM revealed a stronger precipitation power as IgG. 4. Agglutination reaction in saline was inhibited by the 50-200-fold group substance concentration needed for a optimal precipitation reaction, whereas agglutination of enzyme treated erythrocytes or red cells tested with antiglobulin (Coombs) sera was inhibited by a 20,000-80,000-fold concentration of the blood group substances. 5. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes, prepared from solubilized precipitates or from Witebsky test mixtures using chromatography, ultracentrifuge or ultrafiltration for separation were able to agglutinate erythrocytes in the antiglobulin or papain test. Following conclusions were drawn: A. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes are the main component leading to a positive Witebsky test. B. The mechanism of the Witebsky test as it has to be assumed in respect to our findings do not allow the distinguish immune and normal alloantibodies resp. IgG and IgM alloagglutinins in the ABO system."}
{"id": "PMID:936717", "title": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity with blood group results using gene frequencies of foreign populations. I. Formulas for the manual computation of Y/X values (author's transl)].", "content": "Formulas for the computation of the Y/X likelihood ratio will be given when in view of a biostatistical evaluation of blood group findings frequencies other than Central European ones should be used for all participants concerned. The given formulas are applicable to all common blood group systems and factors currently used in blood group expertises, except the Rh and HL-A systems which are too complex for simple arithmetic formulas.", "contents": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity with blood group results using gene frequencies of foreign populations. I. Formulas for the manual computation of Y/X values (author's transl)]. Formulas for the computation of the Y/X likelihood ratio will be given when in view of a biostatistical evaluation of blood group findings frequencies other than Central European ones should be used for all participants concerned. The given formulas are applicable to all common blood group systems and factors currently used in blood group expertises, except the Rh and HL-A systems which are too complex for simple arithmetic formulas."}
{"id": "PMID:936718", "title": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity with blood group results using gene frequencies of foreign populations. II. Description of a computer programme to calculate log Y/X and W (author's transl)].", "content": "A previously described computer programme designed to include any given relatives was modified to such an extent that also the plausibility of paternity with blood group findings can be computed for cases involving aliens.", "contents": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity with blood group results using gene frequencies of foreign populations. II. Description of a computer programme to calculate log Y/X and W (author's transl)]. A previously described computer programme designed to include any given relatives was modified to such an extent that also the plausibility of paternity with blood group findings can be computed for cases involving aliens."}
{"id": "PMID:936719", "title": "[Intra-atrial conduction disorders of 2d degree].", "content": "Five patients with second degree intraatrial block are presented. The first three cases had a sick sinus  syndrome with sinus bradycardia, broad P waves and episodes of atrial flutter or fibrillation. In these patients a Wenckebach phenomenon could bei elicited by atrial stimulation at a critical driving rate between the stimulated site and the recording electrode. In the first patient this  conduction disturbance was obtained at several right atrial stimulation sites. The block could be elicited in the other two patients only in a limited area of the right atrium respectively only by left atrial pacing. In the remaining two patients an atrial tachycardia with block was observed. The intraatrial conduction disturbance was manifested as an exit block around the ectopic pacemaker. In one patient the tachycardia was induced by digitalis intoxication. In the other patient no etiologic factor of the tachycardia could be found. While the first three patients presented intraatrial conduction disturbances already in sinus rhythm, the last two cases showed after recovery from the atrial tachycardia P waves of normal duration and configuration.", "contents": "[Intra-atrial conduction disorders of 2d degree]. Five patients with second degree intraatrial block are presented. The first three cases had a sick sinus  syndrome with sinus bradycardia, broad P waves and episodes of atrial flutter or fibrillation. In these patients a Wenckebach phenomenon could bei elicited by atrial stimulation at a critical driving rate between the stimulated site and the recording electrode. In the first patient this  conduction disturbance was obtained at several right atrial stimulation sites. The block could be elicited in the other two patients only in a limited area of the right atrium respectively only by left atrial pacing. In the remaining two patients an atrial tachycardia with block was observed. The intraatrial conduction disturbance was manifested as an exit block around the ectopic pacemaker. In one patient the tachycardia was induced by digitalis intoxication. In the other patient no etiologic factor of the tachycardia could be found. While the first three patients presented intraatrial conduction disturbances already in sinus rhythm, the last two cases showed after recovery from the atrial tachycardia P waves of normal duration and configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:936720", "title": "[Chronic supraventricular reverse tachycardia in retrograde conduction through accessory pathway].", "content": "A 22-year-old patient with chronic supraventricular tachycardia is presented. This tachycardia was investigated by means of His-bundle electrography with atrial and ventricular stimulation. A circus movement with antegrad conduction through the AV node and retograde conduction through an accessory pathway was found as the underlaying mechanism of the tachycardia.", "contents": "[Chronic supraventricular reverse tachycardia in retrograde conduction through accessory pathway]. A 22-year-old patient with chronic supraventricular tachycardia is presented. This tachycardia was investigated by means of His-bundle electrography with atrial and ventricular stimulation. A circus movement with antegrad conduction through the AV node and retograde conduction through an accessory pathway was found as the underlaying mechanism of the tachycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:936721", "title": "[Axis divergence in electrocardiography as a sign of heart disease].", "content": "In the ecgs of 3433 patients the QRS- and T-vectors were determined. The borderline between physiological and pathological ranges of axis-divergence is found to show fluctuations. The younger the patient and the steeper the electrical heart axis, the greater is the physiological axis-divergence. Ignoring this fact many young people by mistake are taken to suffer from a cardiac disease on account of a great axis-divergence. On the other hand the same setting often is the only sign of a heart disease. The axis-divergence can be a useful factor for the computer-analyzed ecg, although the evaluation of a tenfold of ecgs seems to be necessary to achieve a statistically significant statement.", "contents": "[Axis divergence in electrocardiography as a sign of heart disease]. In the ecgs of 3433 patients the QRS- and T-vectors were determined. The borderline between physiological and pathological ranges of axis-divergence is found to show fluctuations. The younger the patient and the steeper the electrical heart axis, the greater is the physiological axis-divergence. Ignoring this fact many young people by mistake are taken to suffer from a cardiac disease on account of a great axis-divergence. On the other hand the same setting often is the only sign of a heart disease. The axis-divergence can be a useful factor for the computer-analyzed ecg, although the evaluation of a tenfold of ecgs seems to be necessary to achieve a statistically significant statement."}
{"id": "PMID:936722", "title": "[Effect of spinal anesthesia on peripheral hemodynamics].", "content": "In eight persons central hemodynamic parameters as well as peripheral circulatory parameters were measured before and during spinal anaesthesia (L3/4; 5 ml Carbostesin mit Adrenalin): heart rate, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, peripheral venous pressure, peripheral blood flow, venous capacity (Cv 70) using a venous pressure of 70 mm Hg (lethysmographic method) as well as intravascular basic volume. Intravascular basic volume and the venous capacity are representing total intravascular volume; changes in this parameter- in correlation to a well defind intravenous pressure - give information on the distensibility of capacitance vessels. During spinal anesthesia an increase in resting blood flow of the calf as well as in total blood volume was noted as a result of a decreasing total peripheral resistance and changes in blood distribution (shunting, nutritive blood supply). Intravascular total blood volume in the calf increased from 9.7 +/- 1.0 ml/100 ml to 10.9 +/- 1.1 ml/100 ml, being caused mainly by changes in basic volume not so much by changes in venous capacity. These results may be interpreted as an increase in distensibility of the low pressure vessels during spinal anesthesia.", "contents": "[Effect of spinal anesthesia on peripheral hemodynamics]. In eight persons central hemodynamic parameters as well as peripheral circulatory parameters were measured before and during spinal anaesthesia (L3/4; 5 ml Carbostesin mit Adrenalin): heart rate, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, peripheral venous pressure, peripheral blood flow, venous capacity (Cv 70) using a venous pressure of 70 mm Hg (lethysmographic method) as well as intravascular basic volume. Intravascular basic volume and the venous capacity are representing total intravascular volume; changes in this parameter- in correlation to a well defind intravenous pressure - give information on the distensibility of capacitance vessels. During spinal anesthesia an increase in resting blood flow of the calf as well as in total blood volume was noted as a result of a decreasing total peripheral resistance and changes in blood distribution (shunting, nutritive blood supply). Intravascular total blood volume in the calf increased from 9.7 +/- 1.0 ml/100 ml to 10.9 +/- 1.1 ml/100 ml, being caused mainly by changes in basic volume not so much by changes in venous capacity. These results may be interpreted as an increase in distensibility of the low pressure vessels during spinal anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:936723", "title": "[Dependency of heart rate on contrast medium temperature and coronary angiographic severity in coronary angiography].", "content": "The influence of temperature (24 degrees C, 34 degrees C) of contrast medium (Urografin 76) on sinus frequency was studied during diagnostic coronary arteriographies in patients with different degree  of coronary heart disease. 1. Injection of contrast medium in both coronary arteries was associated with a decrease of heart rate by 4.1-12.8%. There was no significant difference between the decrease in heart rate when injecting the contrast medium into the right or into the left coronary artery. 2. The change in heart rate during left and right coronary arteriography was independent from the temperature of the contrast medium (24 degrees C, 34 degrees C). Therefore, coronary arteriography made at 25 degrees C does not produce significant changes in heart rate when compared to coronary arteriography performed with contrast medium which has been warmed by 10 degrees C (34 degrees C). 3. Heart rate was decreased parallel to the increase in severity of coronary artery stenosis. The possible underlying mechanisms (changes in coronary artery perfusion pressure, hypoxic bradycardia) are being discussed.", "contents": "[Dependency of heart rate on contrast medium temperature and coronary angiographic severity in coronary angiography]. The influence of temperature (24 degrees C, 34 degrees C) of contrast medium (Urografin 76) on sinus frequency was studied during diagnostic coronary arteriographies in patients with different degree  of coronary heart disease. 1. Injection of contrast medium in both coronary arteries was associated with a decrease of heart rate by 4.1-12.8%. There was no significant difference between the decrease in heart rate when injecting the contrast medium into the right or into the left coronary artery. 2. The change in heart rate during left and right coronary arteriography was independent from the temperature of the contrast medium (24 degrees C, 34 degrees C). Therefore, coronary arteriography made at 25 degrees C does not produce significant changes in heart rate when compared to coronary arteriography performed with contrast medium which has been warmed by 10 degrees C (34 degrees C). 3. Heart rate was decreased parallel to the increase in severity of coronary artery stenosis. The possible underlying mechanisms (changes in coronary artery perfusion pressure, hypoxic bradycardia) are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936724", "title": "[Course observations of hypertrophic obstructive myocardiopathy].", "content": "The course of HOCM is characterized by a slow progression. Symptoms can often be influenced favourably by medical treatment. Altogether there is some difference between the course of untreated and the propranolol-treated patient groups which is, however, not statistically significant. Furthermore, the rate of sudden death is uninfluenced. Comparing clinical and haemodynamic results in medicically treated patients we find a reduction of the outflow tract obstruction in case with clinical improvement but not a reduction of the enddiastolic pressure. Independent on the clinical course there was a significant increase of the enddiastolic pressure after 5.5 years. We may conclude that there is a progredient process of hypertrophy which is uninfluenced by the obstruction and by conservative management. The best results are obtained in the operated group. According to our results a surgical intervention should possibly be considereed more generously.", "contents": "[Course observations of hypertrophic obstructive myocardiopathy]. The course of HOCM is characterized by a slow progression. Symptoms can often be influenced favourably by medical treatment. Altogether there is some difference between the course of untreated and the propranolol-treated patient groups which is, however, not statistically significant. Furthermore, the rate of sudden death is uninfluenced. Comparing clinical and haemodynamic results in medicically treated patients we find a reduction of the outflow tract obstruction in case with clinical improvement but not a reduction of the enddiastolic pressure. Independent on the clinical course there was a significant increase of the enddiastolic pressure after 5.5 years. We may conclude that there is a progredient process of hypertrophy which is uninfluenced by the obstruction and by conservative management. The best results are obtained in the operated group. According to our results a surgical intervention should possibly be considereed more generously."}
{"id": "PMID:936725", "title": "[Mitral valve prolapse or late systolic click syndrome in childhood].", "content": "6 Children with late systolic murmur and systolic click in mitral valve prolapse syndrome are reported. The clinical, electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and echocardiographic findings are represented. In  differentiating the mitral valve prolapse from the idipathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the mitral insufficiency and the pure accidental murmur, this non-invasive technique is a good enrichment of the diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "[Mitral valve prolapse or late systolic click syndrome in childhood]. 6 Children with late systolic murmur and systolic click in mitral valve prolapse syndrome are reported. The clinical, electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and echocardiographic findings are represented. In  differentiating the mitral valve prolapse from the idipathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, the mitral insufficiency and the pure accidental murmur, this non-invasive technique is a good enrichment of the diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:936726", "title": "[Mitral valve function during frequency stimulation in coronary disease. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic comparative studies].", "content": "In 3 controls and 10 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and angina pectoris (AP) left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) and pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) are measured at rest (R) and during right atrial pacing with stepwise increments in heart rate. The values were compared to the simultaneously recorded DE-slope and EF-slope of the mitral valve echocardiogram. The following results could be obtained: 1. In the control group PADP increased sharply at a rate of aobut 120/min, while LVEDP further decreased. This \"physiological dysfunction\" of the mitral valve could not be detected by echocardiography. 2. In patients with CHD and AP both pressures rose concomitantly with the onset of the angina; moreover, the EF-slope showed a significant reduction. 3. This decrease of the EF-slope is due to an increment of LVEDP during angina and may be used as a diastolic tool, if the exercise electrocardiogram is negative. 4. LVEDP and EF-slope are correlated weil in most patients with CHD. However, there was a lack of correlation between the reduction of the EF-slope and left ventricular function.", "contents": "[Mitral valve function during frequency stimulation in coronary disease. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic comparative studies]. In 3 controls and 10 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and angina pectoris (AP) left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) and pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PADP) are measured at rest (R) and during right atrial pacing with stepwise increments in heart rate. The values were compared to the simultaneously recorded DE-slope and EF-slope of the mitral valve echocardiogram. The following results could be obtained: 1. In the control group PADP increased sharply at a rate of aobut 120/min, while LVEDP further decreased. This \"physiological dysfunction\" of the mitral valve could not be detected by echocardiography. 2. In patients with CHD and AP both pressures rose concomitantly with the onset of the angina; moreover, the EF-slope showed a significant reduction. 3. This decrease of the EF-slope is due to an increment of LVEDP during angina and may be used as a diastolic tool, if the exercise electrocardiogram is negative. 4. LVEDP and EF-slope are correlated weil in most patients with CHD. However, there was a lack of correlation between the reduction of the EF-slope and left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:936727", "title": "[Left persisting, singular superior vena cava and pacemaker electrode implantation by right cephalic vein].", "content": "We are reporting on a case of a singular left upper vena cava with an outlet into the right atrium by a large sinus coronarius (that means, the right vena cava is lacking totally). In spite of the well-known anomaly of the upper vena cava, we successfully implanted a stimulating electrode by the typical access through the right vena cephalica through the right sinus coronarius into the right ventricle. Except of a thrombosis of the rightsided deep venous system of the arm, no complications were to be complained within sixteen months. We know from literature, that within four more cases this transvenous access has been used in pacemaker-therapy. Various complications have been discussed. Before definately implanting an electrode, one should secure severely, if there is any special anomaly of the upper vena cava. In case of the here described, but very rare anomaly of the vana cava, it is to be examined thoroughly, whether an implantation of a transvenous electrode is indicated or, eventually, a myocardial implantation should be preferred.", "contents": "[Left persisting, singular superior vena cava and pacemaker electrode implantation by right cephalic vein]. We are reporting on a case of a singular left upper vena cava with an outlet into the right atrium by a large sinus coronarius (that means, the right vena cava is lacking totally). In spite of the well-known anomaly of the upper vena cava, we successfully implanted a stimulating electrode by the typical access through the right vena cephalica through the right sinus coronarius into the right ventricle. Except of a thrombosis of the rightsided deep venous system of the arm, no complications were to be complained within sixteen months. We know from literature, that within four more cases this transvenous access has been used in pacemaker-therapy. Various complications have been discussed. Before definately implanting an electrode, one should secure severely, if there is any special anomaly of the upper vena cava. In case of the here described, but very rare anomaly of the vana cava, it is to be examined thoroughly, whether an implantation of a transvenous electrode is indicated or, eventually, a myocardial implantation should be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:936782", "title": "[The effectiveness of the criminal justice system in cases of opiate addiction (author's transl)].", "content": "On the 63 deliquent youth drug addicts examined by the author as a court-appointed expert during the years 1970-1973, an attempt was made in the summer of 1975 to ascertain their actual current condition. This was indeed possible with 58 of the subjects in question (43 male, 15 female--average age at the time of examination.: 21). On the day the sample was taken (August 15, 1975) 23 of them were in penal confinement, 13 had again become dependent on illegal opiates, 2 were dependent on surrogate drugs, and 1 person was in the hospital. 3 members of the sample population who had overcome their dependency on drugs, 4 were unemployed, 2 were living in therapeutic communities and the remaining 10 were either re-integrated into occupations or training programs. A comparative analysis of the cases indicates that penal care measures are predominantly effective in those cases where the delinquents are subjected to intensive expert diagnosis, therapeutic care and vocational counselling and vocational aidmeasures at the commencement, during and subsequent to their respective periods of confinement.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of the criminal justice system in cases of opiate addiction (author's transl)]. On the 63 deliquent youth drug addicts examined by the author as a court-appointed expert during the years 1970-1973, an attempt was made in the summer of 1975 to ascertain their actual current condition. This was indeed possible with 58 of the subjects in question (43 male, 15 female--average age at the time of examination.: 21). On the day the sample was taken (August 15, 1975) 23 of them were in penal confinement, 13 had again become dependent on illegal opiates, 2 were dependent on surrogate drugs, and 1 person was in the hospital. 3 members of the sample population who had overcome their dependency on drugs, 4 were unemployed, 2 were living in therapeutic communities and the remaining 10 were either re-integrated into occupations or training programs. A comparative analysis of the cases indicates that penal care measures are predominantly effective in those cases where the delinquents are subjected to intensive expert diagnosis, therapeutic care and vocational counselling and vocational aidmeasures at the commencement, during and subsequent to their respective periods of confinement."}
{"id": "PMID:936783", "title": "[Studies on investigation of primary pathologic deterioration of the lower limbs. The contents of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in the walls of veins (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the walls of v.femoralis, v.saphena and v.brachialis was measured with atomic-absorption spectrometry. Calcium showed distinct differences among the veins with increasing age. There is a remarkably high increase and more inhomogenous distribution for calcium in the v.femoralis of older people.", "contents": "[Studies on investigation of primary pathologic deterioration of the lower limbs. The contents of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in the walls of veins (author's transl)]. The content of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the walls of v.femoralis, v.saphena and v.brachialis was measured with atomic-absorption spectrometry. Calcium showed distinct differences among the veins with increasing age. There is a remarkably high increase and more inhomogenous distribution for calcium in the v.femoralis of older people."}
{"id": "PMID:936784", "title": "[Critical examination of postmortem IgA-, IgG- and IgM serum levels in sudden unexpected deaths during infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Postmortem concentration of the three immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM has been studied by single radial immunodiffusion in 81 cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy and in 6 deaths between 2 and 11 years of age. The examinations of serum were repeated after several days after the sera had been kept at different temperatures. For comparison the serum immunoglobulin levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in 11 corpses of adults directly after death and again 1 or 2 days later. With the radial immunodiffusion method postmortem serum immunglobulins are determinable. A critical estimation of postmortem IgA-, IgG- and IgM serum levels has to consider postmortem protein modifications and keeping sera at higher temperatures (+44 degrees C., + 20 degrees C.) For determinations at a later date sera must be kept at -35 degrees C. The measured postmortem serum levels of IgA and IgG in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy correspond with the normal variation of value in healthy children of the same age. The lowest concentrations of IgG were found about the 5th. month in infancy. Many of the IgM levels were higher than the normal mean value in healthy children of the same age. This is not caused by postmortem influences. The higher IgM concentration in sera suggest an active immunological reaction before death.", "contents": "[Critical examination of postmortem IgA-, IgG- and IgM serum levels in sudden unexpected deaths during infancy (author's transl)]. Postmortem concentration of the three immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM has been studied by single radial immunodiffusion in 81 cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy and in 6 deaths between 2 and 11 years of age. The examinations of serum were repeated after several days after the sera had been kept at different temperatures. For comparison the serum immunoglobulin levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in 11 corpses of adults directly after death and again 1 or 2 days later. With the radial immunodiffusion method postmortem serum immunglobulins are determinable. A critical estimation of postmortem IgA-, IgG- and IgM serum levels has to consider postmortem protein modifications and keeping sera at higher temperatures (+44 degrees C., + 20 degrees C.) For determinations at a later date sera must be kept at -35 degrees C. The measured postmortem serum levels of IgA and IgG in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy correspond with the normal variation of value in healthy children of the same age. The lowest concentrations of IgG were found about the 5th. month in infancy. Many of the IgM levels were higher than the normal mean value in healthy children of the same age. This is not caused by postmortem influences. The higher IgM concentration in sera suggest an active immunological reaction before death."}
{"id": "PMID:936785", "title": "[Post mortem temperature equilibration of the structures of the head. I. Thermometric techniques and principal investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Special thin and flexible thermometric probes showing a diameter of 1 mm and a sharp end were used for post mortem (p.m.) thermometric studies in several tissues. Brain temperatures were measured by inserting a double probe through the superior orbital fissura thus allowing to record the central and the peripheral brain regions separately. Another probe was inserted into the galea and a fourth into the liver. Temperature changes were recorded simultaneously. Many variables of the human head were measured. Sixteen corpses were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Of all temperature curves registered those of the central brain regions showed the smallest variance. 2. The p.m. temperature curve of the brain shows a sigmoid shape with a rather short \"plateau\" in the beginning. 3. In the early p.m. phase there is an increasing difference of temperatures between central and peripheral brain regions amounting to 2-4, 6 degrees C in the time period between 78th and 128th minute. 4. The insertion of the thin probes does not cause visible damages. Thus it should be considered for use in forensic practice. 5. Some artificial \"head models\" were constructed and temperature decrease recorded after warming. The curves showed the same type of sigmoid shape as those obtained from the corpses. 6. Of the possible variables measured that could influence the temperature decrease only the density of the hair seems to be of interest.", "contents": "[Post mortem temperature equilibration of the structures of the head. I. Thermometric techniques and principal investigations (author's transl)]. Special thin and flexible thermometric probes showing a diameter of 1 mm and a sharp end were used for post mortem (p.m.) thermometric studies in several tissues. Brain temperatures were measured by inserting a double probe through the superior orbital fissura thus allowing to record the central and the peripheral brain regions separately. Another probe was inserted into the galea and a fourth into the liver. Temperature changes were recorded simultaneously. Many variables of the human head were measured. Sixteen corpses were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. Of all temperature curves registered those of the central brain regions showed the smallest variance. 2. The p.m. temperature curve of the brain shows a sigmoid shape with a rather short \"plateau\" in the beginning. 3. In the early p.m. phase there is an increasing difference of temperatures between central and peripheral brain regions amounting to 2-4, 6 degrees C in the time period between 78th and 128th minute. 4. The insertion of the thin probes does not cause visible damages. Thus it should be considered for use in forensic practice. 5. Some artificial \"head models\" were constructed and temperature decrease recorded after warming. The curves showed the same type of sigmoid shape as those obtained from the corpses. 6. Of the possible variables measured that could influence the temperature decrease only the density of the hair seems to be of interest."}
{"id": "PMID:936786", "title": "[Fatal arsenic trichloride poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 24-year-old chemical engineer who committed suicide by means of arsenic trichloride. The clinical course and the autopsy findings are discussed briefly. The results of the toxicological examination leave no doubt as to an acute arsenic poisoning. In addition to this, extreme corrosion was found, especially in the region of the oesophagus. If an anamnesis on this patient had not been present one would probably have been satisfied with a diagnosis of acid poisoning and the possibility of intoxication by arsenic would not have been taken into consideration. This case indicates that especially where persons come into contact professionally with chemical and drugs, the chemo-toxicological examinations cannot cover too braod a spectrum.", "contents": "[Fatal arsenic trichloride poisoning (author's transl)]. Report on a 24-year-old chemical engineer who committed suicide by means of arsenic trichloride. The clinical course and the autopsy findings are discussed briefly. The results of the toxicological examination leave no doubt as to an acute arsenic poisoning. In addition to this, extreme corrosion was found, especially in the region of the oesophagus. If an anamnesis on this patient had not been present one would probably have been satisfied with a diagnosis of acid poisoning and the possibility of intoxication by arsenic would not have been taken into consideration. This case indicates that especially where persons come into contact professionally with chemical and drugs, the chemo-toxicological examinations cannot cover too braod a spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:936787", "title": "[Fatal injuries by blank warning firearms (author's transl)].", "content": "Contact shots with blanks can produce lethal injuries such as penetration of the chest with rupture of lung and perforation of cardiac wall just by the effect of powder gases emerging from the muzzle of modern gas pistols.", "contents": "[Fatal injuries by blank warning firearms (author's transl)]. Contact shots with blanks can produce lethal injuries such as penetration of the chest with rupture of lung and perforation of cardiac wall just by the effect of powder gases emerging from the muzzle of modern gas pistols."}
{"id": "PMID:936788", "title": "Field studies on the African fruit bat Epomophorus wahlbergi (Sundevall), with special reference to male calling.", "content": "Social interactions, site attachment and group cohesion were studied in a free-living colony of Epomophorus fruit bats. Daily activites in an undisturbed colony were recorded. Special attention was paid to the peculiar calling behavior of courting male during the night. Structure and repetition rate of their sounds were analyzed in the laboratory. A special mode of acoustic interaction was found and related to the observed spacing out of calling males. By following feeding animals in the field and by analysis of their faeces we found that besides fruits they eat special leaves which afford steroidal sapogenins.", "contents": "Field studies on the African fruit bat Epomophorus wahlbergi (Sundevall), with special reference to male calling. Social interactions, site attachment and group cohesion were studied in a free-living colony of Epomophorus fruit bats. Daily activites in an undisturbed colony were recorded. Special attention was paid to the peculiar calling behavior of courting male during the night. Structure and repetition rate of their sounds were analyzed in the laboratory. A special mode of acoustic interaction was found and related to the observed spacing out of calling males. By following feeding animals in the field and by analysis of their faeces we found that besides fruits they eat special leaves which afford steroidal sapogenins."}
{"id": "PMID:936789", "title": "Sexual behaviour following castration in experienced and inexperienced male rabbits.", "content": "Sexual behaviour following castration was studied in rabbits with varying precastrational sexual experience. Although most aspects of sexual behaviour declined within a few weeks of castration, experienced animals of mixed strains continued to mount with unreduced frequency for at least 10 weeks following castration. Inexperienced animals, as well as experienced New Zealand White animals, ceased to ejaculate and mount within 4 weeks. The effect of experience on postcastrational sexual behaviour thus seems to vary between different rabbit strains.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour following castration in experienced and inexperienced male rabbits. Sexual behaviour following castration was studied in rabbits with varying precastrational sexual experience. Although most aspects of sexual behaviour declined within a few weeks of castration, experienced animals of mixed strains continued to mount with unreduced frequency for at least 10 weeks following castration. Inexperienced animals, as well as experienced New Zealand White animals, ceased to ejaculate and mount within 4 weeks. The effect of experience on postcastrational sexual behaviour thus seems to vary between different rabbit strains."}
{"id": "PMID:936790", "title": "The behaviour of red kangaroos (Megaleia rufa) on hot summer days.", "content": "To investigate the functional significance of the behaviour of large mammals in hot, arid conditions, field observations were made of the behaviour of red kangaroos. The behaviour of individual animals was recorded in detail during hot summer days and measurements  of the prevailing temperature and radiation environment were made. Changes in the postures adopted by animals during the day are described in relation to environmental conditions; and the occurrence of certain postures and behaviours at periods of greatest heat stress is reported.", "contents": "The behaviour of red kangaroos (Megaleia rufa) on hot summer days. To investigate the functional significance of the behaviour of large mammals in hot, arid conditions, field observations were made of the behaviour of red kangaroos. The behaviour of individual animals was recorded in detail during hot summer days and measurements  of the prevailing temperature and radiation environment were made. Changes in the postures adopted by animals during the day are described in relation to environmental conditions; and the occurrence of certain postures and behaviours at periods of greatest heat stress is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:936800", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on the damage caused by barium sulfate].", "content": "An experimental study is reported on different injections of barium sulfate into peritoneal cavity of 10 dogs and intravasal. All experimental animals died. The experiments show that barium sulfate causes not only local reaction but the most important is it's general deleterious effect. There results macro- and microembolies yet another adverse effect which is not widely appreciated. Barium sulfate medium only may be considered non toxic as long as staying in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on the damage caused by barium sulfate]. An experimental study is reported on different injections of barium sulfate into peritoneal cavity of 10 dogs and intravasal. All experimental animals died. The experiments show that barium sulfate causes not only local reaction but the most important is it's general deleterious effect. There results macro- and microembolies yet another adverse effect which is not widely appreciated. Barium sulfate medium only may be considered non toxic as long as staying in the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:936814", "title": "[Controlled modification of fetal lung-maturity using dexamethasone].", "content": "A report is given on the induction of the fetal lung-maturity by administering glucocorticoide dexamethazone to the mother. The lecithin-level and the L/S ratio are established in amniotic fluid before and after tthe treatment. Before the 32. week of gestation no influence of the phospholipidlevel was evident. After the 32. week and after treatment the physiological increase is deeper. Propositions of treatment for premature and induced premature delivery are given corresponding to the results.", "contents": "[Controlled modification of fetal lung-maturity using dexamethasone]. A report is given on the induction of the fetal lung-maturity by administering glucocorticoide dexamethazone to the mother. The lecithin-level and the L/S ratio are established in amniotic fluid before and after tthe treatment. Before the 32. week of gestation no influence of the phospholipidlevel was evident. After the 32. week and after treatment the physiological increase is deeper. Propositions of treatment for premature and induced premature delivery are given corresponding to the results."}
{"id": "PMID:936815", "title": "[Influence of hypertension in the 2nd half of pregnancy on the fate of the fetus and newborn infant with reference to mean pressure using Wezler-B\u00f6ger's method].", "content": "It is demonstrated retrospective calculation of mean arterial pressure (method of Wezler-B\u00f6ger) in 1086 cases of hypertensive toxemia in pregnancy from the year 1966 to 1972 of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Rostock and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Country Hospital Rostock. The grading of the values of mean arterial pressue in 3 groups shows an increasing of fetal retardation and increasing of perinatal mortality due to increasing of mean arterial pressue. This procedure allows a more different prognostic prediction of fetal outcome, than the separate systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements.", "contents": "[Influence of hypertension in the 2nd half of pregnancy on the fate of the fetus and newborn infant with reference to mean pressure using Wezler-B\u00f6ger's method]. It is demonstrated retrospective calculation of mean arterial pressure (method of Wezler-B\u00f6ger) in 1086 cases of hypertensive toxemia in pregnancy from the year 1966 to 1972 of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Rostock and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Country Hospital Rostock. The grading of the values of mean arterial pressue in 3 groups shows an increasing of fetal retardation and increasing of perinatal mortality due to increasing of mean arterial pressue. This procedure allows a more different prognostic prediction of fetal outcome, than the separate systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:936816", "title": "[Acid-base equilibrium of fetuses delivered by breech presentation].", "content": "Acid-base balance of fetus in capillary and umbilical blood has been examined in two series of newborns: 30 newborns delivered by breech presentation and 15 newborns delivered spontaneously by vetex presentation without complications. Following parameters have been evaluated: pH, pCO2, BE and HCO3 (actual bicarbonate content). Differences between the parameters of acid-base balance, mainly the values of pH and pCO2 in capillary blood and in a. umbilicalis of the fetus direct to the fact that acidosis of the fetus with elevated values of pCO2 is a typical finding in labors by breech presentation and is due to compression of umbilical vessels during labor.", "contents": "[Acid-base equilibrium of fetuses delivered by breech presentation]. Acid-base balance of fetus in capillary and umbilical blood has been examined in two series of newborns: 30 newborns delivered by breech presentation and 15 newborns delivered spontaneously by vetex presentation without complications. Following parameters have been evaluated: pH, pCO2, BE and HCO3 (actual bicarbonate content). Differences between the parameters of acid-base balance, mainly the values of pH and pCO2 in capillary blood and in a. umbilicalis of the fetus direct to the fact that acidosis of the fetus with elevated values of pCO2 is a typical finding in labors by breech presentation and is due to compression of umbilical vessels during labor."}
{"id": "PMID:936817", "title": "[Psychological-sociological views on S 218 (study on 379 pregnant women and women in puerperium)].", "content": "Studies on the attitude towards the abortion law and abortion have practical significance if women in the reproductive age group are questioned. Pregnant women and women in childbed are especially adequate for this purpose. They may realize best the situation of a women who has to think over an abortion. Therefore we asked 379 pregnant women and women in childbed in our hospital. 70% of them could imagine a situation which would justify an abortion. Women with high school degree and average or above average intelligence were more frequent in this group. 38% expected a very severe stress by an abortion, 40% severe stress and 22% a rather moderate one. Most frequently women with high education level as well as more introverted women expected an emotional disturbance by such an operation. 62% of the questioned women favored a change of the abortion law, 38% did not. Again women with high school degree and above average intelligence wanted a change more often than those who had passed primary school and had an intelligence below average. Moreover age, wellbeing and experience of menarche had a relation to the attitude towards the abortion law. The results were statistically checked by the X2 -method.", "contents": "[Psychological-sociological views on S 218 (study on 379 pregnant women and women in puerperium)]. Studies on the attitude towards the abortion law and abortion have practical significance if women in the reproductive age group are questioned. Pregnant women and women in childbed are especially adequate for this purpose. They may realize best the situation of a women who has to think over an abortion. Therefore we asked 379 pregnant women and women in childbed in our hospital. 70% of them could imagine a situation which would justify an abortion. Women with high school degree and average or above average intelligence were more frequent in this group. 38% expected a very severe stress by an abortion, 40% severe stress and 22% a rather moderate one. Most frequently women with high education level as well as more introverted women expected an emotional disturbance by such an operation. 62% of the questioned women favored a change of the abortion law, 38% did not. Again women with high school degree and above average intelligence wanted a change more often than those who had passed primary school and had an intelligence below average. Moreover age, wellbeing and experience of menarche had a relation to the attitude towards the abortion law. The results were statistically checked by the X2 -method."}
{"id": "PMID:936818", "title": "[Atrioventricular block in gynecologic-obstetric surgery].", "content": "Delivery ending with cesarotomy in women with A.-V.-block is thought to be the least hazardous. In cases where cardiac syncope occured before delivery, temporary cardiac pacemaker is applied. A complicated course of gynaecologic operation in a patient with permanent pacemaker on demand is described.", "contents": "[Atrioventricular block in gynecologic-obstetric surgery]. Delivery ending with cesarotomy in women with A.-V.-block is thought to be the least hazardous. In cases where cardiac syncope occured before delivery, temporary cardiac pacemaker is applied. A complicated course of gynaecologic operation in a patient with permanent pacemaker on demand is described."}
{"id": "PMID:936819", "title": "[Colposcopic picture of vessels in decidual ectopy (deciduosis) at the portio vaginalis uteri].", "content": "The types of bloodvessel visible on colposcopic examination in various forms of decidual ectopia are described. The two main tapes are linear-spiral vessels and \"asymmetrical loops\". The possible differentiation, on the basis of the vascular picture of decidual from malignant changes in the cervix uteri by colposcopy is pointed out stressed. The functional state of the bloodvessels, probably newly-formed during the proliferation of the decidually transformed epithelial stroma, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Colposcopic picture of vessels in decidual ectopy (deciduosis) at the portio vaginalis uteri]. The types of bloodvessel visible on colposcopic examination in various forms of decidual ectopia are described. The two main tapes are linear-spiral vessels and \"asymmetrical loops\". The possible differentiation, on the basis of the vascular picture of decidual from malignant changes in the cervix uteri by colposcopy is pointed out stressed. The functional state of the bloodvessels, probably newly-formed during the proliferation of the decidually transformed epithelial stroma, is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936820", "title": "[The neurovegatative reaction-situation in climacteric. Modification of blood pressure regulation by estrogens].", "content": "48 women complaining of climacteric disorders were treated with an estrogen preparation for 1 year. Before an intervalls of 2 month during the treatment period studies of the Kupperman index, the vaginal karyopcnotic index and 3 neurovegatative (hemodynamic) tests were carried out: The orthostase-test according to Schellong, the cold-pressor-test according to Hines and Brown, the Pholedrin (Veritol-)test. During estrogen substitution the following alterations could be stated: A significant decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, a tendency of adjusting the systolic blood pressure values after standing up to the values in rest (Schellong-test I), a shortening of the interval needed to establish stable values of blood pressure and heart frequency, a tendency to reduce the increase of blood pressure in the cold pressor test, and a significant amplification of the increase of blood pressure and blood pressure amplitude in the Pholedrin test. These results are believed to indicate an alteration of vegetative reactivity in the parasympathicomimetic direction. Estrogens seem to exert a favourable influence on the mechanism of blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "[The neurovegatative reaction-situation in climacteric. Modification of blood pressure regulation by estrogens]. 48 women complaining of climacteric disorders were treated with an estrogen preparation for 1 year. Before an intervalls of 2 month during the treatment period studies of the Kupperman index, the vaginal karyopcnotic index and 3 neurovegatative (hemodynamic) tests were carried out: The orthostase-test according to Schellong, the cold-pressor-test according to Hines and Brown, the Pholedrin (Veritol-)test. During estrogen substitution the following alterations could be stated: A significant decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, a tendency of adjusting the systolic blood pressure values after standing up to the values in rest (Schellong-test I), a shortening of the interval needed to establish stable values of blood pressure and heart frequency, a tendency to reduce the increase of blood pressure in the cold pressor test, and a significant amplification of the increase of blood pressure and blood pressure amplitude in the Pholedrin test. These results are believed to indicate an alteration of vegetative reactivity in the parasympathicomimetic direction. Estrogens seem to exert a favourable influence on the mechanism of blood pressure regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:936821", "title": "[Control methods of intrauterine contraceptive devices].", "content": "In other to examine the control possibilities of the intrauterine devices, the importance of the ultra-sound-examinations and significance of its adaptation is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Control methods of intrauterine contraceptive devices]. In other to examine the control possibilities of the intrauterine devices, the importance of the ultra-sound-examinations and significance of its adaptation is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:936822", "title": "[Unusual form of genital malformation with aplasia of the right kidney].", "content": "We report on a rare form of bicornuate uterus with simple vagina and isolated hematocervix on right without connection of the right uterus to the vagina. Besides we found an aplasia of the right kidney and ureter. The case specially the isolated hematocervix and therapeutic problems of this double anomaly are discussed.", "contents": "[Unusual form of genital malformation with aplasia of the right kidney]. We report on a rare form of bicornuate uterus with simple vagina and isolated hematocervix on right without connection of the right uterus to the vagina. Besides we found an aplasia of the right kidney and ureter. The case specially the isolated hematocervix and therapeutic problems of this double anomaly are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936823", "title": "[Comparative study of different nutrient media used for the isolation of Salmonella in routine laboratories].", "content": "For a comparative study on the merits of Selenit broth and Enterobacteriaceae-enrichment broth (EE-broth) by MOSSEL, the media were inoculated with 629 faecal cultures obtained from Salmonella carriers and contacts of a Salmonellosis sufferer. The Selenit broth incubated at 37 degrees C showed better results than the EE-broth incubated at 30 degrees C. After 24 hrs incubation plating was done on XLD-, SS-, and MACCONKEY-agarplates with the result that the XLD plate gave the highest yield of 21% isolations, followed by the SS-plate showing 17%, whilst the MACCONKEY-plate produced only 7%. In our routine laboratory the XLD-plate has now superseded the LEIFSON-plate and is used in parallel to the SS-plate after enrichment in Selenit-broth.", "contents": "[Comparative study of different nutrient media used for the isolation of Salmonella in routine laboratories]. For a comparative study on the merits of Selenit broth and Enterobacteriaceae-enrichment broth (EE-broth) by MOSSEL, the media were inoculated with 629 faecal cultures obtained from Salmonella carriers and contacts of a Salmonellosis sufferer. The Selenit broth incubated at 37 degrees C showed better results than the EE-broth incubated at 30 degrees C. After 24 hrs incubation plating was done on XLD-, SS-, and MACCONKEY-agarplates with the result that the XLD plate gave the highest yield of 21% isolations, followed by the SS-plate showing 17%, whilst the MACCONKEY-plate produced only 7%. In our routine laboratory the XLD-plate has now superseded the LEIFSON-plate and is used in parallel to the SS-plate after enrichment in Selenit-broth."}
{"id": "PMID:936824", "title": "[Biochemical and serological investigations of flagellae of Campylobacter fetus (author's transl)].", "content": "Flagellae of Campylobacter fetus group O, types 1, 2 and 7 were prepared. First they were separated from cell bodies using an ultramix. The suspension was then centrifuged for 20 mins. at 10000 rpm and the supernatant frozen at -40 degrees C. This is a simple method for the enrichment of preparations of flagellae, as they become tangled up and accumulate in the inferior third part of the frozen liquid. The physicochemical basis of this phenomenon was discussed. After thawing and spinning for 20 mins. at 5000 rpm, the sediment was suspended in 0.9% of NaC1. The purity of the preparation was checked by electron microscopy. Antibodies to this antigen showed no cross-reaction with O-Antigen, when tested by tube agglutination. The amino acid composition of flagellae from different O-antigen serotypes was different (see Tab. 1). Cysteine could not be detected and proline only in traces. After breakdown with urea followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200, breakdown products of diminishing molecular size were obtained (see Fig. 2). Discelectrophoresis after ultrasonic gave 8 zones (see Fig. 3). Irrespective of serotype, thin-layer chromatography of trypsin-hydrolysed flagellae always showed 9 ninhydrin-positive spots (see Fig. 1). Only breakdown products of ultrasonic reacted with antibody. After absorption of flagellar antibody with heterologous antigen, agglutination only occurred with homologous antigen (tab. 2-5). This showed that there were different flagellar antigens. Further experiments using immunoprecipitation demonstrated two common antigenic components, a and c, and a partially common antigenic factor bb (Fig. 4), and was the basis for a classification by three groups. The three antigenic components could be separated by gel electrophoresis and detected by immunoprecipitation (Figs. 5,6).", "contents": "[Biochemical and serological investigations of flagellae of Campylobacter fetus (author's transl)]. Flagellae of Campylobacter fetus group O, types 1, 2 and 7 were prepared. First they were separated from cell bodies using an ultramix. The suspension was then centrifuged for 20 mins. at 10000 rpm and the supernatant frozen at -40 degrees C. This is a simple method for the enrichment of preparations of flagellae, as they become tangled up and accumulate in the inferior third part of the frozen liquid. The physicochemical basis of this phenomenon was discussed. After thawing and spinning for 20 mins. at 5000 rpm, the sediment was suspended in 0.9% of NaC1. The purity of the preparation was checked by electron microscopy. Antibodies to this antigen showed no cross-reaction with O-Antigen, when tested by tube agglutination. The amino acid composition of flagellae from different O-antigen serotypes was different (see Tab. 1). Cysteine could not be detected and proline only in traces. After breakdown with urea followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200, breakdown products of diminishing molecular size were obtained (see Fig. 2). Discelectrophoresis after ultrasonic gave 8 zones (see Fig. 3). Irrespective of serotype, thin-layer chromatography of trypsin-hydrolysed flagellae always showed 9 ninhydrin-positive spots (see Fig. 1). Only breakdown products of ultrasonic reacted with antibody. After absorption of flagellar antibody with heterologous antigen, agglutination only occurred with homologous antigen (tab. 2-5). This showed that there were different flagellar antigens. Further experiments using immunoprecipitation demonstrated two common antigenic components, a and c, and a partially common antigenic factor bb (Fig. 4), and was the basis for a classification by three groups. The three antigenic components could be separated by gel electrophoresis and detected by immunoprecipitation (Figs. 5,6)."}
{"id": "PMID:936825", "title": "[The Bacteriodaceae flora in the faeces of pigs (author's transl)[].", "content": "A total of 180 Bacteroidaceae strains from the fecal specimens of 31 clinically healthy pigs aged 120 to 180 days from 4 farms were isolated in numbers of 10(8)-10(10) per gram feces and differentiated for their morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. 161 of these strains belonged to Bacteroides ruminicola and related species, 10 to B. fragilis ss. fragilis, 3 to B. fragilis ss. vulgatus, 4 to Fusobacterium necrogenes, 1 to F. mortiferum and 1 to a non-motile variant of F. novum. The taxonomic relationships between B. ruminicola and B. oralis are discussed.", "contents": "[The Bacteriodaceae flora in the faeces of pigs (author's transl)[]. A total of 180 Bacteroidaceae strains from the fecal specimens of 31 clinically healthy pigs aged 120 to 180 days from 4 farms were isolated in numbers of 10(8)-10(10) per gram feces and differentiated for their morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. 161 of these strains belonged to Bacteroides ruminicola and related species, 10 to B. fragilis ss. fragilis, 3 to B. fragilis ss. vulgatus, 4 to Fusobacterium necrogenes, 1 to F. mortiferum and 1 to a non-motile variant of F. novum. The taxonomic relationships between B. ruminicola and B. oralis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936826", "title": "[Studies of enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus of different origins (author's transl)].", "content": "376 Staphylococcus aureus strains of clinical and epidemiological origin were tested for their ability to produce the enterotoxins, A, B and C1. For these investigations, microagargel precipitation against specific antisera has been used. Additionally these strains were studied by phagetyping, biochemical typing and for their antibiogram. The strains tested came from human pathological processes, mouth throat swabs of healthy people, persons working in hospitals, outbreaks of food poisoning from cows suffering from mastritis and some from milk samples. Most of the strains isolated from food poisonings were associated with enterotoxin-A-production. Among the group of strains from autopsy material, the enterotoxin-B-producing strains were predominant. The strains from human pathological processes which were found to be enterotoxin producing, were mostly belonging to phage group III. With regard to the antibiogram, the enterotoxin-producing strains were somewhat more resistent than the enterotoxin-negative strains. Correlations between the production of enterotoxin B and methicillin resistance did not become evident in our material. The strains were differentiated, too, as to their classification as var. hominis or var. bovis. With one exception, all enterotoxin-producing strains which could be classified in this way, were belonging to var. hominis. From five enterotoxin-producing strains isolated from cattle, only one strain belonged to var. bovis, the other to var. hominis. Obviously the ability to produce the enterotoxins, A, B and C1 is very rare in the group of var. bovis strains.", "contents": "[Studies of enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus of different origins (author's transl)]. 376 Staphylococcus aureus strains of clinical and epidemiological origin were tested for their ability to produce the enterotoxins, A, B and C1. For these investigations, microagargel precipitation against specific antisera has been used. Additionally these strains were studied by phagetyping, biochemical typing and for their antibiogram. The strains tested came from human pathological processes, mouth throat swabs of healthy people, persons working in hospitals, outbreaks of food poisoning from cows suffering from mastritis and some from milk samples. Most of the strains isolated from food poisonings were associated with enterotoxin-A-production. Among the group of strains from autopsy material, the enterotoxin-B-producing strains were predominant. The strains from human pathological processes which were found to be enterotoxin producing, were mostly belonging to phage group III. With regard to the antibiogram, the enterotoxin-producing strains were somewhat more resistent than the enterotoxin-negative strains. Correlations between the production of enterotoxin B and methicillin resistance did not become evident in our material. The strains were differentiated, too, as to their classification as var. hominis or var. bovis. With one exception, all enterotoxin-producing strains which could be classified in this way, were belonging to var. hominis. From five enterotoxin-producing strains isolated from cattle, only one strain belonged to var. bovis, the other to var. hominis. Obviously the ability to produce the enterotoxins, A, B and C1 is very rare in the group of var. bovis strains."}
{"id": "PMID:936827", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection (animal experiments).", "content": "During a certain period of the course of infection in white mice inoculated intraperitoneally with the pure culture of a proteolysing strain of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans both, were isolated simultaneously from the peritoneal abscesses, especially those adhering to the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and the upper part of small intestine. This concommitant occurrence of the two pathogens was further corroborated by histopathological examination which revealed large number of staphylococci present in the close neighbourhood of Candida cells, usually in the center of the granulomata caused by the fungus. In view of the facts that the proteolytic end-products of C. albicans can offer a good substratum for the growth of S. aureus and the latter may be isolated from the intestinal tract of apparently healthy mice, possibly as a constituent of the transient microflora, the co-existence of these two important aetiologic agents of endogenous infections as encountered during this study appears to be of great clinical interest. Furthermore, these observations also demonstrate the importance of controlling the bacterial flora of mice for pure mycological studies.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection (animal experiments). During a certain period of the course of infection in white mice inoculated intraperitoneally with the pure culture of a proteolysing strain of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans both, were isolated simultaneously from the peritoneal abscesses, especially those adhering to the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and the upper part of small intestine. This concommitant occurrence of the two pathogens was further corroborated by histopathological examination which revealed large number of staphylococci present in the close neighbourhood of Candida cells, usually in the center of the granulomata caused by the fungus. In view of the facts that the proteolytic end-products of C. albicans can offer a good substratum for the growth of S. aureus and the latter may be isolated from the intestinal tract of apparently healthy mice, possibly as a constituent of the transient microflora, the co-existence of these two important aetiologic agents of endogenous infections as encountered during this study appears to be of great clinical interest. Furthermore, these observations also demonstrate the importance of controlling the bacterial flora of mice for pure mycological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:936828", "title": "Serotyping of strains belonging to the Citrobacter-Levinea group isolated from diagnostic material.", "content": "A proposal is presented for the serotyping of Citrobacter-Levinea strains: 9 serotypes for Citrobacter diversus (Levinea malonatica) and 13 serotypes for H2S-negative, indole-positive variants of Citrobacter freundii (Levinea amalonatica), which showed a  considerable antigenic diversity. By means of both kinds of antiserum types 80 per cent of the strains (L. malonatica 100 per cent, L. amalonatica 72 per cent) from a series of 106 strains isolated from different diagnostic material were serologically classified. According to results presented in this paper, a direct relationship between biotype and serotype was found among the strains of biotype b for Levinea amalonatica and c for L. malonatica, which were agglutinated by the antisera prepared from biotypes b and c, respectively, only. Serotyping will evidently greatly contribute to a more perfect identification, especially of those strains that are, for various reasons, classified among so called intermediates. The importance of the Citrobacter freundii and C. diversus species in the clinical material is emphasized with a view to their increasing occurrence. Taxonomic and nomenclature questions with regard to Citrobacter-Levinea are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Serotyping of strains belonging to the Citrobacter-Levinea group isolated from diagnostic material. A proposal is presented for the serotyping of Citrobacter-Levinea strains: 9 serotypes for Citrobacter diversus (Levinea malonatica) and 13 serotypes for H2S-negative, indole-positive variants of Citrobacter freundii (Levinea amalonatica), which showed a  considerable antigenic diversity. By means of both kinds of antiserum types 80 per cent of the strains (L. malonatica 100 per cent, L. amalonatica 72 per cent) from a series of 106 strains isolated from different diagnostic material were serologically classified. According to results presented in this paper, a direct relationship between biotype and serotype was found among the strains of biotype b for Levinea amalonatica and c for L. malonatica, which were agglutinated by the antisera prepared from biotypes b and c, respectively, only. Serotyping will evidently greatly contribute to a more perfect identification, especially of those strains that are, for various reasons, classified among so called intermediates. The importance of the Citrobacter freundii and C. diversus species in the clinical material is emphasized with a view to their increasing occurrence. Taxonomic and nomenclature questions with regard to Citrobacter-Levinea are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:936829", "title": "Restriction and modification of typing phages by an R factor in S. typhi.", "content": "We have investigated the qualities of one R factor 552 discovered on a strain of S. typhi resistant to A, C, S, T, nontypable, isolated from stool cultures; from the same patient, before starting the treatment we isolated, from his blood sample, the strain S. typhi 221, sensitive to A, C, T, degraded phage-type Vi A. Factor R 552 fi- when infecting strains of S. typhi Vi A and of A degraded 221- leads to the conversion of the respective phage-types into non-typable ones, as a result of the restricting and modifying effect on phage Vi A and on the derivatives resulting from it. Derivative R 552-1 as a resistance marker to ampicilline has a restrictive effect on the phage of S. panama A 47 too. Not taking into account possible causes such as spontaneous mutation, lysogeny, and adsorption of phages, we reach for the conclusion that R factor 552, through is restrictive effect, is the only cause responsible for the existence in the same patient of two strains of S. typhi different from the point of view of phage-type and antibiotype.", "contents": "Restriction and modification of typing phages by an R factor in S. typhi. We have investigated the qualities of one R factor 552 discovered on a strain of S. typhi resistant to A, C, S, T, nontypable, isolated from stool cultures; from the same patient, before starting the treatment we isolated, from his blood sample, the strain S. typhi 221, sensitive to A, C, T, degraded phage-type Vi A. Factor R 552 fi- when infecting strains of S. typhi Vi A and of A degraded 221- leads to the conversion of the respective phage-types into non-typable ones, as a result of the restricting and modifying effect on phage Vi A and on the derivatives resulting from it. Derivative R 552-1 as a resistance marker to ampicilline has a restrictive effect on the phage of S. panama A 47 too. Not taking into account possible causes such as spontaneous mutation, lysogeny, and adsorption of phages, we reach for the conclusion that R factor 552, through is restrictive effect, is the only cause responsible for the existence in the same patient of two strains of S. typhi different from the point of view of phage-type and antibiotype."}
{"id": "PMID:936830", "title": "Examination of the envelope antigen K1 in Yersinia enterocolitica which was identified as fimbriae.", "content": "The envelope antigen K1 found in the majority of Yersinia enterocolica (Y. ent.) strains belonging to the O group 10 as described by WAUTERS, was re-examined under the electron microscope, and identified as being fimbriae. These fimbriae envelop the bacterial cell with a dense fringe. Single filaments show a width of 2.5 to 1.7 nm whilst their length is variable, often many times the size of the bacterial cell. Fimbriated Y. ent. cultures do not form pellicle, and the haemagglutination test is negative. They are O and fimbriae agglutinable. Test results for the acknowledged 3 antigenic differences, i.e. agglutinability, agglutinin-binding capacity and agglutinogenic capacity showed that: 1. there is a certain thermo-lability as to the agglutinability. For its total suppression, half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C of the culture fim+ is necessary. Chemical treatment of such a culture hardly impairs the agglutinability of fimbriae. 2. the agglutinin-binding (= absorbing) capacity of the fimbrial antigen is little affected by continuous heating, even up to 3 hrs. However, at least half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C or alternatively chemical treatment with 50% alcohol or nHC1 practically destroys this ability. 3. The heating process has a significant and progressive effect on the agglutinogenic capacity of the Y. ent. fimbriae which is destroyed irrevocably after 30 mins. boiling at 120 degrees C. Chemical treatment hardly affects this character. It is recommended to use a formalised culture Y. ent. fim+ for the preparation of a specific Y. ent. fimbrial serum. For the elimination of O antibodies, this antiserum should be absorbed with a strain fim- of the same O group. Provided the strain was incubated at 37 degrees C, no H absorption is required, because Y. ent. strains do not form flagella at that incubation temperature.", "contents": "Examination of the envelope antigen K1 in Yersinia enterocolitica which was identified as fimbriae. The envelope antigen K1 found in the majority of Yersinia enterocolica (Y. ent.) strains belonging to the O group 10 as described by WAUTERS, was re-examined under the electron microscope, and identified as being fimbriae. These fimbriae envelop the bacterial cell with a dense fringe. Single filaments show a width of 2.5 to 1.7 nm whilst their length is variable, often many times the size of the bacterial cell. Fimbriated Y. ent. cultures do not form pellicle, and the haemagglutination test is negative. They are O and fimbriae agglutinable. Test results for the acknowledged 3 antigenic differences, i.e. agglutinability, agglutinin-binding capacity and agglutinogenic capacity showed that: 1. there is a certain thermo-lability as to the agglutinability. For its total suppression, half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C of the culture fim+ is necessary. Chemical treatment of such a culture hardly impairs the agglutinability of fimbriae. 2. the agglutinin-binding (= absorbing) capacity of the fimbrial antigen is little affected by continuous heating, even up to 3 hrs. However, at least half-an-hour's boiling at 120 degrees C or alternatively chemical treatment with 50% alcohol or nHC1 practically destroys this ability. 3. The heating process has a significant and progressive effect on the agglutinogenic capacity of the Y. ent. fimbriae which is destroyed irrevocably after 30 mins. boiling at 120 degrees C. Chemical treatment hardly affects this character. It is recommended to use a formalised culture Y. ent. fim+ for the preparation of a specific Y. ent. fimbrial serum. For the elimination of O antibodies, this antiserum should be absorbed with a strain fim- of the same O group. Provided the strain was incubated at 37 degrees C, no H absorption is required, because Y. ent. strains do not form flagella at that incubation temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:936831", "title": "[Electronic data processing system for clinical microbiology].", "content": "A computerized clinical microbiology data storage and retrieval system, which was introduced at the Institute of Medical Microbiology 14 month ago, is described. This institute has to perform routine diagnostic microbiology for hospitals in the Kanton of Zuerich including the university hospital. In addition, it serves as a public health laboratory for Zuerich and adjacent districts. Patient and physician data are entered into a data station IBM 3741 and stored on discettes. Each afternoon, these data are printed on special report forms, which then are transferred to the diagnostic laboratories. After completion of the investigation, a copy of this form containing the results is sent to the physician. Every two weeks, the information stored on the discettes are converted onto the magnetic tape \"discette\". In addition, the original report form, containing the codified results and the fees, are read by an optic reader, which transfers the information onto the tape \"report\". Both tapes then serve the computer to print the accounts as well as to summarize the results monthly in form of the medical statistics. These provide valuable information to enhance patient care. All data are stored in a cumalative microbiology data bank for later retrieval.", "contents": "[Electronic data processing system for clinical microbiology]. A computerized clinical microbiology data storage and retrieval system, which was introduced at the Institute of Medical Microbiology 14 month ago, is described. This institute has to perform routine diagnostic microbiology for hospitals in the Kanton of Zuerich including the university hospital. In addition, it serves as a public health laboratory for Zuerich and adjacent districts. Patient and physician data are entered into a data station IBM 3741 and stored on discettes. Each afternoon, these data are printed on special report forms, which then are transferred to the diagnostic laboratories. After completion of the investigation, a copy of this form containing the results is sent to the physician. Every two weeks, the information stored on the discettes are converted onto the magnetic tape \"discette\". In addition, the original report form, containing the codified results and the fees, are read by an optic reader, which transfers the information onto the tape \"report\". Both tapes then serve the computer to print the accounts as well as to summarize the results monthly in form of the medical statistics. These provide valuable information to enhance patient care. All data are stored in a cumalative microbiology data bank for later retrieval."}
{"id": "PMID:936838", "title": "[Otoneurologic symptomatology in glial tumors of the cerebral hemispheres].", "content": "The author describes the otoneurological symptomatology of 213 patients with glial tumours of the hemispheres which were verified during surgical operations. The use of modern methods in studying the audition permitted to give a differentiated characteristics of vestibular and acoustic disorders. Vestibular disturbances irrespective of the tumor localization were more frequently seen. In moderately expressed general cerebral symptoms vestibular symptoms of the subcortical and diencephalic level prevailed. The authors mark their early appearance and especially their crude expressiveness in lesions of the posterior areas of the hemispheres. There were frequent combinations of vestibular disorders of a subcortical diencephalic level with cerebral posterior. The focal symptomatology depends upon the localization of the tumour.", "contents": "[Otoneurologic symptomatology in glial tumors of the cerebral hemispheres]. The author describes the otoneurological symptomatology of 213 patients with glial tumours of the hemispheres which were verified during surgical operations. The use of modern methods in studying the audition permitted to give a differentiated characteristics of vestibular and acoustic disorders. Vestibular disturbances irrespective of the tumor localization were more frequently seen. In moderately expressed general cerebral symptoms vestibular symptoms of the subcortical and diencephalic level prevailed. The authors mark their early appearance and especially their crude expressiveness in lesions of the posterior areas of the hemispheres. There were frequent combinations of vestibular disorders of a subcortical diencephalic level with cerebral posterior. The focal symptomatology depends upon the localization of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:936839", "title": "[The diagnostic value of screening the subarachnoid space in syringomyelia and other diseases of the spinal cord and its meninges].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the results of myeloscanning of the subarachnoidal space in 32 patients with diseases of the spinal cord and its pia. The studies were conducted with albumin of human sera and labeled I131. The authors give a scannographical characteristics of the pathology of the subarachnoidal space in syringomyelia which included a change in the configuration, a deformation of the silhouette contour with marginal defects and focal irregular distribution of the isotope. In tumors of the spinal cord this method permits to defict the existence of a complete or partial block of liquor paths and the level of their occlusions. The author recommends a wider use of sabarachnoidal scanning when examining patients with lesions of the spinal cord and its pia pointing to the preciseness, simplicity and security of this method.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of screening the subarachnoid space in syringomyelia and other diseases of the spinal cord and its meninges]. The paper is concerned with the results of myeloscanning of the subarachnoidal space in 32 patients with diseases of the spinal cord and its pia. The studies were conducted with albumin of human sera and labeled I131. The authors give a scannographical characteristics of the pathology of the subarachnoidal space in syringomyelia which included a change in the configuration, a deformation of the silhouette contour with marginal defects and focal irregular distribution of the isotope. In tumors of the spinal cord this method permits to defict the existence of a complete or partial block of liquor paths and the level of their occlusions. The author recommends a wider use of sabarachnoidal scanning when examining patients with lesions of the spinal cord and its pia pointing to the preciseness, simplicity and security of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:936840", "title": "[The diagnostic value and possible mechanism of the dynamic characteristics of the electroencephalogram in tumors of the brain].", "content": "It was established that the trajectory of the excitative area (an increase of negativity) on the surface of the brain does not go through the place of the tumor. It either stops there during a certain period of time or makes a sharp turn, or is subjective to a splitting. In such cases the excitative area does not extend in the usual way in one direction, but speards simultaneously to opposite sides. The author discusses the possible influence of the pathological corticofugal impulsations from the perifocal zone of the tumor on the mechanism of pacemaker scanning.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value and possible mechanism of the dynamic characteristics of the electroencephalogram in tumors of the brain]. It was established that the trajectory of the excitative area (an increase of negativity) on the surface of the brain does not go through the place of the tumor. It either stops there during a certain period of time or makes a sharp turn, or is subjective to a splitting. In such cases the excitative area does not extend in the usual way in one direction, but speards simultaneously to opposite sides. The author discusses the possible influence of the pathological corticofugal impulsations from the perifocal zone of the tumor on the mechanism of pacemaker scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:936841", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of nerve cells subsequent to cortical compression by supratentorial tumors].", "content": "During a study of the ultrastructure of cortical neurons in the development of an intracranial newgrowth, the authors demonstrated a gradual and increasing severity of the condition. There is a certain correlation between the stage of the neuron damage also correlates with the expressiveness of neurological symptoms. The polymorphism of the changed structure in the nerve cells is due to complicated and multifold pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms being involved in an intracranial volumetrical process.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure of nerve cells subsequent to cortical compression by supratentorial tumors]. During a study of the ultrastructure of cortical neurons in the development of an intracranial newgrowth, the authors demonstrated a gradual and increasing severity of the condition. There is a certain correlation between the stage of the neuron damage also correlates with the expressiveness of neurological symptoms. The polymorphism of the changed structure in the nerve cells is due to complicated and multifold pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms being involved in an intracranial volumetrical process."}
{"id": "PMID:936843", "title": "[Lesions of the cervical region of the spinal cord in so-called infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "A EMG study of the brachial muscles in 41 children with spastic paralyses of the lower extremities, weakness of the hands concomitant with a mild hypotrophy of the muscles, disturbed functions of the III, VII and vestibular nerves and satisfactory mental development revealed the following: there were signs of motoneuron excitation in the cervical part of the spinal cord (motor units at rest in a maximum muscle contraction and in an elaboration of tenden reflexes), their destruction (a decreased amplitude of potentials of volitional contraction in combination with muscle hypotrophy) and a desinhibition of spinal mechanisms. Causes of such damage may be intrauterine pathology, perinatal hypoxia, delivery complicated by an incorrect position of the foetus and a mechanical trauma in an incomplete ossification of the spine, in premature infants.", "contents": "[Lesions of the cervical region of the spinal cord in so-called infantile cerebral palsy]. A EMG study of the brachial muscles in 41 children with spastic paralyses of the lower extremities, weakness of the hands concomitant with a mild hypotrophy of the muscles, disturbed functions of the III, VII and vestibular nerves and satisfactory mental development revealed the following: there were signs of motoneuron excitation in the cervical part of the spinal cord (motor units at rest in a maximum muscle contraction and in an elaboration of tenden reflexes), their destruction (a decreased amplitude of potentials of volitional contraction in combination with muscle hypotrophy) and a desinhibition of spinal mechanisms. Causes of such damage may be intrauterine pathology, perinatal hypoxia, delivery complicated by an incorrect position of the foetus and a mechanical trauma in an incomplete ossification of the spine, in premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:936844", "title": "[Autonomic provision for some forms of activity in focal lesions of the limbo-reticular complex (results of a mathematical analysis of cardiac rhythm)].", "content": "The author studied vegetative provisions in different forms of activiity (mental, physical and emotional) detected in focal lesions of the limbico-reticular structure of 91 patients and 9 normals. Among the studied contingent 38 had focal lesions of the temporal lobe, 31 -- of the hypothalamus and 22--of the brain stem. Vegetative activity was studied by registrations of the frequency of heart contractions and by a subsequent mathematical processing. It was possible to demonstrate an excessive degree of vegetative provision in all groups the following factors: the localization of the process, the initial degree of vegetative disturbances, the expressiveness of emotional changes. In a moderate expressiveness of psycho-vegetative disturbances there is a higher degree of vegetative provisions than in expressed psychovegetative syndromes. These data may serve as an explantation to the origination of such clinical conditions as asthenical states and disorders of adaptation in different forms of activity.", "contents": "[Autonomic provision for some forms of activity in focal lesions of the limbo-reticular complex (results of a mathematical analysis of cardiac rhythm)]. The author studied vegetative provisions in different forms of activiity (mental, physical and emotional) detected in focal lesions of the limbico-reticular structure of 91 patients and 9 normals. Among the studied contingent 38 had focal lesions of the temporal lobe, 31 -- of the hypothalamus and 22--of the brain stem. Vegetative activity was studied by registrations of the frequency of heart contractions and by a subsequent mathematical processing. It was possible to demonstrate an excessive degree of vegetative provision in all groups the following factors: the localization of the process, the initial degree of vegetative disturbances, the expressiveness of emotional changes. In a moderate expressiveness of psycho-vegetative disturbances there is a higher degree of vegetative provisions than in expressed psychovegetative syndromes. These data may serve as an explantation to the origination of such clinical conditions as asthenical states and disorders of adaptation in different forms of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:936845", "title": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of cerebral symptomatology in diseases of the cervical region of the spine].", "content": "A study of 145 patients with pathology of the cervical region of the spine demonstrated that the cerebral symptomatology in 59% of the cases is due to disorders of circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin, in 31% due to disorders of vascularization of the border-line sympathical trunk and vagus nerve in their cervical region and in 10% -- to a combination of disturbed circulation of stem and vegetative structures. In the first case there is a stability and expressiveness of manifold symptoms in lesions of the stem structure with a disordered vascularization. In the remaining cases -- there are prevalently-lability, inconstant and periodical nature of the symptoms inherent in different areas of the brain.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of cerebral symptomatology in diseases of the cervical region of the spine]. A study of 145 patients with pathology of the cervical region of the spine demonstrated that the cerebral symptomatology in 59% of the cases is due to disorders of circulation in the vertebro-basillar basin, in 31% due to disorders of vascularization of the border-line sympathical trunk and vagus nerve in their cervical region and in 10% -- to a combination of disturbed circulation of stem and vegetative structures. In the first case there is a stability and expressiveness of manifold symptoms in lesions of the stem structure with a disordered vascularization. In the remaining cases -- there are prevalently-lability, inconstant and periodical nature of the symptoms inherent in different areas of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:936846", "title": "[A study of the interaction between the peripheral motor neurons of muscle antagonists by the H-reflex method under normal conditions and in spastic hemiparesis].", "content": "With the aid of the reflex method the authors studied the functional condition and interconnection of peripheral motoneurons of the muscles-antogonists in normal conditions and in spastic hemiparesis. In patients with spastic hemiparesis there was an increase in the inhibition latent period of the H-reflex following a conditioning stimula of the fibular nerve and a nonmonotonous restitution in the amplitude of the H-reflex during the periods of \"late inhibition\". These data permit to assume that in patients with pyramidal insufficiency the changes in the system of reciprocal inhibitive interaction of muscles-antagonists are fixed and are not subjected to a supraspinal control. This may determine the spastic character of the muscle tone in such patients.", "contents": "[A study of the interaction between the peripheral motor neurons of muscle antagonists by the H-reflex method under normal conditions and in spastic hemiparesis]. With the aid of the reflex method the authors studied the functional condition and interconnection of peripheral motoneurons of the muscles-antogonists in normal conditions and in spastic hemiparesis. In patients with spastic hemiparesis there was an increase in the inhibition latent period of the H-reflex following a conditioning stimula of the fibular nerve and a nonmonotonous restitution in the amplitude of the H-reflex during the periods of \"late inhibition\". These data permit to assume that in patients with pyramidal insufficiency the changes in the system of reciprocal inhibitive interaction of muscles-antagonists are fixed and are not subjected to a supraspinal control. This may determine the spastic character of the muscle tone in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936847", "title": "[The dynamics of morphologic changes in the sensomotor cortex of rats with acute hypoxia and its sequelae].", "content": "The authors studied by light optical methods the dynamics of morphological symptom of functional and organic changes of neurons in the sensomotor cortex, in paraphine and semithin layers of the cortex of postmortem cases in white rats who had suffered from acute hypoxial hypoxia with a subsequent survival from 0--4 hours. These data were correlated with electronomicroscopic studies as well as with biochemical data presented in current literature. On the basis of such information the mechanism of cellular polymorphism changes as well as the pathogenesis of irreversible shifts in the brain cortex during hypoxia or discusse. The results of such studies may serve to a certain degree as a morphological basis for a clarification of pathomorphological changes in early and late neurological symptoms in the post reanimation periods in humans. Evidently, such data may promote an eleboration of therapuetical and prophylactical measures, preventing the development of irreversible changes in the brain due to hypoxia.", "contents": "[The dynamics of morphologic changes in the sensomotor cortex of rats with acute hypoxia and its sequelae]. The authors studied by light optical methods the dynamics of morphological symptom of functional and organic changes of neurons in the sensomotor cortex, in paraphine and semithin layers of the cortex of postmortem cases in white rats who had suffered from acute hypoxial hypoxia with a subsequent survival from 0--4 hours. These data were correlated with electronomicroscopic studies as well as with biochemical data presented in current literature. On the basis of such information the mechanism of cellular polymorphism changes as well as the pathogenesis of irreversible shifts in the brain cortex during hypoxia or discusse. The results of such studies may serve to a certain degree as a morphological basis for a clarification of pathomorphological changes in early and late neurological symptoms in the post reanimation periods in humans. Evidently, such data may promote an eleboration of therapuetical and prophylactical measures, preventing the development of irreversible changes in the brain due to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:936848", "title": "[Functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in clinical variants of schizophrenia].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of lefthandedness, the distribution and combinations of characteristics in laterality according to the signs of finger linkage, folding of hands and a directing eye in 610 females and 600 males with schizophrenia. A bimanual correlation of the finger ridges were determined in 560 females and 560 males. In patients of both sexes with continuous schizophrenia there were most frequent cases of lefthandedness, a left type of finger linkage and a left directing eye. Besides, there were more males with a higher ridge on the left hand or equal ridges on both hands. The author believes that the genotypical traits on the organism which are fenotypically expressed in the abovementioned signs exert a modifying influence on the clinical features of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in clinical variants of schizophrenia]. The paper is concerned with a study of lefthandedness, the distribution and combinations of characteristics in laterality according to the signs of finger linkage, folding of hands and a directing eye in 610 females and 600 males with schizophrenia. A bimanual correlation of the finger ridges were determined in 560 females and 560 males. In patients of both sexes with continuous schizophrenia there were most frequent cases of lefthandedness, a left type of finger linkage and a left directing eye. Besides, there were more males with a higher ridge on the left hand or equal ridges on both hands. The author believes that the genotypical traits on the organism which are fenotypically expressed in the abovementioned signs exert a modifying influence on the clinical features of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:936849", "title": "[Cerebral auto-antigens in the serum of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "Brain autoantigens in the blood of 200 schizophrenic patients were investigated. It was established that the introduction of brain autoantigens caused the formation of antibrain antibodies in the animals. The brain autoantigen, limitted by the species, is also present, and there is a possibility of autoimmunization by each of them. It is shown that the autoantigen which is connected with the species of the brain, is stable to organic dissolvent activity in the paranoid form of schizophrenia (87.5%) and in the malignant and shift-like form (20%). In the other forms of schizophrenia and also in epilepsy and viluy encephalitis its inactivation is marked. The qualitative heterogeneity of brain autoantigen in different forms of schizophrenia is suggested.", "contents": "[Cerebral auto-antigens in the serum of schizophrenic patients]. Brain autoantigens in the blood of 200 schizophrenic patients were investigated. It was established that the introduction of brain autoantigens caused the formation of antibrain antibodies in the animals. The brain autoantigen, limitted by the species, is also present, and there is a possibility of autoimmunization by each of them. It is shown that the autoantigen which is connected with the species of the brain, is stable to organic dissolvent activity in the paranoid form of schizophrenia (87.5%) and in the malignant and shift-like form (20%). In the other forms of schizophrenia and also in epilepsy and viluy encephalitis its inactivation is marked. The qualitative heterogeneity of brain autoantigen in different forms of schizophrenia is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:936850", "title": "[Catalase in the blood and leukocytes of patients with nuclear schizophrenia].", "content": "The presentation deals with catalase activity in the whole blood and in the leukocytes of patients with nuclear schizophrenia. The catalase activity in the whole blood was higher than in normals. During insulin shock the enzyme activity both in the blood and leukocytes was significantly higher. A low catalase activity in the blood leukocytes in patients with nuclear schizophrenia may be conditioned by a drop in the aerobe respiration and oxidative phosphorilyzing of leukocyte mitochondria.", "contents": "[Catalase in the blood and leukocytes of patients with nuclear schizophrenia]. The presentation deals with catalase activity in the whole blood and in the leukocytes of patients with nuclear schizophrenia. The catalase activity in the whole blood was higher than in normals. During insulin shock the enzyme activity both in the blood and leukocytes was significantly higher. A low catalase activity in the blood leukocytes in patients with nuclear schizophrenia may be conditioned by a drop in the aerobe respiration and oxidative phosphorilyzing of leukocyte mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:936851", "title": "[Adaptive reactions in the auditory analyzer of patients with schizophrenia, presenile psychoses and alcoholic hallucinosis].", "content": "Some results of audiometric studies in 272 patients with different psychoses (schizophrenia, presenile psychoses, alcoholic hallucinoses) were analyzed. The authors examined the auditory adaptation to threshold stimula and the time of reverse adaptation. In most of the cases adaptation was not attained or was lengthened. These studies did not reveal any nosological specificity in adaptational disturbances. In cases of auditory hallucinations the index of adaptational time had no principal differences either. These facts gave ground to consider the adaptational shifts as general nonspecific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of psychoses. An analysis of audiometric data make it possible to use them for prognostical purposes.", "contents": "[Adaptive reactions in the auditory analyzer of patients with schizophrenia, presenile psychoses and alcoholic hallucinosis]. Some results of audiometric studies in 272 patients with different psychoses (schizophrenia, presenile psychoses, alcoholic hallucinoses) were analyzed. The authors examined the auditory adaptation to threshold stimula and the time of reverse adaptation. In most of the cases adaptation was not attained or was lengthened. These studies did not reveal any nosological specificity in adaptational disturbances. In cases of auditory hallucinations the index of adaptational time had no principal differences either. These facts gave ground to consider the adaptational shifts as general nonspecific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of psychoses. An analysis of audiometric data make it possible to use them for prognostical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:936852", "title": "[The early stages of schizophrenia].", "content": "A total of 385 schizophrenic patients were studied (including 96 cases of an intially erroneous diagnosis of schizophrenia). It was possible to reveal early signs of schizophrenia in 84.3% of the patients, and in 50% -- to establish factors predisposing to exposure or which expose initial manifestations of the disease. Schizophrenia can be rightly diagnosed in the early periods if character peculiarities and the course of the initial period of the disease are taken into account, as well as the influence of such factors as heredity, age and periods which provoke the disease. It is stressed that the early forms of schizophrenia are often atypical, incomplete in their clinical picture where neurotic-like and psychopathic-like phenomena often predominate.", "contents": "[The early stages of schizophrenia]. A total of 385 schizophrenic patients were studied (including 96 cases of an intially erroneous diagnosis of schizophrenia). It was possible to reveal early signs of schizophrenia in 84.3% of the patients, and in 50% -- to establish factors predisposing to exposure or which expose initial manifestations of the disease. Schizophrenia can be rightly diagnosed in the early periods if character peculiarities and the course of the initial period of the disease are taken into account, as well as the influence of such factors as heredity, age and periods which provoke the disease. It is stressed that the early forms of schizophrenia are often atypical, incomplete in their clinical picture where neurotic-like and psychopathic-like phenomena often predominate."}
{"id": "PMID:936853", "title": "[The clinical picture and dynamics of long-term late remissions in the outcome of shift-like schizophrenia].", "content": "In 59 patients with shift-like schizophrenia above 60 years the author studied some clinical traits and the development of long-term (10--20 years and more) hypersthenic, paranoial and psycopath-like remissions. The development of such remissions actually reflected the tendency to a regressive course and a stabilization of the process at old age. There was a slow extinguishing of affective swings which were observed in the majority of the cases in the initial stages of such remissions. There was also an alleviation of productive disorders (paranoial, hallucinatory, psychopath-like, abscessional, etc.) as well as a certain compensation of negative disturbance. At the age of 55--65 the patients displayed a long-term stable condition with a monotonous (mainly hypersthenic) mood, rudimentary psychotic symptoms, certain personality abnormalities, an increased level of social adaptation and working capacity.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and dynamics of long-term late remissions in the outcome of shift-like schizophrenia]. In 59 patients with shift-like schizophrenia above 60 years the author studied some clinical traits and the development of long-term (10--20 years and more) hypersthenic, paranoial and psycopath-like remissions. The development of such remissions actually reflected the tendency to a regressive course and a stabilization of the process at old age. There was a slow extinguishing of affective swings which were observed in the majority of the cases in the initial stages of such remissions. There was also an alleviation of productive disorders (paranoial, hallucinatory, psychopath-like, abscessional, etc.) as well as a certain compensation of negative disturbance. At the age of 55--65 the patients displayed a long-term stable condition with a monotonous (mainly hypersthenic) mood, rudimentary psychotic symptoms, certain personality abnormalities, an increased level of social adaptation and working capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:936854", "title": "[A catamnestic study of shift-like schizophrenia with long-term remissions].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 206 patients in conditions of in-patients services and 1124 patients in one of Moscow's district psychoneurological dispensaries it appeared possible to prove the significance of exogenous factors in the development of attacks in schizophrenia. The study did not show any significant differences in the frequency of combined attacks with exogenous factors depending upon the severity of schizophrenia. The frequency of attacks related to exogenous factors is in a direct dependence upon the existence or absence of exogenous factors in the manifest attack.", "contents": "[A catamnestic study of shift-like schizophrenia with long-term remissions]. On the basis of a study of 206 patients in conditions of in-patients services and 1124 patients in one of Moscow's district psychoneurological dispensaries it appeared possible to prove the significance of exogenous factors in the development of attacks in schizophrenia. The study did not show any significant differences in the frequency of combined attacks with exogenous factors depending upon the severity of schizophrenia. The frequency of attacks related to exogenous factors is in a direct dependence upon the existence or absence of exogenous factors in the manifest attack."}
{"id": "PMID:936855", "title": "[Variants in the course of circular schizophrenia (an epidemiologic study)].", "content": "The authors report of the clinico-statistical characteristics in the development of circular schizophrenia in 645 patients. An analysis of the course of the disease was convened in respect to the correlation of the affective disorders, the clinical structure of the attacks and remission, their duration, the amount of attacks in the past, sex and age. It was demonstrated that all of these parameters are closely connected with the type of the manifest attack. This circumstance may be used for the prognosis of the disease and for clarifying the problem of the typology of circular schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Variants in the course of circular schizophrenia (an epidemiologic study)]. The authors report of the clinico-statistical characteristics in the development of circular schizophrenia in 645 patients. An analysis of the course of the disease was convened in respect to the correlation of the affective disorders, the clinical structure of the attacks and remission, their duration, the amount of attacks in the past, sex and age. It was demonstrated that all of these parameters are closely connected with the type of the manifest attack. This circumstance may be used for the prognosis of the disease and for clarifying the problem of the typology of circular schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:936857", "title": "[A method of carrying out ECT under anesthesia with relaxants].", "content": "During EST of schizophrenic (with a prevalent depressive symptomatology) and manic-depressive patients refractory to medicinal therapy, it was possible to find the following conditions. There was a definite advantage in the use of a narcotizing preparation such as epontal with a relaxant listenon compared to a tiopenthal narcosis. This may be due to a short-time narcotic effect of epontal, the absence of postnarcotic symptoms such as expressed apathy, weakness, headaches, which can be observed during 2-3 hours, following tiopenthal narcosis.", "contents": "[A method of carrying out ECT under anesthesia with relaxants]. During EST of schizophrenic (with a prevalent depressive symptomatology) and manic-depressive patients refractory to medicinal therapy, it was possible to find the following conditions. There was a definite advantage in the use of a narcotizing preparation such as epontal with a relaxant listenon compared to a tiopenthal narcosis. This may be due to a short-time narcotic effect of epontal, the absence of postnarcotic symptoms such as expressed apathy, weakness, headaches, which can be observed during 2-3 hours, following tiopenthal narcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:936862", "title": "[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of X-linked pseudohypertrophic myopathy].", "content": "A clinical, genealogical, EMG and morphological study of the development of pseudohypertrophic myopathy linked with X-chromosome allowed one to distinguish 2 variants: 1) the malignant (Duchenne form) and 2) benign (Baker form). Although both forms have similar clinical symptoms, the Baker form has a later onset, a more favourable development and more preserved motor functions. The activity of fructosodiphosphataldolase and creatinphosphokinase in the blood serum of these patients was significantly lower than in Duchenne' myopathy. In the muscular bioptates of patients with Duchenne's myopathy as the disease progresses there is a gradual smoothening of the diameter of preserved elements at the expense of almost complete disappearance of hypertrophysed filaments. In Baker's myopathy besides expressed processes of muscular sclerosis and lipomatosis there are also hypertrophysed filaments.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphologic characteristics of X-linked pseudohypertrophic myopathy]. A clinical, genealogical, EMG and morphological study of the development of pseudohypertrophic myopathy linked with X-chromosome allowed one to distinguish 2 variants: 1) the malignant (Duchenne form) and 2) benign (Baker form). Although both forms have similar clinical symptoms, the Baker form has a later onset, a more favourable development and more preserved motor functions. The activity of fructosodiphosphataldolase and creatinphosphokinase in the blood serum of these patients was significantly lower than in Duchenne' myopathy. In the muscular bioptates of patients with Duchenne's myopathy as the disease progresses there is a gradual smoothening of the diameter of preserved elements at the expense of almost complete disappearance of hypertrophysed filaments. In Baker's myopathy besides expressed processes of muscular sclerosis and lipomatosis there are also hypertrophysed filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:936863", "title": "[Dystrophic myotonia (a clinico-morphologic study)].", "content": "The paper contains data of a clinico-morphological study of 14 patients with dystrophic myotonia. The muscular bioptate was studied by means of electron microscopy. In the muscular filaments there were 2 types of changes. In the initial phase of the disease there were focal changes in the myofibrillar apparatus, a mild hypertrophy of the sarcotubular system and an increase of the mitochondria. These changes are similar to disturbances in Thomson's myotonia. The existence of common traits in these disorders, motor disturbances and similar morphologocal changes permit to consider that they are an expression of a myotonical phenomenon. The second type of disorders was characterized by dystrophical and atrophical changes, with distinct correlations between the severity of the disease and expressiveness of morphological changes.", "contents": "[Dystrophic myotonia (a clinico-morphologic study)]. The paper contains data of a clinico-morphological study of 14 patients with dystrophic myotonia. The muscular bioptate was studied by means of electron microscopy. In the muscular filaments there were 2 types of changes. In the initial phase of the disease there were focal changes in the myofibrillar apparatus, a mild hypertrophy of the sarcotubular system and an increase of the mitochondria. These changes are similar to disturbances in Thomson's myotonia. The existence of common traits in these disorders, motor disturbances and similar morphologocal changes permit to consider that they are an expression of a myotonical phenomenon. The second type of disorders was characterized by dystrophical and atrophical changes, with distinct correlations between the severity of the disease and expressiveness of morphological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:936864", "title": "[Condition of the nervous elements of skeletal muscle in Duchenne myopathy].", "content": "In order to determine the role of the nervous system in the pathogenesis of myopathy, the author examined the nervous apparatus in a bioptate of the widest muscle of the back in 8 patients with Duchenne's myopathy and in some other muscles in one post-mortem case of the same disease. The morphological changes in the nervous structures of skeletal muscles were expressed in signs of irritation, substituted by destruction which began in the terminal parts and was more expressed in the atrophized muscles. Besides there were symptoms of excessive growth of the nervous filaments especially in the initial phases of the process. The regenerating nervous filaments are subjected to destruction and do not provide an innervation of the muscles.", "contents": "[Condition of the nervous elements of skeletal muscle in Duchenne myopathy]. In order to determine the role of the nervous system in the pathogenesis of myopathy, the author examined the nervous apparatus in a bioptate of the widest muscle of the back in 8 patients with Duchenne's myopathy and in some other muscles in one post-mortem case of the same disease. The morphological changes in the nervous structures of skeletal muscles were expressed in signs of irritation, substituted by destruction which began in the terminal parts and was more expressed in the atrophized muscles. Besides there were symptoms of excessive growth of the nervous filaments especially in the initial phases of the process. The regenerating nervous filaments are subjected to destruction and do not provide an innervation of the muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:936865", "title": "[Lipid metabolism disorder in ataxia-telangiectasia].", "content": "A clinico-morphological study of ataxia-teleangiectasia permits to establish the depth and distribution of lesions. Morphological findings indicate to lesions mainly in the extrapyramidal system, cerebellum, subcortical structures and in the stem structures and spinal cord. Besides, there were changes in the hemispheres in the form of cell atrophy, demyelinization, degeneration and gliosis. Demyelinization was found in the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; in the extrapyramidal conductive paths. A study of lipid metabolism in 14 patients with ataxia-teleangiectasia also demonstrated an increase of lipid content in myelin, free cholesterol, etherconnected cholesterol, triglycerides and diglycerides in the plasma. There was  a correlation between the degree of the nervous system demyelinization and an increased level of the main fractions in the lipid spectrum. In some patients following a transplantation of a neonatal thymus-sternum complex there was a drop in the previously increased content of the lipid fractions. The authors discuss some problems of the pathogenesis of ataxiateleangiectasia.", "contents": "[Lipid metabolism disorder in ataxia-telangiectasia]. A clinico-morphological study of ataxia-teleangiectasia permits to establish the depth and distribution of lesions. Morphological findings indicate to lesions mainly in the extrapyramidal system, cerebellum, subcortical structures and in the stem structures and spinal cord. Besides, there were changes in the hemispheres in the form of cell atrophy, demyelinization, degeneration and gliosis. Demyelinization was found in the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord; in the extrapyramidal conductive paths. A study of lipid metabolism in 14 patients with ataxia-teleangiectasia also demonstrated an increase of lipid content in myelin, free cholesterol, etherconnected cholesterol, triglycerides and diglycerides in the plasma. There was  a correlation between the degree of the nervous system demyelinization and an increased level of the main fractions in the lipid spectrum. In some patients following a transplantation of a neonatal thymus-sternum complex there was a drop in the previously increased content of the lipid fractions. The authors discuss some problems of the pathogenesis of ataxiateleangiectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:936866", "title": "[The functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus in patients with Urov (Kashin-Bek) disease].", "content": "In order to clarify the state of bioelectrical muscular activity in relation to the severity of the disease and the localization of the pathological process in Urowsche disease, the author examined 107 patients and 27 normals. The achieved data point to quantitative and qualitative differences of the bioelectrical muscular activity in patients and normals. In Urowsche disease in all stages of rest, in deep inhalation and synergia, electrical activity was not present. In a voluntary muscular contraction in 45.5% of the muscles there was type I in the EMG, 33.4% -- type II and 21.1% -- type IV. In all stages of the disease there was a drop in the potential amplitude fasciculation and a decrease in the frequency of acter-action fluctuations. With the development of the disease the frequency of pathological forms in the EMG was statistically higher. These data testify to lesions of the motoneurons and suprasegmental structures.", "contents": "[The functional state of the neuromuscular apparatus in patients with Urov (Kashin-Bek) disease]. In order to clarify the state of bioelectrical muscular activity in relation to the severity of the disease and the localization of the pathological process in Urowsche disease, the author examined 107 patients and 27 normals. The achieved data point to quantitative and qualitative differences of the bioelectrical muscular activity in patients and normals. In Urowsche disease in all stages of rest, in deep inhalation and synergia, electrical activity was not present. In a voluntary muscular contraction in 45.5% of the muscles there was type I in the EMG, 33.4% -- type II and 21.1% -- type IV. In all stages of the disease there was a drop in the potential amplitude fasciculation and a decrease in the frequency of acter-action fluctuations. With the development of the disease the frequency of pathological forms in the EMG was statistically higher. These data testify to lesions of the motoneurons and suprasegmental structures."}
{"id": "PMID:936868", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of nucleic acids in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "DNA and RNA was determined with the aid of cyto-chemical methods in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 101 patients with disseminated sclerosis. Changes of the DNA were not found. Quite possibly, the increase of cyto-chemical indices of RNA in the lymphocytes of such patients depends upon the reactivity of the organism the degree of its sensitization and activity of the pathological process.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of nucleic acids in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis]. DNA and RNA was determined with the aid of cyto-chemical methods in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 101 patients with disseminated sclerosis. Changes of the DNA were not found. Quite possibly, the increase of cyto-chemical indices of RNA in the lymphocytes of such patients depends upon the reactivity of the organism the degree of its sensitization and activity of the pathological process."}
{"id": "PMID:936869", "title": "[Clincio-electroencephalographic syndromes in several diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "An analysis of the indices of bioelectrical brain activity and clinical symptoms was accomplished by a computer according to the principle \"man-machine\". The authors examined 2 groups of patients with some hereditary forms of diseases of the nervous system (62 cases) and with disorders of cerebral circulation (106 cases). It was demonstrated that there is a possibility of clarifying the typical localization of lesion and of differentiating the different clinico EEG syndromes.", "contents": "[Clincio-electroencephalographic syndromes in several diseases of the nervous system]. An analysis of the indices of bioelectrical brain activity and clinical symptoms was accomplished by a computer according to the principle \"man-machine\". The authors examined 2 groups of patients with some hereditary forms of diseases of the nervous system (62 cases) and with disorders of cerebral circulation (106 cases). It was demonstrated that there is a possibility of clarifying the typical localization of lesion and of differentiating the different clinico EEG syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:936870", "title": "[Use of the polarographic method of analyzing blood and cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosing nervous system diseases].", "content": "The report contains the results of a palrographic study of the blood and CSFin 726 patients with different disorders of the nervous system. It was possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences in the degree of expressiveness of the Brdicki filtrate test in benign and malignant tumors. The authors also established the significance of a differential diagnostical test, permitting to distinguish a vascular (pseudotumor) brain disorder from a tumorousone. A polarographic analysis of the CSF may be used as a supplementary diagnostical method in tumors of the CNS. The role of sulfhydrile groups in the mechanism of the polarographic effect is discussed.", "contents": "[Use of the polarographic method of analyzing blood and cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosing nervous system diseases]. The report contains the results of a palrographic study of the blood and CSFin 726 patients with different disorders of the nervous system. It was possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences in the degree of expressiveness of the Brdicki filtrate test in benign and malignant tumors. The authors also established the significance of a differential diagnostical test, permitting to distinguish a vascular (pseudotumor) brain disorder from a tumorousone. A polarographic analysis of the CSF may be used as a supplementary diagnostical method in tumors of the CNS. The role of sulfhydrile groups in the mechanism of the polarographic effect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936871", "title": "[Current state of the problem of vertigo].", "content": "On the basis of literature and personal data the author qualifies vertigo as an important subjective symptom of a number of diseases. The author proposes and evaluates the existing classifications of vertigo and the applied terminology. The systematics of vertigo based on the clinical experience is proposed. The paper contains qualitative and quantitative characteristics of separate types of vertigo which were singled out according to the character of sensations, conditions of their appearance, time of their duration, attendant neurological and another objective symptomatics and categories of diseases. In this connection the author divides vertigo into peripheral (labyrinthiform and radicle) and central (nucleus, supra-nuclear, \"higher\"). Principals of treatment are described.", "contents": "[Current state of the problem of vertigo]. On the basis of literature and personal data the author qualifies vertigo as an important subjective symptom of a number of diseases. The author proposes and evaluates the existing classifications of vertigo and the applied terminology. The systematics of vertigo based on the clinical experience is proposed. The paper contains qualitative and quantitative characteristics of separate types of vertigo which were singled out according to the character of sensations, conditions of their appearance, time of their duration, attendant neurological and another objective symptomatics and categories of diseases. In this connection the author divides vertigo into peripheral (labyrinthiform and radicle) and central (nucleus, supra-nuclear, \"higher\"). Principals of treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:936872", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of cerebral nervous tissue under conditions of specific sensitization and desensitization of the body].", "content": "On the basis of a study of the ultrastructural traits of the brain matter under conditions of specific sensitization and desensitization of the organism, the author comes to the following conclusion. A sensitization of the organism by brain antigens is accompanied by a physiological activation of the nervous system cells, especially of their defense mechanisms. In specific desensitization when it is considered that there is a disappearance of increased sensitivity of the organism, an electronomicroscopic study of the brain revealed an expressed activation of the ultrastructures, both in the nervous and glial elements of the brain tissue.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of cerebral nervous tissue under conditions of specific sensitization and desensitization of the body]. On the basis of a study of the ultrastructural traits of the brain matter under conditions of specific sensitization and desensitization of the organism, the author comes to the following conclusion. A sensitization of the organism by brain antigens is accompanied by a physiological activation of the nervous system cells, especially of their defense mechanisms. In specific desensitization when it is considered that there is a disappearance of increased sensitivity of the organism, an electronomicroscopic study of the brain revealed an expressed activation of the ultrastructures, both in the nervous and glial elements of the brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:936874", "title": "[Human hypnosis and super-slow electrical activity of the brain].", "content": "The authors studied the transformation of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in 15 patients with neuroses during 50 sessions of hypnosis. The results of such studies permitted to distinguish some important traits in the changes of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in different stages of hypnosis. It is concluded that a study of these changes during hypnosis may establish some correlations between the physiological state of the brain and the unconscious mental processes.", "contents": "[Human hypnosis and super-slow electrical activity of the brain]. The authors studied the transformation of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in 15 patients with neuroses during 50 sessions of hypnosis. The results of such studies permitted to distinguish some important traits in the changes of infraslow oscillations of brain potentials in different stages of hypnosis. It is concluded that a study of these changes during hypnosis may establish some correlations between the physiological state of the brain and the unconscious mental processes."}
{"id": "PMID:936875", "title": "[Pubertal decompensation in the clinical picture of schizoid psychopathy].", "content": "The author examined 30 patients in whom the psychic condition in adolescence was characterized by \"metaphysical (philosophical) intoxication\". This phenomenon was qualified as an adolescent variant of over-valued ideas. It was established as well that these traits develop in personalities of a schizoid character. The conditions as a whole was considered as pubertal decompensation in schizoid psychopathy. The report contains criteria for a differentiation of these conditons with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenic process.", "contents": "[Pubertal decompensation in the clinical picture of schizoid psychopathy]. The author examined 30 patients in whom the psychic condition in adolescence was characterized by \"metaphysical (philosophical) intoxication\". This phenomenon was qualified as an adolescent variant of over-valued ideas. It was established as well that these traits develop in personalities of a schizoid character. The conditions as a whole was considered as pubertal decompensation in schizoid psychopathy. The report contains criteria for a differentiation of these conditons with slowly progressive forms of schizophrenic process."}
{"id": "PMID:936876", "title": "[Delusions of self-justification, innocence, forgiveness and justification in schizophrenia].", "content": "Delusions of selfjustification directed towards a denial of imaginary guiltiness are characterized by an activity of delusional speech and behaviour. In delusions of innocence the patients partially acknowledge imaginary guiltiness, their opinions and behaviour are passive. These forms of delusions are encountered in the structure of depressions with delusions, paranoid-depressive, hallucinatory-paranoid, acute delusional and paraphrenic syndromes. Delusions of appeal and justification are frequently seen in the structure of paraphrenic syndromes. These forms of delusions occupy a subordinate position in relation to other forms of psychopathological structures.", "contents": "[Delusions of self-justification, innocence, forgiveness and justification in schizophrenia]. Delusions of selfjustification directed towards a denial of imaginary guiltiness are characterized by an activity of delusional speech and behaviour. In delusions of innocence the patients partially acknowledge imaginary guiltiness, their opinions and behaviour are passive. These forms of delusions are encountered in the structure of depressions with delusions, paranoid-depressive, hallucinatory-paranoid, acute delusional and paraphrenic syndromes. Delusions of appeal and justification are frequently seen in the structure of paraphrenic syndromes. These forms of delusions occupy a subordinate position in relation to other forms of psychopathological structures."}
{"id": "PMID:936877", "title": "[Attack-like schizophrenia with a \"progressive\" course and profound long-term remissions in old age].", "content": "The author examined 131 patients with conditions of deep and durative remissions who had not been hospitalized during the past 20 years. Clinically they were characterized by some common traits. In most of the cases the premorbid personality and the character during the state of remission had hypersthenic traits. Manifest psychoses were seen mainly from 25-45 years. The subsequent development of the disease had infrequent prevalently affective-delusional attacks with a tendency to an intensification of phasic disorders in the involutional period and a subsequent regressive development of the disease in all cases in senescence.", "contents": "[Attack-like schizophrenia with a \"progressive\" course and profound long-term remissions in old age]. The author examined 131 patients with conditions of deep and durative remissions who had not been hospitalized during the past 20 years. Clinically they were characterized by some common traits. In most of the cases the premorbid personality and the character during the state of remission had hypersthenic traits. Manifest psychoses were seen mainly from 25-45 years. The subsequent development of the disease had infrequent prevalently affective-delusional attacks with a tendency to an intensification of phasic disorders in the involutional period and a subsequent regressive development of the disease in all cases in senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:936878", "title": "[Clinical features and problems in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenic psychoses developing after delivery].", "content": "The authors report of some results of a clinical follow-up study of 76 schizophrenic patients in psychosis observed during the puerperal period. Two types of the process were distinguished: a recurrent type and attack-like progressive. Some diffrential diagnostical criteria are given permitting to differ recurrent schizophrenia from somatogenic and infectious psychoses.", "contents": "[Clinical features and problems in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenic psychoses developing after delivery]. The authors report of some results of a clinical follow-up study of 76 schizophrenic patients in psychosis observed during the puerperal period. Two types of the process were distinguished: a recurrent type and attack-like progressive. Some diffrential diagnostical criteria are given permitting to differ recurrent schizophrenia from somatogenic and infectious psychoses."}
{"id": "PMID:936879", "title": "[Prognosis of the frequency of attacks of schizophrenia (according to findings from an epidemiologic study)].", "content": "In 915 patients with attack-like schizophrenia with a duration of the disorder not less than 15 years, the authors studied some clinical and endogenous factors in order to determine the criteria of prognosis of the attacks. It was displayed that in most of the cases schizophrenia proceeded with a small amount of attacks. Manifestation at young age (irrespective of the duration of the disorder), its affinity to the periodical pole of the disorder and concomitance of subsequent attacks of manic disturbances correlated with a large amount of attacks.", "contents": "[Prognosis of the frequency of attacks of schizophrenia (according to findings from an epidemiologic study)]. In 915 patients with attack-like schizophrenia with a duration of the disorder not less than 15 years, the authors studied some clinical and endogenous factors in order to determine the criteria of prognosis of the attacks. It was displayed that in most of the cases schizophrenia proceeded with a small amount of attacks. Manifestation at young age (irrespective of the duration of the disorder), its affinity to the periodical pole of the disorder and concomitance of subsequent attacks of manic disturbances correlated with a large amount of attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:936880", "title": "[Family formation by schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients according to an epidemiologic study (birth rate)].", "content": "The birth rate among patients with endogenous disorders is considered as an index of the degree of their social adaptation. It was established that in all forms of such disorders the level of birth rates and the rate of family formation is lower than that in the general population. However, in all endogenous disorders (except the malignant schizophrenia) there are some patients the adaptation of whom is not disturbed.", "contents": "[Family formation by schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients according to an epidemiologic study (birth rate)]. The birth rate among patients with endogenous disorders is considered as an index of the degree of their social adaptation. It was established that in all forms of such disorders the level of birth rates and the rate of family formation is lower than that in the general population. However, in all endogenous disorders (except the malignant schizophrenia) there are some patients the adaptation of whom is not disturbed."}
{"id": "PMID:936882", "title": "The effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the activity of ribosomes in the remaining kidney.", "content": "1. Ribosomes isolated from hypertrophic kidneys were examined at different time intervals after unilateral nephrectomy. The activity of ribosomes measured by [14C] leucine incorporation and synthesis of polyphenylalanine from [14C]Phe-tRNA, was increased after 24 h, whereas changes in the composition of ribosomal protein fractions appeared as early as within 6 hours after the operation. 2. In hypertrophic kidney the content of ribosomes increased but the ratio of free and membrane-bound ribosomes remained practically unaltered. However, the specific activity of free ribosomes was twice as high as that of bound ribosomes. 3. It is concluded that the enhanced activity of free ribosomes is one of the factors responsible for the increased protein synthesis in hypertrophic kidney.", "contents": "The effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the activity of ribosomes in the remaining kidney. 1. Ribosomes isolated from hypertrophic kidneys were examined at different time intervals after unilateral nephrectomy. The activity of ribosomes measured by [14C] leucine incorporation and synthesis of polyphenylalanine from [14C]Phe-tRNA, was increased after 24 h, whereas changes in the composition of ribosomal protein fractions appeared as early as within 6 hours after the operation. 2. In hypertrophic kidney the content of ribosomes increased but the ratio of free and membrane-bound ribosomes remained practically unaltered. However, the specific activity of free ribosomes was twice as high as that of bound ribosomes. 3. It is concluded that the enhanced activity of free ribosomes is one of the factors responsible for the increased protein synthesis in hypertrophic kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:936883", "title": "Large-scale isolation of tRNA from barley embryos.", "content": "1. Large-scale isolation of tRNA from barley embryos is described, involving: phenol extraction, RNA deproteinization with the chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture, batch sorption on DEAE-cellulose, NaCl gradient elution of tRNA from DEAE-cellulose, and deaminoacylation of tRNA in the presence of bentonite. The procedure yielded tRNA free of protein and RNase activity. 2. The amino acid acceptor activity of the crude barley tRNA, its melting profiles and chromatographic patterns on Sephadex G-100 and BD-cellulose were similar to those of tRNA from other sources.", "contents": "Large-scale isolation of tRNA from barley embryos. 1. Large-scale isolation of tRNA from barley embryos is described, involving: phenol extraction, RNA deproteinization with the chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture, batch sorption on DEAE-cellulose, NaCl gradient elution of tRNA from DEAE-cellulose, and deaminoacylation of tRNA in the presence of bentonite. The procedure yielded tRNA free of protein and RNase activity. 2. The amino acid acceptor activity of the crude barley tRNA, its melting profiles and chromatographic patterns on Sephadex G-100 and BD-cellulose were similar to those of tRNA from other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:936884", "title": "Some features of DNA-tRNA hybrids in the rat.", "content": "1. Sequences complementary to rRNA in rat DNA amount to 0.04% which corresponds to about 300 rRNA genes per haploid genome. 2. Purified DNA-rRNA hybrids had a DNA: rRNA weight ratio of about 1.1:1. Their melting temperature estimated on hydroxyapatite column was 75-80 degrees C. In CsCl gradients hybrids banded at 1.728 g/cm3 as compared to 1.699 g/cm3 for bulk DNA. 3. Length distribution histogram of DNA-rRNA hybrid molecules visualized by electron microscopy revealed that most of them possessed a length of 0.2-0.5 mum which corresponds to 4 X 10(5)-1 X 10(6) daltons, i.e. 670-1600 nucleotide pairs. 4. DNA sequences complementary to rRNA are localized on the heavy shoulder of the main band at a CsCl density of 1.709 g/cm3, and in a DNA fraction which re-associates at a Cot=10(-1)-10(2).", "contents": "Some features of DNA-tRNA hybrids in the rat. 1. Sequences complementary to rRNA in rat DNA amount to 0.04% which corresponds to about 300 rRNA genes per haploid genome. 2. Purified DNA-rRNA hybrids had a DNA: rRNA weight ratio of about 1.1:1. Their melting temperature estimated on hydroxyapatite column was 75-80 degrees C. In CsCl gradients hybrids banded at 1.728 g/cm3 as compared to 1.699 g/cm3 for bulk DNA. 3. Length distribution histogram of DNA-rRNA hybrid molecules visualized by electron microscopy revealed that most of them possessed a length of 0.2-0.5 mum which corresponds to 4 X 10(5)-1 X 10(6) daltons, i.e. 670-1600 nucleotide pairs. 4. DNA sequences complementary to rRNA are localized on the heavy shoulder of the main band at a CsCl density of 1.709 g/cm3, and in a DNA fraction which re-associates at a Cot=10(-1)-10(2)."}
{"id": "PMID:936885", "title": "Metabolism of 1-3H-ethanol by isolated liver cells. Time-course of the transfer of tritium from R,S-1-3H-ethanol to lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "Parenchymal cells isolated from the liver of 24 h fasted rats were incubated with 65 mM R,S-1-3H -ethanol plus 3 mM pyruvate as substrates in the absence and presence of 1.7 mM 4-methylpyrazole. Metabolite levels and the time-course of the transfer of tritum from ethanol to lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate was measured during the first 15 min of ethanol metabolism. The time-course of the loss of tritium from 2-3H-L-lactate and 3-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate in experiments identical to the above-mentioned was estimated. A GLC method for the isolation of lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and the preparation of 2-3H-L-lactate and O-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate is described. The incorporation rate of tritium from ethanol into lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased with time. Addition of 4-methyl-pyrazole decreased the incorporation rate roughly proportional to the decrease in ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism. The observed incorporation rates of tritium to lactate were corrected for the detritiation rates measured in experiments with I-3H-L-lactate and 3-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate as substrates. The rate of extramitochondrial acetaldehyde oxidation was calculated from the corrected initial rates of incorporation of tritium into lactate to 0-0.4 mumol min-1 (ml of cells)-1.", "contents": "Metabolism of 1-3H-ethanol by isolated liver cells. Time-course of the transfer of tritium from R,S-1-3H-ethanol to lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Parenchymal cells isolated from the liver of 24 h fasted rats were incubated with 65 mM R,S-1-3H -ethanol plus 3 mM pyruvate as substrates in the absence and presence of 1.7 mM 4-methylpyrazole. Metabolite levels and the time-course of the transfer of tritum from ethanol to lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate was measured during the first 15 min of ethanol metabolism. The time-course of the loss of tritium from 2-3H-L-lactate and 3-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate in experiments identical to the above-mentioned was estimated. A GLC method for the isolation of lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and the preparation of 2-3H-L-lactate and O-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate is described. The incorporation rate of tritium from ethanol into lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased with time. Addition of 4-methyl-pyrazole decreased the incorporation rate roughly proportional to the decrease in ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism. The observed incorporation rates of tritium to lactate were corrected for the detritiation rates measured in experiments with I-3H-L-lactate and 3-3H-beta-D-hydroxybutyrate as substrates. The rate of extramitochondrial acetaldehyde oxidation was calculated from the corrected initial rates of incorporation of tritium into lactate to 0-0.4 mumol min-1 (ml of cells)-1."}
{"id": "PMID:936898", "title": "[Neurosurgical wounds in the defensive war].", "content": "In Yugoslavia there is a defence war act by which every hospital has to have prospect about defence of whole population in case of attack from abroad. First step of every prospect is the evaluation of casualties. Evaluation of casualties in possible war and neurosurgical discipline should be made from following aspects: estimation of amount of neurosurgical injuries, number of neurosurgical patients before the war, disposal of hospitals and beds for neurosurgery, equipment, and number of neurosurgeons. Management of neurosurgical injuries in the war begins with the first aid. After that casualties should be divided into several groups. Certain amount of patients with minor injuries of the head could be managed by general practitioner or general surgeon. The first group of really neurosurgical cases is consisted of injuries which must be operated upon by neurosurgeon immediately, without any delay. The second group are made of patients who need neurosurgical help, but it can be delayed several hours or so. The third group is consisted from injuries which should not be treated operatively. And the last one is a group of cases who will die with or without neurosurgical help. The treatment in these cases should be paliative without neurosurgical staff and equipment involved.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical wounds in the defensive war]. In Yugoslavia there is a defence war act by which every hospital has to have prospect about defence of whole population in case of attack from abroad. First step of every prospect is the evaluation of casualties. Evaluation of casualties in possible war and neurosurgical discipline should be made from following aspects: estimation of amount of neurosurgical injuries, number of neurosurgical patients before the war, disposal of hospitals and beds for neurosurgery, equipment, and number of neurosurgeons. Management of neurosurgical injuries in the war begins with the first aid. After that casualties should be divided into several groups. Certain amount of patients with minor injuries of the head could be managed by general practitioner or general surgeon. The first group of really neurosurgical cases is consisted of injuries which must be operated upon by neurosurgeon immediately, without any delay. The second group are made of patients who need neurosurgical help, but it can be delayed several hours or so. The third group is consisted from injuries which should not be treated operatively. And the last one is a group of cases who will die with or without neurosurgical help. The treatment in these cases should be paliative without neurosurgical staff and equipment involved."}
{"id": "PMID:936905", "title": "[Gunshot injuries of the limbs (5 years of experience; 1970-1975)].", "content": "In this study the authors present 19 patients with injuries caused by firearms. Six patients had injuries of soft tissues only, while the remaining 13 had bone fractures as well. Special attention was drawn to wounds inflicted by hunting and military rifles. The study provides data concerning the degree of injury caused by bullets with high muzzle velocities. The importance of early management of wounds and preventive treatment with antibiotics was pointed out. The fact that one patient died, and three patients had to undergo amputation does not tend to lessen the success achieved in the treatment of these severe, life endangering injuries.", "contents": "[Gunshot injuries of the limbs (5 years of experience; 1970-1975)]. In this study the authors present 19 patients with injuries caused by firearms. Six patients had injuries of soft tissues only, while the remaining 13 had bone fractures as well. Special attention was drawn to wounds inflicted by hunting and military rifles. The study provides data concerning the degree of injury caused by bullets with high muzzle velocities. The importance of early management of wounds and preventive treatment with antibiotics was pointed out. The fact that one patient died, and three patients had to undergo amputation does not tend to lessen the success achieved in the treatment of these severe, life endangering injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:936906", "title": "[Peacetime shooting injuries of the long bones].", "content": "1. In our short reference we have shown the complete number of injuries sustained through shooting and we have indicated their enormous frequencies which can be regarded to be equal to those injuries in traffic communication. 2. While treating the injuries of extremities, as war injuries using the same principals as in war, we have obtained the best results and lessened the possibility of complication. 3. In the above cases for osteosinthesis of long bones, we held the principles of prolonged osteosinthesis while the primary osteosinthesis were use in special cases.", "contents": "[Peacetime shooting injuries of the long bones]. 1. In our short reference we have shown the complete number of injuries sustained through shooting and we have indicated their enormous frequencies which can be regarded to be equal to those injuries in traffic communication. 2. While treating the injuries of extremities, as war injuries using the same principals as in war, we have obtained the best results and lessened the possibility of complication. 3. In the above cases for osteosinthesis of long bones, we held the principles of prolonged osteosinthesis while the primary osteosinthesis were use in special cases."}
{"id": "PMID:936909", "title": "[Treatment of open war injuries of the limbs in Ethiopia during the 3-year period with regard to 2 cases where a big part of the ulnar bone was missing].", "content": "I. When a patient with open compound fracture arrives at the hospital he should be given 1500 u TAT, 25000 u Serum Antigangrenosum, one million Penicillin and one gram of Streptomycin, provided that these were not given before. II. Immediate operation of the cases with injury of less than six-eight hours duration is a must here. But still it must not be forgotten that those with shoc need to be left aside for primary treatment of the shoc before they are due for operation. Debridement of the wound should be done perfectly before starting to indulage one self with the operation. Any operation of this kind is not complete if the torn or nut nerves and tendons are primarily sutured after refreshing their ends. If necessary, plastic of the skin should be accomplished at the same time. III. We must be very considerate in dealing with bones. Bones that look dirty should be cleaned by spoon curretage rather than resecting them and facing shortage in bone. Shertage of small length of bone, can be substituted by bone grafting with either method of sliding or transplanting from one bone to another. IV. Up to the time that infection can be controlled, the primary sutture should be postponed and the only cautious debridement must be done. V. Post operative antibiotic treatment should extend from seven to ten days.", "contents": "[Treatment of open war injuries of the limbs in Ethiopia during the 3-year period with regard to 2 cases where a big part of the ulnar bone was missing]. I. When a patient with open compound fracture arrives at the hospital he should be given 1500 u TAT, 25000 u Serum Antigangrenosum, one million Penicillin and one gram of Streptomycin, provided that these were not given before. II. Immediate operation of the cases with injury of less than six-eight hours duration is a must here. But still it must not be forgotten that those with shoc need to be left aside for primary treatment of the shoc before they are due for operation. Debridement of the wound should be done perfectly before starting to indulage one self with the operation. Any operation of this kind is not complete if the torn or nut nerves and tendons are primarily sutured after refreshing their ends. If necessary, plastic of the skin should be accomplished at the same time. III. We must be very considerate in dealing with bones. Bones that look dirty should be cleaned by spoon curretage rather than resecting them and facing shortage in bone. Shertage of small length of bone, can be substituted by bone grafting with either method of sliding or transplanting from one bone to another. IV. Up to the time that infection can be controlled, the primary sutture should be postponed and the only cautious debridement must be done. V. Post operative antibiotic treatment should extend from seven to ten days."}
{"id": "PMID:936912", "title": "[Gunshot injuries of the gastroduodenal region].", "content": "The injuries of the abdomen and in the region of duodenum sustained through shooting, present a delicate and difficult problem in treatment. During the years 1970/74, 375 cases were treated in our clinic, out of which 38 patients were with abdominal injuries while 12 cases were with gastro-duodenal injuries all derived through shooting. Special delicate problems represent the treatment of pancreas injuries if only the tissue of the pancreas is only made with simple stitch. The difficulties represent the treatment of injuried principal duct. Every attempt of sewing the principal duct leads to mortal inflamation of the gland. The problem of treatment of this kind of injury, apart from using different methods which are recommended in the world literature still remains open and unsolved.", "contents": "[Gunshot injuries of the gastroduodenal region]. The injuries of the abdomen and in the region of duodenum sustained through shooting, present a delicate and difficult problem in treatment. During the years 1970/74, 375 cases were treated in our clinic, out of which 38 patients were with abdominal injuries while 12 cases were with gastro-duodenal injuries all derived through shooting. Special delicate problems represent the treatment of pancreas injuries if only the tissue of the pancreas is only made with simple stitch. The difficulties represent the treatment of injuried principal duct. Every attempt of sewing the principal duct leads to mortal inflamation of the gland. The problem of treatment of this kind of injury, apart from using different methods which are recommended in the world literature still remains open and unsolved."}
{"id": "PMID:936927", "title": "[Organization of surgical work in hospitals under special conditions].", "content": "A check-list consisting all the importants measures in hospital care for handling all sorts of disasters is described. In those situations the management of organization is primarily more important than medical attendance. The doctor educated in individual medicine overestimates the medical problems. In every hospital a disaster plan should be step up as a precuation. The importance of triage has been confirmed, and several aspects of its planning have been stressed. Excercise and test alarm are necessary to check the set upa organization.", "contents": "[Organization of surgical work in hospitals under special conditions]. A check-list consisting all the importants measures in hospital care for handling all sorts of disasters is described. In those situations the management of organization is primarily more important than medical attendance. The doctor educated in individual medicine overestimates the medical problems. In every hospital a disaster plan should be step up as a precuation. The importance of triage has been confirmed, and several aspects of its planning have been stressed. Excercise and test alarm are necessary to check the set upa organization."}
{"id": "PMID:936933", "title": "The papaverine test for blood flow potential of ileo-femoral arteries.", "content": "To establish drug and an optimal dose for a pharmacological test of the blood flow potential of an artery, the effect of intra-arterial injection of papaverine in varying doses was observed. The response to papaverine was then compared with that of other vasodilating drugs and with the physiological vasodilation of sympathectomy, exercise and postischemic hyperemia. In reconstructed atheromatous arteries, the injection of 40 mg papaverine HCl was found to induce a maximal local flow response, increasing blood flow in artery by approximately 250%. In normal arteries the response was higher. Tolazoline and isoxuprine induced a lower blood flow  response and a higher fall in systemic blood pressure. The flow induced by papaverine was higher than flow after sympathectomy and light exercise and amounted to 88% of the maximum seen after 5 minutes ischemia. It is concluded that the blood flow induced by intra-arterial injection of 40 mg papaverine HCl represents a useful reference for flow potential of this artery.", "contents": "The papaverine test for blood flow potential of ileo-femoral arteries. To establish drug and an optimal dose for a pharmacological test of the blood flow potential of an artery, the effect of intra-arterial injection of papaverine in varying doses was observed. The response to papaverine was then compared with that of other vasodilating drugs and with the physiological vasodilation of sympathectomy, exercise and postischemic hyperemia. In reconstructed atheromatous arteries, the injection of 40 mg papaverine HCl was found to induce a maximal local flow response, increasing blood flow in artery by approximately 250%. In normal arteries the response was higher. Tolazoline and isoxuprine induced a lower blood flow  response and a higher fall in systemic blood pressure. The flow induced by papaverine was higher than flow after sympathectomy and light exercise and amounted to 88% of the maximum seen after 5 minutes ischemia. It is concluded that the blood flow induced by intra-arterial injection of 40 mg papaverine HCl represents a useful reference for flow potential of this artery."}
{"id": "PMID:936934", "title": "Influence of a rigid plate for internal fixation on the maximum torque capacity of long bones.", "content": "The unfavourable effect of the rigid internal fixation plate on the strength (measured as maximum torque capacity) of the diaphyseal bone, with due attention to the importance of the screw holes, has been studied on the femora of 7 dogs. When the plates that had been applied for 7 months without previous osteotomy were removed, a significantly reduced maximum torque capacity was observed, as also a significantly reduced maximum angle of torsion, and a significantly changed distribution of the amount of bone mineral.", "contents": "Influence of a rigid plate for internal fixation on the maximum torque capacity of long bones. The unfavourable effect of the rigid internal fixation plate on the strength (measured as maximum torque capacity) of the diaphyseal bone, with due attention to the importance of the screw holes, has been studied on the femora of 7 dogs. When the plates that had been applied for 7 months without previous osteotomy were removed, a significantly reduced maximum torque capacity was observed, as also a significantly reduced maximum angle of torsion, and a significantly changed distribution of the amount of bone mineral."}
{"id": "PMID:936935", "title": "A new modification of the technique of arthroscopy of the knee joint.", "content": "Experience from arthroscopy in 224 patients with knee complaints is reported. The common method for arthroscopy is compared with a new modification developed during the study. The new method includes introduction of a 5 mm arthroscope through the patellar tendon at the level of the joint line and the use of hooks to test the menisci and the ligaments. The experience from this method shows that it gives an expanded field of vision and that technical failures are less frequent. No complications occurred. It is stated that arthroscopy is of great value in the diagnosis of knee injuries. However, a high diagnostic accuracy can only be reached by an experienced operator using a strictly standardized method.", "contents": "A new modification of the technique of arthroscopy of the knee joint. Experience from arthroscopy in 224 patients with knee complaints is reported. The common method for arthroscopy is compared with a new modification developed during the study. The new method includes introduction of a 5 mm arthroscope through the patellar tendon at the level of the joint line and the use of hooks to test the menisci and the ligaments. The experience from this method shows that it gives an expanded field of vision and that technical failures are less frequent. No complications occurred. It is stated that arthroscopy is of great value in the diagnosis of knee injuries. However, a high diagnostic accuracy can only be reached by an experienced operator using a strictly standardized method."}
{"id": "PMID:936936", "title": "Results of liver dearterialization combined with regional infusion of 5-fluorouracil for liver cancer.", "content": "40 patients with primary or metastatic liver malignancies have been treated with hepatic dearterialization, 19 of them in combination with regional infusion with 5-fluoroacil. The survival was longer than expected from untreated materials. This was especially shown to be valid for patients with primary liver cancer and liver metastases from cancer coli-recti, in which the prolongation of survival was associated with an acceptable quality of life. The long term results were correlated with the \"aggressiveness\" in therapeutic approach. Only studies of prospective randomized series can settle whether the results depend on the specific measures against the liver tumours or on the general treatment.", "contents": "Results of liver dearterialization combined with regional infusion of 5-fluorouracil for liver cancer. 40 patients with primary or metastatic liver malignancies have been treated with hepatic dearterialization, 19 of them in combination with regional infusion with 5-fluoroacil. The survival was longer than expected from untreated materials. This was especially shown to be valid for patients with primary liver cancer and liver metastases from cancer coli-recti, in which the prolongation of survival was associated with an acceptable quality of life. The long term results were correlated with the \"aggressiveness\" in therapeutic approach. Only studies of prospective randomized series can settle whether the results depend on the specific measures against the liver tumours or on the general treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:936937", "title": "Liver resection for cancer.", "content": "Liver resection was performed for primary and secondary cancer in 46 patients. Left lobe resection was performed in 11 patients, right lobe resection in 22 and extended right lobe resection in 13. There was no post-operative mortality after left lobe resection, 9 after right lobe and 5 after extended right lobe resection. Ten patients have survived two years after the liver resection. This surgical procedure seems to be of benefit especially for patients with primary liver cancer and with metastases from cancer coli-recti.", "contents": "Liver resection for cancer. Liver resection was performed for primary and secondary cancer in 46 patients. Left lobe resection was performed in 11 patients, right lobe resection in 22 and extended right lobe resection in 13. There was no post-operative mortality after left lobe resection, 9 after right lobe and 5 after extended right lobe resection. Ten patients have survived two years after the liver resection. This surgical procedure seems to be of benefit especially for patients with primary liver cancer and with metastases from cancer coli-recti."}
{"id": "PMID:936938", "title": "Retained bile duct stones.", "content": "Residual bile duct stones were found in 69 out of 4078 patients subjected to cholecystectomy. In 5 of these patients the outcome of the residual stones was unknown, but in 64 patients the complete course of events could be followed. In 32 patients the stone(s) were lodged in the intrahepatic ducts; in 15 patients the stones were overlooked owing to incomplete or technically unfeasible post-explorative cholangiographies; in 12 patients the stones were not visualized in good peroperative cholangiograms and in 5 patients the stones were misinterpreted as air bubbles. Spontaneous passage of the retained stones was verified in 24 patients. In 40 patients re-exploration was performed. Organic changes in the bile duct wall, a large (greater than or equal to 10 mm) and solitary stone were factors that precluded spontaneous passage. Re-exploration of residual bile duct stones, especially during the first month after the primary surgery, was found hazardous. If possible re-exploration should not be performed earlier than 4-6 weeks after the primary operation.", "contents": "Retained bile duct stones. Residual bile duct stones were found in 69 out of 4078 patients subjected to cholecystectomy. In 5 of these patients the outcome of the residual stones was unknown, but in 64 patients the complete course of events could be followed. In 32 patients the stone(s) were lodged in the intrahepatic ducts; in 15 patients the stones were overlooked owing to incomplete or technically unfeasible post-explorative cholangiographies; in 12 patients the stones were not visualized in good peroperative cholangiograms and in 5 patients the stones were misinterpreted as air bubbles. Spontaneous passage of the retained stones was verified in 24 patients. In 40 patients re-exploration was performed. Organic changes in the bile duct wall, a large (greater than or equal to 10 mm) and solitary stone were factors that precluded spontaneous passage. Re-exploration of residual bile duct stones, especially during the first month after the primary surgery, was found hazardous. If possible re-exploration should not be performed earlier than 4-6 weeks after the primary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:936939", "title": "Morphological changes of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal shunt in obese subjects.", "content": "The forty-seven patients in this study suffered of massive obesity and underwent jejuno-ileal shunt operations. Seventeen of them had a second laparotomy for various reasons. At both operations, a number of measurements were made; the length of the functioning jejunal and ileal segments and, in biopsies, the intestinal villus height were determined. The second laparotomies were not performed until at least 6 months after establishment of jejuno-ileal bypass. The mean length of functioning jejunum was increased by 33% (p less than 0.05) and the mean elongation of functioning ileum by 73% (p less than 0.001). The mean villus height in functioning jejunum increased by 33% (p less than 0.001) and in functioning ileum by 70% (p less than 0.001). The mean villus height in the jejunal blind loop decreased by 30% (p less than 0.001). The demonstrated hypertrophic changes in the functioning part of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal bypass represent the morphological basis of functional intestinal adaptation. The effect of this adaptation is clearly shown in the characteristic weight diagram of an obese patient after bypass operation: the loss of weight cases, a period of stability ensues and then the patient begins to regain weight to some extent.", "contents": "Morphological changes of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal shunt in obese subjects. The forty-seven patients in this study suffered of massive obesity and underwent jejuno-ileal shunt operations. Seventeen of them had a second laparotomy for various reasons. At both operations, a number of measurements were made; the length of the functioning jejunal and ileal segments and, in biopsies, the intestinal villus height were determined. The second laparotomies were not performed until at least 6 months after establishment of jejuno-ileal bypass. The mean length of functioning jejunum was increased by 33% (p less than 0.05) and the mean elongation of functioning ileum by 73% (p less than 0.001). The mean villus height in functioning jejunum increased by 33% (p less than 0.001) and in functioning ileum by 70% (p less than 0.001). The mean villus height in the jejunal blind loop decreased by 30% (p less than 0.001). The demonstrated hypertrophic changes in the functioning part of the small intestine following jejuno-ileal bypass represent the morphological basis of functional intestinal adaptation. The effect of this adaptation is clearly shown in the characteristic weight diagram of an obese patient after bypass operation: the loss of weight cases, a period of stability ensues and then the patient begins to regain weight to some extent."}
{"id": "PMID:936940", "title": "Protein patterns in serum and peritoneal fluid in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The protein content in serum and peritoneal fluid has been determined and analysed electrophoretically in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and the data obtained compared with previously published data on serum and ascites content in liver cirrhosis, heart failure and intestinal tuberculosis. Ascites fluid in liver cirrhosis and heart failure, representing a true transudate, had a comparatively low protein content while the ascites fluid in inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease had high protein content. There was no difference in ascites protein content or ascites/serum protein ratio between patients with Crohn's disease and patients with ulcerative colitis. An exudative nature of both these inflammatory bowel conditions appears to be the main cause to the peritoneal fluid often observed at laparotomy. It cannot be excluded, however, that a lymphatic stasis, which is thought to be involved in Crohn's disease, might at least partly contribute to the development when larger quantities of ascitic fluid are at hand in this disease.", "contents": "Protein patterns in serum and peritoneal fluid in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The protein content in serum and peritoneal fluid has been determined and analysed electrophoretically in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and the data obtained compared with previously published data on serum and ascites content in liver cirrhosis, heart failure and intestinal tuberculosis. Ascites fluid in liver cirrhosis and heart failure, representing a true transudate, had a comparatively low protein content while the ascites fluid in inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease had high protein content. There was no difference in ascites protein content or ascites/serum protein ratio between patients with Crohn's disease and patients with ulcerative colitis. An exudative nature of both these inflammatory bowel conditions appears to be the main cause to the peritoneal fluid often observed at laparotomy. It cannot be excluded, however, that a lymphatic stasis, which is thought to be involved in Crohn's disease, might at least partly contribute to the development when larger quantities of ascitic fluid are at hand in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:936941", "title": "Renal artery injuries following blunt trauma.", "content": "From 1861 to 1975 fifty-three cases of blunt renal pedicle injury have been reported. Sixty-five kidneys were involved (twelve bilateral injuries) and 32 of them were removed. Reconstructive surgery was tried on 17 kidneys, of which only one healed without complication and with recovery of normal function. In addition, in 4 patients with bilateral injury, operation preserved enough kidney function to save the patients from hemodialysis, though 2 of them developed hypertension. This paper reports 4 further cases. In 2 patients with renal artery thrombosis nephrectomy was eventually performed after preceding reconstructive or conservative treatment. The third patient with thrombosis was not seen until several years after the trauma and was treated conservatively. The fourth patient had a ruptured intrarenal arterial branch with massive hematuria and finally required resection of the kidney. An early diagnosis of renal artery injury following severe abdominal trauma requires immediate aortography, sometimes with subsequent selective catheterization. If renal trauma is not strongly suspected, intravenous large dose pyelography may be indicated as the first step. Surgical repair should consist of resection of the injured artery and reconstruction with a venous graft, or autotransplantation of the kidney. If treated conservatively, the patient must be followed up at regular intervals for hypertension and other complications.", "contents": "Renal artery injuries following blunt trauma. From 1861 to 1975 fifty-three cases of blunt renal pedicle injury have been reported. Sixty-five kidneys were involved (twelve bilateral injuries) and 32 of them were removed. Reconstructive surgery was tried on 17 kidneys, of which only one healed without complication and with recovery of normal function. In addition, in 4 patients with bilateral injury, operation preserved enough kidney function to save the patients from hemodialysis, though 2 of them developed hypertension. This paper reports 4 further cases. In 2 patients with renal artery thrombosis nephrectomy was eventually performed after preceding reconstructive or conservative treatment. The third patient with thrombosis was not seen until several years after the trauma and was treated conservatively. The fourth patient had a ruptured intrarenal arterial branch with massive hematuria and finally required resection of the kidney. An early diagnosis of renal artery injury following severe abdominal trauma requires immediate aortography, sometimes with subsequent selective catheterization. If renal trauma is not strongly suspected, intravenous large dose pyelography may be indicated as the first step. Surgical repair should consist of resection of the injured artery and reconstruction with a venous graft, or autotransplantation of the kidney. If treated conservatively, the patient must be followed up at regular intervals for hypertension and other complications."}
{"id": "PMID:936942", "title": "Effects of dextran 40 on the proximal renal tubule. Studies on transfer maxima of glucose and hippuran in the rat.", "content": "The effect of a single large dose of dextran 40 on transfer maxima for glucose and hippuran was studied in the rat. A close relationship between these transfer maxima and the glomerular filtration rate and/or transport of water and electrolytes was demonstrated. Despite the presence of dextran 40-induced \"osmotic nephrosis\" the observed parameters, expressed as mg/ml glomerular filtrate, were unchanged.", "contents": "Effects of dextran 40 on the proximal renal tubule. Studies on transfer maxima of glucose and hippuran in the rat. The effect of a single large dose of dextran 40 on transfer maxima for glucose and hippuran was studied in the rat. A close relationship between these transfer maxima and the glomerular filtration rate and/or transport of water and electrolytes was demonstrated. Despite the presence of dextran 40-induced \"osmotic nephrosis\" the observed parameters, expressed as mg/ml glomerular filtrate, were unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:936944", "title": "Value of routine estimation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in surgical patients.", "content": "The value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as a screening test has been assessed through a retrospective analysis of 1648 surgical patients, in whom this test was not necessary for diagnosis, treatment or evaluation of risk factors. The ESR was inexplicably elevated in 42 patients (2.5%), but a marked increase was found in only very few cases, and in none had this finding been of any consequence for the admission in question. One patient had a malignant disease, which was not diagnosed during hospitalization, but the reasons for this were incorrect interpretation of relevant diagnostic procedures. We conclude that ESR can be excluded as a screening test in surgical patients, when diagnosis and therapeutic measures can be decided by history-taking and physical examination.", "contents": "Value of routine estimation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in surgical patients. The value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as a screening test has been assessed through a retrospective analysis of 1648 surgical patients, in whom this test was not necessary for diagnosis, treatment or evaluation of risk factors. The ESR was inexplicably elevated in 42 patients (2.5%), but a marked increase was found in only very few cases, and in none had this finding been of any consequence for the admission in question. One patient had a malignant disease, which was not diagnosed during hospitalization, but the reasons for this were incorrect interpretation of relevant diagnostic procedures. We conclude that ESR can be excluded as a screening test in surgical patients, when diagnosis and therapeutic measures can be decided by history-taking and physical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:936945", "title": "Wound infections in general surgery. Wound contamination, rates of infection and some consequences.", "content": "Rates of wound infection have been studied in a clinic performing to an equal degree both clean surgery and potentially contaminated surgery. Included in the study were 2827 patients with 213 (7.5%) postoperative wound infections. The postoperative mortality was 2.1%. Primary illness and cardiovascular complications were the main causes of postoperative death, while infectious complications (pneumonia, peritonitis and wound infection) were associated with or caused 1/3 of all postoperative deaths. Positive cultures from the wound before closure and from the wound dressings, immediately after operation, were followed by an increased risk of wound infection compared to negative cultures. Rates of wound infection were significantly higher in potentially contaminated operations compared to clean operations. Gram negative bacteria dominated in isolates from infected wounds after the former type of surgery, while S. aureus was the most common bacteria in wound infections after clean surgery. The time interval between operation and the discovery of wound infection was in the mean 10 days for staphylococci, and 9 days for Gram negative bacteria. The average time of hospitalization for patients contracting postoperative wound infections was 9 days longer than that for non-infected patients, which means that 3.4% of all nursing days were lost owing to excess hospitalization of infected patients.", "contents": "Wound infections in general surgery. Wound contamination, rates of infection and some consequences. Rates of wound infection have been studied in a clinic performing to an equal degree both clean surgery and potentially contaminated surgery. Included in the study were 2827 patients with 213 (7.5%) postoperative wound infections. The postoperative mortality was 2.1%. Primary illness and cardiovascular complications were the main causes of postoperative death, while infectious complications (pneumonia, peritonitis and wound infection) were associated with or caused 1/3 of all postoperative deaths. Positive cultures from the wound before closure and from the wound dressings, immediately after operation, were followed by an increased risk of wound infection compared to negative cultures. Rates of wound infection were significantly higher in potentially contaminated operations compared to clean operations. Gram negative bacteria dominated in isolates from infected wounds after the former type of surgery, while S. aureus was the most common bacteria in wound infections after clean surgery. The time interval between operation and the discovery of wound infection was in the mean 10 days for staphylococci, and 9 days for Gram negative bacteria. The average time of hospitalization for patients contracting postoperative wound infections was 9 days longer than that for non-infected patients, which means that 3.4% of all nursing days were lost owing to excess hospitalization of infected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936946", "title": "Wound infections in clean and potentially contaminated surgery. Importance of bacterial and non-bacterial factors.", "content": "Postoperative wound infections in clean--and potentially contaminated surgery were studied with regard to demonstrable wound contamination and the occurrence of non-bacterial wound infection promoting factors. The incidence of demonstrable wound contamination in clean surgery was low, and observed rates of wound infection could not be related to differences in wound contamination, but to the occurrence of non-bacterial wound infection potentiating factors, e.g. implantation of foreign materials (osteosynthesis), cicatrical tissues or a compromized host. Corresponding studies in potentially contaminated surgery revealed a significantly higher incidence of wound contamination compared to clean surgery and a significant correlation between Gram negative wound contamination and rates of postoperative wound infections in certain types of gastrointestinal surgery. Patient factors, such as age or malignancy, did not influence the wound infection frequency when the incidence of wound contamination was taken into consideration.", "contents": "Wound infections in clean and potentially contaminated surgery. Importance of bacterial and non-bacterial factors. Postoperative wound infections in clean--and potentially contaminated surgery were studied with regard to demonstrable wound contamination and the occurrence of non-bacterial wound infection promoting factors. The incidence of demonstrable wound contamination in clean surgery was low, and observed rates of wound infection could not be related to differences in wound contamination, but to the occurrence of non-bacterial wound infection potentiating factors, e.g. implantation of foreign materials (osteosynthesis), cicatrical tissues or a compromized host. Corresponding studies in potentially contaminated surgery revealed a significantly higher incidence of wound contamination compared to clean surgery and a significant correlation between Gram negative wound contamination and rates of postoperative wound infections in certain types of gastrointestinal surgery. Patient factors, such as age or malignancy, did not influence the wound infection frequency when the incidence of wound contamination was taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:936947", "title": "Absorption of missile energy in soft tissue.", "content": "Soft tissue wounds caused by spherical steel projectiles at various impact velocities have been studied. Energy absorption by the penetrated tissues and the size, form and location of the maximum of the temporary cavity are discussed on the basis of theoretical calculations. Morphological and angiographic findings support the assumption that steel spheres hitting at high velocity cause most damage near the beginning of the wound channel. The possible occurrence of transonic strong shock waves above certain velocity limits and their role in increasing the destructive effects of the temporary cavity, are discussed.", "contents": "Absorption of missile energy in soft tissue. Soft tissue wounds caused by spherical steel projectiles at various impact velocities have been studied. Energy absorption by the penetrated tissues and the size, form and location of the maximum of the temporary cavity are discussed on the basis of theoretical calculations. Morphological and angiographic findings support the assumption that steel spheres hitting at high velocity cause most damage near the beginning of the wound channel. The possible occurrence of transonic strong shock waves above certain velocity limits and their role in increasing the destructive effects of the temporary cavity, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936948", "title": "The treatment of thyroid cysts by ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration.", "content": "28 solitary thyroid cysts diagnosed by ultrasonic examination were punctured under guidance of ultrasound, as a therapeutic trial and for cytological evaluation. No case of malignancy was encountered. At follow-up 3--6 months later no cyst could be demonstrated in 20%, 30% of the cysts had decreased, while 50% were unchanged or increased in size.", "contents": "The treatment of thyroid cysts by ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration. 28 solitary thyroid cysts diagnosed by ultrasonic examination were punctured under guidance of ultrasound, as a therapeutic trial and for cytological evaluation. No case of malignancy was encountered. At follow-up 3--6 months later no cyst could be demonstrated in 20%, 30% of the cysts had decreased, while 50% were unchanged or increased in size."}
{"id": "PMID:936949", "title": "Hemodynamics in arterial reconstructions of the lower limb. I. blood flow.", "content": "In order to establish normal and critical rates for peroperative, arterial blood flow, measurements were performed on 230 ileo-femoro-popliteal arteries subjected to reconstruction for atherosclerosis. Mean, basal blood flow after reconstruction was 134, 254 and 372 ml/min in the s. femoral, c. femoral and c. iliac arteries in vessels remaing open. These flow rates increased to a maximum of 375, 822 and 975 ml/min after intra-arterial injection of 40 mg papaverine. Flow rates were significantly lower in operations followed by early failure. In successfully reconstructed arteries, the mean, basal flow was restored to normal, but flow amplitude was still reduced, diastolic backflow was rarely seen and the flow-response to intra-arterial papaverine was significantly less than in normal arteries. Critical flow rates could not be defined but the frequency of primary failure increased significantly when basal blood flow after reconstruction was less than 100 ml/min or the papaverine induced flow was less than 200 ml/min. Preoperative blood flow was found to correlate well with the primary results of the operation while correlation with late results was less evident.", "contents": "Hemodynamics in arterial reconstructions of the lower limb. I. blood flow. In order to establish normal and critical rates for peroperative, arterial blood flow, measurements were performed on 230 ileo-femoro-popliteal arteries subjected to reconstruction for atherosclerosis. Mean, basal blood flow after reconstruction was 134, 254 and 372 ml/min in the s. femoral, c. femoral and c. iliac arteries in vessels remaing open. These flow rates increased to a maximum of 375, 822 and 975 ml/min after intra-arterial injection of 40 mg papaverine. Flow rates were significantly lower in operations followed by early failure. In successfully reconstructed arteries, the mean, basal flow was restored to normal, but flow amplitude was still reduced, diastolic backflow was rarely seen and the flow-response to intra-arterial papaverine was significantly less than in normal arteries. Critical flow rates could not be defined but the frequency of primary failure increased significantly when basal blood flow after reconstruction was less than 100 ml/min or the papaverine induced flow was less than 200 ml/min. Preoperative blood flow was found to correlate well with the primary results of the operation while correlation with late results was less evident."}
{"id": "PMID:936950", "title": "Hemodynamics in arterial reconstructions of the lower limb. II. Blood pressure.", "content": "In order to demonstrate common pressure gradients and peripheral arterial pressure in ileo-femoro-popliteal arteries before and after reconstruction for atherosclerosis, intra-operative pressure measurements were performed on 204 patients. Before reconstruction, the pressure differential was 44.3 mmHg in femoro-popliteal arteries and 29.0 mmHg in the iliac arteries. This was reduced to 8.4 and 4.1 mmHg by the reconstructions. In patients with femoro-popliteal disease, the pressure gradient was higher when gangrena or rest pain were present than when claudication was the principal symptom. When the iliac arteries were mainly involved, no such difference was seen. Postoperative gradients were slightly higher in arteries subjected to primary failure than in vessels remaining patent. The blood flow increase from intra-arterial papaverine injections accentuated existing pressure gradients and frequently disclosed gradients not manifest at basal flow rates.", "contents": "Hemodynamics in arterial reconstructions of the lower limb. II. Blood pressure. In order to demonstrate common pressure gradients and peripheral arterial pressure in ileo-femoro-popliteal arteries before and after reconstruction for atherosclerosis, intra-operative pressure measurements were performed on 204 patients. Before reconstruction, the pressure differential was 44.3 mmHg in femoro-popliteal arteries and 29.0 mmHg in the iliac arteries. This was reduced to 8.4 and 4.1 mmHg by the reconstructions. In patients with femoro-popliteal disease, the pressure gradient was higher when gangrena or rest pain were present than when claudication was the principal symptom. When the iliac arteries were mainly involved, no such difference was seen. Postoperative gradients were slightly higher in arteries subjected to primary failure than in vessels remaining patent. The blood flow increase from intra-arterial papaverine injections accentuated existing pressure gradients and frequently disclosed gradients not manifest at basal flow rates."}
{"id": "PMID:936951", "title": "Trauma, dextran 40 and metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection in rats.", "content": "Dextran 40 did not influence the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection in untraumatized dextran non-sensitive Wistar rats. Trauma significantly increased the formation of metastases and treatment with dextran 40 enhanced this effect of trauma markedly. No definite explanation of the effect of dextran 40 on pulmonary metastasis formation when combined when trauma can be offered, but possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Trauma, dextran 40 and metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection in rats. Dextran 40 did not influence the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection in untraumatized dextran non-sensitive Wistar rats. Trauma significantly increased the formation of metastases and treatment with dextran 40 enhanced this effect of trauma markedly. No definite explanation of the effect of dextran 40 on pulmonary metastasis formation when combined when trauma can be offered, but possible mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936952", "title": "Predictive value of liver scintiphotography for demonstration of metastases in malignant gastrointestinal disorders.", "content": "In a prospective investigation, the predictive value of liver scintiphotography was evaluated in 107 consecutive patients operated on suspicion of intra-abdominal cancer. Scintiphotography was performed by means of a Pho/Gamma HP scintillation camera after intravenous administration of 99mTc sulfur colloid. The final diagnoses were obtained within 10 days after scintiphotography by laparotomy or autopsy. The predictive value of an abnormal scintiphoto was found to be 57%, and the predictive value of a normal scintiphoto was 91%. It is concluded that scintophotography is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of patients with suspected intra-abdominal cancer, especially in order to rule out the presence of liver metastases.", "contents": "Predictive value of liver scintiphotography for demonstration of metastases in malignant gastrointestinal disorders. In a prospective investigation, the predictive value of liver scintiphotography was evaluated in 107 consecutive patients operated on suspicion of intra-abdominal cancer. Scintiphotography was performed by means of a Pho/Gamma HP scintillation camera after intravenous administration of 99mTc sulfur colloid. The final diagnoses were obtained within 10 days after scintiphotography by laparotomy or autopsy. The predictive value of an abnormal scintiphoto was found to be 57%, and the predictive value of a normal scintiphoto was 91%. It is concluded that scintophotography is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of patients with suspected intra-abdominal cancer, especially in order to rule out the presence of liver metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:936953", "title": "Choleretic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide.", "content": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP, was administered intravenously as 10-minute infusions, dosage 0.05 and 0.5 mug/kg/min, to anaesthetized dogs provided with common duct fistulas. When VIP was given to fasting animals, the output of bile, sodium and amylase increased significantly, the bile output by approximately 200% of the control. The biliary concentration of sodium was constant, while that of amylase decreased. When VIP was given to animals, which were fed before the experiment, the bile output was essentially unaffected. The two doses used gave equal peak responses, but the duration of the effect was doubled or trebled following the highest dosage.", "contents": "Choleretic effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP, was administered intravenously as 10-minute infusions, dosage 0.05 and 0.5 mug/kg/min, to anaesthetized dogs provided with common duct fistulas. When VIP was given to fasting animals, the output of bile, sodium and amylase increased significantly, the bile output by approximately 200% of the control. The biliary concentration of sodium was constant, while that of amylase decreased. When VIP was given to animals, which were fed before the experiment, the bile output was essentially unaffected. The two doses used gave equal peak responses, but the duration of the effect was doubled or trebled following the highest dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:936954", "title": "Prophylactic cephalothin in gastrointestinal surgery.", "content": "A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a strictly standardized, short-term prophylactic treatment with cephalothin (Keflin) on the incidence of postoperative wound infections in gastrointestinal surgery. Achieved levels of cephalothin activity in serum and interstitial water were studied, and the sensitivity of isolated bacteria at the end of operation and from septic wounds was defined. Patients were divided at random into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received 2 g cephalothin at the induction of anesthesia and another 2 g, 5 and 10 hours after the primary infusion. The control group remained untreated. The rapid infusion of 2 g cephalothin resulted in high initial serum levels, which declined rapidly. Equilibration between intraand extravascular compartments occurred about 60-80 minutes after start of infusion. At that time the infused dose resulted in a cephalothin level of about 30 mug/ml in ECV and plasma, or about 30% of the initial concentration. Despite the prophylactic infusion of cephalothin, the frequency of wound infection in treated patients was the same as in the controls. Subdivision of the material according to type of surgery performed did not reveal any difference between untreated patients and controls. No shift towards cephalothin-resistant strains was observed in isolates from septic wounds in the treatment group.", "contents": "Prophylactic cephalothin in gastrointestinal surgery. A prospective study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a strictly standardized, short-term prophylactic treatment with cephalothin (Keflin) on the incidence of postoperative wound infections in gastrointestinal surgery. Achieved levels of cephalothin activity in serum and interstitial water were studied, and the sensitivity of isolated bacteria at the end of operation and from septic wounds was defined. Patients were divided at random into treatment and control groups. The treatment group received 2 g cephalothin at the induction of anesthesia and another 2 g, 5 and 10 hours after the primary infusion. The control group remained untreated. The rapid infusion of 2 g cephalothin resulted in high initial serum levels, which declined rapidly. Equilibration between intraand extravascular compartments occurred about 60-80 minutes after start of infusion. At that time the infused dose resulted in a cephalothin level of about 30 mug/ml in ECV and plasma, or about 30% of the initial concentration. Despite the prophylactic infusion of cephalothin, the frequency of wound infection in treated patients was the same as in the controls. Subdivision of the material according to type of surgery performed did not reveal any difference between untreated patients and controls. No shift towards cephalothin-resistant strains was observed in isolates from septic wounds in the treatment group."}
{"id": "PMID:936955", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy. Localisation of the microscopical antral-fundic boundary in relation to the macroscopical.", "content": "88 patients, operated upon for duodenal or prepyloric ulcers with a parietal cell vagotomy, were investigated in order to define the macro- and microscopical boundaries between the antrum and fundus of the stomach. The macroscopical boundary was defined as the point on the minor curvature where the nerve of Latarjet intersects the stomach or gives off its antral branches. The microscopical boundary was determined by taking multiple biopsies from both curvatures at distances related to the pylorus and to the nerve of Latarjet. At the minor curvature, the microscopical boundary was found to be located within +/- 2 cm from the macroscopical in 93% of the cases. The distance between the microscopical antralfundic boundary and the pylorus was significantly greater (8.7 +/- S.D. 1.6 cm) on the minor curvature than on the major (7.5 +/- 1.8 cm). In terms of optimal, over- and underdenervation on the minor curvature, 47% were optimal, 24% over- and 25% underdenervated. In 4 cases the boundary was indeterminable. This underdenervation means an antomical limitation of the operation and is inevitable because further denervation would sever the innervation of the antrum.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy. Localisation of the microscopical antral-fundic boundary in relation to the macroscopical. 88 patients, operated upon for duodenal or prepyloric ulcers with a parietal cell vagotomy, were investigated in order to define the macro- and microscopical boundaries between the antrum and fundus of the stomach. The macroscopical boundary was defined as the point on the minor curvature where the nerve of Latarjet intersects the stomach or gives off its antral branches. The microscopical boundary was determined by taking multiple biopsies from both curvatures at distances related to the pylorus and to the nerve of Latarjet. At the minor curvature, the microscopical boundary was found to be located within +/- 2 cm from the macroscopical in 93% of the cases. The distance between the microscopical antralfundic boundary and the pylorus was significantly greater (8.7 +/- S.D. 1.6 cm) on the minor curvature than on the major (7.5 +/- 1.8 cm). In terms of optimal, over- and underdenervation on the minor curvature, 47% were optimal, 24% over- and 25% underdenervated. In 4 cases the boundary was indeterminable. This underdenervation means an antomical limitation of the operation and is inevitable because further denervation would sever the innervation of the antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:936956", "title": "Carcinoma of the gastric stump after operation for benign gastroduodenal ulcer.", "content": "A series of 36 patients with gastric stump carcinoma is presented. The average time interval between previous operation and diagnosis of carcinoma was 28 1/2 years. The interval was greater with lower age at gastric resection. The stump cancer occurs at the same age, and gives the same symptoms, as gastric carcinoma in general. 17 of the 36 patients were treated by total, or subtotal, gastrectomy. Three patients lived more than 5 years, two of them without recurrence. With surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in younger patients, more physiological operation methods, such as selective vagotomy, should replace gastric resection, as this would probably reduce the risk of later cancer development. After a time interval of 15 years from gastric resection, all patients should be examined by X-ray and gastroscopy at regular intervals.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the gastric stump after operation for benign gastroduodenal ulcer. A series of 36 patients with gastric stump carcinoma is presented. The average time interval between previous operation and diagnosis of carcinoma was 28 1/2 years. The interval was greater with lower age at gastric resection. The stump cancer occurs at the same age, and gives the same symptoms, as gastric carcinoma in general. 17 of the 36 patients were treated by total, or subtotal, gastrectomy. Three patients lived more than 5 years, two of them without recurrence. With surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers in younger patients, more physiological operation methods, such as selective vagotomy, should replace gastric resection, as this would probably reduce the risk of later cancer development. After a time interval of 15 years from gastric resection, all patients should be examined by X-ray and gastroscopy at regular intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:936957", "title": "Intestinal hypertrophy after small intestinal bypass in the rat. Studies on methods and reversibility of changes.", "content": "A jejuno-ileostomy was created in rats, bupassing 85--90% of the small intestine, by means of a self-emptying blind loop. Control animals were subjected to laparotomy and suture-making of vie intestinal segments. At the end of the experiments, intestinal wet and dry weight and villus height were determined in the five different segments of the small intestine taken from both experimental and control animals. After 2 weeks, a significant hypertrophy occurred in the functioning part of the small intestine of the shunt-operated animals, while an atrophy occurred in the blind loop. In a shunt-operated group of animals, the normal anatomy was re-established after 2 weeks and the animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later and compared with (a) control animals, (b) shunt-operated animals. In the re-operated animals, the hypertrophic changes disappeared and, except for the increased wet weight of one jejunal and one ileal segment (p less than 0.05), there were no significant differences in comparison with the control animals. The villus height did not differ significantly from that of the control animals, except for the second jejunal segment, whicntestine of the rat, developing during the 2 weeks after establishment of a jejuno-ileal bypass, are reversible within 4 weeks.", "contents": "Intestinal hypertrophy after small intestinal bypass in the rat. Studies on methods and reversibility of changes. A jejuno-ileostomy was created in rats, bupassing 85--90% of the small intestine, by means of a self-emptying blind loop. Control animals were subjected to laparotomy and suture-making of vie intestinal segments. At the end of the experiments, intestinal wet and dry weight and villus height were determined in the five different segments of the small intestine taken from both experimental and control animals. After 2 weeks, a significant hypertrophy occurred in the functioning part of the small intestine of the shunt-operated animals, while an atrophy occurred in the blind loop. In a shunt-operated group of animals, the normal anatomy was re-established after 2 weeks and the animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later and compared with (a) control animals, (b) shunt-operated animals. In the re-operated animals, the hypertrophic changes disappeared and, except for the increased wet weight of one jejunal and one ileal segment (p less than 0.05), there were no significant differences in comparison with the control animals. The villus height did not differ significantly from that of the control animals, except for the second jejunal segment, whicntestine of the rat, developing during the 2 weeks after establishment of a jejuno-ileal bypass, are reversible within 4 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:936958", "title": "The influence of a chemical diet on the intestinal mucosa after jejuno-ileal bypass in the rat.", "content": "Loss of functioning small intestine (by resection or bypass) is followed by adaptive hypertrophic changes in the remaining functioning part of the small bowel. These changes are usually referred to as \"compensatory\". The mechanism behind these changes is unknown. In order to clarify the importance of a chemically defined diet (Vivasorb) on the development of the hypertrophic changes, rats operated upon with jejuno-ileal bypass, excluding about 85% of the small intestine, were divided into two groups. One group was nourished with standard pellet food and the other with Vivasorb. Control animals with simple laparotomy were also divided into the corresponding two dietary groups. After 2 weeks, wet and dry weight per 3 cm intestine and villus height was determined. In both diet groups the result was hypertrophy of the functioning part of the small intestine and atrophy of the blind loop with significantly cahnged villus heights as compared with controls on the same diet. The results indicate that a chemically defined, virtually bulk-free diet is capable of stimulating the mucosa of the small intestine to develop compensatory adaptive changes in the rat.", "contents": "The influence of a chemical diet on the intestinal mucosa after jejuno-ileal bypass in the rat. Loss of functioning small intestine (by resection or bypass) is followed by adaptive hypertrophic changes in the remaining functioning part of the small bowel. These changes are usually referred to as \"compensatory\". The mechanism behind these changes is unknown. In order to clarify the importance of a chemically defined diet (Vivasorb) on the development of the hypertrophic changes, rats operated upon with jejuno-ileal bypass, excluding about 85% of the small intestine, were divided into two groups. One group was nourished with standard pellet food and the other with Vivasorb. Control animals with simple laparotomy were also divided into the corresponding two dietary groups. After 2 weeks, wet and dry weight per 3 cm intestine and villus height was determined. In both diet groups the result was hypertrophy of the functioning part of the small intestine and atrophy of the blind loop with significantly cahnged villus heights as compared with controls on the same diet. The results indicate that a chemically defined, virtually bulk-free diet is capable of stimulating the mucosa of the small intestine to develop compensatory adaptive changes in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:936959", "title": "Ureteric obstruction complicating Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum.", "content": "Ureteric obstruction complicating Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is reported in three patients. This complication is treacherous, since symptoms of urinary tract disease are mostly absent, as is laboratory evidence of urinary tract infection. It is concluded that inflammatory ureteral engagement should always be suspected in patients with Crohn's disease, particularly when located in the terminal ileum. A preoperative intravenous pyelography should be included as a routine procedure in these patients. The detection of ureteral obstruction is a strong indication for early operative treatment of the disease. Ureterolysis combined with intestinal resection is recommended. The ureteral involvement, which is most likely a late phenomenon of the disease, could provably be avoided if surgical treatment is instituted at an earlier stage of the disease.", "contents": "Ureteric obstruction complicating Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum. Ureteric obstruction complicating Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is reported in three patients. This complication is treacherous, since symptoms of urinary tract disease are mostly absent, as is laboratory evidence of urinary tract infection. It is concluded that inflammatory ureteral engagement should always be suspected in patients with Crohn's disease, particularly when located in the terminal ileum. A preoperative intravenous pyelography should be included as a routine procedure in these patients. The detection of ureteral obstruction is a strong indication for early operative treatment of the disease. Ureterolysis combined with intestinal resection is recommended. The ureteral involvement, which is most likely a late phenomenon of the disease, could provably be avoided if surgical treatment is instituted at an earlier stage of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:936962", "title": "[Tissue migration of neutrophil granulocytes in the course of antiproliferative treatment in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "The ability of neutrophil granulocytes to mobilization in sterile inflammatory focus was studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease during treatment. Plastic chambers filled with patient's serum were used for this purpose. The migration ability of granulocytes in the group of patients was reduced already before beginning of treatment. It decreased even more 3 days after beginning of cytostatic treatment but on the 7th day the number of cells passing into the inflammatory exudate increased to values observed in healthy subjects. The observed changes were not correlated with fluctuations in the granulocyte count in the peripheral blood observed on the same days. It is suggested that the evaluation of migration ability of granulocytes to the inflammatory focus may provide better information about the defensive mechanisms of the organism than determination of the count of these cells in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "[Tissue migration of neutrophil granulocytes in the course of antiproliferative treatment in Hodgkin's disease]. The ability of neutrophil granulocytes to mobilization in sterile inflammatory focus was studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease during treatment. Plastic chambers filled with patient's serum were used for this purpose. The migration ability of granulocytes in the group of patients was reduced already before beginning of treatment. It decreased even more 3 days after beginning of cytostatic treatment but on the 7th day the number of cells passing into the inflammatory exudate increased to values observed in healthy subjects. The observed changes were not correlated with fluctuations in the granulocyte count in the peripheral blood observed on the same days. It is suggested that the evaluation of migration ability of granulocytes to the inflammatory focus may provide better information about the defensive mechanisms of the organism than determination of the count of these cells in the peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:936963", "title": "[Effect of prednisone and typhoid vaccine on the size of systemic neutrophil granulocyte pool].", "content": "Changes of total granulocyte pool in the organism were evaluated after administration of prednisone or typhoid vaccine. For this purpose the unsaturated capacity of serum vitamin B12 binding was determined. After administration of prednisone the rise of granulocytes in peripheral blood was associated with a rise in the unsaturated capacity of vitamin B12 binding by the serum which was not observed after administration of typhoid vaccine. This observation confirmed the suggestions that corticosteroids not only mobilize the bone marrow reserve of granulocytes but prolong also their survival in the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of prednisone and typhoid vaccine on the size of systemic neutrophil granulocyte pool]. Changes of total granulocyte pool in the organism were evaluated after administration of prednisone or typhoid vaccine. For this purpose the unsaturated capacity of serum vitamin B12 binding was determined. After administration of prednisone the rise of granulocytes in peripheral blood was associated with a rise in the unsaturated capacity of vitamin B12 binding by the serum which was not observed after administration of typhoid vaccine. This observation confirmed the suggestions that corticosteroids not only mobilize the bone marrow reserve of granulocytes but prolong also their survival in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:936964", "title": "[Hematologic and surgical problems connected with splenectomy in elderly patients].", "content": "The authors carried out a clinical analysis of problems connected with splenectomy in elderly patients treated surgically at the Institute of Haematology in the years 1965-1972. Out of 24 patients aged above 60 years 12 were analysed clinically (8 females and 4 males). Splenectomy was done in these patients from haematological indications (haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia). In all these cases indications to splenectomy, the course of operation and postoperative period as well as late therapeutic results were assessed. The analysis of these elderly patients showed that the criteria of indications for splenectomy were the same as in other age groups. The choice of surgical method depended in these cases on the clinical and haematological findings, a lack of permanent improvement after conservative treatment, contraindications to immunosuppressive treatment and results of isotope investigations (particularly the values of the spleen-liver index). In most splenectomized patients there were no complications during the operation and in the postoperative period. In 2 cases only acute circulatory failure was observed immediately after the operation. Evaluation of late results showed that the effects of the operation were similar to those in other age groups.", "contents": "[Hematologic and surgical problems connected with splenectomy in elderly patients]. The authors carried out a clinical analysis of problems connected with splenectomy in elderly patients treated surgically at the Institute of Haematology in the years 1965-1972. Out of 24 patients aged above 60 years 12 were analysed clinically (8 females and 4 males). Splenectomy was done in these patients from haematological indications (haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia). In all these cases indications to splenectomy, the course of operation and postoperative period as well as late therapeutic results were assessed. The analysis of these elderly patients showed that the criteria of indications for splenectomy were the same as in other age groups. The choice of surgical method depended in these cases on the clinical and haematological findings, a lack of permanent improvement after conservative treatment, contraindications to immunosuppressive treatment and results of isotope investigations (particularly the values of the spleen-liver index). In most splenectomized patients there were no complications during the operation and in the postoperative period. In 2 cases only acute circulatory failure was observed immediately after the operation. Evaluation of late results showed that the effects of the operation were similar to those in other age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:936965", "title": "[Osseous changes in Hodgkin's disease and cellular bone marrow infiltrations].", "content": "In 83 patients (40 females and 43 males) aged from 17 to 69 years belonging to 190 cases of Hodgkin's disease treated as inpatients in the Institute of Haematology in Warsaw in the years 1966-1974 radiological investigations of the skeletal system were done. In 17 cases (20.4%) bone changes were demonstrated appearing as rarefaction (9 cases), sclerosis (6 cases) or mixed (2 cases) changes. The changes were located most frequently in the spine, less frequently in the epiphyses of long bones and flat bones. All 17 cases with bone changes were qualified as IV clinical stage of disease progression. Radiological osseous changes were not pathognomonic and it was difficult to draw conclusions as to the mode of spread. Bone pains were present in 8 patients, including 7 with spinal changes. In some cases treated postmortem specific infiltrations were found in bone marrow.", "contents": "[Osseous changes in Hodgkin's disease and cellular bone marrow infiltrations]. In 83 patients (40 females and 43 males) aged from 17 to 69 years belonging to 190 cases of Hodgkin's disease treated as inpatients in the Institute of Haematology in Warsaw in the years 1966-1974 radiological investigations of the skeletal system were done. In 17 cases (20.4%) bone changes were demonstrated appearing as rarefaction (9 cases), sclerosis (6 cases) or mixed (2 cases) changes. The changes were located most frequently in the spine, less frequently in the epiphyses of long bones and flat bones. All 17 cases with bone changes were qualified as IV clinical stage of disease progression. Radiological osseous changes were not pathognomonic and it was difficult to draw conclusions as to the mode of spread. Bone pains were present in 8 patients, including 7 with spinal changes. In some cases treated postmortem specific infiltrations were found in bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:936966", "title": "Thoracic epidural analgesia III--prolongation in the early postoperative period by intermittent injections of etidocaine with adrenaline.", "content": "In 38 patients who had undergone elective upper abdominal surgery, postoperative analgesia was obtained by thoracic epidual analgesia, prolonged by intermittent injections of 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 ml, respectively, of 1.0% etidocaine with adrenaline 1:200,000. The spread of analgesia after repeated doses is given, as are also the incidences of incomplete analgesia and urinary retention. Signs of tachyphylaxis were noticed. Decreases in the systolic blood pressure were evident, especially after the first injections in the three groups investigated. The falls in blood pressure in the 5 ml group were so pronounced that this part of the study had to be terminated. Accumulation of etidocaine in plasma was noticed in all groups. The clinical implications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Thoracic epidural analgesia III--prolongation in the early postoperative period by intermittent injections of etidocaine with adrenaline. In 38 patients who had undergone elective upper abdominal surgery, postoperative analgesia was obtained by thoracic epidual analgesia, prolonged by intermittent injections of 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 ml, respectively, of 1.0% etidocaine with adrenaline 1:200,000. The spread of analgesia after repeated doses is given, as are also the incidences of incomplete analgesia and urinary retention. Signs of tachyphylaxis were noticed. Decreases in the systolic blood pressure were evident, especially after the first injections in the three groups investigated. The falls in blood pressure in the 5 ml group were so pronounced that this part of the study had to be terminated. Accumulation of etidocaine in plasma was noticed in all groups. The clinical implications of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936967", "title": "Jet ventilation for fiberoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia.", "content": "An oxygen jet method ventilating patients during laryngoscopy has been applied to fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A 3.5 mm plastic tube 24.5 cm long was inserted into the trachea through the mouth. An intermittent jet of oxygen at 3.5 atm (50 psi) was applied to this tube using a 1.5 mm ID plastic catheter to ventilate the patient. Anesthesia was accomplished with intravenous thiamylal and Innovar. The patients were paralyzed with continuous succinylcholine. The technique has subsequently been used without complications in more than 1,000 patients. A fluidic ventilator was developed for delivering and controlling the oxygen jet. The airway pressure can be monitored continuously and, by the use of fluidic devices, the jet can be set to cut off automatically if the airway pressure is too high. The above techique for laryngoscopy with the fluidic ventilator was used in 28 patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (Olympus 5.7 mm diameter). The airway pressure was continuously monitored with a line attached to the suction port of the bronchoscope. Arterial PCO2 ranged from 23 to 42 mmHg and PO2 from 105 to 325 mmHg. The high PO2 levels were maintained even during suctioning. General anesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed using an endotracheal tube not smaller than 8 mm internal diameter (ID). The advantages of the oxygen jet technique are that it can be used in smaller patients and that the upper airway can be examined.", "contents": "Jet ventilation for fiberoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. An oxygen jet method ventilating patients during laryngoscopy has been applied to fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A 3.5 mm plastic tube 24.5 cm long was inserted into the trachea through the mouth. An intermittent jet of oxygen at 3.5 atm (50 psi) was applied to this tube using a 1.5 mm ID plastic catheter to ventilate the patient. Anesthesia was accomplished with intravenous thiamylal and Innovar. The patients were paralyzed with continuous succinylcholine. The technique has subsequently been used without complications in more than 1,000 patients. A fluidic ventilator was developed for delivering and controlling the oxygen jet. The airway pressure can be monitored continuously and, by the use of fluidic devices, the jet can be set to cut off automatically if the airway pressure is too high. The above techique for laryngoscopy with the fluidic ventilator was used in 28 patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy (Olympus 5.7 mm diameter). The airway pressure was continuously monitored with a line attached to the suction port of the bronchoscope. Arterial PCO2 ranged from 23 to 42 mmHg and PO2 from 105 to 325 mmHg. The high PO2 levels were maintained even during suctioning. General anesthesia for fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be performed using an endotracheal tube not smaller than 8 mm internal diameter (ID). The advantages of the oxygen jet technique are that it can be used in smaller patients and that the upper airway can be examined."}
{"id": "PMID:936968", "title": "Anesthetic management of posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position.", "content": "From the surgical aspect, the sitting position gives good surgical access to the operative site, improves venous drainage, gives a better view of facial area for monitoring evoked responses from cranial nerve stimulation and allows for better ventilation. Conversely, the sitting position can present complications such as air emboli, postural hypotension and serious cardiac arrhythmias due to surgical stimulation of cranial nerves and brainstem. This paper presents our clinical experience in 180 neurosurgical procedures on the posterior fossa in the sitting position. The standardized anesthetic technique consisted of narcotic, muscle relaxant, nitrous oxide and controlled ventilation. All patients were monitored with ECG, direct arterial and venous pressure, discontinuous blood gases, and expiratory CO2 and urinary output. Air embolism was detected via Doppler ultrasonic detector and evacuated through a right atrial catheter. Air was detected, visualized and aspirated in 45 cases for an incidence of 25%, with most episodes occurring early in the procedure. In 11 cases (6%) air was detected on closure. There were no deaths in this series. Fifty-eight patients (32%) had a 10-20 mmHg drop in blood pressure on reaching the sitting position, 19 became temporarily hypertensive (10.5%), and the remainder were normotensive. In 46 patients (25%), bradycardia developed during retraction-manipulation-stimulation of structures on or adjacent to brainstem as well as to cranial nerves. Surgical stress also accounted for the 13 patients (7%) having frequent premature ventricular extrasystoles. One case of profound hypotension and another case of virtual cardiac standstill were noted during the use of the bipolar electrocautery at or near the fifth nerve exit from brainstem. Additional hemodynamic data, the physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of air embolism is discussed.", "contents": "Anesthetic management of posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position. From the surgical aspect, the sitting position gives good surgical access to the operative site, improves venous drainage, gives a better view of facial area for monitoring evoked responses from cranial nerve stimulation and allows for better ventilation. Conversely, the sitting position can present complications such as air emboli, postural hypotension and serious cardiac arrhythmias due to surgical stimulation of cranial nerves and brainstem. This paper presents our clinical experience in 180 neurosurgical procedures on the posterior fossa in the sitting position. The standardized anesthetic technique consisted of narcotic, muscle relaxant, nitrous oxide and controlled ventilation. All patients were monitored with ECG, direct arterial and venous pressure, discontinuous blood gases, and expiratory CO2 and urinary output. Air embolism was detected via Doppler ultrasonic detector and evacuated through a right atrial catheter. Air was detected, visualized and aspirated in 45 cases for an incidence of 25%, with most episodes occurring early in the procedure. In 11 cases (6%) air was detected on closure. There were no deaths in this series. Fifty-eight patients (32%) had a 10-20 mmHg drop in blood pressure on reaching the sitting position, 19 became temporarily hypertensive (10.5%), and the remainder were normotensive. In 46 patients (25%), bradycardia developed during retraction-manipulation-stimulation of structures on or adjacent to brainstem as well as to cranial nerves. Surgical stress also accounted for the 13 patients (7%) having frequent premature ventricular extrasystoles. One case of profound hypotension and another case of virtual cardiac standstill were noted during the use of the bipolar electrocautery at or near the fifth nerve exit from brainstem. Additional hemodynamic data, the physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of air embolism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936969", "title": "Anesthesia for cesarean section IV: placental transfer and neonatal elimination of bupivacaine following epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section.", "content": "Epidural analgesia with bupivacaine was used for elective cesarean section, and repeated maternal and neonatal blood samples were collected over 24 h for calculation of drug concentration. A gas-chromatogrphic micro-method was used for the analysis. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the placental transfer and the elimination rate of the drug. No signs of systemic toxicity were observed in any mother or child, despite relatively high blood concentrations. The fetal-maternal ratio of concentrations at delivery was higher than in previous studies, most probably due to the protein-binding characteristics of bupivacaine and the dosage used. The biological half-life of the rapid phase of elimination (alpha-phase) in the newborn was shorter than in the mother (P less than 0.002), indicating a more rapid distribution process. The half-life of the slow phase of elimination (beta-phase) in the newborn was of the same magnitude as in the mother, indicating that neonatal elimination processes of bupivacaine may be well developed at birth.", "contents": "Anesthesia for cesarean section IV: placental transfer and neonatal elimination of bupivacaine following epidural analgesia for elective cesarean section. Epidural analgesia with bupivacaine was used for elective cesarean section, and repeated maternal and neonatal blood samples were collected over 24 h for calculation of drug concentration. A gas-chromatogrphic micro-method was used for the analysis. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the placental transfer and the elimination rate of the drug. No signs of systemic toxicity were observed in any mother or child, despite relatively high blood concentrations. The fetal-maternal ratio of concentrations at delivery was higher than in previous studies, most probably due to the protein-binding characteristics of bupivacaine and the dosage used. The biological half-life of the rapid phase of elimination (alpha-phase) in the newborn was shorter than in the mother (P less than 0.002), indicating a more rapid distribution process. The half-life of the slow phase of elimination (beta-phase) in the newborn was of the same magnitude as in the mother, indicating that neonatal elimination processes of bupivacaine may be well developed at birth."}
{"id": "PMID:936970", "title": "Anesthesia for cesarean section V: effects of enflurane anesthesia on the respiratory adaptation of the newborn in elective cesarean section.", "content": "The new anesthetic inhalation agent, enflurane, is supposed to allow rapid induction and recovery. Experinece with this agent in obstetrics is limited. Enflurane was therefore studied in 14 pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section. Its effects upon the respiratory adaptation of the newborn infants were followed during the first 3 hours, as judged by oxygen tensions and acid-base balance measurements in serial neonatal arterial samples. Results were compared with those from a previously studied group of women anesthetized with a barbiturate and nitrous oxide-oxygen. There were no differences with respect to oxygen tension. Carbon dioxide values in the enflurane group were higher than those in the barbiturate group. In comparison with the barbiturate group the enflurane group of babies had lower BD values, which is a sign of a better metabolic state post-partum. Mothers anesthetized with enflurane were satisfied with the method, especially for the post-operative period.", "contents": "Anesthesia for cesarean section V: effects of enflurane anesthesia on the respiratory adaptation of the newborn in elective cesarean section. The new anesthetic inhalation agent, enflurane, is supposed to allow rapid induction and recovery. Experinece with this agent in obstetrics is limited. Enflurane was therefore studied in 14 pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section. Its effects upon the respiratory adaptation of the newborn infants were followed during the first 3 hours, as judged by oxygen tensions and acid-base balance measurements in serial neonatal arterial samples. Results were compared with those from a previously studied group of women anesthetized with a barbiturate and nitrous oxide-oxygen. There were no differences with respect to oxygen tension. Carbon dioxide values in the enflurane group were higher than those in the barbiturate group. In comparison with the barbiturate group the enflurane group of babies had lower BD values, which is a sign of a better metabolic state post-partum. Mothers anesthetized with enflurane were satisfied with the method, especially for the post-operative period."}
{"id": "PMID:936971", "title": "Arterial and venous blood lidocaine concentrations after local anaesthesia of the respiratory tract using an ultrasonic nebulizer.", "content": "Arterial and venous blood lidocaine concentrations were intermittently measured in 15 bronchoscopy patients in whom local anaesthesia was induced by an inhalation technique. A DeVillbiss ultrasonic nebulizer model 3574 was used. The anaesthetic was 10 ml of 4% lidocaine without adrenaline. Blood concentrations were measured 5 min after commencement of inhalation, on completion of inhalation, and then after 10, 30 and 60 min. Statistically significantly higher concentrations were found in the arterial blood at the first two sampling times (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The highest average concentration in both arterial and venous blood eas reached 10 min after completion of anaesthesia. After 30 min, there was no difference between the arterial and venous samples; and after 60 min, the concentration was higher in venous blood. The highest individual concentration was 2.8 mug/ml in arterial blood and 2.1 mug/ml in venous blood, well below that reported to cause systemic toxic symptoms. Thus, the inhalation technique may be considered a safe means of inducing anaesthesia in the respiratory tract.", "contents": "Arterial and venous blood lidocaine concentrations after local anaesthesia of the respiratory tract using an ultrasonic nebulizer. Arterial and venous blood lidocaine concentrations were intermittently measured in 15 bronchoscopy patients in whom local anaesthesia was induced by an inhalation technique. A DeVillbiss ultrasonic nebulizer model 3574 was used. The anaesthetic was 10 ml of 4% lidocaine without adrenaline. Blood concentrations were measured 5 min after commencement of inhalation, on completion of inhalation, and then after 10, 30 and 60 min. Statistically significantly higher concentrations were found in the arterial blood at the first two sampling times (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). The highest average concentration in both arterial and venous blood eas reached 10 min after completion of anaesthesia. After 30 min, there was no difference between the arterial and venous samples; and after 60 min, the concentration was higher in venous blood. The highest individual concentration was 2.8 mug/ml in arterial blood and 2.1 mug/ml in venous blood, well below that reported to cause systemic toxic symptoms. Thus, the inhalation technique may be considered a safe means of inducing anaesthesia in the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:936972", "title": "Complement-fixing antibrain antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Comparison of their occurrence in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 40 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 48 control patients were examined by a microcomplement fixation test for the presence of antibodies against saline extracts of human brain. When tested with an IgG content standardized in 100 mg per 100 ml, 13 of the MS CSF and one of the corresponding MS sera were positive, whereas none of the control specimens were positive. The antibody was shown to be highly organ specific when tested against extracts of myocard, spleen, kidney and peripheral nerve. Chromatographic experiments showed the antibody to belong to the IgG class. It was concluded that the antibody was probably synthesized intrathecally in 12 and extrathecally in one MS patient.", "contents": "Complement-fixing antibrain antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Comparison of their occurrence in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 40 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 48 control patients were examined by a microcomplement fixation test for the presence of antibodies against saline extracts of human brain. When tested with an IgG content standardized in 100 mg per 100 ml, 13 of the MS CSF and one of the corresponding MS sera were positive, whereas none of the control specimens were positive. The antibody was shown to be highly organ specific when tested against extracts of myocard, spleen, kidney and peripheral nerve. Chromatographic experiments showed the antibody to belong to the IgG class. It was concluded that the antibody was probably synthesized intrathecally in 12 and extrathecally in one MS patient."}
{"id": "PMID:936973", "title": "Cerebral lactate, pyruvate and ATP concentrations, and arterial acid-base balance at various time intervals following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Cerebral lactate, pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and arterial acid-base balance were measured in normotensive rats (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at various time intervals following bilateral carotid occlusion. In SHR, a great and progressive increase in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P) ratio) during the first 5-6 hours after occlusion was followed by a gradual decrease as the time interval increased. Cerebral ATP in SHR decreased as cerebral lactate increased, and an inverse relationship was observed between lactate and ATP. On the other hand, in NTR, there were minimal changes in cerebral lactate and L/P ratio following carotid occlusion. These results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion might cause severe ischemic damages of the brain in SHR, but not in NTR. The hemodynamic factor as a cause of cerebral ischemia in hypertensives is discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral lactate, pyruvate and ATP concentrations, and arterial acid-base balance at various time intervals following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cerebral lactate, pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and arterial acid-base balance were measured in normotensive rats (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at various time intervals following bilateral carotid occlusion. In SHR, a great and progressive increase in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P) ratio) during the first 5-6 hours after occlusion was followed by a gradual decrease as the time interval increased. Cerebral ATP in SHR decreased as cerebral lactate increased, and an inverse relationship was observed between lactate and ATP. On the other hand, in NTR, there were minimal changes in cerebral lactate and L/P ratio following carotid occlusion. These results suggest that bilateral carotid occlusion might cause severe ischemic damages of the brain in SHR, but not in NTR. The hemodynamic factor as a cause of cerebral ischemia in hypertensives is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:936974", "title": "Echo-encephalographic study of ventricular dilatation after subarachnoid hemorrhage, with special reference to the effect of antifibrinolytic treatment.", "content": "Echo-encephalographic examinations were performed in 144 patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ninety-three of the patients received antifibrinolytic treatment (AMCA). The width of the third ventricle could be measured in all the patients, and lateral ventricle measurements were obtained in 94 patients. Third ventricular dilatation developed in 78 patients (54 per cent), and lateral ventricle enlargement was seen in 55 patients (58 per cent of those examined). The incidence of third ventricle dilatation was higher in the AMCA-treated group (62.5 per cent) than in the non-treated group (39.2 per cent), and this difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The hydrocephalus in most cases developed 2-3 weeks after the bleeding, and reached its peak within the first 2-3 months, with subsequent complete or partial normalization of the ventricular size. At later follow-up examinations 1-4 years after the bleeding, only nine patients had persisting dilatation of moderate or pronounced degree. There was no indication that the dilatation was more severe or pronounced degree. There was no indication that the dilatation was more severe or protracted in the AMCA-treated group than in the non-treated group. In 11 patients the hydrocephalus required a shunt-operation, but the frequency of shunt-operations was not significantly different in the two groups. It is concluded that although AMCA-treated patients in comparison with non-treated patients are exposed to a somewhat higher risk of complicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage, this risk cannot at present be considered as any serious contraindiction to this sort of treatment.", "contents": "Echo-encephalographic study of ventricular dilatation after subarachnoid hemorrhage, with special reference to the effect of antifibrinolytic treatment. Echo-encephalographic examinations were performed in 144 patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ninety-three of the patients received antifibrinolytic treatment (AMCA). The width of the third ventricle could be measured in all the patients, and lateral ventricle measurements were obtained in 94 patients. Third ventricular dilatation developed in 78 patients (54 per cent), and lateral ventricle enlargement was seen in 55 patients (58 per cent of those examined). The incidence of third ventricle dilatation was higher in the AMCA-treated group (62.5 per cent) than in the non-treated group (39.2 per cent), and this difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The hydrocephalus in most cases developed 2-3 weeks after the bleeding, and reached its peak within the first 2-3 months, with subsequent complete or partial normalization of the ventricular size. At later follow-up examinations 1-4 years after the bleeding, only nine patients had persisting dilatation of moderate or pronounced degree. There was no indication that the dilatation was more severe or pronounced degree. There was no indication that the dilatation was more severe or protracted in the AMCA-treated group than in the non-treated group. In 11 patients the hydrocephalus required a shunt-operation, but the frequency of shunt-operations was not significantly different in the two groups. It is concluded that although AMCA-treated patients in comparison with non-treated patients are exposed to a somewhat higher risk of complicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage, this risk cannot at present be considered as any serious contraindiction to this sort of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:936975", "title": "Evaluation of short-term and long-term treatment of the narcolepsy syndrome with clomipramine hydrochloride.", "content": "Clinical examinations, questionnaires, and 24- or 36-hour polygraphic recordings were performed on 21 adult patients with the narcolepsy syndrome to investigate the short- and long-term effects of clomipramine HCL. Cataplexy was improved by the medication, but tolerance was observed 4 1/2 months of treatment. Clomipramine HCL induced significant changes in the sleep EEG, chin EMG, and EOG. In two patients, clomipramine HCL caused a nocturnal myoclonia that produced insomnia. Sexual side effects were seen with clomipramine HCL, particularly in males. A combination of clomipramine HCL and L-Dopa apparently prevented this difficulty in one patient. A rebound of cataplexy was seen during the 15 days following withdrawal of the drug. Methysergide maleate was found to be ineffective on cataplexy in four patients.", "contents": "Evaluation of short-term and long-term treatment of the narcolepsy syndrome with clomipramine hydrochloride. Clinical examinations, questionnaires, and 24- or 36-hour polygraphic recordings were performed on 21 adult patients with the narcolepsy syndrome to investigate the short- and long-term effects of clomipramine HCL. Cataplexy was improved by the medication, but tolerance was observed 4 1/2 months of treatment. Clomipramine HCL induced significant changes in the sleep EEG, chin EMG, and EOG. In two patients, clomipramine HCL caused a nocturnal myoclonia that produced insomnia. Sexual side effects were seen with clomipramine HCL, particularly in males. A combination of clomipramine HCL and L-Dopa apparently prevented this difficulty in one patient. A rebound of cataplexy was seen during the 15 days following withdrawal of the drug. Methysergide maleate was found to be ineffective on cataplexy in four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:936976", "title": "Considerations on the morphogenesis of target and targetoid fibres based on morphometric investigations.", "content": "A man of 68, who died from a second heart stroke had neurogenic atrophy of the legs. The anterior tibial muscle showed abundant target and targetoid fibres. Half a year prior to death he had increasing weakness and wasting of the legs. The morphometric evaluation of the target and targetoid fibres showed a considerable independence of the plane size of the single zones from the total gauge of the fibres on cross section. Only a small part of the variation in size of zone 2 (4%) depended on the size of the target, indicating that zone 2 cannot just be a passive product of a shrinkage and disappearance of the target, but that there must be an active process, which leads to the change in zone 2. The regressive development of the centrally demarcated fibrillar bundle (target) is regarded as secondary degeneration following interruption of the nutritional supply.", "contents": "Considerations on the morphogenesis of target and targetoid fibres based on morphometric investigations. A man of 68, who died from a second heart stroke had neurogenic atrophy of the legs. The anterior tibial muscle showed abundant target and targetoid fibres. Half a year prior to death he had increasing weakness and wasting of the legs. The morphometric evaluation of the target and targetoid fibres showed a considerable independence of the plane size of the single zones from the total gauge of the fibres on cross section. Only a small part of the variation in size of zone 2 (4%) depended on the size of the target, indicating that zone 2 cannot just be a passive product of a shrinkage and disappearance of the target, but that there must be an active process, which leads to the change in zone 2. The regressive development of the centrally demarcated fibrillar bundle (target) is regarded as secondary degeneration following interruption of the nutritional supply."}
{"id": "PMID:936977", "title": "[Repercussions of hypothyroidism on the synaptogenesis of the rat cerebellar cortex: quantitative study of the thyroid hormone effect according to the age (author's transl)].", "content": "The corrective action of Thyroxine on the deficit of the synaptic density of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex was studed quantitatively, in the rat made hypothyroid by propylthiouracile (P.T.U.). In the normal as in the hypothyroid rat, the increase of the synaptic density does not extend over the fifth postnatal week. In the PTU treated animals, during the 2 first postnatal weeks, the administration of 0,25 mug/d during the third and 0.50 mug/d during the fourth postnatal week brings the synaptic density back to normal. In the PTU treated animals, during the 5 postnatal weeks, the administration during a week only of 0.50 mug/d of LT4 between 1 and 14 days or, of 1 mug/d between 15 and 28 days, increases, but does not return to normal the synaptic density. On the contrary, the administration of 1 mug/d of LT4 during 1 or even 2 consecutive weeks 28 days later, remains without effect on the synaptic density. After the end of the fourth postnatal week, the deficit of the synaptic density becomes irreversible.", "contents": "[Repercussions of hypothyroidism on the synaptogenesis of the rat cerebellar cortex: quantitative study of the thyroid hormone effect according to the age (author's transl)]. The corrective action of Thyroxine on the deficit of the synaptic density of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex was studed quantitatively, in the rat made hypothyroid by propylthiouracile (P.T.U.). In the normal as in the hypothyroid rat, the increase of the synaptic density does not extend over the fifth postnatal week. In the PTU treated animals, during the 2 first postnatal weeks, the administration of 0,25 mug/d during the third and 0.50 mug/d during the fourth postnatal week brings the synaptic density back to normal. In the PTU treated animals, during the 5 postnatal weeks, the administration during a week only of 0.50 mug/d of LT4 between 1 and 14 days or, of 1 mug/d between 15 and 28 days, increases, but does not return to normal the synaptic density. On the contrary, the administration of 1 mug/d of LT4 during 1 or even 2 consecutive weeks 28 days later, remains without effect on the synaptic density. After the end of the fourth postnatal week, the deficit of the synaptic density becomes irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:936978", "title": "Late changes in human sural nerves in Minamata disease and in nerves of rats with experimental organic mercury poisoning.", "content": "The sural nerves of 2 human cases with Minamata disease and poisoned rats were examined histopathologically. Both showed similar findings: the myelinated nerve fibres were decreased in number, but small myelinated nerve fibres were increased: The latter were irregular in shape and their Schwann cells showed regressive changes, with high electron density of the cytoplasms and many glycogen granules. Onion bulb formation was not found. According to fibre diameter histograms, the ratio of small myelinated nerve fibres of 2-5 mum showed a high percentage. A large number of the small myelinated nerve fibres were presumed to be regenerated nerve fibres. These findings are different from other peripheral neuropathies and may be characteristics of the late changes of the sural nerve induced by organic mercury compound.", "contents": "Late changes in human sural nerves in Minamata disease and in nerves of rats with experimental organic mercury poisoning. The sural nerves of 2 human cases with Minamata disease and poisoned rats were examined histopathologically. Both showed similar findings: the myelinated nerve fibres were decreased in number, but small myelinated nerve fibres were increased: The latter were irregular in shape and their Schwann cells showed regressive changes, with high electron density of the cytoplasms and many glycogen granules. Onion bulb formation was not found. According to fibre diameter histograms, the ratio of small myelinated nerve fibres of 2-5 mum showed a high percentage. A large number of the small myelinated nerve fibres were presumed to be regenerated nerve fibres. These findings are different from other peripheral neuropathies and may be characteristics of the late changes of the sural nerve induced by organic mercury compound."}
{"id": "PMID:936979", "title": "[Olfactory esthesioneurocytoma: ultrastructural study of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of malignant tumour of the left nasal cavity is reported in a woman 56 year old, affected by the disease 24 years. Numerous recurrences appeared and various histological diagnoses were performed. At the last surgery, the tumour invaded the ethmoid and was a typical olfactory esthesioneurocytoma. By electron microscopy, mature ganglion cells with dense cored vesicles (neurosecretory granules) were densely packed. Neuritic processes with microtubules were rarely normal in size and their content was most often abnormal; furthermore dystrophic axons were noted in great number.", "contents": "[Olfactory esthesioneurocytoma: ultrastructural study of a case (author's transl)]. One case of malignant tumour of the left nasal cavity is reported in a woman 56 year old, affected by the disease 24 years. Numerous recurrences appeared and various histological diagnoses were performed. At the last surgery, the tumour invaded the ethmoid and was a typical olfactory esthesioneurocytoma. By electron microscopy, mature ganglion cells with dense cored vesicles (neurosecretory granules) were densely packed. Neuritic processes with microtubules were rarely normal in size and their content was most often abnormal; furthermore dystrophic axons were noted in great number."}
{"id": "PMID:936980", "title": "Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system in kittens.", "content": "The paper describes the clinical and morphological features of a congenital neurological disease affecting two in-bred litter-mate kittens. The principal neurological features were ataxia and dysmetria. In one of the kittens light microscopy revealed widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealved intra-myelinic vacuolation and some expansion of the extracellular space. Neuronal, axonal and glial changes were not seen, nor was there evidence of myelin breakdown. The entity is compared with congenital brain oedema of calves and spongy degeneration of the CNS in man.", "contents": "Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system in kittens. The paper describes the clinical and morphological features of a congenital neurological disease affecting two in-bred litter-mate kittens. The principal neurological features were ataxia and dysmetria. In one of the kittens light microscopy revealed widespread vacuolation of white and grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Electron microscopy revealved intra-myelinic vacuolation and some expansion of the extracellular space. Neuronal, axonal and glial changes were not seen, nor was there evidence of myelin breakdown. The entity is compared with congenital brain oedema of calves and spongy degeneration of the CNS in man."}
{"id": "PMID:936981", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in blood vessels of peripheral nerves in leprosy neuropathy. I. Tuberculoid and borderline-tuberculoid leprosy patients.", "content": "Radial or superficial peroneal nerve biopsies of 6 patients with tuberculoid or borderline-tuberculoid leprosy and 6 control nerve biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Endoneurial blood vessels showed histopathology in all the leprosy patients. Changes, in particular, involved the basement membrane in postcapillary venules and venules. Multilayered parellel basement membranes, with collagen and ground substance, formed a thick coat (\"hyaline zone\") around the vessels. It is suggested that the zone inhibits passage of nutrients and metabolites and, thus, contributes to or is the main cause of the local destruction of (unmyelinated) nerve fibres and the lack of nerve fibre regeneration observed in this type of leprosy. The perivascular zone, presumably, is produced by pericytes in response to defects in the \"blood-nerve barrier\" of endoneurial vessels. In granulomata of leprosy skin lesions, a perivascular zone was not present. The endothelium of endoneurial vessels, in affected nerves, generally was normal. Occasionally, however, gaps and fenestrations were seen and there were histological indications that leakage of blood plasma had occurred through the gaps and through the basement membrane of the endothelium. Occlusion of endoneurial vessels was found only in the oldest patient and the degeneration of nerve fibres generally observed thus is considered not to be caused by ischaemia. Histopathology in epi-and perineurial vessels was definitely less pronounced than in endoneurial vessels.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in blood vessels of peripheral nerves in leprosy neuropathy. I. Tuberculoid and borderline-tuberculoid leprosy patients. Radial or superficial peroneal nerve biopsies of 6 patients with tuberculoid or borderline-tuberculoid leprosy and 6 control nerve biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Endoneurial blood vessels showed histopathology in all the leprosy patients. Changes, in particular, involved the basement membrane in postcapillary venules and venules. Multilayered parellel basement membranes, with collagen and ground substance, formed a thick coat (\"hyaline zone\") around the vessels. It is suggested that the zone inhibits passage of nutrients and metabolites and, thus, contributes to or is the main cause of the local destruction of (unmyelinated) nerve fibres and the lack of nerve fibre regeneration observed in this type of leprosy. The perivascular zone, presumably, is produced by pericytes in response to defects in the \"blood-nerve barrier\" of endoneurial vessels. In granulomata of leprosy skin lesions, a perivascular zone was not present. The endothelium of endoneurial vessels, in affected nerves, generally was normal. Occasionally, however, gaps and fenestrations were seen and there were histological indications that leakage of blood plasma had occurred through the gaps and through the basement membrane of the endothelium. Occlusion of endoneurial vessels was found only in the oldest patient and the degeneration of nerve fibres generally observed thus is considered not to be caused by ischaemia. Histopathology in epi-and perineurial vessels was definitely less pronounced than in endoneurial vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:936982", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of soft-tissue malformations by ultrasound and X-ray.", "content": "This study presents four cases of fetal soft-tissue malformations diagnosed during pregnancy by ultrasonic scanning and amniography. The series comprises two fetal teratomas, one case of fetal ascites, and one case of a partial mole with coexistent fetus. Diagnostic and differential diagnostic problems are illustrated by a fifth case where the final diagnosis was a big maternal ovarian cyst-adenoma coexistent with a normal fetus.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of soft-tissue malformations by ultrasound and X-ray. This study presents four cases of fetal soft-tissue malformations diagnosed during pregnancy by ultrasonic scanning and amniography. The series comprises two fetal teratomas, one case of fetal ascites, and one case of a partial mole with coexistent fetus. Diagnostic and differential diagnostic problems are illustrated by a fifth case where the final diagnosis was a big maternal ovarian cyst-adenoma coexistent with a normal fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:936983", "title": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnancy. II. Serial HSAP65degreesC estimations in pregnancy complicated with hypertension and pre-eclampsia.", "content": "This is a study of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP65degreesC) concentrations in the serum of pregnant women with hypertension (42 cases), mild preeclampsia (40 cases) and severe pre-eclampsia (22 cases). The results are seen in relationship to the occurrence of intrauterine fetal death, growth retardation, intrauterine and neonatal asphyxia as well as the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the newborn. The importance of a precise clinical classification of the patients is stressed. Pathological HSAP values are those which lie either over or under the normal range for HSAP activity. In addition \"zig-zag\" curves with values within the normal range are characterized as abnormal. Thus, serial estimations give the most reliable results. Serial estimations of HSAP are especially valuable in severe pre-eclampsia. Abnormal HSAP values in the 28th-38th week of pregnancy are a serious prognostic sign. False abnormal HSAP results were found in all 3 patient groups. One possible false normal HSAP curve also occurred.", "contents": "Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnancy. II. Serial HSAP65degreesC estimations in pregnancy complicated with hypertension and pre-eclampsia. This is a study of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP65degreesC) concentrations in the serum of pregnant women with hypertension (42 cases), mild preeclampsia (40 cases) and severe pre-eclampsia (22 cases). The results are seen in relationship to the occurrence of intrauterine fetal death, growth retardation, intrauterine and neonatal asphyxia as well as the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the newborn. The importance of a precise clinical classification of the patients is stressed. Pathological HSAP values are those which lie either over or under the normal range for HSAP activity. In addition \"zig-zag\" curves with values within the normal range are characterized as abnormal. Thus, serial estimations give the most reliable results. Serial estimations of HSAP are especially valuable in severe pre-eclampsia. Abnormal HSAP values in the 28th-38th week of pregnancy are a serious prognostic sign. False abnormal HSAP results were found in all 3 patient groups. One possible false normal HSAP curve also occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:936984", "title": "Studies in diabetic pregnancy. I. Serum lipids.", "content": "The serum lipid values at different stages of pregnancy in twenty-six pregnany diabetic women attending a special antenatal clinic at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, were compared with the corresponding values in four control series composed of non-diabetic pregnant women. Control series were studied at weeks 10, 22, 34 and after delivery, respectively. Serum triglycerides were higher in the diabetic women at week 10 (p less than 0.01), week 34 (p less than 0.05) and after delivery (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, in the diabetic women, infant birth weights were correlated (r=0.52, p=0.05) with maternal serum triglyceride values at week 31. Women with the highest serum triglyceride values (greater than 250 mg/100 ml) were delivered of infants with a higher birth weight (p less than 0.05) than those women with lower serum triglyceride values (less than 250 mg/100 ml). Intra-uterine deaths (n=4) were not related to maternal serum triglyceride values, but mean blood glucose values (during the whole pregnancy) were higher (p less than 0.001) in mothers with intra-uterine deaths. Elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in the diabetic mother would be a possible cause for elevated serum triglycerides through increased liver triglyceride synthesis, while in the fetus an excess of plasma FFA (passing through the placental barrier) together with normal or elevated plasma insulin would be a likely explanation for increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue and thereby of increased fat depots and body weight.", "contents": "Studies in diabetic pregnancy. I. Serum lipids. The serum lipid values at different stages of pregnancy in twenty-six pregnany diabetic women attending a special antenatal clinic at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, were compared with the corresponding values in four control series composed of non-diabetic pregnant women. Control series were studied at weeks 10, 22, 34 and after delivery, respectively. Serum triglycerides were higher in the diabetic women at week 10 (p less than 0.01), week 34 (p less than 0.05) and after delivery (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, in the diabetic women, infant birth weights were correlated (r=0.52, p=0.05) with maternal serum triglyceride values at week 31. Women with the highest serum triglyceride values (greater than 250 mg/100 ml) were delivered of infants with a higher birth weight (p less than 0.05) than those women with lower serum triglyceride values (less than 250 mg/100 ml). Intra-uterine deaths (n=4) were not related to maternal serum triglyceride values, but mean blood glucose values (during the whole pregnancy) were higher (p less than 0.001) in mothers with intra-uterine deaths. Elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in the diabetic mother would be a possible cause for elevated serum triglycerides through increased liver triglyceride synthesis, while in the fetus an excess of plasma FFA (passing through the placental barrier) together with normal or elevated plasma insulin would be a likely explanation for increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue and thereby of increased fat depots and body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:936985", "title": "Inhibitory effect of decidua on fibrinolysis induced by urokinase and by the fibrinolytic activity of the rat ovum.", "content": "With the use of a technique, which permits the study of fibrinolytic enzymes and inhibitors in organ culture, human decidua was found to produce inhibitors capable of inhibiting plasminogen activation induced by urokinase as well as activators released from kidney explants. Also the medium in which rat and human decidua had been cultured was found to inhibit fibrinolytic activity of the rat ovum. The inhibitors emanating from the decidua are presumably of importance for facilatating the implantation of ova.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of decidua on fibrinolysis induced by urokinase and by the fibrinolytic activity of the rat ovum. With the use of a technique, which permits the study of fibrinolytic enzymes and inhibitors in organ culture, human decidua was found to produce inhibitors capable of inhibiting plasminogen activation induced by urokinase as well as activators released from kidney explants. Also the medium in which rat and human decidua had been cultured was found to inhibit fibrinolytic activity of the rat ovum. The inhibitors emanating from the decidua are presumably of importance for facilatating the implantation of ova."}
{"id": "PMID:936986", "title": "A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. 3. Hormones.", "content": "Results froma prospective study in Malm\u00f6 performed in 1963-65 are used to discuss the possible role of hormonal drugs in human fetal maldevelopment. Appr. 2 per cent of all women had a child born were treated with gestagens during early pregnancy and slightly more had used Primodos as a pregnancy test. No harmful effect on embryonic development can be demonstrated.", "contents": "A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. 3. Hormones. Results froma prospective study in Malm\u00f6 performed in 1963-65 are used to discuss the possible role of hormonal drugs in human fetal maldevelopment. Appr. 2 per cent of all women had a child born were treated with gestagens during early pregnancy and slightly more had used Primodos as a pregnancy test. No harmful effect on embryonic development can be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:936987", "title": "Phospholipid concentrations in amniotic fluid from diabetic pregnant women.", "content": "Amniotic fluid phospholipid concentrations measured in 104 samples from 65 diabetic patients have been related to gestational age, tevelopment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There is statistically significant evidence of accelerated surfactant production in White classes D, F, from 34 to 37 weeks gestation. Classes A, B, C, have phospholipid concentrations not significantly different from a reference series. RDS occurred in 26% and was frequently associated with mature phospholipid concentrations. There was a significant correlation between low Apgar scores and subsequent development of RDS.", "contents": "Phospholipid concentrations in amniotic fluid from diabetic pregnant women. Amniotic fluid phospholipid concentrations measured in 104 samples from 65 diabetic patients have been related to gestational age, tevelopment of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). There is statistically significant evidence of accelerated surfactant production in White classes D, F, from 34 to 37 weeks gestation. Classes A, B, C, have phospholipid concentrations not significantly different from a reference series. RDS occurred in 26% and was frequently associated with mature phospholipid concentrations. There was a significant correlation between low Apgar scores and subsequent development of RDS."}
{"id": "PMID:936988", "title": "Plasma hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle of normal Chinese women.", "content": "The concentrations of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were measured in samples of plasma taken frequently during normal menstrual cycles in fourteen Chinese women. Each of the menstrual cycles was characterized by hormonal changes which were comparable to those previously reported in Caucasian subject.", "contents": "Plasma hormone concentrations during the menstrual cycle of normal Chinese women. The concentrations of progesterone, estrogens, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were measured in samples of plasma taken frequently during normal menstrual cycles in fourteen Chinese women. Each of the menstrual cycles was characterized by hormonal changes which were comparable to those previously reported in Caucasian subject."}
{"id": "PMID:936989", "title": "Effect of a copper and a plastic IUD on the histochemistry of endometrial enzymes in the rabbit during early pseudopregnancy.", "content": "The influence of a copper and a plastic IUD on the localization and intensity of alkaline and acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy was investigated. The activities of the two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were increased in surface epithelial cells in the presence of both types of IUDs. The alkaline phosphatase activity was almost completely abolished in surface and glandular epithelial cells in uterine horns.", "contents": "Effect of a copper and a plastic IUD on the histochemistry of endometrial enzymes in the rabbit during early pseudopregnancy. The influence of a copper and a plastic IUD on the localization and intensity of alkaline and acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in the rabbit endometrium during early pseudopregnancy was investigated. The activities of the two lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were increased in surface epithelial cells in the presence of both types of IUDs. The alkaline phosphatase activity was almost completely abolished in surface and glandular epithelial cells in uterine horns."}
{"id": "PMID:936990", "title": "Prognosis, recurrences and metastases correlated to histologic cell type in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "An analysis of 230 patients treated with radiotherapy for cervical cancer stages I and II is presented. No positive correlation to cell type was found as regards the number of failures, recurrence rate or the frequency of regional or distant metastases. Although different biological behavior might be shown by cancers of varying cell types, adequate planning and staging before treatment seems to be of better prognostic value.", "contents": "Prognosis, recurrences and metastases correlated to histologic cell type in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. An analysis of 230 patients treated with radiotherapy for cervical cancer stages I and II is presented. No positive correlation to cell type was found as regards the number of failures, recurrence rate or the frequency of regional or distant metastases. Although different biological behavior might be shown by cancers of varying cell types, adequate planning and staging before treatment seems to be of better prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:936991", "title": "Value of ultrasonic diagnosis of gynecological tumors in 370 surgical cases.", "content": "Ultrasonic exploration of the female pelvis to confirm or supplement the usual clinical examination enabled a correct diagnosis to be made in 80% of the 370 cases examined and subsequently operated on. The echographic description always included the size of the tumor, tis cystic or solic nature and its site of origin. Out of 43 uterine and ovarian tumors measuring less than 3 cm, only 15 were discovered.", "contents": "Value of ultrasonic diagnosis of gynecological tumors in 370 surgical cases. Ultrasonic exploration of the female pelvis to confirm or supplement the usual clinical examination enabled a correct diagnosis to be made in 80% of the 370 cases examined and subsequently operated on. The echographic description always included the size of the tumor, tis cystic or solic nature and its site of origin. Out of 43 uterine and ovarian tumors measuring less than 3 cm, only 15 were discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:936992", "title": "Prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions by dextran. Hydrocortisone and chymotrypsin. An experimental study.", "content": "The purpose of an experimental study in guineapigs was to prevent adhesion formation in the intra-abdominal space by simultaneous intraperitoneal infusion of hydrocortisone, dextran and chymotrypsin. An examination made three weeks after the operation revealed a highly significant (p less than 0.001) difference in favour of the dextran, dextran-chymotrypsin and dextran-chymotrypsin-hydrocortisone groups when compared with the NaC1 and control groups.", "contents": "Prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions by dextran. Hydrocortisone and chymotrypsin. An experimental study. The purpose of an experimental study in guineapigs was to prevent adhesion formation in the intra-abdominal space by simultaneous intraperitoneal infusion of hydrocortisone, dextran and chymotrypsin. An examination made three weeks after the operation revealed a highly significant (p less than 0.001) difference in favour of the dextran, dextran-chymotrypsin and dextran-chymotrypsin-hydrocortisone groups when compared with the NaC1 and control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:936993", "title": "45,XO Turner's syndrome without evidence of mosaicism in a patient with two pregnancies.", "content": "A case of Turner's syndrome (45,XO) with two pregnancies is reported. There was no evidence of mosaicism after chromosomal investigation of 5 different tissues (2 ovaries, blood, skin, uterus). Pregnancy occurred in both cases after withdrawal of substitutional hormone therapy. The first pregnancy ended with abortion of a macerated hydrocephalic female fetus. Chromosome studies could not be carried out. The second pregnancy ended with delivery by caesarian section of a normal boy (46,XY). Prenatal chromosome analysis was not carried out for ethical reasons.", "contents": "45,XO Turner's syndrome without evidence of mosaicism in a patient with two pregnancies. A case of Turner's syndrome (45,XO) with two pregnancies is reported. There was no evidence of mosaicism after chromosomal investigation of 5 different tissues (2 ovaries, blood, skin, uterus). Pregnancy occurred in both cases after withdrawal of substitutional hormone therapy. The first pregnancy ended with abortion of a macerated hydrocephalic female fetus. Chromosome studies could not be carried out. The second pregnancy ended with delivery by caesarian section of a normal boy (46,XY). Prenatal chromosome analysis was not carried out for ethical reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:936994", "title": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. III. The importance of foetal deprivation of supply.", "content": "From record data derived from an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born in 1954-70, the significance of prenatal factors associated with materno-foetal vascular insufficiency causing foetal deprivation of supply (FDS) was investigated. Cerebral palsied children were found to have, on an average, retarded intrauterine growth when compared with a normal population. The incidence of bleeding during pregnancy, maternal toxaemia and multiple pregnancies were significantly increased (p less than 0.001). The incidence of the prenatal factors in question had remained unchanged through the years 1954-70. An additive interplay between factors of FDS and asphyxia/cerebral haemorrhage was revealed. As a whole the findings support the conclusion that FDS plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy today, particularly among the multihandicapped.", "contents": "The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954-1970. III. The importance of foetal deprivation of supply. From record data derived from an unselected series of 560 Swedish cases of cerebral palsy, born in 1954-70, the significance of prenatal factors associated with materno-foetal vascular insufficiency causing foetal deprivation of supply (FDS) was investigated. Cerebral palsied children were found to have, on an average, retarded intrauterine growth when compared with a normal population. The incidence of bleeding during pregnancy, maternal toxaemia and multiple pregnancies were significantly increased (p less than 0.001). The incidence of the prenatal factors in question had remained unchanged through the years 1954-70. An additive interplay between factors of FDS and asphyxia/cerebral haemorrhage was revealed. As a whole the findings support the conclusion that FDS plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy today, particularly among the multihandicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:936995", "title": "Immunological studies in children before and after splenectomy.", "content": "Fourteen children underwent splenectomy for congenital spherocytosis, splenomegaly, or thrombocytopenia. The patients were studied twice before the operation, three times during the first postoperative month, and one year later. A transitory rise in neutrophils and serum IgA was seen postoperatively; there was a modest but long-lasting increase in lymphocytes and a marked elevation of eosinophils. An immediate decline in serum IgM concentration was observed only in patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course, but one year after splenectomy the average IgM concentration had decreased by 23%. The in vitro lymphocyte transformation response to a panel of mitogens and antigens fell in the immediate postoperative period but was largely normalized 10 days postoperatively, except in the youngest of the patients who had repeated infections following the splenectomy. One year postoperatively the transformation response and the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood were normal.", "contents": "Immunological studies in children before and after splenectomy. Fourteen children underwent splenectomy for congenital spherocytosis, splenomegaly, or thrombocytopenia. The patients were studied twice before the operation, three times during the first postoperative month, and one year later. A transitory rise in neutrophils and serum IgA was seen postoperatively; there was a modest but long-lasting increase in lymphocytes and a marked elevation of eosinophils. An immediate decline in serum IgM concentration was observed only in patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course, but one year after splenectomy the average IgM concentration had decreased by 23%. The in vitro lymphocyte transformation response to a panel of mitogens and antigens fell in the immediate postoperative period but was largely normalized 10 days postoperatively, except in the youngest of the patients who had repeated infections following the splenectomy. One year postoperatively the transformation response and the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:936996", "title": "Hyperosmolality and intraventricular haemorrhage in premature babies.", "content": "Serial investigations of electrolytes, osmolality and nutritional status were undertaken in 28 babies less than 33 weeks gestation. 6 died with intraventricular haemorrhage, 9 died without intraventricular haemorrhage, and 13 survived. Significant hypersomality was detected in the babies who died with intraventricular haemorrhage, whereas babies who died without intraventricular haemorrhage and survivors had values within normal limits. No relation was found between hyperosmolality and sodium concentrations. Total fluid intake and caloric intake were comparable in the three groups, but protein intake was much reduced in babies with intraventricular haemorrhage due to a lower milk intake. The hyperosmolality could have resulted from tissue breakdown following protein starvation and may be a factor in the occurrence of intraventricular haemorrhage. In premature babies an osmolality of over 320 mOsm/l carried a grave prognostic implication.", "contents": "Hyperosmolality and intraventricular haemorrhage in premature babies. Serial investigations of electrolytes, osmolality and nutritional status were undertaken in 28 babies less than 33 weeks gestation. 6 died with intraventricular haemorrhage, 9 died without intraventricular haemorrhage, and 13 survived. Significant hypersomality was detected in the babies who died with intraventricular haemorrhage, whereas babies who died without intraventricular haemorrhage and survivors had values within normal limits. No relation was found between hyperosmolality and sodium concentrations. Total fluid intake and caloric intake were comparable in the three groups, but protein intake was much reduced in babies with intraventricular haemorrhage due to a lower milk intake. The hyperosmolality could have resulted from tissue breakdown following protein starvation and may be a factor in the occurrence of intraventricular haemorrhage. In premature babies an osmolality of over 320 mOsm/l carried a grave prognostic implication."}
{"id": "PMID:936997", "title": "The effect of feeding on oxygen consumption, RQ and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in newborn infants of diabetic mothers and small for gestational age infants.", "content": "Eight infants of strictly controlled diabetic mothers (IDM), 8 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and 6 small for gestational age infants (SGA) were studied before the first feeding and during an early feeding regimen. In IDMs and IGDMs continuous monitoring from 2 hours up to 7 1/2 hours after birth before feeding revealed no consistent changes of VO2 and RQ. The groups of infants were studied on 4 different occasions: (I) 2 to 16 hours, (II) 1 to 2 days, (III) 3 to 4 days, and (IV) 7 to 11 days. Prefeeding VO2-values were not significantly different between each of the groups, but mean RQ was higher in IGDMs than in IDMs. Age of the infant and prefeeding RQ were inversely correlated (r = -0.537, p less than 0.02). With increasing age and milk intake VO2 increased significantly in all groups. RQ decreased during the first 24 to 48 hours in all groups and rose thereafter with highest values at 7 to 11 days. Plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were not significantly different between each of the group. The highest values for D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were found at 1-2 days when the lowest RQ values were also recorded. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and RQ values (r = 0.648, p less than 0.001) were inversely correlated suggesting increasing oxidation of fat. Feeding resulted in a marked rise in RQ to values around unity, which preceded a distinct increase in VO2 that reached a maximum at 1 to 1 1/2 hour after the feed, then slowly returned to pretest values. The rise in VO2 was accompanied by an increase in rectal temperature (0.4 to 1.5 degrees C). VO2, RQ, and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, were almost identical for each of the groups. We suggest: 1) That differences in feeding practice is the most likely explantation for the discrepancy between reported values for VO2, RQ, and circulating substrates in normal and low birth weight newborns. 2) That the rise in VO2 during the neonatal period, caused by feeding, reflects the cost of growth.", "contents": "The effect of feeding on oxygen consumption, RQ and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in newborn infants of diabetic mothers and small for gestational age infants. Eight infants of strictly controlled diabetic mothers (IDM), 8 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and 6 small for gestational age infants (SGA) were studied before the first feeding and during an early feeding regimen. In IDMs and IGDMs continuous monitoring from 2 hours up to 7 1/2 hours after birth before feeding revealed no consistent changes of VO2 and RQ. The groups of infants were studied on 4 different occasions: (I) 2 to 16 hours, (II) 1 to 2 days, (III) 3 to 4 days, and (IV) 7 to 11 days. Prefeeding VO2-values were not significantly different between each of the groups, but mean RQ was higher in IGDMs than in IDMs. Age of the infant and prefeeding RQ were inversely correlated (r = -0.537, p less than 0.02). With increasing age and milk intake VO2 increased significantly in all groups. RQ decreased during the first 24 to 48 hours in all groups and rose thereafter with highest values at 7 to 11 days. Plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were not significantly different between each of the group. The highest values for D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were found at 1-2 days when the lowest RQ values were also recorded. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and RQ values (r = 0.648, p less than 0.001) were inversely correlated suggesting increasing oxidation of fat. Feeding resulted in a marked rise in RQ to values around unity, which preceded a distinct increase in VO2 that reached a maximum at 1 to 1 1/2 hour after the feed, then slowly returned to pretest values. The rise in VO2 was accompanied by an increase in rectal temperature (0.4 to 1.5 degrees C). VO2, RQ, and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, were almost identical for each of the groups. We suggest: 1) That differences in feeding practice is the most likely explantation for the discrepancy between reported values for VO2, RQ, and circulating substrates in normal and low birth weight newborns. 2) That the rise in VO2 during the neonatal period, caused by feeding, reflects the cost of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:936998", "title": "Predictive value of high IgE levels in children.", "content": "A group of 207 healthy non-atopic children 0-14 years of age without any known family history of atopic disease was selected for a study of the relation between serum IgE levels and the occurrence of atopic manifestations during an observation period of 18 months; 206 fullfilled the study. Serum IgE was measured by a direct radioimmunological sandwich technique (PRIST). At the follow-up 28 of 32 with an initial IgE level greater than one standard deviation above the mean for the age continued to show a high level (87.5%). The total concordance was 81.1%. Atopic or probable atopic diseases had developed in 75.0% of children 0-1 year of age with an initial IgE above +1 S.D., but in only 6.4% of those from the same age group with a lower initial IgE. Even among children 2-14 years old, it was noticement of atopic disease. Otitis media was more frequent among children with an initially elevated IgE level than among the rest of the children. Determination of serum IgE with the PRIST-technique has been shown to provide a valuable means for predicting future atopic manifestations and may be used as a screening procedure especially in children of atopic parents.", "contents": "Predictive value of high IgE levels in children. A group of 207 healthy non-atopic children 0-14 years of age without any known family history of atopic disease was selected for a study of the relation between serum IgE levels and the occurrence of atopic manifestations during an observation period of 18 months; 206 fullfilled the study. Serum IgE was measured by a direct radioimmunological sandwich technique (PRIST). At the follow-up 28 of 32 with an initial IgE level greater than one standard deviation above the mean for the age continued to show a high level (87.5%). The total concordance was 81.1%. Atopic or probable atopic diseases had developed in 75.0% of children 0-1 year of age with an initial IgE above +1 S.D., but in only 6.4% of those from the same age group with a lower initial IgE. Even among children 2-14 years old, it was noticement of atopic disease. Otitis media was more frequent among children with an initially elevated IgE level than among the rest of the children. Determination of serum IgE with the PRIST-technique has been shown to provide a valuable means for predicting future atopic manifestations and may be used as a screening procedure especially in children of atopic parents."}
{"id": "PMID:936999", "title": "Outcome of twin birth. Review of 1,636 children born in twin birth.", "content": "During the five-year period 1964-68 96 733 births were registered in the 28 hospitals equipped with maternity facilities in the Uppsala hospital region. Of these babies, 1 636 were born in 818 twin deliveries. Data on gestational age, sex, weight and length at birth, birth order, hospital type, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality are analysed. Altogether 17.3 per 1 000 of the children born during this period were born in multiple births. The perinatal mortality for the twin babies was 64 per 1 000 born, with the mortality higher in the less specialized hospitals than the others. Twin no. 1 suffered perinatal death in 67 cases per 1 000 and twin no. 2 in 60 cases per 1 000. For twins of primiparae the losses were 92 per 1 000 children and for twins born to multiparae 51 per 1 000. Altogether 72 per 1 000 male twins died perinatally compared to 52 per 1 000 female twins. The most heavy losses occurred among the low-weight premature twins and in these cases both twins often suffered perinatal death.", "contents": "Outcome of twin birth. Review of 1,636 children born in twin birth. During the five-year period 1964-68 96 733 births were registered in the 28 hospitals equipped with maternity facilities in the Uppsala hospital region. Of these babies, 1 636 were born in 818 twin deliveries. Data on gestational age, sex, weight and length at birth, birth order, hospital type, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality are analysed. Altogether 17.3 per 1 000 of the children born during this period were born in multiple births. The perinatal mortality for the twin babies was 64 per 1 000 born, with the mortality higher in the less specialized hospitals than the others. Twin no. 1 suffered perinatal death in 67 cases per 1 000 and twin no. 2 in 60 cases per 1 000. For twins of primiparae the losses were 92 per 1 000 children and for twins born to multiparae 51 per 1 000. Altogether 72 per 1 000 male twins died perinatally compared to 52 per 1 000 female twins. The most heavy losses occurred among the low-weight premature twins and in these cases both twins often suffered perinatal death."}
{"id": "PMID:937000", "title": "Aortic aneurysm developing after umbilical artery catheterization.", "content": "A variety of complications of umbilical vessel catheterization in the newborn have been reported by earlier investigators. This paper describes a case in which umbilical artery catheterization probably gave rise to an aortic aneurysm. The histological findings suggested that the hypoxic changes in the aortic wall as well as the mechanical effect of the catheter were involved in the origin of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm developing after umbilical artery catheterization. A variety of complications of umbilical vessel catheterization in the newborn have been reported by earlier investigators. This paper describes a case in which umbilical artery catheterization probably gave rise to an aortic aneurysm. The histological findings suggested that the hypoxic changes in the aortic wall as well as the mechanical effect of the catheter were involved in the origin of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:937001", "title": "Umbilical vein catheterization and portal hypertension.", "content": "Portal hypertension is a rarely encountered late complication of umbilical vein catheterization. A survey of the 38 cases previously published is presented together with an additional case report. It is concluded that catheterization for more than 2 days carries an increased risk of thrombosis, and that umbilical artery catheterization should be preferred in the majority of cases due to a reduced risk of complications. The correct position of the catheter tip must always be controlled by fluoroscopy or X-ray. Infusion of hypertonic solutions with unphysiological pH should be restricted and umbilical vessel catheterization should only be carried out in severe cases. Pretreatment of the catheters with heparin possibly reduces the hazards.", "contents": "Umbilical vein catheterization and portal hypertension. Portal hypertension is a rarely encountered late complication of umbilical vein catheterization. A survey of the 38 cases previously published is presented together with an additional case report. It is concluded that catheterization for more than 2 days carries an increased risk of thrombosis, and that umbilical artery catheterization should be preferred in the majority of cases due to a reduced risk of complications. The correct position of the catheter tip must always be controlled by fluoroscopy or X-ray. Infusion of hypertonic solutions with unphysiological pH should be restricted and umbilical vessel catheterization should only be carried out in severe cases. Pretreatment of the catheters with heparin possibly reduces the hazards."}
{"id": "PMID:937002", "title": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-a reversible defect?", "content": "An eleven-month-old boy is presented with chronic atopic dermatitis and recurrent infections of the skin and respiratory tract, including subcutaneous abscesses. Immunological studies disclosed a neutrophil chemotactic defect, blood eosinophilia and serum hyper IgE. The clinical and analytical data are similar to those of patients previously dermatitis reversed the chemotatic defect, the blood eosinophilia and the clinical symptoms.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil chemotaxis and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-a reversible defect? An eleven-month-old boy is presented with chronic atopic dermatitis and recurrent infections of the skin and respiratory tract, including subcutaneous abscesses. Immunological studies disclosed a neutrophil chemotactic defect, blood eosinophilia and serum hyper IgE. The clinical and analytical data are similar to those of patients previously dermatitis reversed the chemotatic defect, the blood eosinophilia and the clinical symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:937003", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and congenital malformations in a child with the karyotype 46,XY,del(1)(q25q32).", "content": "Primary thyroidal hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, congenital malformations and mental retardation occurred in a child with an interstitial deletion of one of the No. 1 chromosomes. Two bands were missing, so that the karyotype could be written: del(1)(pter leads to q25::q32 leads to qter). The possible relationship between the clinical features and chromosomal deletion are discussed.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and congenital malformations in a child with the karyotype 46,XY,del(1)(q25q32). Primary thyroidal hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, congenital malformations and mental retardation occurred in a child with an interstitial deletion of one of the No. 1 chromosomes. Two bands were missing, so that the karyotype could be written: del(1)(pter leads to q25::q32 leads to qter). The possible relationship between the clinical features and chromosomal deletion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937004", "title": "Pseudomonas cepacia pneumonia in a child with chronic granulomatous disease and selective IgA deficiency.", "content": "A 6 1/2 year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and selective IgA deficiency developed a chronic progressive pneumonia which failed to respond to several conventional combinations of antimicrobial therapy. On lung biopsy, Pseudomonas cepacia was obtained in pure culture, sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. With specific therapy, he slowly recovered. P. cepacia has not been previously described as a cause of persistent pneumonia in immunodeficient children. The occurrence of CGD and selective IgA deficiency together is a very rare combination of immunodeficiencies.", "contents": "Pseudomonas cepacia pneumonia in a child with chronic granulomatous disease and selective IgA deficiency. A 6 1/2 year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and selective IgA deficiency developed a chronic progressive pneumonia which failed to respond to several conventional combinations of antimicrobial therapy. On lung biopsy, Pseudomonas cepacia was obtained in pure culture, sensitive to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin and nalidixic acid. With specific therapy, he slowly recovered. P. cepacia has not been previously described as a cause of persistent pneumonia in immunodeficient children. The occurrence of CGD and selective IgA deficiency together is a very rare combination of immunodeficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:937005", "title": "Low molecular weight proteinuria and slight hyperlipoproteinemia in three mentally retarded brothers.", "content": "Mental retardation in combination with proteinuria and a slight hyperlipoproteinemia was found in three brothers. The increased urinary protein excretion was dominated by albumin and the low molecular weight proteins retinol-binding protein (RBP) and beta2-microglobulin, indicating the presence of proximal tubular dysfunction. However, there was no glucosuria, phosphaturia or amino aciduria and the renal concentrating and acidification capacities were normal. A kidney biopsy in one of the patients revealed morphologic evidence of glomerular damage but a normal tubular structure. A mild hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia was found in the patients but not in their healthy siblings. The cause of this syndrome, hitherto not described, is unknown.", "contents": "Low molecular weight proteinuria and slight hyperlipoproteinemia in three mentally retarded brothers. Mental retardation in combination with proteinuria and a slight hyperlipoproteinemia was found in three brothers. The increased urinary protein excretion was dominated by albumin and the low molecular weight proteins retinol-binding protein (RBP) and beta2-microglobulin, indicating the presence of proximal tubular dysfunction. However, there was no glucosuria, phosphaturia or amino aciduria and the renal concentrating and acidification capacities were normal. A kidney biopsy in one of the patients revealed morphologic evidence of glomerular damage but a normal tubular structure. A mild hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia was found in the patients but not in their healthy siblings. The cause of this syndrome, hitherto not described, is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:937036", "title": "[Drinking as a cultural pattern of the Chaco aborigins].", "content": "Drinking customs of aborigin groups (mataco-mataguaysos, guaycur\u00faes, and chiriguano-chan\u00e9s from Chaco) are studied, within the general framework of Phenomenology and phenomenological method. Drinking is considered as a \"cultural behaviour\"; the research aims at the essence, and therefore the meaning, through the eidos, of this cultural behaviour, and the \"being\" or Dasein, of the culture to which it pertains. The Lebenswelt of aborigins from Chaco includes three different ways of significance for the symbology of drinking: a) sacral drinking; implying mythical transmutation; b) apocalyptical drinking, implying religious \"revelation\", and c) annihilating drinking, implying self-destruction. A detailed description is made of the three patterns of drinking in several groups within the tribes studied, and of their symbolic contents and ritualistic operation. At the same time, theoretical approaches of several authors are discussed in relation to the subject, together with analysis of different fields from which the phenomena are studied, including Social Anthropology, Transcultural Psychiatry and Cultural Anthropology, and stressing the difference with current epidemiological approaches that use only epiphenomenological aspects, useful merely for practical assistance purposes, but not for a deep understanding of phenomena.", "contents": "[Drinking as a cultural pattern of the Chaco aborigins]. Drinking customs of aborigin groups (mataco-mataguaysos, guaycur\u00faes, and chiriguano-chan\u00e9s from Chaco) are studied, within the general framework of Phenomenology and phenomenological method. Drinking is considered as a \"cultural behaviour\"; the research aims at the essence, and therefore the meaning, through the eidos, of this cultural behaviour, and the \"being\" or Dasein, of the culture to which it pertains. The Lebenswelt of aborigins from Chaco includes three different ways of significance for the symbology of drinking: a) sacral drinking; implying mythical transmutation; b) apocalyptical drinking, implying religious \"revelation\", and c) annihilating drinking, implying self-destruction. A detailed description is made of the three patterns of drinking in several groups within the tribes studied, and of their symbolic contents and ritualistic operation. At the same time, theoretical approaches of several authors are discussed in relation to the subject, together with analysis of different fields from which the phenomena are studied, including Social Anthropology, Transcultural Psychiatry and Cultural Anthropology, and stressing the difference with current epidemiological approaches that use only epiphenomenological aspects, useful merely for practical assistance purposes, but not for a deep understanding of phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:937037", "title": "[Community psychiatry in Latin America].", "content": "Present trends of communitary Psychiatry are considered, with an assessment of their measurable parameters and degrees of feasibility. Three models are set forth, taking into account their principal factors: primary mental health agents, actual resources, socio-political structures, geographical setting, cultural patterns, possible strategies, and community participation. Model I is a traditional one, it relies on decisions taken from the administration, which endows both scientific authority and normative power. Participation of the community is not called for, and has neither a place nor a function. The stress is on secondary and tertiary prevention. Model II is more focused on community needs and primary prevention. Programs are conceived after the community is consulted. They use primarily the health efectors within the community itself. Model III stresses active participation of community leaders and members at all levels of decision, and implementation, as well as the use of community's own resources for promoting health. Assistential centers and personnel are only the specialized supports and supervisors of actions, mainly carried out by the protagonists themselves. All three models are analyzed from several standpoints, including theoretical conception, feasbility of implementation, efficacity, vulnerability, cost-benefit ratios and foreseeable outlooks.", "contents": "[Community psychiatry in Latin America]. Present trends of communitary Psychiatry are considered, with an assessment of their measurable parameters and degrees of feasibility. Three models are set forth, taking into account their principal factors: primary mental health agents, actual resources, socio-political structures, geographical setting, cultural patterns, possible strategies, and community participation. Model I is a traditional one, it relies on decisions taken from the administration, which endows both scientific authority and normative power. Participation of the community is not called for, and has neither a place nor a function. The stress is on secondary and tertiary prevention. Model II is more focused on community needs and primary prevention. Programs are conceived after the community is consulted. They use primarily the health efectors within the community itself. Model III stresses active participation of community leaders and members at all levels of decision, and implementation, as well as the use of community's own resources for promoting health. Assistential centers and personnel are only the specialized supports and supervisors of actions, mainly carried out by the protagonists themselves. All three models are analyzed from several standpoints, including theoretical conception, feasbility of implementation, efficacity, vulnerability, cost-benefit ratios and foreseeable outlooks."}
{"id": "PMID:937038", "title": "[Oedipus tragedy].", "content": "Taking into account Paul Ricoeur's theories, two possible hermeneutical positions in front of Oedipus' drama are considered. One is to view it as a fatalistic destiny, bred into the darkest incestuous trends any infant is fighting against, and leading to unavoidable stigmata of everlasting nature. The other is to conceive it as the response to present naked truth, resulting from deep reflexion in order to attain real consciousness of oneself. The former is the \"backwards conception\", having its own limitations, in its very being buried into the past. The latter, having its projections forward, centers on anguish and anxiety aroused by consciousness of oneself, seeked by the alert responsible mind, able to afford reality and truth with all their thorough implications. The author's existential position embraces the secon conception which had been already exposed by Sophocles in Oedipus in Colonna. The dialectics are set between seeing and knowing. Tiresias is blind, but he can see, because he can afford truth, and its consequence, guilt. Oedipus must fight to attain the possibility of knowing, and must go into the ordeal of losing his eyes, as the only way to reach true self realization, through facing truth and bearing anguish.", "contents": "[Oedipus tragedy]. Taking into account Paul Ricoeur's theories, two possible hermeneutical positions in front of Oedipus' drama are considered. One is to view it as a fatalistic destiny, bred into the darkest incestuous trends any infant is fighting against, and leading to unavoidable stigmata of everlasting nature. The other is to conceive it as the response to present naked truth, resulting from deep reflexion in order to attain real consciousness of oneself. The former is the \"backwards conception\", having its own limitations, in its very being buried into the past. The latter, having its projections forward, centers on anguish and anxiety aroused by consciousness of oneself, seeked by the alert responsible mind, able to afford reality and truth with all their thorough implications. The author's existential position embraces the secon conception which had been already exposed by Sophocles in Oedipus in Colonna. The dialectics are set between seeing and knowing. Tiresias is blind, but he can see, because he can afford truth, and its consequence, guilt. Oedipus must fight to attain the possibility of knowing, and must go into the ordeal of losing his eyes, as the only way to reach true self realization, through facing truth and bearing anguish."}
{"id": "PMID:937043", "title": "Selective intraarterial steroid injection in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Angiography was performed in 11 patients with ulcerative colitis and prednisolone injected directly into the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries in 10 patients. Hypervascularity of the affected regions was a common finding, but early venous filling was noted in only 5 cases out of 11. Good results were obtained by intra-arterial steroid injections.", "contents": "Selective intraarterial steroid injection in ulcerative colitis. Angiography was performed in 11 patients with ulcerative colitis and prednisolone injected directly into the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries in 10 patients. Hypervascularity of the affected regions was a common finding, but early venous filling was noted in only 5 cases out of 11. Good results were obtained by intra-arterial steroid injections."}
{"id": "PMID:937040", "title": "[Marihuana psychoses].", "content": "Five chronic consumers of marihuana (through periods of 1 to 3 years) were studied and given a complete set of psychological tests (Rorschach, Wechsler, Phillipson, Psicodiagn\u00f3stico Miokin\u00e9tico). Brief case histories and tests results are presented for each subject. In all cases, marked depression, and anxiety, schizoid features, and poor control were detected. In four patients self-aggresion, inversion of sleep cycle, weakness of will and mental confusion were registered. In four subjects a definite psychotic profile was detected through Rorschach tests. Three patients suffered from visual hallucinations, and trends to sexual promiscuity. Memory failure and gaps were apparent in two cases. One patient developed a short-lasting paranoid delusion. Two patients showed no sign of abnormality in their E.E.G. The syndrome shows that marihuana abuse may lead to toxic psychosis similar to schizophrenia. The importance of a systematic use of complete sets of psychological tests is discussed, although their value for a differential diagnosis between toxic marihuana-psychosis and schizophrenia remains to be established. The need for careful search on marihuana abuse is emphasized. Regarding the physiopathology of marihuana-psychosis, some recent findings of neurochemistry are discussed, in particular those of biological theories of schizophrenia. This approach allows a parallel between both disorders. The possibility of both being accounted for by a common metabolic defect is suggested. Finally, the current contention that marihuana is harmless or innocuous is called to revision.", "contents": "[Marihuana psychoses]. Five chronic consumers of marihuana (through periods of 1 to 3 years) were studied and given a complete set of psychological tests (Rorschach, Wechsler, Phillipson, Psicodiagn\u00f3stico Miokin\u00e9tico). Brief case histories and tests results are presented for each subject. In all cases, marked depression, and anxiety, schizoid features, and poor control were detected. In four patients self-aggresion, inversion of sleep cycle, weakness of will and mental confusion were registered. In four subjects a definite psychotic profile was detected through Rorschach tests. Three patients suffered from visual hallucinations, and trends to sexual promiscuity. Memory failure and gaps were apparent in two cases. One patient developed a short-lasting paranoid delusion. Two patients showed no sign of abnormality in their E.E.G. The syndrome shows that marihuana abuse may lead to toxic psychosis similar to schizophrenia. The importance of a systematic use of complete sets of psychological tests is discussed, although their value for a differential diagnosis between toxic marihuana-psychosis and schizophrenia remains to be established. The need for careful search on marihuana abuse is emphasized. Regarding the physiopathology of marihuana-psychosis, some recent findings of neurochemistry are discussed, in particular those of biological theories of schizophrenia. This approach allows a parallel between both disorders. The possibility of both being accounted for by a common metabolic defect is suggested. Finally, the current contention that marihuana is harmless or innocuous is called to revision."}
{"id": "PMID:937039", "title": "[Programms of community psychiatry].", "content": "Three main resources in all Health Care Programs are classified into three groups: The Psychiatric Hospital. It is a strictly hierarchical organization, where decisions are made at the top of the pyramid, and authority flows down administrative channels. Tasks are clearly defined, and so are responsibilities. The Therapeutic Community. It is a non-hierarchical group, with the goal of re-socializing disturbed individuals. It stresses group and individual responsibilities, aiming at learning new patterns of interaction. All members, patients and personnel alike, are equal members sharing full responsibilities, including decisions concerning the group and/or the individuals. Joining the group, leaving it, or dismissing a member, are all joint decisions. The underlying theory assumes therapeutic potentialities for a group with those special requirements, and for each of its members, regardless of its roles. The Programs of Community Psychiatry. All resources of large population groups are oriented and origanized into comprehensive community programs. All physical facilities are co-ordinated into a network. Personnel is recruited, whenever possible, using the human resources within the same community. All actions, at all scales, are organically co-ordinated in order to maximize benefits and minimize efforts and expenses. All three systems collide substantially, because of their radically different conceptions, grounds and operating requirements. Their many conflicts are analyzed in detail, assessing their consequences on the efficacity of services. A general conclusion is drawn on the valuable data emerging from the application of different systems simultaneously, allowing for future further evaluations. The author stresses that all three systems must be analyzed within a much broader socio-economical framework, and taking into account additional difficulties emerging from: a) great social distance between patient and therapeutic team, impeding exchanges; b) politically unstable climate for officials in charge of mental health policies; c) lack of psychological and technical fitness and heterogeneity of training affecting most mental health workers and agents.", "contents": "[Programms of community psychiatry]. Three main resources in all Health Care Programs are classified into three groups: The Psychiatric Hospital. It is a strictly hierarchical organization, where decisions are made at the top of the pyramid, and authority flows down administrative channels. Tasks are clearly defined, and so are responsibilities. The Therapeutic Community. It is a non-hierarchical group, with the goal of re-socializing disturbed individuals. It stresses group and individual responsibilities, aiming at learning new patterns of interaction. All members, patients and personnel alike, are equal members sharing full responsibilities, including decisions concerning the group and/or the individuals. Joining the group, leaving it, or dismissing a member, are all joint decisions. The underlying theory assumes therapeutic potentialities for a group with those special requirements, and for each of its members, regardless of its roles. The Programs of Community Psychiatry. All resources of large population groups are oriented and origanized into comprehensive community programs. All physical facilities are co-ordinated into a network. Personnel is recruited, whenever possible, using the human resources within the same community. All actions, at all scales, are organically co-ordinated in order to maximize benefits and minimize efforts and expenses. All three systems collide substantially, because of their radically different conceptions, grounds and operating requirements. Their many conflicts are analyzed in detail, assessing their consequences on the efficacity of services. A general conclusion is drawn on the valuable data emerging from the application of different systems simultaneously, allowing for future further evaluations. The author stresses that all three systems must be analyzed within a much broader socio-economical framework, and taking into account additional difficulties emerging from: a) great social distance between patient and therapeutic team, impeding exchanges; b) politically unstable climate for officials in charge of mental health policies; c) lack of psychological and technical fitness and heterogeneity of training affecting most mental health workers and agents."}
{"id": "PMID:937044", "title": "Spinal cord vascularity. III. The spinal cord arteries in man.", "content": "The arterial supply of the human spinal cord was investigated in detail using microangiography and binocular microscopy after the specimens had been made transparent. (1) The arterial tributaries to the spinal cord were found to come from the anterior radicular arteries in a total number varying from 3 to 15, and from posterior radicular arteries numbering 14 to 25. The location of the great anterior radicular artery varied from Th8 to L3. This artery was most often the only ventral feeder to the lower cord. (2) The surface arteries of the spinal cord were mainly derived from the posterior longitudinal arteries with only tiny anastomoses from the anterior spinal artery. The pial artery plexus was best developed over the posterior surface of the cord, particularly at levels of the enlargements. (3) The intramedullary central part us supplied by the anterior spinal artery and a peripheral part mainly from the posterior longitudinal arteries. Anastomotic connections between the two systems or between individual arteries within the two systems could not be observed.", "contents": "Spinal cord vascularity. III. The spinal cord arteries in man. The arterial supply of the human spinal cord was investigated in detail using microangiography and binocular microscopy after the specimens had been made transparent. (1) The arterial tributaries to the spinal cord were found to come from the anterior radicular arteries in a total number varying from 3 to 15, and from posterior radicular arteries numbering 14 to 25. The location of the great anterior radicular artery varied from Th8 to L3. This artery was most often the only ventral feeder to the lower cord. (2) The surface arteries of the spinal cord were mainly derived from the posterior longitudinal arteries with only tiny anastomoses from the anterior spinal artery. The pial artery plexus was best developed over the posterior surface of the cord, particularly at levels of the enlargements. (3) The intramedullary central part us supplied by the anterior spinal artery and a peripheral part mainly from the posterior longitudinal arteries. Anastomotic connections between the two systems or between individual arteries within the two systems could not be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:937041", "title": "[Therapy of psychoses in a hospital community].", "content": "This study at one Pavilion of Braulio Moyano Hospital allowed an evaluation of the therapeutic community method, applied in a very elastic way due to circumstances like: precarious physical commodities of the pavilion; a typical shortage of everything which became a characteristic of our hospital system; the kind of patients with long evolution psychosis; all this added to the compulsory seclusion of most of them with no friends or relatives relationship established. The pavilion's number of patients is around 110. Statistically, our patients are 67,8% older than 50, with an average age of 56,1 years. Only 19% go out of the hospital with relatives, and 34,8% of them have contact with their families once a week or every 15 days. The most common pathologies are: schizophrenia 54 patients; paraphrenia 20; feeble minded 13; and 9 with reiterative acute polymorphic delusions. Under treatment with neuroleptic drugs we have 94 patients, that is 86%. In occupational rehabilitation they are concerned with monthly luncheon, play entertainment games, go to movies, beauty parlors, ceramics, sewing activities, learning to read and write, and some parties in relevant national dates, all this at the hospital premises. In spite of all these negative facts, we can state that during the period the present study took place, 66% of all the patients released from hospital had been interned less than a year. Besides, between July 1973 and July 1974, 53 patients were released, a figure that shows relevant results for the kind of hospital we are dealing with.", "contents": "[Therapy of psychoses in a hospital community]. This study at one Pavilion of Braulio Moyano Hospital allowed an evaluation of the therapeutic community method, applied in a very elastic way due to circumstances like: precarious physical commodities of the pavilion; a typical shortage of everything which became a characteristic of our hospital system; the kind of patients with long evolution psychosis; all this added to the compulsory seclusion of most of them with no friends or relatives relationship established. The pavilion's number of patients is around 110. Statistically, our patients are 67,8% older than 50, with an average age of 56,1 years. Only 19% go out of the hospital with relatives, and 34,8% of them have contact with their families once a week or every 15 days. The most common pathologies are: schizophrenia 54 patients; paraphrenia 20; feeble minded 13; and 9 with reiterative acute polymorphic delusions. Under treatment with neuroleptic drugs we have 94 patients, that is 86%. In occupational rehabilitation they are concerned with monthly luncheon, play entertainment games, go to movies, beauty parlors, ceramics, sewing activities, learning to read and write, and some parties in relevant national dates, all this at the hospital premises. In spite of all these negative facts, we can state that during the period the present study took place, 66% of all the patients released from hospital had been interned less than a year. Besides, between July 1973 and July 1974, 53 patients were released, a figure that shows relevant results for the kind of hospital we are dealing with."}
{"id": "PMID:937042", "title": "[The psychopathological text].", "content": "Starting from the different epistemological status of looking and hearing in the clinical field, the author stresses the importance of the modalities of approaching the psychopathological text, embodied in its context, and conceived as an intersubjective production rather than an individual phenomenon. The author contends that the psychopathological text can be read in three different ways: 1. Informative. First-hand reading provides cumulative information, conditioned by reader's limitations and imaginary endowment. Likelihood and truth provide its framework, but colliding with each other, being likelihood the first way of organizing perceptual data, whereas truth is to be seeked behind apparent phenomena. 2; Hermeneutical. Reading through interpretation entails deciphering the text according to certain definite rules. The logic of hermeneutics differs from oridinary linear logic in its stemming from joint intersubjective sintactic and semantic recreation. Interpretation provides a joint signification for the discourse, but, because of this very fact, it also makes the codes used to hinge and to create a different universe of signification, and allows for starting the whole process anew. This new universe gives rise to a different link between likelihood and truth, making at least possible, if not necessary, their simultaneous positive values. 3. Maieutical. When the new universes of significations built up by hermeneutical reading are articulated among them, and the system of articulations are set forth, another level is attained, in which meaning is created. Meaning, according to the author's proposal, is generated by the systems of transformations of former universes, both in their synchronic and diachronic processes. Thus, meaning, being open to any possible combinatory of transformations, provides the widest gamut of possibilities to produce sense-and change-in their widest acception.", "contents": "[The psychopathological text]. Starting from the different epistemological status of looking and hearing in the clinical field, the author stresses the importance of the modalities of approaching the psychopathological text, embodied in its context, and conceived as an intersubjective production rather than an individual phenomenon. The author contends that the psychopathological text can be read in three different ways: 1. Informative. First-hand reading provides cumulative information, conditioned by reader's limitations and imaginary endowment. Likelihood and truth provide its framework, but colliding with each other, being likelihood the first way of organizing perceptual data, whereas truth is to be seeked behind apparent phenomena. 2; Hermeneutical. Reading through interpretation entails deciphering the text according to certain definite rules. The logic of hermeneutics differs from oridinary linear logic in its stemming from joint intersubjective sintactic and semantic recreation. Interpretation provides a joint signification for the discourse, but, because of this very fact, it also makes the codes used to hinge and to create a different universe of signification, and allows for starting the whole process anew. This new universe gives rise to a different link between likelihood and truth, making at least possible, if not necessary, their simultaneous positive values. 3. Maieutical. When the new universes of significations built up by hermeneutical reading are articulated among them, and the system of articulations are set forth, another level is attained, in which meaning is created. Meaning, according to the author's proposal, is generated by the systems of transformations of former universes, both in their synchronic and diachronic processes. Thus, meaning, being open to any possible combinatory of transformations, provides the widest gamut of possibilities to produce sense-and change-in their widest acception."}
{"id": "PMID:937045", "title": "Complications of orbital and skull base phlebography.", "content": "Two complications, one in association with frontal vein phlebography and one in association with inferior petrosal sinus phlebography, are presented. Possible mechanisms for complications are discussed. It is concluded that a significant risk exists in association with inferior petrosal sinus phlebography, particularly in association with vascular disorders of the skull base, while the risk in association with orbital phlebography after frontal vein puncture is minimal if compression of the jugular veins is omitted.", "contents": "Complications of orbital and skull base phlebography. Two complications, one in association with frontal vein phlebography and one in association with inferior petrosal sinus phlebography, are presented. Possible mechanisms for complications are discussed. It is concluded that a significant risk exists in association with inferior petrosal sinus phlebography, particularly in association with vascular disorders of the skull base, while the risk in association with orbital phlebography after frontal vein puncture is minimal if compression of the jugular veins is omitted."}
{"id": "PMID:937046", "title": "Angiographic diagnosis of teleangiectases with cavernous angioma of the posterior fossa. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of pontine vascular malformation with a characteristic venous angiographic appearance are reported. Both patients had a slowly progressive clinical course, normal spinal fluid, and evidence of a pontine mass. In the late venous phase, large abnormal vessels were seen to coverage towards the midline from each cerebellar hemisphere. The abnormal vessels were microscopically identified as teleangiectases in one of the cases. Both cases had pontine hematomas, originating from a cavernous angioma in one of them; in the other the exact origin of the bleeding could not be determined. It is concluded that in cases with a progressive pontine syndrome the characteristic appearance of the venous phase of angiography may indicate a bleeding pontine vascular malformation.", "contents": "Angiographic diagnosis of teleangiectases with cavernous angioma of the posterior fossa. Report of two cases. Two cases of pontine vascular malformation with a characteristic venous angiographic appearance are reported. Both patients had a slowly progressive clinical course, normal spinal fluid, and evidence of a pontine mass. In the late venous phase, large abnormal vessels were seen to coverage towards the midline from each cerebellar hemisphere. The abnormal vessels were microscopically identified as teleangiectases in one of the cases. Both cases had pontine hematomas, originating from a cavernous angioma in one of them; in the other the exact origin of the bleeding could not be determined. It is concluded that in cases with a progressive pontine syndrome the characteristic appearance of the venous phase of angiography may indicate a bleeding pontine vascular malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:937047", "title": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. VI. Comparison with subjective evaluation of brain scintigraphy.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of brain scintigraphy and the objective symmetry detector method for gamma encephalography is compared. The objective symmetry detector method was found more efficient in separating brain tumour patients from normal than a group of ten radiologists interpreting brain scintigrams.", "contents": "Objective symmetry detector method for gammaencephalography. VI. Comparison with subjective evaluation of brain scintigraphy. The diagnostic accuracy of brain scintigraphy and the objective symmetry detector method for gamma encephalography is compared. The objective symmetry detector method was found more efficient in separating brain tumour patients from normal than a group of ten radiologists interpreting brain scintigrams."}
{"id": "PMID:937049", "title": "Repeat scintigraphy of the internal mammary lymph nodes in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were subjected to different combinations of scintigraphy of the internal mammary lymph nodes, fractionated irradiation, and surgical trauma to the chest wall. No influence could be demonstrated on the image at repeat scintigraphy of the internal mammary nodes. Microscopic changes in the lymph nodes and vessels were relatively slight and inconstant.", "contents": "Repeat scintigraphy of the internal mammary lymph nodes in rabbits. Rabbits were subjected to different combinations of scintigraphy of the internal mammary lymph nodes, fractionated irradiation, and surgical trauma to the chest wall. No influence could be demonstrated on the image at repeat scintigraphy of the internal mammary nodes. Microscopic changes in the lymph nodes and vessels were relatively slight and inconstant."}
{"id": "PMID:937051", "title": "Pharmacoangiography in experimental tumours. Evaluation of vasoactive drugs.", "content": "Pharmacoangiography with four vasoactive drugs was performed in experimental renal and hepatic tumours in rats in order to compare their ability to demonstrate tumour vascularity. Three vasoconstrictors, angiotensin, norepinephrine and vasopressin, and one vasodilator, tolazoline, were tested, vasoconstrictors giving most diagnostic information and the difference in effect among these sometimes being small and probably dose-related. This diagnostic effect is based upon the primitive character of tumour vessels, being unable to react upon a vasoactive stimulus. Angiotensin turned out to be the superior drug which corresponds to clinical experiences of this drug.", "contents": "Pharmacoangiography in experimental tumours. Evaluation of vasoactive drugs. Pharmacoangiography with four vasoactive drugs was performed in experimental renal and hepatic tumours in rats in order to compare their ability to demonstrate tumour vascularity. Three vasoconstrictors, angiotensin, norepinephrine and vasopressin, and one vasodilator, tolazoline, were tested, vasoconstrictors giving most diagnostic information and the difference in effect among these sometimes being small and probably dose-related. This diagnostic effect is based upon the primitive character of tumour vessels, being unable to react upon a vasoactive stimulus. Angiotensin turned out to be the superior drug which corresponds to clinical experiences of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:937052", "title": "Angiography in malignant and chronic inflammatory lesions of the gallbladder.", "content": "Angiography findings in 18 patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder and 17 with cholecystitis indicate that similar abnormalities may appear in both lesions. Irregularities and obstruction of arteries were more common in malignant disease and somewhat more severe. Accumulation of contrast medium and prominent veins occurred in both groups. Displacement of adjacent vessels was more common in malignant  disease. As chronic inflammatory lesions cannot with certainty be differentiated angiographically from malignant disease, cholecystectomy is recommended when the abnormalities described are demonstrated.", "contents": "Angiography in malignant and chronic inflammatory lesions of the gallbladder. Angiography findings in 18 patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder and 17 with cholecystitis indicate that similar abnormalities may appear in both lesions. Irregularities and obstruction of arteries were more common in malignant disease and somewhat more severe. Accumulation of contrast medium and prominent veins occurred in both groups. Displacement of adjacent vessels was more common in malignant  disease. As chronic inflammatory lesions cannot with certainty be differentiated angiographically from malignant disease, cholecystectomy is recommended when the abnormalities described are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:937053", "title": "Experimental evaluation of tube potential and contrast medium concentration for cholangiography.", "content": "Model cholangiographic experiments were performed in which the relationship between contrast medium concentration, duct diameter, calculus size and tube potential was analysed. The same degree of diagnostic reliability was obtained by increasing the tube potential as by diluting the contrast medium. A tube potential of 100 to 110 kV and a contrast medium concentration of 45 per cent were found to give the best result if the background density of the film was held constant.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of tube potential and contrast medium concentration for cholangiography. Model cholangiographic experiments were performed in which the relationship between contrast medium concentration, duct diameter, calculus size and tube potential was analysed. The same degree of diagnostic reliability was obtained by increasing the tube potential as by diluting the contrast medium. A tube potential of 100 to 110 kV and a contrast medium concentration of 45 per cent were found to give the best result if the background density of the film was held constant."}
{"id": "PMID:937054", "title": "Videodensitometry in the diagnosis of aortic incompetence.", "content": "The videodensitometer has been used in a group of 20 patients with aortic incompetence and incompetence combined with stenosis. The method appears effective in the preoperative evaluation of the valvular and ventricular function of the patient. It gives objective and probably more accurate information of the regurgitation fraction and the ejection fraction than the commonly used semiquantitative methods. The method is simple to use and needs no technical changes in the roentgen equipment.", "contents": "Videodensitometry in the diagnosis of aortic incompetence. The videodensitometer has been used in a group of 20 patients with aortic incompetence and incompetence combined with stenosis. The method appears effective in the preoperative evaluation of the valvular and ventricular function of the patient. It gives objective and probably more accurate information of the regurgitation fraction and the ejection fraction than the commonly used semiquantitative methods. The method is simple to use and needs no technical changes in the roentgen equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:937055", "title": "Kinematic analysis of posterior spinal fusions in pigs.", "content": "Five pigs operated upon by posterior spinal fusion were examined by a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method during provoked motion. The healing process leading to marked rigidity within the spine was followed in two of the pigs. Varying degrees of stability in the fused area were achieved in the five animals. Movements were detected, not only when the fusions were not healed, but also in two cases of incomplete bony union between two operated segments.", "contents": "Kinematic analysis of posterior spinal fusions in pigs. Five pigs operated upon by posterior spinal fusion were examined by a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method during provoked motion. The healing process leading to marked rigidity within the spine was followed in two of the pigs. Varying degrees of stability in the fused area were achieved in the five animals. Movements were detected, not only when the fusions were not healed, but also in two cases of incomplete bony union between two operated segments."}
{"id": "PMID:937056", "title": "Metastasis from an unknown tumour.", "content": "A total of 121 patients were treated under the diagnosis: metastasis from an unknown primary tumour; 99 were irradiated. In 46 cases the primary tumour was detected from 6 months to 10 years after the primary treatment. The 3-year survival was 28.9 per cent, the 5-year 17.4 per cent and for 10 years or longer (up to 14 years) 9.1 per cent, after the primary treatment. The prognosis is correlated to the size of the metastases, their site and also their microscopic appearances.", "contents": "Metastasis from an unknown tumour. A total of 121 patients were treated under the diagnosis: metastasis from an unknown primary tumour; 99 were irradiated. In 46 cases the primary tumour was detected from 6 months to 10 years after the primary treatment. The 3-year survival was 28.9 per cent, the 5-year 17.4 per cent and for 10 years or longer (up to 14 years) 9.1 per cent, after the primary treatment. The prognosis is correlated to the size of the metastases, their site and also their microscopic appearances."}
{"id": "PMID:937057", "title": "En-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics. I. Technique and dosimetry.", "content": "A technique for en-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics, as well as its dosimetry and control measures, are reported.", "contents": "En-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics. I. Technique and dosimetry. A technique for en-bloc irradiation of tumours of the head and neck and their lymphatics, as well as its dosimetry and control measures, are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:937058", "title": "Effect of lung irradiation on the incidence of pulmonary metastases and its mechanism.", "content": "LP-12 cells injected intravenously into ddY mice result in the formation of visible lung colonies which are introduced as a model for pulmonary metastases. Localized irradiation before tumour cell transplantation significantly increased the incidence of pulmonary metastases in the irradiated lung only. The changes of the vascular permeability of the lung indicate that dilatation of capillaries or increased permeability may be one of the main mechanisms of this phenomenon.", "contents": "Effect of lung irradiation on the incidence of pulmonary metastases and its mechanism. LP-12 cells injected intravenously into ddY mice result in the formation of visible lung colonies which are introduced as a model for pulmonary metastases. Localized irradiation before tumour cell transplantation significantly increased the incidence of pulmonary metastases in the irradiated lung only. The changes of the vascular permeability of the lung indicate that dilatation of capillaries or increased permeability may be one of the main mechanisms of this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:937059", "title": "Skin reaction as a biologic parameter for control of different dose schedules and gap correction.", "content": "In patients with mammary carcinoma, irradiated postoperatively on the parasternal regions, prospective dose calculations for different fractionation schedules have been performed with the CRE formula. The biologic radiation effect on normal tissue was recorded by reflectance spectrophotometry of skin erythema and pigmentation. The right side received 4 050 R in 25 days, the left side 4 390 R in 47 days with a gap of 3 weeks. A compensation for the gap with 8 per cent of the total exposure was found to be adequate. The smallest exposure difference that could be clearly discriminated visually and with spectrophotometry was recorded in a special series and was found to be 6 to 7 per cent.", "contents": "Skin reaction as a biologic parameter for control of different dose schedules and gap correction. In patients with mammary carcinoma, irradiated postoperatively on the parasternal regions, prospective dose calculations for different fractionation schedules have been performed with the CRE formula. The biologic radiation effect on normal tissue was recorded by reflectance spectrophotometry of skin erythema and pigmentation. The right side received 4 050 R in 25 days, the left side 4 390 R in 47 days with a gap of 3 weeks. A compensation for the gap with 8 per cent of the total exposure was found to be adequate. The smallest exposure difference that could be clearly discriminated visually and with spectrophotometry was recorded in a special series and was found to be 6 to 7 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:937060", "title": "Radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes from human blood and from the thoracic duct.", "content": "Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymphocytes are sensitive to irradiation. However, a distinct population of resistant lymphocytes exists, which is characterized by reactivity to a very low dose of lymphocyte-stimulating lectins in vitro. Blood lymphocytes are rapidly eliminated from the circulation after radiation damage. An analysis of the function of blood lymphocytes is thus of little or no use in assessing the therapeutic effect of extracorporeal irradiation. Lymphocyte activation must accordingly also be unsuitable for use as a biologic dosimeter after accidental total body irradiation.", "contents": "Radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes from human blood and from the thoracic duct. Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymphocytes are sensitive to irradiation. However, a distinct population of resistant lymphocytes exists, which is characterized by reactivity to a very low dose of lymphocyte-stimulating lectins in vitro. Blood lymphocytes are rapidly eliminated from the circulation after radiation damage. An analysis of the function of blood lymphocytes is thus of little or no use in assessing the therapeutic effect of extracorporeal irradiation. Lymphocyte activation must accordingly also be unsuitable for use as a biologic dosimeter after accidental total body irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:937061", "title": "Measurements of single event spectra with a wall-less proportional counter in low LET radiation fields.", "content": "Measurements have been made on 60Co gamma rays from a point source and on 6 MV roentgen rays from a linear accelerator with a wall-less proportional counter. Single event spectra have been measured in sites of 0.5-2 mum in diameters stimulated with a tissue equivalent gas. Calculations of the relative variance in LET are performed and compared with the relative variance of the measured distributions for estimates about the straggling contribution.", "contents": "Measurements of single event spectra with a wall-less proportional counter in low LET radiation fields. Measurements have been made on 60Co gamma rays from a point source and on 6 MV roentgen rays from a linear accelerator with a wall-less proportional counter. Single event spectra have been measured in sites of 0.5-2 mum in diameters stimulated with a tissue equivalent gas. Calculations of the relative variance in LET are performed and compared with the relative variance of the measured distributions for estimates about the straggling contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:937068", "title": "Right atrial monophasic action potential in healthy males. Studies during spontaneous sinus rhythm and atrial pacing.", "content": "Right atrial monophasic action potentials (MAP) have been recorded in 40 healthy males. At least one MAP recording was performed in each individual during spontaneous sinus rhythm. Right atrial pacing and simultaneous MAP recording were performed in 25 of the 40 individuals. The paced cycle length was successively decreased in steps of 100 msec between 800 and 400 msec. The durations of the MAP at 50 and 90% repolarization and the relative repolarization rate during phase 3 (RRR ph 3) were calculated and normal values for the variables are given. A correlation was demonstrated between the duration of the MAP and the cycle length-the longer the cycle length, the longer the duration of the MAP-both during sinus rhythm and during the atrial pacing. A significant correlation was also shown between the RRR ph 3 and the duration of the MAP at 90% repolarization-the shorter the MAP, the faster the RRR ph 3. One age group (45-54 years) deviated significantly from the rest in some respects, but in general there was no age trend in the whole material.", "contents": "Right atrial monophasic action potential in healthy males. Studies during spontaneous sinus rhythm and atrial pacing. Right atrial monophasic action potentials (MAP) have been recorded in 40 healthy males. At least one MAP recording was performed in each individual during spontaneous sinus rhythm. Right atrial pacing and simultaneous MAP recording were performed in 25 of the 40 individuals. The paced cycle length was successively decreased in steps of 100 msec between 800 and 400 msec. The durations of the MAP at 50 and 90% repolarization and the relative repolarization rate during phase 3 (RRR ph 3) were calculated and normal values for the variables are given. A correlation was demonstrated between the duration of the MAP and the cycle length-the longer the cycle length, the longer the duration of the MAP-both during sinus rhythm and during the atrial pacing. A significant correlation was also shown between the RRR ph 3 and the duration of the MAP at 90% repolarization-the shorter the MAP, the faster the RRR ph 3. One age group (45-54 years) deviated significantly from the rest in some respects, but in general there was no age trend in the whole material."}
{"id": "PMID:937069", "title": "Atrial repolarization in healthy males. Studies with programmed stimulation and monophasic action potential recordings.", "content": "Right atrial effective refractory periods (AERP) and monophasic action potentials (MAP) have been determined in 29 healthy males in four different age groups between 25 and 64 years. One age group (45-54 years) showed a significantly longer AERP than the others, with a mean of 283 msec compared with 230-238 msec in the other groups. However, no age trend was found in the total material. The AERP decreased at higher paced heart rates, the decrease between paced cycle lengths of 800 and 600 msec amounting to 13 msec. When the MAP and the AERP were determined in the same position of the atrium, they showed no statistically significant correlation. A possible explanation is that the cells contributing to the AERP and the MAP are not altogether the same. The MAP and the AERP determinations have a similar degree of reproducibility but possibly mirror different kinds of repolarization phenomenon.", "contents": "Atrial repolarization in healthy males. Studies with programmed stimulation and monophasic action potential recordings. Right atrial effective refractory periods (AERP) and monophasic action potentials (MAP) have been determined in 29 healthy males in four different age groups between 25 and 64 years. One age group (45-54 years) showed a significantly longer AERP than the others, with a mean of 283 msec compared with 230-238 msec in the other groups. However, no age trend was found in the total material. The AERP decreased at higher paced heart rates, the decrease between paced cycle lengths of 800 and 600 msec amounting to 13 msec. When the MAP and the AERP were determined in the same position of the atrium, they showed no statistically significant correlation. A possible explanation is that the cells contributing to the AERP and the MAP are not altogether the same. The MAP and the AERP determinations have a similar degree of reproducibility but possibly mirror different kinds of repolarization phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:937070", "title": "Determination of pressure gradient in mitral stenosis with a non-invasive ultrasound Doppler technique.", "content": "A 2 MHz continuous waveform non-invasive ultrasound doppler system has been used in the present investigation. With the aid of the audio signals of the frequency shifts, the ultrasound probe was positioned on the external chest so that the axis of the incident ultrasonic beam coincided with the direction of the maximum velocity vectors of the mitral jet. The frequency shifts due to the mitral jet were frequency analyzed and the time course of the maximum frequency shift was determined. The time course of the maximum mitral jet velocity was then determined from the doppler equation and the time course of the mitral pressure gradient from an orifice equation. The usefulness of the technique was evaluated by studying 25 patients with mitral stenosis and 10 without heart disease. The patients with mitral stenosis were studied during cardiac catheterization and the ultrasound data, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and the left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously. A table is presented where the gradient determined with the ultrasound technique, deltaPU, is compared with the gradient determined from the pressure tracing, deltaPM. Averaged over the 25 patients studied, deltaPU was 1.7 mmHg smaller than deltaPM at 0.08 sec diastolic time and 1.8 mmHg smaller at 0.25 sec diastolic time. The findings in the patients without heart disease differed distinctly from those in the patients with mitral stenosis. The investigation demonstrated that the non-invasive ultrasound technique can be used with confidence to gain an impression of the magnitude of the mitral pressure gradient. The findings also suggest that deltaPU represents the actual pressure gradient more accurately than deltaPM. Another investigation is proposed to assess the accuracy of the technique more completely.", "contents": "Determination of pressure gradient in mitral stenosis with a non-invasive ultrasound Doppler technique. A 2 MHz continuous waveform non-invasive ultrasound doppler system has been used in the present investigation. With the aid of the audio signals of the frequency shifts, the ultrasound probe was positioned on the external chest so that the axis of the incident ultrasonic beam coincided with the direction of the maximum velocity vectors of the mitral jet. The frequency shifts due to the mitral jet were frequency analyzed and the time course of the maximum frequency shift was determined. The time course of the maximum mitral jet velocity was then determined from the doppler equation and the time course of the mitral pressure gradient from an orifice equation. The usefulness of the technique was evaluated by studying 25 patients with mitral stenosis and 10 without heart disease. The patients with mitral stenosis were studied during cardiac catheterization and the ultrasound data, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and the left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously. A table is presented where the gradient determined with the ultrasound technique, deltaPU, is compared with the gradient determined from the pressure tracing, deltaPM. Averaged over the 25 patients studied, deltaPU was 1.7 mmHg smaller than deltaPM at 0.08 sec diastolic time and 1.8 mmHg smaller at 0.25 sec diastolic time. The findings in the patients without heart disease differed distinctly from those in the patients with mitral stenosis. The investigation demonstrated that the non-invasive ultrasound technique can be used with confidence to gain an impression of the magnitude of the mitral pressure gradient. The findings also suggest that deltaPU represents the actual pressure gradient more accurately than deltaPM. Another investigation is proposed to assess the accuracy of the technique more completely."}
{"id": "PMID:937071", "title": "Significance of cardiac arrhythmias preceding first cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 417 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within a minimum of 21 days' stay in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU), primary cardiac arrest occurred in 41 patients (9.9%), the first episode occurring during ECG monitoring in 24 patients. After cessation of ECG monitoring, and within 2-25 days after admission, it occurred in 17 patients. Cardiac arrhythmias before the first cardiac arrest were analysed in these two groups of patients, and compared with the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias within the first 5 days in 100 consecutive patients with AMI without complicating cardiac arrest. No significant difference in the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias could be demonstrated between the two groups with cardiac arrest and the control series. Moreover, complete absence of rhythm disturbances right up to the beginning of cardiac arrest was as frequent in the patient groups as in the control series (around 20%). As there is not sufficient evidence that treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs can provide safe prophylaxis against the occurrence of cardiac arrest, it is concluded that all patients with AMI should be kept in the CCU and monitored, by cable or by telemetry, for the duration of their stay. To achieve this, the cost in financial terms, manpower and reorganization is not a deterrent. Furthermore, this study does not give any support to the usual practice of confining possible attempts of prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment to patients with arrhythmias of certain frequencies and/or types.", "contents": "Significance of cardiac arrhythmias preceding first cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In 417 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within a minimum of 21 days' stay in the Coronary Care Unit (CCU), primary cardiac arrest occurred in 41 patients (9.9%), the first episode occurring during ECG monitoring in 24 patients. After cessation of ECG monitoring, and within 2-25 days after admission, it occurred in 17 patients. Cardiac arrhythmias before the first cardiac arrest were analysed in these two groups of patients, and compared with the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias within the first 5 days in 100 consecutive patients with AMI without complicating cardiac arrest. No significant difference in the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias could be demonstrated between the two groups with cardiac arrest and the control series. Moreover, complete absence of rhythm disturbances right up to the beginning of cardiac arrest was as frequent in the patient groups as in the control series (around 20%). As there is not sufficient evidence that treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs can provide safe prophylaxis against the occurrence of cardiac arrest, it is concluded that all patients with AMI should be kept in the CCU and monitored, by cable or by telemetry, for the duration of their stay. To achieve this, the cost in financial terms, manpower and reorganization is not a deterrent. Furthermore, this study does not give any support to the usual practice of confining possible attempts of prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment to patients with arrhythmias of certain frequencies and/or types."}
{"id": "PMID:937072", "title": "The sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics have been investigated in a group of 30 patients with a sick sinus syndrome. No predictable response to exercise or drugs was observed, although a poor response of the sinus rate to atropine was present. Distal conduction abnormalities were found in seven of 14 patients, in whom detailed electrophysiological measurements were made, and sinus node recovery time was abnormal in all except one. Treatment with permanent pacing not only relieved syncope and dizziness, but made drug treatment of associated tachyarrhythmias feasible. The elusive and intermittent nature of the syndrome is stressed. The pathological findings in one case are described at length.", "contents": "The sick sinus syndrome. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics have been investigated in a group of 30 patients with a sick sinus syndrome. No predictable response to exercise or drugs was observed, although a poor response of the sinus rate to atropine was present. Distal conduction abnormalities were found in seven of 14 patients, in whom detailed electrophysiological measurements were made, and sinus node recovery time was abnormal in all except one. Treatment with permanent pacing not only relieved syncope and dizziness, but made drug treatment of associated tachyarrhythmias feasible. The elusive and intermittent nature of the syndrome is stressed. The pathological findings in one case are described at length."}
{"id": "PMID:937073", "title": "Platelet adhesiveness in myocardial infarction in relation to clinical course.", "content": "ADP-induced and whole blood platelet adhesiveness have been studied by repeated measurements during the acute stage of the disease and the following two months in 86 randomly selected patients admitted to a coronary care unit because of acute central chest pain. In the patients who developed ECG and enzyme changes typical of infarction (group 1), platelet adhesiveness was significantly increased on admission compared with the rest of the patients (group 2) and controls (group 3). Patients in groups 1 and 2 showed a secondary increase during the first week, but two months after admission the means had returned to values within the normal range. No correlation was found between platelet adhesiveness and infarction size or fatal outcome of the disease. Platelet adhesiveness did not differ between patients with ECG changes indicating a transmural infarct and those with mainly subendocardial infarction.", "contents": "Platelet adhesiveness in myocardial infarction in relation to clinical course. ADP-induced and whole blood platelet adhesiveness have been studied by repeated measurements during the acute stage of the disease and the following two months in 86 randomly selected patients admitted to a coronary care unit because of acute central chest pain. In the patients who developed ECG and enzyme changes typical of infarction (group 1), platelet adhesiveness was significantly increased on admission compared with the rest of the patients (group 2) and controls (group 3). Patients in groups 1 and 2 showed a secondary increase during the first week, but two months after admission the means had returned to values within the normal range. No correlation was found between platelet adhesiveness and infarction size or fatal outcome of the disease. Platelet adhesiveness did not differ between patients with ECG changes indicating a transmural infarct and those with mainly subendocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:937074", "title": "Renal stones and coronary heart disease.", "content": "The relationship between risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and renal stone disease has been studied in a population of more than 2000 middle-aged men. The only positive association found was a slight increase in diastolic BP among stone formers and a higher stone prevalence in untreated hypertensives. Furthermore, the prevalence of a history of renal stones in male survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) was similar to that found in the population study. An investigation of the vitamin D intake by means of a dietary questionnaire revealed no differences between stone formers, healthy controls and MI survivors. Contrary to other reports, the present study indicates that the risk factor profile for CHD in stone formers is similar to that in the general population.", "contents": "Renal stones and coronary heart disease. The relationship between risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and renal stone disease has been studied in a population of more than 2000 middle-aged men. The only positive association found was a slight increase in diastolic BP among stone formers and a higher stone prevalence in untreated hypertensives. Furthermore, the prevalence of a history of renal stones in male survivors of myocardial infarction (MI) was similar to that found in the population study. An investigation of the vitamin D intake by means of a dietary questionnaire revealed no differences between stone formers, healthy controls and MI survivors. Contrary to other reports, the present study indicates that the risk factor profile for CHD in stone formers is similar to that in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:937075", "title": "Maximal bioavailability of digoxin from tablets and oral solution in steady state.", "content": "Comparison has been made between the absorption of digoxin from Lanoxin tablets and the absorption of international chemical reference substance digoxin from an oral solution. Plasma levels, areas under 24-hour plasma concentration curves and urinary excretion were similar by both formulations in steady state. 78% of the digoxin administered was absorbed from the tablets and 76% from the solution. Rapid dissolution in the intestinal fluids accounts for the high digoxin bioavailability of the tablets.", "contents": "Maximal bioavailability of digoxin from tablets and oral solution in steady state. Comparison has been made between the absorption of digoxin from Lanoxin tablets and the absorption of international chemical reference substance digoxin from an oral solution. Plasma levels, areas under 24-hour plasma concentration curves and urinary excretion were similar by both formulations in steady state. 78% of the digoxin administered was absorbed from the tablets and 76% from the solution. Rapid dissolution in the intestinal fluids accounts for the high digoxin bioavailability of the tablets."}
{"id": "PMID:937076", "title": "Antihypertensive effect and side-effects of bendroflumethiazide and propranolol.", "content": "The antihypertensive effect and side-effects during 12 months' treatment with bendroflumethiazide and propranolol have been compared in two randomly selected, equally large groups (n= 53) of previously untreated male hypertensives. Systolic BP above 170 or diastolic BP above 105 mmHg on two occasions were defined as hypertension. The same BP reduction was achieved in both groups. During the 12 months' treatment one subject on bendroflumethiazide developed diabetes mellitus and one on propranolol developed cardiac decompensation. None developed gout. Contrary to what had been presumed, glucose tolerance improved during 12 months' treatment with both agents, while there were no changes in fasting blood sugar, insulin or triglyceride concentrations. No changes were found in serum potassium or total body potassium during 12 months' bendroflumethiazide treatment, while serum potassium increased during treatment with propranolol. Uric acid increased slightly during treatment with both agents. Prolongation of the follow-up to 24 months did not change any of the findings regarding metabolic changes during treatment. The frequency of subjective side-effects decreased to the same extent during treatment with both drugs. It is concluded that bendroflumethiazide and propranolol are equally useful as antihypertensive agents and that the risk of impariment of glucose metabolism and potassium balance seems to be very slight during treatment with bendroflumethiazide in mild hypertension.", "contents": "Antihypertensive effect and side-effects of bendroflumethiazide and propranolol. The antihypertensive effect and side-effects during 12 months' treatment with bendroflumethiazide and propranolol have been compared in two randomly selected, equally large groups (n= 53) of previously untreated male hypertensives. Systolic BP above 170 or diastolic BP above 105 mmHg on two occasions were defined as hypertension. The same BP reduction was achieved in both groups. During the 12 months' treatment one subject on bendroflumethiazide developed diabetes mellitus and one on propranolol developed cardiac decompensation. None developed gout. Contrary to what had been presumed, glucose tolerance improved during 12 months' treatment with both agents, while there were no changes in fasting blood sugar, insulin or triglyceride concentrations. No changes were found in serum potassium or total body potassium during 12 months' bendroflumethiazide treatment, while serum potassium increased during treatment with propranolol. Uric acid increased slightly during treatment with both agents. Prolongation of the follow-up to 24 months did not change any of the findings regarding metabolic changes during treatment. The frequency of subjective side-effects decreased to the same extent during treatment with both drugs. It is concluded that bendroflumethiazide and propranolol are equally useful as antihypertensive agents and that the risk of impariment of glucose metabolism and potassium balance seems to be very slight during treatment with bendroflumethiazide in mild hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:937077", "title": "Is the use of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers really a major health problem?", "content": "An analysis has been made of individual purchases of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers made during 1973 by patients who had bought such drugs either only once (group S, n= 417) or regularly (group R, n=76) during a 16-month period five years earlier from pharmacies in the town of Ostersund, county of Jmtland, Sweden. By 1973, 17% of the patients in each group had either died or moved out of the country and were therefore excluded from the comparison. In group S, 81 patients (23%) bought the above drugs once or more in 1973, while the corresponding figure for group R was 55 (87%). Compared with 1968-69, there was a decrease in the number of prescriptions and also in the number of tablets obtained per individual. Furthermore, the number of tablets per prescription was lower in 1973. Among the drugs prescribed, benzodiazepines dominated during both periods, followed by barbiturates. In 1973 there was a substantial increase in the use of nitrazepam, mostly at the expense of diazepam and combined products. One patient in group S and one in group R showed a tendency to decrease the interval between purchases. The latter was already known to be a drug abuser five years earlier. Without knowing the reason why the drugs were prescribed and to what extent they were actually taken, it is impossible to say whether the other patient should be classified as drug abuser or not. Although the number of patients in this study is limited, it might be concluded that the risk of an occasional user of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers living in this area becoming an abuser of such drugs within a five-year period is less than 1/345.", "contents": "Is the use of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers really a major health problem? An analysis has been made of individual purchases of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers made during 1973 by patients who had bought such drugs either only once (group S, n= 417) or regularly (group R, n=76) during a 16-month period five years earlier from pharmacies in the town of Ostersund, county of Jmtland, Sweden. By 1973, 17% of the patients in each group had either died or moved out of the country and were therefore excluded from the comparison. In group S, 81 patients (23%) bought the above drugs once or more in 1973, while the corresponding figure for group R was 55 (87%). Compared with 1968-69, there was a decrease in the number of prescriptions and also in the number of tablets obtained per individual. Furthermore, the number of tablets per prescription was lower in 1973. Among the drugs prescribed, benzodiazepines dominated during both periods, followed by barbiturates. In 1973 there was a substantial increase in the use of nitrazepam, mostly at the expense of diazepam and combined products. One patient in group S and one in group R showed a tendency to decrease the interval between purchases. The latter was already known to be a drug abuser five years earlier. Without knowing the reason why the drugs were prescribed and to what extent they were actually taken, it is impossible to say whether the other patient should be classified as drug abuser or not. Although the number of patients in this study is limited, it might be concluded that the risk of an occasional user of hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquilizers living in this area becoming an abuser of such drugs within a five-year period is less than 1/345."}
{"id": "PMID:937081", "title": "Interferon therapy in Hodgkin's disease. A case report.", "content": "The treatment of a case of Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte predominance, stage IV B) with exogenous i.m. interferon therapy is described. B symptoms disappeared, diseased nodes and pulmonary infiltrations decreased in size, and laboratory values normalized. Clinical improvement was associated with increased mitogenic responsiveness of the patient's lymphocytes towards various stimuli in vitro. After almost half a year's treatment tumour progression and a decreased mitogenic response were again observed. Interferon treatment was then abandoned and combined cytostatic courses were instituted. Partial remission was achieved after 6 months of cytostatic therapy, i.e. 1 year after the start of treatment.", "contents": "Interferon therapy in Hodgkin's disease. A case report. The treatment of a case of Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte predominance, stage IV B) with exogenous i.m. interferon therapy is described. B symptoms disappeared, diseased nodes and pulmonary infiltrations decreased in size, and laboratory values normalized. Clinical improvement was associated with increased mitogenic responsiveness of the patient's lymphocytes towards various stimuli in vitro. After almost half a year's treatment tumour progression and a decreased mitogenic response were again observed. Interferon treatment was then abandoned and combined cytostatic courses were instituted. Partial remission was achieved after 6 months of cytostatic therapy, i.e. 1 year after the start of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:937082", "title": "Sheehan's syndrome of hypothalamic origin in a woman with juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman with severe diabetes mellitus since the age of 7 developed anterior pituitary insufficiency after pregnancy toxaemia with hypofunction of the thyroid, ovaries and adrenal cortex. Following the development of Sheehan's syndrome, her insulin requirment decreased dramatically. I.v. administration of TRH, LRH and vasopressin induced nearly normal pituitary response levels of TSH, LH and plasma cortisol, indicating a hypothalamic damage as the primary aetiological factor.", "contents": "Sheehan's syndrome of hypothalamic origin in a woman with juvenile diabetes mellitus. A 25-year-old woman with severe diabetes mellitus since the age of 7 developed anterior pituitary insufficiency after pregnancy toxaemia with hypofunction of the thyroid, ovaries and adrenal cortex. Following the development of Sheehan's syndrome, her insulin requirment decreased dramatically. I.v. administration of TRH, LRH and vasopressin induced nearly normal pituitary response levels of TSH, LH and plasma cortisol, indicating a hypothalamic damage as the primary aetiological factor."}
{"id": "PMID:937083", "title": "Acute myeloma.", "content": "This patient had an acute onset of myeloma, with hypercalcemia, a high M-component in the plasma, Bence Jones proteinuria, and 37% plasma cells in the bone marrow sample. After melphalan treatment (210 mg totally) he seems to have a complete cure, with total disappearance of the M-component, Bence Jones proteinuria, myeloma cells, hypercalcemia and elevated ESR for almost three years.", "contents": "Acute myeloma. This patient had an acute onset of myeloma, with hypercalcemia, a high M-component in the plasma, Bence Jones proteinuria, and 37% plasma cells in the bone marrow sample. After melphalan treatment (210 mg totally) he seems to have a complete cure, with total disappearance of the M-component, Bence Jones proteinuria, myeloma cells, hypercalcemia and elevated ESR for almost three years."}
{"id": "PMID:937084", "title": "[Pathogenicity test for staphylococci by the use of adrenaline (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathogenic staphylococci will grow in broth containing 50 mug/ml adrenaline at 37 degrees C, while apathogenic ones tolerate a concentration of 20 mug/ml only. They are completely inhibited at higher adrenaline levels. After 6 hr incubation, pathogenic germs show growth up to 100-250 mug/ml adrenaline, apathogenic ones up to 40 mug/ml.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity test for staphylococci by the use of adrenaline (author's transl)]. Pathogenic staphylococci will grow in broth containing 50 mug/ml adrenaline at 37 degrees C, while apathogenic ones tolerate a concentration of 20 mug/ml only. They are completely inhibited at higher adrenaline levels. After 6 hr incubation, pathogenic germs show growth up to 100-250 mug/ml adrenaline, apathogenic ones up to 40 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:937085", "title": "The macroconidial septum of some dermatophyton species.", "content": "The septum of the macroconidium (MC) of dermatophytes was examined by light microscopy. Significant taxonomical differences between species have not been found. The septa seem to be three-layered, but only the middle layer can be considered a septum in the wall substance of two neighbouring chambers, impressed and completed by the septum. The septum verum originates from the middle layer of the three-layered MC wall or from its surface adjacent to the chamber wall. This type of septum is different from that described in Ascomycetes and other species. Light microscopic findings are insufficient to characterize the nature of the septal pore. The microscopic observation of the layers of the MC wall and of the septum may be disturbed by misleading optical phenomena.", "contents": "The macroconidial septum of some dermatophyton species. The septum of the macroconidium (MC) of dermatophytes was examined by light microscopy. Significant taxonomical differences between species have not been found. The septa seem to be three-layered, but only the middle layer can be considered a septum in the wall substance of two neighbouring chambers, impressed and completed by the septum. The septum verum originates from the middle layer of the three-layered MC wall or from its surface adjacent to the chamber wall. This type of septum is different from that described in Ascomycetes and other species. Light microscopic findings are insufficient to characterize the nature of the septal pore. The microscopic observation of the layers of the MC wall and of the septum may be disturbed by misleading optical phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:937086", "title": "Effect of ts mutation in gene 43 of bacteriophage T4 on recombination of the bacteriophage.", "content": "Certain ts mutations in gene 43 of bacteriophage T4 are known to exhibit mutator or antimutator activities with respect to different rII mutations of this phage. The effect of these mutations on recombination frequencies of double mutant strains of phage T4 with genotype rII ts--homoallelic with respect to the ts trait--was examined. The results implicate the essential role of the genetic background in the investigated process.", "contents": "Effect of ts mutation in gene 43 of bacteriophage T4 on recombination of the bacteriophage. Certain ts mutations in gene 43 of bacteriophage T4 are known to exhibit mutator or antimutator activities with respect to different rII mutations of this phage. The effect of these mutations on recombination frequencies of double mutant strains of phage T4 with genotype rII ts--homoallelic with respect to the ts trait--was examined. The results implicate the essential role of the genetic background in the investigated process."}
{"id": "PMID:937087", "title": "Respiratory activity of the soil from several habitats in the Botanical Garden in Pozna\u0144.", "content": "The paper presents studies on the respiratory activity of the soil from two habitats of the Botanical Garden: the steppe and the dune. The abundance of bacteria and fungi in the soils was also estimated. Respiration in the rhizosphere soil was found to be more intense than in the non-rhizosphere soil. Our observations have shown that soil respiration depends largely on the abundance of microorganisms. Under various habitat conditions, however, the microorganisms populations are characterized by some peculiarities of their metabolic activities. These manifest themselves in differences in respiratory activity of various soils independent of additional easily available energetic material introduced into the soil.", "contents": "Respiratory activity of the soil from several habitats in the Botanical Garden in Pozna\u0144. The paper presents studies on the respiratory activity of the soil from two habitats of the Botanical Garden: the steppe and the dune. The abundance of bacteria and fungi in the soils was also estimated. Respiration in the rhizosphere soil was found to be more intense than in the non-rhizosphere soil. Our observations have shown that soil respiration depends largely on the abundance of microorganisms. Under various habitat conditions, however, the microorganisms populations are characterized by some peculiarities of their metabolic activities. These manifest themselves in differences in respiratory activity of various soils independent of additional easily available energetic material introduced into the soil."}
{"id": "PMID:937088", "title": "Polygalacturonase activity of Penicillum sp 7/4B/EI 1 mutant grown on some by-products of food industry.", "content": "Pectolytic activity of the Penicillum sp 7/4B/E11 mutant, which synthesized effectively PG and was not capable of producing PE, was studied on some by-products of food industries (apple pulp, beet pulp, and mixtures of apple pulp or beet pulp with wheat bran) supplemented in some experiments with mineral salts of the Czapek's medium. The strain showed good growth but a low PG activity when grown on by-products without mineral salts and an increase in PG activity after cultivation on these by-products (mainly on beet pulp) enriched with mineral salts. The highest PG activity was obtained after 6-8 days cultivation on beet pulp (3%) with mineral salts. Among the tested salts, NaNO3 influenced PG activity most effectively, K2HPO4 and MgSO4 to a smaller degree whereas others were ineffective. The mutant did not synthesize PE under these culture conditions.", "contents": "Polygalacturonase activity of Penicillum sp 7/4B/EI 1 mutant grown on some by-products of food industry. Pectolytic activity of the Penicillum sp 7/4B/E11 mutant, which synthesized effectively PG and was not capable of producing PE, was studied on some by-products of food industries (apple pulp, beet pulp, and mixtures of apple pulp or beet pulp with wheat bran) supplemented in some experiments with mineral salts of the Czapek's medium. The strain showed good growth but a low PG activity when grown on by-products without mineral salts and an increase in PG activity after cultivation on these by-products (mainly on beet pulp) enriched with mineral salts. The highest PG activity was obtained after 6-8 days cultivation on beet pulp (3%) with mineral salts. Among the tested salts, NaNO3 influenced PG activity most effectively, K2HPO4 and MgSO4 to a smaller degree whereas others were ineffective. The mutant did not synthesize PE under these culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:937089", "title": "Influence of the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and iron compounds on the microbial reduction of sulphates.", "content": "In the reduction process of sulphates by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans suitable concentration of mineral salts plays an important role. In particular, different K2HPO4, CaCl2 and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 content in the reaction medium has an observable effect on the reduction degree (x'), the induction time (t0) and the reduction rate constant (k). These data were recorded for 9 liquid media characterized by different content of mineral salts. The reaction rate constants were calculated for the reduction process in each medium. Optimal reduction conditions exists at the following element concentration ratios: P/S=0.068, K/S=0.086, Fe/S=0.08, N/S=0.33, C/S=1.80, Ca/S=0.03, Cl/S=0.80.", "contents": "Influence of the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and iron compounds on the microbial reduction of sulphates. In the reduction process of sulphates by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans suitable concentration of mineral salts plays an important role. In particular, different K2HPO4, CaCl2 and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 content in the reaction medium has an observable effect on the reduction degree (x'), the induction time (t0) and the reduction rate constant (k). These data were recorded for 9 liquid media characterized by different content of mineral salts. The reaction rate constants were calculated for the reduction process in each medium. Optimal reduction conditions exists at the following element concentration ratios: P/S=0.068, K/S=0.086, Fe/S=0.08, N/S=0.33, C/S=1.80, Ca/S=0.03, Cl/S=0.80."}
{"id": "PMID:937102", "title": "The utility of self-management procedures in modifying the classroom behaviors of mentally retarded adolescents.", "content": "Self-management procedures including the self-recording of points, the self-graphing of progress, and the self-selecting of free time activities were applied to the classroom behaviors of 12-year-old educable mentally retarded subjects. Students were first awarded points for specified appropriate behaviors. Then during the last two treatment phases, they graphed their points earnings and used these points to earn free time activities. A multiple baseline design was used in appraising the comparative effects of these three treatment conditions during spelling and reading periods. All three treatment conditions produced higher rates of appropriate behavior than did baseline conditions; however, the highest levels of appropriate behavior were achieved during the self-selected free time phases.", "contents": "The utility of self-management procedures in modifying the classroom behaviors of mentally retarded adolescents. Self-management procedures including the self-recording of points, the self-graphing of progress, and the self-selecting of free time activities were applied to the classroom behaviors of 12-year-old educable mentally retarded subjects. Students were first awarded points for specified appropriate behaviors. Then during the last two treatment phases, they graphed their points earnings and used these points to earn free time activities. A multiple baseline design was used in appraising the comparative effects of these three treatment conditions during spelling and reading periods. All three treatment conditions produced higher rates of appropriate behavior than did baseline conditions; however, the highest levels of appropriate behavior were achieved during the self-selected free time phases."}
{"id": "PMID:937108", "title": "alpha-L-Fucosidase in normal and deficient individuals.", "content": "Deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase has been demonstrated in peripheral leukocytes, cultured skin fibroblasts and long-term lymphoid lines from two sibs with fucosidosis 2. Reliable identification of heterozygotes for this disease was accomplished by enzyme assay of mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood. Isoelectric focusing of alpha-L-fucosidase isozymes in leukocyte extracts from normal individuals revealed a common polymorphism which was shown to result from two autosomal alleles at a single, autosomal locus. Evidence was obtained for a third, \"silent\" allele segregating in the family of the two affected children. It is probable that the disease fucosidosis type 2 results from homozygosity for this \"silent\" allele. Preliminary experiments have shown that cultured skin fibroblasts from deficient individuals can incorporate and retain purified alpha-L-fucosidase added to the culture medium.", "contents": "alpha-L-Fucosidase in normal and deficient individuals. Deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-fucosidase has been demonstrated in peripheral leukocytes, cultured skin fibroblasts and long-term lymphoid lines from two sibs with fucosidosis 2. Reliable identification of heterozygotes for this disease was accomplished by enzyme assay of mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood. Isoelectric focusing of alpha-L-fucosidase isozymes in leukocyte extracts from normal individuals revealed a common polymorphism which was shown to result from two autosomal alleles at a single, autosomal locus. Evidence was obtained for a third, \"silent\" allele segregating in the family of the two affected children. It is probable that the disease fucosidosis type 2 results from homozygosity for this \"silent\" allele. Preliminary experiments have shown that cultured skin fibroblasts from deficient individuals can incorporate and retain purified alpha-L-fucosidase added to the culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:937113", "title": "Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis: a new nosological entity.", "content": "Lipid analyses in the terminal stage of the disease polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis (PFAL), showed a brain very poor in lipids. The concentration of sphingolipids was particularly low: gangliosides of cerebral cortex was only 10% of the control value, and cerebrosides of white matter only 2%. Of the gangliosides, GM1 and GD1 a were reduced more than any other ganglioside fraction. The fatty acid compositions of the phosphoglycerides were the same in cerebral cortex and white matter. Compared with what was found in the controls, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides had much higher proportions of  18:1 and 20:4 (n-6) and much lower proportions of 22:4 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-3) in the cerebral cortex. Similar changes in the fatty acid patterns were found in the other phosphoglycerides. It is assumed that in PFAL there is a primary disturbance in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which leads to a series of secondary changes. The results suggested that the gangliosides GM1 and GD1a, sialidase and phosphoglycerides with dokosahexaenoic acid are confined to the nerve endings.", "contents": "Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis: a new nosological entity. Lipid analyses in the terminal stage of the disease polyunsaturated fatty acid lipidosis (PFAL), showed a brain very poor in lipids. The concentration of sphingolipids was particularly low: gangliosides of cerebral cortex was only 10% of the control value, and cerebrosides of white matter only 2%. Of the gangliosides, GM1 and GD1 a were reduced more than any other ganglioside fraction. The fatty acid compositions of the phosphoglycerides were the same in cerebral cortex and white matter. Compared with what was found in the controls, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides had much higher proportions of  18:1 and 20:4 (n-6) and much lower proportions of 22:4 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-6) and 22:6 (n-3) in the cerebral cortex. Similar changes in the fatty acid patterns were found in the other phosphoglycerides. It is assumed that in PFAL there is a primary disturbance in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which leads to a series of secondary changes. The results suggested that the gangliosides GM1 and GD1a, sialidase and phosphoglycerides with dokosahexaenoic acid are confined to the nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:937115", "title": "Ultrastructure and biochemical studies of rat CNS and viscera after subcutaneous injection of chlorphentermine.", "content": "Ultrastructural and biochemical studies were carried out on three groups of experimental models which were induced by a single subcutaneous daily dose of 10 to 40 mg./kg. body weight of chlorphentermine hydrochloride. The first group consisted of 20 young adult rats which were sacrificed at intervals of from one to four weeks. The liver and lungs showed concentrically arranged memberanous bodies in the hepatocytes and alveolar cells during the first week after the first injection, while the CNS and pancreas showed no ultrastructural alterations. During the fourth week, the pancreas displayed abnormal cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the A and B cells of the islets of Langerhans as well as in the exocrine portion. The brain showed various neuronal alterations at four weeks which consisted of irregular dense bodies to well-developed membranous structures which were similar to those of Tay-Sachs disease. Biochemically, thin layer chromatograms showed that the major ganglioside fraction in the brain at four weeks had an RF value similar to that of GM1-ganglioside. In an analysis of the total N-acetyl neuraminic acid the brains in the experimental group contained 90.9% GM1-gandlioside as compared with 44% in the controls. The total and fractions of phospholipids in the brains and livers of the experimental animals were within normal limits.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and biochemical studies of rat CNS and viscera after subcutaneous injection of chlorphentermine. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies were carried out on three groups of experimental models which were induced by a single subcutaneous daily dose of 10 to 40 mg./kg. body weight of chlorphentermine hydrochloride. The first group consisted of 20 young adult rats which were sacrificed at intervals of from one to four weeks. The liver and lungs showed concentrically arranged memberanous bodies in the hepatocytes and alveolar cells during the first week after the first injection, while the CNS and pancreas showed no ultrastructural alterations. During the fourth week, the pancreas displayed abnormal cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the A and B cells of the islets of Langerhans as well as in the exocrine portion. The brain showed various neuronal alterations at four weeks which consisted of irregular dense bodies to well-developed membranous structures which were similar to those of Tay-Sachs disease. Biochemically, thin layer chromatograms showed that the major ganglioside fraction in the brain at four weeks had an RF value similar to that of GM1-ganglioside. In an analysis of the total N-acetyl neuraminic acid the brains in the experimental group contained 90.9% GM1-gandlioside as compared with 44% in the controls. The total and fractions of phospholipids in the brains and livers of the experimental animals were within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:937125", "title": "An improved preparation for determination of bradykinin.", "content": "The cat isolated jejunum kept either in an organ-bath or under superfusion can be rendered extremely sensitive to bradykinin after exposure to chymotrypsin. Treated preparations responded to as little as 100 pg/ml of the peptide. Use has been made of sensitized preparations to determine bradykinin-like material of dog blood extracts obtained in experimental \"dumping syndrome\".", "contents": "An improved preparation for determination of bradykinin. The cat isolated jejunum kept either in an organ-bath or under superfusion can be rendered extremely sensitive to bradykinin after exposure to chymotrypsin. Treated preparations responded to as little as 100 pg/ml of the peptide. Use has been made of sensitized preparations to determine bradykinin-like material of dog blood extracts obtained in experimental \"dumping syndrome\"."}
{"id": "PMID:937126", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol on the kallikrein content of the submandibular gland of rats.", "content": "The influence of IPR on the kallikrein content of the submandibular gland of 11, 21, 62 and 90 day old rats was investigated. The appearance of acini in IPR treated rats was associated with an increase in the kallikrein content of the gland in 11 day old rats. The decrease of kallikrein in the gland of 21 to 90 day old animals was attributed to the maturation of the autonomic nervous system and the mechanism of glandular secretion.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol on the kallikrein content of the submandibular gland of rats. The influence of IPR on the kallikrein content of the submandibular gland of 11, 21, 62 and 90 day old rats was investigated. The appearance of acini in IPR treated rats was associated with an increase in the kallikrein content of the gland in 11 day old rats. The decrease of kallikrein in the gland of 21 to 90 day old animals was attributed to the maturation of the autonomic nervous system and the mechanism of glandular secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:937133", "title": "Biochemical actions of fibroblast kinin-forming protease.", "content": "Purification and further characterization of a kinin-forming acid protease in a mouse fibroblast L929 stationary cell culture line was carried out. Supernatants of dialyzed fibroblast homogenates digested denatured hemoglobin at pH 4.0. The supernatant was fractionated on a G-200 Sephadex column, hydroxylapatite column and finally on a DEAE-A50 Sephadex ion exchange column. A 9.4 fold purification was achieved with a 13.8% yield. The enzyme had a specific activity of 2062 ng kinin per mg protein when measured on a purified rat kininogen using the isolated rat uterus as the bioassay tissue. The protease had a pH optimum of 3.8-4.0. Molecular weights of the enzyme and substrate estimated on a G-200 Sephadex column were 39,000 and 110,000 respectively. Kinin formation was a function of both incubation time and enzyme concentration. Protease activity was localized primarily in the 10,000 g supernatant cell fraction (61.5%) with the 1500 g precipitate cell fraction containing 38.5% of the activity.", "contents": "Biochemical actions of fibroblast kinin-forming protease. Purification and further characterization of a kinin-forming acid protease in a mouse fibroblast L929 stationary cell culture line was carried out. Supernatants of dialyzed fibroblast homogenates digested denatured hemoglobin at pH 4.0. The supernatant was fractionated on a G-200 Sephadex column, hydroxylapatite column and finally on a DEAE-A50 Sephadex ion exchange column. A 9.4 fold purification was achieved with a 13.8% yield. The enzyme had a specific activity of 2062 ng kinin per mg protein when measured on a purified rat kininogen using the isolated rat uterus as the bioassay tissue. The protease had a pH optimum of 3.8-4.0. Molecular weights of the enzyme and substrate estimated on a G-200 Sephadex column were 39,000 and 110,000 respectively. Kinin formation was a function of both incubation time and enzyme concentration. Protease activity was localized primarily in the 10,000 g supernatant cell fraction (61.5%) with the 1500 g precipitate cell fraction containing 38.5% of the activity."}
{"id": "PMID:937139", "title": "Urinary excretion of kallikrein following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Kinin has been hypothesized to be involved in the mechanism of the procordialgia, collapse, and shock in myocardial infarction. In spontaneous and experimental animal infarction, the long-lasting lowering of plasma kininogen is perhaps the expression of kinin release from the plasma precursor. More recently, a durable reduction of plasma prekallikrein and of the plasma inhibitor of kallikrein, both evaluated with the kaolin contact method, has been demonstrated to support the implication of the kinin system in the course of myocardial infarction. In the present study, the dialy urinary excretion of kallikrein, according to the Porcelli and Croxatto method, has been studied in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a group of control patients, Differences between the two groups have been observed. They consist mainly in strong daily oscillations in the amount of urinary kallikrein excretion during the 24 hour period in the group of patients with myocardial infaction. At this moment, however, it is not possible to give a definite interpretation of these results.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of kallikrein following myocardial infarction. Kinin has been hypothesized to be involved in the mechanism of the procordialgia, collapse, and shock in myocardial infarction. In spontaneous and experimental animal infarction, the long-lasting lowering of plasma kininogen is perhaps the expression of kinin release from the plasma precursor. More recently, a durable reduction of plasma prekallikrein and of the plasma inhibitor of kallikrein, both evaluated with the kaolin contact method, has been demonstrated to support the implication of the kinin system in the course of myocardial infarction. In the present study, the dialy urinary excretion of kallikrein, according to the Porcelli and Croxatto method, has been studied in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a group of control patients, Differences between the two groups have been observed. They consist mainly in strong daily oscillations in the amount of urinary kallikrein excretion during the 24 hour period in the group of patients with myocardial infaction. At this moment, however, it is not possible to give a definite interpretation of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:937140", "title": "The effect of water, sodium overloading and diuretics upon urinary kallikrein.", "content": "The effects of acute administration of either water or 2% NaCl solution via a stomach tube and injections of diurecits, furosemide (5, 10 mg) and acetazoleamide (5, 20 mg per rat), in adult rats upon urinary kallikrein (Kal), Na and K, were studied. Hyperhydration with water (5% b.w.) produced in 121% increase and 2% NaCl overloading (5% b.w.) 275% increase in urinary Kal within 120 min after gavage, when compared with the excretion of non hyperhydrated rats. Furosemide 5 mg in hyperhydrated animals produced in the same period an excretion of 645 +/- 52 ng BR of Kal, which is 147% higher to that excreted by the hyperhydrated controls. The same dose of furosemide in 2% NaCl loaded rats, produced an excretion of Kal equivalent to 1333 +/- 72 ng BR which is 180% greater than in controls similarly loaded. Acetazoleamide 20 mg and furosemide 5 mg produced similar excretions of Kal even though natriuresis is greater tna kalliuresis is lesser in furosemide injected rats. Evaluation of total kidney Kal has shown that a single (10 mg) or a series of furosemide injections (8 days 5 mg + 1 day 10 mg), brings about a significant (p is less than 0.001) decrease in renal Kal, but the increase of Kal excreted in the urine (120 min) is 3.5 times more (under a single injection) and 42 times more (under 9 injections) than the amount which disappears from the kidneys. Apparently furosemide not only stimulates Kal excretion, but also Kal synthesis in the kidney. The results support the concept that the Kal system would be involved in excretory functions dealing both with sodium and water excretion.", "contents": "The effect of water, sodium overloading and diuretics upon urinary kallikrein. The effects of acute administration of either water or 2% NaCl solution via a stomach tube and injections of diurecits, furosemide (5, 10 mg) and acetazoleamide (5, 20 mg per rat), in adult rats upon urinary kallikrein (Kal), Na and K, were studied. Hyperhydration with water (5% b.w.) produced in 121% increase and 2% NaCl overloading (5% b.w.) 275% increase in urinary Kal within 120 min after gavage, when compared with the excretion of non hyperhydrated rats. Furosemide 5 mg in hyperhydrated animals produced in the same period an excretion of 645 +/- 52 ng BR of Kal, which is 147% higher to that excreted by the hyperhydrated controls. The same dose of furosemide in 2% NaCl loaded rats, produced an excretion of Kal equivalent to 1333 +/- 72 ng BR which is 180% greater than in controls similarly loaded. Acetazoleamide 20 mg and furosemide 5 mg produced similar excretions of Kal even though natriuresis is greater tna kalliuresis is lesser in furosemide injected rats. Evaluation of total kidney Kal has shown that a single (10 mg) or a series of furosemide injections (8 days 5 mg + 1 day 10 mg), brings about a significant (p is less than 0.001) decrease in renal Kal, but the increase of Kal excreted in the urine (120 min) is 3.5 times more (under a single injection) and 42 times more (under 9 injections) than the amount which disappears from the kidneys. Apparently furosemide not only stimulates Kal excretion, but also Kal synthesis in the kidney. The results support the concept that the Kal system would be involved in excretory functions dealing both with sodium and water excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:937144", "title": "Subcellular distribution and possible role of gangliosides in the CNS.", "content": "From cell fractionation studies it is concluded that gangliosides have a wide distribution in neuronal plasma membranes, being concentrated in the microsomal and the nerve-ending membranes rich in acetylcholinesterase. When properly purified synaptic vesicles are devoid of gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase; thus the possible relationship between gangliosides and the cholinergic transmitter should be discarded. There are important evidences that specific gangliosides may play a role in the binding of certain toxins and viruses to the plasma membrane; however, their possible role as synaptic receptors is not supported by our experiments. The central receptor for 5HT appears not to be related to brain gangliosides and is represented by a hydrophobic protein (i.e. proteolipid) present in the synaptic junction.", "contents": "Subcellular distribution and possible role of gangliosides in the CNS. From cell fractionation studies it is concluded that gangliosides have a wide distribution in neuronal plasma membranes, being concentrated in the microsomal and the nerve-ending membranes rich in acetylcholinesterase. When properly purified synaptic vesicles are devoid of gangliosides and acetylcholinesterase; thus the possible relationship between gangliosides and the cholinergic transmitter should be discarded. There are important evidences that specific gangliosides may play a role in the binding of certain toxins and viruses to the plasma membrane; however, their possible role as synaptic receptors is not supported by our experiments. The central receptor for 5HT appears not to be related to brain gangliosides and is represented by a hydrophobic protein (i.e. proteolipid) present in the synaptic junction."}
{"id": "PMID:937146", "title": "On a molecular, microscale fingerprinting of gangliosides.", "content": "Mass spectrometry of intact ganglioside derivatives has been shown to afford a specific information on type, number and sequence of sugars, as well as ceramide structure. This is illustrated here for a hematoside with N-glycolylneuraminic acid and a disialyldihexosylceramide. As shown elsewhere, this novel technique, needing only 10 micrograms for a spectrum, is generally applicable to all types of glycolipids, including complex blood group fucolipids.", "contents": "On a molecular, microscale fingerprinting of gangliosides. Mass spectrometry of intact ganglioside derivatives has been shown to afford a specific information on type, number and sequence of sugars, as well as ceramide structure. This is illustrated here for a hematoside with N-glycolylneuraminic acid and a disialyldihexosylceramide. As shown elsewhere, this novel technique, needing only 10 micrograms for a spectrum, is generally applicable to all types of glycolipids, including complex blood group fucolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:937147", "title": "Interaction of cholera toxin and ganglioside G(M1).", "content": "The exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae is rapidly and firmly bound to the outer membrane of mammalian cells. With simple in vitro and in vivo methods and very pure gangliosides and allied glycolipids we have demonstrated that the monosialosylganglioside GM1 is the natural receptor for the cholera toxin. This ganglioside binds the toxin with a high affinity and inactivates it. The inactive derivative, choleragenoid toxoid has the same affinity to GM1 as the toxin. Ganglioside GM1 was isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of man, pig and ox in amounts of 0.1, 2.0 and 43 nmoles per g mucosa, respectively. These very large differences in the ability of the mucosal cells to bind cholera toxin. Exogenous GM1 was incorporated in vitro and in vivo in intestinal mucosal cells. The incorporation of GM1 increased the number of toxin-binding sites and increased the secretion of fluid in the gut. Vibrio cholerae sialidase did not hydrolyse the di- and trisialogangliosides of intact mucosal cells to the parent GM1-ganglioside, neither did it increase the number of cholera toxin-binding sites.", "contents": "Interaction of cholera toxin and ganglioside G(M1). The exotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae is rapidly and firmly bound to the outer membrane of mammalian cells. With simple in vitro and in vivo methods and very pure gangliosides and allied glycolipids we have demonstrated that the monosialosylganglioside GM1 is the natural receptor for the cholera toxin. This ganglioside binds the toxin with a high affinity and inactivates it. The inactive derivative, choleragenoid toxoid has the same affinity to GM1 as the toxin. Ganglioside GM1 was isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of man, pig and ox in amounts of 0.1, 2.0 and 43 nmoles per g mucosa, respectively. These very large differences in the ability of the mucosal cells to bind cholera toxin. Exogenous GM1 was incorporated in vitro and in vivo in intestinal mucosal cells. The incorporation of GM1 increased the number of toxin-binding sites and increased the secretion of fluid in the gut. Vibrio cholerae sialidase did not hydrolyse the di- and trisialogangliosides of intact mucosal cells to the parent GM1-ganglioside, neither did it increase the number of cholera toxin-binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:937151", "title": "Brain neuraminidases and gangliosides.", "content": "A number of data of kinetics nature indicate that brain neuraminidases (the cytosol and the membrane bound enzyme) recognize the physical state of gangliosidic substrate, with immediate modification of the activity. The interactions between the enzyme(s) and the different physical forms of the substrate are still to be studied at the molecular level. The knowledge of these phenomena would greatly help understanding the role played by gangliosides in the neuronal plasma membrane.", "contents": "Brain neuraminidases and gangliosides. A number of data of kinetics nature indicate that brain neuraminidases (the cytosol and the membrane bound enzyme) recognize the physical state of gangliosidic substrate, with immediate modification of the activity. The interactions between the enzyme(s) and the different physical forms of the substrate are still to be studied at the molecular level. The knowledge of these phenomena would greatly help understanding the role played by gangliosides in the neuronal plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:937153", "title": "Brain tumors studied by computerized tomography.", "content": "A brief description of the method and clinical application of CT is given. Various features and absorption values of different intracranial neoplasms are described and compared. The effects of CT on other special diagnostic procedures are discussed. It is emphasized that contrast medium enhancement significantly increases the sensitivity and specificity of the technique when applied to patients who have or are suspected of having cerebral neoplasms.", "contents": "Brain tumors studied by computerized tomography. A brief description of the method and clinical application of CT is given. Various features and absorption values of different intracranial neoplasms are described and compared. The effects of CT on other special diagnostic procedures are discussed. It is emphasized that contrast medium enhancement significantly increases the sensitivity and specificity of the technique when applied to patients who have or are suspected of having cerebral neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:937156", "title": "Chemotherapy of brain tumors.", "content": "Viewed in the light of recent advances and contemporary research, further refinements of surgery and radiotherapy hold little promise for the cure of glioblastomas, although both will continue to have important roles. Immunotherapy has quantitative limitations rendering it ineffective against tumors weighing much more than 1 mg (10(6) cells). Chemotherapy has neither anatomic nor quantitative restrictions, and in theory it has the potential for cure. Laboratory and clinical research have established the activity of several drugs whose important characteristics include penetration of the normal brain and activity against nonproliferating cells. Immediate objectives of current chemotherapeutic research are the identification of newer single agents, the formulation of more effective multiple drug protocols, and ultimately the application of chemotherapy in a multimodality approach to the cure of glioblastomas.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of brain tumors. Viewed in the light of recent advances and contemporary research, further refinements of surgery and radiotherapy hold little promise for the cure of glioblastomas, although both will continue to have important roles. Immunotherapy has quantitative limitations rendering it ineffective against tumors weighing much more than 1 mg (10(6) cells). Chemotherapy has neither anatomic nor quantitative restrictions, and in theory it has the potential for cure. Laboratory and clinical research have established the activity of several drugs whose important characteristics include penetration of the normal brain and activity against nonproliferating cells. Immediate objectives of current chemotherapeutic research are the identification of newer single agents, the formulation of more effective multiple drug protocols, and ultimately the application of chemotherapy in a multimodality approach to the cure of glioblastomas."}
{"id": "PMID:937158", "title": "[Increase of mast cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats treated with atopic patient's serum].", "content": "In accordance with the experiments described by the author, the injection of atopic serum and the serum of patients infected with ascaris into the peritoneal cavity of the rats produces after 24 hours an increase in mast cells of the mesentery together with vascular congestion. The experiment was made in the following way: injecting 0.5 ml. of the serum in the peritoneal cavity and the observations were made after 24 hours in the ileum-cecal mesentery. The increase of mast cells is shown to have statistical significance in atopic serum (hay fever and atopic dermatitis) as well as in serum of patients infected with ascaris lumbricoides. The increase of the mast cells is seen particularly in the vascular areas. On the other hand, the injection of non-atopic serum and inactivated atopic serum by heat (56 degrees C, 2 hours) does not produce this increase in mast cells. This phenomenon of the increase of the mast cell population which the atopic serum produces is only observed after 24 hours and not in a shorter time (20 minutes). Also we would emphasize that the increase is due only to the application of the atopic serum without any need to apply the appropriate antigen. The results obtained are as follows:A) 6 control rats--38.6 mast cells/mm2 B) 7 rats + serum of patient with hay fever--88.5 mast cells/mm2 C) 4 rats + inactivated serum (56 degrees C 2 hours) from the same patient with hay fever. 47.0 mast cells/mm2 D) 4 rats + 4 serum from non-atopic persons--38.1 mast cells/mm2 B') 6 rats + 6 serum from patients with hay fever--89.0 mast cells/mm2 C') 4 rats + 4 serums from patients with atopic dermatitis. 108.0 mast cells/mm2 D') 4 rats + 4 serums from patients with ascaris lumbricoides--116.0 mast cells/mm2. Although it is known that the serum from atopic patients and those infected with ascaris lumbricoides has a high level of IgE we cannot be sure that this increase in mast cells in the rat is produced by the human IgE. The true cause of this phenomenon is unknown.", "contents": "[Increase of mast cells in the peritoneal cavity of rats treated with atopic patient's serum]. In accordance with the experiments described by the author, the injection of atopic serum and the serum of patients infected with ascaris into the peritoneal cavity of the rats produces after 24 hours an increase in mast cells of the mesentery together with vascular congestion. The experiment was made in the following way: injecting 0.5 ml. of the serum in the peritoneal cavity and the observations were made after 24 hours in the ileum-cecal mesentery. The increase of mast cells is shown to have statistical significance in atopic serum (hay fever and atopic dermatitis) as well as in serum of patients infected with ascaris lumbricoides. The increase of the mast cells is seen particularly in the vascular areas. On the other hand, the injection of non-atopic serum and inactivated atopic serum by heat (56 degrees C, 2 hours) does not produce this increase in mast cells. This phenomenon of the increase of the mast cell population which the atopic serum produces is only observed after 24 hours and not in a shorter time (20 minutes). Also we would emphasize that the increase is due only to the application of the atopic serum without any need to apply the appropriate antigen. The results obtained are as follows:A) 6 control rats--38.6 mast cells/mm2 B) 7 rats + serum of patient with hay fever--88.5 mast cells/mm2 C) 4 rats + inactivated serum (56 degrees C 2 hours) from the same patient with hay fever. 47.0 mast cells/mm2 D) 4 rats + 4 serum from non-atopic persons--38.1 mast cells/mm2 B') 6 rats + 6 serum from patients with hay fever--89.0 mast cells/mm2 C') 4 rats + 4 serums from patients with atopic dermatitis. 108.0 mast cells/mm2 D') 4 rats + 4 serums from patients with ascaris lumbricoides--116.0 mast cells/mm2. Although it is known that the serum from atopic patients and those infected with ascaris lumbricoides has a high level of IgE we cannot be sure that this increase in mast cells in the rat is produced by the human IgE. The true cause of this phenomenon is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:937163", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The course of diabetic retinopathy is related to the duration of the diabetes. If it is nonproliferative (small hemorrhages, microaneurysms and exudates), the risk of blindness after five years is 20 percent in patients over age 60, if it is proliferative (neovascularization and fibrosis), the risk of blindness after five years is 40 to 65 percent in all patients. While photocoagulation appears to be of benefit, vitrectomy seems a promising approach at this time.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy. The course of diabetic retinopathy is related to the duration of the diabetes. If it is nonproliferative (small hemorrhages, microaneurysms and exudates), the risk of blindness after five years is 20 percent in patients over age 60, if it is proliferative (neovascularization and fibrosis), the risk of blindness after five years is 40 to 65 percent in all patients. While photocoagulation appears to be of benefit, vitrectomy seems a promising approach at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:937164", "title": "Complications of cardiac pacemakers.", "content": "The roentgenogram is a valuable resource in the implantation and management of cardiac pacemakers. An understanding of the mechanisms of pacemakers and the principles of insertion is essential to the physician caring for patients with these devices. The roentgenogram can identify the type of pacemaker, the position of the electrode tip and the occurrence of lead fractures; it can also detect failing batteries.", "contents": "Complications of cardiac pacemakers. The roentgenogram is a valuable resource in the implantation and management of cardiac pacemakers. An understanding of the mechanisms of pacemakers and the principles of insertion is essential to the physician caring for patients with these devices. The roentgenogram can identify the type of pacemaker, the position of the electrode tip and the occurrence of lead fractures; it can also detect failing batteries."}
{"id": "PMID:937170", "title": "Botanical trash present in cotton before and after saw-type lint cleaning.", "content": "The % by weight content of leaf-like, stem, boll, seed, and weed materials sifted (3360 mum greater than particle size greater than or equal to 595 mum) from visible wastes of the Shirley Analyzer was determined for a lint sample taken after ginning but before cleaning and for a second lint sample taken after one stage of saw-type cleaning. The % by weight content for bract and leaf increased with decreasing trash particle size. The content of cotton seed coat fragments decreased with reduction in trash particle size. Approximately 1/4 of the botanical wastes consisted of weed materials, including grass particles. Lint cleaning was ineffective in reducing the % by weight content of leaf-like trash. Some selective removal of stem trash occurred as a function of lint cleaning.", "contents": "Botanical trash present in cotton before and after saw-type lint cleaning. The % by weight content of leaf-like, stem, boll, seed, and weed materials sifted (3360 mum greater than particle size greater than or equal to 595 mum) from visible wastes of the Shirley Analyzer was determined for a lint sample taken after ginning but before cleaning and for a second lint sample taken after one stage of saw-type cleaning. The % by weight content for bract and leaf increased with decreasing trash particle size. The content of cotton seed coat fragments decreased with reduction in trash particle size. Approximately 1/4 of the botanical wastes consisted of weed materials, including grass particles. Lint cleaning was ineffective in reducing the % by weight content of leaf-like trash. Some selective removal of stem trash occurred as a function of lint cleaning."}
{"id": "PMID:937171", "title": "Serum protein changes during exposure to ozone.", "content": "Serial measurements of serum proteins in rabbits exposed to 0.4 ppm and 1.0 ppm of ozone revealed progressive changes in the concentrations of the various fractions: albumine concentration declined while alpha- and gamma-globulin concentrations increased.", "contents": "Serum protein changes during exposure to ozone. Serial measurements of serum proteins in rabbits exposed to 0.4 ppm and 1.0 ppm of ozone revealed progressive changes in the concentrations of the various fractions: albumine concentration declined while alpha- and gamma-globulin concentrations increased."}
{"id": "PMID:937172", "title": "Foundry air contaminants from green sand molds.", "content": "The major gases evolved from foundry molds have been determined in the laboratory. The principal gases evolved during pouring and shakeout of castings include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons with smaller amounts of ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and sulfur dioxide.", "contents": "Foundry air contaminants from green sand molds. The major gases evolved from foundry molds have been determined in the laboratory. The principal gases evolved during pouring and shakeout of castings include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons with smaller amounts of ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and sulfur dioxide."}
{"id": "PMID:937173", "title": "Effects in the liver of methylene chloride inhaled alone and with ethyl alcohol.", "content": "When high concentrations of methylene chloride in combination with high concentrations of ethanol were inhaled for one day by guinea pigs, the extent of the hepatic damage induced suggested an antagonism between the effects of the two agents. However, exposure for five days to approximately 500 ppm of methylene chloride plus high concentrations of ethanol suggested ethanol may potentiate the effects of methylene chloride.", "contents": "Effects in the liver of methylene chloride inhaled alone and with ethyl alcohol. When high concentrations of methylene chloride in combination with high concentrations of ethanol were inhaled for one day by guinea pigs, the extent of the hepatic damage induced suggested an antagonism between the effects of the two agents. However, exposure for five days to approximately 500 ppm of methylene chloride plus high concentrations of ethanol suggested ethanol may potentiate the effects of methylene chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:937174", "title": "Influence of legal standards on the practice of industrial hygiene.", "content": "Prescriptive standards for the work environment affect the professional practice of industrial hygiene. Among the advantages are: legal requirements reinforce professional recommendations; penalties encourage abatement of hazards; compliance should ensure a safe and healthful environment; recordkeeping requirements will provide a basis for future action. Among the disadvantages are: rigid evaluation procedures, reporting format, etc., discourage professional judgment and development of new methods; professional reports become legal documents; single standards do not focus on the total environment.", "contents": "Influence of legal standards on the practice of industrial hygiene. Prescriptive standards for the work environment affect the professional practice of industrial hygiene. Among the advantages are: legal requirements reinforce professional recommendations; penalties encourage abatement of hazards; compliance should ensure a safe and healthful environment; recordkeeping requirements will provide a basis for future action. Among the disadvantages are: rigid evaluation procedures, reporting format, etc., discourage professional judgment and development of new methods; professional reports become legal documents; single standards do not focus on the total environment."}
{"id": "PMID:937175", "title": "The effect of aerosol hair spray inhalation in the hamster.", "content": "Hamsters were exposed to a commercially available aerosol hair spray actuated for a total of 8 minutes over a 4-hour-period, 5 days/week. They were examined after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-week exposures, and 2,4 and 8 weeks after a 6-week exposure. There was a significant increase in the lung weight of exposed hamsters at every time point except 8 weeks after the 6-week exposure. Microscopic changes in the lung were characterized by the presence of a few to a moderate number of macrophages and neutrophils in the alveolar lumina. The number of macrophages and neutrophils appeared directly related to the duration of exposure. Lung changes were minimal during the first 2-weeks of exposure, and 8 weeks after the 6-week exposure (recovery period). Pathologic changes in the lungs of hamsters were reversible after cessation of the hair spray inhalation exposure.", "contents": "The effect of aerosol hair spray inhalation in the hamster. Hamsters were exposed to a commercially available aerosol hair spray actuated for a total of 8 minutes over a 4-hour-period, 5 days/week. They were examined after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6-week exposures, and 2,4 and 8 weeks after a 6-week exposure. There was a significant increase in the lung weight of exposed hamsters at every time point except 8 weeks after the 6-week exposure. Microscopic changes in the lung were characterized by the presence of a few to a moderate number of macrophages and neutrophils in the alveolar lumina. The number of macrophages and neutrophils appeared directly related to the duration of exposure. Lung changes were minimal during the first 2-weeks of exposure, and 8 weeks after the 6-week exposure (recovery period). Pathologic changes in the lungs of hamsters were reversible after cessation of the hair spray inhalation exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:937180", "title": "Echoventriculography in acute myocardial infarction. III. Clinical correlations and implication of the noninfarcted myocardium.", "content": "Echoventriculography permits detection of regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion in acute myocardial infarction. Overall and regional performance of the left ventricle was related to the prognosis and clinical severity of acute transmural myocardial infarction in 30 patients. Although values for left ventricular size, ejection fraction and modified mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity were all abnormal (P less than 0.005), they did not differ among 8 patients with uncomplicated infarction, 12 with moderate left ventricular failure and 10 with pulmonary edema or shock. In contrast, magnitude of the summed wall motion amplitudes from seven standards regions around the left ventricle decreased in parallel with ejection fraction (P less than 0.001) and with clinical severity of infarction (r = -0.79, P less than 0.001). Function of the healthy myocardium with hypercontractile in 40 percent of patients, but this occurred only in patients with uncomplicated or moderately severe infarction. In patients with severe pump failure the \"uninvolved\" myocardium did not manifest a hypercontractile or even normal response despite infusion of catecholamines (-21 percent; r = -0.76, P less than 0.001). Four nonsurviving patients had the poorest ventricular function (as low as 10 percent of normal) as assessed by several segmental echocardiographic performance indexes. Performance of the noninfarcted myocardium therefore seems to have a role in deterioration of left ventricular pump function in acute myocardial infarction", "contents": "Echoventriculography in acute myocardial infarction. III. Clinical correlations and implication of the noninfarcted myocardium. Echoventriculography permits detection of regional abnormalities of left ventricular wall motion in acute myocardial infarction. Overall and regional performance of the left ventricle was related to the prognosis and clinical severity of acute transmural myocardial infarction in 30 patients. Although values for left ventricular size, ejection fraction and modified mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity were all abnormal (P less than 0.005), they did not differ among 8 patients with uncomplicated infarction, 12 with moderate left ventricular failure and 10 with pulmonary edema or shock. In contrast, magnitude of the summed wall motion amplitudes from seven standards regions around the left ventricle decreased in parallel with ejection fraction (P less than 0.001) and with clinical severity of infarction (r = -0.79, P less than 0.001). Function of the healthy myocardium with hypercontractile in 40 percent of patients, but this occurred only in patients with uncomplicated or moderately severe infarction. In patients with severe pump failure the \"uninvolved\" myocardium did not manifest a hypercontractile or even normal response despite infusion of catecholamines (-21 percent; r = -0.76, P less than 0.001). Four nonsurviving patients had the poorest ventricular function (as low as 10 percent of normal) as assessed by several segmental echocardiographic performance indexes. Performance of the noninfarcted myocardium therefore seems to have a role in deterioration of left ventricular pump function in acute myocardial infarction"}
{"id": "PMID:937181", "title": "Diabetic treatment and primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The relation between mode of therapy and mortality rate and incidence of primary ventricular fibrillation was studied in 265 patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Sixty patients were being treated with diet only, 54 were receiving insulin and 151 were taking oral hypoglycemic agents. Fourteen patients (5.3 percent) had primary ventricular fibrillation, and all but one died. No statistically significant association was found between the incidence of primary ventricular fibrillation and the type of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Sixty-four (24.2 percent) of the 265 patients died during hospitalization. Mortality was greater among diabetic patients receiving oral therapy. However, after adjusting for age and sex, the difference among these three treatment regimens did not reach the P less than 0.05 level of significance.", "contents": "Diabetic treatment and primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. The relation between mode of therapy and mortality rate and incidence of primary ventricular fibrillation was studied in 265 patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction. Sixty patients were being treated with diet only, 54 were receiving insulin and 151 were taking oral hypoglycemic agents. Fourteen patients (5.3 percent) had primary ventricular fibrillation, and all but one died. No statistically significant association was found between the incidence of primary ventricular fibrillation and the type of treatment for diabetes mellitus. Sixty-four (24.2 percent) of the 265 patients died during hospitalization. Mortality was greater among diabetic patients receiving oral therapy. However, after adjusting for age and sex, the difference among these three treatment regimens did not reach the P less than 0.05 level of significance."}
{"id": "PMID:937182", "title": "Influence of dobutamine on hemodynamics and coronary blood flow in patients with and without coronary artery disease.", "content": "The influence of dobutamine on hemodynamics and coronary blood flow was studied in patients after routine cardiac catheterization. The data demonstrated that dobutamine is a powerful inotropic agent at a dose that has a relatively small influence on heart rate. In patients without coronary artery disease dobutamine greatly increased coronary arterial perfusion. In patients with severe coronary artery diseases dobutamine resulted in a much smaller increase in coronary perfusion, and the pattern of perfusion became more inhomogeneous. The results suggest that dobutamine has a potential inotropic value but raise concern about its influence on regional myocardial perfusion in patients with serious coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Influence of dobutamine on hemodynamics and coronary blood flow in patients with and without coronary artery disease. The influence of dobutamine on hemodynamics and coronary blood flow was studied in patients after routine cardiac catheterization. The data demonstrated that dobutamine is a powerful inotropic agent at a dose that has a relatively small influence on heart rate. In patients without coronary artery disease dobutamine greatly increased coronary arterial perfusion. In patients with severe coronary artery diseases dobutamine resulted in a much smaller increase in coronary perfusion, and the pattern of perfusion became more inhomogeneous. The results suggest that dobutamine has a potential inotropic value but raise concern about its influence on regional myocardial perfusion in patients with serious coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937183", "title": "Mitral valve malformation of Ebstein type in absence of corrected transposition.", "content": "The first documented case is reported of mitral valve malformation of the Ebstein type in the absence of corrected transposition. In this case, the ring of the inferior leaflet of the mitral valve was displaced downward into the left ventricle, dividing the latter into a proximal atrialized and a distal effective ventricular chamber. The anterior leaflet was not displaced. The chordae tendineae of both leaflets were thickened. The papillary muscles were hypertrophied and abnormal in architecture. The outflow tract of the effective left ventricle was shortened. The valve leaflets were thickened, and the mitral valve was probably insufficient.", "contents": "Mitral valve malformation of Ebstein type in absence of corrected transposition. The first documented case is reported of mitral valve malformation of the Ebstein type in the absence of corrected transposition. In this case, the ring of the inferior leaflet of the mitral valve was displaced downward into the left ventricle, dividing the latter into a proximal atrialized and a distal effective ventricular chamber. The anterior leaflet was not displaced. The chordae tendineae of both leaflets were thickened. The papillary muscles were hypertrophied and abnormal in architecture. The outflow tract of the effective left ventricle was shortened. The valve leaflets were thickened, and the mitral valve was probably insufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:937184", "title": "Surgical correction of truncus arteriosus in infancy.", "content": "An 8 week old infant with severe heart failure from type 1 truncus arteriosus underwent successful corrective surgery employing the Rastelli procedure with use of deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. Postoperative hemodynamic studies showed complete closure of the septal defect, disappearance of truncal stenosis, but presence of mild porcine valve stenosis. This procedure is possible even in very small subjects and is preferable to palliative pulmonary arterial banding.", "contents": "Surgical correction of truncus arteriosus in infancy. An 8 week old infant with severe heart failure from type 1 truncus arteriosus underwent successful corrective surgery employing the Rastelli procedure with use of deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. Postoperative hemodynamic studies showed complete closure of the septal defect, disappearance of truncal stenosis, but presence of mild porcine valve stenosis. This procedure is possible even in very small subjects and is preferable to palliative pulmonary arterial banding."}
{"id": "PMID:937198", "title": "Effects of excess glucose and insulin on glycolytic metabolism during experimental myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The selective metabolic effects of glucose and insulin were tested in an intact working swine heart preparation. Supplements of glucose (26.6 millimolar [mM] and insulin (0.025 units/ml) were provided to 18 hearts, 9 control hearts (coronary flow 151 ml/min) and 9 hearts rendered globally ischemic (coronary flow reduced from 167 to 85 ml/min). These hearts were compared with 14 additional hearts (6 control and 8 ischemic) given no supplements (glucose 8.6 mM, no excess insulin). In hearts without supplements, ischemic significantly decreased mechanical performance, myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and tissue high energy phosphate stores. Glucose consumption was reduced from 133 micromoles (mumol)/hr per g (before ischemia) to 58 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.05), presumably from inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data for control hearts with excess glucose and insulin were similar to data in control hearts without supplements except that glucose consumption and glycolytic flux were increased. Ischemia in treated hearts, as compared with untreated ischemic hearts, effected similar significant decreases in myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and high energy phosphate stores and resulted in greater reductions in mechanical performance and in 10 minutes' less average survival time. Glucose consumption was reduced from 483 (before ischemia) to 242 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.005) and inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was again noted. Thus, excess carbohydrate and insulin hormone, when infused directly into the ischemic myocardium, did not provide an efficacious increase in either glycolytic flux or energy production. These findings suggest that an alternative explanation for the reported efficacy of glucose-insulin-potassium infusions must be sought.", "contents": "Effects of excess glucose and insulin on glycolytic metabolism during experimental myocardial ischemia. The selective metabolic effects of glucose and insulin were tested in an intact working swine heart preparation. Supplements of glucose (26.6 millimolar [mM] and insulin (0.025 units/ml) were provided to 18 hearts, 9 control hearts (coronary flow 151 ml/min) and 9 hearts rendered globally ischemic (coronary flow reduced from 167 to 85 ml/min). These hearts were compared with 14 additional hearts (6 control and 8 ischemic) given no supplements (glucose 8.6 mM, no excess insulin). In hearts without supplements, ischemic significantly decreased mechanical performance, myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and tissue high energy phosphate stores. Glucose consumption was reduced from 133 micromoles (mumol)/hr per g (before ischemia) to 58 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.05), presumably from inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data for control hearts with excess glucose and insulin were similar to data in control hearts without supplements except that glucose consumption and glycolytic flux were increased. Ischemia in treated hearts, as compared with untreated ischemic hearts, effected similar significant decreases in myocardial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation and high energy phosphate stores and resulted in greater reductions in mechanical performance and in 10 minutes' less average survival time. Glucose consumption was reduced from 483 (before ischemia) to 242 mumol/hr per g (P less than 0.005) and inhibition at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was again noted. Thus, excess carbohydrate and insulin hormone, when infused directly into the ischemic myocardium, did not provide an efficacious increase in either glycolytic flux or energy production. These findings suggest that an alternative explanation for the reported efficacy of glucose-insulin-potassium infusions must be sought."}
{"id": "PMID:937199", "title": "Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis in childhood. Study of 51 patients.", "content": "Fifty-one children with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis were studied between 1951 and 1974. The three anatomic types of obstruction found were the thin membranous type (43 cases), the fibromuscular collar type (5 cases) and the tunnel type (3 cases). The obstruction was usually severe, and the median left ventricular to aortic systolic pressure gradient was 90 mm Hg. Progressive obstruction with an increasing gradient was documented in 10 patients by serial cardiac catherizations. Significant associated cardiac defects, present in 57 percent of patients, often masked the typical clinical and cardiac catheterization features of subaortic stenosis. The stenosis was often not discovered until after surgery for the associated defect. Forty patients underwent surgical resection of the discrete subaortic obstruction. After surgery significant left ventricular to aortic pressure gradients can be found at postoperative cardiac catheterization. These gradients may reflect inadequate resection of the more complex discrete obstructions or represent proliferation and regrowth of the previously resected subvalvular fibrous tissue. The criteria for operability of discrete subaortic stenosis should be the angiographic demonstration of a discrete subvalvular diaphragm and the presence of a resting left ventricular to aortic systolic pressure gradient of 40 mm Hg or more.", "contents": "Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis in childhood. Study of 51 patients. Fifty-one children with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis were studied between 1951 and 1974. The three anatomic types of obstruction found were the thin membranous type (43 cases), the fibromuscular collar type (5 cases) and the tunnel type (3 cases). The obstruction was usually severe, and the median left ventricular to aortic systolic pressure gradient was 90 mm Hg. Progressive obstruction with an increasing gradient was documented in 10 patients by serial cardiac catherizations. Significant associated cardiac defects, present in 57 percent of patients, often masked the typical clinical and cardiac catheterization features of subaortic stenosis. The stenosis was often not discovered until after surgery for the associated defect. Forty patients underwent surgical resection of the discrete subaortic obstruction. After surgery significant left ventricular to aortic pressure gradients can be found at postoperative cardiac catheterization. These gradients may reflect inadequate resection of the more complex discrete obstructions or represent proliferation and regrowth of the previously resected subvalvular fibrous tissue. The criteria for operability of discrete subaortic stenosis should be the angiographic demonstration of a discrete subvalvular diaphragm and the presence of a resting left ventricular to aortic systolic pressure gradient of 40 mm Hg or more."}
{"id": "PMID:937200", "title": "Pulmonary blood flow distribution in transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Pulmonary blood flow distribution was studied by scintillation scanning of the lungs after the infusion of iodine- 131-labeled macroaggregates of human albumin before and after the Mustard operation in 53 patients with transposition of the great arteries. The patients were classified as follows: Group I (24 infants with uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries); Group II (18 patients with transposition and ventricular septal defect); and Group III (11 patients with transposition, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary obstruction). Before operation, 21 patients had a normal distribution of pulmonary blood flow, 10 had preferential flow to the right lung and 2 had preferential flow to the left lung. After operation, 19 had a normal pattern of pulmonary blood flow, 21 had preferential flow to the right lung and 3 had preferential flow to the left lung. The scanning studies have proved helpful in follow-up of patients to rule out recurrence of the shunt, pulmonary of systemic venous obstruction, development of pulmonary hypertension and occlusion of a palliative systemic-pulmonary shunt.", "contents": "Pulmonary blood flow distribution in transposition of the great arteries. Pulmonary blood flow distribution was studied by scintillation scanning of the lungs after the infusion of iodine- 131-labeled macroaggregates of human albumin before and after the Mustard operation in 53 patients with transposition of the great arteries. The patients were classified as follows: Group I (24 infants with uncomplicated transposition of the great arteries); Group II (18 patients with transposition and ventricular septal defect); and Group III (11 patients with transposition, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary obstruction). Before operation, 21 patients had a normal distribution of pulmonary blood flow, 10 had preferential flow to the right lung and 2 had preferential flow to the left lung. After operation, 19 had a normal pattern of pulmonary blood flow, 21 had preferential flow to the right lung and 3 had preferential flow to the left lung. The scanning studies have proved helpful in follow-up of patients to rule out recurrence of the shunt, pulmonary of systemic venous obstruction, development of pulmonary hypertension and occlusion of a palliative systemic-pulmonary shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:937201", "title": "Echocardiographic localization of interatrial baffle after Mustard operation for dextrotransposition of the great arteries.", "content": "The position of the interatrial baffle was determined by echocardiography in 11 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries who had undergone the Mustard operation. The location of the interatrial baffle and the newly created systemic venous atrium and the pulmonary venous atrium behind the pulmonary arterial root was established by echocardiographic contrast studies during cardiac catherization. Angiographic analysis indicated that the segments of the systemic and pulmonary venous atria seen behind the pulmonary arterial root in the echocardiogram were, respectively, the superior limb of the systemic venous atrium and the posterior segment of the pulmonary venous atrium. The area of mitral-pulmonary valve continuity in the echocardiogram was used as a reference point for dimensional measurements of the systemic and pulmonary venous atria. It is suggested that longitudinal measurements of these structures by echocardiogram may help evaluate their growth in size. Fine to coarse fibrillatory movements of the atrioventricular valves and, more frequently, of the mitral valve were seen in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Echocardiographic localization of interatrial baffle after Mustard operation for dextrotransposition of the great arteries. The position of the interatrial baffle was determined by echocardiography in 11 patients with complete transposition of the great arteries who had undergone the Mustard operation. The location of the interatrial baffle and the newly created systemic venous atrium and the pulmonary venous atrium behind the pulmonary arterial root was established by echocardiographic contrast studies during cardiac catherization. Angiographic analysis indicated that the segments of the systemic and pulmonary venous atria seen behind the pulmonary arterial root in the echocardiogram were, respectively, the superior limb of the systemic venous atrium and the posterior segment of the pulmonary venous atrium. The area of mitral-pulmonary valve continuity in the echocardiogram was used as a reference point for dimensional measurements of the systemic and pulmonary venous atria. It is suggested that longitudinal measurements of these structures by echocardiogram may help evaluate their growth in size. Fine to coarse fibrillatory movements of the atrioventricular valves and, more frequently, of the mitral valve were seen in the majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:937202", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of large left to right shunts and cardiomyopathies in infants and children.", "content": "Diagnostic separation of infants with signs of cardiac failure (hypoglycemia, sepsis, myocarditis, hypoxemia) but no congenital cardiocirculatory malformation from those with a large left to right shunt is crucial in newborn management. Echocardiographic studies of 218 infants and children allowed group separation and distinction from normal by the assessment of mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and the ratio of left atrial to aortic root diameter at end-systole (LA/Ao). In normal premature and full-term infants, Vcf (1.51 +/- 0.04 [mean +/- standard error]) was significantly lower than in infants with a large shunt (2.12 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01) and higher than in infants with nonstructural heart disease (1.18 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.001). LA/Ao ratios were comparable in the groups with a large shunt and nonstructural heart disease (1.14 +/- 0.1 and 1.26 +/- 0.2, respectively) and were significantly higher in both groups than in normal subjects (0.77 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.001). Similar echocardiographic distinctions could be made when 10 older children (aged 2 to 10 years) with cardiomyopathy were compared with 45 normal older children. Serial determination of these variables was of major assistance in patient management.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of large left to right shunts and cardiomyopathies in infants and children. Diagnostic separation of infants with signs of cardiac failure (hypoglycemia, sepsis, myocarditis, hypoxemia) but no congenital cardiocirculatory malformation from those with a large left to right shunt is crucial in newborn management. Echocardiographic studies of 218 infants and children allowed group separation and distinction from normal by the assessment of mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and the ratio of left atrial to aortic root diameter at end-systole (LA/Ao). In normal premature and full-term infants, Vcf (1.51 +/- 0.04 [mean +/- standard error]) was significantly lower than in infants with a large shunt (2.12 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.01) and higher than in infants with nonstructural heart disease (1.18 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.001). LA/Ao ratios were comparable in the groups with a large shunt and nonstructural heart disease (1.14 +/- 0.1 and 1.26 +/- 0.2, respectively) and were significantly higher in both groups than in normal subjects (0.77 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.001). Similar echocardiographic distinctions could be made when 10 older children (aged 2 to 10 years) with cardiomyopathy were compared with 45 normal older children. Serial determination of these variables was of major assistance in patient management."}
{"id": "PMID:937203", "title": "Echocardiographic manifestations of single ventricle.", "content": "Eight patients with single ventricle were studied echocardiographically. In six, the ventricular septum was not detectable; in two, a septal-like bulboventricular ridge was identified. Two atrioventricular (A-V) valves were found in all patients; in six, both valves were identified simultaneously with the transducer held stationary along the left sternal edge. Dextro-transposition of the great arteries was noted in three patients. The echocardiogram of one of four patients with levotransposition of the great arteries was consistent with later proved left A-V valve stenosis associated with Ebstein's malformation. Mitral-semilunar valve continuity was presented in five cases. Echocardiographically, the absence of the ventricular septum in a patient with two A-V valves make a diagnosis of single ventricle likely. The presence of ventricular septal-like echoes does not exclude the diagnosis of single ventricle since the right ventricular infundibulum may remain as a small outlet chamber separated from the left ventricle by an eccentric bulboventricular ridge.", "contents": "Echocardiographic manifestations of single ventricle. Eight patients with single ventricle were studied echocardiographically. In six, the ventricular septum was not detectable; in two, a septal-like bulboventricular ridge was identified. Two atrioventricular (A-V) valves were found in all patients; in six, both valves were identified simultaneously with the transducer held stationary along the left sternal edge. Dextro-transposition of the great arteries was noted in three patients. The echocardiogram of one of four patients with levotransposition of the great arteries was consistent with later proved left A-V valve stenosis associated with Ebstein's malformation. Mitral-semilunar valve continuity was presented in five cases. Echocardiographically, the absence of the ventricular septum in a patient with two A-V valves make a diagnosis of single ventricle likely. The presence of ventricular septal-like echoes does not exclude the diagnosis of single ventricle since the right ventricular infundibulum may remain as a small outlet chamber separated from the left ventricle by an eccentric bulboventricular ridge."}
{"id": "PMID:937204", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle: hemodynamic and anatomic correlations.", "content": "There are 16 possible variations of double outlet ventricle with regard to interrelations of the great arteries and to location of the ventricular septal defect. In a series of 62 cases, approximately two thirds of patients had the great arteries in a side by side relation, and most (28 of 41) had the ventricular septal defect in a subaortic position. In double outlet right ventricle with malposition of the great arteries, the ventricular septal defect was either subpulmonary or subaortic. Four of the 13 patients with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect had a supracristal defect with side by side relation of the great arteries (Taussig-Bing anomaly), and 9 patients had malposition of the great arteries with an infracristal ventricular septal defect. In all patients with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation was greater than systemic arterial saturation regardless of the relation of the great arteries. Forty patients had subaortic ventricular septal defect. In 24 of these patients, including 7 with malposition of the great arteries, systemic arterial oxygen saturation was greater than pulmonary arterial saturation. However, in 9 patients (25 percent) the reverse was true, as seen in complete transposition of the great arteries and in Taussig-Bing anomaly. Thus, pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation greater than systemic arterial saturation is not reliable evidence of a Taussig-Bing anomaly. Of the 25 patients with such saturation, only 4 had the Taussig-Bing anomaly.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle: hemodynamic and anatomic correlations. There are 16 possible variations of double outlet ventricle with regard to interrelations of the great arteries and to location of the ventricular septal defect. In a series of 62 cases, approximately two thirds of patients had the great arteries in a side by side relation, and most (28 of 41) had the ventricular septal defect in a subaortic position. In double outlet right ventricle with malposition of the great arteries, the ventricular septal defect was either subpulmonary or subaortic. Four of the 13 patients with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect had a supracristal defect with side by side relation of the great arteries (Taussig-Bing anomaly), and 9 patients had malposition of the great arteries with an infracristal ventricular septal defect. In all patients with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect, pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation was greater than systemic arterial saturation regardless of the relation of the great arteries. Forty patients had subaortic ventricular septal defect. In 24 of these patients, including 7 with malposition of the great arteries, systemic arterial oxygen saturation was greater than pulmonary arterial saturation. However, in 9 patients (25 percent) the reverse was true, as seen in complete transposition of the great arteries and in Taussig-Bing anomaly. Thus, pulmonary arterial oxygen saturation greater than systemic arterial saturation is not reliable evidence of a Taussig-Bing anomaly. Of the 25 patients with such saturation, only 4 had the Taussig-Bing anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:937205", "title": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Platelets contain heparin neutralizing activity that is released into plasma after platelet aggregation. Increased amounts of plasma heparin neutralizing activity were found in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and stable arteriographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Plasma heparin neutralizing activity levels provide additional evidence for a role of platelet aggregation in coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity in coronary artery disease. Platelets contain heparin neutralizing activity that is released into plasma after platelet aggregation. Increased amounts of plasma heparin neutralizing activity were found in patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and stable arteriographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Plasma heparin neutralizing activity levels provide additional evidence for a role of platelet aggregation in coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937206", "title": "Metabolic consequences of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in treatment of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Eighteen patients treated with glucose-insulin-potassium infusion for anaerobic support of acutely ischemic myocardial tissue were studied to ascertain the metabolic consequences of this therapy, for acute myocardial infarction. Twelve patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated in a conventional manner and served as control subjects. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution was composed of 300 g of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin and 80 mEq of potassium ion per liter, and was infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg per hour through the right atrial port of an indwelling Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Serial measurements of serum electrolytes, cardiac and hepatic enzymes, glucose and osmolality were obtained every 4 to 6 hours for 4 days. Twenty-four urinary volume and potassium levels were measured daily. Pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure was measured hourly and the cardiac index daily for the duration of the study. Serum potassium increased to 5 mEq/liter during the infusion and to more than 6 mEq/liter after infusion in 28 percent of patients. No recognizable complications or arrhythmias accompanied this transient hyperkalemia. Potassium balance studies revealed a net total body potassium ion gain of 120 MEq during the study. The second most frequent finding was an elevation of serum glucose (mean 175 mg/100 ml); in all instances this was controlled with supplemental administration of insulin. The serum osmolality and fluid balance remained normal in all patients during the study. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and fraction 5 of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in 34 percent of the patients during the last 12 to 18 hours of the glucose-insulin-potassium infusion. Characterization of these enzymes suggested a hepatic origin for these changes. This study suggests that glucose-insulin-potassium infusion is a relatively safe procedure in which postinfusion hyperkalemia is the most serious potential complication.", "contents": "Metabolic consequences of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion in treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Eighteen patients treated with glucose-insulin-potassium infusion for anaerobic support of acutely ischemic myocardial tissue were studied to ascertain the metabolic consequences of this therapy, for acute myocardial infarction. Twelve patients with acute myocardial infarction were treated in a conventional manner and served as control subjects. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution was composed of 300 g of glucose, 50 units of regular insulin and 80 mEq of potassium ion per liter, and was infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/kg per hour through the right atrial port of an indwelling Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Serial measurements of serum electrolytes, cardiac and hepatic enzymes, glucose and osmolality were obtained every 4 to 6 hours for 4 days. Twenty-four urinary volume and potassium levels were measured daily. Pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressure was measured hourly and the cardiac index daily for the duration of the study. Serum potassium increased to 5 mEq/liter during the infusion and to more than 6 mEq/liter after infusion in 28 percent of patients. No recognizable complications or arrhythmias accompanied this transient hyperkalemia. Potassium balance studies revealed a net total body potassium ion gain of 120 MEq during the study. The second most frequent finding was an elevation of serum glucose (mean 175 mg/100 ml); in all instances this was controlled with supplemental administration of insulin. The serum osmolality and fluid balance remained normal in all patients during the study. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and fraction 5 of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in 34 percent of the patients during the last 12 to 18 hours of the glucose-insulin-potassium infusion. Characterization of these enzymes suggested a hepatic origin for these changes. This study suggests that glucose-insulin-potassium infusion is a relatively safe procedure in which postinfusion hyperkalemia is the most serious potential complication."}
{"id": "PMID:937207", "title": "The development of the elastic cartilage of the mouse pinna.", "content": "The development of the elastic cartilage in the mouse pinna was studied with the electron microscope. For descriptive purposes, the developmental process was divided into five stages. These begin with the onset of cartilage matrix production by chondroblasts. The second stage is the major mitotic stage although the cells now resemble chondrocytes and cartilage matrix production evidently continues. This is followed by a period during which cartilage matrix production appears to be the major activity of the chondrocytes. In Stage IV, the cells continue to produce cartilage matrix but at the same time they also produce lipid which comes to occupy most of the cell as a large lipid droplet. In the adult, Stage V, matrix production appears to be at an end and each cell contains a lipid droplet which is so large that the cells bear some resemblance to white fat cells and might be designated as lipochondrocytes. The adult cartilage matrix contains elastic plates in a three-dimensional honeycomb pattern. Between the elastic plates and the cells, the matrix contains elements similar to those seen in hyaline cartilage but it does not contain matrix vesicles such as those which have been associated with the calcification of cartilage. Two types of filaments differing in appearance, size, and location are seen within the chondrocytes. They have been designated cytofilaments and cortical filaments. Cytofilaments are dispersed throughout the cell and also contact the substance of the lipid droplet; cortical filaments (sub-plasmalemmal microfilaments) are located directly under the plasma membrane. They are thought to be involved in movement of the plasma membrane as a concomitant to extracellular fibrogenesis.", "contents": "The development of the elastic cartilage of the mouse pinna. The development of the elastic cartilage in the mouse pinna was studied with the electron microscope. For descriptive purposes, the developmental process was divided into five stages. These begin with the onset of cartilage matrix production by chondroblasts. The second stage is the major mitotic stage although the cells now resemble chondrocytes and cartilage matrix production evidently continues. This is followed by a period during which cartilage matrix production appears to be the major activity of the chondrocytes. In Stage IV, the cells continue to produce cartilage matrix but at the same time they also produce lipid which comes to occupy most of the cell as a large lipid droplet. In the adult, Stage V, matrix production appears to be at an end and each cell contains a lipid droplet which is so large that the cells bear some resemblance to white fat cells and might be designated as lipochondrocytes. The adult cartilage matrix contains elastic plates in a three-dimensional honeycomb pattern. Between the elastic plates and the cells, the matrix contains elements similar to those seen in hyaline cartilage but it does not contain matrix vesicles such as those which have been associated with the calcification of cartilage. Two types of filaments differing in appearance, size, and location are seen within the chondrocytes. They have been designated cytofilaments and cortical filaments. Cytofilaments are dispersed throughout the cell and also contact the substance of the lipid droplet; cortical filaments (sub-plasmalemmal microfilaments) are located directly under the plasma membrane. They are thought to be involved in movement of the plasma membrane as a concomitant to extracellular fibrogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:937208", "title": "Morphogenesis of fetal rat duodenal villi.", "content": "To study the structural features of fetal rat duodenal mucosa associated with histogenesis of villi, duodena from 15- to 19-day fetuses were examined by light and electron microscopy. The duodenal epithelium of 15- to 18-day fetuses was stratified. Distinctive junctional complexes associated with membrane-bounded vesicles and cilia-like structures were seen in the deeper epithelial layers at 15 and 16 days. Small lumina, designated \"secondary lumina,\" lined with a variable number of microvilli developed between epithelial cells at these junctional complexes during the sixteenth through eighteenth days. Degenerative changes and exfoliation of superficial epithelial cells were obvious in 17- and 18-day fetuses. In 18-day fetuses, aggregates of mesenchyme had invaginated the basal aspect of the stratified epithelium. Concomitantly, the number of epithelial layers overlying these mesenchymal projections was decreased. In 19-day fetuses, well formed, short duodenal villi lined by a simple columnar epithelium which included goblet and endocrine cells were evident. Injection of ferritin into the main duodenal lumen of 17-day fetuses failed to reveal continuity between the main lumen and the secondary lumina. However, continuity between many secondary lumina and the main lumen was demonstrated in 18-day fetuses. Thus, major morphological features associated with villus formation in fetal rat duodenum include: (1) formation of many secondary lumina in primitive stratified epithelium, (2) eventual fusion of these lumina with the main duodenal lumen, by their continued growth coupled with exfoliation of degenerating superficial layers and (3) upward growth of mesenchyme towards the lumen as cell exfoliation and expansion of secondary lumina take place.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of fetal rat duodenal villi. To study the structural features of fetal rat duodenal mucosa associated with histogenesis of villi, duodena from 15- to 19-day fetuses were examined by light and electron microscopy. The duodenal epithelium of 15- to 18-day fetuses was stratified. Distinctive junctional complexes associated with membrane-bounded vesicles and cilia-like structures were seen in the deeper epithelial layers at 15 and 16 days. Small lumina, designated \"secondary lumina,\" lined with a variable number of microvilli developed between epithelial cells at these junctional complexes during the sixteenth through eighteenth days. Degenerative changes and exfoliation of superficial epithelial cells were obvious in 17- and 18-day fetuses. In 18-day fetuses, aggregates of mesenchyme had invaginated the basal aspect of the stratified epithelium. Concomitantly, the number of epithelial layers overlying these mesenchymal projections was decreased. In 19-day fetuses, well formed, short duodenal villi lined by a simple columnar epithelium which included goblet and endocrine cells were evident. Injection of ferritin into the main duodenal lumen of 17-day fetuses failed to reveal continuity between the main lumen and the secondary lumina. However, continuity between many secondary lumina and the main lumen was demonstrated in 18-day fetuses. Thus, major morphological features associated with villus formation in fetal rat duodenum include: (1) formation of many secondary lumina in primitive stratified epithelium, (2) eventual fusion of these lumina with the main duodenal lumen, by their continued growth coupled with exfoliation of degenerating superficial layers and (3) upward growth of mesenchyme towards the lumen as cell exfoliation and expansion of secondary lumina take place."}
{"id": "PMID:937209", "title": "The effects of preparative procedures for scanning electron microscopy on the size of isolated lymphocytes.", "content": "The diameter of lymphocytes, isolated from a sample of peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation, was determined after eight different steps in the preparative procedure for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was a 43% total reduction in mean cellular diameter of the lymphocytes studied, the diameter dropping from 8.4 mum prior to fixation, to a final diameter of 4.8 mum in the cells examined under the scanning electron microscope. The bulk of this shrinkage occurred during critical-point drying. In view of this finding, caution should be exercised in describing detailed cell surface morphology by SEM when similar preparative procedures are employed.", "contents": "The effects of preparative procedures for scanning electron microscopy on the size of isolated lymphocytes. The diameter of lymphocytes, isolated from a sample of peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hypaque sedimentation, was determined after eight different steps in the preparative procedure for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was a 43% total reduction in mean cellular diameter of the lymphocytes studied, the diameter dropping from 8.4 mum prior to fixation, to a final diameter of 4.8 mum in the cells examined under the scanning electron microscope. The bulk of this shrinkage occurred during critical-point drying. In view of this finding, caution should be exercised in describing detailed cell surface morphology by SEM when similar preparative procedures are employed."}
{"id": "PMID:937223", "title": "Comparative studies on the effect of cholesterol feeding on biliary composition.", "content": "The gallbaldder or hepatic bile from six species of animals had a uniformly low cholesterol content far below its maximum solubility. Cholesterol feeding for more than 1 month had little effect on the biliary composition in chickens, rabbits, and rats, but selectively doubled the absolute and relative concentration of cholesterol in the biles of hamsters, and increased the cholesterol concentration to a level of its maximum solubility in gallbladder bile of ground squirrels and hepatic bile of prairie dogs. The gallbladder bile of prairie dogs reached the boundary of metastable supersaturation of cholesterol and subsequently developed cholesterol crystals and gallstones. A circadian change of the relative concentration of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid in the hepatic bile of the rats with chronic biliary drainage was also observed as a consequence of cholesterol feeding.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the effect of cholesterol feeding on biliary composition. The gallbaldder or hepatic bile from six species of animals had a uniformly low cholesterol content far below its maximum solubility. Cholesterol feeding for more than 1 month had little effect on the biliary composition in chickens, rabbits, and rats, but selectively doubled the absolute and relative concentration of cholesterol in the biles of hamsters, and increased the cholesterol concentration to a level of its maximum solubility in gallbladder bile of ground squirrels and hepatic bile of prairie dogs. The gallbladder bile of prairie dogs reached the boundary of metastable supersaturation of cholesterol and subsequently developed cholesterol crystals and gallstones. A circadian change of the relative concentration of bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid in the hepatic bile of the rats with chronic biliary drainage was also observed as a consequence of cholesterol feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:937224", "title": "Effect of changes in dietary components on the serum bilirubin in Gilbert's syndrome.", "content": "Patients with Gilbert's syndrome were placed on low calorie diets and isocaloric diets sequentially severely reduced in carbohydrate, protein, or fat content. Significant increases in the serum bilirubin concentration occurred after the low calorie diet, but not after the isocaloric nutrient-depleted diets. Thus caloric deprivation per se and not changes in dietary components is responsible for diet-induced hyperbilirubinemia.", "contents": "Effect of changes in dietary components on the serum bilirubin in Gilbert's syndrome. Patients with Gilbert's syndrome were placed on low calorie diets and isocaloric diets sequentially severely reduced in carbohydrate, protein, or fat content. Significant increases in the serum bilirubin concentration occurred after the low calorie diet, but not after the isocaloric nutrient-depleted diets. Thus caloric deprivation per se and not changes in dietary components is responsible for diet-induced hyperbilirubinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:937225", "title": "Potentially useful criteria for judging nutritional adequacy.", "content": "Four different diets designed to be of differing quality were fed to large groups of male weanling rats. These diets were: diet C consisting of commercial Rat Chow: diet CG, the same diet diluted with 70% glucose calories, diet A, a simulated \"American\" diet made up of 25 widely used foods, diet AS, the same diet supplemented with small amounts of 25 vitamins and minerals. The rats on these four diets were observed for 69 days under different circumstances and treatments to ascertain the existence of hitherto unused criteria which might advantageously be applied in nutritional studies. Among the less traditional criteria found to be significantly affected by the diet were: 1) voluntary consumption of food, 2) sleeping time after anesthesia, 3) weight gains after surgery, 4) healing time after surgery, 5) hair growth after clipping, 6) voluntary sugar consumption, and 7) recovery time after cyanide poisoning. These findings suggest that there are probably many other unexplored criteria which could be used advantageously in nutritional experimentation.", "contents": "Potentially useful criteria for judging nutritional adequacy. Four different diets designed to be of differing quality were fed to large groups of male weanling rats. These diets were: diet C consisting of commercial Rat Chow: diet CG, the same diet diluted with 70% glucose calories, diet A, a simulated \"American\" diet made up of 25 widely used foods, diet AS, the same diet supplemented with small amounts of 25 vitamins and minerals. The rats on these four diets were observed for 69 days under different circumstances and treatments to ascertain the existence of hitherto unused criteria which might advantageously be applied in nutritional studies. Among the less traditional criteria found to be significantly affected by the diet were: 1) voluntary consumption of food, 2) sleeping time after anesthesia, 3) weight gains after surgery, 4) healing time after surgery, 5) hair growth after clipping, 6) voluntary sugar consumption, and 7) recovery time after cyanide poisoning. These findings suggest that there are probably many other unexplored criteria which could be used advantageously in nutritional experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:937226", "title": "Studies of glycemia and glucosuria in diabetics after breakfast meals of different composition.", "content": "In series I, The effect of four isocaloric, ordinary diabetic breakfast meals on the blood glucose level and on the urinary glucose loss was tested in 9 adult diabetes and three healthy subjects (ages 60 to 75) as well as in five insulin-treated diabetics (ages 18 to 40). All breakfasts derived 20% of the energy from protein, 35% from fat, and 45% from carbohydrates (CHO). The oligosaccharides amounted to 5, 30, 45, and 65% of CHO, respectively. In series II, four isocaloric breakfast meals with CHO amounting to 35 or 70% of the energy, oligosaccharides furnishing one-third or two-thirds of the CHO at each level, were tested in the same way in eight of adult diabetics and in the three healthy subjects. The two breakfasts with the highest percentage of oligosaccharides in series I caused the smallest increase in the blood glucose level in the adult subjects. In the adults as well as in the juveniles, these breakfasts gave rise to clear symptoms of hypoglycemia and/or a feeling of a deficient satiety in several subjects. In juveniles, the initial blood glucose level turned out to be of greater importance for the outcome of the test than the kind of carbohydrates consumed. In series II, The CHO-rich meals caused significantly greater blood glucose increases than did the low-CHO meals. Despite the unexpected findings that ordinary diabetics breakfast meals, high in oligosaccharides, gave a smaller increase in blood glucose than did meals in which wheat starch predominated, the use of diets rich in oligosaccharides should be avoided because of the risk of overconsumption owing to hypoglycemic symptoms or to the deficient feeling of satiety.", "contents": "Studies of glycemia and glucosuria in diabetics after breakfast meals of different composition. In series I, The effect of four isocaloric, ordinary diabetic breakfast meals on the blood glucose level and on the urinary glucose loss was tested in 9 adult diabetes and three healthy subjects (ages 60 to 75) as well as in five insulin-treated diabetics (ages 18 to 40). All breakfasts derived 20% of the energy from protein, 35% from fat, and 45% from carbohydrates (CHO). The oligosaccharides amounted to 5, 30, 45, and 65% of CHO, respectively. In series II, four isocaloric breakfast meals with CHO amounting to 35 or 70% of the energy, oligosaccharides furnishing one-third or two-thirds of the CHO at each level, were tested in the same way in eight of adult diabetics and in the three healthy subjects. The two breakfasts with the highest percentage of oligosaccharides in series I caused the smallest increase in the blood glucose level in the adult subjects. In the adults as well as in the juveniles, these breakfasts gave rise to clear symptoms of hypoglycemia and/or a feeling of a deficient satiety in several subjects. In juveniles, the initial blood glucose level turned out to be of greater importance for the outcome of the test than the kind of carbohydrates consumed. In series II, The CHO-rich meals caused significantly greater blood glucose increases than did the low-CHO meals. Despite the unexpected findings that ordinary diabetics breakfast meals, high in oligosaccharides, gave a smaller increase in blood glucose than did meals in which wheat starch predominated, the use of diets rich in oligosaccharides should be avoided because of the risk of overconsumption owing to hypoglycemic symptoms or to the deficient feeling of satiety."}
{"id": "PMID:937227", "title": "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics--a real need?", "content": "In the first part of this study, the effect of four isocaloric mixed breakfast meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals consisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol. In the fourth test meal, the starch was increased together with saccharine. In the second part of the study, analyses for free glucose and sucrose in several timed food preparations, ordinary as well as food preparations specially designed for diabetics, were performed. The amount of sucrose equivalents (S(eg)) in one ordinary serving of the various products was estimated. No significant differences among sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol-containing meals with respect to the effect on the blood glucose level or on glucosuria were found. The saccharine-containing meal gave a significantly greater blood glucose increase at 60 min only. The amount of sucrose in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible. Water-packed fruits supplied one half of the amount of S(eq) or less, compared with fruits packed in sorbitol-sweetened syrup. The amount of S(eq) in the latter products as well as in fruits packed in unsweetened juice equalled that of the fleshy substance of ordinary sucrose-sweetened products. It was concluded that fructose or sorbitol has no advantages over sucrose, as regards the effect on blood glucose in well-regulated adult diabetics, and that it seems unnecessary to have specially sweetened foods designed for diabetics.", "contents": "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics--a real need? In the first part of this study, the effect of four isocaloric mixed breakfast meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals consisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol. In the fourth test meal, the starch was increased together with saccharine. In the second part of the study, analyses for free glucose and sucrose in several timed food preparations, ordinary as well as food preparations specially designed for diabetics, were performed. The amount of sucrose equivalents (S(eg)) in one ordinary serving of the various products was estimated. No significant differences among sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol-containing meals with respect to the effect on the blood glucose level or on glucosuria were found. The saccharine-containing meal gave a significantly greater blood glucose increase at 60 min only. The amount of sucrose in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible. Water-packed fruits supplied one half of the amount of S(eq) or less, compared with fruits packed in sorbitol-sweetened syrup. The amount of S(eq) in the latter products as well as in fruits packed in unsweetened juice equalled that of the fleshy substance of ordinary sucrose-sweetened products. It was concluded that fructose or sorbitol has no advantages over sucrose, as regards the effect on blood glucose in well-regulated adult diabetics, and that it seems unnecessary to have specially sweetened foods designed for diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:937228", "title": "Zinc nutrition of preschool children in the Denver Head Start program.", "content": "Low income diets provide relatively little zinc. This study was designed to evaluate the zinc nutritional states of 74 low income preschool children enrolled in the Denver Head Start Program. Zinc is necessary for normal growth, hence children were selected on the bases of low height percentiles. The mean (+/- SE) hair zinc concentration was 87.0 +/- 5.9 mug/g, and the mean plasma zinc concentration was 74.5 +/- 1.5 mug/100 ml. These levels were both lower (P is less than 0.005) than those of middle income children of similar age. Sixty-eight percent of the study group had a hair zinc concentration less than 70 mug/g and/or a plasma zinc concentration less than 68 mug/100 ml. These results indicate that inadequate zinc nutrition may be common among preschool children with low growth percentiles from low income families.", "contents": "Zinc nutrition of preschool children in the Denver Head Start program. Low income diets provide relatively little zinc. This study was designed to evaluate the zinc nutritional states of 74 low income preschool children enrolled in the Denver Head Start Program. Zinc is necessary for normal growth, hence children were selected on the bases of low height percentiles. The mean (+/- SE) hair zinc concentration was 87.0 +/- 5.9 mug/g, and the mean plasma zinc concentration was 74.5 +/- 1.5 mug/100 ml. These levels were both lower (P is less than 0.005) than those of middle income children of similar age. Sixty-eight percent of the study group had a hair zinc concentration less than 70 mug/g and/or a plasma zinc concentration less than 68 mug/100 ml. These results indicate that inadequate zinc nutrition may be common among preschool children with low growth percentiles from low income families."}
{"id": "PMID:937229", "title": "Relationship of mineral status and intake to periodontal disease.", "content": "A periodontal index (PI), based on visual and radiographic data, was used to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease in a group of 80 dental patients. The average PI was 3.1 +/- 1.8 SD (0=no detectable lesions; 8=most severe lesions). The PI was directly related to patient age (r=0.73; P is less than 0.01). The serum concentration of calcium copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc was measured. Regression of PI on the serum constituents demonstrated that serum copper was linearly related (r-0.64; P is less than 0.001) to the PI. The other serum parameters were not correlated to the PI. Dietary protein, calcium, and vitamin A were slightly related to the PI, based on a 24-hr dietary recall. Dietary trace elements were not related to the PI. These results indicate that the serum copper concentration, in some way is related to the severity of periodontal disease. Possibly the observation is linked to the role of copper in the inflammatory response since inflammation is a characteristic of periodontal disease.", "contents": "Relationship of mineral status and intake to periodontal disease. A periodontal index (PI), based on visual and radiographic data, was used to evaluate the severity of periodontal disease in a group of 80 dental patients. The average PI was 3.1 +/- 1.8 SD (0=no detectable lesions; 8=most severe lesions). The PI was directly related to patient age (r=0.73; P is less than 0.01). The serum concentration of calcium copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc was measured. Regression of PI on the serum constituents demonstrated that serum copper was linearly related (r-0.64; P is less than 0.001) to the PI. The other serum parameters were not correlated to the PI. Dietary protein, calcium, and vitamin A were slightly related to the PI, based on a 24-hr dietary recall. Dietary trace elements were not related to the PI. These results indicate that the serum copper concentration, in some way is related to the severity of periodontal disease. Possibly the observation is linked to the role of copper in the inflammatory response since inflammation is a characteristic of periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937230", "title": "Macrophage function in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed a vitamin C-deficient diet and at various time periods thereafter their peritoneal cells were tested for biological activity. The serum levels of vitamin C in the deficient animals indicated a progressive state of ascorbic acid deficiency with time and this correlated well with clinical signs and symptoms of scurvy. Fewer macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of deficient animals and in structural appearance under the phase contrast and light microscope they were smaller in size. They showed no significant impairment in phagocytosis of bacterial cells. The macrophages, however, exhibited significantly reduced migration on glass as compared to the normal cells. In vitro addition of vitamin C partially reversed this reduced migration.", "contents": "Macrophage function in vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were fed a vitamin C-deficient diet and at various time periods thereafter their peritoneal cells were tested for biological activity. The serum levels of vitamin C in the deficient animals indicated a progressive state of ascorbic acid deficiency with time and this correlated well with clinical signs and symptoms of scurvy. Fewer macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of deficient animals and in structural appearance under the phase contrast and light microscope they were smaller in size. They showed no significant impairment in phagocytosis of bacterial cells. The macrophages, however, exhibited significantly reduced migration on glass as compared to the normal cells. In vitro addition of vitamin C partially reversed this reduced migration."}
{"id": "PMID:937231", "title": "Vitamin E and C levels in infants during the first year of life.", "content": "The considerably lower vitamin E level found in cord blood and in newborns at birth than those found in the venous blood of mothers at delivery are not yet fully explained. In a group of 217 not selected newborns, we attempted to establish the relation between vitamin E and C levels at delivery and the changes during the first year of life. The mean serum vitamin E level rose from 0.37 mg/ml at 3 days to 0.80 mg/100 ml at 6 months and to 0.72 mg/100 ml at 12 months. On the other hand vitamin C mean levels lowered from 0.93 mg/100 ml in cord blood to 0.77 mg/100 ml at 6 months and to 0.73 mg/100 ml at 12 months. The rise of vitamin E values could be explained by the early use of infant solid foods with high vitamin and mineral content and by the increase of serum lipoproteins. Except at 3 days after delivery there were no individual values of serum vitamin E below the acceptable 0.35 mg/100 ml limit. However, serum vitamin C levels compatible with a moderate risk were very often observed, i.e., in 27.1% of infants at 6 months and in 30.5% at 1 year. Thus, vitamin E intake in infants was satisfactory with the usual diet but not vitamin C for which blood levels were not adequate. In view of these findings it appears necessary to evaluate periodically the vitamin E as well as vitamin C status in the infant population.", "contents": "Vitamin E and C levels in infants during the first year of life. The considerably lower vitamin E level found in cord blood and in newborns at birth than those found in the venous blood of mothers at delivery are not yet fully explained. In a group of 217 not selected newborns, we attempted to establish the relation between vitamin E and C levels at delivery and the changes during the first year of life. The mean serum vitamin E level rose from 0.37 mg/ml at 3 days to 0.80 mg/100 ml at 6 months and to 0.72 mg/100 ml at 12 months. On the other hand vitamin C mean levels lowered from 0.93 mg/100 ml in cord blood to 0.77 mg/100 ml at 6 months and to 0.73 mg/100 ml at 12 months. The rise of vitamin E values could be explained by the early use of infant solid foods with high vitamin and mineral content and by the increase of serum lipoproteins. Except at 3 days after delivery there were no individual values of serum vitamin E below the acceptable 0.35 mg/100 ml limit. However, serum vitamin C levels compatible with a moderate risk were very often observed, i.e., in 27.1% of infants at 6 months and in 30.5% at 1 year. Thus, vitamin E intake in infants was satisfactory with the usual diet but not vitamin C for which blood levels were not adequate. In view of these findings it appears necessary to evaluate periodically the vitamin E as well as vitamin C status in the infant population."}
{"id": "PMID:937232", "title": "Intestinal bypass surgery for obesity decreases food intake and taste preferences.", "content": "Food intake was measured in 22 obese patients before and after jejunioleostomy for obesity. Most of the weight loss could be accounted for by the observed reduction of caloric intake. Malabsorption was also present as indicated by increased loss of fat in the stools, and decreased absorption of D-xylose and vitamin B12. A dislike for sweet tastes developed after surgery in most patients. Preferences for concentrated solutions of sucrose and glucose were reduced after patients showed a depression of food intake by a 440-calorie preload which had not been detected before surgery. These studies show a decrease in food intake after intestinal bypass surgery and suggest a role for taste or other gastrointestinal factors in regulating food intake.", "contents": "Intestinal bypass surgery for obesity decreases food intake and taste preferences. Food intake was measured in 22 obese patients before and after jejunioleostomy for obesity. Most of the weight loss could be accounted for by the observed reduction of caloric intake. Malabsorption was also present as indicated by increased loss of fat in the stools, and decreased absorption of D-xylose and vitamin B12. A dislike for sweet tastes developed after surgery in most patients. Preferences for concentrated solutions of sucrose and glucose were reduced after patients showed a depression of food intake by a 440-calorie preload which had not been detected before surgery. These studies show a decrease in food intake after intestinal bypass surgery and suggest a role for taste or other gastrointestinal factors in regulating food intake."}
{"id": "PMID:937233", "title": "A perspective view of dieting to lower the blood cholesterol.", "content": "As a guide to physicians, patients, and potential patients concerned with the prospect and practicalities of changing the diet to lower the blood cholesterol in the hope of preventing disease, estimates have been made of the importance of various items of food which figure prominently in relation to this topic. The measure of importance adopted is the predicted average servings of these foods, the prediction being based on the content of fatty acids and cholesterol. The major contributors, each adding more than 10 mg/100 ml to the plasma level, include brains, double servings of meat, one egg per day, and butter. At the other extreme, polyunsaturated oils and margarines actively lower plasma cholesterol while oysters, skim milk, and nuts have practically no effect. The relative importance of items, includeing the newer polyunsaturated ruminant meats and other products, has been charted for easy reference. The culinary costs involved in a cholesterol-lowering diet, considered not in monetary terms but as debits and credits in the food statement, must be balances against the potential benefits to be gained from disease prevention.", "contents": "A perspective view of dieting to lower the blood cholesterol. As a guide to physicians, patients, and potential patients concerned with the prospect and practicalities of changing the diet to lower the blood cholesterol in the hope of preventing disease, estimates have been made of the importance of various items of food which figure prominently in relation to this topic. The measure of importance adopted is the predicted average servings of these foods, the prediction being based on the content of fatty acids and cholesterol. The major contributors, each adding more than 10 mg/100 ml to the plasma level, include brains, double servings of meat, one egg per day, and butter. At the other extreme, polyunsaturated oils and margarines actively lower plasma cholesterol while oysters, skim milk, and nuts have practically no effect. The relative importance of items, includeing the newer polyunsaturated ruminant meats and other products, has been charted for easy reference. The culinary costs involved in a cholesterol-lowering diet, considered not in monetary terms but as debits and credits in the food statement, must be balances against the potential benefits to be gained from disease prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:937234", "title": "Folate levels among various populations in central Iran.", "content": "Serum folic acid levels (Lactobacillus casei assay) were determined in 467 subjects representing various socioeconomic classes from rural and urban central Iran. Of the subjects 170 were pregnant females in different trimesters. The mean serum folate levels of the various groups studied ranged from 7.5 to 11.1 ng/ml and are within the normal reported range of 5.9 to 21.0 ng/ml. Only two subjects had serum folate levels below 3.0 to 5.9 ng/ml. In anemic subjects (hematocrit is less than 37%), red blood cell folate levels were also determined and were significantly higher than nonanemic controls (558 +/- 56 versus 346 +/- 35 ng/ml of packed red blood cells, P is less than 0.01). This difference may be related to underutilization of folate in patients with iron deficiency (a common metal deficiency in this area). A probable explanation for the well maintained serum folate levels in late pregnancy as well as in other populations studied in this report may be the high dietary intake of Iranian bread made from wheat flour of high extraction rate.", "contents": "Folate levels among various populations in central Iran. Serum folic acid levels (Lactobacillus casei assay) were determined in 467 subjects representing various socioeconomic classes from rural and urban central Iran. Of the subjects 170 were pregnant females in different trimesters. The mean serum folate levels of the various groups studied ranged from 7.5 to 11.1 ng/ml and are within the normal reported range of 5.9 to 21.0 ng/ml. Only two subjects had serum folate levels below 3.0 to 5.9 ng/ml. In anemic subjects (hematocrit is less than 37%), red blood cell folate levels were also determined and were significantly higher than nonanemic controls (558 +/- 56 versus 346 +/- 35 ng/ml of packed red blood cells, P is less than 0.01). This difference may be related to underutilization of folate in patients with iron deficiency (a common metal deficiency in this area). A probable explanation for the well maintained serum folate levels in late pregnancy as well as in other populations studied in this report may be the high dietary intake of Iranian bread made from wheat flour of high extraction rate."}
{"id": "PMID:937235", "title": "Folate content of Iranian breads and the effect of their fiber content on the intestinal absorption of folic acid.", "content": "Folate deficiency is a relatively uncommon disorder in central Iran. In order to explain this finding; the acid content of various Iranian breads was determined, since bread is the staple food in Iran. Tanok, the village wholemeal bread, has an average \"free\" folate content (without conjugase incubation) of 0.34 mug/g. Sangask and Bazari, leavened breads made from flours of high extraction rates and widely consumed in towns and cities, have aberage \"free\" folate contents of 0.38 and 0.71 mug/g, respectively. The folate content of these breads are significantly higher than that of white bread from refined flour (0.13 mug/g) or oatmeal bread (0.09 mug/g). Iranian breads also have a high content of indigestible fiber (1.6 to 4.2% of dry weight). Since substances within the bread, such as fiber, may interfere with folate absorption by the small intestine, sequential folate absorption tests (tritiated pterolymonoglutamic acid) were performed in four subjects with meals of increasing fiber content and fasting. No interference with folate absorption was found. Furthermore, in vitro studies did not demonstrate the formation of insoluble complexes between bread fiber and folic acid, which might indicate decreased availability.", "contents": "Folate content of Iranian breads and the effect of their fiber content on the intestinal absorption of folic acid. Folate deficiency is a relatively uncommon disorder in central Iran. In order to explain this finding; the acid content of various Iranian breads was determined, since bread is the staple food in Iran. Tanok, the village wholemeal bread, has an average \"free\" folate content (without conjugase incubation) of 0.34 mug/g. Sangask and Bazari, leavened breads made from flours of high extraction rates and widely consumed in towns and cities, have aberage \"free\" folate contents of 0.38 and 0.71 mug/g, respectively. The folate content of these breads are significantly higher than that of white bread from refined flour (0.13 mug/g) or oatmeal bread (0.09 mug/g). Iranian breads also have a high content of indigestible fiber (1.6 to 4.2% of dry weight). Since substances within the bread, such as fiber, may interfere with folate absorption by the small intestine, sequential folate absorption tests (tritiated pterolymonoglutamic acid) were performed in four subjects with meals of increasing fiber content and fasting. No interference with folate absorption was found. Furthermore, in vitro studies did not demonstrate the formation of insoluble complexes between bread fiber and folic acid, which might indicate decreased availability."}
{"id": "PMID:937237", "title": "The haemostatic effects of the Chinese herbal drug Yunnan Bai Yao: a pilot study.", "content": "The effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on the bleeding time in rats and the blood clotting time in rabbits and man were studied. The medicinal preparation markedly shortened both the bleeding and clotting times; the decreases were significantly more intense than those inconsistently produced by starch or by starch with calcium. These preliminary findings suggest that the action of Yunnan Bai Yao appears not to be due to its pH (5.2) or to vasoconstriction, but other factors such as its calcium content or the physical effect of its particle size cannot yet be excluded.", "contents": "The haemostatic effects of the Chinese herbal drug Yunnan Bai Yao: a pilot study. The effects of Yunnan Bai Yao on the bleeding time in rats and the blood clotting time in rabbits and man were studied. The medicinal preparation markedly shortened both the bleeding and clotting times; the decreases were significantly more intense than those inconsistently produced by starch or by starch with calcium. These preliminary findings suggest that the action of Yunnan Bai Yao appears not to be due to its pH (5.2) or to vasoconstriction, but other factors such as its calcium content or the physical effect of its particle size cannot yet be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:937238", "title": "Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of acupuncture (moxibustion) by phentolamine in dogs during halothane anesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of acupuncture, moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) and phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were compared to phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) prior to moxibustion at Go-26 in groups of ten dogs under 0.75 percent halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance were observed following acupuncture, moxibustion with electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the alpha blocking agent, phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.). The cardiovascular effects of phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were similar to those of dogs in which phentolamine was administered prior to moxibustion.", "contents": "Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of acupuncture (moxibustion) by phentolamine in dogs during halothane anesthesia. The cardiovascular effects of acupuncture, moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) and phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were compared to phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) prior to moxibustion at Go-26 in groups of ten dogs under 0.75 percent halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance were observed following acupuncture, moxibustion with electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the alpha blocking agent, phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.). The cardiovascular effects of phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were similar to those of dogs in which phentolamine was administered prior to moxibustion."}
{"id": "PMID:937239", "title": "Influence of ginseng on mating behavior of male rats.", "content": "Experiment on the mating behavior of male albino rats paired with receptive females established that in comparison with control animals, males under the influence of ginseng (a) began ejaculation earlier and repeated the action more often in a 45-minute observation period and (b) deposited more copulation plugs in 10 days. The data suggest that ginseng facilitates the mating behavior of male rats.", "contents": "Influence of ginseng on mating behavior of male rats. Experiment on the mating behavior of male albino rats paired with receptive females established that in comparison with control animals, males under the influence of ginseng (a) began ejaculation earlier and repeated the action more often in a 45-minute observation period and (b) deposited more copulation plugs in 10 days. The data suggest that ginseng facilitates the mating behavior of male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:937240", "title": "Acupuncture loci: a proposal for their classification according to their relationship to known neural structures.", "content": "Much confusion and frustration has been caused by the inability of workers in acupuncture to demonstrate the exact nature of acupuncture loci or to identify them in neuroanatomic terms. This study reviews 70 selected, commonly-used acupuncture loci. Loci were determined by their traditional descriptions and checked with a neurometer and calibration-stable stimulator. It was found that acupuncture loci may be classified into at least three types: Type I correspond to a known anatomical entity-the motor point of a muscle; Type II to the focal meeting of superficial nerves in the sagittal plane; and Type III lie over superficial nerves or plexuses. As a first step toward acceptance of acupuncture by the medical profession, it is suggested that a new system of acupuncture locus nomenclature be introduced, relating them to known neural structures. Perhaps an international committee of interested workers should be struck.", "contents": "Acupuncture loci: a proposal for their classification according to their relationship to known neural structures. Much confusion and frustration has been caused by the inability of workers in acupuncture to demonstrate the exact nature of acupuncture loci or to identify them in neuroanatomic terms. This study reviews 70 selected, commonly-used acupuncture loci. Loci were determined by their traditional descriptions and checked with a neurometer and calibration-stable stimulator. It was found that acupuncture loci may be classified into at least three types: Type I correspond to a known anatomical entity-the motor point of a muscle; Type II to the focal meeting of superficial nerves in the sagittal plane; and Type III lie over superficial nerves or plexuses. As a first step toward acceptance of acupuncture by the medical profession, it is suggested that a new system of acupuncture locus nomenclature be introduced, relating them to known neural structures. Perhaps an international committee of interested workers should be struck."}
{"id": "PMID:937241", "title": "Organizing communities for change in health: implications of the experience of the People's Republic of China 1949-1974.", "content": "This article is an exploration of the way in which social developments in countries may have international impact, with specific reference to the implications of health care developments in the People's Republic of China. Even though the social systems of countries may be totally different, developments of value do get through the national boundaries, or are achieved independently as responses to similar problems.", "contents": "Organizing communities for change in health: implications of the experience of the People's Republic of China 1949-1974. This article is an exploration of the way in which social developments in countries may have international impact, with specific reference to the implications of health care developments in the People's Republic of China. Even though the social systems of countries may be totally different, developments of value do get through the national boundaries, or are achieved independently as responses to similar problems."}
{"id": "PMID:937244", "title": "Microdetermination of serum calcium by parallel fast analyzer.", "content": "An adaptation of a direct microdetermination of serum calcium based upon its colored reaction product with cresolphthalein complexone for use with a parallel fast analyzer is described. It is simple, reliable and clinically accurate. Twenty microliters of sample are employed in a final volume of 650 mul. Comparison studies with an atomic absorption method resulted in a correlation coefficinet (r) of 0.94. Replicate analyses at normal (8.5 mg. per dl.) and abnormal (12.1 mg. per dl) levels showed inter-day coefficients of variation of 3.2 and 2.3%, respectively. Assays of sera of male and female donors (age range: 17--60 years) showed normal ranges of 8.5--10.8 and 8.5--10.5 mg. per dl., respectively. Moderate hemolysis and jaundice and mild lipemia are associated with spuriously high results. Magnesium in serum showed no significant effect below 4.0 mEq. per l.", "contents": "Microdetermination of serum calcium by parallel fast analyzer. An adaptation of a direct microdetermination of serum calcium based upon its colored reaction product with cresolphthalein complexone for use with a parallel fast analyzer is described. It is simple, reliable and clinically accurate. Twenty microliters of sample are employed in a final volume of 650 mul. Comparison studies with an atomic absorption method resulted in a correlation coefficinet (r) of 0.94. Replicate analyses at normal (8.5 mg. per dl.) and abnormal (12.1 mg. per dl) levels showed inter-day coefficients of variation of 3.2 and 2.3%, respectively. Assays of sera of male and female donors (age range: 17--60 years) showed normal ranges of 8.5--10.8 and 8.5--10.5 mg. per dl., respectively. Moderate hemolysis and jaundice and mild lipemia are associated with spuriously high results. Magnesium in serum showed no significant effect below 4.0 mEq. per l."}
{"id": "PMID:937245", "title": "Changes in serum salivary isoamylases in Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome.", "content": "Quantitative polyacrylamide disk gel electrophoresis of sera from 27 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) and 12 comparable normal subjects revealed that serum amylase activity in patients with SS varies due to changes in the salivary isoenzyme, while pancreatic isoamylase remains normal. The SS group can be divided into those patients with markedly increased salivary isoamylase and those with normal or low salivary isoamylase. At this time we cannot be certain whether this reflects different stages in a progressive disorder, or differences in the underlying pathologic processes. Analysis of amylase isoenzymes in serum previously has been shown to be of value in pancreatic disorders, and we have now demonstrated that changes in the salivary glands may also be relected in serum amylase isoenzymes. Study of patients with other salivary and pancreatic disorders will be needed to define the clinical utility of amylase isoenzyme analysis.", "contents": "Changes in serum salivary isoamylases in Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome. Quantitative polyacrylamide disk gel electrophoresis of sera from 27 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) and 12 comparable normal subjects revealed that serum amylase activity in patients with SS varies due to changes in the salivary isoenzyme, while pancreatic isoamylase remains normal. The SS group can be divided into those patients with markedly increased salivary isoamylase and those with normal or low salivary isoamylase. At this time we cannot be certain whether this reflects different stages in a progressive disorder, or differences in the underlying pathologic processes. Analysis of amylase isoenzymes in serum previously has been shown to be of value in pancreatic disorders, and we have now demonstrated that changes in the salivary glands may also be relected in serum amylase isoenzymes. Study of patients with other salivary and pancreatic disorders will be needed to define the clinical utility of amylase isoenzyme analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:937246", "title": "Learning objectives in resident training. Objectives in clinical chemistry.", "content": "The use of learning objectives has recently found extensive application in the evolution of medical school curricula; however, they have not been utilized systematically in the education of pathology residents. In attempting to define the end-point behavior or objectives of a resident during a rotation in clinical biochemistry, 567 midwestern pathologists, clinical chemists and medical technologists working in chemistry sections rated proposed objectives as essentail, desirable but not essential, or not needed. Twenty-four of 52 objectives were considered essential for the resident to achieve by 75% or more of the respondents. These included 10 of 33 related to technical knowledge, 5 to 10 related to business and supervisory skills, 5 of 5 related to investigative problem solving, and 4 of 4 related to communicating with persons outside of the laboratory. In general, respondents considered knowledge of principles more important than technical skills. Management, business and communicative skills were highly rated.", "contents": "Learning objectives in resident training. Objectives in clinical chemistry. The use of learning objectives has recently found extensive application in the evolution of medical school curricula; however, they have not been utilized systematically in the education of pathology residents. In attempting to define the end-point behavior or objectives of a resident during a rotation in clinical biochemistry, 567 midwestern pathologists, clinical chemists and medical technologists working in chemistry sections rated proposed objectives as essentail, desirable but not essential, or not needed. Twenty-four of 52 objectives were considered essential for the resident to achieve by 75% or more of the respondents. These included 10 of 33 related to technical knowledge, 5 to 10 related to business and supervisory skills, 5 of 5 related to investigative problem solving, and 4 of 4 related to communicating with persons outside of the laboratory. In general, respondents considered knowledge of principles more important than technical skills. Management, business and communicative skills were highly rated."}
{"id": "PMID:937248", "title": "Pathology manpower needs in the United States.", "content": "By means of a set of questionnaires, the Joint ASCP/CAP Task Force on Manpower survey of fact and opinion regarding manpower problems and needs of pathology in the United States was completed. The response from pathologists approached 75%. From this survey, there appears to emerge an accurate picture of the number of pathologists in solo or group practice in the United States in terms of board certification and age group; so that over a five-year period, there will be a net addition of approximately 1,800 pathologists from 500--700 residents completing their training annually. This survey showed a demand of 22% of pathology practices seeking to fill funded positions with a projected need within the next five years of approximately 2,700 to meet primarily expanded patient loads. The number of pathologists in the graduate medical education \"pipeline\" revealed 2,153 residents with about 76% of the residency positions filled. A match of approximately 2,153 residents entering pathology practice against 2,160 vacancies anticipated in the next four years was identified. However, it is likely that there will continue to be a modest deficit of pathologists five years from now in view of the possibility that not all will enter practice. In conclusion, the demand for pathologists and supply from residency programs seem to match well in numbers so that supply and demand for pathology manpower are in approximate balance.", "contents": "Pathology manpower needs in the United States. By means of a set of questionnaires, the Joint ASCP/CAP Task Force on Manpower survey of fact and opinion regarding manpower problems and needs of pathology in the United States was completed. The response from pathologists approached 75%. From this survey, there appears to emerge an accurate picture of the number of pathologists in solo or group practice in the United States in terms of board certification and age group; so that over a five-year period, there will be a net addition of approximately 1,800 pathologists from 500--700 residents completing their training annually. This survey showed a demand of 22% of pathology practices seeking to fill funded positions with a projected need within the next five years of approximately 2,700 to meet primarily expanded patient loads. The number of pathologists in the graduate medical education \"pipeline\" revealed 2,153 residents with about 76% of the residency positions filled. A match of approximately 2,153 residents entering pathology practice against 2,160 vacancies anticipated in the next four years was identified. However, it is likely that there will continue to be a modest deficit of pathologists five years from now in view of the possibility that not all will enter practice. In conclusion, the demand for pathologists and supply from residency programs seem to match well in numbers so that supply and demand for pathology manpower are in approximate balance."}
{"id": "PMID:937249", "title": "Reactive plasmacytic lesions of the bone marrow.", "content": "A consecutive series of 1,000 bone marrow aspirates was analyzed for percentage of plasma cells, incidence of plasmacytic satellitosis, associated clinical disease states, lymphoid follicles, lipid granulomas, hemosiderin content, and various combinations thereof. Plasmacytosis was a common finding, and tended to parallel the presence of lymphoid follicles, lipid granulomas and plasmacytic satellitosis. The latter is emphasized as a normal phenomenon, may reflect morphologically a physiologic response of the B cell system to antigenic stimulation, and is conspicuously absent in plasmacytic neoplasia. Various secretory forms of plasma cells are illustrated.", "contents": "Reactive plasmacytic lesions of the bone marrow. A consecutive series of 1,000 bone marrow aspirates was analyzed for percentage of plasma cells, incidence of plasmacytic satellitosis, associated clinical disease states, lymphoid follicles, lipid granulomas, hemosiderin content, and various combinations thereof. Plasmacytosis was a common finding, and tended to parallel the presence of lymphoid follicles, lipid granulomas and plasmacytic satellitosis. The latter is emphasized as a normal phenomenon, may reflect morphologically a physiologic response of the B cell system to antigenic stimulation, and is conspicuously absent in plasmacytic neoplasia. Various secretory forms of plasma cells are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:937250", "title": "Ultrastructural features of the blood cells in a patient with Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly.", "content": "A case of congenital Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly of the peripheral blood cells is described. Electronmicroscopic examination of the blood cells revealed nuclear bridges and appendices in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The number of cytoplasmic granules was diminished, but the size of the secondary granules was markedly increased. The eosinophils showed pronounced polymorphism of the granules, and the platelets showed a decrease in the alpha-granulomere number.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of the blood cells in a patient with Pelger-Hu\u00ebt anomaly. A case of congenital Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly of the peripheral blood cells is described. Electronmicroscopic examination of the blood cells revealed nuclear bridges and appendices in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The number of cytoplasmic granules was diminished, but the size of the secondary granules was markedly increased. The eosinophils showed pronounced polymorphism of the granules, and the platelets showed a decrease in the alpha-granulomere number."}
{"id": "PMID:937251", "title": "Fletcher factor deficiency and myocardial infarction.", "content": "The case of a patient who, while being treated for an acute myocardial infarction, was found to have Fletcher factor deficiency with a Fletcher factor concentration of less than 1% of normal is described. Fletcher factor deficiency is associated with defects in several interrelated systems, including clotting, fibrinolysis and kinin generation, all of which play a role in the pathogenesis and evolution of infarction. The development of myocardial infarction in a patient who had severe Fletcher factor deficiency emphasizes the importance of alternate pathways for activation of these systems.", "contents": "Fletcher factor deficiency and myocardial infarction. The case of a patient who, while being treated for an acute myocardial infarction, was found to have Fletcher factor deficiency with a Fletcher factor concentration of less than 1% of normal is described. Fletcher factor deficiency is associated with defects in several interrelated systems, including clotting, fibrinolysis and kinin generation, all of which play a role in the pathogenesis and evolution of infarction. The development of myocardial infarction in a patient who had severe Fletcher factor deficiency emphasizes the importance of alternate pathways for activation of these systems."}
{"id": "PMID:937252", "title": "Carrier detection in classic hemophilia by combined measurement of immunologic (VIII AGN) and procoagulant (VIII AHF) activities.", "content": "Accurate carrier detection in classic hemophilia has been difficult because of (1) technical problems related to the performance of both immunologic (VIII AGN) and procoagulant (VIII AHF) determinations, and (2) statistical problems related to the analysis of these data. VIII AHF was determined by a one-stage assay based on the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). VIII AGN was measured by the method of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. The discriminant function U. = 0.67 1n (AHF) -- 3.17 AGN X 10(-3) was calculated for a validation group of 20 normal persons and for seven obligate carriers, and tested for accuracy of prediction on a cross-validation group of seven additional normal women and ten additional obligate carriers. A U. score of greater than or equal to 2.54 correctly identified 25 of 27 normal persons. Sixteen of 17 obligate carriers had U. scores below 2.54. In addition, of seven possilbe carriers, four were identified as normal and three as carriers. Five normal women taking oral contraceptives had disproportionately high U. scores. It is concluded that detection of carriers of classic hemophilia should be possible in the clinical laboratory by calculation of a discriminant function from combined measurements of VIII AGN and VIII AHF.", "contents": "Carrier detection in classic hemophilia by combined measurement of immunologic (VIII AGN) and procoagulant (VIII AHF) activities. Accurate carrier detection in classic hemophilia has been difficult because of (1) technical problems related to the performance of both immunologic (VIII AGN) and procoagulant (VIII AHF) determinations, and (2) statistical problems related to the analysis of these data. VIII AHF was determined by a one-stage assay based on the partial thromboplastin time (PTT). VIII AGN was measured by the method of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. The discriminant function U. = 0.67 1n (AHF) -- 3.17 AGN X 10(-3) was calculated for a validation group of 20 normal persons and for seven obligate carriers, and tested for accuracy of prediction on a cross-validation group of seven additional normal women and ten additional obligate carriers. A U. score of greater than or equal to 2.54 correctly identified 25 of 27 normal persons. Sixteen of 17 obligate carriers had U. scores below 2.54. In addition, of seven possilbe carriers, four were identified as normal and three as carriers. Five normal women taking oral contraceptives had disproportionately high U. scores. It is concluded that detection of carriers of classic hemophilia should be possible in the clinical laboratory by calculation of a discriminant function from combined measurements of VIII AGN and VIII AHF."}
{"id": "PMID:937253", "title": "The usefulness of serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms in paternity testing.", "content": "Pehnotypings of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms were used in addition to classic erythrocyte antigens in a study of 281 paternity cases. This group was compared with 877 cases in which only the erythrocyte antigens were tested. In the study group 80 exclusions were found for 52 alleged fathers. The expanded test battery increased the exclusion rate by 62%. In addition to 30 direct exclusions, serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes corroborated indirect exclusions obtained with erythrocyte antigen tests in eight instances.", "contents": "The usefulness of serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms in paternity testing. Pehnotypings of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms were used in addition to classic erythrocyte antigens in a study of 281 paternity cases. This group was compared with 877 cases in which only the erythrocyte antigens were tested. In the study group 80 exclusions were found for 52 alleged fathers. The expanded test battery increased the exclusion rate by 62%. In addition to 30 direct exclusions, serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes corroborated indirect exclusions obtained with erythrocyte antigen tests in eight instances."}
{"id": "PMID:937254", "title": "Serologic evaluation of the Mono-Chek test.", "content": "An evaluation of the Mono-Chek test shows it to be easy to read, fast and simple. In accuracy it compares favorably with the Paul-Bunnell (P-B) test and the Davidsohn modification of the Paul-Bunnell (P-B-D) test and is equal to the Mono-Spot test.", "contents": "Serologic evaluation of the Mono-Chek test. An evaluation of the Mono-Chek test shows it to be easy to read, fast and simple. In accuracy it compares favorably with the Paul-Bunnell (P-B) test and the Davidsohn modification of the Paul-Bunnell (P-B-D) test and is equal to the Mono-Spot test."}
{"id": "PMID:937255", "title": "Malignant lymphoma with a high content of epitheloid histiocytes (Lennert's lymphoma).", "content": "Fifteen patients with a rare malignant lymphoma characterized by a high content of epithelioid histiocytes are reported. This lymphoma, referred to as \"Lennert's lymphoma,\" was originally thought to be a variant of Hodgkin's disease, but has both histologic and clinical differences. Although the infiltrate is polymorphous, diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells are difficult to find and involvement of tonsils relatively common. Lennert's lymphoma bears some resemblance to immunoblastic lymphadenopathy in that some patients have a history of allergies, polyclonal hyperglobulinemia, and all lymph nodes demonstrate variable proliferation of immunoblasts. However, both vascular proliferation and the amorphous eosinophilic interstitial material characteristic of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are lacking. The clinical course in this series was unpredictable with rapid death in six cases, chiefly from sepsis, 1--18 months following diagnosis despite therapy as for Hodgkin's disease. The remaining eight patients for whom follow-up data are available are in apparent clinical remission. Further cases and investigations are needed to determine the precise behavior of Lennert's lymphoma and to learn its exact status in relation to other malignant lymphomas or immunoblastic proliferations.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma with a high content of epitheloid histiocytes (Lennert's lymphoma). Fifteen patients with a rare malignant lymphoma characterized by a high content of epithelioid histiocytes are reported. This lymphoma, referred to as \"Lennert's lymphoma,\" was originally thought to be a variant of Hodgkin's disease, but has both histologic and clinical differences. Although the infiltrate is polymorphous, diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells are difficult to find and involvement of tonsils relatively common. Lennert's lymphoma bears some resemblance to immunoblastic lymphadenopathy in that some patients have a history of allergies, polyclonal hyperglobulinemia, and all lymph nodes demonstrate variable proliferation of immunoblasts. However, both vascular proliferation and the amorphous eosinophilic interstitial material characteristic of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy are lacking. The clinical course in this series was unpredictable with rapid death in six cases, chiefly from sepsis, 1--18 months following diagnosis despite therapy as for Hodgkin's disease. The remaining eight patients for whom follow-up data are available are in apparent clinical remission. Further cases and investigations are needed to determine the precise behavior of Lennert's lymphoma and to learn its exact status in relation to other malignant lymphomas or immunoblastic proliferations."}
{"id": "PMID:937257", "title": "Evaluation of a Coulter Chemistry Unit.", "content": "Seventeen channels of a Coulter Chemistry Unit were evaluated. The evaluation included within-run and day-to-day precision, recovery, dilution, carryover and interference studies; as well as correlation studies between the Coulter Chemistry Unit and the procedures currently used in the author's laboratory. Criteria for acceptance of a procedure are outlined. Five channels of the particular instrument studied were found acceptable by the author's criteria, six channels had correctable defects, and six channels had either reagent or instrumentation deficiencies.", "contents": "Evaluation of a Coulter Chemistry Unit. Seventeen channels of a Coulter Chemistry Unit were evaluated. The evaluation included within-run and day-to-day precision, recovery, dilution, carryover and interference studies; as well as correlation studies between the Coulter Chemistry Unit and the procedures currently used in the author's laboratory. Criteria for acceptance of a procedure are outlined. Five channels of the particular instrument studied were found acceptable by the author's criteria, six channels had correctable defects, and six channels had either reagent or instrumentation deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:937260", "title": "Some statistical implications of rounding in the College of American Pathologists Survey.", "content": "Quantitative measurements of constituent concentrations of Survey specimens are generally recorded to the nearest integer or to the nearest tenth. Questions have arisen as to whether this degree of rounding of measurements is appropriate when available laboratory equipment can determine results more precisely. Statisticians have studied the effects of rounding off on an variety of standard statistical procedures. In this report biases that may result for estimates of the mean and variance from several typical data sets obtained in the 1975 College of American Pathologists (CAP) Survey are examined. The study indicates that the amount of bias in the sample mean and variance is generally minimal.", "contents": "Some statistical implications of rounding in the College of American Pathologists Survey. Quantitative measurements of constituent concentrations of Survey specimens are generally recorded to the nearest integer or to the nearest tenth. Questions have arisen as to whether this degree of rounding of measurements is appropriate when available laboratory equipment can determine results more precisely. Statisticians have studied the effects of rounding off on an variety of standard statistical procedures. In this report biases that may result for estimates of the mean and variance from several typical data sets obtained in the 1975 College of American Pathologists (CAP) Survey are examined. The study indicates that the amount of bias in the sample mean and variance is generally minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:937261", "title": "An evaluation of statistical procedures designed to detect outliers resulting from a light degree of contamination in random samples of moderate size.", "content": "The literature on statistical outlier procedures applicable to the CAP Survey program is briefly reviewed. Limited Monte Carlo evaluations of selected procedures were performed. For a light degree of contamination in random samples of moderate size, it is shown that the application of these procedures has little effect on estimates of measures of central tendency and spread. Moreover, in this situation these procedures detect a very small percentage of the outliners.", "contents": "An evaluation of statistical procedures designed to detect outliers resulting from a light degree of contamination in random samples of moderate size. The literature on statistical outlier procedures applicable to the CAP Survey program is briefly reviewed. Limited Monte Carlo evaluations of selected procedures were performed. For a light degree of contamination in random samples of moderate size, it is shown that the application of these procedures has little effect on estimates of measures of central tendency and spread. Moreover, in this situation these procedures detect a very small percentage of the outliners."}
{"id": "PMID:937262", "title": "A comparison of participant mean values of duplicate specimens in the CAP Chemistry survey program.", "content": "Six paired specimens of lyophilized human serum were circulated to participants in the CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Program. The intervals between circulations ranged from 13 to 33 weeks. Each specimen was analyzed for 21 constituents, and the six pairs of specimens provided 126 paired sets of data for statistical comparison. The mean values for all constituents reported by the participants for each pair showed close agreement. The median difference between the two mean values for 126 pairs was 0.6% of the concentrations of the constituents. Twenty-six individual pairs showed differences that were sufficiently large to be significant (p = less than .0005). The majority of these stemmed from differences reported by participants using the SMA 12/60. Although significant, these differences were so small that they exerted no demonstrable effect on the dispersion of the results reported by the SMA 12/60 users. One vial pair showed a loss of glucose. All six pairs showed a loss of triglyceride. There was a suggestion of loss of cholesterol and uric acid in one pair. These differences were small. This study demonstrates that a comparison of mean values in a large Survey program can provide a very sensitive method of monitoring the stability of the specimens. The study also suggests the repeatability of mean values in a large Interlaboratory Survey program far exceeds clinical needs, and the agreement may be closer than can be obtained by any other system of measurement.", "contents": "A comparison of participant mean values of duplicate specimens in the CAP Chemistry survey program. Six paired specimens of lyophilized human serum were circulated to participants in the CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Program. The intervals between circulations ranged from 13 to 33 weeks. Each specimen was analyzed for 21 constituents, and the six pairs of specimens provided 126 paired sets of data for statistical comparison. The mean values for all constituents reported by the participants for each pair showed close agreement. The median difference between the two mean values for 126 pairs was 0.6% of the concentrations of the constituents. Twenty-six individual pairs showed differences that were sufficiently large to be significant (p = less than .0005). The majority of these stemmed from differences reported by participants using the SMA 12/60. Although significant, these differences were so small that they exerted no demonstrable effect on the dispersion of the results reported by the SMA 12/60 users. One vial pair showed a loss of glucose. All six pairs showed a loss of triglyceride. There was a suggestion of loss of cholesterol and uric acid in one pair. These differences were small. This study demonstrates that a comparison of mean values in a large Survey program can provide a very sensitive method of monitoring the stability of the specimens. The study also suggests the repeatability of mean values in a large Interlaboratory Survey program far exceeds clinical needs, and the agreement may be closer than can be obtained by any other system of measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:937263", "title": "The effect of analyte and analyte concentration upon precision estimates in clinical chemistry.", "content": "A significant statistical relationship between concentration and precision is shown for 11 of 14 clinical chemistry analytes, and quantitative expressions of these relationships are given. The relationships are not necessarily the same for automated and manual methods for a given analyte. Automated precision is not significantly better than manual precision for triglyceride, cholesterol and sodium. For 11 other analytes, automated precision is superior at some or all concentrations. State of the art precision is compared with criteria of medical significance. Only calcium shows significantly poorer precision than that required by medical goals.", "contents": "The effect of analyte and analyte concentration upon precision estimates in clinical chemistry. A significant statistical relationship between concentration and precision is shown for 11 of 14 clinical chemistry analytes, and quantitative expressions of these relationships are given. The relationships are not necessarily the same for automated and manual methods for a given analyte. Automated precision is not significantly better than manual precision for triglyceride, cholesterol and sodium. For 11 other analytes, automated precision is superior at some or all concentrations. State of the art precision is compared with criteria of medical significance. Only calcium shows significantly poorer precision than that required by medical goals."}
{"id": "PMID:937264", "title": "Interlaboratory survey of enzyme analyses. I. Preliminary.", "content": "Enzyme survey specimens were prepared by spiking portions of a normal serum pool with creatinine, urea, and five enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases), and preparing admixtures of the spiked pools with the original serum. This admixture technic established linear interspecimen relationships that could be confirmed by analyses for creatinine and urea nitrogen. Both ethylene glycol-stabilized liquid serum specimens and lyophilized specimens were prepared as sets of six to eight samples having six concentrations of each enzyme. The sets were distributed on five occasions to about ten laboratories that were widely separated geographically, and the specimens were analyzed by a variety of methods, by various instrumental systems, and in different reaction conditions, and results were reported in diverse units. This report describes how the analytic data obtained through the use of these specimens that were specifically designed for survey purposes can be analyzed statistically to provide meaningful assessments of laboratory performance in enzyme analyses.", "contents": "Interlaboratory survey of enzyme analyses. I. Preliminary. Enzyme survey specimens were prepared by spiking portions of a normal serum pool with creatinine, urea, and five enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases), and preparing admixtures of the spiked pools with the original serum. This admixture technic established linear interspecimen relationships that could be confirmed by analyses for creatinine and urea nitrogen. Both ethylene glycol-stabilized liquid serum specimens and lyophilized specimens were prepared as sets of six to eight samples having six concentrations of each enzyme. The sets were distributed on five occasions to about ten laboratories that were widely separated geographically, and the specimens were analyzed by a variety of methods, by various instrumental systems, and in different reaction conditions, and results were reported in diverse units. This report describes how the analytic data obtained through the use of these specimens that were specifically designed for survey purposes can be analyzed statistically to provide meaningful assessments of laboratory performance in enzyme analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:937265", "title": "Clinical chemistry kits in the CAP survey program.", "content": "Pathologists began evaluating the pattern of use and the performance of clinical chemistry kits among participants in the Chemistry Survey Program. The results show that kits are widely used by all types of laboratories. The agreement among results obtained by kit users parallels the agreement among results obtained by users of manual methods. This agreement is adequate for some constituents and not for others.", "contents": "Clinical chemistry kits in the CAP survey program. Pathologists began evaluating the pattern of use and the performance of clinical chemistry kits among participants in the Chemistry Survey Program. The results show that kits are widely used by all types of laboratories. The agreement among results obtained by kit users parallels the agreement among results obtained by users of manual methods. This agreement is adequate for some constituents and not for others."}
{"id": "PMID:937266", "title": "Three-years' experience in interlaboratory testing of commercial digoxin kits.", "content": "Results of digoxin assays obtained from participants in Survey Programs of the College of American Pathologists over a span of three years are reviewed according to recovery rates and clinical interpretation of results obtained. Discrepancies in recovery rates by kits employing iodinated and tritiated antigens were observed in 1972 and 1973. More uniform recovery rates were observed in 1974. Clinical interpretation of the results obtained by participating laboratories was affected by the methods used during the first two years and by the apparent failure of individual laboratories to establish their own therapeutic ranges.", "contents": "Three-years' experience in interlaboratory testing of commercial digoxin kits. Results of digoxin assays obtained from participants in Survey Programs of the College of American Pathologists over a span of three years are reviewed according to recovery rates and clinical interpretation of results obtained. Discrepancies in recovery rates by kits employing iodinated and tritiated antigens were observed in 1972 and 1973. More uniform recovery rates were observed in 1974. Clinical interpretation of the results obtained by participating laboratories was affected by the methods used during the first two years and by the apparent failure of individual laboratories to establish their own therapeutic ranges."}
{"id": "PMID:937267", "title": "Serum albumin. A CAP survey.", "content": "The results of a 1974 survey of albumin measurements as performed by more than 1,300 laboratories are presented. The most widely used methods are the dye-binding technics: bromcresol green (BCG) and 2-(4'-hydroxyazobenzene) benzoic acid (HABA). These are followed by electrophoresis and salt fractionation. All methods yielded comparable albumin concentrations except electrophoresis, which manifested a consistent low bias. This close agreement is attributed, in part, to the normal-range concentration of albumin in the test specimen. Type of standardization, i.e., commercial serum, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, or pooled serum, did not appear to be a factor in the estimation of albumin in the normal serum submitted for analysis. Surprisingly, interlaboratory variation, from method means, was the lowest for salt fractionation and electrophoretic technics.", "contents": "Serum albumin. A CAP survey. The results of a 1974 survey of albumin measurements as performed by more than 1,300 laboratories are presented. The most widely used methods are the dye-binding technics: bromcresol green (BCG) and 2-(4'-hydroxyazobenzene) benzoic acid (HABA). These are followed by electrophoresis and salt fractionation. All methods yielded comparable albumin concentrations except electrophoresis, which manifested a consistent low bias. This close agreement is attributed, in part, to the normal-range concentration of albumin in the test specimen. Type of standardization, i.e., commercial serum, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin, or pooled serum, did not appear to be a factor in the estimation of albumin in the normal serum submitted for analysis. Surprisingly, interlaboratory variation, from method means, was the lowest for salt fractionation and electrophoretic technics."}
{"id": "PMID:937268", "title": "College of American Pathologists comprehensive chemistry survey bonus option. Iron-binding capacity.", "content": "The result of a special survey of TIBC determination involving approximately 1,100 participants of the CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey program is reported. TIBC results are method-dependent. There is also wide variation within method groups. The influence of reagent manufacturers is significant", "contents": "College of American Pathologists comprehensive chemistry survey bonus option. Iron-binding capacity. The result of a special survey of TIBC determination involving approximately 1,100 participants of the CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey program is reported. TIBC results are method-dependent. There is also wide variation within method groups. The influence of reagent manufacturers is significant"}
{"id": "PMID:937269", "title": "The comprehensive blood bank survey program of the College of American Pathologists, 1974.", "content": "Results of the 1974 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program show that ABO and Rh typing are still holding their percentage of excellent (99.48%) accuracy. At least some of the errors still occurring are due to clerical mistakes in filling out the forms and not to technical inaccuracy. Antibody detection shows good accuracy but varies, depending on the complexity of the problems--the easier the problem the higher the rate of concurrence, while the more complex the problem the more variance in results. Crossmatching accuracy is 99% correct or better on any but the most complex problems. Some of the problems involving interpretation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed.", "contents": "The comprehensive blood bank survey program of the College of American Pathologists, 1974. Results of the 1974 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey Program show that ABO and Rh typing are still holding their percentage of excellent (99.48%) accuracy. At least some of the errors still occurring are due to clerical mistakes in filling out the forms and not to technical inaccuracy. Antibody detection shows good accuracy but varies, depending on the complexity of the problems--the easier the problem the higher the rate of concurrence, while the more complex the problem the more variance in results. Crossmatching accuracy is 99% correct or better on any but the most complex problems. Some of the problems involving interpretation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937270", "title": "The reticulocyte. An approach to definition.", "content": "Experiences of the CAP Survey Program in reticulocyte counts and morphologic identification of reticulocytes from 1971 to 1974 are reviewed. Problems of morphologic identification are reflected in an excessive variance of reticulocyte counts. Statistical sources of variations in counting are identified. The older, original descriptions and definitions of morphologic criteria are reviewed and discussed in relationship to Survey performance.", "contents": "The reticulocyte. An approach to definition. Experiences of the CAP Survey Program in reticulocyte counts and morphologic identification of reticulocytes from 1971 to 1974 are reviewed. Problems of morphologic identification are reflected in an excessive variance of reticulocyte counts. Statistical sources of variations in counting are identified. The older, original descriptions and definitions of morphologic criteria are reviewed and discussed in relationship to Survey performance."}
{"id": "PMID:937271", "title": "The role of regional quality control programs in the practice of laboratory medicine in the United States.", "content": "Since their initiation in 1967, Regional Quality Control Programs have expanded, and they are now accessible to all clinical laboratories in the United States. Based on input from large numbers of laboratories analyzing the same lots of control material for chemistry, hematology, and coagulation, the programs provide computer-generated intralaboratory statistics for day-to-day precision and interlaboratory comparative statistics for relative precision and accuracy. Nearly half the clinical laboratories in the United States currently participate in Regional Quality Control Programs in chemistry. These voluntary programs are coordinated by voluntary professional groups or by the manufacturers of control materials. Professionally directed programs are, for the most part, supervised by committees of state pathology societies.", "contents": "The role of regional quality control programs in the practice of laboratory medicine in the United States. Since their initiation in 1967, Regional Quality Control Programs have expanded, and they are now accessible to all clinical laboratories in the United States. Based on input from large numbers of laboratories analyzing the same lots of control material for chemistry, hematology, and coagulation, the programs provide computer-generated intralaboratory statistics for day-to-day precision and interlaboratory comparative statistics for relative precision and accuracy. Nearly half the clinical laboratories in the United States currently participate in Regional Quality Control Programs in chemistry. These voluntary programs are coordinated by voluntary professional groups or by the manufacturers of control materials. Professionally directed programs are, for the most part, supervised by committees of state pathology societies."}
{"id": "PMID:937273", "title": "Clinically unsuspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): an autopsy survey.", "content": "In a review of 768 consecutive autopsies, 21 (2.7%) clinically unsuspected cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome were diagnosed by histologic examination. DIC was diagnosed by the presence of fibrin thrombi in arterioles, capillaries, venules, and medium-sized veins. Fibrin thrombi were found, in the descending order of frequency, in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, adrenals, spleen and liver. Most patients had multiple visceral involvement, with three showing fibrin thrombi in as many as ten organs. The density of fibrin thrombi was greatest in the spleen, followed by kidneys, liver, lungs, adrenals, brain, and heart. A review of clinical data showed that infections were the most common underlying conditions in 13 cases, including nine with positive bacterial cultures from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, or both. The results suggest that, despite increasing clinical recognition of DIC, a great number of patients remain unsuspected of having the DIC syndrome prior to postmortem examination.", "contents": "Clinically unsuspected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): an autopsy survey. In a review of 768 consecutive autopsies, 21 (2.7%) clinically unsuspected cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome were diagnosed by histologic examination. DIC was diagnosed by the presence of fibrin thrombi in arterioles, capillaries, venules, and medium-sized veins. Fibrin thrombi were found, in the descending order of frequency, in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, adrenals, spleen and liver. Most patients had multiple visceral involvement, with three showing fibrin thrombi in as many as ten organs. The density of fibrin thrombi was greatest in the spleen, followed by kidneys, liver, lungs, adrenals, brain, and heart. A review of clinical data showed that infections were the most common underlying conditions in 13 cases, including nine with positive bacterial cultures from blood or cerebrospinal fluid, or both. The results suggest that, despite increasing clinical recognition of DIC, a great number of patients remain unsuspected of having the DIC syndrome prior to postmortem examination."}
{"id": "PMID:937274", "title": "A compound nevus in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary.", "content": "The occurrence of a compound nevus in an ovarian benign cystic teratoma is presented. This appears to be the first report of this lesion in the ovary without coincident melanoma. The case illustrates a probable origin for ovarian melanoma and raises a question concerning the origin of the melanocyte.", "contents": "A compound nevus in a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary. The occurrence of a compound nevus in an ovarian benign cystic teratoma is presented. This appears to be the first report of this lesion in the ovary without coincident melanoma. The case illustrates a probable origin for ovarian melanoma and raises a question concerning the origin of the melanocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:937275", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen card test III: sensitivity and specificity.", "content": "A simple, rapid hepatitis B antigen card test (card test III) with third-generation sensitivity has been developed. This test is a modification of the charcoal-particle agglutination-inhibition procedure. Sera from voluntary blood donors and hospital patients were tested by the new procedure, by the original inhibition technic, by reversed passive hemagglutination, and by radioimmunoassay. This comparison showed that CT III has a specificity equal to that of radioimmunoassay and is almost as sensitive.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen card test III: sensitivity and specificity. A simple, rapid hepatitis B antigen card test (card test III) with third-generation sensitivity has been developed. This test is a modification of the charcoal-particle agglutination-inhibition procedure. Sera from voluntary blood donors and hospital patients were tested by the new procedure, by the original inhibition technic, by reversed passive hemagglutination, and by radioimmunoassay. This comparison showed that CT III has a specificity equal to that of radioimmunoassay and is almost as sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:937276", "title": "Electrochemical method for the early detection of urinary-tract infections.", "content": "A method for detecting the presence of bacteria in urine based on measuring a change in potential between two electrodes was tested in a clinical microbiology laboratory. Initial tests were conducted with 13 bacteria commonly associated with urinary-tract infections; all of the test organisms were detected within 2--9 hours. A linear relationship was established between inoculum size and the time an increase in voltage was observed on a strip-chart recorder. No response was seen with sterile urine, but urine samples inoculated with Escherichia produced the expected positive response. One hundred twenty-eight urine specimens from hospitalized persons were simultaneously tested by the electrochemical detection method (ECDM) and by conventional bacteriologic procedures. Ninety-four per cent of 49 positive samples with counts of 10(5) organisms per ml. or more were detected within 4 hours and 100% at 10 hours with the ECDM. Twenty-nine specimens with counts less than 10(5) cells per ml. were detected in 3.5 to 9 hours; two samples (8%) in this group were positive within 4 hours. Fifty samples were negative for bacterial growth, and no increase in voltage was found with these samples.", "contents": "Electrochemical method for the early detection of urinary-tract infections. A method for detecting the presence of bacteria in urine based on measuring a change in potential between two electrodes was tested in a clinical microbiology laboratory. Initial tests were conducted with 13 bacteria commonly associated with urinary-tract infections; all of the test organisms were detected within 2--9 hours. A linear relationship was established between inoculum size and the time an increase in voltage was observed on a strip-chart recorder. No response was seen with sterile urine, but urine samples inoculated with Escherichia produced the expected positive response. One hundred twenty-eight urine specimens from hospitalized persons were simultaneously tested by the electrochemical detection method (ECDM) and by conventional bacteriologic procedures. Ninety-four per cent of 49 positive samples with counts of 10(5) organisms per ml. or more were detected within 4 hours and 100% at 10 hours with the ECDM. Twenty-nine specimens with counts less than 10(5) cells per ml. were detected in 3.5 to 9 hours; two samples (8%) in this group were positive within 4 hours. Fifty samples were negative for bacterial growth, and no increase in voltage was found with these samples."}
{"id": "PMID:937279", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Denver.", "content": "Four children with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) were hospitalized in Denver over a two-year period. The children had most of the principle features of this recently described syndrome, including prolonged fever unresponsive to antibiotics, an erythematous rash, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and nonsuppurative cervical lymphadenitis. Three of the children exhibited characteristic desquamation from the fingertips or toes during convalescence. None developed clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary thromboarteritis, the most serious complication of the disease. Additional cases undoubtedly will be reported in the United States as physicians become famililar with this new syndrome and learn to distinguish it from the other acute febrile exanthems.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Denver. Four children with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) were hospitalized in Denver over a two-year period. The children had most of the principle features of this recently described syndrome, including prolonged fever unresponsive to antibiotics, an erythematous rash, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and nonsuppurative cervical lymphadenitis. Three of the children exhibited characteristic desquamation from the fingertips or toes during convalescence. None developed clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary thromboarteritis, the most serious complication of the disease. Additional cases undoubtedly will be reported in the United States as physicians become famililar with this new syndrome and learn to distinguish it from the other acute febrile exanthems."}
{"id": "PMID:937280", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Arizona.", "content": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) is a newly recognized entity, widely prevalent in Japan. It has also been reported in Korea, Hawaii, and Greece. We have recently seen four white children, 3 to 4 1/2 years of age, with MLNS, in Tucson, Ariz. They had all the principal signs and symptoms characteristic of MLNS.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Arizona. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) is a newly recognized entity, widely prevalent in Japan. It has also been reported in Korea, Hawaii, and Greece. We have recently seen four white children, 3 to 4 1/2 years of age, with MLNS, in Tucson, Ariz. They had all the principal signs and symptoms characteristic of MLNS."}
{"id": "PMID:937281", "title": "Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Practical community surveillance.", "content": "Concurrent and sequential outbreaks of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus were studied, utilizing a local surveillance system for infectious diseases that involved weekly reports from primary care physicians. The patterns of illness in the community and in hospital admissions were relatively specific for these two viruses, and differed according to whether RSV and influenza A virus occurred together or separately. This surveillance system appeared to be a practical and accurate indicator of the activity of RSV and influenza A virus in the community. Such a system may serve as a valuable means of relatively early detection of the local arrival of these viruses, and recognition of these illness patterns might aid the physician in diagnosis.", "contents": "Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Practical community surveillance. Concurrent and sequential outbreaks of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus were studied, utilizing a local surveillance system for infectious diseases that involved weekly reports from primary care physicians. The patterns of illness in the community and in hospital admissions were relatively specific for these two viruses, and differed according to whether RSV and influenza A virus occurred together or separately. This surveillance system appeared to be a practical and accurate indicator of the activity of RSV and influenza A virus in the community. Such a system may serve as a valuable means of relatively early detection of the local arrival of these viruses, and recognition of these illness patterns might aid the physician in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937282", "title": "Chemotherapy of childhood medulloblastoma.", "content": "A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to have anti-tumor activity against childhood medulloblastoma. Ten-year survival with optimal surgery and radiation therapy ranges from 5% to 25%. Carefully controlled clinical trials utilizing a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy should be employed in the early stages of the disease in an attempt to define which drugs are most effective, and to improve the survival rate.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of childhood medulloblastoma. A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to have anti-tumor activity against childhood medulloblastoma. Ten-year survival with optimal surgery and radiation therapy ranges from 5% to 25%. Carefully controlled clinical trials utilizing a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy should be employed in the early stages of the disease in an attempt to define which drugs are most effective, and to improve the survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:937285", "title": "Hepatic hemangiomatosis. Successful management by hepatic artery ligation.", "content": "Successful management of severe congestive heart failure secondary to a hepatic hemangioma was accomplished by ligation of the hepatic artery in a 2-month-old infant. In the two years since the operation, follow-up observations including liver biopsy and hepatic angiography have indicated complete regression of the tumor. This report provides reassurance that this procedure is effective in the prompt control of severe heart failure, as well as in safely providing time for the spontaneous regression of the vascular tumor.", "contents": "Hepatic hemangiomatosis. Successful management by hepatic artery ligation. Successful management of severe congestive heart failure secondary to a hepatic hemangioma was accomplished by ligation of the hepatic artery in a 2-month-old infant. In the two years since the operation, follow-up observations including liver biopsy and hepatic angiography have indicated complete regression of the tumor. This report provides reassurance that this procedure is effective in the prompt control of severe heart failure, as well as in safely providing time for the spontaneous regression of the vascular tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:937286", "title": "Trisomy for the distal half of the short arm of chromosome 9. A variant of the trisomy 9p syndrome.", "content": "Three patients with partial trisomy for the distal one half of the short arm of chromosome 9 were studied. These patients represent a mild clinical variant of the trisomy 9p syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy for the distal half of the short arm of chromosome 9. A variant of the trisomy 9p syndrome. Three patients with partial trisomy for the distal one half of the short arm of chromosome 9 were studied. These patients represent a mild clinical variant of the trisomy 9p syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:937287", "title": "Complications of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome in childhood.", "content": "The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome is rare in children, but it leads to serious complications and is associated with a high mortality. We report a child with this syndrome whose condition improved after intestinal bypass surgery. Review of the literature indicates that vigorous treatment of this disorder is necessary to prevent fatalities.", "contents": "Complications of obesity-hypoventilation syndrome in childhood. The obesity-hypoventilation syndrome is rare in children, but it leads to serious complications and is associated with a high mortality. We report a child with this syndrome whose condition improved after intestinal bypass surgery. Review of the literature indicates that vigorous treatment of this disorder is necessary to prevent fatalities."}
{"id": "PMID:937311", "title": "Serial liver biopsy observations in hepatitis B antigen carriers by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Liver morphology and function were restudied after an interval of 1 1/2-2 years in 21 Chinese men with hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg). Antigenemia and mild liver histopathology disappeared in one individual who developed antibody to HBsAg(Anti-HBsAg). 20 subjects who were chronic carriers of HBsAg had mild histological abnormalities which were usually persistent and were more commonly lobular than portal. Particularly striking were focal necrosis, eosinophilic bodies, ground-glass cytoplasmic change, and, by electron microscopy, microtubular structures within cytoplasmic membranous cysternae. Interval development of chronic aggressive hepatitis was observed in only one subject. This study suggests that the great majority of HBsAg carriers have a good prognosis at least over a 1 1/2-2-year period, and that liver biopsy is most indicated in those with persistent liver function abnormalities.", "contents": "Serial liver biopsy observations in hepatitis B antigen carriers by light and electron microscopy. Liver morphology and function were restudied after an interval of 1 1/2-2 years in 21 Chinese men with hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg). Antigenemia and mild liver histopathology disappeared in one individual who developed antibody to HBsAg(Anti-HBsAg). 20 subjects who were chronic carriers of HBsAg had mild histological abnormalities which were usually persistent and were more commonly lobular than portal. Particularly striking were focal necrosis, eosinophilic bodies, ground-glass cytoplasmic change, and, by electron microscopy, microtubular structures within cytoplasmic membranous cysternae. Interval development of chronic aggressive hepatitis was observed in only one subject. This study suggests that the great majority of HBsAg carriers have a good prognosis at least over a 1 1/2-2-year period, and that liver biopsy is most indicated in those with persistent liver function abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:937312", "title": "The effect of phenobarbital on biliary lipid metabolism and hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis.", "content": "Six patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis were studied before and after 3 weeks treatment with phenobarbital, 120 mg/day. The kinetics of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid and biliary lipid composition were not significantly affected by phenobarbital treatment although hepatic mixed-function oxidase was stimulated by the treatment as shown by increased breath output of 14CO2 after administration of (14C)aminopyrine. It is concluded that treatment with phenobarbital is unlikely to be effective therapy for patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbital on biliary lipid metabolism and hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis. Six patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis were studied before and after 3 weeks treatment with phenobarbital, 120 mg/day. The kinetics of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid and biliary lipid composition were not significantly affected by phenobarbital treatment although hepatic mixed-function oxidase was stimulated by the treatment as shown by increased breath output of 14CO2 after administration of (14C)aminopyrine. It is concluded that treatment with phenobarbital is unlikely to be effective therapy for patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:937313", "title": "Respiratory exchanges and acid-base balance during perfusion of ex vivo isolated pancreas.", "content": "We used the technique of ex vivo isolated pancreas, perfused with whole heparinized blood. The organ was stimulated by secretin (G.I.H. Stockolm, 0.1-5.0 clinic units/hr), and/or carbamylcholine (100-200 mug/hr). Oxygen consumption was increased under stimulation. This increase was a function of the dose of secretin and also of the bicarbonate output in the juice. Oxygen uptake increased further when carbamylcholine was super-imposed on secretin. This extra increase was independent of hemodynamic conditions of the organ perfusion. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation did not increase when the gland was stimulated. It tended to decrease when the stimulation resulted in a marked vasodilatation. Thus, oxygen needs seemed to be neither the limiting factor of the response to a given stimulation nor the triggering mechanism of functional vasodilatation. Values of pCO2 were spread over a wide range from one experiment to another. However, it could be observed that CO2 efflux into the vein decreased under stimulation by secretin; in most experiments, CO2 efflux was even replaced by an apparent consumption of CO2 during the perfusion of the stimulated gland. Furthermore, arteriovenous pH difference increased following secretin stimulation. This increase was dose-related to secretin. These facts are discussed under the background of theories recently proposed for bicarbonate secretion.", "contents": "Respiratory exchanges and acid-base balance during perfusion of ex vivo isolated pancreas. We used the technique of ex vivo isolated pancreas, perfused with whole heparinized blood. The organ was stimulated by secretin (G.I.H. Stockolm, 0.1-5.0 clinic units/hr), and/or carbamylcholine (100-200 mug/hr). Oxygen consumption was increased under stimulation. This increase was a function of the dose of secretin and also of the bicarbonate output in the juice. Oxygen uptake increased further when carbamylcholine was super-imposed on secretin. This extra increase was independent of hemodynamic conditions of the organ perfusion. Arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation did not increase when the gland was stimulated. It tended to decrease when the stimulation resulted in a marked vasodilatation. Thus, oxygen needs seemed to be neither the limiting factor of the response to a given stimulation nor the triggering mechanism of functional vasodilatation. Values of pCO2 were spread over a wide range from one experiment to another. However, it could be observed that CO2 efflux into the vein decreased under stimulation by secretin; in most experiments, CO2 efflux was even replaced by an apparent consumption of CO2 during the perfusion of the stimulated gland. Furthermore, arteriovenous pH difference increased following secretin stimulation. This increase was dose-related to secretin. These facts are discussed under the background of theories recently proposed for bicarbonate secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:937314", "title": "Evaluation of gastric ulcerations.", "content": "All gastric ulcers diagnosed during the period November, 1969-May, 1974, were prospectively evaluated by roentgenography, fiberoptic gastroscopy, directed biopsy, and brush cytology. Gastroscopy was performed routinely in patients with radiologic diagnosis of gastric ulcer or questionable findings, and in symptomatic individuals with negative roentgenograms. A total of 123/142 ulcers, 109 benign, 14 malignant, were available for complete follow-up. Gastroscopy was correct in 106 of 109 benign ulcers visualized. Roentgenoscopy demonstrated 91 of 109, of which 7 were incorrectly called carcinoma. Gross diagnosis was correct by gastroscopy in 11 of 14 malignant ulcers. Radiology visualized 6 of 14; gross diagnosis was correct in 1 of 6 (5 called benign). Directed gastroscopic biopsy was negative for malignant changes in all 109 benign and 3 of 14 malignant ulcers. Total complete gastroscopic diagnostic failures were 4 of 123, for an overall accuracy of 96.7%. Overall roentgenographic accuracy was 70.8%.", "contents": "Evaluation of gastric ulcerations. All gastric ulcers diagnosed during the period November, 1969-May, 1974, were prospectively evaluated by roentgenography, fiberoptic gastroscopy, directed biopsy, and brush cytology. Gastroscopy was performed routinely in patients with radiologic diagnosis of gastric ulcer or questionable findings, and in symptomatic individuals with negative roentgenograms. A total of 123/142 ulcers, 109 benign, 14 malignant, were available for complete follow-up. Gastroscopy was correct in 106 of 109 benign ulcers visualized. Roentgenoscopy demonstrated 91 of 109, of which 7 were incorrectly called carcinoma. Gross diagnosis was correct by gastroscopy in 11 of 14 malignant ulcers. Radiology visualized 6 of 14; gross diagnosis was correct in 1 of 6 (5 called benign). Directed gastroscopic biopsy was negative for malignant changes in all 109 benign and 3 of 14 malignant ulcers. Total complete gastroscopic diagnostic failures were 4 of 123, for an overall accuracy of 96.7%. Overall roentgenographic accuracy was 70.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:937315", "title": "Tropical sprue in American servicemen following return from Vietnam.", "content": "Moderately severe tropical sprue was diagnosed in two American servicemen 15 and 19 months after return from Vietnam. Intestinal parasites were not demonstrated, and clinical, laboratory, and jejunal histological abnormalities returned to normal following treatment with tetracycline and folic acid in one patient and folic acid alone in the other. Neither patient was anemic, although one had hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes and both had macrocytosis and megaloblastic bone marrows. In each of these patients, diagnosis was delayed because of the failure to consider tropical sprue in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea and weight loss. The findings in these patients indicate that individuals from nonendemic areas who reside in Vietnam are at risk of developing overt tropical sprue.", "contents": "Tropical sprue in American servicemen following return from Vietnam. Moderately severe tropical sprue was diagnosed in two American servicemen 15 and 19 months after return from Vietnam. Intestinal parasites were not demonstrated, and clinical, laboratory, and jejunal histological abnormalities returned to normal following treatment with tetracycline and folic acid in one patient and folic acid alone in the other. Neither patient was anemic, although one had hypersegmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes and both had macrocytosis and megaloblastic bone marrows. In each of these patients, diagnosis was delayed because of the failure to consider tropical sprue in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea and weight loss. The findings in these patients indicate that individuals from nonendemic areas who reside in Vietnam are at risk of developing overt tropical sprue."}
{"id": "PMID:937319", "title": "Pneumatosis coli associated with sigmoid volvulus and colonoscopy.", "content": "A case of interstitial emphysema involving the mesentery and serosa of the sigmoid colon after volvulus reduced by colonoscopy is presented. The case is reported as a form of pneumatosis intestinalis although it does not conform to the classical clinicopathologic picture of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. The infrequent occurrence of this condition in association with volvulus and/or colonoscopy is discussed.", "contents": "Pneumatosis coli associated with sigmoid volvulus and colonoscopy. A case of interstitial emphysema involving the mesentery and serosa of the sigmoid colon after volvulus reduced by colonoscopy is presented. The case is reported as a form of pneumatosis intestinalis although it does not conform to the classical clinicopathologic picture of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. The infrequent occurrence of this condition in association with volvulus and/or colonoscopy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937320", "title": "Esophageal manometry in oculopharyngeal dystrophy.", "content": "Four cases of oculopharyngeal dystrophy (OPD) seen within five years are presented. The cardinal features of OPD are dysphagia and ptosis. The manometric abnormalities in OPD are similar to those seen in other myopathies; low pharyngeal pressures, abnormalities in relaxation and coordination of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter and weak aperistaltic swallows in the proximal esophagus. In addition, weak aperistaltic swallows frequently occur in the distal esophagus and may exacerbate dysphagia. Although there is no specific therapy for ODP, one patient showed marked improvement following cricopharyngeal myotomy.", "contents": "Esophageal manometry in oculopharyngeal dystrophy. Four cases of oculopharyngeal dystrophy (OPD) seen within five years are presented. The cardinal features of OPD are dysphagia and ptosis. The manometric abnormalities in OPD are similar to those seen in other myopathies; low pharyngeal pressures, abnormalities in relaxation and coordination of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter and weak aperistaltic swallows in the proximal esophagus. In addition, weak aperistaltic swallows frequently occur in the distal esophagus and may exacerbate dysphagia. Although there is no specific therapy for ODP, one patient showed marked improvement following cricopharyngeal myotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:937321", "title": "Esophageal carcinoma with pseudohyperparathyroidism and hypercorticism.", "content": "An unusual case of bihormonal activity by squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is presented. It is a rare presentation of esophagus carcinoma because of the following reasons: 1. Synthesis of cortisteroids by esophageal carcinoma. 2. Pseudohyperparathyroidism caused by the same tumor. 3. Presentation of hypokalemic alkalosis as the initial manifestation and lack of specific gastrointestinal symptomatology of esophageal carcinoma.", "contents": "Esophageal carcinoma with pseudohyperparathyroidism and hypercorticism. An unusual case of bihormonal activity by squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is presented. It is a rare presentation of esophagus carcinoma because of the following reasons: 1. Synthesis of cortisteroids by esophageal carcinoma. 2. Pseudohyperparathyroidism caused by the same tumor. 3. Presentation of hypokalemic alkalosis as the initial manifestation and lack of specific gastrointestinal symptomatology of esophageal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:937322", "title": "Gastric pseudolymphoma. A spectrum of presenting features and diagnostic considerations.", "content": "Four cases of gastric pseudolymphoma are presented which illustrate the spectrum of presenting features. At times the differential diagnosis includes inflammatory and infectious diseases of the stomach as well as gastric neoplasia.", "contents": "Gastric pseudolymphoma. A spectrum of presenting features and diagnostic considerations. Four cases of gastric pseudolymphoma are presented which illustrate the spectrum of presenting features. At times the differential diagnosis includes inflammatory and infectious diseases of the stomach as well as gastric neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:937324", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function in hepatic cirrhosis.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by the standard test meal method of Lundh in a control group, and 13 patients with nonalcoholic, postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver. In six of these patients, splenorenal shunts were performed and exocrine pancreatic function was assessed before and three months after operation. In three of the six, the secretin-pancreozymin stimulation test was also performed. An increased volume but normal trypsin output was observed in the unoperated cirrhotic patients. An increase both in volume and in trypsin was found in the cirrhotic patients after shunting using the test meal stimulation. There was no appreciable difference, however, when tested with secretin and pancreozymin. Hypersecretion in cirrhotics, with or without shunts, is probably due to a by-pass of the hepatic degradation of normal pancreatic secretogogues produced by the intestine.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function in hepatic cirrhosis. Exocrine pancreatic function was assessed by the standard test meal method of Lundh in a control group, and 13 patients with nonalcoholic, postnecrotic cirrhosis of the liver. In six of these patients, splenorenal shunts were performed and exocrine pancreatic function was assessed before and three months after operation. In three of the six, the secretin-pancreozymin stimulation test was also performed. An increased volume but normal trypsin output was observed in the unoperated cirrhotic patients. An increase both in volume and in trypsin was found in the cirrhotic patients after shunting using the test meal stimulation. There was no appreciable difference, however, when tested with secretin and pancreozymin. Hypersecretion in cirrhotics, with or without shunts, is probably due to a by-pass of the hepatic degradation of normal pancreatic secretogogues produced by the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:937325", "title": "Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis with the mucosal neuroma --medullary thyroid carcinoma-- pheochromocytoma syndrome. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma, bilateral pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas and marfanoid habitus is reported. To our knowledge, only ten previous cases of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis associated with mucosal neuromas and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid have been reported. Our case represents the 11th such case, the seventh with the concomitant finding of pheochromocytoma and the second with documented parathyroid hyperactivity. The intestinal ganglioneuromatosis may represent a variation of the mucosal neuroma component of this rare syndrome and the multiorgan abnormalities may result from a genetically related disorder of a single cell system, the neural crest. The characteristic marfanoid habitus with the presence of mucosal neuromas raises the possibility of a serious underlying polyendocrine-neural disorder and should alert the clinician accordingly.", "contents": "Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis with the mucosal neuroma --medullary thyroid carcinoma-- pheochromocytoma syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. A case of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma, bilateral pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas and marfanoid habitus is reported. To our knowledge, only ten previous cases of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis associated with mucosal neuromas and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid have been reported. Our case represents the 11th such case, the seventh with the concomitant finding of pheochromocytoma and the second with documented parathyroid hyperactivity. The intestinal ganglioneuromatosis may represent a variation of the mucosal neuroma component of this rare syndrome and the multiorgan abnormalities may result from a genetically related disorder of a single cell system, the neural crest. The characteristic marfanoid habitus with the presence of mucosal neuromas raises the possibility of a serious underlying polyendocrine-neural disorder and should alert the clinician accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:937326", "title": "Crohn's disease presenting as a gastrocolic fistula.", "content": "A case of Crohn's disease which presented as a gastrocolic fistula is described. Clinical, laboratory and pathological descriptions are included. The incidence and various etiologies of gastrocolic fistulas are discussed.", "contents": "Crohn's disease presenting as a gastrocolic fistula. A case of Crohn's disease which presented as a gastrocolic fistula is described. Clinical, laboratory and pathological descriptions are included. The incidence and various etiologies of gastrocolic fistulas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937327", "title": "Pneumopancreatogram associated with gas in the biliary tract.", "content": "A case is presented in which the entire pancreatic duct, including its secondary and tertiary branches, was visualized by the reflux of gas from the biliary ducts. This unusual finding suggests a possible mechanism of the association of pancreatitis with biliary tract disease.", "contents": "Pneumopancreatogram associated with gas in the biliary tract. A case is presented in which the entire pancreatic duct, including its secondary and tertiary branches, was visualized by the reflux of gas from the biliary ducts. This unusual finding suggests a possible mechanism of the association of pancreatitis with biliary tract disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937328", "title": "Effect of Beta-sitosterol on cholesterol-cholic acid-induced gallstone formation in mice.", "content": "Beta-sitosterol has been shown to prevent gallstone formation in mice fed 1.2% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (lithogenic diet). The incidence of gallstone formation in the mouse by the addition of 2.5% sitosterol in the lithogenic diet is about 35.5% in male and 25% in female. The condition of the liver, whether fatty or normal, did not correlate with the presence or absence of cholelithiasis. The serum and liver cholesterol levels of mice fed either sitosterol and cholesterol or sitosterol and cholic acid is lower than those of mice fed cholesterol or cholic acid alone. Elevation of liver phospholipid concentration was noticed in mice fed sitosterol or a combination of sitosterol with cholesterol or cholic acid or both cholesterol and cholic acid.", "contents": "Effect of Beta-sitosterol on cholesterol-cholic acid-induced gallstone formation in mice. Beta-sitosterol has been shown to prevent gallstone formation in mice fed 1.2% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (lithogenic diet). The incidence of gallstone formation in the mouse by the addition of 2.5% sitosterol in the lithogenic diet is about 35.5% in male and 25% in female. The condition of the liver, whether fatty or normal, did not correlate with the presence or absence of cholelithiasis. The serum and liver cholesterol levels of mice fed either sitosterol and cholesterol or sitosterol and cholic acid is lower than those of mice fed cholesterol or cholic acid alone. Elevation of liver phospholipid concentration was noticed in mice fed sitosterol or a combination of sitosterol with cholesterol or cholic acid or both cholesterol and cholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:937329", "title": "Antibody coated red cells with and without hemolysis in chronic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A young female with ulcerative colitis associated with positive direct and indirect Coombs reaction and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia is reported. Cortisone was beneficial and total colectomy was promptly followed by subsidence of the hematologic defects. Review of the literature suggests that this complication of ulcerative colitis is uncommon. It basis is unclear. It seems to be expressed through the presence of a \"warm\" auto-antibody. Colectomy should be strongly considered when severe hemolysis is present but not when the Coombs test is positive alone without significant hemolysis.", "contents": "Antibody coated red cells with and without hemolysis in chronic ulcerative colitis. A young female with ulcerative colitis associated with positive direct and indirect Coombs reaction and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia is reported. Cortisone was beneficial and total colectomy was promptly followed by subsidence of the hematologic defects. Review of the literature suggests that this complication of ulcerative colitis is uncommon. It basis is unclear. It seems to be expressed through the presence of a \"warm\" auto-antibody. Colectomy should be strongly considered when severe hemolysis is present but not when the Coombs test is positive alone without significant hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:937330", "title": "\"Cycloperistaltic\" intestinal segment: a new method to prevent excessive fluid loss in permanent ileostomies.", "content": "A 10-15 cm. long isolated intestinal segment, in which peristalsis has been altered to run in a circular fashion, was interposed in a series of permanent ileostomy-bearing dogs and in two clinical cases with severe diarrhea after total colectomy. Excellent results in both patients confirmed the experimental findings. Technically the method is easily accomplished by cutting the antimesenteric site of the intestinal segment lengthwise and resuturing it transversely. Two major advantages of this technic are postulated. First, the retarding action of the isolated loop does not depend on the great variations observed in peristaltic activity of the small intestine which in some patients results in obstruction. Second, the blood supply to the loop is unlikely to be impaired. Possibly both these advantages derive from the fact that the loop is twisted only 90% instead of 180 degrees required in the ordinary reversed loop interposition.", "contents": "\"Cycloperistaltic\" intestinal segment: a new method to prevent excessive fluid loss in permanent ileostomies. A 10-15 cm. long isolated intestinal segment, in which peristalsis has been altered to run in a circular fashion, was interposed in a series of permanent ileostomy-bearing dogs and in two clinical cases with severe diarrhea after total colectomy. Excellent results in both patients confirmed the experimental findings. Technically the method is easily accomplished by cutting the antimesenteric site of the intestinal segment lengthwise and resuturing it transversely. Two major advantages of this technic are postulated. First, the retarding action of the isolated loop does not depend on the great variations observed in peristaltic activity of the small intestine which in some patients results in obstruction. Second, the blood supply to the loop is unlikely to be impaired. Possibly both these advantages derive from the fact that the loop is twisted only 90% instead of 180 degrees required in the ordinary reversed loop interposition."}
{"id": "PMID:937332", "title": "Colitis cystica profunda.", "content": "Colitis cystica profunda is a benign disease characterized by variably sized mucin-filled cysts beneath the muscularis mucosae. The clinocpathologic features of five patients are described. The accumulated evidence suggests that awareness of this entity both by clinicians and pathologists with help differentiate it from carcinoma and decrease the need for radical surgery.", "contents": "Colitis cystica profunda. Colitis cystica profunda is a benign disease characterized by variably sized mucin-filled cysts beneath the muscularis mucosae. The clinocpathologic features of five patients are described. The accumulated evidence suggests that awareness of this entity both by clinicians and pathologists with help differentiate it from carcinoma and decrease the need for radical surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:937334", "title": "The endoscopy corner: ileoscopy: I. evaluation of \"ileostomy dysfunction\".", "content": "Various causes of \"ileostomy dysfunction\" may be easily identified using the pediatric-size flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Direct visual inspection, photographs, and biopsies may be obtained from the area around the stoma up to a depth of 40-50 cm. within the small bowel.", "contents": "The endoscopy corner: ileoscopy: I. evaluation of \"ileostomy dysfunction\". Various causes of \"ileostomy dysfunction\" may be easily identified using the pediatric-size flexible fiberoptic endoscope. Direct visual inspection, photographs, and biopsies may be obtained from the area around the stoma up to a depth of 40-50 cm. within the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:937339", "title": "Geographic patterns of lung cancer: industrial correlations.", "content": "A survey of lung cancer mortality by county in the United States, 1950-1969, revealed excessive rates among males in counties where paper, chemical, petroleum, and transportation industries are located. The industrial correlations were not attributed to urbanization, socioeconomic factors, or other manufacturing operations, and may account for part of the high risk of lung cancer previously reported in Southern US coastal counties.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of lung cancer: industrial correlations. A survey of lung cancer mortality by county in the United States, 1950-1969, revealed excessive rates among males in counties where paper, chemical, petroleum, and transportation industries are located. The industrial correlations were not attributed to urbanization, socioeconomic factors, or other manufacturing operations, and may account for part of the high risk of lung cancer previously reported in Southern US coastal counties."}
{"id": "PMID:937340", "title": "Associations of coronary and stroke mortality with temperature and snowfall in selected areas of the United States, 1962-1966.", "content": "Daily temperatures and snowfall were related to coronary and stroke deaths in selected standard metropolitan statistical areas for the 5-year period 1962-1966. Typically an inverse approximately linear pattern of coronary heart disease (CHD) and of stroke mortality with temperature was seen over the greater part of the temperature range, with mortality reaching a low for days with average Fahrenheit temperatures in the 60's and 70's (15.6-26.6 C), and then rising sharply at higher temperatures. Snowfall was found to be associated with higher CHD and stroke mortality for a 5-, or 6-day period. Temperatures 1 and 2 days prior to death were also found to be associated with deaths from CHD and stroke. Very hot days appeared to exert a cumulative effect upon mortality in many of the areas.", "contents": "Associations of coronary and stroke mortality with temperature and snowfall in selected areas of the United States, 1962-1966. Daily temperatures and snowfall were related to coronary and stroke deaths in selected standard metropolitan statistical areas for the 5-year period 1962-1966. Typically an inverse approximately linear pattern of coronary heart disease (CHD) and of stroke mortality with temperature was seen over the greater part of the temperature range, with mortality reaching a low for days with average Fahrenheit temperatures in the 60's and 70's (15.6-26.6 C), and then rising sharply at higher temperatures. Snowfall was found to be associated with higher CHD and stroke mortality for a 5-, or 6-day period. Temperatures 1 and 2 days prior to death were also found to be associated with deaths from CHD and stroke. Very hot days appeared to exert a cumulative effect upon mortality in many of the areas."}
{"id": "PMID:937341", "title": "Toxoplasma antibody prevalence in veterinary personnel and a selected population not exposed to cats.", "content": "To further elucidate the epidemiologic factors involved in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from cats to humans, veterinarians, animal hospital workers and a selected population of non-contact subjects were questioned about rural or urban residency, pets owned, contact with cats and whether their cats used a litter box in the house. Sera samples were tested at 1:128 dilution for toxoplasma antibodies using indirect fluorescent and hemagglutination techniques. None of the 60 non-contact individuals were seropositive. Of 60 contact subjects, 18.3% were identified as carrying antibodies. Other factors were not significant. Because only one veterinarian was seropositive, we propose that exposure to cats per se does not supply sufficient evidence upon which to expect a risk of toxoplasmosis infection. Direct or indirect association, personal hygiene, duration of exposure and the infectivity of the cats should be considered.", "contents": "Toxoplasma antibody prevalence in veterinary personnel and a selected population not exposed to cats. To further elucidate the epidemiologic factors involved in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from cats to humans, veterinarians, animal hospital workers and a selected population of non-contact subjects were questioned about rural or urban residency, pets owned, contact with cats and whether their cats used a litter box in the house. Sera samples were tested at 1:128 dilution for toxoplasma antibodies using indirect fluorescent and hemagglutination techniques. None of the 60 non-contact individuals were seropositive. Of 60 contact subjects, 18.3% were identified as carrying antibodies. Other factors were not significant. Because only one veterinarian was seropositive, we propose that exposure to cats per se does not supply sufficient evidence upon which to expect a risk of toxoplasmosis infection. Direct or indirect association, personal hygiene, duration of exposure and the infectivity of the cats should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:937342", "title": "Short pregnancy interval, low birthweight, and the sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "Pregnancy intervals were calculated for 54,369 later-born singletons delivered during 1969 in the State of North Carolina. Subsequent infant deaths among this cohort were categorized into probable sudden infant death syndrome (SIDSp), other postneonatal home deaths, all postneonatal hospital deaths, all neonatal deaths, and all deaths due to congenital malformations. Each death was matched with a control drawn from the population of infants surviving the first year of life. The matching variables were maternal age, race, mother's education and number of previous live births. All categories of death showed higher proportions of short intervals among cases than controls. Comparing the interval distributions by means of the X2 test for linearity produced significant results for only SIDSp and neonatal deaths. It was concluded, however, that short-pregnancy interval probably has a similar effect on the risk of death from all five cause of death groups. The introduction of birthweight as a fifth matching variable left no significant differences in the distributions of pregnancy intervals between cases and controls. This was interpreted as evidence that short pregnancy interval exerts its influence on risk of death in infancy through its effect on birthweight. The estimated reduction in prematurity and infant mortality that might result from the elimination of short pregnancy intervals was 5% and 6%, respectively.", "contents": "Short pregnancy interval, low birthweight, and the sudden infant death syndrome. Pregnancy intervals were calculated for 54,369 later-born singletons delivered during 1969 in the State of North Carolina. Subsequent infant deaths among this cohort were categorized into probable sudden infant death syndrome (SIDSp), other postneonatal home deaths, all postneonatal hospital deaths, all neonatal deaths, and all deaths due to congenital malformations. Each death was matched with a control drawn from the population of infants surviving the first year of life. The matching variables were maternal age, race, mother's education and number of previous live births. All categories of death showed higher proportions of short intervals among cases than controls. Comparing the interval distributions by means of the X2 test for linearity produced significant results for only SIDSp and neonatal deaths. It was concluded, however, that short-pregnancy interval probably has a similar effect on the risk of death from all five cause of death groups. The introduction of birthweight as a fifth matching variable left no significant differences in the distributions of pregnancy intervals between cases and controls. This was interpreted as evidence that short pregnancy interval exerts its influence on risk of death in infancy through its effect on birthweight. The estimated reduction in prematurity and infant mortality that might result from the elimination of short pregnancy intervals was 5% and 6%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:937343", "title": "Common-source epidemic of hepatitis due to glazed and iced pastries.", "content": "Sixty-one clinical cases of hepatitis occurred in Ogemaw County, Michigan, in late April and May 1968. The clustering of cases in time and the high attack rate for persons 10-19 years of age suggested a common source of exposure. Investigation implicated a local bakery, where one of the employees directly involved in the baking had had an icteric illness one month before the outbreak. Comparison of exposure histories of patients versus healthy family members established pastries covered with glaze or icing as the vehicle of infection. The glaze and icing were applied to the pastries after all baking had been completed. During the epidemic, immune serum globulin was given on a community-wide basis. No secondary cases of hepatitis were identified.", "contents": "Common-source epidemic of hepatitis due to glazed and iced pastries. Sixty-one clinical cases of hepatitis occurred in Ogemaw County, Michigan, in late April and May 1968. The clustering of cases in time and the high attack rate for persons 10-19 years of age suggested a common source of exposure. Investigation implicated a local bakery, where one of the employees directly involved in the baking had had an icteric illness one month before the outbreak. Comparison of exposure histories of patients versus healthy family members established pastries covered with glaze or icing as the vehicle of infection. The glaze and icing were applied to the pastries after all baking had been completed. During the epidemic, immune serum globulin was given on a community-wide basis. No secondary cases of hepatitis were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:937344", "title": "Bubonic plague from exposure to a rabbit: a documented case, and a review of rabbit-associated plague cases in the United States.", "content": "A 62-year-old woman developed bubonic plague with an epitrochlear bubo one to two days after skinning two cottontail rabbits. The implicated rabbits were later recovered from the patient's freezer, and Yersinia pestis was isolated from marrows of both rabbits. Although human plague cases in the United States have occasionally been traced to exposure to wild rabbits, this is the first documentation of plague infection in the actual rabbits to which the patient was exposed. All reported cases of rabbit-associated plague in the United States were then reviewed. Eight cases were characterized by direct exposure to rabbit tissues. Seven of the eight cases occurred in adult males who had hunted rabbits during winter months in plague-endemic areas. These patients had upper extremity buboes, and the case-fatality ration for the group was 50%. Three other cases in which rabbit exposure was indirect or its role less clear, were also analyzed.", "contents": "Bubonic plague from exposure to a rabbit: a documented case, and a review of rabbit-associated plague cases in the United States. A 62-year-old woman developed bubonic plague with an epitrochlear bubo one to two days after skinning two cottontail rabbits. The implicated rabbits were later recovered from the patient's freezer, and Yersinia pestis was isolated from marrows of both rabbits. Although human plague cases in the United States have occasionally been traced to exposure to wild rabbits, this is the first documentation of plague infection in the actual rabbits to which the patient was exposed. All reported cases of rabbit-associated plague in the United States were then reviewed. Eight cases were characterized by direct exposure to rabbit tissues. Seven of the eight cases occurred in adult males who had hunted rabbits during winter months in plague-endemic areas. These patients had upper extremity buboes, and the case-fatality ration for the group was 50%. Three other cases in which rabbit exposure was indirect or its role less clear, were also analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:937347", "title": "Spontaneous hematologic remission in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.", "content": "A 60 year old man had well documented agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with pancytopenia. Frequent red cell transfusions were required for two and a half years. Androgen therapy was not beneficial and was discontinued 26 months before a spontaneous hematologic remission occurred. The remission was documented by bone marrow biopsy and reticuloendothelial scanning of the marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly, poikilocytosis and expansion of the marrow space have persisted despite hematologic remission.", "contents": "Spontaneous hematologic remission in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. A 60 year old man had well documented agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with pancytopenia. Frequent red cell transfusions were required for two and a half years. Androgen therapy was not beneficial and was discontinued 26 months before a spontaneous hematologic remission occurred. The remission was documented by bone marrow biopsy and reticuloendothelial scanning of the marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly, poikilocytosis and expansion of the marrow space have persisted despite hematologic remission."}
{"id": "PMID:937348", "title": "Nonmalignant monoclonal immunoglobulinemia, pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma. A model of immunologic dysfunction. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "The association of an autoimmune disease with a monoclonal immunoglobulin is not exceptional and most probably results from a dysfunction of the immunologic apparatus. This study describes two patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and M (IgM) gammopathy, respectively, in whom pernicious anemia and finally gastric carcinoma developed. One patient had autoantibodies to gastric parietal cell and to thyroid microsomal antigen which could not be identified with the M-component. This observation, together with the fact that pernicious anemia occurred in one case before and in the other case after the discovery of M-component, suggests that different clones of cells were responsible for both disorders. Sixteen cases in which the patients had the same association have been collected from the literature and the data are compared with ours.", "contents": "Nonmalignant monoclonal immunoglobulinemia, pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma. A model of immunologic dysfunction. Report of two cases and review of the literature. The association of an autoimmune disease with a monoclonal immunoglobulin is not exceptional and most probably results from a dysfunction of the immunologic apparatus. This study describes two patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and M (IgM) gammopathy, respectively, in whom pernicious anemia and finally gastric carcinoma developed. One patient had autoantibodies to gastric parietal cell and to thyroid microsomal antigen which could not be identified with the M-component. This observation, together with the fact that pernicious anemia occurred in one case before and in the other case after the discovery of M-component, suggests that different clones of cells were responsible for both disorders. Sixteen cases in which the patients had the same association have been collected from the literature and the data are compared with ours."}
{"id": "PMID:937349", "title": "Unilateral renal vein thrombosis and nephrotic syndrome. Report of a case with protein selectivity and antithrombin III clearance studies.", "content": "A case of the nephrotic syndrome with unilateral renal vein thrombosis is reported. The patient, an 18 year old man, presented with a six month history of edema and the recent development of a left-sided varicocele. An enlarged left kidney and a thrombus in the left renal vein were demonstrated roentgenographically. A biopsy specimen of the right kidney was interpreted as membranous glomerulonephritis. Selective renal function studies showed nearly identical creatinine excretion, and similar total protein excretion and protein selectivity from each kidney. Thus, the thrombus in the left renal vein did not influence glomerular filtration rate or quantitative or qualitative protein excretion. A high urinary output and a decreased serum level of antithrombin III were measured. These findings suggest a mechanism to explain the increased thrombotic tendency seen in this and other patients with the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Unilateral renal vein thrombosis and nephrotic syndrome. Report of a case with protein selectivity and antithrombin III clearance studies. A case of the nephrotic syndrome with unilateral renal vein thrombosis is reported. The patient, an 18 year old man, presented with a six month history of edema and the recent development of a left-sided varicocele. An enlarged left kidney and a thrombus in the left renal vein were demonstrated roentgenographically. A biopsy specimen of the right kidney was interpreted as membranous glomerulonephritis. Selective renal function studies showed nearly identical creatinine excretion, and similar total protein excretion and protein selectivity from each kidney. Thus, the thrombus in the left renal vein did not influence glomerular filtration rate or quantitative or qualitative protein excretion. A high urinary output and a decreased serum level of antithrombin III were measured. These findings suggest a mechanism to explain the increased thrombotic tendency seen in this and other patients with the nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:937350", "title": "Malignant lymphoma with \"myeloma kidney\" acute renal failure.", "content": "The first cases of malignant lymphoma with a \"myeloma kidney\" type of acute renal failure are presented. With appropriate therapy, both patients regained partial renal function; the first after three months of dialysis. It is suggested that the term paraproteinemic nephropathy is preferable to \"myeloma kidney.\"", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma with \"myeloma kidney\" acute renal failure. The first cases of malignant lymphoma with a \"myeloma kidney\" type of acute renal failure are presented. With appropriate therapy, both patients regained partial renal function; the first after three months of dialysis. It is suggested that the term paraproteinemic nephropathy is preferable to \"myeloma kidney.\""}
{"id": "PMID:937351", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a previously splenectomized patient.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed in a 26 year old man who had rectal bleeding and marked thrombocytopenia (10,000 platelets/mm3). Complete recovery followed treatment with steroids and splenectomy. There was no clinical, laboratory or histopathologic evidence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Several months later typical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed; recovery followed treatment with steroids, aspirin and dipyridamole. The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies and a negative scan indicated that an accessory spleen was not present. Since thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed in the absence of a spleen in this case, it may be that in some, if not all, instances of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura the spleen is not importantly related to the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; this is in contrast to the situation in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Benefits attributed to splenectomy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, therefore, may in fact be due to the platelet inhibitory properties of common anesthetic agents, or to some other factor in the surgical procedure rather than to removal of the spleen per se.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a previously splenectomized patient. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed in a 26 year old man who had rectal bleeding and marked thrombocytopenia (10,000 platelets/mm3). Complete recovery followed treatment with steroids and splenectomy. There was no clinical, laboratory or histopathologic evidence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Several months later typical thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed; recovery followed treatment with steroids, aspirin and dipyridamole. The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies and a negative scan indicated that an accessory spleen was not present. Since thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura developed in the absence of a spleen in this case, it may be that in some, if not all, instances of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura the spleen is not importantly related to the pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; this is in contrast to the situation in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Benefits attributed to splenectomy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, therefore, may in fact be due to the platelet inhibitory properties of common anesthetic agents, or to some other factor in the surgical procedure rather than to removal of the spleen per se."}
{"id": "PMID:937352", "title": "Pericardial fluid analysis in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis).", "content": "A patient with scleroderma who presented with pericarditis and effusion is described. Aspirates from this pericardial effusion had the characteristics of an exudate with no evidence of autoantibodies, immune complexes or complement depletion. These findings suggest that the mechanisms operating in the production of pericardial effusion in scleroderma may be different from those found in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Pericardial fluid analysis in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). A patient with scleroderma who presented with pericarditis and effusion is described. Aspirates from this pericardial effusion had the characteristics of an exudate with no evidence of autoantibodies, immune complexes or complement depletion. These findings suggest that the mechanisms operating in the production of pericardial effusion in scleroderma may be different from those found in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:937353", "title": "Is there a discipline of community medicine?", "content": "Community Medicine is a distinct and definable discipline. Through Community Medicine Departments of medical schools and hospitals, patient care, teaching and research programs are conducted in an integrated fashion, concerned with a broad definition of health which is beyond the range of other clinical departments. Because Community Medicine is a developing field, and Departments of Community Medicine are not rigidly tied to traditional approaches, there exist unusual opportunities for new design and fresh insight. Community Medicine is in the fore of Medicine's ability to evolve with the society around us. Community Medicine both identifies the need for change, and acts as an agent for the change. There are obstacles. The most difficult challenges we face are obtaining curriculum time for a new discipline which, to those caught in \"the vice-like irrational grip of tradition\" (18), may not appear worthy; and ridding ourselves of the sterotype that the hospital can be the single unified source of health care for all community people. These problems are being resolved, however, and the inherent value of community medicine as a new body of theory and practice becomes increasingly clear.", "contents": "Is there a discipline of community medicine? Community Medicine is a distinct and definable discipline. Through Community Medicine Departments of medical schools and hospitals, patient care, teaching and research programs are conducted in an integrated fashion, concerned with a broad definition of health which is beyond the range of other clinical departments. Because Community Medicine is a developing field, and Departments of Community Medicine are not rigidly tied to traditional approaches, there exist unusual opportunities for new design and fresh insight. Community Medicine is in the fore of Medicine's ability to evolve with the society around us. Community Medicine both identifies the need for change, and acts as an agent for the change. There are obstacles. The most difficult challenges we face are obtaining curriculum time for a new discipline which, to those caught in \"the vice-like irrational grip of tradition\" (18), may not appear worthy; and ridding ourselves of the sterotype that the hospital can be the single unified source of health care for all community people. These problems are being resolved, however, and the inherent value of community medicine as a new body of theory and practice becomes increasingly clear."}
{"id": "PMID:937354", "title": "Methyldopa Hepatitis. A report of six cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Six cases of methyldopa hepatitis, including two in which the patients died are reported; and 77 cases from the literature are reviewed. Patients in whom severe hepatotoxic reactions to methyldopa develop usually complain of prodromal symptoms typical of hepatitis, often with fever, one to four weeks after therapy is initiated. Jaundice, when it occurs, is usually manifest within three months. Asymptomatic, transient elevations of serum transaminase levels may occur in patients receiving methyldopa. However, since the clinical and histologic features of hepatic injury from methyldopa are indistinguishable from viral hepatitis, it is suggested that the incidence of this iatrogenic disease is higher than generally appreciated. Serum transaminase levels should be determined at the initiation of therapy with methyldopa and four weeks later. Moreover, any patient who has unexplained fever or the prodromal symptoms of hepatitis should undergo liver chemistry studies immediately.", "contents": "Methyldopa Hepatitis. A report of six cases and review of the literature. Six cases of methyldopa hepatitis, including two in which the patients died are reported; and 77 cases from the literature are reviewed. Patients in whom severe hepatotoxic reactions to methyldopa develop usually complain of prodromal symptoms typical of hepatitis, often with fever, one to four weeks after therapy is initiated. Jaundice, when it occurs, is usually manifest within three months. Asymptomatic, transient elevations of serum transaminase levels may occur in patients receiving methyldopa. However, since the clinical and histologic features of hepatic injury from methyldopa are indistinguishable from viral hepatitis, it is suggested that the incidence of this iatrogenic disease is higher than generally appreciated. Serum transaminase levels should be determined at the initiation of therapy with methyldopa and four weeks later. Moreover, any patient who has unexplained fever or the prodromal symptoms of hepatitis should undergo liver chemistry studies immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:937355", "title": "Comparative effects of morphine, meperidine and pentazocine on cardiocirculatory dynamics in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The cardiocirculatory effects of the commonly used parenteral analgesics, morphine sulfate 15 mg, meperidine hydrochloride 100 mg and pentazocine 60 mg, each administered intravenously, were compared in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction during cardiac catheterization and by echocardiogram. No untoward hemodynamic effects occurred following the administration of morphine or meperidine. In contrast, pentazocine produced significant (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.05) increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, left ventricular filling pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and systolic and diastolic dimensions; and decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These deleterious actions of pentazocine appeared due to peripheral vasoconstriction and negative inotropic properties. Further, pentazocine-induced increases in left ventricular preload and afterload increased myocardial oxygen demands. Since this study demonstrates that pentazocine is hazardous in myocardial infarction, morphine and meperidine are the preferred analgesics in this condition.", "contents": "Comparative effects of morphine, meperidine and pentazocine on cardiocirculatory dynamics in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The cardiocirculatory effects of the commonly used parenteral analgesics, morphine sulfate 15 mg, meperidine hydrochloride 100 mg and pentazocine 60 mg, each administered intravenously, were compared in 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction during cardiac catheterization and by echocardiogram. No untoward hemodynamic effects occurred following the administration of morphine or meperidine. In contrast, pentazocine produced significant (p less than 0.01 to less than 0.05) increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, left ventricular filling pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and systolic and diastolic dimensions; and decreases in left ventricular ejection fraction and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These deleterious actions of pentazocine appeared due to peripheral vasoconstriction and negative inotropic properties. Further, pentazocine-induced increases in left ventricular preload and afterload increased myocardial oxygen demands. Since this study demonstrates that pentazocine is hazardous in myocardial infarction, morphine and meperidine are the preferred analgesics in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:937356", "title": "Atrial tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Causative factors, clinical consequences and treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias were reviewed in 917 monitored patients with definite acute myocardial infarction. Significant atrial tachyarrhythmias were found in 104 (11 per cent) of them and included atrial fibrillation in 67, atrial flutter in 29 and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia in 33. These episodes were single in 79 patients and multiple in 25, and began within the first four days of acute myocardial infarction in 90 per cent of the patients. Fifty per cent of these atrial tachyarrhythmias were heralded by premature atrial contractions. The incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmia was not related to the location of the acute myocardial infarction or to the presence or degree of power failure; however, atrial tachyarrhythmias were significantly more frequent in patients with pericarditis. Atrial tachyarrhythmias were well tolerated in almost one fifth of the patients, caused marginal compromise in almost two thirds and led to severe clinical deterioration in one fifth. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia rarely required specific treatment, atrial fibrillation was best managed with intravenous administration of digoxin except when associated with severe clinical compromise, and atrial flutter generally required cardioversion or rapid intravenous therapy and usually caused severe clinical deterioration. Over-all, atrial tachyarrhythmia was not associated with a significantly increased mortality, and in those who died, death was not related specifically to the atrial tachyarrhythmia but rather to the severity of the underlying acute myocardial infarction. However, persisting atrial tachyarrhythmias, particularly atrial flutter which tends to be refractory to both heart rate control and cardioversion, may contribute indirectly to morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Atrial tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Causative factors, clinical consequences and treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias were reviewed in 917 monitored patients with definite acute myocardial infarction. Significant atrial tachyarrhythmias were found in 104 (11 per cent) of them and included atrial fibrillation in 67, atrial flutter in 29 and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia in 33. These episodes were single in 79 patients and multiple in 25, and began within the first four days of acute myocardial infarction in 90 per cent of the patients. Fifty per cent of these atrial tachyarrhythmias were heralded by premature atrial contractions. The incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmia was not related to the location of the acute myocardial infarction or to the presence or degree of power failure; however, atrial tachyarrhythmias were significantly more frequent in patients with pericarditis. Atrial tachyarrhythmias were well tolerated in almost one fifth of the patients, caused marginal compromise in almost two thirds and led to severe clinical deterioration in one fifth. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia rarely required specific treatment, atrial fibrillation was best managed with intravenous administration of digoxin except when associated with severe clinical compromise, and atrial flutter generally required cardioversion or rapid intravenous therapy and usually caused severe clinical deterioration. Over-all, atrial tachyarrhythmia was not associated with a significantly increased mortality, and in those who died, death was not related specifically to the atrial tachyarrhythmia but rather to the severity of the underlying acute myocardial infarction. However, persisting atrial tachyarrhythmias, particularly atrial flutter which tends to be refractory to both heart rate control and cardioversion, may contribute indirectly to morbidity and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:937357", "title": "Life-threatening arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome.", "content": "This study describes seven patients with the mitral valve prolapse or click-murmur syndrome who have survived one or more episodes of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias include cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, recurrent ventricular tachycardia causing syncope or sustained ventricular tachycardia requiring electroversion. These patients were seen over a two-year period in a single medical center. Five of the seven had repolarization abnormalities in the resting electrocardiogram. Premature ventricular contractions were present in the routine resting electrocardiograms of six of the seven patients and were frequent during treadmill testing and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in all six tested. There were electrolyte abnormalities or changes in medications known to affect myocardial repolarization during the week before the episode in three of the four patients with cardiac arrest. The diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse click-murmur syndrome was made prior to the episode of life-threatening arrhythmia in only two of the seven patients. Varying forms of antiarrhythmic therapy were given to these patients during follow-up periods of five to 26 months. Although the incidence of fatal arrhythmias in the mitral prolapse syndrome is probably small, we suggest that such arrhythmias may not be extremely rare, particularly among those patients who have repolarization abnormalities in the resting electrocardiogram and frequent premature beats. Patients with unexplained ventricular arrhythmias should be screened for mitral valve prolapse.", "contents": "Life-threatening arrhythmias in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. This study describes seven patients with the mitral valve prolapse or click-murmur syndrome who have survived one or more episodes of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias include cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation, recurrent ventricular tachycardia causing syncope or sustained ventricular tachycardia requiring electroversion. These patients were seen over a two-year period in a single medical center. Five of the seven had repolarization abnormalities in the resting electrocardiogram. Premature ventricular contractions were present in the routine resting electrocardiograms of six of the seven patients and were frequent during treadmill testing and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in all six tested. There were electrolyte abnormalities or changes in medications known to affect myocardial repolarization during the week before the episode in three of the four patients with cardiac arrest. The diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse click-murmur syndrome was made prior to the episode of life-threatening arrhythmia in only two of the seven patients. Varying forms of antiarrhythmic therapy were given to these patients during follow-up periods of five to 26 months. Although the incidence of fatal arrhythmias in the mitral prolapse syndrome is probably small, we suggest that such arrhythmias may not be extremely rare, particularly among those patients who have repolarization abnormalities in the resting electrocardiogram and frequent premature beats. Patients with unexplained ventricular arrhythmias should be screened for mitral valve prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:937358", "title": "Evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "The echocardiographic measurements of cardiac chamber dimension, ejection phase indices of left ventricular function and the systolic time intervals of 23 adult patients with sickle cell anemia were compared to those of normal control subjects. Patients with sickle cell anemia had a significantly greater mean left ventricular systolic dimension index, left ventricular diastolic dimension index, left ventricular mass, stroke volume index, interventricular septal width, aortic root index and left atrial index. No significant differences were noted between the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection fraction or systolic time intervals. The anemic population was divided into two groups; one consisting of patients less than 30 years old and the other of patients over 30 years old. There was no significant differences between the ventricular dimensions, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection fraction and systolic time intervals of the two groups. These data indicate that the chronic volume overload of sickle cell anemia is well tolerated without development of left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "Evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with sickle cell anemia. The echocardiographic measurements of cardiac chamber dimension, ejection phase indices of left ventricular function and the systolic time intervals of 23 adult patients with sickle cell anemia were compared to those of normal control subjects. Patients with sickle cell anemia had a significantly greater mean left ventricular systolic dimension index, left ventricular diastolic dimension index, left ventricular mass, stroke volume index, interventricular septal width, aortic root index and left atrial index. No significant differences were noted between the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection fraction or systolic time intervals. The anemic population was divided into two groups; one consisting of patients less than 30 years old and the other of patients over 30 years old. There was no significant differences between the ventricular dimensions, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection fraction and systolic time intervals of the two groups. These data indicate that the chronic volume overload of sickle cell anemia is well tolerated without development of left ventricular dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:937359", "title": "Renal transport of urate during diuretic-induced hypouricemia.", "content": "The effect of two weeks administration of a uricosuric diuretic (SKF-62698) on renal urate handling has been examined in 11 normal men. Plasma urate concentrations had declined by more than 60 per cent after two weeks. Urate excretion per unit of glomerular filtration rate and urate clearance (Curate) per unit of glomerular filtration rate were increased after the administration of SKF-62698. The importance of intact tubular secretion of urate in producing these changes was assessed by administering pyrazinamide, an agent that curtails urate secretion, to each participant. The decrements in urate excretion and clearance produced by pyrazinamide both increased significantly, whereas the residual urate excretion rates and clearances not suppressible by pyrazinamide were only minimally altered by SKF-62698 treatment. These results suggest that the excretion of secreted urate was enhanced by prolonged administration of SKF-62698, probably secondary to the inhibition of postsecretory urate reabsorption. In addition, because the nonsuppressible urate excretion did not decline despite a 63 per cent reduction in the plasma urate, it is likely that the reabsorption of filtered urate also was impaired by SKF-62698.", "contents": "Renal transport of urate during diuretic-induced hypouricemia. The effect of two weeks administration of a uricosuric diuretic (SKF-62698) on renal urate handling has been examined in 11 normal men. Plasma urate concentrations had declined by more than 60 per cent after two weeks. Urate excretion per unit of glomerular filtration rate and urate clearance (Curate) per unit of glomerular filtration rate were increased after the administration of SKF-62698. The importance of intact tubular secretion of urate in producing these changes was assessed by administering pyrazinamide, an agent that curtails urate secretion, to each participant. The decrements in urate excretion and clearance produced by pyrazinamide both increased significantly, whereas the residual urate excretion rates and clearances not suppressible by pyrazinamide were only minimally altered by SKF-62698 treatment. These results suggest that the excretion of secreted urate was enhanced by prolonged administration of SKF-62698, probably secondary to the inhibition of postsecretory urate reabsorption. In addition, because the nonsuppressible urate excretion did not decline despite a 63 per cent reduction in the plasma urate, it is likely that the reabsorption of filtered urate also was impaired by SKF-62698."}
{"id": "PMID:937360", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse. Recent concepts and observations.", "content": "The conditions associated with prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve are multiple. The mechanisms of mitral valve prolapse as well as the pathogenesis of pain and ectopic impulse formation are reviewed. Propranolol appears to be the drug of choice for the symptomatic treatment of patients with this syndrome since it decreases myocardial oxygen demand and wall tension thus reducing or abolishing the discrepancy between myocardial oxygen demand and supply within the mitral apparatus. It has also been reported to modify the auscultatory findings associated with this condition. The frequency of this mitral valve abnormality in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease is reviewed. It appears that prolapse of the posterior leaflet scallops in patients with significant obstructive coronary artery disease represents an intermediate stage before mitral insufficiency occurs. This group of patients with papillary muscle dysfunction includes those with prolapsed leaflets without mitral insufficiency, those with systolic murmurs and compensated heart failure and others with progressive cardiac decompensation and severe mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse. Recent concepts and observations. The conditions associated with prolapse of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve are multiple. The mechanisms of mitral valve prolapse as well as the pathogenesis of pain and ectopic impulse formation are reviewed. Propranolol appears to be the drug of choice for the symptomatic treatment of patients with this syndrome since it decreases myocardial oxygen demand and wall tension thus reducing or abolishing the discrepancy between myocardial oxygen demand and supply within the mitral apparatus. It has also been reported to modify the auscultatory findings associated with this condition. The frequency of this mitral valve abnormality in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease is reviewed. It appears that prolapse of the posterior leaflet scallops in patients with significant obstructive coronary artery disease represents an intermediate stage before mitral insufficiency occurs. This group of patients with papillary muscle dysfunction includes those with prolapsed leaflets without mitral insufficiency, those with systolic murmurs and compensated heart failure and others with progressive cardiac decompensation and severe mitral regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:937361", "title": "Bartter's syndrome. Study of a 52 year old man with evidence for a defect in proximal tubular sodium reabsorption and comments on therapy.", "content": "A patient with Bartter's syndrome in whom the disease was recognized at 52 years of age is described. Studies of his renal function suggest that the basic pathophysiologic defect was an abnormality in proximal tubular sodium reabsorption which led to extracellular fluid volume depletion and consequent stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. After comparing the physiologic studies in this patient with those in other reported cases, we postulate that Bartter's syndrome may represent the end result of different pathophysiologic processes which share in common juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, increased renin release and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Therapy with B-adrenergic blocking agents produced adverse effects, but the patient responded well to more conventional measures.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome. Study of a 52 year old man with evidence for a defect in proximal tubular sodium reabsorption and comments on therapy. A patient with Bartter's syndrome in whom the disease was recognized at 52 years of age is described. Studies of his renal function suggest that the basic pathophysiologic defect was an abnormality in proximal tubular sodium reabsorption which led to extracellular fluid volume depletion and consequent stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. After comparing the physiologic studies in this patient with those in other reported cases, we postulate that Bartter's syndrome may represent the end result of different pathophysiologic processes which share in common juxtaglomerular hyperplasia, increased renin release and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Therapy with B-adrenergic blocking agents produced adverse effects, but the patient responded well to more conventional measures."}
{"id": "PMID:937362", "title": "Hypercalcemia of acute renal failure. Clinical significance and pathogenesis.", "content": "Hypocalcemia is a frequent accompaniment of acute renal failure, but paradoxically hypercalcemia also has been described in association with acute renal failure. In this paper we describe two patients who provide some insights into both the potential clinical importance and mechanism of the hypercalcemia associated with acute renal failure. The clinical significance is emphasized by the presence of diffuse metastatic calcification observed at postmortem examination in one patient. In both patients the increase in serum calcium concentration was not coincident with a decrease in serum phosphorus concentration; when measured in one patient, serum levels of parathyroid hormone were undetectable. These findings, along with the consistent association with rhabdomyolosis, support the proposal that the hypercalcemia of acute renal failure is caused by dissolution of dystrophic calcifications in traumatized muscle and may lead to severe metastatic calcifications.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia of acute renal failure. Clinical significance and pathogenesis. Hypocalcemia is a frequent accompaniment of acute renal failure, but paradoxically hypercalcemia also has been described in association with acute renal failure. In this paper we describe two patients who provide some insights into both the potential clinical importance and mechanism of the hypercalcemia associated with acute renal failure. The clinical significance is emphasized by the presence of diffuse metastatic calcification observed at postmortem examination in one patient. In both patients the increase in serum calcium concentration was not coincident with a decrease in serum phosphorus concentration; when measured in one patient, serum levels of parathyroid hormone were undetectable. These findings, along with the consistent association with rhabdomyolosis, support the proposal that the hypercalcemia of acute renal failure is caused by dissolution of dystrophic calcifications in traumatized muscle and may lead to severe metastatic calcifications."}
{"id": "PMID:937363", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome with visual field defects.", "content": "A patient with an enlarged, asymmetric sella turcica and visual field defects suggestive of a pituitary or parasellar tumor underwent extensive roentgenographic and pituitary function studies. No abnormalities in pituitary luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, ACTH, prolactin or vasopressin secretion were detected. Growth hormone secretion was provoked by arginine infusion but not by hypoglycemia. Pneumoencephalography revealed air in the sella turcica, and no evidence of tumor. Thus, an enlarged sella turcica in a patient with visual field defects but normal pituitary function may suggest the presence of an \"empty sella syndrome.\"", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome with visual field defects. A patient with an enlarged, asymmetric sella turcica and visual field defects suggestive of a pituitary or parasellar tumor underwent extensive roentgenographic and pituitary function studies. No abnormalities in pituitary luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, ACTH, prolactin or vasopressin secretion were detected. Growth hormone secretion was provoked by arginine infusion but not by hypoglycemia. Pneumoencephalography revealed air in the sella turcica, and no evidence of tumor. Thus, an enlarged sella turcica in a patient with visual field defects but normal pituitary function may suggest the presence of an \"empty sella syndrome.\""}
{"id": "PMID:937364", "title": "The syndrome of multiple endocrine gland insufficiency.", "content": "Addison's disease, when caused by idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal cortex, is frequently associated with other endocrine abnormalities. Primary hypothyroidism and hypogonadism have been reported in association with adrenal insufficiency; understandably, such cases may lead to diagnostic confusion with respect to possible pituitary disease. This case study concerns a woman who exhibited, in sequence and over a period of 17 years, hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, diabetes mellitus and, finally, hypothyroidism. Originally misdiagnosed as having Sheehan's syndrome, she eventually became hyperpigmented. The true nature of her illness was then revealed to be primary insufficiency of multiple endocrine glands, with the demonstration of elevated levels of several pituitary hormones. Because multiple endocrine insufficiencies may coexist or develop with time, we suggest that a patient with a single documented endocrine deficiency be investigated initially and serially for additional glandular deficiencies.", "contents": "The syndrome of multiple endocrine gland insufficiency. Addison's disease, when caused by idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal cortex, is frequently associated with other endocrine abnormalities. Primary hypothyroidism and hypogonadism have been reported in association with adrenal insufficiency; understandably, such cases may lead to diagnostic confusion with respect to possible pituitary disease. This case study concerns a woman who exhibited, in sequence and over a period of 17 years, hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, diabetes mellitus and, finally, hypothyroidism. Originally misdiagnosed as having Sheehan's syndrome, she eventually became hyperpigmented. The true nature of her illness was then revealed to be primary insufficiency of multiple endocrine glands, with the demonstration of elevated levels of several pituitary hormones. Because multiple endocrine insufficiencies may coexist or develop with time, we suggest that a patient with a single documented endocrine deficiency be investigated initially and serially for additional glandular deficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:937365", "title": "Ectopic hyperparathyroidism (pseudohyperparathyroidism) in esophageal malignancy. Report of a case and a review of the literature.", "content": "Described here is a patient with esophageal carcinoma who had hypercalcemia, an elevated serum level of parathyroid hormone and normal parathyroid glands. A review of the literature reveals that a total of 25 other patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism in esophageal malignancy have been described, four of whom had documented elevations of serum parathyroid hormone levels. Esophageal neoplasms should be added to the list of tumors associated with ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Ectopic hyperparathyroidism (pseudohyperparathyroidism) in esophageal malignancy. Report of a case and a review of the literature. Described here is a patient with esophageal carcinoma who had hypercalcemia, an elevated serum level of parathyroid hormone and normal parathyroid glands. A review of the literature reveals that a total of 25 other patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism in esophageal malignancy have been described, four of whom had documented elevations of serum parathyroid hormone levels. Esophageal neoplasms should be added to the list of tumors associated with ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:937366", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and breast cancer.", "content": "Three cases demonstrating the coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and breast carcinoma with the disappearance of hypercalcemia following removal of parathyroid adenomas are presented. In these cases, the patients had the typical diagnostic findings of primary hyperparathyroidism. Reluctance to perform neck explorations in such patients does not appear warranted.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and breast cancer. Three cases demonstrating the coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and breast carcinoma with the disappearance of hypercalcemia following removal of parathyroid adenomas are presented. In these cases, the patients had the typical diagnostic findings of primary hyperparathyroidism. Reluctance to perform neck explorations in such patients does not appear warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:937367", "title": "Fever with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta.", "content": "Following acute aortic dissection, it two of the four cases we describe the patients experienced a prolonged febrile syndrome which spontaneously resolved five and 11 weeks later. Because of fever and a murmur of aortic regurgitation, the two other patients with aortic dissection were initially treated for acute bacterial endocarditis. These four cases serve to re-emphasize fever as an important clinical manifestation of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta.", "contents": "Fever with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. Following acute aortic dissection, it two of the four cases we describe the patients experienced a prolonged febrile syndrome which spontaneously resolved five and 11 weeks later. Because of fever and a murmur of aortic regurgitation, the two other patients with aortic dissection were initially treated for acute bacterial endocarditis. These four cases serve to re-emphasize fever as an important clinical manifestation of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:937368", "title": "Felty's syndrome. Effect of lithium on granulopoiesis.", "content": "The effect of lithium carbonate upon granulopoiesis was studied in eight patients with Felty's syndrome. Absolute granulocyte counts increased in all patients receiving 900 mg lithium carbonate daily for six weeks. Increased urinary and serum granulocyte colony-stimulating activity was observed in all patients during lithium therapy. A casual relationship between increases in colony-stimulating activity and increased granulocytes is postulated.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome. Effect of lithium on granulopoiesis. The effect of lithium carbonate upon granulopoiesis was studied in eight patients with Felty's syndrome. Absolute granulocyte counts increased in all patients receiving 900 mg lithium carbonate daily for six weeks. Increased urinary and serum granulocyte colony-stimulating activity was observed in all patients during lithium therapy. A casual relationship between increases in colony-stimulating activity and increased granulocytes is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:937369", "title": "The gamut of paracoccidioidomycosis.", "content": "Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis of importance in Latin America. Because of its polymorphic manifestations, it is not always suspected and patients are sometimes misdiagnosed. Case histories of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis are presented in order to illustrate its various manifestations, with emphasis on the primary pulmonary localization.", "contents": "The gamut of paracoccidioidomycosis. Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis of importance in Latin America. Because of its polymorphic manifestations, it is not always suspected and patients are sometimes misdiagnosed. Case histories of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis are presented in order to illustrate its various manifestations, with emphasis on the primary pulmonary localization."}
{"id": "PMID:937370", "title": "Low dose radioiodide thyroid ablation in postsurgical patients with thyroid cancer.", "content": "Sixty-four patients with well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid were treated with initial high (80 to 100 mCi) or low (less than 30 mCi) doses of I131 after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy. A total of 36 patients in the various histologic categories were initially treated with the low dose of I131 (group 1), and a total of 28 patients were treated with the higher dose (group 2). Disease-free criteria were no visible tissue in the neck or body, a protein-bound radioactive iodine (PBI131) of less than 0.005 per cent per liter at seven days and/or whole body retention of less than 3 per cent at seven days. Of the patients receiving less than 30 mCi (group 1), 56 per cent with papillary carcinoma, 67 per cent with follicular carcinoma and 56 per cent with mixed carcinoma of the thyroid were rendered disease-free after this initial dose. Of the patients receiving the higher dose of I131 (group 2), 67 per cent with papillary carcinoma, 50 per cent with follicular carcinoma and 67 per cent with mixed carcinoma of the thyroid were rendered disease-free after this initial dose. Disease-free mean follow-up time was 5.17 years (group 1) and 5.82 years (group 2). There was no statistical difference in these mean follow-up times, nor was there a statistical difference in the net (total minus initial) dose of I131 needed to render the patient disease-free. These data demonstrate that low dose I131 therapy is as effective as the larger more routine doses of I131 given in this disease.", "contents": "Low dose radioiodide thyroid ablation in postsurgical patients with thyroid cancer. Sixty-four patients with well-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid were treated with initial high (80 to 100 mCi) or low (less than 30 mCi) doses of I131 after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy. A total of 36 patients in the various histologic categories were initially treated with the low dose of I131 (group 1), and a total of 28 patients were treated with the higher dose (group 2). Disease-free criteria were no visible tissue in the neck or body, a protein-bound radioactive iodine (PBI131) of less than 0.005 per cent per liter at seven days and/or whole body retention of less than 3 per cent at seven days. Of the patients receiving less than 30 mCi (group 1), 56 per cent with papillary carcinoma, 67 per cent with follicular carcinoma and 56 per cent with mixed carcinoma of the thyroid were rendered disease-free after this initial dose. Of the patients receiving the higher dose of I131 (group 2), 67 per cent with papillary carcinoma, 50 per cent with follicular carcinoma and 67 per cent with mixed carcinoma of the thyroid were rendered disease-free after this initial dose. Disease-free mean follow-up time was 5.17 years (group 1) and 5.82 years (group 2). There was no statistical difference in these mean follow-up times, nor was there a statistical difference in the net (total minus initial) dose of I131 needed to render the patient disease-free. These data demonstrate that low dose I131 therapy is as effective as the larger more routine doses of I131 given in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937371", "title": "Body composition and skeletal metabolism following pituitary irradiation in acromegaly.", "content": "The change in body composition in acromegaly that resulted from pituitary irradiation was examined using the technic of total body neutron activation analysis. Before treatment, increased ratios of total body P:Ca, P:K and Na:K were noted. After pituitary irradiation, the total body levels of P, Na and K were reduced in a proportion that indicated restoration of body composition towards normal. Skeletal mass (total body calcium) decreased into the range observed in osteoporosis in several patients. Trabecular bone mass, as reflected by the Singh Index, was consistently reduced, and two patients had vertebral compression fractures. Local bone mass as determined by photon absorptiometry was reduced when the values were normalized for age, sex and body size. It is postulated that in untreated acromegaly there is differential bone remodelling with an increase in cortical bone accompanied by a reduced trabecular bone mass. When reduction of hGH levels is accomplished with treatment, cortical apposition may decrease. Since the increased cortical bone mass probably aids in preventing vertebral compression fractures, the treated acromegalic patient may incur an increased risk of fractures. This risk may be increased further by the hypogonadism which may arise secondary to pituitary irradiation or surgery. It would be prudent to ensure that the hypogonadal acromegalic patient receives an adequate calcium intake and sex hormone replacement therapy.", "contents": "Body composition and skeletal metabolism following pituitary irradiation in acromegaly. The change in body composition in acromegaly that resulted from pituitary irradiation was examined using the technic of total body neutron activation analysis. Before treatment, increased ratios of total body P:Ca, P:K and Na:K were noted. After pituitary irradiation, the total body levels of P, Na and K were reduced in a proportion that indicated restoration of body composition towards normal. Skeletal mass (total body calcium) decreased into the range observed in osteoporosis in several patients. Trabecular bone mass, as reflected by the Singh Index, was consistently reduced, and two patients had vertebral compression fractures. Local bone mass as determined by photon absorptiometry was reduced when the values were normalized for age, sex and body size. It is postulated that in untreated acromegaly there is differential bone remodelling with an increase in cortical bone accompanied by a reduced trabecular bone mass. When reduction of hGH levels is accomplished with treatment, cortical apposition may decrease. Since the increased cortical bone mass probably aids in preventing vertebral compression fractures, the treated acromegalic patient may incur an increased risk of fractures. This risk may be increased further by the hypogonadism which may arise secondary to pituitary irradiation or surgery. It would be prudent to ensure that the hypogonadal acromegalic patient receives an adequate calcium intake and sex hormone replacement therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:937372", "title": "The investigation and treatment of renal bone disease.", "content": "Neutron activation analysis of a hand has been used to monitor changes in skeletal calcium content of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Assessed by this technic supplementary magnesium therapy was of value of reducing the progressive losses of skeletal calcium in a proportion of the patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Oral calcium supplements produced a decrease in the skeletal calcium losses of all the patients studied. 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin D analogue, caused a significant increase in the calcium content of bone in three patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis; it may prove to be a safe and effective form of therapy for azotemic osteodystrophy.", "contents": "The investigation and treatment of renal bone disease. Neutron activation analysis of a hand has been used to monitor changes in skeletal calcium content of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Assessed by this technic supplementary magnesium therapy was of value of reducing the progressive losses of skeletal calcium in a proportion of the patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Oral calcium supplements produced a decrease in the skeletal calcium losses of all the patients studied. 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, a potent vitamin D analogue, caused a significant increase in the calcium content of bone in three patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis; it may prove to be a safe and effective form of therapy for azotemic osteodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:937373", "title": "Effects of an inhaled bronchodilator on gas distribution and over-all ventilatory efficiency in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "The effects of an inhaled bronchodilator on the distribution of inspired gas and over-all efficiency of ventilation were studied by the nitrogen washout technic in 16 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; three normal subjects and two patients with asymptomatic asthma (and normal spirometric values) were also studied. In normal and asthmatic subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild to moderate functional impairment, the nitrogen clearance did not vary significantly or showed changes suggesting less uniform gas distribution and reduced ventilatory efficiency. In most patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the bronchodilator caused changes suggesting more uniform distribution of inspired gas and increased efficiency of ventilation. Multiple regression analysis showed that the behavior of the nitrogen clearance after treatment was also related to the response of the anatomic dead space. The effects of the bronchodilator varied with time. The results are consistent with the assumption that the changes in nitrogen clearance after bronchodilator therapy reflect the concourse of multiple factors, which may be expected to have favorable or unfavorable effects on the distribution of inspired gas and the efficiency of ventilation.", "contents": "Effects of an inhaled bronchodilator on gas distribution and over-all ventilatory efficiency in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of an inhaled bronchodilator on the distribution of inspired gas and over-all efficiency of ventilation were studied by the nitrogen washout technic in 16 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; three normal subjects and two patients with asymptomatic asthma (and normal spirometric values) were also studied. In normal and asthmatic subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild to moderate functional impairment, the nitrogen clearance did not vary significantly or showed changes suggesting less uniform gas distribution and reduced ventilatory efficiency. In most patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the bronchodilator caused changes suggesting more uniform distribution of inspired gas and increased efficiency of ventilation. Multiple regression analysis showed that the behavior of the nitrogen clearance after treatment was also related to the response of the anatomic dead space. The effects of the bronchodilator varied with time. The results are consistent with the assumption that the changes in nitrogen clearance after bronchodilator therapy reflect the concourse of multiple factors, which may be expected to have favorable or unfavorable effects on the distribution of inspired gas and the efficiency of ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:937376", "title": "A computerized data management system for the clinical laboratory.", "content": "This report describes the computerized clinical laboratory data management system developed at the University of Alabama Hospitals Clinical Laboratory. The system uses the computer's data management capabilities to assist the laboratory in handling patient and laboratory data associated with the total processing of laboratory requisitions from their receipt to the production of a patient's cumulative test results. It supports all sections of the laboratory including the blood bank. It primary objectives are to reduce the clereical workload, reduce errors, decrease turn-around-time, and produce a patient's cumulative summary test results.", "contents": "A computerized data management system for the clinical laboratory. This report describes the computerized clinical laboratory data management system developed at the University of Alabama Hospitals Clinical Laboratory. The system uses the computer's data management capabilities to assist the laboratory in handling patient and laboratory data associated with the total processing of laboratory requisitions from their receipt to the production of a patient's cumulative test results. It supports all sections of the laboratory including the blood bank. It primary objectives are to reduce the clereical workload, reduce errors, decrease turn-around-time, and produce a patient's cumulative summary test results."}
{"id": "PMID:937377", "title": "Clinical toxicity of reserpine in hospitalized patients: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "Adverse reactions to reserpine were studied in 231 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug. Reserpine was administered specifically for hypertension in 91.3 percent of patients; 35.5 per cent of patients received the drug by intramuscular (IM) injection. The IM route of administration was associated with higher mean daily doses (1.28 +/- 0.14 mg/day) than was oral administration (0.37 +/- 0.02 mg/day). Adverse reactions to reserpine were reported in 26 patients (11.3 per cent), but only three of these reactions were considered life-threatening and no deaths were attributed to the drug. Central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, reported in 12 patients, were the most common unwanted effects. Gastrointestinal disturbances were reported in six patients, and hypotension in six. Toxicity occurred more frequently in those who received IM, and therefore high-dose, reserpine. Adverse reactions also were more common in patients who had not received rauwolfia derivatives prior to admission; however, this group of patients also received IM reserpine more frequently. Finally, reserpine toxicity, in particular central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, was reported more frequently in patients also receiving barbiturates, suggesting additive CNS effects.", "contents": "Clinical toxicity of reserpine in hospitalized patients: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Adverse reactions to reserpine were studied in 231 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug. Reserpine was administered specifically for hypertension in 91.3 percent of patients; 35.5 per cent of patients received the drug by intramuscular (IM) injection. The IM route of administration was associated with higher mean daily doses (1.28 +/- 0.14 mg/day) than was oral administration (0.37 +/- 0.02 mg/day). Adverse reactions to reserpine were reported in 26 patients (11.3 per cent), but only three of these reactions were considered life-threatening and no deaths were attributed to the drug. Central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, reported in 12 patients, were the most common unwanted effects. Gastrointestinal disturbances were reported in six patients, and hypotension in six. Toxicity occurred more frequently in those who received IM, and therefore high-dose, reserpine. Adverse reactions also were more common in patients who had not received rauwolfia derivatives prior to admission; however, this group of patients also received IM reserpine more frequently. Finally, reserpine toxicity, in particular central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, was reported more frequently in patients also receiving barbiturates, suggesting additive CNS effects."}
{"id": "PMID:937378", "title": "The effects of excision of left ventricular scars on the electrocardiogram.", "content": "The effects of resection of post-ischemic ventricular scars on the electrocardiogram have been studied in 29 patients. No change occurred in atrial rhythm, P wave morphology, and A-V conduction. Fascicular blocks developed postoperatively in five patients. These were attributed to surgical trauma. Changes in mean frontal plane QRS axis were noted in 25 of 29 patients. There was no correlation between postoperative shifts in QRS axis and preoperative QRS axis, calculated scar size, or ventricular end-diastolic volume. No significant postoperative change was observed in Q waves or S-T segment deviation. It is concluded that electrocardiographic changes following scar resection occur randomly in a minority of patients. The presence of several unquantified factors makes it difficult to evaluate the post-resection electrocardiogram.", "contents": "The effects of excision of left ventricular scars on the electrocardiogram. The effects of resection of post-ischemic ventricular scars on the electrocardiogram have been studied in 29 patients. No change occurred in atrial rhythm, P wave morphology, and A-V conduction. Fascicular blocks developed postoperatively in five patients. These were attributed to surgical trauma. Changes in mean frontal plane QRS axis were noted in 25 of 29 patients. There was no correlation between postoperative shifts in QRS axis and preoperative QRS axis, calculated scar size, or ventricular end-diastolic volume. No significant postoperative change was observed in Q waves or S-T segment deviation. It is concluded that electrocardiographic changes following scar resection occur randomly in a minority of patients. The presence of several unquantified factors makes it difficult to evaluate the post-resection electrocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:937383", "title": "Assessment of intrauterine growth retardation by diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "In the first 1,000 cases referred to the Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 200 patients with singleton pregnancies were examined by this modality for possible intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Inclusion in this study was based on one or more of the following criteria: past history of IUGR, present clinical impression of IUGR, present high risk of developing IUGR, and unsuspected IUGR evidenced by diagnostic ultrasound. In 34 per cent of cases, serial examinations indicated that the date of confinement had to be recalculated. Ultrasound was in agreement with delivery results in 82 per cent of cases. Sixteen per cent of cases in this study resulted in growth-retarded infants. Ultrasound correctly diagnosed 70 per cent of these.", "contents": "Assessment of intrauterine growth retardation by diagnostic ultrasound. In the first 1,000 cases referred to the Department of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 200 patients with singleton pregnancies were examined by this modality for possible intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Inclusion in this study was based on one or more of the following criteria: past history of IUGR, present clinical impression of IUGR, present high risk of developing IUGR, and unsuspected IUGR evidenced by diagnostic ultrasound. In 34 per cent of cases, serial examinations indicated that the date of confinement had to be recalculated. Ultrasound was in agreement with delivery results in 82 per cent of cases. Sixteen per cent of cases in this study resulted in growth-retarded infants. Ultrasound correctly diagnosed 70 per cent of these."}
{"id": "PMID:937379", "title": "Acute renal failure: a study of the course and prognosis of 104 patients and of the role of furosemide.", "content": "The course and outcome of 104 patients with acute renal failure were studied. Nephrotoxic drugs emerged as the second commonest cause of this disease. Overall mortality was 57 per cent; surgery, age, and sex had no significant effect on it. The mortality in the group caused by nephrotoxic drugs (36 per cent) was significantly lower than that in the groups caused by hypovolemic shock (64 per cent), cardiogenic shock (77 per cent) or arrhythmia (80 per cent). Oliguria was not observed in 25 per cent of patients; in this group mortality was lower (38 per cent) than in the oliguric group (62 per cent). The development of congestive heart failure and ascites adversely affected the outcome. Furosemide administration resulted in a sustained diuresis in 22 per cent, and transient diuresis in 14 per cent of patients. Except for a significant reduction in the need for dialysis, furosemide had no other salutary effect.", "contents": "Acute renal failure: a study of the course and prognosis of 104 patients and of the role of furosemide. The course and outcome of 104 patients with acute renal failure were studied. Nephrotoxic drugs emerged as the second commonest cause of this disease. Overall mortality was 57 per cent; surgery, age, and sex had no significant effect on it. The mortality in the group caused by nephrotoxic drugs (36 per cent) was significantly lower than that in the groups caused by hypovolemic shock (64 per cent), cardiogenic shock (77 per cent) or arrhythmia (80 per cent). Oliguria was not observed in 25 per cent of patients; in this group mortality was lower (38 per cent) than in the oliguric group (62 per cent). The development of congestive heart failure and ascites adversely affected the outcome. Furosemide administration resulted in a sustained diuresis in 22 per cent, and transient diuresis in 14 per cent of patients. Except for a significant reduction in the need for dialysis, furosemide had no other salutary effect."}
{"id": "PMID:937384", "title": "The value of prophylactic antibiotics after vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "Prophylactic antibiotics were given postoperatively to a consecutive series of 74 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. Antibiotics were administered in the immediate postoperative period. There was a highly significant decrease in febrile morbidity in the treated group compared to 190 control subjects having similar surgery but treated with antibiotics only on the appearance of fever and/or other signs of infection. There was a failure to relate the increased febrile morbidity in the control group to patient's age, menopausal state, type of catheterization, or to the type of operative procedure. The increased morbidity in the control group related only to the failure to use prophylactic antibiotics. The antibiotic-treated portion (58 per cent) of the control group had a longer period of hospitalization.", "contents": "The value of prophylactic antibiotics after vaginal hysterectomy. Prophylactic antibiotics were given postoperatively to a consecutive series of 74 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy. Antibiotics were administered in the immediate postoperative period. There was a highly significant decrease in febrile morbidity in the treated group compared to 190 control subjects having similar surgery but treated with antibiotics only on the appearance of fever and/or other signs of infection. There was a failure to relate the increased febrile morbidity in the control group to patient's age, menopausal state, type of catheterization, or to the type of operative procedure. The increased morbidity in the control group related only to the failure to use prophylactic antibiotics. The antibiotic-treated portion (58 per cent) of the control group had a longer period of hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:937380", "title": "Hospital-associated bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Eighteen of 349 cases (5.2 per cent) of bacterial meningitis seen between 1949 and 1973 were hospital-associated (developed after admission to the hospital). The patients were adults, usually males, and developed symptoms and signs of meningitis from 2 to 23 days (mean, 10.1 days) after hospital admission. The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was made from less than 1 day to 15 days (mean, 4.8 days) after the onset of symptoms. Fourteen of the 18 patients had received antibiotics during the week prior to developing meningitis. Nine (50 per cent) had a chronic, noninfection, underlying illness. Diagnostic or surgical procedures involving the neuraxis or adjacent structures preceded the development of meningitis in 10 of the 18 patients (56 per cent). Only 6 of the 18 patients survived their infection. Prompt recognition, diagnosis, and therapy of hospital-associated meningitis in high-risk patients may reduce the significant mortality.", "contents": "Hospital-associated bacterial meningitis. Eighteen of 349 cases (5.2 per cent) of bacterial meningitis seen between 1949 and 1973 were hospital-associated (developed after admission to the hospital). The patients were adults, usually males, and developed symptoms and signs of meningitis from 2 to 23 days (mean, 10.1 days) after hospital admission. The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was made from less than 1 day to 15 days (mean, 4.8 days) after the onset of symptoms. Fourteen of the 18 patients had received antibiotics during the week prior to developing meningitis. Nine (50 per cent) had a chronic, noninfection, underlying illness. Diagnostic or surgical procedures involving the neuraxis or adjacent structures preceded the development of meningitis in 10 of the 18 patients (56 per cent). Only 6 of the 18 patients survived their infection. Prompt recognition, diagnosis, and therapy of hospital-associated meningitis in high-risk patients may reduce the significant mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:937386", "title": "Baseline fetal heart rate characteristics as an indicator of fetal status during the antepartum period.", "content": "A retrospective study was designed to determine whether the baseline fetal heart rate (FHR), recorded before oxytocin infusion, would have any correlation with the outcome of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT).", "contents": "Baseline fetal heart rate characteristics as an indicator of fetal status during the antepartum period. A retrospective study was designed to determine whether the baseline fetal heart rate (FHR), recorded before oxytocin infusion, would have any correlation with the outcome of the oxytocin challenge test (OCT)."}
{"id": "PMID:937385", "title": "Maternal, fetal, and intra-amniotic hormonal and biologic changes resulting from a single dose of hydrocortisone injected in the intra-amniotic compartment.", "content": "A single intra-amniotic injection of 500 mg. of hydrocortisone sodium succinate was done 48 hours before elective cesarean section in nine patients in week 39 of gestation. Following that single injection, estriol values fell in all three compartments. Cortisol was rapidly increased in the maternal compartment but returned to normal levels at the time of cesarean section in maternal and umbilical vein cord plasma while remaining elevated in the amniotic compartment. Progesterone was increased in the fetal and amniotic compartments but remained essentially unchanged in the maternal compartment. The foam test was constantly improved in the direction of an intermediary or positive test and the quantitative lecithin-sphingomyelin values were increased by almost twofold. In our series, none of our babies developed a respiratory distress syndrome nor had any difficulty with the first breath or the Apgar score. We did not deliver any low-birth-weight infants and the creatinine values were even improved by our injection.", "contents": "Maternal, fetal, and intra-amniotic hormonal and biologic changes resulting from a single dose of hydrocortisone injected in the intra-amniotic compartment. A single intra-amniotic injection of 500 mg. of hydrocortisone sodium succinate was done 48 hours before elective cesarean section in nine patients in week 39 of gestation. Following that single injection, estriol values fell in all three compartments. Cortisol was rapidly increased in the maternal compartment but returned to normal levels at the time of cesarean section in maternal and umbilical vein cord plasma while remaining elevated in the amniotic compartment. Progesterone was increased in the fetal and amniotic compartments but remained essentially unchanged in the maternal compartment. The foam test was constantly improved in the direction of an intermediary or positive test and the quantitative lecithin-sphingomyelin values were increased by almost twofold. In our series, none of our babies developed a respiratory distress syndrome nor had any difficulty with the first breath or the Apgar score. We did not deliver any low-birth-weight infants and the creatinine values were even improved by our injection."}
{"id": "PMID:937381", "title": "How prevalence of hypertension varies as diagnostic criteria change.", "content": "In a effort to determine what impact diagnostic criteria might have in defining the magnitude of the \"hypertensive\" population, various definitions of high blood pressure were applied to the same population. At the initial encounter, 23.3 per cent of the subjects had blood pressures greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg, but less than half of these sustained that level on two subsequent occasions over the next three weeks. When an initial diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg was used to define hypertension, prevalence fell by more than two thirds (23.3 to 7.2 per cent). These results clearly demonstrate that even a very simple modification of diagnostic criteria can markedly alter the prevalence of \"hypertension.\"", "contents": "How prevalence of hypertension varies as diagnostic criteria change. In a effort to determine what impact diagnostic criteria might have in defining the magnitude of the \"hypertensive\" population, various definitions of high blood pressure were applied to the same population. At the initial encounter, 23.3 per cent of the subjects had blood pressures greater than or equal to 160/95 mm Hg, but less than half of these sustained that level on two subsequent occasions over the next three weeks. When an initial diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 105 mm Hg was used to define hypertension, prevalence fell by more than two thirds (23.3 to 7.2 per cent). These results clearly demonstrate that even a very simple modification of diagnostic criteria can markedly alter the prevalence of \"hypertension.\""}
{"id": "PMID:937387", "title": "Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, and maternal plasma estradiol and progestins following fetal death.", "content": "Fetuses of 42 near-term sheep were killed while they were in utero. Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, A-V O2, and maternal arterial plasma concentrations of estradiol and progestins were observed for the next 4 hours. There was an immediate (88 per cent) fall in oxygen consumption; blood flow decreased by 50 per cent within 30 minutes. Hormone concentrations changed, but only after 2 hours. Circulatory changes appeared to be related to local changes within the uterus, particularly to decomposition of the chorioallantoic membrane. This relationship was best seen in the experiments in which one of a set of twins was killed. The experiments are in accord with the theory that the rate of uterine blood is not directly related to acute changes in respiratory gases nor to plasma concentrations of certain hormones.", "contents": "Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, and maternal plasma estradiol and progestins following fetal death. Fetuses of 42 near-term sheep were killed while they were in utero. Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, A-V O2, and maternal arterial plasma concentrations of estradiol and progestins were observed for the next 4 hours. There was an immediate (88 per cent) fall in oxygen consumption; blood flow decreased by 50 per cent within 30 minutes. Hormone concentrations changed, but only after 2 hours. Circulatory changes appeared to be related to local changes within the uterus, particularly to decomposition of the chorioallantoic membrane. This relationship was best seen in the experiments in which one of a set of twins was killed. The experiments are in accord with the theory that the rate of uterine blood is not directly related to acute changes in respiratory gases nor to plasma concentrations of certain hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:937388", "title": "Hyperuricemia in pre-eclampsia. A reappraisal.", "content": "Seventeen pre-eclamptic (PE), 22 hypertensive (H), and 13 normal pregnant women (C), all in the third trimester, were studied to examine the relationship of blood lactate (L) to the hyperuricemia characteristic of PE. The parameters measured were: serum and urinary uric acid, and creatinine, and lactate (L), and pyruvate (P) in the blood. Uric acid clearance (Cur), and creatinine clearance (Ccr), and fractional uric acid clearance (Fract. Cur) as well as L/P ratios were calculated. Some of the patients, from the three groups, were infused with approximately equal to 100 mEq. of sodium lactate during the course of 50 minutes. \"Preinfusion,\" \"midinfusion,\" and \"postinfusion,\" determinations were compared, as well as the per cent change in the different parameters as the result of the infusion and after its discontinuation. The results showed that serum urine acid is elevated, and Cur is impaired in PE; however, L was lower in PE than in control subjects. There was no correlation between L or L/P and Cur. Lactate infusion caused comparable impairment of Cur in all groups. There was no significant difference in the response of the parameters studied, to the infusion, between the different groups. Our data cast serious doubts on the postulated role of blood lactate in the etiology of hyperuricemia in PE. Contracted plasma volume and/or local release of angiotensin II in the kidney of pre-eclamptic patients probably play a more important role.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia in pre-eclampsia. A reappraisal. Seventeen pre-eclamptic (PE), 22 hypertensive (H), and 13 normal pregnant women (C), all in the third trimester, were studied to examine the relationship of blood lactate (L) to the hyperuricemia characteristic of PE. The parameters measured were: serum and urinary uric acid, and creatinine, and lactate (L), and pyruvate (P) in the blood. Uric acid clearance (Cur), and creatinine clearance (Ccr), and fractional uric acid clearance (Fract. Cur) as well as L/P ratios were calculated. Some of the patients, from the three groups, were infused with approximately equal to 100 mEq. of sodium lactate during the course of 50 minutes. \"Preinfusion,\" \"midinfusion,\" and \"postinfusion,\" determinations were compared, as well as the per cent change in the different parameters as the result of the infusion and after its discontinuation. The results showed that serum urine acid is elevated, and Cur is impaired in PE; however, L was lower in PE than in control subjects. There was no correlation between L or L/P and Cur. Lactate infusion caused comparable impairment of Cur in all groups. There was no significant difference in the response of the parameters studied, to the infusion, between the different groups. Our data cast serious doubts on the postulated role of blood lactate in the etiology of hyperuricemia in PE. Contracted plasma volume and/or local release of angiotensin II in the kidney of pre-eclamptic patients probably play a more important role."}
{"id": "PMID:937389", "title": "Induction of labor with intravenous prostaglandin.", "content": "The present study utilizing an open label design evaluates the efficacy of prostaglandin F2alpha in the induction of labor in normal and complicated primigravid and multigravid pregnancies and in particular in patients with an unripe cervix. The results reveal that labor was successfully induced in 33 of 38 (86.8 per cent) normal patients in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and in 17 of 18 (94.4 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group. In the complicated pregnancies (abnormal group) 26 to 28 (84 per cent) in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and 13 of 13 (100 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group were successfully induced. There were two cesarean sections for obstetric indications. Hypertonus occurred only four times and responded to dose reduction. The most common problem--nausea and vomiting (29 per cent)--was easily controlled. Prostaglandin when judiciously used appears to be a safe drug for the induction of labor at term in normal as well as complicated pregnancies and in patients with low inducibility scores.", "contents": "Induction of labor with intravenous prostaglandin. The present study utilizing an open label design evaluates the efficacy of prostaglandin F2alpha in the induction of labor in normal and complicated primigravid and multigravid pregnancies and in particular in patients with an unripe cervix. The results reveal that labor was successfully induced in 33 of 38 (86.8 per cent) normal patients in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and in 17 of 18 (94.4 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group. In the complicated pregnancies (abnormal group) 26 to 28 (84 per cent) in the 0 to 5 Bishop group and 13 of 13 (100 per cent) in the 6 to 13 Bishop group were successfully induced. There were two cesarean sections for obstetric indications. Hypertonus occurred only four times and responded to dose reduction. The most common problem--nausea and vomiting (29 per cent)--was easily controlled. Prostaglandin when judiciously used appears to be a safe drug for the induction of labor at term in normal as well as complicated pregnancies and in patients with low inducibility scores."}
{"id": "PMID:937382", "title": "Red cell hypoplasia and monoclonal gammopathy in a patient with lymphoproliferative disorder.", "content": "A 69-year-old male was observed to have red cell hypoplasia. Two years later monoclonal gammopathy IgG-I, K, Gma+ and InV (1-) was documented in this patient. Persistent lymphocytosis, abnormal response to phytohemagglutinin, and at autopsy multiple lymphoid nodules occurring in the bone marrow, suggestive of lymphoproliferative disorder, were observed. A review of the literature indicates that this clinical presentation is rare. The possibility that red cell aplasia may be associated with lymphoproliferative disorder in some instances must be considered inasmuch as this may have an important bearing in the management of such patients.", "contents": "Red cell hypoplasia and monoclonal gammopathy in a patient with lymphoproliferative disorder. A 69-year-old male was observed to have red cell hypoplasia. Two years later monoclonal gammopathy IgG-I, K, Gma+ and InV (1-) was documented in this patient. Persistent lymphocytosis, abnormal response to phytohemagglutinin, and at autopsy multiple lymphoid nodules occurring in the bone marrow, suggestive of lymphoproliferative disorder, were observed. A review of the literature indicates that this clinical presentation is rare. The possibility that red cell aplasia may be associated with lymphoproliferative disorder in some instances must be considered inasmuch as this may have an important bearing in the management of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:937390", "title": "The mechanical properties of prematurely and non--prematurely ruptured membranes. Methods and preliminary results.", "content": "The mechanical properties of the chorioamniotic membranes have been studied by several investigators over the past 100 years. No relationship between membrane strength, as measured by rupture tension, and premature or non-premature rupture of the membranes has been demonstrable. In the present study, several measures of the mechanical properties of the chorioamniotic membranes were examined. These included thickness, rupture tension, work to rupture, strain to rupture, and moduli of elasticity (Young). Prematurely and non-prematurely ruptured membranes differed with respect to thickness near the rupture site and Young's modulus near the placenta. Differences between the groups for the other parameters were not significant. This study suggests that there may be inherent differences between membranes which rupture prematurely and those which do not.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of prematurely and non--prematurely ruptured membranes. Methods and preliminary results. The mechanical properties of the chorioamniotic membranes have been studied by several investigators over the past 100 years. No relationship between membrane strength, as measured by rupture tension, and premature or non-premature rupture of the membranes has been demonstrable. In the present study, several measures of the mechanical properties of the chorioamniotic membranes were examined. These included thickness, rupture tension, work to rupture, strain to rupture, and moduli of elasticity (Young). Prematurely and non-prematurely ruptured membranes differed with respect to thickness near the rupture site and Young's modulus near the placenta. Differences between the groups for the other parameters were not significant. This study suggests that there may be inherent differences between membranes which rupture prematurely and those which do not."}
{"id": "PMID:937391", "title": "Automatic balance for fetal weight studies.", "content": "An automatic balance was constructed of aluminum sheet, miniature ball bearings, and a strain gauge. The balance was capable of measuring 1 to 4 kg. with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 Gm. and a 95 per cent response time of less than 0.3 seconds. Fetuses of term ewes were exteriorized and weighed continuously for up to 3 hours. Rapid depletion of the ewe's blood volume led to a 10 to 24 per cent increase in estimated fetal blood volume. Fetal weight loss occurred regularly during reversible occlusion of the umbilical veins.", "contents": "Automatic balance for fetal weight studies. An automatic balance was constructed of aluminum sheet, miniature ball bearings, and a strain gauge. The balance was capable of measuring 1 to 4 kg. with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 Gm. and a 95 per cent response time of less than 0.3 seconds. Fetuses of term ewes were exteriorized and weighed continuously for up to 3 hours. Rapid depletion of the ewe's blood volume led to a 10 to 24 per cent increase in estimated fetal blood volume. Fetal weight loss occurred regularly during reversible occlusion of the umbilical veins."}
{"id": "PMID:937392", "title": "Post--paracervical block bradycardia: its prediction and preventability.", "content": "The fetal heart rate recordings of 100 parturients given PCB with less than 200 mg. of lidocaine were reviewed. No PCB bradycardia occurred if there were no pre-PCB FHR decelerations (92 per cent accuracy). In an effort to prevent post-PCB bradycardia, atropine was given in the maternal paracervical area and also intravenously. The most effective dose was 1.0 mg. intravenously, but the prophylactic efficiency of atropine was uncertain in preventing the post-PCB bradycardia.", "contents": "Post--paracervical block bradycardia: its prediction and preventability. The fetal heart rate recordings of 100 parturients given PCB with less than 200 mg. of lidocaine were reviewed. No PCB bradycardia occurred if there were no pre-PCB FHR decelerations (92 per cent accuracy). In an effort to prevent post-PCB bradycardia, atropine was given in the maternal paracervical area and also intravenously. The most effective dose was 1.0 mg. intravenously, but the prophylactic efficiency of atropine was uncertain in preventing the post-PCB bradycardia."}
{"id": "PMID:937393", "title": "The use of pr-reduced media and a portable jar for the collection of anaerobic organisms for clinical sites of infection.", "content": "A system for the isolation of anaerobic organisms from clinical specimens was evaluated at the LAC-USC Medical Center. Clinicians were provided with a Gas Pak with a broth tube and two prereduced blood plates for direct inoculation of specimens. In the first 50 patients evaluated, 74 separate anaerobic isolates were recovered in 36 patients, 72 per cent of the total. Bacteroides fragilis was the most common organism recovered. The impact of this  system upon clinical management is discussed.", "contents": "The use of pr-reduced media and a portable jar for the collection of anaerobic organisms for clinical sites of infection. A system for the isolation of anaerobic organisms from clinical specimens was evaluated at the LAC-USC Medical Center. Clinicians were provided with a Gas Pak with a broth tube and two prereduced blood plates for direct inoculation of specimens. In the first 50 patients evaluated, 74 separate anaerobic isolates were recovered in 36 patients, 72 per cent of the total. Bacteroides fragilis was the most common organism recovered. The impact of this  system upon clinical management is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937394", "title": "The influence of copper on the in vitro motility of the human Fallopian tube.", "content": "Experiments were designed to examine whether one contraceptive action of the copper intrauterine contraceptive devices (Cu-IUD's) could be associated with an influence on the smooth muscle activity of the Fallopian tube. Sections of the isthmic portion of human oviducts were removed during operation. Preparations from the circular muscle layer were mounted for isometric recording of contractile activity. Subsequently, spontaneous rhythmic contractions appeared within one to five minutes after the preparation procedure was completed. Transmural nerve stimulation or addition of norepinephrine or prostaglandin F2alpha to the Tris buffer medium caused an increase in tone and frequency. Addition of CuCl2 caused a concentration-dependent increase in frequency and a concomitant decrease in amplitude. High concentrations of CuCl2 produced a marked initial increase in frequency, but the rhythmic activity was soon abolished. Metallic copper in the incubation medium caused the same qualitative effects on the smooth muscle preparation as CuCl2. Influences of copper on contractions of rat portal vein preparations were studied in the same way, and similar effects were found. The copper concentration of the secretion in the Fallopian tube was measured by atomic absorption in seven patients wearing CU-IUD's until operation. The levels found were of the same order of magnitude as the concentration of free copper ions which in vitro caused effects on the smooth muscle. It is concluded that copper can affect smooth muscle activity. An influence of copper on the motility of the human oviduct has to be considered as a possible factor contributing to the contraceptive action of the Cu-IUD.", "contents": "The influence of copper on the in vitro motility of the human Fallopian tube. Experiments were designed to examine whether one contraceptive action of the copper intrauterine contraceptive devices (Cu-IUD's) could be associated with an influence on the smooth muscle activity of the Fallopian tube. Sections of the isthmic portion of human oviducts were removed during operation. Preparations from the circular muscle layer were mounted for isometric recording of contractile activity. Subsequently, spontaneous rhythmic contractions appeared within one to five minutes after the preparation procedure was completed. Transmural nerve stimulation or addition of norepinephrine or prostaglandin F2alpha to the Tris buffer medium caused an increase in tone and frequency. Addition of CuCl2 caused a concentration-dependent increase in frequency and a concomitant decrease in amplitude. High concentrations of CuCl2 produced a marked initial increase in frequency, but the rhythmic activity was soon abolished. Metallic copper in the incubation medium caused the same qualitative effects on the smooth muscle preparation as CuCl2. Influences of copper on contractions of rat portal vein preparations were studied in the same way, and similar effects were found. The copper concentration of the secretion in the Fallopian tube was measured by atomic absorption in seven patients wearing CU-IUD's until operation. The levels found were of the same order of magnitude as the concentration of free copper ions which in vitro caused effects on the smooth muscle. It is concluded that copper can affect smooth muscle activity. An influence of copper on the motility of the human oviduct has to be considered as a possible factor contributing to the contraceptive action of the Cu-IUD."}
{"id": "PMID:937395", "title": "Effect of clomiphene citrate upon amount and duration of human menopausal gonadotropin therapy.", "content": "Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) was given to 10 patients who failed to ovulate after treatment with clomiphene citrate. Prior to one or more treatment courses, 200 mg. of clomiphene were administered daily for 5 days; at least one other treatment course was not preceded by clomiphene. Before therapy, progesterone in oil was administered and serum FSH, LH, and estrogen were measured. Those patients who had normal serum FSH levels and had withdrawal bleeding following progesterone had a reduction in amount and duration of HMG requirements for those patients with low serum FSH who did not withdraw. Thus, sequential clomiphene-HMG therapy is of benefit only for those women with normal serum FSH levels and is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Effect of clomiphene citrate upon amount and duration of human menopausal gonadotropin therapy. Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) was given to 10 patients who failed to ovulate after treatment with clomiphene citrate. Prior to one or more treatment courses, 200 mg. of clomiphene were administered daily for 5 days; at least one other treatment course was not preceded by clomiphene. Before therapy, progesterone in oil was administered and serum FSH, LH, and estrogen were measured. Those patients who had normal serum FSH levels and had withdrawal bleeding following progesterone had a reduction in amount and duration of HMG requirements for those patients with low serum FSH who did not withdraw. Thus, sequential clomiphene-HMG therapy is of benefit only for those women with normal serum FSH levels and is the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:937396", "title": "Glucagon secretion in late pregnancy and the puerperium.", "content": "Fasting plasma glucagon levels in late pregnancy were not significantly changed from those of nonpregnant matched control subjects, but at 6 to 8 weeks post partum a significant decrease in fasting glucagon levels was observed. Acute elevation of plasma glucose levels (via 25 Gm. intravenous glucose loading) induced a suppression of glucagon levels. This glucose-mediated glucagon suppression appeared to be less during late pregnancy which is probably related to the smaller increments of plasma glucose following intravenous loading in late pregnancy as compared to postpartum values.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion in late pregnancy and the puerperium. Fasting plasma glucagon levels in late pregnancy were not significantly changed from those of nonpregnant matched control subjects, but at 6 to 8 weeks post partum a significant decrease in fasting glucagon levels was observed. Acute elevation of plasma glucose levels (via 25 Gm. intravenous glucose loading) induced a suppression of glucagon levels. This glucose-mediated glucagon suppression appeared to be less during late pregnancy which is probably related to the smaller increments of plasma glucose following intravenous loading in late pregnancy as compared to postpartum values."}
{"id": "PMID:937398", "title": "Patterns of management with breech presentation.", "content": "A review of 12 years' experience with term breech delivery at Overlake Memorial Hospital, Bellevue, Washington, was undertaken to ascertain patterns of care as practiced in a suburban community hospital setting. A total of 402 term breech deliveries were managed by 34 family practitioners and 21 obstetricians. X-ray pelvimetry was found to correlate with clinical pelvimetry in two thirds of the cases when used. There were 314 patients delivered vaginally and 88 by cesarean section (an over-all cesarean section rate of 21.9%). There was a striking increase to 43.9% during the last 2 years of the review. This review indicates increasing utilization of consultation with breech presentation, an increasing percentage managed by obstetricians, increasing use of x-ray pelvimetry, decreasing frequency of prolonged labor, a sharp increase in use of cesarean section, and a decline in perinatal morbidity.", "contents": "Patterns of management with breech presentation. A review of 12 years' experience with term breech delivery at Overlake Memorial Hospital, Bellevue, Washington, was undertaken to ascertain patterns of care as practiced in a suburban community hospital setting. A total of 402 term breech deliveries were managed by 34 family practitioners and 21 obstetricians. X-ray pelvimetry was found to correlate with clinical pelvimetry in two thirds of the cases when used. There were 314 patients delivered vaginally and 88 by cesarean section (an over-all cesarean section rate of 21.9%). There was a striking increase to 43.9% during the last 2 years of the review. This review indicates increasing utilization of consultation with breech presentation, an increasing percentage managed by obstetricians, increasing use of x-ray pelvimetry, decreasing frequency of prolonged labor, a sharp increase in use of cesarean section, and a decline in perinatal morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:937399", "title": "The impact of mean arterial pressure in the middle trimester upon the outcome of pregnancy.", "content": "Data on the outcome of pregnancy are based upon a prospective study of 14,833 single births to women whose blood pressures during the fifth and sixth months of gestation were recorded. With each 5 mm, Hg rise in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) there is a progressive increase in the perinatal mortality rate. At each MAP level, the stillbirth rates and neonatal mortality rates are higher in blacks than in whites. When middle-trimester MAP is 90 mm. Hg or more, there is a significant increase in (1) the stillbirth rate, (2) the frequency of proteinuria, hypertension, and diagnosed pre-eclampsia in the third trimester, and (3) the frequency of intrauterine fetal growth retardation. We believe that all of these events are due to an impaired uteroplacental circulation, with which elevated blood pressures are associated. Women who have an average MAP of 90 or more during the fifth and sixth months should be considered in a high-risk category.", "contents": "The impact of mean arterial pressure in the middle trimester upon the outcome of pregnancy. Data on the outcome of pregnancy are based upon a prospective study of 14,833 single births to women whose blood pressures during the fifth and sixth months of gestation were recorded. With each 5 mm, Hg rise in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) there is a progressive increase in the perinatal mortality rate. At each MAP level, the stillbirth rates and neonatal mortality rates are higher in blacks than in whites. When middle-trimester MAP is 90 mm. Hg or more, there is a significant increase in (1) the stillbirth rate, (2) the frequency of proteinuria, hypertension, and diagnosed pre-eclampsia in the third trimester, and (3) the frequency of intrauterine fetal growth retardation. We believe that all of these events are due to an impaired uteroplacental circulation, with which elevated blood pressures are associated. Women who have an average MAP of 90 or more during the fifth and sixth months should be considered in a high-risk category."}
{"id": "PMID:937400", "title": "Ectopic pregnancy associated with the intrauterine device: a study of seventy cases.", "content": "Seventy cases of ectopic pregnancy associated with an IUD comprised 10% of all ectopics in a 9 year period. This increased to 15% in the last 19 months as more IUD's were in use. In two thirds of the ectopics the IUD had been in situ more than 1 year. Unusual bleeding and cramping attributed to the IUD obscured the diagnosis and resulted in removal or replacement of the IUD in over one half the cases 1 to 8 weeks before surgery. The episodic nature of the abdominal hemorrhage in two thirds of all ectopics resulted in surgery on day 44 average gestational age. The IUD is probably not causal in ectopic pregnancy but does not protect the predisposed patient from ectopic pregnancy which should be suspected in any patient with an IUD who has irregular bleeding and abdominal pain.", "contents": "Ectopic pregnancy associated with the intrauterine device: a study of seventy cases. Seventy cases of ectopic pregnancy associated with an IUD comprised 10% of all ectopics in a 9 year period. This increased to 15% in the last 19 months as more IUD's were in use. In two thirds of the ectopics the IUD had been in situ more than 1 year. Unusual bleeding and cramping attributed to the IUD obscured the diagnosis and resulted in removal or replacement of the IUD in over one half the cases 1 to 8 weeks before surgery. The episodic nature of the abdominal hemorrhage in two thirds of all ectopics resulted in surgery on day 44 average gestational age. The IUD is probably not causal in ectopic pregnancy but does not protect the predisposed patient from ectopic pregnancy which should be suspected in any patient with an IUD who has irregular bleeding and abdominal pain."}
{"id": "PMID:937401", "title": "Pituitary tumors in patients with secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of radiologically detectable pituitary tumors among patients seen initially in a gynecology clinic for a complaint of secondary amenorrhea. In a group of 144 women with secondary amenorrhea of more than 6 months' duration, 13 had radiologic abnormalities of the sella turcica detectable with standard skull films without tomography. These gynecologic patients composed more than half of the women in the reproductive age group who were diagnosed at this medical center as having a pituitary tumor. Only one patient with oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea of less than 2 years' duration had a detectable tumor. Thus, for patients with short-term amenorrhea, the risk of having a pituitary tumor is small, especially in the absence of galactorrhea, headache, or changes in vision. However, 12 of 71 patients with amenorrhea longer than 2 years (17%) had detectable tumors and the risk appears to increase progressively with time. Assay of adrenal and thyroid hormones did not discriminate between patients with and without pituitary tumors. Early detection of these tumors is aided by serial sella x-rays, tomograms, prolactin assays, and newer pituitary function tests. Patients presenting with postpill amenorrhea and postpartum amenorrhea illustrate the hazard of interpreting a temporal relationship as a causal one.", "contents": "Pituitary tumors in patients with secondary amenorrhea. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of radiologically detectable pituitary tumors among patients seen initially in a gynecology clinic for a complaint of secondary amenorrhea. In a group of 144 women with secondary amenorrhea of more than 6 months' duration, 13 had radiologic abnormalities of the sella turcica detectable with standard skull films without tomography. These gynecologic patients composed more than half of the women in the reproductive age group who were diagnosed at this medical center as having a pituitary tumor. Only one patient with oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea of less than 2 years' duration had a detectable tumor. Thus, for patients with short-term amenorrhea, the risk of having a pituitary tumor is small, especially in the absence of galactorrhea, headache, or changes in vision. However, 12 of 71 patients with amenorrhea longer than 2 years (17%) had detectable tumors and the risk appears to increase progressively with time. Assay of adrenal and thyroid hormones did not discriminate between patients with and without pituitary tumors. Early detection of these tumors is aided by serial sella x-rays, tomograms, prolactin assays, and newer pituitary function tests. Patients presenting with postpill amenorrhea and postpartum amenorrhea illustrate the hazard of interpreting a temporal relationship as a causal one."}
{"id": "PMID:937402", "title": "Prolapse of the vaginal vault. Improved techniques for management of the abdominal approach or vaginal approach.", "content": "A brief discussion of the history of techniques for the surgical management of prolapse of the vaginal vault is presented. The author's method for the abdominal procedure, sacral colpopexy, is presented together with a summary of twelve patients in whom it was used. The author's modification of the technique of the vaginal operation, \"the anterior approach,\" is presented because it appears to make resection of the enterocele sac and identification of uterosacral ligaments easier and their utilization more effective.", "contents": "Prolapse of the vaginal vault. Improved techniques for management of the abdominal approach or vaginal approach. A brief discussion of the history of techniques for the surgical management of prolapse of the vaginal vault is presented. The author's method for the abdominal procedure, sacral colpopexy, is presented together with a summary of twelve patients in whom it was used. The author's modification of the technique of the vaginal operation, \"the anterior approach,\" is presented because it appears to make resection of the enterocele sac and identification of uterosacral ligaments easier and their utilization more effective."}
{"id": "PMID:937403", "title": "Benign cervical and vaginal changes associated with exposure to stilbestrol in utero.", "content": "Examinations of 320 young women allegedly exposed to stilbestrol in utero have revealed at least 12 unique and benign variations from normal anatomy, five in the cervix and seven in the vagina. Over two thirds of the patients revealed one or more of these variations. Some have been previously reported, others have not. None changed significantly or deleteriously during observation. All are described and a representative drawing of each is included. A classificational nomenclature is offered. It is felt that familiarity with these changes will allow presumptive identification by simple pelvic examination of at least two thirds of females exposed to stilbestrol in utero.", "contents": "Benign cervical and vaginal changes associated with exposure to stilbestrol in utero. Examinations of 320 young women allegedly exposed to stilbestrol in utero have revealed at least 12 unique and benign variations from normal anatomy, five in the cervix and seven in the vagina. Over two thirds of the patients revealed one or more of these variations. Some have been previously reported, others have not. None changed significantly or deleteriously during observation. All are described and a representative drawing of each is included. A classificational nomenclature is offered. It is felt that familiarity with these changes will allow presumptive identification by simple pelvic examination of at least two thirds of females exposed to stilbestrol in utero."}
{"id": "PMID:937404", "title": "Stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix in patients under 40 years of age.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was made 94 patients, 39 years of age or younger, who were treated for Stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix from 1942 through 1972 at the Los Angeles Tumor Institute and the Southern California Cancer Center. Comparisons were made between the frequency of Stage I and other stages of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, as well as the frequency of Stage I carcinoma in young and older individuals. Survival rates for the younger group were compared to those for the same stage of disease for all ages of patients. There is discussion of the treatment modalities used in light of recommendations for future plans of therapy for these young patients. Tumor recurrences are discussed, with special reference to 43 patients who survived over 10 years. Eight of these patients were found to show new or recurrent tumors after this period of time. The importance of careful, long-term follow-up and early secondary treatment for recurrent lesions is emphasized, since subsequent radical surgery may salvage a number of these individuals.", "contents": "Stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix in patients under 40 years of age. A retrospective analysis was made 94 patients, 39 years of age or younger, who were treated for Stage I carcinoma of the uterine cervix from 1942 through 1972 at the Los Angeles Tumor Institute and the Southern California Cancer Center. Comparisons were made between the frequency of Stage I and other stages of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, as well as the frequency of Stage I carcinoma in young and older individuals. Survival rates for the younger group were compared to those for the same stage of disease for all ages of patients. There is discussion of the treatment modalities used in light of recommendations for future plans of therapy for these young patients. Tumor recurrences are discussed, with special reference to 43 patients who survived over 10 years. Eight of these patients were found to show new or recurrent tumors after this period of time. The importance of careful, long-term follow-up and early secondary treatment for recurrent lesions is emphasized, since subsequent radical surgery may salvage a number of these individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:937405", "title": "Changing trends in cesarean section.", "content": "There have been considerable changes in obstetric practice in the past 5 years, with corresponding changes in the application of ceasarean section to obstetric complications. In this paper, 4,003 cesarean sections done in a public hospital during four time periods dating back to 1948 are compared, and the changing applications of section are discussed. Breech presentation, fetal distress, and dystocia have contributed substantially to the increasing use of abdominal delivery.", "contents": "Changing trends in cesarean section. There have been considerable changes in obstetric practice in the past 5 years, with corresponding changes in the application of ceasarean section to obstetric complications. In this paper, 4,003 cesarean sections done in a public hospital during four time periods dating back to 1948 are compared, and the changing applications of section are discussed. Breech presentation, fetal distress, and dystocia have contributed substantially to the increasing use of abdominal delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:937406", "title": "Histopathologic evaluation of uteri curetted by flexible suction cannula.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the use of the flexible plastic cannula for obtaining endometrial specimens for diagnostic purposes. Suction curettage was performed immediately prehysterectomy, the specimens evaluated, and then compared to similar specimens obtained by a metal curette. Another group of patients had suction curettage performed as an office procedure 24 to 72 hours before hysterectomy. The results of our study confirm the adequacy of this method for obtaining endometrial samples.", "contents": "Histopathologic evaluation of uteri curetted by flexible suction cannula. A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the use of the flexible plastic cannula for obtaining endometrial specimens for diagnostic purposes. Suction curettage was performed immediately prehysterectomy, the specimens evaluated, and then compared to similar specimens obtained by a metal curette. Another group of patients had suction curettage performed as an office procedure 24 to 72 hours before hysterectomy. The results of our study confirm the adequacy of this method for obtaining endometrial samples."}
{"id": "PMID:937407", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube.", "content": "A series of 26 unreported cases of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube is presented. These cases were collected from seven hospitals in Portland, Oregon, for a period of 10 years, i.e., from 1963 to 1974. No statistical data can be made except to state that seven patients of the 26 are known to be alive and well. Of these seven living patients, two have been followed for over 5 years and five have been followed for over 2 years. All are free of disease at the present time. Three other patients lived over 5 years but finally died of their disease. All of these patients were in the Stage I category except two who were in the Stage II category. This suggests that any breakthrough of the serosa of the Fallopian tube is an ominous sign with poor prognosis. The need for earlier diagnosis and supplementary therapy for Stage II of this disease is discussed.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube. A series of 26 unreported cases of primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube is presented. These cases were collected from seven hospitals in Portland, Oregon, for a period of 10 years, i.e., from 1963 to 1974. No statistical data can be made except to state that seven patients of the 26 are known to be alive and well. Of these seven living patients, two have been followed for over 5 years and five have been followed for over 2 years. All are free of disease at the present time. Three other patients lived over 5 years but finally died of their disease. All of these patients were in the Stage I category except two who were in the Stage II category. This suggests that any breakthrough of the serosa of the Fallopian tube is an ominous sign with poor prognosis. The need for earlier diagnosis and supplementary therapy for Stage II of this disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937408", "title": "Intra-amniotic administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha for the induction of midtrimester abortion.", "content": "To determine the practicability of administering 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha-tromethamine (15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha) intra-amniotically for the induction of midtrimester abortion, initially 2.5 mg. of 15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha was administered to 20 physically healthy gravid women, and was repeated after 24 hours in those patients who had not aborted. Within 24 hours, 65% aborted, and within 36 hours, 95% aborted. Although 67% experienced emesis, no serious complications occurred. This abortion rate is similar to that obtained with the recommended dose schedule of the dosage of prostaglandin F2alpha approved by the Food and Drug Administration and those reported with intra-amniotic administration of either hypertonic saline or urea when augmented with high, continuous, intravenous infusions of oxytocin. While the study intra-amniotic dose schedule appeared to be practicable, large, comparative studies will be necessary to determine the most satisfactory dose schedule and whether this method is more acceptable than other available methods.", "contents": "Intra-amniotic administration of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha for the induction of midtrimester abortion. To determine the practicability of administering 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha-tromethamine (15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha) intra-amniotically for the induction of midtrimester abortion, initially 2.5 mg. of 15(S)-15-Me-PGF2alpha was administered to 20 physically healthy gravid women, and was repeated after 24 hours in those patients who had not aborted. Within 24 hours, 65% aborted, and within 36 hours, 95% aborted. Although 67% experienced emesis, no serious complications occurred. This abortion rate is similar to that obtained with the recommended dose schedule of the dosage of prostaglandin F2alpha approved by the Food and Drug Administration and those reported with intra-amniotic administration of either hypertonic saline or urea when augmented with high, continuous, intravenous infusions of oxytocin. While the study intra-amniotic dose schedule appeared to be practicable, large, comparative studies will be necessary to determine the most satisfactory dose schedule and whether this method is more acceptable than other available methods."}
{"id": "PMID:937409", "title": "Satisfaction with medical care during pregnancy and delivery.", "content": "Societal attitudes toward the medical profession are apparently undergoing a change from awe and total respect to a more critical assessing of accountability and credibility. Based on mass media reports and the increasing number of malpractice suits, it would appear that a rational, unbiased review of medical doctors, hospital personnel, and care received is in order. This review should be concerned with technical aspects of medicine as determined by highly competent professionals and the consumer's view of the medical care he receives. The latter review should logically be taken directly to the consumers of medical care to determine their satisfaction with the care they received. Because of the varied areas of specialty within the medical profession, there are different types of relationships between doctors and their patients. The obstetrician, for instance, is usually associated with pregnancy as a joyful event, in contrast to a surgeon whose diagnosis may seldom be accompanied by joy. Satisfaction with medical care could thus be expected to vary according to the area of specialty and may be related to factors over which doctors have no control, factors which initially bring the patient to the doctor for care. The degree of anxiety related to the patient's condition could also be expected to contribute to the degree of satisfaction expressed by the patient.", "contents": "Satisfaction with medical care during pregnancy and delivery. Societal attitudes toward the medical profession are apparently undergoing a change from awe and total respect to a more critical assessing of accountability and credibility. Based on mass media reports and the increasing number of malpractice suits, it would appear that a rational, unbiased review of medical doctors, hospital personnel, and care received is in order. This review should be concerned with technical aspects of medicine as determined by highly competent professionals and the consumer's view of the medical care he receives. The latter review should logically be taken directly to the consumers of medical care to determine their satisfaction with the care they received. Because of the varied areas of specialty within the medical profession, there are different types of relationships between doctors and their patients. The obstetrician, for instance, is usually associated with pregnancy as a joyful event, in contrast to a surgeon whose diagnosis may seldom be accompanied by joy. Satisfaction with medical care could thus be expected to vary according to the area of specialty and may be related to factors over which doctors have no control, factors which initially bring the patient to the doctor for care. The degree of anxiety related to the patient's condition could also be expected to contribute to the degree of satisfaction expressed by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:937410", "title": "Circulating maternal serum progesterone in high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "Serum progesterone was measured by competitive protein-binding assay in 331 cases of normal pregnancy ranging from 6 to 42 weeks. Serial estimations of serum progesterone were performed in nine cases of severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, eight cases of twin pregnancy, three cases of twin pregnancy complicated by severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, three cases of triplet pregnancy, three cases of previous bad obstetric history, one case of anencephaly, and seven cases of intrauterine fetal death. Serum progesterone remained within normal range in severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and the levels were indistinguishable in cases of fetal growth retardation from those without growth retardation. In twin and triplet pregnancies, serum progesterone was within normal range or elevated and was usually higher than normal in twin pregnancies after weeks 33 to 34. Serum progesterone levels were normal in anencephalic pregnancy and in most cases of intrauterine fetal death. The findings are discussed with reference to placental hormonal activity. It is concluded that serum progesterone is a poor index of placental function.", "contents": "Circulating maternal serum progesterone in high-risk pregnancies. Serum progesterone was measured by competitive protein-binding assay in 331 cases of normal pregnancy ranging from 6 to 42 weeks. Serial estimations of serum progesterone were performed in nine cases of severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, eight cases of twin pregnancy, three cases of twin pregnancy complicated by severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, three cases of triplet pregnancy, three cases of previous bad obstetric history, one case of anencephaly, and seven cases of intrauterine fetal death. Serum progesterone remained within normal range in severe hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and the levels were indistinguishable in cases of fetal growth retardation from those without growth retardation. In twin and triplet pregnancies, serum progesterone was within normal range or elevated and was usually higher than normal in twin pregnancies after weeks 33 to 34. Serum progesterone levels were normal in anencephalic pregnancy and in most cases of intrauterine fetal death. The findings are discussed with reference to placental hormonal activity. It is concluded that serum progesterone is a poor index of placental function."}
{"id": "PMID:937411", "title": "The effect of epidural anesthesia on uterine activity and blood pressure.", "content": "Because of the unresolved controversy regarding the effect of epidural anesthesia upon uterine contractility, it was decided to study its effect on a small number of patients. Intrauterine and intra-arterial continuous pressure, continuous fetal heart rate, and maternal heart rate recordings were obtained from at least 20 minutes before administration of the epidural anesthic until complete dilatation in these patients. Nineteen patients were in spontaneous labor, and 18 had labor stimulated with oxytocin. Plain lidocaine, 1 or 1.5%, was used in 12 patients (30 observations), and lidocaine with epinephrine, 1:200,000 was used in 26 patients (51 observations). Uterine contractions were calculated in Montevideo units for 60 minutes following the epidural anesthetic. The changes, if any, were compared in both groups. There was a significant decrease in uterine activity when epinephrine was added to the anesthetic solution, mainly a lessening of intensity. There were comparable decreases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure in both groups and compensatory tachycardia. In one case, severe hypertension was observed following administration of lidocaine epinephrine. It was concluded that the addition of epinephrine to the anesthetic solution predictably produces diminution of uterine activity, and it does not give \"cardiovascular support\" to the laboring patient.", "contents": "The effect of epidural anesthesia on uterine activity and blood pressure. Because of the unresolved controversy regarding the effect of epidural anesthesia upon uterine contractility, it was decided to study its effect on a small number of patients. Intrauterine and intra-arterial continuous pressure, continuous fetal heart rate, and maternal heart rate recordings were obtained from at least 20 minutes before administration of the epidural anesthic until complete dilatation in these patients. Nineteen patients were in spontaneous labor, and 18 had labor stimulated with oxytocin. Plain lidocaine, 1 or 1.5%, was used in 12 patients (30 observations), and lidocaine with epinephrine, 1:200,000 was used in 26 patients (51 observations). Uterine contractions were calculated in Montevideo units for 60 minutes following the epidural anesthetic. The changes, if any, were compared in both groups. There was a significant decrease in uterine activity when epinephrine was added to the anesthetic solution, mainly a lessening of intensity. There were comparable decreases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure in both groups and compensatory tachycardia. In one case, severe hypertension was observed following administration of lidocaine epinephrine. It was concluded that the addition of epinephrine to the anesthetic solution predictably produces diminution of uterine activity, and it does not give \"cardiovascular support\" to the laboring patient."}
{"id": "PMID:937412", "title": "Demonstration of gonadotropin during the second half of the cycle in women using intrauterine contraception.", "content": "A highly sensitive pregnancy test based upon partial purification of urinary gonadotropins by Sephadex gel filtration and concentration of the gonadotropin-containing fraction by lyophilization has been developed. Values over 100 I.U. per liter after Day 22 are considered to indicate conception. They are verified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in plasma. Urine samples from users of intrauterine contraception were examined at random. Among samples collected after Day 21, 14 contained more than 100 I.U. per liter. In three of these cases, RIA of the beta-subunit HCG in plasma was employed and verified the results. The results support the hypothesis that intrauterine contraception interferes with implantation and establishment of pregnancy but not with fertilization and blastocyst formation.", "contents": "Demonstration of gonadotropin during the second half of the cycle in women using intrauterine contraception. A highly sensitive pregnancy test based upon partial purification of urinary gonadotropins by Sephadex gel filtration and concentration of the gonadotropin-containing fraction by lyophilization has been developed. Values over 100 I.U. per liter after Day 22 are considered to indicate conception. They are verified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in plasma. Urine samples from users of intrauterine contraception were examined at random. Among samples collected after Day 21, 14 contained more than 100 I.U. per liter. In three of these cases, RIA of the beta-subunit HCG in plasma was employed and verified the results. The results support the hypothesis that intrauterine contraception interferes with implantation and establishment of pregnancy but not with fertilization and blastocyst formation."}
{"id": "PMID:937423", "title": "Traumatic rupture of healed cataract wounds.", "content": "Three patients suffered blunt trauma that caused rupture of the site of cataract incision three to 12 years after surgery. Epithelial cells were noted in the old cataract would of a 79-year-old white man. The second patient, a 25-year-old black women, had bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis and loss of vitreous humor at the time of lens extraction. The third patient, a 63-year-old white woman, had open-angle glaucoma treated previously with filtering procedures and cyclocryotherapy. The ultimate outcome was poor in each case.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of healed cataract wounds. Three patients suffered blunt trauma that caused rupture of the site of cataract incision three to 12 years after surgery. Epithelial cells were noted in the old cataract would of a 79-year-old white man. The second patient, a 25-year-old black women, had bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis and loss of vitreous humor at the time of lens extraction. The third patient, a 63-year-old white woman, had open-angle glaucoma treated previously with filtering procedures and cyclocryotherapy. The ultimate outcome was poor in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:937424", "title": "Retinal detachment in a battered infant.", "content": "A 12-week-old battered infant boy had bilateral retinal detachments. The retina in the left eye was considered inoperable, but retinal detachment surgery was performed in the right eye. This retina was reattached and limited vision was restored. The history, the location of the retinal pathology, and the absence of a lens coloboma helped differentiate this result of physical abuse from a congenital retinal detachment.", "contents": "Retinal detachment in a battered infant. A 12-week-old battered infant boy had bilateral retinal detachments. The retina in the left eye was considered inoperable, but retinal detachment surgery was performed in the right eye. This retina was reattached and limited vision was restored. The history, the location of the retinal pathology, and the absence of a lens coloboma helped differentiate this result of physical abuse from a congenital retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:937425", "title": "Severe perforating injuries treated with pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "Forty-one patients underwent vitrectomy through the pars plana for sequelae of severe penetrating injuries. Almost all were inoperable by conventional techniques. After a minimum follow-up time of six months, 13 eyes (32%) had visual improvement and six (15%) were technical successes. The main cause for failure was intravitreal proliferation of fibrous tissue.", "contents": "Severe perforating injuries treated with pars plana vitrectomy. Forty-one patients underwent vitrectomy through the pars plana for sequelae of severe penetrating injuries. Almost all were inoperable by conventional techniques. After a minimum follow-up time of six months, 13 eyes (32%) had visual improvement and six (15%) were technical successes. The main cause for failure was intravitreal proliferation of fibrous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:937426", "title": "Vitrectomy in the treatment of ocular perforating injuries.", "content": "Using pars plana (closed) vitrectomy with related procedures we achieved improved vision in certain catagories of perforating ocular injuries. These procedures were particularly useful in removing retained nonmagnetic foreign bodies and correcting retinal detachments associated with traction bands and opaque vitreous. Limited success was obtained with longstanding injuries, double perforations from shotgun injuries, and large corneoscleral lacerations. Early vitreous surgery produced the best results.", "contents": "Vitrectomy in the treatment of ocular perforating injuries. Using pars plana (closed) vitrectomy with related procedures we achieved improved vision in certain catagories of perforating ocular injuries. These procedures were particularly useful in removing retained nonmagnetic foreign bodies and correcting retinal detachments associated with traction bands and opaque vitreous. Limited success was obtained with longstanding injuries, double perforations from shotgun injuries, and large corneoscleral lacerations. Early vitreous surgery produced the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:937427", "title": "Ocular manifestations of acute pandysautonomia.", "content": "A 33-year-old white man developed premature presbyopia and anisocoria as initial manifestations of acute pandysautonomia. Nine months later signs and symptoms of generalized, severe autonomic dysfunction developed, and six years later only paralysis of pupillary reactions, presbyopia, and orthostatic hypotension were unresolved. Pharmacologic testing of the pupils demonstrated no mydriasis to cocaine 4% or hydroxyamphetamine 1% and hypersensitivity to epinephrine 0.1%, methacholine 2.5%, and pilocarpine 0.0625%, suggesting the presence of sympathetic and parasympathetic, postganglionic blockage of autonomic innervation of the iris.", "contents": "Ocular manifestations of acute pandysautonomia. A 33-year-old white man developed premature presbyopia and anisocoria as initial manifestations of acute pandysautonomia. Nine months later signs and symptoms of generalized, severe autonomic dysfunction developed, and six years later only paralysis of pupillary reactions, presbyopia, and orthostatic hypotension were unresolved. Pharmacologic testing of the pupils demonstrated no mydriasis to cocaine 4% or hydroxyamphetamine 1% and hypersensitivity to epinephrine 0.1%, methacholine 2.5%, and pilocarpine 0.0625%, suggesting the presence of sympathetic and parasympathetic, postganglionic blockage of autonomic innervation of the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:937428", "title": "Central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy.", "content": "We examined nine members of a family with a unique hereditary macular dystrophy by using stereoscopic color photography, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, electro-oculography, dark adaptation, H-R-R color plates, and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. The disorder was transmitted as an autosomal-dominant trait with increased penetrance and variable expression. Four of the family members, representing three successive generations, exhibited defects in macular pigmentation ranging from a 1-disk diameter excavation to a more subtle central loss of macular pigment. Only one eye with macular hemorrhage had decreased visual acuity; visual acuity in this eye was 20/25 when the hemorrhage resolved. All other retinal function studies were normal. The unusual nonprogressive areolar depigmentation of the central macula together with normal retinal functions made it impossible to classify this disorder, and indicated a new and unreported dominant macular dystrophy, central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy.", "contents": "Central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy. We examined nine members of a family with a unique hereditary macular dystrophy by using stereoscopic color photography, fluorescein angiography, electroretinography, electro-oculography, dark adaptation, H-R-R color plates, and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. The disorder was transmitted as an autosomal-dominant trait with increased penetrance and variable expression. Four of the family members, representing three successive generations, exhibited defects in macular pigmentation ranging from a 1-disk diameter excavation to a more subtle central loss of macular pigment. Only one eye with macular hemorrhage had decreased visual acuity; visual acuity in this eye was 20/25 when the hemorrhage resolved. All other retinal function studies were normal. The unusual nonprogressive areolar depigmentation of the central macula together with normal retinal functions made it impossible to classify this disorder, and indicated a new and unreported dominant macular dystrophy, central areolar pigment epithelial dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:937429", "title": "Extraocular muscle lacerations.", "content": "Five cases of laceration of an extraocular muscle without involvement of the globe or significant involvement of the  adnexa occurred after injury with a pencil, mower blade, screen door, and building nail, and at surgery when the surgeon operated on the wrong muscle. The inferior rectus muscle was involved in three cases, the lateral rectus muscle in one, and the medial rectus muscle in one, Traumatic muscle laceration involves the inferior or medial rectus muscles more often than the other muscles. This may occur for two reasons: these muscles are closer to the corneoscleral limbus, and they are more visible during the protective blink with associated upward and usually outward movement of the globe (Bell's phenomenon). When the lacerated muscle could be found, it was repaired either by reinsertion to the sclera or reunion of the severed muscle segments. When the muscle could not be found, a muscle transfer procedure was carried out. Patients with fusion before injury regained fusion in part of the visual field after muscle repair.", "contents": "Extraocular muscle lacerations. Five cases of laceration of an extraocular muscle without involvement of the globe or significant involvement of the  adnexa occurred after injury with a pencil, mower blade, screen door, and building nail, and at surgery when the surgeon operated on the wrong muscle. The inferior rectus muscle was involved in three cases, the lateral rectus muscle in one, and the medial rectus muscle in one, Traumatic muscle laceration involves the inferior or medial rectus muscles more often than the other muscles. This may occur for two reasons: these muscles are closer to the corneoscleral limbus, and they are more visible during the protective blink with associated upward and usually outward movement of the globe (Bell's phenomenon). When the lacerated muscle could be found, it was repaired either by reinsertion to the sclera or reunion of the severed muscle segments. When the muscle could not be found, a muscle transfer procedure was carried out. Patients with fusion before injury regained fusion in part of the visual field after muscle repair."}
{"id": "PMID:937430", "title": "Low-tension glaucoma.", "content": "A retrospective study of 45 patients with low-tension glaucoma revealed the mean age at diagnosis to be 66 years. Seventeen patients had follow-up visual field examinations, the average follow-up period being 6.4 years. There was no significant difference in prognosis of the ocular course between patients with Po/C equal to or greater than 100 and those with Po/C less than 100. The presence of splinter hemorrhages at the optic disk (10% of affected eyes) or of systemic arterial hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg) was associated with progression of visual field defects. Patients with sudden visual loss or associated hemodynamic events (33% of the total patients) had a more favorable prognosis regarding stability (lack of progression) of visual field defects than those without such an event. Extension of visual field defects across the macula was a common finding (25% of affected eyes). No firm evidence was obtained to indicate that treatment of the low-tension glaucoma improved the prognosis of the ocular course.", "contents": "Low-tension glaucoma. A retrospective study of 45 patients with low-tension glaucoma revealed the mean age at diagnosis to be 66 years. Seventeen patients had follow-up visual field examinations, the average follow-up period being 6.4 years. There was no significant difference in prognosis of the ocular course between patients with Po/C equal to or greater than 100 and those with Po/C less than 100. The presence of splinter hemorrhages at the optic disk (10% of affected eyes) or of systemic arterial hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg) was associated with progression of visual field defects. Patients with sudden visual loss or associated hemodynamic events (33% of the total patients) had a more favorable prognosis regarding stability (lack of progression) of visual field defects than those without such an event. Extension of visual field defects across the macula was a common finding (25% of affected eyes). No firm evidence was obtained to indicate that treatment of the low-tension glaucoma improved the prognosis of the ocular course."}
{"id": "PMID:937431", "title": "Alterations of Descemet's membrane in interstitial keratitis.", "content": "Twenty corneas from patients with interstitial keratitis were examined by light microscopy and one of these by electron microscopy. Seventy percent of patients had either a positive serologic test for syphilis or a history of treatment for syphilis. Focal or diffuse multilaminar thickening of Descemet's membrane with secondary linear guttata was present in 88% of cases. Confluent linear cornea guttata formed retrocorneal hyaline ridges that clinically showed a central gray core surrounded by a translucent sheath. Microscopically, these ridges consisted of concentric laminations of newly formed Descemet's membrane. Some ridges hung into the anterior chamber as a bow-like strand or a spiderweb network. A possible pathogenetic sequence may include (1) inflammatory insult to a relatively young endothelium; (2) alteration of endothelial function to fibroblast-like activity; (3) the production of abnormal basement membrane and other collagenous material and formation of a new multilaminar Descemet's membrane; and (4) separation of some ridges from the multilaminar Descemet's membrane to hang into the anterior chamber as strands and networks.", "contents": "Alterations of Descemet's membrane in interstitial keratitis. Twenty corneas from patients with interstitial keratitis were examined by light microscopy and one of these by electron microscopy. Seventy percent of patients had either a positive serologic test for syphilis or a history of treatment for syphilis. Focal or diffuse multilaminar thickening of Descemet's membrane with secondary linear guttata was present in 88% of cases. Confluent linear cornea guttata formed retrocorneal hyaline ridges that clinically showed a central gray core surrounded by a translucent sheath. Microscopically, these ridges consisted of concentric laminations of newly formed Descemet's membrane. Some ridges hung into the anterior chamber as a bow-like strand or a spiderweb network. A possible pathogenetic sequence may include (1) inflammatory insult to a relatively young endothelium; (2) alteration of endothelial function to fibroblast-like activity; (3) the production of abnormal basement membrane and other collagenous material and formation of a new multilaminar Descemet's membrane; and (4) separation of some ridges from the multilaminar Descemet's membrane to hang into the anterior chamber as strands and networks."}
{"id": "PMID:937432", "title": "Juvenile glaucoma associated with goniodysgenesis.", "content": "Clinicopathologic studies, including electron microscopy, of trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens from three patients with \"juvenile\" glaucoma revealed varying forms of maldevlopment of the chamber angle in all cases. A 20-year-old white woman (Case 1) had associated iridogoniodysgenesis with a pseudopolycoria-like iris pattern. In a 39-year-old white woman (Case 2), goniodysgenesis was associated with degenerated cell remnants in the angle \"cleavage\" area. A 15-year-old mentally retarded white boy (Case 3) displayed features of juvenile pigmentary glaucoma with associated goniodysgenesis and megalocornea.", "contents": "Juvenile glaucoma associated with goniodysgenesis. Clinicopathologic studies, including electron microscopy, of trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens from three patients with \"juvenile\" glaucoma revealed varying forms of maldevlopment of the chamber angle in all cases. A 20-year-old white woman (Case 1) had associated iridogoniodysgenesis with a pseudopolycoria-like iris pattern. In a 39-year-old white woman (Case 2), goniodysgenesis was associated with degenerated cell remnants in the angle \"cleavage\" area. A 15-year-old mentally retarded white boy (Case 3) displayed features of juvenile pigmentary glaucoma with associated goniodysgenesis and megalocornea."}
{"id": "PMID:937433", "title": "Premature ventricular systole detection by applanation tonometry.", "content": "We first identified (and probably stimulated) premature ventricular systoles in six patients while performing Goldmann applanation tonometry. One patient developed atrial fibrillation and one patient had a follow-up electrocardiogram showing increasing numbers of these extra systoles without any other abnormalities. Just as in tonography, these were detected during applanation tonometry as rapid decreases in intraocular pressures followed by a gradual return to prior levels. The decrease in measured intraocular pressure was occasionally 8 mm Hg but usually was between 2 and 5 mm Hg. These systoles probably occurred during the first part of applanation tonometry and during the first few office visits.", "contents": "Premature ventricular systole detection by applanation tonometry. We first identified (and probably stimulated) premature ventricular systoles in six patients while performing Goldmann applanation tonometry. One patient developed atrial fibrillation and one patient had a follow-up electrocardiogram showing increasing numbers of these extra systoles without any other abnormalities. Just as in tonography, these were detected during applanation tonometry as rapid decreases in intraocular pressures followed by a gradual return to prior levels. The decrease in measured intraocular pressure was occasionally 8 mm Hg but usually was between 2 and 5 mm Hg. These systoles probably occurred during the first part of applanation tonometry and during the first few office visits."}
{"id": "PMID:937434", "title": "Treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "Fifty eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were treated surgically. Follow-up examination was from six months to 14 years with an average of 33 months. Successful reattachment of the retina was achieved in 74% of the cases, and visual acuity was preserved or improved in 60%.", "contents": "Treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Fifty eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were treated surgically. Follow-up examination was from six months to 14 years with an average of 33 months. Successful reattachment of the retina was achieved in 74% of the cases, and visual acuity was preserved or improved in 60%."}
{"id": "PMID:937435", "title": "The association of femal hormones with blindness from diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The rates of blindness from diabetic retinopathy with or without other causes for persons in the Model Reporting Area (14 states) were determined in five-year intervals by sex. Diabetic males younger than 45 years of age had a higher rate of diabetic blindness than females under 45 years of age. However, for ages 45 and older, the risks of blindness among diabetics were approximately equal for men and women. These data were consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of female hormones improves the prognosis in diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "The association of femal hormones with blindness from diabetic retinopathy. The rates of blindness from diabetic retinopathy with or without other causes for persons in the Model Reporting Area (14 states) were determined in five-year intervals by sex. Diabetic males younger than 45 years of age had a higher rate of diabetic blindness than females under 45 years of age. However, for ages 45 and older, the risks of blindness among diabetics were approximately equal for men and women. These data were consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of female hormones improves the prognosis in diabetic retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:937436", "title": "Electron microscopy study of cryogenic chorioretinal adhesions.", "content": "By electron microscopy, the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesions in eight-day-old lesions from human eyes lacked anatomic adhesion between retina and choroid. In eight-month-old lesions, the neurosensory retina adhered to the retinal pigemtn epithelial layer by both desmosomal attachments and villous interdigitation.", "contents": "Electron microscopy study of cryogenic chorioretinal adhesions. By electron microscopy, the cryogenic chorioretinal adhesions in eight-day-old lesions from human eyes lacked anatomic adhesion between retina and choroid. In eight-month-old lesions, the neurosensory retina adhered to the retinal pigemtn epithelial layer by both desmosomal attachments and villous interdigitation."}
{"id": "PMID:937437", "title": "Sickle cell trait and transient monocular blindness.", "content": "Five episodes of transient monocular blindness during a six-month period occurred in a 42-year-old black man who had sickle cell trait. Other than the hemoglobin abnormality no cause for the transient monocular blindness was determined.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait and transient monocular blindness. Five episodes of transient monocular blindness during a six-month period occurred in a 42-year-old black man who had sickle cell trait. Other than the hemoglobin abnormality no cause for the transient monocular blindness was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:937442", "title": "Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis diagnosed by conjunctival biopsy.", "content": "Ophthalmologic examination of a 31-year-old black man presenting with an intractable gastric ulcer revealed small conjunctival nodules in the lower cul-desac that were sarcoid granulomas by microscopy. Previous endoscopic examination had revealed polyps in the gastric antrum, and a biopsy and microscopic examination had revealed granulomatous lesions, but a definite diagnosis could not be made until the ophthalmoscopic examination.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis diagnosed by conjunctival biopsy. Ophthalmologic examination of a 31-year-old black man presenting with an intractable gastric ulcer revealed small conjunctival nodules in the lower cul-desac that were sarcoid granulomas by microscopy. Previous endoscopic examination had revealed polyps in the gastric antrum, and a biopsy and microscopic examination had revealed granulomatous lesions, but a definite diagnosis could not be made until the ophthalmoscopic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:937443", "title": "Serum lysozyme in sarcoid uveitis.", "content": "In a study of 100 patients, the mean serum lysozyme value for patients with sarcoidosis and active uveitis was elevated, while the mean value for patients with inactive sarcoidosis and inactive uveitis was within the normal range. The mean value for patients with a clinical picture of sarcoid uveitis, but without an established diagnosis of sarcoidosis, was high. In patients with ophthalmologic findings compatible with sarcoidosis, but without radiologic, immunologic, or other clinical evidence of the disease, an elevated serum lysozyme level may be indicative of sytemic disease.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme in sarcoid uveitis. In a study of 100 patients, the mean serum lysozyme value for patients with sarcoidosis and active uveitis was elevated, while the mean value for patients with inactive sarcoidosis and inactive uveitis was within the normal range. The mean value for patients with a clinical picture of sarcoid uveitis, but without an established diagnosis of sarcoidosis, was high. In patients with ophthalmologic findings compatible with sarcoidosis, but without radiologic, immunologic, or other clinical evidence of the disease, an elevated serum lysozyme level may be indicative of sytemic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937444", "title": "Biological equivalence of ophthalmic prednisolone acetate suspensions.", "content": "We compared both concentrations (0.125 and 1.0%) of two widely used commmerical brands of prednisolone acetate suspensions. We investigated the concentration that each product attained in the cornea and aqueous humor, and each product's anti-inflammatory effectiveness in the cornea. There was no statistically significant difference in the corticosteroid levels measured in cornea or aqueous humor after administration of the two suspensions. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the ability of the two commercial preparations to suppress corneal inflammation.", "contents": "Biological equivalence of ophthalmic prednisolone acetate suspensions. We compared both concentrations (0.125 and 1.0%) of two widely used commmerical brands of prednisolone acetate suspensions. We investigated the concentration that each product attained in the cornea and aqueous humor, and each product's anti-inflammatory effectiveness in the cornea. There was no statistically significant difference in the corticosteroid levels measured in cornea or aqueous humor after administration of the two suspensions. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the ability of the two commercial preparations to suppress corneal inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:937445", "title": "Cloxacillin penetration.", "content": "We investigated the intraocular penetration of cloxacillin in 14 patients undergoing surgery for senile cataract after intramuscular and subconjunctival injections of the drug. No antibiotic level was detected in the aqueous humor when cloxacillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose that ranged between 1 and 4 g. With subconjunctival injection, therapeutically effective cloxacillin activity was detected in the aqueous humor only after a dose of 250 mg.", "contents": "Cloxacillin penetration. We investigated the intraocular penetration of cloxacillin in 14 patients undergoing surgery for senile cataract after intramuscular and subconjunctival injections of the drug. No antibiotic level was detected in the aqueous humor when cloxacillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose that ranged between 1 and 4 g. With subconjunctival injection, therapeutically effective cloxacillin activity was detected in the aqueous humor only after a dose of 250 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:937446", "title": "Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis.", "content": "We cryosurgically destroyed eyelashes in rabbits and applied the technique to treat 23 selected patients with trichiasis. Liquid nitrogen was sprayed on the eyelid margin by using a double, rapid-freeze, slow-thaw cycle monitored by a subcutaneous thermocouple to -30 degrees C. It was an improvement on electrolysis and a simple alternative to surgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis. We cryosurgically destroyed eyelashes in rabbits and applied the technique to treat 23 selected patients with trichiasis. Liquid nitrogen was sprayed on the eyelid margin by using a double, rapid-freeze, slow-thaw cycle monitored by a subcutaneous thermocouple to -30 degrees C. It was an improvement on electrolysis and a simple alternative to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:937447", "title": "Malignant inverted papilloma characterized by proptosis.", "content": "An inverted papilloma, presumably originating in the ethmoid sinus, was characterized by proptosis in a 67-year-old man. Clinically and radiologically it simulated a primary orbital tumor. Squamous carcinoma appeared in this lesion; irradiation and exenteration, 3 1/2 years after onset of symptoms, failed to prevent fatal intracranial extension.", "contents": "Malignant inverted papilloma characterized by proptosis. An inverted papilloma, presumably originating in the ethmoid sinus, was characterized by proptosis in a 67-year-old man. Clinically and radiologically it simulated a primary orbital tumor. Squamous carcinoma appeared in this lesion; irradiation and exenteration, 3 1/2 years after onset of symptoms, failed to prevent fatal intracranial extension."}
{"id": "PMID:937448", "title": "HL-A 27 antigen associated with uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis in a family.", "content": "Uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis coexisted in a family. Tissue typing of the family revealed the HL-A 27 antigen in five members: two had uveitis; two had ankylosing spondylitis; and one was asymptomatic. These diseases did not coexist in any one member of the family.", "contents": "HL-A 27 antigen associated with uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis in a family. Uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis coexisted in a family. Tissue typing of the family revealed the HL-A 27 antigen in five members: two had uveitis; two had ankylosing spondylitis; and one was asymptomatic. These diseases did not coexist in any one member of the family."}
{"id": "PMID:937449", "title": "Presumed ocular histoplasmosis.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome developed a subretinal neovascular membrane at a site previously demonstrated to be free of atrophic scarring on fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Presumed ocular histoplasmosis. A 21-year-old woman with the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome developed a subretinal neovascular membrane at a site previously demonstrated to be free of atrophic scarring on fluorescein angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:937453", "title": "The tilted disk syndrome.", "content": "We noted occasional diagnostic confusion with papilledema and chiasmal compression when its true congential nature was not recognized in 12 patients with a benign ocular syndrome. Retinoscopy, fluorescein angiography, ocular ultrasonography, and histopathology suggested that associated visual field defects were related to a localized staphylomatous ectasia of the posterior globe.", "contents": "The tilted disk syndrome. We noted occasional diagnostic confusion with papilledema and chiasmal compression when its true congential nature was not recognized in 12 patients with a benign ocular syndrome. Retinoscopy, fluorescein angiography, ocular ultrasonography, and histopathology suggested that associated visual field defects were related to a localized staphylomatous ectasia of the posterior globe."}
{"id": "PMID:937454", "title": "Glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk by ultrasonography.", "content": "B-scan ultrasonography was used to evaluate advance glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk (0.7 cup/disk ratio or greater) in one normal subject and six patients with glaucoma. The normal eye emitted a continuous echo from the posterior pole, which conformed to its mild degree of concavity. The glaucomatous eyes emitted echos from the posterior pole, demonstrating the more extreme concavity of the optic cup. Ultrasonographic evaluation of an acrylic plate containing holes of known diameter demonstrated the limits of resolution and artifacts that resulted from this examination.", "contents": "Glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk by ultrasonography. B-scan ultrasonography was used to evaluate advance glaucomatous cupping of the optic disk (0.7 cup/disk ratio or greater) in one normal subject and six patients with glaucoma. The normal eye emitted a continuous echo from the posterior pole, which conformed to its mild degree of concavity. The glaucomatous eyes emitted echos from the posterior pole, demonstrating the more extreme concavity of the optic cup. Ultrasonographic evaluation of an acrylic plate containing holes of known diameter demonstrated the limits of resolution and artifacts that resulted from this examination."}
{"id": "PMID:937455", "title": "Congenital anomalies of the optic disk.", "content": "Six patients had congenital anomalies of the optic disk: epipapillary fibrous tissue, peripapillary pigmentary disturbance, and anomalies in the size of the optic disk and in the retinal vessels. Congenital anomalies of the optic disk form a spectrum in which many of the ophthalmoscopic features are shared and in which visual function varies.", "contents": "Congenital anomalies of the optic disk. Six patients had congenital anomalies of the optic disk: epipapillary fibrous tissue, peripapillary pigmentary disturbance, and anomalies in the size of the optic disk and in the retinal vessels. Congenital anomalies of the optic disk form a spectrum in which many of the ophthalmoscopic features are shared and in which visual function varies."}
{"id": "PMID:937456", "title": "Cataract extraction and the corneal endothelium.", "content": "We examined and photographed the central corneal endothelium of 16 patients with the clinical specular microscope before and at intervals after cataract extraction. No detectable loss of the endothelial cells occurred in 75% of the patients, including 12 routine intracapsular cryoextractions and four phacoemulsifications of soft cataracts in young adults. Only one of the four cases of significant endothelial cell loss occurred in a normal cornea without demonstrable operative or postoperative complications. Two of the four corneas that lost central endothelial cells at cataract extraction continued to lose more cells during the ensuing weeks. A significant increase in central endothelial cell density was demonstrated in one patient. The four corneas with endothelial cell loss also had a significantly higher mean increase in corneal thickness postoperatively, although this was transient. All 16 corneas remained clear during the period of observation (maximum, 14 weeks), and long-term studies are needed to measure the chronic effects of the endothelial damage.", "contents": "Cataract extraction and the corneal endothelium. We examined and photographed the central corneal endothelium of 16 patients with the clinical specular microscope before and at intervals after cataract extraction. No detectable loss of the endothelial cells occurred in 75% of the patients, including 12 routine intracapsular cryoextractions and four phacoemulsifications of soft cataracts in young adults. Only one of the four cases of significant endothelial cell loss occurred in a normal cornea without demonstrable operative or postoperative complications. Two of the four corneas that lost central endothelial cells at cataract extraction continued to lose more cells during the ensuing weeks. A significant increase in central endothelial cell density was demonstrated in one patient. The four corneas with endothelial cell loss also had a significantly higher mean increase in corneal thickness postoperatively, although this was transient. All 16 corneas remained clear during the period of observation (maximum, 14 weeks), and long-term studies are needed to measure the chronic effects of the endothelial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:937457", "title": "Corneal endothelial damage associated with phacoemulsification.", "content": "Twenty-one cats underwent standard Kelman phacoemulsification procedures in their right eyes. The left eyes of the same amimals underwent a planned extracapsular cataract extraction or irrigation and aspiration for 15 minutes using the Kelman phacoemulsification unit. The corneal endothelium was evaluated at various times postoperatively using a stain for endothelial cell viability and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggested that the irrigation procedure alone is deleterious to the cat endothelium as is the rubbing of nuclear material against the endothelial cells. These two procedures caused additonal damage when combined in a routine phacoemulsification procedure.", "contents": "Corneal endothelial damage associated with phacoemulsification. Twenty-one cats underwent standard Kelman phacoemulsification procedures in their right eyes. The left eyes of the same amimals underwent a planned extracapsular cataract extraction or irrigation and aspiration for 15 minutes using the Kelman phacoemulsification unit. The corneal endothelium was evaluated at various times postoperatively using a stain for endothelial cell viability and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggested that the irrigation procedure alone is deleterious to the cat endothelium as is the rubbing of nuclear material against the endothelial cells. These two procedures caused additonal damage when combined in a routine phacoemulsification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:937458", "title": "A metabolic and electron microscopic study of human organ-cultured cornea.", "content": "We examined the glucose metabolism and ultrastructure of human corneas stored for 11 to 37 days in organ culture using a modified Eagle's minimum essential medium. Changing the media twice weekly provided a stable pH of 7.22 to 7.28 but the glucose concentration of the media decreased from 110 mg/100 ml to 30 mg/100 ml, and lactate concentration increased from 7 mg/100 ml to 84 mg/100 ml before media replacement. The initial rate of glucose uptake and lactate release averaged 149 mug/hr and 95 mug/hr, respectively, and the rates decreased approximately 50% by day 12. The glucose uptake rate stabilized between 40 and 60% of the original rate to day 37, but the lactate release rate decreased again at day 25 from 64 to 25%. The lactate/glucose ratio averaged 65 to 82% during the first 25 days of organ culture and 33 to 53% from days 28 to 37. Electron microscopy revealed that the endothelium formed a complete monolayer of normal appearing cells covering Descemet's membrane. Intracytoplasmic deposition of glycogen granules was present in endothelial, stromal, and epithelial cells.", "contents": "A metabolic and electron microscopic study of human organ-cultured cornea. We examined the glucose metabolism and ultrastructure of human corneas stored for 11 to 37 days in organ culture using a modified Eagle's minimum essential medium. Changing the media twice weekly provided a stable pH of 7.22 to 7.28 but the glucose concentration of the media decreased from 110 mg/100 ml to 30 mg/100 ml, and lactate concentration increased from 7 mg/100 ml to 84 mg/100 ml before media replacement. The initial rate of glucose uptake and lactate release averaged 149 mug/hr and 95 mug/hr, respectively, and the rates decreased approximately 50% by day 12. The glucose uptake rate stabilized between 40 and 60% of the original rate to day 37, but the lactate release rate decreased again at day 25 from 64 to 25%. The lactate/glucose ratio averaged 65 to 82% during the first 25 days of organ culture and 33 to 53% from days 28 to 37. Electron microscopy revealed that the endothelium formed a complete monolayer of normal appearing cells covering Descemet's membrane. Intracytoplasmic deposition of glycogen granules was present in endothelial, stromal, and epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:937459", "title": "Congenital epithelialization of the posterior cornea.", "content": "A 6-month-old infant boy who had a unilateral congenital corneal opacification with adhesions of abnormal iris to the posterior cornea underwent corneal transplantation. Pathologic examination of the excised cornea showed a central defect in Bowman's layer, an absent Descemet's membrane, and multilayered squamous epithelium replaced the endothelial layer. Electron microscopy confirmed that these cells had epithelial characteristics with numerous desmosomes, microvilli, and abundant cytoplasmic tonofibrils. While the pathogenesis remains obscure, a metaplastic process early in gestation probably resulted in the presence of epithelial cells in the endothelial layer.", "contents": "Congenital epithelialization of the posterior cornea. A 6-month-old infant boy who had a unilateral congenital corneal opacification with adhesions of abnormal iris to the posterior cornea underwent corneal transplantation. Pathologic examination of the excised cornea showed a central defect in Bowman's layer, an absent Descemet's membrane, and multilayered squamous epithelium replaced the endothelial layer. Electron microscopy confirmed that these cells had epithelial characteristics with numerous desmosomes, microvilli, and abundant cytoplasmic tonofibrils. While the pathogenesis remains obscure, a metaplastic process early in gestation probably resulted in the presence of epithelial cells in the endothelial layer."}
{"id": "PMID:937460", "title": "Increased intraocular pressure induced by repository corticosteroids.", "content": "Twelve patients (14 eyes) had intraocular pressure elevations induced by repository coritcosteroids. The duration and severity of the resulting pressure elevations were directly related to the decreasing solubility of the agent employed. Ten patitens had received intensive topical corticosteroids before injection, resulting in no intraocular pressure elevations during that period. Two patients who developed marked intraocular pressure elevations after repository corticosteroid injection did not manifest a positive response on subsequent topical corticosteroid testing.", "contents": "Increased intraocular pressure induced by repository corticosteroids. Twelve patients (14 eyes) had intraocular pressure elevations induced by repository coritcosteroids. The duration and severity of the resulting pressure elevations were directly related to the decreasing solubility of the agent employed. Ten patitens had received intensive topical corticosteroids before injection, resulting in no intraocular pressure elevations during that period. Two patients who developed marked intraocular pressure elevations after repository corticosteroid injection did not manifest a positive response on subsequent topical corticosteroid testing."}
{"id": "PMID:937461", "title": "Elevated lactic acid dehydrogenase in aqueous humor in an eye without retinoblastoma.", "content": "A 14-month-old boy had a microphthalmic left eye. An anterior chamber paracentesis was performed six days after examination under anesthesia. Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the aqueous humor was 1,158 mu and was 202 mu in the serum. The aqueous humor/serum LDH ratio was 5.73. This eye was eventually enucleated and found to have retinal dysplasia and diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis. There was no eividence of retinoblastoma. The elevated LDH level in aqueous humor was probably secondary to the ocular tissue necrosis and hemorrhage. This false-positive result emphasizes the limitation of using the aqueous humor/serum LDH ratio to distinguish eyes with retinoblastoma from those without retinoblastoma.", "contents": "Elevated lactic acid dehydrogenase in aqueous humor in an eye without retinoblastoma. A 14-month-old boy had a microphthalmic left eye. An anterior chamber paracentesis was performed six days after examination under anesthesia. Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the aqueous humor was 1,158 mu and was 202 mu in the serum. The aqueous humor/serum LDH ratio was 5.73. This eye was eventually enucleated and found to have retinal dysplasia and diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis. There was no eividence of retinoblastoma. The elevated LDH level in aqueous humor was probably secondary to the ocular tissue necrosis and hemorrhage. This false-positive result emphasizes the limitation of using the aqueous humor/serum LDH ratio to distinguish eyes with retinoblastoma from those without retinoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:937463", "title": "Methodology for teaching theory in occupational therapy basic professional education.", "content": "This article proposes a methodology for teaching theoretical concepts to undergraduate occupational therapy students. The methodology is based upon a learning theory and three conceptual models of psychosocial dysfunction. It is suggested that such a method will help students to understand theoretical principles and to develop the ability to apply these principles to treatment. This method has been used successfully by the authors in classroom instruction.", "contents": "Methodology for teaching theory in occupational therapy basic professional education. This article proposes a methodology for teaching theoretical concepts to undergraduate occupational therapy students. The methodology is based upon a learning theory and three conceptual models of psychosocial dysfunction. It is suggested that such a method will help students to understand theoretical principles and to develop the ability to apply these principles to treatment. This method has been used successfully by the authors in classroom instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:937464", "title": "The occupational career...", "content": "The health care system is responding to the demands for comprehensive services and is extending its services beyond the elimination of pathology to that of providing assistance with problems of daily role adjustment. Occupational therapists are beginning to base their practice on a role theory model, which permits consideration of both pathology and role adjustment. The acquisition of roles throughout an individual's life progresses from infancy through old age and forms a career of roles. Occupational therapists are developing evaluations of role performance to identify strengths and weaknesses of daily role adjustment. By complementing the existing body of occupational therapy expertise with assessments of occupational career, occupational therapists can easily respond to the increasing health care demands.", "contents": "The occupational career... The health care system is responding to the demands for comprehensive services and is extending its services beyond the elimination of pathology to that of providing assistance with problems of daily role adjustment. Occupational therapists are beginning to base their practice on a role theory model, which permits consideration of both pathology and role adjustment. The acquisition of roles throughout an individual's life progresses from infancy through old age and forms a career of roles. Occupational therapists are developing evaluations of role performance to identify strengths and weaknesses of daily role adjustment. By complementing the existing body of occupational therapy expertise with assessments of occupational career, occupational therapists can easily respond to the increasing health care demands."}
{"id": "PMID:937465", "title": "Validity of certification measures for occupational therapists.", "content": "Major factors that can affect the results of validation studies are identified and include reliability, homogeneity of sample, and criterion contamination. An overview and a description of content, predictive, concurrent, and construct validities are presented as well as a review of the recent studies of the validity of the Field Work Performance Report and the Certification Examination for Occupational Therapists. Adequate evidence of content and concurrent validity has been established for the Field Work Performance Report, although evidence for long-range predictive validity is lacking. Content validity alone has been established for the Certification Examination for Occupational Therapists. The evidence indicates that the instruments should not be abandoned, that they are better than no measures at all. The directions research might take in the future are given and the implications of continued use of the instruments are evaluated.", "contents": "Validity of certification measures for occupational therapists. Major factors that can affect the results of validation studies are identified and include reliability, homogeneity of sample, and criterion contamination. An overview and a description of content, predictive, concurrent, and construct validities are presented as well as a review of the recent studies of the validity of the Field Work Performance Report and the Certification Examination for Occupational Therapists. Adequate evidence of content and concurrent validity has been established for the Field Work Performance Report, although evidence for long-range predictive validity is lacking. Content validity alone has been established for the Certification Examination for Occupational Therapists. The evidence indicates that the instruments should not be abandoned, that they are better than no measures at all. The directions research might take in the future are given and the implications of continued use of the instruments are evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:937467", "title": "Occulsion amblyopia.", "content": "There have been a number of reports on the effects of early occlusion on the visual system of cats, monkeys, and humans. In the present paper, a patient with amblyopia resulting from prolonged early occlusion in the treatment of strabismus is described, and implications for management of early strabismus are discussed.", "contents": "Occulsion amblyopia. There have been a number of reports on the effects of early occlusion on the visual system of cats, monkeys, and humans. In the present paper, a patient with amblyopia resulting from prolonged early occlusion in the treatment of strabismus is described, and implications for management of early strabismus are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937468", "title": "Rotation of lathe-cut hydrogel lenses on the eye.", "content": "The rotation lathe-cut HydroCurveTM gel contact lens was measured on six eyes to evaluate the parameters that influence lens rotation and to determine if this lens could be used to correct astigmatism. Of the 72 observations made, 73.6% showed some lens rotation, and 33.4% of the sample rotated more than 5 degrees per 10 blinks. Of the observations in which rotation was noted, 88.7% were encyclorotation. These results are similar to those found for spin-cast hydrogel lenses. None of the lens parameters evaluated seemed to be related to lens rotation, whereas the eye parameters studied were. Lenses were more likely to rotate on eyes with smaller corneal diameters, smaller palpebral apertures, and corneal curvatures steeper than 4 3.00 DK (X2, N =72, p less than 0.05). Our findings indicate that some method of lens stabilization will be needed before lathe-cut hydrogel lenses can be used to effectively correct astigmatism.", "contents": "Rotation of lathe-cut hydrogel lenses on the eye. The rotation lathe-cut HydroCurveTM gel contact lens was measured on six eyes to evaluate the parameters that influence lens rotation and to determine if this lens could be used to correct astigmatism. Of the 72 observations made, 73.6% showed some lens rotation, and 33.4% of the sample rotated more than 5 degrees per 10 blinks. Of the observations in which rotation was noted, 88.7% were encyclorotation. These results are similar to those found for spin-cast hydrogel lenses. None of the lens parameters evaluated seemed to be related to lens rotation, whereas the eye parameters studied were. Lenses were more likely to rotate on eyes with smaller corneal diameters, smaller palpebral apertures, and corneal curvatures steeper than 4 3.00 DK (X2, N =72, p less than 0.05). Our findings indicate that some method of lens stabilization will be needed before lathe-cut hydrogel lenses can be used to effectively correct astigmatism."}
{"id": "PMID:937469", "title": "A matrix formalism for decentration problems.", "content": "A matrix approach to decentration problems is presented which reduces the common decentration problems of ophthalmic optics to simple matrix multiplications. The formalism also leads to an alternative derivation of Thomson's formulas for obliquely crossed spherocylindrical lenses.", "contents": "A matrix formalism for decentration problems. A matrix approach to decentration problems is presented which reduces the common decentration problems of ophthalmic optics to simple matrix multiplications. The formalism also leads to an alternative derivation of Thomson's formulas for obliquely crossed spherocylindrical lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:937470", "title": "Measurement of intraocular pressure over a gel lens.", "content": "Tonometric measurements of albino rabbits were determined with and without the use of a gel lens while the intraocular pressure (IOP) was manometrically controlled. The IOP was evaluated over a 50-mm Hg range of pressures. A high degree of correlation between measurements made with and without a gel lens was found. The results suggest that the technique may have clinical applications on patients for whom a corneal anesthesia is contraindicated or on whom repeated tonometry or tonography might cause corneal trauma.", "contents": "Measurement of intraocular pressure over a gel lens. Tonometric measurements of albino rabbits were determined with and without the use of a gel lens while the intraocular pressure (IOP) was manometrically controlled. The IOP was evaluated over a 50-mm Hg range of pressures. A high degree of correlation between measurements made with and without a gel lens was found. The results suggest that the technique may have clinical applications on patients for whom a corneal anesthesia is contraindicated or on whom repeated tonometry or tonography might cause corneal trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:937471", "title": "A vision profile of American Indian children.", "content": "In an unselected study, Modified Clinical Technique screening plus keratometry was done on 398 American Indian grade school children. The results are compared to screening results for Caucasin grade school children.", "contents": "A vision profile of American Indian children. In an unselected study, Modified Clinical Technique screening plus keratometry was done on 398 American Indian grade school children. The results are compared to screening results for Caucasin grade school children."}
{"id": "PMID:937472", "title": "Attempt to induce cataracts in rabbits by cutaneous application of acetone.", "content": "Acetone is used as a solvent for chemicals in skin sensitization studies. Its low cost, high solvent powers, and comparative lack of toxicity make it one of the most widely used industrial solvents. Absorption of acetone through the skin is not considered hazardous; however, in an earlier study we found that acetone caused cataracts in a large group of guinea pigs when small multiple doses were administered either topically or intracutaneously on the backs of these animals. No cataracts were found when two rabbits were tested. The purpose of the present study is to repeat the earlier study using more rabbits. Here, none of the 10 experimental rabbits or the 10 control rabbits developed any lens abnormalities. Those drugs and toxic substances that have produced cataracts in rabbits are described.", "contents": "Attempt to induce cataracts in rabbits by cutaneous application of acetone. Acetone is used as a solvent for chemicals in skin sensitization studies. Its low cost, high solvent powers, and comparative lack of toxicity make it one of the most widely used industrial solvents. Absorption of acetone through the skin is not considered hazardous; however, in an earlier study we found that acetone caused cataracts in a large group of guinea pigs when small multiple doses were administered either topically or intracutaneously on the backs of these animals. No cataracts were found when two rabbits were tested. The purpose of the present study is to repeat the earlier study using more rabbits. Here, none of the 10 experimental rabbits or the 10 control rabbits developed any lens abnormalities. Those drugs and toxic substances that have produced cataracts in rabbits are described."}
{"id": "PMID:937473", "title": "Diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex: an annual review of the ophthalmic literature.", "content": "The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex was reviewed for the period September 1973 to November 1974. Eighteen papers dealing with topics of interest to optometrists have been abstracted. Principal subjects include: relation of central serous retinopathy to pregnancy, a stimulating discussion of the role of elastic tissue degeneration in formation of angioid streaks, methods of assessing internal carotid artery disease, ophthalmoscopy versus tangent screen evaluation, stereoacuity as a useful tool in detecting monocular problems, advances in head X-ray, and, lastly, developments in objective assessment of the nerve head and central retinal artery.", "contents": "Diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex: an annual review of the ophthalmic literature. The ophthalmic literature dealing with diseases of the optic nerve, tracts, and visual cortex was reviewed for the period September 1973 to November 1974. Eighteen papers dealing with topics of interest to optometrists have been abstracted. Principal subjects include: relation of central serous retinopathy to pregnancy, a stimulating discussion of the role of elastic tissue degeneration in formation of angioid streaks, methods of assessing internal carotid artery disease, ophthalmoscopy versus tangent screen evaluation, stereoacuity as a useful tool in detecting monocular problems, advances in head X-ray, and, lastly, developments in objective assessment of the nerve head and central retinal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:937474", "title": "The lacrimal drainage system: pressure changes in the canaliculus.", "content": "In order for tears to be removed from the eye, pressure gradients must be created in the ducts which lead to the nose. Blinking is only one of a number of mechanisms potentially capable of doing this. Pressure in the lacrimal canaliculus was recorded during voluntary blinks, tight squeezing of the lids, eye movements, and pressure changes in the nose. The results show that all of these produce pressure changes in the canaliculus.", "contents": "The lacrimal drainage system: pressure changes in the canaliculus. In order for tears to be removed from the eye, pressure gradients must be created in the ducts which lead to the nose. Blinking is only one of a number of mechanisms potentially capable of doing this. Pressure in the lacrimal canaliculus was recorded during voluntary blinks, tight squeezing of the lids, eye movements, and pressure changes in the nose. The results show that all of these produce pressure changes in the canaliculus."}
{"id": "PMID:937475", "title": "The \"Pooh Corner\" vision study.", "content": "Two groups of children were screened by selected optometrical tests. Infants between the ages of 3 and 24 months and kindergarten children aged from 2 to 5 years were tested. The results indicated that meaningful data can be obtained from both groups and that the tests revealed visuosensory and visuomotor defects, correction of which at an early stage is not only desirable but, in most cases, essential.", "contents": "The \"Pooh Corner\" vision study. Two groups of children were screened by selected optometrical tests. Infants between the ages of 3 and 24 months and kindergarten children aged from 2 to 5 years were tested. The results indicated that meaningful data can be obtained from both groups and that the tests revealed visuosensory and visuomotor defects, correction of which at an early stage is not only desirable but, in most cases, essential."}
{"id": "PMID:937476", "title": "Blurred imagery and the cylinder sine-squared law.", "content": "The sine-squared law is shown to describe changes in spherical power which either minimize the blur or maximize the visibility of gratings oriented at various angles to the principal meridians of an astigmatic eye. These results help justify the use of the sine-squared law in applications such as meridional refraction. This derivation and its interpretation is quite different from the usual approach which emphasizes the meridional changes in curvature of a toric surface.", "contents": "Blurred imagery and the cylinder sine-squared law. The sine-squared law is shown to describe changes in spherical power which either minimize the blur or maximize the visibility of gratings oriented at various angles to the principal meridians of an astigmatic eye. These results help justify the use of the sine-squared law in applications such as meridional refraction. This derivation and its interpretation is quite different from the usual approach which emphasizes the meridional changes in curvature of a toric surface."}
{"id": "PMID:937477", "title": "A home pleoptic method.", "content": "A method of initiating an after-image in an amblyopic eye with eccentric fixation by using Haidinger's brush for fixation control is described. This technique makes home pleoptics possible.", "contents": "A home pleoptic method. A method of initiating an after-image in an amblyopic eye with eccentric fixation by using Haidinger's brush for fixation control is described. This technique makes home pleoptics possible."}
{"id": "PMID:937478", "title": "Correcting high anisometropia: two case reports.", "content": "In the cases reported, the anisometropia had not been corrected previously. Despite the common belief that such a correction would induce intolerable symptoms in adults, both patients successfully adapted to the full correction within a few days, showing marked improvement in binocular vision skills.", "contents": "Correcting high anisometropia: two case reports. In the cases reported, the anisometropia had not been corrected previously. Despite the common belief that such a correction would induce intolerable symptoms in adults, both patients successfully adapted to the full correction within a few days, showing marked improvement in binocular vision skills."}
{"id": "PMID:937479", "title": "Improving student understanding and management of patients through role-playing and video taping.", "content": "A teaching program that uses video tape and simulated patients assists the student in developing skills necessary for good professional relationships with patients and augments the student's ability in patient inverviewing and effective interview behavior. Role-playing by selected drama students and community theatre actors involves common problems encountered in the optometrist's office and management of problem patients (angry, aggressive, shy, withdrawn, talkative, flirt, hypocondriac, etc.).", "contents": "Improving student understanding and management of patients through role-playing and video taping. A teaching program that uses video tape and simulated patients assists the student in developing skills necessary for good professional relationships with patients and augments the student's ability in patient inverviewing and effective interview behavior. Role-playing by selected drama students and community theatre actors involves common problems encountered in the optometrist's office and management of problem patients (angry, aggressive, shy, withdrawn, talkative, flirt, hypocondriac, etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:937480", "title": "A lubrication theory model of tear exchange under a soft contact lens.", "content": "Tear exchange due to squeezing of a soft contact lens onto the cornea by the lid is calculated from lubrication theory. The theory predicts that for a normal blink and the usual tear film thickness (8 to 10 microns) there will be 10 to 20% tear exchange at each blink.", "contents": "A lubrication theory model of tear exchange under a soft contact lens. Tear exchange due to squeezing of a soft contact lens onto the cornea by the lid is calculated from lubrication theory. The theory predicts that for a normal blink and the usual tear film thickness (8 to 10 microns) there will be 10 to 20% tear exchange at each blink."}
{"id": "PMID:937481", "title": "Oxygen tension under a soft or hard, gas-permeable contact lens in the presence of tear pumping.", "content": "The oxygen tension under hard or soft, oxygen-permeable contact lenses is calculated. The calculation recognizes delivery of oxygen to the tear fluid under the contact lens by diffusion through the lens material and by entrance of fresh, air-saturated tears at each blink. The results show that oxygen diffusion through the lens material is much more effective than tear pumping in maintaining a useful oxygen tension under the lens.", "contents": "Oxygen tension under a soft or hard, gas-permeable contact lens in the presence of tear pumping. The oxygen tension under hard or soft, oxygen-permeable contact lenses is calculated. The calculation recognizes delivery of oxygen to the tear fluid under the contact lens by diffusion through the lens material and by entrance of fresh, air-saturated tears at each blink. The results show that oxygen diffusion through the lens material is much more effective than tear pumping in maintaining a useful oxygen tension under the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:937482", "title": "Vision analysis and refractive status of youths in a juvenile detention home population.", "content": "Clinical optometric findings of 633 juvenile dentention youths were statistically evaluated and compared to data from the general population. The youths had a higher referral rate of refractive errors, organic problems, and muscle in balances than the general population. Female youths exhibited a higher incidence and greater severity of myopia than males at all ages. Referral rate for astigmatism among the youths was higher than the general population although the dioptric power was in agreement with previous studies.", "contents": "Vision analysis and refractive status of youths in a juvenile detention home population. Clinical optometric findings of 633 juvenile dentention youths were statistically evaluated and compared to data from the general population. The youths had a higher referral rate of refractive errors, organic problems, and muscle in balances than the general population. Female youths exhibited a higher incidence and greater severity of myopia than males at all ages. Referral rate for astigmatism among the youths was higher than the general population although the dioptric power was in agreement with previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:937483", "title": "The refractive status of Zuni Indian children.", "content": "American Indians show a high incidence of various ocular abnormalities. In the present study, refractive error and corneal curvature were measured in 420 Zuni school children. The mean spherical refractive error varied from +0.87 D in the lower grades to -0.62 D in the upper grades. The mean corneal astigmatism was 2.21 D was varied as function of grade. corneal and refractive astigmatism were highly correlated.", "contents": "The refractive status of Zuni Indian children. American Indians show a high incidence of various ocular abnormalities. In the present study, refractive error and corneal curvature were measured in 420 Zuni school children. The mean spherical refractive error varied from +0.87 D in the lower grades to -0.62 D in the upper grades. The mean corneal astigmatism was 2.21 D was varied as function of grade. corneal and refractive astigmatism were highly correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:937484", "title": "Aberrations of spherocylindrical spectacle lenses.", "content": "A procedure has been developed for tracing a bundle of rays through and ophthalmic lens and a schematic eye with its primary line of sight pointed through various parts of the lens. A bundle of eight rays can provide data for assessing the quality of the image formed by such a system. To test the procedure and to generate data which can help in selecting a method for evaluating image quality, we selected a single lens as an example. The lens selected has a spherical back surface (-5.00 diopters) and a toric front surface (+15.00 diopters in the vertical and /10.00 diopters in the horizontal). It has a center thickness of 5 mm and glass of index 1.523. Spot diagrams were generated with the eye pointed in various directions through the ophthalmic lens. The data generated showed that peripheral bundles which fall between the principal meridians emerge as astigmatic bundles. This leads to the proposal that blur circle theory can be used for evaluating the quality of the optical image and that it suffices in the case of a spherocylindrical ophthalmic lens to base the tolerances for refractive power on measurements made in the principal meridians.", "contents": "Aberrations of spherocylindrical spectacle lenses. A procedure has been developed for tracing a bundle of rays through and ophthalmic lens and a schematic eye with its primary line of sight pointed through various parts of the lens. A bundle of eight rays can provide data for assessing the quality of the image formed by such a system. To test the procedure and to generate data which can help in selecting a method for evaluating image quality, we selected a single lens as an example. The lens selected has a spherical back surface (-5.00 diopters) and a toric front surface (+15.00 diopters in the vertical and /10.00 diopters in the horizontal). It has a center thickness of 5 mm and glass of index 1.523. Spot diagrams were generated with the eye pointed in various directions through the ophthalmic lens. The data generated showed that peripheral bundles which fall between the principal meridians emerge as astigmatic bundles. This leads to the proposal that blur circle theory can be used for evaluating the quality of the optical image and that it suffices in the case of a spherocylindrical ophthalmic lens to base the tolerances for refractive power on measurements made in the principal meridians."}
{"id": "PMID:937485", "title": "Measurement of SoflensTM posterior curvature with Moir\u00e9 fringes.", "content": "The posterior surface curvature of eight Bausch and Lomb SoflensesTM was measured by using a Moir\u00e9 interference fringe technique. This unique method was used to allow measurement of the curvature variation across the lens surface and to provide new information which may be helpful in understanding difficult fitting problems and improving fitting techniques. Central apical curvature agreed with values published by Bausch and Lomb within 6%. Low negative power lenses became steeper, whereas higher minus power lenses became flatter away from the apex toward the lens periphery. However, none of the lenses tested was a flat in the outer portion of the lens as predicted by hydrodynamic forced-vortex theory which should be applicable for spun-cast fluid lenses. There was also a significant change in curvature, first flattening, then steeping across the lens as it dried out during the course of the measurement.", "contents": "Measurement of SoflensTM posterior curvature with Moir\u00e9 fringes. The posterior surface curvature of eight Bausch and Lomb SoflensesTM was measured by using a Moir\u00e9 interference fringe technique. This unique method was used to allow measurement of the curvature variation across the lens surface and to provide new information which may be helpful in understanding difficult fitting problems and improving fitting techniques. Central apical curvature agreed with values published by Bausch and Lomb within 6%. Low negative power lenses became steeper, whereas higher minus power lenses became flatter away from the apex toward the lens periphery. However, none of the lenses tested was a flat in the outer portion of the lens as predicted by hydrodynamic forced-vortex theory which should be applicable for spun-cast fluid lenses. There was also a significant change in curvature, first flattening, then steeping across the lens as it dried out during the course of the measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:937486", "title": "Effect of tinted contact lenses on color vision.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of various contact lens tints on color vision. Color vision performance of eight subjects was evaluated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test while each subject wore each of 13 differently tinted contact lenses. No significant differences in color vision were found with the various lenses. However, performance on the test was affected by repetition. Regardless of the lens tints tested, color discrimination for the blue quadrant of the 100 Hue Test was the poorest. Further research is needed to determine the effect of tinted contact lenses on scotopic and mesopic vision.", "contents": "Effect of tinted contact lenses on color vision. This study was designed to investigate the effects of various contact lens tints on color vision. Color vision performance of eight subjects was evaluated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test while each subject wore each of 13 differently tinted contact lenses. No significant differences in color vision were found with the various lenses. However, performance on the test was affected by repetition. Regardless of the lens tints tested, color discrimination for the blue quadrant of the 100 Hue Test was the poorest. Further research is needed to determine the effect of tinted contact lenses on scotopic and mesopic vision."}
{"id": "PMID:937487", "title": "High power lens with a measurement water cell.", "content": "A simple water cell can be used to increase the range of an ordinary lensometer by about three times by using an application of Snell's law. This technique can be very useful in low vision applications where other methods of measuring high plus ophthalmic lenses are always cumbersome and time consuming and sometimes inaccurate or inconclusive.", "contents": "High power lens with a measurement water cell. A simple water cell can be used to increase the range of an ordinary lensometer by about three times by using an application of Snell's law. This technique can be very useful in low vision applications where other methods of measuring high plus ophthalmic lenses are always cumbersome and time consuming and sometimes inaccurate or inconclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:937489", "title": "Classification of practitioners by urban Chicano patients: an aspect of the sociology of lay knowledge.", "content": "This study in the sociology of lay knowledge seeks to conceptualize the \"everyday rules\" by which a patient makes choices about which practitioner should be consulted for which episode. A lay person must often choose a practitioner from among competing coteries of specialists, without having recourse to their specialized knowledge in order to classify them. The patient must develop her own typology of specialists, utilizing her own criteria. The patient becomes aware of a number of aspects of an epsiode, each of which requires a response of some sort. In the course of her interaction with a practitioner, the patient discovers  that the practitioner is competent, in her perception to handle some aspects and inadequate to handle others, thereby presenting her with a particular constellation of competencies and inadequacies. When seeing different practitioners, the patient encounters vertical and horizontal conflict between the assessments offered her by each. She must decide which offers the competencies most needed and the inadequacies most tolerable. A practitioner's constellation may change over time or by episode. In order to secure the competencies she feels necessary, the patient may utilize a number of practitioners either sequentially or simultaneously, thereby functioning as an assembler of her own health care team.", "contents": "Classification of practitioners by urban Chicano patients: an aspect of the sociology of lay knowledge. This study in the sociology of lay knowledge seeks to conceptualize the \"everyday rules\" by which a patient makes choices about which practitioner should be consulted for which episode. A lay person must often choose a practitioner from among competing coteries of specialists, without having recourse to their specialized knowledge in order to classify them. The patient must develop her own typology of specialists, utilizing her own criteria. The patient becomes aware of a number of aspects of an epsiode, each of which requires a response of some sort. In the course of her interaction with a practitioner, the patient discovers  that the practitioner is competent, in her perception to handle some aspects and inadequate to handle others, thereby presenting her with a particular constellation of competencies and inadequacies. When seeing different practitioners, the patient encounters vertical and horizontal conflict between the assessments offered her by each. She must decide which offers the competencies most needed and the inadequacies most tolerable. A practitioner's constellation may change over time or by episode. In order to secure the competencies she feels necessary, the patient may utilize a number of practitioners either sequentially or simultaneously, thereby functioning as an assembler of her own health care team."}
{"id": "PMID:937490", "title": "Postnatal changes in corneal curvature.", "content": "Corneal curvature was measured in 10 kittens from three litters and found to change significantly during postnatal development. From our data analysis, corneal curvature can be predicted from an animal's age and weight. To facilitate this prediciton for use in fitting contact lenses as occluders or diffusers in developmental studies, prediction equations are given as are expected weights of kittens as a function of age.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in corneal curvature. Corneal curvature was measured in 10 kittens from three litters and found to change significantly during postnatal development. From our data analysis, corneal curvature can be predicted from an animal's age and weight. To facilitate this prediciton for use in fitting contact lenses as occluders or diffusers in developmental studies, prediction equations are given as are expected weights of kittens as a function of age."}
{"id": "PMID:937491", "title": "The state of accommodation during the measurement of axial chromatic aberration of the eye.", "content": "The axial chromatic aberration of the eye was determined as in previous studies by finding the lens required to eliminate or minimize blur of the fixation target when it is illuminated by a series of monochromatic sources. Objective measurement of the refraction of the eyes during this procedure showed that accommodation remained constant throughout. Hence, the conclusion that the accommodative state does not in this case respond automatically to changes in the vergence of light falling in the retinal plane. It is suggested that some other stimulus, perhaps perceived distance, predominates. Further, the least amount of plus lens required to blur a near target was about the same for white and red but much less for blue. This substantiates an earlier finding that the eye accommodates for near only sufficiently to place the blue end of the chromatic interval on the retina.", "contents": "The state of accommodation during the measurement of axial chromatic aberration of the eye. The axial chromatic aberration of the eye was determined as in previous studies by finding the lens required to eliminate or minimize blur of the fixation target when it is illuminated by a series of monochromatic sources. Objective measurement of the refraction of the eyes during this procedure showed that accommodation remained constant throughout. Hence, the conclusion that the accommodative state does not in this case respond automatically to changes in the vergence of light falling in the retinal plane. It is suggested that some other stimulus, perhaps perceived distance, predominates. Further, the least amount of plus lens required to blur a near target was about the same for white and red but much less for blue. This substantiates an earlier finding that the eye accommodates for near only sufficiently to place the blue end of the chromatic interval on the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:937492", "title": "Apical bearing and success with the Bausch and Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lens.", "content": "Thirty-three patients (63 eyes) were fitted with Bausch and Lomb soflens (polymacon) contact lenses. The initial lenses were selected with the mean posterior apical radius 0.45 mm flatter than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea (S.D. = +/-0.31 MM). Forty-eight eyes (76%) were successfully fitted and 15 eyes (25%) were unsuccessfully fitted. Among the successfully fitted eyes, 31 were fitted with the initial lens, 12 required steeper lenses, and 5 required flatter lenses. The final successfully fitted lenses were on the average 0.40 mm flatter (S.D. = +/-0.32 mm) than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea. The unsuccessfully fitted lenses were not significantly different than the successfully fitted lenses, being 0.47 mm flatter (S.D. = +/-O.32 mm) than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea. Although the central lens-cornea relationship is helpful in fitting the Soflens, the number of successful results are increased significantly by changing to a lens with different parameters when lens performance and patient response are not optimal.", "contents": "Apical bearing and success with the Bausch and Lomb Soflens (polymacon) contact lens. Thirty-three patients (63 eyes) were fitted with Bausch and Lomb soflens (polymacon) contact lenses. The initial lenses were selected with the mean posterior apical radius 0.45 mm flatter than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea (S.D. = +/-0.31 MM). Forty-eight eyes (76%) were successfully fitted and 15 eyes (25%) were unsuccessfully fitted. Among the successfully fitted eyes, 31 were fitted with the initial lens, 12 required steeper lenses, and 5 required flatter lenses. The final successfully fitted lenses were on the average 0.40 mm flatter (S.D. = +/-0.32 mm) than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea. The unsuccessfully fitted lenses were not significantly different than the successfully fitted lenses, being 0.47 mm flatter (S.D. = +/-O.32 mm) than the flat keratometer reading of the cornea. Although the central lens-cornea relationship is helpful in fitting the Soflens, the number of successful results are increased significantly by changing to a lens with different parameters when lens performance and patient response are not optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:937493", "title": "The effect of a nitrous oxid-oxygen mixture on the lateral heterophoria.", "content": "The distance and near lateral heterophorias were investigated in 10 subjects to determine the effect of a nitrous oxide (N2O)-oxygen (O2) mixture. The heterophorias were measured by the Maddox method before and after a 3-minute induction period of nitrous oxide. It was found that the distance lateral heterophoria for all 10 subjects changed toward more esophoria, whereas the changes in the near lateral heterophoria were inconsistent in their direction.", "contents": "The effect of a nitrous oxid-oxygen mixture on the lateral heterophoria. The distance and near lateral heterophorias were investigated in 10 subjects to determine the effect of a nitrous oxide (N2O)-oxygen (O2) mixture. The heterophorias were measured by the Maddox method before and after a 3-minute induction period of nitrous oxide. It was found that the distance lateral heterophoria for all 10 subjects changed toward more esophoria, whereas the changes in the near lateral heterophoria were inconsistent in their direction."}
{"id": "PMID:937494", "title": "Application of biofeedback and behavior modification techniques in visual training.", "content": "A review of the biofeedback literature was made and proposals for use in optometry advanced. To this end electromyograph units can be connected to an apparatus which gives a reward when a patient performs proper eye movements. By this means, patients who undergo visual training become conscious of their eye movements. As a reinforcement, they are rewarded by music or the motion of toys when they give the right answer. Application of the system in cases of strabismus, limitation of gaze, convergence insufficiency or excess, ptosis, and other cases are discussed. Methodological and financial advantages of incorporation of biofeedback reinforcement into visual training are enumerated.", "contents": "Application of biofeedback and behavior modification techniques in visual training. A review of the biofeedback literature was made and proposals for use in optometry advanced. To this end electromyograph units can be connected to an apparatus which gives a reward when a patient performs proper eye movements. By this means, patients who undergo visual training become conscious of their eye movements. As a reinforcement, they are rewarded by music or the motion of toys when they give the right answer. Application of the system in cases of strabismus, limitation of gaze, convergence insufficiency or excess, ptosis, and other cases are discussed. Methodological and financial advantages of incorporation of biofeedback reinforcement into visual training are enumerated."}
{"id": "PMID:937495", "title": "Construction of simple vectographic slides for Ver stimuli.", "content": "A series of 35-mm vectographic checkerboard slides has been developed which, when projected through a rotating polaroid analyzer, generate an oscillating checkerboard for use as a stimulus in visual evoked response (VER) experiments. Sample VER data are presented from a 4-year-old and a 23-year-old subject, using a variety of check sizes and using a color-sound cartoon superimposed over the checkerboard to encourage attention. These slides provide a simple yet versatile means for producing VER data.", "contents": "Construction of simple vectographic slides for Ver stimuli. A series of 35-mm vectographic checkerboard slides has been developed which, when projected through a rotating polaroid analyzer, generate an oscillating checkerboard for use as a stimulus in visual evoked response (VER) experiments. Sample VER data are presented from a 4-year-old and a 23-year-old subject, using a variety of check sizes and using a color-sound cartoon superimposed over the checkerboard to encourage attention. These slides provide a simple yet versatile means for producing VER data."}
{"id": "PMID:937496", "title": "Laser meridional refractometry.", "content": "Laser meridonal refractions were undertaken on 30 subjects. The results  were compared to classical subjective techniques utilizing both correlative statistics and clinical criteria. The laser meridional techniques were highly correlated with the subjective procedures and were accurate when judged by clinical criteria.", "contents": "Laser meridional refractometry. Laser meridonal refractions were undertaken on 30 subjects. The results  were compared to classical subjective techniques utilizing both correlative statistics and clinical criteria. The laser meridional techniques were highly correlated with the subjective procedures and were accurate when judged by clinical criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:937497", "title": "Paralysis of elevation of one eye a case report.", "content": "A vertical diplopia in a 53-year-old woman was diagnosed as euthyroid Grave's disease, which was arrested by systemic chemotherapy. Subsequent corrective surgery was effective.", "contents": "Paralysis of elevation of one eye a case report. A vertical diplopia in a 53-year-old woman was diagnosed as euthyroid Grave's disease, which was arrested by systemic chemotherapy. Subsequent corrective surgery was effective."}
{"id": "PMID:937498", "title": "Contour interaction and temporal masking in strabismus and amblyopia.", "content": "Visual acuity of amlyopic eyes, measured under binocular viewing conditions, was improved by reducing the contrast of targets presented to the normal eye. Improvement was also obtained by adjusting the temporal relationship between inputs to the normal and amblyopic eye. Optimal acuity was obtained by alternately presenting targets to the two eyes at rates centered about 2 and 7 Hz. These results are interpreted in terms of binocular contour interaction and metacontrast suppression. They suggest that a portion of the amblyope's acuity loss during binocular viewing conditions results from excessive masking by the dominant normal eye.", "contents": "Contour interaction and temporal masking in strabismus and amblyopia. Visual acuity of amlyopic eyes, measured under binocular viewing conditions, was improved by reducing the contrast of targets presented to the normal eye. Improvement was also obtained by adjusting the temporal relationship between inputs to the normal and amblyopic eye. Optimal acuity was obtained by alternately presenting targets to the two eyes at rates centered about 2 and 7 Hz. These results are interpreted in terms of binocular contour interaction and metacontrast suppression. They suggest that a portion of the amblyope's acuity loss during binocular viewing conditions results from excessive masking by the dominant normal eye."}
{"id": "PMID:937499", "title": "Reflections on retinoscopy.", "content": "It has often been stated that static retinoscopy findings are not affected by the examiner's refractive correction. To what extent this statement remains true is the subject of this statement remains true is the subject of this paper. The basic principle of retinoscopy is the Foucault test. In this test, a knife edge placed on the principal axis of an optical system (S) intercepts a bundle of rays coming out of (S). Depending on the position of the knife edge, various distributions of light and shadow can be observed on the anterior surface of (S). In retinoscopy it is either the entrance pupil of the examiner or the peephole of the instrument that plays the role of the knife edge. Therefore, any change in conditions that bring about a change in the \"knife-edge-pupil\" position will result in errors in static retinoscopy. Nevertheless, calculations show that these errors do not become significant under usual clinical conditions of static retinoscopy.", "contents": "Reflections on retinoscopy. It has often been stated that static retinoscopy findings are not affected by the examiner's refractive correction. To what extent this statement remains true is the subject of this statement remains true is the subject of this paper. The basic principle of retinoscopy is the Foucault test. In this test, a knife edge placed on the principal axis of an optical system (S) intercepts a bundle of rays coming out of (S). Depending on the position of the knife edge, various distributions of light and shadow can be observed on the anterior surface of (S). In retinoscopy it is either the entrance pupil of the examiner or the peephole of the instrument that plays the role of the knife edge. Therefore, any change in conditions that bring about a change in the \"knife-edge-pupil\" position will result in errors in static retinoscopy. Nevertheless, calculations show that these errors do not become significant under usual clinical conditions of static retinoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:937500", "title": "Role of gravity in prism ballasting.", "content": "One of the techniques commonly used in stabilizing the rotation of a contact lens is prism ballasting. The idea is to gain stabilization by the action of gravity pulling on the base of the prism. The determination of just how much prism is necessary in any particular case is usually made empirically, gradually increasing prism amount when more stability is required. This paper will present the results of a mathematical investigation which demonstrates that gravity forces alone do not play the major role in the stabilization of prism ballasted lenses. It is hoped that this preliminary analysis will stimulate further theoretical work of a similar nature, in the growing field of contact lenses.", "contents": "Role of gravity in prism ballasting. One of the techniques commonly used in stabilizing the rotation of a contact lens is prism ballasting. The idea is to gain stabilization by the action of gravity pulling on the base of the prism. The determination of just how much prism is necessary in any particular case is usually made empirically, gradually increasing prism amount when more stability is required. This paper will present the results of a mathematical investigation which demonstrates that gravity forces alone do not play the major role in the stabilization of prism ballasted lenses. It is hoped that this preliminary analysis will stimulate further theoretical work of a similar nature, in the growing field of contact lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:937501", "title": "A comparison of enzyme reagent strip tests for lacrimal glucose.", "content": "Lacrimal glucose screening for diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly popular in optometric practice. Several commercial glucose test kits are available and can be used for this purpose. This paper compares the cost, reaction range, and reaction time reported for six different types of reagent strip tests.", "contents": "A comparison of enzyme reagent strip tests for lacrimal glucose. Lacrimal glucose screening for diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly popular in optometric practice. Several commercial glucose test kits are available and can be used for this purpose. This paper compares the cost, reaction range, and reaction time reported for six different types of reagent strip tests."}
{"id": "PMID:937502", "title": "Effects of wearing the Bausch & Lomb SoflensTM while skydiving.", "content": "The use of Soflenses as a method of ametropic correction and ocular protection while skydiving is explored. The use of the Soflens with and without the addition of protective goggles is compared. Vision is seen to be relatively stable and clear while jumping with the Soflens, yet stability and clarity improve significantly when protective goggles are worn over the Soflenses. Stability and clarity improve significantly when protective turbulence in the facial area increases due to more involved skydiving maneuvers. A definite short-term corneal epithelial disturbance is observed when lenses are blown off the eyes due to wind turbulence.", "contents": "Effects of wearing the Bausch & Lomb SoflensTM while skydiving. The use of Soflenses as a method of ametropic correction and ocular protection while skydiving is explored. The use of the Soflens with and without the addition of protective goggles is compared. Vision is seen to be relatively stable and clear while jumping with the Soflens, yet stability and clarity improve significantly when protective goggles are worn over the Soflenses. Stability and clarity improve significantly when protective turbulence in the facial area increases due to more involved skydiving maneuvers. A definite short-term corneal epithelial disturbance is observed when lenses are blown off the eyes due to wind turbulence."}
{"id": "PMID:937503", "title": "Analytical aids for determining induced vertical prism imbalances in anisometropia.", "content": "Anisometropes may experience considerable discomfort as a consequence of the vertical prismatic imbalance induced in their correcting lenses. Many patients successfully adapt. Where difficulties continue to be experienced, the prescription must include some degree of compensation. When the patient's correction involves cylinder, determination of the induced imbalance frequently proves to be tedious. For the clinician who wishes to calculate the induced imbalance before determining the required compensation, three useful methods have been developed and are presented in this paper. After a brief discussion of the problem, the three analytical aids are detailed, with examples, followed by their derivation and analysis.", "contents": "Analytical aids for determining induced vertical prism imbalances in anisometropia. Anisometropes may experience considerable discomfort as a consequence of the vertical prismatic imbalance induced in their correcting lenses. Many patients successfully adapt. Where difficulties continue to be experienced, the prescription must include some degree of compensation. When the patient's correction involves cylinder, determination of the induced imbalance frequently proves to be tedious. For the clinician who wishes to calculate the induced imbalance before determining the required compensation, three useful methods have been developed and are presented in this paper. After a brief discussion of the problem, the three analytical aids are detailed, with examples, followed by their derivation and analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:937504", "title": "Sociological perspectives of the profession of optometry: a new look at trends since 1958.", "content": "The paper identifies many features of optometry which have changed in the fifteen years since the last paper by Orzack and Uglum; other aspects have remained surprisingly unchanged. Some of these developments could have been predicted from the analysis of the original article in 1958. This paper will be useful in evaluation of the directions in which optometry seems headed and will stimulate some planning for the future. Some of the questions raised and areas discussed will provoke contention among the optometric community and among others, and this can serve as the impetus for some critical optometric-sponsored research.", "contents": "Sociological perspectives of the profession of optometry: a new look at trends since 1958. The paper identifies many features of optometry which have changed in the fifteen years since the last paper by Orzack and Uglum; other aspects have remained surprisingly unchanged. Some of these developments could have been predicted from the analysis of the original article in 1958. This paper will be useful in evaluation of the directions in which optometry seems headed and will stimulate some planning for the future. Some of the questions raised and areas discussed will provoke contention among the optometric community and among others, and this can serve as the impetus for some critical optometric-sponsored research."}
{"id": "PMID:937505", "title": "Personality patterns of academy fellows and high-income optometrists.", "content": "Practicing optometrists who have achieved Academy membership status, and, separately, optometrists who have attained unusually high incomes in practice were studied and compared with optometrists in general. Academy fellows differed from non-fellows in their greater initiative, self-confidence, independent spirit, and a pattern of interests like persons engaged in professional social service occupations. High-income optometrists were more like Academy fellows than were optometrists in general, but showed somewhat less of the leadership potential evidenced by Academy members. High-income optometrists showed more interest than other optometrists in business occupations. The findings show that personal qualities and interest patterns associated with being financially successful and with achieving Academy membership can be assessed in a meaningful and objective manner.", "contents": "Personality patterns of academy fellows and high-income optometrists. Practicing optometrists who have achieved Academy membership status, and, separately, optometrists who have attained unusually high incomes in practice were studied and compared with optometrists in general. Academy fellows differed from non-fellows in their greater initiative, self-confidence, independent spirit, and a pattern of interests like persons engaged in professional social service occupations. High-income optometrists were more like Academy fellows than were optometrists in general, but showed somewhat less of the leadership potential evidenced by Academy members. High-income optometrists showed more interest than other optometrists in business occupations. The findings show that personal qualities and interest patterns associated with being financially successful and with achieving Academy membership can be assessed in a meaningful and objective manner."}
{"id": "PMID:937507", "title": "Pulmonary mineral dust. A study of ninety patients by electron microscopy, electron microanalysis, and electron microdiffraction.", "content": "The results of a study of 90 patients are presented. Intrapulmonary mineral deposits were characterized by electron diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. Using this method, pneumoconioses may be distinguidhed from other pneumopathies. In cases of pneumoconiosis, there exists a specific relationship between the etiology of the dust exposure and the crystallographic characteristics of the intrapulmonary deposits. The nature of the deposits may be indicative of a specific type of pneumoconiosis. This method is particularly useful in differentiating between asbestos bodies and ferruginous bodies. The value of the method in general and its importance in the study of pneumoconiosis are discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary mineral dust. A study of ninety patients by electron microscopy, electron microanalysis, and electron microdiffraction. The results of a study of 90 patients are presented. Intrapulmonary mineral deposits were characterized by electron diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. Using this method, pneumoconioses may be distinguidhed from other pneumopathies. In cases of pneumoconiosis, there exists a specific relationship between the etiology of the dust exposure and the crystallographic characteristics of the intrapulmonary deposits. The nature of the deposits may be indicative of a specific type of pneumoconiosis. This method is particularly useful in differentiating between asbestos bodies and ferruginous bodies. The value of the method in general and its importance in the study of pneumoconiosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937508", "title": "Parathyroid adenomas and glands in normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism. A light microscopic study.", "content": "Surgical exploration of the parathyroid glands was carried out in 84 patients who had recurrent kidney stones and serum calcium levels in the upper quartile and most of whom had hypercalciuria. Parathyroid adenoma(s) were found in 19 cases, hyperplasia in 39 cases, and normal parathyroid glands in 26 cases. Postoperatively, a clinical follow-up was carried out for 2 to 5 years. No relapse has occurred in the cases with adenoma(s) but did occur in 24% of the group with hyperplasia and in 48% of the group with normal glands. The histopathologic findings are described here, while the clinical results are given in another paper. The adenomas do not differ histologically from those giving rise to hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. The hyperplasia was of the chief cell type and was slight in most cases. The \"normal\" glands did not differ from other normal glands from euparathyroid subjects. There was no significant difference in weight and histopathologic appearance between the hyperplastic glands of patients who relapsed and those who did not. Nor did the normal glands of \"cured\" patients differ from those of patients with relapse. However, in both these groups, some histologic features seem to indicate a favorable outcome; in the group with hyperplasia, there were higher glandular and parencymal cell weight as well as predominance of light chief cells and small fibrotic areas. In the normal group, higher number of argyrophil cells and small fibrotic areas also seem to implicate a better prognosis.", "contents": "Parathyroid adenomas and glands in normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism. A light microscopic study. Surgical exploration of the parathyroid glands was carried out in 84 patients who had recurrent kidney stones and serum calcium levels in the upper quartile and most of whom had hypercalciuria. Parathyroid adenoma(s) were found in 19 cases, hyperplasia in 39 cases, and normal parathyroid glands in 26 cases. Postoperatively, a clinical follow-up was carried out for 2 to 5 years. No relapse has occurred in the cases with adenoma(s) but did occur in 24% of the group with hyperplasia and in 48% of the group with normal glands. The histopathologic findings are described here, while the clinical results are given in another paper. The adenomas do not differ histologically from those giving rise to hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism. The hyperplasia was of the chief cell type and was slight in most cases. The \"normal\" glands did not differ from other normal glands from euparathyroid subjects. There was no significant difference in weight and histopathologic appearance between the hyperplastic glands of patients who relapsed and those who did not. Nor did the normal glands of \"cured\" patients differ from those of patients with relapse. However, in both these groups, some histologic features seem to indicate a favorable outcome; in the group with hyperplasia, there were higher glandular and parencymal cell weight as well as predominance of light chief cells and small fibrotic areas. In the normal group, higher number of argyrophil cells and small fibrotic areas also seem to implicate a better prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937509", "title": "Cellular autophagocytosis induced by deprivation of serum and amino acids in HeLa cells.", "content": "Morphologic alterations in HeLa cells deprived of serum and amino acids were studied by light and electron microscopy. After complete deprivation for 1, 3, or 6 hours, many cells contained autophagic vacuoles enclosing clearly recognizable cell organelles. The proportion of cells showing autophagy rose from 4 to 37% in the first 3 hours of deprivation. Acid phosphatase reaction product was localized within many of the autophagic vacuoles by a modified Gomori method. After 12 to 24 hours of deprivation, many membranous residual bodies were noted within the starved HeLa cells. These electron microscopic studies indicate that complete deprivation of serum and amino acids provides a useful model for the further study of cellular autophagocytosis.", "contents": "Cellular autophagocytosis induced by deprivation of serum and amino acids in HeLa cells. Morphologic alterations in HeLa cells deprived of serum and amino acids were studied by light and electron microscopy. After complete deprivation for 1, 3, or 6 hours, many cells contained autophagic vacuoles enclosing clearly recognizable cell organelles. The proportion of cells showing autophagy rose from 4 to 37% in the first 3 hours of deprivation. Acid phosphatase reaction product was localized within many of the autophagic vacuoles by a modified Gomori method. After 12 to 24 hours of deprivation, many membranous residual bodies were noted within the starved HeLa cells. These electron microscopic studies indicate that complete deprivation of serum and amino acids provides a useful model for the further study of cellular autophagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937510", "title": "Pancreatic neoplasms induced in Syrian golden hamsters. I. Scanning electron microscopic observations.", "content": "Pancreases from Syrian golden hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxy-proply)amine for 10 to 25 weeks were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings indicate that the neoplasms originated from the ductal epithelium and developed progressively. Adenomas were lined by epithelium of differing cells types, ranging from a flat singly ciliated form to cuboidal-columnar types, or to mixed cell populations. The epithelial lining of the ductal carcinomas exhibited tubular and papillary cystic spaces, and cell surfaces were similar to the cuboidal and columnar epithelium of adenomas and of ductal epithelial hyperplasia. However, microvilli were dense and of varied lengths. The SEM observations correlated with patterns seen in routine histologic preparations.", "contents": "Pancreatic neoplasms induced in Syrian golden hamsters. I. Scanning electron microscopic observations. Pancreases from Syrian golden hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxy-proply)amine for 10 to 25 weeks were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings indicate that the neoplasms originated from the ductal epithelium and developed progressively. Adenomas were lined by epithelium of differing cells types, ranging from a flat singly ciliated form to cuboidal-columnar types, or to mixed cell populations. The epithelial lining of the ductal carcinomas exhibited tubular and papillary cystic spaces, and cell surfaces were similar to the cuboidal and columnar epithelium of adenomas and of ductal epithelial hyperplasia. However, microvilli were dense and of varied lengths. The SEM observations correlated with patterns seen in routine histologic preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:937512", "title": "Effect of angiotensin-induced hypertension on rat coronary arteries and myocardium.", "content": "Acute hypertension has been produced in rats by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin amide for 4 hours. Both control and hypertensive animals were injected intravenously prior to sacrifice with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or colloidal carbon. Epicardial arteries and blocks of ventricular myocardium containing intramyocardial arteries and arterioles have been processed for electron microscopy. HRP appears to penetrate the endoethelium of epicardial arteries from control animals within vesicles that bypass endothelial junctions and empty into interendoethelial clefts. Peroxidase does not traverse the endothelium of intramural arteries and arterioles of controls over the 10-minute period of observation. There is acceleration of lateral vesicular transport in the endothelium of epicardial arteries after angiotensin infusion and direct permeation of interendothelial clefts of intramural arterial vessels. Medial fragmentation and more extensive necrosis are observed in intramyocardial but not in epicardial arterial vessels. Foci of myocardial damage resembling irreversible ischemic or anoxic injury followed by reflow are described. It is suggested that the increased permeability of epicardial arteries may be due to elevated pressure, while the altered permeability and vascular lesions of intramural arteries and arterioles are more readily attributable to the vasoconstriction produced by angiotension. The vascular and myocardial lesions are also discussed in relation to the regional actions of angiotensin on the coronary circulation and known effects of this vasoactive peptide on myocardium.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin-induced hypertension on rat coronary arteries and myocardium. Acute hypertension has been produced in rats by the intravenous infusion of angiotensin amide for 4 hours. Both control and hypertensive animals were injected intravenously prior to sacrifice with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or colloidal carbon. Epicardial arteries and blocks of ventricular myocardium containing intramyocardial arteries and arterioles have been processed for electron microscopy. HRP appears to penetrate the endoethelium of epicardial arteries from control animals within vesicles that bypass endothelial junctions and empty into interendoethelial clefts. Peroxidase does not traverse the endothelium of intramural arteries and arterioles of controls over the 10-minute period of observation. There is acceleration of lateral vesicular transport in the endothelium of epicardial arteries after angiotensin infusion and direct permeation of interendothelial clefts of intramural arterial vessels. Medial fragmentation and more extensive necrosis are observed in intramyocardial but not in epicardial arterial vessels. Foci of myocardial damage resembling irreversible ischemic or anoxic injury followed by reflow are described. It is suggested that the increased permeability of epicardial arteries may be due to elevated pressure, while the altered permeability and vascular lesions of intramural arteries and arterioles are more readily attributable to the vasoconstriction produced by angiotension. The vascular and myocardial lesions are also discussed in relation to the regional actions of angiotensin on the coronary circulation and known effects of this vasoactive peptide on myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:937516", "title": "Alterations of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue in young horses with combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Combined immunodeficiency (CID) is a significant disease in terms of prevalence in Arabian foals and is a useful animal for study of a similar condition in children. Thymuses from all CID foals examined were extremely hypoplastic. Light and electron microscopic examination of thymuses from CID foals, as well as a thymus from an aborted CID fetus, demonstrate that the basic thymic structure is intact, despite a number of dissimilar morphologic appearances. From these data, we inferred that the thymic hypoplasia was caused by a failure of committed lymphocytes from the bone marrow to populate the organ. The lack of uniform organized lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes provides considerable support for the absence of lymphoid precursors or their inability to respond to differentiating influences.", "contents": "Alterations of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue in young horses with combined immunodeficiency. Combined immunodeficiency (CID) is a significant disease in terms of prevalence in Arabian foals and is a useful animal for study of a similar condition in children. Thymuses from all CID foals examined were extremely hypoplastic. Light and electron microscopic examination of thymuses from CID foals, as well as a thymus from an aborted CID fetus, demonstrate that the basic thymic structure is intact, despite a number of dissimilar morphologic appearances. From these data, we inferred that the thymic hypoplasia was caused by a failure of committed lymphocytes from the bone marrow to populate the organ. The lack of uniform organized lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes provides considerable support for the absence of lymphoid precursors or their inability to respond to differentiating influences."}
{"id": "PMID:937517", "title": "Effects of repeated deprivation of drinking water on the structure of renal medulla of rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed to repeated episodes of hydropenia for periods of 5 and 16 weeks, and structural alterations of renal medulla were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The hydropenia induced, within the inner medulla, focally severe structural changes in the tubular and endothelia and loss of interstitial cells. The findings present evidence that repeated episodes of hydropenia are capable of inducing cellular alterations of the renal medulla, particularly in the interstitial cells.", "contents": "Effects of repeated deprivation of drinking water on the structure of renal medulla of rats. Rats were exposed to repeated episodes of hydropenia for periods of 5 and 16 weeks, and structural alterations of renal medulla were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The hydropenia induced, within the inner medulla, focally severe structural changes in the tubular and endothelia and loss of interstitial cells. The findings present evidence that repeated episodes of hydropenia are capable of inducing cellular alterations of the renal medulla, particularly in the interstitial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:937518", "title": "Analysis of five tests commonly used in determining the ability to control single motor units.", "content": "A correlation regression analysis was used to analyze five individual test and two types of scores in terms of their predictive value in determining overall performance in single motor unit (SMU) control. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into the biceps brachii muscle of twenty-five women subjects. Each subject was tested for electrical silence, motor unit isolation, on-off control, frequency control and rhythm control. A detailed protocol and scoring criteria are described for each test. Ten predictors were analyzed--a time score and an error score for each of the five tests. A correlation regression analysis showed that the On-Off Control, the Rhythm Control and the Motor Unit Isolation tests have greater predictive value than the remaining tests. Furthermore, the error scores obtained from these tests are more reliable than the time scores in predicting overall performance in SMU control. The implications that the present findings may have on future studies are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of five tests commonly used in determining the ability to control single motor units. A correlation regression analysis was used to analyze five individual test and two types of scores in terms of their predictive value in determining overall performance in single motor unit (SMU) control. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into the biceps brachii muscle of twenty-five women subjects. Each subject was tested for electrical silence, motor unit isolation, on-off control, frequency control and rhythm control. A detailed protocol and scoring criteria are described for each test. Ten predictors were analyzed--a time score and an error score for each of the five tests. A correlation regression analysis showed that the On-Off Control, the Rhythm Control and the Motor Unit Isolation tests have greater predictive value than the remaining tests. Furthermore, the error scores obtained from these tests are more reliable than the time scores in predicting overall performance in SMU control. The implications that the present findings may have on future studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937520", "title": "Prenatal origin of brachymesophalangia-5.", "content": "As shown in 91 embryos and fetuses in the 41-235 mm crownrump length, brachymesophalangia-5 may be identified in prenatal time. Although the ratios involving different combinations of length of mid-5 relative to other segments yield different frequencies of BMP-5, the short middle segment of the little finger is already associated with clinodactyly and developmental eccentricity as early as the ninth week of prenatal development.", "contents": "Prenatal origin of brachymesophalangia-5. As shown in 91 embryos and fetuses in the 41-235 mm crownrump length, brachymesophalangia-5 may be identified in prenatal time. Although the ratios involving different combinations of length of mid-5 relative to other segments yield different frequencies of BMP-5, the short middle segment of the little finger is already associated with clinodactyly and developmental eccentricity as early as the ninth week of prenatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:937521", "title": "Head posture and craniofacial morphology.", "content": "The associations between craniofacial morphology and the posture of the head and the cervical column were examined in a sample of 120 Danish male students aged 22-30 years. Two head positions were recorded on lateral cephalometric radiographs, one determined by the subject's own feeling of a natural head balance (self balance position), and the other by the subject looking straight into a mirror (mirror position). Craniofacial morphology was described by 42 linear and angular variables, and postural relationships by 18 angular variables. A comprehensive set of correlations was found between craniofacial morphology and head posture. The correlations were similar for both head positions investigated. Of the postural variables, the position of the head in relation to the cervical column showed the largest set of correlations with craniofacial morphology. Extension of the head in relation to the cervical column was found in connection with large anterior and small posterior facial heights, small antero-posterior craniofacial dimensions, large inclination of the mandible to the anterior cranial base and to the nasal plane, facial retrognathism, a large cranial base angle, and a small nasopharyngeal space. The possible role of functional factors in mediating the relationship between morphology and posture was discussed.", "contents": "Head posture and craniofacial morphology. The associations between craniofacial morphology and the posture of the head and the cervical column were examined in a sample of 120 Danish male students aged 22-30 years. Two head positions were recorded on lateral cephalometric radiographs, one determined by the subject's own feeling of a natural head balance (self balance position), and the other by the subject looking straight into a mirror (mirror position). Craniofacial morphology was described by 42 linear and angular variables, and postural relationships by 18 angular variables. A comprehensive set of correlations was found between craniofacial morphology and head posture. The correlations were similar for both head positions investigated. Of the postural variables, the position of the head in relation to the cervical column showed the largest set of correlations with craniofacial morphology. Extension of the head in relation to the cervical column was found in connection with large anterior and small posterior facial heights, small antero-posterior craniofacial dimensions, large inclination of the mandible to the anterior cranial base and to the nasal plane, facial retrognathism, a large cranial base angle, and a small nasopharyngeal space. The possible role of functional factors in mediating the relationship between morphology and posture was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937522", "title": "A comparative study of tooth and dental arch dimensions in Jewish children of different ethnic descent. I. Kurds and Yemenites.", "content": "Dental casts of 99 Kurdish and 98 Yemenite Jewish children evenly distributed between the sexes, aged 12 years, were measured for mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth dimensions, and arch depth and width. Dental dimensions showed significant differences between the two groups in certain permanent teeth in mesiodistal length, while in the buccolingual diameter the differences did not reach statistical significance. Dental arch form in Kurdish children was more rounded due to significantly bigger arch width, while arch depth was not significantly different from Yemenites. Intragroup sex differences were found in both groups with reference to arch dimensions, while in the dental parameters they were more strongly expressed in Kurdish children.", "contents": "A comparative study of tooth and dental arch dimensions in Jewish children of different ethnic descent. I. Kurds and Yemenites. Dental casts of 99 Kurdish and 98 Yemenite Jewish children evenly distributed between the sexes, aged 12 years, were measured for mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth dimensions, and arch depth and width. Dental dimensions showed significant differences between the two groups in certain permanent teeth in mesiodistal length, while in the buccolingual diameter the differences did not reach statistical significance. Dental arch form in Kurdish children was more rounded due to significantly bigger arch width, while arch depth was not significantly different from Yemenites. Intragroup sex differences were found in both groups with reference to arch dimensions, while in the dental parameters they were more strongly expressed in Kurdish children."}
{"id": "PMID:937523", "title": "A comparative study of the temporal bone in three populations of man.", "content": "A comparative study was made to determine race and sex differences in the temporal bone, to investigate growth relationships, and to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe of the brain. Data on Eskimo, Indian, and white crania were collected from radiographs and directly from the skulls. Of the 25 variables studied, only the minimum diameter of porus failed to demonstrate some difference among the races. Variation between sexes was found for all measurements except the cranial base angle (of deflection) and three angles related to the petrous pyramids. Correlation coefficients indicated that none of the angles are related in any consistent manner to the other variables studied. This is interpreted as further evidence of cranial base stability. The Indians have the lowest, longest squamae, differing most from the whites. The position of squama is more anterior in the Eskimos. Females of each race possess more anteriorly positioned squamae than males. When the squama is more anteriorly located, the porus is in a more posterior position within the squama itself. Strong race variation exists in the shape of porus. In order to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal lobe of the brain better reference points for reflecting its size and shape must be found.", "contents": "A comparative study of the temporal bone in three populations of man. A comparative study was made to determine race and sex differences in the temporal bone, to investigate growth relationships, and to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal bone and the temporal lobe of the brain. Data on Eskimo, Indian, and white crania were collected from radiographs and directly from the skulls. Of the 25 variables studied, only the minimum diameter of porus failed to demonstrate some difference among the races. Variation between sexes was found for all measurements except the cranial base angle (of deflection) and three angles related to the petrous pyramids. Correlation coefficients indicated that none of the angles are related in any consistent manner to the other variables studied. This is interpreted as further evidence of cranial base stability. The Indians have the lowest, longest squamae, differing most from the whites. The position of squama is more anterior in the Eskimos. Females of each race possess more anteriorly positioned squamae than males. When the squama is more anteriorly located, the porus is in a more posterior position within the squama itself. Strong race variation exists in the shape of porus. In order to establish a basis for phylogenetic studies of the temporal lobe of the brain better reference points for reflecting its size and shape must be found."}
{"id": "PMID:937524", "title": "Hereditary and environmental determinants of growth in height in a longitudinal sample of children and youth of Guatemalan and European ancestry.", "content": "The effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon the growth in stature of children living in Guatemala City has been studied. Heights at yearly examinations were fitted, by individual, to a double logistic curve in samples of Guatemalan and European children attending a private school in Guatemala City. These two samples differed genetically yet shared the same environment. Their growth was compared, by a multivariate analysis of the parameterized curves, to that of children from the Berkeley Growth Study, genetically similar to the European sample, yet living in different environments. The European children in Guatemala grew, before adolescence, more similar to Guatemalan and differed significantly from the Berkeley sample children. However, the amount of growth during the adolescent years experienced by the European children was similar to that of the Berkeley sample and differed from their Guatemalan counterparts.", "contents": "Hereditary and environmental determinants of growth in height in a longitudinal sample of children and youth of Guatemalan and European ancestry. The effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon the growth in stature of children living in Guatemala City has been studied. Heights at yearly examinations were fitted, by individual, to a double logistic curve in samples of Guatemalan and European children attending a private school in Guatemala City. These two samples differed genetically yet shared the same environment. Their growth was compared, by a multivariate analysis of the parameterized curves, to that of children from the Berkeley Growth Study, genetically similar to the European sample, yet living in different environments. The European children in Guatemala grew, before adolescence, more similar to Guatemalan and differed significantly from the Berkeley sample children. However, the amount of growth during the adolescent years experienced by the European children was similar to that of the Berkeley sample and differed from their Guatemalan counterparts."}
{"id": "PMID:937525", "title": "The etiology and porotic hyperostosis among the prehistoric and historic Anasazi Indians of Southwestern United States.", "content": "Porotic hyperostosis was studied in 539 crania from maize-growing prehistoric and historic groups who occupied two dissimilar ecological zones of the Plateau country of Arizona and New Mexico--canyon bottoms and sage plain. Defined as abnormal localized sieve-like structural changes involving the hematopoietic areas of the cranium, it was found in 185 (34.3%) of these skulls. More frequent in children than in adults, it shows significant frequency differences between both children and adults of the two ecological zones. The two ecological zones differ in the availability of iron in the diet; the canyon inhabitants depended heavily on maize (which interferes with iron absorption) while the sage plain people consumed more iron-rich animal products. We hypothesize that an increased dependence on maize produced more iron deficiency anemia and resulted in more porotic hyperostosis. Maize is known to have permitted a food surplus which in turn allowed for increased Southwestern population growth in marginal areas like the canyon bottoms. Heavy dependency on a single food type with consequent hematologic problems may have been an important reason for the subsequent abandonment of the Anasazi region.", "contents": "The etiology and porotic hyperostosis among the prehistoric and historic Anasazi Indians of Southwestern United States. Porotic hyperostosis was studied in 539 crania from maize-growing prehistoric and historic groups who occupied two dissimilar ecological zones of the Plateau country of Arizona and New Mexico--canyon bottoms and sage plain. Defined as abnormal localized sieve-like structural changes involving the hematopoietic areas of the cranium, it was found in 185 (34.3%) of these skulls. More frequent in children than in adults, it shows significant frequency differences between both children and adults of the two ecological zones. The two ecological zones differ in the availability of iron in the diet; the canyon inhabitants depended heavily on maize (which interferes with iron absorption) while the sage plain people consumed more iron-rich animal products. We hypothesize that an increased dependence on maize produced more iron deficiency anemia and resulted in more porotic hyperostosis. Maize is known to have permitted a food surplus which in turn allowed for increased Southwestern population growth in marginal areas like the canyon bottoms. Heavy dependency on a single food type with consequent hematologic problems may have been an important reason for the subsequent abandonment of the Anasazi region."}
{"id": "PMID:937526", "title": "The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia.", "content": "Traditional methods of bone analysis (both metric and topographic) are restricted to external characters. Special distribution of material is, however, equally critical to an understanding of a bone's function. Dynamic testing to determine whole bone strength can only be performed on fresh specimens. Methods for the calculation of both bending and torsional strength of other specimens (such as preserved or fossil bones) are developed in this paper. In order to illustrate the methods, the functional significance of tibial shaft cross sectional variation is investigated.", "contents": "The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: a method and its application to platycnemia. Traditional methods of bone analysis (both metric and topographic) are restricted to external characters. Special distribution of material is, however, equally critical to an understanding of a bone's function. Dynamic testing to determine whole bone strength can only be performed on fresh specimens. Methods for the calculation of both bending and torsional strength of other specimens (such as preserved or fossil bones) are developed in this paper. In order to illustrate the methods, the functional significance of tibial shaft cross sectional variation is investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:937527", "title": "The association between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia in prehistoric California Indians.", "content": "Hypoplastic defects of tooth enamel and Harris lines in the long bones have been heralded as potentially useful indicators of health conditions in prehistoric populations. Both result from temporary cessation of growth processes due to similar types of disease, malnutrition, or other metabolic insult. An association test for the first six years of life was conducted on a large series of prehistoric California Indians, using femora and canines from young adults. No significant association was found. This is ascribable to differences in etiology and stability.", "contents": "The association between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia in prehistoric California Indians. Hypoplastic defects of tooth enamel and Harris lines in the long bones have been heralded as potentially useful indicators of health conditions in prehistoric populations. Both result from temporary cessation of growth processes due to similar types of disease, malnutrition, or other metabolic insult. An association test for the first six years of life was conducted on a large series of prehistoric California Indians, using femora and canines from young adults. No significant association was found. This is ascribable to differences in etiology and stability."}
{"id": "PMID:937528", "title": "A factor analysis of body build in the rat.", "content": "Following a survey of the problems associated with the comparative study of measures of physique in domesticated and laboratory animals, techniques were developed for the measurement of body build in the adult albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). They involved anesthetisation of the animals and the use of calipers and a simple apparatus devised for the purpose. The 17 measures taken on 100 rats, 50 of each sex, are detailed and the reasons for excluding other given. Intercorrelations of all the measures and their reliability co-efficients, which were judged satisfactory, are presented. The tables of intercorrelations, one for each sex, were factor analysed separately, and rotations to simple structure performed. Two factors were identified, one having factor saturations on measures of body length and the other similarily defining body width. This pattern was similar for the two sexes and a single index of body build was therefore proposed in which the length of the rear foot is divided by the width of the shoulder girdle and multiplied by 100 to avoid decimals. The use of the index in other investigations is mentioned.", "contents": "A factor analysis of body build in the rat. Following a survey of the problems associated with the comparative study of measures of physique in domesticated and laboratory animals, techniques were developed for the measurement of body build in the adult albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). They involved anesthetisation of the animals and the use of calipers and a simple apparatus devised for the purpose. The 17 measures taken on 100 rats, 50 of each sex, are detailed and the reasons for excluding other given. Intercorrelations of all the measures and their reliability co-efficients, which were judged satisfactory, are presented. The tables of intercorrelations, one for each sex, were factor analysed separately, and rotations to simple structure performed. Two factors were identified, one having factor saturations on measures of body length and the other similarily defining body width. This pattern was similar for the two sexes and a single index of body build was therefore proposed in which the length of the rear foot is divided by the width of the shoulder girdle and multiplied by 100 to avoid decimals. The use of the index in other investigations is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:937533", "title": "Gallbladder pressure-volume response to gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "The pressure-volume (PV) response of the opossum gallbladder was studied under basal conditions and after the continuous intravenous infusion of gastrin I, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK). The hormone effects were examined individually and in combination. The unstimulated gallbladder was capable of accommodating increases in intraluminal volume with only slight changes in intraluminal pressure. Cholecystokinin significantly increased the pressure recorded from the gallbladder. The pressure generated depended on the concentration of CCK and the intraluminal volume. Gastrin I had no independent effect on the PV response of the gallbladder but reduced the stimulatory affect of CCK. Secretin, alone, decreased the PV response of the gallbladder. Secretin also antagonized the stimulatory response to CCK. These findings suggest that the regulation of gallbaldder motor function and pressure generation exclusive of neural input, may depend on the interaction of CCK with gastrin and secretin and the intraluminal volume of the organ at the time of stimulation.", "contents": "Gallbladder pressure-volume response to gastrointestinal hormones. The pressure-volume (PV) response of the opossum gallbladder was studied under basal conditions and after the continuous intravenous infusion of gastrin I, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK). The hormone effects were examined individually and in combination. The unstimulated gallbladder was capable of accommodating increases in intraluminal volume with only slight changes in intraluminal pressure. Cholecystokinin significantly increased the pressure recorded from the gallbladder. The pressure generated depended on the concentration of CCK and the intraluminal volume. Gastrin I had no independent effect on the PV response of the gallbladder but reduced the stimulatory affect of CCK. Secretin, alone, decreased the PV response of the gallbladder. Secretin also antagonized the stimulatory response to CCK. These findings suggest that the regulation of gallbaldder motor function and pressure generation exclusive of neural input, may depend on the interaction of CCK with gastrin and secretin and the intraluminal volume of the organ at the time of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:937534", "title": "Changes in intestinal vascular diameter during norepinephrine vasoconstrictor escape.", "content": "The hypothesis that escape from norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the intestine is due to relaxation of initially constricted vessels was tested in 18 anesthetized cats. Intestinal blood flow was measured by an electro magnetic probe on the superior mesenteric artery. Intestinal submucosal and muscle arterioles and small mesenteric arteries were studied by in vivo microscopy with an image-splitting technic. Continuous recordings of mesenteric flow and vessel diameter were made during the infusion into the superior mesenteric artery of norepinephrine (NE) at a rate of 1-2 mug/min for 3 min. Mesenteric flow decreased soon after the NE infusion began but then escaped. Microscopically, arterial constriction and escape were noted in submucosal, muscle, and mesenteric vessels with a time course similar to that for flow. Arteriovenous anastomoses were not seen. These findings support the hypothesis that escape from Ne-induced vasoconstriction is due to relaxation of initially constricted vessels.", "contents": "Changes in intestinal vascular diameter during norepinephrine vasoconstrictor escape. The hypothesis that escape from norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the intestine is due to relaxation of initially constricted vessels was tested in 18 anesthetized cats. Intestinal blood flow was measured by an electro magnetic probe on the superior mesenteric artery. Intestinal submucosal and muscle arterioles and small mesenteric arteries were studied by in vivo microscopy with an image-splitting technic. Continuous recordings of mesenteric flow and vessel diameter were made during the infusion into the superior mesenteric artery of norepinephrine (NE) at a rate of 1-2 mug/min for 3 min. Mesenteric flow decreased soon after the NE infusion began but then escaped. Microscopically, arterial constriction and escape were noted in submucosal, muscle, and mesenteric vessels with a time course similar to that for flow. Arteriovenous anastomoses were not seen. These findings support the hypothesis that escape from Ne-induced vasoconstriction is due to relaxation of initially constricted vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:937535", "title": "Effects of limited food intake on the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome.", "content": "In ob/ob mice a 12-wk period of food restriction led to a reduced rate of somatic growth and a decreased lean body mass, along with small but reliable reductions in systemic immunoreactive insulin levels and evidence of increased insulin sensitivity. However, no effects of limited access to food were noted on the basal hyperglycemia, the elevated percent carcass lipid, or on the significantly higher levels of serum corticoids that occur in obese animals. These data indicate that hyperphagia alone is not responsible for the maintenance of many of the commonly reported characteristics of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, but do not exclude the contribution of factors secondary to the quantity of ingested food. Additionally, the present data lend support to recent work suggesting that chronic hyperinsulinemia or an elevated set point of total carcass lipid may be instrumental in the development of this syndrome.", "contents": "Effects of limited food intake on the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. In ob/ob mice a 12-wk period of food restriction led to a reduced rate of somatic growth and a decreased lean body mass, along with small but reliable reductions in systemic immunoreactive insulin levels and evidence of increased insulin sensitivity. However, no effects of limited access to food were noted on the basal hyperglycemia, the elevated percent carcass lipid, or on the significantly higher levels of serum corticoids that occur in obese animals. These data indicate that hyperphagia alone is not responsible for the maintenance of many of the commonly reported characteristics of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, but do not exclude the contribution of factors secondary to the quantity of ingested food. Additionally, the present data lend support to recent work suggesting that chronic hyperinsulinemia or an elevated set point of total carcass lipid may be instrumental in the development of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:937536", "title": "Temporal relationships of barosensory attenuation in conscious rabbits.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of anterior or posterior hypothalamus with 10-s trains elicited heart rate and blood pressure decreases. Presentation of anterior hypothalamic stimulation coincident with or 5, 10, or 15 s prior to 5-s train stimulation of aortic nerve (AN) summated with depressor-decelerator responses to AN stimulation. The summating effect was more pronounced for heart rate than for blood pressure. Simultaneous onset of AN and posterior hypothalamic stimulation did not influence AN responses. In contrast, when AN stimulation was delayed until 5, 10, or 15 s after onset of posterior hypothalamic stimulation, small, moderate, and full attenuation of AN responses occurred, respectively. Since AN and posterior hypothalamic stimulation each led to depressor-decelerator responses, attenuation of AN responses cannot be attributed to simple summation of cardiovascular responses elicited by intracranial and aortic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Temporal relationships of barosensory attenuation in conscious rabbits. Electrical stimulation of anterior or posterior hypothalamus with 10-s trains elicited heart rate and blood pressure decreases. Presentation of anterior hypothalamic stimulation coincident with or 5, 10, or 15 s prior to 5-s train stimulation of aortic nerve (AN) summated with depressor-decelerator responses to AN stimulation. The summating effect was more pronounced for heart rate than for blood pressure. Simultaneous onset of AN and posterior hypothalamic stimulation did not influence AN responses. In contrast, when AN stimulation was delayed until 5, 10, or 15 s after onset of posterior hypothalamic stimulation, small, moderate, and full attenuation of AN responses occurred, respectively. Since AN and posterior hypothalamic stimulation each led to depressor-decelerator responses, attenuation of AN responses cannot be attributed to simple summation of cardiovascular responses elicited by intracranial and aortic nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:937537", "title": "Analysis of inhibitory effect of dopamine on carotid body chemoreceptors in cats.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of dopamine on carotid body chemoreceptors was studied in anesthetized cats to determine whether it was dependent on changes in blood flow in the vicinity of the receptors. The blood supply to the carotid body was isolated, and flow was controlled with a perfusion pump. Single- or few-fiber recordings were made from the peripheral end of the cut carotid sinus nerve in seven cats. The rate of discharge of 68 chemoreceptor strands increased when flow through the carotid body was stopped. This response was reduced or abolished by dopamine in animals ventilated with either room air (15 strands) or a gas mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (53 strands). These results suggest that dopamine exerts its inhibitory effect primarily through a direct action on the chemoreceptors rather than by a vasomotor effect in the carotid body.", "contents": "Analysis of inhibitory effect of dopamine on carotid body chemoreceptors in cats. The inhibitory effect of dopamine on carotid body chemoreceptors was studied in anesthetized cats to determine whether it was dependent on changes in blood flow in the vicinity of the receptors. The blood supply to the carotid body was isolated, and flow was controlled with a perfusion pump. Single- or few-fiber recordings were made from the peripheral end of the cut carotid sinus nerve in seven cats. The rate of discharge of 68 chemoreceptor strands increased when flow through the carotid body was stopped. This response was reduced or abolished by dopamine in animals ventilated with either room air (15 strands) or a gas mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (53 strands). These results suggest that dopamine exerts its inhibitory effect primarily through a direct action on the chemoreceptors rather than by a vasomotor effect in the carotid body."}
{"id": "PMID:937538", "title": "Secretion of new digestive enzyme by pancreas with minimal transit time.", "content": "A small amount of labeled digestive enzyme is secreted within 5 min of adding radioactive leucine to whole rabbit pancreas in vitro. This rapid secretion of labeled protein suggests that some new protein is able to bypass intracellular storage pools and is secreted immediately. The amount of protein secreted this way varies inversely with overall protein secretion in the unstimulated state and is decreased as the result of cholinergic stimulation of protein secretion as well. Under the conditions studied, a mean of 2.5% of secreted protein is apparently not stored prior to secretion.", "contents": "Secretion of new digestive enzyme by pancreas with minimal transit time. A small amount of labeled digestive enzyme is secreted within 5 min of adding radioactive leucine to whole rabbit pancreas in vitro. This rapid secretion of labeled protein suggests that some new protein is able to bypass intracellular storage pools and is secreted immediately. The amount of protein secreted this way varies inversely with overall protein secretion in the unstimulated state and is decreased as the result of cholinergic stimulation of protein secretion as well. Under the conditions studied, a mean of 2.5% of secreted protein is apparently not stored prior to secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:937539", "title": "Gastrointestinal control of sodium excretion in sodium-depleted conscious rabbits.", "content": "Recent studies of sodium-depleted rabbits have shown that oral sodium loading is followed by greater natriuresis than intravenous sodium loading. The present study was undertaken to determine if this is dependent on differences in aldosterone excretion. Rabbits in balance on a low-sodium diet were given bolus doses of sodium either orally or intravenously. Those receiving oral sodium responded with a greater natriuresis than those receiving it intravenously. No differences in aldosterone excretion were demonstrated after oral or intravenous sodium repletion. Rabbits given large doses of exogenous aldosterone continued to excrete more sodium after oral than after intravenous repletion. This study demonstrates that in rabbits the gastrointestinal tract functions to regulate renal sodium excretion and that the mechanism is independent of aldosterone.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal control of sodium excretion in sodium-depleted conscious rabbits. Recent studies of sodium-depleted rabbits have shown that oral sodium loading is followed by greater natriuresis than intravenous sodium loading. The present study was undertaken to determine if this is dependent on differences in aldosterone excretion. Rabbits in balance on a low-sodium diet were given bolus doses of sodium either orally or intravenously. Those receiving oral sodium responded with a greater natriuresis than those receiving it intravenously. No differences in aldosterone excretion were demonstrated after oral or intravenous sodium repletion. Rabbits given large doses of exogenous aldosterone continued to excrete more sodium after oral than after intravenous repletion. This study demonstrates that in rabbits the gastrointestinal tract functions to regulate renal sodium excretion and that the mechanism is independent of aldosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:937540", "title": "PAH transport and fluid absorption by isolated perfused frog proximal renal tubules.", "content": "Para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport and fluid absorption were studied in isolated perfused frog (Rana catesbeiana) proximal renal tubules. With 2 X 10(-5) M PAH in the bath, tubule fluid-to-bath (TF/B) concentration ratios averaged 3.0 and net secretion averaged 746 X 10(-15) mol min(-1) mm(-1) in the proximal tubule. Net PAH secretion did not vary with perfusion rate. During PAH secretion, cell water PAH concentration exceeded that in the tubular fluid or bath, suggesting active transport into cells and subsequent diffusion into lumen. In accordance with this concept, luminal membrane permeability (3.8 X 10(-5) cm s(-1) calculated from perfusion studies was about 6 times greater than peritubular membrane permeability (0.66 X 10(-5) cm s(-1)) determined from studies of PAH efflux from tubules with oil-filled lumens. Net transepithelial PAH transport saturated at bath concentration of about 6 X 10(-5) M. Addition of 20 mM urea to PAH bath concentration of 2 X 10(-5) M reduced net PAH secretion by 32%. Fluid absorption in proximal tubules averaged 0.34 nl min(-1) mm(-1). Ouabain (10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) M) added to bath blocked fluid absorption. Fluid absorption was partially restored following removal of ouabain.", "contents": "PAH transport and fluid absorption by isolated perfused frog proximal renal tubules. Para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport and fluid absorption were studied in isolated perfused frog (Rana catesbeiana) proximal renal tubules. With 2 X 10(-5) M PAH in the bath, tubule fluid-to-bath (TF/B) concentration ratios averaged 3.0 and net secretion averaged 746 X 10(-15) mol min(-1) mm(-1) in the proximal tubule. Net PAH secretion did not vary with perfusion rate. During PAH secretion, cell water PAH concentration exceeded that in the tubular fluid or bath, suggesting active transport into cells and subsequent diffusion into lumen. In accordance with this concept, luminal membrane permeability (3.8 X 10(-5) cm s(-1) calculated from perfusion studies was about 6 times greater than peritubular membrane permeability (0.66 X 10(-5) cm s(-1)) determined from studies of PAH efflux from tubules with oil-filled lumens. Net transepithelial PAH transport saturated at bath concentration of about 6 X 10(-5) M. Addition of 20 mM urea to PAH bath concentration of 2 X 10(-5) M reduced net PAH secretion by 32%. Fluid absorption in proximal tubules averaged 0.34 nl min(-1) mm(-1). Ouabain (10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) M) added to bath blocked fluid absorption. Fluid absorption was partially restored following removal of ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:937541", "title": "Inhibition of NaCl absorption from perfused rat ileum by furosemide.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was studied using segments of rat ileum perfused in vivo. Furosemide (1 mM) in the perfusion fluid reduced absorption of Na, Cl, and water by 50% from a balanced electrolyte solution without changing the transepithelial potential difference (PD). This effect was also observed in the absence of luminal glucose and was largely reversible. Substitution of all Na in perfusion fluid with choline produced secretion of Na and water and abolished Cl absorption; substitution of all Cl with SO4 reduced Na absorption to 20% of control values. Under both these conditions, furosemide had only trivial effects on electrolyte absorption and exerted no effect on PD. Measurements of unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl showed that furosemide decreased net flux by reducing lumen-to-blood flux of these ions rather than increasing blood-to lumen flux. These results resemble those obtained in this tissue following exposure to acetazolamide, and suggest that furosemide inhibits a coupled, neutral process of NaCl transport from lumen to blood. Although this effect could be a result of carbonic anhydrase inhibition it more likely occurs from a separate action of furosemide on ileal transport.", "contents": "Inhibition of NaCl absorption from perfused rat ileum by furosemide. The effect of furosemide on intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was studied using segments of rat ileum perfused in vivo. Furosemide (1 mM) in the perfusion fluid reduced absorption of Na, Cl, and water by 50% from a balanced electrolyte solution without changing the transepithelial potential difference (PD). This effect was also observed in the absence of luminal glucose and was largely reversible. Substitution of all Na in perfusion fluid with choline produced secretion of Na and water and abolished Cl absorption; substitution of all Cl with SO4 reduced Na absorption to 20% of control values. Under both these conditions, furosemide had only trivial effects on electrolyte absorption and exerted no effect on PD. Measurements of unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl showed that furosemide decreased net flux by reducing lumen-to-blood flux of these ions rather than increasing blood-to lumen flux. These results resemble those obtained in this tissue following exposure to acetazolamide, and suggest that furosemide inhibits a coupled, neutral process of NaCl transport from lumen to blood. Although this effect could be a result of carbonic anhydrase inhibition it more likely occurs from a separate action of furosemide on ileal transport."}
{"id": "PMID:937542", "title": "Adenosine and active hyperemia in dog skeletal muscle.", "content": "Adenosine as a possible mediator of active hyperemia in skeletal muscle was studied in hindlimbs of dogs. Sciatic nerve stimulation decreased vascular resistance to 55 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE) of the control value in hindlimbs perfused at a constant flow rate (61 +/- 6 ml/min). Venous plasma K+ concentrations were elevated after 2 min (from 4.0 +/- 0.2 to 4.8 +/- 0.2 meq/liter; P is less than 0.005) and 20 min (4.7 +/- 0.2 meq/liter; P is less than 0.001) of contraction, but the arteriovenous difference in plasma osmolality was changed only after 2 min of contraction (from -3.0 +/- 0.6 to -7.2 +/- 0.8 mosmol/kg H2O; P is less than 0.001). The muscle adenosine contents were not significantly elevated after 5 min of contraction, but were increased after 10 min (from 1.97 +/- 0.33 to 8.35 +/- 0.97 nmol/g; P is less than 0.05) and 25 min (from 1.64 +/- 0.22 to 7.57 +/- 2.20 nmol/g; P is less than 0.05) of contraction. Thirty minutes after contraction had ceased, the adenosine contents were significantly below control values (from 2.22 +/- 0.59 to 1.51 +/- 0.40 nmol/g; P is less than 0.005). Venous plasma adenosine concentrations did not increase during muscle contraction. No relationship was found between the increase in the plasma inorganic phosphate level and the activity of the muscles. These data indicate that the adenosine content of skeletal muscle is increased by contraction, and support the concept that adenosine may be a mediator of sustained active hyperemia.", "contents": "Adenosine and active hyperemia in dog skeletal muscle. Adenosine as a possible mediator of active hyperemia in skeletal muscle was studied in hindlimbs of dogs. Sciatic nerve stimulation decreased vascular resistance to 55 +/- 5% (mean +/- SE) of the control value in hindlimbs perfused at a constant flow rate (61 +/- 6 ml/min). Venous plasma K+ concentrations were elevated after 2 min (from 4.0 +/- 0.2 to 4.8 +/- 0.2 meq/liter; P is less than 0.005) and 20 min (4.7 +/- 0.2 meq/liter; P is less than 0.001) of contraction, but the arteriovenous difference in plasma osmolality was changed only after 2 min of contraction (from -3.0 +/- 0.6 to -7.2 +/- 0.8 mosmol/kg H2O; P is less than 0.001). The muscle adenosine contents were not significantly elevated after 5 min of contraction, but were increased after 10 min (from 1.97 +/- 0.33 to 8.35 +/- 0.97 nmol/g; P is less than 0.05) and 25 min (from 1.64 +/- 0.22 to 7.57 +/- 2.20 nmol/g; P is less than 0.05) of contraction. Thirty minutes after contraction had ceased, the adenosine contents were significantly below control values (from 2.22 +/- 0.59 to 1.51 +/- 0.40 nmol/g; P is less than 0.005). Venous plasma adenosine concentrations did not increase during muscle contraction. No relationship was found between the increase in the plasma inorganic phosphate level and the activity of the muscles. These data indicate that the adenosine content of skeletal muscle is increased by contraction, and support the concept that adenosine may be a mediator of sustained active hyperemia."}
{"id": "PMID:937543", "title": "Insulin and jejunal electrical activity in dogs and sheep.", "content": "The effect of insulin on jejunal myoelectric activity was studied in conscious dogs and sheep by injection of insulin and stimulation of insulin release. In dogs, the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), characteristic of fasting, was replaced by a continuous pattern of activity after feeding, injection of insulin, or infusion of D-glucose, L-leucine, or L-arginine. The response to feeding was reduced in alloxan-diabetic dogs and completely abolished following additional vagotomy when only exogenous insulin induced the \"fed\" pattern. Vagotomy alone had only minor effects on the response to feeding. Sheep exhibit a continuous sequence of MMC, regardless of feeding, but infusion of insulin or volatile fatty acids produced activity similar to that seen after feeding in dogs. In alloxan-diabetic sheep the recurrence and intensity of the MMC were decreased, and the effect of volatile fatty acids was eliminated. Insulin injection restored the pattern to normal. Thus, insulin levels are of importance in the control of the jejunal motor profile and may mediate the postprandial disappearance of MMC in dogs.", "contents": "Insulin and jejunal electrical activity in dogs and sheep. The effect of insulin on jejunal myoelectric activity was studied in conscious dogs and sheep by injection of insulin and stimulation of insulin release. In dogs, the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), characteristic of fasting, was replaced by a continuous pattern of activity after feeding, injection of insulin, or infusion of D-glucose, L-leucine, or L-arginine. The response to feeding was reduced in alloxan-diabetic dogs and completely abolished following additional vagotomy when only exogenous insulin induced the \"fed\" pattern. Vagotomy alone had only minor effects on the response to feeding. Sheep exhibit a continuous sequence of MMC, regardless of feeding, but infusion of insulin or volatile fatty acids produced activity similar to that seen after feeding in dogs. In alloxan-diabetic sheep the recurrence and intensity of the MMC were decreased, and the effect of volatile fatty acids was eliminated. Insulin injection restored the pattern to normal. Thus, insulin levels are of importance in the control of the jejunal motor profile and may mediate the postprandial disappearance of MMC in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:937544", "title": "Uptake of and response to norepinephrine by certain tissues of hypertensive rats.", "content": "A decrease in the capacity of the sympathetic nervous system of hypertensive rats to take up norepinephrine (NE) has been previously described. In the present study, rats were made hypertensive by one of the following technics: \"adrenal regeneration,\" figure-of-eight knot around one kidney, ingestion of a 10% NaCl solution. After 2 mo, the adrenal regeneration rats were hypertensive, and there was a significant decrease in the capacity of their hearts to take up NE as well as a significant increase in the inotropic response to the amine. Similar results were obtained with hearts and aortic strips of renal hypertensive rats, as well as of rats made hypertensive by drinking a 10% NaCl solution. In renal hypertensive rats, there was no appreciable difference in the time of appearance of hypertension, the decrease in NE uptake by the heart or aorta, or the increase of the inotropic response. Previous work showing a decrease of NE uptake in rats made hypertensive by administration of deoxycorticosterone has been confirmed utilizing three other models of the disease.", "contents": "Uptake of and response to norepinephrine by certain tissues of hypertensive rats. A decrease in the capacity of the sympathetic nervous system of hypertensive rats to take up norepinephrine (NE) has been previously described. In the present study, rats were made hypertensive by one of the following technics: \"adrenal regeneration,\" figure-of-eight knot around one kidney, ingestion of a 10% NaCl solution. After 2 mo, the adrenal regeneration rats were hypertensive, and there was a significant decrease in the capacity of their hearts to take up NE as well as a significant increase in the inotropic response to the amine. Similar results were obtained with hearts and aortic strips of renal hypertensive rats, as well as of rats made hypertensive by drinking a 10% NaCl solution. In renal hypertensive rats, there was no appreciable difference in the time of appearance of hypertension, the decrease in NE uptake by the heart or aorta, or the increase of the inotropic response. Previous work showing a decrease of NE uptake in rats made hypertensive by administration of deoxycorticosterone has been confirmed utilizing three other models of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937545", "title": "Mechanism of decrease in plasma renin activity during volume expansion.", "content": "The importance of filtered load of sodium and extracellular volume expansion (ECVE( per se on plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in two groups of hydropenic dogs. Group I protocol consisted of bilateral ureteral obstruction (UO) followed by isotonic ECVE and finally UO release. During UO, PRA rose significantly above control (15.4 leads to 41.7 ng/ml per h). Superimposition of ECVE did not significantly alter PRA, but UO release returned PRA toward control (24.8 ng/ml per h). Fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)) after UO release was higher than control (0.6 leads to 12.6%). In group II, ECVE preceded UO and caused a fall in PRA below control (16.8 leads to 4.8 ng/ml per h). FE(Na) was significantly increased over control (0.3 leads to 14.7%). Superimposition of UO reversed the fall in PRA to a value not significantly different from control. On release of UO PRA fell, but not significantly, whereas FE(Na) fell to 12.6%, a value not different from that during ECVE alone. The results indicate that filtration is required for ECVE to elicit a fall in PRA, under the present experimental condition.", "contents": "Mechanism of decrease in plasma renin activity during volume expansion. The importance of filtered load of sodium and extracellular volume expansion (ECVE( per se on plasma renin activity (PRA) was studied in two groups of hydropenic dogs. Group I protocol consisted of bilateral ureteral obstruction (UO) followed by isotonic ECVE and finally UO release. During UO, PRA rose significantly above control (15.4 leads to 41.7 ng/ml per h). Superimposition of ECVE did not significantly alter PRA, but UO release returned PRA toward control (24.8 ng/ml per h). Fractional sodium excretion (FE(Na)) after UO release was higher than control (0.6 leads to 12.6%). In group II, ECVE preceded UO and caused a fall in PRA below control (16.8 leads to 4.8 ng/ml per h). FE(Na) was significantly increased over control (0.3 leads to 14.7%). Superimposition of UO reversed the fall in PRA to a value not significantly different from control. On release of UO PRA fell, but not significantly, whereas FE(Na) fell to 12.6%, a value not different from that during ECVE alone. The results indicate that filtration is required for ECVE to elicit a fall in PRA, under the present experimental condition."}
{"id": "PMID:937546", "title": "Effect of epinephrine on vascular space of gills and head of rainbow trout.", "content": "The filling of the gills and head vascular space of a teleost fish was measured in vitro by perfusing an isolated head of a trout with a Ringer solution containing 131I-labeled human serum albumin. The presence of epinephrine in the Ringer solution significantly increased afferent (ventral aortic) flow rate and efferent (dorsal aorta) flow rate, whereas branchial venous system circulation was reduced. When perfused with an epinephrine-free Ringer, the branchial vascular space appears 5-6 times greater than the head vascular space (per 100 g of tissue). Epinephrine, 10(-5) M, in the Ringer solution significantly decreased the branchial vascular space without modifying that of the head. The increase in perfusion rate and decrease in branchial vascular space due to the epinephrine can only be interpreted by taking into account a branchial nonlamellar compartment of a considerable volume.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine on vascular space of gills and head of rainbow trout. The filling of the gills and head vascular space of a teleost fish was measured in vitro by perfusing an isolated head of a trout with a Ringer solution containing 131I-labeled human serum albumin. The presence of epinephrine in the Ringer solution significantly increased afferent (ventral aortic) flow rate and efferent (dorsal aorta) flow rate, whereas branchial venous system circulation was reduced. When perfused with an epinephrine-free Ringer, the branchial vascular space appears 5-6 times greater than the head vascular space (per 100 g of tissue). Epinephrine, 10(-5) M, in the Ringer solution significantly decreased the branchial vascular space without modifying that of the head. The increase in perfusion rate and decrease in branchial vascular space due to the epinephrine can only be interpreted by taking into account a branchial nonlamellar compartment of a considerable volume."}
{"id": "PMID:937547", "title": "Forelimb blood flow distribution during hypothalamic dilator response.", "content": "An attempt is made to determine whether hypothalamically induced forelimb vascular dilation in the dog affects primarily exchange beds or shunt circuits. Slug injections of [131I] albumin and 86RbCl were used to measure the active vascular volume of the forelimbs and permeability surface area product (PS), respectively. Changes in total vascular volume (TVV), filtration, and capillary filtration coefficient (CFD) were measured by plethysmography. During stimulation, forelimb blood flow increased 25% and TVV increased an average 1.5 ml. There was no plethysmographic evidence of outward capillary filtration. Active vascular volume decreased 11%. PS decreased 11%, and CFC decreased 20%. These results point to a redistribution of blood flow from exchange circuits to faster flow channels. During constant-inflow perfusion, there was evidence from CFC and PS measurements that the capillary surface area was increased while active vascular volume decreased. The results observed with hypothalamic stimulation are different from those obtained with pharmacologic dilators and denervation. It is suggested that the former method has a more selective effect in lowering resistance in the faster shuntlike vessels.", "contents": "Forelimb blood flow distribution during hypothalamic dilator response. An attempt is made to determine whether hypothalamically induced forelimb vascular dilation in the dog affects primarily exchange beds or shunt circuits. Slug injections of [131I] albumin and 86RbCl were used to measure the active vascular volume of the forelimbs and permeability surface area product (PS), respectively. Changes in total vascular volume (TVV), filtration, and capillary filtration coefficient (CFD) were measured by plethysmography. During stimulation, forelimb blood flow increased 25% and TVV increased an average 1.5 ml. There was no plethysmographic evidence of outward capillary filtration. Active vascular volume decreased 11%. PS decreased 11%, and CFC decreased 20%. These results point to a redistribution of blood flow from exchange circuits to faster flow channels. During constant-inflow perfusion, there was evidence from CFC and PS measurements that the capillary surface area was increased while active vascular volume decreased. The results observed with hypothalamic stimulation are different from those obtained with pharmacologic dilators and denervation. It is suggested that the former method has a more selective effect in lowering resistance in the faster shuntlike vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:937548", "title": "Histidine decarboxylase activity in trauma-resistant rats.", "content": "Studies have been carried out to determine the possible role of nascent histamine in the development of traumatic shock. This was done by examining histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity of the lung, spleen, and plasma following exposure to trauma in normal and trauma-resistant rats. In normal rats, there was a significant increase in lung HD activity at 15 min and 4 h; and in the spleen the HD activity increased significantly at 4 h. In trauma-resistant rats exposed to trauma, there were no changes in enzyme activity in the lung and less pronounced changes in the spleen. The plasma HD activity remained stable in normal and resistant rats following episodes of trauma. Changes in total erythrocyte hemoglobin were observed in both normal and trauma-adapted rats following exposure to this stress, increasing significantly in normal rats, but decreasing in trauma-resistant rats. Blood volume decreased significantly at 4 h after trauma in normal animals; whereas only a slight decrease was noted in resistant animals. The data support the concept that newly formed histamine contributes to the pathogenesis of shock. It is also proposed that the increased resistance, characteristic of trauma-adapted rats, could be partly due to an inhibition of enzyme activation following trauma.", "contents": "Histidine decarboxylase activity in trauma-resistant rats. Studies have been carried out to determine the possible role of nascent histamine in the development of traumatic shock. This was done by examining histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity of the lung, spleen, and plasma following exposure to trauma in normal and trauma-resistant rats. In normal rats, there was a significant increase in lung HD activity at 15 min and 4 h; and in the spleen the HD activity increased significantly at 4 h. In trauma-resistant rats exposed to trauma, there were no changes in enzyme activity in the lung and less pronounced changes in the spleen. The plasma HD activity remained stable in normal and resistant rats following episodes of trauma. Changes in total erythrocyte hemoglobin were observed in both normal and trauma-adapted rats following exposure to this stress, increasing significantly in normal rats, but decreasing in trauma-resistant rats. Blood volume decreased significantly at 4 h after trauma in normal animals; whereas only a slight decrease was noted in resistant animals. The data support the concept that newly formed histamine contributes to the pathogenesis of shock. It is also proposed that the increased resistance, characteristic of trauma-adapted rats, could be partly due to an inhibition of enzyme activation following trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:937549", "title": "Heavy metal-induced alterations in ion transport by turtle urinary bladder.", "content": "Previous studies of heavy metal salt-induced acute renal failure demonstrated abnormalities of fluid and solute transport by nephron segments and alterations in glomerular filtration rate and renal hemodynamics. To determine the direct effects of uranyl nitrate (UN) or HgCl2 on ion transport, their effects were studied on the isolated urinary bladder of the turtle. Unidirectional 24Na+ and 36Cl- fluxes were measured across short-circuited bladders. The addition of 0.1 mM UN to the mucosal solution resulted in a 69.9 +/- 4% (SEM) decrease in short-circuit current (SCC) without change in transepithelial resistance. Net Na+ flux (7.95 +/- 0.81 mueq/h per 8 cm2) decreased by the same magnitude as the SCC, primarily due to a 5.75 +/- 0.76 mueq/h per 8 cm2 decrease in the mucosal- (M) to-serosal (S) Na+ flux. Net Cl- flux decreased also primarily due to a decrease in M-to-S Cl- flux. Addition of 0.4 mM UN to S did not measurably affect the SCC or ion fluxes. The addition of 10 muM HgCl2 in another group of bladders reduced SCC and M-to-S Na+ flux by 81 +/- 7% without change in Cl- fluxes or resistance. The removal of either UN or HgCl2 from M by washing did not reverse the decreased SCC, but after washing addition of either dithiothreitol, 2 mM, or amphotericin B, 20 mug/ml, to M completely reversed the effects of UN or HgCl2 on SCC. These studies suggest that heavy metal salts inhibit Na+ transport by the turtle bladder without altering passive ion fluxes.", "contents": "Heavy metal-induced alterations in ion transport by turtle urinary bladder. Previous studies of heavy metal salt-induced acute renal failure demonstrated abnormalities of fluid and solute transport by nephron segments and alterations in glomerular filtration rate and renal hemodynamics. To determine the direct effects of uranyl nitrate (UN) or HgCl2 on ion transport, their effects were studied on the isolated urinary bladder of the turtle. Unidirectional 24Na+ and 36Cl- fluxes were measured across short-circuited bladders. The addition of 0.1 mM UN to the mucosal solution resulted in a 69.9 +/- 4% (SEM) decrease in short-circuit current (SCC) without change in transepithelial resistance. Net Na+ flux (7.95 +/- 0.81 mueq/h per 8 cm2) decreased by the same magnitude as the SCC, primarily due to a 5.75 +/- 0.76 mueq/h per 8 cm2 decrease in the mucosal- (M) to-serosal (S) Na+ flux. Net Cl- flux decreased also primarily due to a decrease in M-to-S Cl- flux. Addition of 0.4 mM UN to S did not measurably affect the SCC or ion fluxes. The addition of 10 muM HgCl2 in another group of bladders reduced SCC and M-to-S Na+ flux by 81 +/- 7% without change in Cl- fluxes or resistance. The removal of either UN or HgCl2 from M by washing did not reverse the decreased SCC, but after washing addition of either dithiothreitol, 2 mM, or amphotericin B, 20 mug/ml, to M completely reversed the effects of UN or HgCl2 on SCC. These studies suggest that heavy metal salts inhibit Na+ transport by the turtle bladder without altering passive ion fluxes."}
{"id": "PMID:937550", "title": "Vitamin D metabolism: physiological regulation in egg-laying Japanese quail.", "content": "Homogenates of kidney removed from reproductivity active female Japanese quail were incubated with tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and the metabolites were extracted and identified by chromatographic methods. Kidneys removed from birds with and without an egg in the oviduct revealed that ovulation results in enhanced production of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active hormonal form of vitamin D3. Further examination of this phenomenon in relation to the ovulatory cycle revealed that 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 production is enhanced throughout the 24 h following ovulation. Particularly important is the finding that its synthesis is already enhanced during the first 6 h after ovulation, at a time before any calcification of the egg shell begins. If, following oviposition, no ovulation occurs, 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 production decreases rapidly and significantly within the first 6 h following oviposition. This study has revealed for the first time a physiological state, namely the reproductive period in the female bird, in which endogenous control over 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production is exhibited without any previous manipulation, dietary or otherwise, of the animals.", "contents": "Vitamin D metabolism: physiological regulation in egg-laying Japanese quail. Homogenates of kidney removed from reproductivity active female Japanese quail were incubated with tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and the metabolites were extracted and identified by chromatographic methods. Kidneys removed from birds with and without an egg in the oviduct revealed that ovulation results in enhanced production of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active hormonal form of vitamin D3. Further examination of this phenomenon in relation to the ovulatory cycle revealed that 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 production is enhanced throughout the 24 h following ovulation. Particularly important is the finding that its synthesis is already enhanced during the first 6 h after ovulation, at a time before any calcification of the egg shell begins. If, following oviposition, no ovulation occurs, 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 production decreases rapidly and significantly within the first 6 h following oviposition. This study has revealed for the first time a physiological state, namely the reproductive period in the female bird, in which endogenous control over 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production is exhibited without any previous manipulation, dietary or otherwise, of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:937551", "title": "Similarities in coronary flow between external counterpulsation and intra-aortic balloon pumping.", "content": "The ability of external counterpulsation (Cardiassist) and intra-aortic balloon pumping (AVCO) to influence collateral coronary blood flow in ischemic myocardium was measured in anesthetized dogs. Cardiac output and heart rate (atrial pacing) were held constant on right-heart bypass. Both external counterpulsation and balloon pumping augmented peak diastolic pressure (30 mmHg and 38 mmHg, respectively), while mean aortic pressure, peak left-ventricular pressure, left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure, maximum left-ventricular dp/dt, hematocrit, and osmolality remained unchanged. Regional coronary blood flow was measured using 9-mum radioactive microspheres. External counterpulsation and balloon pumping begun immediately following ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery significantly increased collateral coronary blood flow 29 +/- 7.5% (SE, P is less than .01) and 20 +/- 8% (P is less than .05), respectively, to ischemic myocardium. This redistribution of collateral coronary blood flow produced by both methods of counterpulsation was primarily to the subepicardial region of the ischemic myocardium. The mechanism responsible for the measured increases in collateral coronary blood flow appears most likely to be an increased pressure gradient produced by diastolic augmentation.", "contents": "Similarities in coronary flow between external counterpulsation and intra-aortic balloon pumping. The ability of external counterpulsation (Cardiassist) and intra-aortic balloon pumping (AVCO) to influence collateral coronary blood flow in ischemic myocardium was measured in anesthetized dogs. Cardiac output and heart rate (atrial pacing) were held constant on right-heart bypass. Both external counterpulsation and balloon pumping augmented peak diastolic pressure (30 mmHg and 38 mmHg, respectively), while mean aortic pressure, peak left-ventricular pressure, left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure, maximum left-ventricular dp/dt, hematocrit, and osmolality remained unchanged. Regional coronary blood flow was measured using 9-mum radioactive microspheres. External counterpulsation and balloon pumping begun immediately following ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery significantly increased collateral coronary blood flow 29 +/- 7.5% (SE, P is less than .01) and 20 +/- 8% (P is less than .05), respectively, to ischemic myocardium. This redistribution of collateral coronary blood flow produced by both methods of counterpulsation was primarily to the subepicardial region of the ischemic myocardium. The mechanism responsible for the measured increases in collateral coronary blood flow appears most likely to be an increased pressure gradient produced by diastolic augmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:937552", "title": "Insulin kinetics after portal and peripheral injection of [125I] insulin. I. Data analysis and modeling.", "content": "The kinetics of insulin are commonly investigated by intravenous administration of labeled hormone, whereas native insulin is removed by the liver to some extent before mixing in the systemic circulation. A mathematical model has been developed which makes it possible to interpret the experimental data obtained by peripheral plasma sampling after portal and peripheral injection of the tracer. Equations are given that allow for the computation of metabolic clearance rate, initial distribution volume, production rate, and body mass of insulin. It is demonstrated that hepatic extraction can be calculated from the difference between the clearance rate values obtained after portal and peripheral injection of the tracer; an estimate of total hepatic catabolism is also derived. The assumptions and limitations underlying this mathematical analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Insulin kinetics after portal and peripheral injection of [125I] insulin. I. Data analysis and modeling. The kinetics of insulin are commonly investigated by intravenous administration of labeled hormone, whereas native insulin is removed by the liver to some extent before mixing in the systemic circulation. A mathematical model has been developed which makes it possible to interpret the experimental data obtained by peripheral plasma sampling after portal and peripheral injection of the tracer. Equations are given that allow for the computation of metabolic clearance rate, initial distribution volume, production rate, and body mass of insulin. It is demonstrated that hepatic extraction can be calculated from the difference between the clearance rate values obtained after portal and peripheral injection of the tracer; an estimate of total hepatic catabolism is also derived. The assumptions and limitations underlying this mathematical analysis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937553", "title": "Insulin kinetics after portal and peripheral injection of [125I] insulin: II. Experiments in the intact dog.", "content": "Insulin metabolism in man is usually investigated by peripheral injection of the hormone, whereas native insulin undergoes hepatic extraction prior to mixing in the general circulation. To quantify this difference, in 10 dogs [125I] insulin was injected into a peripheral vein, and the initial distribution volume (IDV), the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), and the mean transit time (t) were computed from the plasma disappearance curve of the immunoprecipitable activity. The splenic vein was then cannulated under pentobarbital anesthesia, and the parameters were again computed from the peripheral activity after portal introduction of the tracer. The MCR after portal injection [15.1 +/- (SE) 1.1 ml/min per kg] was greater (P is less than 0.001) than the MCR after peripheral administration (13.4 +/- 0.9 ml/min per kg). Also, IDV was larger (P is less than 0.01) after portal injection (167 +/- 12 vs. 138 +/- 10 ml/kg). Mean transit times did not change significantly. Insulin secretion rate (0.29 +/-0.04 mU/min per kg) and body insulin mass (7.03 +/- 1.5 mU/kg) were also measured. An estimate of hepatic extraction was obtained from the difference between the clearance rate values calculated following portal and peripheral injection. Under our experimental conditions, hepatic retention of insulin was found to be 19.6% (range 9.6-36.2%). The method is recommended for investigations in man.", "contents": "Insulin kinetics after portal and peripheral injection of [125I] insulin: II. Experiments in the intact dog. Insulin metabolism in man is usually investigated by peripheral injection of the hormone, whereas native insulin undergoes hepatic extraction prior to mixing in the general circulation. To quantify this difference, in 10 dogs [125I] insulin was injected into a peripheral vein, and the initial distribution volume (IDV), the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), and the mean transit time (t) were computed from the plasma disappearance curve of the immunoprecipitable activity. The splenic vein was then cannulated under pentobarbital anesthesia, and the parameters were again computed from the peripheral activity after portal introduction of the tracer. The MCR after portal injection [15.1 +/- (SE) 1.1 ml/min per kg] was greater (P is less than 0.001) than the MCR after peripheral administration (13.4 +/- 0.9 ml/min per kg). Also, IDV was larger (P is less than 0.01) after portal injection (167 +/- 12 vs. 138 +/- 10 ml/kg). Mean transit times did not change significantly. Insulin secretion rate (0.29 +/-0.04 mU/min per kg) and body insulin mass (7.03 +/- 1.5 mU/kg) were also measured. An estimate of hepatic extraction was obtained from the difference between the clearance rate values calculated following portal and peripheral injection. Under our experimental conditions, hepatic retention of insulin was found to be 19.6% (range 9.6-36.2%). The method is recommended for investigations in man."}
{"id": "PMID:937554", "title": "Fluorometric studies of recovery metabolism of rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles.", "content": "Recovery metabolism of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat has been investigated using fluorometric monitoring of reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). In both EDL and SOL, groups of twitch contractions produced a decrease in fluorescence (oxidation of NADH) which returned to the resting base line after contraction ceased. These responses proceeded more quickly in EDL than SOL and were abolished by anoxia. A 1-s tetanus of SOL produced an initial reduction which could be abolished with iodoacetate followed by a prolonged oxidation which could be blocked by anoxia. The fluorescence of EDL was decreased immediately following a 1-s tetanus but then rapidly increased well beyond the resting level of reduction and persisted throughout the recovery period. This reduction was largely depressed by iodoacetate. The results indicate marked differences in the recovery metabolism of these muscles, consistent with predominantly mitochondrial oxidative activity in the slow-twitch muscles and predominantly glycolytic activity in the fast-twitch muscles.", "contents": "Fluorometric studies of recovery metabolism of rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Recovery metabolism of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat has been investigated using fluorometric monitoring of reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). In both EDL and SOL, groups of twitch contractions produced a decrease in fluorescence (oxidation of NADH) which returned to the resting base line after contraction ceased. These responses proceeded more quickly in EDL than SOL and were abolished by anoxia. A 1-s tetanus of SOL produced an initial reduction which could be abolished with iodoacetate followed by a prolonged oxidation which could be blocked by anoxia. The fluorescence of EDL was decreased immediately following a 1-s tetanus but then rapidly increased well beyond the resting level of reduction and persisted throughout the recovery period. This reduction was largely depressed by iodoacetate. The results indicate marked differences in the recovery metabolism of these muscles, consistent with predominantly mitochondrial oxidative activity in the slow-twitch muscles and predominantly glycolytic activity in the fast-twitch muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:937555", "title": "Lung lymph and free interstitial fluid protein composition in sheep with edema.", "content": "In 10 anesthetized sheep with mild or moderate pulmonary edema we determined whether the protein composition of lung lymph is representative of free interstitial fluid. We measured protein concentration and albumin fraction in 1-mul samples of plasma, lung lymph, and free interstitial fluid. We also measured lung lymph flow. In five sheep with edema caused by increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, the average (+/- 1 SE) plasma protein concentration was 6.0 +/- 0.4 g/100 ml, lung lymph 3.4 +/- 0.2, and interstitial fluid 3.1 +/- 0.3. Lymph flow increased from an average base-line value of 9.4 ml/h to 43.4 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.56 +/- 0.02 and 0.50 +/- 0.01, respectively, compared with 0.44 +/- 0.01 for plasma. In five sheep with increased-permeability edema, average plasma protein concentration was 5.7 +/- 0.3 g/100 ml, lung lymph 4.1 +/- 0.4, and interstitial fluid 4.6 +/- 0.4. Base-line lymph flow was 11.0 ml/h and increased to 27.8 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.53 +/- 0.01 and 0.50 +/- 0.02, respectively, compared with 0.43 +/- 0.01 for plasma. We conclude in both high-pressure and altered-permeability edema, the protein composition of lung lymph collected from the major lung efferent lymphatic is representative of the free interstitial edema fluid.", "contents": "Lung lymph and free interstitial fluid protein composition in sheep with edema. In 10 anesthetized sheep with mild or moderate pulmonary edema we determined whether the protein composition of lung lymph is representative of free interstitial fluid. We measured protein concentration and albumin fraction in 1-mul samples of plasma, lung lymph, and free interstitial fluid. We also measured lung lymph flow. In five sheep with edema caused by increased pulmonary microvascular pressure, the average (+/- 1 SE) plasma protein concentration was 6.0 +/- 0.4 g/100 ml, lung lymph 3.4 +/- 0.2, and interstitial fluid 3.1 +/- 0.3. Lymph flow increased from an average base-line value of 9.4 ml/h to 43.4 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.56 +/- 0.02 and 0.50 +/- 0.01, respectively, compared with 0.44 +/- 0.01 for plasma. In five sheep with increased-permeability edema, average plasma protein concentration was 5.7 +/- 0.3 g/100 ml, lung lymph 4.1 +/- 0.4, and interstitial fluid 4.6 +/- 0.4. Base-line lymph flow was 11.0 ml/h and increased to 27.8 ml/h during edema. Average albumin fractions in lymph and interstitial fluid were 0.53 +/- 0.01 and 0.50 +/- 0.02, respectively, compared with 0.43 +/- 0.01 for plasma. We conclude in both high-pressure and altered-permeability edema, the protein composition of lung lymph collected from the major lung efferent lymphatic is representative of the free interstitial edema fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:937556", "title": "Effect of substance P on proximal tubular reabsorption in the rat.", "content": "Micropuncture and clearance techniques were used simultaneously to determine the effect of substance P on proximal tubular and overall renal function in anesthetized rats. This polypeptide, infused in saline at 50 pg/min into the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries, produced increases in urine flow, 2.7-3.7 mul/min.g kidney wt (P is less than 0.005); urinary sodium concentration, 32-61 meq/liter (P is less than 0.01); and sodium excretion, 89-223 neq/min (P is less than 0.005). Tubular fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratio measured in the last accessible proximal convolution fell from 2.21 to 1.80 (P is less than 0.001), and thus fractional reabsorption was reduced from 54 to 44% (P is less than 0.001). Absolute reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule was also reduced 15.5-12.5 nl/min (P is less than 0.025). In a control series of animals, saline alone infused at the same rate did not produce any statistically significant changes in the measured parameters over the same time period. The intrerenal mechanism responsible for the reduction in proximal reabsorption appears to be a tubular one since no consistent or significant changes were observed in kidney or single nephron glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or intrarenal hydrostatic pressures. No evidence was found to indicate redistribution of filtration rate, or plasma flow, or a reduction in filtration fraction.", "contents": "Effect of substance P on proximal tubular reabsorption in the rat. Micropuncture and clearance techniques were used simultaneously to determine the effect of substance P on proximal tubular and overall renal function in anesthetized rats. This polypeptide, infused in saline at 50 pg/min into the abdominal aorta above the renal arteries, produced increases in urine flow, 2.7-3.7 mul/min.g kidney wt (P is less than 0.005); urinary sodium concentration, 32-61 meq/liter (P is less than 0.01); and sodium excretion, 89-223 neq/min (P is less than 0.005). Tubular fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratio measured in the last accessible proximal convolution fell from 2.21 to 1.80 (P is less than 0.001), and thus fractional reabsorption was reduced from 54 to 44% (P is less than 0.001). Absolute reabsorption by the proximal convoluted tubule was also reduced 15.5-12.5 nl/min (P is less than 0.025). In a control series of animals, saline alone infused at the same rate did not produce any statistically significant changes in the measured parameters over the same time period. The intrerenal mechanism responsible for the reduction in proximal reabsorption appears to be a tubular one since no consistent or significant changes were observed in kidney or single nephron glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, or intrarenal hydrostatic pressures. No evidence was found to indicate redistribution of filtration rate, or plasma flow, or a reduction in filtration fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:937557", "title": "Restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage: role of the adrenal cortex.", "content": "Splenectomized and adrenalectomized-splenectomized dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital, were bled so that the role of cortisol in restitution of blood volume could be examined. Intact dogs and adrenalectomized dogs infused with cortisol at a high rate (17 mug/min) showed restoration of blood volume and plasma protein at 24 h, preceded by an early increase in plasma osmolality. Adrenalectomized dogs infused with cortisol at basal rates (2 mug/min) showed no increase in plasma osmolality and no restoration of blood volume or plasma protein at 24 h unless extracellular fluid volume was expanded by exogenous fluid. It is concluded that hemorrhage leads to an increase in extracellular osmolality mediated in part by increased cortisol concentrations. As a consequence, there is a shift of intracellular fluid to the interstitium. The resulting increase in interstitial pressure accelerates lymphatic movement of interstitial protein to the vascular system. This results in a reequilibration of extracellular fluid toward the plasma, thus completing the restitution of blood volume. The osmotically active agents mobilized by cortisol do not appear to be glucose, sodium, or potassium.", "contents": "Restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage: role of the adrenal cortex. Splenectomized and adrenalectomized-splenectomized dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital, were bled so that the role of cortisol in restitution of blood volume could be examined. Intact dogs and adrenalectomized dogs infused with cortisol at a high rate (17 mug/min) showed restoration of blood volume and plasma protein at 24 h, preceded by an early increase in plasma osmolality. Adrenalectomized dogs infused with cortisol at basal rates (2 mug/min) showed no increase in plasma osmolality and no restoration of blood volume or plasma protein at 24 h unless extracellular fluid volume was expanded by exogenous fluid. It is concluded that hemorrhage leads to an increase in extracellular osmolality mediated in part by increased cortisol concentrations. As a consequence, there is a shift of intracellular fluid to the interstitium. The resulting increase in interstitial pressure accelerates lymphatic movement of interstitial protein to the vascular system. This results in a reequilibration of extracellular fluid toward the plasma, thus completing the restitution of blood volume. The osmotically active agents mobilized by cortisol do not appear to be glucose, sodium, or potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:937558", "title": "Permeability of dog lung endothelium to sodium, diols, amides, and water.", "content": "Bolus injection of T-1824-albumin, test indicator, and tritiated water into a jugular vein of the anesthetized dog and sequential sampling of blood from a carotid artery yielded multiple-indicator outflow patterns for the lung. Permeability-surface products of the test indicator for the lung endothelial barrier were obtained by comparison of test indicator with T-1824-albumin on the upslope of the test-indicator curve and correction for backdiffusion. The derived endothelial permeability coefficients, based on surface area/wet lung weight-500 cm2/g (mean +/- 2 SE, 10(-5) cm s(-1)), were: sodium ion, 2.9 +/- 0.8; ethylene glycol, 7.3 +/- 1.5; 1, 3-propranediol, 7.9 +/- 3.2; 1, 2-propanediol, 10 +/- 4; 1, 4-butanediol, 14 +/- 8; 1, 5-pentanediol, 21 +/- 6; 1, 6-hexanediol, 41 +/- 11; formamide, 16 +/- 9; acetamide, 13 +/- 4; propionamide, 31 +/- 12; butyramide, 42 +/- 24; valeramide, 79 +/- 12; tritiated water, 150 +/- 50. The backdiffusion correction varies from 8% for sodium to 75% for valeramide. A parallel-pathway model of blood-tissue passive exchange of small nonelectrolyte solutes is compatible with these results, with a lipid pathway through endothelial cells and an aqueous pathway possibly through interendothelial clefts.", "contents": "Permeability of dog lung endothelium to sodium, diols, amides, and water. Bolus injection of T-1824-albumin, test indicator, and tritiated water into a jugular vein of the anesthetized dog and sequential sampling of blood from a carotid artery yielded multiple-indicator outflow patterns for the lung. Permeability-surface products of the test indicator for the lung endothelial barrier were obtained by comparison of test indicator with T-1824-albumin on the upslope of the test-indicator curve and correction for backdiffusion. The derived endothelial permeability coefficients, based on surface area/wet lung weight-500 cm2/g (mean +/- 2 SE, 10(-5) cm s(-1)), were: sodium ion, 2.9 +/- 0.8; ethylene glycol, 7.3 +/- 1.5; 1, 3-propranediol, 7.9 +/- 3.2; 1, 2-propanediol, 10 +/- 4; 1, 4-butanediol, 14 +/- 8; 1, 5-pentanediol, 21 +/- 6; 1, 6-hexanediol, 41 +/- 11; formamide, 16 +/- 9; acetamide, 13 +/- 4; propionamide, 31 +/- 12; butyramide, 42 +/- 24; valeramide, 79 +/- 12; tritiated water, 150 +/- 50. The backdiffusion correction varies from 8% for sodium to 75% for valeramide. A parallel-pathway model of blood-tissue passive exchange of small nonelectrolyte solutes is compatible with these results, with a lipid pathway through endothelial cells and an aqueous pathway possibly through interendothelial clefts."}
{"id": "PMID:937559", "title": "Baroreceptor effects on renal and adrenal nerve activity.", "content": "Spontaneous efferent discharges were recorded from nerve filaments dissected from adrenal and renal nerve bundles in the rabbit. Raising of the systemic blood pressure or stimulation of the depressor nerve caused a decrease in discharge rate in these nerve filaments. Portal vein occlusion or elevation of mesenteric venous pressure caused a depression of activity in these nerves. It is suggested that adrenal and renal sympathetic nerve cells receive inputs from baroreceptors in the systemic arterial system and from mechanoreceptors in the portal and mesenteric veins that cause reflex inhibition of activity in these nerve cells.", "contents": "Baroreceptor effects on renal and adrenal nerve activity. Spontaneous efferent discharges were recorded from nerve filaments dissected from adrenal and renal nerve bundles in the rabbit. Raising of the systemic blood pressure or stimulation of the depressor nerve caused a decrease in discharge rate in these nerve filaments. Portal vein occlusion or elevation of mesenteric venous pressure caused a depression of activity in these nerves. It is suggested that adrenal and renal sympathetic nerve cells receive inputs from baroreceptors in the systemic arterial system and from mechanoreceptors in the portal and mesenteric veins that cause reflex inhibition of activity in these nerve cells."}
{"id": "PMID:937560", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins and mechanical tension in canine trachealis muscle.", "content": "Prostaglandin E (PGS) is synthesized and released in isolated canine trachealis muscle (CTM), and the PGE threshold concentration for an effect on isometric tension is very low, indicating this prostaglandin is a most likely candidate for an endogenous prostaglandin that modulates or regulates tension. Prostaglandin F (PGF) is also released, but the threshold concentration for a mechanical effect is probably too high for endogenous PGF to have a direct effect on tension in this muscle. Indomethacin and aspirin, at concentrations commonly used to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase, had effects on tension, membrane potential, and membrane resistance, but these effects were not appropriate if their only action was to inhibit PGE or PGF concentration in CTM. Release of PGE from CTM was increased fourfold by treatment with carbachol, but even under this condition, where presumably cell [PGE] was increased, electrophysiological studies failed to give convincing evidence that the actions of indomethacin on mechanical tension were related to inhibition of PGE or PGF synthesis.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins and mechanical tension in canine trachealis muscle. Prostaglandin E (PGS) is synthesized and released in isolated canine trachealis muscle (CTM), and the PGE threshold concentration for an effect on isometric tension is very low, indicating this prostaglandin is a most likely candidate for an endogenous prostaglandin that modulates or regulates tension. Prostaglandin F (PGF) is also released, but the threshold concentration for a mechanical effect is probably too high for endogenous PGF to have a direct effect on tension in this muscle. Indomethacin and aspirin, at concentrations commonly used to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase, had effects on tension, membrane potential, and membrane resistance, but these effects were not appropriate if their only action was to inhibit PGE or PGF concentration in CTM. Release of PGE from CTM was increased fourfold by treatment with carbachol, but even under this condition, where presumably cell [PGE] was increased, electrophysiological studies failed to give convincing evidence that the actions of indomethacin on mechanical tension were related to inhibition of PGE or PGF synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:937561", "title": "Reduced high-energy phosphate levels in rat hearts. II. Effects of sodium cyanate.", "content": "The effects of increased blood-oxygen affinity, due to carbamylation of hemoglobin in vivo, on aerobic metabolism in the heart were studied in rats. Adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally 3 times weekly for 10 wk with sodium cyanate (60 mg/kg). Significant derangement of blood-oxygen interaction was observed. Oxygen-dissociation curves were left shifted by 13 mmHg (35.1-21.8), and the overall deoxygenation rate (k) was reduced 41% (6.142-3.624; s(-1)); P is less than 0.001 for each parameter. Heart ATP and PCr levels were reduced (ATP: 19.4-16.7; PCr: 15.0-11.0, mum/g dry wt; P is less than 0.001 for each). In addition, glycogen levels fell (161.4-112.9, mum C6/g dry wt; P is less than 0.001). Myocardial lactate levels increased 54% (2.6-4.0, mum/g dry wt; P is less than 0.01) in the cyanate-treated group. These findings strongly suggest a hypoxia-induced activation of glycolysis as a consequence of altered oxidative metabolism in rats treated with sodium cyanate.", "contents": "Reduced high-energy phosphate levels in rat hearts. II. Effects of sodium cyanate. The effects of increased blood-oxygen affinity, due to carbamylation of hemoglobin in vivo, on aerobic metabolism in the heart were studied in rats. Adult male rats were injected intraperitoneally 3 times weekly for 10 wk with sodium cyanate (60 mg/kg). Significant derangement of blood-oxygen interaction was observed. Oxygen-dissociation curves were left shifted by 13 mmHg (35.1-21.8), and the overall deoxygenation rate (k) was reduced 41% (6.142-3.624; s(-1)); P is less than 0.001 for each parameter. Heart ATP and PCr levels were reduced (ATP: 19.4-16.7; PCr: 15.0-11.0, mum/g dry wt; P is less than 0.001 for each). In addition, glycogen levels fell (161.4-112.9, mum C6/g dry wt; P is less than 0.001). Myocardial lactate levels increased 54% (2.6-4.0, mum/g dry wt; P is less than 0.01) in the cyanate-treated group. These findings strongly suggest a hypoxia-induced activation of glycolysis as a consequence of altered oxidative metabolism in rats treated with sodium cyanate."}
{"id": "PMID:937562", "title": "Recovery heat production of mammalian fast- and slow-twitch muscles.", "content": "Relationships between initial heat and recovery heat in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat have been investigated by estimating the ratio of total heat (initial + recovery) to estimated initial heat. Results obtained from SOL agreed well with earlier data from amphibian skeletal muscle and indicated that in tetanic contractions of SOL the ratio,total heat/initial heat, was slightly greater than 2. Experiments on EDL revealed complexities not previously reported for amphibian muscle. Anaerobic total heat production by EDL was as much as 75% of aerobic heat production. When the initial heat was estimated under anaerobic conditions and with iodacetate present, the apparent ratio of total heat/initial heat in tetanic contractions of EDL approached a value of 2. The results are discussed in relation to the enzymatic characteristics of these muscles, and it is suggested that the recovery heat of SOL arises mainly from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism while that of EDL arises, to a large extent, from glycolytic activity.", "contents": "Recovery heat production of mammalian fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Relationships between initial heat and recovery heat in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat have been investigated by estimating the ratio of total heat (initial + recovery) to estimated initial heat. Results obtained from SOL agreed well with earlier data from amphibian skeletal muscle and indicated that in tetanic contractions of SOL the ratio,total heat/initial heat, was slightly greater than 2. Experiments on EDL revealed complexities not previously reported for amphibian muscle. Anaerobic total heat production by EDL was as much as 75% of aerobic heat production. When the initial heat was estimated under anaerobic conditions and with iodacetate present, the apparent ratio of total heat/initial heat in tetanic contractions of EDL approached a value of 2. The results are discussed in relation to the enzymatic characteristics of these muscles, and it is suggested that the recovery heat of SOL arises mainly from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism while that of EDL arises, to a large extent, from glycolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:937564", "title": "The psychiatrist and the pain clinic.", "content": "The author discusses the difficulties inherent in the role of the psychiatrist in a pain clinic as well as some of the recurring problems that he has seen in this setting. He states that the psychiatrist brings to the understanding of pain a multidimensional approach, which is hard for nonpsychiatrist clinicians to accept, and valuable psychophysical methods for evaluating and quantifying pain. He discusses aspects of the interplay between intrapsychic and interpersonal factors in the pain experience, particularly the relationship between pain and guilt, and illustrates these aspects with case reports.", "contents": "The psychiatrist and the pain clinic. The author discusses the difficulties inherent in the role of the psychiatrist in a pain clinic as well as some of the recurring problems that he has seen in this setting. He states that the psychiatrist brings to the understanding of pain a multidimensional approach, which is hard for nonpsychiatrist clinicians to accept, and valuable psychophysical methods for evaluating and quantifying pain. He discusses aspects of the interplay between intrapsychic and interpersonal factors in the pain experience, particularly the relationship between pain and guilt, and illustrates these aspects with case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:937565", "title": "Current issues in national insurance for mental health services.", "content": "The current economic crisis has again placed in jeopardy the inclusion of mental health benefits under national health insurance. The author notes that progress has been made in establishing effective peer review systems and in demonstrating that costs of mental health services are reasonable. Yet the lack of agreement on diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the inadequacy of utilization, cost, and treatment outcome data, and the absence of professional self-regulation remain causes for concern in the effort toward eventual comprehensive coverage for mental disorders.", "contents": "Current issues in national insurance for mental health services. The current economic crisis has again placed in jeopardy the inclusion of mental health benefits under national health insurance. The author notes that progress has been made in establishing effective peer review systems and in demonstrating that costs of mental health services are reasonable. Yet the lack of agreement on diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the inadequacy of utilization, cost, and treatment outcome data, and the absence of professional self-regulation remain causes for concern in the effort toward eventual comprehensive coverage for mental disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:937566", "title": "Agitated psychotic depression associated with severe hypomanic episodes: a rare syndrome.", "content": "The authors present detailed clinical and follow-up data on 12 patients with agitated psychotic depressions who developed serious hypomanic or manic episodes. In six patients, each type of affective episode seemed to merge into the others, while in the other patients there was always a clear temporal distinction between each type of episode. The authors suggest that the older ages of their patients may have contributed to the syndrome. They also offer several possible theoretical explanations: the patients 1) had mixed affective states and were trapped in the \"switch\" state from depression to mania, 2) inherited both unipolar and bipolar diseases, 3) represent a subgroup of bipolar patients, and 4) were schizoaffective.", "contents": "Agitated psychotic depression associated with severe hypomanic episodes: a rare syndrome. The authors present detailed clinical and follow-up data on 12 patients with agitated psychotic depressions who developed serious hypomanic or manic episodes. In six patients, each type of affective episode seemed to merge into the others, while in the other patients there was always a clear temporal distinction between each type of episode. The authors suggest that the older ages of their patients may have contributed to the syndrome. They also offer several possible theoretical explanations: the patients 1) had mixed affective states and were trapped in the \"switch\" state from depression to mania, 2) inherited both unipolar and bipolar diseases, 3) represent a subgroup of bipolar patients, and 4) were schizoaffective."}
{"id": "PMID:937567", "title": "Immunoglobulin levels in psychiatric patients.", "content": "In a study of 19 schizophrenic patients, 7 nonschizophrenic patients, and 31 controls, the authors found significantly higher mean serum levels of 1) immunoglobulin A in schizophrenic women then in control women and in schizophrenic blacks than in either schizophrenic whites or black controls. 2) immunoglobulin D in schizophrenic blacks than in schizophrenic whites, 3) immunoglobulin M in controls than in nonschizophrenic patients, and 4) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in schizophrenics whose urine was positive for phenothiazines than in schizophrenics whose urine was negative for phenothiazines. High serum levels of IgG were associated with no or mild hallucinations and low levels with moderate or severe hallucinations. Black female patients had significantly more severe hallucinaions than white female patients. The authors discuss the possible implications of these findings.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin levels in psychiatric patients. In a study of 19 schizophrenic patients, 7 nonschizophrenic patients, and 31 controls, the authors found significantly higher mean serum levels of 1) immunoglobulin A in schizophrenic women then in control women and in schizophrenic blacks than in either schizophrenic whites or black controls. 2) immunoglobulin D in schizophrenic blacks than in schizophrenic whites, 3) immunoglobulin M in controls than in nonschizophrenic patients, and 4) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in schizophrenics whose urine was positive for phenothiazines than in schizophrenics whose urine was negative for phenothiazines. High serum levels of IgG were associated with no or mild hallucinations and low levels with moderate or severe hallucinations. Black female patients had significantly more severe hallucinaions than white female patients. The authors discuss the possible implications of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:937568", "title": "Personality disorder and parietal lobe dysfunction.", "content": "An inability to relate transitionally is a major feature of personality disorder. The developmental independence of transitional relatedness from verbal-symbolic growth, its orienting function, and the nature of its visual and tactile components support the conclusion that it is a function of the nondominant parietal lobe. Therefore it can be hypothesized that dysfunction of this area is the cerebral analogue of personality disorder. The fact that unawareness of illness (\"anosognosia\") in conjunction with grossly intact intellectual function is common to both personality disorder and minor parietal lobe dysfunction further supports this hypothesis.", "contents": "Personality disorder and parietal lobe dysfunction. An inability to relate transitionally is a major feature of personality disorder. The developmental independence of transitional relatedness from verbal-symbolic growth, its orienting function, and the nature of its visual and tactile components support the conclusion that it is a function of the nondominant parietal lobe. Therefore it can be hypothesized that dysfunction of this area is the cerebral analogue of personality disorder. The fact that unawareness of illness (\"anosognosia\") in conjunction with grossly intact intellectual function is common to both personality disorder and minor parietal lobe dysfunction further supports this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:937569", "title": "Psychiatric effects of prolonged Asian captivity: a two-year follow-up.", "content": "The authors have been following a group of 6 prisoners of war and their families since the men were returned from North Viet Nam. They found that most of the men experiences cognitive, social, work, emotional, and family difficulties during the first two years after their return. However, most of these problems were resolved after two years, and there was no evidence of the concentration camp syndrome, homicidal or suicidal behavior, violent physical aggression, impotence, fugue states, psychosomatic disorders, or major psychiatric illnesses in any of the men. On the basis of their findings, the authors make recommendations for future reentry programs.", "contents": "Psychiatric effects of prolonged Asian captivity: a two-year follow-up. The authors have been following a group of 6 prisoners of war and their families since the men were returned from North Viet Nam. They found that most of the men experiences cognitive, social, work, emotional, and family difficulties during the first two years after their return. However, most of these problems were resolved after two years, and there was no evidence of the concentration camp syndrome, homicidal or suicidal behavior, violent physical aggression, impotence, fugue states, psychosomatic disorders, or major psychiatric illnesses in any of the men. On the basis of their findings, the authors make recommendations for future reentry programs."}
{"id": "PMID:937570", "title": "Brief versus standard hospitalization: the families.", "content": "A total of 175 newly admitted inpatients who lived with families were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: standard inpatient care (discharge at the therapist's discretion), brief hospitalization (one week or less) with transitional day care available, and brief hospitalization without day care. Outpatient aftercare was offered to all patients. There was no major differential family burden as a function of length of hospitalization. Generally, brief hospitalization had several positive effects on family functioning, primarily earlier resumtption of occupational roles and less financial burden, with few significant deleterious effects.", "contents": "Brief versus standard hospitalization: the families. A total of 175 newly admitted inpatients who lived with families were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: standard inpatient care (discharge at the therapist's discretion), brief hospitalization (one week or less) with transitional day care available, and brief hospitalization without day care. Outpatient aftercare was offered to all patients. There was no major differential family burden as a function of length of hospitalization. Generally, brief hospitalization had several positive effects on family functioning, primarily earlier resumtption of occupational roles and less financial burden, with few significant deleterious effects."}
{"id": "PMID:937571", "title": "Prognostic correlates of psychotherapy in psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "The authors examined the follow-up data for 113 psychiatric outpatients who had been treated for up to a year in an outpatient community mental health center. Correlations between therapist and patient ratings of improvement were generally low, and anlayses were done separately for therapist and patient ratings. The strongest confirmed hypothesis was the relationship between therapist and patient ratings of improvement and therapist and patient evaluations of each other as likable, physically attractive, and either a good patient for treatment or a competent therapist. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multivariate statistics for the analysis of psychotherapy data.", "contents": "Prognostic correlates of psychotherapy in psychiatric outpatients. The authors examined the follow-up data for 113 psychiatric outpatients who had been treated for up to a year in an outpatient community mental health center. Correlations between therapist and patient ratings of improvement were generally low, and anlayses were done separately for therapist and patient ratings. The strongest confirmed hypothesis was the relationship between therapist and patient ratings of improvement and therapist and patient evaluations of each other as likable, physically attractive, and either a good patient for treatment or a competent therapist. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of multivariate statistics for the analysis of psychotherapy data."}
{"id": "PMID:937572", "title": "The murdered child and his killers.", "content": "The authors studied 112 cases of child homicide in New York City in 1968-1969 to identify contributing social and psychiatric factors and to determine the fate of the surviving siblings and the degree of involvement of the city's social agencies with the families. There was a pattern of long-term familial child maltreatment extending to the siblings and continuing after the murders. The victims were usually illegitimate preschoolers; the assailants, usually the mothers or their paramours, had backgrounds of assaultiveness and social deviance and killed in impulsive rage. Reports of sexual abuse of victims or of suicide or psychosis among assailants were rare. The authors present case illustrations and offer guidelines for improved prevention by psychiatrists and social workers.", "contents": "The murdered child and his killers. The authors studied 112 cases of child homicide in New York City in 1968-1969 to identify contributing social and psychiatric factors and to determine the fate of the surviving siblings and the degree of involvement of the city's social agencies with the families. There was a pattern of long-term familial child maltreatment extending to the siblings and continuing after the murders. The victims were usually illegitimate preschoolers; the assailants, usually the mothers or their paramours, had backgrounds of assaultiveness and social deviance and killed in impulsive rage. Reports of sexual abuse of victims or of suicide or psychosis among assailants were rare. The authors present case illustrations and offer guidelines for improved prevention by psychiatrists and social workers."}
{"id": "PMID:937573", "title": "l-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM): prognostic considerations.", "content": "The authors studied the responses of 28 adult male volunteers who were openly changed from methadone to l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) maintenance. They found that patients who had been receiving middle-range doses (50-70 mg) of methadone required a significantly lower mean increase in LAAM than patients who had been receiving either high or low methadone doses and that the patients who accepted LAAM differed significantly from those who did not in MMPI 2-point-code ratings and mean social adjustment scale scores. These findings may provide prognostic indicators for response to LAAM, a possible alternative to methadone.", "contents": "l-Alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM): prognostic considerations. The authors studied the responses of 28 adult male volunteers who were openly changed from methadone to l-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) maintenance. They found that patients who had been receiving middle-range doses (50-70 mg) of methadone required a significantly lower mean increase in LAAM than patients who had been receiving either high or low methadone doses and that the patients who accepted LAAM differed significantly from those who did not in MMPI 2-point-code ratings and mean social adjustment scale scores. These findings may provide prognostic indicators for response to LAAM, a possible alternative to methadone."}
{"id": "PMID:937574", "title": "A favorable response to lithium carbonate in a \"schizo-affective\" father and son.", "content": "It has recently been suggested that patients with mania are often misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia. The authors report a favorable clinical response to lithium carbonate in a father and son with an apparent schizo-affective syndromes may respond favorably to lithium but caution that a favorable response in such cases does not absolutely confirm a diagnosis of mania.", "contents": "A favorable response to lithium carbonate in a \"schizo-affective\" father and son. It has recently been suggested that patients with mania are often misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia. The authors report a favorable clinical response to lithium carbonate in a father and son with an apparent schizo-affective syndromes may respond favorably to lithium but caution that a favorable response in such cases does not absolutely confirm a diagnosis of mania."}
{"id": "PMID:937575", "title": "Marital therapy when one spouse has a primary affective disorder.", "content": "The authors explain why marital disharmony when one spouse has a primary affective disorder is difficult to treat but suggest that such couples can be treated successfully if the therapist is flexible and sets realistic goals. Because of the variability of the disease and the many unsubstantiated etiologies associated with it, the authors recommend a modified general system theory approach to treatment that includes a combination of psychotherapy and somatotherapy.", "contents": "Marital therapy when one spouse has a primary affective disorder. The authors explain why marital disharmony when one spouse has a primary affective disorder is difficult to treat but suggest that such couples can be treated successfully if the therapist is flexible and sets realistic goals. Because of the variability of the disease and the many unsubstantiated etiologies associated with it, the authors recommend a modified general system theory approach to treatment that includes a combination of psychotherapy and somatotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:937576", "title": "Psychiatrist-wife-mother: some aspects of role integration.", "content": "Throughout her professional life the woman who chooses to combine the roles of psychiatrist, wife, and mother may find them not only compatible but complementary. If she can adopt a philosophy of life that permits her to function in these roles, and if those around her support her activities, she can perform with relative ease and proficiency. Her lifestyle must of necessity differ from that of her male colleagues, but differing lifestyles among members of a profession vitalize the field. A broad perspective is desirable, especially in a profession that deals with the emotional and mental lives of people. Married women and mothers afford such a broadened perspective to the field of psychiatry.", "contents": "Psychiatrist-wife-mother: some aspects of role integration. Throughout her professional life the woman who chooses to combine the roles of psychiatrist, wife, and mother may find them not only compatible but complementary. If she can adopt a philosophy of life that permits her to function in these roles, and if those around her support her activities, she can perform with relative ease and proficiency. Her lifestyle must of necessity differ from that of her male colleagues, but differing lifestyles among members of a profession vitalize the field. A broad perspective is desirable, especially in a profession that deals with the emotional and mental lives of people. Married women and mothers afford such a broadened perspective to the field of psychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:937577", "title": "Some problems in learning to do \"good psychotherapy\".", "content": "In a discussion of some problems that psychiatric residents encounter in learning to do good psychotherapy, the author compares learning techniques of medicine and those of psychiatry. He concludes that one of the most difficult experiences for the psychiatric resident is learning tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty.", "contents": "Some problems in learning to do \"good psychotherapy\". In a discussion of some problems that psychiatric residents encounter in learning to do good psychotherapy, the author compares learning techniques of medicine and those of psychiatry. He concludes that one of the most difficult experiences for the psychiatric resident is learning tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty."}
{"id": "PMID:937578", "title": "Physicians' erotic and nonerotic physical involvement with patients.", "content": "The author surveyed 164 female physicians to determine their attitudes and practices regarding erotic and nonerotic physican contact with patients. Compared with a previous study of male physicians (1), more female physicians believe in and engage in nonerotic touching, but fewer believe in and engage in erotic touching. None of the female physicians reported sexual intercourse with patients as compared with 11% of the male physicians in the previous study.", "contents": "Physicians' erotic and nonerotic physical involvement with patients. The author surveyed 164 female physicians to determine their attitudes and practices regarding erotic and nonerotic physican contact with patients. Compared with a previous study of male physicians (1), more female physicians believe in and engage in nonerotic touching, but fewer believe in and engage in erotic touching. None of the female physicians reported sexual intercourse with patients as compared with 11% of the male physicians in the previous study."}
{"id": "PMID:937579", "title": "The frequency of suicide attempts: a retrospective approach applied to college students.", "content": "Suicide attempt rates are usually reported as an annual statistic. However, annual rates may underestimate the cumulative prevalence of attempters since they ignore people whose attempts occurred in years other than the one examined. The authors studied the prevalence of suicide attempters over several years through data gathered from retrospective reports of college students. They found that 15% of the total sample studied (N=293) reported having attempted suicide at one time. This unexpectedly high rate suggests that suicidal behavior is a serious problem among college students and underlines the need for further retrospective studies of the prevalence of suicide attempters.", "contents": "The frequency of suicide attempts: a retrospective approach applied to college students. Suicide attempt rates are usually reported as an annual statistic. However, annual rates may underestimate the cumulative prevalence of attempters since they ignore people whose attempts occurred in years other than the one examined. The authors studied the prevalence of suicide attempters over several years through data gathered from retrospective reports of college students. They found that 15% of the total sample studied (N=293) reported having attempted suicide at one time. This unexpectedly high rate suggests that suicidal behavior is a serious problem among college students and underlines the need for further retrospective studies of the prevalence of suicide attempters."}
{"id": "PMID:937580", "title": "Psychiatric test assessment of patients with psychomotor epilepsy.", "content": "The authors evaluated the psychiatric status of 31 patients who had temporal lobectomies and 6 patients who received implantation of depth electrodes for relief of epileptic seizures. Results showed a general postoperative improvement in overall psychopathology (measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) and in depression in particular; however, depression tended to recur with the passage of time after lobectomy.", "contents": "Psychiatric test assessment of patients with psychomotor epilepsy. The authors evaluated the psychiatric status of 31 patients who had temporal lobectomies and 6 patients who received implantation of depth electrodes for relief of epileptic seizures. Results showed a general postoperative improvement in overall psychopathology (measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) and in depression in particular; however, depression tended to recur with the passage of time after lobectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:937581", "title": "Training community-based paraprofessionals as behavior therapists with families of alcohol-abusing adolescents.", "content": "To combat the increase in chronic alcohol use among adolescents in a large metropolitan area, community-based paraprofessionals were trained in behavior therapy and treated these adolescents and their families in the home. Preliminary evaluation of the program revealed encouraging results. This training supplied structure for the paraprofessionals' interventions with families and provided them with skills they are continuing to use in their community work.", "contents": "Training community-based paraprofessionals as behavior therapists with families of alcohol-abusing adolescents. To combat the increase in chronic alcohol use among adolescents in a large metropolitan area, community-based paraprofessionals were trained in behavior therapy and treated these adolescents and their families in the home. Preliminary evaluation of the program revealed encouraging results. This training supplied structure for the paraprofessionals' interventions with families and provided them with skills they are continuing to use in their community work."}
{"id": "PMID:937582", "title": "Penfluridol in the treatment of newly admitted schizophrenic patients in a brief therapy unit.", "content": "The authors compared penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic that can be administered orally once a week, with chlorpromazine in the treatment of 33 newly admitted schizophrenic patients in a brief therapy unit. Patients receiving either drug improved enough to be discharged in 3 weeks. Penfluridol-treated patients experienced less drowsiness than those treated with chlorpromazine, but the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms appeared to be greater with penfluridol.", "contents": "Penfluridol in the treatment of newly admitted schizophrenic patients in a brief therapy unit. The authors compared penfluridol, a long-acting neuroleptic that can be administered orally once a week, with chlorpromazine in the treatment of 33 newly admitted schizophrenic patients in a brief therapy unit. Patients receiving either drug improved enough to be discharged in 3 weeks. Penfluridol-treated patients experienced less drowsiness than those treated with chlorpromazine, but the severity of extrapyramidal symptoms appeared to be greater with penfluridol."}
{"id": "PMID:937585", "title": "A possible subgroup of the schizophrenic syndrome and implications for treatment.", "content": "Supported by extensive clinical data of three generations, the hypothesis is advanced that Minimal Brain Dysfunction is the major etiologic and pathogenic factor for one subgroup of adult schizophrenics. Genetic factors apparently play the main but not exclusive role. Pathogenic as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic, and preventive aspects are discussed.", "contents": "A possible subgroup of the schizophrenic syndrome and implications for treatment. Supported by extensive clinical data of three generations, the hypothesis is advanced that Minimal Brain Dysfunction is the major etiologic and pathogenic factor for one subgroup of adult schizophrenics. Genetic factors apparently play the main but not exclusive role. Pathogenic as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic, and preventive aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937586", "title": "Psychodynamic and psychosocial problems in our future society: Anticipated causes and suggestions for prophylactic techniques.", "content": "Social and technologic changes are occurring at an ever-increasing rate. Psychodynamic and psychosocial problems that are likely to occur in our future society are considered in relation to certain determinant forces. The paper also considers the concept of psychosocial prophylaxis and discuss its format and applications.", "contents": "Psychodynamic and psychosocial problems in our future society: Anticipated causes and suggestions for prophylactic techniques. Social and technologic changes are occurring at an ever-increasing rate. Psychodynamic and psychosocial problems that are likely to occur in our future society are considered in relation to certain determinant forces. The paper also considers the concept of psychosocial prophylaxis and discuss its format and applications."}
{"id": "PMID:937587", "title": "The medical model and psychiatric training.", "content": "The educational, sociologic and economic justifications for a recent decision to require an internship type of postgraduate experience in psychiatric training are discussed. There are many practical disadvantages to adding this requirement. Depending on the type of internship developed, such experiences may also impair rather than facilitate the trainee's progress as a clinician.", "contents": "The medical model and psychiatric training. The educational, sociologic and economic justifications for a recent decision to require an internship type of postgraduate experience in psychiatric training are discussed. There are many practical disadvantages to adding this requirement. Depending on the type of internship developed, such experiences may also impair rather than facilitate the trainee's progress as a clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:937588", "title": "Amplification of the erotic enema deviance.", "content": "Use of enemas for sexual stimulation has been observed and named klismaphilia. Some klismaphiliacs indulge their taste for enemas in other wise normal sexual settings. Others combine it with fetishes, excretory and otherwise or with masturbation. Still others practice klismaphilia in homosexual or sadomasochistic settings or in group sex.", "contents": "Amplification of the erotic enema deviance. Use of enemas for sexual stimulation has been observed and named klismaphilia. Some klismaphiliacs indulge their taste for enemas in other wise normal sexual settings. Others combine it with fetishes, excretory and otherwise or with masturbation. Still others practice klismaphilia in homosexual or sadomasochistic settings or in group sex."}
{"id": "PMID:937589", "title": "Sobriety: problems, challenges, and solutions.", "content": "Problems experienced by women whose alcoholic husbands have recently become sober are pervasive and varied. During the years of active alcoholism, a pattern develops of allowing other family members' needs to take priority. Group therapy, emphasizing congruent communication and expression of feelings, is one means of assisting members in this phase of adjustment.", "contents": "Sobriety: problems, challenges, and solutions. Problems experienced by women whose alcoholic husbands have recently become sober are pervasive and varied. During the years of active alcoholism, a pattern develops of allowing other family members' needs to take priority. Group therapy, emphasizing congruent communication and expression of feelings, is one means of assisting members in this phase of adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:937590", "title": "Marital therapy of couples in which the husband is a physician.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the therapeutic problems posed by the troubled \"medical\" marriage. Based on the authors' clinical experiences, certain common characteristics of these marriages are identified. Obstacles to early referral such as self-diagnosis and self-treatment are discussed, two illustrative case vignettes are presented, and therapeutic recommendations are outlined.", "contents": "Marital therapy of couples in which the husband is a physician. This paper is concerned with the therapeutic problems posed by the troubled \"medical\" marriage. Based on the authors' clinical experiences, certain common characteristics of these marriages are identified. Obstacles to early referral such as self-diagnosis and self-treatment are discussed, two illustrative case vignettes are presented, and therapeutic recommendations are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:937591", "title": "Modes of experience and psychiatric education.", "content": "This paper describes two modes that an effective psychiatrist uses in understanding his patients. One mode is termed the rational-active, and the other sensuous-receptive. These modes present special problems in psychiatric education. The best teaching occurs when the superviser works in both modes and consistently and sensitively communicates these modes of experience to a resident.", "contents": "Modes of experience and psychiatric education. This paper describes two modes that an effective psychiatrist uses in understanding his patients. One mode is termed the rational-active, and the other sensuous-receptive. These modes present special problems in psychiatric education. The best teaching occurs when the superviser works in both modes and consistently and sensitively communicates these modes of experience to a resident."}
{"id": "PMID:937592", "title": "Jung's and Freud's contributions to dream interpretation: a comparison.", "content": "Carl G. Jung considers dreams as (a) aids to restoring and maintaining mental health, (b) as scientific insights into psychic casuality, (c) as symbolic representations of one's actual subjective state and (d) as expressions of \"telepathic visions\". In this paper Jung's considerations are contrasted to Freud's.", "contents": "Jung's and Freud's contributions to dream interpretation: a comparison. Carl G. Jung considers dreams as (a) aids to restoring and maintaining mental health, (b) as scientific insights into psychic casuality, (c) as symbolic representations of one's actual subjective state and (d) as expressions of \"telepathic visions\". In this paper Jung's considerations are contrasted to Freud's."}
{"id": "PMID:937593", "title": "Survey of psychiatric treatment effectiveness in a medical student clinic.", "content": "Eighty patients, from four university-based psychiatric outpatient departments, were seen for four to six weeks by medical students. Eighty-two percent of the patients reported \"some\" to \"marked\" improvement. The four groups were studied to determine significant variables. A mutually positive attitude between patient and therapist appeared to be the only significant factor.", "contents": "Survey of psychiatric treatment effectiveness in a medical student clinic. Eighty patients, from four university-based psychiatric outpatient departments, were seen for four to six weeks by medical students. Eighty-two percent of the patients reported \"some\" to \"marked\" improvement. The four groups were studied to determine significant variables. A mutually positive attitude between patient and therapist appeared to be the only significant factor."}
{"id": "PMID:937594", "title": "Case reports the treatment of a child foot fetishist.", "content": "The history of a childhood foot fetishist is discussed from a developmental, psychodynamic, and therapeutic point of view. Therapy revealed that the symptom, while initially created in response to parental pathology, later led to specific defense mechanisms which were utilized to avoid developmental tasks, resolve ambivalence, and maintain body integrity.", "contents": "Case reports the treatment of a child foot fetishist. The history of a childhood foot fetishist is discussed from a developmental, psychodynamic, and therapeutic point of view. Therapy revealed that the symptom, while initially created in response to parental pathology, later led to specific defense mechanisms which were utilized to avoid developmental tasks, resolve ambivalence, and maintain body integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:937595", "title": "The eclectic and multiple therapy of a shoe fetishist.", "content": "This case history presents not only the therapists' point of view but also the client's. Four critical periods during therapy with a shoe fetishist were described by the two therapists and the client. The results of this procedure suggest that it is a facilitating method of gaining insight into the therapeutic process.", "contents": "The eclectic and multiple therapy of a shoe fetishist. This case history presents not only the therapists' point of view but also the client's. Four critical periods during therapy with a shoe fetishist were described by the two therapists and the client. The results of this procedure suggest that it is a facilitating method of gaining insight into the therapeutic process."}
{"id": "PMID:937599", "title": "The underdevelopment of health of working America: causes, consequences and possible solutions.", "content": "This article presents the health conditions of working America, and provides an analysis of the causes of that situation. It is postulated that the main health problems in the U.S. are due not to prevalent life styles-as the behavioralists indicate-but to the dramatic maldistribution of economic and political power in our society, with the absence of control by the majority of the U.S. population-the working and lower-middle classes-over the work process with which they are involved, the economic wealth that they produce, and the political institutions that they pay for. The production of goods and wealth as well as the political institutions of the United States are dominated and controlled by a minority of our population-the corporate and upper-middle classes. Empirical information is presented to support this postulate. In light of this explanation, it is asserted that a major public health task is to deliberately and actively contribute to the political mobilization of forces aimed at bringing about profound changes in the pattern of control of our working insitutions and of the distribution of wealth and political power, changes which seek to shift that control from the few to the many.", "contents": "The underdevelopment of health of working America: causes, consequences and possible solutions. This article presents the health conditions of working America, and provides an analysis of the causes of that situation. It is postulated that the main health problems in the U.S. are due not to prevalent life styles-as the behavioralists indicate-but to the dramatic maldistribution of economic and political power in our society, with the absence of control by the majority of the U.S. population-the working and lower-middle classes-over the work process with which they are involved, the economic wealth that they produce, and the political institutions that they pay for. The production of goods and wealth as well as the political institutions of the United States are dominated and controlled by a minority of our population-the corporate and upper-middle classes. Empirical information is presented to support this postulate. In light of this explanation, it is asserted that a major public health task is to deliberately and actively contribute to the political mobilization of forces aimed at bringing about profound changes in the pattern of control of our working insitutions and of the distribution of wealth and political power, changes which seek to shift that control from the few to the many."}
{"id": "PMID:937600", "title": "Occupational lead poisoning, animal deaths, and environmental contamination at a scrap smelter.", "content": "Occupational lead poisoning and environmental contamination were evaluated at a lead scrap smelter. Thirty of 37 employees (81 per cent) has blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 80 mug/100 ml, indicating unacceptable absorption, and 35 had free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels greater than 60mug/100ml rbc, indicating toxicity of lead on heme metabolism in red blood cells; eight current and previous employees had been hospitalized with lead colic, and another with encephalopathy. Levels of lead in surface soil (1,800 ppm) and vegetation (20,000 ppm) at the smelter were high and decreased with distance. Animals on nearby pasture had died, and lead levels in the blood, milk, and hair of large and small animals were elevated. Adults living within 100 meters of the smelter had higher blood and hair lead levels than controls, who lived at greater distances, but there was no evidence in them of lead toxicity.", "contents": "Occupational lead poisoning, animal deaths, and environmental contamination at a scrap smelter. Occupational lead poisoning and environmental contamination were evaluated at a lead scrap smelter. Thirty of 37 employees (81 per cent) has blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 80 mug/100 ml, indicating unacceptable absorption, and 35 had free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) levels greater than 60mug/100ml rbc, indicating toxicity of lead on heme metabolism in red blood cells; eight current and previous employees had been hospitalized with lead colic, and another with encephalopathy. Levels of lead in surface soil (1,800 ppm) and vegetation (20,000 ppm) at the smelter were high and decreased with distance. Animals on nearby pasture had died, and lead levels in the blood, milk, and hair of large and small animals were elevated. Adults living within 100 meters of the smelter had higher blood and hair lead levels than controls, who lived at greater distances, but there was no evidence in them of lead toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:937601", "title": "Categories of attempted suicide: a longitudinal study.", "content": "A series of 151 index suicide attempts was categorized on the basis of situation and motivation: (a) 56 per cent occurred in a state of heightened emotionality due to a relatively limited stress;(b) 9 per cent were characterized by a life crisis which seriously challenged the patient' emotional homeostasis; and (c) 35 per cent attempted suicide in relation to the symptomatology of a pre-existing serious psychiatric disorder. At the time of first contact, usually in the general hospital emergency room, 69 per cent were sent home, the remainder being admitted for medical care (18 per cent) or transferred to a psychiatric hospital (13 per cent). In follow-up ambulatory care, successful referral correlated with the intensity of staff efforts during the early post-attempt contacts. The findings suggest that a brief hospitalization, perhaps two to three days, might be regularly utilized as a bridgehead for further ambulatory care, particularly for stress category patients with a high appointment failure rate. In a two-year follow-up, 16 of the 151 index cases re-attempted and two committed suicide. At the time of the index attempt, 24 (16 per cent) were in ongoing treatment. Among these 24 patients were many substance abusers and prior attempters as well as the two committed suicides of the follow-up period. Ongoing treatment should be weighed as a high risk factor suggesting particular caution in arranging the disposition for such patients.", "contents": "Categories of attempted suicide: a longitudinal study. A series of 151 index suicide attempts was categorized on the basis of situation and motivation: (a) 56 per cent occurred in a state of heightened emotionality due to a relatively limited stress;(b) 9 per cent were characterized by a life crisis which seriously challenged the patient' emotional homeostasis; and (c) 35 per cent attempted suicide in relation to the symptomatology of a pre-existing serious psychiatric disorder. At the time of first contact, usually in the general hospital emergency room, 69 per cent were sent home, the remainder being admitted for medical care (18 per cent) or transferred to a psychiatric hospital (13 per cent). In follow-up ambulatory care, successful referral correlated with the intensity of staff efforts during the early post-attempt contacts. The findings suggest that a brief hospitalization, perhaps two to three days, might be regularly utilized as a bridgehead for further ambulatory care, particularly for stress category patients with a high appointment failure rate. In a two-year follow-up, 16 of the 151 index cases re-attempted and two committed suicide. At the time of the index attempt, 24 (16 per cent) were in ongoing treatment. Among these 24 patients were many substance abusers and prior attempters as well as the two committed suicides of the follow-up period. Ongoing treatment should be weighed as a high risk factor suggesting particular caution in arranging the disposition for such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:937602", "title": "The eradication of a large scabies outbreak using community-wide health education.", "content": "The successful experience in eradicating a large outbreak of scabies in an underdeveloped Arabic village community in Western Galilee of about 3,000 people is reviewed. In this village the number of cases of scabies increased over a five-year period to a maximum of 22 per cent of the entire village population, representing 66 per cent of all the families. A seven-person health team with a strong background in health education was entrusted with the task of eradicating scabies in the community. A plan, conceived and carried out by the team, consisted of four phases: data gathering, information giving, treatment, and evaluation and summary. The goal of eradicating scabies in this community was achieved. The strategy of the campaign emphasized the following points: the entire community was the target group and was involved maximally throughout the campaign; the professional responsibility was concentrated in the hands of the team.", "contents": "The eradication of a large scabies outbreak using community-wide health education. The successful experience in eradicating a large outbreak of scabies in an underdeveloped Arabic village community in Western Galilee of about 3,000 people is reviewed. In this village the number of cases of scabies increased over a five-year period to a maximum of 22 per cent of the entire village population, representing 66 per cent of all the families. A seven-person health team with a strong background in health education was entrusted with the task of eradicating scabies in the community. A plan, conceived and carried out by the team, consisted of four phases: data gathering, information giving, treatment, and evaluation and summary. The goal of eradicating scabies in this community was achieved. The strategy of the campaign emphasized the following points: the entire community was the target group and was involved maximally throughout the campaign; the professional responsibility was concentrated in the hands of the team."}
{"id": "PMID:937603", "title": "Mortality and morbidity associated with legal abortions in Hungary, 1960-1973.", "content": "In Hungary, with 10 million inhabitants, the number of induced abortions in the 1960's first approached and then reached 200,000 cases annually. These data mean that the number of induced abortions has increased substantially compared with earlier decades. A qualitative change has also occurred, from criminal abortions to, in most cases, legally induced abortions performed in hospitals. On the basis of 32 deaths directly resulting from legal induced abortion in the first trimester during 1960-1972, maternal mortality is about 1.5 per 100,000 abortions in Hungary, the lowest rat observed until the present anywhere in the world. According to a special survey conducted in Budapest in 1966, the overall morbidity rate was 41.6 per 1,000 abortions of which 0.9 was due to perforations, 22.7 to post-abortal hemorrhages, and 18.0 to inflammatory complications, i.e., early post-abortal complications had to be reckoned with in every 25th case. Data in the present study suggest a correlation between induced abortions and the incidence of placenta previa, premature separation of the placenta, and premature births.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity associated with legal abortions in Hungary, 1960-1973. In Hungary, with 10 million inhabitants, the number of induced abortions in the 1960's first approached and then reached 200,000 cases annually. These data mean that the number of induced abortions has increased substantially compared with earlier decades. A qualitative change has also occurred, from criminal abortions to, in most cases, legally induced abortions performed in hospitals. On the basis of 32 deaths directly resulting from legal induced abortion in the first trimester during 1960-1972, maternal mortality is about 1.5 per 100,000 abortions in Hungary, the lowest rat observed until the present anywhere in the world. According to a special survey conducted in Budapest in 1966, the overall morbidity rate was 41.6 per 1,000 abortions of which 0.9 was due to perforations, 22.7 to post-abortal hemorrhages, and 18.0 to inflammatory complications, i.e., early post-abortal complications had to be reckoned with in every 25th case. Data in the present study suggest a correlation between induced abortions and the incidence of placenta previa, premature separation of the placenta, and premature births."}
{"id": "PMID:937609", "title": "Drinking water for the future.", "content": "The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 represents an important step in improving the quality of public water supply in the United States. However, it fails to address two important problems: (1) The 1970 Public Health Service Community Water Supply Survey revealed that small public water supply systems often deliver poor quality water. The Act does not assure that these supplies will now receive appropriate attention; furthermore, the Act does not address the needs of the 50 million people not now served by public water systems; (2) About one-third of our population draws its drinking waters from polluted sources. The decisions to use these low cost sources were made generations ago when consumers could be protected from water-borne infectious disease. A new problem has now arisen--the presence of numerous synthetic organic chemicals of uncertain health consequence, not removed by conventional water treatment. The Act does not address this problem. Regionalization and the integration of water resource and water pollution control authorities are proposed as a reasonable solution to these problems. The development of dual water supply systems in order to conserve scarce pure water sources for human consumption appears to be a feasible way to avoid using polluted waters for drinking. The development of dual supplies would be enhanced by regionalization and integration of water authorities.", "contents": "Drinking water for the future. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 represents an important step in improving the quality of public water supply in the United States. However, it fails to address two important problems: (1) The 1970 Public Health Service Community Water Supply Survey revealed that small public water supply systems often deliver poor quality water. The Act does not assure that these supplies will now receive appropriate attention; furthermore, the Act does not address the needs of the 50 million people not now served by public water systems; (2) About one-third of our population draws its drinking waters from polluted sources. The decisions to use these low cost sources were made generations ago when consumers could be protected from water-borne infectious disease. A new problem has now arisen--the presence of numerous synthetic organic chemicals of uncertain health consequence, not removed by conventional water treatment. The Act does not address this problem. Regionalization and the integration of water resource and water pollution control authorities are proposed as a reasonable solution to these problems. The development of dual water supply systems in order to conserve scarce pure water sources for human consumption appears to be a feasible way to avoid using polluted waters for drinking. The development of dual supplies would be enhanced by regionalization and integration of water authorities."}
{"id": "PMID:937610", "title": "Drug prescribing in hospitals: an international comparison.", "content": "This paper presents a comparison of prescribing habits for patients hospitalized in medical wards of university hospitals in America and Scotland. American patients received almost twice as many drugs both during and prior to hospitalization than did comparable Scots. The differences between the countries were consistent for symptomatic and for more specific therapies. As compared to Scotland, drug therapy in America costs patients more in terms of financial outlay and adverse drug effects. The data do not permit evaluation of the relative benefits to the patients of the different quantities or types of drug used for similar circumstances in these countries.", "contents": "Drug prescribing in hospitals: an international comparison. This paper presents a comparison of prescribing habits for patients hospitalized in medical wards of university hospitals in America and Scotland. American patients received almost twice as many drugs both during and prior to hospitalization than did comparable Scots. The differences between the countries were consistent for symptomatic and for more specific therapies. As compared to Scotland, drug therapy in America costs patients more in terms of financial outlay and adverse drug effects. The data do not permit evaluation of the relative benefits to the patients of the different quantities or types of drug used for similar circumstances in these countries."}
{"id": "PMID:937611", "title": "Professional drivers: protection needed for a high-risk occupation.", "content": "\"On the job\" motor vehicle deaths number more than 4,000 annually in the U.S. and comprise nearly one-third of all work-related deaths. Yet the Department of Labor has set no standards relating to on-the-road safety of the millions of workers whose jobs entail large amounts of driving, and Department of Transportation standards affecting occupational safety cover only drivers in interstate commerce. Drivers of some commercial vehicles, such as heavy trucks, are at special risk of injury because trucks have usually been exempted for many years from federal motor vehicle safety standards--such as standards for brakes and seatbelts--designed to prevent crashes or protect occupants in crashes. Observations based on a series of 150 fatal crashes involving tractor trailers illustrate the need for better protection of this large population of high-risk workers. Clarification of responsibility within the various federal agencies and application of available knowledge and technology are essential.", "contents": "Professional drivers: protection needed for a high-risk occupation. \"On the job\" motor vehicle deaths number more than 4,000 annually in the U.S. and comprise nearly one-third of all work-related deaths. Yet the Department of Labor has set no standards relating to on-the-road safety of the millions of workers whose jobs entail large amounts of driving, and Department of Transportation standards affecting occupational safety cover only drivers in interstate commerce. Drivers of some commercial vehicles, such as heavy trucks, are at special risk of injury because trucks have usually been exempted for many years from federal motor vehicle safety standards--such as standards for brakes and seatbelts--designed to prevent crashes or protect occupants in crashes. Observations based on a series of 150 fatal crashes involving tractor trailers illustrate the need for better protection of this large population of high-risk workers. Clarification of responsibility within the various federal agencies and application of available knowledge and technology are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:937612", "title": "The psychiatric patient at work.", "content": "Psychiatric consultations and job performance of 135 IBM employees were studied. Psychiatric referrals were made by management and the company medical department or were self-referred. The consulting psychiatrist conducted interviews, met with management, personnel representatives and other physicians to coordinate treatment with job requirements. Every effort was made to retain employees and improve performance. After a two-three year follow-up period, 82 employees (61.7 per cent) were with the company; ten were rated outstanding, 38 exceeded job requirements, 25 were meeting job requirements, and four were not. Performance data for five employees were not available. Forty-nine of 83 employees (59.0 per cent) rated unsatisfactory in job performance at the initial referral were performing satisfactorily at follow-up. The results support an optimistic attitude toward the working patient with psychiatric disease and highlight the value of a full-time medical department with consultation facilities leading to secondary and tertiary prevention.", "contents": "The psychiatric patient at work. Psychiatric consultations and job performance of 135 IBM employees were studied. Psychiatric referrals were made by management and the company medical department or were self-referred. The consulting psychiatrist conducted interviews, met with management, personnel representatives and other physicians to coordinate treatment with job requirements. Every effort was made to retain employees and improve performance. After a two-three year follow-up period, 82 employees (61.7 per cent) were with the company; ten were rated outstanding, 38 exceeded job requirements, 25 were meeting job requirements, and four were not. Performance data for five employees were not available. Forty-nine of 83 employees (59.0 per cent) rated unsatisfactory in job performance at the initial referral were performing satisfactorily at follow-up. The results support an optimistic attitude toward the working patient with psychiatric disease and highlight the value of a full-time medical department with consultation facilities leading to secondary and tertiary prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:937613", "title": "Ambulatory care for chronic conditions in an inner-city elderly population.", "content": "Factors affecting the extent to which individuals aged 65 and over living in inner-city households received health care for three chronic conditions (high blood pressure, heart trouble, arthritis) are examined. These factors are age, sex, living arrangements, and the presence of more than one chronic condition. Indicators of receiving care are having seen a health care provider within the previous six months and being on medication for the condition. A more detailed scrutiny of care received for high blood pressure is undertaken as well. This analysis is part of a larger study investigating health care of groups within East Baltimore who utilize different systems of care, focusing on a hospital outpatient department and a new HMO. Data were obtained from 1455 household interviews among three sample populations: enrolees in an HMO, public housing project residents, and the general community. The findings indicate that high proportions of the elderly who report having these conditions also report receiving care for them. For people with high blood pressure, the majority are receiving care and being given self-care instructions, and high proportions report compliance with instructions.", "contents": "Ambulatory care for chronic conditions in an inner-city elderly population. Factors affecting the extent to which individuals aged 65 and over living in inner-city households received health care for three chronic conditions (high blood pressure, heart trouble, arthritis) are examined. These factors are age, sex, living arrangements, and the presence of more than one chronic condition. Indicators of receiving care are having seen a health care provider within the previous six months and being on medication for the condition. A more detailed scrutiny of care received for high blood pressure is undertaken as well. This analysis is part of a larger study investigating health care of groups within East Baltimore who utilize different systems of care, focusing on a hospital outpatient department and a new HMO. Data were obtained from 1455 household interviews among three sample populations: enrolees in an HMO, public housing project residents, and the general community. The findings indicate that high proportions of the elderly who report having these conditions also report receiving care for them. For people with high blood pressure, the majority are receiving care and being given self-care instructions, and high proportions report compliance with instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:937614", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in the U.S. Army: prevalence in health care personnel.", "content": "The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(S)Ag) and antibody (anti-HB(S)) seropositivity and the association of seropositivity with demographic, personal health, and professional experiences were studied in a cohort of Army Medical Department officer personnel. Serologic evidence of Hepatitis B infection was found in 5.0 per cent of personnel and was associated with age, sex, place of birth, history of hepatitis, history of blood transfusion, and previous overseas assignments. Seropositivity rates were higher for patient care oriented officer personnel, especially for those in surgical specialties, and rose with increasing professional experience. These data present a composite of risk factors operative in the acquisition of Hepatitis B seropositivity and identify a cohort for prospective study.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in the U.S. Army: prevalence in health care personnel. The prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(S)Ag) and antibody (anti-HB(S)) seropositivity and the association of seropositivity with demographic, personal health, and professional experiences were studied in a cohort of Army Medical Department officer personnel. Serologic evidence of Hepatitis B infection was found in 5.0 per cent of personnel and was associated with age, sex, place of birth, history of hepatitis, history of blood transfusion, and previous overseas assignments. Seropositivity rates were higher for patient care oriented officer personnel, especially for those in surgical specialties, and rose with increasing professional experience. These data present a composite of risk factors operative in the acquisition of Hepatitis B seropositivity and identify a cohort for prospective study."}
{"id": "PMID:937615", "title": "Irritating effects on man of air pollution due to cigarette smoke.", "content": "Sixty subjects were exposed to cigaretts smoke produced by a smoking machine in a climatic chamber. The irritating effects were recorded by questionnaire and related to concentrations of CO, formaldehyde, and acroleine. The eyes are most sensitive to these irritants, followed by the nose. Annoyance about air quality, and the desire to open the window or to leave the room proved to be other useful measures of sensitivity. With smoke produced by 10 cigarettes/30 m3 acroleine reaches 0.1 ppm, the threshold limit value for industries; simultaneously, CO and formaldehyde exceed the clean air standards for outdoor air. At this exposure level. 9 per cent of the subjects show a strong or very strong eye irritation, while 78 per cent \"wish to leave the room.\" The most important of the measured irritants seems to be acroleine.", "contents": "Irritating effects on man of air pollution due to cigarette smoke. Sixty subjects were exposed to cigaretts smoke produced by a smoking machine in a climatic chamber. The irritating effects were recorded by questionnaire and related to concentrations of CO, formaldehyde, and acroleine. The eyes are most sensitive to these irritants, followed by the nose. Annoyance about air quality, and the desire to open the window or to leave the room proved to be other useful measures of sensitivity. With smoke produced by 10 cigarettes/30 m3 acroleine reaches 0.1 ppm, the threshold limit value for industries; simultaneously, CO and formaldehyde exceed the clean air standards for outdoor air. At this exposure level. 9 per cent of the subjects show a strong or very strong eye irritation, while 78 per cent \"wish to leave the room.\" The most important of the measured irritants seems to be acroleine."}
{"id": "PMID:937616", "title": "Noise and hospital stay.", "content": "Length of hospital stay for simple cataract surgery was compared retrospectively for a period of construction noise and for two similar periods without construction noise. Hospital stay was significantly longer during the period of construction.", "contents": "Noise and hospital stay. Length of hospital stay for simple cataract surgery was compared retrospectively for a period of construction noise and for two similar periods without construction noise. Hospital stay was significantly longer during the period of construction."}
{"id": "PMID:937622", "title": "Rotational ligamentous injuries to the ankle in football.", "content": "It is the author's belief that supination injuries with tear of the talofibular ligament are the most frequent ankle ligamentous injuries encountered on the football field (Figure 4). However, the author believes that the more significant injury is the rupture of the tibiofibular ligament and interosseous ligament incurred in pronation and external rotation. (Figure 5). Twenty time-loss injuries of significance, encountered over a five year period in one football team, are presented. The mechanism of injury and the force encountered at the ankle during an interruption of the normal sequence of running and turning on the football field are presented. It is the author's opinion that rigid immobilization of the more significant injury is necessary in order to return the participant to active athletics within a reasonable length of time. It is hoped that this report will stimulate others to closely evaluate ankle injuries occurring on the football field.", "contents": "Rotational ligamentous injuries to the ankle in football. It is the author's belief that supination injuries with tear of the talofibular ligament are the most frequent ankle ligamentous injuries encountered on the football field (Figure 4). However, the author believes that the more significant injury is the rupture of the tibiofibular ligament and interosseous ligament incurred in pronation and external rotation. (Figure 5). Twenty time-loss injuries of significance, encountered over a five year period in one football team, are presented. The mechanism of injury and the force encountered at the ankle during an interruption of the normal sequence of running and turning on the football field are presented. It is the author's opinion that rigid immobilization of the more significant injury is necessary in order to return the participant to active athletics within a reasonable length of time. It is hoped that this report will stimulate others to closely evaluate ankle injuries occurring on the football field."}
{"id": "PMID:937628", "title": "Effects of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine on the intestinal development of Toxoplasma gondii in cats.", "content": "Treatment with combined pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine prolonged the pre-patent period and shortened the patent period of cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. Oocyst excretion was inhibited in 3 of 4 cats treated intramuscularly with 2 mg/kg body weight pyrimethamine and 100 mg/kg body weight sulfadiazine but not in 4 cats treated with one-half that dosage. Treatment with 2.2 mg/kg body weight pyrimethamine and 132 mg/kg body weight sulfadiazine mixed in cat food did not inhibit oocyst production but prevented antibody formation. No parasites were found upon histological examination of intramuscularly treated cats on days 3, 5, and 7 after infection. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii induced immunity to an oocyst-producing reinfection in both control and treated cats.", "contents": "Effects of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine on the intestinal development of Toxoplasma gondii in cats. Treatment with combined pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine prolonged the pre-patent period and shortened the patent period of cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. Oocyst excretion was inhibited in 3 of 4 cats treated intramuscularly with 2 mg/kg body weight pyrimethamine and 100 mg/kg body weight sulfadiazine but not in 4 cats treated with one-half that dosage. Treatment with 2.2 mg/kg body weight pyrimethamine and 132 mg/kg body weight sulfadiazine mixed in cat food did not inhibit oocyst production but prevented antibody formation. No parasites were found upon histological examination of intramuscularly treated cats on days 3, 5, and 7 after infection. Infection with Toxoplasma gondii induced immunity to an oocyst-producing reinfection in both control and treated cats."}
{"id": "PMID:937629", "title": "An outbreak of giardiasis in a group of campers.", "content": "Thirty-four of 54 campers on a 2 week trip in mountains of Utah had diarrhea during and after their trip. Twenty-two (79%) of 28 symptomatic campers' stools examined contained Giardia lamblia cysts, whereas 4 (29%) of 14 asymptomatic campers' stools had cysts. The temporal distribution of cases and the absence of clustering among food preparation subgroups suggested a common source exposure. Although the epidemiologic data and fecal coliform counts implicated the remote mountain stream used as water source by the group as the vehicle of transmission, Giardia lamblia cysts were not recovered from stream water nor were they found in intestines or feces of sampled mammals living in the drainage area. Twenty-five other campers had stools examined before and after a subsequent hiking trip in another area of Utah; none had Giardia cysts before, but 6 (24%) had them after return. Questionnaires returned by 133 of the campers showed that 5% had an illness compatible with giardiasis within 2 weeks after their trip. These surveys show that campers exposed to mountain stream water are at risk of acquiring giardiasis.", "contents": "An outbreak of giardiasis in a group of campers. Thirty-four of 54 campers on a 2 week trip in mountains of Utah had diarrhea during and after their trip. Twenty-two (79%) of 28 symptomatic campers' stools examined contained Giardia lamblia cysts, whereas 4 (29%) of 14 asymptomatic campers' stools had cysts. The temporal distribution of cases and the absence of clustering among food preparation subgroups suggested a common source exposure. Although the epidemiologic data and fecal coliform counts implicated the remote mountain stream used as water source by the group as the vehicle of transmission, Giardia lamblia cysts were not recovered from stream water nor were they found in intestines or feces of sampled mammals living in the drainage area. Twenty-five other campers had stools examined before and after a subsequent hiking trip in another area of Utah; none had Giardia cysts before, but 6 (24%) had them after return. Questionnaires returned by 133 of the campers showed that 5% had an illness compatible with giardiasis within 2 weeks after their trip. These surveys show that campers exposed to mountain stream water are at risk of acquiring giardiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:937630", "title": "Coagulation studies in Gambian trypanosomiasis.", "content": "Simple coagulation studies were carried out in 18 patients with advanced Trypanosoma gambiense infection. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found. Many patients had a moderate degree of thrombocytopenia which may have been due to enhanced splenic trapping of platelets. Most patients had raised levels of fibrin degradation products in their cerebrospinal fluid, perhaps reflecting the presence of underlying cerebral and meningeal vascular damage. Addition of viable trypanosomes or of trypanosome extracts to human and rat blood did not produce significant thrombocytopenia in vitro.", "contents": "Coagulation studies in Gambian trypanosomiasis. Simple coagulation studies were carried out in 18 patients with advanced Trypanosoma gambiense infection. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found. Many patients had a moderate degree of thrombocytopenia which may have been due to enhanced splenic trapping of platelets. Most patients had raised levels of fibrin degradation products in their cerebrospinal fluid, perhaps reflecting the presence of underlying cerebral and meningeal vascular damage. Addition of viable trypanosomes or of trypanosome extracts to human and rat blood did not produce significant thrombocytopenia in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:937631", "title": "Studies on the anemia in experimental African trypanosomiasis. II. The pathogenesis of the anemia in calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "It was postulated that the anemia commonly seen in mammalian trypanosomiasis, and specifically in Trypanosoma congolense-infected calves, was of immunological origin. Specifically, we postulated that trypanosome antigen-antibody-complement complexes, deposited on the surface of erythrocytes of infected calves, resulted in their immune elimination leading to clinical anemia. This hypothesis was tested experimentally. Immunoglobulins bound to the erythrocytes of 13 infected calves were detected by a direct antiglobulin test from 7 to 10 days post infection. The reaction was strongest between 3 and 9 weeks and remained inconsistently positive until the calves were killed by euthanasia 15 to 18 weeks after infection. Erythrocytes reacting positively in this test were then lysed and immunoglobulins were eluted from the washed stromata by means of the low pH buffer. Sixteen out of 74 eluates prepared in this way and concentrated, contained IgM and IgG. Antibody activity of these eluates against T. congolense was demonstrated by means of the complement fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination test, and the indirect antiglobulin test. It is considered that the original hypothesis has been essentially proven.", "contents": "Studies on the anemia in experimental African trypanosomiasis. II. The pathogenesis of the anemia in calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense. It was postulated that the anemia commonly seen in mammalian trypanosomiasis, and specifically in Trypanosoma congolense-infected calves, was of immunological origin. Specifically, we postulated that trypanosome antigen-antibody-complement complexes, deposited on the surface of erythrocytes of infected calves, resulted in their immune elimination leading to clinical anemia. This hypothesis was tested experimentally. Immunoglobulins bound to the erythrocytes of 13 infected calves were detected by a direct antiglobulin test from 7 to 10 days post infection. The reaction was strongest between 3 and 9 weeks and remained inconsistently positive until the calves were killed by euthanasia 15 to 18 weeks after infection. Erythrocytes reacting positively in this test were then lysed and immunoglobulins were eluted from the washed stromata by means of the low pH buffer. Sixteen out of 74 eluates prepared in this way and concentrated, contained IgM and IgG. Antibody activity of these eluates against T. congolense was demonstrated by means of the complement fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination test, and the indirect antiglobulin test. It is considered that the original hypothesis has been essentially proven."}
{"id": "PMID:937626", "title": "Tennis shoulder.", "content": "A depression of the exercised shoulder was found in skilled tennis players, and in other athletes employing the overhand motion. The deformity is attributed to stretching of the shoulder elevating muscles and hypertrophy of the extremity. Most symptoms were over the anterior rotator cuff, and occurred on abduction of the arm. Shoulder depression results in a relative abduction and abduction causes impingement of the cuff. Shoulder droop may induce thoracic outlet syndrome and may simulate scoliosis in the athlete.", "contents": "Tennis shoulder. A depression of the exercised shoulder was found in skilled tennis players, and in other athletes employing the overhand motion. The deformity is attributed to stretching of the shoulder elevating muscles and hypertrophy of the extremity. Most symptoms were over the anterior rotator cuff, and occurred on abduction of the arm. Shoulder depression results in a relative abduction and abduction causes impingement of the cuff. Shoulder droop may induce thoracic outlet syndrome and may simulate scoliosis in the athlete."}
{"id": "PMID:937632", "title": "Physiological performance and work capacity of Sudanese cane cutters with Schistosoma mansoni infection.", "content": "Physiological tests of work performance and measurement of field productivity were made in 194 Sudanese cane cutters in order to study the effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The cane cutters were selected from two age ranges (16-24 and 25-45 years) and subdivided into three clinical groups: not infected, infected with, and infected without clinical signs of hepatosplenomegaly. Men infected with Schistosoma haemotobium, malaria (blood film), or with hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/100 ml were excluded. There was a statistically significant (P less than 0.002) higher mean hemoglobin concentration in those not infected but the mean difference was less than 1 g/100 ml. Submaximal responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer, oxygen intake, ventilation, tidal volume, cardiac frequency and estimated maximal aerobic power output calculated both in absolute terms and relative to lean body mass and leg volume were similar in the six groups of cane cutters. No significant differences were found in physique, body composition or in thermoregulatory function tests. The cane cutters were found to have little natural acclimatization to heat in terms of sweating capacity when compared with a group of fully acclimatized Sudanese soldiers. The mean productivity (mean daily weight of cane cut per man) was significantly correlated with the individual's estimated maximum aerobic capacity determined in the laboratory, but not with the degree of S. mansoni infection. The noninfected group was less \"efficient\" (mean productivity:oxygen intake) during cutting than the infected groups but a larger proportion of the noninfected were in their first season of cutting. There was a positive correlation between the number of seasons' cutting experience and the individual's age, degree of infection and mean productivity. Cane cutters studied in this investigation were a relatively fit, active population from whom the more seriously ill were excluded. These results do not, therefore necessarily reflect the effects of S. mansoni on physiological work capacity and productivity of more static populations in areas of high endemicity.", "contents": "Physiological performance and work capacity of Sudanese cane cutters with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Physiological tests of work performance and measurement of field productivity were made in 194 Sudanese cane cutters in order to study the effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The cane cutters were selected from two age ranges (16-24 and 25-45 years) and subdivided into three clinical groups: not infected, infected with, and infected without clinical signs of hepatosplenomegaly. Men infected with Schistosoma haemotobium, malaria (blood film), or with hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/100 ml were excluded. There was a statistically significant (P less than 0.002) higher mean hemoglobin concentration in those not infected but the mean difference was less than 1 g/100 ml. Submaximal responses to exercise on a stationary bicycle ergometer, oxygen intake, ventilation, tidal volume, cardiac frequency and estimated maximal aerobic power output calculated both in absolute terms and relative to lean body mass and leg volume were similar in the six groups of cane cutters. No significant differences were found in physique, body composition or in thermoregulatory function tests. The cane cutters were found to have little natural acclimatization to heat in terms of sweating capacity when compared with a group of fully acclimatized Sudanese soldiers. The mean productivity (mean daily weight of cane cut per man) was significantly correlated with the individual's estimated maximum aerobic capacity determined in the laboratory, but not with the degree of S. mansoni infection. The noninfected group was less \"efficient\" (mean productivity:oxygen intake) during cutting than the infected groups but a larger proportion of the noninfected were in their first season of cutting. There was a positive correlation between the number of seasons' cutting experience and the individual's age, degree of infection and mean productivity. Cane cutters studied in this investigation were a relatively fit, active population from whom the more seriously ill were excluded. These results do not, therefore necessarily reflect the effects of S. mansoni on physiological work capacity and productivity of more static populations in areas of high endemicity."}
{"id": "PMID:937633", "title": "A re-evaluation of the slide flocculation test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis with adult worms as antigen.", "content": "The present study was conducted to determine whether extracts from adult Schistosoma mansoni could be coated onto cholesterol-lecithin crystals. Of particular interest was the use of stunted schistosomes (SS) recovered from rabbits. The reactions obtained with this antigen in this slide flocculation (SF) test were compared with those employing antigens from cercariae and mature adult worms. The stunted schistosome SF test (SFSS) showed a high sensitivity and specificity while cercarial antigen showed extensive cross reaction with Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Echinococcus granulosus antisera. Both SS and cercarial antigens reacted with syphilitic sera, but the former only with high titer sera. The antigen from mature adult worms could not be coated onto cholesterol crystals, a finding which is in agreement with previous investigations. The relative simplicity of the SFSS test and its apparent high sensitivity and specificity indicates that the test may be an ideal epidemiological tool for schistosomiasis surveys. The results obtained should encourage additional study of the procedure involved and investigation into the role of lipids in flocculation tests. In addition, the findings should stimulate immunological studies of the stunted schistosomes.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of the slide flocculation test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis with adult worms as antigen. The present study was conducted to determine whether extracts from adult Schistosoma mansoni could be coated onto cholesterol-lecithin crystals. Of particular interest was the use of stunted schistosomes (SS) recovered from rabbits. The reactions obtained with this antigen in this slide flocculation (SF) test were compared with those employing antigens from cercariae and mature adult worms. The stunted schistosome SF test (SFSS) showed a high sensitivity and specificity while cercarial antigen showed extensive cross reaction with Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Echinococcus granulosus antisera. Both SS and cercarial antigens reacted with syphilitic sera, but the former only with high titer sera. The antigen from mature adult worms could not be coated onto cholesterol crystals, a finding which is in agreement with previous investigations. The relative simplicity of the SFSS test and its apparent high sensitivity and specificity indicates that the test may be an ideal epidemiological tool for schistosomiasis surveys. The results obtained should encourage additional study of the procedure involved and investigation into the role of lipids in flocculation tests. In addition, the findings should stimulate immunological studies of the stunted schistosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:937634", "title": "Surgical treatment of facial nerve involvement caused by leprosy.", "content": "Complete and partial nerve paralysis can result from leprosy. The latter is more prevalent and results in lagophthalmos and corneal hypoesthesia. The former is characterized by loss of facial expression, deviation of the face to the nonparalyzed side, difficulty in chewing, and drooling, in addition to lagophthalmos and corneal hypoesthesia. Affected patients are at risk to develop blindness, as well as suffering social and economic deprivation because of the effects of facial nerve paralysis. Prevention of blindness and amelioration of the latter were successfully achieved by muscle transfer procedures, temporalis transfer to the eyelid, and masseter transfer to the mouth and nasolabial fold in small, minimally equipped hospitals in Africa.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of facial nerve involvement caused by leprosy. Complete and partial nerve paralysis can result from leprosy. The latter is more prevalent and results in lagophthalmos and corneal hypoesthesia. The former is characterized by loss of facial expression, deviation of the face to the nonparalyzed side, difficulty in chewing, and drooling, in addition to lagophthalmos and corneal hypoesthesia. Affected patients are at risk to develop blindness, as well as suffering social and economic deprivation because of the effects of facial nerve paralysis. Prevention of blindness and amelioration of the latter were successfully achieved by muscle transfer procedures, temporalis transfer to the eyelid, and masseter transfer to the mouth and nasolabial fold in small, minimally equipped hospitals in Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:937635", "title": "Panamanian forest mammals as carriers of Salmonella.", "content": "Enteric bacteria pathogenic to man were sought in a total of 974 forest mammals collected from a variety of sites in rural and jungle areas of Panam\u00e1. The highest incidence of infection among the mammals was observed during the Panamanian dry season, which normally extends from January through April. A minimum of 10 Salmonella serotypes including, three of the Arizona group and Ewardsiella tarda, was isolated. Opossums of the genera Philander, 11 of 54 (20.1%), and Didelphis, 12 of 102 (11.8%) demonstrated high infection rates. One sloth of the genus Choloepus and specimens of two genera of rodents also were infected to varying degrees: 1(11.1%) of 9 Choloepus, 8 (1.1%) of 704 Proechimys and 1 (16.7%) of 6 Diplomys.", "contents": "Panamanian forest mammals as carriers of Salmonella. Enteric bacteria pathogenic to man were sought in a total of 974 forest mammals collected from a variety of sites in rural and jungle areas of Panam\u00e1. The highest incidence of infection among the mammals was observed during the Panamanian dry season, which normally extends from January through April. A minimum of 10 Salmonella serotypes including, three of the Arizona group and Ewardsiella tarda, was isolated. Opossums of the genera Philander, 11 of 54 (20.1%), and Didelphis, 12 of 102 (11.8%) demonstrated high infection rates. One sloth of the genus Choloepus and specimens of two genera of rodents also were infected to varying degrees: 1(11.1%) of 9 Choloepus, 8 (1.1%) of 704 Proechimys and 1 (16.7%) of 6 Diplomys."}
{"id": "PMID:937636", "title": "Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: comparison of infectivity and virulence of strains V-38 and P676 in donkeys.", "content": "Two strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were examined for the ability to replicate in, as well as to produce death among donkeys. One, a low passage strain known as strain P676 was originally isolated from mosquitos in Venezuela. The other, strain V-38 was isolated from a horse brain in 1938 and had undergone an unknown number of laboratory passages; it is used extensively for the preparation of inactivated VEE vaccine. Both strains were found to be approximately equal in their ability to infect donkeys. However, a quantity as small as 50% hamster intraperitoneal infectious units of strain V-38 resulted in fatal infection. On the other hand, as much as 631 million infectious units of strain P676 were nonfatal in one of two donkeys. It appears that strain V-38 is approximately 100 million times more virulent than strain P676 in equine species. One donkey which received strain P676 demonstrated a biphasic pattern of clinical illness and viremia, and there is suggestive evidence that another animal experienced a second and fatal clinical response 3 weeks after virus inoculation.", "contents": "Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: comparison of infectivity and virulence of strains V-38 and P676 in donkeys. Two strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were examined for the ability to replicate in, as well as to produce death among donkeys. One, a low passage strain known as strain P676 was originally isolated from mosquitos in Venezuela. The other, strain V-38 was isolated from a horse brain in 1938 and had undergone an unknown number of laboratory passages; it is used extensively for the preparation of inactivated VEE vaccine. Both strains were found to be approximately equal in their ability to infect donkeys. However, a quantity as small as 50% hamster intraperitoneal infectious units of strain V-38 resulted in fatal infection. On the other hand, as much as 631 million infectious units of strain P676 were nonfatal in one of two donkeys. It appears that strain V-38 is approximately 100 million times more virulent than strain P676 in equine species. One donkey which received strain P676 demonstrated a biphasic pattern of clinical illness and viremia, and there is suggestive evidence that another animal experienced a second and fatal clinical response 3 weeks after virus inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:937637", "title": "Isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the Pacific Coast tick, Ixodes pacificus, in Oregon.", "content": "A rickettsia of the spotted fever group was isolated on three occasions from Ixodes pacificus in western Oregon. These isolations, and additional evidence furnished by complement fixation tests on guinea pigs inoculated with other Oregon ticks of this species, indicate that the association of this rickettsia with the Pacific Coast tick may be widespread. This is the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from I. pacificus. Because the Oregon isolates are mildly virulent for guinea pigs they resemble the Western U and Rickettsia montana strains of rickettsiae. However, preliminary evidence from cross-immunofluorescence tests of mouse antisera suggests the Tillamook and Grants Pass strains are antigenically different from all known spotted fever group agents.", "contents": "Isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from the Pacific Coast tick, Ixodes pacificus, in Oregon. A rickettsia of the spotted fever group was isolated on three occasions from Ixodes pacificus in western Oregon. These isolations, and additional evidence furnished by complement fixation tests on guinea pigs inoculated with other Oregon ticks of this species, indicate that the association of this rickettsia with the Pacific Coast tick may be widespread. This is the first isolation of a spotted fever group rickettsia from I. pacificus. Because the Oregon isolates are mildly virulent for guinea pigs they resemble the Western U and Rickettsia montana strains of rickettsiae. However, preliminary evidence from cross-immunofluorescence tests of mouse antisera suggests the Tillamook and Grants Pass strains are antigenically different from all known spotted fever group agents."}
{"id": "PMID:937638", "title": "South American blastomycosis of the ureter.", "content": "A case of disseminated South American blastomycosis with unilateral involvement of the ureter and hydronephrosis is described; it is the third such case to be reported.", "contents": "South American blastomycosis of the ureter. A case of disseminated South American blastomycosis with unilateral involvement of the ureter and hydronephrosis is described; it is the third such case to be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:937640", "title": "Protective effect of allopurinol in renal ischemia.", "content": "We have confirmed earlier findings that treatment with allopurinol offers some protection to the kidney from ischemic damage caused by total interruption of renal circulation. With this evidence, a clinical trial is warranted, particularly when periods of warm ischemia are unavoidable.", "contents": "Protective effect of allopurinol in renal ischemia. We have confirmed earlier findings that treatment with allopurinol offers some protection to the kidney from ischemic damage caused by total interruption of renal circulation. With this evidence, a clinical trial is warranted, particularly when periods of warm ischemia are unavoidable."}
{"id": "PMID:937641", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm wiring: an alternative method.", "content": "Intraluminal wire reinforcement of symptomatic aortic aneurysms in extremely poor risk patients was performed. Hospital mortality was 12.5% with actuarial survival of 74 and 33% at one and five years, respectively. There was improved survival and decreased incidence of rupture compared with untreated patients. Thus, aneurysm wiring is a feasible alternative in treating poor risk patients with extensive aortic disease.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm wiring: an alternative method. Intraluminal wire reinforcement of symptomatic aortic aneurysms in extremely poor risk patients was performed. Hospital mortality was 12.5% with actuarial survival of 74 and 33% at one and five years, respectively. There was improved survival and decreased incidence of rupture compared with untreated patients. Thus, aneurysm wiring is a feasible alternative in treating poor risk patients with extensive aortic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937642", "title": "Pulmonary tuberculosis after gastric resection.", "content": "Reviewing the charts of tuberculosis patients during a span of seventeen years, we found a large number of gastrectomized patients. In our general hospital population, the incidence of tuberculosis was 3.2%. Among the gastrectomized patients, the percentage of tuberculosis was 6.3%. Of our tuberculosis patients 1.9% had gastrectomy, whereas of our general population 0.67% had gastrectomy. We were unable to arrive at any definite conclusions regarding the causative relationship between gastrectomy and tuberculosis. It is a retrospective study with all the fallacies, but the data does show an extremely significant difference between the incidence of gastrectomy in the general hospital population and the incidence of gastrectomy in histories of patients admitted with tuberculosis. It appears that a patient having gastrectomy runs a considerably greater risk of having tuberculosis in later life than a patient admitted for other reasons. Clinically, we were impressed with the widespread character of the disease in association with the poor nutritional status in the majority of the patients. We, therefore, could not avoid associating the loss of stomach substance with its nutritional function and the development of tuberculosis. As a consequence, we recommend a purified protein derivative test for all pateints undergoing gastric surgery. If the test proves to be positive, it is suggested the patient be given a course of isoniazid for one year. In the face of negative purified protein derivative test, we repeat the test at six month intervals. Should a conversion of the purified protein derivative occur, the patient is started on the course of isoniazid therapy. Our current belief is that more conservative methods of gastric surgery, that is, pyloroplasty, vagotomy, or antrectomy, should be substituted for gastrectomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease to preserve a more normal gastric physiologic structure.", "contents": "Pulmonary tuberculosis after gastric resection. Reviewing the charts of tuberculosis patients during a span of seventeen years, we found a large number of gastrectomized patients. In our general hospital population, the incidence of tuberculosis was 3.2%. Among the gastrectomized patients, the percentage of tuberculosis was 6.3%. Of our tuberculosis patients 1.9% had gastrectomy, whereas of our general population 0.67% had gastrectomy. We were unable to arrive at any definite conclusions regarding the causative relationship between gastrectomy and tuberculosis. It is a retrospective study with all the fallacies, but the data does show an extremely significant difference between the incidence of gastrectomy in the general hospital population and the incidence of gastrectomy in histories of patients admitted with tuberculosis. It appears that a patient having gastrectomy runs a considerably greater risk of having tuberculosis in later life than a patient admitted for other reasons. Clinically, we were impressed with the widespread character of the disease in association with the poor nutritional status in the majority of the patients. We, therefore, could not avoid associating the loss of stomach substance with its nutritional function and the development of tuberculosis. As a consequence, we recommend a purified protein derivative test for all pateints undergoing gastric surgery. If the test proves to be positive, it is suggested the patient be given a course of isoniazid for one year. In the face of negative purified protein derivative test, we repeat the test at six month intervals. Should a conversion of the purified protein derivative occur, the patient is started on the course of isoniazid therapy. Our current belief is that more conservative methods of gastric surgery, that is, pyloroplasty, vagotomy, or antrectomy, should be substituted for gastrectomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer disease to preserve a more normal gastric physiologic structure."}
{"id": "PMID:937643", "title": "1,000 cholecystectomies, extraductal palpation, and operative cholangiography.", "content": "Operative cholangiography and extraductal palpation are both accurate means of demonstrating common duct stones. When used in combination, accuracy was 94.4%. Routine extraductal palpation and selective cholangiography will prevent excessive and fruitless common duct exploration.", "contents": "1,000 cholecystectomies, extraductal palpation, and operative cholangiography. Operative cholangiography and extraductal palpation are both accurate means of demonstrating common duct stones. When used in combination, accuracy was 94.4%. Routine extraductal palpation and selective cholangiography will prevent excessive and fruitless common duct exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:937644", "title": "Selective celiac angiography and surgical exploration for suspected liver cancer. A comparative study of 196 patients.", "content": "In 196 patients subjected to celiac angiography and exploratory laparotomy for suspected liver tumor, 81% of the tumors were diagnosed by angiography, 26% of patients had false-negative angiograms, and 16% had false-positive angiograms. Diangosis on laparotomy proved correct except in one patient. Of 22 patients with liver tumors not diagnosed on angiography, 10 could be specifically treated and 3 of them have survived more than one year. This gain is discussed in relation to the rather high number of unnecessary laparotomies.", "contents": "Selective celiac angiography and surgical exploration for suspected liver cancer. A comparative study of 196 patients. In 196 patients subjected to celiac angiography and exploratory laparotomy for suspected liver tumor, 81% of the tumors were diagnosed by angiography, 26% of patients had false-negative angiograms, and 16% had false-positive angiograms. Diangosis on laparotomy proved correct except in one patient. Of 22 patients with liver tumors not diagnosed on angiography, 10 could be specifically treated and 3 of them have survived more than one year. This gain is discussed in relation to the rather high number of unnecessary laparotomies."}
{"id": "PMID:937645", "title": "Spontaneous biliary-enteric fistulas; some considerations on the management of gallstones.", "content": "During the past ten years a diagnosis of biliary-enteric fistula was made in thirty-five patients. Six were entirely asymptomatic and another seven patients had suffered only mild symptoms for a short period of time. This indicates that the gallbladder can undergo recurrent episodes of inflammation to the point of fistula formation, with little or no clinical signs of symptoms. An aggressive surgical approach is therefore warranted in patients with cholelithiasis, even when silent stones are involved.", "contents": "Spontaneous biliary-enteric fistulas; some considerations on the management of gallstones. During the past ten years a diagnosis of biliary-enteric fistula was made in thirty-five patients. Six were entirely asymptomatic and another seven patients had suffered only mild symptoms for a short period of time. This indicates that the gallbladder can undergo recurrent episodes of inflammation to the point of fistula formation, with little or no clinical signs of symptoms. An aggressive surgical approach is therefore warranted in patients with cholelithiasis, even when silent stones are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:937646", "title": "Pancreatitis after cardiac surgery; a morphologic study.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis is a well known occurrence after upper gastrointestinal and biliary tract surgery when local trauma plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this complication. The incidence of pancreatitis after surgical procedures during which local trauma to the pancreas does not occur is extremely low (less than 0.1%). In the present study the incidence of unexplained pancreatitis in 182 patients who died after cardiac surgery was 16%. The role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis in this setting is evaluated.", "contents": "Pancreatitis after cardiac surgery; a morphologic study. Acute pancreatitis is a well known occurrence after upper gastrointestinal and biliary tract surgery when local trauma plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this complication. The incidence of pancreatitis after surgical procedures during which local trauma to the pancreas does not occur is extremely low (less than 0.1%). In the present study the incidence of unexplained pancreatitis in 182 patients who died after cardiac surgery was 16%. The role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis in this setting is evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:937648", "title": "Esophageal dilatation using the Eder Puestow dilators.", "content": "We have performed fifty-one dilatations in twenty-six patients using an end-viewing fiberoptic endoscope and Eder Puestow dilators. All (except two) were performed using intravenous diazepam, the majority on an outpatient basis. The only complication has been a single case of aspiration pneumonia. We have found this method of esophageal dilatation particularly useful in the preoperative dilatation of benign strictures, and in those elderly frail patients who are unsuitable for surgery. Transthoracic resection of the stricture is avoided and thus transabdominal repair of the hiatus hernia may be undertaken.", "contents": "Esophageal dilatation using the Eder Puestow dilators. We have performed fifty-one dilatations in twenty-six patients using an end-viewing fiberoptic endoscope and Eder Puestow dilators. All (except two) were performed using intravenous diazepam, the majority on an outpatient basis. The only complication has been a single case of aspiration pneumonia. We have found this method of esophageal dilatation particularly useful in the preoperative dilatation of benign strictures, and in those elderly frail patients who are unsuitable for surgery. Transthoracic resection of the stricture is avoided and thus transabdominal repair of the hiatus hernia may be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:937649", "title": "Aspiration pneumonia; incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes.", "content": "Aspiration has been suggested as a source of pulmonary complications seen in patients with tracheal intubation. A previous study demonstrated that the high incidence of aspiration in patients with tracheostomies can be decreased by modification of the tracheostomy tube cuff design. In the present protocol, 100 patients with endotracheal tubes in place were studied to document the incidence of aspiration and to attempt to decrease the incidence by modification of cuff design. Utilizing an Evans blue dye test to detect aspiration, 27 of the 48 patients (56%) with standard low volume, high pressure cuffed tubes had positive tests. In 17 patients with modified standard cuffed tubes, the incidence of aspiration was decreased to 29% (5 patients). Aspiration was further decreased to 20% (7 patients) in the 35 patients with high volume, low pressure cuffed tubes. These results demonstrate that the incidence of aspiration in patients with endotracheal tubes can be decreased by modification of endotracheal tube cuff design.", "contents": "Aspiration pneumonia; incidence of aspiration with endotracheal tubes. Aspiration has been suggested as a source of pulmonary complications seen in patients with tracheal intubation. A previous study demonstrated that the high incidence of aspiration in patients with tracheostomies can be decreased by modification of the tracheostomy tube cuff design. In the present protocol, 100 patients with endotracheal tubes in place were studied to document the incidence of aspiration and to attempt to decrease the incidence by modification of cuff design. Utilizing an Evans blue dye test to detect aspiration, 27 of the 48 patients (56%) with standard low volume, high pressure cuffed tubes had positive tests. In 17 patients with modified standard cuffed tubes, the incidence of aspiration was decreased to 29% (5 patients). Aspiration was further decreased to 20% (7 patients) in the 35 patients with high volume, low pressure cuffed tubes. These results demonstrate that the incidence of aspiration in patients with endotracheal tubes can be decreased by modification of endotracheal tube cuff design."}
{"id": "PMID:937650", "title": "A primary axillary approach for the radical mastectomy operation.", "content": "A retrograde method for mastectomy that performs the axillary dissection first is described, and experience with eighty-six cases of infiltrating carcinomas of the breast treated in that manner is presented. The method has reduced the number of standard radical procedures by more than half, and a decrease in operative bleeding was noted.", "contents": "A primary axillary approach for the radical mastectomy operation. A retrograde method for mastectomy that performs the axillary dissection first is described, and experience with eighty-six cases of infiltrating carcinomas of the breast treated in that manner is presented. The method has reduced the number of standard radical procedures by more than half, and a decrease in operative bleeding was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:937651", "title": "Factors increasing the probability of malignancy in thyroid nodules.", "content": "A series of 348 patients undergoing operative intervention because of thyroid masses is reviewed. The incidence of primary malignancy among these patients is 16.4%. Male sex and the presence of cervical adenopathy significantly increase the probability of malignancy. The presence of multiple nodules or a functional nodule on radioiodine thyroid scan significantly reduces the probability of cancer. A rational approach to thyroid nodules is presented based on these findings and new modalities that have become available.", "contents": "Factors increasing the probability of malignancy in thyroid nodules. A series of 348 patients undergoing operative intervention because of thyroid masses is reviewed. The incidence of primary malignancy among these patients is 16.4%. Male sex and the presence of cervical adenopathy significantly increase the probability of malignancy. The presence of multiple nodules or a functional nodule on radioiodine thyroid scan significantly reduces the probability of cancer. A rational approach to thyroid nodules is presented based on these findings and new modalities that have become available."}
{"id": "PMID:937652", "title": "Post-thrombotic leg ulcer and its surgical treatment.", "content": "The post-thrombotic syndrome is a complex disease to whose development at least three factors contribute: (1) incompetence of the venous valvular system; (2) opening of the local arteriovenous shunts; and (3) disturbances in the lymphatic system. Our surgical treatment considers all three factors by providing: (1) stripping of the saphenous veins; (2) wide excision of the ulcerated region with the fascia, followed by immediate skin graft; and (3) large excision of subcutaneous tissue and fascia. Of fifty-one patients with chronic post-thrombic leg ulcers operated on according to these principles, only one had recurrence, a recurrence rate of only 0.5%. This compares favorably with other published results.", "contents": "Post-thrombotic leg ulcer and its surgical treatment. The post-thrombotic syndrome is a complex disease to whose development at least three factors contribute: (1) incompetence of the venous valvular system; (2) opening of the local arteriovenous shunts; and (3) disturbances in the lymphatic system. Our surgical treatment considers all three factors by providing: (1) stripping of the saphenous veins; (2) wide excision of the ulcerated region with the fascia, followed by immediate skin graft; and (3) large excision of subcutaneous tissue and fascia. Of fifty-one patients with chronic post-thrombic leg ulcers operated on according to these principles, only one had recurrence, a recurrence rate of only 0.5%. This compares favorably with other published results."}
{"id": "PMID:937653", "title": "Central nervous system control of pulmonary vascular resistance; effect of anesthesia after unilateral denervation.", "content": "Seven beagles were subjected to left pulmonary denervation (autotransplantation) and allowed one to two months for complete recovery. The relative resistances of each dog's pair of lungs were determined by the distribution of 99mTc microspheres delivered intravenously while the subject was awake and then under barbiturate anesthesia. In each case, relative blood flow to the right lung increased at the expense of flow to the left. This is interpreted as a direct decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance on the right under the effects of anesthesia. The implications of such central nervous system control of pulmonary vascular resistance was discussed in relation to the pathophysiology of the respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Central nervous system control of pulmonary vascular resistance; effect of anesthesia after unilateral denervation. Seven beagles were subjected to left pulmonary denervation (autotransplantation) and allowed one to two months for complete recovery. The relative resistances of each dog's pair of lungs were determined by the distribution of 99mTc microspheres delivered intravenously while the subject was awake and then under barbiturate anesthesia. In each case, relative blood flow to the right lung increased at the expense of flow to the left. This is interpreted as a direct decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance on the right under the effects of anesthesia. The implications of such central nervous system control of pulmonary vascular resistance was discussed in relation to the pathophysiology of the respiratory distress syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:937654", "title": "Normoblastemia after thermal injury.", "content": "The peripheral blood smears of 214 thermally injured patients studied during a thirty month period revealed a 20% incidence of normoblastemia (51 patients). Nucleated red blood cells were most common in patients with the largest burns. The absolute number of normoblasts was not related to the hematocrit and was not correlated with other determinants of erythropoietic function.", "contents": "Normoblastemia after thermal injury. The peripheral blood smears of 214 thermally injured patients studied during a thirty month period revealed a 20% incidence of normoblastemia (51 patients). Nucleated red blood cells were most common in patients with the largest burns. The absolute number of normoblasts was not related to the hematocrit and was not correlated with other determinants of erythropoietic function."}
{"id": "PMID:937655", "title": "A review of Spigelian hernias.", "content": "Although spigelian hernias are rare, they do not appear to be as uncommon as previously thought. Thirty-one cases, one a bilateral hernia, have been documented over the last ten years at a 350 bed community hospital. Spigelian hernias continue to be misdiagnosed preoperatively, often forgotten in the differential diagnosis, as physical examination is usually of little benefit. In this review younger individuals were more commonly affected than previously expected. Treatment continues to be surgical repair.", "contents": "A review of Spigelian hernias. Although spigelian hernias are rare, they do not appear to be as uncommon as previously thought. Thirty-one cases, one a bilateral hernia, have been documented over the last ten years at a 350 bed community hospital. Spigelian hernias continue to be misdiagnosed preoperatively, often forgotten in the differential diagnosis, as physical examination is usually of little benefit. In this review younger individuals were more commonly affected than previously expected. Treatment continues to be surgical repair."}
{"id": "PMID:937656", "title": "Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia past infancy.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia past infancy are reviewed in tabular form and discussed as to presenting symptoms, physical and radiographic findings, operative treatment, and final outcome. A ten year old male treated by us is presented as a detailed case report. A great contrast is noted between the acute respiratory symptoms which threaten life in the infant hernia compared with the more chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms in pateints past infancy. Onset of symptoms did not correlate with age or sex. Chest x-ray films and gastrointestinal contrast studies were most helpful in diagnosis. Abdominal and thoracic approaches were equally effective in reducing the herniated viscera and closing the diaphragmatic defect. We believe that long-term survival of patients with congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia may be due to persistence of a confining pleuroperitoneal sac. Rupture of this sac in later life may coincide with onset of the characteristic symptoms which in turn prompt diagnostic studies. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with both recurrent gastrointestinal and respiratory complaints. Plain radiographs of the chest and contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract are necessary to confirm diagnosis preoperatively.", "contents": "Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia past infancy. Twenty-seven cases of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia past infancy are reviewed in tabular form and discussed as to presenting symptoms, physical and radiographic findings, operative treatment, and final outcome. A ten year old male treated by us is presented as a detailed case report. A great contrast is noted between the acute respiratory symptoms which threaten life in the infant hernia compared with the more chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms in pateints past infancy. Onset of symptoms did not correlate with age or sex. Chest x-ray films and gastrointestinal contrast studies were most helpful in diagnosis. Abdominal and thoracic approaches were equally effective in reducing the herniated viscera and closing the diaphragmatic defect. We believe that long-term survival of patients with congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia may be due to persistence of a confining pleuroperitoneal sac. Rupture of this sac in later life may coincide with onset of the characteristic symptoms which in turn prompt diagnostic studies. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with both recurrent gastrointestinal and respiratory complaints. Plain radiographs of the chest and contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract are necessary to confirm diagnosis preoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:937657", "title": "Surgical significance of extrahepatic biliary tree anomalies.", "content": "A patient with an anomalous insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct was noted during cholecystectomy and confirmed by operative cholangiography. This case and related anomalies of the bile ducts are of sufficient importance that, because of the technical difficulties and dangers incidental to their presence, no surgeon who operates on the gallbladder and bile ducts can afford to be unaware of their existence. Adequate exposure, careful dissection, and accurate knowledge of the regional anatomy plus a realization of the frequency and multiplicity of abnormalities of the extrahepatic biliary tree are requisites for safe biliary tract surgery. In addition, carefully performed operative cholangiography can be an indispensable aid in the clarification of anatomic variations. In case of recognized operative injury to the extrahepatic biliary tree, primary repair or biliary-intestinal anastomosis can usually be carried out with good results.", "contents": "Surgical significance of extrahepatic biliary tree anomalies. A patient with an anomalous insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct was noted during cholecystectomy and confirmed by operative cholangiography. This case and related anomalies of the bile ducts are of sufficient importance that, because of the technical difficulties and dangers incidental to their presence, no surgeon who operates on the gallbladder and bile ducts can afford to be unaware of their existence. Adequate exposure, careful dissection, and accurate knowledge of the regional anatomy plus a realization of the frequency and multiplicity of abnormalities of the extrahepatic biliary tree are requisites for safe biliary tract surgery. In addition, carefully performed operative cholangiography can be an indispensable aid in the clarification of anatomic variations. In case of recognized operative injury to the extrahepatic biliary tree, primary repair or biliary-intestinal anastomosis can usually be carried out with good results."}
{"id": "PMID:937658", "title": "Adult intussusception; case report of recurrent intussusception and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case of lymphoma is presented in which small bowel intussusception due to a lymphomatous nodule caused an acute abdomen, requiring small bowel resection. Four weeks later a second intussusception caused intestinal obstruction, necessitating a second laparotomy and bowel resection. The high incidence of malignant tumor in adult cases leads us to recommend primary resection without manual reduction in all but rectosigmoid and selected small bowel cases.", "contents": "Adult intussusception; case report of recurrent intussusception and review of the literature. An unusual case of lymphoma is presented in which small bowel intussusception due to a lymphomatous nodule caused an acute abdomen, requiring small bowel resection. Four weeks later a second intussusception caused intestinal obstruction, necessitating a second laparotomy and bowel resection. The high incidence of malignant tumor in adult cases leads us to recommend primary resection without manual reduction in all but rectosigmoid and selected small bowel cases."}
{"id": "PMID:937659", "title": "Simplified revascularization of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.", "content": "A fifty-six year old female is presented with significant stenosis of both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries at their origin. A simplified method of revascularizing both vessels utilizing a single length of saphenous vein with two anastomoses is described. Also, the rationale for revascularizing all significantly involved vessels is discussed.", "contents": "Simplified revascularization of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. A fifty-six year old female is presented with significant stenosis of both the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries at their origin. A simplified method of revascularizing both vessels utilizing a single length of saphenous vein with two anastomoses is described. Also, the rationale for revascularizing all significantly involved vessels is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937660", "title": "Emergency tracheostomy.", "content": "On rare occasions, emergency tracheostomy is indicated to establish an airway. Using a large bore needle as a guide, tracheal intubation is assured with minimal damage to vital structures in the neck.", "contents": "Emergency tracheostomy. On rare occasions, emergency tracheostomy is indicated to establish an airway. Using a large bore needle as a guide, tracheal intubation is assured with minimal damage to vital structures in the neck."}
{"id": "PMID:937661", "title": "Facilitation of exchange transfusions with Scribner shunts in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Scribner shunts were placed in nine patients, who had clinical and laboratory evidence of Reye's syndrome and ranged in age from four to fifteen years, to facilitate repeated, rapid exchanges of large volumes of blood. A method of inserting the Scribner shunt is described. Over a period of 30 to 90 minutes, 3 to 8 units of blood were easily exchanged without hemodynamic or mechanical difficulties. There were no infections; all shunts were removed from survivors after four to eight days without permanent sequelae.", "contents": "Facilitation of exchange transfusions with Scribner shunts in Reye's syndrome. Scribner shunts were placed in nine patients, who had clinical and laboratory evidence of Reye's syndrome and ranged in age from four to fifteen years, to facilitate repeated, rapid exchanges of large volumes of blood. A method of inserting the Scribner shunt is described. Over a period of 30 to 90 minutes, 3 to 8 units of blood were easily exchanged without hemodynamic or mechanical difficulties. There were no infections; all shunts were removed from survivors after four to eight days without permanent sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:937662", "title": "Temperature control apparatus for thermodilution cardiac output syringes.", "content": "A portable means of temperature control for thermodilution injectate syringes is described. This approach is relatively simple to produce and maintains constant satisfactory temperature in the injectate.", "contents": "Temperature control apparatus for thermodilution cardiac output syringes. A portable means of temperature control for thermodilution injectate syringes is described. This approach is relatively simple to produce and maintains constant satisfactory temperature in the injectate."}
{"id": "PMID:937664", "title": "Morbidity following dental extraction. A comparative survey of local analgesia and general anaesthesia.", "content": "A survey of morbidity following dental extraction has been carried out. No great differences were found between the morbidity experienced by those patients who had a general anaesthetic and those who had local analgesia. Comparison with the results of a survey conducted by other workers in 1961 shows that modern anaesthetic techniques have virtually eliminated cyanosis and that absenteeism following extractions has increased.", "contents": "Morbidity following dental extraction. A comparative survey of local analgesia and general anaesthesia. A survey of morbidity following dental extraction has been carried out. No great differences were found between the morbidity experienced by those patients who had a general anaesthetic and those who had local analgesia. Comparison with the results of a survey conducted by other workers in 1961 shows that modern anaesthetic techniques have virtually eliminated cyanosis and that absenteeism following extractions has increased."}
{"id": "PMID:937665", "title": "Day stay anaesthesia. A follow-up of day patients undergoing dental operations under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation.", "content": "Ninety-five patients who had undergone extensive dental surgery as day-patients were followed-up by questionnaire. An unexpectedly high incidence of after-effects was found; 78% of the patients went home with at least one persistent symptom due to the anaesthetic. A particularly high incidence of headache was found. There appeared to be no correlation of the symptoms with age, sex or nature or duration of the operation.", "contents": "Day stay anaesthesia. A follow-up of day patients undergoing dental operations under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. Ninety-five patients who had undergone extensive dental surgery as day-patients were followed-up by questionnaire. An unexpectedly high incidence of after-effects was found; 78% of the patients went home with at least one persistent symptom due to the anaesthetic. A particularly high incidence of headache was found. There appeared to be no correlation of the symptoms with age, sex or nature or duration of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:937666", "title": "General anaesthesia for the mentally handicapped. A study based on anaesthesia for dental surgery.", "content": "The establishment of a general anaesthetic unit for dental surgery in a hospital for the mentally subnormal is described. The problems encountered in sedating the mentally handicapped patient in such a way as to permit an unhindered induction of anaesthesia are described together with the evolution of a technique of premedication using nitrazepam and droperidol. The medical problems complicating anaesthesia found in this group of patients are enumerated and their effects on the development of a suitable anaesthetic technique are described.", "contents": "General anaesthesia for the mentally handicapped. A study based on anaesthesia for dental surgery. The establishment of a general anaesthetic unit for dental surgery in a hospital for the mentally subnormal is described. The problems encountered in sedating the mentally handicapped patient in such a way as to permit an unhindered induction of anaesthesia are described together with the evolution of a technique of premedication using nitrazepam and droperidol. The medical problems complicating anaesthesia found in this group of patients are enumerated and their effects on the development of a suitable anaesthetic technique are described."}
{"id": "PMID:937667", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of Althesin. Changes in systolic time intervals and peripheral tissue blood flow.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were studied and peripheral blood flow measurements made in twelve healthy patients before and after intravenous induction of anaesthesia with Althesin 0.05 ml per kg. The changes in systolic time intervals observed were considered to reflect the cardio-depressive properties of the drug. The reduction in peripheral blood flow which occurs in Althesin anaesthesia was confirmed. Measurement of systolic time intervals and peripheral blood flow constitute a simple and sensitive method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of Althesin. Changes in systolic time intervals and peripheral tissue blood flow. Systolic time intervals were studied and peripheral blood flow measurements made in twelve healthy patients before and after intravenous induction of anaesthesia with Althesin 0.05 ml per kg. The changes in systolic time intervals observed were considered to reflect the cardio-depressive properties of the drug. The reduction in peripheral blood flow which occurs in Althesin anaesthesia was confirmed. Measurement of systolic time intervals and peripheral blood flow constitute a simple and sensitive method for the evaluation of the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:937668", "title": "Anticholinergic actions of steroid muscle relaxants.", "content": "The chronotropic effects of two new steroid muscle relaxants have been investigated. Each was compared individually with pancuronium bromide, using acetylcholine as an agonist on the isolated perfused rabbit heart. One of the drugs. Organon 6368, was very similar to pancuronium in its degree of antagonism to the bradycardia produced by acetylcholine and may therefore be a useful drug clinically. Dacuronium, on the other hand, would appear to have marked chronotropic effects at dose levels needed for adequate neuromuscular blockade and thus may be less useful.", "contents": "Anticholinergic actions of steroid muscle relaxants. The chronotropic effects of two new steroid muscle relaxants have been investigated. Each was compared individually with pancuronium bromide, using acetylcholine as an agonist on the isolated perfused rabbit heart. One of the drugs. Organon 6368, was very similar to pancuronium in its degree of antagonism to the bradycardia produced by acetylcholine and may therefore be a useful drug clinically. Dacuronium, on the other hand, would appear to have marked chronotropic effects at dose levels needed for adequate neuromuscular blockade and thus may be less useful."}
{"id": "PMID:937669", "title": "Carcinoid syndrome: its relevance to the anaesthetist.", "content": "This paper presents the pathology, pharmacophysiology and therapy of the carcinoid syndrome. Forty reports from the literature are reviewed and the anaesthetic management of the patients is discussed. The carcinoid syndrome is a rare multihumoral endocrine disease. Secretions may be stimulated by certain anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres and produce undesirable, and occasionally fatal, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. A radical surgical approach to the disease is current. Anaesthetists may therefore be involved in the management of these patients more frequently than before. The implication of both serotonin and bradykinin in the pharmacophysiology of this disease allows a more rational approach to the treatment of complications occurring during anaesthesia. However, other, as yet undiscovered vasoactive substances, may be involved.", "contents": "Carcinoid syndrome: its relevance to the anaesthetist. This paper presents the pathology, pharmacophysiology and therapy of the carcinoid syndrome. Forty reports from the literature are reviewed and the anaesthetic management of the patients is discussed. The carcinoid syndrome is a rare multihumoral endocrine disease. Secretions may be stimulated by certain anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres and produce undesirable, and occasionally fatal, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. A radical surgical approach to the disease is current. Anaesthetists may therefore be involved in the management of these patients more frequently than before. The implication of both serotonin and bradykinin in the pharmacophysiology of this disease allows a more rational approach to the treatment of complications occurring during anaesthesia. However, other, as yet undiscovered vasoactive substances, may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:937670", "title": "Anaesthesia for a patient with carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "Anaesthesia for abdominal surgery in a patient with carcinoid syndrome is reported. Pre-operative symptomatic improvement was obtained using cyproheptadine hydrochloride. Handling of the tumour and liver metastases, during surgery, produced signs of excess serotonin secretion which responded to intravenous methotrimeprazine.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for a patient with carcinoid syndrome. Anaesthesia for abdominal surgery in a patient with carcinoid syndrome is reported. Pre-operative symptomatic improvement was obtained using cyproheptadine hydrochloride. Handling of the tumour and liver metastases, during surgery, produced signs of excess serotonin secretion which responded to intravenous methotrimeprazine."}
{"id": "PMID:937671", "title": "The Bain anaesthetic system. An assessment during controlled ventilation.", "content": "The Bain anaesthetic breathing system-a modified Mapleson 'D' circuit10-had been evaluated during anaesthesia using controlled ventilation. Results obtained from over 140 patients show that a highly predictable PaCO2 may be obtained by adjusting the fresh gas inflow according to body weight in patients weighing over 40 kg (mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 70 ml/kg/minute=40.8 mmHg; mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 100 ml/kg/minute=34.3 mmHg). The circuit is long enough to provide flexibility but may even be doubled in length without affecting performance. Simple lung ventilators delivering air or oxygen may be used satisfactorily as anaesthetic ventilators for patients of all ages. In addition, the circuit is lightweight, disposable but re-usable, facilitates pollution control and is easily used as an independent resuscitator. It is suggested that it may qualify as a universal breathing system.", "contents": "The Bain anaesthetic system. An assessment during controlled ventilation. The Bain anaesthetic breathing system-a modified Mapleson 'D' circuit10-had been evaluated during anaesthesia using controlled ventilation. Results obtained from over 140 patients show that a highly predictable PaCO2 may be obtained by adjusting the fresh gas inflow according to body weight in patients weighing over 40 kg (mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 70 ml/kg/minute=40.8 mmHg; mean PaCO2 at a fresh gas inflow of 100 ml/kg/minute=34.3 mmHg). The circuit is long enough to provide flexibility but may even be doubled in length without affecting performance. Simple lung ventilators delivering air or oxygen may be used satisfactorily as anaesthetic ventilators for patients of all ages. In addition, the circuit is lightweight, disposable but re-usable, facilitates pollution control and is easily used as an independent resuscitator. It is suggested that it may qualify as a universal breathing system."}
{"id": "PMID:937673", "title": "Theatre pollution control.", "content": "Pollution control should be simple, cheap and effective. It should not introduce further hazards to the patient nor significantly complicate the practice of anaesthesia. These goals are attainable using a simple passive system. Convenience in use is enhanced by a concentric tubing system which allows effluent gases to be collected at the machine end and exhausted to the exterior. The additional expiratory resistance is minimal.", "contents": "Theatre pollution control. Pollution control should be simple, cheap and effective. It should not introduce further hazards to the patient nor significantly complicate the practice of anaesthesia. These goals are attainable using a simple passive system. Convenience in use is enhanced by a concentric tubing system which allows effluent gases to be collected at the machine end and exhausted to the exterior. The additional expiratory resistance is minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:937674", "title": "Apparatus for emergency intubation in laryngeal obstruction.", "content": "A cannula and conveniently arranged ancillary apparatus designed to assist endotracheal intubation of patients with upper respiratory tract obstruction prior to tracheostomy are described.", "contents": "Apparatus for emergency intubation in laryngeal obstruction. A cannula and conveniently arranged ancillary apparatus designed to assist endotracheal intubation of patients with upper respiratory tract obstruction prior to tracheostomy are described."}
{"id": "PMID:937675", "title": "Valve control for venturi ventilation. A simple modification of a standard slide-valve.", "content": "A simple modification of a B.O.C. slide valve is presented, for controlling the injector flow in venturi ventilation.", "contents": "Valve control for venturi ventilation. A simple modification of a standard slide-valve. A simple modification of a B.O.C. slide valve is presented, for controlling the injector flow in venturi ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:937676", "title": "The immediate treatment of heatstroke.", "content": "The nature, diagnosis and treatment of heatstroke has been discussed. The importance of prevention, recognition and active and early treatment has been emphasised.", "contents": "The immediate treatment of heatstroke. The nature, diagnosis and treatment of heatstroke has been discussed. The importance of prevention, recognition and active and early treatment has been emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:937677", "title": "Althesin infusion for cardiac catheterisation.", "content": "A trial of a continuous intravenous infusion of Althesin is described for sedation during cardiac catheterisation, both for children and adults. The conditions produced for the procedure were very satisfactory. The advantages and problems of its use are discussed. The technique justifies further trials.", "contents": "Althesin infusion for cardiac catheterisation. A trial of a continuous intravenous infusion of Althesin is described for sedation during cardiac catheterisation, both for children and adults. The conditions produced for the procedure were very satisfactory. The advantages and problems of its use are discussed. The technique justifies further trials."}
{"id": "PMID:937686", "title": "Tracheal stenosis associated with a low pressure cuffed endotracheal tube.", "content": "A case of tracheal stenosis following a short period of intubation with a low pressure cuffed portex tube is described. The possible factors responsible for the tracheal damage are discussed.", "contents": "Tracheal stenosis associated with a low pressure cuffed endotracheal tube. A case of tracheal stenosis following a short period of intubation with a low pressure cuffed portex tube is described. The possible factors responsible for the tracheal damage are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937687", "title": "Difficulty in intubation. Calcified stylohyoid ligament.", "content": "An intubation which was unexpectedly difficult is described. It is suggested that the cause of the difficulty was ossification and shortening of the stylohyoid ligament.", "contents": "Difficulty in intubation. Calcified stylohyoid ligament. An intubation which was unexpectedly difficult is described. It is suggested that the cause of the difficulty was ossification and shortening of the stylohyoid ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:937688", "title": "An indication for spontaneous respiration.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with a facial defect and fixation of the jaw which caused ventilation and intubation problems.", "contents": "An indication for spontaneous respiration. A case is reported of a patient with a facial defect and fixation of the jaw which caused ventilation and intubation problems."}
{"id": "PMID:937690", "title": "A multipurpose rubber adaptor.", "content": "A multipurpose rubber right-angle adaptor has been described. Thic can connect the patient to both masks and endotracheal tubes in several anaesthetic systems.", "contents": "A multipurpose rubber adaptor. A multipurpose rubber right-angle adaptor has been described. Thic can connect the patient to both masks and endotracheal tubes in several anaesthetic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:937691", "title": "The management of acute thoracic injuries.", "content": "The injuries resulting from blunt and penetrating injuries to the thoracic cage and its contents require prompt recognition and treatment. An outline of the major problems and recommendations for management is presented.", "contents": "The management of acute thoracic injuries. The injuries resulting from blunt and penetrating injuries to the thoracic cage and its contents require prompt recognition and treatment. An outline of the major problems and recommendations for management is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:937692", "title": "Eelectrocardiographic findings during bronchoscopy. Use of the Sanders' ventilating attachment.", "content": "The incidence of cardiac dysrhytmias was investigated in 50 patients during bronchoscopy performed under general anaesthesia using the bronchoscope with Sanders ventilating attachment. The results were compared with similar investigations utilising alternative methods of anesthesia. Sinus tachycardia occurred frequently, but was less severe than during previous investigation. The incidence of dysrhytmias 16% overall, was less than with earlier methods. Only 2 patients (4%) exhibited a dysrhythmia of any significance. It is concluded that use of the Sanders ventilating attachment represents a genuine advance during anaesthesia for bronchoscopy.", "contents": "Eelectrocardiographic findings during bronchoscopy. Use of the Sanders' ventilating attachment. The incidence of cardiac dysrhytmias was investigated in 50 patients during bronchoscopy performed under general anaesthesia using the bronchoscope with Sanders ventilating attachment. The results were compared with similar investigations utilising alternative methods of anesthesia. Sinus tachycardia occurred frequently, but was less severe than during previous investigation. The incidence of dysrhytmias 16% overall, was less than with earlier methods. Only 2 patients (4%) exhibited a dysrhythmia of any significance. It is concluded that use of the Sanders ventilating attachment represents a genuine advance during anaesthesia for bronchoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:937711", "title": "Ketamine and juvenile chronic polyarthritis (Still's disease). Anaesthetic problems in Still's disease and allied disorders.", "content": "The rationale for the use of ketamine anaesthesia in patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis is presented. The method was used successfully in 70 patients. There were no deaths but one refused to have ketamine again.", "contents": "Ketamine and juvenile chronic polyarthritis (Still's disease). Anaesthetic problems in Still's disease and allied disorders. The rationale for the use of ketamine anaesthesia in patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis is presented. The method was used successfully in 70 patients. There were no deaths but one refused to have ketamine again."}
{"id": "PMID:937712", "title": "Venous air embolism during neurosurgery. A comparison of various methods of detection in man.", "content": "A comparison of the various methods available for the detection of air embolus has been carried out in patients undergoing posterior fossa exploration in the sitting position. A group of 17 patients (Group A) was comprehensively monitored by a central venous catheter, an infra-red carbon dioxide analyser and a Doppler ultrasonic flow transducer in addition to more traditional clinical methods. Group B (19 patients) was monitored by commonly used clinical methods consisting of continuous palpation of the radial pulse, intermittent blood pressure measurement, the use of an oesophageal stethoscope and the electrocardiograph. In Group A the detection of air embolus varied from 6% using an oesophageal stethoscope to 58% by the Doppler method. In Group B air embolus was diagnosed in 10% of patients. One patient in each group died from air embolus; one patient had a paradoxical embolus to the coronary arteries. It is concluded that comprehensive monitoring for air embolus, including the use of Doppler ultrasound, is an essential part of the management of these patients, for both diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "Venous air embolism during neurosurgery. A comparison of various methods of detection in man. A comparison of the various methods available for the detection of air embolus has been carried out in patients undergoing posterior fossa exploration in the sitting position. A group of 17 patients (Group A) was comprehensively monitored by a central venous catheter, an infra-red carbon dioxide analyser and a Doppler ultrasonic flow transducer in addition to more traditional clinical methods. Group B (19 patients) was monitored by commonly used clinical methods consisting of continuous palpation of the radial pulse, intermittent blood pressure measurement, the use of an oesophageal stethoscope and the electrocardiograph. In Group A the detection of air embolus varied from 6% using an oesophageal stethoscope to 58% by the Doppler method. In Group B air embolus was diagnosed in 10% of patients. One patient in each group died from air embolus; one patient had a paradoxical embolus to the coronary arteries. It is concluded that comprehensive monitoring for air embolus, including the use of Doppler ultrasound, is an essential part of the management of these patients, for both diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:937713", "title": "Closed circuit halothane anaesthesia. Use of the Narkotest as an in-line monitor in a nonpolluting technique.", "content": "Theoretical considerations of closed circuit anaesthesia using oxygen and halothane are examined. Clinical experience has confirmed the value of the Narcotest as a reliable in-line monitor of inspired halothane concentration, while the use of an oxygen analyser is a desirable adjunct. The advantages of economy and elimination of theatre pollution are discussed.", "contents": "Closed circuit halothane anaesthesia. Use of the Narkotest as an in-line monitor in a nonpolluting technique. Theoretical considerations of closed circuit anaesthesia using oxygen and halothane are examined. Clinical experience has confirmed the value of the Narcotest as a reliable in-line monitor of inspired halothane concentration, while the use of an oxygen analyser is a desirable adjunct. The advantages of economy and elimination of theatre pollution are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937714", "title": "Automatic physiotherapy instruction.", "content": "An automatic tape-recorder system constructed to provide intermittent physiotherapy instruction for postoperative patients is described. Eighty patients, who had been given nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia, were observed during the first 4 postoperative hours. Those who had received pre-operative physiotherapy instruction, responded well. They followed the programme and blood-gas analysis demonstrated elevations of arterial blood oxygen tensions after they had followed the instructions. The system can be recommended as a supplement to physiotherapy in a busy post-operative ward. It also protects the patient from unpleasant noises in the environment.", "contents": "Automatic physiotherapy instruction. An automatic tape-recorder system constructed to provide intermittent physiotherapy instruction for postoperative patients is described. Eighty patients, who had been given nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia, were observed during the first 4 postoperative hours. Those who had received pre-operative physiotherapy instruction, responded well. They followed the programme and blood-gas analysis demonstrated elevations of arterial blood oxygen tensions after they had followed the instructions. The system can be recommended as a supplement to physiotherapy in a busy post-operative ward. It also protects the patient from unpleasant noises in the environment."}
{"id": "PMID:937715", "title": "Droperidol/fentanyl, diazepam/pentazocine: a comparison.", "content": "Anaesthesia with a combination of diazepam and pentazocine is compared with the well established technique of neuroleptanaesthesia using droperidol and fentanyl. The former compared favourably, producing similar cardiovascular stability, rapid recovery of conciousness and postoperative analgesia.", "contents": "Droperidol/fentanyl, diazepam/pentazocine: a comparison. Anaesthesia with a combination of diazepam and pentazocine is compared with the well established technique of neuroleptanaesthesia using droperidol and fentanyl. The former compared favourably, producing similar cardiovascular stability, rapid recovery of conciousness and postoperative analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:937716", "title": "Pancuronium bromide in emergency surgery.", "content": "Pancuronium bromide, a steroid non-depolarising muscle relaxant has been used to assist intubation before emergency operations in 32 patients and has been found to be satisfactory for quick intubation in a dose of 0-1 mg per kg of body weight. There was no vomiting during induction.", "contents": "Pancuronium bromide in emergency surgery. Pancuronium bromide, a steroid non-depolarising muscle relaxant has been used to assist intubation before emergency operations in 32 patients and has been found to be satisfactory for quick intubation in a dose of 0-1 mg per kg of body weight. There was no vomiting during induction."}
{"id": "PMID:937717", "title": "Reactions to rapid infusion of stable plasma protein solution during large volume plasma exchange.", "content": "Five per cent heat treated stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) has been rapidly infused into 25 patients, as fluid replacement during large volume plasmapheresis. Reactions were produced in 20 patients. Subjective symptoms of flushing, nasal stuffiness, fullness and throbbing in the head, colicky abdominal pain, metallic taste or apprehension were observed in 16 patients, and 11 patients became hypotensive with an average systolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. These observations support earlier reports of hypotension due to rapid SPPS infusion, and document the occurrence of subjective symptoms which may be the harbingers of a hypotensive reaction. In view of the known presence of a bradykinin-like substance in some heat treated plasma protein solutions, hypotension during SPPS infusion should be interpreted with caution in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Reactions to rapid infusion of stable plasma protein solution during large volume plasma exchange. Five per cent heat treated stable plasma protein solution (SPPS) has been rapidly infused into 25 patients, as fluid replacement during large volume plasmapheresis. Reactions were produced in 20 patients. Subjective symptoms of flushing, nasal stuffiness, fullness and throbbing in the head, colicky abdominal pain, metallic taste or apprehension were observed in 16 patients, and 11 patients became hypotensive with an average systolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. These observations support earlier reports of hypotension due to rapid SPPS infusion, and document the occurrence of subjective symptoms which may be the harbingers of a hypotensive reaction. In view of the known presence of a bradykinin-like substance in some heat treated plasma protein solutions, hypotension during SPPS infusion should be interpreted with caution in the light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:937718", "title": "Maternal complications of obstetric epidural analgesia.", "content": "The maternal complications associated with 1,000 consecutive obstetric epidurals are described. Although the analgesia provided was very satisfactory, complications were common. A dural puncture rate of 1-7 per cent resulted in 13 patients suffering from \"spinal headache\". Blood vessel puncture occurred in 45 patients, while the presence of unblocked segments and unilateral block was troublesome. There were no serious sequelae, but it is suggested that the provision of an epidural service for women in labour requires the immediate availability of an experienced anaesthetist to attend the labour ward.", "contents": "Maternal complications of obstetric epidural analgesia. The maternal complications associated with 1,000 consecutive obstetric epidurals are described. Although the analgesia provided was very satisfactory, complications were common. A dural puncture rate of 1-7 per cent resulted in 13 patients suffering from \"spinal headache\". Blood vessel puncture occurred in 45 patients, while the presence of unblocked segments and unilateral block was troublesome. There were no serious sequelae, but it is suggested that the provision of an epidural service for women in labour requires the immediate availability of an experienced anaesthetist to attend the labour ward."}
{"id": "PMID:937719", "title": "The management of the retained tracheostomy tube.", "content": "A tracheostomy tube that has to be retained despite attempts to remove it, must de defined as a retained tube. The previous literature is reviewed. The consequences of establishing a tracheostomy are described and, based on these considerations, recommendations are made for a regime to allow decannulation to be performed.", "contents": "The management of the retained tracheostomy tube. A tracheostomy tube that has to be retained despite attempts to remove it, must de defined as a retained tube. The previous literature is reviewed. The consequences of establishing a tracheostomy are described and, based on these considerations, recommendations are made for a regime to allow decannulation to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:937720", "title": "Effect of diazepam on neuromuscular transmission and its interaction with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.", "content": "Neuromuscular blocking actions of diazepam and its interaction with some myoneural blocking agents were studied in dogs and in humans undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Diazepam alone had no effect on the response of tibialis anterior muscle to indirect stimulation in dogs. Again, diazepam in a bolus dose of 5 mg did not influence a pre-existing partial block by d-tubocurarine, gallamine or pancuronium. But a significant increase in both the degree and duration of block was observed when diazepam and d-tubocurarine were given simultaneously, suggesting an agonist action in diazepam. On the contrary, simultaneous use of diazepam and gallamine caused a significantly less intense block of tibialis muscle twitch tension as compared to gallamine alone, suggesting an antagonistic action. The degree and duration of block by d-tubocurarine were not affected significantly by simultaneous administration of diazepam in human beings. It is, therefore, concluded that diazepam in clinical doses can be safely used with d-tubocurarine in humans.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on neuromuscular transmission and its interaction with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Neuromuscular blocking actions of diazepam and its interaction with some myoneural blocking agents were studied in dogs and in humans undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Diazepam alone had no effect on the response of tibialis anterior muscle to indirect stimulation in dogs. Again, diazepam in a bolus dose of 5 mg did not influence a pre-existing partial block by d-tubocurarine, gallamine or pancuronium. But a significant increase in both the degree and duration of block was observed when diazepam and d-tubocurarine were given simultaneously, suggesting an agonist action in diazepam. On the contrary, simultaneous use of diazepam and gallamine caused a significantly less intense block of tibialis muscle twitch tension as compared to gallamine alone, suggesting an antagonistic action. The degree and duration of block by d-tubocurarine were not affected significantly by simultaneous administration of diazepam in human beings. It is, therefore, concluded that diazepam in clinical doses can be safely used with d-tubocurarine in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:937721", "title": "The influence of duration of circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C on cerebral changes.", "content": "In infants and piglets subjected to periods of circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C there was close correlation between duration of arrest and delay in return of electroencephalographic activity. Post mortem studies demonstrated histological evidence of brain damage in patients after circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C. Similar histological changes were demonstrated in piglets, including some who had complete E.E.G. and clinical recovery from circulatory arrest.", "contents": "The influence of duration of circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C on cerebral changes. In infants and piglets subjected to periods of circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C there was close correlation between duration of arrest and delay in return of electroencephalographic activity. Post mortem studies demonstrated histological evidence of brain damage in patients after circulatory arrest at 20 degrees C. Similar histological changes were demonstrated in piglets, including some who had complete E.E.G. and clinical recovery from circulatory arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:937722", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of pancuronium in the dog during pentobarbitone anaesthesia.", "content": "The effect of pancuronium on the cardiovascular system of the dog was studied in 12 greyhounds who were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone 30--40 mg/kg body weight. During the study, the animals were artificially ventilated to give an end-tidal carbon dioxide in the range 4-0--4-5 per cent. Duplicate cardiac output measurements were made before and ten minutes after the intravenous administration of pancuronium (0-18 mg/kg). There was a slight (but statistically insignificant) fall in cardiac output. Heart rate, aortic and pulmonary arterial pressures remained substantially unaltered. It is suggested that pancuronium should be used in the dog when muscle relaxation is required during pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In this way cardiovascular changes related to the drugs themselves will be minimized.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of pancuronium in the dog during pentobarbitone anaesthesia. The effect of pancuronium on the cardiovascular system of the dog was studied in 12 greyhounds who were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone 30--40 mg/kg body weight. During the study, the animals were artificially ventilated to give an end-tidal carbon dioxide in the range 4-0--4-5 per cent. Duplicate cardiac output measurements were made before and ten minutes after the intravenous administration of pancuronium (0-18 mg/kg). There was a slight (but statistically insignificant) fall in cardiac output. Heart rate, aortic and pulmonary arterial pressures remained substantially unaltered. It is suggested that pancuronium should be used in the dog when muscle relaxation is required during pentobarbitone anaesthesia. In this way cardiovascular changes related to the drugs themselves will be minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:937723", "title": "Use of physostigmine in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.", "content": "The use of physotigmine in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose is discussed. The importance of continuous observation is emphasized and the method of preparation of physotigmine is outlined.", "contents": "Use of physostigmine in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. The use of physotigmine in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose is discussed. The importance of continuous observation is emphasized and the method of preparation of physotigmine is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:937724", "title": "Awake tracheal intubation in anaesthesia.", "content": "Endotracheal intubation in the awake patient was used on 500 occasions. Indications and results are discussed and analysed.", "contents": "Awake tracheal intubation in anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation in the awake patient was used on 500 occasions. Indications and results are discussed and analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:937725", "title": "A haemodynamic study of patients anaesthetized with enflurane and halothane.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of equipotent concentrations of enflurane and halothane were studied and compared in two groups of patients. The agents were shown to have similar effects.", "contents": "A haemodynamic study of patients anaesthetized with enflurane and halothane. The cardiovascular effects of equipotent concentrations of enflurane and halothane were studied and compared in two groups of patients. The agents were shown to have similar effects."}
{"id": "PMID:937726", "title": "Case report: pheochromocytoma. Aspects of management.", "content": "The management of a patient with Pheochromocytoma is reported. Consideration of pre-operative preparation, hazards of beta-blocking agents in the absence of alpha blockade, potential hazards of butyrophenones, control of arterial blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside and the usefulness of continous pulmonary artery wedge pressure monitoring are discussed.", "contents": "Case report: pheochromocytoma. Aspects of management. The management of a patient with Pheochromocytoma is reported. Consideration of pre-operative preparation, hazards of beta-blocking agents in the absence of alpha blockade, potential hazards of butyrophenones, control of arterial blood pressure with sodium nitroprusside and the usefulness of continous pulmonary artery wedge pressure monitoring are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937730", "title": "Intradermal testing after severe histamine reactions to intravenous drugs used in anaesthesia.", "content": "In a series of patients who suffered severe histamine mediated reactions to induction agents and muscle relaxants, intradermal testing enabled the drug involved to be distinguished. The correct use of intradermal testing to give reliable results is discussed and a protocol described. Prausnitz Kustner testing was of little help in confirming the results. A number of patients tested showed high levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and it is believed that IgG mediated anaphylaxis may be the mechanism responsible for reactions that have been previously described as anaphylactoid or direct chemical histamine release.", "contents": "Intradermal testing after severe histamine reactions to intravenous drugs used in anaesthesia. In a series of patients who suffered severe histamine mediated reactions to induction agents and muscle relaxants, intradermal testing enabled the drug involved to be distinguished. The correct use of intradermal testing to give reliable results is discussed and a protocol described. Prausnitz Kustner testing was of little help in confirming the results. A number of patients tested showed high levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and it is believed that IgG mediated anaphylaxis may be the mechanism responsible for reactions that have been previously described as anaphylactoid or direct chemical histamine release."}
{"id": "PMID:937734", "title": "Anchoring device between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Near the end of spermiogensis, the late spermatids remain attached to the superficial layer of the seminiferous epithelium for an appreciable period of time (i.e., 3 to 4 days). Ths sickle-shaped heads of the spermatids are embedded in an apical process of Sertoli cell cytoplasm which is connected to the rest of the cell by a narrow stalk. In the concavity of the head several long (2-3 mum) and very narrow (50 nm) tubular projections of the spermatid's plasma membrane invaginate the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. These tubular processes terminate by a bulbous swelling which may measure up to 1 mum in diameter. Along the process the plasma membrane of the Sertoli cell is closely apposed to the spermatid's membrane, the intracellular space being only 6-8 nm wide. In the Sertoli cytoplasm immediately surrounding the tubular portion of the structure there is an accumulation of filamentous material, while next to the bulbous extremity there are, at a shrot distance, smooth surfaced cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The whole structure was referred to as a tubulobulbar complex. These complexes, of which there are up to 24 per spermatid, appear as these cells complete their migration toward the apex of the Sertoli cells. They disappear just before the release of the spermatids in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule as a result of the fragmentation of the spermatid's plasma membrane followed by a resorption of the Sertoli plasma membrane. Morphological evidence suggests that the Tubulobulbar complexes serve as anchoring devices that retain the spermatids at the surface of the seminiferous epithelium while their dissolution contributes in part to the process of spermiation. Similar tubulobulbar complexes were also formed by the plasma membranes of two adjacent Sertoli cells close to the Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions near the tubular limiting membrane.", "contents": "Anchoring device between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules. Near the end of spermiogensis, the late spermatids remain attached to the superficial layer of the seminiferous epithelium for an appreciable period of time (i.e., 3 to 4 days). Ths sickle-shaped heads of the spermatids are embedded in an apical process of Sertoli cell cytoplasm which is connected to the rest of the cell by a narrow stalk. In the concavity of the head several long (2-3 mum) and very narrow (50 nm) tubular projections of the spermatid's plasma membrane invaginate the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. These tubular processes terminate by a bulbous swelling which may measure up to 1 mum in diameter. Along the process the plasma membrane of the Sertoli cell is closely apposed to the spermatid's membrane, the intracellular space being only 6-8 nm wide. In the Sertoli cytoplasm immediately surrounding the tubular portion of the structure there is an accumulation of filamentous material, while next to the bulbous extremity there are, at a shrot distance, smooth surfaced cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The whole structure was referred to as a tubulobulbar complex. These complexes, of which there are up to 24 per spermatid, appear as these cells complete their migration toward the apex of the Sertoli cells. They disappear just before the release of the spermatids in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule as a result of the fragmentation of the spermatid's plasma membrane followed by a resorption of the Sertoli plasma membrane. Morphological evidence suggests that the Tubulobulbar complexes serve as anchoring devices that retain the spermatids at the surface of the seminiferous epithelium while their dissolution contributes in part to the process of spermiation. Similar tubulobulbar complexes were also formed by the plasma membranes of two adjacent Sertoli cells close to the Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions near the tubular limiting membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:937735", "title": "The number of satellite cells in normal human muscle.", "content": "The satellite cell population in skeletal muscles of ten normal subjects aged 7 to 73 years was quantitated by electron microscopy. In all 1,414 nuclei were assessed. Satellite cell nuclei comprised 4% (standard deviation 2%) of all nuclei within the fibre basal lamina. The lowest incidence (0.6%) was found in a 73-year-old man. The study confirms, that satellite cells are regularly present in human skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The number of satellite cells in normal human muscle. The satellite cell population in skeletal muscles of ten normal subjects aged 7 to 73 years was quantitated by electron microscopy. In all 1,414 nuclei were assessed. Satellite cell nuclei comprised 4% (standard deviation 2%) of all nuclei within the fibre basal lamina. The lowest incidence (0.6%) was found in a 73-year-old man. The study confirms, that satellite cells are regularly present in human skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:937736", "title": "The biosynthesis and secretion of precursor enamel protein by ameloblasts as visualized by autoradiography after tryptophan administration.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-tryptophan into the inner enamel epithelium of newborn mouse incisor tooth organs has been studied in situ by light and electron microscopic autoradiography to determine the sites and kinetics of biosynthesis, migration, and secretion of precursor enamel protein during newborn mouse incisor tooth formation maxillary and mandibular incisor tooth amelogenesis was studied 5, 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes and 24 hours following the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-tryptophan. By 5 minutes, 40% of the total silver grains associated with the secretory ameloblasts were localized over the rough endoplasmic reticulum and 50% of the silver grains were localized over the Golgi apparatus. By 30 minutes, silver grains were observed predominately over condensing vacuoles and secretory granules within the forming Tomes' processes, and were also localized over the extracellular \"granular\" pre-enamel matrix. The enamel proteins were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, transferred within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then accumulated in the inner saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The enamel proteins were than packaged in condensing vacuoles which subsequently became secretory granules which migrated to the lateral and apical secretory regions of the forming Tomes' processes. It was concluded from these in vivo studies that enamel protein were synthesized and subsequently secreted within 30 minutes. The initially secreted precursor enamel protein was localized over a material which demonstrated a granular or stippled ultrastructure. The labeled protein then was localized over the amorphous enamel matrix per se which contained the forming calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. We assumed, therefore, that there are two different ultrastructural forms of 3H-tryptophan containing extracellular enamel proteins and suggest that the granular or \"stippled\" form represents newly secreted precursor enamel protein.", "contents": "The biosynthesis and secretion of precursor enamel protein by ameloblasts as visualized by autoradiography after tryptophan administration. The incorporation of 3H-tryptophan into the inner enamel epithelium of newborn mouse incisor tooth organs has been studied in situ by light and electron microscopic autoradiography to determine the sites and kinetics of biosynthesis, migration, and secretion of precursor enamel protein during newborn mouse incisor tooth formation maxillary and mandibular incisor tooth amelogenesis was studied 5, 30, 60, 120, 240 minutes and 24 hours following the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-tryptophan. By 5 minutes, 40% of the total silver grains associated with the secretory ameloblasts were localized over the rough endoplasmic reticulum and 50% of the silver grains were localized over the Golgi apparatus. By 30 minutes, silver grains were observed predominately over condensing vacuoles and secretory granules within the forming Tomes' processes, and were also localized over the extracellular \"granular\" pre-enamel matrix. The enamel proteins were synthesized on membrane-bound polysomes, transferred within the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then accumulated in the inner saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The enamel proteins were than packaged in condensing vacuoles which subsequently became secretory granules which migrated to the lateral and apical secretory regions of the forming Tomes' processes. It was concluded from these in vivo studies that enamel protein were synthesized and subsequently secreted within 30 minutes. The initially secreted precursor enamel protein was localized over a material which demonstrated a granular or stippled ultrastructure. The labeled protein then was localized over the amorphous enamel matrix per se which contained the forming calcium hydroxyapatite crystals. We assumed, therefore, that there are two different ultrastructural forms of 3H-tryptophan containing extracellular enamel proteins and suggest that the granular or \"stippled\" form represents newly secreted precursor enamel protein."}
{"id": "PMID:937737", "title": "A light and electron microscopic investigation of the hepatic parenchyma of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "This light and electron microscopic study demonstrates that the liver of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, consists of a mass of hepatocytes interrupted by blood sinusoids which allow blood to percolate through the parenchyma. The plates separating adjacent sinusoids are usually two or more cells thick and the bile canaliculi lie between 2-6 neighboring cells. Fine structural characteristics of hepatocytes include abundant lipid and glycogen inclusions. Melanophores with developing melanosomes are situated throughout the hepatic parenchyma.", "contents": "A light and electron microscopic investigation of the hepatic parenchyma of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. This light and electron microscopic study demonstrates that the liver of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, consists of a mass of hepatocytes interrupted by blood sinusoids which allow blood to percolate through the parenchyma. The plates separating adjacent sinusoids are usually two or more cells thick and the bile canaliculi lie between 2-6 neighboring cells. Fine structural characteristics of hepatocytes include abundant lipid and glycogen inclusions. Melanophores with developing melanosomes are situated throughout the hepatic parenchyma."}
{"id": "PMID:937738", "title": "The growth of the oocyte and follicle in the ovaries of monotremes and marsupials.", "content": "Oocyte growth in relation to follicular growth in marsupials conforms to the uniform biphasic pattern characteristic of eutherian mammals. However, the oocyte of the marsupial is larger and completes growth in a correspondingly larger follicle. At the completion of oocyte growth the follicle, like that of eutherians, shows no appreciable accumulation of follicular fluid. The ratio of oocyte/follicular diameter in marsupials at this stage is 0.59, a value close to that of 0.55 for eutherian mammals. The oocyte nucleus of the marsupial is also significantly larger than that of the eutherian, but the oocyte nucleolus is approximately the same diameter. By contrast, the growth of the oocyte in relation to the follicle in monotremes in linear throughout the whole period of follicular growth. However, like eutherians and marsupials oocyte nuclear and oocyte nucleolar growth are arrested in the early stages of follicular growth. The diameters of the oocyte nucleus and nucleolus at the completion of growth are approximately twice those found in marsupials. It is concluded that the growth patterns of the oocyte nucleus and nucleolus are common to all mammals but that the biphasic pattern of oocyte and follicular growth which is characteristic of eutherian and marsupial ovaries is not found in the monotremes.", "contents": "The growth of the oocyte and follicle in the ovaries of monotremes and marsupials. Oocyte growth in relation to follicular growth in marsupials conforms to the uniform biphasic pattern characteristic of eutherian mammals. However, the oocyte of the marsupial is larger and completes growth in a correspondingly larger follicle. At the completion of oocyte growth the follicle, like that of eutherians, shows no appreciable accumulation of follicular fluid. The ratio of oocyte/follicular diameter in marsupials at this stage is 0.59, a value close to that of 0.55 for eutherian mammals. The oocyte nucleus of the marsupial is also significantly larger than that of the eutherian, but the oocyte nucleolus is approximately the same diameter. By contrast, the growth of the oocyte in relation to the follicle in monotremes in linear throughout the whole period of follicular growth. However, like eutherians and marsupials oocyte nuclear and oocyte nucleolar growth are arrested in the early stages of follicular growth. The diameters of the oocyte nucleus and nucleolus at the completion of growth are approximately twice those found in marsupials. It is concluded that the growth patterns of the oocyte nucleus and nucleolus are common to all mammals but that the biphasic pattern of oocyte and follicular growth which is characteristic of eutherian and marsupial ovaries is not found in the monotremes."}
{"id": "PMID:937739", "title": "Cell association and surface features in cultures of juvenile rat seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Short pieces of seminiferous tubules from juvenile rats were grown in tissue culture and studied by phase contrast light microscopy while living and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy after fixation and appropriate processing. The pieces of tubules remodeled in vitro, with the original explant becoming surrounded closely by a sheet of epithelioid cells and more peripherally by elongate cells. The epithelioid cells were identifiable as Sertoli cells because of the presence of characteristic Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions near their upper surface. The elongate cells were derived from peritubular tissues, but could not be specifically identified as to cell type. Clusters of stellate cells and of round cells were present on the upper surface of the Sertoli cell sheets, but not on the elongate cells or the bare floor of the culture dish. The stellate cells were spermatogonia and the round cells were spermatocytes, as identified by fine structural features. Intercellular bridges were maintained between germ cells in culture without being surrounded by processes of Sertoli cells. Rudimentary junctions were present between germ cells and Sertoli cells in culture. The shape of germ cells in vitro was the same as the shape in situ, indicating that shape is an inherent feature of germ cells and is not determined by surrounding Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Cell association and surface features in cultures of juvenile rat seminiferous tubules. Short pieces of seminiferous tubules from juvenile rats were grown in tissue culture and studied by phase contrast light microscopy while living and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy after fixation and appropriate processing. The pieces of tubules remodeled in vitro, with the original explant becoming surrounded closely by a sheet of epithelioid cells and more peripherally by elongate cells. The epithelioid cells were identifiable as Sertoli cells because of the presence of characteristic Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions near their upper surface. The elongate cells were derived from peritubular tissues, but could not be specifically identified as to cell type. Clusters of stellate cells and of round cells were present on the upper surface of the Sertoli cell sheets, but not on the elongate cells or the bare floor of the culture dish. The stellate cells were spermatogonia and the round cells were spermatocytes, as identified by fine structural features. Intercellular bridges were maintained between germ cells in culture without being surrounded by processes of Sertoli cells. Rudimentary junctions were present between germ cells and Sertoli cells in culture. The shape of germ cells in vitro was the same as the shape in situ, indicating that shape is an inherent feature of germ cells and is not determined by surrounding Sertoli cells."}
{"id": "PMID:937740", "title": "Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear.", "content": "The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear was studied light microscopically using specific histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase. Histochemical observations was made with whole stretch preparations and cryostat or paraffin sections. Both kinds of nerves showed similar distribution, though the adrenergic innervation was denser than the cholinergic one. The intermediate segments of the anastomoses, which were characterized by a very thick wall, had the most dense innervation. The small arteries and arterial segments had a moderate innervation whereas most of the small veins and venous segments had few nerve fibers. The segmental variation in the vasomotor nerve supply clearly suggests that the intermediate segment has the most active contractility. An unusually rich innervation in the anastomosis, therefore, indicates the significance of the neurogenic mechanisms in the vasomotor control of the anastomosis.", "contents": "Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear. The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the arteriovenous anastomosis in the rabbit's ear was studied light microscopically using specific histochemical techniques for catecholamines and acetylcholinesterase. Histochemical observations was made with whole stretch preparations and cryostat or paraffin sections. Both kinds of nerves showed similar distribution, though the adrenergic innervation was denser than the cholinergic one. The intermediate segments of the anastomoses, which were characterized by a very thick wall, had the most dense innervation. The small arteries and arterial segments had a moderate innervation whereas most of the small veins and venous segments had few nerve fibers. The segmental variation in the vasomotor nerve supply clearly suggests that the intermediate segment has the most active contractility. An unusually rich innervation in the anastomosis, therefore, indicates the significance of the neurogenic mechanisms in the vasomotor control of the anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937746", "title": "Partial paralysis with d-tubocurarine and the ventilatory response to CO2: An example of respiratory sparing?", "content": "d-Tubocurarine (dTc) was administered intravenously to six healthy unanesthetized volunteers to assess the effects of partial paralysis on ventilatory response to CO2. Each subject received during a 40-minute period 0.2 mg/kg, consisting of five incremental doses at intervals 10 minutes apart. Isohypercapnia with PETCO2 6-7 torr above each subject's resting level was maintained throughout dTc administration. Ventilation at this level of stimulus was 23.8 +/- 1.1 1/min (mean +/- SE) before administration of dTc, about three times resting levels. Steady-state minute ventilation measured during the period 4-6 minutes after each dose of dTc failed to decrease significantly; the levels of ventilation were maintained principally by increased respiratory frequency, since tidal volumes declined significantly from an average of 1,550 ml to 1,050 ml (P less than 0.025). Changes in the slope of the CO2-response curve varied widely among subjects. Although the control slope of 2.65 +/- 0.76 1/min/torr (mean +/- SE) was reduced to 1.50 +/- 0.36 1/min/torr after partial curarization, the change was not significant (P greater than 0.10) Ventilation was maintained at a time when grip strength was 6 per cent of control, vital capacity was 52 per cent of control, and maximum static respiratory pressures were 35-40 per cent of control. Nevertheless, the results suggest significant impairment of vital respiratory functions such as coughing, deep breathing, and the ability to maintain a patent airway in the absence of endotracheal intubation.", "contents": "Partial paralysis with d-tubocurarine and the ventilatory response to CO2: An example of respiratory sparing? d-Tubocurarine (dTc) was administered intravenously to six healthy unanesthetized volunteers to assess the effects of partial paralysis on ventilatory response to CO2. Each subject received during a 40-minute period 0.2 mg/kg, consisting of five incremental doses at intervals 10 minutes apart. Isohypercapnia with PETCO2 6-7 torr above each subject's resting level was maintained throughout dTc administration. Ventilation at this level of stimulus was 23.8 +/- 1.1 1/min (mean +/- SE) before administration of dTc, about three times resting levels. Steady-state minute ventilation measured during the period 4-6 minutes after each dose of dTc failed to decrease significantly; the levels of ventilation were maintained principally by increased respiratory frequency, since tidal volumes declined significantly from an average of 1,550 ml to 1,050 ml (P less than 0.025). Changes in the slope of the CO2-response curve varied widely among subjects. Although the control slope of 2.65 +/- 0.76 1/min/torr (mean +/- SE) was reduced to 1.50 +/- 0.36 1/min/torr after partial curarization, the change was not significant (P greater than 0.10) Ventilation was maintained at a time when grip strength was 6 per cent of control, vital capacity was 52 per cent of control, and maximum static respiratory pressures were 35-40 per cent of control. Nevertheless, the results suggest significant impairment of vital respiratory functions such as coughing, deep breathing, and the ability to maintain a patent airway in the absence of endotracheal intubation."}
{"id": "PMID:937747", "title": "Incidence of respiratory allergy not increased after anesthesia in infancy.", "content": "A 12-year follow-up study of children who had had operations with general anesthesia in infancy and of nonhospitalized children of the same age showed almost identical incidences of respiratory allergy in the test and control groups. General anesthesia in infacy does not predispose to respiratory allergies in childhood.", "contents": "Incidence of respiratory allergy not increased after anesthesia in infancy. A 12-year follow-up study of children who had had operations with general anesthesia in infancy and of nonhospitalized children of the same age showed almost identical incidences of respiratory allergy in the test and control groups. General anesthesia in infacy does not predispose to respiratory allergies in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:937748", "title": "Pulmonary vasomotor tone during general anesthesia and deliberate hypotension in man.", "content": "Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to administration of pentolinium (0.3 mg/kg) were studied in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement during N2O-halothane anesthesia with PaCO2 maintained at 35-40 mm Hg. Measurements were made prior to induction of anesthesia; 20 minutes after induction; 45 minutes after induction but prior to pentolinium administration; 10, 20, and 60 minutes after administration of pentolinium; 15 minutes after AP recovered to within 10 per cent of baseline values. The reduction in AP produced by pentolinium was associated with significant decreases in both SVR and LVFP (estimated by measuring PA0 via a Swan-Ganz catheter). The profound and significant reductions in calculated PVR were more pronounced than those in SVR. Since PVR decreased in the face of reductions in both pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures despite a significant increase (at 10 minutes) or no change (at 20 and 60 minutes) in pulmonary blood flow, the results suggest an active decrease in pulmonary vascular tone, presumably due to autonomic inhibition by pentolinium. Both LVSWI and RVSWI decreased significantly following injection of pentolinium. HR X SAP, an indirect index of MV02, decreased significantly following an initial increase at 10 minutes. Presumably these effects of pentolinium were conspicuous because N2O-halothane anesthesia altered the baseline of pulmonary vascular tone.", "contents": "Pulmonary vasomotor tone during general anesthesia and deliberate hypotension in man. Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to administration of pentolinium (0.3 mg/kg) were studied in eight patients undergoing total hip replacement during N2O-halothane anesthesia with PaCO2 maintained at 35-40 mm Hg. Measurements were made prior to induction of anesthesia; 20 minutes after induction; 45 minutes after induction but prior to pentolinium administration; 10, 20, and 60 minutes after administration of pentolinium; 15 minutes after AP recovered to within 10 per cent of baseline values. The reduction in AP produced by pentolinium was associated with significant decreases in both SVR and LVFP (estimated by measuring PA0 via a Swan-Ganz catheter). The profound and significant reductions in calculated PVR were more pronounced than those in SVR. Since PVR decreased in the face of reductions in both pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures despite a significant increase (at 10 minutes) or no change (at 20 and 60 minutes) in pulmonary blood flow, the results suggest an active decrease in pulmonary vascular tone, presumably due to autonomic inhibition by pentolinium. Both LVSWI and RVSWI decreased significantly following injection of pentolinium. HR X SAP, an indirect index of MV02, decreased significantly following an initial increase at 10 minutes. Presumably these effects of pentolinium were conspicuous because N2O-halothane anesthesia altered the baseline of pulmonary vascular tone."}
{"id": "PMID:937749", "title": "Halothane and calcium interaction in isolated pregnant and postpartum rat myometrium.", "content": "Isolated strips of mid-pregnant and postpartum rat myometrium were rendered functionally Ca2+-free by exposure to a Ca2+-free modified Krebs-bicarbonate solution containing 1 mM EGTA. The muscle strips were then exposed to 2.25 mM Ca2+ for periods of 15 to 600 seconds for the mid-pregnant tissues and one 120-second period for the postpartum tissues. At the end of each exposure, Ca2+ was removed and simultaneously each muscle was depolarized with 125 mM K2SO4. Isometric tension changes in the muscles were measured with and without 0.5 per cent halothane. In the mid-pregnant muscles, halothane diminished the initial tension development in response to Ca2+ by approximately 50 per cent, regardless of the duration of Ca2+ exposure. The contractile response of these muscles to depolarization with K2SO4 was reduced 10 per cent by 0.5 per cent halothane; this was probably due to reduction in transmembrane influx of Ca2+. In the postpartum muscles, the initial tension development in response to Ca2+ was threefold greater than in mid-pregnant muscles and was reduced 25 per cent by halothane. These tissues failed to develop by any tension in response to K2SO4. The most likely explanation for the effect of halothane is that it reduces the transmembrane influx of Ca2+ in both types of tissues, but that the postpartum sarcoplasmic reticulum present less competition for intracellular Ca2+ than pregnant sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Halothane and calcium interaction in isolated pregnant and postpartum rat myometrium. Isolated strips of mid-pregnant and postpartum rat myometrium were rendered functionally Ca2+-free by exposure to a Ca2+-free modified Krebs-bicarbonate solution containing 1 mM EGTA. The muscle strips were then exposed to 2.25 mM Ca2+ for periods of 15 to 600 seconds for the mid-pregnant tissues and one 120-second period for the postpartum tissues. At the end of each exposure, Ca2+ was removed and simultaneously each muscle was depolarized with 125 mM K2SO4. Isometric tension changes in the muscles were measured with and without 0.5 per cent halothane. In the mid-pregnant muscles, halothane diminished the initial tension development in response to Ca2+ by approximately 50 per cent, regardless of the duration of Ca2+ exposure. The contractile response of these muscles to depolarization with K2SO4 was reduced 10 per cent by 0.5 per cent halothane; this was probably due to reduction in transmembrane influx of Ca2+. In the postpartum muscles, the initial tension development in response to Ca2+ was threefold greater than in mid-pregnant muscles and was reduced 25 per cent by halothane. These tissues failed to develop by any tension in response to K2SO4. The most likely explanation for the effect of halothane is that it reduces the transmembrane influx of Ca2+ in both types of tissues, but that the postpartum sarcoplasmic reticulum present less competition for intracellular Ca2+ than pregnant sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:937750", "title": "Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following epidural and intercostal nerve blocks.", "content": "Arterial and peripheral venous plasma levels of bupivacaine were determined in 30 patients following epidural anesthesia using 150 and 225 mg, as well as following intercostal nerve block with 400 mg. Arterial levels were consistently higher than levels in simultaneously sampled venous blood, and the highest levels occurred with bilateral intercostal nerve block. No evidence of systemic toxicity was observed. The results suggest that bupivacaine may have a wider margin of safety in man than is now stated.", "contents": "Arterial and venous plasma levels of bupivacaine following epidural and intercostal nerve blocks. Arterial and peripheral venous plasma levels of bupivacaine were determined in 30 patients following epidural anesthesia using 150 and 225 mg, as well as following intercostal nerve block with 400 mg. Arterial levels were consistently higher than levels in simultaneously sampled venous blood, and the highest levels occurred with bilateral intercostal nerve block. No evidence of systemic toxicity was observed. The results suggest that bupivacaine may have a wider margin of safety in man than is now stated."}
{"id": "PMID:937751", "title": "Peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of calcium.", "content": "Peripheral vascular and direct cardiac effects of calcium chloride were determined in a new animal model, the unanesthetized calf, before and after replacement of its natural heart (NH) with a pneumatically driven artificial heart (AH). Calcium (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly increased cardiac output (Qt) and reduced systemic vascular resistance (SVR) before and after AH implantation. Increases in Qt in AH calves and reductions in SVR in both NH and AH calves were, however, transient, being present 5 minutes but not 15 minutes after both doses of calcium. Increases in Qt and reductions in SVR were significantly (P less than .05) greater after 10 mg/kg than after 5 mg/kg calcium in NH and AH calves. Both doses of calcium produced greater (P less than .05) increases of Qt in NH than in AH animals but similar reductions in SVR. Pulmonary vascular resitance, heart rate and pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures were not significantly altered by either dose of calcium in NH or AH calves. Mean aortic pressure was influenced by 10 mg/kg calcium only, being transiently reduced in AH calves and increased in NH animals. Pulmonary shunt (QS/Qt) was increased by both doses of calcium in NH calves but only by 10 mg/kg in AH animals. Correlations of mean change in QS/Qt with mean change in Qt were high both before (r=.99) and after (r=.97) AH implantation. These data demonstrate that calcium significantly reduces SVR in a dose-related manner as well as exerting a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium.", "contents": "Peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of calcium. Peripheral vascular and direct cardiac effects of calcium chloride were determined in a new animal model, the unanesthetized calf, before and after replacement of its natural heart (NH) with a pneumatically driven artificial heart (AH). Calcium (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly increased cardiac output (Qt) and reduced systemic vascular resistance (SVR) before and after AH implantation. Increases in Qt in AH calves and reductions in SVR in both NH and AH calves were, however, transient, being present 5 minutes but not 15 minutes after both doses of calcium. Increases in Qt and reductions in SVR were significantly (P less than .05) greater after 10 mg/kg than after 5 mg/kg calcium in NH and AH calves. Both doses of calcium produced greater (P less than .05) increases of Qt in NH than in AH animals but similar reductions in SVR. Pulmonary vascular resitance, heart rate and pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures were not significantly altered by either dose of calcium in NH or AH calves. Mean aortic pressure was influenced by 10 mg/kg calcium only, being transiently reduced in AH calves and increased in NH animals. Pulmonary shunt (QS/Qt) was increased by both doses of calcium in NH calves but only by 10 mg/kg in AH animals. Correlations of mean change in QS/Qt with mean change in Qt were high both before (r=.99) and after (r=.97) AH implantation. These data demonstrate that calcium significantly reduces SVR in a dose-related manner as well as exerting a positive inotropic effect on the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:937752", "title": "Halothane depresses mucociliary flow in the trachea.", "content": "Tracheal mucociliary flow rates in dogs were measured with a radioactive droplet technique during thiopental anesthesia, and subseqently during halothane anesthesia. Body temperature and inspired gas temperature and humidity were held constant. Ventilation was controlled with 25 per cent oxygen in nitrogen to produce PaCO2 30 torr. Mucociliary flow rate remained constant when halothane concentration was held constant at 1.2 MAC halothane. Mucociliary flow rates at 0.6 MAC halothane were comparable to those after thiopental, 25 mg/kg. Increases in concentration from 0.6 to 1.2 to 1.8 to 2.4 MAC halothane progressively depressed mucociliary flow. Flow at 2.4 MAC halothane was 27 per cent of the control (thiopental) value. Flow returned to previous values as end-tidal halothane concentration was reduced. The depression produced by halothane may represent impairment of an important pulmonary defense mechanism.", "contents": "Halothane depresses mucociliary flow in the trachea. Tracheal mucociliary flow rates in dogs were measured with a radioactive droplet technique during thiopental anesthesia, and subseqently during halothane anesthesia. Body temperature and inspired gas temperature and humidity were held constant. Ventilation was controlled with 25 per cent oxygen in nitrogen to produce PaCO2 30 torr. Mucociliary flow rate remained constant when halothane concentration was held constant at 1.2 MAC halothane. Mucociliary flow rates at 0.6 MAC halothane were comparable to those after thiopental, 25 mg/kg. Increases in concentration from 0.6 to 1.2 to 1.8 to 2.4 MAC halothane progressively depressed mucociliary flow. Flow at 2.4 MAC halothane was 27 per cent of the control (thiopental) value. Flow returned to previous values as end-tidal halothane concentration was reduced. The depression produced by halothane may represent impairment of an important pulmonary defense mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:937753", "title": "Anesthetics and cerebral edema.", "content": "Localized edema follows the freezing of a small area of cerebral cortex. Effects of five subsequent hours of anesthesia on this edema were studied in six groups of six dogs each. Six anesthetic techniques were studied. In six additional \"awake\" dogs, anesthesia (halothane) was discontinued immediately after the lesion was made. Eight control dogs received neither anesthesia nor cryogenic injury. Control white matter contained 67.4 +/- .4 (mean +/- SE) per cent water by weight. Twenty-four hous after the cryogenic injury, water accounted for the following percentages of total weight of white matter adjacent to the lesion: 60 mg/kg pentobarbital, 73.2 +/-.9; 70 per cent N2O/Innovar, 73.6 +/- .9; \"awake\", 77.9 +/- .9; 1.95 per cent enflurane, 78.2 +/- .9; 1.33 per cent isoflurane, 78.6 +/- .8; 0.86 per cent halothane, 78.2 +/- .6; 1.89 per cent halothane, 79.7 +/- .6. Peak intracranial pressures (ICP) were 15.4 +/- 1.3 torr with pentobarbital, 21.6 +/- 1.8 torr with N2O/Innovar, and 31.1 +/- 2.6 to 38.3 +/- 4.5 torr with the halogenated anesthetics. The water content of white matter and ICP were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in animals receiving pentobarbital or N2O/Innovar anesthesia than in animals receiving inhalation anesthetics. The authors conclude that pentobarbital and fentanyl-droperidol (Innovar) limit the extent of cerebral edema, but that inhaled anesthetics do not.", "contents": "Anesthetics and cerebral edema. Localized edema follows the freezing of a small area of cerebral cortex. Effects of five subsequent hours of anesthesia on this edema were studied in six groups of six dogs each. Six anesthetic techniques were studied. In six additional \"awake\" dogs, anesthesia (halothane) was discontinued immediately after the lesion was made. Eight control dogs received neither anesthesia nor cryogenic injury. Control white matter contained 67.4 +/- .4 (mean +/- SE) per cent water by weight. Twenty-four hous after the cryogenic injury, water accounted for the following percentages of total weight of white matter adjacent to the lesion: 60 mg/kg pentobarbital, 73.2 +/-.9; 70 per cent N2O/Innovar, 73.6 +/- .9; \"awake\", 77.9 +/- .9; 1.95 per cent enflurane, 78.2 +/- .9; 1.33 per cent isoflurane, 78.6 +/- .8; 0.86 per cent halothane, 78.2 +/- .6; 1.89 per cent halothane, 79.7 +/- .6. Peak intracranial pressures (ICP) were 15.4 +/- 1.3 torr with pentobarbital, 21.6 +/- 1.8 torr with N2O/Innovar, and 31.1 +/- 2.6 to 38.3 +/- 4.5 torr with the halogenated anesthetics. The water content of white matter and ICP were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in animals receiving pentobarbital or N2O/Innovar anesthesia than in animals receiving inhalation anesthetics. The authors conclude that pentobarbital and fentanyl-droperidol (Innovar) limit the extent of cerebral edema, but that inhaled anesthetics do not."}
{"id": "PMID:937754", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory changes in response to change of posture in the very obese.", "content": "Circulatory and respiratory effects of change of posture from sitting to supine were studied in 11 obese patients scheduled for gastric bypass operations. Patients were studied on the morning of operation before any medication was given. Average weight was 138.8 kg, 108.6 per cent above ideal weight. Change of posture from sitting to supine was associated with 11 per cent increase in oxygen consumption (VO2), 35.5 per cent increase in cardiac output (CO), 35.8 per cent increase in cardiac index, 17.85 per cent decrease in arteriovenous oxygen difference, 31 per cent increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, 44 per cent increase in pulmonary-artery wedge pressure, 21.5 per cent decrease in peripheral resistance (PR), 6 per cent decrease in heart rate, and 17.7 per cent increase in venous admixture (QS/Qt). All these changes were significant. There was no change in mean arterial pressure, alveolo-arterial O2 difference and respiratory rate. The increase in CO was attributed to reduction in PR and to increased V02 probably due to increased work of breathing.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory changes in response to change of posture in the very obese. Circulatory and respiratory effects of change of posture from sitting to supine were studied in 11 obese patients scheduled for gastric bypass operations. Patients were studied on the morning of operation before any medication was given. Average weight was 138.8 kg, 108.6 per cent above ideal weight. Change of posture from sitting to supine was associated with 11 per cent increase in oxygen consumption (VO2), 35.5 per cent increase in cardiac output (CO), 35.8 per cent increase in cardiac index, 17.85 per cent decrease in arteriovenous oxygen difference, 31 per cent increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, 44 per cent increase in pulmonary-artery wedge pressure, 21.5 per cent decrease in peripheral resistance (PR), 6 per cent decrease in heart rate, and 17.7 per cent increase in venous admixture (QS/Qt). All these changes were significant. There was no change in mean arterial pressure, alveolo-arterial O2 difference and respiratory rate. The increase in CO was attributed to reduction in PR and to increased V02 probably due to increased work of breathing."}
{"id": "PMID:937756", "title": "Clindamycin enhances a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "Neuromuscular blockades induced by clindamycin alone and with d-tubocurarine or pancuronium were examined in the in-vitro guinea pig lumbrical muscle-nerve preparation. Clindamycin, 80-240 mug/ml, initially increased twitch tension. With higher concentrations (180-240 mug/ml) twitch tension subsequently decreased. With 15 to 20 per cent depression of twitch tension by clindamycin, neostigmine (5-20 ng/ml) or calcium (81 mug/ml) slightly but not completely antagonized the blockade. Clindamycin, 40 mug/ml, a dose that did not depress twitch tension, potentiated d-tubocurarine- or pancuronium-induced neuromuscular bloackade. Plasma concentrations of clindamycin of 10-40 mug/ml were recommended for treating serious infections. The authors conclude that the administration of clindamycin may augment nondepolarizing blockade in man, and antagonism by neostigmine and calcium may be incomplete.", "contents": "Clindamycin enhances a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Neuromuscular blockades induced by clindamycin alone and with d-tubocurarine or pancuronium were examined in the in-vitro guinea pig lumbrical muscle-nerve preparation. Clindamycin, 80-240 mug/ml, initially increased twitch tension. With higher concentrations (180-240 mug/ml) twitch tension subsequently decreased. With 15 to 20 per cent depression of twitch tension by clindamycin, neostigmine (5-20 ng/ml) or calcium (81 mug/ml) slightly but not completely antagonized the blockade. Clindamycin, 40 mug/ml, a dose that did not depress twitch tension, potentiated d-tubocurarine- or pancuronium-induced neuromuscular bloackade. Plasma concentrations of clindamycin of 10-40 mug/ml were recommended for treating serious infections. The authors conclude that the administration of clindamycin may augment nondepolarizing blockade in man, and antagonism by neostigmine and calcium may be incomplete."}
{"id": "PMID:937766", "title": "An analysis of sandbathing and grooming in the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami).", "content": "The sandbathing and grooming behaviour of ten kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) were recorded on sand and woodchip substrates after periods of 0, 1, 5 and 10 days without sand. Sandbathing is restricted to the sandy substrate. Grooming occurs on both, but with a higher frequency on sand. Increases in both grooming and sandbathing occur with increasing sand deprivation, but the temporal patterning does not change. D. merriami tends to alternate sandbathing components in contrast to other Dipodomys species. Lipid on the pelage increases noticeably with sand deprivation and decreases during a sandbathing bout; sand appears to be removed from the pelage by shaking and grooming. These findings suggest a three-process system for care of the body surface.", "contents": "An analysis of sandbathing and grooming in the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami). The sandbathing and grooming behaviour of ten kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) were recorded on sand and woodchip substrates after periods of 0, 1, 5 and 10 days without sand. Sandbathing is restricted to the sandy substrate. Grooming occurs on both, but with a higher frequency on sand. Increases in both grooming and sandbathing occur with increasing sand deprivation, but the temporal patterning does not change. D. merriami tends to alternate sandbathing components in contrast to other Dipodomys species. Lipid on the pelage increases noticeably with sand deprivation and decreases during a sandbathing bout; sand appears to be removed from the pelage by shaking and grooming. These findings suggest a three-process system for care of the body surface."}
{"id": "PMID:937767", "title": "Effect of the post-weaning environment on the climbing behaviour of wild and domestic Norway rats.", "content": "The climbing behaviour of wild and domestic Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) was compared after early rearing in three post-weaning environments offering different climbing experiences. Wild rats climbed in the test apparatus even when denied early climbing experience; male domestic rats did not. Early climbing experience increased the climbing scores of both stocks but influenced the climbing proficiency of wild rats only. Treatment differences in climbing behaviour may be related to specific motor experiences gained during development and the effect of early experience on the response to a novel environment (test apparatus). Stock differences in climbing behaviour may reflect a general reduction in motor activity among domestic rats and their reduced sensitivity to stimulus change or novelty.", "contents": "Effect of the post-weaning environment on the climbing behaviour of wild and domestic Norway rats. The climbing behaviour of wild and domestic Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) was compared after early rearing in three post-weaning environments offering different climbing experiences. Wild rats climbed in the test apparatus even when denied early climbing experience; male domestic rats did not. Early climbing experience increased the climbing scores of both stocks but influenced the climbing proficiency of wild rats only. Treatment differences in climbing behaviour may be related to specific motor experiences gained during development and the effect of early experience on the response to a novel environment (test apparatus). Stock differences in climbing behaviour may reflect a general reduction in motor activity among domestic rats and their reduced sensitivity to stimulus change or novelty."}
{"id": "PMID:937768", "title": "The effects of vision on the general locomotor behaviour of the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "Comparison of the locomotor behaviour of normal, unilaterally and bilaterally blinded goldfish (Carassius auratus) demonstrated the roles of perspective vision (depth perception), which requires binocular vision, and of vision provided by only one eye, in the control of locomotion. Because normal and bilaterally blinded fish exhibited similar size and direction of angles of turn, a similar number of consecutive turns in the same direction and the same turning frequency, normal, binocular vision plays no role in the control of turning behaviour. Unilaterally blinded fish exhibited a strong bias in turning behaviour which resulted in their displaying circus movements toward the blinded side, a direction opposite to that reported by others for both invertebrates and vertebrates with unilateral sensory elimination. The mean step length was significantly increased by both uni-and bilateral blinding, and its temporal relationship with turning frequency and distance swum was also changed. Perspective vision (binocular) therefore controls these parameters. The significantly lower velocity of bilaterally blinded fish and the similarity between the other two test groups, indicated that sight by one eye only was sufficient to mediate velocity control.", "contents": "The effects of vision on the general locomotor behaviour of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comparison of the locomotor behaviour of normal, unilaterally and bilaterally blinded goldfish (Carassius auratus) demonstrated the roles of perspective vision (depth perception), which requires binocular vision, and of vision provided by only one eye, in the control of locomotion. Because normal and bilaterally blinded fish exhibited similar size and direction of angles of turn, a similar number of consecutive turns in the same direction and the same turning frequency, normal, binocular vision plays no role in the control of turning behaviour. Unilaterally blinded fish exhibited a strong bias in turning behaviour which resulted in their displaying circus movements toward the blinded side, a direction opposite to that reported by others for both invertebrates and vertebrates with unilateral sensory elimination. The mean step length was significantly increased by both uni-and bilateral blinding, and its temporal relationship with turning frequency and distance swum was also changed. Perspective vision (binocular) therefore controls these parameters. The significantly lower velocity of bilaterally blinded fish and the similarity between the other two test groups, indicated that sight by one eye only was sufficient to mediate velocity control."}
{"id": "PMID:937769", "title": "Prolonged interval immunotherapy of Hymenoptera sting allergy.", "content": "Sixty-six patients receiving hyposensitizing allergy injections for hymenoptera sting allergy had the interval between these injections prolonged to eight weeks or longer. Thirty of these patients received 67 subsequent stings without difficulty. The author concludes that this method of treatment is an effective safe method of managing insect sting allergy.", "contents": "Prolonged interval immunotherapy of Hymenoptera sting allergy. Sixty-six patients receiving hyposensitizing allergy injections for hymenoptera sting allergy had the interval between these injections prolonged to eight weeks or longer. Thirty of these patients received 67 subsequent stings without difficulty. The author concludes that this method of treatment is an effective safe method of managing insect sting allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:937770", "title": "Congenital lymphangiectasia and atopy.", "content": "Intestinal lymphangiectasia, a disease characterized by excessive intestinal protein loss, asymmetrical peripheral edema, ascites, immunologic deficiencies, lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, imparied lymphocyte transformation, gastrointestinal symptoms and retarded growth, is the result of abnormal, distorted and obstructed lymph channels, causing rupture of intestinal lacteals from back-flow of lymph, with leakage of nutrient-laden lymph into the lumen of the bowel. A case of congenital intestinal lymphagiectasia is described, with the additional problems of allergic asthma, rhinitis, eczema and lactase deficiency. This patient, an 11-year-old child, was greatly benefited by proper allergy management (elimination diet, hyposensitization) plus restriction of fats and supplementing the diet with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT).", "contents": "Congenital lymphangiectasia and atopy. Intestinal lymphangiectasia, a disease characterized by excessive intestinal protein loss, asymmetrical peripheral edema, ascites, immunologic deficiencies, lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, imparied lymphocyte transformation, gastrointestinal symptoms and retarded growth, is the result of abnormal, distorted and obstructed lymph channels, causing rupture of intestinal lacteals from back-flow of lymph, with leakage of nutrient-laden lymph into the lumen of the bowel. A case of congenital intestinal lymphagiectasia is described, with the additional problems of allergic asthma, rhinitis, eczema and lactase deficiency. This patient, an 11-year-old child, was greatly benefited by proper allergy management (elimination diet, hyposensitization) plus restriction of fats and supplementing the diet with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)."}
{"id": "PMID:937771", "title": "The atopen: a rehabilitation.", "content": "Consideration of the physicochemical and biological properties of the common inhalant, food and nematode allergens has led the author to propose reintroduction of the term atopen. Atopens are nonspecific activators of physiological enzyme systems in man and are indicators of the atopic status. Allergens are considered to be those substances, not necessarily immunogenic by themselves, capable of deliberately directing the immune response into IgE production. Ongoing IgE synthesis may eventually produce IgE antibodies reacting with nonallergenic antigens.", "contents": "The atopen: a rehabilitation. Consideration of the physicochemical and biological properties of the common inhalant, food and nematode allergens has led the author to propose reintroduction of the term atopen. Atopens are nonspecific activators of physiological enzyme systems in man and are indicators of the atopic status. Allergens are considered to be those substances, not necessarily immunogenic by themselves, capable of deliberately directing the immune response into IgE production. Ongoing IgE synthesis may eventually produce IgE antibodies reacting with nonallergenic antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:937784", "title": "Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) investigations in dairy cattle: challenge of immunity after vaccination.", "content": "The immunity of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows vaccinated against Coxiella burnetii was challenged with 4 X 10(8) infective guinea pig doses of viable rickettsiae. Cows that were vaccinated had normal full-term calves, whereas 2 nonvaccinated cows aborted late in pregnancy. Intrauterine infection of the fetus was indicated by recovery of the organism from tissues of the fetus. Coxiella burnetii was recovered from milk, colostrum, and placenta of vaccinated and nonvaccinated cows after challenge inoculation, but the rickettsiae recovered were as many as 1,000 times more numerous in nonvacinated cows.", "contents": "Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) investigations in dairy cattle: challenge of immunity after vaccination. The immunity of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows vaccinated against Coxiella burnetii was challenged with 4 X 10(8) infective guinea pig doses of viable rickettsiae. Cows that were vaccinated had normal full-term calves, whereas 2 nonvaccinated cows aborted late in pregnancy. Intrauterine infection of the fetus was indicated by recovery of the organism from tissues of the fetus. Coxiella burnetii was recovered from milk, colostrum, and placenta of vaccinated and nonvaccinated cows after challenge inoculation, but the rickettsiae recovered were as many as 1,000 times more numerous in nonvacinated cows."}
{"id": "PMID:937785", "title": "Suppression and control of experimentally induced procine coccidiosis with chlortetracycline combination, buquinolate, and lincomycin hydrochloride.", "content": "Weaned pigs were divided into nonmedicated control and medicated principal groups and 3 days later were exposed to infective oocysts comprised of mixed species of swine origin. In separate experiments, a chlortetracycline combination (plus sulfamethazine and penicilin), buquinolate, or lincomycin was administered prophylactically to the principals, starting 3 days before they were exposed to infection, and then was evaluated for efficacy against the experimental exposures. Comparisons between control and principal groups were made on the basis of fecal oocyst counts, fecal consistencies, and body weight gains. On the basis of oocyst counts, both chlortetracycline combination and buquinolate minimized the development of coccidial populations in groups given medicated feed; nonmedicated controls discharged substantial numbers of oocysts. Lincomycin medication was not effective in pigs given 111 mg/kg of feed; it was effective at dose levels of 330 mg/kg of feed and at 22 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly. Medicated principals always gained more weight on the average than did their infected nonmedicated controls during the experiments. The data on oocyst production support the position that the 3 compounds can function as coccidiostats in swine.", "contents": "Suppression and control of experimentally induced procine coccidiosis with chlortetracycline combination, buquinolate, and lincomycin hydrochloride. Weaned pigs were divided into nonmedicated control and medicated principal groups and 3 days later were exposed to infective oocysts comprised of mixed species of swine origin. In separate experiments, a chlortetracycline combination (plus sulfamethazine and penicilin), buquinolate, or lincomycin was administered prophylactically to the principals, starting 3 days before they were exposed to infection, and then was evaluated for efficacy against the experimental exposures. Comparisons between control and principal groups were made on the basis of fecal oocyst counts, fecal consistencies, and body weight gains. On the basis of oocyst counts, both chlortetracycline combination and buquinolate minimized the development of coccidial populations in groups given medicated feed; nonmedicated controls discharged substantial numbers of oocysts. Lincomycin medication was not effective in pigs given 111 mg/kg of feed; it was effective at dose levels of 330 mg/kg of feed and at 22 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly. Medicated principals always gained more weight on the average than did their infected nonmedicated controls during the experiments. The data on oocyst production support the position that the 3 compounds can function as coccidiostats in swine."}
{"id": "PMID:937786", "title": "Oxalate (Halogeton) poisoning of sheep: certain physiopathologic changes.", "content": "Certain clinical changes associated with acute oxalate (halogeton) poisoning were determined in sheep given (by stomach tube into the rumen) a lethal dose of Halogeton glomeratus. Plasma concentrations of calcium and calcium ion activity decreased over several hours to such low levels that tetany or coma occurred and death followed. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of calcium did not reflect the degree of hypocalcemia. In 2 pregnant sheep administered halogeton, the plasma concentration of calcium in the fetus did not decrease despite the appearance of severe maternal hypocalcemia. Increases in plasma total inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentrations occurred as the hypocalcemia progressed. Hyperglycemia was often marked as hypocalcemia became severe; however, as hyperglycemia increased, plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations remained inappropriately low in relation to the plasma concentration of glucose. Intravenous infusion of a calcium solution at this time was associated with marked increase in immunoreactive insulin concentration and a decrease in glucose concentration. Ruminal activity, as measured by frequency and amplitude of contractions of the rumen, was greatly reduced as hypocalcemia progressed. Seemingly, body temperature became lowered as severity of the hypocalcemia progressed. Seemingly, body temperature became lowered as severity of the hypocalcemia increased, as determined by intramuscularly or intraperitoneally implanted temperature telemetry devices. However, the occurrence of tetany and the fleece covering could either modify or reverse this decrease in body temperature.", "contents": "Oxalate (Halogeton) poisoning of sheep: certain physiopathologic changes. Certain clinical changes associated with acute oxalate (halogeton) poisoning were determined in sheep given (by stomach tube into the rumen) a lethal dose of Halogeton glomeratus. Plasma concentrations of calcium and calcium ion activity decreased over several hours to such low levels that tetany or coma occurred and death followed. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of calcium did not reflect the degree of hypocalcemia. In 2 pregnant sheep administered halogeton, the plasma concentration of calcium in the fetus did not decrease despite the appearance of severe maternal hypocalcemia. Increases in plasma total inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentrations occurred as the hypocalcemia progressed. Hyperglycemia was often marked as hypocalcemia became severe; however, as hyperglycemia increased, plasma immunoreactive insulin concentrations remained inappropriately low in relation to the plasma concentration of glucose. Intravenous infusion of a calcium solution at this time was associated with marked increase in immunoreactive insulin concentration and a decrease in glucose concentration. Ruminal activity, as measured by frequency and amplitude of contractions of the rumen, was greatly reduced as hypocalcemia progressed. Seemingly, body temperature became lowered as severity of the hypocalcemia progressed. Seemingly, body temperature became lowered as severity of the hypocalcemia increased, as determined by intramuscularly or intraperitoneally implanted temperature telemetry devices. However, the occurrence of tetany and the fleece covering could either modify or reverse this decrease in body temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:937787", "title": "Induction of pulmonary edema and emphysema in goats by intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole.", "content": "The effects of intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) were determined in goats. The 3MI was given to 4 goats at the dose level of 0.3 g/kg of body weight, to 2 goats at 0.2 g/kg, and to 2 goats at 0.1 g/kg; 3 nontreated goats were used as controls. Clinical signs of acute progressive respiratory tract disease were seen in all treated goats. Goats given the largest dose of 3MI (0.3 g/kg) died between 5 and 11 hours after treatment; those given smaller doses (0.2 and 0.1 g/kg) died between 79 and 92 hours. Increased plasma concentrations of 3MI were detected in goats give 0.1 or 0.2 g/kg within 3 hours after administration. By 24 and 36 hours, the concentrations of 3MI in the plasma decreased to low or nondetectable amounts and remained low for the duration of the experiment. Clinical signs of respiratory distress in the goats progressed after 3MI had been cleared from the plasma. Diffuse pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were extensive in goats which died early in the course of the experimentally induced disease. In goats which died at later stages, the lungs were firm and had less watery transudate. Temporal variations in the nature of pulmonic changes were even more obvious by microscopic examination. Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant early change. Small foci of emphysema were apparently caused by overdistention of some clusters of alveoli. Marked septal thickening and proliferation of alveolar cells were the prominent changes in goats which died between 79 and 92 hours after treatment. Incubation of L-tryptophan with caprine ruminal fluid resulted in formation of indoleacetic acid, indole, and 3MI. Similar incubations did not convert indoleacetic acid to 3MI. Control incubations showed 3MI as a fermentation metabolite, indicating it exists in caprine ruminal fluid in vivo. Results demonstrated that goats are susceptible to intraruminal administration of 3MI. The transitory appearance of 3MI in the plasma associated with progressive respiratory tract disease was similar to observations in cattle give 3MI. Clinical signs and lesions seen at necropsy were qualitatively similar to those reported in cattle given tryptophan and indoleacetic acid.", "contents": "Induction of pulmonary edema and emphysema in goats by intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole. The effects of intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) were determined in goats. The 3MI was given to 4 goats at the dose level of 0.3 g/kg of body weight, to 2 goats at 0.2 g/kg, and to 2 goats at 0.1 g/kg; 3 nontreated goats were used as controls. Clinical signs of acute progressive respiratory tract disease were seen in all treated goats. Goats given the largest dose of 3MI (0.3 g/kg) died between 5 and 11 hours after treatment; those given smaller doses (0.2 and 0.1 g/kg) died between 79 and 92 hours. Increased plasma concentrations of 3MI were detected in goats give 0.1 or 0.2 g/kg within 3 hours after administration. By 24 and 36 hours, the concentrations of 3MI in the plasma decreased to low or nondetectable amounts and remained low for the duration of the experiment. Clinical signs of respiratory distress in the goats progressed after 3MI had been cleared from the plasma. Diffuse pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were extensive in goats which died early in the course of the experimentally induced disease. In goats which died at later stages, the lungs were firm and had less watery transudate. Temporal variations in the nature of pulmonic changes were even more obvious by microscopic examination. Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant early change. Small foci of emphysema were apparently caused by overdistention of some clusters of alveoli. Marked septal thickening and proliferation of alveolar cells were the prominent changes in goats which died between 79 and 92 hours after treatment. Incubation of L-tryptophan with caprine ruminal fluid resulted in formation of indoleacetic acid, indole, and 3MI. Similar incubations did not convert indoleacetic acid to 3MI. Control incubations showed 3MI as a fermentation metabolite, indicating it exists in caprine ruminal fluid in vivo. Results demonstrated that goats are susceptible to intraruminal administration of 3MI. The transitory appearance of 3MI in the plasma associated with progressive respiratory tract disease was similar to observations in cattle give 3MI. Clinical signs and lesions seen at necropsy were qualitatively similar to those reported in cattle given tryptophan and indoleacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:937788", "title": "Effects of angiotensin and prostaglandin A2 in perfused isolated kidneys of dogs.", "content": "Simultaneous recordings of pressure and flow were made from the renal artery in perfused isolate canine kidneys. The system was perturbated by the administration of angiotensin and prostaglandin A2. The data were recorded on frequency-modulated analog tape and converted to digital form, and a Fast Fourier Transform program was used to calculate input impedance. Changes in total renal volume and renal arterial pressure data were used to determine compliance values. in compliance were found, along with changes in both magnitude of impedance and phase angle, as a result of the perturbations introduced. Seemingly, renal vascular compliance has an important role in the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin and prostaglandin A2 in perfused isolated kidneys of dogs. Simultaneous recordings of pressure and flow were made from the renal artery in perfused isolate canine kidneys. The system was perturbated by the administration of angiotensin and prostaglandin A2. The data were recorded on frequency-modulated analog tape and converted to digital form, and a Fast Fourier Transform program was used to calculate input impedance. Changes in total renal volume and renal arterial pressure data were used to determine compliance values. in compliance were found, along with changes in both magnitude of impedance and phase angle, as a result of the perturbations introduced. Seemingly, renal vascular compliance has an important role in the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:937789", "title": "Detection of antiplatelet antibody in serum and on megakaryocytes of dogs with autoimmune thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Blood and bone marrow samples from 13 thrombocytopenic dogs were examined to determine whether immunologic thrombocytopenia existed. Antiplatelet antibody was detected in serum of 8 of the dogs by platelet factor 3 test or its modification. Moderate to strong immunofluorescence of megakaryocytes was noticed in bone marrow smears stained with rabbit anticanine globulin conjugated with fluorescin isothiocyanate. Negative results were obtained with serum and bone marrow samples collected from 6 of the dogs during therapy for autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Clinical and laboratory findings varied in individual patients with circulating antiplatelet antibodies. Thrombocytopenia was present in all the dogs, with platelet counts ranging from less than 3,000 to 20,000/mu1 of blood. Signs of bleeding in tissues and body cavities were present in all dogs, but anemia was evidenced in only 3 dogs. Differential leukocyte counts were variable. Morphologic abnormalities such as vacuolation and reduced or absence of granulation of the cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation were seen in some megakaryocytes.", "contents": "Detection of antiplatelet antibody in serum and on megakaryocytes of dogs with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Blood and bone marrow samples from 13 thrombocytopenic dogs were examined to determine whether immunologic thrombocytopenia existed. Antiplatelet antibody was detected in serum of 8 of the dogs by platelet factor 3 test or its modification. Moderate to strong immunofluorescence of megakaryocytes was noticed in bone marrow smears stained with rabbit anticanine globulin conjugated with fluorescin isothiocyanate. Negative results were obtained with serum and bone marrow samples collected from 6 of the dogs during therapy for autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Clinical and laboratory findings varied in individual patients with circulating antiplatelet antibodies. Thrombocytopenia was present in all the dogs, with platelet counts ranging from less than 3,000 to 20,000/mu1 of blood. Signs of bleeding in tissues and body cavities were present in all dogs, but anemia was evidenced in only 3 dogs. Differential leukocyte counts were variable. Morphologic abnormalities such as vacuolation and reduced or absence of granulation of the cytoplasm and nuclear fragmentation were seen in some megakaryocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:937790", "title": "Critical tests of anthelmintic activity of a paste formulation of thiabendazole in horses.", "content": "Critical tests of the activity on large strongyles, ascarids, mature pinworms, and bots were carried out in 11 horses intraorally treated with a paste formulation of thiabendazole. The dose level of 44 mg/kg was administered to 3 horses, and the dose level of 88 mg/kg to 8 horses. Removals of Strongylus vulgaris and mature Oxyuris equi were 100% at the 2 dose levels, and efficacy against Strongylus edentatus varied from 95 to 99% and 89 to 100% for the 44- and the 88-mg/kg dose levels, respectively. Strongylus equinus was completely removed from the 1 infected horse treated at the dose level of 88 mg/kg. Activity of the smaller dose against Parascaris equorum was 46%, and that of the larger dose varied from 32 to 100%. The drug was inactive on Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis.", "contents": "Critical tests of anthelmintic activity of a paste formulation of thiabendazole in horses. Critical tests of the activity on large strongyles, ascarids, mature pinworms, and bots were carried out in 11 horses intraorally treated with a paste formulation of thiabendazole. The dose level of 44 mg/kg was administered to 3 horses, and the dose level of 88 mg/kg to 8 horses. Removals of Strongylus vulgaris and mature Oxyuris equi were 100% at the 2 dose levels, and efficacy against Strongylus edentatus varied from 95 to 99% and 89 to 100% for the 44- and the 88-mg/kg dose levels, respectively. Strongylus equinus was completely removed from the 1 infected horse treated at the dose level of 88 mg/kg. Activity of the smaller dose against Parascaris equorum was 46%, and that of the larger dose varied from 32 to 100%. The drug was inactive on Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis."}
{"id": "PMID:937791", "title": "Efficacy of coumaphos crumbles and naftalofos boluses against nematodes of cattle.", "content": "Coumaphos crumbles (0.32%) administered to cattle at the dose level of 2 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight each day for 6 days reduced fecal egg counts by 98.4%. The compound was highly efficacious in removing adult worms of the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, and Trichuris, removing 99.8, 86.7, 95.9, 99.8, 74.8, and 90.9% of the worms, respectively. The overall efficacy of coumaphos crumbles against the adult forms of the 6 genera was 91.3%. Naftalofos boluses administered to cattle at the dose level of 50 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight reduced fecal egg counts by 83.5%. The efficacies against adult nematodes were as follows: Haemonchus, 99.8%; Ostertagia, 86.9%; Trichostrongylus, 74.0%; Cooperia, 71.9%; Oesophagostomum, 40.1%; and Trichuris, 87.9%. The overall efficacy of naftalofos boluses against the nematodes was 76.8%.", "contents": "Efficacy of coumaphos crumbles and naftalofos boluses against nematodes of cattle. Coumaphos crumbles (0.32%) administered to cattle at the dose level of 2 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight each day for 6 days reduced fecal egg counts by 98.4%. The compound was highly efficacious in removing adult worms of the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, and Trichuris, removing 99.8, 86.7, 95.9, 99.8, 74.8, and 90.9% of the worms, respectively. The overall efficacy of coumaphos crumbles against the adult forms of the 6 genera was 91.3%. Naftalofos boluses administered to cattle at the dose level of 50 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight reduced fecal egg counts by 83.5%. The efficacies against adult nematodes were as follows: Haemonchus, 99.8%; Ostertagia, 86.9%; Trichostrongylus, 74.0%; Cooperia, 71.9%; Oesophagostomum, 40.1%; and Trichuris, 87.9%. The overall efficacy of naftalofos boluses against the nematodes was 76.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:937792", "title": "Effects of sewage sludge-fertilized corn fed to growing swine.", "content": "Swine (2 groups) fed a ration containing 79% corn from sewage sludge-fertilized plots for 8 weeks may have had a modest performance advantage over swine fed corn from plots heavily fertilized with commercial nitrogen. Sludge-fertilized corn feeding-related deviations from population normals for electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, clinical chemistry, or histopathology were not observed; however, swine fed sludge-fertilized corn differed significantly from the control swine for certain physiologic and biological characteristics, indicating possible interference with glucose metabolism and microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity. Control swine had mild microcytic anemia associated with parasitism, but swine in the principal groups were less adversely affected, probably due to higher iron intake. Corn heavily fertilized with sewage sludge from an urban-industrial complex can be safely fed to swine, based on these results, but it might be advantageous to feed on a short-term or intermittent schedule. Residues of heavy metals in the animal products must be examined.", "contents": "Effects of sewage sludge-fertilized corn fed to growing swine. Swine (2 groups) fed a ration containing 79% corn from sewage sludge-fertilized plots for 8 weeks may have had a modest performance advantage over swine fed corn from plots heavily fertilized with commercial nitrogen. Sludge-fertilized corn feeding-related deviations from population normals for electroencephalograms, electrocardiograms, clinical chemistry, or histopathology were not observed; however, swine fed sludge-fertilized corn differed significantly from the control swine for certain physiologic and biological characteristics, indicating possible interference with glucose metabolism and microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity. Control swine had mild microcytic anemia associated with parasitism, but swine in the principal groups were less adversely affected, probably due to higher iron intake. Corn heavily fertilized with sewage sludge from an urban-industrial complex can be safely fed to swine, based on these results, but it might be advantageous to feed on a short-term or intermittent schedule. Residues of heavy metals in the animal products must be examined."}
{"id": "PMID:937793", "title": "Systolic time intervals for left and right ventricles of swine.", "content": "Because swine are used often in cardiovascular research, and because systolic time intervals (durations of preejection and ejection) are useful in evaluating the ventricular function in health and disease and the effects of drugs on ventricular function, systolic time intervals for left and right ventricles were obtained from 12 healthy anesthetized shoats. Catheter-tip micromamonmeters were placed just distal to the semilunar valves, and pressure pulses from these positions in the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk were simultaneously recorded with an electrocardiograph at paper speed of 200 mm/second on a photographic oscillograph. Equations of regression relating preejection period (PEP) and ejection time (ET) for the left ventricle (L) to heart rate (HR) are as follows: PEPL = 53 + 0.56 HR ETL = 329 -- 0.94 HR Systolic time intervals for the right ventricle did not relate to heart rate.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals for left and right ventricles of swine. Because swine are used often in cardiovascular research, and because systolic time intervals (durations of preejection and ejection) are useful in evaluating the ventricular function in health and disease and the effects of drugs on ventricular function, systolic time intervals for left and right ventricles were obtained from 12 healthy anesthetized shoats. Catheter-tip micromamonmeters were placed just distal to the semilunar valves, and pressure pulses from these positions in the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk were simultaneously recorded with an electrocardiograph at paper speed of 200 mm/second on a photographic oscillograph. Equations of regression relating preejection period (PEP) and ejection time (ET) for the left ventricle (L) to heart rate (HR) are as follows: PEPL = 53 + 0.56 HR ETL = 329 -- 0.94 HR Systolic time intervals for the right ventricle did not relate to heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:937794", "title": "Replication of feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus in cell and organ cultures.", "content": "Virus titers from feline herpesvirus-infected feline tracheal organ cultures were higher than those from feline kidney cell cultures. The time for the development of peak viral yields was longer in organ culture as compared to cell cultures. Feline tracheal organ cultures infected with feline calicivirus produced minimal viral titers.", "contents": "Replication of feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus in cell and organ cultures. Virus titers from feline herpesvirus-infected feline tracheal organ cultures were higher than those from feline kidney cell cultures. The time for the development of peak viral yields was longer in organ culture as compared to cell cultures. Feline tracheal organ cultures infected with feline calicivirus produced minimal viral titers."}
{"id": "PMID:937795", "title": "Failure of vaccines to protect salmon from vibriosis enzootic in Puget Sound, Washington.", "content": "Juvenile chinook salmon in fresh water were vaccinated either orally or parenterally with heat- or formalin-killed bacterins prepared with Vibrio anguillarum. Subsequent exposure to naturally occuring vibriosis in the marine waters of Puget Sound (Washington State) indicated that no protection resulted. It was demonstrated, however, that protection could be achieved with the passive transfer of immune serum.", "contents": "Failure of vaccines to protect salmon from vibriosis enzootic in Puget Sound, Washington. Juvenile chinook salmon in fresh water were vaccinated either orally or parenterally with heat- or formalin-killed bacterins prepared with Vibrio anguillarum. Subsequent exposure to naturally occuring vibriosis in the marine waters of Puget Sound (Washington State) indicated that no protection resulted. It was demonstrated, however, that protection could be achieved with the passive transfer of immune serum."}
{"id": "PMID:937796", "title": "A comparison of cholinesterase activity of plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid of sheep, calves, dogs, swine, and rabbits.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase activity was determined in 5 species of domestic animals. Suitable samples of cerebrospinal fluid could be obtained repeatedly from sheep, calves, and dogs without killing, but not from pigs and rabbits. The cholinesterase activity among erythrocytes, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid of these species was also compared statistically.", "contents": "A comparison of cholinesterase activity of plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid of sheep, calves, dogs, swine, and rabbits. Cerebrospinal fluid cholinesterase activity was determined in 5 species of domestic animals. Suitable samples of cerebrospinal fluid could be obtained repeatedly from sheep, calves, and dogs without killing, but not from pigs and rabbits. The cholinesterase activity among erythrocytes, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid of these species was also compared statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:937797", "title": "Physiologic characteristics of 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida.", "content": "Results of 29 physiologic tests are reported for 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from various hosts over a 10-year period. Of the cultures, 97 to 100% fermented galactose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, fructose, and sucrose, produced hydrogen sulfide and indole, and reduced nitrate; 6 to 91% fermented arabinose, glycerol, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose. Fermentation of dextrin, dulcitol, inositol, inulin, lactose, maltose, raffinose, rhamnose, and salicin, growth on MacConkey agar, change of litmus milk, production of urease and hemolysin, liquefaction of gelatin and motility were negative with 97 to 100% of the cultures. Of 200 cultures tested for catalase and oxidase, all were positive. Results of this study indicate that none of these tests will determine the host from which the culture was isolated.", "contents": "Physiologic characteristics of 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida. Results of 29 physiologic tests are reported for 1,268 cultures of Pasteurella multocida from various hosts over a 10-year period. Of the cultures, 97 to 100% fermented galactose, glucose, mannitol, mannose, fructose, and sucrose, produced hydrogen sulfide and indole, and reduced nitrate; 6 to 91% fermented arabinose, glycerol, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose. Fermentation of dextrin, dulcitol, inositol, inulin, lactose, maltose, raffinose, rhamnose, and salicin, growth on MacConkey agar, change of litmus milk, production of urease and hemolysin, liquefaction of gelatin and motility were negative with 97 to 100% of the cultures. Of 200 cultures tested for catalase and oxidase, all were positive. Results of this study indicate that none of these tests will determine the host from which the culture was isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:937799", "title": "Ronidazole in high concentrations in drinking water for treatment and prevention of diarrhea in swine dysentery.", "content": "Ronidazole administered in the drinking water at concentrations of 0.012, 0.006, and 0.003% was effective for the treatment of swine dysentery. All groups of medicated swine had more survivors, fewer days of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic diarrhea, greater feed consumption, greater weight gain, and more favorable feed efficiency than did nonmedicated swine. The only adverse clinical sign and lesion observed in the medicated swine comprised the drug-delayed-augmented swine dysentery which affected 3 swine in a group given 0.003% ronidazole. Several of the swine given the 0.012% concentration developed nonhemorrhagic diarrhea while on medication, probably because of the high concentration of the drug. Diarrhea did not recur in swine after the withdrawal of medication in both of 2 groups given the 0.012% concentration, in 3 of 4 groups given the 0.006% concentration, or in 1 of 4 groups given the 0.003% concentration. One or more swine were susceptible to reexposure to swine dysentery in both groups given the 0.012% concentration, in 1 group given the 0.006% concentration and in 1 group given the 0.003% concentration. Large spirochetes were observed in fecal smears from all exposed swine which developed either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic diarrhea.", "contents": "Ronidazole in high concentrations in drinking water for treatment and prevention of diarrhea in swine dysentery. Ronidazole administered in the drinking water at concentrations of 0.012, 0.006, and 0.003% was effective for the treatment of swine dysentery. All groups of medicated swine had more survivors, fewer days of hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic diarrhea, greater feed consumption, greater weight gain, and more favorable feed efficiency than did nonmedicated swine. The only adverse clinical sign and lesion observed in the medicated swine comprised the drug-delayed-augmented swine dysentery which affected 3 swine in a group given 0.003% ronidazole. Several of the swine given the 0.012% concentration developed nonhemorrhagic diarrhea while on medication, probably because of the high concentration of the drug. Diarrhea did not recur in swine after the withdrawal of medication in both of 2 groups given the 0.012% concentration, in 3 of 4 groups given the 0.006% concentration, or in 1 of 4 groups given the 0.003% concentration. One or more swine were susceptible to reexposure to swine dysentery in both groups given the 0.012% concentration, in 1 group given the 0.006% concentration and in 1 group given the 0.003% concentration. Large spirochetes were observed in fecal smears from all exposed swine which developed either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:937800", "title": "Ronidazole in low concentrations in drinking water for treatment and development of immunity to swine dysentery.", "content": "The addition of ronidazole to the drinking water at the concentration of 0.003% was effective for the treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. Ronidazole at concentrations of 0.0015% and 0.00075% aided in the treatment of swine dysentery and the development of immunity to the disease. In experiment I, in which swine were given concentrations of 0.003, 0.0015, and 0.00075%, there were more survivors, fewer days of hemorrhagic diarrhea, greater feed and water consumption and body weight gain, and more favorable feed efficiency in the medicated swine than in the nonmedicated swine. With the 0.003% concentration, there were no deaths, and the diarrhea receded during or after treatment with the 0.0015% and 0.00075% concentrations, the incidence of nonhemorrhagic diarrhea was greater in medicated than in nonmedicated swine, and the diarrhea did not subside during treatment. In experimetn II, there were more survivors in the groups of swine medicated with the 0.0015% concentration than in the nonmedicated groups of swine. All surviving nonmedicated swine in experiment I were immune to reexposure 3 months after initial exposure. More swine given to the 0.0015% and 0.00075% concentrations in the same experiment were immune to reexposure 3 months after initial exposure than were the swine given the 0.003% concentration. In experiment II, neither the swine previously medicated with the 0.0015% concentration nor the nonmedicated swine were immune to reexposure 5 weeks after initial expsoure. Large spirochetes were observed in fecal smears from all exposed swine which developed either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic diarrhea.", "contents": "Ronidazole in low concentrations in drinking water for treatment and development of immunity to swine dysentery. The addition of ronidazole to the drinking water at the concentration of 0.003% was effective for the treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. Ronidazole at concentrations of 0.0015% and 0.00075% aided in the treatment of swine dysentery and the development of immunity to the disease. In experiment I, in which swine were given concentrations of 0.003, 0.0015, and 0.00075%, there were more survivors, fewer days of hemorrhagic diarrhea, greater feed and water consumption and body weight gain, and more favorable feed efficiency in the medicated swine than in the nonmedicated swine. With the 0.003% concentration, there were no deaths, and the diarrhea receded during or after treatment with the 0.0015% and 0.00075% concentrations, the incidence of nonhemorrhagic diarrhea was greater in medicated than in nonmedicated swine, and the diarrhea did not subside during treatment. In experimetn II, there were more survivors in the groups of swine medicated with the 0.0015% concentration than in the nonmedicated groups of swine. All surviving nonmedicated swine in experiment I were immune to reexposure 3 months after initial exposure. More swine given to the 0.0015% and 0.00075% concentrations in the same experiment were immune to reexposure 3 months after initial exposure than were the swine given the 0.003% concentration. In experiment II, neither the swine previously medicated with the 0.0015% concentration nor the nonmedicated swine were immune to reexposure 5 weeks after initial expsoure. Large spirochetes were observed in fecal smears from all exposed swine which developed either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:937801", "title": "Tuberculosis in brood sows and pigs slaughtered in Iowa.", "content": "Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 23 lymph nodes with lesions collected from 23 brood sows and from 17 lymph nodes with lesions of 17 pigs slaughtered at an abattoir in north central Iowa. Mycobacterium avium serotype 2 accounted for more than 65% of the isolations in sows and in pigs. Granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were found in 15 of 23 tissues from brood sows and in 13 of 17 lymph nodes from pigs. Similar microscopic lesions were observed in the sows and pigs.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in brood sows and pigs slaughtered in Iowa. Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 21 of 23 lymph nodes with lesions collected from 23 brood sows and from 17 lymph nodes with lesions of 17 pigs slaughtered at an abattoir in north central Iowa. Mycobacterium avium serotype 2 accounted for more than 65% of the isolations in sows and in pigs. Granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were found in 15 of 23 tissues from brood sows and in 13 of 17 lymph nodes from pigs. Similar microscopic lesions were observed in the sows and pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:937802", "title": "Taenia saginata cysticerci in muscles of beef cattle.", "content": "Minute dissection of carcasses infected with Taenia saginata cysts revealed that heart and masticatory muscles were more heavily and more frequently infected with Taenia saginata cysts than were any other muscle groups. Increasing the number of inspection cuts in the heart and masseter muscles, while omitting cuts in such sites as the diaphragm, during meat inspection would increase the efficiency in detecting beef cysticercosis. Complete dissection of cattle found to have a single viable or dead cyst by routine inspection revealed dead or viable cysts in portions of the carcass not routinely examined. These findings justify the recent change in routine meat inspection procedures whereby all carcasses with a single cyst (whether viable or dead) are now cooked or refrigerated, instead of having the offending cysts excised.", "contents": "Taenia saginata cysticerci in muscles of beef cattle. Minute dissection of carcasses infected with Taenia saginata cysts revealed that heart and masticatory muscles were more heavily and more frequently infected with Taenia saginata cysts than were any other muscle groups. Increasing the number of inspection cuts in the heart and masseter muscles, while omitting cuts in such sites as the diaphragm, during meat inspection would increase the efficiency in detecting beef cysticercosis. Complete dissection of cattle found to have a single viable or dead cyst by routine inspection revealed dead or viable cysts in portions of the carcass not routinely examined. These findings justify the recent change in routine meat inspection procedures whereby all carcasses with a single cyst (whether viable or dead) are now cooked or refrigerated, instead of having the offending cysts excised."}
{"id": "PMID:937803", "title": "Clinical, serologic, and pathologic changes in calves with experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection.", "content": "In 7 calves inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei and observed for 105 days, the minimal clinical signs were occasional lethargic periods associated with parasitemia. Rectal temperatures increased by postinoculation day (pid), 10, remained moderately high until PID 50 to 60, and then returned to base line. Moderate anemia occurred between PID 15 and 25. Slightly increased lymphocyte count with relative decrease in neutrophil count was found in 3 calves. Monocytosis of minimal degree occurred 14 days after parasitemia. Trypanosome counts of low level and irregular frequency were found throughout the infection. The average number of trypanosomes in blood was approximately 1,000/ml. Antibody titers, as determined by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method, appeared on PID 22 and stayed at moderate levels. The immunoglobulin M first increased at PID 5 and remained high (av 216% of base line value) throughout infection, but immunoglobulin G was never increased. Histopathologic study revealed proliferative changes in the lymph nodes and spleen characteristic of humoral antibody (B-cell) response. Mononuclear cell infiltration (lymphocytes and plasma cells), eosinophols, and edema were common in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, heart, brain, hypophysis, testes, kidney, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland, pancreas, and uterus.", "contents": "Clinical, serologic, and pathologic changes in calves with experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection. In 7 calves inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei and observed for 105 days, the minimal clinical signs were occasional lethargic periods associated with parasitemia. Rectal temperatures increased by postinoculation day (pid), 10, remained moderately high until PID 50 to 60, and then returned to base line. Moderate anemia occurred between PID 15 and 25. Slightly increased lymphocyte count with relative decrease in neutrophil count was found in 3 calves. Monocytosis of minimal degree occurred 14 days after parasitemia. Trypanosome counts of low level and irregular frequency were found throughout the infection. The average number of trypanosomes in blood was approximately 1,000/ml. Antibody titers, as determined by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method, appeared on PID 22 and stayed at moderate levels. The immunoglobulin M first increased at PID 5 and remained high (av 216% of base line value) throughout infection, but immunoglobulin G was never increased. Histopathologic study revealed proliferative changes in the lymph nodes and spleen characteristic of humoral antibody (B-cell) response. Mononuclear cell infiltration (lymphocytes and plasma cells), eosinophols, and edema were common in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, heart, brain, hypophysis, testes, kidney, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland, pancreas, and uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:937804", "title": "Bacteriologic and vaccination studies in a field epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves.", "content": "Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) was enzootic in the beef cattle herds at Dixon Springs Agricultural Center, University of Illinois. The development of nonhemolytic and hemolytic Moraxella bovis flora in the eyes of 48 calves in a closed cow-calf herd was monitored from late May to October, 1972. The incidence of clinical IBK was recorded each week. In late May, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 26% of calf eyes. The peak incidence of IBK was observed in early September, with 26% of the eyes affected. At that time, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 10% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from 58%. By late October, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 25% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from only 4%. In an attempt to increase the resistance of ocular tissue, 19 calves were vaccinated in each third eyelid with 0.5 ml of an autogenous M bovis bacterin in late May. Vaccination did not provide practical protection against the establishment of hemolytic M bovis in the eyes nor the development of clinical IBK. However, at the peak incidence of IBK, hemolytic M bovis was isolated from the eyes of 48% of vaccinated calves and 73% of nonvaccinated calves; clinical IBK was present in 21% of the eyes of vaccinated calves and 29% of nonvaccinated calves. In evaluating the in vitro proteolytic potential of M bovis isolates, 83 hemolytic and 5 nonhemolytic isolates peptonized litmus milk; 176 nonhemolytic isolates did not peptonize litmus milk. Hemolytic M bovis isolates were more pathogenic for mice than were nonhemolytic isolates. Of 60 mice, 53 (88%) died in 1 to 3 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of hemolytic isolates; 8 of 32 (25%) mice died in 5 to 15 hours after inoculation of nonhemolytic isolates. Hemolytic M bovis isolates produced testicular swelling and scrotal necrosis after inoculation into the scrotal sac of rabbits; nonhemolytic isolates produced only mild transient testicular swelling.", "contents": "Bacteriologic and vaccination studies in a field epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) was enzootic in the beef cattle herds at Dixon Springs Agricultural Center, University of Illinois. The development of nonhemolytic and hemolytic Moraxella bovis flora in the eyes of 48 calves in a closed cow-calf herd was monitored from late May to October, 1972. The incidence of clinical IBK was recorded each week. In late May, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 26% of calf eyes. The peak incidence of IBK was observed in early September, with 26% of the eyes affected. At that time, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 10% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from 58%. By late October, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 25% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from only 4%. In an attempt to increase the resistance of ocular tissue, 19 calves were vaccinated in each third eyelid with 0.5 ml of an autogenous M bovis bacterin in late May. Vaccination did not provide practical protection against the establishment of hemolytic M bovis in the eyes nor the development of clinical IBK. However, at the peak incidence of IBK, hemolytic M bovis was isolated from the eyes of 48% of vaccinated calves and 73% of nonvaccinated calves; clinical IBK was present in 21% of the eyes of vaccinated calves and 29% of nonvaccinated calves. In evaluating the in vitro proteolytic potential of M bovis isolates, 83 hemolytic and 5 nonhemolytic isolates peptonized litmus milk; 176 nonhemolytic isolates did not peptonize litmus milk. Hemolytic M bovis isolates were more pathogenic for mice than were nonhemolytic isolates. Of 60 mice, 53 (88%) died in 1 to 3 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of hemolytic isolates; 8 of 32 (25%) mice died in 5 to 15 hours after inoculation of nonhemolytic isolates. Hemolytic M bovis isolates produced testicular swelling and scrotal necrosis after inoculation into the scrotal sac of rabbits; nonhemolytic isolates produced only mild transient testicular swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:937805", "title": "Cardiopulmonary effects of mechanical distension of the rumen in nonanesthetized sheep.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary effects of mechanical distension of the rumen were studied in nonanesthetized sheep. Results in group I ewes indicated that simply increasing intraruminal pressure by compressed air insufflation did not seriously affect cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Changes were more serious in group II ewes when water injection was followed by ruminal insufflation with compressed air. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and total pulmonary resistance increased, with a concommitant increase in arterial and pulmonary blood pressure and decrease in stroke volume. Infusion of water alone increased heart rate and cardiac output. The blood gas data indicated a definite arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia, suggesting impaired ventilation during ruminal distension. The increase in total pulmonary resistance was thought to be due to alveolar hypoxia caused by a significant decrease in ventilation.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary effects of mechanical distension of the rumen in nonanesthetized sheep. The cardiopulmonary effects of mechanical distension of the rumen were studied in nonanesthetized sheep. Results in group I ewes indicated that simply increasing intraruminal pressure by compressed air insufflation did not seriously affect cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Changes were more serious in group II ewes when water injection was followed by ruminal insufflation with compressed air. Heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and total pulmonary resistance increased, with a concommitant increase in arterial and pulmonary blood pressure and decrease in stroke volume. Infusion of water alone increased heart rate and cardiac output. The blood gas data indicated a definite arterial hypoxemia and hypercapnia, suggesting impaired ventilation during ruminal distension. The increase in total pulmonary resistance was thought to be due to alveolar hypoxia caused by a significant decrease in ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:937806", "title": "Blood flow to the uterine tube (oviduct) of the early pregnant and pseudopregnant rabbit.", "content": "Blood flow to the uterus and uterine tube was measured in 46 rabbits in estrus and early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Uterine blood flow in estrus averaged 0.910 +/- 0.253 (SD) ml/g/minute and remained unchanged through postcoital day (PCD) 15. Blood flow to the uterine tube in estrus was 0.810 +/- 0.287 ml/g/minute. A peak blood flow of 1.323 +/- 0.424 ml/g/minute, was measured in the uterine tube on PCD 4, followed by a decrease of blood flow to estrous levels on PCD 8 to 15. The gross blood vasculature of the uterus uterine tube, and ovary was studied by intravascular silicone rubber injection in 17 rabbits. The architecture of the blood vascular system remained unchanged from estrus through early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. The differences were vascularization of the corpus luteum, vascular accommodation of uterine distension, and enlargement of the lateral arcuate vein which spans the uterotubal junction.", "contents": "Blood flow to the uterine tube (oviduct) of the early pregnant and pseudopregnant rabbit. Blood flow to the uterus and uterine tube was measured in 46 rabbits in estrus and early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Uterine blood flow in estrus averaged 0.910 +/- 0.253 (SD) ml/g/minute and remained unchanged through postcoital day (PCD) 15. Blood flow to the uterine tube in estrus was 0.810 +/- 0.287 ml/g/minute. A peak blood flow of 1.323 +/- 0.424 ml/g/minute, was measured in the uterine tube on PCD 4, followed by a decrease of blood flow to estrous levels on PCD 8 to 15. The gross blood vasculature of the uterus uterine tube, and ovary was studied by intravascular silicone rubber injection in 17 rabbits. The architecture of the blood vascular system remained unchanged from estrus through early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. The differences were vascularization of the corpus luteum, vascular accommodation of uterine distension, and enlargement of the lateral arcuate vein which spans the uterotubal junction."}
{"id": "PMID:937807", "title": "Effects of locoweed toxin on rats.", "content": "Rats fed pellets containing locoweed developed typical microscopic lesions of locoweed poisoning. Rats fed a water extract of locoweed or urine from sheep given locoweed also developed microscopic lesions. This indicated that the locoweed toxin is water soluble and is excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Effects of locoweed toxin on rats. Rats fed pellets containing locoweed developed typical microscopic lesions of locoweed poisoning. Rats fed a water extract of locoweed or urine from sheep given locoweed also developed microscopic lesions. This indicated that the locoweed toxin is water soluble and is excreted in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:937808", "title": "A unique intracellular aberration related to hexachlorobenzene ingestion.", "content": "Liver of rats fed hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 25 ppm for 3 to 12 months was studied by electron microscopy. A unique hepatic cellular change that seemed related to HCB ingestion occurred in more than half of the rats given 5 ppm or more HCB. The changes appeared as degeneration of lipid vesicles into a form of autophagic vacuole or storage vesicle. Degeneration of the lipid vesicles appeared to be by autodigestion, i.e., by endoplasmic reticulum encapsulation and partial digestion in the manner typical of other autophagic vacuoles. It is postulated that autodigestion may represent a way for the cell to eliminate fat-stored HCB.", "contents": "A unique intracellular aberration related to hexachlorobenzene ingestion. Liver of rats fed hexachlorobenzene (HCB) at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 25 ppm for 3 to 12 months was studied by electron microscopy. A unique hepatic cellular change that seemed related to HCB ingestion occurred in more than half of the rats given 5 ppm or more HCB. The changes appeared as degeneration of lipid vesicles into a form of autophagic vacuole or storage vesicle. Degeneration of the lipid vesicles appeared to be by autodigestion, i.e., by endoplasmic reticulum encapsulation and partial digestion in the manner typical of other autophagic vacuoles. It is postulated that autodigestion may represent a way for the cell to eliminate fat-stored HCB."}
{"id": "PMID:937809", "title": "Neoplasms of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses in domesticated animals as reported by 13 veterinary colleges.", "content": "Three hundred cases of primary neoplasms involving the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses were found among the reports of 12,300 microscopically confirmed neoplasms. The multispecies data were compiled from abstracts of medical records by 13 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada from 1964 to 1973. Significant numbers of neoplasms were observed in dogs, horses, and cats. Intranasal neoplasms were more frequent than those of the paranasal sinuses in dogs and cats. Only cats had a sex difference in the occurrence of nasal neoplasms, with a male predilection. The frequency of neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses increased with age in all species examined. A clear relationship could not be established between nose length and of intranasal neoplasms. Of the tumors, 80% were malignant in dogs, 68% in horses, and 91% in cats. Detailed review of medical records in a subset of 49 dogs with neoplasms of the nasal passage and paranasal sinuses revealed major clinical signs of nasal and ocular discharge, facial deformity, and stertorous breathing. Median duration of signs prior to diagnosis was 3 months and 95% of the dogs had been given treatment prior to definitive diagnosis. All 49 tumors were malignant; 27 were classified histologically as carcinomas and 22 were sarcomas. Nineteen dogs were treated, using surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy. Median survival duration was 5 months (mean 6.7 mo).", "contents": "Neoplasms of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses in domesticated animals as reported by 13 veterinary colleges. Three hundred cases of primary neoplasms involving the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses were found among the reports of 12,300 microscopically confirmed neoplasms. The multispecies data were compiled from abstracts of medical records by 13 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada from 1964 to 1973. Significant numbers of neoplasms were observed in dogs, horses, and cats. Intranasal neoplasms were more frequent than those of the paranasal sinuses in dogs and cats. Only cats had a sex difference in the occurrence of nasal neoplasms, with a male predilection. The frequency of neoplasms of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses increased with age in all species examined. A clear relationship could not be established between nose length and of intranasal neoplasms. Of the tumors, 80% were malignant in dogs, 68% in horses, and 91% in cats. Detailed review of medical records in a subset of 49 dogs with neoplasms of the nasal passage and paranasal sinuses revealed major clinical signs of nasal and ocular discharge, facial deformity, and stertorous breathing. Median duration of signs prior to diagnosis was 3 months and 95% of the dogs had been given treatment prior to definitive diagnosis. All 49 tumors were malignant; 27 were classified histologically as carcinomas and 22 were sarcomas. Nineteen dogs were treated, using surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy. Median survival duration was 5 months (mean 6.7 mo)."}
{"id": "PMID:937810", "title": "Effects of temperature and time on the infectivity of Cryogenically preserved samples of Anaplasma marginale- infected erythrocytes.", "content": "The effects of temperature (25 C) and time (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and 5, 13, and 19 days) were determined on thawed samples of Anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes cryogenically preserved with dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Inoculation into splenectomized calves indicated that infectivity was not destroyed by either time or temperature from 2 to 72 hours, but was destroyed at 96 hours. The incubation periods of the disease in inoculated splenectomized calves increased in proportion to the length of time the samples were held at 25C.", "contents": "Effects of temperature and time on the infectivity of Cryogenically preserved samples of Anaplasma marginale- infected erythrocytes. The effects of temperature (25 C) and time (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours and 5, 13, and 19 days) were determined on thawed samples of Anaplasma marginale-infected erythrocytes cryogenically preserved with dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Inoculation into splenectomized calves indicated that infectivity was not destroyed by either time or temperature from 2 to 72 hours, but was destroyed at 96 hours. The incubation periods of the disease in inoculated splenectomized calves increased in proportion to the length of time the samples were held at 25C."}
{"id": "PMID:937811", "title": "Mammalian toxicity of helenalin, the toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum CD (smallhead sneezeweed).", "content": "Studies with smallhead sneezeweed (Helenium microcephalum DC) indicated that a sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin, is the only significant toxic constituent present. The oral median lethal dose of helenalin for 5 mammalian species was between 85 and 105 mg/kg.", "contents": "Mammalian toxicity of helenalin, the toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum CD (smallhead sneezeweed). Studies with smallhead sneezeweed (Helenium microcephalum DC) indicated that a sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin, is the only significant toxic constituent present. The oral median lethal dose of helenalin for 5 mammalian species was between 85 and 105 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:937813", "title": "Small airways in fibrosing alveolitis.", "content": "Pulmonary function, including lung elastic recoil, was measured in 9 subjects with fibrosing alveolitis. Closing volume and upstream conductance were studied to assess small airway function. Lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and transfer coefficient were decreased. Peak expiratory flow and the ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity were normal, whereas total lung resistance was low, suggesting that large airways were not narrowed. Lung elastic recoil was increased, but the changes could be accounted for by the loss of lung volume. Closing volume and closing capacity were increased when expressed as a percentage of vital capacity and total lung capacity, respectively; but again, this could be accounted for by the decrease in lung volume, because the absolute lung volume at which airway closure occurred was normal. Upstream conductance was not reduced. We conclude that there is no evidence of narrowing of functional small airways in ventilated parts of the lung. The mechanical findings are compatible with the patchy involvement seen pathologically in fibrosing alveolitis.", "contents": "Small airways in fibrosing alveolitis. Pulmonary function, including lung elastic recoil, was measured in 9 subjects with fibrosing alveolitis. Closing volume and upstream conductance were studied to assess small airway function. Lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and transfer coefficient were decreased. Peak expiratory flow and the ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity were normal, whereas total lung resistance was low, suggesting that large airways were not narrowed. Lung elastic recoil was increased, but the changes could be accounted for by the loss of lung volume. Closing volume and closing capacity were increased when expressed as a percentage of vital capacity and total lung capacity, respectively; but again, this could be accounted for by the decrease in lung volume, because the absolute lung volume at which airway closure occurred was normal. Upstream conductance was not reduced. We conclude that there is no evidence of narrowing of functional small airways in ventilated parts of the lung. The mechanical findings are compatible with the patchy involvement seen pathologically in fibrosing alveolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:937814", "title": "Computerized, noninvasive tests of lung function. A flexible approach using mass spectrometry.", "content": "The design, operation, and some applications of a computerized pulmonary function testing system built around a mass spectrometer are described. The test sequence, performed in 10 to 20 min, includes spirometry, a single-breath N2 washout, and measurement of the diffusing capacity of the lung for CO. Secondary tests, an integral part of the sequence, include rebreathing estimates of lung volume and cardiac output, and a breath-by-breath analysis of over-all gas exchange. These secondary tests lead to computer modeling of a one-compartment lung closely matched to the subject's lungs. Differences between alveolar plateau slopes in the model and real lung provide information about the degree of ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the subject. It is expected that the combination of tests will be useful in the early detection of lung disease.", "contents": "Computerized, noninvasive tests of lung function. A flexible approach using mass spectrometry. The design, operation, and some applications of a computerized pulmonary function testing system built around a mass spectrometer are described. The test sequence, performed in 10 to 20 min, includes spirometry, a single-breath N2 washout, and measurement of the diffusing capacity of the lung for CO. Secondary tests, an integral part of the sequence, include rebreathing estimates of lung volume and cardiac output, and a breath-by-breath analysis of over-all gas exchange. These secondary tests lead to computer modeling of a one-compartment lung closely matched to the subject's lungs. Differences between alveolar plateau slopes in the model and real lung provide information about the degree of ventilation-perfusion mismatch in the subject. It is expected that the combination of tests will be useful in the early detection of lung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937815", "title": "Ear oximetry: accuracy and practicability in the assessment of arterial oxygenation.", "content": "The accuracy of three ear oximeters (Waters XP-350, Waters 0-1100, Hewlett-Packard 47201A) was evaluated on 52 subjects during acute progressive and steady-state hypoxia. Ear oximeter readings were compared with measured arterial saturation (SAO2) in arterial or \"arterialized\" capillary blood samples. Hewlett-Packard (HP) 47201A ear oximeter readings most closely approximated measured Sao2 (y=0.99x - 1.52, r=0.97), although both the HP 47201A and Waters 0-1100 oximeters provided similarly accurate estimates of SAO2 once the characteristics of the individual oximeters were known (standard error of estimate; 2.52 and 2.98 per cent SAO2, respectively). The HP 47201A ear oximeter was relatively insensitive to changes in ear-piece position and differences in skin pigmentation, and offered the added advantages of comfort, simplicity of operation, and stability of characteristics.", "contents": "Ear oximetry: accuracy and practicability in the assessment of arterial oxygenation. The accuracy of three ear oximeters (Waters XP-350, Waters 0-1100, Hewlett-Packard 47201A) was evaluated on 52 subjects during acute progressive and steady-state hypoxia. Ear oximeter readings were compared with measured arterial saturation (SAO2) in arterial or \"arterialized\" capillary blood samples. Hewlett-Packard (HP) 47201A ear oximeter readings most closely approximated measured Sao2 (y=0.99x - 1.52, r=0.97), although both the HP 47201A and Waters 0-1100 oximeters provided similarly accurate estimates of SAO2 once the characteristics of the individual oximeters were known (standard error of estimate; 2.52 and 2.98 per cent SAO2, respectively). The HP 47201A ear oximeter was relatively insensitive to changes in ear-piece position and differences in skin pigmentation, and offered the added advantages of comfort, simplicity of operation, and stability of characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:937816", "title": "Respiratory response to tobacco dust exposure.", "content": "Results of a study of the respiratory responses of 318 nonsmoking female workers to long-term tobacco dust exposure are reported. The mean total tobacco dust concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 27.5 mg per m3; the respirable fraction, from 0.3 to 3.6 mg per m3. The mean length of exposure to tobacco dust was 14.9 years; 24 per cent of the workers had been exposed to tobacco dust for 20 years or more. Comparatively low prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms were found, and only the prevalences of chest tightness and wheezing were significantly higher among workers exposed to tobacco dust than those of the control group (P less than 0.01). Calculating the expected 1-sec forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity values by means of multiple linear regression equations, developed on the basis of data obtained in the 210 control subjects, revealed no significant differences between the measured and expected ventilatory capacity values among any of the groups of the workers observed. In contrast to negative findings with regard to chronic respiratory effects, significant acute decreases in ventilatory capacity during the work shift were recorded. No dose-response relationship was found between the level of exposure and the acute decreases in ventilatory capacity.", "contents": "Respiratory response to tobacco dust exposure. Results of a study of the respiratory responses of 318 nonsmoking female workers to long-term tobacco dust exposure are reported. The mean total tobacco dust concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 27.5 mg per m3; the respirable fraction, from 0.3 to 3.6 mg per m3. The mean length of exposure to tobacco dust was 14.9 years; 24 per cent of the workers had been exposed to tobacco dust for 20 years or more. Comparatively low prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms were found, and only the prevalences of chest tightness and wheezing were significantly higher among workers exposed to tobacco dust than those of the control group (P less than 0.01). Calculating the expected 1-sec forced expiratory volume and forced vital capacity values by means of multiple linear regression equations, developed on the basis of data obtained in the 210 control subjects, revealed no significant differences between the measured and expected ventilatory capacity values among any of the groups of the workers observed. In contrast to negative findings with regard to chronic respiratory effects, significant acute decreases in ventilatory capacity during the work shift were recorded. No dose-response relationship was found between the level of exposure and the acute decreases in ventilatory capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:937817", "title": "Hemorrhagic hypotension and the lung: in vitro respiration.", "content": "We examined the O2 consumption and respiratory quotient of lung slices from rats whose mean blood pressure was decreased to approximately 40 mm Hg for 1 hour by hemorrhage and from control rats that were handled in the same manner but were not bled. The in vitro O2 consumption of lung slices from the hypotensive rats was lower than the O2 consumption of slices from control rats; exogenous glucose did not alter these differences. In the absence of exogenous glucose, the (mean +/- SE) respiratory quotient of lungs from control rats was 0.75 +/- 0.01; from hypotensive rats 0.78 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.05). Glucose increased the respiratory quotient of lung slices from control rats to 0.95 +/- 001 but increased the respiratory quotient of slices from hypotensive rats to only 0.86 +/- 0.01. We concluded that hemorrhagic hypotension decreases lung O2 consumption and alters substrate metabolism by the lung.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic hypotension and the lung: in vitro respiration. We examined the O2 consumption and respiratory quotient of lung slices from rats whose mean blood pressure was decreased to approximately 40 mm Hg for 1 hour by hemorrhage and from control rats that were handled in the same manner but were not bled. The in vitro O2 consumption of lung slices from the hypotensive rats was lower than the O2 consumption of slices from control rats; exogenous glucose did not alter these differences. In the absence of exogenous glucose, the (mean +/- SE) respiratory quotient of lungs from control rats was 0.75 +/- 0.01; from hypotensive rats 0.78 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.05). Glucose increased the respiratory quotient of lung slices from control rats to 0.95 +/- 001 but increased the respiratory quotient of slices from hypotensive rats to only 0.86 +/- 0.01. We concluded that hemorrhagic hypotension decreases lung O2 consumption and alters substrate metabolism by the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:937818", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two alpha1-protease inhibitors in rat serum.", "content": "Two alpha1-protease inhibitors were identified in rat serum. On polyacrylamide gels, one (R-I) appeared at the leading edge of the albumin, the other (R-2) at the trailing edge. The two inhibitors have differing molecular weights, differing inhibitory spectra toward proteases, and are immunologically distinct. The assays for antiprotease activity were performed on whole human and rat sera and inhibitor-enriched fractions of rat serum that had been electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The more rapidly migrating antiprotease of rat serum, R-I, inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. The more slowly migrating antiprotease, R-2, inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin but possessed only weak anti-elastase activity. When a comparison was made between human alpha1-antitrypsin and the more rapidly migrating rat inhibitor, it could be seen that they have similar molecular weights, similar inhibitory spectra, and similar electrophoretic mobilities. The relevance of the study of the R-I inhibitor in the pathogenesis of experimental emphysema is emphasized.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two alpha1-protease inhibitors in rat serum. Two alpha1-protease inhibitors were identified in rat serum. On polyacrylamide gels, one (R-I) appeared at the leading edge of the albumin, the other (R-2) at the trailing edge. The two inhibitors have differing molecular weights, differing inhibitory spectra toward proteases, and are immunologically distinct. The assays for antiprotease activity were performed on whole human and rat sera and inhibitor-enriched fractions of rat serum that had been electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The more rapidly migrating antiprotease of rat serum, R-I, inhibited trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. The more slowly migrating antiprotease, R-2, inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin but possessed only weak anti-elastase activity. When a comparison was made between human alpha1-antitrypsin and the more rapidly migrating rat inhibitor, it could be seen that they have similar molecular weights, similar inhibitory spectra, and similar electrophoretic mobilities. The relevance of the study of the R-I inhibitor in the pathogenesis of experimental emphysema is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:937819", "title": "Emphysema-like changes in the lungs of the blotchy mouse.", "content": "The Blotchy allele is one of several mutations at the Mottled locus on the mouse X-chromosome. Affected males and heterozygous females within the several allelic groups possess varying degrees of connective tissue abnormalities similar to those found in copper-deficient and lathyritic animals, including aortic aneurysms and reduced skin tensile strength. There is evidence that defective inter- and intramolecular cross-links in collagen and elastin account for these abnormalities. The lung of the Blotchy mouse is also structurally and functionally abnormal. Hemizygous males have larger total lung volumes, markedly increased mean linear intercepts, and diminished internal alveolar surface area when compared to normal control animals. Light microsbopy and  scanning electron microscopy show abnormal architecture with enlargement of air spaces and effacement of alveolar septa. Static air and saline pressure-volume curves show that lungs of Blotchy mice have decreased elastic recoil and are significantly more compliant than normal. These abnormalities in the lung of the Blotchy mouse suggest that the defects of the connective tissue proteins described in skin and aorta also involve the lung. The Blotchy strain may be a useful model in which to investigate how abnormalities of connective tissue proteins influence pulmonary structure and function.", "contents": "Emphysema-like changes in the lungs of the blotchy mouse. The Blotchy allele is one of several mutations at the Mottled locus on the mouse X-chromosome. Affected males and heterozygous females within the several allelic groups possess varying degrees of connective tissue abnormalities similar to those found in copper-deficient and lathyritic animals, including aortic aneurysms and reduced skin tensile strength. There is evidence that defective inter- and intramolecular cross-links in collagen and elastin account for these abnormalities. The lung of the Blotchy mouse is also structurally and functionally abnormal. Hemizygous males have larger total lung volumes, markedly increased mean linear intercepts, and diminished internal alveolar surface area when compared to normal control animals. Light microsbopy and  scanning electron microscopy show abnormal architecture with enlargement of air spaces and effacement of alveolar septa. Static air and saline pressure-volume curves show that lungs of Blotchy mice have decreased elastic recoil and are significantly more compliant than normal. These abnormalities in the lung of the Blotchy mouse suggest that the defects of the connective tissue proteins described in skin and aorta also involve the lung. The Blotchy strain may be a useful model in which to investigate how abnormalities of connective tissue proteins influence pulmonary structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:937820", "title": "Regeneration of rat tracheal epithelium after mechanical injury. II. Restoration of surface integrity during the early hours after injury.", "content": "Mechanical injury to ciliated and goblet cells of the rat tracheal epithelium results in sloughing of these cells. The basal cells of the pseudostratified epithelium remain. These cells, studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and en face light microscopy after silver staining, are rounded and separated from one another for the first 2 hours after injury. They become flat and are apposed to each other by 4 hours after injury, but inter-cellular junctions are not uniformly present until 6 hours after injury. By that time, early evidence of stratification of cells is observed, and lanthanum hydroxide, as a colloidal tracer placed in the tracheal lumen, is excluded from the spaces between cells. The changes are indicative of rapid restoration of barrier function after mild injury to the respiratory tract lining as a first step in the reparatve process.", "contents": "Regeneration of rat tracheal epithelium after mechanical injury. II. Restoration of surface integrity during the early hours after injury. Mechanical injury to ciliated and goblet cells of the rat tracheal epithelium results in sloughing of these cells. The basal cells of the pseudostratified epithelium remain. These cells, studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and en face light microscopy after silver staining, are rounded and separated from one another for the first 2 hours after injury. They become flat and are apposed to each other by 4 hours after injury, but inter-cellular junctions are not uniformly present until 6 hours after injury. By that time, early evidence of stratification of cells is observed, and lanthanum hydroxide, as a colloidal tracer placed in the tracheal lumen, is excluded from the spaces between cells. The changes are indicative of rapid restoration of barrier function after mild injury to the respiratory tract lining as a first step in the reparatve process."}
{"id": "PMID:937821", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the lungs of vitamin E-deficient rats exposed to a low concentration of ozone.", "content": "The acute effects of a low concentration of ozone on the surface morphologic features of the conducting airways and alveoli were studied by scannging electron microscopy. Rats were exposed to approximately 0.3 ppm of ozone for 3 hours daily for as many as 16 consecutive days. Animals were killed at intervals of time, and their lungs were processed. Throughout the airways, cilia were seen to be swollen, showing hemispheric extrusions and considerable surface roughness. Groups of severely injured cilia had a tendency to adhere to each other. Small, round bodies were frequently noted, mainly in the large airways and the proximal bronchioles, in some areas thickly covering the airway epithelial surface. In addition, the luminal surfaces of the epithelium of the regions were often covered with a pseudomembrane. The surfaces of protruding nonciliated cells (Clara cells) showed many small swellings and discrete, round bodies. These changes were most marked in the terminal airways. The surfaces of alveolar ducts and alveolar walls showed scattered areas of cytoplasmic swelling and attachment of round bodies throughout the parenchyma. The findings described were more prominent in vitamin E-deficient rats than in rats fed a diet supplemented with vitamin E, suggesting an antioxidant effect of the vitamin.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the lungs of vitamin E-deficient rats exposed to a low concentration of ozone. The acute effects of a low concentration of ozone on the surface morphologic features of the conducting airways and alveoli were studied by scannging electron microscopy. Rats were exposed to approximately 0.3 ppm of ozone for 3 hours daily for as many as 16 consecutive days. Animals were killed at intervals of time, and their lungs were processed. Throughout the airways, cilia were seen to be swollen, showing hemispheric extrusions and considerable surface roughness. Groups of severely injured cilia had a tendency to adhere to each other. Small, round bodies were frequently noted, mainly in the large airways and the proximal bronchioles, in some areas thickly covering the airway epithelial surface. In addition, the luminal surfaces of the epithelium of the regions were often covered with a pseudomembrane. The surfaces of protruding nonciliated cells (Clara cells) showed many small swellings and discrete, round bodies. These changes were most marked in the terminal airways. The surfaces of alveolar ducts and alveolar walls showed scattered areas of cytoplasmic swelling and attachment of round bodies throughout the parenchyma. The findings described were more prominent in vitamin E-deficient rats than in rats fed a diet supplemented with vitamin E, suggesting an antioxidant effect of the vitamin."}
{"id": "PMID:937822", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema: long-term evaluation of surgically and conservatively treated children.", "content": "The clinical conditions, roentgenographic findings, and pulmonary function tests of 6 children (mean age, 10.9 years) with surgically treated congenital lobar emphysema (group 1) were compared with those of 5 children (mean age, 10.3 years) with congenital lobar emphysema who had been treated conservatively, i.e., nonsurgically (group 2). At the time of this study, patients in both groups were asymptomatic. Patients in group 1 were surgically treated because of severe respiratory distress in the newborn period, with the exception of one patient, who was eupneic as a newborn and was not operated on until the age of 9 years. Patients in group 2 were eupneic or mildly distressed in the neonatal period and received only conservative treatment. Two patients in group 1 had occasional wheezing and labored breathing, but no patient in group 2 had recurrent respiratory distress. Roentgenographically, at the time of the study, patients in group 1 had generalized overinflation, whereas those in group 2 had only localized overinflation of the involved lobe and minimal compression of remaining lung tissue. Pulmonary function studies in both groups were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05). Both groups had reduced forced vital capacities, large trapped gas volumes, and reduced forced expiratory flows at low lung volumes. Reductions in forced vital capacity were proportional to the unventilated volumes of lung either excised because of congenital lobar emphysema (group 1) or chronically obstructed by congenital lobar emphysema (group 2). These studies suggest that lung growth was not different in these 2 groups and that asymptomatic or midly symptomatic patients do not benefit from surgical treatment.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema: long-term evaluation of surgically and conservatively treated children. The clinical conditions, roentgenographic findings, and pulmonary function tests of 6 children (mean age, 10.9 years) with surgically treated congenital lobar emphysema (group 1) were compared with those of 5 children (mean age, 10.3 years) with congenital lobar emphysema who had been treated conservatively, i.e., nonsurgically (group 2). At the time of this study, patients in both groups were asymptomatic. Patients in group 1 were surgically treated because of severe respiratory distress in the newborn period, with the exception of one patient, who was eupneic as a newborn and was not operated on until the age of 9 years. Patients in group 2 were eupneic or mildly distressed in the neonatal period and received only conservative treatment. Two patients in group 1 had occasional wheezing and labored breathing, but no patient in group 2 had recurrent respiratory distress. Roentgenographically, at the time of the study, patients in group 1 had generalized overinflation, whereas those in group 2 had only localized overinflation of the involved lobe and minimal compression of remaining lung tissue. Pulmonary function studies in both groups were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05). Both groups had reduced forced vital capacities, large trapped gas volumes, and reduced forced expiratory flows at low lung volumes. Reductions in forced vital capacity were proportional to the unventilated volumes of lung either excised because of congenital lobar emphysema (group 1) or chronically obstructed by congenital lobar emphysema (group 2). These studies suggest that lung growth was not different in these 2 groups and that asymptomatic or midly symptomatic patients do not benefit from surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:937823", "title": "Oxygen consumption by rat lung after in vivo hyperoxia.", "content": "We studied the influence of 48 and 96 hours of in vivo hyperoxia (O2 greater than 98 per cent) on O2 consumption by rat lung slices. After 48 hours of hyperoxia, lung O2 consumption expressed per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid or per left lung decreased to approximately 70 per cent of that of lungs from rats exposed to compressed air. After 96 hours of hyperoxia, there was no difference in lung O2 consumption per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid between rats exposed to O2 and those exposed to air, but lung O2 consumption per left lung was higher in rats exposed to O2 than in those exposed to compressed air. Lung ribonucleic acid content and the ratio of ribonucleic acid to deoxyribonucleic acid were significantly increased after 96 hours of hyperoxia. We concluded that the rate of lung metabolism is altered after in vivo exposure to high PO2.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption by rat lung after in vivo hyperoxia. We studied the influence of 48 and 96 hours of in vivo hyperoxia (O2 greater than 98 per cent) on O2 consumption by rat lung slices. After 48 hours of hyperoxia, lung O2 consumption expressed per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid or per left lung decreased to approximately 70 per cent of that of lungs from rats exposed to compressed air. After 96 hours of hyperoxia, there was no difference in lung O2 consumption per mg of deoxyribonucleic acid between rats exposed to O2 and those exposed to air, but lung O2 consumption per left lung was higher in rats exposed to O2 than in those exposed to compressed air. Lung ribonucleic acid content and the ratio of ribonucleic acid to deoxyribonucleic acid were significantly increased after 96 hours of hyperoxia. We concluded that the rate of lung metabolism is altered after in vivo exposure to high PO2."}
{"id": "PMID:937827", "title": "Effect of modification of the smoking habit on lung function.", "content": "The effect of smoking cessation or modification on lung function was determined during a 48-week period. In a large number of the cigarette smokers, a disturbance of lung function was not revealed by conventional tests, such as the 1-sec forced expiratory volume; however, an abnormality was often demonstrable in tests that may reflect alterations in small airways, such as closing volume and Phase III of the single-breath expired N2 curve. There was no relation between the degree of abnormality of lung function and the presence of respiratory symptoms, but there appeared to be a relationship to lifetime smoking history, the heaviest smokers having the poorest function. Cessation, or more than 25 per cent decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked, was attened by improvement in the slope of Phase III of the N2 washout curve, closing volume, and closing capacity, as well as forced vital capacity, 1-sec forced expiratory volume, and peak flow. Resumption of smoking after cessation was attended by a deterioration in the slope of Phase III and closing capacity. The data suggest that the functional abnormalities in smokers are related to smoking and are at least partially reversible by cessation or significant modification of the smoking habit.", "contents": "Effect of modification of the smoking habit on lung function. The effect of smoking cessation or modification on lung function was determined during a 48-week period. In a large number of the cigarette smokers, a disturbance of lung function was not revealed by conventional tests, such as the 1-sec forced expiratory volume; however, an abnormality was often demonstrable in tests that may reflect alterations in small airways, such as closing volume and Phase III of the single-breath expired N2 curve. There was no relation between the degree of abnormality of lung function and the presence of respiratory symptoms, but there appeared to be a relationship to lifetime smoking history, the heaviest smokers having the poorest function. Cessation, or more than 25 per cent decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked, was attened by improvement in the slope of Phase III of the N2 washout curve, closing volume, and closing capacity, as well as forced vital capacity, 1-sec forced expiratory volume, and peak flow. Resumption of smoking after cessation was attended by a deterioration in the slope of Phase III and closing capacity. The data suggest that the functional abnormalities in smokers are related to smoking and are at least partially reversible by cessation or significant modification of the smoking habit."}
{"id": "PMID:937828", "title": "The effect of smoking cessation and modification on lung function.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to obtain more information about the effect on lung function of stopping smoking or of modifying the smoking habit and to determine the time course of change. We followed a group of 75 cigarette smokers who attended a smoking cessation clinic in May 1973, using a respiratory symptom questionnaire, spirometry, closing volumes, and the slope of the alveolar plateau of the single-breath nitrogen test. Subjects were tested before stopping smoking and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial testing. We found a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement in closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity and closing capacity as a percentage of total lung capacity at 6 and 12 months and in the slope of the alveolar plateau at 1, 6, and 12 months in those who stopped smoking. There was also a dramatic decrease in respiratory symptoms in those who stopped smoking, a moderate decrease in those who reduced their consumption by at least 25 per cent, and very little change in those who did not appreciably modify their smoking consumption.", "contents": "The effect of smoking cessation and modification on lung function. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information about the effect on lung function of stopping smoking or of modifying the smoking habit and to determine the time course of change. We followed a group of 75 cigarette smokers who attended a smoking cessation clinic in May 1973, using a respiratory symptom questionnaire, spirometry, closing volumes, and the slope of the alveolar plateau of the single-breath nitrogen test. Subjects were tested before stopping smoking and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the initial testing. We found a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement in closing volume as a percentage of vital capacity and closing capacity as a percentage of total lung capacity at 6 and 12 months and in the slope of the alveolar plateau at 1, 6, and 12 months in those who stopped smoking. There was also a dramatic decrease in respiratory symptoms in those who stopped smoking, a moderate decrease in those who reduced their consumption by at least 25 per cent, and very little change in those who did not appreciably modify their smoking consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:937829", "title": "Determination of lung volume by single- and multiple-breath nitrogen washout.", "content": "In 10 normal volunteers, total lung capacity determined from a single-breath N2 washout was not significantly different from that determined by body plethysmography. However, in patients who underwent clinical pulmonary function tests, total lung capacity was substantially underestimated by the single-breath N2 washout, compared with that determined by either body plethysmography or the 7-min open-circuit N2 washout method. The single-breath N2 washout underestimated total lung capcity in patients who had a normal slope of Phase III, and the error was even greater in patients who had steeper Phase III slopes or low maximal mid-expiratory flow values. Total lung capacity determined by 5 vital capacity breath N2 washout method was comparable to that determined by the 7-min N2 washout method, provided that expired N2 did not exceed 10 per cent during the fifth vital capcity maneuver. By extending the washout beyond 5 vital capacity maneuvers when necessary to achieve a peak expired N2 of less than 10 per cent, a mean total lung capacity within 1 per cent of that determined by the 7-min washout method was obtained. The multiple vital capacity maneuver was well tolerated by patients and saved considerable time.", "contents": "Determination of lung volume by single- and multiple-breath nitrogen washout. In 10 normal volunteers, total lung capacity determined from a single-breath N2 washout was not significantly different from that determined by body plethysmography. However, in patients who underwent clinical pulmonary function tests, total lung capacity was substantially underestimated by the single-breath N2 washout, compared with that determined by either body plethysmography or the 7-min open-circuit N2 washout method. The single-breath N2 washout underestimated total lung capcity in patients who had a normal slope of Phase III, and the error was even greater in patients who had steeper Phase III slopes or low maximal mid-expiratory flow values. Total lung capacity determined by 5 vital capacity breath N2 washout method was comparable to that determined by the 7-min N2 washout method, provided that expired N2 did not exceed 10 per cent during the fifth vital capcity maneuver. By extending the washout beyond 5 vital capacity maneuvers when necessary to achieve a peak expired N2 of less than 10 per cent, a mean total lung capacity within 1 per cent of that determined by the 7-min washout method was obtained. The multiple vital capacity maneuver was well tolerated by patients and saved considerable time."}
{"id": "PMID:937830", "title": "The morphologic features of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "A 6-year semiquantitative clinicopathologic study revealed that among 196 men and 46 women 40 or more years of age at death, the severity of destructive emphysema was overwhelmingly the most important morphologic correlate of the clinical state of chronic airway obstruction. The pathogenic mechanisms whereby emphysema may lead to airway obstruction are probably multifactorial, but our data are consistent with a growing consensus that loss of small airway support by surrounding lung tissue in emphysema may cause kinking, tortuosity, and collapse of the airways, with subsequent increased airflow resistance and clinical obstruction. Pathologic changes (inflammation, fibrosis, increased goblet cells, and mucous gland enlargement) in large or small airways in the absence of much emphysema were very seldom associated with significant chronic airway obstruction, and correlated rather poorly with chronic airway obstruction, regardless of severity of emphysema. A subjective method of evaluating mucous gland enlargement in the large airways was consistently better than the Reid Index in correlations with clinical and anatomic abnormalities, presumably because it took all glands into consideration. The clinical features of subjects with severe centrilobular versus severe panlobular emphysema were essentially the same. \"Blue bloater\" and \"pink puffer\" clinical types of chronic airway obstruction continued to reveal differences in airway pathologic features, but no longer revealed a major difference in the severity of emphysema at the time of death. Presumably this was due, at least partially, to improved treatment, longer survival, and fusion into a similar end-stage. The total exposure to cigarette smoke was quantitatively related to clinical chronic airway obstruction and to both alveolar and airway pathologic features.", "contents": "The morphologic features of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study. A 6-year semiquantitative clinicopathologic study revealed that among 196 men and 46 women 40 or more years of age at death, the severity of destructive emphysema was overwhelmingly the most important morphologic correlate of the clinical state of chronic airway obstruction. The pathogenic mechanisms whereby emphysema may lead to airway obstruction are probably multifactorial, but our data are consistent with a growing consensus that loss of small airway support by surrounding lung tissue in emphysema may cause kinking, tortuosity, and collapse of the airways, with subsequent increased airflow resistance and clinical obstruction. Pathologic changes (inflammation, fibrosis, increased goblet cells, and mucous gland enlargement) in large or small airways in the absence of much emphysema were very seldom associated with significant chronic airway obstruction, and correlated rather poorly with chronic airway obstruction, regardless of severity of emphysema. A subjective method of evaluating mucous gland enlargement in the large airways was consistently better than the Reid Index in correlations with clinical and anatomic abnormalities, presumably because it took all glands into consideration. The clinical features of subjects with severe centrilobular versus severe panlobular emphysema were essentially the same. \"Blue bloater\" and \"pink puffer\" clinical types of chronic airway obstruction continued to reveal differences in airway pathologic features, but no longer revealed a major difference in the severity of emphysema at the time of death. Presumably this was due, at least partially, to improved treatment, longer survival, and fusion into a similar end-stage. The total exposure to cigarette smoke was quantitatively related to clinical chronic airway obstruction and to both alveolar and airway pathologic features."}
{"id": "PMID:937831", "title": "Probable familial congenital bronchiectasis due to cartilage deficiency (Williams-Campbell syndrome).", "content": "Two siblings in whom respiratory symptoms developed immediately after birth subsequently were found to have bronchiectasis with strikingly similar distribution of lesions (mainly lower lobes). Inspiratory and expiratory bronchograms performed on one of the siblings demonstrated marked ballooning and collapse of proximal bronchi during tidal breathing. The clinical courses and roentgenographic findings, in the absence of other underlying abnormalities, suggest that the basic disease process was the absence of bronchial cartilage (Williams-Campbell syndrome). This would be the first reported familial occurrence of this syndrome. The familial pattern and the neonatal onset of symptoms support the theory of a congenital basis for this variety of bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Probable familial congenital bronchiectasis due to cartilage deficiency (Williams-Campbell syndrome). Two siblings in whom respiratory symptoms developed immediately after birth subsequently were found to have bronchiectasis with strikingly similar distribution of lesions (mainly lower lobes). Inspiratory and expiratory bronchograms performed on one of the siblings demonstrated marked ballooning and collapse of proximal bronchi during tidal breathing. The clinical courses and roentgenographic findings, in the absence of other underlying abnormalities, suggest that the basic disease process was the absence of bronchial cartilage (Williams-Campbell syndrome). This would be the first reported familial occurrence of this syndrome. The familial pattern and the neonatal onset of symptoms support the theory of a congenital basis for this variety of bronchiectasis."}
{"id": "PMID:937832", "title": "Diaphragmatic changes in emphysema.", "content": "The diaphragms and lungs of 95 men were quantitatively examined at autopsy, and the following observations were made. The area of the whole diaphragm had a significant inverse correlation (r= -0.412, P less than 0.001) with the percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. Most of the reduction in the area of the whole diaphragm associated with advanced emphysema occured in the muscular portion; in contrast, the thickness of the diaphragm was not affected by percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. Neither body height nor postmortem lung volume had as close a relation to area of the whole diaphragm as did percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. The conclusion drawn from these observations is that the diaphragm area reduction associated with emphysema is related to altered thoracic shape, probably diaphragm flattening in particular, and is better described as contracture than as atrophy. It is speculated that these morphologic changes contribute to the altered diaphragmatic function characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and thereby to the ventilatory abnormalities seen in patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic changes in emphysema. The diaphragms and lungs of 95 men were quantitatively examined at autopsy, and the following observations were made. The area of the whole diaphragm had a significant inverse correlation (r= -0.412, P less than 0.001) with the percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. Most of the reduction in the area of the whole diaphragm associated with advanced emphysema occured in the muscular portion; in contrast, the thickness of the diaphragm was not affected by percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. Neither body height nor postmortem lung volume had as close a relation to area of the whole diaphragm as did percentage of the lung occupied by emphysematous lesions. The conclusion drawn from these observations is that the diaphragm area reduction associated with emphysema is related to altered thoracic shape, probably diaphragm flattening in particular, and is better described as contracture than as atrophy. It is speculated that these morphologic changes contribute to the altered diaphragmatic function characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and thereby to the ventilatory abnormalities seen in patients with this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:937833", "title": "Pulmonary effects of chronic exposure to airborne cadmium.", "content": "Workers chronically exposed to high concentrations of airborne cadmium showed a significantly decreased forced vital capacity relative to a low-exposure group and had Po2 values in the normal range, but at the extreme low end. They had no significant decrease in 1-sec forced expiratory volume or maximal mid-expiratory flow. Chest roentgenograms showed mild or moderate interstitial fibrosis in 29 per cent of the group exposed to cadmium. Collectively, these results suggest a mild fibrotic reaction associated with exposure to cadmium. A dose-response association was observed between forced vital capacity, expressed as per cent predicted, and both average urinary cadmium concentration (P less than 0.003; r=-0.53) and maximal urinary cadmium concentration (P less than 0.005; r=-0.51). Further, a dose-response relationship was found between the forced vital capacity and months of work in cadmium fume areas, but not for months of exposure to cadmium sulfate aerosol.", "contents": "Pulmonary effects of chronic exposure to airborne cadmium. Workers chronically exposed to high concentrations of airborne cadmium showed a significantly decreased forced vital capacity relative to a low-exposure group and had Po2 values in the normal range, but at the extreme low end. They had no significant decrease in 1-sec forced expiratory volume or maximal mid-expiratory flow. Chest roentgenograms showed mild or moderate interstitial fibrosis in 29 per cent of the group exposed to cadmium. Collectively, these results suggest a mild fibrotic reaction associated with exposure to cadmium. A dose-response association was observed between forced vital capacity, expressed as per cent predicted, and both average urinary cadmium concentration (P less than 0.003; r=-0.53) and maximal urinary cadmium concentration (P less than 0.005; r=-0.51). Further, a dose-response relationship was found between the forced vital capacity and months of work in cadmium fume areas, but not for months of exposure to cadmium sulfate aerosol."}
{"id": "PMID:937834", "title": "Detection of precipitating antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The technique of counterimmunoelectrophoresis was evaluated for its usefulness in the detection of precipitating antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum, designated h and m precipitin bands. Forty-four patients with active histoplasmosis had either m bands or both h and m bands. The h precipitin band occurred primarily in patients with disseminated disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or mediastinal lymphadenopathy of several months' duration; with resolution of the infection, this antibody disappeared. The m band appeared earlier in the course of histoplasmosis and persisted for months to years after resolution of the infection. Antibodies detected by counterimmunoeelectrophoresis were in the immunoglobin G class and were more specific for histoplasmosis than those detected by the complement fixation test. Only one false positive h band occurred in a total of 81 sera tested (specimens from 24 healthy control subjects and 57 patients with other diseases). Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was both more sensitive and quicker than immunodiffusion at detecting h and m antibodies. Combining this assay with standard complement fixation tests and fungal culture methods should lead to the accurate, rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Detection of precipitating antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The technique of counterimmunoelectrophoresis was evaluated for its usefulness in the detection of precipitating antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum, designated h and m precipitin bands. Forty-four patients with active histoplasmosis had either m bands or both h and m bands. The h precipitin band occurred primarily in patients with disseminated disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or mediastinal lymphadenopathy of several months' duration; with resolution of the infection, this antibody disappeared. The m band appeared earlier in the course of histoplasmosis and persisted for months to years after resolution of the infection. Antibodies detected by counterimmunoeelectrophoresis were in the immunoglobin G class and were more specific for histoplasmosis than those detected by the complement fixation test. Only one false positive h band occurred in a total of 81 sera tested (specimens from 24 healthy control subjects and 57 patients with other diseases). Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was both more sensitive and quicker than immunodiffusion at detecting h and m antibodies. Combining this assay with standard complement fixation tests and fungal culture methods should lead to the accurate, rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937835", "title": "Lipids found in pulmonary lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis and in rabbit lung lamellar organelles.", "content": "Lipids from the insoluble material obtained by pulmonary lavage of 6 patients with alveolar proteinosis and from lamellar organelles of normal rabbit lungs were isolated and characterized. In both types of samples, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was the predominant lipid. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and 2 glycolipids, GM3  and GL1 were also present in both types of preparations. Sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and lyso(bis)phosphatidic acid were found in the sedimented lavage material from humans but were not detected in lamellar organelles from rabbits. Significant quantities of neutral lipids were present in the lavage material, but only trace amounts, mainly as cholesterol and triglycerides, were detected in lamellar organelles. Phosphatidylcholine and the 2 glycolipids  contained mostly saturated fatty acids and essentially no polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidycholine, and phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, found only in the lavage, were also highly saturated. In addition to the fact that several phospholipids found in the lavage were not present in lamellar organelles, another striking difference between the lipids from these 2 sources was that phosphatidylglycerol of lamellar organelles contained predominantly palmitic acid, whereas the phosphatidylglycerol obtained by lavage of humans contained large amounts of stearic and oleic acids.", "contents": "Lipids found in pulmonary lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis and in rabbit lung lamellar organelles. Lipids from the insoluble material obtained by pulmonary lavage of 6 patients with alveolar proteinosis and from lamellar organelles of normal rabbit lungs were isolated and characterized. In both types of samples, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was the predominant lipid. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and 2 glycolipids, GM3  and GL1 were also present in both types of preparations. Sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and lyso(bis)phosphatidic acid were found in the sedimented lavage material from humans but were not detected in lamellar organelles from rabbits. Significant quantities of neutral lipids were present in the lavage material, but only trace amounts, mainly as cholesterol and triglycerides, were detected in lamellar organelles. Phosphatidylcholine and the 2 glycolipids  contained mostly saturated fatty acids and essentially no polyunsaturated fatty acids. Sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidycholine, and phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine, found only in the lavage, were also highly saturated. In addition to the fact that several phospholipids found in the lavage were not present in lamellar organelles, another striking difference between the lipids from these 2 sources was that phosphatidylglycerol of lamellar organelles contained predominantly palmitic acid, whereas the phosphatidylglycerol obtained by lavage of humans contained large amounts of stearic and oleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:937837", "title": "Infectiousness of laryngeal tuberculosis.", "content": "Two patients with laryngeal tuberculosis in the absence of extensive pulmonary tuberculosis are presented. In both, tuberculin testing of household members failed to show infectiousness of their disease. This contradicts the commonly held view that laryngeal tuberculosis is invariably highly infectious. The extent and activity of pulmonary disease probably determines the infectiousness of patients with laryngeal tuberculosis rather than the laryngeal lesion per se.", "contents": "Infectiousness of laryngeal tuberculosis. Two patients with laryngeal tuberculosis in the absence of extensive pulmonary tuberculosis are presented. In both, tuberculin testing of household members failed to show infectiousness of their disease. This contradicts the commonly held view that laryngeal tuberculosis is invariably highly infectious. The extent and activity of pulmonary disease probably determines the infectiousness of patients with laryngeal tuberculosis rather than the laryngeal lesion per se."}
{"id": "PMID:937839", "title": "Cellular and humoral bronchopulmonary immune response of rabbits immunized with thermophilic actinomyces antigen.", "content": "The immunologic events involved in the pathogenesis of human hypersensitivity pneumonitis are poorly understood. To delineate better the cellular and humoral bronchopulmonary response to host challenge with an important agent for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, an animal model was developed. Rabbits intratracheally inoculated with Micropolyspora faeni antigen developed histologic lesions resembling hypersensitivity pneumonitis in man, characterized by a mononuclear cell interstitial reaction and a marked increase in the number of intra-alveolar cells. This reaction was intense 8 days after immunization and progressively decreased in intensity, with complete resolution occurring, in some instances, by 3 weeks. The increased intra-alveolar cells were predominantly macrophages, but soon after immunization, greater numbers of lymphocytes and granulocytes were present. Associated with the intra-alveolar macrophage response was the appearance of \"activated\" macrophages, based on increased glucose oxidation and ultrastructural appearance. The immunized rabbits demonstrated Arthus-type skin reactions, as well as delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions after intradermal injection of M. faeni antigen. Alveolar macrophage migration was significantly inhibited in immunized rabbits in the presence of M. faeni antigen, suggesting that specifically sensitized lymphocytes were present in the free bronchoalveolar cell population. Intratracheal inoculation with M. faeni resulted in the production of anti-M. faeni-precipitating antibodies in the sera of all animals and in bronchoalveolar secretions in 15 of 16 inoculated rabbits. The concentrations of IgG and IgA in lung-wash fluid were significantly greater in immunized animals. In the immunized rabbits, the mononuclear cell response, positive M. faeni-induced direct migration inhibition factor assays, and delayed skin reactivity strongly suggested the presence of a delayed hypersensitivity component in disease pathogenesis. The presence of precipitating antibody and the increased concentrations of immunoglobulins were consistent with stimulation of the humoral immune system; however, the role of humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary lesions is less certain than that of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral bronchopulmonary immune response of rabbits immunized with thermophilic actinomyces antigen. The immunologic events involved in the pathogenesis of human hypersensitivity pneumonitis are poorly understood. To delineate better the cellular and humoral bronchopulmonary response to host challenge with an important agent for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, an animal model was developed. Rabbits intratracheally inoculated with Micropolyspora faeni antigen developed histologic lesions resembling hypersensitivity pneumonitis in man, characterized by a mononuclear cell interstitial reaction and a marked increase in the number of intra-alveolar cells. This reaction was intense 8 days after immunization and progressively decreased in intensity, with complete resolution occurring, in some instances, by 3 weeks. The increased intra-alveolar cells were predominantly macrophages, but soon after immunization, greater numbers of lymphocytes and granulocytes were present. Associated with the intra-alveolar macrophage response was the appearance of \"activated\" macrophages, based on increased glucose oxidation and ultrastructural appearance. The immunized rabbits demonstrated Arthus-type skin reactions, as well as delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions after intradermal injection of M. faeni antigen. Alveolar macrophage migration was significantly inhibited in immunized rabbits in the presence of M. faeni antigen, suggesting that specifically sensitized lymphocytes were present in the free bronchoalveolar cell population. Intratracheal inoculation with M. faeni resulted in the production of anti-M. faeni-precipitating antibodies in the sera of all animals and in bronchoalveolar secretions in 15 of 16 inoculated rabbits. The concentrations of IgG and IgA in lung-wash fluid were significantly greater in immunized animals. In the immunized rabbits, the mononuclear cell response, positive M. faeni-induced direct migration inhibition factor assays, and delayed skin reactivity strongly suggested the presence of a delayed hypersensitivity component in disease pathogenesis. The presence of precipitating antibody and the increased concentrations of immunoglobulins were consistent with stimulation of the humoral immune system; however, the role of humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary lesions is less certain than that of delayed hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:937840", "title": "Oxygen tension and the selective tropism of K-virus for mouse pulmonary endothelium.", "content": "This study focused on the unique nature of K-virus pneumonitis in suckling mice. This process, rather than being a conventional pneumonitis, is characterized by viral replication and cytopathic effects restricted exclusively to pulmonary endothelium. The selective viral attack on this air-blood interface suggests that K-virus is an endotheliotrope that requires a richly oxygenated intracellular milieu for replication. This possibility has been explored by studies of the course of K-virus infection in suckling mice under conditions of normal (21 per cent), increased (40 per cent), and decreased (10 per cent) 02 content of inspired air. The absence of critical modulating influences of these varied environmental conditions rules out a significant role of tissue 02 concentrations as determinants of the selective tropism of K-virus.", "contents": "Oxygen tension and the selective tropism of K-virus for mouse pulmonary endothelium. This study focused on the unique nature of K-virus pneumonitis in suckling mice. This process, rather than being a conventional pneumonitis, is characterized by viral replication and cytopathic effects restricted exclusively to pulmonary endothelium. The selective viral attack on this air-blood interface suggests that K-virus is an endotheliotrope that requires a richly oxygenated intracellular milieu for replication. This possibility has been explored by studies of the course of K-virus infection in suckling mice under conditions of normal (21 per cent), increased (40 per cent), and decreased (10 per cent) 02 content of inspired air. The absence of critical modulating influences of these varied environmental conditions rules out a significant role of tissue 02 concentrations as determinants of the selective tropism of K-virus."}
{"id": "PMID:937841", "title": "Emphysema and its relation to age.", "content": "To establish whether a correlation existed between emphysema and age, 24 lungs were used to measure the alveolar membrane fenestrations; the average area of 100 fenestrae was then plotted against age. Eighteen of these lungs were from patients 17 to 86 years of age with no history of respiratory ailments, whereas 6 lungs were from patients in whom an antemortem diagnosis of emphysema had been made. A significant, positive correlation between age and the area of fenestrae (t=2.4;p greater than 0.05) was found in the group of 18 lungs from patients with no respiratory ailements. The same could not be said categorically about the lungs from the emphysematous group, because the number of lungs examined was too small. We postulate that the pores of Kohn are part of the degenerating emphysematous process and are the first stage in the formation of fenestrae. A possible mechanism for the formation of fenestrae and their classification into 4 grades is presented.", "contents": "Emphysema and its relation to age. To establish whether a correlation existed between emphysema and age, 24 lungs were used to measure the alveolar membrane fenestrations; the average area of 100 fenestrae was then plotted against age. Eighteen of these lungs were from patients 17 to 86 years of age with no history of respiratory ailments, whereas 6 lungs were from patients in whom an antemortem diagnosis of emphysema had been made. A significant, positive correlation between age and the area of fenestrae (t=2.4;p greater than 0.05) was found in the group of 18 lungs from patients with no respiratory ailements. The same could not be said categorically about the lungs from the emphysematous group, because the number of lungs examined was too small. We postulate that the pores of Kohn are part of the degenerating emphysematous process and are the first stage in the formation of fenestrae. A possible mechanism for the formation of fenestrae and their classification into 4 grades is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:937842", "title": "An intravenous radionuclide method to evaluate hypoxemia caused by abnormal alveolar vessels. Limitation of conventional techniques.", "content": "Using conventional concepts, it is possible that a single pathologic entity, pulmonary telangiectases, can produce hypoxia by 3 physiologic mechanisms; shunt, diffusion defect, and ventilation-perfusion abnormalities. The estimation of shunt or shunt-like effect is traditionally calculated by measuring the Po2 of arterial blood during the breathing of 100 per cent 02. This method, however, did not determine blood flow through large alveolar vessels in a patient with familial hemorrhagic telangiectasis who was severely hypoxemic while breathing air. This case served to test the concept that blood flowing through large vessels in the airspaces may be hypoxemic when the patient breathes air, but not 02. Blood flow through these vessles can be estimated by use of radionuclide lung perfusion techniques and estimation of the quantity of radioactive particles that pass through an abnormal pulmonary vascular bed and lodge in kidney and brain. Conventional approaches to estimating blood flow through these fistulas underestimated their effect.", "contents": "An intravenous radionuclide method to evaluate hypoxemia caused by abnormal alveolar vessels. Limitation of conventional techniques. Using conventional concepts, it is possible that a single pathologic entity, pulmonary telangiectases, can produce hypoxia by 3 physiologic mechanisms; shunt, diffusion defect, and ventilation-perfusion abnormalities. The estimation of shunt or shunt-like effect is traditionally calculated by measuring the Po2 of arterial blood during the breathing of 100 per cent 02. This method, however, did not determine blood flow through large alveolar vessels in a patient with familial hemorrhagic telangiectasis who was severely hypoxemic while breathing air. This case served to test the concept that blood flowing through large vessels in the airspaces may be hypoxemic when the patient breathes air, but not 02. Blood flow through these vessles can be estimated by use of radionuclide lung perfusion techniques and estimation of the quantity of radioactive particles that pass through an abnormal pulmonary vascular bed and lodge in kidney and brain. Conventional approaches to estimating blood flow through these fistulas underestimated their effect."}
{"id": "PMID:937843", "title": "Transbronchial biopsy via flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope; results in 164 patients.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy and complication rate of transbronchial forceps lung biopsy combined with bronchial brushing were analyzed in 164 consecutive patients, of whom 95 had nonmalignant disease and 51 had malignant disease. Eighteen patients with abnormal chest radiographs had normal transbronchial forceps lung biopsies and no established diagnosis. Satisfactory specimens were obtained in 153 patients (93 per cent), with diagnositc accuracies of 62, 64, and 67 per cent, respectively, in infectious, interstitial, and malignant lung disease. The over-all diagnostic accuracy was 57 per cent. Seven patients were diagnosed as having metastatic carcinoma to the lung by transbronchial forceps lung biopsy, but brush biopsy was psoitive in only 3. Of the 23 patients with primary lung carcinoma diagnosed by transbronchial forceps lung biopsy, 21 had positive brush biopsies. An additional 3 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, however, were diagnosed only by brush biopsy. Fluoroscopy was essential for accurate positioning of the biopsy instrument. Increased risk factors were present in 83 patients (51 per cent), among whom the immunosuppressed group presented special problems. Significant bleeding in 15 patients (9 per cent) was controlled by conservative management. Pneumothorax occurred in 7 patients (4 per cent). There were no deaths. Transbronchial forceps lung biopsy in experienced hands is safe and well tolerated. The physician, nevertheless, must be prepared to handle major complications, especially bleeding. The procedure has a resonable diagnostic yield in high-risk patients who have a variety of lung lesions.", "contents": "Transbronchial biopsy via flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope; results in 164 patients. The diagnostic accuracy and complication rate of transbronchial forceps lung biopsy combined with bronchial brushing were analyzed in 164 consecutive patients, of whom 95 had nonmalignant disease and 51 had malignant disease. Eighteen patients with abnormal chest radiographs had normal transbronchial forceps lung biopsies and no established diagnosis. Satisfactory specimens were obtained in 153 patients (93 per cent), with diagnositc accuracies of 62, 64, and 67 per cent, respectively, in infectious, interstitial, and malignant lung disease. The over-all diagnostic accuracy was 57 per cent. Seven patients were diagnosed as having metastatic carcinoma to the lung by transbronchial forceps lung biopsy, but brush biopsy was psoitive in only 3. Of the 23 patients with primary lung carcinoma diagnosed by transbronchial forceps lung biopsy, 21 had positive brush biopsies. An additional 3 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, however, were diagnosed only by brush biopsy. Fluoroscopy was essential for accurate positioning of the biopsy instrument. Increased risk factors were present in 83 patients (51 per cent), among whom the immunosuppressed group presented special problems. Significant bleeding in 15 patients (9 per cent) was controlled by conservative management. Pneumothorax occurred in 7 patients (4 per cent). There were no deaths. Transbronchial forceps lung biopsy in experienced hands is safe and well tolerated. The physician, nevertheless, must be prepared to handle major complications, especially bleeding. The procedure has a resonable diagnostic yield in high-risk patients who have a variety of lung lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:937844", "title": "Arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: experience with 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred radial-cephalic fistulas were surgically created for hemodialysis between April 1970 and September 1973. A side-to-end anastomosis was constructed in 86 per cent of cases. Overall patency interval was 13 months. Factors responsible for shunt failure are outlined. Blood vessel quality and surgical technique are the most important factors in achieving a low failure rate. Use of the fistula for early hemodialysis has not been associated with complications and is advocated.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: experience with 100 cases. One hundred radial-cephalic fistulas were surgically created for hemodialysis between April 1970 and September 1973. A side-to-end anastomosis was constructed in 86 per cent of cases. Overall patency interval was 13 months. Factors responsible for shunt failure are outlined. Blood vessel quality and surgical technique are the most important factors in achieving a low failure rate. Use of the fistula for early hemodialysis has not been associated with complications and is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:937845", "title": "Diagnosis and management of pancreatic trauma.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of 76 patients with pancreatic trauma is reviewed. There was an overall mortality rate of 5 per cent. A preoperative serum amylase determination was a valuable parameter when assessing blunt trauma. Operative management required debridement and external drainage in approximately three-fourths of all injuries. Pancreatic resection was reserved for ductal disruption. Interruption of ductal integrity accounted for 47 per cent of all complications. Only one-third required reoperative therapy. Associated major vascular injuries accounted for all deaths.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of pancreatic trauma. The diagnosis and management of 76 patients with pancreatic trauma is reviewed. There was an overall mortality rate of 5 per cent. A preoperative serum amylase determination was a valuable parameter when assessing blunt trauma. Operative management required debridement and external drainage in approximately three-fourths of all injuries. Pancreatic resection was reserved for ductal disruption. Interruption of ductal integrity accounted for 47 per cent of all complications. Only one-third required reoperative therapy. Associated major vascular injuries accounted for all deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:937846", "title": "Diagnosis and management of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "The surgical experience with hyperparathyroidism at this institutition of 32 cases since January 1969, has been presented. The age range, sex ratio, associated disease and location of adenomas follows previously reported patterns. Analysis of various preoperative laboratory data confirm that no single test consistently can establish the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. At exploration, all glands should be identified and all adenomas removed. Subtotal parathyroidectomy consisting of excision of 3 3/4 glands should be performed for hyperplasia.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of hyperparathyroidism. The surgical experience with hyperparathyroidism at this institutition of 32 cases since January 1969, has been presented. The age range, sex ratio, associated disease and location of adenomas follows previously reported patterns. Analysis of various preoperative laboratory data confirm that no single test consistently can establish the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. At exploration, all glands should be identified and all adenomas removed. Subtotal parathyroidectomy consisting of excision of 3 3/4 glands should be performed for hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:937847", "title": "Stercoraceous ulcer.", "content": "Seven cases of stercoraceous ulcer are presented and discussed; six occurred in the colon and one in the terminal ileum. The six colon ulcers perforated; the ulceration of the ileum presented as obstruction without perforation. The mean age was 48. Five patients had chronic constipation, and alkali and clay ingestion were implicated. There was an interesting lack of a marked febrile and leukemoid response. Three patients survived following exteriorization or resection.", "contents": "Stercoraceous ulcer. Seven cases of stercoraceous ulcer are presented and discussed; six occurred in the colon and one in the terminal ileum. The six colon ulcers perforated; the ulceration of the ileum presented as obstruction without perforation. The mean age was 48. Five patients had chronic constipation, and alkali and clay ingestion were implicated. There was an interesting lack of a marked febrile and leukemoid response. Three patients survived following exteriorization or resection."}
{"id": "PMID:937848", "title": "Chronic torsion of the spleen.", "content": "Wandering spleen may result from congenital failure of splenic attachments or acquired laxity of attachments due to stretching. The wandering spleen is quite vulnerable to the complication of torsion, which is seen most often as an acute abdominal emergency due to splenic infarction. A more unusual variant is chronic torsion which causes intermittent mild to moderate abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances and, in one case, hypersplenism. A mass has been present in most cases and may be anywhere in the abdomen or pelvis. Splenectomy should be performed for all cases of wandering spleen with or without torsion.", "contents": "Chronic torsion of the spleen. Wandering spleen may result from congenital failure of splenic attachments or acquired laxity of attachments due to stretching. The wandering spleen is quite vulnerable to the complication of torsion, which is seen most often as an acute abdominal emergency due to splenic infarction. A more unusual variant is chronic torsion which causes intermittent mild to moderate abdominal pain, gastrointestinal disturbances and, in one case, hypersplenism. A mass has been present in most cases and may be anywhere in the abdomen or pelvis. Splenectomy should be performed for all cases of wandering spleen with or without torsion."}
{"id": "PMID:937849", "title": "Gunshot wounds of the suprarenal abdominal aorta.", "content": "Four cases of gunshot wounds to the suprarenal abdominal aorta are described. All required prosthetic graft replacement including one or more visceral arterial branches. Two patients survived. Factors important in survival were rapid transportation permitting early resuscitation and retroperitoneal tamponade which delayed exsanguination and permitted stabilization with systematic management. The major problem in management of gunshot wounds of the suprarenal abdominal aorta is limitation of visceral ischemia, particularly hepatic and renal. Special adjuncts such as local renal hypothermia, as used in these cases, or bypass techniques are necessary and should be available before exploration of a periaortic hematoma due to gunshot wound in this area.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds of the suprarenal abdominal aorta. Four cases of gunshot wounds to the suprarenal abdominal aorta are described. All required prosthetic graft replacement including one or more visceral arterial branches. Two patients survived. Factors important in survival were rapid transportation permitting early resuscitation and retroperitoneal tamponade which delayed exsanguination and permitted stabilization with systematic management. The major problem in management of gunshot wounds of the suprarenal abdominal aorta is limitation of visceral ischemia, particularly hepatic and renal. Special adjuncts such as local renal hypothermia, as used in these cases, or bypass techniques are necessary and should be available before exploration of a periaortic hematoma due to gunshot wound in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:937850", "title": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "A 30-year experience with sigmoid volvulus from the City of Memphis Hospital is presented with 121 cases. Differentiating viable from gangrenous sigmoid volvulus is difficult from history, physical examination, or laboratory data and one must rely on sigmoidoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy with insertion of a colon tube is the initial management with operative detorsion only if sigmoidoscopy fails. Elective sigmoid resection is advocated in view of the high recurrence rate. In gangrenous sigmoid volvulus, a Hartmann's procedure is preferred. There is a significant rate of \"recurrent sigmoid volvulus\" after elective resection.", "contents": "Volvulus of the sigmoid colon. A 30-year experience with sigmoid volvulus from the City of Memphis Hospital is presented with 121 cases. Differentiating viable from gangrenous sigmoid volvulus is difficult from history, physical examination, or laboratory data and one must rely on sigmoidoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy with insertion of a colon tube is the initial management with operative detorsion only if sigmoidoscopy fails. Elective sigmoid resection is advocated in view of the high recurrence rate. In gangrenous sigmoid volvulus, a Hartmann's procedure is preferred. There is a significant rate of \"recurrent sigmoid volvulus\" after elective resection."}
{"id": "PMID:937851", "title": "Colonoscopic polypectomy.", "content": "The colonoscopic management of 86 patients with polypoid lesions of bleeding from the colon of intermittent nature is discussed. There were 145 polyps found in 85 of these patients. Adenomatous polyps occurring in the sigmoid colon above the reach of the standard sigmoidoscope was the most common finding and pathological diagnosis. Adenocarcinoma of the colon occurred in two patients and invasive carcinoma of a polyp was found in three other patients. Five other patients had polyps that demonstrated a carcinoma in situ. The definitive treatment of these complicated polyps is outlined. The importance of barium enema examination on follow-up of polyp and carcinoma patients and on patients with polyps found at standard sigmoidoscopy is stressed. The possibility of colonoscopic follow-up in lieu of colectomy and ileoproctostomy is suggested for patients with multiple polyps of the colon who do not belong to the familial polyposis group.", "contents": "Colonoscopic polypectomy. The colonoscopic management of 86 patients with polypoid lesions of bleeding from the colon of intermittent nature is discussed. There were 145 polyps found in 85 of these patients. Adenomatous polyps occurring in the sigmoid colon above the reach of the standard sigmoidoscope was the most common finding and pathological diagnosis. Adenocarcinoma of the colon occurred in two patients and invasive carcinoma of a polyp was found in three other patients. Five other patients had polyps that demonstrated a carcinoma in situ. The definitive treatment of these complicated polyps is outlined. The importance of barium enema examination on follow-up of polyp and carcinoma patients and on patients with polyps found at standard sigmoidoscopy is stressed. The possibility of colonoscopic follow-up in lieu of colectomy and ileoproctostomy is suggested for patients with multiple polyps of the colon who do not belong to the familial polyposis group."}
{"id": "PMID:937852", "title": "Duplication of the alimentary tract.", "content": "Duplications of the intestinal tract as can be seen from the embryologic and anatomic descriptions are varied and frequently complex. The great variety of presentation and pathology encountered requires almost individual treatment for each case. Certainly total surgical excision, or at the very least, good complete internal drainage should be carried out in these cases. Correct therapy should afford relief of the patients's symptoms and prevent future complications.", "contents": "Duplication of the alimentary tract. Duplications of the intestinal tract as can be seen from the embryologic and anatomic descriptions are varied and frequently complex. The great variety of presentation and pathology encountered requires almost individual treatment for each case. Certainly total surgical excision, or at the very least, good complete internal drainage should be carried out in these cases. Correct therapy should afford relief of the patients's symptoms and prevent future complications."}
{"id": "PMID:937854", "title": "Benign biliary tract disease in the patient over 80.", "content": "Cases of 50 patients over 80 years old with advanced benign biliary tract disease are reviewed from the standpoint of morbidity and mortality. Based on the information obtained from this review, recomendations are made as to the course of therapy.", "contents": "Benign biliary tract disease in the patient over 80. Cases of 50 patients over 80 years old with advanced benign biliary tract disease are reviewed from the standpoint of morbidity and mortality. Based on the information obtained from this review, recomendations are made as to the course of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:937855", "title": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of neonatal small left colon syndrome are described. This syndrome usually is seen as bowel obstruction in the neonate with characteristic roentgenographic features resembling those of Hirschsprung's disease. In view of the usual improvement after contrast enema, a trial of conservative management seems warranted. Rectal biopsy may be the only way to differentiate those patients who do not improve from those with Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Neonatal small left colon syndrome: report of two cases. Two cases of neonatal small left colon syndrome are described. This syndrome usually is seen as bowel obstruction in the neonate with characteristic roentgenographic features resembling those of Hirschsprung's disease. In view of the usual improvement after contrast enema, a trial of conservative management seems warranted. Rectal biopsy may be the only way to differentiate those patients who do not improve from those with Hirschsprung's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937857", "title": "Surgical treatment of late esophageal perforations.", "content": "The salvage of patients with late esophageal perforations is a formidable surgical undertaking. The basic objectives of surgical therapy should be: prompt debridement and control of sepsis by establishing an adequate, controlled route of decompression drainage, salvage of all viable and functional esophagus (except in massive disruptions with circumferential loss), adequate support of life control systems, and establishment of an appropriate alternate route for supportive alimentation. The method of treatment used in the group of patients reported here satisfies all these objectives. Our experience justifies further consideration of this technique in dealing with this catastrophic illness.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of late esophageal perforations. The salvage of patients with late esophageal perforations is a formidable surgical undertaking. The basic objectives of surgical therapy should be: prompt debridement and control of sepsis by establishing an adequate, controlled route of decompression drainage, salvage of all viable and functional esophagus (except in massive disruptions with circumferential loss), adequate support of life control systems, and establishment of an appropriate alternate route for supportive alimentation. The method of treatment used in the group of patients reported here satisfies all these objectives. Our experience justifies further consideration of this technique in dealing with this catastrophic illness."}
{"id": "PMID:937859", "title": "The vagus.", "content": "The surgical physiology of the vagus is reviewed with respect to vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. All types of vagotomy (truncal, selective gastric, or proximal gastric) produce similar reduction in acid secretion and comparable elevation in serum gastrin. The evidence is mounting that the vagus may have opposing influences on gastrin release: stimulation and inhibition. Division of only the extragastric vagal branches leads to withdrawal of an inhibitory mechanism rendering the denervated stomach more sensitive to the action of gastrin. The loss of this vagally controlled inhibitory mechanism, rather than more meticulous dissection, may explain the higher incidence of more complete vagotomies in selective than in truncal vagotomy. Proximal gastric vagotomy may be the ideal elective operation yet devised for duodenal ulcer. It does, however, cause elevation in serum gastrin and more than 90 per cent of patients after this operation will have positive insulin test in two to four years. This is higher than the positivity seen with truncal vagotomy. Results of controlled trials are needed before this operation becomes fully established.", "contents": "The vagus. The surgical physiology of the vagus is reviewed with respect to vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. All types of vagotomy (truncal, selective gastric, or proximal gastric) produce similar reduction in acid secretion and comparable elevation in serum gastrin. The evidence is mounting that the vagus may have opposing influences on gastrin release: stimulation and inhibition. Division of only the extragastric vagal branches leads to withdrawal of an inhibitory mechanism rendering the denervated stomach more sensitive to the action of gastrin. The loss of this vagally controlled inhibitory mechanism, rather than more meticulous dissection, may explain the higher incidence of more complete vagotomies in selective than in truncal vagotomy. Proximal gastric vagotomy may be the ideal elective operation yet devised for duodenal ulcer. It does, however, cause elevation in serum gastrin and more than 90 per cent of patients after this operation will have positive insulin test in two to four years. This is higher than the positivity seen with truncal vagotomy. Results of controlled trials are needed before this operation becomes fully established."}
{"id": "PMID:937860", "title": "Prognostic implications of bronchogenic carcinoma proven by bronchoscopic biopsy.", "content": "A total of 104 cases of bronchoscopically biopsy proven bronchogenic carcinoma are reviewed. Twenty-seven of 39 patients with operable lesions underwent pulmonary resection. There are seven patients with squamous cell tumors who are long-term, cancer-free survivors. The operative mortality was low at 2.3 per cent. A positive bronchoscopic biopsy should not be considered a contraindication for exploration, and an aggressive approach for squamous cell lesions seems justified.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of bronchogenic carcinoma proven by bronchoscopic biopsy. A total of 104 cases of bronchoscopically biopsy proven bronchogenic carcinoma are reviewed. Twenty-seven of 39 patients with operable lesions underwent pulmonary resection. There are seven patients with squamous cell tumors who are long-term, cancer-free survivors. The operative mortality was low at 2.3 per cent. A positive bronchoscopic biopsy should not be considered a contraindication for exploration, and an aggressive approach for squamous cell lesions seems justified."}
{"id": "PMID:937861", "title": "Surgical treatment for ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "The results of 110 patients with ventricular aneurysm treated surgically are discussed. The overall mortality in this group was 11.8 per cent. Since the use of coronary bypass operation and the intra-aortic balloon pump, the mortality has been significantly reduced.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for ventricular aneurysm. The results of 110 patients with ventricular aneurysm treated surgically are discussed. The overall mortality in this group was 11.8 per cent. Since the use of coronary bypass operation and the intra-aortic balloon pump, the mortality has been significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:937862", "title": "Femoropopliteal versus femorotibial bypass grafting for lower extremity revascularization.", "content": "Thirty-nine femoropopliteal revascularization procedures were compared with 35 femorotibial revascularization and one brachioradial revascularization over a follow-up period of six months to six years. Preoperative study, operative technique, results and complications are described. Living patency is compared with closure rates. The living patency rates are 49 per cent and 51 per bent for the femoropopliteal and femorotibial group. The complication rate was higher in the femorotibial group by four times (37% compared to 10%). Four reoperations were done because of progression of the patient's disease in the femorotibial group. Femorotibial revascularization is at least as effective as femoropopliteal revascularization, and produces a comparable live patency record, but with a higher incidence of postoperative complications.", "contents": "Femoropopliteal versus femorotibial bypass grafting for lower extremity revascularization. Thirty-nine femoropopliteal revascularization procedures were compared with 35 femorotibial revascularization and one brachioradial revascularization over a follow-up period of six months to six years. Preoperative study, operative technique, results and complications are described. Living patency is compared with closure rates. The living patency rates are 49 per cent and 51 per bent for the femoropopliteal and femorotibial group. The complication rate was higher in the femorotibial group by four times (37% compared to 10%). Four reoperations were done because of progression of the patient's disease in the femorotibial group. Femorotibial revascularization is at least as effective as femoropopliteal revascularization, and produces a comparable live patency record, but with a higher incidence of postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:937863", "title": "Aneurysmal rupture following resection of abdominal malignancy.", "content": "Four cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms as a postoperative complication are reported. This represents a 24 per cent mortality for elective operation in patients with known abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three cases followed resection of abdominal malignancy. The possibility exists that subtle trauma during operative manipulation may have heightened the risk of rupture. The risk to life from large abdominal aortic aneurysms (more than 6 cm) exceeds the risk of most malignancies. Abdominal aortic aneurysm should be resected first when co-incidental to a malignancy, unless the malignancy is complicated by hemorrhage, obstruction or perforation.", "contents": "Aneurysmal rupture following resection of abdominal malignancy. Four cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms as a postoperative complication are reported. This represents a 24 per cent mortality for elective operation in patients with known abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three cases followed resection of abdominal malignancy. The possibility exists that subtle trauma during operative manipulation may have heightened the risk of rupture. The risk to life from large abdominal aortic aneurysms (more than 6 cm) exceeds the risk of most malignancies. Abdominal aortic aneurysm should be resected first when co-incidental to a malignancy, unless the malignancy is complicated by hemorrhage, obstruction or perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:937864", "title": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The problems, results and treatment suggestions in regard to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms are discussed.", "contents": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. The problems, results and treatment suggestions in regard to ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937865", "title": "[Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Presentation of 25 cases and literature review (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-five patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, aged between 18 months and 13 years, whose fundamental clinical symptomatology, can be united within three different age groups are presented. These symptoms are in order of frequency: difficulties in walking, general muscular debility and total functional incapacity. Reference to biochemical studies and to studies of healthy carrier mothers, as well as, to electrical, cardiological and phychical studies are made. No differences, with regard to observations made by other authors, except in the C.I. findings on the different mental tests that we carried out are found. Approximately 50% are found to be mentally deficient. Other published theories are quoted herein.", "contents": "[Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Presentation of 25 cases and literature review (author's transl)]. Twenty-five patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, aged between 18 months and 13 years, whose fundamental clinical symptomatology, can be united within three different age groups are presented. These symptoms are in order of frequency: difficulties in walking, general muscular debility and total functional incapacity. Reference to biochemical studies and to studies of healthy carrier mothers, as well as, to electrical, cardiological and phychical studies are made. No differences, with regard to observations made by other authors, except in the C.I. findings on the different mental tests that we carried out are found. Approximately 50% are found to be mentally deficient. Other published theories are quoted herein."}
{"id": "PMID:937866", "title": "[Neonatal listeriosis. Presentation of nine cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine cases of neonatal listeriosis observed in 1973 and 1974 are presented. Diagnosis was established during life in eight cases by positivity of bacteriological cultures. Given the high incidence of listeria sepsis and the important mortality, it is necessary to establish an early diagnosis, an immediate antibiotic therapy and provide intensive care in an special unit.", "contents": "[Neonatal listeriosis. Presentation of nine cases (author's transl)]. Nine cases of neonatal listeriosis observed in 1973 and 1974 are presented. Diagnosis was established during life in eight cases by positivity of bacteriological cultures. Given the high incidence of listeria sepsis and the important mortality, it is necessary to establish an early diagnosis, an immediate antibiotic therapy and provide intensive care in an special unit."}
{"id": "PMID:937867", "title": "[Traumatic duodenal hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of duodenal hematoma secondary to abdominal trauma in children are reported. The latent periods between trauma and the onset of symptoms were two and fifteen days. X-ray studies were conclusive for diagnosis. Pancreatic signs were mild in one case. Both cases were treated surgically, draining the fluid collection extramucosally. The authors advise surgical treatment whenever associated lesions need to be ruled out and when obstruction persists after the first days.", "contents": "[Traumatic duodenal hematoma (author's transl)]. Two cases of duodenal hematoma secondary to abdominal trauma in children are reported. The latent periods between trauma and the onset of symptoms were two and fifteen days. X-ray studies were conclusive for diagnosis. Pancreatic signs were mild in one case. Both cases were treated surgically, draining the fluid collection extramucosally. The authors advise surgical treatment whenever associated lesions need to be ruled out and when obstruction persists after the first days."}
{"id": "PMID:937868", "title": "[Chromosome delection point in \"cri du chat\" syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Chromosomal identification by a G technique done in three patients with delection of the distal portion of short arms of chromosome 5; led to the consideration of the possibility that the segment responsible of the \"cri du chat\" syndrome is on the proximal portion of the band 5 p15.", "contents": "[Chromosome delection point in \"cri du chat\" syndrome (author's transl)]. Chromosomal identification by a G technique done in three patients with delection of the distal portion of short arms of chromosome 5; led to the consideration of the possibility that the segment responsible of the \"cri du chat\" syndrome is on the proximal portion of the band 5 p15."}
{"id": "PMID:937870", "title": "[Congenital syphilis (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine cases of congenital syphilis were observed by the authors during the last three years. 120,000 records were collected during this period. Several remarks are made on to-days views on etiology; clinical features and serologic diagnostic tests currently in use, as well as about treatment.", "contents": "[Congenital syphilis (author's transl)]. Nine cases of congenital syphilis were observed by the authors during the last three years. 120,000 records were collected during this period. Several remarks are made on to-days views on etiology; clinical features and serologic diagnostic tests currently in use, as well as about treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:937871", "title": "[Foreign bodies in digestive tract (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and seventy three cases of ingestion of foreign bodies by children are reported. Their nature and evolution inside the organism is discussed. Laparotomy was required in only one case.", "contents": "[Foreign bodies in digestive tract (author's transl)]. One hundred and seventy three cases of ingestion of foreign bodies by children are reported. Their nature and evolution inside the organism is discussed. Laparotomy was required in only one case."}
{"id": "PMID:937869", "title": "[HGH response to dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) (author's transl)].", "content": "L-dopa, administered at dose levels of 250 mg., was used to assess HGH release in 36 children. In five cases of hypopituitary dwarfs no response was obtained and in the remaining 31 cases affected by short stature not of endocrine origin, the highest peak was produced 30' after the test (12.71 +/- 11.61 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005). Significant responses were also obtained at 60' (11.81 +/- 10.47 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005), 90' (7.25 +/- 7.49 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005) and 120' (4.8 +/- 4.86 ng/ml; p less than 0.005).", "contents": "[HGH response to dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) (author's transl)]. L-dopa, administered at dose levels of 250 mg., was used to assess HGH release in 36 children. In five cases of hypopituitary dwarfs no response was obtained and in the remaining 31 cases affected by short stature not of endocrine origin, the highest peak was produced 30' after the test (12.71 +/- 11.61 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005). Significant responses were also obtained at 60' (11.81 +/- 10.47 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005), 90' (7.25 +/- 7.49 ng/ml; p less than 0.0005) and 120' (4.8 +/- 4.86 ng/ml; p less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:937875", "title": "The intravenous furosemide test: a simple way to evaluate renin responsiveness.", "content": "To identify patients with low-renin hypertension, we measured plasma renin activity after the administration of 40 mg of furosemide intravenously and 30 minutes of upright posture in 127 normotensive subjects and 363 patients with essential hypertension. Plasma renin activity 30 minutes after intravenous furosemide was found to be closely correlated to the level found after either 2 or 4 h of standing or 3 days of a low-salt diet plus 2 h of upright posture. Renin responsiveness was significantly lower in hypertensive patients, blacks, and women, compared with normotensive subjects, whites, and men respectively. The level of plasma renin activity in most normal white subjects was greater than 1.0 ng/ml - h and in most normal blacks was greater than 0.5 ng/ml - h. It was below those levels in 23% of white hypertensive and 25.2% of black hypertensive patients respectively. The mean level of plasma renin activity fell with increasing age of hypertensive patients. This procedure is recommended as a safe, easy, and reliable test for assessing renin responsiveness and identifying the low-renin state.", "contents": "The intravenous furosemide test: a simple way to evaluate renin responsiveness. To identify patients with low-renin hypertension, we measured plasma renin activity after the administration of 40 mg of furosemide intravenously and 30 minutes of upright posture in 127 normotensive subjects and 363 patients with essential hypertension. Plasma renin activity 30 minutes after intravenous furosemide was found to be closely correlated to the level found after either 2 or 4 h of standing or 3 days of a low-salt diet plus 2 h of upright posture. Renin responsiveness was significantly lower in hypertensive patients, blacks, and women, compared with normotensive subjects, whites, and men respectively. The level of plasma renin activity in most normal white subjects was greater than 1.0 ng/ml - h and in most normal blacks was greater than 0.5 ng/ml - h. It was below those levels in 23% of white hypertensive and 25.2% of black hypertensive patients respectively. The mean level of plasma renin activity fell with increasing age of hypertensive patients. This procedure is recommended as a safe, easy, and reliable test for assessing renin responsiveness and identifying the low-renin state."}
{"id": "PMID:937876", "title": "Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials. A controlled trial.", "content": "Physicians working at the General Medical Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital entered into tutorials to improve their effectiveness as managers and educators of patients with essential hypertension. After exposure to a single teaching session, tutored physicians allocated a greater percent of clinic-visit time to patient teaching than did control physicians, achieving increased patient knowledge and more appropriate patient beliefs regarding hypertension and its therapy. Patients of tutored physicians were more compliant with drug regimens and had better control of blood pressure than patients of untutored physicians. The personal physician, if he is provided with strategies for identifying the noncompliant patient and for intervening in that behavior, can apply a stimulus to his patients that results in improved compliance and better control of hypertension.", "contents": "Improved outcomes in hypertension after physician tutorials. A controlled trial. Physicians working at the General Medical Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital entered into tutorials to improve their effectiveness as managers and educators of patients with essential hypertension. After exposure to a single teaching session, tutored physicians allocated a greater percent of clinic-visit time to patient teaching than did control physicians, achieving increased patient knowledge and more appropriate patient beliefs regarding hypertension and its therapy. Patients of tutored physicians were more compliant with drug regimens and had better control of blood pressure than patients of untutored physicians. The personal physician, if he is provided with strategies for identifying the noncompliant patient and for intervening in that behavior, can apply a stimulus to his patients that results in improved compliance and better control of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:937872", "title": "[Budd-Chiari syndrome in childhood by hipoplasia of suprahepatic veins. Clinical and pathological study of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome with hypoplasia of suprahepatic veins is reported. A bibliographic review is made. Etiologic and anatomic factors are analyzed. Its clinical, analytic, pathological and embryologic findings are compared with those of other authors. The rarity of this case, for the age of presentation as much as for its etiology is pointed out.", "contents": "[Budd-Chiari syndrome in childhood by hipoplasia of suprahepatic veins. Clinical and pathological study of a case (author's transl)]. A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome with hypoplasia of suprahepatic veins is reported. A bibliographic review is made. Etiologic and anatomic factors are analyzed. Its clinical, analytic, pathological and embryologic findings are compared with those of other authors. The rarity of this case, for the age of presentation as much as for its etiology is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:937877", "title": "Ionized and total serum calcium and parathyroid hormone in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Total and ionized calcium concentrations as well as parathyroid hormone levels were measured in a group of hyperthyroid persons. Ionized and total calcium levels were elevated in 21 of 45 (47%) and in 12 of 45 (27%) thyrotoxic patients, respectively. Mean ionized and total calcium levels were higher in these 45 patients than in normal persons. Using two different radioimmunoassay systems for a total of 44 determinations, mean parathyroid hormone levels were lower in thyrotoxic patients than in subjects with proved hyperparathyroidism. These data suggest that [1] elevations of both ionized and total calcium concentrations occur frequently in thyrotoxic patients; [2] ionized calcium concentrations may be elevated in a higher percentage of hyperthyroid subjects than are total calcium concentrations; and [3] the hypercalcemia associated with thyrotoxicosis is not associated with elevated parathyroid hormone levels.", "contents": "Ionized and total serum calcium and parathyroid hormone in hyperthyroidism. Total and ionized calcium concentrations as well as parathyroid hormone levels were measured in a group of hyperthyroid persons. Ionized and total calcium levels were elevated in 21 of 45 (47%) and in 12 of 45 (27%) thyrotoxic patients, respectively. Mean ionized and total calcium levels were higher in these 45 patients than in normal persons. Using two different radioimmunoassay systems for a total of 44 determinations, mean parathyroid hormone levels were lower in thyrotoxic patients than in subjects with proved hyperparathyroidism. These data suggest that [1] elevations of both ionized and total calcium concentrations occur frequently in thyrotoxic patients; [2] ionized calcium concentrations may be elevated in a higher percentage of hyperthyroid subjects than are total calcium concentrations; and [3] the hypercalcemia associated with thyrotoxicosis is not associated with elevated parathyroid hormone levels."}
{"id": "PMID:937878", "title": "Thyroid dysfunction in uremia: evidence for thyroid and hypophyseal abnormalities.", "content": "Disturbances in thyroid function and a high prevalence of goiter develop in patients on chronic hemodialysis. This study shows that in patients on dialysis, mean serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels are lower than normal. Patients with chronic renal failure not on dialysis, have mean serum thyroxine levels similar to normal subjects and low mean serum triiodothyronine levels. However, both serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations decrease as the renal failure worsens. In addition, both groups of patients with renal failure have a decreased serum thyroxine response to oxogenous thyrotrophin and a diminished serum thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. These data suggest the presence of an intrathyroidal and an hypophyseal defect in uremic patients. Although serum iodide concentrations are elevated, there is no correlation between the level of serum iodide and the degree of renal failure. Therefore, we have no direct evidence that iodide excess is responsible for the abnormalities observed.", "contents": "Thyroid dysfunction in uremia: evidence for thyroid and hypophyseal abnormalities. Disturbances in thyroid function and a high prevalence of goiter develop in patients on chronic hemodialysis. This study shows that in patients on dialysis, mean serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels are lower than normal. Patients with chronic renal failure not on dialysis, have mean serum thyroxine levels similar to normal subjects and low mean serum triiodothyronine levels. However, both serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations decrease as the renal failure worsens. In addition, both groups of patients with renal failure have a decreased serum thyroxine response to oxogenous thyrotrophin and a diminished serum thyrotrophin response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. These data suggest the presence of an intrathyroidal and an hypophyseal defect in uremic patients. Although serum iodide concentrations are elevated, there is no correlation between the level of serum iodide and the degree of renal failure. Therefore, we have no direct evidence that iodide excess is responsible for the abnormalities observed."}
{"id": "PMID:937874", "title": "[Iron deficiency anemia in childhood. A case with associated deficiency of folic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a six year and ten months old girl with an iron deficiency anemia of long duration is reported. The lack of iron was associated with folic acid deficiency, which disguished the hematologic pattern, presenting a normocromic and aniso-poiquilocytic anemia. Long duration of iron deficiency allowed for evaluation of the iron deficiency effects on weight and height growth which were diminished as well as on the functioning and morphology of the gastrointestinal system, showing malabsorption syndrome which improve with iron supply.", "contents": "[Iron deficiency anemia in childhood. A case with associated deficiency of folic acid (author's transl)]. The case of a six year and ten months old girl with an iron deficiency anemia of long duration is reported. The lack of iron was associated with folic acid deficiency, which disguished the hematologic pattern, presenting a normocromic and aniso-poiquilocytic anemia. Long duration of iron deficiency allowed for evaluation of the iron deficiency effects on weight and height growth which were diminished as well as on the functioning and morphology of the gastrointestinal system, showing malabsorption syndrome which improve with iron supply."}
{"id": "PMID:937873", "title": "[Kniest's disease. Metatropic dwarfism (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of Kniest's Disease (bone dysplasia, retinal detachment and deafness), the first one in Spanish medical literature, is reported. Clinical and radiological considerations are made. Finally genetic theories of transmision and diagnosis of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "[Kniest's disease. Metatropic dwarfism (author's transl)]. A new case of Kniest's Disease (bone dysplasia, retinal detachment and deafness), the first one in Spanish medical literature, is reported. Clinical and radiological considerations are made. Finally genetic theories of transmision and diagnosis of the disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937879", "title": "Renal failure after open heart surgery.", "content": "One hundred fifty of 490 patients undergoing open heart surgery had renal failure attributable to cardiopulmonary bypass. In 69, serum creatinine concentrations did not exceed 2 mg/dl and returned to normal by the fourth postoperative day. In 60 patients, serum creatinine attained levels between 2 and 5 mg/dl, oliguria did not develop, and recovery of renal function occurred within 4 to 37 days. Serum creatinine increased to levels exceeding 5 mg/dl in 21 patients, 11 of whom were oliguric. Despite dialysis, 14 of these patients died from cardiac causes or sepsis. Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, hypotension, oliguria, low output syndrome, and hemoglobinemia during open heart surgery correlated with the development of renal failure postoperatively. Although severe renal failure was an uncommon complication after open heart surgery, its occurrence carried a grave prognosis.", "contents": "Renal failure after open heart surgery. One hundred fifty of 490 patients undergoing open heart surgery had renal failure attributable to cardiopulmonary bypass. In 69, serum creatinine concentrations did not exceed 2 mg/dl and returned to normal by the fourth postoperative day. In 60 patients, serum creatinine attained levels between 2 and 5 mg/dl, oliguria did not develop, and recovery of renal function occurred within 4 to 37 days. Serum creatinine increased to levels exceeding 5 mg/dl in 21 patients, 11 of whom were oliguric. Despite dialysis, 14 of these patients died from cardiac causes or sepsis. Prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, hypotension, oliguria, low output syndrome, and hemoglobinemia during open heart surgery correlated with the development of renal failure postoperatively. Although severe renal failure was an uncommon complication after open heart surgery, its occurrence carried a grave prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937880", "title": "Intravascular coagulation with use of human prothrombin complex concentrates.", "content": "Prothrombin complex concentrates are used in the treatment of the congenital bleeding disorders associated with Factors II, VII, IX, and X deficiencies. They have also been extensively used to treat acquired coagulation abnormalities secondary to vitamin K deficiency, warfarin ingestion, and various types of liver disease. The reported complications of prothrombin complex concentrates administration include hepatitis, anaphylaxis, and thrombosis. This paper documents the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with the administration of prothrombin complex concentrates to patients with liver disease.", "contents": "Intravascular coagulation with use of human prothrombin complex concentrates. Prothrombin complex concentrates are used in the treatment of the congenital bleeding disorders associated with Factors II, VII, IX, and X deficiencies. They have also been extensively used to treat acquired coagulation abnormalities secondary to vitamin K deficiency, warfarin ingestion, and various types of liver disease. The reported complications of prothrombin complex concentrates administration include hepatitis, anaphylaxis, and thrombosis. This paper documents the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with the administration of prothrombin complex concentrates to patients with liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937881", "title": "Angina-like syndrome with diazoxide therapy for hypertensive crisis.", "content": "In 14 patients with hypertensive crisis treated with diazoxide, close monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and symptoms was performed. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were recorded before and after diazoxide. All patients showed a significant fall in blood pressure after drug administration. Seven patients (50%) showed significant ST-T changes after diazoxide. Six patients (43%) developed substernal discomfort demonstrated by substernal pain of tightness. Five patients (35%) had both chest discomfort and ST-T changes. One of these patients with substernal pain and ST elevation had evidence of acute myocardial infarction with serial enzyme studies. In the patients with significant ST-T changes, the average fall in blood pressure was significantly greater than the average fall in blood pressure in the patients without significant ST-T changes. These findings suggest that both ST-T changes and substernal discomfort were due to myocardial ischemia secondary to a sudden severe drop in blood pressure.", "contents": "Angina-like syndrome with diazoxide therapy for hypertensive crisis. In 14 patients with hypertensive crisis treated with diazoxide, close monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and symptoms was performed. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were recorded before and after diazoxide. All patients showed a significant fall in blood pressure after drug administration. Seven patients (50%) showed significant ST-T changes after diazoxide. Six patients (43%) developed substernal discomfort demonstrated by substernal pain of tightness. Five patients (35%) had both chest discomfort and ST-T changes. One of these patients with substernal pain and ST elevation had evidence of acute myocardial infarction with serial enzyme studies. In the patients with significant ST-T changes, the average fall in blood pressure was significantly greater than the average fall in blood pressure in the patients without significant ST-T changes. These findings suggest that both ST-T changes and substernal discomfort were due to myocardial ischemia secondary to a sudden severe drop in blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:937882", "title": "Prevention of lower extremity venous thrombosis by early mobilization. Confirmation in patients with acute myocardial infarction by 125I-fibrinogen uptake and venography.", "content": "To determine the effects of early ambulation on peripheral venous thrombosis in the coronary care unit, 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction had daily 125I-fibrinogen point counting of both legs using a standard portable technique in the first 3 to 7 days after admission. Twenty-one patients underwent early ambulation during the initial 3 days, while 8 remained at complete bed rest for 5 days. Only 2 of 21 early ambulated patients had positive fibrinogen point counts, in contrast to 5 of 8 nonambulated patients (P less than 0.01). With heart failure, only 2 of 9 ambulated patients had positive point counts, compared with 4 of 5 nonambulated patients (P less than 0.05). In 16 patients undergoing venography, point counts were confirmed in 6 positive and 10 negative findings. These results show that the high frequency of peripheral venous thrombosis in immobilized acute myocardial infarction patients, particularly those with heart failure, can be effectively reduced by early ambulation.", "contents": "Prevention of lower extremity venous thrombosis by early mobilization. Confirmation in patients with acute myocardial infarction by 125I-fibrinogen uptake and venography. To determine the effects of early ambulation on peripheral venous thrombosis in the coronary care unit, 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction had daily 125I-fibrinogen point counting of both legs using a standard portable technique in the first 3 to 7 days after admission. Twenty-one patients underwent early ambulation during the initial 3 days, while 8 remained at complete bed rest for 5 days. Only 2 of 21 early ambulated patients had positive fibrinogen point counts, in contrast to 5 of 8 nonambulated patients (P less than 0.01). With heart failure, only 2 of 9 ambulated patients had positive point counts, compared with 4 of 5 nonambulated patients (P less than 0.05). In 16 patients undergoing venography, point counts were confirmed in 6 positive and 10 negative findings. These results show that the high frequency of peripheral venous thrombosis in immobilized acute myocardial infarction patients, particularly those with heart failure, can be effectively reduced by early ambulation."}
{"id": "PMID:937883", "title": "Fatal myocardial infarction in marathon racing.", "content": "A 44-year-old trained marathon runner collapsed after completing 24 miles of the 1973 Boston Marathon. He was resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. Death occurred after 50 days of coma. Extensive transmural anterior myocardial infarction was documented on electrocardiogram and proved at autopsy, yet the coronary arteries were free of significant atherosclerosis. We believe this report to be the first documentation of a myocardial infarction in a trained athlete while participating in a marathon. We emphasize that the relation between exertion and infarction is unknown. Advocates of long distance running for prevention of, or rehabilitation from, ischemic heart disease should be aware of this possible complication.", "contents": "Fatal myocardial infarction in marathon racing. A 44-year-old trained marathon runner collapsed after completing 24 miles of the 1973 Boston Marathon. He was resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation. Death occurred after 50 days of coma. Extensive transmural anterior myocardial infarction was documented on electrocardiogram and proved at autopsy, yet the coronary arteries were free of significant atherosclerosis. We believe this report to be the first documentation of a myocardial infarction in a trained athlete while participating in a marathon. We emphasize that the relation between exertion and infarction is unknown. Advocates of long distance running for prevention of, or rehabilitation from, ischemic heart disease should be aware of this possible complication."}
{"id": "PMID:937888", "title": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: epidemiology of an increasing problem.", "content": "Reported cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States have been increasing since 1960 and reached an all-time high of 754 cases in 1974. Detailed clinical and epidemiologic information was obtained on 1522 (55%) of the 2757 cases reported in the 5-year period 1970 through 1974. Fifty-one percent of cases were confirmed by one or more laboratory test. The increase has occurred predominantly in the southeastern part of the United States. A comparison of laboratory-confirmed and unconfirmed cases suggests that a variety of febrile exanthems may be confused with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Neither a history of tick bite nor rash was universally present, and both were significantly less frequent in fatal cases. The overall death-to-case ratio during this period was 6.8%. Death-to-case ratios were significantly higher for nonwhites (13.9) than whites (5.8), for male patients (8.2) than female patients (4.5), and for person older than 30 (13.9) than persons younger than 30 (5.4).", "contents": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: epidemiology of an increasing problem. Reported cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States have been increasing since 1960 and reached an all-time high of 754 cases in 1974. Detailed clinical and epidemiologic information was obtained on 1522 (55%) of the 2757 cases reported in the 5-year period 1970 through 1974. Fifty-one percent of cases were confirmed by one or more laboratory test. The increase has occurred predominantly in the southeastern part of the United States. A comparison of laboratory-confirmed and unconfirmed cases suggests that a variety of febrile exanthems may be confused with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Neither a history of tick bite nor rash was universally present, and both were significantly less frequent in fatal cases. The overall death-to-case ratio during this period was 6.8%. Death-to-case ratios were significantly higher for nonwhites (13.9) than whites (5.8), for male patients (8.2) than female patients (4.5), and for person older than 30 (13.9) than persons younger than 30 (5.4)."}
{"id": "PMID:937905", "title": "Treatment of recurrent symptomatic ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Eleven consecutive patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias were treated by an aggressive protocol and followed up prospectively. Arrhythmias, symptoms, and cardiac lesions were defined. Antiarrhythmic drugs were given on schedule, with blood levels determining dose; success or failure was defined by elimination or recurrence of symptomatic arrhythmias. When drug therapy failed, left ventricular aneurysmectomy was done when appropriate. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia was most frequently responsible for symptoms; coronary artery disease was the most frequent underlying disease. Symptomatic arrhythmias were eliminated in 8 of 11 patients (5 with drugs and 3 with aneurysmectomies), with a 16.5-month symptom-free average follow-up. An average of 2.9 therapeutic trials per patient was needed to control symptomatic arrhythmias. The average time from entry into the study until the start of ultimately effective therapy was 18 days. Therapy that eliminated symptoms did not eliminate all premature ventricular contractions, and occasionally even brief asymptomatic episodes of ventricular tachycardia persisted. Recurrent symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias can be controlled in many patients by rigorous application of current therapies.", "contents": "Treatment of recurrent symptomatic ventricular tachycardia. Eleven consecutive patients with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias were treated by an aggressive protocol and followed up prospectively. Arrhythmias, symptoms, and cardiac lesions were defined. Antiarrhythmic drugs were given on schedule, with blood levels determining dose; success or failure was defined by elimination or recurrence of symptomatic arrhythmias. When drug therapy failed, left ventricular aneurysmectomy was done when appropriate. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia was most frequently responsible for symptoms; coronary artery disease was the most frequent underlying disease. Symptomatic arrhythmias were eliminated in 8 of 11 patients (5 with drugs and 3 with aneurysmectomies), with a 16.5-month symptom-free average follow-up. An average of 2.9 therapeutic trials per patient was needed to control symptomatic arrhythmias. The average time from entry into the study until the start of ultimately effective therapy was 18 days. Therapy that eliminated symptoms did not eliminate all premature ventricular contractions, and occasionally even brief asymptomatic episodes of ventricular tachycardia persisted. Recurrent symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias can be controlled in many patients by rigorous application of current therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:937918", "title": "Familial mitral valve prolapse and myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "When a patient with mitral valve prolapse was found to have myotonic dystrophy, his family was studied to ascertain the occurrence of these abnormalities. Of 25 relatives screened, 8 had evidence of both myotonic dystrophy and mitral valve prolapse and 2 had evidence of myotonic dystrophy alone. Thirteen patients had evidence of neither condition and 1 had mitral valve prolapse alone. The association of these two conditions within a family has not previously been observed and valvular heart disease has not been recognized in myotonic dystrophy. This association should be looked for in other patients.", "contents": "Familial mitral valve prolapse and myotonic dystrophy. When a patient with mitral valve prolapse was found to have myotonic dystrophy, his family was studied to ascertain the occurrence of these abnormalities. Of 25 relatives screened, 8 had evidence of both myotonic dystrophy and mitral valve prolapse and 2 had evidence of myotonic dystrophy alone. Thirteen patients had evidence of neither condition and 1 had mitral valve prolapse alone. The association of these two conditions within a family has not previously been observed and valvular heart disease has not been recognized in myotonic dystrophy. This association should be looked for in other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:937919", "title": "Acute renal failure due to nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.", "content": "Twenty-one patients developed acute renal failure in association with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. The illness followed an overdose of ethanol, heroin, or other depressant drug in 18 patients. Lethargy or coma was present in 17 patients and muscle swelling in 11. Evidence of rhabdomyolysis included markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria, and aldolase in blood. Initial biochemical findings were similar to those of acute renal failure due to other causes, but the abnormalities were exaggerated. There was a disproportionate rise in serum creatinine concentration in relation to serum urea nitrogen concentration. Profound hyperuricemia was present in most patients. Transient hypercalcemia developed during the diuretic phase in 5 patients. One patient died. We conclude that nontraumatic myoglobinuria with acute renal failure is not infrequent and may occur after an overdose of ethanol or heroin. The disease has good prognosis despite severe hypercatbolism and untreated profound hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Acute renal failure due to nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis. Twenty-one patients developed acute renal failure in association with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. The illness followed an overdose of ethanol, heroin, or other depressant drug in 18 patients. Lethargy or coma was present in 17 patients and muscle swelling in 11. Evidence of rhabdomyolysis included markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria, and aldolase in blood. Initial biochemical findings were similar to those of acute renal failure due to other causes, but the abnormalities were exaggerated. There was a disproportionate rise in serum creatinine concentration in relation to serum urea nitrogen concentration. Profound hyperuricemia was present in most patients. Transient hypercalcemia developed during the diuretic phase in 5 patients. One patient died. We conclude that nontraumatic myoglobinuria with acute renal failure is not infrequent and may occur after an overdose of ethanol or heroin. The disease has good prognosis despite severe hypercatbolism and untreated profound hyperuricemia."}
{"id": "PMID:937920", "title": "Defective triglyceride removal in lipemia associated with peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis.", "content": "Plasma lipids were measured in 78 uremic patients receiving either chronic peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. Type IV hyperlipemia was found in 60% of patients. The lipid level was not influenced by dietary habits or patient's age. Patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis had a significantly higher and more sustained hyperlipemia than the patients on haemodialysis. Triglyceride turnover studies showed that all patients, regardless of the type of dialysis or lipid level, had impaired triglyceride removal as the cause of this lipemia. This defect in triglyceride metabolism was only partially corrected by increasing the efficiency of the dialysis.", "contents": "Defective triglyceride removal in lipemia associated with peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis. Plasma lipids were measured in 78 uremic patients receiving either chronic peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. Type IV hyperlipemia was found in 60% of patients. The lipid level was not influenced by dietary habits or patient's age. Patients on chronic peritoneal dialysis had a significantly higher and more sustained hyperlipemia than the patients on haemodialysis. Triglyceride turnover studies showed that all patients, regardless of the type of dialysis or lipid level, had impaired triglyceride removal as the cause of this lipemia. This defect in triglyceride metabolism was only partially corrected by increasing the efficiency of the dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:937921", "title": "Coccidoidouria: clinical significance.", "content": "Twelve patients had urine cultures positive for Coccidioides immitis. Ten patients showed the usual criteria for dissemination, but 2 were believed, before urine culture, to have only chronic pulmonary involvement. In 8 patients, there was impairment of host defense mechanisms due either to associated disease or immunosuppressive drug therapy. Only 2 of 11 patients tested reacted to coccidioidin skin-test antigen. Colony counts of C. immitis in the first voided morning urine spacimens ranged from 0.03/ml to 17/ml. With prostatic involvement, colony counts in the expressed secretions ranged from 15/ml to 120/ml. The site of urinary tract coccidioidomycosis, which could be adduced in 9 patients, was the upper tract in 1, lower tract in 6, and in both upper and lower tracts in 2. In patients with lower tract infection, the prostate was involved in 4 and the epididymis in 2.", "contents": "Coccidoidouria: clinical significance. Twelve patients had urine cultures positive for Coccidioides immitis. Ten patients showed the usual criteria for dissemination, but 2 were believed, before urine culture, to have only chronic pulmonary involvement. In 8 patients, there was impairment of host defense mechanisms due either to associated disease or immunosuppressive drug therapy. Only 2 of 11 patients tested reacted to coccidioidin skin-test antigen. Colony counts of C. immitis in the first voided morning urine spacimens ranged from 0.03/ml to 17/ml. With prostatic involvement, colony counts in the expressed secretions ranged from 15/ml to 120/ml. The site of urinary tract coccidioidomycosis, which could be adduced in 9 patients, was the upper tract in 1, lower tract in 6, and in both upper and lower tracts in 2. In patients with lower tract infection, the prostate was involved in 4 and the epididymis in 2."}
{"id": "PMID:937922", "title": "Recurrent staphylococcal abscesses associated with defective neutrophil chemotaxis and allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Four patients with recurrent staphylococcal furonculosis and deep abscess formation were evaluated to determine if a defect in the host defense mechanism could account for the unusual incidence of infection. Each also suffered repeated allergic rhinitis, often preceding the onset of infection. A marked defect in neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis occurred when the patients were symptomatic with rhinitis and abscess formation. Their mean chemotactic index (+/- SD) was 16 +/- 6, while that of 25 control subjects was 70 +/- 11. Neutrophil random migration, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and lymphocyte T-cell populations were normal, as were serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE. Serial neutrophil function tests revealed normal chemotactic responsiveness when the patients were symptom-free of allergic rhinitis and no longer having abscesses. Abnormal function returned, however, when symptoms recurred. These studies suggest that defective neutrophil function associated with allergic phenomena need not be accompanied by hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Such defects may be intermittent, appearing when allergic symptomatology and infections develop.", "contents": "Recurrent staphylococcal abscesses associated with defective neutrophil chemotaxis and allergic rhinitis. Four patients with recurrent staphylococcal furonculosis and deep abscess formation were evaluated to determine if a defect in the host defense mechanism could account for the unusual incidence of infection. Each also suffered repeated allergic rhinitis, often preceding the onset of infection. A marked defect in neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis occurred when the patients were symptomatic with rhinitis and abscess formation. Their mean chemotactic index (+/- SD) was 16 +/- 6, while that of 25 control subjects was 70 +/- 11. Neutrophil random migration, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and lymphocyte T-cell populations were normal, as were serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE. Serial neutrophil function tests revealed normal chemotactic responsiveness when the patients were symptom-free of allergic rhinitis and no longer having abscesses. Abnormal function returned, however, when symptoms recurred. These studies suggest that defective neutrophil function associated with allergic phenomena need not be accompanied by hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Such defects may be intermittent, appearing when allergic symptomatology and infections develop."}
{"id": "PMID:937923", "title": "Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in sarcoidosis.", "content": "In a prospective study at two medical centers, 42 consecutive patients with suspected sarcoidosis underwent transbronchial lung biopsy during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Transbronchial biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas in 24 of the 38 cases (63%) in which adequate tissue was obtained. Special stains and cultures for acid-fast bacilli and fungi were negative, and sarcoidosis was subsequently diagnosed in all 42 cases. Positive biopsies were obtained in 11 of 20 patients with radiographic stage I disease, in 11 of 15 with stage II disease, and in 2 of 3 with stage III disease. There was a higher probability of a positive biopsy in patients with high symptom scores for cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, and in those with a vital capacity of less than 80% of predicted. The only complication was one small pneumothorax, which spontaneously resolved. Transbronchial lung biopsy is an attractive initial procedure for obtaining histologic confirmation of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in sarcoidosis. In a prospective study at two medical centers, 42 consecutive patients with suspected sarcoidosis underwent transbronchial lung biopsy during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Transbronchial biopsy revealed noncaseating granulomas in 24 of the 38 cases (63%) in which adequate tissue was obtained. Special stains and cultures for acid-fast bacilli and fungi were negative, and sarcoidosis was subsequently diagnosed in all 42 cases. Positive biopsies were obtained in 11 of 20 patients with radiographic stage I disease, in 11 of 15 with stage II disease, and in 2 of 3 with stage III disease. There was a higher probability of a positive biopsy in patients with high symptom scores for cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, and in those with a vital capacity of less than 80% of predicted. The only complication was one small pneumothorax, which spontaneously resolved. Transbronchial lung biopsy is an attractive initial procedure for obtaining histologic confirmation of sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:937924", "title": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head with combination therapy.", "content": "Four patients with malignant lymphoma who were treated with multiple courses of combination chemotherapy, consisting of cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP), developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head(s). Disorders usually associated with the development of avascular necrosis were absent. The total prednisone dose received by each patient was small. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone pain in patients receiving multiple courses of combination chemotherapy.", "contents": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head with combination therapy. Four patients with malignant lymphoma who were treated with multiple courses of combination chemotherapy, consisting of cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, procarbazine, and prednisone (COPP), developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head(s). Disorders usually associated with the development of avascular necrosis were absent. The total prednisone dose received by each patient was small. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bone pain in patients receiving multiple courses of combination chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:937928", "title": "Rifampin.", "content": "In 1971, rifampin was approved for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis. At present, the approved indications remain the same. However, rifampin in conjunction with at least one other antituberculous drug may be of great value in therapy of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and infections due to other susceptible mycobacteria. In addition, results of clinical trials in leprosy have been highly encouraging. Rifampin appears to induce light chain proteinuria in a majority of patients and has been implicated in suppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. However, these effects appear to have been of little consequence to treated patients. A variety of possibly immunologically mediated reactions to rifampin has been closely associated with irregular administration of the drug. These reactions and hepatic toxcity may be preventable in many patients. Rifampin or one of its congeners, alone or in combination with other antibiotics, may prove useful in treatment of various infectious, and possibly malignant, diseases.", "contents": "Rifampin. In 1971, rifampin was approved for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis. At present, the approved indications remain the same. However, rifampin in conjunction with at least one other antituberculous drug may be of great value in therapy of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and infections due to other susceptible mycobacteria. In addition, results of clinical trials in leprosy have been highly encouraging. Rifampin appears to induce light chain proteinuria in a majority of patients and has been implicated in suppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. However, these effects appear to have been of little consequence to treated patients. A variety of possibly immunologically mediated reactions to rifampin has been closely associated with irregular administration of the drug. These reactions and hepatic toxcity may be preventable in many patients. Rifampin or one of its congeners, alone or in combination with other antibiotics, may prove useful in treatment of various infectious, and possibly malignant, diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:937930", "title": "[Post emotional syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of ten clinical cases of post emotional shock, the following aspects are discussed: the causal emotion and its characteristics, its psychological repercussions and the mechanisms involvent, the clinical patterns observed, both somatic and psychic, and their interpretation. Attention is called to the consequences of such emotions from the forensic view-point and the need to ascertain and specify the nature and intensity of the emotional trauma and the actual state of anxiety. Emphasis is laid on the difficulty of making expert appraisals and fixing equitable compensations, as experts differ and their approaches to the problem and also because of the functional character of sequela and their varying degree of severity.", "contents": "[Post emotional syndromes (author's transl)]. On the basis of ten clinical cases of post emotional shock, the following aspects are discussed: the causal emotion and its characteristics, its psychological repercussions and the mechanisms involvent, the clinical patterns observed, both somatic and psychic, and their interpretation. Attention is called to the consequences of such emotions from the forensic view-point and the need to ascertain and specify the nature and intensity of the emotional trauma and the actual state of anxiety. Emphasis is laid on the difficulty of making expert appraisals and fixing equitable compensations, as experts differ and their approaches to the problem and also because of the functional character of sequela and their varying degree of severity."}
{"id": "PMID:937936", "title": "Adverse reaction to intravenous fluorescein: evidence for sex difference.", "content": "Males react adversely more frequently than females to intravenous fluorescein angiography, as shown in a study of 547 patients. Approximately 10% of all cases reacted: 12.8% of the male patients and 7.3% of the female patients had adverse responses. Nausea was most common; vomiting was infrequent, and urticaria rare (1.1%). Ten males as opposed to one female reacted markedly. More serious reactions did not occur during the 7 year testing period. No apparent cause for the increased frequency in the male cases was found.", "contents": "Adverse reaction to intravenous fluorescein: evidence for sex difference. Males react adversely more frequently than females to intravenous fluorescein angiography, as shown in a study of 547 patients. Approximately 10% of all cases reacted: 12.8% of the male patients and 7.3% of the female patients had adverse responses. Nausea was most common; vomiting was infrequent, and urticaria rare (1.1%). Ten males as opposed to one female reacted markedly. More serious reactions did not occur during the 7 year testing period. No apparent cause for the increased frequency in the male cases was found."}
{"id": "PMID:937937", "title": "Localization of intraorbital foreign bodies.", "content": "A study was performed utilizing 3 mock eyes of different sizes to determine the precision and accuracy of 3 radiographic methods of localization of intraorbital foreign bodies. The Comberg method was found to be the most precise and accurate, next, the Sweet method, and then the modified spectacle frame method. However, the modified spectacle frame field expedient method of localization yielded a surprisingly high degree of accuracy in 2 of the 3 planes of reference, that is, mediolaterally and superointeriorly. A more accurate field expedient type of device which will permit greater accuracy in localization of intraorbital foreign bodies in the anteroposterior axis is currently under development.", "contents": "Localization of intraorbital foreign bodies. A study was performed utilizing 3 mock eyes of different sizes to determine the precision and accuracy of 3 radiographic methods of localization of intraorbital foreign bodies. The Comberg method was found to be the most precise and accurate, next, the Sweet method, and then the modified spectacle frame method. However, the modified spectacle frame field expedient method of localization yielded a surprisingly high degree of accuracy in 2 of the 3 planes of reference, that is, mediolaterally and superointeriorly. A more accurate field expedient type of device which will permit greater accuracy in localization of intraorbital foreign bodies in the anteroposterior axis is currently under development."}
{"id": "PMID:937939", "title": "Bilateral oculodermal melanocytosis.", "content": "A case of bilateral oculodermal melanocytosis is presented in a Negro man. It is suggested that the term \"nervus of Ota\" be superseded by the more accurate and descriptive terms of \"dermal melanocytosis,\" \"ocular melanocytosis,\" and \"oculodermal melanocytosis.\"", "contents": "Bilateral oculodermal melanocytosis. A case of bilateral oculodermal melanocytosis is presented in a Negro man. It is suggested that the term \"nervus of Ota\" be superseded by the more accurate and descriptive terms of \"dermal melanocytosis,\" \"ocular melanocytosis,\" and \"oculodermal melanocytosis.\""}
{"id": "PMID:937940", "title": "Ara AMP- a highly soluble new antiviral drug.", "content": "While vidarabine (Ara A) is in several ways superior to idoxuridine (IDU) it still has the disadvantages of rapid inactivation and poor solubility. The monophosphate ester or vidarabine, Ara AMP, however, is metabolized very slowly in humans and is extremely soluble with good tissue penetrance. The present study indicates that Ara AMP drops are equipotent or superior to vidarabine ointment in treatment of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex keratitis. While iritis was significantly less in all treated groups, a suspicion of chemical side effect was raised but could not be proven in subsequent toxicity tests.", "contents": "Ara AMP- a highly soluble new antiviral drug. While vidarabine (Ara A) is in several ways superior to idoxuridine (IDU) it still has the disadvantages of rapid inactivation and poor solubility. The monophosphate ester or vidarabine, Ara AMP, however, is metabolized very slowly in humans and is extremely soluble with good tissue penetrance. The present study indicates that Ara AMP drops are equipotent or superior to vidarabine ointment in treatment of type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex keratitis. While iritis was significantly less in all treated groups, a suspicion of chemical side effect was raised but could not be proven in subsequent toxicity tests."}
{"id": "PMID:937941", "title": "Reversible bilateral simultaneous papillitis with no light perception.", "content": "This 14-year-old patient with bilateral simultaneous papillitis experienced no light perception in either eye for 24 hours and had a complete recovery of central and peripheral vision 3 weeks later. Fluorescein angiography confirmed the diagnosis. Although her hospital work-up was negative except for a mildly elevated CSF protein, it seems most likely that this was a postviral syndrome based on the bilaterality, rapid recovery of vision, and the age group.", "contents": "Reversible bilateral simultaneous papillitis with no light perception. This 14-year-old patient with bilateral simultaneous papillitis experienced no light perception in either eye for 24 hours and had a complete recovery of central and peripheral vision 3 weeks later. Fluorescein angiography confirmed the diagnosis. Although her hospital work-up was negative except for a mildly elevated CSF protein, it seems most likely that this was a postviral syndrome based on the bilaterality, rapid recovery of vision, and the age group."}
{"id": "PMID:937942", "title": "Phacofragmentation and irrigation.", "content": "Phacofragmentation and irrigation is an excellent operation for easy extracapsular removal of cataracts through a small limbal incision for patients without significant nuclear sclerosis. Although the technique can be used in the senile age goup for special situations, it is not recommended as a substitute for the routine intracapsular operation for those patients with moderate to severe nuclear sclerosis. For good, consistent results, patient selection, animal practice, and familiarity with the operating microscope are important.", "contents": "Phacofragmentation and irrigation. Phacofragmentation and irrigation is an excellent operation for easy extracapsular removal of cataracts through a small limbal incision for patients without significant nuclear sclerosis. Although the technique can be used in the senile age goup for special situations, it is not recommended as a substitute for the routine intracapsular operation for those patients with moderate to severe nuclear sclerosis. For good, consistent results, patient selection, animal practice, and familiarity with the operating microscope are important."}
{"id": "PMID:937943", "title": "The relationship between hydrocortisone acetate distribution and efficacy in inflamed eyes: continuous vs intermittent delivery.", "content": "Hydrocortisone acetate was administered to rabbit eyes intermittently in 250mug doses (given twice daily or once hourly) or continuously at 10mug/hr from an experimental ocular therapeutic system. Tissue drug distribution was measured over a 1 to 4 day period in experimental conjunctivitis. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated over a 4 day period in the same model. Statistically significant improvement in inflammation was observed 48 hours after initiation of continuous delivery treatment and after 4 days of the twice daily eyedrop regimen. Drug uptake by ocular tissues correlated with drug efficacy. Continuous delivery at 10mug/hr produced conjunctival steriod concentrations exceeding 1mug/g during 8 through 24 hours of treatment, and average levels of 1mug/g from days 2 through 4. Conjunctival steroid concentations generally did not exceed 1mug/g in eyedrop treated eyes until the fourth treatment day, when their clinical improvement matched that observed in the continuously treated eyes.", "contents": "The relationship between hydrocortisone acetate distribution and efficacy in inflamed eyes: continuous vs intermittent delivery. Hydrocortisone acetate was administered to rabbit eyes intermittently in 250mug doses (given twice daily or once hourly) or continuously at 10mug/hr from an experimental ocular therapeutic system. Tissue drug distribution was measured over a 1 to 4 day period in experimental conjunctivitis. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated over a 4 day period in the same model. Statistically significant improvement in inflammation was observed 48 hours after initiation of continuous delivery treatment and after 4 days of the twice daily eyedrop regimen. Drug uptake by ocular tissues correlated with drug efficacy. Continuous delivery at 10mug/hr produced conjunctival steriod concentrations exceeding 1mug/g during 8 through 24 hours of treatment, and average levels of 1mug/g from days 2 through 4. Conjunctival steroid concentations generally did not exceed 1mug/g in eyedrop treated eyes until the fourth treatment day, when their clinical improvement matched that observed in the continuously treated eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:937944", "title": "A stereological analysis of venous nicking observed at retinal arteriovenous crossings.", "content": "The accepted hypotheses for the explanation of retinal venous nicking are critically reviewed and an alternative hypothesis based on a stereological analysis is presented. The ophthalmoscopic appearance of retinal venous nicking is best explained by partial collapse of the vein with the major axis of the venous cross section at right angles to the internal limiting a membrane of the venous blood flow nor of the likelihood of tributary vein occlusion. A partially collapsed vein may be very sensitive to small changes in intraocular pressure. Patients with impending tributary vein occlusion may benefit from reducing intraocular pressure.", "contents": "A stereological analysis of venous nicking observed at retinal arteriovenous crossings. The accepted hypotheses for the explanation of retinal venous nicking are critically reviewed and an alternative hypothesis based on a stereological analysis is presented. The ophthalmoscopic appearance of retinal venous nicking is best explained by partial collapse of the vein with the major axis of the venous cross section at right angles to the internal limiting a membrane of the venous blood flow nor of the likelihood of tributary vein occlusion. A partially collapsed vein may be very sensitive to small changes in intraocular pressure. Patients with impending tributary vein occlusion may benefit from reducing intraocular pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:937946", "title": "Relative hypermetropia: a conception of Donders fallen into oblivion.", "content": "Donders created 2 triads in connection with hypermetropia. The first is well known: Ht = Hm + H1. The second is a division into facultative, relative, and absolute hypermetropia. In present ophthalmic literature the second triad is confused with the first; the important member called relative hypermetropia is not even mentioned. I tried to find the cause of this misunderstanding. In my opinion the second triad--in the form Hess had given to it--should be placed among the basic informations of ophthalmology.", "contents": "Relative hypermetropia: a conception of Donders fallen into oblivion. Donders created 2 triads in connection with hypermetropia. The first is well known: Ht = Hm + H1. The second is a division into facultative, relative, and absolute hypermetropia. In present ophthalmic literature the second triad is confused with the first; the important member called relative hypermetropia is not even mentioned. I tried to find the cause of this misunderstanding. In my opinion the second triad--in the form Hess had given to it--should be placed among the basic informations of ophthalmology."}
{"id": "PMID:937949", "title": "Tissue culture studies of contact lenses.", "content": "Standard methylmethacrylate hard contact lenses and several available soft (HEMA) contact lenses were studied in tissue culture using secondary rabbit kidney cells. No toxic constituents were found but the cells were readily destroyed by a keratoprosthesis which was found to be toxic in culture. The tissue culture technique should assist in determining which plastics are most suitable for in vivo use and make conclusions concerning mechanical or metabolic effects of lenses more meaningful.", "contents": "Tissue culture studies of contact lenses. Standard methylmethacrylate hard contact lenses and several available soft (HEMA) contact lenses were studied in tissue culture using secondary rabbit kidney cells. No toxic constituents were found but the cells were readily destroyed by a keratoprosthesis which was found to be toxic in culture. The tissue culture technique should assist in determining which plastics are most suitable for in vivo use and make conclusions concerning mechanical or metabolic effects of lenses more meaningful."}
{"id": "PMID:937950", "title": "Postpartum uveitis.", "content": "A review of the literature supports the concept that serum levels of corticosteroids are elevated during pregnancy. Even a concurrent increase in cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) does not entirely neutralize the increased levels of cortisol. Thus, body tissues are exposed to more free cortisol than in the nonpregnant state. After delivery there is a rapid reduction of serum corticosteroids to the nonpregnant level. A granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis may be suppressed by the high serum cortisol level. In the puerperium with a reduction of the serum cortisol, exacerbation of such a disease is likely. The case presented demonstrates this phenomenon.", "contents": "Postpartum uveitis. A review of the literature supports the concept that serum levels of corticosteroids are elevated during pregnancy. Even a concurrent increase in cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) does not entirely neutralize the increased levels of cortisol. Thus, body tissues are exposed to more free cortisol than in the nonpregnant state. After delivery there is a rapid reduction of serum corticosteroids to the nonpregnant level. A granulomatous disease such as sarcoidosis may be suppressed by the high serum cortisol level. In the puerperium with a reduction of the serum cortisol, exacerbation of such a disease is likely. The case presented demonstrates this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:937951", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of abduction deficiencies.", "content": "Deficient abduction can be due to both innervational deficiencies and/or mechanical restrictions. Innervational deficiencies include lateral rectus weakness or paralysis, myasthenia gravis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia nd Duane's syndrome with aberrant innervation to the lateral rectus muscle. Mechanical causes include restrictions on the medial side of the globe (a tight medical rectus due to endocrine ophthalmopathy, a contractured medial rectus muscle as a result of a lateral rectus paralysis, excessive resection of the medial rectus muscle, scarring and hemorrhage due to multiple previous operations upon the medial rectus), as well as a posteriorly inserted lateral rectus. This latter condition may result from a traumatically disinserted lateral rectus muscle, an excessively recessed lateral rectus muscle or a lateral rectus that has slipped from its attachment following strabismus surgery. Insufficient force for full abduction is caused by posterior insertion of the lateral rectus. The diagnosis of these various conditions is considered with reference to the forced duction, force generation and saccadic velocity tests. The treatment of these different causes of abduction deficiency is discussed noting that the approach to treatment depends upon the etiology of the abduction deficiency.", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of abduction deficiencies. Deficient abduction can be due to both innervational deficiencies and/or mechanical restrictions. Innervational deficiencies include lateral rectus weakness or paralysis, myasthenia gravis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia nd Duane's syndrome with aberrant innervation to the lateral rectus muscle. Mechanical causes include restrictions on the medial side of the globe (a tight medical rectus due to endocrine ophthalmopathy, a contractured medial rectus muscle as a result of a lateral rectus paralysis, excessive resection of the medial rectus muscle, scarring and hemorrhage due to multiple previous operations upon the medial rectus), as well as a posteriorly inserted lateral rectus. This latter condition may result from a traumatically disinserted lateral rectus muscle, an excessively recessed lateral rectus muscle or a lateral rectus that has slipped from its attachment following strabismus surgery. Insufficient force for full abduction is caused by posterior insertion of the lateral rectus. The diagnosis of these various conditions is considered with reference to the forced duction, force generation and saccadic velocity tests. The treatment of these different causes of abduction deficiency is discussed noting that the approach to treatment depends upon the etiology of the abduction deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:937952", "title": "Adverse systemic reactions of topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride.", "content": "Systemic toxic effects of 2% cyclopentolate eye drops were studied in 66 adults. Out of these, 10 developed systemic toxic reactions. In 6 cases it was mild and in the remaining 4 cases the severity was moderate. Recovery was complete without any treatment. It is suggested that the use of 2% cyclopentolate drops should be restricted, and weaker concentrations applied with caution.", "contents": "Adverse systemic reactions of topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride. Systemic toxic effects of 2% cyclopentolate eye drops were studied in 66 adults. Out of these, 10 developed systemic toxic reactions. In 6 cases it was mild and in the remaining 4 cases the severity was moderate. Recovery was complete without any treatment. It is suggested that the use of 2% cyclopentolate drops should be restricted, and weaker concentrations applied with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:937953", "title": "Examination of the ocular fundus with monochromatic light.", "content": "Pure colored light in a narrow spectral band improves ophthalmoscopy and photography of the human ocular fundus. The contrast of fundus details is enhanced and the loss of quality of the image associated with chromatic aberrations is eliminated. The monochromatic technique also improves the localization of structures in the stratified layers of the fundus. Monochromatic photographs of a normal fundus and different pathologic cases are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Examination of the ocular fundus with monochromatic light. Pure colored light in a narrow spectral band improves ophthalmoscopy and photography of the human ocular fundus. The contrast of fundus details is enhanced and the loss of quality of the image associated with chromatic aberrations is eliminated. The monochromatic technique also improves the localization of structures in the stratified layers of the fundus. Monochromatic photographs of a normal fundus and different pathologic cases are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937954", "title": "Fluorescein angiography in syphilitic retinal vasculitis.", "content": "A case of ocular syphilis with severe ischemic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma is described. Fluorescein angiography revealed a complete blockage of all the vessels around the macula, with dye leakage from numerous bifurcations of veins and an infiltrative mass in the macular area of both eyes. Combined treatment with steroids and penicillin brought no improvement in this condition of severe, ischemic ophthalmia.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography in syphilitic retinal vasculitis. A case of ocular syphilis with severe ischemic retinopathy, rubeosis iridis and secondary glaucoma is described. Fluorescein angiography revealed a complete blockage of all the vessels around the macula, with dye leakage from numerous bifurcations of veins and an infiltrative mass in the macular area of both eyes. Combined treatment with steroids and penicillin brought no improvement in this condition of severe, ischemic ophthalmia."}
{"id": "PMID:937955", "title": "Tendon-lengthening in squint surgery.", "content": "A procedure of tendon-lengthening to correct horizontal deviation of squinting eyes is repopularized. The principle is that the internus rectus muscle is exposed and divided into 3 portions which after suturing will form one elongated portion. Technique, dosage, suturing materials, instrumentation, disadvantages and advantages as well as postoperative care of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Tendon-lengthening in squint surgery. A procedure of tendon-lengthening to correct horizontal deviation of squinting eyes is repopularized. The principle is that the internus rectus muscle is exposed and divided into 3 portions which after suturing will form one elongated portion. Technique, dosage, suturing materials, instrumentation, disadvantages and advantages as well as postoperative care of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937956", "title": "Bulging iris-lens in cataract extraction.", "content": "The basic cause of iris-lens diaphragm bulging during cataract extraction is thought to be increased choroidal venous congestive pressure. This is shown to be controlled by hyperventilation under general anesthesia.", "contents": "Bulging iris-lens in cataract extraction. The basic cause of iris-lens diaphragm bulging during cataract extraction is thought to be increased choroidal venous congestive pressure. This is shown to be controlled by hyperventilation under general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:937957", "title": "Mastoid and middle ear cavity obliteration for control of otitis media.", "content": "Total soft tissue obliteration of the mastoid-middle ear cavity and primary closure of the external auditory meatus were employed in six patients to control chronic suppurative otitis media. Previously, all these patients had unsuccessful surgery and all but one had profound loss of cochlear function. Thorough removal of cholesteatoma, granulation tissue, and ear canal skin is necessary before total obliteration can be performed safely. Wound healing was complete by one to two weeks postoperatively and all patients have been asymptomatic for two to seven years.", "contents": "Mastoid and middle ear cavity obliteration for control of otitis media. Total soft tissue obliteration of the mastoid-middle ear cavity and primary closure of the external auditory meatus were employed in six patients to control chronic suppurative otitis media. Previously, all these patients had unsuccessful surgery and all but one had profound loss of cochlear function. Thorough removal of cholesteatoma, granulation tissue, and ear canal skin is necessary before total obliteration can be performed safely. Wound healing was complete by one to two weeks postoperatively and all patients have been asymptomatic for two to seven years."}
{"id": "PMID:937958", "title": "Observations on normal and degenerating human otoconia.", "content": "Specimens of human otoconia obtained from autopsy material and representing various stages from fetal to advanced old age, were studied by microdissection, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and x-ray powder diffraction. The typical adult otoconial configuration is a cylindrical, finely serrated body with pointed ends; crystallographically, it corresponds to a single crystal of calcite. Other, less numerous typed include jointed otoconia, pure rhombohedrons and multifaceted, presumably immature forms. Many otoconia achieve the adult configuration during fetal development. The multifaceted otoconia are most numerous, and the rhombohedrons proliferate, during childhon in the young adult, but saccular otoconia are the larger. In middle and advanced age the otoconia decrease in number, especially in the saccule. Saccular otoconia degenerate progressively in a posteroanterior direction across the macula; they assume a specific, fibours, hollowed-out appearance, which is not duplicated by either chemical etching or autolysis. Neogenesis and growth of otoconia appear to occur postnatally, with different characteristic growth potentials for those of the saccule and the utricle. Age-related saccular otoconial degeneration appears to involve the organic material, which disappears either before or simultaneously with the mineral substance.", "contents": "Observations on normal and degenerating human otoconia. Specimens of human otoconia obtained from autopsy material and representing various stages from fetal to advanced old age, were studied by microdissection, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and x-ray powder diffraction. The typical adult otoconial configuration is a cylindrical, finely serrated body with pointed ends; crystallographically, it corresponds to a single crystal of calcite. Other, less numerous typed include jointed otoconia, pure rhombohedrons and multifaceted, presumably immature forms. Many otoconia achieve the adult configuration during fetal development. The multifaceted otoconia are most numerous, and the rhombohedrons proliferate, during childhon in the young adult, but saccular otoconia are the larger. In middle and advanced age the otoconia decrease in number, especially in the saccule. Saccular otoconia degenerate progressively in a posteroanterior direction across the macula; they assume a specific, fibours, hollowed-out appearance, which is not duplicated by either chemical etching or autolysis. Neogenesis and growth of otoconia appear to occur postnatally, with different characteristic growth potentials for those of the saccule and the utricle. Age-related saccular otoconial degeneration appears to involve the organic material, which disappears either before or simultaneously with the mineral substance."}
{"id": "PMID:937960", "title": "Posterior cricoarytenoid as a speech muscle.", "content": "It is well known that the posterior crioarytenoid muscle (PCA) is the only abductor of the vocal folds, but its role in speech has not fully been clarified. Our recent electromyographic (EMG) studies indicate active participation of PCA in the production of voiceless consonants and breathy phonation in different languages. In the experiments to be reported here, computer-averaged EMG data were obtained from PCA of native speakers of American English, Japanese, and Danish who uttered test words embedded in frame sentences. The results indicated that there was consistent increases in PCA activity for the voiceless portion of the test words. The EMG results were compared to the degree of glottal opening estimated by means of the fiberoptic technique. It was suggested that the degree and timing of PCA activity were directly responsible for determining the size and temporal course of the glottal opening for voiceless segments, although the suppression of the adductors might also have to be taken into consideration for a complete description of voiceless segment production.", "contents": "Posterior cricoarytenoid as a speech muscle. It is well known that the posterior crioarytenoid muscle (PCA) is the only abductor of the vocal folds, but its role in speech has not fully been clarified. Our recent electromyographic (EMG) studies indicate active participation of PCA in the production of voiceless consonants and breathy phonation in different languages. In the experiments to be reported here, computer-averaged EMG data were obtained from PCA of native speakers of American English, Japanese, and Danish who uttered test words embedded in frame sentences. The results indicated that there was consistent increases in PCA activity for the voiceless portion of the test words. The EMG results were compared to the degree of glottal opening estimated by means of the fiberoptic technique. It was suggested that the degree and timing of PCA activity were directly responsible for determining the size and temporal course of the glottal opening for voiceless segments, although the suppression of the adductors might also have to be taken into consideration for a complete description of voiceless segment production."}
{"id": "PMID:937961", "title": "Electrically evoked taste threshold.", "content": "How accurately can the electrically evoked taste threshold be determined? Why have standards of normal values not yet been generally accepted? In order to answer these questions, 80 normal subjects were examined by means of the method of adjustment. The results showed a greater variability of threshold values and side differences than found by other authors. In explanation, it is suggested that the method of adjustment minimizes the biasing effect of the examiner, which normally leads to an underestimation of the threshold variability as well as of the side differences. The method of adjustment is therefore suitable for certain experimental purposes. For clinical use, a simple procedure like Krarups should be preferred. Due to its limited validity, however, only side differences of 100% or more should be considered pathological. A log-scale with rather large units (25% increment steps) is recommended.", "contents": "Electrically evoked taste threshold. How accurately can the electrically evoked taste threshold be determined? Why have standards of normal values not yet been generally accepted? In order to answer these questions, 80 normal subjects were examined by means of the method of adjustment. The results showed a greater variability of threshold values and side differences than found by other authors. In explanation, it is suggested that the method of adjustment minimizes the biasing effect of the examiner, which normally leads to an underestimation of the threshold variability as well as of the side differences. The method of adjustment is therefore suitable for certain experimental purposes. For clinical use, a simple procedure like Krarups should be preferred. Due to its limited validity, however, only side differences of 100% or more should be considered pathological. A log-scale with rather large units (25% increment steps) is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:937962", "title": "Unilateral endolymphatic hydrops and associated abnormalities.", "content": "A case of unilateral endolymphatic hydrops is presented in which several significant histopathological findings are observed in the affected inner ear and are absent in the opposite ear. Moderate endolymphatic hydrops is present in all cochlear turns on the involved side. Atrophic changes in the cochlear and vestibular end-organs, partial collapse and infolding of Reissner's and the saccular membranes, and collapse of the posterior canal membrane are also seen. There is also marked narrowing of the proximal rugose portion of the endolymphatic sac, associated with a flattened, epithelial lining, dense fibrotic connective tissue, brown pigment deposition, and poor vascularity in a relatively narrowed and straightened vestibular aqueduct. Fibrosis, loss of vascularity, and brown pigment deposition are also observed in the bony channels surrounding the vestibular aqueduct.", "contents": "Unilateral endolymphatic hydrops and associated abnormalities. A case of unilateral endolymphatic hydrops is presented in which several significant histopathological findings are observed in the affected inner ear and are absent in the opposite ear. Moderate endolymphatic hydrops is present in all cochlear turns on the involved side. Atrophic changes in the cochlear and vestibular end-organs, partial collapse and infolding of Reissner's and the saccular membranes, and collapse of the posterior canal membrane are also seen. There is also marked narrowing of the proximal rugose portion of the endolymphatic sac, associated with a flattened, epithelial lining, dense fibrotic connective tissue, brown pigment deposition, and poor vascularity in a relatively narrowed and straightened vestibular aqueduct. Fibrosis, loss of vascularity, and brown pigment deposition are also observed in the bony channels surrounding the vestibular aqueduct."}
{"id": "PMID:937963", "title": "Vocal shimmer in sustained phonation of normal and pathologic voice.", "content": "Vocal shimmer during sustained phonation was measured in normal subjects and patients with laryngeal polyps, using the mean amplitude difference between consecutive cycles expressed in dB. A small laboratory computer was then used for measuring each discrete amplitude and for data processing. The results showed some overlap between the values for two groups studied, but nevertheless it appears that the measured value may be a useful index in screening for laryngeal disorders and for definitive diagnosis of such disorders.", "contents": "Vocal shimmer in sustained phonation of normal and pathologic voice. Vocal shimmer during sustained phonation was measured in normal subjects and patients with laryngeal polyps, using the mean amplitude difference between consecutive cycles expressed in dB. A small laboratory computer was then used for measuring each discrete amplitude and for data processing. The results showed some overlap between the values for two groups studied, but nevertheless it appears that the measured value may be a useful index in screening for laryngeal disorders and for definitive diagnosis of such disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:937959", "title": "Tissue culture of human adult adenoids and of middle eear mucosa.", "content": "The increased number of mucus producing cells as well as the presence of stratified squamous epithelium in pathological and experimental middle ear conditions, point towards the possibility of metaplastic changes of the middle ear mucosa, similar to the metaplastic capabilities of respiratory mucosae in general, as observed clinically or provoked experimentally. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of postembryonic human respiratory mucosae, in vitro, for the study of triggering or inducing factors involved in its normal and metaplastic differentiation. Explants from adenoids and middle ear mucosa were cultured, both as organ cultures and monolayers, for periods of up to two weeks, and their developmental characteristics were studied and described. Over 50% of the explants showed mitosis, epithelial and monolayer growth, ciliary activity and differentiation into ciliated and into mucus-producing cells. Adenoid explants were grown in air without and with added 5% CO2. Under the latter conditions, the proportion of explants and monolayers showing ciliary activity was 50% greater. It is concluded that this model might be suitable for further studies of the factors which control cyto-differentiation in mucociliary epithelia. Maintaining its growth for a longer period would, however, be desirable.", "contents": "Tissue culture of human adult adenoids and of middle eear mucosa. The increased number of mucus producing cells as well as the presence of stratified squamous epithelium in pathological and experimental middle ear conditions, point towards the possibility of metaplastic changes of the middle ear mucosa, similar to the metaplastic capabilities of respiratory mucosae in general, as observed clinically or provoked experimentally. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of postembryonic human respiratory mucosae, in vitro, for the study of triggering or inducing factors involved in its normal and metaplastic differentiation. Explants from adenoids and middle ear mucosa were cultured, both as organ cultures and monolayers, for periods of up to two weeks, and their developmental characteristics were studied and described. Over 50% of the explants showed mitosis, epithelial and monolayer growth, ciliary activity and differentiation into ciliated and into mucus-producing cells. Adenoid explants were grown in air without and with added 5% CO2. Under the latter conditions, the proportion of explants and monolayers showing ciliary activity was 50% greater. It is concluded that this model might be suitable for further studies of the factors which control cyto-differentiation in mucociliary epithelia. Maintaining its growth for a longer period would, however, be desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:937965", "title": "Pigmented lesion of the middle ear: report of a case.", "content": "Melanotic lesions of the mucosal membranes of the head and neck have been reported infrequently. Malignant melanomas are reported with much more frequency than benign nevi in this region. The first reported case of a nevus of the middle ear mucosa is presented. The distinctions between this lesion, nevus of Ota, meningioma, Schwannoma, and hematoma are discussed. The malignant potential for this lesion is not known, but it appears low enough to obviate interval tympanotomy.", "contents": "Pigmented lesion of the middle ear: report of a case. Melanotic lesions of the mucosal membranes of the head and neck have been reported infrequently. Malignant melanomas are reported with much more frequency than benign nevi in this region. The first reported case of a nevus of the middle ear mucosa is presented. The distinctions between this lesion, nevus of Ota, meningioma, Schwannoma, and hematoma are discussed. The malignant potential for this lesion is not known, but it appears low enough to obviate interval tympanotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:937966", "title": "Rapid, atraumatic method for obtaining nasal mucus samples.", "content": "Disposable cellulose acetate sponges, properly placed in the nose, provide a rapid method of stimulating the production of nasal mucus to be obtained for study. There is little trauma to the nasal mucosa, thus minimizing the risk of contamination of samples with serum or cells. The mucus is not diluted, and therefore, quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins and other substances can be made.", "contents": "Rapid, atraumatic method for obtaining nasal mucus samples. Disposable cellulose acetate sponges, properly placed in the nose, provide a rapid method of stimulating the production of nasal mucus to be obtained for study. There is little trauma to the nasal mucosa, thus minimizing the risk of contamination of samples with serum or cells. The mucus is not diluted, and therefore, quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins and other substances can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:937968", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is presented along with a review of the medical literature. The clinicopathological aspects of this tumor are discussed. The mode of treatment is complete surgical excision with close follow-up due to its high rate of local recurrence. The long-term survival with recurrent disease in this case is unusual.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is presented along with a review of the medical literature. The clinicopathological aspects of this tumor are discussed. The mode of treatment is complete surgical excision with close follow-up due to its high rate of local recurrence. The long-term survival with recurrent disease in this case is unusual."}
{"id": "PMID:937964", "title": "Initiation of reflex glottic closure.", "content": "Review of the literature reveals scant information regarding the initiation of reflex glottic closure. Using the adult cat as our experimental model, we have attempted to analyze both the ipsilateral and crossed laryngeal adductor responses involved in reflex closure of the glottis. These ipsilateral and crossed reflexes are particularly well developed in the cat allowing their study with relative ease. From multifiber and single unit recurrent laryngeal nerve preparations, detailed descriptions of both peripheral and central neural organizations of these reflexes may be obtained. These data further elucidate the mechanism for initial incoordination of the glottic closure reflex, resulting from weak stimulus applied simultaneously to both superior laryngeal nerves, or from unilateral superior laryngeal denervation due to surgical trauma, metabolic neuropathy, or direct tumor involvement.", "contents": "Initiation of reflex glottic closure. Review of the literature reveals scant information regarding the initiation of reflex glottic closure. Using the adult cat as our experimental model, we have attempted to analyze both the ipsilateral and crossed laryngeal adductor responses involved in reflex closure of the glottis. These ipsilateral and crossed reflexes are particularly well developed in the cat allowing their study with relative ease. From multifiber and single unit recurrent laryngeal nerve preparations, detailed descriptions of both peripheral and central neural organizations of these reflexes may be obtained. These data further elucidate the mechanism for initial incoordination of the glottic closure reflex, resulting from weak stimulus applied simultaneously to both superior laryngeal nerves, or from unilateral superior laryngeal denervation due to surgical trauma, metabolic neuropathy, or direct tumor involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:937970", "title": "Ear-cough (Arnold's) reflex.", "content": "A clinical survey of 688 patients revealed an incidence of Arnold's reflex in 1.74% of a general otolaryngology clinic population. There was no definite age, sex, or racial correlation found. The reflex was found unilaterally as well as bilaterally and in each canal quadrant, which is contrary to the previously described distribution of the nerve to the posterior and inferior parts of the canal. There was no predilection of a positive reflex with any particular ear disease.", "contents": "Ear-cough (Arnold's) reflex. A clinical survey of 688 patients revealed an incidence of Arnold's reflex in 1.74% of a general otolaryngology clinic population. There was no definite age, sex, or racial correlation found. The reflex was found unilaterally as well as bilaterally and in each canal quadrant, which is contrary to the previously described distribution of the nerve to the posterior and inferior parts of the canal. There was no predilection of a positive reflex with any particular ear disease."}
{"id": "PMID:937967", "title": "Microbiology of the canine nasal cavities.", "content": "The microbiota of both nasal cavities were investigated in 37 dogs by both aerobic and anaerobic techniques. The predominant microorganisms were composed of enterococci and staphylococci. A surprisingly high incidence (46%) of Gram-negative rods was noted from the inferior portion of the nose. Microorganisms from the superior region of the nose, as obtained with a surgical approach, differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from the respective transnasal cultures. Thus, it appears that different bacterial populations are present within various anatomic regions of the nose and a routine transnasal culture cannot accurately reflect the microbiology of the entire nasal cavity.", "contents": "Microbiology of the canine nasal cavities. The microbiota of both nasal cavities were investigated in 37 dogs by both aerobic and anaerobic techniques. The predominant microorganisms were composed of enterococci and staphylococci. A surprisingly high incidence (46%) of Gram-negative rods was noted from the inferior portion of the nose. Microorganisms from the superior region of the nose, as obtained with a surgical approach, differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from the respective transnasal cultures. Thus, it appears that different bacterial populations are present within various anatomic regions of the nose and a routine transnasal culture cannot accurately reflect the microbiology of the entire nasal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:937971", "title": "Mega-antrum.", "content": "Mega-antra may masquerade as destructive lesions of the antral portion of the temporal bone. Awareness of this entity and correlation with the physical and roentgenological examination could prevent surgical exploration of the temporal bone. New upper range size limits can be expected as mega-antra become more commonly identified.", "contents": "Mega-antrum. Mega-antra may masquerade as destructive lesions of the antral portion of the temporal bone. Awareness of this entity and correlation with the physical and roentgenological examination could prevent surgical exploration of the temporal bone. New upper range size limits can be expected as mega-antra become more commonly identified."}
{"id": "PMID:937969", "title": "Unusual presentation of a large leiomyoma of the esophagus.", "content": "A case is presented with a giant pedunculated leiomyoma of the esophagus. The difficulties of diagnosis are presented along with a review of the literature. Surgical removal is safe and curative.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of a large leiomyoma of the esophagus. A case is presented with a giant pedunculated leiomyoma of the esophagus. The difficulties of diagnosis are presented along with a review of the literature. Surgical removal is safe and curative."}
{"id": "PMID:937973", "title": "Epidermoid carcinoma arising from within an epidermoid inclusion cyst.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of epidermoid carcinoma within an inclusion cyst arising on the forehead of a patient is documented. The importance of any irregular change or clinically abnormal behavior in such a lesion is underscored and the necessity for routine histological examination of all tissue excised is reaffirmed.", "contents": "Epidermoid carcinoma arising from within an epidermoid inclusion cyst. The unusual occurrence of epidermoid carcinoma within an inclusion cyst arising on the forehead of a patient is documented. The importance of any irregular change or clinically abnormal behavior in such a lesion is underscored and the necessity for routine histological examination of all tissue excised is reaffirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:937976", "title": "[The tegument of Euzetrema knoepffleri, endoparasitic Monogenean of an amphibian: ultrastructure and evolution during the life cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "Euzetrema knoepffleri is an endoparasitic monogenean from the bladder of an Amphibian. Ultrastructural studies of the integument are made during the three stages of the life cycle: oncomiracidium, renal post-larva and adult. The meaning of the structures is discussed during the larval evolution to the adult and is compared with that of other monogeneans. The transition from fresh water to an urinary environment is in relation with the folding of the internal cytoplasmic membrane. This adaptation is specialized in water and ion transport through the integument, necessary for for the osmotic readjustment of the parasite:  It has been noted that the tegument integrates ultrastructural adaptations to the biotope, independent of the phylogeny.", "contents": "[The tegument of Euzetrema knoepffleri, endoparasitic Monogenean of an amphibian: ultrastructure and evolution during the life cycle (author's transl)]. Euzetrema knoepffleri is an endoparasitic monogenean from the bladder of an Amphibian. Ultrastructural studies of the integument are made during the three stages of the life cycle: oncomiracidium, renal post-larva and adult. The meaning of the structures is discussed during the larval evolution to the adult and is compared with that of other monogeneans. The transition from fresh water to an urinary environment is in relation with the folding of the internal cytoplasmic membrane. This adaptation is specialized in water and ion transport through the integument, necessary for for the osmotic readjustment of the parasite:  It has been noted that the tegument integrates ultrastructural adaptations to the biotope, independent of the phylogeny."}
{"id": "PMID:937975", "title": "Intermittent chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis using rifampicin and isoniazed for primary treatment: the influence of various factors on the frequency off side-effects.", "content": "After studying more than 1,000 siphonaptera  tera collected from about 300 wild carnivora (with a majority of foxes, Vulpes vulpes), in the North-east of France, the authors state more precisely the biology and chorology of the main fleas collected: Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides felis felis, C, canis, Chaetopsylla globiceps, Ch. rothschildi, Ch. trichosa, Paraceras melis melis. 9 other species are also noted.", "contents": "Intermittent chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis using rifampicin and isoniazed for primary treatment: the influence of various factors on the frequency off side-effects. After studying more than 1,000 siphonaptera  tera collected from about 300 wild carnivora (with a majority of foxes, Vulpes vulpes), in the North-east of France, the authors state more precisely the biology and chorology of the main fleas collected: Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides felis felis, C, canis, Chaetopsylla globiceps, Ch. rothschildi, Ch. trichosa, Paraceras melis melis. 9 other species are also noted."}
{"id": "PMID:937979", "title": "[Attempt to determine by chaetotaxy the genus of a microphallid cercaria parasiting Cerithium meditteraneum Deshayes (author's transl)].", "content": "Chetotaxy of a cercaria parasite of Cerithium meditteraneum is studied. Sensory receptors C III, St V, St DL, AID, PI and U, are similar to those of Maritrema linguilla and Maritrema subdolum. However in the three cercariae, the ventral, dorsal and lateral papillae, except AID and PI (V, L, D) are different. The chetotaxy of this cercariae shows that they belong to the genus Maritrema. Investigations of the biological cycle are under way to verifie this hypothesis.", "contents": "[Attempt to determine by chaetotaxy the genus of a microphallid cercaria parasiting Cerithium meditteraneum Deshayes (author's transl)]. Chetotaxy of a cercaria parasite of Cerithium meditteraneum is studied. Sensory receptors C III, St V, St DL, AID, PI and U, are similar to those of Maritrema linguilla and Maritrema subdolum. However in the three cercariae, the ventral, dorsal and lateral papillae, except AID and PI (V, L, D) are different. The chetotaxy of this cercariae shows that they belong to the genus Maritrema. Investigations of the biological cycle are under way to verifie this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:937980", "title": "[The advantage of an association of Zonitidea snails in biological control of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula on siliceous and calcareous field (authors transl)].", "content": "The predation rate of L. truncatula is increased by this association when habitats drying. The results are negative in swampy meadow -- habitats on siliceous soils.", "contents": "[The advantage of an association of Zonitidea snails in biological control of Lymnaea (Galba) truncatula on siliceous and calcareous field (authors transl)]. The predation rate of L. truncatula is increased by this association when habitats drying. The results are negative in swampy meadow -- habitats on siliceous soils."}
{"id": "PMID:937978", "title": "[A study of parasitic trematodes of Littorina saxatilis and their impact on this mollusc (author's transl)].", "content": "A monthly study of populations of Littorina saxatilis (mollusc, gasteropod) very strongly parasited has allowed to establish relations between the said mollusc and some parasite trematodes which live in it. A selection of animals was done in two stations of the Roscoff region (Finistere). A total of more than 1.000 individuals have been examined in each station. Eleven species of cercairs have been spotted. It has appeared that the Microphallus similis was the most represented: 79,86% of the total. This rate of parasitism does not change much throughout the year. The populations of molluscs strongly parasited by Microphallus similis show an important castration. A double association of cercairs remains rare but is yet possible. It appears that aged individuals are the most parasited. It seems that there would be a growth of parasites more important in females than in males.", "contents": "[A study of parasitic trematodes of Littorina saxatilis and their impact on this mollusc (author's transl)]. A monthly study of populations of Littorina saxatilis (mollusc, gasteropod) very strongly parasited has allowed to establish relations between the said mollusc and some parasite trematodes which live in it. A selection of animals was done in two stations of the Roscoff region (Finistere). A total of more than 1.000 individuals have been examined in each station. Eleven species of cercairs have been spotted. It has appeared that the Microphallus similis was the most represented: 79,86% of the total. This rate of parasitism does not change much throughout the year. The populations of molluscs strongly parasited by Microphallus similis show an important castration. A double association of cercairs remains rare but is yet possible. It appears that aged individuals are the most parasited. It seems that there would be a growth of parasites more important in females than in males."}
{"id": "PMID:937981", "title": "[Biological cycle of the nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (J\u00e4gerskiold, 1904) (author's transl)].", "content": "Infestant larva of the Nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatities affinis (J\u00e4gerskiold, 1904) are localized in Pimelia: Tachyderma hispida Forskael of Algeria. Through the infestation of a young cat, embryonated eggs are collected after 38 days of development altogether with a female parasite. The experimental cycle of this rictulariid nematode in Locusta migratoria is characterized by the shortness of its development and the similarity in growth during the first and second larval stages. The cellular reaction of the Insect to the larva P. affinis is weaker in the Pimelia than in the Grasshopper, used as experimental host.", "contents": "[Biological cycle of the nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (J\u00e4gerskiold, 1904) (author's transl)]. Infestant larva of the Nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatities affinis (J\u00e4gerskiold, 1904) are localized in Pimelia: Tachyderma hispida Forskael of Algeria. Through the infestation of a young cat, embryonated eggs are collected after 38 days of development altogether with a female parasite. The experimental cycle of this rictulariid nematode in Locusta migratoria is characterized by the shortness of its development and the similarity in growth during the first and second larval stages. The cellular reaction of the Insect to the larva P. affinis is weaker in the Pimelia than in the Grasshopper, used as experimental host."}
{"id": "PMID:937982", "title": "[Description and life history of Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis sp. n (author's transl)].", "content": "A new species of Spirurid Nematode Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis n. sp. parasite of a Cardinal: Richmondia cardinalis is described. This Tetrameres shows primitive cephalic structures, 33 to 43 pairs of somatic spines in male, spicules of unequal length: left 365-440, right 65-350 mu, mature eggs with tufts of polar filaments. The life-cycle of this Spirurid has been obtained experimentally with the grass-hopper Locusta migratoria as an intermediate host. Its larval development is characterized by the quickness of organogenesis, the stability of cephalic structures from third stage to adult stage, the small size (800 mu) of infective larva, the localization of larva in the insect fat tissue.", "contents": "[Description and life history of Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis sp. n (author's transl)]. A new species of Spirurid Nematode Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis n. sp. parasite of a Cardinal: Richmondia cardinalis is described. This Tetrameres shows primitive cephalic structures, 33 to 43 pairs of somatic spines in male, spicules of unequal length: left 365-440, right 65-350 mu, mature eggs with tufts of polar filaments. The life-cycle of this Spirurid has been obtained experimentally with the grass-hopper Locusta migratoria as an intermediate host. Its larval development is characterized by the quickness of organogenesis, the stability of cephalic structures from third stage to adult stage, the small size (800 mu) of infective larva, the localization of larva in the insect fat tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:937983", "title": "[Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, an oviparous filaria parasite of ploceid birds from Tchad. Larval morphogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, was identified in Africa (Tchad) from Passeriform birds Ploceidae belonging to the species Quelea quelea quelea (L), Ploceus capitalis (Latham), P. cucullatus (M\u00fcller) and Euplectes orix (Insert). Its experimental life cycle achieved in Orthoptera Locusta migratoria allows the study of the three first larval stages.", "contents": "[Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, an oviparous filaria parasite of ploceid birds from Tchad. Larval morphogenesis (author's transl)]. Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, was identified in Africa (Tchad) from Passeriform birds Ploceidae belonging to the species Quelea quelea quelea (L), Ploceus capitalis (Latham), P. cucullatus (M\u00fcller) and Euplectes orix (Insert). Its experimental life cycle achieved in Orthoptera Locusta migratoria allows the study of the three first larval stages."}
{"id": "PMID:937984", "title": "[Migration of the microfilariae in the hemocoel of the vector (author's transl)].", "content": "Two stochastic models try to assess the limitation phenomenon. The first one lets suppose that a limited number of crossing sites for microfilariae are present on stomach wall. The second one lets suppose that microfilariae are inactivated either by reinforcement of the vector physiological mechanism (blood coagulation, peritrophic membrane, etc...) or by microfilarian mutual inhibition. Datae on five filaria-vector sets have been analysed. The first model given by a single type of curve fits with the datae concerning three sets. The second model shows that different types of curves are optional. In this case five sets of datae can be ajusted, moreover this model allows for a given set.", "contents": "[Migration of the microfilariae in the hemocoel of the vector (author's transl)]. Two stochastic models try to assess the limitation phenomenon. The first one lets suppose that a limited number of crossing sites for microfilariae are present on stomach wall. The second one lets suppose that microfilariae are inactivated either by reinforcement of the vector physiological mechanism (blood coagulation, peritrophic membrane, etc...) or by microfilarian mutual inhibition. Datae on five filaria-vector sets have been analysed. The first model given by a single type of curve fits with the datae concerning three sets. The second model shows that different types of curves are optional. In this case five sets of datae can be ajusted, moreover this model allows for a given set."}
{"id": "PMID:937988", "title": "Enterochromaffin cells in macrophages in ulcerative colitis and irritable colon.", "content": "Rectal biopsies from 6 patients with ulcerative colitis, 6 patients with irritable colon and 9 control patients were studied by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence after freeze-drying and Epon embedding. The mean number of enterochromaffin cells per crypt was higher in the patients with irritable colon whereas the patients with ulcerative colitis had fewer enterochromaffin cells than the controls. There was an abundance of enterochromaffin cells in 5 of the 6 cases of irritable colon. Various types of autofluorescent granules were visible in the cytoplasm of the macrophages.", "contents": "Enterochromaffin cells in macrophages in ulcerative colitis and irritable colon. Rectal biopsies from 6 patients with ulcerative colitis, 6 patients with irritable colon and 9 control patients were studied by formaldehyde-induced fluorescence after freeze-drying and Epon embedding. The mean number of enterochromaffin cells per crypt was higher in the patients with irritable colon whereas the patients with ulcerative colitis had fewer enterochromaffin cells than the controls. There was an abundance of enterochromaffin cells in 5 of the 6 cases of irritable colon. Various types of autofluorescent granules were visible in the cytoplasm of the macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:937989", "title": "Heart volume and physical fitness of parturients.", "content": "One hundred and three primigravidae were studied to establish the correlation between physical fitness and heart volume. Twenty-three of the mothers were allocated at random to the exercise group and 21 to control group 1, between the 10th and 14th weeks of pregnancy. In addition, 59 mothers were allocated to control group 2, which was formed two weeks before term. The exercise group underwent a rather strenuous training programme during pregnancy. Physical fitness was measured by work tests on a bicycle ergometer two weeks before term. The heart volume was determined radiologically on the 6th day post partum. There was a positive correlation between physical fitness and the relative heart volume, which was greatest when physical fitness was measured by a method which takes the level of training into consideration. The relative heart volume of the exercise group was almost significantly greater than that of control group 1. The physical performance of the exercise group was very significantly greater than in the control groups. There was no significant correlation between either physical fitness or relative heart volume and the duration of pregnancy or the weight of newborn.", "contents": "Heart volume and physical fitness of parturients. One hundred and three primigravidae were studied to establish the correlation between physical fitness and heart volume. Twenty-three of the mothers were allocated at random to the exercise group and 21 to control group 1, between the 10th and 14th weeks of pregnancy. In addition, 59 mothers were allocated to control group 2, which was formed two weeks before term. The exercise group underwent a rather strenuous training programme during pregnancy. Physical fitness was measured by work tests on a bicycle ergometer two weeks before term. The heart volume was determined radiologically on the 6th day post partum. There was a positive correlation between physical fitness and the relative heart volume, which was greatest when physical fitness was measured by a method which takes the level of training into consideration. The relative heart volume of the exercise group was almost significantly greater than that of control group 1. The physical performance of the exercise group was very significantly greater than in the control groups. There was no significant correlation between either physical fitness or relative heart volume and the duration of pregnancy or the weight of newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:937990", "title": "Effect of the left lateral recumbent position compared with the supine and upright positions on placental blood flow in normal late pregnancy.", "content": "The placental blood flow was assessed by the 99mTc accumulation method in 10 normal pregnancies in the left lateral recumbent position accomplished by a 15 degree wedge and in the supine position. The postural change caused a 17% decrease in the mean placental accumulation rate, which was not statistically significant. Ten patients were moved from the left lateral recumbent position to the upright position, which caused a statistically significant 23% decrease in the mean accumulation rate. Other haemodynamic variables studied were the maternal heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The clinical significance of the haemodynamic changes produced by alterations in posture are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of the left lateral recumbent position compared with the supine and upright positions on placental blood flow in normal late pregnancy. The placental blood flow was assessed by the 99mTc accumulation method in 10 normal pregnancies in the left lateral recumbent position accomplished by a 15 degree wedge and in the supine position. The postural change caused a 17% decrease in the mean placental accumulation rate, which was not statistically significant. Ten patients were moved from the left lateral recumbent position to the upright position, which caused a statistically significant 23% decrease in the mean accumulation rate. Other haemodynamic variables studied were the maternal heart rate and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The clinical significance of the haemodynamic changes produced by alterations in posture are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:937991", "title": "Prenatal and perinatal factors in childhood cancer.", "content": "The material consists of malignant tumours in childhood notified to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1959-1968. The maternity health centre cards for these children were collected through the National Board of Health. The immediately preceding parturient of the same maternity health centre was selected as the control. The number of complete pairs obtained for the final analysis was 972. All data concerning the parents, the pregnancy, parturition and the child were extracted from the cards. Information on the cancer patient and the paired control was compared. The results are presented as a comparison of the total tumour series and the controls, but also in smaller sub-groups: leukaemias (373 cases), brain tumours (245 cases) and other tumours (354 cases). Other tumours are further divided into: kidney tumours (96), eye tumours (37) and bone tumours (56). No significant correlations were found between potential aetiologic factors and the cases of cancer. The risk ratio for leukaemia in the group with pelvic radiography was 1.9, and in the group given vaccination against polio 1.8. However, because of the rare occurrence of the exposure mentioned these groups were small and the increase in the risk ratio statistically insignificant. BCG vaccination of children was common (90%) and no differences were established between the tumour and the control groups in this respect.", "contents": "Prenatal and perinatal factors in childhood cancer. The material consists of malignant tumours in childhood notified to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1959-1968. The maternity health centre cards for these children were collected through the National Board of Health. The immediately preceding parturient of the same maternity health centre was selected as the control. The number of complete pairs obtained for the final analysis was 972. All data concerning the parents, the pregnancy, parturition and the child were extracted from the cards. Information on the cancer patient and the paired control was compared. The results are presented as a comparison of the total tumour series and the controls, but also in smaller sub-groups: leukaemias (373 cases), brain tumours (245 cases) and other tumours (354 cases). Other tumours are further divided into: kidney tumours (96), eye tumours (37) and bone tumours (56). No significant correlations were found between potential aetiologic factors and the cases of cancer. The risk ratio for leukaemia in the group with pelvic radiography was 1.9, and in the group given vaccination against polio 1.8. However, because of the rare occurrence of the exposure mentioned these groups were small and the increase in the risk ratio statistically insignificant. BCG vaccination of children was common (90%) and no differences were established between the tumour and the control groups in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:937992", "title": "Changes in tumour cell selenite (75Se) affinity due to irradiation.", "content": "The uptake of 75Se sodium selenite in the liver and tumour tissue of irradiated Wistar rats was studied by radiation measuring methods and radiochromatography. In in vitro experiments liver slices were incubated in selenite solution following irradiation of the liver. The uptake in proteins diminished by 11% as compared with the unirradiated rats. The in vivo 75Se uptake in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells was 71% of that of the controls, when the selenite was administered intravenously after irradiation. The in vivo accumulation of selenite in proteins of Gu\u00e9rin tumours after irradiation was 62% of that in the controls. The radiochromatogram pattern showed a distinct difference between the irradiated and unirradiated tumours. These results are in accord with the clinical 75Se-scintigraphy findings, which show a clear decrease in Se-accumulation after irradiation.", "contents": "Changes in tumour cell selenite (75Se) affinity due to irradiation. The uptake of 75Se sodium selenite in the liver and tumour tissue of irradiated Wistar rats was studied by radiation measuring methods and radiochromatography. In in vitro experiments liver slices were incubated in selenite solution following irradiation of the liver. The uptake in proteins diminished by 11% as compared with the unirradiated rats. The in vivo 75Se uptake in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells was 71% of that of the controls, when the selenite was administered intravenously after irradiation. The in vivo accumulation of selenite in proteins of Gu\u00e9rin tumours after irradiation was 62% of that in the controls. The radiochromatogram pattern showed a distinct difference between the irradiated and unirradiated tumours. These results are in accord with the clinical 75Se-scintigraphy findings, which show a clear decrease in Se-accumulation after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:937993", "title": "Cineangiographic study of the venous drainage of the femoral neck in children.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to examine the venous flow of the femoral neck using cineradiography, paying special attention to various draining routes and their sensitivity to disturbances. The cine technique served to show that changes seen in various diseases are not artefacts caused by changes of the position of the hip. In normal hips the preferred route for contrast medium was the medial circumflex vein. In internal rotation, flow through the gluteal vein was most easily disturbed, but contrast medium did not flow to the diaphysis. In hips with Perthes' disease, drainage through the veins of the neck was disturbed, and contrast medium flowed to the diaphysis. In postoperative hips the dominating draining route was the lateral circumflex vein.", "contents": "Cineangiographic study of the venous drainage of the femoral neck in children. The purpose of the study was to examine the venous flow of the femoral neck using cineradiography, paying special attention to various draining routes and their sensitivity to disturbances. The cine technique served to show that changes seen in various diseases are not artefacts caused by changes of the position of the hip. In normal hips the preferred route for contrast medium was the medial circumflex vein. In internal rotation, flow through the gluteal vein was most easily disturbed, but contrast medium did not flow to the diaphysis. In hips with Perthes' disease, drainage through the veins of the neck was disturbed, and contrast medium flowed to the diaphysis. In postoperative hips the dominating draining route was the lateral circumflex vein."}
{"id": "PMID:937994", "title": "Spectrophotofluorometric method for quantitative determination of sulpiride in human plasma and urine.", "content": "A new spectorophotofluorometric method for the determination of sulpiride (S) in the human plasma and urine is described. The plasma concentrations (0--24 hours) and renal excretions (0--48 hours) of sulpiride were measured after Dogmatil forte (Sch\u00fcrholtz), or Sulpiril (Leiras) tablets both containing 200 mg of sulpiride, after two Sulpiril capsules (Leiras) containing 50 mg of sulpiride in each capsule, and after 20 ml Dogmatil saft (Sch\u00fcrholtz) and 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (Leiras) both containing 5 mg/ml of sulpiride. There were no significant differences in the sulpiride concentrations in plasma or cumulative urinary excretion of sulpiride after Dogmatil forte (200 mg S) or Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S). Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) produced significantly lower plasma concentrations of sulpiride at 3 hours than a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) and these were also lower at 4 and 6 hours than with either a Dogmatil forte (200  mg S) or a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S). Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) gave significantly higher plasma sulpiride concentrations from 1 to 6 hours than 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S) and from 2 to 6 hours higher than 20 ml Dogmatil saft (100 mg S). The plasma half-life of sulpiride measured after two Sulpiril capsules, 20 ml Dogmatil saft and 20 ml Sulpiril mixt., was 9.4 hours, 9.5 hours, and 10.2 hours, respectively. The renal excretion of sulpiride after two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) was significantly lower than after a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) from 8 to 48 hours, and also significantly lower than after a Dogmatil forte tablet (200 mg S) from 24 to 48 hours. Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) gave significantly higher sulpiride urine concentrations from 8 to 24 hours than 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S) and from 24 to 48 hours than 20 ml Dogmatil saft (100 mg S). There was no significantly differences in this respect between either a Dogmatil forte tablet (200 mg S) and a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) or between Dogmatil saft (100 mg S) and Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S). Comparied with a Dogmatil forte tablet, the bioavailability, calculated by the AUC24 for a Sulpiril tablet was 159%, for a Sulpiril capsule 118%, for Dogmatil saft 77%, and for Sulpiril mixt. 89%. The same values calculated from the sulpiride urine concentrations were 118%, 114%, 71%, and 67%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the blood pressure or heart rate of the volunteers during the experiment. 2 volunteers reported a sedative effect after a Dogmatil forte tablet.", "contents": "Spectrophotofluorometric method for quantitative determination of sulpiride in human plasma and urine. A new spectorophotofluorometric method for the determination of sulpiride (S) in the human plasma and urine is described. The plasma concentrations (0--24 hours) and renal excretions (0--48 hours) of sulpiride were measured after Dogmatil forte (Sch\u00fcrholtz), or Sulpiril (Leiras) tablets both containing 200 mg of sulpiride, after two Sulpiril capsules (Leiras) containing 50 mg of sulpiride in each capsule, and after 20 ml Dogmatil saft (Sch\u00fcrholtz) and 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (Leiras) both containing 5 mg/ml of sulpiride. There were no significant differences in the sulpiride concentrations in plasma or cumulative urinary excretion of sulpiride after Dogmatil forte (200 mg S) or Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S). Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) produced significantly lower plasma concentrations of sulpiride at 3 hours than a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) and these were also lower at 4 and 6 hours than with either a Dogmatil forte (200  mg S) or a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S). Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) gave significantly higher plasma sulpiride concentrations from 1 to 6 hours than 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S) and from 2 to 6 hours higher than 20 ml Dogmatil saft (100 mg S). The plasma half-life of sulpiride measured after two Sulpiril capsules, 20 ml Dogmatil saft and 20 ml Sulpiril mixt., was 9.4 hours, 9.5 hours, and 10.2 hours, respectively. The renal excretion of sulpiride after two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) was significantly lower than after a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) from 8 to 48 hours, and also significantly lower than after a Dogmatil forte tablet (200 mg S) from 24 to 48 hours. Two Sulpiril capsules (100 mg S) gave significantly higher sulpiride urine concentrations from 8 to 24 hours than 20 ml Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S) and from 24 to 48 hours than 20 ml Dogmatil saft (100 mg S). There was no significantly differences in this respect between either a Dogmatil forte tablet (200 mg S) and a Sulpiril tablet (200 mg S) or between Dogmatil saft (100 mg S) and Sulpiril mixt. (100 mg S). Comparied with a Dogmatil forte tablet, the bioavailability, calculated by the AUC24 for a Sulpiril tablet was 159%, for a Sulpiril capsule 118%, for Dogmatil saft 77%, and for Sulpiril mixt. 89%. The same values calculated from the sulpiride urine concentrations were 118%, 114%, 71%, and 67%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the blood pressure or heart rate of the volunteers during the experiment. 2 volunteers reported a sedative effect after a Dogmatil forte tablet."}
{"id": "PMID:937995", "title": "Myocardial imaging using selective intracoronary injection of Thallium-201.", "content": "After selective coronary arteriography 150 muCi of Thallium-201 was injected into each coronary artery. Scintigraphy of the myocardium was performed about half an hour after the injection. In a series of ten patients the myocardium was clearly visualized in the gamma images. No adverse effects were noted.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging using selective intracoronary injection of Thallium-201. After selective coronary arteriography 150 muCi of Thallium-201 was injected into each coronary artery. Scintigraphy of the myocardium was performed about half an hour after the injection. In a series of ten patients the myocardium was clearly visualized in the gamma images. No adverse effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:937998", "title": "Long-term contraception with norethindrone subcutaneous capsules.", "content": "Norethindrone (NET) contained in silicone rubber, for slow release, was implanted subcutaneously. The rate of release of NET was 10-12 mug/day/10 mm length of the silicone rubber. The total length of the implants used varied from 100 mm to 200 mm. During the whole observation time 562 women months, 14 a-cidental pregnancies occurred. The pregnancy rate decreased with increasing length of implants. The implants produced a transient ovulation suppression, which subsided in four to five cycles. The plasma levels of NET stabilized at a level which was less than that reached by daily oral administration of 350 mug of NET. The high pregnancy rate and the great number of implants required render the method impractical for contraception. However, the active life-span of implants is three years and because there were few minor side-effects, the method was well accepted.", "contents": "Long-term contraception with norethindrone subcutaneous capsules. Norethindrone (NET) contained in silicone rubber, for slow release, was implanted subcutaneously. The rate of release of NET was 10-12 mug/day/10 mm length of the silicone rubber. The total length of the implants used varied from 100 mm to 200 mm. During the whole observation time 562 women months, 14 a-cidental pregnancies occurred. The pregnancy rate decreased with increasing length of implants. The implants produced a transient ovulation suppression, which subsided in four to five cycles. The plasma levels of NET stabilized at a level which was less than that reached by daily oral administration of 350 mug of NET. The high pregnancy rate and the great number of implants required render the method impractical for contraception. However, the active life-span of implants is three years and because there were few minor side-effects, the method was well accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:937999", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of radiotherapy on patients with lung cancer.", "content": "The immunoglobulins A, E, G and M of 25 patients with lung cancer were determined (by radial immunodiffusion) before, during and after radiotherapy. No significant change in any immunoglobulin were noticed overall. In the group with a  poor prognosis (survival less than 12 months; 15 patients), there was a significant decrease of IgA and IgM one month after the irradiation. In the group of patients with pulmonary infection (14 patients), the level of IgA, IgG and IgM were lower than in the group without infection throughout the examination period. Cellular immunity measured by the PPD skin test, showed no significant differences between the groups by survival.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of radiotherapy on patients with lung cancer. The immunoglobulins A, E, G and M of 25 patients with lung cancer were determined (by radial immunodiffusion) before, during and after radiotherapy. No significant change in any immunoglobulin were noticed overall. In the group with a  poor prognosis (survival less than 12 months; 15 patients), there was a significant decrease of IgA and IgM one month after the irradiation. In the group of patients with pulmonary infection (14 patients), the level of IgA, IgG and IgM were lower than in the group without infection throughout the examination period. Cellular immunity measured by the PPD skin test, showed no significant differences between the groups by survival."}
{"id": "PMID:938004", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy without drainage for the treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "PVC without drainage for the treatment of duodenal ulcer is a safe procedure. There are fewer gastrointestinal complaints of the type frequently observed after more orthodox gastric surgery. Diarrhea and dumping may be noted after PCV but the incidence of both is less, and when they do occur they are milder and more easily controlled than after other types of operations. The ultimate recurrent ulcer rate remains unresolved because insufficient time for observation and follow-up has elapsed. Since most recurrent ulcers that occur after other gastric procedures present within the first two years after operation, the documentation by several authors of a recurrent ulcer rate of 2-4% in patients followed two to four years after operation suggests that PCV is a highly effective procedure. Yet the high recurrence rates of 22% reported by one group indicates that the operation is not highly effective for everyone. The factors responsible for the discrepancy between the high and low recurrence rates reported by different authors are not evident at this time.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy without drainage for the treatment of duodenal ulcer. PVC without drainage for the treatment of duodenal ulcer is a safe procedure. There are fewer gastrointestinal complaints of the type frequently observed after more orthodox gastric surgery. Diarrhea and dumping may be noted after PCV but the incidence of both is less, and when they do occur they are milder and more easily controlled than after other types of operations. The ultimate recurrent ulcer rate remains unresolved because insufficient time for observation and follow-up has elapsed. Since most recurrent ulcers that occur after other gastric procedures present within the first two years after operation, the documentation by several authors of a recurrent ulcer rate of 2-4% in patients followed two to four years after operation suggests that PCV is a highly effective procedure. Yet the high recurrence rates of 22% reported by one group indicates that the operation is not highly effective for everyone. The factors responsible for the discrepancy between the high and low recurrence rates reported by different authors are not evident at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:938000", "title": "Fate of antibodies bound to lymphocyte surface. II.--Degradation and release of immune complexes.", "content": "The fate of horse anti-human lymphocyte globulins, rabbit anti-human beta2 microglobulin antibodies and anti-HL-A alloantibodies radiolabelled with 125I and complexed to their corresponding lymphocyte surface antigens, was investigated. During prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C, part of these antibodies were actively released into the surrounding medium after enzymatic degradation occuring either intracellularly or at the cell surface. Metabolism of the antibodies was temperature-dependent and involved only antibodies able to react with antigens on the cell surface. Sephadex G200 filtration of the small percentage of non dialysable radioactive products in the supernatant revealed that all the 125I-anti-human lymphocyte globulin was recovered as a macromolecular structure in the void volume. Similar experiments were performed with 51Cr labelled lymphocytes coated with anti-lymphocyte globulins: treatment with anti-horse immunoglobulin precipitated part of 51Cr activity in the void volume which was therefore associated with anti-human lymphocyte globulin as an immune complex. The same protocol applied to the other two antibodies studied showed that anti-beta2 microglobulin antibodies were recovered both as macromolecular and 7 S immune complexes, whereas anti-HL-A antibodies were recovered as macromolecular, 7 S and still smaller immune complexes.", "contents": "Fate of antibodies bound to lymphocyte surface. II.--Degradation and release of immune complexes. The fate of horse anti-human lymphocyte globulins, rabbit anti-human beta2 microglobulin antibodies and anti-HL-A alloantibodies radiolabelled with 125I and complexed to their corresponding lymphocyte surface antigens, was investigated. During prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C, part of these antibodies were actively released into the surrounding medium after enzymatic degradation occuring either intracellularly or at the cell surface. Metabolism of the antibodies was temperature-dependent and involved only antibodies able to react with antigens on the cell surface. Sephadex G200 filtration of the small percentage of non dialysable radioactive products in the supernatant revealed that all the 125I-anti-human lymphocyte globulin was recovered as a macromolecular structure in the void volume. Similar experiments were performed with 51Cr labelled lymphocytes coated with anti-lymphocyte globulins: treatment with anti-horse immunoglobulin precipitated part of 51Cr activity in the void volume which was therefore associated with anti-human lymphocyte globulin as an immune complex. The same protocol applied to the other two antibodies studied showed that anti-beta2 microglobulin antibodies were recovered both as macromolecular and 7 S immune complexes, whereas anti-HL-A antibodies were recovered as macromolecular, 7 S and still smaller immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:938001", "title": "Inhibitory effect of interferon on DNA and RNA synthesis in murine spleen cells stimulated by lectins.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice inoculated with partially purified preparations of interferon (Sp. Act. 1 X 10(7) i.u./mg protein, 0.2 ml i. v./mouse) were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. After 2 days of stimulation, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into TCA-insoluble radioactivity was inhibited 50-90% when compared with cells from animals inoculated with mock interferon. Maximal inhibition, with optimal doses of lectins was obtained when interferon was;inoculated 18 hours before. This effect of interferon on DNA synthesis was preceeded by inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-uridine into TCA-insoluble material. When cells were pretreated in vitro with interferon for 24 hours and subsequently stimulated with PHA, RNA synthesis was inhibited by 30-40%, whatever was the dose of the mitogen. The synthesis of 4S tRNA, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs were inhibited to the same degree by interferon. The incorporation of methyl groups into cytoplasmic sRNA was unaltered.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of interferon on DNA and RNA synthesis in murine spleen cells stimulated by lectins. Spleen cells from mice inoculated with partially purified preparations of interferon (Sp. Act. 1 X 10(7) i.u./mg protein, 0.2 ml i. v./mouse) were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. After 2 days of stimulation, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into TCA-insoluble radioactivity was inhibited 50-90% when compared with cells from animals inoculated with mock interferon. Maximal inhibition, with optimal doses of lectins was obtained when interferon was;inoculated 18 hours before. This effect of interferon on DNA synthesis was preceeded by inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-uridine into TCA-insoluble material. When cells were pretreated in vitro with interferon for 24 hours and subsequently stimulated with PHA, RNA synthesis was inhibited by 30-40%, whatever was the dose of the mitogen. The synthesis of 4S tRNA, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs were inhibited to the same degree by interferon. The incorporation of methyl groups into cytoplasmic sRNA was unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:938005", "title": "Implications of mass automated instruments on medical practice.", "content": "The clinical laboratory is in a stage of change which has been the direct result of an influx of technology and the current demand for lower costs and increased productivity. There is no significant trend anticipated in the future which would forestall this particular process. The practicing physician can anticipate a fairly marked reduction in the cost of individual tests and, likewise, a marked increase in the amount of available information. There will be a larger clerical function involved in the review of such information along with a series of relevant problems related to the actual size of the new data base. One of the most significant problems related to this increase in numerical reporting will be the statistical problem of the \"abnormal-normal.\" Statistical misclassification must be considered with each abnormal test and a specific approach must be taken to these tests to minimize the inconvenience to the patient. It is recommended that any unsuspected abnormal test(s) that is discovered be repeated as a single test(s) through a reference method. Reordering of the test battery or screen will only offer another possibility for statistical misinterpretation. If the test on isolated evaluation does appear abnormal, then this should call for the routine evaluation of this particular condition. Multivariate statistical analysis could eliminate this probability dilemma, yet is presently experimental and is not in routine use within any clinical setting. We can look forward to the evolution of such a process through the mechanism of a hospital and laboratory communication system which will allow the physician to work with an evaluation process capable of handling these large volumes of numbers (22). Such programs are on the horizon and should be anticipated within the next five years in some of the larger centers that have this new instrumentation.", "contents": "Implications of mass automated instruments on medical practice. The clinical laboratory is in a stage of change which has been the direct result of an influx of technology and the current demand for lower costs and increased productivity. There is no significant trend anticipated in the future which would forestall this particular process. The practicing physician can anticipate a fairly marked reduction in the cost of individual tests and, likewise, a marked increase in the amount of available information. There will be a larger clerical function involved in the review of such information along with a series of relevant problems related to the actual size of the new data base. One of the most significant problems related to this increase in numerical reporting will be the statistical problem of the \"abnormal-normal.\" Statistical misclassification must be considered with each abnormal test and a specific approach must be taken to these tests to minimize the inconvenience to the patient. It is recommended that any unsuspected abnormal test(s) that is discovered be repeated as a single test(s) through a reference method. Reordering of the test battery or screen will only offer another possibility for statistical misinterpretation. If the test on isolated evaluation does appear abnormal, then this should call for the routine evaluation of this particular condition. Multivariate statistical analysis could eliminate this probability dilemma, yet is presently experimental and is not in routine use within any clinical setting. We can look forward to the evolution of such a process through the mechanism of a hospital and laboratory communication system which will allow the physician to work with an evaluation process capable of handling these large volumes of numbers (22). Such programs are on the horizon and should be anticipated within the next five years in some of the larger centers that have this new instrumentation."}
{"id": "PMID:938018", "title": "Inactivation of gentamicin by penicillins in patients with renal failure.", "content": "Kinetics of gentamicin inactivation by carbenicillin and ticarcillin were studied in vitro and in 17 patients with renal failure. In vitro, the half-life of carbenicillin in human serum at 37 C is longer (19.2 +/- 0.7 h) than ticarcillin (7.2 +/- 0.6 h). Thus, incubation of gentamicin with equal concentrations of ticarcillin or carbenicillin results in greater inactivation of aminoglycoside activity by the latter. If concentrations of the two penicillins are held equal by repetitive addition, rates of gentamicin inactivation are the same. The serum half-life of gentamicin in patients serving as their own controls was significantly reduced by administration of either penicillin. After carbenicillin, the half-life decreased from 46 +/- 8 h to 22 +/- 3 h (P < 0.02). The constant for inactivation of gentamicin (k(i)) by carbenicillin was 0.02 h(-1). The results indicate that gentamicin requirements are underestimated by methods currently employed to calculate dosage for patients with renal failure who receive carbenicillin concurrently. Adjustment of gentamicin dosage in such cases by application of the k(i) for gentamicin is suggested.", "contents": "Inactivation of gentamicin by penicillins in patients with renal failure. Kinetics of gentamicin inactivation by carbenicillin and ticarcillin were studied in vitro and in 17 patients with renal failure. In vitro, the half-life of carbenicillin in human serum at 37 C is longer (19.2 +/- 0.7 h) than ticarcillin (7.2 +/- 0.6 h). Thus, incubation of gentamicin with equal concentrations of ticarcillin or carbenicillin results in greater inactivation of aminoglycoside activity by the latter. If concentrations of the two penicillins are held equal by repetitive addition, rates of gentamicin inactivation are the same. The serum half-life of gentamicin in patients serving as their own controls was significantly reduced by administration of either penicillin. After carbenicillin, the half-life decreased from 46 +/- 8 h to 22 +/- 3 h (P < 0.02). The constant for inactivation of gentamicin (k(i)) by carbenicillin was 0.02 h(-1). The results indicate that gentamicin requirements are underestimated by methods currently employed to calculate dosage for patients with renal failure who receive carbenicillin concurrently. Adjustment of gentamicin dosage in such cases by application of the k(i) for gentamicin is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:938019", "title": "Tetracycline-resistant T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) from patients with a history of reproductive failure.", "content": "The susceptibilities of T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) to minocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, and erythromycin were determined by a direct tube dilution test. T-mycoplasma-positive urine sediments of 105 patients with a history of reproductive failure were used as inocula. Minocycline was found to be the most active of the group of antibiotics commonly used to eradicate T-mycoplasma infection. Based on the median initial minimum inhibitory concentration, minocycline was the lowest with 0.03 mug/ml, followed by demeclocycline and doxycycline with 0.125 mug/ml, tetracycline with 0.25 mug/ml, and erythromycin with 2.0 mug/ml. Six T-mycoplasma isolates which had been cloned three times were also tested for susceptibility to the same five antibiotics. The same susceptibility pattern was found. Strains resistant to high concentrations of all antibiotics occurred. Strong positive correlation was seen in 21 patients between in vitro highly resistant strains and positive posttreatment cultures. These results indicate that empirical treatment of genital mycoplasma infections is not justified. Cultures should be taken pretreatment, susceptibility testing performed prior to treatment, and follow-up cultures done posttreatment.", "contents": "Tetracycline-resistant T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) from patients with a history of reproductive failure. The susceptibilities of T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) to minocycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, and erythromycin were determined by a direct tube dilution test. T-mycoplasma-positive urine sediments of 105 patients with a history of reproductive failure were used as inocula. Minocycline was found to be the most active of the group of antibiotics commonly used to eradicate T-mycoplasma infection. Based on the median initial minimum inhibitory concentration, minocycline was the lowest with 0.03 mug/ml, followed by demeclocycline and doxycycline with 0.125 mug/ml, tetracycline with 0.25 mug/ml, and erythromycin with 2.0 mug/ml. Six T-mycoplasma isolates which had been cloned three times were also tested for susceptibility to the same five antibiotics. The same susceptibility pattern was found. Strains resistant to high concentrations of all antibiotics occurred. Strong positive correlation was seen in 21 patients between in vitro highly resistant strains and positive posttreatment cultures. These results indicate that empirical treatment of genital mycoplasma infections is not justified. Cultures should be taken pretreatment, susceptibility testing performed prior to treatment, and follow-up cultures done posttreatment."}
{"id": "PMID:938020", "title": "Carbenicillin in the treatment of infections involving anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with serious infections involving anaerobic bacteria were treated with carbenicillin. Multiple anaerobes were involved in 8 cases, and in 10 cases, facultative anaerobes were also isolated. Bacteroides fragilis was isolated in 10 cases. Results were judged excellent in 7 cases, good in 8 cases, and fair in 5 cases. These data suggest that carbenicillin may be an effective antibiotic for the therapy of infections due to anaerobic bacteria, particularly those involving B. fragilis.", "contents": "Carbenicillin in the treatment of infections involving anaerobic bacteria. Twenty-one patients with serious infections involving anaerobic bacteria were treated with carbenicillin. Multiple anaerobes were involved in 8 cases, and in 10 cases, facultative anaerobes were also isolated. Bacteroides fragilis was isolated in 10 cases. Results were judged excellent in 7 cases, good in 8 cases, and fair in 5 cases. These data suggest that carbenicillin may be an effective antibiotic for the therapy of infections due to anaerobic bacteria, particularly those involving B. fragilis."}
{"id": "PMID:938021", "title": "Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefamandole and cefazolin with cephalothin against over 8,000 clinical bacterial isolates.", "content": "Antimicrobial susceptibility to cefamandole versus cephalothin and cefazolin versus cephalothin was compared by the broth microdilution method against 3,000 and 5,895 clinical bacterial isolates, respectively. Cefamandole and, to a lesser degree, cefazolin showed greater activity than cephalothin against Enterobacteriaceae, but the three drugs were comparable against gram-positive cocci.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefamandole and cefazolin with cephalothin against over 8,000 clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility to cefamandole versus cephalothin and cefazolin versus cephalothin was compared by the broth microdilution method against 3,000 and 5,895 clinical bacterial isolates, respectively. Cefamandole and, to a lesser degree, cefazolin showed greater activity than cephalothin against Enterobacteriaceae, but the three drugs were comparable against gram-positive cocci."}
{"id": "PMID:938022", "title": "Concentrations of gentamicin and amikacin in human kidneys.", "content": "High kidney concentrations of gentamicin or amikacin, measured by an enzymological assay, were found in 9 of 10 patients who died during therapy with these aminoglycosides. Renal cortical concentrations of gentamicin ranged from 140 to 540 mug/g of tissue, with medullary levels of 128 to 230 mug/g. Concentrations of amikacin ranged from 365 to 1,030 mug/g in the cortex and from 270 to 718 mug/g in the medulla. The only patient with low kidney concentrations was an infant who received a single dose of gentamicin. Tissue levels were high in patients with both normal and abnormal renal function. Our results indicate that gentamicin and amikacin are concentrated in renal cortical and medullary tissue.", "contents": "Concentrations of gentamicin and amikacin in human kidneys. High kidney concentrations of gentamicin or amikacin, measured by an enzymological assay, were found in 9 of 10 patients who died during therapy with these aminoglycosides. Renal cortical concentrations of gentamicin ranged from 140 to 540 mug/g of tissue, with medullary levels of 128 to 230 mug/g. Concentrations of amikacin ranged from 365 to 1,030 mug/g in the cortex and from 270 to 718 mug/g in the medulla. The only patient with low kidney concentrations was an infant who received a single dose of gentamicin. Tissue levels were high in patients with both normal and abnormal renal function. Our results indicate that gentamicin and amikacin are concentrated in renal cortical and medullary tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:938023", "title": "Relative inactivation by Staphylococcus aureus of eight cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "These studies extend the recent observation that cefazolin is inactivated to a greater extent than cephaloridine by some strains of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, whereas cephalothin undergoes little if any inactivation. In Mueller-Hinton broth (inoculum, 3 x 10(6)) 100 recently isolated strains had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) </= 2 mug/ml for cephalothin and cephaloridine, whereas in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) 50% had MICs > 2 mug/ml and 10% (designated \"resistant\" strains) were >8 mug/ml for cephaloridine but remained </=2 mug/ml for cephalothin. A large inoculum (3 x 10(7)) of strains with high MICs in TSB almost completely inactivated 50 mug of cefazolin per ml in 6 h, with progressively less inactivation, in the following order, of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephapirin, and cefamandole; cefoxitin and cephalothin underwent little if any inactivation. The greater inactivation in TSB than in Mueller-Hinton broth appeared to be due to a greater production of beta-lactamases by each colony-forming unit, since the inoculum size in the two broths was not significantly different. In contrast, \"susceptible\" strains (MICs </= 2 mug/ml in both broths) inactivated cephaloridine more than cefazolin, and equal amounts of powdered bacterial extracts confirmed the fact that qualitatively different beta-lactamases were produced by the susceptible and resistant strains. Disk diffusion tests were unreliable in separating the two groups of staphylococci. The clinical significance of inactivation by strains with high MICs is not known but, unless susceptibility can be clearly established, cephalothin appears preferable for severe staphylococcal infections, since it undergoes little if any inactivation by any strains of staphylococci.", "contents": "Relative inactivation by Staphylococcus aureus of eight cephalosporin antibiotics. These studies extend the recent observation that cefazolin is inactivated to a greater extent than cephaloridine by some strains of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, whereas cephalothin undergoes little if any inactivation. In Mueller-Hinton broth (inoculum, 3 x 10(6)) 100 recently isolated strains had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) </= 2 mug/ml for cephalothin and cephaloridine, whereas in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) 50% had MICs > 2 mug/ml and 10% (designated \"resistant\" strains) were >8 mug/ml for cephaloridine but remained </=2 mug/ml for cephalothin. A large inoculum (3 x 10(7)) of strains with high MICs in TSB almost completely inactivated 50 mug of cefazolin per ml in 6 h, with progressively less inactivation, in the following order, of cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephradine, cephapirin, and cefamandole; cefoxitin and cephalothin underwent little if any inactivation. The greater inactivation in TSB than in Mueller-Hinton broth appeared to be due to a greater production of beta-lactamases by each colony-forming unit, since the inoculum size in the two broths was not significantly different. In contrast, \"susceptible\" strains (MICs </= 2 mug/ml in both broths) inactivated cephaloridine more than cefazolin, and equal amounts of powdered bacterial extracts confirmed the fact that qualitatively different beta-lactamases were produced by the susceptible and resistant strains. Disk diffusion tests were unreliable in separating the two groups of staphylococci. The clinical significance of inactivation by strains with high MICs is not known but, unless susceptibility can be clearly established, cephalothin appears preferable for severe staphylococcal infections, since it undergoes little if any inactivation by any strains of staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:938024", "title": "Ototoxicity of amikacin.", "content": "Amikacin was used in 77 treatment courses at a dosage of >/=7.5 mg/kg every 8 h, and patients were monitored for ototoxicity by following serial audiograms, serum creatinine, and amikacin blood levels. Patients were leukopenic (58), were infected by gentamicin-resistant organisms (11), or had cystic fibrosis (8). Three patients developed tinnitus, but none had vertigo or nystagmus. Of 55 courses with pre- and post-treatment audiogram, 13 (24%) were associated with development of high-frequency hearing loss, which was usually bilateral. No patient had conversational hearing loss, and audiograms reverted to normal in three patients. Onset of cochlear damage occurred in one patient after therapy was stopped. The group with high-tone hearing loss, in comparison to the group without audiographic changes, received a larger mean total dose (24 versus 9.6 g), were treated for a longer duration (19 versus 9 days), and more frequently had previous aminoglycosides. Fifty-seven percent of patients with a \"peak\" serum level exceeding 32 mug/ml and 55% of patients with \"trough\" levels exceeding 10 mug/ml developed cochlear damage. There was no difference between the groups in age, body weight, previous cochlear damage, renal disease before or during therapy, or average daily dose. Both monitoring of blood levels and limiting duration of therapy may prevent amikacin ototoxicity.", "contents": "Ototoxicity of amikacin. Amikacin was used in 77 treatment courses at a dosage of >/=7.5 mg/kg every 8 h, and patients were monitored for ototoxicity by following serial audiograms, serum creatinine, and amikacin blood levels. Patients were leukopenic (58), were infected by gentamicin-resistant organisms (11), or had cystic fibrosis (8). Three patients developed tinnitus, but none had vertigo or nystagmus. Of 55 courses with pre- and post-treatment audiogram, 13 (24%) were associated with development of high-frequency hearing loss, which was usually bilateral. No patient had conversational hearing loss, and audiograms reverted to normal in three patients. Onset of cochlear damage occurred in one patient after therapy was stopped. The group with high-tone hearing loss, in comparison to the group without audiographic changes, received a larger mean total dose (24 versus 9.6 g), were treated for a longer duration (19 versus 9 days), and more frequently had previous aminoglycosides. Fifty-seven percent of patients with a \"peak\" serum level exceeding 32 mug/ml and 55% of patients with \"trough\" levels exceeding 10 mug/ml developed cochlear damage. There was no difference between the groups in age, body weight, previous cochlear damage, renal disease before or during therapy, or average daily dose. Both monitoring of blood levels and limiting duration of therapy may prevent amikacin ototoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:938025", "title": "Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to 65 antibiotics.", "content": "The susceptibilities of 36 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 recent isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined against each of 65 antimicrobial agents and against two of them in combination. Rifampin was the most active of all the agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the penicillins, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin were most active, although benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin were more active against susceptible strains. Cephaloridine was the most active of the cephalosporins, and sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Minocycline was more active than the other tetracycline analogues tested. Among the macrolide-lincomycin compounds in clinical use, clindamycin was more active, and lincomycin was less active than erythromycin. The synergy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more striking against S. aureus than against S. epidermidis. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides were lower against S. aureus, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tetracyclines were lower against S. epidermidis.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to 65 antibiotics. The susceptibilities of 36 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 recent isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined against each of 65 antimicrobial agents and against two of them in combination. Rifampin was the most active of all the agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the penicillins, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin were most active, although benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin were more active against susceptible strains. Cephaloridine was the most active of the cephalosporins, and sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Minocycline was more active than the other tetracycline analogues tested. Among the macrolide-lincomycin compounds in clinical use, clindamycin was more active, and lincomycin was less active than erythromycin. The synergy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more striking against S. aureus than against S. epidermidis. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides were lower against S. aureus, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tetracyclines were lower against S. epidermidis."}
{"id": "PMID:938026", "title": "Susceptibility of Enterobacter to cefamandole: evidence for a high mutation rate to resistance.", "content": "Cefamandole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 strains of Enterobacter were determined by the ICS agar dilution and broth dilution procedures. Agar dilution MICs ranged from 1 to 8 mug/ml, with an inoculum of 10(4) organisms/spot. Broth dilution MICs were consistently higher, with an inoculum of approximately 7 x 10(5) organisms/ml. Seven strains showed MICs of >/=64 mug/ml. There was a marked inoculum effect in broth, and skipped tubes were often observed. Variants resistant to 32 mug/ml or more were isolated by direct selection and were shown to occur at a frequency of approximately 10(-6) to 10(-7). A mutant showing a 16-fold increase in agar dilution MIC was also isolated by indirect selection. These variants and others isolated from broth in the presence of cefamandole were tested for ability to inactivate the antibiotic, using both a biological and a chemical procedure. Two distinct classes of variants were seen. Twelve of 28 were shown by both methods to inactivate the antibiotic, whereas the others, including the indirectly selected mutant, did not. The wild types were also negative by both tests. The higher cefamandole MICs of Enterobacter in broth, thus, appeared to reflect a high frequency of resistant variants that were not detected with the inoculum and end point criteria usually used in agar dilution methods. The ability of some variants to inactivate cefamandole may have resulted from a mutation that extended the activity of Enterobacter cephalosporinase to include this antibiotic.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Enterobacter to cefamandole: evidence for a high mutation rate to resistance. Cefamandole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 strains of Enterobacter were determined by the ICS agar dilution and broth dilution procedures. Agar dilution MICs ranged from 1 to 8 mug/ml, with an inoculum of 10(4) organisms/spot. Broth dilution MICs were consistently higher, with an inoculum of approximately 7 x 10(5) organisms/ml. Seven strains showed MICs of >/=64 mug/ml. There was a marked inoculum effect in broth, and skipped tubes were often observed. Variants resistant to 32 mug/ml or more were isolated by direct selection and were shown to occur at a frequency of approximately 10(-6) to 10(-7). A mutant showing a 16-fold increase in agar dilution MIC was also isolated by indirect selection. These variants and others isolated from broth in the presence of cefamandole were tested for ability to inactivate the antibiotic, using both a biological and a chemical procedure. Two distinct classes of variants were seen. Twelve of 28 were shown by both methods to inactivate the antibiotic, whereas the others, including the indirectly selected mutant, did not. The wild types were also negative by both tests. The higher cefamandole MICs of Enterobacter in broth, thus, appeared to reflect a high frequency of resistant variants that were not detected with the inoculum and end point criteria usually used in agar dilution methods. The ability of some variants to inactivate cefamandole may have resulted from a mutation that extended the activity of Enterobacter cephalosporinase to include this antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:938027", "title": "Laboratory studies with a new broad-spectrum penicillin, pirbenicillin.", "content": "Pirbenicillin {6-[d-2-phenyl-2(N-4-pyridylformimidoylaminoacetamido) -acetamido]-penicillanic acid} showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro and also in the treatment of experimental infections after parenteral administration to mice. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a three- to fourfold potency advantage over carbenicillin was seen both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro antibacterial spectrum of pirbenicillin includes Escherichia coli, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter isolates, against which it exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration values comparable to those of carbenicillin. However, mice infected with E. coli and Serratia were protected at doses of pirbenicillin that were two to four times lower than those required of carbenicillin. Pirbenicillin was more active than carbenicillin against gram-positive bacteria, especially Streptococcus faecalis. It was less active than carbenicillin against Proteus spp. and was inactive against ampicillin-resistant E. coli strains. Pirbenicillin was bactericidal at concentrations generally equal to or only two-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration. With appropriately buffered media, pirbenicillin demonstrated eight- and fourfold better minimal bactericidal concentration values towards Pseudomonas isolates than those of carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively.", "contents": "Laboratory studies with a new broad-spectrum penicillin, pirbenicillin. Pirbenicillin {6-[d-2-phenyl-2(N-4-pyridylformimidoylaminoacetamido) -acetamido]-penicillanic acid} showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro and also in the treatment of experimental infections after parenteral administration to mice. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a three- to fourfold potency advantage over carbenicillin was seen both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro antibacterial spectrum of pirbenicillin includes Escherichia coli, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter isolates, against which it exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration values comparable to those of carbenicillin. However, mice infected with E. coli and Serratia were protected at doses of pirbenicillin that were two to four times lower than those required of carbenicillin. Pirbenicillin was more active than carbenicillin against gram-positive bacteria, especially Streptococcus faecalis. It was less active than carbenicillin against Proteus spp. and was inactive against ampicillin-resistant E. coli strains. Pirbenicillin was bactericidal at concentrations generally equal to or only two-fold higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration. With appropriately buffered media, pirbenicillin demonstrated eight- and fourfold better minimal bactericidal concentration values towards Pseudomonas isolates than those of carbenicillin and ticarcillin, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:938028", "title": "Cephalosporin-aminoglycoside synergism in experimental enterococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Despite in vitro demonstrations of synergism against enterococci, combinations of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside antibodies have been ineffective in the therapy of enterococcal endocarditis. Penicillin-gentamicin, cephalothin-gentamicin, and cefazolin-gentamicin were used to treat enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. A direct relation was observed between the rate of cure and the degree by which the peak serum concentration of penicillin and the cephalosporins exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the enterococcus. Thus, cephalosporin doses which produce serum concentrations which exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration of the enterococcus by several orders of magnitude may, in combination with aminoglycosides, be effective in treating human enterococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Cephalosporin-aminoglycoside synergism in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Despite in vitro demonstrations of synergism against enterococci, combinations of cephalosporin and aminoglycoside antibodies have been ineffective in the therapy of enterococcal endocarditis. Penicillin-gentamicin, cephalothin-gentamicin, and cefazolin-gentamicin were used to treat enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. A direct relation was observed between the rate of cure and the degree by which the peak serum concentration of penicillin and the cephalosporins exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the enterococcus. Thus, cephalosporin doses which produce serum concentrations which exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration of the enterococcus by several orders of magnitude may, in combination with aminoglycosides, be effective in treating human enterococcal endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:938029", "title": "In vitro comparison of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin.", "content": "The in vitro effect of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin was tested against 645 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Against gram-positive organisms cephalothin and cefamandole were the most effective, generally being three- to fourfold more active than cephalexin or cefoxitin. Enterococci were not inhibited by less than 25 mug of any of the antibiotics per ml. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefoxitin and cefamandole were the most active. An exception was the Enterobacter strains, against which cefoxitin was the least effective. None of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were susceptible to 100 mug of any of the cephalosporins per ml. Cefamandole was the most active agent against Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was also the most effective agent against Haemophilus influenzae, even when taking into account a threefold inoculum effect.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin. The in vitro effect of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin was tested against 645 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Against gram-positive organisms cephalothin and cefamandole were the most effective, generally being three- to fourfold more active than cephalexin or cefoxitin. Enterococci were not inhibited by less than 25 mug of any of the antibiotics per ml. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefoxitin and cefamandole were the most active. An exception was the Enterobacter strains, against which cefoxitin was the least effective. None of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were susceptible to 100 mug of any of the cephalosporins per ml. Cefamandole was the most active agent against Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was also the most effective agent against Haemophilus influenzae, even when taking into account a threefold inoculum effect."}
{"id": "PMID:938030", "title": "Sensitivity of environmental microorganisms to antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The sensitivity of different microorganisms, considered as typical representatives of the microflora of soil and water, was established to evaluate the influence of the nonmedical use of antimicrobial agents on bacterial ecology. Only seven strains, six chemoorganotrophs and one chemolithotroph, could be considered as relatively sensitive to the 21 antimicrobial compounds tested. The other 29 microorganisms may be regarded as resistant to most antimicrobial agents. Streptomyces were sensitive to high concentrations of active substances. Broad-spectrum antibiotics showed an effect on environmental bacteria similar to that on human pathogens. Cephalothin stimulated the growth of a Chlorella sp. From these experiments, it appears that spilled antimicrobial agents have little chance of causing an alteration in the microbial ecology.", "contents": "Sensitivity of environmental microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. The sensitivity of different microorganisms, considered as typical representatives of the microflora of soil and water, was established to evaluate the influence of the nonmedical use of antimicrobial agents on bacterial ecology. Only seven strains, six chemoorganotrophs and one chemolithotroph, could be considered as relatively sensitive to the 21 antimicrobial compounds tested. The other 29 microorganisms may be regarded as resistant to most antimicrobial agents. Streptomyces were sensitive to high concentrations of active substances. Broad-spectrum antibiotics showed an effect on environmental bacteria similar to that on human pathogens. Cephalothin stimulated the growth of a Chlorella sp. From these experiments, it appears that spilled antimicrobial agents have little chance of causing an alteration in the microbial ecology."}
{"id": "PMID:938031", "title": "Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL-3174 before and after exposures to 60Co irradiation.", "content": "Spores from the toxigenic organism Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL-3174 were exposed to specific levels of gamma irradiation and then allowed to germinate on selected media. Increases in ochratoxin A production by irradiated, compared to non-irradiated, spores were observed after inoculation of spores onto a cracked red wheat or into a synthetic liquid medium. Variations in daily ochratoxin production were also observed for control and irradiated spore-derived cultures developing on both media, with maximum toxin production varying from 7 to 11 days of incubation. The most notable increases in ochratoxin A production occurred from cultures developing from spores having been irradiated with 10, 25, or 50 krad. Exposures to 400 or 600 krad resulted in complete inhibition of spore germination and, consequently, no ochratoxin production. Of the two substrates used, wheat and synthetic, the quantities of ochratoxin A produced were significantly lower in the synthetic media than on the natural substrate. Higher and more rapid toxin production occurred from spores having been irradiated with 10, 25, 50, and 100 krad than occurred from the non-irradiated control spores when grown on synthetic media. Cultures derived from spores having been exposed to 10, 25, 50, and 100 krad produced significantly higher levels of ochratoxin A after 8 days of incubation on natural substrate than did the controls. Analysis of variance revealed that substrate, length of incubation, as well as irradiation levels all affected the time required to produce maximum levels of ochratoxin A.", "contents": "Production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL-3174 before and after exposures to 60Co irradiation. Spores from the toxigenic organism Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL-3174 were exposed to specific levels of gamma irradiation and then allowed to germinate on selected media. Increases in ochratoxin A production by irradiated, compared to non-irradiated, spores were observed after inoculation of spores onto a cracked red wheat or into a synthetic liquid medium. Variations in daily ochratoxin production were also observed for control and irradiated spore-derived cultures developing on both media, with maximum toxin production varying from 7 to 11 days of incubation. The most notable increases in ochratoxin A production occurred from cultures developing from spores having been irradiated with 10, 25, or 50 krad. Exposures to 400 or 600 krad resulted in complete inhibition of spore germination and, consequently, no ochratoxin production. Of the two substrates used, wheat and synthetic, the quantities of ochratoxin A produced were significantly lower in the synthetic media than on the natural substrate. Higher and more rapid toxin production occurred from spores having been irradiated with 10, 25, 50, and 100 krad than occurred from the non-irradiated control spores when grown on synthetic media. Cultures derived from spores having been exposed to 10, 25, 50, and 100 krad produced significantly higher levels of ochratoxin A after 8 days of incubation on natural substrate than did the controls. Analysis of variance revealed that substrate, length of incubation, as well as irradiation levels all affected the time required to produce maximum levels of ochratoxin A."}
{"id": "PMID:938032", "title": "Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress.", "content": "Data are presented on the distribution of 101 bacterial species and subspecies among 1,442 isolates from 25 fecal specimens from three men on: (i) their normal diet and normal living conditions, (ii) normal living conditions but eating the controlled metabolic diet designed for use in the Skylab simulation and missions, and (iii) the Skylab diet in simulated Skylab (isolation) conditions. These bacteria represent the most numerous kinds in the fecal flora. Analyses of the kinds of bacteria from each astronaut during the 5-month period showed more variation in the composition of the flora among the individual astronauts than among the eight or nine samples from each person. This observation indicates that the variations in fecal flora reported previously, but based on the study of only one specimen from each person, more certainly reflect real differences (and not daily variation) in the types of bacteria maintained by individual people. The proportions of the predominant fecal species in the astronauts were similar to those reported earlier from a Japanese-Hawaiian population and were generally insensitive to changes from the normal North American diet to the Skylab diet; only two of the most common species were affected by changes in diet. However, one of the predominant species (Bacteroides fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron) appeared to be affected during confinement of the men in the Skylab test chamber. Evidence is presented suggesting that an anger stress situation may have been responsible for the increase of this species simultaneously in all of the subjects studied. Phenotypic characteristics of some of the less common isolates are given. The statistical analyses used in interpretation of the results are discussed.", "contents": "Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Data are presented on the distribution of 101 bacterial species and subspecies among 1,442 isolates from 25 fecal specimens from three men on: (i) their normal diet and normal living conditions, (ii) normal living conditions but eating the controlled metabolic diet designed for use in the Skylab simulation and missions, and (iii) the Skylab diet in simulated Skylab (isolation) conditions. These bacteria represent the most numerous kinds in the fecal flora. Analyses of the kinds of bacteria from each astronaut during the 5-month period showed more variation in the composition of the flora among the individual astronauts than among the eight or nine samples from each person. This observation indicates that the variations in fecal flora reported previously, but based on the study of only one specimen from each person, more certainly reflect real differences (and not daily variation) in the types of bacteria maintained by individual people. The proportions of the predominant fecal species in the astronauts were similar to those reported earlier from a Japanese-Hawaiian population and were generally insensitive to changes from the normal North American diet to the Skylab diet; only two of the most common species were affected by changes in diet. However, one of the predominant species (Bacteroides fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron) appeared to be affected during confinement of the men in the Skylab test chamber. Evidence is presented suggesting that an anger stress situation may have been responsible for the increase of this species simultaneously in all of the subjects studied. Phenotypic characteristics of some of the less common isolates are given. The statistical analyses used in interpretation of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938033", "title": "Survey of aflatoxicosis in farm animals.", "content": "Over a 22-month period, 278 submissions of farm animals were made to the North Carolina Diagnostic Laboratory for suspected aflatoxicosis, and 94 cases were confirmed on the basis of finding aflatoxin in the feed and the occurrence of bile ductule proliferation. There was an annual variation in the incidence of aflatoxicosis, as well as a seasonal variation: the peak incidence occurred in the winter, and the minimum incidence occurred during the summer. The annual increase coincided with the corn harvest. All confirmed cases occurred on farms that raised and stored their own corn, and 88% were in swine. The cases were geographically localized in the eastern section of North Carolina (94% of the total cases) where 82% of the swine and 79% of the corn are produced. Mean concentration of aflatoxin in feed samples from the confirmed cases was 3,890 mug/kg, and the mean value for corn used in making the feed was 5,180 mug/kg. Only aflatoxin B1 was found in the samples. These data were interpreted to mean that the incidence and severity of aflatoxicosis is greater than previously suspected, that poor on-farm storage of corn is a primary contributing factor, that aflatoxin formation continues during and after the milling process, and that mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxicosis may cause equal or greater problems.", "contents": "Survey of aflatoxicosis in farm animals. Over a 22-month period, 278 submissions of farm animals were made to the North Carolina Diagnostic Laboratory for suspected aflatoxicosis, and 94 cases were confirmed on the basis of finding aflatoxin in the feed and the occurrence of bile ductule proliferation. There was an annual variation in the incidence of aflatoxicosis, as well as a seasonal variation: the peak incidence occurred in the winter, and the minimum incidence occurred during the summer. The annual increase coincided with the corn harvest. All confirmed cases occurred on farms that raised and stored their own corn, and 88% were in swine. The cases were geographically localized in the eastern section of North Carolina (94% of the total cases) where 82% of the swine and 79% of the corn are produced. Mean concentration of aflatoxin in feed samples from the confirmed cases was 3,890 mug/kg, and the mean value for corn used in making the feed was 5,180 mug/kg. Only aflatoxin B1 was found in the samples. These data were interpreted to mean that the incidence and severity of aflatoxicosis is greater than previously suspected, that poor on-farm storage of corn is a primary contributing factor, that aflatoxin formation continues during and after the milling process, and that mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxicosis may cause equal or greater problems."}
{"id": "PMID:938034", "title": "Relationships between heat resistance and phospholipid fatty acid composition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing NaCl levels of 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% (wt/vol). Cultures incubated at 21, 29, and 37 C were harvested in late exponential phases and thermal death times at 47 C (D47 c; time at 47 C required to reduce the viable population by 90%) were determined in phosphate buffer containing 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% NaCl. At a given NaCl concentration in the growth medium, D47 c values increased with elevated incubation temperatures and with elevated levels of NaCl in the heating menstrua. Differences in thermal resistance of cells cultured at a particular temperature were greater between those grown in TSB containing 0.5 and 3.0% NaCl than between those grown in TSB containing 3.0 and 7.5% NaCl. D47c values ranged from 0.8 min (grown at 21 C in TSB with 0.5% NaCl) to 6.5 min (grown at 37 C in TSB with 7.5%, heated in 7.5% NaCl buffer). Methyl esters of major phospholipid fatty acids extracted from cells were quantitated. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in cells grown at a given NaCl concentration increased with elevated incubation temperature. At a particular growth temperature, however, saturated to unsaturated fatty acids ratios were lowest for cells grown in TSB containing 3.0% NaCl.", "contents": "Relationships between heat resistance and phospholipid fatty acid composition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) containing NaCl levels of 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% (wt/vol). Cultures incubated at 21, 29, and 37 C were harvested in late exponential phases and thermal death times at 47 C (D47 c; time at 47 C required to reduce the viable population by 90%) were determined in phosphate buffer containing 0.5, 3.0, and 7.5% NaCl. At a given NaCl concentration in the growth medium, D47 c values increased with elevated incubation temperatures and with elevated levels of NaCl in the heating menstrua. Differences in thermal resistance of cells cultured at a particular temperature were greater between those grown in TSB containing 0.5 and 3.0% NaCl than between those grown in TSB containing 3.0 and 7.5% NaCl. D47c values ranged from 0.8 min (grown at 21 C in TSB with 0.5% NaCl) to 6.5 min (grown at 37 C in TSB with 7.5%, heated in 7.5% NaCl buffer). Methyl esters of major phospholipid fatty acids extracted from cells were quantitated. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in cells grown at a given NaCl concentration increased with elevated incubation temperature. At a particular growth temperature, however, saturated to unsaturated fatty acids ratios were lowest for cells grown in TSB containing 3.0% NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:938035", "title": "Physiology and ecology of bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens: salinity.", "content": "The effects of variation in ionic levels on the stability and replication of two bacteriophages (nt-1 and nt-6) host specific for the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens were examined. Monovalent cations influenced the adsorption of the nt-1 but not the nt-6 phage; however, one-step growth studies showed that NaCl was required for replication of both phage. The NaCl optimum for nt-1 production was 0.25 M NaCl, the same as the growth optimum for B. natriegens. However, the optimum for nt-6 production was 0.16 M NaCl. These NaCl optima for host and phage are at estuarine rather than oceanic levels. The nt-1 phage was better suited to replicate at NaCl levels typical of higher salinity areas (18-35%) and the nt-6 phage was better suited to replicate at lower salinities (5-18%). The nt phage were more resistant to low NaCl levels than their host bacterium and appeared limited to marine waters by the lower survival salinity of B. natriegens coupled with phage inactivation processes occurring in natural estuarine waters.", "contents": "Physiology and ecology of bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens: salinity. The effects of variation in ionic levels on the stability and replication of two bacteriophages (nt-1 and nt-6) host specific for the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens were examined. Monovalent cations influenced the adsorption of the nt-1 but not the nt-6 phage; however, one-step growth studies showed that NaCl was required for replication of both phage. The NaCl optimum for nt-1 production was 0.25 M NaCl, the same as the growth optimum for B. natriegens. However, the optimum for nt-6 production was 0.16 M NaCl. These NaCl optima for host and phage are at estuarine rather than oceanic levels. The nt-1 phage was better suited to replicate at NaCl levels typical of higher salinity areas (18-35%) and the nt-6 phage was better suited to replicate at lower salinities (5-18%). The nt phage were more resistant to low NaCl levels than their host bacterium and appeared limited to marine waters by the lower survival salinity of B. natriegens coupled with phage inactivation processes occurring in natural estuarine waters."}
{"id": "PMID:938036", "title": "In situ morphology of nitrifying-like bacteria in aquaculture systems.", "content": "The in situ microbiota from several aquaculture facilities with active nitrification was examined by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections for the presence of bacteria that contained intracytoplasmic membranes characteristic of the nitrifying bacteria. Colonies of bacteria with the cellular morphology of a species of Nitrosomonas were found to be present in both the culture water and in the biological filter slime of a freshwater chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) culture system. bacteria in the water possessed the normal nitrosomonas type of ultrastructure, whereas similar bacteria in the slime had an aberrant morphology due to multiple invaginations of the cell wall and cyto-membranes and a significantly greater number of ribosomes. These nitrosomonas-like bacteria lysed during enrichment in commonly used media. Bacteria with the morphology of species of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus were also observed in colonies in the surface slimes of marine culture systems for striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and quahaug (Mercenaria mercenaria).", "contents": "In situ morphology of nitrifying-like bacteria in aquaculture systems. The in situ microbiota from several aquaculture facilities with active nitrification was examined by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections for the presence of bacteria that contained intracytoplasmic membranes characteristic of the nitrifying bacteria. Colonies of bacteria with the cellular morphology of a species of Nitrosomonas were found to be present in both the culture water and in the biological filter slime of a freshwater chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) culture system. bacteria in the water possessed the normal nitrosomonas type of ultrastructure, whereas similar bacteria in the slime had an aberrant morphology due to multiple invaginations of the cell wall and cyto-membranes and a significantly greater number of ribosomes. These nitrosomonas-like bacteria lysed during enrichment in commonly used media. Bacteria with the morphology of species of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus were also observed in colonies in the surface slimes of marine culture systems for striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and quahaug (Mercenaria mercenaria)."}
{"id": "PMID:938037", "title": "Method for estimating the decomposition of hexadecane in the marine environment.", "content": "A method, based on quantitating 14CO2 produced from [14C]hexadecane, has been developed for estimating the rate of hexadecane decomposition in seawater of Tokyo Bay during the summer stagnation period. The rate of hexadecane decomposition was from 0.1 to 1.3 mug/h per liter of seawater at the surface layer in the polluted gyre of the inner part of Tokyo Bay during the summer of 1974. A similar horizontal distribution pattern was seen for the density of hexadecane-decomposing bacteria.", "contents": "Method for estimating the decomposition of hexadecane in the marine environment. A method, based on quantitating 14CO2 produced from [14C]hexadecane, has been developed for estimating the rate of hexadecane decomposition in seawater of Tokyo Bay during the summer stagnation period. The rate of hexadecane decomposition was from 0.1 to 1.3 mug/h per liter of seawater at the surface layer in the polluted gyre of the inner part of Tokyo Bay during the summer of 1974. A similar horizontal distribution pattern was seen for the density of hexadecane-decomposing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:938038", "title": "Production of antibody against ochratoxin A.", "content": "Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained after repeated injection of different protein-ochratoxin A conjugates to rabbits. Among many protein-ochratoxin conjugates tested, bovine serum albumin-ochratoxin A was found to be the best antigen. The antibody is specific for ochratoxins A, C, and T, but is not specific for ochratoxins B, alpha, and other coumarin derivatives. The sensitivity for ochratoxin A detection using a binding assay is in the range of 0.5 to 10 ng/0.5-ml sample. Detailed methods for the preparation of protein-ochratoxin conjugates, preparation of immune serum, and methods for antibody titers are described.", "contents": "Production of antibody against ochratoxin A. Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained after repeated injection of different protein-ochratoxin A conjugates to rabbits. Among many protein-ochratoxin conjugates tested, bovine serum albumin-ochratoxin A was found to be the best antigen. The antibody is specific for ochratoxins A, C, and T, but is not specific for ochratoxins B, alpha, and other coumarin derivatives. The sensitivity for ochratoxin A detection using a binding assay is in the range of 0.5 to 10 ng/0.5-ml sample. Detailed methods for the preparation of protein-ochratoxin conjugates, preparation of immune serum, and methods for antibody titers are described."}
{"id": "PMID:938039", "title": "Co-metabolism of fluorobenzoates by natural microbial populations.", "content": "Co-metabolic degradation of monofluorobenzoates was carried out by a mixed soil population in a basal salts medium. The monofluorobenzoates did not support growth of microorganisms but were shown to be subject to ring cleavage as a result of microbial activity. Rate of ring cleavage was increased by use of the co-substrate enrichment technique using glucose as the co-substrate. Results indicate that the monofluorobenzoates were subject to an initial co-metabolic attack with glucose, providing the energy necessary for co-metabolism to proceed to a point where complete metabolism became possible.", "contents": "Co-metabolism of fluorobenzoates by natural microbial populations. Co-metabolic degradation of monofluorobenzoates was carried out by a mixed soil population in a basal salts medium. The monofluorobenzoates did not support growth of microorganisms but were shown to be subject to ring cleavage as a result of microbial activity. Rate of ring cleavage was increased by use of the co-substrate enrichment technique using glucose as the co-substrate. Results indicate that the monofluorobenzoates were subject to an initial co-metabolic attack with glucose, providing the energy necessary for co-metabolism to proceed to a point where complete metabolism became possible."}
{"id": "PMID:938040", "title": "Viscometric assay of bacterial alginase.", "content": "Equations defining the reaction of microbial alginase on commercial sodium alginate are presented with respect to the viscometric assay of enzyme activity. The negative log of K was found to be linearly related to the concentration of algin, where K is defined as the change in the reciprocal of relative viscosity with time. The negative log of K was also found to be linearly related to the amount of enzyme in reaction mixtures when the substrate concentration was held constant.", "contents": "Viscometric assay of bacterial alginase. Equations defining the reaction of microbial alginase on commercial sodium alginate are presented with respect to the viscometric assay of enzyme activity. The negative log of K was found to be linearly related to the concentration of algin, where K is defined as the change in the reciprocal of relative viscosity with time. The negative log of K was also found to be linearly related to the amount of enzyme in reaction mixtures when the substrate concentration was held constant."}
{"id": "PMID:938041", "title": "Metabolism of acetonitrile and propionitrile by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21.", "content": "Six nitrile compounds and two amide derivatives were degraded by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21. Acetonitrile, hydroacrylonitrile, and propionitrile were the best sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth, whereas butenenitrile, succinonitrile, and acetamide supported less growth. Acrylonitrile and acrylamide supported growth but only as a source of nitrogen. Gas chromatography of the culture medium revealed a decrease in acetonitrile with the sequential formation of acetamide and acetic acid. Ammonia was also detected by colorimetric procedures. The enzyme system responsible for the hydrolysis of acetonitrile was shown to be intracellular and inducible. The breakdown of acetonitrile by a crude bacterial extract was a two-step enzymatic hydrolysis with acetamide as the intermediate product and acetic acid and ammonia as the final products. Product formation was stoichiometric with substrate disappearance. When propionitrile was the growth substrate, there was complete conversion of the nitrile to propionic acid and ammonia as the major products. The enzymatic breakdown of the propionitrile, although slower than acetonitrile, yielded the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia. Propionamide was produced in very small amounts as an intermediate product.", "contents": "Metabolism of acetonitrile and propionitrile by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21. Six nitrile compounds and two amide derivatives were degraded by Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21. Acetonitrile, hydroacrylonitrile, and propionitrile were the best sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth, whereas butenenitrile, succinonitrile, and acetamide supported less growth. Acrylonitrile and acrylamide supported growth but only as a source of nitrogen. Gas chromatography of the culture medium revealed a decrease in acetonitrile with the sequential formation of acetamide and acetic acid. Ammonia was also detected by colorimetric procedures. The enzyme system responsible for the hydrolysis of acetonitrile was shown to be intracellular and inducible. The breakdown of acetonitrile by a crude bacterial extract was a two-step enzymatic hydrolysis with acetamide as the intermediate product and acetic acid and ammonia as the final products. Product formation was stoichiometric with substrate disappearance. When propionitrile was the growth substrate, there was complete conversion of the nitrile to propionic acid and ammonia as the major products. The enzymatic breakdown of the propionitrile, although slower than acetonitrile, yielded the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia. Propionamide was produced in very small amounts as an intermediate product."}
{"id": "PMID:938042", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria from the large intestine of mice.", "content": "Anaerobic bacteria from the colon of laboratory mice were enumerated and isolated using strict anaerobic techniques. Direct microscopic counts revealed 4.4 X 10(10) organisms in each gram (wet weight) of colon contents. Actual cultural counts averaged 3.2 X 10(10) organisms, which was 73% of the direct microscopic count. The tentatively identified genera were Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium. Strains of Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium were biochemically homogeneous. Strains of Bacteroides and Eubacterium, on the other hand, were biochemically heterogeneous and were subdivided into several distinct groups. The data indicate that many of the isolates are different from previously described species of the respective genera and may belong to new species.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria from the large intestine of mice. Anaerobic bacteria from the colon of laboratory mice were enumerated and isolated using strict anaerobic techniques. Direct microscopic counts revealed 4.4 X 10(10) organisms in each gram (wet weight) of colon contents. Actual cultural counts averaged 3.2 X 10(10) organisms, which was 73% of the direct microscopic count. The tentatively identified genera were Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium. Strains of Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, and Propionibacterium were biochemically homogeneous. Strains of Bacteroides and Eubacterium, on the other hand, were biochemically heterogeneous and were subdivided into several distinct groups. The data indicate that many of the isolates are different from previously described species of the respective genera and may belong to new species."}
{"id": "PMID:938043", "title": "Carbon metabolism in model microbial systems from a temperate salt marsh.", "content": "The metabolism of a saltwater leachate of 14C-labeled Spartina alterniflora was examined in laboratory systems using mixed, salt marsh microbial communities and, by addition of appropriate antibiotics, communities with bacteria or eukaryotes inhibited. Label uptake was more rapid in the systems with bacteria alone and with the mixed microbial community than with fungi alone. Mineralization of the added label was more extensive in the mixed and bacterial systems, whereas the fungi appear more efficient at converting the label into particulate biomass. Particulate biomass production efficiencies ranged from a high of 0.82 for the fungal system to 0.21 in the mixed community, with the bacterial system giving an intermediate value of 0.54. The presence of protozoa and microcrustaceans in the mixed system appears to account for an increase in the mineralization of the label assimilated. Additional experiments with whole labeled Spartina, a leachate from Spartina, and Spartina after leaching revealed that the seawater-soluble portions of the plants were attacked most rapidly by the microbial community.", "contents": "Carbon metabolism in model microbial systems from a temperate salt marsh. The metabolism of a saltwater leachate of 14C-labeled Spartina alterniflora was examined in laboratory systems using mixed, salt marsh microbial communities and, by addition of appropriate antibiotics, communities with bacteria or eukaryotes inhibited. Label uptake was more rapid in the systems with bacteria alone and with the mixed microbial community than with fungi alone. Mineralization of the added label was more extensive in the mixed and bacterial systems, whereas the fungi appear more efficient at converting the label into particulate biomass. Particulate biomass production efficiencies ranged from a high of 0.82 for the fungal system to 0.21 in the mixed community, with the bacterial system giving an intermediate value of 0.54. The presence of protozoa and microcrustaceans in the mixed system appears to account for an increase in the mineralization of the label assimilated. Additional experiments with whole labeled Spartina, a leachate from Spartina, and Spartina after leaching revealed that the seawater-soluble portions of the plants were attacked most rapidly by the microbial community."}
{"id": "PMID:938044", "title": "Liberation of sulfate from sulfate esters by soils.", "content": "When incubated with acid, alkaline, and neutral soils, a variety of synthetic sulfate esters representing the various classes of these compounds was hydrolyzed by enzymes, probably of microbial origin. The appearance of sulfate in the soil water occurred immediately after introduction into the soils with some esters, whereas with others it occurred only after lag periods. Heat treatment destroyed the hydrolytic acitivity in the soils. The ester sulfate groups present in humic acid extracted from the soil appeared to be resistant to hydrolysis by a variety of sulfohydrolases extracted from bacteria and other organisms.", "contents": "Liberation of sulfate from sulfate esters by soils. When incubated with acid, alkaline, and neutral soils, a variety of synthetic sulfate esters representing the various classes of these compounds was hydrolyzed by enzymes, probably of microbial origin. The appearance of sulfate in the soil water occurred immediately after introduction into the soils with some esters, whereas with others it occurred only after lag periods. Heat treatment destroyed the hydrolytic acitivity in the soils. The ester sulfate groups present in humic acid extracted from the soil appeared to be resistant to hydrolysis by a variety of sulfohydrolases extracted from bacteria and other organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:938059", "title": "Treatment of complete prolapse of the rectum by the vaginal approach.", "content": "Complete prolapse of the rectum is essentially an enterocele which emerges through the anus as a sliding hernia of the rectum. In women, this condition can be operated radically by a simple technique which causes only little stress to the patient, entirely in conformity with the principles of the hernia operation, as advocated by Graham (Ann. Surg., 1942, 115 (1007), by the abdominal approach.", "contents": "Treatment of complete prolapse of the rectum by the vaginal approach. Complete prolapse of the rectum is essentially an enterocele which emerges through the anus as a sliding hernia of the rectum. In women, this condition can be operated radically by a simple technique which causes only little stress to the patient, entirely in conformity with the principles of the hernia operation, as advocated by Graham (Ann. Surg., 1942, 115 (1007), by the abdominal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:938060", "title": "A simple surgical method of treating pilonidal sinus.", "content": "A simple surgical method of treatment was used in 63 patients with pilonidal sinus. Adequate block excision with primary closure is the basis of this technique. The problem of closure and obliteration of the dead space was solved by using absorbable sutures to unite fascia and subcutis in the midline, after mobilization of the skin and subcutaneous layers of the wound edges. In 59 (93.6%) of 63 patients treated, primary healing was obtained; in 4 (6.4%) disturbances of wound healing occured; and in 3 (4..8%) recurrences developed. The average stay in hospital was 10.4 days and the average healing time 10 days. The follow-up period was between 1 year and 6 years. The scars were sound, supple and painless. Our results include 6 patients, treated several days before the definitive procedure by incision and drainage for a pilonidal abscess. Antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agents were not used.", "contents": "A simple surgical method of treating pilonidal sinus. A simple surgical method of treatment was used in 63 patients with pilonidal sinus. Adequate block excision with primary closure is the basis of this technique. The problem of closure and obliteration of the dead space was solved by using absorbable sutures to unite fascia and subcutis in the midline, after mobilization of the skin and subcutaneous layers of the wound edges. In 59 (93.6%) of 63 patients treated, primary healing was obtained; in 4 (6.4%) disturbances of wound healing occured; and in 3 (4..8%) recurrences developed. The average stay in hospital was 10.4 days and the average healing time 10 days. The follow-up period was between 1 year and 6 years. The scars were sound, supple and painless. Our results include 6 patients, treated several days before the definitive procedure by incision and drainage for a pilonidal abscess. Antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agents were not used."}
{"id": "PMID:938061", "title": "Necrotic colitis in the presence of normal vascularization of the colon.", "content": "Necrotic colitis in the absence of organic obstruction of the mesenteric vessels is an extreme and fulminant form of ischemic colitis. This calamity with its high mortality rate usually occurs in patients with pre-existent cardiopathy. It is rare for necrotic colitis to occur as a complication of hypotension, hypovolemia or sepsis. A report is presented of a case of total gangrene of the colon in a patient with hemorrhagic shock. Certain concepts are presented concerning the etiology of non-occlusive intestinal infarction. It is postulated that the fulminant gangrene of the colon is co-induced by Gram-positive rods which are demonstrable even in the deep layers of the colonic wall.", "contents": "Necrotic colitis in the presence of normal vascularization of the colon. Necrotic colitis in the absence of organic obstruction of the mesenteric vessels is an extreme and fulminant form of ischemic colitis. This calamity with its high mortality rate usually occurs in patients with pre-existent cardiopathy. It is rare for necrotic colitis to occur as a complication of hypotension, hypovolemia or sepsis. A report is presented of a case of total gangrene of the colon in a patient with hemorrhagic shock. Certain concepts are presented concerning the etiology of non-occlusive intestinal infarction. It is postulated that the fulminant gangrene of the colon is co-induced by Gram-positive rods which are demonstrable even in the deep layers of the colonic wall."}
{"id": "PMID:938062", "title": "Subungual keratoacanthoma.", "content": "Subungual keratoacanthoma is a rare tumor with some features at variance with keratocanthoma elsewhere. It is a painful or tender lesion that shows little or no tendency to spontaneous involution. The terminal tuft of the distal phalanx is destroyed by pressure erosion. Clinically, subungual keratoacanthoma and subungual squamous cell carcinoma have many features in common. A distinction must be made histologically.", "contents": "Subungual keratoacanthoma. Subungual keratoacanthoma is a rare tumor with some features at variance with keratocanthoma elsewhere. It is a painful or tender lesion that shows little or no tendency to spontaneous involution. The terminal tuft of the distal phalanx is destroyed by pressure erosion. Clinically, subungual keratoacanthoma and subungual squamous cell carcinoma have many features in common. A distinction must be made histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:938063", "title": "Rudimentary polydactyly presenting as a claw.", "content": "A patient with a congenital claw-like lesion of the finger was studied to determine the nature of the tissue. A variety of biochemical techniques and histological examinations indicated that the lesion was an example of rudimentary polydactyly covered with stratum corneum rather than an accessory nail.", "contents": "Rudimentary polydactyly presenting as a claw. A patient with a congenital claw-like lesion of the finger was studied to determine the nature of the tissue. A variety of biochemical techniques and histological examinations indicated that the lesion was an example of rudimentary polydactyly covered with stratum corneum rather than an accessory nail."}
{"id": "PMID:938064", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from TEA-Coco hydrolyzed protein.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman developed a severe dermatitis of the face after using a proprietary skin cleanser. Patch testing showed delayed hypersensitivity to TEA-Coco hydrolyzed protein (the triethanolamine salt of the condensation product of coconut fatty acids with a complex of polypeptides and amino acids derived from collagen), but not to other ingredients of the cleanser. Further patch testing revealed positive results with other condensates of fatty acids and protein hydrolysates.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from TEA-Coco hydrolyzed protein. A 21-year-old woman developed a severe dermatitis of the face after using a proprietary skin cleanser. Patch testing showed delayed hypersensitivity to TEA-Coco hydrolyzed protein (the triethanolamine salt of the condensation product of coconut fatty acids with a complex of polypeptides and amino acids derived from collagen), but not to other ingredients of the cleanser. Further patch testing revealed positive results with other condensates of fatty acids and protein hydrolysates."}
{"id": "PMID:938065", "title": "Mucous membrane involvement in generalized pustular psoriasis: Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Pustular eruptions on both skin and mucous membranes occur in the various forms of generalized pustular psoriasis. Three patients with generalized pustular  psoriasis also had an eruption on the tongue resembling geographic tongue; one patient had sterile conjunctivitis. Histologically, the spongiform pustule of Kogoj is common to lesions of both skin and mucosa. We suggest that generalized pustular psoriasis be considered one of the mucocutaneous syndromes.", "contents": "Mucous membrane involvement in generalized pustular psoriasis: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Pustular eruptions on both skin and mucous membranes occur in the various forms of generalized pustular psoriasis. Three patients with generalized pustular  psoriasis also had an eruption on the tongue resembling geographic tongue; one patient had sterile conjunctivitis. Histologically, the spongiform pustule of Kogoj is common to lesions of both skin and mucosa. We suggest that generalized pustular psoriasis be considered one of the mucocutaneous syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:938073", "title": "Patch test reactions to human dander in atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Patch tests reactions to human dander were positive in 120 of 181 (66%) patients with atopic dermatitis, in two of 28 (7%) patients with allergic contact dermatitis, and in one of 31 (3%) normal controls. The frequency of positive reactions was significantly higher in patients with atopic dermatitis. The reactions consisted of erythema and papules, which histologically showed an eczematous change at the upper parts of hair follicles. There was significant correlation between patch test reactions to human dander and delayed intradermal reactions to the same substance in atopic patients. It is suggested that certain patients with atopic dermatitis exhibit contact hypersensitivity to human dander. Whether or not the hypersensitivity has any relationship to the pathogenesis of the dermatitis was not determined in this study.", "contents": "Patch test reactions to human dander in atopic dermatitis. Patch tests reactions to human dander were positive in 120 of 181 (66%) patients with atopic dermatitis, in two of 28 (7%) patients with allergic contact dermatitis, and in one of 31 (3%) normal controls. The frequency of positive reactions was significantly higher in patients with atopic dermatitis. The reactions consisted of erythema and papules, which histologically showed an eczematous change at the upper parts of hair follicles. There was significant correlation between patch test reactions to human dander and delayed intradermal reactions to the same substance in atopic patients. It is suggested that certain patients with atopic dermatitis exhibit contact hypersensitivity to human dander. Whether or not the hypersensitivity has any relationship to the pathogenesis of the dermatitis was not determined in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:938074", "title": "Pathogenesis of Woronoff ring in psoriasis.", "content": "As a result of ultraviolet light and coal tar therapy, a white ring (Woronoff) may develop in the normal skin adjacent to psoriatic plaques. Injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 1 cm outside of Woronoff ring produced redness in the ring, demonstrating that vessels within the ring were not unresponsive to PGE2. Whole skin homogenates from Woronoff ring contained an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis that was not found in uninvolved skin that was obtained from either psoriatics or normal controls. Prostaglandin E2 levels in the ring were one third of those in uninvolved skin from either psoriatics or normal controls. These findings suggest that the white ring that surrounds ultraviolet-light-treated psoriatic plaques is produced by a local inability to synthesize PGE2 in response to an ultraviolet light stimulus, resulting from the presence of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of Woronoff ring in psoriasis. As a result of ultraviolet light and coal tar therapy, a white ring (Woronoff) may develop in the normal skin adjacent to psoriatic plaques. Injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 1 cm outside of Woronoff ring produced redness in the ring, demonstrating that vessels within the ring were not unresponsive to PGE2. Whole skin homogenates from Woronoff ring contained an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis that was not found in uninvolved skin that was obtained from either psoriatics or normal controls. Prostaglandin E2 levels in the ring were one third of those in uninvolved skin from either psoriatics or normal controls. These findings suggest that the white ring that surrounds ultraviolet-light-treated psoriatic plaques is produced by a local inability to synthesize PGE2 in response to an ultraviolet light stimulus, resulting from the presence of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938075", "title": "Treatment of Kaposi sarcoma with vinblastine.", "content": "Five cases of Kaposi sarcoma with vinblastine sulfate treatment were compared with 18 cases reported in the literature. Our experience with a low-dosage schedule emphasizes that toxicity is not necessary for a favorable result. Vinblastine seems to be an effective treatment for Kaposi sarcoma and, in selected cases, may supplement radiation therapy or be used alone.", "contents": "Treatment of Kaposi sarcoma with vinblastine. Five cases of Kaposi sarcoma with vinblastine sulfate treatment were compared with 18 cases reported in the literature. Our experience with a low-dosage schedule emphasizes that toxicity is not necessary for a favorable result. Vinblastine seems to be an effective treatment for Kaposi sarcoma and, in selected cases, may supplement radiation therapy or be used alone."}
{"id": "PMID:938076", "title": "Physiatrics for deforming linear scleroderma.", "content": "When linear scleroderma traverses several joints, severe and mutilating deformities and contractures, with loss of limb function, can result. Drugs and surgical procedures are usually of little benefit in ameliorating the deformities. Physiatrics on the other hand, is a readily available modality than can restore much useful function and reverse the contractures and is probably the most effective means of treating patients with deforming linear scleroderma. This type of therapy should be instituted at the inception of the disease process so that the development and progression of any contraction can be minimized or prevented.", "contents": "Physiatrics for deforming linear scleroderma. When linear scleroderma traverses several joints, severe and mutilating deformities and contractures, with loss of limb function, can result. Drugs and surgical procedures are usually of little benefit in ameliorating the deformities. Physiatrics on the other hand, is a readily available modality than can restore much useful function and reverse the contractures and is probably the most effective means of treating patients with deforming linear scleroderma. This type of therapy should be instituted at the inception of the disease process so that the development and progression of any contraction can be minimized or prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:938077", "title": "15-Year developmental study on effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent physical growth and intellectual functioning.", "content": "This third 5-year follow-up on the effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent brain growth and intellectual development confirms the level of gross retardation of intellect in the undernourished group when compared with the controls. As the subjects are now 15-18 years of age this must be permanent. All but 5 of the undernourished group are now living in conditions comparable to the controls. Improved nutrition is manifest by catch-up in height, in that the mean difference between undernourished subjects and controls has decreased by 2-73 cm. Remarkably, the difference in head circumference has increased by 0-5 cm, the mean head circumference of the undernourished now being 2-8 cm less than that of the controls. The Bender Gestalt and Human Figure Drawing tests did not correlate with the intelligence tests, indicating a separate deficit of a marked disturbance of visual-motor perception in 17 of the undernourished subjects, in 9 of whom these tests were highly significant of minimal brain dysfunction (5 of the controls). In retrospect there is much evidence to suggest the controls were also suboptimal; 8 controls had abnormal electroencephalograms as did 6 of the undernourished group.", "contents": "15-Year developmental study on effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent physical growth and intellectual functioning. This third 5-year follow-up on the effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent brain growth and intellectual development confirms the level of gross retardation of intellect in the undernourished group when compared with the controls. As the subjects are now 15-18 years of age this must be permanent. All but 5 of the undernourished group are now living in conditions comparable to the controls. Improved nutrition is manifest by catch-up in height, in that the mean difference between undernourished subjects and controls has decreased by 2-73 cm. Remarkably, the difference in head circumference has increased by 0-5 cm, the mean head circumference of the undernourished now being 2-8 cm less than that of the controls. The Bender Gestalt and Human Figure Drawing tests did not correlate with the intelligence tests, indicating a separate deficit of a marked disturbance of visual-motor perception in 17 of the undernourished subjects, in 9 of whom these tests were highly significant of minimal brain dysfunction (5 of the controls). In retrospect there is much evidence to suggest the controls were also suboptimal; 8 controls had abnormal electroencephalograms as did 6 of the undernourished group."}
{"id": "PMID:938078", "title": "Congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type. Study of 75 patients.", "content": "Seventy-five patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type were identified in Finland in the period 1965-1973, giving an incidence of 12-2/10(5). A large placenta and proteinuria from birth are the hallmarks of the disease. About one-quarter of the patients had oedema and/or abdominal distension at birth and in all cases the full nephrotic syndrome was documented before 2 months. More than half of the patients died before 6 months and none lived longer than 2 years 3 months. A slight rise in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels occurred in 14 cases, but in none of these did a frank uraemia develop before death. Infection appeared to be the immediate cause of death in 31% of the cases; in 43% no cause of death other than congenital nephrotic syndrome could be shown. Thrombi in large vessels were found in 11 out of 58 necropsies.", "contents": "Congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type. Study of 75 patients. Seventy-five patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type were identified in Finland in the period 1965-1973, giving an incidence of 12-2/10(5). A large placenta and proteinuria from birth are the hallmarks of the disease. About one-quarter of the patients had oedema and/or abdominal distension at birth and in all cases the full nephrotic syndrome was documented before 2 months. More than half of the patients died before 6 months and none lived longer than 2 years 3 months. A slight rise in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels occurred in 14 cases, but in none of these did a frank uraemia develop before death. Infection appeared to be the immediate cause of death in 31% of the cases; in 43% no cause of death other than congenital nephrotic syndrome could be shown. Thrombi in large vessels were found in 11 out of 58 necropsies."}
{"id": "PMID:938079", "title": "Neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia after prolonged leakage of amniotic fluid.", "content": "The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the 'oligohydramnios tetrad' (Potter's facies, limb malpositions, pulmonary hypoplasia, and growth retardation) resulting from chronic amniotic fluid leakage are described in 2 infants who died of respiratory failure within 12 hours of delivery. A third infant with a partial form of the syndrome had prolonged respiratory symptoms and survived the neonatal period: the course of the disease and the radiological findings were compatible with a hypothetical diagnosis of partial pulmonary hypoplasia. Pulmonary hypoplasia should be recognized as a cause of chronic respiratory symptoms in viable infants.", "contents": "Neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia after prolonged leakage of amniotic fluid. The clinical, radiological, and pathological features of the 'oligohydramnios tetrad' (Potter's facies, limb malpositions, pulmonary hypoplasia, and growth retardation) resulting from chronic amniotic fluid leakage are described in 2 infants who died of respiratory failure within 12 hours of delivery. A third infant with a partial form of the syndrome had prolonged respiratory symptoms and survived the neonatal period: the course of the disease and the radiological findings were compatible with a hypothetical diagnosis of partial pulmonary hypoplasia. Pulmonary hypoplasia should be recognized as a cause of chronic respiratory symptoms in viable infants."}
{"id": "PMID:938080", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in multiple pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G.A.M. and E were determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 50 twin pregnancies. Mean IgG levels were higher in cord than maternal sera and in most cases the cord IgG level related more closely to that of the other twin than to either maternal level or birthweight, and was in the range for singletons of the same gestational age. The three cases of fetofetal transfusion syndrome were exceptional in the large difference between IgG concentrations in recipient and donor twins. The discrepancy was much greater than that found between the levels of proteins produced by the fetus, suggesting a disturbance in maternofetal placental transfer. IgM was detected in all cord sera, with one exception, and the level was not related to order of birth. IgA was detected in 16% of cord sera, 13% in sera from first borns. IgE was detected in only 8% of cord sera and there was no evidence of placental transfer.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in multiple pregnancy. The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) G.A.M. and E were determined in paired umbilical cord and maternal sera in 50 twin pregnancies. Mean IgG levels were higher in cord than maternal sera and in most cases the cord IgG level related more closely to that of the other twin than to either maternal level or birthweight, and was in the range for singletons of the same gestational age. The three cases of fetofetal transfusion syndrome were exceptional in the large difference between IgG concentrations in recipient and donor twins. The discrepancy was much greater than that found between the levels of proteins produced by the fetus, suggesting a disturbance in maternofetal placental transfer. IgM was detected in all cord sera, with one exception, and the level was not related to order of birth. IgA was detected in 16% of cord sera, 13% in sera from first borns. IgE was detected in only 8% of cord sera and there was no evidence of placental transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:938081", "title": "Gentamicin dosage in children.", "content": "The results of 49 serum gentamicin assays from children of 2 weeks to 11 years of age are presented. The dose of gentamicin given 8-hourly intramuscularly ranged from 0-7 mg/kg-4-9 mg/kg. Doses of 1-7 mg/kg or less did not give adequate serum concentrations. As a result of these observations it is suggested that an intramuscular dose of 2-5 mg/kg given 8-hourly is suitable for most children in the absence of renal failure, but that adjustment of the dose according to serum gentamicin concentration is necessary.", "contents": "Gentamicin dosage in children. The results of 49 serum gentamicin assays from children of 2 weeks to 11 years of age are presented. The dose of gentamicin given 8-hourly intramuscularly ranged from 0-7 mg/kg-4-9 mg/kg. Doses of 1-7 mg/kg or less did not give adequate serum concentrations. As a result of these observations it is suggested that an intramuscular dose of 2-5 mg/kg given 8-hourly is suitable for most children in the absence of renal failure, but that adjustment of the dose according to serum gentamicin concentration is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:938082", "title": "Chloride losing diarrhoea and metabolic alkalosis in an infant with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A case of hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis in an infant with chloride losing ileostomy drainage and cystic fibrosis is described. It is speculated that intestinal loss of chloride played a major role in the development of metabolic alkalosis.", "contents": "Chloride losing diarrhoea and metabolic alkalosis in an infant with cystic fibrosis. A case of hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis in an infant with chloride losing ileostomy drainage and cystic fibrosis is described. It is speculated that intestinal loss of chloride played a major role in the development of metabolic alkalosis."}
{"id": "PMID:938083", "title": "Immunoglobulin E in erythema nodosum.", "content": "Twenty-two children aged from 3 years 6 months to 12 years with erythema nodosum (EN) were grouped according to aetiology into streptococcal, tuberculous, and those whose aetiology was undetermined. Serum IgE levels were determined in all by the radioimmunosorbent technique. Levels were higher (mean value 991 units/ml) in streptococcal EN than in those of the other two groups (mean value 68 units/ml and 97 units/ml, respectively) and healthy age-matched controls (mean value 60 units/ml). Increase of IgE levels in individual cases of streptococcal EN did not correlate with severity of the clinical manifestations characteristic of that group.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E in erythema nodosum. Twenty-two children aged from 3 years 6 months to 12 years with erythema nodosum (EN) were grouped according to aetiology into streptococcal, tuberculous, and those whose aetiology was undetermined. Serum IgE levels were determined in all by the radioimmunosorbent technique. Levels were higher (mean value 991 units/ml) in streptococcal EN than in those of the other two groups (mean value 68 units/ml and 97 units/ml, respectively) and healthy age-matched controls (mean value 60 units/ml). Increase of IgE levels in individual cases of streptococcal EN did not correlate with severity of the clinical manifestations characteristic of that group."}
{"id": "PMID:938084", "title": "Gastric pneumatosis in infancy.", "content": "Gastric pneumatosis (gas in the wall of the stomach) is an uncommon but characteristic plain-film radiographic sign. In infancy it is associated either with gastric outlet obstruction, usually hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, or necrotizing gastroenterocolitis. Differential diagnosis is mainly based on associated clinical findings, as exemplified by the 2 cases reported here. Both infants had isolated gastric pneumatosis as the principal radiographic finding. Correct diagnosis was greatly aided by recognition of this x-ray sign so that appropriate therapy was started without delay.", "contents": "Gastric pneumatosis in infancy. Gastric pneumatosis (gas in the wall of the stomach) is an uncommon but characteristic plain-film radiographic sign. In infancy it is associated either with gastric outlet obstruction, usually hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, or necrotizing gastroenterocolitis. Differential diagnosis is mainly based on associated clinical findings, as exemplified by the 2 cases reported here. Both infants had isolated gastric pneumatosis as the principal radiographic finding. Correct diagnosis was greatly aided by recognition of this x-ray sign so that appropriate therapy was started without delay."}
{"id": "PMID:938110", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts.", "content": "Seventeen patients with femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts (FAVBS) were evaluated to delineate the cardiovascular consequences of the procedure. The resting cardiac index (CI), as estimated by echocardiography, was increased in 8 patients (47%). Twelve of the 17 patients (71%) had more than a 20% reduction in CI after 5 minutes of shunt occlusion. In 6 of these, the CI returned to normal from an abnormally high value. As a group, the decrease in CI was significant (P = 0.001). This was accomplished mainly by a significant decrease in stroke volume (P less than or equal to 0.004). Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure developed in 10 of the 17 patients during the year following FAVBS. Because of the marginal cardiac reverse in patients with renal failure and the significant increase in cardiac index resulting from FAVBS, alternative forms of vascular access should be used whenever possible.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts. Seventeen patients with femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts (FAVBS) were evaluated to delineate the cardiovascular consequences of the procedure. The resting cardiac index (CI), as estimated by echocardiography, was increased in 8 patients (47%). Twelve of the 17 patients (71%) had more than a 20% reduction in CI after 5 minutes of shunt occlusion. In 6 of these, the CI returned to normal from an abnormally high value. As a group, the decrease in CI was significant (P = 0.001). This was accomplished mainly by a significant decrease in stroke volume (P less than or equal to 0.004). Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure developed in 10 of the 17 patients during the year following FAVBS. Because of the marginal cardiac reverse in patients with renal failure and the significant increase in cardiac index resulting from FAVBS, alternative forms of vascular access should be used whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:938111", "title": "Isotope angiography: technique, validation and value in the assessment of arterial reconstruction.", "content": "Isotope angiography performed by intravenous injection of technetium 99m pertechnetate has been demonstrated to be of value in the diagnosis and management of a variety of disorders of the large arteries. An improved technique of isotope angiography is described and the technique validated (53 cases) in normal and diseased arteries by correlating it with conventional contrast arteriography and/or operative findings. Peripheral arteries as far distal as the wrist or mid-calf have been accurately visualized and quantitation of isotope arrival times and total isotope activity in different parts of the arterial tree has provided a means of evaluating the hemodynamic significance of stenosing lesions. Thirty-nine arterial reconstructions were studied by this technique. Seven of 27 (26%) clinically patent arterial reconstructions were found to be harboring significant and potentially dangerous imperfections which were clinically unsuspected. Nine of 12 (75%) arterial reconstructions thought clinically to be occluded were demonstrated to be patent, obviating the need for invasive contrast arteriography. Isotope angiography may be used with no risk for the immediate postoperative and long-term evaluation of arterial reconstructions. Only those patients with abnormalities identified on isotope angiography need have conventional contrast arteriography for further delineation of the abnormality so that it may be repaired before it causes failure of the reconstruction.", "contents": "Isotope angiography: technique, validation and value in the assessment of arterial reconstruction. Isotope angiography performed by intravenous injection of technetium 99m pertechnetate has been demonstrated to be of value in the diagnosis and management of a variety of disorders of the large arteries. An improved technique of isotope angiography is described and the technique validated (53 cases) in normal and diseased arteries by correlating it with conventional contrast arteriography and/or operative findings. Peripheral arteries as far distal as the wrist or mid-calf have been accurately visualized and quantitation of isotope arrival times and total isotope activity in different parts of the arterial tree has provided a means of evaluating the hemodynamic significance of stenosing lesions. Thirty-nine arterial reconstructions were studied by this technique. Seven of 27 (26%) clinically patent arterial reconstructions were found to be harboring significant and potentially dangerous imperfections which were clinically unsuspected. Nine of 12 (75%) arterial reconstructions thought clinically to be occluded were demonstrated to be patent, obviating the need for invasive contrast arteriography. Isotope angiography may be used with no risk for the immediate postoperative and long-term evaluation of arterial reconstructions. Only those patients with abnormalities identified on isotope angiography need have conventional contrast arteriography for further delineation of the abnormality so that it may be repaired before it causes failure of the reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:938112", "title": "Unresolved problems of pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "The treatment of 54 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts was reviewed. The operative mortality was 11% and after an average followup of 3 years the recurrence rate was 3.8%. Hemorrhage was the most significant complication of pseudocysts and occurred in 4 patients preoperatively and three patients postoperatively. The patients who developed recurrence or died had been operated within one day after the diagnoses of pseudocysts were made. The deaths were due to the conditions that necessitated the emergency operations rather than to the fact that the cyst wall had not adequately matured. Ideally, operation should be performed when the patient has reached an optimal clinical condition and the walls of the cyst are sufficiently thick. Currently there is no guide for estimation of the state of cyst maturation, although this may develop with the use of ultrasound. Since complications can develop during a prolonged observation period it was our policy to proceed with surgery as soon after diagnosis as the patient was in satisfactory clinical condition. It is evident from this study that internal drainage can be performed safely in less time than the 6 weeks frequently recommended. Morbidity and mortality were not adversely affected by a short interval between diagnosis and operation if the timing was a matter of election rather than a condition of emergency.", "contents": "Unresolved problems of pancreatic pseudocysts. The treatment of 54 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts was reviewed. The operative mortality was 11% and after an average followup of 3 years the recurrence rate was 3.8%. Hemorrhage was the most significant complication of pseudocysts and occurred in 4 patients preoperatively and three patients postoperatively. The patients who developed recurrence or died had been operated within one day after the diagnoses of pseudocysts were made. The deaths were due to the conditions that necessitated the emergency operations rather than to the fact that the cyst wall had not adequately matured. Ideally, operation should be performed when the patient has reached an optimal clinical condition and the walls of the cyst are sufficiently thick. Currently there is no guide for estimation of the state of cyst maturation, although this may develop with the use of ultrasound. Since complications can develop during a prolonged observation period it was our policy to proceed with surgery as soon after diagnosis as the patient was in satisfactory clinical condition. It is evident from this study that internal drainage can be performed safely in less time than the 6 weeks frequently recommended. Morbidity and mortality were not adversely affected by a short interval between diagnosis and operation if the timing was a matter of election rather than a condition of emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:938113", "title": "Survival from acute hepatorenal syndrome following splenorenal shunt.", "content": "Acute aggravation of chronic hepatorenal syndrome following angiography is described in a patient with recovery and long-term survival following splenorenal shunt. It is believed that this patient represents a type of hepatorenal syndrome which can be expected to tolerate shunt and recover from hepatorenal syndrome. Possible mechanisms of the pathophysiology are discussed and recommendations made on this basis for the selection of such patients for portal decompression.", "contents": "Survival from acute hepatorenal syndrome following splenorenal shunt. Acute aggravation of chronic hepatorenal syndrome following angiography is described in a patient with recovery and long-term survival following splenorenal shunt. It is believed that this patient represents a type of hepatorenal syndrome which can be expected to tolerate shunt and recover from hepatorenal syndrome. Possible mechanisms of the pathophysiology are discussed and recommendations made on this basis for the selection of such patients for portal decompression."}
{"id": "PMID:938114", "title": "Hemorrhagic necrosis of pheochromocytoma associated with phentolamine administration.", "content": "A case of ruptured pheochromocytoma is presented, the pathophysiology discussed, and the literature reviewed. Evidence is presented that the use of alpha-adrenergic blockade in general, and phentolamine in particular, may predispose to this complication. Twelve cases of massive hemorrhagic necrosis with or without rupture were found in the literature, including the present case. Six had no operation; one survived. Six had immediate operation; 4 survived. An additional case of hemorrhage into a small pheochromocytoma following phentolamine is presented. This tumor was neither ruptured nor massively necrotic, but the case supports the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergic blockade may cause hemorrhage within the pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic necrosis of pheochromocytoma associated with phentolamine administration. A case of ruptured pheochromocytoma is presented, the pathophysiology discussed, and the literature reviewed. Evidence is presented that the use of alpha-adrenergic blockade in general, and phentolamine in particular, may predispose to this complication. Twelve cases of massive hemorrhagic necrosis with or without rupture were found in the literature, including the present case. Six had no operation; one survived. Six had immediate operation; 4 survived. An additional case of hemorrhage into a small pheochromocytoma following phentolamine is presented. This tumor was neither ruptured nor massively necrotic, but the case supports the hypothesis that alpha-adrenergic blockade may cause hemorrhage within the pheochromocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:938115", "title": "Aorto-left renal vein fistula: an unusual complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm with a preaortic left renal vein fistula is presented. Review of the 7 reported cases of aorto-left renal vein fistulae demonstrates many similarities in the clinical presentation with aorto-caval fisulae. However, in addition to the triad of pain, pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit, commonly found in aorto-caval fistulae, the presence of hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia suggests a renal vein fistula. Radiographic studies often demonstrate a large non-functional left kidney. Operative management of the fistula may be performed by a variety of maneuvers. All 7 patients survived. When repair was undertaken without delay, function in the left kidney returned to normal within two months postoperatively.", "contents": "Aorto-left renal vein fistula: an unusual complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm. A patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm with a preaortic left renal vein fistula is presented. Review of the 7 reported cases of aorto-left renal vein fistulae demonstrates many similarities in the clinical presentation with aorto-caval fisulae. However, in addition to the triad of pain, pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit, commonly found in aorto-caval fistulae, the presence of hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia suggests a renal vein fistula. Radiographic studies often demonstrate a large non-functional left kidney. Operative management of the fistula may be performed by a variety of maneuvers. All 7 patients survived. When repair was undertaken without delay, function in the left kidney returned to normal within two months postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:938116", "title": "Intraoperative arterial oxygenation in obese patients.", "content": "Although obese patients have been shown to represent a particularly high risk group with respect to hypoxemia both pre and postoperatively, no data exist to delineate the intraoperative arterial oxygenation pattern of these patients. Furthermore, no one has studied the effects of a change in operative position or a subdiaphragmatic laparotomy pack on arterial oxygenation (PaO2). Sixty-four adults undergoing jejunoileal bypass for morbid exogenous obesity, with a mean weight of 142.0 +/- 31.4 kg and a mean age of 33.3 +/- 10.4 years, were studied. Twenty-five patients (Group I) were maintained in the supine position throughout the operative procedure, while the remaining 39 patients (Group II) were changed to a 15 degrees head down position 15 minutes after a control blood sample was taken. Four additional markedly obese patients were studied to determine the effect of an abdominal pack of PaO2 values. The following findings were demonstrated: 1) 40% oxygen did not uniformly produce adequate arterial oxygenation for intra-abdominal surgery in otherwise healthy obese patients; 2) placement of a subdiaphragmatic abdominal laparotomy pack without a change in operative position resulted in a consistent fall in PaO2 in each patient to less than 65 mm Hg even though 40% oxygen was being administered; and 3) a change from supine to a 15 degrees head down operative position resulted in a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in mean PaO2 (73.0 +/- 26.3 mm Hg). Seventy-seven per cent of these patients demonstrated PaO2 values of less than 80 mm Hg on 40% oxygen. Because of these findings, serious consideration should be given to the routine use of the Trendelenberg position intraoperatively in obese patients. However, if one elects this posture, prudence would dictate careful monitoring and maintenance of arterial oxygenation. Certainly, in obese patients, the intraoperative combination of the head down position and a subdiaphragmatic laparotomy pack should be avoided. In addition, since our data were collected in obese but otherwise healthy, young patients free of cardiorespiratory disease, special attention should be directed at the continuous measurement of arterial oxygenation in the older obese patient with either intrinsic dysfunction of vital organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney) or surgical disorders (peritonitis, sepsis).", "contents": "Intraoperative arterial oxygenation in obese patients. Although obese patients have been shown to represent a particularly high risk group with respect to hypoxemia both pre and postoperatively, no data exist to delineate the intraoperative arterial oxygenation pattern of these patients. Furthermore, no one has studied the effects of a change in operative position or a subdiaphragmatic laparotomy pack on arterial oxygenation (PaO2). Sixty-four adults undergoing jejunoileal bypass for morbid exogenous obesity, with a mean weight of 142.0 +/- 31.4 kg and a mean age of 33.3 +/- 10.4 years, were studied. Twenty-five patients (Group I) were maintained in the supine position throughout the operative procedure, while the remaining 39 patients (Group II) were changed to a 15 degrees head down position 15 minutes after a control blood sample was taken. Four additional markedly obese patients were studied to determine the effect of an abdominal pack of PaO2 values. The following findings were demonstrated: 1) 40% oxygen did not uniformly produce adequate arterial oxygenation for intra-abdominal surgery in otherwise healthy obese patients; 2) placement of a subdiaphragmatic abdominal laparotomy pack without a change in operative position resulted in a consistent fall in PaO2 in each patient to less than 65 mm Hg even though 40% oxygen was being administered; and 3) a change from supine to a 15 degrees head down operative position resulted in a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in mean PaO2 (73.0 +/- 26.3 mm Hg). Seventy-seven per cent of these patients demonstrated PaO2 values of less than 80 mm Hg on 40% oxygen. Because of these findings, serious consideration should be given to the routine use of the Trendelenberg position intraoperatively in obese patients. However, if one elects this posture, prudence would dictate careful monitoring and maintenance of arterial oxygenation. Certainly, in obese patients, the intraoperative combination of the head down position and a subdiaphragmatic laparotomy pack should be avoided. In addition, since our data were collected in obese but otherwise healthy, young patients free of cardiorespiratory disease, special attention should be directed at the continuous measurement of arterial oxygenation in the older obese patient with either intrinsic dysfunction of vital organs (heart, lung, liver, kidney) or surgical disorders (peritonitis, sepsis)."}
{"id": "PMID:938117", "title": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock on disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Experiments tend to confirm the hypothesis that a thromboplastic substance in the blood stream causes little DIC if blood flow is normal. However, if the same quantity of thromboplastic material is present in a slow capillary flow, it will produce DIC and possible death, with a marked clotting defect.", "contents": "The effect of hemorrhagic shock on disseminated intravascular coagulation. Experiments tend to confirm the hypothesis that a thromboplastic substance in the blood stream causes little DIC if blood flow is normal. However, if the same quantity of thromboplastic material is present in a slow capillary flow, it will produce DIC and possible death, with a marked clotting defect."}
{"id": "PMID:938118", "title": "The plastic surgical adhesive drape: an evaluation of its efficacy as a microbial barrier.", "content": "A microbial evaluation was made of adhesive plastic surgical drapes and cloth surgical drapes. These studies were done both during surgery and in the laboratory. The plastic drape does not allow bacterial penetration, lateral migration does not occur, skin bacteria do not multiply under the drape within the time periods studied and the patient drapes are held in place with their use. When wet, cloth drapes showed profuse bacterial penetration. Dry cloth showed less bacterial penetration as compared to wet cloth. Lateral migration under cloth drapes was not possible to assess due to a high level of penetration. The surface of cloth showed a higher level of bacterial contamination during the surgical procedures. Deep wound cultures collected just prior to closing showed 60% contamination when cloth was used compared to 6% when plastic was employed. The micro-organisms recovered from the various sites sampled were identified. Finally, in addition to the positive aseptic benefits afforded by plastic adhesive drapes, aesthetic features such as a more delineated operative field and elimination of towel clips make this product a useful adjunct to the surgeon's armamentarium.", "contents": "The plastic surgical adhesive drape: an evaluation of its efficacy as a microbial barrier. A microbial evaluation was made of adhesive plastic surgical drapes and cloth surgical drapes. These studies were done both during surgery and in the laboratory. The plastic drape does not allow bacterial penetration, lateral migration does not occur, skin bacteria do not multiply under the drape within the time periods studied and the patient drapes are held in place with their use. When wet, cloth drapes showed profuse bacterial penetration. Dry cloth showed less bacterial penetration as compared to wet cloth. Lateral migration under cloth drapes was not possible to assess due to a high level of penetration. The surface of cloth showed a higher level of bacterial contamination during the surgical procedures. Deep wound cultures collected just prior to closing showed 60% contamination when cloth was used compared to 6% when plastic was employed. The micro-organisms recovered from the various sites sampled were identified. Finally, in addition to the positive aseptic benefits afforded by plastic adhesive drapes, aesthetic features such as a more delineated operative field and elimination of towel clips make this product a useful adjunct to the surgeon's armamentarium."}
{"id": "PMID:938119", "title": "The role of surgery in primary syphilis of the anus.", "content": "Surgery has no role in the treatment of primary (infectious) syphilis of the anorectum. In this paper, we describe four patients who presented directly to the surgeon complaining of localized anal lesions. In three patients, the chancre was excised and in one patient the correct diagnosis was made prior to surgery. Rectal pain, which we attributed to secondary infection, was the chief complaint in three patients. Two patients also complained of tender lymphadenopathy. Darkfield examination is the most important diagnostic technique and penicillin remains the drug of choice. When treating diseases of the anorectum, the surgeon must maintain a high index of suspicion and a constant awareness of the manifold presentations of primary syphilis.", "contents": "The role of surgery in primary syphilis of the anus. Surgery has no role in the treatment of primary (infectious) syphilis of the anorectum. In this paper, we describe four patients who presented directly to the surgeon complaining of localized anal lesions. In three patients, the chancre was excised and in one patient the correct diagnosis was made prior to surgery. Rectal pain, which we attributed to secondary infection, was the chief complaint in three patients. Two patients also complained of tender lymphadenopathy. Darkfield examination is the most important diagnostic technique and penicillin remains the drug of choice. When treating diseases of the anorectum, the surgeon must maintain a high index of suspicion and a constant awareness of the manifold presentations of primary syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:938120", "title": "Suppression of gastrin release and gastric secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).", "content": "Five dogs prepared with Heidenhain pouches received infusions of saline, GIP and VIP before and after a standard meat meal. Blood samples were obtained under basal conditions and at subsequent intervals for measurement of gastrin, insulin, GIP and VIP by radioimmunoassay. GIP and VIP infusions had no effect on basal levels of gastrin. GIP and VIP (in common with secretin and glucagon) were found to suppress food-stimulated release of gastrin and gastrin-stimulated acid secretion from the Heidenhain pouch. Insulin levels were significantly elevated during GIP and VIP infusions. Food released GIP (and perhaps VIP.", "contents": "Suppression of gastrin release and gastric secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Five dogs prepared with Heidenhain pouches received infusions of saline, GIP and VIP before and after a standard meat meal. Blood samples were obtained under basal conditions and at subsequent intervals for measurement of gastrin, insulin, GIP and VIP by radioimmunoassay. GIP and VIP infusions had no effect on basal levels of gastrin. GIP and VIP (in common with secretin and glucagon) were found to suppress food-stimulated release of gastrin and gastrin-stimulated acid secretion from the Heidenhain pouch. Insulin levels were significantly elevated during GIP and VIP infusions. Food released GIP (and perhaps VIP."}
{"id": "PMID:938121", "title": "The immune response of zebu cattle infection with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax.", "content": "Zebu cattle were infected with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax and changes in the levels of serum immunoglobulins were measured during infection and after treatment. Increases in the levels of IgM occurred within 14 days of infection coincidentally with the first appearance of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood. IgM levels rose to 2-10 times preinfection levels and remained high until the animals were treated with diminazene aceturate. Levels then declined to approximately pre-infection levels within 25 days. IgG levels showed little change. In one animal infected with T. congolense which died of trypanosomiasis, there was an initial increase in IgM levels but subsequently both IgM and IgG levels declined until the animal died. The neutralizing activity of whole serum, and serum IgM and IgG fractions from an ox infected with T. congolense were examined. High levels of neutralizing antibodies against trypanosomes isolated on the eighth day after infection were found in sera collected 12-29 days after infection. Most of the antibody activity was located in IgG fractions which showed a peak in neutralizing activity between day 17 and 22. IgG fractions of the sera showed only  slight antibody activity.", "contents": "The immune response of zebu cattle infection with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax. Zebu cattle were infected with Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax and changes in the levels of serum immunoglobulins were measured during infection and after treatment. Increases in the levels of IgM occurred within 14 days of infection coincidentally with the first appearance of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood. IgM levels rose to 2-10 times preinfection levels and remained high until the animals were treated with diminazene aceturate. Levels then declined to approximately pre-infection levels within 25 days. IgG levels showed little change. In one animal infected with T. congolense which died of trypanosomiasis, there was an initial increase in IgM levels but subsequently both IgM and IgG levels declined until the animal died. The neutralizing activity of whole serum, and serum IgM and IgG fractions from an ox infected with T. congolense were examined. High levels of neutralizing antibodies against trypanosomes isolated on the eighth day after infection were found in sera collected 12-29 days after infection. Most of the antibody activity was located in IgG fractions which showed a peak in neutralizing activity between day 17 and 22. IgG fractions of the sera showed only  slight antibody activity."}
{"id": "PMID:938122", "title": "Kala-azar in Ethopia I: Leishmanin skin test in Setit Humera, a kala-azar endemic area in northwestern Ethopia.", "content": "Leishmannin skin test surveys were carried out on 1057 farmers and non-farmers in the low-lying Setit Humera area of northwest Ethiopia, a region known to be endemic for kala-azar. The population of the Humera area is composed mainly of new migrants, and the mean time of residence for the entire population is only 4-4 years. The corresponding periods for the urban and farm-owning population are 6-3 years and migrant farm labourers 2-6 years. Most of the population comes from the highland provinces of Begemdir, Tigre, and Wollo, areas where kala-azar is virtually unknown except for two recent cases (Ashford et al., 1973b). 45-6% of farmers were skin test positive, but only 8-3% of non-farmers. Women in this area are only rarely involved in farming, hence there is a concommitant  marked sex difference. The skin test results seem to be correlated with the results for sex, age, and occupation of known kala-azar patients. The percentage of skin test positivity increases with age and, particularly among farmers, with the length of time spent in the Humera lowlands. This correlation is lacking among non-farmers. The annual rate of infection to Leishmania sufficient to result in skin test conversion is around 7% per annum in agricultural workers in the Humera area, but less than 1% per annum in the non-farming population. The infection rate for farm workers to Leishmania prior to coming to Humera is around 2%, compared to less than 1% for the non-farmers. There appears (significant at 10%) to be a weak correlation between the induration of positive skin test and the length of time spent in Humera, suggesting that the degree of induration is related to the degree of exposure to Leishmania. The positive skin test in kala-azar endemic areas is probably the result of (a) nonpathogenic Leishmania species, (b) L. donovani of low virulence and/or (c) human host resistance to L. donovani.", "contents": "Kala-azar in Ethopia I: Leishmanin skin test in Setit Humera, a kala-azar endemic area in northwestern Ethopia. Leishmannin skin test surveys were carried out on 1057 farmers and non-farmers in the low-lying Setit Humera area of northwest Ethiopia, a region known to be endemic for kala-azar. The population of the Humera area is composed mainly of new migrants, and the mean time of residence for the entire population is only 4-4 years. The corresponding periods for the urban and farm-owning population are 6-3 years and migrant farm labourers 2-6 years. Most of the population comes from the highland provinces of Begemdir, Tigre, and Wollo, areas where kala-azar is virtually unknown except for two recent cases (Ashford et al., 1973b). 45-6% of farmers were skin test positive, but only 8-3% of non-farmers. Women in this area are only rarely involved in farming, hence there is a concommitant  marked sex difference. The skin test results seem to be correlated with the results for sex, age, and occupation of known kala-azar patients. The percentage of skin test positivity increases with age and, particularly among farmers, with the length of time spent in the Humera lowlands. This correlation is lacking among non-farmers. The annual rate of infection to Leishmania sufficient to result in skin test conversion is around 7% per annum in agricultural workers in the Humera area, but less than 1% per annum in the non-farming population. The infection rate for farm workers to Leishmania prior to coming to Humera is around 2%, compared to less than 1% for the non-farmers. There appears (significant at 10%) to be a weak correlation between the induration of positive skin test and the length of time spent in Humera, suggesting that the degree of induration is related to the degree of exposure to Leishmania. The positive skin test in kala-azar endemic areas is probably the result of (a) nonpathogenic Leishmania species, (b) L. donovani of low virulence and/or (c) human host resistance to L. donovani."}
{"id": "PMID:938125", "title": "Study of growth of Biomphalaria glabrata Say and other Planorbidae in Guadeloupe West Indies.", "content": "The growth of Biomphalaria glabrata, B. schrammi, Drepanotrema lucidum and D. kermatoides was studied in three habitatis on Guadeloupe. Theortical growth curves were calculated for each species by applying the Walford method and the von Bertalanffy equation. On Guadeloupe, the growth of B. glabrata was faster in the ponds of Grand Terre than in the small high altitude streams of Basse Terre. There is good correlation between the observations made in Guadeloupe and previous data obtained on Pureto Rico and St Lucia.", "contents": "Study of growth of Biomphalaria glabrata Say and other Planorbidae in Guadeloupe West Indies. The growth of Biomphalaria glabrata, B. schrammi, Drepanotrema lucidum and D. kermatoides was studied in three habitatis on Guadeloupe. Theortical growth curves were calculated for each species by applying the Walford method and the von Bertalanffy equation. On Guadeloupe, the growth of B. glabrata was faster in the ponds of Grand Terre than in the small high altitude streams of Basse Terre. There is good correlation between the observations made in Guadeloupe and previous data obtained on Pureto Rico and St Lucia."}
{"id": "PMID:938126", "title": "A preliminary study of the health of a populaltion staying in apartments of varying sizes in Singapore.", "content": "A study was made of the health of 438 households living in high-rise flats in three public housing estates in Singapore. These households were selected by serial sampling from a total sample of 594 households; 156 (26%) were non-respondents. The study used personal interviews to collect data. Respondents questioned directly indicated a low but positive effect of high-rise living conditions on their physical health. The perceived health status of most of these flat dwellers remained unchanged after moving into their present accomodation. The major findings with regard to mental health were: (a) worry and anxiety were associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents; (b) the recreational activities of the respondents were related to their socio-economic status, although the majority spent most of their spare time at home; (c) living conditions in flats tended to affect the patterns of social contacts of the residents with their extended families and primary groups. Three factors (income, education and ethnic group) affected the social behaviour of the respondents with regard to health: (a) the preference for, and selection of, the first source of medical treatment varied for the different soci-economic and ethnic groups; (b) self-medication was associated with ethnic group; (c) the level of education affected the decision on when to receive antenatal care.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the health of a populaltion staying in apartments of varying sizes in Singapore. A study was made of the health of 438 households living in high-rise flats in three public housing estates in Singapore. These households were selected by serial sampling from a total sample of 594 households; 156 (26%) were non-respondents. The study used personal interviews to collect data. Respondents questioned directly indicated a low but positive effect of high-rise living conditions on their physical health. The perceived health status of most of these flat dwellers remained unchanged after moving into their present accomodation. The major findings with regard to mental health were: (a) worry and anxiety were associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents; (b) the recreational activities of the respondents were related to their socio-economic status, although the majority spent most of their spare time at home; (c) living conditions in flats tended to affect the patterns of social contacts of the residents with their extended families and primary groups. Three factors (income, education and ethnic group) affected the social behaviour of the respondents with regard to health: (a) the preference for, and selection of, the first source of medical treatment varied for the different soci-economic and ethnic groups; (b) self-medication was associated with ethnic group; (c) the level of education affected the decision on when to receive antenatal care."}
{"id": "PMID:938128", "title": "Pulmonary aspergillosis: an analysis of 41 patients.", "content": "During the period 1969 to 1974, 41 patients having cultures positive for aspergillus were seen on the thoracic surgical services of the University of Maryland and Mt. Wilson State Hospitals. Intracavitary mycetoma was present in 36 patients. In 32 the underlying disease was chronic cavitary tuberculosis, 5 had decreased immunity due to other diseases, and in 3 no underlying disease was noted. One final patient developed a mycetoma following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Hemoptysis, the predominant symptom, occurred in 23 patients, all of whom were from the group with intracavitary mycetoma. Hemoptysis was life-threatening in 8 patients, severe but not life-threatening in 12, and minimal in 3. Fifteen patients underwent pulmonary resection with 2 deaths. Both patients who died had undergone emergency resection for life-threatening hemoptysis; the fungus ball had developed following a previous resection for tuberculosis, and both had poor pulmonary reserve. Of 10 patients with hemoptysis who were not treated surgically, chiefly because they were poor operative risks, 4 died. This study suggests that pulmonary aspergillosis, particularly of the intracavitary type, is a potentially life-threatening disease. Because of the suddenness with which massive hemoptysis may occur, pulmonary resection is recommended for all patients with intracavitary mycetoma who do not constitute prohibitive operative risks.", "contents": "Pulmonary aspergillosis: an analysis of 41 patients. During the period 1969 to 1974, 41 patients having cultures positive for aspergillus were seen on the thoracic surgical services of the University of Maryland and Mt. Wilson State Hospitals. Intracavitary mycetoma was present in 36 patients. In 32 the underlying disease was chronic cavitary tuberculosis, 5 had decreased immunity due to other diseases, and in 3 no underlying disease was noted. One final patient developed a mycetoma following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Hemoptysis, the predominant symptom, occurred in 23 patients, all of whom were from the group with intracavitary mycetoma. Hemoptysis was life-threatening in 8 patients, severe but not life-threatening in 12, and minimal in 3. Fifteen patients underwent pulmonary resection with 2 deaths. Both patients who died had undergone emergency resection for life-threatening hemoptysis; the fungus ball had developed following a previous resection for tuberculosis, and both had poor pulmonary reserve. Of 10 patients with hemoptysis who were not treated surgically, chiefly because they were poor operative risks, 4 died. This study suggests that pulmonary aspergillosis, particularly of the intracavitary type, is a potentially life-threatening disease. Because of the suddenness with which massive hemoptysis may occur, pulmonary resection is recommended for all patients with intracavitary mycetoma who do not constitute prohibitive operative risks."}
{"id": "PMID:938132", "title": "Segmental lung resection in the first year of life.", "content": "Segmental lung resection was performed in 5 infants with congenital lung disease. The lesions were cystic adenomatoid malformation in 2, congenital cystic disease in 2, and congenital lobar emphysema in 1. A higher than expected incidence of major segmental bronchovascular anomalies was encountered (3 of 5 patients). Other than prolonged air leak in 1 patient, complications were negligible. All patients were well from one to six and one-half years after operation. Segmentectomy is a sensible operation for congenital pulmonary disease and ultimately may have as its greatest virtue the preservation of normal lung tissue.", "contents": "Segmental lung resection in the first year of life. Segmental lung resection was performed in 5 infants with congenital lung disease. The lesions were cystic adenomatoid malformation in 2, congenital cystic disease in 2, and congenital lobar emphysema in 1. A higher than expected incidence of major segmental bronchovascular anomalies was encountered (3 of 5 patients). Other than prolonged air leak in 1 patient, complications were negligible. All patients were well from one to six and one-half years after operation. Segmentectomy is a sensible operation for congenital pulmonary disease and ultimately may have as its greatest virtue the preservation of normal lung tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:938133", "title": "Indications for early thoracotomy in the management of chest trauma.", "content": "Trauma to the thorax represents a significant portion of injuries seen in an inner-city emergency room. Although most of these patients may be successfully managed without thoracotomy, a certain percentage require operative intervention either immediately or within several hours. The records of more than 380 patients with major chest trauma seen in recent years have been reviewed. Three hundred twenty-one of these patients (84%) required only good supportive measures such as correction of hypovolemia, temporary ventilatory support, tube thoracostomy, and careful observation. Forty-four additional patients (12%) required immediate operation following preliminary resuscitative treatment. Indications included hemorrhage, cardiac tamponade, injury to a great vessel, and rupture of the diaphragm. There were 10 deaths in this group. In 15 other individuals (4%) delayed operation was undertaken following careful reappraisal of initial injuries by continued examination, monitoring of vital signs, and appropriate roentgenographic and laboratory studies. Indications for delayed operation included continued or recurrent bleeding, widening of the mediastinum, hemoptysis, and recurrent hemothorax. There was only 1 death in this group. Thus, although it may be clear which patients require immediate operation, only careful and continuous monitoring can identify those who initially appear to be in stable condition but eventually will require exploration.", "contents": "Indications for early thoracotomy in the management of chest trauma. Trauma to the thorax represents a significant portion of injuries seen in an inner-city emergency room. Although most of these patients may be successfully managed without thoracotomy, a certain percentage require operative intervention either immediately or within several hours. The records of more than 380 patients with major chest trauma seen in recent years have been reviewed. Three hundred twenty-one of these patients (84%) required only good supportive measures such as correction of hypovolemia, temporary ventilatory support, tube thoracostomy, and careful observation. Forty-four additional patients (12%) required immediate operation following preliminary resuscitative treatment. Indications included hemorrhage, cardiac tamponade, injury to a great vessel, and rupture of the diaphragm. There were 10 deaths in this group. In 15 other individuals (4%) delayed operation was undertaken following careful reappraisal of initial injuries by continued examination, monitoring of vital signs, and appropriate roentgenographic and laboratory studies. Indications for delayed operation included continued or recurrent bleeding, widening of the mediastinum, hemoptysis, and recurrent hemothorax. There was only 1 death in this group. Thus, although it may be clear which patients require immediate operation, only careful and continuous monitoring can identify those who initially appear to be in stable condition but eventually will require exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:938134", "title": "Pulmonary complications in primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia: surgical considerations.", "content": "With the discovery and routine use of antibiotics, a virtually new disease--primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia--was recognized. More precise clinical, genetic, and laboratory endeavor has proved, in fact, that it is really one of a whole host of individual disease entities, all with the common feature of inadequate production and marshalling of gamma globulin to combat infection. Although the condition has been recognized in children's medicine for two decades, the survival of these early victims into adolescence and adulthood is now bringing them to the attention of surgeons as candidates for drainage or resection of suppurative disease of the lung, air tubes, and pleura. In fact a triad has emerged, with some of these patients having infectious disease in the lungs and sinuses associated with enlargement of the spleen when first seen. Often it is the radiologist who first suspects the diagnosis when he recognizes one or more features of this diagnostic triad. Three personal cases are presented together with a technique of management that appears successful. As with the recognition of any new disease, occult and subclinical presentations become more common as suspicion progresses, and ease of confirmation is afforded.", "contents": "Pulmonary complications in primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia: surgical considerations. With the discovery and routine use of antibiotics, a virtually new disease--primary acquired hypogammaglobulinemia--was recognized. More precise clinical, genetic, and laboratory endeavor has proved, in fact, that it is really one of a whole host of individual disease entities, all with the common feature of inadequate production and marshalling of gamma globulin to combat infection. Although the condition has been recognized in children's medicine for two decades, the survival of these early victims into adolescence and adulthood is now bringing them to the attention of surgeons as candidates for drainage or resection of suppurative disease of the lung, air tubes, and pleura. In fact a triad has emerged, with some of these patients having infectious disease in the lungs and sinuses associated with enlargement of the spleen when first seen. Often it is the radiologist who first suspects the diagnosis when he recognizes one or more features of this diagnostic triad. Three personal cases are presented together with a technique of management that appears successful. As with the recognition of any new disease, occult and subclinical presentations become more common as suspicion progresses, and ease of confirmation is afforded."}
{"id": "PMID:938135", "title": "Corticosteroids and prevention of pulmonary damage following cardiopulmonary bypass in puppies.", "content": "A technique of inducing hypothermia using surface cooling and rewarming with a pump oxygenator has been applied clinically in infants with satisfactory results. Respiratory problems postoperatively, however, are reported to be among the complications contributing most to mortality and morbidity. Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solumedrol) has helped to obviate pulmonary damage in hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock and therefore may be effective in preventing pulmonary damage following hypothermia. This hypothesis was investigated in 12 mongrel puppies, 6 that had hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest but were not given Solumedrol, and 6 that were treated preoperatively with Solumedrol. In lung biopsies taken immediately after bypass the pathological changes in both the group treated with steroids and the control group were similar. At six hours, however, lung biopsies from the control group showed further signs of progressive damage, while in the steroid-treated group there was a striking improvement with some lung biopsies showing a normal appearance. Thus, Solumedrol did not prevent initial lung damage, but the progressive and probably permanent changes were reduced.", "contents": "Corticosteroids and prevention of pulmonary damage following cardiopulmonary bypass in puppies. A technique of inducing hypothermia using surface cooling and rewarming with a pump oxygenator has been applied clinically in infants with satisfactory results. Respiratory problems postoperatively, however, are reported to be among the complications contributing most to mortality and morbidity. Prednisolone sodium succinate (Solumedrol) has helped to obviate pulmonary damage in hemorrhagic and endotoxic shock and therefore may be effective in preventing pulmonary damage following hypothermia. This hypothesis was investigated in 12 mongrel puppies, 6 that had hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest but were not given Solumedrol, and 6 that were treated preoperatively with Solumedrol. In lung biopsies taken immediately after bypass the pathological changes in both the group treated with steroids and the control group were similar. At six hours, however, lung biopsies from the control group showed further signs of progressive damage, while in the steroid-treated group there was a striking improvement with some lung biopsies showing a normal appearance. Thus, Solumedrol did not prevent initial lung damage, but the progressive and probably permanent changes were reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:938136", "title": "Free-water clearance and the early recognition of acute renal insufficiency after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The predictive value of free-water clearance measurements for the early recognition of acute renal insufficiency was evaluated in 59 patients immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine measurements were taken before and after operation. Intraoperatively, immediately after completion of bypass, urine and serum samples were obtained for osmolality. Duration of bypass, urine output, degree of hemolysis, and quality of perfusion were recorded. Fifty-four patients developed no signs of renal insufficiency following bypass, and all had free-water clearance values equal to or less than -20 ml per hour. Five patients who had free-water clearance values equal to greater than -8 ml per hour developed manifestations of an acute renal insufficiency state. There were no false-negative or false-positive determinations. Consequently, free-water clearance measurements appear to be a reliable indicator of those patients who will develop renal insufficiency following cardiopulmonary bypass. Early recognition provides an opportunity immediately after operation for initiating treatment consisting of administration of diuretics, potassium restriction, and oliguric fluid regimens.", "contents": "Free-water clearance and the early recognition of acute renal insufficiency after cardiopulmonary bypass. The predictive value of free-water clearance measurements for the early recognition of acute renal insufficiency was evaluated in 59 patients immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine measurements were taken before and after operation. Intraoperatively, immediately after completion of bypass, urine and serum samples were obtained for osmolality. Duration of bypass, urine output, degree of hemolysis, and quality of perfusion were recorded. Fifty-four patients developed no signs of renal insufficiency following bypass, and all had free-water clearance values equal to or less than -20 ml per hour. Five patients who had free-water clearance values equal to greater than -8 ml per hour developed manifestations of an acute renal insufficiency state. There were no false-negative or false-positive determinations. Consequently, free-water clearance measurements appear to be a reliable indicator of those patients who will develop renal insufficiency following cardiopulmonary bypass. Early recognition provides an opportunity immediately after operation for initiating treatment consisting of administration of diuretics, potassium restriction, and oliguric fluid regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:938137", "title": "Urinary osmolal changes in renal dysfunction following open-heart operations.", "content": "Forty consecutive patients who underwent open-heart procedures using a hyperosmolar perfusion prime were studied to determine the significance of free-water clearance and urinary osmolality early after bypass in predicting the likelihood of postoperative renal dysfunction, defined as a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level over 50 mg/100 ml. Urinary osmolality increased in all patients during the first 18 hours after bypass, but the increase was substantially less for those who subsequently developed renal dysfunction. Free-water clearance, which was significantly less negative in the patients with renal dysfunction by 2 hours after bypass and remained so throughout the 18 hours of this study, served as an early postoperative indicator of impaired renal function in the patients who eventually developed BUN elevation. Moreover, it was more sensitive as an index of renal dysfunction than was osmolality alone. Early recognition of renal impairment is important, as it may prevent dangerous fluid overloading and allow for corrective measures to be undertaken before frank renal failure develops.", "contents": "Urinary osmolal changes in renal dysfunction following open-heart operations. Forty consecutive patients who underwent open-heart procedures using a hyperosmolar perfusion prime were studied to determine the significance of free-water clearance and urinary osmolality early after bypass in predicting the likelihood of postoperative renal dysfunction, defined as a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level over 50 mg/100 ml. Urinary osmolality increased in all patients during the first 18 hours after bypass, but the increase was substantially less for those who subsequently developed renal dysfunction. Free-water clearance, which was significantly less negative in the patients with renal dysfunction by 2 hours after bypass and remained so throughout the 18 hours of this study, served as an early postoperative indicator of impaired renal function in the patients who eventually developed BUN elevation. Moreover, it was more sensitive as an index of renal dysfunction than was osmolality alone. Early recognition of renal impairment is important, as it may prevent dangerous fluid overloading and allow for corrective measures to be undertaken before frank renal failure develops."}
{"id": "PMID:938138", "title": "A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of inotropic agents.", "content": "This experimental study was conducted to compare and contrast the cardiovascular effects of the drugs most commonly used to alleviate low-cardiac-output syndrome. Twenty-five adult mongrel dogs were infused with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/min) until their cardiac output fell to 50+/-5% of the average control values determined by thermodilution technique prior to pentobarbital infusion. The dogs were then divided into six groups, and one of the following agents or combinations of agents was administered to each group: isoproterenol, glucagon, dopamine, dobutamine, levarterenol and phentolamine, or levarterenol and nitroprusside. All drugs, except for glucagon and the combination of levarterenol and nitroprusside, produced an increase in cardiac output above the nonfailure baseline values. However, this increase was accompanied by an undesirable, pronounced tachycardia except when levarterenol was used simultaneously with phentolamine. Both dopamine and the combined infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine proved the most effective in restoring systemic arterial pressure to near baseline values, and both were able to increase renal blood flow above the failure baseline values. While renal blood flow remained elevated with all dosages of levarterenol and phentolamine, it tended to decrease with larger doses of dopamine. These experiments demonstrate that there are major advantages in the use of simultaneously infused levarterenol and phentolamine for control of low-cardiac-output syndrome: increased cardiac output without elevated peripheral vascular resistance, restoration of systemic arterial pressure and consequent improved coronary flow, absence of tachycardia, and augmented renal blood flow.", "contents": "A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of inotropic agents. This experimental study was conducted to compare and contrast the cardiovascular effects of the drugs most commonly used to alleviate low-cardiac-output syndrome. Twenty-five adult mongrel dogs were infused with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/min) until their cardiac output fell to 50+/-5% of the average control values determined by thermodilution technique prior to pentobarbital infusion. The dogs were then divided into six groups, and one of the following agents or combinations of agents was administered to each group: isoproterenol, glucagon, dopamine, dobutamine, levarterenol and phentolamine, or levarterenol and nitroprusside. All drugs, except for glucagon and the combination of levarterenol and nitroprusside, produced an increase in cardiac output above the nonfailure baseline values. However, this increase was accompanied by an undesirable, pronounced tachycardia except when levarterenol was used simultaneously with phentolamine. Both dopamine and the combined infusion of levarterenol and phentolamine proved the most effective in restoring systemic arterial pressure to near baseline values, and both were able to increase renal blood flow above the failure baseline values. While renal blood flow remained elevated with all dosages of levarterenol and phentolamine, it tended to decrease with larger doses of dopamine. These experiments demonstrate that there are major advantages in the use of simultaneously infused levarterenol and phentolamine for control of low-cardiac-output syndrome: increased cardiac output without elevated peripheral vascular resistance, restoration of systemic arterial pressure and consequent improved coronary flow, absence of tachycardia, and augmented renal blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:938139", "title": "Preferential atherosclerosis at the aortic junction of the ligamentum arteriosum: clinical significance and pathological correlation.", "content": "Clinical experience with 5 patients who had complications of atherosclerosis within the aorta at the site of the obliterated ductus arteriosus suggested the occurrence of clinically significant preferential atherosclerosis at this location. To examine this hypothesis, the clinical findings in these patients (4 with saccular aneurysm and 1 with systemic emboli from an ulcerated plaque at this location) were correlated with postmortem examination of the aortic isthmus in 40 consecutive cadavers. The point of ductal closure was the area of most severe atheromatous involvement in 32 of the 40 cadavers, and 25 of the 40 specimens demonstrated ulcerated plaques at this location. Microscopical examination consistently demonstrated intimal irregularity or disruption and thinning of the aortic media in this area. These studies indicate that preferential atherosclerosis occurs at the aortic end of the obliterated ducts arteriosus and that these atherosclerotic changes can be a clinically significant development.", "contents": "Preferential atherosclerosis at the aortic junction of the ligamentum arteriosum: clinical significance and pathological correlation. Clinical experience with 5 patients who had complications of atherosclerosis within the aorta at the site of the obliterated ductus arteriosus suggested the occurrence of clinically significant preferential atherosclerosis at this location. To examine this hypothesis, the clinical findings in these patients (4 with saccular aneurysm and 1 with systemic emboli from an ulcerated plaque at this location) were correlated with postmortem examination of the aortic isthmus in 40 consecutive cadavers. The point of ductal closure was the area of most severe atheromatous involvement in 32 of the 40 cadavers, and 25 of the 40 specimens demonstrated ulcerated plaques at this location. Microscopical examination consistently demonstrated intimal irregularity or disruption and thinning of the aortic media in this area. These studies indicate that preferential atherosclerosis occurs at the aortic end of the obliterated ducts arteriosus and that these atherosclerotic changes can be a clinically significant development."}
{"id": "PMID:938140", "title": "Permanent cardiac pacemakers: twelve-year experience with 287 patients.", "content": "Our total pacemaker experience was evaluated to determine survival, complications, effectiveness of follow-up techniques, and future goals for surveillance. A retrospective review of 287 patients with 570 pulse generators revealed 164 alive and 104 dead; 3 recovered normal conduction, 14 transferred care, and 2 have been lost to follow-up. Average age at initial implantation was 67 years. Overall mean generator life has been 22 months. The one-, three-, five-, and ten-year survival is 84, 71, 60, and 39%, respectively. The 738 operations performed averaged 2.6 procedures per patient. Of the total survivors, 108 (66%) had no complications; 56 (34%) have had at least one complication, 70% during the first year of the initial implantation. Fifty episodes of premature interruption of pacing service were detected. Ninety-one patients (32% of the group) have required an operative procedure on their pacemaker system more frequently than every two years. Of the replacements, 89 (29%) were for reasons other than end of generator life; 66 (63%) of the deaths occurred before replacement of the first generator. Mortality in the first two years was 23%. Once survival exceeded two years the average annual death rate was 3.7% (expected, 3.2%). Survival in our series compares favorably with that of other groups who report by the actuarial method. These data suggest that some deaths, reduced patient productivity, and the high cost to health care providers may be due in part to inadequate follow-up after the first pacemaker implantation. If follow-up observation is done frequently during the first year after initial implantation and once minimum generator longevity has passed, the goals of pacemaker therapy may be achieved.", "contents": "Permanent cardiac pacemakers: twelve-year experience with 287 patients. Our total pacemaker experience was evaluated to determine survival, complications, effectiveness of follow-up techniques, and future goals for surveillance. A retrospective review of 287 patients with 570 pulse generators revealed 164 alive and 104 dead; 3 recovered normal conduction, 14 transferred care, and 2 have been lost to follow-up. Average age at initial implantation was 67 years. Overall mean generator life has been 22 months. The one-, three-, five-, and ten-year survival is 84, 71, 60, and 39%, respectively. The 738 operations performed averaged 2.6 procedures per patient. Of the total survivors, 108 (66%) had no complications; 56 (34%) have had at least one complication, 70% during the first year of the initial implantation. Fifty episodes of premature interruption of pacing service were detected. Ninety-one patients (32% of the group) have required an operative procedure on their pacemaker system more frequently than every two years. Of the replacements, 89 (29%) were for reasons other than end of generator life; 66 (63%) of the deaths occurred before replacement of the first generator. Mortality in the first two years was 23%. Once survival exceeded two years the average annual death rate was 3.7% (expected, 3.2%). Survival in our series compares favorably with that of other groups who report by the actuarial method. These data suggest that some deaths, reduced patient productivity, and the high cost to health care providers may be due in part to inadequate follow-up after the first pacemaker implantation. If follow-up observation is done frequently during the first year after initial implantation and once minimum generator longevity has passed, the goals of pacemaker therapy may be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:938141", "title": "Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: a method using tube thoracostomy and talc.", "content": "Our experience with a simple bedside method for controlling recurrent symptomatic malignant pleural effusion is presented. The method consists of intercostal tube thoracostomy, instillation of a suspension of talc, and waterseal suction drainage. Based on our experience, we believe certain criteria should be met before undertaking talc pleurodesis. In properly selected patients the results with tube thoracostomy and talc pleurodesis have been uniformly good in preventing fluid recurrence and return of disabling symptoms. The technique and results are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of malignant pleural effusion: a method using tube thoracostomy and talc. Our experience with a simple bedside method for controlling recurrent symptomatic malignant pleural effusion is presented. The method consists of intercostal tube thoracostomy, instillation of a suspension of talc, and waterseal suction drainage. Based on our experience, we believe certain criteria should be met before undertaking talc pleurodesis. In properly selected patients the results with tube thoracostomy and talc pleurodesis have been uniformly good in preventing fluid recurrence and return of disabling symptoms. The technique and results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938142", "title": "The sutureless electrode: comparison with transvenous and sutured epicardial electrode placement for permanent pacing.", "content": "Consecutive series of 50 transvenous and 50 sutureless pacemaker insertions were reviewed and compared with a nonsimultaneous series of 50 patients who received sutured epicardial pacemakers. It is concluded that: (1) the sutureless electrode has a lower initial stimulation threshold than the transvenous type; (2) complications from sutureless electrodes are greater than with transvenous electrodes and similar to the incidence with sutured epicardial pacemakers; (3) initial pacing is more satisfactory with the sutureless electrode compared with the transvenous model; and (4) late electrode failure due to threshold rise is greater with the sutureless electrode than with the transvenous or sutured epicardial type.", "contents": "The sutureless electrode: comparison with transvenous and sutured epicardial electrode placement for permanent pacing. Consecutive series of 50 transvenous and 50 sutureless pacemaker insertions were reviewed and compared with a nonsimultaneous series of 50 patients who received sutured epicardial pacemakers. It is concluded that: (1) the sutureless electrode has a lower initial stimulation threshold than the transvenous type; (2) complications from sutureless electrodes are greater than with transvenous electrodes and similar to the incidence with sutured epicardial pacemakers; (3) initial pacing is more satisfactory with the sutureless electrode compared with the transvenous model; and (4) late electrode failure due to threshold rise is greater with the sutureless electrode than with the transvenous or sutured epicardial type."}
{"id": "PMID:938143", "title": "An electric cutter for all surgical prostheses.", "content": "A new electric cutter for surgical prostheses has been developed and was compared with surgical scissors for efficacy. This comparison of the two methods was done by cutting the edges of nine popular prostheses. It was concluded from gross and microscopical results after pulling both edges of the grafts cut by the two methods that the electric cutter is much more effective for surgical prostheses.", "contents": "An electric cutter for all surgical prostheses. A new electric cutter for surgical prostheses has been developed and was compared with surgical scissors for efficacy. This comparison of the two methods was done by cutting the edges of nine popular prostheses. It was concluded from gross and microscopical results after pulling both edges of the grafts cut by the two methods that the electric cutter is much more effective for surgical prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:938145", "title": "[Partial distortion of the great vessels in dextroposition and intrapulmonary continuity (Taussig-Bing variety)].", "content": "A case of partial distortion of the great arteries in a patient with dextroposition and mitropulmonary continuity is described (Taussig-Bing variety). The embryogenesis and anatomy in comparison with others similar cases found in the literature is analyzed and discussed. The cardiac defect is a partial distortion of the great arteries and its analysis permit to conclude that the conal muscle is not an important anatomic feature; its presence does not play a important roll in the genesis of the heart malformation. This case is compared with the so called \"transposition of the great arteries with posterior aorta\" and it is concluded that these heart defects have the same embryogenesis and that the relation of the great arteries themselves and with the ventricles depend of different grades of incorporation of the conus. It can be said also that this group of cardiac defects are not true transpositions of the great vessels, because the aorta does not arise anteriorly to the crista supraventricularis.", "contents": "[Partial distortion of the great vessels in dextroposition and intrapulmonary continuity (Taussig-Bing variety)]. A case of partial distortion of the great arteries in a patient with dextroposition and mitropulmonary continuity is described (Taussig-Bing variety). The embryogenesis and anatomy in comparison with others similar cases found in the literature is analyzed and discussed. The cardiac defect is a partial distortion of the great arteries and its analysis permit to conclude that the conal muscle is not an important anatomic feature; its presence does not play a important roll in the genesis of the heart malformation. This case is compared with the so called \"transposition of the great arteries with posterior aorta\" and it is concluded that these heart defects have the same embryogenesis and that the relation of the great arteries themselves and with the ventricles depend of different grades of incorporation of the conus. It can be said also that this group of cardiac defects are not true transpositions of the great vessels, because the aorta does not arise anteriorly to the crista supraventricularis."}
{"id": "PMID:938147", "title": "[Determination of the real value of the ventricular volume using angiographic methods].", "content": "The developing of cuantitative angiographic procedures for evaluating the left ventricular efficiency have displaced most of the simple hemodynamic methods. The calculation of the left ventricular volume by usual ventriculography yields, as a rule, magnified values. The purpose of this paper is to determine the equation of the regression line means of which the real left ventricular volume can be calculated. A series of 12 normal hearts obtained from accidentaly deceased adult individuals (this necropsy material was afforded by the Forensic Medicine Department of M\u00e9xico City). Previously measured amounts of a contrast substance were injected into the left ventricular cavity. The heart was filmed in a position equivalent to the chest RAO. The volume of the left ventricle was calculated using monoplane Sandler and Dodge cineventriculographic method. The results were submitted to statistic analysis. Confrontation of calculated and real values rendered a significative \"r\" (0.7374) and a non-significant \"p\" (0.001) the regression equation obteined was: y=36.97 + (0.39 x) in which: y=real left ventricular volume. x=calculated left ventricular volume.", "contents": "[Determination of the real value of the ventricular volume using angiographic methods]. The developing of cuantitative angiographic procedures for evaluating the left ventricular efficiency have displaced most of the simple hemodynamic methods. The calculation of the left ventricular volume by usual ventriculography yields, as a rule, magnified values. The purpose of this paper is to determine the equation of the regression line means of which the real left ventricular volume can be calculated. A series of 12 normal hearts obtained from accidentaly deceased adult individuals (this necropsy material was afforded by the Forensic Medicine Department of M\u00e9xico City). Previously measured amounts of a contrast substance were injected into the left ventricular cavity. The heart was filmed in a position equivalent to the chest RAO. The volume of the left ventricle was calculated using monoplane Sandler and Dodge cineventriculographic method. The results were submitted to statistic analysis. Confrontation of calculated and real values rendered a significative \"r\" (0.7374) and a non-significant \"p\" (0.001) the regression equation obteined was: y=36.97 + (0.39 x) in which: y=real left ventricular volume. x=calculated left ventricular volume."}
{"id": "PMID:938149", "title": "[Scintillography of the adrenal medulla].", "content": "The \"nerve growth factor\" is a polipeptide isolated from salivary glands of some mammals. Its main physiological effect is on the autonomic nervous system. The injection of antiserum in newborn  animals leads to nearly total destruction of the sympathetic ganglia (immunosympathectomy). Anti-nerve growth factor labelled with Iodine-131 was injected in rats for the determination of organ distribution at different times (2,4,6,8 and 24 hours). A selective concentration in the adrenal medulla was obtained at 4 hrs. after intravenous administration of 50 uCi of anti-nerve growth factor with an specific activity of 0.001 g/mCi that permits, for the first time, the scan of the adrenal medulla. No intolerance or radiotoxicity was observed in the animals during a six-month follow-up period. The results are very encoragin, and the application of this new method in humans is at present under study.", "contents": "[Scintillography of the adrenal medulla]. The \"nerve growth factor\" is a polipeptide isolated from salivary glands of some mammals. Its main physiological effect is on the autonomic nervous system. The injection of antiserum in newborn  animals leads to nearly total destruction of the sympathetic ganglia (immunosympathectomy). Anti-nerve growth factor labelled with Iodine-131 was injected in rats for the determination of organ distribution at different times (2,4,6,8 and 24 hours). A selective concentration in the adrenal medulla was obtained at 4 hrs. after intravenous administration of 50 uCi of anti-nerve growth factor with an specific activity of 0.001 g/mCi that permits, for the first time, the scan of the adrenal medulla. No intolerance or radiotoxicity was observed in the animals during a six-month follow-up period. The results are very encoragin, and the application of this new method in humans is at present under study."}
{"id": "PMID:938150", "title": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of ischemic cardiopathy].", "content": "We studied a group of patients with ischemic heart disease divided into two groups: Group I coronary insufficiency. Group II myocardial infaction. We centered the work on the following aspects: analysis of the contractility; evaluation of the movement of the ventricular wall and of the septum; movement of the mitral valve; diagnosis of ventricular dyskinesias, akinesias, and hypokinesias. The patients in group I did not show significant alterations in the values of the ejection fraction and speed of circunferential shortening. The mean values of these parimeters are significantly less than the group of patients with infarcts, and 41% of these patients have EF less than 50% and Vcf less than 0.9. We did not find a correlation between these perimeters and the localization of the infarct. The velocity of the posterior ventricular wall was disminished in both groups of patients. The amplitude of movement of the posterior wall was reduced in the group of patients with infarctions. These parimeters were more altered in the posterior infarcts than in those with anterior localization and they are more an index of the state of the posterior wall than of the ventricular contractility considered overall, contary to mitral descriptions. In 3 cases of acute infarct we found paradoxical movement of the septum, which normalized itself in one patient in 6 months. In 6 other patients with old infarct we observed localized dyskinesias of the septum and of the free wall of the left ventricle. The mitral valve appears altered in a great proportion of coronary patients the most notorious characteristics being: a decrease in the EF pendent; an increase of the F index. These findings are considered in relation with the ventricular pressures and with the degree of distensibility of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of ischemic cardiopathy]. We studied a group of patients with ischemic heart disease divided into two groups: Group I coronary insufficiency. Group II myocardial infaction. We centered the work on the following aspects: analysis of the contractility; evaluation of the movement of the ventricular wall and of the septum; movement of the mitral valve; diagnosis of ventricular dyskinesias, akinesias, and hypokinesias. The patients in group I did not show significant alterations in the values of the ejection fraction and speed of circunferential shortening. The mean values of these parimeters are significantly less than the group of patients with infarcts, and 41% of these patients have EF less than 50% and Vcf less than 0.9. We did not find a correlation between these perimeters and the localization of the infarct. The velocity of the posterior ventricular wall was disminished in both groups of patients. The amplitude of movement of the posterior wall was reduced in the group of patients with infarctions. These parimeters were more altered in the posterior infarcts than in those with anterior localization and they are more an index of the state of the posterior wall than of the ventricular contractility considered overall, contary to mitral descriptions. In 3 cases of acute infarct we found paradoxical movement of the septum, which normalized itself in one patient in 6 months. In 6 other patients with old infarct we observed localized dyskinesias of the septum and of the free wall of the left ventricle. The mitral valve appears altered in a great proportion of coronary patients the most notorious characteristics being: a decrease in the EF pendent; an increase of the F index. These findings are considered in relation with the ventricular pressures and with the degree of distensibility of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:938146", "title": "[Further cases of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome of the renovascular dysplasic variety].", "content": "One hundred and twenty patients with arterial hypertension and 3 cases of fibromuscular displasia of the renal arteries (FDRA) (group D) were studied; besides the usual arterial hypertension work up, a search of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome stigmata was carried out in all patients. The population of 120 hypertensive patients were classified in 3 groups: group A, fromed by 104 subjects without EDS stigmata; group B, constitued by 7 cases with hypermobility of one to three metar-carpophalangic joints and group C in which 9 subjects with hipermobility of more than 3 metacarpophalangic joints were included. Neither case of groups A and B showed arteriographic signs of FDRA. In 4 cases of group C there were arteriographic evidence of FDRA (3.3% of the whole population) and stigmata of SED (2 cases with skin biopsy positive for this entity). Two cases of group D showed stigmata of SED and a positive skin biopsy; the other case had a normal histology of skin and no clinical signs of SED. The presence of SED stigmata in a patient with arterial hypertension should alert the clinician in the diagnosis of FRDA; in such a case it is recommended that a renal arteriography be performed. In this paper similarities of SED of the arterial type and some cases of FDRA are remarked and it is proposed the both entities share the same or a very closed molecular collagen defect.", "contents": "[Further cases of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome of the renovascular dysplasic variety]. One hundred and twenty patients with arterial hypertension and 3 cases of fibromuscular displasia of the renal arteries (FDRA) (group D) were studied; besides the usual arterial hypertension work up, a search of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome stigmata was carried out in all patients. The population of 120 hypertensive patients were classified in 3 groups: group A, fromed by 104 subjects without EDS stigmata; group B, constitued by 7 cases with hypermobility of one to three metar-carpophalangic joints and group C in which 9 subjects with hipermobility of more than 3 metacarpophalangic joints were included. Neither case of groups A and B showed arteriographic signs of FDRA. In 4 cases of group C there were arteriographic evidence of FDRA (3.3% of the whole population) and stigmata of SED (2 cases with skin biopsy positive for this entity). Two cases of group D showed stigmata of SED and a positive skin biopsy; the other case had a normal histology of skin and no clinical signs of SED. The presence of SED stigmata in a patient with arterial hypertension should alert the clinician in the diagnosis of FRDA; in such a case it is recommended that a renal arteriography be performed. In this paper similarities of SED of the arterial type and some cases of FDRA are remarked and it is proposed the both entities share the same or a very closed molecular collagen defect."}
{"id": "PMID:938152", "title": "[Trans and postoperative myocardial infarct in heart surgery].", "content": "1. A study was made of 34 cases (33%) of myocardial infarction trans and immediately postoperative which occurred in 11,210 surgical interventions with and without extracorporeal circulation. 2. This presents a statistical relation of the frequency of myocardial infarction in realtion to the heart disease acquired with or without extracorporeal circulation with the mitral, aortic, and double prosthesis of the mitral and aortic valves. A correlation was also made with the ischemic heart disease subjected to revascularization. The same analysis was carried out in the congenital heart disease with or without extracorporeal circulation. 3. In all cases the antecedents, precipitating factors, and the clinical picture were studied and in 12 cases the necropsy was analized. The principal finding was transmural myocardial infarction with electrocardiographic proof and serial enzymes. 4. The group was divided into two sub-groups; Group \"A\" with acute myocardial infarction transoperative, and Group \"B\" with acute myocardial infarction in the first eight postoperative days. The electrical and mechanical complications were analized. 5. A correlation was made of the causes of mortality related to the type of congenital or acquired heart disease with or without extracorporeal circulation. 6. The frequency of this entity was studied with the total time of aortic clamping, and the complications such as the low cardiac output syndrome, rupture of the wall, aneurysms, acute pulmonary edema, and with the disturbances of rhythm and conduction. 7. The presence of 33.3% of normal coronaries in these of necropsy was emphasized. 8. The importance of the coronary profile of this group in relation to the consequences of a stress from anesthesia, surgery, extracorporeal circulation, and aortic clamping is mentioned. 9. The diagnostic parameters such as arterial hypotension with or without the low cardiac output syndrome, enzyme levels, and the action of the potassium ion are mentioned. 10. An analysis is made of the possible etiological factors of the precipitation of the myocardial necrosis in the cases with normal coronaries and those in which there was no important obstruction of the coronary macrocirculation. 11. In the subgroup \"A\" it was found that the frequency of myocardial infarction was less than in the subgroup \"B\", but there was greater mortality in group \"A\". The possible causal factors are analized.", "contents": "[Trans and postoperative myocardial infarct in heart surgery]. 1. A study was made of 34 cases (33%) of myocardial infarction trans and immediately postoperative which occurred in 11,210 surgical interventions with and without extracorporeal circulation. 2. This presents a statistical relation of the frequency of myocardial infarction in realtion to the heart disease acquired with or without extracorporeal circulation with the mitral, aortic, and double prosthesis of the mitral and aortic valves. A correlation was also made with the ischemic heart disease subjected to revascularization. The same analysis was carried out in the congenital heart disease with or without extracorporeal circulation. 3. In all cases the antecedents, precipitating factors, and the clinical picture were studied and in 12 cases the necropsy was analized. The principal finding was transmural myocardial infarction with electrocardiographic proof and serial enzymes. 4. The group was divided into two sub-groups; Group \"A\" with acute myocardial infarction transoperative, and Group \"B\" with acute myocardial infarction in the first eight postoperative days. The electrical and mechanical complications were analized. 5. A correlation was made of the causes of mortality related to the type of congenital or acquired heart disease with or without extracorporeal circulation. 6. The frequency of this entity was studied with the total time of aortic clamping, and the complications such as the low cardiac output syndrome, rupture of the wall, aneurysms, acute pulmonary edema, and with the disturbances of rhythm and conduction. 7. The presence of 33.3% of normal coronaries in these of necropsy was emphasized. 8. The importance of the coronary profile of this group in relation to the consequences of a stress from anesthesia, surgery, extracorporeal circulation, and aortic clamping is mentioned. 9. The diagnostic parameters such as arterial hypotension with or without the low cardiac output syndrome, enzyme levels, and the action of the potassium ion are mentioned. 10. An analysis is made of the possible etiological factors of the precipitation of the myocardial necrosis in the cases with normal coronaries and those in which there was no important obstruction of the coronary macrocirculation. 11. In the subgroup \"A\" it was found that the frequency of myocardial infarction was less than in the subgroup \"B\", but there was greater mortality in group \"A\". The possible causal factors are analized."}
{"id": "PMID:938151", "title": "[Factors influenceing the activity of oral anticoagulants].", "content": "Anticoagulants are drugs capable to retard or even cancell the process of blood coagulation. They are many factors who influences the intensity and duration of oral anticoagulant acitivity, such as drugs, body constitution, physical agents, diseases, etc. The oral anticoagulants interacts with other drugs at differents levels: at the gut, at the plasma, modiffing the protein binding or the metabolism of such drugs, at the enzimatic induction or inhibition, or at unknown places with many other drugs. These paper deals with the description of such interactions.", "contents": "[Factors influenceing the activity of oral anticoagulants]. Anticoagulants are drugs capable to retard or even cancell the process of blood coagulation. They are many factors who influences the intensity and duration of oral anticoagulant acitivity, such as drugs, body constitution, physical agents, diseases, etc. The oral anticoagulants interacts with other drugs at differents levels: at the gut, at the plasma, modiffing the protein binding or the metabolism of such drugs, at the enzimatic induction or inhibition, or at unknown places with many other drugs. These paper deals with the description of such interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:938148", "title": "Left anterior fascicular block concealing anteroseptal infarction.", "content": "Fascicular blocks may modify electro-cardiographic morphologies and signs of necrosis may be masked. This report concerns the case of a patient with an anteroseptal myocardial infarction who developed a transient left anterior fascicular block. An explanation for the concealment of the signs of necrosis is proposed, based on an analysis of the modified activation process by means of a vectorial representation.", "contents": "Left anterior fascicular block concealing anteroseptal infarction. Fascicular blocks may modify electro-cardiographic morphologies and signs of necrosis may be masked. This report concerns the case of a patient with an anteroseptal myocardial infarction who developed a transient left anterior fascicular block. An explanation for the concealment of the signs of necrosis is proposed, based on an analysis of the modified activation process by means of a vectorial representation."}
{"id": "PMID:938154", "title": "[Aneurysm of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum].", "content": "The membranous portion of the interventricular septum represents the final phase of the ventricular growth. It is situated between the orifice of the coronary sinus and the supraventricular crest; immediately below the right aortic semilunar valves and not the coronary. Four cases of aneurism of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum are presented; in two, the diagnosis was made by angiocardiography study and in the rest it was made with the findings of an autopsy. All were of the female sex. Two patients presented a systolic murmur in the low mesocardia; three had heart failure, two of which were secondary to an arteriovenous short circuit through an interventricular communication, and the other due to alternations in the automatism and in the atrioventricular circulation. One case had W-P-W, type A and during its evolution presented paroxysms of atrial fibrillation and flutter, variable degrees of atrioventricular block with Stokes-Adams syndrome and ventricular fibrillation. In one case an obstruction at the level of the outflow tract of the right ventricle was suspected through phonocardiographic studies, and was confirmed subsequently with hemodynamic study. This same case presented a protosystolic aortic snap, at 0.13-0.14 sec. of the q wave of the electrocardiogram, described as of value for the diagnosis of this malformation. In two cases the angiocardiographic study showed the presence of the aneurism in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum, in one, it was visualized in the posterioanterior projection and in another in the lateral. One of the specimens had the aneurism adhered to the tricuspid septal valve, and also a fissure which communicated the left ventricle with the right atrium. In the other, the aneurismal sac was located below the septal valve of the tricuspid, producing a distortion in the anatomical architecture of the atrioventricular orifice.", "contents": "[Aneurysm of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum]. The membranous portion of the interventricular septum represents the final phase of the ventricular growth. It is situated between the orifice of the coronary sinus and the supraventricular crest; immediately below the right aortic semilunar valves and not the coronary. Four cases of aneurism of the membranous portion of the interventricular septum are presented; in two, the diagnosis was made by angiocardiography study and in the rest it was made with the findings of an autopsy. All were of the female sex. Two patients presented a systolic murmur in the low mesocardia; three had heart failure, two of which were secondary to an arteriovenous short circuit through an interventricular communication, and the other due to alternations in the automatism and in the atrioventricular circulation. One case had W-P-W, type A and during its evolution presented paroxysms of atrial fibrillation and flutter, variable degrees of atrioventricular block with Stokes-Adams syndrome and ventricular fibrillation. In one case an obstruction at the level of the outflow tract of the right ventricle was suspected through phonocardiographic studies, and was confirmed subsequently with hemodynamic study. This same case presented a protosystolic aortic snap, at 0.13-0.14 sec. of the q wave of the electrocardiogram, described as of value for the diagnosis of this malformation. In two cases the angiocardiographic study showed the presence of the aneurism in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum, in one, it was visualized in the posterioanterior projection and in another in the lateral. One of the specimens had the aneurism adhered to the tricuspid septal valve, and also a fissure which communicated the left ventricle with the right atrium. In the other, the aneurismal sac was located below the septal valve of the tricuspid, producing a distortion in the anatomical architecture of the atrioventricular orifice."}
{"id": "PMID:938157", "title": "[Intermediate syndrome: electrocardiographic, angiographic and clinical characteristics and their development under medical treatment].", "content": "An emphasis is placed on the definition and separation of the acute coronary insufficiency from the other \"status anginosus\", because the natural history and its physiopathology is of a distinct nature and actually still not very precise. A group of 19 patients was studied which filled all the clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic requisites of the genuine acute coronary insufficiency. Among these a subgroup of 13 patients was found with the classic Prinzmetal syndrome. In all cases the following were studied: antecedents, risk and coronary profile, the pain syndrome, electrocardiographic alterations, enzymatic modifications, coronariographic findings modifications, coronariographic findings and the ventricular function through ventriculography. The frequent occurance in the female sex is pointed out as well as the importance of the social and sensorial stress. We effected and described the correlation between the number and intensity of the pain crises and coronariographic findings. The electrocardiographic and coronariographic findings were correlated in the Prizmetal variety as well as in the entire group. An analysis was made of the correlation between the number and degree of coronary obstructions and the areas of ventricular diskinesia. The apparent paradox between an important number of cases with ventricular diskinesia and the limited number of cases with clinical and radiological left ventricular failure was mentioned and discussed. An analysis is made of the theoretic models of the ischemic heart disease in relation to the coronary macro and microcirculation and the possible influence of the catecolamines and the collateral circulation. The different physiopathological mechanisms introduced in this entity whose genuine world wide ocurrence is not very elevated. The evolution and morbi-mortality of those cases placed under medical care is analyzed.", "contents": "[Intermediate syndrome: electrocardiographic, angiographic and clinical characteristics and their development under medical treatment]. An emphasis is placed on the definition and separation of the acute coronary insufficiency from the other \"status anginosus\", because the natural history and its physiopathology is of a distinct nature and actually still not very precise. A group of 19 patients was studied which filled all the clinical, electrocardiographic and enzymatic requisites of the genuine acute coronary insufficiency. Among these a subgroup of 13 patients was found with the classic Prinzmetal syndrome. In all cases the following were studied: antecedents, risk and coronary profile, the pain syndrome, electrocardiographic alterations, enzymatic modifications, coronariographic findings modifications, coronariographic findings and the ventricular function through ventriculography. The frequent occurance in the female sex is pointed out as well as the importance of the social and sensorial stress. We effected and described the correlation between the number and intensity of the pain crises and coronariographic findings. The electrocardiographic and coronariographic findings were correlated in the Prizmetal variety as well as in the entire group. An analysis was made of the correlation between the number and degree of coronary obstructions and the areas of ventricular diskinesia. The apparent paradox between an important number of cases with ventricular diskinesia and the limited number of cases with clinical and radiological left ventricular failure was mentioned and discussed. An analysis is made of the theoretic models of the ischemic heart disease in relation to the coronary macro and microcirculation and the possible influence of the catecolamines and the collateral circulation. The different physiopathological mechanisms introduced in this entity whose genuine world wide ocurrence is not very elevated. The evolution and morbi-mortality of those cases placed under medical care is analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:938155", "title": "[The bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome].", "content": "Disorders of the heart rhythm which consist basically of sinus bradicardia or sinus arrest correspond to a syndrome which has been named the sick sinus syndrome. Within the framework of this syndrome, there is a subgroup of alternating atrial bradycardia with episodes of atrial tachyarrhythmia. Generally known as the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, this subgroup is both electrophysiologically interesting and therapeutically challenging. This report is concerned with the experience obtained at the emergency ward and coronary care unit of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico on the diagnosis and management of 8 patients with this syndrome. Various underlying heart conditions were present with predominance of ischemic heart disease. The clinical picture was dependent upon the hypoperfusion of vital organs secondary to the cardial arrhythmia. The most common symptoms were derived from cerebral circulatory deficit and coronary insufficiency. Half of the patients had moderate cardiac failure. All patients had spontaneous and transient loss of sinus function which lasted more than 2,000 msec. in seven. The bradycardia had a rate below 50 beats per minute in all cases except one. The tachyarrhythmias observed were atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Three of the patients had more than one of these these tachyarrhythmias during the period of study. A discussion is made on the diagnosis of this syndrome by means of atrial pacing and interventions which modify either vagal or sympathetic tone. Considerations are also made on the frequent associated abnormality of the A-V functional tissues. Emphasis is placed on the problems encountered in the management of these patients. It is concluded that, in most cases, a satisfactory result may be obtained by the implantation of a permanent demand pacemaker associated to the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "[The bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome]. Disorders of the heart rhythm which consist basically of sinus bradicardia or sinus arrest correspond to a syndrome which has been named the sick sinus syndrome. Within the framework of this syndrome, there is a subgroup of alternating atrial bradycardia with episodes of atrial tachyarrhythmia. Generally known as the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, this subgroup is both electrophysiologically interesting and therapeutically challenging. This report is concerned with the experience obtained at the emergency ward and coronary care unit of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico on the diagnosis and management of 8 patients with this syndrome. Various underlying heart conditions were present with predominance of ischemic heart disease. The clinical picture was dependent upon the hypoperfusion of vital organs secondary to the cardial arrhythmia. The most common symptoms were derived from cerebral circulatory deficit and coronary insufficiency. Half of the patients had moderate cardiac failure. All patients had spontaneous and transient loss of sinus function which lasted more than 2,000 msec. in seven. The bradycardia had a rate below 50 beats per minute in all cases except one. The tachyarrhythmias observed were atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Three of the patients had more than one of these these tachyarrhythmias during the period of study. A discussion is made on the diagnosis of this syndrome by means of atrial pacing and interventions which modify either vagal or sympathetic tone. Considerations are also made on the frequent associated abnormality of the A-V functional tissues. Emphasis is placed on the problems encountered in the management of these patients. It is concluded that, in most cases, a satisfactory result may be obtained by the implantation of a permanent demand pacemaker associated to the administration of antiarrhythmic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:938164", "title": "Folic acid binding protein and folate balance in uremia.", "content": "To determine the incidence and importance of folate deficiency in uremia, we studied 41 patients who had chronic uremia but who were not receiving hemodialysis. Serum folate level was assayed by microbiological, whole serum radioassay, and heat-extracted radioassay techniques. Mean serum folate level, as determined with the Lactobacillus casei method, was 6.9 ng/ml (normal, more than 3.0 ng/ml). The mean heat-extracted radioassay serum folate level was 6.6 ng/ml. Only 10% of our patients had subnormal serum folate values, as determined with these techniques. No cases of megaloblastic anemia were discovered, and the hematologic profiles correlated with L casei and heat-extracted radioassay serum folate values. The mean serum folic acid binding protein (FABP) level was significantly greater for the uremic patients than for control patients (26% vs 9.9%, respectively; P = .0005). Our results show that elevated levels of serum FABP spuriously depress the serum folate level, as determined with the whole serum radioassay technique, but apparently do not retard delivery of folate to the tissue in vivo.", "contents": "Folic acid binding protein and folate balance in uremia. To determine the incidence and importance of folate deficiency in uremia, we studied 41 patients who had chronic uremia but who were not receiving hemodialysis. Serum folate level was assayed by microbiological, whole serum radioassay, and heat-extracted radioassay techniques. Mean serum folate level, as determined with the Lactobacillus casei method, was 6.9 ng/ml (normal, more than 3.0 ng/ml). The mean heat-extracted radioassay serum folate level was 6.6 ng/ml. Only 10% of our patients had subnormal serum folate values, as determined with these techniques. No cases of megaloblastic anemia were discovered, and the hematologic profiles correlated with L casei and heat-extracted radioassay serum folate values. The mean serum folic acid binding protein (FABP) level was significantly greater for the uremic patients than for control patients (26% vs 9.9%, respectively; P = .0005). Our results show that elevated levels of serum FABP spuriously depress the serum folate level, as determined with the whole serum radioassay technique, but apparently do not retard delivery of folate to the tissue in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:938156", "title": "[Single ventricle. New embryological-anatomical classification. I. Pathology and physiology].", "content": "The different nomenclatures which have been given to this malformation are discussed, defining the single ventrical as a single ventricular chamber without an interventricular septum and generally with two well defined atrioventricular orfices, although in some cases there is only one mitral-tricuspid ring. Twelve cases of single ventricle, proven by necropsic study, were examined. A new embriological-anatomical classification was proposed based on the location of the outflow tract (concordant or discordant in relation to the situs viscerae of which it is a part) and the troncoconal morphology (crossed great vessels, transposition of the great arteries, and truncus arteriosus), presenting some examples of these malformations. The pathological characteristics of the malformation in each of the established groups is described, as well as the physiopathology in the most frequent varieties. The defects associated with single ventricle are studied.", "contents": "[Single ventricle. New embryological-anatomical classification. I. Pathology and physiology]. The different nomenclatures which have been given to this malformation are discussed, defining the single ventrical as a single ventricular chamber without an interventricular septum and generally with two well defined atrioventricular orfices, although in some cases there is only one mitral-tricuspid ring. Twelve cases of single ventricle, proven by necropsic study, were examined. A new embriological-anatomical classification was proposed based on the location of the outflow tract (concordant or discordant in relation to the situs viscerae of which it is a part) and the troncoconal morphology (crossed great vessels, transposition of the great arteries, and truncus arteriosus), presenting some examples of these malformations. The pathological characteristics of the malformation in each of the established groups is described, as well as the physiopathology in the most frequent varieties. The defects associated with single ventricle are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:938159", "title": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the diagnosis of renovascular arterial hypertension].", "content": "Twenty one subjects with sistemic arterial hypertension and arteriographic signs of obstructive lesion of the renal artery were studied and classified in 3 groups: group A, 13 cases with bilateral renovascular lesions; group B, 4 patients with unilateral renovascular stenosis and group C, formed by 4 subjects with a segmental branch stenosis of a renal artery. In all cases an special protocol was followed to measure plasma renin activity (PRA) in blood taken from a peripheral vein, inferior vena cava and both renal veins and also to determine 24 hrs. urinary excretion of aldosterone (UEA). PRA and UEA were clasified as high, normal and low by comparing the results with those of normal subjects in a nomogram estimated in the same laboratory in which PRA and UEA values were correlated with 24 hrs. urinari sodium excretion. Besides, R greater than /R less than index (highest PRA of renal vein blood/PRA of contralateral renal vein) and V-A A index (V = PRA of renal vein blood; A = PRA of inferior vena cava) were calculated. Forty eight and thirty eight percentage of the cases had either high renin in peripheral venous blood or high UEA. Similar data in patients with essential hypertension previously studied in the same laboratory were 12 and 10% respectively. V-A A index was incongruent with the arteriographic image in 3 cases of group B; 4 cases of group A and 2 of group B had a pattern of bilateral stenosis, and one case in each group A and C had a unilateral stenosis pattern. In the other patients the samples were \"non representative\" due to a high level of PRA in the inferior vena cava blood comparable to PRA of the renal veins. Six cases of group A had a R greater than /R less than index superior to 1.5, which suggested a predominant vascular lesion in one side not always congruent with the arteriographic findings. In 3 cases of group B this index was higher than 1.5 in favor of the ipsilateral lesion. Three cases of group C had a normal R greater than /R less than index and one with a total oclussion of a segmental artery presented an index superior to 1.5, ipsilateral to the lesion. The latter index was of value in the diagnosis of renovascular arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the diagnosis of renovascular arterial hypertension]. Twenty one subjects with sistemic arterial hypertension and arteriographic signs of obstructive lesion of the renal artery were studied and classified in 3 groups: group A, 13 cases with bilateral renovascular lesions; group B, 4 patients with unilateral renovascular stenosis and group C, formed by 4 subjects with a segmental branch stenosis of a renal artery. In all cases an special protocol was followed to measure plasma renin activity (PRA) in blood taken from a peripheral vein, inferior vena cava and both renal veins and also to determine 24 hrs. urinary excretion of aldosterone (UEA). PRA and UEA were clasified as high, normal and low by comparing the results with those of normal subjects in a nomogram estimated in the same laboratory in which PRA and UEA values were correlated with 24 hrs. urinari sodium excretion. Besides, R greater than /R less than index (highest PRA of renal vein blood/PRA of contralateral renal vein) and V-A A index (V = PRA of renal vein blood; A = PRA of inferior vena cava) were calculated. Forty eight and thirty eight percentage of the cases had either high renin in peripheral venous blood or high UEA. Similar data in patients with essential hypertension previously studied in the same laboratory were 12 and 10% respectively. V-A A index was incongruent with the arteriographic image in 3 cases of group B; 4 cases of group A and 2 of group B had a pattern of bilateral stenosis, and one case in each group A and C had a unilateral stenosis pattern. In the other patients the samples were \"non representative\" due to a high level of PRA in the inferior vena cava blood comparable to PRA of the renal veins. Six cases of group A had a R greater than /R less than index superior to 1.5, which suggested a predominant vascular lesion in one side not always congruent with the arteriographic findings. In 3 cases of group B this index was higher than 1.5 in favor of the ipsilateral lesion. Three cases of group C had a normal R greater than /R less than index and one with a total oclussion of a segmental artery presented an index superior to 1.5, ipsilateral to the lesion. The latter index was of value in the diagnosis of renovascular arterial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:938160", "title": "[Auricular fibrillation and flutter with slow ventricular frequency. Clinical and electrophysiological study].", "content": "We have studied atrio-ventricular conduction in 9 patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter and ventricular response below 90 per minute, by means of His bundle electrograms. Despite the finding of intraventricular conduction defects in 6 cases, the block of the atrial impulses occurred at the high atrio-ventricular junction in every case. In four patients the arrhythmia was an incidental finding and there were no other signs of cardiac disease. Several patients tolerated low ventricular rates for years without symptoms, but in two cases it was necessary to insert a pacemaker to treat cerebral ischemic symptoms. The problems of interpretation of the His bundle electrogram, in the presence of atrial fibrillation, are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Auricular fibrillation and flutter with slow ventricular frequency. Clinical and electrophysiological study]. We have studied atrio-ventricular conduction in 9 patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter and ventricular response below 90 per minute, by means of His bundle electrograms. Despite the finding of intraventricular conduction defects in 6 cases, the block of the atrial impulses occurred at the high atrio-ventricular junction in every case. In four patients the arrhythmia was an incidental finding and there were no other signs of cardiac disease. Several patients tolerated low ventricular rates for years without symptoms, but in two cases it was necessary to insert a pacemaker to treat cerebral ischemic symptoms. The problems of interpretation of the His bundle electrogram, in the presence of atrial fibrillation, are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:938165", "title": "Distressing side-effects of minocycline hydrochloride.", "content": "Minocycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline derivative that has been advocated as the drug of choice in the treatment of meningococcal carriers. Recently, we studied a group of 30 patients who experienced a large number of side-effects after receiving minocycline for treatment of meningococcal meningitis. Twenty-seven of 30 (90%) suffered from dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms appeared within the first 72 hours of taking minocycline, and disappeared within 48 hours of stopping the medication.", "contents": "Distressing side-effects of minocycline hydrochloride. Minocycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline derivative that has been advocated as the drug of choice in the treatment of meningococcal carriers. Recently, we studied a group of 30 patients who experienced a large number of side-effects after receiving minocycline for treatment of meningococcal meningitis. Twenty-seven of 30 (90%) suffered from dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms appeared within the first 72 hours of taking minocycline, and disappeared within 48 hours of stopping the medication."}
{"id": "PMID:938161", "title": "[Ulterior observations on the use of C3 in acute myocardial infarction: 105 patients were treated within the 1st 6 hours after the symptoms started].", "content": "Two homogeneous groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction were observed within the first six hours from the coronary attack. On admittance and for ten days, 105 patients were treated with C3: the mortality rate resulted in 13.3%. The control group of 108 patients showed a mortality of 18.5%. Strict criteria of randomization were followed in allocating patients to the two groups. Although the difference is not statistically significant it is however interesting since it confirms a previous research. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed in all surviving patients in the injury signs regression time and in the cardiac volume in favour of the group treated with C3.", "contents": "[Ulterior observations on the use of C3 in acute myocardial infarction: 105 patients were treated within the 1st 6 hours after the symptoms started]. Two homogeneous groups of patients with acute myocardial infarction were observed within the first six hours from the coronary attack. On admittance and for ten days, 105 patients were treated with C3: the mortality rate resulted in 13.3%. The control group of 108 patients showed a mortality of 18.5%. Strict criteria of randomization were followed in allocating patients to the two groups. Although the difference is not statistically significant it is however interesting since it confirms a previous research. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were observed in all surviving patients in the injury signs regression time and in the cardiac volume in favour of the group treated with C3."}
{"id": "PMID:938166", "title": "Diffuse skeletal abnormalities in Forestier disease.", "content": "Forestier disease, or ankylosing hyperostosis, is a common disorder of middle-aged and elderly persons. Characteristic clinical and radiographic features enable the physician to distinguish between this disease and ankylosing spondylitis. The principal clinical features include aching spinal stiffness with relative preservation of function and minimal evidence of spinal immobility. Many patients have elbow and heel pain and dysphagia. Typical radiographic findings are ligament ossification, para-articular osteophytosis, and bone production at sites of tendon and ligment attachment in spinal and extraspinal locations. The extraspinal roentgenographic manifestations are so characteristic that when present, they allow the diagnosis of spinal ankylosing hyperostosis to be suggested, even in the absence of axial radiographs.", "contents": "Diffuse skeletal abnormalities in Forestier disease. Forestier disease, or ankylosing hyperostosis, is a common disorder of middle-aged and elderly persons. Characteristic clinical and radiographic features enable the physician to distinguish between this disease and ankylosing spondylitis. The principal clinical features include aching spinal stiffness with relative preservation of function and minimal evidence of spinal immobility. Many patients have elbow and heel pain and dysphagia. Typical radiographic findings are ligament ossification, para-articular osteophytosis, and bone production at sites of tendon and ligment attachment in spinal and extraspinal locations. The extraspinal roentgenographic manifestations are so characteristic that when present, they allow the diagnosis of spinal ankylosing hyperostosis to be suggested, even in the absence of axial radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:938158", "title": "[Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum. Study of 28 cases].", "content": "The present report is based on the study of 28 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, all of them necropsically and/or angiographically verified. A microscopic study of the wall of both ventricles was performed in the 20 necropsy cases. The size of the right ventricular cavity, a fact of great surgical significance, did not correlate with the electrocardiogram and varied from diminute to very large. In two cases necropsically proved there was as associated atresia of the infundibular, in one of them existing additionally an Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve, which could be angiocardiographically diagnosed. The surgical mortality, in our hands, is 64.3%. All survivors have a small right ventricle.", "contents": "[Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum. Study of 28 cases]. The present report is based on the study of 28 cases of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, all of them necropsically and/or angiographically verified. A microscopic study of the wall of both ventricles was performed in the 20 necropsy cases. The size of the right ventricular cavity, a fact of great surgical significance, did not correlate with the electrocardiogram and varied from diminute to very large. In two cases necropsically proved there was as associated atresia of the infundibular, in one of them existing additionally an Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve, which could be angiocardiographically diagnosed. The surgical mortality, in our hands, is 64.3%. All survivors have a small right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:938167", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by alpha1-acid glycoprotein.", "content": "In view of known abnormalities of plasma proteins in diseases showing changes in platelet aggregation, the effect of one of the major serum proteins, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, on platelet aggregation was evaluated. This protein, when added to platelet-rich plasma, markedly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine. Transferrin, similarly studied, had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the relative concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein may influence platelet aggregation in diseases associated with abnormal concentrations of this protein.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by alpha1-acid glycoprotein. In view of known abnormalities of plasma proteins in diseases showing changes in platelet aggregation, the effect of one of the major serum proteins, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, on platelet aggregation was evaluated. This protein, when added to platelet-rich plasma, markedly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine. Transferrin, similarly studied, had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the relative concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein may influence platelet aggregation in diseases associated with abnormal concentrations of this protein."}
{"id": "PMID:938168", "title": "Trace element contamination of intravenous solutions.", "content": "The trace element content of various intravenous solutions was investigated, using atomic absorption and neutron activation analysis methods. The variable content of zinc, calcium, and magnesium led us to seek a source of contamination. Quantities of zinc ranging from 10.75 mug to 132 mug were leached from the rubber stoppers when placed in 0.1N nitric acid for a period of 96 hours. Calcium and magnesium were also leached from the stoppers, but in lesser amounts.", "contents": "Trace element contamination of intravenous solutions. The trace element content of various intravenous solutions was investigated, using atomic absorption and neutron activation analysis methods. The variable content of zinc, calcium, and magnesium led us to seek a source of contamination. Quantities of zinc ranging from 10.75 mug to 132 mug were leached from the rubber stoppers when placed in 0.1N nitric acid for a period of 96 hours. Calcium and magnesium were also leached from the stoppers, but in lesser amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:938169", "title": "Determination of serum gentamicin sulfate levels: ordering patterns and use as a guide to therapy.", "content": "Determination of serum gentamicin levels (SGLs) is helpful in monitoring therapy in patients receiving this drug because there is a narrow therapeutic margin and serum levels may vary greatly between patients receiving similar doses. During a ten-month period, definite indications for obtaining SGL determinations were present for 189 of 212 serum samples (89.2%) submitted to the laboratory. However, 110 samples (51.9%) were improperly drawn and results of 85 samples (40.1%) were ignored. Only 26 of the 62 correctly drawn and not ignored samples (41.9%) were appropriately acted on. At most, 42 of the 212 samples (19.8%) were appropriately used in making patient-care decisions. Thus, in this study, an inordinatley large number of SGLs were incorrectly drawn, apparently ignored, or inappropriately used in making patient-care decisions.", "contents": "Determination of serum gentamicin sulfate levels: ordering patterns and use as a guide to therapy. Determination of serum gentamicin levels (SGLs) is helpful in monitoring therapy in patients receiving this drug because there is a narrow therapeutic margin and serum levels may vary greatly between patients receiving similar doses. During a ten-month period, definite indications for obtaining SGL determinations were present for 189 of 212 serum samples (89.2%) submitted to the laboratory. However, 110 samples (51.9%) were improperly drawn and results of 85 samples (40.1%) were ignored. Only 26 of the 62 correctly drawn and not ignored samples (41.9%) were appropriately acted on. At most, 42 of the 212 samples (19.8%) were appropriately used in making patient-care decisions. Thus, in this study, an inordinatley large number of SGLs were incorrectly drawn, apparently ignored, or inappropriately used in making patient-care decisions."}
{"id": "PMID:938162", "title": "[Angiocardiographic and clinical development of Carpentier's mitral rings].", "content": "Carpentier's ring was inserted in the mitral annulus of 79 patients suffering from mitral valve disease. 49 other patients also underwent surgery on other cardiac valves and are not considered in the present study. The mean follow up time was 19.5 months. The total hospital and late mortality in the isolated ring series was 3.8%. Clinical and hemodynamic improvement was evident postoperatively. The preoperative functional class (NYHA) of the patients was: I, 11.39%; II, 45.5%; III, 34.1%; IV, 8.86% respectively. The postoperative class was: I, 86.8%; II, 7.9%; III, 3.9%; and IV, 1.3% respectively. Postoperative hemodynamic and angiocardiographic evaluation was done in 27 patients. Mean pulmonary artery pressure fell from 49.8 +/- 2.4 mm. Hg to 38 +/- 2 mm. Hg. Mitral regurgitation present preoperatively in 66.6% of cases was present in residual form in only 18.5%. Atrial enlargement was moderate in 42.1% and severe in 57.9% before operation, and 80.3 moderate and 19.7 severe after operation. Tromboembolic accidents occurred in 2 patients (2.2%) both with severe atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation pre and postoperatively. We conclude that Carpentier's ring is a valid alternative in the surgery of mitral valve disease.", "contents": "[Angiocardiographic and clinical development of Carpentier's mitral rings]. Carpentier's ring was inserted in the mitral annulus of 79 patients suffering from mitral valve disease. 49 other patients also underwent surgery on other cardiac valves and are not considered in the present study. The mean follow up time was 19.5 months. The total hospital and late mortality in the isolated ring series was 3.8%. Clinical and hemodynamic improvement was evident postoperatively. The preoperative functional class (NYHA) of the patients was: I, 11.39%; II, 45.5%; III, 34.1%; IV, 8.86% respectively. The postoperative class was: I, 86.8%; II, 7.9%; III, 3.9%; and IV, 1.3% respectively. Postoperative hemodynamic and angiocardiographic evaluation was done in 27 patients. Mean pulmonary artery pressure fell from 49.8 +/- 2.4 mm. Hg to 38 +/- 2 mm. Hg. Mitral regurgitation present preoperatively in 66.6% of cases was present in residual form in only 18.5%. Atrial enlargement was moderate in 42.1% and severe in 57.9% before operation, and 80.3 moderate and 19.7 severe after operation. Tromboembolic accidents occurred in 2 patients (2.2%) both with severe atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation pre and postoperatively. We conclude that Carpentier's ring is a valid alternative in the surgery of mitral valve disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938170", "title": "Comprehensive health care clinic for hemophiliacs.", "content": "One hundred hemophiliacs were examined at a formal comprehensive health care clinic. Sixty-eight percent had abnormal results of liver function tests, and 26% had spleens that were palpable. Measurement of range of motion of knees, ankles, hips, shoulders, and elbows showed a high incidence of hemophilic arthropathy and established a precise baseline by which to judge efficacy of therapy. Results of dental examination disclosed a 14% incidence of multiple severe caries, which is an incidence lower than that of the population as a whole. Examples of inadequate dosage of replacement therapy (16%) and chronic delay in application of self-therapy (14%) were discovered. An 8% incidence of hypertension was noted; prior experience suggests that the combination of hypertension and hemophilia may be lethal. Other clinical and laboratory data also illustrate the importance of a periodic, formally structured, comprehensive examination of hemophiliacs.", "contents": "Comprehensive health care clinic for hemophiliacs. One hundred hemophiliacs were examined at a formal comprehensive health care clinic. Sixty-eight percent had abnormal results of liver function tests, and 26% had spleens that were palpable. Measurement of range of motion of knees, ankles, hips, shoulders, and elbows showed a high incidence of hemophilic arthropathy and established a precise baseline by which to judge efficacy of therapy. Results of dental examination disclosed a 14% incidence of multiple severe caries, which is an incidence lower than that of the population as a whole. Examples of inadequate dosage of replacement therapy (16%) and chronic delay in application of self-therapy (14%) were discovered. An 8% incidence of hypertension was noted; prior experience suggests that the combination of hypertension and hemophilia may be lethal. Other clinical and laboratory data also illustrate the importance of a periodic, formally structured, comprehensive examination of hemophiliacs."}
{"id": "PMID:938171", "title": "Primary inferior vena cava thrombosis: report of nine cases.", "content": "All cases of inferior vena cava obstruction diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic between 1950 and 1973 were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by surgery, phlebography, or postmortem examinations in 64 cases; the cause in 55 cases is described. Carcinoma of the kidney was the most common cause (31% pf cases). In nine cases, extensive laboratory investigation failed to reveal the cause of the process. These cases were considered to be primary inferior vena cava thrombosis and are reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Primary inferior vena cava thrombosis: report of nine cases. All cases of inferior vena cava obstruction diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic between 1950 and 1973 were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by surgery, phlebography, or postmortem examinations in 64 cases; the cause in 55 cases is described. Carcinoma of the kidney was the most common cause (31% pf cases). In nine cases, extensive laboratory investigation failed to reveal the cause of the process. These cases were considered to be primary inferior vena cava thrombosis and are reviewed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:938173", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in an American traveler in China.", "content": "While traveling in a rural province of the People's Republic of China, an American scientist had an acute myocardial infarction that was complicated by ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. Medical personnel were rapidly mobilized, and an improvised coronary care unit was created around the patient. He survived due to the organization, training, and skill of the Chinese medical staff.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in an American traveler in China. While traveling in a rural province of the People's Republic of China, an American scientist had an acute myocardial infarction that was complicated by ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. Medical personnel were rapidly mobilized, and an improvised coronary care unit was created around the patient. He survived due to the organization, training, and skill of the Chinese medical staff."}
{"id": "PMID:938174", "title": "Tickborne oculoglandular tularemia: case report and review of seasonal and vectorial associations in 106 cases.", "content": "A patient acquired tickborne oculoglandular tularemia in early summer in rural Virginia. Tick exposure may be a clue to the diagnosis of tularemia in the eastern as well as the western United States, especially in summer months. A review of the experience with tularemia in Virginia for the last 13 years shows a bimodal seasonal incidence of tularemia with an associated vector exposure in 77.4% of 106 cases. The majority of cases occurring during winter months have been associated with rabbit exposure, while those in summer months are often associated with tick exposure.", "contents": "Tickborne oculoglandular tularemia: case report and review of seasonal and vectorial associations in 106 cases. A patient acquired tickborne oculoglandular tularemia in early summer in rural Virginia. Tick exposure may be a clue to the diagnosis of tularemia in the eastern as well as the western United States, especially in summer months. A review of the experience with tularemia in Virginia for the last 13 years shows a bimodal seasonal incidence of tularemia with an associated vector exposure in 77.4% of 106 cases. The majority of cases occurring during winter months have been associated with rabbit exposure, while those in summer months are often associated with tick exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:938175", "title": "Respiratory paralysis during treatment of hypertension with trimethaphan camsylate.", "content": "Four cases are reported in which respiratory arrest occured coincident with the intravenous administration of large doses of trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) to control hypertension. The mechanism of the respiratory depression is unknown, but it may have been related to a direct effect of trimethaphan on the respiratory center or to a curare-like effect of the drug. Close monitoring of ventilatory capacity should be maintained in all patients treated with trimethaphan.", "contents": "Respiratory paralysis during treatment of hypertension with trimethaphan camsylate. Four cases are reported in which respiratory arrest occured coincident with the intravenous administration of large doses of trimethaphan camsylate (Arfonad) to control hypertension. The mechanism of the respiratory depression is unknown, but it may have been related to a direct effect of trimethaphan on the respiratory center or to a curare-like effect of the drug. Close monitoring of ventilatory capacity should be maintained in all patients treated with trimethaphan."}
{"id": "PMID:938176", "title": "Goodpasture syndrome: recovery after severe renal insufficiency.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman developed the sudden onset of cough, dyspnea, blood-tinged sputum, and bilateral fluffy infiltrates on her chest x-ray film, together with severe iron deficiency anemia. Urinalysis initially revealed normal values, but gross hematuria developed on the 12th day. Linear deposits of IgG and C3 were present in the GBM; circulating anti-GBM antibodies were also observed initially but had disappeared 13 months later. Hemodialysis was performed because of oliguria and a rising serum creatinine value. She subsequently had a diuresis; 18 months later, the creatinine clearance was 63 ml/min. The anti-GBM antibody response appears to be transient, lasting only a few months, so that if the patient survives the initial insult, stabilization and even some recovery may ensue. Had this patient undergone immediate nephrectomy as part of her initial therapy, the observed favorable outcome would have been denied.", "contents": "Goodpasture syndrome: recovery after severe renal insufficiency. A 22-year-old woman developed the sudden onset of cough, dyspnea, blood-tinged sputum, and bilateral fluffy infiltrates on her chest x-ray film, together with severe iron deficiency anemia. Urinalysis initially revealed normal values, but gross hematuria developed on the 12th day. Linear deposits of IgG and C3 were present in the GBM; circulating anti-GBM antibodies were also observed initially but had disappeared 13 months later. Hemodialysis was performed because of oliguria and a rising serum creatinine value. She subsequently had a diuresis; 18 months later, the creatinine clearance was 63 ml/min. The anti-GBM antibody response appears to be transient, lasting only a few months, so that if the patient survives the initial insult, stabilization and even some recovery may ensue. Had this patient undergone immediate nephrectomy as part of her initial therapy, the observed favorable outcome would have been denied."}
{"id": "PMID:938177", "title": "Therapeutic renal arterial occlusion for elimination of proteinuria: 'medical nephrectomy'.", "content": "A patient with severe nephrotic syndrome who was too debilitated to undergo surgical nephrectomies, underwent therapeutic bilateral renal artery occlusion by the selective injection of isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate into the renal arteries. The therapy resulted in dramatic cessation of urine flow and elimination of proteinuria.", "contents": "Therapeutic renal arterial occlusion for elimination of proteinuria: 'medical nephrectomy'. A patient with severe nephrotic syndrome who was too debilitated to undergo surgical nephrectomies, underwent therapeutic bilateral renal artery occlusion by the selective injection of isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate into the renal arteries. The therapy resulted in dramatic cessation of urine flow and elimination of proteinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:938178", "title": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope: treatment with a permanent cardiac pacemaker and carbamazepine.", "content": "Cardiac synope was associated with glossopharyngeal neuralgia in an elderly woman. The patient also manifested severe carotid sinus sensitivity. Permanent demand pacemaker and carbamazepine therapy were used successfully to alleviate the symptoms.", "contents": "Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope: treatment with a permanent cardiac pacemaker and carbamazepine. Cardiac synope was associated with glossopharyngeal neuralgia in an elderly woman. The patient also manifested severe carotid sinus sensitivity. Permanent demand pacemaker and carbamazepine therapy were used successfully to alleviate the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:938179", "title": "What residents do after graduation.", "content": "This article reports the results of an investigation of the professional activities of graduates of National Institute of Mental Health-supported residency programs, spanning the five-year period 1968 to 1972. The results explode the mythical notion that the majority of such trainees enter straightway into the private practice careers. In fact, the majority devote at least half-time to some type of public-service psychiatry, with no less than 43% in full-time public service.", "contents": "What residents do after graduation. This article reports the results of an investigation of the professional activities of graduates of National Institute of Mental Health-supported residency programs, spanning the five-year period 1968 to 1972. The results explode the mythical notion that the majority of such trainees enter straightway into the private practice careers. In fact, the majority devote at least half-time to some type of public-service psychiatry, with no less than 43% in full-time public service."}
{"id": "PMID:938180", "title": "Alumni of the Massachusetts mental health center residency training.", "content": "In a preliminary survey, 484 alumni of the Massachusetts Mental Health Residency Training Program from 1912 to 1967 were surveyed. Approximately 80% were found to have devoted half or more of their professional time to the nonprivate practice of psychiatry for at least one year. These data suggest that a training program with strong academic traditions might produce a preponderance of publicity of oriented psychiatrists. Since previous surveys have indicated a greater proportion of psychiatric time spent in private practice, we suggest that future surveys of psychiatric manpower need to consider the orientation of residency training programs in order to accurately assess the need for future psychiatric manpower.", "contents": "Alumni of the Massachusetts mental health center residency training. In a preliminary survey, 484 alumni of the Massachusetts Mental Health Residency Training Program from 1912 to 1967 were surveyed. Approximately 80% were found to have devoted half or more of their professional time to the nonprivate practice of psychiatry for at least one year. These data suggest that a training program with strong academic traditions might produce a preponderance of publicity of oriented psychiatrists. Since previous surveys have indicated a greater proportion of psychiatric time spent in private practice, we suggest that future surveys of psychiatric manpower need to consider the orientation of residency training programs in order to accurately assess the need for future psychiatric manpower."}
{"id": "PMID:938181", "title": "Outcomes of psychiatric residency training during the past decade.", "content": "An assumption has existed that training in a psychoanalytically or psychodynamically oriented residency program would narrow the range of the trainees' interests and limit career pathways with a predominance of private practice. In order to test this assumption, a survey was undertaken of graduates of a psychoanalytically oriented program over a ten-year period with a view to determining the nature of their present professional activities. Results of the survey were compared to available national statistics for patterns of psychiatric professional practice and prove the assumptions to be invalid. We discuss some implications of this study and possible alternate explanations for the professional practice patterns that have emerged.", "contents": "Outcomes of psychiatric residency training during the past decade. An assumption has existed that training in a psychoanalytically or psychodynamically oriented residency program would narrow the range of the trainees' interests and limit career pathways with a predominance of private practice. In order to test this assumption, a survey was undertaken of graduates of a psychoanalytically oriented program over a ten-year period with a view to determining the nature of their present professional activities. Results of the survey were compared to available national statistics for patterns of psychiatric professional practice and prove the assumptions to be invalid. We discuss some implications of this study and possible alternate explanations for the professional practice patterns that have emerged."}
{"id": "PMID:938182", "title": "The disturbed and the disturbing psychiatric resident.", "content": "Two hundred psychiatric residents who were in training during a 25-year period were retrospectively studied. We found that residents could be meaningfully divided into the four following categories: (1) neither disturbed nor disturbing; (2) disturbed and disturbing; (3) disturbed but not disturbing; and (4) disturbing but not disturbed. There is a need for early recognition of disturbed residents in order to guide them into appropriate treatment, supervision, and career choice. Some very disturbed residents make a satisfactory adjustment to residency and psychiatric practice. Certain disturbing residents are not at all disturbed but are mislabeled as such by faculty. These residents often make outstanding psychiatrists. Personal psychotherapy is an important factor in the eventual outcome of the lives and careers of disturbed residents.", "contents": "The disturbed and the disturbing psychiatric resident. Two hundred psychiatric residents who were in training during a 25-year period were retrospectively studied. We found that residents could be meaningfully divided into the four following categories: (1) neither disturbed nor disturbing; (2) disturbed and disturbing; (3) disturbed but not disturbing; and (4) disturbing but not disturbed. There is a need for early recognition of disturbed residents in order to guide them into appropriate treatment, supervision, and career choice. Some very disturbed residents make a satisfactory adjustment to residency and psychiatric practice. Certain disturbing residents are not at all disturbed but are mislabeled as such by faculty. These residents often make outstanding psychiatrists. Personal psychotherapy is an important factor in the eventual outcome of the lives and careers of disturbed residents."}
{"id": "PMID:938183", "title": "More on pseudoscience in science and the case for psychiatric diagnosis. A critique of D.L. Rosenhan's \"On Being Sane in Insane Places\" and \"The Contestual Nature of Psychiatric Diagnosis\".", "content": "Rosenhan's 1973 article, \"On Being Sane in Insane Places,\" was pseudoscience presented as science. Just as his pseudopatients were diagnosed at discharge as having \"schizophrenia in remission\", so a careful examination of this study's methods, results, and conclusions leads to a diagnosis of \"logic in remission.\" Rosenhan's study proves that pseudopatients are not detected by psychiatrists as having simulated signs of mental illness and that the implementation of certain invalid research designs can make psychiatrists appear foolish. These rather unremarkable findings are irrelevant to the real problems of the reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnosis and only serve to obscure them. A correct interpretation of his own data contradicts his conclusions. There are purposes to psychiatric diagnosis that Rosenhan's article ignores. His more recent suggestion that certain requirements be met prior to the adoption of a new psychiatric classification system is unrealistic.", "contents": "More on pseudoscience in science and the case for psychiatric diagnosis. A critique of D.L. Rosenhan's \"On Being Sane in Insane Places\" and \"The Contestual Nature of Psychiatric Diagnosis\". Rosenhan's 1973 article, \"On Being Sane in Insane Places,\" was pseudoscience presented as science. Just as his pseudopatients were diagnosed at discharge as having \"schizophrenia in remission\", so a careful examination of this study's methods, results, and conclusions leads to a diagnosis of \"logic in remission.\" Rosenhan's study proves that pseudopatients are not detected by psychiatrists as having simulated signs of mental illness and that the implementation of certain invalid research designs can make psychiatrists appear foolish. These rather unremarkable findings are irrelevant to the real problems of the reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnosis and only serve to obscure them. A correct interpretation of his own data contradicts his conclusions. There are purposes to psychiatric diagnosis that Rosenhan's article ignores. His more recent suggestion that certain requirements be met prior to the adoption of a new psychiatric classification system is unrealistic."}
{"id": "PMID:938184", "title": "Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment. I. Design and other problems.", "content": "This is the first of a series of articles on a follow-up study of the results of treatment of schizophrenia, studied over a period of two to five years after first admission and first release. The study compares the follow-up outcome of five different treatment methods given to first-admission male and female schizophrenic patients in the hospital. The design of the study is used as a basis for description and discussion of the practical, ethical, and statistical problems involved. A distinction is made between follow-up and continued treatment design, and it is concluded that both pose massive problems in execution, analysis, presentation, and interpretation.", "contents": "Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment. I. Design and other problems. This is the first of a series of articles on a follow-up study of the results of treatment of schizophrenia, studied over a period of two to five years after first admission and first release. The study compares the follow-up outcome of five different treatment methods given to first-admission male and female schizophrenic patients in the hospital. The design of the study is used as a basis for description and discussion of the practical, ethical, and statistical problems involved. A distinction is made between follow-up and continued treatment design, and it is concluded that both pose massive problems in execution, analysis, presentation, and interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:938185", "title": "Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment.", "content": "This is the second article from a study of the outcome of five different methods of treatment for schizophrenia; patients were followed up over a period of two to five years after first admission and the first release. Patients who had been originally treated in hospital with psychotherapy alone stayed longer in hospital over the follow-up period than those who had received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), drug alone, or drug plus psychotherapy. Those who had been treated with milieu therapy also had a longer stay dated from the time of admission. Patients treated initially with drugs or ECT showed a trend toward spending less time in hospital after their release.", "contents": "Schizophrenia--a follow-up study of results of treatment. This is the second article from a study of the outcome of five different methods of treatment for schizophrenia; patients were followed up over a period of two to five years after first admission and the first release. Patients who had been originally treated in hospital with psychotherapy alone stayed longer in hospital over the follow-up period than those who had received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), drug alone, or drug plus psychotherapy. Those who had been treated with milieu therapy also had a longer stay dated from the time of admission. Patients treated initially with drugs or ECT showed a trend toward spending less time in hospital after their release."}
{"id": "PMID:938186", "title": "Variability in schizophrenia. Reflection of a regulatory disease.", "content": "The clinical course, body weight, biological measurements, and responses to neuroleptic agents were examined in 92 chronic schizophrenics over a period of ten years. The individual occurrence of periodic exacerbations, shifts in symptoms, changes in drug responses, unusual fluctuations in body weight, and transient biological abnormalities led me to conclude that schizophrenia is characterized by an independent variability of clinical and biological features. This variability indicates that schizophrenia is a disease of regulation.", "contents": "Variability in schizophrenia. Reflection of a regulatory disease. The clinical course, body weight, biological measurements, and responses to neuroleptic agents were examined in 92 chronic schizophrenics over a period of ten years. The individual occurrence of periodic exacerbations, shifts in symptoms, changes in drug responses, unusual fluctuations in body weight, and transient biological abnormalities led me to conclude that schizophrenia is characterized by an independent variability of clinical and biological features. This variability indicates that schizophrenia is a disease of regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:938187", "title": "Another view of schizophrenia subtypes. A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia.", "content": "Schizophrenia subtypes are defined predominantly my manifest symptoms and behavior. This report, based on sign and symptom data from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, addresses three questions: (1) Are traditional subtype diagnoses applied similarly across cultures? (2) Are the various traditional subtypes symptomatically distinguishable from one another? (3) Can cluster analytic techniques define a more distinctive set of schizophrenic subgroups? Present State Examination data were reduced to 27 psychopathologic signs and symptoms. Profile analysis of variance results indicate that each subtype appears similar, regardless of center of origin. However, this is based on a lack of distinguishing features between different subtypes. On the other hand, when a cluster analytic technique was used, it showed one large and three small subgroups, each readilty distinguishable from the others. These subgroups, labeled \"usual,\" \"flagrant,\" \"insightful,\" and \"hypochondriacal,\" are described clinically. If replicated or validated, such subgroups may prove meaningful in future considerations of subdivisions of the schizophrenia syndrome.", "contents": "Another view of schizophrenia subtypes. A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia subtypes are defined predominantly my manifest symptoms and behavior. This report, based on sign and symptom data from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, addresses three questions: (1) Are traditional subtype diagnoses applied similarly across cultures? (2) Are the various traditional subtypes symptomatically distinguishable from one another? (3) Can cluster analytic techniques define a more distinctive set of schizophrenic subgroups? Present State Examination data were reduced to 27 psychopathologic signs and symptoms. Profile analysis of variance results indicate that each subtype appears similar, regardless of center of origin. However, this is based on a lack of distinguishing features between different subtypes. On the other hand, when a cluster analytic technique was used, it showed one large and three small subgroups, each readilty distinguishable from the others. These subgroups, labeled \"usual,\" \"flagrant,\" \"insightful,\" and \"hypochondriacal,\" are described clinically. If replicated or validated, such subgroups may prove meaningful in future considerations of subdivisions of the schizophrenia syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:938188", "title": "Biofeedback therapy for migraine headaches.", "content": "We studied the biofeedback treatment of migraine headaches, attempting to control for some of the methodological limitations of previous work. Seven individuals suffering from migraine headache were trained in the usual finger warming procedure with the omission of autogenic phrases. Additionally, to control for placebo-expectance effects, three of these subjects received training in finger cooling prior to warming. With training in finger warming, headache activity was substantially reduced. In contrast, headache activity either remained at base line levels or increased during training in cooling despite positive therapeutic expectations. The results of this study indicate that finger temperature warming, without autogenic training, is effective in reducing migraine activity, independent of suggestion effects.", "contents": "Biofeedback therapy for migraine headaches. We studied the biofeedback treatment of migraine headaches, attempting to control for some of the methodological limitations of previous work. Seven individuals suffering from migraine headache were trained in the usual finger warming procedure with the omission of autogenic phrases. Additionally, to control for placebo-expectance effects, three of these subjects received training in finger cooling prior to warming. With training in finger warming, headache activity was substantially reduced. In contrast, headache activity either remained at base line levels or increased during training in cooling despite positive therapeutic expectations. The results of this study indicate that finger temperature warming, without autogenic training, is effective in reducing migraine activity, independent of suggestion effects."}
{"id": "PMID:938189", "title": "Methylphenidate effects in learning disabilities. Psychometric changes.", "content": "Sixty-one children of average intelligence with appreciable learning lags, but no behaviour disorders, received placedo or methylphenidate hydrochloride for a 12-week period. Methylphenidate was instrumental in improving performance on many psychological tests, but did not affect performance on standardized achievement tests. None of the patient characteristics investigated was stringly predictive of drug effect. Methylphenidate seems to have a specific effect on visualmotor processes, which in turn positively affect performance tasks, but not verbal tasks. Under the conditions of this study, methylphenidate treatment alone did not emerge as a useful agent for the amelioration of reading performance, although the data provide evidence for stimulation effects on children's cognitive functions.", "contents": "Methylphenidate effects in learning disabilities. Psychometric changes. Sixty-one children of average intelligence with appreciable learning lags, but no behaviour disorders, received placedo or methylphenidate hydrochloride for a 12-week period. Methylphenidate was instrumental in improving performance on many psychological tests, but did not affect performance on standardized achievement tests. None of the patient characteristics investigated was stringly predictive of drug effect. Methylphenidate seems to have a specific effect on visualmotor processes, which in turn positively affect performance tasks, but not verbal tasks. Under the conditions of this study, methylphenidate treatment alone did not emerge as a useful agent for the amelioration of reading performance, although the data provide evidence for stimulation effects on children's cognitive functions."}
{"id": "PMID:938190", "title": "Hyperactive boys and their brothers. A 25-year follow-up study.", "content": "Twenty men, who had conformed to diagnostic criteria for the hyperactive child syndrome 20 to 25 years ago, and their brothers were interviewed. A large majority of men who were hyperactive had completed high school, and each was steadily employed and self-supporting. Half of the men who were hyperactive continued to show a number of symptoms of hyperactivity. Nearly half had problems of a psychiatric nature and despite normal intelligence quota scores and levels of education, these men had not achieved a socioeconomic status equal to that of their brothers or their fathers. Our findings suggest that emotional problems in everyday living may result from the persistance of symptoms of hyperactivity and that most social and psychiatric consequences of the disorder relate to its presence in childhood as well as to its persistance in adulthood.", "contents": "Hyperactive boys and their brothers. A 25-year follow-up study. Twenty men, who had conformed to diagnostic criteria for the hyperactive child syndrome 20 to 25 years ago, and their brothers were interviewed. A large majority of men who were hyperactive had completed high school, and each was steadily employed and self-supporting. Half of the men who were hyperactive continued to show a number of symptoms of hyperactivity. Nearly half had problems of a psychiatric nature and despite normal intelligence quota scores and levels of education, these men had not achieved a socioeconomic status equal to that of their brothers or their fathers. Our findings suggest that emotional problems in everyday living may result from the persistance of symptoms of hyperactivity and that most social and psychiatric consequences of the disorder relate to its presence in childhood as well as to its persistance in adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:938191", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in psychiatrically hospitalized children.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in a series of 101 sequential admissions to the Pritzker Children's Hospital, an inpatient psychiatric facility. Black children had significantly higher serum CPK levels than whites, and males had significantly higher levels than females, as is the case with adults. There was a higher incidence of CPK elevations in children with organic brain pathology than in children with personality disorders or schizoprenia. Children with chronic symptoms of a psychotic nature did not have increased serum CPK activity, which is similar to the findings in adults. There were no children in the sample with acute psychotic symptoms, so it was not possible to determine whether acute psychosis in children is accompanied by increased serum CPK activity, as it frequently is in psychotics over the age of 17.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in psychiatrically hospitalized children. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in a series of 101 sequential admissions to the Pritzker Children's Hospital, an inpatient psychiatric facility. Black children had significantly higher serum CPK levels than whites, and males had significantly higher levels than females, as is the case with adults. There was a higher incidence of CPK elevations in children with organic brain pathology than in children with personality disorders or schizoprenia. Children with chronic symptoms of a psychotic nature did not have increased serum CPK activity, which is similar to the findings in adults. There were no children in the sample with acute psychotic symptoms, so it was not possible to determine whether acute psychosis in children is accompanied by increased serum CPK activity, as it frequently is in psychotics over the age of 17."}
{"id": "PMID:938192", "title": "Outcome following therapeutic abortion.", "content": "Psychological outcome of abortion was studied in 102 patients, measuring multiple variables over four time intervals. Five measured affects--anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, and shame-were significantly lower six months after the preabortion period. The following variables describe subgroups of patients with significant variations in patterns of responses as indicated by changes in affects: marital status, personality diagnosis, character of object relations, past psychopathologic factors, relationship to husband or lover, relationship to mother, ambivalence about abortion, religion, and previous parity. A complex multivariate model, based on conflict and conflict resolution, is appropriate to conceptualize, the unwanted pregnancy and abortion experience. Data suggest that women most vulnerable to conflict are those who are single and nulliparous, those with previous history of serious emotional problems, conflictual relationships to lovers, past negative relationships to mother, strong ambivalence toward abortion, or negative religious or cultural attitudes about abortion.", "contents": "Outcome following therapeutic abortion. Psychological outcome of abortion was studied in 102 patients, measuring multiple variables over four time intervals. Five measured affects--anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, and shame-were significantly lower six months after the preabortion period. The following variables describe subgroups of patients with significant variations in patterns of responses as indicated by changes in affects: marital status, personality diagnosis, character of object relations, past psychopathologic factors, relationship to husband or lover, relationship to mother, ambivalence about abortion, religion, and previous parity. A complex multivariate model, based on conflict and conflict resolution, is appropriate to conceptualize, the unwanted pregnancy and abortion experience. Data suggest that women most vulnerable to conflict are those who are single and nulliparous, those with previous history of serious emotional problems, conflictual relationships to lovers, past negative relationships to mother, strong ambivalence toward abortion, or negative religious or cultural attitudes about abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:938193", "title": "Electroencephalographic correlates of oral contraceptive use in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Previous studies have pointed to wake electroencephalographic changes associated with oral contraceptives. This investigation sought to determine if sleep EEG activation would show additional EEG-oral contraceptive relationships not previously suspected. With blind procedures, oral contraceptive and EEG data were collected on 110 adult women. Three age-equated comparison groups were formed: (1) never used pill (control); (2) previously used pill without side effects (asymptomatic); and (3) previously used pill with side effects (symptomatic). Analyses indicated a significant statistical relationship between paroxysmal EEGs and symptomatic pill use. No difference in paroxysmal EEG incidence existed between control and asymptomatic pill use groups. Among prior pill users, women with paroxysmal EEGs reported almost twice the side effect incidence (81.3%) as did women with normal EEGs (42.1%).", "contents": "Electroencephalographic correlates of oral contraceptive use in psychiatric patients. Previous studies have pointed to wake electroencephalographic changes associated with oral contraceptives. This investigation sought to determine if sleep EEG activation would show additional EEG-oral contraceptive relationships not previously suspected. With blind procedures, oral contraceptive and EEG data were collected on 110 adult women. Three age-equated comparison groups were formed: (1) never used pill (control); (2) previously used pill without side effects (asymptomatic); and (3) previously used pill with side effects (symptomatic). Analyses indicated a significant statistical relationship between paroxysmal EEGs and symptomatic pill use. No difference in paroxysmal EEG incidence existed between control and asymptomatic pill use groups. Among prior pill users, women with paroxysmal EEGs reported almost twice the side effect incidence (81.3%) as did women with normal EEGs (42.1%)."}
{"id": "PMID:938194", "title": "Sex conversion surgery in a man with severe gender dysphoria. A tragic outcome.", "content": "Although hundreds of \"sex transformation\" operations have been performed, little is known about the long-term postoperative adjustment. Available outcome data suggest that sex reassignment surgery in male patients is followed by a better social as well as inner adjustment in the vast majority, at least for the first several years after surgery. Surprisingly, only a handful of cases with poor outcomes have been reported. This report concerns a 53-year-old biological male with a life-long gender dysphoria who, although subjectively pleased with the surgery, developed a paranoid psychosis five years after sex conversion surgery.", "contents": "Sex conversion surgery in a man with severe gender dysphoria. A tragic outcome. Although hundreds of \"sex transformation\" operations have been performed, little is known about the long-term postoperative adjustment. Available outcome data suggest that sex reassignment surgery in male patients is followed by a better social as well as inner adjustment in the vast majority, at least for the first several years after surgery. Surprisingly, only a handful of cases with poor outcomes have been reported. This report concerns a 53-year-old biological male with a life-long gender dysphoria who, although subjectively pleased with the surgery, developed a paranoid psychosis five years after sex conversion surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:938195", "title": "Concurrent psychotherapy and behavior therapy. Treatment of psychoneurotic outpatients.", "content": "The feasibility and effects of treating psychoneurotic outpatients with concomitant but separate treatment programs of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and behavior therapy was investigated in three cases, utilizing detailed clinical observations and questionnaire responses. The two treatment regimens appeared to have synergistic effects, and anticipated difficulties, such as a split therapeutic alliance, symptom substitution, or preciptious withdrawal from psychotherapy after symptom removal, did not occur. Although there was no evidence of symptom substitution after the behavioral removal of the \"target symptom,\" both clinical observations and questionnaire responses indicated that successful behavior therapy had many unanticipated effects on the patient's nontarget behaviors and cognitions.", "contents": "Concurrent psychotherapy and behavior therapy. Treatment of psychoneurotic outpatients. The feasibility and effects of treating psychoneurotic outpatients with concomitant but separate treatment programs of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and behavior therapy was investigated in three cases, utilizing detailed clinical observations and questionnaire responses. The two treatment regimens appeared to have synergistic effects, and anticipated difficulties, such as a split therapeutic alliance, symptom substitution, or preciptious withdrawal from psychotherapy after symptom removal, did not occur. Although there was no evidence of symptom substitution after the behavioral removal of the \"target symptom,\" both clinical observations and questionnaire responses indicated that successful behavior therapy had many unanticipated effects on the patient's nontarget behaviors and cognitions."}
{"id": "PMID:938196", "title": "The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance.", "content": "The Global Assessment Scale (GAS) is a rating scale for evaluating the overall functioning of a subject during a specified time period on a continuum from psychological or psychiatric sickness to health. In five studies encompassing the range of population to which measures of overall severity of illness are likely to be applied, the GAS was found to have good reliability. GAS ratings were found to have a greater sensitivity to change over time than did other ratings of overall severity or specific symptom dimensions. Former inpatients in the community with a GAS rating below 40 had a higher probability of readmission to the hospital than did patients with higher GAS scores. The relative simplicity, reliability, and validity of the GAS suggests that it would be useful in a wide variety of clinical and research settings.", "contents": "The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. The Global Assessment Scale (GAS) is a rating scale for evaluating the overall functioning of a subject during a specified time period on a continuum from psychological or psychiatric sickness to health. In five studies encompassing the range of population to which measures of overall severity of illness are likely to be applied, the GAS was found to have good reliability. GAS ratings were found to have a greater sensitivity to change over time than did other ratings of overall severity or specific symptom dimensions. Former inpatients in the community with a GAS rating below 40 had a higher probability of readmission to the hospital than did patients with higher GAS scores. The relative simplicity, reliability, and validity of the GAS suggests that it would be useful in a wide variety of clinical and research settings."}
{"id": "PMID:938199", "title": "A scanning electron microscopy of subcellular structures of the human hepatic cell.", "content": "Human liver specimens obtained by needle biopsy were extensively osmicated by the revised tannin-osmium method of MURAKAMI (1974) and cracked in air after critical point drying, to be observed in the scanning electron microscope. The fracture tended to occur along the membranous elements and exposed beautifully fractured faces of the hepatic cell. The nucleus of the hepatic cell was spherical. The nuclear pores were demonstrated as small pits 0.1 mu in diameter and their total occurrence in one nucleus was estimated to be 2,100. In the spongy framework resembling the endoplasmic reticulum, oval-shaped mitochondria and multivesicular tufts of the Golgi complex were observed. The nucleolus of the hepatic cell nucleus was noticed as a highlighted mass in the cloudy nucleoplasm.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopy of subcellular structures of the human hepatic cell. Human liver specimens obtained by needle biopsy were extensively osmicated by the revised tannin-osmium method of MURAKAMI (1974) and cracked in air after critical point drying, to be observed in the scanning electron microscope. The fracture tended to occur along the membranous elements and exposed beautifully fractured faces of the hepatic cell. The nucleus of the hepatic cell was spherical. The nuclear pores were demonstrated as small pits 0.1 mu in diameter and their total occurrence in one nucleus was estimated to be 2,100. In the spongy framework resembling the endoplasmic reticulum, oval-shaped mitochondria and multivesicular tufts of the Golgi complex were observed. The nucleolus of the hepatic cell nucleus was noticed as a highlighted mass in the cloudy nucleoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:938200", "title": "Histological study on the postnatal development and sequence of eruption of the mandibular cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The postnatal development and sequence of eruption of mandibular cheek teeth of rabbits were studied by histological methods. Hemi-mandibles were dissected and sectioned in longitudinal sections of 7 mu and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The presence of two mandibular deciduous molars which are replaced by corresponding premolars and of three mandibular permanent monofisary molars was confirmed. Eruption of deciduous molars of the mandible begins at 4 days after birth and of the mandibular permanent molars at 9 days, while that of mandibular premolars occurs at 23 days, replacing the mandibular deciduous molars which have exfoliated. At 32 days all the mandibular permanent cheek-teeth are erupted. At birth the mandibular deciduous molars are completely developed and at 4 days their root resorption is initiated. At the first day P3 is in the bell stage and the P4 has begun dentinogenesis. In M1 and M2 amelogenesis is observed.", "contents": "Histological study on the postnatal development and sequence of eruption of the mandibular cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The postnatal development and sequence of eruption of mandibular cheek teeth of rabbits were studied by histological methods. Hemi-mandibles were dissected and sectioned in longitudinal sections of 7 mu and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. The presence of two mandibular deciduous molars which are replaced by corresponding premolars and of three mandibular permanent monofisary molars was confirmed. Eruption of deciduous molars of the mandible begins at 4 days after birth and of the mandibular permanent molars at 9 days, while that of mandibular premolars occurs at 23 days, replacing the mandibular deciduous molars which have exfoliated. At 32 days all the mandibular permanent cheek-teeth are erupted. At birth the mandibular deciduous molars are completely developed and at 4 days their root resorption is initiated. At the first day P3 is in the bell stage and the P4 has begun dentinogenesis. In M1 and M2 amelogenesis is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:938201", "title": "Some electron microscope findings of the claustrum of the cat.", "content": "The claustrum of the cat is basically composed of 4 classes of neuron. Class I is a rather small neuron (less than 10 mu in diameter) and is provided with rather few cytoplasmic organelles, while Class IV, large (25-30 mu), neuron possesses an abundance of them. Class II, medium-sized (15-20 mu), neuron and fusiform Class III neuron (about 15 X 25 mu) exhibit an intermediate form of the former two classes. Perikaryal and proximal dendritic surface of Class IV neurons are covered with many boutons, while neurons of the other three classes have few of such terminals on their perikaryal surface. The dendritic profiles of rather reduced diameter bear a few axonal terminals. Five types of terminals are recognized: (1) Type A terminal, small in profile, with uniform sized round vesicles (about 300 A in diameter) making asymmetrical synapses; (2) Type B terminal of small size, containing round vesicles of various diameters (300-400 A) and forming asymmetrical synaptic contacts; (3) Type C, also small in profile, being filled with pleomorphic vesicles and making symmetrical synapses; (4) Type D large terminal with numerous pleomorphic vesicles, many mitochondria and a number of glycogen-like granules, forming symmetrical synapses; and (5) Type E terminal containing numerous granular vesicles (800-1,000 A). The Type C and some of Type A terminals usually synapse upon the cell bodies and proximal dendrites, while most of Type A, B, D and E make synapse upon medium to small dendritic profiles and spines. The problem whether or not the cytoarchitecture of the claustrum at the light microscope level is identifiable at the ultrastructural level as well, and the possible origin of various types of terminals above described, were discussed briefly.", "contents": "Some electron microscope findings of the claustrum of the cat. The claustrum of the cat is basically composed of 4 classes of neuron. Class I is a rather small neuron (less than 10 mu in diameter) and is provided with rather few cytoplasmic organelles, while Class IV, large (25-30 mu), neuron possesses an abundance of them. Class II, medium-sized (15-20 mu), neuron and fusiform Class III neuron (about 15 X 25 mu) exhibit an intermediate form of the former two classes. Perikaryal and proximal dendritic surface of Class IV neurons are covered with many boutons, while neurons of the other three classes have few of such terminals on their perikaryal surface. The dendritic profiles of rather reduced diameter bear a few axonal terminals. Five types of terminals are recognized: (1) Type A terminal, small in profile, with uniform sized round vesicles (about 300 A in diameter) making asymmetrical synapses; (2) Type B terminal of small size, containing round vesicles of various diameters (300-400 A) and forming asymmetrical synaptic contacts; (3) Type C, also small in profile, being filled with pleomorphic vesicles and making symmetrical synapses; (4) Type D large terminal with numerous pleomorphic vesicles, many mitochondria and a number of glycogen-like granules, forming symmetrical synapses; and (5) Type E terminal containing numerous granular vesicles (800-1,000 A). The Type C and some of Type A terminals usually synapse upon the cell bodies and proximal dendrites, while most of Type A, B, D and E make synapse upon medium to small dendritic profiles and spines. The problem whether or not the cytoarchitecture of the claustrum at the light microscope level is identifiable at the ultrastructural level as well, and the possible origin of various types of terminals above described, were discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:938202", "title": "A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study on rat bone marrow sinuses and transmural migration of blood cells.", "content": "Bone marrow sinuses of young rats were examined under the scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Marrow sinus wall was composed of three layers: an inner or luminal endothelium, an outer or adventitial cell layer, and a basal lamina in between. The luminal surface of the endothelial cells was quite smooth and showed some fenestrations, which could be divided into two types according to their size. One was represented by larger fenestrations (1-3 mum in diameter) which were presumed to be formed transiently at the site of blood cell migration, while the other by small pores (0.1 mum) grouped into a cribriform area. The adventitial cells showed a discontinuous layer in the TEM. Under the SEM, the discontinuity corresponded to the spaces formed between the cytoplasmic attenuations of the cells. Blood cell migration from the extravascular hemopoietic tissue into the sinus lumen was numerously observed. The migration occurred not through an intercellular gap, but through the larger intracellular fenestration of the endothelial lining mentioned above. A number of megakaryocytes were identified by their bulky cytoplasm in the parenchyme. Figures suggesting the sequence of platelet liberation from this cell could be demonstrated. First, the megakaryocyte extended its peripheral cytoplasmic processes into the sinus through endothelial fenestrations. The processes, being conspicuously extended, became periodically constricted. Finally, platelets were believed to be produced by separation at the constricted portions and liberated to circulation. The occurrence of a few endothelial fenestrations apparently unassociated with blood cell migration may possibly be ascribed to detachment of a blood cells due to vascular perfusion. The functional significance of the adventitial cell was discussed in association with blood cell migration.", "contents": "A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study on rat bone marrow sinuses and transmural migration of blood cells. Bone marrow sinuses of young rats were examined under the scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM). Marrow sinus wall was composed of three layers: an inner or luminal endothelium, an outer or adventitial cell layer, and a basal lamina in between. The luminal surface of the endothelial cells was quite smooth and showed some fenestrations, which could be divided into two types according to their size. One was represented by larger fenestrations (1-3 mum in diameter) which were presumed to be formed transiently at the site of blood cell migration, while the other by small pores (0.1 mum) grouped into a cribriform area. The adventitial cells showed a discontinuous layer in the TEM. Under the SEM, the discontinuity corresponded to the spaces formed between the cytoplasmic attenuations of the cells. Blood cell migration from the extravascular hemopoietic tissue into the sinus lumen was numerously observed. The migration occurred not through an intercellular gap, but through the larger intracellular fenestration of the endothelial lining mentioned above. A number of megakaryocytes were identified by their bulky cytoplasm in the parenchyme. Figures suggesting the sequence of platelet liberation from this cell could be demonstrated. First, the megakaryocyte extended its peripheral cytoplasmic processes into the sinus through endothelial fenestrations. The processes, being conspicuously extended, became periodically constricted. Finally, platelets were believed to be produced by separation at the constricted portions and liberated to circulation. The occurrence of a few endothelial fenestrations apparently unassociated with blood cell migration may possibly be ascribed to detachment of a blood cells due to vascular perfusion. The functional significance of the adventitial cell was discussed in association with blood cell migration."}
{"id": "PMID:938214", "title": "Exercise prescription: role of the physiatrist and allied health professional.", "content": "The prescription of exercise has advanced from an art to a science. The patient must first be examined by a physician to determine if there are contraindications to participating in an exercise program. This examination should include a graded exercise test to volitional fatigue to determine the normality of the electrocardiogram response to exercise and to assess the patient's capacity for exercise. Once the patient has received medical clearance, an exercise program is prescribed. This prescription is based on the individual's exercise capacity and includes a definition of the type, frequency, duration and intensity of exercise. Each of these four factors is discussed in detail and the potential role of the physiatrist, therapist, and allied health professional is defined.", "contents": "Exercise prescription: role of the physiatrist and allied health professional. The prescription of exercise has advanced from an art to a science. The patient must first be examined by a physician to determine if there are contraindications to participating in an exercise program. This examination should include a graded exercise test to volitional fatigue to determine the normality of the electrocardiogram response to exercise and to assess the patient's capacity for exercise. Once the patient has received medical clearance, an exercise program is prescribed. This prescription is based on the individual's exercise capacity and includes a definition of the type, frequency, duration and intensity of exercise. Each of these four factors is discussed in detail and the potential role of the physiatrist, therapist, and allied health professional is defined."}
{"id": "PMID:938215", "title": "Mechanical work and fatigue: their roles in the development of muscle work capacity.", "content": "To compare the effects of mechanical work versus fatigue on the improvement of work capacity of muscle, young, healthy men were selected to life a 45-pound weight with their quadriceps for 30 sessions, followed by 5 sessions of testing. The study consisted of two phases. Subjects in the first phase did equal amounts of mechanical work with both quadriceps, but had different amounts of fatigue from side to side because the rate of work was different. Subjects in the second phase fatigued both quadriceps, but one quadriceps was fatigued with a rest period between contraction cycles, and one was fatigued without a rest period, thus allowing the side with the rest cycle to do more mechanical work. To test the relative effects of training, a transfer-of-training design was used in both phases. The results suggest that fatigue, defined operationally as the inability or unwillingness of the subject to continue the prescribed task under given reinforcement conditions, plays a larger role in the development of work capacity of muscle than the amount of mechanical work per se.", "contents": "Mechanical work and fatigue: their roles in the development of muscle work capacity. To compare the effects of mechanical work versus fatigue on the improvement of work capacity of muscle, young, healthy men were selected to life a 45-pound weight with their quadriceps for 30 sessions, followed by 5 sessions of testing. The study consisted of two phases. Subjects in the first phase did equal amounts of mechanical work with both quadriceps, but had different amounts of fatigue from side to side because the rate of work was different. Subjects in the second phase fatigued both quadriceps, but one quadriceps was fatigued with a rest period between contraction cycles, and one was fatigued without a rest period, thus allowing the side with the rest cycle to do more mechanical work. To test the relative effects of training, a transfer-of-training design was used in both phases. The results suggest that fatigue, defined operationally as the inability or unwillingness of the subject to continue the prescribed task under given reinforcement conditions, plays a larger role in the development of work capacity of muscle than the amount of mechanical work per se."}
{"id": "PMID:938216", "title": "Measurement of motor unit action potentials: procedural considerations.", "content": "Many factors influence the observed magnitude and shape of motor unit action potentials (MUAP). Several of these are related to procedures used during the electromyographic examination. An examiner must be aware of the procedural factors which may alter his observations. These include the following: strength of contraction; placement of the ground and reference electrodes; site, depth and pattern of electrode penetration; distance of active electrode penetration; distance of active electrode discharging unit; and separation of observation sites. The number of different MUAP observed and the number of observations of each MUAP become important when formulating a statistical report. The acceptable level of variation between serial samples of the same motor unit may determine the number of  different units available for analysis. The selection of the point where the MUAP begins, ends and deflects maximally can influence the recorded observations.", "contents": "Measurement of motor unit action potentials: procedural considerations. Many factors influence the observed magnitude and shape of motor unit action potentials (MUAP). Several of these are related to procedures used during the electromyographic examination. An examiner must be aware of the procedural factors which may alter his observations. These include the following: strength of contraction; placement of the ground and reference electrodes; site, depth and pattern of electrode penetration; distance of active electrode penetration; distance of active electrode discharging unit; and separation of observation sites. The number of different MUAP observed and the number of observations of each MUAP become important when formulating a statistical report. The acceptable level of variation between serial samples of the same motor unit may determine the number of  different units available for analysis. The selection of the point where the MUAP begins, ends and deflects maximally can influence the recorded observations."}
{"id": "PMID:938217", "title": "Sociopsychological factors influencing response to levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease.", "content": "This article examines the effect of a series of physical and sociopsychological variables on the response shown by Parkinson patients to levodopa therapy. Of the ten major variables examined, six measure relatively enduring personality adaptations: suggestibility, passivity, self-expectations, stigma, attitudes toward illness, and the perception of the expectations of others. Four are illness-related characteristics: diagnosis (primary or secondary parkinsonism); the existence of health problems in addition to Parkinson's disease; whether or not the patient was hospitalized at the beginning of treatment; and symptom improvement as rated by the patient's physician. Age, sex, severity and duration of disease, and use of anti-Parkinson drugs in addition to levodopa were controlled in all of the analyses. The effect of levodopa therapy was assessed in four major areas: activity, social participation, depression, and enjoyment of life. Findings can be summarized as follows: Five of the six personality variables do, in fact, modify the amount of social or psychological change shown by Parkinson patients treated with levodopa. The only one which fails to have such an effect is passivity; this may reflect a measurement problem. However, only two of the four illness-related characteristics which were examined made a difference in treatment outcome: diagnosis and symptomatic improvement, as rated by the patient's physician.", "contents": "Sociopsychological factors influencing response to levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease. This article examines the effect of a series of physical and sociopsychological variables on the response shown by Parkinson patients to levodopa therapy. Of the ten major variables examined, six measure relatively enduring personality adaptations: suggestibility, passivity, self-expectations, stigma, attitudes toward illness, and the perception of the expectations of others. Four are illness-related characteristics: diagnosis (primary or secondary parkinsonism); the existence of health problems in addition to Parkinson's disease; whether or not the patient was hospitalized at the beginning of treatment; and symptom improvement as rated by the patient's physician. Age, sex, severity and duration of disease, and use of anti-Parkinson drugs in addition to levodopa were controlled in all of the analyses. The effect of levodopa therapy was assessed in four major areas: activity, social participation, depression, and enjoyment of life. Findings can be summarized as follows: Five of the six personality variables do, in fact, modify the amount of social or psychological change shown by Parkinson patients treated with levodopa. The only one which fails to have such an effect is passivity; this may reflect a measurement problem. However, only two of the four illness-related characteristics which were examined made a difference in treatment outcome: diagnosis and symptomatic improvement, as rated by the patient's physician."}
{"id": "PMID:938220", "title": "Left ventricular function during aortic surgery.", "content": "Fourteen patients undergoing surgery for aneurysm or occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta were studied. Thirteen patients had a history of hypertension or myocardial infarction; two patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tachycardia, hypertension, and elevated pulmonary artery occluded. (PAo) pressure occurred in response to laryngoscopy and intubation in two patients; elevation of PAo pressure in response to aortic cross-clamping occurred in two patients. In three of these four patients, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia appeared. These events are important in a consideration of the occurence of myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Satisfactory treatment of myocardial ischemia has been accomplished with the use of propranolol hydrochloride and sodium nitroprusside.", "contents": "Left ventricular function during aortic surgery. Fourteen patients undergoing surgery for aneurysm or occlusive disease of the abdominal aorta were studied. Thirteen patients had a history of hypertension or myocardial infarction; two patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tachycardia, hypertension, and elevated pulmonary artery occluded. (PAo) pressure occurred in response to laryngoscopy and intubation in two patients; elevation of PAo pressure in response to aortic cross-clamping occurred in two patients. In three of these four patients, electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia appeared. These events are important in a consideration of the occurence of myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Satisfactory treatment of myocardial ischemia has been accomplished with the use of propranolol hydrochloride and sodium nitroprusside."}
{"id": "PMID:938221", "title": "Acute management of the upper airway in facial burns and smoke inhalation.", "content": "Among 740 patients with acute burns who were admitted to our burn center from 1972 through, 1975, thirty-six required upper airway access within the first 24 hours after burn for oral and facial burns or smoke inhalation. Nasotracheal intubation was initially used. Twelve survived; 11 were successfully extubated and one required a tracheostomy. If the patient had not sustained major smoke inhalation, extubation was usually possible without tracheostomy when edema subsided between one and six days after the burn. It is concluded that endotracheal intubation is a satisfactory method of gaining airway control in severe oral and facial burns and in smoke inhalation. The mortality associated with orofacial burns or smoke inhalation is related to the degree of lung damage, patients' s age, and the extent of the burn; it is not related to the method of upper airway control.", "contents": "Acute management of the upper airway in facial burns and smoke inhalation. Among 740 patients with acute burns who were admitted to our burn center from 1972 through, 1975, thirty-six required upper airway access within the first 24 hours after burn for oral and facial burns or smoke inhalation. Nasotracheal intubation was initially used. Twelve survived; 11 were successfully extubated and one required a tracheostomy. If the patient had not sustained major smoke inhalation, extubation was usually possible without tracheostomy when edema subsided between one and six days after the burn. It is concluded that endotracheal intubation is a satisfactory method of gaining airway control in severe oral and facial burns and in smoke inhalation. The mortality associated with orofacial burns or smoke inhalation is related to the degree of lung damage, patients' s age, and the extent of the burn; it is not related to the method of upper airway control."}
{"id": "PMID:938222", "title": "Fruit pit obstruction. \"The propitious pit.\".", "content": "Ingestion of fruit pit must be a frequent and innocuous phenomenon, judging from the expected frequency of such occurrences and the relative dearth of medical reports to the contrary. Reported here are four cases in which fruit pits of varied nature completed an otherwise incomplete intestinal obstruction. On of these was in the terminal ileum, with incomplete obstruction due to regional ileitis, in which the offending pit was seen radiologically but was not recognized as such. The other three were in the transverse colon, at the site of annular carcinomatous lesions. The completion of the obstruction by the fruit pits eventuated in earlier symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. In one case, the fruit pits were multiple; in the remainder, they were single.", "contents": "Fruit pit obstruction. \"The propitious pit.\". Ingestion of fruit pit must be a frequent and innocuous phenomenon, judging from the expected frequency of such occurrences and the relative dearth of medical reports to the contrary. Reported here are four cases in which fruit pits of varied nature completed an otherwise incomplete intestinal obstruction. On of these was in the terminal ileum, with incomplete obstruction due to regional ileitis, in which the offending pit was seen radiologically but was not recognized as such. The other three were in the transverse colon, at the site of annular carcinomatous lesions. The completion of the obstruction by the fruit pits eventuated in earlier symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. In one case, the fruit pits were multiple; in the remainder, they were single."}
{"id": "PMID:938223", "title": "Vascular manifestations of the thoracic outlet syndrome. A surgical urgency.", "content": "Although the vascular manifestations of the thoracic outlet syndrome are infrequent, their presence is an ominous portent for the affected limb. The cases of two recent patients indicate the importance of prompt recognition, urgent angiography, and definitive surgery. Regarding the surgical procedure, we used a two-incision approach-supraclavicular and intraclavicular-combining scalenotomy, resections of the cervical rib if present, the first thoracic rib, and the subclavian artery with retroclavicular interposition woven Dacron graft reconstruction. Preceding graft replacement, a Fogarty catheter thrombectomy of the distal brachial artery tree is done with completion arteriography to ensure freedom from retained distal thrombus. First rib resection is easily performed; subsequent vascular repair is also carried out, using this approach. We did not add sympathectomy to these cases, believing that early recognition and treatment will obviate its necessity. Follow-up has supported the efficacy of the treatment plan as presented.", "contents": "Vascular manifestations of the thoracic outlet syndrome. A surgical urgency. Although the vascular manifestations of the thoracic outlet syndrome are infrequent, their presence is an ominous portent for the affected limb. The cases of two recent patients indicate the importance of prompt recognition, urgent angiography, and definitive surgery. Regarding the surgical procedure, we used a two-incision approach-supraclavicular and intraclavicular-combining scalenotomy, resections of the cervical rib if present, the first thoracic rib, and the subclavian artery with retroclavicular interposition woven Dacron graft reconstruction. Preceding graft replacement, a Fogarty catheter thrombectomy of the distal brachial artery tree is done with completion arteriography to ensure freedom from retained distal thrombus. First rib resection is easily performed; subsequent vascular repair is also carried out, using this approach. We did not add sympathectomy to these cases, believing that early recognition and treatment will obviate its necessity. Follow-up has supported the efficacy of the treatment plan as presented."}
{"id": "PMID:938224", "title": "Effect of cardiac dysrhythmia on cerebral perfusion.", "content": "Extracranial carotid arterial obstructive disease has been the entity most commonly associated with transient cerebrovascular insufficiency. A nonobstructive, frequently overlooked cause of cerebral ischemia is cardiac dysrhythmia. We have explored this by observations of experimental animals and of man. Blood flow and pressure in the carotid arteries of dogs were shown to be decreased by mechnically induced premature ventricular contractions. The significance of the cardiogenic contribution to altered cerebrovascular perfusion was studied by ocular and brachial plethysmography in 210 patients suspected by history of having carotid arterial insufficiency. Of the 210 patients, 62 demonstrated abnormal ocular plethysmographic recordings, and of those, nine had dysrhythmias associated with significant deficits of ocular perfusion. Five patients whose recordings were technically suitable for publication are presented to demonstrate the bizarre ocular plethysmographic recordings seen during the dysrhythmic cycle.", "contents": "Effect of cardiac dysrhythmia on cerebral perfusion. Extracranial carotid arterial obstructive disease has been the entity most commonly associated with transient cerebrovascular insufficiency. A nonobstructive, frequently overlooked cause of cerebral ischemia is cardiac dysrhythmia. We have explored this by observations of experimental animals and of man. Blood flow and pressure in the carotid arteries of dogs were shown to be decreased by mechnically induced premature ventricular contractions. The significance of the cardiogenic contribution to altered cerebrovascular perfusion was studied by ocular and brachial plethysmography in 210 patients suspected by history of having carotid arterial insufficiency. Of the 210 patients, 62 demonstrated abnormal ocular plethysmographic recordings, and of those, nine had dysrhythmias associated with significant deficits of ocular perfusion. Five patients whose recordings were technically suitable for publication are presented to demonstrate the bizarre ocular plethysmographic recordings seen during the dysrhythmic cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:938225", "title": "Dilation of esophageal strictures. A new technique controlled by fiberoptic endoscopy.", "content": "Dilation of peptic esophageal strictures visually controlled by means of fiberoptic endoscopy was carried out in 16 patients. The dilation was performed by passing the woven silk bougies alongside the endoscope, so that the process could be observed in detail. The technique affords a better view of the procedure because of a wider visual angle and because the field of vision is not blocked by the bougie, as would be the case with the rigid endoscope. The size of the bougie employed is not limited by the size of the endoscope. All 16 patients, with and without subsequently undergoing Nissen fundoplication, were able to eat a normal diet after therapy.", "contents": "Dilation of esophageal strictures. A new technique controlled by fiberoptic endoscopy. Dilation of peptic esophageal strictures visually controlled by means of fiberoptic endoscopy was carried out in 16 patients. The dilation was performed by passing the woven silk bougies alongside the endoscope, so that the process could be observed in detail. The technique affords a better view of the procedure because of a wider visual angle and because the field of vision is not blocked by the bougie, as would be the case with the rigid endoscope. The size of the bougie employed is not limited by the size of the endoscope. All 16 patients, with and without subsequently undergoing Nissen fundoplication, were able to eat a normal diet after therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:938226", "title": "Narrow lumbar spinal canal with \"vascular\" syndromes.", "content": "Symptoms suggestive of vascular origin, both venous and arterial, may be the presenting complaints in patients with lumbar spondylosis. Fourteen patients suspected of having vascular intermittent claudication were found to be free of vascular disease, but had cauda equina compromise from herniated disk, osteoarthritis, and hypertrophic ligaments. Complete follow-up data were available for seven  patients. In three, claudication seemed typical; in four, atypical. At operation, herniated intervertebral disks, osteophytic bone, or hypertrophied ligamenta flava, or a combination, were found. All benefited from lumbar laminectomy. When patients with vascular-like symptoms are found to be free of arterial or venous disease, lumbar spondylosis (narrow lumbar canal syndrome) should be considered. Chronic incapacitation pain without vascular disease provides a clue, as does electromyography. Plain X-ray films of the lumbar spine do not show the abnormality; thus, myelography should be carried out even in the absence of neurologic signs.", "contents": "Narrow lumbar spinal canal with \"vascular\" syndromes. Symptoms suggestive of vascular origin, both venous and arterial, may be the presenting complaints in patients with lumbar spondylosis. Fourteen patients suspected of having vascular intermittent claudication were found to be free of vascular disease, but had cauda equina compromise from herniated disk, osteoarthritis, and hypertrophic ligaments. Complete follow-up data were available for seven  patients. In three, claudication seemed typical; in four, atypical. At operation, herniated intervertebral disks, osteophytic bone, or hypertrophied ligamenta flava, or a combination, were found. All benefited from lumbar laminectomy. When patients with vascular-like symptoms are found to be free of arterial or venous disease, lumbar spondylosis (narrow lumbar canal syndrome) should be considered. Chronic incapacitation pain without vascular disease provides a clue, as does electromyography. Plain X-ray films of the lumbar spine do not show the abnormality; thus, myelography should be carried out even in the absence of neurologic signs."}
{"id": "PMID:938227", "title": "False-positive gray-scale ultrasonography for intra-abdominal abscesses.", "content": "Two patients had convincing mass lesions demonstrated with gray-scale echography and strongly supporting clinical evidence for intra-abdominal abscesses. Neither patient had a lesion at the time of surgery. Although modern echography is an accurate diagnostic method for intra-abdominal abscess, false-positive results can occur.", "contents": "False-positive gray-scale ultrasonography for intra-abdominal abscesses. Two patients had convincing mass lesions demonstrated with gray-scale echography and strongly supporting clinical evidence for intra-abdominal abscesses. Neither patient had a lesion at the time of surgery. Although modern echography is an accurate diagnostic method for intra-abdominal abscess, false-positive results can occur."}
{"id": "PMID:938228", "title": "Transalveolar metabolic protection to the lung.", "content": "Radioactive glucose was administered as an aerosol to isolated rabbit lungs in an artificial thorax in order to investigate the capacity of the lung tissue to metabolize substrate supplied via the airway rather than via the circulation. Comparisons were made with radioactive glucose to which insulin had been added, with aerosolized distilled water, and with lungs that were neither ventilated nor perfused. The lung tissue utilized the aerosolized glucose as substrate (linear production of 14CO2 incorporation into lipid, and maintenance of high-energy phosphate content). Addition of insulin to the glucose did not alter the values. Ventilation with aerosolized water instead of glucose significantly reduced high-energy phosphate content, and these values decreased significantly further when the lungs were not ventilated. These studies confirm the fact that substrate can be utilized from the airway side of the lung, and encourage the speculation that it might prove therapeutically useful in pulmonary failure.", "contents": "Transalveolar metabolic protection to the lung. Radioactive glucose was administered as an aerosol to isolated rabbit lungs in an artificial thorax in order to investigate the capacity of the lung tissue to metabolize substrate supplied via the airway rather than via the circulation. Comparisons were made with radioactive glucose to which insulin had been added, with aerosolized distilled water, and with lungs that were neither ventilated nor perfused. The lung tissue utilized the aerosolized glucose as substrate (linear production of 14CO2 incorporation into lipid, and maintenance of high-energy phosphate content). Addition of insulin to the glucose did not alter the values. Ventilation with aerosolized water instead of glucose significantly reduced high-energy phosphate content, and these values decreased significantly further when the lungs were not ventilated. These studies confirm the fact that substrate can be utilized from the airway side of the lung, and encourage the speculation that it might prove therapeutically useful in pulmonary failure."}
{"id": "PMID:938229", "title": "Jaundice associated with polycystic liver disease. Relief by surgical decompression of the cysts.", "content": "Jaundice is an unusual feature of polycystic liver disease. In a 46-year-old woman with polycystic liver disease and jaundice, the bilirubin level was 42.0 mg/100 ml. Because of the rapid rise in bilirubin level, relief of supposed obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts was attempted by unroofing the hepatic cysts. Following operation the bilirubin level returned to normal, and the patient has remained well since.", "contents": "Jaundice associated with polycystic liver disease. Relief by surgical decompression of the cysts. Jaundice is an unusual feature of polycystic liver disease. In a 46-year-old woman with polycystic liver disease and jaundice, the bilirubin level was 42.0 mg/100 ml. Because of the rapid rise in bilirubin level, relief of supposed obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts was attempted by unroofing the hepatic cysts. Following operation the bilirubin level returned to normal, and the patient has remained well since."}
{"id": "PMID:938230", "title": "Neomycin toxicity revisited.", "content": "Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity represent the most hazardous side effects of the clincial use of neomycin sulfate. Despite therapeutic restriction of the latter compound to topical, irrigant, and bowel sterilization use, serious toxicity is still encountered. A 69-year-old patient was recently treated by us for acute renal failure and total deafness induced as a result of intermittent seven-day lavage of a surgical cavity with neomycin. Peritoneal dialysis reduced the serum concentration of the antibiotic and promoted complete recovery of renal function. The patient, however, remained deaf. This case serves as a reminder that neomycin can be absorbed systemically following its use as an irrigant solution. In such cases, it may produce an unsuspected form of \"high output\" renal failure and concomitant hearing loss. The renal failure is usually reveesible, but the hearing loss is frequently permanent.", "contents": "Neomycin toxicity revisited. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity represent the most hazardous side effects of the clincial use of neomycin sulfate. Despite therapeutic restriction of the latter compound to topical, irrigant, and bowel sterilization use, serious toxicity is still encountered. A 69-year-old patient was recently treated by us for acute renal failure and total deafness induced as a result of intermittent seven-day lavage of a surgical cavity with neomycin. Peritoneal dialysis reduced the serum concentration of the antibiotic and promoted complete recovery of renal function. The patient, however, remained deaf. This case serves as a reminder that neomycin can be absorbed systemically following its use as an irrigant solution. In such cases, it may produce an unsuspected form of \"high output\" renal failure and concomitant hearing loss. The renal failure is usually reveesible, but the hearing loss is frequently permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:938231", "title": "Drill biopsy confirmation of breast cancer.", "content": "The technique of drill biopsy of suspicious masses in the breast has been used in 135 patients, with 98.5% accuracy. It has permitted discrimination in the application of expensive scanning studies. Prior confirmation of the diagnosis of carcinoma reduces operating room and anesthesia time, and eliminates the need for two sets of instruments.", "contents": "Drill biopsy confirmation of breast cancer. The technique of drill biopsy of suspicious masses in the breast has been used in 135 patients, with 98.5% accuracy. It has permitted discrimination in the application of expensive scanning studies. Prior confirmation of the diagnosis of carcinoma reduces operating room and anesthesia time, and eliminates the need for two sets of instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:938232", "title": "Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. A complication of percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular veins.", "content": "A severe complication resulted from internal jugular cannulation. An obese patient had hematomas after bilateral attempts. The first cannulation (on the right) was successful after many tries; the second (on the left) was not. The patient was hoarse after the first attempt; more so and dyspneic after the second. Laryngoscopic examination showed paralysis of the vocal cords. Tracheostomy was done. Two weeks later, the cords were seen to move normally. The tracheostomy was removed, and recovery was uneventful.", "contents": "Bilateral vocal cord paralysis. A complication of percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular veins. A severe complication resulted from internal jugular cannulation. An obese patient had hematomas after bilateral attempts. The first cannulation (on the right) was successful after many tries; the second (on the left) was not. The patient was hoarse after the first attempt; more so and dyspneic after the second. Laryngoscopic examination showed paralysis of the vocal cords. Tracheostomy was done. Two weeks later, the cords were seen to move normally. The tracheostomy was removed, and recovery was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:938233", "title": "Nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency.", "content": "A 74-year-old man had probable nonocclusive intestinal ischemia after myocardial infarction. Angiography and careful monitoring of the patient's hemodynamic status allowed diagnosis and appropriate supportive treatment leading to recovery.", "contents": "Nonocclusive mesenteric vascular insufficiency. A 74-year-old man had probable nonocclusive intestinal ischemia after myocardial infarction. Angiography and careful monitoring of the patient's hemodynamic status allowed diagnosis and appropriate supportive treatment leading to recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:938242", "title": "[An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of fibroblasts under conditions of stimulation of the wound process].", "content": "The effect of potassium orotate on the ultrastructure of fibroblasts and synthesis of RNA by these cells in the course of healing of experimental skin wounds were studied. For this purpose, dayly there were performed autoradiographic and electron-microscopy investigations of the wound areas in animals which were dayly given 0.2 ml of a 2% solution of potassium orotate and also of those in control animals. Under the effect of potassium orotate on accelerated differentiation of fibroblasts was noted, which was accompanied by the appearance of cells with well developed granular endoplasmatic network, with intensive inclusion of a labeled precursor of RNA, earlier, as compared with controls, healing of the wounds. Moreover, the stimulator not only contributed to a more intensive synthesis of RNA, but also hastened the transfer of newly synthesized RNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm of fibroblasts in the period of activecollagenosis.", "contents": "[An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of fibroblasts under conditions of stimulation of the wound process]. The effect of potassium orotate on the ultrastructure of fibroblasts and synthesis of RNA by these cells in the course of healing of experimental skin wounds were studied. For this purpose, dayly there were performed autoradiographic and electron-microscopy investigations of the wound areas in animals which were dayly given 0.2 ml of a 2% solution of potassium orotate and also of those in control animals. Under the effect of potassium orotate on accelerated differentiation of fibroblasts was noted, which was accompanied by the appearance of cells with well developed granular endoplasmatic network, with intensive inclusion of a labeled precursor of RNA, earlier, as compared with controls, healing of the wounds. Moreover, the stimulator not only contributed to a more intensive synthesis of RNA, but also hastened the transfer of newly synthesized RNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm of fibroblasts in the period of activecollagenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:938243", "title": "[Molecular pathology and the problem of bodily integrity].", "content": "The paper is devoted to general and special (local) problems in pathology. The author lays particular stress on the fact that, despite the achievements of molecular biology, a solution of many principal problems of pathogenesis of various diseases in man, regularities of his adaptation to diverse environmental factors, etc., can be achieved only by a synthetic insight into the whole complex of factual material seen from the standpoint of the organism as an integrated system functioning on the basis of general regulatory mechanisms, many elements of which remain still unknown. Establishing of the latter is one of the most important and most complicated present-day challenges of biology and medicine.", "contents": "[Molecular pathology and the problem of bodily integrity]. The paper is devoted to general and special (local) problems in pathology. The author lays particular stress on the fact that, despite the achievements of molecular biology, a solution of many principal problems of pathogenesis of various diseases in man, regularities of his adaptation to diverse environmental factors, etc., can be achieved only by a synthetic insight into the whole complex of factual material seen from the standpoint of the organism as an integrated system functioning on the basis of general regulatory mechanisms, many elements of which remain still unknown. Establishing of the latter is one of the most important and most complicated present-day challenges of biology and medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:938244", "title": "[Histomorphologic analysis of kidney lesions in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].", "content": "Data on morphology of the kidneys in hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) are discussed. In the kidneys of 10 decreased patients (with time period from the onset of the disease till death 4--13 days), in whom the disease proceeded with azotemia and oligo-anuria, there were observed oligemia of the glomeruli with secondary changes in the cellular elements, dystrophic changes in the tubules, these changes being particularly pronounced in the proximal segment, and being accompanied by nephrohydrosis; beginning with the 4--6th day signs of regeneration, edema in the walls of vessels and swelling of a hypoxic character were noted. A distinguishing feature of HFRS was a drastic plethora of the jextamedullar zone with hemorrhages due to venous congestion. The changes in the kidneys observed in HFRS were similar to morphological changes in acute renal insufficiency (ARI) of the type of \"shock kidney\". A characteristic feature of API in HFRS was a high degree of sequestration of the blood flow in the medullar layer.", "contents": "[Histomorphologic analysis of kidney lesions in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]. Data on morphology of the kidneys in hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) are discussed. In the kidneys of 10 decreased patients (with time period from the onset of the disease till death 4--13 days), in whom the disease proceeded with azotemia and oligo-anuria, there were observed oligemia of the glomeruli with secondary changes in the cellular elements, dystrophic changes in the tubules, these changes being particularly pronounced in the proximal segment, and being accompanied by nephrohydrosis; beginning with the 4--6th day signs of regeneration, edema in the walls of vessels and swelling of a hypoxic character were noted. A distinguishing feature of HFRS was a drastic plethora of the jextamedullar zone with hemorrhages due to venous congestion. The changes in the kidneys observed in HFRS were similar to morphological changes in acute renal insufficiency (ARI) of the type of \"shock kidney\". A characteristic feature of API in HFRS was a high degree of sequestration of the blood flow in the medullar layer."}
{"id": "PMID:938245", "title": "[Age and transformation dynamics of rectal vains and their alteration during hemorrhoid development].", "content": "Section and operative materials in persons of various age groups (108 cases in the norm and 197 cases with hemorrhoids) were investigated. Histometrically and macromicroscopically there were revealed veins of a trabecular structure and cavernous bodies in places of the most numerous contacts of the initial roots of the superior, middle and posterior rectal veins in the submucous base of anal columellas. At different stages of formation of hemorrhoids in various forms of phlebectasis (simple, varicous, and cavernous) most pronounced were histostructural changes in the form of endophlebitis and characteristic hypertrophic-atrophic processes of the media. In the process of varicous phlebectasis and formation of hemorrhoids in the cavernous form the ratio of the venous sinus wall thickness to the diameter of the lumen of the venous sinuses are drastically changed at the expense of enlargement of the latter.", "contents": "[Age and transformation dynamics of rectal vains and their alteration during hemorrhoid development]. Section and operative materials in persons of various age groups (108 cases in the norm and 197 cases with hemorrhoids) were investigated. Histometrically and macromicroscopically there were revealed veins of a trabecular structure and cavernous bodies in places of the most numerous contacts of the initial roots of the superior, middle and posterior rectal veins in the submucous base of anal columellas. At different stages of formation of hemorrhoids in various forms of phlebectasis (simple, varicous, and cavernous) most pronounced were histostructural changes in the form of endophlebitis and characteristic hypertrophic-atrophic processes of the media. In the process of varicous phlebectasis and formation of hemorrhoids in the cavernous form the ratio of the venous sinus wall thickness to the diameter of the lumen of the venous sinuses are drastically changed at the expense of enlargement of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:938246", "title": "[Experimental study of infectious hepatitis in guinea pigs].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative study of morphological changes in the liver of guinea-pigs in various times following intraperitoneal administration of the serum taken from a patient with infectious hepatitis (1st group), administration of the serum in combination with the urine (2nd group), administration of the serum in combination with the patient's duodenal juice (3rd group), and administration of the serum in combination with a hepatic antigen prepared of the liver of a healthy guinea-pig (4th group). Observations over the behaviour of the animals and morphological investigations showed a high sensitivity of guinea-pigs to virus-containing materials. The reaction was particularly pronounced in animals which were given the serum taken from a patient with infectious hepatitis in combination with a hepatic antigen, and the microscopic picture of the liver almost similar to that of the patient with Botkin's disease. Moreover, in the course of the study it was found possible to re-inoculate the virus obtained from the guinea-pigs subjected to a combined exposure to the serum from a patient with infectious hepatits and hepatic antigen. Comparing the results of the study on guinea-pigs with those obtained previously in the experimental study of viral hepatitis on white rats (1970), the authors have come to the conclusion that guinea-pigs may be used for modelling and experimental investigation of Botkin's disease.", "contents": "[Experimental study of infectious hepatitis in guinea pigs]. The authors carried out a comparative study of morphological changes in the liver of guinea-pigs in various times following intraperitoneal administration of the serum taken from a patient with infectious hepatitis (1st group), administration of the serum in combination with the urine (2nd group), administration of the serum in combination with the patient's duodenal juice (3rd group), and administration of the serum in combination with a hepatic antigen prepared of the liver of a healthy guinea-pig (4th group). Observations over the behaviour of the animals and morphological investigations showed a high sensitivity of guinea-pigs to virus-containing materials. The reaction was particularly pronounced in animals which were given the serum taken from a patient with infectious hepatitis in combination with a hepatic antigen, and the microscopic picture of the liver almost similar to that of the patient with Botkin's disease. Moreover, in the course of the study it was found possible to re-inoculate the virus obtained from the guinea-pigs subjected to a combined exposure to the serum from a patient with infectious hepatits and hepatic antigen. Comparing the results of the study on guinea-pigs with those obtained previously in the experimental study of viral hepatitis on white rats (1970), the authors have come to the conclusion that guinea-pigs may be used for modelling and experimental investigation of Botkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938247", "title": "[Morphometric study of atherosclerosis of the extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries].", "content": "Visual-planimetric studies of atherosclerosis of the major arteries of the brain in 507 dead persons aged 30 years and older who had died of casual causes and diseases, were carried out. Collection and investigation of materials were conducted in accordance with the WHO programme (Uemura et al, 1964). Considerable differences in the degree of manifestation of atherosclerosis in the arteries under study and in the rate of their development in the course of life were established. The development of atherosclerosis in the extracranial arteries in men was more pronounced than in women. As to the degree of manifestation of the atherosclerotic process, incidence of stenosis of the investigated arteries inflicted more than 50 per cent of the lumen was not observed, there were no considerable differences between those who had died of complications of atherosclerosis with and without combination with hypertension. Marked pathologically convoluted and folded carotid and vertebral arteries were rare.", "contents": "[Morphometric study of atherosclerosis of the extra- and intracranial cerebral arteries]. Visual-planimetric studies of atherosclerosis of the major arteries of the brain in 507 dead persons aged 30 years and older who had died of casual causes and diseases, were carried out. Collection and investigation of materials were conducted in accordance with the WHO programme (Uemura et al, 1964). Considerable differences in the degree of manifestation of atherosclerosis in the arteries under study and in the rate of their development in the course of life were established. The development of atherosclerosis in the extracranial arteries in men was more pronounced than in women. As to the degree of manifestation of the atherosclerotic process, incidence of stenosis of the investigated arteries inflicted more than 50 per cent of the lumen was not observed, there were no considerable differences between those who had died of complications of atherosclerosis with and without combination with hypertension. Marked pathologically convoluted and folded carotid and vertebral arteries were rare."}
{"id": "PMID:938248", "title": "[Alveolar microlithiasis].", "content": "A total of three observations on alveolar microlithiasis are described: two in female patients aged 19 and 44, and one in a man aged 56 years. In two patients diagnosis was established following biopsy of the lung tissue, and in one--posthumously. Basing on the literature data, the authors discuss problems of pathogenesis, clinico-morphological manifestations and differential diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Alveolar microlithiasis]. A total of three observations on alveolar microlithiasis are described: two in female patients aged 19 and 44, and one in a man aged 56 years. In two patients diagnosis was established following biopsy of the lung tissue, and in one--posthumously. Basing on the literature data, the authors discuss problems of pathogenesis, clinico-morphological manifestations and differential diagnosis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938250", "title": "[A case of fungiform mycosis with lesions of the internal organs].", "content": "A case of fungiform mycosis with involvement of the liver, kidneys, and the skin in a female patient aged 56 is described. Duration of the illness--2 months. Lesions of the skin localized on the face and upper extremities. The anamnesis revealed chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma of a 15-year duration. The corticosteroid therapy resulted in destruction of tumour-like nodes on the skin, but the patient died because of a concomitant bilateral fibrous-purulent pneumonia. The diagnosis was established on clinical data (on bioptic specimens of the skin) and corroborated by sectional material.", "contents": "[A case of fungiform mycosis with lesions of the internal organs]. A case of fungiform mycosis with involvement of the liver, kidneys, and the skin in a female patient aged 56 is described. Duration of the illness--2 months. Lesions of the skin localized on the face and upper extremities. The anamnesis revealed chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma of a 15-year duration. The corticosteroid therapy resulted in destruction of tumour-like nodes on the skin, but the patient died because of a concomitant bilateral fibrous-purulent pneumonia. The diagnosis was established on clinical data (on bioptic specimens of the skin) and corroborated by sectional material."}
{"id": "PMID:938252", "title": "[Cytospectrophotometric analysis in enzyme histochemistry (limits of reproducibility and reliability)].", "content": "The article discusses results of the investigation into variability of the thickness of sections of a non-fixed frozen tissue obtained in cryostat, the dependence of optic density of histoenzymological preparations upon the thickness of a section and duration of incubation, degree of the accuracy of measurements of the optic density by probes of a different diameter, compatibility of results obtained by various techniques of cytospectrophotometry. It is shown that when the scale of microtome-cryostat was set at 5 mcm the thickness of sections varied in the range of 10%, at 10 mcm--in the range of 2%. In preparations as thick as 10 mcm2 and more lineal interrelationships between their optic density and duration of incubation were observed. In the photometric analysis of results of tetrasole reactions the accuracy of measurement is inversely proportional to the size of the probe: M+/-m--0.27+/-0.006--0.009 with area 3.0 mcm2 and 0.27+/-0.002 fith aea 0.8 mcm2. Results of measurement of optic density of ethanol by photoelectric and photographic techniques of cytospectrophometry (on the apparatus MUF-5, MUF-6, MF-2, MF-4, IFO-451) differ in the range of 0.5%, of histoenzymalogical preparations--in the range of 5--7%. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion may be drawn that, if certain conditions are observed, the cytospectrophotometric analysis of histoenzymological preparations will give compatible results the accuracy of which meets the requirements put in a 95% level of probability.", "contents": "[Cytospectrophotometric analysis in enzyme histochemistry (limits of reproducibility and reliability)]. The article discusses results of the investigation into variability of the thickness of sections of a non-fixed frozen tissue obtained in cryostat, the dependence of optic density of histoenzymological preparations upon the thickness of a section and duration of incubation, degree of the accuracy of measurements of the optic density by probes of a different diameter, compatibility of results obtained by various techniques of cytospectrophotometry. It is shown that when the scale of microtome-cryostat was set at 5 mcm the thickness of sections varied in the range of 10%, at 10 mcm--in the range of 2%. In preparations as thick as 10 mcm2 and more lineal interrelationships between their optic density and duration of incubation were observed. In the photometric analysis of results of tetrasole reactions the accuracy of measurement is inversely proportional to the size of the probe: M+/-m--0.27+/-0.006--0.009 with area 3.0 mcm2 and 0.27+/-0.002 fith aea 0.8 mcm2. Results of measurement of optic density of ethanol by photoelectric and photographic techniques of cytospectrophometry (on the apparatus MUF-5, MUF-6, MF-2, MF-4, IFO-451) differ in the range of 0.5%, of histoenzymalogical preparations--in the range of 5--7%. On the basis of the data obtained a conclusion may be drawn that, if certain conditions are observed, the cytospectrophotometric analysis of histoenzymological preparations will give compatible results the accuracy of which meets the requirements put in a 95% level of probability."}
{"id": "PMID:938263", "title": "Immunogenetic analysis and serum viral antibody titers in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "In order to investigate the possible relationships between multiple sclerosis (MS) and the factors of genetic predisposition and exposure to infectious agents, studies were undertaken in 59 male patients with MS to determine the histocompatibility antigen (HL-A) type and the serum antibody titer to rubeola hemagglutinin (HA), rubeola envelope antigen (V), rubeola nucleocapsid antigen (S), rubella, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza 1. The incidence of HL-A7 was significantly higher, and HL-A12 incidence was significantly lower, in the MS group than in control groups. The geometric mean titers to rubeola HA and to the V and S antigens were lower in the HL-A7 positive control patients than in either the non-HL-A7 controls or the MS patients. There were no specific relationships of the rubeola titer to HL-A12. Antibody titers to the other viruses studied were not significantly different in MS patients as compared to controls, nor was there any relationship of HL-A7 or HL-A12 and serum titer to those viruses. This study provides further evidence of a genetic predisposition to MS, and of a relationship between rubeola and this disease. These findings suggests that the failure of MS to appear in individuals who might be genetically predisposed to this disorder may be related to their immune response to rubeola.", "contents": "Immunogenetic analysis and serum viral antibody titers in multiple sclerosis. In order to investigate the possible relationships between multiple sclerosis (MS) and the factors of genetic predisposition and exposure to infectious agents, studies were undertaken in 59 male patients with MS to determine the histocompatibility antigen (HL-A) type and the serum antibody titer to rubeola hemagglutinin (HA), rubeola envelope antigen (V), rubeola nucleocapsid antigen (S), rubella, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza 1. The incidence of HL-A7 was significantly higher, and HL-A12 incidence was significantly lower, in the MS group than in control groups. The geometric mean titers to rubeola HA and to the V and S antigens were lower in the HL-A7 positive control patients than in either the non-HL-A7 controls or the MS patients. There were no specific relationships of the rubeola titer to HL-A12. Antibody titers to the other viruses studied were not significantly different in MS patients as compared to controls, nor was there any relationship of HL-A7 or HL-A12 and serum titer to those viruses. This study provides further evidence of a genetic predisposition to MS, and of a relationship between rubeola and this disease. These findings suggests that the failure of MS to appear in individuals who might be genetically predisposed to this disorder may be related to their immune response to rubeola."}
{"id": "PMID:938264", "title": "Histocompatibility (HL-A) factors in familial multiple sclerosis. Is multiple sclerosis susceptibility inherited via the HL-A chromosome?", "content": "In order to study a possible hereditary factor leading to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, histocompatibility (HL-A) types were studied in families where two or more first-degree relatives had MS. Neither the inheritance of a particular parental HL-A chromosome, nor the occurrence of any specific HL-A antigens, could be shown to be necessary or sufficient for the development of MS in family members. The distribution of HL-A chromosomes was essentially the same for affected and unaffected family members. An excess of 3,7 haplotype and W21 antigen was demonstrated, both in affected patients and in unaffected family members, in equal proportions. We conclude that the HL-A chromosome has no direct causal relationship to MS susceptibility, although it may be indirectly associated by population stratification, maternal factors, or some other mechanism.", "contents": "Histocompatibility (HL-A) factors in familial multiple sclerosis. Is multiple sclerosis susceptibility inherited via the HL-A chromosome? In order to study a possible hereditary factor leading to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, histocompatibility (HL-A) types were studied in families where two or more first-degree relatives had MS. Neither the inheritance of a particular parental HL-A chromosome, nor the occurrence of any specific HL-A antigens, could be shown to be necessary or sufficient for the development of MS in family members. The distribution of HL-A chromosomes was essentially the same for affected and unaffected family members. An excess of 3,7 haplotype and W21 antigen was demonstrated, both in affected patients and in unaffected family members, in equal proportions. We conclude that the HL-A chromosome has no direct causal relationship to MS susceptibility, although it may be indirectly associated by population stratification, maternal factors, or some other mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:938265", "title": "Antibodies to vaccinia and measles viruses in multiple sclerosis patients.", "content": "A virologic comparison was made of 144 patients with multiple sclerosis, 34 of their healthy siblings, and 40 patients with other neurologic diseases (OND). Antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to vaccinia and measles viruses were measured, and these were correlated in the multiple sclerosis patients with the clinical characteristics of their disease. The CSF antibody to vaccinia virus was more frequent and at a higher titer in multiple sclerosis patients than in either control group. Moreover, a statistically significant increase was found in both frequency and titer of CSF vaccinia antibody in patients with the progressive form of the disease as compared with those classified as relapsing-remitting. Statistically significant differences between multiple sclerosis patients and their siblings were not observed for CSF or serum measles virus antibody, although both groups had significantly higher serum antibody titers than patients with OND.", "contents": "Antibodies to vaccinia and measles viruses in multiple sclerosis patients. A virologic comparison was made of 144 patients with multiple sclerosis, 34 of their healthy siblings, and 40 patients with other neurologic diseases (OND). Antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to vaccinia and measles viruses were measured, and these were correlated in the multiple sclerosis patients with the clinical characteristics of their disease. The CSF antibody to vaccinia virus was more frequent and at a higher titer in multiple sclerosis patients than in either control group. Moreover, a statistically significant increase was found in both frequency and titer of CSF vaccinia antibody in patients with the progressive form of the disease as compared with those classified as relapsing-remitting. Statistically significant differences between multiple sclerosis patients and their siblings were not observed for CSF or serum measles virus antibody, although both groups had significantly higher serum antibody titers than patients with OND."}
{"id": "PMID:938266", "title": "Neuroelectric blocking factors in multiple sclerosis and normal human sera.", "content": "Serum samples from 13 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and ten normal human serum samples were applied to cerebral neocortex cultures and evaluated for their ability to block evoked electric activity. A high proportion of sera positive for neuroelectric blocking factors was found in both groups, and there was no substantial difference between serum samples from MS patients and those from normal human volunteers. Some of the neuroelectric blocking factors were thermolabile, others were thermostable, and still others may have been complement-dependent. It is concluded that the ability to block evoked electric responses in tissue cultures is a nonspecific serum property, and that it is not specifically related to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.", "contents": "Neuroelectric blocking factors in multiple sclerosis and normal human sera. Serum samples from 13 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and ten normal human serum samples were applied to cerebral neocortex cultures and evaluated for their ability to block evoked electric activity. A high proportion of sera positive for neuroelectric blocking factors was found in both groups, and there was no substantial difference between serum samples from MS patients and those from normal human volunteers. Some of the neuroelectric blocking factors were thermolabile, others were thermostable, and still others may have been complement-dependent. It is concluded that the ability to block evoked electric responses in tissue cultures is a nonspecific serum property, and that it is not specifically related to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938267", "title": "Histocompatibility typing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Histocompatibility (HL-A) phenotypes of 44 unrelated white patients from the greater Boston area with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 200 white controls were compared. In the overall ALS group, an increased frequency of HL-A3 was noted (43% vs 25%, P less than .05). Thirty-eight patients had rapidly progressive disease; among this group the HL-A3 incidence was 50% (P less than .005). Six patients had slowly progressive disease, none had HL-A3, and five had HL-A12. The HL-A antigens may link with disease severity in ALS.", "contents": "Histocompatibility typing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Histocompatibility (HL-A) phenotypes of 44 unrelated white patients from the greater Boston area with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 200 white controls were compared. In the overall ALS group, an increased frequency of HL-A3 was noted (43% vs 25%, P less than .05). Thirty-eight patients had rapidly progressive disease; among this group the HL-A3 incidence was 50% (P less than .005). Six patients had slowly progressive disease, none had HL-A3, and five had HL-A12. The HL-A antigens may link with disease severity in ALS."}
{"id": "PMID:938268", "title": "Cerebral dominance for consciousness.", "content": "In a prospective study we evaluated the relationship of level of consciousness to hemispheric side of lesion following acute cerebrovascular injury. Fifty-seven percent of patients with left hemispheric lesions had initial impairment of consciousness, in contrast to 25% with right-sided damage.", "contents": "Cerebral dominance for consciousness. In a prospective study we evaluated the relationship of level of consciousness to hemispheric side of lesion following acute cerebrovascular injury. Fifty-seven percent of patients with left hemispheric lesions had initial impairment of consciousness, in contrast to 25% with right-sided damage."}
{"id": "PMID:938273", "title": "Diethylstilbestrol effects on serum enzymes and isozymes in muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Diethyistibestrol was administered orally to 11 boys with Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, characteristically high in DMD, and presumably of muscle origin, were reduced significantly (P LESS THAN .05). On ther other hand, the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme not of muscle origin, increased. These enzyme changes were reversible when diethyistibestrol was discontinued. Despite appreciable alterations in totoal serum enzyme activity, no important change was found in the isozyme patterns. Piperazine estrone sulfate was administered to another patient with DMD. The effects of this physiologic hormone were, in part, similar to those of diethyistibestrol. Experimentally, diethylstilbestrol reduced the efflux of CPK and LDH from mouse skeletal muscle. This may be the manner by which diethylstilbesterol reduced the serum enzyme levels in DMD, but this has not been proved directly. These studies are the first step in an effort to identify various agents that in combinations may normalize serum enzyme levels.", "contents": "Diethylstilbestrol effects on serum enzymes and isozymes in muscular dystrophy. Diethyistibestrol was administered orally to 11 boys with Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, characteristically high in DMD, and presumably of muscle origin, were reduced significantly (P LESS THAN .05). On ther other hand, the activity of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme not of muscle origin, increased. These enzyme changes were reversible when diethyistibestrol was discontinued. Despite appreciable alterations in totoal serum enzyme activity, no important change was found in the isozyme patterns. Piperazine estrone sulfate was administered to another patient with DMD. The effects of this physiologic hormone were, in part, similar to those of diethyistibestrol. Experimentally, diethylstilbestrol reduced the efflux of CPK and LDH from mouse skeletal muscle. This may be the manner by which diethylstilbesterol reduced the serum enzyme levels in DMD, but this has not been proved directly. These studies are the first step in an effort to identify various agents that in combinations may normalize serum enzyme levels."}
{"id": "PMID:938274", "title": "Are muscle fibers denervated in myotonic dystrophy?", "content": "An underlying neurogenic abnormality has recently been postulated in the muscular dystrophies. To test this hypothesis, we applied a widely accepted criterion of denervation-ie, and increase in extrajunctional acetyicholine (ACh) receptor sites--to muscles biopsy specimens from nine patients with myotonic dystrophy and three with amyotrophic lateral scierosis (ALS). The ACh receptor sites were determined by means of iodine 125-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding, measured by scintillation counting and autoradiography. None of the myotonic dystrophy muscles showed increased extrajunctiona ACh receptor sites, even in the smallest fibers. By contrast, muscle biopsy specimens from patients with ALS showed notably increased extrajunctional ACh receptor sites, especially in the small fibers. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of a neurogenic defect in myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Are muscle fibers denervated in myotonic dystrophy? An underlying neurogenic abnormality has recently been postulated in the muscular dystrophies. To test this hypothesis, we applied a widely accepted criterion of denervation-ie, and increase in extrajunctional acetyicholine (ACh) receptor sites--to muscles biopsy specimens from nine patients with myotonic dystrophy and three with amyotrophic lateral scierosis (ALS). The ACh receptor sites were determined by means of iodine 125-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding, measured by scintillation counting and autoradiography. None of the myotonic dystrophy muscles showed increased extrajunctiona ACh receptor sites, even in the smallest fibers. By contrast, muscle biopsy specimens from patients with ALS showed notably increased extrajunctional ACh receptor sites, especially in the small fibers. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of a neurogenic defect in myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:938275", "title": "A demyelinating disorder associated with cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy.", "content": "Five patients with a demyelinating disorder and associated amyloid angiopathy are presented. The disease affected middle-aged individuals, pursued a fluctuating course, and ended in progressive, fatal deterioration of the central nervous system. Neurologic findings indicated multiple lesions within the neuraxis; profound dementia was prominent in all cases. Pathologically, numerous demyelinated plaques, similar to those in multiple sclerosis, were found in the cerebral white matter, and less consistently in other locations such as optic nerve, brain stem, and spinal cord. Amyloid accumulated massively in and around blood vessels, usually in the immediate vicinity of the plaques. At least one similar case is reported in the literature, but the nosologic status of the condition is uncertain.", "contents": "A demyelinating disorder associated with cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy. Five patients with a demyelinating disorder and associated amyloid angiopathy are presented. The disease affected middle-aged individuals, pursued a fluctuating course, and ended in progressive, fatal deterioration of the central nervous system. Neurologic findings indicated multiple lesions within the neuraxis; profound dementia was prominent in all cases. Pathologically, numerous demyelinated plaques, similar to those in multiple sclerosis, were found in the cerebral white matter, and less consistently in other locations such as optic nerve, brain stem, and spinal cord. Amyloid accumulated massively in and around blood vessels, usually in the immediate vicinity of the plaques. At least one similar case is reported in the literature, but the nosologic status of the condition is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:938276", "title": "Congenital muscular dystrophy as a disease of the central nervous system.", "content": "Profound abnormalities of the brain were noted in a 6-year-old Japanese boy with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). Pathological alterations included diffuse cerebral and cerebellar micropolygyria, with bilateral temporal agyria, and abnormal fusion of gray matter in the basal portions of both frontal hemispheres. Microscopically, the architecture of both cerebral and cerebellar cortices was severely distorted, with irregular arrangement of neurons and increased vascularization. Skeletal muscles showed dystrophic changes rather than neurogenic atrophy. Eight autopsy cases of CMD with similar pathologic findings have been reported in Japan, although the lesions in the brain are quantitatively different from case to case. The findings indicate that CMD is a dysplastic disease of the central nervous system, with dystrophic involvement of skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Congenital muscular dystrophy as a disease of the central nervous system. Profound abnormalities of the brain were noted in a 6-year-old Japanese boy with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD). Pathological alterations included diffuse cerebral and cerebellar micropolygyria, with bilateral temporal agyria, and abnormal fusion of gray matter in the basal portions of both frontal hemispheres. Microscopically, the architecture of both cerebral and cerebellar cortices was severely distorted, with irregular arrangement of neurons and increased vascularization. Skeletal muscles showed dystrophic changes rather than neurogenic atrophy. Eight autopsy cases of CMD with similar pathologic findings have been reported in Japan, although the lesions in the brain are quantitatively different from case to case. The findings indicate that CMD is a dysplastic disease of the central nervous system, with dystrophic involvement of skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:938279", "title": "Acute choroidal ischemia as a complication of photocoagulation.", "content": "Acute choroidal vascular insufficiency as a complication of photocoagulation has been little noticed. In 17 eyes of 16 patients photocoagulated with either xenon or argon sources for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy, gray lesions of the fundus developed peripheral to the photocoagulation sites. Histologic examination of similar gray lesions produced in monkeys showed necrosis and atrophy of the outer half of the retina. Intense photocoagulation of the human fundus, even with smaller spot sizes, may occlude a choroidal artery, producing separate gray lesions of distinctive shape. The lesions in both the patients and the monkeys progressed to granular hyperpigmentation by two to three weeks after photocoagulation.", "contents": "Acute choroidal ischemia as a complication of photocoagulation. Acute choroidal vascular insufficiency as a complication of photocoagulation has been little noticed. In 17 eyes of 16 patients photocoagulated with either xenon or argon sources for proliferative sickle cell retinopathy, gray lesions of the fundus developed peripheral to the photocoagulation sites. Histologic examination of similar gray lesions produced in monkeys showed necrosis and atrophy of the outer half of the retina. Intense photocoagulation of the human fundus, even with smaller spot sizes, may occlude a choroidal artery, producing separate gray lesions of distinctive shape. The lesions in both the patients and the monkeys progressed to granular hyperpigmentation by two to three weeks after photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:938280", "title": "Transantral-ethmoidal decompression of optic canal fracture.", "content": "A case of indirect trauma to the optic nerve was successfully treated with transethmoidal decompression. The literature was reviewed, and reports of poor results from neurosurgical procedures are cited. Improved results from transethmoidal decompression of the optic nerve have been reported by Japanese authors but, in our opinion, without proper selection of cases. Early diagnosis of traumatic compression of the intracanalicular optic nerve as evidenced by delayed and/or progressive vision loss following injury, coupled with prompt transantral-ethmoidal surgical decompression, should yield gratifying results in the treatment of this uncommon condition.", "contents": "Transantral-ethmoidal decompression of optic canal fracture. A case of indirect trauma to the optic nerve was successfully treated with transethmoidal decompression. The literature was reviewed, and reports of poor results from neurosurgical procedures are cited. Improved results from transethmoidal decompression of the optic nerve have been reported by Japanese authors but, in our opinion, without proper selection of cases. Early diagnosis of traumatic compression of the intracanalicular optic nerve as evidenced by delayed and/or progressive vision loss following injury, coupled with prompt transantral-ethmoidal surgical decompression, should yield gratifying results in the treatment of this uncommon condition."}
{"id": "PMID:938281", "title": "Searching the literature and computerized services in ophthalmology.", "content": "The individual searching the literature of ophthalmology should not find this a time-consuming or frustrating activity. The basic guides to the literature are described, and methods for obtaining information are outlined. The value of orienting oneself to each guide before using it is stressed. Special attention in this communication is given to locating current material; however, guides for searching the older literature are presented also. Since several computerized searching services can be helpful, their programs are briefly described; addresses are given for current prices and additional information. Some of the online services may be accessible in your local or regional medical library. When you become conversant with these guides and methods you will be able to find more information than before, and you will be able to find it more quickly.", "contents": "Searching the literature and computerized services in ophthalmology. The individual searching the literature of ophthalmology should not find this a time-consuming or frustrating activity. The basic guides to the literature are described, and methods for obtaining information are outlined. The value of orienting oneself to each guide before using it is stressed. Special attention in this communication is given to locating current material; however, guides for searching the older literature are presented also. Since several computerized searching services can be helpful, their programs are briefly described; addresses are given for current prices and additional information. Some of the online services may be accessible in your local or regional medical library. When you become conversant with these guides and methods you will be able to find more information than before, and you will be able to find it more quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:938282", "title": "Topical corticosteroid therapy and pituitary-adrenal function.", "content": "Systemic absorption has been reported after the use of corticosteroid eye drops. Prolonged use could result in adrenocortical insufficiency and an associated adrenal crisis under stressful situations. For that reason, we studied the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients receiving corticosteroid eye drope. Fifteen patients were given 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate eye drops, one drop (approximately 1/30 ml) to each eye four times a day for six weeks. This dosage resulted in partial adrenal suppression, manifested by reduced levels of plasma cortisol. However, in each case, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as evaluated with the use of the oral metyrapone tartrate test, was intact.", "contents": "Topical corticosteroid therapy and pituitary-adrenal function. Systemic absorption has been reported after the use of corticosteroid eye drops. Prolonged use could result in adrenocortical insufficiency and an associated adrenal crisis under stressful situations. For that reason, we studied the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients receiving corticosteroid eye drope. Fifteen patients were given 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate eye drops, one drop (approximately 1/30 ml) to each eye four times a day for six weeks. This dosage resulted in partial adrenal suppression, manifested by reduced levels of plasma cortisol. However, in each case, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as evaluated with the use of the oral metyrapone tartrate test, was intact."}
{"id": "PMID:938283", "title": "Cyanate-induced cataracts in patients with sickle-cell hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "Two young patients developed bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts while receiving oral sodium cyanate for treatment of sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. In one of the patients, lens opacities regressed spontaneously after cyanate therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Cyanate-induced cataracts in patients with sickle-cell hemoglobinopathies. Two young patients developed bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts while receiving oral sodium cyanate for treatment of sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. In one of the patients, lens opacities regressed spontaneously after cyanate therapy was discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:938284", "title": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age.", "content": "One hundred sixty-nine adult patients admitted to McPherson Hospital for elective eye or ear, nose, and throat surgery had erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) performed by the Wintrobe method, in addition to the usual admission laboratory work. The patients were selected for study if they had no known disease or were not receiving any medication that affects the sedimentation rate. The results showed that the mean ESR rose with each decade of life.", "contents": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age. One hundred sixty-nine adult patients admitted to McPherson Hospital for elective eye or ear, nose, and throat surgery had erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESRs) performed by the Wintrobe method, in addition to the usual admission laboratory work. The patients were selected for study if they had no known disease or were not receiving any medication that affects the sedimentation rate. The results showed that the mean ESR rose with each decade of life."}
{"id": "PMID:938285", "title": "Sarcoidosis with optic nerve and retinal involvement.", "content": "A patient with the typical funduscopic changes of sarcoidosis died following an accident. The histopathological findings in one eye were correlated with the ophthalmoscopic observations made several days prior to death. Gross and histopathological examination revealed that the characteristic whitish-yellow focal retinal exudates, the perivascular exudates with an appearance like candle wax drippings, the preretinal and intravitreal nodules, and the localized tumefactions on the inner surface of the retina and optic  nerve head noted ophthalmoscopically were a result of the nodular proliferation of epithelioid cells. These cells appeared to be derived primarily from blood vessels in the retina and optic nerve head. Although subpigment epithelial granulomas were found, there were no granulomas present within the choroid or elsewhere within the uvea.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis with optic nerve and retinal involvement. A patient with the typical funduscopic changes of sarcoidosis died following an accident. The histopathological findings in one eye were correlated with the ophthalmoscopic observations made several days prior to death. Gross and histopathological examination revealed that the characteristic whitish-yellow focal retinal exudates, the perivascular exudates with an appearance like candle wax drippings, the preretinal and intravitreal nodules, and the localized tumefactions on the inner surface of the retina and optic  nerve head noted ophthalmoscopically were a result of the nodular proliferation of epithelioid cells. These cells appeared to be derived primarily from blood vessels in the retina and optic nerve head. Although subpigment epithelial granulomas were found, there were no granulomas present within the choroid or elsewhere within the uvea."}
{"id": "PMID:938286", "title": "Scleral tuberculosis.", "content": "A case of scleral tuberculosis was successfully treated by combined systemic and local therapy. The importance of biopsy for early diagnosis and initiation of curative treatment is stressed.", "contents": "Scleral tuberculosis. A case of scleral tuberculosis was successfully treated by combined systemic and local therapy. The importance of biopsy for early diagnosis and initiation of curative treatment is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:938287", "title": "Sato needling for pupillary membranes.", "content": "Dense pupillary membranes are resistant to needle-knife incision. Trauma to attached intraocular structures may be produced during discission techniques that stretch the membrane. The Sato discission technique produces membrane stabilization on a fixation needle. This allows controlled incision of the pupillary membrane at a right angle to the direction of the fibers without tension on surrounding structures. The Sato technique is not difficult, and surgical complications are minimal. Using this technique, adequate pupillary openings were produced in 62 of 65 eyes, with an average follow-up of 50 months. Postoperative visual acuity was 6/24 or better in 43 (74%) eyes. No long-term surgical complications were encountered.", "contents": "Sato needling for pupillary membranes. Dense pupillary membranes are resistant to needle-knife incision. Trauma to attached intraocular structures may be produced during discission techniques that stretch the membrane. The Sato discission technique produces membrane stabilization on a fixation needle. This allows controlled incision of the pupillary membrane at a right angle to the direction of the fibers without tension on surrounding structures. The Sato technique is not difficult, and surgical complications are minimal. Using this technique, adequate pupillary openings were produced in 62 of 65 eyes, with an average follow-up of 50 months. Postoperative visual acuity was 6/24 or better in 43 (74%) eyes. No long-term surgical complications were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:938288", "title": "Lens epithelium and radiation cataract. I. Preliminary studies.", "content": "The migration of epithelial cells during fibergenesis in the lenses of young rats was determined by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Cells initially labeled in the germinative zone appeared in the lens bow within seven days. Irradiation with either 600 or 2,400 rads of x-rays did not greatly alter the migration rate, but it did interfere with normal differentiation and proper fiber deposition, as manifested by a displacement posteriorly of the lens bow nuclei and an accumulation of abnormal nucleated fibers in the posterior part of the cortex. The presence of labeled cells in those regions prior to the onset of opacification is consistent with the possibility of direct epithelial cell involvement in radiation cataractogenesis.", "contents": "Lens epithelium and radiation cataract. I. Preliminary studies. The migration of epithelial cells during fibergenesis in the lenses of young rats was determined by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Cells initially labeled in the germinative zone appeared in the lens bow within seven days. Irradiation with either 600 or 2,400 rads of x-rays did not greatly alter the migration rate, but it did interfere with normal differentiation and proper fiber deposition, as manifested by a displacement posteriorly of the lens bow nuclei and an accumulation of abnormal nucleated fibers in the posterior part of the cortex. The presence of labeled cells in those regions prior to the onset of opacification is consistent with the possibility of direct epithelial cell involvement in radiation cataractogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938289", "title": "Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. I. Clinical observations.", "content": "Rapid eye movements, having high velocity and low amplitude, are described in 11 patients with myasthenia gravis. These movements occur with various degrees of ophthalmoplegia. To distinguish them from the somewhat similar lid-twitch phenomenon, they are called quiver movements. We believed that their presence is pathognomonic of myasthenia and results from a differential involvement of the two myoneural mechanisms that are peculiar to the extraocular muscles.", "contents": "Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. I. Clinical observations. Rapid eye movements, having high velocity and low amplitude, are described in 11 patients with myasthenia gravis. These movements occur with various degrees of ophthalmoplegia. To distinguish them from the somewhat similar lid-twitch phenomenon, they are called quiver movements. We believed that their presence is pathognomonic of myasthenia and results from a differential involvement of the two myoneural mechanisms that are peculiar to the extraocular muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:938290", "title": "Macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries.", "content": "Six patients with spontaneous retinal and/or vitreous hemorrhages were found, on evaluation by fluorescein angiography, to have macroaneurysms involving the major retinal arteries. All showed evidence of other vascular disease. With absorption of the hemorrhages, five patients experienced appreciable improvement in vision. The aneurysms appeared to diminish in size as a result of fibrous changes within the arterial walls. In one patient, however, a second vitreous hemorrhage occurred several months later. The possibility of repeated hemorrhage suggests that more consideration should be given to treatment of these aneurysms.", "contents": "Macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries. Six patients with spontaneous retinal and/or vitreous hemorrhages were found, on evaluation by fluorescein angiography, to have macroaneurysms involving the major retinal arteries. All showed evidence of other vascular disease. With absorption of the hemorrhages, five patients experienced appreciable improvement in vision. The aneurysms appeared to diminish in size as a result of fibrous changes within the arterial walls. In one patient, however, a second vitreous hemorrhage occurred several months later. The possibility of repeated hemorrhage suggests that more consideration should be given to treatment of these aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:938291", "title": "Methodologic differences and measurement of cup-disc ratio: an epidemiologic assessment.", "content": "A retrospective analysis was undertaken to estimate the effect on measurements of cup-disc ratio (CDR) that result from overall differences among examination methods used by experienced investigators. The findings suggest large inter-observer differences, that is, large differences in measurement attributable to differences in definitions and methods between one observer and another. Extreme caution is indicated before attaching wide clinical or investigative importance to a specific value of CDR. A value of CDR regarded as the dividing line between normalcy and suspicion by one observer may be a highly inappropriate cutoff for another observer. Similarly, if different observers record measurements on the same patient, it may be impossible to determine whether the cup of an individual patient changes with time. Interobserver differences also can cast doubt on conclusions drawn from the comparison of data collected by different investigators. There is a need for standardization of definitions and methods in such clinical or research situations.", "contents": "Methodologic differences and measurement of cup-disc ratio: an epidemiologic assessment. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to estimate the effect on measurements of cup-disc ratio (CDR) that result from overall differences among examination methods used by experienced investigators. The findings suggest large inter-observer differences, that is, large differences in measurement attributable to differences in definitions and methods between one observer and another. Extreme caution is indicated before attaching wide clinical or investigative importance to a specific value of CDR. A value of CDR regarded as the dividing line between normalcy and suspicion by one observer may be a highly inappropriate cutoff for another observer. Similarly, if different observers record measurements on the same patient, it may be impossible to determine whether the cup of an individual patient changes with time. Interobserver differences also can cast doubt on conclusions drawn from the comparison of data collected by different investigators. There is a need for standardization of definitions and methods in such clinical or research situations."}
{"id": "PMID:938292", "title": "Ectopia lentis et pupillae.", "content": "Two brothers had ectopia lentis et pupillae, an autosomal recessive disorder. Ascertainment of the brothers occurred through an unaffected sister, who sought genetic advice concerning possible risk for the disorder in her future children. Although the clinical features and the genetic aspects of ectopia lentis et pupillae are well documented in the older ophthalmologic literature, this entity has received relatively little attention recently in major reference texts.", "contents": "Ectopia lentis et pupillae. Two brothers had ectopia lentis et pupillae, an autosomal recessive disorder. Ascertainment of the brothers occurred through an unaffected sister, who sought genetic advice concerning possible risk for the disorder in her future children. Although the clinical features and the genetic aspects of ectopia lentis et pupillae are well documented in the older ophthalmologic literature, this entity has received relatively little attention recently in major reference texts."}
{"id": "PMID:938293", "title": "Lysophosphatidyl choline and cataracts in uveitis.", "content": "In aqueous humor from rabbits with uveitis or after anterior chamber paracentesis, the levels of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) were 10.2mug/ml and 14.7mug/ml, respectively. These LPC levels induce early cataractous changes in the rabbit lens in culture. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of LPC showed that saturated fatty acids were more predominant in secondary aqueous humor than in primary aqueous humor. In vitro, natural LPC induced more pronounced gains in sodium ions and water by the lens than similar concentrations of synthetic L-alpha-lysopalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline. In contrast to prostaglandin E, the levels of LPC in aqueous humor of rabbits with uveitis are cataractogenic. Thus, LPC or its precursors, rather than prostaglandins, are involved in the production of cataracts in uveitis.", "contents": "Lysophosphatidyl choline and cataracts in uveitis. In aqueous humor from rabbits with uveitis or after anterior chamber paracentesis, the levels of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) were 10.2mug/ml and 14.7mug/ml, respectively. These LPC levels induce early cataractous changes in the rabbit lens in culture. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of LPC showed that saturated fatty acids were more predominant in secondary aqueous humor than in primary aqueous humor. In vitro, natural LPC induced more pronounced gains in sodium ions and water by the lens than similar concentrations of synthetic L-alpha-lysopalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline. In contrast to prostaglandin E, the levels of LPC in aqueous humor of rabbits with uveitis are cataractogenic. Thus, LPC or its precursors, rather than prostaglandins, are involved in the production of cataracts in uveitis."}
{"id": "PMID:938294", "title": "Intracapsular plastic lens loop fixation in the rabbit.", "content": "The fixation of two-loop intraocular plastic lenses has been studied in the laboratory. Twenty rabbit eyes underwent extracapsular lens extraction and placement of plastic lens loops within the capsular remnants. Placement was successful in 25 of 40 (62.5%) attempts. The placement of intracapsular lens loops was studied histologically, and the structural alterations were seen to be minimal. There was virtually no cellular response to the implantation of the plastic lenses, even in the areas of tissue contact.", "contents": "Intracapsular plastic lens loop fixation in the rabbit. The fixation of two-loop intraocular plastic lenses has been studied in the laboratory. Twenty rabbit eyes underwent extracapsular lens extraction and placement of plastic lens loops within the capsular remnants. Placement was successful in 25 of 40 (62.5%) attempts. The placement of intracapsular lens loops was studied histologically, and the structural alterations were seen to be minimal. There was virtually no cellular response to the implantation of the plastic lenses, even in the areas of tissue contact."}
{"id": "PMID:938295", "title": "Penetration of tobramycin sulfate in the aqueous humor of the rabbit.", "content": "The intraocular penetration of tobramycin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was evaluated in rabbits following subconjunctival injection. The mean tobramycin sulfate concentration in the aqueous humor 60 minutes after a single 5-mg dose was 5.5 mug/ml, as compared to a mean concentration of 6.7 mug/ml following a single 10-mg dose. These levels exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most Pseudomonas species and a variety of other Gram-negative bacilli recovered from clinical infection. No anterior segment changes that may be attributed to the antibiotic could be demonstrated in the injected eye.", "contents": "Penetration of tobramycin sulfate in the aqueous humor of the rabbit. The intraocular penetration of tobramycin sulfate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was evaluated in rabbits following subconjunctival injection. The mean tobramycin sulfate concentration in the aqueous humor 60 minutes after a single 5-mg dose was 5.5 mug/ml, as compared to a mean concentration of 6.7 mug/ml following a single 10-mg dose. These levels exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for most Pseudomonas species and a variety of other Gram-negative bacilli recovered from clinical infection. No anterior segment changes that may be attributed to the antibiotic could be demonstrated in the injected eye."}
{"id": "PMID:938296", "title": "Pigmented iris angiography.", "content": "A small volume of concentrated fluorescein was used in a technique of fluorescein angiography in rabbits. The procedure is not accompanied by the usual risks of general anesthesia in rabbits. Angiographic findings demonstrated that the pigmented rabbit iris vessel pattern is similar to that found in albino rabbits.", "contents": "Pigmented iris angiography. A small volume of concentrated fluorescein was used in a technique of fluorescein angiography in rabbits. The procedure is not accompanied by the usual risks of general anesthesia in rabbits. Angiographic findings demonstrated that the pigmented rabbit iris vessel pattern is similar to that found in albino rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:938297", "title": "Effect of intraocular gas on intraocular pressure.", "content": "The problems encountered in measuring intraocular pressure in eyes containing a compressible gas and the problem of determining the effect of changes in ambient atmospheric pressure on such eyes have been studied experimentally in enucleated human eyes and living rabbit eyes, and studied theoretically using the Friedenwald pressure-volume relationship, Boyle law, and the Goldmann equation of aqueous humor inflow and outflow. It has been concluded that high displacement tonometry, such as Schi\u00f6tz tonometry will give false low measurements of intraocular pressure under these circumstances, and that there is no reliable way to correct these erroneous measurements other than to carry out tonometry with a low displacement instrument such as the Goldmann tonometer, the Perkins tonometer, or the Mackay-Marg tonometer. It was noted that large changes in intraocular pressure occur during rapid changes in ambient atmospheric pressure. It was concluded from theoretical considerations that persons with an eye containing 1 cu cm or more of a compressible gas should be advised to avoid air travel.", "contents": "Effect of intraocular gas on intraocular pressure. The problems encountered in measuring intraocular pressure in eyes containing a compressible gas and the problem of determining the effect of changes in ambient atmospheric pressure on such eyes have been studied experimentally in enucleated human eyes and living rabbit eyes, and studied theoretically using the Friedenwald pressure-volume relationship, Boyle law, and the Goldmann equation of aqueous humor inflow and outflow. It has been concluded that high displacement tonometry, such as Schi\u00f6tz tonometry will give false low measurements of intraocular pressure under these circumstances, and that there is no reliable way to correct these erroneous measurements other than to carry out tonometry with a low displacement instrument such as the Goldmann tonometer, the Perkins tonometer, or the Mackay-Marg tonometer. It was noted that large changes in intraocular pressure occur during rapid changes in ambient atmospheric pressure. It was concluded from theoretical considerations that persons with an eye containing 1 cu cm or more of a compressible gas should be advised to avoid air travel."}
{"id": "PMID:938300", "title": "[Trauma and carcinoma--cause and corollary of osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact that the hematogenic osteomyelitis can be cured, if a treatment with antibiotics is done early, confines the very difficult question about the correlation between trauma and hematogenous osteomyelitis to exceptional cases. Under certain conditions which have to be described in a more precise way, the trauma sometimes takes the form of an activating partial factor among the variety of causes of the hematogenous osteomyelitis, but is never the only producing cause. Fistulous chronic osteomyelitites are subject to a malignant degeneration at a specified frequency of up to 0.5%. Since an early diagnosis can seldom be made at an intra-osseus carcinoma localization, the demand for prophylactic measures is justified.", "contents": "[Trauma and carcinoma--cause and corollary of osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. The fact that the hematogenic osteomyelitis can be cured, if a treatment with antibiotics is done early, confines the very difficult question about the correlation between trauma and hematogenous osteomyelitis to exceptional cases. Under certain conditions which have to be described in a more precise way, the trauma sometimes takes the form of an activating partial factor among the variety of causes of the hematogenous osteomyelitis, but is never the only producing cause. Fistulous chronic osteomyelitites are subject to a malignant degeneration at a specified frequency of up to 0.5%. Since an early diagnosis can seldom be made at an intra-osseus carcinoma localization, the demand for prophylactic measures is justified."}
{"id": "PMID:938301", "title": "[Tissue regression as occupational disease. Character, causes, and assessment].", "content": "The most frequent of the so-called vocational diseases \"Attrition of brachial joints after working with compressed-air-tools\" and \"Change of the miner's menisci\" have only a loose causal connection with the occupations they are named for: By far the majority of such workers are not affected-even though they handle compressed-air-tools, or do the labor of miners all during their working life. This study explains, that the cause for these diseases is not to be sought in any external influences typical for these activities but rather in some negative tendency of patient's tissue--a definite morbidity towards tissue-regression. Patients are born with this inclination, with, therefore, is not insurable. The conditions for public accident incurance are fulfilled only if work with compressed-air-tools or labour of miners aggravates these negative tendencies. The somewhat indirect causal connection between diseases and occupations, do bring up certain problems and make it rather difficult, to judge these \"tissue-regressions as vocational diseases\".", "contents": "[Tissue regression as occupational disease. Character, causes, and assessment]. The most frequent of the so-called vocational diseases \"Attrition of brachial joints after working with compressed-air-tools\" and \"Change of the miner's menisci\" have only a loose causal connection with the occupations they are named for: By far the majority of such workers are not affected-even though they handle compressed-air-tools, or do the labor of miners all during their working life. This study explains, that the cause for these diseases is not to be sought in any external influences typical for these activities but rather in some negative tendency of patient's tissue--a definite morbidity towards tissue-regression. Patients are born with this inclination, with, therefore, is not insurable. The conditions for public accident incurance are fulfilled only if work with compressed-air-tools or labour of miners aggravates these negative tendencies. The somewhat indirect causal connection between diseases and occupations, do bring up certain problems and make it rather difficult, to judge these \"tissue-regressions as vocational diseases\"."}
{"id": "PMID:938302", "title": "[Tolerance of dimer-X for lumbosacral myelography (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about complications after myelography with Dimer-X. Three cases of transient and 1 case of permanent damage are described.", "contents": "[Tolerance of dimer-X for lumbosacral myelography (author's transl)]. This is a report about complications after myelography with Dimer-X. Three cases of transient and 1 case of permanent damage are described."}
{"id": "PMID:938303", "title": "[Stress tolerance of different osteosynthetic procedures in pertrochanteric fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "To obtain valid information on stress tolerance of pertrochanteric fractures, we exposed three different methods of osteosyntheses to dynamical stress and the results were compared. The methods of osteosyntheses were application of a 130 degrees angle plate, performing an adjoining osteosynthesis with bone cement or using cephalocondylar nails. The measurements in connection with photographical and roentgenological examinations of osteosyntheses under stress gave the following results: Compared with the other methods treatment with condylar nails gave equal results in static behaviour yet was clearly superior in its dynamic reaction.", "contents": "[Stress tolerance of different osteosynthetic procedures in pertrochanteric fractures (author's transl)]. To obtain valid information on stress tolerance of pertrochanteric fractures, we exposed three different methods of osteosyntheses to dynamical stress and the results were compared. The methods of osteosyntheses were application of a 130 degrees angle plate, performing an adjoining osteosynthesis with bone cement or using cephalocondylar nails. The measurements in connection with photographical and roentgenological examinations of osteosyntheses under stress gave the following results: Compared with the other methods treatment with condylar nails gave equal results in static behaviour yet was clearly superior in its dynamic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:938304", "title": "[Experimental investigations to the problem of a stress of compensation of the contralateral hip after hip arthrodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been demonstrated through experimental investigations that the periankylotic locomoter center of the non stiffened hip after hip arthrodesis by the moment of a stress of compensation according to the age of the arthrodesis must leed to a coxarthrosis.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations to the problem of a stress of compensation of the contralateral hip after hip arthrodesis (author's transl)]. It has been demonstrated through experimental investigations that the periankylotic locomoter center of the non stiffened hip after hip arthrodesis by the moment of a stress of compensation according to the age of the arthrodesis must leed to a coxarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:938305", "title": "[Lunatomalacia therapy. II. Operative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns the post-operative examination of 26 patients operated for 27 lunate bone necrosis. The following treatments were given: conservative (7), alloplastic (6), partial or total wrist arthrodesis (6), interposition tendon graft (5) and denervation of the wrist (1). The longest period of observation, an average of 13 4/12 years (maximum 21 years) was with the methods which have been grouped together under the heading conservative, after A. Beck (2), Konjetzny (2), Schneider (2), and Matti (1), the shortest period with the alloplastics and interposition tendon graft. Strict criteria were applied and the conservative method was judged \"good\" in only 2 cases whereas the interposition tendon graft, despite several disturbances in the carpal structure, produced 3 good subjective results. The metal endoprosthesis, which cannot be sutured, is not to be employed again because of the possibility of complications. A report on the results of arthrodesis of the wrist has already been published (Reichelt, 1973, 1975).", "contents": "[Lunatomalacia therapy. II. Operative treatment (author's transl)]. This report concerns the post-operative examination of 26 patients operated for 27 lunate bone necrosis. The following treatments were given: conservative (7), alloplastic (6), partial or total wrist arthrodesis (6), interposition tendon graft (5) and denervation of the wrist (1). The longest period of observation, an average of 13 4/12 years (maximum 21 years) was with the methods which have been grouped together under the heading conservative, after A. Beck (2), Konjetzny (2), Schneider (2), and Matti (1), the shortest period with the alloplastics and interposition tendon graft. Strict criteria were applied and the conservative method was judged \"good\" in only 2 cases whereas the interposition tendon graft, despite several disturbances in the carpal structure, produced 3 good subjective results. The metal endoprosthesis, which cannot be sutured, is not to be employed again because of the possibility of complications. A report on the results of arthrodesis of the wrist has already been published (Reichelt, 1973, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:938306", "title": "[Aneurysmal bone cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors describe histological observations of 15 cases of aneurysmal bone cysts. Frequent occurrence of areas similar to giant cell tumor or solitary bone cyst was found together with fields producing chondroid intercellular substance. Attention is called to the differentiation of the two lesions described above and occasionally tumors and tumor-like conditions of chondroblastic origin. The vascular changes observed in the surroundings (arteriologsclerosis) support the earlier hypotheses attaching importance to local hemodynamic disturbance in the pathogenesis of the lesion. In certain cases penetration of aneurysmal bone cyst into the epiphyseal cartilage was found. Previous infraction or recurrence does not alter the histological picture fundamentally.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal bone cysts (author's transl)]. Authors describe histological observations of 15 cases of aneurysmal bone cysts. Frequent occurrence of areas similar to giant cell tumor or solitary bone cyst was found together with fields producing chondroid intercellular substance. Attention is called to the differentiation of the two lesions described above and occasionally tumors and tumor-like conditions of chondroblastic origin. The vascular changes observed in the surroundings (arteriologsclerosis) support the earlier hypotheses attaching importance to local hemodynamic disturbance in the pathogenesis of the lesion. In certain cases penetration of aneurysmal bone cyst into the epiphyseal cartilage was found. Previous infraction or recurrence does not alter the histological picture fundamentally."}
{"id": "PMID:938307", "title": "[On myositis ossificans localisata and its operative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed 52 patients with myositis ossificans localisata partly of a traumatic, neurogenic or morbid (inflammable) origin. The fact that preferably young men are concerned in cases of traumatic and neurogenic myositis ossificans localisata is certainly not only caused by their increased exposition to trauma, but also by disposition. For indication and operative treatment it is necessary to classify as well as radiologically III different stages of development as respective groups of muscles. In posttraumatic and neurogenic cases relapses post operationem may probably be avoided in case, there is a radiological stage III (total development of muscle ossification).", "contents": "[On myositis ossificans localisata and its operative treatment (author's transl)]. We observed 52 patients with myositis ossificans localisata partly of a traumatic, neurogenic or morbid (inflammable) origin. The fact that preferably young men are concerned in cases of traumatic and neurogenic myositis ossificans localisata is certainly not only caused by their increased exposition to trauma, but also by disposition. For indication and operative treatment it is necessary to classify as well as radiologically III different stages of development as respective groups of muscles. In posttraumatic and neurogenic cases relapses post operationem may probably be avoided in case, there is a radiological stage III (total development of muscle ossification)."}
{"id": "PMID:938308", "title": "[Development and application of a new polyurethane plastics support bandage (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with a newly developed plastics support bandage on 1007 patients are reported. A polyurethane hard foam composition developed specially for medical purposes was used, which is created by blending the two components A (polyol) and B (isocyanate). The principle of our support bandage lies in the fact that after being mixed in a 1:1 ratio, the two highly viscous components are packed into a cotton stocking having a high transverse elasticity. After being rolled out to the desired thickness, the stocking is wrapped around the extremity which it is to support, where it hardens out into a polyurethane hard foam composition. By reason of the moisture content of the scoured cotton stocking, a 1 to 2 mm thick layer of foam forms in the contact region and renders any further padding unnecessary. Correspondingly, by using a double chamber stocking, circular bandages have been produced which can be removed, by means of incorporated zip and interengaging hook fasteners. Reclining shells, abduction bandages and body corsets can be made in the same way. The physical properties of the support bandage are illustrated: apart from its low weight, the bandage is particularly advantageous by reason of its high strength, insensitivity to water and ideal permeability to X-rays. The support bandages are easily made up and entail negligible cost.", "contents": "[Development and application of a new polyurethane plastics support bandage (author's transl)]. Experiences with a newly developed plastics support bandage on 1007 patients are reported. A polyurethane hard foam composition developed specially for medical purposes was used, which is created by blending the two components A (polyol) and B (isocyanate). The principle of our support bandage lies in the fact that after being mixed in a 1:1 ratio, the two highly viscous components are packed into a cotton stocking having a high transverse elasticity. After being rolled out to the desired thickness, the stocking is wrapped around the extremity which it is to support, where it hardens out into a polyurethane hard foam composition. By reason of the moisture content of the scoured cotton stocking, a 1 to 2 mm thick layer of foam forms in the contact region and renders any further padding unnecessary. Correspondingly, by using a double chamber stocking, circular bandages have been produced which can be removed, by means of incorporated zip and interengaging hook fasteners. Reclining shells, abduction bandages and body corsets can be made in the same way. The physical properties of the support bandage are illustrated: apart from its low weight, the bandage is particularly advantageous by reason of its high strength, insensitivity to water and ideal permeability to X-rays. The support bandages are easily made up and entail negligible cost."}
{"id": "PMID:938309", "title": "[Hohmann's procedure for epicodylitis humeri ulnaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about 4 operations using Hohmann's procedure in therapy-resistent epicondylitis humeri ulnaris. The ulnar nerve was not seen during operation. The intervention is as simple as on the radial side. It can be recommended.", "contents": "[Hohmann's procedure for epicodylitis humeri ulnaris (author's transl)]. Report about 4 operations using Hohmann's procedure in therapy-resistent epicondylitis humeri ulnaris. The ulnar nerve was not seen during operation. The intervention is as simple as on the radial side. It can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:938310", "title": "[Myelography--what is it really worth?].", "content": "The routinelike employment of myelography is attached and as follows established. 1. Primum non nocere! This old medical axiom also here has its validity, there are enough examples of incidents and late damages in employment of this method. 2. The myelography is not reliable. Errors are described. 3. Superfluous painful examinations should be spared for the patient: operation and myelography are two interventions. 4. The myelography costs time and prolongs staying in hospital.", "contents": "[Myelography--what is it really worth?]. The routinelike employment of myelography is attached and as follows established. 1. Primum non nocere! This old medical axiom also here has its validity, there are enough examples of incidents and late damages in employment of this method. 2. The myelography is not reliable. Errors are described. 3. Superfluous painful examinations should be spared for the patient: operation and myelography are two interventions. 4. The myelography costs time and prolongs staying in hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:938311", "title": "[Kienb\u00f6ck's disease. Follow-up studies and therapeutic considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper presents a follow-up of patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease up to 30 years after their first symptoms. Only the shortening of the radius and the grafting of the lunate with cancellous bone offers some kind of basic therapy. The intercarpal arthrodesis, the arthrodesis of the wrist and the operation named after Steinh\u00e4user should only be considered in cases with severe deformation and disabling pain.", "contents": "[Kienb\u00f6ck's disease. Follow-up studies and therapeutic considerations (author's transl)]. This paper presents a follow-up of patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease up to 30 years after their first symptoms. Only the shortening of the radius and the grafting of the lunate with cancellous bone offers some kind of basic therapy. The intercarpal arthrodesis, the arthrodesis of the wrist and the operation named after Steinh\u00e4user should only be considered in cases with severe deformation and disabling pain."}
{"id": "PMID:938312", "title": "[Complications after total hip replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Alloarthroplastic replacement of the hip comprises certain risks. Therefore good apparative and instrumental equipment and biological understanding of the post operative phase are necessary. Our rate of operative complications was 1.3% of all cases. In this number fat embolism after implantation of acrylic cement is of special interest. Reference is made of animal experiments on the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Early complications comprise luxation of the prosthesis, bleeding and hematoma formation, iliotibial-nerve syndrome, phlebothrombosis, embolism, early infection. Late complications comprise infection and loosening of the prosthesis. In a total of 1200 implantations we had early complications in 1.8% and late complications in 0.9%. Reference is made of clinical and X-ray signs of loosening of the implant. Arthrography proved to be the most dependable method. We found periarticular calcifications in 30% of all cases. Fractures of the prosthesis were extremely rare: in few cases we found fractures of the polyestercup. In all cases the aggressive granuloma will leed to rarefication of bone sooner or later going along with loosening of the implant.", "contents": "[Complications after total hip replacement (author's transl)]. Alloarthroplastic replacement of the hip comprises certain risks. Therefore good apparative and instrumental equipment and biological understanding of the post operative phase are necessary. Our rate of operative complications was 1.3% of all cases. In this number fat embolism after implantation of acrylic cement is of special interest. Reference is made of animal experiments on the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Early complications comprise luxation of the prosthesis, bleeding and hematoma formation, iliotibial-nerve syndrome, phlebothrombosis, embolism, early infection. Late complications comprise infection and loosening of the prosthesis. In a total of 1200 implantations we had early complications in 1.8% and late complications in 0.9%. Reference is made of clinical and X-ray signs of loosening of the implant. Arthrography proved to be the most dependable method. We found periarticular calcifications in 30% of all cases. Fractures of the prosthesis were extremely rare: in few cases we found fractures of the polyestercup. In all cases the aggressive granuloma will leed to rarefication of bone sooner or later going along with loosening of the implant."}
{"id": "PMID:938313", "title": "[About the relief of severe spasticity in paraplegics (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of spasticity following spinal cord injuries demands a well coordinated team of neurologists, neuro-surgeons, surgeons and orthopedic surgeons. The causes of the beginnings of spasms, circumstances, by which the intensity of existing spasticity is supplementary advanced, will be described. The intensity of spasms in joints of the paralysed limbs can be improved by controlled \"Passive Body Exercises\" for a short time. But we have never seen relievings of spasticity by drugs. In certain cases a systematic rehabilitation takes only effect, if intractable spasticity--especially concerning the knee and hip joints--is either completely removed or at least recovered. By means of a posterior rhizotomy by F\u00f6rster (posterior nerve rotts section) spasms following traumatic spinal cord lesions can be eliminated completely or at least changed for the better just depending largely upon the level of the injury to the cord.", "contents": "[About the relief of severe spasticity in paraplegics (author's transl)]. The treatment of spasticity following spinal cord injuries demands a well coordinated team of neurologists, neuro-surgeons, surgeons and orthopedic surgeons. The causes of the beginnings of spasms, circumstances, by which the intensity of existing spasticity is supplementary advanced, will be described. The intensity of spasms in joints of the paralysed limbs can be improved by controlled \"Passive Body Exercises\" for a short time. But we have never seen relievings of spasticity by drugs. In certain cases a systematic rehabilitation takes only effect, if intractable spasticity--especially concerning the knee and hip joints--is either completely removed or at least recovered. By means of a posterior rhizotomy by F\u00f6rster (posterior nerve rotts section) spasms following traumatic spinal cord lesions can be eliminated completely or at least changed for the better just depending largely upon the level of the injury to the cord."}
{"id": "PMID:938314", "title": "[Cytological examinations of synovial for judgement arthrotic conditions at knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Even if you use very refinded methods of investigation, there might be some difficulties in the estimation of praearthrotic and arthrotic conditions in the knee joint, especially under the aspect of differential diagnostical considerations. In those cases all the diagnostical measures available should be applied. In this paper the value and power of evidence of cytological investigations with arthrotic alterations of the knee joint are checked. For this purpose some synovial liquid was punctured in 25 cases--chosen out of a total number of 140--of operations (mostly on behalf of suspectes meniscopathy). The liquid was worked up in the method found by Vojtisek and analysed. It was possible to correlate the thus found results (analysis of the differential cell formation) with the findings which were objectively gained during the operation. Thereby you could see that the macroscopically visible changes of the synovialis, the menisci and the cartilage, which were divided into 5 groups regarding their form and their degree of significance, allowed a comparison with the findings of the differential cell formations. It is possible to attach certain forms of the differential cell formation to varying macroscopic-anatomic changes of the knee joint. The results are thoroughly discussed.", "contents": "[Cytological examinations of synovial for judgement arthrotic conditions at knee joint (author's transl)]. Even if you use very refinded methods of investigation, there might be some difficulties in the estimation of praearthrotic and arthrotic conditions in the knee joint, especially under the aspect of differential diagnostical considerations. In those cases all the diagnostical measures available should be applied. In this paper the value and power of evidence of cytological investigations with arthrotic alterations of the knee joint are checked. For this purpose some synovial liquid was punctured in 25 cases--chosen out of a total number of 140--of operations (mostly on behalf of suspectes meniscopathy). The liquid was worked up in the method found by Vojtisek and analysed. It was possible to correlate the thus found results (analysis of the differential cell formation) with the findings which were objectively gained during the operation. Thereby you could see that the macroscopically visible changes of the synovialis, the menisci and the cartilage, which were divided into 5 groups regarding their form and their degree of significance, allowed a comparison with the findings of the differential cell formations. It is possible to attach certain forms of the differential cell formation to varying macroscopic-anatomic changes of the knee joint. The results are thoroughly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938315", "title": "[Roentgenologic and morphologic studies of experimental tibial-plateau fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental tibial-plateau fractures had been produced to a series of 12 knee joints of corpses. The knee-joints had been exposed to vertical pressure in an extended position. The exerted pressure and the achieved deformation had been noted down in a diagram. The following radiological and morphological examination of the specimen showed that clear impressed fractured had arrived in case of a small deformation, whereas stronger compression had always caused combinated impression and split fractures. Impressions up to a depth of 3 to 5 mm cannot be proved radiologically. A certain unknown figure must be reckoned with in cases of distorsions of the knee-joint without a striking radiological finding. This will, however, hardly involve therapeutic consequences, because the carrying capacity of the tibial condyle will not be considerably reduced by such small impressions, and there is no fear of a further impression under load.", "contents": "[Roentgenologic and morphologic studies of experimental tibial-plateau fractures (author's transl)]. Experimental tibial-plateau fractures had been produced to a series of 12 knee joints of corpses. The knee-joints had been exposed to vertical pressure in an extended position. The exerted pressure and the achieved deformation had been noted down in a diagram. The following radiological and morphological examination of the specimen showed that clear impressed fractured had arrived in case of a small deformation, whereas stronger compression had always caused combinated impression and split fractures. Impressions up to a depth of 3 to 5 mm cannot be proved radiologically. A certain unknown figure must be reckoned with in cases of distorsions of the knee-joint without a striking radiological finding. This will, however, hardly involve therapeutic consequences, because the carrying capacity of the tibial condyle will not be considerably reduced by such small impressions, and there is no fear of a further impression under load."}
{"id": "PMID:938316", "title": "[The influence of immobilisation on the alcaline phosphatase activity from adults and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcaline phosphatase activities in the sera from 75 children of the age of 2-9 years were determined after immobilisation of various degree. A significant decrease of enzymatic activity was to be seen with increasing immobilisation, in contrast to the adult, where the immobilisation had no influence on the alcaline serumphosphatase.", "contents": "[The influence of immobilisation on the alcaline phosphatase activity from adults and children (author's transl)]. Alcaline phosphatase activities in the sera from 75 children of the age of 2-9 years were determined after immobilisation of various degree. A significant decrease of enzymatic activity was to be seen with increasing immobilisation, in contrast to the adult, where the immobilisation had no influence on the alcaline serumphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:938317", "title": "Otitis media and linguistic incompetence.", "content": "In the examination of some effects of chronic middle ear disorders on the development of auditory processing skills in socioculturally disadvantaged children, three groups of children received a battery of tests assessing speech hearing in quiet, speech hearing in noise, auditory discrimination, phonemic synthesis, dichotic listening, verbal intelligence, and nonverbal intelligence. The experimental group consisted of 14 Australian aboriginal children with histories of chronic middle disorder, whereas two control groups, one European and the other aboriginal, each contained 18 children with normal middle ear function. The results demonstrated that chronic middle ear impairment not only restricts the development of some auditory processing skills, but distorts their integrational pattern.", "contents": "Otitis media and linguistic incompetence. In the examination of some effects of chronic middle ear disorders on the development of auditory processing skills in socioculturally disadvantaged children, three groups of children received a battery of tests assessing speech hearing in quiet, speech hearing in noise, auditory discrimination, phonemic synthesis, dichotic listening, verbal intelligence, and nonverbal intelligence. The experimental group consisted of 14 Australian aboriginal children with histories of chronic middle disorder, whereas two control groups, one European and the other aboriginal, each contained 18 children with normal middle ear function. The results demonstrated that chronic middle ear impairment not only restricts the development of some auditory processing skills, but distorts their integrational pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:938319", "title": "Viral infection as a cause of acute peripheral facial palsy.", "content": "Among 51 patients with acute peripheral facial palsy, varicella-zoster virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in one case, and Herpesvirus hominis from the nasopharynx in two cases. In 12 other cases, complement-fixing antibody or hemagglutination inhibition tests indicated a recent viral infection (varicella-zoster, seven; herpes simplex, one; cytomegalovirus, one; influenza type B virus, two; and mumps virus, one). One additional patient had clinical signs of herpes zoster oticus. About one third of these 16 virus-positive patients, but also one third of the remaining group, had increased levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, and immunoglobulins. Evidently, an inflammatory reaction preceded or coincided with the facial palsy in both groups. In CSF, an increase of total proteins and gamma-globulins was frequently found among all 20 patients examined (eight were virus-positive).", "contents": "Viral infection as a cause of acute peripheral facial palsy. Among 51 patients with acute peripheral facial palsy, varicella-zoster virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in one case, and Herpesvirus hominis from the nasopharynx in two cases. In 12 other cases, complement-fixing antibody or hemagglutination inhibition tests indicated a recent viral infection (varicella-zoster, seven; herpes simplex, one; cytomegalovirus, one; influenza type B virus, two; and mumps virus, one). One additional patient had clinical signs of herpes zoster oticus. About one third of these 16 virus-positive patients, but also one third of the remaining group, had increased levels of alpha 1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, and immunoglobulins. Evidently, an inflammatory reaction preceded or coincided with the facial palsy in both groups. In CSF, an increase of total proteins and gamma-globulins was frequently found among all 20 patients examined (eight were virus-positive)."}
{"id": "PMID:938320", "title": "Laryngeal vibration patterns. Machine-aided measurements from high-speed film.", "content": "A report is given on the development of procedures to process laryngeal high-speed films to extract the glottal wave-form and other glottal measurements. The glottal waveforms that are derived by this direct method are being used to determine whether the pathological larynx is manifested in its abnormal vibratory pattern. The glottal waveforms measured by sonic-sensing pen tracing, cursor outlining, a photocell technique, and television camera scanning are presented and compared with the conventional polar planimeter method. To date, the television camera method is the most rapid procedure and can process approximately 400 frames per hour in a semiautomatic mode. This method determines the glottal area, length, and width by a combination of analog-digital circuitry and minicomputer processing. This information is being used to explicate the exact nature of the vibrational patterns produced by the normal and pathological larynges.", "contents": "Laryngeal vibration patterns. Machine-aided measurements from high-speed film. A report is given on the development of procedures to process laryngeal high-speed films to extract the glottal wave-form and other glottal measurements. The glottal waveforms that are derived by this direct method are being used to determine whether the pathological larynx is manifested in its abnormal vibratory pattern. The glottal waveforms measured by sonic-sensing pen tracing, cursor outlining, a photocell technique, and television camera scanning are presented and compared with the conventional polar planimeter method. To date, the television camera method is the most rapid procedure and can process approximately 400 frames per hour in a semiautomatic mode. This method determines the glottal area, length, and width by a combination of analog-digital circuitry and minicomputer processing. This information is being used to explicate the exact nature of the vibrational patterns produced by the normal and pathological larynges."}
{"id": "PMID:938321", "title": "Acoustic reflex characteristics in spastic dysphonia.", "content": "Acoustic reflex characteristics were studied in six persons with spastic dysphonia. Two methods of analysis were used: (1) a double-blind qualitative judgment of acoustic reflex recordings, and (2) a quantitative analysis of specific temporal characteristics of the acoustic reflexes. Judgments of reflex recordings did not reliably differentiate spastic dysphonia subjects from controls. An analysis of five latency measures revealed a difference between groups only in one measure, reflex contraction time.", "contents": "Acoustic reflex characteristics in spastic dysphonia. Acoustic reflex characteristics were studied in six persons with spastic dysphonia. Two methods of analysis were used: (1) a double-blind qualitative judgment of acoustic reflex recordings, and (2) a quantitative analysis of specific temporal characteristics of the acoustic reflexes. Judgments of reflex recordings did not reliably differentiate spastic dysphonia subjects from controls. An analysis of five latency measures revealed a difference between groups only in one measure, reflex contraction time."}
{"id": "PMID:938323", "title": "Action of inflammatory mediators on middle ear mucosa. A method for measuring permeability and swelling.", "content": "We describe a technique for measuring changes of permeability and vasodilation-edema in middle ear and Eustachian tube mucosa when this tissue is challenged with an inflammatory mediator. A ten-minute exposure to histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E1 or E2 causes marked increases in permeability and a vasodilation-edema that lasts from 30 minutes to two hours. The passage across the mucosa of a small ion-pertechnetate-is increased by these mediators. Protein molecules, normally prevented from permeating the blood-mucosal barrier, permeate in substantial amounts after the middle ear mucosa is challenged with inflammatory mediators. Thus, the mediators seem capable of producing two of the cardinal signs of middle ear inflammation. They may be the proximal cause of middle ear effusions and their continued presence may be responsible for the chronic nature of this disease.", "contents": "Action of inflammatory mediators on middle ear mucosa. A method for measuring permeability and swelling. We describe a technique for measuring changes of permeability and vasodilation-edema in middle ear and Eustachian tube mucosa when this tissue is challenged with an inflammatory mediator. A ten-minute exposure to histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin E1 or E2 causes marked increases in permeability and a vasodilation-edema that lasts from 30 minutes to two hours. The passage across the mucosa of a small ion-pertechnetate-is increased by these mediators. Protein molecules, normally prevented from permeating the blood-mucosal barrier, permeate in substantial amounts after the middle ear mucosa is challenged with inflammatory mediators. Thus, the mediators seem capable of producing two of the cardinal signs of middle ear inflammation. They may be the proximal cause of middle ear effusions and their continued presence may be responsible for the chronic nature of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938324", "title": "Cross-sectional area of scala tympani in human and cat.", "content": "The cross-sectional area of scala tympani is measured in midmodiolar sections of both human and cat temporal bones (20 pairs each). The areal sizes of scala tympani in different turns of human cochlea are more than twice those in the cat. A noticeable area reduction between the lower basal turn and the upper basal turn is found in the cat. The cross-sectional view of scala tympani is ovoid to round and flat on top in the basal turns, but it is more like a flat triangle in the lower middle turn and above. The area measurement of the scala tympani assists the development of the implantable electrode. The information also contributes to the construction of models for physiological experiments.", "contents": "Cross-sectional area of scala tympani in human and cat. The cross-sectional area of scala tympani is measured in midmodiolar sections of both human and cat temporal bones (20 pairs each). The areal sizes of scala tympani in different turns of human cochlea are more than twice those in the cat. A noticeable area reduction between the lower basal turn and the upper basal turn is found in the cat. The cross-sectional view of scala tympani is ovoid to round and flat on top in the basal turns, but it is more like a flat triangle in the lower middle turn and above. The area measurement of the scala tympani assists the development of the implantable electrode. The information also contributes to the construction of models for physiological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:938326", "title": "Functional veloplasty in bilateral palatal palsy.", "content": "A new technique for the treatment of bilateral palatal palsy involves the submucosal transposition of the tensor palati muscles of both sides to form an active muscular sling for the elevation of the paralyzed soft palate. The effect of the rerouted tensor palati muscle on Eustachian tube function and its efficacy as a substitute for the levator palati muscle in lifting the soft palate was evaluated by animal experimentation. Subsequently, two patients with bilateral palatal palsy, who failed to show improvement during a six-month period, were treated successfully with this new surgical technique, \"functional veloplasty\", without complication.", "contents": "Functional veloplasty in bilateral palatal palsy. A new technique for the treatment of bilateral palatal palsy involves the submucosal transposition of the tensor palati muscles of both sides to form an active muscular sling for the elevation of the paralyzed soft palate. The effect of the rerouted tensor palati muscle on Eustachian tube function and its efficacy as a substitute for the levator palati muscle in lifting the soft palate was evaluated by animal experimentation. Subsequently, two patients with bilateral palatal palsy, who failed to show improvement during a six-month period, were treated successfully with this new surgical technique, \"functional veloplasty\", without complication."}
{"id": "PMID:938332", "title": "The audiometric utility of brain stem responses to low-frequency sounds.", "content": "The human scalp-recorded vertex-positive brain stem response to a click or high-frequency tone pip is an excellent audiometric indicator. Its latency of 6-9 ms is practically independent of the polarity of the stimulus but is inversely related to intensity. With a 4,800- or 2,400-Hz tone pip (filtered click) its threshold of detectability is usually at or below 10 dB SL. With a 500-Hz tone pip, with rise and fall of 2-3 ms, the response at 30 dBSL is low in amplitude, rounded in wave form, and has a latency of about 10 ms. When the polarity of the stimulus is reversed, the latency shifts by 1 ms. At and above 40 dB, this late response is obsured by a larger and earlier response. High-pass (1,500 Hz) masking noise does not affect the low-level response but the earlier high-level response is reduced in amplitude and delayed by about 1 ms. The large early response seems to be initiated by stimulation of the basal turn of the cochlea by the low-frequency transient. The frequency-following response (FFR) to a 500-Hz tone burst with a 2-ms rise time has a threshold at about 40 dB SL. Its relatively short latency is appropriate to the basal turn. A later low-amplitude apically generated response can sometimes be detected, either at a lower stimulus level or in the presence of high-pass masking noise. The usual FFR often has complex wave forms and some individuals show only an onset response, even at 70 dB SL. It is almost impossible to edentify with certainty the first individual waves of FFR as they relate to the individual waves of the tone burst and as they change amplitude with intensity. The audiometric usefulness of the high-threshold responses to 500 Hz that are initiated in the basal turn is doubtful. The low-threshold responses initiated in the apical turn are so difficult to identify with certainty that they are not likely to be of clinical value unless high-pass masking noise can be used to clarify them.", "contents": "The audiometric utility of brain stem responses to low-frequency sounds. The human scalp-recorded vertex-positive brain stem response to a click or high-frequency tone pip is an excellent audiometric indicator. Its latency of 6-9 ms is practically independent of the polarity of the stimulus but is inversely related to intensity. With a 4,800- or 2,400-Hz tone pip (filtered click) its threshold of detectability is usually at or below 10 dB SL. With a 500-Hz tone pip, with rise and fall of 2-3 ms, the response at 30 dBSL is low in amplitude, rounded in wave form, and has a latency of about 10 ms. When the polarity of the stimulus is reversed, the latency shifts by 1 ms. At and above 40 dB, this late response is obsured by a larger and earlier response. High-pass (1,500 Hz) masking noise does not affect the low-level response but the earlier high-level response is reduced in amplitude and delayed by about 1 ms. The large early response seems to be initiated by stimulation of the basal turn of the cochlea by the low-frequency transient. The frequency-following response (FFR) to a 500-Hz tone burst with a 2-ms rise time has a threshold at about 40 dB SL. Its relatively short latency is appropriate to the basal turn. A later low-amplitude apically generated response can sometimes be detected, either at a lower stimulus level or in the presence of high-pass masking noise. The usual FFR often has complex wave forms and some individuals show only an onset response, even at 70 dB SL. It is almost impossible to edentify with certainty the first individual waves of FFR as they relate to the individual waves of the tone burst and as they change amplitude with intensity. The audiometric usefulness of the high-threshold responses to 500 Hz that are initiated in the basal turn is doubtful. The low-threshold responses initiated in the apical turn are so difficult to identify with certainty that they are not likely to be of clinical value unless high-pass masking noise can be used to clarify them."}
{"id": "PMID:938333", "title": "[Effects of duration on the equal loudness contours of short and brief tones: 40 phones equal loudness contours. Preliminary experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Loudness balances have been obtained between 10-, 20-, 100- and 1,000-ms tones of different frequencies (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 and 12,000 Hz), and a constant reference tone of 1,000 Hz and 1,000 ms duration at 40 dB SPL. The absolute thresholds were also measured on the same observers at each duration. Progressive shifts of the equal loudness contours appear when the durations become shorter, in the same direction as the corresponding shifts of the threshold curves; the shifts of the equal loudness contours and the corresponding shifts of the threshold curves do not however appear completely similar; some differences may also exist between tones of differing frequencies. These experiments were preliminary ones; some problems arise, in relation with the technique used; improvements appear necessary.", "contents": "[Effects of duration on the equal loudness contours of short and brief tones: 40 phones equal loudness contours. Preliminary experiments (author's transl)]. Loudness balances have been obtained between 10-, 20-, 100- and 1,000-ms tones of different frequencies (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 and 12,000 Hz), and a constant reference tone of 1,000 Hz and 1,000 ms duration at 40 dB SPL. The absolute thresholds were also measured on the same observers at each duration. Progressive shifts of the equal loudness contours appear when the durations become shorter, in the same direction as the corresponding shifts of the threshold curves; the shifts of the equal loudness contours and the corresponding shifts of the threshold curves do not however appear completely similar; some differences may also exist between tones of differing frequencies. These experiments were preliminary ones; some problems arise, in relation with the technique used; improvements appear necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:938334", "title": "High-frequency audiometry above 8,000 Hz.", "content": "Human auditory sensitivity for the frequencies 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, and 20 kHz was examined in a group of 41 female university students ranging in age from 19 to 22 years. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine the feasibility of high-frequency testing using procedures routinely employed in clinical audiometry and to collect normative data using this procedure on a young adult population. A modified Hughson Westlake procedure was employed and thresholds were obtained for both ears of each subject. It was noted that for the 20-kHz tone only 52% of the subjects tested were able to respond. Statistical analysis revealed no significant threshold differences between right or left ears for all subjects at any frequency. The approach described in the present study provided reliable thresholds and was found to be clinically feasible. Comparisons were made with similar previous studies and the results of the present study were found to be in general, overall agreement.", "contents": "High-frequency audiometry above 8,000 Hz. Human auditory sensitivity for the frequencies 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, and 20 kHz was examined in a group of 41 female university students ranging in age from 19 to 22 years. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine the feasibility of high-frequency testing using procedures routinely employed in clinical audiometry and to collect normative data using this procedure on a young adult population. A modified Hughson Westlake procedure was employed and thresholds were obtained for both ears of each subject. It was noted that for the 20-kHz tone only 52% of the subjects tested were able to respond. Statistical analysis revealed no significant threshold differences between right or left ears for all subjects at any frequency. The approach described in the present study provided reliable thresholds and was found to be clinically feasible. Comparisons were made with similar previous studies and the results of the present study were found to be in general, overall agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:938335", "title": "Typing of B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms.", "content": "Jerger's method for classifying BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS is the most widely acccepted clinical classification system. The audiologist types the BEKESY audiogram based upon visual inspection of the relation between the continuous- and interrupted-tone tracings. To determine the extent of agreement among audiogram type, four expert judges using a forced-choice, blind procedure, independently typed 170 audiograms. Contingency coefficients were between 0.89 and 0.90 for the six sets of paired judges. Contingency coefficients between each judge and a numerical criterion classification system ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 representing the validity of the visual method. The visual method is a valid procedure for typing BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS.", "contents": "Typing of B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms. Jerger's method for classifying BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS is the most widely acccepted clinical classification system. The audiologist types the BEKESY audiogram based upon visual inspection of the relation between the continuous- and interrupted-tone tracings. To determine the extent of agreement among audiogram type, four expert judges using a forced-choice, blind procedure, independently typed 170 audiograms. Contingency coefficients were between 0.89 and 0.90 for the six sets of paired judges. Contingency coefficients between each judge and a numerical criterion classification system ranged from 0.86 to 0.94 representing the validity of the visual method. The visual method is a valid procedure for typing BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS."}
{"id": "PMID:938336", "title": "Comparison of two methods to predict cochlear pathology from B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracings.", "content": "Two different methods for classifying cochlear pathology were applied to 62 BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS obtained from cochlear pathology subjects to determine which method was the better indicator of cochlear pathology. The two methods compared were: (1) Jerger's type II, which is based upon the difference (D) between the client's threshold for the interrupted-tone tracing and the threshold for the continuous-tone tracing; and (2) Bilger's Wc, which is the swing width of the continuous tone tracing for 4,000 Hz. Results indicated that D classified 62% of the audiograms (39) correctly, and Wc classified 52% of the audiograms (32) correctly. Both measures jointly classified 37% of the audiograms (23) correctly and jointly missed 23% of the audiograms (14). Statistical analysis showed no difference between the two methods in classifying cochlear pathology.", "contents": "Comparison of two methods to predict cochlear pathology from B\u00e9k\u00e9sy tracings. Two different methods for classifying cochlear pathology were applied to 62 BEKESY AUDIOGRAMS obtained from cochlear pathology subjects to determine which method was the better indicator of cochlear pathology. The two methods compared were: (1) Jerger's type II, which is based upon the difference (D) between the client's threshold for the interrupted-tone tracing and the threshold for the continuous-tone tracing; and (2) Bilger's Wc, which is the swing width of the continuous tone tracing for 4,000 Hz. Results indicated that D classified 62% of the audiograms (39) correctly, and Wc classified 52% of the audiograms (32) correctly. Both measures jointly classified 37% of the audiograms (23) correctly and jointly missed 23% of the audiograms (14). Statistical analysis showed no difference between the two methods in classifying cochlear pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:938337", "title": "Speech audiometry for children and subjective probability of Polish words.", "content": "Word lists used for speech audiometry should fulfill a number of conditions in order that the results of hearing tests be unambiguous and directly interpretable not only in terms of possible hearing loss but also in terms of the neurolinguistic decoding process. In order to construct a proper word list, it was decided to attempt to estimate the subjective probability of word occurrence in schoolchildren. Nine different lists of over 300 words each were prepared, containing words of all assumed degrees of familiarity. In the preliminary stage, the lists were presented to 600 children in primary and secondary schools. The children were asked to mark each word with a number indicating their relative familiarity with the word. The answers were examined for homogeneity.", "contents": "Speech audiometry for children and subjective probability of Polish words. Word lists used for speech audiometry should fulfill a number of conditions in order that the results of hearing tests be unambiguous and directly interpretable not only in terms of possible hearing loss but also in terms of the neurolinguistic decoding process. In order to construct a proper word list, it was decided to attempt to estimate the subjective probability of word occurrence in schoolchildren. Nine different lists of over 300 words each were prepared, containing words of all assumed degrees of familiarity. In the preliminary stage, the lists were presented to 600 children in primary and secondary schools. The children were asked to mark each word with a number indicating their relative familiarity with the word. The answers were examined for homogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:938339", "title": "Audiological status of children with cleft palate. A review of 350 cases.", "content": "350 children treated for cleft palate at the children's Hospital of Cape Town, have been followed by periodic examination at the Audiological Unit of the Groote Schuur Hospital over a period of 7 years. The incidence of middle ear disease has been found to be over 60%. Its frequency and severity has been assessed and the progress of the hearing loss in individual cases during childhood years has been followed in many instances. The causation is discussed and methods of management described. The incidence is correlated with the type of operation performed for cleft repair and with the age at which it was done.", "contents": "Audiological status of children with cleft palate. A review of 350 cases. 350 children treated for cleft palate at the children's Hospital of Cape Town, have been followed by periodic examination at the Audiological Unit of the Groote Schuur Hospital over a period of 7 years. The incidence of middle ear disease has been found to be over 60%. Its frequency and severity has been assessed and the progress of the hearing loss in individual cases during childhood years has been followed in many instances. The causation is discussed and methods of management described. The incidence is correlated with the type of operation performed for cleft repair and with the age at which it was done."}
{"id": "PMID:938340", "title": "Performance of hearing aids with an induction loop amplification system: laboratory versus classroom setting.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the acoustic response of ten body-type hearing aids when used with an induction loop amplification (ILA) system in the laboratory and in the actual classroom setting. Undesirable frequency response characteristics were discovered in the classroom ILA system used in this study. These consist of a slightly poorer low-frequency response and a deep notch at about 2,500 Hz. Had the frequency response of the classroom ILA system been flat, differences between laboratory and classroom measures would have been minimized. Findings of this study support the practicality of measurement in the classroom of the operating characteristics of ILA systems.", "contents": "Performance of hearing aids with an induction loop amplification system: laboratory versus classroom setting. This study was designed to investigate the acoustic response of ten body-type hearing aids when used with an induction loop amplification (ILA) system in the laboratory and in the actual classroom setting. Undesirable frequency response characteristics were discovered in the classroom ILA system used in this study. These consist of a slightly poorer low-frequency response and a deep notch at about 2,500 Hz. Had the frequency response of the classroom ILA system been flat, differences between laboratory and classroom measures would have been minimized. Findings of this study support the practicality of measurement in the classroom of the operating characteristics of ILA systems."}
{"id": "PMID:938338", "title": "Masking level difference for speech: effects of ear dominance and age.", "content": "A comparison was made of right and left ear discrimination of monosyllables presented with competing 'cocktail party' in conditions of signal monaural-noise monaural, and signal monaural-noise binaural and in-phase interaurally. The effects of these conditions were compared in 20 normal children aged 5-6 years, 40 normal young adults and 20 adults aged 66-76 years. The magnitudes of right and left ear masking level differences (MLDs) were compared at each age level. (1) MLDs occurred for all three age groups; (2) for the two adult age groups, mean right ear scores exceeded mean left ear scores in the case of monaural noise presentation, although the difference was significant only for the young adults; (3) no interaural difference appeared for the children, and (4) marked variability of the magnitude of the MLDs occurred among subjects of all three age groups.", "contents": "Masking level difference for speech: effects of ear dominance and age. A comparison was made of right and left ear discrimination of monosyllables presented with competing 'cocktail party' in conditions of signal monaural-noise monaural, and signal monaural-noise binaural and in-phase interaurally. The effects of these conditions were compared in 20 normal children aged 5-6 years, 40 normal young adults and 20 adults aged 66-76 years. The magnitudes of right and left ear masking level differences (MLDs) were compared at each age level. (1) MLDs occurred for all three age groups; (2) for the two adult age groups, mean right ear scores exceeded mean left ear scores in the case of monaural noise presentation, although the difference was significant only for the young adults; (3) no interaural difference appeared for the children, and (4) marked variability of the magnitude of the MLDs occurred among subjects of all three age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:938341", "title": "Intelligibility of speech transduced via classroom-installed FM and conventional audio induction loop amplification systems.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the intelligibility of speech transduced through a classroom-installed FM system and a conventional induction loop amplification (ILA) system and to examine the applicability of an FM adapter when used with commercially available hearing aids. Findings indicate that speech reproduced via the FM system is significantly better than that of the conventional audio induction loop used in this study. It seems likely that the irregular high-frequency response of the ILA system was responsible for this difference. When an FM adapter was used in conjunction with body-type hearing aids, the frequency response of the telecoil along with the positioning of the adapter determine the total performance of the aid.", "contents": "Intelligibility of speech transduced via classroom-installed FM and conventional audio induction loop amplification systems. This study was designed to investigate the intelligibility of speech transduced through a classroom-installed FM system and a conventional induction loop amplification (ILA) system and to examine the applicability of an FM adapter when used with commercially available hearing aids. Findings indicate that speech reproduced via the FM system is significantly better than that of the conventional audio induction loop used in this study. It seems likely that the irregular high-frequency response of the ILA system was responsible for this difference. When an FM adapter was used in conjunction with body-type hearing aids, the frequency response of the telecoil along with the positioning of the adapter determine the total performance of the aid."}
{"id": "PMID:938343", "title": "N1 latencies of the slow auditory evoked potential.", "content": "Several studies have been published concerning the relation between stimulus level and amplitude of the slow auditory evoked response. Little attention has, however, been given to the relation between level and latency of the N1 component (100-200 ms). A mathematical model of such a relation is proposed based on the assumption of an exponential relationship. The model has been tested on normally hearing subjects as well as on patients with sensorineural lesions, cochlear as well as retrocochlear. The results indicate that the proposed method of evaluating the slow evoked responses offers a way of threshold extrapolation with rather good accuracy. It also appears to be useful in determining the type of hearing loss.", "contents": "N1 latencies of the slow auditory evoked potential. Several studies have been published concerning the relation between stimulus level and amplitude of the slow auditory evoked response. Little attention has, however, been given to the relation between level and latency of the N1 component (100-200 ms). A mathematical model of such a relation is proposed based on the assumption of an exponential relationship. The model has been tested on normally hearing subjects as well as on patients with sensorineural lesions, cochlear as well as retrocochlear. The results indicate that the proposed method of evaluating the slow evoked responses offers a way of threshold extrapolation with rather good accuracy. It also appears to be useful in determining the type of hearing loss."}
{"id": "PMID:938342", "title": "Reliability and validity of late vertex-evoked response audiometry.", "content": "In order to evaluate the current visual scoring technique in the late vertex-evoked response audiometry (ERA), the detectability of the response, errors in judgment, consistency between scorers and test-retest reliability were studied in adults and young children in waking and sleeping states. In waking adults, ERA proved to be a quite reliable and valid method for testing hearing objectively. On the contrary, a marked inconsistency was found in the appearance of the response in children during sleep. From a clinical standpoint, ERA in waking adults and sleeping children should be regarded as two substantially different methods.", "contents": "Reliability and validity of late vertex-evoked response audiometry. In order to evaluate the current visual scoring technique in the late vertex-evoked response audiometry (ERA), the detectability of the response, errors in judgment, consistency between scorers and test-retest reliability were studied in adults and young children in waking and sleeping states. In waking adults, ERA proved to be a quite reliable and valid method for testing hearing objectively. On the contrary, a marked inconsistency was found in the appearance of the response in children during sleep. From a clinical standpoint, ERA in waking adults and sleeping children should be regarded as two substantially different methods."}
{"id": "PMID:938344", "title": "Relations between electric response audiometry, conventional audiometry and psychodiagnostic examinations in hearing-impaired children.", "content": "To obtain a more objective determination of the hearing loss and thereby a more effective therapy, we compared the results of conventional audiometry (reflex and behavioural audiometry) with electric response audiometry (ERA) results in 522 children whose median age was 3 years. ERA threshold was more sensitive at 10.8 +/- 17.5 dB. The mean difference and its standard deviation are both much greater for the younger children and particularly for non-cooperative children, but neither relates clearly to intelligence. In the case of 'difficult-to-test' children (due to behavioural disturbance, mental retardation or brain damage), we carried out a psychological examination consisting of several special non-verbal tests. 62.7% of children with IQs under 70 needed sedation; for the children whose IQs lay above 70, this proportion was only 37.3%. Our artefact rejection system greatly reduced the percentage of sedations required, particularly for children under 3 years of age.", "contents": "Relations between electric response audiometry, conventional audiometry and psychodiagnostic examinations in hearing-impaired children. To obtain a more objective determination of the hearing loss and thereby a more effective therapy, we compared the results of conventional audiometry (reflex and behavioural audiometry) with electric response audiometry (ERA) results in 522 children whose median age was 3 years. ERA threshold was more sensitive at 10.8 +/- 17.5 dB. The mean difference and its standard deviation are both much greater for the younger children and particularly for non-cooperative children, but neither relates clearly to intelligence. In the case of 'difficult-to-test' children (due to behavioural disturbance, mental retardation or brain damage), we carried out a psychological examination consisting of several special non-verbal tests. 62.7% of children with IQs under 70 needed sedation; for the children whose IQs lay above 70, this proportion was only 37.3%. Our artefact rejection system greatly reduced the percentage of sedations required, particularly for children under 3 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:938345", "title": "Use of frequency-shifted/time-compressed speech with hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Several electromechanical aids to education for hearing-impaired children have been studied. One method that has received minimal attention is that of frequency-shifted/time-compressed (FS/TC) speech. This study was designed to determine if intelligibility scores on a standard intelligibility measure for children, whereby the words on the test was modified by 35% FS/TC, would show improvement from a pre- to a post-testing session. Nine hearing-impaired children were presented a 0 and 35% FS/TC speech pretest, then trained for 15 days using 35% FS/TC speech signals, and subsequently were presented a 0 and 35% FS/TC speech post-test. A second group of 9 hearing-impaired children were presented similar pre- and post-tests, but were trained under a 0% FS/TC speech condition. The group trained under the 35% FS/TC speech condition showed score gains from the pre- to post-test session, whereas the 0% FS/TC speech group showed essentially no gains from the pre- to the post-test session. The potential application of FS/TC speech to the education of hearing-impaired children were discussed.", "contents": "Use of frequency-shifted/time-compressed speech with hearing-impaired children. Several electromechanical aids to education for hearing-impaired children have been studied. One method that has received minimal attention is that of frequency-shifted/time-compressed (FS/TC) speech. This study was designed to determine if intelligibility scores on a standard intelligibility measure for children, whereby the words on the test was modified by 35% FS/TC, would show improvement from a pre- to a post-testing session. Nine hearing-impaired children were presented a 0 and 35% FS/TC speech pretest, then trained for 15 days using 35% FS/TC speech signals, and subsequently were presented a 0 and 35% FS/TC speech post-test. A second group of 9 hearing-impaired children were presented similar pre- and post-tests, but were trained under a 0% FS/TC speech condition. The group trained under the 35% FS/TC speech condition showed score gains from the pre- to post-test session, whereas the 0% FS/TC speech group showed essentially no gains from the pre- to the post-test session. The potential application of FS/TC speech to the education of hearing-impaired children were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938346", "title": "Binaural speech discrimination.", "content": "The phenomenon of binaural summation in which the addition of signals presented to the two ears simultaneously takes place at a central level, has been known for many years. It is reasonable to assume that the pattern of summation differs between subjects with central lesions and those with lesions in the peripheral auditory tracts. Various tests have been proposed to aid in locating the site of the lesion which compare the monaural and binaural speech discrimination scores. In the present work, two of these tests have been examined. Three groups of subjects have been used: (1) a normally hearing group; (2) a group with hearing impairment resulting from cochlea pathology, and (3) a group with hearing impairment resulting from lesions at the level of the cochlear nuclei. The results showed that neither test differentiated between peripheral and cochlear nuclei lesions.", "contents": "Binaural speech discrimination. The phenomenon of binaural summation in which the addition of signals presented to the two ears simultaneously takes place at a central level, has been known for many years. It is reasonable to assume that the pattern of summation differs between subjects with central lesions and those with lesions in the peripheral auditory tracts. Various tests have been proposed to aid in locating the site of the lesion which compare the monaural and binaural speech discrimination scores. In the present work, two of these tests have been examined. Three groups of subjects have been used: (1) a normally hearing group; (2) a group with hearing impairment resulting from cochlea pathology, and (3) a group with hearing impairment resulting from lesions at the level of the cochlear nuclei. The results showed that neither test differentiated between peripheral and cochlear nuclei lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:938347", "title": "Threshold improvement and acoustic gain with hearing aids.", "content": "Aided speech reception thresholds were obtained from 20 hearing-impaired listeners with three hearing aids adjusted to confort settings, and with the aids adjusted to deliver 40 dB of acoustic gain. The aided speech reception threshold under each condition was substracted from the unaided speech reception threshold to yield a measure of threshold improvement. Threshold improvement and acoustic gain comparisons revealed that, at comfort setting, these two measures were quite similar. However, at the 40-dB gain setting, acoustic gain exceeded threshold improvement by an average of 5.6 dB. For the high-gain condition, it appeared that the threshold improvement obtained by subjects with relatively good unaided sensitivity was limited by the ambient noise in the test chamber.", "contents": "Threshold improvement and acoustic gain with hearing aids. Aided speech reception thresholds were obtained from 20 hearing-impaired listeners with three hearing aids adjusted to confort settings, and with the aids adjusted to deliver 40 dB of acoustic gain. The aided speech reception threshold under each condition was substracted from the unaided speech reception threshold to yield a measure of threshold improvement. Threshold improvement and acoustic gain comparisons revealed that, at comfort setting, these two measures were quite similar. However, at the 40-dB gain setting, acoustic gain exceeded threshold improvement by an average of 5.6 dB. For the high-gain condition, it appeared that the threshold improvement obtained by subjects with relatively good unaided sensitivity was limited by the ambient noise in the test chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:938348", "title": "Speech audiometry and fitting of hearing aids in noise.", "content": "Conventional speech audiometry, performed in a noise-free testing room, often gives only little information on the patient's impairment of speech perception in daily life. A sensitized form of free-field speech audiometry is suggested which simulates everyday speech perception and, at the same time, supplies comparable and reproducible results. The test material consists of phonetically balanced sentences. From separate loudspeakers, a standardized environmental noise with a constant sound pressure level, 50 dB(A) is admixed. By this technique, certain handicaps in speech perception, undetected by conventional test procedures, can be revealed. Above all, the results are in good accordance with the subjective assessment of disability. A standardization of 'handicap speech audiometry' based on these principles is therefore suggested. The comparative hearing-aid fitting in noise improves the final selection with special regard to practical use.", "contents": "Speech audiometry and fitting of hearing aids in noise. Conventional speech audiometry, performed in a noise-free testing room, often gives only little information on the patient's impairment of speech perception in daily life. A sensitized form of free-field speech audiometry is suggested which simulates everyday speech perception and, at the same time, supplies comparable and reproducible results. The test material consists of phonetically balanced sentences. From separate loudspeakers, a standardized environmental noise with a constant sound pressure level, 50 dB(A) is admixed. By this technique, certain handicaps in speech perception, undetected by conventional test procedures, can be revealed. Above all, the results are in good accordance with the subjective assessment of disability. A standardization of 'handicap speech audiometry' based on these principles is therefore suggested. The comparative hearing-aid fitting in noise improves the final selection with special regard to practical use."}
{"id": "PMID:938352", "title": "An evaluation of the Australian beef carcase appraisal system.", "content": "The australian Beef Carcase Appraisal System (ABCAS) which evaluates the commerical worth of carcases by scoring fat percentage, estimated from carcase weight and fat thickness, and by scoring muscle weight, estimated from rib-eye area (REA) and carcase length (CL), was used on 45 steer carcases. Scores were related to carcase components determined by total dissection. ABCAS underestimated fat percentage in 44 of the 45 carcases, the degree increasing with carcase fatness. In 26 of the 44 carcases (59.1%) fat was underestimated by over 7%. Twenty-nine of the 45 carcases (64.4%) received more points for the ABCAS estimates of fat percentage than for dissected values. Nine (20.0%) received the same score for the estimate but in 7 of these this was the minimum score for overfatness. Seven carcases only (15.6%) scored less for estimated fat percentage, 6 of these resulting from under-estimations on the ABCAS scale. Nine carcases which should have been penalised for overfatness were penalised for underfinish. ABCAS adjustments to estimated fat percentage for carcase weight were contradicted because of the small (0.03) but highly significant positive regression of fat percentage on carcase weight. ABCAS scores for carcase muscle, based on REA and CL were neither closely nor consistently related to dissected muscle percentage. The range of dissected muscle in the fat-free carcase (72-81%) was not accurately reflected by the ABCAS points score range (14-46). REA and CL were not satisfactory predictors of carcase muscle. It is concluded that differences in weight or percentage of muscle between carcases at constant fat-free carcase weight may be too small to determine accurately using current prediciton parameters. A useful estimation of the commercial value of a carcase may be based on cold carcase weight and fat thickness at the 10th rib. Two equations utilising these measurements are given for estimating fat percentage and muscle weight.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Australian beef carcase appraisal system. The australian Beef Carcase Appraisal System (ABCAS) which evaluates the commerical worth of carcases by scoring fat percentage, estimated from carcase weight and fat thickness, and by scoring muscle weight, estimated from rib-eye area (REA) and carcase length (CL), was used on 45 steer carcases. Scores were related to carcase components determined by total dissection. ABCAS underestimated fat percentage in 44 of the 45 carcases, the degree increasing with carcase fatness. In 26 of the 44 carcases (59.1%) fat was underestimated by over 7%. Twenty-nine of the 45 carcases (64.4%) received more points for the ABCAS estimates of fat percentage than for dissected values. Nine (20.0%) received the same score for the estimate but in 7 of these this was the minimum score for overfatness. Seven carcases only (15.6%) scored less for estimated fat percentage, 6 of these resulting from under-estimations on the ABCAS scale. Nine carcases which should have been penalised for overfatness were penalised for underfinish. ABCAS adjustments to estimated fat percentage for carcase weight were contradicted because of the small (0.03) but highly significant positive regression of fat percentage on carcase weight. ABCAS scores for carcase muscle, based on REA and CL were neither closely nor consistently related to dissected muscle percentage. The range of dissected muscle in the fat-free carcase (72-81%) was not accurately reflected by the ABCAS points score range (14-46). REA and CL were not satisfactory predictors of carcase muscle. It is concluded that differences in weight or percentage of muscle between carcases at constant fat-free carcase weight may be too small to determine accurately using current prediciton parameters. A useful estimation of the commercial value of a carcase may be based on cold carcase weight and fat thickness at the 10th rib. Two equations utilising these measurements are given for estimating fat percentage and muscle weight."}
{"id": "PMID:938353", "title": "Bovine nasal granuloma in Victoria -- a search for the causative allergens.", "content": "Cows with nasal granuloma showed skin sensitivity to a range of environmental allergens while clinically normal control animals showed little sensitivity. The allergens producing the greatest number of positive reactions included the pollens of dock, capeweed, clover, paspalum, sorrel, rye grass, pepper tree and wattle, the spores of penicillium, cladosporium, botrytis and rye grass rust and extracts of sheep's wool and mite. It is likely that different allergens are important in different animals and in different regions and their importance in the aetiology of nasal granuloma probably depends on their presence in the inhaled air in high concentration for long periods.", "contents": "Bovine nasal granuloma in Victoria -- a search for the causative allergens. Cows with nasal granuloma showed skin sensitivity to a range of environmental allergens while clinically normal control animals showed little sensitivity. The allergens producing the greatest number of positive reactions included the pollens of dock, capeweed, clover, paspalum, sorrel, rye grass, pepper tree and wattle, the spores of penicillium, cladosporium, botrytis and rye grass rust and extracts of sheep's wool and mite. It is likely that different allergens are important in different animals and in different regions and their importance in the aetiology of nasal granuloma probably depends on their presence in the inhaled air in high concentration for long periods."}
{"id": "PMID:938349", "title": "[The use of the stapedius reflex in the fitting of hearing aids (author transl)].", "content": "The authors made experiments concerning the stapedius reflex without and with an hearing aid; there is a relation between this reflex and the discomfort threshold for the selection. The stimulus is given on a loudspeaker and the stapedius reflex permits in some cases to know the gain of the hearing aid and also the limit of discomfort. This method very useful particulary for children is objective.", "contents": "[The use of the stapedius reflex in the fitting of hearing aids (author transl)]. The authors made experiments concerning the stapedius reflex without and with an hearing aid; there is a relation between this reflex and the discomfort threshold for the selection. The stimulus is given on a loudspeaker and the stapedius reflex permits in some cases to know the gain of the hearing aid and also the limit of discomfort. This method very useful particulary for children is objective."}
{"id": "PMID:938354", "title": "Bovine nasal granuloma: a review.", "content": "The literature on granulomatous nasal diseases of cattle is reviewed, with emphasis on nasal granuloma, a disease of unknown cause which is enzootic in Australian dairy cattle. It is concluded that on available evidence the disease is most probably a form of allergic rhinitis.", "contents": "Bovine nasal granuloma: a review. The literature on granulomatous nasal diseases of cattle is reviewed, with emphasis on nasal granuloma, a disease of unknown cause which is enzootic in Australian dairy cattle. It is concluded that on available evidence the disease is most probably a form of allergic rhinitis."}
{"id": "PMID:938355", "title": "An economic analysis of two schemes for the anthelmintic control of helminthiasis in weaned lambs.", "content": "The economic benefit obtained from 2 schemes for the strategic control of helminthiasis in weaned lambs has been assessed in the Western District of Victoria. The results were compared with those from sheep in control groups which were given a single anthelmintic treatment during an outbreak of helminthosis. Mortality in sheep receiving the critical treatment scheme of 2 appropriately timed anthelmintic treatments was 12%, compared with 22% in the group receiving the traditional series of summer and autumn treatments, and 26% in the control group. As a result of this difference in mortality rate, the critical treatment scheme was the most profitable control strategy at 1970-71 prices, yielding a net benefit of $70 per 100 sheep in comparison with the control group which received no strategic treatment. This is 538% return on funds invested in anthelmintic treatment. The benefit from this scheme was not unduly affected by variation in wool or sheep prices, nor to possible differences in mortality rate within the expected range. The traditional treatment scheme also yielded positive net returns, but the results were adversely affected by a small change in mortality rate and therefore could not be recommended for routine use on commerical farms.", "contents": "An economic analysis of two schemes for the anthelmintic control of helminthiasis in weaned lambs. The economic benefit obtained from 2 schemes for the strategic control of helminthiasis in weaned lambs has been assessed in the Western District of Victoria. The results were compared with those from sheep in control groups which were given a single anthelmintic treatment during an outbreak of helminthosis. Mortality in sheep receiving the critical treatment scheme of 2 appropriately timed anthelmintic treatments was 12%, compared with 22% in the group receiving the traditional series of summer and autumn treatments, and 26% in the control group. As a result of this difference in mortality rate, the critical treatment scheme was the most profitable control strategy at 1970-71 prices, yielding a net benefit of $70 per 100 sheep in comparison with the control group which received no strategic treatment. This is 538% return on funds invested in anthelmintic treatment. The benefit from this scheme was not unduly affected by variation in wool or sheep prices, nor to possible differences in mortality rate within the expected range. The traditional treatment scheme also yielded positive net returns, but the results were adversely affected by a small change in mortality rate and therefore could not be recommended for routine use on commerical farms."}
{"id": "PMID:938350", "title": "Effects of reflex middle-ear muscle contractions on cochlear responses to bone-conducted sound.", "content": "The effects of contralaterally elicited middle-ear muscle (MEM) reflexes on cochlear microphonic responses to air- and bone-conducted tones were examined in decerobrate cats. Stapedius effects on bone condn air conduction were almost identical in configuration and amplitude to those on air conduction at all frequencies. However, tensor tympani effects were more complex, the configuration of the bone-conduction effects varying with the location of the transducer on the skull and with frequency. The relative contributions of the two muscles to the effects of joint contractions varied markedly between animals. It is suggested that non-reflex MEM contractions associated with activity of the facial musculature might provide protection against masking of environmental sounds by the low-frequency bone-conducted sound generated by such activity.", "contents": "Effects of reflex middle-ear muscle contractions on cochlear responses to bone-conducted sound. The effects of contralaterally elicited middle-ear muscle (MEM) reflexes on cochlear microphonic responses to air- and bone-conducted tones were examined in decerobrate cats. Stapedius effects on bone condn air conduction were almost identical in configuration and amplitude to those on air conduction at all frequencies. However, tensor tympani effects were more complex, the configuration of the bone-conduction effects varying with the location of the transducer on the skull and with frequency. The relative contributions of the two muscles to the effects of joint contractions varied markedly between animals. It is suggested that non-reflex MEM contractions associated with activity of the facial musculature might provide protection against masking of environmental sounds by the low-frequency bone-conducted sound generated by such activity."}
{"id": "PMID:938356", "title": "A comparison of worm burdens in grazing merino sheep and angora goats.", "content": "The worm burdens of Angora and Merino wethers grazing with their own species or in a mixed flock were compared over a 4 month period. Based on faecal egg counts and larval differentiation, all animals had similar levels and types of infection at the beginning of the experiment when they were 15 months old. Although the initial infection in sheep and goats was similar, sheep subsequently developed a stronger resistance to worms. Therefore, at the termination of the experiment the sheep had significantly fewer worms of all species, except Nematodirus, than did the goats. There was no significant within-host difference in worm burdens whether the animals grazed exclusively with their own species or in the mixed flock.", "contents": "A comparison of worm burdens in grazing merino sheep and angora goats. The worm burdens of Angora and Merino wethers grazing with their own species or in a mixed flock were compared over a 4 month period. Based on faecal egg counts and larval differentiation, all animals had similar levels and types of infection at the beginning of the experiment when they were 15 months old. Although the initial infection in sheep and goats was similar, sheep subsequently developed a stronger resistance to worms. Therefore, at the termination of the experiment the sheep had significantly fewer worms of all species, except Nematodirus, than did the goats. There was no significant within-host difference in worm burdens whether the animals grazed exclusively with their own species or in the mixed flock."}
{"id": "PMID:938357", "title": "The isolation of Bordetella bronchiseptic from an outbreak of canine pneumonia.", "content": "This report describes an outbreak of bronchitis and bronchopneumonia among young dogs in a breeding kennel following the introduction of two pups from another area. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in heavy culture from affected animals which responded well to antibacterial therapy. There was no evidence of distemper virus involvement. Important bacteriological properties of Bord. bronchiseptica are discussed particularly as they relate to its known pathogenicity in the young of several species of animal. During the outbreak reported, it was noted that only young pups were clinically affected and it is suggested that Bord. bronchiseptica may be pathogenic in a certain age-group within the canine population. This seems to require further investigation.", "contents": "The isolation of Bordetella bronchiseptic from an outbreak of canine pneumonia. This report describes an outbreak of bronchitis and bronchopneumonia among young dogs in a breeding kennel following the introduction of two pups from another area. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in heavy culture from affected animals which responded well to antibacterial therapy. There was no evidence of distemper virus involvement. Important bacteriological properties of Bord. bronchiseptica are discussed particularly as they relate to its known pathogenicity in the young of several species of animal. During the outbreak reported, it was noted that only young pups were clinically affected and it is suggested that Bord. bronchiseptica may be pathogenic in a certain age-group within the canine population. This seems to require further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:938371", "title": "Efficacy of chlortetracycline against Mycoplasma synoviae isolated in two periods.", "content": "Isolates obtained in 1954-55 were generally more pathogenic for the synovial membranes than those obtained in 1969-73. All isolates were capable of producing synovitis when inoculated into the foot pad. Chlortetracycline was effective in controlling signs of infectious synovitis at the 100-g/ton concentration. The 50-g concentration prevented mortality and reduced morbidity. All concentrations of chlortetracycline used (50, 100, or 200 g/ton of feed) reduced immune response, positive agglutination tests, and isolation of MS below that of inoculated untreated birds. Chlortetracycline at all concentrations prevented the spread of MS in contact controls. Chlortetracycline was more effective against the 1954-55 isolates than the 1969-73 isolates when measured by gross lesions, development of agglutinins, and isolation of mycoplasma. No difference in efficacy was found in mortality, weight gain, and feed efficiency.", "contents": "Efficacy of chlortetracycline against Mycoplasma synoviae isolated in two periods. Isolates obtained in 1954-55 were generally more pathogenic for the synovial membranes than those obtained in 1969-73. All isolates were capable of producing synovitis when inoculated into the foot pad. Chlortetracycline was effective in controlling signs of infectious synovitis at the 100-g/ton concentration. The 50-g concentration prevented mortality and reduced morbidity. All concentrations of chlortetracycline used (50, 100, or 200 g/ton of feed) reduced immune response, positive agglutination tests, and isolation of MS below that of inoculated untreated birds. Chlortetracycline at all concentrations prevented the spread of MS in contact controls. Chlortetracycline was more effective against the 1954-55 isolates than the 1969-73 isolates when measured by gross lesions, development of agglutinins, and isolation of mycoplasma. No difference in efficacy was found in mortality, weight gain, and feed efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:938373", "title": "Detection of four serotypes of avian adenovirus in New Zealand.", "content": "Twenty agents with adenovirus morphology were recovered from New Zealand domestic hens by means of chick kidney cell cultures. All the agents gave distinct cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell cultures, with two different types of CPE observed. On the basis of neutralization tests, the twenty agents were assigned to four distinct serological groups. Physicochemical tests on a \"prototype\" strain from each serological group confirmed that these agents are adenoviruses. The four prototype strains recovered in New Zealand are related to established overseas strains. One strain is serologically related to agents that cause IBH.", "contents": "Detection of four serotypes of avian adenovirus in New Zealand. Twenty agents with adenovirus morphology were recovered from New Zealand domestic hens by means of chick kidney cell cultures. All the agents gave distinct cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell cultures, with two different types of CPE observed. On the basis of neutralization tests, the twenty agents were assigned to four distinct serological groups. Physicochemical tests on a \"prototype\" strain from each serological group confirmed that these agents are adenoviruses. The four prototype strains recovered in New Zealand are related to established overseas strains. One strain is serologically related to agents that cause IBH."}
{"id": "PMID:938374", "title": "Serologic studies with Mycoplasma synoviae in experimentally inoculated chickens.", "content": "Three strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) (Olson-WVU 1853, reported in 1956; and Massachusetts 9895 and 5044, respectively isolated in 1957 and 1972) were used for experimental inoculation of chickens to evaluate the various mycoplasma serologic tests. The MS plate agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were highly sensitive for detection of infection; reactions persisted for test periods extending to 63 weeks. Correlation between MS HI-tube and micro methods was good. HI titers were highest in sera from birds inoculated with strain 9895. All three strains produced cross-reactions with M. Gallisepticum (MG) plate antigens, which were detectable for 2 to 12 weeks following MS inoculation; strain 5044 produced the lowest percentage of cross-reactions. MG HI titers of 16 were observed occasionally in sera from all three group inoculated with strain 1853. It appears from these limited serologic studies in chickens that there may be antigenic differences among the three MS strains.", "contents": "Serologic studies with Mycoplasma synoviae in experimentally inoculated chickens. Three strains of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) (Olson-WVU 1853, reported in 1956; and Massachusetts 9895 and 5044, respectively isolated in 1957 and 1972) were used for experimental inoculation of chickens to evaluate the various mycoplasma serologic tests. The MS plate agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests were highly sensitive for detection of infection; reactions persisted for test periods extending to 63 weeks. Correlation between MS HI-tube and micro methods was good. HI titers were highest in sera from birds inoculated with strain 9895. All three strains produced cross-reactions with M. Gallisepticum (MG) plate antigens, which were detectable for 2 to 12 weeks following MS inoculation; strain 5044 produced the lowest percentage of cross-reactions. MG HI titers of 16 were observed occasionally in sera from all three group inoculated with strain 1853. It appears from these limited serologic studies in chickens that there may be antigenic differences among the three MS strains."}
{"id": "PMID:938376", "title": "Studies on genetic and vaccination-induced resistance of chickens to lymphoid tumor transplants. 1. Marek's disease tumor transplant (JMV).", "content": "Six strains and 4 inbred lines of chickens that differed in susceptibility to Marek's disease (MD) were inoculated in the wing web with JMV when 5 weeks old. Wing web tumors (WWT) developed in all strains and lines inoculated with low-passage JMV (JMV-L) but were largest in Cornell Strain S (highly susceptible to MD). Of 3 strains inoculated with high-passage JMV (JMV-H), only Strain S had appreciable WWT development. Seventy-five percent of the unvaccinated S strain chickens challenged with JMV-L or JMV-H died during the experiments, and approximately half of this mortality occurred during the second week postinoculation. Inbred Line GC ranked next in susceptibility to Strain S and was more susceptible than other lines and strains, including the strain from which it originated. Vaccination with turkey herpesvirus one week before challenge protected against mortality and suppressed WWT development. The effect on WWT development was less, however, in Strains S and NH than in other strains.  The transplantability of the tumor was investigated with the use of sex chromosomes as cell markers. Five to 7 days postinoculation of male Strain S chicks with JMV-L or JMV-H, most cells in metaphase from wing web or visceral tumors were of female origin. By 56 days, only male cells were found in visceral tumors. The interpretation was that early lesions were due to tumor transplantation and later lesions were induced by virus.", "contents": "Studies on genetic and vaccination-induced resistance of chickens to lymphoid tumor transplants. 1. Marek's disease tumor transplant (JMV). Six strains and 4 inbred lines of chickens that differed in susceptibility to Marek's disease (MD) were inoculated in the wing web with JMV when 5 weeks old. Wing web tumors (WWT) developed in all strains and lines inoculated with low-passage JMV (JMV-L) but were largest in Cornell Strain S (highly susceptible to MD). Of 3 strains inoculated with high-passage JMV (JMV-H), only Strain S had appreciable WWT development. Seventy-five percent of the unvaccinated S strain chickens challenged with JMV-L or JMV-H died during the experiments, and approximately half of this mortality occurred during the second week postinoculation. Inbred Line GC ranked next in susceptibility to Strain S and was more susceptible than other lines and strains, including the strain from which it originated. Vaccination with turkey herpesvirus one week before challenge protected against mortality and suppressed WWT development. The effect on WWT development was less, however, in Strains S and NH than in other strains.  The transplantability of the tumor was investigated with the use of sex chromosomes as cell markers. Five to 7 days postinoculation of male Strain S chicks with JMV-L or JMV-H, most cells in metaphase from wing web or visceral tumors were of female origin. By 56 days, only male cells were found in visceral tumors. The interpretation was that early lesions were due to tumor transplantation and later lesions were induced by virus."}
{"id": "PMID:938372", "title": "Agarose droplet method of macrophage migration-inhibition test of Newcastle disease virus in chickens.", "content": "The migration of peritoneal exudate cells collected from chickens immunized against Newcastle disease virus was inhibited by the inactivated virus antigen. The agarose droplet method for macrophage migration-inhibition test in chickens is described.", "contents": "Agarose droplet method of macrophage migration-inhibition test of Newcastle disease virus in chickens. The migration of peritoneal exudate cells collected from chickens immunized against Newcastle disease virus was inhibited by the inactivated virus antigen. The agarose droplet method for macrophage migration-inhibition test in chickens is described."}
{"id": "PMID:938377", "title": "Studies on genetic and vaccination-induced resistance of chickens to lymphoid tumor transplants 2. Transmissible lymphoid tumor of Olson.", "content": "Transmissible lymphoid tumor (TLT) was inoculated in wing webs of five-week-old chickens of 6 strains. About half of the chickens of each strain had been vaccinated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT) one week before challenge in the wing web with TLT. Tumors which developed at the site of inoculation usually reached maximum size within 2 weeks and then regressed. In some chickens, however, tumors developed in visceral organs and caused death in the 2nd through 5th weeks postinoculation. Comparisons among strains of chickens in Expt. 1 revealed no differences in mortality. Vaccination with HVT reduced mortality and also the incidence of wing-web tumors (WWT) in all strains of chickens. A lymphoid leukosis virus and a Marek's disease (MD) virus of low virulence were detected in preparations of TLT, and it is suggested that the immunity induced by vaccination may have been directed against tumor antigens associated with MD virus.", "contents": "Studies on genetic and vaccination-induced resistance of chickens to lymphoid tumor transplants 2. Transmissible lymphoid tumor of Olson. Transmissible lymphoid tumor (TLT) was inoculated in wing webs of five-week-old chickens of 6 strains. About half of the chickens of each strain had been vaccinated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT) one week before challenge in the wing web with TLT. Tumors which developed at the site of inoculation usually reached maximum size within 2 weeks and then regressed. In some chickens, however, tumors developed in visceral organs and caused death in the 2nd through 5th weeks postinoculation. Comparisons among strains of chickens in Expt. 1 revealed no differences in mortality. Vaccination with HVT reduced mortality and also the incidence of wing-web tumors (WWT) in all strains of chickens. A lymphoid leukosis virus and a Marek's disease (MD) virus of low virulence were detected in preparations of TLT, and it is suggested that the immunity induced by vaccination may have been directed against tumor antigens associated with MD virus."}
{"id": "PMID:938378", "title": "Competition between nonplaquing and plaquing strains of Newcastle disease virus as affected by temperature.", "content": "If lentogenic (nonplaquing) strains of Newcastle disease virus were inoculated into a monolayer of chicken embryo fibroblasts before velogenic (plaquing) strains, the plaquing of the latter were inhibited partially or completely. An interval of 22 hours between the two inoculations gave greater inhibition than did 1 hour. In general, lentogenic strains grew better at 37 C (inhibited plaquing more effectively) than at 42 C. Enzootic velogenic strains that produce a neurotropic form of the disease in chickens were inhibited more than were exotic velogenic strains that produce a viscerotropic form. The lentogenic strains differed markedly in ability to interfere with velogenic strains.", "contents": "Competition between nonplaquing and plaquing strains of Newcastle disease virus as affected by temperature. If lentogenic (nonplaquing) strains of Newcastle disease virus were inoculated into a monolayer of chicken embryo fibroblasts before velogenic (plaquing) strains, the plaquing of the latter were inhibited partially or completely. An interval of 22 hours between the two inoculations gave greater inhibition than did 1 hour. In general, lentogenic strains grew better at 37 C (inhibited plaquing more effectively) than at 42 C. Enzootic velogenic strains that produce a neurotropic form of the disease in chickens were inhibited more than were exotic velogenic strains that produce a viscerotropic form. The lentogenic strains differed markedly in ability to interfere with velogenic strains."}
{"id": "PMID:938375", "title": "Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease. II. Effect of vaccine diluents.", "content": "Three diluents (deionized water, 2% dry milk, and 20% buffered glycerin) were used to suspend the Newcastle disease vaccine for aerosol-vaccination studies. Particle size and the effect on humoral antibody response in chickens was determined for each diluent. For all diluents, the greatest number of particles were found in the size range of 0.5-3 mum. Total particle counts were higher with glycerin than with either milk or water. Antibody response and resistance to challenge, however, were higher with water or milk.", "contents": "Aerosol vaccination against Newcastle disease. II. Effect of vaccine diluents. Three diluents (deionized water, 2% dry milk, and 20% buffered glycerin) were used to suspend the Newcastle disease vaccine for aerosol-vaccination studies. Particle size and the effect on humoral antibody response in chickens was determined for each diluent. For all diluents, the greatest number of particles were found in the size range of 0.5-3 mum. Total particle counts were higher with glycerin than with either milk or water. Antibody response and resistance to challenge, however, were higher with water or milk."}
{"id": "PMID:938379", "title": "Natural resistance to Marek's disease at hatching in chickens lacking maternal antibody, and relationship between this early resistance and resistance acquired with age.", "content": "Chickens of lines 6 and N, selected for resistance to Marek's disease (MD) and lacking maternal antibody, were resistant to MD mortality when exposed to pathogenic MD virus (MDV) at 1 day old. This finding indicated that natural resistance to MD is well developed at hatching in certain lines and is not dependent upon increasing age. Evidence obtained for lesion regression in early resistance and for possible genetic control of resistance acquired with age indicated that resistance at hatching and that acquired with age may be similar in character and may represent early and late manifestations of common natural resistance, possibly mediated through similar mechanisms.", "contents": "Natural resistance to Marek's disease at hatching in chickens lacking maternal antibody, and relationship between this early resistance and resistance acquired with age. Chickens of lines 6 and N, selected for resistance to Marek's disease (MD) and lacking maternal antibody, were resistant to MD mortality when exposed to pathogenic MD virus (MDV) at 1 day old. This finding indicated that natural resistance to MD is well developed at hatching in certain lines and is not dependent upon increasing age. Evidence obtained for lesion regression in early resistance and for possible genetic control of resistance acquired with age indicated that resistance at hatching and that acquired with age may be similar in character and may represent early and late manifestations of common natural resistance, possibly mediated through similar mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:938380", "title": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. III. In vitro assay for cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from turkeys immunized against fowl cholera with a bacterin or a live avirulent vaccine (strain CS-148) were cultured in vitro with various antigenic preparations from Pasteurella multocida (strain P-1059). The degree of lymphocyte stimulation (blastogenesis) was quantitated by measurement of the uptake of (3H) thymidine. Higher stimulation indices were obtained with immune lymphocytes rather than nonimmune lymphocytes. Stimulation was specific since PBL from turkeys immunized against P. multocida failed to react with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma synoviae antigens. These differences were statistically significant as analyzed with the student's t-test. The lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity that should help define the role of cell-mediated immunity in P. multocida infections of turkeys.", "contents": "Studies on Pasteurella multocida. III. In vitro assay for cell-mediated immunity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from turkeys immunized against fowl cholera with a bacterin or a live avirulent vaccine (strain CS-148) were cultured in vitro with various antigenic preparations from Pasteurella multocida (strain P-1059). The degree of lymphocyte stimulation (blastogenesis) was quantitated by measurement of the uptake of (3H) thymidine. Higher stimulation indices were obtained with immune lymphocytes rather than nonimmune lymphocytes. Stimulation was specific since PBL from turkeys immunized against P. multocida failed to react with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma synoviae antigens. These differences were statistically significant as analyzed with the student's t-test. The lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity that should help define the role of cell-mediated immunity in P. multocida infections of turkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:938381", "title": "Evaluation of avian mycoplasma membranes as antigens.", "content": "Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae membranes were obtained by lysing mycoplasma cells with carbonate bicarbonate buffer at pH 10. Membrane preparations were compared with whole-cell preparations as to efficacy in the plate and tube agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Membrane antigens were somewhat more sensitive in the plate and tube agglutination tests, whereas the hemagglutination-inhibition test showed no major difference between whole and membrane antigens. The membrane preparations were equal to whole-cell antigens in specificity.", "contents": "Evaluation of avian mycoplasma membranes as antigens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae membranes were obtained by lysing mycoplasma cells with carbonate bicarbonate buffer at pH 10. Membrane preparations were compared with whole-cell preparations as to efficacy in the plate and tube agglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Membrane antigens were somewhat more sensitive in the plate and tube agglutination tests, whereas the hemagglutination-inhibition test showed no major difference between whole and membrane antigens. The membrane preparations were equal to whole-cell antigens in specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:938382", "title": "Cooperative state-federal turkey ornithosis task force, Texas, 1974.", "content": "Ornithosis was suggested by a routine analysis of tissue specimens from Texas turkey flocks submitted to the Texas A&M University Poultry Disease Laboratory at Gonzales on April 30, 1974, and of subsequent specimens from four additional flocks. Subsequently, illness in humans at turkey processing plants in Texas, Nebraska, and Missouri, implicating turkeys from Texas, was confirmed as ornithosis in July 1974; and, associated with this outbreak, ornithosis was suspected as the cause of the death of one human. Action was taken by state and federal poultry disease control and inspection officials, public health agencies, and the turkey industry in Texas.", "contents": "Cooperative state-federal turkey ornithosis task force, Texas, 1974. Ornithosis was suggested by a routine analysis of tissue specimens from Texas turkey flocks submitted to the Texas A&M University Poultry Disease Laboratory at Gonzales on April 30, 1974, and of subsequent specimens from four additional flocks. Subsequently, illness in humans at turkey processing plants in Texas, Nebraska, and Missouri, implicating turkeys from Texas, was confirmed as ornithosis in July 1974; and, associated with this outbreak, ornithosis was suspected as the cause of the death of one human. Action was taken by state and federal poultry disease control and inspection officials, public health agencies, and the turkey industry in Texas."}
{"id": "PMID:938383", "title": "Observations on the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus: significance of variables.", "content": "Virus strain and age of chicken influenced the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The ability of LaSota, B1, V4, CT, F, and Ulster strains to spread from cages of oronasally inoculated chickens to adjacent cages of susceptible chickens was assessed by virus isolation, serology, and immunity to challenge with virulent NDV. Although all inoculated chickens were immune to challenge, the immunity of contact chickens ranged from 100% for LaSota and CT strains to 0% for Ulster strain. The transmissibility of B1 and V4 strains for chickens 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks old was assessed by within-cage contact infection, exposure to contaminated food and water containers, and exposure to air from infected chickens. Serology and immunity to challenge with virulent virus were used as criteria. Differences in transmissibility were observed for the strain of virus used, route of exposure, and age of chickens. Care must be used in interpreting the significance of strain differences until the effect of variables can be minimized by further improvements in design of the test procedure.", "contents": "Observations on the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus: significance of variables. Virus strain and age of chicken influenced the transmissibility of lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The ability of LaSota, B1, V4, CT, F, and Ulster strains to spread from cages of oronasally inoculated chickens to adjacent cages of susceptible chickens was assessed by virus isolation, serology, and immunity to challenge with virulent NDV. Although all inoculated chickens were immune to challenge, the immunity of contact chickens ranged from 100% for LaSota and CT strains to 0% for Ulster strain. The transmissibility of B1 and V4 strains for chickens 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks old was assessed by within-cage contact infection, exposure to contaminated food and water containers, and exposure to air from infected chickens. Serology and immunity to challenge with virulent virus were used as criteria. Differences in transmissibility were observed for the strain of virus used, route of exposure, and age of chickens. Care must be used in interpreting the significance of strain differences until the effect of variables can be minimized by further improvements in design of the test procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:938385", "title": "Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen experiments.", "content": "Monensin at 60, 80, or 100 ppm in feed reduced mortality and lesion scores while protecting against weight loss of turkeys infected with the major pathogenic species: Eimeria adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, and E. gallopavonis. With single and mixed infections in battery-cage experiments, the death rate of unmedicated turkey poults was 33-75%. Weight gains were significantly (P is less than or equal to 0.05) better with 100 ppm monensin than 60 ppm, as were also lesion scores. Under floor-pen conditions there were no significant differences among monensin treatments. Moisture content of the litter was significantly lower in all monensin-medicated pens (40%, compared with 52% moisture in pens of unmedicated controls).", "contents": "Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen experiments. Monensin at 60, 80, or 100 ppm in feed reduced mortality and lesion scores while protecting against weight loss of turkeys infected with the major pathogenic species: Eimeria adenoides, E. meleagrimitis, and E. gallopavonis. With single and mixed infections in battery-cage experiments, the death rate of unmedicated turkey poults was 33-75%. Weight gains were significantly (P is less than or equal to 0.05) better with 100 ppm monensin than 60 ppm, as were also lesion scores. Under floor-pen conditions there were no significant differences among monensin treatments. Moisture content of the litter was significantly lower in all monensin-medicated pens (40%, compared with 52% moisture in pens of unmedicated controls)."}
{"id": "PMID:938386", "title": "Effect of route of Newcastle disease vaccination on the incidence of airsacculitis in chickens infected with Mycoplasma synoviae.", "content": "In two separate experiments, broiler-type chickens were vaccinated at 11 days old with either the B-1 or LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by aerosol, drinking water, or eyedrop and simultaneously infected with Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). The MS-infected and aerosol-vaccinated chickens had the highest mean lesion scores for airsacculitis. The aerosol-vaccinated groups had the highest hemagglutination-inhibition titers against NDV. Infection with MS had no effect on antibody titers against NDV, and there were no consistent effects on weight gains.", "contents": "Effect of route of Newcastle disease vaccination on the incidence of airsacculitis in chickens infected with Mycoplasma synoviae. In two separate experiments, broiler-type chickens were vaccinated at 11 days old with either the B-1 or LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by aerosol, drinking water, or eyedrop and simultaneously infected with Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). The MS-infected and aerosol-vaccinated chickens had the highest mean lesion scores for airsacculitis. The aerosol-vaccinated groups had the highest hemagglutination-inhibition titers against NDV. Infection with MS had no effect on antibody titers against NDV, and there were no consistent effects on weight gains."}
{"id": "PMID:938392", "title": "Changes in glucose, insulin, and growth hormone levels associated with bedrest.", "content": "Changes in plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (HGH) resulting from exposure to 56 d of bedrest were determined in five healthy young male subjects. Blood samples were collected by repeated venous puncture at 4-h intervals for 48-h periods before bedrest, at 10, 20, 30, 42 and 54 d after confinement to bed and at 10 and 20 d after bedrest. Changes in the daily levels of these factors for each subject were expressed as the mean of the six samples per 24-h period. The level of HGH dropped after 10 d of bedrest, then showed a 1.5-fold increase at 20 d (p less than 0.05) and subsequently decreased gradually reaching levels of 2.5 mg/ml/24 h, well below pre-bedrest controls of 4.2 mg/ml/24 h, by the 54th d. In spite of a marked increase in the daily plasma insulin levels during the first 30 d of bedrest, glucose levels remained unchanged. Beyond 30 d of bedrest, insulin began decreasing toward pre-bedrest levels and glucose followed with a similar reduction to below the control levels of 75 mg/100 ml/24 h on day 54. The daily mean changes reflect a change in the amplitude of the diurnal variation. The daily peak in plasma insulin shifted progressively to the late evening during the bedrest period.", "contents": "Changes in glucose, insulin, and growth hormone levels associated with bedrest. Changes in plasma glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (HGH) resulting from exposure to 56 d of bedrest were determined in five healthy young male subjects. Blood samples were collected by repeated venous puncture at 4-h intervals for 48-h periods before bedrest, at 10, 20, 30, 42 and 54 d after confinement to bed and at 10 and 20 d after bedrest. Changes in the daily levels of these factors for each subject were expressed as the mean of the six samples per 24-h period. The level of HGH dropped after 10 d of bedrest, then showed a 1.5-fold increase at 20 d (p less than 0.05) and subsequently decreased gradually reaching levels of 2.5 mg/ml/24 h, well below pre-bedrest controls of 4.2 mg/ml/24 h, by the 54th d. In spite of a marked increase in the daily plasma insulin levels during the first 30 d of bedrest, glucose levels remained unchanged. Beyond 30 d of bedrest, insulin began decreasing toward pre-bedrest levels and glucose followed with a similar reduction to below the control levels of 75 mg/100 ml/24 h on day 54. The daily mean changes reflect a change in the amplitude of the diurnal variation. The daily peak in plasma insulin shifted progressively to the late evening during the bedrest period."}
{"id": "PMID:938384", "title": "The occurrence of virus in leukocytes of vaccinated chickens following challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus.", "content": "Chickens that had been vaccinated with a lentogenic strain 2 to 9 weeks before challenge with a virulent virus remained clinically normal following challenge and circulated virus within leukocytes for as long as ten days. The virulent virus was detected by inoculating embryonating eggs with leukocytes separated from blood shortly after drawing. Freezing the leukocytes before inoculating the eggs reduced isolation 64.8%. Virus was demonstrated most readily in chickens challenged when antibody was decreasing, about 9 weeks after vaccination. The observation that virus in blood may be contained within a cellular component and be readily demonstrable only if the cells are separated and washed is significant both to an understanding of the immunological responsiveness of vaccinated chickens exposed to field challenge and to an understanding of epizootiological events.", "contents": "The occurrence of virus in leukocytes of vaccinated chickens following challenge with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Chickens that had been vaccinated with a lentogenic strain 2 to 9 weeks before challenge with a virulent virus remained clinically normal following challenge and circulated virus within leukocytes for as long as ten days. The virulent virus was detected by inoculating embryonating eggs with leukocytes separated from blood shortly after drawing. Freezing the leukocytes before inoculating the eggs reduced isolation 64.8%. Virus was demonstrated most readily in chickens challenged when antibody was decreasing, about 9 weeks after vaccination. The observation that virus in blood may be contained within a cellular component and be readily demonstrable only if the cells are separated and washed is significant both to an understanding of the immunological responsiveness of vaccinated chickens exposed to field challenge and to an understanding of epizootiological events."}
{"id": "PMID:938387", "title": "A presumptive diagnosis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Assam (India).", "content": "In postmortem examination of carcasses of White Leghorn chickens, 3 had typical gross lesions of necrotic enteritis affecting the small intestines. The occurrence of avian necrotic enteritis was noticed after an outbreak of coccidiosis had subsided. On the basis of the gross and microscopic examination the disease was differentiated from coccidiosis and ulcerative enteritis.", "contents": "A presumptive diagnosis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Assam (India). In postmortem examination of carcasses of White Leghorn chickens, 3 had typical gross lesions of necrotic enteritis affecting the small intestines. The occurrence of avian necrotic enteritis was noticed after an outbreak of coccidiosis had subsided. On the basis of the gross and microscopic examination the disease was differentiated from coccidiosis and ulcerative enteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:938393", "title": "Effect of a 22-day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats.", "content": "The effect of a 22-d space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats has been investigated. It has been shown that the flight leads to hypoplasia of lymphoid organs, the spleen and thymus weight decreasing very noticeably. Histological, morphometric, and cytological examinations have demonstrated that hypoplasia of the spleen occurs due to a reduction of the number of lymphocytes and erythroid cells and hypoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes due to a decrease of the lymphocyte number. Changes found in the lymphoid organs of the flight rats are reversible and the structure of lymphoid organs recovers 27 d postflight. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes developing in lymphoid organs of rats under the influence of space flight are discussed. The animal data are compared with the results of postflight medical examinations of astronauts.", "contents": "Effect of a 22-day space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats. The effect of a 22-d space flight on the lymphoid organs of rats has been investigated. It has been shown that the flight leads to hypoplasia of lymphoid organs, the spleen and thymus weight decreasing very noticeably. Histological, morphometric, and cytological examinations have demonstrated that hypoplasia of the spleen occurs due to a reduction of the number of lymphocytes and erythroid cells and hypoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes due to a decrease of the lymphocyte number. Changes found in the lymphoid organs of the flight rats are reversible and the structure of lymphoid organs recovers 27 d postflight. Pathogenetic mechanisms of the changes developing in lymphoid organs of rats under the influence of space flight are discussed. The animal data are compared with the results of postflight medical examinations of astronauts."}
{"id": "PMID:938389", "title": "Microscopic lesions suggestive of Marek's disease in a Black Francolin (Francolinus f. francolinus).", "content": "Microscopic lesions suggestive of Marek's disease were found in tissues from the exotic game bird Black Francolin (Francolinus f. francolinus). These lesions consisted of a solitary spherical mass near the syrinx, histologically composed of sheets of small pleomorphic lymphocytes and a few plasma cells. Lymphocytic cell infiltrates were also seen microscopically in cuffs around vessels of the brain, in the sciatic nerve, and in several visceral organs.", "contents": "Microscopic lesions suggestive of Marek's disease in a Black Francolin (Francolinus f. francolinus). Microscopic lesions suggestive of Marek's disease were found in tissues from the exotic game bird Black Francolin (Francolinus f. francolinus). These lesions consisted of a solitary spherical mass near the syrinx, histologically composed of sheets of small pleomorphic lymphocytes and a few plasma cells. Lymphocytic cell infiltrates were also seen microscopically in cuffs around vessels of the brain, in the sciatic nerve, and in several visceral organs."}
{"id": "PMID:938394", "title": "Indirect evidence for arterial chemoreceptor reflex facilitation by face immersion in man.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the usual diving bradycardia can be greatly intensified when face immersion is superimposed on a state of apneic exercise. This intensification is neither due to chemoreceptor stimulation, or to face immersion per se. It is concluded that the intensification is caused by chemoreceptor reflex facilitation, due to stimulation of trigeminal receptors in the face.", "contents": "Indirect evidence for arterial chemoreceptor reflex facilitation by face immersion in man. It has been demonstrated that the usual diving bradycardia can be greatly intensified when face immersion is superimposed on a state of apneic exercise. This intensification is neither due to chemoreceptor stimulation, or to face immersion per se. It is concluded that the intensification is caused by chemoreceptor reflex facilitation, due to stimulation of trigeminal receptors in the face."}
{"id": "PMID:938395", "title": "Water exchange in rats exposed to cold, hypoxia, and both combined.", "content": "Male rats were exposed chronically to cold (5 degrees C air), hypoxia (12% oxygen in nitrogen), and both combined. Intake of water and food, as well as urinary excretion, were measured during both a 5-d pretreatment control period and throughout the first 3 weeks of the treatment period. Regression analysis of water intake on urine output revealed that, at a given water intake, all three treated groups excreted significantly more urine than controls. No significant differences occurred among treated groups. Serum osmolalities of all three treated groups, measured at the end of the 48-d treatment period, were elevated significantly above the level of the control group. All treated groups also manifested a thirst immediately following return to control environment (26 degrees C, 20.9% oxygen). Water intakes of all three treated groups were significantly greater than that of the control group during the first 2 h after return to control environment. Thus, the three treated groups appeared to be dehydrated relative to the control group. The results further suggest that the effect of combined cold (5 degrees C) and hypoxia (12% oxygen) on water exchange is not a summation of that occurring separately during cold and hypoxia. The factors inducing dehydration in cold and hypoxia are apparently related to increased evaporative water loss and to alterations in thirst and renal mechanisms.", "contents": "Water exchange in rats exposed to cold, hypoxia, and both combined. Male rats were exposed chronically to cold (5 degrees C air), hypoxia (12% oxygen in nitrogen), and both combined. Intake of water and food, as well as urinary excretion, were measured during both a 5-d pretreatment control period and throughout the first 3 weeks of the treatment period. Regression analysis of water intake on urine output revealed that, at a given water intake, all three treated groups excreted significantly more urine than controls. No significant differences occurred among treated groups. Serum osmolalities of all three treated groups, measured at the end of the 48-d treatment period, were elevated significantly above the level of the control group. All treated groups also manifested a thirst immediately following return to control environment (26 degrees C, 20.9% oxygen). Water intakes of all three treated groups were significantly greater than that of the control group during the first 2 h after return to control environment. Thus, the three treated groups appeared to be dehydrated relative to the control group. The results further suggest that the effect of combined cold (5 degrees C) and hypoxia (12% oxygen) on water exchange is not a summation of that occurring separately during cold and hypoxia. The factors inducing dehydration in cold and hypoxia are apparently related to increased evaporative water loss and to alterations in thirst and renal mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:938396", "title": "Effects of mevinphos (Phosdrin) on unit discharge patterns in avian hippocampus.", "content": "Low doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, mevinphos and physostigmine, reduce hippocampal inhibitory phenomena, measured in terms of the duration of the poststimulus inhibitory pause seen in individual hippocampal neurones in the pigeon. The cholinergic antagonist, atropine, increased hippocampal inhibition. At near threshold doses, mevinphos could, in part, reverse atropine effects. At higher doses, mevinphos synergized with atropine. In the discussion, it is suggested that any organophosphate or carbamate pesticide and its antidote, atropine, may alter \"attention\" or \"short-term memory\" through effects on hippocampus at doses too low to induce grossly detectable peripheral symptomatology. Extreme caution in the use or handling of these compounds by aerial applicators is urged. Since the effects of atropine and mevinphos can synergize, the use of atropine to permit poisoned applicators to resume activity is questioned.", "contents": "Effects of mevinphos (Phosdrin) on unit discharge patterns in avian hippocampus. Low doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, mevinphos and physostigmine, reduce hippocampal inhibitory phenomena, measured in terms of the duration of the poststimulus inhibitory pause seen in individual hippocampal neurones in the pigeon. The cholinergic antagonist, atropine, increased hippocampal inhibition. At near threshold doses, mevinphos could, in part, reverse atropine effects. At higher doses, mevinphos synergized with atropine. In the discussion, it is suggested that any organophosphate or carbamate pesticide and its antidote, atropine, may alter \"attention\" or \"short-term memory\" through effects on hippocampus at doses too low to induce grossly detectable peripheral symptomatology. Extreme caution in the use or handling of these compounds by aerial applicators is urged. Since the effects of atropine and mevinphos can synergize, the use of atropine to permit poisoned applicators to resume activity is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:938390", "title": "An occurrence of avian influenza virus infection in laying chickens.", "content": "The isolation of avian influenza virus from chickens is reported for the first time in the United States since the fowl plague outbreak of 1929. The type-A virus was isolated from commercial Leghorn laying hens between 54 and 55 weeks old and involved three different farms in north-central Alabama. These flocks experienced up to 69% mortality and a severe decrease in egg production within a 14-day period.", "contents": "An occurrence of avian influenza virus infection in laying chickens. The isolation of avian influenza virus from chickens is reported for the first time in the United States since the fowl plague outbreak of 1929. The type-A virus was isolated from commercial Leghorn laying hens between 54 and 55 weeks old and involved three different farms in north-central Alabama. These flocks experienced up to 69% mortality and a severe decrease in egg production within a 14-day period."}
{"id": "PMID:938388", "title": "Paralysis in chickens caused by larvae of the poultry tick, Argas persicus.", "content": "White Leghorn pullets 20 weeks old submitted to the diagnostic laboratory were found heavily infested with the larval stage of the poultry tick, Argas persicus. The birds were severely depressed and recumbent. The signs were quickly reversed when the tick larvae were removed. The rapid rate of recovery and negative results in detailed diagnostic procedures suggested that the tick larvae caused the paralysis.", "contents": "Paralysis in chickens caused by larvae of the poultry tick, Argas persicus. White Leghorn pullets 20 weeks old submitted to the diagnostic laboratory were found heavily infested with the larval stage of the poultry tick, Argas persicus. The birds were severely depressed and recumbent. The signs were quickly reversed when the tick larvae were removed. The rapid rate of recovery and negative results in detailed diagnostic procedures suggested that the tick larvae caused the paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:938397", "title": "Use of H2 as an inert gas during diving: pulmonary function during H2-O2 breathing at 7.06 ATA.", "content": "A review of the characteristics of hydrogen as an inert gas for use in diving is presented, with special emphasis on the extension of the respiratory limitation in diving by use of this least dense of all gases. Forced vital capacity, FEV1, FEV2, PEFR, PIFR, and MVV were measured on groups of subjects using the following gas mixtures, all at 7.06 ATA: four subjects breathing 97% H2-3% O2, two subjects breathing 97% He-3% O2, and two subjects using 97% N2-3% O2. The MVV while breathing H2-O2 at 7.06 ATA was 14% higher than with air at the surface, and was improved 40% compared with He-O2 and 171% when compared with N2-O2 at 7.06 ATA. Similar findings were obtained for FEV1, FEV2, PEFR, and PIFR. The values in this study for the relationship of relative gas density (rho) to flow are rho-0.41 for MVV, rho-0.44 for PEFR, and rho-0.45 for PIFR (method of Wood and Bryan).", "contents": "Use of H2 as an inert gas during diving: pulmonary function during H2-O2 breathing at 7.06 ATA. A review of the characteristics of hydrogen as an inert gas for use in diving is presented, with special emphasis on the extension of the respiratory limitation in diving by use of this least dense of all gases. Forced vital capacity, FEV1, FEV2, PEFR, PIFR, and MVV were measured on groups of subjects using the following gas mixtures, all at 7.06 ATA: four subjects breathing 97% H2-3% O2, two subjects breathing 97% He-3% O2, and two subjects using 97% N2-3% O2. The MVV while breathing H2-O2 at 7.06 ATA was 14% higher than with air at the surface, and was improved 40% compared with He-O2 and 171% when compared with N2-O2 at 7.06 ATA. Similar findings were obtained for FEV1, FEV2, PEFR, and PIFR. The values in this study for the relationship of relative gas density (rho) to flow are rho-0.41 for MVV, rho-0.44 for PEFR, and rho-0.45 for PIFR (method of Wood and Bryan)."}
{"id": "PMID:938398", "title": "Effects of organophosphate pesticides and other drugs on subcortical mechanisms of visual integration.", "content": "Atropine, scopolamine, mevinphos, and eserine selectively block directional sensitivity of visual integrative neurones in the thalamus. Cholinergic drugs that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier are without effect. The neurones studied are important links in reflex brain systems controlling visual attention and eye movements. The results suggest that any cholinergic drug that can get into the brain will disturb visual functions. Since the changes are qualitative and the system is reflex, the affected individual may be unaware of dysfunction. The resultant dangers to aerial applicator personnel are discussed, particularly with respect to atropine, which is necessary in the therapy of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning but is potentially harmful if self-administered for either pro-phylaxis or treatment.", "contents": "Effects of organophosphate pesticides and other drugs on subcortical mechanisms of visual integration. Atropine, scopolamine, mevinphos, and eserine selectively block directional sensitivity of visual integrative neurones in the thalamus. Cholinergic drugs that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier are without effect. The neurones studied are important links in reflex brain systems controlling visual attention and eye movements. The results suggest that any cholinergic drug that can get into the brain will disturb visual functions. Since the changes are qualitative and the system is reflex, the affected individual may be unaware of dysfunction. The resultant dangers to aerial applicator personnel are discussed, particularly with respect to atropine, which is necessary in the therapy of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning but is potentially harmful if self-administered for either pro-phylaxis or treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:938399", "title": "Hypoxia and auditory thresholds.", "content": "This paper reports the effects of hypoxia on hearing. Pure tone hearing and speech discrimination were tested at ground level and during hypoxic states at simulated altitudes of 4,600 m (15,000 ft) and 6,100 m (20,000 ft) in a high-altitude chamber. Pure tone hearing was not significantly altered during hypoxia produced by this method. Speech discrimination showed alterations, possibly due to central nervous system hypoxia. It was concluded that hypoxia does not cause significant deterioration of hearing for pure tones.", "contents": "Hypoxia and auditory thresholds. This paper reports the effects of hypoxia on hearing. Pure tone hearing and speech discrimination were tested at ground level and during hypoxic states at simulated altitudes of 4,600 m (15,000 ft) and 6,100 m (20,000 ft) in a high-altitude chamber. Pure tone hearing was not significantly altered during hypoxia produced by this method. Speech discrimination showed alterations, possibly due to central nervous system hypoxia. It was concluded that hypoxia does not cause significant deterioration of hearing for pure tones."}
{"id": "PMID:938400", "title": "Ineffectiveness of heparin treatment in burn shock in the guinea pig.", "content": "The cardiovascular and metabolic responses during burn shock were characterized in 10 guinea pigs burned to the xyphoid process for 3 s in boiling water. This produced a burn of approximately 70% of the body surface. Their responses were compared to the values obtained at corresponding times in a group of unburned controls (n=10). The effect of Heparin treatment on burn shock was evaluated in another group (n=8) of guinea pigs burned to the xyphoid process and injected subcutaneously with 50,000 U Heparin/kg immediately after being burned. In the burned, untreated (BUT) animals, cardiac output was reduced more than 50% at 15 mins post-burn, and cardiac output remained depressed for the  next 8 h. Mean arterial blood pressure was initially maintained in the BUT animals, but started to fall after 3 h. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and core temperature all decreased progressively in the BUT group. Hemoconcentration was evident in the BUT animals, and there was an elevation in the post-burn glucose and lactate levels, a decrease in pH, and no change in free fatty acids. Heparin treatment did not significantly modify 24-h survival, and the post-burn cardiovascular responses of the Heparin-treated animals were similar to those of the BUT animals. Metabolically, the Heparin-treated animals had a significant elevation in free fatty acids post-burn, but otherwise closely resembled the BUT animals.", "contents": "Ineffectiveness of heparin treatment in burn shock in the guinea pig. The cardiovascular and metabolic responses during burn shock were characterized in 10 guinea pigs burned to the xyphoid process for 3 s in boiling water. This produced a burn of approximately 70% of the body surface. Their responses were compared to the values obtained at corresponding times in a group of unburned controls (n=10). The effect of Heparin treatment on burn shock was evaluated in another group (n=8) of guinea pigs burned to the xyphoid process and injected subcutaneously with 50,000 U Heparin/kg immediately after being burned. In the burned, untreated (BUT) animals, cardiac output was reduced more than 50% at 15 mins post-burn, and cardiac output remained depressed for the  next 8 h. Mean arterial blood pressure was initially maintained in the BUT animals, but started to fall after 3 h. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and core temperature all decreased progressively in the BUT group. Hemoconcentration was evident in the BUT animals, and there was an elevation in the post-burn glucose and lactate levels, a decrease in pH, and no change in free fatty acids. Heparin treatment did not significantly modify 24-h survival, and the post-burn cardiovascular responses of the Heparin-treated animals were similar to those of the BUT animals. Metabolically, the Heparin-treated animals had a significant elevation in free fatty acids post-burn, but otherwise closely resembled the BUT animals."}
{"id": "PMID:938401", "title": "Biochemistry and hematology at decompression sickness: a case report.", "content": "A 24-year-old hospital corpsman, a volunteer in a series of dry chamber air dives to a simulated pressure equivalent to 188 FSWG (57.3 MSWG), developed left knee pain shortly after standard decompression. A tentative diagnosis of decompression sickness was made and recompression therapy was initiated with alleviation of pain occurring at 60 FSWG (18.3 MSWG). A U.S. Navy Treatment Table \"5 (oxygen breathing) regimen was then selected and completed uneventfully. The subject had been undergoing biomedical evaluation for several days prior to diving; thus, a clinically diagnosed case of dysbarism with subsequent treatment was available for study. This individual was then monitored for a 10-d period. The acute phase of decompression sickness was characterized by a marked shortening of clotting time and a thrombocytopenia with accompanying increased platelet aggregates. The recovery phase was categorized by a variety of hematological and bio-chemical changes. Hemodilution, an elevated megathrombocyte index, and a tendency toward eosinopenia were evident for most of the 10-d observation period. Other persistent alterations detected during this period included a relative hyperglycemia, depressed urine Na+/K+, and increased ketosteroid excretion. These observations indicate that abatement of pain after treatment of dysbarism can be followed by the onset of a variety of biochemical and hematological changes. Moreover, complete recovery may require upwards of 10 d.", "contents": "Biochemistry and hematology at decompression sickness: a case report. A 24-year-old hospital corpsman, a volunteer in a series of dry chamber air dives to a simulated pressure equivalent to 188 FSWG (57.3 MSWG), developed left knee pain shortly after standard decompression. A tentative diagnosis of decompression sickness was made and recompression therapy was initiated with alleviation of pain occurring at 60 FSWG (18.3 MSWG). A U.S. Navy Treatment Table \"5 (oxygen breathing) regimen was then selected and completed uneventfully. The subject had been undergoing biomedical evaluation for several days prior to diving; thus, a clinically diagnosed case of dysbarism with subsequent treatment was available for study. This individual was then monitored for a 10-d period. The acute phase of decompression sickness was characterized by a marked shortening of clotting time and a thrombocytopenia with accompanying increased platelet aggregates. The recovery phase was categorized by a variety of hematological and bio-chemical changes. Hemodilution, an elevated megathrombocyte index, and a tendency toward eosinopenia were evident for most of the 10-d observation period. Other persistent alterations detected during this period included a relative hyperglycemia, depressed urine Na+/K+, and increased ketosteroid excretion. These observations indicate that abatement of pain after treatment of dysbarism can be followed by the onset of a variety of biochemical and hematological changes. Moreover, complete recovery may require upwards of 10 d."}
{"id": "PMID:938402", "title": "Five-year study of emergency aeromedical evacuation in the United States.", "content": "During the time period, 1 July 1969-30 June 1974, a total of 7056 patients were moved on the C-9A Nightingale on an \"urgent\" or \"priority\" basis. In support of the request for urgent airlift, an average of 21 C-9A aircraft were launched monthly. The domestic aeromedical evacuation missions were highly flexible and productive, yet inexpensive when compared with other means of moving patients. A means for determining precedence for the pickup and movement of patients is essential for an aeromedical evacuation system. When the patient is properly evaluated and the urgency for flight movement determined, unnecessary, costly, hazardous, or special flights are avoided. More than 50% of the \"urgent\" patients airlifted during this 5-year span originated in the central part of the United States. The Northeast and Far West were each responsible for less than 10% of the patients requiring urgent evacuation over the same period. More than 50% of the urgent patients moved were in the categories of newborn complications, burns, and neurological problems. During this period, no patient was moved on an urgent basis for a psychiatric problem--aeromedical evacuation simply becomes a very effective tool in ensuring complete health care for seriously ill patients.", "contents": "Five-year study of emergency aeromedical evacuation in the United States. During the time period, 1 July 1969-30 June 1974, a total of 7056 patients were moved on the C-9A Nightingale on an \"urgent\" or \"priority\" basis. In support of the request for urgent airlift, an average of 21 C-9A aircraft were launched monthly. The domestic aeromedical evacuation missions were highly flexible and productive, yet inexpensive when compared with other means of moving patients. A means for determining precedence for the pickup and movement of patients is essential for an aeromedical evacuation system. When the patient is properly evaluated and the urgency for flight movement determined, unnecessary, costly, hazardous, or special flights are avoided. More than 50% of the \"urgent\" patients airlifted during this 5-year span originated in the central part of the United States. The Northeast and Far West were each responsible for less than 10% of the patients requiring urgent evacuation over the same period. More than 50% of the urgent patients moved were in the categories of newborn complications, burns, and neurological problems. During this period, no patient was moved on an urgent basis for a psychiatric problem--aeromedical evacuation simply becomes a very effective tool in ensuring complete health care for seriously ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:938403", "title": "Technique for electrocardiographic monitoring of working divers.", "content": "An improved technique to record high-equality electrocardiographic (ECG) signals on the surface, from immersed humans during rest and exercise, in both normothermic and hypothermic exposures, has been devised. Recorded tracings were adequate for research purposes. Waveform signals obtained allow accurate continuous monitoring as well. The best recordings resulted from proper selection of electrode placement sites, careful preparation of the skin, and diligent protection of the skin-electrode interface. The resulting signals recorded from male divers working in 3.05 m (10 ft) of water contained very little artifact or shift in baseline of the ECG tracing. Post-dive examination of the placement sites showed neither separation of ECG electrodes from the skin nor intrusion of water between the electrode and skin surface. The relationship of the new ECG recording technique to a previously described system for acquiring physiologic data is described.", "contents": "Technique for electrocardiographic monitoring of working divers. An improved technique to record high-equality electrocardiographic (ECG) signals on the surface, from immersed humans during rest and exercise, in both normothermic and hypothermic exposures, has been devised. Recorded tracings were adequate for research purposes. Waveform signals obtained allow accurate continuous monitoring as well. The best recordings resulted from proper selection of electrode placement sites, careful preparation of the skin, and diligent protection of the skin-electrode interface. The resulting signals recorded from male divers working in 3.05 m (10 ft) of water contained very little artifact or shift in baseline of the ECG tracing. Post-dive examination of the placement sites showed neither separation of ECG electrodes from the skin nor intrusion of water between the electrode and skin surface. The relationship of the new ECG recording technique to a previously described system for acquiring physiologic data is described."}
{"id": "PMID:938404", "title": "Physiologic and anti-G suit performance data from YF-16 flight tests.", "content": "Biomedical data were collected during high-G portions of 11 YF-16 test flights. Test pilots monitored revealed increased respiratory rate and volume, decreased tidal volume, and increased heart rate at higher G levels, with one pilot exhibiting various cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-G suit inflation and pressurization lags varied inversely with G-onset rate, and suit pressurization slope was near the design value.", "contents": "Physiologic and anti-G suit performance data from YF-16 flight tests. Biomedical data were collected during high-G portions of 11 YF-16 test flights. Test pilots monitored revealed increased respiratory rate and volume, decreased tidal volume, and increased heart rate at higher G levels, with one pilot exhibiting various cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-G suit inflation and pressurization lags varied inversely with G-onset rate, and suit pressurization slope was near the design value."}
{"id": "PMID:938436", "title": "Influence of tachycardia on regional myocardial flow in chronic experimental coronary occlusion.", "content": "The influences of tachycardia on regional myocardial flow was studied in normal dogs and in dogs with chronic coronary artery occlusions. Coronary vasodilation was induced by coronary occlusion and subsequent release, i.e. by reactive hyperemia. Local myocardial blood flow was determined with the tracer microspheres technique. In normal hearts atrial pacing produced a slight but significant increase in coronary resistance in the subendocardial layers of the left ventricle. The coronary resistance of the subepicardium remained unaffected. In the right ventricle atrial pacing had no influence on the resistance to flow. In hearts with multiple coronary occlusions tachycardia-induced changes of coronary resistance were more pronounced. In the collateral dependent subendocardium coronary resistance increased from 0.4-2.2 resistance units when the heart rate was raised to 200 beats/min. Perfusion of the right ventricular myocardium became also rate-dependent when the right coronary artery was chronically occluded. We conclude that regional perfusion dependes upon the relationship between the effective perfusion pressure, which is reduced in chronic coronary occlusion, and the integral of effective tissue pressure, which is increased with tachycardia. The results cannot be explained by assuming excessive O2-demand but rather by a rate-induced lowered O2-supply.", "contents": "Influence of tachycardia on regional myocardial flow in chronic experimental coronary occlusion. The influences of tachycardia on regional myocardial flow was studied in normal dogs and in dogs with chronic coronary artery occlusions. Coronary vasodilation was induced by coronary occlusion and subsequent release, i.e. by reactive hyperemia. Local myocardial blood flow was determined with the tracer microspheres technique. In normal hearts atrial pacing produced a slight but significant increase in coronary resistance in the subendocardial layers of the left ventricle. The coronary resistance of the subepicardium remained unaffected. In the right ventricle atrial pacing had no influence on the resistance to flow. In hearts with multiple coronary occlusions tachycardia-induced changes of coronary resistance were more pronounced. In the collateral dependent subendocardium coronary resistance increased from 0.4-2.2 resistance units when the heart rate was raised to 200 beats/min. Perfusion of the right ventricular myocardium became also rate-dependent when the right coronary artery was chronically occluded. We conclude that regional perfusion dependes upon the relationship between the effective perfusion pressure, which is reduced in chronic coronary occlusion, and the integral of effective tissue pressure, which is increased with tachycardia. The results cannot be explained by assuming excessive O2-demand but rather by a rate-induced lowered O2-supply."}
{"id": "PMID:938435", "title": "Determination of arterial input impedance spectra from non-invasively recorded pulses.", "content": "The frequency spectra of modulus and phase of the input impedance (Zin) of large human arteries (abdominal aorta, femoral and subclavian arteries) were computed from transcutaneously recorded, uncalibrated pressure and flow pulses picked up as sphygmograms and Doppler flow velocity pulses, respectively. Since these pulses cannot be calibrated, the modulus (Zin) of the input impedance is calculated in relative units; its spectrum, however, is not influenced by this fact. A modification of the computing procedure makes it possible to determine approximately quasi-continuous frequency spectra of Zin from natural pressure and flow pulses which may be regarded as periodic functions. This is the prerequisite for a detailed analysis of the wave transmission properties of the arterial bed which manifest themselves of the input impedance. For this purpose the peripheral reflection site was moved in a proximal direction by bilateral occlusion of limb arteries. This was done by inflating cuffs placed symmetrically on both sides around the upper or lower parts of the respective limbs. When the occluding cuffs were placed around both lower legs or both thighs, the shortening of the arterial wave transmission line resulted in a marked shift of the first maximum of Zin to higher frequencies in the spectrum of Zin of the abdominal aorta and femoral artery. Bilateral occlusion of the arteries of the forearms or upper arms, however, did not have any measurable influence on Zin of the subclavian artery. Theoretical considerations show that this difference in behaviour of the several parts of the arterial system may be attributed to the varying extent of their inhomogeneity.", "contents": "Determination of arterial input impedance spectra from non-invasively recorded pulses. The frequency spectra of modulus and phase of the input impedance (Zin) of large human arteries (abdominal aorta, femoral and subclavian arteries) were computed from transcutaneously recorded, uncalibrated pressure and flow pulses picked up as sphygmograms and Doppler flow velocity pulses, respectively. Since these pulses cannot be calibrated, the modulus (Zin) of the input impedance is calculated in relative units; its spectrum, however, is not influenced by this fact. A modification of the computing procedure makes it possible to determine approximately quasi-continuous frequency spectra of Zin from natural pressure and flow pulses which may be regarded as periodic functions. This is the prerequisite for a detailed analysis of the wave transmission properties of the arterial bed which manifest themselves of the input impedance. For this purpose the peripheral reflection site was moved in a proximal direction by bilateral occlusion of limb arteries. This was done by inflating cuffs placed symmetrically on both sides around the upper or lower parts of the respective limbs. When the occluding cuffs were placed around both lower legs or both thighs, the shortening of the arterial wave transmission line resulted in a marked shift of the first maximum of Zin to higher frequencies in the spectrum of Zin of the abdominal aorta and femoral artery. Bilateral occlusion of the arteries of the forearms or upper arms, however, did not have any measurable influence on Zin of the subclavian artery. Theoretical considerations show that this difference in behaviour of the several parts of the arterial system may be attributed to the varying extent of their inhomogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:938437", "title": "The influence of glycerol on the Ca flux in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "Perfusion of the isolated rat heart with a fluid containing 800mM glycerol in addition to its normal constituents causes a contraction height decrease of about 50%. A change to normal perfusion fluid causes a period of contracture to occur. After this period the heart is perfectly viable. Mechanical and osmotic effects could be ruled out as possible causes. No gross disturbances were seen in the electron micrographs. An effect on intermediary metabolism is equally unlikely. Presumably, we must seek the explanation in a direct effect of the glycerol on the Ca++ fluxes across the cellular and intracellular membranes.", "contents": "The influence of glycerol on the Ca flux in the isolated perfused rat heart. Perfusion of the isolated rat heart with a fluid containing 800mM glycerol in addition to its normal constituents causes a contraction height decrease of about 50%. A change to normal perfusion fluid causes a period of contracture to occur. After this period the heart is perfectly viable. Mechanical and osmotic effects could be ruled out as possible causes. No gross disturbances were seen in the electron micrographs. An effect on intermediary metabolism is equally unlikely. Presumably, we must seek the explanation in a direct effect of the glycerol on the Ca++ fluxes across the cellular and intracellular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:938438", "title": "The role of myocardial edema in the left ventricular diastolic stiffness.", "content": "It has been shown that simultaneous administration of norepinephrine (10mug/kg/min) and drotaverine (200 mug/kg/min) does induce interstitial myocardial edema which tends to increase left ventricular diastolic stiffness. These results suggest that in myocardial ischaemia temporary increase of left ventricular diastolic stiffness may be caused by interstitial edema.", "contents": "The role of myocardial edema in the left ventricular diastolic stiffness. It has been shown that simultaneous administration of norepinephrine (10mug/kg/min) and drotaverine (200 mug/kg/min) does induce interstitial myocardial edema which tends to increase left ventricular diastolic stiffness. These results suggest that in myocardial ischaemia temporary increase of left ventricular diastolic stiffness may be caused by interstitial edema."}
{"id": "PMID:938439", "title": "Hemodynamics and myocardial electrolyte (k+/na+) metabolism early in hemorrhagic shock during asphyxia.", "content": "In tests on guinea pig hearts in situ asphyxia tolerance was found to be increased early in hemorragic shock four times control value. These results are suggestive of an energy saving mechanism in shock whereby the heart is not damaged out metabolically relieved. Myocardial analyses showed that, owing to shock-related cardiac relief, under a simultaneous asphyctic stress the intracellular potassium stock decreases later and markedly less.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and myocardial electrolyte (k+/na+) metabolism early in hemorrhagic shock during asphyxia. In tests on guinea pig hearts in situ asphyxia tolerance was found to be increased early in hemorragic shock four times control value. These results are suggestive of an energy saving mechanism in shock whereby the heart is not damaged out metabolically relieved. Myocardial analyses showed that, owing to shock-related cardiac relief, under a simultaneous asphyctic stress the intracellular potassium stock decreases later and markedly less."}
{"id": "PMID:938440", "title": "[Effects of coronary stenosis and mean aortic pressure on coronary blood flow, poststenotic coronary pressure, and reactive hyperemia].", "content": "Six dogs were subjected to an acute stenosis of the left  anterior descending coronary artery. The mean aortic pressure was fixed with a windkessel and an occluder on four different levels. A significant decrease of coronary blood flow and poststenotic coronary pressure was closely related to the level of mean aortic pressure. With lower aortic pressure the decrease occurred earlier than with higher aortic pressure. A 50% stenosis did not significantly influence coronary flow and poststenotic coronary pressure. A 90% stenosis resulted in decrease below 10% of control. In a range of aortic pressure between 60 and 140 mm Hg reactive hyperemia was significantly diminished at a 60% stenosis. Reactive hyperemia was completely abolished when coronary stenosis was 90%.", "contents": "[Effects of coronary stenosis and mean aortic pressure on coronary blood flow, poststenotic coronary pressure, and reactive hyperemia]. Six dogs were subjected to an acute stenosis of the left  anterior descending coronary artery. The mean aortic pressure was fixed with a windkessel and an occluder on four different levels. A significant decrease of coronary blood flow and poststenotic coronary pressure was closely related to the level of mean aortic pressure. With lower aortic pressure the decrease occurred earlier than with higher aortic pressure. A 50% stenosis did not significantly influence coronary flow and poststenotic coronary pressure. A 90% stenosis resulted in decrease below 10% of control. In a range of aortic pressure between 60 and 140 mm Hg reactive hyperemia was significantly diminished at a 60% stenosis. Reactive hyperemia was completely abolished when coronary stenosis was 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:938441", "title": "[Recording of ventricular pressure by conventional catheter manometer systems. I. Minimal requirements of blood pressure recording systems and estimation of frequency response characteristics].", "content": "Parallel recordings of pressure pulses by conventional catheter manometer systems and catheter tip manometer demonstrate severe errors in the peak velocity of pressure rise estimated by conventional systems. This fact is due to inadequate dynamic response characteristics of conventional systems in relation to the frequency content of pressure curves. During cardiac rest the error in dp/dt max is less than 10% if the frequency response of the recording system is uniform up to 10 Hz, the corresponding value under maximal cardiac stimulation is about 40 Hz. This is equal to the first 10 harmonics of heart rate. The examination of left and right ventricular pressure curves leads to similar results. The experimental determination of dynamic response characteristics of cathermanometer systems requires a test system producing suitable sinus or step functions, parallel high fidelity recording of pressure functions to be recommended. A simple test station is described. Examinations of temperature influence on catheter material and resulting changes in dynamic response characteristics were carried out. The incubation of catheters at the temperature of 37 degrees C is indispensable. A new diagram for simplifying the interpretation of results is described. Other publications are discussed in viewpoint of employed techniques and representation of results.", "contents": "[Recording of ventricular pressure by conventional catheter manometer systems. I. Minimal requirements of blood pressure recording systems and estimation of frequency response characteristics]. Parallel recordings of pressure pulses by conventional catheter manometer systems and catheter tip manometer demonstrate severe errors in the peak velocity of pressure rise estimated by conventional systems. This fact is due to inadequate dynamic response characteristics of conventional systems in relation to the frequency content of pressure curves. During cardiac rest the error in dp/dt max is less than 10% if the frequency response of the recording system is uniform up to 10 Hz, the corresponding value under maximal cardiac stimulation is about 40 Hz. This is equal to the first 10 harmonics of heart rate. The examination of left and right ventricular pressure curves leads to similar results. The experimental determination of dynamic response characteristics of cathermanometer systems requires a test system producing suitable sinus or step functions, parallel high fidelity recording of pressure functions to be recommended. A simple test station is described. Examinations of temperature influence on catheter material and resulting changes in dynamic response characteristics were carried out. The incubation of catheters at the temperature of 37 degrees C is indispensable. A new diagram for simplifying the interpretation of results is described. Other publications are discussed in viewpoint of employed techniques and representation of results."}
{"id": "PMID:938450", "title": "Accumulation and turnover of the classical Folch-Lees proteolipid proteins in developing and adult rat brain.", "content": "The turnover of classical Folch-Lees proteolipid proteins was studied after administration of [2,3-3H]tryptophan to both developing and adult rat brain. The animals were killed from 2h to 250 days after subcutaneous injections of [3H]tryptophan. The measured specific radioactivity in developing brain attained maximum value 24h after the administration of label, whereas the total radioactivity per brain reached a maximum 21 days after injection. The half-life of proteolipid protein from the measured specific radioactivity was 7-20 days, depending on the time-points used for the calculation, whereas calculation from total radioactivity between 28-77 and 91-257 days gave half-lives of 35-40 and 188 days respectively. In contrast, in animals injected at 40 days of age, the half-life from the whole-brain-radioactivity data was 188 days. The problem of the recycling of radioactivity for the synthesis of myelin proteins from either a general or a discrete amino acid pool is discussed.", "contents": "Accumulation and turnover of the classical Folch-Lees proteolipid proteins in developing and adult rat brain. The turnover of classical Folch-Lees proteolipid proteins was studied after administration of [2,3-3H]tryptophan to both developing and adult rat brain. The animals were killed from 2h to 250 days after subcutaneous injections of [3H]tryptophan. The measured specific radioactivity in developing brain attained maximum value 24h after the administration of label, whereas the total radioactivity per brain reached a maximum 21 days after injection. The half-life of proteolipid protein from the measured specific radioactivity was 7-20 days, depending on the time-points used for the calculation, whereas calculation from total radioactivity between 28-77 and 91-257 days gave half-lives of 35-40 and 188 days respectively. In contrast, in animals injected at 40 days of age, the half-life from the whole-brain-radioactivity data was 188 days. The problem of the recycling of radioactivity for the synthesis of myelin proteins from either a general or a discrete amino acid pool is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938451", "title": "The influence of adenine nucleotides and oxidizable substrates on triethyltin-mediated chloride uptake by rat liver mitochondria in potassium chloride media.", "content": "In a 100 mM-KCl medium, pH 6.8, containing ATP increasing concentrations of triethyltin cause an uptake of Cl- into mitochondria with a maximum at 1 muM. This can be inhibited by atractylate or oligomycin, but is virtually unaffected by the presence of rotenone. When the medium contains substrate (pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate or succinate), both in the presence and absence of adenine nucleotides, Cl- uptake is greater with a maximum at 1-10 muM-triethyltin. If substrate oxidation is blocked by respiratory-chain inhibitors the Cl- uptake mediated by triethyltin is inhibited except in the media containing ATP, when the characteristics of Cl- uptake similar to that found in the medium containing ATP alone are observed. Under all conditions tested Cl- uptake is decreased by the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is concluded that energy from either the oxidation of substrate or the hydrolysis of ATP is associated with the generation of sufficient OH- to enable the triethyltin-mediated Cl-/OH- exchange to occur under the metabolic conditions relevant to this action of triethyltin.", "contents": "The influence of adenine nucleotides and oxidizable substrates on triethyltin-mediated chloride uptake by rat liver mitochondria in potassium chloride media. In a 100 mM-KCl medium, pH 6.8, containing ATP increasing concentrations of triethyltin cause an uptake of Cl- into mitochondria with a maximum at 1 muM. This can be inhibited by atractylate or oligomycin, but is virtually unaffected by the presence of rotenone. When the medium contains substrate (pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate or succinate), both in the presence and absence of adenine nucleotides, Cl- uptake is greater with a maximum at 1-10 muM-triethyltin. If substrate oxidation is blocked by respiratory-chain inhibitors the Cl- uptake mediated by triethyltin is inhibited except in the media containing ATP, when the characteristics of Cl- uptake similar to that found in the medium containing ATP alone are observed. Under all conditions tested Cl- uptake is decreased by the presence of 2,4-dinitrophenol. It is concluded that energy from either the oxidation of substrate or the hydrolysis of ATP is associated with the generation of sufficient OH- to enable the triethyltin-mediated Cl-/OH- exchange to occur under the metabolic conditions relevant to this action of triethyltin."}
{"id": "PMID:938452", "title": "A stopped-flow dual-wavelength spectrophotometer suitable for the study of respiratory chains.", "content": "The requirements for a dual-wavelength stopped-flow spectrophotometer to be suitable for studying limited quantities of respiratory-chain preparations are described. They can be met by a design using mainly commercially available components. The constructed apparatus has a dead-time of approx. 2.6 ms, a mixing ratio of 17:1, and a minimal requirement for 0.5 ml of mixed reactants per flow.", "contents": "A stopped-flow dual-wavelength spectrophotometer suitable for the study of respiratory chains. The requirements for a dual-wavelength stopped-flow spectrophotometer to be suitable for studying limited quantities of respiratory-chain preparations are described. They can be met by a design using mainly commercially available components. The constructed apparatus has a dead-time of approx. 2.6 ms, a mixing ratio of 17:1, and a minimal requirement for 0.5 ml of mixed reactants per flow."}
{"id": "PMID:938453", "title": "Effect of hyperphenylalaninaemia on lipid synthesis from ketone bodies by rat brain.", "content": "The effect of hyperphenylalaninaemia on the metabolism of ketone bodies in vivo and in vitro by developing rat brain was investigated. The incorporation in vivo of [14C]acetoacetate into cerebral lipids was decreased by both chronic (for 3 days) and acute (for 6h) hyperphenylalaninaemia induced by injecting phenylalanine into 1-week-old rats. In studies in vitro it was observed that the incorporation of the radioactivity from [14C]acetoacetate and 3-hydroxy[14C]butyrate into cerebral lipids was inhibited by phenyl-pyruvate, but not by phenylalanine. Phenylpyruvate also inhibited the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into lipids by brain slices metabolizing either 3-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate in the presence of glucose. These findings suggest that the decrease in the incorporation in vivo of [14C]acetoacetate into cerebral lipids in hyperphenylalaninaemic rats is most likely caused by phenylpyruvate and not by phenylalanine. Phenylpyruvate as well as phenylalanine had no inhibitory effects on ketone-body-catabolizing enzymes, namely 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, in rat brain. Phenylpyruvate but not phenylalanine inhibited the activity of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from rat and human brain. These findings suggest that the metabolism of ketone bodies is impaired in brains of untreated phenylketonuric patients, and in turn may contribute to the diminution of mental development and function associated with phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Effect of hyperphenylalaninaemia on lipid synthesis from ketone bodies by rat brain. The effect of hyperphenylalaninaemia on the metabolism of ketone bodies in vivo and in vitro by developing rat brain was investigated. The incorporation in vivo of [14C]acetoacetate into cerebral lipids was decreased by both chronic (for 3 days) and acute (for 6h) hyperphenylalaninaemia induced by injecting phenylalanine into 1-week-old rats. In studies in vitro it was observed that the incorporation of the radioactivity from [14C]acetoacetate and 3-hydroxy[14C]butyrate into cerebral lipids was inhibited by phenyl-pyruvate, but not by phenylalanine. Phenylpyruvate also inhibited the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into lipids by brain slices metabolizing either 3-hydroxybutyrate or acetoacetate in the presence of glucose. These findings suggest that the decrease in the incorporation in vivo of [14C]acetoacetate into cerebral lipids in hyperphenylalaninaemic rats is most likely caused by phenylpyruvate and not by phenylalanine. Phenylpyruvate as well as phenylalanine had no inhibitory effects on ketone-body-catabolizing enzymes, namely 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, in rat brain. Phenylpyruvate but not phenylalanine inhibited the activity of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from rat and human brain. These findings suggest that the metabolism of ketone bodies is impaired in brains of untreated phenylketonuric patients, and in turn may contribute to the diminution of mental development and function associated with phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:938454", "title": "Insulin-like actions of nickel and other transition-metal ions in rat fat-cells.", "content": "NiC12 (1-6mM) decreased adrenaline and glucagon-stimulated lipolysis in rat fat-cells, and also considerably stimulated [U-14C]glucose incorporation into fat-cell lipids. 2. These insulin-like effects were also observed with CuCl, CuCl2, CoCl2 and (to a lesser extent) with MnCl2. 3. NiCl2 was less effective in mimicking insulin effects on [U-14C]fructose metabolism than on glucose utilization. 4. It is tentatively suggested that these transition-metal ions may mimic actions of insulin at the fat-cell plasma membrane which decrease lipolysis and stimulate glucose transport, but do not mimic certain other effects of the hormone on intracellular metabolic processes. 5. These results are discussed with reference to suggestions that redistributions of cellular Ca2+ are associated with insulin action in fat-cells.", "contents": "Insulin-like actions of nickel and other transition-metal ions in rat fat-cells. NiC12 (1-6mM) decreased adrenaline and glucagon-stimulated lipolysis in rat fat-cells, and also considerably stimulated [U-14C]glucose incorporation into fat-cell lipids. 2. These insulin-like effects were also observed with CuCl, CuCl2, CoCl2 and (to a lesser extent) with MnCl2. 3. NiCl2 was less effective in mimicking insulin effects on [U-14C]fructose metabolism than on glucose utilization. 4. It is tentatively suggested that these transition-metal ions may mimic actions of insulin at the fat-cell plasma membrane which decrease lipolysis and stimulate glucose transport, but do not mimic certain other effects of the hormone on intracellular metabolic processes. 5. These results are discussed with reference to suggestions that redistributions of cellular Ca2+ are associated with insulin action in fat-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:938455", "title": "Nature of the facilitated messenger ribonucleic acid transport from isolated nuclei.", "content": "Cytoplasmic macromolecules were previously identified which regulate both qualitatively and quantitatively the release of messenger-like RNA from isolated nuclei. These macromolecules are now shown to be denatured at 45-50 degrees C and their synthesis is sensitive to pactamycin or cycloheximide. The putative regulatory proteins are essentially quantitatively precipitated with high specificity from the cytosol by streptomycin at a concentration 10-fold higher than that used to precipitate RNA. The nuclear concentration-dependence of RNA transport from successive samples of nuclei strongly suggests that the regulatory factors are recycled. Quantitative changes in the sequences transported at various dilutions of the cytosol suggest that not all the different classes of the putative regulatory macromolecules are present in an effective concentration at any one dilution.", "contents": "Nature of the facilitated messenger ribonucleic acid transport from isolated nuclei. Cytoplasmic macromolecules were previously identified which regulate both qualitatively and quantitatively the release of messenger-like RNA from isolated nuclei. These macromolecules are now shown to be denatured at 45-50 degrees C and their synthesis is sensitive to pactamycin or cycloheximide. The putative regulatory proteins are essentially quantitatively precipitated with high specificity from the cytosol by streptomycin at a concentration 10-fold higher than that used to precipitate RNA. The nuclear concentration-dependence of RNA transport from successive samples of nuclei strongly suggests that the regulatory factors are recycled. Quantitative changes in the sequences transported at various dilutions of the cytosol suggest that not all the different classes of the putative regulatory macromolecules are present in an effective concentration at any one dilution."}
{"id": "PMID:938456", "title": "Deoxycytidine transport and pyrimidine deoxynucleotide metabolism in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Increased entry of deoxy[3H]cytidine begins at about 12h after addition of phytohaemagglutinin to peripheral pig lymphocyte cultures, and is accompanied by a parallel stimulation of deoxycytidine kinase up to the beginning of DNA synthesis at 24h. The increased deoxycytidine uptake is characterized by an increase in Vmax. without alteration of the apparent Km (0.7 +/- 0.11 muM). Although the entries of both nucleosides are promoted at the same time, the stimulation of deoxycytidine uptake is less than that of thymidine, and the two nucleosides are transported by separate systems. In addition to deoxycytidien kinase, the synthesis of deoxycytidylate deaminase and thymidylate synthetase are stimulated after addition of phytohaemagglutinin, but to a lesser extent than that of thymidine kinase. The importance of the latter enzyme in forming dTMP, and of thymidylate kinase in providing dTTP, is discussed.", "contents": "Deoxycytidine transport and pyrimidine deoxynucleotide metabolism in phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pig lymphocytes. Increased entry of deoxy[3H]cytidine begins at about 12h after addition of phytohaemagglutinin to peripheral pig lymphocyte cultures, and is accompanied by a parallel stimulation of deoxycytidine kinase up to the beginning of DNA synthesis at 24h. The increased deoxycytidine uptake is characterized by an increase in Vmax. without alteration of the apparent Km (0.7 +/- 0.11 muM). Although the entries of both nucleosides are promoted at the same time, the stimulation of deoxycytidine uptake is less than that of thymidine, and the two nucleosides are transported by separate systems. In addition to deoxycytidien kinase, the synthesis of deoxycytidylate deaminase and thymidylate synthetase are stimulated after addition of phytohaemagglutinin, but to a lesser extent than that of thymidine kinase. The importance of the latter enzyme in forming dTMP, and of thymidylate kinase in providing dTTP, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938457", "title": "Preparation and properties of mitochondria derived from synaptosomes.", "content": "A method has been developed whereby a fraction of rat brain mitochondria (synaptic mitochondria) was isolated from synaptosomes. This brain mitochondrial fraction was compared with the fraction of \"free\" brain mitochondria (non-synaptic) isolated by the method of Clark & Nicklas (1970). (J. Biol. Chem. 245, 4724-4731). Both mitochondrial fractions are shown to be relatively pure, metabolically active and well coupled. 2. The oxidation of a number of substrates by synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria was studied and compared. Of the substrates studied, pyruvate plus malate was oxidized most rapidly by both mitochondrial populations. However, the non-synaptic mitochondria oxidized glutamate plus malate almost twice as rapidly as the synaptic mitochondria. 3. The activities of certain tricarboxylic acid-cycle and related enzymes in synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria were determined. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) activities were similar in both fractions, but pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) activity in non-synaptic mitochondria was higher than in synaptic mitochondria and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) activity in non-synaptic mitochondria was lower than that in synaptic mitochondria. 4. Comparison of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria by rate-zonal separation confirmed the distinct identity of the two mitochondrial populations. The non-synaptic mitochondria had higher buoyant density and evidence was obtained to suggest that the synaptic mitochondria might be heterogeneous. 5. The results are also discussed in the light of the suggested connection between the heterogeneity of brain mitochondria and metabolic compartmentation.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of mitochondria derived from synaptosomes. A method has been developed whereby a fraction of rat brain mitochondria (synaptic mitochondria) was isolated from synaptosomes. This brain mitochondrial fraction was compared with the fraction of \"free\" brain mitochondria (non-synaptic) isolated by the method of Clark & Nicklas (1970). (J. Biol. Chem. 245, 4724-4731). Both mitochondrial fractions are shown to be relatively pure, metabolically active and well coupled. 2. The oxidation of a number of substrates by synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria was studied and compared. Of the substrates studied, pyruvate plus malate was oxidized most rapidly by both mitochondrial populations. However, the non-synaptic mitochondria oxidized glutamate plus malate almost twice as rapidly as the synaptic mitochondria. 3. The activities of certain tricarboxylic acid-cycle and related enzymes in synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria were determined. Citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.41) and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) activities were similar in both fractions, but pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) activity in non-synaptic mitochondria was higher than in synaptic mitochondria and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) activity in non-synaptic mitochondria was lower than that in synaptic mitochondria. 4. Comparison of synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria by rate-zonal separation confirmed the distinct identity of the two mitochondrial populations. The non-synaptic mitochondria had higher buoyant density and evidence was obtained to suggest that the synaptic mitochondria might be heterogeneous. 5. The results are also discussed in the light of the suggested connection between the heterogeneity of brain mitochondria and metabolic compartmentation."}
{"id": "PMID:938458", "title": "Growth hormone and drug metabolism. Acute effects on microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities in rat liver.", "content": "Adult male rats were subjected either to sham operation or to hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy and maintained for a total of 10 days before treatment with growth hormone. Results of the early effects of growth hormone on the activities of the mixed-function oxidases in rat liver over a 96h period after growth-hormone treatment are presented. 2. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy result in decreased body and liver weight and decreased drug metabolism (mixed-function oxidases). Concentrations of electron-transport-system components are also decreased. 3. In the hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, growth hormone decreases the activities of the liver mixed-function oxidases and the cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductases, as well as decreasing the concentration of cytochrome P-450 compared with that of control rats. Similar but less dramatic results are obtained with sham-operated rats. 4. It is concluded that whereas growth hormone enhances liver growth, including induction of many enzyme activities, it results in a decrease in mixed-function oxidase activity. Apparently, mixed-function oxidase activity decreases in liver when growth (mitogenesis) increases.", "contents": "Growth hormone and drug metabolism. Acute effects on microsomal mixed-function oxidase activities in rat liver. Adult male rats were subjected either to sham operation or to hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy and maintained for a total of 10 days before treatment with growth hormone. Results of the early effects of growth hormone on the activities of the mixed-function oxidases in rat liver over a 96h period after growth-hormone treatment are presented. 2. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy result in decreased body and liver weight and decreased drug metabolism (mixed-function oxidases). Concentrations of electron-transport-system components are also decreased. 3. In the hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, growth hormone decreases the activities of the liver mixed-function oxidases and the cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductases, as well as decreasing the concentration of cytochrome P-450 compared with that of control rats. Similar but less dramatic results are obtained with sham-operated rats. 4. It is concluded that whereas growth hormone enhances liver growth, including induction of many enzyme activities, it results in a decrease in mixed-function oxidase activity. Apparently, mixed-function oxidase activity decreases in liver when growth (mitogenesis) increases."}
{"id": "PMID:938459", "title": "A deoxyribonucleic acid-replication intermediate in the growing mosquito.", "content": "In previous experiments on growth and aging in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a low mol. wt. (500000) DNA species was found in the supernatant fraction after ultracentrifugation of homogenates of rapidly-growing larvae. This DNA species, \"sDNA\", constituted 30-40% of total DNA in 2-4-day-old larvae, but was less than 5% in older larvae, pupae and adults. We have now isolated and characterized sDNA and initiated experiments to determine its metabolic role. Isolated sDNA has the same physical and chemical characteristics as bulk DNA, \"pDNA\", and differs only in size. In CsCl isopycnic centrifugation the buoyant densities of sDNA and pDNA were 1.700 and 1.697 g/cm3 respectively. The \"melting\" temperature of both DNA species was 84 degrees C. Base compositions calculated from these data and other methods were 38.9 mol% of guanine-plus-cytosine for sDNA, and 38.5 for pDNA. Also, the size of newly-synthesized DNA was investigated by pulse-labelling and pulse-chase experiments. In neutral sucrose gradients the labelled DNA component after a 2h pulse had a sedimentation coefficient of about 8S, but after a 4h pulse sedimented in a broad band from 10-19S. In alkaline sucrose gradients a single peak around 7S was observed for pulse times up to 4h. After a 6h pulse and a 1 day \"chase\", labelled DNA species had sedimentation coefficients ranging from 10-15S in alkaline sucrose, and after a 2-day chase the values were 17-31S, similar to those of pDNA under alkaline conditions. These results suggest that sDNA represents an intermediate form in the replication of DNA in mosquito larvae.", "contents": "A deoxyribonucleic acid-replication intermediate in the growing mosquito. In previous experiments on growth and aging in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a low mol. wt. (500000) DNA species was found in the supernatant fraction after ultracentrifugation of homogenates of rapidly-growing larvae. This DNA species, \"sDNA\", constituted 30-40% of total DNA in 2-4-day-old larvae, but was less than 5% in older larvae, pupae and adults. We have now isolated and characterized sDNA and initiated experiments to determine its metabolic role. Isolated sDNA has the same physical and chemical characteristics as bulk DNA, \"pDNA\", and differs only in size. In CsCl isopycnic centrifugation the buoyant densities of sDNA and pDNA were 1.700 and 1.697 g/cm3 respectively. The \"melting\" temperature of both DNA species was 84 degrees C. Base compositions calculated from these data and other methods were 38.9 mol% of guanine-plus-cytosine for sDNA, and 38.5 for pDNA. Also, the size of newly-synthesized DNA was investigated by pulse-labelling and pulse-chase experiments. In neutral sucrose gradients the labelled DNA component after a 2h pulse had a sedimentation coefficient of about 8S, but after a 4h pulse sedimented in a broad band from 10-19S. In alkaline sucrose gradients a single peak around 7S was observed for pulse times up to 4h. After a 6h pulse and a 1 day \"chase\", labelled DNA species had sedimentation coefficients ranging from 10-15S in alkaline sucrose, and after a 2-day chase the values were 17-31S, similar to those of pDNA under alkaline conditions. These results suggest that sDNA represents an intermediate form in the replication of DNA in mosquito larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:938460", "title": "The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid during the life-span of the mosquito.", "content": "Previous results from this laboratory [Kao et al, (1976) Biochem. J. 154, 471-480] demonstrated that a low-molecular-weight DNA species, \"sDNA\", present in high concentrations during rapid larval growth of the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, may be an intermediate in DNA replication. We have now determined the life-span profiles of synthetic rates and the steady-state contents of sDNA and total DNA by radiometric and biochemical procedures and by using mosquitoes grown and maintained under defined and controlled conditions, including axenic culture and synchronization of stages. 2. Our results showed exponential increases in DNA contents and synthetic rates which paralleled the changes in weight during larval growth. Of special importance was the finding that in rapidly-growing larvae and newly-emerged adult mosquitoes high contents and rates of synthesis of sDNA were correlated with increases in total DNA/organism, which suggests that sDNA content may be an index of DNA replication. In senescent mosquitos a twofold increase in the synthetic rate of bulk DNA (\"pDNA\") without an increase in sDNA may reflect repair synthesis. 3. The significance of this investigation is that it may be the first quantitative and systematic description of the synthetic rates and contents of both DNA-replication intermediates and total DNA in an axenic, eukaryotic organism rather than a specific cell type. Equally important is that these findings describe DNA changes during growth and also during aging through senescence in an age-characterized organism.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid during the life-span of the mosquito. Previous results from this laboratory [Kao et al, (1976) Biochem. J. 154, 471-480] demonstrated that a low-molecular-weight DNA species, \"sDNA\", present in high concentrations during rapid larval growth of the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, may be an intermediate in DNA replication. We have now determined the life-span profiles of synthetic rates and the steady-state contents of sDNA and total DNA by radiometric and biochemical procedures and by using mosquitoes grown and maintained under defined and controlled conditions, including axenic culture and synchronization of stages. 2. Our results showed exponential increases in DNA contents and synthetic rates which paralleled the changes in weight during larval growth. Of special importance was the finding that in rapidly-growing larvae and newly-emerged adult mosquitoes high contents and rates of synthesis of sDNA were correlated with increases in total DNA/organism, which suggests that sDNA content may be an index of DNA replication. In senescent mosquitos a twofold increase in the synthetic rate of bulk DNA (\"pDNA\") without an increase in sDNA may reflect repair synthesis. 3. The significance of this investigation is that it may be the first quantitative and systematic description of the synthetic rates and contents of both DNA-replication intermediates and total DNA in an axenic, eukaryotic organism rather than a specific cell type. Equally important is that these findings describe DNA changes during growth and also during aging through senescence in an age-characterized organism."}
{"id": "PMID:938461", "title": "Similarities in the polypeptide composition of glyoxysomal and endoplasmic-reticulum membranes from castor-bean endosperm.", "content": "Microsomal fractions, glyoxysomes and mitochondria were isolated from homogenates of germinating castor-bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Washed membrane preparations from these cellular fractions were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. At corresponding developmental stages the endoplasmic-reticulum and glyoxysomal membranes were strikingly similar in polypeptide composition, at least 16 polypeptides being present in membranes isolated from 3-day-old tissue. Supplying [35S]methionine to intact endosperm tissue resulted in the labelling of all membrane polypeptides, the specific radioactivity in the endoplasmic reticulum being greater than for equivalent polypeptides of the glyoxysomal membrane. Washing these membranes with sodium deoxycholate solution extensively solubilized protein components, with the exception of a predominant polypeptide of mol.wt. 55000. Mitochondrial membrane preparations differed from those of the endoplasmic reticulum and glyoxysomes in polypeptide molecular-weight distribution and the [35S]methionine-labelling pattern. The similarity in polypeptide composition between endoplasmic-reticulum and glyoxysomal membranes is discussed in relation to glyoxysome biogenesis.", "contents": "Similarities in the polypeptide composition of glyoxysomal and endoplasmic-reticulum membranes from castor-bean endosperm. Microsomal fractions, glyoxysomes and mitochondria were isolated from homogenates of germinating castor-bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Washed membrane preparations from these cellular fractions were examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. At corresponding developmental stages the endoplasmic-reticulum and glyoxysomal membranes were strikingly similar in polypeptide composition, at least 16 polypeptides being present in membranes isolated from 3-day-old tissue. Supplying [35S]methionine to intact endosperm tissue resulted in the labelling of all membrane polypeptides, the specific radioactivity in the endoplasmic reticulum being greater than for equivalent polypeptides of the glyoxysomal membrane. Washing these membranes with sodium deoxycholate solution extensively solubilized protein components, with the exception of a predominant polypeptide of mol.wt. 55000. Mitochondrial membrane preparations differed from those of the endoplasmic reticulum and glyoxysomes in polypeptide molecular-weight distribution and the [35S]methionine-labelling pattern. The similarity in polypeptide composition between endoplasmic-reticulum and glyoxysomal membranes is discussed in relation to glyoxysome biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938462", "title": "The cellular origin of glyoxysomal proteins in germinating castor-bean endosperm.", "content": "The capacity of castor-bean endosperm tissue to incorporate [35S]methionine into proteins of the total particulate fraction increased during the first 3 days of germination and subsequently declined. At the onset of germination 66% of the incorporated 35S was found in the separated endoplasmic-reticulum fraction, with the remainder in mitochondria, whereas at later developmental stages an increasing proportion of 35S was recovered in glyoxysomes. The kinetics of [35S]methionine incorporation into the major organelle fractions of 3-day-old endosperm tissue showed that the endoplasmic reticulum was immediately labelled, whereas a lag period preceded the labelling of mitochondria and glyoxysomes. When kinetic experiments were interrupted by the addition of an excess of unlabelled methionine, incorporation of [35S]methionine into the endoplasmic reticulum rapidly ceased, but incorporation into mitochondia and glyoxysomes continued for a further 1h. Examination of isolated organelle membranes during this period showed that the addition of unlabelled methionine resulted in a stimulated incorporation of [35S]no methionine into the endoplasmic-reticulum membrane for 30 min, after which time the 35S content of this fraction declined, whereas that of the glyoxysomal membranes continued to increase slowly. The 35S-labelling kinetics of organelles and fractions derived therefrom are discussed in relation to the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis during glyoxysome biogenesis.", "contents": "The cellular origin of glyoxysomal proteins in germinating castor-bean endosperm. The capacity of castor-bean endosperm tissue to incorporate [35S]methionine into proteins of the total particulate fraction increased during the first 3 days of germination and subsequently declined. At the onset of germination 66% of the incorporated 35S was found in the separated endoplasmic-reticulum fraction, with the remainder in mitochondria, whereas at later developmental stages an increasing proportion of 35S was recovered in glyoxysomes. The kinetics of [35S]methionine incorporation into the major organelle fractions of 3-day-old endosperm tissue showed that the endoplasmic reticulum was immediately labelled, whereas a lag period preceded the labelling of mitochondria and glyoxysomes. When kinetic experiments were interrupted by the addition of an excess of unlabelled methionine, incorporation of [35S]methionine into the endoplasmic reticulum rapidly ceased, but incorporation into mitochondia and glyoxysomes continued for a further 1h. Examination of isolated organelle membranes during this period showed that the addition of unlabelled methionine resulted in a stimulated incorporation of [35S]no methionine into the endoplasmic-reticulum membrane for 30 min, after which time the 35S content of this fraction declined, whereas that of the glyoxysomal membranes continued to increase slowly. The 35S-labelling kinetics of organelles and fractions derived therefrom are discussed in relation to the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis during glyoxysome biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938463", "title": "Identification of bile acids in the serum and urine in cholestasis. Evidence for 6alpha-hydroxylation of bile acids in man.", "content": "In this qualitative study of the pattern of bile acid excretion in cholestasis, methods are described for the isolation of bile acids from large volumes of urine and plasma. The bile acids were subjected to a group separation and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The techniques were developed to allow identification of the minor components of the bile acid mixture. Four bile acids that have not previously been described in human urine and plasma were detected, namely 3beta, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, 3alpha, 6alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha, 6alpha, 7alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyocholic acid) and 3alpha, 7beta, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid. In addition three C27 steroids were found; 26-hydroxycholesterol and a trihydroxy cholestane, probably 5 beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol were found in the sulphate fraction of plasma and urine. In the plasma sample, a sulphate conjugate of 24-hydroxycholesterol was found. The presence of these compounds probably reflects the existence of further pathways for bile acid metabolism. It is not yet known whether this is a consequence of the cholestasis or whether they are also present in normal man, at much lower concentrations.", "contents": "Identification of bile acids in the serum and urine in cholestasis. Evidence for 6alpha-hydroxylation of bile acids in man. In this qualitative study of the pattern of bile acid excretion in cholestasis, methods are described for the isolation of bile acids from large volumes of urine and plasma. The bile acids were subjected to a group separation and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The techniques were developed to allow identification of the minor components of the bile acid mixture. Four bile acids that have not previously been described in human urine and plasma were detected, namely 3beta, 7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, 3alpha, 6alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyodeoxycholic acid), 3alpha, 6alpha, 7alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid (hyocholic acid) and 3alpha, 7beta, 12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid. In addition three C27 steroids were found; 26-hydroxycholesterol and a trihydroxy cholestane, probably 5 beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 26-triol were found in the sulphate fraction of plasma and urine. In the plasma sample, a sulphate conjugate of 24-hydroxycholesterol was found. The presence of these compounds probably reflects the existence of further pathways for bile acid metabolism. It is not yet known whether this is a consequence of the cholestasis or whether they are also present in normal man, at much lower concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:938464", "title": "The metabolism of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid including polyadenylated species, in the developing rat brain.", "content": "High-molecular-weight RNA was isolated from rat brain at various times after the intracranial administration of [32P]Pi. The synthesis of 28S and 18S rRNA could be detected within 1h of the injection of the radioactive precursor and appeared to be more pronounced, relative to other high-molecular-weight RNA, in the brains of older rats compared with those of newborn rats. Polyadenylated RNA, representing most mRNA and their precursors, was isolated by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The contribution of this polyadenylated RNA to total RNA synthesis was investigated in the cerebral cortex and the phylogenetically older brain stem at different stages in the development of the rats by using a 5h period of labelling as an arbitrary index of transcription. In the brain stem the proportion of labelled polyadenylated RNA comprised 27-30% of the total RNA. The corresponding values for the cortex decreased from 34% in newborn rats to 23% in 40-150-day-old rats. These data indicated that proportionately more polyadenylated RNA is synthesized in the cortex of the newborn than in the adult rat and that there is a progressive decrease in the synthesis of polyadenylated RNA relative to rRNA during development.", "contents": "The metabolism of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid including polyadenylated species, in the developing rat brain. High-molecular-weight RNA was isolated from rat brain at various times after the intracranial administration of [32P]Pi. The synthesis of 28S and 18S rRNA could be detected within 1h of the injection of the radioactive precursor and appeared to be more pronounced, relative to other high-molecular-weight RNA, in the brains of older rats compared with those of newborn rats. Polyadenylated RNA, representing most mRNA and their precursors, was isolated by chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose. The contribution of this polyadenylated RNA to total RNA synthesis was investigated in the cerebral cortex and the phylogenetically older brain stem at different stages in the development of the rats by using a 5h period of labelling as an arbitrary index of transcription. In the brain stem the proportion of labelled polyadenylated RNA comprised 27-30% of the total RNA. The corresponding values for the cortex decreased from 34% in newborn rats to 23% in 40-150-day-old rats. These data indicated that proportionately more polyadenylated RNA is synthesized in the cortex of the newborn than in the adult rat and that there is a progressive decrease in the synthesis of polyadenylated RNA relative to rRNA during development."}
{"id": "PMID:938465", "title": "Nucleo-cytoplasmic relationships of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid, including polyadenylated species, in the developing rat brain.", "content": "The metabolism of high-molecular-weight RNA in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of newborn and adult rat brain was investigated after the intracranial administration of [32P]Pi. In young brain, a considerable proportion of the newly synthesized radioactive RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, in contrast with the adult brain, where there appears to be a high intranuclear turnover. Electrophoretic analysis of the newly synthesized RNA showed that processing of the rRNA precursor to yield the 28S and 18S rRNA may be more rapid in the adult than in the young, although most of the adult rRNA in the nucleus is not transferred to the cytoplasm. In young brain, processing is probably tightly coupled to transport of rRNA into the cytoplasm, so that 28S and 18S rRNA are not subjected to possible degradation within the nucleus. Polyadenylated RNA turns over in concert with high-molecular-weight RNA in the nuclei of the adult rat brain. In the cytoplasm the polyadenylated RNA has a higher turnover rate relative to rRNA. In the young brain the polyadenylated RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm along with rRNA, although polyadenylated RNA is transported into the cytoplasm at a faster rate. The nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA species of young brain are larger than their corresponding adult counterparts. These results suggest that there are considerable changes in the regulation of the nucleo-cytoplasmic relationship of rRNA and polyadenylated RNA during the transition of the brain from a developing replicative phase to an adult differentiated and non-dividing state.", "contents": "Nucleo-cytoplasmic relationships of high-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid, including polyadenylated species, in the developing rat brain. The metabolism of high-molecular-weight RNA in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of newborn and adult rat brain was investigated after the intracranial administration of [32P]Pi. In young brain, a considerable proportion of the newly synthesized radioactive RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, in contrast with the adult brain, where there appears to be a high intranuclear turnover. Electrophoretic analysis of the newly synthesized RNA showed that processing of the rRNA precursor to yield the 28S and 18S rRNA may be more rapid in the adult than in the young, although most of the adult rRNA in the nucleus is not transferred to the cytoplasm. In young brain, processing is probably tightly coupled to transport of rRNA into the cytoplasm, so that 28S and 18S rRNA are not subjected to possible degradation within the nucleus. Polyadenylated RNA turns over in concert with high-molecular-weight RNA in the nuclei of the adult rat brain. In the cytoplasm the polyadenylated RNA has a higher turnover rate relative to rRNA. In the young brain the polyadenylated RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm along with rRNA, although polyadenylated RNA is transported into the cytoplasm at a faster rate. The nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA species of young brain are larger than their corresponding adult counterparts. These results suggest that there are considerable changes in the regulation of the nucleo-cytoplasmic relationship of rRNA and polyadenylated RNA during the transition of the brain from a developing replicative phase to an adult differentiated and non-dividing state."}
{"id": "PMID:938466", "title": "The formation of alanine from amino acids in diaphragm muscle of the rat.", "content": "Alanine production and pyruvate content of the isolated rat hemidiaphragm are increased by isoleucine or glutamate. These results support the hypothesis that amino acids are converted into pyruvate before oxidation and that some pyruvate is transaminated to alanine, which is released from the muscle.", "contents": "The formation of alanine from amino acids in diaphragm muscle of the rat. Alanine production and pyruvate content of the isolated rat hemidiaphragm are increased by isoleucine or glutamate. These results support the hypothesis that amino acids are converted into pyruvate before oxidation and that some pyruvate is transaminated to alanine, which is released from the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:938467", "title": "Activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in brains of adult and 7-day-old rats.", "content": "Rat brain contains 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, but this enzyme is far more active in 7-day-old brain than in adult brain. This difference may partly explain why cholesterol biosynthesis is more rapid in growing than in adult rat brain.", "contents": "Activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in brains of adult and 7-day-old rats. Rat brain contains 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, but this enzyme is far more active in 7-day-old brain than in adult brain. This difference may partly explain why cholesterol biosynthesis is more rapid in growing than in adult rat brain."}
{"id": "PMID:938468", "title": "Conformational analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from PM2 bacteriophage. The effect of size on supercoil shape.", "content": "Laser light-scattering studies of bacteriophage PM2 DNA showed the molecule to have mol.wt. 5.9 X 10(6) and root-mean -square radius 125 nm at an ionic strength of 0.2 mol/litre. Computer-generated curves compatible with these data were compared with the experimental interference curve for several structural models of the molecules. The data fit best to an asymmetric four-armed planar molecule in which all four arms emerge from or close to the one area of the molecule. This contrasts with the smaller DNA molecules investigated, which have shown a three-armed molecule, whose symmetry varies with primary structure.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from PM2 bacteriophage. The effect of size on supercoil shape. Laser light-scattering studies of bacteriophage PM2 DNA showed the molecule to have mol.wt. 5.9 X 10(6) and root-mean -square radius 125 nm at an ionic strength of 0.2 mol/litre. Computer-generated curves compatible with these data were compared with the experimental interference curve for several structural models of the molecules. The data fit best to an asymmetric four-armed planar molecule in which all four arms emerge from or close to the one area of the molecule. This contrasts with the smaller DNA molecules investigated, which have shown a three-armed molecule, whose symmetry varies with primary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:938469", "title": "Purification, characterization and identification of rat liver histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes.", "content": "1. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isolectric focusing. Both enzyme preparations were remarkably similar in physical and enzymic properties. Isoenzyme 1 had pI8.0 and a pH optimum of 9.0. The enzyme was active with pyruvate as amino acceptor but not with 2-oxoglutarate, and utilized various aromatic amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: phenylalanine greater than tyrosine greater than histidine. Very little activity was found with tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values were about 2.6mM for histidine and 2.7 mM for phenylalanine. Km values for pyruvate were about 5.2mM with phenylalanine as amino donor and 1.1mM with histidine. The aminotransferase activity of the enzyme towards phenylalanine was inhibited by the addition of histidine. The mol.wt. determined by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation was approx. 70000. The mitochondrial and supernatant isoenzyme 1 activities increased approximately 25-fold and 3.2-fold respectively in rats repeatedly injected with glucagon for 2 days. 2. An additional histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was partially purified from both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver. Nearly identical properties were observed with both preparations. Isoenzyme 2 had pI5.2 and a pH optimum of 9.3. The enzyme was specific for pyruvate and did not function with 2-oxoglutarate. The order of effectiveness of amino donors was tyrosine = phenylalanine greater than histidine greater than tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values for histidine and phenylalanine were about 0.51 and 1.8 mM respectively. Km values for pyruvate were about 3.5mM with phenylalanine and 4.7mM with histidine as amino  donors. Histidine inhibited phenylalanine aminotransferase activity of the enzyme. Gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded a mol.wt. of approx. 90000. Neither the mitochondrial nor the supernatant isoenzyme 2 activity was elevated by glucagon injection.", "contents": "Purification, characterization and identification of rat liver histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes. 1. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isolectric focusing. Both enzyme preparations were remarkably similar in physical and enzymic properties. Isoenzyme 1 had pI8.0 and a pH optimum of 9.0. The enzyme was active with pyruvate as amino acceptor but not with 2-oxoglutarate, and utilized various aromatic amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: phenylalanine greater than tyrosine greater than histidine. Very little activity was found with tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values were about 2.6mM for histidine and 2.7 mM for phenylalanine. Km values for pyruvate were about 5.2mM with phenylalanine as amino donor and 1.1mM with histidine. The aminotransferase activity of the enzyme towards phenylalanine was inhibited by the addition of histidine. The mol.wt. determined by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation was approx. 70000. The mitochondrial and supernatant isoenzyme 1 activities increased approximately 25-fold and 3.2-fold respectively in rats repeatedly injected with glucagon for 2 days. 2. An additional histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was partially purified from both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver. Nearly identical properties were observed with both preparations. Isoenzyme 2 had pI5.2 and a pH optimum of 9.3. The enzyme was specific for pyruvate and did not function with 2-oxoglutarate. The order of effectiveness of amino donors was tyrosine = phenylalanine greater than histidine greater than tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values for histidine and phenylalanine were about 0.51 and 1.8 mM respectively. Km values for pyruvate were about 3.5mM with phenylalanine and 4.7mM with histidine as amino  donors. Histidine inhibited phenylalanine aminotransferase activity of the enzyme. Gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded a mol.wt. of approx. 90000. Neither the mitochondrial nor the supernatant isoenzyme 2 activity was elevated by glucagon injection."}
{"id": "PMID:938470", "title": "Interaction of human cathepsin D with the inhibitor pepstatin.", "content": "1. Because of the proposed role of cathepsin D in a variety of biological and pathological processes, the characteristics of inhibition by the potentially useful agent, pepstatin, were determined. 2. The beta and gamma forms of human cathepsin D, separated by isoelectric focusing, have identical specific extinction coefficients and specific activity in the degradation of haemoglobin. 3. Cathepsin D showed tight binding of 1 mol of pepstatin per 43000 g of protein, indicating that titration with the inhibitor represents a useful method for determination of absolute concentrations of the enzyme. 4. The titration curves were used to determine apparent dissociation constants (KD) for the binding of pepstatin and pepstatin methyl ester at pH3.5; values of approx. 5 X 10(-10)M were obtained. 5. Pepstatinyl-[3H]glycine was synthesized and shown to have a KD similar to that of pepstatin. Gel-chromatographic experiments showed that the binding of pepstatin and its derivatives is strongly pH-dependent. 6. The effect of pH on the KD for pepstatinyl-glycine was determined by equilibrium dialysis. As the pH was raised from 5.0 to 6.4, KD rose from 5 X 10(-10)M to 2 X 10(-6)M. 7. The catalytic activity of cathepsin D declines essentially to zero on going from pH5.0 to pH7.0, and we suggest that the binding site for substrate and pepstatin is abolished by a conformational change in the enzyme molecule. 8. The data indicate that, in biological experiments near neutral pH, large molar excesses of pepstatin over cathepsin D will be required for efficient inhibition.", "contents": "Interaction of human cathepsin D with the inhibitor pepstatin. 1. Because of the proposed role of cathepsin D in a variety of biological and pathological processes, the characteristics of inhibition by the potentially useful agent, pepstatin, were determined. 2. The beta and gamma forms of human cathepsin D, separated by isoelectric focusing, have identical specific extinction coefficients and specific activity in the degradation of haemoglobin. 3. Cathepsin D showed tight binding of 1 mol of pepstatin per 43000 g of protein, indicating that titration with the inhibitor represents a useful method for determination of absolute concentrations of the enzyme. 4. The titration curves were used to determine apparent dissociation constants (KD) for the binding of pepstatin and pepstatin methyl ester at pH3.5; values of approx. 5 X 10(-10)M were obtained. 5. Pepstatinyl-[3H]glycine was synthesized and shown to have a KD similar to that of pepstatin. Gel-chromatographic experiments showed that the binding of pepstatin and its derivatives is strongly pH-dependent. 6. The effect of pH on the KD for pepstatinyl-glycine was determined by equilibrium dialysis. As the pH was raised from 5.0 to 6.4, KD rose from 5 X 10(-10)M to 2 X 10(-6)M. 7. The catalytic activity of cathepsin D declines essentially to zero on going from pH5.0 to pH7.0, and we suggest that the binding site for substrate and pepstatin is abolished by a conformational change in the enzyme molecule. 8. The data indicate that, in biological experiments near neutral pH, large molar excesses of pepstatin over cathepsin D will be required for efficient inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:938472", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of collagen galactosyltransferase from chick embryos.", "content": "Collagen galactosyltransferase was purified 50-150-fold from chick-embryo extract. The tissue homogenate was prepared in the presence of Triton X-100, since the addition of the detergent doubled the enzyme activity in the homogenate and the extract. Three species of the enzyme activity with different molecular weights were recovered on gel filtration, the mol.wts. being about 450000, 200000 and 50000. Collagen galactosyltransferase activity was strongly inhibited by p-mercuribenzoate, and stimulated by the addition of dithiothreitol to the incubation system. Studies on substrate requirements indicated that denatured citrate-soluble collagen is a more effective substrate than gelatinized insoluble collagen, as judged from their Km values. Experiments on three peptide fractions prepared from citrate-soluble collagen indicated that a fraction with an average mol.wt. of 500-600 contained peptides large enough to meet a minimun requirement for interaction with the enzyme. However, longer peptides were clearly better substrates. When native and heat-denatured citrate-soluble collagens were compared as substrates, practically no synthesis of galactosylhydroxylysine was found with native collagen. This finding suggests that the triple-helical conformation of collagen prevents the galactosylation of hydroxylysine residues.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of collagen galactosyltransferase from chick embryos. Collagen galactosyltransferase was purified 50-150-fold from chick-embryo extract. The tissue homogenate was prepared in the presence of Triton X-100, since the addition of the detergent doubled the enzyme activity in the homogenate and the extract. Three species of the enzyme activity with different molecular weights were recovered on gel filtration, the mol.wts. being about 450000, 200000 and 50000. Collagen galactosyltransferase activity was strongly inhibited by p-mercuribenzoate, and stimulated by the addition of dithiothreitol to the incubation system. Studies on substrate requirements indicated that denatured citrate-soluble collagen is a more effective substrate than gelatinized insoluble collagen, as judged from their Km values. Experiments on three peptide fractions prepared from citrate-soluble collagen indicated that a fraction with an average mol.wt. of 500-600 contained peptides large enough to meet a minimun requirement for interaction with the enzyme. However, longer peptides were clearly better substrates. When native and heat-denatured citrate-soluble collagens were compared as substrates, practically no synthesis of galactosylhydroxylysine was found with native collagen. This finding suggests that the triple-helical conformation of collagen prevents the galactosylation of hydroxylysine residues."}
{"id": "PMID:938471", "title": "Purification of the glycoprotein lectin from the broad bean (Vicia faba) and a comparison of its properties with lectins of similar specificity.", "content": "1. The lectin from the broad bean (Vicia faba) was purified by affinity chromatography by using 3-O-methylglucosamine covalently attached through the amino group to CH-Sepharose (an omega-hexanoic acid derivative of agarose). Its composition and the nature of its subunits were compared with concanavalin A and the lectins from pea and lentil. 2. Unlike the other three lectins, broad-bean lectin is a glycoprotein; a glycopeptide containing glucosamine and mannose was isolated from a proteolytic digest. 3. The mol.wt. is about 47500; the glycoprotein consists of two apprently identical subunits, held together by non-covalent forces. Fragments of the subunits, similar to those found in concanavalin A and soya-bean agglutinin, were found in active preparations. 4. Broad-bean lectin was compared with concanavalin A and the lectins from pea and lentil in an investigation of the inhibition of their action by a number of monosaccharides, methyl ethers of monosaccharides, disaccharides and glycopeptides. The most striking differences concern 3-O-substituted monosaccharides, which are strong inhibitors of the action of broad-bean, pea and lentil lectins but not of the action of concanavalin A. There is, however, no strong inhibition of the action of these lectins by 3-Olinked disaccharides.", "contents": "Purification of the glycoprotein lectin from the broad bean (Vicia faba) and a comparison of its properties with lectins of similar specificity. 1. The lectin from the broad bean (Vicia faba) was purified by affinity chromatography by using 3-O-methylglucosamine covalently attached through the amino group to CH-Sepharose (an omega-hexanoic acid derivative of agarose). Its composition and the nature of its subunits were compared with concanavalin A and the lectins from pea and lentil. 2. Unlike the other three lectins, broad-bean lectin is a glycoprotein; a glycopeptide containing glucosamine and mannose was isolated from a proteolytic digest. 3. The mol.wt. is about 47500; the glycoprotein consists of two apprently identical subunits, held together by non-covalent forces. Fragments of the subunits, similar to those found in concanavalin A and soya-bean agglutinin, were found in active preparations. 4. Broad-bean lectin was compared with concanavalin A and the lectins from pea and lentil in an investigation of the inhibition of their action by a number of monosaccharides, methyl ethers of monosaccharides, disaccharides and glycopeptides. The most striking differences concern 3-O-substituted monosaccharides, which are strong inhibitors of the action of broad-bean, pea and lentil lectins but not of the action of concanavalin A. There is, however, no strong inhibition of the action of these lectins by 3-Olinked disaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:938473", "title": "2-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, a new hexuronic acid of biological origin.", "content": "Acid hydrolysis of the extracellular polysaccharide of Porphyridium cruentum (a unicellular red alga) produced a mixture of aldobiuronic acids and free hexuronic acids. Fractionation of this mixture on an ion-exchange column yielded a hexuronic acid characterized as the title compound. Its identity was confirmed by chromatographic comparisons with the authentic compound, by reduction to the corresponding methylated aldose, by resistance to controlled lead tetra-acetate oxidation and by chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Complete spectra have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP50062 (7 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5.", "contents": "2-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid, a new hexuronic acid of biological origin. Acid hydrolysis of the extracellular polysaccharide of Porphyridium cruentum (a unicellular red alga) produced a mixture of aldobiuronic acids and free hexuronic acids. Fractionation of this mixture on an ion-exchange column yielded a hexuronic acid characterized as the title compound. Its identity was confirmed by chromatographic comparisons with the authentic compound, by reduction to the corresponding methylated aldose, by resistance to controlled lead tetra-acetate oxidation and by chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Complete spectra have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP50062 (7 pages) with the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained under the terms given in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:938474", "title": "Subunit composition and structure of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement.", "content": "1. Unreduced human subcomponent C1q was shown by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate to be composed of two types of non-covalently linked subunits of apparent mol.wts. 69 000 and 54 000. The ratio of the two subunits was markedly affected by the ionic strength of the applied sample. At a low ionic strength of applied sample, which gave the optimum value for the 54 000-apparent mol.wt. subunit, a ratio of 1.99:1.00 was obtained for the ratio of the 69 000-apparent mol.wt. subunit to the 5400-apparent-mol.wt. subunit. The amount of the 54 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit detected in the expected position on the gel was found to be inversely proportional to increases in the ionic strength of the applled sample. 2. Human subcomponent C1q on reduction and alkylation, or oxidation, yields equimolar amounts of three chains designated A, B and C [Reid et al. (1972) Biochem. J. 130, 749-763]. The results obtained by Yonemasu & Stroud [(1972) Immunochemistry 9, 545-554], which showed that the 69 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit was a disulphide-linked dimer of the A and B chains and that the 54 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit was a disulphide-linked dimer of the C chain, were confirmed. 3. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in 6.0M-guanidinium chloride showed that both types of unreduced subunit were eluted together as a single symmetrical peak of apparent mol.wt. 49 000-50 000 when globular proteins were used as markers. The molecular weights of the oxidized or reduced A, B and C chains have been shown previously to be very similar all being in the range 23 000-24 000 [Reid et al. (1972) Biochem. J. 130, 749-763; Reid (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 189-203]. 4. It is proposed that subcomponent C1q (mol.wt. 410000) is composed of nine non-covalently linked subunits, i.e. six A-B dimers and three C-C dimers. 5. A structure for subcomponent C1q is proposed and is based on the assumption that the collagen-like regions of 78 residues in each of the A, B and C chains are combined to form a triple-helical structure of the same type as is found in collagens.", "contents": "Subunit composition and structure of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement. 1. Unreduced human subcomponent C1q was shown by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate to be composed of two types of non-covalently linked subunits of apparent mol.wts. 69 000 and 54 000. The ratio of the two subunits was markedly affected by the ionic strength of the applied sample. At a low ionic strength of applied sample, which gave the optimum value for the 54 000-apparent mol.wt. subunit, a ratio of 1.99:1.00 was obtained for the ratio of the 69 000-apparent mol.wt. subunit to the 5400-apparent-mol.wt. subunit. The amount of the 54 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit detected in the expected position on the gel was found to be inversely proportional to increases in the ionic strength of the applled sample. 2. Human subcomponent C1q on reduction and alkylation, or oxidation, yields equimolar amounts of three chains designated A, B and C [Reid et al. (1972) Biochem. J. 130, 749-763]. The results obtained by Yonemasu & Stroud [(1972) Immunochemistry 9, 545-554], which showed that the 69 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit was a disulphide-linked dimer of the A and B chains and that the 54 000-apparent-mol.wt. subunit was a disulphide-linked dimer of the C chain, were confirmed. 3. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 in 6.0M-guanidinium chloride showed that both types of unreduced subunit were eluted together as a single symmetrical peak of apparent mol.wt. 49 000-50 000 when globular proteins were used as markers. The molecular weights of the oxidized or reduced A, B and C chains have been shown previously to be very similar all being in the range 23 000-24 000 [Reid et al. (1972) Biochem. J. 130, 749-763; Reid (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 189-203]. 4. It is proposed that subcomponent C1q (mol.wt. 410000) is composed of nine non-covalently linked subunits, i.e. six A-B dimers and three C-C dimers. 5. A structure for subcomponent C1q is proposed and is based on the assumption that the collagen-like regions of 78 residues in each of the A, B and C chains are combined to form a triple-helical structure of the same type as is found in collagens."}
{"id": "PMID:938475", "title": "N-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat proteins that lack phenylalanine and histidine residues.", "content": "The 24 residues of the N-terminal CNBr peptide from a wheat albumin, that lacks phenylalanine and histidine, have been sequenced. Three of the assignments were made partly by analogy with two other proteins, as evidence is presented that all three proteins are probably identical in this region. Extra evidence for the sequences of the alpha-chymotryptic peptides derived from the N-terminal CNBr peptides of the three proteins, and also for their assembly, has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50063 (11 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem J. (1976) 153, 5. The nature of such evidence is stated in the text of this present communication.", "contents": "N-terminal amino acid sequence of wheat proteins that lack phenylalanine and histidine residues. The 24 residues of the N-terminal CNBr peptide from a wheat albumin, that lacks phenylalanine and histidine, have been sequenced. Three of the assignments were made partly by analogy with two other proteins, as evidence is presented that all three proteins are probably identical in this region. Extra evidence for the sequences of the alpha-chymotryptic peptides derived from the N-terminal CNBr peptides of the three proteins, and also for their assembly, has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50063 (11 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem J. (1976) 153, 5. The nature of such evidence is stated in the text of this present communication."}
{"id": "PMID:938476", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin with detection in the region of 200 nm.", "content": "A sensitive method for the separation of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis is described. The elution of the phospholipids from a microparticulate (10 mum) silica-gel chromatographic column was monitored with an ultraviolet spectromonitor at 203 nm. Acetonitrile/methanol/water (65:21:14, by vol.) was used as the solvent. It was shown by using synthetic phosphatidylcholines of knowm fatty acid composition and of varying degree of unsaturation that the absorption at 203 nm was primarily due to the isolated double bonds and the response measured varied with the degree of unsaturation. Approx. 1 nmol of phosphatidylcholine, containing at least one double bond per molecule, can be detected. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin could be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorption if the apparent extinction coefficient of the material analyzed was established. Alternatively, peaks were collected and the phospholipids were determined by the analysis of phosphorus. The analysis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin present in the lipid extracts from animal tissues, blood and amniotic fluids were made without interference from other phospholipids or ultraviolet-absorbing material. The method described here is complementary to the high-performance liquid chromatographic method described previously for the analysis of ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides and serine-containing phosphoglycerides [Jungalwala, Turel, Evans and McCluer (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 517-526].", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin with detection in the region of 200 nm. A sensitive method for the separation of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis is described. The elution of the phospholipids from a microparticulate (10 mum) silica-gel chromatographic column was monitored with an ultraviolet spectromonitor at 203 nm. Acetonitrile/methanol/water (65:21:14, by vol.) was used as the solvent. It was shown by using synthetic phosphatidylcholines of knowm fatty acid composition and of varying degree of unsaturation that the absorption at 203 nm was primarily due to the isolated double bonds and the response measured varied with the degree of unsaturation. Approx. 1 nmol of phosphatidylcholine, containing at least one double bond per molecule, can be detected. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin could be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet absorption if the apparent extinction coefficient of the material analyzed was established. Alternatively, peaks were collected and the phospholipids were determined by the analysis of phosphorus. The analysis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin present in the lipid extracts from animal tissues, blood and amniotic fluids were made without interference from other phospholipids or ultraviolet-absorbing material. The method described here is complementary to the high-performance liquid chromatographic method described previously for the analysis of ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides and serine-containing phosphoglycerides [Jungalwala, Turel, Evans and McCluer (1975) Biochem. J. 145, 517-526]."}
{"id": "PMID:938477", "title": "Mouse haemoglobin Beta chains. Sequence data on embryonic y chain and genetic linkage of the Y-chain locus to the adult beta-chain locus Hbb.", "content": "Embryonic haemoglobin y-chain types were determined by starch-gel electrophoresis for inbred Mus musculus strains Sec/ReJ and Au/SsJ (with Hbbs and Hbbp adult beta-chain alleles respectively) and for random-bred HA/ICR (Swiss) mice, which had been selected to be homozygous for the adult Hbbd beta-chain allele. The strain with the Hbbs allele had y1 embryonic beta chain and the strain with the Hbbd allele had y2. The strain with the Hbbp allele also had y2 chain. A breeding study showed that the maximum recombination frequency between the Hbb locus and the y-chain locus is 5.4% at the 95% confidence level. Embryonic y2 chain was sequenced for 39 positions from the N-terminus with an Edman-Begg sequenator. Some tryptic-peptide composition data were obtained on both y1 and y2 chains. No amino acid substitutions between y1 and y2 chains were found in the 40 positions for which there are common data on the two chains. y2 and adult beta chains are different in 12 of the first 21 positions, but show considerable similarity thereafter. It is suggested that homologous but unequal crossing-over between y-chain and adult beta-chain loci could have given rise to the adult beta-chain allele Hbbd, which produces structurally different major and minor beta chains from two closely linked genes.", "contents": "Mouse haemoglobin Beta chains. Sequence data on embryonic y chain and genetic linkage of the Y-chain locus to the adult beta-chain locus Hbb. Embryonic haemoglobin y-chain types were determined by starch-gel electrophoresis for inbred Mus musculus strains Sec/ReJ and Au/SsJ (with Hbbs and Hbbp adult beta-chain alleles respectively) and for random-bred HA/ICR (Swiss) mice, which had been selected to be homozygous for the adult Hbbd beta-chain allele. The strain with the Hbbs allele had y1 embryonic beta chain and the strain with the Hbbd allele had y2. The strain with the Hbbp allele also had y2 chain. A breeding study showed that the maximum recombination frequency between the Hbb locus and the y-chain locus is 5.4% at the 95% confidence level. Embryonic y2 chain was sequenced for 39 positions from the N-terminus with an Edman-Begg sequenator. Some tryptic-peptide composition data were obtained on both y1 and y2 chains. No amino acid substitutions between y1 and y2 chains were found in the 40 positions for which there are common data on the two chains. y2 and adult beta chains are different in 12 of the first 21 positions, but show considerable similarity thereafter. It is suggested that homologous but unequal crossing-over between y-chain and adult beta-chain loci could have given rise to the adult beta-chain allele Hbbd, which produces structurally different major and minor beta chains from two closely linked genes."}
{"id": "PMID:938478", "title": "Human lysosomal elastase. Catalytic and immunological properties.", "content": "1. The elastase of human spleen was shown to exhibit endopeptidase activity against azo-casein and elastin. 2. Activity against several synthetic substrates was detected, and benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine 2-naphthyl ester was found to be a good substrate for routine use. 3. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum in the range of 8.2-9.2 against azo-casein and the synthetic substrate. 4. The effect of inhibitors on the spleen elastase showed it to be a serine proteinase with a specificity similar to that of porcine pancreatic elastase. 5. Specific antisera were raised against the enzyme, and it was shown to be immunologically identical with the lysosomal elastase of human neutrophil leucocytes.", "contents": "Human lysosomal elastase. Catalytic and immunological properties. 1. The elastase of human spleen was shown to exhibit endopeptidase activity against azo-casein and elastin. 2. Activity against several synthetic substrates was detected, and benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine 2-naphthyl ester was found to be a good substrate for routine use. 3. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum in the range of 8.2-9.2 against azo-casein and the synthetic substrate. 4. The effect of inhibitors on the spleen elastase showed it to be a serine proteinase with a specificity similar to that of porcine pancreatic elastase. 5. Specific antisera were raised against the enzyme, and it was shown to be immunologically identical with the lysosomal elastase of human neutrophil leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:938480", "title": "The actin of muscle and fibroblasts.", "content": "The isolation and quantification of an 18-residue peptide from the N-terminal region of chicken actin was used to quantify the amount of actin in acetone-dried powders of chicken breast muscle and chicken-embryo fibroblasts. Either isotope dilution or double labelling can be used for peptide quantification. About 17% of the protein of chicken breast muscle was estimated to be actin. However, only 0.25% of the protein of chicken-embryo fibroblasts was determined to be actin by quantification of this peptide. The actin content of fibroblasts may be low or the amino acid sequences of muscle and fibroblast actin may differ in the N-terminal region. The methodology used can be extended to examine whether other regions of muscle actin sequence are present in fibroblasts or other cell types.", "contents": "The actin of muscle and fibroblasts. The isolation and quantification of an 18-residue peptide from the N-terminal region of chicken actin was used to quantify the amount of actin in acetone-dried powders of chicken breast muscle and chicken-embryo fibroblasts. Either isotope dilution or double labelling can be used for peptide quantification. About 17% of the protein of chicken breast muscle was estimated to be actin. However, only 0.25% of the protein of chicken-embryo fibroblasts was determined to be actin by quantification of this peptide. The actin content of fibroblasts may be low or the amino acid sequences of muscle and fibroblast actin may differ in the N-terminal region. The methodology used can be extended to examine whether other regions of muscle actin sequence are present in fibroblasts or other cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:938481", "title": "The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin.", "content": "The alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin was reduced with dithiothreitol followed by carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid. The modified glycoprotein was hydrolysed with trypsin to give various peptides, the identities of which were established, and glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were separated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography; they were subjected to component analysis and were found to represent the two carbohydrate moieties in the parent glycoprotein. Sequential removal with glycoside hydrolases of monosaccharide units from the glycopeptides demonstrated (1) that galactose, mannose, glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucose) and neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-glycero-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid) residues possess the D configurations, (2) that the glucosamine units are N-acetylated and (3) the order of the monosaccharide units in the chain, the neuraminic acid units being furthest from the peptide backbone of the subunit and substituting the D-galactose units. Methylation analysis of the glycopeptides by adaptation of the Hakomori technique demonstrated that: (4) D-galactose, D-mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose) units exist in the pyranose forms; (5) the D-galactopyranose units are linked in the 1 and 6 positions; (6) the D-mannopyranose units exist in several forms, one in a terminal non-reducing position, one as 1,2-linked residues and some as 1,6-linked branch points; (7) the N-acetylglucosamine units are 1,6-linked. On the basis of the results of methylation and enzymic analysis, structures are proposed for the carbohydrate moieties and the assignments are compared with other data previously obtained by periodate-oxidation studies [Kennedy et al. (1974) Carbohydr. Res. 36, 369-377].", "contents": "The structures of the carbohydrate moieties of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin. The alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin was reduced with dithiothreitol followed by carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid. The modified glycoprotein was hydrolysed with trypsin to give various peptides, the identities of which were established, and glycopeptides. The glycopeptides were separated by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography; they were subjected to component analysis and were found to represent the two carbohydrate moieties in the parent glycoprotein. Sequential removal with glycoside hydrolases of monosaccharide units from the glycopeptides demonstrated (1) that galactose, mannose, glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucose) and neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-glycero-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid) residues possess the D configurations, (2) that the glucosamine units are N-acetylated and (3) the order of the monosaccharide units in the chain, the neuraminic acid units being furthest from the peptide backbone of the subunit and substituting the D-galactose units. Methylation analysis of the glycopeptides by adaptation of the Hakomori technique demonstrated that: (4) D-galactose, D-mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose) units exist in the pyranose forms; (5) the D-galactopyranose units are linked in the 1 and 6 positions; (6) the D-mannopyranose units exist in several forms, one in a terminal non-reducing position, one as 1,2-linked residues and some as 1,6-linked branch points; (7) the N-acetylglucosamine units are 1,6-linked. On the basis of the results of methylation and enzymic analysis, structures are proposed for the carbohydrate moieties and the assignments are compared with other data previously obtained by periodate-oxidation studies [Kennedy et al. (1974) Carbohydr. Res. 36, 369-377]."}
{"id": "PMID:938482", "title": "A comparison of the properties of renin isolated from pig and rat kidney.", "content": "1. On isoelectric focusing, renin from rat kidneys showed three activity peaks with pI values at pH 5.0, 5.2 and 5.4 after a purification procedure involving differential centrifugation, acidification, chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and dialysis. 2. The preparation (purified 140-fold) was compared with a crude kidney extract in the absence and presence of 3 M-urea by isoelectric focusing. The pattern of activity distribution was confirmed by these experiments and the content of isoenzymes in the three groups calculated. 3. Pig renin was prepared and compared with rat renin with regard to molecular weight, acid activation, behaviour on isoelectric focusing, immunogenicity and substrate affinity. 4. Extracts of rat kidney contained multiple forms of renin with mol.wt. between 39000and 42000, whereas active pig renin had an approximate mol.wt. of 40000. Acidification of rat renal extracts did not increase the activity of renin, indicating the absence of an inactive form of renin in rat kidneys, whereas pig renin was activated by this procedure. Pig renin has isoelectric points at pH 4.6, 4.8, 5.05 and 5.2, significantly lower than for rat renin. The isoenzymes from the two species had no antigenicity in common, as shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis or rocket immunoelectrophoresis. 5. The Michaelis constants for pig and rat renin were in the same range, 1 X 10(-6) M, when rat renin substrate was used. The relative content of rat isoenzyme with pI in the pH ranges 4.9-5.1, 5.1-5.3 and 5.3-5.5 was approx. 20, 27 and 53% respectively. Purified pig renin prepared in two different ways had isoenzymes with pI in the pH regions 4.5-4.7, 4.7-4.9, 4.9-5.05 and 5.05-5.20 in the approximate proportions 14, 24, 28 and 29%.", "contents": "A comparison of the properties of renin isolated from pig and rat kidney. 1. On isoelectric focusing, renin from rat kidneys showed three activity peaks with pI values at pH 5.0, 5.2 and 5.4 after a purification procedure involving differential centrifugation, acidification, chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and dialysis. 2. The preparation (purified 140-fold) was compared with a crude kidney extract in the absence and presence of 3 M-urea by isoelectric focusing. The pattern of activity distribution was confirmed by these experiments and the content of isoenzymes in the three groups calculated. 3. Pig renin was prepared and compared with rat renin with regard to molecular weight, acid activation, behaviour on isoelectric focusing, immunogenicity and substrate affinity. 4. Extracts of rat kidney contained multiple forms of renin with mol.wt. between 39000and 42000, whereas active pig renin had an approximate mol.wt. of 40000. Acidification of rat renal extracts did not increase the activity of renin, indicating the absence of an inactive form of renin in rat kidneys, whereas pig renin was activated by this procedure. Pig renin has isoelectric points at pH 4.6, 4.8, 5.05 and 5.2, significantly lower than for rat renin. The isoenzymes from the two species had no antigenicity in common, as shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis or rocket immunoelectrophoresis. 5. The Michaelis constants for pig and rat renin were in the same range, 1 X 10(-6) M, when rat renin substrate was used. The relative content of rat isoenzyme with pI in the pH ranges 4.9-5.1, 5.1-5.3 and 5.3-5.5 was approx. 20, 27 and 53% respectively. Purified pig renin prepared in two different ways had isoenzymes with pI in the pH regions 4.5-4.7, 4.7-4.9, 4.9-5.05 and 5.05-5.20 in the approximate proportions 14, 24, 28 and 29%."}
{"id": "PMID:938483", "title": "The mechanism of folding of globular proteins. Suitability of a penicillinase from Staphylococcus Aureus as a model for refolding studies.", "content": "1. A homogeneous preparation of penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) was isolated and purified from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus by a simple two-stage procedure. 2. The native protein contains 20-30% helix as determined by optical-rotatory-dispersion and circular-dichroism measurements. Some 54(+/-5)% of the 13 tyrosine residues are exposed to solvent molecules of diameter 0.44 and 0.94 nm. 3. Conditions that allow full recovery of enzymic activity and native conformation from the fully unfolded state in 4M-guanidinium chloride were defined. 4. Refolding of the protein was shown to be inhibited by intermolecular interaction, by small changes in ionization and by low concentrations (0.025 M) of phenol.", "contents": "The mechanism of folding of globular proteins. Suitability of a penicillinase from Staphylococcus Aureus as a model for refolding studies. 1. A homogeneous preparation of penicillinase (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6) was isolated and purified from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus by a simple two-stage procedure. 2. The native protein contains 20-30% helix as determined by optical-rotatory-dispersion and circular-dichroism measurements. Some 54(+/-5)% of the 13 tyrosine residues are exposed to solvent molecules of diameter 0.44 and 0.94 nm. 3. Conditions that allow full recovery of enzymic activity and native conformation from the fully unfolded state in 4M-guanidinium chloride were defined. 4. Refolding of the protein was shown to be inhibited by intermolecular interaction, by small changes in ionization and by low concentrations (0.025 M) of phenol."}
{"id": "PMID:938484", "title": "The mechanism of folding of globular proteins. Equilibria and kinetics of conformational transitions of penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus involving a state of intermediate conformation.", "content": "1. The thermodynamically reversible unfolding and refolding of penicillinase between the native and fully unfolded states were followed by using guanidinium chloride as denaturant. 2. The equilibria, studied by optical rotation, u.v. absorption, viscosity and enzyme activity, show the presence of a state of intermediate conformation, termed state H, which is stable at 20 degrees C in 0.8 M-guanidinium chloride. 3. The physical properties of this state show that it is slightly expanded with an intrinsic viscosity of 8 ml-g-1, that the 13 tyrosine residues, which are distributed through the primary sequence, are maximally exposed to the solvent and that the helix content is the same as that of the native state. 4. The kinetics of the transition between the native state, state H and the fully unfolded state were followed by u.v. absorption and by optical rotation. They are interpreted as showing that state H lies on the folding pathway between the native and fully unfolded states. 5. The transition between the native state and state H exhibits monophasic unfolding kinetics and biphasic refolding kinetics. This indicates that there must be at least two intermediate states in this process, at least one of which lies on the folding pathway which may also involve cul-de-sac paths. 6. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism involving rapid stabilization of nucleation regions in a moderately compact but internally solvated structure, with 'native format' [Anfinsen (1973) Science 181, 233-230] secondary structure stabilized by tertiary interaction. The final and rate-limiting step in refolding involves shuffling of these structural elements into the native state. 7. This model is discussed in relation to folding in vivo.", "contents": "The mechanism of folding of globular proteins. Equilibria and kinetics of conformational transitions of penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus involving a state of intermediate conformation. 1. The thermodynamically reversible unfolding and refolding of penicillinase between the native and fully unfolded states were followed by using guanidinium chloride as denaturant. 2. The equilibria, studied by optical rotation, u.v. absorption, viscosity and enzyme activity, show the presence of a state of intermediate conformation, termed state H, which is stable at 20 degrees C in 0.8 M-guanidinium chloride. 3. The physical properties of this state show that it is slightly expanded with an intrinsic viscosity of 8 ml-g-1, that the 13 tyrosine residues, which are distributed through the primary sequence, are maximally exposed to the solvent and that the helix content is the same as that of the native state. 4. The kinetics of the transition between the native state, state H and the fully unfolded state were followed by u.v. absorption and by optical rotation. They are interpreted as showing that state H lies on the folding pathway between the native and fully unfolded states. 5. The transition between the native state and state H exhibits monophasic unfolding kinetics and biphasic refolding kinetics. This indicates that there must be at least two intermediate states in this process, at least one of which lies on the folding pathway which may also involve cul-de-sac paths. 6. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism involving rapid stabilization of nucleation regions in a moderately compact but internally solvated structure, with 'native format' [Anfinsen (1973) Science 181, 233-230] secondary structure stabilized by tertiary interaction. The final and rate-limiting step in refolding involves shuffling of these structural elements into the native state. 7. This model is discussed in relation to folding in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:938485", "title": "Active fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of ovomucoid.", "content": "Cleavage of the two methionine residues in the glycoprotein trypsin inhibitor ovomucoid, variant O1, with CNBr resulted in two fragments whose mol.wts. were approx. 16 600 (fragment LS) and 11 000 (fragment M). Both fragments formed precipitates with antisera to ovomucoid. Fragment LS retained 56% of the trypsin-inhibitory activity of ovomucoid, but fragment M did not inhibit. After reduction and alkylation, the molecular weight of fragment M was unchanged, but fragment LS could be resolved into two segments of peptide chain with mol.wts. of approx. 12000 (fragment L) and 4700 (fragment S). Each of these peptides contained carbohydrate. Marked heterogeneity was observed in the hexose and hexosamine contents of fragment L. This may account for much of the heterogeneity in neutral carbohydrate occurring in ovomucoid preparations. It was found that fragment M was located at the N-terminal end, fragment S was in the centre and fragment L made up the C-terminal portion of the molecule.", "contents": "Active fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of ovomucoid. Cleavage of the two methionine residues in the glycoprotein trypsin inhibitor ovomucoid, variant O1, with CNBr resulted in two fragments whose mol.wts. were approx. 16 600 (fragment LS) and 11 000 (fragment M). Both fragments formed precipitates with antisera to ovomucoid. Fragment LS retained 56% of the trypsin-inhibitory activity of ovomucoid, but fragment M did not inhibit. After reduction and alkylation, the molecular weight of fragment M was unchanged, but fragment LS could be resolved into two segments of peptide chain with mol.wts. of approx. 12000 (fragment L) and 4700 (fragment S). Each of these peptides contained carbohydrate. Marked heterogeneity was observed in the hexose and hexosamine contents of fragment L. This may account for much of the heterogeneity in neutral carbohydrate occurring in ovomucoid preparations. It was found that fragment M was located at the N-terminal end, fragment S was in the centre and fragment L made up the C-terminal portion of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:938486", "title": "Bilirubin conjugates in bile of man, rat and dog. Semi-quantitative analysis of bile composition by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "1. Conjugated bile pigments, separated in two fractions by semi-quantitative t.l.c. performed on silicic acid with phenol/water as the developing solvent, were treated with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. Resulting dipyrrylazo derivatives were analysed by quantitative t.l.c. 2. The tentative structure elucidation of tetrapyrrolic bilirubin conjugates and semi-quantitative evaluation of rat bile, post-obstructive human bile and dog bile composition is presented. 3. Homogeneous and mixed hexuronic acid diesters of bilirubin containing glucuronic acid constitute 51% of the total conjugates in normal rat bile, 45% of those in human post-obstructive bile and 38% of those in obstructed rat biles. 4. Monoconjugated bilirubin amounts to 33% of total conjugated bile pigments in normal rat bile, and 17 and 14% in post-obstructive hepatic human bile and gall-bladder bile of dog respectively. After loading with unconjugated bilirubin a greater amount of monoconjugates (56%) occur in the rat bile, whereas bilirubin diglucuronide excretion is decreased (34%). 5. In gall-bladder bile of normal dog, 40% of glucose-containing diconjugates, 32% of homogeneous and/or mixed hexuronic acid (mainly glucuronic acid) diesters of bilirubin and 14% of xylose-containing diconjugates are estimated. 6. Increased amounts of bilirubin conjugates, including some with unidentified uronic acid groups, were observed in cholestatic rat biles and quantities of conjugates with glucuronic acid were decreased.", "contents": "Bilirubin conjugates in bile of man, rat and dog. Semi-quantitative analysis of bile composition by thin-layer chromatography. 1. Conjugated bile pigments, separated in two fractions by semi-quantitative t.l.c. performed on silicic acid with phenol/water as the developing solvent, were treated with diazotized ethyl anthranilate. Resulting dipyrrylazo derivatives were analysed by quantitative t.l.c. 2. The tentative structure elucidation of tetrapyrrolic bilirubin conjugates and semi-quantitative evaluation of rat bile, post-obstructive human bile and dog bile composition is presented. 3. Homogeneous and mixed hexuronic acid diesters of bilirubin containing glucuronic acid constitute 51% of the total conjugates in normal rat bile, 45% of those in human post-obstructive bile and 38% of those in obstructed rat biles. 4. Monoconjugated bilirubin amounts to 33% of total conjugated bile pigments in normal rat bile, and 17 and 14% in post-obstructive hepatic human bile and gall-bladder bile of dog respectively. After loading with unconjugated bilirubin a greater amount of monoconjugates (56%) occur in the rat bile, whereas bilirubin diglucuronide excretion is decreased (34%). 5. In gall-bladder bile of normal dog, 40% of glucose-containing diconjugates, 32% of homogeneous and/or mixed hexuronic acid (mainly glucuronic acid) diesters of bilirubin and 14% of xylose-containing diconjugates are estimated. 6. Increased amounts of bilirubin conjugates, including some with unidentified uronic acid groups, were observed in cholestatic rat biles and quantities of conjugates with glucuronic acid were decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:938487", "title": "Separation of rat muscle aminopeptidases.", "content": "By means of chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, two arylamidases (hydrolysing L-arginine 2-naphthylamide) and three dipeptidyl peptidases (hydrolysing dipeptide 2-naphthylamides) were distinguished in extracts of rat muscle. However, the arylamidase from the larger peak also hydrolysed the dipeptide 2-naphthylamides. Glycyl-L-arginine amide, an alternative substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase I, was not hydrolysed by arylamidase. L-Leucine amide was hydrolysed by an enzyme, presumed to be leucine aminopeptidase, from a separate peak, but was also hydrolysed by arylamidase. Arylamidase, dipeptidyl peptidase III and most of the leucine aminopeptidase could be extracted from the muscle with a neutral salt solution, but dipeptidyl peptidase I was extracted only in the presence of Triton X-100; dipeptidyl peptidase II showed an intermediate extraction behaviour.", "contents": "Separation of rat muscle aminopeptidases. By means of chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, two arylamidases (hydrolysing L-arginine 2-naphthylamide) and three dipeptidyl peptidases (hydrolysing dipeptide 2-naphthylamides) were distinguished in extracts of rat muscle. However, the arylamidase from the larger peak also hydrolysed the dipeptide 2-naphthylamides. Glycyl-L-arginine amide, an alternative substrate for dipeptidyl peptidase I, was not hydrolysed by arylamidase. L-Leucine amide was hydrolysed by an enzyme, presumed to be leucine aminopeptidase, from a separate peak, but was also hydrolysed by arylamidase. Arylamidase, dipeptidyl peptidase III and most of the leucine aminopeptidase could be extracted from the muscle with a neutral salt solution, but dipeptidyl peptidase I was extracted only in the presence of Triton X-100; dipeptidyl peptidase II showed an intermediate extraction behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:938488", "title": "Preparation of the 3-monosulphates of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.", "content": "1. The 3-sulphates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids were prepared as crystalline disodium salts. 2. The method described shows that it is possible to prepare specific sulphate esters of polyhydroxy bile acids and to remove protecting acyl groups without removing the sulphate. 3. A study of bile acid sulphate solvolysis showed that none of the usual methods give the original bile acid in major yield in a single step. 4. An understanding of the preparation, properties and methods of solvolysis of bile acid sulphates is basic for investigations of cholestasis and liver disease.", "contents": "Preparation of the 3-monosulphates of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid. 1. The 3-sulphates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids were prepared as crystalline disodium salts. 2. The method described shows that it is possible to prepare specific sulphate esters of polyhydroxy bile acids and to remove protecting acyl groups without removing the sulphate. 3. A study of bile acid sulphate solvolysis showed that none of the usual methods give the original bile acid in major yield in a single step. 4. An understanding of the preparation, properties and methods of solvolysis of bile acid sulphates is basic for investigations of cholestasis and liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:938489", "title": "Synthesis and separation by thin-layer chromatography of bilirubin-IX isomers. Their identification as tetrapyrroles and dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives.", "content": "Procedures for the synthesis, separation and determination of structure of the bilirubin-IX isomers are described. 1. The four biliverdin-IX isomers were prepared by oxidative cleavage of haemin and were separated as their dimethyl esters. The individual esters were reduced with NaBH4, and the bilirubin esters obtained were subjected to alkaline hydrolysis yielding the corresponding bilirubin-IX isomers. 2. The bilirubin-IX isomers were structurally characterized (a) at the tetrapyrrolic stage by mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilyl derivatives and (b) by formation and structural analysis of their dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives. 3. The absorption spectrum of bilirubin-IX alpha differed strikingly from the spectra of the other isomers. The presence of a pronounced shoulder around 453 nm in the spectrum of bilirubin-IXbeta allows easy differentiation from bilirubin-IXdelta. Methylation of the carboxyl groups largely eliminates the spectral differences between the IXalpha- and non-alpha isomers. 4. The bilirubin-IX isomers are conveniently separated by t.l.c. Detection and unequivocal identification is possible on a micro-scale by (a) t.l.c. with respect to reference compounds and (b) subsequent formation and t.l.c. of the more stable ethyl anthranilate azopigments. 5. Pronounced differences in polarity, i.e. solvent distribution, between the bilirubin-IX isomers indicate that a re-evaluation of conclusions reached previously with regard to the presence in, or absence from, biological fluids of some isomers and their relative amounts is needed.", "contents": "Synthesis and separation by thin-layer chromatography of bilirubin-IX isomers. Their identification as tetrapyrroles and dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives. Procedures for the synthesis, separation and determination of structure of the bilirubin-IX isomers are described. 1. The four biliverdin-IX isomers were prepared by oxidative cleavage of haemin and were separated as their dimethyl esters. The individual esters were reduced with NaBH4, and the bilirubin esters obtained were subjected to alkaline hydrolysis yielding the corresponding bilirubin-IX isomers. 2. The bilirubin-IX isomers were structurally characterized (a) at the tetrapyrrolic stage by mass spectrometry of their trimethylsilyl derivatives and (b) by formation and structural analysis of their dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo derivatives. 3. The absorption spectrum of bilirubin-IX alpha differed strikingly from the spectra of the other isomers. The presence of a pronounced shoulder around 453 nm in the spectrum of bilirubin-IXbeta allows easy differentiation from bilirubin-IXdelta. Methylation of the carboxyl groups largely eliminates the spectral differences between the IXalpha- and non-alpha isomers. 4. The bilirubin-IX isomers are conveniently separated by t.l.c. Detection and unequivocal identification is possible on a micro-scale by (a) t.l.c. with respect to reference compounds and (b) subsequent formation and t.l.c. of the more stable ethyl anthranilate azopigments. 5. Pronounced differences in polarity, i.e. solvent distribution, between the bilirubin-IX isomers indicate that a re-evaluation of conclusions reached previously with regard to the presence in, or absence from, biological fluids of some isomers and their relative amounts is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:938491", "title": "The effect of some analogues of disulfiram on the aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver.", "content": "The effect of some close structural analogues of disulfiram on the activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver was studied. Several thiuram disulphides are equally potent inhibitors of the cytoplasmic enzyme, but in all cases the mitochondrial enzyme is much less strongly affected. Tetramethylthiuram monosulphide decreases the activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme in a process apparently involving a covalent interaction.", "contents": "The effect of some analogues of disulfiram on the aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver. The effect of some close structural analogues of disulfiram on the activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases of sheep liver was studied. Several thiuram disulphides are equally potent inhibitors of the cytoplasmic enzyme, but in all cases the mitochondrial enzyme is much less strongly affected. Tetramethylthiuram monosulphide decreases the activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme in a process apparently involving a covalent interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:938492", "title": "The computation of hyperbolic dependences in enzyme kinetics.", "content": "A computer program aimed at analysing results following Michaelis-Menten kinetics can be used unmodified in the treatment of other kinetic results provided that the kinetic equations in these cases can be written in the form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. A list is presented of the parameters to be set instead of substrate concentration and reaction rate, and of constants replacing Km and V, if such a program is applied in analysing enzyme inhibitions, activations and pH-dependences.", "contents": "The computation of hyperbolic dependences in enzyme kinetics. A computer program aimed at analysing results following Michaelis-Menten kinetics can be used unmodified in the treatment of other kinetic results provided that the kinetic equations in these cases can be written in the form of the Michaelis-Menten equation. A list is presented of the parameters to be set instead of substrate concentration and reaction rate, and of constants replacing Km and V, if such a program is applied in analysing enzyme inhibitions, activations and pH-dependences."}
{"id": "PMID:938493", "title": "The use of ninhydrin as a reagent for the reversible modification of arginine residues in proteins.", "content": "A simple technique was developed for the specific reversible modification of guanidino groups in proteins involving reaction with ninhydrin. The extent of the reaction is easily determined non-destructively by spectrophotometric analysis. The reagent can also be used for the titration of sterically unhindered thiol groups in proteins.", "contents": "The use of ninhydrin as a reagent for the reversible modification of arginine residues in proteins. A simple technique was developed for the specific reversible modification of guanidino groups in proteins involving reaction with ninhydrin. The extent of the reaction is easily determined non-destructively by spectrophotometric analysis. The reagent can also be used for the titration of sterically unhindered thiol groups in proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:938494", "title": "Preferential inhibition by poly(adenylic acid) of minus-strand synthesis by bacteriophage Qbeta ribonucleic acid replicase.", "content": "Among the homopolymers examined, poly(A) was found to inhibit preferentially the synthesis of the minus strand by bacteriophage Qbeta RNA replicase in the presence of host factor. A specific interaction of poly(A) with the host factor is suggested to be a principal cause for the observed preferential inhibition by poly(A) of the host-factor-requiring Qbeta RNA replicase reaction.", "contents": "Preferential inhibition by poly(adenylic acid) of minus-strand synthesis by bacteriophage Qbeta ribonucleic acid replicase. Among the homopolymers examined, poly(A) was found to inhibit preferentially the synthesis of the minus strand by bacteriophage Qbeta RNA replicase in the presence of host factor. A specific interaction of poly(A) with the host factor is suggested to be a principal cause for the observed preferential inhibition by poly(A) of the host-factor-requiring Qbeta RNA replicase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:938589", "title": "Induction of peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation by autologous synovial fluid lymphocytes and synovial fluid.", "content": "Synovial fluid lymphocytes and synovial fluid from most patients with rheumatoid arthritis induced blastogenesis of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. In vitro transfer of the mitogenic activity of the synovial fluid to peripheral blood lymphocytes was not accomplished, but diminished response of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin stimulation after incubation in synovial fluid was demonstrated. These findings suggest that a similar blastogenic response in vivo may induce the lymphoid hyperplasia regularly observed in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Induction of peripheral blood lymphocyte transformation by autologous synovial fluid lymphocytes and synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lymphocytes and synovial fluid from most patients with rheumatoid arthritis induced blastogenesis of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. In vitro transfer of the mitogenic activity of the synovial fluid to peripheral blood lymphocytes was not accomplished, but diminished response of the peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin stimulation after incubation in synovial fluid was demonstrated. These findings suggest that a similar blastogenic response in vivo may induce the lymphoid hyperplasia regularly observed in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:938590", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and anterior nongranulomatous uveitis.", "content": "The humoral and cellular responses to normal human ocular and joint tissue antigens were studied in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and anterior non-granulomatous uveitis. No free-circulating autoantibodies could be detected by hemagglutination, immunodiffusion, and immunofluorescence. Uvea-retina, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage antigen preparations inhibited the migration of leukocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In ankylosing spondylitis inhibition could be induced only by synovial membrane antigens. Patients with anterior nongranulomatous uveitis were hypersensitive to uvea-retina antigens alone.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and anterior nongranulomatous uveitis. The humoral and cellular responses to normal human ocular and joint tissue antigens were studied in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and anterior non-granulomatous uveitis. No free-circulating autoantibodies could be detected by hemagglutination, immunodiffusion, and immunofluorescence. Uvea-retina, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage antigen preparations inhibited the migration of leukocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In ankylosing spondylitis inhibition could be induced only by synovial membrane antigens. Patients with anterior nongranulomatous uveitis were hypersensitive to uvea-retina antigens alone."}
{"id": "PMID:938591", "title": "Periarticular uptake of 99mtechnetium diphosphonate in psoriatics: correlation with cutaneous activity.", "content": "The periarticular uptake of 99mtechnetium-labeled diphosphonate (99mTcDp) was compared in 12 patients hospitalized for psoriasis and in 12 hospitalized for other dermatoses not associated with arthropathy. The 12 patients with psoriasis had recent onset disease of less than 5 years duration; neither group had historical or clinical evidence of arthritis. All psoriatics had markedly abnormal scans with symmetrically increased periarticular uptake about the imaged joints. None of the controls had similar findings. In 4 patients scanned with 99mtechnetium-pertechnetate within 24 hours of their 99mTcDP scan, no evidence of inflammatory synovitis was found. Three of these patients were serially imaged with 99mTcDP at intervals of 2 weeks to 3 months after their initial study, when obvious clinical improvement in their psoriasis was apparent. Improvement in the radionuclide joint images was demonstrated in some of the patients, but none reverted to normal during the study period. In light of recent evidence for the preferential binding of 99mTcDP to immature collagen, it is suggested that psoriasis may represent a generalized, but uncharacterized, collagen disorder present in bone as well as skin, linking the cutaneous disease with the potential for arthropathy.", "contents": "Periarticular uptake of 99mtechnetium diphosphonate in psoriatics: correlation with cutaneous activity. The periarticular uptake of 99mtechnetium-labeled diphosphonate (99mTcDp) was compared in 12 patients hospitalized for psoriasis and in 12 hospitalized for other dermatoses not associated with arthropathy. The 12 patients with psoriasis had recent onset disease of less than 5 years duration; neither group had historical or clinical evidence of arthritis. All psoriatics had markedly abnormal scans with symmetrically increased periarticular uptake about the imaged joints. None of the controls had similar findings. In 4 patients scanned with 99mtechnetium-pertechnetate within 24 hours of their 99mTcDP scan, no evidence of inflammatory synovitis was found. Three of these patients were serially imaged with 99mTcDP at intervals of 2 weeks to 3 months after their initial study, when obvious clinical improvement in their psoriasis was apparent. Improvement in the radionuclide joint images was demonstrated in some of the patients, but none reverted to normal during the study period. In light of recent evidence for the preferential binding of 99mTcDP to immature collagen, it is suggested that psoriasis may represent a generalized, but uncharacterized, collagen disorder present in bone as well as skin, linking the cutaneous disease with the potential for arthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:938592", "title": "Articular manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Eight patients with bronchogenic carcinoma presented with painful joint effusions as part of the syndrome of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Elevated sedimentation rates and symptomatic relief with aspirin were common, but synovial fluids all had leukocyte counts less than 500/mm3. Synovial microvascular injury was found in all patients, and electron-dense deposits in synovial vessel walls were identified in 5 cases. These vascular deposits suggest a role for circulating materials in pathogenesis.", "contents": "Articular manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in bronchogenic carcinoma. Eight patients with bronchogenic carcinoma presented with painful joint effusions as part of the syndrome of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Elevated sedimentation rates and symptomatic relief with aspirin were common, but synovial fluids all had leukocyte counts less than 500/mm3. Synovial microvascular injury was found in all patients, and electron-dense deposits in synovial vessel walls were identified in 5 cases. These vascular deposits suggest a role for circulating materials in pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938593", "title": "Genu amoris.", "content": "Intractable pain in a patient with chondromalacia patellae was found to be related to an unusual type of repetitive trauma.", "contents": "Genu amoris. Intractable pain in a patient with chondromalacia patellae was found to be related to an unusual type of repetitive trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:938594", "title": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and rheumatoid arthritis: simultaneous occurrence in association with diffuse interstitial fibrosis.", "content": "A patient is described who was treated with high-dose prednisone in an attempt to halt progressive respiratory insufficiency associated with diffuse interstitial fibrosis. On cessation of steroid therapy the patient was noted to have radiologic manifestations of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) as well as clinical and laboratory features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Subsequently a diffuse vasculitis developed with bowel perforation and sepsis leading to death.", "contents": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and rheumatoid arthritis: simultaneous occurrence in association with diffuse interstitial fibrosis. A patient is described who was treated with high-dose prednisone in an attempt to halt progressive respiratory insufficiency associated with diffuse interstitial fibrosis. On cessation of steroid therapy the patient was noted to have radiologic manifestations of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) as well as clinical and laboratory features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Subsequently a diffuse vasculitis developed with bowel perforation and sepsis leading to death."}
{"id": "PMID:938609", "title": "Serum lysozyme as a marker of host resistance. II. Patients with malignant melanoma, hypernephroma or breast carcinoma.", "content": "Serum lysozyme activity was measured in groups of untreated patients with malignant melanoma, hyperneophroma and breast carcinoma. Significant elevation of serum levels of the enzyme was confined to patients with localized disease. In the presence of metastatic disease such elevation was not detected. The rise in serum lysozyme activity was not due to renal damage or any infective process and in the case of malignant melanoma was shown to be associated with infiltration of the tumour mass by macrophages. In vitro studies demonstrated that the macrophages resident in a tumour mass are responsible for relasing lysozyme in large amounts. It is proposed that the elevation of serum lysozyme in these cases may be an indicator of macrophage-mediated host resistance and that the measurement of macrophage products such as lysozyme in the extracellular fluid may under well defined conditions provide useful clinical information concerning host reactions.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme as a marker of host resistance. II. Patients with malignant melanoma, hypernephroma or breast carcinoma. Serum lysozyme activity was measured in groups of untreated patients with malignant melanoma, hyperneophroma and breast carcinoma. Significant elevation of serum levels of the enzyme was confined to patients with localized disease. In the presence of metastatic disease such elevation was not detected. The rise in serum lysozyme activity was not due to renal damage or any infective process and in the case of malignant melanoma was shown to be associated with infiltration of the tumour mass by macrophages. In vitro studies demonstrated that the macrophages resident in a tumour mass are responsible for relasing lysozyme in large amounts. It is proposed that the elevation of serum lysozyme in these cases may be an indicator of macrophage-mediated host resistance and that the measurement of macrophage products such as lysozyme in the extracellular fluid may under well defined conditions provide useful clinical information concerning host reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:938610", "title": "In vitro production of a transfer factor specific for transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Human dialysable Transfer Factor (TFd) extracted from lymphocytes of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCCB) was replicated in culture by lymphoblastoid cell lines. The effectiveness of two such TFdLs produced in vitro in transferring sensitivity to TCCB was assessed in the lymphocyte migration test (LMT) using formalin-treated TCCB cells as antigen. The results, showed that one TFdL transferred sensitivity in 5/14 cases and the other in 12/15, not only to leucocytes of healthy individuals but also to leucocytes of TCCB patients. Preliminary results showing an in vivo transfer of sensitivity are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro production of a transfer factor specific for transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. Human dialysable Transfer Factor (TFd) extracted from lymphocytes of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCCB) was replicated in culture by lymphoblastoid cell lines. The effectiveness of two such TFdLs produced in vitro in transferring sensitivity to TCCB was assessed in the lymphocyte migration test (LMT) using formalin-treated TCCB cells as antigen. The results, showed that one TFdL transferred sensitivity in 5/14 cases and the other in 12/15, not only to leucocytes of healthy individuals but also to leucocytes of TCCB patients. Preliminary results showing an in vivo transfer of sensitivity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938611", "title": "The multipotential carcinogenic action of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea administered neonatally to mice.", "content": "Newborn A, C57BL, DBAf and IF mice were injected s.c. with a range of doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). A high proportion of treated mice developed tumours, particularly hepatomata, pulmonary adenomata and carcinomata, and malignant lymphomata of thymus and spleen. Liver tumours occurred most frequently in C57BL and DBAf mice, lung tumours in A mice, and lymphomata in A and DBAf mice. A small proportion of C57BL, DBAf and IF mice developed tumours of the nervous system. The results are discussed with reference to the ready induction of nervous system tumours in similarly treated rats, and their relevance for human cancer.", "contents": "The multipotential carcinogenic action of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea administered neonatally to mice. Newborn A, C57BL, DBAf and IF mice were injected s.c. with a range of doses of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). A high proportion of treated mice developed tumours, particularly hepatomata, pulmonary adenomata and carcinomata, and malignant lymphomata of thymus and spleen. Liver tumours occurred most frequently in C57BL and DBAf mice, lung tumours in A mice, and lymphomata in A and DBAf mice. A small proportion of C57BL, DBAf and IF mice developed tumours of the nervous system. The results are discussed with reference to the ready induction of nervous system tumours in similarly treated rats, and their relevance for human cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:938612", "title": "Inducers of Friend leukaemic cell differentiation in vitro--effects of in vivo administration.", "content": "Studies were conducted of the in vivo therapeutic potential of compounds which induce the differentiation of Friend leukaemia cells (FLC) in vitro. DBA2/J mice were inoculated with Friend leukaemia cells grown in tissue culture and at various times thereafter were treated with either N-methylacetamide, dimethylacetamide, or tetramethylurea. While survival was only occasionally prolonged, in every study these agents significantly inhibited leukaemia cell proliferation in the spleen and to a lesser extent in the marrow. These agents had no effect on the rate of proliferation of FLC growing subcutaneously nor on the proliferation of myeloid leukaemia in RFMS mice. These studies indicate that the administration of inducing agents to mice bearing Friend leukaemia can alter the proliferation characteristics of the leukaemia cells and hence suggest that these agents may have therapeutic potential.", "contents": "Inducers of Friend leukaemic cell differentiation in vitro--effects of in vivo administration. Studies were conducted of the in vivo therapeutic potential of compounds which induce the differentiation of Friend leukaemia cells (FLC) in vitro. DBA2/J mice were inoculated with Friend leukaemia cells grown in tissue culture and at various times thereafter were treated with either N-methylacetamide, dimethylacetamide, or tetramethylurea. While survival was only occasionally prolonged, in every study these agents significantly inhibited leukaemia cell proliferation in the spleen and to a lesser extent in the marrow. These agents had no effect on the rate of proliferation of FLC growing subcutaneously nor on the proliferation of myeloid leukaemia in RFMS mice. These studies indicate that the administration of inducing agents to mice bearing Friend leukaemia can alter the proliferation characteristics of the leukaemia cells and hence suggest that these agents may have therapeutic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:938613", "title": "Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood.", "content": "Ovarian function was studied in 18 female patients treated for abdominal tumours during childhood. All received abdominal radiotherapy as part of their treatment and were studied between 1 and 26 years after irradiation. The serum gonadotrophins and oestradiol levels were consistent with ovarian failure in each case but there was a disproportionate elevation in serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) when compared to serum luteinizing hormone (LH) in 16. In 2 patients, the radiotherapeutic field extended downwards only as far as the sacral promontory. However, these 2 girls show similar evidence of ovarian failure to that in the other 16.", "contents": "Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood. Ovarian function was studied in 18 female patients treated for abdominal tumours during childhood. All received abdominal radiotherapy as part of their treatment and were studied between 1 and 26 years after irradiation. The serum gonadotrophins and oestradiol levels were consistent with ovarian failure in each case but there was a disproportionate elevation in serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) when compared to serum luteinizing hormone (LH) in 16. In 2 patients, the radiotherapeutic field extended downwards only as far as the sacral promontory. However, these 2 girls show similar evidence of ovarian failure to that in the other 16."}
{"id": "PMID:938622", "title": "Purification and crystallization of human carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "Human carboxypeptidase A has been isolated from activated pancreatic juice by means of affinity chromatography employing the competitive inhibitor benzylsuccinic acid as an affinity ligand. The structural and functional features of the human and bovine enzymes are quite analogous. The molecular weights of human and bovine carboxypeptidases A are virtually identical, their amino acid compositions are similar, both contain 1 g-atom of zinc/mole, and the activities of both are restored by addition of zinc to the apoenzyme. The inhibition of human carboxypeptidase by chelating agent is reversed by either dilution or addition of a metal such as Cu2+. When other metals are substituted for the native zinc, peptidase activity of the human metallocarboxypeptidases follows the order: cobalt greater than nickel greater than manganese greater than cadmium, while the sequence for esterase activities is: manganese greater than cobalt = cadmium greater than nickel. The latter sequence differs from that observed for the bovine enzyme. Human carboxypeptidase A crystallizes after dialysis at low ionic strength. Hydrolysis of the dipeptide carbobenzoxyglycyl-L-phenylalanine and of the ester benzoylglycyl-L-alpha-hydroxy-beta-phenyllactate exhibits kinetic anomalies, but that of their longer homologues does not. Chemical modifications with tyrosine reagents alters esterase and peptidase activities. The affinity chromatographic method here described should greatly facilitate future studies of this enzyme from human and other sources.", "contents": "Purification and crystallization of human carboxypeptidase A. Human carboxypeptidase A has been isolated from activated pancreatic juice by means of affinity chromatography employing the competitive inhibitor benzylsuccinic acid as an affinity ligand. The structural and functional features of the human and bovine enzymes are quite analogous. The molecular weights of human and bovine carboxypeptidases A are virtually identical, their amino acid compositions are similar, both contain 1 g-atom of zinc/mole, and the activities of both are restored by addition of zinc to the apoenzyme. The inhibition of human carboxypeptidase by chelating agent is reversed by either dilution or addition of a metal such as Cu2+. When other metals are substituted for the native zinc, peptidase activity of the human metallocarboxypeptidases follows the order: cobalt greater than nickel greater than manganese greater than cadmium, while the sequence for esterase activities is: manganese greater than cobalt = cadmium greater than nickel. The latter sequence differs from that observed for the bovine enzyme. Human carboxypeptidase A crystallizes after dialysis at low ionic strength. Hydrolysis of the dipeptide carbobenzoxyglycyl-L-phenylalanine and of the ester benzoylglycyl-L-alpha-hydroxy-beta-phenyllactate exhibits kinetic anomalies, but that of their longer homologues does not. Chemical modifications with tyrosine reagents alters esterase and peptidase activities. The affinity chromatographic method here described should greatly facilitate future studies of this enzyme from human and other sources."}
{"id": "PMID:938623", "title": "Creatine biosynthesis during embryonic development. False feedback suppression of liver amidinotransferase by N-acetimidoylsarcosine and 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine).", "content": "The level of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in liver of the developing chick embryo is partially suppressed following injection of arginine into the yolk, and the level can be completely suppressed following injection of guanidinoacetate or creatine (Walker, J.B. (1963), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 112, 245; Walker, J.B., and Wang, S.-H. (1964), Biochim, Biophys. Acta 81, 435). In this investigation structural requirements for the physiological suppressor were examined by testing certain analogues of creatine and its biosynthetic precursors for their ability to suppress liver amidinotransferase levels in developing chick embryos and growing chicks. The creatine analogues, N-acetimidoylsarcosine and 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine), were found to suppress liver amidinotransferase levels of both developing embryos and growing chicks. Compounds ineffective as suppressors included: the arginine analogue, N5-acetimidoylornithine; the guanidinoacetate analogue, N-acetimidoylglycine; and the creatine analogue, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminohexahydropyrimidine. Our findings suggest that (i) arginine and guanidinoacetate must be converted to creatine before serving as a suppressor, and (ii) creatine, not phosphocreatine, is most closely related to the physiological suppressor of amidinotransferase.", "contents": "Creatine biosynthesis during embryonic development. False feedback suppression of liver amidinotransferase by N-acetimidoylsarcosine and 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine). The level of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase in liver of the developing chick embryo is partially suppressed following injection of arginine into the yolk, and the level can be completely suppressed following injection of guanidinoacetate or creatine (Walker, J.B. (1963), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 112, 245; Walker, J.B., and Wang, S.-H. (1964), Biochim, Biophys. Acta 81, 435). In this investigation structural requirements for the physiological suppressor were examined by testing certain analogues of creatine and its biosynthetic precursors for their ability to suppress liver amidinotransferase levels in developing chick embryos and growing chicks. The creatine analogues, N-acetimidoylsarcosine and 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine), were found to suppress liver amidinotransferase levels of both developing embryos and growing chicks. Compounds ineffective as suppressors included: the arginine analogue, N5-acetimidoylornithine; the guanidinoacetate analogue, N-acetimidoylglycine; and the creatine analogue, 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminohexahydropyrimidine. Our findings suggest that (i) arginine and guanidinoacetate must be converted to creatine before serving as a suppressor, and (ii) creatine, not phosphocreatine, is most closely related to the physiological suppressor of amidinotransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:938624", "title": "Voltage-induced formation of alamethicin pores in lecithin bilayer vesicles.", "content": "The interaction of alamethicin with lecithin bilayer vesicles in the presence of a transmembrane potential difference has been studied by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Asymmetrical vesicles with alamethicin trapped within the intravesicular compartment were prepared and the formation of ion channels, were then triggered by imposing a suitable potassium ion gradient across the bilayer membrane in the presence of valinomycin. These alamethicin channels were found to permit the outward passage of europium ions into the extravesicular medium when the transmembrane potential is more positive for the inner compartment.", "contents": "Voltage-induced formation of alamethicin pores in lecithin bilayer vesicles. The interaction of alamethicin with lecithin bilayer vesicles in the presence of a transmembrane potential difference has been studied by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Asymmetrical vesicles with alamethicin trapped within the intravesicular compartment were prepared and the formation of ion channels, were then triggered by imposing a suitable potassium ion gradient across the bilayer membrane in the presence of valinomycin. These alamethicin channels were found to permit the outward passage of europium ions into the extravesicular medium when the transmembrane potential is more positive for the inner compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:938625", "title": "A beta-coupled gauche kink description of the lipid bilayer phase transition.", "content": "A statistical-mechanical model for a lipid bilayer was built around the assumption that beta-coupled gauche kinks are the only nonstraight hydrocarbon chain configurations allowed. Packing of these chains was considered and expressions for the energy and entropy are developed based on those considerations. A solution was obtained which was not exact but was still accurate enough to be useful. In addition, an intermolecular potential was formulated which includes the attractive and repulsive forces between the hydrocarbon chains, the polar group repulsions, and hydrophobic forces. Combining the solution to the kinking model and the intermolecular potential, we obtain the total free energy of the lipid bilayer, which exhibits a first-order phase transition at a characteristic temperature. The theoretical heat of transition indicates that kinks alone can provide enough disorder for the transition to occur. Other physical quantities can be calculated, including order parameters. The order parameters calculated here give a picture of chains which are rigid near the polar group and more fluid near the methyl group.", "contents": "A beta-coupled gauche kink description of the lipid bilayer phase transition. A statistical-mechanical model for a lipid bilayer was built around the assumption that beta-coupled gauche kinks are the only nonstraight hydrocarbon chain configurations allowed. Packing of these chains was considered and expressions for the energy and entropy are developed based on those considerations. A solution was obtained which was not exact but was still accurate enough to be useful. In addition, an intermolecular potential was formulated which includes the attractive and repulsive forces between the hydrocarbon chains, the polar group repulsions, and hydrophobic forces. Combining the solution to the kinking model and the intermolecular potential, we obtain the total free energy of the lipid bilayer, which exhibits a first-order phase transition at a characteristic temperature. The theoretical heat of transition indicates that kinks alone can provide enough disorder for the transition to occur. Other physical quantities can be calculated, including order parameters. The order parameters calculated here give a picture of chains which are rigid near the polar group and more fluid near the methyl group."}
{"id": "PMID:938626", "title": "Carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes. Interaction with derivatives of carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "The mechanism of action of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes has been probed by studying its interaction with derivatives of carboxypeptidase A containing modified residues at the active site. Arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A, a derivative containing a chromophore attached to tyrosine 248, exhibits a circular dichroism spectrum which is sensitive to the presence of ligands at the active site (Kagan, H.M., and Vallee, B.L. (1969), Biochemistry 8, 4223). Since the spectral change attending binding of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor to arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A is similar to that produced by small substrates and inhibitors, the enzyme-inhibitor interaction also involves the enzyme active site. Catalytic activity is not required for inhibitor binding. Complexes of the inhibitor with apocarboxypeptidase A anc carboxypeptidase A which was inactivated by treatment with the affinity label, N-bromoacetyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine, are demonstrated by gel filtration experiments. Morever, competitive binding studies reveal that the latter derivative, in which the binding pocket is presumably blocked by reagent, binds inhibitor nearly as strongly as does the native enzyme, and differences in free energy of association being only 0.4 kcal/mol of a total binding energy of - 11 kcal/mol. A model is proposed to account for both the tight binding of inhibitor to the N-bromoacetyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine derivative and the involvement of the active site of arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A. It is suggested that the inhibitor fits into a shallow depression at the active site of the enzyme but does not penetrate into the binding pocket.", "contents": "Carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes. Interaction with derivatives of carboxypeptidase A. The mechanism of action of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potatoes has been probed by studying its interaction with derivatives of carboxypeptidase A containing modified residues at the active site. Arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A, a derivative containing a chromophore attached to tyrosine 248, exhibits a circular dichroism spectrum which is sensitive to the presence of ligands at the active site (Kagan, H.M., and Vallee, B.L. (1969), Biochemistry 8, 4223). Since the spectral change attending binding of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor to arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A is similar to that produced by small substrates and inhibitors, the enzyme-inhibitor interaction also involves the enzyme active site. Catalytic activity is not required for inhibitor binding. Complexes of the inhibitor with apocarboxypeptidase A anc carboxypeptidase A which was inactivated by treatment with the affinity label, N-bromoacetyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine, are demonstrated by gel filtration experiments. Morever, competitive binding studies reveal that the latter derivative, in which the binding pocket is presumably blocked by reagent, binds inhibitor nearly as strongly as does the native enzyme, and differences in free energy of association being only 0.4 kcal/mol of a total binding energy of - 11 kcal/mol. A model is proposed to account for both the tight binding of inhibitor to the N-bromoacetyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanine derivative and the involvement of the active site of arsanilazocarboxypeptidase A. It is suggested that the inhibitor fits into a shallow depression at the active site of the enzyme but does not penetrate into the binding pocket."}
{"id": "PMID:938627", "title": "Electrooptical properties of reduced protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes.", "content": "Two independent electrooptical properties, the specific Kerr constants and the electric birefringence relaxation times, of the saturated sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of a series of reduced polypeptides of known molecular weight are reported. Both the Kerr constants and the relaxation times are unique functions of the molecular weight of the polypeptide chain. The specific Kerr constants depend upon the square of the polypeptide molecular weight. The relaxation times of the complexes, which are proportional to the rotational diffusion constants, are dependent on the molecular weight to approximately the first power. The latter finding is inconsistent with the compact prolate ellipsoid model for sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes proposed by Reynolds and Tanford ((1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5161) in which the cross section is constant and the length depends on linearly on molecular weight; for this model the relaxation times would depend on approximately the 2.5 power of the molecular weight in the range of sizes investigated. Combination of the present results with other properties in the literature rules out a number of other models characterized by compactness and near inflexibility. No firm conclusions can be drawn as to the suitability of the free-draining flexible model of Shirahama, Tsujii, and Takagi ((1974) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 75, 309).", "contents": "Electrooptical properties of reduced protein-sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes. Two independent electrooptical properties, the specific Kerr constants and the electric birefringence relaxation times, of the saturated sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of a series of reduced polypeptides of known molecular weight are reported. Both the Kerr constants and the relaxation times are unique functions of the molecular weight of the polypeptide chain. The specific Kerr constants depend upon the square of the polypeptide molecular weight. The relaxation times of the complexes, which are proportional to the rotational diffusion constants, are dependent on the molecular weight to approximately the first power. The latter finding is inconsistent with the compact prolate ellipsoid model for sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes proposed by Reynolds and Tanford ((1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5161) in which the cross section is constant and the length depends on linearly on molecular weight; for this model the relaxation times would depend on approximately the 2.5 power of the molecular weight in the range of sizes investigated. Combination of the present results with other properties in the literature rules out a number of other models characterized by compactness and near inflexibility. No firm conclusions can be drawn as to the suitability of the free-draining flexible model of Shirahama, Tsujii, and Takagi ((1974) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 75, 309)."}
{"id": "PMID:938628", "title": "Purification and chemical characterization of salt-extractable glycoproteins from porcine mitral valve.", "content": "Four major glycoproteins were extracted by dilute salt solution from procine mitral valvular tissue. Two of these major glycoproteins, procine valve glycoprotein I and porcine valve glycoprotein III, were isolated and purified by fractionation of salt extract with ammonium sulfate followed by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified glycoproteins appeared to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis in several buffer systems, and by Sephadex filtration. The porcine valve glycoprotein I  has a molecular weight of approximately 120000. Isoelectric focusing yielded a single band, pI = 5.8. The glycoprotein contained large amounts of acidic amino acids, and amide nitrogen. The carbohydrate moiety was composed of fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine in the molar ratio of 5:10:15:12:7:2 per mole of glycoprotein. The second major glycoprotein, porcine valve glycoprotein III, has an approximate molecular weight of 72000. This glycoprotein gives two bands upon analytical isoelectric focusing with isoelectric points of pI = 4.1 and 4.3. Porcine valve glycoprotein III contained large amounts of acidic amino acids and low amounts of amide nitrogen. Its carbohydrate moiety was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid in the ratio of 3:3:2:1:4:1 mol/mole of glycoprotein. This glycoprotein was similar to a glycoprotein preparation isolated from porcine aortic intima by P.V. Wagh and B.I. Roberts (1972), Biochemistry 11, 4222.", "contents": "Purification and chemical characterization of salt-extractable glycoproteins from porcine mitral valve. Four major glycoproteins were extracted by dilute salt solution from procine mitral valvular tissue. Two of these major glycoproteins, procine valve glycoprotein I and porcine valve glycoprotein III, were isolated and purified by fractionation of salt extract with ammonium sulfate followed by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified glycoproteins appeared to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis in several buffer systems, and by Sephadex filtration. The porcine valve glycoprotein I  has a molecular weight of approximately 120000. Isoelectric focusing yielded a single band, pI = 5.8. The glycoprotein contained large amounts of acidic amino acids, and amide nitrogen. The carbohydrate moiety was composed of fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine in the molar ratio of 5:10:15:12:7:2 per mole of glycoprotein. The second major glycoprotein, porcine valve glycoprotein III, has an approximate molecular weight of 72000. This glycoprotein gives two bands upon analytical isoelectric focusing with isoelectric points of pI = 4.1 and 4.3. Porcine valve glycoprotein III contained large amounts of acidic amino acids and low amounts of amide nitrogen. Its carbohydrate moiety was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and sialic acid in the ratio of 3:3:2:1:4:1 mol/mole of glycoprotein. This glycoprotein was similar to a glycoprotein preparation isolated from porcine aortic intima by P.V. Wagh and B.I. Roberts (1972), Biochemistry 11, 4222."}
{"id": "PMID:938629", "title": "Complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin of California gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus).", "content": "The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides for degradation by the automatic sequenator. Cleavage at the two methionine residues of the apomyoglobin with cyanogen bromide and at the three arginine residues of the methyl acetimidated protein with trypsin resulted in three and four easily separable peptides, respectively, which when sequenced accounted for 85% of the primary structure. The remainder of the covalent structure was obtained by further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease. This protein differs from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 12 positions, from that of the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, and the Black Sea dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 14 positions, and from that of the Amazon River dolphin,  Inia geoffrensis, at 7 positions. All substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the tertiary structure of sperm whale myoglobin.", "contents": "Complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin of California gray whale (Eschrichtius gibbosus). The complete primary structure of the major component myoglobin from the California gray whale, Eschrichtius gibbosus, was determined by specific cleavage of the protein to obtain large peptides for degradation by the automatic sequenator. Cleavage at the two methionine residues of the apomyoglobin with cyanogen bromide and at the three arginine residues of the methyl acetimidated protein with trypsin resulted in three and four easily separable peptides, respectively, which when sequenced accounted for 85% of the primary structure. The remainder of the covalent structure was obtained by further digestion of the central cyanogen bromide peptide with trypsin and S. aureus strain V8 protease. This protein differs from that of the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, at 12 positions, from that of the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, and the Black Sea dolphin, Delphinus delphis, at 14 positions, and from that of the Amazon River dolphin,  Inia geoffrensis, at 7 positions. All substitutions observed in this sequence fit easily into the tertiary structure of sperm whale myoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:938631", "title": "Transfer free energies and average static accessibilities for ribonuclease A in guanidinium hydrochloride and urea solutions.", "content": "Isopiestic vapor pressure measurements have been used to obtain free energies of transfer of ribonuclease A from dilute buffer to solutions of either urea or guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) over a wide cosolute concentration range. The free energies of transfer vary monotonically from 0 to -8 kcal/mol in 8 M urea and to -18 kcal/mol in 6 M GdnHCl. These values are not large in relation to free energies of transfer of constituent groups of the protein from water to cosolute solutions of the same concentration. The assumption is made that the magnitude of the free energy of transfer of the protein is governed by the average static accessibility of the constituent groups to the solution. The free energies of transfer to different cosolute concentrations of a hypothetical 100% accessible ribonuclease A were determined using literature values of the free energies of transfer of constituent groups and the amino acid composition. The ratio of the experimentally determined free energy of transfer to the free energy of transfer of the 100% accessible protein gave 11% accessible surface area for the native protein in 1 M GdnHCl or 2 M urea. Additional considerations led to a value of 36% for the accessible surface area of the denatured protein in 6 M GdnHCl or 8 M urea.", "contents": "Transfer free energies and average static accessibilities for ribonuclease A in guanidinium hydrochloride and urea solutions. Isopiestic vapor pressure measurements have been used to obtain free energies of transfer of ribonuclease A from dilute buffer to solutions of either urea or guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) over a wide cosolute concentration range. The free energies of transfer vary monotonically from 0 to -8 kcal/mol in 8 M urea and to -18 kcal/mol in 6 M GdnHCl. These values are not large in relation to free energies of transfer of constituent groups of the protein from water to cosolute solutions of the same concentration. The assumption is made that the magnitude of the free energy of transfer of the protein is governed by the average static accessibility of the constituent groups to the solution. The free energies of transfer to different cosolute concentrations of a hypothetical 100% accessible ribonuclease A were determined using literature values of the free energies of transfer of constituent groups and the amino acid composition. The ratio of the experimentally determined free energy of transfer to the free energy of transfer of the 100% accessible protein gave 11% accessible surface area for the native protein in 1 M GdnHCl or 2 M urea. Additional considerations led to a value of 36% for the accessible surface area of the denatured protein in 6 M GdnHCl or 8 M urea."}
{"id": "PMID:938630", "title": "Chromatin-bound protease: (3H)diisopropyl fluorophosphate labeling patterns of chromatin.", "content": "The nuclei and chromatin of rat liver contain three major proteins reacting with diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The molecular  weights of the three proteins determined by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are 70000, 60000, and 25000. The chromatin isolated from whole liver, instead of nuclei, contains an additional DFP-binding protein whose molecular weight is 100000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and beta-mercaptoethanol. The small molecular weight DFP-binding protein can be fractionated from chromatin by 0.25 N HC1 and was found to be a protease which is active in the most commonly used solution for chromatin dissociation, that is, 2-3 M NaCl-5 M urea. This enzyme appears to be the major DFP-binding chromatin-bound protease in the chromatin of most rat tissues. The acid-soluble protease is converted from a 25000-dalton form to a 20000-dalton form during 0.25 N HC1 acid extraction from chromatin, which retains proteolytic activity.", "contents": "Chromatin-bound protease: (3H)diisopropyl fluorophosphate labeling patterns of chromatin. The nuclei and chromatin of rat liver contain three major proteins reacting with diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The molecular  weights of the three proteins determined by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are 70000, 60000, and 25000. The chromatin isolated from whole liver, instead of nuclei, contains an additional DFP-binding protein whose molecular weight is 100000 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and beta-mercaptoethanol. The small molecular weight DFP-binding protein can be fractionated from chromatin by 0.25 N HC1 and was found to be a protease which is active in the most commonly used solution for chromatin dissociation, that is, 2-3 M NaCl-5 M urea. This enzyme appears to be the major DFP-binding chromatin-bound protease in the chromatin of most rat tissues. The acid-soluble protease is converted from a 25000-dalton form to a 20000-dalton form during 0.25 N HC1 acid extraction from chromatin, which retains proteolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:938632", "title": "Proteolytic fragmentation of Helix pomatia alpha-hemocyanin: structural domains in the polypeptide chain.", "content": "alpha-Hemocyanin from the Roman snail Helix pomatia is composed of polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of 360000 +/- 30000. The cylindrically shaped hemocyanin molecule contains 20 of these large chains. The polypeptide chain has been split into components with molecular weights of: 210000, 154000, 147000, 112000, 120000, 98000, 55000, and 50000, by gentle proteolysis with enzymes of different specificities. Most of the fragments have molecular weights which are about 50000 or a multiple of 50000. Departure from these values, as found in the 112000 and 120000 fragments, is probably caused by the high carbohydrates content of these components. A mixture of these fragments has the same oxygen binding properties as the nondigested protein. Subtilisin converts the hemocyanin polypeptide chain, under appropriate conditions, almost completely into fragments of 50000 and 55000 daltons with conservation of the oxygen binding properties of the nondigested protein. We conclude from these studies that the polypeptide chain of Helix pomatia alpha-hemocyanin is folded into about seven compact tertiary structures, which are covalently interconnected. This chain of structural domains has been visualized. (Siezen and Van Bruggen (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 90, 77-89) by electron microscopy, which shows 1/20 hemocyanin molecules to be flexible structures consisting of 7-8 apparently spherical units of 55-60 A diameter.", "contents": "Proteolytic fragmentation of Helix pomatia alpha-hemocyanin: structural domains in the polypeptide chain. alpha-Hemocyanin from the Roman snail Helix pomatia is composed of polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of 360000 +/- 30000. The cylindrically shaped hemocyanin molecule contains 20 of these large chains. The polypeptide chain has been split into components with molecular weights of: 210000, 154000, 147000, 112000, 120000, 98000, 55000, and 50000, by gentle proteolysis with enzymes of different specificities. Most of the fragments have molecular weights which are about 50000 or a multiple of 50000. Departure from these values, as found in the 112000 and 120000 fragments, is probably caused by the high carbohydrates content of these components. A mixture of these fragments has the same oxygen binding properties as the nondigested protein. Subtilisin converts the hemocyanin polypeptide chain, under appropriate conditions, almost completely into fragments of 50000 and 55000 daltons with conservation of the oxygen binding properties of the nondigested protein. We conclude from these studies that the polypeptide chain of Helix pomatia alpha-hemocyanin is folded into about seven compact tertiary structures, which are covalently interconnected. This chain of structural domains has been visualized. (Siezen and Van Bruggen (1974), J. Mol. Biol. 90, 77-89) by electron microscopy, which shows 1/20 hemocyanin molecules to be flexible structures consisting of 7-8 apparently spherical units of 55-60 A diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:938633", "title": "Conformation and unfolding thermodynamics of epidermal growth factor and derivatives.", "content": "Mouse submaxillary epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 53-residue single chain peptide hormone of known amino acid sequence which contains three disulfides, five tyrosines, and two tryptophans. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra have been obtained and resolved for EGF, several well-characterized chemical and enzymic derivatives, and related low molecular weight model compounds. Assignments have been made to most of the resolved bands; these include the peptide, aromatic, and disulfide chromophores. From a comparison of the rotational strength of the 213-nm resolved CD band in native EGF with that of standard proteins, EGF is estimated to contain about 22% beta structure and no alpha helicity. A derivative of EGF lacking the five carboxyl-terminal residues (prepared by limited trypsin digestion) and the cyanogen bromide derivative, in which there is a single main-chain cleavage at residue 21, have spectra properties indicative of approximately 10 and 12% beta structure, respectively. The near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the derivatives are similar to, albeit not identical with, that of EGF. The rotational strengths characteristic of the side-chain chromophores in EGF and these derivatives are several-fold higher than the corresponding values in low molecular weight model compounds. Thus, it appears that EGF and these modified forms contain a stable (and similar) tertiary structure. In contrast, the S-aminoethylated derivative of EGF exhibits a drastically altered CD spectrum relative to EGF indicating a different conformation(s). Equilibrium studies on the guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmCl) mediated reversible unfolding of EGF showed that the transition midpoint is quite high (i.e., 6.89 M GdmCl at 25.0 degrees C), thus, indicating considerable stability. From these data a rough estimate of 16 kcal/mol can be made for the unfolding free energy (delta G degrees) of EGF in the absence of denaturant. Interestingly, EGF exhibits greater stability characteristics than several proteins two to four times its size. The cyanogen bromide derivative of EGF exhibited greatly reduced stability characteristics, e.g., the transition midpoint occurred at 4.19 M GdmCl (25.0 degrees C) and delta G degrees was estimated to be approximately 4 kcal/mol. Thus, a single main-chain cleavage reduced the stability of EGF by about 70%. Thermal transitions of EGF and the cyanogen bromide derivative in the presence of concentrated GdmCl are characterized by a relatively high enthalpy of about 25 kcal/mol at 40 degrees C and a low (probably zero) heat capacity. From these thermodynamic parameters one can calculate that the large reduction in delta G degrees due to scission of the single peptide bond between residues 21 and 22 can be attributed almost completely to a change in entropy; e.g., at 40 degrees C the apparent entropy of unfolding of EGF is 20.4 cal mol-1 deg-1 while that of the cyanogen bromide derivative is 66.4 cal mol-1 deg-1.", "contents": "Conformation and unfolding thermodynamics of epidermal growth factor and derivatives. Mouse submaxillary epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 53-residue single chain peptide hormone of known amino acid sequence which contains three disulfides, five tyrosines, and two tryptophans. Circular dichroic (CD) spectra have been obtained and resolved for EGF, several well-characterized chemical and enzymic derivatives, and related low molecular weight model compounds. Assignments have been made to most of the resolved bands; these include the peptide, aromatic, and disulfide chromophores. From a comparison of the rotational strength of the 213-nm resolved CD band in native EGF with that of standard proteins, EGF is estimated to contain about 22% beta structure and no alpha helicity. A derivative of EGF lacking the five carboxyl-terminal residues (prepared by limited trypsin digestion) and the cyanogen bromide derivative, in which there is a single main-chain cleavage at residue 21, have spectra properties indicative of approximately 10 and 12% beta structure, respectively. The near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the derivatives are similar to, albeit not identical with, that of EGF. The rotational strengths characteristic of the side-chain chromophores in EGF and these derivatives are several-fold higher than the corresponding values in low molecular weight model compounds. Thus, it appears that EGF and these modified forms contain a stable (and similar) tertiary structure. In contrast, the S-aminoethylated derivative of EGF exhibits a drastically altered CD spectrum relative to EGF indicating a different conformation(s). Equilibrium studies on the guanidinium hydrochloride (GdmCl) mediated reversible unfolding of EGF showed that the transition midpoint is quite high (i.e., 6.89 M GdmCl at 25.0 degrees C), thus, indicating considerable stability. From these data a rough estimate of 16 kcal/mol can be made for the unfolding free energy (delta G degrees) of EGF in the absence of denaturant. Interestingly, EGF exhibits greater stability characteristics than several proteins two to four times its size. The cyanogen bromide derivative of EGF exhibited greatly reduced stability characteristics, e.g., the transition midpoint occurred at 4.19 M GdmCl (25.0 degrees C) and delta G degrees was estimated to be approximately 4 kcal/mol. Thus, a single main-chain cleavage reduced the stability of EGF by about 70%. Thermal transitions of EGF and the cyanogen bromide derivative in the presence of concentrated GdmCl are characterized by a relatively high enthalpy of about 25 kcal/mol at 40 degrees C and a low (probably zero) heat capacity. From these thermodynamic parameters one can calculate that the large reduction in delta G degrees due to scission of the single peptide bond between residues 21 and 22 can be attributed almost completely to a change in entropy; e.g., at 40 degrees C the apparent entropy of unfolding of EGF is 20.4 cal mol-1 deg-1 while that of the cyanogen bromide derivative is 66.4 cal mol-1 deg-1."}
{"id": "PMID:938634", "title": "DNA polyintercalating drugs. Proton magnetic resonance studies of a new acridine dimer. Conformations and interactions with mono- and dinucleotides.", "content": "The conformation in aqueous solution of one acridine dimer which is able to bisintercalate in DNA (1, 14-bis(5-methoxy-6-chloro-9-acridinyl)-1,5,10,14-tetraazatetradecane tetrahydrochloride) (AcDi) and its interactions with mono- and dinucleotides have been investigated by fast Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Variations in chemical shifts of the most distingusihable protons of the acridine dimer with temperature bring evidence of a folded in equilibrium unfolded fast conformational equilibrium in the temperature range of 4-85 degrees C. Equilibrium parameters were estimated. The folded conformation has been deduced from iso-shielding curves of the acridine ring. In the complex between AcDi and 3'- or 5\"AMP, and adenine ring is intercalated between the two acridine rings to give a sandwich-like complex. Studies of the interaction with adenylyl(3' leads to 5') adenosine (ApA) show two different complexes in equilibrium with the 3' or 5' moiety of ApA intercalated in the acridine dimer. These conclusions are derived from comparative studies with 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)acridine dihydrochloride which is the corresponding acridine monomer-(AcMo). In that case the self-association constant was determined. A model of the AcMo-5'-AMP complex was deduced from the analysis of the chemical shifts of the adenine protons. In this model, the N10+-D bond of the acridine points toward the negatively charged phosphate of the nucleotide.", "contents": "DNA polyintercalating drugs. Proton magnetic resonance studies of a new acridine dimer. Conformations and interactions with mono- and dinucleotides. The conformation in aqueous solution of one acridine dimer which is able to bisintercalate in DNA (1, 14-bis(5-methoxy-6-chloro-9-acridinyl)-1,5,10,14-tetraazatetradecane tetrahydrochloride) (AcDi) and its interactions with mono- and dinucleotides have been investigated by fast Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Variations in chemical shifts of the most distingusihable protons of the acridine dimer with temperature bring evidence of a folded in equilibrium unfolded fast conformational equilibrium in the temperature range of 4-85 degrees C. Equilibrium parameters were estimated. The folded conformation has been deduced from iso-shielding curves of the acridine ring. In the complex between AcDi and 3'- or 5\"AMP, and adenine ring is intercalated between the two acridine rings to give a sandwich-like complex. Studies of the interaction with adenylyl(3' leads to 5') adenosine (ApA) show two different complexes in equilibrium with the 3' or 5' moiety of ApA intercalated in the acridine dimer. These conclusions are derived from comparative studies with 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)acridine dihydrochloride which is the corresponding acridine monomer-(AcMo). In that case the self-association constant was determined. A model of the AcMo-5'-AMP complex was deduced from the analysis of the chemical shifts of the adenine protons. In this model, the N10+-D bond of the acridine points toward the negatively charged phosphate of the nucleotide."}
{"id": "PMID:938635", "title": "Detection of the sites of alkylation in DNA and polynucleotides by laser Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "A laser Raman study of the alkylation of calf thymus DNA, poly(dG)-poly(dC) and poly(dA)-(dT) has been made using two water soluble alkylating agents: an antitumor drug, the difunctional methyl nitrogen mustard (HN2), which froms interstrand cross-links, and the dimethyl nitrogen half mustard (HN1). When an excess of the alkylating agent was used, the observed Raman frequencies due to the guanine ring modes in DNA and poly(dG)-poly(dC) changed virtually quantitatively to those of 7-methylguanosine (7-Me-Guo) showing that essentially all of the guanine bases were alkylated in the N-7 position. Furthermore, this alkylated DNA formed a stable double helical complex at neutral pH in which the alkylated guanine residues are in the keto form. No changes in the Raman bands of any of the other bases were observed in alkylated DNA. The DNA double helix, completely alkylated in at the N-7 position of guanine, melts about 35 degrees C below that of the native DNA. Upon melting, the alkylated guanine changes from the keto to the zwitterionic form.", "contents": "Detection of the sites of alkylation in DNA and polynucleotides by laser Raman spectroscopy. A laser Raman study of the alkylation of calf thymus DNA, poly(dG)-poly(dC) and poly(dA)-(dT) has been made using two water soluble alkylating agents: an antitumor drug, the difunctional methyl nitrogen mustard (HN2), which froms interstrand cross-links, and the dimethyl nitrogen half mustard (HN1). When an excess of the alkylating agent was used, the observed Raman frequencies due to the guanine ring modes in DNA and poly(dG)-poly(dC) changed virtually quantitatively to those of 7-methylguanosine (7-Me-Guo) showing that essentially all of the guanine bases were alkylated in the N-7 position. Furthermore, this alkylated DNA formed a stable double helical complex at neutral pH in which the alkylated guanine residues are in the keto form. No changes in the Raman bands of any of the other bases were observed in alkylated DNA. The DNA double helix, completely alkylated in at the N-7 position of guanine, melts about 35 degrees C below that of the native DNA. Upon melting, the alkylated guanine changes from the keto to the zwitterionic form."}
{"id": "PMID:938636", "title": "Effect of cross-linking on the secondary structure of DNA I. Cross-linking by photodimerization.", "content": "An investigation has been made into the effect produced by photo-induced pyrimidine cross-links upon the secondary structure of DNA. We have studied the effect of uv irradiation upon the B in equilibrium A transition in DNA brought about by a change of solvent from 70 to 80% ethanol. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to monitor the conformational changes. However, we first showed by means of laser Raman spectroscopy that CD is a reliable monitor of the conformational change, even though the DNA is aggregated in 80% alcohol solutions. It is suggested that this aggregation stabilizes the A form through lateral interaction between the helices. The uv irradiation experiments show that pyrimidine-dimer cross-links induced into the B-form DNA will lock it irreversibly into that conformation and prevent it from going to the A form in 80% EtOH solution. The A-form DNA can tolerate a few cross-links but converts cooperatively to the B form if a larger number of cross-links is introduced. Irradiation-induced pyrimidine cross-links create locally denatured regions in B-form DNA. Upon continued irradiation, the entire DNA moelcule becomes denatured.", "contents": "Effect of cross-linking on the secondary structure of DNA I. Cross-linking by photodimerization. An investigation has been made into the effect produced by photo-induced pyrimidine cross-links upon the secondary structure of DNA. We have studied the effect of uv irradiation upon the B in equilibrium A transition in DNA brought about by a change of solvent from 70 to 80% ethanol. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to monitor the conformational changes. However, we first showed by means of laser Raman spectroscopy that CD is a reliable monitor of the conformational change, even though the DNA is aggregated in 80% alcohol solutions. It is suggested that this aggregation stabilizes the A form through lateral interaction between the helices. The uv irradiation experiments show that pyrimidine-dimer cross-links induced into the B-form DNA will lock it irreversibly into that conformation and prevent it from going to the A form in 80% EtOH solution. The A-form DNA can tolerate a few cross-links but converts cooperatively to the B form if a larger number of cross-links is introduced. Irradiation-induced pyrimidine cross-links create locally denatured regions in B-form DNA. Upon continued irradiation, the entire DNA moelcule becomes denatured."}
{"id": "PMID:938637", "title": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing during inhibition of protein synthesis by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The antineoplastic agent BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1nitrosourea) at a concentration of 25 mug/ml inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in HeLa cells. At this low concentration of the drug, the rate of synthesis of 45S ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) is selectively inhibited without a marked inhibition of nucleoplasmic RNA. The inhibitory effects of the drug are readily reversible upon removal of BCNU from the growth medium. Pulse-chase analysis of the labeled nucleolar RNA in sucrose-gradients and acrylamide gels indicated that the 45S pre-rRNA synthesized before the addition of BCNU matures normally in the presence of the inhibitor. However, the processing of precursor RNA molecules synthesized following the addition of the drug is inhibited when incubation is continued on in the presence of 25 mug/ml BCNU. Since the formation of mature ribosomes is blocked by BCNU, the data would suggest that the effectiveness of the drug as a potent cell growth inhibitor may result from its inhibition of ribosome formation induced by inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing during inhibition of protein synthesis by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The antineoplastic agent BCNU (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1nitrosourea) at a concentration of 25 mug/ml inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in HeLa cells. At this low concentration of the drug, the rate of synthesis of 45S ribosomal precursor RNA (pre-rRNA) is selectively inhibited without a marked inhibition of nucleoplasmic RNA. The inhibitory effects of the drug are readily reversible upon removal of BCNU from the growth medium. Pulse-chase analysis of the labeled nucleolar RNA in sucrose-gradients and acrylamide gels indicated that the 45S pre-rRNA synthesized before the addition of BCNU matures normally in the presence of the inhibitor. However, the processing of precursor RNA molecules synthesized following the addition of the drug is inhibited when incubation is continued on in the presence of 25 mug/ml BCNU. Since the formation of mature ribosomes is blocked by BCNU, the data would suggest that the effectiveness of the drug as a potent cell growth inhibitor may result from its inhibition of ribosome formation induced by inhibition of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938638", "title": "Folding and interaction of subunits at the antibody combining site.", "content": "The Fv fragment derived from mouse myeloma protein 315 possessing anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) activity, is composed of two subunits, the peptide chain VL and VH. In 8 M urea there is a complete dissociation of VL and VH and an approximately twofold increase in the fluorescence emission of Fv with a characteristic red shift of 11 nm. Upon dilution of Fv from 8 M urea into neutral buffer full regain of activity was observed, concomitant with regain of native fluorescence spectrum. The decrease in fluorescence upon dilution from 8 M urea was used to follow the renaturation process of Fv. At relatively high protein concentration (2.5 x 10(-6) M) two steps were observed during renaturation: a fast one, which is completed in less than 30 s, and a slower step, which proceeds for approximately 20 min. The fast process represents the refolding and association of VL and VH to form an active FV, whereas the slow step is attributed to the formation of \"incorrect\" associates between VL and VH which slowly reshuffle to the thermodynamically stable active FV. Indeed, at low protein concentration (1.5 x 10(-8 M) only the fast step is observed and renaturation is completed in less than 30s. The presence of hapten does not affect the rate of renaturation of FV. Reoxidation of FV completely reduced in 8 M urea was also found to yield a fully active Fv. Since either VL or VH have only one intrachain disulfide bond, reoxidation was performed at high protein concentration (3 mg/ml) in 8 M urea followed by dilution into neutral buffer. This demonstrates that variable domains not only exist in immunoglobulin structure but can also fold correctly independent of the rest of the peptide chains.", "contents": "Folding and interaction of subunits at the antibody combining site. The Fv fragment derived from mouse myeloma protein 315 possessing anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) activity, is composed of two subunits, the peptide chain VL and VH. In 8 M urea there is a complete dissociation of VL and VH and an approximately twofold increase in the fluorescence emission of Fv with a characteristic red shift of 11 nm. Upon dilution of Fv from 8 M urea into neutral buffer full regain of activity was observed, concomitant with regain of native fluorescence spectrum. The decrease in fluorescence upon dilution from 8 M urea was used to follow the renaturation process of Fv. At relatively high protein concentration (2.5 x 10(-6) M) two steps were observed during renaturation: a fast one, which is completed in less than 30 s, and a slower step, which proceeds for approximately 20 min. The fast process represents the refolding and association of VL and VH to form an active FV, whereas the slow step is attributed to the formation of \"incorrect\" associates between VL and VH which slowly reshuffle to the thermodynamically stable active FV. Indeed, at low protein concentration (1.5 x 10(-8 M) only the fast step is observed and renaturation is completed in less than 30s. The presence of hapten does not affect the rate of renaturation of FV. Reoxidation of FV completely reduced in 8 M urea was also found to yield a fully active Fv. Since either VL or VH have only one intrachain disulfide bond, reoxidation was performed at high protein concentration (3 mg/ml) in 8 M urea followed by dilution into neutral buffer. This demonstrates that variable domains not only exist in immunoglobulin structure but can also fold correctly independent of the rest of the peptide chains."}
{"id": "PMID:938639", "title": "Proteins of the turkey erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A new and simplified method is described for preparation of turkey erythrocyte membranes which are essentially devoid of supernatant or nuclear contamination, but retain catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. These membranes have been solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the major protein components identified. The turkey erythrocyte membranes exhibit a protein profile very similar to that of the human erythrocyte membrane, but contain a protein component of apparent molecular weight of 50000 which is not present in the human membranes. Three surface glycoprotein components of the turkey erythrocyte membranes (apparent molecular weights of 90000, 41000, and 26000) have been identified by periodic acid-Schiff staining of polyacrylamide gels and by cell surface 125I labeling using lactoperoxidase followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After deoxycholate solubilization of membranes prepared from iodinated cells, glycoprotein with molecular weights of 90000 and 41000 bind to an infinity column of concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and elute upon application of methyl alpha-Dmannopyrannoside. The lowest molecular weight glycoprotein component, however does not bind to the insolubilized concanavalin A.", "contents": "Proteins of the turkey erythrocyte membrane. A new and simplified method is described for preparation of turkey erythrocyte membranes which are essentially devoid of supernatant or nuclear contamination, but retain catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. These membranes have been solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the major protein components identified. The turkey erythrocyte membranes exhibit a protein profile very similar to that of the human erythrocyte membrane, but contain a protein component of apparent molecular weight of 50000 which is not present in the human membranes. Three surface glycoprotein components of the turkey erythrocyte membranes (apparent molecular weights of 90000, 41000, and 26000) have been identified by periodic acid-Schiff staining of polyacrylamide gels and by cell surface 125I labeling using lactoperoxidase followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After deoxycholate solubilization of membranes prepared from iodinated cells, glycoprotein with molecular weights of 90000 and 41000 bind to an infinity column of concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B and elute upon application of methyl alpha-Dmannopyrannoside. The lowest molecular weight glycoprotein component, however does not bind to the insolubilized concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:938640", "title": "Importance of the flux of phosphate across the inner membrane of kidney mitochondria for the activation of glutaminase and the transport of glutamine.", "content": "The effect of mersalyl, an inhibitor of phosphate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, was investigated on the uncoupled respiration of pig kidney mitochondria in the presence of glutamine as substrate and on the activity of the phosphate-dependent glutaminase in the intact organelles. In addition, the submitochondrial location of the enzyme was reinvestigated. (1) It was found that mersalyl completely inhibits uncoupled respiration of the mitochondria in the presence of glutamine as substrate, whereas respiration with glutamate was not affected. The same amount of mersalyl which inhibits coupled oxidation of glutamine also inhibits coupled oxidation of glutamate and some other substrates. (2) Mersalyl strongly inhibited the activation of glutaminase in intact mitochondria only in the presence of inhibitiors of electron transport or of an uncoupler. The addition of a detergent prevented or fully released the inhibition. The effect of mersalyl was observed even when the mitochondria were pre-incubated with phosphate or incubated in the phosphate-free medium. If mersalyl and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) were added 3 min after pre-incubation with phosphate the same intramitochondrial concentration of the anion as in control experiments was found, whereas the activity of glutaminase was severely inhibited. These findings suggest that the activation of the enzyme by phosphate in intact nonenergized mitochondria occurs only if the activator moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (3) Mersalyl (plus CCCP) markedly decreased [14C]glutamine- and [32P]-phosphate-permeable mitochondrial spaces. A close correlation between the decrease of phosphate and glutamine permeable spaces and the inhibition of glutaminase activity was found. (4) If the activation energy of the enzyme was determined with frozen mitochondrial preparations, a discontinuity or break in the Arrhenius plot was observed, whereas the presence of a detergent completely abolished the break. Digitonin or ultrasonic treatment of the mitochondria followed by separation of the membrane and the soluble fraction revealed that glutaminase is a membrane-bound enzyme. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that there is an association between the transport on one side and the transport of glutamine and glutaminase activity on the other. It is possible that the movement of phosphate across the membrane activates the enzyme which facilitates diffusion of glutamine down a concentration gradient. However, the existance of a specific glutamine-phosphate carrier is not ruled out.", "contents": "Importance of the flux of phosphate across the inner membrane of kidney mitochondria for the activation of glutaminase and the transport of glutamine. The effect of mersalyl, an inhibitor of phosphate transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, was investigated on the uncoupled respiration of pig kidney mitochondria in the presence of glutamine as substrate and on the activity of the phosphate-dependent glutaminase in the intact organelles. In addition, the submitochondrial location of the enzyme was reinvestigated. (1) It was found that mersalyl completely inhibits uncoupled respiration of the mitochondria in the presence of glutamine as substrate, whereas respiration with glutamate was not affected. The same amount of mersalyl which inhibits coupled oxidation of glutamine also inhibits coupled oxidation of glutamate and some other substrates. (2) Mersalyl strongly inhibited the activation of glutaminase in intact mitochondria only in the presence of inhibitiors of electron transport or of an uncoupler. The addition of a detergent prevented or fully released the inhibition. The effect of mersalyl was observed even when the mitochondria were pre-incubated with phosphate or incubated in the phosphate-free medium. If mersalyl and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) were added 3 min after pre-incubation with phosphate the same intramitochondrial concentration of the anion as in control experiments was found, whereas the activity of glutaminase was severely inhibited. These findings suggest that the activation of the enzyme by phosphate in intact nonenergized mitochondria occurs only if the activator moves across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (3) Mersalyl (plus CCCP) markedly decreased [14C]glutamine- and [32P]-phosphate-permeable mitochondrial spaces. A close correlation between the decrease of phosphate and glutamine permeable spaces and the inhibition of glutaminase activity was found. (4) If the activation energy of the enzyme was determined with frozen mitochondrial preparations, a discontinuity or break in the Arrhenius plot was observed, whereas the presence of a detergent completely abolished the break. Digitonin or ultrasonic treatment of the mitochondria followed by separation of the membrane and the soluble fraction revealed that glutaminase is a membrane-bound enzyme. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that there is an association between the transport on one side and the transport of glutamine and glutaminase activity on the other. It is possible that the movement of phosphate across the membrane activates the enzyme which facilitates diffusion of glutamine down a concentration gradient. However, the existance of a specific glutamine-phosphate carrier is not ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:938642", "title": "Energetics and chronology of phototransients in the light response of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "Arrhenius parameters for formation and decay of phototransients in suspensions of purple membrane fragments in H2O and 2H2O have been determined in the temperature range 0-60 degree C. Kinetic isotope effects are found which show that proton transfer steps are involved in both formation and decay of the two longest-lived transients absorbing at 410 nm and 660 nm, respectively. The results also suggest that these transients do not occupy a single pathway in the spontaneous deexcitation of bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane. Purple membrane undergoes a phase transition at 25-30 degrees C in both H2O and 2H2O.", "contents": "Energetics and chronology of phototransients in the light response of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Arrhenius parameters for formation and decay of phototransients in suspensions of purple membrane fragments in H2O and 2H2O have been determined in the temperature range 0-60 degree C. Kinetic isotope effects are found which show that proton transfer steps are involved in both formation and decay of the two longest-lived transients absorbing at 410 nm and 660 nm, respectively. The results also suggest that these transients do not occupy a single pathway in the spontaneous deexcitation of bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane. Purple membrane undergoes a phase transition at 25-30 degrees C in both H2O and 2H2O."}
{"id": "PMID:938644", "title": "Photoelectrolysis using chlorophyll electrodes.", "content": "By the conversion of sunlight to chemical energy, photoelectrolysis was carried out using two different chlorophyll-redox compound lining electrodes. These electrodes were prepared by covering platinum plates with chlorophyll and naphthoquinone or anthrahydroquinone and a conducting adhesive. These electrodes exhibit a photoexciting property. The potential was found to shift to a less noble state when the system of the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode was inserted into NAD solution with illumination. On the other hand, the photoexcitation of the system of the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electrode inserted into ferrocyanide solution made the potential more noble. (If the potential in the dark is in the dark is in the positive region of the scheme and the potential moves in the positive direction when the light is turned on, it can be said to be more positive region, it can be said to become less noble, but it is not suitable to say that it becomes more negative.) To make the potential difference between two electodes as big as possible, various factors such as intensity of illumination, molar ratio of chlorophyll to naphthoquinone or anthrahydroquinone and concentration of redox compound in electrolyte were examined. A cell was set up by combining the system of the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode in NAD solution with that of the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electode in ferrocyanide solution, and photoelectrolysis was carried out by closing the external circuit with illumination. The photovoltage between the two electrodes was 0.25 V and the current density was 8 muA/cm2. It was found that NAD was reduced to form NADH at the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode and ferrocyanide was oxidized to form ferricyanide at the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electrode.", "contents": "Photoelectrolysis using chlorophyll electrodes. By the conversion of sunlight to chemical energy, photoelectrolysis was carried out using two different chlorophyll-redox compound lining electrodes. These electrodes were prepared by covering platinum plates with chlorophyll and naphthoquinone or anthrahydroquinone and a conducting adhesive. These electrodes exhibit a photoexciting property. The potential was found to shift to a less noble state when the system of the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode was inserted into NAD solution with illumination. On the other hand, the photoexcitation of the system of the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electrode inserted into ferrocyanide solution made the potential more noble. (If the potential in the dark is in the dark is in the positive region of the scheme and the potential moves in the positive direction when the light is turned on, it can be said to be more positive region, it can be said to become less noble, but it is not suitable to say that it becomes more negative.) To make the potential difference between two electodes as big as possible, various factors such as intensity of illumination, molar ratio of chlorophyll to naphthoquinone or anthrahydroquinone and concentration of redox compound in electrolyte were examined. A cell was set up by combining the system of the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode in NAD solution with that of the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electode in ferrocyanide solution, and photoelectrolysis was carried out by closing the external circuit with illumination. The photovoltage between the two electrodes was 0.25 V and the current density was 8 muA/cm2. It was found that NAD was reduced to form NADH at the chlorophyll-naphthoquinone electrode and ferrocyanide was oxidized to form ferricyanide at the chlorophyll-anthrahydroquinone electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:938645", "title": "Anomalies in the kinetics of photosynthetic oxygen emission in sequences of flashes revealed by matrix analysis. Effects of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and variation in time parameters.", "content": "The model of Kok et al. (Kok, B., Forbush, B. and McGloin, M. (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457-475) is considered the best kinetic explanation of the damped oscillations of O2 evolution induced in higher plants by a sequence of brief saturating flashes. Matrix analysis applied to this model shows that the parameters involved (distribution of S states at zero time, probabilities of transition between states induced by a flash) cannot be completely known from the O2 yield sequence, Yn. However, four quantities, with limited content of information, are readily derived from data, without additional assumptions. They are sigma1, sigma2 and sigma3, three quasisymmetrical functions of the transition coefficients, and Y, a weighed average of four consecutive Yn values. The extent of misses and double hits and their variations can be qualitatively ascertained by inspection of the relative values of sigma1, sigma2and sigma3. In a regular sequence (stricly obeying Kok's model), all four quantities should be constant along the time axis. It is shown that actual sequences are seldom regular, in particular in the following conditions: (1) variable flashing frequency, (2) addition of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, (3) incomplete deactivation, (4) change of flashing frequency at steady state. In order to account for these anomalies, it is proposed to modify Kok's model by introducing, in parallel to the four state storage entity (S states), a side carrier C, which can reversibly exchange a positive charge with it. In the new model, the transition coefficients are essentially time varying, thus producing a nonregular behaviour of Yn sequences.", "contents": "Anomalies in the kinetics of photosynthetic oxygen emission in sequences of flashes revealed by matrix analysis. Effects of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and variation in time parameters. The model of Kok et al. (Kok, B., Forbush, B. and McGloin, M. (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457-475) is considered the best kinetic explanation of the damped oscillations of O2 evolution induced in higher plants by a sequence of brief saturating flashes. Matrix analysis applied to this model shows that the parameters involved (distribution of S states at zero time, probabilities of transition between states induced by a flash) cannot be completely known from the O2 yield sequence, Yn. However, four quantities, with limited content of information, are readily derived from data, without additional assumptions. They are sigma1, sigma2 and sigma3, three quasisymmetrical functions of the transition coefficients, and Y, a weighed average of four consecutive Yn values. The extent of misses and double hits and their variations can be qualitatively ascertained by inspection of the relative values of sigma1, sigma2and sigma3. In a regular sequence (stricly obeying Kok's model), all four quantities should be constant along the time axis. It is shown that actual sequences are seldom regular, in particular in the following conditions: (1) variable flashing frequency, (2) addition of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, (3) incomplete deactivation, (4) change of flashing frequency at steady state. In order to account for these anomalies, it is proposed to modify Kok's model by introducing, in parallel to the four state storage entity (S states), a side carrier C, which can reversibly exchange a positive charge with it. In the new model, the transition coefficients are essentially time varying, thus producing a nonregular behaviour of Yn sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:938646", "title": "Studies on the rate-limiting reaction of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The modulated oxygen polarography has been used to study the rate-determining steps of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in spinach chloroplasts. The rate constant, k, of the reaction has a value of 218 +/- 10 (S.E.) s-1 at 23 degrees C and an activation energy of 7 +/- 2 (S.E.) kcal-mol-1. A kinetic isotope experiment indicated that this step is probably not the water-splitting reaction. These findings resemble previous results with the unicellular alga Chlorella (Sinclair, J. and Arnason, T (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 368, 393-400). In other experiments we changed the pH, O2 concentration and osmolarity of the medium, and treated the chloroplasts with 1 mM NH4Cl without detecting any significant change in k. These results suggest that the step is irreversible. However, a significantly lower value of k, 110 +/- 20 (S.E.) s-1 was obtained when all salts except 1 mM MgCl2 were removed from the medium bathing the chloroplasts.", "contents": "Studies on the rate-limiting reaction of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in spinach chloroplasts. The modulated oxygen polarography has been used to study the rate-determining steps of photosynthetic oxygen evolution in spinach chloroplasts. The rate constant, k, of the reaction has a value of 218 +/- 10 (S.E.) s-1 at 23 degrees C and an activation energy of 7 +/- 2 (S.E.) kcal-mol-1. A kinetic isotope experiment indicated that this step is probably not the water-splitting reaction. These findings resemble previous results with the unicellular alga Chlorella (Sinclair, J. and Arnason, T (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 368, 393-400). In other experiments we changed the pH, O2 concentration and osmolarity of the medium, and treated the chloroplasts with 1 mM NH4Cl without detecting any significant change in k. These results suggest that the step is irreversible. However, a significantly lower value of k, 110 +/- 20 (S.E.) s-1 was obtained when all salts except 1 mM MgCl2 were removed from the medium bathing the chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:938647", "title": "Exciton interaction among chlorophyll molecules in bacteriochlorophyllaproteins and bacteriochlorophyllareaction center complexes from green bacteria.", "content": "Absorption and CD spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a proteins and bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes from two strains of Chlorobium limicola were recorded at 77 degrees K. Visual inspection showed that the Qy-band of chlorophyll in either protein was split into at least five components. Analysis of the spectra in terms of asymmetric Gaussian component pairs by means of computer program GAMET showed that six components are necessary to fit the spectra from strain 2K. These six components are ascribed to an exciton interaction between the seven bacteriochlorophyll a molecules in each subunit. The clear difference between the exciton splitting in the two bacteriochlorophyll a proteins shows that the arrangement of the chlorophyll molecules in each subunit must be slightly different. The spectra for the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes have a component at 834 nm (absorption) and 832 nm (CD) which does not appear in the spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a proteins. The new component is ascribed to a reaction center complex which is combined with bacteriochlorophyll a proteins to form the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex. The complete absorption (or CD) spectrum for a given bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex can be described to a first approximation in terms of the absorption (or CD) spectrum for the corresponding bacteriochlorophyll a protein plus the new component ascribed to the reaction center complex.", "contents": "Exciton interaction among chlorophyll molecules in bacteriochlorophyllaproteins and bacteriochlorophyllareaction center complexes from green bacteria. Absorption and CD spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a proteins and bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes from two strains of Chlorobium limicola were recorded at 77 degrees K. Visual inspection showed that the Qy-band of chlorophyll in either protein was split into at least five components. Analysis of the spectra in terms of asymmetric Gaussian component pairs by means of computer program GAMET showed that six components are necessary to fit the spectra from strain 2K. These six components are ascribed to an exciton interaction between the seven bacteriochlorophyll a molecules in each subunit. The clear difference between the exciton splitting in the two bacteriochlorophyll a proteins shows that the arrangement of the chlorophyll molecules in each subunit must be slightly different. The spectra for the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes have a component at 834 nm (absorption) and 832 nm (CD) which does not appear in the spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a proteins. The new component is ascribed to a reaction center complex which is combined with bacteriochlorophyll a proteins to form the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex. The complete absorption (or CD) spectrum for a given bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex can be described to a first approximation in terms of the absorption (or CD) spectrum for the corresponding bacteriochlorophyll a protein plus the new component ascribed to the reaction center complex."}
{"id": "PMID:938648", "title": "Correlation of reaction-center chlorophyll (P-700) oxidation and bound iron-sulfur protein photoreduction in chloroplast photosystem I at low temperatures.", "content": "The extent of P-700 photooxidation at 18 degrees K has been followed in three different chloroplast preparations (unfractionated chloroplasts and two preparations enriched in Photosystem I). More than 90% of P-700+ formation in all preparations was eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite at pH 10. Photoreduction of a bound chloroplast iron-sulfur protein was also decreased by at least 90% under similar conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the chloroplast preparations in the presence of dithionite showed chemical reduction of bound iron-sulfur protein under conditions where primary photochemistry is eliminated. These results indicate that P-700 photooxidation is concomitant with photoreduction of a bound iron-sulfur protein and that this iron-sulfur protein functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I.", "contents": "Correlation of reaction-center chlorophyll (P-700) oxidation and bound iron-sulfur protein photoreduction in chloroplast photosystem I at low temperatures. The extent of P-700 photooxidation at 18 degrees K has been followed in three different chloroplast preparations (unfractionated chloroplasts and two preparations enriched in Photosystem I). More than 90% of P-700+ formation in all preparations was eliminated by the addition of sodium dithionite at pH 10. Photoreduction of a bound chloroplast iron-sulfur protein was also decreased by at least 90% under similar conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the chloroplast preparations in the presence of dithionite showed chemical reduction of bound iron-sulfur protein under conditions where primary photochemistry is eliminated. These results indicate that P-700 photooxidation is concomitant with photoreduction of a bound iron-sulfur protein and that this iron-sulfur protein functions as the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I."}
{"id": "PMID:938649", "title": "Unusual C24, C25, C26 and C27 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera.", "content": "(1) Complete characterization of the fatty acids of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera, including double bond positional isomers, has identified 95 different acids in amounts of 0.1% or more. Trace amounts of 23 other acids were found. (2) 48% of the fatty acids present have C24--C28 chain lengths. These are all saturates, monoenes, dienes and trienes; the tetraene, pentaene and hexaene acids possess the usual C18--C22 carbon chains. The numerous C24--C28 acids present apparently originate within the sponge itself, indicating a highly active chain elongation system. (3) A new family of C24, C25, C26 and C27 polyunsaturated acids with isolated double bonds has been discovered. All contain delta 5,9 unsaturation. Specific acids identified were 5,9-24:2; 5,9-25:2; 5,9-26:2; 5,9,17-26:3; 5,9,19-26:3; 5,9,19-27:3 and 5,9,20-27:3. Biosynthetic pathways for such acids are proposed, based on intermediates found in our fatty acid analyses.", "contents": "Unusual C24, C25, C26 and C27 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera. (1) Complete characterization of the fatty acids of the marine sponge Microciona prolifera, including double bond positional isomers, has identified 95 different acids in amounts of 0.1% or more. Trace amounts of 23 other acids were found. (2) 48% of the fatty acids present have C24--C28 chain lengths. These are all saturates, monoenes, dienes and trienes; the tetraene, pentaene and hexaene acids possess the usual C18--C22 carbon chains. The numerous C24--C28 acids present apparently originate within the sponge itself, indicating a highly active chain elongation system. (3) A new family of C24, C25, C26 and C27 polyunsaturated acids with isolated double bonds has been discovered. All contain delta 5,9 unsaturation. Specific acids identified were 5,9-24:2; 5,9-25:2; 5,9-26:2; 5,9,17-26:3; 5,9,19-26:3; 5,9,19-27:3 and 5,9,20-27:3. Biosynthetic pathways for such acids are proposed, based on intermediates found in our fatty acid analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:938650", "title": "Influence of valine deprivation and its reversal on fatty acid metabolism in HeLa cells.", "content": "The effects that amino acid starvation and re-supplementation have on fatty acid metabolism in HeLa cells have been studied using radio gas chromatographic techniques. Deprivation of valine for 13.5 h caused fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, elongation and desaturation to cease. This effect was reversed within 5 h by adding valine back to the culture. During deprivation accumulation of triacylglycerol occurred. The return of valine to the culture caused compositional changes in the triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines.", "contents": "Influence of valine deprivation and its reversal on fatty acid metabolism in HeLa cells. The effects that amino acid starvation and re-supplementation have on fatty acid metabolism in HeLa cells have been studied using radio gas chromatographic techniques. Deprivation of valine for 13.5 h caused fatty acid de novo biosynthesis, elongation and desaturation to cease. This effect was reversed within 5 h by adding valine back to the culture. During deprivation accumulation of triacylglycerol occurred. The return of valine to the culture caused compositional changes in the triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines."}
{"id": "PMID:938651", "title": "Contribution of intermuscular fat to lipogenesis from dietary glucose carbon in mice.", "content": "We assessed the contribution of various tissues to the synthesis of fat from glucose carbon in mice during rapid lipogenic activation induced by a glucose test meal. Nibbling and gorging mice were maintained on a 58% glucose, fat-free diet. The mice were fasted 22 h and refed 5-10 muCi [U-14C]glucose (120 mg/20 g body weight) either by gastric intubation or as a test meal (58% glucose diet). The muscular carcass in both nibblers an gorgers contained more than 75% of the total radioactivity in the fatty acids derived from glucose; liver and epididymal fat pad accounted for only a small percentage. Mort than half the carcass activity was in the \"muscular\" tissue as neutral lipid acids. We could isolate a discrete fat body in the popliteal region of the leg muscle (\"muscle fat\", \"intermuscular fat\"). The popliteal fat converted glucose carbon to fatty acids an order of magnitude faster, per unit weight, than the epididymal fat pad or skeletal muscle. The fatty acid moiety of the triacylglycerols had the major portion of the label in the popliteal fat 2 and 6 h after ingestion of the glucose test meals. The diacylglycerol pool was active at 2 h and its activity faded at 6 h implicating its intermediary role in lipid metabolism similar to published findings in epididymal fat pad. These results indicate that fat cells associated with the muscular carcass may play a major role in the de novo synthesis of fat from dietary carbohydrate in mice.", "contents": "Contribution of intermuscular fat to lipogenesis from dietary glucose carbon in mice. We assessed the contribution of various tissues to the synthesis of fat from glucose carbon in mice during rapid lipogenic activation induced by a glucose test meal. Nibbling and gorging mice were maintained on a 58% glucose, fat-free diet. The mice were fasted 22 h and refed 5-10 muCi [U-14C]glucose (120 mg/20 g body weight) either by gastric intubation or as a test meal (58% glucose diet). The muscular carcass in both nibblers an gorgers contained more than 75% of the total radioactivity in the fatty acids derived from glucose; liver and epididymal fat pad accounted for only a small percentage. Mort than half the carcass activity was in the \"muscular\" tissue as neutral lipid acids. We could isolate a discrete fat body in the popliteal region of the leg muscle (\"muscle fat\", \"intermuscular fat\"). The popliteal fat converted glucose carbon to fatty acids an order of magnitude faster, per unit weight, than the epididymal fat pad or skeletal muscle. The fatty acid moiety of the triacylglycerols had the major portion of the label in the popliteal fat 2 and 6 h after ingestion of the glucose test meals. The diacylglycerol pool was active at 2 h and its activity faded at 6 h implicating its intermediary role in lipid metabolism similar to published findings in epididymal fat pad. These results indicate that fat cells associated with the muscular carcass may play a major role in the de novo synthesis of fat from dietary carbohydrate in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:938652", "title": "Net changes in intermuscular fat before and during rapid lipogenic activation in mice.", "content": "We have attempted to measure net changes in lipid content in a discrete \"intermuscular\" fat pad during rapid lipogenic activation that occurs after a previously fasted mouse nibbles a glucose-rich test meal for several minutes. The popliteal fat pad was chosen for the study since it has been shown to be about an order of magnitude more active than the epididymal fat pad in the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose carbon in fasted-refed mice. We found a highly reproducible net loss in the popliteal fat pad's weight and lipid content during fasting. Net deposition of lipid occurred when 24-h fasted mice were allowed to eat a fat-free, 58% glucose diet for several minutes. In two out of three experiments lipid repletion was complete after one brief period of nibbling. Significant decreases in the net amounts of each majority fatty acid, 16:0, 16: 1, 18:1 and 18:2, were found to occur in the popliteal fat pad during a 24-h fast. After nibbling their test meal for several minutes, previously fasted mice restored their major essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, to the original fed level within 2 h, even though total lipid repletion was incomplete. Highly significant net increases in each major non-essential fatty acid were also found after brief ingestion of the test meal; however, in one experiment (incomplete repletion) only about half of the depleted fatty acids was restored. When two successive glucose test meals were eaten (2-h interval), popliteal fat converted glucose carbon to fatty acids more than twice as fast after the second feeding as after the first. However, no significant additional increment either in tissue weight or in total lipid fatty acids was found after the second test meal. Based on these findings, the possible significance of intermuscular fat in the utilization and deposition of fat is discussed.", "contents": "Net changes in intermuscular fat before and during rapid lipogenic activation in mice. We have attempted to measure net changes in lipid content in a discrete \"intermuscular\" fat pad during rapid lipogenic activation that occurs after a previously fasted mouse nibbles a glucose-rich test meal for several minutes. The popliteal fat pad was chosen for the study since it has been shown to be about an order of magnitude more active than the epididymal fat pad in the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose carbon in fasted-refed mice. We found a highly reproducible net loss in the popliteal fat pad's weight and lipid content during fasting. Net deposition of lipid occurred when 24-h fasted mice were allowed to eat a fat-free, 58% glucose diet for several minutes. In two out of three experiments lipid repletion was complete after one brief period of nibbling. Significant decreases in the net amounts of each majority fatty acid, 16:0, 16: 1, 18:1 and 18:2, were found to occur in the popliteal fat pad during a 24-h fast. After nibbling their test meal for several minutes, previously fasted mice restored their major essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, to the original fed level within 2 h, even though total lipid repletion was incomplete. Highly significant net increases in each major non-essential fatty acid were also found after brief ingestion of the test meal; however, in one experiment (incomplete repletion) only about half of the depleted fatty acids was restored. When two successive glucose test meals were eaten (2-h interval), popliteal fat converted glucose carbon to fatty acids more than twice as fast after the second feeding as after the first. However, no significant additional increment either in tissue weight or in total lipid fatty acids was found after the second test meal. Based on these findings, the possible significance of intermuscular fat in the utilization and deposition of fat is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938653", "title": "Is fatty liver induction a general feature of the administration of foreign sulfhydryl compounds?", "content": "The intraperitoneal administration of 2-mercaptoethanol or 2-mercaptoacetate (40 muM/100 g body weight) to the rat induces a fatty liver, a marked and early increase of free fatty acids and a decrease of triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the blood. These changes are accompanied by a decrease of the ketone body level and the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in the liver. Under the same experimental conditions, however, administration of 2-mercaptopropionate fails to induce a fatty liver and does not modify the hepatic ketone body level or the blood triacylglycerol and free fatty acid levels. These results led us to conclude that fatty liver induction is not a general feature of foreign thiols, and suggest that increased peripheral fat mobilization as well as decreased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and/or release are responsible for the 2-mercaptoethanol- and 2-mercaptoacetate-induced fatty liver.", "contents": "Is fatty liver induction a general feature of the administration of foreign sulfhydryl compounds? The intraperitoneal administration of 2-mercaptoethanol or 2-mercaptoacetate (40 muM/100 g body weight) to the rat induces a fatty liver, a marked and early increase of free fatty acids and a decrease of triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the blood. These changes are accompanied by a decrease of the ketone body level and the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in the liver. Under the same experimental conditions, however, administration of 2-mercaptopropionate fails to induce a fatty liver and does not modify the hepatic ketone body level or the blood triacylglycerol and free fatty acid levels. These results led us to conclude that fatty liver induction is not a general feature of foreign thiols, and suggest that increased peripheral fat mobilization as well as decreased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and/or release are responsible for the 2-mercaptoethanol- and 2-mercaptoacetate-induced fatty liver."}
{"id": "PMID:938654", "title": "Effects of feeding ethyl-dihomo-gamma-linolenate on prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet aggregation in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The ethyl ester of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3omega6) (1 g/kg/day) was fed to rabbits for 25 days. Plasma lipids and platelet aggregation were analyzed on day 1, 11, 16, 21 and 26. 2. All plasma lipid classes were greatly enriched with 20:3omega6. Arachidonic acid levels were elevated to a smaller extent. The different platelet phospholipid fractions analyzed were also highly enriched with 20:3omega6, whereas the arachidonic acid content in platelet phospholipids was significantly lower than in control animals. 3. The excretion of 7 alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid, the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E1 and E2 was increased 4.6 fold by the treatment. 4. Platelet aggregation in response to ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid did not differ at any time betweeen 20:3omega6 treated rabbits and controls. 5. It is concluded that prostaglandin E biosynthesis can be increased by enriching the prostaglandin precursor pool. Platelet aggregation in vitro is not altered by feeding ethyl 20:3omega6.", "contents": "Effects of feeding ethyl-dihomo-gamma-linolenate on prostaglandin biosynthesis and platelet aggregation in the rabbit. 1. The ethyl ester of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3omega6) (1 g/kg/day) was fed to rabbits for 25 days. Plasma lipids and platelet aggregation were analyzed on day 1, 11, 16, 21 and 26. 2. All plasma lipid classes were greatly enriched with 20:3omega6. Arachidonic acid levels were elevated to a smaller extent. The different platelet phospholipid fractions analyzed were also highly enriched with 20:3omega6, whereas the arachidonic acid content in platelet phospholipids was significantly lower than in control animals. 3. The excretion of 7 alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid, the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E1 and E2 was increased 4.6 fold by the treatment. 4. Platelet aggregation in response to ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid did not differ at any time betweeen 20:3omega6 treated rabbits and controls. 5. It is concluded that prostaglandin E biosynthesis can be increased by enriching the prostaglandin precursor pool. Platelet aggregation in vitro is not altered by feeding ethyl 20:3omega6."}
{"id": "PMID:938655", "title": "Lipid transport across the intestinal epithelial cell. Effect of colchicine.", "content": "Rats injected with colchicine (0.5 mg/100 g of body weight) 1 h before ingestion of a margarine emulsion (1 g in 2 ml of saline) do not show the rise in plasma triacylglycerol concentration found in controls during the subsequent hours. The effect of colchicine is more dramatic when the experiment is performed after prior administration of Triton WR-1339, a substance known to inhibit the catabolism of lipoproteins. Colchicine-treated rats also showed a five-fold increase in the content of triacylglycerol in proximal jejunum, when compared to controls. These results are consistent with the idea that colchicine interferes with the intracellular phase of fat absorption, suggesting that the microtubular-microfilamentous system could be involved in the release of chylomicrons from the intestinal cell into the circulation.", "contents": "Lipid transport across the intestinal epithelial cell. Effect of colchicine. Rats injected with colchicine (0.5 mg/100 g of body weight) 1 h before ingestion of a margarine emulsion (1 g in 2 ml of saline) do not show the rise in plasma triacylglycerol concentration found in controls during the subsequent hours. The effect of colchicine is more dramatic when the experiment is performed after prior administration of Triton WR-1339, a substance known to inhibit the catabolism of lipoproteins. Colchicine-treated rats also showed a five-fold increase in the content of triacylglycerol in proximal jejunum, when compared to controls. These results are consistent with the idea that colchicine interferes with the intracellular phase of fat absorption, suggesting that the microtubular-microfilamentous system could be involved in the release of chylomicrons from the intestinal cell into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:938656", "title": "The metabolism of the phosphonium analogue of choline in vitro and in vivo, and its detection in phospholipids by 31P-NMR.", "content": "1. The phosphonium analogues of choline, phosphorylcholine, CDPcholine and phosphatidylcholine were synthesized chemically and characterized by 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR; in 1,2-distearoyl-DL-glycero-3-phosphorylphosphocholine, the 31P-NMR chemical shift of phosphonium relative to phosphate was--28.2 ppm. 2. A comparison was made of the rates of reaction of choline kinase, cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase and phospholipase C on natural and phosphonium substrates. Enzyme reaction rates were similar for all but the cytidyltransferase, which exhibited a 3-fold preference for the normal substrate. 3. Weanling rats were maintained for 6 weeks on a diet in which choline was fully replaced by phospho[1,2-14C2]choline mixed with a trace of [Me-3H] choline. Incorporation of phosphocholine into liver lipids was detectable by 31P-NMR even in crude tissue homogenates. Choline-based phospholipids of liver, kidney, lung and brain were extracted, and phosphocholine incorporation calculated from 31P-NMR peak area ratios. The phosphatidylcholine analogues were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Incorporation of phosphocholine ranged from 33% in lung phosphatidylcholine to 6% in kidney sphingomyelin. Variations in 14C/3H ratio between feed and phospholipid extracts indicated preferences for exogenous choline over phosphocholine varying from 1.3: 1 in brain to 3.2: 1 in liver. The results indicated that phosphocholine is a potentially useful 31P-NMR probe for the study of membrane lipids.", "contents": "The metabolism of the phosphonium analogue of choline in vitro and in vivo, and its detection in phospholipids by 31P-NMR. 1. The phosphonium analogues of choline, phosphorylcholine, CDPcholine and phosphatidylcholine were synthesized chemically and characterized by 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR; in 1,2-distearoyl-DL-glycero-3-phosphorylphosphocholine, the 31P-NMR chemical shift of phosphonium relative to phosphate was--28.2 ppm. 2. A comparison was made of the rates of reaction of choline kinase, cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase and phospholipase C on natural and phosphonium substrates. Enzyme reaction rates were similar for all but the cytidyltransferase, which exhibited a 3-fold preference for the normal substrate. 3. Weanling rats were maintained for 6 weeks on a diet in which choline was fully replaced by phospho[1,2-14C2]choline mixed with a trace of [Me-3H] choline. Incorporation of phosphocholine into liver lipids was detectable by 31P-NMR even in crude tissue homogenates. Choline-based phospholipids of liver, kidney, lung and brain were extracted, and phosphocholine incorporation calculated from 31P-NMR peak area ratios. The phosphatidylcholine analogues were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Incorporation of phosphocholine ranged from 33% in lung phosphatidylcholine to 6% in kidney sphingomyelin. Variations in 14C/3H ratio between feed and phospholipid extracts indicated preferences for exogenous choline over phosphocholine varying from 1.3: 1 in brain to 3.2: 1 in liver. The results indicated that phosphocholine is a potentially useful 31P-NMR probe for the study of membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:938657", "title": "Formation of bile acids in man. Metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation.", "content": "The formation of bile acids in man is thought to involve a series of reactions in which the initial steps are the same for both cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. The point of bifurcation of the pathway is postulated to occur after the formation of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. To test the hypothesis that the entire synthesis of both bile acids proceeds through this intermediate we studied the metabolism of labeled 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in eight normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation. If all the production of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid takes place via 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, the areas under the specific decay curves of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid should be identical following a single injection of this labeled intermediate. However, in 6 of the 8 subjects studied the area under the cholic acid specific activity decay curve was significantly less than the area under the chenodeoxycholic acid specific activity decay curve. These results that the production of cholic acid in man may not always involve the intermediate 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one.", "contents": "Formation of bile acids in man. Metabolism of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation. The formation of bile acids in man is thought to involve a series of reactions in which the initial steps are the same for both cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. The point of bifurcation of the pathway is postulated to occur after the formation of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. To test the hypothesis that the entire synthesis of both bile acids proceeds through this intermediate we studied the metabolism of labeled 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in eight normal subjects with an intact enterohepatic circulation. If all the production of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid takes place via 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, the areas under the specific decay curves of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid should be identical following a single injection of this labeled intermediate. However, in 6 of the 8 subjects studied the area under the cholic acid specific activity decay curve was significantly less than the area under the chenodeoxycholic acid specific activity decay curve. These results that the production of cholic acid in man may not always involve the intermediate 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one."}
{"id": "PMID:938659", "title": "The fluorescence decay of human serum albumin and its subfractions.", "content": "Human serum albumin does not decay monoexponentially although it contains a single tryptophan residue per molecule. The molecular population is thus heterogeneous with respect to the tryptophan emission. The separated monomeric and dimeric molecules of this protein, as well as various fractions isolated by the procedures of Foster and his coworkers, exhibit deviations from monoexponential decay which are comparable to those of the unfractionated protein; thus, the heterogeneity in molecular population of human serum albumin persists in the various fractions. By comparing the fluorescence decay data of this protein in the presence of thyroxine with the corresponding quenching data it was found that the fluorescence of the protein does not respond uniformly to the binding for all protein molecules. Qualitatively similar behavior was found for bovine serum albumin. In view of the above, binding studies followed by fluorescence should be viewed as averages over a heterogeneous population of the molecules of the serum albumin.", "contents": "The fluorescence decay of human serum albumin and its subfractions. Human serum albumin does not decay monoexponentially although it contains a single tryptophan residue per molecule. The molecular population is thus heterogeneous with respect to the tryptophan emission. The separated monomeric and dimeric molecules of this protein, as well as various fractions isolated by the procedures of Foster and his coworkers, exhibit deviations from monoexponential decay which are comparable to those of the unfractionated protein; thus, the heterogeneity in molecular population of human serum albumin persists in the various fractions. By comparing the fluorescence decay data of this protein in the presence of thyroxine with the corresponding quenching data it was found that the fluorescence of the protein does not respond uniformly to the binding for all protein molecules. Qualitatively similar behavior was found for bovine serum albumin. In view of the above, binding studies followed by fluorescence should be viewed as averages over a heterogeneous population of the molecules of the serum albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:938660", "title": "Energetics of the deformation of a peptide unit. Semi-empirical molecular orbital and ab initio study of N-methyl acetamide and N-acetyl-L-alanine N-methyl amide.", "content": "The problem of non-planarity of peptide unit has been investigated using N-methyl acetamide as a theoretical model. A semi-empirical molecular orbital method: Iterative Extended H\u00fcckel Theory viz. IEHT/2 (Adams S. (1974) Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, U.S.A.) and non-empirical abinitio method with minimal basis set, STO-3G (Hehre, W.J., Stewart, R.F. and Pople, J.A. (1969) J. Chem. Phys. 51, 2657-2664) were used to probe the energetics of the distortion of a planar peptide unit. Distortion of one of the peptide units in a dipeptide, N-acetyl-L-alanine N-methyl amide has also been investigated using abinitio method. The studies amply demonstrate the possibility of the existence of a non-planar peptide unit. Distortion of about 10-15 degrees is predicted to bring about very small loss in energy. The results are substantiated by results from experimental studies.", "contents": "Energetics of the deformation of a peptide unit. Semi-empirical molecular orbital and ab initio study of N-methyl acetamide and N-acetyl-L-alanine N-methyl amide. The problem of non-planarity of peptide unit has been investigated using N-methyl acetamide as a theoretical model. A semi-empirical molecular orbital method: Iterative Extended H\u00fcckel Theory viz. IEHT/2 (Adams S. (1974) Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, U.S.A.) and non-empirical abinitio method with minimal basis set, STO-3G (Hehre, W.J., Stewart, R.F. and Pople, J.A. (1969) J. Chem. Phys. 51, 2657-2664) were used to probe the energetics of the distortion of a planar peptide unit. Distortion of one of the peptide units in a dipeptide, N-acetyl-L-alanine N-methyl amide has also been investigated using abinitio method. The studies amply demonstrate the possibility of the existence of a non-planar peptide unit. Distortion of about 10-15 degrees is predicted to bring about very small loss in energy. The results are substantiated by results from experimental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:938661", "title": "The hemoglobin system of the primitive fish, Amia calva: isolation and functional characterization of the individual hemoglobin components.", "content": "Blood from the primitive holostean fish, the bowfin, Amia calva, contains 2 mo of ATP per mol of hemoglobin. The hemolysates contain at least five tetrameric hemoglobin components which differ in their oxygen affinities and their response to cofactors such as ATP. The binding of oxygen by each chromatographically isolated component, including a cathodal component, is influenced by pH and organic phosphates; there is no significant differentiation of function or structure as seen in trout and certain other fish hemolysates. Kinetic analyses of ligand binding indicate that the Bohr and Root effects of Amia calva hemoglobins are best explained by changes in both the \"on\" and \"off\" constants. At low pH, the increase in the \"off\" constant is smaller than for most other Root hemoglobins. The hemoglobin system of Amina calva is functionally undifferentiated and may be representative of the ancestral condition in teleosts.", "contents": "The hemoglobin system of the primitive fish, Amia calva: isolation and functional characterization of the individual hemoglobin components. Blood from the primitive holostean fish, the bowfin, Amia calva, contains 2 mo of ATP per mol of hemoglobin. The hemolysates contain at least five tetrameric hemoglobin components which differ in their oxygen affinities and their response to cofactors such as ATP. The binding of oxygen by each chromatographically isolated component, including a cathodal component, is influenced by pH and organic phosphates; there is no significant differentiation of function or structure as seen in trout and certain other fish hemolysates. Kinetic analyses of ligand binding indicate that the Bohr and Root effects of Amia calva hemoglobins are best explained by changes in both the \"on\" and \"off\" constants. At low pH, the increase in the \"off\" constant is smaller than for most other Root hemoglobins. The hemoglobin system of Amina calva is functionally undifferentiated and may be representative of the ancestral condition in teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:938662", "title": "The presence of N-terminal pyroglutamyl residues in hog thyroglobulin.", "content": "A method was devised to isolate N-terminal peptide fragments from the polypeptide chains constituting thyroglobulin even in the case when the terminal amino groups are naturally blocked, for instance, acylated. Reduced and carboxymethylated hog thyroglobulin was first acetylated and digested with thermolysin. The blocked N-terminal peptide fragments were separated from the unblocked N-terminal fragments by column chromatography on Dowex 50, then on Dowex 1 after dinitrophenylation, and finally fractionated into ten fractions by paper chromatography after gel filtration on Sephadex G-10. Structural analyses by enzymic or partial acid hydrolysis of these peptide fractions failed to detect N-terminal acetyl amino acid. Instead, pyroglutamyl peptides including pyroglutamylleucine were found. By the same method, acetylated lysine and glycine were identified for chicken lysozyme and horse myoglobin, respectively. The use of thermolysin because of its unique specificity, and the possible relevance of the present result to the previous data on the N-terminal analysis of thyroglobulin are discussed.", "contents": "The presence of N-terminal pyroglutamyl residues in hog thyroglobulin. A method was devised to isolate N-terminal peptide fragments from the polypeptide chains constituting thyroglobulin even in the case when the terminal amino groups are naturally blocked, for instance, acylated. Reduced and carboxymethylated hog thyroglobulin was first acetylated and digested with thermolysin. The blocked N-terminal peptide fragments were separated from the unblocked N-terminal fragments by column chromatography on Dowex 50, then on Dowex 1 after dinitrophenylation, and finally fractionated into ten fractions by paper chromatography after gel filtration on Sephadex G-10. Structural analyses by enzymic or partial acid hydrolysis of these peptide fractions failed to detect N-terminal acetyl amino acid. Instead, pyroglutamyl peptides including pyroglutamylleucine were found. By the same method, acetylated lysine and glycine were identified for chicken lysozyme and horse myoglobin, respectively. The use of thermolysin because of its unique specificity, and the possible relevance of the present result to the previous data on the N-terminal analysis of thyroglobulin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938663", "title": "Purification of human blood clotting factor X by Blue Dextran agarose affinity chromatography.", "content": "Blue Dextran 2000 coupled covalently to agarose has been used as an affinity column for the rapid separation of human blood clotting Factor X. Factor X has been isolated with approximately 2000-fold purification from human citrated plasma and shows single-component behavior by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Affinity columns prepared with Blue Dextran chromophore (Cibacron blue) derivatized to agarose or Sepharose gave negative results. These studies have shown that Blue Dextran agarose possesses unique biospecific and nonbiospecific properties, both of which are essential to achieve resolution of Factor X from other vitamin K-dependent blood clotting factors.", "contents": "Purification of human blood clotting factor X by Blue Dextran agarose affinity chromatography. Blue Dextran 2000 coupled covalently to agarose has been used as an affinity column for the rapid separation of human blood clotting Factor X. Factor X has been isolated with approximately 2000-fold purification from human citrated plasma and shows single-component behavior by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Affinity columns prepared with Blue Dextran chromophore (Cibacron blue) derivatized to agarose or Sepharose gave negative results. These studies have shown that Blue Dextran agarose possesses unique biospecific and nonbiospecific properties, both of which are essential to achieve resolution of Factor X from other vitamin K-dependent blood clotting factors."}
{"id": "PMID:938664", "title": "The use of omicron-phthaldialdehyde in the detection of proteins and peptides.", "content": "A highly sensitive method utilizing omicron-phthaldialdehyde for an automated fluorescent assay of proteins and peptides is described in this paper. As an example of the utility of omicron-phthaldialdehyde, the separation of bovine serum albumin monomer from bovine serum albumin oligomers is discussed.", "contents": "The use of omicron-phthaldialdehyde in the detection of proteins and peptides. A highly sensitive method utilizing omicron-phthaldialdehyde for an automated fluorescent assay of proteins and peptides is described in this paper. As an example of the utility of omicron-phthaldialdehyde, the separation of bovine serum albumin monomer from bovine serum albumin oligomers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938665", "title": "The stoichiometry of the components of arthropod thin filaments.", "content": "Limulus thin filaments confer calcium sensitivity on calcium-independent myosins and contain in addition to actin and tropomyosin, three troponin components. The molar ratio of actin:tropomyosin:troponin sub-unit T (TN-T): troponin sub-unit C (TN-C) is approximately 7:1:1:1, as in vertebrates, but twice the amount of the troponin sub-unit I (TN-I) may be present. Arthropod troponin binds approximately 1 mole Ca/mol troponin, a significantly smaller amount than bound by vertebrate troponin.", "contents": "The stoichiometry of the components of arthropod thin filaments. Limulus thin filaments confer calcium sensitivity on calcium-independent myosins and contain in addition to actin and tropomyosin, three troponin components. The molar ratio of actin:tropomyosin:troponin sub-unit T (TN-T): troponin sub-unit C (TN-C) is approximately 7:1:1:1, as in vertebrates, but twice the amount of the troponin sub-unit I (TN-I) may be present. Arthropod troponin binds approximately 1 mole Ca/mol troponin, a significantly smaller amount than bound by vertebrate troponin."}
{"id": "PMID:938666", "title": "Amidated carboxyl groups in elastin.", "content": "Dicarboxylic amino acids constitute the most numerous residues of insoluble elastin in which are potentially ionizable in the physiological range of pH. These residues are essential in facilitating productive electrostatic interaction between elastase and elastin. The present study has investigated the possibility that the glutamic and aspartic acid residues of elastin are amidated. Acid-labile amide-bound ammonia of elastin was quantitated after hydrolysis of the insoluble protein with 2 M HC1 by incubating aliquots of microdistilled hydrolysates with glutamate dehydrogenase, excess alpha-ketoglutarate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and measuring the resultant decrease in A340 due to oxidation of the dinucleotide cofactor. It was found that ligament elastin purified by repeated autoclaving contains approximately 2.29 mumol of acid-labile amide nitrogen per 10 mg of protein, a value equivalent to approximately 70% of the total number of dicarboxylic amino acid residues. Independent analysis of the amide content was obtained by amino acid analysis of an esterified and reduced elastin sample in which the free dicarboxylic amino acid residues had been converted to the corresponding alcohol derivatives. This analysis indicated that autoclaved ligament elastin contains approximately 18 glutamine, 3 asparagine, 4 glutamic acid and 5 aspartic acid residues per 1000 residues, in good agreement with the analysis of total acid-labile ammonia. The esterified and reduced elastin derivative was nearly inert as an elastase substrate, consistent with a lack of free dicarboxylic amino acid residues. However, addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to this elastin derivative restores enzyme-substrate charge complementarity, and the elastin-ligand complex was readily hydrolyzed by elastase at the fully stimulated rate, emphasizing the control such ligands can exert in elastolysis. The amide bonds of elastin were found to be significantly more resistant to hydrolysis by 0.1 M NaOH at 98 degrees C than were those of lysozyme or free amidated amino acids. The finding that most of dicarboxylic amino acid residues of elastin exist at neutral amides further emphasizes the apolar character of elastin and has bearing upon the metabolic susceptibility, ligand-binding ability and structural aspects of this connective tissue protein.", "contents": "Amidated carboxyl groups in elastin. Dicarboxylic amino acids constitute the most numerous residues of insoluble elastin in which are potentially ionizable in the physiological range of pH. These residues are essential in facilitating productive electrostatic interaction between elastase and elastin. The present study has investigated the possibility that the glutamic and aspartic acid residues of elastin are amidated. Acid-labile amide-bound ammonia of elastin was quantitated after hydrolysis of the insoluble protein with 2 M HC1 by incubating aliquots of microdistilled hydrolysates with glutamate dehydrogenase, excess alpha-ketoglutarate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and measuring the resultant decrease in A340 due to oxidation of the dinucleotide cofactor. It was found that ligament elastin purified by repeated autoclaving contains approximately 2.29 mumol of acid-labile amide nitrogen per 10 mg of protein, a value equivalent to approximately 70% of the total number of dicarboxylic amino acid residues. Independent analysis of the amide content was obtained by amino acid analysis of an esterified and reduced elastin sample in which the free dicarboxylic amino acid residues had been converted to the corresponding alcohol derivatives. This analysis indicated that autoclaved ligament elastin contains approximately 18 glutamine, 3 asparagine, 4 glutamic acid and 5 aspartic acid residues per 1000 residues, in good agreement with the analysis of total acid-labile ammonia. The esterified and reduced elastin derivative was nearly inert as an elastase substrate, consistent with a lack of free dicarboxylic amino acid residues. However, addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to this elastin derivative restores enzyme-substrate charge complementarity, and the elastin-ligand complex was readily hydrolyzed by elastase at the fully stimulated rate, emphasizing the control such ligands can exert in elastolysis. The amide bonds of elastin were found to be significantly more resistant to hydrolysis by 0.1 M NaOH at 98 degrees C than were those of lysozyme or free amidated amino acids. The finding that most of dicarboxylic amino acid residues of elastin exist at neutral amides further emphasizes the apolar character of elastin and has bearing upon the metabolic susceptibility, ligand-binding ability and structural aspects of this connective tissue protein."}
{"id": "PMID:938668", "title": "A variant of prothrombin induced in cattle by prolonged administration of warfarin.", "content": "Cows on long term Warfarin therapy produce a form of prothrombin which, although it binds to barium citrate, has a low biological activity. Activation experiments on this form of prothrombin show that it is only slowly converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca2+, although the thrombin produced has normal activity. Further experiments show that the Fragment 1 region of the molecule has a reduced calcium binding capacity. The results indicate the existance of a partially carboxylated form of prothrombin.", "contents": "A variant of prothrombin induced in cattle by prolonged administration of warfarin. Cows on long term Warfarin therapy produce a form of prothrombin which, although it binds to barium citrate, has a low biological activity. Activation experiments on this form of prothrombin show that it is only slowly converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca2+, although the thrombin produced has normal activity. Further experiments show that the Fragment 1 region of the molecule has a reduced calcium binding capacity. The results indicate the existance of a partially carboxylated form of prothrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:938670", "title": "Protein changes in the human lens during development of senile nuclear cataract.", "content": "Senile nuclear cataractous lenses were divided into three groups of increasing nuclear color. These groups were considered as successive stages in the development of senile nuclear cataract. The cortex and the nucleus of normal and cataractous lenses were separated into water-soluble, urea-soluble and urea-insoluble fractions. Fractionation on a Sephadex G-200 column of the water-soluble components revealed five protein fractions for both cortex and nucleus. Only minor quantitative differences in polypeptide chain composition were found by isoelectric focusing between corresponding protein fractions isolated from normal and cataractous lenses. The weight percentages of the water-soluble, urea-soluble, and urea-insoluble fractions of cortex and nucleus from the normal and cataractous lenses were determined. A decrease of the amounts of the water-soluble and urea-soluble fractions and a concomitant increase of the urea-insoluble fraction were observed in the nucleus as a function of cataract development. Lens wet weight and protein content did not change significantly. The carbohydrate content of the urea-soluble fractions increased, that of the urea-insoluble fraction decreased. A striking decrease of the phospholipid content in the urea-insoluble fraction was found.", "contents": "Protein changes in the human lens during development of senile nuclear cataract. Senile nuclear cataractous lenses were divided into three groups of increasing nuclear color. These groups were considered as successive stages in the development of senile nuclear cataract. The cortex and the nucleus of normal and cataractous lenses were separated into water-soluble, urea-soluble and urea-insoluble fractions. Fractionation on a Sephadex G-200 column of the water-soluble components revealed five protein fractions for both cortex and nucleus. Only minor quantitative differences in polypeptide chain composition were found by isoelectric focusing between corresponding protein fractions isolated from normal and cataractous lenses. The weight percentages of the water-soluble, urea-soluble, and urea-insoluble fractions of cortex and nucleus from the normal and cataractous lenses were determined. A decrease of the amounts of the water-soluble and urea-soluble fractions and a concomitant increase of the urea-insoluble fraction were observed in the nucleus as a function of cataract development. Lens wet weight and protein content did not change significantly. The carbohydrate content of the urea-soluble fractions increased, that of the urea-insoluble fraction decreased. A striking decrease of the phospholipid content in the urea-insoluble fraction was found."}
{"id": "PMID:938671", "title": "Reducible components in the proteins of human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "In contrast to a previous report, no collagen or elastin-type cross-linked derived from lysine-aldehydes were detected in human erythrocyte membranes. The major reducible components of erythrocyte membranes were shown to be hexosyllysines. From their structure it is clear that these components cannot act as cross-links between the protein subunits of the membrane. The components were also shown to be present in varying proportions in human serum albumin and haemoglobin. Whether the hexose attachments have any physiological significance or are artefacts of the analytical procedure has not yet been demonstrated. One other major reducible component was present but, although unidentified, this compound was shown to be unrelated to any of the known lysine-aldehyde-derived cross-links of collagen and elastin. A minor acidic component was identified as glucosylvaline derived from the N-terminus of the beta chain of haemoglobin A1c and not a lysine-aldehyde precursor of the collagen cross-links.", "contents": "Reducible components in the proteins of human erythrocyte membrane. In contrast to a previous report, no collagen or elastin-type cross-linked derived from lysine-aldehydes were detected in human erythrocyte membranes. The major reducible components of erythrocyte membranes were shown to be hexosyllysines. From their structure it is clear that these components cannot act as cross-links between the protein subunits of the membrane. The components were also shown to be present in varying proportions in human serum albumin and haemoglobin. Whether the hexose attachments have any physiological significance or are artefacts of the analytical procedure has not yet been demonstrated. One other major reducible component was present but, although unidentified, this compound was shown to be unrelated to any of the known lysine-aldehyde-derived cross-links of collagen and elastin. A minor acidic component was identified as glucosylvaline derived from the N-terminus of the beta chain of haemoglobin A1c and not a lysine-aldehyde precursor of the collagen cross-links."}
{"id": "PMID:938672", "title": "The origin of the tyrosyl circular dichroism of tropomyosin.", "content": "1. The near ultraviolet circular dichroism of tropomyosin is due to tyrosine and to disulphide bonds. The optical activity of these chromophores can be distinguished by oxidising and reducing the protein. The circular dichroism due to tyrosine is exceptionally intense and is anomalous in that the shape of the spectrum and the wavelength of the maximum are different from those of the absorption spectrum. 2. The intense tyrosyl circular dichroism and the mismatch between circular dichroism and absorption spectra are likely to be due to tyrosine-tyrosine interactions at distances of less than 8 A. 3. The results are analysed in terms of the coiled coil model for tropomyosin and lead to the conclusion that the tyrosines of one helical subunit interact with those of the other. The in-register alignment of the helical chains, with five tyrosines of one chain opposite those of the other, accounts for the tyrosine-tyrosine interactions. 4. The disulphide circular dichroism of oxidized tropomyosin is intense and is consistent with intra-molecular disulphide bonds between helical subunits which can form in the non-staggered model for tropomyosin.", "contents": "The origin of the tyrosyl circular dichroism of tropomyosin. 1. The near ultraviolet circular dichroism of tropomyosin is due to tyrosine and to disulphide bonds. The optical activity of these chromophores can be distinguished by oxidising and reducing the protein. The circular dichroism due to tyrosine is exceptionally intense and is anomalous in that the shape of the spectrum and the wavelength of the maximum are different from those of the absorption spectrum. 2. The intense tyrosyl circular dichroism and the mismatch between circular dichroism and absorption spectra are likely to be due to tyrosine-tyrosine interactions at distances of less than 8 A. 3. The results are analysed in terms of the coiled coil model for tropomyosin and lead to the conclusion that the tyrosines of one helical subunit interact with those of the other. The in-register alignment of the helical chains, with five tyrosines of one chain opposite those of the other, accounts for the tyrosine-tyrosine interactions. 4. The disulphide circular dichroism of oxidized tropomyosin is intense and is consistent with intra-molecular disulphide bonds between helical subunits which can form in the non-staggered model for tropomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:938673", "title": "RNA synthesis in Yoshida ascites tumor cells after ultraviolet and gamma irradiation.", "content": "The residual RNA synthesis in Yoshida ascites tumor cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation was insensitive to rifampicin AF/013, an inhibitor of initiation of RNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells. On the other hand, residual RNA synthesis in the ascites tumor cells after gamma-irradiation was inhibited by rifampicin AF/013. In vitro synthesis of RNA on ultraviolet-irradiated ascites chromatin likewise was resistant to rifampicin AF/013. Ultraviolet irradiation was found to decrease the number of RNA chain initiation sites on ascites chromatin considerably whereas the number of initiation sites on ascites chromatin increased considerably after gamma irradiation. These results indicate that ultraviolet irradiation may preferentially affect the DNA segments participating in initiation of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in Yoshida ascites tumor cells after ultraviolet and gamma irradiation. The residual RNA synthesis in Yoshida ascites tumor cells following exposure to ultraviolet radiation was insensitive to rifampicin AF/013, an inhibitor of initiation of RNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells. On the other hand, residual RNA synthesis in the ascites tumor cells after gamma-irradiation was inhibited by rifampicin AF/013. In vitro synthesis of RNA on ultraviolet-irradiated ascites chromatin likewise was resistant to rifampicin AF/013. Ultraviolet irradiation was found to decrease the number of RNA chain initiation sites on ascites chromatin considerably whereas the number of initiation sites on ascites chromatin increased considerably after gamma irradiation. These results indicate that ultraviolet irradiation may preferentially affect the DNA segments participating in initiation of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938674", "title": "Regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis. Effects of inosine on normal and hypoxantine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts.", "content": "Incubation of normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient (mutant) human fibroblasts with inosine results in increased intracellular concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P). The magnitude of this increase is dependent on the concentration of the nucleoside and results from donation of the ribose moiety of inosine to the ribosyl phosphate moiety of PP-ribose-P through ribose phosphate intermediates. During incubation, rates of purine nucleotide synthesis de novo, estimated by incorporation of (14C) formate into formylglycinamide ribotide, are diminished in both normal and mutant cells: 5 mM inosine inhibits purine synthesis by 60-80% in normal cells and 2-20% in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells. The rates of purine synthesis in both normal and mutant cells are increased, however, during incubation with methylene blue at concentrations (50-100 muM) which result in more modest increases in ribose 5-phosphate and PP-ribose-P concentrations than are observed with inosine. Saturation of the PP-ribose-P amidotransferase reaction by PP-ribose-P does not appear, therefore, to explain the failure of increased PP-ribose-P concentration to stimulate the rate of purine synthesis in either type of fibroblast during incubation with inosine. Although the dissociation between PP-ribose-P concentration and the rate of purine nucleotide synthesis in normal fibroblasts incubated with inosine may be explained at least in part by an accompanying increase in intracellular concentrations of purine nucleotide feedback inhibitors, purine nucleotide concentrations are unchanged in mutant cells during incubation with inosine; these cells, in addition, show minimal (less than 3% of normal) incorporation of labeled hypoxanthine or the hypoxanthine moiety of inosine into purine nucleotides. The effect of inosine on purine synthesis de novo in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts is not explained in full by consideration of the concentrations of purine nucleotides and of PP-ribose-P, the factors frequently invoked as antagonistic regulators controlling the rate of this process.", "contents": "Regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis. Effects of inosine on normal and hypoxantine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts. Incubation of normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient (mutant) human fibroblasts with inosine results in increased intracellular concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P). The magnitude of this increase is dependent on the concentration of the nucleoside and results from donation of the ribose moiety of inosine to the ribosyl phosphate moiety of PP-ribose-P through ribose phosphate intermediates. During incubation, rates of purine nucleotide synthesis de novo, estimated by incorporation of (14C) formate into formylglycinamide ribotide, are diminished in both normal and mutant cells: 5 mM inosine inhibits purine synthesis by 60-80% in normal cells and 2-20% in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient cells. The rates of purine synthesis in both normal and mutant cells are increased, however, during incubation with methylene blue at concentrations (50-100 muM) which result in more modest increases in ribose 5-phosphate and PP-ribose-P concentrations than are observed with inosine. Saturation of the PP-ribose-P amidotransferase reaction by PP-ribose-P does not appear, therefore, to explain the failure of increased PP-ribose-P concentration to stimulate the rate of purine synthesis in either type of fibroblast during incubation with inosine. Although the dissociation between PP-ribose-P concentration and the rate of purine nucleotide synthesis in normal fibroblasts incubated with inosine may be explained at least in part by an accompanying increase in intracellular concentrations of purine nucleotide feedback inhibitors, purine nucleotide concentrations are unchanged in mutant cells during incubation with inosine; these cells, in addition, show minimal (less than 3% of normal) incorporation of labeled hypoxanthine or the hypoxanthine moiety of inosine into purine nucleotides. The effect of inosine on purine synthesis de novo in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient fibroblasts is not explained in full by consideration of the concentrations of purine nucleotides and of PP-ribose-P, the factors frequently invoked as antagonistic regulators controlling the rate of this process."}
{"id": "PMID:938675", "title": "The mechanism of inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates by pyrocatechol violet.", "content": "1. Pyrocatechol violet inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates. It prevents the formation of 80-S initiation complexes by inhibiting the binding of mRNA to 40-S initiation complexes. 2. Pyrocatechol violet inhibits the hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNAmetf by reticulocyte lysates or reticulocyte cell sap. 3. Concentrations of pyrocatechol violet sufficient to inhibit initiation have little effect on amino acid activation. Higher concentrations of pyrocatechol violet were strongly inhibitory.", "contents": "The mechanism of inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates by pyrocatechol violet. 1. Pyrocatechol violet inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates. It prevents the formation of 80-S initiation complexes by inhibiting the binding of mRNA to 40-S initiation complexes. 2. Pyrocatechol violet inhibits the hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNAmetf by reticulocyte lysates or reticulocyte cell sap. 3. Concentrations of pyrocatechol violet sufficient to inhibit initiation have little effect on amino acid activation. Higher concentrations of pyrocatechol violet were strongly inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:938676", "title": "Stimulation of uterine nonhistone protein phosphorylation and nuclear protein kinase activity by estradiol-17beta.", "content": "Changes in the phosphorylation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins have been followed in rat uterus stimulated by 17beta-estradiol. Isolated uteri were found to incorporate 32Pi into nonhistone proteins via an endogenous neclear protein kinase reactin. The rate of 32P labeling of nonhistone proteins and the activity of nuclear protein kinase(s) were found to be elevated over three- and two-fold respectively in uteri obtained from ovariectomized animals treated with estrogen. A dramatic change was observed in the radioactivity profile of 32P-labeled proteins fractionated via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These observations are compatable with the hypothesis that phosphorylation of nonhistone proteins plays a role in the regulation of gene activity in the uterus.", "contents": "Stimulation of uterine nonhistone protein phosphorylation and nuclear protein kinase activity by estradiol-17beta. Changes in the phosphorylation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins have been followed in rat uterus stimulated by 17beta-estradiol. Isolated uteri were found to incorporate 32Pi into nonhistone proteins via an endogenous neclear protein kinase reactin. The rate of 32P labeling of nonhistone proteins and the activity of nuclear protein kinase(s) were found to be elevated over three- and two-fold respectively in uteri obtained from ovariectomized animals treated with estrogen. A dramatic change was observed in the radioactivity profile of 32P-labeled proteins fractionated via sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These observations are compatable with the hypothesis that phosphorylation of nonhistone proteins plays a role in the regulation of gene activity in the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:938677", "title": "The attachment and penetration of T7 DNA/phage in Syrian hamster embryonic cells.", "content": "Bacteriophage T7 DNA can penetrate Syrian hamster embryonic cells after a mandatory initial pretreatment with DEAE-dextran. In 3 h an extracellular complex between T7DNA and the cell monolayer is formed which is equivalent to 105 T7 genomes per cell. During the ensuing 24-48 h of cell growth, an average of 102-103 T7 genomes are transported to the nucleus in 90% of the cells of the culture.", "contents": "The attachment and penetration of T7 DNA/phage in Syrian hamster embryonic cells. Bacteriophage T7 DNA can penetrate Syrian hamster embryonic cells after a mandatory initial pretreatment with DEAE-dextran. In 3 h an extracellular complex between T7DNA and the cell monolayer is formed which is equivalent to 105 T7 genomes per cell. During the ensuing 24-48 h of cell growth, an average of 102-103 T7 genomes are transported to the nucleus in 90% of the cells of the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:938678", "title": "Enzymatic mechanochemistry: a new approach to studying the mechanism of enzyme action.", "content": "1. Covalent binding of model enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin, to elastic polymer supports, nylon and viscose (cellulose) fibers, human hair, methacrylate rubber, has been effectuated. On mechanical stretching of the fibers, the catalytic activity of the enzymes bound to them decreases, and when they relax, it increases to the initial level. The data obtained by us fit the concept that the effect is due to reversible deformation of the bound enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching. 2. Analysis of the dependence of the catalytic activity of the enzymes chemically bound to the fiber on the degree of fiber deformation shows that the reversible inactivation of the enzymes induced by support stretching occurs even if the deformation of the enzymes' molecules is as small as 0.5 A. 3. The deformation of the enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching entails a change in the substrate specificity of the biocatalysts, i.e. the activity towards \"good\" substrates decreases, and towards \"poor\" substrates increases. 4. The deformation of the enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching results in a decrease of the specific catalytic activity of the biocatalyst, whereas its thermal stability increases. 5. The results obtained allowed a new, mechanochemical, approach to be suggested for studying major problems of enzymatic catalysis.", "contents": "Enzymatic mechanochemistry: a new approach to studying the mechanism of enzyme action. 1. Covalent binding of model enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin, to elastic polymer supports, nylon and viscose (cellulose) fibers, human hair, methacrylate rubber, has been effectuated. On mechanical stretching of the fibers, the catalytic activity of the enzymes bound to them decreases, and when they relax, it increases to the initial level. The data obtained by us fit the concept that the effect is due to reversible deformation of the bound enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching. 2. Analysis of the dependence of the catalytic activity of the enzymes chemically bound to the fiber on the degree of fiber deformation shows that the reversible inactivation of the enzymes induced by support stretching occurs even if the deformation of the enzymes' molecules is as small as 0.5 A. 3. The deformation of the enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching entails a change in the substrate specificity of the biocatalysts, i.e. the activity towards \"good\" substrates decreases, and towards \"poor\" substrates increases. 4. The deformation of the enzyme molecules induced by fiber stretching results in a decrease of the specific catalytic activity of the biocatalyst, whereas its thermal stability increases. 5. The results obtained allowed a new, mechanochemical, approach to be suggested for studying major problems of enzymatic catalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:938679", "title": "Sulphogalactolipid sulphohydrolase activity of arylsulphatase purified from a marine gastropod Charonia lampas.", "content": "Sulphatide, cerebroside 3-sulphate was hydrolyzed at a considerable rate by arylsulphatase (aryl-sulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) purified from a marine gastropod, Charonia lampas. However, it was scarcely hydrolyzed by glycosulphatase (sugar-sulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.3) from the same origin. The same was observed with seminolipid, a sulphoglycerogalactolipid. The enzymatic characteristics of both sulphogalactolipid and sulphohydrolase activities of the arylsulphatase were determined as follows. The enzyme activities are stimulated by the addition of sodium taurodeoxycholate and MnCl2. The pH optimum of sulphatide sulphohydrolase activity was pH 5.0, while seminolipid sulphohydrolase activity had maximum activity at pH 5.5. Both of these pH versus activity curves were broad. The Km value was 6.22-10-5 M for both substrates. However, the V values were sulphatide were lower by a factor of one-third than those with seminolipid. These enzyme activities were inhibited by substrates of the arysulphatase, i.e., p-nitrophenyl sulphate, p-nitrocatechol sulphate, ascorbate 2-sulphate and each other sulphogalactolipid, but not by glucose 6-sulphate. Sulphate and phosphate anions inhibited both of the enzyme activities.", "contents": "Sulphogalactolipid sulphohydrolase activity of arylsulphatase purified from a marine gastropod Charonia lampas. Sulphatide, cerebroside 3-sulphate was hydrolyzed at a considerable rate by arylsulphatase (aryl-sulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1) purified from a marine gastropod, Charonia lampas. However, it was scarcely hydrolyzed by glycosulphatase (sugar-sulphate sulphohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.3) from the same origin. The same was observed with seminolipid, a sulphoglycerogalactolipid. The enzymatic characteristics of both sulphogalactolipid and sulphohydrolase activities of the arylsulphatase were determined as follows. The enzyme activities are stimulated by the addition of sodium taurodeoxycholate and MnCl2. The pH optimum of sulphatide sulphohydrolase activity was pH 5.0, while seminolipid sulphohydrolase activity had maximum activity at pH 5.5. Both of these pH versus activity curves were broad. The Km value was 6.22-10-5 M for both substrates. However, the V values were sulphatide were lower by a factor of one-third than those with seminolipid. These enzyme activities were inhibited by substrates of the arysulphatase, i.e., p-nitrophenyl sulphate, p-nitrocatechol sulphate, ascorbate 2-sulphate and each other sulphogalactolipid, but not by glucose 6-sulphate. Sulphate and phosphate anions inhibited both of the enzyme activities."}
{"id": "PMID:938680", "title": "Purification and properties of a beta-mannanase from alfalfa seeds.", "content": "A beta-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.25) has been purified from germinating Alfalfa seeds by successive chromatography steps; on hydroxyapatite, DEAE-cellulose and ECTEOLA-cellulose. The enzyme preparations were homogeneous as judged by gel electrophoresis. A 5000-fold increase in specific activity (from the crude extract) was obtained. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 40 000. Several of its properties were determined: pH optimum 5.2 and optimal temperature of activity 50 degrees C. The hydrolysis of galacto- and gluco-mannans (with various ratio of mannose to galactose and glucose) as well as that of mannooligosaccharides was studied in detail. A prefered point of attack at the third position from the non-reducing end was shown. Comparative results from the hydrolysis of intact galactomannans, of galactomannans previously hydrolysed by galactosidase, suggest that galactose hinders the accessibility of the mannan backbone to the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a beta-mannanase from alfalfa seeds. A beta-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.25) has been purified from germinating Alfalfa seeds by successive chromatography steps; on hydroxyapatite, DEAE-cellulose and ECTEOLA-cellulose. The enzyme preparations were homogeneous as judged by gel electrophoresis. A 5000-fold increase in specific activity (from the crude extract) was obtained. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 40 000. Several of its properties were determined: pH optimum 5.2 and optimal temperature of activity 50 degrees C. The hydrolysis of galacto- and gluco-mannans (with various ratio of mannose to galactose and glucose) as well as that of mannooligosaccharides was studied in detail. A prefered point of attack at the third position from the non-reducing end was shown. Comparative results from the hydrolysis of intact galactomannans, of galactomannans previously hydrolysed by galactosidase, suggest that galactose hinders the accessibility of the mannan backbone to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:938681", "title": "Aminopeptidase II from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "1. The low molecular weight aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase II) from Bacillus stearothermophilus cells grown at 50 degrees C was purified to a homogeneous state. 2. Molecular weight determination by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis resulted in a value of 46 000 for the subunits. A molecular weight of 80 000-100 000 has been reported for the native enzyme. We therefore conclude that aminopeptidase II is a dimeric enzyme. 3. The amino-terminal sequence, the amino acid analysis and the subunit molecular weight of aminopeptidase II show no relationship to the corresponding data of aminopeptidase I. 4. Aminopeptidase II binds two Co2+ per subunit. The dissociation constants of these ions determined by binding studies and by kinetic analysis agree within experimental error.", "contents": "Aminopeptidase II from Bacillus stearothermophilus. 1. The low molecular weight aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase II) from Bacillus stearothermophilus cells grown at 50 degrees C was purified to a homogeneous state. 2. Molecular weight determination by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis resulted in a value of 46 000 for the subunits. A molecular weight of 80 000-100 000 has been reported for the native enzyme. We therefore conclude that aminopeptidase II is a dimeric enzyme. 3. The amino-terminal sequence, the amino acid analysis and the subunit molecular weight of aminopeptidase II show no relationship to the corresponding data of aminopeptidase I. 4. Aminopeptidase II binds two Co2+ per subunit. The dissociation constants of these ions determined by binding studies and by kinetic analysis agree within experimental error."}
{"id": "PMID:938682", "title": "Relative efficiencies of a soluble and immobilized two-enzyme system of glucose oxidase and catalase.", "content": "Dual catalysts of varying glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activities were constructed by immobilization of the enzymes to silanized nickel silica alumina with glutaraldehyde. The amount of product formed and the efficiency of the systems were determined using either of the enzymes to initiate the cyclic reaction. The former depends on the activity of both enzymes in the system while efficiency describes how well the second enzyme in the sequence utilizes the intermediate of the reaction. Efficiency was a function both of the ratio of the two activities and their absolute values. An increase in the activity of the second enzyme of the reaction sequence of a decrease in the activity of the first enzyme increased the efficiency. A higher efficiency was observed with higher absolute activities of the enzymes when the ratios of the enzyme increased the efficiency. A higher efficiency was observed with higher absolute activities of the enzymes when the ratio of the enzymes was constant. Dual catalysts were compared to mixed catalysts (each enzyme immobilized to separate particles) and to soluble, homogeneous systems at equal total activities. In general, the dual catalysts were superior to either of the others. Computer simulations of the reaction rates indicated that all experiments were performed in the lag period of the two-step reaction.", "contents": "Relative efficiencies of a soluble and immobilized two-enzyme system of glucose oxidase and catalase. Dual catalysts of varying glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activities were constructed by immobilization of the enzymes to silanized nickel silica alumina with glutaraldehyde. The amount of product formed and the efficiency of the systems were determined using either of the enzymes to initiate the cyclic reaction. The former depends on the activity of both enzymes in the system while efficiency describes how well the second enzyme in the sequence utilizes the intermediate of the reaction. Efficiency was a function both of the ratio of the two activities and their absolute values. An increase in the activity of the second enzyme of the reaction sequence of a decrease in the activity of the first enzyme increased the efficiency. A higher efficiency was observed with higher absolute activities of the enzymes when the ratios of the enzyme increased the efficiency. A higher efficiency was observed with higher absolute activities of the enzymes when the ratio of the enzymes was constant. Dual catalysts were compared to mixed catalysts (each enzyme immobilized to separate particles) and to soluble, homogeneous systems at equal total activities. In general, the dual catalysts were superior to either of the others. Computer simulations of the reaction rates indicated that all experiments were performed in the lag period of the two-step reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:938683", "title": "Purification and properties of L-asparaginase B from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.", "content": "L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) B from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has been purified by precipitation with streptomycin, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, gel filtration on Agarose and chromatography on phosphocellulose. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 130 000. The enzyme was rather insensitive to pH changes between 7 and 9. The Michaelis constant was 3-10(-3) M. Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ as well as high ionic strength inhibited the activity of the enzyme, whereas citrate seemed to stimulate the activity. The enzyme catalyzed the deamination of L-glutamine to about the same extent as L-asparagine. The temperature stability of the enzyme is also reported. The enzyme had a weak tumor inhibitory power.", "contents": "Purification and properties of L-asparaginase B from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) B from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus has been purified by precipitation with streptomycin, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, gel filtration on Agarose and chromatography on phosphocellulose. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 130 000. The enzyme was rather insensitive to pH changes between 7 and 9. The Michaelis constant was 3-10(-3) M. Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ as well as high ionic strength inhibited the activity of the enzyme, whereas citrate seemed to stimulate the activity. The enzyme catalyzed the deamination of L-glutamine to about the same extent as L-asparagine. The temperature stability of the enzyme is also reported. The enzyme had a weak tumor inhibitory power."}
{"id": "PMID:938684", "title": "On the structure of the cofactor in the complex formed with thymidylate synthetase, 5,10-methylenetetrahy-drofolate and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate.", "content": "A study was undertaken to ascertain whether dihydrofolic acid is produced in the complex formed with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate and thymidylate synthetase, as suggested by ultraviolet difference spectral studies. The complex was formed using the cofactor specifically labeled with tritium at the 6-position. After dissociation by equilibration with unlabeled cofactor, it was demonstrated that the tritium remained exclusively at the 6-position. Had oxidation of the cofactor occurred within the complex to give a methylated enzyme form, tritium should have been transferred to the one-carbon unit of the cofactor. It was also found that the difference spectrum of the ternary complex which resembles that of dihydrofolic acid can also be produced by substituting an analog of the cofactor which is not susceptible to oxidation. The results described here demonstrate that oxidation of the cofactor does not occur in the ternary complex and suggest that the unusual ultraviolet spectrum results from perturbations of a chromophore of the bound cofactor.", "contents": "On the structure of the cofactor in the complex formed with thymidylate synthetase, 5,10-methylenetetrahy-drofolate and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. A study was undertaken to ascertain whether dihydrofolic acid is produced in the complex formed with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate and thymidylate synthetase, as suggested by ultraviolet difference spectral studies. The complex was formed using the cofactor specifically labeled with tritium at the 6-position. After dissociation by equilibration with unlabeled cofactor, it was demonstrated that the tritium remained exclusively at the 6-position. Had oxidation of the cofactor occurred within the complex to give a methylated enzyme form, tritium should have been transferred to the one-carbon unit of the cofactor. It was also found that the difference spectrum of the ternary complex which resembles that of dihydrofolic acid can also be produced by substituting an analog of the cofactor which is not susceptible to oxidation. The results described here demonstrate that oxidation of the cofactor does not occur in the ternary complex and suggest that the unusual ultraviolet spectrum results from perturbations of a chromophore of the bound cofactor."}
{"id": "PMID:938685", "title": "Metabolic regulation of beta-glucosidase in the gut content of the snail Achatina achatina.", "content": "An energy-dependent polymerization-depolymerization phenomenon in the beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) in the gut contents of the giant African snail Achatina achatina has been observed. The formation of the octamer, tetramer and dimer from the monomer (mol. wt. approx. 41 000) and vice versa are catalysed by proteins in the present gut contents.", "contents": "Metabolic regulation of beta-glucosidase in the gut content of the snail Achatina achatina. An energy-dependent polymerization-depolymerization phenomenon in the beta-glucosidase (beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) in the gut contents of the giant African snail Achatina achatina has been observed. The formation of the octamer, tetramer and dimer from the monomer (mol. wt. approx. 41 000) and vice versa are catalysed by proteins in the present gut contents."}
{"id": "PMID:938686", "title": "[Tryptic hydrolysis extended to the level of aspartyl bonds].", "content": "A quantitative modification of free carboxyl groups in peptides and proteins can be obtained, under mild conditions, by reacting them with ethylenediamine in the presence of N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-Carbodimide. Aminoethylasparagine and aminoethylglutamine side chains are thus generated in place of the corresponding carboxylic ones. The first kind of residue because of its structure closer to that of lysine, is a point of greater potential trypsic cleavage than the second one. The specificity and yields of this enzymatic cleavage reaction and its possible application in sequence studies are discussed.", "contents": "[Tryptic hydrolysis extended to the level of aspartyl bonds]. A quantitative modification of free carboxyl groups in peptides and proteins can be obtained, under mild conditions, by reacting them with ethylenediamine in the presence of N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-Carbodimide. Aminoethylasparagine and aminoethylglutamine side chains are thus generated in place of the corresponding carboxylic ones. The first kind of residue because of its structure closer to that of lysine, is a point of greater potential trypsic cleavage than the second one. The specificity and yields of this enzymatic cleavage reaction and its possible application in sequence studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938687", "title": "Nucleic acids-protein interactions. Conformational changes induced by the binding of aromatic amines to polyadenylic acid.", "content": "The binding of Tryptamine, Serotonine, Phenylethylamine and Histamine to poly(A) in its single stranded form at pH 7 leads to a decrease of its circular dichroism (C.D) amplitude without any appreciable alteration of the shape of the C.D. spectrum. The magnitude of the effect depends on the size of the aromatic ring and decreases in the order : tryptamine greater than tyramine greater than phenylethylamine greather than histamine. A method is described which allows the calculation of association constants from C.D. data. The C.D. amplitude decreases linearly with concentration of bound molecules. Binding of aromatic amines to poly(A) leads to a change in the proton chemical shifts of both the amine and the poly(A) protons. Quantitative analysis of P.M.R. data demonstrates that the shifts of poly(A) protons are linearly related to the concentration of bound molecules.", "contents": "Nucleic acids-protein interactions. Conformational changes induced by the binding of aromatic amines to polyadenylic acid. The binding of Tryptamine, Serotonine, Phenylethylamine and Histamine to poly(A) in its single stranded form at pH 7 leads to a decrease of its circular dichroism (C.D) amplitude without any appreciable alteration of the shape of the C.D. spectrum. The magnitude of the effect depends on the size of the aromatic ring and decreases in the order : tryptamine greater than tyramine greater than phenylethylamine greather than histamine. A method is described which allows the calculation of association constants from C.D. data. The C.D. amplitude decreases linearly with concentration of bound molecules. Binding of aromatic amines to poly(A) leads to a change in the proton chemical shifts of both the amine and the poly(A) protons. Quantitative analysis of P.M.R. data demonstrates that the shifts of poly(A) protons are linearly related to the concentration of bound molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:938688", "title": "[Study by fast kinetics of certain ligand combination and dissociation reactions with bis(maleimidomethyl)ether-hemoglobin (HbBME)].", "content": "Bis(N-maleimidomethyl)ether-hemoglobin (HbBME) is a well known derivative of hemoglobin obtained by reaction with bis(N-maleimidomethyl)ether, which forms an intra-chain bond in each of the beta subunit of the protein. Previous cristallographic determinations suggest that this chemical modification exerts an effect on the structure of the COOH-terminal region in the beta chain. As a consequence, the quaternary structure of deoxygenated HbBME is strongly destabilized in favor of the oxy conformation. Kinetic studies including oxygen dissociation and carbon monoxide binding reactions have been performed on HbBME in order to correlate these changes in structure with the reactivity of hemes in the protein. The disappearance of heme-heme interaction in HbBME is expressed in the character of the oxygen dissociation kinetics. With respect of this reaction, we show that the reactivity of alpha chains remains unchanged inside the chemically modified tetramer, whilst that of beta chains is increased. Carbon monoxide binding kinetics show heterogeneity with two well separated phases. The fast phase contributes about 75 per cent of the total absorbance change and has a rate of binding similar to that of fastly reacting hemoglobins. The slow phase show the same rate as in native deoxyhemoglobin. The effects of inositolhexaphospate on the these kinetics have been studied. They consist mainly in the decrease of fast phase which can disappear completely according to the experimental conditions. These experiments suggest that deoxy-HbBME exists in solution as a mixture of two isomers in slow equilibrium. Taking account of previous structural studies, these results are discussed in comparison with an hemoglobin mutant with very similar properties, hemoglobin Bethesda (Tyr 145beta leads to His). The importance of the COOH-terminal region on the functional properties of hemoglobin is once again emphasized.", "contents": "[Study by fast kinetics of certain ligand combination and dissociation reactions with bis(maleimidomethyl)ether-hemoglobin (HbBME)]. Bis(N-maleimidomethyl)ether-hemoglobin (HbBME) is a well known derivative of hemoglobin obtained by reaction with bis(N-maleimidomethyl)ether, which forms an intra-chain bond in each of the beta subunit of the protein. Previous cristallographic determinations suggest that this chemical modification exerts an effect on the structure of the COOH-terminal region in the beta chain. As a consequence, the quaternary structure of deoxygenated HbBME is strongly destabilized in favor of the oxy conformation. Kinetic studies including oxygen dissociation and carbon monoxide binding reactions have been performed on HbBME in order to correlate these changes in structure with the reactivity of hemes in the protein. The disappearance of heme-heme interaction in HbBME is expressed in the character of the oxygen dissociation kinetics. With respect of this reaction, we show that the reactivity of alpha chains remains unchanged inside the chemically modified tetramer, whilst that of beta chains is increased. Carbon monoxide binding kinetics show heterogeneity with two well separated phases. The fast phase contributes about 75 per cent of the total absorbance change and has a rate of binding similar to that of fastly reacting hemoglobins. The slow phase show the same rate as in native deoxyhemoglobin. The effects of inositolhexaphospate on the these kinetics have been studied. They consist mainly in the decrease of fast phase which can disappear completely according to the experimental conditions. These experiments suggest that deoxy-HbBME exists in solution as a mixture of two isomers in slow equilibrium. Taking account of previous structural studies, these results are discussed in comparison with an hemoglobin mutant with very similar properties, hemoglobin Bethesda (Tyr 145beta leads to His). The importance of the COOH-terminal region on the functional properties of hemoglobin is once again emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:938689", "title": "The parameters of the binding of estradiol and progesterone to their antibodies in presence of rat plasma.", "content": "The binding of estradiol and progesterone to the corresponding antibodies has been studied in system containing : a) antibody and hormone or b) antibody, hormone and rat plasma. In sytem a) the apparent association constant and the concentration of the antibody have been determined and the optimal conditions of a standard antibody-assay have been elaborated. In system b) the specific binding of hormone to antibody in presence of rat plasma has been measured, and the value of the \"Operational Association Constant\", Kop, has been calculated. Kop has the dimensions of an apparent association constant : it defines the ratio hormone bound/unbound to antibody, as a function of hormone concentration in system b). Based upon these experiments, the extent of hormone-binding to antibody injected to rats can be predicted. When antibody and hormone concentrations are measured in the plasma, the concentrations of hormone bound to antibody can be calculated.", "contents": "The parameters of the binding of estradiol and progesterone to their antibodies in presence of rat plasma. The binding of estradiol and progesterone to the corresponding antibodies has been studied in system containing : a) antibody and hormone or b) antibody, hormone and rat plasma. In sytem a) the apparent association constant and the concentration of the antibody have been determined and the optimal conditions of a standard antibody-assay have been elaborated. In system b) the specific binding of hormone to antibody in presence of rat plasma has been measured, and the value of the \"Operational Association Constant\", Kop, has been calculated. Kop has the dimensions of an apparent association constant : it defines the ratio hormone bound/unbound to antibody, as a function of hormone concentration in system b). Based upon these experiments, the extent of hormone-binding to antibody injected to rats can be predicted. When antibody and hormone concentrations are measured in the plasma, the concentrations of hormone bound to antibody can be calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:938690", "title": "[Multiplicity of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase and thermal acclimatization in Carassius auratus].", "content": "Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase have been studied in Goldfish adapted to 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Three forms of enzyme (sedimenting at 18S, 12S and 5S) could be distinguished by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Their molecular and enzymatic properties did not vary with environmental temperature. It was noted that the relative proportion of the three forms differed between brain and muscle extracts, the 18S forms predominating in muscle (about 75 per cent) the 12S forms being more abundant in  the brain, suggesting a physiological differentiation between these forms. The latter form varied from 48 per cent to 70 per cent in Goldfish adapted to 15 degrees and 25 degrees C respectively. The relative efficiency of saline buffer solubilization for each form also depended on the tissue used and in all cases decreased with rising environmental temperature. These two facts are taken to reflect interactions between acetylcholinesterase and membrane that depend on the nature of the membrane and probably involve the aliphatic chains of its phospholipids. The greater case of solubilization found in the low temperature adapted fish may be a function of the increased fluidity of the cellular membranes formed at lower temperatures.", "contents": "[Multiplicity of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase and thermal acclimatization in Carassius auratus]. Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase have been studied in Goldfish adapted to 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Three forms of enzyme (sedimenting at 18S, 12S and 5S) could be distinguished by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Their molecular and enzymatic properties did not vary with environmental temperature. It was noted that the relative proportion of the three forms differed between brain and muscle extracts, the 18S forms predominating in muscle (about 75 per cent) the 12S forms being more abundant in  the brain, suggesting a physiological differentiation between these forms. The latter form varied from 48 per cent to 70 per cent in Goldfish adapted to 15 degrees and 25 degrees C respectively. The relative efficiency of saline buffer solubilization for each form also depended on the tissue used and in all cases decreased with rising environmental temperature. These two facts are taken to reflect interactions between acetylcholinesterase and membrane that depend on the nature of the membrane and probably involve the aliphatic chains of its phospholipids. The greater case of solubilization found in the low temperature adapted fish may be a function of the increased fluidity of the cellular membranes formed at lower temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:938691", "title": "Changes in the sedimentation properties of acetycholinesterase during neuroblastoma differentiation.", "content": "The adrenergic mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE 115 contains two species of AChE which sediment at 4S and 11S. These two species are found both in logarithmic growing phase cells (round neuroblast morphology) and in cells which have undergone morphological differentiation due to the elimination of serum. The 4S form is predominant in the growing cells (70 per cent) whereas the 11S form is more abundant (55 per cent to 65 per cent) in the cells with neurites. When protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, there is an increase states : we postulate that the 11S species is formed by a conversion of the 4S species. When cell division is blocked by sodium butyrate, there is an increase in AChE activity but no modification in the proportion of 4S/11S species as compared to the cells in growing phase. We were unable to associate temporally the increase in the 11S species with neurite outgrowth ; when cells were allowed to retract their neurites and were subsequently maintained in a GROWING state for 10 to 15 days, the 11s species still predominates. Although the presence of the 11S molecule cannot always be correlated with the state of morphological differentiation, the shift in sedimentation coefficient of AChE form 4S to 11S might eventually constitute a reference in the study of biochemical events leading to terminal differentiation in this system.", "contents": "Changes in the sedimentation properties of acetycholinesterase during neuroblastoma differentiation. The adrenergic mouse neuroblastoma clone NIE 115 contains two species of AChE which sediment at 4S and 11S. These two species are found both in logarithmic growing phase cells (round neuroblast morphology) and in cells which have undergone morphological differentiation due to the elimination of serum. The 4S form is predominant in the growing cells (70 per cent) whereas the 11S form is more abundant (55 per cent to 65 per cent) in the cells with neurites. When protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, there is an increase states : we postulate that the 11S species is formed by a conversion of the 4S species. When cell division is blocked by sodium butyrate, there is an increase in AChE activity but no modification in the proportion of 4S/11S species as compared to the cells in growing phase. We were unable to associate temporally the increase in the 11S species with neurite outgrowth ; when cells were allowed to retract their neurites and were subsequently maintained in a GROWING state for 10 to 15 days, the 11s species still predominates. Although the presence of the 11S molecule cannot always be correlated with the state of morphological differentiation, the shift in sedimentation coefficient of AChE form 4S to 11S might eventually constitute a reference in the study of biochemical events leading to terminal differentiation in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:938692", "title": "[Fractionation of ciguatoxic lipid extracts in alkaline medium].", "content": "A modification of the extraction procedure for obtaining ciguatoxic substances from the tissues of various poisonous reef fish has been developed. Rapid alkali treatment of the residue obtained at an early stage is efficient in separating the ciguatoxic fraction from toxic impurities which interfere with pharmacological tests. It is thus possibles to carry out a more precise dosage of the material separated in this way. Alkali treatment does not affect either the physiological activity in cats and mice of the ciguatoxic substances nor their behaviour in a preparative thin layer chromatography in a benzene-butanol system.", "contents": "[Fractionation of ciguatoxic lipid extracts in alkaline medium]. A modification of the extraction procedure for obtaining ciguatoxic substances from the tissues of various poisonous reef fish has been developed. Rapid alkali treatment of the residue obtained at an early stage is efficient in separating the ciguatoxic fraction from toxic impurities which interfere with pharmacological tests. It is thus possibles to carry out a more precise dosage of the material separated in this way. Alkali treatment does not affect either the physiological activity in cats and mice of the ciguatoxic substances nor their behaviour in a preparative thin layer chromatography in a benzene-butanol system."}
{"id": "PMID:938696", "title": "Amplitude of pupillary contraction as a function of intensity of illumination in schizophrenia.", "content": "When the amplitude of pupillary contraction of normal, healthy adults was binocularly recorded as a function of increasing intensity of light-stimulation, a linear relationship was found between the amplitude and log intensity. Schizophrenic patients deviated significantly from this systematic response pattern in two ways. One group of patients (35%) manifested the same pupillomotor threshold as the normals, however, as the intensity of light was systematically increased mean amplitude and rate of pupillary contraction fell below that evidenced by normals. Another group of patients (65%) were distinguished by an abnormal pupillomotor threshold, specifically requiring an increase of one log intensity unit for the elicitation of a recordable pupillary contraction. Moreover, as the light intensity increased, the mean amplitude of contraction was significantly attenuated at all intensities below that of the normals and of the schizophrenics who manifested a normal pupillomotor threshold. In addition, it was found that the average diameter of the dark-adapted pupil was smaller in both groups of patients as compared to the healthy adults, although there was no difference between the patient groups on the variable. As pupillary reactivity to stress in normals is characterized by an increase in the diameter of the dark-adapted pupil representing increased sympathetic outflow and by a reciprocal increase in the diameter of the light-adapted pupil representing increased supranuclear inhibition, the results of the study do not support the assertion that schizophrenics are hyperaroused. It is suggested schizophrenia may be considered a tonic autonomic dysfunctional state of mock-arousal characterized by either abnormally high levels of central supranuclear inhibition or by defective sympathetic outflow, or both.", "contents": "Amplitude of pupillary contraction as a function of intensity of illumination in schizophrenia. When the amplitude of pupillary contraction of normal, healthy adults was binocularly recorded as a function of increasing intensity of light-stimulation, a linear relationship was found between the amplitude and log intensity. Schizophrenic patients deviated significantly from this systematic response pattern in two ways. One group of patients (35%) manifested the same pupillomotor threshold as the normals, however, as the intensity of light was systematically increased mean amplitude and rate of pupillary contraction fell below that evidenced by normals. Another group of patients (65%) were distinguished by an abnormal pupillomotor threshold, specifically requiring an increase of one log intensity unit for the elicitation of a recordable pupillary contraction. Moreover, as the light intensity increased, the mean amplitude of contraction was significantly attenuated at all intensities below that of the normals and of the schizophrenics who manifested a normal pupillomotor threshold. In addition, it was found that the average diameter of the dark-adapted pupil was smaller in both groups of patients as compared to the healthy adults, although there was no difference between the patient groups on the variable. As pupillary reactivity to stress in normals is characterized by an increase in the diameter of the dark-adapted pupil representing increased sympathetic outflow and by a reciprocal increase in the diameter of the light-adapted pupil representing increased supranuclear inhibition, the results of the study do not support the assertion that schizophrenics are hyperaroused. It is suggested schizophrenia may be considered a tonic autonomic dysfunctional state of mock-arousal characterized by either abnormally high levels of central supranuclear inhibition or by defective sympathetic outflow, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:938697", "title": "Regional serotonin levels in brain: a comparison of depressive suicides and alcoholic suicides with controls.", "content": "The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine have been measured in 33 areas of the human brain and these levels compared in depressed suicides, in alcoholic suicides, and in controls. The values obtained for control brains ranged from 5.3 mumole 5-HT/kg wet weight in substantia nigra to 0.4 mumole 5-HT/kg wet weight in frontal gray. No significant differences were found among diagnostic groups in any of the areas studied.", "contents": "Regional serotonin levels in brain: a comparison of depressive suicides and alcoholic suicides with controls. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine have been measured in 33 areas of the human brain and these levels compared in depressed suicides, in alcoholic suicides, and in controls. The values obtained for control brains ranged from 5.3 mumole 5-HT/kg wet weight in substantia nigra to 0.4 mumole 5-HT/kg wet weight in frontal gray. No significant differences were found among diagnostic groups in any of the areas studied."}
{"id": "PMID:938698", "title": "Current density in bilateral and unilateral ECT.", "content": "This paper describes a method of computer simulation which will enable the researcher to test, on the theoretical level, the effects of a wide variety of electrode placements, currents, tissue resistivities, and volumetric differences on the distribution of current within the brain. It is based on a nonhomogenous, threesphere model of the head and is capable of expansion to account for known inhomogenities within the brain. It should prove a useful research tool for a wide variety of purposes.", "contents": "Current density in bilateral and unilateral ECT. This paper describes a method of computer simulation which will enable the researcher to test, on the theoretical level, the effects of a wide variety of electrode placements, currents, tissue resistivities, and volumetric differences on the distribution of current within the brain. It is based on a nonhomogenous, threesphere model of the head and is capable of expansion to account for known inhomogenities within the brain. It should prove a useful research tool for a wide variety of purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:938699", "title": "Bipolar manic-depressives and unipolar depressives distinguished by tests of lateral asymmetry.", "content": "Tests of lateral asymmetry in hand preference and superiority in thumb opposition rotation (opposing the thumb's pulp surface to that of the little finger) have been applied to bipolar and unipolar affective patients in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of these tests in differentiating the bipolar and unipolar patient populations. Two comparison samples were also tested: nonpsychotic central nervous system (CNS) disease patients, and normal controls. The normals divided almost evenly into pure dominance (e.g., right-handed, and superior right thumb opposition) and cross-dominance (e.g., right-handed, but superior left thumb opposition). All but one of the CNS disease patients were cross-dominant; the bipolars were predominantly pure dominant; while the unipolars, in contrast to the pure dominant bipolars, were in the majority cross-dominant. This result is consistent with the view that there are two types of affective disorder, bipolar manic-depressive and unipolar depressive illness.", "contents": "Bipolar manic-depressives and unipolar depressives distinguished by tests of lateral asymmetry. Tests of lateral asymmetry in hand preference and superiority in thumb opposition rotation (opposing the thumb's pulp surface to that of the little finger) have been applied to bipolar and unipolar affective patients in an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of these tests in differentiating the bipolar and unipolar patient populations. Two comparison samples were also tested: nonpsychotic central nervous system (CNS) disease patients, and normal controls. The normals divided almost evenly into pure dominance (e.g., right-handed, and superior right thumb opposition) and cross-dominance (e.g., right-handed, but superior left thumb opposition). All but one of the CNS disease patients were cross-dominant; the bipolars were predominantly pure dominant; while the unipolars, in contrast to the pure dominant bipolars, were in the majority cross-dominant. This result is consistent with the view that there are two types of affective disorder, bipolar manic-depressive and unipolar depressive illness."}
{"id": "PMID:938703", "title": "Criterion level and instructional effects in the voluntary control of heart rate.", "content": "Two experiments are reported. In experiment 1 the effects of different punishment criteria on the acquisition of voluntary control of heart rate was studied in three groups of 10 subjects. Punishment criterion was manipulated so that the 10, 30 and 50% most extreme interbeat intervals in the opposite direction from the desired heart rate change were punished. Subjects received four training sessions, two directed at increasing heart rate, and two at decreasing. Substantial bidirectional heart rate changes were obtained very early in training. Some weak evidence of criterion effects was obtained. In a supplementary experiment modelled on experiment 1, the instructions plus feedback used in experiment 1 were compared with instructions alone. Feedback did not aid heart rate control. In both experiments there was evidence of skeletal involvement in the heart rate change.", "contents": "Criterion level and instructional effects in the voluntary control of heart rate. Two experiments are reported. In experiment 1 the effects of different punishment criteria on the acquisition of voluntary control of heart rate was studied in three groups of 10 subjects. Punishment criterion was manipulated so that the 10, 30 and 50% most extreme interbeat intervals in the opposite direction from the desired heart rate change were punished. Subjects received four training sessions, two directed at increasing heart rate, and two at decreasing. Substantial bidirectional heart rate changes were obtained very early in training. Some weak evidence of criterion effects was obtained. In a supplementary experiment modelled on experiment 1, the instructions plus feedback used in experiment 1 were compared with instructions alone. Feedback did not aid heart rate control. In both experiments there was evidence of skeletal involvement in the heart rate change."}
{"id": "PMID:938704", "title": "Dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting response following decay of sensitization.", "content": "This study tested one of the basic propositions of dual-process theory (Groves and Thompson, 1970) that 'dishabituation' results from an independent, superimposed process of excitation and not from disruption of the habituation process as proposed by Sokolov (1963). Skin conductance level (SCL) was employed as a measure of sensitization. On the basis of dual-process theory, it was hypothesized that if sensitization produced by the 'dishabituating' stimulus has decayed prior to re-presentation of the habituating stimulus, skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude to the habituating stimulus will not differ from that displayed by a control group which did not receive presentation of the 'dishabituating' stimulus. In experiment 1 (N = 10), subjects received 13 presentations of a 1000 Hz, 70 dB tone of 3 sec duration with interstimulus intervals of 40, 50 and 60 sec. Between trials 11 and 12, there was one presentation of a dishabituating (light) stimulus. Analysis of SCL indicated that an interval of 50 sec between trials 12 and 13 was sufficient to allow sensitization to decline to the pre-light level. The experimental conditions in experiment 2 (N = 32) were the same as in experiment 1 except that only half the subjects received presentation of the dishabituating stimulus. The results indicated that although there were no group differences in SCR amplitude on trials 1-11, experimental subjects displayed significantly larger responses on trial 13 than did control subjects. These results suggest that interpolation of a different stimulus in an habituation series does, in fact, disrupt the habituation process.", "contents": "Dishabituation of the electrodermal orienting response following decay of sensitization. This study tested one of the basic propositions of dual-process theory (Groves and Thompson, 1970) that 'dishabituation' results from an independent, superimposed process of excitation and not from disruption of the habituation process as proposed by Sokolov (1963). Skin conductance level (SCL) was employed as a measure of sensitization. On the basis of dual-process theory, it was hypothesized that if sensitization produced by the 'dishabituating' stimulus has decayed prior to re-presentation of the habituating stimulus, skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude to the habituating stimulus will not differ from that displayed by a control group which did not receive presentation of the 'dishabituating' stimulus. In experiment 1 (N = 10), subjects received 13 presentations of a 1000 Hz, 70 dB tone of 3 sec duration with interstimulus intervals of 40, 50 and 60 sec. Between trials 11 and 12, there was one presentation of a dishabituating (light) stimulus. Analysis of SCL indicated that an interval of 50 sec between trials 12 and 13 was sufficient to allow sensitization to decline to the pre-light level. The experimental conditions in experiment 2 (N = 32) were the same as in experiment 1 except that only half the subjects received presentation of the dishabituating stimulus. The results indicated that although there were no group differences in SCR amplitude on trials 1-11, experimental subjects displayed significantly larger responses on trial 13 than did control subjects. These results suggest that interpolation of a different stimulus in an habituation series does, in fact, disrupt the habituation process."}
{"id": "PMID:938705", "title": "Effects of stimulus information and stimulus duration on amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of stimulus information and stimulus duration on the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR). Three levels of stimulus information were combined with two levels of stimulus duration in a 3 X 2 independent groups factorial design (N = 90). On the basis of Sokolov's (1966) theory, it was hypothesized that: (a) high information stimuli would elicit larger initial SCR'S than would stimuli of low information, (B) high-information stimuli would evoke more SCRs throughout a habituation series than would low-information stimuli, and (c) high-information stimuli would require more presentations to reach a habituation criterion than would stimuli of low information. It was also hypothesized that (d) long-duration stimuli would require fewer presentations to reach a habituation criterion and result in a faster rate of habituation than would stimuli of short duration. The stimuli consisted of black and white chequered patterns containing 12, 26 or 60 bits of information. Stimulus duration was either 0.5 or 4.5 sec, and each subject received 20 presentations at randomly ordered intervals of 20, 25, 30 and 35 sec. The results provided support for hypotheses (b), (c) and (d), but not for hypothesis (a). These results support the view that OR habituation can be conceptualized as a process of information extraction.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus information and stimulus duration on amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response. This study was designed to investigate the effects of stimulus information and stimulus duration on the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR). Three levels of stimulus information were combined with two levels of stimulus duration in a 3 X 2 independent groups factorial design (N = 90). On the basis of Sokolov's (1966) theory, it was hypothesized that: (a) high information stimuli would elicit larger initial SCR'S than would stimuli of low information, (B) high-information stimuli would evoke more SCRs throughout a habituation series than would low-information stimuli, and (c) high-information stimuli would require more presentations to reach a habituation criterion than would stimuli of low information. It was also hypothesized that (d) long-duration stimuli would require fewer presentations to reach a habituation criterion and result in a faster rate of habituation than would stimuli of short duration. The stimuli consisted of black and white chequered patterns containing 12, 26 or 60 bits of information. Stimulus duration was either 0.5 or 4.5 sec, and each subject received 20 presentations at randomly ordered intervals of 20, 25, 30 and 35 sec. The results provided support for hypotheses (b), (c) and (d), but not for hypothesis (a). These results support the view that OR habituation can be conceptualized as a process of information extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:938706", "title": "Relationship between SCR, heart rate and information processing.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the amount of information processing in concept learning (CL) and autonomic physiological activity as measured by skin conductance response (SCR). Heart rate (HR) was also measured. Two conceptual rules were used: a conjunctive and an inclusive disjunctive concept. The results indicated that the SCR rose with increasing amount of information processing at the feedback during CL. Furthermore, it was shown that SCR increased with increasing difficulty of the conceptual rule. HR appeared not to vary with amount of information processing, nor with type of concept. In the conjunctive series, however, there was a significant difference between HR at stimulus presentation and HR at feedback.", "contents": "Relationship between SCR, heart rate and information processing. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the amount of information processing in concept learning (CL) and autonomic physiological activity as measured by skin conductance response (SCR). Heart rate (HR) was also measured. Two conceptual rules were used: a conjunctive and an inclusive disjunctive concept. The results indicated that the SCR rose with increasing amount of information processing at the feedback during CL. Furthermore, it was shown that SCR increased with increasing difficulty of the conceptual rule. HR appeared not to vary with amount of information processing, nor with type of concept. In the conjunctive series, however, there was a significant difference between HR at stimulus presentation and HR at feedback."}
{"id": "PMID:938707", "title": "Psychophysical judgment: electro-cortical and heart rate correlates of accuracy and uncertainty.", "content": "The relationship between perceptual accuracy and physiological response amplitude was investigated in an auditory pitch discrimination experiment. Confidence ratings were obtained from all subjects following each trial. The stimulus set consisted of three tones of different frequencies spaced in a manner to provide both easy and difficult discriminations. Heart rate, EEG and vertical eye movement were recorded throughout the experiment. The results of the experiment indicated that the largest evoked cardiac rate response was elicited by the stimulus which produced the fewest errors in judgment; larger auditory evoked potentials, particularly the late positive component (P300), were associated with the 'easy' stimulus; greater cortical negativity was associated with the difficult stimuli. Eye activity was found to covary with judgmental accuracy; cortical slow wave activity was particularly sensitive to the confidence, or 'uncertainty' parameter. A 'decision tree' model was hypothesized to describe the processing mechanism involved in solving the discrimination problem.", "contents": "Psychophysical judgment: electro-cortical and heart rate correlates of accuracy and uncertainty. The relationship between perceptual accuracy and physiological response amplitude was investigated in an auditory pitch discrimination experiment. Confidence ratings were obtained from all subjects following each trial. The stimulus set consisted of three tones of different frequencies spaced in a manner to provide both easy and difficult discriminations. Heart rate, EEG and vertical eye movement were recorded throughout the experiment. The results of the experiment indicated that the largest evoked cardiac rate response was elicited by the stimulus which produced the fewest errors in judgment; larger auditory evoked potentials, particularly the late positive component (P300), were associated with the 'easy' stimulus; greater cortical negativity was associated with the difficult stimuli. Eye activity was found to covary with judgmental accuracy; cortical slow wave activity was particularly sensitive to the confidence, or 'uncertainty' parameter. A 'decision tree' model was hypothesized to describe the processing mechanism involved in solving the discrimination problem."}
{"id": "PMID:938708", "title": "Attention effects on auditory evoked potentials to infrequent events.", "content": "In two experiments, evoked potentials (EPs) were obtained for three levels of attention, defined by instructions to press a button to, listen to or ignore an infrequent event. In experiment 1, a regular train of standard tone pips was occasionally and randomly interrupted by a tone of different pitch (pitch change) or by the omission of a tone (gap). At the vertex (Cz) a late positive peak (P3) to the infrequent event became larger and later with increased attention, while the earlier negative peak (N1) became later but not larger. In experiment 2, EPs to pitch changes were recorded from Cz, frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) locations. All effects obtained in experiment 1 were replicated. The distribution of P3 was different during the different attention conditions.", "contents": "Attention effects on auditory evoked potentials to infrequent events. In two experiments, evoked potentials (EPs) were obtained for three levels of attention, defined by instructions to press a button to, listen to or ignore an infrequent event. In experiment 1, a regular train of standard tone pips was occasionally and randomly interrupted by a tone of different pitch (pitch change) or by the omission of a tone (gap). At the vertex (Cz) a late positive peak (P3) to the infrequent event became larger and later with increased attention, while the earlier negative peak (N1) became later but not larger. In experiment 2, EPs to pitch changes were recorded from Cz, frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) locations. All effects obtained in experiment 1 were replicated. The distribution of P3 was different during the different attention conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:938709", "title": "Advances in percutaneous electrode systems.", "content": "In the past eight years, developing a percutaneous electrode system has advanced to a successful, yet simple, method to transmit electrical signals, overcoming the serious problems of excessive mechanical irritation at the skin interface. Experience with over 50-74% in the clinical applications of 1) chronic pain relief; 2) contracture correction; and 3) sensory feedback.", "contents": "Advances in percutaneous electrode systems. In the past eight years, developing a percutaneous electrode system has advanced to a successful, yet simple, method to transmit electrical signals, overcoming the serious problems of excessive mechanical irritation at the skin interface. Experience with over 50-74% in the clinical applications of 1) chronic pain relief; 2) contracture correction; and 3) sensory feedback."}
{"id": "PMID:938710", "title": "The mechanical behavior of LTI carbon dental implants.", "content": "LTI pyrolytic carbon blade-type dental implants consisting of a graphite substrate and an LTI pyrolytic carbon coating have a strength that increases with the coating thickness. For implants having a coating thickness of about 0.03 in., average fracture loads of about 1500 lb and 230 lb were obtained in axial compressive loading and eccentric loading (e.g., axial compressive loading plus a bending moment), respectively. Depending on the type of loading, the maximum stresses in the graphite substrate were calculated to be very close to its compressive or tensile fracture strength. Also studied was the effect of a variety of defects on the overall strength of the implants.", "contents": "The mechanical behavior of LTI carbon dental implants. LTI pyrolytic carbon blade-type dental implants consisting of a graphite substrate and an LTI pyrolytic carbon coating have a strength that increases with the coating thickness. For implants having a coating thickness of about 0.03 in., average fracture loads of about 1500 lb and 230 lb were obtained in axial compressive loading and eccentric loading (e.g., axial compressive loading plus a bending moment), respectively. Depending on the type of loading, the maximum stresses in the graphite substrate were calculated to be very close to its compressive or tensile fracture strength. Also studied was the effect of a variety of defects on the overall strength of the implants."}
{"id": "PMID:938711", "title": "Dental amalgam stabilization by selective interfacial amalgamation.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to explore the feasibility of enhancing the electrochemical stability of dental amalgam restorations by a process of \"selective interfacial amalgamation.\" If dental amalgam restorations can be selectively alloyed at the tooth-amalgam interface, to a minor thickness as compared with the dimensions of the bulk amalgam, so as to present a more electrochemically stable phase than psi2 to the oral environment, corrosion will be reduced and desirable qualities of existing amalgams can be utilized. It was found that selective interfacial amalgamation was indeed possible and that it could be readily accomplished using a silver suspension as a cavity liner. By then placing a conventional silver-tin amalgam according to ordinary dental techniques, mercury expressed during hand condensing reacted with the silver in the liner resulting in the formation of an integral amalgam restoration with the more noble psi1 phase adjacent to tooth structure. In vitro corrosion tests of samples so prepared exhibited corrosion resistance far superior to unlined control samples.", "contents": "Dental amalgam stabilization by selective interfacial amalgamation. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the feasibility of enhancing the electrochemical stability of dental amalgam restorations by a process of \"selective interfacial amalgamation.\" If dental amalgam restorations can be selectively alloyed at the tooth-amalgam interface, to a minor thickness as compared with the dimensions of the bulk amalgam, so as to present a more electrochemically stable phase than psi2 to the oral environment, corrosion will be reduced and desirable qualities of existing amalgams can be utilized. It was found that selective interfacial amalgamation was indeed possible and that it could be readily accomplished using a silver suspension as a cavity liner. By then placing a conventional silver-tin amalgam according to ordinary dental techniques, mercury expressed during hand condensing reacted with the silver in the liner resulting in the formation of an integral amalgam restoration with the more noble psi1 phase adjacent to tooth structure. In vitro corrosion tests of samples so prepared exhibited corrosion resistance far superior to unlined control samples."}
{"id": "PMID:938712", "title": "Blood compatibility of silicone rubber chemically coated with cross-linked albumin.", "content": "A new method is reported for chemically coating cross-linked albumin onto silicone rubber in an attempt to improve the blood compatibility of the material. Promising results were obtained in an evaluation using both vena cava and renal embolus antithrombogenicity tests ondogs. Coated silicone rubber rings induced much less renal emboli than uncoated ones after one week implantation.", "contents": "Blood compatibility of silicone rubber chemically coated with cross-linked albumin. A new method is reported for chemically coating cross-linked albumin onto silicone rubber in an attempt to improve the blood compatibility of the material. Promising results were obtained in an evaluation using both vena cava and renal embolus antithrombogenicity tests ondogs. Coated silicone rubber rings induced much less renal emboli than uncoated ones after one week implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:938713", "title": "Effect of electrical stimulation on the interfacial tensile strength and amount of bone formation.", "content": "The effect of electrical stimulation upon the direct tensile strength of the interface union between porous calcium aluminate implants and bone plus the amount of bone formation were investigated in the femurs of rabbits. The study indicates there is an increased tensile strength of the interface in proportion to the amount of bone formation into the pores and the amount of electrical stimulation used \"in vivo.\"", "contents": "Effect of electrical stimulation on the interfacial tensile strength and amount of bone formation. The effect of electrical stimulation upon the direct tensile strength of the interface union between porous calcium aluminate implants and bone plus the amount of bone formation were investigated in the femurs of rabbits. The study indicates there is an increased tensile strength of the interface in proportion to the amount of bone formation into the pores and the amount of electrical stimulation used \"in vivo.\""}
{"id": "PMID:938714", "title": "Characterization of drug iontophoresis with a fast microassay technique.", "content": "The iontophoretic release of drugs from micropipettes into free (Ringer's) solution was described using an ion-selective microelectrode assay method. This characterization, with a temporal resolution of 20 ms, showed that the equilibrium rate of drug transport was not linearly proportional to release current; the departure from linearity was increased by backing current and the result was demonstrated with analytically derived drug release functions. The general relation between the drug transport rate and release current was independent of the specific drug or pipette resistance; no functional relation was observed that might quantitatively predict this dependence without prior use of the assay. The diffusion coefficients at 25 degrees C in frog Ringer's of the drugs used in this study, all neuromuscular agonists, were determined: all values X 10(6) cm2/s; acetylcholine 6.11 +/- 0.30; carbamylcholine 7.44 +/- 0.34; 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl) prophyltrimethyl ammonium 5.79 +/- 0.13.", "contents": "Characterization of drug iontophoresis with a fast microassay technique. The iontophoretic release of drugs from micropipettes into free (Ringer's) solution was described using an ion-selective microelectrode assay method. This characterization, with a temporal resolution of 20 ms, showed that the equilibrium rate of drug transport was not linearly proportional to release current; the departure from linearity was increased by backing current and the result was demonstrated with analytically derived drug release functions. The general relation between the drug transport rate and release current was independent of the specific drug or pipette resistance; no functional relation was observed that might quantitatively predict this dependence without prior use of the assay. The diffusion coefficients at 25 degrees C in frog Ringer's of the drugs used in this study, all neuromuscular agonists, were determined: all values X 10(6) cm2/s; acetylcholine 6.11 +/- 0.30; carbamylcholine 7.44 +/- 0.34; 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl) prophyltrimethyl ammonium 5.79 +/- 0.13."}
{"id": "PMID:938715", "title": "Analysis of discharges recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibers.", "content": "Spike trains were recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibres in anesthetized cats. Tests for correlation between spike trains were developed for spontaneous activity and for discharge patterns resulting from single-tone stimuli. The application of these tests to the recordings indicates that the responses of auditory nerve fibers to a tone and to silence can be described as statistically independent point processes. This result implies that the initiation of spikes in these fibers is governed by localized processes specific for each fiber.", "contents": "Analysis of discharges recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibers. Spike trains were recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibres in anesthetized cats. Tests for correlation between spike trains were developed for spontaneous activity and for discharge patterns resulting from single-tone stimuli. The application of these tests to the recordings indicates that the responses of auditory nerve fibers to a tone and to silence can be described as statistically independent point processes. This result implies that the initiation of spikes in these fibers is governed by localized processes specific for each fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:938716", "title": "Digital simulation of associated and nonassociated liquid membrane electrochemical properties.", "content": "The method and results of a digital simulation of electrochemical properties for associated and nonassociated liquid ion-exchange membranes are presented. It is assumed that the membranes is ideally permselective, sites are completely trapped, electroneutrality holds everywhere in the membrane, and the bathing solutions contain no more than two counterions, of which one is completely dissociated in the membrane. Electrochemical properties are simulated for the single counterion case and in the interference region. Concentration profiles, potentiometric responses, transient potential responses to activity steps, and current-voltage curves are given and the effects of ion-pairing and species mobilities are studied. It is found that ion-pairing increases the potentiometric selectivity toward the complexing ion over the noncomplexing ion. Transient responses to an ion activity step are shown to depend in a complex way on the ion-pair formation constant and the various mobilities. Current-voltage curves are simulated for varying degrees of ion-pairing and qualitative agreement is found with previous theoretical treatments, as well as quantitative agreement in those cases where closed-form expressions are known.", "contents": "Digital simulation of associated and nonassociated liquid membrane electrochemical properties. The method and results of a digital simulation of electrochemical properties for associated and nonassociated liquid ion-exchange membranes are presented. It is assumed that the membranes is ideally permselective, sites are completely trapped, electroneutrality holds everywhere in the membrane, and the bathing solutions contain no more than two counterions, of which one is completely dissociated in the membrane. Electrochemical properties are simulated for the single counterion case and in the interference region. Concentration profiles, potentiometric responses, transient potential responses to activity steps, and current-voltage curves are given and the effects of ion-pairing and species mobilities are studied. It is found that ion-pairing increases the potentiometric selectivity toward the complexing ion over the noncomplexing ion. Transient responses to an ion activity step are shown to depend in a complex way on the ion-pair formation constant and the various mobilities. Current-voltage curves are simulated for varying degrees of ion-pairing and qualitative agreement is found with previous theoretical treatments, as well as quantitative agreement in those cases where closed-form expressions are known."}
{"id": "PMID:938717", "title": "Slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola axons. Evidence for a second inactive state.", "content": "Sodium inactivation and reactivation have been examined in voltage-clamped Myxicola axons after long-lasting membrane depolarizations produced either directly by changes in holding potential or indirectly by elevation of external K+ concentration. The results suggest the existence of a second inactivated state of the sodium channel with associated voltage-dependent rate constants at least two orders of magnitude lower than those of the fast inactivation process commonly examined. No specific influence of external [K+] on slow Na+ inactivation could be detected.", "contents": "Slow sodium inactivation in Myxicola axons. Evidence for a second inactive state. Sodium inactivation and reactivation have been examined in voltage-clamped Myxicola axons after long-lasting membrane depolarizations produced either directly by changes in holding potential or indirectly by elevation of external K+ concentration. The results suggest the existence of a second inactivated state of the sodium channel with associated voltage-dependent rate constants at least two orders of magnitude lower than those of the fast inactivation process commonly examined. No specific influence of external [K+] on slow Na+ inactivation could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:938718", "title": "Model for the chemotactic response of a bacterial population.", "content": "We present a mathematical model for the motion of a bacterial population in prescribed attractant or repellent gradients. The model is suggested by the observations of Mesibov et al. (1973, J. Gen. Physiol. 62:203) and Brown and Berg (1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1388) who found that the sensitivity of the chemotactic response depends on the concentration of attractant. Predictions of the theory are in general agreement with the experiments of Dahlquist et al. (1972, Nat. New Biol. 236:120) and of Mesibov et al. on populations of motile bacteria in fixed attractant gradients. Additional tests of the model are proposed.", "contents": "Model for the chemotactic response of a bacterial population. We present a mathematical model for the motion of a bacterial population in prescribed attractant or repellent gradients. The model is suggested by the observations of Mesibov et al. (1973, J. Gen. Physiol. 62:203) and Brown and Berg (1974, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1388) who found that the sensitivity of the chemotactic response depends on the concentration of attractant. Predictions of the theory are in general agreement with the experiments of Dahlquist et al. (1972, Nat. New Biol. 236:120) and of Mesibov et al. on populations of motile bacteria in fixed attractant gradients. Additional tests of the model are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:938719", "title": "Radiation damage in tripalmitin layers studied by means of infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy.", "content": "Structural deteriorations in biomembranes, as inevitably induced while structural information is gathered by electron optical methods, were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy. Tripalmitin model membranes were irradiated with 100 keV-electrons in an electron microscope. The intensity decay of group vibrations over the dose reveals the sequence of damage in the polar and nonpolar part of the molecule. The C-C backbone, being the most important structural feature, shows a significant latency effect up to 0.6 e-/A2 and is completely disordered by 3 e-/A2, corresponding to about three inelastic processes per molecule.", "contents": "Radiation damage in tripalmitin layers studied by means of infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Structural deteriorations in biomembranes, as inevitably induced while structural information is gathered by electron optical methods, were evaluated by infrared spectroscopy. Tripalmitin model membranes were irradiated with 100 keV-electrons in an electron microscope. The intensity decay of group vibrations over the dose reveals the sequence of damage in the polar and nonpolar part of the molecule. The C-C backbone, being the most important structural feature, shows a significant latency effect up to 0.6 e-/A2 and is completely disordered by 3 e-/A2, corresponding to about three inelastic processes per molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:938720", "title": "Physical characteristics of mouse sperm nuclei.", "content": "The nuclei of epididymal sperm, isolated from C57BL/6J and CBA/J inbred mice by their resistance to trypsin digestion, retain the shape differences of the intact sperm head. Various physical characteristics of these nuclei were measured and compared. The measurement of the projected dimensions of nuclei showed that the CBA nuclei are 13.5% longer than C57BL/6 nuclei (8.64 +/- 0.02 mum compared with 7.61 +/- 0.02 mum), 0.8% narrower (3.51 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.54 +/-0.01 mum) with 6.8% more area (22.34 +/- 0.10 vs. 20.91 +/- 0.09 mum2). However, the volumes of the nuclei as based on reconstructing calibrated electronmicrographs of serial sections of the nuclei indicated that CBA are about 7% smaller than C57BL/6 nuclei (3.72 +/- 0.08 vs. 4.01 +/- 0.03 mum3). The buoyant density of the CBA nuclei is 1.435 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 compared with 1.433 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 for the C57BL/6 nuclei as determined on linear CsCl and Renografin-76 density gradients and confirmed by a technique utilizing physiological tonicities. Therefore, the average mass of the CBA nuclei is less than that of the C57BL/6 nuclei (5.34 +/- 0.12 vs. 5.75 +/- 0.05 pg). The sedimentation velocities at unit gravity of nuclei from 11 inbred strains differ over a range of more than 6% with CBA nuclei sedimenting about 2.0% more slowly than C57BL/6 nuclei. We show that for these nuclei the sedimentation velocity can be related to their buoyant density, volume and a sedimentation shape factor. Within the errors of our measurements of these various characteristics, it was found that C57BL/6 and CBA nuclei have similar sedimentation shape factors. Therefore, the difference in sedimentation velocity between these nuclei appears to be primarily a result of differences in volume. The possible applications of these techniques to the physical separation of sperm are evaluated in the discussion.", "contents": "Physical characteristics of mouse sperm nuclei. The nuclei of epididymal sperm, isolated from C57BL/6J and CBA/J inbred mice by their resistance to trypsin digestion, retain the shape differences of the intact sperm head. Various physical characteristics of these nuclei were measured and compared. The measurement of the projected dimensions of nuclei showed that the CBA nuclei are 13.5% longer than C57BL/6 nuclei (8.64 +/- 0.02 mum compared with 7.61 +/- 0.02 mum), 0.8% narrower (3.51 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.54 +/-0.01 mum) with 6.8% more area (22.34 +/- 0.10 vs. 20.91 +/- 0.09 mum2). However, the volumes of the nuclei as based on reconstructing calibrated electronmicrographs of serial sections of the nuclei indicated that CBA are about 7% smaller than C57BL/6 nuclei (3.72 +/- 0.08 vs. 4.01 +/- 0.03 mum3). The buoyant density of the CBA nuclei is 1.435 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 compared with 1.433 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 for the C57BL/6 nuclei as determined on linear CsCl and Renografin-76 density gradients and confirmed by a technique utilizing physiological tonicities. Therefore, the average mass of the CBA nuclei is less than that of the C57BL/6 nuclei (5.34 +/- 0.12 vs. 5.75 +/- 0.05 pg). The sedimentation velocities at unit gravity of nuclei from 11 inbred strains differ over a range of more than 6% with CBA nuclei sedimenting about 2.0% more slowly than C57BL/6 nuclei. We show that for these nuclei the sedimentation velocity can be related to their buoyant density, volume and a sedimentation shape factor. Within the errors of our measurements of these various characteristics, it was found that C57BL/6 and CBA nuclei have similar sedimentation shape factors. Therefore, the difference in sedimentation velocity between these nuclei appears to be primarily a result of differences in volume. The possible applications of these techniques to the physical separation of sperm are evaluated in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:938721", "title": "A new analysis for membrane noise. The integral spectrum.", "content": "A new method of random data analysis has been developed with special implications for membrane noise. The integral spectrometer uses overlapping broad-band filters of simple design, whose bandwidth increases linearly with center frequency. A random two-state process, which has a Lorentzian-shaped spectral density, results in an integral spectrum whose maximum value occurs at the mean frequency of the events, and which is symmetric about that frequency on a semilog plot. 1/f noise is flat and does not distort the symmetry on the frequency axis. The integral spectrum exchanges resolution on the frequency axis for accuracy in the amplitude. The expected statistical error in amplitude has been calculated for three types of membrane noise assuming finite data. The integral spectrum compares favorably with conventional spectral densities and may be a reasonable alternative for random data analysis.", "contents": "A new analysis for membrane noise. The integral spectrum. A new method of random data analysis has been developed with special implications for membrane noise. The integral spectrometer uses overlapping broad-band filters of simple design, whose bandwidth increases linearly with center frequency. A random two-state process, which has a Lorentzian-shaped spectral density, results in an integral spectrum whose maximum value occurs at the mean frequency of the events, and which is symmetric about that frequency on a semilog plot. 1/f noise is flat and does not distort the symmetry on the frequency axis. The integral spectrum exchanges resolution on the frequency axis for accuracy in the amplitude. The expected statistical error in amplitude has been calculated for three types of membrane noise assuming finite data. The integral spectrum compares favorably with conventional spectral densities and may be a reasonable alternative for random data analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:938722", "title": "On the primary quantum yields in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.", "content": "Pulsed Nd laser experiments in suspensions of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium are carried out at room temperature. At sufficiently high laser intensities, a photostationary mixture of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and its red-shifted (batho) photoproduct (K) is obtained. The spectra of the first three intermediates in the photocycle are reported. The data yield a value of phi1/phi2=0.40 +/- 0.05 for the ratio of the quantum yields of the forward (phi1) and reverse (phi2) processes, setting an upper limit of approximately 0.4 for the quantum efficiency of the cycle at room temperature. This method is generally available for the determination of phi2 in the case of a photoequilibrium: A in equilibrium B, where B is a short-lived transient and phi1 is known from low intensity measurements. Its potential application is of importance for the study of the photophysics of visual pigments at physiological temperatures.", "contents": "On the primary quantum yields in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Pulsed Nd laser experiments in suspensions of the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium are carried out at room temperature. At sufficiently high laser intensities, a photostationary mixture of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and its red-shifted (batho) photoproduct (K) is obtained. The spectra of the first three intermediates in the photocycle are reported. The data yield a value of phi1/phi2=0.40 +/- 0.05 for the ratio of the quantum yields of the forward (phi1) and reverse (phi2) processes, setting an upper limit of approximately 0.4 for the quantum efficiency of the cycle at room temperature. This method is generally available for the determination of phi2 in the case of a photoequilibrium: A in equilibrium B, where B is a short-lived transient and phi1 is known from low intensity measurements. Its potential application is of importance for the study of the photophysics of visual pigments at physiological temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:938723", "title": "Photoconductivity in bone and tendon.", "content": "Ultraviolet light can be used to stimulate electrical current flow in bone and tendon. This stimulated photocurrent is directional. In tendon the photocurrent parallel to the fibrils is greater than the photocurrent perpendicular to the fibrils. In bone, the longitudinal photocurrent is less than the transverse photocurrent.", "contents": "Photoconductivity in bone and tendon. Ultraviolet light can be used to stimulate electrical current flow in bone and tendon. This stimulated photocurrent is directional. In tendon the photocurrent parallel to the fibrils is greater than the photocurrent perpendicular to the fibrils. In bone, the longitudinal photocurrent is less than the transverse photocurrent."}
{"id": "PMID:938725", "title": "Inhibition of DNA replication by ultraviolet light.", "content": "DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated HeLa cells was studied by two different techniques: measurements of the kinetics of semiconservative DNA synthesis, and DNA fiber autoradiography. In examining the kinetics of semiconservative DNA synthesis, density label was used to avoid measuring the incorporation due to repair replication. The extent of inhibition varied with time. After doses of less than 10J/m2 the rate was initially depressed but later showed some recovery. After higher doses, a constant, low rate of synthesis was seen for at least the initial 6 h. An analysis of these data indicated that the inhibition of DNA synthesis could be explained by replication forks halting at pyrimidine dimers. DNA fiber autoradiography was used to further characterize replication after ultraviolet irradiation. The average length of labeled segments in irradiated cells increased in the time immediately after irradiation, and then leveled off. This is the predicted pattern if DNA synthesis in each replicon continued at its previous rate until a lesion is reached, and then halted. The frequency of lesions that block synthesis is approximately the same as the frequency of pyrimidine dimers.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA replication by ultraviolet light. DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated HeLa cells was studied by two different techniques: measurements of the kinetics of semiconservative DNA synthesis, and DNA fiber autoradiography. In examining the kinetics of semiconservative DNA synthesis, density label was used to avoid measuring the incorporation due to repair replication. The extent of inhibition varied with time. After doses of less than 10J/m2 the rate was initially depressed but later showed some recovery. After higher doses, a constant, low rate of synthesis was seen for at least the initial 6 h. An analysis of these data indicated that the inhibition of DNA synthesis could be explained by replication forks halting at pyrimidine dimers. DNA fiber autoradiography was used to further characterize replication after ultraviolet irradiation. The average length of labeled segments in irradiated cells increased in the time immediately after irradiation, and then leveled off. This is the predicted pattern if DNA synthesis in each replicon continued at its previous rate until a lesion is reached, and then halted. The frequency of lesions that block synthesis is approximately the same as the frequency of pyrimidine dimers."}
{"id": "PMID:938726", "title": "Red blood cell shapes as explained on the basis of curvature elasticity.", "content": "Assuming that the shape of red blood cells is controlled by the curvature elasticity of the surrounding membrane, we fit theoretical shapes to the contours Evans and co-workers determined by interference microscopy. Very good agreement is obtained for disc shapes. The fit is not so good for less common shapes, which may result from Evans' parametric representation and from the interference of shear elasticity.", "contents": "Red blood cell shapes as explained on the basis of curvature elasticity. Assuming that the shape of red blood cells is controlled by the curvature elasticity of the surrounding membrane, we fit theoretical shapes to the contours Evans and co-workers determined by interference microscopy. Very good agreement is obtained for disc shapes. The fit is not so good for less common shapes, which may result from Evans' parametric representation and from the interference of shear elasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:938727", "title": "A model for the stimulation of taste receptor cells by salt.", "content": "A taste cell mucosal surface is regarded as a planar region containing bound anionic sites and openings to ionic channels. It is assumed that the bulk aqueous properties of the exterior phase are not continuous with the surface but terminate at a plane near the surface. The region between the (Stern) plane and the membrane is regarded as having a lower dielectric constant than bulk water. This fact admits the possibility of ion pair formation between fixed sites and mobile cations. Mobile ion pairs entering the region may also bind to a fixed anionic site. Thus, it is assumed that mobile cations and ion pairs are potential determining species at the surface. Binding cations neutralizes surface charges, whereas binding mobile ion pairs does not. This competition accounts for the observed anion effect on stimulation of tast receptors by sodium salts. The potential profile is constructed by superimposing the phase boundary potentials with an ionic diffusion potential across the membrane. The model accounts for the anion effect on receptor potential, pH effects, the reversal of polarity when cells are treated with FeCl3, and the so-called \"water reponse,\" depolarization of the taste cell upon dilution of the stimulant solution below a critical lower limit. The proposed model does not require both bound cationic and anionic receptors, and further suggests that limited access to a Stern-like region continuous with membrane channels may generally serve to control transport of ions.", "contents": "A model for the stimulation of taste receptor cells by salt. A taste cell mucosal surface is regarded as a planar region containing bound anionic sites and openings to ionic channels. It is assumed that the bulk aqueous properties of the exterior phase are not continuous with the surface but terminate at a plane near the surface. The region between the (Stern) plane and the membrane is regarded as having a lower dielectric constant than bulk water. This fact admits the possibility of ion pair formation between fixed sites and mobile cations. Mobile ion pairs entering the region may also bind to a fixed anionic site. Thus, it is assumed that mobile cations and ion pairs are potential determining species at the surface. Binding cations neutralizes surface charges, whereas binding mobile ion pairs does not. This competition accounts for the observed anion effect on stimulation of tast receptors by sodium salts. The potential profile is constructed by superimposing the phase boundary potentials with an ionic diffusion potential across the membrane. The model accounts for the anion effect on receptor potential, pH effects, the reversal of polarity when cells are treated with FeCl3, and the so-called \"water reponse,\" depolarization of the taste cell upon dilution of the stimulant solution below a critical lower limit. The proposed model does not require both bound cationic and anionic receptors, and further suggests that limited access to a Stern-like region continuous with membrane channels may generally serve to control transport of ions."}
{"id": "PMID:938728", "title": "Rate of DNA chain elongation in ultraviolet light-irradiated mammalian cells as estimated by a bromodeoxyuridine photolysis method.", "content": "Using a new method, we show that, when the DNA chain elongation rate is measured for short time periods, ultraviolet light does not decrease this rate. The method is based on the photolysis of bromouracil-containing DNA by 313 nm light and alkaline sucrose gradients.", "contents": "Rate of DNA chain elongation in ultraviolet light-irradiated mammalian cells as estimated by a bromodeoxyuridine photolysis method. Using a new method, we show that, when the DNA chain elongation rate is measured for short time periods, ultraviolet light does not decrease this rate. The method is based on the photolysis of bromouracil-containing DNA by 313 nm light and alkaline sucrose gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:938729", "title": "A comment on Martin's relation.", "content": "In the limit of slowly varying synaptic conductance changes, a quantity proportional to the quantal content of a synaptic potential is provided by Martin's formula: 1/(VO/Vp-1), where Vp is the peak amplitude of the synaptic potential and Vo is the synaptic equilibrium potential. If the synaptic conductance change is not slowly varying on the time scale of the postsynaptic cell's membrane time constant, Martin's formula overestimates the effects of nonlinear summation and provides an upper limit for the actual quantal content. In the limit of rapidly varying synaptic conductance changes the quantity ln(1/[1-Vp/Vo]) is proportional to the quantal content. This formula underestimates the effects of nonlinear summation and gives a lower limit for the quantal content for cases in which the synaptic conductance is not rapidly varying. These two formulas used together provide upper and lower bounds to the correction for nonlinear summation of postsynaptic potentials.", "contents": "A comment on Martin's relation. In the limit of slowly varying synaptic conductance changes, a quantity proportional to the quantal content of a synaptic potential is provided by Martin's formula: 1/(VO/Vp-1), where Vp is the peak amplitude of the synaptic potential and Vo is the synaptic equilibrium potential. If the synaptic conductance change is not slowly varying on the time scale of the postsynaptic cell's membrane time constant, Martin's formula overestimates the effects of nonlinear summation and provides an upper limit for the actual quantal content. In the limit of rapidly varying synaptic conductance changes the quantity ln(1/[1-Vp/Vo]) is proportional to the quantal content. This formula underestimates the effects of nonlinear summation and gives a lower limit for the quantal content for cases in which the synaptic conductance is not rapidly varying. These two formulas used together provide upper and lower bounds to the correction for nonlinear summation of postsynaptic potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:938730", "title": "Piezoelectric and related properties of hydrated collagen.", "content": "Two piezoelectric constants (polarization per unit stress, d=d'-id'', and polarization per unit strain, e=e'-ie''), the elastic constant, and dielectric constant are determined for oriented collagen at different hydration levels at 10 Hz from -150 to 50 degrees C. With no hydration (approximately 0% H2O), d' increases slightly with higher temperatures, while e' decreases slightly. Near 11 wt% H2O, both d' and e' increase then decrease around 0 degrees C, and is probably caused by an increase of the dielectric constant and the ionic conductivity in the nonpiezoelectric phase. Hydration greater than 25 wt%, d' and e' decrease above -50 degrees C which is considered to be due to a greater ionic conductivity surrounding the piezoelectric phase.", "contents": "Piezoelectric and related properties of hydrated collagen. Two piezoelectric constants (polarization per unit stress, d=d'-id'', and polarization per unit strain, e=e'-ie''), the elastic constant, and dielectric constant are determined for oriented collagen at different hydration levels at 10 Hz from -150 to 50 degrees C. With no hydration (approximately 0% H2O), d' increases slightly with higher temperatures, while e' decreases slightly. Near 11 wt% H2O, both d' and e' increase then decrease around 0 degrees C, and is probably caused by an increase of the dielectric constant and the ionic conductivity in the nonpiezoelectric phase. Hydration greater than 25 wt%, d' and e' decrease above -50 degrees C which is considered to be due to a greater ionic conductivity surrounding the piezoelectric phase."}
{"id": "PMID:938731", "title": "Numerical inversion of the Perrin equations for rotational and translational diffusion constants by iterative techniques.", "content": "An iterative numerical technique is presented which allows the semiaxes for prolate and oblate ellipsoids to be determined from the Perrin equations for rotational and translational diffusion constants. The use of this inversion technique is illustrated by application to the proteins: lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, human transferrin, and bovine rhodopsin solubilized in digitonin.", "contents": "Numerical inversion of the Perrin equations for rotational and translational diffusion constants by iterative techniques. An iterative numerical technique is presented which allows the semiaxes for prolate and oblate ellipsoids to be determined from the Perrin equations for rotational and translational diffusion constants. The use of this inversion technique is illustrated by application to the proteins: lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, human transferrin, and bovine rhodopsin solubilized in digitonin."}
{"id": "PMID:938732", "title": "Electron transport in xanthine oxidase. A model for other biological electron transport chains.", "content": "Part of the catalytic function of xanthine oxidase (XO) involves the transfer of two electrons from a substrate to a molybdenum ion on the enzyme followed by equilibration of these electrons among other electron resting sites on the enzyme. The electrons are removed from the enzyme at a flavin by oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. This paper considers mechanisms which allow the electrons to equilibrate between the different resting sites on the enzyme. The mechanisms are chosen to be consistent with known properties of the enzyme (relative reduction potentials, electron transfer rates, and the estimated separation of these resting sites). Tunneling appears to be a good candidate to account for most of the electron transport. It is shown that the XO electron transport system is similar in many respects to sections of mitochondrial electron transport chains and can serve as a nice model for parts of these more complicated biological electron transport systems.", "contents": "Electron transport in xanthine oxidase. A model for other biological electron transport chains. Part of the catalytic function of xanthine oxidase (XO) involves the transfer of two electrons from a substrate to a molybdenum ion on the enzyme followed by equilibration of these electrons among other electron resting sites on the enzyme. The electrons are removed from the enzyme at a flavin by oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. This paper considers mechanisms which allow the electrons to equilibrate between the different resting sites on the enzyme. The mechanisms are chosen to be consistent with known properties of the enzyme (relative reduction potentials, electron transfer rates, and the estimated separation of these resting sites). Tunneling appears to be a good candidate to account for most of the electron transport. It is shown that the XO electron transport system is similar in many respects to sections of mitochondrial electron transport chains and can serve as a nice model for parts of these more complicated biological electron transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:938733", "title": "Squid giant axons. A model for the neuron soma?", "content": "Insertion of electrically floating wires along the axis of a squid giant axon produces an apparent increase in diameter in the region where the wire surface has been treated to give it a low resistance. The shape of action potentials propagating into this region depend upon the surface resistance (and the length) of the wire. As this segment's internal resistance is lowered by reducing the wire's surface resistance, the following characteristic sequence of changes in the action potential is seen at the transition region: (a) the duration increases; (b) two peaks develop, the first one generated in the normal axon region and the second one generated later in the axial wire region, and; (c) blockage occurs (for a very low resistance wire). Action potentials recorded at the membrane region near the tip of the axial wire in (b) resemble those recorded at the initial segment of neurons upon antidromic invasions. Squid axon action potentials propagated from a normal region into that containing the low resistance wire also resemble antidromic invasions recorded in neuron somas. Hyperpolarizing current pulses applied through the wire act as if the wire surface resistance was momentarily reduced. For example, the two components of the action potential recorded at the axial wire membrane region noted in (b) can be sequentially blocked by the application of increasing hyperpolarizing current through the wire. Similar effects are seen when hyperpolarizing currents are injected into motoneuron somas. It is concluded that the geometrical properties of the junction of a neuron axon with its soma may be in themselves sufficient to determine the shape of the action potentials usually recorded by microelectrodes.", "contents": "Squid giant axons. A model for the neuron soma? Insertion of electrically floating wires along the axis of a squid giant axon produces an apparent increase in diameter in the region where the wire surface has been treated to give it a low resistance. The shape of action potentials propagating into this region depend upon the surface resistance (and the length) of the wire. As this segment's internal resistance is lowered by reducing the wire's surface resistance, the following characteristic sequence of changes in the action potential is seen at the transition region: (a) the duration increases; (b) two peaks develop, the first one generated in the normal axon region and the second one generated later in the axial wire region, and; (c) blockage occurs (for a very low resistance wire). Action potentials recorded at the membrane region near the tip of the axial wire in (b) resemble those recorded at the initial segment of neurons upon antidromic invasions. Squid axon action potentials propagated from a normal region into that containing the low resistance wire also resemble antidromic invasions recorded in neuron somas. Hyperpolarizing current pulses applied through the wire act as if the wire surface resistance was momentarily reduced. For example, the two components of the action potential recorded at the axial wire membrane region noted in (b) can be sequentially blocked by the application of increasing hyperpolarizing current through the wire. Similar effects are seen when hyperpolarizing currents are injected into motoneuron somas. It is concluded that the geometrical properties of the junction of a neuron axon with its soma may be in themselves sufficient to determine the shape of the action potentials usually recorded by microelectrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:938734", "title": "Differentiation of channel models by noise analysis.", "content": "Differentiation of membrane channel models based on fluctuation (or noise) analysis is discussed. The theory is particularly useful in distinguishing a single-conductance model (Hodgkin-Huxley formalism) from a multiconductance model. When applied to the frog node of Ranvier, it seems likely that the potassium channels of the membrane may have multiconductance states.", "contents": "Differentiation of channel models by noise analysis. Differentiation of membrane channel models based on fluctuation (or noise) analysis is discussed. The theory is particularly useful in distinguishing a single-conductance model (Hodgkin-Huxley formalism) from a multiconductance model. When applied to the frog node of Ranvier, it seems likely that the potassium channels of the membrane may have multiconductance states."}
{"id": "PMID:938735", "title": "A possible two-photon effect in vitro using a focused laser beam.", "content": "A probable two-photon effect is described as a result of focusing an intense pulsed laser beam onto chromosomes of living cells. The effect was suggested after the derivation of a two-photon action spectrum and the demonstration of a lack of reciprocity.", "contents": "A possible two-photon effect in vitro using a focused laser beam. A probable two-photon effect is described as a result of focusing an intense pulsed laser beam onto chromosomes of living cells. The effect was suggested after the derivation of a two-photon action spectrum and the demonstration of a lack of reciprocity."}
{"id": "PMID:938752", "title": "Pulse wave transmission times in central aorta and peripheral arteries in normal children.", "content": "Pulse wave transmission times and pulse wave velocities in central aorta and peripheral arteries were measured in a group of 85 healthy children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 21 years. A new external plethysmograph is described which gives reliable tracings of external pulsations. A method is given to calculate real pulse wave transmission time from the aortic valves to the groin.", "contents": "Pulse wave transmission times in central aorta and peripheral arteries in normal children. Pulse wave transmission times and pulse wave velocities in central aorta and peripheral arteries were measured in a group of 85 healthy children and adolescents between the ages of 1 and 21 years. A new external plethysmograph is described which gives reliable tracings of external pulsations. A method is given to calculate real pulse wave transmission time from the aortic valves to the groin."}
{"id": "PMID:938753", "title": "Vascular contraction: effect of age and extracellular calcium.", "content": "Contractile responses to norepinephrine, serotonin and potassium chloride were determined in vitro for aortas from rats 1, 2, 3 and 12 months of age. Responses were measured under conditions of optimum length (3 cm) and resting tension (1 g). Aortic response to a maximum concentration of norepinephrine was greatest for vessels from 3-month-old rats. For all three agonists, aortas from 12-month-old rats contracted less than aortas from 2-month-old rats. The role of calcium in aortic contraction also varied with age. For rats 1-2 months of age, serotonin and potassium chloride-induced contractions were highly dependent on extracellular calcium, while norepinephrine-induced contraction showed only a slight dependence on extracellular calcium. In 12-month-old rats, all agonists were dependent on extracellular calcium for contraction. For serotonin and norepinephrine, the ability of muscle to contract in calcium-free media was decreased with age. Although the mechanism for such an altered dependence of aortic contraction on calcium has not been established, it is proposed that the utilization of extracellular calcium for contraction is not only agonist- but also age-dependent.", "contents": "Vascular contraction: effect of age and extracellular calcium. Contractile responses to norepinephrine, serotonin and potassium chloride were determined in vitro for aortas from rats 1, 2, 3 and 12 months of age. Responses were measured under conditions of optimum length (3 cm) and resting tension (1 g). Aortic response to a maximum concentration of norepinephrine was greatest for vessels from 3-month-old rats. For all three agonists, aortas from 12-month-old rats contracted less than aortas from 2-month-old rats. The role of calcium in aortic contraction also varied with age. For rats 1-2 months of age, serotonin and potassium chloride-induced contractions were highly dependent on extracellular calcium, while norepinephrine-induced contraction showed only a slight dependence on extracellular calcium. In 12-month-old rats, all agonists were dependent on extracellular calcium for contraction. For serotonin and norepinephrine, the ability of muscle to contract in calcium-free media was decreased with age. Although the mechanism for such an altered dependence of aortic contraction on calcium has not been established, it is proposed that the utilization of extracellular calcium for contraction is not only agonist- but also age-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:938754", "title": "Intrinsic prostaglandin release. A mediator of anoxia-induced relaxation in an isolated coronary artery preparation.", "content": "Isolated coronary artery strips of the bovine heart in vitro relax in response to decreased bath oxygen tensions (from 515 mm Hg to 112, 53, and 38 mm Hg). In addition, the rate of intrinsic formation and release of prostaglandin is considerably increased under conditions of decreased PO2. The vascular relaxations under reduced PO2 are attenuated and the elevations in prostaglandin output blocked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. It appears that alterations in the output of a PGE with vasodilator activity, probably E1, is a significant factor regulating the compensatory changes in tone of the coronary arteries in response to anoxic conditions.", "contents": "Intrinsic prostaglandin release. A mediator of anoxia-induced relaxation in an isolated coronary artery preparation. Isolated coronary artery strips of the bovine heart in vitro relax in response to decreased bath oxygen tensions (from 515 mm Hg to 112, 53, and 38 mm Hg). In addition, the rate of intrinsic formation and release of prostaglandin is considerably increased under conditions of decreased PO2. The vascular relaxations under reduced PO2 are attenuated and the elevations in prostaglandin output blocked by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. It appears that alterations in the output of a PGE with vasodilator activity, probably E1, is a significant factor regulating the compensatory changes in tone of the coronary arteries in response to anoxic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:938755", "title": "Vasodilator effect of thrombins prepared from normal or deficient human or canine plasmas.", "content": "Thrombins prepared from plasmas deficient in various clotting factors are capable of inducing vasodilator response to the hindlimb of the dog and this response proved to be similar to that produced by thrombins prepared from normal plasmas. Thus the vascular effect of thrombin is not mediated by any other clotting factor which might be present in small amounts in the thrombin preparations. Thrombin prepared from canine normal plasma exerted a more potent vasodilator response, indicating a species specificity for the vascular response to thrombin. Since the vasodilating effect of thrombin is not mediated by (i) a nervous mechanism, (ii) any known vasodilating substance or (iii) any other clotting factor, it is concluded that the thrombin moiety possesses vasodilating properties.", "contents": "Vasodilator effect of thrombins prepared from normal or deficient human or canine plasmas. Thrombins prepared from plasmas deficient in various clotting factors are capable of inducing vasodilator response to the hindlimb of the dog and this response proved to be similar to that produced by thrombins prepared from normal plasmas. Thus the vascular effect of thrombin is not mediated by any other clotting factor which might be present in small amounts in the thrombin preparations. Thrombin prepared from canine normal plasma exerted a more potent vasodilator response, indicating a species specificity for the vascular response to thrombin. Since the vasodilating effect of thrombin is not mediated by (i) a nervous mechanism, (ii) any known vasodilating substance or (iii) any other clotting factor, it is concluded that the thrombin moiety possesses vasodilating properties."}
{"id": "PMID:938759", "title": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene on some growth parameters of Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "Chlorella pyrenoidosa was incubated with HCB (0.001-10.0 ppm) in a \"light-thermostat\" at 30 degrees C for 46 h with continuous light (4000 Lux) and aeration. HCB decreased growth as deduced from measurements of chlorophyll content, dry matter, carbohydrate content, and total nitrogen. Incubation with HCB for three months in Erlenmeyer-flasks resulted in an increase of chlorophyll over control value in cultures receiving 0.1 and 1.0 ppm HCB. After transfer of the cultures from Erlenmeyer-flasks to growth conditions of a \"light-thermostat\", growth of the algae was greatly enhanced by all HCB concentrations studied; a concentration of 0.1 ppm being most effective.", "contents": "Effect of hexachlorobenzene on some growth parameters of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was incubated with HCB (0.001-10.0 ppm) in a \"light-thermostat\" at 30 degrees C for 46 h with continuous light (4000 Lux) and aeration. HCB decreased growth as deduced from measurements of chlorophyll content, dry matter, carbohydrate content, and total nitrogen. Incubation with HCB for three months in Erlenmeyer-flasks resulted in an increase of chlorophyll over control value in cultures receiving 0.1 and 1.0 ppm HCB. After transfer of the cultures from Erlenmeyer-flasks to growth conditions of a \"light-thermostat\", growth of the algae was greatly enhanced by all HCB concentrations studied; a concentration of 0.1 ppm being most effective."}
{"id": "PMID:938765", "title": "The short-term toxicity of some feed additives to different freshwater organisms.", "content": "The short-term toxicity (EC50 respectively LC50 after 2 or 4 days) of 13 feed additives was determined to 4 freshwater organisms of different trophical levels: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The most toxic (LC(EC)50 less than 1 mg/1) were robenidine (to all tested organisms) and stenorol (to Daphnia); moderately toxic (1 less than LC(EC)50 less than 10 mg/1) was pyrimethamine. Amprolium, ethopabate, furazolidone and zoalene proved to be little toxic (LC(EC)50 greater than 10 mg/1); whereas buquinolate, carbadox, clopidol, decoquinate, grofas and sulfaquinoxaline were under the experimental conditions not toxic for the tested organisms.", "contents": "The short-term toxicity of some feed additives to different freshwater organisms. The short-term toxicity (EC50 respectively LC50 after 2 or 4 days) of 13 feed additives was determined to 4 freshwater organisms of different trophical levels: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Daphnia magna, Lebistes reticulatus and Salmo gairdneri. The most toxic (LC(EC)50 less than 1 mg/1) were robenidine (to all tested organisms) and stenorol (to Daphnia); moderately toxic (1 less than LC(EC)50 less than 10 mg/1) was pyrimethamine. Amprolium, ethopabate, furazolidone and zoalene proved to be little toxic (LC(EC)50 greater than 10 mg/1); whereas buquinolate, carbadox, clopidol, decoquinate, grofas and sulfaquinoxaline were under the experimental conditions not toxic for the tested organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:938766", "title": "Determination of lead in human lungs by direct flameless atomic absorption analysis of small tissue samples.", "content": "The direct-atomization technique of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy has shown to be a useful and accurate method when applied to determination of the concentration of lead in human lung tissue. The analytical results are highly reproducible and agree with those obtained by the conventional flame atomic absorption technique.", "contents": "Determination of lead in human lungs by direct flameless atomic absorption analysis of small tissue samples. The direct-atomization technique of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy has shown to be a useful and accurate method when applied to determination of the concentration of lead in human lung tissue. The analytical results are highly reproducible and agree with those obtained by the conventional flame atomic absorption technique."}
{"id": "PMID:938771", "title": "Selected list of books and journals for a small dental library.", "content": "This subject list of 109 dental books and 20 dental journals is intended to help the dental book committee and the librarian of a small health sciences library achieve a balanced collection of dental books and journals. Cost of books totals $2,180.00, that of journals is $571,00, making a total of $2,751.00. Cost of starred books totals $927.30, that of starred journals is $109.50, making a total of $1,036.80.", "contents": "Selected list of books and journals for a small dental library. This subject list of 109 dental books and 20 dental journals is intended to help the dental book committee and the librarian of a small health sciences library achieve a balanced collection of dental books and journals. Cost of books totals $2,180.00, that of journals is $571,00, making a total of $2,751.00. Cost of starred books totals $927.30, that of starred journals is $109.50, making a total of $1,036.80."}
{"id": "PMID:938772", "title": "New library buildings. Part VII. The Health Sciences Library of the University of Virginia.", "content": "This article describes the new Health Sciences Library at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. The library was under construction for about two years and opened in August 1975. It comprises an area of 66,250 sq. ft. gross, almost 44,000 sq. ft. net, and provides space for approximately 190,000 volumes, 500 readers, and a staff of 35. The cost of construction was $2,350,000, plus approximately $400,000 for furnishings and equipment. A portion of the library is located on a bridge spanning a four-lane highway. Special features include a 6,000 net sq. ft. audiovisual information center, Elecompack (TM) motorized shelves for little-used materials, and a closed-circuit television surveillance system.", "contents": "New library buildings. Part VII. The Health Sciences Library of the University of Virginia. This article describes the new Health Sciences Library at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. The library was under construction for about two years and opened in August 1975. It comprises an area of 66,250 sq. ft. gross, almost 44,000 sq. ft. net, and provides space for approximately 190,000 volumes, 500 readers, and a staff of 35. The cost of construction was $2,350,000, plus approximately $400,000 for furnishings and equipment. A portion of the library is located on a bridge spanning a four-lane highway. Special features include a 6,000 net sq. ft. audiovisual information center, Elecompack (TM) motorized shelves for little-used materials, and a closed-circuit television surveillance system."}
{"id": "PMID:938773", "title": "Evaluation of a clinical medical librarianship program at a university Health Sciences Library.", "content": "An evaluation of the clinical medical librarianship program at the University of Washington Health Sciences Library was undertaken to determine the benefits of the program to patient care and to the education of the recipients of the service. Results of a questionnaire reflected overwhelming acceptance  of the clinical medical librarianship program. Guidelines for the establishment of a limited clinical medical librarianship program are described. A statistical cost analysis of the program is included.", "contents": "Evaluation of a clinical medical librarianship program at a university Health Sciences Library. An evaluation of the clinical medical librarianship program at the University of Washington Health Sciences Library was undertaken to determine the benefits of the program to patient care and to the education of the recipients of the service. Results of a questionnaire reflected overwhelming acceptance  of the clinical medical librarianship program. Guidelines for the establishment of a limited clinical medical librarianship program are described. A statistical cost analysis of the program is included."}
{"id": "PMID:938774", "title": "Effects of binding policy and other factors on the availability of journal issues.", "content": "Random samples of journal issues, derived from a test set of 106 biomedical journal titles, were checked against the shelves of the Woodward Biomedical Library under circulating and noncirculating conditions. As well as circulation, binding procedures and duplication of sets were seen to affect availability. Indications are that the practice of binding journals upon completion of the volume may remove them from use at a time of peak demand. The usefulness of second sets of journals appeared to decline rapidly within a few years after publication. A change from circulating to noncirculating conditions may have increased availability certain journals by discouraging use.", "contents": "Effects of binding policy and other factors on the availability of journal issues. Random samples of journal issues, derived from a test set of 106 biomedical journal titles, were checked against the shelves of the Woodward Biomedical Library under circulating and noncirculating conditions. As well as circulation, binding procedures and duplication of sets were seen to affect availability. Indications are that the practice of binding journals upon completion of the volume may remove them from use at a time of peak demand. The usefulness of second sets of journals appeared to decline rapidly within a few years after publication. A change from circulating to noncirculating conditions may have increased availability certain journals by discouraging use."}
{"id": "PMID:938775", "title": "The reorganization of a monographic reference collection.", "content": "Reference monographs in the Health Sciences Library of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey were reorganized recently according to form, in order to enable both librarians and patrons to utilize these materials more efficiently. This reorganization reflects the unique characteristics of reference books as differentiated from the regular monographic collection, since reference materials are frequently consulted for quick \"look-ups.\" A reference category scheme was developed and implemented, based on observations of and comparisons with reference collections of eight medical libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The reorganization enhances the retrievability of materials from this collection.", "contents": "The reorganization of a monographic reference collection. Reference monographs in the Health Sciences Library of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey were reorganized recently according to form, in order to enable both librarians and patrons to utilize these materials more efficiently. This reorganization reflects the unique characteristics of reference books as differentiated from the regular monographic collection, since reference materials are frequently consulted for quick \"look-ups.\" A reference category scheme was developed and implemented, based on observations of and comparisons with reference collections of eight medical libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The reorganization enhances the retrievability of materials from this collection."}
{"id": "PMID:938776", "title": "TWX and interlibrary loans; one library's experience.", "content": "Vanderbilt Medical Center Library (VMCL) first installed TWX in 1966, thus joining the teletypewriter exchange (TWX) network. Eight years later (1974), VMCL removed its TWX terminal, mainly as an economy measure. It is the opinion of the author that the benefits derived from using TWX for interlibrary loan do not warrant the cost of the service. VMCL looks forward to a new approach.", "contents": "TWX and interlibrary loans; one library's experience. Vanderbilt Medical Center Library (VMCL) first installed TWX in 1966, thus joining the teletypewriter exchange (TWX) network. Eight years later (1974), VMCL removed its TWX terminal, mainly as an economy measure. It is the opinion of the author that the benefits derived from using TWX for interlibrary loan do not warrant the cost of the service. VMCL looks forward to a new approach."}
{"id": "PMID:938777", "title": "Biomedical periodicals in Nigerian Medical Libraries: the medical librarian's dilemma.", "content": "The Nigerian medical librarian has an uphill task in his effort to satisfy the journal needs of users of his library. His problems stem from difficulties in the selection and acquisition of journals, delay in postal services, budgetary and other administrative controls, and the changing nature of medical education and health-care services in Nigeria. The librarian's attempts to solve these problems include increased subscriptions to journals and use of interlibrary loans, but the absence of union lists of holdings of other libraries, the heavy cost of photocopying services, and poor postal facilities present another dimension to his problems. Eventually his best solution seems to lie in the establishment of a national center for \"least used\" journals to serve as a source stock for the country's medical libraries.", "contents": "Biomedical periodicals in Nigerian Medical Libraries: the medical librarian's dilemma. The Nigerian medical librarian has an uphill task in his effort to satisfy the journal needs of users of his library. His problems stem from difficulties in the selection and acquisition of journals, delay in postal services, budgetary and other administrative controls, and the changing nature of medical education and health-care services in Nigeria. The librarian's attempts to solve these problems include increased subscriptions to journals and use of interlibrary loans, but the absence of union lists of holdings of other libraries, the heavy cost of photocopying services, and poor postal facilities present another dimension to his problems. Eventually his best solution seems to lie in the establishment of a national center for \"least used\" journals to serve as a source stock for the country's medical libraries."}
{"id": "PMID:938778", "title": "NLM Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant Program: an evaluation.", "content": "The Extramural Programs, NLM, undertook a staff study to evaluate the Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant Program in order to determine impact on hospital library development and to assess factors significant to regional medical library (RML) network development. Initiated in fiscal year 1971, the improvement grant program provides one-year, one-time grant awards of a maximum of $3,000 to assist in establishing a basic collection of books, journals, and other health science information resources for community hospitals and comparable health facilities. Applicants who received grant awards were compared to applicants who did not receive awards and to nonapplicants, using nine dependent variables, four independent variables, and responses to an RML questionnaire. Results show that the applicants who received awards outperformed the other groups, and that the improvement grant program has been successful in stimulating library development. As a result of this study, the improvement grant program will be modified to support consortium arrangements as well as individual institutions, and to extend the period of grant support to two years. Future grant support will be a maximum of $4,000 in the first year, and up to $3,000 with a provision of $1,000 in matching funds from the grantee in the second year.", "contents": "NLM Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant Program: an evaluation. The Extramural Programs, NLM, undertook a staff study to evaluate the Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant Program in order to determine impact on hospital library development and to assess factors significant to regional medical library (RML) network development. Initiated in fiscal year 1971, the improvement grant program provides one-year, one-time grant awards of a maximum of $3,000 to assist in establishing a basic collection of books, journals, and other health science information resources for community hospitals and comparable health facilities. Applicants who received grant awards were compared to applicants who did not receive awards and to nonapplicants, using nine dependent variables, four independent variables, and responses to an RML questionnaire. Results show that the applicants who received awards outperformed the other groups, and that the improvement grant program has been successful in stimulating library development. As a result of this study, the improvement grant program will be modified to support consortium arrangements as well as individual institutions, and to extend the period of grant support to two years. Future grant support will be a maximum of $4,000 in the first year, and up to $3,000 with a provision of $1,000 in matching funds from the grantee in the second year."}
{"id": "PMID:938784", "title": "The fate of isolated segments of flexor tendons within the digital sheath--a study in synovial nutrition.", "content": "A study has been made of the fate of isolated, devascularised segments of profundus tendon replaced within the synovial flexor sheaths in the front paws of adult rabbits. In all the experiments the segments were found to have survived as viable \"loose bodies\" and no adhesions developed. Active remodelling processes occurred over the cut ends of the segments and degenerative changes were confined to the most deeply lying tissue. The experiments confirm the existence of a synovial fluid pathway of nutrition, concerned, it is suggested, with nourishing the more superficial layers of the tendon.", "contents": "The fate of isolated segments of flexor tendons within the digital sheath--a study in synovial nutrition. A study has been made of the fate of isolated, devascularised segments of profundus tendon replaced within the synovial flexor sheaths in the front paws of adult rabbits. In all the experiments the segments were found to have survived as viable \"loose bodies\" and no adhesions developed. Active remodelling processes occurred over the cut ends of the segments and degenerative changes were confined to the most deeply lying tissue. The experiments confirm the existence of a synovial fluid pathway of nutrition, concerned, it is suggested, with nourishing the more superficial layers of the tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:938791", "title": "Cartilage formation from free perichondrial grafts: an experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "To study whether free-grafted perichondrium would produce new cartilage, perichondrium taken from the rabbits' ears was transplanted to the subcutaneous tissues of the groin and the back, to the muscles of the back, to the areolar tissue in the neck, and to the parenchyma of the liver. A clot of blood was placed in close contact with the perichondrium at randomly selected recipient sites. Wherever the perichondrium was grafted in the presence of clotted blood new cartilage was produced, irrespective of age and weight of the rabbit. When blood was withheld, little or no cartilage formed. New formation of cartilage began in the first week after transplantation and the cartilage was mature within 7 weeks.", "contents": "Cartilage formation from free perichondrial grafts: an experimental study in rabbits. To study whether free-grafted perichondrium would produce new cartilage, perichondrium taken from the rabbits' ears was transplanted to the subcutaneous tissues of the groin and the back, to the muscles of the back, to the areolar tissue in the neck, and to the parenchyma of the liver. A clot of blood was placed in close contact with the perichondrium at randomly selected recipient sites. Wherever the perichondrium was grafted in the presence of clotted blood new cartilage was produced, irrespective of age and weight of the rabbit. When blood was withheld, little or no cartilage formed. New formation of cartilage began in the first week after transplantation and the cartilage was mature within 7 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:938792", "title": "Peripheral effects of fenfluramine.", "content": "1 The peripheral cardiovascular effects of the centrally acting anorexigenic agent, fenfluramine hydrochloride, have been investigated in the rat. 2 After intravenous administration of fenfluramine, an immediate hypotensive response, followed by a reflex rise in blood pressure was recorded. This was followed by a prolonged fall in blood pressure which frequently failed to return to pre-drug levels. 3 The antagonists, propranolol and atropine, failed to inhibit this hypotensive effect of fenfluramine. 4 The effects of 5 mg/kg fenfluramine for 1h on the blood pressure responses to the sympathomimetic amines, tyramine, methoxamine and metaraminol were studied. 5 The responses to the indirectly acting tyramine were reduced by 50% following fenfluramine, while those to the directly acting methoxamine remained unaffected by the drug. Responses to metaraminol, an amine with both direct and indirect actions, were also unaffected to a significant degree by fenfluramine. 6 Studies on rat isolated vas deferens again showed that responses to tyramine are greatly reduced following fenfluramine. 7 In addition fenfluramine itself produced spontaneous contractions of the vas deferens. These contractions were blocked by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents phentolamine and thymoxamine. 8 It is suggested that fenfluramine exerts an effect at the adrenergic nerve terminal, either by displacing noradrenaline stores or by inhibition of the amine uptake process.", "contents": "Peripheral effects of fenfluramine. 1 The peripheral cardiovascular effects of the centrally acting anorexigenic agent, fenfluramine hydrochloride, have been investigated in the rat. 2 After intravenous administration of fenfluramine, an immediate hypotensive response, followed by a reflex rise in blood pressure was recorded. This was followed by a prolonged fall in blood pressure which frequently failed to return to pre-drug levels. 3 The antagonists, propranolol and atropine, failed to inhibit this hypotensive effect of fenfluramine. 4 The effects of 5 mg/kg fenfluramine for 1h on the blood pressure responses to the sympathomimetic amines, tyramine, methoxamine and metaraminol were studied. 5 The responses to the indirectly acting tyramine were reduced by 50% following fenfluramine, while those to the directly acting methoxamine remained unaffected by the drug. Responses to metaraminol, an amine with both direct and indirect actions, were also unaffected to a significant degree by fenfluramine. 6 Studies on rat isolated vas deferens again showed that responses to tyramine are greatly reduced following fenfluramine. 7 In addition fenfluramine itself produced spontaneous contractions of the vas deferens. These contractions were blocked by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents phentolamine and thymoxamine. 8 It is suggested that fenfluramine exerts an effect at the adrenergic nerve terminal, either by displacing noradrenaline stores or by inhibition of the amine uptake process."}
{"id": "PMID:938793", "title": "Analysis of the effects of p-methoxy-phenylethylamine on spinal cord neurones.", "content": "1 Para-methoxyphenylethylamine (PMPEA) was applied microiontophoretically onto interneurones and motoneurones in the spinal cords of acute spinal cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Its effects were compared with those of noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 2 PMPEA had effects on interneurones which were similar to those of NA and/or 5-HT; its action was predominantly depressant, and it rarely affected interneurones which could not be influenced by NA or 5-HT. 3 The actions of PMPEA on interneurones excited by electrical stimulation of leg nerves showed that the population of interneurones influenced by the drug coincides with the population affected by NA and 5-HT and by intravenously administered PMPEA. 4 Renshaw cells, which are depolarized by intravenous PMPEA, were hyperpolarized by micoiontophoretically applied PMPEA. 5 Alpha motoneurones, which are depolarized by intravenous PMPEA, were hyperpolarized by micoiontophoretically applied PMPEA. Antidromic firing of the cells could be blocked by PMPEA. 6 The differences between the effects of intravenous infusion and the iontophoretic application of PMPEA upon motoneurones is most easily explained by inhibition of interneurones and a concomitant disinhibition of motoneurones. A similar mechanism may also account for the different effects seen with intravenous and iontophoretic application of PMPEA on Renshaw cells.", "contents": "Analysis of the effects of p-methoxy-phenylethylamine on spinal cord neurones. 1 Para-methoxyphenylethylamine (PMPEA) was applied microiontophoretically onto interneurones and motoneurones in the spinal cords of acute spinal cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Its effects were compared with those of noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 2 PMPEA had effects on interneurones which were similar to those of NA and/or 5-HT; its action was predominantly depressant, and it rarely affected interneurones which could not be influenced by NA or 5-HT. 3 The actions of PMPEA on interneurones excited by electrical stimulation of leg nerves showed that the population of interneurones influenced by the drug coincides with the population affected by NA and 5-HT and by intravenously administered PMPEA. 4 Renshaw cells, which are depolarized by intravenous PMPEA, were hyperpolarized by micoiontophoretically applied PMPEA. 5 Alpha motoneurones, which are depolarized by intravenous PMPEA, were hyperpolarized by micoiontophoretically applied PMPEA. Antidromic firing of the cells could be blocked by PMPEA. 6 The differences between the effects of intravenous infusion and the iontophoretic application of PMPEA upon motoneurones is most easily explained by inhibition of interneurones and a concomitant disinhibition of motoneurones. A similar mechanism may also account for the different effects seen with intravenous and iontophoretic application of PMPEA on Renshaw cells."}
{"id": "PMID:938794", "title": "Compounds designed to fit a site of known structure in human haemoglobin.", "content": "1 The three-dimensional coordinates of the atoms in human haemoglobin are known, and there is a specific site in the deoxygenated form of the protein at which 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) interacts. 2 Molecular models of this site have been constructed and used to design compounds which should bind to the deoxy conformation and stabilize it. These compounds should therby promote oxygen liberation, as does DPG. 3The compounds so designed were found to promote oxygen liberation. Their relative potencies, as assessed by sigmoidal dose-response curves, are in the predicted sequence.", "contents": "Compounds designed to fit a site of known structure in human haemoglobin. 1 The three-dimensional coordinates of the atoms in human haemoglobin are known, and there is a specific site in the deoxygenated form of the protein at which 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) interacts. 2 Molecular models of this site have been constructed and used to design compounds which should bind to the deoxy conformation and stabilize it. These compounds should therby promote oxygen liberation, as does DPG. 3The compounds so designed were found to promote oxygen liberation. Their relative potencies, as assessed by sigmoidal dose-response curves, are in the predicted sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:938795", "title": "Nature of histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone.", "content": "1 The protective effects of the intracerebroventicular (i.c.v.) administration of the H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine and the H2-receptor antagonists, burimamide and metiamide on centrally induced histamine-emesis were studied in unanaesthetized dogs. 2 The PD50 values of intraventricular mepyramine, burimamide and metiamide against the 100% emetic dose of histamine (3.0 mg i.c.v.) were found to be approximately 200 mug, 20 mug and 20 mug respectively. 3 Although burimamide (i.c.v. or i.v.) afforded protection against histamine-induced emesis, there was no protection against intravenous apomorphine-or oral copper sulphate-induced emesis. 4 The results suggest that both H1- and H2-histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema are concerned in histamine-induced emesis.", "contents": "Nature of histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone. 1 The protective effects of the intracerebroventicular (i.c.v.) administration of the H1-receptor antagonist, mepyramine and the H2-receptor antagonists, burimamide and metiamide on centrally induced histamine-emesis were studied in unanaesthetized dogs. 2 The PD50 values of intraventricular mepyramine, burimamide and metiamide against the 100% emetic dose of histamine (3.0 mg i.c.v.) were found to be approximately 200 mug, 20 mug and 20 mug respectively. 3 Although burimamide (i.c.v. or i.v.) afforded protection against histamine-induced emesis, there was no protection against intravenous apomorphine-or oral copper sulphate-induced emesis. 4 The results suggest that both H1- and H2-histamine receptors in the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema are concerned in histamine-induced emesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938796", "title": "Effects of several inhalation anaesthetics on the kinetics of postsynaptic conductance changes in mouse diaphragm.", "content": "1 Miniature endplate currents were recorded with extracellular electrodes in mouse diaphragms in order to measure the kinetics of the conductance change produced by acetylcholine. Miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) were recorded intracellularly in the same fibres in which the currents were being recoreded. 2 The general anaesthetics, ether, halothane, chloroform and enflurane at low (anaesthetic) concentrations increased the rate of decay of miniature endplate currents (m.e.p.cs) and reduced the amplitude of m.e.p.ps in this way. 3 At high concentrations the anaesthetics caused a reduction in the amplitude of both m.e.p.cs and m.e.p.ps, and a decrease in the rate of decay of the currents. With halothane and enflurane the decay of some currents became biphasic, with a prolonged tail. 4 It was proposed that the increased rate of decay of the conductance caused by the four agents at anaesthetic concentrations is due to an increase in the fluidity of the subsynaptic membrane. Prolongation of the currents at higher concentrations may be caused by an increase in membrane dielectric constant. 5 The effectiveness of the four anaesthetics in producing a 30% decrease in the time constant of decay of m.e.p.cs was shown to be related to their oil/water partition coefficients and followed closely the relationship between anaesthetic potency and oil/water partition coefficient. It is suggested therefore that the four anaesthetics may produce anaesthesia by changing the kinetics of postsynaptic conductance changes at synapses, perphaps by increasing membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Effects of several inhalation anaesthetics on the kinetics of postsynaptic conductance changes in mouse diaphragm. 1 Miniature endplate currents were recorded with extracellular electrodes in mouse diaphragms in order to measure the kinetics of the conductance change produced by acetylcholine. Miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) were recorded intracellularly in the same fibres in which the currents were being recoreded. 2 The general anaesthetics, ether, halothane, chloroform and enflurane at low (anaesthetic) concentrations increased the rate of decay of miniature endplate currents (m.e.p.cs) and reduced the amplitude of m.e.p.ps in this way. 3 At high concentrations the anaesthetics caused a reduction in the amplitude of both m.e.p.cs and m.e.p.ps, and a decrease in the rate of decay of the currents. With halothane and enflurane the decay of some currents became biphasic, with a prolonged tail. 4 It was proposed that the increased rate of decay of the conductance caused by the four agents at anaesthetic concentrations is due to an increase in the fluidity of the subsynaptic membrane. Prolongation of the currents at higher concentrations may be caused by an increase in membrane dielectric constant. 5 The effectiveness of the four anaesthetics in producing a 30% decrease in the time constant of decay of m.e.p.cs was shown to be related to their oil/water partition coefficients and followed closely the relationship between anaesthetic potency and oil/water partition coefficient. It is suggested therefore that the four anaesthetics may produce anaesthesia by changing the kinetics of postsynaptic conductance changes at synapses, perphaps by increasing membrane fluidity."}
{"id": "PMID:938797", "title": "Ontogenesis of enzyme systems deaminating different monoamines.", "content": "1 A detailed investigation into the postnatal development of the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the rat and domestic pig was carried out. 2 MAO activity was measured in littermate male rats aged between 3 and 122 days belonging to six breeding colonies. The tissues studied were three brain regions in which monoamines may play a role in neuronal transmission (septum, hypothalamus, corpus striatum) and, for comparison, in the cerebellum. Liver, heart and adrenal glands were the peripheral organs studied. The following substrates were used to measure MAO activity in each tissue homogenate: kynuramine, tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 3 MAO activity towards kynuramine, tyramine and dopamine increased after birth in all brain regions and also in the liver, to reach maximal values between days 40 and 80. In the heart and the adrenal glands enzyme activity remained low up to 30-40 days and then increased steeply. This was the case in all litters examined. 4 All tissues deaminated more tyramine than dopamine. In the liver, the ratio of the quantities of tyramine deaminated/dopamine deaminated was approx. 2 at all ages. In the homogenates of whole brains (including or excluding the hypothalamus and striatum) this ratio was also 2 at all ages. In contrast in the isolated striatum and hypothalamus it was first much higher and reached a value of 2 only at an age of about 20 days. This may indicate an independent development of a dopamine and a tyramine deaminating enzyme system in discrete brain regions. It was suggested, that the low ability to deaminate dopamine in discrete brain regions may be due to the local presence of an enzyme inhibitor which becomes too diluted to be active in homogenates of whole brain. 5 Deamination of tryptamine in the striatum decreased between day 5 and 20 in 3 out of 4 colonies tested. There was a large fall in the deamination of 5-HT in all tissues of one group of rats, but in another 4 groups the tissues of the 5 day old rats deaminated smaller amounts of 5-HT than those of the older rats. 6 Purified hypothalamic mitochondria from 40 day old rats deaminated more tyramine and dopamine but not tryptamine per mg protein than those from 5 day old rats. 7 In the domestic pig there was a significant rise in the values in hippocampal MAO activity towards dopamine and tyramine from the foetus (55 day gestation) to the 1 week old piglet. A further steady rise up to week 6 was indicated, but this rise was not statistically significant. The difference between rat and pig probably reflected the much higher degree of maturity of the latter at birth. 8 In the hippocampus of the pig the ratio between the amount of tyramine deaminated/dopamine deaminated decreased from greater than 10 (foetus) to 4.8 in the 6 week old pig and 2 in the adult.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of enzyme systems deaminating different monoamines. 1 A detailed investigation into the postnatal development of the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the rat and domestic pig was carried out. 2 MAO activity was measured in littermate male rats aged between 3 and 122 days belonging to six breeding colonies. The tissues studied were three brain regions in which monoamines may play a role in neuronal transmission (septum, hypothalamus, corpus striatum) and, for comparison, in the cerebellum. Liver, heart and adrenal glands were the peripheral organs studied. The following substrates were used to measure MAO activity in each tissue homogenate: kynuramine, tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 3 MAO activity towards kynuramine, tyramine and dopamine increased after birth in all brain regions and also in the liver, to reach maximal values between days 40 and 80. In the heart and the adrenal glands enzyme activity remained low up to 30-40 days and then increased steeply. This was the case in all litters examined. 4 All tissues deaminated more tyramine than dopamine. In the liver, the ratio of the quantities of tyramine deaminated/dopamine deaminated was approx. 2 at all ages. In the homogenates of whole brains (including or excluding the hypothalamus and striatum) this ratio was also 2 at all ages. In contrast in the isolated striatum and hypothalamus it was first much higher and reached a value of 2 only at an age of about 20 days. This may indicate an independent development of a dopamine and a tyramine deaminating enzyme system in discrete brain regions. It was suggested, that the low ability to deaminate dopamine in discrete brain regions may be due to the local presence of an enzyme inhibitor which becomes too diluted to be active in homogenates of whole brain. 5 Deamination of tryptamine in the striatum decreased between day 5 and 20 in 3 out of 4 colonies tested. There was a large fall in the deamination of 5-HT in all tissues of one group of rats, but in another 4 groups the tissues of the 5 day old rats deaminated smaller amounts of 5-HT than those of the older rats. 6 Purified hypothalamic mitochondria from 40 day old rats deaminated more tyramine and dopamine but not tryptamine per mg protein than those from 5 day old rats. 7 In the domestic pig there was a significant rise in the values in hippocampal MAO activity towards dopamine and tyramine from the foetus (55 day gestation) to the 1 week old piglet. A further steady rise up to week 6 was indicated, but this rise was not statistically significant. The difference between rat and pig probably reflected the much higher degree of maturity of the latter at birth. 8 In the hippocampus of the pig the ratio between the amount of tyramine deaminated/dopamine deaminated decreased from greater than 10 (foetus) to 4.8 in the 6 week old pig and 2 in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:938798", "title": "Comparative effects of propranolol and practolol in the early stages of experimental canine myocardial infarction.", "content": "1 The effects of propranolol and practolol, at equivalent myocardial beta-adrenoceptor blocking doses, (as assessed by the degree of shift of isoprenaline dose-response curves) were investigated in anaesthetized greyhounds before and after acute coronary artery ligation. 2 When administered intravenously to the intact close-chest dog, propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) and practolol (0.5 mg/kg) caused similar decreases in heart rate, left ventricular dP/dt max, myocardial blood flow and cardiac output. Only propranolol increased peripheral vascular resistance. 3 When administered 2-3h after acute coronary artery ligation, propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) significantly decreased blood flow in both normally perfused and ischaemic regions of the heart. There was also electrocardiographic evidence of further deterioration after propranolol; two out of seven animals died following this treatment. 4 Practolol (0.5 mg/kg) when administered after coronary artery ligation also decreased normal myocardial blood flow but flow in the ischaemic area remained unchanged. Evidence was obtained from electrocardiographic, myocardial temperature, myocardial O2 consumption and lactate measurements that the administration of practolol, in contrast to propranolol, benefited the ischaemic myocardium. 5 Analysis of the results suggests that this beneficial action of practolol may be related to at least two mechanisms. Firstly the ability of practolol to increase the period during diastole when perfusion of the subendocardium is possible, without decreasing the transventricular pressure during this period. Secondly that practolol does not unmask alpha-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction in the ischaemic region.", "contents": "Comparative effects of propranolol and practolol in the early stages of experimental canine myocardial infarction. 1 The effects of propranolol and practolol, at equivalent myocardial beta-adrenoceptor blocking doses, (as assessed by the degree of shift of isoprenaline dose-response curves) were investigated in anaesthetized greyhounds before and after acute coronary artery ligation. 2 When administered intravenously to the intact close-chest dog, propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) and practolol (0.5 mg/kg) caused similar decreases in heart rate, left ventricular dP/dt max, myocardial blood flow and cardiac output. Only propranolol increased peripheral vascular resistance. 3 When administered 2-3h after acute coronary artery ligation, propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) significantly decreased blood flow in both normally perfused and ischaemic regions of the heart. There was also electrocardiographic evidence of further deterioration after propranolol; two out of seven animals died following this treatment. 4 Practolol (0.5 mg/kg) when administered after coronary artery ligation also decreased normal myocardial blood flow but flow in the ischaemic area remained unchanged. Evidence was obtained from electrocardiographic, myocardial temperature, myocardial O2 consumption and lactate measurements that the administration of practolol, in contrast to propranolol, benefited the ischaemic myocardium. 5 Analysis of the results suggests that this beneficial action of practolol may be related to at least two mechanisms. Firstly the ability of practolol to increase the period during diastole when perfusion of the subendocardium is possible, without decreasing the transventricular pressure during this period. Secondly that practolol does not unmask alpha-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction in the ischaemic region."}
{"id": "PMID:938799", "title": "Identification of separate receptors for adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in causing relaxations of the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum.", "content": "1 The mechanisms by which adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine relax the taenia caecum preparation of the guineapig have been studied. ATP and ADP produced similar effects which were qualitatively different from those of AMP and adenosine. 2 2-2'Pyridylisatogen tosylate (PIT: 50 muM for 30 min) blocked the effects of ATP and ADP, but exhibited weak activity against AMP and failed to antagonize the effects of adenosine. The action of PIT was unaffected by the inclusion of dipyridamole (2muM) in the bathing fluid. 3 There was a significant correlation between the sensitivity of individual preparations to ATP or ADP and the blocking potency of PIT. 4 The presence of adenosine in the bathing fluid (2 mM for greater than 30 min) desensitized the taenia to subsequent applications of adenosine. The effects of ATP were increased by this procedure. 5 The results indicate that ATP and adenosine relax the taenia by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Identification of separate receptors for adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate in causing relaxations of the isolated taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 1 The mechanisms by which adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine relax the taenia caecum preparation of the guineapig have been studied. ATP and ADP produced similar effects which were qualitatively different from those of AMP and adenosine. 2 2-2'Pyridylisatogen tosylate (PIT: 50 muM for 30 min) blocked the effects of ATP and ADP, but exhibited weak activity against AMP and failed to antagonize the effects of adenosine. The action of PIT was unaffected by the inclusion of dipyridamole (2muM) in the bathing fluid. 3 There was a significant correlation between the sensitivity of individual preparations to ATP or ADP and the blocking potency of PIT. 4 The presence of adenosine in the bathing fluid (2 mM for greater than 30 min) desensitized the taenia to subsequent applications of adenosine. The effects of ATP were increased by this procedure. 5 The results indicate that ATP and adenosine relax the taenia by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:938801", "title": "Problems in the interpretation of cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia.", "content": "This study compared matched groups of patients with acute schizophrenia and with depression on three tests used in the assessment of schizophrenic thinking disorder. Most measures derived from these tests significantly differentiated the groups; however, within the schizophrenic group there were no significant correlations between scores on the three tests. Further data were available from a choice reaction-time card-sorting task, from which estimates of distractability, stimulus decision time, response decision time, and movement time, were obtained. Only one significant relation was found between these measures and scores on the clinical tests. The possible confounding effects of intelligence and responsiveness are discussed. It is argued that more direct measures of the latter are preferable to interpreting tests of thinking disorder in terms of information processing deficits.", "contents": "Problems in the interpretation of cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. This study compared matched groups of patients with acute schizophrenia and with depression on three tests used in the assessment of schizophrenic thinking disorder. Most measures derived from these tests significantly differentiated the groups; however, within the schizophrenic group there were no significant correlations between scores on the three tests. Further data were available from a choice reaction-time card-sorting task, from which estimates of distractability, stimulus decision time, response decision time, and movement time, were obtained. Only one significant relation was found between these measures and scores on the clinical tests. The possible confounding effects of intelligence and responsiveness are discussed. It is argued that more direct measures of the latter are preferable to interpreting tests of thinking disorder in terms of information processing deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:938802", "title": "The relationships between obsessional personality, obsessions in depression, and symptoms of depression.", "content": "The relationships between obsessional personality, obsessions in depression, and symptoms of depression were investigated by means of a retrospective study of case notes and item sheets. One hundred and sixty-eight cases of depression, aged 20 to 29 years, were rated for obsessional personality as defined by Ingram (1961). The presence of previous obsessions, of obsessions in depression and of eight symptoms of depression was assessed from the item sheets. Obsessional personality was found to be significantly associated only with a decreased frequency of objective apathy, although it seemed to act to reduce the anxiety experienced by those with obsessions, in depression. Obsessions in depression were associated with rapid changes of mood, anxiety, agitation and overactivity and with a relative absence of retardation.", "contents": "The relationships between obsessional personality, obsessions in depression, and symptoms of depression. The relationships between obsessional personality, obsessions in depression, and symptoms of depression were investigated by means of a retrospective study of case notes and item sheets. One hundred and sixty-eight cases of depression, aged 20 to 29 years, were rated for obsessional personality as defined by Ingram (1961). The presence of previous obsessions, of obsessions in depression and of eight symptoms of depression was assessed from the item sheets. Obsessional personality was found to be significantly associated only with a decreased frequency of objective apathy, although it seemed to act to reduce the anxiety experienced by those with obsessions, in depression. Obsessions in depression were associated with rapid changes of mood, anxiety, agitation and overactivity and with a relative absence of retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:938803", "title": "Seasonal variation in the incidence of mania.", "content": "The seasonal variation of admissions to hospital with a diagnosis of mania (296.1) in England and Wales was examined. The results indicated that for females there was a significant seasonal trend, the peak being in August-September, while for males there was no significant seasonal pattern. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the incidence of mania. The seasonal variation of admissions to hospital with a diagnosis of mania (296.1) in England and Wales was examined. The results indicated that for females there was a significant seasonal trend, the peak being in August-September, while for males there was no significant seasonal pattern. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938804", "title": "The season of birth of siblings of psychiatric patients.", "content": "The season of birth of the siblings of psychiatric patients was studied to test the hypothesis that an unusual seasonal pattern of maternal conception is the cause of the excess of births in the early months of the year which has been found in national studies of psychotic patients. Information on the month of birth of the siblings was obtained from interviews with psychiatric in-patients born in Britain. The quarterly distribution of births of 670 mentally well siblings of psychotic patients (schizophrenia and manic-depression) was significantly different from that of 1,513 siblings of other psychiatric patients and also from that of all births in England and Wales. The results lend qualified support to the hypothesis, but they were not clear-cut and there was some evidence that the information on birth dates was biased.", "contents": "The season of birth of siblings of psychiatric patients. The season of birth of the siblings of psychiatric patients was studied to test the hypothesis that an unusual seasonal pattern of maternal conception is the cause of the excess of births in the early months of the year which has been found in national studies of psychotic patients. Information on the month of birth of the siblings was obtained from interviews with psychiatric in-patients born in Britain. The quarterly distribution of births of 670 mentally well siblings of psychotic patients (schizophrenia and manic-depression) was significantly different from that of 1,513 siblings of other psychiatric patients and also from that of all births in England and Wales. The results lend qualified support to the hypothesis, but they were not clear-cut and there was some evidence that the information on birth dates was biased."}
{"id": "PMID:938805", "title": "The nature of bodily symptoms.", "content": "Psychiatric descriptions of bodily symptoms have usually been derived from narrowly restricted clinical experience. It is argued that it is more useful to review evidence from all medical settings and occurrence, nature, disability and presentation are here discussed. Syndromes of hypochondriacal reactions appear to be extreme and uncommon manifestations of a universal potential.", "contents": "The nature of bodily symptoms. Psychiatric descriptions of bodily symptoms have usually been derived from narrowly restricted clinical experience. It is argued that it is more useful to review evidence from all medical settings and occurrence, nature, disability and presentation are here discussed. Syndromes of hypochondriacal reactions appear to be extreme and uncommon manifestations of a universal potential."}
{"id": "PMID:938806", "title": "A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests.", "content": "A comparison is made between the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL) as psychiatric screening tests in community-based research projects. Both are shown to correlate equally well with independent clinical assessment, and the differences between them mainly reside in the form of their response scales. The GHQ works best as a screening test, since it has fewer false positives associated with its use, but it may miss those with long-standing disorders. The SCL tends not to miss long-standing disorders and furnishes diagnostic sub-scales if these are required. Both tests function better with men than with women and with whites than with blacks, but neither is affected by social class or age of the respondent. The study revealed high correlations between the symptoms of anxiety and depression, and indicated some possible differences between the symptom clusters seen in whites and in blacks.", "contents": "A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. A comparison is made between the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Symptom Checklist (SCL) as psychiatric screening tests in community-based research projects. Both are shown to correlate equally well with independent clinical assessment, and the differences between them mainly reside in the form of their response scales. The GHQ works best as a screening test, since it has fewer false positives associated with its use, but it may miss those with long-standing disorders. The SCL tends not to miss long-standing disorders and furnishes diagnostic sub-scales if these are required. Both tests function better with men than with women and with whites than with blacks, but neither is affected by social class or age of the respondent. The study revealed high correlations between the symptoms of anxiety and depression, and indicated some possible differences between the symptom clusters seen in whites and in blacks."}
{"id": "PMID:938807", "title": "The Clifton Assessment Schedule - further validation of a psychogeriatric assessment schedule.", "content": "This paper is concerned with the further evaluation of the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS), a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure, providing a cross-validation study on a second sample of acute elderly psychiatric admissions. Additionally, further work is reported on its use with a psychogeriatric population resident within the hospital. The results suggest the usefulness of the CAS across a broad range of psychogeriatric patients, providing significant differentiation between groups receiving varying degrees of care and with differing outcome expectations.", "contents": "The Clifton Assessment Schedule - further validation of a psychogeriatric assessment schedule. This paper is concerned with the further evaluation of the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS), a brief psychogeriatric assessment procedure, providing a cross-validation study on a second sample of acute elderly psychiatric admissions. Additionally, further work is reported on its use with a psychogeriatric population resident within the hospital. The results suggest the usefulness of the CAS across a broad range of psychogeriatric patients, providing significant differentiation between groups receiving varying degrees of care and with differing outcome expectations."}
{"id": "PMID:938808", "title": "Towards a family approach in a psychiatric day hospital.", "content": "In a day hosptial all staff members must be able to make rapid decisions, even when they cannot refer to their seniors. It is difficult to develop this capability in a teaching day hospital where the staff and student groups are constantly changing. It has, however, been facilitated by regular staff discussions with a visiting psychotherapist. In these staff groups, the study of role attributions and dynamics characteristic of families has diminished the interference caused by 'family' type dynamics in daily professional interaction. The paper describes the effect of such discussion in stimulating the adoption of a treatment approach which takes the family situation into account. This family approach is distinguished from family therapy, and its advantages are discussed.", "contents": "Towards a family approach in a psychiatric day hospital. In a day hosptial all staff members must be able to make rapid decisions, even when they cannot refer to their seniors. It is difficult to develop this capability in a teaching day hospital where the staff and student groups are constantly changing. It has, however, been facilitated by regular staff discussions with a visiting psychotherapist. In these staff groups, the study of role attributions and dynamics characteristic of families has diminished the interference caused by 'family' type dynamics in daily professional interaction. The paper describes the effect of such discussion in stimulating the adoption of a treatment approach which takes the family situation into account. This family approach is distinguished from family therapy, and its advantages are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938809", "title": "Patients have been let out of wards; why not nurses too?", "content": "Tradition retains the practice of attaching mental nurses to wards rather than to groups of patients, even though the wards are increasingly empty as patients come to lead more active lives in hospital. A system is described which enables nurses to relate more fully to the people in their care instead of having to confine their activities to the place in which only a part of the care is provided. This system involves all ward nurses in leaving their wards empty in 'working hours', being relieved of the care of their intercurrently ill patients and undertaking in exchange the complete day care of their fitter patients in both wards and workplaces. The consequences of these changes are attractive to many nurses and helpful to many patients.", "contents": "Patients have been let out of wards; why not nurses too? Tradition retains the practice of attaching mental nurses to wards rather than to groups of patients, even though the wards are increasingly empty as patients come to lead more active lives in hospital. A system is described which enables nurses to relate more fully to the people in their care instead of having to confine their activities to the place in which only a part of the care is provided. This system involves all ward nurses in leaving their wards empty in 'working hours', being relieved of the care of their intercurrently ill patients and undertaking in exchange the complete day care of their fitter patients in both wards and workplaces. The consequences of these changes are attractive to many nurses and helpful to many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:938815", "title": "Acquired sensory control of satiation in man.", "content": "Lean male and female subjects who had been taking their meals as usual were given a 100 ml drink of starch immediately before a sandwich lunch. In the training phase,65 per cent starch was given before lunches which included a yoghurt-based dessert of one flavour and 5 per cent starch was given before another flavour. Subjects who initially ate lunches of similar size following the two drinks began after several pairings to take larger lunches following dilute starch than following concentrated starch. In extinction tests, identical 35 per cent starch drinks were given before lunches including desserts of either flavour. Lunches including the flavour hitherto paired with dilute starch remained larger than lunches including the other flavour, at least initially in extinction. Some of the difference in intake occurred in the dessert itself. None was attributable to differences in the early stage of the lunches. These results extend to man recent demonstrations that the satisfying power of a foodstuff is in part acquired by association of its sensory characteristics with some consequence of ingesting the nutrients which are consistently taken with or in that food. This consequence may be rapid intestinal absorption of glucose during or shortly after sensory input. The nature of the intake-suppressing response remains to be determined.", "contents": "Acquired sensory control of satiation in man. Lean male and female subjects who had been taking their meals as usual were given a 100 ml drink of starch immediately before a sandwich lunch. In the training phase,65 per cent starch was given before lunches which included a yoghurt-based dessert of one flavour and 5 per cent starch was given before another flavour. Subjects who initially ate lunches of similar size following the two drinks began after several pairings to take larger lunches following dilute starch than following concentrated starch. In extinction tests, identical 35 per cent starch drinks were given before lunches including desserts of either flavour. Lunches including the flavour hitherto paired with dilute starch remained larger than lunches including the other flavour, at least initially in extinction. Some of the difference in intake occurred in the dessert itself. None was attributable to differences in the early stage of the lunches. These results extend to man recent demonstrations that the satisfying power of a foodstuff is in part acquired by association of its sensory characteristics with some consequence of ingesting the nutrients which are consistently taken with or in that food. This consequence may be rapid intestinal absorption of glucose during or shortly after sensory input. The nature of the intake-suppressing response remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:938816", "title": "Effects of novelty and oddity on visual selective attention.", "content": "Effects of novelty and of oddity on selective attention was investigated through tachistoscopic recognition. When a pre-exposure field consisted of dots of one colour, letters of a different colour were more likely to be identified than letters of the same colour. In displays of 10 letters, two letters differing in colour from the remainder were more likely to be identified. Tachistoscopic exposure precluded determination of responses by eye movements, and there were controls for chromatic adaptation and other factors that might have biased the results.", "contents": "Effects of novelty and oddity on visual selective attention. Effects of novelty and of oddity on selective attention was investigated through tachistoscopic recognition. When a pre-exposure field consisted of dots of one colour, letters of a different colour were more likely to be identified than letters of the same colour. In displays of 10 letters, two letters differing in colour from the remainder were more likely to be identified. Tachistoscopic exposure precluded determination of responses by eye movements, and there were controls for chromatic adaptation and other factors that might have biased the results."}
{"id": "PMID:938817", "title": "Conditioning afterimages: a procedure minimizing the extinction effect of normal test trials.", "content": "Six subjects were trained on a conditioning schedule of ten trials a day for 25 days: a further 18 CS-US pairings were presented on 4 subsequent days. The tone employed as the CS was put on 30 sec before the presentation of a briefly illuminated visual target (the US) and maintained until terminated by the subject when his afterimages disappeared. This procedure allowed continuous monitoring of the evolution of the conditioned response (conditioned afterimages): directly for CRs with a latency of less than 30 sec which could occur on every training trial before the US was presented; indirectly from the changes in the duration of afterimagery following the presentation of the US. As every trial yielded some evidence about the evolution of the CR, unreinforced test trials were not necessary after every block of training trials so minimizing the extinction effect attributable to the presentation of an unreinforced CS. In the course of the experiment the mean duration of afterimagery increased almost fivefold with one subject showing a tenfold increase. Five of the subjects experienced visual images in response to the tone alone and were judged to be conditioned. The data are discussed in relation to the evolving levels of conditioning identified by Bzhalava (1958, 1965).", "contents": "Conditioning afterimages: a procedure minimizing the extinction effect of normal test trials. Six subjects were trained on a conditioning schedule of ten trials a day for 25 days: a further 18 CS-US pairings were presented on 4 subsequent days. The tone employed as the CS was put on 30 sec before the presentation of a briefly illuminated visual target (the US) and maintained until terminated by the subject when his afterimages disappeared. This procedure allowed continuous monitoring of the evolution of the conditioned response (conditioned afterimages): directly for CRs with a latency of less than 30 sec which could occur on every training trial before the US was presented; indirectly from the changes in the duration of afterimagery following the presentation of the US. As every trial yielded some evidence about the evolution of the CR, unreinforced test trials were not necessary after every block of training trials so minimizing the extinction effect attributable to the presentation of an unreinforced CS. In the course of the experiment the mean duration of afterimagery increased almost fivefold with one subject showing a tenfold increase. Five of the subjects experienced visual images in response to the tone alone and were judged to be conditioned. The data are discussed in relation to the evolving levels of conditioning identified by Bzhalava (1958, 1965)."}
{"id": "PMID:938818", "title": "Reproduction of Kohs-type figures by Ghanaian children: orientation errors revisited.", "content": "First, a relationship was postulated between the experienced difficulty of patterns and the amount of disorientation of their reproductions. Secondly, while the major determinants of gross orientation errors among Africans seem to have been established, this in itself fails to explain why Europeans are little affected by them. It was proposed that the underlying factor might be the development of the concept of horizontality, which reduces dependence on the perceptual pull of the prevailing spatial framework. These notions were tested with 44 Ghanaian schoolboys aged between 10 and 16. The first relationship was clearly confirmed. As for the second, there was some association between horizontality and rotation errors, but it failed to account for a major part of the variance. Ex post facto exploration of the data strongly suggests that degree of psychological differentiation is likely to be the key factor influencing rotation error.", "contents": "Reproduction of Kohs-type figures by Ghanaian children: orientation errors revisited. First, a relationship was postulated between the experienced difficulty of patterns and the amount of disorientation of their reproductions. Secondly, while the major determinants of gross orientation errors among Africans seem to have been established, this in itself fails to explain why Europeans are little affected by them. It was proposed that the underlying factor might be the development of the concept of horizontality, which reduces dependence on the perceptual pull of the prevailing spatial framework. These notions were tested with 44 Ghanaian schoolboys aged between 10 and 16. The first relationship was clearly confirmed. As for the second, there was some association between horizontality and rotation errors, but it failed to account for a major part of the variance. Ex post facto exploration of the data strongly suggests that degree of psychological differentiation is likely to be the key factor influencing rotation error."}
{"id": "PMID:938819", "title": "The number and kind of invariant personality (Q) factors: a partial replication of Eysenck and Eysenck.", "content": "A study by Eysenck & Eysenck (1969) investigated the invariance across sex of factors derived from the Eysenck, Cattell and Guilford personality inventories. They found only neuroticism and extraversion invariant. The present study was designed as a partial replication of their study, but employed simpler, common-sense methods that gave the more moderate sized factors a chance to demonstrate the extent of their invariance across sex. Four invariant factors were found: the first two, neuroticism and sociability, were large and demonstrated almost complete invariance across sex; the third and fourth factors were moderate-sized and showed less, but substantial invariance across sex. They were called 'sensitivity v. practicality' and 'group-centred morality v. self-centred independence'.", "contents": "The number and kind of invariant personality (Q) factors: a partial replication of Eysenck and Eysenck. A study by Eysenck & Eysenck (1969) investigated the invariance across sex of factors derived from the Eysenck, Cattell and Guilford personality inventories. They found only neuroticism and extraversion invariant. The present study was designed as a partial replication of their study, but employed simpler, common-sense methods that gave the more moderate sized factors a chance to demonstrate the extent of their invariance across sex. Four invariant factors were found: the first two, neuroticism and sociability, were large and demonstrated almost complete invariance across sex; the third and fourth factors were moderate-sized and showed less, but substantial invariance across sex. They were called 'sensitivity v. practicality' and 'group-centred morality v. self-centred independence'."}
{"id": "PMID:938820", "title": "The specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder: a replication and extension of previous findings.", "content": "Eight thought-disordered schizophrenics, eight non-thought-disordered schizophrenics and eight normal subjects each completed four repertory grids, formed by combinations of two types of construct, psychological and physical, and two types of element, photographs and known people. The finding of McPherson & Buckley (1970) that thought-disordered schizophrenics are relatively less disordered when using physical constructs than when using psychological constructs was replicated. Further, this specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder was extended from grids employing photographs of strangers to grids employing known people, thus disconfirming an explanation of schizophrenic grid performance (Williams, 1971) in terms of 'cue insensitivity'.", "contents": "The specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder: a replication and extension of previous findings. Eight thought-disordered schizophrenics, eight non-thought-disordered schizophrenics and eight normal subjects each completed four repertory grids, formed by combinations of two types of construct, psychological and physical, and two types of element, photographs and known people. The finding of McPherson & Buckley (1970) that thought-disordered schizophrenics are relatively less disordered when using physical constructs than when using psychological constructs was replicated. Further, this specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder was extended from grids employing photographs of strangers to grids employing known people, thus disconfirming an explanation of schizophrenic grid performance (Williams, 1971) in terms of 'cue insensitivity'."}
{"id": "PMID:938821", "title": "Choice reaction times in depressive states.", "content": "An experiment was performed in which two components of response latency, decision time (DT) and movement time (MT), were measured in two relatively homogeneous samples of neurotic and psychotic depressive patients, together with a normal control group. It was found that whereas both DT and MT were significantly longer in the depressive samples than in the control sample, only DT was significantly longer in the psychotic than in the neurotic depressive sample. Thus while both DT and MT were elevated among the depressive samples relative to the control sample, only DT was further sensitive to clinical variations within the depressive state. DT was found to increase directly with depressive severity among an undifferentiated sample of acute depressives, which on further analysis proved to hold for the neurotic depressive sample only. MT was found to increase directly with age among the psychotic depressive sample. No other age influences were found on response latencies of depressive patients. These results are discussed in terms of a postulated impairment of the central information-processing mechanisms, as an explanation of psychomotor slowing among depressive patients.", "contents": "Choice reaction times in depressive states. An experiment was performed in which two components of response latency, decision time (DT) and movement time (MT), were measured in two relatively homogeneous samples of neurotic and psychotic depressive patients, together with a normal control group. It was found that whereas both DT and MT were significantly longer in the depressive samples than in the control sample, only DT was significantly longer in the psychotic than in the neurotic depressive sample. Thus while both DT and MT were elevated among the depressive samples relative to the control sample, only DT was further sensitive to clinical variations within the depressive state. DT was found to increase directly with depressive severity among an undifferentiated sample of acute depressives, which on further analysis proved to hold for the neurotic depressive sample only. MT was found to increase directly with age among the psychotic depressive sample. No other age influences were found on response latencies of depressive patients. These results are discussed in terms of a postulated impairment of the central information-processing mechanisms, as an explanation of psychomotor slowing among depressive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:938822", "title": "The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients.", "content": "In a series of studies of the influence of family life on the course of an established schizophrenic illness, it has been shown that the level of emotion expressed by relatives shortly after a schizophrenic patient is admitted to hospital is strongly associated with symptomatic relapse during the nine months following discharge (Brown et al., 1962, 1972). This paper states the case for an abbreviated version of the primary research instrument used in these studies, the Camberwell Family Interview Schedule. In the 1972 study the single most important measure contributing to the overall expressed emotion index proved to be the number of critical remarks made about the patient by the relative when interviewed alone. An analysis of 15 tape-recorded interviews from this study showed that the majority of critical comments were produced within the first hour and there was virtually no relationship between total number of critical comments and length of interview (r = 0.08). This analysis supported the use of a shortened interview in which the areas most likely to produce any criticism were given priority in the sequence of questioning. This abbreviated version has been used successfully in a replication and extension of the 1972 study. A group of 37 schizophrenic patients is being compared with a group of 31 depressed neurotic patients. Patterns of emotional response of these patients' relatives are discussed.", "contents": "The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. In a series of studies of the influence of family life on the course of an established schizophrenic illness, it has been shown that the level of emotion expressed by relatives shortly after a schizophrenic patient is admitted to hospital is strongly associated with symptomatic relapse during the nine months following discharge (Brown et al., 1962, 1972). This paper states the case for an abbreviated version of the primary research instrument used in these studies, the Camberwell Family Interview Schedule. In the 1972 study the single most important measure contributing to the overall expressed emotion index proved to be the number of critical remarks made about the patient by the relative when interviewed alone. An analysis of 15 tape-recorded interviews from this study showed that the majority of critical comments were produced within the first hour and there was virtually no relationship between total number of critical comments and length of interview (r = 0.08). This analysis supported the use of a shortened interview in which the areas most likely to produce any criticism were given priority in the sequence of questioning. This abbreviated version has been used successfully in a replication and extension of the 1972 study. A group of 37 schizophrenic patients is being compared with a group of 31 depressed neurotic patients. Patterns of emotional response of these patients' relatives are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938823", "title": "A further attempt to cross-validate the grid test of schizophrenic thought disorder.", "content": "A retrospective investigation to assess the validity of the Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder (Bannister & Fransella, 1966, 1967) is reported. Analysis of the data revealed that, while there is some evidence to support the validity of the test, it failed to discriminate between clinically assessed thought-disordered and non-thought-disordered patients at an acceptable level of significance, and that the rate of misclassification was too high to justify the use of the test in the assessment of an individual case. The results are compared with the findings of other published studies, and weaknesses in methodology, due to the retrospective nature of the study, are also discussed.", "contents": "A further attempt to cross-validate the grid test of schizophrenic thought disorder. A retrospective investigation to assess the validity of the Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder (Bannister & Fransella, 1966, 1967) is reported. Analysis of the data revealed that, while there is some evidence to support the validity of the test, it failed to discriminate between clinically assessed thought-disordered and non-thought-disordered patients at an acceptable level of significance, and that the rate of misclassification was too high to justify the use of the test in the assessment of an individual case. The results are compared with the findings of other published studies, and weaknesses in methodology, due to the retrospective nature of the study, are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938824", "title": "Attention and information processing in schizophrenia.", "content": "The performance of 20 acute schizophrenics and 10 depressives, matched for age, verbal intelligence, and pre-morbid functioning, was assessed on a choice reaction-time card-sorting task. Stimulus and response uncertainty were varied independently, and there were two main conditions, distraction and no distraction. The schizophrenics were slower than the depressives over all the functions examined in the study. Schizophrenics were significantly more affected by increases in response uncertainty than the depressives. Although there was a tendency for the schizophrenic group to be more affected by distraction and by increasing stimulus uncertainty, these differences were not significant. There was no significant interaction between the effects of stimulus and response uncertainty, nor between the effects of distraction and stimulus uncertainty. The effects of distraction increased with increasing response uncertainty. The results are discussed in relation to two models of information processing, suggested by Broadbent (1971) and by Sternberg (1969). Such models allow a more detailed examination of the cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Attention and information processing in schizophrenia. The performance of 20 acute schizophrenics and 10 depressives, matched for age, verbal intelligence, and pre-morbid functioning, was assessed on a choice reaction-time card-sorting task. Stimulus and response uncertainty were varied independently, and there were two main conditions, distraction and no distraction. The schizophrenics were slower than the depressives over all the functions examined in the study. Schizophrenics were significantly more affected by increases in response uncertainty than the depressives. Although there was a tendency for the schizophrenic group to be more affected by distraction and by increasing stimulus uncertainty, these differences were not significant. There was no significant interaction between the effects of stimulus and response uncertainty, nor between the effects of distraction and stimulus uncertainty. The effects of distraction increased with increasing response uncertainty. The results are discussed in relation to two models of information processing, suggested by Broadbent (1971) and by Sternberg (1969). Such models allow a more detailed examination of the cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:938826", "title": "Bone disease in long-term haemodialysis: the association of radiological with histological abnormalities.", "content": "The radiological findings in the skeletal surveys of 70 patients receiving long-term haemodialysis for chronic renal failure have been correlated with histological findings in a specimen obtained by biopsy of the iliac crest. Many significant associations were found, and the ones presented are those thought to be most useful in the interpretation of the radiological abnormalities. The main conclusions are that fractures and severe medullary rarefaction appear to be most commonly the result of osteomalacia; subperiosteal erosions are associated with the more severe grades of osteitis fibrosa; cortical striations and sclerosis are associated with an increased amount of osteoid, and sclerosis is diagnosed more frequently by radiological means than by iliac-crest biopsy.", "contents": "Bone disease in long-term haemodialysis: the association of radiological with histological abnormalities. The radiological findings in the skeletal surveys of 70 patients receiving long-term haemodialysis for chronic renal failure have been correlated with histological findings in a specimen obtained by biopsy of the iliac crest. Many significant associations were found, and the ones presented are those thought to be most useful in the interpretation of the radiological abnormalities. The main conclusions are that fractures and severe medullary rarefaction appear to be most commonly the result of osteomalacia; subperiosteal erosions are associated with the more severe grades of osteitis fibrosa; cortical striations and sclerosis are associated with an increased amount of osteoid, and sclerosis is diagnosed more frequently by radiological means than by iliac-crest biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:938827", "title": "Loss of renal tissue in the elderly.", "content": "Eighty-eight kidneys obtained at necropsy from normotensive subjects aged over 50 years were examined histologically and by post-mortem pyelography and angiography. Moderate or severe scarring was present in 50%. Its distribution and the absence of calyceal deformity make pyelonephritic scarrig unlikely. Its extent was related to the severity of change in the renal vessels, but not to age. On pyelograms, scarring was difficult to distinguish from fetal lobation. Kidneys with the most severe histological changes in the vessels tended to show the most marked angiographic distortion, though in general the two techniques examine different parts of the renal vascular bed. Total renal area and \"cortical\" area, measured from the angiograms, were not significantly correlated with age, thouth both tended to be smaller in older subjects. These dimensions, particularly cortical area, were significantly correlated with vascular changes, being smallest when vessels were most markedly affected. Results suggest that the loss of renal tissue which occurs in the elderly, particularly selective loss of cortex, is more closely related to events in the renal vasculature than to age itself.", "contents": "Loss of renal tissue in the elderly. Eighty-eight kidneys obtained at necropsy from normotensive subjects aged over 50 years were examined histologically and by post-mortem pyelography and angiography. Moderate or severe scarring was present in 50%. Its distribution and the absence of calyceal deformity make pyelonephritic scarrig unlikely. Its extent was related to the severity of change in the renal vessels, but not to age. On pyelograms, scarring was difficult to distinguish from fetal lobation. Kidneys with the most severe histological changes in the vessels tended to show the most marked angiographic distortion, though in general the two techniques examine different parts of the renal vascular bed. Total renal area and \"cortical\" area, measured from the angiograms, were not significantly correlated with age, thouth both tended to be smaller in older subjects. These dimensions, particularly cortical area, were significantly correlated with vascular changes, being smallest when vessels were most markedly affected. Results suggest that the loss of renal tissue which occurs in the elderly, particularly selective loss of cortex, is more closely related to events in the renal vasculature than to age itself."}
{"id": "PMID:938828", "title": "Septal lines in pure right heart failure.", "content": "Two adult patients are described with pure right heart failure and chronically elevated systemic venous pressure. Neither patient had evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension, but both had septal lines. This unusual finding may be the result of impaired centripetal lymph flow in the lungs due to obstruction of the drainage of the thoracic duct by raised systemic venous pressure.", "contents": "Septal lines in pure right heart failure. Two adult patients are described with pure right heart failure and chronically elevated systemic venous pressure. Neither patient had evidence of pulmonary venous hypertension, but both had septal lines. This unusual finding may be the result of impaired centripetal lymph flow in the lungs due to obstruction of the drainage of the thoracic duct by raised systemic venous pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:938829", "title": "The absorbed dose to bone marrow in the treatment of polycythaemia by 32P.", "content": "This paper reports the determination of absorbed dose to bone marrow in the treatment of polycythaemia by 32P, based on the measurement of activities in bone and marrow biopsies taken at various times from 1 to 27 days after injection of the radionuclide. Activities were measured in the cortex, trabeculation and marrow of biopsies taken from the iliac crest, and slso in sternal marrow. The biological  half-life of 32P in marrow from the iliac crest was found to be  nine days; that derived for sternal marrow was lower, but the difference was not statistically significant; the value for trabecular bone was 27 days. The biological half life for 32P in the body, as measured by whole-body counting, was 39 days. Calculations of the dose-rate to trabecular marrow have been made by a method based on that of Whitwell and Spiers (1971), but modified to allow for the presence of32P in the marrow as well as in trabecular bone. The dose-rates follow a single exponetial decay with a half-life of 6.7 days. The intergrated dose including that during the first day is 24 rad per mCi injected.", "contents": "The absorbed dose to bone marrow in the treatment of polycythaemia by 32P. This paper reports the determination of absorbed dose to bone marrow in the treatment of polycythaemia by 32P, based on the measurement of activities in bone and marrow biopsies taken at various times from 1 to 27 days after injection of the radionuclide. Activities were measured in the cortex, trabeculation and marrow of biopsies taken from the iliac crest, and slso in sternal marrow. The biological  half-life of 32P in marrow from the iliac crest was found to be  nine days; that derived for sternal marrow was lower, but the difference was not statistically significant; the value for trabecular bone was 27 days. The biological half life for 32P in the body, as measured by whole-body counting, was 39 days. Calculations of the dose-rate to trabecular marrow have been made by a method based on that of Whitwell and Spiers (1971), but modified to allow for the presence of32P in the marrow as well as in trabecular bone. The dose-rates follow a single exponetial decay with a half-life of 6.7 days. The intergrated dose including that during the first day is 24 rad per mCi injected."}
{"id": "PMID:938830", "title": "Bowel gas--a cause of elevated dose in radiotherapy.", "content": "The presence of gas in bowel could lead to higher than expected doses being given in the radiotherapy of abdominal and pelvic tumors. Radiation detectors were placed in the uterus and vagina of ten patients with caricnoma of cervix, and the actual dose compared with that expected when anterior fields of treatment were employed. Elvations greater than 10% were obtained in six, and severe postradiation morbidity subsequently occured in two of the three showing the highest readings.", "contents": "Bowel gas--a cause of elevated dose in radiotherapy. The presence of gas in bowel could lead to higher than expected doses being given in the radiotherapy of abdominal and pelvic tumors. Radiation detectors were placed in the uterus and vagina of ten patients with caricnoma of cervix, and the actual dose compared with that expected when anterior fields of treatment were employed. Elvations greater than 10% were obtained in six, and severe postradiation morbidity subsequently occured in two of the three showing the highest readings."}
{"id": "PMID:938831", "title": "Prediction of human spleen size by computer analysis of splenic scintigrams.", "content": "A method of assessing spleen size from splenic scintigraphs obtained using autologous heat damaged 99Tcm labelled red cells is described. The method depends on a \"computed volume\" estimate. The method has a correlation coefficient of 989 with the exsanguinated weight ofthe spleen after splenectomy and has been shown to have an accuracysuperior to methods previously described.", "contents": "Prediction of human spleen size by computer analysis of splenic scintigrams. A method of assessing spleen size from splenic scintigraphs obtained using autologous heat damaged 99Tcm labelled red cells is described. The method depends on a \"computed volume\" estimate. The method has a correlation coefficient of 989 with the exsanguinated weight ofthe spleen after splenectomy and has been shown to have an accuracysuperior to methods previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:938832", "title": "Gallium-67 imaging to localize urinary-tract infections.", "content": "To differeniate upper from lower-tract urinary infections, 73 patients were imaged with 67Ga citrate. Renal uptake of the radioisotope occurred in pyelonephritis (documented in 47 patients by ureteral cathieterization, bladder washout, or  histology) with an accuracy of 86%. There were 15% false-positives and 13% false-negatives. 67Ga may prove to be a clinically valuable test in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Results are promptly available 24 hours after injection, and it is non-invasive test that can safely be repeated to follow recurrent infections.", "contents": "Gallium-67 imaging to localize urinary-tract infections. To differeniate upper from lower-tract urinary infections, 73 patients were imaged with 67Ga citrate. Renal uptake of the radioisotope occurred in pyelonephritis (documented in 47 patients by ureteral cathieterization, bladder washout, or  histology) with an accuracy of 86%. There were 15% false-positives and 13% false-negatives. 67Ga may prove to be a clinically valuable test in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Results are promptly available 24 hours after injection, and it is non-invasive test that can safely be repeated to follow recurrent infections."}
{"id": "PMID:938833", "title": "Some in vivo effects of pi mesons in mice.", "content": "The effect of 70 MeV pi mesons was studied to determine the effectivness of such beams aginst normal tissues in vivo. The end points included thymic weight loss, oocyte and bone marrow CFU-S survival and the induction of macroscopid lens opacities. The results indicate that pi mesons are not signifacantly more effective for these end-points than more conventional radiation sources such as 60Co gama rays, 220 kVp X rays, and 14 MeV X rays and electrons. Nor was there any detectable difference in RBE between the peak and plateau regions of the pi meson beam. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation of the the published pi meson RBE values of between 1 therefore 4 and 5 therefore 0.", "contents": "Some in vivo effects of pi mesons in mice. The effect of 70 MeV pi mesons was studied to determine the effectivness of such beams aginst normal tissues in vivo. The end points included thymic weight loss, oocyte and bone marrow CFU-S survival and the induction of macroscopid lens opacities. The results indicate that pi mesons are not signifacantly more effective for these end-points than more conventional radiation sources such as 60Co gama rays, 220 kVp X rays, and 14 MeV X rays and electrons. Nor was there any detectable difference in RBE between the peak and plateau regions of the pi meson beam. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation of the the published pi meson RBE values of between 1 therefore 4 and 5 therefore 0."}
{"id": "PMID:938834", "title": "Response of HeLa cells to irradiation with pi- mesons.", "content": "HeLa cell suspensions were irradiated at various depths of Perspex in a beam of 70 MeV pi- mesons. The dose-rate in the Bragg peak varied between 40 rad hour-1 and 150 rad hour-1. The cells were assayed in vitro for loss of reproductive integrity. The results for irradiation in the peak indicated an RBE of about 2-1 when compared to the response obtained using 60Co gamma-rays at comparable dose-rates. At dose-rates of 100-150 rad hour-1, the RBE peak-to-plateau was about 1-4, while at lower dose-rates, the RBE peak-to-plateau was about 1.", "contents": "Response of HeLa cells to irradiation with pi- mesons. HeLa cell suspensions were irradiated at various depths of Perspex in a beam of 70 MeV pi- mesons. The dose-rate in the Bragg peak varied between 40 rad hour-1 and 150 rad hour-1. The cells were assayed in vitro for loss of reproductive integrity. The results for irradiation in the peak indicated an RBE of about 2-1 when compared to the response obtained using 60Co gamma-rays at comparable dose-rates. At dose-rates of 100-150 rad hour-1, the RBE peak-to-plateau was about 1-4, while at lower dose-rates, the RBE peak-to-plateau was about 1."}
{"id": "PMID:938847", "title": "A radiological study of morphology and growth in the human fetal colon.", "content": "A radiological study has been made of the colon in 64 human fetuses between 11 and 20 weeks gestation (64-160 mm crown rump (CR) length). A dynamic picture of colon development was obtained from analysis of the radiographs. The findings challenge textbook descriptions, but can be interpreted in terms of the ultimate morphology of the colon. According to the morphology of the proximal (pre-splenic) part of the colon, there are three types of colon. In Type 1 it lies transversely, in Type 2 it is oblique in direction, and Type 3 has a postnatal form with ascending and transverse elements. Although the Type 1 predominates in smaller fetuses and the type 3 is most common in larger fetuses, there is some overlap in their distribution. The ileocaecal junction does not descend, but actually slightly ascends as the fetus grows. The splenic flexure grows in a distinctly cranial direction, and at almost three times the rate of the ileocaecal junction. Thus, as the fetus develops, the ileocaecal junction and splenic flexure grow further apart, and this determines the change from a Type 1 to a Type 2 colon. The divergence of the ileocaecal junction and splenic flexure appears to be related to different rates of growth in the colon, the distal (post-splenic) part growing almost half as fast again as the proximal (pre-splenic) part. The more mature (Type 3) form of colon appears to result from conversion of the Type 2 following early adhesion between the proximal colon and the second part of the duodenum.", "contents": "A radiological study of morphology and growth in the human fetal colon. A radiological study has been made of the colon in 64 human fetuses between 11 and 20 weeks gestation (64-160 mm crown rump (CR) length). A dynamic picture of colon development was obtained from analysis of the radiographs. The findings challenge textbook descriptions, but can be interpreted in terms of the ultimate morphology of the colon. According to the morphology of the proximal (pre-splenic) part of the colon, there are three types of colon. In Type 1 it lies transversely, in Type 2 it is oblique in direction, and Type 3 has a postnatal form with ascending and transverse elements. Although the Type 1 predominates in smaller fetuses and the type 3 is most common in larger fetuses, there is some overlap in their distribution. The ileocaecal junction does not descend, but actually slightly ascends as the fetus grows. The splenic flexure grows in a distinctly cranial direction, and at almost three times the rate of the ileocaecal junction. Thus, as the fetus develops, the ileocaecal junction and splenic flexure grow further apart, and this determines the change from a Type 1 to a Type 2 colon. The divergence of the ileocaecal junction and splenic flexure appears to be related to different rates of growth in the colon, the distal (post-splenic) part growing almost half as fast again as the proximal (pre-splenic) part. The more mature (Type 3) form of colon appears to result from conversion of the Type 2 following early adhesion between the proximal colon and the second part of the duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:938848", "title": "Nephrographic density and renal diatrizoate content in experimental acute renal failure.", "content": "Reversible acute renal failure (ARF) was induced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. In these animals and controls, renal concentrations of 125I-labelled sodium diatrizoate, injected intravenously in doses similar to those used clinically, were compared with the density of the nephrogram, subjectively assessed under carefully controlled conditions. Though a good statistical correlation existed between renal diatrizoate concentration and nephrographic density, individual variation was wide. At any given level of renal iodine concentration, nephrograms were judged to be denser in ARF than in controls. This was not due to differences in whole-body opacification or renal size, but was partly explained by the greater visibility of renal outlines on plain films in ARF. However, though at all doses of diatrizoate renal iodine concentrations were higher in controls, differences in nephrographic density were in general difficult to detect.", "contents": "Nephrographic density and renal diatrizoate content in experimental acute renal failure. Reversible acute renal failure (ARF) was induced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. In these animals and controls, renal concentrations of 125I-labelled sodium diatrizoate, injected intravenously in doses similar to those used clinically, were compared with the density of the nephrogram, subjectively assessed under carefully controlled conditions. Though a good statistical correlation existed between renal diatrizoate concentration and nephrographic density, individual variation was wide. At any given level of renal iodine concentration, nephrograms were judged to be denser in ARF than in controls. This was not due to differences in whole-body opacification or renal size, but was partly explained by the greater visibility of renal outlines on plain films in ARF. However, though at all doses of diatrizoate renal iodine concentrations were higher in controls, differences in nephrographic density were in general difficult to detect."}
{"id": "PMID:938849", "title": "The diagnostic value of sialography and scintigraphy in salivary gland diseases.", "content": "The diagnostic value of sialographic and scintigraphic investigations was compared in 169 patients. In this group were 75 inflammatory diseases and 49 benign and malignant tumours. Sialograms and scintigrams were examined by different physicians who had no knowledge of the clinical data of the patients. The scintigraphic diagnosis was considered correct if any abnormal finding was noted. The sialographic diagnosis was considered correct if the actual disease was diagnosed. In spite of the less stringent requirements for a correct scintigraphic diagnosis the sialographic technique was found to be superior. Radioactivity uptake curves over the salivary glands did not improve the scintigraphic diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of sialography and scintigraphy in salivary gland diseases. The diagnostic value of sialographic and scintigraphic investigations was compared in 169 patients. In this group were 75 inflammatory diseases and 49 benign and malignant tumours. Sialograms and scintigrams were examined by different physicians who had no knowledge of the clinical data of the patients. The scintigraphic diagnosis was considered correct if any abnormal finding was noted. The sialographic diagnosis was considered correct if the actual disease was diagnosed. In spite of the less stringent requirements for a correct scintigraphic diagnosis the sialographic technique was found to be superior. Radioactivity uptake curves over the salivary glands did not improve the scintigraphic diagnostic accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:938850", "title": "Regional blood flow in human tumours with special reference to the effect of radiotherapy.", "content": "Blood flow in 41 superficial tumour nodules, of which nine were lymphomas, nine anaplastic carcinomas and 23 differentiated malignomas was measured using the 133Xe-clearance method. The lymphomas showed statistically higher blood flow (38-4 ml./min/100 g) than anaplastic (11-4 ml./min/100 g) and differentiated tumours (13-7 ml./min/100 g). After one week of radiation treatment the mean blood flow in anaplastic carcinomas was higher than the initial value. After an interval following the end of the radiation treatment the circulation diminished significantly compared with that observed immediately at the end of radiotherapy. The size of the tumours did not correlate with the blood flow.", "contents": "Regional blood flow in human tumours with special reference to the effect of radiotherapy. Blood flow in 41 superficial tumour nodules, of which nine were lymphomas, nine anaplastic carcinomas and 23 differentiated malignomas was measured using the 133Xe-clearance method. The lymphomas showed statistically higher blood flow (38-4 ml./min/100 g) than anaplastic (11-4 ml./min/100 g) and differentiated tumours (13-7 ml./min/100 g). After one week of radiation treatment the mean blood flow in anaplastic carcinomas was higher than the initial value. After an interval following the end of the radiation treatment the circulation diminished significantly compared with that observed immediately at the end of radiotherapy. The size of the tumours did not correlate with the blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:938851", "title": "Method of constructing a dose-response curve for normal cells in situ.", "content": "A method is presented for planning experiments and analysing data with a view to determining in detail the shape of a single-dose survival curve for normal cells exposed in situ to relatively low doses of radiation. Applying this method to data published on the responses of gastric mucosal and colonic stem cells showed that the single-dose survival curves for these cells were linear up to about 250 rads, after which they bent downwards. Some applications of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Method of constructing a dose-response curve for normal cells in situ. A method is presented for planning experiments and analysing data with a view to determining in detail the shape of a single-dose survival curve for normal cells exposed in situ to relatively low doses of radiation. Applying this method to data published on the responses of gastric mucosal and colonic stem cells showed that the single-dose survival curves for these cells were linear up to about 250 rads, after which they bent downwards. Some applications of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938852", "title": "Recovery in mammalian cells irradiated with a beam of pi--mesons.", "content": "HeLa cells have been irradiated in a beam of pi--mesons using fractionated exposures. The response-time curve for cells irradiated in the peak and in the plateau regions showed evidence of recovery. For cells irradiated in the post-peak position recovery was either absent or delayed.", "contents": "Recovery in mammalian cells irradiated with a beam of pi--mesons. HeLa cells have been irradiated in a beam of pi--mesons using fractionated exposures. The response-time curve for cells irradiated in the peak and in the plateau regions showed evidence of recovery. For cells irradiated in the post-peak position recovery was either absent or delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:938853", "title": "A comparison for use in radiotherapy of neutron beams generated with 16 and 42 MeV deuterons on beryllium.", "content": "The physical and radiobiological properties of two neutron beams have been compared. The beams were generated by deuterons of 16 MeV at Hammersmith Hospital and 42 MeV at Harwell, in both cases falling on a Be/Cu target. The dose-rate and depth-dose characteristics at the higher energy were found to be superior to those at the lower energy. Collimation and shielding at the higher energy are facilitated by the greater degree of forward-peaking and by the fact that a higher dose-rate allows longer collimators to be used. Attenuation in iron was found to be similar at the two energies. The radiobiological properties of the two neutron beams are very similar. There is a difference of about 20 per cent in RBE for effects on mammalian tissues for doses between 300 and 2,000 rad of neutrons. The OER and the sparing effect of two large fractions are the same for the two beams.", "contents": "A comparison for use in radiotherapy of neutron beams generated with 16 and 42 MeV deuterons on beryllium. The physical and radiobiological properties of two neutron beams have been compared. The beams were generated by deuterons of 16 MeV at Hammersmith Hospital and 42 MeV at Harwell, in both cases falling on a Be/Cu target. The dose-rate and depth-dose characteristics at the higher energy were found to be superior to those at the lower energy. Collimation and shielding at the higher energy are facilitated by the greater degree of forward-peaking and by the fact that a higher dose-rate allows longer collimators to be used. Attenuation in iron was found to be similar at the two energies. The radiobiological properties of the two neutron beams are very similar. There is a difference of about 20 per cent in RBE for effects on mammalian tissues for doses between 300 and 2,000 rad of neutrons. The OER and the sparing effect of two large fractions are the same for the two beams."}
{"id": "PMID:938863", "title": "Some observations on the medulla of the kidney.", "content": "Terminology of the cortex of the kidney is discussed and some new terms are suggested. Observations are described on 50 kidneys which have been injected and variously dissected. These include descriptions of the medulla, papillae and calyces. Some developmental, radiological and surgical aspects are mentioned and suggestions for further study are made.", "contents": "Some observations on the medulla of the kidney. Terminology of the cortex of the kidney is discussed and some new terms are suggested. Observations are described on 50 kidneys which have been injected and variously dissected. These include descriptions of the medulla, papillae and calyces. Some developmental, radiological and surgical aspects are mentioned and suggestions for further study are made."}
{"id": "PMID:938865", "title": "Crossed renal ectopia with colic. A clinical clue to embryogenesis.", "content": "A clinicopathologic correlation of 2 patients with crossed renal ectopia presenting with ureteric colic and 4 cases collected from the literature is presented. The correlation serves to reaffirm the theory of ureteral and not renal, migration as the primary aberration resulting in this defect.", "contents": "Crossed renal ectopia with colic. A clinical clue to embryogenesis. A clinicopathologic correlation of 2 patients with crossed renal ectopia presenting with ureteric colic and 4 cases collected from the literature is presented. The correlation serves to reaffirm the theory of ureteral and not renal, migration as the primary aberration resulting in this defect."}
{"id": "PMID:938866", "title": "Hydronephrosis and polycythaemia.", "content": "2 cases of secondary polycythaemia apparently caused by hydronephrosis are described. The polycythaemia resolved following nephrectomy in each case.", "contents": "Hydronephrosis and polycythaemia. 2 cases of secondary polycythaemia apparently caused by hydronephrosis are described. The polycythaemia resolved following nephrectomy in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:938867", "title": "A simple method for studying the formation of calcium oxalate.", "content": "The nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate were studied under different conditions using a nephelometer to measure the turbidities of suspensions produced when dilute solutions of calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium oxalate were mixed. The amount of material produced was less when calcium was in excess of oxalate than vice versa. For equimolar amounts of the precipitating reagents the rate of formation of calcium oxalate was rapid when calcium and oxalate concentrations were 1-25 mmol/l. but slow when they were 0-5mmol/l. Sodium citrate and heparin inhibited nucleation and crystal growth and at certain concentrations prevented nucleation for the duration of the experiment. The method is simple and quick and requires only a small amount of material.", "contents": "A simple method for studying the formation of calcium oxalate. The nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate were studied under different conditions using a nephelometer to measure the turbidities of suspensions produced when dilute solutions of calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium oxalate were mixed. The amount of material produced was less when calcium was in excess of oxalate than vice versa. For equimolar amounts of the precipitating reagents the rate of formation of calcium oxalate was rapid when calcium and oxalate concentrations were 1-25 mmol/l. but slow when they were 0-5mmol/l. Sodium citrate and heparin inhibited nucleation and crystal growth and at certain concentrations prevented nucleation for the duration of the experiment. The method is simple and quick and requires only a small amount of material."}
{"id": "PMID:938868", "title": "Abnormalities of detrusor and sphincter function in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Bladder and urethral function was studied in 52 patients with multiple sclerosis using gas-cystometry combined with sphincter electromyography. 96% of the patients showed abnormalities of either detrusor or sphincter function. The abnormal patterns discovered indicated demyelinating lesions in the corticospinal as well as in the reticulospinal tract. Urgency and urge-incontinence were the predominant symptoms, whereas no signs of involvement of the upper urinary tract found. The use of gas-cystometry provides a fast and differentiated method for assessment of the detrusor function.", "contents": "Abnormalities of detrusor and sphincter function in multiple sclerosis. Bladder and urethral function was studied in 52 patients with multiple sclerosis using gas-cystometry combined with sphincter electromyography. 96% of the patients showed abnormalities of either detrusor or sphincter function. The abnormal patterns discovered indicated demyelinating lesions in the corticospinal as well as in the reticulospinal tract. Urgency and urge-incontinence were the predominant symptoms, whereas no signs of involvement of the upper urinary tract found. The use of gas-cystometry provides a fast and differentiated method for assessment of the detrusor function."}
{"id": "PMID:938869", "title": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's disease involving the bladder.", "content": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's disease involving the bladder has been described. It resembled a bladder carcinoma. The pathology, aetiology and treatment have been briefly outlined.", "contents": "A case of Beh\u00e7et's disease involving the bladder. A case of Beh\u00e7et's disease involving the bladder has been described. It resembled a bladder carcinoma. The pathology, aetiology and treatment have been briefly outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:938870", "title": "Cryosurgery for prostatic obstruction using liquid nitrous oxide.", "content": "The history of the use of liquid N2O for prostatic cryosurgery is briefly reviewed and an account given of a new simple instrument. Details are given of the first 3 operations and of the results of another 82 performed at a number of different centres. Relief of acute or chronic obstruction was obtained in about two-thirds of the patients, all of whom were elderly and unfit for conventional operations. There were no serious complications attributable to the operation and it was suggested that it would be justifiable to offer it as an alternative, to patients who are fit for conventional surgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for prostatic obstruction using liquid nitrous oxide. The history of the use of liquid N2O for prostatic cryosurgery is briefly reviewed and an account given of a new simple instrument. Details are given of the first 3 operations and of the results of another 82 performed at a number of different centres. Relief of acute or chronic obstruction was obtained in about two-thirds of the patients, all of whom were elderly and unfit for conventional operations. There were no serious complications attributable to the operation and it was suggested that it would be justifiable to offer it as an alternative, to patients who are fit for conventional surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:938871", "title": "Latent carcinoma of the prostate: the probability of identifying small lesions in routine histology.", "content": "In 3,072 open prostatectomy specimens covering a 25-year period 117 (4%) showed frank carcinoma. A further 74 cases showed areas of occult carcinoma or atypical hyperplasia. These focal lesions had an average diameter of 1 mm and 96% were situated in the peripheral regions of the specimen. In view of the situation of these lesions and their small size, an improved method of taking blocks for histological sections from prostatectomy specimens is proposed, resulting in an increased probability of demonstrating the areas of occult malignancy.", "contents": "Latent carcinoma of the prostate: the probability of identifying small lesions in routine histology. In 3,072 open prostatectomy specimens covering a 25-year period 117 (4%) showed frank carcinoma. A further 74 cases showed areas of occult carcinoma or atypical hyperplasia. These focal lesions had an average diameter of 1 mm and 96% were situated in the peripheral regions of the specimen. In view of the situation of these lesions and their small size, an improved method of taking blocks for histological sections from prostatectomy specimens is proposed, resulting in an increased probability of demonstrating the areas of occult malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:938873", "title": "Introital bacterial flora - effect of increased frequency of micturition.", "content": "Introital swabbing was performed on each of 20 premenopausal female volunteers over a 5-day period, 2 swabs being collected each day. During the last 3 days of the 5-day period the volunteers were requested to void every 2 hours. Analysis of our data shows: 1. Perineal bacterial flora varies in number and type of organisms from hour to hour and day to day. 2. Quantitative culturing is of little help in distinguishing colonisation of the introitus with urinary pathogens from mere intermittent contamination of the introitus with the same pathogens. 3. Our results suggest that 4 or more consecutive isolates of the potential urinary pathogens from the introitus over a 48-hour period signify colonisation. 4. Frequency of micturition increases the risk of colonisation of the introitus with potential urinary pathogens. The significance of these findings is discussed, in relation to the previous work of other investigators.", "contents": "Introital bacterial flora - effect of increased frequency of micturition. Introital swabbing was performed on each of 20 premenopausal female volunteers over a 5-day period, 2 swabs being collected each day. During the last 3 days of the 5-day period the volunteers were requested to void every 2 hours. Analysis of our data shows: 1. Perineal bacterial flora varies in number and type of organisms from hour to hour and day to day. 2. Quantitative culturing is of little help in distinguishing colonisation of the introitus with urinary pathogens from mere intermittent contamination of the introitus with the same pathogens. 3. Our results suggest that 4 or more consecutive isolates of the potential urinary pathogens from the introitus over a 48-hour period signify colonisation. 4. Frequency of micturition increases the risk of colonisation of the introitus with potential urinary pathogens. The significance of these findings is discussed, in relation to the previous work of other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:938876", "title": "Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma: use of colonic potential in diagnosis and subtraction scanning technique for localisation.", "content": "Primary hyperaldosteronism is a potentially curable cause of hypertension, and much interest has been shown in methods of diagnosing the associated hypokalaemic hypertension and localising the adrenal adenoma. In two patients the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism was confirmed by colonic potential measurement and the adenoma localised by a new subtraction technique for early adrenal imaging applied to the use of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. Both patients underwent adrenalectomy and in each case an adenoma was removed. Blood pressure and electrolyte levels returned to normal after operation. In one patient bilateral adrenal phlebography had failed to show the tumour, and sampling of aldosterone concentrations in the adrenal veins had been unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma: use of colonic potential in diagnosis and subtraction scanning technique for localisation. Primary hyperaldosteronism is a potentially curable cause of hypertension, and much interest has been shown in methods of diagnosing the associated hypokalaemic hypertension and localising the adrenal adenoma. In two patients the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism was confirmed by colonic potential measurement and the adenoma localised by a new subtraction technique for early adrenal imaging applied to the use of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. Both patients underwent adrenalectomy and in each case an adenoma was removed. Blood pressure and electrolyte levels returned to normal after operation. In one patient bilateral adrenal phlebography had failed to show the tumour, and sampling of aldosterone concentrations in the adrenal veins had been unsatisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:938877", "title": "Doppler ultrasound method for detecting human fetal breathing in utero.", "content": "An audible Doppler ultrasound method for detecting human fetal breathing movements in utero has been developed. The frequencies synchronous with fetal breathing movements probably originate from the lung rather than the chest wall. This method is much cheaper and simpler than the ultrasound A-scan method and is suitable for screening large numbers of people.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound method for detecting human fetal breathing in utero. An audible Doppler ultrasound method for detecting human fetal breathing movements in utero has been developed. The frequencies synchronous with fetal breathing movements probably originate from the lung rather than the chest wall. This method is much cheaper and simpler than the ultrasound A-scan method and is suitable for screening large numbers of people."}
{"id": "PMID:938889", "title": "Ten-year follow-up report on Birmingham Diabetes Survey of 1961. Report by the Birmingham Diabetes Survey Working Party.", "content": "In a diabetes survey in 1960-1, 808 patients from a whole-practice population who either had glycosuria or were used as age- and sex-matched controls were given a 50-g oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Ten years later the test was repeated in 382 cases. Of the original group, 126 had died and a similar number refused the second test. The original GTT results were classed as normal or as showing GTT diabetes, lag storage, renal glycosuria, or miscellaneous abnormalities. Most of those who converted to florid diabetes came from the GTT diabetes group, all the remainder having shown another minor degree of abnormality in the test; 23% with GTT diabetes, however, remained unchanged, while 32% returned to normal or had only minor anomalies. Of the original lag-storage group 57% remained unchanged or became normal, though 24% had converted to a diabetic abnormality. Renal glycosuria was an innocent peculiarity. The various miscellaneous abnormalities tended to change and showed an excessive conversion to diabetes. There was no accelerating trend towards diabetes in the second five years of follow-up. Those who developed florid diabetes showed an excess mortality comparable to that of clinical diabetics in general. Those who remained normal had the lowest mortality, while those with minor abnormalities occupied an intermediate position.", "contents": "Ten-year follow-up report on Birmingham Diabetes Survey of 1961. Report by the Birmingham Diabetes Survey Working Party. In a diabetes survey in 1960-1, 808 patients from a whole-practice population who either had glycosuria or were used as age- and sex-matched controls were given a 50-g oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Ten years later the test was repeated in 382 cases. Of the original group, 126 had died and a similar number refused the second test. The original GTT results were classed as normal or as showing GTT diabetes, lag storage, renal glycosuria, or miscellaneous abnormalities. Most of those who converted to florid diabetes came from the GTT diabetes group, all the remainder having shown another minor degree of abnormality in the test; 23% with GTT diabetes, however, remained unchanged, while 32% returned to normal or had only minor anomalies. Of the original lag-storage group 57% remained unchanged or became normal, though 24% had converted to a diabetic abnormality. Renal glycosuria was an innocent peculiarity. The various miscellaneous abnormalities tended to change and showed an excessive conversion to diabetes. There was no accelerating trend towards diabetes in the second five years of follow-up. Those who developed florid diabetes showed an excess mortality comparable to that of clinical diabetics in general. Those who remained normal had the lowest mortality, while those with minor abnormalities occupied an intermediate position."}
{"id": "PMID:938938", "title": "Differentiation of Bergmann glia cells in the cerebellum: a golgi study.", "content": "The migration of Bergmann glia cells from the external granular layer to the Purkinje cell layer and the differentiation of their processes were analyzed in Golgi-Cox preparations of the cerebellum of the rat. During their migration they showed numerous cytoplasmic excrescences and long thick processes, which suggested that they may follow ameboid form of movement for their migration. The differentiation of their processes was observed to involve a series of complex events related to retraction of the thick apical processes from the tips of which sheaves of filiform processes emerged, growth in the number and the thickness of the filiform processes, resorption of some of these filiform processes, cyclic changes in the appearance, resorption and reappearance of excrescences on the filiform processes, and changes in size and shape of the growth cones. These findings are discussed in the context of the role played by the Bergmann glia cells in the postnatal developmental events in the cerebellum, and the dynamic nature of differentiation of their processes.", "contents": "Differentiation of Bergmann glia cells in the cerebellum: a golgi study. The migration of Bergmann glia cells from the external granular layer to the Purkinje cell layer and the differentiation of their processes were analyzed in Golgi-Cox preparations of the cerebellum of the rat. During their migration they showed numerous cytoplasmic excrescences and long thick processes, which suggested that they may follow ameboid form of movement for their migration. The differentiation of their processes was observed to involve a series of complex events related to retraction of the thick apical processes from the tips of which sheaves of filiform processes emerged, growth in the number and the thickness of the filiform processes, resorption of some of these filiform processes, cyclic changes in the appearance, resorption and reappearance of excrescences on the filiform processes, and changes in size and shape of the growth cones. These findings are discussed in the context of the role played by the Bergmann glia cells in the postnatal developmental events in the cerebellum, and the dynamic nature of differentiation of their processes."}
{"id": "PMID:938939", "title": "Morphological characteristics of dendrite bundles in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat.", "content": "The finding of motoneuron dendrites organized into small compact bundles in cats, monkeys and pigs suggested that a study of this phenomenon in rats should be undertaken. An analysis was performed with electron microscopy, light microscopy and Golgi methods. An extensive dendrite bundle organization was found in the sixth lumbar segment of the spinal cord. Two discrete bundles were localized bilaterally: a lateral bundle in the ventrolateral gray substance, and a medial bundle in the ventral funiculus. The lateral bundle was found to consist of longitudinally oriented dendrites, neurocytons, glial cells and capillaries. As many as 1678 closely packed dendrites were observed in the lateral bundle. The medial bundle contained dendrites directed across the midline and also longitudinally oriented dendrites. Neurocytons in the medial dendrite bundle were found singly or in clusters, and many radiating bundles of dendrites were observed projecting toward the lateral bundle. Golgi analysis confirmed that neurons in the lateral bundle had most of their dendrites oriented longitudinally. It was possible to trace several dendrites into the lateral bundle from dorsally and medially lying neurons. Electron microscopy substantiated the fact that the bundles were composed of dendrites. It also revealed numerous dendrodendritic and dendrosomatic contacts which were desmosomal in type as well as an abundance of small unidentified processes. Various functions which have been attributed to the dendrite bundles are discussed.", "contents": "Morphological characteristics of dendrite bundles in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. The finding of motoneuron dendrites organized into small compact bundles in cats, monkeys and pigs suggested that a study of this phenomenon in rats should be undertaken. An analysis was performed with electron microscopy, light microscopy and Golgi methods. An extensive dendrite bundle organization was found in the sixth lumbar segment of the spinal cord. Two discrete bundles were localized bilaterally: a lateral bundle in the ventrolateral gray substance, and a medial bundle in the ventral funiculus. The lateral bundle was found to consist of longitudinally oriented dendrites, neurocytons, glial cells and capillaries. As many as 1678 closely packed dendrites were observed in the lateral bundle. The medial bundle contained dendrites directed across the midline and also longitudinally oriented dendrites. Neurocytons in the medial dendrite bundle were found singly or in clusters, and many radiating bundles of dendrites were observed projecting toward the lateral bundle. Golgi analysis confirmed that neurons in the lateral bundle had most of their dendrites oriented longitudinally. It was possible to trace several dendrites into the lateral bundle from dorsally and medially lying neurons. Electron microscopy substantiated the fact that the bundles were composed of dendrites. It also revealed numerous dendrodendritic and dendrosomatic contacts which were desmosomal in type as well as an abundance of small unidentified processes. Various functions which have been attributed to the dendrite bundles are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938940", "title": "Localization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by light microscopic radioautography.", "content": "Injection of a potent, cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), results in a localization of the drug to muscarinic receptors in rat brain. The distribution of these drug receptors was examined in various brain regions previously thought to contain cholinergic neurons. They were localized to dendritic regions in the hippocampus, corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens and cerebral cortex. Particularly in the hippocampus, the receptor distribution may correspond to that for cholinergic nerve terminals.", "contents": "Localization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by light microscopic radioautography. Injection of a potent, cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB), results in a localization of the drug to muscarinic receptors in rat brain. The distribution of these drug receptors was examined in various brain regions previously thought to contain cholinergic neurons. They were localized to dendritic regions in the hippocampus, corpus striatum, nucleus accumbens and cerebral cortex. Particularly in the hippocampus, the receptor distribution may correspond to that for cholinergic nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:938941", "title": "Simulation of phase-dependent pattern changes to perturbations of regular firing in crayfish stretch receptor.", "content": "A comparison was made of responses of a repetitively firing neuron to perturbations imposed in an ongoing steady firing pattern with those predicted by a model termed the 'active pacemaker model' and by a simpler 'integrate-and-fire' model. The active pacemaker model simulates the kinetics of processes such as active response generation and electrogenic sodium pumping which govern the membrane potential trajectory between a reset-point following an impulse and threshold for the next impulse. Responses of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron (MRO) and of both models were studied for both abrupt steps and square pulses of current, both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing, as a function of phase of the start of the stimulus in the normal interspike interval. Physiological results are consistent with a substantially weaker effect of a perturbation delivered earlier in the interspike interval as compared to the same one given later. The active pacemaker model successfully simulates several of the prominent results of the physiology (though by no means all), while the linear integrate-and-fire model is less successful.", "contents": "Simulation of phase-dependent pattern changes to perturbations of regular firing in crayfish stretch receptor. A comparison was made of responses of a repetitively firing neuron to perturbations imposed in an ongoing steady firing pattern with those predicted by a model termed the 'active pacemaker model' and by a simpler 'integrate-and-fire' model. The active pacemaker model simulates the kinetics of processes such as active response generation and electrogenic sodium pumping which govern the membrane potential trajectory between a reset-point following an impulse and threshold for the next impulse. Responses of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron (MRO) and of both models were studied for both abrupt steps and square pulses of current, both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing, as a function of phase of the start of the stimulus in the normal interspike interval. Physiological results are consistent with a substantially weaker effect of a perturbation delivered earlier in the interspike interval as compared to the same one given later. The active pacemaker model successfully simulates several of the prominent results of the physiology (though by no means all), while the linear integrate-and-fire model is less successful."}
{"id": "PMID:938942", "title": "Simulation of network activity in stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus.", "content": "We have compared experimental and model studies on the rhythmic activity of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Both the pyloric and gastric mill systems were simulated using a physiologically based network model. In the pyloric simulation the known synaptic connectivity of the 3 principal cell types in the pyloric rhythm was found to be sufficient to produce the correct sequence of cyclic bursting activity over a substantial range of parameter values, even though we did not simulate the known endogenous oscillatory driver potential of one of the cell types. It is not yet known whether the synaptic inhibition in the real system is in the right range to cause cyclic bursting in the absence of the driver potential, but the synaptic connectivity does appear to reinforce the cyclic pattern. Simulations were also done with alternative connectivity schemes to determine which synapses appear essential to generate the correct bursting sequence (in the absence of endogenous bursting activity). Other, more complex, systems simulated were: (1) all 5 cell groups of the pyloric system, and (2) the cells responsible for movement of the lateral teeth in the gastric mill. In both cases good qualitative agreement was achieved between model and real systems.", "contents": "Simulation of network activity in stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster, Panulirus. We have compared experimental and model studies on the rhythmic activity of the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. Both the pyloric and gastric mill systems were simulated using a physiologically based network model. In the pyloric simulation the known synaptic connectivity of the 3 principal cell types in the pyloric rhythm was found to be sufficient to produce the correct sequence of cyclic bursting activity over a substantial range of parameter values, even though we did not simulate the known endogenous oscillatory driver potential of one of the cell types. It is not yet known whether the synaptic inhibition in the real system is in the right range to cause cyclic bursting in the absence of the driver potential, but the synaptic connectivity does appear to reinforce the cyclic pattern. Simulations were also done with alternative connectivity schemes to determine which synapses appear essential to generate the correct bursting sequence (in the absence of endogenous bursting activity). Other, more complex, systems simulated were: (1) all 5 cell groups of the pyloric system, and (2) the cells responsible for movement of the lateral teeth in the gastric mill. In both cases good qualitative agreement was achieved between model and real systems."}
{"id": "PMID:938943", "title": "Morphine and pain: effects on aspartate, GABA and glutamate in four discrete areas of mouse brain.", "content": "Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects on the levels of aspartate, GABA and glutamate in the periaqueductal central gray matter, hypothalamus, midbrain reticular formation and cortex of mouse brain following various treatments. The results indicate that only glutamate among the 3 neurohumors is systematically altered relative to the experimental manipulations. Moreover, among the 4 brain areas examined, the data implicate only the periaqueductal central gray matter as a locus of morphine's antinociceptive action. Morphine also appears to produce a drug-specific effect in hypothalamus which, however, is not analgesia-related. There were no significant pain, stress or drug-related effects on the levels of glutamate in either the midbrain reticular formation or the cortex.", "contents": "Morphine and pain: effects on aspartate, GABA and glutamate in four discrete areas of mouse brain. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects on the levels of aspartate, GABA and glutamate in the periaqueductal central gray matter, hypothalamus, midbrain reticular formation and cortex of mouse brain following various treatments. The results indicate that only glutamate among the 3 neurohumors is systematically altered relative to the experimental manipulations. Moreover, among the 4 brain areas examined, the data implicate only the periaqueductal central gray matter as a locus of morphine's antinociceptive action. Morphine also appears to produce a drug-specific effect in hypothalamus which, however, is not analgesia-related. There were no significant pain, stress or drug-related effects on the levels of glutamate in either the midbrain reticular formation or the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:938944", "title": "Gustatory neural coding in the pons.", "content": "Third-order neurons from the pontine taste area (PTA) were analyzed in accordance with the across-fiber pattern theory of gustatory neural coding. Single neuron responses, evoked by chemical stimulation of the tongue, were recorded from the PTA of acute Nembutalized rats. They reveal that PTA neurons are broadly sensitive to stimuli representing the 4 putative basic taste qualities. Of 35 neurons, 33 responded to at least 3 of the 4 quality classes. Time course analyses indicate that stimuli which are shown to be alike in behavioral studies exhibit similar temporal response sequences. Correlations between all possible pairs of response patterns indicate that like-tasting chemicals elicit similar profiles of activity across the neural population. A multidimensional analysis indicates that three underlying physico-chemical dimensions (as yet undefined) bear upon the neural responses. In certain of their response properties, PTA neurons are like those of the (second-order) solitary nucleus; in other respects they auger the characteristics seen in the (fourth-order) thalamic neurons. It is concluded that the PTA is functionally as well as anatomically intermediate between the solitary nucleus and thalamus in the taste processing chain.", "contents": "Gustatory neural coding in the pons. Third-order neurons from the pontine taste area (PTA) were analyzed in accordance with the across-fiber pattern theory of gustatory neural coding. Single neuron responses, evoked by chemical stimulation of the tongue, were recorded from the PTA of acute Nembutalized rats. They reveal that PTA neurons are broadly sensitive to stimuli representing the 4 putative basic taste qualities. Of 35 neurons, 33 responded to at least 3 of the 4 quality classes. Time course analyses indicate that stimuli which are shown to be alike in behavioral studies exhibit similar temporal response sequences. Correlations between all possible pairs of response patterns indicate that like-tasting chemicals elicit similar profiles of activity across the neural population. A multidimensional analysis indicates that three underlying physico-chemical dimensions (as yet undefined) bear upon the neural responses. In certain of their response properties, PTA neurons are like those of the (second-order) solitary nucleus; in other respects they auger the characteristics seen in the (fourth-order) thalamic neurons. It is concluded that the PTA is functionally as well as anatomically intermediate between the solitary nucleus and thalamus in the taste processing chain."}
{"id": "PMID:938945", "title": "Varying changes in heart rate produced by nociceptive stimulation of the skin in rats at different temperatures.", "content": "The effect of nociceptive stimulation of various skin areas of the neck, chest and abdomen on the heart rate was examined in anesthetized rats with the cord intact and in acute spinal rats, at different body temperatures. In the anesthetized rats with the cord intact, the stimulation on the neck, chest and abdominal skin areas caused reflex changes in heart rate. At a rectal temperature of 38.0-38.9 degrees C the response was usually an increase in heart rate, whereas the response at 36.0-36.9 degrees C was a decrease. The heart rate reflex response at 37.0-37.9 degrees C was a monophasic increase or decrease, or a biphasic initial decrease followed by an increase. The reflex increase or decrease in heart rate produced by cutaneous stimulation was mediated by a reflex increase or decrease in the efferent discharges of the cardiac sympathetic nerve. In acute spinal rats, only stimulation on the chest skin area, at a rectal temperature of 36.0-38.9 degrees C, would always produce a reflex increase in heart rate. This reflex increase in heart rate was also produced by an increase in efferent discharges of the cardiac sympathetic nerve.", "contents": "Varying changes in heart rate produced by nociceptive stimulation of the skin in rats at different temperatures. The effect of nociceptive stimulation of various skin areas of the neck, chest and abdomen on the heart rate was examined in anesthetized rats with the cord intact and in acute spinal rats, at different body temperatures. In the anesthetized rats with the cord intact, the stimulation on the neck, chest and abdominal skin areas caused reflex changes in heart rate. At a rectal temperature of 38.0-38.9 degrees C the response was usually an increase in heart rate, whereas the response at 36.0-36.9 degrees C was a decrease. The heart rate reflex response at 37.0-37.9 degrees C was a monophasic increase or decrease, or a biphasic initial decrease followed by an increase. The reflex increase or decrease in heart rate produced by cutaneous stimulation was mediated by a reflex increase or decrease in the efferent discharges of the cardiac sympathetic nerve. In acute spinal rats, only stimulation on the chest skin area, at a rectal temperature of 36.0-38.9 degrees C, would always produce a reflex increase in heart rate. This reflex increase in heart rate was also produced by an increase in efferent discharges of the cardiac sympathetic nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:938946", "title": "Regional study of cerebral ventricle sensitive sites to angiotensin II.", "content": "Angiotensin II injected in small doses into the cerebral ventricles produces an increase in blood pressure and drinking behavior. The site of action for both of these effects was studied in 3 main experiments. (1) The response to several doses of angiotensin delivered to each ventricle was investigated with multiple ventricular cannulation. This revealed that the rostral ventricular system was involved in angiotensin II mediated responses. (2) CSF flow was limited by plugging specific anterior and posterior ventricular regions and then testing for angiotensin II induced drinking and pressor responses. This technique showed that the ventral anterior third ventricle must be reached by the peptide in order to produce either blood pressure or drinking effects. (3) In order to separate pressor components due to vasopressin release and sympathetic activation, hypophysectomized rats were also tested. The experiment showed that the pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin II is due to both sympathetic and pituitary hormonal components and both are dependent on sites sensitive to angiotensin in the anterior third ventricule. The ventral anterior third ventricle or periventricular tissue surrounding it seems to be essential for both blood pressure and drinking responses to intraventricular angiotensin II.", "contents": "Regional study of cerebral ventricle sensitive sites to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II injected in small doses into the cerebral ventricles produces an increase in blood pressure and drinking behavior. The site of action for both of these effects was studied in 3 main experiments. (1) The response to several doses of angiotensin delivered to each ventricle was investigated with multiple ventricular cannulation. This revealed that the rostral ventricular system was involved in angiotensin II mediated responses. (2) CSF flow was limited by plugging specific anterior and posterior ventricular regions and then testing for angiotensin II induced drinking and pressor responses. This technique showed that the ventral anterior third ventricle must be reached by the peptide in order to produce either blood pressure or drinking effects. (3) In order to separate pressor components due to vasopressin release and sympathetic activation, hypophysectomized rats were also tested. The experiment showed that the pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin II is due to both sympathetic and pituitary hormonal components and both are dependent on sites sensitive to angiotensin in the anterior third ventricule. The ventral anterior third ventricle or periventricular tissue surrounding it seems to be essential for both blood pressure and drinking responses to intraventricular angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:938947", "title": "Uptake and release of calcium by rat brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Rat brain synaptosomes, prepared by discontinuous Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, accumulated 45Ca during brief incubations in modified Krebs-Ringer media. Uptake of 45Ca was increased by 5 mM glutamate and 50 mM KCl, conditions that depolarize nerve cells; uptake of 22Na was also increased by these agents. With 0.2 mM diphenylhydantoin, the increased 45Ca uptake due to KCl was diminished, whereas that due to glutamate was less affected; conversely, with 0.15 muM tetrodotoxin the increased 45Ca uptake due to glutamate was diminished, whereas that due to KCl was less affected. Both diphenylhydantoin and tetrodotoxin diminished the augmented uptake of 22Na due to KCl and glutamate; thus the increased uptake of 45Ca under depolarizing conditions may be dissociated from the increased influx of sodium. Ruthenium red decreased the uptake of 45Ca under all conditions, as did procaine and the lanthanide Pr3+. Neither 5 mM glutamate nor 50 mM KCl increased 45Ca uptake by brain mitochondria under comparable experimental conditions, whereas ATP increased the uptake by mitochondria but not that by these synaptosomes. Altering the sodium gradient by equimolar substitution of lithium or choline for sodium in the medium increased 45Ca uptake, whereas 22Na uptake was decreased. Inhibiting the sodium pump by ouabain or strophanthidin also increased 45Ca uptake, and increased 22Na uptake as well. The increased uptake of 45Ca induced by ouabain was inhibited by diphenylhydantoin and tetrodotoxin. Measurements of the total calcium content showed that conditions producing an increased uptake of 45Ca also produced a net uptake of calcium, rather than merely accelerating a 45Ca-40Ca exchange. Experiments measuring the loss of previously accumulated 45Ca showed that directly decreasing the sodium gradient or inhibiting the sodium pump slowed the loss of 45Ca. These data are considered in terms of calcium influx through 'leak' pathways and gated channels (sensitive to membrane depolarization) and of net efflux dependent on a coupled sodium-calcium exchange mechanism.", "contents": "Uptake and release of calcium by rat brain synaptosomes. Rat brain synaptosomes, prepared by discontinuous Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, accumulated 45Ca during brief incubations in modified Krebs-Ringer media. Uptake of 45Ca was increased by 5 mM glutamate and 50 mM KCl, conditions that depolarize nerve cells; uptake of 22Na was also increased by these agents. With 0.2 mM diphenylhydantoin, the increased 45Ca uptake due to KCl was diminished, whereas that due to glutamate was less affected; conversely, with 0.15 muM tetrodotoxin the increased 45Ca uptake due to glutamate was diminished, whereas that due to KCl was less affected. Both diphenylhydantoin and tetrodotoxin diminished the augmented uptake of 22Na due to KCl and glutamate; thus the increased uptake of 45Ca under depolarizing conditions may be dissociated from the increased influx of sodium. Ruthenium red decreased the uptake of 45Ca under all conditions, as did procaine and the lanthanide Pr3+. Neither 5 mM glutamate nor 50 mM KCl increased 45Ca uptake by brain mitochondria under comparable experimental conditions, whereas ATP increased the uptake by mitochondria but not that by these synaptosomes. Altering the sodium gradient by equimolar substitution of lithium or choline for sodium in the medium increased 45Ca uptake, whereas 22Na uptake was decreased. Inhibiting the sodium pump by ouabain or strophanthidin also increased 45Ca uptake, and increased 22Na uptake as well. The increased uptake of 45Ca induced by ouabain was inhibited by diphenylhydantoin and tetrodotoxin. Measurements of the total calcium content showed that conditions producing an increased uptake of 45Ca also produced a net uptake of calcium, rather than merely accelerating a 45Ca-40Ca exchange. Experiments measuring the loss of previously accumulated 45Ca showed that directly decreasing the sodium gradient or inhibiting the sodium pump slowed the loss of 45Ca. These data are considered in terms of calcium influx through 'leak' pathways and gated channels (sensitive to membrane depolarization) and of net efflux dependent on a coupled sodium-calcium exchange mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:938948", "title": "Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. III. Effect on enzymes of carnosine metabolism.", "content": "Carnosine (beta-Ala-L-His) is localized within the receptor neurons of the primary olfactory system. Carnosine synthetase, the enzyme responsible for its synthesis, is found in the primary olfactory pathway of the mouse at activities higher than that found in other body tissues and brain regions. Carnosinase, the degradative enzyme, is present at high activities, only in the olfactory epithelial portion of this pathway. Peripheral deafferentation or central denervation cause a selective decrease in the activity of carnosine synthetase in the reciprocal portion of the primary olfactory system implying specific localization within the receptor neurons. These data are consistent with a role for the dipeptide carnosine in olfactory neural transmission.", "contents": "Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. III. Effect on enzymes of carnosine metabolism. Carnosine (beta-Ala-L-His) is localized within the receptor neurons of the primary olfactory system. Carnosine synthetase, the enzyme responsible for its synthesis, is found in the primary olfactory pathway of the mouse at activities higher than that found in other body tissues and brain regions. Carnosinase, the degradative enzyme, is present at high activities, only in the olfactory epithelial portion of this pathway. Peripheral deafferentation or central denervation cause a selective decrease in the activity of carnosine synthetase in the reciprocal portion of the primary olfactory system implying specific localization within the receptor neurons. These data are consistent with a role for the dipeptide carnosine in olfactory neural transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:938958", "title": "A comparison of the osmotic pressures along the digestive tract of the domestic fowl and the rabbit.", "content": "1. The osmotic pressures of the contents of the alimentary tract from the adult hen and cockerel and rabbit were measured. 2. In the rabbit osmolality of the fluids from the different segments of the digestive tract was similar (331 &/- 12 mOm) and slightly hypertonic to blood plasma (297 &/- 3-12 mOsm). 3. In the hen osmotic pressures were: crop 537, gizzard 312, duodenum 571, proximal jejunum 650, distal jejunum 573, proximal ileum 514 and distal ileum 451 mOsm. Only osmolality of the crop contents was influenced by egg formation. 4. In the cockerel osmotic pressure in the alimentary tract followed the same pattern as the hen and was modified by the time of day. 5. Plasma osmolality in the fowl was about 320 mOsm. Absorption of water across the proximal jejunum is achieved therefore against a gradient of about 330 mOsm in the female and 420 mOsm in the male fowl.", "contents": "A comparison of the osmotic pressures along the digestive tract of the domestic fowl and the rabbit. 1. The osmotic pressures of the contents of the alimentary tract from the adult hen and cockerel and rabbit were measured. 2. In the rabbit osmolality of the fluids from the different segments of the digestive tract was similar (331 &/- 12 mOm) and slightly hypertonic to blood plasma (297 &/- 3-12 mOsm). 3. In the hen osmotic pressures were: crop 537, gizzard 312, duodenum 571, proximal jejunum 650, distal jejunum 573, proximal ileum 514 and distal ileum 451 mOsm. Only osmolality of the crop contents was influenced by egg formation. 4. In the cockerel osmotic pressure in the alimentary tract followed the same pattern as the hen and was modified by the time of day. 5. Plasma osmolality in the fowl was about 320 mOsm. Absorption of water across the proximal jejunum is achieved therefore against a gradient of about 330 mOsm in the female and 420 mOsm in the male fowl."}
{"id": "PMID:938959", "title": "Ionic constituents and osmolality of the small intestinal fluids of the laying hen.", "content": "1. The osmotic pressure of the liquid phase of the contents of the small intestine is always hypertonic to plasma and not affected by egg formation. 2. Chloride concentration is higher during shell calcification, sodium and calcium concentrations increase at the end of shell deposition while calcium concentration shows a cyclic variation with a maximum 18 h after ovulation. 3. The relationships between the ions and water of the duodenum and upper jejunum are modified by egg formation: the apparent reduction of Na+ and W+ is compensated by an increase in Ca2+. 4. It is concluded that egg formation acts on the intestinal composition via the proventriculus and gizzard rather than through a direct effect on the intestine.", "contents": "Ionic constituents and osmolality of the small intestinal fluids of the laying hen. 1. The osmotic pressure of the liquid phase of the contents of the small intestine is always hypertonic to plasma and not affected by egg formation. 2. Chloride concentration is higher during shell calcification, sodium and calcium concentrations increase at the end of shell deposition while calcium concentration shows a cyclic variation with a maximum 18 h after ovulation. 3. The relationships between the ions and water of the duodenum and upper jejunum are modified by egg formation: the apparent reduction of Na+ and W+ is compensated by an increase in Ca2+. 4. It is concluded that egg formation acts on the intestinal composition via the proventriculus and gizzard rather than through a direct effect on the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:938960", "title": "Responses of laying hens to a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids, L-glutamic acid and/or intact protein.", "content": "1. Three sequential experiments, each lasting 8 weeks, were carried out on 576 singly-caged light hybrids. 2. In experiment 1 egg production was 84% using a conventional control diet, 61% with a basal low-protein diet, and 79% with the basal diet supplemented with 10 essential amino acids+L-glutamic acid (GA). 3. In experiment 2 supplementation with lysine and methionine (L+M) alone increased egg production significantly from 54 to 72%, compared with 83% with the conventional diet. 4. In experiment 3 egg production was 55% with the basal diet, 71% with the basal diet+L+M, 75% with a diet containing 141 g protein/kg+L+M, and 73% with the conventional diet. 5. In all three experiments supplementation with GA alone either gave no significant response or a depression in production. 6. Daily intakes of 1-24 g nitrogen as non-essential amino acids and 13 to 14 g total crude protein per bird resulted in good egg production. Supplementation of the basal diet with L+M resulted in a daily intake of 413 mg methionine/bird day which was considered adequate, and a daily intake of 710 mg lysine which was considered slightly inadequate.", "contents": "Responses of laying hens to a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids, L-glutamic acid and/or intact protein. 1. Three sequential experiments, each lasting 8 weeks, were carried out on 576 singly-caged light hybrids. 2. In experiment 1 egg production was 84% using a conventional control diet, 61% with a basal low-protein diet, and 79% with the basal diet supplemented with 10 essential amino acids+L-glutamic acid (GA). 3. In experiment 2 supplementation with lysine and methionine (L+M) alone increased egg production significantly from 54 to 72%, compared with 83% with the conventional diet. 4. In experiment 3 egg production was 55% with the basal diet, 71% with the basal diet+L+M, 75% with a diet containing 141 g protein/kg+L+M, and 73% with the conventional diet. 5. In all three experiments supplementation with GA alone either gave no significant response or a depression in production. 6. Daily intakes of 1-24 g nitrogen as non-essential amino acids and 13 to 14 g total crude protein per bird resulted in good egg production. Supplementation of the basal diet with L+M resulted in a daily intake of 413 mg methionine/bird day which was considered adequate, and a daily intake of 710 mg lysine which was considered slightly inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:938961", "title": "Papaveretum for anaesthesia and its comparison with morphine. Anaesthetic time/dose curves VIII.", "content": "Intravenous papaveretum was used for the induction and supplementation of nitrous oxide-relaxant anaesthesia in 32 subjects undergoing major surgical operations. An anaesthetic time/dose curve was constructed from the size and timing of successive narcotic increments received by each patient and from these the loading and maintenance requirements of the group were determined. Compared with a similar series in which plain morphine was employed in the same fashion, the morphine content of papaveretum accounted for only 82 per cent of the observed anaesthetic activity. Since the remaining 18 per cent was provided by more readily inactivated alkaloids, papaveretum's therapeutic half-life was only 58 per cent (3.61 hr) of morphine (6.18 hr). All the statements outlined above proved to be statistically significant to various degrees. The advantages of a shorter acting morphine-like compound in anaesthesia are discussed.", "contents": "Papaveretum for anaesthesia and its comparison with morphine. Anaesthetic time/dose curves VIII. Intravenous papaveretum was used for the induction and supplementation of nitrous oxide-relaxant anaesthesia in 32 subjects undergoing major surgical operations. An anaesthetic time/dose curve was constructed from the size and timing of successive narcotic increments received by each patient and from these the loading and maintenance requirements of the group were determined. Compared with a similar series in which plain morphine was employed in the same fashion, the morphine content of papaveretum accounted for only 82 per cent of the observed anaesthetic activity. Since the remaining 18 per cent was provided by more readily inactivated alkaloids, papaveretum's therapeutic half-life was only 58 per cent (3.61 hr) of morphine (6.18 hr). All the statements outlined above proved to be statistically significant to various degrees. The advantages of a shorter acting morphine-like compound in anaesthesia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:938962", "title": "A technique for measuring regional myocardial blood flow and its application in determining the effects of hyperventilation and halothane.", "content": "A method for measuring regional myocardial blood flow with a polarographic hydrogen-clearance technique, and its experimental application in dogs, are described. Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, flow to the superficial (3 mm) and deep (8 mm) layers of the left ventricle was not significantly different. Neither hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 24 mm Hg) nor halothane significantly altered differential distribution of blood flow to the superficial and deep layers of the myocardium. Hypocapnia was followed by a fall in myocardial blood flow (MBF) associated with increased myocardial vascular resistance (MVR). Administration of halothane 0.5 per cent at normal levels of PaCO2 led to a fall in MBF of approximately 20 per cent with no significant changes in MVR.", "contents": "A technique for measuring regional myocardial blood flow and its application in determining the effects of hyperventilation and halothane. A method for measuring regional myocardial blood flow with a polarographic hydrogen-clearance technique, and its experimental application in dogs, are described. Under pentobarbitone anaesthesia, flow to the superficial (3 mm) and deep (8 mm) layers of the left ventricle was not significantly different. Neither hypocapnia (PaCO2 = 24 mm Hg) nor halothane significantly altered differential distribution of blood flow to the superficial and deep layers of the myocardium. Hypocapnia was followed by a fall in myocardial blood flow (MBF) associated with increased myocardial vascular resistance (MVR). Administration of halothane 0.5 per cent at normal levels of PaCO2 led to a fall in MBF of approximately 20 per cent with no significant changes in MVR."}
{"id": "PMID:938963", "title": "The effects of althesin and thiopentone on sympathetic and baroreflex activity.", "content": "In decerebrate rabbits which were mechanically ventilated, both Althesin and thiopentone depressed preganglionic sympathetic activity and arterial pressure. Conduction through central baroreceptor pathways, tested by depressor nerve stimulation, showed a selective inhibition of the heart rate response by both agents. Effects were similar with Althesin injection in animals which were lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Depression of the arterial pressure and sympathetic components of the baroreceptor reflex was apparent only with high doses.", "contents": "The effects of althesin and thiopentone on sympathetic and baroreflex activity. In decerebrate rabbits which were mechanically ventilated, both Althesin and thiopentone depressed preganglionic sympathetic activity and arterial pressure. Conduction through central baroreceptor pathways, tested by depressor nerve stimulation, showed a selective inhibition of the heart rate response by both agents. Effects were similar with Althesin injection in animals which were lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Depression of the arterial pressure and sympathetic components of the baroreceptor reflex was apparent only with high doses."}
{"id": "PMID:938964", "title": "Screening of malignant hyperthermia susceptible families by creatine phosphokinase measurement and other clinical investigations.", "content": "We investigated 56 families afflicted with malignant hyperpyrexia. One hundred and twenty-four individuals within these families had had an episode of malignant hyperthermia, of whom we saw seventy-two. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was statistically higher in affected individuals and in close relatives than in normal volunteers. The magnitude of the serum CPK elevations varied significantly between families. While in some families the serum CPK was clearly elevated in affected individuals, in other families the serum CPK was normal or only moderately or inconsistently raised. In these latter families serum CPK measurement was therfore of little or no value in identifying afflicted members. The incidence of musculoskeletal abnormalities was greater in affected individuals and in close relatives than in the general population. Thus, the concomitant individual belonging to a family known to be susceptible to malignant hyperthermia was a better indicator of the MH trait than was the presence of only one of these parameters. For reasons which we do not fully understand, MHS individuals were found to require fewer anaesthetics than normal persons. The incidence of MH crises within each family fell significantly following investigation, counselling, and issuance of Medic-Alert bracelets.", "contents": "Screening of malignant hyperthermia susceptible families by creatine phosphokinase measurement and other clinical investigations. We investigated 56 families afflicted with malignant hyperpyrexia. One hundred and twenty-four individuals within these families had had an episode of malignant hyperthermia, of whom we saw seventy-two. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was statistically higher in affected individuals and in close relatives than in normal volunteers. The magnitude of the serum CPK elevations varied significantly between families. While in some families the serum CPK was clearly elevated in affected individuals, in other families the serum CPK was normal or only moderately or inconsistently raised. In these latter families serum CPK measurement was therfore of little or no value in identifying afflicted members. The incidence of musculoskeletal abnormalities was greater in affected individuals and in close relatives than in the general population. Thus, the concomitant individual belonging to a family known to be susceptible to malignant hyperthermia was a better indicator of the MH trait than was the presence of only one of these parameters. For reasons which we do not fully understand, MHS individuals were found to require fewer anaesthetics than normal persons. The incidence of MH crises within each family fell significantly following investigation, counselling, and issuance of Medic-Alert bracelets."}
{"id": "PMID:938965", "title": "Acute febrile reaction complicating spinal anaesthesia in a survivor of malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "A case report is presented of a survivor of malignant hyperthermia who suffered an acute febrile episode during the course of a spinal anaesthetic. It is suggested that the extreme degree of intra-operative anxiety may have triggered this event.", "contents": "Acute febrile reaction complicating spinal anaesthesia in a survivor of malignant hyperthermia. A case report is presented of a survivor of malignant hyperthermia who suffered an acute febrile episode during the course of a spinal anaesthetic. It is suggested that the extreme degree of intra-operative anxiety may have triggered this event."}
{"id": "PMID:938966", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic hormone during morphine anaesthesia.", "content": "The effect of morphine anaesthesia on plasma antidiuretic hormone levels was studied in seven adult patients. Measurements of ADH showed no significant change with morphine and 50 per cent nitrous oxide. Significant elevation occurred with surgical stimulation as previously reported. Changes in urine flow with high doses of morphine are then not ADH related.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of antidiuretic hormone during morphine anaesthesia. The effect of morphine anaesthesia on plasma antidiuretic hormone levels was studied in seven adult patients. Measurements of ADH showed no significant change with morphine and 50 per cent nitrous oxide. Significant elevation occurred with surgical stimulation as previously reported. Changes in urine flow with high doses of morphine are then not ADH related."}
{"id": "PMID:938967", "title": "The effects of large doses of fentanyl and fentanyl with nitrous oxide on renal function in the dog.", "content": "Renal effects of large doses of fentanyl (1 mg/kg) were determined in 14 mongrel dogs before and after addition of 50 per cent nitrous oxide. Fentanyl significantly increased urine osmolarity and decreased urine output and free water clearance but did not change inulin or PAH clearances. The arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were significantly decreased after 0.1 mg/kg fentanyl and these changes were then maintained during the remainder of the study period. Addition of nitrous oxide produced no further changes in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure but did increase urine output, PAH, inulin and free water clearances and decreased urine osmolarity. These data demonstrate that high doses of fentanyl have significant antidiuretic properties in the dog and these probably are related to the release of antidiuretic hormone. Our results also indicate that addition of nitrous oxide reverses fentanyl induced antidiuresis.", "contents": "The effects of large doses of fentanyl and fentanyl with nitrous oxide on renal function in the dog. Renal effects of large doses of fentanyl (1 mg/kg) were determined in 14 mongrel dogs before and after addition of 50 per cent nitrous oxide. Fentanyl significantly increased urine osmolarity and decreased urine output and free water clearance but did not change inulin or PAH clearances. The arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were significantly decreased after 0.1 mg/kg fentanyl and these changes were then maintained during the remainder of the study period. Addition of nitrous oxide produced no further changes in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure but did increase urine output, PAH, inulin and free water clearances and decreased urine osmolarity. These data demonstrate that high doses of fentanyl have significant antidiuretic properties in the dog and these probably are related to the release of antidiuretic hormone. Our results also indicate that addition of nitrous oxide reverses fentanyl induced antidiuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:938968", "title": "Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of acupuncture (moxibustion) by propranolol in dogs during halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "Acupuncture by electrocautery, moxibustion, at Jen Chung (Go-26) acupoint produces a sympathomimetic effect on the cardiovascular system of dogs under halothane anaesthesia (MAC I). This effect is manifest by significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly decreased during a two-hour period of observation. Pretreatment with the beta blocker, propranolol, caused a significant decrease in cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly increased. Similar responses were observed when propranolol was administered without moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26).", "contents": "Inhibition of the cardiovascular effects of acupuncture (moxibustion) by propranolol in dogs during halothane anaesthesia. Acupuncture by electrocautery, moxibustion, at Jen Chung (Go-26) acupoint produces a sympathomimetic effect on the cardiovascular system of dogs under halothane anaesthesia (MAC I). This effect is manifest by significant increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly decreased during a two-hour period of observation. Pretreatment with the beta blocker, propranolol, caused a significant decrease in cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure while total peripheral resistance is significantly increased. Similar responses were observed when propranolol was administered without moxibustion at Jen Chung (Go-26)."}
{"id": "PMID:938969", "title": "Anaphylaxis to thiopentone: a case report.", "content": "A case of anaphylaxis to thiopentone is reported and its immediate treatment with epinephrine is emphasized. Other reported cases of allergic reaction to thiopentone and to muscle relaxants are reviewed. There are no reliable diagnostic tests for allergy to these agents.", "contents": "Anaphylaxis to thiopentone: a case report. A case of anaphylaxis to thiopentone is reported and its immediate treatment with epinephrine is emphasized. Other reported cases of allergic reaction to thiopentone and to muscle relaxants are reviewed. There are no reliable diagnostic tests for allergy to these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:938970", "title": "Doppler determined blood pressure recordings: the effect of varying cuff sizes in children.", "content": "Ten children ages 12 months to 14 years were studied to determine the effect of cuff size on blood pressure determined by the Doppler ultrasonic technique compared to blood pressure recordings by the auscultatory method. It was found that Doppler determined blood pressure varied with cuff size as it does with the auscultatory method. Too small a cuff will give an artificially high recording while too large a cuff causes too low a recording. The effect of the large cuff is less marked than the effect of too small a cuff.", "contents": "Doppler determined blood pressure recordings: the effect of varying cuff sizes in children. Ten children ages 12 months to 14 years were studied to determine the effect of cuff size on blood pressure determined by the Doppler ultrasonic technique compared to blood pressure recordings by the auscultatory method. It was found that Doppler determined blood pressure varied with cuff size as it does with the auscultatory method. Too small a cuff will give an artificially high recording while too large a cuff causes too low a recording. The effect of the large cuff is less marked than the effect of too small a cuff."}
{"id": "PMID:938971", "title": "Airway obstruction with cuffed flexometallic tracheal tubes.", "content": "The occurrence of an airway obstruction with a cuffed flexometallic tracheal tube is reported. The cause of the obstruction is attributed to internal herniation of the distal extremity of the tube secondary to diffusion of anaesthetic gases into the tracheal tube cuff and subsequently between the two layers of the distal extremity of the tube. Methods to avoid overdistension of the cuff volume are described.", "contents": "Airway obstruction with cuffed flexometallic tracheal tubes. The occurrence of an airway obstruction with a cuffed flexometallic tracheal tube is reported. The cause of the obstruction is attributed to internal herniation of the distal extremity of the tube secondary to diffusion of anaesthetic gases into the tracheal tube cuff and subsequently between the two layers of the distal extremity of the tube. Methods to avoid overdistension of the cuff volume are described."}
{"id": "PMID:938973", "title": "Identification of the mouse chromosomes by microdensitometry.", "content": "Densitometric analysis has been performed on mouse chromosomes from \"in vivo\" preparations stained with Giemsa after trypsinisation. The characteristic curves obtained by analysing the same chromosome after different durations of trypsinisation suggest that a trypsinisation step is not always necessary to get an analysable banding pattern. The best results are obtained when the chromatids are long and closely appressed and by analysing the positive photomicrographs.", "contents": "Identification of the mouse chromosomes by microdensitometry. Densitometric analysis has been performed on mouse chromosomes from \"in vivo\" preparations stained with Giemsa after trypsinisation. The characteristic curves obtained by analysing the same chromosome after different durations of trypsinisation suggest that a trypsinisation step is not always necessary to get an analysable banding pattern. The best results are obtained when the chromatids are long and closely appressed and by analysing the positive photomicrographs."}
{"id": "PMID:938974", "title": "Geographic variation of the chromosomal polymorphism in Drosophila flavopilosa.", "content": "Natural populations of the Chilean species Drosophila flavopilosa Frey are polymorphic for the banding sequences in the fifth chromosome due to the existence of four paracentric inversions. Qualitative analysis of the polymorphism demonstrated that there are seasonal fluctuation and geographic variations of two kinds: altitudinal gradients and a north-south gradient. In addition, the northernmost and southernmost samples examined are polymorphic only for one inversion (inversion \"B\"). In the light of previous experimental evidence, it was concluded that the seasonal fluctuations and elevational differences are probably controlled by weather conditions, especially temperature. However, the observed differences between the central and marginal populations require another type of interpretation, similar to that postulated for other species that exhibit the same pattern of chromosomal variation. A photomicrographic map of the Standard banding pattern of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of D. flavopilosa is presented.", "contents": "Geographic variation of the chromosomal polymorphism in Drosophila flavopilosa. Natural populations of the Chilean species Drosophila flavopilosa Frey are polymorphic for the banding sequences in the fifth chromosome due to the existence of four paracentric inversions. Qualitative analysis of the polymorphism demonstrated that there are seasonal fluctuation and geographic variations of two kinds: altitudinal gradients and a north-south gradient. In addition, the northernmost and southernmost samples examined are polymorphic only for one inversion (inversion \"B\"). In the light of previous experimental evidence, it was concluded that the seasonal fluctuations and elevational differences are probably controlled by weather conditions, especially temperature. However, the observed differences between the central and marginal populations require another type of interpretation, similar to that postulated for other species that exhibit the same pattern of chromosomal variation. A photomicrographic map of the Standard banding pattern of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of D. flavopilosa is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:938975", "title": "Sex chromatin and chromosome numbers in Lepidoptera.", "content": "Three classes of sex chromatin (SC) distribution have been encountered in a sample of Canadian Lepidoptera. In 78 of the 103 species examined, females were SC positive and males were SC negative. In another 24 species, females and males were SC negative. Females and males of a single species, Eucordylea resinosae, had two equal-sized SC bodies in interphase nuclei. In no species were females found to be SC negative and males SC positive. Usually presence of SC indicates an XX male and XY female sex determining mechanism, and its absence, XX male; XO female, but the exceptional occurrence of SC in females and males of a species suggests the need for caution in too universal an application of this interpretation. Chromosome numbers have also been determined for 53 of the 103 species. Male haploid numbers ranged from 11 to 61, but 30 was most frequently encountered.", "contents": "Sex chromatin and chromosome numbers in Lepidoptera. Three classes of sex chromatin (SC) distribution have been encountered in a sample of Canadian Lepidoptera. In 78 of the 103 species examined, females were SC positive and males were SC negative. In another 24 species, females and males were SC negative. Females and males of a single species, Eucordylea resinosae, had two equal-sized SC bodies in interphase nuclei. In no species were females found to be SC negative and males SC positive. Usually presence of SC indicates an XX male and XY female sex determining mechanism, and its absence, XX male; XO female, but the exceptional occurrence of SC in females and males of a species suggests the need for caution in too universal an application of this interpretation. Chromosome numbers have also been determined for 53 of the 103 species. Male haploid numbers ranged from 11 to 61, but 30 was most frequently encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:938976", "title": "The synthesis of compound autosomes in the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.", "content": "The synthesis of the first compound chromosome strain in Lucilla cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Weidemann) is described. Crosses between the compound chromosome strain and a chromosomally normal strain produce no offspring, whereas crosses between compound chromosome-bearing individuals are fertile. Cytological evidence is presented that compound chromosome arms assort art random with respect to one another during spermatogenesis.", "contents": "The synthesis of compound autosomes in the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. The synthesis of the first compound chromosome strain in Lucilla cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (Weidemann) is described. Crosses between the compound chromosome strain and a chromosomally normal strain produce no offspring, whereas crosses between compound chromosome-bearing individuals are fertile. Cytological evidence is presented that compound chromosome arms assort art random with respect to one another during spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:938977", "title": "Amylase isozymes in the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus.", "content": "A survey of laboratory stocks of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles has uncovered the presence of four electrophoretic variants and one apparent null allele of amylase. Linkage experiments with heterozygous males indicate that amylase is sex-linked. The gene sequence is w (white eye) - Amy (amylase) - M (sex), and the recombination frequencies are: w - Amy = 6.02%, Amy - M = 1.35% and w - M = 7.37%.", "contents": "Amylase isozymes in the mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus. A survey of laboratory stocks of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles has uncovered the presence of four electrophoretic variants and one apparent null allele of amylase. Linkage experiments with heterozygous males indicate that amylase is sex-linked. The gene sequence is w (white eye) - Amy (amylase) - M (sex), and the recombination frequencies are: w - Amy = 6.02%, Amy - M = 1.35% and w - M = 7.37%."}
{"id": "PMID:938978", "title": "Evidence for nuclear restriction of supersuppressor gene products in Neurospora heterokaryons.", "content": "It was demonstrated that the gene products of the three ssu loci cannot enter the transcription/translation system coded by the other component nucleus in a heterokaryon. In such a situation, dominance or recessiveness cannot be established, and simple dominance tests are meaningless.", "contents": "Evidence for nuclear restriction of supersuppressor gene products in Neurospora heterokaryons. It was demonstrated that the gene products of the three ssu loci cannot enter the transcription/translation system coded by the other component nucleus in a heterokaryon. In such a situation, dominance or recessiveness cannot be established, and simple dominance tests are meaningless."}
{"id": "PMID:938979", "title": "The genetics of black larva, an autosomal recessive lethal mutation located on chromosome 3 in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus.", "content": "A spontaneous autosomal recessive lethal mutation, black larva (bl), producing black pigmented larvae that die during the 4th larval instar has been discovered in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. Genetic investigations using two Y-autosome translocations and a 3rd chromosome dominant marker, St indicate that bl is located on chromosome 3 at a distance of 15 map units from St.", "contents": "The genetics of black larva, an autosomal recessive lethal mutation located on chromosome 3 in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. A spontaneous autosomal recessive lethal mutation, black larva (bl), producing black pigmented larvae that die during the 4th larval instar has been discovered in the mosquito Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. Genetic investigations using two Y-autosome translocations and a 3rd chromosome dominant marker, St indicate that bl is located on chromosome 3 at a distance of 15 map units from St."}
{"id": "PMID:938980", "title": "Chromosome structure in Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). II. The asynchronous replication of constitutive heterochromatin.", "content": "Chromosome replication has been analysed in four species of Chilocorus. In C. ORBUS Csy., C. tricyclus Smith, and C. hexacyclus Smith, centric regions of all chromosomes are last to replicate, preceded in order by heterochromatic arms and euchromatic arms. In C. stigma Say, very late replication of centric regions can be detected only in otherwise wholly euchromatic chromosomes (= monophasics); in chromosomes with one arm heterochromatic ( = disphasics), these arms are last to replicate. Based on pachytene bivalent morphology and chromosome banding patterns, and supported by autoradiographic data, models are presented for the general organisation of Chilocorus chromosomes. All chromosomes in the first three species are subdivided into euchromatic arm, centric heterochromatin, and either a second euchromatic are (monophasics) or a heterochromatic arm (diphasics). Chilocorus stigma diphasics apparently lack distinct centric organisation, and are therefore divided into euchromatic and heterochromatic arms only.", "contents": "Chromosome structure in Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). II. The asynchronous replication of constitutive heterochromatin. Chromosome replication has been analysed in four species of Chilocorus. In C. ORBUS Csy., C. tricyclus Smith, and C. hexacyclus Smith, centric regions of all chromosomes are last to replicate, preceded in order by heterochromatic arms and euchromatic arms. In C. stigma Say, very late replication of centric regions can be detected only in otherwise wholly euchromatic chromosomes (= monophasics); in chromosomes with one arm heterochromatic ( = disphasics), these arms are last to replicate. Based on pachytene bivalent morphology and chromosome banding patterns, and supported by autoradiographic data, models are presented for the general organisation of Chilocorus chromosomes. All chromosomes in the first three species are subdivided into euchromatic arm, centric heterochromatin, and either a second euchromatic are (monophasics) or a heterochromatic arm (diphasics). Chilocorus stigma diphasics apparently lack distinct centric organisation, and are therefore divided into euchromatic and heterochromatic arms only."}
{"id": "PMID:938981", "title": "Studies of the herbicide paraquat. I. Effects on the cell cycle and DNA synthesis in Vicia faba.", "content": "Vicia faba root tips were exposed to concentrations of paraquat ranging from 10-3M to 10-6M. There was a statistically significant inhibition in 3H-thymidine incorporation, and, therefore, presumably of DNA synthesis by all concentrations of paraquat studied. All concentrations of paraquat also had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of cells in division at various hours following paraquat treatment. At 10-3M and 10-4M paraquat there was an almost total inhibition in the number of cells moving from the S period and through the G2 period and into division. Cells treated with 10-6M paraquat, however, did move through the G2 period and into division. A concentration of 10-4M paraquat did not result in an increase in chromosome aberrations.", "contents": "Studies of the herbicide paraquat. I. Effects on the cell cycle and DNA synthesis in Vicia faba. Vicia faba root tips were exposed to concentrations of paraquat ranging from 10-3M to 10-6M. There was a statistically significant inhibition in 3H-thymidine incorporation, and, therefore, presumably of DNA synthesis by all concentrations of paraquat studied. All concentrations of paraquat also had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of cells in division at various hours following paraquat treatment. At 10-3M and 10-4M paraquat there was an almost total inhibition in the number of cells moving from the S period and through the G2 period and into division. Cells treated with 10-6M paraquat, however, did move through the G2 period and into division. A concentration of 10-4M paraquat did not result in an increase in chromosome aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:938983", "title": "Effects of furosemide and chlorothiazide on blood pressure and plasma renin activity.", "content": "Short (2 weeks) and long (12 weeks) term effects of furosemide and chlorothiazide on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and uric  acid concentration were studied in 69 hypertensive patients. Both treatments caused significant reductions in blood pressure and increases in plasma renin activity and uric acid at 2 and 12 weeks in 6) normal renin patients; there was no difference between the effects of furosemide and that of chlorothiazide. Reduction in blood pressure in eight low renin patients who showed smaller changes in plasma renin activity and uric acid was not significant at 2 weeks but significant after 12 weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide and chlorothiazide on blood pressure and plasma renin activity. Short (2 weeks) and long (12 weeks) term effects of furosemide and chlorothiazide on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and uric  acid concentration were studied in 69 hypertensive patients. Both treatments caused significant reductions in blood pressure and increases in plasma renin activity and uric acid at 2 and 12 weeks in 6) normal renin patients; there was no difference between the effects of furosemide and that of chlorothiazide. Reduction in blood pressure in eight low renin patients who showed smaller changes in plasma renin activity and uric acid was not significant at 2 weeks but significant after 12 weeks of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:938984", "title": "Increase of intravascular blood volume in Ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "Circulating blood volume, cardiac index, heart rate, and ejection rate were measured in patients with angina pectoris. The controls and the patients were divided in sub-groups of those under 45 and over 45 years of age. The investigation was carried out using the isotope method. A significant difference was observed in the value of intravascular blood volume at rest between the controls and patients with ischaemic heart disease unrelated to anginal attack. The blood volume was 5.6 litre in the control group and 6.4 litre in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Exercise tests produced further increases during attack in the blood volume of angina patients. A significant increase of blood volume after moderate exercise was also observed in patients under 45 with ischaemic heart disease but without angina. It is suggested that the increase of intravascular blood volume plays a part in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris.", "contents": "Increase of intravascular blood volume in Ischaemic heart disease. Circulating blood volume, cardiac index, heart rate, and ejection rate were measured in patients with angina pectoris. The controls and the patients were divided in sub-groups of those under 45 and over 45 years of age. The investigation was carried out using the isotope method. A significant difference was observed in the value of intravascular blood volume at rest between the controls and patients with ischaemic heart disease unrelated to anginal attack. The blood volume was 5.6 litre in the control group and 6.4 litre in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Exercise tests produced further increases during attack in the blood volume of angina patients. A significant increase of blood volume after moderate exercise was also observed in patients under 45 with ischaemic heart disease but without angina. It is suggested that the increase of intravascular blood volume plays a part in the pathogenesis of angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:938985", "title": "Right atrial monophasic action potential and effective refractory periods in relation to physical training and maximal heart rate.", "content": "The monophasic action potential (MAP) and the effective refractory period (ERP) of the right atrium were determined in eight healthy volunteers before and after hard physical training. The duration and amplitude of the MAP increased in seven individuals after training. ERP showed no consistent changes. One possible explanation of the findings is an accumulation of intracellular potassium. The duration of the MAP was well correlated to maximal heart rate.", "contents": "Right atrial monophasic action potential and effective refractory periods in relation to physical training and maximal heart rate. The monophasic action potential (MAP) and the effective refractory period (ERP) of the right atrium were determined in eight healthy volunteers before and after hard physical training. The duration and amplitude of the MAP increased in seven individuals after training. ERP showed no consistent changes. One possible explanation of the findings is an accumulation of intracellular potassium. The duration of the MAP was well correlated to maximal heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:938986", "title": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase release during hypertension from sympathetic nervous overactivity in man.", "content": "In subjects with cervical spinal cord transections, hypertension due to sympathetic nervous overactivity resulted in a rise in plasma dopamine  beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), the peak occurring 3 to 5 min after the peak blood pressure response. This indicates that DbetaH may be released from sympathetic nerve terminals during sympathetic activity in man, and emphasizes the importance of sample timing in acute studies on DbetaH.", "contents": "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase release during hypertension from sympathetic nervous overactivity in man. In subjects with cervical spinal cord transections, hypertension due to sympathetic nervous overactivity resulted in a rise in plasma dopamine  beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), the peak occurring 3 to 5 min after the peak blood pressure response. This indicates that DbetaH may be released from sympathetic nerve terminals during sympathetic activity in man, and emphasizes the importance of sample timing in acute studies on DbetaH."}
{"id": "PMID:938987", "title": "Cardiovascular reflex responses to apnoeic face immersion and mental stress in diabetic subjects.", "content": "The cardiovascular reflex responses to apnoea accompanied by immersion of the face in water and to mental stress, have been investigated in 21 diabetic subjects. Apnoeic face immersion caused bradycardia and forearm vasoconstriction (in seven subjects), bradycardia and forearm vasodilation (three subjects), tachycardia and forearm vasoconstriction (three subjects), or tachycardia and forearm vasodilatation (eight subjects). Mental stress evoked a tachycardia and forearm vasodilatation in all subjects. The abnormalities in the responses to apnoeic face immersion are most readily accounted for by loss of vagal and/or vasoconstrictor function.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reflex responses to apnoeic face immersion and mental stress in diabetic subjects. The cardiovascular reflex responses to apnoea accompanied by immersion of the face in water and to mental stress, have been investigated in 21 diabetic subjects. Apnoeic face immersion caused bradycardia and forearm vasoconstriction (in seven subjects), bradycardia and forearm vasodilation (three subjects), tachycardia and forearm vasoconstriction (three subjects), or tachycardia and forearm vasodilatation (eight subjects). Mental stress evoked a tachycardia and forearm vasodilatation in all subjects. The abnormalities in the responses to apnoeic face immersion are most readily accounted for by loss of vagal and/or vasoconstrictor function."}
{"id": "PMID:938988", "title": "Venous pressure-volume relation and calf blood flow determined by changes in posture.", "content": "The volume capacity of the venous system in the calves of 70 normal subjects was determined by passive and active changes in posture, using mercury-in-rubber strain gauges. The mean volume capacity was 1.26% (SD 0.39%) at a venous pressure of 0 kPa (o mm Hg) and 2.05% (SD 0.70%) at 1.60 kPa (12 mm Hg). With this method the blood flow in the calves at rest was measured without venous occlusion: 2.84 ml-100 ml-1/min (SD 1.20). During interpolated venous occlusion the mean blood flow was 2.67 ml-100 ml-1/min (SD 1.21). The pressure-volume relation over the pressure range 0 to 9.31 kPa (0 to 70 mm Hg) was determined in seven normal subjects.", "contents": "Venous pressure-volume relation and calf blood flow determined by changes in posture. The volume capacity of the venous system in the calves of 70 normal subjects was determined by passive and active changes in posture, using mercury-in-rubber strain gauges. The mean volume capacity was 1.26% (SD 0.39%) at a venous pressure of 0 kPa (o mm Hg) and 2.05% (SD 0.70%) at 1.60 kPa (12 mm Hg). With this method the blood flow in the calves at rest was measured without venous occlusion: 2.84 ml-100 ml-1/min (SD 1.20). During interpolated venous occlusion the mean blood flow was 2.67 ml-100 ml-1/min (SD 1.21). The pressure-volume relation over the pressure range 0 to 9.31 kPa (0 to 70 mm Hg) was determined in seven normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:938989", "title": "Effect of heart rate on regional coronary blood flow.", "content": "The effect of tachycardia on the distribution of coronary blood flow was studied in the dog using the radioactive microsphere technique. Increasing heart rate from 1.7 to 3.0 Hz produced an increment of flow to the inner and outer layer of both ventricular walls. However, the flow ratio, inner layer to outer layer, increased in the right ventricular wall and decreased in the left wall. Measurements performed in ventricular regions with previous vasodilatation and during right ventricular hypertension revealed that the comparatively larger vasodilatation reserve of the right ventricular subendocardium is due to the lower pressure this ventricle develops normally.", "contents": "Effect of heart rate on regional coronary blood flow. The effect of tachycardia on the distribution of coronary blood flow was studied in the dog using the radioactive microsphere technique. Increasing heart rate from 1.7 to 3.0 Hz produced an increment of flow to the inner and outer layer of both ventricular walls. However, the flow ratio, inner layer to outer layer, increased in the right ventricular wall and decreased in the left wall. Measurements performed in ventricular regions with previous vasodilatation and during right ventricular hypertension revealed that the comparatively larger vasodilatation reserve of the right ventricular subendocardium is due to the lower pressure this ventricle develops normally."}
{"id": "PMID:938990", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system, dietary salt, and increased sensitivity to noradrenaline in mesenteric vasculature preparations from renal/salt hypertensive rats.", "content": "Exogenous angiotensin II causes noradrenaline supersensitivity in rat mesenteric vasculature preparations. The noradrenaline supersensitivity of tissues from renal/salt hypertensive rats, with low plasma renin activity, is not caused by endogenous angiotensin II since it was unaffected by Sar1 Ileu8 angiotensin II. Dietary salt-loading caused a small increase in noradrenaline sensitivity.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system, dietary salt, and increased sensitivity to noradrenaline in mesenteric vasculature preparations from renal/salt hypertensive rats. Exogenous angiotensin II causes noradrenaline supersensitivity in rat mesenteric vasculature preparations. The noradrenaline supersensitivity of tissues from renal/salt hypertensive rats, with low plasma renin activity, is not caused by endogenous angiotensin II since it was unaffected by Sar1 Ileu8 angiotensin II. Dietary salt-loading caused a small increase in noradrenaline sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:938991", "title": "Intracellular electrophysiological alterations in canine cardiac conducting tissue induced by aprindine and lignocaine.", "content": "The effects of aprindine and lignocaine (lidocaine USP) were compared on intracellularly recorded potentials from normal canine conducting tisues. Only aprindine produced marked depression of the maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of action potentials elicited at normal cycle lengths (1000 ms). Both compounds, however, produced enhanced depression of Vmax at short cycle lengths or at short S1-S2 coupling intervals at normal membrane resting potential. Both lignocaine and aprindine shorten the action potential duration (APD) and effective refractory period (ERP) but increase the EPR/APD ratio. These effects are easily reversible upon perfusion with drug-free solution only in the case of lignocaine.", "contents": "Intracellular electrophysiological alterations in canine cardiac conducting tissue induced by aprindine and lignocaine. The effects of aprindine and lignocaine (lidocaine USP) were compared on intracellularly recorded potentials from normal canine conducting tisues. Only aprindine produced marked depression of the maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of action potentials elicited at normal cycle lengths (1000 ms). Both compounds, however, produced enhanced depression of Vmax at short cycle lengths or at short S1-S2 coupling intervals at normal membrane resting potential. Both lignocaine and aprindine shorten the action potential duration (APD) and effective refractory period (ERP) but increase the EPR/APD ratio. These effects are easily reversible upon perfusion with drug-free solution only in the case of lignocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:938992", "title": "Effect of reperfusion on myocardial infarct, and the accuracy of estimating infarct size from serum creatine phosphokinase in the dog.", "content": "This study was designed to determine the effect of coronary reperfusion on (1) myocardial infarct size and (2) the accuracy of previously reported methods for estimation of infarct size serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values. Thirty mongrel dogs, chronically prepared, were studied in the awake state, and were divided into four groups according to the period or left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) occlusion. Group 1: permanent occlusion (24 h) in nine dogs; group 2: 45 min occlusion (eight dogs); group 3: 1 h occlusion (five dogs); and group 4: 3 h occlusion (eight dogs). Serial blood samples were drawn for 24 h following the beginning of occlusion and were used to determine total and isoenzyme levels of CPK, and lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes. All dogs were sacrified 24 h after the beginning of occlusion and were anatomically examined. The extent of anatomical myocardial infarction was determined  and compared with the extent of myocardial infarction as estimated from serial serum CPK values. Total serum CPK increased significantly in all groups and was associated with the appearance of CPK-MB isoenzyme and an increase in LDH1,2 (LDH1 greater than LDH2) in most dogs. Total serum CPK increased within an hour after reperfusion and the mean values in groups 2, 3, and 4 were significantly high (P less than 0.05) than serum CPK values in group 1 in the period from 110 min to 4 after occlusion. These data demonstrate that reperfusion after 45 min to 3 h of coronary occlusion results in an earlier appearance of total serum CPK. The anatomical infarction in group 1 averaged 28% +/- 3% (SEM) of the total heart and was significantly larger than infarct size in all groups with reperfusion. In contrast, estimated infarction calculated from total CPK in group 1 was not significantly different from the reperfused groups. Although there was correlation between estimated and anatomical infarction, the data in each group showed that anatomical infarct size could not be accurately estimated from total serum CPK.", "contents": "Effect of reperfusion on myocardial infarct, and the accuracy of estimating infarct size from serum creatine phosphokinase in the dog. This study was designed to determine the effect of coronary reperfusion on (1) myocardial infarct size and (2) the accuracy of previously reported methods for estimation of infarct size serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values. Thirty mongrel dogs, chronically prepared, were studied in the awake state, and were divided into four groups according to the period or left circumflex coronary artery (LCCA) occlusion. Group 1: permanent occlusion (24 h) in nine dogs; group 2: 45 min occlusion (eight dogs); group 3: 1 h occlusion (five dogs); and group 4: 3 h occlusion (eight dogs). Serial blood samples were drawn for 24 h following the beginning of occlusion and were used to determine total and isoenzyme levels of CPK, and lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes. All dogs were sacrified 24 h after the beginning of occlusion and were anatomically examined. The extent of anatomical myocardial infarction was determined  and compared with the extent of myocardial infarction as estimated from serial serum CPK values. Total serum CPK increased significantly in all groups and was associated with the appearance of CPK-MB isoenzyme and an increase in LDH1,2 (LDH1 greater than LDH2) in most dogs. Total serum CPK increased within an hour after reperfusion and the mean values in groups 2, 3, and 4 were significantly high (P less than 0.05) than serum CPK values in group 1 in the period from 110 min to 4 after occlusion. These data demonstrate that reperfusion after 45 min to 3 h of coronary occlusion results in an earlier appearance of total serum CPK. The anatomical infarction in group 1 averaged 28% +/- 3% (SEM) of the total heart and was significantly larger than infarct size in all groups with reperfusion. In contrast, estimated infarction calculated from total CPK in group 1 was not significantly different from the reperfused groups. Although there was correlation between estimated and anatomical infarction, the data in each group showed that anatomical infarct size could not be accurately estimated from total serum CPK."}
{"id": "PMID:938993", "title": "Effects of hypertensive plasma on the responses of an isolated artery preparation to noradrenaline.", "content": "The effect of hypertensive plasma on the responses of an isolated artery preparation to noradrenaline were studied. In addition, because of the association between hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension, the effect of pure cholesterol and low density lipoprotein on the arterial responses to noradrenaline was also investigated. Both hypertensive plasma and low density lipoprotein potentiated the responses of the arterial preparation to noradrenaline.", "contents": "Effects of hypertensive plasma on the responses of an isolated artery preparation to noradrenaline. The effect of hypertensive plasma on the responses of an isolated artery preparation to noradrenaline were studied. In addition, because of the association between hypercholesterolaemia and hypertension, the effect of pure cholesterol and low density lipoprotein on the arterial responses to noradrenaline was also investigated. Both hypertensive plasma and low density lipoprotein potentiated the responses of the arterial preparation to noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:939001", "title": "Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes.", "content": "Periods of tachycardia were induced in isolated segments (15 X 15 mm) of rabbit left atrium by local application of a properly timed premature stimulus. We used a special device for multiple synchronous microelectrode recordings of responses of more than 100 fibers during the initiation of tachycardia. We clearly demonstrated circus movement of the impulse through a small area of atrial muscle as the underlying mechanism. The premature impulse was conducted antegrade in only one direction, whereas in the other directions antegrade conduction failed. The local responses of the fibers in the blocked area served as a temporary obstacle for return of the premature impulse. When these fibers recovered their excitability before extinction of the premature impulse, they were reentered in a retrograde direction, and the impulse traveled in a circular route. During the propagation of a premature beat, local block, which set the stage for circus movement, was caused by nonuniform recovery of excitability of the atrium. We related the spread of activation of a premature impulse to the naturally occurring spatial dispersion in refractory periods and found that local conduction block invariably was associated with an area of delayed restoration of excitability. Artificial induction of differences in refractory periods by regional application of carbamylcholine made it clear that a disparity in refractory periods of only 11-6 msec between adjacent areas may be sufficient to cause local conduction block of a properly timed premature impulse.", "contents": "Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes. Periods of tachycardia were induced in isolated segments (15 X 15 mm) of rabbit left atrium by local application of a properly timed premature stimulus. We used a special device for multiple synchronous microelectrode recordings of responses of more than 100 fibers during the initiation of tachycardia. We clearly demonstrated circus movement of the impulse through a small area of atrial muscle as the underlying mechanism. The premature impulse was conducted antegrade in only one direction, whereas in the other directions antegrade conduction failed. The local responses of the fibers in the blocked area served as a temporary obstacle for return of the premature impulse. When these fibers recovered their excitability before extinction of the premature impulse, they were reentered in a retrograde direction, and the impulse traveled in a circular route. During the propagation of a premature beat, local block, which set the stage for circus movement, was caused by nonuniform recovery of excitability of the atrium. We related the spread of activation of a premature impulse to the naturally occurring spatial dispersion in refractory periods and found that local conduction block invariably was associated with an area of delayed restoration of excitability. Artificial induction of differences in refractory periods by regional application of carbamylcholine made it clear that a disparity in refractory periods of only 11-6 msec between adjacent areas may be sufficient to cause local conduction block of a properly timed premature impulse."}
{"id": "PMID:939002", "title": "Mechanism for the postive inotropic effect of angiotensin II on isolated cardiac muscle.", "content": "Angiotensin II (A II) and analogues were tested for their ability to restore electrical and mechanical activity to cardiac muscle preparations in which the fast Na+ channels had been inactivated by partial depolarization (22-27 mM K+) or by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The partially depolarized or TTX-blocked preparations were chosen because under these conditions electrical and mechanical responses are primarily Ca2+ -dependent. In depolarized rabbit right atria, A II restored spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity (measured by both intracellular and extracellular recording techniques). The frequency of action potential discharge was concentration-dependent; the threshold concentration of A II was 10(-10) M, the ED50 was 8 X 10(-9) M, and the maximum effect was observed at 5 X 10(-8) M. In contrast, depolarized guinea pig atria were insensitive to A II, Sar1-angiotensin II, and des-Asp1-angiotensin II, even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M. Rabbit papillary muscle (TTX-blocked), embryonic (18-day) chick heart (partially depolarized) and chick heart reaggregates (TTX-blocked) responded similarly to rabbit atria in that A II (9.6 X 10(-7) M) restored both electrical and mechanical activity. We found that in these preparations the action of A II was unaffected by propranolol (5.0 X 10(-6) M to 5.0 X 10(-5) M) but was blocked by Mn2+ (10(-3) M), D-600 (1 X 10(-7) g/ml) and the specific A II antagonists Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P-113) (5.0 X 10(-5) M) and Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II (5.28 X 10(-5) M). We conclude that the positive inotropic effect of A II on the myocardium is due to its ability to increase transmembrane ion movements in or through the cell membrane. The ability of Mn2+ and D-600 to block this effect suggests that this ion movement is via the so-called \"slow channels.\"", "contents": "Mechanism for the postive inotropic effect of angiotensin II on isolated cardiac muscle. Angiotensin II (A II) and analogues were tested for their ability to restore electrical and mechanical activity to cardiac muscle preparations in which the fast Na+ channels had been inactivated by partial depolarization (22-27 mM K+) or by tetrodotoxin (TTX). The partially depolarized or TTX-blocked preparations were chosen because under these conditions electrical and mechanical responses are primarily Ca2+ -dependent. In depolarized rabbit right atria, A II restored spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity (measured by both intracellular and extracellular recording techniques). The frequency of action potential discharge was concentration-dependent; the threshold concentration of A II was 10(-10) M, the ED50 was 8 X 10(-9) M, and the maximum effect was observed at 5 X 10(-8) M. In contrast, depolarized guinea pig atria were insensitive to A II, Sar1-angiotensin II, and des-Asp1-angiotensin II, even at concentrations as high as 10(-5) M. Rabbit papillary muscle (TTX-blocked), embryonic (18-day) chick heart (partially depolarized) and chick heart reaggregates (TTX-blocked) responded similarly to rabbit atria in that A II (9.6 X 10(-7) M) restored both electrical and mechanical activity. We found that in these preparations the action of A II was unaffected by propranolol (5.0 X 10(-6) M to 5.0 X 10(-5) M) but was blocked by Mn2+ (10(-3) M), D-600 (1 X 10(-7) g/ml) and the specific A II antagonists Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P-113) (5.0 X 10(-5) M) and Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II (5.28 X 10(-5) M). We conclude that the positive inotropic effect of A II on the myocardium is due to its ability to increase transmembrane ion movements in or through the cell membrane. The ability of Mn2+ and D-600 to block this effect suggests that this ion movement is via the so-called \"slow channels.\""}
{"id": "PMID:939003", "title": "Response of aldosterone and blood pressure to angiotensin II infusion in anephric man. Effect of sodium deprivation.", "content": "Angiotensin II, infused intravenously, increased plasma aldosterone concentration in two of six anephric subjects taking their usual dietary quantities of sodium. After 3 days of dietary sodium restriction and weight-reducing hemodialysis, the aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II in the two previously reactive subjects was enhanced, while the four previously unreactive subjects also showed a rise in plasma aldosterone. Before and after sodium depletion the anephric subjects were less responsive than normal subjects. Even when sodium-depleted, the anephrics showed no further rise in plasma aldosterone when arterial plasma angiotensin II was increased by infusion to concentrations greater than 50-199pg/ml, in contrast to sodium-depleted normals who show progressive aldosterone responses with plasma angiotensin II concentrations up to at least 370pg/ml. Before the infusion of angiotensin II, arterial plasma renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were detectable in the anephrics, but were unchanged by dietary sodium restriction or weight-reducting hemodialysis. Sodium depletion caused significant falls in weight, plasma sodium, and blood pressure, but no changes in plasma potassium or cortisol. Increases in blood pressure in relation to increments of arterial plasma angiotensin II were unaffected by sodium depletion, as might be expected in the absence of a rise in endogenous angiotensin II.", "contents": "Response of aldosterone and blood pressure to angiotensin II infusion in anephric man. Effect of sodium deprivation. Angiotensin II, infused intravenously, increased plasma aldosterone concentration in two of six anephric subjects taking their usual dietary quantities of sodium. After 3 days of dietary sodium restriction and weight-reducing hemodialysis, the aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II in the two previously reactive subjects was enhanced, while the four previously unreactive subjects also showed a rise in plasma aldosterone. Before and after sodium depletion the anephric subjects were less responsive than normal subjects. Even when sodium-depleted, the anephrics showed no further rise in plasma aldosterone when arterial plasma angiotensin II was increased by infusion to concentrations greater than 50-199pg/ml, in contrast to sodium-depleted normals who show progressive aldosterone responses with plasma angiotensin II concentrations up to at least 370pg/ml. Before the infusion of angiotensin II, arterial plasma renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were detectable in the anephrics, but were unchanged by dietary sodium restriction or weight-reducting hemodialysis. Sodium depletion caused significant falls in weight, plasma sodium, and blood pressure, but no changes in plasma potassium or cortisol. Increases in blood pressure in relation to increments of arterial plasma angiotensin II were unaffected by sodium depletion, as might be expected in the absence of a rise in endogenous angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:939004", "title": "Renin release by rat kidney slices incubated in vitro. Role of sodium and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, and effect of vincristine.", "content": "The role of sodium concentration, of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, and of a microtubular inhibtor (vincristine) on renin release was studied in rat kidney slices in vitro. Renin release was an active, linear, and temperature-dependent process. Kidneys from young rats released much more renin than those from adults. Lowering sodium concentration inhibited renin release by one-half, even when osmolality was kept constant. Isoproterenol (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) stimulated renin release significantly in a partially dose-related manner. dl-propranolol inhibited this stimulation. Significant (P less than 0.05) inhibition of renin release was induced by l-epinephrine or l-norepinephrine (10(-5) M). In the presence of an alpha-receptor blocking drug, phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M), inhibition no longer occurred with epinephrine and stimulation was observed with l-norepinephrine. Vincristine (10(-5) M) did not affect renin release when slices from the kidneys of normal rats or adrenalectomized, sodium-depleted rats were incubated, but significantly inhibited (P less than 0.01) release that had been stimulated in vitro by isoproterenol. These results suggest to us that there may be (1) a direct or indirect (mediated through the macula densa) effect of sodium on juxtaglomerular cells, (2) an inhibitory role for alpha-adrenergic receptors on renin release, in addition to the stimulatory role of beta-receptors, (3) possible participation of microtubules in isoproterenol-stimulated renin release, and (4) an alternative mode of secretion of renin under stimulation by adrenalectomy and salt depletion.", "contents": "Renin release by rat kidney slices incubated in vitro. Role of sodium and of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, and effect of vincristine. The role of sodium concentration, of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, and of a microtubular inhibtor (vincristine) on renin release was studied in rat kidney slices in vitro. Renin release was an active, linear, and temperature-dependent process. Kidneys from young rats released much more renin than those from adults. Lowering sodium concentration inhibited renin release by one-half, even when osmolality was kept constant. Isoproterenol (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) stimulated renin release significantly in a partially dose-related manner. dl-propranolol inhibited this stimulation. Significant (P less than 0.05) inhibition of renin release was induced by l-epinephrine or l-norepinephrine (10(-5) M). In the presence of an alpha-receptor blocking drug, phenoxybenzamine (10(-5) M), inhibition no longer occurred with epinephrine and stimulation was observed with l-norepinephrine. Vincristine (10(-5) M) did not affect renin release when slices from the kidneys of normal rats or adrenalectomized, sodium-depleted rats were incubated, but significantly inhibited (P less than 0.01) release that had been stimulated in vitro by isoproterenol. These results suggest to us that there may be (1) a direct or indirect (mediated through the macula densa) effect of sodium on juxtaglomerular cells, (2) an inhibitory role for alpha-adrenergic receptors on renin release, in addition to the stimulatory role of beta-receptors, (3) possible participation of microtubules in isoproterenol-stimulated renin release, and (4) an alternative mode of secretion of renin under stimulation by adrenalectomy and salt depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:939005", "title": "Plasma catecholamines during paroxysmal neurogenic hypertension in quadriplegic man.", "content": "Blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine levels were measured in 16 quadriplegic subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections above the level of the sympathetic outflow, and in 15 normal subjects (controls). In the quadriplegics the average resting blood pressure was 107/59 (mean, 75) mmHg, heart rate was 65 beats/min, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels were 0.05 and 0.005 ng/ml, respectively. In the controls average resting blood pressure was 117/79 (mean, 92) mmHg, heart rate was 61 beats/min, and resting plasma NE and E levels were 0.20 and 0.06 ng/ml, respectively. Resting blood pressure and plasma NE and E levels were significantly lower in the quadriplegics (P less than 0.01, less than 0.001, less than 0.001, and less than 0.001, less than 0.001, respectively)  than in the controls. In the quadriplegics, neurogenic hypertension was induced by bladder and muscle stimulation. This resulted in a marked elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (from an average of 109/60 (mean, 75) to 168/87 (mean, 114) mmHg) as a result of uninhibited sympathetic nervous activity through the isolated spinal cord. Plasma NE consistently rose, from an average of 0.05 to 0.16 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). There was significant linear relationship between plasma NE and mean blood pressure (P less than 0.001). In the quadriplegics infusion of l-norepinephrine to raise the blood pressure to comparable levels (from 105/58 (mean, 74) to 183/93 (mean, 123) mmHg) resulted in plasma NE levels approximately 21 times higher than during muscle and bladder stimulation. It is possible that the lower resting arterial blood pressure and plasma NE and E levels in the quadriplegics in comparison to normal subjects may reflect diminished resting sympathetic nervous activity. The rise in blood pressure following increased sympathetic nervous activity was accompanied by an elevation in plasma NE. The hypertension was not secondary to the rise in plasma NE. Plasma NE in these subjects appears to be a reliable index of prevailing sympathetic nervous activity.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamines during paroxysmal neurogenic hypertension in quadriplegic man. Blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine levels were measured in 16 quadriplegic subjects with physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transections above the level of the sympathetic outflow, and in 15 normal subjects (controls). In the quadriplegics the average resting blood pressure was 107/59 (mean, 75) mmHg, heart rate was 65 beats/min, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels were 0.05 and 0.005 ng/ml, respectively. In the controls average resting blood pressure was 117/79 (mean, 92) mmHg, heart rate was 61 beats/min, and resting plasma NE and E levels were 0.20 and 0.06 ng/ml, respectively. Resting blood pressure and plasma NE and E levels were significantly lower in the quadriplegics (P less than 0.01, less than 0.001, less than 0.001, and less than 0.001, less than 0.001, respectively)  than in the controls. In the quadriplegics, neurogenic hypertension was induced by bladder and muscle stimulation. This resulted in a marked elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (from an average of 109/60 (mean, 75) to 168/87 (mean, 114) mmHg) as a result of uninhibited sympathetic nervous activity through the isolated spinal cord. Plasma NE consistently rose, from an average of 0.05 to 0.16 ng/ml (P less than 0.001). There was significant linear relationship between plasma NE and mean blood pressure (P less than 0.001). In the quadriplegics infusion of l-norepinephrine to raise the blood pressure to comparable levels (from 105/58 (mean, 74) to 183/93 (mean, 123) mmHg) resulted in plasma NE levels approximately 21 times higher than during muscle and bladder stimulation. It is possible that the lower resting arterial blood pressure and plasma NE and E levels in the quadriplegics in comparison to normal subjects may reflect diminished resting sympathetic nervous activity. The rise in blood pressure following increased sympathetic nervous activity was accompanied by an elevation in plasma NE. The hypertension was not secondary to the rise in plasma NE. Plasma NE in these subjects appears to be a reliable index of prevailing sympathetic nervous activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939006", "title": "The low frequency dynamic viscoelastic properties of human aortic valve tissue.", "content": "Membranous samples of human aortic valve cusps were subjected to sinusoidal fluid pressure variations (frequency range, 0.5-5 Hz) to assess their dynamic viscoelastic properties. The storage (elastic) and loss (viscous) moduli and phase lag between the stressing function and response were found to be independent of the frequencies applied. The respective average values were 1.35 (SE = 0.06) X 10(8) dynes cm-2, 4.14 (SE = 0.28) X 10(6) dynes cm-2, and 0.033 (SE = 0.002) rad. The small phase lag indicates that the tissue would recover almost completely to its original state on removal of any applied stress, and this and the relatively low extensibility should be considered in the design of leaflet-type valve prostheses. The storage modulus of the aortic valve cusps when compared to that of the mitral leaflet shows the mitral leaflet to be almost twice as stiff as the aortic valve cusps. This finding led us to conclude that the vibrations of these two cardiac valves alone cannot contribute in any significant way to the production of the observed lower frequency of the first and the higher frequency of the second heart sounds and that other factors must be considered to explain this finding.", "contents": "The low frequency dynamic viscoelastic properties of human aortic valve tissue. Membranous samples of human aortic valve cusps were subjected to sinusoidal fluid pressure variations (frequency range, 0.5-5 Hz) to assess their dynamic viscoelastic properties. The storage (elastic) and loss (viscous) moduli and phase lag between the stressing function and response were found to be independent of the frequencies applied. The respective average values were 1.35 (SE = 0.06) X 10(8) dynes cm-2, 4.14 (SE = 0.28) X 10(6) dynes cm-2, and 0.033 (SE = 0.002) rad. The small phase lag indicates that the tissue would recover almost completely to its original state on removal of any applied stress, and this and the relatively low extensibility should be considered in the design of leaflet-type valve prostheses. The storage modulus of the aortic valve cusps when compared to that of the mitral leaflet shows the mitral leaflet to be almost twice as stiff as the aortic valve cusps. This finding led us to conclude that the vibrations of these two cardiac valves alone cannot contribute in any significant way to the production of the observed lower frequency of the first and the higher frequency of the second heart sounds and that other factors must be considered to explain this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:939007", "title": "Redistribution of collateral blood flow from necrotic to surviving myocardium following coronary occlusion in the dog.", "content": "Early changes in collateral blood flow after acute coronary occlusion may be critical for survival of ischemic myocardium. We used 15-mum radioactive microspheres to study myocardial blood flow in thoracotomized dogs 10 minutes and 24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The ischemic area was delineated by dye injected into the distal artery, and indentification of potentially ischemic samples was confirmed by a newly developed technique in which microspheres were excluded from the normally perfused LAD. Layers were separated into necrotic or normal as defined by gross inspection and confirmed by histological examination and creatine phosphokinase assay. Infarction always involved endocardial layers and extended toward the epicardium. Average myocardial blood flow in 48 necrotic samples from 16 dogs either remained low (less than 0.05 ml/min g-1) or declined, falling from 0.11 +/-0.02(SE) at 10 minutes to 0.05 +/-0.01 ml/min g-1 at 24 hours (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in the 32 normal-appearing samples which were ischemic at 10 minutes, flow increased from 0.24 +/-0.03 to 0.39 +/-0.04 ml/min g-1 (P less than 0.001). Flow in control myocardium was 1.43 +/-0.12 and 1.04 +/-0.07 ml/min g-1, respectively. Peripheral mean coronary arterial pressure increased from 26 +/- 3 to 35 +/- 3 mm Hg, largely because of enlargement of collateral vessels; collateral conductance calculated from retrograde flow in 14 dogs increased from 0.023 +/- 0.005 after occlusion to 0.051 +/- 0.009 ml/min mm Hg-1 24 hours later (P less than 0.001). Thus, coronary collateral blood flow is redistributed from necrotic endocardial layers to surviving epicardial ones. In combination with a developing collateral supply this process may be essential for sparing myocardium after coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Redistribution of collateral blood flow from necrotic to surviving myocardium following coronary occlusion in the dog. Early changes in collateral blood flow after acute coronary occlusion may be critical for survival of ischemic myocardium. We used 15-mum radioactive microspheres to study myocardial blood flow in thoracotomized dogs 10 minutes and 24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The ischemic area was delineated by dye injected into the distal artery, and indentification of potentially ischemic samples was confirmed by a newly developed technique in which microspheres were excluded from the normally perfused LAD. Layers were separated into necrotic or normal as defined by gross inspection and confirmed by histological examination and creatine phosphokinase assay. Infarction always involved endocardial layers and extended toward the epicardium. Average myocardial blood flow in 48 necrotic samples from 16 dogs either remained low (less than 0.05 ml/min g-1) or declined, falling from 0.11 +/-0.02(SE) at 10 minutes to 0.05 +/-0.01 ml/min g-1 at 24 hours (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in the 32 normal-appearing samples which were ischemic at 10 minutes, flow increased from 0.24 +/-0.03 to 0.39 +/-0.04 ml/min g-1 (P less than 0.001). Flow in control myocardium was 1.43 +/-0.12 and 1.04 +/-0.07 ml/min g-1, respectively. Peripheral mean coronary arterial pressure increased from 26 +/- 3 to 35 +/- 3 mm Hg, largely because of enlargement of collateral vessels; collateral conductance calculated from retrograde flow in 14 dogs increased from 0.023 +/- 0.005 after occlusion to 0.051 +/- 0.009 ml/min mm Hg-1 24 hours later (P less than 0.001). Thus, coronary collateral blood flow is redistributed from necrotic endocardial layers to surviving epicardial ones. In combination with a developing collateral supply this process may be essential for sparing myocardium after coronary occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:939008", "title": "The 1,2,3,4 phenomenon. Atrioventricular nodal gap in the dog.", "content": "This study confirms the facility with which the so-called 1,2,3,4 phenomenon can be reproduced in intact dog hearts. When a series of three atrial premature beats (A2, A3, A4) were delivered following a constant A1-A1 drive, we demonstrated a narrow zone of A1-A3 and A1-A4 intervals in which A4 conducted to the ventricles in the presence of A3 but not in its absence. We used His bundle and multiple atrial electrograms to produce the phenomenon in nine of 16 dogs. Facilitation of conduction of A4 (1) occurred above the His bundle, (2) occurred within narrow ranges of A1-A3 and A1-A4 intervals, (3) required penetration of A3 into the atrioventricular (AV) node, (4) required critically long A2-H2 intervals, (5) always was associated with prolonged A4-H4 intervals, and (6) was limited by atrial refractoriness. An apparent or pseudo-1,2,3,4 phenomenon demostrated in five of 16 dogs occurred with (1) latency between S4 and A4, (2) a sinus nodal or atrial reentry beat, or (3) an atrial escape beat. In the absence of A3, A4 could be made to conduct by preexciting the ventricle in advance of V2. We found no evidence for dual AV nodal pathways. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism for the 1,2,3,4 phenomenon is analogous to the phenomenon of the gap in AV conduction.", "contents": "The 1,2,3,4 phenomenon. Atrioventricular nodal gap in the dog. This study confirms the facility with which the so-called 1,2,3,4 phenomenon can be reproduced in intact dog hearts. When a series of three atrial premature beats (A2, A3, A4) were delivered following a constant A1-A1 drive, we demonstrated a narrow zone of A1-A3 and A1-A4 intervals in which A4 conducted to the ventricles in the presence of A3 but not in its absence. We used His bundle and multiple atrial electrograms to produce the phenomenon in nine of 16 dogs. Facilitation of conduction of A4 (1) occurred above the His bundle, (2) occurred within narrow ranges of A1-A3 and A1-A4 intervals, (3) required penetration of A3 into the atrioventricular (AV) node, (4) required critically long A2-H2 intervals, (5) always was associated with prolonged A4-H4 intervals, and (6) was limited by atrial refractoriness. An apparent or pseudo-1,2,3,4 phenomenon demostrated in five of 16 dogs occurred with (1) latency between S4 and A4, (2) a sinus nodal or atrial reentry beat, or (3) an atrial escape beat. In the absence of A3, A4 could be made to conduct by preexciting the ventricle in advance of V2. We found no evidence for dual AV nodal pathways. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanism for the 1,2,3,4 phenomenon is analogous to the phenomenon of the gap in AV conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:939009", "title": "The stimulation of cardiac prostaglandin production by blood plasma and its relationship to the regulation of coronary flow in isolated isovolumic rabbit hearts.", "content": "Infusion of small amounts of blood plasma into isolated, isovolumic rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode's solution resulted in coronary vasoconstriction followed by a decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt. Maximal effects were obtained with a perfusate plasma concentration of 1%. Increasing the plasma concentration beyond 1% did not appreciably increase the coronary vasoconstriction. During perfusion with 2% plasma, the coronary flow-oxygen uptake ratio was unchanged over a range of perfusion pressures (40-100 mm Hg) and vascular resistance increased with pressure. In the absence of plasma, the coronary flow-oxygen uptake ratio increased with pressure and vascular resistance decreased. Thus, cardiac regulation of coronary flow in response to changes in perfusion pressure occurred in the presence of plasma but not in its absence. The effects of plasma were reduced with two different inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (5,9,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and indomethacin). At a perfusate concentration of 50 mug/ml, indomethacin abolished the effects of 2% plasma. Rat stomach strip bioassay for prostaglandin activity indicated that the vasoconstrictor effect of plasma was accompanied by a 4-fold increase in the release of prostaglandin activity by the isolated hearts. The vasoconstrictor effect of plasma also was accompanied by an increase in the conversion of 3H-arachidonate to radiolabeled prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. These results indicate that a relationship exists between a coronary vasoconstrictor in plasma, cardiac prostaglandin synthesis, and the regulation of coronary flow in response to changes in perfusion pressure in isolated rabbit hearts.", "contents": "The stimulation of cardiac prostaglandin production by blood plasma and its relationship to the regulation of coronary flow in isolated isovolumic rabbit hearts. Infusion of small amounts of blood plasma into isolated, isovolumic rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode's solution resulted in coronary vasoconstriction followed by a decrease in left ventricular developed pressure and dP/dt. Maximal effects were obtained with a perfusate plasma concentration of 1%. Increasing the plasma concentration beyond 1% did not appreciably increase the coronary vasoconstriction. During perfusion with 2% plasma, the coronary flow-oxygen uptake ratio was unchanged over a range of perfusion pressures (40-100 mm Hg) and vascular resistance increased with pressure. In the absence of plasma, the coronary flow-oxygen uptake ratio increased with pressure and vascular resistance decreased. Thus, cardiac regulation of coronary flow in response to changes in perfusion pressure occurred in the presence of plasma but not in its absence. The effects of plasma were reduced with two different inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis (5,9,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and indomethacin). At a perfusate concentration of 50 mug/ml, indomethacin abolished the effects of 2% plasma. Rat stomach strip bioassay for prostaglandin activity indicated that the vasoconstrictor effect of plasma was accompanied by a 4-fold increase in the release of prostaglandin activity by the isolated hearts. The vasoconstrictor effect of plasma also was accompanied by an increase in the conversion of 3H-arachidonate to radiolabeled prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. These results indicate that a relationship exists between a coronary vasoconstrictor in plasma, cardiac prostaglandin synthesis, and the regulation of coronary flow in response to changes in perfusion pressure in isolated rabbit hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:939010", "title": "Interaction of capillary, interstitial, and lymphatic forces in the canine hindpaw.", "content": "We used plethysmograph techniques to measure or calculate the tissue and capillary forces and flows (capillary pressure, tissue and plasma oncotic pressure, transcapillary pressure drop, lymph flow, and interstitial pressure) in a dog hindpaw preparation in situ at three different venous pressures (PV). Since lymph was flowing from the preparation, an isovolumetric state represented an isofiltration state rather than the conventional isovolumetric or isogravimetric state. At an isofiltration capillary pressure of 12.8 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure averaged 3.8 mm Hg, plasma oncotic pressure averaged 20.9 mm Hg, and tissue pressure averaged -4.7 mm Hg (PV normal). The imbalance in transcapillary forces averaged 0.5 mm Hg and represented the lymph flow contribution (lymph flow/filtration coefficient) to maintainance of the normal isofiltration state. As isofiltration capillary pressure increased to 24.9 mm Hg, interstitial fluid volume increased by 1.7 ml/100g of tissue, tissue pressure rose by 4.6 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure fell by 2.2 mm Hg, and the transcapillary pressure drop increased to 5.6 mm Hg (PV = 20 mm Hg). At an isofiltration capillary pressure of 38.0 mm Hg, interstitial fluid volume increased by 17.5 ml/100g, interstitial pressure rose to +10 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure fell to 0.5 mm Hg, and the transcapillary pressure drop increased to 6.3 mm Hg (PV = 30 mm Hg). At moderate levels of PV elevation, the transcapillary pressure drop and increased tissue pressure provided 80% of the counterbalancing tissue force, each contributing approximately 40%. At higher venous pressures, the only tissue force that opposed filtration was an increase in tissue pressure.", "contents": "Interaction of capillary, interstitial, and lymphatic forces in the canine hindpaw. We used plethysmograph techniques to measure or calculate the tissue and capillary forces and flows (capillary pressure, tissue and plasma oncotic pressure, transcapillary pressure drop, lymph flow, and interstitial pressure) in a dog hindpaw preparation in situ at three different venous pressures (PV). Since lymph was flowing from the preparation, an isovolumetric state represented an isofiltration state rather than the conventional isovolumetric or isogravimetric state. At an isofiltration capillary pressure of 12.8 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure averaged 3.8 mm Hg, plasma oncotic pressure averaged 20.9 mm Hg, and tissue pressure averaged -4.7 mm Hg (PV normal). The imbalance in transcapillary forces averaged 0.5 mm Hg and represented the lymph flow contribution (lymph flow/filtration coefficient) to maintainance of the normal isofiltration state. As isofiltration capillary pressure increased to 24.9 mm Hg, interstitial fluid volume increased by 1.7 ml/100g of tissue, tissue pressure rose by 4.6 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure fell by 2.2 mm Hg, and the transcapillary pressure drop increased to 5.6 mm Hg (PV = 20 mm Hg). At an isofiltration capillary pressure of 38.0 mm Hg, interstitial fluid volume increased by 17.5 ml/100g, interstitial pressure rose to +10 mm Hg, lymph oncotic pressure fell to 0.5 mm Hg, and the transcapillary pressure drop increased to 6.3 mm Hg (PV = 30 mm Hg). At moderate levels of PV elevation, the transcapillary pressure drop and increased tissue pressure provided 80% of the counterbalancing tissue force, each contributing approximately 40%. At higher venous pressures, the only tissue force that opposed filtration was an increase in tissue pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:939011", "title": "Regional refractoriness within the ventricular conduction system. An evaluation of the \"gate\" hypothesis.", "content": "We studied the refractoriness of Purkinje fibers with the intent of localizing critical sites of block of premature impulses. To preserve the ventricular conducting system (VCS) nearly intact in vitro, we used a modification of the Elizari preparation. This was superfused with a physiologic salt solution. Action potential durations increased progressively from the His bundle to the distal Purkinje fibers along three pathways: (1) the main right bundle branch and moderator band; (2) the anterior border fibers of the left bundle and anterior false tendons; (3) the posterior border fibers of the left bundle and posterior false tendons. The action potential durations near the terminations of the false tendons were the longest ones found. The interior fibers of the left bundle branch had action potentials of shorter duration and greater variability than those of simultaneously activated fibers in the right bundle branch or the border fibers of the left bundle branch. Similarly, on the right side, the septal branches of the right bundle had action potentials of shorter duration than those of the moderator band. We also found that the fibers with short action potential durations provided the quickest pathways to septal myocardium. When extrastimuli were applied to the His bundle, block in a bundle branch always occurred in the proximal 1 or 2 cm of the main bundle branch. Experiments performed in vivo in which extrastimuli were delivered to the atrium or His bundle and recordings made from the terminations of false tendons and the distal ends of the main right bundle branch confirmed the finding that the critical sites of block were located in the proximal main bundle branches.", "contents": "Regional refractoriness within the ventricular conduction system. An evaluation of the \"gate\" hypothesis. We studied the refractoriness of Purkinje fibers with the intent of localizing critical sites of block of premature impulses. To preserve the ventricular conducting system (VCS) nearly intact in vitro, we used a modification of the Elizari preparation. This was superfused with a physiologic salt solution. Action potential durations increased progressively from the His bundle to the distal Purkinje fibers along three pathways: (1) the main right bundle branch and moderator band; (2) the anterior border fibers of the left bundle and anterior false tendons; (3) the posterior border fibers of the left bundle and posterior false tendons. The action potential durations near the terminations of the false tendons were the longest ones found. The interior fibers of the left bundle branch had action potentials of shorter duration and greater variability than those of simultaneously activated fibers in the right bundle branch or the border fibers of the left bundle branch. Similarly, on the right side, the septal branches of the right bundle had action potentials of shorter duration than those of the moderator band. We also found that the fibers with short action potential durations provided the quickest pathways to septal myocardium. When extrastimuli were applied to the His bundle, block in a bundle branch always occurred in the proximal 1 or 2 cm of the main bundle branch. Experiments performed in vivo in which extrastimuli were delivered to the atrium or His bundle and recordings made from the terminations of false tendons and the distal ends of the main right bundle branch confirmed the finding that the critical sites of block were located in the proximal main bundle branches."}
{"id": "PMID:939012", "title": "Inhibition by acetylcholine of the norepinephrine release evoked by potassium in canine saphenous veins.", "content": "In the dog's saphenous vein acetylcholine inhibits the norepinephrine release caused by nerve stimulation, but not that caused by tyramine. Experiments were performed to determine whether acetylcholine affects the release of norepinephrine evoked by high K+ concentrations. We recorded changes in isometric tension of dog saphenous vein strips. Acetylcholine (5 X 10(-9) to 10(-6) g/ml) caused dose-dependent relaxations during contractions caused by K+ = 40 mEq/liter. These relaxations were not depressed by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) g/ml), which abolished the response to nerve stimulation, but were inhibited by atropine (10(-7) g/ml). Strips of saphenous veins were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine and mounted for superfusion (3 ml/min) and isometric tension recording; the total radioactivity and the amount of intact [3H]norepinephrine present in the superfusate were determined. K+ at 50 mEq/liter increased tension, total radioactivity of the superfusate, and the [3H]norepinephrine afflux; acetylocholine (10(-7) g/ml) depressed the contractions and diminished the efflux of [3H]norepinephrine. Increasing the K+ concentration from 50 to 70 mEq/liter augmented both tension and the evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine. Acetylcholine did not significantly alter the release of [3H]norepinephrine evoked by K+ = 120mEq/liter. These experiments show that acetylcholine inhibits the norepinephrine release evoked by potassium ions, as it does during nerve stimulation. The inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission is not due to interference with action potential electrogenesis, but probably is caused by hyperpolarization of the adrenergic nerve endings.", "contents": "Inhibition by acetylcholine of the norepinephrine release evoked by potassium in canine saphenous veins. In the dog's saphenous vein acetylcholine inhibits the norepinephrine release caused by nerve stimulation, but not that caused by tyramine. Experiments were performed to determine whether acetylcholine affects the release of norepinephrine evoked by high K+ concentrations. We recorded changes in isometric tension of dog saphenous vein strips. Acetylcholine (5 X 10(-9) to 10(-6) g/ml) caused dose-dependent relaxations during contractions caused by K+ = 40 mEq/liter. These relaxations were not depressed by tetrodotoxin (10(-7) g/ml), which abolished the response to nerve stimulation, but were inhibited by atropine (10(-7) g/ml). Strips of saphenous veins were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine and mounted for superfusion (3 ml/min) and isometric tension recording; the total radioactivity and the amount of intact [3H]norepinephrine present in the superfusate were determined. K+ at 50 mEq/liter increased tension, total radioactivity of the superfusate, and the [3H]norepinephrine afflux; acetylocholine (10(-7) g/ml) depressed the contractions and diminished the efflux of [3H]norepinephrine. Increasing the K+ concentration from 50 to 70 mEq/liter augmented both tension and the evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine. Acetylcholine did not significantly alter the release of [3H]norepinephrine evoked by K+ = 120mEq/liter. These experiments show that acetylcholine inhibits the norepinephrine release evoked by potassium ions, as it does during nerve stimulation. The inhibition of adrenergic neurotransmission is not due to interference with action potential electrogenesis, but probably is caused by hyperpolarization of the adrenergic nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:939013", "title": "Progressive perfusion impairment during prolonged low flow myocardial ischemia in dogs.", "content": "Recent studies have shown that after total coronary artery occlusion, there is impaired \"reflow\" of blood accompanied by myocardial and capillary endothelial cell swelling. To investigate the effect of prolonged low flow myocardial ischemia on coronary vascular resistance, regional hypoperfusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 31 autonomically blocked dogs on right heart bypass. Heart rate, aortic pressure, and, during ischemia, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were held constant. The distal left anterior descending coronary artery was perfused at a substantially reduced perfusion pressure which resulted in an antegrade coronary blood flow that usually was between 3% and 7% (0.5-1 ml/min) of control. When relative hypothermia (33-34 degrees C) was induced in nine dogs, left anterior descending coronary artery vascular resistance did not change during 2.5-3 hours of low flow ischemia. Under euthermic conditions (37-40 degrees C) in 17 dogs there was a consistent progressive increase in distal left anterior descending coronary artery vascular resistance starting at 90 minutes (median) after onset of ischemia. By 110-140 minutes ischemic antegrade flow decreased by 35 +/- 4% (SEM) (P less than 0.01). Directionally similar flow changes were observed in six euthermic experiments using the krypton-85 washout technique. Light microscopy did not reveal hemorrhage as a cause of the increased vascular resistance. The perfusion impairment did not occur in two euthermic, nonischemic hearts. In five dogs elevation of serum osmolality by 23 +/- 11 mOsmol/liter with mannitol attenuated the progressive decrease in flow. Thus, a progressive perfusion defect exists in the ischemic low flow state in the heart which presumably contributes to the extent of eventual necrosis.", "contents": "Progressive perfusion impairment during prolonged low flow myocardial ischemia in dogs. Recent studies have shown that after total coronary artery occlusion, there is impaired \"reflow\" of blood accompanied by myocardial and capillary endothelial cell swelling. To investigate the effect of prolonged low flow myocardial ischemia on coronary vascular resistance, regional hypoperfusion of the distal left anterior descending coronary artery was studied in 31 autonomically blocked dogs on right heart bypass. Heart rate, aortic pressure, and, during ischemia, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were held constant. The distal left anterior descending coronary artery was perfused at a substantially reduced perfusion pressure which resulted in an antegrade coronary blood flow that usually was between 3% and 7% (0.5-1 ml/min) of control. When relative hypothermia (33-34 degrees C) was induced in nine dogs, left anterior descending coronary artery vascular resistance did not change during 2.5-3 hours of low flow ischemia. Under euthermic conditions (37-40 degrees C) in 17 dogs there was a consistent progressive increase in distal left anterior descending coronary artery vascular resistance starting at 90 minutes (median) after onset of ischemia. By 110-140 minutes ischemic antegrade flow decreased by 35 +/- 4% (SEM) (P less than 0.01). Directionally similar flow changes were observed in six euthermic experiments using the krypton-85 washout technique. Light microscopy did not reveal hemorrhage as a cause of the increased vascular resistance. The perfusion impairment did not occur in two euthermic, nonischemic hearts. In five dogs elevation of serum osmolality by 23 +/- 11 mOsmol/liter with mannitol attenuated the progressive decrease in flow. Thus, a progressive perfusion defect exists in the ischemic low flow state in the heart which presumably contributes to the extent of eventual necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:939014", "title": "Collecting duct function in deoxycorticosterone acetate-escaped, normal, and salt-deprived rats. Response to hypervolemia.", "content": "The microcatheterization technique was used to study reabsorption of fluid, sodium, and potassium in the medullary collecting duct in chronically deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated and salt-loaded rats, as well as in normal and chronically salt-deprived (NaD) rats, before and after infusion of donor blood (33% of estimated circulating volume). Before expansion, urinary sodium excretion was highest in DOCA rats, intermediate in normal, and lowest in low salt rats. Significant collecting duct reabsorption was found in NaD, normal, and DOCA groups. In contrast to sodium, no net transport of potassium was found in any series. During intravascular expansion, increased renal excretion of fluid and sodium was observed uniformly in both DOCA and normal groups, whereas a diuretic response was found in five of seven rats, and a natriuretic response in four of seven rats of the NaD group. Natriuresis of DOCA rats was significantly greater than that of either normal or responding NaD rats. Diuresis and natriuresis in all three series were assocaited with complete inhibition of fluid and sodium reabsorption from the lumen of the medullary collecting duct, whereas such reabsorption persisted in nonresponding low salt rats. Increased sodium excretion in DOCA rats in comparison to the other two series could be explained by enhanced intratubular delivery of the ion to the medullary collecting system. I conclude that the renal response to acute blood volume expansion is due primarily to complete inhibition of both fluid and sodium reabsorption in the medullary collecting duct, but that differences in tubular delivery may modify the resulting diuresis and natriuresis.", "contents": "Collecting duct function in deoxycorticosterone acetate-escaped, normal, and salt-deprived rats. Response to hypervolemia. The microcatheterization technique was used to study reabsorption of fluid, sodium, and potassium in the medullary collecting duct in chronically deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated and salt-loaded rats, as well as in normal and chronically salt-deprived (NaD) rats, before and after infusion of donor blood (33% of estimated circulating volume). Before expansion, urinary sodium excretion was highest in DOCA rats, intermediate in normal, and lowest in low salt rats. Significant collecting duct reabsorption was found in NaD, normal, and DOCA groups. In contrast to sodium, no net transport of potassium was found in any series. During intravascular expansion, increased renal excretion of fluid and sodium was observed uniformly in both DOCA and normal groups, whereas a diuretic response was found in five of seven rats, and a natriuretic response in four of seven rats of the NaD group. Natriuresis of DOCA rats was significantly greater than that of either normal or responding NaD rats. Diuresis and natriuresis in all three series were assocaited with complete inhibition of fluid and sodium reabsorption from the lumen of the medullary collecting duct, whereas such reabsorption persisted in nonresponding low salt rats. Increased sodium excretion in DOCA rats in comparison to the other two series could be explained by enhanced intratubular delivery of the ion to the medullary collecting system. I conclude that the renal response to acute blood volume expansion is due primarily to complete inhibition of both fluid and sodium reabsorption in the medullary collecting duct, but that differences in tubular delivery may modify the resulting diuresis and natriuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:939017", "title": "Noninvasive visualization of the left main coronary artery by cross-sectional echocardiography.", "content": "Real time cross-sectional echocardiographic studies of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) were performed in 15 normal patients, 15 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease but normal left main coronary segments, three patients with greater than 75% obstruction of the left main coronary artery, and one patient with a larger aneurysm of the left main coronary artery. In normal subjects the LMCA evaginates from in inferolateral wall of the aorta. The artery appears as two dominant parallel linear echoes separated by a clear space representing the lumen of the vessel. The LMCA courses beneath the right ventricular outflow tract and can generally be followed to its expected point of bifurcation. Confirmation that this structure was in fact the LMCA was obtained by injection of cardiogreen dye directly into the LMCA in two cases and by visualization of dye in this structure following aortic flush in one case. In the three cases with obstructive lesions of the LMCA, there was an area of inward bending of the parallel vessel wall echoes resulting in varying degrees of narrowing of the arterial lumen. In the case with the aneurysmal dilatation of the LMCA, an echo-free circular bulge in the distal portion of the LMCA was recorded. This study demonstrates the fesibility of recording the left main coronary artery using the cross-sectional echocardiographic technique.", "contents": "Noninvasive visualization of the left main coronary artery by cross-sectional echocardiography. Real time cross-sectional echocardiographic studies of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) were performed in 15 normal patients, 15 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease but normal left main coronary segments, three patients with greater than 75% obstruction of the left main coronary artery, and one patient with a larger aneurysm of the left main coronary artery. In normal subjects the LMCA evaginates from in inferolateral wall of the aorta. The artery appears as two dominant parallel linear echoes separated by a clear space representing the lumen of the vessel. The LMCA courses beneath the right ventricular outflow tract and can generally be followed to its expected point of bifurcation. Confirmation that this structure was in fact the LMCA was obtained by injection of cardiogreen dye directly into the LMCA in two cases and by visualization of dye in this structure following aortic flush in one case. In the three cases with obstructive lesions of the LMCA, there was an area of inward bending of the parallel vessel wall echoes resulting in varying degrees of narrowing of the arterial lumen. In the case with the aneurysmal dilatation of the LMCA, an echo-free circular bulge in the distal portion of the LMCA was recorded. This study demonstrates the fesibility of recording the left main coronary artery using the cross-sectional echocardiographic technique."}
{"id": "PMID:939018", "title": "Mechanism of abnormal septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload: a cross-sectional echocardiographic study.", "content": "To evaluate the mechanism of paradoxical septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload (RVVO), short axis cross-sectional, echocardiographic studies of the left ventricle (LV) and interventricular septum (IVS) were performed in 19 patients with paradoxical septal motion due to RVVO and in 20 normal subjects. Short axis study in normal subjects revealed the left ventricle to be a relatively circular structure during both diastole and systole. In patients with RVVO a change in LC diastolic shape was observed. This change in shape varied from a slight flattening of the LV and IVS during diastole to total reversal of the normal direction of septal curvature such that the IVS became concave toward the RV and convex toward the LV. During systole the LV and IVS returned to their normal relatively circular configuration. This change in LV shape from diastole to systole resulted in net motion of the IVS toward the right ventricle (paradoxically). This study therefore suggests that paradoxical septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload is a result of a change in the diastolic shape of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Mechanism of abnormal septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload: a cross-sectional echocardiographic study. To evaluate the mechanism of paradoxical septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload (RVVO), short axis cross-sectional, echocardiographic studies of the left ventricle (LV) and interventricular septum (IVS) were performed in 19 patients with paradoxical septal motion due to RVVO and in 20 normal subjects. Short axis study in normal subjects revealed the left ventricle to be a relatively circular structure during both diastole and systole. In patients with RVVO a change in LC diastolic shape was observed. This change in shape varied from a slight flattening of the LV and IVS during diastole to total reversal of the normal direction of septal curvature such that the IVS became concave toward the RV and convex toward the LV. During systole the LV and IVS returned to their normal relatively circular configuration. This change in LV shape from diastole to systole resulted in net motion of the IVS toward the right ventricle (paradoxically). This study therefore suggests that paradoxical septal motion in patients with right ventricular volume overload is a result of a change in the diastolic shape of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:939019", "title": "The association of increased plasma MB CPK activity and irreversible ischemic myocardial injury in the dog.", "content": "To evaluate the concordance between elevated plasma MB CPK and irreversible myocardial ischemic injury, coronary occlusion was induced for 10 minutes to 48 hours in 21 open chest dogs and 13 conscious animals. Results of plasma CPK and MB CPK assayed in samples obtained serially ofr 24 hours were compared to microscopic changes in hearts from the same animals examined 48 hours after occlusion. Twelve of the 34 dogs died within two hours after coronary occlusion. Among the surviving 22 dogs, one failed to exhibit gross of electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia and was therefore excluded. Twelve had coronary occlusion maintained for 30 minutes or longer and in 11 of these peak plasma MB CPK activity exceeded thenormal range (mean +/- 2 SD) and baseline values by at least 100%. Necrosis was present in the hearts from each manifested by nuclear pyknosis, eosinophilia, shrinkage of cytoplasm, and leukocytic infiltration. In the remaining nine dogs with occlusion for less than 30 minutes, peak plasma MB CPK activity was not elevated and necrosis was not detected. The close concordance between plasma MB CPK elevations and myocardial necrosis was significant (chi2 = 14.5, P less than 0.001), and thus, increased plasma MB CPK activity reflected irreversible myocardial ischemic injury.", "contents": "The association of increased plasma MB CPK activity and irreversible ischemic myocardial injury in the dog. To evaluate the concordance between elevated plasma MB CPK and irreversible myocardial ischemic injury, coronary occlusion was induced for 10 minutes to 48 hours in 21 open chest dogs and 13 conscious animals. Results of plasma CPK and MB CPK assayed in samples obtained serially ofr 24 hours were compared to microscopic changes in hearts from the same animals examined 48 hours after occlusion. Twelve of the 34 dogs died within two hours after coronary occlusion. Among the surviving 22 dogs, one failed to exhibit gross of electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia and was therefore excluded. Twelve had coronary occlusion maintained for 30 minutes or longer and in 11 of these peak plasma MB CPK activity exceeded thenormal range (mean +/- 2 SD) and baseline values by at least 100%. Necrosis was present in the hearts from each manifested by nuclear pyknosis, eosinophilia, shrinkage of cytoplasm, and leukocytic infiltration. In the remaining nine dogs with occlusion for less than 30 minutes, peak plasma MB CPK activity was not elevated and necrosis was not detected. The close concordance between plasma MB CPK elevations and myocardial necrosis was significant (chi2 = 14.5, P less than 0.001), and thus, increased plasma MB CPK activity reflected irreversible myocardial ischemic injury."}
{"id": "PMID:939020", "title": "Cellular protection during myocardial ischemia: the development and characterization of a procedure for the induction of reversible ischemic arrest.", "content": "An isolated perfused working rat heart model was used to investigate the extent to which various protective agents, used either singly or in combination, were able to increase the resistance of the heart to periods of transient ischemia. The aim of the studies was to develop a solution which, if infused into the coronary vessels just prior to the onset of ischemia, would rapidly induce arrest and would also counteract several of the deleterious cellular changes known to occur during myocardial ischemia. Agents with induce cardiac arrest, modify cellular ion loss, affect substrate utilization, energy production and energy stores, affect coronary vessel diameter and cell swelling, prevent dysrhythmias, and affect metabolic rate were investigated. The additive effects of these agents were evaluated. An aqueous solution was formulated which contained high concentrations of potassium and magnesium, in combination with adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate and procaine. This solution increased the recovery of the ischemic (37 degrees C for 30 min) rat heart from 0% to 93%. The safe period of ischemia could be further increased by the use of hypothermia.", "contents": "Cellular protection during myocardial ischemia: the development and characterization of a procedure for the induction of reversible ischemic arrest. An isolated perfused working rat heart model was used to investigate the extent to which various protective agents, used either singly or in combination, were able to increase the resistance of the heart to periods of transient ischemia. The aim of the studies was to develop a solution which, if infused into the coronary vessels just prior to the onset of ischemia, would rapidly induce arrest and would also counteract several of the deleterious cellular changes known to occur during myocardial ischemia. Agents with induce cardiac arrest, modify cellular ion loss, affect substrate utilization, energy production and energy stores, affect coronary vessel diameter and cell swelling, prevent dysrhythmias, and affect metabolic rate were investigated. The additive effects of these agents were evaluated. An aqueous solution was formulated which contained high concentrations of potassium and magnesium, in combination with adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate and procaine. This solution increased the recovery of the ischemic (37 degrees C for 30 min) rat heart from 0% to 93%. The safe period of ischemia could be further increased by the use of hypothermia."}
{"id": "PMID:939021", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries: a possible manifestation of the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "content": "The findings in four young patients with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome who presented with evidence of acute myocardial infarction are reported. Because technically adequate coronary arteriograms demonstrated patent vessels and the electrocardiograms initially showed pronounced elevation of the ST segments as occurs in Prinzmetal's angina, it is postulated that spasm of normal coronary arteries was the operative factor. Scrutiny of those cases of clinically apparent ischemic heart disease with normal coronary angiograms is suggested to establish whether there is in fact a causal relationship with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries: a possible manifestation of the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome. The findings in four young patients with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome who presented with evidence of acute myocardial infarction are reported. Because technically adequate coronary arteriograms demonstrated patent vessels and the electrocardiograms initially showed pronounced elevation of the ST segments as occurs in Prinzmetal's angina, it is postulated that spasm of normal coronary arteries was the operative factor. Scrutiny of those cases of clinically apparent ischemic heart disease with normal coronary angiograms is suggested to establish whether there is in fact a causal relationship with the billowing mitral leaflet syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:939022", "title": "The clinical significance of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation.", "content": "The significance of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation remains unsettled. We reviewed the treadmill tests of 840 consecutive patients and exercise-induced ST-segment elevation was noted in 29 (3.5%). Only eight of these (28%) stopped because of angina. Anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) was found on the resting electrocardiogram in 25 (85%). Angiographic studies performed on 21 showed critical lesions of the left anterior descending (LAD) in 19 (90%) and left ventricular aneurysm in 18 (86%). When all the patiens who had AMI or critical LAD obstruction during the study period were reviewed, only 22% and 18% respectively showed exercise-induced ST-segment elevation, while 64% of the cases with left ventricular aneurysm displayed this phenomenon. Thus, exercise-induced ST elevation seems to reflect the presence of severe coronary artery disease most commonly with an associated left ventricular aneurysm and may relate more to the abnormal wall motion than to the myocardial ischemia per se.", "contents": "The clinical significance of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation. The significance of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation remains unsettled. We reviewed the treadmill tests of 840 consecutive patients and exercise-induced ST-segment elevation was noted in 29 (3.5%). Only eight of these (28%) stopped because of angina. Anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) was found on the resting electrocardiogram in 25 (85%). Angiographic studies performed on 21 showed critical lesions of the left anterior descending (LAD) in 19 (90%) and left ventricular aneurysm in 18 (86%). When all the patiens who had AMI or critical LAD obstruction during the study period were reviewed, only 22% and 18% respectively showed exercise-induced ST-segment elevation, while 64% of the cases with left ventricular aneurysm displayed this phenomenon. Thus, exercise-induced ST elevation seems to reflect the presence of severe coronary artery disease most commonly with an associated left ventricular aneurysm and may relate more to the abnormal wall motion than to the myocardial ischemia per se."}
{"id": "PMID:939023", "title": "Two to three years of failure-free testing of a rechargeable pacemaker in experimental complete heart block.", "content": "Six hermetically sealed single cell rechargeable mercury-zinc pacemakers (B.T.) that will run continuously for over 4 years between rechargings have paced dogs with complete heart block for from 2 to 3 years. To maintain full cell capacity (over 1,000 mA hours) requires recharging for from 2-3 min/day to 60 to 80 hr once every 4 years, with any variation between these extremes being acceptable. Six realtime bench tests continue after over 7 years and accelerated tests have simulated a minimum of 50 years continuous pacing. Battery voltage is assessed by direct telemetry, eliminating the risk of patient intrinsic rhythm-pacemaker competition which is present with all current indirect (stimulation rate change) battery assessment techniques. The B.T. is an excellent 4-5 year primary pacemaker, fully rechargeable after several 4 year periods of battery rundown. A clinical test series has been initiated.", "contents": "Two to three years of failure-free testing of a rechargeable pacemaker in experimental complete heart block. Six hermetically sealed single cell rechargeable mercury-zinc pacemakers (B.T.) that will run continuously for over 4 years between rechargings have paced dogs with complete heart block for from 2 to 3 years. To maintain full cell capacity (over 1,000 mA hours) requires recharging for from 2-3 min/day to 60 to 80 hr once every 4 years, with any variation between these extremes being acceptable. Six realtime bench tests continue after over 7 years and accelerated tests have simulated a minimum of 50 years continuous pacing. Battery voltage is assessed by direct telemetry, eliminating the risk of patient intrinsic rhythm-pacemaker competition which is present with all current indirect (stimulation rate change) battery assessment techniques. The B.T. is an excellent 4-5 year primary pacemaker, fully rechargeable after several 4 year periods of battery rundown. A clinical test series has been initiated."}
{"id": "PMID:939024", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion in 112 patients using a mobile scintillation camera and intravenous nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia.", "content": "The short half-life positron emitter 13N, as labeled ammonia (13NH4+), was evaluated as a myocardial imaging agent. Regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4 correlated with the distribution of labeled microspheres in experimental myocardial infarction. Using intravenous 13NH4+, myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 85 cardiac patients and 27 normal subjects. Ninety-five scintigrams were suitable for analysis. Eighteen of 24 normal subjects had homogeneous myocardial images; six had inhomogeneous images attributable to early technical problems. Perfusion defects were observed in the scintigrams of 82% (57/65) of patients with coronary artery disease, being most common in patients with myocardial infarction (27/28). Six sequential studies showed changes in perfusion consistent with the clinical course of each patient. Scintigraphic abnormalities were also observed in 4/6 patients with valvular heart disease. 13NH4+ myocardial scintigraphy is a valid and sensitive method of assessing regional myocardial perfusion and is especially useful for sequential imaging at short intervals.", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial perfusion in 112 patients using a mobile scintillation camera and intravenous nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia. The short half-life positron emitter 13N, as labeled ammonia (13NH4+), was evaluated as a myocardial imaging agent. Regional myocardial uptake of 13NH4 correlated with the distribution of labeled microspheres in experimental myocardial infarction. Using intravenous 13NH4+, myocardial scintigraphy was performed in 85 cardiac patients and 27 normal subjects. Ninety-five scintigrams were suitable for analysis. Eighteen of 24 normal subjects had homogeneous myocardial images; six had inhomogeneous images attributable to early technical problems. Perfusion defects were observed in the scintigrams of 82% (57/65) of patients with coronary artery disease, being most common in patients with myocardial infarction (27/28). Six sequential studies showed changes in perfusion consistent with the clinical course of each patient. Scintigraphic abnormalities were also observed in 4/6 patients with valvular heart disease. 13NH4+ myocardial scintigraphy is a valid and sensitive method of assessing regional myocardial perfusion and is especially useful for sequential imaging at short intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:939025", "title": "Transient transmural reduction of myocardial blood flow demonstrated by thallium-201 scintigraphy, as a cause of variant angina.", "content": "In previous studies we demonstrated that variant angina could not be attributed to increased myocardial demands. In order to investigate whether a reduction of regional myocardial blood supply could be responsible for these ischemic episodes, we studied regional myocardial perfusion in six patients admitted to our coronary care unit. Myocardial scintigrams, obtained 5-7 min following i.v. injection of 1 mCi of thallium-201, performed during an episode of ST-segment elevation, showed transmural deficits of tracer uptake in the heart wall corresponding to the leads showing ST-segment elevation. These regional deficits ahd disappeared by 2 hours because of late uptake in previously ischemic myocardium. One week later, following injections performed in the absence of acute ischemia, no deficit was apparent. Tracer uptake in ischemic areas was 60% to 85% of that observed a week later. After adjusting for thallium-201 kinetics and counting geometry promblems., these scintigrams actually represent large underestimations of actual flow reduction. Thus variant angina appears to be caused by massive transmural reduction of myocardial blood supply.", "contents": "Transient transmural reduction of myocardial blood flow demonstrated by thallium-201 scintigraphy, as a cause of variant angina. In previous studies we demonstrated that variant angina could not be attributed to increased myocardial demands. In order to investigate whether a reduction of regional myocardial blood supply could be responsible for these ischemic episodes, we studied regional myocardial perfusion in six patients admitted to our coronary care unit. Myocardial scintigrams, obtained 5-7 min following i.v. injection of 1 mCi of thallium-201, performed during an episode of ST-segment elevation, showed transmural deficits of tracer uptake in the heart wall corresponding to the leads showing ST-segment elevation. These regional deficits ahd disappeared by 2 hours because of late uptake in previously ischemic myocardium. One week later, following injections performed in the absence of acute ischemia, no deficit was apparent. Tracer uptake in ischemic areas was 60% to 85% of that observed a week later. After adjusting for thallium-201 kinetics and counting geometry promblems., these scintigrams actually represent large underestimations of actual flow reduction. Thus variant angina appears to be caused by massive transmural reduction of myocardial blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:939026", "title": "Sudden death among postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a follow-up study of 243 patients for an average of twelve years.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-three patients were evaluated following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot with special emphasis on postoperative conduction disturbances and on the occurrence of sudden death. The average follow-up period was 12 years with a range of 6 1/2 to 16 1/2 years. Sudden death occurred in seven patients. Four deaths were among those with right bundle branch block pattern (RBBB) and three of the four had premature ventricular contractions (PVC) for more than one month postoperatively. PVCs were documented in ten of the 158 patients with RBBB; sudden death occurred in three (30%). Three of the ten (30%) patients with trifascicular block pattern (TB) died suddenly, while no deaths occurred in 24 patients with bifascicular block pattern (BB). Progression of RBBB to BB and TB occurred in 18 patients from one month to seven years postoperatively (58% of BB and 40% of TB). The risk of sudden death in patients with RBBB and PVCs following tetralogy repair is high and warrants consideration of suppressive therapy. TB also carries a high risk. The finding that RBBB may progress to BB or TB mandates long-term careful follow-up of all tetralogy patients with postoperative conduction disturbances.", "contents": "Sudden death among postoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a follow-up study of 243 patients for an average of twelve years. Two hundred and forty-three patients were evaluated following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot with special emphasis on postoperative conduction disturbances and on the occurrence of sudden death. The average follow-up period was 12 years with a range of 6 1/2 to 16 1/2 years. Sudden death occurred in seven patients. Four deaths were among those with right bundle branch block pattern (RBBB) and three of the four had premature ventricular contractions (PVC) for more than one month postoperatively. PVCs were documented in ten of the 158 patients with RBBB; sudden death occurred in three (30%). Three of the ten (30%) patients with trifascicular block pattern (TB) died suddenly, while no deaths occurred in 24 patients with bifascicular block pattern (BB). Progression of RBBB to BB and TB occurred in 18 patients from one month to seven years postoperatively (58% of BB and 40% of TB). The risk of sudden death in patients with RBBB and PVCs following tetralogy repair is high and warrants consideration of suppressive therapy. TB also carries a high risk. The finding that RBBB may progress to BB or TB mandates long-term careful follow-up of all tetralogy patients with postoperative conduction disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:939027", "title": "The normal spectrum of mitral and aortic valve discontinuity.", "content": "The relationship of the base of the left and noncoronary sinuses of the aortic valve and the adjacent aortic leaflet of the mitral valve was studied in 106 normal heart specimens and 184 specimens with isolated VSD. The results show a spectrum of persistence of the tissue along the inner curvature of the heart. This may help settle the recent controversy in the interpretation of echocardiograms of this area because the recorded mitral-aortic discontinuity may be due to this spectrum rather than to variations in technique.", "contents": "The normal spectrum of mitral and aortic valve discontinuity. The relationship of the base of the left and noncoronary sinuses of the aortic valve and the adjacent aortic leaflet of the mitral valve was studied in 106 normal heart specimens and 184 specimens with isolated VSD. The results show a spectrum of persistence of the tissue along the inner curvature of the heart. This may help settle the recent controversy in the interpretation of echocardiograms of this area because the recorded mitral-aortic discontinuity may be due to this spectrum rather than to variations in technique."}
{"id": "PMID:939028", "title": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 3,446 children from a biracial community: the Bogalusa Heart Study.", "content": "Serum lipid profiles of 3,446 (91% of population) children, ages 5-14 years, were determined in a biracial community (Bogalusa, Louisiana) as part of a program investigating the early natural history of atherosclerosis. Black children had significantly higher mean levels of serum cholesterol than white children (170 mg/dl vs 162 mg/dl, P less than 0.0001). On the other hand, significantly lower levels of triglycerides were found in blacks than in whites (61 mg/dl vs 73 mg/dl, P less than 0.0001). Girls had higher levels of triglycerides than boys in both races (blacks, 64 mg/dl vs 59 mg/dl, P less than 0.001; whites, 77 mg/dl vs 69 mg/dl, P less than 0.001). The racial differences in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were even more apparent at the 95th percentile. The serum cholesterol level remained relatively constant in all children until ages 11 and 12 years, after which a slight reduction occurred. This reduction was more pronounced in boys than in girls. In contrast, a significant increase in the level of triglycerides with age was observed in all children except black girls, the increasing slope being most pronounced in white girls.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 3,446 children from a biracial community: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Serum lipid profiles of 3,446 (91% of population) children, ages 5-14 years, were determined in a biracial community (Bogalusa, Louisiana) as part of a program investigating the early natural history of atherosclerosis. Black children had significantly higher mean levels of serum cholesterol than white children (170 mg/dl vs 162 mg/dl, P less than 0.0001). On the other hand, significantly lower levels of triglycerides were found in blacks than in whites (61 mg/dl vs 73 mg/dl, P less than 0.0001). Girls had higher levels of triglycerides than boys in both races (blacks, 64 mg/dl vs 59 mg/dl, P less than 0.001; whites, 77 mg/dl vs 69 mg/dl, P less than 0.001). The racial differences in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were even more apparent at the 95th percentile. The serum cholesterol level remained relatively constant in all children until ages 11 and 12 years, after which a slight reduction occurred. This reduction was more pronounced in boys than in girls. In contrast, a significant increase in the level of triglycerides with age was observed in all children except black girls, the increasing slope being most pronounced in white girls."}
{"id": "PMID:939029", "title": "Studies of blood pressures in children, ages 5-14 years, in a total biracial community: the Bogalusa Heart Study.", "content": "Blood pressure, height, weight, maturation, triceps skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and hemoglobin were measured as risk factors for coronary artery disease in 3,524 children (93% of the eligible population) in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Nine blood pressures were taken on each child by trained observers with mercury sphygmomanometers (Baumanometer) and Physiometrics automatic recorders in a rigid randomized design in a relaxed atmosphere with other children present. The pressures observed were low compared to reported data. Black children had significantly higher blood pressures than white children. This difference, starting before age 10, was largest in the children in the upper five percent of the pressure ranks. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that this racial differnce was significant when measured by an automatic recorder. Body size, expressed by height and by weight/height3 index, was a strong determinant of blood pressure level. Other positive determinants were blood hemoglobin and external maturation.", "contents": "Studies of blood pressures in children, ages 5-14 years, in a total biracial community: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Blood pressure, height, weight, maturation, triceps skinfold thickness, serum lipids, and hemoglobin were measured as risk factors for coronary artery disease in 3,524 children (93% of the eligible population) in Bogalusa, Louisiana. Nine blood pressures were taken on each child by trained observers with mercury sphygmomanometers (Baumanometer) and Physiometrics automatic recorders in a rigid randomized design in a relaxed atmosphere with other children present. The pressures observed were low compared to reported data. Black children had significantly higher blood pressures than white children. This difference, starting before age 10, was largest in the children in the upper five percent of the pressure ranks. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that this racial differnce was significant when measured by an automatic recorder. Body size, expressed by height and by weight/height3 index, was a strong determinant of blood pressure level. Other positive determinants were blood hemoglobin and external maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:939030", "title": "Pharmacoangiographic manipulation of renal collateral blood flow.", "content": "Vasodilatory or vasoconstrictive renal pharmacoangiography was applied in investigating the significance of 50 renal artery stenoses. The technique involves comparison of selective magnification renal arteriograms before and after intra-arterial injection of epinephrine or acetylcholine, seeking changes in direction of flow in potential collateral routes. The drug injected depended upon the hemodynamic conditions during control arteriography. Final determination of significance depended on response to surgery in most patients, and renin levels in a few. Vasoconstrictive angiography was determinate in 18/26 (69%) of significant stenoses and correctly identified hemodynamic significance in each. Other angiographic signs of collateral circulation were present in seven of the other eight significant stenoses studied with the vasoconstrictive method. Vasodilatory pharmacoangiography was determinate in 20 arteries, and correctly evaluated each of nine significant and 11 insignificant lesions. Pharmacoangiography is a moderately sensitive and completely specific angiographic method for evaluating the hemodynamic significance of renal artery stenoses.", "contents": "Pharmacoangiographic manipulation of renal collateral blood flow. Vasodilatory or vasoconstrictive renal pharmacoangiography was applied in investigating the significance of 50 renal artery stenoses. The technique involves comparison of selective magnification renal arteriograms before and after intra-arterial injection of epinephrine or acetylcholine, seeking changes in direction of flow in potential collateral routes. The drug injected depended upon the hemodynamic conditions during control arteriography. Final determination of significance depended on response to surgery in most patients, and renin levels in a few. Vasoconstrictive angiography was determinate in 18/26 (69%) of significant stenoses and correctly identified hemodynamic significance in each. Other angiographic signs of collateral circulation were present in seven of the other eight significant stenoses studied with the vasoconstrictive method. Vasodilatory pharmacoangiography was determinate in 20 arteries, and correctly evaluated each of nine significant and 11 insignificant lesions. Pharmacoangiography is a moderately sensitive and completely specific angiographic method for evaluating the hemodynamic significance of renal artery stenoses."}
{"id": "PMID:939031", "title": "The effects of morphine on venous tone in patients with acute pulmonary edema.", "content": "In order to compare the venodilation effect of morphine in normal individuals (22) with that in patients (13) with heart failure morphine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered to 13 patients with mild pulmonary edema. After morphine congestive symptoms improved and venodilation was induced as determined by two independent techniques: venous pressure fell 10.2 mm Hg by the isolated hand technique and the venous volume of the forearm increased by 0.48 cc/100 ml, measured by equilibration technique. Neither finding differed from those in normal individuals. Reflex venoconstriction noted on the taking of a single deep breath was unaffected by morphine administration and was similar to that observed in normal subjects. Since the drug morphine sulfate does not cause a major pooling of blood in the limbs, the favorable effect of narcotics in patients with pulmonary edema must be caused by other mechanisms such as splanchnic pooling, afterload reduction or reduced breathing effort.", "contents": "The effects of morphine on venous tone in patients with acute pulmonary edema. In order to compare the venodilation effect of morphine in normal individuals (22) with that in patients (13) with heart failure morphine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered to 13 patients with mild pulmonary edema. After morphine congestive symptoms improved and venodilation was induced as determined by two independent techniques: venous pressure fell 10.2 mm Hg by the isolated hand technique and the venous volume of the forearm increased by 0.48 cc/100 ml, measured by equilibration technique. Neither finding differed from those in normal individuals. Reflex venoconstriction noted on the taking of a single deep breath was unaffected by morphine administration and was similar to that observed in normal subjects. Since the drug morphine sulfate does not cause a major pooling of blood in the limbs, the favorable effect of narcotics in patients with pulmonary edema must be caused by other mechanisms such as splanchnic pooling, afterload reduction or reduced breathing effort."}
{"id": "PMID:939032", "title": "Mechanism of reciprocating tachycardia initiated during sinus rhythm in concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "Reciprocating tachycardia in a patient with a leftsided atrioventricular accessory pathway (AP) (Kent bundle, type A) capable only of ventriculo-atrial (V-A) transmission is described. The V-A AP is established as an essential link of the tachycardia circuit, as evidenced by : 1) retrograde atrial activation of the left atrium (LA) 60 msec or more before the low and high right atrium during reciprocating tachycardia and during V-A conduction; 2) the absence of refractory-dependent delay in V-A conduction time with progressively premature ventricular stimulation, characteristic of retrograde conduction through an AP; and 3) the absence of antegrade conduction through the Kent bundle during sinus rhythm, reciprocating tachycardia, pacing from either atrium, or during induced atrial flutter-fibrillation. The onset of the tachycardia was unique in that it could be initiated and perpetuated during sinus rhythm, without a triggering mechanism of an atrial or ventricular extrasystole. The interplay of the following two events seemed to favor the initiation of the tachycardia: 1) shortening of the atrial cycle length causing a decrease in the refractory period of the LA and/or the AP; and 2) the development of rate-dependent left bundle branch block, delaying impulse arrival at the ventricular end of the AP. These observations described an additional mechansim of reciprocating tachycardia in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "contents": "Mechanism of reciprocating tachycardia initiated during sinus rhythm in concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: report of a case. Reciprocating tachycardia in a patient with a leftsided atrioventricular accessory pathway (AP) (Kent bundle, type A) capable only of ventriculo-atrial (V-A) transmission is described. The V-A AP is established as an essential link of the tachycardia circuit, as evidenced by : 1) retrograde atrial activation of the left atrium (LA) 60 msec or more before the low and high right atrium during reciprocating tachycardia and during V-A conduction; 2) the absence of refractory-dependent delay in V-A conduction time with progressively premature ventricular stimulation, characteristic of retrograde conduction through an AP; and 3) the absence of antegrade conduction through the Kent bundle during sinus rhythm, reciprocating tachycardia, pacing from either atrium, or during induced atrial flutter-fibrillation. The onset of the tachycardia was unique in that it could be initiated and perpetuated during sinus rhythm, without a triggering mechanism of an atrial or ventricular extrasystole. The interplay of the following two events seemed to favor the initiation of the tachycardia: 1) shortening of the atrial cycle length causing a decrease in the refractory period of the LA and/or the AP; and 2) the development of rate-dependent left bundle branch block, delaying impulse arrival at the ventricular end of the AP. These observations described an additional mechansim of reciprocating tachycardia in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:939033", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XIX. On the cause of sudden death in pheochromocytoma, with special reference to the pulmonary arteries, the cardiac conduction system, and the aggregation of platelets.", "content": "Pheochromocytoma may cause sudden and unexpected death. In this study of three fatal cases of pheochromocytoma the small pulmonary arteries were narrowed by a variety of chronic and acute processes which included medial hypertrophy and fibrosis, endothelial proliferation and fibrosis, and endothelial cellular edema; within the sinus node, atrioventricular (A-V) node and His bundle of all three cases there was focal degeneration and fibrosis similar to that also observed throughout the ventricular myocardium; and in addition to the focal narrowing of many small coronary arteries produced by medial hypertrophy, intimal fibrosis, and fibromuscular dysplasia, there were also focal aggregations of platelets clogging the lumen and occasionally mixed with a varying amount of fibrin. In patients known to have pheochromocytoma it may be necessary to direct new attention to the possibility of abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance, instability of normal cardiac rhythm, and perhaps difficulty in restoring it when disordered and to the effects of platelet aggregations, both causing acute obstruction and possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic vascular disease.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XIX. On the cause of sudden death in pheochromocytoma, with special reference to the pulmonary arteries, the cardiac conduction system, and the aggregation of platelets. Pheochromocytoma may cause sudden and unexpected death. In this study of three fatal cases of pheochromocytoma the small pulmonary arteries were narrowed by a variety of chronic and acute processes which included medial hypertrophy and fibrosis, endothelial proliferation and fibrosis, and endothelial cellular edema; within the sinus node, atrioventricular (A-V) node and His bundle of all three cases there was focal degeneration and fibrosis similar to that also observed throughout the ventricular myocardium; and in addition to the focal narrowing of many small coronary arteries produced by medial hypertrophy, intimal fibrosis, and fibromuscular dysplasia, there were also focal aggregations of platelets clogging the lumen and occasionally mixed with a varying amount of fibrin. In patients known to have pheochromocytoma it may be necessary to direct new attention to the possibility of abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance, instability of normal cardiac rhythm, and perhaps difficulty in restoring it when disordered and to the effects of platelet aggregations, both causing acute obstruction and possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939034", "title": "Factors in allergen-induced asthma: relevance of the intensity of the airways allergic reaction and non-specific bronchial reactivity.", "content": "Early asthmatic responses (EAR) of similar severity were produced by allergen inhalation challenges in nine asthmatic subjects. The severity of the airways allergic reaction was estimated by measuring the skin test weal size produced by the same dilution of allergen which caused the EAR. The non-specific bronchial reactivity was assessed by inhalation of incresing concentrations of histamine acid phosphate. Possible relationships between the severtiy of the airways allergic reaction, the level of non-specific bronchial hyper-reactivity and the pattern of asthmatic response were examined. There was a marked inverse correlation between the required severity of the airways allergic reaction and the non-specific bronchial reactivity (log10) of the individual (r = -0-96, P less than 0-001). The EAR was followed by a late asthmatic response (LAR) in five subjects. There was no evident correlation between the magnitude of the EAR and that of the LAR. In addition, no correlation was obtained between the pattern of response interms of EAR or LAR and the severity of the allergic reaction, or the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity. These results indicate that the allergic reaction and the non-specific bronchial reactivity are interrelated in the production of allergen-induced asthma. Thus a mild allergic reaction will induce and EAR in patients with markedly increased non-specific bronchial reactivity, whereas a severe allergic reaction is required to produce an EAR in those with only slightly increased non-specific reactivity. The lack of correlation between the occurrence of the LAR and the intensity of the airways allergic reaction, the non-specific bronchial reactivity and the intensity of the EAR indicates that other factors are involved in the development of LAR.", "contents": "Factors in allergen-induced asthma: relevance of the intensity of the airways allergic reaction and non-specific bronchial reactivity. Early asthmatic responses (EAR) of similar severity were produced by allergen inhalation challenges in nine asthmatic subjects. The severity of the airways allergic reaction was estimated by measuring the skin test weal size produced by the same dilution of allergen which caused the EAR. The non-specific bronchial reactivity was assessed by inhalation of incresing concentrations of histamine acid phosphate. Possible relationships between the severtiy of the airways allergic reaction, the level of non-specific bronchial hyper-reactivity and the pattern of asthmatic response were examined. There was a marked inverse correlation between the required severity of the airways allergic reaction and the non-specific bronchial reactivity (log10) of the individual (r = -0-96, P less than 0-001). The EAR was followed by a late asthmatic response (LAR) in five subjects. There was no evident correlation between the magnitude of the EAR and that of the LAR. In addition, no correlation was obtained between the pattern of response interms of EAR or LAR and the severity of the allergic reaction, or the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity. These results indicate that the allergic reaction and the non-specific bronchial reactivity are interrelated in the production of allergen-induced asthma. Thus a mild allergic reaction will induce and EAR in patients with markedly increased non-specific bronchial reactivity, whereas a severe allergic reaction is required to produce an EAR in those with only slightly increased non-specific reactivity. The lack of correlation between the occurrence of the LAR and the intensity of the airways allergic reaction, the non-specific bronchial reactivity and the intensity of the EAR indicates that other factors are involved in the development of LAR."}
{"id": "PMID:939035", "title": "The IgG subclasses of antibodies to grass pollen allergens produced in hay fever patients during hyposensitization.", "content": "Total IgG, IgG subclass and IgE antibodies specific for grass pollen allergens were measured by the red cell linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) in a serum samples from nineteen patients who had undergone a course of hyposensitization. Increases in both specific IgG and IgE antibodies were seen after treatment in most patients. In the IgG subclasses the predominant response was for IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies. Attempts were made to correlate the antibody responses with the clinical response and the results are discussed with reference to the possible mechanisms of hyposensitization.", "contents": "The IgG subclasses of antibodies to grass pollen allergens produced in hay fever patients during hyposensitization. Total IgG, IgG subclass and IgE antibodies specific for grass pollen allergens were measured by the red cell linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction (RCLAAR) in a serum samples from nineteen patients who had undergone a course of hyposensitization. Increases in both specific IgG and IgE antibodies were seen after treatment in most patients. In the IgG subclasses the predominant response was for IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies. Attempts were made to correlate the antibody responses with the clinical response and the results are discussed with reference to the possible mechanisms of hyposensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:939036", "title": "Elevated serum IgG4 levels in cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "The quantitative measurement of the IgG subclass composition of the sera from sixteen patients with cystic fibrosis has revealed grossly elevated levels of IgG4 in seven patients. The possible significance of this observation is discussed in relation to recent reports of a high incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity in such patients.", "contents": "Elevated serum IgG4 levels in cystic fibrosis patients. The quantitative measurement of the IgG subclass composition of the sera from sixteen patients with cystic fibrosis has revealed grossly elevated levels of IgG4 in seven patients. The possible significance of this observation is discussed in relation to recent reports of a high incidence of immediate-type hypersensitivity in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:939037", "title": "Bakers' asthma.", "content": "Bronchial provocation tests by \"occupational\" exposure to flour provoked dual asthmatic reactions accompanied by rhinitis in two atopic bakers engaged in the manufacture of bread and pies. Ingestion tests with uncooked flour produced no reactions. Skin prick tests with aqueous extracts of flour produced positive immediate reactions in both bakers, and negative reactions in nine of ten atopic asthmatic control subjects with no occupational exposure to flour. Intracutaneous tests, performed in one precipitin negative baker, gave dual responses. Precipitating antibodies to an aqueous extract of flour were found in the unconcentrated serum of the other baker, and not in ten control subjects.", "contents": "Bakers' asthma. Bronchial provocation tests by \"occupational\" exposure to flour provoked dual asthmatic reactions accompanied by rhinitis in two atopic bakers engaged in the manufacture of bread and pies. Ingestion tests with uncooked flour produced no reactions. Skin prick tests with aqueous extracts of flour produced positive immediate reactions in both bakers, and negative reactions in nine of ten atopic asthmatic control subjects with no occupational exposure to flour. Intracutaneous tests, performed in one precipitin negative baker, gave dual responses. Precipitating antibodies to an aqueous extract of flour were found in the unconcentrated serum of the other baker, and not in ten control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:939038", "title": "Retrospective survey of 1271 patients diagnosed as perennial rhinitis.", "content": "Data from 1271 patients with perennial rhinitis has been assessed. This condition predominantly affects children and young adults; 31-5% stated that symptoms first appeared before the age of 10 years, less than 10% were aged 50 years or more suggesting that the disease process may well disappear in later life. The total sample size was equally divided between the sexes and the mean age for the sexes was similar. In terms of age distribution a sex difference was found in that the peak incidence for males occurred in the age group 10-19 years whereas for females it was in the third decade (P less than 0-001). The duration of the disease was, in most cases, between 2 and 9 years but it can extend to over 15 years and thus become subacute or chronic. The major symptom is blocking which could be due to either histological changes in the mucosa or immunological reactions. Skin tests showed that 64% had a positive reaction to common allergens; however, nasal challenge tests were of little value in determining whether a patient could be classified as allergic. Eosinophils were noted in 66%. The value of skin tests and nasal smears is discussed.", "contents": "Retrospective survey of 1271 patients diagnosed as perennial rhinitis. Data from 1271 patients with perennial rhinitis has been assessed. This condition predominantly affects children and young adults; 31-5% stated that symptoms first appeared before the age of 10 years, less than 10% were aged 50 years or more suggesting that the disease process may well disappear in later life. The total sample size was equally divided between the sexes and the mean age for the sexes was similar. In terms of age distribution a sex difference was found in that the peak incidence for males occurred in the age group 10-19 years whereas for females it was in the third decade (P less than 0-001). The duration of the disease was, in most cases, between 2 and 9 years but it can extend to over 15 years and thus become subacute or chronic. The major symptom is blocking which could be due to either histological changes in the mucosa or immunological reactions. Skin tests showed that 64% had a positive reaction to common allergens; however, nasal challenge tests were of little value in determining whether a patient could be classified as allergic. Eosinophils were noted in 66%. The value of skin tests and nasal smears is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939039", "title": "Allergy to a tetracycline preparation-a case report.", "content": "Immediate asthmatic and urticarial reactions were provoked in an affected subject by ingestion of a commercial combination of three tetracylines. No reactions were elicited by the tetracyclines given separately or prepared together as a powder; this was perhaps due to tachyphylaxis, since a test with the commercial preparation 2 months later elicited the reactions again. No reactions were elicited by the blue coating of the commercial preparation or by tartrazine.", "contents": "Allergy to a tetracycline preparation-a case report. Immediate asthmatic and urticarial reactions were provoked in an affected subject by ingestion of a commercial combination of three tetracylines. No reactions were elicited by the tetracyclines given separately or prepared together as a powder; this was perhaps due to tachyphylaxis, since a test with the commercial preparation 2 months later elicited the reactions again. No reactions were elicited by the blue coating of the commercial preparation or by tartrazine."}
{"id": "PMID:939046", "title": "Routine assay for the detection of immune complexes of known immunoglobulin class using solid phase C1q.", "content": "A new, sensitive and quantitative technique for the routine estimation of immune complexes has been devised. The assay involved the binding of immune complexes to Clq linked to the surface of plastic tubes; the amount of immune complex bound is then determined by adding radiolabelled anti-human IgG. Immune complexes were detected in twelve out of thirty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The test should prove useful in the diagnosis of immune complex diseases and will be valuable in the evaluation of disease activity.", "contents": "Routine assay for the detection of immune complexes of known immunoglobulin class using solid phase C1q. A new, sensitive and quantitative technique for the routine estimation of immune complexes has been devised. The assay involved the binding of immune complexes to Clq linked to the surface of plastic tubes; the amount of immune complex bound is then determined by adding radiolabelled anti-human IgG. Immune complexes were detected in twelve out of thirty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The test should prove useful in the diagnosis of immune complex diseases and will be valuable in the evaluation of disease activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939047", "title": "Measles infection. Involvement of the complement system.", "content": "The complement system was examined in fifty patients with acute, apparently uncomplicated measles; forty-six were children less than 10 years old. Twenty showed evidence of pathological complement activation. In thirteen of these the pattern was consistent with activation of the classical pathway while in the other seven data suggested utilization of an alternative pathway. An additional eleven patients had isolated reduction in Clq without alteration in concentration of other components; these were excluded from the classical pathway group. No patient had detectable immune complexes or C3 splitting activity in serum; however, it is suggested that the abnormal complement patterns observed are likely to indicate the presence of circulating immune complexes in a high percentage of patients with this infection.", "contents": "Measles infection. Involvement of the complement system. The complement system was examined in fifty patients with acute, apparently uncomplicated measles; forty-six were children less than 10 years old. Twenty showed evidence of pathological complement activation. In thirteen of these the pattern was consistent with activation of the classical pathway while in the other seven data suggested utilization of an alternative pathway. An additional eleven patients had isolated reduction in Clq without alteration in concentration of other components; these were excluded from the classical pathway group. No patient had detectable immune complexes or C3 splitting activity in serum; however, it is suggested that the abnormal complement patterns observed are likely to indicate the presence of circulating immune complexes in a high percentage of patients with this infection."}
{"id": "PMID:939048", "title": "Studies on blood eosinophils. I. Patients with a transient eosinophilia.", "content": "Studies were done on blood eosinophils from six patients with a transient eosinophilia, to see whether blood eosinophils were structurally or functionally different from blood eosinophils in eleven normal individuals. It was found that many of the patients' eosinophils were vacuolated, and some contained less specific granules than normal. These eosinophils also possessed Fc receptors for rabbit IgG. When the eosinophil counts returned to normal these abnormalities were no longer found. The nature of these alterations are discussed in relation to the properties of eosinophils in tissues and other types of phagocytic cells responding to stimulae. Suggestions are made about the mechanisms by which they could have come about. It was concluded that blood eosinophils in patients with an eosinophilia may be functionally mature or altered in response to unknown stimulae while they are in the blood.", "contents": "Studies on blood eosinophils. I. Patients with a transient eosinophilia. Studies were done on blood eosinophils from six patients with a transient eosinophilia, to see whether blood eosinophils were structurally or functionally different from blood eosinophils in eleven normal individuals. It was found that many of the patients' eosinophils were vacuolated, and some contained less specific granules than normal. These eosinophils also possessed Fc receptors for rabbit IgG. When the eosinophil counts returned to normal these abnormalities were no longer found. The nature of these alterations are discussed in relation to the properties of eosinophils in tissues and other types of phagocytic cells responding to stimulae. Suggestions are made about the mechanisms by which they could have come about. It was concluded that blood eosinophils in patients with an eosinophilia may be functionally mature or altered in response to unknown stimulae while they are in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:939049", "title": "Studies on blood eosinophils. II. Patients with L\u00f6ffler's cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Studies were done on blood eosinophils from four patients with raised blood eosinophil counts and heart failure. In three of the patients cardiological studies demonstrated the distinctive endocardial lesions and restrictive cardiomyopathy of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis. The fourth patient died with similar symptoms and signs. In blood films it was found that all four had more than 1 X 10(9) eosinophils per litre which were vacuolated and contained reduced numbers of crystalloid granules which were also shown to have ultrastructural changes. Unlike eosinophils from normal individuals the patients' eosinophils possessed receptors for rabbit IgG-coated erythrocytes and actively phagocytosed erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG or human C3b. It is concluded that in these patients, a large proportion of the circulating eosinophils had developed characteristics of mature or stimulated eosinophils. This enabled them to respond to soluble substances in the bloodstream by forming endocytic vacuoles which led to degranulation of the crystalloid granules. These studies, taken in conjunction with other recent work in this field, support the concept that the restrictive cardiomyopathy of hypereosinophilic states, including L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis, is a result of prolonged release of products from degranulated eosinophils while they are in the circulation.", "contents": "Studies on blood eosinophils. II. Patients with L\u00f6ffler's cardiomyopathy. Studies were done on blood eosinophils from four patients with raised blood eosinophil counts and heart failure. In three of the patients cardiological studies demonstrated the distinctive endocardial lesions and restrictive cardiomyopathy of L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis. The fourth patient died with similar symptoms and signs. In blood films it was found that all four had more than 1 X 10(9) eosinophils per litre which were vacuolated and contained reduced numbers of crystalloid granules which were also shown to have ultrastructural changes. Unlike eosinophils from normal individuals the patients' eosinophils possessed receptors for rabbit IgG-coated erythrocytes and actively phagocytosed erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG or human C3b. It is concluded that in these patients, a large proportion of the circulating eosinophils had developed characteristics of mature or stimulated eosinophils. This enabled them to respond to soluble substances in the bloodstream by forming endocytic vacuoles which led to degranulation of the crystalloid granules. These studies, taken in conjunction with other recent work in this field, support the concept that the restrictive cardiomyopathy of hypereosinophilic states, including L\u00f6ffler's endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis, is a result of prolonged release of products from degranulated eosinophils while they are in the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:939050", "title": "The role of C3 in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis.", "content": "The role of complement has been studied in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) in rabbits. No reduction in glomerular fibrin deposition, crescent formation or protection from renal failure was observed in either the standard model of NTN when decomplementing doses of cobra venom factor (CVF) were given before the autologous phase or in a telescoped model when CVF was administered before the nephrotoxic antibody. In the latter situation glomerular fibrin deposition and crescent formation were found in the absence of detectable deposition of C3. However, substantial protection was observed when circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) were depleted by antipolymorph serum. These observations establish the existence of a system of allergic glomerular injury mediated by PMN but independent of C3. It is postulated that this system may account for the glomerular injury seen in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome in whom glomerular C3 deposition is not found.", "contents": "The role of C3 in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis. The role of complement has been studied in the autologous phase of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) in rabbits. No reduction in glomerular fibrin deposition, crescent formation or protection from renal failure was observed in either the standard model of NTN when decomplementing doses of cobra venom factor (CVF) were given before the autologous phase or in a telescoped model when CVF was administered before the nephrotoxic antibody. In the latter situation glomerular fibrin deposition and crescent formation were found in the absence of detectable deposition of C3. However, substantial protection was observed when circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) were depleted by antipolymorph serum. These observations establish the existence of a system of allergic glomerular injury mediated by PMN but independent of C3. It is postulated that this system may account for the glomerular injury seen in patients with Goodpasture's syndrome in whom glomerular C3 deposition is not found."}
{"id": "PMID:939051", "title": "The cofactors required by C3 nephritic factor to generate a C3 convertase in vitro.", "content": "The mechanisms by which a C3 convertase is generated by C3 nephritic factor (NeF) were investigated using purified NeF, C3, C3b, factor B and factor D of the alternative pathway of complement activation. NeF could generate a C3 convertase with C3 and B in the absence of D, and without cleavage of B. At lower concentrations of NeF the addition of D was required to generate a C3 convertase, and B cleavage now occurred. The generation of both the D-independent and D-dependent C3 convertases with NeF was inhibited by preincubation of the C3 source with C3b inactivator (KAF); isolated C3b was more efficient than the C3 preparations used in generating the D-independent C3 convertase with NeF. These experiments indicate that C3b is required for the formation of both convertases, and that the reaction occurring with apparently native C3 is due to trace amounts of C3b. It is concluded that the C3 convertase generated by NeF in the absence of D is C3bB (NeF), and that generated in the presence of D is the feedback convertase C3bBb. The relevance of these experiments to reactions which may occur in vivo is discussed.", "contents": "The cofactors required by C3 nephritic factor to generate a C3 convertase in vitro. The mechanisms by which a C3 convertase is generated by C3 nephritic factor (NeF) were investigated using purified NeF, C3, C3b, factor B and factor D of the alternative pathway of complement activation. NeF could generate a C3 convertase with C3 and B in the absence of D, and without cleavage of B. At lower concentrations of NeF the addition of D was required to generate a C3 convertase, and B cleavage now occurred. The generation of both the D-independent and D-dependent C3 convertases with NeF was inhibited by preincubation of the C3 source with C3b inactivator (KAF); isolated C3b was more efficient than the C3 preparations used in generating the D-independent C3 convertase with NeF. These experiments indicate that C3b is required for the formation of both convertases, and that the reaction occurring with apparently native C3 is due to trace amounts of C3b. It is concluded that the C3 convertase generated by NeF in the absence of D is C3bB (NeF), and that generated in the presence of D is the feedback convertase C3bBb. The relevance of these experiments to reactions which may occur in vivo is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939053", "title": "Studies on the production and action of polymorph migration stimulator.", "content": "Human blood monocytes are known to react with hydrocortisone in vitro to produce a factor which stimulates polymorph migration. This study shows that the polymorph migration stimulator (PMS) is generated only by steroids with glucocorticoid activity. The interaction between steroid and monocytes is dependent on protein synthesis. Serum is necessary for the expression of the activity of the factor, but the steroid-monocyte reaction can occur in the absence of serum. The stimulatory effect on migration appears to be specific for polymorphs and does not affect mono-nuclear leucocytes. In addition to blood monocytes, spleen and bone marrow cells also react with corticosteroids to produce the polymorph migration stimulator.", "contents": "Studies on the production and action of polymorph migration stimulator. Human blood monocytes are known to react with hydrocortisone in vitro to produce a factor which stimulates polymorph migration. This study shows that the polymorph migration stimulator (PMS) is generated only by steroids with glucocorticoid activity. The interaction between steroid and monocytes is dependent on protein synthesis. Serum is necessary for the expression of the activity of the factor, but the steroid-monocyte reaction can occur in the absence of serum. The stimulatory effect on migration appears to be specific for polymorphs and does not affect mono-nuclear leucocytes. In addition to blood monocytes, spleen and bone marrow cells also react with corticosteroids to produce the polymorph migration stimulator."}
{"id": "PMID:939054", "title": "Report of nine cases of accidental injury to man with Freund's complete adjuvant.", "content": "Nine cases of accidental injury with Freund's complete adjuvant to man are reported. One case is reported in detail and the other eight have been seen and reviewed retrospectively. Reactions developed in Mantoux positive individuals, who injected Freund's complete adjuvant with another protein. However, not all such injections produced the reaction. Treatment was unsuccessful, although one reaction may have been aborted by early surgical excision of the site of injection.", "contents": "Report of nine cases of accidental injury to man with Freund's complete adjuvant. Nine cases of accidental injury with Freund's complete adjuvant to man are reported. One case is reported in detail and the other eight have been seen and reviewed retrospectively. Reactions developed in Mantoux positive individuals, who injected Freund's complete adjuvant with another protein. However, not all such injections produced the reaction. Treatment was unsuccessful, although one reaction may have been aborted by early surgical excision of the site of injection."}
{"id": "PMID:939055", "title": "Animal model of sensitization by inhalation.", "content": "Groups of rats exposed to daily inhalation challenge with aerosolized pigeon serum developed precipitating antibody within 2 weeks and definitive granulomatous inflammatory changes in the lung after 7 weeks of exposure. The dissociation of the two responses to an inhalation challenge indicate that the rat model may serve for screening of the various inhalant antigens for their sensitizing potential, and for investigation of the contributory role of some of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "contents": "Animal model of sensitization by inhalation. Groups of rats exposed to daily inhalation challenge with aerosolized pigeon serum developed precipitating antibody within 2 weeks and definitive granulomatous inflammatory changes in the lung after 7 weeks of exposure. The dissociation of the two responses to an inhalation challenge indicate that the rat model may serve for screening of the various inhalant antigens for their sensitizing potential, and for investigation of the contributory role of some of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis."}
{"id": "PMID:939056", "title": "The antecubital fossa fistula.", "content": "We have reviewed our experience with 19 proximal forearm arteriovenous fistulas used in chronic hemodialysis. Thirteen functioned adequately, and of these 10 were complicated by dislodge needles during dialysis, arm edema or hematomas. Although 3 patients developed symptoms of arterial steal, none required ligation of the fistula. This experience suggests that antecubital fossa fistulas might best be used as a second line angioaccess when distal forearm fistulas have been unsuccessful or are impossible to contruct.", "contents": "The antecubital fossa fistula. We have reviewed our experience with 19 proximal forearm arteriovenous fistulas used in chronic hemodialysis. Thirteen functioned adequately, and of these 10 were complicated by dislodge needles during dialysis, arm edema or hematomas. Although 3 patients developed symptoms of arterial steal, none required ligation of the fistula. This experience suggests that antecubital fossa fistulas might best be used as a second line angioaccess when distal forearm fistulas have been unsuccessful or are impossible to contruct."}
{"id": "PMID:939057", "title": "Candida endocrinopathy syndrome with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: demonstration of glomerular candida antigen.", "content": "A boy who had the Candida endocrinopathy syndrome, consisting of mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism, also had hypocomplementemic  membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. A renal biopsy at age 16 showed lobular glomerulonephritis with chronic interstitial inflammation. Glomerular and focal tubular deposition of IgG and C3, but not C4, were seen by immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed dense intramembranous deposits in glomerular, tubular and Bowman's capsul basement membranes. C. albicans antigenic material was detected in the glomeruli by immunofluorescence microscopy using an FITC-labelled rabbit antiserum to the patient's organism. These fidings suggest that chronic C. albicans infection led to an immune complex form of nephritis. Clinical and laboratory evidence of resolution of his nephritis and return to normal serum levels of C3 followed prolonged antifungal therapy.", "contents": "Candida endocrinopathy syndrome with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: demonstration of glomerular candida antigen. A boy who had the Candida endocrinopathy syndrome, consisting of mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism, also had hypocomplementemic  membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. A renal biopsy at age 16 showed lobular glomerulonephritis with chronic interstitial inflammation. Glomerular and focal tubular deposition of IgG and C3, but not C4, were seen by immunofluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed dense intramembranous deposits in glomerular, tubular and Bowman's capsul basement membranes. C. albicans antigenic material was detected in the glomeruli by immunofluorescence microscopy using an FITC-labelled rabbit antiserum to the patient's organism. These fidings suggest that chronic C. albicans infection led to an immune complex form of nephritis. Clinical and laboratory evidence of resolution of his nephritis and return to normal serum levels of C3 followed prolonged antifungal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:939060", "title": "Effect of posture on renal lithium clearance.", "content": "1. Renal lithium clearance in healthy men was elevated while the subject was reclining, decreased upon standing and increased upon lying down during 45-60 min tests. 2. Parallel changes in renal clearance of creatinine, sodium and potassium, and urine flow rate occurred in response to the changes in posture. 3. The findings demonstrate for the first time that posture is a factor that can influence lithium excretion. Control of posture during lithium excretion tests is recommended.", "contents": "Effect of posture on renal lithium clearance. 1. Renal lithium clearance in healthy men was elevated while the subject was reclining, decreased upon standing and increased upon lying down during 45-60 min tests. 2. Parallel changes in renal clearance of creatinine, sodium and potassium, and urine flow rate occurred in response to the changes in posture. 3. The findings demonstrate for the first time that posture is a factor that can influence lithium excretion. Control of posture during lithium excretion tests is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:939061", "title": "Effects of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate on free fatty acid mobilization from canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ.", "content": "1. The mechanism whereby p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) lowers plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations has been studied in dogs by measuring the associated changes in adipose tissue metabolism. 2. CPIB lowered arterial concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids during isoprenaline infusion by a mean value of 41%. 3. This was accompanied by a proportionate decrease (45%) in the release of non-esterified fatty acids from subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ, and by a lesser reduction (22%) in than of glycerol. 4. Adipose tissue blood flow was unchanged by CPIB. 5. These findings indicate that the lowering effect of CPIB on non-esterified fatty acid concentrations derives principally from decreased mobilization rather than from increased tissue uptake of the fatty acids, and that this reflects both inhibited lipolysis and enhanced re-esterification of the fatty acids in adipose tissue.", "contents": "Effects of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate on free fatty acid mobilization from canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ. 1. The mechanism whereby p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) lowers plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations has been studied in dogs by measuring the associated changes in adipose tissue metabolism. 2. CPIB lowered arterial concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids during isoprenaline infusion by a mean value of 41%. 3. This was accompanied by a proportionate decrease (45%) in the release of non-esterified fatty acids from subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ, and by a lesser reduction (22%) in than of glycerol. 4. Adipose tissue blood flow was unchanged by CPIB. 5. These findings indicate that the lowering effect of CPIB on non-esterified fatty acid concentrations derives principally from decreased mobilization rather than from increased tissue uptake of the fatty acids, and that this reflects both inhibited lipolysis and enhanced re-esterification of the fatty acids in adipose tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:939062", "title": "Functional and biochemical evidence of damage to enterocytes induced by triparanol: role of lysosomes and the effect of gluten-free diet.", "content": "1. Functional and biochemical studies were performed on the small intestine of control rats, and the results were compared with similar studies on animals given triparanol at a dosage of 0.114 mmol/kg daily for 10 days. The animals given triparanol were fed with either standard rat food or a gluten-free diet. 2. By using a recirculating-perfusion technique in vivo, it was shown that absorption of galactose from an 8 mmol/l solution was impaired in the ileum but not in the jejunum of the triparanol-treated rats. 3. Assays of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles were performed on isolated jejunal and ileal enterocytes. In the ileum there was a striking decrease in lysosomal enzyme activities and a smaller but significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase, catalase and malate dehydrogenase activities. In the jejunum there was no significant change in the activities of these enzymes. 4. Measurements of lysosomal integrity indicated that ileal lysosomal fragility was markedly increased and that jejunal lysosomes were affected to a much smaller extent. 5. These effects of triparanol could not be ameliorated by feeding with a gluten-free diet.", "contents": "Functional and biochemical evidence of damage to enterocytes induced by triparanol: role of lysosomes and the effect of gluten-free diet. 1. Functional and biochemical studies were performed on the small intestine of control rats, and the results were compared with similar studies on animals given triparanol at a dosage of 0.114 mmol/kg daily for 10 days. The animals given triparanol were fed with either standard rat food or a gluten-free diet. 2. By using a recirculating-perfusion technique in vivo, it was shown that absorption of galactose from an 8 mmol/l solution was impaired in the ileum but not in the jejunum of the triparanol-treated rats. 3. Assays of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles were performed on isolated jejunal and ileal enterocytes. In the ileum there was a striking decrease in lysosomal enzyme activities and a smaller but significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase, catalase and malate dehydrogenase activities. In the jejunum there was no significant change in the activities of these enzymes. 4. Measurements of lysosomal integrity indicated that ileal lysosomal fragility was markedly increased and that jejunal lysosomes were affected to a much smaller extent. 5. These effects of triparanol could not be ameliorated by feeding with a gluten-free diet."}
{"id": "PMID:939063", "title": "Cystinuria: a new genetic variant.", "content": "1. A family is reported with an unusual type of cystinuria. 2. The propositus presented with a cystine renal stone; the renal tubular reabsorption of cystine was grossly abnormal but the tubular reabsorption of ornithine, lysine and arginine was only slightly less than normal. 3. One of the children of the propositus escreted cystine and lysine in increased amounts typical of type II heterozygotes for cystinuria. 4. The renal transport defect in this family may represent one end of the spectrum of cystinuria or it may be a form akin to isolated hypercystinuria.", "contents": "Cystinuria: a new genetic variant. 1. A family is reported with an unusual type of cystinuria. 2. The propositus presented with a cystine renal stone; the renal tubular reabsorption of cystine was grossly abnormal but the tubular reabsorption of ornithine, lysine and arginine was only slightly less than normal. 3. One of the children of the propositus escreted cystine and lysine in increased amounts typical of type II heterozygotes for cystinuria. 4. The renal transport defect in this family may represent one end of the spectrum of cystinuria or it may be a form akin to isolated hypercystinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:939064", "title": "Effect of vasopressin on uric acid excretion: evidence for distal nephron reabsorption of urate in man.", "content": "1. When changes in urine flow rate were induced by vasopressin administration in eight subjects, urate excretion decreased by a mean of 14% and was positively correlated with urine flow rate (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01). The effect of vasopressin on urate excretion was not influenced by prior changes in extracellular fluid volume. 2. Mannitol administration in a dose sufficient to prevent vasopressin-induced alterations in urine flow rate blocked the effect of vasopressin on urate excretion. 3. Alterations in urate excretion produced by changes in extracellular fluid volume could be distinguished from the urate-retaining effect of vasopressin-mediated decrease in urine flow. Urate retention after vasopressin was entirely attributed to a decrease in pyrazinamide-suppressible urate excretion, consistent with either decreased secretion or enhanced post-secretory reabsorption of urate. 4. Since diminished urine flow rate in the distal part of the nephron is more likely to lead to enhanced reabsorption of urate, these results provide additional evidence for urate reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin on uric acid excretion: evidence for distal nephron reabsorption of urate in man. 1. When changes in urine flow rate were induced by vasopressin administration in eight subjects, urate excretion decreased by a mean of 14% and was positively correlated with urine flow rate (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01). The effect of vasopressin on urate excretion was not influenced by prior changes in extracellular fluid volume. 2. Mannitol administration in a dose sufficient to prevent vasopressin-induced alterations in urine flow rate blocked the effect of vasopressin on urate excretion. 3. Alterations in urate excretion produced by changes in extracellular fluid volume could be distinguished from the urate-retaining effect of vasopressin-mediated decrease in urine flow. Urate retention after vasopressin was entirely attributed to a decrease in pyrazinamide-suppressible urate excretion, consistent with either decreased secretion or enhanced post-secretory reabsorption of urate. 4. Since diminished urine flow rate in the distal part of the nephron is more likely to lead to enhanced reabsorption of urate, these results provide additional evidence for urate reabsorption in the distal part of the nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:939065", "title": "Differential effects of Asp-angiotensin II and Sar-angiotensin II on vascular and adrenal receptors in the dog.", "content": "1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-suppressed, bilaterally nephrectomized male mongrel dogs (n = 12) were infused with Sar1-angiotensin II and Asp1-angiotensin II, the naturally occurring octapeptide. 2. Sar1-angiotensin II was found to be almost twice as potent as Asp1-angiotensin II in elevating blood pressure but its aldosterone-stimulating activity was not higher than that of the naturally occurring peptide. 3. A specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, blocked the pressor but not the aldosterone-stimulating activity of Sar1-angiotensin II. 4. These results suggest functional differences in receptors for angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle and in adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Differential effects of Asp-angiotensin II and Sar-angiotensin II on vascular and adrenal receptors in the dog. 1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-suppressed, bilaterally nephrectomized male mongrel dogs (n = 12) were infused with Sar1-angiotensin II and Asp1-angiotensin II, the naturally occurring octapeptide. 2. Sar1-angiotensin II was found to be almost twice as potent as Asp1-angiotensin II in elevating blood pressure but its aldosterone-stimulating activity was not higher than that of the naturally occurring peptide. 3. A specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, blocked the pressor but not the aldosterone-stimulating activity of Sar1-angiotensin II. 4. These results suggest functional differences in receptors for angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle and in adrenal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:939066", "title": "The transport of endogenous vitamin B12 in normal human serum.", "content": "1. Serum from normal subjects has been chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 columns and the fractions containing transcobalamins 0, I and II have been identified. 2. The fractions corresponding to transcobalamin I contained, on average, 90% of the endogenous vitamin B12. Only 3% was attached to transcobalamin 0, and 7% was bound to transcobalamin II.", "contents": "The transport of endogenous vitamin B12 in normal human serum. 1. Serum from normal subjects has been chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 columns and the fractions containing transcobalamins 0, I and II have been identified. 2. The fractions corresponding to transcobalamin I contained, on average, 90% of the endogenous vitamin B12. Only 3% was attached to transcobalamin 0, and 7% was bound to transcobalamin II."}
{"id": "PMID:939067", "title": "The forced expiratory time as a measure of small airway resistance.", "content": "1. In five subjects, ten consecutive forced expiratory spirograms were recorded on each of 6 different days and the total forced expiratory time (FET) on each spirogram was measured. The mean overall coefficient of variation of the FET was 11.3% and of the ratio forced vital capacity (FVC)/FET was 8%. 2. Twenty-two subjects with probable small (less than 2 mm diameter) airway dysfunction as manifested by a reduced (less than 75% predicted) maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) in the middle 50% of the FVC with normal FVC and FEV1 (greater than 80% predicted) were studied before and after bronchodilatation. There was no significant correlation between change in FET and change in MMEF (r = 0.36, P greater than 0.01), but between change in MMEF (deltaMMEF) and change in FVC/FET (deltaFVC/FET) there was a positive correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001). 3. In six of these twenty-two subjects, the deltaFVC/FET and deltaMMEF on bronchodilatation correlated well with the change in residual volume (deltaRV). but neither measurement correlated well with the change in the 'closing volume' measurement expressed as the ratio of phase 4/VC(%). The deltaFET did not correlate well with either deltaRV or delta[phase 4/VC(%)]. 4. In eighty-one selected normal subjects (FVC, FEV1 and MMEF all greater than 80% predicted) there was better correlation of age with the FVC/FET (r = -0.676) than with the FET (r = +0.43); both correlations were significant (P less than 0.001). 5. These results do not support the use of the FET as a suitable test of small airway function; however, the mean flow rate expressed as FVC/FET may, in the presence of a normal FEV1/FVC ratio, be an adequate test of small airway function.", "contents": "The forced expiratory time as a measure of small airway resistance. 1. In five subjects, ten consecutive forced expiratory spirograms were recorded on each of 6 different days and the total forced expiratory time (FET) on each spirogram was measured. The mean overall coefficient of variation of the FET was 11.3% and of the ratio forced vital capacity (FVC)/FET was 8%. 2. Twenty-two subjects with probable small (less than 2 mm diameter) airway dysfunction as manifested by a reduced (less than 75% predicted) maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) in the middle 50% of the FVC with normal FVC and FEV1 (greater than 80% predicted) were studied before and after bronchodilatation. There was no significant correlation between change in FET and change in MMEF (r = 0.36, P greater than 0.01), but between change in MMEF (deltaMMEF) and change in FVC/FET (deltaFVC/FET) there was a positive correlation (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001). 3. In six of these twenty-two subjects, the deltaFVC/FET and deltaMMEF on bronchodilatation correlated well with the change in residual volume (deltaRV). but neither measurement correlated well with the change in the 'closing volume' measurement expressed as the ratio of phase 4/VC(%). The deltaFET did not correlate well with either deltaRV or delta[phase 4/VC(%)]. 4. In eighty-one selected normal subjects (FVC, FEV1 and MMEF all greater than 80% predicted) there was better correlation of age with the FVC/FET (r = -0.676) than with the FET (r = +0.43); both correlations were significant (P less than 0.001). 5. These results do not support the use of the FET as a suitable test of small airway function; however, the mean flow rate expressed as FVC/FET may, in the presence of a normal FEV1/FVC ratio, be an adequate test of small airway function."}
{"id": "PMID:939068", "title": "The effect of the porphyrogenic compound, hexachlorobenzene, on the activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the rat.", "content": "1. A new method for the measurement of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (EC 4. 1.1.37) in rat liver homogenates, with 5- carboxyl porphyrinogen as substrate, is described. 2. The administration of a diet containing 0-3% (w/w) hexachlorobenzene produces porphyria in female Wistar rats after a delay of at least 4 weeks. The development of porphyria is accompanied by a progressive fall in hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity to 18% of control values after 11 weeks. The features of hexachlorobenzene prophyria are consequences of this enzyme defect. 3. Feeding with hexachlorobenzene did not lead to the accumulation of iron in the liver. It is suggested that hexachlorobenzene or a metabolite acts directly to decrease the activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of the porphyrogenic compound, hexachlorobenzene, on the activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the rat. 1. A new method for the measurement of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (EC 4. 1.1.37) in rat liver homogenates, with 5- carboxyl porphyrinogen as substrate, is described. 2. The administration of a diet containing 0-3% (w/w) hexachlorobenzene produces porphyria in female Wistar rats after a delay of at least 4 weeks. The development of porphyria is accompanied by a progressive fall in hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity to 18% of control values after 11 weeks. The features of hexachlorobenzene prophyria are consequences of this enzyme defect. 3. Feeding with hexachlorobenzene did not lead to the accumulation of iron in the liver. It is suggested that hexachlorobenzene or a metabolite acts directly to decrease the activity of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:939069", "title": "Stimulated flow of pancreatic and biliary secretions after intestinal exposure to cholera toxin.", "content": "1. Duodeno-jejunal intestinal loops in rats were perfused with cholera toxin and the pancreatic and biliary secretory responses studied. 2. Intraluminal cholera toxin induced a significant flow of pancreatic and biliary fluid and sustained protein (enzyme) secretion in pancreatic juice, in addition to the expected stimulation of mucosal secretion. 3. Intravenously injected cholera toxin failed to elicit a secretory flow from the pancreas and biliary tract. 4. The time-course of the enhanced secretory flow from pancreas and biliary tract after intraluminal cholera toxin corresponds closely to the secretion of intestinal fluid. 5. The results of these studies provide evidence of sustained stimulation of pancreatic and biliary secretions after mucosal exposure to cholera toxin. These observations support the suggestion that secretion from the pancreas and liver may significantly contribute to the total intestinal secretion in cholera.", "contents": "Stimulated flow of pancreatic and biliary secretions after intestinal exposure to cholera toxin. 1. Duodeno-jejunal intestinal loops in rats were perfused with cholera toxin and the pancreatic and biliary secretory responses studied. 2. Intraluminal cholera toxin induced a significant flow of pancreatic and biliary fluid and sustained protein (enzyme) secretion in pancreatic juice, in addition to the expected stimulation of mucosal secretion. 3. Intravenously injected cholera toxin failed to elicit a secretory flow from the pancreas and biliary tract. 4. The time-course of the enhanced secretory flow from pancreas and biliary tract after intraluminal cholera toxin corresponds closely to the secretion of intestinal fluid. 5. The results of these studies provide evidence of sustained stimulation of pancreatic and biliary secretions after mucosal exposure to cholera toxin. These observations support the suggestion that secretion from the pancreas and liver may significantly contribute to the total intestinal secretion in cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:939070", "title": "Effect of sotalol on haemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Twenty-three hypertensive patients were treated by sotalol, a pure beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. The drug produced a significant decrease of blood pressure in nineteen patients. 2. On average, cardiac index decreased but not significantly; heart rate decreased and stroke index increased significantly. Total peripheral resistance varied in both directions. 3. Sotalol determined a fall in plasma renin concentration (only significant in the high-renin group), a fall in plasma angiotensin II concentration and in urinary excretion rate of aldosterone accompanied by a rise in plasma potassium concentration. 4. The fall of blood pressure was not correlated with the decreases of renin and angiotensin II concentrations or excretion rate of aldosterone. However, in the placebo period plasma angiotensin II concentration was significantly correlated with total peripheral resistance; during sotalol treatment the variations of these two parameters seemed also to be correlated. 5. There was a poor correlation between decreases of cardiac output and of blood pressure; it was impossible to foresee the magnitude of the lowering of the blood pressure from the initial cardiac index. 6. The association of a diuretic with sotalol enhanced the hypotensive effect of the beta-receptor blocking drug, without significant increase of plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of sotalol on haemodynamics and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. 1. Twenty-three hypertensive patients were treated by sotalol, a pure beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent. The drug produced a significant decrease of blood pressure in nineteen patients. 2. On average, cardiac index decreased but not significantly; heart rate decreased and stroke index increased significantly. Total peripheral resistance varied in both directions. 3. Sotalol determined a fall in plasma renin concentration (only significant in the high-renin group), a fall in plasma angiotensin II concentration and in urinary excretion rate of aldosterone accompanied by a rise in plasma potassium concentration. 4. The fall of blood pressure was not correlated with the decreases of renin and angiotensin II concentrations or excretion rate of aldosterone. However, in the placebo period plasma angiotensin II concentration was significantly correlated with total peripheral resistance; during sotalol treatment the variations of these two parameters seemed also to be correlated. 5. There was a poor correlation between decreases of cardiac output and of blood pressure; it was impossible to foresee the magnitude of the lowering of the blood pressure from the initial cardiac index. 6. The association of a diuretic with sotalol enhanced the hypotensive effect of the beta-receptor blocking drug, without significant increase of plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:939071", "title": "The sodium-retaining effect of renal nerve activity in the cat: role of angiotensin formation.", "content": "1. The effect of low-frequency stimulation of the renal nerves on renal function and renin release has been investigated. The experiments were performed in unilaterally nephrectomized, anaesthetized cats in which the nerves to the remaining kidney were sectioned. 2. When stimulation frequency was adjusted to reduce renal blood flow by approximately 15% for 15 min, glomerular filtration rate was hardly affected. The ratio sodium clearance/glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced and plasma renin activity was significantly increased. 3. When the renal nerves were similarly stimulated in the presence of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, propranolol, the glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced and the rise in plasma renin activity was significantly inhibited. The reduction of sodium clearance/glomerular filtration rate was as great as in the control animals. 4. The results are consistent with the view that the maintenance of glomerular filtration rate, during renal nerve stimulation which reduced renal blood flow, may be mediated by the local generation of angiotensin. The results also suggest that angiotensin does not play an important role in the sodium retention associated with increased renal nerve activity.", "contents": "The sodium-retaining effect of renal nerve activity in the cat: role of angiotensin formation. 1. The effect of low-frequency stimulation of the renal nerves on renal function and renin release has been investigated. The experiments were performed in unilaterally nephrectomized, anaesthetized cats in which the nerves to the remaining kidney were sectioned. 2. When stimulation frequency was adjusted to reduce renal blood flow by approximately 15% for 15 min, glomerular filtration rate was hardly affected. The ratio sodium clearance/glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced and plasma renin activity was significantly increased. 3. When the renal nerves were similarly stimulated in the presence of the beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, propranolol, the glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced and the rise in plasma renin activity was significantly inhibited. The reduction of sodium clearance/glomerular filtration rate was as great as in the control animals. 4. The results are consistent with the view that the maintenance of glomerular filtration rate, during renal nerve stimulation which reduced renal blood flow, may be mediated by the local generation of angiotensin. The results also suggest that angiotensin does not play an important role in the sodium retention associated with increased renal nerve activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939075", "title": "Screening for drugs of abuse in urine samples from a drug addiction center.", "content": "The present analytical methods used in a laboratory monitoring urine specimens collected from patients attending one of the Drug Dependency Units are described and compared with other published methods. In particular a new and simple thin-layer chromatographic system and its application to the identification of the drugs of abuse extracted from urine samples is described. The results obtained during 1974 and February 1975 are tabulated, showing the trends in drug abuse that have occurred in one area of London during that period. The usefulness of these results and of urine monitoring in relation to the treatment of the addicts is also briefly considered.", "contents": "Screening for drugs of abuse in urine samples from a drug addiction center. The present analytical methods used in a laboratory monitoring urine specimens collected from patients attending one of the Drug Dependency Units are described and compared with other published methods. In particular a new and simple thin-layer chromatographic system and its application to the identification of the drugs of abuse extracted from urine samples is described. The results obtained during 1974 and February 1975 are tabulated, showing the trends in drug abuse that have occurred in one area of London during that period. The usefulness of these results and of urine monitoring in relation to the treatment of the addicts is also briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:939076", "title": "Mass screening and confirmation of barbiturates in urine by RIA/gas chromatography.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of barbiturates in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 0.5 mug/ml levels of the commonly used barbiturates. The urine samples are screened by radioimmuno-assay. Specimens  screened positive are confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The barbiturates are analyzed as free acids on a 10% UC W-98 column and as their dimethyl derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. This dual approach eliminates false positives caused by interfering substances which may be present in the urine, thus resulting in a method specific for the barbiturates.", "contents": "Mass screening and confirmation of barbiturates in urine by RIA/gas chromatography. A rapid, sensitive and specific procedure is described for the mass screening and confirmation of barbiturates in urine specimens. The method is sensitive to 0.5 mug/ml levels of the commonly used barbiturates. The urine samples are screened by radioimmuno-assay. Specimens  screened positive are confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The barbiturates are analyzed as free acids on a 10% UC W-98 column and as their dimethyl derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. This dual approach eliminates false positives caused by interfering substances which may be present in the urine, thus resulting in a method specific for the barbiturates."}
{"id": "PMID:939079", "title": "Effect of dietary selenium on tumor induction by an oncogenic virus.", "content": "Mice exposed to selenium-supplemented or -deficient rations were inoculated with an oncogenic virus, Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), Splenic lesions were not altered by dietary selenium supplementation or depletion. It is concluded that selenium does not affect neoplasia induced by RLV in mice.", "contents": "Effect of dietary selenium on tumor induction by an oncogenic virus. Mice exposed to selenium-supplemented or -deficient rations were inoculated with an oncogenic virus, Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), Splenic lesions were not altered by dietary selenium supplementation or depletion. It is concluded that selenium does not affect neoplasia induced by RLV in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:939103", "title": "Management of carbon monoxide poisoning in the absence of hyperbaric oxygenation chamber.", "content": "Manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning are mostly attributable to acute hypoxic insult. In the absence of immediately available hyperbaric oxygen chamber, 100% oxygen should be delivered to the patient until carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood are less than 5%. Presence of abnormal motor activity or prolonged abnormal consciousness are indications for proceeding with hypothermia and mechanical ventilation. Reversal of these manifestations was achieved in 3 reported cases though induction of hypothermia was delayed for as long as 24 hours. However, no beneficial effects were obtained in a fourth patient who did not receive hypothermia until 5 days after exposure. The duration of hypothermia varied between 60-70 hours in patients who showed near-complete recovery.", "contents": "Management of carbon monoxide poisoning in the absence of hyperbaric oxygenation chamber. Manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning are mostly attributable to acute hypoxic insult. In the absence of immediately available hyperbaric oxygen chamber, 100% oxygen should be delivered to the patient until carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood are less than 5%. Presence of abnormal motor activity or prolonged abnormal consciousness are indications for proceeding with hypothermia and mechanical ventilation. Reversal of these manifestations was achieved in 3 reported cases though induction of hypothermia was delayed for as long as 24 hours. However, no beneficial effects were obtained in a fourth patient who did not receive hypothermia until 5 days after exposure. The duration of hypothermia varied between 60-70 hours in patients who showed near-complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:939102", "title": "Measurement of closing volume in apneic subjects.", "content": "Closing volume measurement was adapted for application in apneic intubated, artifically ventilated subjects. A bolus of nitrogen was used as the marker gas. Inspiration and exhalation at a slow, uniform rate between residual volume and total lung capacity was provided by a 7000-ml syringe. Closing volumes in seven anesthetized subjects were similar to those reported for supine, conscious individuals by previous investigators. This adaptation of closing volume measurement should be useful in studying pulmonary dysfunction during anesthesia and during artificial ventilation of patients in respiratory failure.", "contents": "Measurement of closing volume in apneic subjects. Closing volume measurement was adapted for application in apneic intubated, artifically ventilated subjects. A bolus of nitrogen was used as the marker gas. Inspiration and exhalation at a slow, uniform rate between residual volume and total lung capacity was provided by a 7000-ml syringe. Closing volumes in seven anesthetized subjects were similar to those reported for supine, conscious individuals by previous investigators. This adaptation of closing volume measurement should be useful in studying pulmonary dysfunction during anesthesia and during artificial ventilation of patients in respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:939106", "title": "Comparison of CSF-free amino acid concentrations among various neuropathological conditions.", "content": "The level of free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid from eight patients in comatose states has been determined. The variations of cerebrospinal fluid-free amino acids observed in coma have been compared with those reported by other authors in patients affected by epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, infantile amaurotic idiocy (GM2-gangliosidosis) and phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Comparison of CSF-free amino acid concentrations among various neuropathological conditions. The level of free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid from eight patients in comatose states has been determined. The variations of cerebrospinal fluid-free amino acids observed in coma have been compared with those reported by other authors in patients affected by epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, infantile amaurotic idiocy (GM2-gangliosidosis) and phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:939105", "title": "Bedside pulmonary angiography in the critically ill patient.", "content": "A simple technique to perform pulmonary angiography at the bedside in critically ill patients is presented. A central venous pressure catheter placed into the right ventricle or in the main pulmonary artery allows manual contrast injection into the vascular pulmonary tree which can be satisfactorily visualized by means of a \"penetrated\" chest x-ray film. The method discussed herein presents evidence of usefulness in establishing the differential diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in patients who cannot be mobilized or in those institutions where facilities of catheterization-angiographic laboratory are not available.", "contents": "Bedside pulmonary angiography in the critically ill patient. A simple technique to perform pulmonary angiography at the bedside in critically ill patients is presented. A central venous pressure catheter placed into the right ventricle or in the main pulmonary artery allows manual contrast injection into the vascular pulmonary tree which can be satisfactorily visualized by means of a \"penetrated\" chest x-ray film. The method discussed herein presents evidence of usefulness in establishing the differential diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in patients who cannot be mobilized or in those institutions where facilities of catheterization-angiographic laboratory are not available."}
{"id": "PMID:939109", "title": "The validity of the transcutaneous oxygen tension method in adults.", "content": "The transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPo2) in five healthy subjects and in seven patients was monitored continuously by the technique of Huch, Huch, and L\u00fcbbers. The inspired oxygen concentration was varied between 15 and 100%. Once stable tcPo2 recordings were obtained, blood samples were drawn via an indwelling arterial catheter for oxygen tension (Pao2) determination. A comparison between the Pao2 and the tcPo2 values is illustrated graphically. There was a small difference between these values in the healthy subjects, which was attributed to variations in the skin from subject to subject. In the patients, a circulatory factor may have added to differences in the absolute levels. The coefficient of correlation between Pao2 and tcPo2 was in all cases higher than 0.98. In healthy persons, Pao2 may be predicted from tcPo2. In patients, any change in Pao2, due to deterioration or improvement, is manifested in the tcPo2 curve. If one or two arterial blood measurements are performed, low as well as high Pao2 values may be predicted from tcPo2 in patients without gross circulatory impairment.", "contents": "The validity of the transcutaneous oxygen tension method in adults. The transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPo2) in five healthy subjects and in seven patients was monitored continuously by the technique of Huch, Huch, and L\u00fcbbers. The inspired oxygen concentration was varied between 15 and 100%. Once stable tcPo2 recordings were obtained, blood samples were drawn via an indwelling arterial catheter for oxygen tension (Pao2) determination. A comparison between the Pao2 and the tcPo2 values is illustrated graphically. There was a small difference between these values in the healthy subjects, which was attributed to variations in the skin from subject to subject. In the patients, a circulatory factor may have added to differences in the absolute levels. The coefficient of correlation between Pao2 and tcPo2 was in all cases higher than 0.98. In healthy persons, Pao2 may be predicted from tcPo2. In patients, any change in Pao2, due to deterioration or improvement, is manifested in the tcPo2 curve. If one or two arterial blood measurements are performed, low as well as high Pao2 values may be predicted from tcPo2 in patients without gross circulatory impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:939110", "title": "An improved technique for prolonged arterial catheterization in infants and children.", "content": "Arterial catheterization for blood gas analysis and direct monitoring of blood pressure in infants and children can be attended by a variety of complications, which limit its use to short periods of time. An improved technique, consisting of elimination of stopcocks, the use of a continuous flushing system adapted for infants and children, and meticulous care of the system, was used in 57 children whose ages ranged from the neonatal period to 16 years. The mean duration of cannulation was 5.5 days (range, 1-31 days). All but one of the catheters were functional at the time of discontinuation. There were no thromboembolic phenomena, local or systemic infections or accidental bleeding. We feel that our approach to prolonged arterial cannulation can be an extremely valuable aid in the management of critically ill children.", "contents": "An improved technique for prolonged arterial catheterization in infants and children. Arterial catheterization for blood gas analysis and direct monitoring of blood pressure in infants and children can be attended by a variety of complications, which limit its use to short periods of time. An improved technique, consisting of elimination of stopcocks, the use of a continuous flushing system adapted for infants and children, and meticulous care of the system, was used in 57 children whose ages ranged from the neonatal period to 16 years. The mean duration of cannulation was 5.5 days (range, 1-31 days). All but one of the catheters were functional at the time of discontinuation. There were no thromboembolic phenomena, local or systemic infections or accidental bleeding. We feel that our approach to prolonged arterial cannulation can be an extremely valuable aid in the management of critically ill children."}
{"id": "PMID:939112", "title": "Compliance and dynamic characteristics curves in acute respiratory failure.", "content": "Routine measurement of pressure-volume curves of the lungs and thorax in seven patients treated with continuous mechanical ventilation provided supportive evidence for the presence or absence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchospasm, mucous plugging, intubation of mainstem bronchus, atelectasis, and results of subsequent therapy. Those conditions associated with predominantly airway disease altered dynamic more than static pressure-volume measurements. Those conditions associated with parenchymal lung disease or loss of lung volume generally altered both dynamic and static pressure-volume measurements. The effectiveness of treatment of these diseases could be monitored by their effect on the pressure-volume curve. The determination of pressure-volume measurements are simple, noninvasive, and can be accomplished within minutes. The routine use of these measurements should be one of the monitoring procedures performed in patients treated with mechanical ventilation.", "contents": "Compliance and dynamic characteristics curves in acute respiratory failure. Routine measurement of pressure-volume curves of the lungs and thorax in seven patients treated with continuous mechanical ventilation provided supportive evidence for the presence or absence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchospasm, mucous plugging, intubation of mainstem bronchus, atelectasis, and results of subsequent therapy. Those conditions associated with predominantly airway disease altered dynamic more than static pressure-volume measurements. Those conditions associated with parenchymal lung disease or loss of lung volume generally altered both dynamic and static pressure-volume measurements. The effectiveness of treatment of these diseases could be monitored by their effect on the pressure-volume curve. The determination of pressure-volume measurements are simple, noninvasive, and can be accomplished within minutes. The routine use of these measurements should be one of the monitoring procedures performed in patients treated with mechanical ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:939113", "title": "Early recognition and treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism.", "content": "There is a special form of pulmonary dysfunction which most often occurs following massive tissue damage, such as major fractures accompanied by hypovolemia. This syndrome may be appropriately called post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism to distinguish it from other causes of respiratory failure. We believe that pathophysiology is initiated at the time of trauma and consists of platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition in the pulmonary microcirculation caused by release of tissue-thromboplastin products. Whether this acute traumatic pulmonary microembolism will progress to a fully developed post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism with respiratory symptoms depends upon the magnitude and duration of tissue-thromboplastin release and the efficiency of the fibrinolytic system to clear the lungs. The early microembolic effects on the lungs consist mainly of ventilatory derangements with a low ventilation/perfusion ratio; not until a later stage does true shunting of mixed venous blood across fluid-filled alveoli and small airways occur. Frequently determinations of Pao2 and AaDO2 during air breathing (\"air-test\") to reveal a low ventilation/perfusion ratio is, therefore, preferable to true shunt determinations in patients who may develop this syndrome; caution must be exercised in giving room air to critically ill patients. These ventilatory variables, combined with frequent platelet counts, allow early recognition of post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism.", "contents": "Early recognition and treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism. There is a special form of pulmonary dysfunction which most often occurs following massive tissue damage, such as major fractures accompanied by hypovolemia. This syndrome may be appropriately called post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism to distinguish it from other causes of respiratory failure. We believe that pathophysiology is initiated at the time of trauma and consists of platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition in the pulmonary microcirculation caused by release of tissue-thromboplastin products. Whether this acute traumatic pulmonary microembolism will progress to a fully developed post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism with respiratory symptoms depends upon the magnitude and duration of tissue-thromboplastin release and the efficiency of the fibrinolytic system to clear the lungs. The early microembolic effects on the lungs consist mainly of ventilatory derangements with a low ventilation/perfusion ratio; not until a later stage does true shunting of mixed venous blood across fluid-filled alveoli and small airways occur. Frequently determinations of Pao2 and AaDO2 during air breathing (\"air-test\") to reveal a low ventilation/perfusion ratio is, therefore, preferable to true shunt determinations in patients who may develop this syndrome; caution must be exercised in giving room air to critically ill patients. These ventilatory variables, combined with frequent platelet counts, allow early recognition of post-traumatic pulmonary microembolism."}
{"id": "PMID:939114", "title": "Acute nonoliguric renal failure in the postoperative patient.", "content": "Fourteen patients with acute nonoliguric renal failure have been studied during the past 3 years. The mortality rate was 7% and the complication rate was 21%. Early recognition of the nonoliguric state and its maintenance with adequate volume replacement should decrease the mortality rate in postoperative acute renal failure. Reasons for the decrease in septic complications among this group of patients are not clear, but the absence of septic complications appears to be the major reason for the decreased morbidity and mortality in these patients.", "contents": "Acute nonoliguric renal failure in the postoperative patient. Fourteen patients with acute nonoliguric renal failure have been studied during the past 3 years. The mortality rate was 7% and the complication rate was 21%. Early recognition of the nonoliguric state and its maintenance with adequate volume replacement should decrease the mortality rate in postoperative acute renal failure. Reasons for the decrease in septic complications among this group of patients are not clear, but the absence of septic complications appears to be the major reason for the decreased morbidity and mortality in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:939115", "title": "Preliminary studies of energy-rich phosphagens in muscle from severely ill patients.", "content": "Preliminary studies on muscle tissue metabolism were made in a series of 18 patients treated in an intensive care unit. In acutely ill patients with circulatory or respiratory insufficiency, there was an increase in muscle lactate content, a decrease in the phosphorylcreatine stores as well as decreased in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine (TA) contents. These findings could partly be explained by a relative hypoxia in the muscle but acute hypoxia alone would not account for the decrease in ATP or TA. These changes in the adenylate pool were still more pronounced in patients with prolonged diseases. In this series the ATP content was only 50% of the normal, despite normal lactate content. The reason for the low adenine nucleotide level in muscle tissue is thought to be due primarily to an increased formation and deamination of adenosine monophosphate during hypoxia in combination with a decreased rate of purine synthesis in the liver and/or a decreased capacity for \"purine salvage\" in the muscle. This itself might, in turn, be mediated by a low energy state in muscle or liver or be due to other metabolic disturbances or tissue damage. It was found that prolonged immobilization without metabolic disturbances did not change the TA content in muscle, while short-lasting severe metabolic acidosis decreased the TA content. A correction of the metabolic disturbance immediately increased the TA content in muscle. A low energy charge potential was found in patients with prolonged diseases, possibly being the cellular expression for the concept of the post-traumatic catabolic state.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of energy-rich phosphagens in muscle from severely ill patients. Preliminary studies on muscle tissue metabolism were made in a series of 18 patients treated in an intensive care unit. In acutely ill patients with circulatory or respiratory insufficiency, there was an increase in muscle lactate content, a decrease in the phosphorylcreatine stores as well as decreased in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine (TA) contents. These findings could partly be explained by a relative hypoxia in the muscle but acute hypoxia alone would not account for the decrease in ATP or TA. These changes in the adenylate pool were still more pronounced in patients with prolonged diseases. In this series the ATP content was only 50% of the normal, despite normal lactate content. The reason for the low adenine nucleotide level in muscle tissue is thought to be due primarily to an increased formation and deamination of adenosine monophosphate during hypoxia in combination with a decreased rate of purine synthesis in the liver and/or a decreased capacity for \"purine salvage\" in the muscle. This itself might, in turn, be mediated by a low energy state in muscle or liver or be due to other metabolic disturbances or tissue damage. It was found that prolonged immobilization without metabolic disturbances did not change the TA content in muscle, while short-lasting severe metabolic acidosis decreased the TA content. A correction of the metabolic disturbance immediately increased the TA content in muscle. A low energy charge potential was found in patients with prolonged diseases, possibly being the cellular expression for the concept of the post-traumatic catabolic state."}
{"id": "PMID:939116", "title": "Axillary arterial monitoring.", "content": "Axillary arterial catheterization for intraoperative and postoperative monitoring was successful in 90% of 87 attempts. Complications occurred in nine patients; there were eight hematomas, one of which was extensive. In the ninth patient, radial pulsations disappeared but returned after the catheter was withdrawn. There were no sequelae in any of these patients.", "contents": "Axillary arterial monitoring. Axillary arterial catheterization for intraoperative and postoperative monitoring was successful in 90% of 87 attempts. Complications occurred in nine patients; there were eight hematomas, one of which was extensive. In the ninth patient, radial pulsations disappeared but returned after the catheter was withdrawn. There were no sequelae in any of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:939118", "title": "Airway maintenance in patients with long-term endotracheal intubation.", "content": "Long-term endotracheal intubation in seriously ill patients is frequently complicated by nosocomial infection of the tracheobronchial tree, especially with aerobic gram negative bacilli. A further complication is drying of pulmonary secretions unless the medical gases given are humidified. The performance characteristics of humidifying system used in spontaneously breathing, intubated patients is described. This system possesses the potential to decrease infection, provides physiologic humidification without nebulization, and, by avoiding air dilution, allows the administration of a precisely regulated FIO2.", "contents": "Airway maintenance in patients with long-term endotracheal intubation. Long-term endotracheal intubation in seriously ill patients is frequently complicated by nosocomial infection of the tracheobronchial tree, especially with aerobic gram negative bacilli. A further complication is drying of pulmonary secretions unless the medical gases given are humidified. The performance characteristics of humidifying system used in spontaneously breathing, intubated patients is described. This system possesses the potential to decrease infection, provides physiologic humidification without nebulization, and, by avoiding air dilution, allows the administration of a precisely regulated FIO2."}
{"id": "PMID:939121", "title": "Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in humans.", "content": "Testing ventilatory responses to CO2 is fraught with difficulties in interpretation and, at present, it can hardly be considered suitable for routine evaluation of patients with pulmonary disease. In spite of the seventy years' work since Haldane's introduction of the CO2 response curve, much remains to be learned about the various components of the regulatory system, and for testing chemosensitivity to CO2 in patients with pulmonary disease, methods more direct than measuring pulmonary ventilation are needed for evaluation of the output of the regulatory system.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in humans. Testing ventilatory responses to CO2 is fraught with difficulties in interpretation and, at present, it can hardly be considered suitable for routine evaluation of patients with pulmonary disease. In spite of the seventy years' work since Haldane's introduction of the CO2 response curve, much remains to be learned about the various components of the regulatory system, and for testing chemosensitivity to CO2 in patients with pulmonary disease, methods more direct than measuring pulmonary ventilation are needed for evaluation of the output of the regulatory system."}
{"id": "PMID:939124", "title": "Measurement of the ventilatory response to hypoxia. A step hypoxia three-minute test.", "content": "A step hypoxia method for testing response of patients has been described. It involves a well-trained operator who must observe the patient while monitoring and adjusting alveolar oxygen and CO2 tensions. The advantages of the step test are that the time effects can be examined and that quantitative information in a steady-state can be obtained in a relatively short period of time. It can be done at several different levels of CO2.", "contents": "Measurement of the ventilatory response to hypoxia. A step hypoxia three-minute test. A step hypoxia method for testing response of patients has been described. It involves a well-trained operator who must observe the patient while monitoring and adjusting alveolar oxygen and CO2 tensions. The advantages of the step test are that the time effects can be examined and that quantitative information in a steady-state can be obtained in a relatively short period of time. It can be done at several different levels of CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:939142", "title": "Techniques for measuring the responsiveness of the ventilatory apparatus in man in disease.", "content": "More complete understanding of the disturbances in the regulation of ventilation in disease must await techniques which can estimate the neural output of the respiratory centers and also the neural inputs. Some of these techniques, such as diaphragmatic electromyography, offer the prospect of clinical usefulness even now and newer techniques, such as mouth occlusion pressure, are promising but have just begun to be evaluated in disease. Despite the limited ability of current techniques to clearly distinguish abnormal central nervous system function of ventilatory control from peripheral mechanical limitations to ventilation, a useful interpretation of clinical tests  of ventilatory responsiveness may be gained by an awareness of the many physiologic and pathogenetic factors which are interposed by disease. These factors may reinforce or diminish both stimuli and response. In chronic disease states, these modifying factors must be identified and evaluated for their role in altered ventilatory responsiveness. Frequently, therapeutic measures can induce substantial effects on these modifying factors, whereas primary disturbances of central nervous system function may be difficult to alter. For the above reasons, tests of ventilatory responsiveness which provide information focussed only on the normality or abnormality of responsiveness to CO2 breathing from measurement of minute ventilation and alveolar PCO2 in an unsteady state, as in the CO2 rebreathing test, may, in a patient, require the addition of tests which allow more complete evaluation of these modifying factors. The state of arterial blood gases, hydrogen ion concentration, bicarbonate concentration, pulmonary function, ventilatory response to exercise, as well as understanding of the state of body temperature, catecholamine secretion, the functional state of the muscles of ventilation, as well as the resistances to ventilation are all a necessary part of the evaluation.", "contents": "Techniques for measuring the responsiveness of the ventilatory apparatus in man in disease. More complete understanding of the disturbances in the regulation of ventilation in disease must await techniques which can estimate the neural output of the respiratory centers and also the neural inputs. Some of these techniques, such as diaphragmatic electromyography, offer the prospect of clinical usefulness even now and newer techniques, such as mouth occlusion pressure, are promising but have just begun to be evaluated in disease. Despite the limited ability of current techniques to clearly distinguish abnormal central nervous system function of ventilatory control from peripheral mechanical limitations to ventilation, a useful interpretation of clinical tests  of ventilatory responsiveness may be gained by an awareness of the many physiologic and pathogenetic factors which are interposed by disease. These factors may reinforce or diminish both stimuli and response. In chronic disease states, these modifying factors must be identified and evaluated for their role in altered ventilatory responsiveness. Frequently, therapeutic measures can induce substantial effects on these modifying factors, whereas primary disturbances of central nervous system function may be difficult to alter. For the above reasons, tests of ventilatory responsiveness which provide information focussed only on the normality or abnormality of responsiveness to CO2 breathing from measurement of minute ventilation and alveolar PCO2 in an unsteady state, as in the CO2 rebreathing test, may, in a patient, require the addition of tests which allow more complete evaluation of these modifying factors. The state of arterial blood gases, hydrogen ion concentration, bicarbonate concentration, pulmonary function, ventilatory response to exercise, as well as understanding of the state of body temperature, catecholamine secretion, the functional state of the muscles of ventilation, as well as the resistances to ventilation are all a necessary part of the evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:939153", "title": "Fiberoptic colonoscopy: the fate of colonoscopic polypectomy sites.", "content": "Nine cases of colonoscopic polypectomy followed by colonic resection are reviewed. A properly performed colonoscopic polypectomy produces a mucosal defect resembling a superficial ulceration. Granulation tissue rapidly covers the area, and this, in turn, is eventually covered by normal colonic mucosal epithelium. Mural inflammation is mild and limited to the submucosa, and no demonstrable change occurs in the muscular layers.", "contents": "Fiberoptic colonoscopy: the fate of colonoscopic polypectomy sites. Nine cases of colonoscopic polypectomy followed by colonic resection are reviewed. A properly performed colonoscopic polypectomy produces a mucosal defect resembling a superficial ulceration. Granulation tissue rapidly covers the area, and this, in turn, is eventually covered by normal colonic mucosal epithelium. Mural inflammation is mild and limited to the submucosa, and no demonstrable change occurs in the muscular layers."}
{"id": "PMID:939160", "title": "Villous adenoma of the colon with severe fluid and electrolyte depletion: report of a case.", "content": "A case of severe fluid and electrolyte depletion resulting from a massive villous adenoma of the rectosigmoid colon is presented. The syndrome is discussed, and the often insidious presentation and life-threatening aspects are emphasized.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the colon with severe fluid and electrolyte depletion: report of a case. A case of severe fluid and electrolyte depletion resulting from a massive villous adenoma of the rectosigmoid colon is presented. The syndrome is discussed, and the often insidious presentation and life-threatening aspects are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:939161", "title": "Nodular mesenteritis: report of a case simulating carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and analysis of its histologic profile.", "content": "A case of nodular mesenteritis simulating a carcinoma of the sigmoid is presented. The unusual features of the case are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the basic histologic reactions seen in nodular mesenteritis and on their possible implications. The questionable relationship to Weber-Christian disease is discussed.", "contents": "Nodular mesenteritis: report of a case simulating carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and analysis of its histologic profile. A case of nodular mesenteritis simulating a carcinoma of the sigmoid is presented. The unusual features of the case are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the basic histologic reactions seen in nodular mesenteritis and on their possible implications. The questionable relationship to Weber-Christian disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939163", "title": "Treatment of paracolostomy abscesses without proximal diverting colostomy: report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients had paracolostomy abscesses limited to the abdominal wall. Adequate drainage was obtained surgically using local anesthesia, but wound contamination from the fecal stream continued. Intravenous hyperalimentation and/or elemental diet reduced fecal volume, promoted wound healing and weight gain, and prevented the need for a proximal defunctionalizing colostomy. During follow-up periods of more than ten months, colostomy revision has not been necessary.", "contents": "Treatment of paracolostomy abscesses without proximal diverting colostomy: report of two cases. Two patients had paracolostomy abscesses limited to the abdominal wall. Adequate drainage was obtained surgically using local anesthesia, but wound contamination from the fecal stream continued. Intravenous hyperalimentation and/or elemental diet reduced fecal volume, promoted wound healing and weight gain, and prevented the need for a proximal defunctionalizing colostomy. During follow-up periods of more than ten months, colostomy revision has not been necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:939164", "title": "Significance of Schistosomiasis japonica in the development of cancer of the large intestine: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 68-year-old man had a tumor in the ascending colon, following schistosomiasis 58 years earlier. Right hemicolectomy was performed. Examination of the specimen showed adenocarcinoma with schistosomiasis japonica. A total of 276 such cases in medical literature were reviewed. There were significant differences between carcinoma with schistosomiasis and ordinary carcinoma in symptoms, age range, sec ratio, and histopathologic findings. These suggest that schistosomiasis induces carcinoma. Chronic inflammation and epithelial proliferation due to intestinal schistosomiasis may be a promoting factor rather than a direct carcinogenic factor in the development of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine.", "contents": "Significance of Schistosomiasis japonica in the development of cancer of the large intestine: report of a case and review of the literature. A 68-year-old man had a tumor in the ascending colon, following schistosomiasis 58 years earlier. Right hemicolectomy was performed. Examination of the specimen showed adenocarcinoma with schistosomiasis japonica. A total of 276 such cases in medical literature were reviewed. There were significant differences between carcinoma with schistosomiasis and ordinary carcinoma in symptoms, age range, sec ratio, and histopathologic findings. These suggest that schistosomiasis induces carcinoma. Chronic inflammation and epithelial proliferation due to intestinal schistosomiasis may be a promoting factor rather than a direct carcinogenic factor in the development of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:939162", "title": "Submucosal mucous cysts at a colostomy site: relationship to colitis cystica profunda and report of a case.", "content": "A unique case of submucosal mucus-containing cysts of the colon occurring at a colostomy site is described. The cysts appear to have been the result of surgery eight years previously, and were due to either implantation of colonic mucosa into the submucosa or entrapment of mucosa following healing of postsurgical ulceration. Because these cysts are identical to the lesions seen in colitis cystica profunda, this case provides additional support for the hypothesis that colitis cystica profunda is an acquired disease, and illustrates that it may occur as a rare complication of colonic surgery.", "contents": "Submucosal mucous cysts at a colostomy site: relationship to colitis cystica profunda and report of a case. A unique case of submucosal mucus-containing cysts of the colon occurring at a colostomy site is described. The cysts appear to have been the result of surgery eight years previously, and were due to either implantation of colonic mucosa into the submucosa or entrapment of mucosa following healing of postsurgical ulceration. Because these cysts are identical to the lesions seen in colitis cystica profunda, this case provides additional support for the hypothesis that colitis cystica profunda is an acquired disease, and illustrates that it may occur as a rare complication of colonic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:939174", "title": "[Surgical treatment of herniation of a lumbar intervertebral disk in young people (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 2755 patients operated on for nerve-root compression there were 38 children and juveniles (aged 11-22 years). Average interval between onset of symptoms and operation was 14 1/2 months and often involved considerable diagnostic effort. 36 of the 38 patients were re-examined an average of 11 years after operation: 15 were free of symptoms, 18 had occasional mild symptoms, two had continuous mild pain and one had occasional severe pain. Re-operation was necessary in six. All patients are able to work. A connection between an accident and the herniation was demonstrated in only two instances.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of herniation of a lumbar intervertebral disk in young people (author's transl)]. Among 2755 patients operated on for nerve-root compression there were 38 children and juveniles (aged 11-22 years). Average interval between onset of symptoms and operation was 14 1/2 months and often involved considerable diagnostic effort. 36 of the 38 patients were re-examined an average of 11 years after operation: 15 were free of symptoms, 18 had occasional mild symptoms, two had continuous mild pain and one had occasional severe pain. Re-operation was necessary in six. All patients are able to work. A connection between an accident and the herniation was demonstrated in only two instances."}
{"id": "PMID:939175", "title": "[Separate evaluation of left and right-sided renal function (author's transl)].", "content": "The PAH extraction of the kidneys was determined separately on each side after catheterisation of both renal veins and the femoral artery during PAH infusion in eleven patients with normal or diminished renal function due to bilateral renal disease and in five patients with only one kidney with normal or diminished renal function. A significant positive correlation was found between PAH extraction and inulin clearance and a significant negative correlation between PAH extraction and the log of the serum creatinine. PAH extraction is a suitable method for quantitative evaluation of right and left renal function.", "contents": "[Separate evaluation of left and right-sided renal function (author's transl)]. The PAH extraction of the kidneys was determined separately on each side after catheterisation of both renal veins and the femoral artery during PAH infusion in eleven patients with normal or diminished renal function due to bilateral renal disease and in five patients with only one kidney with normal or diminished renal function. A significant positive correlation was found between PAH extraction and inulin clearance and a significant negative correlation between PAH extraction and the log of the serum creatinine. PAH extraction is a suitable method for quantitative evaluation of right and left renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:939176", "title": "[Idiopathic thrombosis of the superior vena cava (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to secondary occlusion idiopathic thrombosis of the superior vena cava occurs rarely. With a good collateral flow through anatomically preformed venous channels the clinical picture may have an insidious course obscuring diagnosis. Collateral circulation via upper oesophageal varices is commonly overlooked. Anticoagulants should be given to prevent progression. Surgically vein transplants, by-pass operations, and thrombectomy have been tried. Follow-up in 4 patients shows that even without surgical intervention the prognosis is good despite the danger of haemorrhage from the varices.", "contents": "[Idiopathic thrombosis of the superior vena cava (author's transl)]. In contrast to secondary occlusion idiopathic thrombosis of the superior vena cava occurs rarely. With a good collateral flow through anatomically preformed venous channels the clinical picture may have an insidious course obscuring diagnosis. Collateral circulation via upper oesophageal varices is commonly overlooked. Anticoagulants should be given to prevent progression. Surgically vein transplants, by-pass operations, and thrombectomy have been tried. Follow-up in 4 patients shows that even without surgical intervention the prognosis is good despite the danger of haemorrhage from the varices."}
{"id": "PMID:939187", "title": "[Basic requirements for the development of medical education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Final report].", "content": "This is the Final Report of this meeting, which was held in Caracas in January 1976 and sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization and the Pan American Federation of Associations of Medical Schools. The meeting included discussions on fundamental aspects of medical manpower development and recommendations on professional training in health policies, medical practice and care , student enrollment, and the establishment and operation of medical schools. The first part of the Report is a review of international activities in medical education in Latin America and the Caribbean area; standards and minimum requirements of new medical schools; present trends in medical education; influences on professional training; interdisciplinary education and education by fields; preparation of the specialist and the multiprofessional; on-the-scene training in hospitals and elsewhere; institucional structures; and student requests.", "contents": "[Basic requirements for the development of medical education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Final report]. This is the Final Report of this meeting, which was held in Caracas in January 1976 and sponsored by the Pan American Health Organization and the Pan American Federation of Associations of Medical Schools. The meeting included discussions on fundamental aspects of medical manpower development and recommendations on professional training in health policies, medical practice and care , student enrollment, and the establishment and operation of medical schools. The first part of the Report is a review of international activities in medical education in Latin America and the Caribbean area; standards and minimum requirements of new medical schools; present trends in medical education; influences on professional training; interdisciplinary education and education by fields; preparation of the specialist and the multiprofessional; on-the-scene training in hospitals and elsewhere; institucional structures; and student requests."}
{"id": "PMID:939188", "title": "[The role of the hospital in the light of the new trends of medical education].", "content": "This article sets forth an innovative concept of the hospital's role today in keeping with both contemporary medical education and various national health service needs. After pointing out that the groundwork for a proper integration of training and service goals lies in the principles of medical preparation, the author emphasizes that although health care is provided in the home, in health centers, in outpatients clinics, and in general and specialized hospitals, the future physician's education is primarily the responsibility of universities, medical schools, and departments, which during the clinical phase of training become demonstration clinics atypical of the conditions at the many levels of health services. The combining of teaching and service-essential for the training of a better prepared professional, ready to handle any problem that might arise in the course of his career-is the keystone of this new approach. In other words, the author stresses \"early student involvement in all levels of medical care within a particular health region, especially primary care, and a relatively lengthy period of work in direct relationship with the community hospital, supplemented by short periods in specialized hospitals or reference units.\"", "contents": "[The role of the hospital in the light of the new trends of medical education]. This article sets forth an innovative concept of the hospital's role today in keeping with both contemporary medical education and various national health service needs. After pointing out that the groundwork for a proper integration of training and service goals lies in the principles of medical preparation, the author emphasizes that although health care is provided in the home, in health centers, in outpatients clinics, and in general and specialized hospitals, the future physician's education is primarily the responsibility of universities, medical schools, and departments, which during the clinical phase of training become demonstration clinics atypical of the conditions at the many levels of health services. The combining of teaching and service-essential for the training of a better prepared professional, ready to handle any problem that might arise in the course of his career-is the keystone of this new approach. In other words, the author stresses \"early student involvement in all levels of medical care within a particular health region, especially primary care, and a relatively lengthy period of work in direct relationship with the community hospital, supplemented by short periods in specialized hospitals or reference units.\""}
{"id": "PMID:939190", "title": "Inhibition of tonic secretion of luteinizing hormone by progesterone in immature female sheep.", "content": "The effect of progesterone on the secretion of LH was studied in intact and castrated immature female sheep between 12 and 42 weeks of age. (First spontaneous ovulation occurs between 30 and 50 weeks of age.) Progesterone was administered by means of Silastic capsules inserted SC to achieve circulating progesterone concentrations similar to those found in the adult during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous  cycle (3-4 ng/ml). Prior to treatment, concentrations of circulating LH in intact lambs fluctuated widely (2 to 20 ng/ml) over a 24- to 48-h period. These high and variable levels of serum LH, reflecting a pulsatile secretion of LH characteristic of young female sheep, were not altered by the insertion of empty capsules. Implantation of progesterone-containing capsules, however, resulted in a decrease in serum LH to low levels (less than 0.5 ng/ml) within 4 h. Furthermore, the insertion of progesterone capsules into the same lambs after castration produced an immediate and sustained suppression of LH secretion similar to that which was observed when the ovaries were present. These findings led to the conclusion that in the immature female sheep, protesterone can effect a marked inhibition of LH secretion in the presence or absence of the ovaries. Although it has been postulated that progesterone plays an important role in the negative feedback control of LH secretion in adult sheep during the estrous cycle, it remains to be determined whether this steroid normally plays a physiologic role in the regulation of tonic LH secretion prior to the onset of ovarian cyclicity in the lamb.", "contents": "Inhibition of tonic secretion of luteinizing hormone by progesterone in immature female sheep. The effect of progesterone on the secretion of LH was studied in intact and castrated immature female sheep between 12 and 42 weeks of age. (First spontaneous ovulation occurs between 30 and 50 weeks of age.) Progesterone was administered by means of Silastic capsules inserted SC to achieve circulating progesterone concentrations similar to those found in the adult during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous  cycle (3-4 ng/ml). Prior to treatment, concentrations of circulating LH in intact lambs fluctuated widely (2 to 20 ng/ml) over a 24- to 48-h period. These high and variable levels of serum LH, reflecting a pulsatile secretion of LH characteristic of young female sheep, were not altered by the insertion of empty capsules. Implantation of progesterone-containing capsules, however, resulted in a decrease in serum LH to low levels (less than 0.5 ng/ml) within 4 h. Furthermore, the insertion of progesterone capsules into the same lambs after castration produced an immediate and sustained suppression of LH secretion similar to that which was observed when the ovaries were present. These findings led to the conclusion that in the immature female sheep, protesterone can effect a marked inhibition of LH secretion in the presence or absence of the ovaries. Although it has been postulated that progesterone plays an important role in the negative feedback control of LH secretion in adult sheep during the estrous cycle, it remains to be determined whether this steroid normally plays a physiologic role in the regulation of tonic LH secretion prior to the onset of ovarian cyclicity in the lamb."}
{"id": "PMID:939191", "title": "The in vivo metabolism of progestins. I. The metabolic clearance rates of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the dog.", "content": "[3H]Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregn-1,4-diene-3,20 dione acetate. [14C]MPA was synthesized by acetylation of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with [14C]acetic anhydride. These radioactive materials were used to determine the MPA metabolic clearance rates (MCRMPA)and volumes of distribution (VoMPA) in dogs by the single injection technique. The metabolism of progesterone was also studied in the same animals. The MCRMPA (696 +/- 51 l/day) was only one-half that of progesterone (1332 +/- 59). By contrast, the volumes of distribution for the two steroids were similar. The metabolic clearance rates and the volumes of distribution for MPA and progesterone did not change during treatment with amino-glutethimide, a drug which is known to alter steroid metabolism in man.", "contents": "The in vivo metabolism of progestins. I. The metabolic clearance rates of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the dog. [3H]Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was synthesized by selective catalytic tritiation of the delta1-olefinic bond of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregn-1,4-diene-3,20 dione acetate. [14C]MPA was synthesized by acetylation of 6alpha-methyl-17alpha-hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with [14C]acetic anhydride. These radioactive materials were used to determine the MPA metabolic clearance rates (MCRMPA)and volumes of distribution (VoMPA) in dogs by the single injection technique. The metabolism of progesterone was also studied in the same animals. The MCRMPA (696 +/- 51 l/day) was only one-half that of progesterone (1332 +/- 59). By contrast, the volumes of distribution for the two steroids were similar. The metabolic clearance rates and the volumes of distribution for MPA and progesterone did not change during treatment with amino-glutethimide, a drug which is known to alter steroid metabolism in man."}
{"id": "PMID:939192", "title": "Thyroid function and insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas in the rat.", "content": "The influence of thyroid function on the kinetics of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas has been studied. L-Thyroxine (L-T4) administration did not modify the immediate insulin secretory response of the perfused pancreas to glucose. L-Triiodothyronine (L-T3) treatment as well as propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment decreased the immediate insulin secretory response of the pancreas slightly. Only thyroidectomy (Tx) reduced the immediate secretory response of the pancreas significantly. L-T4 and L-T3 treatment inhibited the late phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, whereas TX and PTU treatment resulted in increased insulin secretion. D-Thyroxine (D-T4) did not affect glucose-induced insulin release from the pancreas. Concomitantly, several parameters indicative of thyroid function were determined in these animals. When changes in body weight, rectal temperature, plasma glucose, plasma cholesterol, and plasma butanol-extractable iodine (BEI) in these rats were compared with the insulin secretory responses, it was evident that experimental hyperthyroidism results in decreased insulin release, whereas experimental hypothyroidism induces increased insulin secretion from the pancreas. The transitions from hypothyroid to euthyroid to hyperthyroid states are accompanied by a steady decrease in glucose-induced insulin release from the rat pancreas. Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreas is therefore a specific effect of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Thyroid function and insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas in the rat. The influence of thyroid function on the kinetics of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas has been studied. L-Thyroxine (L-T4) administration did not modify the immediate insulin secretory response of the perfused pancreas to glucose. L-Triiodothyronine (L-T3) treatment as well as propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment decreased the immediate insulin secretory response of the pancreas slightly. Only thyroidectomy (Tx) reduced the immediate secretory response of the pancreas significantly. L-T4 and L-T3 treatment inhibited the late phase of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, whereas TX and PTU treatment resulted in increased insulin secretion. D-Thyroxine (D-T4) did not affect glucose-induced insulin release from the pancreas. Concomitantly, several parameters indicative of thyroid function were determined in these animals. When changes in body weight, rectal temperature, plasma glucose, plasma cholesterol, and plasma butanol-extractable iodine (BEI) in these rats were compared with the insulin secretory responses, it was evident that experimental hyperthyroidism results in decreased insulin release, whereas experimental hypothyroidism induces increased insulin secretion from the pancreas. The transitions from hypothyroid to euthyroid to hyperthyroid states are accompanied by a steady decrease in glucose-induced insulin release from the rat pancreas. Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion from the pancreas is therefore a specific effect of thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:939193", "title": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. II. Regulation of responsiveness to LH, FSH, and PGE1 in the rabbit.", "content": "We conducted a study to determine whether a decline in the capacity of preovulatory follicles to accumulate cAMP in response to in vitro LH exposure, reported by Marsh et al. (1), is due to direct desensitization of the LH-hCG-responsive adenylyl cyclase (AC) system. Enzyme activity was determined in the absence and in the presence of 10 mug/ml of LH, FSH, and prostaglandin (PG) E1 in homogenates prepared from Graafian follicles dissected before and at various times after rendering them preovulatory either by mating (endogenous LH release) or by injection of hCG (100 IU/3.5-4.5 g rabbit, iv). Both of these treatments resulted in desensitization of the AC to LH and FSH stimulation, so that by the time of ovulation these responses were absent. hCG-induced desensitization was rapid (50% loss of LH-stimulated activity was obtained within 5 min of injection), was dose-dependent, requiring an ovulatory dose; was selective for LH- and FSH-stimulated activity, being without effect on basal and PGE1 as well as NaF-stimulated activities; and was induced specifically by LH (mating) and hCG-FSH and PRL being without effect. Desensitization of follicular AC does not seem to be mediated by PG, for doses of indomethacin that inhibited ovulation did not interfere with the loss of LH responsiveness. The incubation in vitro of dissected Graafian (estrous) follicles with LH (2 h) also resulted in desensitization to LH stimulation and indicated that this phenomenon was due to a direct effect of LH on the follicles and was not mediated by hormones derived from other endocrine structures. Newly formed corpora lutea (CL) in either pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (PSP) developed a new AC system that was highly responsive to LH and less responsive to FSH and PGE1. This new system persisted for the duration of pregnancy and PSP, and became inactive with regression of CL. The prolongation of PSP by hysterectomy was accompanied by the persistence of an active LH-responsive AC system. The injection of ovulatory doses of hCG into 6-day PSP rabbits produced, within 2 h, a 50% desensitization of the luteal AC systems to LH stimulation. After day 10 of pregnancy, the levels of LH-stimulated AC activity in CL and the levels of progesterone in serum, reported by Challis et al. (2), were found to parallel each other, suggesting that this enzyme activity may be a physiologic regulatory step in progesterone synthesis by the normal CL throughout most of the animal's pregnancy. This finding is discussed in the light of compelling evidence that estrogens are luteotrophic in the rabbit.", "contents": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. II. Regulation of responsiveness to LH, FSH, and PGE1 in the rabbit. We conducted a study to determine whether a decline in the capacity of preovulatory follicles to accumulate cAMP in response to in vitro LH exposure, reported by Marsh et al. (1), is due to direct desensitization of the LH-hCG-responsive adenylyl cyclase (AC) system. Enzyme activity was determined in the absence and in the presence of 10 mug/ml of LH, FSH, and prostaglandin (PG) E1 in homogenates prepared from Graafian follicles dissected before and at various times after rendering them preovulatory either by mating (endogenous LH release) or by injection of hCG (100 IU/3.5-4.5 g rabbit, iv). Both of these treatments resulted in desensitization of the AC to LH and FSH stimulation, so that by the time of ovulation these responses were absent. hCG-induced desensitization was rapid (50% loss of LH-stimulated activity was obtained within 5 min of injection), was dose-dependent, requiring an ovulatory dose; was selective for LH- and FSH-stimulated activity, being without effect on basal and PGE1 as well as NaF-stimulated activities; and was induced specifically by LH (mating) and hCG-FSH and PRL being without effect. Desensitization of follicular AC does not seem to be mediated by PG, for doses of indomethacin that inhibited ovulation did not interfere with the loss of LH responsiveness. The incubation in vitro of dissected Graafian (estrous) follicles with LH (2 h) also resulted in desensitization to LH stimulation and indicated that this phenomenon was due to a direct effect of LH on the follicles and was not mediated by hormones derived from other endocrine structures. Newly formed corpora lutea (CL) in either pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (PSP) developed a new AC system that was highly responsive to LH and less responsive to FSH and PGE1. This new system persisted for the duration of pregnancy and PSP, and became inactive with regression of CL. The prolongation of PSP by hysterectomy was accompanied by the persistence of an active LH-responsive AC system. The injection of ovulatory doses of hCG into 6-day PSP rabbits produced, within 2 h, a 50% desensitization of the luteal AC systems to LH stimulation. After day 10 of pregnancy, the levels of LH-stimulated AC activity in CL and the levels of progesterone in serum, reported by Challis et al. (2), were found to parallel each other, suggesting that this enzyme activity may be a physiologic regulatory step in progesterone synthesis by the normal CL throughout most of the animal's pregnancy. This finding is discussed in the light of compelling evidence that estrogens are luteotrophic in the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:939194", "title": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. III. Regulation of responsiveness to LH, FSH, and PGE1 in the prepubertal, cycling, pregnant, and pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "In the ovaries of prepubertal rats, responsiveness of adenylyl cyclase (AC) to LH, FSH, and PGE1 is acquired at day 10, coinciding with the appearance of the ability to produce steroids in response to gonadotrophins. The activity and responsiveness of AC on day 11 were similar to those at puberty on day 40 and relatively stable in between. In the follicles of the cycle, the responsiveness of AC to LH and FSH was poor (ca 2-fold stimulation) on metestrus and diestrus, and became high (ca 10-fold stimulation) between 1000 h of diestrus and 1000 h of proestrus. Thereafter, the system slowly became desensitized to LH and FSH, being unresponsive by the morning of estrus. Nembutal injected at 1230 h and again at 1500 h on proestrus blocked ovulation and prevented the decline in LH- and FSH-stimulated AC activity. In the CL of the cycle, the AC was unresponsive to LH on day 1 (estrus), became responsive by the morning of day 2 (metestrus), and maintained responsiveness throughout that day. Thereafter, the responsiveness and basal AC activity declined rapidly. In the CL of pregnancy, LH-stimulated AC was indistinguishable from that of the CL of the cycle during days 1 and 2, then increased steadily until day 9, showing a transient decrease on days 10 and 11, followed by a sharp rise to maximal activity on days 15 and 16. Thereafter, activity declined as parturition approached. In the CL of pseudopregnancy (PSP), LH-stimulated AC was very similar to that of the CL of pregnancy during the first 11 days. Thereafter, it decreased coincident with the termination of PSP. Injections of PRL (100 mug SC twice daily, from metestrus through estrus, and from proestrus through proestrus) or estradiol-17 beta (20 mug, SC at 1230 h on metestrus) resulted in \"rescue\" of the CL-AC system, which remained at metestrus levels when measured on the days of expected proestrus or estrus. Injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin into prepubertal rats at day 26 (3 IU, iv), induced by day 28 a highly responsive AC system in follicles, with activities equivalent to those found in Graafian follicles on proestrus. By day 29, synchronous ovulation had occurred with a concomitant loss of LH-stimulated AC such as seen in the 1-day-old CL of mature rats. Our results suggest that the LH-sensitive AC may be indicative of the final development of ovulability of the follicles, and that it may correlate with the functional capacity of CL during various reproductive stages of the rat.", "contents": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. III. Regulation of responsiveness to LH, FSH, and PGE1 in the prepubertal, cycling, pregnant, and pseudopregnant rat. In the ovaries of prepubertal rats, responsiveness of adenylyl cyclase (AC) to LH, FSH, and PGE1 is acquired at day 10, coinciding with the appearance of the ability to produce steroids in response to gonadotrophins. The activity and responsiveness of AC on day 11 were similar to those at puberty on day 40 and relatively stable in between. In the follicles of the cycle, the responsiveness of AC to LH and FSH was poor (ca 2-fold stimulation) on metestrus and diestrus, and became high (ca 10-fold stimulation) between 1000 h of diestrus and 1000 h of proestrus. Thereafter, the system slowly became desensitized to LH and FSH, being unresponsive by the morning of estrus. Nembutal injected at 1230 h and again at 1500 h on proestrus blocked ovulation and prevented the decline in LH- and FSH-stimulated AC activity. In the CL of the cycle, the AC was unresponsive to LH on day 1 (estrus), became responsive by the morning of day 2 (metestrus), and maintained responsiveness throughout that day. Thereafter, the responsiveness and basal AC activity declined rapidly. In the CL of pregnancy, LH-stimulated AC was indistinguishable from that of the CL of the cycle during days 1 and 2, then increased steadily until day 9, showing a transient decrease on days 10 and 11, followed by a sharp rise to maximal activity on days 15 and 16. Thereafter, activity declined as parturition approached. In the CL of pseudopregnancy (PSP), LH-stimulated AC was very similar to that of the CL of pregnancy during the first 11 days. Thereafter, it decreased coincident with the termination of PSP. Injections of PRL (100 mug SC twice daily, from metestrus through estrus, and from proestrus through proestrus) or estradiol-17 beta (20 mug, SC at 1230 h on metestrus) resulted in \"rescue\" of the CL-AC system, which remained at metestrus levels when measured on the days of expected proestrus or estrus. Injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin into prepubertal rats at day 26 (3 IU, iv), induced by day 28 a highly responsive AC system in follicles, with activities equivalent to those found in Graafian follicles on proestrus. By day 29, synchronous ovulation had occurred with a concomitant loss of LH-stimulated AC such as seen in the 1-day-old CL of mature rats. Our results suggest that the LH-sensitive AC may be indicative of the final development of ovulability of the follicles, and that it may correlate with the functional capacity of CL during various reproductive stages of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:939195", "title": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. IV. Gonadotrophin-induced desensitization of the luteal adenylyl cyclase throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the rabbit and the rat.", "content": "We measured the adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity in dissected CL and the responsiveness of the AC system to LH, FSH, and prostaglandin (PG)E1 at different times following the administration of high doses of hCG or hLH to pseudopregnant and pregnant rats and rabbits. In rabbits, ovulatory doses of hCG promoted desensitization of the AC system in both CL of pregnancy and CL of pseudopregnancy (PSP), but at varying rates. At least a 50% decline in the LH-stimulated AC system was demonstrable 2 h after the hCG injection in CL obtained during PSP and the first 18 days of pregnancy. However, after day 21, AC activity was unaltered at 2 or 24 h after hCG injection, necessitating as much as 72 h for the AC system to become desensitized to LH. It seems that CL in the last third of pregnancy are afforded partial protection from the desensitizing effects of hCG. This protective effect was found not to be conferred upon follicles contained in ovaries after day 21 of pregnancy or upon newly, hCG-induced 3-day-old CL in 24-day pregnant rabbit ovaries. hCG-induced desensitization of CL adenylyl cyclase in rabbits was prevented neither by cauterization of tertiary follicles not by the continued administration of estradiol-17beta (1.5 mug SC twice daily), suggesting that this effect of hCG is due to a direct interaction with the CL, and not due to interruption of the follicular estrogen supply. In rats, the injection of an ovulatory dose of hCG (50 IU SC into prepubertal rats; 50 IU ip plus 50 IU SC into mature rats) also induced desensitization of the AC system in ovaries of superovulated prepubertal rats and in CL of pseudopregnant and pregnant rats. Desensitization of the AC system was not detectable at 2 h, was 30% of total by 6 h, and was complete at 24 h after hCG injection. Both regression of the CL and desensitization of the AC system in CL are induced only by doses of hCG which are ovulatory and not subovulatory. Desensitization of AC appears to precede functional luteolysis, at least in the pseudopreganant rabbit. Thus, the apparent close association between hCG-induced luteolysis and the desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase system in CL would suggest that desensitization may be a marker for luteal regression.", "contents": "Adenylyl cyclase activities in ovarian tissues. IV. Gonadotrophin-induced desensitization of the luteal adenylyl cyclase throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the rabbit and the rat. We measured the adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity in dissected CL and the responsiveness of the AC system to LH, FSH, and prostaglandin (PG)E1 at different times following the administration of high doses of hCG or hLH to pseudopregnant and pregnant rats and rabbits. In rabbits, ovulatory doses of hCG promoted desensitization of the AC system in both CL of pregnancy and CL of pseudopregnancy (PSP), but at varying rates. At least a 50% decline in the LH-stimulated AC system was demonstrable 2 h after the hCG injection in CL obtained during PSP and the first 18 days of pregnancy. However, after day 21, AC activity was unaltered at 2 or 24 h after hCG injection, necessitating as much as 72 h for the AC system to become desensitized to LH. It seems that CL in the last third of pregnancy are afforded partial protection from the desensitizing effects of hCG. This protective effect was found not to be conferred upon follicles contained in ovaries after day 21 of pregnancy or upon newly, hCG-induced 3-day-old CL in 24-day pregnant rabbit ovaries. hCG-induced desensitization of CL adenylyl cyclase in rabbits was prevented neither by cauterization of tertiary follicles not by the continued administration of estradiol-17beta (1.5 mug SC twice daily), suggesting that this effect of hCG is due to a direct interaction with the CL, and not due to interruption of the follicular estrogen supply. In rats, the injection of an ovulatory dose of hCG (50 IU SC into prepubertal rats; 50 IU ip plus 50 IU SC into mature rats) also induced desensitization of the AC system in ovaries of superovulated prepubertal rats and in CL of pseudopregnant and pregnant rats. Desensitization of the AC system was not detectable at 2 h, was 30% of total by 6 h, and was complete at 24 h after hCG injection. Both regression of the CL and desensitization of the AC system in CL are induced only by doses of hCG which are ovulatory and not subovulatory. Desensitization of AC appears to precede functional luteolysis, at least in the pseudopreganant rabbit. Thus, the apparent close association between hCG-induced luteolysis and the desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase system in CL would suggest that desensitization may be a marker for luteal regression."}
{"id": "PMID:939196", "title": "Variations in the response of the thyroid gland of the rat to different low-iodine diets: correlation with iodine content of diet.", "content": "Large variations are frequently encountered in the thyroidal responses of rats to commercially available low-iodine diets. The major aim of this investigation was to attempt to correlate these variations with differences in the iodine content of the diets. A method was developed for measuring the iodine content of low-iodine diets which was sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between a diet containing 15-20 ng of iodine per g and one containing 30-40 ng of iodine per g. Large differences were observed between various commercial low-iodine diets in their ability to induce goiter and to affect other indices of thyroid function, and these differences could be correlated with differences in the iodine content. The most severe iodine deficiency occurred in rats that were fed a Remington diet containing 15-20 ng of iodine per g. After 3 months on this diet, thyroid weight increased about 7-fold, thyroid 127I concentration was reduced to about 0.5% of control values, serum thyroxine (T4) was reduced to less than 0.25 mug/100 ml, the ratio of labeled triiodothyronine to labeled T4 was increased to 5.2, and that of labeled monoiodotyrosine to labeled diiodotyrosine was increased to 4.2. Much smaller changes were observed in the rats on the other low-iodine diets, which ranged from 30-40 to about 100 ng of iodine per g. A daily supplement of only 0.2 mug of iodide per day administered to rats on a Remington low-iodine diet produced a significant changes in thyroidal responses. These results suggest that iodine deficiency alone is sufficient to explain the effects of the Remington low-iodine diet and that it is not necessary to postulate the presence of a goitrogen.", "contents": "Variations in the response of the thyroid gland of the rat to different low-iodine diets: correlation with iodine content of diet. Large variations are frequently encountered in the thyroidal responses of rats to commercially available low-iodine diets. The major aim of this investigation was to attempt to correlate these variations with differences in the iodine content of the diets. A method was developed for measuring the iodine content of low-iodine diets which was sufficiently sensitive to discriminate between a diet containing 15-20 ng of iodine per g and one containing 30-40 ng of iodine per g. Large differences were observed between various commercial low-iodine diets in their ability to induce goiter and to affect other indices of thyroid function, and these differences could be correlated with differences in the iodine content. The most severe iodine deficiency occurred in rats that were fed a Remington diet containing 15-20 ng of iodine per g. After 3 months on this diet, thyroid weight increased about 7-fold, thyroid 127I concentration was reduced to about 0.5% of control values, serum thyroxine (T4) was reduced to less than 0.25 mug/100 ml, the ratio of labeled triiodothyronine to labeled T4 was increased to 5.2, and that of labeled monoiodotyrosine to labeled diiodotyrosine was increased to 4.2. Much smaller changes were observed in the rats on the other low-iodine diets, which ranged from 30-40 to about 100 ng of iodine per g. A daily supplement of only 0.2 mug of iodide per day administered to rats on a Remington low-iodine diet produced a significant changes in thyroidal responses. These results suggest that iodine deficiency alone is sufficient to explain the effects of the Remington low-iodine diet and that it is not necessary to postulate the presence of a goitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:939197", "title": "Formation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3',5',3-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in thyroid glands of rats and in enzymatically iodinated thyroglobulin.", "content": "It was observed in the present investigation that labeled thyroxine (T4) comprised less than 2% of the total 131I in the thyroids of severely iodine-deficient rats labeled with 131I for 18-24 h, a much lower value than had previously been reported for iodine-deficient rats. This low value was attributable to two factors: 1) the use of a diet low enough in iodine content to produce extreme iodine deficiency, and 2) the use of a paper chromatography system that successfully separates T4 from the minor iodothyronines, 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) and 3',5',3-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; T3'). Formation of the minor iodothyronines, while low, becomes appreciable in relation to T4 formation in severe iodine deficiency. In the present study, the formation of labeled T2 was significant only in iodine deficiency, and the highest values were observed in the most severely iodine-deficient rats. In the latter, labeled monoiodotyrosine (MIT) comprised approximately 60% of the total 131I in the thyroid, and the increased formation of T2 could be attributed to the increased probability of coupling between two molecules of MIT. The formation of labeled T3', on the other hand, was significant in thyroids from both iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient rats. Similarly, in thyroglobulin iodinated in vitro with thyroid peroxidase to varying levels of iodination, the formation of T2 was evident only at lower levels of iodination, whereas the formation of T3' was significant at all levels of iodination. The comparison of relative T3' and T4 formation in enzymatically iodinated thyroglobulin with corresponding values reported for the intermolecular (DIHPPA) model for T4 formation, indicates that the peroxidase model system simulates much more closely the relative formation of T3' and T4 seen in vivo.", "contents": "Formation of 3,3'-diiodothyronine and 3',5',3-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in thyroid glands of rats and in enzymatically iodinated thyroglobulin. It was observed in the present investigation that labeled thyroxine (T4) comprised less than 2% of the total 131I in the thyroids of severely iodine-deficient rats labeled with 131I for 18-24 h, a much lower value than had previously been reported for iodine-deficient rats. This low value was attributable to two factors: 1) the use of a diet low enough in iodine content to produce extreme iodine deficiency, and 2) the use of a paper chromatography system that successfully separates T4 from the minor iodothyronines, 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) and 3',5',3-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; T3'). Formation of the minor iodothyronines, while low, becomes appreciable in relation to T4 formation in severe iodine deficiency. In the present study, the formation of labeled T2 was significant only in iodine deficiency, and the highest values were observed in the most severely iodine-deficient rats. In the latter, labeled monoiodotyrosine (MIT) comprised approximately 60% of the total 131I in the thyroid, and the increased formation of T2 could be attributed to the increased probability of coupling between two molecules of MIT. The formation of labeled T3', on the other hand, was significant in thyroids from both iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient rats. Similarly, in thyroglobulin iodinated in vitro with thyroid peroxidase to varying levels of iodination, the formation of T2 was evident only at lower levels of iodination, whereas the formation of T3' was significant at all levels of iodination. The comparison of relative T3' and T4 formation in enzymatically iodinated thyroglobulin with corresponding values reported for the intermolecular (DIHPPA) model for T4 formation, indicates that the peroxidase model system simulates much more closely the relative formation of T3' and T4 seen in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:939198", "title": "Nutrition and somatomedin. I. Effect of fasting and refeeding on serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity in rats.", "content": "The relationship between nutrition, somatomedin, and growth was studied in young male rats which were fasted for 72 h, and then refed. Cartilage growth activity was measured by the incorporation of SO4 by costal cartilage incubated in vitro. Serum somatomedin activity was measured by the ability of sera to stimulate the incorporation of SO4 in vitro by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats or normal young pigs. Cartilage growth activity was unchanged after 24 h of fasting, but decreased significantly to hypopituitary levels after 72 h. The decrease in cartilage growth activity could not be attributed to a decrease in the ability of cartilage to respond to somatomedin, since fasted rat cartilage incubated in vitro had significantly greater stimulation from the addition of normal rat serum (normal somatomedin) than from the addition of hypophysectomized rat serum (low somatomedin). A decrease in serum somatomedin preceded the decrease in growth activity; somatomedin was significantly decreased after 24 h of fasting, and fell to hypopituitary levels after 72 h of fasting. The decrease in somatomedin could not be attributed to growth hormone deficiency, since treatment with bGH did not prevent the fall in somatomedin. The direct addition of fasted rat serum to normal rat serum did not inhibit the somatomedin activity of the normal serum. The refeeding of 72h-fasted rats was associated with an increase in serum somatomedin which was significant after 6 h, and comparable to control levels after 24 h of refeeding. The increase in somatomedin was followed by an increase in cartilage growth activity, which was significant after 12 h, and comparable to control levels after 48 h of refeeding. We conclude that adequate food intake appears to be required for the maintenance of normal levels of somatomedin; the processing of nutrients may modulate the generation of somatomedin.", "contents": "Nutrition and somatomedin. I. Effect of fasting and refeeding on serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity in rats. The relationship between nutrition, somatomedin, and growth was studied in young male rats which were fasted for 72 h, and then refed. Cartilage growth activity was measured by the incorporation of SO4 by costal cartilage incubated in vitro. Serum somatomedin activity was measured by the ability of sera to stimulate the incorporation of SO4 in vitro by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats or normal young pigs. Cartilage growth activity was unchanged after 24 h of fasting, but decreased significantly to hypopituitary levels after 72 h. The decrease in cartilage growth activity could not be attributed to a decrease in the ability of cartilage to respond to somatomedin, since fasted rat cartilage incubated in vitro had significantly greater stimulation from the addition of normal rat serum (normal somatomedin) than from the addition of hypophysectomized rat serum (low somatomedin). A decrease in serum somatomedin preceded the decrease in growth activity; somatomedin was significantly decreased after 24 h of fasting, and fell to hypopituitary levels after 72 h of fasting. The decrease in somatomedin could not be attributed to growth hormone deficiency, since treatment with bGH did not prevent the fall in somatomedin. The direct addition of fasted rat serum to normal rat serum did not inhibit the somatomedin activity of the normal serum. The refeeding of 72h-fasted rats was associated with an increase in serum somatomedin which was significant after 6 h, and comparable to control levels after 24 h of refeeding. The increase in somatomedin was followed by an increase in cartilage growth activity, which was significant after 12 h, and comparable to control levels after 48 h of refeeding. We conclude that adequate food intake appears to be required for the maintenance of normal levels of somatomedin; the processing of nutrients may modulate the generation of somatomedin."}
{"id": "PMID:939199", "title": "Partial purification of a progesterone-inducible messenger RNA (avidin) from hen oviduct.", "content": "The messenger RNA (mRNA) for avidin, which represents less than 0.05% of the total cellular proteins, was partially purified from hen oviduct, and the presence of avidin mRNA was shown to depend upon prior stimulation by progesterone. A total nucleic acid extract was subjected to oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography, followed by Sepharose 4B chromatography, preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The relative purity of each preparation was assessed by translation in a wheat-germ system; avidin messenger RNA activity was measured by specific immunoprecipitation of synthesized proteins. Avidin mRNA was separated from the bulk of the total messenger RNA activity of the oviduct and from all ribosomal RNAs to produce greater than a 1000-fold enrichment of avidin mRNA activity compared with total cellular RNA. Based on the translation assay, the most highly purified fraction contained about 2.5% avidin messenger RNA. Avidin mRNA activity was absent in partially purified mRNA obtained from estrogen-stimulated chick oviducts, but was detected in oviducts following progesterone administration.", "contents": "Partial purification of a progesterone-inducible messenger RNA (avidin) from hen oviduct. The messenger RNA (mRNA) for avidin, which represents less than 0.05% of the total cellular proteins, was partially purified from hen oviduct, and the presence of avidin mRNA was shown to depend upon prior stimulation by progesterone. A total nucleic acid extract was subjected to oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography, followed by Sepharose 4B chromatography, preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The relative purity of each preparation was assessed by translation in a wheat-germ system; avidin messenger RNA activity was measured by specific immunoprecipitation of synthesized proteins. Avidin mRNA was separated from the bulk of the total messenger RNA activity of the oviduct and from all ribosomal RNAs to produce greater than a 1000-fold enrichment of avidin mRNA activity compared with total cellular RNA. Based on the translation assay, the most highly purified fraction contained about 2.5% avidin messenger RNA. Avidin mRNA activity was absent in partially purified mRNA obtained from estrogen-stimulated chick oviducts, but was detected in oviducts following progesterone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:939200", "title": "Morphine inhibition of ovulation: reversal by naloxone.", "content": "The effect of naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone), a narcotic antagonist, on the morphine blockade of ovulation was studied. Female rats were treated with morphine (50 mg/kg) at the critical period, resulting in ovulatory blockade. The administration of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) effectively reversed the anti-ovulatory effect of morphine. The antagonist reversed the morphine effect when given 1 hour before (75% reversla), simultaneously (75% reversal), and up to 3 hours after morphine treatment (63% reversal). The number of ova shed per animal was not affected by naloxone treatment with or without morphine. When the blockade of ovulation occurred in animals treated with both naloxone and morphine, uterine distension was present in 85% of the animals on the day of estrus.", "contents": "Morphine inhibition of ovulation: reversal by naloxone. The effect of naloxone (N-allylnoroxymorphone), a narcotic antagonist, on the morphine blockade of ovulation was studied. Female rats were treated with morphine (50 mg/kg) at the critical period, resulting in ovulatory blockade. The administration of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) effectively reversed the anti-ovulatory effect of morphine. The antagonist reversed the morphine effect when given 1 hour before (75% reversla), simultaneously (75% reversal), and up to 3 hours after morphine treatment (63% reversal). The number of ova shed per animal was not affected by naloxone treatment with or without morphine. When the blockade of ovulation occurred in animals treated with both naloxone and morphine, uterine distension was present in 85% of the animals on the day of estrus."}
{"id": "PMID:939201", "title": "Cytosol androgen binding in submandibular gland and kidney of the normal mouse and the mouse with testicular feminization.", "content": "Androgen binding was investigated in the cytosol of the submandibular gland and the kidney from normal mice, mice with testicular feminization (Tfm), and carriers of the Tfm gene. In both tissues from normal mice an androgen-binding complex was observed from birth throughout life that could not be detected in Tfm animals at any age. This complex was precipitated at 35 and 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate in the kidney and the submandibular gland, respectively, and had an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 8S in the submandibular gland and 10S in the kidney. In both tissues of the normal female, the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were about 1 nM, and the binding capacity averaged 20 fmol-mg protein-1. The number of binding sites in preparations from Tfm carriers was intermediate between that in the Tfm and the normal female . In 0.5M KCl the 8S receptor of normal submandibular gland sediments at about 3S, and the 10S receptor of normal kidney sediments at about 4.5S. In the submandibular gland, binding of approximate 3S size was also observed. The latter was present in Tfm animals as well as in normal mice, it precipitated at 70% saturation with ammonium sulfate, and it was detectable from birth. In the kidney the only low molecular weight binding for androgen was about 4.5S in size.", "contents": "Cytosol androgen binding in submandibular gland and kidney of the normal mouse and the mouse with testicular feminization. Androgen binding was investigated in the cytosol of the submandibular gland and the kidney from normal mice, mice with testicular feminization (Tfm), and carriers of the Tfm gene. In both tissues from normal mice an androgen-binding complex was observed from birth throughout life that could not be detected in Tfm animals at any age. This complex was precipitated at 35 and 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate in the kidney and the submandibular gland, respectively, and had an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 8S in the submandibular gland and 10S in the kidney. In both tissues of the normal female, the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were about 1 nM, and the binding capacity averaged 20 fmol-mg protein-1. The number of binding sites in preparations from Tfm carriers was intermediate between that in the Tfm and the normal female . In 0.5M KCl the 8S receptor of normal submandibular gland sediments at about 3S, and the 10S receptor of normal kidney sediments at about 4.5S. In the submandibular gland, binding of approximate 3S size was also observed. The latter was present in Tfm animals as well as in normal mice, it precipitated at 70% saturation with ammonium sulfate, and it was detectable from birth. In the kidney the only low molecular weight binding for androgen was about 4.5S in size."}
{"id": "PMID:939221", "title": "Serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in patients with symptomatic porphyria.", "content": "Studies in 30 male patients with symptomatic porphyria reveal an increased activity in the serum of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) as compared with a control group of 33 healthy males. Enzymatic activity is higher in the active stage of the disease (with fresh skin lesions) than in patients found in remission. A high degree of correlation has been detected between the activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the serum and uroporphyrin in the urine, and the total plasma porphyrins. The increased activity of this enzyme in the serum indicates that the lysosomes participate in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Further studies are warranted for the complete elucidation of the clinical significance of this parameter.", "contents": "Serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in patients with symptomatic porphyria. Studies in 30 male patients with symptomatic porphyria reveal an increased activity in the serum of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) as compared with a control group of 33 healthy males. Enzymatic activity is higher in the active stage of the disease (with fresh skin lesions) than in patients found in remission. A high degree of correlation has been detected between the activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the serum and uroporphyrin in the urine, and the total plasma porphyrins. The increased activity of this enzyme in the serum indicates that the lysosomes participate in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Further studies are warranted for the complete elucidation of the clinical significance of this parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:939222", "title": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes among human organs and blood cells.", "content": "In extracts of human tissues only three different pyruvate kinases were demonstrated by acetate gel electrophoresis. Treatment with reduced glutathione resulted in an alteration of electrophoretic mobility of extracts from kidney and testis. The existence of interconvertible forms of M2 pyruvate kinase (PK) was suggested. Lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, platelets were M2 type PK. An electrophoretic slow form was demonstrated in myeloblasts and lymphoblasts.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes among human organs and blood cells. In extracts of human tissues only three different pyruvate kinases were demonstrated by acetate gel electrophoresis. Treatment with reduced glutathione resulted in an alteration of electrophoretic mobility of extracts from kidney and testis. The existence of interconvertible forms of M2 pyruvate kinase (PK) was suggested. Lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, platelets were M2 type PK. An electrophoretic slow form was demonstrated in myeloblasts and lymphoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:939223", "title": "Heterogeneity of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Individual variation revealed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (EAChE; acetylcholine acetyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was prepared from the erythrocyte membrane of Chinese adult males, and solubilised with 1% Triton X-100 in 20 mmol/l phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Chromatography of the preparation on DEAE-cellulose, using a linear gradient of increasing NaCl concentration, yielded four reproducible elution patterns with differing peaks of enzyme activity. On the basis of the number and position of the enzymatically active peaks, the individuals could be grouped into four types: type I: with 4 peaks of activity, EAChe 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 3, EAChE 4; type II: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 3, EAChE 4; type III: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 4; type IV: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 3. Each enzyme entity could be eluted in the similar position on rechromatography with loss of activity. When the same samples were subjected to disc electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel at pH 8.6, three different repeatable patterns were observed. A distinct band (Ch4) at the origin, containing a largest proportion of the enzyme activity, was present in all the samples. One group contained three additional bands of activity Ch3, Ch2, Ch1, while the other two groups had either Ch2 and Ch1 or Ch3 and Ch1 in addition to the Ch4 band. No correlation was apparent between individuals typed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and those typed by disc electrophoresis; further no correlation between either of these types and blood group was apparent.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Individual variation revealed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Acetylcholinesterase (EAChE; acetylcholine acetyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) was prepared from the erythrocyte membrane of Chinese adult males, and solubilised with 1% Triton X-100 in 20 mmol/l phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Chromatography of the preparation on DEAE-cellulose, using a linear gradient of increasing NaCl concentration, yielded four reproducible elution patterns with differing peaks of enzyme activity. On the basis of the number and position of the enzymatically active peaks, the individuals could be grouped into four types: type I: with 4 peaks of activity, EAChe 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 3, EAChE 4; type II: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 3, EAChE 4; type III: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 4; type IV: with 3 peaks of activity, EAChE 1, EAChE 2, EAChE 3. Each enzyme entity could be eluted in the similar position on rechromatography with loss of activity. When the same samples were subjected to disc electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel at pH 8.6, three different repeatable patterns were observed. A distinct band (Ch4) at the origin, containing a largest proportion of the enzyme activity, was present in all the samples. One group contained three additional bands of activity Ch3, Ch2, Ch1, while the other two groups had either Ch2 and Ch1 or Ch3 and Ch1 in addition to the Ch4 band. No correlation was apparent between individuals typed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and those typed by disc electrophoresis; further no correlation between either of these types and blood group was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:939224", "title": "Apparent co-operative effect of hydrogen carbonate (HCO-3) on pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase.", "content": "Kinetic methods have been used to determine the interrelationship between HCO-3, pyruvate and acetyl-CoA and their effect on pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2 ligase [ADP], EC 6.4.1.1). HCO-3 shows a negative co-operative effect (biphasic kinetics with two different Km values). Pyruvate influences the attachment of HCO-3 to this enzyme. The same has been shown for acetyl-CoA. Contrary to the results of other investigators no co-operative effect was seen with pyruvate even at different concentrations of acetyl-CoA. HCO-3 itself shows hardly any effect on the homotropic positive co-operativity (sigmoidal kinetics) of acetyl-CoA. The negative co-operative effect of HCO-3 could not be removed even at saturating concentrations of pyruvate and/or acetyl-CoA, which is also supported by the n and Rs values. The results of this communication bring out differences between pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase from other sources. It is also suggested that there may be different allosteric and regulatory sites for acetyl-CoA, HCO-3 and pyruvate.", "contents": "Apparent co-operative effect of hydrogen carbonate (HCO-3) on pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase. Kinetic methods have been used to determine the interrelationship between HCO-3, pyruvate and acetyl-CoA and their effect on pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2 ligase [ADP], EC 6.4.1.1). HCO-3 shows a negative co-operative effect (biphasic kinetics with two different Km values). Pyruvate influences the attachment of HCO-3 to this enzyme. The same has been shown for acetyl-CoA. Contrary to the results of other investigators no co-operative effect was seen with pyruvate even at different concentrations of acetyl-CoA. HCO-3 itself shows hardly any effect on the homotropic positive co-operativity (sigmoidal kinetics) of acetyl-CoA. The negative co-operative effect of HCO-3 could not be removed even at saturating concentrations of pyruvate and/or acetyl-CoA, which is also supported by the n and Rs values. The results of this communication bring out differences between pigeon kidney pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase from other sources. It is also suggested that there may be different allosteric and regulatory sites for acetyl-CoA, HCO-3 and pyruvate."}
{"id": "PMID:939225", "title": "Separation of beta-galactosidases and beta-glucosidases from human liver.", "content": "Various fractions obtained from normal human liver homogenates by gel chromatography and selective adsorption and elution from insolubilized concanavalin A were compared as to their beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activities. The high-molecular-weight acidic beta-galactosidase form was converted into the smaller major form by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. Electrophoresis and electrofocusing on acrylamide slabs revealed, in addition to the two major isoenzyme forms (acid and neutral), another five minor bands with enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Separation of beta-galactosidases and beta-glucosidases from human liver. Various fractions obtained from normal human liver homogenates by gel chromatography and selective adsorption and elution from insolubilized concanavalin A were compared as to their beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activities. The high-molecular-weight acidic beta-galactosidase form was converted into the smaller major form by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment. Electrophoresis and electrofocusing on acrylamide slabs revealed, in addition to the two major isoenzyme forms (acid and neutral), another five minor bands with enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939226", "title": "Sensitivity of carboxylesterases of rat serum to diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate.", "content": "The effects of varying concentrations of the organophosphorus inhibitor E600 (diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) have been studied on the hydrolysis of a homologous series of n-alkyl aliphatic esters of alpha-naphthol by carboxylesterases of whole rat serum and by an esterase isozyme purified from the latter. The results indicate a regressing organophosphate susceptibility of the isozyme with progressively higher substrates. Inhibitor profiles of the whole serum, however, are more complex and do not exhibit any definite pattern in response to a sequential variation in the acyl carbon chain length of the esters. Both the isozyme and whole serum manifest an unusually high degree of organophosphate sensitivity towards substrates bearing odd number of carbon atoms in the acyl chain.", "contents": "Sensitivity of carboxylesterases of rat serum to diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The effects of varying concentrations of the organophosphorus inhibitor E600 (diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) have been studied on the hydrolysis of a homologous series of n-alkyl aliphatic esters of alpha-naphthol by carboxylesterases of whole rat serum and by an esterase isozyme purified from the latter. The results indicate a regressing organophosphate susceptibility of the isozyme with progressively higher substrates. Inhibitor profiles of the whole serum, however, are more complex and do not exhibit any definite pattern in response to a sequential variation in the acyl carbon chain length of the esters. Both the isozyme and whole serum manifest an unusually high degree of organophosphate sensitivity towards substrates bearing odd number of carbon atoms in the acyl chain."}
{"id": "PMID:939227", "title": "New pathway of conversion of pyridoxal to 4-pyridoxic acid.", "content": "The only enzyme demonstrated so far to catalyze the formation of 4-pyridoxic acid, the final excretory product of vitamin B6, was aldehyde oxidase. In this paper we have presented an evidence that another enzyme, NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, is capable of catalyzing this reaction. Rat mutants with high, low and no aldehyde oxidase activity excrete the same amount of isotope after a single injection of 3H-pyridoxol in a 12-day experiment; 4-pyridoxic acid is also present in the urine of animals without aldehyde oxidase activity. There is no correlation between the proportion of the excreted acid and the amount of pyridoxal excreted, after the injection of a single dose of the aldehyde form. The Km values for pyridoxal and NAD+, at pH 9.6, have been found to be 75 and 260 mumol/l, respectively. NAD+-dependent pyridoxal dehydrogenase was partially purified from the rat tissues, and the following specific enzyme activities (nmol-min-1-mg-1 protein) were found: red blood cell 71.5 +/- 3.0, intestine 64.9 +/- 9.0, muscle 61.4 +/- 1.6, brain 39.5 +/- 6.0, liver 34.4 +/- 3.3, kidney 21.1 +/- 5.6, heart 18.8 +/- 0.9, and lung 6.5 +/- 2.0. This is believed to be the first report demonstrating pyridoxal oxidation, catalyzed by an NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "contents": "New pathway of conversion of pyridoxal to 4-pyridoxic acid. The only enzyme demonstrated so far to catalyze the formation of 4-pyridoxic acid, the final excretory product of vitamin B6, was aldehyde oxidase. In this paper we have presented an evidence that another enzyme, NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, is capable of catalyzing this reaction. Rat mutants with high, low and no aldehyde oxidase activity excrete the same amount of isotope after a single injection of 3H-pyridoxol in a 12-day experiment; 4-pyridoxic acid is also present in the urine of animals without aldehyde oxidase activity. There is no correlation between the proportion of the excreted acid and the amount of pyridoxal excreted, after the injection of a single dose of the aldehyde form. The Km values for pyridoxal and NAD+, at pH 9.6, have been found to be 75 and 260 mumol/l, respectively. NAD+-dependent pyridoxal dehydrogenase was partially purified from the rat tissues, and the following specific enzyme activities (nmol-min-1-mg-1 protein) were found: red blood cell 71.5 +/- 3.0, intestine 64.9 +/- 9.0, muscle 61.4 +/- 1.6, brain 39.5 +/- 6.0, liver 34.4 +/- 3.3, kidney 21.1 +/- 5.6, heart 18.8 +/- 0.9, and lung 6.5 +/- 2.0. This is believed to be the first report demonstrating pyridoxal oxidation, catalyzed by an NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:939228", "title": "A comparative study of the Bessey method and Hausamen method for serum alkaline phosphatase determination.", "content": "The methods of Bessey et al. and Hausamen et al. for serum alkaline phosphatase determination were compared. Determinations were carried out using sera from healthy blood donors and sera from patients suffering from different hepatobiliary diseases. A high reproducibility of values obtained using both methods was noted. The sensitivity of the method of Hausamen et al. is about four times greater than that of the method of Bessey et al., even though the former method employed a lower reaction temperature. A high degree of correlation exists between the two methods and the data reported indicate that both methods are completely valid.", "contents": "A comparative study of the Bessey method and Hausamen method for serum alkaline phosphatase determination. The methods of Bessey et al. and Hausamen et al. for serum alkaline phosphatase determination were compared. Determinations were carried out using sera from healthy blood donors and sera from patients suffering from different hepatobiliary diseases. A high reproducibility of values obtained using both methods was noted. The sensitivity of the method of Hausamen et al. is about four times greater than that of the method of Bessey et al., even though the former method employed a lower reaction temperature. A high degree of correlation exists between the two methods and the data reported indicate that both methods are completely valid."}
{"id": "PMID:939229", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a dog.", "content": "After screening 3,300 dogs, one animal with a mild deficiency of erythrocyte G6PD was detected. Although it had several clinical problems for 2 months, no abnormality could be directly attributable to the reduced enzymatic activity. Biochemically the mutant was electrophoretically slower but within the normal range for Km-G6P, Km-NADP, use of 2-dG6P and deamino NADP, pH optimum, and heat stability.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a dog. After screening 3,300 dogs, one animal with a mild deficiency of erythrocyte G6PD was detected. Although it had several clinical problems for 2 months, no abnormality could be directly attributable to the reduced enzymatic activity. Biochemically the mutant was electrophoretically slower but within the normal range for Km-G6P, Km-NADP, use of 2-dG6P and deamino NADP, pH optimum, and heat stability."}
{"id": "PMID:939230", "title": "Congenital hemihypertrophy and malignant giant pheochromocytoma - a previously undescribed coincidence.", "content": "This is apparently the first report on connatal hemihypertrophy with malignant pheochromocytoma. The coincidence of hemihypertrophy with other diseases, particularly neuroectodermal dysplasias on the one hand and the frequent association of neuroectodermal dysplasias with pheochromocytoma on the other, are emphasized. Furthermore, basically known particularities of this case as malignancy of the tumor, the unusual size of the tumor in children, and the normal catecholamine levels in serum as well as the normal excretion of vanillylmandelic acid are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital hemihypertrophy and malignant giant pheochromocytoma - a previously undescribed coincidence. This is apparently the first report on connatal hemihypertrophy with malignant pheochromocytoma. The coincidence of hemihypertrophy with other diseases, particularly neuroectodermal dysplasias on the one hand and the frequent association of neuroectodermal dysplasias with pheochromocytoma on the other, are emphasized. Furthermore, basically known particularities of this case as malignancy of the tumor, the unusual size of the tumor in children, and the normal catecholamine levels in serum as well as the normal excretion of vanillylmandelic acid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939231", "title": "Clinical and radiologic aspects of vesicoureteral reflux in children.", "content": "The findings of 300 cases of vesicoureteral reflux are reported. Girls were affected 3 times more frequently than boys. The reflux was unilateral in 61% with a strong preponderance of the left ureter. Two hundred and seven children presented with a so-called complete reflux, the contrast material being dected in the ureter and in the pelvicalyceal system at the same time. Almost one third of the children exhibited some changes of the pelvicalyceal system and every 4th patient had serious changes in the upper urinary tract and kidneys. According to the severity of the changes in the ureter, the pelvicalyceal system, and the kidney tissue, 4 types of reflux are differentiated. Typed 1 and 2 were treated successfully with conservative therapy alone, while types 3 and 4 responded only to surgical correction. In 61 cases followed closely for at least 8 months, 28 cases were cured.", "contents": "Clinical and radiologic aspects of vesicoureteral reflux in children. The findings of 300 cases of vesicoureteral reflux are reported. Girls were affected 3 times more frequently than boys. The reflux was unilateral in 61% with a strong preponderance of the left ureter. Two hundred and seven children presented with a so-called complete reflux, the contrast material being dected in the ureter and in the pelvicalyceal system at the same time. Almost one third of the children exhibited some changes of the pelvicalyceal system and every 4th patient had serious changes in the upper urinary tract and kidneys. According to the severity of the changes in the ureter, the pelvicalyceal system, and the kidney tissue, 4 types of reflux are differentiated. Typed 1 and 2 were treated successfully with conservative therapy alone, while types 3 and 4 responded only to surgical correction. In 61 cases followed closely for at least 8 months, 28 cases were cured."}
{"id": "PMID:939232", "title": "ALPHA-Amylase activity in sweat and serum of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "content": "The hypothesis by Doggett and Harrison, according to which alpha-amylase is the pathogenic factor of the exocrinopathy in cystic fibrosis (C.F.), is investigated. No elevation of alpha-amylase in sweat and serum of C.F. patients, as compared with controls of similar age, is observed. It is concluded that the \"C.F. factor\" cannot be identified with alpha-amylase.", "contents": "ALPHA-Amylase activity in sweat and serum of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. The hypothesis by Doggett and Harrison, according to which alpha-amylase is the pathogenic factor of the exocrinopathy in cystic fibrosis (C.F.), is investigated. No elevation of alpha-amylase in sweat and serum of C.F. patients, as compared with controls of similar age, is observed. It is concluded that the \"C.F. factor\" cannot be identified with alpha-amylase."}
{"id": "PMID:939233", "title": "Steatorrhea, a simple and rapid method of diagnosis.", "content": "A simple and rapid method for the diagnosis of steatorrhea is described. The method is based on the assessment of the difference of specific gravity and lipophilic property between a normal stool and that in steatorrhea, using a benzene-NaBr system. The stool samples are dried, pulverized, and then investigated. Steatorrhea is defined either as a fat or more in a 24-hour sample. Stool samples of 71 infants and children were examined. Among these were 23 healthy subjects, 10 with upper respiratory tract infections, and 6 with pneumonia. A further 31 children had celiac disease, 9 of them were on a gluten-free diet, and one child had cystic fibrosis. The procedure described renders single stool samples suitable for the assessment of steatorrhea. As a screening test the method proved to be rapid and accurate in the diagnosis of steatorrhea.", "contents": "Steatorrhea, a simple and rapid method of diagnosis. A simple and rapid method for the diagnosis of steatorrhea is described. The method is based on the assessment of the difference of specific gravity and lipophilic property between a normal stool and that in steatorrhea, using a benzene-NaBr system. The stool samples are dried, pulverized, and then investigated. Steatorrhea is defined either as a fat or more in a 24-hour sample. Stool samples of 71 infants and children were examined. Among these were 23 healthy subjects, 10 with upper respiratory tract infections, and 6 with pneumonia. A further 31 children had celiac disease, 9 of them were on a gluten-free diet, and one child had cystic fibrosis. The procedure described renders single stool samples suitable for the assessment of steatorrhea. As a screening test the method proved to be rapid and accurate in the diagnosis of steatorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:939234", "title": "Effects of ADH on the activity and function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in infants and in children.", "content": "In babies ranging in age from 1 to 25 weeks and in children between 1 and 14 years, plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone activity were determined in relation to urinary sodium excretion. A reciprocal correlation was found demonstrating that the hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated in infants by a low sodium intake. A second stimulus was observed in the influence of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, when the plasma renin activity was suppressed by administration of antidiuretic hormone and sodium excretion increased due to a decreased aldosterone activity. Our study suggests that there exists a feedback between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH release and that this feedback plays an important role in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the young infant.", "contents": "Effects of ADH on the activity and function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in infants and in children. In babies ranging in age from 1 to 25 weeks and in children between 1 and 14 years, plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone activity were determined in relation to urinary sodium excretion. A reciprocal correlation was found demonstrating that the hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated in infants by a low sodium intake. A second stimulus was observed in the influence of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, when the plasma renin activity was suppressed by administration of antidiuretic hormone and sodium excretion increased due to a decreased aldosterone activity. Our study suggests that there exists a feedback between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ADH release and that this feedback plays an important role in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the young infant."}
{"id": "PMID:939243", "title": "Fatty acids incorporation into human adipose tissue in hypertriglyceridaemia.", "content": "The fatty acid and glucose incorporation into glycerides and glycerol release from adipose tissue were determined in a middle-aged population of 109 men and 41 women. 43 men and 19 women were normolipidaemic. The same analysis was also carried out in 13 male and 9 female normolipidaemic students. Needle biopsy specimens of adipose tissue were incubated in vitro in an albumin medium containing 3H-fatty acids and 14C-glucose. After two hours of incubation values for fatty acid and glucose incorporation were calculated from the incorporation of 3H-activity into the fatty acids and 14C-activity into the glycerol moiety of extracted glycerides. The mean values for fatty acid incorporation were lower in all types of hypertriglyceridaemic subjects (II B, III, IV and V) than in the normolipidaemic control subjects. In the male hypertriglyceridaemic population 36% had values for fatty acid incorporation below the 5th percentile of the normolipidaemic group and 14% had values below the lowest normal value. The rate of fatty acid incorporation was negatively correlated with the serum triglyceride concentration. This correlation remained unchanged when partial correlation was performed when the influence of body weight was eliminated. Fatty acid and glucose incorporation correlated positively. Incorporation of glucose behaved in the same way as described above for incorporation of fatty acids. Glycerol and fatty acid release was the same in the normo- and hypertriglyceridaemic groups. It is likely that the removal of plasma triglycerides from blood requires hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids and the subsequent removal of the fatty acids. The hypothesis has been formulated that when the former process is normal, a defect of fatty acid removal (a low rate of fatty acid incorporation into glycerides) may be responsible for an impaired removal of plasma triglyceride-fatty acids. A low rate of fatty acid incorporation may contribute to the development of hypertriglyceridaemia, according to this hypothesis.", "contents": "Fatty acids incorporation into human adipose tissue in hypertriglyceridaemia. The fatty acid and glucose incorporation into glycerides and glycerol release from adipose tissue were determined in a middle-aged population of 109 men and 41 women. 43 men and 19 women were normolipidaemic. The same analysis was also carried out in 13 male and 9 female normolipidaemic students. Needle biopsy specimens of adipose tissue were incubated in vitro in an albumin medium containing 3H-fatty acids and 14C-glucose. After two hours of incubation values for fatty acid and glucose incorporation were calculated from the incorporation of 3H-activity into the fatty acids and 14C-activity into the glycerol moiety of extracted glycerides. The mean values for fatty acid incorporation were lower in all types of hypertriglyceridaemic subjects (II B, III, IV and V) than in the normolipidaemic control subjects. In the male hypertriglyceridaemic population 36% had values for fatty acid incorporation below the 5th percentile of the normolipidaemic group and 14% had values below the lowest normal value. The rate of fatty acid incorporation was negatively correlated with the serum triglyceride concentration. This correlation remained unchanged when partial correlation was performed when the influence of body weight was eliminated. Fatty acid and glucose incorporation correlated positively. Incorporation of glucose behaved in the same way as described above for incorporation of fatty acids. Glycerol and fatty acid release was the same in the normo- and hypertriglyceridaemic groups. It is likely that the removal of plasma triglycerides from blood requires hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids and the subsequent removal of the fatty acids. The hypothesis has been formulated that when the former process is normal, a defect of fatty acid removal (a low rate of fatty acid incorporation into glycerides) may be responsible for an impaired removal of plasma triglyceride-fatty acids. A low rate of fatty acid incorporation may contribute to the development of hypertriglyceridaemia, according to this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:939244", "title": "Compensatory mechanisms for the severe anaemia caused by haemoglobin Hammersmith.", "content": "A severely anaemic, but asymptomatic patient, who is a heterozygous carrier of haemoglobin Hammersmith (beta42 (CD1) phenylalanine - Serine), has been studied to elucidate the mechanisms resulting in physiological compensation for the anaemia. Four factors have been investigated: the oxygen affinity of her blood, the cardiac output at rest and during exercise, the blood gas indices, and pulmonary function. It was found that due to the presence of Heinz bodies within the erythrocytes, the level of functional, haemoglobin was considerably less (50 g/l) than that measured by standard methods (87 g/l). In addition a moderate degree of arterial hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen tension = 10.7 kPa (80.4 mmHg) was present which could not be explained on the basis of abnormal pulmonary function. Both of these factors would result in tissue hypoxia, but the finding of consistently normal oxygen tensions ('mixed' venous oxygen tension = 5.4 kPa (40.3 mmHg) in blood obtained from the right atrium, suggested that hypoxia was not present. This was explained by a decreased whole blood oxygen affinity (P50 = 4.6 kPa (34.5 mmHg) at pH 7.4) and an increase in the cardiac index (5.3 L.min.-1m-2). The latter was the result of an increased stroke volume (125 - 135 ml), the heart rate being normal (63/min.). During moderate exercise, further increases at cardiac output were brought about by a change in heart rate alone. It has been calculated that the decrease in whole blood oxygen per se could not account for adequate tissue oxygenation. This is confirmed by the finding of an increased cardiac output in this patient. It is suggested that in any severe haemolytic anaemia, even if the whole blood oxygen affinity is low, cardiac output is probably increased to achieve complete physiological compensation.", "contents": "Compensatory mechanisms for the severe anaemia caused by haemoglobin Hammersmith. A severely anaemic, but asymptomatic patient, who is a heterozygous carrier of haemoglobin Hammersmith (beta42 (CD1) phenylalanine - Serine), has been studied to elucidate the mechanisms resulting in physiological compensation for the anaemia. Four factors have been investigated: the oxygen affinity of her blood, the cardiac output at rest and during exercise, the blood gas indices, and pulmonary function. It was found that due to the presence of Heinz bodies within the erythrocytes, the level of functional, haemoglobin was considerably less (50 g/l) than that measured by standard methods (87 g/l). In addition a moderate degree of arterial hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen tension = 10.7 kPa (80.4 mmHg) was present which could not be explained on the basis of abnormal pulmonary function. Both of these factors would result in tissue hypoxia, but the finding of consistently normal oxygen tensions ('mixed' venous oxygen tension = 5.4 kPa (40.3 mmHg) in blood obtained from the right atrium, suggested that hypoxia was not present. This was explained by a decreased whole blood oxygen affinity (P50 = 4.6 kPa (34.5 mmHg) at pH 7.4) and an increase in the cardiac index (5.3 L.min.-1m-2). The latter was the result of an increased stroke volume (125 - 135 ml), the heart rate being normal (63/min.). During moderate exercise, further increases at cardiac output were brought about by a change in heart rate alone. It has been calculated that the decrease in whole blood oxygen per se could not account for adequate tissue oxygenation. This is confirmed by the finding of an increased cardiac output in this patient. It is suggested that in any severe haemolytic anaemia, even if the whole blood oxygen affinity is low, cardiac output is probably increased to achieve complete physiological compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:939245", "title": "Oral versus intravenous administration of butylbiguanide: effect on oral glucose tolerance in normal humans.", "content": "1. The effect of oral and intravenous administration of butylbiguanide on the oral glucose tolerance test was investigated in 12 normal human volunteers. Orally administered butylbiguanide lowered the oral glucose tolerance curve and the corresponding serum insulin values, whereas intravenously injected butylbiguanide had no effect. 2. The lactate/pyruvate ratio determined 180 min. after glucose ingestion increased after oral butylbiguanide administration. No effect was observed after intravenous administration. 3. The decrease in serum phosphate levels observed after oral glucose loading was not influenced by butylbiguanide administered by either route. In addition, no effect of this drug was observed on fasting levels of glucose, insulin, phosphate, bicarbonate, lactate and pyruvate. 4. These results are compatible with recent observations that biguanides inhibit active transport mechanisms in the intestine. In addition, the effect of biguanides on blood levels of glucose metabolites is discussed with respect to their known action on oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Oral versus intravenous administration of butylbiguanide: effect on oral glucose tolerance in normal humans. 1. The effect of oral and intravenous administration of butylbiguanide on the oral glucose tolerance test was investigated in 12 normal human volunteers. Orally administered butylbiguanide lowered the oral glucose tolerance curve and the corresponding serum insulin values, whereas intravenously injected butylbiguanide had no effect. 2. The lactate/pyruvate ratio determined 180 min. after glucose ingestion increased after oral butylbiguanide administration. No effect was observed after intravenous administration. 3. The decrease in serum phosphate levels observed after oral glucose loading was not influenced by butylbiguanide administered by either route. In addition, no effect of this drug was observed on fasting levels of glucose, insulin, phosphate, bicarbonate, lactate and pyruvate. 4. These results are compatible with recent observations that biguanides inhibit active transport mechanisms in the intestine. In addition, the effect of biguanides on blood levels of glucose metabolites is discussed with respect to their known action on oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:939246", "title": "Partial purification of human renin substrate.", "content": "A two-step purification method is described for the preparation of renin substrate from human plasma. Pooled plasma from women on oral contraceptives is used for the purification. The overall yield of renin substrate is 57%, with a twenty-fold purification. The specific renin substrate content of the preparation, as determined by enzymatic degradation with an excess of human renin, is 2 mug angiotensin I per mg protein. The product has a very low endogenous renin activity and is free from angiotensinase activity. An additional purification step involving affinity chromatography is described. In pilot studies a renin substrate yield of 37% has been achieved, with a hundred-fold purification. The final product has a specific renin substrate content of 10 mug angiotensin I per mg protein. The preparation contains up to 12 different plasma proteins, nine of which have been identified and quantitated.", "contents": "Partial purification of human renin substrate. A two-step purification method is described for the preparation of renin substrate from human plasma. Pooled plasma from women on oral contraceptives is used for the purification. The overall yield of renin substrate is 57%, with a twenty-fold purification. The specific renin substrate content of the preparation, as determined by enzymatic degradation with an excess of human renin, is 2 mug angiotensin I per mg protein. The product has a very low endogenous renin activity and is free from angiotensinase activity. An additional purification step involving affinity chromatography is described. In pilot studies a renin substrate yield of 37% has been achieved, with a hundred-fold purification. The final product has a specific renin substrate content of 10 mug angiotensin I per mg protein. The preparation contains up to 12 different plasma proteins, nine of which have been identified and quantitated."}
{"id": "PMID:939247", "title": "The effect of generalized hypoxia upon flow and composition of cardiac lymph in the dog.", "content": "Generalized hypoxia lasting 60 seconds more than doubled the cardiac lymph flow in dogs. The number of erythrocytes per mm3 of cardiac lymph increased by about 300%. However, there was no change in total protein or in the concentrations of different lipids following hypoxia. Thus, the transfer of erythrocytes across the myocardial interstitium increased by a factor of ten, and proteins and lipids by 150%. An increase of the capillary surface area probably explained the increased lymph flow. Permeability for macromolecules through the endothelial cells was not increased, since the selectivity for different lipids did not change. The increased transfer of erythrocytes may be explained by an increased permeability through intercellular junctions. The triglyceride content of thoracic duct lymph decreased by about 60% in the corresponding period, but no changes in flow or permeability were observed.", "contents": "The effect of generalized hypoxia upon flow and composition of cardiac lymph in the dog. Generalized hypoxia lasting 60 seconds more than doubled the cardiac lymph flow in dogs. The number of erythrocytes per mm3 of cardiac lymph increased by about 300%. However, there was no change in total protein or in the concentrations of different lipids following hypoxia. Thus, the transfer of erythrocytes across the myocardial interstitium increased by a factor of ten, and proteins and lipids by 150%. An increase of the capillary surface area probably explained the increased lymph flow. Permeability for macromolecules through the endothelial cells was not increased, since the selectivity for different lipids did not change. The increased transfer of erythrocytes may be explained by an increased permeability through intercellular junctions. The triglyceride content of thoracic duct lymph decreased by about 60% in the corresponding period, but no changes in flow or permeability were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:939248", "title": "Effects of haemodialysis on fractional intestinal absorption of calcium in uraemia.", "content": "Fractional intestinal absorption of calcium was measured in 41 haemodialysed patients 4 hours after an oral dose of 47 Ca. Fractional intestinal calcium absorption was 40.3 +/- 1.9% (SEM) when measured 10 to 12 hours after a haemodialysis session (dialysate calcium concentration: 1.75 mmol/litre). This value was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that in 26 healthy controls (56.8 +/- 1.8%) and higher (p less than 0.05) than that of 35 patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively (34.5 +/- 2.1%). In 17 patients, fractional intestinal calcium absorption was measured just before and just after a dialysis session. Pre-dialysis fractional intestinal calcium absorption (33.7 +/- 3.0%) was not significantly different from fractional intestinal calcium absorption in uraemic patients treated conservatively, while after dialysis fractional intestinal calcium absorption had increased significantly to 42.0 +/- 2.6% (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that the transient increase in fractional intestinal calcium absorption observed after dialysis could be related to dialysis induced volume depletion rather than to a vitamin D-dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of haemodialysis on fractional intestinal absorption of calcium in uraemia. Fractional intestinal absorption of calcium was measured in 41 haemodialysed patients 4 hours after an oral dose of 47 Ca. Fractional intestinal calcium absorption was 40.3 +/- 1.9% (SEM) when measured 10 to 12 hours after a haemodialysis session (dialysate calcium concentration: 1.75 mmol/litre). This value was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that in 26 healthy controls (56.8 +/- 1.8%) and higher (p less than 0.05) than that of 35 patients with chronic renal failure treated conservatively (34.5 +/- 2.1%). In 17 patients, fractional intestinal calcium absorption was measured just before and just after a dialysis session. Pre-dialysis fractional intestinal calcium absorption (33.7 +/- 3.0%) was not significantly different from fractional intestinal calcium absorption in uraemic patients treated conservatively, while after dialysis fractional intestinal calcium absorption had increased significantly to 42.0 +/- 2.6% (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that the transient increase in fractional intestinal calcium absorption observed after dialysis could be related to dialysis induced volume depletion rather than to a vitamin D-dependent mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:939272", "title": "Purification and catalytic properties of \"thermostable\" fumarase from Bacillus stearothermophilus NU-10 and Thermus X-1.", "content": "Fumarase (L-malate hydro-lysase E.C.4.2.1.2) was purified from the thermophilic bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus NU-10 (optimum growth temperature 62-63 degrees C) and Thermus X-1 (optimum growth temperature 70 degrees C). The furmarase from Thermus X-1 is slightly more thermostable and has an \"optimum\" catalytic reaction temperature of 83 degrees C as compared to 81 degrees C for the B. stearothermophilus enzyme. Increased thermostability of these fumarases permitted an examination of the properties of the enzyme catalyzed reaction at temperatures higher than had previously been possible with the furmarases from mesophilic bacteria or higher plant and animal sources. Beyong the observed thermostability of the thermophilic fumarases, the catalytic properties of thermophilic fumarases were very similar to those observed with bacterial fumarase or the well characterized pig heart fumarase (effect of temperature on substrate affinities, pH optimum, substrate inhibition by fumarate, and Haldane relationship). These similarities suggest that thermophilic enzymes may be useful in the general study of enzyme reaction mechanisms.", "contents": "Purification and catalytic properties of \"thermostable\" fumarase from Bacillus stearothermophilus NU-10 and Thermus X-1. Fumarase (L-malate hydro-lysase E.C.4.2.1.2) was purified from the thermophilic bacteria Bacillus stearothermophilus NU-10 (optimum growth temperature 62-63 degrees C) and Thermus X-1 (optimum growth temperature 70 degrees C). The furmarase from Thermus X-1 is slightly more thermostable and has an \"optimum\" catalytic reaction temperature of 83 degrees C as compared to 81 degrees C for the B. stearothermophilus enzyme. Increased thermostability of these fumarases permitted an examination of the properties of the enzyme catalyzed reaction at temperatures higher than had previously been possible with the furmarases from mesophilic bacteria or higher plant and animal sources. Beyong the observed thermostability of the thermophilic fumarases, the catalytic properties of thermophilic fumarases were very similar to those observed with bacterial fumarase or the well characterized pig heart fumarase (effect of temperature on substrate affinities, pH optimum, substrate inhibition by fumarate, and Haldane relationship). These similarities suggest that thermophilic enzymes may be useful in the general study of enzyme reaction mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:939274", "title": "Chemical, physical and enzymatic comparisons of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetases from thermo- and mesophilic Clostridia.", "content": "Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from the mesophiles Clostridium cylindrosporum, C. acidiurici, and C. formicoaceticum and the thermophile C. thermoaceticum have been purified to homogeneity, the first two by Rabinowitz and Himes and their coworkers and the latter two by ourselves. The physical properties of these proteins are very similar. All four enzymes are tetrameric and all are activated by NH4+ or K+, and the mechanism of this activation always involves a decrease in Km for formate. The enzyme from C. formicoaceticum is more thermostable and has a higher temperature optimum than the C. cylindrosporum or C. acidiurici enzymes and the C. thermoaceticum enzyme is the most thermostable. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions indicate possible correlations between thermostability and an increased content of isoleucine, arginine and tryptophan and a decreased content of phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Both of the less thermostable enzymes dissociative above 37 degrees if NH4+ or K+ are removed, but neither of the more stable enzymes do. In 25% D2O, the C. formicoaceticum enzyme is destabilized at elevated temperatures, relative to the C. thermoaceticum enzyme. It is possible that stronger hydrophobic interactions between subunits are responsible for increased thermostability in these enzymes.", "contents": "Chemical, physical and enzymatic comparisons of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetases from thermo- and mesophilic Clostridia. Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from the mesophiles Clostridium cylindrosporum, C. acidiurici, and C. formicoaceticum and the thermophile C. thermoaceticum have been purified to homogeneity, the first two by Rabinowitz and Himes and their coworkers and the latter two by ourselves. The physical properties of these proteins are very similar. All four enzymes are tetrameric and all are activated by NH4+ or K+, and the mechanism of this activation always involves a decrease in Km for formate. The enzyme from C. formicoaceticum is more thermostable and has a higher temperature optimum than the C. cylindrosporum or C. acidiurici enzymes and the C. thermoaceticum enzyme is the most thermostable. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions indicate possible correlations between thermostability and an increased content of isoleucine, arginine and tryptophan and a decreased content of phenylalanine and aspartic acid. Both of the less thermostable enzymes dissociative above 37 degrees if NH4+ or K+ are removed, but neither of the more stable enzymes do. In 25% D2O, the C. formicoaceticum enzyme is destabilized at elevated temperatures, relative to the C. thermoaceticum enzyme. It is possible that stronger hydrophobic interactions between subunits are responsible for increased thermostability in these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:939279", "title": "Thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes from B. caldotenax and B. stearothermophilus: properties, relationships and formation.", "content": "1) The adaptive system of thermophilic bacteria, as demonstrated with B. caldotenax, seems to be suitable to produce thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes for comparative studies. 2) If it may be assumed that the extensive homologies in the N-terminal sequences of the LDHs also extend over the entire polypeptide chain, comparison of these sequences together with investigation on the 3-dimensional structure offer the possibility of elucidating those structural details which may be responsible for thermostability and the other thermophilic properties. However, the difficulty still remains that the latter may be obscured by differences not related to thermostability etc. Neverthless it may be hoped that comparison of the full sequences of not only the LDHs but also of a sufficient number of other enzymes of the same system will yield such details. 3) A further interesting goal with respect to the mechanism of enzyme adaptation would be reached if the differences in amino acid sequence of thermophilic and mesophilic LDH enzymes would throw light on the type of the amino acids always being exchanged. Here from the very hypothetical point of view the question arises as to whether the bacterial cell during the metabolic adaptation process or even by mutation/selection is able to modify just those few amino acid residues thermodynamically important for thermostability. Alternatively: does there exist a \"rule\" by which certain amino acid residues are invariably exchanged on a change for thermophilic to mesophilic enzymes? 4) Problems not mentioned here arise with B. stearothermophilus, which can be adapted poorly via the spores or on intermediate temperatures. Of great importance, but also  a special problem in these studies on thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes produced by the same bacterium are a) the characterization of the thermophilic (70 degrees or 55 degrees) and mesophilic (37 degrees) bacterial variants (in respect to type), b) the control of homogeneity of the bacterial culture (contamination, mixed population), c) proof of the genetic identity of the 70 degrees- (55 degrees-) and 37 degrees -variant of B. caldotenax and B. stearothermophilus, which differ greatly in their phenotypes, for example in their metabolism, cell- or colony merphology. The taxonomical-biochemical identity or also the identity of morphology of the sporangia, since this should be an expression of the temperature dependent phenotype, cannot be used unconditionally as criteria of identity. Criteria such as the presence of identical enzymes in both variants or the identity of the genome (use of genetic markers, anlaysis of the DNA) are more reliable. Experiments with both variants of B. caldotenax demonstrated an identically high content of cytosine plus guanine in their DNA: 62.2% in the thermophilic DNA and 66.8% in the mesophilic DNA. In the thermophilic B. stearothermophilus the C+G content of the DNA was 56.5% and in the mesophilic variant 57.1%...", "contents": "Thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes from B. caldotenax and B. stearothermophilus: properties, relationships and formation. 1) The adaptive system of thermophilic bacteria, as demonstrated with B. caldotenax, seems to be suitable to produce thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes for comparative studies. 2) If it may be assumed that the extensive homologies in the N-terminal sequences of the LDHs also extend over the entire polypeptide chain, comparison of these sequences together with investigation on the 3-dimensional structure offer the possibility of elucidating those structural details which may be responsible for thermostability and the other thermophilic properties. However, the difficulty still remains that the latter may be obscured by differences not related to thermostability etc. Neverthless it may be hoped that comparison of the full sequences of not only the LDHs but also of a sufficient number of other enzymes of the same system will yield such details. 3) A further interesting goal with respect to the mechanism of enzyme adaptation would be reached if the differences in amino acid sequence of thermophilic and mesophilic LDH enzymes would throw light on the type of the amino acids always being exchanged. Here from the very hypothetical point of view the question arises as to whether the bacterial cell during the metabolic adaptation process or even by mutation/selection is able to modify just those few amino acid residues thermodynamically important for thermostability. Alternatively: does there exist a \"rule\" by which certain amino acid residues are invariably exchanged on a change for thermophilic to mesophilic enzymes? 4) Problems not mentioned here arise with B. stearothermophilus, which can be adapted poorly via the spores or on intermediate temperatures. Of great importance, but also  a special problem in these studies on thermophilic and mesophilic enzymes produced by the same bacterium are a) the characterization of the thermophilic (70 degrees or 55 degrees) and mesophilic (37 degrees) bacterial variants (in respect to type), b) the control of homogeneity of the bacterial culture (contamination, mixed population), c) proof of the genetic identity of the 70 degrees- (55 degrees-) and 37 degrees -variant of B. caldotenax and B. stearothermophilus, which differ greatly in their phenotypes, for example in their metabolism, cell- or colony merphology. The taxonomical-biochemical identity or also the identity of morphology of the sporangia, since this should be an expression of the temperature dependent phenotype, cannot be used unconditionally as criteria of identity. Criteria such as the presence of identical enzymes in both variants or the identity of the genome (use of genetic markers, anlaysis of the DNA) are more reliable. Experiments with both variants of B. caldotenax demonstrated an identically high content of cytosine plus guanine in their DNA: 62.2% in the thermophilic DNA and 66.8% in the mesophilic DNA. In the thermophilic B. stearothermophilus the C+G content of the DNA was 56.5% and in the mesophilic variant 57.1%..."}
{"id": "PMID:939283", "title": "Family planning program effects on the fertility of low-income U.S. women.", "content": "Under rigorous statistical controls, it has been shown that the larger the proportion of lower SES women enrolled in organized family planning programs, the lower their fertility. Program effects independent of other social, economic and cultural factors were shown for lower SES whites and blacks, and for most age groups. The potential of a fully implemented program to reduce fertility differentials between upper and lower SES groups was assessed, using 1969-1970 fertility rates and the estimates of 1969 program impact. Although we believe that the program's impact has increased in magnitude over time, even these estimates from an early point in U.S. program development provide impressive documentation that the program reduces fertility in the subpopulation served by the program, and, by implication, that there is a genuine need for organized family planning services, even in an industrialized nation like the United States. If there were no need, there could be no program effect. The family planning program was one of the major new health and social programs introduced in the mid-1960s. This study shows that, far from failing, the program was succeeding very well in attaining its objectives. The program works because it gives women of lower socioeconomic status access to modern and effective methods of contraception that they would not otherwise have. As a result, the rates of unwanted and mistimed pregnancy of patients are lower than those of comparable women who lack access to organized clinic programs.", "contents": "Family planning program effects on the fertility of low-income U.S. women. Under rigorous statistical controls, it has been shown that the larger the proportion of lower SES women enrolled in organized family planning programs, the lower their fertility. Program effects independent of other social, economic and cultural factors were shown for lower SES whites and blacks, and for most age groups. The potential of a fully implemented program to reduce fertility differentials between upper and lower SES groups was assessed, using 1969-1970 fertility rates and the estimates of 1969 program impact. Although we believe that the program's impact has increased in magnitude over time, even these estimates from an early point in U.S. program development provide impressive documentation that the program reduces fertility in the subpopulation served by the program, and, by implication, that there is a genuine need for organized family planning services, even in an industrialized nation like the United States. If there were no need, there could be no program effect. The family planning program was one of the major new health and social programs introduced in the mid-1960s. This study shows that, far from failing, the program was succeeding very well in attaining its objectives. The program works because it gives women of lower socioeconomic status access to modern and effective methods of contraception that they would not otherwise have. As a result, the rates of unwanted and mistimed pregnancy of patients are lower than those of comparable women who lack access to organized clinic programs."}
{"id": "PMID:939284", "title": "Number and timing failures among legitimate births in the United States: 1968, 1969 and 1972.", "content": "More than one in 10 legitimate births that occurred in the United States during 1968, 1969, and 1972 were not wanted at all, and more than one-quarter of the births were timing failures. A substantial reduction in unwanted childbearing took place between 1968 and 1972. The proportion of legitimate births reported by their mothers to be unwanted ever declined from 13 percent in 1968 to eight percent in 1972. If, as reported in a number of cross-sectional surveys taken during this approximate period, there was a sharp reduction in wanted family size reported by married women, then these women would have remained at risk of having an unwanted birth for a longer period than when their wanted family size had been higher. Thus, these estimates of a decline in unwanted childbearing may be understated (although there was the countervailing trend of later age at marriage during these years). The decline in unwanted childbearing between 1968 and 1972 is only partially attributable to the shift toward lower birth orders that occurred. Declines in unwanted births occurred for almost all birth orders. There was no significant reduction in mistimed births. Because the decline in unwanted fertility during the study period was much greater for nonwhites than whites, the traditional racial differential in unwanted childbearing narrowed considerably between 1968 and 1972. In 1968, 12 percent of the white legitimate births were classified as not wanted, compared to 21 percent of the legitimate births to nonwhites. However, between 1968 and 1972, nonwhites experienced extremely sharp declines in unwanted childbearing. Thus, in 1972 only 9.5 percent of the legitimate births to nonwhites were reported as unwanted, compared to 8.1 percent of the white births. Mothers of higher parity were much more likely to report a birth as unwanted than those of lower parity. Mothers who had completed more schooling were less likely than poorly educated mothers to report births as unwanted. Income level seems unrelated to whether the birth is unwanted, but is inversely related to whether it is a timing failure. Births that resulted from premarital conceptions tended to be reported as timing failures. Viewed from the cross-sectional perspective of period rates of population change, the elimination of unwanted legitimate childbearing would have had a substantial effect on population growth in each of the study years even without decreasing marital mistimed births or illegitimate fertility. The data also suggest that eliminating unwanted marital childbearing could significantly reduce completed family size. However, this conclusion must be viewed with great caution, since we do not know the future variations in timing and spacing of births, and the extent to which the childbearing experience of the sampled mothers is representative of their birth cohorts.", "contents": "Number and timing failures among legitimate births in the United States: 1968, 1969 and 1972. More than one in 10 legitimate births that occurred in the United States during 1968, 1969, and 1972 were not wanted at all, and more than one-quarter of the births were timing failures. A substantial reduction in unwanted childbearing took place between 1968 and 1972. The proportion of legitimate births reported by their mothers to be unwanted ever declined from 13 percent in 1968 to eight percent in 1972. If, as reported in a number of cross-sectional surveys taken during this approximate period, there was a sharp reduction in wanted family size reported by married women, then these women would have remained at risk of having an unwanted birth for a longer period than when their wanted family size had been higher. Thus, these estimates of a decline in unwanted childbearing may be understated (although there was the countervailing trend of later age at marriage during these years). The decline in unwanted childbearing between 1968 and 1972 is only partially attributable to the shift toward lower birth orders that occurred. Declines in unwanted births occurred for almost all birth orders. There was no significant reduction in mistimed births. Because the decline in unwanted fertility during the study period was much greater for nonwhites than whites, the traditional racial differential in unwanted childbearing narrowed considerably between 1968 and 1972. In 1968, 12 percent of the white legitimate births were classified as not wanted, compared to 21 percent of the legitimate births to nonwhites. However, between 1968 and 1972, nonwhites experienced extremely sharp declines in unwanted childbearing. Thus, in 1972 only 9.5 percent of the legitimate births to nonwhites were reported as unwanted, compared to 8.1 percent of the white births. Mothers of higher parity were much more likely to report a birth as unwanted than those of lower parity. Mothers who had completed more schooling were less likely than poorly educated mothers to report births as unwanted. Income level seems unrelated to whether the birth is unwanted, but is inversely related to whether it is a timing failure. Births that resulted from premarital conceptions tended to be reported as timing failures. Viewed from the cross-sectional perspective of period rates of population change, the elimination of unwanted legitimate childbearing would have had a substantial effect on population growth in each of the study years even without decreasing marital mistimed births or illegitimate fertility. The data also suggest that eliminating unwanted marital childbearing could significantly reduce completed family size. However, this conclusion must be viewed with great caution, since we do not know the future variations in timing and spacing of births, and the extent to which the childbearing experience of the sampled mothers is representative of their birth cohorts."}
{"id": "PMID:939286", "title": "The bad old days: clandestine abortions among the poor in New York City before liberalization of the abortion law.", "content": "In surveys of poverty neighborhoods in New York City conducted in 1965 and 1967, it became apparent that clandestine abortions were more frequently reported as occurring when the woman was married and had one to three children than before marriage or after three children had already been born. Knowledge of persons who could induce an abortion was not very common among the women interviewed, and most of those who were known did not have any specialized medical training. Physicians were involved in only two percent of the respondents' own reported abortion attempts and in six percent of those among their friends, relatives and acquaintances. There was a fairly large variety of methods known and used that were supposed to provoke an abortion. The largest proportion of these were substances taken by mouth--some of which, like turpentine, Chlorox and massive doses of quinine, are quite dangerous. The next largest group involved uterine insertions. Other types of methods like massage and baths were quite rare. The popularity of the oral route of administration may be relevant to biomedical researchers who are developing new fertility regulating methods and are concerned about their acceptability.", "contents": "The bad old days: clandestine abortions among the poor in New York City before liberalization of the abortion law. In surveys of poverty neighborhoods in New York City conducted in 1965 and 1967, it became apparent that clandestine abortions were more frequently reported as occurring when the woman was married and had one to three children than before marriage or after three children had already been born. Knowledge of persons who could induce an abortion was not very common among the women interviewed, and most of those who were known did not have any specialized medical training. Physicians were involved in only two percent of the respondents' own reported abortion attempts and in six percent of those among their friends, relatives and acquaintances. There was a fairly large variety of methods known and used that were supposed to provoke an abortion. The largest proportion of these were substances taken by mouth--some of which, like turpentine, Chlorox and massive doses of quinine, are quite dangerous. The next largest group involved uterine insertions. Other types of methods like massage and baths were quite rare. The popularity of the oral route of administration may be relevant to biomedical researchers who are developing new fertility regulating methods and are concerned about their acceptability."}
{"id": "PMID:939316", "title": "Synthesis of 3-aminothieno-(2,3-b)pyridine derivatives. II.", "content": "The 3-cyanopyridin-2-thiol and its alkyl derivatives give, with halogen derivatives having an electron attracting group in alpha-position, the 3-aminothieno (2,3-b) pyridine derivatives in high yields. The behaviour of 2-carboethoxy-3-amino derivates and its products of hydrolysis and acetylation are studied.", "contents": "Synthesis of 3-aminothieno-(2,3-b)pyridine derivatives. II. The 3-cyanopyridin-2-thiol and its alkyl derivatives give, with halogen derivatives having an electron attracting group in alpha-position, the 3-aminothieno (2,3-b) pyridine derivatives in high yields. The behaviour of 2-carboethoxy-3-amino derivates and its products of hydrolysis and acetylation are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:939317", "title": "Surface activity of drugs: oximes of 3-formylrifamycin SV.", "content": "The surface activity of a series of oximes of 3-formylrifamycin SV, carrying an n-alkyl chain from C1 to C12 has been investigated. The oximes can be classified into two main groups, depending on the length of the chain and having different CMC, ageing effect and area/molecule values. Two different orientations of the rifamycin molecule at the surface are proposed for the two groups: the first one occurring in the oximes with ALKYL SUBstituents C1 to C3 and induced by the hydrophobic region located in the ansa of the base molecule, the second one occurring in the oximes with alkyl substitutents C1 to C12 and induced by the hydrophobic substituent itself. The oxime with the C8 chain is the most efficent surfactant of the series. Some biological implications are discussed for the inhibition of bacterial strains resistant to rifampicin and of viral RNA dependent DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Surface activity of drugs: oximes of 3-formylrifamycin SV. The surface activity of a series of oximes of 3-formylrifamycin SV, carrying an n-alkyl chain from C1 to C12 has been investigated. The oximes can be classified into two main groups, depending on the length of the chain and having different CMC, ageing effect and area/molecule values. Two different orientations of the rifamycin molecule at the surface are proposed for the two groups: the first one occurring in the oximes with ALKYL SUBstituents C1 to C3 and induced by the hydrophobic region located in the ansa of the base molecule, the second one occurring in the oximes with alkyl substitutents C1 to C12 and induced by the hydrophobic substituent itself. The oxime with the C8 chain is the most efficent surfactant of the series. Some biological implications are discussed for the inhibition of bacterial strains resistant to rifampicin and of viral RNA dependent DNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:939318", "title": "[Synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of benzothiazole derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and immidazo/2,1-b/1,3,4-thiadiazole].", "content": "The synthesis and chemical properties of some derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and imidazo (2,1-b) 1,3,4-thiadiazole are described. These substances were prepared in order to study their antimicrobial activity.", "contents": "[Synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of benzothiazole derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and immidazo/2,1-b/1,3,4-thiadiazole]. The synthesis and chemical properties of some derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and imidazo (2,1-b) 1,3,4-thiadiazole are described. These substances were prepared in order to study their antimicrobial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939319", "title": "[3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides. IV. - Synthesis of the new trimethoxybenzoyloxazolidine].", "content": "As a part of a systematic research on new heterocyclic 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides with potential C.N.S. depressant activity, some derivatives of methyl- or dimethyloxazolidines were prepared. The results of preliminary pharmacological screening are reported in comparison with those of the model compound (I).", "contents": "[3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides. IV. - Synthesis of the new trimethoxybenzoyloxazolidine]. As a part of a systematic research on new heterocyclic 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides with potential C.N.S. depressant activity, some derivatives of methyl- or dimethyloxazolidines were prepared. The results of preliminary pharmacological screening are reported in comparison with those of the model compound (I)."}
{"id": "PMID:939320", "title": "[High pressure liquid-liquid chromatography: correlation between retention times and biological activity of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives].", "content": "An investigation has been made of the possibility of using the retention times t obtained by reversed phase high pressure liquid-liquid chromatography in the study of quantitative structure-activity relatiionships. Taking as an example a group of herbicides which inhibit the Hill reaction, it was found that log t is additive and can be used as the hydrophobic parameter in regression analyses. The characteristics, advantages and possible developments of the method are discussed and the analytical interest is highlighted.", "contents": "[High pressure liquid-liquid chromatography: correlation between retention times and biological activity of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives]. An investigation has been made of the possibility of using the retention times t obtained by reversed phase high pressure liquid-liquid chromatography in the study of quantitative structure-activity relatiionships. Taking as an example a group of herbicides which inhibit the Hill reaction, it was found that log t is additive and can be used as the hydrophobic parameter in regression analyses. The characteristics, advantages and possible developments of the method are discussed and the analytical interest is highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:939321", "title": "The preparation of 5-spiro-7'-(bicyclo (4.1.0.) heptane)barbituric acid.", "content": "The 7,7-diethoxycarbonylnorcarane (III), obtained by a catalytic decomposition of diethyldiazomalonate (I a) in cyclohexene, was condensed with urea to give the 5-spiro-7'-(bicyclo(4.1.0.)heptane)barbituric acid (IV).", "contents": "The preparation of 5-spiro-7'-(bicyclo (4.1.0.) heptane)barbituric acid. The 7,7-diethoxycarbonylnorcarane (III), obtained by a catalytic decomposition of diethyldiazomalonate (I a) in cyclohexene, was condensed with urea to give the 5-spiro-7'-(bicyclo(4.1.0.)heptane)barbituric acid (IV)."}
{"id": "PMID:939322", "title": "[Use of oximinoiminopyrrazoline esters in the synthesis of solids phase peptides: synthesis of bradykinin].", "content": "Since oximinyliminopyrrazoline ester (OPmp) present a peculiar characteristic in the omogenous peptide synthesis, the use of them, also in the synthesis of bradikinine by the solid phase technique, was duly taken into consideration and tried out. This synthesis was achieved by employing N-protected amino acid OPmp esters containing a methoxycarbonyl or a benzylaminocarbonyl as the acyl function in position 5 of the pyrazoline ring. No significant differences were found in the reactivity of such derivatives in respect of OPmp esters containing the benzyloxycarbonylglycyl moiety. The biological activity of the synthetized braikinine is similar to that of a sample of natural \"standard\".", "contents": "[Use of oximinoiminopyrrazoline esters in the synthesis of solids phase peptides: synthesis of bradykinin]. Since oximinyliminopyrrazoline ester (OPmp) present a peculiar characteristic in the omogenous peptide synthesis, the use of them, also in the synthesis of bradikinine by the solid phase technique, was duly taken into consideration and tried out. This synthesis was achieved by employing N-protected amino acid OPmp esters containing a methoxycarbonyl or a benzylaminocarbonyl as the acyl function in position 5 of the pyrazoline ring. No significant differences were found in the reactivity of such derivatives in respect of OPmp esters containing the benzyloxycarbonylglycyl moiety. The biological activity of the synthetized braikinine is similar to that of a sample of natural \"standard\"."}
{"id": "PMID:939323", "title": "Synthesis of sulphonamidoquinoline derivatives.", "content": "In a research for new antimicrobial agents effective in therapy a new series of sulphonamidoquinoline derivatives have been studied. Their molecules, have got the feature of both 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine-3-carboxylic acid and sulphonamides. The structure of such compounds has been confirmed by chemical and physico-chemical methods and their antimicrobial activity has been tested.", "contents": "Synthesis of sulphonamidoquinoline derivatives. In a research for new antimicrobial agents effective in therapy a new series of sulphonamidoquinoline derivatives have been studied. Their molecules, have got the feature of both 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxopyridine-3-carboxylic acid and sulphonamides. The structure of such compounds has been confirmed by chemical and physico-chemical methods and their antimicrobial activity has been tested."}
{"id": "PMID:939324", "title": "Polymorphism of erythromycin studied by differential thermal analysis.", "content": "The polymorphism of erythromycin has been studied by differential thermal analysis. Three main forms, two crystalline (I and SI) and one amorphous have been characterized. Solvation and imbibition water can be differentiated. Solvates from 2-propanol (SII), trichloromethane (SIII) and tetrachloromethane (SIV) have been characterized. The physical stability of the various forms both in the dry state and in aqueous suspension are discussed.", "contents": "Polymorphism of erythromycin studied by differential thermal analysis. The polymorphism of erythromycin has been studied by differential thermal analysis. Three main forms, two crystalline (I and SI) and one amorphous have been characterized. Solvation and imbibition water can be differentiated. Solvates from 2-propanol (SII), trichloromethane (SIII) and tetrachloromethane (SIV) have been characterized. The physical stability of the various forms both in the dry state and in aqueous suspension are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939325", "title": "Influence of side chain configuration on anti-inflammatory analgesic and anti-pyretic properties of 4-biphenylyl alkanoic acids.", "content": "A study on the influence of the number of carbon atoms in the side chain as well as side chain configuration on some pharmacologic properties of 4-biphenylyl alkanoic acids is presented. Unlike the chemical structure dependent anti-inflammatory properties, mild analgesic and anti-pyretic properties were neither dependent upon number of carbon atoms nor side chain configuration.", "contents": "Influence of side chain configuration on anti-inflammatory analgesic and anti-pyretic properties of 4-biphenylyl alkanoic acids. A study on the influence of the number of carbon atoms in the side chain as well as side chain configuration on some pharmacologic properties of 4-biphenylyl alkanoic acids is presented. Unlike the chemical structure dependent anti-inflammatory properties, mild analgesic and anti-pyretic properties were neither dependent upon number of carbon atoms nor side chain configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:939326", "title": "2-Adamantyl- and 2-adamantylidene-2-ethylamines.", "content": "The synthesis of 2-adamantyl-2-ethylamine, 2-adamantylidene-2-ethylamine and their N,N-dimethyl derivatives, starting from ethyl 2-adamantylidenecyanoacetate, is described.", "contents": "2-Adamantyl- and 2-adamantylidene-2-ethylamines. The synthesis of 2-adamantyl-2-ethylamine, 2-adamantylidene-2-ethylamine and their N,N-dimethyl derivatives, starting from ethyl 2-adamantylidenecyanoacetate, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:939327", "title": "[Preparation and study of phytotoxic activity of anilides of the (+/-) hydratropic acid].", "content": "A series of ((+/-)-hydratropanilides variously substituted in the aniline nucleus (substances I leads to XXXIX) were prepared. The substances were studied for inhibition of the Hill reaction and for phytotoxicity. Comparison of the results of in vitro and in vivo tests did not often show strict correlation of data: in particular it seems probable that in the hydratropanilide series substances active on the isolated chloroplast are hindered in vivo in the absorption and transport phases and thus cannot reach the receptor sites.", "contents": "[Preparation and study of phytotoxic activity of anilides of the (+/-) hydratropic acid]. A series of ((+/-)-hydratropanilides variously substituted in the aniline nucleus (substances I leads to XXXIX) were prepared. The substances were studied for inhibition of the Hill reaction and for phytotoxicity. Comparison of the results of in vitro and in vivo tests did not often show strict correlation of data: in particular it seems probable that in the hydratropanilide series substances active on the isolated chloroplast are hindered in vivo in the absorption and transport phases and thus cannot reach the receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:939328", "title": "Andrenergic reactivity of the gastro-intestinal tract. I. Fundus of the rat's stomach.", "content": "The adrenergic receptors of the fundus of rat stomach are both type alpha and type beta. Activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors gives a diphasic response in which inhibition precedes excitation. The beta-adrenergic receptors mediate exclusively inhibitory response; the beta-adrenergic component of the inhibitory response is clearly observed only when the alpha-adrenergic component is diminished. The beta-receptors can be assigned, with some reserve, to the betaalpha group.", "contents": "Andrenergic reactivity of the gastro-intestinal tract. I. Fundus of the rat's stomach. The adrenergic receptors of the fundus of rat stomach are both type alpha and type beta. Activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors gives a diphasic response in which inhibition precedes excitation. The beta-adrenergic receptors mediate exclusively inhibitory response; the beta-adrenergic component of the inhibitory response is clearly observed only when the alpha-adrenergic component is diminished. The beta-receptors can be assigned, with some reserve, to the betaalpha group."}
{"id": "PMID:939329", "title": "An easy synthesis of ((+/-)-8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-11-keto-14,15-yn-16-R,S-hdroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester.", "content": "A convenient synthesis of (+/-)-8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-11-keto-14,15-yn-16-R, S-hydroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester (XI) starting from 2-propargyl-2-cyclopentenone (I) is described.", "contents": "An easy synthesis of ((+/-)-8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-11-keto-14,15-yn-16-R,S-hdroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester. A convenient synthesis of (+/-)-8,12-trans-delta5-en-cis-11-keto-14,15-yn-16-R, S-hydroxyprostanoic acid methyl ester (XI) starting from 2-propargyl-2-cyclopentenone (I) is described."}
{"id": "PMID:939330", "title": "[Vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet (author's transl)].", "content": "7 Cases of vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet are reported. Wood's light, microbiology and histology permit to separate this entity from dysidrotic eczema and dermatophytosis.", "contents": "[Vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet (author's transl)]. 7 Cases of vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet are reported. Wood's light, microbiology and histology permit to separate this entity from dysidrotic eczema and dermatophytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:939331", "title": "Influence of lipophilic substances on fungal infections of the human skin. I. What constitutes a good lipid extractant?", "content": "A three-factor factorial experiment was performed to assess the efficiency of lipid extraction from the back of human volunteers. Chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) proved substantially superior to acetone or diethyl ether. The latter two solvents were also significantly more efficient than n-hexane. The implication of the findings is discussed with regard to the isolation and characterization of fungistatic and bacteriostatic agents on the surface of the skin.", "contents": "Influence of lipophilic substances on fungal infections of the human skin. I. What constitutes a good lipid extractant? A three-factor factorial experiment was performed to assess the efficiency of lipid extraction from the back of human volunteers. Chloroform-methanol (2:1 v/v) proved substantially superior to acetone or diethyl ether. The latter two solvents were also significantly more efficient than n-hexane. The implication of the findings is discussed with regard to the isolation and characterization of fungistatic and bacteriostatic agents on the surface of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:939332", "title": "[Alterations of the arrector pili muscle in a case of dermatomyositis (author's transl)].", "content": "We have observed great alterations of the arrector pili muscle in a case of dermatomyositis. These alterations were as follows: diminution and then loss of the staining properties of the smooth muscle fibres, perinuclear vacuolization, great heterogeneity in the degeneration of fibres, elective involvement of the cyto-fibrillary system with integrity of the other constituents of the arrector muscle and the surrounding dermis. This smooth myositis is nonspecfic and similar to the one observed in other internal diseases (scleroderma, chronic alcoholism).", "contents": "[Alterations of the arrector pili muscle in a case of dermatomyositis (author's transl)]. We have observed great alterations of the arrector pili muscle in a case of dermatomyositis. These alterations were as follows: diminution and then loss of the staining properties of the smooth muscle fibres, perinuclear vacuolization, great heterogeneity in the degeneration of fibres, elective involvement of the cyto-fibrillary system with integrity of the other constituents of the arrector muscle and the surrounding dermis. This smooth myositis is nonspecfic and similar to the one observed in other internal diseases (scleroderma, chronic alcoholism)."}
{"id": "PMID:939333", "title": "[Eccrine-nevus (author's transl)].", "content": "The eccrine nevus is an exceptional entity, formed by well-differentiated adnexa which can be classified as hamartoma or organoid nevus. It is characterized by a high degree of structural maturation. The authors report a case of eccrine nevus observed in a 32-year-old woman and compare clinical and histological features of the lesion with literature data.", "contents": "[Eccrine-nevus (author's transl)]. The eccrine nevus is an exceptional entity, formed by well-differentiated adnexa which can be classified as hamartoma or organoid nevus. It is characterized by a high degree of structural maturation. The authors report a case of eccrine nevus observed in a 32-year-old woman and compare clinical and histological features of the lesion with literature data."}
{"id": "PMID:939334", "title": "Condyloma-like penis carcinoma.", "content": "A squamous cell carcinoma is described which showed clinical and histological features of condyloma acuminatum on the glans penis of a 43-year-old man.", "contents": "Condyloma-like penis carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma is described which showed clinical and histological features of condyloma acuminatum on the glans penis of a 43-year-old man."}
{"id": "PMID:939335", "title": "Magnesium content of the hair in alopecia areata atopica.", "content": "The magnesium content of hair from alopecia areata atopica patients, from nonatopic dermatological patients and from normal controls has been studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The two groups of patients had lower means and ranges than did the normal subjects, but the overlap was considerable. It is suggested that the lower levels found in the patients may be due to the nonspecific 'metabolic cost' of the skin diseases.", "contents": "Magnesium content of the hair in alopecia areata atopica. The magnesium content of hair from alopecia areata atopica patients, from nonatopic dermatological patients and from normal controls has been studied using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The two groups of patients had lower means and ranges than did the normal subjects, but the overlap was considerable. It is suggested that the lower levels found in the patients may be due to the nonspecific 'metabolic cost' of the skin diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:939336", "title": "Pityriasis rubra pilaris. A clinico-pathological study with a special reference to autoradiography and histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "In a clinical study, 27 of 31 cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) had two or more of the following clinical features: erythroderma, well-confined healthy islands inside the inflammatory areas, keratoderma of the palms and soles, or visible follicular hyperkeratosis. Histological features were: perifollicular parakeratosis in 26 cases, hyperkeratosis in 27 cases; the number of granular layers varied greatly from case to case and within one specimen; acanthosis was eczematous in 20 cases and psoriasiform in 8 cases. Erythroderma in PRP  in this study was self-healing, lasting 2-6 months with one exception, but PRP must as a whole be considered a mild, chronic disease lasting on average 5.7 years. Complete recovery occurred in only 8 patients and 5 of these had had an erythrodermic onset. Serum vitamin A level and tolerance test were normal. No immunological aberrations could be found. The HLA phenotype frequencies in PRP patients did not differ significantly from those in a Finnish control population. The autoradiographic study of the epidermal cells showed an increase in the cell production in the epidermis.", "contents": "Pityriasis rubra pilaris. A clinico-pathological study with a special reference to autoradiography and histocompatibility antigens. In a clinical study, 27 of 31 cases of pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) had two or more of the following clinical features: erythroderma, well-confined healthy islands inside the inflammatory areas, keratoderma of the palms and soles, or visible follicular hyperkeratosis. Histological features were: perifollicular parakeratosis in 26 cases, hyperkeratosis in 27 cases; the number of granular layers varied greatly from case to case and within one specimen; acanthosis was eczematous in 20 cases and psoriasiform in 8 cases. Erythroderma in PRP  in this study was self-healing, lasting 2-6 months with one exception, but PRP must as a whole be considered a mild, chronic disease lasting on average 5.7 years. Complete recovery occurred in only 8 patients and 5 of these had had an erythrodermic onset. Serum vitamin A level and tolerance test were normal. No immunological aberrations could be found. The HLA phenotype frequencies in PRP patients did not differ significantly from those in a Finnish control population. The autoradiographic study of the epidermal cells showed an increase in the cell production in the epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:939337", "title": "Transepidermal elimination of traumatically altered collagen. Report of three cases and considerations on the relationship between 'collag\u00e9nome perforant verruciforme' and reactive perforating collagenosis.", "content": "Three cases of transepidermal elimination of traumatically altered collagen, including a case of 'collag\u00e9nome perforant verruciforme' (CPV), are reported. On the basis of our own observations and on the data of the literature, CPV and reactive perforating collagenosis are considered as related, but different entities.", "contents": "Transepidermal elimination of traumatically altered collagen. Report of three cases and considerations on the relationship between 'collag\u00e9nome perforant verruciforme' and reactive perforating collagenosis. Three cases of transepidermal elimination of traumatically altered collagen, including a case of 'collag\u00e9nome perforant verruciforme' (CPV), are reported. On the basis of our own observations and on the data of the literature, CPV and reactive perforating collagenosis are considered as related, but different entities."}
{"id": "PMID:939338", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria with junctional blistering in an adult.", "content": "A 38-year-old patient with epidermolysis bullosa is described, in whom junctional blister formation is revealed by electron microscopy. Clinical and ultrastructural differences from the recessive dystrophic type (Hallopeau-Siemens) and from the lethal type (Herlitz) of epidermolysis bullosa are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria with junctional blistering in an adult. A 38-year-old patient with epidermolysis bullosa is described, in whom junctional blister formation is revealed by electron microscopy. Clinical and ultrastructural differences from the recessive dystrophic type (Hallopeau-Siemens) and from the lethal type (Herlitz) of epidermolysis bullosa are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:939339", "title": "Dermatopharmacology of salicylic acid. III. Topical contra-inflammatory effect of salicylic acid and other drugs in animal experiments.", "content": "The acute contra-inflammatory effects of salicylic acid, three standard dermatocorticoids and four contact antiphlogistics have been investigated by means of a UV dermatitis inhibition test in the guinea pig. The substances tested had a distinct inhibitory effect on the development of erythema and can be ranked in the following ascending order of activity (percent of maximum possible score): bufexamac = 36%, salicylic acid = 37%, hydrocortisone = 44%, acetylsalicylic acid = 48%, flumethasone pivalate = 51%, fluocinolone acetonide = 51%, phenylbutazone = 56%, and indomethacin = 58%.", "contents": "Dermatopharmacology of salicylic acid. III. Topical contra-inflammatory effect of salicylic acid and other drugs in animal experiments. The acute contra-inflammatory effects of salicylic acid, three standard dermatocorticoids and four contact antiphlogistics have been investigated by means of a UV dermatitis inhibition test in the guinea pig. The substances tested had a distinct inhibitory effect on the development of erythema and can be ranked in the following ascending order of activity (percent of maximum possible score): bufexamac = 36%, salicylic acid = 37%, hydrocortisone = 44%, acetylsalicylic acid = 48%, flumethasone pivalate = 51%, fluocinolone acetonide = 51%, phenylbutazone = 56%, and indomethacin = 58%."}
{"id": "PMID:939340", "title": "Tonofilament-desmosome complex in induced regenerated epidermis in senile elastosis. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "This paper presents the ultramicroscopic structure of the epidermis in senile elastosis, and compares it with the structure of an induced regenerated specimen in the same layers. In the regenerated specimen it was found that tonofilament-desmosome complexes have been replaced by a regular twist of villous processes. Such a substitution influences the structure and function of keratinocytes. Newly-formed structures may be established even 10 years after the induction.", "contents": "Tonofilament-desmosome complex in induced regenerated epidermis in senile elastosis. An electron microscopic study. This paper presents the ultramicroscopic structure of the epidermis in senile elastosis, and compares it with the structure of an induced regenerated specimen in the same layers. In the regenerated specimen it was found that tonofilament-desmosome complexes have been replaced by a regular twist of villous processes. Such a substitution influences the structure and function of keratinocytes. Newly-formed structures may be established even 10 years after the induction."}
{"id": "PMID:939341", "title": "Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of patients with common warts.", "content": "Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the healthy surface of the skin of 24 test persons who had had contracted common warts during the 2 years prior to examination and on a control group of 46 healthy persons of the same age and sex. The following significant results were obtained: (1) There was a significant reduction in the percentage amount of squalene in the lipids of the skin surface in the patients with common warts as compared with the healthy control persons. (2) The alkali neutralization time in the patients with common warts was significantly shortened as compared with the healthy control group. (3) The degree of moistening of the skin with water was significantly less in the patients with common warts than in the control persons. These results indicate important predisposing factors for common warts.", "contents": "Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of patients with common warts. Biochemical and physiological examinations were carried out on the healthy surface of the skin of 24 test persons who had had contracted common warts during the 2 years prior to examination and on a control group of 46 healthy persons of the same age and sex. The following significant results were obtained: (1) There was a significant reduction in the percentage amount of squalene in the lipids of the skin surface in the patients with common warts as compared with the healthy control persons. (2) The alkali neutralization time in the patients with common warts was significantly shortened as compared with the healthy control group. (3) The degree of moistening of the skin with water was significantly less in the patients with common warts than in the control persons. These results indicate important predisposing factors for common warts."}
{"id": "PMID:939342", "title": "Hypersensitivity to prilocaine.", "content": "A case of anaphylactoid reaction with late onset to prilocaine and a positive intracutaneous test is reported.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to prilocaine. A case of anaphylactoid reaction with late onset to prilocaine and a positive intracutaneous test is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:939343", "title": "[Granulomas of axillae (zirconium?) (author's transl)].", "content": "Deodorant preparations containing Zirconium may induce axillary granulomas of allergic origin. The case of a 49 years old female patient is presented, who developed axillary granulomas after having used a deodorant preparation containing Zirconium.", "contents": "[Granulomas of axillae (zirconium?) (author's transl)]. Deodorant preparations containing Zirconium may induce axillary granulomas of allergic origin. The case of a 49 years old female patient is presented, who developed axillary granulomas after having used a deodorant preparation containing Zirconium."}
{"id": "PMID:939344", "title": "Coexistence of peculiar pemphigus, myasthenia gravis and malignant thymoma.", "content": "An unusual vesculobullous disease and myasthenia gravis occurred concurrently with a malignant thymoma in a Japanese male. The bullous dermatosis had combined clinical and histological features of both dermatitis herpetiformis and pemphigus. Serum showed striated muscle antibodies and intercellular epithelial autoantibodies; the latter had been demonstrated even prior to the development of the skin lesions. Thus, immunologically, this dermatosis was confirmed to be a variety of pemphigus.", "contents": "Coexistence of peculiar pemphigus, myasthenia gravis and malignant thymoma. An unusual vesculobullous disease and myasthenia gravis occurred concurrently with a malignant thymoma in a Japanese male. The bullous dermatosis had combined clinical and histological features of both dermatitis herpetiformis and pemphigus. Serum showed striated muscle antibodies and intercellular epithelial autoantibodies; the latter had been demonstrated even prior to the development of the skin lesions. Thus, immunologically, this dermatosis was confirmed to be a variety of pemphigus."}
{"id": "PMID:939345", "title": "Position as a cause of deformity in children with cerebral palsy.", "content": "The asymmetrical deformities in 20 children with various types of cerebral palsy are compared with 20 children without cerebral palsy who have the so-called 'squint' baby syndrome (asymmetrical deformities of plagiocephaly, unilateral bat ear, facial and thoracic asymmetry, pelvic obliquity and apparent shortening of one leg). It is suggested that the 'squint' baby syndrome and the 'windswept' child syndrome in children with cerebral palsy are stages of the same syndrome and that in both the deformities are caused by the effect of gravity on an immobile growing child, rather than spasticity or muscle imbalance. Asymmetrical deformity should therefore be amenable to physiotherapeutic intervention, rather than trying to modify maturation of the damaged brain. As the 'windswept' cerebralpalsied child can develop some of the most severe deformities seen in cerebral palsy, it is important that asymmetrical deformities should be prevented.", "contents": "Position as a cause of deformity in children with cerebral palsy. The asymmetrical deformities in 20 children with various types of cerebral palsy are compared with 20 children without cerebral palsy who have the so-called 'squint' baby syndrome (asymmetrical deformities of plagiocephaly, unilateral bat ear, facial and thoracic asymmetry, pelvic obliquity and apparent shortening of one leg). It is suggested that the 'squint' baby syndrome and the 'windswept' child syndrome in children with cerebral palsy are stages of the same syndrome and that in both the deformities are caused by the effect of gravity on an immobile growing child, rather than spasticity or muscle imbalance. Asymmetrical deformity should therefore be amenable to physiotherapeutic intervention, rather than trying to modify maturation of the damaged brain. As the 'windswept' cerebralpalsied child can develop some of the most severe deformities seen in cerebral palsy, it is important that asymmetrical deformities should be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:939346", "title": "Knee flexion deformity and patella alta in spastic cerebral palsy.", "content": "A study on spastic knee flexion deformity has revealed a recurrence rate of 32 per cent following attempted surgical correction on 170 knees (103 patients). This rate appeared to be unrelated to concomitant surgery for correction of hip and ankle deformity. An additional study demonstrated patella alta in 72 per cent of 100 spastic knees (50 patients) and only 2 per cent and 50 knees of a comparable group of 25 non-spastic patients. It is suggested that restoration of a normal patello-femoral relationship may reduce both the functional disability and recurrence rate of spastic knee flexion deformity when this disease is managed surgically.", "contents": "Knee flexion deformity and patella alta in spastic cerebral palsy. A study on spastic knee flexion deformity has revealed a recurrence rate of 32 per cent following attempted surgical correction on 170 knees (103 patients). This rate appeared to be unrelated to concomitant surgery for correction of hip and ankle deformity. An additional study demonstrated patella alta in 72 per cent of 100 spastic knees (50 patients) and only 2 per cent and 50 knees of a comparable group of 25 non-spastic patients. It is suggested that restoration of a normal patello-femoral relationship may reduce both the functional disability and recurrence rate of spastic knee flexion deformity when this disease is managed surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:939348", "title": "The prevention of postprandial seizures in children.", "content": "Three boys are reported who showed typical autonomic manifestations of hypoglycemia in association with stupor or convulsive seizures two to four hours after eating a meal. During glucose tolerance tests all three children had high peaks in plasma glucose within the first hour and subsequently developed symptoms typical of their clinical disorders on at least one occasion. Two of the boys showed appropriate responses of plasma insulin to oral glucose loading; the third showed a delay in peak plasma insulin. All three children responded promptly and completely to simple dietary management.", "contents": "The prevention of postprandial seizures in children. Three boys are reported who showed typical autonomic manifestations of hypoglycemia in association with stupor or convulsive seizures two to four hours after eating a meal. During glucose tolerance tests all three children had high peaks in plasma glucose within the first hour and subsequently developed symptoms typical of their clinical disorders on at least one occasion. Two of the boys showed appropriate responses of plasma insulin to oral glucose loading; the third showed a delay in peak plasma insulin. All three children responded promptly and completely to simple dietary management."}
{"id": "PMID:939349", "title": "Management of children with non-organic (hysterical) disorders of motor function.", "content": "Five children aged between 10 and 13 years are discribed whose disorders of motor function were found to have a non-organic (hysterical) cause. In most cases extensive investigations had been made to establish an organic cause before the hysterical basis was diagnosed. The three essentials of management of such cases are to limit further investigations to the essential minimum, to institute quickly a programme of graduated physical rehabilitation, and to establish and treat the underlying psychological problems.", "contents": "Management of children with non-organic (hysterical) disorders of motor function. Five children aged between 10 and 13 years are discribed whose disorders of motor function were found to have a non-organic (hysterical) cause. In most cases extensive investigations had been made to establish an organic cause before the hysterical basis was diagnosed. The three essentials of management of such cases are to limit further investigations to the essential minimum, to institute quickly a programme of graduated physical rehabilitation, and to establish and treat the underlying psychological problems."}
{"id": "PMID:939350", "title": "Polyradiculitis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome) with total external ophthalmoplegia: encephalo-myelo-radiculo-neuropathy.", "content": "Total ophthalmoplegia is described in an eight-year-old boy with polyradiculitis. The findings suggest central nervous system involvement. It is postulated that this case represents an entity intermediate between the Miller-Fisher and the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndromes, with features of brain-stem encephalitis.", "contents": "Polyradiculitis (Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome) with total external ophthalmoplegia: encephalo-myelo-radiculo-neuropathy. Total ophthalmoplegia is described in an eight-year-old boy with polyradiculitis. The findings suggest central nervous system involvement. It is postulated that this case represents an entity intermediate between the Miller-Fisher and the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndromes, with features of brain-stem encephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:939351", "title": "Familial cerebellar degeneration with slow eye-movements, mental deterioration and incidental nevus of ota (oculo-dermal melanocytosis).", "content": "Four members of a family with an autosomal dominant form of cerebellar degeneration all had slow eye-movements, i.e. slow pursuit with absence of both nystagmus and rapid saccadic movements. Three showed progressive mental deterioration. One patient had nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis) and a history of grand mal epilepsy. In these four patients the symptoms first occurred between the ages of 10 and 31 years--the onset apparently appearing earlier with successive generations. Current studies implicate a brain-stem lesion of the paramedian pontine reticular formation in the pathogenesis of the oculomotor abnormality. The possibility of a neurocutaneous syndrome, specifically a 'melanophakomatosis', in the patient with seizures and nevus of Ota is discussed; however, absence of these findings in other affected relatives makes a fortuitous association more probable. The literature on nevus of Ota associated with neurological disease is considered.", "contents": "Familial cerebellar degeneration with slow eye-movements, mental deterioration and incidental nevus of ota (oculo-dermal melanocytosis). Four members of a family with an autosomal dominant form of cerebellar degeneration all had slow eye-movements, i.e. slow pursuit with absence of both nystagmus and rapid saccadic movements. Three showed progressive mental deterioration. One patient had nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis) and a history of grand mal epilepsy. In these four patients the symptoms first occurred between the ages of 10 and 31 years--the onset apparently appearing earlier with successive generations. Current studies implicate a brain-stem lesion of the paramedian pontine reticular formation in the pathogenesis of the oculomotor abnormality. The possibility of a neurocutaneous syndrome, specifically a 'melanophakomatosis', in the patient with seizures and nevus of Ota is discussed; however, absence of these findings in other affected relatives makes a fortuitous association more probable. The literature on nevus of Ota associated with neurological disease is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:939376", "title": "Effects of keto analogues of essential amino acids in portal-systemic encephalopathy.", "content": "Keto analogues of five essential amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine) were given either parenterally or orally in varying proportions to 11 patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Plasma concentrations of amino acids corresponding to the infused analogues, including alloisoleucine, increased significantly after infusions. Plasma tyrosine and glycine, which were abnormally elevated in control samples, fell after the infusions. After one to five daily infusions, the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids in fasting plasma was increased toward normal, suggesting improved protein nutrition. Arterial blood ammonia and glutamate did not change immediately after infusions, but a pronounced decrease in glutamine (42%) was observed. Eight nitrogen balance studies performed in 5 patients during 3 to 12 days of oral or intravenous keto acid therapy failed to show consistent improvement in balance as compared with control periods. After five courses of oral therapy there was again significant improvement in the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids. No toxicity from keto analogue administration was found, and clinical improvement, as assessed by mental status and psychological testing occurred in 8 of 11 patients. These studies suggest keto analogues of essential amino acids are converted to the corresponding amino acids in patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy, and that such therapy may be of benefit.", "contents": "Effects of keto analogues of essential amino acids in portal-systemic encephalopathy. Keto analogues of five essential amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine) were given either parenterally or orally in varying proportions to 11 patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Plasma concentrations of amino acids corresponding to the infused analogues, including alloisoleucine, increased significantly after infusions. Plasma tyrosine and glycine, which were abnormally elevated in control samples, fell after the infusions. After one to five daily infusions, the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids in fasting plasma was increased toward normal, suggesting improved protein nutrition. Arterial blood ammonia and glutamate did not change immediately after infusions, but a pronounced decrease in glutamine (42%) was observed. Eight nitrogen balance studies performed in 5 patients during 3 to 12 days of oral or intravenous keto acid therapy failed to show consistent improvement in balance as compared with control periods. After five courses of oral therapy there was again significant improvement in the ratio of essential to nonessential amino acids. No toxicity from keto analogue administration was found, and clinical improvement, as assessed by mental status and psychological testing occurred in 8 of 11 patients. These studies suggest keto analogues of essential amino acids are converted to the corresponding amino acids in patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy, and that such therapy may be of benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:939377", "title": "Deoxycholate metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Deoxycholate is often absent in bile of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to define the mechanism for this abnormality in bile acid metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. Excretion and hepatic metabolism of exogenous [14C]deoxycholate were determined, quantitative and qualitative analyses of fecal bile acids were performed, and ability of fecal bacteria to metabolize cholate to deoxycholate in vitro was measured both in cirrhotic patients and in controls. There was no evidence for deoxycholate malabsorption or rehydroxylation. In cirrhotic patients without biliary deoxycholate, both in vivo levels of deoxycholate and lithocholate in feces and in vitro fecal bacterial conversion of cholate to deoxycholate were significantly decreased as compared to controls. The marked decrease in 7 alpha-dehydroxylase activity of fecal bacteria of some patients with alcoholic cirrhosis results in impaired conversion of cholate to deoxycholate and explains the lack of biliary deoxycholate in these patients.", "contents": "Deoxycholate metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. Deoxycholate is often absent in bile of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to define the mechanism for this abnormality in bile acid metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. Excretion and hepatic metabolism of exogenous [14C]deoxycholate were determined, quantitative and qualitative analyses of fecal bile acids were performed, and ability of fecal bacteria to metabolize cholate to deoxycholate in vitro was measured both in cirrhotic patients and in controls. There was no evidence for deoxycholate malabsorption or rehydroxylation. In cirrhotic patients without biliary deoxycholate, both in vivo levels of deoxycholate and lithocholate in feces and in vitro fecal bacterial conversion of cholate to deoxycholate were significantly decreased as compared to controls. The marked decrease in 7 alpha-dehydroxylase activity of fecal bacteria of some patients with alcoholic cirrhosis results in impaired conversion of cholate to deoxycholate and explains the lack of biliary deoxycholate in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:939378", "title": "Familial benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Interrelation with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and from oral contraceptives?", "content": "A family study was prompted by the presence of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis in three members and probably in a fourth. Pruritus and/or jaundice occurred during pregnancy in nine members. Two additional members suffered from pruritus while using oral contraceptives. The literature on benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis since 1959 describes at least 57 cases. A familial form of this condition proved to be fairly common. There seems to be a relation to the intrahepatic cholestasis sometimes seen during pregnancy and during oral contraceptive use. The data of the family study are suggestive for an interrelation of the three types of intrahepatic cholestasis, although a common denominator remains obscure.", "contents": "Familial benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis. Interrelation with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and from oral contraceptives? A family study was prompted by the presence of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis in three members and probably in a fourth. Pruritus and/or jaundice occurred during pregnancy in nine members. Two additional members suffered from pruritus while using oral contraceptives. The literature on benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis since 1959 describes at least 57 cases. A familial form of this condition proved to be fairly common. There seems to be a relation to the intrahepatic cholestasis sometimes seen during pregnancy and during oral contraceptive use. The data of the family study are suggestive for an interrelation of the three types of intrahepatic cholestasis, although a common denominator remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:939379", "title": "The abnormal hepatic scan of chronic liver disease: its relationship to hepatic hemodynamics and colloid extraction.", "content": "To help explain the characteristic hepatic scan pattern of chronic liver disease, the degree of scan abnormality (scan score, SS) after administration of technetium-99m sulfur colloid (Tc) was compared with data obtained at hepatic vein catheterization in 28 patients. Although SS showed a correlation with wedged hepatic vein pressure (r = +0.491), the scan abnormality was not directly due to portal hypertension because it remained unchanged when the latter was relieved by portacaval shunt. Also, the scan abnormality was found to be unrelated to a low hepatic blood flow. Scan abnormality was not attributable primarily to hyperactivity of the reticuloendothelial (RE) cells of the spleen and bone marrow since fractional clearance (K) of Tc from the blood was decreased rather than increased in patients with abnormal scans. SS was inversely correlated with K or Tc (r = -0.575) and with hepatic extraction efficiency for Tc (r = -0.673), showing that the basic abnormality was poor extraction of the colloid by the RE cells of the liver with a resultant increase in the amount available for extrahepatic localization. Indirect evidence suggests that this poor extraction of colloid is due to intrahepatic shunts bypassing hepatic RE cells.", "contents": "The abnormal hepatic scan of chronic liver disease: its relationship to hepatic hemodynamics and colloid extraction. To help explain the characteristic hepatic scan pattern of chronic liver disease, the degree of scan abnormality (scan score, SS) after administration of technetium-99m sulfur colloid (Tc) was compared with data obtained at hepatic vein catheterization in 28 patients. Although SS showed a correlation with wedged hepatic vein pressure (r = +0.491), the scan abnormality was not directly due to portal hypertension because it remained unchanged when the latter was relieved by portacaval shunt. Also, the scan abnormality was found to be unrelated to a low hepatic blood flow. Scan abnormality was not attributable primarily to hyperactivity of the reticuloendothelial (RE) cells of the spleen and bone marrow since fractional clearance (K) of Tc from the blood was decreased rather than increased in patients with abnormal scans. SS was inversely correlated with K or Tc (r = -0.575) and with hepatic extraction efficiency for Tc (r = -0.673), showing that the basic abnormality was poor extraction of the colloid by the RE cells of the liver with a resultant increase in the amount available for extrahepatic localization. Indirect evidence suggests that this poor extraction of colloid is due to intrahepatic shunts bypassing hepatic RE cells."}
{"id": "PMID:939380", "title": "The stimulation of albumin sythesis by methadone.", "content": "Elevated levels of serum albumin have been noted in patients on chronic methadone maintenance and in heroin addicts. This observation was investigated in rabbits maintained on daily methadone 4 mg per kg of body weight after a period of 3 months on increasing dosage to assure drug tolerance. Albumin distribution and metabolism were measured with tested lots of 125I rabbit albumin. Studies were made before and again after the attainment of the methadone maintenance state. Albumin distribution was altered markedly with a shift of intravascular albumin to extravascular sites. Associated with this change, the serum albumin level rose by an average of 0.5 g per 100 ml. Albumin degradation increased by 32% from 248 to 327 mg per kg per day. The total exchangeable albumin pool increased 35%, or 3.6 g. Since the exchangeable albumin pool increased in the face of an increment in albumin degradation, albumin synthesis must have increased even further to account for this change. Although the specific factors responsible for these alterations in albumin metabolism and distribution are not known at present, to date, this hyperalbuminemic hypercatabolic state is not produceable in any other clinical or experimental situation.", "contents": "The stimulation of albumin sythesis by methadone. Elevated levels of serum albumin have been noted in patients on chronic methadone maintenance and in heroin addicts. This observation was investigated in rabbits maintained on daily methadone 4 mg per kg of body weight after a period of 3 months on increasing dosage to assure drug tolerance. Albumin distribution and metabolism were measured with tested lots of 125I rabbit albumin. Studies were made before and again after the attainment of the methadone maintenance state. Albumin distribution was altered markedly with a shift of intravascular albumin to extravascular sites. Associated with this change, the serum albumin level rose by an average of 0.5 g per 100 ml. Albumin degradation increased by 32% from 248 to 327 mg per kg per day. The total exchangeable albumin pool increased 35%, or 3.6 g. Since the exchangeable albumin pool increased in the face of an increment in albumin degradation, albumin synthesis must have increased even further to account for this change. Although the specific factors responsible for these alterations in albumin metabolism and distribution are not known at present, to date, this hyperalbuminemic hypercatabolic state is not produceable in any other clinical or experimental situation."}
{"id": "PMID:939381", "title": "Hepatic functional deterioration after portacaval shunt in the rat. Effects on sulfobromophthalein transport-maximum, indocyanine green clearance and galactose elimination capacity.", "content": "The consequences of a portacaval shunt on liver function were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Fourteen days after an end-to-side portacaval anastomosis the galactose elimination capacity and the plasma clearance of indocyanine green were reduced in proportion to the approximately 50% loss in liver mass. The biliary transport maximum for sulfobromophthalein, on the other hand, decreased by almost 70% from 153 to 52 nmoles per min per min per 100 g after portacaval anastomosis. This reduction of sulfobromophthalein excretion was accompained by a significant decrease in the hepatic conjugation of the dye to glutathione. Our findings demonstrate that a quantitative and qualitative functional deterioration of previously normal livers results from portal blood deprivation.", "contents": "Hepatic functional deterioration after portacaval shunt in the rat. Effects on sulfobromophthalein transport-maximum, indocyanine green clearance and galactose elimination capacity. The consequences of a portacaval shunt on liver function were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Fourteen days after an end-to-side portacaval anastomosis the galactose elimination capacity and the plasma clearance of indocyanine green were reduced in proportion to the approximately 50% loss in liver mass. The biliary transport maximum for sulfobromophthalein, on the other hand, decreased by almost 70% from 153 to 52 nmoles per min per min per 100 g after portacaval anastomosis. This reduction of sulfobromophthalein excretion was accompained by a significant decrease in the hepatic conjugation of the dye to glutathione. Our findings demonstrate that a quantitative and qualitative functional deterioration of previously normal livers results from portal blood deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:939382", "title": "A method of cholecystography applicable to small laboratory animals.", "content": "A method of intraperitoneal cholecystography is described and was tested on mice with experimentally induced gallstones. The presence of stones in the gallbladder was predicted with an accuracy of 95.5%, using doses of 3 ml of 51.6% meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) per kg diluted 10-fold, followed a few days later by a repeat dose of 5 ml per kg in cases of nonvisualization of the gallbladder. Pilot studies on guinea pigs and rabbits suggest that this method is applicable to these animals too, although a higher dose of contrast medium is required.", "contents": "A method of cholecystography applicable to small laboratory animals. A method of intraperitoneal cholecystography is described and was tested on mice with experimentally induced gallstones. The presence of stones in the gallbladder was predicted with an accuracy of 95.5%, using doses of 3 ml of 51.6% meglumine iodipamide (Cholografin) per kg diluted 10-fold, followed a few days later by a repeat dose of 5 ml per kg in cases of nonvisualization of the gallbladder. Pilot studies on guinea pigs and rabbits suggest that this method is applicable to these animals too, although a higher dose of contrast medium is required."}
{"id": "PMID:939383", "title": "Lower esophageal sphincter pressure in women using sequential oral contraceptives.", "content": "Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, basal gastric pH, and fasting plasma gastrin were measured sequentially in female volunteers who were using oral contraceptives. No difference in basal gastric pH or fasting plasma gastrin was observed during any of the three selected periods studied. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was the same during menses (20.8 +/- 1.7) when the volunteers took no medication during the phase of the cycle when the volunteers were ingesting ethinylestradiol (18.3 +/- 1.7). Lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 9.4 +/- 1.2 during the phase of the cycle when the volunteer took the progestation agent, dimethisterone, as well as ethinylestradiol. It is therefore proposed that the progessive rise in plasma progesterone alone or in combination with estrogens that occurs during the course of pregnancy might be responsible for the increased incidence of symptomatic heartburn in pregnant women.", "contents": "Lower esophageal sphincter pressure in women using sequential oral contraceptives. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, basal gastric pH, and fasting plasma gastrin were measured sequentially in female volunteers who were using oral contraceptives. No difference in basal gastric pH or fasting plasma gastrin was observed during any of the three selected periods studied. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was the same during menses (20.8 +/- 1.7) when the volunteers took no medication during the phase of the cycle when the volunteers were ingesting ethinylestradiol (18.3 +/- 1.7). Lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 9.4 +/- 1.2 during the phase of the cycle when the volunteer took the progestation agent, dimethisterone, as well as ethinylestradiol. It is therefore proposed that the progessive rise in plasma progesterone alone or in combination with estrogens that occurs during the course of pregnancy might be responsible for the increased incidence of symptomatic heartburn in pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:939384", "title": "Lower esophageal sphincter function in children with and without gastroesophageal reflux.", "content": "Resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was assessed in infants and children 2 weeks to 12 years of age. There were 62 control subjects and 35 patients with reproducible gastroesophageal reflux (GER) determined radiologically. In control subjects without GER: (1) LES pressure was well developed by 2 weeks of age; (2) in children less than 1 year of age, mean LES pressure (43.3 +/- 2.4 mm Hg) was significantly greater than mean LES pressure (30.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) children older than 1 year of age; (3) LES sphincter length increased with age; and (4) bethanechol 0.1 mg per kg subcutaneously caused a rise in LES pressure that increased in magnitude as LES resting pressures increased. In patients with GER: (1) only 16 or 35 children had LES pressures below the normal range for their appropriate age group; (2) LES length was shorter than control values in children beyond 6 months of age; (3) GER usually occurred in the absence of hiatus hernia; (4) clinical improvement was common and in patients with low LES pressure was associated with a rise in LES pressures to normal, even in the presenece of hiatus hernia; and (5) bethanechol caused a change and an absolute rise in LES pressure that were not significantly different from those observed in controls. These results indicate that in infants and children low LES pressure is not the sole determinant of GER, and that pharmacological stimulation of the Les could prove to be a useful adjunct to the medical management of GER.", "contents": "Lower esophageal sphincter function in children with and without gastroesophageal reflux. Resting lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure was assessed in infants and children 2 weeks to 12 years of age. There were 62 control subjects and 35 patients with reproducible gastroesophageal reflux (GER) determined radiologically. In control subjects without GER: (1) LES pressure was well developed by 2 weeks of age; (2) in children less than 1 year of age, mean LES pressure (43.3 +/- 2.4 mm Hg) was significantly greater than mean LES pressure (30.6 +/- 2.3 mm Hg) children older than 1 year of age; (3) LES sphincter length increased with age; and (4) bethanechol 0.1 mg per kg subcutaneously caused a rise in LES pressure that increased in magnitude as LES resting pressures increased. In patients with GER: (1) only 16 or 35 children had LES pressures below the normal range for their appropriate age group; (2) LES length was shorter than control values in children beyond 6 months of age; (3) GER usually occurred in the absence of hiatus hernia; (4) clinical improvement was common and in patients with low LES pressure was associated with a rise in LES pressures to normal, even in the presenece of hiatus hernia; and (5) bethanechol caused a change and an absolute rise in LES pressure that were not significantly different from those observed in controls. These results indicate that in infants and children low LES pressure is not the sole determinant of GER, and that pharmacological stimulation of the Les could prove to be a useful adjunct to the medical management of GER."}
{"id": "PMID:939385", "title": "Gastric acid hypersecretion in children with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Rates of gastric hydrochloric acid secretion were compared in 10 children with active duodenal ulcer (DU) and 14 non-duodenal ulcer children. Duodenal ulcer was diagnosed by gastroduodenoscopy or by evidence of an ulcer crater on upper gastrointestinal radiographs. Duodenal ulcer disease was excluded in the comparison group by similar criteria. Basal acid output in DU children tended to be higher, but the difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Maximal acid output was significantly higher in DU children than in the comparison group whether expressed as milliequivalents per hour (P less than 0.025) or as milliequivalents per kilogram per hour (P less than 0.005). Peak acid output also showed a statistically significant difference (milliequivalents per hour, milliequivalents per kilogram per hour, (P less than 0.05). These findings demonstrate that, on the average, hypersecretion of gastric acid does occur in children with duodenal ulcer disease.", "contents": "Gastric acid hypersecretion in children with duodenal ulcer. Rates of gastric hydrochloric acid secretion were compared in 10 children with active duodenal ulcer (DU) and 14 non-duodenal ulcer children. Duodenal ulcer was diagnosed by gastroduodenoscopy or by evidence of an ulcer crater on upper gastrointestinal radiographs. Duodenal ulcer disease was excluded in the comparison group by similar criteria. Basal acid output in DU children tended to be higher, but the difference was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). Maximal acid output was significantly higher in DU children than in the comparison group whether expressed as milliequivalents per hour (P less than 0.025) or as milliequivalents per kilogram per hour (P less than 0.005). Peak acid output also showed a statistically significant difference (milliequivalents per hour, milliequivalents per kilogram per hour, (P less than 0.05). These findings demonstrate that, on the average, hypersecretion of gastric acid does occur in children with duodenal ulcer disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939386", "title": "Calcium absorption in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Calcium absorption and endogenous loss of calcium were measured in a group of patients with Crohn's disease, using a simultaneous metabolic balance and calcium isotope regimen. Calcium malabsorption resulting in negative calcium balance was found in only 4 of 31 patients with Crohn's disease. No elevation of endogenous fecal calcium or total secreted intestinal calcium was observed in 10 patients studied, regardless of the level of net or true calcium absorption. Correlation between calcium balance and serum protein loss was observed, but no association was noted with intestinal fat excretion, d-xylose absorption, bacterial colonization of the jejunum, or glucocorticosteroid therapy. The results indicate that in this group of patients with Crohn's disease involving different areas of the intestine, calcium malabsorption occurred infrequently and that the levels of calcium excretion correlated best with enteric protein loss.", "contents": "Calcium absorption in Crohn's disease. Calcium absorption and endogenous loss of calcium were measured in a group of patients with Crohn's disease, using a simultaneous metabolic balance and calcium isotope regimen. Calcium malabsorption resulting in negative calcium balance was found in only 4 of 31 patients with Crohn's disease. No elevation of endogenous fecal calcium or total secreted intestinal calcium was observed in 10 patients studied, regardless of the level of net or true calcium absorption. Correlation between calcium balance and serum protein loss was observed, but no association was noted with intestinal fat excretion, d-xylose absorption, bacterial colonization of the jejunum, or glucocorticosteroid therapy. The results indicate that in this group of patients with Crohn's disease involving different areas of the intestine, calcium malabsorption occurred infrequently and that the levels of calcium excretion correlated best with enteric protein loss."}
{"id": "PMID:939387", "title": "A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement.", "content": "The use of a constantly perfused side hole sensor (CPSH) for continuous measurement of maximal lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) is associated with important but variable undermeasurement as a result of side hole displacement. A 5 cm long pressure sensor has been developed which measures maximal LESP continuously in the face of movement of the sphincter within the sensor length. This sensor, the perfused sleeve, is described, and validated by comparison with CPSH in man, the dog, and a model esophageal sphincter. The sleeve detects maximal LESP accurately, regardless of sphincter length, over the pressure range encountered in the lower esophageal sphincter. Continuous recording of LESP with the sleeve is unaffected by displacement that causes serious undermeasurement with CPSH.", "contents": "A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement. The use of a constantly perfused side hole sensor (CPSH) for continuous measurement of maximal lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) is associated with important but variable undermeasurement as a result of side hole displacement. A 5 cm long pressure sensor has been developed which measures maximal LESP continuously in the face of movement of the sphincter within the sensor length. This sensor, the perfused sleeve, is described, and validated by comparison with CPSH in man, the dog, and a model esophageal sphincter. The sleeve detects maximal LESP accurately, regardless of sphincter length, over the pressure range encountered in the lower esophageal sphincter. Continuous recording of LESP with the sleeve is unaffected by displacement that causes serious undermeasurement with CPSH."}
{"id": "PMID:939388", "title": "Effects of antacids on gastric emptying.", "content": "Aluminum hydroxide gel delays gastric emptying in rats and man. This effect of aluminum hydroxide gel varies with the concentration of aluminum in solution in the stomach when pH, osmolarity, and anion content are held constant. Because aluminum solubility drops as pH is raised, those antacids which neutralize more effectively than aluminum hydroxide gel alone and which contain \"nonreactive\" aluminum hydroxide result in lower aluminum concentration and do not affect the rate of gastric emptying in animals or in man. By using [51Cr]sodium chromate and a gamma camera technique, half-emptying time in 6 subjects with no gastrointestinal disease was shown to be prolonged from 13.1 min after water ingestion to 48.0 min after three hourly doses of aluminum hydroxide gel. Conventional nonabsorbable markers, including phenol red, were found to be of limited use for studying gastrointestinal function in the presence of antacid gels, most of which adsorb dyes.", "contents": "Effects of antacids on gastric emptying. Aluminum hydroxide gel delays gastric emptying in rats and man. This effect of aluminum hydroxide gel varies with the concentration of aluminum in solution in the stomach when pH, osmolarity, and anion content are held constant. Because aluminum solubility drops as pH is raised, those antacids which neutralize more effectively than aluminum hydroxide gel alone and which contain \"nonreactive\" aluminum hydroxide result in lower aluminum concentration and do not affect the rate of gastric emptying in animals or in man. By using [51Cr]sodium chromate and a gamma camera technique, half-emptying time in 6 subjects with no gastrointestinal disease was shown to be prolonged from 13.1 min after water ingestion to 48.0 min after three hourly doses of aluminum hydroxide gel. Conventional nonabsorbable markers, including phenol red, were found to be of limited use for studying gastrointestinal function in the presence of antacid gels, most of which adsorb dyes."}
{"id": "PMID:939389", "title": "Further studies on prostaglandin E1-induced jejunal secretion of water and electrolytes in man, with special reference to the influence of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and aspirin.", "content": "Perfusion studies were performed in 35 healthy volunteers to investigate further the secretory effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), administered intraluminally, on the human jejunum. A perfusion system with a proximal occluding balloon and continuous aspiration of duodenal secretions was used. The influence of PGE1 (0.9 mug per kg per min) on glucose, fluid, and ion transport was entirely reproducible throughout a 6-hr perfusion experiment and was fully reversible 60 min after the end of PGE1 administration. The influence of ethacrynic acid (EA), aspirin (two agents previously reported to inhibit choleraic secretion), and furosemide was studied both on basal jejunal absorption and on PGE1-induced secretion of water and electrolytes. EA (2.5 mg per kg), administered in jejunal lumen, significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) the net secretory effect of intraluminal PGE1, and suppressed the PGE1-induced increase in plasma-to-lumen unidirectional flux of sodium. Intravenous or intraluminal aspirin (25 to 40 mg per kg) as well as intraluminal furosemide (1.5 mg per kg) did not modify the PGE1-induced secretion nor the basal absorption rates. Plasma immunoreactive levels of PGE1, calcitonin, and diverse gut hormones did not change significantly during PGE1-induced secretion. These results indicate that (1) aspirin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, has no influence on the intestinal secretory effect of preformed PGE1; (2) EA, unlike furosemide, inhibits in man PGE1-induced jejunal secretion, an effect of EA similar to that observed in animals on cholera toxin- and cyclic AMP-mediated secretion.", "contents": "Further studies on prostaglandin E1-induced jejunal secretion of water and electrolytes in man, with special reference to the influence of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and aspirin. Perfusion studies were performed in 35 healthy volunteers to investigate further the secretory effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), administered intraluminally, on the human jejunum. A perfusion system with a proximal occluding balloon and continuous aspiration of duodenal secretions was used. The influence of PGE1 (0.9 mug per kg per min) on glucose, fluid, and ion transport was entirely reproducible throughout a 6-hr perfusion experiment and was fully reversible 60 min after the end of PGE1 administration. The influence of ethacrynic acid (EA), aspirin (two agents previously reported to inhibit choleraic secretion), and furosemide was studied both on basal jejunal absorption and on PGE1-induced secretion of water and electrolytes. EA (2.5 mg per kg), administered in jejunal lumen, significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) the net secretory effect of intraluminal PGE1, and suppressed the PGE1-induced increase in plasma-to-lumen unidirectional flux of sodium. Intravenous or intraluminal aspirin (25 to 40 mg per kg) as well as intraluminal furosemide (1.5 mg per kg) did not modify the PGE1-induced secretion nor the basal absorption rates. Plasma immunoreactive levels of PGE1, calcitonin, and diverse gut hormones did not change significantly during PGE1-induced secretion. These results indicate that (1) aspirin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, has no influence on the intestinal secretory effect of preformed PGE1; (2) EA, unlike furosemide, inhibits in man PGE1-induced jejunal secretion, an effect of EA similar to that observed in animals on cholera toxin- and cyclic AMP-mediated secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:939390", "title": "The genesis of bowel sounds: influence of viscus and gastrointestinal content.", "content": "This study was undertaken to try to solve the controversy about the influence of gastrointestinal contents on the genesis of bowel sounds, and to probe the respective importance of the various abdominal viscera. Eleven healthy volunteers were intubated by mouth with a multiple-lumen tube. Bowel sounds were recorded for 10 min when the tube was in the stomach, the upper jejunum, and the cecum, while it was left intact in situ, or perfused with isotonic saline (15 ml per min), or with an equal (7.5 ml per min of each) mixture of isotonic saline and air. Using a previously developed method, a computer analysis was made of the recording without any human intervention during the treatment of data. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the effect of perfusion varied according to site, with 46% of counted sounds while the tube was in the stomach, 32% in the jejunum, and 22% in the colon (P less than 0.05). There were two types of sounds: some exceeded in amplitude a preset threshold, and thus were picked up by the computer, but their average absolute value for 20 msec remained inferior to another preset threshold. Their number was kept in memory (NS--sounds having an amplitude exceeding a threshold S1, expressed in number per 10 min). A second type of sounds also exceeded the present threshold but their average absolute value for 20 msec also exceeded another preset threshold. Their number (NE--sounds having an amplitude exceeding the thershold S1 but having also a 20-msec average amplitude above another threshold S2, expressed in number per 10 min) was also memorized. The latter group was composed of two types of sounds: some had a limited spectrum of low frequency (100 Hz) and were of high amplitude and short (congruent to 5 msec) duration (NE1); some others had a higher and more dispersed frequency centered around 300 Hz (NE2). Fifty per cent of high energy (NE) sounds appeared while the tube was in the stomach, 30% in the colon, and 20% in the jejunum (P less than 0.005). Short and high amplitude sounds (NE1) were counted more often (43%) when it was in the colon than in the stomach (38%) and the jejunum (19%) (P less than 0.025), and this was confirmed (P less than 0.005) by a study of the ratio of NE1/NE. On the contrary, higher frequency sounds (NE2) were present more often when the tube was in the stomach (59%) than in the jejunum (24%) and in the colon (17%) (P less than 0.005). There was no influence of the presence of the unperfused tube on the genesis of bowel sounds in different sites (P greater than 0.05). In the stomach and the colon perfusion of the air/saline mixture increased the number of sounds (P less than 0.025) and all types of sounds in the stomach (P less than 0.025), whereas in the jejunum it was the perfusion of saline which increased them (P less than 0.025). It is concluded that the stomach is the most active site of production of bowel sounds, followed by the colon and then the small bowel, that sounds differ in different sites, and that all this is influenced by viscus content.", "contents": "The genesis of bowel sounds: influence of viscus and gastrointestinal content. This study was undertaken to try to solve the controversy about the influence of gastrointestinal contents on the genesis of bowel sounds, and to probe the respective importance of the various abdominal viscera. Eleven healthy volunteers were intubated by mouth with a multiple-lumen tube. Bowel sounds were recorded for 10 min when the tube was in the stomach, the upper jejunum, and the cecum, while it was left intact in situ, or perfused with isotonic saline (15 ml per min), or with an equal (7.5 ml per min of each) mixture of isotonic saline and air. Using a previously developed method, a computer analysis was made of the recording without any human intervention during the treatment of data. An analysis of variance demonstrated that the effect of perfusion varied according to site, with 46% of counted sounds while the tube was in the stomach, 32% in the jejunum, and 22% in the colon (P less than 0.05). There were two types of sounds: some exceeded in amplitude a preset threshold, and thus were picked up by the computer, but their average absolute value for 20 msec remained inferior to another preset threshold. Their number was kept in memory (NS--sounds having an amplitude exceeding a threshold S1, expressed in number per 10 min). A second type of sounds also exceeded the present threshold but their average absolute value for 20 msec also exceeded another preset threshold. Their number (NE--sounds having an amplitude exceeding the thershold S1 but having also a 20-msec average amplitude above another threshold S2, expressed in number per 10 min) was also memorized. The latter group was composed of two types of sounds: some had a limited spectrum of low frequency (100 Hz) and were of high amplitude and short (congruent to 5 msec) duration (NE1); some others had a higher and more dispersed frequency centered around 300 Hz (NE2). Fifty per cent of high energy (NE) sounds appeared while the tube was in the stomach, 30% in the colon, and 20% in the jejunum (P less than 0.005). Short and high amplitude sounds (NE1) were counted more often (43%) when it was in the colon than in the stomach (38%) and the jejunum (19%) (P less than 0.025), and this was confirmed (P less than 0.005) by a study of the ratio of NE1/NE. On the contrary, higher frequency sounds (NE2) were present more often when the tube was in the stomach (59%) than in the jejunum (24%) and in the colon (17%) (P less than 0.005). There was no influence of the presence of the unperfused tube on the genesis of bowel sounds in different sites (P greater than 0.05). In the stomach and the colon perfusion of the air/saline mixture increased the number of sounds (P less than 0.025) and all types of sounds in the stomach (P less than 0.025), whereas in the jejunum it was the perfusion of saline which increased them (P less than 0.025). It is concluded that the stomach is the most active site of production of bowel sounds, followed by the colon and then the small bowel, that sounds differ in different sites, and that all this is influenced by viscus content."}
{"id": "PMID:939391", "title": "Studies on the acid secretion that occurs during injury to the gastric mucosa.", "content": "When pouches of the oxyntic glandular mucosa in dogs were irrigated with 4mM dithiothreitol in acid solution the mucosa shed plasma and secreted acid. There was a linear relationship between the net addition of H+ to the lumen and the amount of plasma shed, suggesting that the mechanisms of acid secretion and plasma shedding were closely related. Atropine, metiamide, and PGE2 only partially inhibited the acid secretion. The three drugs also reduced the plasma shedding and may be useful in the management of protein-losing gastropathy in man.", "contents": "Studies on the acid secretion that occurs during injury to the gastric mucosa. When pouches of the oxyntic glandular mucosa in dogs were irrigated with 4mM dithiothreitol in acid solution the mucosa shed plasma and secreted acid. There was a linear relationship between the net addition of H+ to the lumen and the amount of plasma shed, suggesting that the mechanisms of acid secretion and plasma shedding were closely related. Atropine, metiamide, and PGE2 only partially inhibited the acid secretion. The three drugs also reduced the plasma shedding and may be useful in the management of protein-losing gastropathy in man."}
{"id": "PMID:939392", "title": "Clearance rate, half-life, and secretory potency of human gastrin-17-I in different species.", "content": "The clearance rates of synthetic human gastrin-17-I were measured in man, dog, and cat. Half-life of disappearance and acid secretory potency (D50) were also measured in man and dog. The clearance rates in dog and cat were, respectively, 3 and 8 times more than in man. Accordingly, the half-life of gastrin-17 in the dog (3.5 min) was 3 times shorter than in man (9.5 to 10.5 min). The D50 for acid secretion was proportional to the clearance rate and yielded approximately similar increments of serum gastrin, indicating an equal sensitivty to gastrin-17 at cellular level in the three species. An inverse allometric relation between clearance rate and body weight was consistent with the known greater efficiency of metabolic and eliminatory processes in species of small size. Recent studies of the disposal of other gastrointestinal hormones indicate that the concepts developed theoretically for secretory stimulants and confirmed experimentally for gastrin-17 may have wider applicability.", "contents": "Clearance rate, half-life, and secretory potency of human gastrin-17-I in different species. The clearance rates of synthetic human gastrin-17-I were measured in man, dog, and cat. Half-life of disappearance and acid secretory potency (D50) were also measured in man and dog. The clearance rates in dog and cat were, respectively, 3 and 8 times more than in man. Accordingly, the half-life of gastrin-17 in the dog (3.5 min) was 3 times shorter than in man (9.5 to 10.5 min). The D50 for acid secretion was proportional to the clearance rate and yielded approximately similar increments of serum gastrin, indicating an equal sensitivty to gastrin-17 at cellular level in the three species. An inverse allometric relation between clearance rate and body weight was consistent with the known greater efficiency of metabolic and eliminatory processes in species of small size. Recent studies of the disposal of other gastrointestinal hormones indicate that the concepts developed theoretically for secretory stimulants and confirmed experimentally for gastrin-17 may have wider applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:939393", "title": "Regulation of rat proximal intestinal glycolytic enzyme activity by ileal perfusion with glucose.", "content": "Specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphophate aldolase, and pyruvate kinase, are higher in rat duodenum and jejunum than in ileum. Whether this gradient reflects the failure of dietary sugars to reach the ileum in high concentrations is unknown. Rats were first fed a carbohydrate-free diet for 3 days, which virtually removed the proximal-distal gradient of enzyme specific activities. Twenty percent glucose was then perfused directly into either the duodenum or the ileum for 3 days. Both proximal and distal glucose perfusion restored the normal gradient of all three enzymes. Ileal pyruvate kinase was also increased by ileal glucose perfusion, but ileal aldolases were no higher after distal perfusion than after duodenal perfusion. The low ileal aldolase levels normally found in fed rats therefore are an intrinsic property of distal intestine and are not due to failure of dietary sugar to reach this portion of the gut. Furthermore, adaptation of duodenal and jejunal glycolytic enzymes to ileal glucose perfusion suggests a humoral and/or neural mechanism rather than a direct local luminal effect of the sugar itself.", "contents": "Regulation of rat proximal intestinal glycolytic enzyme activity by ileal perfusion with glucose. Specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphophate aldolase, and pyruvate kinase, are higher in rat duodenum and jejunum than in ileum. Whether this gradient reflects the failure of dietary sugars to reach the ileum in high concentrations is unknown. Rats were first fed a carbohydrate-free diet for 3 days, which virtually removed the proximal-distal gradient of enzyme specific activities. Twenty percent glucose was then perfused directly into either the duodenum or the ileum for 3 days. Both proximal and distal glucose perfusion restored the normal gradient of all three enzymes. Ileal pyruvate kinase was also increased by ileal glucose perfusion, but ileal aldolases were no higher after distal perfusion than after duodenal perfusion. The low ileal aldolase levels normally found in fed rats therefore are an intrinsic property of distal intestine and are not due to failure of dietary sugar to reach this portion of the gut. Furthermore, adaptation of duodenal and jejunal glycolytic enzymes to ileal glucose perfusion suggests a humoral and/or neural mechanism rather than a direct local luminal effect of the sugar itself."}
{"id": "PMID:939394", "title": "Distribution and arteriovenous shunting of gastric blood flow in the baboon: effect of epinephrine and vasopressin infusions.", "content": "The effects of 60-min intraarterial infusion of vasopressin (0.005 U per kg-min) and epinephrine (0.05 mu per kg-min) on gastric hemodynamics were studied in anesthetized baboons. Total gastric blood flow was measured electromagnetically and radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu) with three labels were used to determine regional distribution of gastric blood flow and arteriovenous shunting. Control flow was 55 +/- 8 ml per min, with 77.4 +/- 2.7% of flow going to the gastric mucosa and 1.7 +/- 0.4% of injected spheres appearing in the liver. Epinephrine infusion resulted in a sustained vasoconstriction to 18 +/- 5 ml per min with no autoregulatory escape and no changes in arterial pressure or cardiac output. Vasopressin resulted in a decrease in flow to 14 +/- 3 ml per min with no excape. Whereas cardiac output did not change, there was a singificant hypertensive effect during the vasopressin infusion. There was neither redistribution of flow nor change in arteriovenous shunting with either epinephrine or vasopressin. Transmucosal electrical potential difference was 62 +/- 8 mv and did not change significantly with either infusion.", "contents": "Distribution and arteriovenous shunting of gastric blood flow in the baboon: effect of epinephrine and vasopressin infusions. The effects of 60-min intraarterial infusion of vasopressin (0.005 U per kg-min) and epinephrine (0.05 mu per kg-min) on gastric hemodynamics were studied in anesthetized baboons. Total gastric blood flow was measured electromagnetically and radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 mu) with three labels were used to determine regional distribution of gastric blood flow and arteriovenous shunting. Control flow was 55 +/- 8 ml per min, with 77.4 +/- 2.7% of flow going to the gastric mucosa and 1.7 +/- 0.4% of injected spheres appearing in the liver. Epinephrine infusion resulted in a sustained vasoconstriction to 18 +/- 5 ml per min with no autoregulatory escape and no changes in arterial pressure or cardiac output. Vasopressin resulted in a decrease in flow to 14 +/- 3 ml per min with no excape. Whereas cardiac output did not change, there was a singificant hypertensive effect during the vasopressin infusion. There was neither redistribution of flow nor change in arteriovenous shunting with either epinephrine or vasopressin. Transmucosal electrical potential difference was 62 +/- 8 mv and did not change significantly with either infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:939395", "title": "Appendix helicus: a unique anomaly of the vermiform appendix.", "content": "A unique anomaly of the vermiform appendix is described from a child in which the appendix is helical in configuration. Its form brings to mind the symbol of the profession of medicine.", "contents": "Appendix helicus: a unique anomaly of the vermiform appendix. A unique anomaly of the vermiform appendix is described from a child in which the appendix is helical in configuration. Its form brings to mind the symbol of the profession of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:939399", "title": "Effect of liquid diet on serum protein binding and prednisolone concentrations after oral prednisone.", "content": "After prednisone (two 5 mg tablets) was given to each of six normal volunteers with water or with a liquid meal, standard pharmacokinetic parameters of prednisolone metabolism were similar, except that peak serum prednisolone concentrations occurred later after the meal. We conclude that prednisone can be given with a meal without significantly affecting the metabolism of prednisone or prednisolone.", "contents": "Effect of liquid diet on serum protein binding and prednisolone concentrations after oral prednisone. After prednisone (two 5 mg tablets) was given to each of six normal volunteers with water or with a liquid meal, standard pharmacokinetic parameters of prednisolone metabolism were similar, except that peak serum prednisolone concentrations occurred later after the meal. We conclude that prednisone can be given with a meal without significantly affecting the metabolism of prednisone or prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:939400", "title": "[The value of routine lymphadenectomy in radical Wertheim hysterectomies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1959 Rauscher and Spurny questioned the advantages of routine lymphadenectomy in radical Wertheim operations compared to selective lymphadenectomies. Our present review disagrees with the above mentioned doubts. Rauscher and Spurny base their results on clinical staging of cancer of the cervix in cases from 1947 to 1950, and in cases from 1950 to 1953. Our results are quite different in two groups of patients from the years 1946 to 1949 and 1951 to 1953 with the staging done by histological methods. In the later period of 1965-1969 the results were further improved, probably due to the extent of the lymphadenectomy. The routine lymphadenectomy showed improved results not only in all cases but also in the cases with carcinoma of the lymph nodes.", "contents": "[The value of routine lymphadenectomy in radical Wertheim hysterectomies (author's transl)]. In 1959 Rauscher and Spurny questioned the advantages of routine lymphadenectomy in radical Wertheim operations compared to selective lymphadenectomies. Our present review disagrees with the above mentioned doubts. Rauscher and Spurny base their results on clinical staging of cancer of the cervix in cases from 1947 to 1950, and in cases from 1950 to 1953. Our results are quite different in two groups of patients from the years 1946 to 1949 and 1951 to 1953 with the staging done by histological methods. In the later period of 1965-1969 the results were further improved, probably due to the extent of the lymphadenectomy. The routine lymphadenectomy showed improved results not only in all cases but also in the cases with carcinoma of the lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:939401", "title": "[Determination of the gestational age in late pregnancy by sonography (author's transl)].", "content": "In 219 normal pregnancies between 28 and 42 weeks the relationships of different ultrasound measurements of the fetal head and the fetal body to the gestational age were determined in order to improve the accurate diagnosis of fetal maturity during the last trimester of pregnancy. With the A and B ultrasound apparatus of Kretz, the biparietal diameter was determined by the A mode, the fronto occipital plane and the largest abdominal diamter were determined by the B scan. The following ultrasound measurements were taken: the two horizontal and transverse diameters, the circumferences and the planes. The abdominal measurements showed a higher rate of growth, compared to the cranial measurements a lesser rate of growth retardation and a higher variation of the normals. The correlation of the abdominal measurements with the gestational age was worse than that of the cranial measurements. Wth the exception of the biparietal diameter in the A mode, the mean diameters of the cranial and abdominal measurements gave better results than the single diameters. Circumference and surface measurements showed no advantages. The best results were obtained by combined fetal head and body measurements using the summation of the biparietal diameter in the A mode and the mean abdominal diameter in the B scan.", "contents": "[Determination of the gestational age in late pregnancy by sonography (author's transl)]. In 219 normal pregnancies between 28 and 42 weeks the relationships of different ultrasound measurements of the fetal head and the fetal body to the gestational age were determined in order to improve the accurate diagnosis of fetal maturity during the last trimester of pregnancy. With the A and B ultrasound apparatus of Kretz, the biparietal diameter was determined by the A mode, the fronto occipital plane and the largest abdominal diamter were determined by the B scan. The following ultrasound measurements were taken: the two horizontal and transverse diameters, the circumferences and the planes. The abdominal measurements showed a higher rate of growth, compared to the cranial measurements a lesser rate of growth retardation and a higher variation of the normals. The correlation of the abdominal measurements with the gestational age was worse than that of the cranial measurements. Wth the exception of the biparietal diameter in the A mode, the mean diameters of the cranial and abdominal measurements gave better results than the single diameters. Circumference and surface measurements showed no advantages. The best results were obtained by combined fetal head and body measurements using the summation of the biparietal diameter in the A mode and the mean abdominal diameter in the B scan."}
{"id": "PMID:939402", "title": "[Conization of the uterine cervix in prevention and diagnosis of cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "The result of conization of the uterine cervix in 446 cases was reviewd regarding the diagnostic and preventive therapeutic value of the procedure with special attention to post-operative complications. Conizations for benign lesions of the cervix in 33 patients resulted in a well formed cervix with squamous epithelium covering of the ectocervix in 32 patients. There was only 1 failure. In 413 diagnostic conizations with extensive microscopic work-up the lesion was only completely removed in 62% of the cases. In spite of careful colposcopy and Schiller iodine marking the external margin of the cone biopsy material went through the atypical lesion in 51% of the cases. It is therefore necessary to extend the limits of the cone biopsy specimen in all cases as far to the periphery and upwards into the canal as feasible. The incidence of early and late complications was 10.9%. In 133 conizations with hemostasis by cauterization the complication rate was 22.6%. This rate was reduced to a complication rate of 5.2% in 261 cases with hemostasis by suture. The commonest early complication was cervical bleeding. The only late complication was stenosis of the cervical canal. After conization of the cervix 18 of 22 pregnancies were uncomplicated. The increased incidence of cervical dystocia following conization of the cervix is significant and was the indication for Caesarean Section in 6 cases. For the prevention of cancer, the indication for conization of the cervix should be diminished in favor of an increase of the indication for hysterectomy because of the high failure rate of conization to prevent cancer (37%) and because of the relatively high incidence of complications of conization.", "contents": "[Conization of the uterine cervix in prevention and diagnosis of cancer (author's transl)]. The result of conization of the uterine cervix in 446 cases was reviewd regarding the diagnostic and preventive therapeutic value of the procedure with special attention to post-operative complications. Conizations for benign lesions of the cervix in 33 patients resulted in a well formed cervix with squamous epithelium covering of the ectocervix in 32 patients. There was only 1 failure. In 413 diagnostic conizations with extensive microscopic work-up the lesion was only completely removed in 62% of the cases. In spite of careful colposcopy and Schiller iodine marking the external margin of the cone biopsy material went through the atypical lesion in 51% of the cases. It is therefore necessary to extend the limits of the cone biopsy specimen in all cases as far to the periphery and upwards into the canal as feasible. The incidence of early and late complications was 10.9%. In 133 conizations with hemostasis by cauterization the complication rate was 22.6%. This rate was reduced to a complication rate of 5.2% in 261 cases with hemostasis by suture. The commonest early complication was cervical bleeding. The only late complication was stenosis of the cervical canal. After conization of the cervix 18 of 22 pregnancies were uncomplicated. The increased incidence of cervical dystocia following conization of the cervix is significant and was the indication for Caesarean Section in 6 cases. For the prevention of cancer, the indication for conization of the cervix should be diminished in favor of an increase of the indication for hysterectomy because of the high failure rate of conization to prevent cancer (37%) and because of the relatively high incidence of complications of conization."}
{"id": "PMID:939403", "title": "[\"Menouria\", a symptom of vesico-cervicalfistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "In the paper rare clinical picture is presented as a possible clinical manifestation of vesico-cervical fistulae, the cardinal symptom being cyclic vesical haematuria - \"menouria\". The author discusses the cause being at the bottom of the symptomatology, and elaborates on the differential diagnosis. The author considers operative treatment necessary in all cases, and prefers the abdominaltransperitioneal access for the operation.", "contents": "[\"Menouria\", a symptom of vesico-cervicalfistulae (author's transl)]. In the paper rare clinical picture is presented as a possible clinical manifestation of vesico-cervical fistulae, the cardinal symptom being cyclic vesical haematuria - \"menouria\". The author discusses the cause being at the bottom of the symptomatology, and elaborates on the differential diagnosis. The author considers operative treatment necessary in all cases, and prefers the abdominaltransperitioneal access for the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:939404", "title": "[The optimal diagnosis of recurrence and metastases in female genital cancer by needle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"true-cut\" disposable biopsy needle was used for 95 needle biopsies in 42 patients who were suspected to have a recurrence or metastases of low lying gynaecological cancer. Up to 3 biopsies per patient were obtained. In 21 patients the clinical suspicion of malignant was verified by microscopic examination. The needle biopsies were done as often by the vaginal as by the rectal route. Because of the low incidence of complications the needle biopsy was recommended for the definite diagnosis and follow-up examination of suspicious low lying gynaecological tumors.", "contents": "[The optimal diagnosis of recurrence and metastases in female genital cancer by needle biopsy (author's transl)]. The \"true-cut\" disposable biopsy needle was used for 95 needle biopsies in 42 patients who were suspected to have a recurrence or metastases of low lying gynaecological cancer. Up to 3 biopsies per patient were obtained. In 21 patients the clinical suspicion of malignant was verified by microscopic examination. The needle biopsies were done as often by the vaginal as by the rectal route. Because of the low incidence of complications the needle biopsy was recommended for the definite diagnosis and follow-up examination of suspicious low lying gynaecological tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:939423", "title": "The initial manifestations of acute myocardinal infarction.", "content": "A review of 132 consecutive patients 65 years of age and older who had a myocardial infarction showed that two-thirds of them experienced pain at onset. Pain was the only symptom leading to bedside diagnosis in one-fourth of the patients. Pain at onset combined with sudden or increased dyspnea was present in one-fifth of the patients and pain associated with other symptoms in one-sixth. Dyspnea unaccompanied by pain heralded onset of infarction in one-fifth of the patients, and in almost 7 percent, onset was marked only by other symptoms. Cerebral symptoms dominated onset in one-tenth of the patients. Preexisting coronary heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes was not predictive of painless infarction. To avoid pitfalls and facilitate bedside diagnosis of infarction, physicians should be aware of the different clinical presentations of painless infarction in the aged, which occurred in over one-third of the patients in this cohort. They also should suspect the possibility of myocardial infarction in any patient in whom symptoms are not clear, even when they are mild and unobtrusive. Questioning of the elderly patient, his family, or others around him as early as possible after the onset of an acute attack is likely to elicit a history of pain, which may lead to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "The initial manifestations of acute myocardinal infarction. A review of 132 consecutive patients 65 years of age and older who had a myocardial infarction showed that two-thirds of them experienced pain at onset. Pain was the only symptom leading to bedside diagnosis in one-fourth of the patients. Pain at onset combined with sudden or increased dyspnea was present in one-fifth of the patients and pain associated with other symptoms in one-sixth. Dyspnea unaccompanied by pain heralded onset of infarction in one-fifth of the patients, and in almost 7 percent, onset was marked only by other symptoms. Cerebral symptoms dominated onset in one-tenth of the patients. Preexisting coronary heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes was not predictive of painless infarction. To avoid pitfalls and facilitate bedside diagnosis of infarction, physicians should be aware of the different clinical presentations of painless infarction in the aged, which occurred in over one-third of the patients in this cohort. They also should suspect the possibility of myocardial infarction in any patient in whom symptoms are not clear, even when they are mild and unobtrusive. Questioning of the elderly patient, his family, or others around him as early as possible after the onset of an acute attack is likely to elicit a history of pain, which may lead to the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:939424", "title": "Cervical spondylosis: most common cause of position and vibratory sense loss.", "content": "At present, spondylosis of the cervical spine is the most common cause of loss of position and vibratory sense. The loss is asymmetric in regard to location and degree of involvement and results from intermittent contusion of the posterior columns against the lamina in persons having congenital narrow spinal canal. Subluxation of the vertebrae, reversal of cervical lordosis, and a hypertrophic ligamentum flavum further compromise the canal. Measurement of the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal is meaningful, as a narrow canal correlates best with the clinical symptoms. Not all patients with a narrow sagittai diameter have clinical signs, but all patients with clinical signs have a narrow sagittal diameter. Immobilization of the cervical spine in partial flexion with a light collar is the proper treatment in the absence of spinal fluid block.", "contents": "Cervical spondylosis: most common cause of position and vibratory sense loss. At present, spondylosis of the cervical spine is the most common cause of loss of position and vibratory sense. The loss is asymmetric in regard to location and degree of involvement and results from intermittent contusion of the posterior columns against the lamina in persons having congenital narrow spinal canal. Subluxation of the vertebrae, reversal of cervical lordosis, and a hypertrophic ligamentum flavum further compromise the canal. Measurement of the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal is meaningful, as a narrow canal correlates best with the clinical symptoms. Not all patients with a narrow sagittai diameter have clinical signs, but all patients with clinical signs have a narrow sagittal diameter. Immobilization of the cervical spine in partial flexion with a light collar is the proper treatment in the absence of spinal fluid block."}
{"id": "PMID:939425", "title": "The value of endoscopic study of the bile ducts and the pancreas in the elderly.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 46 patients age 60 or older with various suspected pancreaticobiliary or duodenal diseases. Thirty-one patients (67.4%) had diagnostically satisfactory opacification of a duct system. Pathologic conditions obstruction injection of the contrast medium prevented opacification in eight patients (17.4%). Seven cannulations  (15.2%) were technical failures. There was one complication, a Gram-negative septicemia that was successfully treated. The procedure is of value in the geriatric patient because it may provide preoperative evidence of pancreatic or biliary disease that cannot be diagnosed by any other technique. In jaundiced patients, identification of the site of obstruction facilites the surgical approach and thus reduces operating time. If the common bile duct is shown to be patent, the patient is spared exploratory surgery or a prolonged hospital stay for observation. Although a normal pancreatic duct does not exclude cancer of the pancreas, it should influence the physician to search for other explanations for abdomianl pain or weight loss befror proceeding with abdominal surgery.", "contents": "The value of endoscopic study of the bile ducts and the pancreas in the elderly. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed in 46 patients age 60 or older with various suspected pancreaticobiliary or duodenal diseases. Thirty-one patients (67.4%) had diagnostically satisfactory opacification of a duct system. Pathologic conditions obstruction injection of the contrast medium prevented opacification in eight patients (17.4%). Seven cannulations  (15.2%) were technical failures. There was one complication, a Gram-negative septicemia that was successfully treated. The procedure is of value in the geriatric patient because it may provide preoperative evidence of pancreatic or biliary disease that cannot be diagnosed by any other technique. In jaundiced patients, identification of the site of obstruction facilites the surgical approach and thus reduces operating time. If the common bile duct is shown to be patent, the patient is spared exploratory surgery or a prolonged hospital stay for observation. Although a normal pancreatic duct does not exclude cancer of the pancreas, it should influence the physician to search for other explanations for abdomianl pain or weight loss befror proceeding with abdominal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:939429", "title": "Aging of human bone and articular cartilage collagen: changes in the reducible cross-links and their precursors.", "content": "The age-dependent changes in reducible collagen cross-links, Schiff bases and their precursors were followed for human bone and articular cartilage throughout the whole life span from 3 to 89 years of age. With aging, the reduced Schiff bases dihydroxylysinonorleucine remarkable decreased, wheras hexitollysine peaks increased significantly in both collagens. Dihydroxynorleucine, the precursor of the cross-link, was found to increase slightly with age. But the changes in hydroxylysinonorleucine and lysinonorleucine were comparatively small. These changes were discussed in relation to the increased insolubility observed in both collagens at higher age.", "contents": "Aging of human bone and articular cartilage collagen: changes in the reducible cross-links and their precursors. The age-dependent changes in reducible collagen cross-links, Schiff bases and their precursors were followed for human bone and articular cartilage throughout the whole life span from 3 to 89 years of age. With aging, the reduced Schiff bases dihydroxylysinonorleucine remarkable decreased, wheras hexitollysine peaks increased significantly in both collagens. Dihydroxynorleucine, the precursor of the cross-link, was found to increase slightly with age. But the changes in hydroxylysinonorleucine and lysinonorleucine were comparatively small. These changes were discussed in relation to the increased insolubility observed in both collagens at higher age."}
{"id": "PMID:939430", "title": "Surface labelling of senescent chick fibroblasts by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination.", "content": "Cell surface of chick fibroblasts were labelled by a short treatment with 125I in presence of lactoperoxidase. A glycoprotein (220,000 molec. wt) was iodinated and was present in a more exposed position or in greater amounts at the surface of old phase III cells compared to young phase II cells. The findings extend our previous observations on cell surface modifications in in vitro senescing fibroblasts.", "contents": "Surface labelling of senescent chick fibroblasts by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination. Cell surface of chick fibroblasts were labelled by a short treatment with 125I in presence of lactoperoxidase. A glycoprotein (220,000 molec. wt) was iodinated and was present in a more exposed position or in greater amounts at the surface of old phase III cells compared to young phase II cells. The findings extend our previous observations on cell surface modifications in in vitro senescing fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:939431", "title": "The origin and nature of pseudo-synovium appearing around implanted Silastic rods: an experimental study.", "content": "The pseudo-synovium appearing around Silastic rods is a labile layer made up of a range of cells from undifferentiated fibroblast precursors through to mature fibrocytes. Various factors influencing their behaviour are discussed. The optimum time for grafting into a rod-induced sheath would seem to be in excess of four months.", "contents": "The origin and nature of pseudo-synovium appearing around implanted Silastic rods: an experimental study. The pseudo-synovium appearing around Silastic rods is a labile layer made up of a range of cells from undifferentiated fibroblast precursors through to mature fibrocytes. Various factors influencing their behaviour are discussed. The optimum time for grafting into a rod-induced sheath would seem to be in excess of four months."}
{"id": "PMID:939432", "title": "The assessment of hand function: Part III--the final analysis.", "content": "Some common surgical procedures, practised to improve the function of the rheumatoid hand, have been subjected to a prospective and objective evaluation. This analysis has been based on the concept of the assessment of hand function by measurement of individual digital forces and the results clearly justify surgical intervention. In addition, function is improved in those digits belonging to the hand operated upon but not themselves undergoing surgery.", "contents": "The assessment of hand function: Part III--the final analysis. Some common surgical procedures, practised to improve the function of the rheumatoid hand, have been subjected to a prospective and objective evaluation. This analysis has been based on the concept of the assessment of hand function by measurement of individual digital forces and the results clearly justify surgical intervention. In addition, function is improved in those digits belonging to the hand operated upon but not themselves undergoing surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:939433", "title": "Further observations on the anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the wrist.", "content": "A review of the anatomy of the course of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, in the pisohamate tunnel. The exit from this tunnel is the most likely place for compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist.", "contents": "Further observations on the anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. A review of the anatomy of the course of the ulnar nerve at the wrist, in the pisohamate tunnel. The exit from this tunnel is the most likely place for compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist."}
{"id": "PMID:939434", "title": "Tendon plasticity-a property applicable to reconstructive surgery of the hand.", "content": "A study carried out by light and electron microscopy of the behaviour of different tendons when subjected to lateral stretching and longitudinal splitting. Tendons like the FDS are more resistant to lateral stretching and show greater shredding. The structure of the tendon shows criss-crossing of the fibrils, necessary to stand up to the greater stress to which the tendon is normally exposed.", "contents": "Tendon plasticity-a property applicable to reconstructive surgery of the hand. A study carried out by light and electron microscopy of the behaviour of different tendons when subjected to lateral stretching and longitudinal splitting. Tendons like the FDS are more resistant to lateral stretching and show greater shredding. The structure of the tendon shows criss-crossing of the fibrils, necessary to stand up to the greater stress to which the tendon is normally exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:939435", "title": "Treatment of a case of macrodactyly of the thumb.", "content": "An unusual association between macrodactyly of the thumb and a severe abnormality of the thenar eminence is presented. A reduction of the soft tissues and opponens transplant gave a satisfactory cosmetic and functional result.", "contents": "Treatment of a case of macrodactyly of the thumb. An unusual association between macrodactyly of the thumb and a severe abnormality of the thenar eminence is presented. A reduction of the soft tissues and opponens transplant gave a satisfactory cosmetic and functional result."}
{"id": "PMID:939436", "title": "Early tendon transfer for radial nerve transection.", "content": "A retrospective comparison of twelve patients with radial nerve transection treated by nerce repair, and thirteen similar patients treated by tendon transfer only, showed an average time to recovery of 7.5 months after nerve repair, and eight weeks after transfer. In view of this, a policy of early tendon transfer instead of radial nerve suture is advised. Results are reported in nine patients who had tendon transfers at an average of thirteen days after nerve injury.", "contents": "Early tendon transfer for radial nerve transection. A retrospective comparison of twelve patients with radial nerve transection treated by nerce repair, and thirteen similar patients treated by tendon transfer only, showed an average time to recovery of 7.5 months after nerve repair, and eight weeks after transfer. In view of this, a policy of early tendon transfer instead of radial nerve suture is advised. Results are reported in nine patients who had tendon transfers at an average of thirteen days after nerve injury."}
{"id": "PMID:939437", "title": "Extensor indicis proprius transfer to supplement replacement arthroplasty of the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "A new procedure is described to cope with the rotation deformity so often seen after replacement arthroplasty of the destroyed metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. The same procedure, in combination with a similar transfer to the ring and little fingers, but using extensor digiti minimi as the motor, can be used as a suspension procedure to stabilise the early unstable metacarpophalangeal joint. Thirty hands have been treated with the longest follow-up of two-and-a-half years; so far the results have been encouraging.", "contents": "Extensor indicis proprius transfer to supplement replacement arthroplasty of the rheumatoid hand. A new procedure is described to cope with the rotation deformity so often seen after replacement arthroplasty of the destroyed metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. The same procedure, in combination with a similar transfer to the ring and little fingers, but using extensor digiti minimi as the motor, can be used as a suspension procedure to stabilise the early unstable metacarpophalangeal joint. Thirty hands have been treated with the longest follow-up of two-and-a-half years; so far the results have been encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:939438", "title": "Intraosseous ganglion of the pisiform bone.", "content": "A case report of a ganglion in the pisiform bone, accompanied by pain and instability in the wrist joint.", "contents": "Intraosseous ganglion of the pisiform bone. A case report of a ganglion in the pisiform bone, accompanied by pain and instability in the wrist joint."}
{"id": "PMID:939439", "title": "Sarcoidosis presenting as a wrist tumour.", "content": "A forty-year-old male with a painless, indurated mass on the volar surface of the wrist, was proved to have Boeck's Sarcoid. The surgery and pathology of the mass is described and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis presenting as a wrist tumour. A forty-year-old male with a painless, indurated mass on the volar surface of the wrist, was proved to have Boeck's Sarcoid. The surgery and pathology of the mass is described and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:939440", "title": "Bracelet burn-an unusual electric burn.", "content": "A car mechanic sustained a deep partial thickness burn of the wrist when his metal watch strap short circuited the battery of a car upon which he was working.", "contents": "Bracelet burn-an unusual electric burn. A car mechanic sustained a deep partial thickness burn of the wrist when his metal watch strap short circuited the battery of a car upon which he was working."}
{"id": "PMID:939441", "title": "Carpometacarpal dislocation of the little finger.", "content": "A case is reported of dislocation of the base of the fifth metacarpal treated by manipulation and percutaneous fixation with a Kirschner wire. Visualisation by the image intensifier confirmed the reduction. A lateral view is important to control the volar displacement.", "contents": "Carpometacarpal dislocation of the little finger. A case is reported of dislocation of the base of the fifth metacarpal treated by manipulation and percutaneous fixation with a Kirschner wire. Visualisation by the image intensifier confirmed the reduction. A lateral view is important to control the volar displacement."}
{"id": "PMID:939442", "title": "Use of chemically preserved tendon allografts in hand surgery.", "content": "The origin of the use of tendons preserved in Cialit is reviewed and the results of a series of thirty-seven flexor tendon grafts which were performed by this method are discussed.", "contents": "Use of chemically preserved tendon allografts in hand surgery. The origin of the use of tendons preserved in Cialit is reviewed and the results of a series of thirty-seven flexor tendon grafts which were performed by this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939443", "title": "Closed acute traumatic rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon-a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases are presented of closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus due to rotational trauma to the forearm. Case 1 was successfully managed by indicis proprius transfer and the operative findings are described. The rarity of this injury is stressed by a review of the sparse relevant literature.", "contents": "Closed acute traumatic rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon-a report of two cases. Two cases are presented of closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus due to rotational trauma to the forearm. Case 1 was successfully managed by indicis proprius transfer and the operative findings are described. The rarity of this injury is stressed by a review of the sparse relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:939444", "title": "Transposition lengthening of a digital ray after multiple amputations of fingers.", "content": "Matev's principle of gradual distraction has been applied to the problem created by multiple digit amputation where the thumb is normal.", "contents": "Transposition lengthening of a digital ray after multiple amputations of fingers. Matev's principle of gradual distraction has been applied to the problem created by multiple digit amputation where the thumb is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:939445", "title": "Oedema of the hand after fasciectomy with or without tourniquet.", "content": "Two groups of patients with Dupuytren's disease were treated by limited fasciectomy. A tourniquet was used for one group, and an elevated hand table without tourniquet for the other. Taking into account other factors controlling oedema it was discovered over a post-operative period of twenty-eight days that \"Tourniquet\" hands remained significantly increased in volume compared to \"Non-Tourniquet\" hands. Other facts of clinical interest also emerge from the trial and are discussed. It is concluded that the use of the elevated hand table without tourniquet, not only allows an unlimited and uninterrupted period for hand surgery, but also reduces the subsequent oedema.", "contents": "Oedema of the hand after fasciectomy with or without tourniquet. Two groups of patients with Dupuytren's disease were treated by limited fasciectomy. A tourniquet was used for one group, and an elevated hand table without tourniquet for the other. Taking into account other factors controlling oedema it was discovered over a post-operative period of twenty-eight days that \"Tourniquet\" hands remained significantly increased in volume compared to \"Non-Tourniquet\" hands. Other facts of clinical interest also emerge from the trial and are discussed. It is concluded that the use of the elevated hand table without tourniquet, not only allows an unlimited and uninterrupted period for hand surgery, but also reduces the subsequent oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:939446", "title": "Ulceration of a ring into a phalanx.", "content": "A case is described in which a ring ulcerated into a finger, until only the setting could be seen. The patient reported when the finger began to swell. The injury recovered after removal of the ring. Previous reports of ring and rubber band constriction are reviewed.", "contents": "Ulceration of a ring into a phalanx. A case is described in which a ring ulcerated into a finger, until only the setting could be seen. The patient reported when the finger began to swell. The injury recovered after removal of the ring. Previous reports of ring and rubber band constriction are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:939447", "title": "High pressure injection injuries of the hand. A clinical, chemical and histological study.", "content": "Although high pressure injection injuries of the hand are frequently described, little is known about the mechanism of tissue necrosis. A case is described which led to digital amputation and the clinical features are discussed in relation to others reported. The digit was examined histologically and a sample of liquid drained from the palm was subjected to organic chemical analysis. The findings of widespread vessel thrombosis, absence of fat from fat loculi, and coagulative necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue becoming less marked the more proximal in the digit suggest a chemical inflammatory cause. This is supported by chemical analysis revealing a fat solvent as the chemical agent and fat degradation products in the palmar liquid.", "contents": "High pressure injection injuries of the hand. A clinical, chemical and histological study. Although high pressure injection injuries of the hand are frequently described, little is known about the mechanism of tissue necrosis. A case is described which led to digital amputation and the clinical features are discussed in relation to others reported. The digit was examined histologically and a sample of liquid drained from the palm was subjected to organic chemical analysis. The findings of widespread vessel thrombosis, absence of fat from fat loculi, and coagulative necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue becoming less marked the more proximal in the digit suggest a chemical inflammatory cause. This is supported by chemical analysis revealing a fat solvent as the chemical agent and fat degradation products in the palmar liquid."}
{"id": "PMID:939462", "title": "Purification of canine gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and its insulin releasing activity.", "content": "In order to clarify the nature of the biological action of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), GLI was extracted from the mucosa of the canine intestine and purified by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. 1500 gm of the mucosa yielded approximately 7 gm of crude extract of GLI. This crude extract was applied to a column packed with Sephadex G-50 or Bio-Gel P-10 and two peaks were obtained, Peak I and II. Each peak was purified with affinity chromatography, bound to gamma-globulin of anti-glucagon rabbit-serum. In this step, the GLI was purified approximately 80 times in comparison with the crude extract. Peak I or Peak II, as well as pancreatic glucagon, was infused successively into the pancreaticoduodenal artery of the anesthetized dogs. When buffer solution or the Peak I GLI was infused, the plasma immunoreactive insulin in the pancreatic vein did not change significantly. In contrast, both the Peak II and pancreatic glucagon promoted insulin secretion from the pancreas. The results obtained in this experiment demonstrate the promotion of insulin release from the pancreas and suggest an important role of gut GLI in the absorption and metabolic processing of nutrients.", "contents": "Purification of canine gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) and its insulin releasing activity. In order to clarify the nature of the biological action of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), GLI was extracted from the mucosa of the canine intestine and purified by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. 1500 gm of the mucosa yielded approximately 7 gm of crude extract of GLI. This crude extract was applied to a column packed with Sephadex G-50 or Bio-Gel P-10 and two peaks were obtained, Peak I and II. Each peak was purified with affinity chromatography, bound to gamma-globulin of anti-glucagon rabbit-serum. In this step, the GLI was purified approximately 80 times in comparison with the crude extract. Peak I or Peak II, as well as pancreatic glucagon, was infused successively into the pancreaticoduodenal artery of the anesthetized dogs. When buffer solution or the Peak I GLI was infused, the plasma immunoreactive insulin in the pancreatic vein did not change significantly. In contrast, both the Peak II and pancreatic glucagon promoted insulin secretion from the pancreas. The results obtained in this experiment demonstrate the promotion of insulin release from the pancreas and suggest an important role of gut GLI in the absorption and metabolic processing of nutrients."}
{"id": "PMID:939463", "title": "Decreased pituitary growth hormone content in rats treated neonatally with high doses of L-thyroxine.", "content": "Growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone content have been measured by specific radioimmunoassays in anterior pituitaries of 22 day old rats. These animals were injected with saline or very high doses of L-thyroxine during the neonatal period in order to induce the \"neo-T4\" syndrome. Growth of such animals is known to be affected. It was found that not only TSH but also GH content of the T4-treated animals was significantly lower than that of the saline-injected controls.", "contents": "Decreased pituitary growth hormone content in rats treated neonatally with high doses of L-thyroxine. Growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone content have been measured by specific radioimmunoassays in anterior pituitaries of 22 day old rats. These animals were injected with saline or very high doses of L-thyroxine during the neonatal period in order to induce the \"neo-T4\" syndrome. Growth of such animals is known to be affected. It was found that not only TSH but also GH content of the T4-treated animals was significantly lower than that of the saline-injected controls."}
{"id": "PMID:939464", "title": "A comparison of the effects of altered thyroid and parathyroid function on reproduction in the rat.", "content": "Mild maternal hypothyroidism produced by surgical thyroidectomy resulted in significantly reduced food intake along with retarded reproductive performance in rats. Hyperthyroidism increased food consumption above the control level along with an increase in fetal resorptions which was the only parameter of reproductive performance altered by the twenty-second day of gestation. In animals which underwent pregnancies, reproductive performance suffered a further decline in the second gestation due to increasing duration of the hypothyroidism. Food restriction alone failed to duplicate these adverse effects on fetal development. Serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were not significantly altered by mild maternal hypothyroidism of hypoparathyroidism. The hematocrit and total blood volume of hypothyroid but not hypoparathyroid rats was significantly reduced from normal. Maternal hypoparathyroidism alone did not affect fetal development grossly.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of altered thyroid and parathyroid function on reproduction in the rat. Mild maternal hypothyroidism produced by surgical thyroidectomy resulted in significantly reduced food intake along with retarded reproductive performance in rats. Hyperthyroidism increased food consumption above the control level along with an increase in fetal resorptions which was the only parameter of reproductive performance altered by the twenty-second day of gestation. In animals which underwent pregnancies, reproductive performance suffered a further decline in the second gestation due to increasing duration of the hypothyroidism. Food restriction alone failed to duplicate these adverse effects on fetal development. Serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were not significantly altered by mild maternal hypothyroidism of hypoparathyroidism. The hematocrit and total blood volume of hypothyroid but not hypoparathyroid rats was significantly reduced from normal. Maternal hypoparathyroidism alone did not affect fetal development grossly."}
{"id": "PMID:939477", "title": "Critical issues in mental health service delivery: what are the priorities?", "content": "The director, one other professional, and one para-professional in 515 community mental health centers and 193 state hospitals throughout the United States were asked to rate 57 critical issues in mental health services as to their importance now and five years from now. Issues judged most important now are services for children and for adolescents; five years from now children's services still top the list. Answers to two other questions revealed that respondents placed research on prevention at the top of a list of needed research areas, and that the most useful NIMH service to agencies was person-to-person assistance such as consultation and workshops.", "contents": "Critical issues in mental health service delivery: what are the priorities? The director, one other professional, and one para-professional in 515 community mental health centers and 193 state hospitals throughout the United States were asked to rate 57 critical issues in mental health services as to their importance now and five years from now. Issues judged most important now are services for children and for adolescents; five years from now children's services still top the list. Answers to two other questions revealed that respondents placed research on prevention at the top of a list of needed research areas, and that the most useful NIMH service to agencies was person-to-person assistance such as consultation and workshops."}
{"id": "PMID:939478", "title": "Evaluating the effectiveness of innovative design for a community mental health center.", "content": "The effectiveness of the design of the inpatient and day patient areas of a community mental health center was evaluated in 1969, soon after the center was opened, and again in 1974. The focal area is a large, irregularly shaped communal space; it opens onto a wide, encircling corridor ringed with bedrooms, multiuse rooms, and offices. The center was designed to encourage different behaviors and varied uses of space, to promote interaction, and to stimulate and challenge patients. In 1974 the evaluators found the design still worked well for the unit that still operated the same kind of program the center was designed for, a therapeutic community, even though the unit admitted sicker patients than planned. The design did not work as well for the second unit, which had become a crisis intervention program for patients who were often highly agitated, suicidal, or determined to escape; security and surveillance were major problems.", "contents": "Evaluating the effectiveness of innovative design for a community mental health center. The effectiveness of the design of the inpatient and day patient areas of a community mental health center was evaluated in 1969, soon after the center was opened, and again in 1974. The focal area is a large, irregularly shaped communal space; it opens onto a wide, encircling corridor ringed with bedrooms, multiuse rooms, and offices. The center was designed to encourage different behaviors and varied uses of space, to promote interaction, and to stimulate and challenge patients. In 1974 the evaluators found the design still worked well for the unit that still operated the same kind of program the center was designed for, a therapeutic community, even though the unit admitted sicker patients than planned. The design did not work as well for the second unit, which had become a crisis intervention program for patients who were often highly agitated, suicidal, or determined to escape; security and surveillance were major problems."}
{"id": "PMID:939479", "title": "Using peer-group intervention with problem students in a secondary school.", "content": "Twenty adolescent girls whose records showed poor academic performance and frequent truancies and referrals to the guidance office were selected to participate in a pilot project to provide a peer-group experience for students having difficulty at school. Half the students were placed in a control group and received regular services from the school. Students in the experimental group attended 12 discussion sessions held during the school day. A one-year follow-up showed that seven in the experimental group and one in the control group had improved.", "contents": "Using peer-group intervention with problem students in a secondary school. Twenty adolescent girls whose records showed poor academic performance and frequent truancies and referrals to the guidance office were selected to participate in a pilot project to provide a peer-group experience for students having difficulty at school. Half the students were placed in a control group and received regular services from the school. Students in the experimental group attended 12 discussion sessions held during the school day. A one-year follow-up showed that seven in the experimental group and one in the control group had improved."}
{"id": "PMID:939480", "title": "Combining activities and group psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenics.", "content": "The author reviews literature relating to the use of activities in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, citing several programs that combined activities and psychotherapy to produce effective modes of treatment. He also describes a program in which he used collage-making to help a group of schizophrenic women improve interpersonal relationships, reality-testing, and self-image as well as to help them express problems and develop feelings of autonomy. The author believes that such combined programs help meet the basic needs of schizophrenic patients and alleviate their tendencies to withdraw from their surroundings.", "contents": "Combining activities and group psychotherapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenics. The author reviews literature relating to the use of activities in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, citing several programs that combined activities and psychotherapy to produce effective modes of treatment. He also describes a program in which he used collage-making to help a group of schizophrenic women improve interpersonal relationships, reality-testing, and self-image as well as to help them express problems and develop feelings of autonomy. The author believes that such combined programs help meet the basic needs of schizophrenic patients and alleviate their tendencies to withdraw from their surroundings."}
{"id": "PMID:939481", "title": "Applying psychiatric techniques to patients with cancer.", "content": "A patient with cancer frequently experiences significant stress in adjusting to his disease. The authors feel that cancer patients who are receiving physical care in a general hospital may benefit from psychiatric techniques used regularly by mental health professionals. They describe weekly group meetings in which newly diagnosed cancer patients talk with the hospital staff, consultants from a psychiatric institute, and more experienced cancer patients about problems in adjustment, misconceptions about cancer, reactions of family and friends, and problems in relating to their physician. To date approximately 2000 patients have attended the meetings. In most cases their anxiety has decreased as they talk with other cancer patients who have learned to live with their disease, and as they see alternative methods for dealing with their problems.", "contents": "Applying psychiatric techniques to patients with cancer. A patient with cancer frequently experiences significant stress in adjusting to his disease. The authors feel that cancer patients who are receiving physical care in a general hospital may benefit from psychiatric techniques used regularly by mental health professionals. They describe weekly group meetings in which newly diagnosed cancer patients talk with the hospital staff, consultants from a psychiatric institute, and more experienced cancer patients about problems in adjustment, misconceptions about cancer, reactions of family and friends, and problems in relating to their physician. To date approximately 2000 patients have attended the meetings. In most cases their anxiety has decreased as they talk with other cancer patients who have learned to live with their disease, and as they see alternative methods for dealing with their problems."}
{"id": "PMID:939506", "title": "Study points to the potential of arbitrating malpractice claims.", "content": "The Southern California Arbitration Project has demonstrated that arbitration may be applied successfully within the hospital segment of the health care industry. Although results are inconclusive at this time, arbitration may be a feasible alternative to litigation in securing expeditious and inexpensive resolution of malpractice cases. Of course, arbitration, in and of itself, is no panacea for the critical malpractice problem currently experienced throughout the nation; however, its potential for substantive contribution toward the resolution of malpractice claims is worthy of extensive experimentation and evaluation.", "contents": "Study points to the potential of arbitrating malpractice claims. The Southern California Arbitration Project has demonstrated that arbitration may be applied successfully within the hospital segment of the health care industry. Although results are inconclusive at this time, arbitration may be a feasible alternative to litigation in securing expeditious and inexpensive resolution of malpractice cases. Of course, arbitration, in and of itself, is no panacea for the critical malpractice problem currently experienced throughout the nation; however, its potential for substantive contribution toward the resolution of malpractice claims is worthy of extensive experimentation and evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:939511", "title": "Circuit librarian serves five hospitals in shared program.", "content": "There is increasing emphasis on continuing education of hospital personnel, who need and want access to information in order to be aware of advances in health care. Small hospitals cannot afford to duplicate extensive collections. Personnel of hospitals that are remote from urban centers often do not have opportunities to visit a resource library on a regular basis and do not have experience in searching the medical literature through the use of reference tools. It is increasingly evident that the circuit librarian program has served as a catalyst in establishing relationships between the hospitals and the university health sciences center. The director of the CHSL has consulted with the deans of the nursing and the medical schools and with various professors. They have promised that the schools will try to address identifiable continuing education needs or requests from the hospitals. Moreover, the circuit librarian meets with individual hospital personnel and then obtains information for them from the CHSL and its staff. The circuit librarian program is one way to meet community hospitals' needs for access to health sciences literature and to initiate peer interaction for information exchange.", "contents": "Circuit librarian serves five hospitals in shared program. There is increasing emphasis on continuing education of hospital personnel, who need and want access to information in order to be aware of advances in health care. Small hospitals cannot afford to duplicate extensive collections. Personnel of hospitals that are remote from urban centers often do not have opportunities to visit a resource library on a regular basis and do not have experience in searching the medical literature through the use of reference tools. It is increasingly evident that the circuit librarian program has served as a catalyst in establishing relationships between the hospitals and the university health sciences center. The director of the CHSL has consulted with the deans of the nursing and the medical schools and with various professors. They have promised that the schools will try to address identifiable continuing education needs or requests from the hospitals. Moreover, the circuit librarian meets with individual hospital personnel and then obtains information for them from the CHSL and its staff. The circuit librarian program is one way to meet community hospitals' needs for access to health sciences literature and to initiate peer interaction for information exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:939514", "title": "Pharmaceutical group purchasing cuts costs, expands knowledge.", "content": "The CHA-CSHP pharmaceutical group purchasing program has provided several benefits to participating hospitals and related institutions in Connecticut. The program is run by pharmacists and staffed by individuals knowledgeable in good purchasing techniques. Pharmacist compliance has been good because of maximum input into program decisions by all participating pharmacy departments. Pharmaceutical industry participation has been excellent, because each bid invitation includes information on the previous year's purchases by participating hospitals and on the committed volume for the contract period. In addition, the program is self-supporting. Thus, larger hospitals, which would often be able to obtain good pricing independently, are not obliged to support the bulk of this program, as is often the case when participating institutions pay dues based on their bed size. As a result of the pharmaceutical group purchasing plan of the Connecticut Hospital Association, hospitals have received significant benefits in cost savings and shared drug information.", "contents": "Pharmaceutical group purchasing cuts costs, expands knowledge. The CHA-CSHP pharmaceutical group purchasing program has provided several benefits to participating hospitals and related institutions in Connecticut. The program is run by pharmacists and staffed by individuals knowledgeable in good purchasing techniques. Pharmacist compliance has been good because of maximum input into program decisions by all participating pharmacy departments. Pharmaceutical industry participation has been excellent, because each bid invitation includes information on the previous year's purchases by participating hospitals and on the committed volume for the contract period. In addition, the program is self-supporting. Thus, larger hospitals, which would often be able to obtain good pricing independently, are not obliged to support the bulk of this program, as is often the case when participating institutions pay dues based on their bed size. As a result of the pharmaceutical group purchasing plan of the Connecticut Hospital Association, hospitals have received significant benefits in cost savings and shared drug information."}
{"id": "PMID:939535", "title": "Chief cell hyperplasia in the human carotid body at high altitudes; physiologic and pathologic significance.", "content": "The area occupied by parenchymal cells, in sections comprising the entire half of the surface of the carotid body, is significantly greater in people born and living at 14,350 feet than in those at sea level. The enlargement and increase in weight of the carotid bodies observed at high altitudes can thus be attributed to hyperplasia of parenchymal tissue. The proliferated cells have the morphology of type I chief cells and display marked vacuolation and depletion of yellow-green, naturally fluorescing, bioamine containing granules. Although unimportant variations in size and weight in relation to age occurred at sea level, it was found that the magnitude of the carotid body enlargement increased with age at high altitudes. The augmented carotid body size and weight in relation to age at high altitudes are associated with progressive chemoreceptor insensitivity. The physiologic and pathologic significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Chief cell hyperplasia in the human carotid body at high altitudes; physiologic and pathologic significance. The area occupied by parenchymal cells, in sections comprising the entire half of the surface of the carotid body, is significantly greater in people born and living at 14,350 feet than in those at sea level. The enlargement and increase in weight of the carotid bodies observed at high altitudes can thus be attributed to hyperplasia of parenchymal tissue. The proliferated cells have the morphology of type I chief cells and display marked vacuolation and depletion of yellow-green, naturally fluorescing, bioamine containing granules. Although unimportant variations in size and weight in relation to age occurred at sea level, it was found that the magnitude of the carotid body enlargement increased with age at high altitudes. The augmented carotid body size and weight in relation to age at high altitudes are associated with progressive chemoreceptor insensitivity. The physiologic and pathologic significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939536", "title": "The pathology of the heart in progressive muscular dystrophy: epimyocardial fibrosis.", "content": "The gross and microscopic appearance of the hearts from eight patients with Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy are described. Seven hearts had gross evidence of myocardial fibrosis, five of these demonstrating distinctive fibrosis of the epimyocardial portion of the free wall of the left ventricle, often with a striking band-like appearance. On the basis of mapping studies of the myocardial fibrosis, a theory regarding the progression of myocardial fibrosis in Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy is presented. Correlation of the pathologic anatomy, electrocardiograms, and vectorcardiograms in these patients and the family studies of others suggests that Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy represents a generalized cardiomyopathy that has its gravest and most distinctive effect on the epimyocardial portion of the free wall of the left ventricle.", "contents": "The pathology of the heart in progressive muscular dystrophy: epimyocardial fibrosis. The gross and microscopic appearance of the hearts from eight patients with Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy are described. Seven hearts had gross evidence of myocardial fibrosis, five of these demonstrating distinctive fibrosis of the epimyocardial portion of the free wall of the left ventricle, often with a striking band-like appearance. On the basis of mapping studies of the myocardial fibrosis, a theory regarding the progression of myocardial fibrosis in Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy is presented. Correlation of the pathologic anatomy, electrocardiograms, and vectorcardiograms in these patients and the family studies of others suggests that Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy represents a generalized cardiomyopathy that has its gravest and most distinctive effect on the epimyocardial portion of the free wall of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:939537", "title": "The carcinoid endocardial plaque; an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies disclosed that the plaque-like endocardial thickenings in three patients with the carcinoid syndrome were composed of smooth muscle cells embedded in a stroma that was rich in acid mucopolysaccharides, collagen, and microfibrils, but devoid of elastic fibers. The smooth muscle cells contained variable numbers of myofilaments and cisterns of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and their basement membranes were greatly thickened, reduplicated, and arranged in layers. The endocardial plaques appeared histologically and ultrastructurally similar regardless of their location in the heart. The smooth muscle cells in these plaques appear to have been derived from primitive mesenchymal cells, which normally are present in the subendocardial endothelial space. These observations are interpreted as indicating that the plaques develop as a result of healing of a superficial endocardial injury, which may be initiated by release of bradykinin from hepatic metastases of a carcinoid tumor.", "contents": "The carcinoid endocardial plaque; an ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural studies disclosed that the plaque-like endocardial thickenings in three patients with the carcinoid syndrome were composed of smooth muscle cells embedded in a stroma that was rich in acid mucopolysaccharides, collagen, and microfibrils, but devoid of elastic fibers. The smooth muscle cells contained variable numbers of myofilaments and cisterns of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and their basement membranes were greatly thickened, reduplicated, and arranged in layers. The endocardial plaques appeared histologically and ultrastructurally similar regardless of their location in the heart. The smooth muscle cells in these plaques appear to have been derived from primitive mesenchymal cells, which normally are present in the subendocardial endothelial space. These observations are interpreted as indicating that the plaques develop as a result of healing of a superficial endocardial injury, which may be initiated by release of bradykinin from hepatic metastases of a carcinoid tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:939538", "title": "Endobronchial plasma cell granuloma (xanthomatous pseudotumor); a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Plasma cell granuloma (xanthomatous pseudotumor) is polymorphic at light as well as electron microscopic examination. At light microscopy the endobronchial variant of this entity was rich in plasma cells and interwoven, whorl-like, or concentrically arranged spindle cells. Foamy histiocytes and macrophages usually abundant in the intrapulmonary variant were rare. At electron microscopy particles 20 to 50 nm. in size were found at the bronchial mucosal surface but not elsewhere in the lesion. Plasma cells near the bronchial surface contained cytoplasmic fibrils, mitochondria with concentric cristae, and inclusions that bore a close resemblance to adjacent extracellular crystallized hemoglobin. Those in the center of the lesion ordinary round inclusions and none of the other changes. Spindle cells in the interlaced areas were mostly fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, whereas those whorled around capillaries resembled pericytes with basement membranes and nuxes-like intercellular junctions. Year rings like multilayered basal laminae were frequently present between the pericyte-like cells and the endothelial cells of the capillaries. The ultrastructure of plasma cell granuloma, like the histologic and clinical aspects, differs from that of sclerosing hemangioma, pseudolymphoma, and malignant plasma cell tumor affecting the lung.", "contents": "Endobronchial plasma cell granuloma (xanthomatous pseudotumor); a light and electron microscopic study. Plasma cell granuloma (xanthomatous pseudotumor) is polymorphic at light as well as electron microscopic examination. At light microscopy the endobronchial variant of this entity was rich in plasma cells and interwoven, whorl-like, or concentrically arranged spindle cells. Foamy histiocytes and macrophages usually abundant in the intrapulmonary variant were rare. At electron microscopy particles 20 to 50 nm. in size were found at the bronchial mucosal surface but not elsewhere in the lesion. Plasma cells near the bronchial surface contained cytoplasmic fibrils, mitochondria with concentric cristae, and inclusions that bore a close resemblance to adjacent extracellular crystallized hemoglobin. Those in the center of the lesion ordinary round inclusions and none of the other changes. Spindle cells in the interlaced areas were mostly fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, whereas those whorled around capillaries resembled pericytes with basement membranes and nuxes-like intercellular junctions. Year rings like multilayered basal laminae were frequently present between the pericyte-like cells and the endothelial cells of the capillaries. The ultrastructure of plasma cell granuloma, like the histologic and clinical aspects, differs from that of sclerosing hemangioma, pseudolymphoma, and malignant plasma cell tumor affecting the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:939539", "title": "Intestinal lesions in immune deficiency.", "content": "The descriptive studies of intestinal lesions in immune deficiency and the research that has been done in order to explain their pathogenesis are reviewed. Current knowledge in this field is inadequate, and some of the intriguing phenomena described defy reasonable explanation, including the special role of Giardia lamblia and the rarity of gastrointestinal lesions in isolated IgA deficiency. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding these phenomena.", "contents": "Intestinal lesions in immune deficiency. The descriptive studies of intestinal lesions in immune deficiency and the research that has been done in order to explain their pathogenesis are reviewed. Current knowledge in this field is inadequate, and some of the intriguing phenomena described defy reasonable explanation, including the special role of Giardia lamblia and the rarity of gastrointestinal lesions in isolated IgA deficiency. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:939540", "title": "Calcification in the renal medulla; a classification based on a prospective study of 2261 necropsies.", "content": "Kidneys from 1864 necropsies performed in Brisbane, Australia, and from 397 necropsies performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Three zonal and three focal patterns of renal medullary calcification were defined: (1) Outer medullary cortical calcification seen in hypercalcemic conditions. (2) A band of calcification at the boundary of the inner and outer medullar associated with degenerative changes and correlated with aging and arteriolar disease. (3) Calcification concentrated around the loops of Henle in the papilla, sometimes a striking finding in children and common at all ages. Heavy calcification in this region was injurious to the loops. (4) Fine focal calcification in random distribution throughout the medulla. This lesion was seen in virtually all adult necropsies to some degree. (5) Coarse focal deposits in the papillary region, more common in males and in a hotter climate. (6) Randall's plaques also were common in males and in a hotter climate.", "contents": "Calcification in the renal medulla; a classification based on a prospective study of 2261 necropsies. Kidneys from 1864 necropsies performed in Brisbane, Australia, and from 397 necropsies performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Three zonal and three focal patterns of renal medullary calcification were defined: (1) Outer medullary cortical calcification seen in hypercalcemic conditions. (2) A band of calcification at the boundary of the inner and outer medullar associated with degenerative changes and correlated with aging and arteriolar disease. (3) Calcification concentrated around the loops of Henle in the papilla, sometimes a striking finding in children and common at all ages. Heavy calcification in this region was injurious to the loops. (4) Fine focal calcification in random distribution throughout the medulla. This lesion was seen in virtually all adult necropsies to some degree. (5) Coarse focal deposits in the papillary region, more common in males and in a hotter climate. (6) Randall's plaques also were common in males and in a hotter climate."}
{"id": "PMID:939541", "title": "Reproducibility of the mitosis count in the histologic diagnosis of smooth muscle tumors of the uterus.", "content": "In order to ascertain the reproducibility of the mitosis count in histologic tumor diagnosis, a reference set of 10 microscopic slides from smooth muscle tumors of the uterus was shown to six different pathologists, who were asked to record the number of mitotic figures per 10 high power fields in the most active region of each slide. The results, when tubulated, revealed considerable observer variation in this supposedly objective and quantitative diagnostic criterion. The diagnosis of benignity or malignancy, based on this criterion alone, were unamimous in only four of the 10 cases, whereas the diagnoses based on a constellation of histologic criteria were unanimous in all cases and correlated well with the subsequent clinical evolution of those cases with follow-up data. Possible reasons for the lack of reproducibility of the mitosis count are discussed. We conclude that a qualitative estimation of mitotic activity is helpful as one of the diagnostic and prognostic criteria in the assessment of uterine and other smooth muscle tumors, but that it cannot be used as the sole criterion for distinguishing benign from malignant tumors.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the mitosis count in the histologic diagnosis of smooth muscle tumors of the uterus. In order to ascertain the reproducibility of the mitosis count in histologic tumor diagnosis, a reference set of 10 microscopic slides from smooth muscle tumors of the uterus was shown to six different pathologists, who were asked to record the number of mitotic figures per 10 high power fields in the most active region of each slide. The results, when tubulated, revealed considerable observer variation in this supposedly objective and quantitative diagnostic criterion. The diagnosis of benignity or malignancy, based on this criterion alone, were unamimous in only four of the 10 cases, whereas the diagnoses based on a constellation of histologic criteria were unanimous in all cases and correlated well with the subsequent clinical evolution of those cases with follow-up data. Possible reasons for the lack of reproducibility of the mitosis count are discussed. We conclude that a qualitative estimation of mitotic activity is helpful as one of the diagnostic and prognostic criteria in the assessment of uterine and other smooth muscle tumors, but that it cannot be used as the sole criterion for distinguishing benign from malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:939542", "title": "On the origin of the so-called tumorlets of the lung.", "content": "A light and electron microscopic study of multiple tumorlets in a 66 year old female is presented. Clinically the patient had had chronic obstructive lung disease with bronchiectasis of the right upper lobe. Aside from severe bronchiectatic alterations, the resected lobe showed typical tumorlets. On electron microscopic study, these were shown to consist of cells containing large numbers of a neurosecretory type of granule, which was identical to those present in the bronchial counterpart of the intestinal argentaffin (Kulchitsky) cell, as well as in pulmonary carcinoid and oat cell carcinoma cells. Our studies suggest the possibility of a histogenetic relationship between tumorlets, bronchial carcinoid tumors, and oat cell carcinoma, the cell of origin in each case being the bronchial counterpart of the intestinal argentaffin cell.", "contents": "On the origin of the so-called tumorlets of the lung. A light and electron microscopic study of multiple tumorlets in a 66 year old female is presented. Clinically the patient had had chronic obstructive lung disease with bronchiectasis of the right upper lobe. Aside from severe bronchiectatic alterations, the resected lobe showed typical tumorlets. On electron microscopic study, these were shown to consist of cells containing large numbers of a neurosecretory type of granule, which was identical to those present in the bronchial counterpart of the intestinal argentaffin (Kulchitsky) cell, as well as in pulmonary carcinoid and oat cell carcinoma cells. Our studies suggest the possibility of a histogenetic relationship between tumorlets, bronchial carcinoid tumors, and oat cell carcinoma, the cell of origin in each case being the bronchial counterpart of the intestinal argentaffin cell."}
{"id": "PMID:939543", "title": "Aspartylglucosaminuria: unique biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics.", "content": "The observation of vacuolated lymphocytes in a coarsely featured two year old female with hepatosplenomegaly, mitral insufficiency, and mild psychomotor retardation led to the first diagnosed case of aspartylglucosaminuria in the United States. Although physical characteristics and bone roentgenograms were consistent with a mucopolysaccharide disorder, analysis of the urine showed no mucopolysaccharide elevation. The chromatographic, enzymatic, and ultrastructural studies confirming the diagnosis are presented.", "contents": "Aspartylglucosaminuria: unique biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The observation of vacuolated lymphocytes in a coarsely featured two year old female with hepatosplenomegaly, mitral insufficiency, and mild psychomotor retardation led to the first diagnosed case of aspartylglucosaminuria in the United States. Although physical characteristics and bone roentgenograms were consistent with a mucopolysaccharide disorder, analysis of the urine showed no mucopolysaccharide elevation. The chromatographic, enzymatic, and ultrastructural studies confirming the diagnosis are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:939547", "title": "Formal genetics of Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "The formal genetics of Fanconi's anemia were investigated on the basis of 21 families from different European countries, and of 69 families from the literature. 1. The result of segregation analysis is compatible with the hypothesis of a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. 2. The number of sporadic cases is not greater than expected. 3. Among the affected siblings in the sibships analyzed, males are somewhat more frequent than females. However, this sex difference is also found among the unaffected siblings, and it is not statistically significant. 4. Contrary to assertions made in the literature, there is no clustering of affected in the sequence of siblings, no maternal age effect, and no preference of higher birth orders. 5. A high intrafamilial correlation for age at onset, and (very probably) number and severity of malformations points to genetic heterogeneity. Apart from the standard type, an especially mild type with late onset, few malformations, and a relatively benign course seems to exist. Its counterpart is possibly an especially severe type with early onset, many malformations, and a malignant course. However, definite conclusions on the special character of this heterogeneity will require application of additional methods.", "contents": "Formal genetics of Fanconi's anemia. The formal genetics of Fanconi's anemia were investigated on the basis of 21 families from different European countries, and of 69 families from the literature. 1. The result of segregation analysis is compatible with the hypothesis of a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. 2. The number of sporadic cases is not greater than expected. 3. Among the affected siblings in the sibships analyzed, males are somewhat more frequent than females. However, this sex difference is also found among the unaffected siblings, and it is not statistically significant. 4. Contrary to assertions made in the literature, there is no clustering of affected in the sequence of siblings, no maternal age effect, and no preference of higher birth orders. 5. A high intrafamilial correlation for age at onset, and (very probably) number and severity of malformations points to genetic heterogeneity. Apart from the standard type, an especially mild type with late onset, few malformations, and a relatively benign course seems to exist. Its counterpart is possibly an especially severe type with early onset, many malformations, and a malignant course. However, definite conclusions on the special character of this heterogeneity will require application of additional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:939548", "title": "Mental retardation and congenital malformations associated with a ring chromosome 9.", "content": "A 46,XY,r(9) (p24q34) complement was observed in a 35-month-old boy with multiple congenital anomalies. The main clinical features included intrauterine growth retardation, dwarfism, microcephaly, peculiar face, undescended testes, seizures and severe psychomotor retardation. It appears that 4 reported cases of r(9) can be divided into two groups. Three of them, including the present case, share clinical features with those of cases with 9p--. On the other hand, one case showed a different combination of malformations.", "contents": "Mental retardation and congenital malformations associated with a ring chromosome 9. A 46,XY,r(9) (p24q34) complement was observed in a 35-month-old boy with multiple congenital anomalies. The main clinical features included intrauterine growth retardation, dwarfism, microcephaly, peculiar face, undescended testes, seizures and severe psychomotor retardation. It appears that 4 reported cases of r(9) can be divided into two groups. Three of them, including the present case, share clinical features with those of cases with 9p--. On the other hand, one case showed a different combination of malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:939549", "title": "Fusion of two apparently intact human X chromosomes.", "content": "Cytological studies have been presented from a 15-year-old girl with short stature and failure of puberty. Buccal mucosa preparations revealed X-chromatin mass approximately double in size of that of a normal female. Leukocyte metaphases suggested a two cell line composition of the patient. One population of cells conformed with 45,X chromosome distribution. The chromosome complement of her other cell line had a modal number of 46. In this cell line a \"C\" chromosome was replaced by an exceptionally large submetacentric chromosome. This abnormal element exhibited late DNA replicating pattern. G-banding study revealed that the abnormal chromosome was produced as a result of fusion involving telomeric ends of long arms of 2 intact X chromosomes. This translocation X was bearing 2 C-banded areas; one around the centromere and the other at the distal end of the long arm. The distal C-band area did not show any evidence for centromeric function. It appears that a centromere becomes latent in the presence of another centromere in a translocation bearing 2 total chromosomes. Such a change of state in the additional centromere is vital for the stability of the translocation chromosome.", "contents": "Fusion of two apparently intact human X chromosomes. Cytological studies have been presented from a 15-year-old girl with short stature and failure of puberty. Buccal mucosa preparations revealed X-chromatin mass approximately double in size of that of a normal female. Leukocyte metaphases suggested a two cell line composition of the patient. One population of cells conformed with 45,X chromosome distribution. The chromosome complement of her other cell line had a modal number of 46. In this cell line a \"C\" chromosome was replaced by an exceptionally large submetacentric chromosome. This abnormal element exhibited late DNA replicating pattern. G-banding study revealed that the abnormal chromosome was produced as a result of fusion involving telomeric ends of long arms of 2 intact X chromosomes. This translocation X was bearing 2 C-banded areas; one around the centromere and the other at the distal end of the long arm. The distal C-band area did not show any evidence for centromeric function. It appears that a centromere becomes latent in the presence of another centromere in a translocation bearing 2 total chromosomes. Such a change of state in the additional centromere is vital for the stability of the translocation chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:939550", "title": "Localization of the human GLO gene locus.", "content": "Data on the linkage relation between the GLO locus and the HLA, Bf, and PGM3 loci are presented. The family material includes 49 GLO/HLA-B (and/or Bf) segregating matings with 134 children informative on 199 parental meioses. Of phase-known meioses, 3 are recombinants and 75 nonrecombinants; linkage is therefore proven. From the total material a distance of 2.5 cM between GLO and HLA-B/Bf is calculated; and from the segregation in some informative family groups it is shown that GLO is situated between PGM3 and HLA-B/Bf.", "contents": "Localization of the human GLO gene locus. Data on the linkage relation between the GLO locus and the HLA, Bf, and PGM3 loci are presented. The family material includes 49 GLO/HLA-B (and/or Bf) segregating matings with 134 children informative on 199 parental meioses. Of phase-known meioses, 3 are recombinants and 75 nonrecombinants; linkage is therefore proven. From the total material a distance of 2.5 cM between GLO and HLA-B/Bf is calculated; and from the segregation in some informative family groups it is shown that GLO is situated between PGM3 and HLA-B/Bf."}
{"id": "PMID:939551", "title": "Significance of a new type of human fetal hemoglobin carrying a replacement isoleucine replaced by threonine at position 75 )E 19) of the gamma chain.", "content": "A new type of hemoglobin F, in which isoleucine in position 75 (E 19) of the gamma chain is replaced by a threonine residue, has been found in 29 out of 32 homozygotes for beta thalassemia. The amount of this hemoglobin ranges from traces to 40% of the total Hb F. The same gamma75 Thr chain is also present in the Hb F of 40% of normal newborns and premature infants examined, of one 14-week-old fetus and in one out of 3 patients with aplastic anemia and raised levels of Hb F. Our results strongly suggest that the synthesis of this new chain is under the control of a gamma gene nonallelic with those coding for Agamma and Ggamma chains.", "contents": "Significance of a new type of human fetal hemoglobin carrying a replacement isoleucine replaced by threonine at position 75 )E 19) of the gamma chain. A new type of hemoglobin F, in which isoleucine in position 75 (E 19) of the gamma chain is replaced by a threonine residue, has been found in 29 out of 32 homozygotes for beta thalassemia. The amount of this hemoglobin ranges from traces to 40% of the total Hb F. The same gamma75 Thr chain is also present in the Hb F of 40% of normal newborns and premature infants examined, of one 14-week-old fetus and in one out of 3 patients with aplastic anemia and raised levels of Hb F. Our results strongly suggest that the synthesis of this new chain is under the control of a gamma gene nonallelic with those coding for Agamma and Ggamma chains."}
{"id": "PMID:939552", "title": "The human leukocyte test system. VIII. DNA synthesis and mitoses in 3-day cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen.", "content": "In human leukocyte cultures set up with Ham's F-10 medium and stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were analyzed by means of (3H)TdR autoradiography and cell counting. The results show a very similar pattern of DNA synthesis and mitotic indices to that found in cultures set up with TC medium 199 and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (Obe et al., 1975 a).", "contents": "The human leukocyte test system. VIII. DNA synthesis and mitoses in 3-day cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. In human leukocyte cultures set up with Ham's F-10 medium and stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), DNA synthesis and mitotic indices were analyzed by means of (3H)TdR autoradiography and cell counting. The results show a very similar pattern of DNA synthesis and mitotic indices to that found in cultures set up with TC medium 199 and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (Obe et al., 1975 a)."}
{"id": "PMID:939553", "title": "Evidence for an association between ABO blood group and goitre.", "content": "A medical and genetic study on KarKar Island, Papua New Guinea revealed a significant association between ABO blood group status and susceptibility to goitre with O individuals more susceptible than non-O. The association is found in a number of separate villages on the island which indicates that it is not due simply to chance concordance in geographical patterns of genetic and disease variations.", "contents": "Evidence for an association between ABO blood group and goitre. A medical and genetic study on KarKar Island, Papua New Guinea revealed a significant association between ABO blood group status and susceptibility to goitre with O individuals more susceptible than non-O. The association is found in a number of separate villages on the island which indicates that it is not due simply to chance concordance in geographical patterns of genetic and disease variations."}
{"id": "PMID:939554", "title": "A family with a high risk of segregation for an autosomal unbalanced reciprocal translocation.", "content": "A family with autosomal reciprocal translocation t(4;13) (q25;a31) with a sibship comprising 2 children with unbalanced karyotypes, der(13) partial trisomy 4q, 1 child with the balanced translocation, and 2 abortions were studied. The segregation risk of unbalanced derivation in reciprocal translocations is discussed. The clinical picture of the 2 children with partial trisomy 4q is compared with similar cases.", "contents": "A family with a high risk of segregation for an autosomal unbalanced reciprocal translocation. A family with autosomal reciprocal translocation t(4;13) (q25;a31) with a sibship comprising 2 children with unbalanced karyotypes, der(13) partial trisomy 4q, 1 child with the balanced translocation, and 2 abortions were studied. The segregation risk of unbalanced derivation in reciprocal translocations is discussed. The clinical picture of the 2 children with partial trisomy 4q is compared with similar cases."}
{"id": "PMID:939555", "title": "Hereditary retinoblastoma: penetrance, expressivity and age of onset.", "content": "Analyses of family data published in Japan concerning 29 kindred with 2 or more cases of retinoblastoma revealed that, in the children who received the gene from a carrier parent, both penetrance and expressivity increase with increasing degree of expressivity in the parent. The estimate for the average degree of penetrance varies from 0.7 to 0.9, depending upon the method employed. The value will be increased with increasing number of survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma. Data were presented to indicate that in the hereditary form of retinoblastoma onset tends to be later in unilateral than in bilateral affection, though in the non-hereditary form onset will be further delayed. No effect of birth order was detected. It was suggested that suppressor genes at other loci play a significant role in manifestation of the major dominant gene for retinoblastoma. Implications of these findings were discussed.", "contents": "Hereditary retinoblastoma: penetrance, expressivity and age of onset. Analyses of family data published in Japan concerning 29 kindred with 2 or more cases of retinoblastoma revealed that, in the children who received the gene from a carrier parent, both penetrance and expressivity increase with increasing degree of expressivity in the parent. The estimate for the average degree of penetrance varies from 0.7 to 0.9, depending upon the method employed. The value will be increased with increasing number of survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma. Data were presented to indicate that in the hereditary form of retinoblastoma onset tends to be later in unilateral than in bilateral affection, though in the non-hereditary form onset will be further delayed. No effect of birth order was detected. It was suggested that suppressor genes at other loci play a significant role in manifestation of the major dominant gene for retinoblastoma. Implications of these findings were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939556", "title": "Inherited congenital normofunctional testicular hyperplasia and mental deficiency.", "content": "Four 46,XY siblings with congenital bilateral megalorchidia, marcogenitosomia, and severe mental deficiency were investigated. The testicular size was significantly larger than age-matched normal males. A normal hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin function was demonstrated by the finding of normal levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in blood samples drawn at frequent intervals and by normal responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and testosterone administration. A normal testicular function was shown by the finding of normal (a) plasma testosterone and estradiol levels, (b) gonadal response to human chorionic gonadotropin, (c) sperm analysis, and (d) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. Adrenal function was found to be within normal limits. These results demonstrated the existence of normofunctional testicular hyperplasia. The family studies suggested that this distinct congenital disorders is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait.", "contents": "Inherited congenital normofunctional testicular hyperplasia and mental deficiency. Four 46,XY siblings with congenital bilateral megalorchidia, marcogenitosomia, and severe mental deficiency were investigated. The testicular size was significantly larger than age-matched normal males. A normal hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin function was demonstrated by the finding of normal levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in blood samples drawn at frequent intervals and by normal responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone and testosterone administration. A normal testicular function was shown by the finding of normal (a) plasma testosterone and estradiol levels, (b) gonadal response to human chorionic gonadotropin, (c) sperm analysis, and (d) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. Adrenal function was found to be within normal limits. These results demonstrated the existence of normofunctional testicular hyperplasia. The family studies suggested that this distinct congenital disorders is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait."}
{"id": "PMID:939557", "title": "Isochromosome X in man: different DNA replication patterns in the long arms.", "content": "An X isochromosome for the long arm was studied in 3 patients with Turner's syndrome using the BrdUrd-Hoechst 33258-Giemsa method and C-staining. In all 3 patients studied, the long arms of the i(Xq) were asymmetrical with respect to chronology of DNA synthesis. The most striking asynchrony of DNA replication was observed in large early replicating segments adjacent to the centromeric region. Two C bands of similar appearance were observed localized symmetrically in both arms. The data are interpreted in accordance with two possible origins of an abnormal X which is known as i(Xq).", "contents": "Isochromosome X in man: different DNA replication patterns in the long arms. An X isochromosome for the long arm was studied in 3 patients with Turner's syndrome using the BrdUrd-Hoechst 33258-Giemsa method and C-staining. In all 3 patients studied, the long arms of the i(Xq) were asymmetrical with respect to chronology of DNA synthesis. The most striking asynchrony of DNA replication was observed in large early replicating segments adjacent to the centromeric region. Two C bands of similar appearance were observed localized symmetrically in both arms. The data are interpreted in accordance with two possible origins of an abnormal X which is known as i(Xq)."}
{"id": "PMID:939558", "title": "Gene dosage effect in human triploid fibroblasts.", "content": "The activity of 13 cytoplasmic enzymes has been determined in fibroblast extracts from 9 triploid and 13 control lines. The results show a high activity for 2 X-linked enzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase. These data, together with cytogenetic observations, support the contention that 2 X chromosomes were active in the triploid lines.", "contents": "Gene dosage effect in human triploid fibroblasts. The activity of 13 cytoplasmic enzymes has been determined in fibroblast extracts from 9 triploid and 13 control lines. The results show a high activity for 2 X-linked enzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase. These data, together with cytogenetic observations, support the contention that 2 X chromosomes were active in the triploid lines."}
{"id": "PMID:939559", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of C3 and serum levels of immunoglobulins, C3, C4 components of complement and C3-proactivator in four different populations of Afghanistan.", "content": "The C3 phenotype distribution was studied in 4 different populations from Afghanistan. The gene frequencies of C3S allele were: Tajiks (0,8547), Pushtoons (0.8812), Hazaras (0.9036) and Osbeks (0.8530). These values were significantly higher than in European populations studied previously. No significant differences were found between the mean serum levels of C3, C4 and C3-proactivator among 4 population groups. A higher concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM was observed in Afghanistan sera than reported for Europeans.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of C3 and serum levels of immunoglobulins, C3, C4 components of complement and C3-proactivator in four different populations of Afghanistan. The C3 phenotype distribution was studied in 4 different populations from Afghanistan. The gene frequencies of C3S allele were: Tajiks (0,8547), Pushtoons (0.8812), Hazaras (0.9036) and Osbeks (0.8530). These values were significantly higher than in European populations studied previously. No significant differences were found between the mean serum levels of C3, C4 and C3-proactivator among 4 population groups. A higher concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM was observed in Afghanistan sera than reported for Europeans."}
{"id": "PMID:939560", "title": "Complex translocation t(9;21)(9;22)(q12p13)(q12q11) in the family of a child with 9p trisomy syndrome.", "content": "A case of partial trisomy 9 is described in a mentally retarded and dysmorphic child, confirming that this chromosome unbalance results in a characteristic clinical entity. This trisomy arose through aberrant segregation of translocation chromosome during meiosis in the patient's mother, who is a balanced heterozygote for a complex translocation involving chromosomes 9, 21 and 22. The phenotypically normal sister of the proposition is also carrier of the same complex translocation.", "contents": "Complex translocation t(9;21)(9;22)(q12p13)(q12q11) in the family of a child with 9p trisomy syndrome. A case of partial trisomy 9 is described in a mentally retarded and dysmorphic child, confirming that this chromosome unbalance results in a characteristic clinical entity. This trisomy arose through aberrant segregation of translocation chromosome during meiosis in the patient's mother, who is a balanced heterozygote for a complex translocation involving chromosomes 9, 21 and 22. The phenotypically normal sister of the proposition is also carrier of the same complex translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:939561", "title": "Partial trisomy 15q1.", "content": "A supernumerary extra chromosome of maternal origin, precisely described from QM- and C-banding patterns, was studied in a mentally defective boy with a severe convulsive disorder. This case is considered to represent a specific phenotype of trisomy 15q1. The suggestion that in cases of partial trisomy 15q different phenotypes are due to the second chromosome involved in interchange is supported by the observation of a tertiary trisomy in 2 sibs. It resulted from a balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother t(8q+15q--) and caused an unusual malformation syndrome (mental deficiency, cleft lip and palate, funnel chest, hypospadias).", "contents": "Partial trisomy 15q1. A supernumerary extra chromosome of maternal origin, precisely described from QM- and C-banding patterns, was studied in a mentally defective boy with a severe convulsive disorder. This case is considered to represent a specific phenotype of trisomy 15q1. The suggestion that in cases of partial trisomy 15q different phenotypes are due to the second chromosome involved in interchange is supported by the observation of a tertiary trisomy in 2 sibs. It resulted from a balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother t(8q+15q--) and caused an unusual malformation syndrome (mental deficiency, cleft lip and palate, funnel chest, hypospadias)."}
{"id": "PMID:939562", "title": "rDNA and acrocentric chromosomes in man. I. rDNA levels in a subject carrier of a 8p/13p balanced translocation and in his unbalanced son.", "content": "A malformed female infant was found to have a 46,XX complement with a chromosome 8 shorter than normal with a secondary constriction and satellites on the short arm. Chromosome studies on the clinically normal father showed a balanced translocation between chromosome 8 and 13, i.e., 46,XY,t(8;13) (p21 p12). The proposita, carrier of the unbalanced form of the translocation, resulted partially monosomic for short arm of chromosome 8 (8p-) and partially trisomic for short arm of chromosome 13. The levels of DNA complementary to rRNA (normal in the father who had 10 NOR and increased in the proposita who had 11 NOR) confirmed our interpretation of the rearrangement.", "contents": "rDNA and acrocentric chromosomes in man. I. rDNA levels in a subject carrier of a 8p/13p balanced translocation and in his unbalanced son. A malformed female infant was found to have a 46,XX complement with a chromosome 8 shorter than normal with a secondary constriction and satellites on the short arm. Chromosome studies on the clinically normal father showed a balanced translocation between chromosome 8 and 13, i.e., 46,XY,t(8;13) (p21 p12). The proposita, carrier of the unbalanced form of the translocation, resulted partially monosomic for short arm of chromosome 8 (8p-) and partially trisomic for short arm of chromosome 13. The levels of DNA complementary to rRNA (normal in the father who had 10 NOR and increased in the proposita who had 11 NOR) confirmed our interpretation of the rearrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:939563", "title": "Investigations on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of chinese hamsters after simultaneous application of caffeine and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The potentiating effect of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) on chemically induced chromosome aberrations was studied in bone marrow cells of chinese hamsters, exposed to the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide. Four experimental series were performed: In the first two tests caffeine (200 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg), respectively, were administered. A third and fourth test was performed with caffeine plus cyclophosphamide (200 + 40 mg/kg and 35 + 40 mg/kg, respectively) simultaneously. Aberrations induced by cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg) were strongly potentiated by simultaneous application of caffeine (200 mg/kg) not only additively but even synergistically. This increase of aberrations cannot be found after injection of the lower dose of caffeine (35 mg/kg).", "contents": "Investigations on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of chinese hamsters after simultaneous application of caffeine and cyclophosphamide. The potentiating effect of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) on chemically induced chromosome aberrations was studied in bone marrow cells of chinese hamsters, exposed to the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide. Four experimental series were performed: In the first two tests caffeine (200 mg/kg) or cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg), respectively, were administered. A third and fourth test was performed with caffeine plus cyclophosphamide (200 + 40 mg/kg and 35 + 40 mg/kg, respectively) simultaneously. Aberrations induced by cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg) were strongly potentiated by simultaneous application of caffeine (200 mg/kg) not only additively but even synergistically. This increase of aberrations cannot be found after injection of the lower dose of caffeine (35 mg/kg)."}
{"id": "PMID:939564", "title": "Elimination of spontaneous and chemically induced chromosome aberrations in mice during early embryogenesis.", "content": "NMRI mice (female female) were treated with 0.25 mg/kg body weight Trenimon (2,3,5-triethyleneiminobenzoquinone-1,4) in the preovulatory phase just before ovulation. Then they were mated with untreated males. The female mice were dissected 45 h after application of this mutagen. The preimplantation embryos, being in a 2-cell stage, were flushed out of the oviduct and cultured in vitro for 60 h. Of the cultured embryos 87.7% reached the blastocysts stage in the control series, whereas only 49.7% did so in the experiments. Some of the females were dissected on the 14th day post conception (p.c.) and the number of dead and living implants was determined. Furthermore, the 9.5- and 13.5-day-old embryos were cytologically investigated, to determine the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Of the unfertilized oocytes 76.2% deriving from mice treated with 0.25 mg/kg Trenimon, were aberrant in the stage of metaphase II (R\u00f6hrborn and Hansmann, 1971). Comparing R\u00f6hrborn's and Hansmann's results (1971) to our own findings a continuous elimination of chromosome aberration is clearly to be seen during early embryogenesis. The biological selection takes place in the pre- as well as in the early and late postimplantative phase.", "contents": "Elimination of spontaneous and chemically induced chromosome aberrations in mice during early embryogenesis. NMRI mice (female female) were treated with 0.25 mg/kg body weight Trenimon (2,3,5-triethyleneiminobenzoquinone-1,4) in the preovulatory phase just before ovulation. Then they were mated with untreated males. The female mice were dissected 45 h after application of this mutagen. The preimplantation embryos, being in a 2-cell stage, were flushed out of the oviduct and cultured in vitro for 60 h. Of the cultured embryos 87.7% reached the blastocysts stage in the control series, whereas only 49.7% did so in the experiments. Some of the females were dissected on the 14th day post conception (p.c.) and the number of dead and living implants was determined. Furthermore, the 9.5- and 13.5-day-old embryos were cytologically investigated, to determine the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Of the unfertilized oocytes 76.2% deriving from mice treated with 0.25 mg/kg Trenimon, were aberrant in the stage of metaphase II (R\u00f6hrborn and Hansmann, 1971). Comparing R\u00f6hrborn's and Hansmann's results (1971) to our own findings a continuous elimination of chromosome aberration is clearly to be seen during early embryogenesis. The biological selection takes place in the pre- as well as in the early and late postimplantative phase."}
{"id": "PMID:939565", "title": "The cytogenetics of 90 patients with idiopathic mental retardation/malformation syndromes and of 90 normal subjects.", "content": "A cytogenetic study, done on randomized coded slides, of 90 patients with idiopathic mental retardation and at least 3 other developmentally independent congenital anomalies and of 90 normal subjects is reported. Audiatorography, Q-banding and C-staining were used in the analysis of chromosomally abnormal cases. Eight patients were found to have chromosome abnormalities. Four had substantial chromosome aberrations that would be expected to cause abnormal phenotype. These were CD165 (46,18q-); CD25 (46,18q+) (partial trisomy of 10q); CD175 (46,4q+) and CD95 (46,mar22). In addition, 4 patients were found to have chromosomal anomalies that could not account for their conditions. Three of these were considered to have heterochromatic variants. Patient CD167 had an 9qh+ chromosome which had been inherited from her mother. Case CD137 had a No. 19 chromosome with additional centric heterochromatin. A similar chromosome was found in her mother, maternal grandmother and 2 of 3 half sibs. In patient CD125 a telocentric No. 13 was found. In addition, CD80 was shown to have an XYY constitution. In the normal subjects, no unbalanced chromosome rearrangements were found. Four persons, however, had minor chromosome anomalies. Three were considered to have heterochromatic variants. These were CD54 (46,22p+); CD149 (46,21p+) and CD19 (46,tel22). One normal subject (CD51) was found to be a balanced t(13q14q) carrier. The translocation chromosome had been inherited from his father.", "contents": "The cytogenetics of 90 patients with idiopathic mental retardation/malformation syndromes and of 90 normal subjects. A cytogenetic study, done on randomized coded slides, of 90 patients with idiopathic mental retardation and at least 3 other developmentally independent congenital anomalies and of 90 normal subjects is reported. Audiatorography, Q-banding and C-staining were used in the analysis of chromosomally abnormal cases. Eight patients were found to have chromosome abnormalities. Four had substantial chromosome aberrations that would be expected to cause abnormal phenotype. These were CD165 (46,18q-); CD25 (46,18q+) (partial trisomy of 10q); CD175 (46,4q+) and CD95 (46,mar22). In addition, 4 patients were found to have chromosomal anomalies that could not account for their conditions. Three of these were considered to have heterochromatic variants. Patient CD167 had an 9qh+ chromosome which had been inherited from her mother. Case CD137 had a No. 19 chromosome with additional centric heterochromatin. A similar chromosome was found in her mother, maternal grandmother and 2 of 3 half sibs. In patient CD125 a telocentric No. 13 was found. In addition, CD80 was shown to have an XYY constitution. In the normal subjects, no unbalanced chromosome rearrangements were found. Four persons, however, had minor chromosome anomalies. Three were considered to have heterochromatic variants. These were CD54 (46,22p+); CD149 (46,21p+) and CD19 (46,tel22). One normal subject (CD51) was found to be a balanced t(13q14q) carrier. The translocation chromosome had been inherited from his father."}
{"id": "PMID:939566", "title": "Partial trisomy 4q due to familial 2/4 translocation.", "content": "The case of a 5-year-old boy with partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome No. 4 is described. The pattern of abnormal development in this and in 12 previously reported cases is similar, but the phenotype is not as characteristic as that associated with some other types of chromosomal imbalance. The most consistent features are: growth and mental retardation, small head with narrow forehead, short philtrum, relatively large ears with incomplete differentiation of the pinnae, cryptorchidism, oedema of the hands and/or feet, and renal anomalies. Abnormal development of the thumb was present in 4 of 13 cases. Eleven of the 13 families had balanced translocation carriers whose future offspring would be at increased risk for a mental retardation syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 4q due to familial 2/4 translocation. The case of a 5-year-old boy with partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome No. 4 is described. The pattern of abnormal development in this and in 12 previously reported cases is similar, but the phenotype is not as characteristic as that associated with some other types of chromosomal imbalance. The most consistent features are: growth and mental retardation, small head with narrow forehead, short philtrum, relatively large ears with incomplete differentiation of the pinnae, cryptorchidism, oedema of the hands and/or feet, and renal anomalies. Abnormal development of the thumb was present in 4 of 13 cases. Eleven of the 13 families had balanced translocation carriers whose future offspring would be at increased risk for a mental retardation syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:939567", "title": "Two cases of trisomy 4p with translocation t(4p-,7q+) in several members of one family.", "content": "Report of a family with 7 cases of balanced translocation t(4p-,7q+), resulting in partial trisomy in 2 children descending from parents being brother and sister. Description of the clinical cases, family history, and cytogenetic findings followed by a short discussion of phenotypical differences of the two probands.", "contents": "Two cases of trisomy 4p with translocation t(4p-,7q+) in several members of one family. Report of a family with 7 cases of balanced translocation t(4p-,7q+), resulting in partial trisomy in 2 children descending from parents being brother and sister. Description of the clinical cases, family history, and cytogenetic findings followed by a short discussion of phenotypical differences of the two probands."}
{"id": "PMID:939568", "title": "The red blood cell esterase D polymorphism in Europe and Asia.", "content": "Several regional series from Britain and 3 Asian series were typed for the Esterase D polymorphism. It was found that haemolysates up to 5 years old could be reliably typed when prepared from washed anticoagulated red blood cells. Lysates prepared from blood clots do not retain Esterase D activity quite as well. The Manx population has higher Esterase D 2 gene frequencies than neighbouring populations. A Nepalese population exhibits the highest Esterase D 2 gene frequency so far recorded. The other series presented supplement or confirm results already published.", "contents": "The red blood cell esterase D polymorphism in Europe and Asia. Several regional series from Britain and 3 Asian series were typed for the Esterase D polymorphism. It was found that haemolysates up to 5 years old could be reliably typed when prepared from washed anticoagulated red blood cells. Lysates prepared from blood clots do not retain Esterase D activity quite as well. The Manx population has higher Esterase D 2 gene frequencies than neighbouring populations. A Nepalese population exhibits the highest Esterase D 2 gene frequency so far recorded. The other series presented supplement or confirm results already published."}
{"id": "PMID:939569", "title": "The occurrence of Hb E Saskatoon in Scotland.", "content": "The finding of several examples of Hb E Saskatoon in the Orkney Islands, in Edinburgh and in individuals of Scottish descent in Canada but nowhere else, suggests that the original mutation occurred in Scotland, perhaps in the Orkneys.", "contents": "The occurrence of Hb E Saskatoon in Scotland. The finding of several examples of Hb E Saskatoon in the Orkney Islands, in Edinburgh and in individuals of Scottish descent in Canada but nowhere else, suggests that the original mutation occurred in Scotland, perhaps in the Orkneys."}
{"id": "PMID:939570", "title": "Parental origin of a ring 13 chromosome in a female with multiple anomalies.", "content": "A ring chromosome No. 13 was found in a 21-year-old female with multiple anomalies suggestive of 13q--syndrome. Chromosomes of the girl and her parents, studied by quinacrine staining, revealed the ring to be of paternal origin. Detailed study of the quinacrine banding pattern of the ring indicated loss of the most distal band of the long arm (13q34) and possible partial loss of the next adjacent long arm band (13q33). The short arm (13q11) was present but the stalk (13p12) and satellite (13p13) regions appeared to be missing.", "contents": "Parental origin of a ring 13 chromosome in a female with multiple anomalies. A ring chromosome No. 13 was found in a 21-year-old female with multiple anomalies suggestive of 13q--syndrome. Chromosomes of the girl and her parents, studied by quinacrine staining, revealed the ring to be of paternal origin. Detailed study of the quinacrine banding pattern of the ring indicated loss of the most distal band of the long arm (13q34) and possible partial loss of the next adjacent long arm band (13q33). The short arm (13q11) was present but the stalk (13p12) and satellite (13p13) regions appeared to be missing."}
{"id": "PMID:939571", "title": "Ring chromosome 15 in child with a minor dysmorphism of phenotype.", "content": "The analysis of a karyotype of a girl with slight mental retardation, without significant dysmorphism, showed the presence of a ring chromosome in group 13-15. By the application of G technique it was discovered that in this case it was an aberrant chromosome 15. Besides retardation in growth and a slight mental backwardness in this case, it was confirmed that in cases of ring 15 syndrome no preponderant change appears in phenotype.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 15 in child with a minor dysmorphism of phenotype. The analysis of a karyotype of a girl with slight mental retardation, without significant dysmorphism, showed the presence of a ring chromosome in group 13-15. By the application of G technique it was discovered that in this case it was an aberrant chromosome 15. Besides retardation in growth and a slight mental backwardness in this case, it was confirmed that in cases of ring 15 syndrome no preponderant change appears in phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:939572", "title": "Brachydactylia with symphalangism, probably autosomal recessive.", "content": "Association, in one patient, of the following malformations: brachydactylia of all segments but terminal phalanges; proximal symphalangism of many fingers and toes; abnormalities of carpal and tarsal bones; partial duplication of both big toes; mild hypertelorism. Genetic transmission seems to be recessive autosomal.", "contents": "Brachydactylia with symphalangism, probably autosomal recessive. Association, in one patient, of the following malformations: brachydactylia of all segments but terminal phalanges; proximal symphalangism of many fingers and toes; abnormalities of carpal and tarsal bones; partial duplication of both big toes; mild hypertelorism. Genetic transmission seems to be recessive autosomal."}
{"id": "PMID:939573", "title": "Generalized dermal perifollicular fibromas with polyps of the colon.", "content": "The cases of 2 siblings with a rare, generalized genodermatosis have been reported, the most conspicuous feature being multiple perifollicular fibromas. In this type of dermal hamartomas, an apparent autosomal dominant trait was noted as well as the association with a small number of colon polyps in one of the patients. The author assumes a distinct dermo-intestinal syndrome not reported hitherto, which can be differentiated from Gardner's syndrome.", "contents": "Generalized dermal perifollicular fibromas with polyps of the colon. The cases of 2 siblings with a rare, generalized genodermatosis have been reported, the most conspicuous feature being multiple perifollicular fibromas. In this type of dermal hamartomas, an apparent autosomal dominant trait was noted as well as the association with a small number of colon polyps in one of the patients. The author assumes a distinct dermo-intestinal syndrome not reported hitherto, which can be differentiated from Gardner's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:939608", "title": "Applications of a health planning model in Morocco.", "content": "It is argued in this paper that public health planning should be guided by the principle of output maximization. The objective of the health sector should be specified, and measurable forms of output should be derived from these statements of purpose. Knowledge of the contributions which given combinations of inputs make toward output thus defined allow, in principle, calculation of the particular deployment of the avilable inputs which will maximize output. There is a discussion of the objectives or forms of output in a public health system, both humanitarian and economic. A verbal model of such a system for an underdeveloped country is constructed which identifies the relationships which must be known if spending decisions are to suceed in maximizing output. An attempt is then made, in the context of the Moroccan public health system, to show that the model is not merely a theoretical exercise, but is potentially useful as a planning instrument. The respective contributions of general hospitals and of mass vaccination programs toward the objective of reducing mortality are estimated. On the whole, the preventive activities (the mass vaccinations) are found to be a much a cheaper way of saving lives than are the curative activities (the general hospitals).", "contents": "Applications of a health planning model in Morocco. It is argued in this paper that public health planning should be guided by the principle of output maximization. The objective of the health sector should be specified, and measurable forms of output should be derived from these statements of purpose. Knowledge of the contributions which given combinations of inputs make toward output thus defined allow, in principle, calculation of the particular deployment of the avilable inputs which will maximize output. There is a discussion of the objectives or forms of output in a public health system, both humanitarian and economic. A verbal model of such a system for an underdeveloped country is constructed which identifies the relationships which must be known if spending decisions are to suceed in maximizing output. An attempt is then made, in the context of the Moroccan public health system, to show that the model is not merely a theoretical exercise, but is potentially useful as a planning instrument. The respective contributions of general hospitals and of mass vaccination programs toward the objective of reducing mortality are estimated. On the whole, the preventive activities (the mass vaccinations) are found to be a much a cheaper way of saving lives than are the curative activities (the general hospitals)."}
{"id": "PMID:939609", "title": "Alternative methods for determining resource requirements: the Chile example.", "content": "Many more or less attractive techniques have been proposed for statistical analyses involving multiple sources of variation, for example in examing the possible contributors to differential patterns of health services utilization and expenditure. A large scale investigation of such patterns among 10,000 household in Chile provided a useful basis for comparison of alternative analytical approaches. The multiple regression, Automatic Interaction Detection, and Multisort techniques were applied to the survey data deparately and in combination and results were compared. The Multisort technique was found to be the single most useful and convenient approach, but the most meaningful results were obtained from the systematic application of the three approaches combined.", "contents": "Alternative methods for determining resource requirements: the Chile example. Many more or less attractive techniques have been proposed for statistical analyses involving multiple sources of variation, for example in examing the possible contributors to differential patterns of health services utilization and expenditure. A large scale investigation of such patterns among 10,000 household in Chile provided a useful basis for comparison of alternative analytical approaches. The multiple regression, Automatic Interaction Detection, and Multisort techniques were applied to the survey data deparately and in combination and results were compared. The Multisort technique was found to be the single most useful and convenient approach, but the most meaningful results were obtained from the systematic application of the three approaches combined."}
{"id": "PMID:939612", "title": "Magement education for health services.", "content": "This paper examines the implications of the recent emergence in the United States of three major factors for management education in health services. The factors are: new organizational forms for delivery of services, increased emphasis on public accountability, and the proliferation of agencies intended to monitor and coordinate health services providers. Several questions are considered, including the degree to which training for various managerial careers within health services should be differentiated; the degree to which professional education should occur in the academic setting as distinct from the work setting; and, most importantly, the appropriate content of graduate education. It is argued that formal education for health services management should place substantial emphasis on the development of a student's analytic skills, with particular reference to quantitative methods. While these technical skills are not likely to become the dominant ingredient of successful and effective management, they do provide the manager with the ability to identify courses of action which will benefit the organization, and strengthen his hand in dealing with groups that are necessarily in conflict with its goals. It is stressed that training in this area should be oriented toward the needs of the prospective manager rather than the quantitative methods specialist.", "contents": "Magement education for health services. This paper examines the implications of the recent emergence in the United States of three major factors for management education in health services. The factors are: new organizational forms for delivery of services, increased emphasis on public accountability, and the proliferation of agencies intended to monitor and coordinate health services providers. Several questions are considered, including the degree to which training for various managerial careers within health services should be differentiated; the degree to which professional education should occur in the academic setting as distinct from the work setting; and, most importantly, the appropriate content of graduate education. It is argued that formal education for health services management should place substantial emphasis on the development of a student's analytic skills, with particular reference to quantitative methods. While these technical skills are not likely to become the dominant ingredient of successful and effective management, they do provide the manager with the ability to identify courses of action which will benefit the organization, and strengthen his hand in dealing with groups that are necessarily in conflict with its goals. It is stressed that training in this area should be oriented toward the needs of the prospective manager rather than the quantitative methods specialist."}
{"id": "PMID:939613", "title": "Women's emancipation and socialsm: the case of the People's Republic of Poland.", "content": "Determinants of occupational position in Poland, as elsewhere, include the socialization process, access to education, and the employment structure. The socialization process includes the domestic pattern of division of labor, occupational models encountered in person and in the various media, and parental and social pressures, including vocational counseling. Ecuational access is a critical determinant of the extent and type of participation in the labor force as well as attitudes toward work. Although Poland has made major attempts to improve the socialization process and acces by type of program, disparties are still encountered in pay received for similar work, and for work in positions that cannot be explained by differences in productivity or education. Employment policies being undertaken or considered include measures to improve working conditions and occupational position, to socialize a larger number of \"domestic\" tasks, and to provide more flexibility via part-time work and longer maternity leaves.", "contents": "Women's emancipation and socialsm: the case of the People's Republic of Poland. Determinants of occupational position in Poland, as elsewhere, include the socialization process, access to education, and the employment structure. The socialization process includes the domestic pattern of division of labor, occupational models encountered in person and in the various media, and parental and social pressures, including vocational counseling. Ecuational access is a critical determinant of the extent and type of participation in the labor force as well as attitudes toward work. Although Poland has made major attempts to improve the socialization process and acces by type of program, disparties are still encountered in pay received for similar work, and for work in positions that cannot be explained by differences in productivity or education. Employment policies being undertaken or considered include measures to improve working conditions and occupational position, to socialize a larger number of \"domestic\" tasks, and to provide more flexibility via part-time work and longer maternity leaves."}
{"id": "PMID:939614", "title": "Regulation and control of the medical profession in Great Britain.", "content": "Regulation and control of the medical profession are evaluated in the light of recent inquiry into the British General Medical Council. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Regulation of the Medical Profession is examined and its worldwide applications are discussed.", "contents": "Regulation and control of the medical profession in Great Britain. Regulation and control of the medical profession are evaluated in the light of recent inquiry into the British General Medical Council. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Regulation of the Medical Profession is examined and its worldwide applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939615", "title": "The recent history of parasitic disease in China: the case of schistosomiasis, some public health and economic aspects.", "content": "This paper examines the extent to which the prevalence of schistosomiasis may have increased during the period 1958-1964. Certain hypotheses are examined, mainly dealing with irrigation and water conservancy construction. The probable economic and demographic effects of schistosomiasis are also examined. The article concludes that schistosomiasis prevalence probably did increase, but that the economic-demographic effects of this were probably minimal.", "contents": "The recent history of parasitic disease in China: the case of schistosomiasis, some public health and economic aspects. This paper examines the extent to which the prevalence of schistosomiasis may have increased during the period 1958-1964. Certain hypotheses are examined, mainly dealing with irrigation and water conservancy construction. The probable economic and demographic effects of schistosomiasis are also examined. The article concludes that schistosomiasis prevalence probably did increase, but that the economic-demographic effects of this were probably minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:939616", "title": "Quality control and the community physician in England: an American perspective.", "content": "The quality of health care is becoming an issue of increasing public importance in both England and the United States. As the government role in providing health care grows and citizen demands increase, the effective and efficient use of health care resources and their equitable distribution become crucial. Although government responsibilities, particulary for health care, differ in both countries, as do traditions of quality control, cross-national comparisons are nonetheless useful. An examination of the role of the new English community medicine specialist and his potential for quality control may indicate what tools and powers should be introduced into a health planning and quality control system in the United State. The study concludes that at the district level of the National Health Service, where the basic planning, monitoring, and evaluation of services are to take place, the District Community Physician has very limited tools to carry out his quality control function. Although he has formal position in the unified decision-making structure, it is unlikely that he will be able to effect any substantial reallocation of resource without the voluntary support and copperation of the consultants, general practitioners, and other health providers.", "contents": "Quality control and the community physician in England: an American perspective. The quality of health care is becoming an issue of increasing public importance in both England and the United States. As the government role in providing health care grows and citizen demands increase, the effective and efficient use of health care resources and their equitable distribution become crucial. Although government responsibilities, particulary for health care, differ in both countries, as do traditions of quality control, cross-national comparisons are nonetheless useful. An examination of the role of the new English community medicine specialist and his potential for quality control may indicate what tools and powers should be introduced into a health planning and quality control system in the United State. The study concludes that at the district level of the National Health Service, where the basic planning, monitoring, and evaluation of services are to take place, the District Community Physician has very limited tools to carry out his quality control function. Although he has formal position in the unified decision-making structure, it is unlikely that he will be able to effect any substantial reallocation of resource without the voluntary support and copperation of the consultants, general practitioners, and other health providers."}
{"id": "PMID:939617", "title": "Social theory and medicine.", "content": "Three sociolgists-Talcott Parson, Eliot Freidson, and Mechanic-have explained medical phneomena within a broader theoretical framework. Although all three have made significant contributions, their conclusions remain incomplete on the theoretical level and seldom have been helpful for workers concerned with ongoing problems of health care. Our purpose here is to summarize some of the strengths and weakness of each theoretical position. Parsons has elucidated the sick role as a deviant role in society, the function of physicians as agents of social control, and the normative patterns governing the doctor-patient relationship. The principal problems in Parsons' analysis center on an uncritical acceptance of physicians' social control functions, his inattention tot the ways in which physicians' behavior may inhibit change in society, and overoptimism about the medical profession's ability to regulate itself and to prevent the exploitation of patients. Viewing medical phenomena within a broader theory of the professions in general, Freidson has formulated w wide ranging critique of the medical profession and professional dominance. On the other hand, Freidson's work neglects the full political implications of bringing professional autonomy under control. Mechanic's coceptual approach emphasizes the social psychologic factors, rather than the institutional conditions, which are involved in the genesis of illness behavior. Mechanic also overlooks the ways in which illness behavior, by permitting a controllable from of deviance, fosters institutional stability. In conclusion, we present a breif overview of a theoretical framework whose general orientation is that of Marixian analysis. Several themes recur in this framework: illness as a source of exploitation, the sick role as a conservative mechanism fostering social stability, stratification in medicine, and the imperialsm of large medical institutions and health-related industries.", "contents": "Social theory and medicine. Three sociolgists-Talcott Parson, Eliot Freidson, and Mechanic-have explained medical phneomena within a broader theoretical framework. Although all three have made significant contributions, their conclusions remain incomplete on the theoretical level and seldom have been helpful for workers concerned with ongoing problems of health care. Our purpose here is to summarize some of the strengths and weakness of each theoretical position. Parsons has elucidated the sick role as a deviant role in society, the function of physicians as agents of social control, and the normative patterns governing the doctor-patient relationship. The principal problems in Parsons' analysis center on an uncritical acceptance of physicians' social control functions, his inattention tot the ways in which physicians' behavior may inhibit change in society, and overoptimism about the medical profession's ability to regulate itself and to prevent the exploitation of patients. Viewing medical phenomena within a broader theory of the professions in general, Freidson has formulated w wide ranging critique of the medical profession and professional dominance. On the other hand, Freidson's work neglects the full political implications of bringing professional autonomy under control. Mechanic's coceptual approach emphasizes the social psychologic factors, rather than the institutional conditions, which are involved in the genesis of illness behavior. Mechanic also overlooks the ways in which illness behavior, by permitting a controllable from of deviance, fosters institutional stability. In conclusion, we present a breif overview of a theoretical framework whose general orientation is that of Marixian analysis. Several themes recur in this framework: illness as a source of exploitation, the sick role as a conservative mechanism fostering social stability, stratification in medicine, and the imperialsm of large medical institutions and health-related industries."}
{"id": "PMID:939618", "title": "Health care: an international comparison of perceived morbidity, health services resources, and use.", "content": "Selected summary findings from the World Health Organization/International Collaborative Study of Medical Care Utilization are presented, based on data collected during a twelve-month period in 1968-1969 in twelve study areas in seven countries in the Americas and Europe. A household interview survey of almost 48,000 persons, representing a total population of about 15 million, elicited information on demographic characteristics, on perceptions of illness, its severity and character, and on attitudes toward and use of major components of health services. Information was also collected on the prevailing health care systems and resources available to the study population, as well as on socioeconomic characteristics of the study areas. Standardized rates for those defined as \"healthy\" and \"functionally healthy\" are quite similar across the twelve study areas, as are the rates for persons who reported being sick within two weeks. Rates for the volume of sick days within two weeks vary widely, and levels of chronicity with disability are much higher in the four continental European study areas. Rates for volume of physician contacts within two weeks vary considerably across study areas, but rates for persons with contacts are more stable, although for persons with perceived morbidity of high severity, the corresponding rates are lower in the four continental European study areas. By contrast, the rates for persons with an administrative reason for their most recent physical examination within twelve months are substantially higher in the latter. Where unmet need for a physician contact is greatest, the volume of hospital nights used is also greatest; a direct relationship between these two measures is evident without regard to the ratio of hospital beds available to the population. Wide differences are observed between the extremes of the measures of need, resources, and use employed in the study, raising questions about the ways in which resources are organized to provide services and about the effectiveness and efficiency of these services.", "contents": "Health care: an international comparison of perceived morbidity, health services resources, and use. Selected summary findings from the World Health Organization/International Collaborative Study of Medical Care Utilization are presented, based on data collected during a twelve-month period in 1968-1969 in twelve study areas in seven countries in the Americas and Europe. A household interview survey of almost 48,000 persons, representing a total population of about 15 million, elicited information on demographic characteristics, on perceptions of illness, its severity and character, and on attitudes toward and use of major components of health services. Information was also collected on the prevailing health care systems and resources available to the study population, as well as on socioeconomic characteristics of the study areas. Standardized rates for those defined as \"healthy\" and \"functionally healthy\" are quite similar across the twelve study areas, as are the rates for persons who reported being sick within two weeks. Rates for the volume of sick days within two weeks vary widely, and levels of chronicity with disability are much higher in the four continental European study areas. Rates for volume of physician contacts within two weeks vary considerably across study areas, but rates for persons with contacts are more stable, although for persons with perceived morbidity of high severity, the corresponding rates are lower in the four continental European study areas. By contrast, the rates for persons with an administrative reason for their most recent physical examination within twelve months are substantially higher in the latter. Where unmet need for a physician contact is greatest, the volume of hospital nights used is also greatest; a direct relationship between these two measures is evident without regard to the ratio of hospital beds available to the population. Wide differences are observed between the extremes of the measures of need, resources, and use employed in the study, raising questions about the ways in which resources are organized to provide services and about the effectiveness and efficiency of these services."}
{"id": "PMID:939619", "title": "The doctor's role in rural health care.", "content": "A new pattern of health care in developing countries promises to meet the needs of rural people and still provide reasonable gratification for health workers. The service must have mutually strengthening linkages between all levels of the health care system. Reallocating roles in the health team requires turning routine medical care over to auxiliaries so that professionals can concentrate on more complex problems, such as community diagnosis and therapy. Young doctors are reasonable and willing to undertake a rural rotation early in their medical careers. This will help to identify those few who will provide leadership in improving rural services.", "contents": "The doctor's role in rural health care. A new pattern of health care in developing countries promises to meet the needs of rural people and still provide reasonable gratification for health workers. The service must have mutually strengthening linkages between all levels of the health care system. Reallocating roles in the health team requires turning routine medical care over to auxiliaries so that professionals can concentrate on more complex problems, such as community diagnosis and therapy. Young doctors are reasonable and willing to undertake a rural rotation early in their medical careers. This will help to identify those few who will provide leadership in improving rural services."}
{"id": "PMID:939620", "title": "Medical brain drain revisited.", "content": "There is increasing pressure for the training of greater numbers of doctors. This pressure stems from the growing demand for higher education for the children of an expanding middle class, and from the desire to create more \"satisfactory\" doctor/population ratios. But, in fact, the middle classes produce doctors primarily to serve their own class. Since the training of doctors is geared to the values and requirements of those with money incomes sufficient to purchase private medical care, it is very expensive. These costs are such that the level of effective economic demand of most of the population cannot possibly meet the expectations and requirements of the medical graduates, who then \"overflow\" into those parts of the world where demand is greater than the current supply of doctors.", "contents": "Medical brain drain revisited. There is increasing pressure for the training of greater numbers of doctors. This pressure stems from the growing demand for higher education for the children of an expanding middle class, and from the desire to create more \"satisfactory\" doctor/population ratios. But, in fact, the middle classes produce doctors primarily to serve their own class. Since the training of doctors is geared to the values and requirements of those with money incomes sufficient to purchase private medical care, it is very expensive. These costs are such that the level of effective economic demand of most of the population cannot possibly meet the expectations and requirements of the medical graduates, who then \"overflow\" into those parts of the world where demand is greater than the current supply of doctors."}
{"id": "PMID:939621", "title": "Foreign intervention in medical education: a case study of the Rockefeller Foundation's involvement in a Thai medical school.", "content": "A case study of the process of foreign intervention in medical education in the developing world is presented. Material collected from the Rockefeller Foundation Archives on a Foundation program in Thailand is used to analyze the conditions under which foreign agencies and their personnel intervene in the development of medical professionals in the Third World and to study the problems that may occur as a result of such intervention. The importance of value consensus and the competitive advantage foreigners have in the marketing of professional models are highlighted as reasons for the diffusion of Western models of medical education throughout the developing world.", "contents": "Foreign intervention in medical education: a case study of the Rockefeller Foundation's involvement in a Thai medical school. A case study of the process of foreign intervention in medical education in the developing world is presented. Material collected from the Rockefeller Foundation Archives on a Foundation program in Thailand is used to analyze the conditions under which foreign agencies and their personnel intervene in the development of medical professionals in the Third World and to study the problems that may occur as a result of such intervention. The importance of value consensus and the competitive advantage foreigners have in the marketing of professional models are highlighted as reasons for the diffusion of Western models of medical education throughout the developing world."}
{"id": "PMID:939622", "title": "An analysis of the medical supply industries.", "content": "Medical supply industries are dominated by widely diversified multinational companies that produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, computers, cosmetics, and electronic equipment. Of these products, the most profitable group is prescription drugs. This article contains a description of the general structure of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide and the specific details of drug operations in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is of special interest because of its long-standing and partially successful attempt to regulate drug prices. The government's inability to achieve total control is related to the competitive structure of capitalist economy, to the patent system that grants monopoly privileges to drug firms, and to the duplication of research efforts and waste of resources that push up drug costs. The pharmaceutical industry serves the needs of people poorly in developed countries; its impact on underdeveloped countries is much worse. In the Third World, nascent national companies and small local producers of drugs cannot compete with the huge multinationals; the patent system proves to be an imperfect mechanism for the transfer of medical science and technology; and the high cost of imported drugs determines the amount of health care governments can provide for the population. The multinational corporations are now global enterprises that integrate the production of chemicals for many different uses-drugs for human and animal consumption, fertilizers, pesticides, and food additives. Thus the multinationals affect agricultural production and animal husbandry in underdeveloped countries and thereby nutrition as well as the treatment of disease.", "contents": "An analysis of the medical supply industries. Medical supply industries are dominated by widely diversified multinational companies that produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, computers, cosmetics, and electronic equipment. Of these products, the most profitable group is prescription drugs. This article contains a description of the general structure of the pharmaceutical industry worldwide and the specific details of drug operations in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is of special interest because of its long-standing and partially successful attempt to regulate drug prices. The government's inability to achieve total control is related to the competitive structure of capitalist economy, to the patent system that grants monopoly privileges to drug firms, and to the duplication of research efforts and waste of resources that push up drug costs. The pharmaceutical industry serves the needs of people poorly in developed countries; its impact on underdeveloped countries is much worse. In the Third World, nascent national companies and small local producers of drugs cannot compete with the huge multinationals; the patent system proves to be an imperfect mechanism for the transfer of medical science and technology; and the high cost of imported drugs determines the amount of health care governments can provide for the population. The multinational corporations are now global enterprises that integrate the production of chemicals for many different uses-drugs for human and animal consumption, fertilizers, pesticides, and food additives. Thus the multinationals affect agricultural production and animal husbandry in underdeveloped countries and thereby nutrition as well as the treatment of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939623", "title": "Support for the medical profession among the aged.", "content": "National survey data are utilized to delineate areas of confidence among the aged in the medical profession. Four key specifying variables were used in the analysis-race, sex, socioeconomic status, and size of community. Findings indicate that confidence in medical leaders is lowest among that group which in past studies has been found to visit the doctor most often: the elderly of low socioeconomic status. This finding suggests that improvement in the medical care received by the aged could be an important first step in restoring the elderly's confidence in medical leaders.", "contents": "Support for the medical profession among the aged. National survey data are utilized to delineate areas of confidence among the aged in the medical profession. Four key specifying variables were used in the analysis-race, sex, socioeconomic status, and size of community. Findings indicate that confidence in medical leaders is lowest among that group which in past studies has been found to visit the doctor most often: the elderly of low socioeconomic status. This finding suggests that improvement in the medical care received by the aged could be an important first step in restoring the elderly's confidence in medical leaders."}
{"id": "PMID:939624", "title": "Unions and strikes in the National Health Service in Britain.", "content": "This article outlines the origins of the main manual and white-collar trade unions in the British Health Service, traces their growth after the establishment of the National Health Service in 1949, and examines the wave of industrial action in British hospitals in the seventies. It is argued that although strike action inside hospitals in the early seventies was a novel tactic adopted as a last resort by manual workers pressing for wage increases, industrial action over a wide range of political and medical issues has now been taken by all types of hospital worker in Britain and plays a central part in the national debate over the future of the National Health Service.", "contents": "Unions and strikes in the National Health Service in Britain. This article outlines the origins of the main manual and white-collar trade unions in the British Health Service, traces their growth after the establishment of the National Health Service in 1949, and examines the wave of industrial action in British hospitals in the seventies. It is argued that although strike action inside hospitals in the early seventies was a novel tactic adopted as a last resort by manual workers pressing for wage increases, industrial action over a wide range of political and medical issues has now been taken by all types of hospital worker in Britain and plays a central part in the national debate over the future of the National Health Service."}
{"id": "PMID:939625", "title": "An overview of primary health care.", "content": "Primary health care has become a focus of interest from the World Health Organization down. The hopes that more emphasis on primary care will lead to less expensive and better care will not be realized unless a more critical analysis of its problems is undertaken and some of its defects and deficiencies put right. Its roles must be better defined and the work shared within a team; training and education must be more related to its needs; and much sharper research is required to decide what is useful and what is useless.", "contents": "An overview of primary health care. Primary health care has become a focus of interest from the World Health Organization down. The hopes that more emphasis on primary care will lead to less expensive and better care will not be realized unless a more critical analysis of its problems is undertaken and some of its defects and deficiencies put right. Its roles must be better defined and the work shared within a team; training and education must be more related to its needs; and much sharper research is required to decide what is useful and what is useless."}
{"id": "PMID:939626", "title": "Nutrition and the future of mankind.", "content": "Malnutrition is primarily due to poverty, a manifestation of social injustice with inadequate distribution of resources and services within and between countries. By limiting the capability of poor people to improve their economical and social status, malnutrition helps to perpetuate this situation. A change in developmental policies taking more into account the improvement of living conditions of the poor is needed to correct this social problem.", "contents": "Nutrition and the future of mankind. Malnutrition is primarily due to poverty, a manifestation of social injustice with inadequate distribution of resources and services within and between countries. By limiting the capability of poor people to improve their economical and social status, malnutrition helps to perpetuate this situation. A change in developmental policies taking more into account the improvement of living conditions of the poor is needed to correct this social problem."}
{"id": "PMID:939627", "title": "Assisted suicide: some ethical considerations.", "content": "When we die, it is only very rarely that we do so without days, weeks, or months of illness in which the suffering may be very great, sometimes from pain, often from breathlessness, impairment of consciousness, depression, anxiety, vomiting, bedsores, and incontinence. If we were able to choose our own time to die, there would be no need to suffer any of this. There should be a \"right to die\". It should be ethically and legally possible for the doctor attending a terminally ill patient, who asks him for help to take his own life, to put the means within his reach.", "contents": "Assisted suicide: some ethical considerations. When we die, it is only very rarely that we do so without days, weeks, or months of illness in which the suffering may be very great, sometimes from pain, often from breathlessness, impairment of consciousness, depression, anxiety, vomiting, bedsores, and incontinence. If we were able to choose our own time to die, there would be no need to suffer any of this. There should be a \"right to die\". It should be ethically and legally possible for the doctor attending a terminally ill patient, who asks him for help to take his own life, to put the means within his reach."}
{"id": "PMID:939646", "title": "Photography of the corneal endothelium.", "content": "Excellent photographs of corneal endothelial cells may be obtained during clinical examinations with the specular microscope. Endothelial photographs are extremely useful in documenting the corneal effects of ocular trauma, aging, inflammation, and surgery. An objective appraisal of various ocular surgical techniques and their effect on the corneal endothelium is possible. This new photographic technique provides information that can improve both the diagnosis and the therapy of corneal diseases.", "contents": "Photography of the corneal endothelium. Excellent photographs of corneal endothelial cells may be obtained during clinical examinations with the specular microscope. Endothelial photographs are extremely useful in documenting the corneal effects of ocular trauma, aging, inflammation, and surgery. An objective appraisal of various ocular surgical techniques and their effect on the corneal endothelium is possible. This new photographic technique provides information that can improve both the diagnosis and the therapy of corneal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:939649", "title": "Ocular fundus photography.", "content": "This chapter is a review of fundus photography techniques, with particular emphasis on the important parameters of producing high quality fundus photographs. The role of fundus photography has extended beyond that of a documentary service to one with specific diagnostic value. Thus, ocular fundus photography relates directly to patient care and is an essential part of the sophisticated armamentarium of any clinical ophthalmological unit.", "contents": "Ocular fundus photography. This chapter is a review of fundus photography techniques, with particular emphasis on the important parameters of producing high quality fundus photographs. The role of fundus photography has extended beyond that of a documentary service to one with specific diagnostic value. Thus, ocular fundus photography relates directly to patient care and is an essential part of the sophisticated armamentarium of any clinical ophthalmological unit."}
{"id": "PMID:939653", "title": "Use of the astigmatism correction device on the Zeiss fundus camera for peripheral retinal photography.", "content": "High quality photographs of the peripheral retina are made possible by the proper positioning of the astigmatism correction device on the Zeiss fundus camera. Using a plus cylinder, axis perpendicular or a minus cylinder, axis parallel to that around which the eye is rotated will eliminate the astigmatism induced by viewing the retina obliquely through the optical surfaces of the eye, resulting in a sharply focused image at the film plane. Proper use of this instrument can be helpful in evaluating and diagnosing retinal lesions that occur in the peripheral fundus.", "contents": "Use of the astigmatism correction device on the Zeiss fundus camera for peripheral retinal photography. High quality photographs of the peripheral retina are made possible by the proper positioning of the astigmatism correction device on the Zeiss fundus camera. Using a plus cylinder, axis perpendicular or a minus cylinder, axis parallel to that around which the eye is rotated will eliminate the astigmatism induced by viewing the retina obliquely through the optical surfaces of the eye, resulting in a sharply focused image at the film plane. Proper use of this instrument can be helpful in evaluating and diagnosing retinal lesions that occur in the peripheral fundus."}
{"id": "PMID:939656", "title": "Spectral reflectance photography.", "content": "It can be seen that the technique of using properly selected filters to provide rigidly defined monochromatic bands with which to observe the fundus presents interesting and challenging information that is as yet mainly untapped. The applications quoted present only a small part of the areas that can be investigated. The technique is basically standard, but advances can still be made in optimizing filters. The question of what band width to use for a given application is by no means solved and presents a challenging avenue of inquiry. It should be pointed out that the use of color film with interference filters offers no advantage. The only dimension being recorded at each point in the film is reflectivity of the structure at the wavelength of the filter being used. Documenting the color of this wavelength by the use of color film is a fruitless exercise.", "contents": "Spectral reflectance photography. It can be seen that the technique of using properly selected filters to provide rigidly defined monochromatic bands with which to observe the fundus presents interesting and challenging information that is as yet mainly untapped. The applications quoted present only a small part of the areas that can be investigated. The technique is basically standard, but advances can still be made in optimizing filters. The question of what band width to use for a given application is by no means solved and presents a challenging avenue of inquiry. It should be pointed out that the use of color film with interference filters offers no advantage. The only dimension being recorded at each point in the film is reflectivity of the structure at the wavelength of the filter being used. Documenting the color of this wavelength by the use of color film is a fruitless exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:939661", "title": "Application of an implantable stimulator in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.", "content": "The surgical problems of implantable systems for functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of plegic patients have been discussed. The \"Ljubljana implant\" was developed through experiments on animals and later with two volunteers. It has a typical electrode configuration, acceptable miniaturization and reduces the amount of surgery necessary. This system was tested in 14 patients, primarily as a part of an implantable peroneal brace. For five years the system has been reliable and safe. It may be possible to apply this implant as part of a multi-channel control system.", "contents": "Application of an implantable stimulator in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. The surgical problems of implantable systems for functional electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of plegic patients have been discussed. The \"Ljubljana implant\" was developed through experiments on animals and later with two volunteers. It has a typical electrode configuration, acceptable miniaturization and reduces the amount of surgery necessary. This system was tested in 14 patients, primarily as a part of an implantable peroneal brace. For five years the system has been reliable and safe. It may be possible to apply this implant as part of a multi-channel control system."}
{"id": "PMID:939662", "title": "Effect of intraocular surgery on the tension of the other eye: preliminary report.", "content": "Thirty-one cases of glaucoma and cataract were studied to determine if intraocular surgery in one eye could affect the ocular tension in the fellow eye. Twenty-seven patients showed varying degrees of change in the untreated eye. Possible factors causing the change have been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of intraocular surgery on the tension of the other eye: preliminary report. Thirty-one cases of glaucoma and cataract were studied to determine if intraocular surgery in one eye could affect the ocular tension in the fellow eye. Twenty-seven patients showed varying degrees of change in the untreated eye. Possible factors causing the change have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939665", "title": "Dynamic studies with radionuclides.", "content": "Scintigraphy, the visual display of radioactivity, shows the size, shape and structure of the organ being studied. This information should be complemented with dynamic studies which will indicate the distribution of the radioactivity in the organ in relation to time. Dynamic studies must be performed with external detectors and the gamma camera. Circulation (systemic, pulmonary or cerebrospinal fluid) can be studied depending on the method of administration and the radionuclide used. The indicators are the same as for arteriography. Regional distribution of ventilation can be studied using radioactive gases. Regional distribution of ventilation of the lungs and mucociliary clearance can also be studied using inhaled particles. Dynamic studies do not replace but only supplement scintigraphy. They should be quantitated to obtain objective information.", "contents": "Dynamic studies with radionuclides. Scintigraphy, the visual display of radioactivity, shows the size, shape and structure of the organ being studied. This information should be complemented with dynamic studies which will indicate the distribution of the radioactivity in the organ in relation to time. Dynamic studies must be performed with external detectors and the gamma camera. Circulation (systemic, pulmonary or cerebrospinal fluid) can be studied depending on the method of administration and the radionuclide used. The indicators are the same as for arteriography. Regional distribution of ventilation can be studied using radioactive gases. Regional distribution of ventilation of the lungs and mucociliary clearance can also be studied using inhaled particles. Dynamic studies do not replace but only supplement scintigraphy. They should be quantitated to obtain objective information."}
{"id": "PMID:939667", "title": "Treatment of antral and duodenal bleeding ulcers by Guevara's catheter.", "content": "The catheter is based on the principle of compression and tamponage, assuring and guaranteeing hemostasis at the base of the ulcer. This method is suitable for permanently controlling an acute hemorrhage in the event medical treatment fails and surgery is contraindicated. Emergency surgery is changed to elective surgery with all its advantages.", "contents": "Treatment of antral and duodenal bleeding ulcers by Guevara's catheter. The catheter is based on the principle of compression and tamponage, assuring and guaranteeing hemostasis at the base of the ulcer. This method is suitable for permanently controlling an acute hemorrhage in the event medical treatment fails and surgery is contraindicated. Emergency surgery is changed to elective surgery with all its advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:939672", "title": "[Variations in the behavior in chronic hospitalized schizophrenics under treatment with EMD 16, 139, a benzoquinolizine derivative].", "content": "A group of hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients was treated with EMD 16 139 - a benzochinolizin derivate - for 4 weeks in a placebo-controlled trial. Changes of behavior were measured using a rating scale. The results suggest an increase of activity and initiative during treatment. Problems concerning some neuroleptic effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Variations in the behavior in chronic hospitalized schizophrenics under treatment with EMD 16, 139, a benzoquinolizine derivative]. A group of hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients was treated with EMD 16 139 - a benzochinolizin derivate - for 4 weeks in a placebo-controlled trial. Changes of behavior were measured using a rating scale. The results suggest an increase of activity and initiative during treatment. Problems concerning some neuroleptic effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939668", "title": "Ovarian metastases from carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder.", "content": "A pathologic study of 135 cases of carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder treated with radical anterior pelvic exenteration, including 60 cases examined by subserial sections of both ovaries, did not reveal a single incidence of ovarian metastases from bladder carcinoma. The same observation has been reported by some investigators examining the more aggressive forms of bladder carcinoma seen in Western countries. Based on these findings, we recommend that at least one ovary, the one away from the tumors, should be retained with an intact blood supply to avoid the distressing symptoms of menopausal syndrome. This is especially advisable in our patients where carcinoma of the bladder occurs at a younger age.", "contents": "Ovarian metastases from carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder. A pathologic study of 135 cases of carcinoma of the bilharzial urinary bladder treated with radical anterior pelvic exenteration, including 60 cases examined by subserial sections of both ovaries, did not reveal a single incidence of ovarian metastases from bladder carcinoma. The same observation has been reported by some investigators examining the more aggressive forms of bladder carcinoma seen in Western countries. Based on these findings, we recommend that at least one ovary, the one away from the tumors, should be retained with an intact blood supply to avoid the distressing symptoms of menopausal syndrome. This is especially advisable in our patients where carcinoma of the bladder occurs at a younger age."}
{"id": "PMID:939673", "title": "Acute lithium effects on rat brain glucose metabolism - in vivo.", "content": "Administration of LiCl to rats was found to affect brain glucose metabolism in the following ways. The concentrations of brain glucose, brain lactate and brain glycogen were increased, and the concentration of brain glutamate was decreased. The incorporation of (14)C from U-(14)C D-glucose, administered intraperitoneally to the rats, was increased in brain glucose and brain lactate, and decreased in brain glutamate. The results were explained by a lithium-induced increase in brain glucose uptake and an increased rate of glycolysis, and a slight inhibition of the oxidative decarboxylation of the Krebs cycle.", "contents": "Acute lithium effects on rat brain glucose metabolism - in vivo. Administration of LiCl to rats was found to affect brain glucose metabolism in the following ways. The concentrations of brain glucose, brain lactate and brain glycogen were increased, and the concentration of brain glutamate was decreased. The incorporation of (14)C from U-(14)C D-glucose, administered intraperitoneally to the rats, was increased in brain glucose and brain lactate, and decreased in brain glutamate. The results were explained by a lithium-induced increase in brain glucose uptake and an increased rate of glycolysis, and a slight inhibition of the oxidative decarboxylation of the Krebs cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:939670", "title": "Serotonin in the portal vein after acidification.", "content": "To test whether serotonin release from the argentaffin cells of the intestinal tract can elicit peptic ulcer, rats were given intraduodenal infusions of N/10 and N/20 hydrochloric acid. Serotonin measured in the portal venous blood of rats which had had an intraduodenal infusion of N/20 HCl for five minutes was significantly higher than in the portal (P less than 0.05) or systemic (P less than 0.01) blood of control animals. After longer intervals serotonin release tapered off and measurements obtained 30 minutes after an infusion of N/10 HCl did not differ significantly from those in the controls.", "contents": "Serotonin in the portal vein after acidification. To test whether serotonin release from the argentaffin cells of the intestinal tract can elicit peptic ulcer, rats were given intraduodenal infusions of N/10 and N/20 hydrochloric acid. Serotonin measured in the portal venous blood of rats which had had an intraduodenal infusion of N/20 HCl for five minutes was significantly higher than in the portal (P less than 0.05) or systemic (P less than 0.01) blood of control animals. After longer intervals serotonin release tapered off and measurements obtained 30 minutes after an infusion of N/10 HCl did not differ significantly from those in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:939671", "title": "Medical electronics in surgery.", "content": "I have described the results of a telemetering radio capsule which we used in the clinical assessment of digestive disease. This method has many merits which we have never found with other methods. This is one example of the clinical use of medical electronics. Medical electronics provides surgeons with many useful aids to improve diagnosis and treatment of their patients. Medical electronic technics should be used more often.", "contents": "Medical electronics in surgery. I have described the results of a telemetering radio capsule which we used in the clinical assessment of digestive disease. This method has many merits which we have never found with other methods. This is one example of the clinical use of medical electronics. Medical electronics provides surgeons with many useful aids to improve diagnosis and treatment of their patients. Medical electronic technics should be used more often."}
{"id": "PMID:939676", "title": "Kinematic analysis of spinal fusions.", "content": "Two cases with clinical suspicion of incompletely healed anterior fusion between L5 and S1 were examined by means of a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. In both cases a pseudarthrosis was found. The method makes it possible to disclose rotations and translations between veretebrae with an accuracy of about 0.2degree and 30-120 mum, respectively.", "contents": "Kinematic analysis of spinal fusions. Two cases with clinical suspicion of incompletely healed anterior fusion between L5 and S1 were examined by means of a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method. In both cases a pseudarthrosis was found. The method makes it possible to disclose rotations and translations between veretebrae with an accuracy of about 0.2degree and 30-120 mum, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:939674", "title": "Considerations of 201T1 as a myocardial radionuclide imaging agent in man.", "content": "Recent reports have suggested the use of intravenous 201T1 (thallium-201) for myocardial imaging with the gamma scintillation camera. In order to better appreciate the possible utility of this agent in humans we examined its distribution and kinetics in 13 patients and in six mongrel dogs, three with experimental coronary artery occlusion. In addition, 201T1 was compared to 86Rb (rubidium-86) in 84 rats. In the rat heart, the concentration of 201T1 was 30% higher than that of 86Rb ten minutes after injection. Moreover, myocardium-to-blood ratios for 201T1 averaged 51:1, but only 32:1 for 86Rb ten minutes after administration. In the dog heart, the distribution of 201T1 paralleled that of radioiodinated (131I) albumin particles injected into the left atrium and, thus, appears to be related to regional blood flow. Its concentration in ischemic regions decreased to 32.3% of the normally perfused myocardium. In the patients with a recent or old myocardial infarction, areas of decreased 201T1 uptake were easily identified and corresponded in location to that by ECG. Repeat scans 24 hours after the initial injection showed a significant retention of 201T1 by the myocardium. 201T1 blood levels in humans 15 minutes after injection were low (averaging 1.06% +/- 0.41% SD of the total dose per liter) and these levels decreased with a biological half-life of 3.1 +/- 0.7 days. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion rates ranged from 0.6 to 6.5% of the total dose and appeared related to urinary flow and the concentation of 201T1 in blood. Because of the higher target to background ratios, 201T1 compares favorably with radioactive rubidium. 201T1 in diagnostic doses remained without detectable adverse effects and appears promising as an agent for visualizing abnormal regional myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Considerations of 201T1 as a myocardial radionuclide imaging agent in man. Recent reports have suggested the use of intravenous 201T1 (thallium-201) for myocardial imaging with the gamma scintillation camera. In order to better appreciate the possible utility of this agent in humans we examined its distribution and kinetics in 13 patients and in six mongrel dogs, three with experimental coronary artery occlusion. In addition, 201T1 was compared to 86Rb (rubidium-86) in 84 rats. In the rat heart, the concentration of 201T1 was 30% higher than that of 86Rb ten minutes after injection. Moreover, myocardium-to-blood ratios for 201T1 averaged 51:1, but only 32:1 for 86Rb ten minutes after administration. In the dog heart, the distribution of 201T1 paralleled that of radioiodinated (131I) albumin particles injected into the left atrium and, thus, appears to be related to regional blood flow. Its concentration in ischemic regions decreased to 32.3% of the normally perfused myocardium. In the patients with a recent or old myocardial infarction, areas of decreased 201T1 uptake were easily identified and corresponded in location to that by ECG. Repeat scans 24 hours after the initial injection showed a significant retention of 201T1 by the myocardium. 201T1 blood levels in humans 15 minutes after injection were low (averaging 1.06% +/- 0.41% SD of the total dose per liter) and these levels decreased with a biological half-life of 3.1 +/- 0.7 days. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion rates ranged from 0.6 to 6.5% of the total dose and appeared related to urinary flow and the concentation of 201T1 in blood. Because of the higher target to background ratios, 201T1 compares favorably with radioactive rubidium. 201T1 in diagnostic doses remained without detectable adverse effects and appears promising as an agent for visualizing abnormal regional myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939677", "title": "An automated fluorescent excitation analysis system for medical applications.", "content": "The use of stable tracers assayed by x-ray fluorescent excitation analysis has proven advantageous over other stable or radioisotopic techniques in a number of clinical and investigative situations. An automated fluorescent excitation analysis system for medical application has developed. Its design parameters and performance are described.", "contents": "An automated fluorescent excitation analysis system for medical applications. The use of stable tracers assayed by x-ray fluorescent excitation analysis has proven advantageous over other stable or radioisotopic techniques in a number of clinical and investigative situations. An automated fluorescent excitation analysis system for medical application has developed. Its design parameters and performance are described."}
{"id": "PMID:939675", "title": "Metrizamide in experimental urography. V. Renal excretion mechanism of a non-ionic contrast medium in rabbit and cat.", "content": "The excretion mechanisms of the non-ionic contrast medium, metrizamide, and the ionic, sodium diatrizoate, are compared to investigate the potential usefulness of metrizamide in clinical urography. A mixture of 125I-labeled metrizamide and 131I-labeled diatrizoate was injected intravenously to rabbits or cats. Urine, bile and blood were analyzed for their concentration of iodine. From these concentrations the renal and total clearance was calculated. In the rabbit the excretion of metrizamide was also compared with that of 3H-inulin with or without influence of p-aminohippurate or probenecid. The earlier reported relatively low urinary iodine concentrations after intravenous injection to rabbits of low doses were explained by the following findings: In the rabbit the volume of distribution, the renal clearance and the total clearance of metrizamide were smaller than those measured for diatrizoate and inulin. The biological half-life in serum measured 30-150 min after injection was the same for all three compounds. No indication of tubular secretion was found. The excretion mechanism of the contrast media exhibits species differences as no differences between metrizamide and diatrizoate in the parameters mentioned above could be measured in the cat.", "contents": "Metrizamide in experimental urography. V. Renal excretion mechanism of a non-ionic contrast medium in rabbit and cat. The excretion mechanisms of the non-ionic contrast medium, metrizamide, and the ionic, sodium diatrizoate, are compared to investigate the potential usefulness of metrizamide in clinical urography. A mixture of 125I-labeled metrizamide and 131I-labeled diatrizoate was injected intravenously to rabbits or cats. Urine, bile and blood were analyzed for their concentration of iodine. From these concentrations the renal and total clearance was calculated. In the rabbit the excretion of metrizamide was also compared with that of 3H-inulin with or without influence of p-aminohippurate or probenecid. The earlier reported relatively low urinary iodine concentrations after intravenous injection to rabbits of low doses were explained by the following findings: In the rabbit the volume of distribution, the renal clearance and the total clearance of metrizamide were smaller than those measured for diatrizoate and inulin. The biological half-life in serum measured 30-150 min after injection was the same for all three compounds. No indication of tubular secretion was found. The excretion mechanism of the contrast media exhibits species differences as no differences between metrizamide and diatrizoate in the parameters mentioned above could be measured in the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:939678", "title": "Sequential feline esophageal nutrient blood flow: perfusion measurements in vivo.", "content": "The utilization of a catheter semiconductor beta detector (CASRAD) to perform in vivo, sequential, esophageal nutrient blood flow distribution studies in cats is described. A  diffusable radioisotope, Rubidium 86 (86Rb), was injected intravenously and the CASRAD placed within the esophageal lumen. The distribution of 86Rb remained stable within the feline esophagus for sufficient time to allow for counting at 1.5 cm levels in the esophagus. The accuracy limitations of the CASRAD system were assessed by comparing the in vivo, recorded distribution of 86Rb with the esophageal distribution of 86Rb as determined by a well-type scintillation counter. The distribution throughout most of the esophagus was similar by both techniques. Sequential esophageal studies performed with the CASRAD showed less variability than existed in the biological differences between cats and the methodology of obtaining and counting tissue by well-type scintillation counter (mean coefficient of variation 11.6% versus coefficient of variation 23.1%).", "contents": "Sequential feline esophageal nutrient blood flow: perfusion measurements in vivo. The utilization of a catheter semiconductor beta detector (CASRAD) to perform in vivo, sequential, esophageal nutrient blood flow distribution studies in cats is described. A  diffusable radioisotope, Rubidium 86 (86Rb), was injected intravenously and the CASRAD placed within the esophageal lumen. The distribution of 86Rb remained stable within the feline esophagus for sufficient time to allow for counting at 1.5 cm levels in the esophagus. The accuracy limitations of the CASRAD system were assessed by comparing the in vivo, recorded distribution of 86Rb with the esophageal distribution of 86Rb as determined by a well-type scintillation counter. The distribution throughout most of the esophagus was similar by both techniques. Sequential esophageal studies performed with the CASRAD showed less variability than existed in the biological differences between cats and the methodology of obtaining and counting tissue by well-type scintillation counter (mean coefficient of variation 11.6% versus coefficient of variation 23.1%)."}
{"id": "PMID:939679", "title": "The use of Compton scattered gamma rays for tomography.", "content": "A method of tomographic imaging of soft tissues by the use of Compton scattering of gamma rays is described. A highly collimated source (800 Ci of 60Co) and collimated detectors are used. Spatial resolutions of the order of 0.5 cm or better are achieved, with a density resoution of 2.0% to 4%. Experimental tests with dogs have shown internal organs in sagittal, coronal and transverse section. No contrast or radioactive material is required. Tests have shown that the regional dose for humans will be about 0.25 to 1 rad for one scan.", "contents": "The use of Compton scattered gamma rays for tomography. A method of tomographic imaging of soft tissues by the use of Compton scattering of gamma rays is described. A highly collimated source (800 Ci of 60Co) and collimated detectors are used. Spatial resolutions of the order of 0.5 cm or better are achieved, with a density resoution of 2.0% to 4%. Experimental tests with dogs have shown internal organs in sagittal, coronal and transverse section. No contrast or radioactive material is required. Tests have shown that the regional dose for humans will be about 0.25 to 1 rad for one scan."}
{"id": "PMID:939692", "title": "Syngeneic and allogeneic mouse lymphoma antisera: specificity, reaction with fetal antigen and protective capacity.", "content": "Vaccination with modified lymphoma cells produced highly specific antisera in syngeneic murine hosts. These were C3H/HeJ anti-6C3HED and BALB/cJ anti-P1798. These antisera gave positive membrane immunofluorescence tests with the corresponding tumor cells as well as with drug-resistant cells derived from the parental line. Immune BALB/cJ, but not immune C3H/HeJ, antiserum was cytotoxic in the presence of complement. The antisera did not cross-react with the opposite tumor, Moloney virus-induced YAC lymphoma cells, or normal splenocytes from either mouse strain. Both immune and nonimmune sera gave a positive cytotoxic test with Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells, indicating exposure of all the animals to the virus. Mice periodically given booster injections served repeatedly as serum donors; BALB/cJ mice not boosted for 42 weeks after tumor rejection still had circulating anti-P1798 antibodies. Allogeneic C57BL/KsJ anti-P1798 gave immunofluorescence tests with P1798, 6C3HED and normal BALB/cJ lymphocytes; it was cytotoxic for P1798 but not for normal lymphocytes. After absorption with normal BALB/cJ tissues, the serum became highly specific for P1798 but lost it cytotoxicity. Syngeneic and absorbed allogeneic anti-P1798 inhibited fetal liver colony formation on the spleens of  irradiated BALB/c mice, indicating reaction with fetal antigen, but 6C3H/HeJ anti-6C3HED did not give similar inhibition. The latter antiserum was used successfully for passive immunization as long as there was excess antibody; BALB/c anti-P1798 did not protect, while C57BL/KsJ anti-P1798 was only marginally protective.", "contents": "Syngeneic and allogeneic mouse lymphoma antisera: specificity, reaction with fetal antigen and protective capacity. Vaccination with modified lymphoma cells produced highly specific antisera in syngeneic murine hosts. These were C3H/HeJ anti-6C3HED and BALB/cJ anti-P1798. These antisera gave positive membrane immunofluorescence tests with the corresponding tumor cells as well as with drug-resistant cells derived from the parental line. Immune BALB/cJ, but not immune C3H/HeJ, antiserum was cytotoxic in the presence of complement. The antisera did not cross-react with the opposite tumor, Moloney virus-induced YAC lymphoma cells, or normal splenocytes from either mouse strain. Both immune and nonimmune sera gave a positive cytotoxic test with Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells, indicating exposure of all the animals to the virus. Mice periodically given booster injections served repeatedly as serum donors; BALB/cJ mice not boosted for 42 weeks after tumor rejection still had circulating anti-P1798 antibodies. Allogeneic C57BL/KsJ anti-P1798 gave immunofluorescence tests with P1798, 6C3HED and normal BALB/cJ lymphocytes; it was cytotoxic for P1798 but not for normal lymphocytes. After absorption with normal BALB/cJ tissues, the serum became highly specific for P1798 but lost it cytotoxicity. Syngeneic and absorbed allogeneic anti-P1798 inhibited fetal liver colony formation on the spleens of  irradiated BALB/c mice, indicating reaction with fetal antigen, but 6C3H/HeJ anti-6C3HED did not give similar inhibition. The latter antiserum was used successfully for passive immunization as long as there was excess antibody; BALB/c anti-P1798 did not protect, while C57BL/KsJ anti-P1798 was only marginally protective."}
{"id": "PMID:939693", "title": "Protective serum effects in tumor immunity.", "content": "Administration of serum presumed to contain tumor-specific antibodies supported the rejection in immunized mice of syngeneic fibrosarcoma implants which receded after an initial period of s.c. growth. Passive transfer of immune serum to unsensitized mice, sublethally radiated and injected with normal lymph node cells, protected the recipients against i.v. but not against s.c. implantation of syngeneic mammary carcinoma cells. Injection of immune serum assisted the recovery of mice in a state of tumor-induced specific immune depression induced by a large. s.c. mammary carcinoma implant and maintained after surgical cure by injections of serum presumed to contain soluble tumor antigen.", "contents": "Protective serum effects in tumor immunity. Administration of serum presumed to contain tumor-specific antibodies supported the rejection in immunized mice of syngeneic fibrosarcoma implants which receded after an initial period of s.c. growth. Passive transfer of immune serum to unsensitized mice, sublethally radiated and injected with normal lymph node cells, protected the recipients against i.v. but not against s.c. implantation of syngeneic mammary carcinoma cells. Injection of immune serum assisted the recovery of mice in a state of tumor-induced specific immune depression induced by a large. s.c. mammary carcinoma implant and maintained after surgical cure by injections of serum presumed to contain soluble tumor antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:939696", "title": "[Quantitative study of nonsegmented and segmented neutrophilic granulocytes in newborn].", "content": "Serial white blood cell counts were studied in 20 healthy full-term babies and 252 newborn babies of different birthweights (61 of them without and 191 with perinatal risks). Nonsegmented (band form) and segmented neutrophils participate in roughly equal quantities in the physiological postnatal neutrophil reaction, which begins 1 hour after birth (8100/mm3 +/- 2600), reaches the peak after 9 hours (15 500/mm3 +/- 4000), and drops to the initial level within 42 hours. During the first 3 days the shift to the left with the relative and absolute increase of the band forms is more significant for a perinatal infection than the rise of total neutrophil count, which can remain within the normal range. However, these changes are not specific for infectious diseases. In the period the white blood count has only a diagnostic value in relation with the age of the newborn in hours and with short term follow-ups. Newborns of low birth weight (under 2500 g) show lower absolute counts and less significant changes than newborns of normal birth weight.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of nonsegmented and segmented neutrophilic granulocytes in newborn]. Serial white blood cell counts were studied in 20 healthy full-term babies and 252 newborn babies of different birthweights (61 of them without and 191 with perinatal risks). Nonsegmented (band form) and segmented neutrophils participate in roughly equal quantities in the physiological postnatal neutrophil reaction, which begins 1 hour after birth (8100/mm3 +/- 2600), reaches the peak after 9 hours (15 500/mm3 +/- 4000), and drops to the initial level within 42 hours. During the first 3 days the shift to the left with the relative and absolute increase of the band forms is more significant for a perinatal infection than the rise of total neutrophil count, which can remain within the normal range. However, these changes are not specific for infectious diseases. In the period the white blood count has only a diagnostic value in relation with the age of the newborn in hours and with short term follow-ups. Newborns of low birth weight (under 2500 g) show lower absolute counts and less significant changes than newborns of normal birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:939694", "title": "Tumor-specific immune responsiveness of the tumor-bearing host.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitomycin-C-blocked tumor cells has been used to demonstrate tumor-specific antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas and in syngeneic murine systems, and to follow the evolution of tumor immunity in the tumor-bearing state. Lymphocytes from normal mice, from mice bearing small methylcholanthrene-induced tumors (less than 1 cm in diameter) and from tumor-immunized mice (which had been sensitized by tumor cell inoculation and subsequent tumor (removal) were stimulated by mitomycin-C-blocked tumor cells to undergo increased DNA synthesis in culture. However, lymph node cells from mice with large methylcholanthrene-induced tumors (greater than 1 cm in diameter) had quite different characteristics. The background DNA-synthetic activity of lymph node cells from tumor-bearing mice was much higher than that of lymph node cells from normal mice or from preimmunized, non-tumor-bearing mice, and progressively increased with the duration of tumor-bearing and the size of the tumor. Lymph node cells from mice bearing large tumours appeared to be maximally stimulated by the tumor in vivo and were incapable of further stimulation by the same tumor cells in vitro, but exhibited normal responses to other antigens and nonspecific mitogens. Lymph node cells from mice bearing large tumors depleted of the adherent cells had lower background levels of DNA synthetic activity per 10(6) cells and underwent stimulation similarly to lymphoid cells from preimmunized, non-tumor-bearing mice. Spleen cells from mice bearing large tumors also had increased background levels of DNA synthetic activity, but contrary to the observations made with the lymph node cells, they were able to undergo further stimulation when cultured with the same tumor cells. Studies on the background incorporation of tritiated thymidine by lymph node cells from tumor-bearing mice revealed that the spontaneous uptake of reconstituted populations was nearly that of the original population and more than twice that of the arithmetical sum of the nonadherent and the adherent subpopulations. This was not found with normal lymph node cells or with spleen cells from normal or tumor-bearing mice. The differential effects observed with lymph node cells compared to spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice are emphasized and possible explanations for these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immune responsiveness of the tumor-bearing host. In vitro lymphocyte stimulation by mitomycin-C-blocked tumor cells has been used to demonstrate tumor-specific antigens in methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas and in syngeneic murine systems, and to follow the evolution of tumor immunity in the tumor-bearing state. Lymphocytes from normal mice, from mice bearing small methylcholanthrene-induced tumors (less than 1 cm in diameter) and from tumor-immunized mice (which had been sensitized by tumor cell inoculation and subsequent tumor (removal) were stimulated by mitomycin-C-blocked tumor cells to undergo increased DNA synthesis in culture. However, lymph node cells from mice with large methylcholanthrene-induced tumors (greater than 1 cm in diameter) had quite different characteristics. The background DNA-synthetic activity of lymph node cells from tumor-bearing mice was much higher than that of lymph node cells from normal mice or from preimmunized, non-tumor-bearing mice, and progressively increased with the duration of tumor-bearing and the size of the tumor. Lymph node cells from mice bearing large tumours appeared to be maximally stimulated by the tumor in vivo and were incapable of further stimulation by the same tumor cells in vitro, but exhibited normal responses to other antigens and nonspecific mitogens. Lymph node cells from mice bearing large tumors depleted of the adherent cells had lower background levels of DNA synthetic activity per 10(6) cells and underwent stimulation similarly to lymphoid cells from preimmunized, non-tumor-bearing mice. Spleen cells from mice bearing large tumors also had increased background levels of DNA synthetic activity, but contrary to the observations made with the lymph node cells, they were able to undergo further stimulation when cultured with the same tumor cells. Studies on the background incorporation of tritiated thymidine by lymph node cells from tumor-bearing mice revealed that the spontaneous uptake of reconstituted populations was nearly that of the original population and more than twice that of the arithmetical sum of the nonadherent and the adherent subpopulations. This was not found with normal lymph node cells or with spleen cells from normal or tumor-bearing mice. The differential effects observed with lymph node cells compared to spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice are emphasized and possible explanations for these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939695", "title": "Monitoring of nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in cancer patients. I. Frequent dissociation between the responses of skin tests to recall antigens and in vitro lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "No correlation was found between in vivo delayed hypersensitivity responses in cancer patients and in vitro lymphocyte transformation by mitogens or antigens, even when the same antigen [purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD)] was used for both the in vivo and in vitro testing. However, there was a good correlation between the in vitro lymphocyte transformation tests with PPD and with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen.", "contents": "Monitoring of nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in cancer patients. I. Frequent dissociation between the responses of skin tests to recall antigens and in vitro lymphocyte transformation. No correlation was found between in vivo delayed hypersensitivity responses in cancer patients and in vitro lymphocyte transformation by mitogens or antigens, even when the same antigen [purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD)] was used for both the in vivo and in vitro testing. However, there was a good correlation between the in vitro lymphocyte transformation tests with PPD and with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen."}
{"id": "PMID:939698", "title": "[Blood picture in the early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia].", "content": "In the search of a fast and simple laboratory test for the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia the blood pictures of 29 cases of septicemia were compared with normal values derived from 390 healthy newborns. In each case the leucocyte count, the neutrophil count, the band count and its percentage, the ratio of band forms to segmented neutrophils and the platelet count were analysed in the blood smear taken on the day of clinical suspicion of septicemia. The leucocyte count, the neutrophil count and the band count are within the pathological range in 70% of the cases. The percentage of band forms and the ratio of bands forms to segmented neutrophils are, with one exception, always abnormally elevated. Thrombocytopenia is present in only 60% of the cases. Among the different criteria the percentage of band forms is evidently the most practical and most significant one. Considering our normal values, the pathological range for this percentage is above 20% on the first day of life, above 15% on the second day and above 8% from the third day on.", "contents": "[Blood picture in the early diagnosis of neonatal septicemia]. In the search of a fast and simple laboratory test for the diagnosis of neonatal septicemia the blood pictures of 29 cases of septicemia were compared with normal values derived from 390 healthy newborns. In each case the leucocyte count, the neutrophil count, the band count and its percentage, the ratio of band forms to segmented neutrophils and the platelet count were analysed in the blood smear taken on the day of clinical suspicion of septicemia. The leucocyte count, the neutrophil count and the band count are within the pathological range in 70% of the cases. The percentage of band forms and the ratio of bands forms to segmented neutrophils are, with one exception, always abnormally elevated. Thrombocytopenia is present in only 60% of the cases. Among the different criteria the percentage of band forms is evidently the most practical and most significant one. Considering our normal values, the pathological range for this percentage is above 20% on the first day of life, above 15% on the second day and above 8% from the third day on."}
{"id": "PMID:939699", "title": "Milk casein polymorphism in man.", "content": "Urea-starch-gel electrophoresis was used to examine 175 casein samples, 130 collected at random from women from the urban area of Turin, and 45 from women resident in villages in the Sardinian hinterland. Two polymorphic systems controlling alpha- and beta-casein were demonstrated in both groups, together with similar gene frequencies for individual alleles. In addition, a rare variant was discovered in the Sardinian group.", "contents": "Milk casein polymorphism in man. Urea-starch-gel electrophoresis was used to examine 175 casein samples, 130 collected at random from women from the urban area of Turin, and 45 from women resident in villages in the Sardinian hinterland. Two polymorphic systems controlling alpha- and beta-casein were demonstrated in both groups, together with similar gene frequencies for individual alleles. In addition, a rare variant was discovered in the Sardinian group."}
{"id": "PMID:939700", "title": "[Myocardial infarct following embolism in a newborn].", "content": "A case of myocardial infarction in a newborn, most probably consecutive to air embolism, is described. The acute episode occurred immediately after the removal of a venous umbilical catheter. The infant survived, without clinical evidence of cardiac impairment 14 months later. However, he developed signs of a spastic cerebral palsy.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct following embolism in a newborn]. A case of myocardial infarction in a newborn, most probably consecutive to air embolism, is described. The acute episode occurred immediately after the removal of a venous umbilical catheter. The infant survived, without clinical evidence of cardiac impairment 14 months later. However, he developed signs of a spastic cerebral palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:939701", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system in an infant with malignant renovascular hypertension.", "content": "A one-year-old girl with malignant renovascular hypertension had increased levels of plasma renin activity and angiotensin II concentration in peripheral blood and in blood from the affected kidneys as compared with that from the contralateral kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy was followed by resolution of the hypertension and normalization of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system in an infant with malignant renovascular hypertension. A one-year-old girl with malignant renovascular hypertension had increased levels of plasma renin activity and angiotensin II concentration in peripheral blood and in blood from the affected kidneys as compared with that from the contralateral kidney. Unilateral nephrectomy was followed by resolution of the hypertension and normalization of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:939702", "title": "Galactosemia with endogenous production of galactose-1-phosphate and with cystic fibrosis-like appearance at autopsy.", "content": "In an infant with galactosemia high levels of galactose-1-phosphate in red blood cells and of blood galactose were observed under a \"galactose-free'' diet. The child did not thrive and developed a liver cirrhosis. At the age of 5 months he died unexpectedly. Post mortem examination revealed in the pancreas and the small intestine changes suggestive of a cystic fibrosis. Since the exogenous administration of galactose by diet could be excluded the endogenous production of significant amounts of galactose-1-phosphate has to be considered.", "contents": "Galactosemia with endogenous production of galactose-1-phosphate and with cystic fibrosis-like appearance at autopsy. In an infant with galactosemia high levels of galactose-1-phosphate in red blood cells and of blood galactose were observed under a \"galactose-free'' diet. The child did not thrive and developed a liver cirrhosis. At the age of 5 months he died unexpectedly. Post mortem examination revealed in the pancreas and the small intestine changes suggestive of a cystic fibrosis. Since the exogenous administration of galactose by diet could be excluded the endogenous production of significant amounts of galactose-1-phosphate has to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:939703", "title": "[The aglossia-adactylia syndrome].", "content": "We present two own cases of the aglossy-adactyly syndrome and a review of 25 cases of the literature. Our experience concernes two girls. One was followed from birth until 4 1/2 years, the other from 5 to 9 years. This helped us to obtain a good knowledge of the development of these patients. Malformations of the mouth and of the limbs with a normal intelligence characterize the aglossy-adactyly syndrome. The most important features are: shortness of the tongue of variable degree, anomaly of the teeth, hypoplasia of the mandible and ectromelia of different extension with a peripheric predilection and often with an asymmetry. The etiology is unknown. All the known cases are sporadic. The differential diagnosis of the aglossy-adactyly syndrome includes the ankyloglossia superior, the Hanhart syndrome and the oro-farcio-digital syndrome I. Even when the mouth malformations are of a great degree, the functional limitations of the patients with aglossy-adactyly syndrome are very small. This is important in determining the prognosis, in consulting the patients and their parents and for decisions about corrective operations.", "contents": "[The aglossia-adactylia syndrome]. We present two own cases of the aglossy-adactyly syndrome and a review of 25 cases of the literature. Our experience concernes two girls. One was followed from birth until 4 1/2 years, the other from 5 to 9 years. This helped us to obtain a good knowledge of the development of these patients. Malformations of the mouth and of the limbs with a normal intelligence characterize the aglossy-adactyly syndrome. The most important features are: shortness of the tongue of variable degree, anomaly of the teeth, hypoplasia of the mandible and ectromelia of different extension with a peripheric predilection and often with an asymmetry. The etiology is unknown. All the known cases are sporadic. The differential diagnosis of the aglossy-adactyly syndrome includes the ankyloglossia superior, the Hanhart syndrome and the oro-farcio-digital syndrome I. Even when the mouth malformations are of a great degree, the functional limitations of the patients with aglossy-adactyly syndrome are very small. This is important in determining the prognosis, in consulting the patients and their parents and for decisions about corrective operations."}
{"id": "PMID:939704", "title": "Increased densities and calcifications in the finger bones of children.", "content": "A feature of irregular calcifications and increased densities in the metaphyseal region of the fingers of the hand in adolescent children, occurring mostly in males, is described. These changes become evident at puberty and disappear with the closure of the epiphyses. The etiology of this feature does not appear to be related to a specific hormone. It may be the result of an imbalance between those hormones which cause the pubertal spurt, possibly combined with an irregularity of testosterone secretion.", "contents": "Increased densities and calcifications in the finger bones of children. A feature of irregular calcifications and increased densities in the metaphyseal region of the fingers of the hand in adolescent children, occurring mostly in males, is described. These changes become evident at puberty and disappear with the closure of the epiphyses. The etiology of this feature does not appear to be related to a specific hormone. It may be the result of an imbalance between those hormones which cause the pubertal spurt, possibly combined with an irregularity of testosterone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:939705", "title": "Microspectrophotometry of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 in single adrenal cells.", "content": "The cytochrome P-450 is known to be a key enzymic component in steroid hydroxylation. Biochemically it is localized in adrenal cells, both in the mitochondrial and in the microsomal fractions. Owing to its characteristic light absorptivity, attempts were made at its localization and measurement in a microspectrophotometric system. Specific difference spectra were obtained in the cytoplasm of some cells from an adrenal cell suspension before and after saturation with carbon monoxide. Scanning at 450 nm showed slender absorption maxima after CO saturation randomyl distributed in the cytoplasm. These may be attributed to mitochondria or larger cytoplasmic functional units including mitochondria.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometry of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 in single adrenal cells. The cytochrome P-450 is known to be a key enzymic component in steroid hydroxylation. Biochemically it is localized in adrenal cells, both in the mitochondrial and in the microsomal fractions. Owing to its characteristic light absorptivity, attempts were made at its localization and measurement in a microspectrophotometric system. Specific difference spectra were obtained in the cytoplasm of some cells from an adrenal cell suspension before and after saturation with carbon monoxide. Scanning at 450 nm showed slender absorption maxima after CO saturation randomyl distributed in the cytoplasm. These may be attributed to mitochondria or larger cytoplasmic functional units including mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:939706", "title": "Hepatocyte population dynamics during hydrocortisone and thioacetamide treatment.", "content": "The orderly organization in a number of discrete classes of weight persists in the hepatocytes during acute and chronic poisoning with thioacetamide and during a prolonged treatment with hydrocortisone, though many striking cytological and structural changes occur in the liver. The number of hepatocyte classes decreases under hydrocortisone treatment and during acute and chronic thioacetamide poisoning, and increases during recovery after acute thioacetamide poisoning and during the late phases of chronic thioacetamide poisoning. This is due to decrements and increments in dry mass of the hepatocytes, which occur by steps, through repeated losses and additions of a constant amount of solids substantially corresponding to the class period. Such a mechanism is similar to that acting in the hepatocyte atrophy due to starvation and in the hepatocyte enlargement occurring during postnatal development. Therefore, the increment and the decrement in dry mass by defined steps takes place in the hepatocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions.", "contents": "Hepatocyte population dynamics during hydrocortisone and thioacetamide treatment. The orderly organization in a number of discrete classes of weight persists in the hepatocytes during acute and chronic poisoning with thioacetamide and during a prolonged treatment with hydrocortisone, though many striking cytological and structural changes occur in the liver. The number of hepatocyte classes decreases under hydrocortisone treatment and during acute and chronic thioacetamide poisoning, and increases during recovery after acute thioacetamide poisoning and during the late phases of chronic thioacetamide poisoning. This is due to decrements and increments in dry mass of the hepatocytes, which occur by steps, through repeated losses and additions of a constant amount of solids substantially corresponding to the class period. Such a mechanism is similar to that acting in the hepatocyte atrophy due to starvation and in the hepatocyte enlargement occurring during postnatal development. Therefore, the increment and the decrement in dry mass by defined steps takes place in the hepatocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:939707", "title": "Uptake and localization of mercury in the brain of rats after prolonged oral feeding with mercuric chloride.", "content": "Uptake and localization of mercury was studied in rats orally intoxicated with inorganic mercury. By atomic absorption spectrophotometry large quantitative differences were found between test and control animals, particularly relating to blood, kidney and brain. By histochemical demonstration of heavy metals the uptake in the CNS was shown to occur particularly within the cytoplasm of large neurons in the cortex, pons and basal ganglia but also in other neurons, to some extent in the choroid plexus and the vessel walls, and least in the white matter. No lesions were detectable by light microscopy. The mercury was mostly in the methylated form, something that may be explained by gastrointestinal methylation by bacteria. A similar mechanism can be expected in human chronic inorganic mercury poisoning.", "contents": "Uptake and localization of mercury in the brain of rats after prolonged oral feeding with mercuric chloride. Uptake and localization of mercury was studied in rats orally intoxicated with inorganic mercury. By atomic absorption spectrophotometry large quantitative differences were found between test and control animals, particularly relating to blood, kidney and brain. By histochemical demonstration of heavy metals the uptake in the CNS was shown to occur particularly within the cytoplasm of large neurons in the cortex, pons and basal ganglia but also in other neurons, to some extent in the choroid plexus and the vessel walls, and least in the white matter. No lesions were detectable by light microscopy. The mercury was mostly in the methylated form, something that may be explained by gastrointestinal methylation by bacteria. A similar mechanism can be expected in human chronic inorganic mercury poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:939712", "title": "Cryosurgical treatment of cancerous and noncancerous diseases of dogs, horses, and cats.", "content": "Cryosurgery was used to treat a variety of cancerous and noncancerous diseases in dogs, horses, and cats. Follow-up evaluation on 52 animals revealed an overall \"no recurrence\" rate of 61%. Among the animals with no recurrence were 12 of 17 with cutaneous lesions and 5 of 8 (horses) with sarcoids. Seven of 10 dogs with anal fistulas healed after cryosurgery, but 2 had recurrence of the disease. Treatment of invasive neoplasms of the oral and nasal cavities was not successful. Side effects and complications were minimal.", "contents": "Cryosurgical treatment of cancerous and noncancerous diseases of dogs, horses, and cats. Cryosurgery was used to treat a variety of cancerous and noncancerous diseases in dogs, horses, and cats. Follow-up evaluation on 52 animals revealed an overall \"no recurrence\" rate of 61%. Among the animals with no recurrence were 12 of 17 with cutaneous lesions and 5 of 8 (horses) with sarcoids. Seven of 10 dogs with anal fistulas healed after cryosurgery, but 2 had recurrence of the disease. Treatment of invasive neoplasms of the oral and nasal cavities was not successful. Side effects and complications were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:939713", "title": "Myodegeneration and suspected selenium/vitamin E deficiency in horses.", "content": "The clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic features of 10 isolated cases of myodegeneration in foals were compared. Low values for selenium and vitamin E content were found in the hay and oats from one breeding stable. Serum selenium concentrations in mares at this stable were also low. Creatinine phosphokinase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activities were increased in 2 young foals at this stable; in 1 of these foals, both enzymatic activities were markedly reduced after treatment with vitamin E and selenium. Nutritional myodegeneration was suggested as a diagnosis in this stable, on the basis of the histologic findings, feed analyses, serum selenium values, response to treatment, and enzymatic determinations. Nine other isolated cases of nutritional myodegeneration were tentatively diagnosed on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic findings and the young age of the animal. The gross lesions included pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscle masses. Histologically, lesions were characterized by fragmentation and hyaline and granular changes in swollen muscle fibers in widely distributed skeletal muscle masses.", "contents": "Myodegeneration and suspected selenium/vitamin E deficiency in horses. The clinical, macroscopic, and microscopic features of 10 isolated cases of myodegeneration in foals were compared. Low values for selenium and vitamin E content were found in the hay and oats from one breeding stable. Serum selenium concentrations in mares at this stable were also low. Creatinine phosphokinase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activities were increased in 2 young foals at this stable; in 1 of these foals, both enzymatic activities were markedly reduced after treatment with vitamin E and selenium. Nutritional myodegeneration was suggested as a diagnosis in this stable, on the basis of the histologic findings, feed analyses, serum selenium values, response to treatment, and enzymatic determinations. Nine other isolated cases of nutritional myodegeneration were tentatively diagnosed on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic findings and the young age of the animal. The gross lesions included pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscle masses. Histologically, lesions were characterized by fragmentation and hyaline and granular changes in swollen muscle fibers in widely distributed skeletal muscle masses."}
{"id": "PMID:939716", "title": "Necrotizing myelopathy secondary to embolization of herniated intervertebral disk material in the dog.", "content": "Seven dogs (3 Great Danes, 2 German Shepherd Dogs, 1 Weimaraner, and 1 Boxer) ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 9 years were examined because of acute neurologic signs involving the limbs. All dogs were nonambulatory--3 tetraparetic and 4 paraparetic. In each case, treatment was unsuccessful or not advised, and each dog was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed hemorrhagic infarcts of the gray and white matter as a result of fibrocartilaginous embolization in leptomeningeal and parenchymal vessels of the spinal cord. The emboli were derived from disk material herniated into the vertebral venous sinuses.", "contents": "Necrotizing myelopathy secondary to embolization of herniated intervertebral disk material in the dog. Seven dogs (3 Great Danes, 2 German Shepherd Dogs, 1 Weimaraner, and 1 Boxer) ranging in age from 1 1/2 to 9 years were examined because of acute neurologic signs involving the limbs. All dogs were nonambulatory--3 tetraparetic and 4 paraparetic. In each case, treatment was unsuccessful or not advised, and each dog was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed hemorrhagic infarcts of the gray and white matter as a result of fibrocartilaginous embolization in leptomeningeal and parenchymal vessels of the spinal cord. The emboli were derived from disk material herniated into the vertebral venous sinuses."}
{"id": "PMID:939737", "title": "Culture method for detection of Salmonella in dried active yeast: collaborative study.", "content": "A method for detecting Salmonella in dried active yeast was subjected to collaborative study. This method employs trypticase soy broth as the pre-enrichment medium, a sample-to-broth ratio of 1:10, and subsequent transfers to lauryl sulfate tryptose broth and tetrathionate before streaking onto selective agars. Each collaborating analyst received ten 25 g samples of dried active yeast. Duplicate 25 g samples were each inoculated with Salmonella oranienburg at a low level (28 cells) and a high level (107 cells). Similarly, duplicate 25 g samples were each inoculated with S. senftenberg at a low level (30 cells) and a high level (114 cells). The remaining 2 of 10 samples were not inoculated. Results from 12 of 13 collaborators were evaluated. Only 2 (8.2%) of the 24 low level S. oranienburg samples were reported incorrectly as negative. Twelve of the analysts detected S. senftenberg at both levels and S. oranienburg at the high level in the inoculated samples. Results from 12 collaborators used in the final evaluation show that 117 of 119 (98.3%) collaborative determinations are in agreement. The official final action method for the detection and identification of Salmonella, 46.013-46.026, has been revised official first action to include applicability to dried active yeast.", "contents": "Culture method for detection of Salmonella in dried active yeast: collaborative study. A method for detecting Salmonella in dried active yeast was subjected to collaborative study. This method employs trypticase soy broth as the pre-enrichment medium, a sample-to-broth ratio of 1:10, and subsequent transfers to lauryl sulfate tryptose broth and tetrathionate before streaking onto selective agars. Each collaborating analyst received ten 25 g samples of dried active yeast. Duplicate 25 g samples were each inoculated with Salmonella oranienburg at a low level (28 cells) and a high level (107 cells). Similarly, duplicate 25 g samples were each inoculated with S. senftenberg at a low level (30 cells) and a high level (114 cells). The remaining 2 of 10 samples were not inoculated. Results from 12 of 13 collaborators were evaluated. Only 2 (8.2%) of the 24 low level S. oranienburg samples were reported incorrectly as negative. Twelve of the analysts detected S. senftenberg at both levels and S. oranienburg at the high level in the inoculated samples. Results from 12 collaborators used in the final evaluation show that 117 of 119 (98.3%) collaborative determinations are in agreement. The official final action method for the detection and identification of Salmonella, 46.013-46.026, has been revised official first action to include applicability to dried active yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:939738", "title": "Biological parameters and the acute LD50 test.", "content": "The acute LD50 is an inadequate index of toxicity because the catastrophe of death obscures the mechanisms and sites of action. Thus, nonlethal toxicity is not evaluated, and the LD50 is not extrapolated to the possible effects of low level exposures for long periods of time. Collaborative studies should be undertaken which would develop methods to reasonably permit such evaluation and extrapolation.", "contents": "Biological parameters and the acute LD50 test. The acute LD50 is an inadequate index of toxicity because the catastrophe of death obscures the mechanisms and sites of action. Thus, nonlethal toxicity is not evaluated, and the LD50 is not extrapolated to the possible effects of low level exposures for long periods of time. Collaborative studies should be undertaken which would develop methods to reasonably permit such evaluation and extrapolation."}
{"id": "PMID:939739", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy of resmethrin in nonaqueous aerosols.", "content": "Two rapid and precise methods have been developed for the determination of resmethrin in nonaqueous aerosol formulations. The propellents are evaporated, the residue is dissolved in carbon disulfide, and the resulting solution is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography or infrared spectroscopy. The accuracies of the methods were confirmed by a collaborative study.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy of resmethrin in nonaqueous aerosols. Two rapid and precise methods have been developed for the determination of resmethrin in nonaqueous aerosol formulations. The propellents are evaporated, the residue is dissolved in carbon disulfide, and the resulting solution is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography or infrared spectroscopy. The accuracies of the methods were confirmed by a collaborative study."}
{"id": "PMID:939740", "title": "Rapid screening procedure for the determination of preservatives in ground beef: sulfites, benzoates, sorbates, and ascorbates.", "content": "A procedure is described for the examination of large numbers of ground beef samples for the 4 most commonly used preservatives. A single sample solution is prepared and aliquots are taken for the various tests. Sulfite is determined colorimetrically with acid-bleached prosaniline. Ascorbic acid is titrated with 2,6-dichloroindophenol. Benzoic and sorbic acids are measured by ultraviolet absorption. Negative samples are rapidly sorted out in this procedure and positive samples are completed for quantitative determination of the preservative. Recoveries are 95% for sodium sulfite, 103% for sodium benzoate, 90% for potassium sorbate, and 81% expected recovery for sodium ascorbate. The limit of detection is 0.005% for potassium sorbate, and 0.001% for the 3 other perservatives.", "contents": "Rapid screening procedure for the determination of preservatives in ground beef: sulfites, benzoates, sorbates, and ascorbates. A procedure is described for the examination of large numbers of ground beef samples for the 4 most commonly used preservatives. A single sample solution is prepared and aliquots are taken for the various tests. Sulfite is determined colorimetrically with acid-bleached prosaniline. Ascorbic acid is titrated with 2,6-dichloroindophenol. Benzoic and sorbic acids are measured by ultraviolet absorption. Negative samples are rapidly sorted out in this procedure and positive samples are completed for quantitative determination of the preservative. Recoveries are 95% for sodium sulfite, 103% for sodium benzoate, 90% for potassium sorbate, and 81% expected recovery for sodium ascorbate. The limit of detection is 0.005% for potassium sorbate, and 0.001% for the 3 other perservatives."}
{"id": "PMID:939741", "title": "Nitrite in meat products determined by fluorescence quenching of p-aminobenzoate ion.", "content": "A direct fluorometric method is presented for determining nitrites in meat products by means of quenching. The extracted sodium nitrite is consumed in a diazotization reaction with a measured excess of the fluorescent reagent p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in boiling water and at pH less than or equal to 1.4. The amount of decrease in fluorescence (quenching) of PABA, in alkaline medium (pH 11.0) with excitation at 265 nm and fluorescence at 339 nm, is directly related to the amount of nitrite present. The slope for that standard curve is 1% decrease in relative fluorescence intensity per 2.76 ppm NaNO2. Results obtained for a series of 20 meat samples analyzed by this fluorometric method are in good agreement with results obtained by a colorimetric method with an average difference of +/- 6.1 ppm NaNO2.", "contents": "Nitrite in meat products determined by fluorescence quenching of p-aminobenzoate ion. A direct fluorometric method is presented for determining nitrites in meat products by means of quenching. The extracted sodium nitrite is consumed in a diazotization reaction with a measured excess of the fluorescent reagent p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in boiling water and at pH less than or equal to 1.4. The amount of decrease in fluorescence (quenching) of PABA, in alkaline medium (pH 11.0) with excitation at 265 nm and fluorescence at 339 nm, is directly related to the amount of nitrite present. The slope for that standard curve is 1% decrease in relative fluorescence intensity per 2.76 ppm NaNO2. Results obtained for a series of 20 meat samples analyzed by this fluorometric method are in good agreement with results obtained by a colorimetric method with an average difference of +/- 6.1 ppm NaNO2."}
{"id": "PMID:939742", "title": "Colorimetric assay of reserpine in formulations and biological fluids.", "content": "Two colorimetric methods are presented for determining reserpine. In the first method, an iron hydroxamate complex is formed through the ester group in position 16 in the reserpine molecule. The color is measured at 535 nm (0.5-6 mg/25 ml). This method is useful for routine and control analyses of reserpine formulations. In the second method the tertiary amino group of reserpine reacts with 2% citric acid in acetic anhydride to form a red-violet complex which is measured at 505 nm (5-400 mug/10 ml). This method could be useful in measuring trace amounts of reserpine present in biological fluids.", "contents": "Colorimetric assay of reserpine in formulations and biological fluids. Two colorimetric methods are presented for determining reserpine. In the first method, an iron hydroxamate complex is formed through the ester group in position 16 in the reserpine molecule. The color is measured at 535 nm (0.5-6 mg/25 ml). This method is useful for routine and control analyses of reserpine formulations. In the second method the tertiary amino group of reserpine reacts with 2% citric acid in acetic anhydride to form a red-violet complex which is measured at 505 nm (5-400 mug/10 ml). This method could be useful in measuring trace amounts of reserpine present in biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:939743", "title": "Colorimetric determination of aconitine in galenicals and in biological samples.", "content": "A sensitive method is presented for determining aconitine. Aconitine is complexed with Co2+, the aconitine-cobalt complex is extracted with chloroform, and the absorbance is measured at 320 nm. The sensitivity of the method ranged between 0.06 and 3 mg/25 ml, and the color was stable for 6 hr. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of aconitine in animal tissues.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of aconitine in galenicals and in biological samples. A sensitive method is presented for determining aconitine. Aconitine is complexed with Co2+, the aconitine-cobalt complex is extracted with chloroform, and the absorbance is measured at 320 nm. The sensitivity of the method ranged between 0.06 and 3 mg/25 ml, and the color was stable for 6 hr. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of aconitine in animal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:939744", "title": "Ion-pair extraction method for quantitation of a bisquaternary ammonium compound, pancuronium bromide.", "content": "Pancuronium bromide (PCBr), a neuro-muscular blocking agent, was determined quantitatively in aqueous solution by ion-pair extraction. Separate determination of PCBr and degradation products was possible after thin layer chromatography. The procedure was developed by using a theoretical approach. Favorable conditions were calculated from the ion-pair extraction constant. The drug was determined with bromothymol blue at pH 9.0, using one extraction in the direct procedure and 2 successive extractions in the combined elution-extraction process after thin layer chromatography. In the direct method, 0.100 mg PCBr was determined with a reproducibility of +/- 1.0%.", "contents": "Ion-pair extraction method for quantitation of a bisquaternary ammonium compound, pancuronium bromide. Pancuronium bromide (PCBr), a neuro-muscular blocking agent, was determined quantitatively in aqueous solution by ion-pair extraction. Separate determination of PCBr and degradation products was possible after thin layer chromatography. The procedure was developed by using a theoretical approach. Favorable conditions were calculated from the ion-pair extraction constant. The drug was determined with bromothymol blue at pH 9.0, using one extraction in the direct procedure and 2 successive extractions in the combined elution-extraction process after thin layer chromatography. In the direct method, 0.100 mg PCBr was determined with a reproducibility of +/- 1.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:939745", "title": "Collaborative study of the spectrophotometric determination of procainamide hydrochloride.", "content": "The USP analysis for procainamide-HCl is titrimetric and relatively nonspecific, capsule and tablet dyes may interfere, and the method is not applicable to coated tablets. In the spectrophotofluorometric method the sample deteriorates when exposed to  a xenon source. In the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method reported here, the sample is dispersed in acid medium, possible interferences are extracted in chloroform, base is added, procainamide is extracted in chloroform, the residue is dissolved in sodium hydroxide, the compound is measured by absorption at 272 nm and comparison with a standard. Recoveries of standards added to capsule, tablet, and injection composites ranged from 99.3 to 102%. Twelve collaborators reported duplicate assay results for all 3 dosage forms with per cent standard deviations for 5 samples ranging from 1.01 to 1.27%. The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the spectrophotometric determination of procainamide hydrochloride. The USP analysis for procainamide-HCl is titrimetric and relatively nonspecific, capsule and tablet dyes may interfere, and the method is not applicable to coated tablets. In the spectrophotofluorometric method the sample deteriorates when exposed to  a xenon source. In the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method reported here, the sample is dispersed in acid medium, possible interferences are extracted in chloroform, base is added, procainamide is extracted in chloroform, the residue is dissolved in sodium hydroxide, the compound is measured by absorption at 272 nm and comparison with a standard. Recoveries of standards added to capsule, tablet, and injection composites ranged from 99.3 to 102%. Twelve collaborators reported duplicate assay results for all 3 dosage forms with per cent standard deviations for 5 samples ranging from 1.01 to 1.27%. The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:939746", "title": "Chemical confirmation of diethylstillbestrol residues in beef livers.", "content": "A simple chemical technique was developed to confirm the presence of diethylstillbestrol (DES) residues in beef tissues at 2 ppb. The DES-trifluoroacetate (TFA) from the previously published method is hydrolyzed in water-methanol at 55 degrees C for 20 min to free DES which is then extracted into benzene. Trimethylamine and a small amount of heptaafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydride are added to effect the smooth conversion of DES to its di-HFB at either room temperature or 60 degrees C. DES-HFB is determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection on a 6' x 4 mm id column of 3% OV-210 at 190 degrees C. This procedure yields 2 peaks for DES-HFB (retention times 2.7 and 4.8 min for the cis and trans, respectively) which are resolved from the 2 DES-TFA peaks (retention times 2.3 and 3.3 min for cis and trans, respectively). The sensitivity of detection of DES-HFB is increased by a factor of 4-5 over that for DES-TFA. This chemical technique was successfully applied to purified extracts of beef liver fortified with DES at 2-10 ppb with recoveries from 60 to 110%.", "contents": "Chemical confirmation of diethylstillbestrol residues in beef livers. A simple chemical technique was developed to confirm the presence of diethylstillbestrol (DES) residues in beef tissues at 2 ppb. The DES-trifluoroacetate (TFA) from the previously published method is hydrolyzed in water-methanol at 55 degrees C for 20 min to free DES which is then extracted into benzene. Trimethylamine and a small amount of heptaafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydride are added to effect the smooth conversion of DES to its di-HFB at either room temperature or 60 degrees C. DES-HFB is determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection on a 6' x 4 mm id column of 3% OV-210 at 190 degrees C. This procedure yields 2 peaks for DES-HFB (retention times 2.7 and 4.8 min for the cis and trans, respectively) which are resolved from the 2 DES-TFA peaks (retention times 2.3 and 3.3 min for cis and trans, respectively). The sensitivity of detection of DES-HFB is increased by a factor of 4-5 over that for DES-TFA. This chemical technique was successfully applied to purified extracts of beef liver fortified with DES at 2-10 ppb with recoveries from 60 to 110%."}
{"id": "PMID:939747", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of diethylstilbestrol at low levels in mixed feeds.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 2 ppb in mixed feeds and ingredients is presented. The DES is extracted into ethanol, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue is redissolved in chloroform. The extract is purified by washing the chloroform solution with carbonate buffer and transferring the DES to sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide is washed with chloroform, the pH is adjusted to 10.3, and the DES is transferred to chloroform. The extract is derivatized with hepatafluorobutyric anhydride, chromatographed on an SE-30 glass column, and measured with a 3H electron capture detector. The method has been used for routine testing of a wide variety of feeds and ingredients.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of diethylstilbestrol at low levels in mixed feeds. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 2 ppb in mixed feeds and ingredients is presented. The DES is extracted into ethanol, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue is redissolved in chloroform. The extract is purified by washing the chloroform solution with carbonate buffer and transferring the DES to sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide is washed with chloroform, the pH is adjusted to 10.3, and the DES is transferred to chloroform. The extract is derivatized with hepatafluorobutyric anhydride, chromatographed on an SE-30 glass column, and measured with a 3H electron capture detector. The method has been used for routine testing of a wide variety of feeds and ingredients."}
{"id": "PMID:939748", "title": "Collaborative study of the extraction of light filth from canned crabmeat.", "content": "Canned carbmeat is boiled with mineral oil in a Wildman trap flask. The trappings are transferred to a Corning percolator and cycled at least 3 times. Average recoveries from 7 collaborators were 82.7% for rodent hairs and 98.0% for flies. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of the extraction of light filth from canned crabmeat. Canned carbmeat is boiled with mineral oil in a Wildman trap flask. The trappings are transferred to a Corning percolator and cycled at least 3 times. Average recoveries from 7 collaborators were 82.7% for rodent hairs and 98.0% for flies. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:939749", "title": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from ground mace and ground caraway seed.", "content": "A new method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from ground mace and ground caraway seed. The method uses a 2-step chloroform-isopropanol pretreatment followed by separation of the light filth from 40% isopropanol with mineral oil. The collaborative study resulted in clean filter papers with more reproducible recoveries of light filth elements than the official first action method, 44.116 (b). The method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from ground mace and ground caraway seed. A new method has been developed for the extraction of light filth from ground mace and ground caraway seed. The method uses a 2-step chloroform-isopropanol pretreatment followed by separation of the light filth from 40% isopropanol with mineral oil. The collaborative study resulted in clean filter papers with more reproducible recoveries of light filth elements than the official first action method, 44.116 (b). The method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:939750", "title": "Colorimetric determination of zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols.", "content": "A rapid direct dilution procedure for the estimation of soluble zirconium and a fusion procedure for the determination of total zirconium (soluble and insoluble forms) in cream base concentrates prepared from antiperspirant aerosols are described. The direct dilution procedure involves extraction of soluble zirconium with HCl (55 + 45). The filtered extract is reacted with alizarin red S to form a stable colored complex which is measured spectrophotometrically. The fusion procedure involves ashing the aerosol concentrate followed by fusion of the ash with potassium pyrosulfate to form an acid-soluble melt. Zirconium is precipitated from solution as the hydroxide and washed to eliminate interfering ions, particularly sulfate. After redissolving in HCl (55 + 45) and reacting with alizarin red S, total zirconium is measured. Zirconyl chloride octahydrate, assayed gravimetrically by hydroxide precipitation and conversion to the oxide, is used as the zirconium reference standard. Concentration range of zirconium measured was 200-500 mug/100 ml. Recoveries of standard zirconium added to commercial aerosols labeled to contain aluminum and zirconyl hydroxychlorides ranged from 97 to 101% by the fusion procedure. Analysis of these aerosols by direct dilution gave generally slightly lower results than by fusion. It is recommended that the procedures be collaboratively studied after further testing of their general applicability to a variety of drugs and cosmetics.", "contents": "Colorimetric determination of zirconium in antiperspirant aerosols. A rapid direct dilution procedure for the estimation of soluble zirconium and a fusion procedure for the determination of total zirconium (soluble and insoluble forms) in cream base concentrates prepared from antiperspirant aerosols are described. The direct dilution procedure involves extraction of soluble zirconium with HCl (55 + 45). The filtered extract is reacted with alizarin red S to form a stable colored complex which is measured spectrophotometrically. The fusion procedure involves ashing the aerosol concentrate followed by fusion of the ash with potassium pyrosulfate to form an acid-soluble melt. Zirconium is precipitated from solution as the hydroxide and washed to eliminate interfering ions, particularly sulfate. After redissolving in HCl (55 + 45) and reacting with alizarin red S, total zirconium is measured. Zirconyl chloride octahydrate, assayed gravimetrically by hydroxide precipitation and conversion to the oxide, is used as the zirconium reference standard. Concentration range of zirconium measured was 200-500 mug/100 ml. Recoveries of standard zirconium added to commercial aerosols labeled to contain aluminum and zirconyl hydroxychlorides ranged from 97 to 101% by the fusion procedure. Analysis of these aerosols by direct dilution gave generally slightly lower results than by fusion. It is recommended that the procedures be collaboratively studied after further testing of their general applicability to a variety of drugs and cosmetics."}
{"id": "PMID:939751", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in natural waters.", "content": "A procedure for the analysis of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in natural waters is described. The lampricide is extracted from acidified water samples on the macroreticular resin XAD-7 and eluted from the column with ethyl ether. The ether extract is dried, concentrated, and partitioned with potassium carbonate. TFM is acetylated in the aqueous alkaline solution and the acetate derivative is extracted into benzene for analysis by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of TFM from natural waters exceeded 90% and as little as 0.01 mug TFM can be quantitated in a 1 L sample.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol in natural waters. A procedure for the analysis of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in natural waters is described. The lampricide is extracted from acidified water samples on the macroreticular resin XAD-7 and eluted from the column with ethyl ether. The ether extract is dried, concentrated, and partitioned with potassium carbonate. TFM is acetylated in the aqueous alkaline solution and the acetate derivative is extracted into benzene for analysis by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Recoveries of TFM from natural waters exceeded 90% and as little as 0.01 mug TFM can be quantitated in a 1 L sample."}
{"id": "PMID:939753", "title": "Selenium in foods: evaluation of atomic absorption spectrometric techniques involving hydrogen selenide generation and carbon furnace atomization.", "content": "The performance of hydrogen selenide generation- and carbon furnace atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry, with a semiautomated trace metal accessory and a carbon rod atomizer, respectively, was evaluated for the determination of selenium in foods. Samples were digested with nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids for both procedures. Hydrogen selenide was generated with stannous chloride/potassium iodide/zinc from 20 ml aliquots in a hydrochloric-sulfuric acid medium and directed into an argon-hydrogen-entrained air flame. Sample matrix interferences in the carbon furnace technique were minimized by isolating selenium by precipitation with ascorbic acid and redissolution in nitric-perchloric acid prior to taking 5 mul aliquots for estimation; precision was significantly improved by incorporating 5000 mug nickel/ml into analytical solutions. For the hydrogen selenide and carbon furnace techniques, respectively, the following data were obtained for untreated standard solutions: sensitivity, 0.13 and 10.0 ng/ml; absolute sensitivity, 2.6 and 0.05 ng; detection limit, 0.4 and 90 ng/ml; absolute detection limit, 7 and 0.45 ng. The detection limit and absolute detection limit for samples were 2.5 ng/ml and 50 ng, respectively, for the hydrogen selenide method, and 25 ng/ml and 0.13 ng, respectively, for the carbon furnace method. Taking into consideration these figures and the practical aspects of both methods, the overall performance of the hydrogen selenide method was superior.", "contents": "Selenium in foods: evaluation of atomic absorption spectrometric techniques involving hydrogen selenide generation and carbon furnace atomization. The performance of hydrogen selenide generation- and carbon furnace atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry, with a semiautomated trace metal accessory and a carbon rod atomizer, respectively, was evaluated for the determination of selenium in foods. Samples were digested with nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids for both procedures. Hydrogen selenide was generated with stannous chloride/potassium iodide/zinc from 20 ml aliquots in a hydrochloric-sulfuric acid medium and directed into an argon-hydrogen-entrained air flame. Sample matrix interferences in the carbon furnace technique were minimized by isolating selenium by precipitation with ascorbic acid and redissolution in nitric-perchloric acid prior to taking 5 mul aliquots for estimation; precision was significantly improved by incorporating 5000 mug nickel/ml into analytical solutions. For the hydrogen selenide and carbon furnace techniques, respectively, the following data were obtained for untreated standard solutions: sensitivity, 0.13 and 10.0 ng/ml; absolute sensitivity, 2.6 and 0.05 ng; detection limit, 0.4 and 90 ng/ml; absolute detection limit, 7 and 0.45 ng. The detection limit and absolute detection limit for samples were 2.5 ng/ml and 50 ng, respectively, for the hydrogen selenide method, and 25 ng/ml and 0.13 ng, respectively, for the carbon furnace method. Taking into consideration these figures and the practical aspects of both methods, the overall performance of the hydrogen selenide method was superior."}
{"id": "PMID:939754", "title": "Studies on the subsite structure of amylases. IV. Tryptophan residues of glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus studied by chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide.", "content": "Chemical modification of glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] from Rhizopus niveus by N-bromosuccinimide was carried out to investigate the role of tryptophan residues in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction and their location in the enzyme subsites. Of the ten tryptophan residues of the enzyme four could be modified. The two more reactive residues were confirmed not be essential for the catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of maltodextrin and phenyl alpha-maltoside. Complete loss of the catalytic activity, however, was brought about by modifying the two less reactive residues, and the modification of these residues was prevented by the substrates. The characteristic difference spectrum produced by maltose (7) disappeared in parallel with the loss of the catalytic activity. These results suggest that the tryptophan residue(s) responsible for the maltose-induced difference spectrum may be located at one of the subsite near the catalytic site and plays an important role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the subsite structure of amylases. IV. Tryptophan residues of glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus studied by chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide. Chemical modification of glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3] from Rhizopus niveus by N-bromosuccinimide was carried out to investigate the role of tryptophan residues in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction and their location in the enzyme subsites. Of the ten tryptophan residues of the enzyme four could be modified. The two more reactive residues were confirmed not be essential for the catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of maltodextrin and phenyl alpha-maltoside. Complete loss of the catalytic activity, however, was brought about by modifying the two less reactive residues, and the modification of these residues was prevented by the substrates. The characteristic difference spectrum produced by maltose (7) disappeared in parallel with the loss of the catalytic activity. These results suggest that the tryptophan residue(s) responsible for the maltose-induced difference spectrum may be located at one of the subsite near the catalytic site and plays an important role in the catalytic activity of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:939755", "title": "Dispersion of fibrin using cationic detergent.", "content": "By treating fibrin with cationic detergent in a medium containing 5M urea, a fibrincationic detergent complex was formed. The complex was soluble in distilled water, and was observed to be in a dispersed state by electron microscopy. The complex was precipitated and resolubilized in the presence of salt. This behavior of the complex was due to adsorption of the salt anions onto the complex. When an aqueous solution of the complex was incubated with fresh serum, the complex soon aggregated and then was converted into a firm clot which was not soluble in distilled water.", "contents": "Dispersion of fibrin using cationic detergent. By treating fibrin with cationic detergent in a medium containing 5M urea, a fibrincationic detergent complex was formed. The complex was soluble in distilled water, and was observed to be in a dispersed state by electron microscopy. The complex was precipitated and resolubilized in the presence of salt. This behavior of the complex was due to adsorption of the salt anions onto the complex. When an aqueous solution of the complex was incubated with fresh serum, the complex soon aggregated and then was converted into a firm clot which was not soluble in distilled water."}
{"id": "PMID:939756", "title": "Biochemical studies of pigments from a pathogenic fungus Microsporum cookei. III. Comparison of the effects of xanthomegnin and O-methylxanthomegnin on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effects of xanthomegnin and O-methylxanthomegnin on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria were compared. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of xanthomegnin was markedly enhanced by O-methylation, but O-methylation of xanthomegnin reduced the uncoupling effect on the respiratory system of mitochondria. Analogous results were obtained in the uncoupling action of 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (juglone) and 5-methoxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (O-methyljuglone) on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. These data indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of xanthomegnin might contribute to its uncoupling action on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) improved the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria which were uncoupled by xanthomegnin. Spectroscopic observations revealed that xanthomegnin interacted with BSA by means of hydrophobic and ionic forces but O-methylxanthomegnin showed only hydrophobic interaction. Analogous interactions between mitochondria and xanthomegnin or O-methylxanthomegnin were observed. These results indicate that the uncoupling action of xanthomegnin on the respiratory system in mitochondria might involve ionic interaction of xanthomegnin with cationic residues in the hydrophobic region of mitochondrial membrane proteins.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of pigments from a pathogenic fungus Microsporum cookei. III. Comparison of the effects of xanthomegnin and O-methylxanthomegnin on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. The effects of xanthomegnin and O-methylxanthomegnin on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria were compared. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of xanthomegnin was markedly enhanced by O-methylation, but O-methylation of xanthomegnin reduced the uncoupling effect on the respiratory system of mitochondria. Analogous results were obtained in the uncoupling action of 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (juglone) and 5-methoxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (O-methyljuglone) on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. These data indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl groups of xanthomegnin might contribute to its uncoupling action on the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) improved the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria which were uncoupled by xanthomegnin. Spectroscopic observations revealed that xanthomegnin interacted with BSA by means of hydrophobic and ionic forces but O-methylxanthomegnin showed only hydrophobic interaction. Analogous interactions between mitochondria and xanthomegnin or O-methylxanthomegnin were observed. These results indicate that the uncoupling action of xanthomegnin on the respiratory system in mitochondria might involve ionic interaction of xanthomegnin with cationic residues in the hydrophobic region of mitochondrial membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:939757", "title": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes in various tissues of rat, and increase of spleen-type pyruvate kinase in liver by injecting chromatins from spleen and tumor.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] in various tissues of rats was separable into seven kinds of pI-isozymes by isoelectric separation with Ampholine carrier ampholytes; pI 5.4-isozyme, pI 5.6-isozyme, pI 6.2-isozyme (2 kinds), pI 6.6-isozyme, pI 7.4-isozyme, and pI 7.8-isozyme. Some of these pI-isozymes contained bound fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP). The bound FDP was completely dissociated when the pI-isozymes were salted out with ammonium sulfate. In the FDP-free form, pyruvate kinase was classified into three types, liver-type (type L) of pI 6.2, muscle-type (type M) of pI 7.4, and spleen-type (type M2) of pI 7.8. The liver-type isoenzyme had two kinds of FDP-binding sites; the pI 5.6-isozyme and pI 5.4-isozyme were obtained when one and two kinds of sites were bound with FDP, respectively. The association and dissociation of FDP at both sites were reversible in the presence and absence of 0.15 M KC1 (high ionic strength). The muscle-type isoenzyme had no FDP-binding site. The spleen-type isoenzyme had two kinds of FDP-binding sites, like the liver-type isoenzyme. When the ionic strength of solutions containing the enzyme and FDP was sufficiently low, one and two kinds of the sites could bind with FDP, converting the enzyme into pI 6.6-isozyme and pI 6.2-isozyme, respectively. FDP bound with one kind of site (the 2nd site) was easily dissociable, but FDP bound with the other kind of site (the 1st site) was not. Provided that the 1st site carried bound FDP, the 2nd site was associable at high ionic strength. The liver-type isoenzyme free of FDP and the spleen-type isoenzyme bound with FDP at both sites had similar pI values of 6.2 and were not separable by isoelectric separation. Some properties of these pI-isozymes were compared. When Rhodamine sarcoma was transplanted in rats, the content of spleen-type isoenzyme in the livers increased. When rats were injected with chromatin prepared from either Rhodamine sarcoma or spleen, the content of spleen-type isoenzyme in the livers again increased. This was not observed on the injection of chromatin prepared from liver, indicating that the factor capable of controlling the gene expression was present in chromatins of sarcoma and spleen but barely or not at all in chromatin of liver.", "contents": "Pyruvate kinase isozymes in various tissues of rat, and increase of spleen-type pyruvate kinase in liver by injecting chromatins from spleen and tumor. Pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] in various tissues of rats was separable into seven kinds of pI-isozymes by isoelectric separation with Ampholine carrier ampholytes; pI 5.4-isozyme, pI 5.6-isozyme, pI 6.2-isozyme (2 kinds), pI 6.6-isozyme, pI 7.4-isozyme, and pI 7.8-isozyme. Some of these pI-isozymes contained bound fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP). The bound FDP was completely dissociated when the pI-isozymes were salted out with ammonium sulfate. In the FDP-free form, pyruvate kinase was classified into three types, liver-type (type L) of pI 6.2, muscle-type (type M) of pI 7.4, and spleen-type (type M2) of pI 7.8. The liver-type isoenzyme had two kinds of FDP-binding sites; the pI 5.6-isozyme and pI 5.4-isozyme were obtained when one and two kinds of sites were bound with FDP, respectively. The association and dissociation of FDP at both sites were reversible in the presence and absence of 0.15 M KC1 (high ionic strength). The muscle-type isoenzyme had no FDP-binding site. The spleen-type isoenzyme had two kinds of FDP-binding sites, like the liver-type isoenzyme. When the ionic strength of solutions containing the enzyme and FDP was sufficiently low, one and two kinds of the sites could bind with FDP, converting the enzyme into pI 6.6-isozyme and pI 6.2-isozyme, respectively. FDP bound with one kind of site (the 2nd site) was easily dissociable, but FDP bound with the other kind of site (the 1st site) was not. Provided that the 1st site carried bound FDP, the 2nd site was associable at high ionic strength. The liver-type isoenzyme free of FDP and the spleen-type isoenzyme bound with FDP at both sites had similar pI values of 6.2 and were not separable by isoelectric separation. Some properties of these pI-isozymes were compared. When Rhodamine sarcoma was transplanted in rats, the content of spleen-type isoenzyme in the livers increased. When rats were injected with chromatin prepared from either Rhodamine sarcoma or spleen, the content of spleen-type isoenzyme in the livers again increased. This was not observed on the injection of chromatin prepared from liver, indicating that the factor capable of controlling the gene expression was present in chromatins of sarcoma and spleen but barely or not at all in chromatin of liver."}
{"id": "PMID:939758", "title": "Immunochemical studies on fluctuation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in sweet potato in response to cut injury.", "content": "Antibody toward phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) [EC 4.3.1.5] was obtained by immunization of a rabbit with highly purified PAL. The antibody reacted specifically with RAL, as demonstrated by the Ouchterlony double diffusion test, immunoelectrophoresis, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate. Experiments using anti-PAL showed that PAL was not present in fresh sweet potato tissue, but appeared in response to cut injury, reaching a maximum, and then decreasing, in parallel with PAL activity. The results suggest that the development of PAL activity was due to de novo synthesis of PAL and that the decrease of PAL activity after reaching a maximum was due to proteolytic degradation of PAL.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on fluctuation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in sweet potato in response to cut injury. Antibody toward phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) [EC 4.3.1.5] was obtained by immunization of a rabbit with highly purified PAL. The antibody reacted specifically with RAL, as demonstrated by the Ouchterlony double diffusion test, immunoelectrophoresis, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitate. Experiments using anti-PAL showed that PAL was not present in fresh sweet potato tissue, but appeared in response to cut injury, reaching a maximum, and then decreasing, in parallel with PAL activity. The results suggest that the development of PAL activity was due to de novo synthesis of PAL and that the decrease of PAL activity after reaching a maximum was due to proteolytic degradation of PAL."}
{"id": "PMID:939759", "title": "Molecular-size-dependent degradation of liver cytosolic proteins in vitro.", "content": "Degradation of rat liver cytosolic proteins at a neutral pH in the presence of 0.1% SDS was demonstrated by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This proteolysis in vitro mimics molecular-size-dependent proteolysis in vivo; larger proteins were degraded more rapidly than smaller ones. Evidence is presented that the proteolysis is not due to contaminating lysosomal cathepsins in the cytosol.", "contents": "Molecular-size-dependent degradation of liver cytosolic proteins in vitro. Degradation of rat liver cytosolic proteins at a neutral pH in the presence of 0.1% SDS was demonstrated by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This proteolysis in vitro mimics molecular-size-dependent proteolysis in vivo; larger proteins were degraded more rapidly than smaller ones. Evidence is presented that the proteolysis is not due to contaminating lysosomal cathepsins in the cytosol."}
{"id": "PMID:939760", "title": "Identification of tryptophan 62 as an ozonization-sensitive residue in hen egg-white lysozyme.", "content": "The position of a single N'-formylkynurenine residue in ozone-inactivated hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was determined by two methods. One involved identification of an amino-terminus of the C-peptide obtained by selective cleavage with hydrazine of the kynurenyl peptide linkage in oxidized lysozyme. The other was to analyze a tryptic peptide containing kynurenine in the modified enzyme. Both methods showed that tryptophan 62 in lysozyme was so sensitive to ozone as to be selectively oxidized to N'-formylkynurenine with concomitant loss of the lytic activity.", "contents": "Identification of tryptophan 62 as an ozonization-sensitive residue in hen egg-white lysozyme. The position of a single N'-formylkynurenine residue in ozone-inactivated hen egg-white lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was determined by two methods. One involved identification of an amino-terminus of the C-peptide obtained by selective cleavage with hydrazine of the kynurenyl peptide linkage in oxidized lysozyme. The other was to analyze a tryptic peptide containing kynurenine in the modified enzyme. Both methods showed that tryptophan 62 in lysozyme was so sensitive to ozone as to be selectively oxidized to N'-formylkynurenine with concomitant loss of the lytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939761", "title": "Enzyme coupled immunoassay of insulin using a novel coupling reagent.", "content": "A novel coupling reagent, meta-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was synthesized. Using this reagent, insulin was conjugated very easily with beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] in neutral, aqueous solution. No reduction of the enzyme activity was observed during the coupling procedure. The competitive bindings of the conjugate and insulin to anti-insulin serum were tested. The results indicated that the conjugate has enough immune reactivity for use in enzyme coupled immunoassay. Using this assay 20-800 pg of insulin were detectable.", "contents": "Enzyme coupled immunoassay of insulin using a novel coupling reagent. A novel coupling reagent, meta-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was synthesized. Using this reagent, insulin was conjugated very easily with beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] in neutral, aqueous solution. No reduction of the enzyme activity was observed during the coupling procedure. The competitive bindings of the conjugate and insulin to anti-insulin serum were tested. The results indicated that the conjugate has enough immune reactivity for use in enzyme coupled immunoassay. Using this assay 20-800 pg of insulin were detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:939762", "title": "Studies on an alpha-amylase from a thermophilic bacterium. I. Purification and characterization.", "content": "An amylase-producing thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a Japanese hot spring. The thermophilic cells were gram-negative, nonsporulating, nonpigmented rods and were motile with flagella. Alpha-Amylase [EC 3.2.1.1) purified from the thermophile was studied. The enzyme was more heat-stable than the corresponding enzymes from mesophilic sources, and 50% loss of activity was observed after incubation for 1 hr at 90 degrees. The thermophilic enzyme resembled the corresponding mesophilic enzymes in many respects, such as kinetic parameters, physicochemical properties, and amino acid composition. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 50,000 and the enzyme contained 2 moles of half-cystine residues per mole of protein, but there were no disulfide crosslinkages. The alpha-helix content of the enzyme was estimated to be about 20% from CD spectra, a value similar to those of other alpha-amylases. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was at pH 9.2.", "contents": "Studies on an alpha-amylase from a thermophilic bacterium. I. Purification and characterization. An amylase-producing thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a Japanese hot spring. The thermophilic cells were gram-negative, nonsporulating, nonpigmented rods and were motile with flagella. Alpha-Amylase [EC 3.2.1.1) purified from the thermophile was studied. The enzyme was more heat-stable than the corresponding enzymes from mesophilic sources, and 50% loss of activity was observed after incubation for 1 hr at 90 degrees. The thermophilic enzyme resembled the corresponding mesophilic enzymes in many respects, such as kinetic parameters, physicochemical properties, and amino acid composition. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 50,000 and the enzyme contained 2 moles of half-cystine residues per mole of protein, but there were no disulfide crosslinkages. The alpha-helix content of the enzyme was estimated to be about 20% from CD spectra, a value similar to those of other alpha-amylases. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was at pH 9.2."}
{"id": "PMID:939763", "title": "Limited hydrolysis of the polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu by trypsin. Isolation and characterization of the polypeptide fragments.", "content": "The digestion of EF-Tu-GDP (or EF-Tu-GTP) by trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] under native conditions has been shown to proceed through two different and characteristic stages. 1. In the first phase, the protein is transformed into a fragment (Fragment A) with a molecular weight of 39,000 by exposure to trypsin for a relatively short period of time. Fragment A is unable to catalyze the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The ability to promote two partial steps of the binding reaction, i.e., formation of the aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu-GTP ternary complex as well as the methanol-stimulated, ribosome dependent GTPase reaction, was rapidly destroyed. On the other hand, the ability to interact with guanine nucleotides as well as EF-Ts survived well during prolonged digestion. 2. In the second phase of digestion, a nick is introduced in Fragment A to yield two subfragments (Fragments B and C). These two fragments exist as a hybrid molecule which migrates as a single peak on a Sephadex G-75 column, and which dissociates into Fragments B and C only in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride or 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weights of Fragments B and C, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, were 22,000 and 12,000 respectively. The hybrid molecule still retained one mole of bound guanine nucleotide and was resistant to further tryptic digestion. 3. Three sulfhydryl groups of EF-Tu were found to be present in Fragment B, both by amino acid analysis of the purified fragments and also by electrophoresis of tryptic digests labeled with N-ethyl[14C]maleimide. 4. The tryptic digestion of EF-Tu-GDP (or EF-Tu-GTP) labeled with N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4)maleimide (ANM) at SH2 (the second SH), caused a 30% decrease in the fluorescence emission during the first rapid phase of digestion. This indicates that destruction of the hydrophobic environment near SH2 of EF-Tu occurred in the early phase of tryptic digestion. 5. The kinetic studies on the reaction of ANM with EF-Tu before and after tryptic digestion indicated that both Fragment A and the hybrid molecule reacted with ANM in the presence of GTP three to four times more rapidly than in the presence of GDP. Thus, it appears that the ability to induce conformational transition near SH2 by a change of nucleotide ligands is still retained in the hybrid molecule consisting of Fragments B and C.", "contents": "Limited hydrolysis of the polypeptide chain elongation factor Tu by trypsin. Isolation and characterization of the polypeptide fragments. The digestion of EF-Tu-GDP (or EF-Tu-GTP) by trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] under native conditions has been shown to proceed through two different and characteristic stages. 1. In the first phase, the protein is transformed into a fragment (Fragment A) with a molecular weight of 39,000 by exposure to trypsin for a relatively short period of time. Fragment A is unable to catalyze the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The ability to promote two partial steps of the binding reaction, i.e., formation of the aminoacyl-tRNA-EF-Tu-GTP ternary complex as well as the methanol-stimulated, ribosome dependent GTPase reaction, was rapidly destroyed. On the other hand, the ability to interact with guanine nucleotides as well as EF-Ts survived well during prolonged digestion. 2. In the second phase of digestion, a nick is introduced in Fragment A to yield two subfragments (Fragments B and C). These two fragments exist as a hybrid molecule which migrates as a single peak on a Sephadex G-75 column, and which dissociates into Fragments B and C only in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride or 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weights of Fragments B and C, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, were 22,000 and 12,000 respectively. The hybrid molecule still retained one mole of bound guanine nucleotide and was resistant to further tryptic digestion. 3. Three sulfhydryl groups of EF-Tu were found to be present in Fragment B, both by amino acid analysis of the purified fragments and also by electrophoresis of tryptic digests labeled with N-ethyl[14C]maleimide. 4. The tryptic digestion of EF-Tu-GDP (or EF-Tu-GTP) labeled with N-(1-anilinonaphthyl-4)maleimide (ANM) at SH2 (the second SH), caused a 30% decrease in the fluorescence emission during the first rapid phase of digestion. This indicates that destruction of the hydrophobic environment near SH2 of EF-Tu occurred in the early phase of tryptic digestion. 5. The kinetic studies on the reaction of ANM with EF-Tu before and after tryptic digestion indicated that both Fragment A and the hybrid molecule reacted with ANM in the presence of GTP three to four times more rapidly than in the presence of GDP. Thus, it appears that the ability to induce conformational transition near SH2 by a change of nucleotide ligands is still retained in the hybrid molecule consisting of Fragments B and C."}
{"id": "PMID:939773", "title": "Surgery for rheumatic tricuspid valve disease in children.", "content": "Rheumatic valvular disease in children is common in underprivileged countries and often damages the tricuspid valve (in addition to the mitral and aortic valves). Fifteen children aged 12 to 16 years underwent tricuspid valve surgery. Fourteen were graded as Class IV disability; five were operated during rheumatic activity. The tricuspid valve was replaced in ten patients, four had annuloplastic procedures and one underwent tricuspid commissurotomy. There was one operative death and four late deaths. Eight of the ten long-term survivors are in Class I and the remainder in Class II functional ability. It may be concluded that in children who can be protected from additional bouts of carditis and thromboembolism, the surgical treatment of advanced multivalvular disease including the tricuspid valve is most rewarding, and dramatic clinical improvement with return to normal or near-normal hemodynamics may be expected.", "contents": "Surgery for rheumatic tricuspid valve disease in children. Rheumatic valvular disease in children is common in underprivileged countries and often damages the tricuspid valve (in addition to the mitral and aortic valves). Fifteen children aged 12 to 16 years underwent tricuspid valve surgery. Fourteen were graded as Class IV disability; five were operated during rheumatic activity. The tricuspid valve was replaced in ten patients, four had annuloplastic procedures and one underwent tricuspid commissurotomy. There was one operative death and four late deaths. Eight of the ten long-term survivors are in Class I and the remainder in Class II functional ability. It may be concluded that in children who can be protected from additional bouts of carditis and thromboembolism, the surgical treatment of advanced multivalvular disease including the tricuspid valve is most rewarding, and dramatic clinical improvement with return to normal or near-normal hemodynamics may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:939774", "title": "Suppression of the progress of necrosis after coronary artery ligation in the dog by pharmacologic interventions.", "content": "A study was carried out of a therapy supporting the anaerobic glycolysis and coronary perfusion of ischemic myocardium and preserving its potassium and magnesium contents, which consisted in combined administration of hyaluronidase, glucose, insulin, Tris, methoxamine, and potassium and magnesium aspartate. The drugs were administered to Beagle dogs between 30 minutes and 20 hours after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The size of infarction was determined by the Nachlas method, which is based on the detection of activities of dehydrogenases in heart slices. Treated animals showed a reduced infarction size (p less than 0.001). The evidence of the favourable effect of the therapy used was brought also by hemodynamic measurements. The heart rate was slower (p less than 0.02) and the mean arterial blood pressure was higher (p less than 0.001) in treated animals than in control ones (as evaluated at the end of the experimental period). Significant correlation between the infarction size and the heart rate on the one hand and the mean arterial pressure on the other hand was found (r = 0.59, p less than 0.01; r=--0.47, p less than 0.05, respectively).", "contents": "Suppression of the progress of necrosis after coronary artery ligation in the dog by pharmacologic interventions. A study was carried out of a therapy supporting the anaerobic glycolysis and coronary perfusion of ischemic myocardium and preserving its potassium and magnesium contents, which consisted in combined administration of hyaluronidase, glucose, insulin, Tris, methoxamine, and potassium and magnesium aspartate. The drugs were administered to Beagle dogs between 30 minutes and 20 hours after the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The size of infarction was determined by the Nachlas method, which is based on the detection of activities of dehydrogenases in heart slices. Treated animals showed a reduced infarction size (p less than 0.001). The evidence of the favourable effect of the therapy used was brought also by hemodynamic measurements. The heart rate was slower (p less than 0.02) and the mean arterial blood pressure was higher (p less than 0.001) in treated animals than in control ones (as evaluated at the end of the experimental period). Significant correlation between the infarction size and the heart rate on the one hand and the mean arterial pressure on the other hand was found (r = 0.59, p less than 0.01; r=--0.47, p less than 0.05, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:939777", "title": "The role of pulmonary embolectomy in venous thromboembolism.", "content": "Embolectomy was performed by the Trendelenburg method on one patient and with cardiopulmonary bypass on 10 patients during the period 1961 to 1975. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass permitted preoperative resuscitation, cardiorespiratory support during the operation, complete embolectomies to be performed and resulted in the survival of 4 of the 10 patients. There were 5 patients who suffered cardiac arrest prior to embolectomy. Three died intraoperatively, of which two died of left ventricular failure, and two others died postoperatively of brain damage indicating the need to proceed rapidly with the accurate diagnosis and treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. Following embolectomy, partial interruption of the inferior vena cava was performed and prevented recurrent pulmonary emboli and significant post-thrombotic sequelae in four patients. Another patient underwent caval ligation with significant sequelae.", "contents": "The role of pulmonary embolectomy in venous thromboembolism. Embolectomy was performed by the Trendelenburg method on one patient and with cardiopulmonary bypass on 10 patients during the period 1961 to 1975. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass permitted preoperative resuscitation, cardiorespiratory support during the operation, complete embolectomies to be performed and resulted in the survival of 4 of the 10 patients. There were 5 patients who suffered cardiac arrest prior to embolectomy. Three died intraoperatively, of which two died of left ventricular failure, and two others died postoperatively of brain damage indicating the need to proceed rapidly with the accurate diagnosis and treatment of massive pulmonary embolism. Following embolectomy, partial interruption of the inferior vena cava was performed and prevented recurrent pulmonary emboli and significant post-thrombotic sequelae in four patients. Another patient underwent caval ligation with significant sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:939780", "title": "Kinetics and regulation of synthesis of the major polypeptides of thylakoid membranes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 at elevated temperatures.", "content": "Etiolated cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 exhibit rapid and linear initial kinetics of greening when exposed to light at 38 degrees C. The initial rate of chlorophyll accumulation under these conditions is greater than the maximal rate during greening at 25 degrees C. Synthesis of the major polypeptides of thylakoid membranes within intact cells was assayed during greening by the incorporation of [3H]leucine and the subsequent electrophoresis of total cellular protein on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. At 38 degrees C the major membrane polypeptides (about 28,000 and 24,000 daltons in mass) were synthesized at a linear rate after exposure of the cells to light, with no evidence of a lag period. A 1-2 h preincubation in the dark at the higher temperature was necessary to achieve linear initial kinetics. Actinomycin D inhibited synthesis of the membrane polypeptides if added at the beginning of a 2 h dark preincubation, but not when added near the end. These results suggested that transcription of the messenger RNA for the membrane polypeptides occurred during the dark period at 38 degrees C. But the major membrane polypeptides were not made by y-1 cells in the dark. The wavelengths of light most effective in eliciting production of the membrane polypeptides were the same as those allowing chlorophyll synthesis. In contrast, wild type cells, which are capable of chlorophyll synthesis in the dark, also make the membrane polypeptides in the dark. The data indicate that at elevated temperatures synthesis of the major thylakoid membrane polypeptides is controlled at a posttranscriptional step, and that this reaction normally proceeds only under conditions which permit reduction of protochlorophyllide.", "contents": "Kinetics and regulation of synthesis of the major polypeptides of thylakoid membranes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 at elevated temperatures. Etiolated cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 exhibit rapid and linear initial kinetics of greening when exposed to light at 38 degrees C. The initial rate of chlorophyll accumulation under these conditions is greater than the maximal rate during greening at 25 degrees C. Synthesis of the major polypeptides of thylakoid membranes within intact cells was assayed during greening by the incorporation of [3H]leucine and the subsequent electrophoresis of total cellular protein on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. At 38 degrees C the major membrane polypeptides (about 28,000 and 24,000 daltons in mass) were synthesized at a linear rate after exposure of the cells to light, with no evidence of a lag period. A 1-2 h preincubation in the dark at the higher temperature was necessary to achieve linear initial kinetics. Actinomycin D inhibited synthesis of the membrane polypeptides if added at the beginning of a 2 h dark preincubation, but not when added near the end. These results suggested that transcription of the messenger RNA for the membrane polypeptides occurred during the dark period at 38 degrees C. But the major membrane polypeptides were not made by y-1 cells in the dark. The wavelengths of light most effective in eliciting production of the membrane polypeptides were the same as those allowing chlorophyll synthesis. In contrast, wild type cells, which are capable of chlorophyll synthesis in the dark, also make the membrane polypeptides in the dark. The data indicate that at elevated temperatures synthesis of the major thylakoid membrane polypeptides is controlled at a posttranscriptional step, and that this reaction normally proceeds only under conditions which permit reduction of protochlorophyllide."}
{"id": "PMID:939781", "title": "Similarity of junctions between plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum in muscle and neurons.", "content": "The structure of membranes at junctions between the plasma membrane and underlying cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum in amphioxus muscle and mouse cerebellar neurons was studied using the freeze-fracture technique. In amphioxus muscle, subsurface cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum form junctions with the surface membrane at the level of the sarcomere I bands. On the protoplasmic leaflet of the sarcolemma overlying these junctions were aggregates of large particles. On the protoplasmic leaflet of the membranes of cerebellar basket, stellate and Purkinie cells there were similar aggregates of large particles. In both tissues, the corresponding external membrane halves had arrays of pits apparently complementary to the aggregates of large particles. Cross fractures through junctions showed that the particle aggregates in neuronal and muscle membranes were consistently located over intracellular cisterns closely applied to the plasma membrane. Thus, a similar plasma membrane specialization is found at subsurface cisterns in mammalian neurons and amphioxus muscle. This similarity supports the hypothesis that subsurface cisterns in neurons, like those in muscle, couple some intracellular activity to the electrical activity of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Similarity of junctions between plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum in muscle and neurons. The structure of membranes at junctions between the plasma membrane and underlying cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum in amphioxus muscle and mouse cerebellar neurons was studied using the freeze-fracture technique. In amphioxus muscle, subsurface cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum form junctions with the surface membrane at the level of the sarcomere I bands. On the protoplasmic leaflet of the sarcolemma overlying these junctions were aggregates of large particles. On the protoplasmic leaflet of the membranes of cerebellar basket, stellate and Purkinie cells there were similar aggregates of large particles. In both tissues, the corresponding external membrane halves had arrays of pits apparently complementary to the aggregates of large particles. Cross fractures through junctions showed that the particle aggregates in neuronal and muscle membranes were consistently located over intracellular cisterns closely applied to the plasma membrane. Thus, a similar plasma membrane specialization is found at subsurface cisterns in mammalian neurons and amphioxus muscle. This similarity supports the hypothesis that subsurface cisterns in neurons, like those in muscle, couple some intracellular activity to the electrical activity of the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:939779", "title": "Cirrhosis and hyperdynamic circulatory state due to a dysplasic giantism of the hepatic artery.", "content": "The authors here refer about the clinical case of a patient suffering from cirrhosis and hyperdynamic circulatory state due to a giantism of the hepatic artery. The surgical ligature of the main hepatic artery determined the complete regression of the abdominal pain and melena: the high output cardiac failure also disappeared with surgical correction.", "contents": "Cirrhosis and hyperdynamic circulatory state due to a dysplasic giantism of the hepatic artery. The authors here refer about the clinical case of a patient suffering from cirrhosis and hyperdynamic circulatory state due to a giantism of the hepatic artery. The surgical ligature of the main hepatic artery determined the complete regression of the abdominal pain and melena: the high output cardiac failure also disappeared with surgical correction."}
{"id": "PMID:939782", "title": "Subcellular localization of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Ascaris suum larvae.", "content": "Evidence is presented on the particulate nature of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in metazoa with the use of 15-day old larvae of the nematode Ascaris suum. Homogenization procedures were developed to disrupt the resistant nematode cuticle. Malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, consistently sedimented with mitochondrial enzymes in differential pellets while catalase, a major peroxisomal enzyme, was always soluble. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation of the differential pellet yielded two protein peaks: one at 1.18 g/cm3 (characteristic for mitochondria), and another at 1.23 g/cm3 (common for glyoxysomes and peroxisomes). Electron microscopy of these fractions revealed that the lighter peak consisted primarily of mitochondria, while the heavier band contained proteinaceous bodies termed \"dense granules\" morphologically resembling microbodies. SIgnificantly, both malate synthase and isocitrate lyase cosedimented with the mitochondrial marker enzymes in the lighter peak (1.18 g/cm3) and not with the dense granules. Further purification of mitochondria, accomplished by separating dense granules with a step gradient before isopycnic centrifugation, substantiated the evidence that microbodies (glyoxysomes) do not occur in these nematode larvae. Rough-surfaced membranes were alternatively considered as the subcellular site, but the evidence tends to favor localization of the glyoxylate bypass enzymes in the mitochondria.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Ascaris suum larvae. Evidence is presented on the particulate nature of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in metazoa with the use of 15-day old larvae of the nematode Ascaris suum. Homogenization procedures were developed to disrupt the resistant nematode cuticle. Malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, consistently sedimented with mitochondrial enzymes in differential pellets while catalase, a major peroxisomal enzyme, was always soluble. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation of the differential pellet yielded two protein peaks: one at 1.18 g/cm3 (characteristic for mitochondria), and another at 1.23 g/cm3 (common for glyoxysomes and peroxisomes). Electron microscopy of these fractions revealed that the lighter peak consisted primarily of mitochondria, while the heavier band contained proteinaceous bodies termed \"dense granules\" morphologically resembling microbodies. SIgnificantly, both malate synthase and isocitrate lyase cosedimented with the mitochondrial marker enzymes in the lighter peak (1.18 g/cm3) and not with the dense granules. Further purification of mitochondria, accomplished by separating dense granules with a step gradient before isopycnic centrifugation, substantiated the evidence that microbodies (glyoxysomes) do not occur in these nematode larvae. Rough-surfaced membranes were alternatively considered as the subcellular site, but the evidence tends to favor localization of the glyoxylate bypass enzymes in the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:939783", "title": "Replication of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia acanthocephali. I. Density shift experiments using deuterium oxide.", "content": "The protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali contains, within a modified region of a mitochondrion, a mass of DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). This DNA consists mainly of an association of approximately 27,000 covalently closed 0.8-mum circular molecules which are apparently held together in a definite ordered manner by topological interlocking. After culturing of C. acanthocephali cells for 25 generations in medium containing 75% deuterium oxide, both nuclear DNA (rhonative, nondeuterated=1.717 g/cm3) and kDNA (rhonative, nondeuterated=1.702 g/cm3) increased in buoyant density by 0.012 g/cm3. The replication of the two DNAs was studied by cesium chloride buoyant density analysis of DNAs from exponentially growing cells taken at 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 cell doublings after transfer of cells from D2O-containing medium into medium containing only normal water. The results obtained from analysis of both native and denatured nuclear DNAs indicate that this DNA replicates semiconservatively. From an analysis of intact associations of kDNA, it appears that this DNA doubles once per generation and that the newly synthesized DNA does not segregate from parental DNA. Fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules and of open circular and unit length linear molecules were obtained from associations of kDNA by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium gradient centrifugation. Buoyant density profiles obtained from these fractions indicate that: (a) doubling of the kDNA results from the replication of each circular molecule rather than from repeated replication of a small fraction of the circular molecules; (b) replication of kDNA is semiconservative rather than conservative, but there is recombination between the circles at an undefined time during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Replication of kinetoplast DNA of Crithidia acanthocephali. I. Density shift experiments using deuterium oxide. The protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali contains, within a modified region of a mitochondrion, a mass of DNA known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). This DNA consists mainly of an association of approximately 27,000 covalently closed 0.8-mum circular molecules which are apparently held together in a definite ordered manner by topological interlocking. After culturing of C. acanthocephali cells for 25 generations in medium containing 75% deuterium oxide, both nuclear DNA (rhonative, nondeuterated=1.717 g/cm3) and kDNA (rhonative, nondeuterated=1.702 g/cm3) increased in buoyant density by 0.012 g/cm3. The replication of the two DNAs was studied by cesium chloride buoyant density analysis of DNAs from exponentially growing cells taken at 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 cell doublings after transfer of cells from D2O-containing medium into medium containing only normal water. The results obtained from analysis of both native and denatured nuclear DNAs indicate that this DNA replicates semiconservatively. From an analysis of intact associations of kDNA, it appears that this DNA doubles once per generation and that the newly synthesized DNA does not segregate from parental DNA. Fractions of covalently closed single circular molecules and of open circular and unit length linear molecules were obtained from associations of kDNA by sonication, sucrose sedimentation, and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide equilibrium gradient centrifugation. Buoyant density profiles obtained from these fractions indicate that: (a) doubling of the kDNA results from the replication of each circular molecule rather than from repeated replication of a small fraction of the circular molecules; (b) replication of kDNA is semiconservative rather than conservative, but there is recombination between the circles at an undefined time during the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:939784", "title": "Nuclear proteins. II. Similarity of nonhistone proteins in nuclear sap and chromatin, and essential absence of contractile proteins from mouse liver nuclei.", "content": "High resolution SDS slab gel electrophoresis has been used to examine the distribution of nonhistone proteins (NHP) in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of isolated mouse liver nuclei. These studies led to the following conclusions: (a) all the prominent NHP which remain bound to DNA are also present in somewhat similar proportions in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of nuclei; (b) a protein comigrating with actin is prominent in the first saline-EDTA wash of nuclei, but present as only a minor band in the subsequent washes and on washed chromatin; (c) the presence of nuclear matrix proteins in all the nuclear washes and cytosol indicates that these proteins are distributed throughout the cell; (d) a histone-binding protein (J2) analogous to the HMG1 protein of K. V. Shooter, G.H. Goodwin, and E.W. Johns (Eur J. Biochem. 47:236-270) is a prominent nucleoplasmic protein; (e) quantitation of the major NHP indicates that they are present in a range of 2.2 X 10(5)-5.2 X 10(6) copies per diploid nucleus. Most of the electrophoretically visible NHP are probably structural rather than regulatory proteins; (f) actin, myosin, tubulin, and tropomyosin, if present at all, constitute a very minor fraction of the nuclear NHP. Contractile proteins constitute a major portion of the NHP only when the chromatin is prepared from crude cell lysates instead of from purified nuclei. These studies support the conclusion that there are no clear differences between many nucleoplasmic and chromatin-bound nonhistone proteins. Except for the histones, many of the intranuclear proteins appear to be in equilibrium between DNA, HnRNA, and the nucleoplasm.", "contents": "Nuclear proteins. II. Similarity of nonhistone proteins in nuclear sap and chromatin, and essential absence of contractile proteins from mouse liver nuclei. High resolution SDS slab gel electrophoresis has been used to examine the distribution of nonhistone proteins (NHP) in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of isolated mouse liver nuclei. These studies led to the following conclusions: (a) all the prominent NHP which remain bound to DNA are also present in somewhat similar proportions in the saline-EDTA, Tris, and 0.35 M NaCl washes of nuclei; (b) a protein comigrating with actin is prominent in the first saline-EDTA wash of nuclei, but present as only a minor band in the subsequent washes and on washed chromatin; (c) the presence of nuclear matrix proteins in all the nuclear washes and cytosol indicates that these proteins are distributed throughout the cell; (d) a histone-binding protein (J2) analogous to the HMG1 protein of K. V. Shooter, G.H. Goodwin, and E.W. Johns (Eur J. Biochem. 47:236-270) is a prominent nucleoplasmic protein; (e) quantitation of the major NHP indicates that they are present in a range of 2.2 X 10(5)-5.2 X 10(6) copies per diploid nucleus. Most of the electrophoretically visible NHP are probably structural rather than regulatory proteins; (f) actin, myosin, tubulin, and tropomyosin, if present at all, constitute a very minor fraction of the nuclear NHP. Contractile proteins constitute a major portion of the NHP only when the chromatin is prepared from crude cell lysates instead of from purified nuclei. These studies support the conclusion that there are no clear differences between many nucleoplasmic and chromatin-bound nonhistone proteins. Except for the histones, many of the intranuclear proteins appear to be in equilibrium between DNA, HnRNA, and the nucleoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:939785", "title": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography: feasibility.", "content": "We have shown that the combination of freeze-fracture with electron microscope autoradiography can be developed into a technique for correlating the molecular structure of the biological membrane with its chemical and functional characteristics. Within the limits of electron microscope autoradiographic resolution, FARG has the potential to detect the relative distribution of molecules in each half of the membrane and within the plane of the membrane. The use of radioisotopic labels in combination with freezing techniques requires minimal perturbation of the system being studied and may be suitable for the examination of substances which would be extracted or would diffuse during the normal fixation and embedding procedures used in standard electron microscope autoradiography.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture autoradiography: feasibility. We have shown that the combination of freeze-fracture with electron microscope autoradiography can be developed into a technique for correlating the molecular structure of the biological membrane with its chemical and functional characteristics. Within the limits of electron microscope autoradiographic resolution, FARG has the potential to detect the relative distribution of molecules in each half of the membrane and within the plane of the membrane. The use of radioisotopic labels in combination with freezing techniques requires minimal perturbation of the system being studied and may be suitable for the examination of substances which would be extracted or would diffuse during the normal fixation and embedding procedures used in standard electron microscope autoradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:939786", "title": "Radiation-induced delay of nuclear pore formation.", "content": "We have shown that radiation affects the nuclear envelope, a membrane structure-closely associated with DNA. The density of nuclear pores visible on freeze-etch surfaces decreased at a rate of 0.042 (pores/mum2)/100 rad with respect to unirradiated cells. This is interpreted as a radiation-induced delay in development of the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Radiation-induced delay of nuclear pore formation. We have shown that radiation affects the nuclear envelope, a membrane structure-closely associated with DNA. The density of nuclear pores visible on freeze-etch surfaces decreased at a rate of 0.042 (pores/mum2)/100 rad with respect to unirradiated cells. This is interpreted as a radiation-induced delay in development of the nuclear envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:939803", "title": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories 1973-74.", "content": "The survey of laboratories in 1970-72 was continued by a questionnaire to members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists covering the next two years. Hepatitis B accounted for 14 of the 32 cases reported from 28 laboratories. A moderate excess of laboratories reporting hepatitis tested speciments from transplant units. The average attack rate for staff of all types was 143 per 100 000 with higher rates for science-biochemists (308), medical morbid anatomists (302), and haematology technicians (292). No case was fatal and only seven required hospital admission. The findings confirm the need for continued vigilance and precautions but do not justify alarm.", "contents": "Hepatitis in clinical laboratories 1973-74. The survey of laboratories in 1970-72 was continued by a questionnaire to members of the Association of Clinical Pathologists covering the next two years. Hepatitis B accounted for 14 of the 32 cases reported from 28 laboratories. A moderate excess of laboratories reporting hepatitis tested speciments from transplant units. The average attack rate for staff of all types was 143 per 100 000 with higher rates for science-biochemists (308), medical morbid anatomists (302), and haematology technicians (292). No case was fatal and only seven required hospital admission. The findings confirm the need for continued vigilance and precautions but do not justify alarm."}
{"id": "PMID:939804", "title": "Anticonnective tissue and other antitissue 'antibodies' in the sera of patients with coeliac disease compared with the findings in a mixed hospital population.", "content": "Serum IgG specificities directed against various components of basement membrane and reticulin have been described, and their incidence in 138 patients with coeliac disease has been compared with that in 110 hospital inpatients, 100 normal blood donors, and 1441 other patients. A wide variety of antitissue specificities were observed but only a few appeared to be of any significance. The 'antireticulin' specificities have been subdivided into different groups according to their distinctive histological staining patterns. Specificity directed primarily against endothelial basement membrane was found most frequently in the sera of patients with hiatus hernia (35%) or coeliac disease (22%). The same specificity was also observed in patients with myasthenia gravis and to a lesser extent in Crohn's disease and in a mixed group of patients with unspecified organic gastrointestinal disease. An epithelial basement membrane reactivity was found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis but only rarely in other conditions. Staining of perivascular connective tissue represented a third type of 'antireticulin' specificity. It was found only rarely, although in coeliac disease this reactivity was found more frequently in combination with other connective tissue specificities.", "contents": "Anticonnective tissue and other antitissue 'antibodies' in the sera of patients with coeliac disease compared with the findings in a mixed hospital population. Serum IgG specificities directed against various components of basement membrane and reticulin have been described, and their incidence in 138 patients with coeliac disease has been compared with that in 110 hospital inpatients, 100 normal blood donors, and 1441 other patients. A wide variety of antitissue specificities were observed but only a few appeared to be of any significance. The 'antireticulin' specificities have been subdivided into different groups according to their distinctive histological staining patterns. Specificity directed primarily against endothelial basement membrane was found most frequently in the sera of patients with hiatus hernia (35%) or coeliac disease (22%). The same specificity was also observed in patients with myasthenia gravis and to a lesser extent in Crohn's disease and in a mixed group of patients with unspecified organic gastrointestinal disease. An epithelial basement membrane reactivity was found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis but only rarely in other conditions. Staining of perivascular connective tissue represented a third type of 'antireticulin' specificity. It was found only rarely, although in coeliac disease this reactivity was found more frequently in combination with other connective tissue specificities."}
{"id": "PMID:939805", "title": "A rapidly produced 125I labelled autologous fibrinogen: in vitro properties and preliminary metabolic studies in man.", "content": "The properties of fibrinogen extracted by a precipitation method using glycine at ambient temperatures near neutral pH are described. The simple and reproducible method gives a 73% yield of high purity plasminogen-free fibrinogen in 45 minutes from small volumes of plasma. The protein extract was labelled with 125I using chloramine-T under conditions optimal for fibrinogen stability. The extraction procedure, radio-iodination, desalting, and sterilization take only 70 minutes for completion from the time donor blood is received in the laboratory. The methods, using a specially developed extraction vessel and desalting/sterilizing column, can be used in a small hospital laboratory. Autologous fibrinogen can thus be extracted from patients' blood, eliminating the risk of transmitting hepatitis when it is re-administered. The autologous material, which is 97% clottable and contains less than 0-05% free iodide, is being routinely used as a diagnostic tool in the detection of deep vein thrombosis. The high purity of the preparation facilitates metabolic studies and in vitro experimental work. In vivo results show a mean half-life in three normal volunteers of 3-95 days and a catabolic rate of 25-23% per day with the extravascular space estimated as 24-86%. In 30 surgical patients an expected reduced half-life in plasma was determined with a mean of 3-1 days.", "contents": "A rapidly produced 125I labelled autologous fibrinogen: in vitro properties and preliminary metabolic studies in man. The properties of fibrinogen extracted by a precipitation method using glycine at ambient temperatures near neutral pH are described. The simple and reproducible method gives a 73% yield of high purity plasminogen-free fibrinogen in 45 minutes from small volumes of plasma. The protein extract was labelled with 125I using chloramine-T under conditions optimal for fibrinogen stability. The extraction procedure, radio-iodination, desalting, and sterilization take only 70 minutes for completion from the time donor blood is received in the laboratory. The methods, using a specially developed extraction vessel and desalting/sterilizing column, can be used in a small hospital laboratory. Autologous fibrinogen can thus be extracted from patients' blood, eliminating the risk of transmitting hepatitis when it is re-administered. The autologous material, which is 97% clottable and contains less than 0-05% free iodide, is being routinely used as a diagnostic tool in the detection of deep vein thrombosis. The high purity of the preparation facilitates metabolic studies and in vitro experimental work. In vivo results show a mean half-life in three normal volunteers of 3-95 days and a catabolic rate of 25-23% per day with the extravascular space estimated as 24-86%. In 30 surgical patients an expected reduced half-life in plasma was determined with a mean of 3-1 days."}
{"id": "PMID:939806", "title": "Iliac bone marrow mast cells in relation to the renal osteodystrophy of patients treated by haemodialysis.", "content": "Mast cells have been counted in iliac bone biopsies from patients with chronic renal failure treated by haemodialysis, and attempts made to relate mast cells to the various features of azotaemic renal osteodystrophy. There was a significant increase in the number of marrow mast cells in comparison with controls, and haemodialysis has no favourable effect on the marrow mast cell hyperplasia which occurs in chronic renal failure. There was a general tendency towards greater numbers of mast cells in cases with most marked ostetis fibrosa but it was not possible consistently to relate hyperparathyroidism to mast cell numbers. Patients treated by parathyroidectomy, aluminium hydroxide, or the newer vitamin D metabolites failed to show any consistent fall in marrow mast cell numbers in spite of improvement in the ostetis fibrosa. The number of marrow mast cells was related to the duration of haemodialysis and to the amount of osteoid present and iversely to the percentage mineralization of bone. It was not possible to identify any causal relationship between the presence or severity of osteomalacia and the number of mast cells in the haemodialysed patients although mast cell hyperplasia was also observed in patients with osteomalacia unassociated with renal disease.", "contents": "Iliac bone marrow mast cells in relation to the renal osteodystrophy of patients treated by haemodialysis. Mast cells have been counted in iliac bone biopsies from patients with chronic renal failure treated by haemodialysis, and attempts made to relate mast cells to the various features of azotaemic renal osteodystrophy. There was a significant increase in the number of marrow mast cells in comparison with controls, and haemodialysis has no favourable effect on the marrow mast cell hyperplasia which occurs in chronic renal failure. There was a general tendency towards greater numbers of mast cells in cases with most marked ostetis fibrosa but it was not possible consistently to relate hyperparathyroidism to mast cell numbers. Patients treated by parathyroidectomy, aluminium hydroxide, or the newer vitamin D metabolites failed to show any consistent fall in marrow mast cell numbers in spite of improvement in the ostetis fibrosa. The number of marrow mast cells was related to the duration of haemodialysis and to the amount of osteoid present and iversely to the percentage mineralization of bone. It was not possible to identify any causal relationship between the presence or severity of osteomalacia and the number of mast cells in the haemodialysed patients although mast cell hyperplasia was also observed in patients with osteomalacia unassociated with renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939807", "title": "Comparative study of two systems for detecting becteraemia and septicaemia.", "content": "Two blood culturing systems were compared in parallel-a semi-automated radiometric method, BACTEC1, and the conventional method used in our laboratory. BACTEC contains radioactive 14C labelled substrates and monitors the level of 14CO2 evolved by actively metabolizing bacteria. BACTEC was as efficient as the conventional method in detecting positive cultures and indicated that it was superior in detecting positive cultures earlier than the conventional system.", "contents": "Comparative study of two systems for detecting becteraemia and septicaemia. Two blood culturing systems were compared in parallel-a semi-automated radiometric method, BACTEC1, and the conventional method used in our laboratory. BACTEC contains radioactive 14C labelled substrates and monitors the level of 14CO2 evolved by actively metabolizing bacteria. BACTEC was as efficient as the conventional method in detecting positive cultures and indicated that it was superior in detecting positive cultures earlier than the conventional system."}
{"id": "PMID:939808", "title": "Isolation of oxidase-positive Gram-negative cocci not belonging to the genus Neisseria from the urogenital tract.", "content": "In a 12-month period, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative cocci showing similar characteristics in biochemical tests have been isolated from the urogenital tract of 39 male and female patients. Although these organisms superficially resemble Neisseria gonorrhoeae, biochemical characterization and the results of DNA base composition analysis indicate that they do not belong to the genus Neisseria. The relationship of these organisms to the genera Neisseria, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of oxidase-positive Gram-negative cocci not belonging to the genus Neisseria from the urogenital tract. In a 12-month period, oxidase-positive, Gram-negative cocci showing similar characteristics in biochemical tests have been isolated from the urogenital tract of 39 male and female patients. Although these organisms superficially resemble Neisseria gonorrhoeae, biochemical characterization and the results of DNA base composition analysis indicate that they do not belong to the genus Neisseria. The relationship of these organisms to the genera Neisseria, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939809", "title": "Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 1. Description of the system.", "content": "From March 1974 all reports from this microbiology department have been computer printed and filed. The system was designed to include every medically important microorganism and test. Technicians at the laboratory bench made their results computer-readable using Port-a-punch cards, and specimen details were recorded on paper-tape, allowing the full description of each specimen to appear on the report. A summary form of each microbiology phrase enabled copies of reports to be printed on wide paper with 12 to 18 reports per sheet; such copies, in alphabetical order for one day, and cumulatively for one week were used by staff answering enquiries to the office. This format could also be used for printing allthe reports for one patient. Retrieval of results from the files was easily performed and was useful to medical and laboratory staff and for control-of-infection purposes. The system was written in COBOL and was designed to be as cost-effective as possible without sacrificing accuracy; the cost of a report and its filing was 17-97 pence.", "contents": "Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 1. Description of the system. From March 1974 all reports from this microbiology department have been computer printed and filed. The system was designed to include every medically important microorganism and test. Technicians at the laboratory bench made their results computer-readable using Port-a-punch cards, and specimen details were recorded on paper-tape, allowing the full description of each specimen to appear on the report. A summary form of each microbiology phrase enabled copies of reports to be printed on wide paper with 12 to 18 reports per sheet; such copies, in alphabetical order for one day, and cumulatively for one week were used by staff answering enquiries to the office. This format could also be used for printing allthe reports for one patient. Retrieval of results from the files was easily performed and was useful to medical and laboratory staff and for control-of-infection purposes. The system was written in COBOL and was designed to be as cost-effective as possible without sacrificing accuracy; the cost of a report and its filing was 17-97 pence."}
{"id": "PMID:939810", "title": "Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 2. Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems.", "content": "A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets. The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted. A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff. Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports. Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order.", "contents": "Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 2. Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems. A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets. The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted. A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff. Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports. Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order."}
{"id": "PMID:939812", "title": "Measuring outcomes of care in an ambulatory primary care population. A pilot study.", "content": "This study developed a practical method for determining the functional outcome status of patients in an ambulatory setting. Health status of 1,840 primary care patients in an ambulatory setting. Health status of 1,840 primary care patients was compared at three points in time: patient's usual status, status at the initial visit, and status at time of telephone follow-up. Follow-up status was also compared with the physician's expectation, which was estimated at the time of the initial visit. Of the patients, 62% showed improvement, 31% remained at the same level, and 7% deteriorated from the time of their initial clinic visit. Physicians tended to overestimate either the speed or degree with which patients return to their usual functional status; 32% of the patients studied reported themselves as being less well than usual at the time of follow-up.", "contents": "Measuring outcomes of care in an ambulatory primary care population. A pilot study. This study developed a practical method for determining the functional outcome status of patients in an ambulatory setting. Health status of 1,840 primary care patients in an ambulatory setting. Health status of 1,840 primary care patients was compared at three points in time: patient's usual status, status at the initial visit, and status at time of telephone follow-up. Follow-up status was also compared with the physician's expectation, which was estimated at the time of the initial visit. Of the patients, 62% showed improvement, 31% remained at the same level, and 7% deteriorated from the time of their initial clinic visit. Physicians tended to overestimate either the speed or degree with which patients return to their usual functional status; 32% of the patients studied reported themselves as being less well than usual at the time of follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:939813", "title": "Ideological goals of different health insurance plans.", "content": "Questionnaires sent to and interviews with managerial personnel in two types of health insurance organizations revealed substantial differences in their goals. Top policy makers, executive managers, and lower level management personnel (in all 165 people from four entities) were questioned. Although differences occurred among the various administrative levels, the commercial companies were more strongly oriented toward profit and growth and the prepaid group practice plans more strongly oriented toward service and community relations. These findings were confirmed by a study of the public statements of these organizations. The findings would seem to have relevance to the use of insurance companies by the government in implementation of any national health insurance program.", "contents": "Ideological goals of different health insurance plans. Questionnaires sent to and interviews with managerial personnel in two types of health insurance organizations revealed substantial differences in their goals. Top policy makers, executive managers, and lower level management personnel (in all 165 people from four entities) were questioned. Although differences occurred among the various administrative levels, the commercial companies were more strongly oriented toward profit and growth and the prepaid group practice plans more strongly oriented toward service and community relations. These findings were confirmed by a study of the public statements of these organizations. The findings would seem to have relevance to the use of insurance companies by the government in implementation of any national health insurance program."}
{"id": "PMID:939814", "title": "Self-instructional teaching of biostatistics for medical students.", "content": "A growing body of literature deals with the use of self-instructional methods for teaching biostatistics to medical students. The University of Tennessee Department of Community Medicine tested the hypothesis that, in controlled, randomized situations, learning of statistical material by self-instruction is equivalent to learning identical material by the lecture method. An analysis of student performance, in terms of the grades obtained on two separate examinations, showed that students learning by self-instruction did as well or better than their colleagues taking lectures. On the basis of these results, self-instructional biostatistics for medical students at the University of Tennessee has been selected as the major teaching method of that subject.", "contents": "Self-instructional teaching of biostatistics for medical students. A growing body of literature deals with the use of self-instructional methods for teaching biostatistics to medical students. The University of Tennessee Department of Community Medicine tested the hypothesis that, in controlled, randomized situations, learning of statistical material by self-instruction is equivalent to learning identical material by the lecture method. An analysis of student performance, in terms of the grades obtained on two separate examinations, showed that students learning by self-instruction did as well or better than their colleagues taking lectures. On the basis of these results, self-instructional biostatistics for medical students at the University of Tennessee has been selected as the major teaching method of that subject."}
{"id": "PMID:939815", "title": "Medical manpower: criteria for surveillance.", "content": "A physician manpower surveillance project, undertaken in the Canadian province of Ontario, is presented as a feasible prototype, using five essential critera: 1. Personal data and population information must be linked. 2. Corresponding geographic jurisdictions must be small enough to permit the identification of manpower trends in catchment areas at the community level. 3. The type of practice must be distinguished into at least two categories: primary care physicians and second-line physicians. 4. Personal and educational data must be kept to a minimum. 5. Surveillance determinations must be made frequently, with prompt publication of data.", "contents": "Medical manpower: criteria for surveillance. A physician manpower surveillance project, undertaken in the Canadian province of Ontario, is presented as a feasible prototype, using five essential critera: 1. Personal data and population information must be linked. 2. Corresponding geographic jurisdictions must be small enough to permit the identification of manpower trends in catchment areas at the community level. 3. The type of practice must be distinguished into at least two categories: primary care physicians and second-line physicians. 4. Personal and educational data must be kept to a minimum. 5. Surveillance determinations must be made frequently, with prompt publication of data."}
{"id": "PMID:939817", "title": "Regional specialization in the golden hamster's retina.", "content": "Ganglion cell swere counted and measured in whole mounts of the hamster's retina, stained with methylene blue. Their density varies between about 1,000/mm2 at the edge of the retina to about 5-6,000/mm2 in a broad area centralis centred about 1.9 mm(39 deg) directly temporal to the optic disk. Maps of cell density show a long horizontal extension of the dense area in the nasal direction. The sizes of ganglion cell somata fall into two main groups--small cells (5-11 mum diameter) and large cells (greater than 11 mum), the latter including a small proportion of giant cells (greater than 17 mum). All three classes of cells are maximal in density in the area centralis, although the small cells are relatively more numerous there. The total number of cells is about 114,000 with about 63,000 small cells and about 51,000 large. The optic nerve contains about 69,000 unmyelinated axons and about 50,000 myelinated axons, suggesting that the latter are the fibres of the larger ganglion cells. It is likely that the projections of the centres of the areae centrales of the two eyes are normally divergent in space; they are therefore not on \"corresponding retinal points.\"", "contents": "Regional specialization in the golden hamster's retina. Ganglion cell swere counted and measured in whole mounts of the hamster's retina, stained with methylene blue. Their density varies between about 1,000/mm2 at the edge of the retina to about 5-6,000/mm2 in a broad area centralis centred about 1.9 mm(39 deg) directly temporal to the optic disk. Maps of cell density show a long horizontal extension of the dense area in the nasal direction. The sizes of ganglion cell somata fall into two main groups--small cells (5-11 mum diameter) and large cells (greater than 11 mum), the latter including a small proportion of giant cells (greater than 17 mum). All three classes of cells are maximal in density in the area centralis, although the small cells are relatively more numerous there. The total number of cells is about 114,000 with about 63,000 small cells and about 51,000 large. The optic nerve contains about 69,000 unmyelinated axons and about 50,000 myelinated axons, suggesting that the latter are the fibres of the larger ganglion cells. It is likely that the projections of the centres of the areae centrales of the two eyes are normally divergent in space; they are therefore not on \"corresponding retinal points.\""}
{"id": "PMID:939818", "title": "Functional organization in the visual cortex of the golden hamster.", "content": "The visual cortex of the golden hamster was studied by means of multi-unit and single unit recording, which revealed three separate retinotopic maps of the visual field in the posterior cortex. V1, corresponding to cyto-architectonic area 17, has the contralateral temporal field represented medially, the central visual field (extending about 10 deg ipsilateral) represented laterally and the lower field anteriorly. The borders of the map, especially for the upper field, seem to be more restricted than the whole visual field available to the contralateral hemiretina: V1 probably does not represent the extreme periphery of the field. A large fraction of V1 has binocular input, for up to about 50 deg lateral to the vertical midline. There is a retinotopic reversal near the representation of the vertical midline where V1 meets V2 (corresponding to the more lateral \"area 18a\"). There is another retinotopic reversal at the extremity of the contralateral field representation, where V1 meets Vm (the medial visual area, corresponding to \"area 18\"). V2 and Vm each contain a reduced mirror image version of the map in V1. Almost all isolated single units in V1 have receptive fields that can be classified as radially symmetrical (60%) or asymmetrical (35%). Symmetrical fields have ON (13%), OFF (4%), ON-OFF (30%) or \"SILENT\" (12%) central areas when plotted with flashing spots. There are minor but not striking differences between these groups in their field sizes, velocity preferences and so on. They almost invariably prefer moving to stationary stimuli but are not selective for orientation or direction of movement. Asymmetrical fields are of four types, three of which (type 1, 11%; type 2, 17%; and type 3, 2%) are orientation selective and resemble simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat cortex. Some of these have direction as well as orientation preference. Axial movement detectors (5%) have a selectivity for one axis of motion, and thus prefer one orientation of edge, but respond equally well to movement of a spot. Vertical and horizontal orientation preferences, especially the latter, are much the most common. There is some evidence of clustering of cells according to receptive field type and, possibly, preferred orientation. Asymmetrical cells are, relatively somewhat rarer in the deeper cortical layers. Within the binocular segment, fully 89% of cells are binocularly driven and the receptive fields are similar in the two eyes. Receptive fields tend to increase in size away from the area centralis representation and, in a complementary fashion, the magnification factor decreases from up to 0.1 mm/deg at the area centralis representation to about 0.02 mm/deg for the peripheral field.", "contents": "Functional organization in the visual cortex of the golden hamster. The visual cortex of the golden hamster was studied by means of multi-unit and single unit recording, which revealed three separate retinotopic maps of the visual field in the posterior cortex. V1, corresponding to cyto-architectonic area 17, has the contralateral temporal field represented medially, the central visual field (extending about 10 deg ipsilateral) represented laterally and the lower field anteriorly. The borders of the map, especially for the upper field, seem to be more restricted than the whole visual field available to the contralateral hemiretina: V1 probably does not represent the extreme periphery of the field. A large fraction of V1 has binocular input, for up to about 50 deg lateral to the vertical midline. There is a retinotopic reversal near the representation of the vertical midline where V1 meets V2 (corresponding to the more lateral \"area 18a\"). There is another retinotopic reversal at the extremity of the contralateral field representation, where V1 meets Vm (the medial visual area, corresponding to \"area 18\"). V2 and Vm each contain a reduced mirror image version of the map in V1. Almost all isolated single units in V1 have receptive fields that can be classified as radially symmetrical (60%) or asymmetrical (35%). Symmetrical fields have ON (13%), OFF (4%), ON-OFF (30%) or \"SILENT\" (12%) central areas when plotted with flashing spots. There are minor but not striking differences between these groups in their field sizes, velocity preferences and so on. They almost invariably prefer moving to stationary stimuli but are not selective for orientation or direction of movement. Asymmetrical fields are of four types, three of which (type 1, 11%; type 2, 17%; and type 3, 2%) are orientation selective and resemble simple, complex and hypercomplex cells in the cat cortex. Some of these have direction as well as orientation preference. Axial movement detectors (5%) have a selectivity for one axis of motion, and thus prefer one orientation of edge, but respond equally well to movement of a spot. Vertical and horizontal orientation preferences, especially the latter, are much the most common. There is some evidence of clustering of cells according to receptive field type and, possibly, preferred orientation. Asymmetrical cells are, relatively somewhat rarer in the deeper cortical layers. Within the binocular segment, fully 89% of cells are binocularly driven and the receptive fields are similar in the two eyes. Receptive fields tend to increase in size away from the area centralis representation and, in a complementary fashion, the magnification factor decreases from up to 0.1 mm/deg at the area centralis representation to about 0.02 mm/deg for the peripheral field."}
{"id": "PMID:939819", "title": "Functional organization in the superior colliculus of the golden hamster.", "content": "The superior colliculus of the golden hamster was investigated by means of multi-unit and single unit recording. The retinotopic map, which probably embraces a projection from the entire retina of the contralateral eye, is organized as in other vertebrates, with the central field represented in the anterior colliculus, the upper field medially. Magnification factor is fairly uniform and is about 0.02 mm/deg. There is a small binocular segment (where almost half of all neurones have input from the ipsilateral eye) in the anterior colliculus, representing the area of field around the area centralis and the anterior pole of the field. In the more superficial layers, units have small (about 10 deg diameter) receptive fields, which can be classified as symmetrical, responding to slow movement (80%), very fast movement detectors (6%), directional movement detectors (13%) and axial movement detectors (1%). In the deeper layers, below the stratum opticum, receptive field size increases dramatically and many cells habituate rapidly, making them sensitive only to new events. Receptive fields can be classified as movement detectors (89%), directional movement detectors (10%) and axial movement detectors (2%). All directional receptive fields, at least in the upper visual field, have an upward component in their directional preferences. About 42% of deeper layer cells have somatic sensory input, responding to light touch on the fur or whiskers of the contralateral half of the body. Some 5% of cells respond to complex sounds on the contralateral side of the animal. Many of these somatic and auditory cells also have visual receptive fields and, throughout the colliculus, there is general correspondence between the maps of visual space, auditory space and the body surface. This correlation may be important in the regulation of orienting behaviour towards novel peripheral stimuli.", "contents": "Functional organization in the superior colliculus of the golden hamster. The superior colliculus of the golden hamster was investigated by means of multi-unit and single unit recording. The retinotopic map, which probably embraces a projection from the entire retina of the contralateral eye, is organized as in other vertebrates, with the central field represented in the anterior colliculus, the upper field medially. Magnification factor is fairly uniform and is about 0.02 mm/deg. There is a small binocular segment (where almost half of all neurones have input from the ipsilateral eye) in the anterior colliculus, representing the area of field around the area centralis and the anterior pole of the field. In the more superficial layers, units have small (about 10 deg diameter) receptive fields, which can be classified as symmetrical, responding to slow movement (80%), very fast movement detectors (6%), directional movement detectors (13%) and axial movement detectors (1%). In the deeper layers, below the stratum opticum, receptive field size increases dramatically and many cells habituate rapidly, making them sensitive only to new events. Receptive fields can be classified as movement detectors (89%), directional movement detectors (10%) and axial movement detectors (2%). All directional receptive fields, at least in the upper visual field, have an upward component in their directional preferences. About 42% of deeper layer cells have somatic sensory input, responding to light touch on the fur or whiskers of the contralateral half of the body. Some 5% of cells respond to complex sounds on the contralateral side of the animal. Many of these somatic and auditory cells also have visual receptive fields and, throughout the colliculus, there is general correspondence between the maps of visual space, auditory space and the body surface. This correlation may be important in the regulation of orienting behaviour towards novel peripheral stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:939820", "title": "Impulse conduction in the myelinated giant fibers of the earthworm. Structure and function of the dorsal nodes in the median giant fiber.", "content": "The dorsal openings in the myelin sheath of the median giant fiber (MGF) of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) have been studied with electronmicroscopical and electrophysiological methods. The fine structure of the dorsal nodes (DN) resembles in many aspects the Ranvier nodes in vertebrate and crustacean nerve fibers. The nodal membrane directly faces the extracellular collagenous capsule of the ventral cord and displays a conspicuous electrondense undercoat. The myelin sheath of the paranode shows a characteristic differentiation into large desmosomal contracts. Recordings of the transmembrane and longitudinal surface currents along the dorsal side of the MGF during spike propagation support the view that an active inward current is restricted there to the DN. The inward current density in the DN reaches outstandingly high values similar to those measured in vertebrate nodes of Ranvier. The nodal activity can be blocked by application of tetrodotoxin and local anaesthetics. Local electrical stimulation of only one DN may suffice to elicit propagated actions potentials up and down the MGF. It is concluded that the dorsal nodes of the median giant fiber of the earthworm are highly specialized excitable structures mediating saltatory impulse conduction in these fibers.", "contents": "Impulse conduction in the myelinated giant fibers of the earthworm. Structure and function of the dorsal nodes in the median giant fiber. The dorsal openings in the myelin sheath of the median giant fiber (MGF) of the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris L.) have been studied with electronmicroscopical and electrophysiological methods. The fine structure of the dorsal nodes (DN) resembles in many aspects the Ranvier nodes in vertebrate and crustacean nerve fibers. The nodal membrane directly faces the extracellular collagenous capsule of the ventral cord and displays a conspicuous electrondense undercoat. The myelin sheath of the paranode shows a characteristic differentiation into large desmosomal contracts. Recordings of the transmembrane and longitudinal surface currents along the dorsal side of the MGF during spike propagation support the view that an active inward current is restricted there to the DN. The inward current density in the DN reaches outstandingly high values similar to those measured in vertebrate nodes of Ranvier. The nodal activity can be blocked by application of tetrodotoxin and local anaesthetics. Local electrical stimulation of only one DN may suffice to elicit propagated actions potentials up and down the MGF. It is concluded that the dorsal nodes of the median giant fiber of the earthworm are highly specialized excitable structures mediating saltatory impulse conduction in these fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:939821", "title": "Histochemical mapping of dopamine neurons and fiber pathways in dog mesencephalon.", "content": "A topographic mapping of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons and fibers was done mainly in the mesencephalon of the dog using the fluorescent histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp. The extensive DA neuron system was found to be located in the ventral and medial regions of the mesencephalon; the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the area almost corresponding to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (which consists of three groups, a caudal, the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, a ventral, the nucleus paranigralis and a rostral, the caudal part of the nucleus tegmentalis ventralis of Tsai), the nucleus linearis of the raphe, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. The nigro-neostriatal projection can be traced in the non-treated or nialamide plus L-dopa treated puppies without the lesion-degeneration technique. Most fibers arising from these DA cell groups assemble at the prerubral area and ascend just dorsal to the medial forebrain bundle. Most fibers turn laterally at the lateral hypothalamus and enter the neostriatum via the dorsal part of the subthalamic nucleus, the zona incerta and the capsula interna. These findings show that the distribution of DA neurons and the nigro-neostriatal pathway are fundamentally similar to those in other mammals. In this study, the processes of the nigral and paranigral DA neurons have been demonstrated to project into the pars reticulata in the dog.", "contents": "Histochemical mapping of dopamine neurons and fiber pathways in dog mesencephalon. A topographic mapping of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons and fibers was done mainly in the mesencephalon of the dog using the fluorescent histochemical technique of Falck and Hillarp. The extensive DA neuron system was found to be located in the ventral and medial regions of the mesencephalon; the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the area almost corresponding to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai (which consists of three groups, a caudal, the nucleus parabrachialis pigmentosus, a ventral, the nucleus paranigralis and a rostral, the caudal part of the nucleus tegmentalis ventralis of Tsai), the nucleus linearis of the raphe, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. The nigro-neostriatal projection can be traced in the non-treated or nialamide plus L-dopa treated puppies without the lesion-degeneration technique. Most fibers arising from these DA cell groups assemble at the prerubral area and ascend just dorsal to the medial forebrain bundle. Most fibers turn laterally at the lateral hypothalamus and enter the neostriatum via the dorsal part of the subthalamic nucleus, the zona incerta and the capsula interna. These findings show that the distribution of DA neurons and the nigro-neostriatal pathway are fundamentally similar to those in other mammals. In this study, the processes of the nigral and paranigral DA neurons have been demonstrated to project into the pars reticulata in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:939822", "title": "Regeneration of M\u00fcller and Mauthner axons after spinal transection in larval lampreys.", "content": "The regeneration of large unmyelinated axons following transection of the spinal cord was studied in small larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Individual M\u00fcller and Mauthner axons normally occur in a characteristic pattern in the spinal cord, but their positions were altered in the first several segments caudal to the lesion following regeneration. M\u00fcller axons grew out of the ventral tracts and sometimes looped back towards the brain or crossed the midline; maximum misdirection of axons occurred near the site of transection Mauthner axons frequently bifurcated. Despite the aberrant and incomplete regeneration of axons, the larvae exhibited normal coordinated swimming ,crawling, and coiling behavior.", "contents": "Regeneration of M\u00fcller and Mauthner axons after spinal transection in larval lampreys. The regeneration of large unmyelinated axons following transection of the spinal cord was studied in small larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). Individual M\u00fcller and Mauthner axons normally occur in a characteristic pattern in the spinal cord, but their positions were altered in the first several segments caudal to the lesion following regeneration. M\u00fcller axons grew out of the ventral tracts and sometimes looped back towards the brain or crossed the midline; maximum misdirection of axons occurred near the site of transection Mauthner axons frequently bifurcated. Despite the aberrant and incomplete regeneration of axons, the larvae exhibited normal coordinated swimming ,crawling, and coiling behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:939862", "title": "The current status of silicone fluid in plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Sufficient experimental data have been accumulated to demonstrate that medical-grade liquid silicone in recommended doses, using proper techniques, is both safe and effective. The problem becomes one of developing a rational and safe set of treatment guidelines.", "contents": "The current status of silicone fluid in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Sufficient experimental data have been accumulated to demonstrate that medical-grade liquid silicone in recommended doses, using proper techniques, is both safe and effective. The problem becomes one of developing a rational and safe set of treatment guidelines."}
{"id": "PMID:939863", "title": "Surgery and coronary heart disease.", "content": "Surgeons are frequently confronted with a patient who has recently had a myocardial infarction, needs an operation urgently, or has a postoperative infarction. This paper examines the extreme caution necessary when surgery is scheduled for a patient with coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Surgery and coronary heart disease. Surgeons are frequently confronted with a patient who has recently had a myocardial infarction, needs an operation urgently, or has a postoperative infarction. This paper examines the extreme caution necessary when surgery is scheduled for a patient with coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939864", "title": "Perspectives in malpractice.", "content": "Medical malpractice dates from Biblical days. And since then, much has been written on the subject. This article is a general overview of the historical, legal, and professional aspects of medical malpractice.", "contents": "Perspectives in malpractice. Medical malpractice dates from Biblical days. And since then, much has been written on the subject. This article is a general overview of the historical, legal, and professional aspects of medical malpractice."}
{"id": "PMID:939865", "title": "Transplantation of hair bulbs and melanocytes into leukodermic scars.", "content": "In performing transplantations of hair into places scarred and depigmented by discoid lupus erythematosus, it was found that considerable repigmentation in addition to growth of viable hairs was achieved.", "contents": "Transplantation of hair bulbs and melanocytes into leukodermic scars. In performing transplantations of hair into places scarred and depigmented by discoid lupus erythematosus, it was found that considerable repigmentation in addition to growth of viable hairs was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:939867", "title": "Capsule anesthesiology: use of local anesthetics in dermatology.", "content": "This paper, the third of three articles, discusses the basic techniques of administering local anesthetics to the scalp, face, and neck.", "contents": "Capsule anesthesiology: use of local anesthetics in dermatology. This paper, the third of three articles, discusses the basic techniques of administering local anesthetics to the scalp, face, and neck."}
{"id": "PMID:939868", "title": "Adventitious tattooing.", "content": "A hard-bristle toothbrush proves an efficient instrument for removing foreigh material impregnated into the skin via explosive or abrasive trauma.", "contents": "Adventitious tattooing. A hard-bristle toothbrush proves an efficient instrument for removing foreigh material impregnated into the skin via explosive or abrasive trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:939888", "title": "Sex-related effects on clinicians' attributions of parental responsibility for child psychopathology.", "content": "An attempt was made to reproduce and extend previously reported data suggesting the operation of sex-related bias in clinicians' attributions of parental involvement in children's psychopathologies. More and less sex-role traditional male and female family-oriented practitioners were shown contrived profiles in which a boy or girl was described as masculine or feminine role-deficient, and apportioned maternal versus paternal blame, treatment focus, adjunctive therapy need, and likelihood of sabotage. As in the previous study, mothers were implicated slightly more than fathers and also were viewed as requiring relatively greater therapeutic attention by female than by male clinicians. However, several earlier findings were not replicated. Overall, the results offer only marginal support for the notion of sex-related practitioner bias.", "contents": "Sex-related effects on clinicians' attributions of parental responsibility for child psychopathology. An attempt was made to reproduce and extend previously reported data suggesting the operation of sex-related bias in clinicians' attributions of parental involvement in children's psychopathologies. More and less sex-role traditional male and female family-oriented practitioners were shown contrived profiles in which a boy or girl was described as masculine or feminine role-deficient, and apportioned maternal versus paternal blame, treatment focus, adjunctive therapy need, and likelihood of sabotage. As in the previous study, mothers were implicated slightly more than fathers and also were viewed as requiring relatively greater therapeutic attention by female than by male clinicians. However, several earlier findings were not replicated. Overall, the results offer only marginal support for the notion of sex-related practitioner bias."}
{"id": "PMID:939889", "title": "Differential effects of task and reinforcement variables on the performance of three groups of behavior problem children.", "content": "In a test of Quay's model of differential response tendencies in three basic dimensions of discordant behavior, 36 delinquent boys divided into three behavior groups - Conduct Disorder, Personality Disorder, Inadequate-Immature-were compared on a verbal paired-associate task under four conditions of task structure: neutral and emotional content, simplicity and complexity; and two reward conditions: material and verbal. Predictions were that the Conduct Disorder and Inadequate-Immature group would perform optimally under conditions of simple emotional task structure and material reward as opposed to the Personality Disorder group, who would demonstrate optimal performance under verbal reinforcement and reflect an interaction effect for task complexity and emotionality. Results confirmed the basic hypothesis of differential responsiveness as a function of subject variables. Directions of the differences indicated that task variables also produced critical effects.", "contents": "Differential effects of task and reinforcement variables on the performance of three groups of behavior problem children. In a test of Quay's model of differential response tendencies in three basic dimensions of discordant behavior, 36 delinquent boys divided into three behavior groups - Conduct Disorder, Personality Disorder, Inadequate-Immature-were compared on a verbal paired-associate task under four conditions of task structure: neutral and emotional content, simplicity and complexity; and two reward conditions: material and verbal. Predictions were that the Conduct Disorder and Inadequate-Immature group would perform optimally under conditions of simple emotional task structure and material reward as opposed to the Personality Disorder group, who would demonstrate optimal performance under verbal reinforcement and reflect an interaction effect for task complexity and emotionality. Results confirmed the basic hypothesis of differential responsiveness as a function of subject variables. Directions of the differences indicated that task variables also produced critical effects."}
{"id": "PMID:939890", "title": "The effects of stress on state and trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed, normal, and delinquent children.", "content": "The effects of stress on trait and state anxiety of emotionally disturbed, normal, and delinquent children were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). This scale measures both transitory feelings of apprehension and tension that vary over time as a function of situational stress (A-State) and individual differences in the disposition to experience such anxiety states (A-Trait). Results indicated that A-State increased as a function of stress, whereas A-Trait was relatively stable and impervious to the temporary effects of stress. Use of the STAIC with normal and deviant populations was supported.", "contents": "The effects of stress on state and trait anxiety in emotionally disturbed, normal, and delinquent children. The effects of stress on trait and state anxiety of emotionally disturbed, normal, and delinquent children were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). This scale measures both transitory feelings of apprehension and tension that vary over time as a function of situational stress (A-State) and individual differences in the disposition to experience such anxiety states (A-Trait). Results indicated that A-State increased as a function of stress, whereas A-Trait was relatively stable and impervious to the temporary effects of stress. Use of the STAIC with normal and deviant populations was supported."}
{"id": "PMID:939891", "title": "Standardized playroom measures as indices of hyperactivity.", "content": "A group of 16 children from a normal community population was compared with two groups of 16 children referred for clinical evaluation of hyperactivity. These three groups were matched on age, sex, and race. One of the clinic groups was matched with the community sample on IQ and social class as well, while the children in the other clinic group were mentally retarded and of somewhat lower social class. All children were observed in a standardized playroom for two 15-minute sessions, one under free play instructions and the other under instructions restricting activity and toy-changing behavior. The two groups of children referred for evaluation of hyperactivity had significantly higher playroom activity scores than controls under both instructional conditions and significantly higher toy-change scores under restrictive instructions. Parental ratings of activity were also significantly higher in both clinic groups than in the community group. The mentally retarded clinic sample did not differ from the other clinic sample on any of the measures of activity or toy switching.", "contents": "Standardized playroom measures as indices of hyperactivity. A group of 16 children from a normal community population was compared with two groups of 16 children referred for clinical evaluation of hyperactivity. These three groups were matched on age, sex, and race. One of the clinic groups was matched with the community sample on IQ and social class as well, while the children in the other clinic group were mentally retarded and of somewhat lower social class. All children were observed in a standardized playroom for two 15-minute sessions, one under free play instructions and the other under instructions restricting activity and toy-changing behavior. The two groups of children referred for evaluation of hyperactivity had significantly higher playroom activity scores than controls under both instructional conditions and significantly higher toy-change scores under restrictive instructions. Parental ratings of activity were also significantly higher in both clinic groups than in the community group. The mentally retarded clinic sample did not differ from the other clinic sample on any of the measures of activity or toy switching."}
{"id": "PMID:939892", "title": "Role vs. entry-level competencies in competency-based education.", "content": "The real strength of the competency-based education effort lies in its emphasis on the total program. No longer can we, as educators, ask ourselves merely: \"What do I want students to learn in my course?\" The studies and learning opportunities of students must meet specific objectives developed on assessed needs in the profession. The resulting output can then be evaluated against standards or a set of criteria. Since implementation of a competency-based education program requires \"adaptation rather than adoption,\" both the role-competency and entry-level approaches are valuable. Few professionals are willing to accept totally a program or syllabus developed by someone else. However, effective adaptation requires understanding of the total concept of competency-based education. In fact, the search for totality is the heart of the competency-based movement. By viewing the framework of competency-based education and thoroughly understanding all of the components of the program, professionals should be able to utilize the ideas of others, even though they are presented in varying formats with constantly changing semantics.", "contents": "Role vs. entry-level competencies in competency-based education. The real strength of the competency-based education effort lies in its emphasis on the total program. No longer can we, as educators, ask ourselves merely: \"What do I want students to learn in my course?\" The studies and learning opportunities of students must meet specific objectives developed on assessed needs in the profession. The resulting output can then be evaluated against standards or a set of criteria. Since implementation of a competency-based education program requires \"adaptation rather than adoption,\" both the role-competency and entry-level approaches are valuable. Few professionals are willing to accept totally a program or syllabus developed by someone else. However, effective adaptation requires understanding of the total concept of competency-based education. In fact, the search for totality is the heart of the competency-based movement. By viewing the framework of competency-based education and thoroughly understanding all of the components of the program, professionals should be able to utilize the ideas of others, even though they are presented in varying formats with constantly changing semantics."}
{"id": "PMID:939893", "title": "Nutrition: an integral component in the health care of children. The interdisciplinary team in action.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is not to disseminate new findings or to review past research, but simply to state a progressive clinical philosophy in practical terms. Current emphasis on specialization and the simultaneous need for comprehensive health care seriously challenge the health professional's ability to provide adequate services without a well integrated interdisciplinary approach. In addition, clinical experience strongly points toward the need for individualization of treatment within this broad spectrum of interdisciplinary management. The problems of childhood allergies, epilepsy, and feeding problems are used to illustrate this concept, and the interplay between psychic and somatic factors has been highlighted as rationale for integration of nutrition in an interdisciplinary health care program for children.", "contents": "Nutrition: an integral component in the health care of children. The interdisciplinary team in action. The purpose of this paper is not to disseminate new findings or to review past research, but simply to state a progressive clinical philosophy in practical terms. Current emphasis on specialization and the simultaneous need for comprehensive health care seriously challenge the health professional's ability to provide adequate services without a well integrated interdisciplinary approach. In addition, clinical experience strongly points toward the need for individualization of treatment within this broad spectrum of interdisciplinary management. The problems of childhood allergies, epilepsy, and feeding problems are used to illustrate this concept, and the interplay between psychic and somatic factors has been highlighted as rationale for integration of nutrition in an interdisciplinary health care program for children."}
{"id": "PMID:939894", "title": "Delegation of functions by dietitians to dietetic technicians.", "content": "Questionnaires were sent to 197 randomly selected hospitals in the continental United States. Replies were used as a basis for determinign the degree to which dietitians are willing to delegate tasks to dietetic technicians. No significant difference was found between the percentage of task functions clinical dietitians were willing to delegate to clinical dietetic techncians and the number that administrative dietitians were willing to delegate to administrative dietetic technicians. Dietitians who serve in both capacities are willing to delegate a significantly higher percentage of ther clinical task functions than their administrative functions. Comparing dietitians who graduated before 1968 with those graduating in 1968 or later, no significant difference was found between the two groups of administrative dietitians; however, the clinical dietitians who graduated in 1968 or later were willing to delegate significantly more duties. No significant difference was found in the average number of task functions dietitians working in different size hospitals were willing to delegate. For task functions which 33 per cent or more of dietitians were unwilling to delegate, it appears that those who do not feel this would be ideal also feel it is impractical. Dietitians who have performed a given function do not appear more or less willing to delegate it than those who have not performed that task. Thus, while a substantial number of dietitians were willing to delegate to the dietetic technician, there was also reservation as to the type of task functions, some of which the dietitians apparently feel should remain a function of the dietitian's role. This is especially true of the administrative dietitian.", "contents": "Delegation of functions by dietitians to dietetic technicians. Questionnaires were sent to 197 randomly selected hospitals in the continental United States. Replies were used as a basis for determinign the degree to which dietitians are willing to delegate tasks to dietetic technicians. No significant difference was found between the percentage of task functions clinical dietitians were willing to delegate to clinical dietetic techncians and the number that administrative dietitians were willing to delegate to administrative dietetic technicians. Dietitians who serve in both capacities are willing to delegate a significantly higher percentage of ther clinical task functions than their administrative functions. Comparing dietitians who graduated before 1968 with those graduating in 1968 or later, no significant difference was found between the two groups of administrative dietitians; however, the clinical dietitians who graduated in 1968 or later were willing to delegate significantly more duties. No significant difference was found in the average number of task functions dietitians working in different size hospitals were willing to delegate. For task functions which 33 per cent or more of dietitians were unwilling to delegate, it appears that those who do not feel this would be ideal also feel it is impractical. Dietitians who have performed a given function do not appear more or less willing to delegate it than those who have not performed that task. Thus, while a substantial number of dietitians were willing to delegate to the dietetic technician, there was also reservation as to the type of task functions, some of which the dietitians apparently feel should remain a function of the dietitian's role. This is especially true of the administrative dietitian."}
{"id": "PMID:939895", "title": "Effects of rapid increase of phenylalanine intake in older PKU children.", "content": "Twelve children formerly on strick low-phenylalanine diets were allowed to change to a moderate-protein diet over a five-week period. They were observed at home by parents, in school by teachers, and in the clinic by team members, and were evaluated periodically for phenylalanine intake, serum phenylalanine levels, activity, irritability, growth, and intelligence. Growth patterns were normal for age. Dietary phenylalanine increased sharply for all children at the end of three months, then dropped at about six months, after which it rose above the three month level. Serum phenylalanine levels followed dietary intakes, and in nine cases are staying at about 20 mg. per 100 ml. or less. The three subject above 20 mg. have serum phenylalanine of 21, 23, and 25 mg. per 100 ml. One of these has had behavioral problems and excessive weight gains in the past two years.", "contents": "Effects of rapid increase of phenylalanine intake in older PKU children. Twelve children formerly on strick low-phenylalanine diets were allowed to change to a moderate-protein diet over a five-week period. They were observed at home by parents, in school by teachers, and in the clinic by team members, and were evaluated periodically for phenylalanine intake, serum phenylalanine levels, activity, irritability, growth, and intelligence. Growth patterns were normal for age. Dietary phenylalanine increased sharply for all children at the end of three months, then dropped at about six months, after which it rose above the three month level. Serum phenylalanine levels followed dietary intakes, and in nine cases are staying at about 20 mg. per 100 ml. or less. The three subject above 20 mg. have serum phenylalanine of 21, 23, and 25 mg. per 100 ml. One of these has had behavioral problems and excessive weight gains in the past two years."}
{"id": "PMID:939897", "title": "Change in antikaliuretic response to potassium-sparing diuretics in patients with cirrhotic ascites.", "content": "In 2 elderly patients with ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis, potassium excretion decreased during re-administration of potassium-sparing diuretics after recurrence of ascites following withdrawal of previous prolonged treatment. An exaggerated antikaliuretic response and a paradoxic rise in potassium excretion are \"unpredictable\" changes which may occur during administration of potassium-sparing diuretics at different times in the same patient treated with the same drug.", "contents": "Change in antikaliuretic response to potassium-sparing diuretics in patients with cirrhotic ascites. In 2 elderly patients with ascites due to hepatic cirrhosis, potassium excretion decreased during re-administration of potassium-sparing diuretics after recurrence of ascites following withdrawal of previous prolonged treatment. An exaggerated antikaliuretic response and a paradoxic rise in potassium excretion are \"unpredictable\" changes which may occur during administration of potassium-sparing diuretics at different times in the same patient treated with the same drug."}
{"id": "PMID:939898", "title": "Pharmacokinetic approach to drug dosing in the aged.", "content": "Data in the literature show that there is a constant ratio of total body fluid to lean cell mass with increasing age (1.15 for males and 1.31 for females). Since the drug receptors usually are found in the tissues, and since cell mass and total body fluid apparently decrease at a constant rate, it would seem that the volume of distribution of drugs decreases proportionally with increasing age. Kidney function, as measured by the glomerular filtration rate and transport maximum, apparently decreases with increasing age according to zero-order kinetics. Based on these data, correction factors were established for the change in volume of distribution and renal functions with increasing age. Equations were derived for calculating the loading dose and maintenance dosage of drugs in multiple-dose therapy in females and males. Equations are presented for drugs following the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) pattern and the log dose-response pattern, respectively. The MIC pattern is recommended in the use of bacteriostatic drugs, for which it is essential to maintain recommended in the use of bacteriostatic drugs, for which it is essential to maintain during the entire course of therapy a minimum inhibitory concentration. The log dose-response pattern is recommended for bactericidal and antiarrhythmia drugs, for which it is essential to obtain an average therapeutic steady-state concentration. Based on this pharmacokinetic approach, it would seem that elderly patients, during multiple-dose therapy, are exposed to dose sizes that are too large if no correction is made.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic approach to drug dosing in the aged. Data in the literature show that there is a constant ratio of total body fluid to lean cell mass with increasing age (1.15 for males and 1.31 for females). Since the drug receptors usually are found in the tissues, and since cell mass and total body fluid apparently decrease at a constant rate, it would seem that the volume of distribution of drugs decreases proportionally with increasing age. Kidney function, as measured by the glomerular filtration rate and transport maximum, apparently decreases with increasing age according to zero-order kinetics. Based on these data, correction factors were established for the change in volume of distribution and renal functions with increasing age. Equations were derived for calculating the loading dose and maintenance dosage of drugs in multiple-dose therapy in females and males. Equations are presented for drugs following the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) pattern and the log dose-response pattern, respectively. The MIC pattern is recommended in the use of bacteriostatic drugs, for which it is essential to maintain recommended in the use of bacteriostatic drugs, for which it is essential to maintain during the entire course of therapy a minimum inhibitory concentration. The log dose-response pattern is recommended for bactericidal and antiarrhythmia drugs, for which it is essential to obtain an average therapeutic steady-state concentration. Based on this pharmacokinetic approach, it would seem that elderly patients, during multiple-dose therapy, are exposed to dose sizes that are too large if no correction is made."}
{"id": "PMID:939899", "title": "A mobile, mental-hospital-based team for geropsychiatric service in the community.", "content": "At Norristown State Hospital a mobile Team of workers was organized to give personalized and preventive psychiatric, medical and social attention to distressed elderly people within the communities served by this large psychiatric institution. The Team's mobility permitted flexible approaches to problem-solving at the person's own home or other places of residence. Over its 8.5 years of existence the Team evaluated 1,438 elderly persons and acted in a consultant capacity to 77 nursing or retirement homes. Most of these clients were treated successfully within the community; only 222 required admission to the parent hospital during that time. Those treated in their own homes usually were able to maintain or improve the quality of their lives. The timely psychiatric, medical and social help often uncovered physical and social factors that previously had been overlooked.", "contents": "A mobile, mental-hospital-based team for geropsychiatric service in the community. At Norristown State Hospital a mobile Team of workers was organized to give personalized and preventive psychiatric, medical and social attention to distressed elderly people within the communities served by this large psychiatric institution. The Team's mobility permitted flexible approaches to problem-solving at the person's own home or other places of residence. Over its 8.5 years of existence the Team evaluated 1,438 elderly persons and acted in a consultant capacity to 77 nursing or retirement homes. Most of these clients were treated successfully within the community; only 222 required admission to the parent hospital during that time. Those treated in their own homes usually were able to maintain or improve the quality of their lives. The timely psychiatric, medical and social help often uncovered physical and social factors that previously had been overlooked."}
{"id": "PMID:939900", "title": "Importance of aortic dilatation in the genesis of the innocent systolic ejection murmur of the aged.", "content": "Aortic systolic murmurs and aortic dilatation were studied in a randomized sample of 100 hospital patients over the age of 60. Clinical, phonocardiographic, radiologic and carotid-pulse data provided the basis for graphic characterization of the murmurs. Senile aortic dilatation was common (66 patients). In a high percentage (39 patients), dilatation of the ascending aorta (and sometimes of the arch) was associated with an aortic systolic murmur. The \"innocent\" type was always associated with aortic dilatation. This \"innocent murmur of the aged\", even though caused by structural alterations, should be considered in the same light as the \"innocent murmur of children\", as it is not associated with dynamic embarrassment of the circulation.", "contents": "Importance of aortic dilatation in the genesis of the innocent systolic ejection murmur of the aged. Aortic systolic murmurs and aortic dilatation were studied in a randomized sample of 100 hospital patients over the age of 60. Clinical, phonocardiographic, radiologic and carotid-pulse data provided the basis for graphic characterization of the murmurs. Senile aortic dilatation was common (66 patients). In a high percentage (39 patients), dilatation of the ascending aorta (and sometimes of the arch) was associated with an aortic systolic murmur. The \"innocent\" type was always associated with aortic dilatation. This \"innocent murmur of the aged\", even though caused by structural alterations, should be considered in the same light as the \"innocent murmur of children\", as it is not associated with dynamic embarrassment of the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:939901", "title": "Colonoscopy in the management of diseases of the colon and rectum.", "content": "This report covers a 2.5-year experience with colonoscopy in the management of 208 patients (104 men and 98 women, average age 58 years). Colonic bleeding of unknown cause and abnormal barium-enema findings were the most common indications for colonoscopic examination. During this period, 110 colonoscopic polypectomies were performed. Among the few complications was one case of perforation of the sigmoid from transcolonoscopic removal of a small carcinoma; the perforation was incidentally discovered at the time of subsequent laparotomy. Bleeding occurred in 6 patients, but only one of them required surgical intervention to arrest the hemorrhage. Colonoscopy is a safe, effective and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Its use can reduce expense for the patient and obviate a long painful postoperative period.", "contents": "Colonoscopy in the management of diseases of the colon and rectum. This report covers a 2.5-year experience with colonoscopy in the management of 208 patients (104 men and 98 women, average age 58 years). Colonic bleeding of unknown cause and abnormal barium-enema findings were the most common indications for colonoscopic examination. During this period, 110 colonoscopic polypectomies were performed. Among the few complications was one case of perforation of the sigmoid from transcolonoscopic removal of a small carcinoma; the perforation was incidentally discovered at the time of subsequent laparotomy. Bleeding occurred in 6 patients, but only one of them required surgical intervention to arrest the hemorrhage. Colonoscopy is a safe, effective and reliable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Its use can reduce expense for the patient and obviate a long painful postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:939902", "title": "Analysis of geriatric surgical experience in a veterans home.", "content": "Surgical experience at the hospital of a State Veterans Home is reviewed over a period of two and half years (1973-1975). The average age of the patients was 74 years, and many had severe pulmonary or cardiac disease. Of the operations performed, 283 were major and 301 were minor. For the major operations (including emergencies) the mortality rate was 4.2 percent, for the minor procedures the rate was zero, and for all types of procedures the overall mortality rate was 2 percent. Emergency operations increased the expected mortality tenfold. Colonic and biliary-tract operations bore the highest mortality. The incidence of malignant lesions was high. In the elderly, indicated surgical procedures are justified, provided they are carried out by an organized, highly trained health team.", "contents": "Analysis of geriatric surgical experience in a veterans home. Surgical experience at the hospital of a State Veterans Home is reviewed over a period of two and half years (1973-1975). The average age of the patients was 74 years, and many had severe pulmonary or cardiac disease. Of the operations performed, 283 were major and 301 were minor. For the major operations (including emergencies) the mortality rate was 4.2 percent, for the minor procedures the rate was zero, and for all types of procedures the overall mortality rate was 2 percent. Emergency operations increased the expected mortality tenfold. Colonic and biliary-tract operations bore the highest mortality. The incidence of malignant lesions was high. In the elderly, indicated surgical procedures are justified, provided they are carried out by an organized, highly trained health team."}
{"id": "PMID:939912", "title": "Isozymes in androgenetic and gynogenetic white amur, gynogenetic carp, and carp-amur hybrids.", "content": "Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Hemoglobin, plasma general proteins, and plasma isoenzymes were studied by electrophoresis to determine inheritance patterns. Electrophoretic bands indicated that gynogenetic white amur had no paternal inheritance from carp and that adrogenetic white amur also were pure white amur. Gynogeneiss in carp was confirmed by the absence of paternal inheritance. Hemoglobins, general proteins, and esterases distinguished the two species. Within a species there were no differences in proteins between gynogenetic, adrogenetic and normal fish. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) differed between carp and white amur and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis because expression of LDH alleles from white amur was inhibited by the carp genome. Alkaline phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility in the two species.", "contents": "Isozymes in androgenetic and gynogenetic white amur, gynogenetic carp, and carp-amur hybrids. Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Hemoglobin, plasma general proteins, and plasma isoenzymes were studied by electrophoresis to determine inheritance patterns. Electrophoretic bands indicated that gynogenetic white amur had no paternal inheritance from carp and that adrogenetic white amur also were pure white amur. Gynogeneiss in carp was confirmed by the absence of paternal inheritance. Hemoglobins, general proteins, and esterases distinguished the two species. Within a species there were no differences in proteins between gynogenetic, adrogenetic and normal fish. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) differed between carp and white amur and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis because expression of LDH alleles from white amur was inhibited by the carp genome. Alkaline phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility in the two species."}
{"id": "PMID:939914", "title": "Genetics of red body polymorphism in the isopod, Venezillo evergladensis.", "content": "A red body morph with reddish-orange body and brownish-red eyes is described in the terrestrial isopod, Venezillo evergladensis. The alternate, non-red morph, has a brown body and black eyes and either gray or orange antennae. Breeding results show three alleles, rg, ro and r at an autosomal locus control the variation. The dominance hierarchy is rg less than ro less that r; the genotypes, rg/rg, rg/ro, and rg/r are non-red, grey, ro/ro and ro/r are non-red, orange, and r/r are red. The gray antennae of non-red, gray individuals is variable in expression although still objectively recognized. The red body morph and its inheritance is paralleled in related species, while the antennal variation identifies a new allele. Sperm storage, exceeding a full year, and multiple matings in nature are documented.", "contents": "Genetics of red body polymorphism in the isopod, Venezillo evergladensis. A red body morph with reddish-orange body and brownish-red eyes is described in the terrestrial isopod, Venezillo evergladensis. The alternate, non-red morph, has a brown body and black eyes and either gray or orange antennae. Breeding results show three alleles, rg, ro and r at an autosomal locus control the variation. The dominance hierarchy is rg less than ro less that r; the genotypes, rg/rg, rg/ro, and rg/r are non-red, grey, ro/ro and ro/r are non-red, orange, and r/r are red. The gray antennae of non-red, gray individuals is variable in expression although still objectively recognized. The red body morph and its inheritance is paralleled in related species, while the antennal variation identifies a new allele. Sperm storage, exceeding a full year, and multiple matings in nature are documented."}
{"id": "PMID:939920", "title": "Victims of a rabid wolf in india: effect of severity and location of bites on development of rabies.", "content": "A rabid wolf attacked 12 humans and six animals in six villages in the course of a day before it was surrounded and killed. Of the 12 human victims, three had severe wounds to the face and head, five had severe lacerations, two had less severe wounds on the trunk and limbs, and two had minor wounds or scratches. Nine of these victims received antirabies treatment with Semple vaccine (preceded by immune serum in one case). No persons with trunk and limb bites died. All three patients with head wounds died. One of these patients received vaccine and serum, one received vaccine, and the third had no treatment. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in blood samples drawn 58 days after the incident from five survivors who had received a full course of treatment, but such antibodies were absent from the blood of one untreated survivor (who had only minor scratches and had refused treatment) and of the wife of one man who died, who had been in close contact with her husband throughout his illness. All severely bitten animals died of rabies. A dog that the carcass of a pig which had died of rabies itself developed rabies 12 days later. This event raised the possibility of infection by the oral route.", "contents": "Victims of a rabid wolf in india: effect of severity and location of bites on development of rabies. A rabid wolf attacked 12 humans and six animals in six villages in the course of a day before it was surrounded and killed. Of the 12 human victims, three had severe wounds to the face and head, five had severe lacerations, two had less severe wounds on the trunk and limbs, and two had minor wounds or scratches. Nine of these victims received antirabies treatment with Semple vaccine (preceded by immune serum in one case). No persons with trunk and limb bites died. All three patients with head wounds died. One of these patients received vaccine and serum, one received vaccine, and the third had no treatment. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in blood samples drawn 58 days after the incident from five survivors who had received a full course of treatment, but such antibodies were absent from the blood of one untreated survivor (who had only minor scratches and had refused treatment) and of the wife of one man who died, who had been in close contact with her husband throughout his illness. All severely bitten animals died of rabies. A dog that the carcass of a pig which had died of rabies itself developed rabies 12 days later. This event raised the possibility of infection by the oral route."}
{"id": "PMID:939917", "title": "Joint effects of mutation and selection on gametic frequencies in a panmictic population.", "content": "The classical theory of population genetics considers the situation when mutation rates are small relative to selection coefficients, and when selection acts only in previously mutated gametes and there is no back mutation. I have considered the effects of mutation and selection when the newly mutated gametes as well as the preexisting one are affected by selection. If the mutation rate m from A leads to a is greater than or equal to the selection coefficient, s, against a, the equilibrium frequency of A is zero. If m less than s, the equilibrium probability of A is m(1 - s)/s(1 - m). It is suggested that the solutions obtained here may be realistic in certain situations, particularly whey mutation is considered at the molecular level.", "contents": "Joint effects of mutation and selection on gametic frequencies in a panmictic population. The classical theory of population genetics considers the situation when mutation rates are small relative to selection coefficients, and when selection acts only in previously mutated gametes and there is no back mutation. I have considered the effects of mutation and selection when the newly mutated gametes as well as the preexisting one are affected by selection. If the mutation rate m from A leads to a is greater than or equal to the selection coefficient, s, against a, the equilibrium frequency of A is zero. If m less than s, the equilibrium probability of A is m(1 - s)/s(1 - m). It is suggested that the solutions obtained here may be realistic in certain situations, particularly whey mutation is considered at the molecular level."}
{"id": "PMID:939913", "title": "Myodystrophy, a new myopathy on chromosome 8 of the mouse.", "content": "A new recessive mutation, myd, causing a diffuse and progressive myopathy in the mouse is described. Histopathological comparisons with normal littermates showed widely distributed focal lesions in all skeletal muscles of myd/myd. Body and organ weights of affected mice were considerably less than those of normal littermates and the mean lifespan of myodystrophic mice that survived weaning was 17 weeks with a range of 5 to 39 weeks. Myodystrophy is located on chromosome 8; it is linked to Os with about 6 percent and to Eso with about 37 percent recombination.", "contents": "Myodystrophy, a new myopathy on chromosome 8 of the mouse. A new recessive mutation, myd, causing a diffuse and progressive myopathy in the mouse is described. Histopathological comparisons with normal littermates showed widely distributed focal lesions in all skeletal muscles of myd/myd. Body and organ weights of affected mice were considerably less than those of normal littermates and the mean lifespan of myodystrophic mice that survived weaning was 17 weeks with a range of 5 to 39 weeks. Myodystrophy is located on chromosome 8; it is linked to Os with about 6 percent and to Eso with about 37 percent recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:939921", "title": "Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines. I. Description and characterization of adoptive transfer by immune spleen cells.", "content": "Cellular immune responses after immunization with a number of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccines were evaluated in mice by means of an adoptive transfer system. Formalin-inactivated, TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine was immunogenic and highly effective in protecting recipient mice against challenge with virulent VEE virus. In contrast to immunization with live TC-83 VEE virus vaccine, however, immunization with inactivated VEE vaccine did not provide donor mice with the capacity to transfer adoptive immunity readily. Only when mice were immunized with inactivated VEE vaccine combined with specific adjuvants (particularly complete Freund's adjuvant or Bordetella pertussis) were donors capable of consistently transferring adoptive immunity. The total dose of inactivated VEE vaccine did not appear to influence the capacity to transfer adoptive immunity. On the other hand, weekly boosters of VEE vaccine and/or administration of vaccine with specific adjuvants did markedly influence donor immune responses.", "contents": "Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines. I. Description and characterization of adoptive transfer by immune spleen cells. Cellular immune responses after immunization with a number of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccines were evaluated in mice by means of an adoptive transfer system. Formalin-inactivated, TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine was immunogenic and highly effective in protecting recipient mice against challenge with virulent VEE virus. In contrast to immunization with live TC-83 VEE virus vaccine, however, immunization with inactivated VEE vaccine did not provide donor mice with the capacity to transfer adoptive immunity readily. Only when mice were immunized with inactivated VEE vaccine combined with specific adjuvants (particularly complete Freund's adjuvant or Bordetella pertussis) were donors capable of consistently transferring adoptive immunity. The total dose of inactivated VEE vaccine did not appear to influence the capacity to transfer adoptive immunity. On the other hand, weekly boosters of VEE vaccine and/or administration of vaccine with specific adjuvants did markedly influence donor immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:939919", "title": "Visible mutation induction in Mormoniella by low frequency ultrasonic energy.", "content": "Low frequency ultrasonic energy was utilized in an attempt to induce visible mutations in the parasitoid wasp Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker). Ultrasonic exposure at a frequency of 20,000 cycles per second was accomplished in aqueous medium with a commercially obtained energy source. Among the 22,396 progeny of exposed males and females, 63 phenotypically changed wasps were recovered. Three of these changes from exposed males and two from exposed females proved to be genetically transmissible. No transmissible changes were found among 4,739 control progeny. This study demonstrates that low frequency ultrasound may be used as an effective mutagenic agent with this organism, and suggests that it may have applications with other genetic systems.", "contents": "Visible mutation induction in Mormoniella by low frequency ultrasonic energy. Low frequency ultrasonic energy was utilized in an attempt to induce visible mutations in the parasitoid wasp Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker). Ultrasonic exposure at a frequency of 20,000 cycles per second was accomplished in aqueous medium with a commercially obtained energy source. Among the 22,396 progeny of exposed males and females, 63 phenotypically changed wasps were recovered. Three of these changes from exposed males and two from exposed females proved to be genetically transmissible. No transmissible changes were found among 4,739 control progeny. This study demonstrates that low frequency ultrasound may be used as an effective mutagenic agent with this organism, and suggests that it may have applications with other genetic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:939922", "title": "Chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides extracted from Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis lacked 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and heptose, sugars which make up part of the inner core of most bacterial endotoxins. Over 98% of the lipid portion of this material could be removed easily with chloroform-methanol and alcohol, a finding which indicates a loose association between the polysaccharide and lipid moieties. The lipopolysaccharides caused gelation of limulus lysate at a concentration significantly higher than that for the endotoxin of Salmonella typhi. None of the extracts was lethal in 10-day-old chick embryos at doses of greater than 200 mug per egg, whereas the endotoxin of Neisseria meningitidis was lethal at a dose of 1.2 mug per egg. The local Shwartzman reaction could not be induced by levels of B. fragilis endotoxin of up to 1,000 mug per rabbit, whereas a (control) endotoxin of S. typhi induced this phenomenon at a level of 3 mug per rabbit. Intact oxygen-killed B. fragilis failed to provoke the local Shwartzman reaction at doses of 2,500 mug. These results indicate that B. fragilis has a lipopolysaccharide different from that of most gram-negative bacteria. Although it retains some of the chemical and biologic properties of classical endotoxin, it seems to lack others. This observation may have significant clinical implications.", "contents": "Chemical and biological characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides extracted from Bacteroides fragilis subspecies fragilis lacked 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and heptose, sugars which make up part of the inner core of most bacterial endotoxins. Over 98% of the lipid portion of this material could be removed easily with chloroform-methanol and alcohol, a finding which indicates a loose association between the polysaccharide and lipid moieties. The lipopolysaccharides caused gelation of limulus lysate at a concentration significantly higher than that for the endotoxin of Salmonella typhi. None of the extracts was lethal in 10-day-old chick embryos at doses of greater than 200 mug per egg, whereas the endotoxin of Neisseria meningitidis was lethal at a dose of 1.2 mug per egg. The local Shwartzman reaction could not be induced by levels of B. fragilis endotoxin of up to 1,000 mug per rabbit, whereas a (control) endotoxin of S. typhi induced this phenomenon at a level of 3 mug per rabbit. Intact oxygen-killed B. fragilis failed to provoke the local Shwartzman reaction at doses of 2,500 mug. These results indicate that B. fragilis has a lipopolysaccharide different from that of most gram-negative bacteria. Although it retains some of the chemical and biologic properties of classical endotoxin, it seems to lack others. This observation may have significant clinical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:939915", "title": "Chromosomes, hemoglobins, and transferrins of Iranian domestic sheep.", "content": "Twelve breeds of Iranian domestic sheep were cytogenetically analyzed. The diploid chromosome number of 2n = 54 is identical to that of most breeds of domestic sheep, which is comprised of 3 pairs of metacentric and 23 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes consist of a large acrocentric X and a small bi-armed Y. Hemoglobin analysis by isoelectric focusing for these 12 breeds resulted in the identification of 2 protein fractions: Hb AB and B. The A allele was observed in 7 percent of the 506 sheep sampled, in 6 of the 12 breeds, and then only in the heterozygous form. Transferrins were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis and comparisons made between breeds. Nine alleles, pooled frequency of occurrence in descending order, B, C, D, A, M, E, G, P, and I were identified and resulted in 19 phenotypes. Tfs A, B, C, and D were observed in all breeds, whereas I was found in 2,G in 1, M in 8, E in 6, and P in 2. Significant differences in allelic occurrence of Tfs A, B, C, and D were observed in seven breeds.", "contents": "Chromosomes, hemoglobins, and transferrins of Iranian domestic sheep. Twelve breeds of Iranian domestic sheep were cytogenetically analyzed. The diploid chromosome number of 2n = 54 is identical to that of most breeds of domestic sheep, which is comprised of 3 pairs of metacentric and 23 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The sex chromosomes consist of a large acrocentric X and a small bi-armed Y. Hemoglobin analysis by isoelectric focusing for these 12 breeds resulted in the identification of 2 protein fractions: Hb AB and B. The A allele was observed in 7 percent of the 506 sheep sampled, in 6 of the 12 breeds, and then only in the heterozygous form. Transferrins were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis and comparisons made between breeds. Nine alleles, pooled frequency of occurrence in descending order, B, C, D, A, M, E, G, P, and I were identified and resulted in 19 phenotypes. Tfs A, B, C, and D were observed in all breeds, whereas I was found in 2,G in 1, M in 8, E in 6, and P in 2. Significant differences in allelic occurrence of Tfs A, B, C, and D were observed in seven breeds."}
{"id": "PMID:939923", "title": "Pharmacokinetic model for serum concentrations of ampicillin in the newborn infant.", "content": "The time course of ampicillin concentrations in the sera of three newborn infants during and upon termination of intravenous infusion at a constant rate can be described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The parameters of the model were determined by simultaneously fitting the serum concentration data obtained during and after the infusion by means of a nonlinear regression program with the aid of a digital computer. The half-life of ampicillin in the infants ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 hr; these values are more than twice those observed in adults with normal renal function.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic model for serum concentrations of ampicillin in the newborn infant. The time course of ampicillin concentrations in the sera of three newborn infants during and upon termination of intravenous infusion at a constant rate can be described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The parameters of the model were determined by simultaneously fitting the serum concentration data obtained during and after the infusion by means of a nonlinear regression program with the aid of a digital computer. The half-life of ampicillin in the infants ranged from 2.1 to 2.9 hr; these values are more than twice those observed in adults with normal renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:939924", "title": "Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase and e antigen: relation to chronic hepatitis among carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Thirty-nine carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) were studied with respect to e antigen and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity and their relation to chronic hepatitis. Most of these individuals were followed for four or five years. A strong correlation between e antigen and DNA polymerase activity was found. Of the 22 e antigen-positive patients, 21 showed polymerase activity; none of the 13 e antigen-negative patients (one of whom had antibody to e antigen) had such activity. Three of four patients who became e antigen-negative after being e antigen-positive showed loss of polymerase activity. An independent clinical evaluation showed a strong correlation between chronic hepatitis and positive reactions in the tests for e antigen and DNA polymerase. The results emphasize the possibility of differentiating between groups of chronic carriers of HBs Ag by testing for e antigen and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity. The differentiation may have important clinical implications.", "contents": "Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase and e antigen: relation to chronic hepatitis among carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Thirty-nine carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) were studied with respect to e antigen and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity and their relation to chronic hepatitis. Most of these individuals were followed for four or five years. A strong correlation between e antigen and DNA polymerase activity was found. Of the 22 e antigen-positive patients, 21 showed polymerase activity; none of the 13 e antigen-negative patients (one of whom had antibody to e antigen) had such activity. Three of four patients who became e antigen-negative after being e antigen-positive showed loss of polymerase activity. An independent clinical evaluation showed a strong correlation between chronic hepatitis and positive reactions in the tests for e antigen and DNA polymerase. The results emphasize the possibility of differentiating between groups of chronic carriers of HBs Ag by testing for e antigen and Dane particle-associated DNA polymerase activity. The differentiation may have important clinical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:939929", "title": "Effects of lidocaine, phenytoin and quinidine on the ischemic canine myocardium.", "content": "The effects of therapeutic concentrations of lidocaine, quinidine and phenytoin on the electrograms and excitability of ischemic canine myocardium were investigated. The threshold stimulation current was determined as the minimum current necessary to drive the ventricles at 300 msec intervals. Administration of the drugs did not change the threshold stimulation current of the control myocardium, but lidocaine (P less than 0.002), quinidine (P less than 0.01) and phenytoin (P less than 0.05) all markedly increased the threshold stimulation current of the ischemic tissue. The effects on the electrograms were small but consistent with current electrophysiological knowledge. This selective depression of the electrical activity of the ischemic tissue may form an important mechanism of action of these antiarrhythmic agents. However, this same effect may under certain conditions precipitate serious arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of lidocaine, phenytoin and quinidine on the ischemic canine myocardium. The effects of therapeutic concentrations of lidocaine, quinidine and phenytoin on the electrograms and excitability of ischemic canine myocardium were investigated. The threshold stimulation current was determined as the minimum current necessary to drive the ventricles at 300 msec intervals. Administration of the drugs did not change the threshold stimulation current of the control myocardium, but lidocaine (P less than 0.002), quinidine (P less than 0.01) and phenytoin (P less than 0.05) all markedly increased the threshold stimulation current of the ischemic tissue. The effects on the electrograms were small but consistent with current electrophysiological knowledge. This selective depression of the electrical activity of the ischemic tissue may form an important mechanism of action of these antiarrhythmic agents. However, this same effect may under certain conditions precipitate serious arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:939930", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in precordial leads during selective coronary angiography.", "content": "Precordial electrocardiographic leads V1, V2, V5, V6, and limb leads I and II were recorded simultaneously utilizing radio transparent electrodes and wire leads during coronary angiography in 35 patients with obstructive coronary disease and in 17 subjects with normal coronary angiograms. The pattern of electrocardiographic changes produced by injection of contrast material into either the right or left coronary artery was similar in both groups of patients. During injections into the left coronary artery a leftward shift of the QRS occurred. Injections into the right coronary artery also produced a leftward shift of depolarization forces but, in addition, the QRS became inferiorly directed more consistently than during left coronary injections. The changes produced by angiography in the pattern of repolarization consisted of a marked increase in T wave amplitude and the transient appearance of large U waves. The changes in T waves were consistently opposite in direction to those of the QRS. The polarity of the U wave coincided with that of the T wave in the majority of cases. No consistent differences in the pattern of electrocardiographic changes were observed in subjects with a dominant right coronary artery from those with a dominant left system nor in subjects with normal coronaries from those with occlusive coronary disease.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in precordial leads during selective coronary angiography. Precordial electrocardiographic leads V1, V2, V5, V6, and limb leads I and II were recorded simultaneously utilizing radio transparent electrodes and wire leads during coronary angiography in 35 patients with obstructive coronary disease and in 17 subjects with normal coronary angiograms. The pattern of electrocardiographic changes produced by injection of contrast material into either the right or left coronary artery was similar in both groups of patients. During injections into the left coronary artery a leftward shift of the QRS occurred. Injections into the right coronary artery also produced a leftward shift of depolarization forces but, in addition, the QRS became inferiorly directed more consistently than during left coronary injections. The changes produced by angiography in the pattern of repolarization consisted of a marked increase in T wave amplitude and the transient appearance of large U waves. The changes in T waves were consistently opposite in direction to those of the QRS. The polarity of the U wave coincided with that of the T wave in the majority of cases. No consistent differences in the pattern of electrocardiographic changes were observed in subjects with a dominant right coronary artery from those with a dominant left system nor in subjects with normal coronaries from those with occlusive coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:939931", "title": "Correlation of polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction with arteriographic and ventriculographic findings (substantiation of transmural and presentation of non-transmural criteria).", "content": "Sensitivity and specificity of polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction were compared with those of electrocardiographic criteria in 108 patients with chest pain syndromes who were referred for coronary arteriography and left ventriculography. With the combination of total occlusion of at least one coronary artery and abnormal systolic contraction of at least part of the left ventricle as the best available documentation of myocardial disease, sensitivity and specificity were 70% and 67%, respectively, using electrocardiographic criteria and 80% and 73% using polarcardiographic criteria, for both anterior and inferior myocardial infarction. Another polarcardiographic criterion--rightward shift in R latitude at 10 msec after onset of QRS--occurred concurrently with vessel occulusion in 16 of 17 patients (94%), in four of whom this was the only objective evidence of myocardial infarction, and three of whom there was no manifest abnormality of wall contraction. This criterion is considered evidence of non-transmural myocardial infarction, probably in the subendocardial layer near the apex of the left ventricle. When such evidence is added, sensitivity of polarcardiographic criteria increased to 84%, and specificity decreased to equal that of the electrocardiographic criteria (67%).", "contents": "Correlation of polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction with arteriographic and ventriculographic findings (substantiation of transmural and presentation of non-transmural criteria). Sensitivity and specificity of polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction were compared with those of electrocardiographic criteria in 108 patients with chest pain syndromes who were referred for coronary arteriography and left ventriculography. With the combination of total occlusion of at least one coronary artery and abnormal systolic contraction of at least part of the left ventricle as the best available documentation of myocardial disease, sensitivity and specificity were 70% and 67%, respectively, using electrocardiographic criteria and 80% and 73% using polarcardiographic criteria, for both anterior and inferior myocardial infarction. Another polarcardiographic criterion--rightward shift in R latitude at 10 msec after onset of QRS--occurred concurrently with vessel occulusion in 16 of 17 patients (94%), in four of whom this was the only objective evidence of myocardial infarction, and three of whom there was no manifest abnormality of wall contraction. This criterion is considered evidence of non-transmural myocardial infarction, probably in the subendocardial layer near the apex of the left ventricle. When such evidence is added, sensitivity of polarcardiographic criteria increased to 84%, and specificity decreased to equal that of the electrocardiographic criteria (67%)."}
{"id": "PMID:939932", "title": "Case studies: Chronic accelerated ventricular rhythm.", "content": "Two patients are presented with accelerated ventricular rhythms of unusually long duration. The clinical and electrophysiological aspects of this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Case studies: Chronic accelerated ventricular rhythm. Two patients are presented with accelerated ventricular rhythms of unusually long duration. The clinical and electrophysiological aspects of this problem are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939933", "title": "\"Torsade de pointes\" initiated by electrical ventricular stimulation.", "content": "Four cases are described in which electrical stimulation of the right ventricle produced the ventricular arrhythmia known as \"torsade de pointes\". This arrhythmia has previously been described as classically occurring in the context of the chronic bradycardias, particularly when there is also hypokalemia and a long QT interval, being most frequently initiated by a ventricular extrasystole occurring relatively late during ventricular repolarization. One patient had suffered a recent anterior myocardial infarction and developed the arrhythmia during rapid pacing for atrial flutter, when the electrode catheter had inadvertently entered the right ventricle. In the other three patients the arrhythmia was produced during the ventricular extrastimulus test performed during routine diagnostic electrophysiological investigation.", "contents": "\"Torsade de pointes\" initiated by electrical ventricular stimulation. Four cases are described in which electrical stimulation of the right ventricle produced the ventricular arrhythmia known as \"torsade de pointes\". This arrhythmia has previously been described as classically occurring in the context of the chronic bradycardias, particularly when there is also hypokalemia and a long QT interval, being most frequently initiated by a ventricular extrasystole occurring relatively late during ventricular repolarization. One patient had suffered a recent anterior myocardial infarction and developed the arrhythmia during rapid pacing for atrial flutter, when the electrode catheter had inadvertently entered the right ventricle. In the other three patients the arrhythmia was produced during the ventricular extrastimulus test performed during routine diagnostic electrophysiological investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:939934", "title": "Recurrent tachycardias due to an accessory pathway.", "content": "A 48 year old female presented with a long history of palpitations and syncopal episodes. His bundle electrogram studies were performed in order to evaluate the conduction system. The electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed normal PR and QRS intervals, while the unpaced His electrogram was normal. With atrial pacing rates of 110 to 180 beats/min, the AH and HV intervals remained essentially unchanged. This signifies that there was an accessory conduction pathway which bypassed the AV node. Thus, pre-excitation can not be eliminated as a diagnostic possibility even if the ECG is normal.", "contents": "Recurrent tachycardias due to an accessory pathway. A 48 year old female presented with a long history of palpitations and syncopal episodes. His bundle electrogram studies were performed in order to evaluate the conduction system. The electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed normal PR and QRS intervals, while the unpaced His electrogram was normal. With atrial pacing rates of 110 to 180 beats/min, the AH and HV intervals remained essentially unchanged. This signifies that there was an accessory conduction pathway which bypassed the AV node. Thus, pre-excitation can not be eliminated as a diagnostic possibility even if the ECG is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:939935", "title": "Ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurring in succession in a patient with a variant angina pectoris.", "content": "A clinical surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in which ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurred occasionally three times and probably seven times in succession together with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and ventricular extrasystoles in competition with sinus rhythm causing incomplete A-V dissociation is described. An ECG tracing of ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurring in succession has never been reported previously as far as can be ascertained from published reports.", "contents": "Ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurring in succession in a patient with a variant angina pectoris. A clinical surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in which ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurred occasionally three times and probably seven times in succession together with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and ventricular extrasystoles in competition with sinus rhythm causing incomplete A-V dissociation is described. An ECG tracing of ventricular reciprocal rhythm occurring in succession has never been reported previously as far as can be ascertained from published reports."}
{"id": "PMID:939936", "title": "Clinical efficacy of a truncated exponential decay defibrillator.", "content": "Trans-chest electrical ventricular defibrillation was attempted in eight adult patients using a 400 watt-second truncated exponential decay waveform defibrillator. All attempts occurred in the immediate post-operative period after heart surgery. Five of the eight subjects were defibrillated (63% success). This success rate is similar to that of 300 watt-second damped sinusoidal waveform defibrillators.", "contents": "Clinical efficacy of a truncated exponential decay defibrillator. Trans-chest electrical ventricular defibrillation was attempted in eight adult patients using a 400 watt-second truncated exponential decay waveform defibrillator. All attempts occurred in the immediate post-operative period after heart surgery. Five of the eight subjects were defibrillated (63% success). This success rate is similar to that of 300 watt-second damped sinusoidal waveform defibrillators."}
{"id": "PMID:939937", "title": "[Reversibility of the morphological and functional dedifferentiation occurring in cultures of avian embryonic liver cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary cell cultures are established from 8-day quail embryo livers. During the first three days the culture is made up of areas of epithelial-like cells and scattered fibroblasts. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells shows a high glycogen content as detected by the PAS reaction controlled with salivary amylase digestion. During the following days an important increase in the number of fibroblastic cells is observed. After 6-7 days of cultivation, the epithelial cells have disappeared and the culture is entirely fibroblastic. PAS technique does not show any trace of glycogen in these cultures which have been prolonged up to 45 days. Six-to 45-day primary cultures entirely made up of fibroblasts were associated with hepatic or pulmonary mesenchyme in organotypic culture for 3-4 days. In some cases the explant was first cultivated in vitro for 2 days and then grafted into a 5-day-old chick embryo on the chorioallantoic membrane for 6 days. In the secondary cultures hepatocytes showing an epithelial arrangement and a high glycogen content were observed. It appears from this observation that some of the primary culture fibroblasts are in fact dedifferentiated parenchymal cells. Such a dedifferentiation is a reversible phenomenon since the cells retain the ability to express their initial determination if they are placed in convenient environmental conditions. The role of the specific tissular arrangement in the stability of the differentiated state is discussed.", "contents": "[Reversibility of the morphological and functional dedifferentiation occurring in cultures of avian embryonic liver cells (author's transl)]. Primary cell cultures are established from 8-day quail embryo livers. During the first three days the culture is made up of areas of epithelial-like cells and scattered fibroblasts. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells shows a high glycogen content as detected by the PAS reaction controlled with salivary amylase digestion. During the following days an important increase in the number of fibroblastic cells is observed. After 6-7 days of cultivation, the epithelial cells have disappeared and the culture is entirely fibroblastic. PAS technique does not show any trace of glycogen in these cultures which have been prolonged up to 45 days. Six-to 45-day primary cultures entirely made up of fibroblasts were associated with hepatic or pulmonary mesenchyme in organotypic culture for 3-4 days. In some cases the explant was first cultivated in vitro for 2 days and then grafted into a 5-day-old chick embryo on the chorioallantoic membrane for 6 days. In the secondary cultures hepatocytes showing an epithelial arrangement and a high glycogen content were observed. It appears from this observation that some of the primary culture fibroblasts are in fact dedifferentiated parenchymal cells. Such a dedifferentiation is a reversible phenomenon since the cells retain the ability to express their initial determination if they are placed in convenient environmental conditions. The role of the specific tissular arrangement in the stability of the differentiated state is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939938", "title": "A descriptive study of the rate of elongation and differentiation of the skeleton of the developing chick wing.", "content": "Differentiation of the wing skeleton is clearly visible in whole mounts from stage 24. It proceeds in proximo-distal and postero-anterior sequence. It is possible to map the part of the limb giving rise to each skeletal element as it appears and subsequently. This enables one to estimate: (a) a rate of elongation curve for each segment level, (b) the intrinsic rate of change of elongation of the cartilage, (c) a definitive extrapolation back to classical presumptive fate maps, (d) the normal range of variation in the proportion of the limb occupied by the three main segmental levels (stylopod, autopod, zeugopod).", "contents": "A descriptive study of the rate of elongation and differentiation of the skeleton of the developing chick wing. Differentiation of the wing skeleton is clearly visible in whole mounts from stage 24. It proceeds in proximo-distal and postero-anterior sequence. It is possible to map the part of the limb giving rise to each skeletal element as it appears and subsequently. This enables one to estimate: (a) a rate of elongation curve for each segment level, (b) the intrinsic rate of change of elongation of the cartilage, (c) a definitive extrapolation back to classical presumptive fate maps, (d) the normal range of variation in the proportion of the limb occupied by the three main segmental levels (stylopod, autopod, zeugopod)."}
{"id": "PMID:939939", "title": "Adult haemoglobin in developmentally retarded tadpoles of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Tadpoles of Xenopus laevis reared in water containing 0-01% propylthiouracil continue to grow but fail to develop or metamorphose. The haemoglobin of such tadpoles has been extracted in buffer, converted to a cyanmet form, and run on polyacrylamide gels. The developmentally retarded tadpoles are found to possess adult-type haemoglobin rather than the tadpole type which normally characterizes their developmental stage.", "contents": "Adult haemoglobin in developmentally retarded tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. Tadpoles of Xenopus laevis reared in water containing 0-01% propylthiouracil continue to grow but fail to develop or metamorphose. The haemoglobin of such tadpoles has been extracted in buffer, converted to a cyanmet form, and run on polyacrylamide gels. The developmentally retarded tadpoles are found to possess adult-type haemoglobin rather than the tadpole type which normally characterizes their developmental stage."}
{"id": "PMID:939940", "title": "Leg regeneration in the cockroach, Blatella germanica. II. Regeneration from a non-congruent tibial graft/host junction.", "content": "The interactions occurring between host and graft leg epidermis at a non-congruent junction were studied in the cockroach, Blatella germanica. Graft and host tibia were cut perpendicular to the proximal-distal axis and two heteropleural combinations were used to reverse separately the two transverse axes of the graft relative to the host. Use of dark and light cuticle colour mutants gave a good indication of the graft or host origin of regenerated structures. Graft/host junctions regenerated segmented structures in various spatial arrangements, always comprising two copies of all structures distal to the level of the junction. It is concluded that the categories--two separate laterals, double lateral, completely and partially autonomous regeneration--reflect two processes. (i) If the graft tarsus is removed, graft and host may not heal together and interact, but form autonomous regenerates lying in mirror-image symmetry separating original graft and host levels. (ii) If interaction occurs between graft and host (or their developing autonomous regenerates) two laterals of dual origin are produced, one from each point of transverse axis incongruity. These laterals may secondarily fuse together to form a double structure originating from a point of congruity. The orientation and composition of the component tarsi of the double structure depend on the site of origin and the extent to which the two laterals fuse. It is argued that the four 'faces' and two 'transverse axes' of the leg are merely descriptive terms. A new model is developed whereby lateral regeneration arises directly from the circumferential organisation of the leg epidermis. Previous work has shown that position is specified continuously around the circumference, and that intercalary regeneration occurs by the shortest route between confronted positions. After reversal of one 'transverse axis' the shortest route between confronted graft and host positions is different on the two sides of each of the two points of 'axis' incongruity, and at these points the two halves of a complete circumference are formed. These lateral circumferences, like the terminal circumference exposed by amputation, cannot heal over by intercalary regeneration, and this leads to regeneration of distal structures. The model accounts for lateral regeneration after reversal of both 'transverse axes' by 180 degrees rotation of a homopleural graft. The possibility is discussed that there may be clonal restrictions on the circumferential positions which the progeny of a cell may occupy.", "contents": "Leg regeneration in the cockroach, Blatella germanica. II. Regeneration from a non-congruent tibial graft/host junction. The interactions occurring between host and graft leg epidermis at a non-congruent junction were studied in the cockroach, Blatella germanica. Graft and host tibia were cut perpendicular to the proximal-distal axis and two heteropleural combinations were used to reverse separately the two transverse axes of the graft relative to the host. Use of dark and light cuticle colour mutants gave a good indication of the graft or host origin of regenerated structures. Graft/host junctions regenerated segmented structures in various spatial arrangements, always comprising two copies of all structures distal to the level of the junction. It is concluded that the categories--two separate laterals, double lateral, completely and partially autonomous regeneration--reflect two processes. (i) If the graft tarsus is removed, graft and host may not heal together and interact, but form autonomous regenerates lying in mirror-image symmetry separating original graft and host levels. (ii) If interaction occurs between graft and host (or their developing autonomous regenerates) two laterals of dual origin are produced, one from each point of transverse axis incongruity. These laterals may secondarily fuse together to form a double structure originating from a point of congruity. The orientation and composition of the component tarsi of the double structure depend on the site of origin and the extent to which the two laterals fuse. It is argued that the four 'faces' and two 'transverse axes' of the leg are merely descriptive terms. A new model is developed whereby lateral regeneration arises directly from the circumferential organisation of the leg epidermis. Previous work has shown that position is specified continuously around the circumference, and that intercalary regeneration occurs by the shortest route between confronted positions. After reversal of one 'transverse axis' the shortest route between confronted graft and host positions is different on the two sides of each of the two points of 'axis' incongruity, and at these points the two halves of a complete circumference are formed. These lateral circumferences, like the terminal circumference exposed by amputation, cannot heal over by intercalary regeneration, and this leads to regeneration of distal structures. The model accounts for lateral regeneration after reversal of both 'transverse axes' by 180 degrees rotation of a homopleural graft. The possibility is discussed that there may be clonal restrictions on the circumferential positions which the progeny of a cell may occupy."}
{"id": "PMID:939941", "title": "[Adult leg development of Tenebrio molitor: I. Experimental analysis of the restoration process during morphogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The leg of the last instar larva, and especially the pharate pupa, of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) shows considerable restoration ability. Restoration refers to the regeneration of leg structures removed during the last larval instar. This process involves only those tissues adjacent to the cut surface. At each level of the leg, amputation before a characteristic time leads to the restoration of a complete leg, but thereafter the new segments formed are hypomorphic or just lobes. After an amputation close to the pupal ecdysis, fragments are obtained, and these incomplete structures show that the restoration process has ceased. Just before the pupal ecdysis the leg is withdrawn from the cuticle, so a very late amputation does not effect the leg tissue and a complete pupal and adult leg is formed. The whole of the larval leg participates in adult leg morphogenesis, and histological techniques demonstrate a great correspondence between larval and adult leg segments. The larval trochanter, however, forms the adult trochanter and the proximal part of the femur. The larval tibia forms the adult tibia plus tarsus, except for the adult claws which develop from the larval tarsal claw.", "contents": "[Adult leg development of Tenebrio molitor: I. Experimental analysis of the restoration process during morphogenesis (author's transl)]. The leg of the last instar larva, and especially the pharate pupa, of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) shows considerable restoration ability. Restoration refers to the regeneration of leg structures removed during the last larval instar. This process involves only those tissues adjacent to the cut surface. At each level of the leg, amputation before a characteristic time leads to the restoration of a complete leg, but thereafter the new segments formed are hypomorphic or just lobes. After an amputation close to the pupal ecdysis, fragments are obtained, and these incomplete structures show that the restoration process has ceased. Just before the pupal ecdysis the leg is withdrawn from the cuticle, so a very late amputation does not effect the leg tissue and a complete pupal and adult leg is formed. The whole of the larval leg participates in adult leg morphogenesis, and histological techniques demonstrate a great correspondence between larval and adult leg segments. The larval trochanter, however, forms the adult trochanter and the proximal part of the femur. The larval tibia forms the adult tibia plus tarsus, except for the adult claws which develop from the larval tarsal claw."}
{"id": "PMID:939942", "title": "Cell specific events occurring during development.", "content": "Ultra-microfluorometric techniques were adapted to follow the time sequence of glycogen degradation during the differentiation of two cell types in Dictyostelium discoideum. Glycogen content, glycogen phosphorylase activity, and inorganic phosphate accumulation were localized in specific cell types during stalk and spore development. Glycogen levels in pre-stalk cells remained constant during the pseudoplasmodium and early culmination stages of development. However, as pre-stalk cells migrated into the position of stalk formation, a cell specific degradation of glycogen was observed. The loss of glycogen from pre-stalk cells was accompanied by an increase in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. This increase in activity from 0-04 to 0-14 moles/h/kg dry wt. occurred as pre-stalk cells entered the position of stalk formation. An inverse relationship was found between glycogen levels and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels in the developing stalk. During the process of stalk construction, a gradient of Pi levels occurred from the apex to the base of the developing stalk. Glycogen degradation from pre-spore cells lagged behind that of pre-stalk cells. No change in pre-spore cell glycogen levels was observed until stalk construction was nearly completed. The results emphasize the importance of the physical position of a cell with respect to its composition and fate during development.", "contents": "Cell specific events occurring during development. Ultra-microfluorometric techniques were adapted to follow the time sequence of glycogen degradation during the differentiation of two cell types in Dictyostelium discoideum. Glycogen content, glycogen phosphorylase activity, and inorganic phosphate accumulation were localized in specific cell types during stalk and spore development. Glycogen levels in pre-stalk cells remained constant during the pseudoplasmodium and early culmination stages of development. However, as pre-stalk cells migrated into the position of stalk formation, a cell specific degradation of glycogen was observed. The loss of glycogen from pre-stalk cells was accompanied by an increase in the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. This increase in activity from 0-04 to 0-14 moles/h/kg dry wt. occurred as pre-stalk cells entered the position of stalk formation. An inverse relationship was found between glycogen levels and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels in the developing stalk. During the process of stalk construction, a gradient of Pi levels occurred from the apex to the base of the developing stalk. Glycogen degradation from pre-spore cells lagged behind that of pre-stalk cells. No change in pre-spore cell glycogen levels was observed until stalk construction was nearly completed. The results emphasize the importance of the physical position of a cell with respect to its composition and fate during development."}
{"id": "PMID:939943", "title": "Regeneration of amputated limb-buds in early rat embryos.", "content": "Rat embryos, dissected from the uterus at 11 1/2 days' gestation, have been used to study the regenerative powers of the embryonic limb. One forelimb-bud of each embryo was amputated, via an incision in the membranes. Embryos were subsequently grown in roller-bottle cultures for 44 h, then examined histologically. Twenty-nine out of 32 healthy embryos had formed limb-bud regenerates, 14 of which were of normal size and shape. Eight of them had a normal apical ectodermal ridge. It is concluded that at this stage of development there is sufficient versatility in the embryonic cells for a limb rudiment to be replaced by adjacent mesenchyme and epidermal cells. The implications of this finding are discussed in connexion with previous studies on the regeneration of appendages in vertebrate embryos.", "contents": "Regeneration of amputated limb-buds in early rat embryos. Rat embryos, dissected from the uterus at 11 1/2 days' gestation, have been used to study the regenerative powers of the embryonic limb. One forelimb-bud of each embryo was amputated, via an incision in the membranes. Embryos were subsequently grown in roller-bottle cultures for 44 h, then examined histologically. Twenty-nine out of 32 healthy embryos had formed limb-bud regenerates, 14 of which were of normal size and shape. Eight of them had a normal apical ectodermal ridge. It is concluded that at this stage of development there is sufficient versatility in the embryonic cells for a limb rudiment to be replaced by adjacent mesenchyme and epidermal cells. The implications of this finding are discussed in connexion with previous studies on the regeneration of appendages in vertebrate embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:939944", "title": "Effect of dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm on the development of the limb of the embryonic chick.", "content": "Limb ectoderm plus a small amount of subjacent mesoderm obtained from the dorsal or the ventral surface of each of the four limbs of the chick embryo were grafted to the dorsal surface of the right wing in either reversed or normal orientation. The host wings developed in abnormal humerus in all cases except when the graft was obtained from the dorsal surface of the right wing and was in normal orientation. However, the nature of the abnormalities varied with the source of the graft and with the orientation of the graft. It is unlikely that the abnormalities were related solely to the small amount of mesoderm grafted since previous experiments have demonstrated that the mesoderm would regulate. Flank ectoderm plus a small amount of flank mesoderm did not cause limb abnormalities when grafted in the same manner.", "contents": "Effect of dorsal and ventral limb ectoderm on the development of the limb of the embryonic chick. Limb ectoderm plus a small amount of subjacent mesoderm obtained from the dorsal or the ventral surface of each of the four limbs of the chick embryo were grafted to the dorsal surface of the right wing in either reversed or normal orientation. The host wings developed in abnormal humerus in all cases except when the graft was obtained from the dorsal surface of the right wing and was in normal orientation. However, the nature of the abnormalities varied with the source of the graft and with the orientation of the graft. It is unlikely that the abnormalities were related solely to the small amount of mesoderm grafted since previous experiments have demonstrated that the mesoderm would regulate. Flank ectoderm plus a small amount of flank mesoderm did not cause limb abnormalities when grafted in the same manner."}
{"id": "PMID:939945", "title": "The development of the notochord in the chick embryo, studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "The notochord of the chick embryo between stages 5 and 23 inclusive has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by transmission electron microscopy. Three main phases of development are described, and these have been designated: bilaminar; rod-like, unvacuolated; rod-like and vacuolated. The changes in shape of the organ from bilaminar to rod-like is accompanied by changes in the shape, orientation and position of the cells, an increase in the complexity of the cell contacts, and the laying down of a basal lamina. The change from the unvacuolated to the vacuolated phase is accompanied by increasing complexity within the cytoplasm. Most of the vacuoles are intracellular and appear empty though some contain a granular material. The notochordal sheath appears to be secreted by the notochordal cells and fine fibrillar material has been seen in the intercellular spaces. By stage 23, most of the notochordal cells have become so highly vacuolated that the cytoplasm has become closely packed around the nucleus.", "contents": "The development of the notochord in the chick embryo, studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The notochord of the chick embryo between stages 5 and 23 inclusive has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, supplemented by transmission electron microscopy. Three main phases of development are described, and these have been designated: bilaminar; rod-like, unvacuolated; rod-like and vacuolated. The changes in shape of the organ from bilaminar to rod-like is accompanied by changes in the shape, orientation and position of the cells, an increase in the complexity of the cell contacts, and the laying down of a basal lamina. The change from the unvacuolated to the vacuolated phase is accompanied by increasing complexity within the cytoplasm. Most of the vacuoles are intracellular and appear empty though some contain a granular material. The notochordal sheath appears to be secreted by the notochordal cells and fine fibrillar material has been seen in the intercellular spaces. By stage 23, most of the notochordal cells have become so highly vacuolated that the cytoplasm has become closely packed around the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:939946", "title": "[Gene activity during embryogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia foetida ((3H)uracil autoradiography and actinomycin D treatment) (author's transl)].", "content": "Embryos of Eisenia foetida (Spiralia) have been cultivated with [3H]uracil precursor of RNA at different stages of development from egg to gastrula. The results show that ribonucleic acid synthesis detected by autoradiography begins precociously. During segmentation messenger RNAs are produced by interphase nuclei and liberated in cytoplasm cyclically at mitosis. After the blastula stage rRNAs (nucleoli), which can migrate through the nuclear membranes, predominate. The blastomeres, which contain polar plasm and also mesoderm, already known for its controlling part in embryogenesis after gastrulation, are the seats of the increasingly important ribonucleic acid synthesis. These genetic transcriptions, which are inhibited by actinomycin D, are implicated in the determination of the blastomers and postblastular differentiation. Only the messages required for the segmentation divisions pre-exist in the undivided egg.", "contents": "[Gene activity during embryogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia foetida ((3H)uracil autoradiography and actinomycin D treatment) (author's transl)]. Embryos of Eisenia foetida (Spiralia) have been cultivated with [3H]uracil precursor of RNA at different stages of development from egg to gastrula. The results show that ribonucleic acid synthesis detected by autoradiography begins precociously. During segmentation messenger RNAs are produced by interphase nuclei and liberated in cytoplasm cyclically at mitosis. After the blastula stage rRNAs (nucleoli), which can migrate through the nuclear membranes, predominate. The blastomeres, which contain polar plasm and also mesoderm, already known for its controlling part in embryogenesis after gastrulation, are the seats of the increasingly important ribonucleic acid synthesis. These genetic transcriptions, which are inhibited by actinomycin D, are implicated in the determination of the blastomers and postblastular differentiation. Only the messages required for the segmentation divisions pre-exist in the undivided egg."}
{"id": "PMID:939952", "title": "Long-term retention of the habituation of lick suppression and startle response produced by a single auditory stimulus.", "content": "Response decrement produced by a single, 2-sec, 98 dB, auditory stimulus in rats was retained without detectable loss for intervals ranging from approximately 30 sec to 30 days. Response decrements produced by stimulation over these intervals reached an apparent asymptote after 2 or 3 stimulus presentations. These response decrements were unambiguously associated with stimulus presentation for the lick suppression measure, but nonspecific decremental effects may have contributed to the startle response decrements. After these long-term decrements had reached asymptote, 300 stimulus presentations with 1-sec interstimulus intervals produced further response decrements, but these decrements recovered completely within 24 hr., responsiveness returning to the previously established long-term asymptote. The data show that unreinforced stimulus presentations can produce both relatively permanent response decrements and apparently independent short-term decrements. The data also suggest that long-term retention may be more generally characteristic of habituation than is usually assumed.", "contents": "Long-term retention of the habituation of lick suppression and startle response produced by a single auditory stimulus. Response decrement produced by a single, 2-sec, 98 dB, auditory stimulus in rats was retained without detectable loss for intervals ranging from approximately 30 sec to 30 days. Response decrements produced by stimulation over these intervals reached an apparent asymptote after 2 or 3 stimulus presentations. These response decrements were unambiguously associated with stimulus presentation for the lick suppression measure, but nonspecific decremental effects may have contributed to the startle response decrements. After these long-term decrements had reached asymptote, 300 stimulus presentations with 1-sec interstimulus intervals produced further response decrements, but these decrements recovered completely within 24 hr., responsiveness returning to the previously established long-term asymptote. The data show that unreinforced stimulus presentations can produce both relatively permanent response decrements and apparently independent short-term decrements. The data also suggest that long-term retention may be more generally characteristic of habituation than is usually assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:939953", "title": "Interaction versus independence of startle-modification processes in the rat.", "content": "In a series of experiments it was found that the amount of inhibition produced by a weak acoustic stimulus occurring 64 msec prior to a startle-eliciting stimulus is unaffected by a second weak acoustic stimulus occurring 4 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus. Likewise, the amount of latency reduction produced by an antecedent stimulus with a 4-msec lead time is unaffected by the presence of an antecedent stimulus with a 64-msec lead time. Finally, it was found that both the amount of inhibition produced by a prestimulus with a 64-msec lead time and the amount of latency reduction produced by a prestimulus with a 4-msec lead time are independent of the intensity of the startle-eliciting stimulus. These findings suggest that the inhibition effect is independent of the latency reduction effect and that both are independent of the absolute level of activation in the neural mechanisms responsible for the overt startle response.", "contents": "Interaction versus independence of startle-modification processes in the rat. In a series of experiments it was found that the amount of inhibition produced by a weak acoustic stimulus occurring 64 msec prior to a startle-eliciting stimulus is unaffected by a second weak acoustic stimulus occurring 4 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus. Likewise, the amount of latency reduction produced by an antecedent stimulus with a 4-msec lead time is unaffected by the presence of an antecedent stimulus with a 64-msec lead time. Finally, it was found that both the amount of inhibition produced by a prestimulus with a 64-msec lead time and the amount of latency reduction produced by a prestimulus with a 4-msec lead time are independent of the intensity of the startle-eliciting stimulus. These findings suggest that the inhibition effect is independent of the latency reduction effect and that both are independent of the absolute level of activation in the neural mechanisms responsible for the overt startle response."}
{"id": "PMID:939954", "title": "Modification of ducklings' filial behavior by aversive stimulation.", "content": "Three experiments examined the effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting. In Experiment 1, newly hatched ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of an imprinting stimulus, and both their tendency to follow the stimulus when it was presented alone and their preference for it over novel stimuli were subsequently assessed. The results indicated that the shock enhanced the subjects' tendency to follow the imprinting stimulus in the nonchoice situation regardless of whether the ducklings were shocked in its presence or absence. If, however, the electrical shocks were associated with the presence of the imprinting stimulus, they also reversed the ducklings' usual preference for the imprinting object over the novel stimuli. Comparable effects were obtained in the second experiment in which 5-day-old ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of a novel, fear-eliciting imprinting stimulus. In Experiment 3, electrical shock was administered to newly hatched ducklings independently of their exposure to an imprinting stimulus, and it was found that, relative to older ducklings that received the same treatment, the newly hatched subjects subsequently displayed less emotionally in fear-eliciting situations. The results were interpreted as suggesting that there are at least three distinct effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting-motivational, associative, and developmental.", "contents": "Modification of ducklings' filial behavior by aversive stimulation. Three experiments examined the effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting. In Experiment 1, newly hatched ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of an imprinting stimulus, and both their tendency to follow the stimulus when it was presented alone and their preference for it over novel stimuli were subsequently assessed. The results indicated that the shock enhanced the subjects' tendency to follow the imprinting stimulus in the nonchoice situation regardless of whether the ducklings were shocked in its presence or absence. If, however, the electrical shocks were associated with the presence of the imprinting stimulus, they also reversed the ducklings' usual preference for the imprinting object over the novel stimuli. Comparable effects were obtained in the second experiment in which 5-day-old ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of a novel, fear-eliciting imprinting stimulus. In Experiment 3, electrical shock was administered to newly hatched ducklings independently of their exposure to an imprinting stimulus, and it was found that, relative to older ducklings that received the same treatment, the newly hatched subjects subsequently displayed less emotionally in fear-eliciting situations. The results were interpreted as suggesting that there are at least three distinct effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting-motivational, associative, and developmental."}
{"id": "PMID:939955", "title": "How x-rays inhibit amphibian limb regeneration.", "content": "The effects of an inhibiting dose of 2,000 rad of X-rays on the regenerating limbs of axolotl larvae have been examined in a histological and cytological study. Particular attention was paid to the mitotic indices of normal and irradiated epidermal and blastemal cells. Both the characteristic pattern of epidermal mitotic stimulation which normally follows amputation and the later increase in blastemal mitoses are suppressed by irradiation. In most cells the effects are permanent, but in a small proportion a mitotic delay is induced and upon subsequent division chromosome damage in the form of micronuclei is revealed. Thus irradiated cells which do divide almost certainly die. These results are discussed in relation to other theories of X-ray inhibition of regeneration with particular reference to the view that irradiated cells can be reactivated.", "contents": "How x-rays inhibit amphibian limb regeneration. The effects of an inhibiting dose of 2,000 rad of X-rays on the regenerating limbs of axolotl larvae have been examined in a histological and cytological study. Particular attention was paid to the mitotic indices of normal and irradiated epidermal and blastemal cells. Both the characteristic pattern of epidermal mitotic stimulation which normally follows amputation and the later increase in blastemal mitoses are suppressed by irradiation. In most cells the effects are permanent, but in a small proportion a mitotic delay is induced and upon subsequent division chromosome damage in the form of micronuclei is revealed. Thus irradiated cells which do divide almost certainly die. These results are discussed in relation to other theories of X-ray inhibition of regeneration with particular reference to the view that irradiated cells can be reactivated."}
{"id": "PMID:939956", "title": "Sperm proteinase release during fertilization of rabbit ova.", "content": "Proteinase activity was found to be present along the sides of sperm penetration tunnels through the zonae pellucidae of rabbit ova using silver-proteinate staining techniques. This is the first direct confirmation of the generally accepted concept of sperm penetration by proteinase release and digestion of the zona pellucida.", "contents": "Sperm proteinase release during fertilization of rabbit ova. Proteinase activity was found to be present along the sides of sperm penetration tunnels through the zonae pellucidae of rabbit ova using silver-proteinate staining techniques. This is the first direct confirmation of the generally accepted concept of sperm penetration by proteinase release and digestion of the zona pellucida."}
{"id": "PMID:939957", "title": "Fertilization acid of sea urchin eggs is not a consequence of cortical granule exocytosis.", "content": "Sea urchin eggs treated with 10 mM NHC1 release a \"fertilization acid\" although cortical granule exocytosis does not take place. If the eggs are inseminated following ammonia activation, the cortical reaction occurs and a fertilization membrane elevates in the absence of detectable acid release. Examination by electron microscopy of eggs fixed between ammonia activation and insemination confirms the presence of intact granules. Thus, the fertilization acid is not caused by the release of the cortical granules. Ammonia treatment of fertilized eggs stimulates further release of acid. The release of acid can occur repeatedly in ammonia activated eggs if they are washed into normal seawater between successive ammonia treatments. Our results suggest that the release of fertilization acid is related to some metabolic process which can be turned \"on or off\".", "contents": "Fertilization acid of sea urchin eggs is not a consequence of cortical granule exocytosis. Sea urchin eggs treated with 10 mM NHC1 release a \"fertilization acid\" although cortical granule exocytosis does not take place. If the eggs are inseminated following ammonia activation, the cortical reaction occurs and a fertilization membrane elevates in the absence of detectable acid release. Examination by electron microscopy of eggs fixed between ammonia activation and insemination confirms the presence of intact granules. Thus, the fertilization acid is not caused by the release of the cortical granules. Ammonia treatment of fertilized eggs stimulates further release of acid. The release of acid can occur repeatedly in ammonia activated eggs if they are washed into normal seawater between successive ammonia treatments. Our results suggest that the release of fertilization acid is related to some metabolic process which can be turned \"on or off\"."}
{"id": "PMID:939958", "title": "Mouse sperm genotype and the rate of egg penetration in vitro.", "content": "(C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 mouse eggs were incubated in vitro with either F1 or outbred TO sperm for 15 minutes-6 hours. Upon removal from the sperm suspensions some eggs were treated with pronase to remove zonae and then cultured, while the remainder were simply cultured to allow a comparison of the fertilization rates in the two groups. Although a brief incubation was sufficient for a high rate of fertilization when the zonae remained intact, results from the zona-free eggs indicated that penetration, i.e., sperm fusion with the vitellus, had not been achieved in all eggs during the shorter incubations. Results from the latter groups of eggs indicated that a 1 hour incubation with TO sperm and a 2 hour incubation with F1 sperm were needed to obtain a mean fertilization rate of 50%. Fertilization was complete within 1.5 hours using TO sperm and 2.5 hours using F1 sperm, thus indicating that under similar environmental conditions sperm genotype can significantly affect the rate of penetration.", "contents": "Mouse sperm genotype and the rate of egg penetration in vitro. (C57BL/10 X CBA)F1 mouse eggs were incubated in vitro with either F1 or outbred TO sperm for 15 minutes-6 hours. Upon removal from the sperm suspensions some eggs were treated with pronase to remove zonae and then cultured, while the remainder were simply cultured to allow a comparison of the fertilization rates in the two groups. Although a brief incubation was sufficient for a high rate of fertilization when the zonae remained intact, results from the zona-free eggs indicated that penetration, i.e., sperm fusion with the vitellus, had not been achieved in all eggs during the shorter incubations. Results from the latter groups of eggs indicated that a 1 hour incubation with TO sperm and a 2 hour incubation with F1 sperm were needed to obtain a mean fertilization rate of 50%. Fertilization was complete within 1.5 hours using TO sperm and 2.5 hours using F1 sperm, thus indicating that under similar environmental conditions sperm genotype can significantly affect the rate of penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:939959", "title": "In vitro utilization of exogenous procollagen by embryonic tooth germs.", "content": "Embryonic mouse tooth germs treated with L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid cease their development, undergo a regression of the enamel organ, and do not maintain the histological characteristics of the explanted dental organ. On the other hand if procollagen is added exogenously to explants continously treated with L-azetidine, the effects of the inhibitor are not seen and the tissue is maintained. Thus, exogenously supplied procollagen supports morphogenesis in tooth rudiments that are unable to synthesize procollagen.", "contents": "In vitro utilization of exogenous procollagen by embryonic tooth germs. Embryonic mouse tooth germs treated with L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid cease their development, undergo a regression of the enamel organ, and do not maintain the histological characteristics of the explanted dental organ. On the other hand if procollagen is added exogenously to explants continously treated with L-azetidine, the effects of the inhibitor are not seen and the tissue is maintained. Thus, exogenously supplied procollagen supports morphogenesis in tooth rudiments that are unable to synthesize procollagen."}
{"id": "PMID:939960", "title": "Na is essential for activation of the inseminated sea urchin egg.", "content": "The presence of at least 2.5 mM Na during the first several min after insemination is required for the activation of sea urchin eggs. Of those chemical species examined that exist entirely as cations, and which did not activate the unfertilized egg, only Li substitutes for Na. Ammonium and other amines, with pKa values between 9 and 10.8, in the complete absence of Na (a) can induce nuclear activation of unfertilized eggs, and (b) permit the development of the early fertilized egg through the stage that normally requires Na.", "contents": "Na is essential for activation of the inseminated sea urchin egg. The presence of at least 2.5 mM Na during the first several min after insemination is required for the activation of sea urchin eggs. Of those chemical species examined that exist entirely as cations, and which did not activate the unfertilized egg, only Li substitutes for Na. Ammonium and other amines, with pKa values between 9 and 10.8, in the complete absence of Na (a) can induce nuclear activation of unfertilized eggs, and (b) permit the development of the early fertilized egg through the stage that normally requires Na."}
{"id": "PMID:939961", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of sea urchin fertilization. I. Eggs with vitelline layers.", "content": "The surface coats of sea urchin eggs and the events of fertilization which take place on these surfaces were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gametes of Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus were considered in detail; eggs of seven other echinoids were examined for comparative purposes. Jelly coats, preserved by varying the pH of fixation, were found to vary in morphology and solubility properties between species. The vitelline layers of the nine echinoids are characterized by arrays of projections which are impressions of cytoplasmic microvilli in the vitelline layer. After sperm bind to the egg surface via the acrosomal process, fine filaments, apparently an egg response to insemination, further connect some sperm heads and tails to the egg. The cortical reactions spread out as a wave from where the fertilizing sperm fused with the egg; separation of the vitelline layer proceeds as a smooth wave from S. purpuratus eggs and as a series of localized separations in L. pictus eggs. The fertilization membranes of S. purpuratus and Allocentrotus fragilis zygotes are expanded replicas of their respective vitelline layers, suggesting that fertilization membranes are formed by an unfolding of the vitelline layer.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of sea urchin fertilization. I. Eggs with vitelline layers. The surface coats of sea urchin eggs and the events of fertilization which take place on these surfaces were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gametes of Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus were considered in detail; eggs of seven other echinoids were examined for comparative purposes. Jelly coats, preserved by varying the pH of fixation, were found to vary in morphology and solubility properties between species. The vitelline layers of the nine echinoids are characterized by arrays of projections which are impressions of cytoplasmic microvilli in the vitelline layer. After sperm bind to the egg surface via the acrosomal process, fine filaments, apparently an egg response to insemination, further connect some sperm heads and tails to the egg. The cortical reactions spread out as a wave from where the fertilizing sperm fused with the egg; separation of the vitelline layer proceeds as a smooth wave from S. purpuratus eggs and as a series of localized separations in L. pictus eggs. The fertilization membranes of S. purpuratus and Allocentrotus fragilis zygotes are expanded replicas of their respective vitelline layers, suggesting that fertilization membranes are formed by an unfolding of the vitelline layer."}
{"id": "PMID:939962", "title": "Regional differences between nuclear concentration of (3H) estradiol and (3H) progesterone and their action on the uterus of rat during delayed implantation.", "content": "The cellular and subcellular localization of radioactivity by dry-mount autoradiography was studied at 5, 15 and 30 minutes after intraluminal or at 5, 15, and 60 minutes after subcutaneous administration of (3H) estradiol or (3H) progesterone to rats in which implantation was delayed by ovariectomy on day 3 post-coitum, followed by treatment with progesterone. After intraluminal instillation of (3H) estradiol or (3H) progesterone, radioactivity was cleared from the uterine lumen at 5 minutes. After intraluminal as well as subcutaneous injection of (3H) estradiol, radioactivity was concentrated at all time intervals in the nuclei of cells of the substantia propria, glands and muscularis, but not in the luminal epithelium. White blood cells and endothelial cells were unlabeled, while perivascular cells showed concentration of radioactivity. After intraluminal instillation of (3H) progesterone, radioactivity was retained in the cytoplasm of the luminal epithelium at 5 and 15 minutes, while no such concentration appeared after subcutaneous injection. No selective nuclear retention was observed in the luminal epithelium, in contrast to the substantia propria and muscularis. The autoradiographic results indicate that progesterone treatment simulating the conditions of early pregnancy, changes the uptake affinity of uterine tissues for (3H) estradiol. The lack of a detectable concentration of estrogen within nuclei of the luminal epithelium does not preclude hormone action. Possible mechanisms of metabolic activation of the uterine luminal epithelium in the apparent absence of concentration of (3H) estradiol to nuclei of the luminal epithelium are discussed.", "contents": "Regional differences between nuclear concentration of (3H) estradiol and (3H) progesterone and their action on the uterus of rat during delayed implantation. The cellular and subcellular localization of radioactivity by dry-mount autoradiography was studied at 5, 15 and 30 minutes after intraluminal or at 5, 15, and 60 minutes after subcutaneous administration of (3H) estradiol or (3H) progesterone to rats in which implantation was delayed by ovariectomy on day 3 post-coitum, followed by treatment with progesterone. After intraluminal instillation of (3H) estradiol or (3H) progesterone, radioactivity was cleared from the uterine lumen at 5 minutes. After intraluminal as well as subcutaneous injection of (3H) estradiol, radioactivity was concentrated at all time intervals in the nuclei of cells of the substantia propria, glands and muscularis, but not in the luminal epithelium. White blood cells and endothelial cells were unlabeled, while perivascular cells showed concentration of radioactivity. After intraluminal instillation of (3H) progesterone, radioactivity was retained in the cytoplasm of the luminal epithelium at 5 and 15 minutes, while no such concentration appeared after subcutaneous injection. No selective nuclear retention was observed in the luminal epithelium, in contrast to the substantia propria and muscularis. The autoradiographic results indicate that progesterone treatment simulating the conditions of early pregnancy, changes the uptake affinity of uterine tissues for (3H) estradiol. The lack of a detectable concentration of estrogen within nuclei of the luminal epithelium does not preclude hormone action. Possible mechanisms of metabolic activation of the uterine luminal epithelium in the apparent absence of concentration of (3H) estradiol to nuclei of the luminal epithelium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:939963", "title": "Effects of seasonal and social factors on testicular activity and hormone levels in domestic pigeons.", "content": "Testicular morphology and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol-17beta were compared in paired (n = 8) and unpaired (n = 7) racing pigeons killed in December. The birds were housed mixed together under natural lighting conditions in two unheated lofts which contained no nesting facilities, in Kiel (54 degrees N), Germany. The paired birds had been paired for at least two months. Testicular weights and diameters of tubules were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in paired (1.64 +/- 0.25 gm; 218 +/- 12 mum) than in unpaired birds (0.79 +/- 0.25 gm; 165 +/- 20 mum). The testes of paired birds were spermatogenetically more active than those of unpaired birds. Plasma concentrations of some hormones concerned with reproduction were, in paired and unpaired birds respectively: LH, 2.28 +/- 0.43 ng/ml and 0.98 +/- 0.36 ng/ml (significantly different, p less than 0.1); testosterone, 1.24 +/- 0.51 ng/ml and 0.59 +/- 0.12 ng/ml (not significantly different); progesterone, 0.58 +/- 0.08 ng/ml and 0.90 +/- 0.12 ng/ml (sifnificantly different, p less than 0.05); and estradiol-17beta, 16.3 +/- 0.95 pg/ml and 18.7 +/- 2.25 pg/ml (not significantly different). Thus, the stimulatory effects of a mate on gonadotropin secretion and gonadal activity which have often been reported for female ring doves and domestic pigeons are also demonstrable in males during the late fall. Seasonal testicular regression in the unpaired males at this time of year was not prevented by the presence of paired females.", "contents": "Effects of seasonal and social factors on testicular activity and hormone levels in domestic pigeons. Testicular morphology and plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol-17beta were compared in paired (n = 8) and unpaired (n = 7) racing pigeons killed in December. The birds were housed mixed together under natural lighting conditions in two unheated lofts which contained no nesting facilities, in Kiel (54 degrees N), Germany. The paired birds had been paired for at least two months. Testicular weights and diameters of tubules were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in paired (1.64 +/- 0.25 gm; 218 +/- 12 mum) than in unpaired birds (0.79 +/- 0.25 gm; 165 +/- 20 mum). The testes of paired birds were spermatogenetically more active than those of unpaired birds. Plasma concentrations of some hormones concerned with reproduction were, in paired and unpaired birds respectively: LH, 2.28 +/- 0.43 ng/ml and 0.98 +/- 0.36 ng/ml (significantly different, p less than 0.1); testosterone, 1.24 +/- 0.51 ng/ml and 0.59 +/- 0.12 ng/ml (not significantly different); progesterone, 0.58 +/- 0.08 ng/ml and 0.90 +/- 0.12 ng/ml (sifnificantly different, p less than 0.05); and estradiol-17beta, 16.3 +/- 0.95 pg/ml and 18.7 +/- 2.25 pg/ml (not significantly different). Thus, the stimulatory effects of a mate on gonadotropin secretion and gonadal activity which have often been reported for female ring doves and domestic pigeons are also demonstrable in males during the late fall. Seasonal testicular regression in the unpaired males at this time of year was not prevented by the presence of paired females."}
{"id": "PMID:939964", "title": "The effect of metabolites of testosterone on the development of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa in the epididymis of castrated hamsters.", "content": "The effects of testosterone, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone; 5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-androstanediol; 3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-androstanediol; 3beta-diol) on the development of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa in the epididymis were compared in castrated hamsters. The left corpus epididymidis was ligated for 14 days in intact and castrated animals to prevent the in-flow of spermatozoa into the cauda epididymidis and the ductuli efferentes were bilaterally ligated. The fertilization rate of spermatozoa in the left cauda epididymidis of control animals decreased to 71.1% after 14 days whereas that of spermatozoa in the unobstructed right cauda epididymis remained at the control level of 100%. After castration, 50 mug testosterone, 25 mug 5alpha-DHT and only 9 mug 3alpha-diol/day were the minimal doses that facilitated normal development of fertilizing ability but 75 mug testosterone, 37.5 mug 5alpha-DHT and 12.5 mug 3alpha-diol/day were required to maintain sperm survival at the control level. However, 3beta-diol was ineffective for both sperm maturation and survival.", "contents": "The effect of metabolites of testosterone on the development of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa in the epididymis of castrated hamsters. The effects of testosterone, 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone; 5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-androstanediol; 3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol (3beta-androstanediol; 3beta-diol) on the development of fertilizing ability by spermatozoa in the epididymis were compared in castrated hamsters. The left corpus epididymidis was ligated for 14 days in intact and castrated animals to prevent the in-flow of spermatozoa into the cauda epididymidis and the ductuli efferentes were bilaterally ligated. The fertilization rate of spermatozoa in the left cauda epididymidis of control animals decreased to 71.1% after 14 days whereas that of spermatozoa in the unobstructed right cauda epididymis remained at the control level of 100%. After castration, 50 mug testosterone, 25 mug 5alpha-DHT and only 9 mug 3alpha-diol/day were the minimal doses that facilitated normal development of fertilizing ability but 75 mug testosterone, 37.5 mug 5alpha-DHT and 12.5 mug 3alpha-diol/day were required to maintain sperm survival at the control level. However, 3beta-diol was ineffective for both sperm maturation and survival."}
{"id": "PMID:939965", "title": "The termination of thalamo-cortical fibres in the visual cortex of the cat.", "content": "An electron microscopic study has been made of the site and mode of termination of thalamo-cortical fibres in area 17 of the visual cortex of the cat. Thalamo-cortical fibres had been selectively interrupted 4-5 days before perfusion of the brain. In agreement with previous studies, degenerating axon terminals were found in layer I, in the deep part of layer III, and in layer IV of the cortex. In addition, a few degenerating thalamo-cortical axon terminals were found making synapses upon spines and small dendrites in layer VI. Two examples were seen of degenerating axon terminals making axo-dendritic synapses upon dendrites in continuity with their cell bodies. These neurons were not large stellate cells and were probably pyramidal.", "contents": "The termination of thalamo-cortical fibres in the visual cortex of the cat. An electron microscopic study has been made of the site and mode of termination of thalamo-cortical fibres in area 17 of the visual cortex of the cat. Thalamo-cortical fibres had been selectively interrupted 4-5 days before perfusion of the brain. In agreement with previous studies, degenerating axon terminals were found in layer I, in the deep part of layer III, and in layer IV of the cortex. In addition, a few degenerating thalamo-cortical axon terminals were found making synapses upon spines and small dendrites in layer VI. Two examples were seen of degenerating axon terminals making axo-dendritic synapses upon dendrites in continuity with their cell bodies. These neurons were not large stellate cells and were probably pyramidal."}
{"id": "PMID:939966", "title": "Some cytochemical and cytological features of the so-called SIF cells of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat.", "content": "The properties of uptake and storage of dopamine and noradrenaline of the SIF cells of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat were tested, using the radioautographic method. Their ability to store exogenous catecholamines appears very poor under the present experimental conditions, in spite of the great number of storage vesicles they usually contain. This situation may be related either to the absence of a high affinity uptake mechanism in the SIF cell membrane or to a normal saturation of SIF cells in catecholamine. Cytological peculiarities of nerve terminals on SIF cells were pointed out. Dense patches attached to the inner face of the SIF cell membrane suggest a local release of vesicular contents, with further functional implications.", "contents": "Some cytochemical and cytological features of the so-called SIF cells of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. The properties of uptake and storage of dopamine and noradrenaline of the SIF cells of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat were tested, using the radioautographic method. Their ability to store exogenous catecholamines appears very poor under the present experimental conditions, in spite of the great number of storage vesicles they usually contain. This situation may be related either to the absence of a high affinity uptake mechanism in the SIF cell membrane or to a normal saturation of SIF cells in catecholamine. Cytological peculiarities of nerve terminals on SIF cells were pointed out. Dense patches attached to the inner face of the SIF cell membrane suggest a local release of vesicular contents, with further functional implications."}
{"id": "PMID:939967", "title": "A method to correct adequately for the change in neuronal size when estimating neuronal numbers after nerve growth factor treatment.", "content": "A method is described to compute the correct distribution of nuclear diameters in thick sections of superior cervical ganglia of rats from the observed distribution of nuclear profiles. This method is applicable to the problem of correcting for the differing diameters of cells observed after treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF). It overcomes the errors due to the failure to count small fragments of nuclei too thin to be seen and the multiple counting of nuclei in more than one section. It has been shown that the changes in number of neurons after NGF treatment were not as large as previously supposed. An estimate of the volume occupied by the cell bodies suggests that the numbers calculated here are correct.", "contents": "A method to correct adequately for the change in neuronal size when estimating neuronal numbers after nerve growth factor treatment. A method is described to compute the correct distribution of nuclear diameters in thick sections of superior cervical ganglia of rats from the observed distribution of nuclear profiles. This method is applicable to the problem of correcting for the differing diameters of cells observed after treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF). It overcomes the errors due to the failure to count small fragments of nuclei too thin to be seen and the multiple counting of nuclei in more than one section. It has been shown that the changes in number of neurons after NGF treatment were not as large as previously supposed. An estimate of the volume occupied by the cell bodies suggests that the numbers calculated here are correct."}
{"id": "PMID:939968", "title": "Morphometric analysis of rat superior cervical ganglion after axotomy and nerve growth factor treatment.", "content": "The changes in neuronal number, cell body size and nuclear size have been followed for 12 weeks after postganglionic axotomy of the rat superior cervical ganglion. Axotomy was carried out at 6 days post partum and treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) was from 6-21 days. During normal development there is a 30% decrease in the number of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion; axotomy increases the loss of cells resulting in a 90% decrease by 28 days post partum. The normal decrease is prevented and the enhanced loss of cells after axotomy is decreased by administration of NGF. Thus the increased number of cells observed after NGF administration appears to be due to the survival of cells that otherwise would have degenerated. NGF causes a rapid enlargement of both the cell bodies and the nucleus in the normal and axotomized ganglia. This increase in size rapidly reverses after cessation of treatment. These changes in cell size may account for the previously observed changes in cell profile number with NGF. There is a large increase in the number of non-neuronal cells during normal development and axotomy prevents this increase. NGF treatment results in a 6 fold increase in the number of non-neuronal cells and it is suggested that these are required to support the massive fibre outgrowth that occurs in NGF treated ganglia. It is concluded that these results are consistent with a physiological role for NGF as the trophic substance supporting adrenergic neurons making the appropriate contact with their target cell.", "contents": "Morphometric analysis of rat superior cervical ganglion after axotomy and nerve growth factor treatment. The changes in neuronal number, cell body size and nuclear size have been followed for 12 weeks after postganglionic axotomy of the rat superior cervical ganglion. Axotomy was carried out at 6 days post partum and treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF) was from 6-21 days. During normal development there is a 30% decrease in the number of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion; axotomy increases the loss of cells resulting in a 90% decrease by 28 days post partum. The normal decrease is prevented and the enhanced loss of cells after axotomy is decreased by administration of NGF. Thus the increased number of cells observed after NGF administration appears to be due to the survival of cells that otherwise would have degenerated. NGF causes a rapid enlargement of both the cell bodies and the nucleus in the normal and axotomized ganglia. This increase in size rapidly reverses after cessation of treatment. These changes in cell size may account for the previously observed changes in cell profile number with NGF. There is a large increase in the number of non-neuronal cells during normal development and axotomy prevents this increase. NGF treatment results in a 6 fold increase in the number of non-neuronal cells and it is suggested that these are required to support the massive fibre outgrowth that occurs in NGF treated ganglia. It is concluded that these results are consistent with a physiological role for NGF as the trophic substance supporting adrenergic neurons making the appropriate contact with their target cell."}
{"id": "PMID:939969", "title": "On the occurrence of Schwann cells within the normal central nervous system.", "content": "The presence of Schwann cells and P.N.S. myelin are reported in subpial areas of apparently normal spinal cord from one control rabbit, two experimental rabbits and one experimental guinea pig. These P.N.S. elements exerted no adverse effects upon local C.N.S. components. The occurrence of ectopic Schwann cells in the normal C.N.S. has also been reported elsewhere in studies on normal human spinal cord tissue. The propensity for Schwann cells to reside in the normal C.N.S. of several species makes it necessary for experiments and hypotheses on the aetiology of Schwann cell invasion into the abnormal C.N.S. to take the present phenomenon into consideration.", "contents": "On the occurrence of Schwann cells within the normal central nervous system. The presence of Schwann cells and P.N.S. myelin are reported in subpial areas of apparently normal spinal cord from one control rabbit, two experimental rabbits and one experimental guinea pig. These P.N.S. elements exerted no adverse effects upon local C.N.S. components. The occurrence of ectopic Schwann cells in the normal C.N.S. has also been reported elsewhere in studies on normal human spinal cord tissue. The propensity for Schwann cells to reside in the normal C.N.S. of several species makes it necessary for experiments and hypotheses on the aetiology of Schwann cell invasion into the abnormal C.N.S. to take the present phenomenon into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:939970", "title": "Radiotherapy and CCNU in the treatment of high-grade supratentorial astrocytomas.", "content": "Forty-one consecutive patients with supratentorial primary brain tumors (38 Grade III and IV astrocytomas, one giant-cell astrocytoma, and two cases with insufficient tissue for diagnosis) were randomly allocated within 2 weeks of surgery to one of three therapeutic groups. Group 1 (15 patients) received radiation therapy totaling 4000 to 4500 rads in 4 to 5 weeks. Group 2 (13 patients) received 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU) 130 mg/sq m orally every 6 weeks. Group 3 (13 patients) received radiation therapy plus CCNU as for Groups 1 and 2. When the disease progressed, patients in Groups 1 and 2 were crossed over to receive CCNU and irradiation respectively. The median survival time in these groups was 188, 259, and 252 days, and the mean survival 263, 262, and 329 days. The median time from diagnosis to crossover (Groups 1 and 2) or to progression (Group 3) was 163, 99, and 220 days, and the mean time was 172, 108, and 231 days. There was no statistically significant difference between the means or medians in any of these situations.", "contents": "Radiotherapy and CCNU in the treatment of high-grade supratentorial astrocytomas. Forty-one consecutive patients with supratentorial primary brain tumors (38 Grade III and IV astrocytomas, one giant-cell astrocytoma, and two cases with insufficient tissue for diagnosis) were randomly allocated within 2 weeks of surgery to one of three therapeutic groups. Group 1 (15 patients) received radiation therapy totaling 4000 to 4500 rads in 4 to 5 weeks. Group 2 (13 patients) received 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea CCNU) 130 mg/sq m orally every 6 weeks. Group 3 (13 patients) received radiation therapy plus CCNU as for Groups 1 and 2. When the disease progressed, patients in Groups 1 and 2 were crossed over to receive CCNU and irradiation respectively. The median survival time in these groups was 188, 259, and 252 days, and the mean survival 263, 262, and 329 days. The median time from diagnosis to crossover (Groups 1 and 2) or to progression (Group 3) was 163, 99, and 220 days, and the mean time was 172, 108, and 231 days. There was no statistically significant difference between the means or medians in any of these situations."}
{"id": "PMID:939971", "title": "Response to vincristine of recurrent brain tumors in children.", "content": "Seventeen children with clinical evidence of a recurrent brain tumor were treated with vincristine 1.5 mg/sq m weekly for 12 weeks with doses on alternate weeks thereafter. Eight of the 16 patients who received four or more doses of vincristine showed significant objective responses; these included patients with high-and low-grade astrocytomas and patients with medulloblastoma. Six of the eight who responded remained asymptomatic for more than 2 years. The toxicity encountered was minimal except for seizures possibly related to vincristine in three children, who were able to resume treatment. Vincristine therapy results in long-term regression in a wide variety of pediatric brain tumors and causes little or no toxicity.", "contents": "Response to vincristine of recurrent brain tumors in children. Seventeen children with clinical evidence of a recurrent brain tumor were treated with vincristine 1.5 mg/sq m weekly for 12 weeks with doses on alternate weeks thereafter. Eight of the 16 patients who received four or more doses of vincristine showed significant objective responses; these included patients with high-and low-grade astrocytomas and patients with medulloblastoma. Six of the eight who responded remained asymptomatic for more than 2 years. The toxicity encountered was minimal except for seizures possibly related to vincristine in three children, who were able to resume treatment. Vincristine therapy results in long-term regression in a wide variety of pediatric brain tumors and causes little or no toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:939972", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on experimental brain edema in cats.", "content": "The authors studied the effects of dexamethasone, 0.3 mg/kg/hr administered intravenously beginning 1 hour before injury, in adult cats with brain edema secondary to cold-induced cortical lesions. Edema was quantitatively measured in cortex, gyral white matter, and central (deep) white matter at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours, with and without dexamethasone, by determining specific gravity (density) of samples in a continuous gradient column. Cold-induced lesions resulted in edema, which was greatest in the white matter of the injured hemisphere but also present in the contralateral hemisphere. Except for a slight but significant increase in density (decreased edema) of cortex at 24 hours, dexamethasone therapy resulted in no reduction of cold-induced edema, and in some cases increased the edema.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on experimental brain edema in cats. The authors studied the effects of dexamethasone, 0.3 mg/kg/hr administered intravenously beginning 1 hour before injury, in adult cats with brain edema secondary to cold-induced cortical lesions. Edema was quantitatively measured in cortex, gyral white matter, and central (deep) white matter at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours, with and without dexamethasone, by determining specific gravity (density) of samples in a continuous gradient column. Cold-induced lesions resulted in edema, which was greatest in the white matter of the injured hemisphere but also present in the contralateral hemisphere. Except for a slight but significant increase in density (decreased edema) of cortex at 24 hours, dexamethasone therapy resulted in no reduction of cold-induced edema, and in some cases increased the edema."}
{"id": "PMID:939973", "title": "Postoperative hypertension in the management of patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms.", "content": "Elevation of systemic arterial pressure in seven patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms has been shown to be effective in alleviating ischemic symptoms attributed to cerebral vasospasm. Autoregulation is at least partially lost in patients with cerebral hemodynamic crisis. Blood volume expansion was used to augment vasopressors in maintenance of systemic hypertension. The management of these cases is discussed. Caution in the use of this technique is advised, since the regimen is not without risk.", "contents": "Postoperative hypertension in the management of patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms. Elevation of systemic arterial pressure in seven patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms has been shown to be effective in alleviating ischemic symptoms attributed to cerebral vasospasm. Autoregulation is at least partially lost in patients with cerebral hemodynamic crisis. Blood volume expansion was used to augment vasopressors in maintenance of systemic hypertension. The management of these cases is discussed. Caution in the use of this technique is advised, since the regimen is not without risk."}
{"id": "PMID:939974", "title": "A method of estimating intracranial decompensation in man.", "content": "A new method of estimating intracranial decompensation in man is described. An on-line computer system is connected to an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring system to compute regression plots of mean ICP vs standard deviation; standard deviation is used as a measure of ICP instability. Two zones with distinctly different slopes are a characteristic feature of these plots. It is thought that the changes of slope signify intracranial decompensation.", "contents": "A method of estimating intracranial decompensation in man. A new method of estimating intracranial decompensation in man is described. An on-line computer system is connected to an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring system to compute regression plots of mean ICP vs standard deviation; standard deviation is used as a measure of ICP instability. Two zones with distinctly different slopes are a characteristic feature of these plots. It is thought that the changes of slope signify intracranial decompensation."}
{"id": "PMID:939975", "title": "Intercavernous connections of the cavernous sinuses. The superior and inferior circular sinuses.", "content": "Morphological features of the intercavernous connections of the cavernous sinuses are described and illustrated by photographs of vinylite casts. Surgeons should be aware of the course, potential size, and arrangement of the channels in the dura of the hypophyseal fossa. This is particularly important in exposure of pituitary gland by the transpheniodal route.", "contents": "Intercavernous connections of the cavernous sinuses. The superior and inferior circular sinuses. Morphological features of the intercavernous connections of the cavernous sinuses are described and illustrated by photographs of vinylite casts. Surgeons should be aware of the course, potential size, and arrangement of the channels in the dura of the hypophyseal fossa. This is particularly important in exposure of pituitary gland by the transpheniodal route."}
{"id": "PMID:939976", "title": "Anatomy of the cavernous sinus. A microsurgical study.", "content": "Fifty cavernous sinuses from cadavers were studied in detail using magnification, with special attention to the relationships important in surgical approaches on the intracavernous structures, and to understanding arterial contributions to arteriovenous fistulas involving the cavernous sinus. Significant findings were: 1) The three main branches of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery were the meningohypopyseal artery, present in 100% of the specimens, the artery of the inferior cavernous sinus (84%), and McConnell's capsular arteries (28%). In addition, the ophthalmic and dorsal meningeal arteries arose from the carotid artery within the cavernous sinus in 8% and 6%, respectively. The three main branches of the meningohypopyseal trunk were the tentorial artery, present in 100%, the dorsal meningeal (90%), and the inferior hypophyseal (80%). 2) The carotid artery was separated from the trigeminal nerve just proximal to the sinus by only dura in 84% of the specimens, and the artery was exposed in the floor of the middle fossa lateral to the trigeminal nerve in 38%. 3) The intracavernous portion of the carotid artery indented the lateral side of the pituitary gland in 28% of dissections but could be as far as 7 mm from it. 4) A triangular area, described by Parkinson, through which the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery could be exposed surgically was found in all specimens. 5) The sixth cranial nerve may split into as many as five rootlets as it passes lateral to the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery. 6) The three major venous spaces within the sinus were posterosuperior, anteroinferior, and medial to the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery.", "contents": "Anatomy of the cavernous sinus. A microsurgical study. Fifty cavernous sinuses from cadavers were studied in detail using magnification, with special attention to the relationships important in surgical approaches on the intracavernous structures, and to understanding arterial contributions to arteriovenous fistulas involving the cavernous sinus. Significant findings were: 1) The three main branches of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery were the meningohypopyseal artery, present in 100% of the specimens, the artery of the inferior cavernous sinus (84%), and McConnell's capsular arteries (28%). In addition, the ophthalmic and dorsal meningeal arteries arose from the carotid artery within the cavernous sinus in 8% and 6%, respectively. The three main branches of the meningohypopyseal trunk were the tentorial artery, present in 100%, the dorsal meningeal (90%), and the inferior hypophyseal (80%). 2) The carotid artery was separated from the trigeminal nerve just proximal to the sinus by only dura in 84% of the specimens, and the artery was exposed in the floor of the middle fossa lateral to the trigeminal nerve in 38%. 3) The intracavernous portion of the carotid artery indented the lateral side of the pituitary gland in 28% of dissections but could be as far as 7 mm from it. 4) A triangular area, described by Parkinson, through which the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery could be exposed surgically was found in all specimens. 5) The sixth cranial nerve may split into as many as five rootlets as it passes lateral to the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery. 6) The three major venous spaces within the sinus were posterosuperior, anteroinferior, and medial to the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:939977", "title": "Radiosotope evaluation of experimental hydrosyringomyelia.", "content": "Kaolin-induced hydrosyringomyelia in dogs has been investigated by radioisotope ventriculography using both cerebrospinal fluid radioassay and scintigraphy. The hydromyelic central canal can be differentiated from the spinal subarachnoid space by scintigraphy, Serial studies show that hydromyelia arises rapidly to decompress the associated hydrocephalus in surviving animals. Syringomyelia, after a delayed onset, originates from the enlarged central canal. Radioisotope ventriculography may be a useful clinical aid in the diagnosis of hydrosyringomyelia.", "contents": "Radiosotope evaluation of experimental hydrosyringomyelia. Kaolin-induced hydrosyringomyelia in dogs has been investigated by radioisotope ventriculography using both cerebrospinal fluid radioassay and scintigraphy. The hydromyelic central canal can be differentiated from the spinal subarachnoid space by scintigraphy, Serial studies show that hydromyelia arises rapidly to decompress the associated hydrocephalus in surviving animals. Syringomyelia, after a delayed onset, originates from the enlarged central canal. Radioisotope ventriculography may be a useful clinical aid in the diagnosis of hydrosyringomyelia."}
{"id": "PMID:939978", "title": "Clinical radiosotope investigations in hydrosyringomyelia and myelodysplasia.", "content": "Radioisotope ventriculography was applied clinically in myelodysplastic hydromyelia in three groups of patients: two patients with normal ventricles, two with obstructive hydrocephalus, and 16 with myelodysplasia. In the myelodysplastic group, radioassay in one patient demonstrated flow of radioistope down the hydromyelic cavity. Twenty scintigraphic studies on 16 myelodysplastic patients showed hydromyelia was present in all patients with spontaneously compensated hydrocephalus but in none of those with functional ventricular shunts. This relation between the hydromyelia and disordered ventricular hydrodynamics supports the Gardner hypothesis of myelodysplasia. Radioisotope ventriculography appears a safe and useful method of diagnosing hydrosyringomyelia and evaluating treatment by means of ventricular decompression.", "contents": "Clinical radiosotope investigations in hydrosyringomyelia and myelodysplasia. Radioisotope ventriculography was applied clinically in myelodysplastic hydromyelia in three groups of patients: two patients with normal ventricles, two with obstructive hydrocephalus, and 16 with myelodysplasia. In the myelodysplastic group, radioassay in one patient demonstrated flow of radioistope down the hydromyelic cavity. Twenty scintigraphic studies on 16 myelodysplastic patients showed hydromyelia was present in all patients with spontaneously compensated hydrocephalus but in none of those with functional ventricular shunts. This relation between the hydromyelia and disordered ventricular hydrodynamics supports the Gardner hypothesis of myelodysplasia. Radioisotope ventriculography appears a safe and useful method of diagnosing hydrosyringomyelia and evaluating treatment by means of ventricular decompression."}
{"id": "PMID:939979", "title": "Late results of cervical disc surgery.", "content": "Late results of cervical disc surgery have been reported and statistically studied in 383 cases: 83% were lateral discs, 13% were central spondylosis discs, and 4% central soft discs. Central spondylosis occured at a higher spinal level, and caused cord compression with or without weakness of the hands, but no pain. A posterior approach was used in all lateral discs, and either an anterior or a posterior approach, with or without fusion, for central discs. Preoperative myelography was always done and is recommended postoperatively in central disc surgery to evaluate the results. Our results were good to excellent in 95% of lateral discs, in 64% of central spondylosis discs, and in an unexpected 91% of 11 cases of central soft discs. There were no recurrences and no serious complications, although 20% developed other cervical or lumbar disc herniations.", "contents": "Late results of cervical disc surgery. Late results of cervical disc surgery have been reported and statistically studied in 383 cases: 83% were lateral discs, 13% were central spondylosis discs, and 4% central soft discs. Central spondylosis occured at a higher spinal level, and caused cord compression with or without weakness of the hands, but no pain. A posterior approach was used in all lateral discs, and either an anterior or a posterior approach, with or without fusion, for central discs. Preoperative myelography was always done and is recommended postoperatively in central disc surgery to evaluate the results. Our results were good to excellent in 95% of lateral discs, in 64% of central spondylosis discs, and in an unexpected 91% of 11 cases of central soft discs. There were no recurrences and no serious complications, although 20% developed other cervical or lumbar disc herniations."}
{"id": "PMID:939980", "title": "Posterior cervical fusion in chidren.", "content": "Six cases of posterior cervical fusion with rib grafts in children are reported. Four of the children had sustained cervical spine injuries in accidents, and two had congenital absence of the odontoid. Three-level fusions (C1-3) were done in four children, and four-level fusions (C1-4) in two. One child died of unrelated causes 3 months after the operation. The other five children have been followed for 5 to 13 years. All are doing well and each has a remarkably supple, stable neck and no neurological deficit.", "contents": "Posterior cervical fusion in chidren. Six cases of posterior cervical fusion with rib grafts in children are reported. Four of the children had sustained cervical spine injuries in accidents, and two had congenital absence of the odontoid. Three-level fusions (C1-3) were done in four children, and four-level fusions (C1-4) in two. One child died of unrelated causes 3 months after the operation. The other five children have been followed for 5 to 13 years. All are doing well and each has a remarkably supple, stable neck and no neurological deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:939981", "title": "Sciatic entrapment neuropathy. Case report.", "content": "A case of sciatic entrapment neuropathy is discussed. When evaluating patients with unilateral leg pain and paresthesias, one should consider the possibility of entrapment of peripheral nerve. Electrodiagnostic studies are helpful in establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Sciatic entrapment neuropathy. Case report. A case of sciatic entrapment neuropathy is discussed. When evaluating patients with unilateral leg pain and paresthesias, one should consider the possibility of entrapment of peripheral nerve. Electrodiagnostic studies are helpful in establishing the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:939982", "title": "Hemorrhage in bilateral choroid plexus hemangiomas demonstrated by computed tomography. Case report.", "content": "The authors present a case in which bilateral posttraumatic hemorrhages in choroid plexus hemangiomas were demonstrated by computed tomography and histopathological study.", "contents": "Hemorrhage in bilateral choroid plexus hemangiomas demonstrated by computed tomography. Case report. The authors present a case in which bilateral posttraumatic hemorrhages in choroid plexus hemangiomas were demonstrated by computed tomography and histopathological study."}
{"id": "PMID:939983", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid fistula from fractured acrylic cranioplasty plate. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a patient who developed a cerebrospinal fluid fistula secondary to a fractured methyl methacrylate cranioplasty plate. There was no external evidence of trauma. X-ray films showed no evidence of the fracture. It is suggested that the impregnation of methyl methacrylate with a radiopaque material would result in visualization of such fractures.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid fistula from fractured acrylic cranioplasty plate. Case report. The authors report a patient who developed a cerebrospinal fluid fistula secondary to a fractured methyl methacrylate cranioplasty plate. There was no external evidence of trauma. X-ray films showed no evidence of the fracture. It is suggested that the impregnation of methyl methacrylate with a radiopaque material would result in visualization of such fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:939984", "title": "Multifocal glioma of the brain. Case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which two separate concurrent astrocytomas of the brain in the same patient were successfully operated on. The patient has been followed for 3 years and remains well. The authors believe that the diagnosis of multifocal tumors can be established on clinical grounds when the tumors are remote from each other, and when there has been no recurrence of neoplasm between the lesions after a long follow-up period. It is felt that a more optimistic approach to the treatment of multifocal tumors may yield good results.", "contents": "Multifocal glioma of the brain. Case report. A case is presented in which two separate concurrent astrocytomas of the brain in the same patient were successfully operated on. The patient has been followed for 3 years and remains well. The authors believe that the diagnosis of multifocal tumors can be established on clinical grounds when the tumors are remote from each other, and when there has been no recurrence of neoplasm between the lesions after a long follow-up period. It is felt that a more optimistic approach to the treatment of multifocal tumors may yield good results."}
{"id": "PMID:939989", "title": "Adaptive response of lysine and threonine degrading enzymes in adult rats.", "content": "The mechanism of variation inlysine and threonine conservation was investigated by measuring the activity of the enzyme initiating the amino acid catabolism in adult rats adapted to different diets. Both liver threonine dehydratase and lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activities were increased by high protein intake. Supplementation with 2% L-lysine HCI to a 5% lactalbumin diet increased liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity three-fold. Feeding a lysine-free diet or a 10% wheat gluten diet significantly decreased the activity below the level obtained by feeding a protein-free diet. In contrast, dietary threonine in either excess or deficiency did not change the liver threonine dehydratase activity. At the same level of lysine intake, an excess of dietary wheat gluten seemed to increase the liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity much more than dietary lactalbumin. These data suggest that the activity of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase in rat liver might be influenced by dietary lysine as well as excesses of other amino acids in wheat gluten. The different response of these two catabolic enzymes to their substrate might explain the variation of lysine and threonine conservation during amino acid deficiency.", "contents": "Adaptive response of lysine and threonine degrading enzymes in adult rats. The mechanism of variation inlysine and threonine conservation was investigated by measuring the activity of the enzyme initiating the amino acid catabolism in adult rats adapted to different diets. Both liver threonine dehydratase and lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activities were increased by high protein intake. Supplementation with 2% L-lysine HCI to a 5% lactalbumin diet increased liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity three-fold. Feeding a lysine-free diet or a 10% wheat gluten diet significantly decreased the activity below the level obtained by feeding a protein-free diet. In contrast, dietary threonine in either excess or deficiency did not change the liver threonine dehydratase activity. At the same level of lysine intake, an excess of dietary wheat gluten seemed to increase the liver lysine-ketoglutarate reductase activity much more than dietary lactalbumin. These data suggest that the activity of lysine-ketoglutarate reductase in rat liver might be influenced by dietary lysine as well as excesses of other amino acids in wheat gluten. The different response of these two catabolic enzymes to their substrate might explain the variation of lysine and threonine conservation during amino acid deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:939990", "title": "Plasma amino acids in reptiles after feeding protein or amino acids and after injecting amino acids.", "content": "Turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) and alligators (Alligator mississipiensis) were fed fish, casein, or free amino acid mixtures, or were injected with free amino acid mixtures, quantities in each case being equivalent to about 42 mmoles of amino acids/kg body weight. The experiments were designed to determine whether protein synthesis normally precedes catabolism of the amino acids absorbed from digesting food. Both animals disposed of free or food-derived amino acids more rapidly than could be accounted for by catabolism alone, but the transient increases in turtle plasma concentrations consisted mostly of essential amino acids, whereas the alligator plasma showed little increase in essential amino acids and considerable rises in four nonessential amino acids, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. Despite some species variation, these two species with low metabolic rates apparently utilized protein synthesis to dispose of amino acid mixtures prior to the necessarily slow process of catabolism for energy.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids in reptiles after feeding protein or amino acids and after injecting amino acids. Turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) and alligators (Alligator mississipiensis) were fed fish, casein, or free amino acid mixtures, or were injected with free amino acid mixtures, quantities in each case being equivalent to about 42 mmoles of amino acids/kg body weight. The experiments were designed to determine whether protein synthesis normally precedes catabolism of the amino acids absorbed from digesting food. Both animals disposed of free or food-derived amino acids more rapidly than could be accounted for by catabolism alone, but the transient increases in turtle plasma concentrations consisted mostly of essential amino acids, whereas the alligator plasma showed little increase in essential amino acids and considerable rises in four nonessential amino acids, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. Despite some species variation, these two species with low metabolic rates apparently utilized protein synthesis to dispose of amino acid mixtures prior to the necessarily slow process of catabolism for energy."}
{"id": "PMID:939991", "title": "Utilization of L-methionine sulfoxide, L-methionine sulfone and cysteic acid by the weanling rat.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to test the ability of weanling rats to utilize the oxidized forms of the sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine for growth. In the first two experiments, diets were fed which contained graded levels of methionine, methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. The third experiment included a comparison of two dietary levels of cysteine and cysteic acid. The 2 week weight gain and food consumption data indicated that methionine sulfoxide was utilized for growth with only 60% of the efficiency of that achieved by rats fed methionine. Methionine sulfone was not utilized for growth. Analysis of plasma sulfur amino acids showed that the rat has a limited capacity to utilize methionine sulfoxide by effecting its reduction to methionine. Cysteic acid did not support weight gain. This amino acid appeared to be rapidly catabolized to taurine. It was concluded that methionine sulfone and cysteic acid cannot be utilized by the weanling rat. Methionine sulfoxide cannot fully meet the dietary requirement of the rat methionine because of its limited capacity to reduce this amino acid.", "contents": "Utilization of L-methionine sulfoxide, L-methionine sulfone and cysteic acid by the weanling rat. Three experiments were conducted to test the ability of weanling rats to utilize the oxidized forms of the sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine for growth. In the first two experiments, diets were fed which contained graded levels of methionine, methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. The third experiment included a comparison of two dietary levels of cysteine and cysteic acid. The 2 week weight gain and food consumption data indicated that methionine sulfoxide was utilized for growth with only 60% of the efficiency of that achieved by rats fed methionine. Methionine sulfone was not utilized for growth. Analysis of plasma sulfur amino acids showed that the rat has a limited capacity to utilize methionine sulfoxide by effecting its reduction to methionine. Cysteic acid did not support weight gain. This amino acid appeared to be rapidly catabolized to taurine. It was concluded that methionine sulfone and cysteic acid cannot be utilized by the weanling rat. Methionine sulfoxide cannot fully meet the dietary requirement of the rat methionine because of its limited capacity to reduce this amino acid."}
{"id": "PMID:939992", "title": "Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride level on reproduction in mice.", "content": "The possible essentiality of fluoride for reproduction was studied in female mice fed a low-fluoride ( less than 0.5 ppm F) basal diet for three generations. Reproduction of mice fed this basal diet was the same as when mice were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2 or 100 ppm F. A previous study [Messer et. al. (1973) J. Nutr. 103, 1319-1326], utilizing the same diet did result in an impairment of reproduction and the development of an anemic condition. The results of the present study suggest that the apparent essentiality of fluoride previously observed was due to a pharmacological effect of fluoride in improving iron utilization in a diet marginally sufficient in iron. The data do not support the previous claims of an essential role of fluoride in reproduction.", "contents": "Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride level on reproduction in mice. The possible essentiality of fluoride for reproduction was studied in female mice fed a low-fluoride ( less than 0.5 ppm F) basal diet for three generations. Reproduction of mice fed this basal diet was the same as when mice were fed the basal diet supplemented with 2 or 100 ppm F. A previous study [Messer et. al. (1973) J. Nutr. 103, 1319-1326], utilizing the same diet did result in an impairment of reproduction and the development of an anemic condition. The results of the present study suggest that the apparent essentiality of fluoride previously observed was due to a pharmacological effect of fluoride in improving iron utilization in a diet marginally sufficient in iron. The data do not support the previous claims of an essential role of fluoride in reproduction."}
{"id": "PMID:939993", "title": "Blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the fed and fasted chicken.", "content": "The effect of fasting on blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the chicken was studied. Parameters of glucose metabolism were estimated in vivo using a single injection of [2-3H]-glucose or [6-3H]-glucose in combination with [U-14C]-glucose. Plasma glucose, blood lactate and blood acetoacetate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Pyruvate levels in chickens fasted for 24 hours were higher than those observed in blood from birds fasted 0 to 72 hours. Further, the lactate to pyruvate ratio was lower in chickens fasted for 24 to 72 hours than in fed chickens. Fasting chickens for 24 or 72 hours resulted in three- to fivefold increase in blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and a significant increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. Plasma levels of alanine and serine were increased after a 24 hour fast but were not further changed when fasting was extended to 72 hours. Plasma aspartate and glutamate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 24 hours but were markedly decreased in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Plasma levels of glycine were significantly lower in chickens fasted 24 or 72 hours than in fed birds. Glucose replacement rates estimated with [2-3H]-glucose in chickens fasted 0,24 and 72 hours were 14.3, 9.1 and 9.4 mg glucose/minute/kg body weight, respectively. Fasting up to 72 hours did not influence the total body glucose mass in the chickens. The degree of glucose-carbon recycling in 24-hour fasted chickens estimated by using [2-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose or [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose averaged 42% to 52% and 27% to 30%, respectively. These observations indicate that rate of glucose utilization in the chicken is rapid and that substantial recycling of glucose carbon occurs in fasted chickens.", "contents": "Blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the fed and fasted chicken. The effect of fasting on blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the chicken was studied. Parameters of glucose metabolism were estimated in vivo using a single injection of [2-3H]-glucose or [6-3H]-glucose in combination with [U-14C]-glucose. Plasma glucose, blood lactate and blood acetoacetate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Pyruvate levels in chickens fasted for 24 hours were higher than those observed in blood from birds fasted 0 to 72 hours. Further, the lactate to pyruvate ratio was lower in chickens fasted for 24 to 72 hours than in fed chickens. Fasting chickens for 24 or 72 hours resulted in three- to fivefold increase in blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and a significant increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. Plasma levels of alanine and serine were increased after a 24 hour fast but were not further changed when fasting was extended to 72 hours. Plasma aspartate and glutamate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 24 hours but were markedly decreased in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Plasma levels of glycine were significantly lower in chickens fasted 24 or 72 hours than in fed birds. Glucose replacement rates estimated with [2-3H]-glucose in chickens fasted 0,24 and 72 hours were 14.3, 9.1 and 9.4 mg glucose/minute/kg body weight, respectively. Fasting up to 72 hours did not influence the total body glucose mass in the chickens. The degree of glucose-carbon recycling in 24-hour fasted chickens estimated by using [2-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose or [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose averaged 42% to 52% and 27% to 30%, respectively. These observations indicate that rate of glucose utilization in the chicken is rapid and that substantial recycling of glucose carbon occurs in fasted chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:939994", "title": "Thiamin deficiency and the pentose phosphate cycle in rats: intracerebral mechanisms.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that transketolase activity is decreased in the brains of thiamin deficient rats. This study assesses the effect of decreased transketolase levels on the activity of the pentose phosphate cycle in murine thiamin deficient cortex and brainstem. Thiamin deficiency was produced in newborn and adult rats by either pyrithiamin administration or by feeding a low thiamin diet. Newborn rats were killed at 22 days of age, and adults were killed at the onset of moderate to severe nurological signs. Cortices and brainstems from thiamin deficient and control rats were analyzed for activity of the two regulatory enzymes of the pentose phosphate cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Flux through the pathway was measured by  the differentially labeled glucose technique in the brainstems of deficient and control adult rats. In both the brainstem and cortex of thiamin dificient rats, areas in which transketolase activity was decreased up to 65%, the activities of the two regulatory enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, were unaltered. Further, flux through the pentose phosphate cycle was not decreased as compared to pair-fed control rats. These data do not support the hypothesis that in thiamin dificient rats, a decrease in cerebral transketolase activity leads to a diminished pentose phosphate cycle activity.", "contents": "Thiamin deficiency and the pentose phosphate cycle in rats: intracerebral mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that transketolase activity is decreased in the brains of thiamin deficient rats. This study assesses the effect of decreased transketolase levels on the activity of the pentose phosphate cycle in murine thiamin deficient cortex and brainstem. Thiamin deficiency was produced in newborn and adult rats by either pyrithiamin administration or by feeding a low thiamin diet. Newborn rats were killed at 22 days of age, and adults were killed at the onset of moderate to severe nurological signs. Cortices and brainstems from thiamin deficient and control rats were analyzed for activity of the two regulatory enzymes of the pentose phosphate cycle, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Flux through the pathway was measured by  the differentially labeled glucose technique in the brainstems of deficient and control adult rats. In both the brainstem and cortex of thiamin dificient rats, areas in which transketolase activity was decreased up to 65%, the activities of the two regulatory enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, were unaltered. Further, flux through the pentose phosphate cycle was not decreased as compared to pair-fed control rats. These data do not support the hypothesis that in thiamin dificient rats, a decrease in cerebral transketolase activity leads to a diminished pentose phosphate cycle activity."}
{"id": "PMID:939995", "title": "Zinc deficiency in the weanling rat: effects on liver composition and polysomal profiles.", "content": "Some effects of zinc deficiency and inanition on post weanling development of the liver and on polysomal profiles were investigated. Failure to provide the weanling rat with adequate zinc resulted in anorexia, cyclical feeding, and growth retardation. Liver growth was also impaired, but was consonant with body size. Zinc deiciency resulted in a severe impairment of DNA accretion and a lowered concentration of RNA; protein alent to that for pair-fed controls, suggesting that the lowered protein concentration was largely due to inanition. In response to zinc deficiency, there was a smaller percentage of the total RNA on the gradient incorporated into the heaviest polysomal fraction. The amount of RNase activity did not appear to account for this altered polysomal distribution.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in the weanling rat: effects on liver composition and polysomal profiles. Some effects of zinc deficiency and inanition on post weanling development of the liver and on polysomal profiles were investigated. Failure to provide the weanling rat with adequate zinc resulted in anorexia, cyclical feeding, and growth retardation. Liver growth was also impaired, but was consonant with body size. Zinc deiciency resulted in a severe impairment of DNA accretion and a lowered concentration of RNA; protein alent to that for pair-fed controls, suggesting that the lowered protein concentration was largely due to inanition. In response to zinc deficiency, there was a smaller percentage of the total RNA on the gradient incorporated into the heaviest polysomal fraction. The amount of RNase activity did not appear to account for this altered polysomal distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:939996", "title": "Dietary lipid requirements of adult lobsters, Homarus americanus (M.E.).", "content": "The effects of several dietary lipids on adult American lobster (Homarus americanus) were assessed over a 10 month feeding period. Cod liver oil (CLO) resulted in greater precent weight gains, feed conversion, percent edible meat and higher serum protein and hemocyte counts than either corn oil (CO) or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). These differences were probably due to an essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement by the lobster for linolenic series omega3 or other fatty acids present in CLO. The linoleic or omega6 fatty acids of CO appeared to have some sparing effect on several of the EFA deficiency symptoms. It was found that 5% CLO was optimal for mean percent weight gain, molt incidence, feed conversion and hemocyte counts of lobsters. Further increases in dietary CLO to 10% and 15% resulted in no significant improvement of any of the condition indices used. There was a decrease in serum protein and calcium when lobsters were fed a non-saponifiable sterol deficient diet. The addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet raised the serum protein, but resulted in even a greater decrease in the serum calcium level.", "contents": "Dietary lipid requirements of adult lobsters, Homarus americanus (M.E.). The effects of several dietary lipids on adult American lobster (Homarus americanus) were assessed over a 10 month feeding period. Cod liver oil (CLO) resulted in greater precent weight gains, feed conversion, percent edible meat and higher serum protein and hemocyte counts than either corn oil (CO) or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). These differences were probably due to an essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement by the lobster for linolenic series omega3 or other fatty acids present in CLO. The linoleic or omega6 fatty acids of CO appeared to have some sparing effect on several of the EFA deficiency symptoms. It was found that 5% CLO was optimal for mean percent weight gain, molt incidence, feed conversion and hemocyte counts of lobsters. Further increases in dietary CLO to 10% and 15% resulted in no significant improvement of any of the condition indices used. There was a decrease in serum protein and calcium when lobsters were fed a non-saponifiable sterol deficient diet. The addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet raised the serum protein, but resulted in even a greater decrease in the serum calcium level."}
{"id": "PMID:939997", "title": "Trace mineral deficiencies in rats caused by feeding rapeseed flours during growth, gestation and lactation.", "content": "The present study determined the effect of duration of feeding and dietary levels of rapeseed flours on growth, outcome of gestation and lactation and blood trace element content of rats. In the first two experiments, female rats were fed either casein or rapeseed flour diets during gestation and lactation, or prior to and during gestation. In the last two experiments, weanling male rats were fed for 4 weeks either casein or rapeseed flour diets with or without added zinc. Feeding rapeseed flours prior to and/or during gestation caused a reduction in weight gains and food consumption but did not affect the number or weight of the pups born. Plasma zinc levels were low in the mother rats at parturition and plasma zinc and iron levels were low in weanling rats after 4 weeks of feeding the rapeseed diets. Adding 300 ppm zinc to the diet prevented the decrease in food consumption, weight gains and plasma zinc levels in the weanling rats. It is concluded that the recommended levels of trace elements in the rat diet are inadequate for the purpose of bioassay and toxicological evaluation or rapeseed preparations. In order that the nutritional potenital of new protein sources be correctly evaluated, guidelines for adequacy of mineral in such diets should be determined.", "contents": "Trace mineral deficiencies in rats caused by feeding rapeseed flours during growth, gestation and lactation. The present study determined the effect of duration of feeding and dietary levels of rapeseed flours on growth, outcome of gestation and lactation and blood trace element content of rats. In the first two experiments, female rats were fed either casein or rapeseed flour diets during gestation and lactation, or prior to and during gestation. In the last two experiments, weanling male rats were fed for 4 weeks either casein or rapeseed flour diets with or without added zinc. Feeding rapeseed flours prior to and/or during gestation caused a reduction in weight gains and food consumption but did not affect the number or weight of the pups born. Plasma zinc levels were low in the mother rats at parturition and plasma zinc and iron levels were low in weanling rats after 4 weeks of feeding the rapeseed diets. Adding 300 ppm zinc to the diet prevented the decrease in food consumption, weight gains and plasma zinc levels in the weanling rats. It is concluded that the recommended levels of trace elements in the rat diet are inadequate for the purpose of bioassay and toxicological evaluation or rapeseed preparations. In order that the nutritional potenital of new protein sources be correctly evaluated, guidelines for adequacy of mineral in such diets should be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:939998", "title": "Cholesterol synthesis in germfree and conventional rats.", "content": "The synthesis of cholesterol from labeled acetate and mevalonate by the liver and intestinal tract was investigated in germfree and conventional rats. When a low cholesterol diet was fed, the rates of in vitro synthesis from acetate by the liver, ileum and cecum of germfree rats were 13%, 11% and 25% of those of conventional rats, respectively. Cholesterol feeding markedly inhibited hepatic cholesterol synthesis from acetate in both germfree and conventional rats. Such inhibitions were released by additional cholestyramine feeding. The rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis was greater and the liver cholesterol level was less after cholestyramine feeding in germfree rats than in conventional rats, suggesting an importance of bile acids in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the germfree rat. There was an inverse proportionality between the logarithmic rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and the liver cholesterol level in the germfree rat. Data indicate that endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the germfree rat may not be responsible for the high cholesterol level in plasma or liver and that the liver cholesterol level may play a major role in the regulation of hepatic cholesterogenesis in the germfree rat by a mechanism similar to that in the conventional rat.", "contents": "Cholesterol synthesis in germfree and conventional rats. The synthesis of cholesterol from labeled acetate and mevalonate by the liver and intestinal tract was investigated in germfree and conventional rats. When a low cholesterol diet was fed, the rates of in vitro synthesis from acetate by the liver, ileum and cecum of germfree rats were 13%, 11% and 25% of those of conventional rats, respectively. Cholesterol feeding markedly inhibited hepatic cholesterol synthesis from acetate in both germfree and conventional rats. Such inhibitions were released by additional cholestyramine feeding. The rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis was greater and the liver cholesterol level was less after cholestyramine feeding in germfree rats than in conventional rats, suggesting an importance of bile acids in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the germfree rat. There was an inverse proportionality between the logarithmic rate of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and the liver cholesterol level in the germfree rat. Data indicate that endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the germfree rat may not be responsible for the high cholesterol level in plasma or liver and that the liver cholesterol level may play a major role in the regulation of hepatic cholesterogenesis in the germfree rat by a mechanism similar to that in the conventional rat."}
{"id": "PMID:939999", "title": "Effect of dilauryl succinate on reproduction of the cock and hen and preventive effect of vitamin E.", "content": "Fertility of White Leghorn cocks fed a diet containing 12% of dilauryl succinate (LS) for 16 weeks was significantly lower than that of cocks fed the control diet. Little difference in fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs was observed between White Leghorn hens fed the control or LS diets, but the percentage of chicks at hatch, which showed signs of encephalomalacia with lesions on the cerebellum, and the percentage of the hens and offspring having fragile erythrocytes were much higher when LS was fed. Total tocopherol in the plasma of the cocks and hens fed LS and in the eggs laid by the hens fed LS was lower than that in birds fed the control diet, though that of the hens was within the range of plasma tocopherol of normal hens. Offspring of the cocks and hens fed LS died from encephalomalacia earlier than those fed the control diet. These observations with LS feeding were all prevented by oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. The responses of the cocks and hens to LS were compared with those to linoleic acid in the literature. The direct effect of LS, or more likely of monolauryl succinate, independent of peroxides from unsaturated fatty acids was discussed.", "contents": "Effect of dilauryl succinate on reproduction of the cock and hen and preventive effect of vitamin E. Fertility of White Leghorn cocks fed a diet containing 12% of dilauryl succinate (LS) for 16 weeks was significantly lower than that of cocks fed the control diet. Little difference in fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs was observed between White Leghorn hens fed the control or LS diets, but the percentage of chicks at hatch, which showed signs of encephalomalacia with lesions on the cerebellum, and the percentage of the hens and offspring having fragile erythrocytes were much higher when LS was fed. Total tocopherol in the plasma of the cocks and hens fed LS and in the eggs laid by the hens fed LS was lower than that in birds fed the control diet, though that of the hens was within the range of plasma tocopherol of normal hens. Offspring of the cocks and hens fed LS died from encephalomalacia earlier than those fed the control diet. These observations with LS feeding were all prevented by oral administration of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. The responses of the cocks and hens to LS were compared with those to linoleic acid in the literature. The direct effect of LS, or more likely of monolauryl succinate, independent of peroxides from unsaturated fatty acids was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940000", "title": "Effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on plasma amino acids, nitrogen retention and egg production in laying hens.", "content": "The effects of dietary protein and graded dietary lysine levels on plasma free amino acids (PFAA), nitrogen retention and egg production in laying hens were studied. There were no significant differences in the PFAA pattern and nitrogen retention between hens fed 15% and 12% dietary protein whereas the hen-day egg production was greater with hens fed the 15% protein diet. Supplementing the 12% protein diet with a nonessential amino acid mixture at the 2% level improved egg production to the level of hens fed the 15% protein diet. When hens were fed a diet containing varying amounts of lysine, plasma lysine remained at relatively low levels until dietary lysine was increased to a level where egg production and nitrogen retention were maximized but therefore increased rapidly. When dietary lysine was increased, plasma concentrations of essential amino acids except methionine and lysine, half cystine and tyrosine tended to decrease. The plasma taurine concentration decreased when dietary lysine increased from 0.35% to 0.55%. Thereafter, it was the same as at 0.55% lysine. The dietary lysine requirement of laying hens determined by plasma free lysine, nitrogen retention and egg production were 677, 664 and 687 mg/hen/day, respectively. The PFAA technique appeared to be useful in evaluating the dietary requirement of laying hens for lysine and perhaps other amino acids.", "contents": "Effects of dietary protein and lysine levels on plasma amino acids, nitrogen retention and egg production in laying hens. The effects of dietary protein and graded dietary lysine levels on plasma free amino acids (PFAA), nitrogen retention and egg production in laying hens were studied. There were no significant differences in the PFAA pattern and nitrogen retention between hens fed 15% and 12% dietary protein whereas the hen-day egg production was greater with hens fed the 15% protein diet. Supplementing the 12% protein diet with a nonessential amino acid mixture at the 2% level improved egg production to the level of hens fed the 15% protein diet. When hens were fed a diet containing varying amounts of lysine, plasma lysine remained at relatively low levels until dietary lysine was increased to a level where egg production and nitrogen retention were maximized but therefore increased rapidly. When dietary lysine was increased, plasma concentrations of essential amino acids except methionine and lysine, half cystine and tyrosine tended to decrease. The plasma taurine concentration decreased when dietary lysine increased from 0.35% to 0.55%. Thereafter, it was the same as at 0.55% lysine. The dietary lysine requirement of laying hens determined by plasma free lysine, nitrogen retention and egg production were 677, 664 and 687 mg/hen/day, respectively. The PFAA technique appeared to be useful in evaluating the dietary requirement of laying hens for lysine and perhaps other amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:940001", "title": "Utilization of energy for maintenance and for fat and lean gains by mice selected for rapid postweaning growth rate.", "content": "The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) required for maintenance and the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy available for gain (MEA) were determined for a line of mice (rapid growth) selected for 41 generations for rapid postweaning weight gain and for a contemporarily mated line (control) that had been randomly selected. Feed intake of individually housed rapid growth and control males was restricted above maintenance or was ad libitum from 21 to 42 days of age. Regressions of change in body energy per unity metabolic body size on MEI per unit metablic body size showed that the maintenance requirement for each line of mice was 176 kcal per unit metabolic body size per day and that the rapid growth line was more efficient than the control line in utilizing MEA (50% vs. 23%) to promote an increase in body energy. Although the proportions of MEA used for fat (PF) and lean (PL) gains and the net efficiencies with which those proportions were utilized for fat (NF) and lean (NL) gains were unknown, the products of proportion and efficiency for fat gain (PF X NF or fat energy deposition coefficient) and for lean gain (PL X NL or lean energy deposition coefficient) were determined. The results demonstrate that 41 generations of selection for rapid postweaning weight gain did not change the lean energy deposition coefficient, but did alter the fat energy deposition coefficient. These data suggest that the two lines of mice use different proportions of MEA for fat gain and/or utilize MEA for fat gain at different efficiencies.", "contents": "Utilization of energy for maintenance and for fat and lean gains by mice selected for rapid postweaning growth rate. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) required for maintenance and the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy available for gain (MEA) were determined for a line of mice (rapid growth) selected for 41 generations for rapid postweaning weight gain and for a contemporarily mated line (control) that had been randomly selected. Feed intake of individually housed rapid growth and control males was restricted above maintenance or was ad libitum from 21 to 42 days of age. Regressions of change in body energy per unity metabolic body size on MEI per unit metablic body size showed that the maintenance requirement for each line of mice was 176 kcal per unit metabolic body size per day and that the rapid growth line was more efficient than the control line in utilizing MEA (50% vs. 23%) to promote an increase in body energy. Although the proportions of MEA used for fat (PF) and lean (PL) gains and the net efficiencies with which those proportions were utilized for fat (NF) and lean (NL) gains were unknown, the products of proportion and efficiency for fat gain (PF X NF or fat energy deposition coefficient) and for lean gain (PL X NL or lean energy deposition coefficient) were determined. The results demonstrate that 41 generations of selection for rapid postweaning weight gain did not change the lean energy deposition coefficient, but did alter the fat energy deposition coefficient. These data suggest that the two lines of mice use different proportions of MEA for fat gain and/or utilize MEA for fat gain at different efficiencies."}
{"id": "PMID:940013", "title": "Prospective study of sickle cell anemia in infancy.", "content": "Twelve infants with sickle cell anemia identified in the course of a cord blood screening program have been followed prospectively for up to three years of age. The development of hemolytic anemia paralleled the postnatal decline in fetal hemoglobin and was evident in all infants by 12 weeks of age. Vasoocclusive episodes occurred in more than half the infants and seven aplastic crises were documented in four patients. Febrile illnesses were common and one of the twelve infants developed pneumococcal sepsis. This study also demonstrated that functional asplenia is an acquired defect in sickle cell disease. The onset of functional asplenia was documented with splenic scans in six of the nine infants followed for more than one year after birth. There have been no deaths in this series.", "contents": "Prospective study of sickle cell anemia in infancy. Twelve infants with sickle cell anemia identified in the course of a cord blood screening program have been followed prospectively for up to three years of age. The development of hemolytic anemia paralleled the postnatal decline in fetal hemoglobin and was evident in all infants by 12 weeks of age. Vasoocclusive episodes occurred in more than half the infants and seven aplastic crises were documented in four patients. Febrile illnesses were common and one of the twelve infants developed pneumococcal sepsis. This study also demonstrated that functional asplenia is an acquired defect in sickle cell disease. The onset of functional asplenia was documented with splenic scans in six of the nine infants followed for more than one year after birth. There have been no deaths in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:940014", "title": "Inflammatory myopathy, IgA deficiency, and intestinal malabsorption.", "content": "Two IgA-deficient children with inflammatory myopathy and intestinal malabsorption were evaluated. The myopathy was characterized by weakness of facial and proximal limb muscles, increased serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase, and histologic evidence of inflammation and degeneration of muscle fibers. Features of the intestinal abnormality were blunted villi, interstitial inflammation, and reduction in IgA-containing plasma cells and IgA content of epithelial cells. The myopathy and malabsorption improved with corticosteroid treatment. Circulating antibodies to striated muscle could not be demonstrated in either patient, but one had antibodies to milk and chicken serum proteins. We speculate that IgA deficiency may predispose to the development of inflammatory myopathy.", "contents": "Inflammatory myopathy, IgA deficiency, and intestinal malabsorption. Two IgA-deficient children with inflammatory myopathy and intestinal malabsorption were evaluated. The myopathy was characterized by weakness of facial and proximal limb muscles, increased serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase, and histologic evidence of inflammation and degeneration of muscle fibers. Features of the intestinal abnormality were blunted villi, interstitial inflammation, and reduction in IgA-containing plasma cells and IgA content of epithelial cells. The myopathy and malabsorption improved with corticosteroid treatment. Circulating antibodies to striated muscle could not be demonstrated in either patient, but one had antibodies to milk and chicken serum proteins. We speculate that IgA deficiency may predispose to the development of inflammatory myopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:940015", "title": "Esophageal reflux--an unrecognized cause of recurrent obstructive bronchitis in children.", "content": "Forty-three children with recurrent obstructive bronchitis but without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms were studied for esophageal reflux roentgenographically and by manometry. Roentgenographic evidence for reflux was shown in 26; these patients had a mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure of 6.3 mm Hg as compared to a mean LES pressure of 21.9 mm Hg in normal control infants. The remaining 17 patients had a mean LES pressure of 10.0 mm Hg, also significantly lower than that of control subjects. Fifteen of 20 patients with recurrent obstructive bronchitis noted alleviation of their pulmonary symptoms after medical treatment of their reflux. Sequential studies of another group with radiologically demonstrated reflux showed increases in sphincter pressures and disappearance of radiologically observed reflux in one third of the patients. It is suggested that esophageal reflux should be sought in patients with recurrent bronchitis: if found, antireflux therapy might be expected to improve the pulmonary symptomatology.", "contents": "Esophageal reflux--an unrecognized cause of recurrent obstructive bronchitis in children. Forty-three children with recurrent obstructive bronchitis but without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms were studied for esophageal reflux roentgenographically and by manometry. Roentgenographic evidence for reflux was shown in 26; these patients had a mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure of 6.3 mm Hg as compared to a mean LES pressure of 21.9 mm Hg in normal control infants. The remaining 17 patients had a mean LES pressure of 10.0 mm Hg, also significantly lower than that of control subjects. Fifteen of 20 patients with recurrent obstructive bronchitis noted alleviation of their pulmonary symptoms after medical treatment of their reflux. Sequential studies of another group with radiologically demonstrated reflux showed increases in sphincter pressures and disappearance of radiologically observed reflux in one third of the patients. It is suggested that esophageal reflux should be sought in patients with recurrent bronchitis: if found, antireflux therapy might be expected to improve the pulmonary symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:940016", "title": "Shifting linear growth during infancy: illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy.", "content": "A percentile linear growth chart, from the third to ninety-seven percentiles, was derived from longitudinal data on 90 normal full-term infants of middle class suburban families, and the individual growth curves of each infant was contrasted to the growth chart for the entire group. Individual shifting in growth rate was noted in two thirds of the infants. To better determine the timing and nature of these shifts in linear growth, a search was made for otherwise normal full-term infants who were at or below the tenth percentile for length at birth and who moved up to the fiftieth percentile or better by age 2 years and those who were at or above the ninetieth percentile at birth and moved down to the fiftieth percentile or less by 2 years of age. Those shifting upward had accelerated linear growth soon after birth; they achieved a new \"channel\" at a mean age of 11.5 months. Those shifting downward did not decelerate until after the first three to six months; they achieved a new channel by the mean age of 13 months. These findings plus the correlation coefficients relating parental size to the length of the infant at birth, one year, and two years of age are compatible with the following statements: Birth length relates predominantly to maternal size whereas by 2 years of age the length correlates best to mean parental height, reflecting the genetic growth factors of both parents. Those infants \"catching-up\" after birth usually do so in early infancy, whereas those \"lagging-down\" tend to do so in midinfancy.", "contents": "Shifting linear growth during infancy: illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy. A percentile linear growth chart, from the third to ninety-seven percentiles, was derived from longitudinal data on 90 normal full-term infants of middle class suburban families, and the individual growth curves of each infant was contrasted to the growth chart for the entire group. Individual shifting in growth rate was noted in two thirds of the infants. To better determine the timing and nature of these shifts in linear growth, a search was made for otherwise normal full-term infants who were at or below the tenth percentile for length at birth and who moved up to the fiftieth percentile or better by age 2 years and those who were at or above the ninetieth percentile at birth and moved down to the fiftieth percentile or less by 2 years of age. Those shifting upward had accelerated linear growth soon after birth; they achieved a new \"channel\" at a mean age of 11.5 months. Those shifting downward did not decelerate until after the first three to six months; they achieved a new channel by the mean age of 13 months. These findings plus the correlation coefficients relating parental size to the length of the infant at birth, one year, and two years of age are compatible with the following statements: Birth length relates predominantly to maternal size whereas by 2 years of age the length correlates best to mean parental height, reflecting the genetic growth factors of both parents. Those infants \"catching-up\" after birth usually do so in early infancy, whereas those \"lagging-down\" tend to do so in midinfancy."}
{"id": "PMID:940017", "title": "A \"community\" of face-limb malformation syndromes.", "content": "A boy with faciodigital malformations is reported who bears a striking resemblance to Charlie M, a patient described by Gorlin as representing a new syndrome, and to two other previously reported patients. One may interpret this as supporting the validity of the \"Charlie M\" syndrome as a nosologic entity. However, these patients share a number of features with several other face-limb malformation syndromes. We suggest that these syndromes form a \"community,\" in which the overlapping phenotypes of the member syndromes reflect underlying developmental relationships.", "contents": "A \"community\" of face-limb malformation syndromes. A boy with faciodigital malformations is reported who bears a striking resemblance to Charlie M, a patient described by Gorlin as representing a new syndrome, and to two other previously reported patients. One may interpret this as supporting the validity of the \"Charlie M\" syndrome as a nosologic entity. However, these patients share a number of features with several other face-limb malformation syndromes. We suggest that these syndromes form a \"community,\" in which the overlapping phenotypes of the member syndromes reflect underlying developmental relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:940023", "title": "The role of exchange transfusion in the management of low-birth-weight infants with and without severe respiratory distress syndrome. I. Initial observations.", "content": "Exchange transfusions within the first 8 hours of life, as an adjunct to conventional therapy, were evaluated in two groups of infants: (1) infants with birth weights of less than 1,250 gm without severe respiratory distress and (2) infants of any birth weight with evidence of severe respiratory distress syndrome. A total of 63 infants were studied in Group 1. Infants who received an exchange transfusion had a survival rate of 86% as contrasted with a survival rate of 57% in the control group (p less than 0.01). A total of 82 infants were studied in Group 2. Infants who received an exchange transfusion had a 59% survival rate as compared with a 39% survival rate for the control group (p less than 0.04). The mechanism by which early exchange transfusion improves survival rate is unknown.", "contents": "The role of exchange transfusion in the management of low-birth-weight infants with and without severe respiratory distress syndrome. I. Initial observations. Exchange transfusions within the first 8 hours of life, as an adjunct to conventional therapy, were evaluated in two groups of infants: (1) infants with birth weights of less than 1,250 gm without severe respiratory distress and (2) infants of any birth weight with evidence of severe respiratory distress syndrome. A total of 63 infants were studied in Group 1. Infants who received an exchange transfusion had a survival rate of 86% as contrasted with a survival rate of 57% in the control group (p less than 0.01). A total of 82 infants were studied in Group 2. Infants who received an exchange transfusion had a 59% survival rate as compared with a 39% survival rate for the control group (p less than 0.04). The mechanism by which early exchange transfusion improves survival rate is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:940024", "title": "The effect of maternal partial exchange transfusion on the infants of patients with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "The reproductive outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe sickle cell hemoglobinopathies is not usually satisfactory. In this study, prophylactic partial exchange transfusions have been used in 35 patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. There was significant improvement in results, both maternal and neonatal, as compared to those in 29 pregnancies complicated by similar disease processes who did not receive this therapy. The former group was also compared to 61 normal pregnant patients and 31 patients with sickle cell trait, none of whom received blood as part of their therapy. The results were similar in the group receiving transfusions and in the group with sickle cell trait. There was a decrease in perinatal wastage, prematurity, and incidence of low-birth-weight infants in the transfusion group when compared to the patients with hemoglobinopathies who were treated conservatively.", "contents": "The effect of maternal partial exchange transfusion on the infants of patients with sickle cell anemia. The reproductive outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe sickle cell hemoglobinopathies is not usually satisfactory. In this study, prophylactic partial exchange transfusions have been used in 35 patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies. There was significant improvement in results, both maternal and neonatal, as compared to those in 29 pregnancies complicated by similar disease processes who did not receive this therapy. The former group was also compared to 61 normal pregnant patients and 31 patients with sickle cell trait, none of whom received blood as part of their therapy. The results were similar in the group receiving transfusions and in the group with sickle cell trait. There was a decrease in perinatal wastage, prematurity, and incidence of low-birth-weight infants in the transfusion group when compared to the patients with hemoglobinopathies who were treated conservatively."}
{"id": "PMID:940025", "title": "Massive intracerebellar hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic observations of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage (destruction of at least one-third of cerebellar tissue) are described in six low-birth-weight infants. In all infants, severe progressive apnea associated with a falling hematocrit were the prominent clinical features. Four infants were asphyxiated at birth. Some degree of cerebellar hemorrhage (macroscopic or microscopic) was observed in 21% of 157 newborn brains examined at autopsy. The cause of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage is unknown, but may result from deforming pressures on the skull secondary to perinatal trauma. A close follow-up of cerebellar function in low-birth-weight infants is important.", "contents": "Massive intracerebellar hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants. The clinical and pathologic observations of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage (destruction of at least one-third of cerebellar tissue) are described in six low-birth-weight infants. In all infants, severe progressive apnea associated with a falling hematocrit were the prominent clinical features. Four infants were asphyxiated at birth. Some degree of cerebellar hemorrhage (macroscopic or microscopic) was observed in 21% of 157 newborn brains examined at autopsy. The cause of massive intracerebellar hemorrhage is unknown, but may result from deforming pressures on the skull secondary to perinatal trauma. A close follow-up of cerebellar function in low-birth-weight infants is important."}
{"id": "PMID:940026", "title": "Intracranial hemorrhages in kittens: hypernatremia versus hypoxia.", "content": "Although CNS hemorrhages have long been observed in infants with hyaline membrane disease, the etiology of these hemorrhages is still unknown. Two proposed etiologies are hypoxia with acidosis and iatrogenic hypernatremia secondary to sodium bicarbonate therapy. An experiment on kittens comparing these two hypotheses suggested that intracranial hemorrhages were related only to elevated serum sodium concentrations. The CNS hemorrhages were independent of experimentally induced hypoxemia and its consequent acidosis.", "contents": "Intracranial hemorrhages in kittens: hypernatremia versus hypoxia. Although CNS hemorrhages have long been observed in infants with hyaline membrane disease, the etiology of these hemorrhages is still unknown. Two proposed etiologies are hypoxia with acidosis and iatrogenic hypernatremia secondary to sodium bicarbonate therapy. An experiment on kittens comparing these two hypotheses suggested that intracranial hemorrhages were related only to elevated serum sodium concentrations. The CNS hemorrhages were independent of experimentally induced hypoxemia and its consequent acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:940027", "title": "Serum thyrotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone levels during the early neonatal period in the human infant.", "content": "Normal term newborn infants have been studied during the first four hours after birth. Cord blood and brachial venous blood samples were collected for measurement of serum prolactin (n = 15; 11 vaginal delivery; four cesarean section delivery), thyrotropin (n=8), growth hormone (n=7), tri-iodothyronine (n=7) and thyroxine (n=7). The mean cord serum TSH concentration was 12 +/- 2 muU/ml and peaked in all infants 30 minutes after birth (67 +/- 7 muU/ml). Blood PRL also increased in all of the 15 infants studied; the mean cord blood value of 165 +/- 15 ng/ml increased significantly to a mean of 214 +/- 22 ng/ml at 30 minutes and 204 +/- 17 ng/ml at 60 minutes. The peak blood PRL concentration was observed at 30 minutes in eight newborn infants, at 60 minutes in three, and at 120 minutes in four. Mean serum GH concentrations were statistically similar during the first four hours but there was a tendency for serum levels to fall somewhat during the first hour after birth. The mean cord serum T3 concentration (47 +/- 5 mug/ml) increased significantly to a peak value of 227 +/- 38 ng/dl at 120 minutes. The increase in T4 from a mean of 15.3 +/- 1.2 mug/dl to a mean of 17.9 +/- 2.6 mug/dl at four hours was less dramatic. These data are consistent with the possibility that the same mechanism responsible for the neonatal TSH surge may be responsible for a significant but lesser PRL surge during the early minutes after birth.", "contents": "Serum thyrotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone levels during the early neonatal period in the human infant. Normal term newborn infants have been studied during the first four hours after birth. Cord blood and brachial venous blood samples were collected for measurement of serum prolactin (n = 15; 11 vaginal delivery; four cesarean section delivery), thyrotropin (n=8), growth hormone (n=7), tri-iodothyronine (n=7) and thyroxine (n=7). The mean cord serum TSH concentration was 12 +/- 2 muU/ml and peaked in all infants 30 minutes after birth (67 +/- 7 muU/ml). Blood PRL also increased in all of the 15 infants studied; the mean cord blood value of 165 +/- 15 ng/ml increased significantly to a mean of 214 +/- 22 ng/ml at 30 minutes and 204 +/- 17 ng/ml at 60 minutes. The peak blood PRL concentration was observed at 30 minutes in eight newborn infants, at 60 minutes in three, and at 120 minutes in four. Mean serum GH concentrations were statistically similar during the first four hours but there was a tendency for serum levels to fall somewhat during the first hour after birth. The mean cord serum T3 concentration (47 +/- 5 mug/ml) increased significantly to a peak value of 227 +/- 38 ng/dl at 120 minutes. The increase in T4 from a mean of 15.3 +/- 1.2 mug/dl to a mean of 17.9 +/- 2.6 mug/dl at four hours was less dramatic. These data are consistent with the possibility that the same mechanism responsible for the neonatal TSH surge may be responsible for a significant but lesser PRL surge during the early minutes after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:940029", "title": "Drug ingestions associated with miosis in comatose children.", "content": "The occurrence of pupillary constriction in children comatose as a result of the acute ingestion of common drugs has been studied in a large pediatric hospital by reviewing records of patients admitted between 1965 and 1974. Among 94 patients with an acute drug ingestion, the frequency of miosis in relation to the cause of coma was 88% for narcotics, 72% for phenothiazines, 35% for ethanol, and 31% for barbiturates. In contrast, miosis was noted in only 3% of 105 patients with coma from head injuries or infection of the central nervous system. Miosis was associated with all four drug ingestions among patients in deep coma and with narcotic and phenothiazine ingestions among patients in light coma. The frequency of miosis was found to increase with increasing depth of coma in patients with all four drug overdoses, particularly among patients with phenothiazine and barbiturate ingestions.", "contents": "Drug ingestions associated with miosis in comatose children. The occurrence of pupillary constriction in children comatose as a result of the acute ingestion of common drugs has been studied in a large pediatric hospital by reviewing records of patients admitted between 1965 and 1974. Among 94 patients with an acute drug ingestion, the frequency of miosis in relation to the cause of coma was 88% for narcotics, 72% for phenothiazines, 35% for ethanol, and 31% for barbiturates. In contrast, miosis was noted in only 3% of 105 patients with coma from head injuries or infection of the central nervous system. Miosis was associated with all four drug ingestions among patients in deep coma and with narcotic and phenothiazine ingestions among patients in light coma. The frequency of miosis was found to increase with increasing depth of coma in patients with all four drug overdoses, particularly among patients with phenothiazine and barbiturate ingestions."}
{"id": "PMID:940030", "title": "Diuretic effect of furosemide in acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Twenty-five children with the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis were treated with oral or intravenous doses of furosemide. The intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg or greater resulted in an increase in urine volume in all patients. Oral doses of less than 2 mg/kg were not as effective, but there was wide variation in diuretic response to the drug. In 13 patients, plasma concentrations of furosemide were measured. The plasma half-life varied from 2.3 to 4.4 hours after intravenous administration of the drug. The plasma concentration of furosemide did not correlate with diuretic response.", "contents": "Diuretic effect of furosemide in acute glomerulonephritis. Twenty-five children with the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis were treated with oral or intravenous doses of furosemide. The intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg or greater resulted in an increase in urine volume in all patients. Oral doses of less than 2 mg/kg were not as effective, but there was wide variation in diuretic response to the drug. In 13 patients, plasma concentrations of furosemide were measured. The plasma half-life varied from 2.3 to 4.4 hours after intravenous administration of the drug. The plasma concentration of furosemide did not correlate with diuretic response."}
{"id": "PMID:940031", "title": "Subtherapeutic dicloxacillin levels in a neonate: possible mechanisms.", "content": "A neonate treated initially with oxacillin intravenously for two weeks and who was receiving phenobarbital for a seizure disorder subsequently failed to achieve therapeutic levels of orally administered dicloxacillin, even when the dosage was as high as 175 mg/kg/day. Intestinal absorption was documented by high serum peak levels. The low trough levels correlated with a high urinary excretion rate. The possibillity that renal tubular transport of dichloxacillin was stimulated by administration of penicillin derivatives (and/or phenobarbital) is suggested, and the need for careful monitoring of serum levels of antibiotics in neonates is emphasized.", "contents": "Subtherapeutic dicloxacillin levels in a neonate: possible mechanisms. A neonate treated initially with oxacillin intravenously for two weeks and who was receiving phenobarbital for a seizure disorder subsequently failed to achieve therapeutic levels of orally administered dicloxacillin, even when the dosage was as high as 175 mg/kg/day. Intestinal absorption was documented by high serum peak levels. The low trough levels correlated with a high urinary excretion rate. The possibillity that renal tubular transport of dichloxacillin was stimulated by administration of penicillin derivatives (and/or phenobarbital) is suggested, and the need for careful monitoring of serum levels of antibiotics in neonates is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:940045", "title": "Differences in the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise between racing cyclists and untrained individuals.", "content": "1. Six well-trained cyclists and six untrained subjects were studied during and immediately after four successive 7 min periods of exercise at 30, 45, 60 and 75% of their maximal work capacity. 2. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, at the end of each exercise period and 5 min following the end of exercise, for estimation of metabolites in blood and plasma insulin, growth hormone, cortisol and catecholamines. 3. The results showed significant differences in the mobilization and utilization of muscle fuels between the athletically fit cyclists and the untrained group. In the cyclists, glucose, glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were higher, but lactate, pyruvate and alanine were lower than in the untrained subjects during exercise. 4. Plasma catecholamines rose in both groups during exercise but the rise was significantly less in the racing cyclists. Plasma insulin was depressed to a greater extent in the untrained subjects during exercise and plasma glucagon rose to a greater extent during strenuous exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma human growth hormone rose to a greater extent during exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma cortisol fell at low and moderate exercise rates in both groups, but to a smaller extent in the cyclists. Cortisol values rose at higher workloads and were significantly higher in the cyclists at the end of exercise. 5. It is concluded that there are significant differences in the metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise between athletically trained and untrained individuals, even when the physically fit subjects work at the same percentage of their maximal capacity as the unfit subjects.", "contents": "Differences in the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise between racing cyclists and untrained individuals. 1. Six well-trained cyclists and six untrained subjects were studied during and immediately after four successive 7 min periods of exercise at 30, 45, 60 and 75% of their maximal work capacity. 2. Venous blood samples were taken at rest, at the end of each exercise period and 5 min following the end of exercise, for estimation of metabolites in blood and plasma insulin, growth hormone, cortisol and catecholamines. 3. The results showed significant differences in the mobilization and utilization of muscle fuels between the athletically fit cyclists and the untrained group. In the cyclists, glucose, glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were higher, but lactate, pyruvate and alanine were lower than in the untrained subjects during exercise. 4. Plasma catecholamines rose in both groups during exercise but the rise was significantly less in the racing cyclists. Plasma insulin was depressed to a greater extent in the untrained subjects during exercise and plasma glucagon rose to a greater extent during strenuous exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma human growth hormone rose to a greater extent during exercise and remained elevated after the end of exercise in the untrained group. Plasma cortisol fell at low and moderate exercise rates in both groups, but to a smaller extent in the cyclists. Cortisol values rose at higher workloads and were significantly higher in the cyclists at the end of exercise. 5. It is concluded that there are significant differences in the metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise between athletically trained and untrained individuals, even when the physically fit subjects work at the same percentage of their maximal capacity as the unfit subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:940049", "title": "Action potentials reconstructed in normal and myotonic muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Muscle fibres from goats with myotonia congenita show characteristic responses to stimulation with intracellular currents (Adrian & Bryant, 1974). To test whether the reduced surface chloride conductance can account for these myotonic discharges, we have calculated responses of a model 'muscle fibre' to intracellular current of long duration (greater than 100 msec), assuming that the current is applied at the end of the fibre, that the fibre is of finite length, that a regenerative action potential occurs in the transverse tubular system as well as the surface, and that the potassium current in the wall of the transverse tubular system raises the potassium in the tubular lumen. In the absence of information about the kinetic parameters of the ionic currents in mammalian muscle we have used numerical values from frog muscle (Adrian, Chandler & Hodgkin, 1970). 2. In calculations with a normal surface chloride conductance a long maintained current gives only one action potential. Reduction of the chloride conductance to a half produces repetitive firing during the current; reduction to a tenth produces repetitive firing during and a small number of action potentials after the end of the current. Elimination of the tubular potassium accumulation from the calculation reduces the number but does not eliminate action potentials arising after the end of the applied current. 3. With a tenth of the normal chloride conductance calculated responses show maintained firing following a constant current if the deactivating rate of the sodium channels (betam) is reduced by 25%. As before, eliminating potassium accumulation reduces the number of post-stimulus action potentials, but it does not eliminate them altogether. 4. We conclude that in the absence of a surface chloride conductance tubular potassium accumulation could certainly contribute to the instability of the membrane, but it is clear that potassium accumulation is not the only reason for the instability of myotonic muscle fibres. The kinetics of the sodium channels are important and we do not know that they are the same in normal and myotonic fibres. Nevertheless the presence of a surface chloride conductance does stabilize the response of a fibre to constant current or to repetitive stimulation, and its absence could be a sufficient condition for myotonic behaviour.", "contents": "Action potentials reconstructed in normal and myotonic muscle fibres. 1. Muscle fibres from goats with myotonia congenita show characteristic responses to stimulation with intracellular currents (Adrian & Bryant, 1974). To test whether the reduced surface chloride conductance can account for these myotonic discharges, we have calculated responses of a model 'muscle fibre' to intracellular current of long duration (greater than 100 msec), assuming that the current is applied at the end of the fibre, that the fibre is of finite length, that a regenerative action potential occurs in the transverse tubular system as well as the surface, and that the potassium current in the wall of the transverse tubular system raises the potassium in the tubular lumen. In the absence of information about the kinetic parameters of the ionic currents in mammalian muscle we have used numerical values from frog muscle (Adrian, Chandler & Hodgkin, 1970). 2. In calculations with a normal surface chloride conductance a long maintained current gives only one action potential. Reduction of the chloride conductance to a half produces repetitive firing during the current; reduction to a tenth produces repetitive firing during and a small number of action potentials after the end of the current. Elimination of the tubular potassium accumulation from the calculation reduces the number but does not eliminate action potentials arising after the end of the applied current. 3. With a tenth of the normal chloride conductance calculated responses show maintained firing following a constant current if the deactivating rate of the sodium channels (betam) is reduced by 25%. As before, eliminating potassium accumulation reduces the number of post-stimulus action potentials, but it does not eliminate them altogether. 4. We conclude that in the absence of a surface chloride conductance tubular potassium accumulation could certainly contribute to the instability of the membrane, but it is clear that potassium accumulation is not the only reason for the instability of myotonic muscle fibres. The kinetics of the sodium channels are important and we do not know that they are the same in normal and myotonic fibres. Nevertheless the presence of a surface chloride conductance does stabilize the response of a fibre to constant current or to repetitive stimulation, and its absence could be a sufficient condition for myotonic behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:940050", "title": "The regulation of respiratory evaporative heat loss in the rabbit.", "content": "1. Respiratory evaporative heat loss in the rabbit has a minimum value of 0-2-0-3 W/kg and a maximum value of about 1-1 W/kg in non-evaporatively limited environments. 2. Both skin temperature and hypothalamic temperature influence respiratory evaporative heat loss, and they do so in a multiplicative fashion. Thus, at low skin temperature the hypothalamic temperature threshold for the onset of panting is above normal hypothalamic temperature and hypothalamic thermosensitivity is high. On the other hand, at high skin temperatures, the hypothalamic temperature threshold for the onset of panting is well below normal hypothalamic temperature, but hypothalamic thermosensitivity is greatly reduced. 3. The influence of mean skin temperature (Tsk) and hypothalamic temperature on respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) in the rabbit can be described by the equation: Eres=1-1-0-08 (Tsk-39-7) (Thy-42-9) greater than or equal to 0-3 W/kg. 4. Thus, the ability of a lowered mean skin temperature to increase the thermosensitivity of the hypothalamus in response to local temperature changes applies to heat loss mechanisms as well as heat production mechanisms. It is suggested that the characteristics of this peripheral input into the C.N.S. are fulfilled by tonic cold fibre input originating from the peripheral cold receptors on the body surface.", "contents": "The regulation of respiratory evaporative heat loss in the rabbit. 1. Respiratory evaporative heat loss in the rabbit has a minimum value of 0-2-0-3 W/kg and a maximum value of about 1-1 W/kg in non-evaporatively limited environments. 2. Both skin temperature and hypothalamic temperature influence respiratory evaporative heat loss, and they do so in a multiplicative fashion. Thus, at low skin temperature the hypothalamic temperature threshold for the onset of panting is above normal hypothalamic temperature and hypothalamic thermosensitivity is high. On the other hand, at high skin temperatures, the hypothalamic temperature threshold for the onset of panting is well below normal hypothalamic temperature, but hypothalamic thermosensitivity is greatly reduced. 3. The influence of mean skin temperature (Tsk) and hypothalamic temperature on respiratory evaporative heat loss (Eres) in the rabbit can be described by the equation: Eres=1-1-0-08 (Tsk-39-7) (Thy-42-9) greater than or equal to 0-3 W/kg. 4. Thus, the ability of a lowered mean skin temperature to increase the thermosensitivity of the hypothalamus in response to local temperature changes applies to heat loss mechanisms as well as heat production mechanisms. It is suggested that the characteristics of this peripheral input into the C.N.S. are fulfilled by tonic cold fibre input originating from the peripheral cold receptors on the body surface."}
{"id": "PMID:940053", "title": "The negative potential wave evoked in cuneate nucleus by stimulation of afferent pathways: its origins and susceptibility to inhibition.", "content": "1. The negative (N)-wave evoked at various depths in the cuneate nucleus by stimulation of afferents in the ipsilateral forepaw or dorsal column has been studied in the rat. 2. Micro-iontophoretic applications of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the vicinity of the recording electrode markedly reduced the amplitude of the negative wave, but only when recordings were made near the base of the cuneate nucleus. Nearer the surface of the medulla, GABA was much less effective. 3. A similar depth distribution obtained for the depression of the negative wave by micro-iontophoretic Mg2+ and enhancement by Ca2+. 4. Depression of the negative wave by conditioning stimulation of the afferent pathway also showed a similar depth distribution. The conditioned depression of the negative wave was most marked during the first 30 ms after the conditioning stimulus and this early depression could be antagonized by iontophoretic (+)-bicuculline methochloride. A lesser degree of conditioned inhibition of the negative wave persisted up to 80-200 ms but this was resistant to (+)-bicuculline methochloride. Thus, conditioned depression of the negative wave appeared to be mediated only in part by a GABA-like transmitter. 5. It is concluded that the negative wave recorded near the base of the cuneate nucleus has some of the predicted properties of a post-synaptic potential. These properties are not seen when the negative wave is recorded more superficially, near the surface of the medulla.", "contents": "The negative potential wave evoked in cuneate nucleus by stimulation of afferent pathways: its origins and susceptibility to inhibition. 1. The negative (N)-wave evoked at various depths in the cuneate nucleus by stimulation of afferents in the ipsilateral forepaw or dorsal column has been studied in the rat. 2. Micro-iontophoretic applications of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the vicinity of the recording electrode markedly reduced the amplitude of the negative wave, but only when recordings were made near the base of the cuneate nucleus. Nearer the surface of the medulla, GABA was much less effective. 3. A similar depth distribution obtained for the depression of the negative wave by micro-iontophoretic Mg2+ and enhancement by Ca2+. 4. Depression of the negative wave by conditioning stimulation of the afferent pathway also showed a similar depth distribution. The conditioned depression of the negative wave was most marked during the first 30 ms after the conditioning stimulus and this early depression could be antagonized by iontophoretic (+)-bicuculline methochloride. A lesser degree of conditioned inhibition of the negative wave persisted up to 80-200 ms but this was resistant to (+)-bicuculline methochloride. Thus, conditioned depression of the negative wave appeared to be mediated only in part by a GABA-like transmitter. 5. It is concluded that the negative wave recorded near the base of the cuneate nucleus has some of the predicted properties of a post-synaptic potential. These properties are not seen when the negative wave is recorded more superficially, near the surface of the medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:940054", "title": "The location of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the medulla of the cat.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological techniques have been used to locate the origin of preganglionic vagal motoneurones supplying the heart of the cat. 2. The right cardiac vagal branches were identified anatomically and their ability to slow the heart was assessed by electrical stimulation. Control experiments revealed that contamination of cardiac branches by bronchomotor and oesophageal efferent fibres was likely to be small. 3. Fifty-seven neurones in the medulla were activated antidromically on stimulating the cardiac branches at up to 5 times the threshold for cardiac slowing. They had axons with conduction velocities between 3 and 15 m/sec, corresponding to B fibres. 4. None of these were located in the region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, in spite of repeated sampling there, but all were located in the region of the nucleus ambigus. Histological examination of marked neurones (forty-six of the fifty-seven neurones) revealed that they were associated with its principal column, rostral to the obex. 5. Sampling motoneurones of the dorsal motor nucleus revealed that most sent axons down the thoracic vagus below the cardiac branches. Only three of thirty-three could be activated antidromically by high intensity stimulation of the cardiac branches, but on the basis of their thresholds and conduction velocities, it is argued that they were unlikely to be cardio-inhibitory neurones. 6. It is concluded that preganglionic cardio-inhibitory neurones arise not in the dorsal motor nucleus, but in the principal column of the nucleus ambiguus.", "contents": "The location of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the medulla of the cat. 1. Electrophysiological techniques have been used to locate the origin of preganglionic vagal motoneurones supplying the heart of the cat. 2. The right cardiac vagal branches were identified anatomically and their ability to slow the heart was assessed by electrical stimulation. Control experiments revealed that contamination of cardiac branches by bronchomotor and oesophageal efferent fibres was likely to be small. 3. Fifty-seven neurones in the medulla were activated antidromically on stimulating the cardiac branches at up to 5 times the threshold for cardiac slowing. They had axons with conduction velocities between 3 and 15 m/sec, corresponding to B fibres. 4. None of these were located in the region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, in spite of repeated sampling there, but all were located in the region of the nucleus ambigus. Histological examination of marked neurones (forty-six of the fifty-seven neurones) revealed that they were associated with its principal column, rostral to the obex. 5. Sampling motoneurones of the dorsal motor nucleus revealed that most sent axons down the thoracic vagus below the cardiac branches. Only three of thirty-three could be activated antidromically by high intensity stimulation of the cardiac branches, but on the basis of their thresholds and conduction velocities, it is argued that they were unlikely to be cardio-inhibitory neurones. 6. It is concluded that preganglionic cardio-inhibitory neurones arise not in the dorsal motor nucleus, but in the principal column of the nucleus ambiguus."}
{"id": "PMID:940055", "title": "Respiratory frequency response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia.", "content": "1. Ventilatory, tidal volume and frequency responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia have been measured in twenty-nine healthy subjects by a rebreathing technique. 2. A strong correlation was found between ventilatory response to hypoxia (deltaVI/DELTASaO2) and frequency response to hypoxia (deltaf/deltaSaO2) (r=0-82, P less than 0-001). There was a lesser correlation between deltaV1/deltaSaO2 and tidal volume response (deltaVT/deltaSaO2) (r=0-50, P less than 0-01). These findings suggest that the wide range of ventilatory response to hypoxia among subjects is mainly determined by differences in frequency response and contrast with previous findings in studies of the response to progressive hypercapnia. 3. The breathing pattern during progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia was compared in ten subjects. Ventilation/tidal volume plots were constructed and patterns of response were further analysed in terms of inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE) and mean inspiratory flow rate (VI). 4. Increments in ventilation during hypoxia were achieved with a greater respiratory frequency and a smaller tidal volume than during hypercapnia in eight of the ten subjects studied. In two subjects no difference in breathing pattern during hypoxia and hypercapnia was observed. 5. Changes in respiratory frequency during progressive hypoxia were achieved in all subjects by a progressive shortening of TI and TE. By contrast, TI remained constant during hypercapnia until VT had increased to 3-5 times the eupnoeic value; during hypercapnia the increase in frequency was achieved mainly by a progressive shortening of TE. 6. It is concluded that different mechanisms may be involved in altering respiratory frequency when ventilation is driven progressively by these different chemical stimuli.", "contents": "Respiratory frequency response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia. 1. Ventilatory, tidal volume and frequency responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia have been measured in twenty-nine healthy subjects by a rebreathing technique. 2. A strong correlation was found between ventilatory response to hypoxia (deltaVI/DELTASaO2) and frequency response to hypoxia (deltaf/deltaSaO2) (r=0-82, P less than 0-001). There was a lesser correlation between deltaV1/deltaSaO2 and tidal volume response (deltaVT/deltaSaO2) (r=0-50, P less than 0-01). These findings suggest that the wide range of ventilatory response to hypoxia among subjects is mainly determined by differences in frequency response and contrast with previous findings in studies of the response to progressive hypercapnia. 3. The breathing pattern during progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia was compared in ten subjects. Ventilation/tidal volume plots were constructed and patterns of response were further analysed in terms of inspiratory duration (TI), expiratory duration (TE) and mean inspiratory flow rate (VI). 4. Increments in ventilation during hypoxia were achieved with a greater respiratory frequency and a smaller tidal volume than during hypercapnia in eight of the ten subjects studied. In two subjects no difference in breathing pattern during hypoxia and hypercapnia was observed. 5. Changes in respiratory frequency during progressive hypoxia were achieved in all subjects by a progressive shortening of TI and TE. By contrast, TI remained constant during hypercapnia until VT had increased to 3-5 times the eupnoeic value; during hypercapnia the increase in frequency was achieved mainly by a progressive shortening of TE. 6. It is concluded that different mechanisms may be involved in altering respiratory frequency when ventilation is driven progressively by these different chemical stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:940060", "title": "A pharmacological study of Renshaw cell inhibition.", "content": "1. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone a pharmacological investigation was made of the inhibition of Renshaw cells by dorsal root afferent volleys and ventral root antidromic volleys, and of the inhibition of motoneurones by Renshaw cells. 2. The effects of strychnine, bicuculline and tetanus toxin indicate that both glycine and GABA operate as inhibitory transmitters released on Renshaw cells by dorsal root volleys. 3. The 'mutual' inhibition of Renshaw cells, and the recurrent inhibition of motoneurones by Renshaw cells, are suppressed by strychnine: Renshaw cells are thus glycinergic inhibitory neurones, a proposal consistant with recent evidence for strychnine-sensitive inhibition of Ia interneurones by Renshaw cells. 4. The 'pause' which follows high frequency synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells is insensitive to strychnine, bicuculline and tetanus toxin, and is considered unlikely to be the consequence of synaptic inhibition.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of Renshaw cell inhibition. 1. In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone a pharmacological investigation was made of the inhibition of Renshaw cells by dorsal root afferent volleys and ventral root antidromic volleys, and of the inhibition of motoneurones by Renshaw cells. 2. The effects of strychnine, bicuculline and tetanus toxin indicate that both glycine and GABA operate as inhibitory transmitters released on Renshaw cells by dorsal root volleys. 3. The 'mutual' inhibition of Renshaw cells, and the recurrent inhibition of motoneurones by Renshaw cells, are suppressed by strychnine: Renshaw cells are thus glycinergic inhibitory neurones, a proposal consistant with recent evidence for strychnine-sensitive inhibition of Ia interneurones by Renshaw cells. 4. The 'pause' which follows high frequency synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells is insensitive to strychnine, bicuculline and tetanus toxin, and is considered unlikely to be the consequence of synaptic inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:940062", "title": "Studies on renin release from isolated superfused glomeruli: effects of temperature, urea, ouabain and ethacrynic acid.", "content": "1. The effects of different energy substrates, of low temperature, of urea, and of ouabain and ethacrynic acid were studied on the rate of renin release from viable juxtaglomerular cells during superfusion of isolated rat glomeruli. 2. Neither lactate nor glutamate altered renin release rate from that observed using glucose as the sole energy substrate. Succinate 10 mM elevated release transiently but did not influence the release caused by reductions in osmolality through lowering sucrose concentration. 3. Peak renin release was more prolonged and returned more slowly to control following reductions in osmolality in phosphate-Ringer than in bicarbonate-Ringer. 4. At 37 degrees C, the peak of renin released induced by hypo-osmolality was smaller and delayed, and returned earlier to control than at 30 degrees C. Reduction in temperature from 30 to 4 degrees C resulted in a 32-fold increase in basal release rate. At 4 degrees C a 20 m-osmole/kg reduction in tonicity caused an additional 2-5-fold increase in release rate. 6. Increasing superfusate osmolality with urea did not affect basal renin release but 100 mM urea suppressed the releasing effect of a 15 mM reduction in NaCl concentration. 7. Ouabain (10(-4) M) caused a small (33 +/- 9%, P less than 0-025) transient increase in renin release. Ethacrynic acid (10(-3) M) provoked a progressive increase in release reaching 100 +/- 15% above control within 50 min. In the presence of both inhibitors the release provoked by hyposmolality was prolonged. 8. It is concluded that renin release in vitro is a function of actively regulated cell volume and it is proposed that a similar mechanism could underline both barorecptor and macula densa controls of renin secretion in vivo.", "contents": "Studies on renin release from isolated superfused glomeruli: effects of temperature, urea, ouabain and ethacrynic acid. 1. The effects of different energy substrates, of low temperature, of urea, and of ouabain and ethacrynic acid were studied on the rate of renin release from viable juxtaglomerular cells during superfusion of isolated rat glomeruli. 2. Neither lactate nor glutamate altered renin release rate from that observed using glucose as the sole energy substrate. Succinate 10 mM elevated release transiently but did not influence the release caused by reductions in osmolality through lowering sucrose concentration. 3. Peak renin release was more prolonged and returned more slowly to control following reductions in osmolality in phosphate-Ringer than in bicarbonate-Ringer. 4. At 37 degrees C, the peak of renin released induced by hypo-osmolality was smaller and delayed, and returned earlier to control than at 30 degrees C. Reduction in temperature from 30 to 4 degrees C resulted in a 32-fold increase in basal release rate. At 4 degrees C a 20 m-osmole/kg reduction in tonicity caused an additional 2-5-fold increase in release rate. 6. Increasing superfusate osmolality with urea did not affect basal renin release but 100 mM urea suppressed the releasing effect of a 15 mM reduction in NaCl concentration. 7. Ouabain (10(-4) M) caused a small (33 +/- 9%, P less than 0-025) transient increase in renin release. Ethacrynic acid (10(-3) M) provoked a progressive increase in release reaching 100 +/- 15% above control within 50 min. In the presence of both inhibitors the release provoked by hyposmolality was prolonged. 8. It is concluded that renin release in vitro is a function of actively regulated cell volume and it is proposed that a similar mechanism could underline both barorecptor and macula densa controls of renin secretion in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:940071", "title": "Direct and indirect activation of nerve cells by electrical pulses applied extracellularly.", "content": "1. The mode of activation of nerve cells by extracellular stimuli was investigated while recording from a selected cell with one electrode, and applying current pulses around this cell with another electrode. The analysis was done on motoneurones and on spinal border cells from lower lumbar segments in the cat. 2. Directly evoked action potentials were defined by their appearance in an all-or-none fashion with stable latencies of less than 0-5 ms. The lowest thresholds for their generation were 0-15-0-20 muA in the spinal border cells and 0-35-0-40 muA in the motoneurones. In the main series on motoneurones a correlation has been established between different positions of the extracellular stimulating electrode in relation to the cells and the thresholds for the direct excitation of these cells. The position of the electrode were defined on the basis of an analysis of the IS and SD components of the action potentials recorded extracellularly around the cell when evoked by current pulses applied through the intracellular electrode; both the amplitudes of these IS and SD components and their timing with the IS and SD spikes, which were simultaneously recorded with the intracellular electrode, were then taken into account. The lowest thresholds (less than 2 muA) for the direct activation of cells were found nearest the initial segment of the axon. Their values increased to about 5 mu A at near-soma positions and to greater than 10 muA at near-dendrites positions about 150 mum away. 3. Transsynaptically evoked action potentials which were clearly set up by the preceding e.p.s.p.s appeared with latencies greater than 0-7 ms. When single current pulses were used, the lowest thresholds for transsynaptic spike activation were usually greater than 5-10 muA but they considerably decreased with repetitive stimuli. These thresholds were higher than the thresholds for the direct activation of cells within the region of the initial segment, of the same order of magnitude near the soma, and lower when the stimulating electrode was nearer the dendrites than the soma and generally at all larger distances from the cells. 4. All the observations on direct excitation of cells by extracellular stimuli (generation of the IS spike before the SD spike, lowest thresholds near the region of the initial segment of the axon, similar rates of increase in these thresholds with distance as for fibres) lead to the conclusion that the effects of the extracellular stimuli are exerted primarily via spread of current to the initial segment of the axon and its depolarization. 5. Late extracellular negativities presumably related to dendritic activation were observed in a few cells. These negativities were synchronous with late components of the intracellulary recorded action potentials.", "contents": "Direct and indirect activation of nerve cells by electrical pulses applied extracellularly. 1. The mode of activation of nerve cells by extracellular stimuli was investigated while recording from a selected cell with one electrode, and applying current pulses around this cell with another electrode. The analysis was done on motoneurones and on spinal border cells from lower lumbar segments in the cat. 2. Directly evoked action potentials were defined by their appearance in an all-or-none fashion with stable latencies of less than 0-5 ms. The lowest thresholds for their generation were 0-15-0-20 muA in the spinal border cells and 0-35-0-40 muA in the motoneurones. In the main series on motoneurones a correlation has been established between different positions of the extracellular stimulating electrode in relation to the cells and the thresholds for the direct excitation of these cells. The position of the electrode were defined on the basis of an analysis of the IS and SD components of the action potentials recorded extracellularly around the cell when evoked by current pulses applied through the intracellular electrode; both the amplitudes of these IS and SD components and their timing with the IS and SD spikes, which were simultaneously recorded with the intracellular electrode, were then taken into account. The lowest thresholds (less than 2 muA) for the direct activation of cells were found nearest the initial segment of the axon. Their values increased to about 5 mu A at near-soma positions and to greater than 10 muA at near-dendrites positions about 150 mum away. 3. Transsynaptically evoked action potentials which were clearly set up by the preceding e.p.s.p.s appeared with latencies greater than 0-7 ms. When single current pulses were used, the lowest thresholds for transsynaptic spike activation were usually greater than 5-10 muA but they considerably decreased with repetitive stimuli. These thresholds were higher than the thresholds for the direct activation of cells within the region of the initial segment, of the same order of magnitude near the soma, and lower when the stimulating electrode was nearer the dendrites than the soma and generally at all larger distances from the cells. 4. All the observations on direct excitation of cells by extracellular stimuli (generation of the IS spike before the SD spike, lowest thresholds near the region of the initial segment of the axon, similar rates of increase in these thresholds with distance as for fibres) lead to the conclusion that the effects of the extracellular stimuli are exerted primarily via spread of current to the initial segment of the axon and its depolarization. 5. Late extracellular negativities presumably related to dendritic activation were observed in a few cells. These negativities were synchronous with late components of the intracellulary recorded action potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:940085", "title": "The clinical side of cytogenetics.", "content": "In 1956 the correct number of chromosomes was established in man, and in 1959 the well-recognized syndromes of Down, Turner and Klinefelter were shown to be associated with chromosomal anomalies. During the following 10 years more than 100 chromosomal anomalies were discovered by what now appear to have been rather crude and undiscriminating techniques, as reflected in the repeated attempts to standardize the human karyotype, first at Denver in 1960, then in London in 1963 and in Chicago in 1966. At the Second Denver Conference in 1970 a dramatic change took place as a result of the introduction of a technique by which every individual chromosome could be distinguished; by the time the next Conference on Standardization in Human Cytogenetics was held, in Paris in 1971, additional techniques had been developed that could distinguish not only every chromosome but also different regions of each chromosome. We are now able to define normal variants reliably, identify extra chromosomes involved in abnormalities accurately, recognize small defects which were missed previously and map structural defects precisely by tracing exchange segments of chromosomes. Cytogenetics should be used by the clinician to establish a diagnosis as a guide to a rational plan of management, as a guide to prognosis and genetic counseling and for monitoring pregnancies in people at increased risk of having children with defects associated with chromosomal anomalies.", "contents": "The clinical side of cytogenetics. In 1956 the correct number of chromosomes was established in man, and in 1959 the well-recognized syndromes of Down, Turner and Klinefelter were shown to be associated with chromosomal anomalies. During the following 10 years more than 100 chromosomal anomalies were discovered by what now appear to have been rather crude and undiscriminating techniques, as reflected in the repeated attempts to standardize the human karyotype, first at Denver in 1960, then in London in 1963 and in Chicago in 1966. At the Second Denver Conference in 1970 a dramatic change took place as a result of the introduction of a technique by which every individual chromosome could be distinguished; by the time the next Conference on Standardization in Human Cytogenetics was held, in Paris in 1971, additional techniques had been developed that could distinguish not only every chromosome but also different regions of each chromosome. We are now able to define normal variants reliably, identify extra chromosomes involved in abnormalities accurately, recognize small defects which were missed previously and map structural defects precisely by tracing exchange segments of chromosomes. Cytogenetics should be used by the clinician to establish a diagnosis as a guide to a rational plan of management, as a guide to prognosis and genetic counseling and for monitoring pregnancies in people at increased risk of having children with defects associated with chromosomal anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:940093", "title": "[UHT--behandeling van melk (author's transl)].", "content": "Pasteurisation of milk provides protection for the consumer against pathogens which may be present in the raw milk, and improves its keeping quality. Sterilisation provides indefinite keeping quality but has an undesirable effect on the flavour and nutritive value of the milk. Ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment produces a milk with prolonged shelf life at ambient temperatures yet has practically the same effect on colour, falvour and nutritive value as pasteurisation. UHT treatment of milk involves preheating to 80 degrees C and then quickly raising the temperature, either by indirect heating in a tubular heater or by direct steam injection, to 130 degrees-- to 150 degrees C at which temperature it is kept for 3 to 5 sec. Cooling follows immediately. Systems in operation in South Africa use steam injection for heating to sterilising temperatures. Evaporation cooling is obtained by subjecting milk to a partial vacuum. This removes any water added during heating by condensing steam and also removes steam-volatile off-flavours. UHT-treated milk is packed aseptically, usually into heat-sealed paperboard laminated cartons. Intact packages can be kept for up to three months. Absolute sterility cannot be obtained by UHT processing. The term \"sterilising effect\", introduced by Galesloot, means the log10 of the ratio of initial spore count to surviving spore count. A spoilage rate of not more than one litre package per 1000 is considered satisfactory. For laboratory control samples of the sterilized milk are incubated at temperatures favourable to germination of mesophilic and thermophilic spores respectively. After incubation the milk is examined for flavour and physical appearance, subjected to the standard plate count and tested for increase in acidity and decrease in stability towards the alcohol test. Milk for UHT treatment must possess protein stability in the alcohol test, be of good bacteriological quality, and a low spore count in particular.", "contents": "[UHT--behandeling van melk (author's transl)]. Pasteurisation of milk provides protection for the consumer against pathogens which may be present in the raw milk, and improves its keeping quality. Sterilisation provides indefinite keeping quality but has an undesirable effect on the flavour and nutritive value of the milk. Ultra high temperature (UHT) treatment produces a milk with prolonged shelf life at ambient temperatures yet has practically the same effect on colour, falvour and nutritive value as pasteurisation. UHT treatment of milk involves preheating to 80 degrees C and then quickly raising the temperature, either by indirect heating in a tubular heater or by direct steam injection, to 130 degrees-- to 150 degrees C at which temperature it is kept for 3 to 5 sec. Cooling follows immediately. Systems in operation in South Africa use steam injection for heating to sterilising temperatures. Evaporation cooling is obtained by subjecting milk to a partial vacuum. This removes any water added during heating by condensing steam and also removes steam-volatile off-flavours. UHT-treated milk is packed aseptically, usually into heat-sealed paperboard laminated cartons. Intact packages can be kept for up to three months. Absolute sterility cannot be obtained by UHT processing. The term \"sterilising effect\", introduced by Galesloot, means the log10 of the ratio of initial spore count to surviving spore count. A spoilage rate of not more than one litre package per 1000 is considered satisfactory. For laboratory control samples of the sterilized milk are incubated at temperatures favourable to germination of mesophilic and thermophilic spores respectively. After incubation the milk is examined for flavour and physical appearance, subjected to the standard plate count and tested for increase in acidity and decrease in stability towards the alcohol test. Milk for UHT treatment must possess protein stability in the alcohol test, be of good bacteriological quality, and a low spore count in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:940094", "title": "Induced parturition in cattle. 1. Clinical studies.", "content": "Parturition was induced in 17 Friesland heifers to decrease the possible occurrence of dystocia. The heifers were given 39 mg dexamethasone intra-muscularly on the 267th day of pregnancy and were observed for signs of impending parturition. The time of foetal membrane expulsion was noted. Parturition occurred on an average of 57 hours after corticosteroid administration. Three heifers required assistance during parturition. In one case a second injection of dexamethazone had to be given. The incidence of retained placenta was 68,8%. Rectal examination five to seven months after induction revealed that 76,5% of all animals were again pregnant. Of the four non-pregnant animals three had received assistance during parturition.", "contents": "Induced parturition in cattle. 1. Clinical studies. Parturition was induced in 17 Friesland heifers to decrease the possible occurrence of dystocia. The heifers were given 39 mg dexamethasone intra-muscularly on the 267th day of pregnancy and were observed for signs of impending parturition. The time of foetal membrane expulsion was noted. Parturition occurred on an average of 57 hours after corticosteroid administration. Three heifers required assistance during parturition. In one case a second injection of dexamethazone had to be given. The incidence of retained placenta was 68,8%. Rectal examination five to seven months after induction revealed that 76,5% of all animals were again pregnant. Of the four non-pregnant animals three had received assistance during parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:940095", "title": "An outbreak of diphtheria in Boergoat kids.", "content": "During an outbreak of diphtheria or ulcerative stomatitis in young Boergoat kids Fusobacterium necrophorum was consistently isolated under anaerobic cultural conditions from material taken from the edges of the ulcerative lesions from all of the cases examined. Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinobacillus lignieresi, Moraxella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were also isolated anaerobically and/or aerobically. The typical symptoms and lesions were confirmed to the mouth, tongue and throat regions.", "contents": "An outbreak of diphtheria in Boergoat kids. During an outbreak of diphtheria or ulcerative stomatitis in young Boergoat kids Fusobacterium necrophorum was consistently isolated under anaerobic cultural conditions from material taken from the edges of the ulcerative lesions from all of the cases examined. Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinobacillus lignieresi, Moraxella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were also isolated anaerobically and/or aerobically. The typical symptoms and lesions were confirmed to the mouth, tongue and throat regions."}
{"id": "PMID:940096", "title": "Bovine cerebral theileriosis: a report on five cases with splenic infarction.", "content": "Five cases of bovine cerebral theileriosis are described. Macroscopically visible thrombosis of branches of the splenic vessels with associated infarction of the spleen are reported for the first time in this disease. The presence of Koch's bodies in thrombosed splenic vessels or vessels clogged with lymphocytes in the spleen is also a new finding. These changes were encountered in all five cases.", "contents": "Bovine cerebral theileriosis: a report on five cases with splenic infarction. Five cases of bovine cerebral theileriosis are described. Macroscopically visible thrombosis of branches of the splenic vessels with associated infarction of the spleen are reported for the first time in this disease. The presence of Koch's bodies in thrombosed splenic vessels or vessels clogged with lymphocytes in the spleen is also a new finding. These changes were encountered in all five cases."}
{"id": "PMID:940101", "title": "The prevalence of dourine in southern Africa.", "content": "The geographical distribution of positive dourine cases found on serological testing at Onderstepoort during the period 1954 to 1975 is recorded, showing major foci of infection occurring in the northern Cape Province, northern Orange Free State, western and north-western Transvaal. Positive cases are also recorded from South West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Rhodesia.", "contents": "The prevalence of dourine in southern Africa. The geographical distribution of positive dourine cases found on serological testing at Onderstepoort during the period 1954 to 1975 is recorded, showing major foci of infection occurring in the northern Cape Province, northern Orange Free State, western and north-western Transvaal. Positive cases are also recorded from South West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Rhodesia."}
{"id": "PMID:940103", "title": "Experiences in the diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cows.", "content": "The Milk Ring, Serum Agglutination, Biological, Mercaptoethanol and Rose Bengal Plate Tests were used in combination to diagnose brucellosis in cows in some herds supplying milk to Johannesburg. The work was done in conjunction with routine testing of bulk milk supplies for public health control. 4 769 cows in more than 76 herds were involved in the tests. Results confirm that no single test can demonstrate all infected cows in a herd and that repeated testing is necessary. In an infected herd in which Strain 19 adult vaccination has been used some negative and suspicious cows will have to be sacrificed in eradicating the disease.", "contents": "Experiences in the diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cows. The Milk Ring, Serum Agglutination, Biological, Mercaptoethanol and Rose Bengal Plate Tests were used in combination to diagnose brucellosis in cows in some herds supplying milk to Johannesburg. The work was done in conjunction with routine testing of bulk milk supplies for public health control. 4 769 cows in more than 76 herds were involved in the tests. Results confirm that no single test can demonstrate all infected cows in a herd and that repeated testing is necessary. In an infected herd in which Strain 19 adult vaccination has been used some negative and suspicious cows will have to be sacrificed in eradicating the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:940104", "title": "Quantum chemical studies of methadone.", "content": "Quantum chemical calculations were performed on the flexible methadone molecule to test the hypothesis that it structurally mimics the fused ring structure of morphine. In these calculations using the semiempirical, PCILO method, protonated and nonprotonated conformations were considered representative of different types of intramolecular interaction at the morphine receptor. Calculated energies for these conformations were compared to those calculated for protonated and nonprotonated extended chain and crystal structure conformers. Lowest energy conformations showed intramolecular bonding but the resultant molecular geometries were not very morphine-like. A comparison of the structure of methadone to that of meperidine seemed equally as valid.", "contents": "Quantum chemical studies of methadone. Quantum chemical calculations were performed on the flexible methadone molecule to test the hypothesis that it structurally mimics the fused ring structure of morphine. In these calculations using the semiempirical, PCILO method, protonated and nonprotonated conformations were considered representative of different types of intramolecular interaction at the morphine receptor. Calculated energies for these conformations were compared to those calculated for protonated and nonprotonated extended chain and crystal structure conformers. Lowest energy conformations showed intramolecular bonding but the resultant molecular geometries were not very morphine-like. A comparison of the structure of methadone to that of meperidine seemed equally as valid."}
{"id": "PMID:940105", "title": "Structure-activity studies on sulfamate sweeteners.", "content": "The structure-activity relationships governing sulfamate sweeteners are reviewed under the headings: size of the reduced ring, changes in the sulfamate function, substitution of hydrogen in the ring, and substitution of carbon in the ring and open-chain compounds. Fifteen compounds have been synthesized with a view to testing the limitations on structural changes which may be made within these categories without loss of sweetness. The presence of the grouping greater than CHN(R)SO3- is suggested as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a compound to be sweet-tasting. Thus, the B center of the Shallenberger A-H,B theory of sweetness is best regarded as being -SO3- rather than -SO2- for sulfamates. Threshold levels and relative sweetness have been determined for seven sulfamates.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies on sulfamate sweeteners. The structure-activity relationships governing sulfamate sweeteners are reviewed under the headings: size of the reduced ring, changes in the sulfamate function, substitution of hydrogen in the ring, and substitution of carbon in the ring and open-chain compounds. Fifteen compounds have been synthesized with a view to testing the limitations on structural changes which may be made within these categories without loss of sweetness. The presence of the grouping greater than CHN(R)SO3- is suggested as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a compound to be sweet-tasting. Thus, the B center of the Shallenberger A-H,B theory of sweetness is best regarded as being -SO3- rather than -SO2- for sulfamates. Threshold levels and relative sweetness have been determined for seven sulfamates."}
{"id": "PMID:940106", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of oxytocin analogues having L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in position 7.", "content": "[7-Thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid)]oxytocin and [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,7-(thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid)]oxytocin have been synthesized by a solid-phase method. Alpha-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl- and S-ethylcarbamoyl-protecting groups were employed. The dipeptide Boc-Cys(Ec)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid as well as individual residues was coupled to a H-Gly-dehydroalanine-resin with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The appropriate protected polypeptide intermediates were cleaved from the resin by acidolysis, deprotected in NH3, and oxidized to the cyclic disulfide analogues with ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. Relative to oxytocin and [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid]oxytocin, these analogues exhibit greatly enhanced oxytocic and avian vasodepressor potencies and unchanged rat pressor potencies.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of oxytocin analogues having L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in position 7. [7-Thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid)]oxytocin and [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid,7-(thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid)]oxytocin have been synthesized by a solid-phase method. Alpha-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl- and S-ethylcarbamoyl-protecting groups were employed. The dipeptide Boc-Cys(Ec)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid as well as individual residues was coupled to a H-Gly-dehydroalanine-resin with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The appropriate protected polypeptide intermediates were cleaved from the resin by acidolysis, deprotected in NH3, and oxidized to the cyclic disulfide analogues with ICH2CH2I. Purification was effected by partition chromatography and gel filtration. Relative to oxytocin and [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid]oxytocin, these analogues exhibit greatly enhanced oxytocic and avian vasodepressor potencies and unchanged rat pressor potencies."}
{"id": "PMID:940107", "title": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some thienylethanolamines.", "content": "Synthesis of a series of thienylethanolamines having varying substituents on the thiophene ring and on the nitrogen atom is described using the general procedure reported earlier. In the determination of their pharmacological profile, some of the derivatives showed marked antihypertensive activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model. Tests are also reported which demonstrated that some of these derivatives antagonized alpha- and/or beta-adrenoreceptor activities. The ability of this class of compounds to inhibit catecholamine-induced release of free fatty acids by adipose tissue was demonstrated. Structure-activity relationships in different tests were also determined.", "contents": "Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some thienylethanolamines. Synthesis of a series of thienylethanolamines having varying substituents on the thiophene ring and on the nitrogen atom is described using the general procedure reported earlier. In the determination of their pharmacological profile, some of the derivatives showed marked antihypertensive activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model. Tests are also reported which demonstrated that some of these derivatives antagonized alpha- and/or beta-adrenoreceptor activities. The ability of this class of compounds to inhibit catecholamine-induced release of free fatty acids by adipose tissue was demonstrated. Structure-activity relationships in different tests were also determined."}
{"id": "PMID:940108", "title": "Tetramethoxydibenzoquinolizinium salts. Preparation and antileukemic activity of some positional and structural isomers of coralyne.", "content": "Some positional and structural isomers of coralyne were prepared and evaluated in the P388 lymphocytic leukemia system for their inhibitory activity. The levels of antileukemic activity of coralyne, neocoralyne, isocoralyne, and stracoralyne were comparable, thus implying that two sets of the N-O-O triangular pharmacophore in a condensed isoquinoline molecule are preferable and the angle between these two sets has little influence on antileukemic activity. The importance of the environment around the C5-C6 region of the dibenzo[a,g]quinolizine ring to antileukemic activity was demonstrated by the activity differences between coralyne and allocoralyne.", "contents": "Tetramethoxydibenzoquinolizinium salts. Preparation and antileukemic activity of some positional and structural isomers of coralyne. Some positional and structural isomers of coralyne were prepared and evaluated in the P388 lymphocytic leukemia system for their inhibitory activity. The levels of antileukemic activity of coralyne, neocoralyne, isocoralyne, and stracoralyne were comparable, thus implying that two sets of the N-O-O triangular pharmacophore in a condensed isoquinoline molecule are preferable and the angle between these two sets has little influence on antileukemic activity. The importance of the environment around the C5-C6 region of the dibenzo[a,g]quinolizine ring to antileukemic activity was demonstrated by the activity differences between coralyne and allocoralyne."}
{"id": "PMID:940109", "title": "Oxindole-3-spiropyrrolidines and -piperidines. Synthesis and local anesthetic activity.", "content": "The synthesis and local anesthetic properties of five 1-dealkyloxindole-3-spiropyrrolidines and six 1-dealkyloxindole-3-spiropiperidines are described. The compounds studied include members of all five possible positional isomers of the two classes of spirooxindoles; all showed local anesthetic activity by the rat sciatic nerve block method. The coincidence of the least variability in the relative positions of basic nitrogen, amide carbonyl, and aromatic ring (compounds 1 and 6) with lowest normalized toxicity is noteworthy.", "contents": "Oxindole-3-spiropyrrolidines and -piperidines. Synthesis and local anesthetic activity. The synthesis and local anesthetic properties of five 1-dealkyloxindole-3-spiropyrrolidines and six 1-dealkyloxindole-3-spiropiperidines are described. The compounds studied include members of all five possible positional isomers of the two classes of spirooxindoles; all showed local anesthetic activity by the rat sciatic nerve block method. The coincidence of the least variability in the relative positions of basic nitrogen, amide carbonyl, and aromatic ring (compounds 1 and 6) with lowest normalized toxicity is noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:940110", "title": "Synthesis of 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines.", "content": "A series of thymidylate synthetase inhibitors was synthesized, some of which were potential irreversible inhibitors. 5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine (9) and its dithiolane derivative 11 were prepared by condensation of the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative of 5-formyluracil dimethyl acetal and the protected chloro sugar followed by saponification of the protective groups. 5-Acetyl-2'-deoxyuridine (15) was prepared in the same way from 5-acetyluracil. Treatment of the diester of 5-allyl-2'-deoxyuridine (17 or 22) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave the corresponding epoxide. Dimethylamine removed the ester groups and opened the epoxide to give the amino alcohol 24. The diester of 5-chloromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (27) treated with methanol or sodium azide gave 5-methoxymethyl- (29) and 5-azidomethyl- (31) 2'-deoxyuridines. Compound 27 also was converted to 5-iodoacetamidomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine by treatment with ammonia, chloroacetyl chloride, base saponification, and finally sodium iodide.", "contents": "Synthesis of 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines. A series of thymidylate synthetase inhibitors was synthesized, some of which were potential irreversible inhibitors. 5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine (9) and its dithiolane derivative 11 were prepared by condensation of the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative of 5-formyluracil dimethyl acetal and the protected chloro sugar followed by saponification of the protective groups. 5-Acetyl-2'-deoxyuridine (15) was prepared in the same way from 5-acetyluracil. Treatment of the diester of 5-allyl-2'-deoxyuridine (17 or 22) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid gave the corresponding epoxide. Dimethylamine removed the ester groups and opened the epoxide to give the amino alcohol 24. The diester of 5-chloromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (27) treated with methanol or sodium azide gave 5-methoxymethyl- (29) and 5-azidomethyl- (31) 2'-deoxyuridines. Compound 27 also was converted to 5-iodoacetamidomethyl-2'-deoxyuridine by treatment with ammonia, chloroacetyl chloride, base saponification, and finally sodium iodide."}
{"id": "PMID:940111", "title": "Quaternary pilocarpine derivatives as potential acetylcholine antagonists. 2. Alterations in the lactone and imidazole moieties.", "content": "In order to investigate the chemical behavior of pilocarpine, as well as the factors which determine its pharmacological activity, systematic and specific structural changes involving the lactone and imidazole moieties have been performed. Series of model compounds with cyclic or open-chain structures and a variety of N-3 bonded chains obtained from previously prepared anticholinergic derivatives of pilocarpine have been synthesized. The changes included N-3 chains of different lengths with an acetylcholine-like structure, the introduction of nucleophilic groups such as ketoxime, hydroxamic, or both at the side chain, or following hydroxylaminolysis of the lactone, respectively. Specific structural alterations could be obtained by reacting with free hydroxylamine under carefully controlled conditions, and the existence of syn and anti isomers was disclosed in certain cases. The new groups in the pilocarpine derivatives influenced their degree of antagonism to acetylcholine. Several compounds displayed some antidotal activity.", "contents": "Quaternary pilocarpine derivatives as potential acetylcholine antagonists. 2. Alterations in the lactone and imidazole moieties. In order to investigate the chemical behavior of pilocarpine, as well as the factors which determine its pharmacological activity, systematic and specific structural changes involving the lactone and imidazole moieties have been performed. Series of model compounds with cyclic or open-chain structures and a variety of N-3 bonded chains obtained from previously prepared anticholinergic derivatives of pilocarpine have been synthesized. The changes included N-3 chains of different lengths with an acetylcholine-like structure, the introduction of nucleophilic groups such as ketoxime, hydroxamic, or both at the side chain, or following hydroxylaminolysis of the lactone, respectively. Specific structural alterations could be obtained by reacting with free hydroxylamine under carefully controlled conditions, and the existence of syn and anti isomers was disclosed in certain cases. The new groups in the pilocarpine derivatives influenced their degree of antagonism to acetylcholine. Several compounds displayed some antidotal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:940112", "title": "6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz [b,e] oxepinacetic acids with potent antiinflammatory activity.", "content": "A series of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepinacetic acids was synthesized and the antiinflammatory activity determined. Studies on 29 compounds revealed certain structure-activity relationships. In the carrageenan edema test, eight compounds exhibited higher antiinflammatory activities than did indomethacin. Several compounds (2, 9, 14, 22, 25) also proved to have activities superior or comparable to indomethacin in suppressing chronic as well as acute inflammation and carrageenan-induced hyperesthesia. Gastric irritation and lethality rates were less frequently observed with these compounds.", "contents": "6,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenz [b,e] oxepinacetic acids with potent antiinflammatory activity. A series of 6,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenz[b,e]oxepinacetic acids was synthesized and the antiinflammatory activity determined. Studies on 29 compounds revealed certain structure-activity relationships. In the carrageenan edema test, eight compounds exhibited higher antiinflammatory activities than did indomethacin. Several compounds (2, 9, 14, 22, 25) also proved to have activities superior or comparable to indomethacin in suppressing chronic as well as acute inflammation and carrageenan-induced hyperesthesia. Gastric irritation and lethality rates were less frequently observed with these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:940114", "title": "Chemistry of nitrosoureas. Decomposition of Deuterated 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "BCNU-alpha-d4 [1,3-bis(2-chloro-1,1-dideuterioethyl)-1-nitrosourea] and BCNU-beta-d4 [1,3-bis(2-chloro-2,2-dideuterioethyl)-1-nitrosourea] were synthesized and decomposed in buffered (pH 7.4)water. The products were analyzed by GC-MS. The deuterium distribution in the products is inconsistent with vinylcarbonium ion or diazochloroethane intermediacy but is consistent with a 2-chloroethylcarbonium ion intermediate with some rearrangement to the 1-chloroethylcarbonium ion and the cyclic chloronium ion.", "contents": "Chemistry of nitrosoureas. Decomposition of Deuterated 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. BCNU-alpha-d4 [1,3-bis(2-chloro-1,1-dideuterioethyl)-1-nitrosourea] and BCNU-beta-d4 [1,3-bis(2-chloro-2,2-dideuterioethyl)-1-nitrosourea] were synthesized and decomposed in buffered (pH 7.4)water. The products were analyzed by GC-MS. The deuterium distribution in the products is inconsistent with vinylcarbonium ion or diazochloroethane intermediacy but is consistent with a 2-chloroethylcarbonium ion intermediate with some rearrangement to the 1-chloroethylcarbonium ion and the cyclic chloronium ion."}
{"id": "PMID:940115", "title": "Tissue distribution of technetium-99m and carbon-14 labeled N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid.", "content": "The synthesis, radiochemical labeling, and tissue distribution characteristics of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid are described. The radiopharmaceutical prepared by labeling with 99mTc was rapidly eliminated through the hepato-biliary system of mice. Parent 14C compound was eliminated primarily through the kidney. The 99mTc ion appears to have a greater influence than the organic carrier molecule on the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical.", "contents": "Tissue distribution of technetium-99m and carbon-14 labeled N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid. The synthesis, radiochemical labeling, and tissue distribution characteristics of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid are described. The radiopharmaceutical prepared by labeling with 99mTc was rapidly eliminated through the hepato-biliary system of mice. Parent 14C compound was eliminated primarily through the kidney. The 99mTc ion appears to have a greater influence than the organic carrier molecule on the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical."}
{"id": "PMID:940116", "title": "Adamantane and protoadamantanealkanamines as potential anti-Parkinson agents.", "content": "The synthesis of 2-halo-1-adamantanemethanamines, 4-protoadamantanemethanamines, and 4-protoadamantaneamines is described. The anti-Parkinson activity of these amines in terms of reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy in rats has been evaluated and compared with amantadine. 2-Bromo- and 2-chloro-1-adamantanemethanamines are shown to be twice as active as amantadine.", "contents": "Adamantane and protoadamantanealkanamines as potential anti-Parkinson agents. The synthesis of 2-halo-1-adamantanemethanamines, 4-protoadamantanemethanamines, and 4-protoadamantaneamines is described. The anti-Parkinson activity of these amines in terms of reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy in rats has been evaluated and compared with amantadine. 2-Bromo- and 2-chloro-1-adamantanemethanamines are shown to be twice as active as amantadine."}
{"id": "PMID:940118", "title": "(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 4. Various ((2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted vinyl)aryloxy)acetic acids.", "content": "A variety of [(2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted vinyl)aryloxy]acetic acids was synthesized in which the substituents were primarily electron-withdrawing groups. These compounds were tested in dogs for their saluretic and diuretic properties. Many of the compounds exhibited significant activity; however, they were generally less potent than those reported in the three earlier papers in this series.", "contents": "(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 4. Various ((2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted vinyl)aryloxy)acetic acids. A variety of [(2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted vinyl)aryloxy]acetic acids was synthesized in which the substituents were primarily electron-withdrawing groups. These compounds were tested in dogs for their saluretic and diuretic properties. Many of the compounds exhibited significant activity; however, they were generally less potent than those reported in the three earlier papers in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:940119", "title": "Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 7alpha-cyano and 7alpha-alkoxycarbonylamino steroidal spirolactones.", "content": "The synthesis and antimineralocorticoid potencies of several steroidal spirolactones bearing novel nitrogenous substituents in the 7alpha position are reported. These substituents include the cyano, the isocyanato, and the alkoxycarbonylamino groupings. The nitrile 1b and the N-carbomethoxy compound 1h showed good antimineralocorticoid potency (MED less than or equal to 0.79 mg) on subcutaneous administration to adrenalectomized rats.", "contents": "Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 7alpha-cyano and 7alpha-alkoxycarbonylamino steroidal spirolactones. The synthesis and antimineralocorticoid potencies of several steroidal spirolactones bearing novel nitrogenous substituents in the 7alpha position are reported. These substituents include the cyano, the isocyanato, and the alkoxycarbonylamino groupings. The nitrile 1b and the N-carbomethoxy compound 1h showed good antimineralocorticoid potency (MED less than or equal to 0.79 mg) on subcutaneous administration to adrenalectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:940137", "title": "Interdisciplinary teamwork.", "content": "A group of consultants of different disciplines working as a close-knit team is not a new idea in Britain, but including the patient or client in that team is a new concept when constructing an interdisciplinary team. Some of the lessons learned in working in interdisciplinary teams may have been tacitly understood in the past but in this paper Dr De Wachter expands and illustrates the philosophy behind interdisciplinary teamwork. He explains how communication grows into \"another language\" and how those of disparate disciplines become one in their thinking when solving a problem together. There is an ethic of teamwork, too, which is elucidated in this paper, especially in relation to the pitfalls of power and shared responsibility. A number of case histories illustrate the argument.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary teamwork. A group of consultants of different disciplines working as a close-knit team is not a new idea in Britain, but including the patient or client in that team is a new concept when constructing an interdisciplinary team. Some of the lessons learned in working in interdisciplinary teams may have been tacitly understood in the past but in this paper Dr De Wachter expands and illustrates the philosophy behind interdisciplinary teamwork. He explains how communication grows into \"another language\" and how those of disparate disciplines become one in their thinking when solving a problem together. There is an ethic of teamwork, too, which is elucidated in this paper, especially in relation to the pitfalls of power and shared responsibility. A number of case histories illustrate the argument."}
{"id": "PMID:940138", "title": "What is barbiturate dependence and who is at risk?", "content": "The dependence on drugs today, particularly by young people, must concern many - doctors and nurses, social workers, lawyers and the police, and parents. The writers of the group of papers which follow, although inevitably overlapping in some respects, attempt to examine the questions raised from the particular point of view of each. When does taking a drug (generally a barbiturate) become a state of dependence is the question posed and answered by Dr Connell. He begins by setting out the series of offical definitions of addiction, habituation and dependence formulated by the World Health Organization and in Britain by the Interdepartmental Committee (the Brain Committee). With these definitions as a framework he examines barbiturate dependence and abuse in the setting of current medical practice.", "contents": "What is barbiturate dependence and who is at risk? The dependence on drugs today, particularly by young people, must concern many - doctors and nurses, social workers, lawyers and the police, and parents. The writers of the group of papers which follow, although inevitably overlapping in some respects, attempt to examine the questions raised from the particular point of view of each. When does taking a drug (generally a barbiturate) become a state of dependence is the question posed and answered by Dr Connell. He begins by setting out the series of offical definitions of addiction, habituation and dependence formulated by the World Health Organization and in Britain by the Interdepartmental Committee (the Brain Committee). With these definitions as a framework he examines barbiturate dependence and abuse in the setting of current medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:940139", "title": "Barbiturate abuse.", "content": "The barbiturates are the drugs most commonly abused, and in his paper Dr d'Orban gives the general reader a clear, sober account of the drugs so abused, the pattern of abuse and the prevalence of the abuse of barbiturates. Sadly, some addicts add barbiturates to their abuse of other drugs upon which they depend. Dr d'Orban concludes his survey by telling how those addicted to barbiturates obtain the drugs and the hazards to which they expose themselves.", "contents": "Barbiturate abuse. The barbiturates are the drugs most commonly abused, and in his paper Dr d'Orban gives the general reader a clear, sober account of the drugs so abused, the pattern of abuse and the prevalence of the abuse of barbiturates. Sadly, some addicts add barbiturates to their abuse of other drugs upon which they depend. Dr d'Orban concludes his survey by telling how those addicted to barbiturates obtain the drugs and the hazards to which they expose themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:940140", "title": "The moral choice in prescribing barbiturates.", "content": "Dr Wells, a general practitioner, looks at the problem of barbiturate dependence from the point of view of the prescribing doctor who has to choose for his patients - of all ages - the drug, usually a hypnotic, which is sought for insomnia or states of anxiety and stress. He argues that it is wise to prescribe non-barbiturates, but that even in elderly people it is possible and the right course of action is to wean these patients from their dependence on sleep-inducing drugs. Young people often acquire the drug habit by taking hypnotics from a bedside table or a bathroom cabinet in their own homes.", "contents": "The moral choice in prescribing barbiturates. Dr Wells, a general practitioner, looks at the problem of barbiturate dependence from the point of view of the prescribing doctor who has to choose for his patients - of all ages - the drug, usually a hypnotic, which is sought for insomnia or states of anxiety and stress. He argues that it is wise to prescribe non-barbiturates, but that even in elderly people it is possible and the right course of action is to wean these patients from their dependence on sleep-inducing drugs. Young people often acquire the drug habit by taking hypnotics from a bedside table or a bathroom cabinet in their own homes."}
{"id": "PMID:940141", "title": "Some problems of confidentiality in medical computing.", "content": "Patients have a right to consider that any information about themselves will be regarded as confidential, but inadvertently, and, very occasionally deliberately, that confidence may be broken. Therefore the principles on which the computer system at The London Hospital is based rest on maintaining confidentiality but at the same time using the facilities unique to the computer to the fullest extent for the benefit of patients. The system is described in outline, and a note is added of occasions when it would be desirable to suppress information on a patient and the reasons for so doing.", "contents": "Some problems of confidentiality in medical computing. Patients have a right to consider that any information about themselves will be regarded as confidential, but inadvertently, and, very occasionally deliberately, that confidence may be broken. Therefore the principles on which the computer system at The London Hospital is based rest on maintaining confidentiality but at the same time using the facilities unique to the computer to the fullest extent for the benefit of patients. The system is described in outline, and a note is added of occasions when it would be desirable to suppress information on a patient and the reasons for so doing."}
{"id": "PMID:940142", "title": "The teaching of medical ethics.", "content": "The subject of medical ethics is intended to run like a thread throughout the whole undergraduate period at the Nottingham Medical School which was established in 1970, the first such foundation in Britain this century. Dr J S P Jones, who is the Clinical Subdean, and Dr D H H Metcalfe,of the Department of Community Health, describe the plan of the course leading to qualifying, and how the thread of medical ethics has been woven into that fabric. The final objective of the course is to train men and women to become technologically capable and at the same time alive to the human needs of their patients. The authors define the two crucial characteristics of the fully trained professional as a person - self regulating and self policing - who advises and does not command those who come to him as patients.", "contents": "The teaching of medical ethics. The subject of medical ethics is intended to run like a thread throughout the whole undergraduate period at the Nottingham Medical School which was established in 1970, the first such foundation in Britain this century. Dr J S P Jones, who is the Clinical Subdean, and Dr D H H Metcalfe,of the Department of Community Health, describe the plan of the course leading to qualifying, and how the thread of medical ethics has been woven into that fabric. The final objective of the course is to train men and women to become technologically capable and at the same time alive to the human needs of their patients. The authors define the two crucial characteristics of the fully trained professional as a person - self regulating and self policing - who advises and does not command those who come to him as patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940143", "title": "Volunteers at risk.", "content": "An experiment is described in which three male volunteers, who fully understood the nature of the project, were given doses of heroin which could have led to addiction if the subjects had proved to be physiologically or psychologically vulnerable to developing a state of addiction. The experiment was discussed most carefully by the Ethics Committee of the unit where it was conducted, and the subjects were themselves the investigators. The objective was to learn about the initial stages of the adaptation to heroin, of which nothing was known as heroin addicts usually come to the doctor when the habit is firmly established. A physician, who has studied the subject of drug addiction in a special clinic, is the first commentator, the second a lawyer and the third an associate professor of social ethics. These three experts are not discussing the results or the methodology of the experiment but whether the decision of the Ethics Committe was the right one.", "contents": "Volunteers at risk. An experiment is described in which three male volunteers, who fully understood the nature of the project, were given doses of heroin which could have led to addiction if the subjects had proved to be physiologically or psychologically vulnerable to developing a state of addiction. The experiment was discussed most carefully by the Ethics Committee of the unit where it was conducted, and the subjects were themselves the investigators. The objective was to learn about the initial stages of the adaptation to heroin, of which nothing was known as heroin addicts usually come to the doctor when the habit is firmly established. A physician, who has studied the subject of drug addiction in a special clinic, is the first commentator, the second a lawyer and the third an associate professor of social ethics. These three experts are not discussing the results or the methodology of the experiment but whether the decision of the Ethics Committe was the right one."}
{"id": "PMID:940146", "title": "Theory of lipid monolayer and bilayer phase transitions: effect of headgroup interactions.", "content": "Headgroup and soft core interactions are added to a lipid monolayer-bilayer model and the surface pressure-area phase diagrams are calculated. The results show that quite small headgroup interactions can have biologically significant effects on the transition temperature and the phase diagram. In particular, the difference in transition temperatures of lecithins and phosphatidyl ethanolamines is easy to reproduce in the model. The phosphatidic acid systems seem to require weak transient hydrogen bonding which is also conjectured to play a role in most of the lipid systems. By a simple surface free energy argument it is shown that monolayers under a surface pressure of 50 dynes/cm should behave as bilayers, in agreement with experiment. Although the headgroup interactions are biologically very significant, in fundamental studies of the main phase transition in lipids they are secondary in importance to the hydrocarbon chain interactions (including the excluded volume interaction, the rotational isomerism, and the attractive van der Waals interaction).", "contents": "Theory of lipid monolayer and bilayer phase transitions: effect of headgroup interactions. Headgroup and soft core interactions are added to a lipid monolayer-bilayer model and the surface pressure-area phase diagrams are calculated. The results show that quite small headgroup interactions can have biologically significant effects on the transition temperature and the phase diagram. In particular, the difference in transition temperatures of lecithins and phosphatidyl ethanolamines is easy to reproduce in the model. The phosphatidic acid systems seem to require weak transient hydrogen bonding which is also conjectured to play a role in most of the lipid systems. By a simple surface free energy argument it is shown that monolayers under a surface pressure of 50 dynes/cm should behave as bilayers, in agreement with experiment. Although the headgroup interactions are biologically very significant, in fundamental studies of the main phase transition in lipids they are secondary in importance to the hydrocarbon chain interactions (including the excluded volume interaction, the rotational isomerism, and the attractive van der Waals interaction)."}
{"id": "PMID:940172", "title": "Simulation studies on the evolution of amino acid sequences.", "content": "A model of molecular evolution in which the parameter (intrinsic rate of amino acid substitution) fluctuates from time to time was investigated by simulating the process. It was found that the usual method of estimation such as Poisson fitting underestimates this variation of the parameter when remote comparisons are made. At the same time, four distance measures (minimun base difference, Poisson fitting, random nucleotide substitutions and negative binomial fitting) were tested for their accuracy. When the substitution rate is not uniform among the amino acid sites, the negative bionomial fitting gives most satisfactory results, however, one needs to know the parameter beforehand in order to use this method. It was pointed out that the fluctuation of the evolutionary rate is expected if the nearly neutral but very slightly deleterious mutations play an important role on molecular evolution.", "contents": "Simulation studies on the evolution of amino acid sequences. A model of molecular evolution in which the parameter (intrinsic rate of amino acid substitution) fluctuates from time to time was investigated by simulating the process. It was found that the usual method of estimation such as Poisson fitting underestimates this variation of the parameter when remote comparisons are made. At the same time, four distance measures (minimun base difference, Poisson fitting, random nucleotide substitutions and negative binomial fitting) were tested for their accuracy. When the substitution rate is not uniform among the amino acid sites, the negative bionomial fitting gives most satisfactory results, however, one needs to know the parameter beforehand in order to use this method. It was pointed out that the fluctuation of the evolutionary rate is expected if the nearly neutral but very slightly deleterious mutations play an important role on molecular evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:940173", "title": "Amino acid sequence and immunological properties of chalchalaca egg white lysozyme.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of lysozyme c from chachalaca egg white was determined. Like other bird lysozymes c, that of the chachalaca has 129 amino acid residues. It differs from other avian lysozymes c by 2 to 31 amino acid substitutions as well as by being devoid of phenylalanine. It contains substitutions at 9 positions which are invariant in the other 7 bird lysozymes of known sequence. Although the chachalaca is classified zoologically in the order Galliformes, which includes chickens and other pheasant-like birds, its lysozyme differs more from those of pheasant-like birds than do the lysozymes c of ducks. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence comparisons confirms that the lineage leading to chachalaca lysozyme c separated from that leading to other galliform lysozymes c before the duck lysozyme c lineage did. This indicates a contrast between protein evolution and evolution at the organismal level. Immunological comparison of chachalaca lysozyme c with other lysozymes of known sequence provides further support for the proposal that immunological cross-reactivity is strongly dependent on degree of sequence resemblance among bird lysozymes.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence and immunological properties of chalchalaca egg white lysozyme. The amino acid sequence of lysozyme c from chachalaca egg white was determined. Like other bird lysozymes c, that of the chachalaca has 129 amino acid residues. It differs from other avian lysozymes c by 2 to 31 amino acid substitutions as well as by being devoid of phenylalanine. It contains substitutions at 9 positions which are invariant in the other 7 bird lysozymes of known sequence. Although the chachalaca is classified zoologically in the order Galliformes, which includes chickens and other pheasant-like birds, its lysozyme differs more from those of pheasant-like birds than do the lysozymes c of ducks. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence comparisons confirms that the lineage leading to chachalaca lysozyme c separated from that leading to other galliform lysozymes c before the duck lysozyme c lineage did. This indicates a contrast between protein evolution and evolution at the organismal level. Immunological comparison of chachalaca lysozyme c with other lysozymes of known sequence provides further support for the proposal that immunological cross-reactivity is strongly dependent on degree of sequence resemblance among bird lysozymes."}
{"id": "PMID:940175", "title": "Bone densitometry with L125 in the study of uraemic osteropathy: semeiological signifiance and limitations.", "content": "Bone densitometry using I125 is a very easy method of investigation; it may be used repeatedly and simultaneously at different bone levels without distress to patients. The problems involved were those of the value, semeiological significance and possible limitations of this method in the investigation of uraemic osteopathy. These problems were solved successfully in tests carried out on 87 patients of both sexes suffering from various degrees of chronic nephropathy and on chronic haemodialysis patients. The method is reliable: reproducibility tests in normal and uraemic subjects were satisfactory; the indexes remain constant, usually in normal subjects. The parameters are \"Bone Mineral Content\" and \"Bone Index\". Trabecular bone is more sensitive than cortical bone, although comparisons between the two types of bone produce interesting data. There are difference dependent on sex. The method which is more sensitive than others enables: 1) Normal and nephropathic subjects, to be distinguished from one another. The latter generally show a lower mineral content and bone index (clinical picture of osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism) seldom a higher or a normal one. 2) The same bone sites to be examined over a given period. 3) Treatment of patients to be monitored.", "contents": "Bone densitometry with L125 in the study of uraemic osteropathy: semeiological signifiance and limitations. Bone densitometry using I125 is a very easy method of investigation; it may be used repeatedly and simultaneously at different bone levels without distress to patients. The problems involved were those of the value, semeiological significance and possible limitations of this method in the investigation of uraemic osteopathy. These problems were solved successfully in tests carried out on 87 patients of both sexes suffering from various degrees of chronic nephropathy and on chronic haemodialysis patients. The method is reliable: reproducibility tests in normal and uraemic subjects were satisfactory; the indexes remain constant, usually in normal subjects. The parameters are \"Bone Mineral Content\" and \"Bone Index\". Trabecular bone is more sensitive than cortical bone, although comparisons between the two types of bone produce interesting data. There are difference dependent on sex. The method which is more sensitive than others enables: 1) Normal and nephropathic subjects, to be distinguished from one another. The latter generally show a lower mineral content and bone index (clinical picture of osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism) seldom a higher or a normal one. 2) The same bone sites to be examined over a given period. 3) Treatment of patients to be monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:940179", "title": "Defective calcium absorption in the proximal small intestine in chronic renal failure: effect of dihydrotachysterol.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of calcium was evaluated in 6 uraemic patients and in 7 control subjects by a two isotope technique exploring absorption in the four hours following ingestion of the dose. In the first two hours, calcium absorption in the patients was markedly lower than normal and was corrected by 6-10 day administration of dihydrotachysterol, 0.66 mg per day. The administration of 0.33 mg per day proved less effective. The data indicate the existence of impaired intestinal calcium absorption in chronic renal failure and reversal of the defect after DHT administration. The method of investigation appears to be a valid procedure for the study of calcium malabsorption of CRF and in the evaluation of the effect of vitamin D metabolities and analogs.", "contents": "Defective calcium absorption in the proximal small intestine in chronic renal failure: effect of dihydrotachysterol. Intestinal absorption of calcium was evaluated in 6 uraemic patients and in 7 control subjects by a two isotope technique exploring absorption in the four hours following ingestion of the dose. In the first two hours, calcium absorption in the patients was markedly lower than normal and was corrected by 6-10 day administration of dihydrotachysterol, 0.66 mg per day. The administration of 0.33 mg per day proved less effective. The data indicate the existence of impaired intestinal calcium absorption in chronic renal failure and reversal of the defect after DHT administration. The method of investigation appears to be a valid procedure for the study of calcium malabsorption of CRF and in the evaluation of the effect of vitamin D metabolities and analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:940190", "title": "Studies on urolithiasis in Israel.", "content": "The composition of 1,000 kidney stones in our area of Israel was analyzed. The predominant stones were a combination of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, and uric acid. We used chemical analysis to determine the relative incidence of urinary calculi in 500 patients of various ages and ethnic groups. The incidence of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate calculi (44 per cent) in Jews born in Israel was lower than in other ethnic groups (54 to 64 per cent). The incidence of uric acid stones in Jews born in Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Syria, and the Ashkenazim (16 to 29 per cent) was 2 to 3 times higher than in other groups. In more than 60 per cent of the patients urolithiasis developed after they were 20 years old. The age at onset was significantly younger in Jews born in Israel (25.7 per cent) and North Africa (13.8 per cent), and in Arabs (18 per cent).", "contents": "Studies on urolithiasis in Israel. The composition of 1,000 kidney stones in our area of Israel was analyzed. The predominant stones were a combination of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, and uric acid. We used chemical analysis to determine the relative incidence of urinary calculi in 500 patients of various ages and ethnic groups. The incidence of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate calculi (44 per cent) in Jews born in Israel was lower than in other ethnic groups (54 to 64 per cent). The incidence of uric acid stones in Jews born in Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Syria, and the Ashkenazim (16 to 29 per cent) was 2 to 3 times higher than in other groups. In more than 60 per cent of the patients urolithiasis developed after they were 20 years old. The age at onset was significantly younger in Jews born in Israel (25.7 per cent) and North Africa (13.8 per cent), and in Arabs (18 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:940191", "title": "Percutaneous nephrostomy.", "content": "A safe and effective method for long-term relief of renal obstruction is presented. This method has been successful in buying time for patients in stiuations in which other approaches are hazardous or more complex. Its use can be modified for short-term therapeutic drainage of the upper urinary tract.", "contents": "Percutaneous nephrostomy. A safe and effective method for long-term relief of renal obstruction is presented. This method has been successful in buying time for patients in stiuations in which other approaches are hazardous or more complex. Its use can be modified for short-term therapeutic drainage of the upper urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:940192", "title": "The protean manifestations of renal vein thrombosis in the adult.", "content": "We reviewed 8 cases of renal vein thrombosis, 4 of which were detected at autopsy, 1 by laparotomy and the remaining 3 by venography. In 4 cases malignancy also was found and in 2 membranous glomerulonephritis was noted. In 1 patient the thrombosis occurred in a solitary kidney, while it was bilateral in 3. The 4 patients in whom the diagnosis was made during life were treated with anticoagulants alone and 3 are alive with stable renal function 3, 4 and 7 1/2 years after diagnosis.", "contents": "The protean manifestations of renal vein thrombosis in the adult. We reviewed 8 cases of renal vein thrombosis, 4 of which were detected at autopsy, 1 by laparotomy and the remaining 3 by venography. In 4 cases malignancy also was found and in 2 membranous glomerulonephritis was noted. In 1 patient the thrombosis occurred in a solitary kidney, while it was bilateral in 3. The 4 patients in whom the diagnosis was made during life were treated with anticoagulants alone and 3 are alive with stable renal function 3, 4 and 7 1/2 years after diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:940193", "title": "Renal carcinoma discovered incidentally by arteriography during evaluation for hypertension.", "content": "Since June 1, 1971 patients undergoing evaluation for hypertension have been evaluated with rapid sequence excretary urography, abdominal aortography and selective renal arteriography. Renal venous assays have been done in selected patients. Through July 31, 1974, 812 arteriographic studies in new hypertensive patients have been done. In 6 of these patients renal tumors were discovered by arteriography only and were not suggested by symptoms, urinalysis nor diagnosed on hypertensive excretory urography. This high incidence surprised us and we hope others will review their arteriographic series of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Renal carcinoma discovered incidentally by arteriography during evaluation for hypertension. Since June 1, 1971 patients undergoing evaluation for hypertension have been evaluated with rapid sequence excretary urography, abdominal aortography and selective renal arteriography. Renal venous assays have been done in selected patients. Through July 31, 1974, 812 arteriographic studies in new hypertensive patients have been done. In 6 of these patients renal tumors were discovered by arteriography only and were not suggested by symptoms, urinalysis nor diagnosed on hypertensive excretory urography. This high incidence surprised us and we hope others will review their arteriographic series of hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940194", "title": "The role of ultrasonics in the evaluation of renal masses.", "content": "Analysis of our experience with echography in the evaluation of renal masses reveals an error rate of 31 per cent. Presently, this technique may be useful in directing the evaluation of a renal mass to either arteriography, if a tumor is suspected, or needle aspiration and renal cystogram, if a cyst is suspected. However, echography should not replace more definitive studies.", "contents": "The role of ultrasonics in the evaluation of renal masses. Analysis of our experience with echography in the evaluation of renal masses reveals an error rate of 31 per cent. Presently, this technique may be useful in directing the evaluation of a renal mass to either arteriography, if a tumor is suspected, or needle aspiration and renal cystogram, if a cyst is suspected. However, echography should not replace more definitive studies."}
{"id": "PMID:940195", "title": "Fibrous polyps of the ureter.", "content": "Two cases of fibrous polyps of the ureter are reported. In 1 case there was coexistent transitional cell carcinoma, Certain changes suggesting a benign lesion are described. Fibrous polyps are best treated by local excision.", "contents": "Fibrous polyps of the ureter. Two cases of fibrous polyps of the ureter are reported. In 1 case there was coexistent transitional cell carcinoma, Certain changes suggesting a benign lesion are described. Fibrous polyps are best treated by local excision."}
{"id": "PMID:940196", "title": "The ureteral stump after nephroureterectomy.", "content": "Herein we review 70 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. When complete nephroureterectomy was not performed transitional cell carcinoma developed in 30 per cent of the remaining ureteral stumps. Single incision nephroureterectomy did not include the intramural ureter in 50 per cent of the cases in which it was performed. When nephroureterectomy is selected as treatment for carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter a cuff of bladder, which includes the ureteral orifice, should be removed. A second incision may be required for adequate exposure.", "contents": "The ureteral stump after nephroureterectomy. Herein we review 70 cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. When complete nephroureterectomy was not performed transitional cell carcinoma developed in 30 per cent of the remaining ureteral stumps. Single incision nephroureterectomy did not include the intramural ureter in 50 per cent of the cases in which it was performed. When nephroureterectomy is selected as treatment for carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter a cuff of bladder, which includes the ureteral orifice, should be removed. A second incision may be required for adequate exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:940197", "title": "Diagnosis of retroperitoneal fluid collections by ultrasonography: a series of surgically proved cases.", "content": "Herein are presented 18 patients with a variety of retroperitoneal fluid collections. Etiologic factors and culture results are discussed. Ultrasound was the single most valuable diagnostic study. Because of its accuracy and non-invasiveness it should be used early in the diagnostic study of a patient with a suspected retroperitoneal fluid collection.", "contents": "Diagnosis of retroperitoneal fluid collections by ultrasonography: a series of surgically proved cases. Herein are presented 18 patients with a variety of retroperitoneal fluid collections. Etiologic factors and culture results are discussed. Ultrasound was the single most valuable diagnostic study. Because of its accuracy and non-invasiveness it should be used early in the diagnostic study of a patient with a suspected retroperitoneal fluid collection."}
{"id": "PMID:940198", "title": "Surgical repair of post-hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas.", "content": "Herein we describe in detail the preoperative evaluation, surgical technique and postoperative care used in repairing 13 post-hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas by the transabdominal transvesical approach. We were successful in all 13 cases, although 1 required 2 operations. Excellent results can be obtained in these patients if a complete urological diagnostic study is done, a careful technique is used during the operation and specialized postoperative care is given. The transabdominal transvesical approach to this problem is safer and gives better results than the transvaginal operation.", "contents": "Surgical repair of post-hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas. Herein we describe in detail the preoperative evaluation, surgical technique and postoperative care used in repairing 13 post-hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas by the transabdominal transvesical approach. We were successful in all 13 cases, although 1 required 2 operations. Excellent results can be obtained in these patients if a complete urological diagnostic study is done, a careful technique is used during the operation and specialized postoperative care is given. The transabdominal transvesical approach to this problem is safer and gives better results than the transvaginal operation."}
{"id": "PMID:940199", "title": "Vesicocolonic fistulas in diverticulitis.", "content": "Diverticulitis is a disease affecting patients in the fifth to sixth decades. The charts of 12 patients with cesicocolonic fistulas secondary to diverticulitis were reviewed. Their presentation was primarily urological with pneumaturia present in 10 of 12 patients and fecaluria present in 5 of 12. The process of fistulization occurs in stages. If the incipient stage can be identified early fistulization can be prevented and the morbidity and mortality rates will be reduced significantly. In older patients with bladder irritation (with or without positive urine cultures) a high degree of suspicion for diverticular disease will ensure an accurate diagnosis earlier. Patients with penumaturia or fecaluria present less of a diagnostic challenge. Cystoscopy is a reliable procedure and we recommend its use in discovering a vesicocolonic fistula. Surgical therapy should be individualized for each patient and good results were obtained with primary resection as well as staged repair.", "contents": "Vesicocolonic fistulas in diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is a disease affecting patients in the fifth to sixth decades. The charts of 12 patients with cesicocolonic fistulas secondary to diverticulitis were reviewed. Their presentation was primarily urological with pneumaturia present in 10 of 12 patients and fecaluria present in 5 of 12. The process of fistulization occurs in stages. If the incipient stage can be identified early fistulization can be prevented and the morbidity and mortality rates will be reduced significantly. In older patients with bladder irritation (with or without positive urine cultures) a high degree of suspicion for diverticular disease will ensure an accurate diagnosis earlier. Patients with penumaturia or fecaluria present less of a diagnostic challenge. Cystoscopy is a reliable procedure and we recommend its use in discovering a vesicocolonic fistula. Surgical therapy should be individualized for each patient and good results were obtained with primary resection as well as staged repair."}
{"id": "PMID:940200", "title": "Bladder trauma in the multiple injured patient.", "content": "There was a 20 per cent mortality rate of 193 patients with bladder injury and in 94 percent of all patients there were associated injuries that caused the deaths. Blunt external trauma was responsible for 95 per cent of the injuries. Cystography revealed a falsely negative result in 3 patients with extraperitoneal rupture. Management of the 29 intraperitoneal, 36 extraperitoneal and 2 intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal ruptures comprised vesical repair and drainage in 60 patients, urethral catheter alone in 1 patient and no treatment in 6 in whom the rupture was found at autopsy. The advantages and disadvantages of urethral catheter drainage are discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment of bladder rupture are important if the significant mortality is to be reduced.", "contents": "Bladder trauma in the multiple injured patient. There was a 20 per cent mortality rate of 193 patients with bladder injury and in 94 percent of all patients there were associated injuries that caused the deaths. Blunt external trauma was responsible for 95 per cent of the injuries. Cystography revealed a falsely negative result in 3 patients with extraperitoneal rupture. Management of the 29 intraperitoneal, 36 extraperitoneal and 2 intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal ruptures comprised vesical repair and drainage in 60 patients, urethral catheter alone in 1 patient and no treatment in 6 in whom the rupture was found at autopsy. The advantages and disadvantages of urethral catheter drainage are discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment of bladder rupture are important if the significant mortality is to be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:940201", "title": "Squamous carcinoma of the bladder: treatment by radical cystectomy.", "content": "Analysis of records of microscopic slides from 33 patients with pure squamous carcinoma of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy disclosed a 5-year survival rate of 48 per cent. This survival rate correlated closely with pathologic stage and histologic grade of tumor and was significantly better than for each corresponding stage of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The favorable survival rate and reasonably low operative mortality rate support aggressive therapy of this uncommon lesion.", "contents": "Squamous carcinoma of the bladder: treatment by radical cystectomy. Analysis of records of microscopic slides from 33 patients with pure squamous carcinoma of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy disclosed a 5-year survival rate of 48 per cent. This survival rate correlated closely with pathologic stage and histologic grade of tumor and was significantly better than for each corresponding stage of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The favorable survival rate and reasonably low operative mortality rate support aggressive therapy of this uncommon lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:940202", "title": "Smooth muscle tumors of the testicular adnexa.", "content": "One of 3 patients with peiomyosarcomas of the epididymis and spermatic cord treated by inguinal orchietomy was cured, 1 died 18 months after diagnosis and 1 was living but had a pulmonary metastasis 4 years after excision of the primary tumor. All 3 patients with leiomyoma of the testicular adnexa were cured. The literature concerning smooth muscle tumors of the adnexa is reviewed.", "contents": "Smooth muscle tumors of the testicular adnexa. One of 3 patients with peiomyosarcomas of the epididymis and spermatic cord treated by inguinal orchietomy was cured, 1 died 18 months after diagnosis and 1 was living but had a pulmonary metastasis 4 years after excision of the primary tumor. All 3 patients with leiomyoma of the testicular adnexa were cured. The literature concerning smooth muscle tumors of the adnexa is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:940203", "title": "Modern eligibility criteria for vasectomy in the United States.", "content": "As more people seek to terminate, not just to limit their fertility, physicians should acknowledge the difference between temporary and permanent fertility decisions and make permanent methods more easily available. Recognizing that fertility decisions are personal, social and medical physicians and clinics should adopt eligibility criteria that allow the responsibility for fertility control to reside primarily in the individual. Rather than forcing patients to rely on temporary methods with high failure rates, physicians should attempt to assure the patient's future satisfaction as much as possible by using criteria related to satisfying decision-making in determining who is eligible for vasectomy. We believe that elective vasectomy for contraceptive reasons should be readily available to mature, competent, fully informed men when they have all the children they want.", "contents": "Modern eligibility criteria for vasectomy in the United States. As more people seek to terminate, not just to limit their fertility, physicians should acknowledge the difference between temporary and permanent fertility decisions and make permanent methods more easily available. Recognizing that fertility decisions are personal, social and medical physicians and clinics should adopt eligibility criteria that allow the responsibility for fertility control to reside primarily in the individual. Rather than forcing patients to rely on temporary methods with high failure rates, physicians should attempt to assure the patient's future satisfaction as much as possible by using criteria related to satisfying decision-making in determining who is eligible for vasectomy. We believe that elective vasectomy for contraceptive reasons should be readily available to mature, competent, fully informed men when they have all the children they want."}
{"id": "PMID:940204", "title": "Control of massive prostatic bleeding with angiographic techniques.", "content": "In the 4 cases reported herein angiographic techniques with selective bilateral hypogastric embolization were used to control severe prostatic hemorrhage. The technique is offered as an alternative, non-operative procedure in the management of bleeding when other modes of therapy contain significantly higher potentials for morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "Control of massive prostatic bleeding with angiographic techniques. In the 4 cases reported herein angiographic techniques with selective bilateral hypogastric embolization were used to control severe prostatic hemorrhage. The technique is offered as an alternative, non-operative procedure in the management of bleeding when other modes of therapy contain significantly higher potentials for morbidity and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:940205", "title": "A spectrum of malignant epithelial tumors of the prostate gland.", "content": "Conceptually, the prostatic territory encompasses neoplams whose origins are intraprostatic, paraprostatic or extraprostatic. Our objectives in this review are to 1) present a classification of the spectrum of malignant epithelial growth encountered in the prostatic territory, 2) show examples of these neoplasms and remark upon their histogenesis, enzyme production and endocrine sensitivity, and 3) suggest re-evaluation of some of our current routine therapeutic procedures.", "contents": "A spectrum of malignant epithelial tumors of the prostate gland. Conceptually, the prostatic territory encompasses neoplams whose origins are intraprostatic, paraprostatic or extraprostatic. Our objectives in this review are to 1) present a classification of the spectrum of malignant epithelial growth encountered in the prostatic territory, 2) show examples of these neoplasms and remark upon their histogenesis, enzyme production and endocrine sensitivity, and 3) suggest re-evaluation of some of our current routine therapeutic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:940206", "title": "Urologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "Urologic complications occurred in 54 of 233 patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed during a 15-year period. Urinary calculi, enterovesical fistulas and ureteral obstruction were the most common problems. Urinary tract complications may arise many years after primary bowel disease has been diagnosed. Symptoms frequently may be absent or obscured by those of the gastrointestinal disorder. We recommend that urologic evaluation be included periodically in the long-term management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.", "contents": "Urologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Urologic complications occurred in 54 of 233 patients with inflammatory bowel disease followed during a 15-year period. Urinary calculi, enterovesical fistulas and ureteral obstruction were the most common problems. Urinary tract complications may arise many years after primary bowel disease has been diagnosed. Symptoms frequently may be absent or obscured by those of the gastrointestinal disorder. We recommend that urologic evaluation be included periodically in the long-term management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease."}
{"id": "PMID:940207", "title": "Genitourinary tuberculosis: a study of short course regimens.", "content": "The problem in the treatment of genitourinary tuberculosis was to find a new regimen of chemotherapy that was shorter in time but equally effective as the traditional 2-year method, using streptomycin, isoniazid and para-aminoslicylate. A short course of treatment using rifampin, isoniazid and ethambutol was then devised, the method depending on the severity of the disease using the Semb classification. This short course of chemotherapy was combined with an early operation in advanced or extensive disease in the urinary tract. The regimen is as satisfactory as the traditional method and a followup of 2 years is all that is necessary.", "contents": "Genitourinary tuberculosis: a study of short course regimens. The problem in the treatment of genitourinary tuberculosis was to find a new regimen of chemotherapy that was shorter in time but equally effective as the traditional 2-year method, using streptomycin, isoniazid and para-aminoslicylate. A short course of treatment using rifampin, isoniazid and ethambutol was then devised, the method depending on the severity of the disease using the Semb classification. This short course of chemotherapy was combined with an early operation in advanced or extensive disease in the urinary tract. The regimen is as satisfactory as the traditional method and a followup of 2 years is all that is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:940209", "title": "Prostatic needle biopsy: comparison of needles.", "content": "To clarify the advantages of the 2 most commonly used biopsy needles results of 100 routine needle biopsies of the prostate are evaluated. The series includes patients selected for study concerning the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.", "contents": "Prostatic needle biopsy: comparison of needles. To clarify the advantages of the 2 most commonly used biopsy needles results of 100 routine needle biopsies of the prostate are evaluated. The series includes patients selected for study concerning the medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:940210", "title": "Urologic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism in childhood.", "content": "Among renal stone-forming children 6 per cent suffer from primary hyperparathyroidism. Urologic complications were noted in 7 of 9 children (78 per cent) with surgically proved hyperparathyroidism seen in a 24-year period. These included nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis (6), defective urinary concentration or acidification (5) and mild impairment of renal function (3). All children responded favorably to parathyroidectomy, which should be performed before treatment of stone disease is undertaken. The nature of urologic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism and their management are discussed.", "contents": "Urologic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism in childhood. Among renal stone-forming children 6 per cent suffer from primary hyperparathyroidism. Urologic complications were noted in 7 of 9 children (78 per cent) with surgically proved hyperparathyroidism seen in a 24-year period. These included nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis (6), defective urinary concentration or acidification (5) and mild impairment of renal function (3). All children responded favorably to parathyroidectomy, which should be performed before treatment of stone disease is undertaken. The nature of urologic manifestations of hyperparathyroidism and their management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940211", "title": "Renal changes after an uncomplicated antireflux operation.", "content": "Persistent defects were noted after successful ureteral reimplantations in 91 per cent of patients with preoperative pyelographic changes. The renal ratio between the kidney with reflux and its contralateral normal mate also was found to be static despite the eradication of infection. It is hypothesized that a degree of renal dysgenesis is not uncommon in association with reflux and may be the major factor in explaining these findings.", "contents": "Renal changes after an uncomplicated antireflux operation. Persistent defects were noted after successful ureteral reimplantations in 91 per cent of patients with preoperative pyelographic changes. The renal ratio between the kidney with reflux and its contralateral normal mate also was found to be static despite the eradication of infection. It is hypothesized that a degree of renal dysgenesis is not uncommon in association with reflux and may be the major factor in explaining these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:940212", "title": "Renal growth and urinary infection following antireflux surgery in infants and children.", "content": "The 223 children who underwent antireflux surgery for primary reflux were evaluated. Preoperative phylonephritic scarring was more commonly present with greater degrees of reflux. Antireflux surgery was successful in all cases. Postoperative infection occurred in 21 per cent with almost all episodes being clinical cystitis. Postoperatively, a statistically significant increase in renal growth was noted, which was thought to be related to the extent of preoperative nephron loss.", "contents": "Renal growth and urinary infection following antireflux surgery in infants and children. The 223 children who underwent antireflux surgery for primary reflux were evaluated. Preoperative phylonephritic scarring was more commonly present with greater degrees of reflux. Antireflux surgery was successful in all cases. Postoperative infection occurred in 21 per cent with almost all episodes being clinical cystitis. Postoperatively, a statistically significant increase in renal growth was noted, which was thought to be related to the extent of preoperative nephron loss."}
{"id": "PMID:940213", "title": "Sibling uropathology.", "content": "Of 197 sibships that were evaluated 47.6 per cent, excluding the probands, had undiagnosed uropathology. When the proband had reflux 26.5 per cent of the asymptomatic siblings also had reflux, When the proband had a uropathology other than reflux 13.2 per cent of the siblings had reflux and 46 per cent had other abnormalities.", "contents": "Sibling uropathology. Of 197 sibships that were evaluated 47.6 per cent, excluding the probands, had undiagnosed uropathology. When the proband had reflux 26.5 per cent of the asymptomatic siblings also had reflux, When the proband had a uropathology other than reflux 13.2 per cent of the siblings had reflux and 46 per cent had other abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:940214", "title": "The natural history of reflux and long-term effects of reflux on the kidney.", "content": "Spontaneous cessation of vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 42 per cent of 102 patients. It ceased in 65 per cent of the patients with unilateral reflux, in 50 per cent of those with bilateral reflux in normal caliber ureters and in 9 per cent of those with bilateral dilated ureters. Renal parenchymal changes were seen most frequently in patients with urinary infection after diagnosis. The likelihood of such infections lessened if reflux ceased. Proportionately more male than female subjects were free of infection. Renal damage may follow even 1 episode of infection. Lesions appeared with equal frequency during the entire followup period, whereas urinary infection was more common in the 5-year period after diagnosis. Renal damage was more likely to occur in kidneys that were already abnormal. Reflux should be controlled surgically if urinary infections occur after diagnosis and during long-term chemotherapy and careful observation. In the absence of infection indications for operation are infrequent. Non-surgical management may apply to normal caliber ureters and in infancy, while antireflux operation may be considered at diagnosis in dilated ureters, bilateral reflux or in the presence of renal lesions.", "contents": "The natural history of reflux and long-term effects of reflux on the kidney. Spontaneous cessation of vesicoureteral reflux occurred in 42 per cent of 102 patients. It ceased in 65 per cent of the patients with unilateral reflux, in 50 per cent of those with bilateral reflux in normal caliber ureters and in 9 per cent of those with bilateral dilated ureters. Renal parenchymal changes were seen most frequently in patients with urinary infection after diagnosis. The likelihood of such infections lessened if reflux ceased. Proportionately more male than female subjects were free of infection. Renal damage may follow even 1 episode of infection. Lesions appeared with equal frequency during the entire followup period, whereas urinary infection was more common in the 5-year period after diagnosis. Renal damage was more likely to occur in kidneys that were already abnormal. Reflux should be controlled surgically if urinary infections occur after diagnosis and during long-term chemotherapy and careful observation. In the absence of infection indications for operation are infrequent. Non-surgical management may apply to normal caliber ureters and in infancy, while antireflux operation may be considered at diagnosis in dilated ureters, bilateral reflux or in the presence of renal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:940215", "title": "Unusual complications of transvesical ureteral reimplantation.", "content": "Four of 8 cases that represent unusual and infrequent complications of the transvesicle Politano-Leadbetter ureteral reimplantation technique are reported. Approximately 90 per cent of ureteral reimplantations for vesicoureteral reflux may be done satisfactorily as a transvesical procedure but combining it with an extravesical approach of the ureter when necessary or indicated will serve to correct any conceivable congenital, acquired or iatrogenic lesion of the lower ureteral segment. The extravesical approach should be used if there is any difficulty in performing the procedure transvesically or if the patient has undergone previous attempts at antireflux operation. Obstructive complications may occur in either the early or late postoperative period. When discovered, surgical correction is usually indicated. We strongly advocate strict adherence to the surgical technique involved and meticulous postoperative followup of these patients.", "contents": "Unusual complications of transvesical ureteral reimplantation. Four of 8 cases that represent unusual and infrequent complications of the transvesicle Politano-Leadbetter ureteral reimplantation technique are reported. Approximately 90 per cent of ureteral reimplantations for vesicoureteral reflux may be done satisfactorily as a transvesical procedure but combining it with an extravesical approach of the ureter when necessary or indicated will serve to correct any conceivable congenital, acquired or iatrogenic lesion of the lower ureteral segment. The extravesical approach should be used if there is any difficulty in performing the procedure transvesically or if the patient has undergone previous attempts at antireflux operation. Obstructive complications may occur in either the early or late postoperative period. When discovered, surgical correction is usually indicated. We strongly advocate strict adherence to the surgical technique involved and meticulous postoperative followup of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940216", "title": "Normal size of the urethral meatus in boys.", "content": "Statistically valid sizes have been obtained for the normal male urethral meatus in children from 6 weeks through 12 years old. It is hoped that these values will allow the diagnosis of meatal stenosis to be made on an objective rather than a clinical basis and that such evaluation will allow for a more rational approach to the therapy of meatal stenosis in boys.", "contents": "Normal size of the urethral meatus in boys. Statistically valid sizes have been obtained for the normal male urethral meatus in children from 6 weeks through 12 years old. It is hoped that these values will allow the diagnosis of meatal stenosis to be made on an objective rather than a clinical basis and that such evaluation will allow for a more rational approach to the therapy of meatal stenosis in boys."}
{"id": "PMID:940217", "title": "Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood.", "content": "Recent advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved the prognosis of urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma. Preliminary reports suggest that a mutilative operation may no longer be essential to cure this disease.", "contents": "Urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Recent advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved the prognosis of urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma. Preliminary reports suggest that a mutilative operation may no longer be essential to cure this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:940218", "title": "Echinococcal disease of the kidney.", "content": "A case of hydatid disease of the kidney is presented. The parasitology, diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment for the entity are discussed.", "contents": "Echinococcal disease of the kidney. A case of hydatid disease of the kidney is presented. The parasitology, diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment for the entity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940219", "title": "Renal liposarcoma: case report.", "content": "A case of renal liposarcoma is described. The clinical presentation, angiographic findings and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Renal liposarcoma: case report. A case of renal liposarcoma is described. The clinical presentation, angiographic findings and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940220", "title": "Carcinosarcoma of the bladder: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 36-year-old man with carcinosarcoma of the bladder is described. The literature is reviewed and the clinicopathology is discussed. These tumors tend to be bulky, rapidly growing, invasive and recur locally. Metastases are generally hematogenous and may rarely involve regional nodes. Deaths are commonly owing to local invasion and sepsis. Preoperative overstaging may occur and pelvic arteriography and exploration are recommended in questionable cases. Because of the difficulty in locally extirpating these tumors radical cystectomy and urinary diversion are recommended.", "contents": "Carcinosarcoma of the bladder: case report and review of the literature. A 36-year-old man with carcinosarcoma of the bladder is described. The literature is reviewed and the clinicopathology is discussed. These tumors tend to be bulky, rapidly growing, invasive and recur locally. Metastases are generally hematogenous and may rarely involve regional nodes. Deaths are commonly owing to local invasion and sepsis. Preoperative overstaging may occur and pelvic arteriography and exploration are recommended in questionable cases. Because of the difficulty in locally extirpating these tumors radical cystectomy and urinary diversion are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:940221", "title": "Giant urethral calculus: a case report.", "content": "A case of a large urethral calculus in a woman with the unusual symptom of dyspareunia is presented. The patient had to manipulate a prolapse-like bulging of the anterior vaginal wall to ease micturition. The radiological appearance is interesting.", "contents": "Giant urethral calculus: a case report. A case of a large urethral calculus in a woman with the unusual symptom of dyspareunia is presented. The patient had to manipulate a prolapse-like bulging of the anterior vaginal wall to ease micturition. The radiological appearance is interesting."}
{"id": "PMID:940222", "title": "The vanishing testis syndrome: indications for conservative therapy.", "content": "Bilateral anorchism is a rare condition. In the past almost all of these patients have undergone surgical exploration. With modern laboratory determinations of serum gonadotropin and testosterone it is now possible to avoid operation in a large number of these cases. A case is presented that illustrates this point and a protocol is established for the treatment of bilateral anorchism, including indications for operation and conservative management.", "contents": "The vanishing testis syndrome: indications for conservative therapy. Bilateral anorchism is a rare condition. In the past almost all of these patients have undergone surgical exploration. With modern laboratory determinations of serum gonadotropin and testosterone it is now possible to avoid operation in a large number of these cases. A case is presented that illustrates this point and a protocol is established for the treatment of bilateral anorchism, including indications for operation and conservative management."}
{"id": "PMID:940223", "title": "Crossed ectopia of seminal vesicles, renal aplasia and ectopic ureter.", "content": "A unique case of left ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle, ipsilateral renal hyperplasia and crossed ectopia of the seminal vesicles is reported. This 24-year-old white man underwent a nephroureterectomy for relief of symptoms of lower urinary tract infection. The embryological development of this abnormality is discussed briefly.", "contents": "Crossed ectopia of seminal vesicles, renal aplasia and ectopic ureter. A unique case of left ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle, ipsilateral renal hyperplasia and crossed ectopia of the seminal vesicles is reported. This 24-year-old white man underwent a nephroureterectomy for relief of symptoms of lower urinary tract infection. The embryological development of this abnormality is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:940224", "title": "Factors producing various responses to acetylcholine in dog hepatic circulation.", "content": "Effect of acetylcholine on hepatic circulation was investigated in 33 mongrel dogs. Mean arterial blood pressure, hepatic artery flow, portal vein pressure and portal vein flow were determined after laparotomy under nembutal anesthesia. In order to analyse the complicated responses in hepatic blood flows to 3 mug of acetylcholine hydrochloride, the peripheral resistance of each vascular system was observed in hypotensive dogs, in vascular obliteration dogs and in portal vein shunting dogs. Observation under a hypotensive condition produced by exsanguination revealed that hepatic artery resistance responded to decrease in hepatic artery pressure in different ways depending on whether the systemic blood pressure was above or below 90 mmHg. Experiments in which the hepatic artery or portal vein were obliterated disclosed that there was a certain regularity in the induction of resistance change in the non-injected one of the two hepatic vessels. The result of shunting the portal vein suggested that the complicated change above mentioned would be the expression of the overlapping two sequential responses. Since these results are difficult to explain merely by the direct response of vascular smooth muscle to acetycholine, the possibility that the hypothetical communication between the hepatic artery and portal vein might be a cholinergic system was discussed.", "contents": "Factors producing various responses to acetylcholine in dog hepatic circulation. Effect of acetylcholine on hepatic circulation was investigated in 33 mongrel dogs. Mean arterial blood pressure, hepatic artery flow, portal vein pressure and portal vein flow were determined after laparotomy under nembutal anesthesia. In order to analyse the complicated responses in hepatic blood flows to 3 mug of acetylcholine hydrochloride, the peripheral resistance of each vascular system was observed in hypotensive dogs, in vascular obliteration dogs and in portal vein shunting dogs. Observation under a hypotensive condition produced by exsanguination revealed that hepatic artery resistance responded to decrease in hepatic artery pressure in different ways depending on whether the systemic blood pressure was above or below 90 mmHg. Experiments in which the hepatic artery or portal vein were obliterated disclosed that there was a certain regularity in the induction of resistance change in the non-injected one of the two hepatic vessels. The result of shunting the portal vein suggested that the complicated change above mentioned would be the expression of the overlapping two sequential responses. Since these results are difficult to explain merely by the direct response of vascular smooth muscle to acetycholine, the possibility that the hypothetical communication between the hepatic artery and portal vein might be a cholinergic system was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940225", "title": "Relationship between pharmacological activity and blood level of a new anticholinergic agent, timepidium bromide (SA-504), in cats.", "content": "Relationship between pharmacological activities and blood levels of a new anticholinergic agent (SA-504), as well as excretion, and distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract were investigated in cats. The time courses of inhibitory effect of SA-504 on gastric motility were closely related to those of blood levels of SA-504 after intragastric administration of 3H-labelled compound. Effects of SA-504 on the pupil of the eye, heart rate and blood pressure were much less than its inhibitory effects on gastric motility. The contents of 3H-SA-504 in the gastric wall were extremely high as compared with those in the blood and heart. About 23% of the radioactivity administered orally as 3H-SA-504 was excreted into the bile and 20% into the urine during a 24 hour period, suggesting that more than 40% of the dose is absorbed from the alimentary tract of cats within 24 hours.", "contents": "Relationship between pharmacological activity and blood level of a new anticholinergic agent, timepidium bromide (SA-504), in cats. Relationship between pharmacological activities and blood levels of a new anticholinergic agent (SA-504), as well as excretion, and distribution in the gastro-intestinal tract were investigated in cats. The time courses of inhibitory effect of SA-504 on gastric motility were closely related to those of blood levels of SA-504 after intragastric administration of 3H-labelled compound. Effects of SA-504 on the pupil of the eye, heart rate and blood pressure were much less than its inhibitory effects on gastric motility. The contents of 3H-SA-504 in the gastric wall were extremely high as compared with those in the blood and heart. About 23% of the radioactivity administered orally as 3H-SA-504 was excreted into the bile and 20% into the urine during a 24 hour period, suggesting that more than 40% of the dose is absorbed from the alimentary tract of cats within 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:940226", "title": "Inhibitory mechanisms of isoprenaline in the guinea-pig taenia coli.", "content": "The beta-receptor stimulating effect of isoprenaline on the spontaneous activities of the guinea-pig taenia coli was investigated in the presence of an alpha-receptor blocking agent, phentolamine (2 X 10(-6) M). Substitution of the external Naion with Li, choline, tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane or Kion greatly reduced the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline. A treatment with ouabain (4 X 10(-6) M) also had effects similar to those of Na removal. The spontaneous activity was transiently suppressed when 5.9 mM K ion was re-admitted into K-free solution, and this suppressing effect was blocked by ouabain and also by reducing Na concentration to 5.9mM. However, isoprenaline retained its effects in K-free solution containing normal Na concentration or 5.9 mM Na. The relaxation by isoprenaline in these solutions was hardly reduced by ouabain (4 X 10(-6) M). These observations suggest that the beta-receptor stimulating effects of isoprenaline are partly mediated through an activation of the Na-pump and partly through some other mechanism which is inactivated when the preparation is deprived of Na or when the membrane is depolarized.", "contents": "Inhibitory mechanisms of isoprenaline in the guinea-pig taenia coli. The beta-receptor stimulating effect of isoprenaline on the spontaneous activities of the guinea-pig taenia coli was investigated in the presence of an alpha-receptor blocking agent, phentolamine (2 X 10(-6) M). Substitution of the external Naion with Li, choline, tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane or Kion greatly reduced the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline. A treatment with ouabain (4 X 10(-6) M) also had effects similar to those of Na removal. The spontaneous activity was transiently suppressed when 5.9 mM K ion was re-admitted into K-free solution, and this suppressing effect was blocked by ouabain and also by reducing Na concentration to 5.9mM. However, isoprenaline retained its effects in K-free solution containing normal Na concentration or 5.9 mM Na. The relaxation by isoprenaline in these solutions was hardly reduced by ouabain (4 X 10(-6) M). These observations suggest that the beta-receptor stimulating effects of isoprenaline are partly mediated through an activation of the Na-pump and partly through some other mechanism which is inactivated when the preparation is deprived of Na or when the membrane is depolarized."}
{"id": "PMID:940227", "title": "Effect of lyophilization and storage of liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction on the metabolism of imipramine in several species of animals.", "content": "Effects of lyophilization and storage of liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction on the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in some species of animals were studied. Imipramine metabolizing enzyme activity and the content of cytochrome P-450 were stable for, at least, one month without any loss of the activity when lyophilized liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction of some animal species, i.e., rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and dog, was stored under reduced pressure in a deep freezer (-20 degrees C). There were no differences of imipramine metabolism between lyophilized liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction which was kept in a deep freezer for one month and a fresh fraction which was prepared immediately before determinations of the enzyme activity and cytochrome P-450. The data presented here indicated that the lyophilized preparation of the liver 9,000xg supernatant as well as the fresh preparation can be used for the determination of the drug metabolizing enzyme activity.", "contents": "Effect of lyophilization and storage of liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction on the metabolism of imipramine in several species of animals. Effects of lyophilization and storage of liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction on the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in some species of animals were studied. Imipramine metabolizing enzyme activity and the content of cytochrome P-450 were stable for, at least, one month without any loss of the activity when lyophilized liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction of some animal species, i.e., rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and dog, was stored under reduced pressure in a deep freezer (-20 degrees C). There were no differences of imipramine metabolism between lyophilized liver 9,000xg supernatant fraction which was kept in a deep freezer for one month and a fresh fraction which was prepared immediately before determinations of the enzyme activity and cytochrome P-450. The data presented here indicated that the lyophilized preparation of the liver 9,000xg supernatant as well as the fresh preparation can be used for the determination of the drug metabolizing enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:940228", "title": "F-induced changes and its reversal by ITP in membrane turbidity and adenylate cyclase activity of chick brain microsomes.", "content": "The activation of adenylate cyclase by NaF was dependent on the previous incubation time and the concentration of F-. The activation by F- was irreversible and Mg2+ was required for the maximum effect. Turbidity of microsome suspension was also greatly increased by F- plus Mg2+. These effects on adenylate cyclase and membrane turbidity were specific for F- and F- saturation curves for both were similar, though Mg2+-saturation curves for both were dissimilar. The increase in turbidity induced by F- plus Mg2+ was rapidly reversed by ATP, GTP, ITP, UTP and CTP. However, ITP only, among all the triphospho-nucleotides tested, reversed the activity of adenylate cyclase previously activated by NaF plus MgC12. The activity of the enzyme reversed by ITP was not, however, re-enhanced by the presence of NaF in the assay medium. These results suggest the possiblity that F- induces a change in the membrane structure itself, and this change can be reversed by incubation with ITP. Consequently, adenylate cyclase may be conformed either to an activated or an unactivated state.", "contents": "F-induced changes and its reversal by ITP in membrane turbidity and adenylate cyclase activity of chick brain microsomes. The activation of adenylate cyclase by NaF was dependent on the previous incubation time and the concentration of F-. The activation by F- was irreversible and Mg2+ was required for the maximum effect. Turbidity of microsome suspension was also greatly increased by F- plus Mg2+. These effects on adenylate cyclase and membrane turbidity were specific for F- and F- saturation curves for both were similar, though Mg2+-saturation curves for both were dissimilar. The increase in turbidity induced by F- plus Mg2+ was rapidly reversed by ATP, GTP, ITP, UTP and CTP. However, ITP only, among all the triphospho-nucleotides tested, reversed the activity of adenylate cyclase previously activated by NaF plus MgC12. The activity of the enzyme reversed by ITP was not, however, re-enhanced by the presence of NaF in the assay medium. These results suggest the possiblity that F- induces a change in the membrane structure itself, and this change can be reversed by incubation with ITP. Consequently, adenylate cyclase may be conformed either to an activated or an unactivated state."}
{"id": "PMID:940229", "title": "Effect of organophosphorus compounds on acetylcholine synthesis in brain.", "content": "Effects of parathion and di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) on acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in the mouse brain were investigated. In addition to well known cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, parathion showed inhibitory effects on the activity of synaptosomal choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), and on the uptake of [14C-methyl]-choline and ACHh synthesis in subcellular fractions of the brain. DFP inhibited ChE activity, but had no significant effects on the choline uptake and ACh synthesis per se. Possible significance of these findings in the pharmacological actions of organophosphorus compounds is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effect of organophosphorus compounds on acetylcholine synthesis in brain. Effects of parathion and di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) on acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis in the mouse brain were investigated. In addition to well known cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, parathion showed inhibitory effects on the activity of synaptosomal choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), and on the uptake of [14C-methyl]-choline and ACHh synthesis in subcellular fractions of the brain. DFP inhibited ChE activity, but had no significant effects on the choline uptake and ACh synthesis per se. Possible significance of these findings in the pharmacological actions of organophosphorus compounds is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940230", "title": "Allometric method for the long term observation of adjuvant arthritis in rats.", "content": "An allometric method for estimating the volume change in inflamed paw of rats is described. The technique is effective and advantageous for long term observation of adjuvant arthritis which lacks a suitable reference criterion due to the simultaneous swelling of the control paw. In the present method, the inflammatory intensity (IF) of paw edema is estimated by means of the formula; IF(%)=(2Vr/cXd(I+Wt/aXb)-I) X 100 where Vt is the paw volume, Wt is the body weight weight and X is the tail length of the inflamed rat. The constants a, b, c, and d are obtained from tthe normal rats using the relative growth law, W=aXb and V=cXd (where W is the body weight, V is the paw volume and X is the tail length).", "contents": "Allometric method for the long term observation of adjuvant arthritis in rats. An allometric method for estimating the volume change in inflamed paw of rats is described. The technique is effective and advantageous for long term observation of adjuvant arthritis which lacks a suitable reference criterion due to the simultaneous swelling of the control paw. In the present method, the inflammatory intensity (IF) of paw edema is estimated by means of the formula; IF(%)=(2Vr/cXd(I+Wt/aXb)-I) X 100 where Vt is the paw volume, Wt is the body weight weight and X is the tail length of the inflamed rat. The constants a, b, c, and d are obtained from tthe normal rats using the relative growth law, W=aXb and V=cXd (where W is the body weight, V is the paw volume and X is the tail length)."}
{"id": "PMID:940237", "title": "Arterial blood gases in acute pulmonary edema.", "content": "Arterial blood gas and pH measurements in 82 patients with acute pulmonary edema of cardiogenic origin entering the emergency department varied widely and were unpredictable using clinical examination. The mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured in 71 patients breathing room air was 59 mm Hg. Fourteen of the 82 patients were acidemic; 35, alkalemic and 33 had a pH in the normal range. The acidemic group had markedly lower PaO2, all under 60 mm Hg. Oxygen and furosemide were used in all cases and effectively corrected the hypoxia and reduced pulmonary congestion. Other drugs used included aminophylline (14 patients), morphine sulfate (9 patients) and digoxin (3 patients). Five of the nine patients who received morphine were hypercarbic initially but the CO2 retention did not worsen. No patient died during the initial 48 hours. This study reiterates the importance of directing therapy at ventilatory and cardiac abnormalities and points out the value of arterial blood gas monitoring to assess the initial status, monitor the patient's course, and to select drug therapy.", "contents": "Arterial blood gases in acute pulmonary edema. Arterial blood gas and pH measurements in 82 patients with acute pulmonary edema of cardiogenic origin entering the emergency department varied widely and were unpredictable using clinical examination. The mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured in 71 patients breathing room air was 59 mm Hg. Fourteen of the 82 patients were acidemic; 35, alkalemic and 33 had a pH in the normal range. The acidemic group had markedly lower PaO2, all under 60 mm Hg. Oxygen and furosemide were used in all cases and effectively corrected the hypoxia and reduced pulmonary congestion. Other drugs used included aminophylline (14 patients), morphine sulfate (9 patients) and digoxin (3 patients). Five of the nine patients who received morphine were hypercarbic initially but the CO2 retention did not worsen. No patient died during the initial 48 hours. This study reiterates the importance of directing therapy at ventilatory and cardiac abnormalities and points out the value of arterial blood gas monitoring to assess the initial status, monitor the patient's course, and to select drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:940238", "title": "The effectiveness of mobile coronary care in a nonurban area.", "content": "During an eight-month period 225 patients in a nonurban area (65,000 population) received care from a mobile coronary care unit (MCCU) staffed by coronary care nurses from the hospital coronary care unit. There were 29 (13%) deaths. One hundred and twenty-six of the patients were eventually diagnosed as coronary disease cases (including the 29 deaths) while 99 were released with the noncardiac diagnoses. The provision of definitive emergency medical care prior to hospitalization resulted in eight lives definitely saved (three \"long-term saves\" and five \"short-term saves\") and seven lives possibly saved (six long-term saves and one short-term save). On an annual basis, per 100,000 population, these results would account for 18.5 definite saves (6.9 long-term saves and 11.5 short-term saves) and 16.2 possible saves (13.9 long-term saves and 2.3 short-term saves).", "contents": "The effectiveness of mobile coronary care in a nonurban area. During an eight-month period 225 patients in a nonurban area (65,000 population) received care from a mobile coronary care unit (MCCU) staffed by coronary care nurses from the hospital coronary care unit. There were 29 (13%) deaths. One hundred and twenty-six of the patients were eventually diagnosed as coronary disease cases (including the 29 deaths) while 99 were released with the noncardiac diagnoses. The provision of definitive emergency medical care prior to hospitalization resulted in eight lives definitely saved (three \"long-term saves\" and five \"short-term saves\") and seven lives possibly saved (six long-term saves and one short-term save). On an annual basis, per 100,000 population, these results would account for 18.5 definite saves (6.9 long-term saves and 11.5 short-term saves) and 16.2 possible saves (13.9 long-term saves and 2.3 short-term saves)."}
{"id": "PMID:940239", "title": "Carbon monoxide intoxication: a review of 14 patients.", "content": "In 14 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, medical records were available for retrospective review in which blood samples for carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) were obtained. Twelve victims (86%) were overcome while at work. Correlation of the clinical picture and COHgb saturation was not always possible although hypertension was not uncommon initially. On follow-up only three patients were mildly hypertensive. Skin or mucous membrane color changes were difficult to detect. Three cases are presented to illustrate factors in the diagnosis and possible sequelae.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide intoxication: a review of 14 patients. In 14 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, medical records were available for retrospective review in which blood samples for carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) were obtained. Twelve victims (86%) were overcome while at work. Correlation of the clinical picture and COHgb saturation was not always possible although hypertension was not uncommon initially. On follow-up only three patients were mildly hypertensive. Skin or mucous membrane color changes were difficult to detect. Three cases are presented to illustrate factors in the diagnosis and possible sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:940240", "title": "Specialized blood filters and fresh whole blood.", "content": "Platelet counts and platelet functions were determined in fresh whole blood before and after it passed through two types of specialized transfusion filters. Both filters were capable of trapping 20% to 40% of the functional platelets, necessary for hemostasis, especially if heparin was used as the anticoagulant. When fresh whole blood is needed to treat the bleeding patient who has already received massive blood transfusions, these specialized filters should probably not be used.", "contents": "Specialized blood filters and fresh whole blood. Platelet counts and platelet functions were determined in fresh whole blood before and after it passed through two types of specialized transfusion filters. Both filters were capable of trapping 20% to 40% of the functional platelets, necessary for hemostasis, especially if heparin was used as the anticoagulant. When fresh whole blood is needed to treat the bleeding patient who has already received massive blood transfusions, these specialized filters should probably not be used."}
{"id": "PMID:940241", "title": "Blind defibrillation outside the hospital.", "content": "Blind defibrillation, defibrillation of an unconscious, pulseless adult without electrocardiographic verification of arrhythmia, allows early definitive treatment of cardiac arrest victims. Basic EMT-As have the ability to perform blind defibrillation in a prehospital setting, and place an esophageal obturator airway. When basic EMT-As are performing blind defibrillation, there should be a standard operating procedure involving diagnosis, defibrillation, CPR and re-evaluation.", "contents": "Blind defibrillation outside the hospital. Blind defibrillation, defibrillation of an unconscious, pulseless adult without electrocardiographic verification of arrhythmia, allows early definitive treatment of cardiac arrest victims. Basic EMT-As have the ability to perform blind defibrillation in a prehospital setting, and place an esophageal obturator airway. When basic EMT-As are performing blind defibrillation, there should be a standard operating procedure involving diagnosis, defibrillation, CPR and re-evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:940242", "title": "Rotatory subluxation of the atlas on the axis.", "content": "The clinical findings of rotatory subluxation of the atlas are subtle and x-ray films involving the upper cervical segment are difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, patients with rotatory subluxation must be separated from those with \"stiff necks,\" for they require hospital admission for cervical traction if complications are to be avoided. A case is reported and management and diagnosis are reviewed.", "contents": "Rotatory subluxation of the atlas on the axis. The clinical findings of rotatory subluxation of the atlas are subtle and x-ray films involving the upper cervical segment are difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, patients with rotatory subluxation must be separated from those with \"stiff necks,\" for they require hospital admission for cervical traction if complications are to be avoided. A case is reported and management and diagnosis are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:940249", "title": "Permanent ileostomy without external appliance: Kock internal reservoir (pouch) operation.", "content": "Employing a surgical technique described by Dr. Nils Kock of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden one can create a continent ileostomy beyond an internal reservoir of ileum for patients who have had total proctocolectomy. This operation is designed to obviate the necessity for wearing an external appliance. Instead, the patient introduces a catheter through the ileostomy into the reservoir of ileum three or four times daily and evacuates it in a convenient manner. Our experience with seven patients, as well as a useful opertive variation of our own, is described. In six patients the procedure was carried out at the time of proctocolectomy. Currently six of the seven patients function without an appliance. Two of the seven had serious postoperative complications which were associated with the pouch. While a number of physical and emotional advantages are ascribed to the procedure, the specific hazards of the complex surgery, the extra time consumed daily in emptying the reservoir, and the necessity for further surgery if the pouch fails to function in a satisfactory manner must be balanced against them. Over the short term, the experience of our patients with this operation has been favorable. Larger series have been reported by Dr. Kock and by Dr. Beahrs at the Mayo Clinic. While 80% of their patients have had satisfactory eventual outcomes, a larger number of secondary operations and an ultimate 20% incidence of unsatisfactory results dictate the necessity for a guarded approach to this procedure.", "contents": "Permanent ileostomy without external appliance: Kock internal reservoir (pouch) operation. Employing a surgical technique described by Dr. Nils Kock of G\u00f6teborg, Sweden one can create a continent ileostomy beyond an internal reservoir of ileum for patients who have had total proctocolectomy. This operation is designed to obviate the necessity for wearing an external appliance. Instead, the patient introduces a catheter through the ileostomy into the reservoir of ileum three or four times daily and evacuates it in a convenient manner. Our experience with seven patients, as well as a useful opertive variation of our own, is described. In six patients the procedure was carried out at the time of proctocolectomy. Currently six of the seven patients function without an appliance. Two of the seven had serious postoperative complications which were associated with the pouch. While a number of physical and emotional advantages are ascribed to the procedure, the specific hazards of the complex surgery, the extra time consumed daily in emptying the reservoir, and the necessity for further surgery if the pouch fails to function in a satisfactory manner must be balanced against them. Over the short term, the experience of our patients with this operation has been favorable. Larger series have been reported by Dr. Kock and by Dr. Beahrs at the Mayo Clinic. While 80% of their patients have had satisfactory eventual outcomes, a larger number of secondary operations and an ultimate 20% incidence of unsatisfactory results dictate the necessity for a guarded approach to this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:940250", "title": "Free fatty acid metabolism in the forearm at rest: muscle uptake and adipose tissue release of free fatty acids.", "content": "Free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in forearm skeletal muscle at rest was studied during continuous intrabrachial arterial ininfusion of [1-14C] oleic acid in 14 normal subjects in the postabsorptive state. Total oleic acid uptake by muscle accounted for at least 65% and perhaps as much as 86% of the measured O2 consumption. The respiratory quotient (0.74) indicated predominant oxidation of lipid. Glucose was a minor substrate for oxidation. Concentrations of six individual free fatty acids were measured in arterial (A), deep venous (DV), and superficial venous (SV) plasma in 25 subjects. There were positive A-DV differences, reflecting net muscle uptake, for each FFA. The extraction ratio (A-DV)/A was greatest for oleic acid. Output of each free fatty acid from subcutaneous adipose tissue was proportional to its arterial concentration, except for stearic acid. There was no stearic acid output. Correction of (A-DV)/A to account for contribution of perimuscular adipose tissue to FFA in DV led to the conclusion that oleic acid was preferentially extracted from arterial blood by forearm muscle. It accounted for 51% of the total FFA uptake, although it comprised only 43% of total FFA in arterial plasma. Total FFA uptake by muscle was more than sufficient to account for all of the measured O2 consumption, suggesting that some of the extracted FFA may be stored in muscle for oxidation at a latter time.", "contents": "Free fatty acid metabolism in the forearm at rest: muscle uptake and adipose tissue release of free fatty acids. Free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in forearm skeletal muscle at rest was studied during continuous intrabrachial arterial ininfusion of [1-14C] oleic acid in 14 normal subjects in the postabsorptive state. Total oleic acid uptake by muscle accounted for at least 65% and perhaps as much as 86% of the measured O2 consumption. The respiratory quotient (0.74) indicated predominant oxidation of lipid. Glucose was a minor substrate for oxidation. Concentrations of six individual free fatty acids were measured in arterial (A), deep venous (DV), and superficial venous (SV) plasma in 25 subjects. There were positive A-DV differences, reflecting net muscle uptake, for each FFA. The extraction ratio (A-DV)/A was greatest for oleic acid. Output of each free fatty acid from subcutaneous adipose tissue was proportional to its arterial concentration, except for stearic acid. There was no stearic acid output. Correction of (A-DV)/A to account for contribution of perimuscular adipose tissue to FFA in DV led to the conclusion that oleic acid was preferentially extracted from arterial blood by forearm muscle. It accounted for 51% of the total FFA uptake, although it comprised only 43% of total FFA in arterial plasma. Total FFA uptake by muscle was more than sufficient to account for all of the measured O2 consumption, suggesting that some of the extracted FFA may be stored in muscle for oxidation at a latter time."}
{"id": "PMID:940251", "title": "Hypothyroidism after x irradiation to the neck: three case reports and a brief review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients who developed hypothyroidism after x irradiation to the neck are presented. The first two cases demonstrate that patients can develop clinical and chemical hypothyroidism after a very short interval following radiotherapy. Hypothyroidism developed in the first patient in the absence of surgical manipulation of the neck, or a large iodine load 4 months after receiving 6800 rad of x-ray therapy to his neck for carcinoma of the larynx. The second patient developed hypothyroidism approximately 6 months after his radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Both of these patients demonstrated high titers of serum antithyroid antibodies. A third patient with Hodgkin's disease did not manifest clinical symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism until 6 years after radiation therapy. These cases demonstrate the variability of onset of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy and emphasize the need for careful evaluation of thyroid function before and after neck irradiation.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism after x irradiation to the neck: three case reports and a brief review of the literature. Three patients who developed hypothyroidism after x irradiation to the neck are presented. The first two cases demonstrate that patients can develop clinical and chemical hypothyroidism after a very short interval following radiotherapy. Hypothyroidism developed in the first patient in the absence of surgical manipulation of the neck, or a large iodine load 4 months after receiving 6800 rad of x-ray therapy to his neck for carcinoma of the larynx. The second patient developed hypothyroidism approximately 6 months after his radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Both of these patients demonstrated high titers of serum antithyroid antibodies. A third patient with Hodgkin's disease did not manifest clinical symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism until 6 years after radiation therapy. These cases demonstrate the variability of onset of hypothyroidism after radiotherapy and emphasize the need for careful evaluation of thyroid function before and after neck irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:940252", "title": "What becomes of medical students: the dark side.", "content": "In the cohort of 1337 former Johns Hopkins medical students from the classes of 1948 through 1964, there were 1248 graduates and 89 nongraduates. In follow-up studies of this cohort, 49 subjects, 3.1% of the graduates and 11.2% of the nongraduates, have been found to have died prematurely. Incipient mental illness and emotional disturbance appear to have contributed substantially to academic failure, poor performance during and after medical school, and premature death. These findings underscore the need for learning to identify and help medical students who are especially vulnerable to stress. Such insights would contribute to the prevention of premature disease and death, not only from mental illness but from other disorders.", "contents": "What becomes of medical students: the dark side. In the cohort of 1337 former Johns Hopkins medical students from the classes of 1948 through 1964, there were 1248 graduates and 89 nongraduates. In follow-up studies of this cohort, 49 subjects, 3.1% of the graduates and 11.2% of the nongraduates, have been found to have died prematurely. Incipient mental illness and emotional disturbance appear to have contributed substantially to academic failure, poor performance during and after medical school, and premature death. These findings underscore the need for learning to identify and help medical students who are especially vulnerable to stress. Such insights would contribute to the prevention of premature disease and death, not only from mental illness but from other disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:940256", "title": "Distribution of endogenous albumin in the rat glomerulus: role of hemodynamic factors in glomerular barrier function.", "content": "Using an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution of endogenous albumin in the rat glomerulus was delineated under normal and abnormal hemodynamic conditions. Superficial glomeruli in anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats were rapidly fixed in situ by applying glutaraldehyde to the renal surface. Fixed tissue slices were treated with anti-rat albumin Fab fragments conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and were then subjected to the Graham-Karnovsky ultrastructural peroxidase localization procedure. During normal blood flow, dense reaction product specific for albumin was largely confined to the glomerular capillary lumen and endothelial fenestrae, with only small amounts detectable in the lamina rara interna, and none deeper in the basement membrane (GBM) or in the urinary space. If cortical tissue was subjected to routine immersion fixation, or if fixation was performed in situ after ligation of the renal artery, reaction product was detected throughout the GBM and in the urinary space. If fixation was performed in situ after ligation of the renal artery and vein (or artery, vein and ureter), reaction product was found in the GBM and, in very large amounts, in the urinary space. If blood flow was restored for ten minutes after five minutes of renal pedicle (artery and vein) occlusion, the distribution of albumin returned to normal. Thus, glomerular barrier function depends upon the maintenance of normal blood flow conditions.", "contents": "Distribution of endogenous albumin in the rat glomerulus: role of hemodynamic factors in glomerular barrier function. Using an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution of endogenous albumin in the rat glomerulus was delineated under normal and abnormal hemodynamic conditions. Superficial glomeruli in anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats were rapidly fixed in situ by applying glutaraldehyde to the renal surface. Fixed tissue slices were treated with anti-rat albumin Fab fragments conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and were then subjected to the Graham-Karnovsky ultrastructural peroxidase localization procedure. During normal blood flow, dense reaction product specific for albumin was largely confined to the glomerular capillary lumen and endothelial fenestrae, with only small amounts detectable in the lamina rara interna, and none deeper in the basement membrane (GBM) or in the urinary space. If cortical tissue was subjected to routine immersion fixation, or if fixation was performed in situ after ligation of the renal artery, reaction product was detected throughout the GBM and in the urinary space. If fixation was performed in situ after ligation of the renal artery and vein (or artery, vein and ureter), reaction product was found in the GBM and, in very large amounts, in the urinary space. If blood flow was restored for ten minutes after five minutes of renal pedicle (artery and vein) occlusion, the distribution of albumin returned to normal. Thus, glomerular barrier function depends upon the maintenance of normal blood flow conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:940261", "title": "Tubular chloride transport and the mode of action of some diuretics.", "content": "The renal diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) reabsorbs sodium chloride in excess of water and is responsible for dilution of the urine as well as reabsorption of a large fraction of the salt present in the glomerular ultrafiltrate. In this segment, there is active reabsorption of chloride which causes the voltage to be positive in the tubule lumen. Most, if not all, of the sodium transport is passive, driven by the voltage. Three major diuretic drugs (mersalyl, furosemide and ethacrynic acid) act in the lumen of the diluting segment to inhibit active chloride transport, not sodium transport as previously believed. This specific action on chloride transport may explain how these drugs are able to inhibit salt transport in the kidney while having so little effect on the electrolyte transport processes elsewhere in the body.", "contents": "Tubular chloride transport and the mode of action of some diuretics. The renal diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) reabsorbs sodium chloride in excess of water and is responsible for dilution of the urine as well as reabsorption of a large fraction of the salt present in the glomerular ultrafiltrate. In this segment, there is active reabsorption of chloride which causes the voltage to be positive in the tubule lumen. Most, if not all, of the sodium transport is passive, driven by the voltage. Three major diuretic drugs (mersalyl, furosemide and ethacrynic acid) act in the lumen of the diluting segment to inhibit active chloride transport, not sodium transport as previously believed. This specific action on chloride transport may explain how these drugs are able to inhibit salt transport in the kidney while having so little effect on the electrolyte transport processes elsewhere in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:940268", "title": "Effect of intraluminal pressure on the ultrastructure and protein transport in the proximal tubule.", "content": "Proteins filtered in the kidney are generally considered to be catabolized by the renal lysosomes, but it has also been suggested that some protein may pass the tubule wall intact via the intercellular spaces. To examine the latter possibility, electron-dense tracers were in one part of the study injected retrograde into the kidney of living flounders and in another part by micropuncture directly into the tubule lumen of isolated flounder kidney tubules incubated in vitro. In both cases disruptions in the tubule wall were demonstrated and this was shown to be associated with the passage of tracer into the lateral intercellular spaces. From the in vitro studies it was further shown that only when the intraluminal pressure is increased do tracers pass into the intercellular spaces and they do so via the disruptions in the tubule wall. It is concluded that no passage of tracer occurs at intraluminal pressures in the physiological range.", "contents": "Effect of intraluminal pressure on the ultrastructure and protein transport in the proximal tubule. Proteins filtered in the kidney are generally considered to be catabolized by the renal lysosomes, but it has also been suggested that some protein may pass the tubule wall intact via the intercellular spaces. To examine the latter possibility, electron-dense tracers were in one part of the study injected retrograde into the kidney of living flounders and in another part by micropuncture directly into the tubule lumen of isolated flounder kidney tubules incubated in vitro. In both cases disruptions in the tubule wall were demonstrated and this was shown to be associated with the passage of tracer into the lateral intercellular spaces. From the in vitro studies it was further shown that only when the intraluminal pressure is increased do tracers pass into the intercellular spaces and they do so via the disruptions in the tubule wall. It is concluded that no passage of tracer occurs at intraluminal pressures in the physiological range."}
{"id": "PMID:940269", "title": "Functional segmentation of the rabbit distal tubule by microdetermination of hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Rabbit distal convoluted tubules (DCT) microdissected from collagenase-treated kidneys were observed to contain up to four portions of a different appearance under stereomicroscopic examination: (1) a DCTa portion (generally very short), located right after the macula densa (MD) and resembling the portion of the limb (CAL) located before the MD; (2) a constant, \"bright\" portion, DCTb; (3) a constant, \"granular\" DCTg portion which, in most DCT, is connected to a portion of the collecting tubule of a similar \"granular\" appearance (CCTg); (4) many DCT having contacts with the kidney capsule in the superficial cortex were observed to contain an additional portion of a \"light\" appearance, DCTl, resembling the portion of the collecting tubule (CCTl) to which these superficial DCT are always branched. The hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC) contained in these different portions was investigated by sectioning microdissected distal structures into successive samples according to the above-mentioned criteria, and by measuring with the help of a previously described micromethod, the enzyme activity contained in each single sample under one of the following conditions: control, parathyroid hormone. (PTH l U/ml), vasopressin, (AVP 10(-6)M), isoproterenol (10(-6)M), fluoride (5 X 10(-3)M). Highly significant and reproducible AC stimulations by these hormones were obtained for the following portions, respectively: DCTa, DCTg and CCTg with PTH; DCTl and CCTl with AVP; DCTg, CCTg and CCTl with isoproterenol. From these data, it is concluded that (a) the distal convoluted tubule can no longer be regarded as a single well-defined functional structure; (b) DCTa is actually a short CAL portion extending beyond MD, (c) DCTg and CCTg are two portions of a same functional segment; (d) similarly, DCTl belongs to the functional segment mainly constituted by CCTl; and, finally, (e) DCTb is the only functional segment which is entirely located in the distal convoluted tubule, i.e., included between the macula densa and the first branching with another tubule.", "contents": "Functional segmentation of the rabbit distal tubule by microdetermination of hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase activity. Rabbit distal convoluted tubules (DCT) microdissected from collagenase-treated kidneys were observed to contain up to four portions of a different appearance under stereomicroscopic examination: (1) a DCTa portion (generally very short), located right after the macula densa (MD) and resembling the portion of the limb (CAL) located before the MD; (2) a constant, \"bright\" portion, DCTb; (3) a constant, \"granular\" DCTg portion which, in most DCT, is connected to a portion of the collecting tubule of a similar \"granular\" appearance (CCTg); (4) many DCT having contacts with the kidney capsule in the superficial cortex were observed to contain an additional portion of a \"light\" appearance, DCTl, resembling the portion of the collecting tubule (CCTl) to which these superficial DCT are always branched. The hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC) contained in these different portions was investigated by sectioning microdissected distal structures into successive samples according to the above-mentioned criteria, and by measuring with the help of a previously described micromethod, the enzyme activity contained in each single sample under one of the following conditions: control, parathyroid hormone. (PTH l U/ml), vasopressin, (AVP 10(-6)M), isoproterenol (10(-6)M), fluoride (5 X 10(-3)M). Highly significant and reproducible AC stimulations by these hormones were obtained for the following portions, respectively: DCTa, DCTg and CCTg with PTH; DCTl and CCTl with AVP; DCTg, CCTg and CCTl with isoproterenol. From these data, it is concluded that (a) the distal convoluted tubule can no longer be regarded as a single well-defined functional structure; (b) DCTa is actually a short CAL portion extending beyond MD, (c) DCTg and CCTg are two portions of a same functional segment; (d) similarly, DCTl belongs to the functional segment mainly constituted by CCTl; and, finally, (e) DCTb is the only functional segment which is entirely located in the distal convoluted tubule, i.e., included between the macula densa and the first branching with another tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:940270", "title": "Dialysis costs: results of a diverse sample study.", "content": "A study of dialysis costs in five major dialysis centers throughout the United States was conducted in 1973. When available, home, home training, limited care, satellite and in-hospital-full-care dialysis were included. The study's objective was to determine the cost per dialysis for each separate dialysis modality. All costs associated with the dialysis procedure were included. Using a uniform methodology, costs were collected on four care levels which vary significantly from each other in the use of direct labor. They are as follows: home, home care training, limited care and full care. Costs were also segregated into five expenditure categories: personnel, supplies, travel, equipment and other. They study was designed to show the range of costs in five \"representative\" centers throughout the country, but not to provide statistical \"average\" of dialysis costs. Cost per dialysis ranged from $33 to 66 for the home patient group, $100 to 116 for limited care, $144 to 172 for in-hospital and $146 to 259 for the home training units.", "contents": "Dialysis costs: results of a diverse sample study. A study of dialysis costs in five major dialysis centers throughout the United States was conducted in 1973. When available, home, home training, limited care, satellite and in-hospital-full-care dialysis were included. The study's objective was to determine the cost per dialysis for each separate dialysis modality. All costs associated with the dialysis procedure were included. Using a uniform methodology, costs were collected on four care levels which vary significantly from each other in the use of direct labor. They are as follows: home, home care training, limited care and full care. Costs were also segregated into five expenditure categories: personnel, supplies, travel, equipment and other. They study was designed to show the range of costs in five \"representative\" centers throughout the country, but not to provide statistical \"average\" of dialysis costs. Cost per dialysis ranged from $33 to 66 for the home patient group, $100 to 116 for limited care, $144 to 172 for in-hospital and $146 to 259 for the home training units."}
{"id": "PMID:940271", "title": "Hypertension in terminal renal failure.", "content": "Inverse interrelations between plasma renin activity and exchangeable sodium or blood volume were found in both normotensive (N = 23) and hypertensive (N =29) hemodialysis patients (r= 0.47; P less than 0.005); however, mean plasma renin for any given sodium/volume state was at least two-fold higher in hypertensive than in normotensive hemodialysis patients or normal subjects (N =31). In the hemodialysis patients, blood pressure correlated weakly but significantly with the products of circulating renin and exchangeable sodium (r=0.37; P less than 0.005) or blood volume (r = 0.29; P less than 0.05). Multiple regression analysis including duration of previous hypertension as the second independent variable increased these correlation coefficients to 0.44 and 0.42, respectively. This suggests that hypertension in endstage kidney disease is often associated with resetting of the body sodium/fluid=renin feedback mechanism. Inappropriately increased plasma renine activity relative to the body sodium/volume state as well as high blood pressure-induced vascular changes may play important complementary roles, but it appears evident that additional mechanisms are also operative in maintaining end-stage renal hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertension in terminal renal failure. Inverse interrelations between plasma renin activity and exchangeable sodium or blood volume were found in both normotensive (N = 23) and hypertensive (N =29) hemodialysis patients (r= 0.47; P less than 0.005); however, mean plasma renin for any given sodium/volume state was at least two-fold higher in hypertensive than in normotensive hemodialysis patients or normal subjects (N =31). In the hemodialysis patients, blood pressure correlated weakly but significantly with the products of circulating renin and exchangeable sodium (r=0.37; P less than 0.005) or blood volume (r = 0.29; P less than 0.05). Multiple regression analysis including duration of previous hypertension as the second independent variable increased these correlation coefficients to 0.44 and 0.42, respectively. This suggests that hypertension in endstage kidney disease is often associated with resetting of the body sodium/fluid=renin feedback mechanism. Inappropriately increased plasma renine activity relative to the body sodium/volume state as well as high blood pressure-induced vascular changes may play important complementary roles, but it appears evident that additional mechanisms are also operative in maintaining end-stage renal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:940272", "title": "Bartter's syndrome with hyperplasia of renomedullary cells: successful treatment with indomethacin.", "content": "During treatment with indomethacin in a patient with Bartter's syndrome, hypokalemia, high plasma renin concentration, hyperaldosteronism and decreased sensitivity to angiotensin infusion were corrected. A particular finding in the renal biopsy specimen was a marked hyperplasia of renomedullary interstitial cells which had characteristics similar to the cells known to produce renal prostaglandins. The hypothesis is formultated that the primary defect in this syndrome is related to hyperplasia of renomedullary interstitial cells and inappropriate release of renal prostaglandins giving rise to decreased sodium reabsorption, volume depletion and hypersecretion of renin and aldosterone.", "contents": "Bartter's syndrome with hyperplasia of renomedullary cells: successful treatment with indomethacin. During treatment with indomethacin in a patient with Bartter's syndrome, hypokalemia, high plasma renin concentration, hyperaldosteronism and decreased sensitivity to angiotensin infusion were corrected. A particular finding in the renal biopsy specimen was a marked hyperplasia of renomedullary interstitial cells which had characteristics similar to the cells known to produce renal prostaglandins. The hypothesis is formultated that the primary defect in this syndrome is related to hyperplasia of renomedullary interstitial cells and inappropriate release of renal prostaglandins giving rise to decreased sodium reabsorption, volume depletion and hypersecretion of renin and aldosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:940273", "title": "Potassium secretion by the decending limb or pars recta of the juxtamedullary nephron in vivo.", "content": "Potassium reabsorption by the juxtamedullary nephron up to the hairpin turn was studied by the micropuncture technique in the exposed renal papilla of rats. In 18 nondiuretic rats, the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the desdending limb averaged 113 +/- 9%, indicating either that potassium  is not reabsorbed by the juxtamedullary proximal tubule and descending limb or that potassium is reabsorbed and secreted in those segments. Furosemide, a drug which inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb downstream from the descending limb, significantly decreased the potassium remaining at the end of the descending limb from 106 +/- 12 to 72 +/-11% in seven rats. Benzolamide, a drug which inhibits reabsorption of NaHCO3 and water in the proximal tubule upstream from the descending limb significantly increased the potassium remaining from 103 +/- 13 to 177 +/- 32% in eight rats. These findings support the hypothesis that in the rat, potassium is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule and secreted in the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron.", "contents": "Potassium secretion by the decending limb or pars recta of the juxtamedullary nephron in vivo. Potassium reabsorption by the juxtamedullary nephron up to the hairpin turn was studied by the micropuncture technique in the exposed renal papilla of rats. In 18 nondiuretic rats, the fraction of filtered potassium remaining at the end of the desdending limb averaged 113 +/- 9%, indicating either that potassium  is not reabsorbed by the juxtamedullary proximal tubule and descending limb or that potassium is reabsorbed and secreted in those segments. Furosemide, a drug which inhibits NaCl reabsorption in the ascending limb downstream from the descending limb, significantly decreased the potassium remaining at the end of the descending limb from 106 +/- 12 to 72 +/-11% in seven rats. Benzolamide, a drug which inhibits reabsorption of NaHCO3 and water in the proximal tubule upstream from the descending limb significantly increased the potassium remaining from 103 +/- 13 to 177 +/- 32% in eight rats. These findings support the hypothesis that in the rat, potassium is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule and secreted in the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron."}
{"id": "PMID:940274", "title": "Bone histology in incipient and advanced renal failure.", "content": "Quantitative bone histology (micromorphometry of undecalcified sections, analysis under polarized light; fluorescence microscopy with tetracycline double labelling) as well as serum and urinary chemistry (creatinine clearance, parathyroid hormone, ionized Ca, bone phosphatase, pH), were studied in 50 patients with incipient to advanced (glomerular filtration rate, 80 to 6 ml/min x 1.73 m2 renal insufficiency. In incipient renal failure, indirect evidence of parathyroid hormone excess was found in the skeleton (empty osteoclastic lacunae, woven osteoid). Osteoclastic surface resorption was  abnormally high when GFR fell below 50ml/min x 1.73 m2. With the tetracycline double-labelling technique, a mineralization defect was demonstrable in many but not all patients.", "contents": "Bone histology in incipient and advanced renal failure. Quantitative bone histology (micromorphometry of undecalcified sections, analysis under polarized light; fluorescence microscopy with tetracycline double labelling) as well as serum and urinary chemistry (creatinine clearance, parathyroid hormone, ionized Ca, bone phosphatase, pH), were studied in 50 patients with incipient to advanced (glomerular filtration rate, 80 to 6 ml/min x 1.73 m2 renal insufficiency. In incipient renal failure, indirect evidence of parathyroid hormone excess was found in the skeleton (empty osteoclastic lacunae, woven osteoid). Osteoclastic surface resorption was  abnormally high when GFR fell below 50ml/min x 1.73 m2. With the tetracycline double-labelling technique, a mineralization defect was demonstrable in many but not all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940275", "title": "Analysis and outcome of 1063 patients trained for home hemodialysis.", "content": "Between 1967 and 1973, 12 home dialysis training centers (HDTC), under contract to the health Resource Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, reported training 1063 patients. Mean training time was 69 days; mean patient age was 40 yr with a range of 12 to 75 yr. Survival rates were 87% at one year, 74% at two years, 62% at three years, 54% at four years and 52% at five years. Male to female ratio was 3.2; there was no significant survival difference between sexes. Patients under 50 yr of age had significantly greater survival than did patients 50 yr and older. A \"good\" health status classification, defined by activity tolerance, signs and symptoms at the beginning of home dialysis, was associated with more favorable survival than were lower health ratings. Patients with glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and polycystic disease had better survival than did patients with diabetic, hypertensive and other renal disease etiologies. Although 51% of the patients lived 50 to 400 or more miles from the HDTC, their survival was not different from patients living less than 50 miles from the HDTC. Survival rates for patients with less than ten years of education were not significantly different from those with formal education as high as the university graduate level. Forty-seven percent of the patients were restored to full activity. These survival results are comparable with those reported for other modes of dialysis and transplantation and indicate that home dialysis is an acceptable form of therapy for a variety of patients.", "contents": "Analysis and outcome of 1063 patients trained for home hemodialysis. Between 1967 and 1973, 12 home dialysis training centers (HDTC), under contract to the health Resource Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, reported training 1063 patients. Mean training time was 69 days; mean patient age was 40 yr with a range of 12 to 75 yr. Survival rates were 87% at one year, 74% at two years, 62% at three years, 54% at four years and 52% at five years. Male to female ratio was 3.2; there was no significant survival difference between sexes. Patients under 50 yr of age had significantly greater survival than did patients 50 yr and older. A \"good\" health status classification, defined by activity tolerance, signs and symptoms at the beginning of home dialysis, was associated with more favorable survival than were lower health ratings. Patients with glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis and polycystic disease had better survival than did patients with diabetic, hypertensive and other renal disease etiologies. Although 51% of the patients lived 50 to 400 or more miles from the HDTC, their survival was not different from patients living less than 50 miles from the HDTC. Survival rates for patients with less than ten years of education were not significantly different from those with formal education as high as the university graduate level. Forty-seven percent of the patients were restored to full activity. These survival results are comparable with those reported for other modes of dialysis and transplantation and indicate that home dialysis is an acceptable form of therapy for a variety of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940276", "title": "Pathogenesis of the glomerulopathy associated with renal infarction in rats.", "content": "The present studies were designed to characterize the extent and pathogenesis of the glomerular lesions which occur in the viable portion of the kidney following partial renal infarction in rats. Control rats with two normal kidneys had a mean blood pressure of 112 mm Hg, minimal proteinuria and no glomerular pathology on light (LM), electron (EM) or immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Rats with two-thirds infarction of one kidney (stage II) became hypertensive, although less than 4% of the glomeruli from either kidney were abnormal. Rats with two-thirds infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy (stage III) developed proteinuria and hypertension whether fed a normal, low or high Na+ diet. By light microscopy 37% of glomeruli were abnormal 28 days after partial infarction and contralateral nephrectomy and thereafter the percent of abnormal glomeruli increased. Detectable amounts of immunoglobulin and complement (C3) were present in kidneys of stage II or III rats but were always accompanied by more extensive albumin and fibrin deposits. Basement membrane deposits characteristic of immune complexes were not seen on EM. Administration of antihypertensive medication to stage III rats significantly lowered blood pressure and reduced the number of abnormal glomeruli on LM; however, IFM abnormalities remained prominent. Platelet thrombi seen by EM and abundant glomerular fibrin deposits seen on IFM suggested that coagulation mechanisms may be prominent in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion. Heparin-treated stage III rats had significantly lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations, blood pressures and proportion of abnormal glomeruli although glomerular deposition of serum proteins was still present on IFM. These observations suggest that this glomerulopathy is initiated by an unknown agent(s) which increased capillary permeability. This lesion progresses via thrombotic mechanisms which are prevented by heparin administration.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of the glomerulopathy associated with renal infarction in rats. The present studies were designed to characterize the extent and pathogenesis of the glomerular lesions which occur in the viable portion of the kidney following partial renal infarction in rats. Control rats with two normal kidneys had a mean blood pressure of 112 mm Hg, minimal proteinuria and no glomerular pathology on light (LM), electron (EM) or immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Rats with two-thirds infarction of one kidney (stage II) became hypertensive, although less than 4% of the glomeruli from either kidney were abnormal. Rats with two-thirds infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy (stage III) developed proteinuria and hypertension whether fed a normal, low or high Na+ diet. By light microscopy 37% of glomeruli were abnormal 28 days after partial infarction and contralateral nephrectomy and thereafter the percent of abnormal glomeruli increased. Detectable amounts of immunoglobulin and complement (C3) were present in kidneys of stage II or III rats but were always accompanied by more extensive albumin and fibrin deposits. Basement membrane deposits characteristic of immune complexes were not seen on EM. Administration of antihypertensive medication to stage III rats significantly lowered blood pressure and reduced the number of abnormal glomeruli on LM; however, IFM abnormalities remained prominent. Platelet thrombi seen by EM and abundant glomerular fibrin deposits seen on IFM suggested that coagulation mechanisms may be prominent in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion. Heparin-treated stage III rats had significantly lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations, blood pressures and proportion of abnormal glomeruli although glomerular deposition of serum proteins was still present on IFM. These observations suggest that this glomerulopathy is initiated by an unknown agent(s) which increased capillary permeability. This lesion progresses via thrombotic mechanisms which are prevented by heparin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:940277", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin during peritoneal dialysis in children.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were examined on two occasions using intravenous and intraperitoneal routes in five children undergoing intermittent peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. Serum, urine and dialysis fluid (DF) were assayed microbiologically for gentamicin and the data were subjected to computer analysis using equations evolved for a two-compartment model which considered the bi-directional flux of the drug. Following i.v. injection of 1 mg/kg of gentamicin, the apparent volume of distribution averaged 23% (range, 13 to 36%) of body wt (similar to normal), the mean half-life was 21 hr (range 9 to 37 hr; normal, 2 hr) and the peritoneal clearance averaged 4.0 ml/min/m2 (range, 1.2 to 7.0 ml/min/m2). During peritoneal administration of gentamicin (15 mg/liter of DF, 0.7 liters/m2 administered in each cycle over 9 to 12 cycles), serum concentrations increased towards extrapolated steady-state levels which averaged 42% (range, 25 to 68%) of DF concentrations. The mean renal clearance of gentamicin was only 1.6 ml/min/m2 while total body clearance ranged from 2.3 to 8.0 ml/min/m2 mostly occurring by a variable degree of dialysance. Peritoneal clearances and half-lives of gentamicin were similar in each patient following either treatment mode. The appreciable variability in gentamicin pharmacokinetics among adolescent patients with renal insufficiency necessitates dosage adjustments based on measurements of serum concentrations.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin during peritoneal dialysis in children. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were examined on two occasions using intravenous and intraperitoneal routes in five children undergoing intermittent peritoneal dialysis for chronic renal failure. Serum, urine and dialysis fluid (DF) were assayed microbiologically for gentamicin and the data were subjected to computer analysis using equations evolved for a two-compartment model which considered the bi-directional flux of the drug. Following i.v. injection of 1 mg/kg of gentamicin, the apparent volume of distribution averaged 23% (range, 13 to 36%) of body wt (similar to normal), the mean half-life was 21 hr (range 9 to 37 hr; normal, 2 hr) and the peritoneal clearance averaged 4.0 ml/min/m2 (range, 1.2 to 7.0 ml/min/m2). During peritoneal administration of gentamicin (15 mg/liter of DF, 0.7 liters/m2 administered in each cycle over 9 to 12 cycles), serum concentrations increased towards extrapolated steady-state levels which averaged 42% (range, 25 to 68%) of DF concentrations. The mean renal clearance of gentamicin was only 1.6 ml/min/m2 while total body clearance ranged from 2.3 to 8.0 ml/min/m2 mostly occurring by a variable degree of dialysance. Peritoneal clearances and half-lives of gentamicin were similar in each patient following either treatment mode. The appreciable variability in gentamicin pharmacokinetics among adolescent patients with renal insufficiency necessitates dosage adjustments based on measurements of serum concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:940278", "title": "Effect of intraluminal bicarbonate and chloride on fluid absorption by the rat renal proximal tubule.", "content": "In order to study mechanisms of fluid transport in the rat renal proximal convoluted tubule, the effects of large variations in intraluminal HCO3- and Cl- concentrations were measured by microperfusion techniques. No differences in rates of fluid transport were found when intraluminal HCO3- was varied from 4 to 30 mEq/liter and Cl- from 146 to 120 mEq/liter. Inhibition of H+ secretion with benzolamide had no effect on fluid absorption when little or no HCO3- was present in the lumen, but did reduce fluid transport when 25 mEq of HCO3- was present. If several different mechanisms are responsible for proximal fluid transport, such as nonelectrogenic active NaHCO3 transport, passive chloride diffusion and active sodium transport linked to H+ secretion, the above observations imply that they all operate at approximately the same rate, since the dominant driving force would have been different with each perfusion solution. The data seem more compatible with the view that active sodium transport is the major driving force for fluid absorption in the proximal tubule, that this is not linked to H+ secretion and that anions modify the rate of absorption only to the degree that they are able to accompany sodium across the epithelium. An additional observation was that absorption of isotonic NaCl was very slow in short segments of tubule, as compared to HCO3--containing perfusion solutions. Although the mechanism is uncertain, these data suggest that a finite amount of intraluminal HCO3- is necessary for optimal proximal fluid transport.", "contents": "Effect of intraluminal bicarbonate and chloride on fluid absorption by the rat renal proximal tubule. In order to study mechanisms of fluid transport in the rat renal proximal convoluted tubule, the effects of large variations in intraluminal HCO3- and Cl- concentrations were measured by microperfusion techniques. No differences in rates of fluid transport were found when intraluminal HCO3- was varied from 4 to 30 mEq/liter and Cl- from 146 to 120 mEq/liter. Inhibition of H+ secretion with benzolamide had no effect on fluid absorption when little or no HCO3- was present in the lumen, but did reduce fluid transport when 25 mEq of HCO3- was present. If several different mechanisms are responsible for proximal fluid transport, such as nonelectrogenic active NaHCO3 transport, passive chloride diffusion and active sodium transport linked to H+ secretion, the above observations imply that they all operate at approximately the same rate, since the dominant driving force would have been different with each perfusion solution. The data seem more compatible with the view that active sodium transport is the major driving force for fluid absorption in the proximal tubule, that this is not linked to H+ secretion and that anions modify the rate of absorption only to the degree that they are able to accompany sodium across the epithelium. An additional observation was that absorption of isotonic NaCl was very slow in short segments of tubule, as compared to HCO3--containing perfusion solutions. Although the mechanism is uncertain, these data suggest that a finite amount of intraluminal HCO3- is necessary for optimal proximal fluid transport."}
{"id": "PMID:940279", "title": "Skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone in uremia: role of 1,25 (OH)2 D3.", "content": "Studies were carried out to investigate the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone. The change in serum calcium after the intravenous infusion of 2 U of parathyroid extract (PTE)/kg body wt/hr for eight hours was evaluated in thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTX) dogs before, and one, two and three days after, induction of uremia by bilateral ureteral ligation (11 dogs) or by bilateral nephrectomy (8 dogs). In another six nephrectomized and T-PTX dogs, 0.68 ug of 1, 25 (OH)2D3/day was given on the day of nephrectomy and for two days thereafter. Serum creatinine in each day of the study was not different among the three groups. The study also included the evaluation of the effect of sham operation (five dogs) and the administration of 1,25 (OH)2D3 to dogs with normal renal function (four dogs) on the calcemic response to PTE, as well as the reproducibility of such a response in the same animal. The results showed that 1) the calcemic response to PTE was markedly impaired after one day of bilateral ureteral ligation or nephrectomy, but the impairment was more severe after nephrectomy; 2) the calcemic response to PTE after two or three days of bilateral ureteral ligation was similar to that seen at one day after nephrectomy; 3) 1, 25 (OH)2D3 partially restored the calcemic response to PTE in the nephrectomized animals to levels similar to those seen after one day of bilateral ureteral ligation; 4) sham operation did not affect the response to PTE, and repeated infusion of PTE produced similar changes in the concentrations of serum calcium. The data indicate that (a) a deficiency of 1,25 (OH)2D3 is at least partly responsible for the skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of PTH in uremia; (b) uremia, per se, may also contribute to this phenomenon; and (c) the kidney after one day of complete bilateral ureteral ligation may still produce 1,25 (OH)2D3, but this ability is compromised after two days of ureteral obstruction.", "contents": "Skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone in uremia: role of 1,25 (OH)2 D3. Studies were carried out to investigate the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone. The change in serum calcium after the intravenous infusion of 2 U of parathyroid extract (PTE)/kg body wt/hr for eight hours was evaluated in thyroparathyroidectomized (T-PTX) dogs before, and one, two and three days after, induction of uremia by bilateral ureteral ligation (11 dogs) or by bilateral nephrectomy (8 dogs). In another six nephrectomized and T-PTX dogs, 0.68 ug of 1, 25 (OH)2D3/day was given on the day of nephrectomy and for two days thereafter. Serum creatinine in each day of the study was not different among the three groups. The study also included the evaluation of the effect of sham operation (five dogs) and the administration of 1,25 (OH)2D3 to dogs with normal renal function (four dogs) on the calcemic response to PTE, as well as the reproducibility of such a response in the same animal. The results showed that 1) the calcemic response to PTE was markedly impaired after one day of bilateral ureteral ligation or nephrectomy, but the impairment was more severe after nephrectomy; 2) the calcemic response to PTE after two or three days of bilateral ureteral ligation was similar to that seen at one day after nephrectomy; 3) 1, 25 (OH)2D3 partially restored the calcemic response to PTE in the nephrectomized animals to levels similar to those seen after one day of bilateral ureteral ligation; 4) sham operation did not affect the response to PTE, and repeated infusion of PTE produced similar changes in the concentrations of serum calcium. The data indicate that (a) a deficiency of 1,25 (OH)2D3 is at least partly responsible for the skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of PTH in uremia; (b) uremia, per se, may also contribute to this phenomenon; and (c) the kidney after one day of complete bilateral ureteral ligation may still produce 1,25 (OH)2D3, but this ability is compromised after two days of ureteral obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:940280", "title": "Role of the efferent arteriole in glomerular hemodynamics of superficial nephrons.", "content": "Hemodynamic pressure in glomerular capillaries (GCP) and in first order peritubular capillaries (EAP) in superficial nephrons of mutant Wistar rats with surface glomeruli was measured by micropuncture with a servo-nulling device in the following conditions: 1) control;2) norepinephrine infusion (NE); 3) epinephrine infusion (E): 4) dopamine infusion (D); 5) hemorrhagic hypotension (HH); 6) HH + NE; 7) HH + E; 8) HH + D; 9) acute hypertension secondary to bilateral cervical vagotomy and occlusion of both common carotid arteries. BP was also recorded. Both GCP/BP and EAP/GCP ratios averaged 0.40 in control conditions, but only the EAP/GCP ratio remained constant in all conditions under study, indicating that approximately 60% of the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is constantly dissipated by the efferent arteriole. When all values of EAP were plotted against the respective values of GCP, a liner relationship was detected (r=0.843). These results indicate that changes of pressure in the first order peritubular capillaries of superficial nephrons are merely secondary to changes in glomerular capillary pressure.", "contents": "Role of the efferent arteriole in glomerular hemodynamics of superficial nephrons. Hemodynamic pressure in glomerular capillaries (GCP) and in first order peritubular capillaries (EAP) in superficial nephrons of mutant Wistar rats with surface glomeruli was measured by micropuncture with a servo-nulling device in the following conditions: 1) control;2) norepinephrine infusion (NE); 3) epinephrine infusion (E): 4) dopamine infusion (D); 5) hemorrhagic hypotension (HH); 6) HH + NE; 7) HH + E; 8) HH + D; 9) acute hypertension secondary to bilateral cervical vagotomy and occlusion of both common carotid arteries. BP was also recorded. Both GCP/BP and EAP/GCP ratios averaged 0.40 in control conditions, but only the EAP/GCP ratio remained constant in all conditions under study, indicating that approximately 60% of the hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is constantly dissipated by the efferent arteriole. When all values of EAP were plotted against the respective values of GCP, a liner relationship was detected (r=0.843). These results indicate that changes of pressure in the first order peritubular capillaries of superficial nephrons are merely secondary to changes in glomerular capillary pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:940281", "title": "Bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Bicarbonate reabsorption was studied in dogs before and after induction of renal failure, produced by infarction of one kidney and removal of the contralateral kidney. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow decreased to 21 and 37% of control values, respectively. Fractional potassium excretion and fractional phosphate excretion increased significantly. Volume expansion resulted in a significant decrease of bicarbonate reabsorption in both control and uremic groups. At comparable levels of fractional chloride excretion, bicarbonate reabsorption was significantly higher in renal failure than in control animals. In the second group of dogs, following induction of renal failure, sodium bicarbonate was given orally in an amount sufficient to neutralize endogenous acid production. Bicarbonate reabsorption was again significantly higher than in control animals. Thyroparathyroidectomy had no effect on bicarbonate reabsorption. Absolute bicarbonate reabsorption and sodium reabsorption were lineraly related in control animals and in those in renal failure; the ratio of absolute bicarbonate reabsorption/abolute sodium reabsorption was significantly higher in renal failure than in control. These data demonstrate that renal failure is associated with enhanced bicarbonate reabsorption which is not related to the state of extracellular volume, the need to increase acid excretion or the concentrations of parathyroid hormone. These findings suggest that there are additional unknown factors controlling bicarbonate reabsorption in renal failure.", "contents": "Bicarbonate reabsorption in chronic renal failure. Bicarbonate reabsorption was studied in dogs before and after induction of renal failure, produced by infarction of one kidney and removal of the contralateral kidney. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow decreased to 21 and 37% of control values, respectively. Fractional potassium excretion and fractional phosphate excretion increased significantly. Volume expansion resulted in a significant decrease of bicarbonate reabsorption in both control and uremic groups. At comparable levels of fractional chloride excretion, bicarbonate reabsorption was significantly higher in renal failure than in control animals. In the second group of dogs, following induction of renal failure, sodium bicarbonate was given orally in an amount sufficient to neutralize endogenous acid production. Bicarbonate reabsorption was again significantly higher than in control animals. Thyroparathyroidectomy had no effect on bicarbonate reabsorption. Absolute bicarbonate reabsorption and sodium reabsorption were lineraly related in control animals and in those in renal failure; the ratio of absolute bicarbonate reabsorption/abolute sodium reabsorption was significantly higher in renal failure than in control. These data demonstrate that renal failure is associated with enhanced bicarbonate reabsorption which is not related to the state of extracellular volume, the need to increase acid excretion or the concentrations of parathyroid hormone. These findings suggest that there are additional unknown factors controlling bicarbonate reabsorption in renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:940282", "title": "Alterations of renal function during dietary-induced hyperuricemia in the rat.", "content": "Hyperuricemia was induced in rats ingesting a diet supplemented with 2 1/2+ uric acid and 5% oxonic acid (an inhibitor of hepatic uricase activity). After seven days, inulin clearance (CIn) and superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNFR) were significantly lower than values recorded in healthy rats (CIn:0.94 +/- 0.10 vs. 3.61 +/- 0.13 ml/min/kg of body wt; SNFR: 54.9 +/- 3.2 vs. 129.7 +/- 6.7 nl/min/kg of body wt). Filtration rate reduction was accompanied by an increased concentration of urate in renal tissue. Gross examination of the kidney revealed the presence of whitish streaks containing negatively birefringent crystals throughout the medulla and papilla. Histological examination revealed dilatation of the collecting ducts with flattening of the epithelium and intraluminal crystalline deposits. Intraluminal hydrostatic pressure was markedly higher than that observed in healthy rats in both proximal (21.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.3 mm Hg) and distal convoluted tubules (20.3 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg). In another group of rats ingesting a similar diet, CIn was reduced to 1.49 +/- 0.20 ml/min/kg of body wt. Partial or complete restoration of CIn toward normal was effected within seven additional days by the oral ingestion of a large volume of an alkali solution (CIn:2.63 +/- 0.44 ml/min/kg of body wt) or by the cessation of treatment with oxonic-uric acid (CIn: 4.70 +/- 0.28 ml/min/kg of body wt). These results demonstrate that oxonic/uric acid-induced hyperuricemia is accompanied by severe filtration rate reduction, and they suggest strongly that intraluminal obstruction, via the deposition of uric acid, plays an important role in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Alterations of renal function during dietary-induced hyperuricemia in the rat. Hyperuricemia was induced in rats ingesting a diet supplemented with 2 1/2+ uric acid and 5% oxonic acid (an inhibitor of hepatic uricase activity). After seven days, inulin clearance (CIn) and superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNFR) were significantly lower than values recorded in healthy rats (CIn:0.94 +/- 0.10 vs. 3.61 +/- 0.13 ml/min/kg of body wt; SNFR: 54.9 +/- 3.2 vs. 129.7 +/- 6.7 nl/min/kg of body wt). Filtration rate reduction was accompanied by an increased concentration of urate in renal tissue. Gross examination of the kidney revealed the presence of whitish streaks containing negatively birefringent crystals throughout the medulla and papilla. Histological examination revealed dilatation of the collecting ducts with flattening of the epithelium and intraluminal crystalline deposits. Intraluminal hydrostatic pressure was markedly higher than that observed in healthy rats in both proximal (21.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.3 mm Hg) and distal convoluted tubules (20.3 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg). In another group of rats ingesting a similar diet, CIn was reduced to 1.49 +/- 0.20 ml/min/kg of body wt. Partial or complete restoration of CIn toward normal was effected within seven additional days by the oral ingestion of a large volume of an alkali solution (CIn:2.63 +/- 0.44 ml/min/kg of body wt) or by the cessation of treatment with oxonic-uric acid (CIn: 4.70 +/- 0.28 ml/min/kg of body wt). These results demonstrate that oxonic/uric acid-induced hyperuricemia is accompanied by severe filtration rate reduction, and they suggest strongly that intraluminal obstruction, via the deposition of uric acid, plays an important role in its pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:940283", "title": "Acute effects of parathyroid hormone on proximal bicarbonate transport in the dog.", "content": "Re-collection micropuncture and simultaneous clearance studies were performed in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs to evaluate the effects of the acute administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bicarbonate reabsorption. The i.v. administration of PTH from 74 to 94 U/hr reduced proximal fractional reabsorption (FRHCO3) from 0.28 +/- 0.03 to 0.14 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.005) and absolute bicarbonate reabsorption (THCO3) from 556 +/- 126 to 255 +/- 73 pmoles/min (P less than 0.05), whereas there were no changes in PCO2 (37.0 +/- 1.4 leads to 37.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, P greater than 0.90), plasma bicarbonate (PHCO3) (18.5 +/- 0.4 leads to 18.3 +/- 0.4, P less than 0.60), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (102.2 +/- 15;9 leads to 90.1 +/- 10.3 nl/min, P greater than 0.40), serum ultrafilterable phosphate concentration (SUFp) (1.71 +/- 0.13 leads to 1.83 +/- 0.12 mmoles/liter, P greater than 0.25), or serum ultrafilterable calcium (SUFCa) (1.85 +/- 0.05 leads to 1.88 +/- 0.05 mEq/liter, P greater than 0.60). PTH also reduced proximal fractional fluid (and sodium) reabsorption (0.40 +/- 0.04 leads to 0.28 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.05) while TFHCO3 did not change (20.5 +/- 0.4 leads to 20.8 +/- 0.4 mmoles/liter) indicating a rejection of bicarbonate proportional to the inhibition in tubular fluid transport. The invariable reduction in proximal bicarbonate reabsorption did not uniformly result in an increased urinary bicarbonate concentration.", "contents": "Acute effects of parathyroid hormone on proximal bicarbonate transport in the dog. Re-collection micropuncture and simultaneous clearance studies were performed in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) dogs to evaluate the effects of the acute administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bicarbonate reabsorption. The i.v. administration of PTH from 74 to 94 U/hr reduced proximal fractional reabsorption (FRHCO3) from 0.28 +/- 0.03 to 0.14 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.005) and absolute bicarbonate reabsorption (THCO3) from 556 +/- 126 to 255 +/- 73 pmoles/min (P less than 0.05), whereas there were no changes in PCO2 (37.0 +/- 1.4 leads to 37.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, P greater than 0.90), plasma bicarbonate (PHCO3) (18.5 +/- 0.4 leads to 18.3 +/- 0.4, P less than 0.60), single nephron glomerular filtration rate (102.2 +/- 15;9 leads to 90.1 +/- 10.3 nl/min, P greater than 0.40), serum ultrafilterable phosphate concentration (SUFp) (1.71 +/- 0.13 leads to 1.83 +/- 0.12 mmoles/liter, P greater than 0.25), or serum ultrafilterable calcium (SUFCa) (1.85 +/- 0.05 leads to 1.88 +/- 0.05 mEq/liter, P greater than 0.60). PTH also reduced proximal fractional fluid (and sodium) reabsorption (0.40 +/- 0.04 leads to 0.28 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.05) while TFHCO3 did not change (20.5 +/- 0.4 leads to 20.8 +/- 0.4 mmoles/liter) indicating a rejection of bicarbonate proportional to the inhibition in tubular fluid transport. The invariable reduction in proximal bicarbonate reabsorption did not uniformly result in an increased urinary bicarbonate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:940284", "title": "Effect of blockade of angiotensin II on blood pressure, renin and aldosterone in cirrhosis.", "content": "1-Sar-8-ala angiotensin II (saralasin) was infused intravenously in graded doses of from 0.1 to 10 mug/kg/min to five patients with cirrhosis and ascites after three days of restricted sodium intake. In each patient blockade of AII by saralasin produced a marked fall in blood pressure, a rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC) and, in four of the five, a fall in plasma aldosterone (PA). The rise in PRA and PRC correlated poorly with changes in blood pressure. The effects of saralasin rapidly reversed after cessation of the infusion. Plasma volume was normal or high in each case. Three patients were mildly hypotensive in the control state, and all five were resistant to the pressor effect of infused AII. After three days of salt loading, the above effects of saralasin were diminished but not abolished. In four normal subjects, after salt depletion, saralasin infusion induced qualitatively similar but much smaller changes in blood pressure, PRA and PRC. In two cirrhotic patients without ascites, after salt depletion, saralasin infusion caused a rise in blood pressure with no significant changes in PRA, PRC or PA. These results provide evidence that in patients with cirrhosis and ascites circulating AII is active in support of blood pressure, in direct suppression of renal renin release, and in stimulation of aldosterone release.", "contents": "Effect of blockade of angiotensin II on blood pressure, renin and aldosterone in cirrhosis. 1-Sar-8-ala angiotensin II (saralasin) was infused intravenously in graded doses of from 0.1 to 10 mug/kg/min to five patients with cirrhosis and ascites after three days of restricted sodium intake. In each patient blockade of AII by saralasin produced a marked fall in blood pressure, a rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC) and, in four of the five, a fall in plasma aldosterone (PA). The rise in PRA and PRC correlated poorly with changes in blood pressure. The effects of saralasin rapidly reversed after cessation of the infusion. Plasma volume was normal or high in each case. Three patients were mildly hypotensive in the control state, and all five were resistant to the pressor effect of infused AII. After three days of salt loading, the above effects of saralasin were diminished but not abolished. In four normal subjects, after salt depletion, saralasin infusion induced qualitatively similar but much smaller changes in blood pressure, PRA and PRC. In two cirrhotic patients without ascites, after salt depletion, saralasin infusion caused a rise in blood pressure with no significant changes in PRA, PRC or PA. These results provide evidence that in patients with cirrhosis and ascites circulating AII is active in support of blood pressure, in direct suppression of renal renin release, and in stimulation of aldosterone release."}
{"id": "PMID:940291", "title": "[The influence of dopamine on hemodynamics, microcirculation and renal function in patients with hypnotic drug intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of dopamine on hemodynamics (CO, AoPm, TPR, SV, SW, CVP, PAPm, PAEDP), microcirculation (MBF, PS-product) and renal function (VU, CKI, CNa, CK, Cosm, TcH2O) was studied in 8 patients with hypnotic drug poisoning. With increasing doses of dopamine, cardiac output and heart rate increased and the peripheral resistance decreased. An augmentation of stroke volume and left ventricular stroke work was observed in the low dose range only (200--400 mug/min). With increasing doses, central venous pressure as well as mean pulmonary artery pressure and enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased. No vasoconstriction was found in muscle tissue vessels even with large doses of dopamine. This is explained by the vasoplegic properties of hypnotic drugs. In circulatory shock associated with hypnotic drug poisoning, dopamine develops only minor pressure effects in contrast to its action in circulatory shock of cardiogenic or septic shock origin. High doses of dopamine result in a significant increase in heart rate, without concomitant increase in stroke volume and blood pressure. Therefore the dosage of dopamine should not exceed 400 mug/min in these cases. A combination with small doses of norepinephrine (10--20 mug/min) seems to be more effective. Renal function tests showed variable expansion of urine volume, glomerular filtration rate, and clearances of sodium, potassium and osmotic substances. Therapy with dopamine might increase the renal elimination rate of hypnotic drugs.", "contents": "[The influence of dopamine on hemodynamics, microcirculation and renal function in patients with hypnotic drug intoxication (author's transl)]. The effect of dopamine on hemodynamics (CO, AoPm, TPR, SV, SW, CVP, PAPm, PAEDP), microcirculation (MBF, PS-product) and renal function (VU, CKI, CNa, CK, Cosm, TcH2O) was studied in 8 patients with hypnotic drug poisoning. With increasing doses of dopamine, cardiac output and heart rate increased and the peripheral resistance decreased. An augmentation of stroke volume and left ventricular stroke work was observed in the low dose range only (200--400 mug/min). With increasing doses, central venous pressure as well as mean pulmonary artery pressure and enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure decreased. No vasoconstriction was found in muscle tissue vessels even with large doses of dopamine. This is explained by the vasoplegic properties of hypnotic drugs. In circulatory shock associated with hypnotic drug poisoning, dopamine develops only minor pressure effects in contrast to its action in circulatory shock of cardiogenic or septic shock origin. High doses of dopamine result in a significant increase in heart rate, without concomitant increase in stroke volume and blood pressure. Therefore the dosage of dopamine should not exceed 400 mug/min in these cases. A combination with small doses of norepinephrine (10--20 mug/min) seems to be more effective. Renal function tests showed variable expansion of urine volume, glomerular filtration rate, and clearances of sodium, potassium and osmotic substances. Therapy with dopamine might increase the renal elimination rate of hypnotic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:940292", "title": "A comparison of catecholamine concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in plasma from normotensive subjects and from patients with essential hypertension at rest and during exercise.", "content": "In 8 normotensive subjects and in 8 patients with essential hypertension total catecholamine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in plasma were measured at rest and during physical exercise. Catecholamine levels at rest were significantly higher in the hypertensive than in the normotensive persons whereas the 2 groups of subjects did not differ in DBH activity at rest. At a work load of 150 watts there was a more pronounced increase of the catecholamine concentrations and of the DBH activity in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensives. One may conclude from the data that there is an increased sympathetic nerve activity in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "A comparison of catecholamine concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in plasma from normotensive subjects and from patients with essential hypertension at rest and during exercise. In 8 normotensive subjects and in 8 patients with essential hypertension total catecholamine content and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in plasma were measured at rest and during physical exercise. Catecholamine levels at rest were significantly higher in the hypertensive than in the normotensive persons whereas the 2 groups of subjects did not differ in DBH activity at rest. At a work load of 150 watts there was a more pronounced increase of the catecholamine concentrations and of the DBH activity in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensives. One may conclude from the data that there is an increased sympathetic nerve activity in patients with essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:940293", "title": "[Histocompatibility-(HLA) antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative hepatitis and healthy carriers of HBsAg and anti-HBs. (author's transl)].", "content": "New own data and a survey of published data concerning the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and healthy carriers of Hepatitis-surface antigen (HBsAg) and high titers of antibodies to HBaAg (Anti-HBs) allow to conclude as follows: 1. Patients with CAH and persistence of HBsAg show a normal frequency of HLA-B8. 2. There is no increased frequency of HLA-B8 in HBsAg negative CAH without autoimmune antibodies. 3. Only in patients with HBsAg negative CAH with autoimmune antibodies is the frequency of HLA-B8 is statistically significantly increased (p less than 0.01 after correction for the number of antigens and different groups of patients compared). These are patients with the autoimmune form of CAH. 4. There exist no significant differences in the frequencies of the HLA antigens tested in patients with HBsAg positive CAH and healthy carriers of HBsAg and Anti-HBs. Thus no indications could be found for HLA-associated factors in the different behaviour to the hepatitis-B virus.", "contents": "[Histocompatibility-(HLA) antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative hepatitis and healthy carriers of HBsAg and anti-HBs. (author's transl)]. New own data and a survey of published data concerning the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens in patients with HBsAg positive and negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and healthy carriers of Hepatitis-surface antigen (HBsAg) and high titers of antibodies to HBaAg (Anti-HBs) allow to conclude as follows: 1. Patients with CAH and persistence of HBsAg show a normal frequency of HLA-B8. 2. There is no increased frequency of HLA-B8 in HBsAg negative CAH without autoimmune antibodies. 3. Only in patients with HBsAg negative CAH with autoimmune antibodies is the frequency of HLA-B8 is statistically significantly increased (p less than 0.01 after correction for the number of antigens and different groups of patients compared). These are patients with the autoimmune form of CAH. 4. There exist no significant differences in the frequencies of the HLA antigens tested in patients with HBsAg positive CAH and healthy carriers of HBsAg and Anti-HBs. Thus no indications could be found for HLA-associated factors in the different behaviour to the hepatitis-B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:940294", "title": "[Plasma glycosphingolipids: concentration and distribution in different types of hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)].", "content": "There are mainly four neutral glycosphingolipids in human blood plasma: Monohexosyl, dihexosyl, trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramide. In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (hlp) type IIa (n = 10), type IIb (n = 9), type IV (n = 24), and type V (n = 11) all four fractions of plasma glycosphingolipids were elevated compared to healthy subjects (n = 23). In all types of hlp monohexosyl ceramides were significantly augmented (p less than 1%). Trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramides demonstrated only in single types statistically striking elevation. There was no significant elevation of dihexosyl ceramides. In the VLDL the distribution of all glycosphingolipids showed increase in hlp type IV and type IIb. In the LDL the distribution showed increase in type IIa. There exists a strong correlation with the elevated prae-beta-lipoproteins respectively beta-lipoproteins. It is concluded that elevation of glycosphingolipid levels in plasma is a metabolic consequence of hyperlipoproteinemia. It is considered that a part of plasma glycosphingolipids is de novo synthesized by the liver like VLDL. The role of plasma glycosphingolipids in atherogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Plasma glycosphingolipids: concentration and distribution in different types of hyperlipoproteinemia (author's transl)]. There are mainly four neutral glycosphingolipids in human blood plasma: Monohexosyl, dihexosyl, trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramide. In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (hlp) type IIa (n = 10), type IIb (n = 9), type IV (n = 24), and type V (n = 11) all four fractions of plasma glycosphingolipids were elevated compared to healthy subjects (n = 23). In all types of hlp monohexosyl ceramides were significantly augmented (p less than 1%). Trihexosyl and tetrahexosyl ceramides demonstrated only in single types statistically striking elevation. There was no significant elevation of dihexosyl ceramides. In the VLDL the distribution of all glycosphingolipids showed increase in hlp type IV and type IIb. In the LDL the distribution showed increase in type IIa. There exists a strong correlation with the elevated prae-beta-lipoproteins respectively beta-lipoproteins. It is concluded that elevation of glycosphingolipid levels in plasma is a metabolic consequence of hyperlipoproteinemia. It is considered that a part of plasma glycosphingolipids is de novo synthesized by the liver like VLDL. The role of plasma glycosphingolipids in atherogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940295", "title": "[Humoral immune reactions on the hepatocellular plasma membrane in the experimental chronic active hepatitis in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "For the induction of experimental chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in rabbits long term immunization was performed with human liver-specific protein plus complete Freunds adjuvants. Serum antibodies against allogeneic hepatocellular membrane antigens could be detected after 23 weeks using isolated normal rabbit hepatocytes or by the passive hemagglutination technique with liver-specific membrane protein as antigen. Isolated hepatocytes from these rabbits showed in vivo fixed IgG on their plasma membranes in a linear and granular fluorescence pattern. Furthermore immune complexes (Raji-cell test) were detectable in the sera of these animals. After 23 weeks 3 out of 16 animals had developed a chronic active hepatitis (CAH). After 44 weeks 10 of 15 animals and after 78 weeks 6 of 7 surviving animals had a CAH. All these 7 animals had serum antibodies against membrane antigens of isolated rabbit hepatocytes and in vivo fixed IgG on their hepatocellular plasma membranes. The results suggest the existence of autoantibodies against hepatocellular membrane antigens. In addition, immune complexes may be bound to the plasma membranes. The pathogenetic role of these humoral immune reactions has yet to be determined.", "contents": "[Humoral immune reactions on the hepatocellular plasma membrane in the experimental chronic active hepatitis in rabbits (author's transl)]. For the induction of experimental chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in rabbits long term immunization was performed with human liver-specific protein plus complete Freunds adjuvants. Serum antibodies against allogeneic hepatocellular membrane antigens could be detected after 23 weeks using isolated normal rabbit hepatocytes or by the passive hemagglutination technique with liver-specific membrane protein as antigen. Isolated hepatocytes from these rabbits showed in vivo fixed IgG on their plasma membranes in a linear and granular fluorescence pattern. Furthermore immune complexes (Raji-cell test) were detectable in the sera of these animals. After 23 weeks 3 out of 16 animals had developed a chronic active hepatitis (CAH). After 44 weeks 10 of 15 animals and after 78 weeks 6 of 7 surviving animals had a CAH. All these 7 animals had serum antibodies against membrane antigens of isolated rabbit hepatocytes and in vivo fixed IgG on their hepatocellular plasma membranes. The results suggest the existence of autoantibodies against hepatocellular membrane antigens. In addition, immune complexes may be bound to the plasma membranes. The pathogenetic role of these humoral immune reactions has yet to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:940296", "title": "Control of mineralocorticoid substitution in Addison's disease by plasma renin measurement.", "content": "In 7 out-patients with Addison's disease, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (AT II), renin substrate (PRS), potassium, sodium and total protein, hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate and body weight were studied after 2 weeks each on 2 mg of dexamethasone, 25 mg hydrocortisone (HC), 25 mg HC + 0.05 mg 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (FC), 25 mg HC + 0.1 mg FC and 25 mg HC + 0.2 MG FC. Four further patients were less extensively studied. Mean PRA (upper normal limit, ambulatory: 12 ng AT I-ml-1-h-1) after the 5 steps of incremental substitution, starting with dexamethasone, was 192, 59, 38, 24 and 9 ng AT I-ml-1-h-1 rsp. PRS did not change with increasing substitution. PRA and AT II were significantly correlated (r = 0.91; p less than 0.0001) and proved to be the most sensitive parameters of insufficient mineralocorticoid substitution. With decreasing significance, PRA also correlated with plasma protein concentration, plasma sodium concentration (negative), delta body weight (negative), heart rate, delta mean blood pressure (negative) and plasma potassium concentration. PRA or AT II measurements are useful clinical tools to control mineralocorticoid substitution in Addisonian patients. Inappropriately high substitution can be prevented by keeping PRA in the upper normal range.", "contents": "Control of mineralocorticoid substitution in Addison's disease by plasma renin measurement. In 7 out-patients with Addison's disease, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma concentrations of angiotensin II (AT II), renin substrate (PRS), potassium, sodium and total protein, hematocrit, blood pressure, heart rate and body weight were studied after 2 weeks each on 2 mg of dexamethasone, 25 mg hydrocortisone (HC), 25 mg HC + 0.05 mg 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone (FC), 25 mg HC + 0.1 mg FC and 25 mg HC + 0.2 MG FC. Four further patients were less extensively studied. Mean PRA (upper normal limit, ambulatory: 12 ng AT I-ml-1-h-1) after the 5 steps of incremental substitution, starting with dexamethasone, was 192, 59, 38, 24 and 9 ng AT I-ml-1-h-1 rsp. PRS did not change with increasing substitution. PRA and AT II were significantly correlated (r = 0.91; p less than 0.0001) and proved to be the most sensitive parameters of insufficient mineralocorticoid substitution. With decreasing significance, PRA also correlated with plasma protein concentration, plasma sodium concentration (negative), delta body weight (negative), heart rate, delta mean blood pressure (negative) and plasma potassium concentration. PRA or AT II measurements are useful clinical tools to control mineralocorticoid substitution in Addisonian patients. Inappropriately high substitution can be prevented by keeping PRA in the upper normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:940297", "title": "[Failure of platelet spreading in thrombasthenia due to changes of high molecular weight membrane glycopeptides (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabbit and thrombastheinic platelet membranes were examined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both rabbit and thrombasthenic platelets failed to spread on siliconized glass surfaces and revealed platelet membrane glycoprotein patterns quite different from those of normal human platelet membranes. Typical for normal platelet membranes are four high molecular weight glycoprotein bands. The platelet membranes from rabbits and from one thrombasthenic patient showed only the first major glycopolypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 135000 and 120000 D respectively. Other platelet membrane glycopeptides (both the carbohydrate and polypeptide moiety) were completely absent in thrombasthenia. The rabbit platelet membrane yet contains two strong polypeptides in this high molecular weight region, however, without corresponding carbohydrate moieties. Therefore, we support the view that the carbohydrate chains from two high molecular weight glycoproteins are of importance for platelet spreading on glass surfaces.", "contents": "[Failure of platelet spreading in thrombasthenia due to changes of high molecular weight membrane glycopeptides (author's transl)]. Rabbit and thrombastheinic platelet membranes were examined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both rabbit and thrombasthenic platelets failed to spread on siliconized glass surfaces and revealed platelet membrane glycoprotein patterns quite different from those of normal human platelet membranes. Typical for normal platelet membranes are four high molecular weight glycoprotein bands. The platelet membranes from rabbits and from one thrombasthenic patient showed only the first major glycopolypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 135000 and 120000 D respectively. Other platelet membrane glycopeptides (both the carbohydrate and polypeptide moiety) were completely absent in thrombasthenia. The rabbit platelet membrane yet contains two strong polypeptides in this high molecular weight region, however, without corresponding carbohydrate moieties. Therefore, we support the view that the carbohydrate chains from two high molecular weight glycoproteins are of importance for platelet spreading on glass surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:940298", "title": "[Migration inhibition of mononuclear cells in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency. Inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells with adrenal microsomes and blocking of the reaction by adrenal antibodies (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 patients with idiopathic adrenal insufficiency and in 19 controls, cellular (as measured by the migration inhibition test) and humoral (by means of immunoflourescence) immune reaction to adrenal antigens were investigated. Significant inhibition of migration was observed in 12 patients with adrenal microsomes; migration of mononuclear cells was however within normal range in 18 out of 19 controls. Adrenal antibodies could be detected in 11 (53%) of the patients. In a further series of investigations adrenal microsomes have been preincubated with specific antibody and used in migration inhibition tests. The migration indices observed with microsomes were compared to those obtained with microsomes preincubated with adrenal antibody. Migration inhibition with microsomes could be blocked by antibody in almost all antibody-positive patients. No uniform trend on the migration of mononuclear cells was found in the antibody-negative patients. A blocking of the cellular immune reaction by specific antibody seems likely. Possible mechanisms which could lead to such phenomena as well as the biologic significance of adrenal antibodies are discussed.", "contents": "[Migration inhibition of mononuclear cells in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency. Inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells with adrenal microsomes and blocking of the reaction by adrenal antibodies (author's transl)]. In 19 patients with idiopathic adrenal insufficiency and in 19 controls, cellular (as measured by the migration inhibition test) and humoral (by means of immunoflourescence) immune reaction to adrenal antigens were investigated. Significant inhibition of migration was observed in 12 patients with adrenal microsomes; migration of mononuclear cells was however within normal range in 18 out of 19 controls. Adrenal antibodies could be detected in 11 (53%) of the patients. In a further series of investigations adrenal microsomes have been preincubated with specific antibody and used in migration inhibition tests. The migration indices observed with microsomes were compared to those obtained with microsomes preincubated with adrenal antibody. Migration inhibition with microsomes could be blocked by antibody in almost all antibody-positive patients. No uniform trend on the migration of mononuclear cells was found in the antibody-negative patients. A blocking of the cellular immune reaction by specific antibody seems likely. Possible mechanisms which could lead to such phenomena as well as the biologic significance of adrenal antibodies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940299", "title": "[Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycalciferol and bone histology in renal osteodystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D) serum levels were determined in 32 patients with renal osteopathy, they were correlated with the results of bone biopsy and other clinical parameters. iPTH was closely related to bone histology, it did not correspond to serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, but the correlation to serum phosphate was statistically significant. 25(OH)D levels were not related to the histological findings of osteomalacia or increased bone resorption, while a correlation between the vitamin D metabolite and serum calcium could be observed. Since iPTH and 25(OH)D levels exhibited a significant correlation, an inhibitory effect of 25(OH)D on parathyroid gland function in renal failure was discussed.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxycalciferol and bone histology in renal osteodystrophy (author's transl)]. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D) serum levels were determined in 32 patients with renal osteopathy, they were correlated with the results of bone biopsy and other clinical parameters. iPTH was closely related to bone histology, it did not correspond to serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, but the correlation to serum phosphate was statistically significant. 25(OH)D levels were not related to the histological findings of osteomalacia or increased bone resorption, while a correlation between the vitamin D metabolite and serum calcium could be observed. Since iPTH and 25(OH)D levels exhibited a significant correlation, an inhibitory effect of 25(OH)D on parathyroid gland function in renal failure was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940300", "title": "[Oral glucose tolerance test with a mixture of oligosaccharides after partial gastrectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen non-diabetic male patients undergoing partial gastrectomy for ulcer disease were investigated with oral glucose tolerance test using a 100 g mixture of oligosaccharides. Partial gastrectomy had been performed between 1 and 3 years ago. Compared to seven healthy male control subjects, patients had significant higher blood glucose levels at 30 and 60 min and a more rapid descent, so that at 120 and 180 min no differences were found between patients and control subjects. With the usual criteria (blood glucose levels at 120 and 180 min) the non-diabetic patients with partial gastrectomy showed normal test results.", "contents": "[Oral glucose tolerance test with a mixture of oligosaccharides after partial gastrectomy (author's transl)]. Fourteen non-diabetic male patients undergoing partial gastrectomy for ulcer disease were investigated with oral glucose tolerance test using a 100 g mixture of oligosaccharides. Partial gastrectomy had been performed between 1 and 3 years ago. Compared to seven healthy male control subjects, patients had significant higher blood glucose levels at 30 and 60 min and a more rapid descent, so that at 120 and 180 min no differences were found between patients and control subjects. With the usual criteria (blood glucose levels at 120 and 180 min) the non-diabetic patients with partial gastrectomy showed normal test results."}
{"id": "PMID:940301", "title": "Permanent outdoor housing for woodchucks, Marmota monax.", "content": "Permanent outdoor housing for woodchucks (Marmota monax) was constructed from chain link fencing sections on a concrete base. Metal poultry nest boxes were attached to 1 side of the cage. Each enclosure accommodated up to 10 woodchucks and provided adequate shelter and exercise space. This housing system was inexpensive to construct and efficient to service.", "contents": "Permanent outdoor housing for woodchucks, Marmota monax. Permanent outdoor housing for woodchucks (Marmota monax) was constructed from chain link fencing sections on a concrete base. Metal poultry nest boxes were attached to 1 side of the cage. Each enclosure accommodated up to 10 woodchucks and provided adequate shelter and exercise space. This housing system was inexpensive to construct and efficient to service."}
{"id": "PMID:940302", "title": "Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in gnotobiotic and conventional mice: aspects of pathogenicity including microbial enumeration and studies of tracheal involvement.", "content": "Intranasal inoculation of Mycoplasma pulmonis into gnotobiotic mice resulted in positive cultures from the anterior nares, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs persisting for 21 da. Similar inoculation of conventional, mycoplasma-free mice resulted in an increase in colony-forming units reaching a maximum by the 8th post-inoculation day and remaining constant in trachea and lungs through the 22nd day by an organ homogenate serial dilution method. All mice appeared ill with loss of total body weight, an increase in lung weight, and a peak of mortality between the 6th and 8th days. Between the 8th and 22nd, day, the number of deaths declined and survivors improved in appearance despite persistence of large numbers of colony-forming units in the trachea and lungs. M pulmonis was demonstrated in the trachea by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in gnotobiotic and conventional mice: aspects of pathogenicity including microbial enumeration and studies of tracheal involvement. Intranasal inoculation of Mycoplasma pulmonis into gnotobiotic mice resulted in positive cultures from the anterior nares, nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs persisting for 21 da. Similar inoculation of conventional, mycoplasma-free mice resulted in an increase in colony-forming units reaching a maximum by the 8th post-inoculation day and remaining constant in trachea and lungs through the 22nd day by an organ homogenate serial dilution method. All mice appeared ill with loss of total body weight, an increase in lung weight, and a peak of mortality between the 6th and 8th days. Between the 8th and 22nd, day, the number of deaths declined and survivors improved in appearance despite persistence of large numbers of colony-forming units in the trachea and lungs. M pulmonis was demonstrated in the trachea by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:940303", "title": "Influence of age on thyroidal 131I uptake in Beagle pups.", "content": "Parameters in radioiodine metabolism by the thyroid gland were investigated in 98 beagle pups 0-110 da of age and in 6 adults. Significant age-related differences in thyroidal 131I uptake, uptake/g of thyroid, and retention and subsequent radiation dose were observed. Significant differences were also found in uptake/g, retention and subsequent radiation dose were observed. Significant differences were also found in uptake/g, retention, and dose between litters of the same age. Seventy-da-old pups had the highest mean uptake (approximately 25% of the administered dose) and fastest release rate (effective half-life approximately 3.6 da), whereas neonates less than 12 hr of age showed the highest peak concentration (157% of administered dose/g thyroid). The calculated radiation doses to the thyroid were highest in newborn pups, averaging over 100 rads per microcurie of 131I administered, or about 10 times the dose/muCi for adults.", "contents": "Influence of age on thyroidal 131I uptake in Beagle pups. Parameters in radioiodine metabolism by the thyroid gland were investigated in 98 beagle pups 0-110 da of age and in 6 adults. Significant age-related differences in thyroidal 131I uptake, uptake/g of thyroid, and retention and subsequent radiation dose were observed. Significant differences were also found in uptake/g, retention and subsequent radiation dose were observed. Significant differences were also found in uptake/g, retention, and dose between litters of the same age. Seventy-da-old pups had the highest mean uptake (approximately 25% of the administered dose) and fastest release rate (effective half-life approximately 3.6 da), whereas neonates less than 12 hr of age showed the highest peak concentration (157% of administered dose/g thyroid). The calculated radiation doses to the thyroid were highest in newborn pups, averaging over 100 rads per microcurie of 131I administered, or about 10 times the dose/muCi for adults."}
{"id": "PMID:940304", "title": "Some hematologic and temperature determinations in the 7-banded armadillo (Dasypus hybridus).", "content": "Hematologic values were determined for 10 male and 16 female 7-banded armadillos (Dasypus hybridus), known as the \"mulita\" in Argentina. Values for females and males, respectively, were: PCV 40.47 +/- 1.26 and 39.67 +/- 1.40 ml/dl; sedimentation rate 15.3 +/- 3.26 and 10.6 +/- mm/hr; RBC 6.001 +/- 0.128 and 5.963 +/- 0.170 X 10(6)/mm3; WBC 8.425 +/- 1.417 and 10.084 +/- 1.001 X 10(3)/mm3; hemoglobin 16.14 +/- 0.66 and 16.84 +/- 0.52; MCV, MCH, MCHC, and differential leukocyte count were also determined. An ultrastructural study of neutrophilic leukocytes and sex chromatin was made. Rectal temperatures ranged from 29.5-32 degrees C. These results were compared with findings for the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus).", "contents": "Some hematologic and temperature determinations in the 7-banded armadillo (Dasypus hybridus). Hematologic values were determined for 10 male and 16 female 7-banded armadillos (Dasypus hybridus), known as the \"mulita\" in Argentina. Values for females and males, respectively, were: PCV 40.47 +/- 1.26 and 39.67 +/- 1.40 ml/dl; sedimentation rate 15.3 +/- 3.26 and 10.6 +/- mm/hr; RBC 6.001 +/- 0.128 and 5.963 +/- 0.170 X 10(6)/mm3; WBC 8.425 +/- 1.417 and 10.084 +/- 1.001 X 10(3)/mm3; hemoglobin 16.14 +/- 0.66 and 16.84 +/- 0.52; MCV, MCH, MCHC, and differential leukocyte count were also determined. An ultrastructural study of neutrophilic leukocytes and sex chromatin was made. Rectal temperatures ranged from 29.5-32 degrees C. These results were compared with findings for the 9-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)."}
{"id": "PMID:940305", "title": "Two operative technics applied in perinatal research in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Methods for percutaneous transabdominal amniocentesis and umbilical artery cannulation as modified and applied to the perinatal study of the rhesus monkey were described. These technics proved to be reliable, reproducible, and safe when used with care and attention to sterile technic.", "contents": "Two operative technics applied in perinatal research in the rhesus monkey. Methods for percutaneous transabdominal amniocentesis and umbilical artery cannulation as modified and applied to the perinatal study of the rhesus monkey were described. These technics proved to be reliable, reproducible, and safe when used with care and attention to sterile technic."}
{"id": "PMID:940306", "title": "A compact, versatile inhalation exposure chamber for small animal studies.", "content": "An inhalation exposure chamber was designed to fit conveniently into a standard laboratory exhaust hood. The chamber was constructed entirely of non-corrosive materials and was suitable for continuous exposure of 6 small laboratory animals to corrosive atmospheres such as ozone. A separate, outer chamber surrounding a smaller, inner chamber permitted access to each individually housed animal without disturbing the experimental atmosphere. Facilities were available for ad libitum access to food and water for chronic exposures. The chamber was easily disassembled for cleaning. A safety mechanism was described which automatically stops the generation of a toxic gas in the event of an exhaust system failure.", "contents": "A compact, versatile inhalation exposure chamber for small animal studies. An inhalation exposure chamber was designed to fit conveniently into a standard laboratory exhaust hood. The chamber was constructed entirely of non-corrosive materials and was suitable for continuous exposure of 6 small laboratory animals to corrosive atmospheres such as ozone. A separate, outer chamber surrounding a smaller, inner chamber permitted access to each individually housed animal without disturbing the experimental atmosphere. Facilities were available for ad libitum access to food and water for chronic exposures. The chamber was easily disassembled for cleaning. A safety mechanism was described which automatically stops the generation of a toxic gas in the event of an exhaust system failure."}
{"id": "PMID:940307", "title": "Mortality in red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, due to larval nematode, Eustrongylides sp.", "content": "Garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, that had been fed wild-caught banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus, and laboratory-bred leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were infected by larval nematode, Eustrongylides sp; 7 of the 25 snakes died. Signs of infection in 20 snakes included subcutaneous \"lumps,\" violent contortions, and bloody exudate, apparently from the nares. Nemotodes were collected at necropsy from beneath the skin, in the lungs, in the body cavity, and along the spinal column. Nematodes were surgically removed from subcutaneous sites in 2 garter snakes, which recovered completely.", "contents": "Mortality in red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, due to larval nematode, Eustrongylides sp. Garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, that had been fed wild-caught banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus, and laboratory-bred leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were infected by larval nematode, Eustrongylides sp; 7 of the 25 snakes died. Signs of infection in 20 snakes included subcutaneous \"lumps,\" violent contortions, and bloody exudate, apparently from the nares. Nemotodes were collected at necropsy from beneath the skin, in the lungs, in the body cavity, and along the spinal column. Nematodes were surgically removed from subcutaneous sites in 2 garter snakes, which recovered completely."}
{"id": "PMID:940308", "title": "A rapid testing procedure to determine low levels of ocular irritation.", "content": "A new and rapid method for testing low levels of ocular irritation using a balanced incomplete block design, a new grading system, and statistical analysis of the results, has been developed. Two drops (0.1 ml) of 1 of 5 ophthalmic solutions were instilled into the conjunctival sac of the right or left eye of each of 10 New Zealand white [Deb:(NZW)] rabbits hourly for 9 hr on 4 consecutive da. Before the study and before the first instillation on each day, the eyes were examined with a direct ophthalmoscope, and the reactions were graded according to a modification of the system in the illustrated Guide for Grading Eye Irritation by Hazardous Substances. The new procedure showed that 1 of the 5 solutions elicited a significantly more severe (p less than or equal to 0.05) ocular response of redness, chemosis, and discharge than did any of the other 4 solutions. Previous testing of this solution in rabbits by standard laboratory procedures and the Draize method of grading ocular irritation failed to detect these reactions.", "contents": "A rapid testing procedure to determine low levels of ocular irritation. A new and rapid method for testing low levels of ocular irritation using a balanced incomplete block design, a new grading system, and statistical analysis of the results, has been developed. Two drops (0.1 ml) of 1 of 5 ophthalmic solutions were instilled into the conjunctival sac of the right or left eye of each of 10 New Zealand white [Deb:(NZW)] rabbits hourly for 9 hr on 4 consecutive da. Before the study and before the first instillation on each day, the eyes were examined with a direct ophthalmoscope, and the reactions were graded according to a modification of the system in the illustrated Guide for Grading Eye Irritation by Hazardous Substances. The new procedure showed that 1 of the 5 solutions elicited a significantly more severe (p less than or equal to 0.05) ocular response of redness, chemosis, and discharge than did any of the other 4 solutions. Previous testing of this solution in rabbits by standard laboratory procedures and the Draize method of grading ocular irritation failed to detect these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:940309", "title": "Isolation of an atypical Pasteurella-like organism from guinea pig abscesses.", "content": "Four of a group of 33 (12%) guinea pigs were found to have subdermal abscesses. Bacteriologic culture produced an aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism. There is some indication that the Gram-negative rod may be a yet unclassified pathogen with a predilection for guinea pigs.", "contents": "Isolation of an atypical Pasteurella-like organism from guinea pig abscesses. Four of a group of 33 (12%) guinea pigs were found to have subdermal abscesses. Bacteriologic culture produced an aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism. There is some indication that the Gram-negative rod may be a yet unclassified pathogen with a predilection for guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:940310", "title": "Variations in the relationship of the major vessels of the left coronary groove in the dog.", "content": "The anatomic relationship of the 2 major vessels of the left coronary groove was studied in 140 dogs. Five basic patterns of disposition were observed: 1) circumflex artery superficial from its origin to the caudodorsal cardiac margin, coronary vein deep and not visible (22%); 2) coronary vein superficial from the ventral interventricular septum to the caudodorsal cardiac margin, circumflex artery deep and not visible (15%); 3) circumflex artery and coronary vein both superficial and running parallel with each other along the groove (8%); 4) coronary vein crossing circumflex artery at some point along the groove (44%); and 5) circumflex artery crossing coronary vein at some point along the groove (11%). These variations were found to influence certain experimental modifications of the left circumflex blood flow in the dog.", "contents": "Variations in the relationship of the major vessels of the left coronary groove in the dog. The anatomic relationship of the 2 major vessels of the left coronary groove was studied in 140 dogs. Five basic patterns of disposition were observed: 1) circumflex artery superficial from its origin to the caudodorsal cardiac margin, coronary vein deep and not visible (22%); 2) coronary vein superficial from the ventral interventricular septum to the caudodorsal cardiac margin, circumflex artery deep and not visible (15%); 3) circumflex artery and coronary vein both superficial and running parallel with each other along the groove (8%); 4) coronary vein crossing circumflex artery at some point along the groove (44%); and 5) circumflex artery crossing coronary vein at some point along the groove (11%). These variations were found to influence certain experimental modifications of the left circumflex blood flow in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:940311", "title": "Evaluation of fecal technics for the diagnosis of cat liver fluke infection.", "content": "The comparative efficiency of 5 standard technics for the detection of feline liver fluke ova in feces was evaluated. The formalin-ether technic proved superior to direct smear, sugar flotation, zinc sulfate flotation, or detergent sedimentation technics. The formalin-ether technic correctly diagnosed all Platynosomum concinnum-infected cats studied, as confirmed by necropsy findings.", "contents": "Evaluation of fecal technics for the diagnosis of cat liver fluke infection. The comparative efficiency of 5 standard technics for the detection of feline liver fluke ova in feces was evaluated. The formalin-ether technic proved superior to direct smear, sugar flotation, zinc sulfate flotation, or detergent sedimentation technics. The formalin-ether technic correctly diagnosed all Platynosomum concinnum-infected cats studied, as confirmed by necropsy findings."}
{"id": "PMID:940312", "title": "A survey of aquarium fishes, their foods, and environmental water for salmonellae.", "content": "The presence of salmonellae in the pet shop environment, fishes, aquarium water, and in a variety of commercially prepared and natural fish foods was determined. Salmonellosis attributed to turtles purchased from pet shops has been responsible for an estimated 280,000 human cases annually in the United States. The possibility that aquarium fishes, or their food and aquatic habitat might also serve as sources of human salmonellosis was deemed worthy of clarification. Results of the present survey indicate that this is probably not correct, and a public health hazarddoes not exist.", "contents": "A survey of aquarium fishes, their foods, and environmental water for salmonellae. The presence of salmonellae in the pet shop environment, fishes, aquarium water, and in a variety of commercially prepared and natural fish foods was determined. Salmonellosis attributed to turtles purchased from pet shops has been responsible for an estimated 280,000 human cases annually in the United States. The possibility that aquarium fishes, or their food and aquatic habitat might also serve as sources of human salmonellosis was deemed worthy of clarification. Results of the present survey indicate that this is probably not correct, and a public health hazarddoes not exist."}
{"id": "PMID:940313", "title": "Electrophoretic analysis of normal Beagle dog serum for changes possibly due to age or sex.", "content": "Serum protein, glycoprotein, and haptoglobin values were presented from normal male and female beagle dogs, 0.64 10.60 yr of age. The data presented as means +/- 2 standard deviations and coefficients of variation are important in evaluating clinical changes in experimental beagles.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analysis of normal Beagle dog serum for changes possibly due to age or sex. Serum protein, glycoprotein, and haptoglobin values were presented from normal male and female beagle dogs, 0.64 10.60 yr of age. The data presented as means +/- 2 standard deviations and coefficients of variation are important in evaluating clinical changes in experimental beagles."}
{"id": "PMID:940314", "title": "Plasma progesterone level in the female armadillo during delayed implantation and gestation: preliminary report.", "content": "Ovulation in the armadillo was followed by an increase in the plasma level of progesterone to 10 ng/ml. The plasma concentration of progesterone decreased to approximatley 5 ng/ml during the 3 1/2 mo of delayed implantation and then increased to approximately 20 ng/ml for the 4 1/2 mo period of gestation.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone level in the female armadillo during delayed implantation and gestation: preliminary report. Ovulation in the armadillo was followed by an increase in the plasma level of progesterone to 10 ng/ml. The plasma concentration of progesterone decreased to approximatley 5 ng/ml during the 3 1/2 mo of delayed implantation and then increased to approximately 20 ng/ml for the 4 1/2 mo period of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:940318", "title": "Proliferation of renal interstitial cells following injury induced by ureteral obstruction.", "content": "The proliferation of renal interstitial cells was studied by the use of tritiated thymidine incorporation following unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rabbit. There was a nonuniform response with significant increase in nuclear labeling in the obstructed kidney in all zones at 24, 48, and 72 hours following obstruction with the exception of the inner medulla where the counts at 24 and 48 hours were not significantly different from sham-operated controls. The major labeling occurred in interstitial fibroblasts. Within the zones of high labeling (cortex and outer medulla) these cells were separated by widening of the intersittial space. In the zone of low labeling (inner medulla) the interstitial cells maintained their normal spatial relationships.", "contents": "Proliferation of renal interstitial cells following injury induced by ureteral obstruction. The proliferation of renal interstitial cells was studied by the use of tritiated thymidine incorporation following unilateral ureteral obstruction in the rabbit. There was a nonuniform response with significant increase in nuclear labeling in the obstructed kidney in all zones at 24, 48, and 72 hours following obstruction with the exception of the inner medulla where the counts at 24 and 48 hours were not significantly different from sham-operated controls. The major labeling occurred in interstitial fibroblasts. Within the zones of high labeling (cortex and outer medulla) these cells were separated by widening of the intersittial space. In the zone of low labeling (inner medulla) the interstitial cells maintained their normal spatial relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:940319", "title": "Segmental mediolytic arteritis: a clinical pathologic study.", "content": "A distinct arterial lesion was observed in the large abdominal muscular arteries in three autopsied patients. The salient histopathologic feature of this arterial lesion was either partial or total mediolysis. This was accompanied by a linear fibrin deposit between the media and adventitia and a variable nonpleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate. Total mediolysis led to the formation of arterial gaps. Disecting aneurysms frequently occurred and began either adjacent to arterial gaps or as a result of capillary hemorrhages in areas of partial mediolysis. Ruptured aneurysms led to massive intraabdominal hemorrhages. Arterial luminal occlusion, either by thrombi or dissection, resulted in ischemic bowel changes and renal infarcts. In addition, the arteries affected by mediolysis also showed medial degenerative changes, akin to cystic medial necrosis. Concomitant changes in the kidney showed mesangial hyperplasia; the heart exhibited histiocytic infiltrates and rare Aschoff-like bodies and capsular inflammation were seen in the spleen. The pathogenesis of the arterial lesions is unknown. A possible explanation is that this arteritis may have been induced by immune complexes and that local arterial medial degenerative changes predispose the involved arteries to immunologic injury.", "contents": "Segmental mediolytic arteritis: a clinical pathologic study. A distinct arterial lesion was observed in the large abdominal muscular arteries in three autopsied patients. The salient histopathologic feature of this arterial lesion was either partial or total mediolysis. This was accompanied by a linear fibrin deposit between the media and adventitia and a variable nonpleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate. Total mediolysis led to the formation of arterial gaps. Disecting aneurysms frequently occurred and began either adjacent to arterial gaps or as a result of capillary hemorrhages in areas of partial mediolysis. Ruptured aneurysms led to massive intraabdominal hemorrhages. Arterial luminal occlusion, either by thrombi or dissection, resulted in ischemic bowel changes and renal infarcts. In addition, the arteries affected by mediolysis also showed medial degenerative changes, akin to cystic medial necrosis. Concomitant changes in the kidney showed mesangial hyperplasia; the heart exhibited histiocytic infiltrates and rare Aschoff-like bodies and capsular inflammation were seen in the spleen. The pathogenesis of the arterial lesions is unknown. A possible explanation is that this arteritis may have been induced by immune complexes and that local arterial medial degenerative changes predispose the involved arteries to immunologic injury."}
{"id": "PMID:940320", "title": "Hypercalcemic VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "Rabbits receiving intramuscular injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells in biceps femoris muscles developed rapidly progressive neoplastic growths at 14 to 21 days associated with a significant hypercalcemia. The biologic behavior of the VX-2 carcinoma was characterized by local infiltration and metastases to regional lymph nodes and lungs. No metastases to skeletal tissues were evident. Femora from intramuscularly injected rabbits had varying degrees of osteophytosis and lysis evident roentgenographically. Histopathologic evaluation of femoral sections revealed periosteal new bone growth, cortical osteolysis, endosteal new bone growth, and in a few long term rabbits, pathologic fractures. Bone lesions were evident histologically in the vicinity of neoplastic growth (i.e., femora, tibiae) but not at distant sites (i.e., humeri and vertebrae). Mineral analyses of VX-2 carcinoma tissues and kidneys from VX-2-bearing rabbits revealed concentrations of calcium 83 and 3 times greater, respectively, than those of skeletal muscle and kidneys from controls. These findings correlated well with histochemical evidence of excessive amounts of calcium in sections of kidneys and VX-2 carcinoma tissues. Rabbits receiving intraperitoneal injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells did not develop hypercalcemia despite an extensive, progressive neoplastic burden with metastases to abdominal and thoracic viscera. Roentgenographic, histopathologic, and physiochemical analyses of selected bones from these rabbits revealed no significant alterations. These findings indicate that VX-2 carcinoma cells need to be in close proximity to skeletal tissues in order to induce hypercalcemia. The development of a significant hypercalcemia in intramuscularly injected rabbits precedes the invasion of osseous tissues by VX-2 carcinoma cells. Therefore, it appears that VX-2 carcinoma cells have the ability to alter skeletal morphology and physiochemistry through a dual humoral/cellular mechanism. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the VX-2 carcinoma in the rabbit suggest that the neoplasm is a good experimental model to study osseous-mediated hypercalcemia of malignancy.", "contents": "Hypercalcemic VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits: a clinicopathologic study. Rabbits receiving intramuscular injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells in biceps femoris muscles developed rapidly progressive neoplastic growths at 14 to 21 days associated with a significant hypercalcemia. The biologic behavior of the VX-2 carcinoma was characterized by local infiltration and metastases to regional lymph nodes and lungs. No metastases to skeletal tissues were evident. Femora from intramuscularly injected rabbits had varying degrees of osteophytosis and lysis evident roentgenographically. Histopathologic evaluation of femoral sections revealed periosteal new bone growth, cortical osteolysis, endosteal new bone growth, and in a few long term rabbits, pathologic fractures. Bone lesions were evident histologically in the vicinity of neoplastic growth (i.e., femora, tibiae) but not at distant sites (i.e., humeri and vertebrae). Mineral analyses of VX-2 carcinoma tissues and kidneys from VX-2-bearing rabbits revealed concentrations of calcium 83 and 3 times greater, respectively, than those of skeletal muscle and kidneys from controls. These findings correlated well with histochemical evidence of excessive amounts of calcium in sections of kidneys and VX-2 carcinoma tissues. Rabbits receiving intraperitoneal injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells did not develop hypercalcemia despite an extensive, progressive neoplastic burden with metastases to abdominal and thoracic viscera. Roentgenographic, histopathologic, and physiochemical analyses of selected bones from these rabbits revealed no significant alterations. These findings indicate that VX-2 carcinoma cells need to be in close proximity to skeletal tissues in order to induce hypercalcemia. The development of a significant hypercalcemia in intramuscularly injected rabbits precedes the invasion of osseous tissues by VX-2 carcinoma cells. Therefore, it appears that VX-2 carcinoma cells have the ability to alter skeletal morphology and physiochemistry through a dual humoral/cellular mechanism. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the VX-2 carcinoma in the rabbit suggest that the neoplasm is a good experimental model to study osseous-mediated hypercalcemia of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:940321", "title": "Absence of enhanced intimal thickening in the response of the carotid arterial wall to endothelial injury in hypercholesterolemic rats.", "content": "Young male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high cholesterol, thyroid-suppressive diet were subjected to drying injury of carotid artery endothelium; animals were sacrificed at various times up to 3 months after injury, and the vessels were examined by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The diet induced marked elevation of serum cholesterol mainly present in lipoproteins of density less than 1.063. The morphology and degree of intimal thickening in the injured carotids of such animals were compared with the changes found in control groups of normolipemic rats. In the control groups, endothelium was completely regenerated between 7 and 14 days; intimal thickening was present at 14 days and at later stages and contained smooth muscle cells without lipid. In the cholesterol-fed animals, endothelial regeneration and intimal thickening occurred as in the controls with the following additional features: in the zone of intimal thickening in the injured segment, lipid was present in smooth muscle cells and, at later stages, in the extracellular matrix; undifferentiated mononuclear cells were also noted in the thickened intima and, at 3 months, were found adhering to normal and regenerated endothelium. However, no differences were found between control and hypercholesterolemic rats with respect to the degree of intimal thickening within the injured segment; enhancement of the smooth muscle proliferative response was not evident in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Our findings suggest that this form of hypercholesterolemia and its associated hyperlipoproteinemia may not be directly responsible for rat smooth muscle proliferation following endothelial denudation. They also indicate that hyperlipemia does not necessarily cause persistence of myointimal hyperplasia in arteries.", "contents": "Absence of enhanced intimal thickening in the response of the carotid arterial wall to endothelial injury in hypercholesterolemic rats. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high cholesterol, thyroid-suppressive diet were subjected to drying injury of carotid artery endothelium; animals were sacrificed at various times up to 3 months after injury, and the vessels were examined by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The diet induced marked elevation of serum cholesterol mainly present in lipoproteins of density less than 1.063. The morphology and degree of intimal thickening in the injured carotids of such animals were compared with the changes found in control groups of normolipemic rats. In the control groups, endothelium was completely regenerated between 7 and 14 days; intimal thickening was present at 14 days and at later stages and contained smooth muscle cells without lipid. In the cholesterol-fed animals, endothelial regeneration and intimal thickening occurred as in the controls with the following additional features: in the zone of intimal thickening in the injured segment, lipid was present in smooth muscle cells and, at later stages, in the extracellular matrix; undifferentiated mononuclear cells were also noted in the thickened intima and, at 3 months, were found adhering to normal and regenerated endothelium. However, no differences were found between control and hypercholesterolemic rats with respect to the degree of intimal thickening within the injured segment; enhancement of the smooth muscle proliferative response was not evident in the hypercholesterolemic rats. Our findings suggest that this form of hypercholesterolemia and its associated hyperlipoproteinemia may not be directly responsible for rat smooth muscle proliferation following endothelial denudation. They also indicate that hyperlipemia does not necessarily cause persistence of myointimal hyperplasia in arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:940322", "title": "Plasma membrane changes in freeze-fractured rat kidney cortex following renal ischemia.", "content": "Ischemia was produced in the inner cortex of the rat kidney by clamping the pedicle (artery, vein, and ureter) and severing collateral connections. After 30 minutes of ischemia, a slight aggregation of membrane-associated particles was observed in the freeze-fractured plasma membranes. The aggregation was progressive after 60 and 120 minutes of ischemia. These changes were reversible after 15 and 240 minutes of reflow of blood following 30 or 60 minutes of ischemia. The changes were irreversible after 120 minutes of ischemia. The cells were vacuolated after ischemic periods of 30 minutes or longer and after 120 minutes of ischemia the tissue was severely damaged and aggregation of membrane-associated particles was evident in the vacuolar membranes. No changes in the tissue or plasma membrane were observed after 5 or 20 minutes of ischemia.", "contents": "Plasma membrane changes in freeze-fractured rat kidney cortex following renal ischemia. Ischemia was produced in the inner cortex of the rat kidney by clamping the pedicle (artery, vein, and ureter) and severing collateral connections. After 30 minutes of ischemia, a slight aggregation of membrane-associated particles was observed in the freeze-fractured plasma membranes. The aggregation was progressive after 60 and 120 minutes of ischemia. These changes were reversible after 15 and 240 minutes of reflow of blood following 30 or 60 minutes of ischemia. The changes were irreversible after 120 minutes of ischemia. The cells were vacuolated after ischemic periods of 30 minutes or longer and after 120 minutes of ischemia the tissue was severely damaged and aggregation of membrane-associated particles was evident in the vacuolar membranes. No changes in the tissue or plasma membrane were observed after 5 or 20 minutes of ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:940323", "title": "Renal carcinomas and erythrocytosis in rats following intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide.", "content": "In rats, an intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) regularly caused, within 2 months, an erythrocytosis and eventually a renal carcinoma in 40 per cent of the animals. Despite their great pleomorphism, the neoplastic renal cells appeared to be of the same lineage but showed a pronounced tendency to evolve toward an anaplastic, spindle-cell variant. By electron microscopy, they exhibited varying degrees of differentiation with surface specialization, suggesting an epithelial origin. There was no indication that the erythrogenic and carcinogenic responses to Ni3S2 were interrelated as the high hemoglobin and erythrocyte values tended to retrocede with the development of the renal carcinoma. Other nickel salts and a variety of divalent metallic preparations failed to produce similar changes when administered under identical conditions. The possible mechanism of NI3S2 at the cellular level is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Renal carcinomas and erythrocytosis in rats following intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide. In rats, an intrarenal injection of nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) regularly caused, within 2 months, an erythrocytosis and eventually a renal carcinoma in 40 per cent of the animals. Despite their great pleomorphism, the neoplastic renal cells appeared to be of the same lineage but showed a pronounced tendency to evolve toward an anaplastic, spindle-cell variant. By electron microscopy, they exhibited varying degrees of differentiation with surface specialization, suggesting an epithelial origin. There was no indication that the erythrogenic and carcinogenic responses to Ni3S2 were interrelated as the high hemoglobin and erythrocyte values tended to retrocede with the development of the renal carcinoma. Other nickel salts and a variety of divalent metallic preparations failed to produce similar changes when administered under identical conditions. The possible mechanism of NI3S2 at the cellular level is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940324", "title": "The epithelial and capillary basal laminae of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The thickness of the epithelial and endothelial basal laminae was determined in placentas from mothers without known metabolic disease (control) and mothers with diabetes mellitus. The measurements were carried out on electron micrographs. Frequency distributions and statistical parameters were calculated; in 20 cases, 16,331 values were measured. In all cases, the epithelial and endothelial basal laminae were thickest in edematous and fibrotic villi. They were thinner in placentas from diabetic mothers than in controls. Particularly thin basal laminae were found in regions with syncytiovascular membrances. The thinner basal laminae found in the placentas of diabetic mothers are considered to be the result of compensatory growth processes with formation of ontogenetically younger villous parts. The thicker basal laminae in fibrotic and edematous villi may result from a swelling of the basal laminae or possibly from an increased synthesis or a decreased decomposition of the basal laminae. The finding of very thin basal laminae in the region of the so-called syncytiovascular membranes may be of importance for the placental exchange function.", "contents": "The epithelial and capillary basal laminae of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus. The thickness of the epithelial and endothelial basal laminae was determined in placentas from mothers without known metabolic disease (control) and mothers with diabetes mellitus. The measurements were carried out on electron micrographs. Frequency distributions and statistical parameters were calculated; in 20 cases, 16,331 values were measured. In all cases, the epithelial and endothelial basal laminae were thickest in edematous and fibrotic villi. They were thinner in placentas from diabetic mothers than in controls. Particularly thin basal laminae were found in regions with syncytiovascular membrances. The thinner basal laminae found in the placentas of diabetic mothers are considered to be the result of compensatory growth processes with formation of ontogenetically younger villous parts. The thicker basal laminae in fibrotic and edematous villi may result from a swelling of the basal laminae or possibly from an increased synthesis or a decreased decomposition of the basal laminae. The finding of very thin basal laminae in the region of the so-called syncytiovascular membranes may be of importance for the placental exchange function."}
{"id": "PMID:940325", "title": "Comparison of human polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease with diphenylamine-induced cystic disease.", "content": "Because of difficulty in obtaining cystic human kidneys for functional and morphologic study, animal models are receiving increasing attention. Most prominent among them is the renal cystic disease that is induced in rats through feeding of the antioxidant, diphenylamine, The present study examined the morphology of adult polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease in man using scanning electron microscopy and compared them with diphenylamine-induced cystic kidney disease in rats. Diphenylamine nephropathy was induced by feeding rats 1 per cent diphenylamine for 12 to 18 months. All types of cystic disease showed changes in the renal corpuscles, including dilation of Bowman's space, podocyte fusion and degeneration, and basement membrane thickening. Cysts were noted along the entire nephron in polycystic and diphenylamine-induced cystic disease but only along the collecting ducts in medullary cystic disease. Cysts in polycystic disease were large and lined by flattened epithelium. Collecting duct cysts in diphenylamine cystic disease were lined by cells of irregular size and shape suggestive of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, whereas cysts of medullary cystic disease were lined by flattened epithelium except where the nephron entered or left the cyst. Cast material was generally found in the cysts of diphenylamine-induced and polycystic kidney disease but not medullary cystic disease. Atrophic glomeruli and tubules were found in all three diseases. Complete tubular obstruction was found in none; however, larger cysts frequently impinged on adjacent tubules and narrowed their lumina. The results of this study show that, in the terminal stages, cellular as well as gross morphologic differences exist between polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease and that diphenylamine-induced cystic disease more closely resembles human polycystic than medullary cystic kidney disease.", "contents": "Comparison of human polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease with diphenylamine-induced cystic disease. Because of difficulty in obtaining cystic human kidneys for functional and morphologic study, animal models are receiving increasing attention. Most prominent among them is the renal cystic disease that is induced in rats through feeding of the antioxidant, diphenylamine, The present study examined the morphology of adult polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease in man using scanning electron microscopy and compared them with diphenylamine-induced cystic kidney disease in rats. Diphenylamine nephropathy was induced by feeding rats 1 per cent diphenylamine for 12 to 18 months. All types of cystic disease showed changes in the renal corpuscles, including dilation of Bowman's space, podocyte fusion and degeneration, and basement membrane thickening. Cysts were noted along the entire nephron in polycystic and diphenylamine-induced cystic disease but only along the collecting ducts in medullary cystic disease. Cysts in polycystic disease were large and lined by flattened epithelium. Collecting duct cysts in diphenylamine cystic disease were lined by cells of irregular size and shape suggestive of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia, whereas cysts of medullary cystic disease were lined by flattened epithelium except where the nephron entered or left the cyst. Cast material was generally found in the cysts of diphenylamine-induced and polycystic kidney disease but not medullary cystic disease. Atrophic glomeruli and tubules were found in all three diseases. Complete tubular obstruction was found in none; however, larger cysts frequently impinged on adjacent tubules and narrowed their lumina. The results of this study show that, in the terminal stages, cellular as well as gross morphologic differences exist between polycystic and medullary cystic kidney disease and that diphenylamine-induced cystic disease more closely resembles human polycystic than medullary cystic kidney disease."}
{"id": "PMID:940352", "title": "Monte Carlo calculation on trans/cis-polysarcosine.", "content": "Monte Carolo calculations were made on unperturbed trans-polysarcosine chain, non-self-intersecting trans-polysarcosine chain, and also non-self-intersecting trans/cis-polysarcosine chain by using a hard-sphere model. In the last case, an attempt was first made to introduce cis amide bond into the Monte Carlo calculation of polypeptide chain. Dipeptide energy maps for four different trans/cis dyad sequences were calculated. The allowed regions were consistent with the pairs of dihedral angles observed in cyclo-pentasarcosyl and cyclo-octasarcosyl. The mean-square end-to-end distance and higher even moments were obtained. The distribution function of the end-to-end distance was calculated from the even moments by using Nagai's equation and compared with the direct Monte Carlo data. The best agreement was obtained by cutting off the terms containing much higher order even moments than a critical order. The fractions of cis amide bond and of the four different trans/cis dyad sequences in polysarcosine were calculated. The results of calculation were compared with the 220-MHz NMR spectra of polysarcosine in three different solvents. Qualitative agreement was stained for longer chains.", "contents": "Monte Carlo calculation on trans/cis-polysarcosine. Monte Carolo calculations were made on unperturbed trans-polysarcosine chain, non-self-intersecting trans-polysarcosine chain, and also non-self-intersecting trans/cis-polysarcosine chain by using a hard-sphere model. In the last case, an attempt was first made to introduce cis amide bond into the Monte Carlo calculation of polypeptide chain. Dipeptide energy maps for four different trans/cis dyad sequences were calculated. The allowed regions were consistent with the pairs of dihedral angles observed in cyclo-pentasarcosyl and cyclo-octasarcosyl. The mean-square end-to-end distance and higher even moments were obtained. The distribution function of the end-to-end distance was calculated from the even moments by using Nagai's equation and compared with the direct Monte Carlo data. The best agreement was obtained by cutting off the terms containing much higher order even moments than a critical order. The fractions of cis amide bond and of the four different trans/cis dyad sequences in polysarcosine were calculated. The results of calculation were compared with the 220-MHz NMR spectra of polysarcosine in three different solvents. Qualitative agreement was stained for longer chains."}
{"id": "PMID:940353", "title": "Geometrical criteria for formation of coiled-coil structures of polypeptide chains.", "content": "Crick's general formulas describing a coiled coil are expressed in a different form to combine the parameters of a coiled coil with the backbone dihedral angles of a polypeptide chain, assuming that the bond lengths and bond angles of the chain are fixed. While the existence of a low-energy coiled-coil conformation depends on energetic considerations, these formulas, which pertain to single-stranded structures and, by application of symmetry operations, to multistranded structures, provide the geometrical criteria for the existence of coiled coils. The concept of \"the averaged structure of the minor helix\", introduced here, makes it possible to relate the shape of the major helix to that of the minor helix. It is shown, in the analysis of a simple model of a single-stranded coiled-coil beta structure, that strong geometrical restrictions exist for the formation of coiled-coil structures from a given minor helix conformation of a polypeptide chain; these restrictions are expressed in a general form that is applicable to any coiled-coil of any number of residues in a repeat unit. As an application, the possible existence of a two-stranded coiled-coil antiparallel beta structure is considered, both geometrically and energetically, and discussed in relation to the observed twisted beta structures in globular proteins. The proposed coiled-coil models of alpha-helical proteins are also examined briefly.", "contents": "Geometrical criteria for formation of coiled-coil structures of polypeptide chains. Crick's general formulas describing a coiled coil are expressed in a different form to combine the parameters of a coiled coil with the backbone dihedral angles of a polypeptide chain, assuming that the bond lengths and bond angles of the chain are fixed. While the existence of a low-energy coiled-coil conformation depends on energetic considerations, these formulas, which pertain to single-stranded structures and, by application of symmetry operations, to multistranded structures, provide the geometrical criteria for the existence of coiled coils. The concept of \"the averaged structure of the minor helix\", introduced here, makes it possible to relate the shape of the major helix to that of the minor helix. It is shown, in the analysis of a simple model of a single-stranded coiled-coil beta structure, that strong geometrical restrictions exist for the formation of coiled-coil structures from a given minor helix conformation of a polypeptide chain; these restrictions are expressed in a general form that is applicable to any coiled-coil of any number of residues in a repeat unit. As an application, the possible existence of a two-stranded coiled-coil antiparallel beta structure is considered, both geometrically and energetically, and discussed in relation to the observed twisted beta structures in globular proteins. The proposed coiled-coil models of alpha-helical proteins are also examined briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:940356", "title": "On the oxy analogues to the 3 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations.", "content": "The possible occurrence of the oxy analogues to the 3 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations (main feature of the gamma turn), recently proposed in solution by several authors, has been investigated in a number of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alpha-amino acids by x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption, proton magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism techniques. These folded conformations are absent in the solid state in all cases so far examined; however, they seem to be present in solution, the extent of the population of these forms in the conformational equilibrium mixtures being solvent, temperature, and structure dependent. In the solid state N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-D-valine has the urethane-CONH-group in the cis configuration; this is the first time such a configuration has been found in the solid-state for a secondary amide group in a linear compound.", "contents": "On the oxy analogues to the 3 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations. The possible occurrence of the oxy analogues to the 3 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations (main feature of the gamma turn), recently proposed in solution by several authors, has been investigated in a number of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-alpha-amino acids by x-ray diffraction, infrared absorption, proton magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism techniques. These folded conformations are absent in the solid state in all cases so far examined; however, they seem to be present in solution, the extent of the population of these forms in the conformational equilibrium mixtures being solvent, temperature, and structure dependent. In the solid state N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-D-valine has the urethane-CONH-group in the cis configuration; this is the first time such a configuration has been found in the solid-state for a secondary amide group in a linear compound."}
{"id": "PMID:940354", "title": "Stability of cis, trans, and nonplanar peptide groups.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations using ECEPP (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) were performed on the molecular fragment Calpha1C'ONHCalpha2, on N-methylacetamide, and on several peptide molecules including N-acetyl-N'-methylglycineamide (Gly single residue), N-acetyl-N',N'-dimethylglycine-amide, and N-acetyl-N'-methylamide dipeptides of Gly-Gly and Gly-Pro. Energy minimization was carried out with peptide groups taken in both the cis and trans conformations, and the librational entropy and conformational free energy were determined at each minimum. It was found that the instability of cis in Gly-Gly comes primarily from interactions of the Calpha1 and HCalpha1 atoms with the Calpha2 and HCalpha2 atoms, and also from avorable interactions present in the trans form which are disallowed in the cis form, and from conformational entropy. The instability of cis in Gly-Pro is much less than in Gly-Gly because unfavorable interactions of the type CalphaH-CalphaH present in the cis conformation of Gly-Gly are present in both the cis and trans forms of Gly-Pro. The instability of cis in Gly-Pro arises mainly from the change in electrostatic energy caused by the restricted rotation about the N-Calpha bond of Pro. Entropy accounts for about 0.5 kcal/mol of the instability of cis in Gly-Pro compared with about 1.5 kcal/mol in Gly-Gly. The calculated fraction (4%) of cis in Gly-pro is in good agreement with the experimental value (5%) for related peptides in nonpolar solvents. When the dihedral angle omega of the central peptide bond in these dipeptides is allowed to vary during energy minimization, the deviations from planarity are only 1-3 degrees in low-energy minima of Gly-Gly but as much as 10 degrees in Gly-Pro. A comparison of these results with calculations in which the peptide bond was held fixed in the planar trans conformation shows that conformation-dependent properties of blocked dipeptides can be represented adequately without allowing omega to vary.", "contents": "Stability of cis, trans, and nonplanar peptide groups. Conformational energy calculations using ECEPP (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) were performed on the molecular fragment Calpha1C'ONHCalpha2, on N-methylacetamide, and on several peptide molecules including N-acetyl-N'-methylglycineamide (Gly single residue), N-acetyl-N',N'-dimethylglycine-amide, and N-acetyl-N'-methylamide dipeptides of Gly-Gly and Gly-Pro. Energy minimization was carried out with peptide groups taken in both the cis and trans conformations, and the librational entropy and conformational free energy were determined at each minimum. It was found that the instability of cis in Gly-Gly comes primarily from interactions of the Calpha1 and HCalpha1 atoms with the Calpha2 and HCalpha2 atoms, and also from avorable interactions present in the trans form which are disallowed in the cis form, and from conformational entropy. The instability of cis in Gly-Pro is much less than in Gly-Gly because unfavorable interactions of the type CalphaH-CalphaH present in the cis conformation of Gly-Gly are present in both the cis and trans forms of Gly-Pro. The instability of cis in Gly-Pro arises mainly from the change in electrostatic energy caused by the restricted rotation about the N-Calpha bond of Pro. Entropy accounts for about 0.5 kcal/mol of the instability of cis in Gly-Pro compared with about 1.5 kcal/mol in Gly-Gly. The calculated fraction (4%) of cis in Gly-pro is in good agreement with the experimental value (5%) for related peptides in nonpolar solvents. When the dihedral angle omega of the central peptide bond in these dipeptides is allowed to vary during energy minimization, the deviations from planarity are only 1-3 degrees in low-energy minima of Gly-Gly but as much as 10 degrees in Gly-Pro. A comparison of these results with calculations in which the peptide bond was held fixed in the planar trans conformation shows that conformation-dependent properties of blocked dipeptides can be represented adequately without allowing omega to vary."}
{"id": "PMID:940363", "title": "Competition between diftalone and other drugs for the binding site(s) on human serum albumin.", "content": "The influence of a series of drugs on the binding of diftalone to human serum albumin was investigated by equilibrium dialysis. The results indicated that among the different drugs tested phenylbutazone, indomethacin, warfarin and tolbutamide were, in the order listed, the most effective in displacing diftalone from its binding site(s). Additional investigation showed that there was no consistent inhibition by diftalone of warfarin and tolbutamide binding to albumin. The information obtained might prove useful in clinical therapy whenever a combination of drugs is to be administered.", "contents": "Competition between diftalone and other drugs for the binding site(s) on human serum albumin. The influence of a series of drugs on the binding of diftalone to human serum albumin was investigated by equilibrium dialysis. The results indicated that among the different drugs tested phenylbutazone, indomethacin, warfarin and tolbutamide were, in the order listed, the most effective in displacing diftalone from its binding site(s). Additional investigation showed that there was no consistent inhibition by diftalone of warfarin and tolbutamide binding to albumin. The information obtained might prove useful in clinical therapy whenever a combination of drugs is to be administered."}
{"id": "PMID:940355", "title": "On the oxy analogues to the 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations.", "content": "The occurrence of the oxy analogue to the type II' 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded nonhelical peptide conformation, recently proposed for t-BOC-Gly-L-Pro-OH in the solid state by Deber on the basis of infrared absorption evidence, has been disproved by x-ray diffraction analysis. This type of folding is also absent in solvents of moderate or high polarity. The latter conclusion is in agreement with Deber's results. However, in solvents of low polarity this intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded form could account for the strong negative Cotton effect near 230 nm observed in the circular dichroism spectrum.", "contents": "On the oxy analogues to the 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded peptide conformations. The occurrence of the oxy analogue to the type II' 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded nonhelical peptide conformation, recently proposed for t-BOC-Gly-L-Pro-OH in the solid state by Deber on the basis of infrared absorption evidence, has been disproved by x-ray diffraction analysis. This type of folding is also absent in solvents of moderate or high polarity. The latter conclusion is in agreement with Deber's results. However, in solvents of low polarity this intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded form could account for the strong negative Cotton effect near 230 nm observed in the circular dichroism spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:940364", "title": "Clinical follow-up and the cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in patients with invasive or preinvasive cervical cancer.", "content": "18% of patients with clinical stage Ib-IIa invasive cervical carcinoma, in contrast to 57% of patients with a more advanced carcinoma at the time of treatment, were positive in microcytotoxicity tests with peripheral blood lymphoid cells against HeLa cells in repeated tests 4--22 months after treatment. About half of the patients with cytotoxic lymphoid cells before treatment had lost this capacity at follow-up: the same was true of patients with severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. Eight out of 33 patients with mild epithelial dysplasia were cytotoxic at the start of the study. Five (62%) of the cytotoxic donors had signs of persisting epithelial atypia or of progressive disease, whereas only 7 (28%) of the 25 non-reactive patients had cytological abnormalities and in none had the disease progressed. Persisting cytoxicity at follow-up may thus be related to the continuing presence of the disease in these patients.", "contents": "Clinical follow-up and the cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in patients with invasive or preinvasive cervical cancer. 18% of patients with clinical stage Ib-IIa invasive cervical carcinoma, in contrast to 57% of patients with a more advanced carcinoma at the time of treatment, were positive in microcytotoxicity tests with peripheral blood lymphoid cells against HeLa cells in repeated tests 4--22 months after treatment. About half of the patients with cytotoxic lymphoid cells before treatment had lost this capacity at follow-up: the same was true of patients with severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ. Eight out of 33 patients with mild epithelial dysplasia were cytotoxic at the start of the study. Five (62%) of the cytotoxic donors had signs of persisting epithelial atypia or of progressive disease, whereas only 7 (28%) of the 25 non-reactive patients had cytological abnormalities and in none had the disease progressed. Persisting cytoxicity at follow-up may thus be related to the continuing presence of the disease in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940357", "title": "Amylose-iodine complex. I. Sedimentation behavior.", "content": "Sedimentation measurements are reported on solutions of blue amylose-iodine complexes in the range of 0.001 to 0.007% amylose. Amylose fractions B and F2, of weight average molecular weight average molecular weight 4.0 X 10(5) and 3.4 X 10(4), respectively, were used in this study. Iodine complexes of these fractions formed polydisperse solutions of limited solubility and stability. Sedimentation coefficients increased as a function of potassium iodide concentration. Values for fraction B complexes varied from (16.3 +/- 1.0) X 10(-13) at 1.2 X 10(-3) M KI to (57.2 +/- 7.5) X 10(-13) at 8.3 X 10(-3) M KI; values for fraction F2 complexes varied from (10.0 +/- 1.2) X 10(-13) at 1.2 X 10(-13) M KI to (24.8 +/- 3.9) X 10(-13) at 9.5 X 10(-3) M KI. At constant potassium iodide concentration, sedimentation coefficients, within our experimental error of 10 to 15% standard deviation, are independent of amylose concentration. Time dependence of sedimentation coefficient values was observed for solutions either saturated or unsaturated with respect to the iodine-binding capacity of amylose. For iodine-saturated complex solutions, sedimentation coefficients extrapolated to zero potassium iodide concentration were two to three times greater than for the parent amylose. Measurements are evaluated in terms of possible polyelectrolytic charge effects and aggregation. Under conditions used in these experiments, aggregation of amylose-iodide complexes appears to be the mechanism responsible for the large increase in sedimentation coefficients.", "contents": "Amylose-iodine complex. I. Sedimentation behavior. Sedimentation measurements are reported on solutions of blue amylose-iodine complexes in the range of 0.001 to 0.007% amylose. Amylose fractions B and F2, of weight average molecular weight average molecular weight 4.0 X 10(5) and 3.4 X 10(4), respectively, were used in this study. Iodine complexes of these fractions formed polydisperse solutions of limited solubility and stability. Sedimentation coefficients increased as a function of potassium iodide concentration. Values for fraction B complexes varied from (16.3 +/- 1.0) X 10(-13) at 1.2 X 10(-3) M KI to (57.2 +/- 7.5) X 10(-13) at 8.3 X 10(-3) M KI; values for fraction F2 complexes varied from (10.0 +/- 1.2) X 10(-13) at 1.2 X 10(-13) M KI to (24.8 +/- 3.9) X 10(-13) at 9.5 X 10(-3) M KI. At constant potassium iodide concentration, sedimentation coefficients, within our experimental error of 10 to 15% standard deviation, are independent of amylose concentration. Time dependence of sedimentation coefficient values was observed for solutions either saturated or unsaturated with respect to the iodine-binding capacity of amylose. For iodine-saturated complex solutions, sedimentation coefficients extrapolated to zero potassium iodide concentration were two to three times greater than for the parent amylose. Measurements are evaluated in terms of possible polyelectrolytic charge effects and aggregation. Under conditions used in these experiments, aggregation of amylose-iodide complexes appears to be the mechanism responsible for the large increase in sedimentation coefficients."}
{"id": "PMID:940358", "title": "Amylose-iodine complex. II. Molecular weight estimates.", "content": "Ultracentrifugation measurements made by the Archibald method on solutions of amylose-iodine-iodide (AI) complexes, containing 0.003% amylose of weight average molecular weight 4.0 X 10(5) at 3.6 X 10(-3) M KI, yield an apparent molecular weight at the meniscus of 8 X 10(5) when measurements are extrapolated to 1200 rpm. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements at 1200 rpm yield apparent molecular weight at the meniscus of 6 X 10(5) and at the cell bottom of 2.4 X 10(6). Heterogeneity and aggreagation are major features of AI complex solution behavior. Apparent molecular weights increase as a function of increasing potassium iodide concentration and with time. This behavior directly correlates with AI complex sedimentation coefficient behavior previously reported. Molecular weight estimates are of the same order for AI complex solutions saturated and 65-70% saturated with respect to the iodine-binding capacity of amylose. Qualitative estimates of net macroion charge effects upon apparent molecular weights are presented.", "contents": "Amylose-iodine complex. II. Molecular weight estimates. Ultracentrifugation measurements made by the Archibald method on solutions of amylose-iodine-iodide (AI) complexes, containing 0.003% amylose of weight average molecular weight 4.0 X 10(5) at 3.6 X 10(-3) M KI, yield an apparent molecular weight at the meniscus of 8 X 10(5) when measurements are extrapolated to 1200 rpm. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements at 1200 rpm yield apparent molecular weight at the meniscus of 6 X 10(5) and at the cell bottom of 2.4 X 10(6). Heterogeneity and aggreagation are major features of AI complex solution behavior. Apparent molecular weights increase as a function of increasing potassium iodide concentration and with time. This behavior directly correlates with AI complex sedimentation coefficient behavior previously reported. Molecular weight estimates are of the same order for AI complex solutions saturated and 65-70% saturated with respect to the iodine-binding capacity of amylose. Qualitative estimates of net macroion charge effects upon apparent molecular weights are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:940362", "title": "Decreased proteolysis and increased amino acid efflux in aging human fibroblasts.", "content": "The release of radioactivity was measured following variable times of dual labeling of normal human fibroblasts at early and late passage and late-passage cell strains derived from the progeria and Werner's syndrome of premature aging. In the rapid first phase to 20 min, all 3 late-passage (aged) cells released more acid-soluble radioactivity into the medium than early-passage normal cells in the order Werner's greater than progeria greater than late-passage normal greater than early-passage normal, virtually all of this radioactivity emanating from intracellular material that was acid-soluble after prelabeling (zero time). In the slower second phase from 20 min to 3 h, all 4 cell types showed approximately parallel profiles of release. Following preloading with the non-utilizable amino acid alpha-amino[14C] isobutyric acid, progeria and Werner's cells released radioactivity more rapidly than did early- and late-passage normal cells in that order. In contrast, direct measurements on the net loss of counts from acid-insoluble material, i.e. true proteolysis, revealed that all 3 aged cells degraded proteins of short half-life more slowly but proteins of long half-life were degraded at the same rate as those of young normal cells. The results indicate that aged cells have a reduced proteolytic capacity and increased amino acid efflux. The latter process is probably due to the higher proportion of labeled amino acids in the cell water of aged cells at zero time and possibly increased membrane leakiness. The reason for the decreased proteolysis is not clear but it may relate to the rising proportion of defective proteins, the increased protein content and the loss of replicative capacity in aging cells.", "contents": "Decreased proteolysis and increased amino acid efflux in aging human fibroblasts. The release of radioactivity was measured following variable times of dual labeling of normal human fibroblasts at early and late passage and late-passage cell strains derived from the progeria and Werner's syndrome of premature aging. In the rapid first phase to 20 min, all 3 late-passage (aged) cells released more acid-soluble radioactivity into the medium than early-passage normal cells in the order Werner's greater than progeria greater than late-passage normal greater than early-passage normal, virtually all of this radioactivity emanating from intracellular material that was acid-soluble after prelabeling (zero time). In the slower second phase from 20 min to 3 h, all 4 cell types showed approximately parallel profiles of release. Following preloading with the non-utilizable amino acid alpha-amino[14C] isobutyric acid, progeria and Werner's cells released radioactivity more rapidly than did early- and late-passage normal cells in that order. In contrast, direct measurements on the net loss of counts from acid-insoluble material, i.e. true proteolysis, revealed that all 3 aged cells degraded proteins of short half-life more slowly but proteins of long half-life were degraded at the same rate as those of young normal cells. The results indicate that aged cells have a reduced proteolytic capacity and increased amino acid efflux. The latter process is probably due to the higher proportion of labeled amino acids in the cell water of aged cells at zero time and possibly increased membrane leakiness. The reason for the decreased proteolysis is not clear but it may relate to the rising proportion of defective proteins, the increased protein content and the loss of replicative capacity in aging cells."}
{"id": "PMID:940361", "title": "Characterization of residual bodies fromed in phase II cultivated human glia cells.", "content": "Residual body-like structures have been shown to occur in small numbers in actively growing in vitro cultivated phase II human glia cells. In contact inhibited phase II glia cells they have been shown to accumulate. Whether such structures are analogous to lipofuscin pigment granules in post-mitotic cells in vivo has been uncertain. We have characterized such bodies in actively growing and contact inhibited cells as to their acid phosphatase content, heavy metal content, autofluorescent characteristics, staining characteristics and morphology. It has been shown that many of these bodies are acid phosphatase positive, contain heavy metals, show the natural and characteristic fluorescence of lipofuscin pigment, are PAS-positive, acid fast with Ziehl-Neelsen and are morphologically similar to lipofuscin. They are thus analogous to the lipofuscin granules found in post-mitotic cells in vivo. The number of such granules was found to increase following contact inhibition of the mitotic activity. We conclude that lipofuscin granules are found continuously in the culture and that the cellular content of these granules can be diluted by cell division.", "contents": "Characterization of residual bodies fromed in phase II cultivated human glia cells. Residual body-like structures have been shown to occur in small numbers in actively growing in vitro cultivated phase II human glia cells. In contact inhibited phase II glia cells they have been shown to accumulate. Whether such structures are analogous to lipofuscin pigment granules in post-mitotic cells in vivo has been uncertain. We have characterized such bodies in actively growing and contact inhibited cells as to their acid phosphatase content, heavy metal content, autofluorescent characteristics, staining characteristics and morphology. It has been shown that many of these bodies are acid phosphatase positive, contain heavy metals, show the natural and characteristic fluorescence of lipofuscin pigment, are PAS-positive, acid fast with Ziehl-Neelsen and are morphologically similar to lipofuscin. They are thus analogous to the lipofuscin granules found in post-mitotic cells in vivo. The number of such granules was found to increase following contact inhibition of the mitotic activity. We conclude that lipofuscin granules are found continuously in the culture and that the cellular content of these granules can be diluted by cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:940403", "title": "Women and national health insurance: issues and solutions.", "content": "An effective national health insurance program should provide adequate, continuous, and comprehensive coverage for all. In framing current proposals, it seems that policy makers have not adequately considered differences in medical care utilization and needs between men and women. The inequities which result occur primarily because women now have two central sources of medical care--an obstetrician/gynecologist and a general practitioner or internist-while men have only one. The article delineates four issues of particular importance to women: 1) eligibility provisions which insure women through their husbands' policies; 2) benefit structures which exclude aspects of reproductive health services and/or fail to explicitly recognize women's two central sources of care; 3) provider certification provisions which exclude free-standing clinics and/or nonphysician personnel, and 4) incentives for reform of health delivery which force women to choose between their two current sources of care. The analysis concludes that current proposals contain provisions which, if enacted, would lead to inequities for women. Alternative solutions which might be explored are discussed and principles which could serve as guidelines for developing specific proposals are presented.", "contents": "Women and national health insurance: issues and solutions. An effective national health insurance program should provide adequate, continuous, and comprehensive coverage for all. In framing current proposals, it seems that policy makers have not adequately considered differences in medical care utilization and needs between men and women. The inequities which result occur primarily because women now have two central sources of medical care--an obstetrician/gynecologist and a general practitioner or internist-while men have only one. The article delineates four issues of particular importance to women: 1) eligibility provisions which insure women through their husbands' policies; 2) benefit structures which exclude aspects of reproductive health services and/or fail to explicitly recognize women's two central sources of care; 3) provider certification provisions which exclude free-standing clinics and/or nonphysician personnel, and 4) incentives for reform of health delivery which force women to choose between their two current sources of care. The analysis concludes that current proposals contain provisions which, if enacted, would lead to inequities for women. Alternative solutions which might be explored are discussed and principles which could serve as guidelines for developing specific proposals are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:940404", "title": "AUTOGRP: an interactive computer system for the analysis of health care data.", "content": "AUTOGRP is an interactive computer system designed to facilitate rapid analysis of complex medical information. AUTOGRP allows the clinical or administrative expertise of the user to be combined with sophisticated computer techniques to permit rapid information retrieval, hypothesis testing, development of norms, and identification of deviant cases. This interaction yields results of a uniquely high statistical and medical quality. AUTOGRP has been used to aid in understanding the process of patient care management in a variety of settings in order to enhance the effectiveness of decision-making from both a medical and management point of view.", "contents": "AUTOGRP: an interactive computer system for the analysis of health care data. AUTOGRP is an interactive computer system designed to facilitate rapid analysis of complex medical information. AUTOGRP allows the clinical or administrative expertise of the user to be combined with sophisticated computer techniques to permit rapid information retrieval, hypothesis testing, development of norms, and identification of deviant cases. This interaction yields results of a uniquely high statistical and medical quality. AUTOGRP has been used to aid in understanding the process of patient care management in a variety of settings in order to enhance the effectiveness of decision-making from both a medical and management point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:940405", "title": "Geographic access to hospital care: a 30-minute travel time standard.", "content": "A review of literature focusing upon geographic accessibility to health facilities indicates that while distance has been the traditional measure, travel time may now be a more meaningful indicator. Applying a 30-minute travel time standard to general hospitals, as advocated by various health plans, this paper illustrates an approach to the determination of geographic accessibility through a combination of a travel time file and sociodemographic profiles. Focusing upon all residents of West Virginia, the study identifies the number and characteristics of persons who reside within and beyond the 30-minute standard. More than 10 per cent of the entire population and nearly 20 per cent of the rural residents live in areas which are, by this standard, inaccessible to general hospitals. The \"inaccessible\" populations are characterized as having sociodemographic attributes associated with high medical needs. Other applications of travel time data are discussed.", "contents": "Geographic access to hospital care: a 30-minute travel time standard. A review of literature focusing upon geographic accessibility to health facilities indicates that while distance has been the traditional measure, travel time may now be a more meaningful indicator. Applying a 30-minute travel time standard to general hospitals, as advocated by various health plans, this paper illustrates an approach to the determination of geographic accessibility through a combination of a travel time file and sociodemographic profiles. Focusing upon all residents of West Virginia, the study identifies the number and characteristics of persons who reside within and beyond the 30-minute standard. More than 10 per cent of the entire population and nearly 20 per cent of the rural residents live in areas which are, by this standard, inaccessible to general hospitals. The \"inaccessible\" populations are characterized as having sociodemographic attributes associated with high medical needs. Other applications of travel time data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940406", "title": "Continuity and coordination in primary care: their achievement and utility.", "content": "Coordination is a hallmark of primary care. Efforts to improve primary care services should involve assessment of the extent to which coordination is achieved. Our study in three adult and three pediatric clinics demonstrates that existing information concerning patients' problems, therapies, tests, and referrals is often not recognized by primary care practitioners. Recognition of these types of information is better when the practitioner who provides follow-up care is the same from one visit to the next. Information about visits which were anticipated by the practitioner, and particularly the content of these visits, is often neglected. The largest deficit, however, is in recognition of both the occurrence and content of visits unanticipated by the primary care practitioner. Greater efforts to achieve better coordination of care, by improving either continuity of practitioner, communication among practitioners, or the information system, are required before this essential element of primary care becomes a reality.", "contents": "Continuity and coordination in primary care: their achievement and utility. Coordination is a hallmark of primary care. Efforts to improve primary care services should involve assessment of the extent to which coordination is achieved. Our study in three adult and three pediatric clinics demonstrates that existing information concerning patients' problems, therapies, tests, and referrals is often not recognized by primary care practitioners. Recognition of these types of information is better when the practitioner who provides follow-up care is the same from one visit to the next. Information about visits which were anticipated by the practitioner, and particularly the content of these visits, is often neglected. The largest deficit, however, is in recognition of both the occurrence and content of visits unanticipated by the primary care practitioner. Greater efforts to achieve better coordination of care, by improving either continuity of practitioner, communication among practitioners, or the information system, are required before this essential element of primary care becomes a reality."}
{"id": "PMID:940469", "title": "Phenobarbital as a hypocholesterolemic agent in the rat and rabbit.", "content": "The administration of phenobarbital was observed to inhibit the rise in serum cholesterol that occurred in rats after thyroidectomy or hypophysectomy and in rabbits after inclusion of cholesterol in their diet. This hypocholesterolemic effect of phenobarbital was found to be due to its capacity to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in both these species. We found no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital altered the endogenous process of cholesterol metabolism in either of these two species of animals.", "contents": "Phenobarbital as a hypocholesterolemic agent in the rat and rabbit. The administration of phenobarbital was observed to inhibit the rise in serum cholesterol that occurred in rats after thyroidectomy or hypophysectomy and in rabbits after inclusion of cholesterol in their diet. This hypocholesterolemic effect of phenobarbital was found to be due to its capacity to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in both these species. We found no evidence to suggest that phenobarbital altered the endogenous process of cholesterol metabolism in either of these two species of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:940470", "title": "Development of responsiveness of young normal rats to growth hormone.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) exerts a biphasic effect on the membrane transport of amino acids and sugars in diaphragms from hypophysectomized rats. A stimulatory (insulin-like) effect of GH is observed for approximately 3 hr after the administration of the hormone, and then the diaphragm becomes \"refractory\" to further administration of the hormone for 24-48 hr. In the present study the in vitro responsiveness of diaphragms from young normal rats of different ages to bovine growth hormone (bGH) was studied by measuring the accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), cycloleucine, and 3-0-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) and by determining the incorporation of phenylalanine into diaphragm proteins. bGH increased the uptake of AIB in 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22-day old and of cycloleucine in 10, 14, and 18-day old rats, respectively. The maximal stimulatory effect was seen in 18-day old rats and no effects were seen in 26 and 30-day old animals. A similar pattern of age-related responsiveness was also seen when the uptake of 3-OMG and the incorporation of phenylalanine were studied. The rate of accumulation of the nonutilizable amino acids, as well as the rate of incorporation of phenylalanine, decreased markedly with age. Fasting the rats for 20 hr did not change the principal age-related responsiveness of AIB transport to GH, but the magnitude of the hormone effect increased due to a lower uptake of AIB in control diaphragms. bGH had a dose-dependent effect on the accumulation of AIB in fasted 18-day old rats, the threshold concentration of bGH being 0.1 mug/ml. When diaphragms from 18-day old rats were incubated with bGH for various periods, the uptake of AIB was stimulated between 0 and 60 and 120 and 180 min, but not between 60 and 120 min after the start of the incubation. This observation indicated that the muscles were \"refractory\" to GH between 60 and 120 min. Preincubation of diaphragms from 21-day old rats with bGH for 3 hr did not inhibit the stimulatory effect of bGH added subsequently indicating that the duration of the \"refractory phase\" did not exceed 270 min in this group of rats. When diaphragms from fasted rats of different ages were preincubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer for 3 hr, a stimulatory effect of bGH on AIB uptake was also observed in 26 and 30-day old rats, possibly because the influence of endogenous GH subsided during the preincubation period. These results suggest that diaphragms from \"old\" normal rats are insensitive to exogenous GH because the \"refractory phases\" become considerably prolonged with age.", "contents": "Development of responsiveness of young normal rats to growth hormone. Growth hormone (GH) exerts a biphasic effect on the membrane transport of amino acids and sugars in diaphragms from hypophysectomized rats. A stimulatory (insulin-like) effect of GH is observed for approximately 3 hr after the administration of the hormone, and then the diaphragm becomes \"refractory\" to further administration of the hormone for 24-48 hr. In the present study the in vitro responsiveness of diaphragms from young normal rats of different ages to bovine growth hormone (bGH) was studied by measuring the accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), cycloleucine, and 3-0-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) and by determining the incorporation of phenylalanine into diaphragm proteins. bGH increased the uptake of AIB in 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22-day old and of cycloleucine in 10, 14, and 18-day old rats, respectively. The maximal stimulatory effect was seen in 18-day old rats and no effects were seen in 26 and 30-day old animals. A similar pattern of age-related responsiveness was also seen when the uptake of 3-OMG and the incorporation of phenylalanine were studied. The rate of accumulation of the nonutilizable amino acids, as well as the rate of incorporation of phenylalanine, decreased markedly with age. Fasting the rats for 20 hr did not change the principal age-related responsiveness of AIB transport to GH, but the magnitude of the hormone effect increased due to a lower uptake of AIB in control diaphragms. bGH had a dose-dependent effect on the accumulation of AIB in fasted 18-day old rats, the threshold concentration of bGH being 0.1 mug/ml. When diaphragms from 18-day old rats were incubated with bGH for various periods, the uptake of AIB was stimulated between 0 and 60 and 120 and 180 min, but not between 60 and 120 min after the start of the incubation. This observation indicated that the muscles were \"refractory\" to GH between 60 and 120 min. Preincubation of diaphragms from 21-day old rats with bGH for 3 hr did not inhibit the stimulatory effect of bGH added subsequently indicating that the duration of the \"refractory phase\" did not exceed 270 min in this group of rats. When diaphragms from fasted rats of different ages were preincubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer for 3 hr, a stimulatory effect of bGH on AIB uptake was also observed in 26 and 30-day old rats, possibly because the influence of endogenous GH subsided during the preincubation period. These results suggest that diaphragms from \"old\" normal rats are insensitive to exogenous GH because the \"refractory phases\" become considerably prolonged with age."}
{"id": "PMID:940471", "title": "Plasma glucagon after kidney exclusion: experiments in somatostatin-infused and in eviscerated dogs.", "content": "Bilateral kidney exclusion in the anesthetized dog is followed by a rapid and sustained increase in arterial plasma glucagon. This occurs even if endogenous glucagon secretion is inhibited by somatostatin or completely suppressed by abdominal evisceration and, in both cases, replaced by a constand infusion of exogenous glucagon. It is concluded that the rise in plasma glucagon occurring after bilateral kidney exclusion is not due to an increase in endogenous glucagon production but results from an abrupt cessation of kidney glucagon uptake.", "contents": "Plasma glucagon after kidney exclusion: experiments in somatostatin-infused and in eviscerated dogs. Bilateral kidney exclusion in the anesthetized dog is followed by a rapid and sustained increase in arterial plasma glucagon. This occurs even if endogenous glucagon secretion is inhibited by somatostatin or completely suppressed by abdominal evisceration and, in both cases, replaced by a constand infusion of exogenous glucagon. It is concluded that the rise in plasma glucagon occurring after bilateral kidney exclusion is not due to an increase in endogenous glucagon production but results from an abrupt cessation of kidney glucagon uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:940472", "title": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during human labor: free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and lactic acid metabolism during normal and oxytocin-induced labor for postmaturity.", "content": "This investigation was performed to study the metabolism of the major body fuels (viz. glucose and free fatty acids), insulin, and lactic acid during the stress of human labor. In addition, the role of the normal placenta in the transport of these substances between mother and the fetus was evaluated by measuring them in the mother and cord blood at delivery. To study possible alterations of this role in the placenta which had exceeded the normal period of gestation, a second comparable group of women had labor induced with oxytocin 16-18 days beyond the expected date of delivery. A dramatic twofold increase in maternal plasma free fatty acids was observed during labor. There was a lesser but definite increase in blood glucose concentrations. No rise in serum insulin levels was noted which coincided with the changes in blood glucose. Lactic acid concentrations during the course of labor were variable from baseline but at delivery, the concentrations rose to very significant levels. Free fatty acids and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the maternal than in the fetal side. A significantly positive correlation was noted between the maternal and cord blood values except for free fatty acids in the postmature group. No significant difference, nor a correlation was found between the two compartments in the insulin nor lactic acid levels. These results suggest that during human labor free fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel. This increase in maternal free fatty acids may serve to spare glucose as a metabolic fuel in the fetus. The mechanism responsible for the increase maternal free fatty acid mobilization remains to be determined. It is not possible to discern any consistant alteration in placental function as a consequence of prolonged gestation.", "contents": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism during human labor: free fatty acids, glucose, insulin, and lactic acid metabolism during normal and oxytocin-induced labor for postmaturity. This investigation was performed to study the metabolism of the major body fuels (viz. glucose and free fatty acids), insulin, and lactic acid during the stress of human labor. In addition, the role of the normal placenta in the transport of these substances between mother and the fetus was evaluated by measuring them in the mother and cord blood at delivery. To study possible alterations of this role in the placenta which had exceeded the normal period of gestation, a second comparable group of women had labor induced with oxytocin 16-18 days beyond the expected date of delivery. A dramatic twofold increase in maternal plasma free fatty acids was observed during labor. There was a lesser but definite increase in blood glucose concentrations. No rise in serum insulin levels was noted which coincided with the changes in blood glucose. Lactic acid concentrations during the course of labor were variable from baseline but at delivery, the concentrations rose to very significant levels. Free fatty acids and blood glucose levels were significantly higher in the maternal than in the fetal side. A significantly positive correlation was noted between the maternal and cord blood values except for free fatty acids in the postmature group. No significant difference, nor a correlation was found between the two compartments in the insulin nor lactic acid levels. These results suggest that during human labor free fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel. This increase in maternal free fatty acids may serve to spare glucose as a metabolic fuel in the fetus. The mechanism responsible for the increase maternal free fatty acid mobilization remains to be determined. It is not possible to discern any consistant alteration in placental function as a consequence of prolonged gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:940473", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of methylated proteins of mouse organs: correlation with protein synthesis and degradation.", "content": "L-(Methyl-14C)-methionine was administered i.p. to mice, and the incorporation of radioactive methionine into proteins and methyllysine and methylarginine residues formed by the transfer of the methyl-14C group of methionine were measured. Tissue protein was actively methylated in organs having a high activity of protein synthesis, and the in vivo methylating activity in organs was not correlated with theprotein methylating activity of the organs determined in vitro. Puromycin inhibited both protein synthesis and protein methylation in mouse organs to a similar degree. Neither the formation of S-adenosyl-(methyl-14C)-methionine nor protein methylase was inhibited by puromycin. The data suggests that proteins are methylated immediately after protein synthesis, that is, newly synthesized proteins are the substrates of protein methylation. Radioactive methionine and the [C14] methyl groups of methyllysine and methylarginine residues of tissue proteins are degraded in parallel over a period of 3 wk, suggesting that protein methylation is an irreversible type of protein modification.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of methylated proteins of mouse organs: correlation with protein synthesis and degradation. L-(Methyl-14C)-methionine was administered i.p. to mice, and the incorporation of radioactive methionine into proteins and methyllysine and methylarginine residues formed by the transfer of the methyl-14C group of methionine were measured. Tissue protein was actively methylated in organs having a high activity of protein synthesis, and the in vivo methylating activity in organs was not correlated with theprotein methylating activity of the organs determined in vitro. Puromycin inhibited both protein synthesis and protein methylation in mouse organs to a similar degree. Neither the formation of S-adenosyl-(methyl-14C)-methionine nor protein methylase was inhibited by puromycin. The data suggests that proteins are methylated immediately after protein synthesis, that is, newly synthesized proteins are the substrates of protein methylation. Radioactive methionine and the [C14] methyl groups of methyllysine and methylarginine residues of tissue proteins are degraded in parallel over a period of 3 wk, suggesting that protein methylation is an irreversible type of protein modification."}
{"id": "PMID:940474", "title": "Reversible and irreversible glucose disposal in dogs: influence of fasting and cold exposure.", "content": "Rates of total glucose entry rate, irreversible loss, and recycling were measured in unanesthetized dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters. Four experimental conditions were selected: 16 or 26 hr of fasting and neutral (+25 degrees C) or cold (-21 degrees C) ambient temperatures. A mixture of U 14C-glucose and 2-3H-glucose was used as a tracer, according to the primed infusion technique. No matter what the ambient temperature was, increase of fasting time from 16 to 26 hr induced a slight, but nonsignificant, decrease in both the total glucose entry rate and the irreversible loss. At neutral ambient temperature, the amount of glucose promptly recycled was less after 16 hr than after 26 hr of fasting, while an opposite pattern was observed during cold exposure. Thus, that part of hepatic glucose entry promptly recycled was significantly increased from 22% (16 hr of fasting) to 31% (26 hr of fasting) at neutral ambient temperature. It remained almost unchanged (20% and 18%) in cold. It was, therefore, suggested that this increase might be considered as an compensatory mechanism, exerting a sparing effect on glucose utilization. This mechanism does not occur in cold ambient temperature, thus, worsening a possible shortage in glucose supply.", "contents": "Reversible and irreversible glucose disposal in dogs: influence of fasting and cold exposure. Rates of total glucose entry rate, irreversible loss, and recycling were measured in unanesthetized dogs with indwelling arterial and venous catheters. Four experimental conditions were selected: 16 or 26 hr of fasting and neutral (+25 degrees C) or cold (-21 degrees C) ambient temperatures. A mixture of U 14C-glucose and 2-3H-glucose was used as a tracer, according to the primed infusion technique. No matter what the ambient temperature was, increase of fasting time from 16 to 26 hr induced a slight, but nonsignificant, decrease in both the total glucose entry rate and the irreversible loss. At neutral ambient temperature, the amount of glucose promptly recycled was less after 16 hr than after 26 hr of fasting, while an opposite pattern was observed during cold exposure. Thus, that part of hepatic glucose entry promptly recycled was significantly increased from 22% (16 hr of fasting) to 31% (26 hr of fasting) at neutral ambient temperature. It remained almost unchanged (20% and 18%) in cold. It was, therefore, suggested that this increase might be considered as an compensatory mechanism, exerting a sparing effect on glucose utilization. This mechanism does not occur in cold ambient temperature, thus, worsening a possible shortage in glucose supply."}
{"id": "PMID:940482", "title": "[The effect of metal ions on the lipolytic activity of Mycobacterium rubrum and Actinomyces streptomycini].", "content": "Hydrolysis of olive oil by intact cells of Mycobacterium rubrum 403 and \"acetone\" preparations of Actinomyces streptomycini 116 was found to be inhibited by the following ions: Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+. Olive oil is hydrolyzed by the growing culture of Act. streptomycini 116 only in the presence of bivalent metal ions. The biosynthesis of lipase by Mycobatcerium rubrum 403 and Act. streptomycini 116 is increased twofold by magnesium ions. The biosynthesis of lipase by Act. stroptomycini 116 is stimulated also by calcium ions.", "contents": "[The effect of metal ions on the lipolytic activity of Mycobacterium rubrum and Actinomyces streptomycini]. Hydrolysis of olive oil by intact cells of Mycobacterium rubrum 403 and \"acetone\" preparations of Actinomyces streptomycini 116 was found to be inhibited by the following ions: Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+. Olive oil is hydrolyzed by the growing culture of Act. streptomycini 116 only in the presence of bivalent metal ions. The biosynthesis of lipase by Mycobatcerium rubrum 403 and Act. streptomycini 116 is increased twofold by magnesium ions. The biosynthesis of lipase by Act. stroptomycini 116 is stimulated also by calcium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:940484", "title": "[An electron microscopic study of the vegetative mycelia of Actinomyces flavus during flavofungin biosynthesis].", "content": "The vegetative mycelium of a submerged culture of Actinomyces flavus 12 was studied by complex electron microscopy (negative and positive contrasting, cryofractography) in the course of biosynthesis of flavofungin. The antibiotic is accumulated first in the cytoplasm as singular small granules which later grow larger. Accumulation of flavofungin is accompanied with destruction of the cytoplasm, nucleoid and other structures. Secretion of the antibiotic is supposed to be accomplished according to holocrine type.", "contents": "[An electron microscopic study of the vegetative mycelia of Actinomyces flavus during flavofungin biosynthesis]. The vegetative mycelium of a submerged culture of Actinomyces flavus 12 was studied by complex electron microscopy (negative and positive contrasting, cryofractography) in the course of biosynthesis of flavofungin. The antibiotic is accumulated first in the cytoplasm as singular small granules which later grow larger. Accumulation of flavofungin is accompanied with destruction of the cytoplasm, nucleoid and other structures. Secretion of the antibiotic is supposed to be accomplished according to holocrine type."}
{"id": "PMID:940487", "title": "[Detection of cyanide resistant respiration among Candida lipolytics yeasts].", "content": "Conditions causing cyanide-resistant respiration were studied in the yeast Candida lipolytica. This type of respiration was found when the culture growing on glucose, glycerol, hexadecane, or acetate exhuasted the substrate and passed from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase; the same phenomenon can be induced by exhaustion of phosphorus or nitrogen in the glucose medium. The yeast culture growing on lactate, ethanol, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, or succinate is characterized by cyanide-resistant respiration even at the beginning of the logarithmic growth phase. The values of pH in the incubation medium have no effect on the time of manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration.", "contents": "[Detection of cyanide resistant respiration among Candida lipolytics yeasts]. Conditions causing cyanide-resistant respiration were studied in the yeast Candida lipolytica. This type of respiration was found when the culture growing on glucose, glycerol, hexadecane, or acetate exhuasted the substrate and passed from the logarithmic to stationary growth phase; the same phenomenon can be induced by exhaustion of phosphorus or nitrogen in the glucose medium. The yeast culture growing on lactate, ethanol, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, or succinate is characterized by cyanide-resistant respiration even at the beginning of the logarithmic growth phase. The values of pH in the incubation medium have no effect on the time of manifestation of cyanide-resistant respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:940488", "title": "[Dark metabolism of Rhodospeudomonas sulfidophila].", "content": "A new strain of phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sulfidophila RP-6 has been isolated from samples of the salty meromictic lake Repnoye. The bacterium utilizes thiosulphate yielding sulphates and assimilates molecular hydrogen in the darkness under aerobic conditions. Thiosulphate stimulates fixation of 14C-bicarbonate by the cells both in the light and darkness. Organic compounds are necessary for growth of the bacterium in the darkness. R. sulphidophila RP-6, R. palustus, and Rhodomicrobium vanniellii CO-1 do not grow in the presence of carbon monoxide neither in the light or in the darkness.", "contents": "[Dark metabolism of Rhodospeudomonas sulfidophila]. A new strain of phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sulfidophila RP-6 has been isolated from samples of the salty meromictic lake Repnoye. The bacterium utilizes thiosulphate yielding sulphates and assimilates molecular hydrogen in the darkness under aerobic conditions. Thiosulphate stimulates fixation of 14C-bicarbonate by the cells both in the light and darkness. Organic compounds are necessary for growth of the bacterium in the darkness. R. sulphidophila RP-6, R. palustus, and Rhodomicrobium vanniellii CO-1 do not grow in the presence of carbon monoxide neither in the light or in the darkness."}
{"id": "PMID:940489", "title": "[Determination of the specificity of microbial esterases in vivo].", "content": "Gas chromatography is used to determine the specificity of microbial esterases in vivo. The technique is based on hydrolysis by the cells of esters of fatty acids containing different alcohol groups. The specificity was evaluated by means of the coefficient Kc which changed from 0 to 1 and did not depend on the time of hydrolysis. The esterases of M lysodeicticus were more specific than the esterases of S. marcescens by a factor of 30 during hydrolysis of the equimolar mixture of methyl ester of pelargonic acid and ethyl ester of caprylic acid. This criterium of specificity may be used for rapid identification of bacteria.", "contents": "[Determination of the specificity of microbial esterases in vivo]. Gas chromatography is used to determine the specificity of microbial esterases in vivo. The technique is based on hydrolysis by the cells of esters of fatty acids containing different alcohol groups. The specificity was evaluated by means of the coefficient Kc which changed from 0 to 1 and did not depend on the time of hydrolysis. The esterases of M lysodeicticus were more specific than the esterases of S. marcescens by a factor of 30 during hydrolysis of the equimolar mixture of methyl ester of pelargonic acid and ethyl ester of caprylic acid. This criterium of specificity may be used for rapid identification of bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:940490", "title": "[Annual production of bacterioplankton in the deep sea area of Southern Baikal].", "content": "The time of generation of bacterioplankton in the pelagic zone of Baikal differs in various seasons of the year: the minimum time is in December (25 hours), the maximum time is in October of 1970 (580 hours) and in June of 1971 (560 hours). Monthly production of bacteria for a layer of 0 to 50 m varies from 0.07 g in January to 49 g of wet weight per 1 m2 in September. Annual production of bacterioplankton in a layer of 0 to 50 m is 118.5 g of wet weight per 1 m2 of the lake surface. The P/B coefficient of micro-organisms varies from 0.02 in January to 1.1 in December. The most favourable conditions for bacterial growth therefore are in April, July--September, and December. The annual P/B is 4.42.", "contents": "[Annual production of bacterioplankton in the deep sea area of Southern Baikal]. The time of generation of bacterioplankton in the pelagic zone of Baikal differs in various seasons of the year: the minimum time is in December (25 hours), the maximum time is in October of 1970 (580 hours) and in June of 1971 (560 hours). Monthly production of bacteria for a layer of 0 to 50 m varies from 0.07 g in January to 49 g of wet weight per 1 m2 in September. Annual production of bacterioplankton in a layer of 0 to 50 m is 118.5 g of wet weight per 1 m2 of the lake surface. The P/B coefficient of micro-organisms varies from 0.02 in January to 1.1 in December. The most favourable conditions for bacterial growth therefore are in April, July--September, and December. The annual P/B is 4.42."}
{"id": "PMID:940492", "title": "[The mechanism of action of trisportic acids on the carotene-synthesizing enzymes of the (-) strain of Blakeslea trispora].", "content": "Trisporic acids were found to increase the content of carotene, protein, and RNA in the (-)strain of Blakeslea trispora. Trisporic acids are inductors of the synthesis of carotenogenous enzymes as was found in experiments with the inhibitor of transcription (cycloheximide) and translation (actinomycin D). Trisporic acids stimulate the formation of neutral fractions of the sex hormone, the process being regulated presumably at the level of posttranscription control.", "contents": "[The mechanism of action of trisportic acids on the carotene-synthesizing enzymes of the (-) strain of Blakeslea trispora]. Trisporic acids were found to increase the content of carotene, protein, and RNA in the (-)strain of Blakeslea trispora. Trisporic acids are inductors of the synthesis of carotenogenous enzymes as was found in experiments with the inhibitor of transcription (cycloheximide) and translation (actinomycin D). Trisporic acids stimulate the formation of neutral fractions of the sex hormone, the process being regulated presumably at the level of posttranscription control."}
{"id": "PMID:940495", "title": "[Hydrogenase activity of different strains of Clostridium butyricum].", "content": "Extracts of the cells of Clostridium butyricum, strains MO-1, USA, TM-7B, WS-6K, and C. pasteurianum 038 absorb hydrogen in the presence of its different acceptors; hydrogen is absorbed most actively by the cell extracts of C. pasteurianum 038. The cell extracts of all studied strains of Clostridium liberate hydrogen from reduced methylviologene, benzylviologene, and azocarmine. The rate of this process in the presence of reduced methyl-viologene was highest in the strains of C. butyricum, TM-7B, and MO-1. Hydrogenases of all studied Clostridium strains are susceptible to the action of heat and oxygen.", "contents": "[Hydrogenase activity of different strains of Clostridium butyricum]. Extracts of the cells of Clostridium butyricum, strains MO-1, USA, TM-7B, WS-6K, and C. pasteurianum 038 absorb hydrogen in the presence of its different acceptors; hydrogen is absorbed most actively by the cell extracts of C. pasteurianum 038. The cell extracts of all studied strains of Clostridium liberate hydrogen from reduced methylviologene, benzylviologene, and azocarmine. The rate of this process in the presence of reduced methyl-viologene was highest in the strains of C. butyricum, TM-7B, and MO-1. Hydrogenases of all studied Clostridium strains are susceptible to the action of heat and oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:940496", "title": "[The activity of citrate glyoxylate and pentosephosphate cycle enzymes during yeast growth on hexadecane and glucose].", "content": "The activity of key enzymes of the citrate (CC), glyoxylate (GC), and pentose phosphate cycles (PPC) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis growing on hexadecane and glucose. The activity of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase (enzymes of GC) was very high in hexadecane grown cells but was almost absent in \"glucose\" grown. The activity of citrate synthase and aconitase was 2-4 times and 1.5-2 times, respectively, higher in the cells, grown on n-alkane. The activity of citrate synthase of \"hexadecane\" and \"glucose\" yeasts was higher than the activity of other enzymes of CC (aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase), especially in the \"hexadecane\" cells. The activity of the key enzymes of PPC was almost the same in the yeast cells, grown on \"hexadecane\" and \"glucose\". Possible factors causing differences in the activities of the enzymes of GC and CC are discussed. Yeast organisms incapable to grow on n-alkanes were found to be able to grow on acetate (43 strains belonging to 35 yeast species have been studied) and to have a high activity of isocitrate lyase. Therefore, the absence of growth of many yeast strains on n-alkanes is not caused by the absence of the activity of enzymes of GC in these strains.", "contents": "[The activity of citrate glyoxylate and pentosephosphate cycle enzymes during yeast growth on hexadecane and glucose]. The activity of key enzymes of the citrate (CC), glyoxylate (GC), and pentose phosphate cycles (PPC) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis growing on hexadecane and glucose. The activity of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase (enzymes of GC) was very high in hexadecane grown cells but was almost absent in \"glucose\" grown. The activity of citrate synthase and aconitase was 2-4 times and 1.5-2 times, respectively, higher in the cells, grown on n-alkane. The activity of citrate synthase of \"hexadecane\" and \"glucose\" yeasts was higher than the activity of other enzymes of CC (aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase), especially in the \"hexadecane\" cells. The activity of the key enzymes of PPC was almost the same in the yeast cells, grown on \"hexadecane\" and \"glucose\". Possible factors causing differences in the activities of the enzymes of GC and CC are discussed. Yeast organisms incapable to grow on n-alkanes were found to be able to grow on acetate (43 strains belonging to 35 yeast species have been studied) and to have a high activity of isocitrate lyase. Therefore, the absence of growth of many yeast strains on n-alkanes is not caused by the absence of the activity of enzymes of GC in these strains."}
{"id": "PMID:940500", "title": "[The influence of the composition of the culture medium on the isoenzyme spectrum of Penicillium claviforme ribonucleases].", "content": "The dynamics of the activity of extracellular and intracellular RNases was studied with Penicillium claviforme growing (1) on the modified Ogata medium and (2) on the medium whose composition was optimized for biosynthesis of intracellular RNases. RNA-depolymerazing enzymes were compared when produced on the media 1 and 2. The isoenzyme composition of RNases was the same on both media though the ratio between the components and the time of their appearance were different. Changes in the activities of RNase, PME, and protease were similar during cultivation of Pen. claviforme on the media 1 and 2.", "contents": "[The influence of the composition of the culture medium on the isoenzyme spectrum of Penicillium claviforme ribonucleases]. The dynamics of the activity of extracellular and intracellular RNases was studied with Penicillium claviforme growing (1) on the modified Ogata medium and (2) on the medium whose composition was optimized for biosynthesis of intracellular RNases. RNA-depolymerazing enzymes were compared when produced on the media 1 and 2. The isoenzyme composition of RNases was the same on both media though the ratio between the components and the time of their appearance were different. Changes in the activities of RNase, PME, and protease were similar during cultivation of Pen. claviforme on the media 1 and 2."}
{"id": "PMID:940501", "title": "[The effect of nitrate and nitrite on the respiration and cytochrome system of Rhizobium lupini].", "content": "Differential spectrophotometry and oxygen electrode were used to study the effect of nitrate and nitrite on the cytochrome system and respiration of Rhizobium lupini cultivated in the conditions of different aeration, and bacteroids of this strain isolated from lupine nodules. In the anaerobic conditions, nitrate (10(-3) M) accepts electrons from the cytochrome system in suspensions of bacteroids and bacterial cells grown in the microaerophilic conditions (12 muM O2), but does not oxidize cytochromes of the cells cultivated in the aerobic conditions (240 muM 32). Nitrate (10(-3) M) oxidizes actively only the cytochrome system of the cells grown in the microaerophilic conditions. Nitrite inhibits oxygen uptake by suspension of the bacteroids and pure culture of the cells; its necessary concentrations and the mode of action depend on the conditions of cultivation. Nitrite, like cyanide, blocks the terminal step in the cytochrome chain of Rh. lupini. Some properties of the cytochrome system are similar in the bacteroids and the bacterial culture grown in the conditions of oxygen deficiency.", "contents": "[The effect of nitrate and nitrite on the respiration and cytochrome system of Rhizobium lupini]. Differential spectrophotometry and oxygen electrode were used to study the effect of nitrate and nitrite on the cytochrome system and respiration of Rhizobium lupini cultivated in the conditions of different aeration, and bacteroids of this strain isolated from lupine nodules. In the anaerobic conditions, nitrate (10(-3) M) accepts electrons from the cytochrome system in suspensions of bacteroids and bacterial cells grown in the microaerophilic conditions (12 muM O2), but does not oxidize cytochromes of the cells cultivated in the aerobic conditions (240 muM 32). Nitrate (10(-3) M) oxidizes actively only the cytochrome system of the cells grown in the microaerophilic conditions. Nitrite inhibits oxygen uptake by suspension of the bacteroids and pure culture of the cells; its necessary concentrations and the mode of action depend on the conditions of cultivation. Nitrite, like cyanide, blocks the terminal step in the cytochrome chain of Rh. lupini. Some properties of the cytochrome system are similar in the bacteroids and the bacterial culture grown in the conditions of oxygen deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:940497", "title": "[Primary metabolic pathways of methylated amines in Hyphomicrobium vulgare].", "content": "As was established by isotopic and ezymatic studies, there are some common features and certain differences in primary metabolic pathways of methanol, methylamine and trimethylamine in Hyphomicrobium vulgare ZV. Assimilation of the carbon of these compounds at the level of formaldehyde through the serine cycle is in common, formaldehyde being partly oxidized to CO2. The differences are manifested in the steps of conversion of C1-substrates prior to formaldehyde formation. The carbon of methanol enters the serine cycle immediately after the oxidation to formaldehyde. In the case of methyl-amine N-methylation of glutamate firstly occurs and gamma-glutamylmethylamide and N-methylglutamate are formed. Trimethylamine is oxidized by phenazine methosulphate-linked dehydrogenase to dimethylamine and then to methylamine by NADPH-dependent mono-oxygenase. Here two formaldehyde units are liberated which enter directly the serine cycle. The third formaldehyde unit is formed from methylamine via N-methyl-glutamate pathway.", "contents": "[Primary metabolic pathways of methylated amines in Hyphomicrobium vulgare]. As was established by isotopic and ezymatic studies, there are some common features and certain differences in primary metabolic pathways of methanol, methylamine and trimethylamine in Hyphomicrobium vulgare ZV. Assimilation of the carbon of these compounds at the level of formaldehyde through the serine cycle is in common, formaldehyde being partly oxidized to CO2. The differences are manifested in the steps of conversion of C1-substrates prior to formaldehyde formation. The carbon of methanol enters the serine cycle immediately after the oxidation to formaldehyde. In the case of methyl-amine N-methylation of glutamate firstly occurs and gamma-glutamylmethylamide and N-methylglutamate are formed. Trimethylamine is oxidized by phenazine methosulphate-linked dehydrogenase to dimethylamine and then to methylamine by NADPH-dependent mono-oxygenase. Here two formaldehyde units are liberated which enter directly the serine cycle. The third formaldehyde unit is formed from methylamine via N-methyl-glutamate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:940502", "title": "[Respiration in Thiocapsa roseopersicina cells].", "content": "Oxygen is taken up by the cells of purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS grown in the light under anaerobic conditions and in the darkness under aerobic conditions. Respiration is stimulated by sulphide and thiosulphate but not by organic substrates which increase the yield of the cultures. Azide and cyanide inhibit oxygen uptake by the cells in the presence of sulphide and thiosulphate, and also utilization of these compounds. Amytal, atebrin, and rotenone inhibit oxygen uptake by the cells in the presence of sulphide but have no effect on their respiration in the presence of thiosulphate. Light produces reversible inhibiting action on respiration of the cells. Therefore, Thiocapsa roseopersicina can grow in the darkness by oxidizing sulphur compounds with the participation of oxygen.", "contents": "[Respiration in Thiocapsa roseopersicina cells]. Oxygen is taken up by the cells of purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS grown in the light under anaerobic conditions and in the darkness under aerobic conditions. Respiration is stimulated by sulphide and thiosulphate but not by organic substrates which increase the yield of the cultures. Azide and cyanide inhibit oxygen uptake by the cells in the presence of sulphide and thiosulphate, and also utilization of these compounds. Amytal, atebrin, and rotenone inhibit oxygen uptake by the cells in the presence of sulphide but have no effect on their respiration in the presence of thiosulphate. Light produces reversible inhibiting action on respiration of the cells. Therefore, Thiocapsa roseopersicina can grow in the darkness by oxidizing sulphur compounds with the participation of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:940498", "title": "[The fatty acid composition of total lipids and triglycerides in several actinomycetes].", "content": "Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C13-C18) have been found in the composition of lipids and triglycerides of actinomycetes by GLC. Qualitative composition of fatty acids was identical on chemically defined and organic media. Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by the actinomycetes was intensive (total yield over 50% and even 84.2% in Act. canosus) on the organic medium I which may be recommended for production of lipid fractions with elevated content of unsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "[The fatty acid composition of total lipids and triglycerides in several actinomycetes]. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C13-C18) have been found in the composition of lipids and triglycerides of actinomycetes by GLC. Qualitative composition of fatty acids was identical on chemically defined and organic media. Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids by the actinomycetes was intensive (total yield over 50% and even 84.2% in Act. canosus) on the organic medium I which may be recommended for production of lipid fractions with elevated content of unsaturated fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:940505", "title": "Corollary to the embolic theory of cancer dissemination.", "content": "The accepted embolic theory of cancer metastasis has hitherto been taught strictly in terms of discrete deposition of tumor tissue away from the primary site. However, since metastasis is a dynamic phenomenon, discrete deposits do not remain static after their formation but grow further and coalesce either with each other or even with the primary tumor. Thus, coalesced deposits are a natural sequel to discrete deposits. Accordingly, the phenomenon of coalescence deserves the status of a corollary to the main theory of embolism.", "contents": "Corollary to the embolic theory of cancer dissemination. The accepted embolic theory of cancer metastasis has hitherto been taught strictly in terms of discrete deposition of tumor tissue away from the primary site. However, since metastasis is a dynamic phenomenon, discrete deposits do not remain static after their formation but grow further and coalesce either with each other or even with the primary tumor. Thus, coalesced deposits are a natural sequel to discrete deposits. Accordingly, the phenomenon of coalescence deserves the status of a corollary to the main theory of embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:940499", "title": "[Changes in the concentration of extracellular products and their composition in a synchronous culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the presence of light and an elevated 02 concentration].", "content": "An increase of oxygen concentration in a gaseous mixture passed through cell suspensions of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (from 21 to 100%) stimulates the production of extra-cellular organic substances and changes their composition. The cells accumulate in the medium glycolic acid rather than a variety of other substances. The accumulation of glycolic acid depends on the growth stage of the cells. The relation of production of extracellular organic substances by the algal cells to the ratio between the carboxylase and oxgenase activities of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in the concentration of extracellular products and their composition in a synchronous culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the presence of light and an elevated 02 concentration]. An increase of oxygen concentration in a gaseous mixture passed through cell suspensions of Chlorella pyrenoidosa (from 21 to 100%) stimulates the production of extra-cellular organic substances and changes their composition. The cells accumulate in the medium glycolic acid rather than a variety of other substances. The accumulation of glycolic acid depends on the growth stage of the cells. The relation of production of extracellular organic substances by the algal cells to the ratio between the carboxylase and oxgenase activities of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940506", "title": "Complex tubular flow in the acutely obstructed kidney.", "content": "Application of Poiseuille's Law of Laminar Flow to the renal tubules using published figures for their dimensions permits estimates of the pressure differences required to produce flow through the different types of nephron and their different segments. In the obstructive situation the pressures, flows and osmolar relationships (particularly those associated with the concentration mechanism) are greatly altered. It may be predicted that this, together with a greater osmotic leak from the distal convoluted tubules of nephrons arising from peripheral glomeruli, will lead to complex (i.e. mixed forward and retrograde) flow in the respective distal convoluted and collecting tubules. Such an hypothesis would explain some hitherto ill-understood phenomena, including resorption from the obstructed renal pelvis, some aspects of ascending renal infections, reflux nephropathy and chronic obstructive disease, and certain radiological appearances in acute ureteric obstruction in man.", "contents": "Complex tubular flow in the acutely obstructed kidney. Application of Poiseuille's Law of Laminar Flow to the renal tubules using published figures for their dimensions permits estimates of the pressure differences required to produce flow through the different types of nephron and their different segments. In the obstructive situation the pressures, flows and osmolar relationships (particularly those associated with the concentration mechanism) are greatly altered. It may be predicted that this, together with a greater osmotic leak from the distal convoluted tubules of nephrons arising from peripheral glomeruli, will lead to complex (i.e. mixed forward and retrograde) flow in the respective distal convoluted and collecting tubules. Such an hypothesis would explain some hitherto ill-understood phenomena, including resorption from the obstructed renal pelvis, some aspects of ascending renal infections, reflux nephropathy and chronic obstructive disease, and certain radiological appearances in acute ureteric obstruction in man."}
{"id": "PMID:940508", "title": "Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis: an hypothetical model.", "content": "An hypothetical model for the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is presented which is compatible with its generalized nature, lack of an apparent etiologic agent and biochemical difference from other granulomas, including marked elevation of angiotensin converting enzyme. Widespread genetic alteration of epithelioid cell precursors by a virus or early precursor mutation is hypothesized to trigger transformation to epithelioid cells and the synthesis of certain proteins which may differ qualitatively from those of non-sarcoid epithelioid cells. At some point in the transformation the epithelioid cells develop an affinity for each other by altered surface properties, resulting in the widespread formation of granulomas.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis: an hypothetical model. An hypothetical model for the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is presented which is compatible with its generalized nature, lack of an apparent etiologic agent and biochemical difference from other granulomas, including marked elevation of angiotensin converting enzyme. Widespread genetic alteration of epithelioid cell precursors by a virus or early precursor mutation is hypothesized to trigger transformation to epithelioid cells and the synthesis of certain proteins which may differ qualitatively from those of non-sarcoid epithelioid cells. At some point in the transformation the epithelioid cells develop an affinity for each other by altered surface properties, resulting in the widespread formation of granulomas."}
{"id": "PMID:940512", "title": "[Reaction of peripheral veins and arteries following administration of beta-active agents. Studies on isoproterenol, propranolol, and practolol].", "content": "The local effect on veins and arteries of isoprenaline, propranolol and practolol was investigated in the human after intra-arterial application at the forearm. The injection of isoprenaline was followed by a dilatation of the arteries and veins. This effect was inhibited by propranolol, but not by practolol. The results demonstrate, that the peripheral vasoactive beta-stimulatory effect is mediated by so-called beta2-receptors, which were not influenced by a selective beta1-blocking agent like practolol. The results were discussed in respect to their clinical relevance.", "contents": "[Reaction of peripheral veins and arteries following administration of beta-active agents. Studies on isoproterenol, propranolol, and practolol]. The local effect on veins and arteries of isoprenaline, propranolol and practolol was investigated in the human after intra-arterial application at the forearm. The injection of isoprenaline was followed by a dilatation of the arteries and veins. This effect was inhibited by propranolol, but not by practolol. The results demonstrate, that the peripheral vasoactive beta-stimulatory effect is mediated by so-called beta2-receptors, which were not influenced by a selective beta1-blocking agent like practolol. The results were discussed in respect to their clinical relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:940507", "title": "Psychosomatic disease and the problem of causation.", "content": "Despite its impressive rate of growth in the past decades, an increasing amount if dissatisfaction with the area of psychosomatic medicine is reflected in recent literature. The discipline's failures relate to concepts of pathogenesis and therapeutic application of research findings. These failures are explained as a necessary consequence of the philosophical tenet of mind-body dualism which underlies medical theory. It is urged that advocates of psychosomatic medicine give the concept of \"holism\" meaning at the most fundamental level by establishing a rational basis for theory, or else forsake this line of research for others which yield causal relationships conductive to effective therapy.", "contents": "Psychosomatic disease and the problem of causation. Despite its impressive rate of growth in the past decades, an increasing amount if dissatisfaction with the area of psychosomatic medicine is reflected in recent literature. The discipline's failures relate to concepts of pathogenesis and therapeutic application of research findings. These failures are explained as a necessary consequence of the philosophical tenet of mind-body dualism which underlies medical theory. It is urged that advocates of psychosomatic medicine give the concept of \"holism\" meaning at the most fundamental level by establishing a rational basis for theory, or else forsake this line of research for others which yield causal relationships conductive to effective therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:940509", "title": "Two roads to coma: the Scottish hypothesis.", "content": "Clinical experience seems to indicate two separate types of entry to coma. Some patients follow a pathway characterized by confusion, hallucinations, mumbling delirium, myoclonic jerks, and seizures. The author has called this sequence of symptoms the high road to coma and hypothesized that its basic underlying pathophysiology involves increased neuronal firing rates. Other patients develop somnolence, lethargy, obtundation, and unresponsiveness without seizures or muscle twitches. This low road to coma involves either anatomical compression of the midbrain reticular formation or a metabolic or toxic disorder characterized by membrane stabilization and decreased neuronal excitability.", "contents": "Two roads to coma: the Scottish hypothesis. Clinical experience seems to indicate two separate types of entry to coma. Some patients follow a pathway characterized by confusion, hallucinations, mumbling delirium, myoclonic jerks, and seizures. The author has called this sequence of symptoms the high road to coma and hypothesized that its basic underlying pathophysiology involves increased neuronal firing rates. Other patients develop somnolence, lethargy, obtundation, and unresponsiveness without seizures or muscle twitches. This low road to coma involves either anatomical compression of the midbrain reticular formation or a metabolic or toxic disorder characterized by membrane stabilization and decreased neuronal excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:940510", "title": "A new model for regulation of sodium transport in high resistance epithelia.", "content": "A new three barrier, four compartment model for sodium transport in high resistance urinary epithelia is presented. This model provides a unified and simplified mechanistic explanation for sodium transport and its quantitative regulation. Sodium enters the epithelial cell by passive diffusion. Active extrusion occurs across the lateral cell membrane into the lateral intercellular space (LICS). Sodium movement from the LICS into the serosal compartment is not free and unobstructed as in the models for low resistance epithelia, but rather occurs through a regulatory channel of the LICS passing through desmosomes and the basilar slit. The exact configuration of this regulatory channel controls the rate of sodium movement from the LICS into the serosal compartment. Thus, the configuration of the regulatory channel controls the afterload on the sodium pump and thus ultimately controls the rate of transepithelial sodium transport. Antidiuretic hormone could act by increasing the effective width of this regulatory channel by contraction of intracellular microtubules or microfilaments. Present theories for regulation of transepithelial sodium transport in high resistance epithelia invoke a regulatory barrier at the apical cell membrane or at the active sodium pump located in the basolateral cell membrane. The hypothetical model presented here invokes a new alternative: regulation of the active pump rate by the sodium concentration in the LICS serving as an afterload on the pump; sodium escape from the LICS into the serosal compartment thus becomes the regulatory step for transepithelial transport.", "contents": "A new model for regulation of sodium transport in high resistance epithelia. A new three barrier, four compartment model for sodium transport in high resistance urinary epithelia is presented. This model provides a unified and simplified mechanistic explanation for sodium transport and its quantitative regulation. Sodium enters the epithelial cell by passive diffusion. Active extrusion occurs across the lateral cell membrane into the lateral intercellular space (LICS). Sodium movement from the LICS into the serosal compartment is not free and unobstructed as in the models for low resistance epithelia, but rather occurs through a regulatory channel of the LICS passing through desmosomes and the basilar slit. The exact configuration of this regulatory channel controls the rate of sodium movement from the LICS into the serosal compartment. Thus, the configuration of the regulatory channel controls the afterload on the sodium pump and thus ultimately controls the rate of transepithelial sodium transport. Antidiuretic hormone could act by increasing the effective width of this regulatory channel by contraction of intracellular microtubules or microfilaments. Present theories for regulation of transepithelial sodium transport in high resistance epithelia invoke a regulatory barrier at the apical cell membrane or at the active sodium pump located in the basolateral cell membrane. The hypothetical model presented here invokes a new alternative: regulation of the active pump rate by the sodium concentration in the LICS serving as an afterload on the pump; sodium escape from the LICS into the serosal compartment thus becomes the regulatory step for transepithelial transport."}
{"id": "PMID:940511", "title": "A vibrational model of the excitable membrane.", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed which attributes the dynamic behaviour of the excitable biological membrane to postulated thermal vibrations of polar molecules in the membrane. It is suggested that these vibrations constitute the physical pumping mechanism for active transport and are also the seat of excitability. To illustrate the latter property the construction of a working mechanical model of coupled oscillators is described producing impulses which resemble the behaviour of the nerve impulse in all major aspects. A reinterpretation of this and some other prominent properties of the membrane is attempted in the light of the hypothesis.", "contents": "A vibrational model of the excitable membrane. A hypothesis is proposed which attributes the dynamic behaviour of the excitable biological membrane to postulated thermal vibrations of polar molecules in the membrane. It is suggested that these vibrations constitute the physical pumping mechanism for active transport and are also the seat of excitability. To illustrate the latter property the construction of a working mechanical model of coupled oscillators is described producing impulses which resemble the behaviour of the nerve impulse in all major aspects. A reinterpretation of this and some other prominent properties of the membrane is attempted in the light of the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:940546", "title": "The genetic instabilities of the mating type locus in fission yeast.", "content": "Certain genetic instabilities of the \"mating type locus\" in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are interpreted in terms of transposition: Homothallic strains are characterized by two adjacent mating type genes (mat1-mat2+) with sexually complementary functions. One of these genes (mat2+) is able to duplicate itself, and the duplicated copy maps at the position of mat1-. The former function of mat1-is lost (owing to insertion), and only becomes reactivated when the inserted sequence (mat1+) is again excised. Analyses of analogous instabilities expressed by the partially defective mutation mat2+ -B102 have substantiated this transposition scheme. Homothallism is acribed to alternate and mutually exclusive activation of mat1- or mat2+ genes.", "contents": "The genetic instabilities of the mating type locus in fission yeast. Certain genetic instabilities of the \"mating type locus\" in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are interpreted in terms of transposition: Homothallic strains are characterized by two adjacent mating type genes (mat1-mat2+) with sexually complementary functions. One of these genes (mat2+) is able to duplicate itself, and the duplicated copy maps at the position of mat1-. The former function of mat1-is lost (owing to insertion), and only becomes reactivated when the inserted sequence (mat1+) is again excised. Analyses of analogous instabilities expressed by the partially defective mutation mat2+ -B102 have substantiated this transposition scheme. Homothallism is acribed to alternate and mutually exclusive activation of mat1- or mat2+ genes."}
{"id": "PMID:940547", "title": "Inactivation of catalase by near ultraviolet light and tryptophan photoproducts.", "content": "Certain ocular proteins have been found to be chemically modified by exposure to near-UV light (320-390 nm) in the presence of tryptophan. Colored and fluorescent tryptophan photoproducts bind firmly to proteins, thereby altering their physico-chemical properties. The question of whether such a reaction would inhibit the catalytic action of catalase is herein raised. When solutions of bovine liver catalase were re-incubated up to 24 hr under near-UV with preirradiated tryptophan and dialyzed, most of the ability of the enzyme to decompose H2O2 was lost. Similar results occurred for catalase activities of bovine cornea and lens epithelia. The enzyme protein exhibited altered UV absorption and fluorescence spectra and increased electrophoretic mobility after binding photoproducts, Near-UV light photoproducts of tryptophan are thus capable of deactivating crystalline and tissue catalase.", "contents": "Inactivation of catalase by near ultraviolet light and tryptophan photoproducts. Certain ocular proteins have been found to be chemically modified by exposure to near-UV light (320-390 nm) in the presence of tryptophan. Colored and fluorescent tryptophan photoproducts bind firmly to proteins, thereby altering their physico-chemical properties. The question of whether such a reaction would inhibit the catalytic action of catalase is herein raised. When solutions of bovine liver catalase were re-incubated up to 24 hr under near-UV with preirradiated tryptophan and dialyzed, most of the ability of the enzyme to decompose H2O2 was lost. Similar results occurred for catalase activities of bovine cornea and lens epithelia. The enzyme protein exhibited altered UV absorption and fluorescence spectra and increased electrophoretic mobility after binding photoproducts, Near-UV light photoproducts of tryptophan are thus capable of deactivating crystalline and tissue catalase."}
{"id": "PMID:940548", "title": "Chemical modifications of histidine residues in cytoplasmic asparate aminotransferase from beef kidney.", "content": "Holo and apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney are 80% inactivated by photoxidation in the presence of 2 X 10(-6) M tetraiodofluroescein with the modification of two histidine residues per enzyme protomer. At a higher concentration (1 X 10(-5) M) a tyrosine residue is also modified. The keto substrates, ketoglutarate and oxalacetate, protect the enzyme from photoxidation. Diethylpyrocarbonate modifies three histidine residues per enzyme protomer and reduces the activity only 10%. These results suggest that the two histidine residues photoxidized through the sensitizer, are located in the active site of the enzyme, at least one of these appears to be involved in ketosubstrate binding. The other three histidines modified by diethylpyrocarbonate are likely located on the enzyme surface and are not involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Chemical modifications of histidine residues in cytoplasmic asparate aminotransferase from beef kidney. Holo and apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase from beef kidney are 80% inactivated by photoxidation in the presence of 2 X 10(-6) M tetraiodofluroescein with the modification of two histidine residues per enzyme protomer. At a higher concentration (1 X 10(-5) M) a tyrosine residue is also modified. The keto substrates, ketoglutarate and oxalacetate, protect the enzyme from photoxidation. Diethylpyrocarbonate modifies three histidine residues per enzyme protomer and reduces the activity only 10%. These results suggest that the two histidine residues photoxidized through the sensitizer, are located in the active site of the enzyme, at least one of these appears to be involved in ketosubstrate binding. The other three histidines modified by diethylpyrocarbonate are likely located on the enzyme surface and are not involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:940550", "title": "Properties of chloroplasts isolated by phase partition.", "content": "Chloroplasts from spinach can be separated into at least three different populations by countercurrent distribution using polymer two-phase systems. The chloroplast particles of the three populations differ in protein/chlorophyll ratio, ultrastructure and metabolism. One population, peak I, consists of intact chloroplasts surrounded by the chloroplast envelope; the second population, peak II, consists of chloroplasts, which have lost their envelopes and much of their stromal material; the third population, peak III, consists of particles containing intact chloroplasts surrounded by a membrane-bound cytoplasmic layer including mitochondria and peroxisomes. Rapid batch procedures of peak I chloroplasts incorporated 14C almost entirely into glycolate and intermediates of the Calvin cycle and starch synthesis. Only small amounts were found in sucrose and amino acids. On the other hand preparations of peak III chloroplasts have a much broader spectrum of 14C-labelled products. Sucrose, malate and some amino acids contained about 40% of the 14C incorporated. It is concluded from these experiments that sucrose is formed not within the chloroplast but in the cytoplasm from intermediates exported by the chloroplast. The origin of peak III particles and their use for studying the cooperation between the chloroplast and the surrounding cytoplasm including mitochondria and peroxisomes is discussed.", "contents": "Properties of chloroplasts isolated by phase partition. Chloroplasts from spinach can be separated into at least three different populations by countercurrent distribution using polymer two-phase systems. The chloroplast particles of the three populations differ in protein/chlorophyll ratio, ultrastructure and metabolism. One population, peak I, consists of intact chloroplasts surrounded by the chloroplast envelope; the second population, peak II, consists of chloroplasts, which have lost their envelopes and much of their stromal material; the third population, peak III, consists of particles containing intact chloroplasts surrounded by a membrane-bound cytoplasmic layer including mitochondria and peroxisomes. Rapid batch procedures of peak I chloroplasts incorporated 14C almost entirely into glycolate and intermediates of the Calvin cycle and starch synthesis. Only small amounts were found in sucrose and amino acids. On the other hand preparations of peak III chloroplasts have a much broader spectrum of 14C-labelled products. Sucrose, malate and some amino acids contained about 40% of the 14C incorporated. It is concluded from these experiments that sucrose is formed not within the chloroplast but in the cytoplasm from intermediates exported by the chloroplast. The origin of peak III particles and their use for studying the cooperation between the chloroplast and the surrounding cytoplasm including mitochondria and peroxisomes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940549", "title": "Thymidine kinase, DNA synthesis and cancer.", "content": "A resume has been presented of some recent investigations which show that DNA synthesis can be initiated in many types of quiescent animal cells by external stimuli, by introducing a quiescent nucleus into the cytoplasm of a proliferating cell, or by a virus infection. The components of the DNA replication apparatus are described. It is shown that deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools increase substantially in animal cells at the time DNA synthesis is initiated due to the enhanced activities of enzymes functioning in nucleotide synthesis. Especially striking is the increase of thymidine kinase activity, indicating that this enzyme may be a useful marker of the shift from the quiescent to the replicative state. The thymidine kinase isozymes of vertebrate cells have been characterized. Thymidine kinase F, which is found principally in the cytosol, is the isozyme that increases when G1 (Go) phase cells are stimulated or infected with oncogenic viruses. Chick cytosol thymidine kinase F can also be reactivated by introducing differentiated chick erythrocyte nuclei into the cytoplasm of enzyme-deficient LM (TK-) mouse cells. Furthermore, herpesviruses code for distinctive, virus-specific thymidine kinase isozymes, so that another way to transform thymidine kinase-deficient LM TK-) cells to kinase-positive cells is by infecting them with UV-irradiated herpes simplex viruses. The experiments on the activation of DNA synthesis and thymidine kinase F activity have been discussed in the context of the proliferative activity in vivo and the immortalization in culture of neoplastic cells. These experiments suggest that genes determining cell cycle proteins are readily accessible to transcription and translation in essentially all nucleated cells. The tendency of transformed cells to become multinucleated after cytochaliasin B treatment also suggests that one important difference between malignant cells and most normal cells may be the ability of malignant cells to 'stockpile' the proteins (and/or their messenger RNAs) of the DNA replicative apparatus and to maintain the 'stockpiles' in progeny cells.", "contents": "Thymidine kinase, DNA synthesis and cancer. A resume has been presented of some recent investigations which show that DNA synthesis can be initiated in many types of quiescent animal cells by external stimuli, by introducing a quiescent nucleus into the cytoplasm of a proliferating cell, or by a virus infection. The components of the DNA replication apparatus are described. It is shown that deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools increase substantially in animal cells at the time DNA synthesis is initiated due to the enhanced activities of enzymes functioning in nucleotide synthesis. Especially striking is the increase of thymidine kinase activity, indicating that this enzyme may be a useful marker of the shift from the quiescent to the replicative state. The thymidine kinase isozymes of vertebrate cells have been characterized. Thymidine kinase F, which is found principally in the cytosol, is the isozyme that increases when G1 (Go) phase cells are stimulated or infected with oncogenic viruses. Chick cytosol thymidine kinase F can also be reactivated by introducing differentiated chick erythrocyte nuclei into the cytoplasm of enzyme-deficient LM (TK-) mouse cells. Furthermore, herpesviruses code for distinctive, virus-specific thymidine kinase isozymes, so that another way to transform thymidine kinase-deficient LM TK-) cells to kinase-positive cells is by infecting them with UV-irradiated herpes simplex viruses. The experiments on the activation of DNA synthesis and thymidine kinase F activity have been discussed in the context of the proliferative activity in vivo and the immortalization in culture of neoplastic cells. These experiments suggest that genes determining cell cycle proteins are readily accessible to transcription and translation in essentially all nucleated cells. The tendency of transformed cells to become multinucleated after cytochaliasin B treatment also suggests that one important difference between malignant cells and most normal cells may be the ability of malignant cells to 'stockpile' the proteins (and/or their messenger RNAs) of the DNA replicative apparatus and to maintain the 'stockpiles' in progeny cells."}
{"id": "PMID:940551", "title": "[The effect of the concentration and nature of 1-1-valent electrolytes on acid-base equilibrium in solutions of DNA].", "content": "The effect of concentration of LiCl, NaCl, KCl and NH4Cl on the potentiometric titration curves of chicken erythrocyte DNA has been studied. Two inflections have been found in the titration curves at pH 5 and pH 8, respectively. The ionization constant corresponding to the second inflection is slightly increased when the concentrations of NaCl, KCl and NH4Cl are increased. Both constants are increased when the concentration of LiCl is increased. It has also been found that the addition of LiCl to the DNA solution lowers the pH of the solution but the addition of the other investigated salts causes an increase of the pH of DNA solutions. The results found are used for discussion of the nature of acid groups of DNA.", "contents": "[The effect of the concentration and nature of 1-1-valent electrolytes on acid-base equilibrium in solutions of DNA]. The effect of concentration of LiCl, NaCl, KCl and NH4Cl on the potentiometric titration curves of chicken erythrocyte DNA has been studied. Two inflections have been found in the titration curves at pH 5 and pH 8, respectively. The ionization constant corresponding to the second inflection is slightly increased when the concentrations of NaCl, KCl and NH4Cl are increased. Both constants are increased when the concentration of LiCl is increased. It has also been found that the addition of LiCl to the DNA solution lowers the pH of the solution but the addition of the other investigated salts causes an increase of the pH of DNA solutions. The results found are used for discussion of the nature of acid groups of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:940552", "title": "[Aggregation of 4-vinyl-protochlerophyll and protochlorophyll in solutions].", "content": "The addition of water to dioxane solution of protochlorophyll (PChl) and 4-vinyl-protochlorophyll (4VPChl) results in a number of transformations related with pigment molecule associations into polymer formations and with their conversion. By variation of pigment concentration and composition of binar mixture of solvents a set of aggregated forms with different electronic spectra can be obtained. At the first stage the monomeric pigment converts into polymer with long-wavelenght absorption maximum of 633 nm (P633). During 1-3 hours P633 converts into other aggregated forms: either P639 or P645 depending on the proportion of dioxane and water. The pigment aggregates are characterized by fluorescence (quantum yield less than or equal to 1%) with maxima close to the main maxima of absorption spectra. Alongside with the main aggregated forms of PChl and 4VPChl the presence of a small number of longer-wavelength aggregates in solutions is established by fluorescence spectra. The investigation of dependence of fluorescence spectra on excitation wavelength, as well as of fluorescence excitation spectra of pigments in binary mixture shows that the long-wavelength aggregates can form part of complex associate and be effective trapping centres of electronic excitation of shorter wavelength aggregated forms. The phenomenon of 4VPChl association in concentrated solutions of castor oil (c greater than-10(-2) m/l) is discovered, which is especially marked after a long storage of the solutions at lower temperature (t=-2 degrees C). Under these conditions the two aggregated forms P640 and P650 alongside with monomer are present. The aggregate P650 is characterized by fluorescence with maximum of 655 nm and spectrally similar to the natural form of photoactive protochlorophyll. The experimental data show that the protochlorophyll pigments form a set of aggregated forms and that the medium conditions favour the predominance of some of the forms and their interconversion. The results obtained evidence that the main reason of the long-wavelength shift of electronic spectra for PChl natural forms is the intermolecular interaction related with the association of pigment monomeric molecules.", "contents": "[Aggregation of 4-vinyl-protochlerophyll and protochlorophyll in solutions]. The addition of water to dioxane solution of protochlorophyll (PChl) and 4-vinyl-protochlorophyll (4VPChl) results in a number of transformations related with pigment molecule associations into polymer formations and with their conversion. By variation of pigment concentration and composition of binar mixture of solvents a set of aggregated forms with different electronic spectra can be obtained. At the first stage the monomeric pigment converts into polymer with long-wavelenght absorption maximum of 633 nm (P633). During 1-3 hours P633 converts into other aggregated forms: either P639 or P645 depending on the proportion of dioxane and water. The pigment aggregates are characterized by fluorescence (quantum yield less than or equal to 1%) with maxima close to the main maxima of absorption spectra. Alongside with the main aggregated forms of PChl and 4VPChl the presence of a small number of longer-wavelength aggregates in solutions is established by fluorescence spectra. The investigation of dependence of fluorescence spectra on excitation wavelength, as well as of fluorescence excitation spectra of pigments in binary mixture shows that the long-wavelength aggregates can form part of complex associate and be effective trapping centres of electronic excitation of shorter wavelength aggregated forms. The phenomenon of 4VPChl association in concentrated solutions of castor oil (c greater than-10(-2) m/l) is discovered, which is especially marked after a long storage of the solutions at lower temperature (t=-2 degrees C). Under these conditions the two aggregated forms P640 and P650 alongside with monomer are present. The aggregate P650 is characterized by fluorescence with maximum of 655 nm and spectrally similar to the natural form of photoactive protochlorophyll. The experimental data show that the protochlorophyll pigments form a set of aggregated forms and that the medium conditions favour the predominance of some of the forms and their interconversion. The results obtained evidence that the main reason of the long-wavelength shift of electronic spectra for PChl natural forms is the intermolecular interaction related with the association of pigment monomeric molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:940553", "title": "[The compact form of DNA in solution. V. The heat effect preceding compactization of double-chained DNA in PEG containing water-salt solutions].", "content": "DNA-dependent heat effects accompanying mixing of water-salt (0.3 M NaCl) solutions of PEG and DNA within the range of PEG 10-50 mg/ml at 25 degrees C were determined by the method of difference microcalorimetry. It was found that, unlike optical and hydrodynamical methods, microcalorimetry makes it possible to detect some changes of the DNA-PEG system preceding formation of compact particles of DNA. In the studied range of DNA concentrations (up to 50 X 10(-3) MG/ML) the specific DNA-dependent heat effect is essentially independent of DNA concentration. It is negative and its absolute value increases from 0 to 5 cal/g of DNA in the PEG concentration range from 0 to 35-40 mg/ml after that the rate of its increase raises greatly and at PEG concentration of 50 mg/ml it is equal to 35 cal/g of DNA. It is suggested that the studied DNA dependent heat effects at low concentrations of PEG (less than 40 mg/ml) are caused by dehydration of DNA preceding its compactization.", "contents": "[The compact form of DNA in solution. V. The heat effect preceding compactization of double-chained DNA in PEG containing water-salt solutions]. DNA-dependent heat effects accompanying mixing of water-salt (0.3 M NaCl) solutions of PEG and DNA within the range of PEG 10-50 mg/ml at 25 degrees C were determined by the method of difference microcalorimetry. It was found that, unlike optical and hydrodynamical methods, microcalorimetry makes it possible to detect some changes of the DNA-PEG system preceding formation of compact particles of DNA. In the studied range of DNA concentrations (up to 50 X 10(-3) MG/ML) the specific DNA-dependent heat effect is essentially independent of DNA concentration. It is negative and its absolute value increases from 0 to 5 cal/g of DNA in the PEG concentration range from 0 to 35-40 mg/ml after that the rate of its increase raises greatly and at PEG concentration of 50 mg/ml it is equal to 35 cal/g of DNA. It is suggested that the studied DNA dependent heat effects at low concentrations of PEG (less than 40 mg/ml) are caused by dehydration of DNA preceding its compactization."}
{"id": "PMID:940554", "title": "[Primary photoprocesses in light chloroplast fragments].", "content": "An attempt has been made to study the mechanism of photoinduced separation of charges and their recombination in reaction centres of the photosystem 1 of the light fragments of chloroplasts. It has been shown, in agreement with recent papers, that the studied properties of electron donor of the photosystem 1 correspond to P700 pigment (with absorption maxima at 430 and 700 nm), the properties of electron acceptor correspond to that of ferredoxin type compound (P430) (with absorption maxima at 420, 444 and 717 nm) and heat stable compound (Px). Accumulation of the charges both for P700+-P430 and P700-P430- has been accompanied by increase of the fluorescence yield and shift of chlorophyll absorption band from 680 nm to approximately 690 nm. The recombination process of P700+ and P430- has been accompanied by the delayed luminescence. The study of kinetics of interaction between chlorophyll excited states and reaction centres and also kinetics of charge recombination and luminescence decay has shown that the primary photoprocesses in the photosystem 1 occur with interaction of several (greater than 3) centres of charge separation (P700-P430).", "contents": "[Primary photoprocesses in light chloroplast fragments]. An attempt has been made to study the mechanism of photoinduced separation of charges and their recombination in reaction centres of the photosystem 1 of the light fragments of chloroplasts. It has been shown, in agreement with recent papers, that the studied properties of electron donor of the photosystem 1 correspond to P700 pigment (with absorption maxima at 430 and 700 nm), the properties of electron acceptor correspond to that of ferredoxin type compound (P430) (with absorption maxima at 420, 444 and 717 nm) and heat stable compound (Px). Accumulation of the charges both for P700+-P430 and P700-P430- has been accompanied by increase of the fluorescence yield and shift of chlorophyll absorption band from 680 nm to approximately 690 nm. The recombination process of P700+ and P430- has been accompanied by the delayed luminescence. The study of kinetics of interaction between chlorophyll excited states and reaction centres and also kinetics of charge recombination and luminescence decay has shown that the primary photoprocesses in the photosystem 1 occur with interaction of several (greater than 3) centres of charge separation (P700-P430)."}
{"id": "PMID:940555", "title": "[Specific chemical modification of ribosomes in the vicinity of their mRNA-binding center].", "content": "4-N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino-benzaldehyde acetal derivatives (RCL-derivatives) of octauridylic and nanauridylic acids were used to localize the structures organizing mRNA-binding site of ribosomes. These derivatives, like free oligonucleotides, stimulate binding of 14C-phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. They effectively alkylate ribosomes within the specific complex. The extent of 30S subunit alkylations is much greater than that of 50S subunit, alkylation being completely inhibited by preincubation with polyridylic acid, suggesting that the chemical alteration occurs near mRNA-binding site. Both rRNA and proteins undergo modification in 30S subunit (75% and 25% of the total 30S subunit modification, respectively).", "contents": "[Specific chemical modification of ribosomes in the vicinity of their mRNA-binding center]. 4-N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino-benzaldehyde acetal derivatives (RCL-derivatives) of octauridylic and nanauridylic acids were used to localize the structures organizing mRNA-binding site of ribosomes. These derivatives, like free oligonucleotides, stimulate binding of 14C-phenylalanyl-tRNA to ribosomes. They effectively alkylate ribosomes within the specific complex. The extent of 30S subunit alkylations is much greater than that of 50S subunit, alkylation being completely inhibited by preincubation with polyridylic acid, suggesting that the chemical alteration occurs near mRNA-binding site. Both rRNA and proteins undergo modification in 30S subunit (75% and 25% of the total 30S subunit modification, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:940556", "title": "[The secondary structure of amides of adenylic acid containing D- and L-aromatic amino acids].", "content": "Adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids containing as amino components, methyl esters of D-, L- and DL-phenylalanine, D-, L- and DL-tyrosine, and D-, L- and DL-tryptophan have been investigated by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). The temperature and pD dependences of proton chemical shifts of these compounds have been studied. These data, together with the magnitudes of the upfield chemical shifts of the PMR signals of adenine and aromatic amino acids residues in adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids, have enabled us to construct conformational models of these compounds. The proposed conformation has been substantiated by the CD results. It is shown that in adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids the planes of adenine and amino acid aromatic moieties are roughly parallel. The aromatic rings of phenylalanine and tyrosine are localized approximately above the centre of adenine. In adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-D, -(L)-tryptophan, the six-membered rings of the indole overlaps the five-membraned ring of adenine indole partially overlaps the six-membered ring of adenine. A difference in the non-covalent interactions of D- and L-amino acids with nucleotides has been revealed. The mutual localization of the aromatic systems of AMP and the amino acids and also the positions of -OCH3 group with respect to the centre of the amino acid aromatic moiety differs in the series of the studied nucleotide derivatives of D- and L-amino acids.", "contents": "[The secondary structure of amides of adenylic acid containing D- and L-aromatic amino acids]. Adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids containing as amino components, methyl esters of D-, L- and DL-phenylalanine, D-, L- and DL-tyrosine, and D-, L- and DL-tryptophan have been investigated by proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD). The temperature and pD dependences of proton chemical shifts of these compounds have been studied. These data, together with the magnitudes of the upfield chemical shifts of the PMR signals of adenine and aromatic amino acids residues in adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids, have enabled us to construct conformational models of these compounds. The proposed conformation has been substantiated by the CD results. It is shown that in adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-amino acids the planes of adenine and amino acid aromatic moieties are roughly parallel. The aromatic rings of phenylalanine and tyrosine are localized approximately above the centre of adenine. In adenylyl-(5'leads to N)-D, -(L)-tryptophan, the six-membered rings of the indole overlaps the five-membraned ring of adenine indole partially overlaps the six-membered ring of adenine. A difference in the non-covalent interactions of D- and L-amino acids with nucleotides has been revealed. The mutual localization of the aromatic systems of AMP and the amino acids and also the positions of -OCH3 group with respect to the centre of the amino acid aromatic moiety differs in the series of the studied nucleotide derivatives of D- and L-amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:940557", "title": "[A theoretical analysis of the binding of methyl derivatives of uracil at the contact portion of the active center of ribonuclease S].", "content": "In terms of the mechanical model of molecules, a calculation has been carried out of possible positions and binding energies of 1-methyl uracyl in the contact region of the ribonuclease S active site. In the most preferential orientation, 1-methyl uracyl forms hydrogen bonds C(2)=O(uracyl)...H-N(Thr-45), N-H...Ogamma (Thr-45), C(4)=O... ...H-Ogamma (Ser-123). The base position found (atom coordinates are given) is in complete qualitative agreement with the position of the uracyl in UpcA bound to ribonuclease S as revealed by X-ray analysis. The influence studied of methyl substitution in positions 3 and 5 of the pyrimidine cycle on the base orientation within the protein field. It has been shown that the formation of hydrogen bonds with Thr-45 and Ser-123 is not prerequisite for productive fixation of the phosphoribosyl nucleotide moiety in the catalytic region of the enzyme active site.", "contents": "[A theoretical analysis of the binding of methyl derivatives of uracil at the contact portion of the active center of ribonuclease S]. In terms of the mechanical model of molecules, a calculation has been carried out of possible positions and binding energies of 1-methyl uracyl in the contact region of the ribonuclease S active site. In the most preferential orientation, 1-methyl uracyl forms hydrogen bonds C(2)=O(uracyl)...H-N(Thr-45), N-H...Ogamma (Thr-45), C(4)=O... ...H-Ogamma (Ser-123). The base position found (atom coordinates are given) is in complete qualitative agreement with the position of the uracyl in UpcA bound to ribonuclease S as revealed by X-ray analysis. The influence studied of methyl substitution in positions 3 and 5 of the pyrimidine cycle on the base orientation within the protein field. It has been shown that the formation of hydrogen bonds with Thr-45 and Ser-123 is not prerequisite for productive fixation of the phosphoribosyl nucleotide moiety in the catalytic region of the enzyme active site."}
{"id": "PMID:940559", "title": "[Detection and several characteristics of leach genome palindromes].", "content": "About 5% of the loach (Misgurnus fossillis L.) DNA reassociates at Cot values virtually equal to zero. 50% of the reassociate are resistant to nuclease S1 treatment and reveal the properties of double-stranded structure when chromatographed on hydroxyapatite. Some proofs of palindromic (hair-pin) nature of this fraction have been obtained. An introduction of nicked scissions into the palindromic DNA by pancreatic DNAse treatment under pessimal conditions made it possible to investigated reassociation kinetics of the nucleotide sequences forming palindromes. Two different types of nucleotide sequences appeared to exist in the palindromic fraction with repetition frequencies (ni) equal to 3 X 10(2) and about 1. Homologies were revealed between these sequences and the fraction of corresponding repetition frequency of the main part of the genome. Adjacent sequences contain repetitive regions with ni equal to 10(5) and 5 X 10(3). On the basis of the data obtained some conclusions were made about the distribution of usual and inverted repetitions in the loach genome.", "contents": "[Detection and several characteristics of leach genome palindromes]. About 5% of the loach (Misgurnus fossillis L.) DNA reassociates at Cot values virtually equal to zero. 50% of the reassociate are resistant to nuclease S1 treatment and reveal the properties of double-stranded structure when chromatographed on hydroxyapatite. Some proofs of palindromic (hair-pin) nature of this fraction have been obtained. An introduction of nicked scissions into the palindromic DNA by pancreatic DNAse treatment under pessimal conditions made it possible to investigated reassociation kinetics of the nucleotide sequences forming palindromes. Two different types of nucleotide sequences appeared to exist in the palindromic fraction with repetition frequencies (ni) equal to 3 X 10(2) and about 1. Homologies were revealed between these sequences and the fraction of corresponding repetition frequency of the main part of the genome. Adjacent sequences contain repetitive regions with ni equal to 10(5) and 5 X 10(3). On the basis of the data obtained some conclusions were made about the distribution of usual and inverted repetitions in the loach genome."}
{"id": "PMID:940563", "title": "[Hypoglycaemia in neonates following exchange transfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 newborns the blood sugar level was determined before and after exchange transfusion. At the end of exchange transfusion, the blood sugar reached in each case 200 mg-% or more, but with in one hour fell back to the starting level. If the patient did not get an adequate quantity of sugar during that time, hypoglycaemia developed. It is known, that patients with severe haemolytic disease have hyperinsulinism, but we investigated only such patients, who were born with Hgfv levels above 10 g-%. Therefore, it seems, that the hypoglycaemia in those cases is not due to the haemolytic disease, but a reaction to the sugar, given with the ACD blood.", "contents": "[Hypoglycaemia in neonates following exchange transfusion (author's transl)]. In 30 newborns the blood sugar level was determined before and after exchange transfusion. At the end of exchange transfusion, the blood sugar reached in each case 200 mg-% or more, but with in one hour fell back to the starting level. If the patient did not get an adequate quantity of sugar during that time, hypoglycaemia developed. It is known, that patients with severe haemolytic disease have hyperinsulinism, but we investigated only such patients, who were born with Hgfv levels above 10 g-%. Therefore, it seems, that the hypoglycaemia in those cases is not due to the haemolytic disease, but a reaction to the sugar, given with the ACD blood."}
{"id": "PMID:940564", "title": "[Possibilities for a reduction of long-term steroid treatment in asthmatic children during a stay in northsea climate (author's transl)].", "content": "1. 40 children with Asthma bronchiale under long-term Cortisone therapy were admitted as in-patients of a clinic in the climate of the Northsea. 37 children needed Cortisone therapy because of serious attacks of Asthma bronchiale, and 3 children because of disturbing neurodermitis constitutionalis. -- 2. Corticoids were discontinued abruptly, immediately after admission. a) In 34 children the discontinuation had no adverse effect the following 6 to 8 weeks, or even longer, there was no need for Cortisone therapy. b) In 4 children during the first 2 weeks and in 2 further children during the 5th or 6th week, the asthmatic disorder deteriorated to such a degree that Cortisone therapy had to be re-introduced. -- 3. On the base of the reported observation, it is concluded that under the conditions of the Northsea climate it is of advantage for children with Asthma bronchiale and Neurodermitis to discontinue abruptly Cortisone therapy because a) this type of therapy which involves the potential risk of unwanted side effects can be shortened and b) the specific positive effect of climatic changes during the first couple of weeks is utilized to a greater extent. The gradual reduction of steroid therapy would diminish this particular stimulation. However, this kind of treatment requires close clinical observation to anticipate an acute \"Addison-Crises\". -- 4. All children with serious dispuce already during the first days of their stay in the clinic clearly need continuation of steroid therapy. -- Otherwise, even previous steroid therapy for more than one year is no contradiction for the recommended procedure as long as the clinical condition of the patient allows for it.", "contents": "[Possibilities for a reduction of long-term steroid treatment in asthmatic children during a stay in northsea climate (author's transl)]. 1. 40 children with Asthma bronchiale under long-term Cortisone therapy were admitted as in-patients of a clinic in the climate of the Northsea. 37 children needed Cortisone therapy because of serious attacks of Asthma bronchiale, and 3 children because of disturbing neurodermitis constitutionalis. -- 2. Corticoids were discontinued abruptly, immediately after admission. a) In 34 children the discontinuation had no adverse effect the following 6 to 8 weeks, or even longer, there was no need for Cortisone therapy. b) In 4 children during the first 2 weeks and in 2 further children during the 5th or 6th week, the asthmatic disorder deteriorated to such a degree that Cortisone therapy had to be re-introduced. -- 3. On the base of the reported observation, it is concluded that under the conditions of the Northsea climate it is of advantage for children with Asthma bronchiale and Neurodermitis to discontinue abruptly Cortisone therapy because a) this type of therapy which involves the potential risk of unwanted side effects can be shortened and b) the specific positive effect of climatic changes during the first couple of weeks is utilized to a greater extent. The gradual reduction of steroid therapy would diminish this particular stimulation. However, this kind of treatment requires close clinical observation to anticipate an acute \"Addison-Crises\". -- 4. All children with serious dispuce already during the first days of their stay in the clinic clearly need continuation of steroid therapy. -- Otherwise, even previous steroid therapy for more than one year is no contradiction for the recommended procedure as long as the clinical condition of the patient allows for it."}
{"id": "PMID:940558", "title": "[Intracellular distribution of RNA in Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "RNA synthesis and distribution in cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea cell were studied by radiochemical and ultramicrobiochemical methods. Existance of an apico-basal gradient of RNA concentration in the cytoplasm was shown. Variations in the rate of the RNA synthesis in different regions of the cytoplasm are of great importance for the formation of this gradient whereas a contribution of nuclear RNA transport is insignificant. Sedimentation coefficients of about 23S and 16S were detected for the most part of the synthesized cytoplasmic RNAs. Evidently these RNAs represent rRNA of chloroplast ribosomes. Basal region of cytoplasm contains a relatively large amount of low molecular weight RNA. The differences in stability of newly-synthesized RNA were found in cytoplasmic regions under examination.", "contents": "[Intracellular distribution of RNA in Acetabularia mediterranea]. RNA synthesis and distribution in cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea cell were studied by radiochemical and ultramicrobiochemical methods. Existance of an apico-basal gradient of RNA concentration in the cytoplasm was shown. Variations in the rate of the RNA synthesis in different regions of the cytoplasm are of great importance for the formation of this gradient whereas a contribution of nuclear RNA transport is insignificant. Sedimentation coefficients of about 23S and 16S were detected for the most part of the synthesized cytoplasmic RNAs. Evidently these RNAs represent rRNA of chloroplast ribosomes. Basal region of cytoplasm contains a relatively large amount of low molecular weight RNA. The differences in stability of newly-synthesized RNA were found in cytoplasmic regions under examination."}
{"id": "PMID:940562", "title": "[The principle of instantaneous action in photosynthesis].", "content": "The principle of instant action for photosynthesis is grounded. According to this principle, all primary photophysical events of energy delivery from light harvesting Chl molecules to reaction centres proceed at time intervals not exceeding critical value approximating 10(-10) seconds. This provides: a) high quantum yield (more then 90%) of primary photosynthesis: b) Chl protection from irreversible photodestruction. Original experimental data obtained by V.I. Godik and the author support the above principle at least for purple bacteria, green bacteria and photosystem I of plants.", "contents": "[The principle of instantaneous action in photosynthesis]. The principle of instant action for photosynthesis is grounded. According to this principle, all primary photophysical events of energy delivery from light harvesting Chl molecules to reaction centres proceed at time intervals not exceeding critical value approximating 10(-10) seconds. This provides: a) high quantum yield (more then 90%) of primary photosynthesis: b) Chl protection from irreversible photodestruction. Original experimental data obtained by V.I. Godik and the author support the above principle at least for purple bacteria, green bacteria and photosystem I of plants."}
{"id": "PMID:940560", "title": "[The mechanism of the reaction forming tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophan:tRNA-ligase].", "content": "The rates of tryptophanyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase were measured in a concentration range of each substrate (tryptophan, ATP and yeast tRNATrp) and also in the presence of various concentrations of substrate analogues (tryptamine and alpha,beta-methylene analogue of ATP) concentrations. The data obtained were compared with the kinetic equations which described various possible mechanisms of the reaction. The comparison of the mechanisms was based on the calculation of relative probabilities of each hypothesis the efficiency of which was demonstrated earlier. The calculations have shown that two mechanisms according to which the intermediate enzyme-aminoacyl-adenylate complex formation involves the enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complex are the most probable ones.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the reaction forming tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophan:tRNA-ligase]. The rates of tryptophanyl-tRNA formation catalyzed by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase were measured in a concentration range of each substrate (tryptophan, ATP and yeast tRNATrp) and also in the presence of various concentrations of substrate analogues (tryptamine and alpha,beta-methylene analogue of ATP) concentrations. The data obtained were compared with the kinetic equations which described various possible mechanisms of the reaction. The comparison of the mechanisms was based on the calculation of relative probabilities of each hypothesis the efficiency of which was demonstrated earlier. The calculations have shown that two mechanisms according to which the intermediate enzyme-aminoacyl-adenylate complex formation involves the enzyme-aminoacyl-tRNA complex are the most probable ones."}
{"id": "PMID:940561", "title": "[The structure of microtubules].", "content": "Cytoplasmic microtubules, plane monolayers of tubulin filaments and single filaments have been investigated by electron microscopy. The methods of optical diffraction, filtering and three-dimensional reconstruction have been used to analyse the micrographs and to construct a model of the dimeric molecule of tubulin. When viewed in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axes the molecule bear resemblance to the figure \"8\". When rotated by 90 degrees it looks as if composed of two globules. Two variants of the quoternary structure are considered: 1) each of two subunits is a deformed ring; 2) each rings of the \"8\"-like particles consists of two halves of different subunits. The second protein layer which is formed on microtubules in the presence of protamine consists of tubulin and is characterized by the crystal lattice similar to that of the microtubule itself, but rotated through the angle of about 95 degrees. In the presence of protamine we also detected flat spirals and stacks of such spirals forming short tubules.", "contents": "[The structure of microtubules]. Cytoplasmic microtubules, plane monolayers of tubulin filaments and single filaments have been investigated by electron microscopy. The methods of optical diffraction, filtering and three-dimensional reconstruction have been used to analyse the micrographs and to construct a model of the dimeric molecule of tubulin. When viewed in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axes the molecule bear resemblance to the figure \"8\". When rotated by 90 degrees it looks as if composed of two globules. Two variants of the quoternary structure are considered: 1) each of two subunits is a deformed ring; 2) each rings of the \"8\"-like particles consists of two halves of different subunits. The second protein layer which is formed on microtubules in the presence of protamine consists of tubulin and is characterized by the crystal lattice similar to that of the microtubule itself, but rotated through the angle of about 95 degrees. In the presence of protamine we also detected flat spirals and stacks of such spirals forming short tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:940570", "title": "[Light and electron-cytochemical analysis of acetylcholin-positive esterase-structures in the area postrema and subpostrema in rats].", "content": "Localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the area postrema and area subpostrema of the rat was investigated by light- and electronmicroscopic histochemical methods. AChE-positive small cells probably identical with parenchyma cells are spread evenly in the area postrema. Since axosomatic synapses and axons could not be identified, the neuronal character of these cells could not be unequivocally proved. AChE-positive suggests, however that the parenchyma cells of the area postrema of the rat are more closely related to neurons than to glial cells.  Capillaries possessing fenestrated endothelium of the area postrema and various types of glial cells do not exert any AChE-positivity. The area postrema is surrounded by a meshwork of AChE-positive capillaries, constituting the area subpostrema. Since we found no signs of AChE synthesis in the endothelial cells of these capillaries, the possibility of dendritic secretion as the source of AChE activity of the basement membrane and pinocytotic vesicles, cannot be excluded. On the basis of the results it seems possible that the AChE activity is related to the specific structure of the basement membrane; participation of enzyme activity in the presumed function of the area postrema and area subpostrema is suggested.", "contents": "[Light and electron-cytochemical analysis of acetylcholin-positive esterase-structures in the area postrema and subpostrema in rats]. Localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the area postrema and area subpostrema of the rat was investigated by light- and electronmicroscopic histochemical methods. AChE-positive small cells probably identical with parenchyma cells are spread evenly in the area postrema. Since axosomatic synapses and axons could not be identified, the neuronal character of these cells could not be unequivocally proved. AChE-positive suggests, however that the parenchyma cells of the area postrema of the rat are more closely related to neurons than to glial cells.  Capillaries possessing fenestrated endothelium of the area postrema and various types of glial cells do not exert any AChE-positivity. The area postrema is surrounded by a meshwork of AChE-positive capillaries, constituting the area subpostrema. Since we found no signs of AChE synthesis in the endothelial cells of these capillaries, the possibility of dendritic secretion as the source of AChE activity of the basement membrane and pinocytotic vesicles, cannot be excluded. On the basis of the results it seems possible that the AChE activity is related to the specific structure of the basement membrane; participation of enzyme activity in the presumed function of the area postrema and area subpostrema is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:940571", "title": "[Effect of dextran of 250.000 molecular weight on experimental cholesterin-sclerosis in rabbits].", "content": "Effect of dextran of 250000 molecular weight on experimental cholesterin-sclerosis of rabbits was studied. Doses of 120 (mg/week) kg and 1200 (mg/week) kg administered during 12 weeks have resulted a protective effect. When doses of 1200 (mg/week) kg have been administered--in the aortic adventitia intensive cellular reaction, no hitherto described was revealed, which was considered to be a sing of the exhaustion of RES. This publication authors regard as a preliminary one. To clear whether the cellular reaction observed is a dextran-specific or macro-moleculespecific one further investigations are needed.", "contents": "[Effect of dextran of 250.000 molecular weight on experimental cholesterin-sclerosis in rabbits]. Effect of dextran of 250000 molecular weight on experimental cholesterin-sclerosis of rabbits was studied. Doses of 120 (mg/week) kg and 1200 (mg/week) kg administered during 12 weeks have resulted a protective effect. When doses of 1200 (mg/week) kg have been administered--in the aortic adventitia intensive cellular reaction, no hitherto described was revealed, which was considered to be a sing of the exhaustion of RES. This publication authors regard as a preliminary one. To clear whether the cellular reaction observed is a dextran-specific or macro-moleculespecific one further investigations are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:940572", "title": "[Foreign body causing coronary artery occlusion].", "content": "Authors in the descending branch of the left coronary at the autopsy of a 45 years old male--as an incidental finding--have found a foreign-body (sewing needle). Occlusion of the coronary was followed by necrosis and fibrosis of the myocard. During one year no clinical symptoms of myocard lesion were observed.", "contents": "[Foreign body causing coronary artery occlusion]. Authors in the descending branch of the left coronary at the autopsy of a 45 years old male--as an incidental finding--have found a foreign-body (sewing needle). Occlusion of the coronary was followed by necrosis and fibrosis of the myocard. During one year no clinical symptoms of myocard lesion were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:940573", "title": "[Experimental study of the heaptotoxic effect of toluol III. Quantitative morphological study].", "content": "Hepatotoxic effect of the analitically pure toluene used in the Chemical Factory \"Tiszai\" was investigated by the aid of quantitative morphological method on male rats of line CFY. Toluene was administered intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. It was established, that there exists a nearly lineal correlation between the logarithms of intraperitoneally administered doses of toluene, the number and area of mitochondria localized in the unite area of the hepatocyte, and between the increase of number of matrix-granules in the mitochondria. The average-area of the mitochondria remained unchanged. As an effect of large intraperitoneal doses of toluene increase of the density of nuclei and the nucleus-plasma proportion could be revealed. There exists a nearly lineal correlation between the logarithms of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous doses of toluene and the decrease of volume of the cell nuclei. Statistical curves of the nuclei-variation-study as an effect of large doses show two peaks. Authors stress the importance of quantitative morphological studies in the toxicology. Results of such investigations should be evaluated in connection with each other.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the heaptotoxic effect of toluol III. Quantitative morphological study]. Hepatotoxic effect of the analitically pure toluene used in the Chemical Factory \"Tiszai\" was investigated by the aid of quantitative morphological method on male rats of line CFY. Toluene was administered intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. It was established, that there exists a nearly lineal correlation between the logarithms of intraperitoneally administered doses of toluene, the number and area of mitochondria localized in the unite area of the hepatocyte, and between the increase of number of matrix-granules in the mitochondria. The average-area of the mitochondria remained unchanged. As an effect of large intraperitoneal doses of toluene increase of the density of nuclei and the nucleus-plasma proportion could be revealed. There exists a nearly lineal correlation between the logarithms of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous doses of toluene and the decrease of volume of the cell nuclei. Statistical curves of the nuclei-variation-study as an effect of large doses show two peaks. Authors stress the importance of quantitative morphological studies in the toxicology. Results of such investigations should be evaluated in connection with each other."}
{"id": "PMID:940574", "title": "[Misleading self-inflicted gunshot wound].", "content": "One deceiving case of suicide with firearm is reported. In the heart area three entrance-wound were seen. At first sight these were the injuries to account for the death. At the autopsy in the mouth another entrancewound was, found. The death occurred due to gunshot into the mouth.", "contents": "[Misleading self-inflicted gunshot wound]. One deceiving case of suicide with firearm is reported. In the heart area three entrance-wound were seen. At first sight these were the injuries to account for the death. At the autopsy in the mouth another entrancewound was, found. The death occurred due to gunshot into the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:940575", "title": "[Non-specific dye absorption studies in quantitative cytochemical reactions with alkalic fast green and heparin-alcian blue (model experiment)].", "content": "St\u00f6chiometria of the alkalic Fast green and Heparin-alcianblue was studied in model experiment by the aid of integrating microdensitometer. The changes of the optical density in cases of Heparin-alcian-blue occurred to be proportional to the histon quantity, in cases of staining with alkalic Fast green nonspecific dye-absorption was revealed. Results of the model experiment indicate that in quantitative cytochemical studies Heparin-alcian-blue should be preferred to alkalic Fast green.", "contents": "[Non-specific dye absorption studies in quantitative cytochemical reactions with alkalic fast green and heparin-alcian blue (model experiment)]. St\u00f6chiometria of the alkalic Fast green and Heparin-alcianblue was studied in model experiment by the aid of integrating microdensitometer. The changes of the optical density in cases of Heparin-alcian-blue occurred to be proportional to the histon quantity, in cases of staining with alkalic Fast green nonspecific dye-absorption was revealed. Results of the model experiment indicate that in quantitative cytochemical studies Heparin-alcian-blue should be preferred to alkalic Fast green."}
{"id": "PMID:940576", "title": "[Unusual cases of adolescent suicide].", "content": "Two cases of hanging--boys of 11 and 14 years of age--are described. Investigation of the cases have thrown light on the antecedents. The first case was really suicide, but the second one was an accident. The young boy intended to \"stretch\" himself out, since he was short. He had tied the rope around his neck and the other end of it around the door-handle. Accidentally he strangulated himself. In connection with these cases author stresses the role of physicians in prevention of suicide and attempted suicide in youth.", "contents": "[Unusual cases of adolescent suicide]. Two cases of hanging--boys of 11 and 14 years of age--are described. Investigation of the cases have thrown light on the antecedents. The first case was really suicide, but the second one was an accident. The young boy intended to \"stretch\" himself out, since he was short. He had tied the rope around his neck and the other end of it around the door-handle. Accidentally he strangulated himself. In connection with these cases author stresses the role of physicians in prevention of suicide and attempted suicide in youth."}
{"id": "PMID:940577", "title": "[A case of lupus pancreatitis (?) in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "The cause of death of a 52 year old female suffering from disseminated lupus erythematosus was acute (steroide-induced?) pancreatitis. Histologically in the pancreas spontan nucleophagocytosis, leukophagocytosis, erythrophagocytosis, presence of haemtoxylin-body-like structures could be revealed by HE, methyl-green-pyronin staining and by Feulgen reaction.", "contents": "[A case of lupus pancreatitis (?) in systemic lupus erythematosus]. The cause of death of a 52 year old female suffering from disseminated lupus erythematosus was acute (steroide-induced?) pancreatitis. Histologically in the pancreas spontan nucleophagocytosis, leukophagocytosis, erythrophagocytosis, presence of haemtoxylin-body-like structures could be revealed by HE, methyl-green-pyronin staining and by Feulgen reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:940578", "title": "Jamaican vomiting sickness. Biochemical investigation of two cases.", "content": "We identified methylenecyclopropylacetic acid, a known metabolite of hypoglycin A, in the urine of two patients with Jamaican vomiting sickness. Excretion of unusual dicarboxylic acids such as 2-ethylmalonic, 2-methylsuccinic, glutaric, adipic and dicarboxylic acids with eight and 10 carbon chains were also detected in both patients. The amounts of these dicarboxylic acids were 70 to 1000 times higher than normal. These metabolites have also been identified in urine of hypoglycin-treated rats. This evidence links hypoglycin A to Jamaican vomiting sickness as its causative agent. Urinary excretion of short-chain fatty acids was also increased up to 300 times higher than normal. These results indicate that, despite their clinical and histologic similarities, the cause and biochemical mechanisms of Jamaican vomiting sickness differ distinctly from those of Reye's syndrome in which these abnormal urinary metabolites are not appreciably increased.", "contents": "Jamaican vomiting sickness. Biochemical investigation of two cases. We identified methylenecyclopropylacetic acid, a known metabolite of hypoglycin A, in the urine of two patients with Jamaican vomiting sickness. Excretion of unusual dicarboxylic acids such as 2-ethylmalonic, 2-methylsuccinic, glutaric, adipic and dicarboxylic acids with eight and 10 carbon chains were also detected in both patients. The amounts of these dicarboxylic acids were 70 to 1000 times higher than normal. These metabolites have also been identified in urine of hypoglycin-treated rats. This evidence links hypoglycin A to Jamaican vomiting sickness as its causative agent. Urinary excretion of short-chain fatty acids was also increased up to 300 times higher than normal. These results indicate that, despite their clinical and histologic similarities, the cause and biochemical mechanisms of Jamaican vomiting sickness differ distinctly from those of Reye's syndrome in which these abnormal urinary metabolites are not appreciably increased."}
{"id": "PMID:940579", "title": "The histologic spectrum of Barrett's esophagus.", "content": "To define the histology of the columnarlined esophagus, we obtained esophageal biopsies from various levels with manometric control from 11 patients. There were three types of columnar epithelia above the lower esophageal sphincter: atrophic gastric-fundic-type epithelium with parietal and chief cells; junctional-type epithelium with cardiac mucous glands; and distinctive specialized columnar epithelium with a villiform surface, mucous glands and intestinal-type goblet cells. When present, specialized columnar epithelium was always the most proximal, and gastric fundic epithelium the most distal epithelium. Junctional epithelium was interposed between gastric fundic and specialized columnar or squamous epithelium. Four patients had unequivocal esophagitis in squamous epithelium, but its presence and severity did not correlate with inflammation in or length or type of distal columnar epithelium. Histoligic study of the columnar-lined esophagus demonstrated a spectrum of epithelial patterns. This heterogeneity helps to explain prior discrepant reports.", "contents": "The histologic spectrum of Barrett's esophagus. To define the histology of the columnarlined esophagus, we obtained esophageal biopsies from various levels with manometric control from 11 patients. There were three types of columnar epithelia above the lower esophageal sphincter: atrophic gastric-fundic-type epithelium with parietal and chief cells; junctional-type epithelium with cardiac mucous glands; and distinctive specialized columnar epithelium with a villiform surface, mucous glands and intestinal-type goblet cells. When present, specialized columnar epithelium was always the most proximal, and gastric fundic epithelium the most distal epithelium. Junctional epithelium was interposed between gastric fundic and specialized columnar or squamous epithelium. Four patients had unequivocal esophagitis in squamous epithelium, but its presence and severity did not correlate with inflammation in or length or type of distal columnar epithelium. Histoligic study of the columnar-lined esophagus demonstrated a spectrum of epithelial patterns. This heterogeneity helps to explain prior discrepant reports."}
{"id": "PMID:940592", "title": "Stimulation of sympathetic cardiovascular centres by RA 642, a new pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative.", "content": "RA 642, 2,2'-[14,8-bis(diethylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d] pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)di-(2-methoxyethyl)-imino]diethanol, has formerly been described to hypertensive when administered systemically. In the present experiments injection of 50 mug/kg RA 642 into the vertebral artery (i.a. vert.) of the cat exerted hypertension, while the same dose given intravenously (i.v.) elicited no effect. Since the drug was still effective in cats of which the brain was removed rostrad of the myelencephalon but not in spinal animals, its site of action was concluded to be in cardiovascular centres of the medulla oblongata. An i.a. vert. injection increased total peripheral resistance of the vasculature. The electrical discharge rate in preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve fibres increased in parallel to the arterial blood pressure following the i.v. injection of 1 mg/kg of the substance. 1 mg/kg RA 642 i.v. decreased the reflex bradycardia elicited by the i.v. injection of angiotensin in dogs pretreated with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug to study the vagal effector reactions of the baroreceptor reflex, and treated with clonidine to facilitate the reflex. Thus, RA 642 increased sympathetic and, following clonidine treatment, decreased vagal reflex activity. RA 642 stimulated the respiration by a central action. The drug had no convulsant action.", "contents": "Stimulation of sympathetic cardiovascular centres by RA 642, a new pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative. RA 642, 2,2'-[14,8-bis(diethylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d] pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)di-(2-methoxyethyl)-imino]diethanol, has formerly been described to hypertensive when administered systemically. In the present experiments injection of 50 mug/kg RA 642 into the vertebral artery (i.a. vert.) of the cat exerted hypertension, while the same dose given intravenously (i.v.) elicited no effect. Since the drug was still effective in cats of which the brain was removed rostrad of the myelencephalon but not in spinal animals, its site of action was concluded to be in cardiovascular centres of the medulla oblongata. An i.a. vert. injection increased total peripheral resistance of the vasculature. The electrical discharge rate in preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve fibres increased in parallel to the arterial blood pressure following the i.v. injection of 1 mg/kg of the substance. 1 mg/kg RA 642 i.v. decreased the reflex bradycardia elicited by the i.v. injection of angiotensin in dogs pretreated with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug to study the vagal effector reactions of the baroreceptor reflex, and treated with clonidine to facilitate the reflex. Thus, RA 642 increased sympathetic and, following clonidine treatment, decreased vagal reflex activity. RA 642 stimulated the respiration by a central action. The drug had no convulsant action."}
{"id": "PMID:940593", "title": "Responsiveness of isolated canine cerebral and peripheral arteries to ergotamine.", "content": "Changes in tension of spiral strips from dog saphenous, external carotid and basilar arteries were monitored isometrically. Serotonin (5-HT) contracted the 3 arterial preparations in about the same concentration range. Compared with noradrenaline (NA) (100%) the efficacy of 5-HT was about 60% on saphenous, 150% on external carotid and about 500% on basilar arteries. Ergotamine (E) stimulated the 3 vascular preparations in concentrations about 100 times lower than 5-HT. Compared with NA the efficacy of E was about 20% on saphenous, 50% on external carotid and 200% on basilar arteries. Compared with 5-HT (100%) however, E had similar constrictor activities in the 3 arteries. It seemed likely therefore that 5-HT receptors are involved in the vasoconstrictor activity of E. Evidence for this was obtained in experiments in which cyproheptadine (Cy), a 5-HT antagonist, was used. For antagonism of E concentrations of Cy about 6 times higher than those required to inhibit 5-HT were necessary, whereas for antagonism of NA about 500 times higher Cy concentrations were necessary. The results suggest that on canine arterial vascular smooth muscle the constrictor activity of E is mediated mainly through serotoninergic receptor sites.", "contents": "Responsiveness of isolated canine cerebral and peripheral arteries to ergotamine. Changes in tension of spiral strips from dog saphenous, external carotid and basilar arteries were monitored isometrically. Serotonin (5-HT) contracted the 3 arterial preparations in about the same concentration range. Compared with noradrenaline (NA) (100%) the efficacy of 5-HT was about 60% on saphenous, 150% on external carotid and about 500% on basilar arteries. Ergotamine (E) stimulated the 3 vascular preparations in concentrations about 100 times lower than 5-HT. Compared with NA the efficacy of E was about 20% on saphenous, 50% on external carotid and 200% on basilar arteries. Compared with 5-HT (100%) however, E had similar constrictor activities in the 3 arteries. It seemed likely therefore that 5-HT receptors are involved in the vasoconstrictor activity of E. Evidence for this was obtained in experiments in which cyproheptadine (Cy), a 5-HT antagonist, was used. For antagonism of E concentrations of Cy about 6 times higher than those required to inhibit 5-HT were necessary, whereas for antagonism of NA about 500 times higher Cy concentrations were necessary. The results suggest that on canine arterial vascular smooth muscle the constrictor activity of E is mediated mainly through serotoninergic receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:940594", "title": "Recovery of dopamine in peripheral adrenergic nerves after reserpine treatment.", "content": "The endogenous levels of dopamine (DA) in the rat heart and submaxillary gland after a single, large dose of reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) were reduced to near zero within 1 h and were restored to normal within 48 h, while the noradrenaline (NA) levels reacted much more slowly. The data suggest that newly formed DA is rapidly taken up by the reserpinesensitive mechanism of the amine storage granules. The more rapid restoration of DA than of NA levels may be due to preferential release of newly formed NA by the nerve impulse. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic with 5 Hz for 30 min 4 h after the administration of reserpine increased the DA level of the submaxillary gland of the stimulated side, suggesting an increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity during stimulation, also in nerve terminals affected by reserpine. The use of an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (pargyline) and/or an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (FLA-63) did not significantly alter the increase of DA following nerve stimulation, suggesting DA was protected by granular uptake. The stimulation-induced increase in DA was, however, much less in reserpine-treated than in normal animals, demonstrating the importance of the reserpine-sensitive uptake mechanisms for preserving newly formed DA.", "contents": "Recovery of dopamine in peripheral adrenergic nerves after reserpine treatment. The endogenous levels of dopamine (DA) in the rat heart and submaxillary gland after a single, large dose of reserpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) were reduced to near zero within 1 h and were restored to normal within 48 h, while the noradrenaline (NA) levels reacted much more slowly. The data suggest that newly formed DA is rapidly taken up by the reserpinesensitive mechanism of the amine storage granules. The more rapid restoration of DA than of NA levels may be due to preferential release of newly formed NA by the nerve impulse. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic with 5 Hz for 30 min 4 h after the administration of reserpine increased the DA level of the submaxillary gland of the stimulated side, suggesting an increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity during stimulation, also in nerve terminals affected by reserpine. The use of an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (pargyline) and/or an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (FLA-63) did not significantly alter the increase of DA following nerve stimulation, suggesting DA was protected by granular uptake. The stimulation-induced increase in DA was, however, much less in reserpine-treated than in normal animals, demonstrating the importance of the reserpine-sensitive uptake mechanisms for preserving newly formed DA."}
{"id": "PMID:940595", "title": "Inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release from the sympathetic nerves of the isolated rabbit heart by anaesthetics and alcohols in proportion to their hydrophobic property.", "content": "The actions of anaesthetics (diethyl ether, enflurane, chloroform, methoxyflurane) and alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol) on the noradrenaline release from (and uptake into) the sympathetic nerve terminals were studied in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution at constant flow rate. The noradrenaline in the perfusate was assayed spectrofluorimetrically. 1. Ethaonol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and all anaesthetics (at concentrations which decreased by more than 65% the noradrenaline output in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors) did not significantly affect the spontaneous noradrenaline output. Only 1-pentanol (3.75 X 10(-3) M) caused an increase in spontaneous noradrenaline output. 2. The uptake of exogenous noradrenaline from the perfusion fluid into the sympathetic nerve terminals was not influenced by the anaesthetics and alcohols (at concentrations which decreased by more than 65% the noradrenaline output evoked by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors). 3. All anaesthetics and alcohols caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the noradrenaline release in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors on the nerve terminals by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazine or acetylcholine in the presence of atropine. The concentrations of the compounds which decreased the noradrenaline output by 50% were as follows: diethyl ether: 5.1 X 10(-3) M; enflurane: 2.9 X 10(-4) M; chloroform: 2.6 X 10(-4) M; methoxyflurane: 3.8 X 10(-5) M; ethanol: 1.5 X 10(-1) M; 1-propanol: 1.9 X 10(-2) M; 1-butanol: 6.0 X 10(-3) M; 1-pentanol: 1.2 X 10(-3) M.", "contents": "Inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release from the sympathetic nerves of the isolated rabbit heart by anaesthetics and alcohols in proportion to their hydrophobic property. The actions of anaesthetics (diethyl ether, enflurane, chloroform, methoxyflurane) and alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol) on the noradrenaline release from (and uptake into) the sympathetic nerve terminals were studied in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution at constant flow rate. The noradrenaline in the perfusate was assayed spectrofluorimetrically. 1. Ethaonol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and all anaesthetics (at concentrations which decreased by more than 65% the noradrenaline output in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors) did not significantly affect the spontaneous noradrenaline output. Only 1-pentanol (3.75 X 10(-3) M) caused an increase in spontaneous noradrenaline output. 2. The uptake of exogenous noradrenaline from the perfusion fluid into the sympathetic nerve terminals was not influenced by the anaesthetics and alcohols (at concentrations which decreased by more than 65% the noradrenaline output evoked by stimulation of the nicotinic receptors). 3. All anaesthetics and alcohols caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the noradrenaline release in response to activation of the nicotinic receptors on the nerve terminals by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazine or acetylcholine in the presence of atropine. The concentrations of the compounds which decreased the noradrenaline output by 50% were as follows: diethyl ether: 5.1 X 10(-3) M; enflurane: 2.9 X 10(-4) M; chloroform: 2.6 X 10(-4) M; methoxyflurane: 3.8 X 10(-5) M; ethanol: 1.5 X 10(-1) M; 1-propanol: 1.9 X 10(-2) M; 1-butanol: 6.0 X 10(-3) M; 1-pentanol: 1.2 X 10(-3) M."}
{"id": "PMID:940596", "title": "Membrane SH-groups related to adrenaline action in rat adipocytes: a comparative study using sulfhydryl reagents of different molecular size.", "content": "The orientation of SH-groups within the fat cell membrane involved in adrenaline (and NaF) action was studied by comparing the effects of uncoupled p-CMB with those of a large derivative of this reagent -- p-CMB-dextran --. Preincubation of intact adipocytes with uncoupled p-CMB caused a dose-dependent inhibition of adrenaline (and NaF) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity as determined in ghosts prepared subsequently. Preincubation with p-CMB-dextran, however, influenced neither the lipolytic response to adrenaline nor the catecholamine (and NaF) activated adenylate cyclase activity. When p-CMB-dextran was present during ghost preparation, a dose-dependent inhibition of adrenaline (and NaF) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was observed. These results suggest that the binding sites of adrenaline as well as SH-groups essential for activity of adenylate cyclase are not localized near enough to the exterior surface to be accessible for p-CMB-dextran. The polarity in the sensitivity of fat cell adenylate cyclase could not be observed when p-CMB-dextran was added directly to intact or fragmented ghosts. The abbreviations used are: Cyclic AMP, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate; p-CMB, p-chloromercuribenzoate.", "contents": "Membrane SH-groups related to adrenaline action in rat adipocytes: a comparative study using sulfhydryl reagents of different molecular size. The orientation of SH-groups within the fat cell membrane involved in adrenaline (and NaF) action was studied by comparing the effects of uncoupled p-CMB with those of a large derivative of this reagent -- p-CMB-dextran --. Preincubation of intact adipocytes with uncoupled p-CMB caused a dose-dependent inhibition of adrenaline (and NaF) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity as determined in ghosts prepared subsequently. Preincubation with p-CMB-dextran, however, influenced neither the lipolytic response to adrenaline nor the catecholamine (and NaF) activated adenylate cyclase activity. When p-CMB-dextran was present during ghost preparation, a dose-dependent inhibition of adrenaline (and NaF) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was observed. These results suggest that the binding sites of adrenaline as well as SH-groups essential for activity of adenylate cyclase are not localized near enough to the exterior surface to be accessible for p-CMB-dextran. The polarity in the sensitivity of fat cell adenylate cyclase could not be observed when p-CMB-dextran was added directly to intact or fragmented ghosts. The abbreviations used are: Cyclic AMP, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate; p-CMB, p-chloromercuribenzoate."}
{"id": "PMID:940597", "title": "RA 642, a pyrimido-pyrimidine-derivative with vasodilating and hypertensive potency.", "content": "2,2'-[(4,8-bis(diethylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d]-pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)di-(2-methoxyethyl)imino]diethanol), RA 642, combines hypertensive and vasodilating effects. In anaesthetized animals arterial blood pressure was increased by i.v. doses of 0.25-4 mg/kg in cats and 0.025-0.25 mg/kg in dogs. In conscious dogs, 25 mm increase of mean blood pressure was achieved with 0.2 mg/kg i.v. and 18.8 mg/kg p.o. Cerebral blood flow was enhanced and calculated cerebral vascular resistance was reduced by RA 642. Total peripheral resistance was diminished by 0.25-1.0 mg/kg i.v. A vasodilatation of femoral and coronary vessels was shown after intraarterial injection. This effect as well as a BaCl2-antagonism in the isolation ileum is explained by a papaverine-like relaxant effect on smooth muscle. Activity on peripheral adrenergic receptors was excluded. Hypertension was abolished in spinalized cats, indicating a central mechanism of this effect.", "contents": "RA 642, a pyrimido-pyrimidine-derivative with vasodilating and hypertensive potency. 2,2'-[(4,8-bis(diethylamino)-pyrimido[5,4-d]-pyrimidine-2,6-diyl)di-(2-methoxyethyl)imino]diethanol), RA 642, combines hypertensive and vasodilating effects. In anaesthetized animals arterial blood pressure was increased by i.v. doses of 0.25-4 mg/kg in cats and 0.025-0.25 mg/kg in dogs. In conscious dogs, 25 mm increase of mean blood pressure was achieved with 0.2 mg/kg i.v. and 18.8 mg/kg p.o. Cerebral blood flow was enhanced and calculated cerebral vascular resistance was reduced by RA 642. Total peripheral resistance was diminished by 0.25-1.0 mg/kg i.v. A vasodilatation of femoral and coronary vessels was shown after intraarterial injection. This effect as well as a BaCl2-antagonism in the isolation ileum is explained by a papaverine-like relaxant effect on smooth muscle. Activity on peripheral adrenergic receptors was excluded. Hypertension was abolished in spinalized cats, indicating a central mechanism of this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:940598", "title": "The distribution of 3H-(+/-)noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips after inhibition of the noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes.", "content": "Rabbit aortic strips (nerve-free, reserpine-pretreated or normal) whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited (by in vitro treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline for 30 min and by the presence of 0.1 mM U-0521) were exposed to 1.18 muM 3H-(+/-)noradrenaline for 30 min (in most experiments). At the end of the incubation some strips were used for analysis of radioactivity (i.e., of noradrenaline and its metabolites), while for others the efflux of radioactivity was determined during 240 min of wash out with amine-free solution. An estimate of the original distribution of the amine into the various extraneuronal and neuronal compartments of the tissue was obtained by compartmental analysis of the efflux curves. 1. Extracellular amine distributes into \"compartment I + II\" (characterized by a half time for efflux of less than 1 min); compartment size and half time for efflux were similar to those obtained for 14C-sorbitol. 2. The extraneuronal accumulation of noradrenaline is a quickly equilibrating process which involves compartments III and IV (with half times for efflux of 3 and 11 min, respectively). Compartment IV represents not only extraneuronally but also neuronally distributed noradrenaline (see below, 4). 3. The neuronal accumulation of noradrenaline is a slowly equilibrating process which can be subdivided into axoplasmic and vesicular accumulation. 4. The axoplasmic accumulation of noradrenaline is associated with compartments IV and V (the latter characterized by a half time for efflux of 95 min). The half time of the efflux from compartment V was independent of the original filling of this compartment (the degree of filling having been varied by changes in the duration and the amine concentration of the incubation). 5. The vesicular accumulation of noradrenaline resulted in the appearance of a \"bound fraction\" (i.e., of amine not participating in the efflux determined during 240 min of wash out) and in an increase in the half time of the efflux from compartment V. 6. The results support the view that the rate of relaxation (of strips initially exposed to noradrenaline and then washed out) is affected by the efflux of unchanged amine from extraneuronal and neuronal stores.", "contents": "The distribution of 3H-(+/-)noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips after inhibition of the noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes. Rabbit aortic strips (nerve-free, reserpine-pretreated or normal) whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited (by in vitro treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline for 30 min and by the presence of 0.1 mM U-0521) were exposed to 1.18 muM 3H-(+/-)noradrenaline for 30 min (in most experiments). At the end of the incubation some strips were used for analysis of radioactivity (i.e., of noradrenaline and its metabolites), while for others the efflux of radioactivity was determined during 240 min of wash out with amine-free solution. An estimate of the original distribution of the amine into the various extraneuronal and neuronal compartments of the tissue was obtained by compartmental analysis of the efflux curves. 1. Extracellular amine distributes into \"compartment I + II\" (characterized by a half time for efflux of less than 1 min); compartment size and half time for efflux were similar to those obtained for 14C-sorbitol. 2. The extraneuronal accumulation of noradrenaline is a quickly equilibrating process which involves compartments III and IV (with half times for efflux of 3 and 11 min, respectively). Compartment IV represents not only extraneuronally but also neuronally distributed noradrenaline (see below, 4). 3. The neuronal accumulation of noradrenaline is a slowly equilibrating process which can be subdivided into axoplasmic and vesicular accumulation. 4. The axoplasmic accumulation of noradrenaline is associated with compartments IV and V (the latter characterized by a half time for efflux of 95 min). The half time of the efflux from compartment V was independent of the original filling of this compartment (the degree of filling having been varied by changes in the duration and the amine concentration of the incubation). 5. The vesicular accumulation of noradrenaline resulted in the appearance of a \"bound fraction\" (i.e., of amine not participating in the efflux determined during 240 min of wash out) and in an increase in the half time of the efflux from compartment V. 6. The results support the view that the rate of relaxation (of strips initially exposed to noradrenaline and then washed out) is affected by the efflux of unchanged amine from extraneuronal and neuronal stores."}
{"id": "PMID:940599", "title": "Stereoselectivity of the distribution of labelled noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips after inhibition of the noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes.", "content": "Rabbit aortic strips (nerve-free, reserpine-pretreated or normal) whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited (by in vitro treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline for 30 min and by the presence of 0.1mM U-0521) were exposed to 1.18 muM labelled (-)- or (+)noradrenaline for 30 min. At the end of the incubation period some strips were used for analysis of radioactive (i.e., of noradrenaline and its metabolites), while for others the efflux of radioactivity was determined during 250 min of wash out with amine-free solution. An estimate of the original distribution of the amine into the various extraneuronal and neuronal compartments of the tissue was obtained by compartmental analysis of the efflux curves. 1. The mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of radioactivity in extraneuronal and axoplasmic compartments lack stereoselectivity; the rate constants for the efflux of radioactivity from these compartments are the same for (-)- and (+)noradrenaline. 2. The accumulation of radioactivity in storage vesicles is stereospecific with preference for the (-)isomer. 3. Despite the use of enzyme inhibitors, the \"late neuronal efflux\" of radioactivity (i.e., the efflux collected between the 200th and 250th min of wash out) contained a considerable proportion of metabolites of noradrenaline. The metabolism of noradrenaline was stereoselective: while dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) was the predominant metabolite in the efflux from strips incubated with (-)noradrenaline, a considerable part of the efflux from strips incubated with the (+) isomer consisted of dihydroxymandelic acid and \"O-methylated and deaminated\" metabolites (in addition to DOPEG).", "contents": "Stereoselectivity of the distribution of labelled noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips after inhibition of the noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes. Rabbit aortic strips (nerve-free, reserpine-pretreated or normal) whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited (by in vitro treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline for 30 min and by the presence of 0.1mM U-0521) were exposed to 1.18 muM labelled (-)- or (+)noradrenaline for 30 min. At the end of the incubation period some strips were used for analysis of radioactive (i.e., of noradrenaline and its metabolites), while for others the efflux of radioactivity was determined during 250 min of wash out with amine-free solution. An estimate of the original distribution of the amine into the various extraneuronal and neuronal compartments of the tissue was obtained by compartmental analysis of the efflux curves. 1. The mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of radioactivity in extraneuronal and axoplasmic compartments lack stereoselectivity; the rate constants for the efflux of radioactivity from these compartments are the same for (-)- and (+)noradrenaline. 2. The accumulation of radioactivity in storage vesicles is stereospecific with preference for the (-)isomer. 3. Despite the use of enzyme inhibitors, the \"late neuronal efflux\" of radioactivity (i.e., the efflux collected between the 200th and 250th min of wash out) contained a considerable proportion of metabolites of noradrenaline. The metabolism of noradrenaline was stereoselective: while dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) was the predominant metabolite in the efflux from strips incubated with (-)noradrenaline, a considerable part of the efflux from strips incubated with the (+) isomer consisted of dihydroxymandelic acid and \"O-methylated and deaminated\" metabolites (in addition to DOPEG)."}
{"id": "PMID:940600", "title": "The effect of cocaine on the distribution of labelled noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips and on efflux of radioactivity from the strips.", "content": "Reserpine-pretreated or normal rabbit aortic strips (whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited by treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline and by the presence of 0.1 mM U-0521) were incubated with 1.18 muM labelled noradrenaline for 30 min. Subsequently, strips were either analysed or washed out with amine-free solution for 240 to 250 min. From the efflux curves the original distribution of radioactivity was estimated by compartmental analysis. 1. The accumulation of radioactivity in the strips was reduced by 30 muM cocaine to that observed for nerve-free strips. In reserpine-pretreated strips this was due to a partial reduction of the filling of comartment IV (characterized by a half time of efflux of 10 to 20 min; earlier evidence had already shown that part of this compartment is of neuronal origin; Hensling et al., 1976) and a pronounced decrease of the filling of compartment V (characterized by the longest half time). In normal strips the same changes were observed as well as pronounced reduction of the \"bound fraction\". Thus, cocaine reduced the filing of those compartments which had been identified as neuronal ones (Henseling et al., 1976). 2. When 30 muM cocaine was added to the wash out solution only, the neuronal efflux of radioactivity from reserpine-pretreated strips was accelerated, while the efflux from extraneuronal or extracellular compartments remained unaffected. This effect of cocaine was the same for (-)- and (+)noradrenaline, and its was not significaltly decreased when paired strips exposed to an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake (86 muM corticosterone) throughout the experiment. In normal strips, cocaine had very little or no effect on the efflux of radioactivity. 3. The results are consistent with the view that cocaine impairs the influx of amine into the neurone, while block of re-uptake of unchanged amine is one of the determinants of its effect on the rate of efflux from the axoplasm. Comparison of efflux curves with corresponding relaxation curves (determined in the absence and presence of cocaine) indicates that, when both noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes are inhibited, relaxation of the strips is accounted for by a) the efflux of unchanged amine from neuronal (and extraneuronal) stores and b) the sensitivity of the preparation to noradrenaline.", "contents": "The effect of cocaine on the distribution of labelled noradrenaline in rabbit aortic strips and on efflux of radioactivity from the strips. Reserpine-pretreated or normal rabbit aortic strips (whose noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes were inhibited by treatment with 0.5 mM pargyline and by the presence of 0.1 mM U-0521) were incubated with 1.18 muM labelled noradrenaline for 30 min. Subsequently, strips were either analysed or washed out with amine-free solution for 240 to 250 min. From the efflux curves the original distribution of radioactivity was estimated by compartmental analysis. 1. The accumulation of radioactivity in the strips was reduced by 30 muM cocaine to that observed for nerve-free strips. In reserpine-pretreated strips this was due to a partial reduction of the filling of comartment IV (characterized by a half time of efflux of 10 to 20 min; earlier evidence had already shown that part of this compartment is of neuronal origin; Hensling et al., 1976) and a pronounced decrease of the filling of compartment V (characterized by the longest half time). In normal strips the same changes were observed as well as pronounced reduction of the \"bound fraction\". Thus, cocaine reduced the filing of those compartments which had been identified as neuronal ones (Henseling et al., 1976). 2. When 30 muM cocaine was added to the wash out solution only, the neuronal efflux of radioactivity from reserpine-pretreated strips was accelerated, while the efflux from extraneuronal or extracellular compartments remained unaffected. This effect of cocaine was the same for (-)- and (+)noradrenaline, and its was not significaltly decreased when paired strips exposed to an inhibitor of extraneuronal uptake (86 muM corticosterone) throughout the experiment. In normal strips, cocaine had very little or no effect on the efflux of radioactivity. 3. The results are consistent with the view that cocaine impairs the influx of amine into the neurone, while block of re-uptake of unchanged amine is one of the determinants of its effect on the rate of efflux from the axoplasm. Comparison of efflux curves with corresponding relaxation curves (determined in the absence and presence of cocaine) indicates that, when both noradrenaline-metabolizing enzymes are inhibited, relaxation of the strips is accounted for by a) the efflux of unchanged amine from neuronal (and extraneuronal) stores and b) the sensitivity of the preparation to noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:940601", "title": "Action of prostaglandin, PGF2alpha, on the uterus of the pregnant rat.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PG) have been studied on the transmembrane potentials and contractions in isolated myometrial strips from pregnant rats. The results showed that: 1. The sensitivity of the myometrium to exogenous PG increases from day 19 to day 22 of gestation. 2. The electrical response to PG, at maximally effective doses (10-6 to 10-5 M) consists of a slow depolarization which upon reaching threshold initiates spike discharge. 3. These actions are most pronounced at term (day 22) and are due to a direction of PG on the myometrial cells. 4. D-600 (a methoxy derivative of verapamil) abolishes spike discharge and the phasic contractions induced by PG but has no effect on the slow depolarization and the accompanying increase in tonic tension. 5. The slow depolarization is dependent upon the presence of sodium in the external environment and is unaffected by the removal of calcium. 6. The spikes (and phasic contractions) are dependent upon the presence of calcium in the external environment.", "contents": "Action of prostaglandin, PGF2alpha, on the uterus of the pregnant rat. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PG) have been studied on the transmembrane potentials and contractions in isolated myometrial strips from pregnant rats. The results showed that: 1. The sensitivity of the myometrium to exogenous PG increases from day 19 to day 22 of gestation. 2. The electrical response to PG, at maximally effective doses (10-6 to 10-5 M) consists of a slow depolarization which upon reaching threshold initiates spike discharge. 3. These actions are most pronounced at term (day 22) and are due to a direction of PG on the myometrial cells. 4. D-600 (a methoxy derivative of verapamil) abolishes spike discharge and the phasic contractions induced by PG but has no effect on the slow depolarization and the accompanying increase in tonic tension. 5. The slow depolarization is dependent upon the presence of sodium in the external environment and is unaffected by the removal of calcium. 6. The spikes (and phasic contractions) are dependent upon the presence of calcium in the external environment."}
{"id": "PMID:940602", "title": "The uptake and subcellular distribution of radio-labeled metabolites of digoxin in the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart.", "content": "Cardiac glycosides like digitoxin and digoxin with three digitoxoside sugar residues have been reported to undergo step-wise degradation to yield the corresponding genins, and the importance of the digitoxoside side-chain for the pharmaco-dynamics property of cardiac glycosides has also been suggested. A sytematic study was therefore undertaken on the cleavage products of digoxin. Digoxigenin-bis-digiitoxoside (with two sugar residues) digoxigenin-monodigitoxoside (with one sugar residue) and digoxigenin (with no sugar) were compared with the parent compound, digoxin. The radio-labeled compounds were perfused through isolated guinea pig hearts using 10-7 M concentration in the perfusion medium for a fixed period of 64 min followed by an 8 min period of wash-out with normal medium. The uptake and sub-cellular distribution of the drugs were thereafter measured scintillation counting. All the compounds produced postive inotropic responses, the mondigitoxoside producing the greatest effect, digoxigenin next in order of inotropic response magnitude, the bis-digitoxoside produced the least effect, and digoxin was intermediate between the genin and bis-digitoxoside. The uptake of the monodigitoxoside was the highest, and in general, the quantitative uptake was related to the inotropic response. The greatest binding of each digitoxoside was found in the microsomal fraction. Both mechanical activity and uptake of all four drugs were uniformly reduced by an increase in potassium concentration in the perfusion medium.", "contents": "The uptake and subcellular distribution of radio-labeled metabolites of digoxin in the isolated perfused guinea-pig heart. Cardiac glycosides like digitoxin and digoxin with three digitoxoside sugar residues have been reported to undergo step-wise degradation to yield the corresponding genins, and the importance of the digitoxoside side-chain for the pharmaco-dynamics property of cardiac glycosides has also been suggested. A sytematic study was therefore undertaken on the cleavage products of digoxin. Digoxigenin-bis-digiitoxoside (with two sugar residues) digoxigenin-monodigitoxoside (with one sugar residue) and digoxigenin (with no sugar) were compared with the parent compound, digoxin. The radio-labeled compounds were perfused through isolated guinea pig hearts using 10-7 M concentration in the perfusion medium for a fixed period of 64 min followed by an 8 min period of wash-out with normal medium. The uptake and sub-cellular distribution of the drugs were thereafter measured scintillation counting. All the compounds produced postive inotropic responses, the mondigitoxoside producing the greatest effect, digoxigenin next in order of inotropic response magnitude, the bis-digitoxoside produced the least effect, and digoxin was intermediate between the genin and bis-digitoxoside. The uptake of the monodigitoxoside was the highest, and in general, the quantitative uptake was related to the inotropic response. The greatest binding of each digitoxoside was found in the microsomal fraction. Both mechanical activity and uptake of all four drugs were uniformly reduced by an increase in potassium concentration in the perfusion medium."}
{"id": "PMID:940603", "title": "Ferrihemoglobin formation by monohydroxy aniline derivatives in erythrocytes of some avian species in comparison with mammals.", "content": "Ferrihemoglobin formation nitrosobenzene and p-, m- and o-animophenol was studied in erythrocyte supspensions from a number of avian and mammalian species. Compared with the mammalian erythrocytes, bird red cells show little species differences in susceptibility. In birds, dose-effect relationship are different for nitrosobenzene and the aminophenols: using low concentration nitrosobenzene is more active than the aminophenols, while at higher concentrations o-aminophenol is at least equally effective. In birds, o-aminophenol is about eight times more potent than p-aminophenol. m-Anminophenol is not an inducer of ferrihemoglobin in erythrocytes of the cat, the goat and the Japanese quail.", "contents": "Ferrihemoglobin formation by monohydroxy aniline derivatives in erythrocytes of some avian species in comparison with mammals. Ferrihemoglobin formation nitrosobenzene and p-, m- and o-animophenol was studied in erythrocyte supspensions from a number of avian and mammalian species. Compared with the mammalian erythrocytes, bird red cells show little species differences in susceptibility. In birds, dose-effect relationship are different for nitrosobenzene and the aminophenols: using low concentration nitrosobenzene is more active than the aminophenols, while at higher concentrations o-aminophenol is at least equally effective. In birds, o-aminophenol is about eight times more potent than p-aminophenol. m-Anminophenol is not an inducer of ferrihemoglobin in erythrocytes of the cat, the goat and the Japanese quail."}
{"id": "PMID:940604", "title": "The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal hydroxylation in the rat and hamster.", "content": "The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal biphenyl and aniline hydroxylations were investigated in rat and hamster. Steroids were either added to the standard incubation mixture or given as a single dose intraperitoneally before preparation of the liver microsomes for enzyme determination. The addition of steroids in vitro enhanced biphenyl-2-hydroxylation activity in hepatic microsomes of rat but not of hamster and the most pronounced effect was obtained with betamethasone. A similar species difference in the effects of betamethasone on this enzyme was also observed after administration of a single dose of the steroid in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal hydroxylation in the rat and hamster. The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal biphenyl and aniline hydroxylations were investigated in rat and hamster. Steroids were either added to the standard incubation mixture or given as a single dose intraperitoneally before preparation of the liver microsomes for enzyme determination. The addition of steroids in vitro enhanced biphenyl-2-hydroxylation activity in hepatic microsomes of rat but not of hamster and the most pronounced effect was obtained with betamethasone. A similar species difference in the effects of betamethasone on this enzyme was also observed after administration of a single dose of the steroid in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:940605", "title": "Neurotoxic and myotoxic effects of crotalus phospholipase A and its complex with crotapotin.", "content": "1. The acidic peptide crotapotin potentiated the toxicity of the basic crotalus phospholipase A in all species tested. The order of sensitivity to the lethal action of the phospholipase was: chick greater than mouse larger than or equal to rabbit greater than rat. After a latency period of a least 20 min the animals died of respiratory paralysis. Rabbits survived for more than 10 h, if they were artificially respired. The animals recovered very slowly from respiratory depression. 2. In rabbits even high doses of the basic crotalus phospholipase A or its complex with crotapotin did not affect the respiratory center nor its reactivity to asphyxia. Conduction of action potentials in the phrenic nerve was not changed. 3. Phospholipase-crotapotin complexes decreased the contractile response of isolated phrenic-hemidiaphragms of rats to direct and indirect stimulation in an irreversible manner. A latency period 20-100 min preceded the paralysis. 4. A similar block of neuromuscular transmission developed in vivo. After i. v. injection of PC-complexes the contractile response of isolated rat phrenic diaphragms to nerve stimulation was considerably lower than to direct stimulation. 5. Crotalus phospholipase A alone as well as its complex with crotapotin reduced the contractions of the isolated chick biventer cervicis muscle but did not cause a contracture, thus indicating that the phospholiphase PC-complexes act not as depolarizing blockers. 6. Blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram were not substantially altered, when phospholipase A or PC-complex were injected slowly i.v. into rabbits or rats. No cardiotoxic effect was observed in the Langendorff preparation of rat hearts perfused with phospholipase A alone (6 x 10(-6) M) or together with crotapotin (10(-5) M).  Rapid i.v. injection of the venom produced hypotension. The degree of haemolysis correlated with the enzymatic activity, and was low for the highly toxic PC-complexes.", "contents": "Neurotoxic and myotoxic effects of crotalus phospholipase A and its complex with crotapotin. 1. The acidic peptide crotapotin potentiated the toxicity of the basic crotalus phospholipase A in all species tested. The order of sensitivity to the lethal action of the phospholipase was: chick greater than mouse larger than or equal to rabbit greater than rat. After a latency period of a least 20 min the animals died of respiratory paralysis. Rabbits survived for more than 10 h, if they were artificially respired. The animals recovered very slowly from respiratory depression. 2. In rabbits even high doses of the basic crotalus phospholipase A or its complex with crotapotin did not affect the respiratory center nor its reactivity to asphyxia. Conduction of action potentials in the phrenic nerve was not changed. 3. Phospholipase-crotapotin complexes decreased the contractile response of isolated phrenic-hemidiaphragms of rats to direct and indirect stimulation in an irreversible manner. A latency period 20-100 min preceded the paralysis. 4. A similar block of neuromuscular transmission developed in vivo. After i. v. injection of PC-complexes the contractile response of isolated rat phrenic diaphragms to nerve stimulation was considerably lower than to direct stimulation. 5. Crotalus phospholipase A alone as well as its complex with crotapotin reduced the contractions of the isolated chick biventer cervicis muscle but did not cause a contracture, thus indicating that the phospholiphase PC-complexes act not as depolarizing blockers. 6. Blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram were not substantially altered, when phospholipase A or PC-complex were injected slowly i.v. into rabbits or rats. No cardiotoxic effect was observed in the Langendorff preparation of rat hearts perfused with phospholipase A alone (6 x 10(-6) M) or together with crotapotin (10(-5) M).  Rapid i.v. injection of the venom produced hypotension. The degree of haemolysis correlated with the enzymatic activity, and was low for the highly toxic PC-complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:940606", "title": "[The interaction of impulses evoked by stimuli of different modality in neurons of the parietal association cortex].", "content": "Interaction of visual, auditory and electro-dermal signals in neurons of the parietal associative cortex was investigated in acute experiments on cats anesthetized by chloralose and nembutal. Two types of the interaction were found, one of which was characterized by inhibition or inhibition followed by facilitation of the response to testing stimuli, and the other by facilitation or facilitation followed by inhibition of background impulses. The interaction between signals of different modality is shown to depend on the properties of the neuron. Interaction ability in polysensory neurons was evidently higher than in bi- and monosensory ones.", "contents": "[The interaction of impulses evoked by stimuli of different modality in neurons of the parietal association cortex]. Interaction of visual, auditory and electro-dermal signals in neurons of the parietal associative cortex was investigated in acute experiments on cats anesthetized by chloralose and nembutal. Two types of the interaction were found, one of which was characterized by inhibition or inhibition followed by facilitation of the response to testing stimuli, and the other by facilitation or facilitation followed by inhibition of background impulses. The interaction between signals of different modality is shown to depend on the properties of the neuron. Interaction ability in polysensory neurons was evidently higher than in bi- and monosensory ones."}
{"id": "PMID:940607", "title": "[Reactions and properties of the receptive fields of neurons in the visual projection zone of the pigeon hyperstriatum].", "content": "Impulse responses of neurons of the pigeon forebrain hyperstriatal part to stationary and moving visual stimuli were investigated. Particular attention was given to revealing a retinotopic projection in the region of visual representation in Wulst. It is shown that as the electrode moved gradually in the caudal direction in the region of visual projection of the hyperstriatum, the receptive fields of the neurons under observation displaced in the visual field in the opposite direction. The receptive fields of the ventral and dorsal hyperstriatum cells remain higher in the visual field and have larger diameters than the receptive fields of neurons of the accessory hyperstriatum. Neurons responses of the visual projection of the Wulst region depend on luminosity, size, speed and direction of the movement of the test-objects through the receptive field. The functional role of the retino-thalamo-telencephalic system in the visual integration in birds is discussed and a supposition is advanced on possibility to compare the Wulst region with striatal and frontal visual areas of the mammalian cortex.", "contents": "[Reactions and properties of the receptive fields of neurons in the visual projection zone of the pigeon hyperstriatum]. Impulse responses of neurons of the pigeon forebrain hyperstriatal part to stationary and moving visual stimuli were investigated. Particular attention was given to revealing a retinotopic projection in the region of visual representation in Wulst. It is shown that as the electrode moved gradually in the caudal direction in the region of visual projection of the hyperstriatum, the receptive fields of the neurons under observation displaced in the visual field in the opposite direction. The receptive fields of the ventral and dorsal hyperstriatum cells remain higher in the visual field and have larger diameters than the receptive fields of neurons of the accessory hyperstriatum. Neurons responses of the visual projection of the Wulst region depend on luminosity, size, speed and direction of the movement of the test-objects through the receptive field. The functional role of the retino-thalamo-telencephalic system in the visual integration in birds is discussed and a supposition is advanced on possibility to compare the Wulst region with striatal and frontal visual areas of the mammalian cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:940608", "title": "[Generation of action potentials by cortical neurons in turtles. Dendritic and somatic spikes].", "content": "Action potentials in single neurons were studied intracellularly in the general cortex of the turtle. It is shown that neurons generate full spikes and, besides them, partial spikes of different amplitude. The partial spikes can be combined into a full spike. The threshold of generation and the amplitude of each partial spike are not constant values, they fluctuate within certain limits spontaneously and gradually without any change in the resting potential of the neuron. Somatic spike and dendritic spikes can be distinguished. Zones of the dendritic spikes initiation are located at different distances from the soma. Under orthodromic activation of cortical neurons the dendritic spikes are generated in succession and conducted to the soma electrotonically with a decrement. The dendritic spikes can reach the threshold for initiation of a somatic spike.", "contents": "[Generation of action potentials by cortical neurons in turtles. Dendritic and somatic spikes]. Action potentials in single neurons were studied intracellularly in the general cortex of the turtle. It is shown that neurons generate full spikes and, besides them, partial spikes of different amplitude. The partial spikes can be combined into a full spike. The threshold of generation and the amplitude of each partial spike are not constant values, they fluctuate within certain limits spontaneously and gradually without any change in the resting potential of the neuron. Somatic spike and dendritic spikes can be distinguished. Zones of the dendritic spikes initiation are located at different distances from the soma. Under orthodromic activation of cortical neurons the dendritic spikes are generated in succession and conducted to the soma electrotonically with a decrement. The dendritic spikes can reach the threshold for initiation of a somatic spike."}
{"id": "PMID:940609", "title": "[Centrifugal and centripetal connections of the cat visual cortex].", "content": "The responses of the dorsal LGB units to the striate cortex stimulation were examined in cats paralized with d-tubocurarine. Most cells studied were activated antidromically but only 8% demonstrated orthodromic responses. Some units studied intracellularly exhibited antidromic spikes followed by IPSPs, sometimes only IPSP was observed. The conduction velocities of the corticipetal fibres ranged between 28 and 4.3 m/s; three groups of fibres with conduction velocities 28-19, 14-12, 10-9.5 m/s could be separated in them in most cases. Some of the antidromically responding units had different response latencies to different striate areas stumulation, indicating that these units project to the striate cortex by means of a branching axon. Possible mechanisms of cortical influence on the LGB neurons are discussed.", "contents": "[Centrifugal and centripetal connections of the cat visual cortex]. The responses of the dorsal LGB units to the striate cortex stimulation were examined in cats paralized with d-tubocurarine. Most cells studied were activated antidromically but only 8% demonstrated orthodromic responses. Some units studied intracellularly exhibited antidromic spikes followed by IPSPs, sometimes only IPSP was observed. The conduction velocities of the corticipetal fibres ranged between 28 and 4.3 m/s; three groups of fibres with conduction velocities 28-19, 14-12, 10-9.5 m/s could be separated in them in most cases. Some of the antidromically responding units had different response latencies to different striate areas stumulation, indicating that these units project to the striate cortex by means of a branching axon. Possible mechanisms of cortical influence on the LGB neurons are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940610", "title": "[Functional characteristics of the basic internal system of hippocampal connections].", "content": "Functional characteristics of two main intrahippocampal connections (dentate fascia-field CA3 and field CA3-field CA1) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits. Electrical stimulation of FD or CA3 was used during extracellular recording of the CA3 or CA1 neuronal activity, respectively. The system CA3-CA1 is a highly effective, with a very narrow threshold zone and wide range of active frequencies. The process of recruitment during continuous rhythmic stimulation is weak, any signs of prolonged potentiation are absent. The system FD-CA3 is characterized by low effeciency, a wide threshold zone, narrow range of active frequencies. It is able of gradual building up and prolonged preservation of potentiated state. The morphological reasons of these differences and possible role of these systems in the hippocampal activity are discussed.", "contents": "[Functional characteristics of the basic internal system of hippocampal connections]. Functional characteristics of two main intrahippocampal connections (dentate fascia-field CA3 and field CA3-field CA1) were studied in unanesthetized rabbits. Electrical stimulation of FD or CA3 was used during extracellular recording of the CA3 or CA1 neuronal activity, respectively. The system CA3-CA1 is a highly effective, with a very narrow threshold zone and wide range of active frequencies. The process of recruitment during continuous rhythmic stimulation is weak, any signs of prolonged potentiation are absent. The system FD-CA3 is characterized by low effeciency, a wide threshold zone, narrow range of active frequencies. It is able of gradual building up and prolonged preservation of potentiated state. The morphological reasons of these differences and possible role of these systems in the hippocampal activity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940611", "title": "[The functional role of the septum].", "content": "A study of the electrical activity (background and at sensory stimulation) of the motor and visual areas of the cortex, hippocampus, septum (in some cases the lateral geniculate body and the midbrain reticular formation) was carried out on rabbits by the method of spectral-correlation analysis. The method of driving reactions to electrical stimulation of the lateral and medial nuclei of the septum was used to investigate its functional role as a pace-maker. The spectograms of all the analyzed areas of the brain showed the presence of acquired rhythms during electrical stimulation at 4-30 Hz. The acquired rhythm was most prominent in cortical potentials. It is assumed that the generation of rhythmical cortical activity is due to physiological interaction of the cortex and septum.", "contents": "[The functional role of the septum]. A study of the electrical activity (background and at sensory stimulation) of the motor and visual areas of the cortex, hippocampus, septum (in some cases the lateral geniculate body and the midbrain reticular formation) was carried out on rabbits by the method of spectral-correlation analysis. The method of driving reactions to electrical stimulation of the lateral and medial nuclei of the septum was used to investigate its functional role as a pace-maker. The spectograms of all the analyzed areas of the brain showed the presence of acquired rhythms during electrical stimulation at 4-30 Hz. The acquired rhythm was most prominent in cortical potentials. It is assumed that the generation of rhythmical cortical activity is due to physiological interaction of the cortex and septum."}
{"id": "PMID:940612", "title": "[Reactions of the neurons of the anterior and posterior regions of the hypothalamus to light stimulation and stimulation of the splanchnic and sciatic nerves].", "content": "Responses of single hypothalamic neurons to splanchnic, sciatic nerves and photic stimulation were studied in anesthetized, curarized cats. It is found that units of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus are \"convergence neurons\" with multisensory inputs. Convergence of somatosensory and visceral (splanchnic) impulses to such neurons was complete. No neurons responding only to the splanchnic nerve stimulation were found. In the posterior hypothalamus some units responded only to stimulation of splanchnic and sciatic nerves and were unresponsive to a flash. On the contrary, in the anterior hypothalamus a part of units responded only to photic stimulation. The polysensory neurons of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus were of a nonspecific modality: they responded with a similar pattern of phasic or tonic discharge with a predominance of phasic responses. Units were more often excited than inhibited. A high responsibility (68%) of spontaneously active neurons to somato-visceral and photic stimulation was observed in the posterior, as well as in the anterior hypothalamus. The principles of functional organization of hypothalamic afferent system are discussed.", "contents": "[Reactions of the neurons of the anterior and posterior regions of the hypothalamus to light stimulation and stimulation of the splanchnic and sciatic nerves]. Responses of single hypothalamic neurons to splanchnic, sciatic nerves and photic stimulation were studied in anesthetized, curarized cats. It is found that units of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus are \"convergence neurons\" with multisensory inputs. Convergence of somatosensory and visceral (splanchnic) impulses to such neurons was complete. No neurons responding only to the splanchnic nerve stimulation were found. In the posterior hypothalamus some units responded only to stimulation of splanchnic and sciatic nerves and were unresponsive to a flash. On the contrary, in the anterior hypothalamus a part of units responded only to photic stimulation. The polysensory neurons of the posterior and anterior hypothalamus were of a nonspecific modality: they responded with a similar pattern of phasic or tonic discharge with a predominance of phasic responses. Units were more often excited than inhibited. A high responsibility (68%) of spontaneously active neurons to somato-visceral and photic stimulation was observed in the posterior, as well as in the anterior hypothalamus. The principles of functional organization of hypothalamic afferent system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940613", "title": "[Reproduction of delayed evoked potentials during amygdaloid complex stimulation].", "content": "Influence of amygdaloid stimulation on retrieval of the electric correlate of time connection, delayed evoked potentials recorded in the cortex, midbrain reticular formation, lateral geniculate body and hippocampus, was studied in experiments on currarized unaesthetized cats. Delayed evoked potentials were formed after 10-400 pairings of light flash and hypothalamic stimulation and were manifested as potentials appearing in response to a conditioned stimulus with a delay equal to the interval between conditioned and unconditional stimuli. Amygdaloid stimulation facilitated their retrieval if they were previously extinguished or did not appear during initial testing.", "contents": "[Reproduction of delayed evoked potentials during amygdaloid complex stimulation]. Influence of amygdaloid stimulation on retrieval of the electric correlate of time connection, delayed evoked potentials recorded in the cortex, midbrain reticular formation, lateral geniculate body and hippocampus, was studied in experiments on currarized unaesthetized cats. Delayed evoked potentials were formed after 10-400 pairings of light flash and hypothalamic stimulation and were manifested as potentials appearing in response to a conditioned stimulus with a delay equal to the interval between conditioned and unconditional stimuli. Amygdaloid stimulation facilitated their retrieval if they were previously extinguished or did not appear during initial testing."}
{"id": "PMID:940614", "title": "[The effect of several surface-active substances on neuromuscular transmission in frogs].", "content": "The action of bile salts, saponin and tween-80 on miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) and electrotonic potentials (ETP) of the muscle fibre membrane was studied in frog Rana ridibunda. Bile salts in a concentration of 10(-4) g/ml increased the frequency and amplitude of MEPP. The input resistance of the muscle fibre membrane decreased under the action of these substances. At higher concentrations (to 10(-3) g/ml) the frequency of the MEPP initially increased, then these potentials were depressed and finally they completely disappeared. Tween-80 did not change noticeably spontaneous synaptic activity, and saponin inhibited it. In Ca-free solutions bile salt were less effective. It is suggested that bile salts change the structure of the presynaptic membrane and at the same time stimulate the release of acetylcholine form the nerve terminals.", "contents": "[The effect of several surface-active substances on neuromuscular transmission in frogs]. The action of bile salts, saponin and tween-80 on miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) and electrotonic potentials (ETP) of the muscle fibre membrane was studied in frog Rana ridibunda. Bile salts in a concentration of 10(-4) g/ml increased the frequency and amplitude of MEPP. The input resistance of the muscle fibre membrane decreased under the action of these substances. At higher concentrations (to 10(-3) g/ml) the frequency of the MEPP initially increased, then these potentials were depressed and finally they completely disappeared. Tween-80 did not change noticeably spontaneous synaptic activity, and saponin inhibited it. In Ca-free solutions bile salt were less effective. It is suggested that bile salts change the structure of the presynaptic membrane and at the same time stimulate the release of acetylcholine form the nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:940615", "title": "[Antidromal and synaptic potentials of motoneurons of the cat accessory nerve nucleus].", "content": "Field potentials were recorded in segments C1-C4 after stimulation of n. accessorius. In this region antidromic and synaptic potentials 20 n. accessory motoneurons were recorded. They were produced by stimulation of the accessory nerve and other peripheral nerves. The latency of antidromic potentials was 0.6-1.1 ms. Only EPSPs and action potentials were produced by stimulation of different peripheral nerves. EPSP's latency were 2.2-4.4 ms for the third cervical nerve, 3.8-5.8 ms for n. splenius, 11-20 ms for n. radialis superficialis, 2.2-3.5 ms for n. infraorbitalis.", "contents": "[Antidromal and synaptic potentials of motoneurons of the cat accessory nerve nucleus]. Field potentials were recorded in segments C1-C4 after stimulation of n. accessorius. In this region antidromic and synaptic potentials 20 n. accessory motoneurons were recorded. They were produced by stimulation of the accessory nerve and other peripheral nerves. The latency of antidromic potentials was 0.6-1.1 ms. Only EPSPs and action potentials were produced by stimulation of different peripheral nerves. EPSP's latency were 2.2-4.4 ms for the third cervical nerve, 3.8-5.8 ms for n. splenius, 11-20 ms for n. radialis superficialis, 2.2-3.5 ms for n. infraorbitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:940616", "title": "[The effect of sodium amytal on the electrophysiologic properties of snail giant neurons].", "content": "Sodium amytal increased resting potential decreased and finally abolished action potentials and temporarily decreased input resistance of the neuron membrane. Simultaneously, the intracellular potassium content decreased, but sodium content was almost unchanged. These effects are suggested to be connected with changes in the membrane potassium permeability and with disturbances in the mechanisms of action potential generation.", "contents": "[The effect of sodium amytal on the electrophysiologic properties of snail giant neurons]. Sodium amytal increased resting potential decreased and finally abolished action potentials and temporarily decreased input resistance of the neuron membrane. Simultaneously, the intracellular potassium content decreased, but sodium content was almost unchanged. These effects are suggested to be connected with changes in the membrane potassium permeability and with disturbances in the mechanisms of action potential generation."}
{"id": "PMID:940617", "title": "[The ultrastructure of portions of the cat spinal cord gray matter connected to fibers of different descending tracts].", "content": "Definite ultrastructural features were found in the regions of the cat spinal grey matter connected with different descending pathways, especially in the structure of dendritic membranes and relative quantities of axon terminals. Two types of destructive changes in myelinated axons and axon terminals in these regions were observed during experimental degeneration of descending fibres. Axon terminals of small size and F-type vesicles were subjected to degeneration after pyramidal tract lesion, while large terminals of both S-type and F-type were affected after sectioning of extrapyramidal tracts.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of portions of the cat spinal cord gray matter connected to fibers of different descending tracts]. Definite ultrastructural features were found in the regions of the cat spinal grey matter connected with different descending pathways, especially in the structure of dendritic membranes and relative quantities of axon terminals. Two types of destructive changes in myelinated axons and axon terminals in these regions were observed during experimental degeneration of descending fibres. Axon terminals of small size and F-type vesicles were subjected to degeneration after pyramidal tract lesion, while large terminals of both S-type and F-type were affected after sectioning of extrapyramidal tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:940618", "title": "Haemoglobin and serum iron responses to periodic intravenous iron-dextran infusions during maintenance haemodialysis.", "content": "Patients with chronic renal failure who were on maintenance haemodialysis, were given monthly 600 mg iron intravenously as iron-dextran complex to a body replacement total of 5-6 g iron. Those patients who had been on maintenance haemodialysis for a long period and had received numerous blood transfusions failed to show a rise in haemoglobin levels. Those patients who received iron from the commencement of maintenance dialysis, and who had not received blood transfusions, showed a significant increase in haemoglobin concentrations which has been maintained for more than 18 months after iron therapy ceased, despite a concurrent decrease in serum iron concentrations. Pre-treatment and post-treatment levels of serum iron are not of predictive value for the success of iron treatment, neither for the haemoglobin nor the serum iron response. A body replacement dose of iron given intravenously over a year benefits the majority of patients on maintenance haemodialysis and is recommended for the treatment of their anaemia.", "contents": "Haemoglobin and serum iron responses to periodic intravenous iron-dextran infusions during maintenance haemodialysis. Patients with chronic renal failure who were on maintenance haemodialysis, were given monthly 600 mg iron intravenously as iron-dextran complex to a body replacement total of 5-6 g iron. Those patients who had been on maintenance haemodialysis for a long period and had received numerous blood transfusions failed to show a rise in haemoglobin levels. Those patients who received iron from the commencement of maintenance dialysis, and who had not received blood transfusions, showed a significant increase in haemoglobin concentrations which has been maintained for more than 18 months after iron therapy ceased, despite a concurrent decrease in serum iron concentrations. Pre-treatment and post-treatment levels of serum iron are not of predictive value for the success of iron treatment, neither for the haemoglobin nor the serum iron response. A body replacement dose of iron given intravenously over a year benefits the majority of patients on maintenance haemodialysis and is recommended for the treatment of their anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:940619", "title": "Glycolipid modifications during peritoneal dialysis in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Ten patients with progressive CRF were studied for the major indices of glycolipid metabolism during the first application of peritoneal dialysis. From the 2nd hour the concentration of dialysis fluid is 4.5g%, while the electrolyte content is unchanged. During treatment a constant increase of glycemia and insulinemia with a fall of plasma-free fatty acids and serum triglycerides was observed. The authors attribute such modifications to hyperglycemia and consequently to the high glucose of the dialysis bath.", "contents": "Glycolipid modifications during peritoneal dialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. Ten patients with progressive CRF were studied for the major indices of glycolipid metabolism during the first application of peritoneal dialysis. From the 2nd hour the concentration of dialysis fluid is 4.5g%, while the electrolyte content is unchanged. During treatment a constant increase of glycemia and insulinemia with a fall of plasma-free fatty acids and serum triglycerides was observed. The authors attribute such modifications to hyperglycemia and consequently to the high glucose of the dialysis bath."}
{"id": "PMID:940620", "title": "Parathyroid hormone plasma level in untreated chronic renal failure and in hemodialyzed patients.", "content": "In 42 untreated patients at various stages of chronic renal failure, plasma level of parathyroid hormone was directly proportional to the degree of renal failure and inversely proportional to the serum calcium level. Plasma parathyroid hormone levels were frequently elevated in 21 patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, in spite of normal levels of serum total calcium and magnesium. Serum-ionized calcium levels measured in dialyzed patients were usually reduced and inversely correlated with the creatinine levels. Parathyroid hormone levels were correlated with the creatinine levels, but the inverse relationship with ionized calcium was not significant.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone plasma level in untreated chronic renal failure and in hemodialyzed patients. In 42 untreated patients at various stages of chronic renal failure, plasma level of parathyroid hormone was directly proportional to the degree of renal failure and inversely proportional to the serum calcium level. Plasma parathyroid hormone levels were frequently elevated in 21 patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment, in spite of normal levels of serum total calcium and magnesium. Serum-ionized calcium levels measured in dialyzed patients were usually reduced and inversely correlated with the creatinine levels. Parathyroid hormone levels were correlated with the creatinine levels, but the inverse relationship with ionized calcium was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:940621", "title": "The effect of acute uremia on liver mitochondrial activity.", "content": "The effect of acute uremia on the liver mitochondrial activity was studied in Swiss albino mice subjected to complete urethral obstruction and sacrificed at different time intervals. The specific respiratory coefficient (measured as microliters of oxygen utilized per milligram of total proteins X 10(-1)) was similar in uremic and sham-operated control groups. The utilization of succinate as substrate was also similar in uremic and controls. There was a tendency for decreasing utilization of alpha-glutarate as substrate by the uremic group, particularly after 48 h of total urinary obstruction. There was no correlation between the retention of urea and the degree of mitochondrial respiratory inhibition.", "contents": "The effect of acute uremia on liver mitochondrial activity. The effect of acute uremia on the liver mitochondrial activity was studied in Swiss albino mice subjected to complete urethral obstruction and sacrificed at different time intervals. The specific respiratory coefficient (measured as microliters of oxygen utilized per milligram of total proteins X 10(-1)) was similar in uremic and sham-operated control groups. The utilization of succinate as substrate was also similar in uremic and controls. There was a tendency for decreasing utilization of alpha-glutarate as substrate by the uremic group, particularly after 48 h of total urinary obstruction. There was no correlation between the retention of urea and the degree of mitochondrial respiratory inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:940623", "title": "Intrafamily identity and home dialysis success.", "content": "The entire family participates in the success of the home dialysis patient. Isolation and study of discrete quantifiable aspects of behavior within the family may allow identification of patients with a greater risk of failure, thus making it possible to help such patients succeed. A single such factor, 'intrafamily identity', measured in each of 40 diverse families before one family member began a home dialysis program, was found to correlate with success in the program 1 year later. This finding also may contribute to an understanding of systematic patterns of behavior within all families, with special emphasis upon the ability of family members to cope with continuing stress.", "contents": "Intrafamily identity and home dialysis success. The entire family participates in the success of the home dialysis patient. Isolation and study of discrete quantifiable aspects of behavior within the family may allow identification of patients with a greater risk of failure, thus making it possible to help such patients succeed. A single such factor, 'intrafamily identity', measured in each of 40 diverse families before one family member began a home dialysis program, was found to correlate with success in the program 1 year later. This finding also may contribute to an understanding of systematic patterns of behavior within all families, with special emphasis upon the ability of family members to cope with continuing stress."}
{"id": "PMID:940625", "title": "Renal microangiopathy of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood.", "content": "18 children with clinical and laboratory findings characteristic of the hemolytic uremic syndrome were retrospectively studied. Thrombocytopenia due to platelet destruction was accompanied by only minimal changes in fibrinogen turnover and fibrinolytic degradation products. The most consistent pathologic feature was severe renal endothelial cell injury, which was postulated to produce both platelet and red cell destruction. Despite initially severe renal damage, 90% of the patients ultimately recovered normal renal function if adequately supported during the acute phase of the disease.", "contents": "Renal microangiopathy of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood. 18 children with clinical and laboratory findings characteristic of the hemolytic uremic syndrome were retrospectively studied. Thrombocytopenia due to platelet destruction was accompanied by only minimal changes in fibrinogen turnover and fibrinolytic degradation products. The most consistent pathologic feature was severe renal endothelial cell injury, which was postulated to produce both platelet and red cell destruction. Despite initially severe renal damage, 90% of the patients ultimately recovered normal renal function if adequately supported during the acute phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:940626", "title": "The role of tubular necrosis in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure.", "content": "Renal tubular function was evaluated in vitro by kidney slice uptakes of p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) at 24 and 48 h in water-drinking rats and at 24 h in chronic saline-loaded rats after induction of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) by HgCl2 and glycerol injection. Significant correlations between decrease tubular uptake of PAH and TEA and elevated serum creatinine levels were noted in both models of ATN in water- and saline-drinking rats. However, with the same degree of impairment of PAH and TEA uptakes the creatinine was significantly lower in saline-loaded rats than in water-drinking rats in both forms of ATN. The correlation between impaired tubular function and elevated creatinine suggests that tubular damage and glomerular filtration reduction might be pathophysiologically related in ATN.", "contents": "The role of tubular necrosis in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure. Renal tubular function was evaluated in vitro by kidney slice uptakes of p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) at 24 and 48 h in water-drinking rats and at 24 h in chronic saline-loaded rats after induction of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) by HgCl2 and glycerol injection. Significant correlations between decrease tubular uptake of PAH and TEA and elevated serum creatinine levels were noted in both models of ATN in water- and saline-drinking rats. However, with the same degree of impairment of PAH and TEA uptakes the creatinine was significantly lower in saline-loaded rats than in water-drinking rats in both forms of ATN. The correlation between impaired tubular function and elevated creatinine suggests that tubular damage and glomerular filtration reduction might be pathophysiologically related in ATN."}
{"id": "PMID:940627", "title": "Hypertension and plasma renin activity in experimentally induced chronic pyelonephritis.", "content": "The present authors conducted a series of experiments with mongrel dogs, in which unilateral chronic pyelonephritis was induced and postoperative changes in blood pressure and plasma renin activity were observed over a period of 3 months. The pyelonephritis infection was brought about by a method involving vesicoureteral reflux and ureteral dysfunction, as described in a previous paper. Pre- and postoperative levels of systolic pressure were compared, but no definite trends were found for the first 3 weeks after operation. At 30, 60 and 90 days the pressures were found to have risen by 21.2 +/- 14.6 and 17.1 +/- 16.7 mm Hg, respectively. No appreciable change in the plasma renin activity was found, however, at any stage. From these results it was concluded that experimentally induced chronic pyelonephritis in dogs caused a rise in blood pressure. No connection between the pyelonephritis and the renin angiotensin system was found.", "contents": "Hypertension and plasma renin activity in experimentally induced chronic pyelonephritis. The present authors conducted a series of experiments with mongrel dogs, in which unilateral chronic pyelonephritis was induced and postoperative changes in blood pressure and plasma renin activity were observed over a period of 3 months. The pyelonephritis infection was brought about by a method involving vesicoureteral reflux and ureteral dysfunction, as described in a previous paper. Pre- and postoperative levels of systolic pressure were compared, but no definite trends were found for the first 3 weeks after operation. At 30, 60 and 90 days the pressures were found to have risen by 21.2 +/- 14.6 and 17.1 +/- 16.7 mm Hg, respectively. No appreciable change in the plasma renin activity was found, however, at any stage. From these results it was concluded that experimentally induced chronic pyelonephritis in dogs caused a rise in blood pressure. No connection between the pyelonephritis and the renin angiotensin system was found."}
{"id": "PMID:940628", "title": "Solute transport in comparable surface area dialyzers.", "content": "The present study compared clearance (K) for urea (U), uric acid (Ua), and BSP in relatively equal surface area dialyzers, EX-29 to dual EX-21 in parallel (DEX-21) at QB and QD 300 ml/min, and hollow fiber kidney model 5 (HFK-5) to dual HFK model 4 in series (DHFK-4) at QB 200, QD 500 ml/min. KU was 158 +/- 20 ml/min, 129 +/- 22; KUa was 106 +/- 10, 96 +/- 5, and KBSP was 80 +/- 11 and 67 +/- 12 (p less than 0.01) for EX-29 and DEX-21, respectively. KU was 173 +/- 8 ml/min, 159 +/- 6; KUa was 131 +/- 6, 117 +/- 8, and KBSP was 65 +/- 9 and 56 +/- 7 (p less than 0.01) for HFK-5 and DHFK-4, respectively. Comparable changes in outlet pressure had a varied effect on ultrafiltration and solute transport. 3-hour hemodialysis in the same patients showed that EX-29 was better tolerated than DEX-21. The data suggest that dialyzer designs with the same membrane of equal surface area may significant affect K for both small and middle molecular weight solutes. Comparable changes in outlet pressure may have a varied effect on K in different designs. Due to these variations, comparison of dialysis schedules with different dialyzers on the basis of the square meter hour dialysis to prove validity of middle molecule hypothesis should be interpreted cautiously.", "contents": "Solute transport in comparable surface area dialyzers. The present study compared clearance (K) for urea (U), uric acid (Ua), and BSP in relatively equal surface area dialyzers, EX-29 to dual EX-21 in parallel (DEX-21) at QB and QD 300 ml/min, and hollow fiber kidney model 5 (HFK-5) to dual HFK model 4 in series (DHFK-4) at QB 200, QD 500 ml/min. KU was 158 +/- 20 ml/min, 129 +/- 22; KUa was 106 +/- 10, 96 +/- 5, and KBSP was 80 +/- 11 and 67 +/- 12 (p less than 0.01) for EX-29 and DEX-21, respectively. KU was 173 +/- 8 ml/min, 159 +/- 6; KUa was 131 +/- 6, 117 +/- 8, and KBSP was 65 +/- 9 and 56 +/- 7 (p less than 0.01) for HFK-5 and DHFK-4, respectively. Comparable changes in outlet pressure had a varied effect on ultrafiltration and solute transport. 3-hour hemodialysis in the same patients showed that EX-29 was better tolerated than DEX-21. The data suggest that dialyzer designs with the same membrane of equal surface area may significant affect K for both small and middle molecular weight solutes. Comparable changes in outlet pressure may have a varied effect on K in different designs. Due to these variations, comparison of dialysis schedules with different dialyzers on the basis of the square meter hour dialysis to prove validity of middle molecule hypothesis should be interpreted cautiously."}
{"id": "PMID:940630", "title": "Hormonal function of a granulosa cell tumor.", "content": "Granulosa and theca cell tumors are rather common gonadal stromal tumors. A postmenopausal patient with a granulosa cell tumor, who complained chiefly of breast tenderness and enlarging, abdomen, is presented. Preoperative and postoperative studies including serum estrone, estradiol, prolactin, FSH, and LH,as well as urinary estrogens, 17-ketosteroids, and 17-hydroxysteroids are reported. A plan of treatment and followup is suggested. It is recommended that survival data on patients with such slow-growing tumors be adjusted to reflect the true incidence of death from the specific tumor in question.", "contents": "Hormonal function of a granulosa cell tumor. Granulosa and theca cell tumors are rather common gonadal stromal tumors. A postmenopausal patient with a granulosa cell tumor, who complained chiefly of breast tenderness and enlarging, abdomen, is presented. Preoperative and postoperative studies including serum estrone, estradiol, prolactin, FSH, and LH,as well as urinary estrogens, 17-ketosteroids, and 17-hydroxysteroids are reported. A plan of treatment and followup is suggested. It is recommended that survival data on patients with such slow-growing tumors be adjusted to reflect the true incidence of death from the specific tumor in question."}
{"id": "PMID:940631", "title": "Partial exchange transfusion in a pregnant patient with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "A pregnant patient with symptomatic sickle cell anemia is presented, and the rationale and technic of management by partial exchange transfusion near term is discussed. Observations concerning the comparative safety of the protocol are made, and suggestions offered for a more widespread adoption of this plan. The outcome for mother and baby was good.", "contents": "Partial exchange transfusion in a pregnant patient with sickle cell anemia. A pregnant patient with symptomatic sickle cell anemia is presented, and the rationale and technic of management by partial exchange transfusion near term is discussed. Observations concerning the comparative safety of the protocol are made, and suggestions offered for a more widespread adoption of this plan. The outcome for mother and baby was good."}
{"id": "PMID:940632", "title": "Male hermaphroditism with bilateral testes, well-formed M\u00fcllerian structures, and 45,X chromosome complement.", "content": "A patient is presented who was short in stature and had an enlarged phallus, normal vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bilateral testes but with a 45,X karyotype from peripheral leukocytes. This is believed to be the first such patient ever reported. Such patients and other previously described male hermaphrodites with a 45,X karyotype indicate that, contrary to the general rule that patients with 45,X karyotype do not require a laparotomy, patients with such a karyotype should be explored if their genitalia are ambiguous.", "contents": "Male hermaphroditism with bilateral testes, well-formed M\u00fcllerian structures, and 45,X chromosome complement. A patient is presented who was short in stature and had an enlarged phallus, normal vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bilateral testes but with a 45,X karyotype from peripheral leukocytes. This is believed to be the first such patient ever reported. Such patients and other previously described male hermaphrodites with a 45,X karyotype indicate that, contrary to the general rule that patients with 45,X karyotype do not require a laparotomy, patients with such a karyotype should be explored if their genitalia are ambiguous."}
{"id": "PMID:940633", "title": "Hyperamylasemia associated with gonococcal salpingitis and perihepatitis.", "content": "A case of hyperamylasemia associated with gonococcal salpingitis and perihepatitis (Fitzhugh-Curtis syndrome) is reported. Other potential causes of hyperamylasemia such as pancreatic, parotic, biliary, or intestinal disease were carefully excluded. In addition, the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio was within normal limits, suggesting tubal rather than pancreatic source of hyperamylasemia. This finding is of clinical importance since acute salpingitis is a prevalent disease and its initial presentation may mimic acute pancreatitis or other causes of surgical abdomen. The amylase to creatinine clearance ratio is of value in differentiating such cases from those with hyperamylasemia due to pancreatitis.", "contents": "Hyperamylasemia associated with gonococcal salpingitis and perihepatitis. A case of hyperamylasemia associated with gonococcal salpingitis and perihepatitis (Fitzhugh-Curtis syndrome) is reported. Other potential causes of hyperamylasemia such as pancreatic, parotic, biliary, or intestinal disease were carefully excluded. In addition, the amylase to creatinine clearance ratio was within normal limits, suggesting tubal rather than pancreatic source of hyperamylasemia. This finding is of clinical importance since acute salpingitis is a prevalent disease and its initial presentation may mimic acute pancreatitis or other causes of surgical abdomen. The amylase to creatinine clearance ratio is of value in differentiating such cases from those with hyperamylasemia due to pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:940634", "title": "Myasthenia gravis and preeclampsia.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis in pregnancy is rare, and its occurence in conjunction with preeclampsia has not been previously described. A case report of preeclampsia in a myasthenic patient is described with recommendations for management. The authors conclude that magnesium is a contraindicated pharmacologic agent in a myasthenic patient.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis and preeclampsia. Myasthenia gravis in pregnancy is rare, and its occurence in conjunction with preeclampsia has not been previously described. A case report of preeclampsia in a myasthenic patient is described with recommendations for management. The authors conclude that magnesium is a contraindicated pharmacologic agent in a myasthenic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:940635", "title": "Plasma oxytocin determinations in pregnancy with diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Diabetes insipidus is an extremely rare condition complicating pregnancy. The deficiency in antidiuretic hormone production has led to the assumption that oxytocin synthesis may also be affected. For this reason spontaneous onset of labor in a number of previously reported cases has been considered as evidence against implicating oxytocin as a relevant factor in the evolution and maintenance of labor. For the first time, plasma oxytocin levels were determined in a patient with known idiopathic diabetes insipidus during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum, using radioimmunoassay. Oxytocin was not detectable in plasma before labor. There was however a surge of plasma oxytocin detected during labor and puerperium, a pattern somewhat similar to that seen in normal pregnancy. Our findings suggest that at least some patients with diabetes insipidus do secrete oxytocin and that the role of oxytocin, threfore, cannot be discounted in the labor process.", "contents": "Plasma oxytocin determinations in pregnancy with diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is an extremely rare condition complicating pregnancy. The deficiency in antidiuretic hormone production has led to the assumption that oxytocin synthesis may also be affected. For this reason spontaneous onset of labor in a number of previously reported cases has been considered as evidence against implicating oxytocin as a relevant factor in the evolution and maintenance of labor. For the first time, plasma oxytocin levels were determined in a patient with known idiopathic diabetes insipidus during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum, using radioimmunoassay. Oxytocin was not detectable in plasma before labor. There was however a surge of plasma oxytocin detected during labor and puerperium, a pattern somewhat similar to that seen in normal pregnancy. Our findings suggest that at least some patients with diabetes insipidus do secrete oxytocin and that the role of oxytocin, threfore, cannot be discounted in the labor process."}
{"id": "PMID:940636", "title": "Laceration of umbilical artery and abruptio placentae secondary to amniocentesis.", "content": "A case of a lacerated umbilical artery causing an abruptio placentae and subsequent emergency cesarean section is presented, with a review of the complications of amniocentesis. A search of the literature has failed to reveal that this particular complication has been previously reported.", "contents": "Laceration of umbilical artery and abruptio placentae secondary to amniocentesis. A case of a lacerated umbilical artery causing an abruptio placentae and subsequent emergency cesarean section is presented, with a review of the complications of amniocentesis. A search of the literature has failed to reveal that this particular complication has been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:940637", "title": "Sonographic demonstration of fetal death in the absence of radiographic abnormality.", "content": "A case of intrauterine fetal demise was monitored over a 5-week period with serial sonographs and simultaneous radiographs. The diagnosis could not be established from the radiographs even 7 weeks postmortem. However, the initial sonographs established the diagnosis and subsequently presented a picture of increasing degeneration. Possible explanations for this are suggested.", "contents": "Sonographic demonstration of fetal death in the absence of radiographic abnormality. A case of intrauterine fetal demise was monitored over a 5-week period with serial sonographs and simultaneous radiographs. The diagnosis could not be established from the radiographs even 7 weeks postmortem. However, the initial sonographs established the diagnosis and subsequently presented a picture of increasing degeneration. Possible explanations for this are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:940638", "title": "Uterus didelphys associated with unilateral imperforate vagina.", "content": "Two cases of uterus didelphys associated with unilateral imperforate vagina are reported with a review of the literature. In all cases investigated, ipsilateral renal agenesis was found on the affected side. A summary of the embryologic development of the female reproductive tract is included, as well as a possible explanation for this rare anomaly. The authors describe their proposed method of management to achieve freedom from symptoms and maintenance of a relatively intact reproductive tract.", "contents": "Uterus didelphys associated with unilateral imperforate vagina. Two cases of uterus didelphys associated with unilateral imperforate vagina are reported with a review of the literature. In all cases investigated, ipsilateral renal agenesis was found on the affected side. A summary of the embryologic development of the female reproductive tract is included, as well as a possible explanation for this rare anomaly. The authors describe their proposed method of management to achieve freedom from symptoms and maintenance of a relatively intact reproductive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:940639", "title": "Pregnancy in hepatitis B antigen positive cirrhosis.", "content": "Two pregnant women with chronic active viral hepatitis (HBs Ag+) and cirrhosis are described. In the first patient, maternal death occurred postpartum due to bleeding esophageal varices and liver and renal failure. Postmortem examination revealed advanced nodular cirrhosis and thrombosis of the splenic and portal veins. The infant was premature but did well and did not become infected despite the detection of HBsAg in the cord blood. Nine members of the patient's immediate family were tested; the blood of one sibling of the patient was found to be HBsAg+ and samples from 5 other members were found to be anti-HBs+. In the second patient, death due to liver failure occurred in the seventh month of pregnancy and postmortem examination revealed advanced nodular cirrhosis. Examination of multiple fluids from the mother and fetus were negative for HBsAg. In contrast to the apparent lack of effect of pregnancy on cirrhosis of the liver in general, the possibility of an adverse effect in this particular type(HBs Ag+) should be considered.", "contents": "Pregnancy in hepatitis B antigen positive cirrhosis. Two pregnant women with chronic active viral hepatitis (HBs Ag+) and cirrhosis are described. In the first patient, maternal death occurred postpartum due to bleeding esophageal varices and liver and renal failure. Postmortem examination revealed advanced nodular cirrhosis and thrombosis of the splenic and portal veins. The infant was premature but did well and did not become infected despite the detection of HBsAg in the cord blood. Nine members of the patient's immediate family were tested; the blood of one sibling of the patient was found to be HBsAg+ and samples from 5 other members were found to be anti-HBs+. In the second patient, death due to liver failure occurred in the seventh month of pregnancy and postmortem examination revealed advanced nodular cirrhosis. Examination of multiple fluids from the mother and fetus were negative for HBsAg. In contrast to the apparent lack of effect of pregnancy on cirrhosis of the liver in general, the possibility of an adverse effect in this particular type(HBs Ag+) should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:940640", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma involving the ovary and jaw.", "content": "Unilateral jaw and ovarian Burkitt's lymphoma occuring in an adult American female is reported. The patient was treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and relapse patterns are briefly reviewed as they relate to the specialty of gynecology.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma involving the ovary and jaw. Unilateral jaw and ovarian Burkitt's lymphoma occuring in an adult American female is reported. The patient was treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and relapse patterns are briefly reviewed as they relate to the specialty of gynecology."}
{"id": "PMID:940641", "title": "Hypertrophy of the labia minora.", "content": "Gynecologic disorders during childhood and adolescence have received relatively little attention. Since earlier sexual activity among teenage girls is becoming more common, it is desirable that those interested in the diseases of women keep abreast of the current developments in adolescent gynecology. Two patients with congenital hypertrophy of the labia minora are presented and the treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Hypertrophy of the labia minora. Gynecologic disorders during childhood and adolescence have received relatively little attention. Since earlier sexual activity among teenage girls is becoming more common, it is desirable that those interested in the diseases of women keep abreast of the current developments in adolescent gynecology. Two patients with congenital hypertrophy of the labia minora are presented and the treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940642", "title": "Long-term followup of 1121 cases of carcinoma in situ.", "content": "A series of 1121 patients with carcinoma in situ have been followed for 5 to 25 years. Recurrences of in situ lesions and development of invasive cancer wwere found, often many years after treatment. Thereapeutic conization was performed in 795 patients, of which 19 (2.3%) had recurrent carcinoma in situ and 7 patients (0.9%) developed invasive cancer. The corresponding figures for 238 patients treated with hysterectomy were, respectively, 3 (1.2%) and 5 (2.1%). The invasive lesions appeared after treatment several years later than the in situ lesions. It is stressed that women having once had in situ carcinoma of the cervix will always be at some risk, and therefore should be carefully followed for a much longer time than the conventional 5 years. Of 42 cases of preinvasive carcinoma extending to the border of the surgical specimen in which conization was performed, 25 were not immediately treated but only observed. Four of these patients developed recurrence from 2 to 6 years after treatment, while 21 are well after a followup period of between 5 and 15 years.", "contents": "Long-term followup of 1121 cases of carcinoma in situ. A series of 1121 patients with carcinoma in situ have been followed for 5 to 25 years. Recurrences of in situ lesions and development of invasive cancer wwere found, often many years after treatment. Thereapeutic conization was performed in 795 patients, of which 19 (2.3%) had recurrent carcinoma in situ and 7 patients (0.9%) developed invasive cancer. The corresponding figures for 238 patients treated with hysterectomy were, respectively, 3 (1.2%) and 5 (2.1%). The invasive lesions appeared after treatment several years later than the in situ lesions. It is stressed that women having once had in situ carcinoma of the cervix will always be at some risk, and therefore should be carefully followed for a much longer time than the conventional 5 years. Of 42 cases of preinvasive carcinoma extending to the border of the surgical specimen in which conization was performed, 25 were not immediately treated but only observed. Four of these patients developed recurrence from 2 to 6 years after treatment, while 21 are well after a followup period of between 5 and 15 years."}
{"id": "PMID:940643", "title": "Radical hysterectomy with or without preoperative radium for stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A retrospective study of 119 patients ranging from 30 to 69 years of age was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative radium treatment for patients with Stage IB (FIGO 1971) squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix undergoing radical hysterectomy. Results in 61 patients who had radical hysterectomy without preoperative radium treatment were compared to those in 58 patients who had received radium preoperatively. The patients receiving radium systems had an uncorrected 5-year survival rate of 89.7%, while the patients without preoperative radium treatment had a 75.1% 5-year rate of survival. This difference in survival rate was judged to be secondary to the greater incidence of lymphatic invasion and residual tumor in the surgical specimens of the patients who did not receive preoperative radium. The occurrence of significant gastrointestinal and urinary tract complications was identical in the 2 groups.", "contents": "Radical hysterectomy with or without preoperative radium for stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. A retrospective study of 119 patients ranging from 30 to 69 years of age was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative radium treatment for patients with Stage IB (FIGO 1971) squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix undergoing radical hysterectomy. Results in 61 patients who had radical hysterectomy without preoperative radium treatment were compared to those in 58 patients who had received radium preoperatively. The patients receiving radium systems had an uncorrected 5-year survival rate of 89.7%, while the patients without preoperative radium treatment had a 75.1% 5-year rate of survival. This difference in survival rate was judged to be secondary to the greater incidence of lymphatic invasion and residual tumor in the surgical specimens of the patients who did not receive preoperative radium. The occurrence of significant gastrointestinal and urinary tract complications was identical in the 2 groups."}
{"id": "PMID:940644", "title": "Quadrichemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "In an effort to improve the length and rate of objective responses in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, a combination of four drugs was administered. Vincristine (10 mug/kg intravenously weekly), actinomycin D (500 mug intravenously weekly), oral methotrexate (1.25 mg daily), and oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg daily) were given to 25 evaluable patients with FIGO Stage III and IV ovarian carcinoma. After 12 weeks the vincristine and methotrexate were discontinued; cyclophosphamide and methotrexate were continued until disease progression was evident. Objective responses occurred in 56% of the patients. Toxicity was minimal. Patients not previously treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy had a higher complete response rate (30%) than patients previously treated (13.3%). Mean length of complete response was 10.6+ months. The 1-year survival rate of these patients was 69.5% and the 5-year rate 22.7%. While the results are encouraging, single agent chemotherapy with an alkylating agent produces similar responses.", "contents": "Quadrichemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma. In an effort to improve the length and rate of objective responses in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, a combination of four drugs was administered. Vincristine (10 mug/kg intravenously weekly), actinomycin D (500 mug intravenously weekly), oral methotrexate (1.25 mg daily), and oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg daily) were given to 25 evaluable patients with FIGO Stage III and IV ovarian carcinoma. After 12 weeks the vincristine and methotrexate were discontinued; cyclophosphamide and methotrexate were continued until disease progression was evident. Objective responses occurred in 56% of the patients. Toxicity was minimal. Patients not previously treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy had a higher complete response rate (30%) than patients previously treated (13.3%). Mean length of complete response was 10.6+ months. The 1-year survival rate of these patients was 69.5% and the 5-year rate 22.7%. While the results are encouraging, single agent chemotherapy with an alkylating agent produces similar responses."}
{"id": "PMID:940645", "title": "Colpotomy drainage of pelvic abscess.", "content": "Sixty-five patients who had a pelvic abscess drained by colpotomy or rectal incision were studied. The minority of the patients (28) developed the abscess after a hospital-acquired infection (Group I) while the other 37 patients developed the abscess after a community-acquired infection (Group II). Except for those patients who developed an abscess after hysterectomy, about one-third of the patients in both groups required a subsequent major operative procedure because of residual infection or symptoms. Of the 40 patients in whom there was a possibility of conceiving following the drainage procedure, 4 (10%) conceived at a later date.", "contents": "Colpotomy drainage of pelvic abscess. Sixty-five patients who had a pelvic abscess drained by colpotomy or rectal incision were studied. The minority of the patients (28) developed the abscess after a hospital-acquired infection (Group I) while the other 37 patients developed the abscess after a community-acquired infection (Group II). Except for those patients who developed an abscess after hysterectomy, about one-third of the patients in both groups required a subsequent major operative procedure because of residual infection or symptoms. Of the 40 patients in whom there was a possibility of conceiving following the drainage procedure, 4 (10%) conceived at a later date."}
{"id": "PMID:940646", "title": "Ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in women with elevated serum prolactin.", "content": "To determine if elevated serum prolactin hPRL inhibits ovarian steroidogenesis and contributes to the amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea syndromes, the following study was performed. Four women with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and elevated serum hPRL levels were treated with menopausal gonadotropins (Pergonal) for the associated infertility. Urinary estrogen response was comparable to that in normal ovulatory women in each patient. Ovulation occurred in 3 of the 4 women with resultant conception and normal pregnancies. There was no evidence to support the contention that elevated hPRL interferes with ovarian function.", "contents": "Ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in women with elevated serum prolactin. To determine if elevated serum prolactin hPRL inhibits ovarian steroidogenesis and contributes to the amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea syndromes, the following study was performed. Four women with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and elevated serum hPRL levels were treated with menopausal gonadotropins (Pergonal) for the associated infertility. Urinary estrogen response was comparable to that in normal ovulatory women in each patient. Ovulation occurred in 3 of the 4 women with resultant conception and normal pregnancies. There was no evidence to support the contention that elevated hPRL interferes with ovarian function."}
{"id": "PMID:940647", "title": "Consumptive coagulopathy in severe preeclampsia.", "content": "Our experience with consumptive coagulopathy associated with preeclampsia at North Carolina Baptist Hospital is presented. All cases of recognized consumptive coagulopathy on the obstetric service from 1969 to 1975 are reviewed and the associated obstetric entities given. Two cases of consumptive coagulopathy complicating severe preeclampsia are presented. Consumptive coagulopathy occurred in 9.1% of eclamptic patients and in 2.6% of severe preeclamptic patients. No previous incidence figures were found in the literature.", "contents": "Consumptive coagulopathy in severe preeclampsia. Our experience with consumptive coagulopathy associated with preeclampsia at North Carolina Baptist Hospital is presented. All cases of recognized consumptive coagulopathy on the obstetric service from 1969 to 1975 are reviewed and the associated obstetric entities given. Two cases of consumptive coagulopathy complicating severe preeclampsia are presented. Consumptive coagulopathy occurred in 9.1% of eclamptic patients and in 2.6% of severe preeclamptic patients. No previous incidence figures were found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:940648", "title": "Fc receptors on the human placenta.", "content": "The Fc receptors on the human placenta have been evaluated using hemadsorption to cryostat sections of fresh forzen placenta. Indicator cells were sheep erythrocytes sensitized with various amounts of rabbit IgG antibodies. The receptor activity of the placenta varied with the degree of sensitization of EA but quantitatively was greater at all dilutions when compared to other normal tissues.", "contents": "Fc receptors on the human placenta. The Fc receptors on the human placenta have been evaluated using hemadsorption to cryostat sections of fresh forzen placenta. Indicator cells were sheep erythrocytes sensitized with various amounts of rabbit IgG antibodies. The receptor activity of the placenta varied with the degree of sensitization of EA but quantitatively was greater at all dilutions when compared to other normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:940649", "title": "A technic for the detection of rupture of the membranes. A review and preliminary report.", "content": "Correct diagnosis of rupture of the fetal membranes is sometimes difficult. A new technic is proposed to confirm the diagnosis of rupture of the membranes based on the introduction of sodium fluorescein into the amniotic cavity via transabdominal amniocentesis.", "contents": "A technic for the detection of rupture of the membranes. A review and preliminary report. Correct diagnosis of rupture of the fetal membranes is sometimes difficult. A new technic is proposed to confirm the diagnosis of rupture of the membranes based on the introduction of sodium fluorescein into the amniotic cavity via transabdominal amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:940650", "title": "Intrauterine growth retarded infants. Correlation of gestational age with maternal factors, mode of delivery, and perinatal survival.", "content": "Fifty-eight infants of 3332 deliveries (1.7%) were found to be growth retarded (IGR) at birth. For purposes of analysis, the infants were divided into 2 groups according to gestational age at delivery: Group I infants were delivered between 38 and 43 weeks' gestation, and Group II infants were delivered between 28 and 37 weeks'. The infants at greatest risk are those who manifest chronic intrauterine fetal distress associated with prematurity. Asphyxia was evident in 9 of 19 infants (47%) in Group II as compared to 9 of 36 infants (25%) in Group I. The premature IGR infants delivered by low forceps and cesarean section had higher 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores than those delivered spontaneously. There was a five-fold increase of intrauterine demise and a two-fold increase of neonatal deaths in Group II IGR infants as compared to the non-IGR premature infants. In the management of IGR, a combined obstetric-pediatric approach is important. A higher index of suspicion, appropriate evaluation, earlier diagnosis, and expedient delivery are essential if the prognosis for an IGR infant is to be improved.", "contents": "Intrauterine growth retarded infants. Correlation of gestational age with maternal factors, mode of delivery, and perinatal survival. Fifty-eight infants of 3332 deliveries (1.7%) were found to be growth retarded (IGR) at birth. For purposes of analysis, the infants were divided into 2 groups according to gestational age at delivery: Group I infants were delivered between 38 and 43 weeks' gestation, and Group II infants were delivered between 28 and 37 weeks'. The infants at greatest risk are those who manifest chronic intrauterine fetal distress associated with prematurity. Asphyxia was evident in 9 of 19 infants (47%) in Group II as compared to 9 of 36 infants (25%) in Group I. The premature IGR infants delivered by low forceps and cesarean section had higher 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores than those delivered spontaneously. There was a five-fold increase of intrauterine demise and a two-fold increase of neonatal deaths in Group II IGR infants as compared to the non-IGR premature infants. In the management of IGR, a combined obstetric-pediatric approach is important. A higher index of suspicion, appropriate evaluation, earlier diagnosis, and expedient delivery are essential if the prognosis for an IGR infant is to be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:940651", "title": "Fetal heart rate patterns in patients with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Fetal heart rate recordings were examined in 953 patients with special reference to the different patterns occurring during labor. After delivery the infants were examined with special emphasis on evidence of growth retardation, defined as birthweight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age. Heart rate patterns of growth-retarded infants were compared with those of normal newborns. A statistically significant increase in early, late, and variable decelerations was noted in infants with growth retardation. The difference in loss of beat-to-beat variation was not statistically significant. Also, as might have been expected, low Apgar scores were found more frequently in the small-for-gestational-age infants.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate patterns in patients with intrauterine growth retardation. Fetal heart rate recordings were examined in 953 patients with special reference to the different patterns occurring during labor. After delivery the infants were examined with special emphasis on evidence of growth retardation, defined as birthweight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age. Heart rate patterns of growth-retarded infants were compared with those of normal newborns. A statistically significant increase in early, late, and variable decelerations was noted in infants with growth retardation. The difference in loss of beat-to-beat variation was not statistically significant. Also, as might have been expected, low Apgar scores were found more frequently in the small-for-gestational-age infants."}
{"id": "PMID:940652", "title": "Fetal and neonatal cardiopulmonary response to histamine.", "content": "Effects of intravenous histamine and its H1 receptor blocker (Benadryl) were investigated in near-term fetal and in newborn lambs. Fetuses were studied before and after closure of the ductus arteriosus. Newborn lambs were chronically instrumented and the same animal was tested periodically from 3 to 70 days old. The results show that a) in the fetus whose pulmonary vascular resistance is already high, histamine produces a profound pulmonary vasodilation; b) in contrast, in the neonate with reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, histamine produces pulmonary vasoconstriction similar to that of the adult; c) both responses can be attenuated by Benadryl indicating that they are mediated by the same receptor; d) in the fetus, histamine produces marked constriction of the ductus arteriosus which could be partly attributed to the pulmonary vasocilatation; and e) when neonatal pulmonary vascular resistance was raised by hypoxia, histamine elicited a biphasic response, part of which was blocked by Benadryl. These findings are discussed in terms of their possible role in cardiovascular and pulmonary changes that occur after birth.", "contents": "Fetal and neonatal cardiopulmonary response to histamine. Effects of intravenous histamine and its H1 receptor blocker (Benadryl) were investigated in near-term fetal and in newborn lambs. Fetuses were studied before and after closure of the ductus arteriosus. Newborn lambs were chronically instrumented and the same animal was tested periodically from 3 to 70 days old. The results show that a) in the fetus whose pulmonary vascular resistance is already high, histamine produces a profound pulmonary vasodilation; b) in contrast, in the neonate with reduced pulmonary vascular resistance, histamine produces pulmonary vasoconstriction similar to that of the adult; c) both responses can be attenuated by Benadryl indicating that they are mediated by the same receptor; d) in the fetus, histamine produces marked constriction of the ductus arteriosus which could be partly attributed to the pulmonary vasocilatation; and e) when neonatal pulmonary vascular resistance was raised by hypoxia, histamine elicited a biphasic response, part of which was blocked by Benadryl. These findings are discussed in terms of their possible role in cardiovascular and pulmonary changes that occur after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:940653", "title": "Adrenal cortical response to circumcision in the neonate.", "content": "A study was designed to document the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to the stress of circumcision during the first 6 hours of life. There was a rise in both serum cortisol and cortisone levels in all infants studied. The rise in cortisol was greater than the rise in cortisone in all infants.", "contents": "Adrenal cortical response to circumcision in the neonate. A study was designed to document the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to the stress of circumcision during the first 6 hours of life. There was a rise in both serum cortisol and cortisone levels in all infants studied. The rise in cortisol was greater than the rise in cortisone in all infants."}
{"id": "PMID:940654", "title": "A histologic study of the placentas of patients with saline- and prostaglandin-induced abortion.", "content": "A comparative histologic study of plancentas aborted after infusion of hypertonic saline or prostaglandin F2alpha into the amniotic cavity toinduce abortion is presented. Five placentas from spontaneous abortions served as controls. Saline abortion produced edema of the membranes; congested,dilated, thrombotic blood vessels; and subchorionic necrosis. Prostaglandin did not produce edema, but created marked vasospasm as evidenced by thickened vessels without subchorionic necrosis. The absence of serious sepsis and defibrination in prostaglandin-induced abortions is probably related to the absence of tissue necrosis.", "contents": "A histologic study of the placentas of patients with saline- and prostaglandin-induced abortion. A comparative histologic study of plancentas aborted after infusion of hypertonic saline or prostaglandin F2alpha into the amniotic cavity toinduce abortion is presented. Five placentas from spontaneous abortions served as controls. Saline abortion produced edema of the membranes; congested,dilated, thrombotic blood vessels; and subchorionic necrosis. Prostaglandin did not produce edema, but created marked vasospasm as evidenced by thickened vessels without subchorionic necrosis. The absence of serious sepsis and defibrination in prostaglandin-induced abortions is probably related to the absence of tissue necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:940655", "title": "Early pregnancy interruption by 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester.", "content": "Suppositories of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester in triglyceride were administered vaginally to 75 women in whom 31 to 49 days had elapsed since their last menstrual period. Three or four suppositories of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg were given at intervals of 3 hours. Pregnancy was later confirmed in 63 of the women. In the pregnant women vaginal bleeding usually started 3 to 6 hours after the initiation of therapy and continued for 10 to 14 days. Patients were followed for 2 to 4 weeks with serial measurement of serum progesterone and hCG. There were no failures in the trial, but in 2 cases the treatment resulted in incomplete abortion. In 2 other patients curettage was performed due to prolonged bleeding, but histologic examination revealed no remaining signs of pregnancy. Gastrointestinal side effects were well within acceptable limits, and no serious complications occurred. Clinical signs of pelvic inflammatory disease were not found. The vaginal use of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester seems promising as a reliable outpatient nonsurgical self-administered procedure for termination of early pregnancy.", "contents": "Early pregnancy interruption by 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F2alpha methyl ester. Suppositories of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester in triglyceride were administered vaginally to 75 women in whom 31 to 49 days had elapsed since their last menstrual period. Three or four suppositories of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg were given at intervals of 3 hours. Pregnancy was later confirmed in 63 of the women. In the pregnant women vaginal bleeding usually started 3 to 6 hours after the initiation of therapy and continued for 10 to 14 days. Patients were followed for 2 to 4 weeks with serial measurement of serum progesterone and hCG. There were no failures in the trial, but in 2 cases the treatment resulted in incomplete abortion. In 2 other patients curettage was performed due to prolonged bleeding, but histologic examination revealed no remaining signs of pregnancy. Gastrointestinal side effects were well within acceptable limits, and no serious complications occurred. Clinical signs of pelvic inflammatory disease were not found. The vaginal use of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester seems promising as a reliable outpatient nonsurgical self-administered procedure for termination of early pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:940656", "title": "Electronmicroscopic studies of leiomyomatosis peritonealis diseminata.", "content": "Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare clinical entity which is currently the object of serious study. Electron microscopic studies to further elucidate the ultrastructural features of the pathology are discribed here.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic studies of leiomyomatosis peritonealis diseminata. Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata (LPD) is a rare clinical entity which is currently the object of serious study. Electron microscopic studies to further elucidate the ultrastructural features of the pathology are discribed here."}
{"id": "PMID:940657", "title": "Effect of ergonovine on prolactin secretion and milk let-down.", "content": "The effect of ergonovine maleate on prolactin secretion and lactation was determined in 10 puerperal women. Serum prolactin concentration measured by radioimmunoassay resulted in 537.2 +/- 45.9 ng/ml (M +/- SE) before the oral administration of 0.6 mg ergonovine maleate, and 89.7 +/- 25.6 ng/ml after 7 days of therapy. The serum prolactin concentration seen in the control group of nonlactating women (562.0 +/- 36.1 and 218.0 +/- 27.3 ng/ml) was significantly greater than (P less than 0.01) that seen in the treated group. In 2 additional patients it was also demonstrated that the simultaneous administration of ergonovine by oral and intravenous routes potentiates the suppressive effect on prolactin secretion. Three of the 10 treated women showed progressive inhibition of lactation. This study shows that ergonovine maleate interferes with prolactin secretion, and may decrease milk production.", "contents": "Effect of ergonovine on prolactin secretion and milk let-down. The effect of ergonovine maleate on prolactin secretion and lactation was determined in 10 puerperal women. Serum prolactin concentration measured by radioimmunoassay resulted in 537.2 +/- 45.9 ng/ml (M +/- SE) before the oral administration of 0.6 mg ergonovine maleate, and 89.7 +/- 25.6 ng/ml after 7 days of therapy. The serum prolactin concentration seen in the control group of nonlactating women (562.0 +/- 36.1 and 218.0 +/- 27.3 ng/ml) was significantly greater than (P less than 0.01) that seen in the treated group. In 2 additional patients it was also demonstrated that the simultaneous administration of ergonovine by oral and intravenous routes potentiates the suppressive effect on prolactin secretion. Three of the 10 treated women showed progressive inhibition of lactation. This study shows that ergonovine maleate interferes with prolactin secretion, and may decrease milk production."}
{"id": "PMID:940658", "title": "Dynamic pituitary testing in a female with Kallman's syndrome and associated cardiac anomaly.", "content": "A patient with Kallman's syndrome and an anomalous right aortic arch is described. Dynamic pituitary testing was carried out revealing no significant response of prolactin to chlorpromazine stimulation or water loading suppression. A normal response of growth hormone to insulin induced hypoglycemia was observed. These data are interpreted as indicating a primary hypothalamic abnormality in Kallman's syndrome. In addition, this is the first report of the association of a cardiovascular abnormality with Kallman's syndrome.", "contents": "Dynamic pituitary testing in a female with Kallman's syndrome and associated cardiac anomaly. A patient with Kallman's syndrome and an anomalous right aortic arch is described. Dynamic pituitary testing was carried out revealing no significant response of prolactin to chlorpromazine stimulation or water loading suppression. A normal response of growth hormone to insulin induced hypoglycemia was observed. These data are interpreted as indicating a primary hypothalamic abnormality in Kallman's syndrome. In addition, this is the first report of the association of a cardiovascular abnormality with Kallman's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:940659", "title": "A simplified method for measuring fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "Despite confirmation of the placental location by ultrasound examination, bloody tap during diagnostic and therapeutic amniocentesis may occur. If the blood originates from the fetus, such unfavorable complications as fetomaternal transfusion or maternal sensitization may result. Thus, it is necessary to determine immediatley the origin of the blood by the presence of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in the specimen. To meet an urgent demand for a simpler and faster method for measuring HbF within a few minutes at bedside without requiring complicated procedures or instrumentation, a method has been developed which uses the alkali denaturation technic.", "contents": "A simplified method for measuring fetal hemoglobin. Despite confirmation of the placental location by ultrasound examination, bloody tap during diagnostic and therapeutic amniocentesis may occur. If the blood originates from the fetus, such unfavorable complications as fetomaternal transfusion or maternal sensitization may result. Thus, it is necessary to determine immediatley the origin of the blood by the presence of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in the specimen. To meet an urgent demand for a simpler and faster method for measuring HbF within a few minutes at bedside without requiring complicated procedures or instrumentation, a method has been developed which uses the alkali denaturation technic."}
{"id": "PMID:940660", "title": "Endogenous creatinine clearance during pregnancy. Part I. Methodologic considerations.", "content": "The effect of noncreatinine chromogens on the endogenous creatinine clearance (ECC) during pregnancy was investigated. It was found that these chromogens measured as plasma \"creatinine\" cause a significant reduction in the ECC value. This fact should be considered when the ECC value is used to evaluate renal function during pregnancy.", "contents": "Endogenous creatinine clearance during pregnancy. Part I. Methodologic considerations. The effect of noncreatinine chromogens on the endogenous creatinine clearance (ECC) during pregnancy was investigated. It was found that these chromogens measured as plasma \"creatinine\" cause a significant reduction in the ECC value. This fact should be considered when the ECC value is used to evaluate renal function during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:940662", "title": "The fine structure of merozoites of Babesia bovis in the gut epithelium of Boophilus microplus.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies on merozoites of Babesia bovis in epithelial cells of the gut of Boophilus microplus revealed that the pellicle apparently consists of 3 membranes, and an osmiophilic layer intimately associated with microtubules. Micropores in the pellicle were often associated with micronemes. An unidentified tubular structure extended from the anterior polar ring to the nuclear region where it appeared to be associated with the nuclear envelope. A Golgi complex, typical protozoan mitochondria, food vacuoles and rhoptries could not be identified.", "contents": "The fine structure of merozoites of Babesia bovis in the gut epithelium of Boophilus microplus. Electron microscopic studies on merozoites of Babesia bovis in epithelial cells of the gut of Boophilus microplus revealed that the pellicle apparently consists of 3 membranes, and an osmiophilic layer intimately associated with microtubules. Micropores in the pellicle were often associated with micronemes. An unidentified tubular structure extended from the anterior polar ring to the nuclear region where it appeared to be associated with the nuclear envelope. A Golgi complex, typical protozoan mitochondria, food vacuoles and rhoptries could not be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:940663", "title": "Volatile fatty acid metabolism in sheep. 1. Average daily volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of sheep fed lucerne hay.", "content": "Changes in the total concentration of the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pool in the rumen were followed over a 24 hour period in 2 groups of sheep, 1 fed at 08h00 and the other twice daily at 08h00 and 20h00. Although similar maximum (143 and 147 meq/1) and average (100, 3 and 102, 1 meq/1) levels were found in the 12 and 24 h groups respectively, the twice daily feeding regimen resulted in a lower variation (S.D.=17, 0 meq/1 and 28, 9 meq/1 respectively). It was concluded from changes in the percentage molar composition of the VFA pool over the same period that the other of VFA absorption from the rumen was propionate greater than acetate greater than butyrate for both groups, but that the differences were less marked for the twice daily fed sheep. Long term infusions of 14C labelled acetic, propionic and butyric acids into the rumen of sheep fed a total of 1 600 g lucerne hay twice daily (08h00 and 20h00), gave an average net total VFA production rate of 4,52+/-1,01 moles/800 g/12 hours irrespective of the acid infused. The net individual turnover rates for acetic (2,81 moles/12 h), propionic acid (0,82 moles/12 h) and butyric acid (0,55 moles/12 h), derived by the subtraction of the inter-conversion factors from the gross production rates of the acids, and expressed as the percentage contribution of each acid to the total net VFA turnover (acetic=62%, propionic=18% and butyric=12%) closely resembled the percentage molar composition of the VFA pool in the rumen (acetic=60%, propionic=23% and butyric=12%). The total net VFA production was found to be directly proportional to the total VFA concentration in the rumen (correlation coefficient=0,83), and the relationships can be described by the equation y=0,034 x + 0,16 where y=VFA production in moles/12 hour and x=VFA concentration in meq/1. A specific VFA production rate of 0,85 moles per 100 g digestible organic matter was calculated from the average daily VFA production rate and the composition of the lucerne hay.", "contents": "Volatile fatty acid metabolism in sheep. 1. Average daily volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of sheep fed lucerne hay. Changes in the total concentration of the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pool in the rumen were followed over a 24 hour period in 2 groups of sheep, 1 fed at 08h00 and the other twice daily at 08h00 and 20h00. Although similar maximum (143 and 147 meq/1) and average (100, 3 and 102, 1 meq/1) levels were found in the 12 and 24 h groups respectively, the twice daily feeding regimen resulted in a lower variation (S.D.=17, 0 meq/1 and 28, 9 meq/1 respectively). It was concluded from changes in the percentage molar composition of the VFA pool over the same period that the other of VFA absorption from the rumen was propionate greater than acetate greater than butyrate for both groups, but that the differences were less marked for the twice daily fed sheep. Long term infusions of 14C labelled acetic, propionic and butyric acids into the rumen of sheep fed a total of 1 600 g lucerne hay twice daily (08h00 and 20h00), gave an average net total VFA production rate of 4,52+/-1,01 moles/800 g/12 hours irrespective of the acid infused. The net individual turnover rates for acetic (2,81 moles/12 h), propionic acid (0,82 moles/12 h) and butyric acid (0,55 moles/12 h), derived by the subtraction of the inter-conversion factors from the gross production rates of the acids, and expressed as the percentage contribution of each acid to the total net VFA turnover (acetic=62%, propionic=18% and butyric=12%) closely resembled the percentage molar composition of the VFA pool in the rumen (acetic=60%, propionic=23% and butyric=12%). The total net VFA production was found to be directly proportional to the total VFA concentration in the rumen (correlation coefficient=0,83), and the relationships can be described by the equation y=0,034 x + 0,16 where y=VFA production in moles/12 hour and x=VFA concentration in meq/1. A specific VFA production rate of 0,85 moles per 100 g digestible organic matter was calculated from the average daily VFA production rate and the composition of the lucerne hay."}
{"id": "PMID:940664", "title": "The effect of gamma radiation on the cysticerci of Taenia solium.", "content": "Cysticerci of Taenia solium were exposed to gamma radiation in doses varying from 20-140 krad. Radiation had an adverse effect on the ability of the cysticerci to evaginate in vitro after a time lag of 9 days. This effect was most marked at doses of 100 krad and higher, thus no cysticerci exposed to 140, 120 and 100 krad evaginated after 12, 18 and 21 days, respectively. On Day +24, when 60% of the control cysticerci evaginated, 55%, 50%, 30% and 40% of the cysticerci exposed to 20, 40, 60, and 80 krad, respectively, evaginated in vitro. Cysticerci exposed to radiation doses of 20-120 krad are as infective to golden hamsters as are unirradiated cysticerci. Cestodes resulting from irradiated cysticerci, however, cannot maintain themselves indefinitely, and are excreted or digested at varying times from Day +12 onwards. Moreover, cestodes resulting from such irradiated cysticerci do not grow, but are resorbed, and finally consist of only a scolex. By Day +30 the mean length of the worms resulting from the unirradiated cysticerci is 173,8 mm, while those resulting from cysticerci exposed to 20 and 40 krad consist of scolices only and the hamsters fed material exposed to 60 krad were negative. It appears, therefore, that radiation inhibits the ability of the cells in the neck region to divide and thus form new proglottids. Carcasses infested with cysticercosis can possibly be rendered fit for human consumption by exposure to gamma radiation at doses between 20 and 60 krad.", "contents": "The effect of gamma radiation on the cysticerci of Taenia solium. Cysticerci of Taenia solium were exposed to gamma radiation in doses varying from 20-140 krad. Radiation had an adverse effect on the ability of the cysticerci to evaginate in vitro after a time lag of 9 days. This effect was most marked at doses of 100 krad and higher, thus no cysticerci exposed to 140, 120 and 100 krad evaginated after 12, 18 and 21 days, respectively. On Day +24, when 60% of the control cysticerci evaginated, 55%, 50%, 30% and 40% of the cysticerci exposed to 20, 40, 60, and 80 krad, respectively, evaginated in vitro. Cysticerci exposed to radiation doses of 20-120 krad are as infective to golden hamsters as are unirradiated cysticerci. Cestodes resulting from irradiated cysticerci, however, cannot maintain themselves indefinitely, and are excreted or digested at varying times from Day +12 onwards. Moreover, cestodes resulting from such irradiated cysticerci do not grow, but are resorbed, and finally consist of only a scolex. By Day +30 the mean length of the worms resulting from the unirradiated cysticerci is 173,8 mm, while those resulting from cysticerci exposed to 20 and 40 krad consist of scolices only and the hamsters fed material exposed to 60 krad were negative. It appears, therefore, that radiation inhibits the ability of the cells in the neck region to divide and thus form new proglottids. Carcasses infested with cysticercosis can possibly be rendered fit for human consumption by exposure to gamma radiation at doses between 20 and 60 krad."}
{"id": "PMID:940665", "title": "Ticks from the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Ngamiland, Botswana.", "content": "In November 1972, 93 out of 100 African buffalo from 3 areas in Ngamiland, Botswana, were found to be infested with ticks. The tick species present and the percentage of buffalo infested by each were: Hyalomma truncatum (63%), H. rufipes (54%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (68%), R. tricuspis (11%), R. simus (4%) and Boophilus decoloratus (1%). The mean number of ticks per animal was 8,6 (standard deviation +/-4,1), representing a mean of 6,5+/-3,4 male and 2,1+/-1,9 female ticks. The incidence of infestation with H. truncatum and the number of ticks of this species on infested animals were lowest in areas where plentiful surface water was responsible for an increase in humidity.", "contents": "Ticks from the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Ngamiland, Botswana. In November 1972, 93 out of 100 African buffalo from 3 areas in Ngamiland, Botswana, were found to be infested with ticks. The tick species present and the percentage of buffalo infested by each were: Hyalomma truncatum (63%), H. rufipes (54%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (68%), R. tricuspis (11%), R. simus (4%) and Boophilus decoloratus (1%). The mean number of ticks per animal was 8,6 (standard deviation +/-4,1), representing a mean of 6,5+/-3,4 male and 2,1+/-1,9 female ticks. The incidence of infestation with H. truncatum and the number of ticks of this species on infested animals were lowest in areas where plentiful surface water was responsible for an increase in humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:940683", "title": "[Study of the parasitofauna of salmon fry of the genus Oncorhynchus in the Sea of Okhotsk].", "content": "Parasite fauna of the genus Oncorhynchus in sea was studied and characteristics is given of its peculiarities in the following species of the young: O. kisutch, O. nerka, O. keta, O. gorbusha and O. tschawytscha. Parasite fauna of O. nerka young from the Kurilskoje Lake before the migration and 2--3 months after its stay in sea is analysed.", "contents": "[Study of the parasitofauna of salmon fry of the genus Oncorhynchus in the Sea of Okhotsk]. Parasite fauna of the genus Oncorhynchus in sea was studied and characteristics is given of its peculiarities in the following species of the young: O. kisutch, O. nerka, O. keta, O. gorbusha and O. tschawytscha. Parasite fauna of O. nerka young from the Kurilskoje Lake before the migration and 2--3 months after its stay in sea is analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:940684", "title": "[Genetic and physiological compatibility of different forms of the stem eelworms. V. The crossing of the red clover race with other eelworms].", "content": "Reciprocal hybrids between the stem eelworm of the red clover and those of onion, straw berry, parsnip, parsley and narcissus were obtained. Observations were conducted on the state of hybrid and control populations within 10 generations. A partial genetic and physiologica incompatibility of crossed forms of stem eelworms which manifests itself to a different extent in various combinations of parental pairs, was revealed. The red clover eelworm is a biological race of the collective species Ditylenchus dipsaci, which is at a certain stage of intraspecific differentiation.", "contents": "[Genetic and physiological compatibility of different forms of the stem eelworms. V. The crossing of the red clover race with other eelworms]. Reciprocal hybrids between the stem eelworm of the red clover and those of onion, straw berry, parsnip, parsley and narcissus were obtained. Observations were conducted on the state of hybrid and control populations within 10 generations. A partial genetic and physiologica incompatibility of crossed forms of stem eelworms which manifests itself to a different extent in various combinations of parental pairs, was revealed. The red clover eelworm is a biological race of the collective species Ditylenchus dipsaci, which is at a certain stage of intraspecific differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:940685", "title": "[Effect of larval feeding and imaginal supplementary nutrition on the degree of autogeny and fertility of Culex pipiens molestus mosquitoes at different periods of the year].", "content": "Studies of ovogenesis of C. p. molestus at different food regimes (water, sugar, blood) have shown that in winter the imaginal feeding with carbohydrates nearly twice increases the degree of autogenity and fecundity of these mosquitoes. In warm seasons the carbohydratous feeding does not affect the autogenity but increases the fecundity of females and maturation of their ovaries. Poor larval feeding decreases only slightly the autogenity and sharply decreases the fecundity of females. Blood feeding favours the maturation of ovaries in most members of C. p. molestus and the growth of their fecundity.", "contents": "[Effect of larval feeding and imaginal supplementary nutrition on the degree of autogeny and fertility of Culex pipiens molestus mosquitoes at different periods of the year]. Studies of ovogenesis of C. p. molestus at different food regimes (water, sugar, blood) have shown that in winter the imaginal feeding with carbohydrates nearly twice increases the degree of autogenity and fecundity of these mosquitoes. In warm seasons the carbohydratous feeding does not affect the autogenity but increases the fecundity of females and maturation of their ovaries. Poor larval feeding decreases only slightly the autogenity and sharply decreases the fecundity of females. Blood feeding favours the maturation of ovaries in most members of C. p. molestus and the growth of their fecundity."}
{"id": "PMID:940688", "title": "[Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the liver tissue of chicks infected once and 3 times with a large dose of Eimeria tenella oocysts].", "content": "Studies of the contents of total, albuminous and residual nitrogen in the liver tissue of chickens at a single and 3-fold infection with 100 000 oocysts of E. tenella were undertaken. It was established that a single infection of 20-, 40- and 60-day old chickens is accompanied by a decrease in the contents of total and albuminous and an increase in the residual nitrogen. Their level is restored as a rule by the 20-th day after infection. In 40-day old chickens by the 20-th day after the 2-nd and 3-d infections, in contrast to non-immunized chickens the level of total and albuminous nitrogen increases. Residual nitrogen concentration remains in the standard ranges.", "contents": "[Some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the liver tissue of chicks infected once and 3 times with a large dose of Eimeria tenella oocysts]. Studies of the contents of total, albuminous and residual nitrogen in the liver tissue of chickens at a single and 3-fold infection with 100 000 oocysts of E. tenella were undertaken. It was established that a single infection of 20-, 40- and 60-day old chickens is accompanied by a decrease in the contents of total and albuminous and an increase in the residual nitrogen. Their level is restored as a rule by the 20-th day after infection. In 40-day old chickens by the 20-th day after the 2-nd and 3-d infections, in contrast to non-immunized chickens the level of total and albuminous nitrogen increases. Residual nitrogen concentration remains in the standard ranges."}
{"id": "PMID:940693", "title": "Evaluation of the child with repeated infections.", "content": "The workup of a patient with suspected immune deficiency can be initiated by the primary-care physician utilizing readily available diagnostic tests (Table 1). Carefully obtained history and physical examination are crucial and will identify the patient at risk. In almost all cases, simple procedures performed by the physician in his office with routine laboratory assistance will enable him to establish a provisional diagnosis. Referral may then be made to a specialized center for more elaborate diagnostic procedures, confirmation of diagnosis, and definitive therapy.", "contents": "Evaluation of the child with repeated infections. The workup of a patient with suspected immune deficiency can be initiated by the primary-care physician utilizing readily available diagnostic tests (Table 1). Carefully obtained history and physical examination are crucial and will identify the patient at risk. In almost all cases, simple procedures performed by the physician in his office with routine laboratory assistance will enable him to establish a provisional diagnosis. Referral may then be made to a specialized center for more elaborate diagnostic procedures, confirmation of diagnosis, and definitive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:940690", "title": "[Method for an absolute count of the number of parasitic protozoa in fish].", "content": "A new technique is given of the absolute calculation of parasitic Protozoa in fishes. The mucus from the body and gills of fishes was mixed with such volume of water (V) that the drop of mixture (v) was clearly seen under themicroscope. The calculation of Protozoa was done in a sample from three drops of mixture covered with three slides (S). From 50 to 100 viewing fields were seen the them and an average number of Protozoa in one field was calculated. The total number of Protozoa in one fish (N) was equal to an average number of parasites in a viewing field (n) multiplied by the total number of viewing fields (m) which could be obtained at the examination of the whole mixture. The latter was calculated conventionally (see articles).", "contents": "[Method for an absolute count of the number of parasitic protozoa in fish]. A new technique is given of the absolute calculation of parasitic Protozoa in fishes. The mucus from the body and gills of fishes was mixed with such volume of water (V) that the drop of mixture (v) was clearly seen under themicroscope. The calculation of Protozoa was done in a sample from three drops of mixture covered with three slides (S). From 50 to 100 viewing fields were seen the them and an average number of Protozoa in one field was calculated. The total number of Protozoa in one fish (N) was equal to an average number of parasites in a viewing field (n) multiplied by the total number of viewing fields (m) which could be obtained at the examination of the whole mixture. The latter was calculated conventionally (see articles)."}
{"id": "PMID:940689", "title": "[Life cycle of the trematode, Crowcrocaecum skrjabini (Iwanitzky, 1928) (Allocreadiata, Opecoelidae)].", "content": "Crowcrocaecum skrjabini has an intermediate and additional hosts. The mollusk Lithoglyphus naticoides serves as an intermediate host; the invasion extensity is 43.88% in summer and 28.57% -- in autumn and winter. In the experiment Gammarus (Rivulogammarus) balcanicus has turned to be an additional host and Carassius auratus givelia -- a definitive hot. The descriptions are given of cercaria (which belongs to a cotylocercal type), metacercaria and marita, reared in the experiment.", "contents": "[Life cycle of the trematode, Crowcrocaecum skrjabini (Iwanitzky, 1928) (Allocreadiata, Opecoelidae)]. Crowcrocaecum skrjabini has an intermediate and additional hosts. The mollusk Lithoglyphus naticoides serves as an intermediate host; the invasion extensity is 43.88% in summer and 28.57% -- in autumn and winter. In the experiment Gammarus (Rivulogammarus) balcanicus has turned to be an additional host and Carassius auratus givelia -- a definitive hot. The descriptions are given of cercaria (which belongs to a cotylocercal type), metacercaria and marita, reared in the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:940697", "title": "Experience with a direct reading dedicated fluorometer for determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin.", "content": "Data are presented for erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations determined by the direct reading tecnhique of Lamola et al. (1) Mean concentration of EP in children whose blood lead concentration was less than 30 mug/dl was 34.7 mug/dl whole blood +/- 13.4 (SD). Mean EP concentration in children with blood lead concentrations of 40-59 mug/dl was 80.0 mug/dl. It was 158 mug/dl. It was 158 mug/dl for children with blood lead concentrations greater than 59 mug/dl. All children in this last group had concordant values for Pb and EP on the first or second test.", "contents": "Experience with a direct reading dedicated fluorometer for determination of erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Data are presented for erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations determined by the direct reading tecnhique of Lamola et al. (1) Mean concentration of EP in children whose blood lead concentration was less than 30 mug/dl was 34.7 mug/dl whole blood +/- 13.4 (SD). Mean EP concentration in children with blood lead concentrations of 40-59 mug/dl was 80.0 mug/dl. It was 158 mug/dl. It was 158 mug/dl for children with blood lead concentrations greater than 59 mug/dl. All children in this last group had concordant values for Pb and EP on the first or second test."}
{"id": "PMID:940686", "title": "[Larval migration of the Oedemagena tarandi botfly in an artificial infestation of deer].", "content": "After penetrating the skin the first instar larvae spread diffusively and rather evenly in the subcutaneous and intermuscular conncective tissue over the whole body of a deer and do not migrate upwards. The number of larvae in the intermuscular tissue decreases with age and increases in subcutaneous cellulose. During migration their growth varies much that can be partially explained by the heterogeneity of the tissus they advance ahead. On the places of larval localisation a granulomatose inflammation appears with a prevalence of lymphoid cells in the infiltrate and location haemorrhages into surrounding tissues.", "contents": "[Larval migration of the Oedemagena tarandi botfly in an artificial infestation of deer]. After penetrating the skin the first instar larvae spread diffusively and rather evenly in the subcutaneous and intermuscular conncective tissue over the whole body of a deer and do not migrate upwards. The number of larvae in the intermuscular tissue decreases with age and increases in subcutaneous cellulose. During migration their growth varies much that can be partially explained by the heterogeneity of the tissus they advance ahead. On the places of larval localisation a granulomatose inflammation appears with a prevalence of lymphoid cells in the infiltrate and location haemorrhages into surrounding tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:940698", "title": "Acceleration of fetal lung maturation by aminophyllin in pregnant rabbits.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that fetal lung maturation can be accelerated by one of the xanthine derivatives, aminophyllin was given to 40 pregnant rabbits beginning on the 20th gestational day for a period of 7-10 days. The fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and fetal lung maturity was assessed by determining the biochemical, functional, and ultrastructural characteristics of aminophyllin-treated vs. control animals. The phospholipid content of the lung tissue homogenate from the aminophyllin-treated group was significantly higher than in the control subjects (saline injected) at 28 days of gestation (421 +/- 9 vs. 368 +/- 12 mug/mg wet wt, mean +/- SEM) and at 29 days of gestation (531 +/- 10 vs. 475 +/- 20). The alveolar wash phospholipid content of the aminophyllin-treated group was higher at 30 days (167 +/- 9 mug/mg dry wt, mean +/- SEM vs. 117 +/- 17). The lung compliance derived from pressure volume curves was also significantly higher in the aminophyllin-treated group when compared with controls at 27 days of gestation (0.023 +/- 0.0005 ml/cm H2O, mean +/- SEM vs 0.010 +/- 0.0002) and at 28 days of gestation (0.048 +/- 0.0003 vs 0.035 +/- 0.0006). There was no significant difference in the number of lamellar bodies in the type II cells between the aminophyllin-treated and the control groups. The data show that aminophyllin has accelerating effects on fetal lung maturation in rabbits when the drug is given to pregnant rabbits during the last 7-10 days of gestation.", "contents": "Acceleration of fetal lung maturation by aminophyllin in pregnant rabbits. To test the hypothesis that fetal lung maturation can be accelerated by one of the xanthine derivatives, aminophyllin was given to 40 pregnant rabbits beginning on the 20th gestational day for a period of 7-10 days. The fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and fetal lung maturity was assessed by determining the biochemical, functional, and ultrastructural characteristics of aminophyllin-treated vs. control animals. The phospholipid content of the lung tissue homogenate from the aminophyllin-treated group was significantly higher than in the control subjects (saline injected) at 28 days of gestation (421 +/- 9 vs. 368 +/- 12 mug/mg wet wt, mean +/- SEM) and at 29 days of gestation (531 +/- 10 vs. 475 +/- 20). The alveolar wash phospholipid content of the aminophyllin-treated group was higher at 30 days (167 +/- 9 mug/mg dry wt, mean +/- SEM vs. 117 +/- 17). The lung compliance derived from pressure volume curves was also significantly higher in the aminophyllin-treated group when compared with controls at 27 days of gestation (0.023 +/- 0.0005 ml/cm H2O, mean +/- SEM vs 0.010 +/- 0.0002) and at 28 days of gestation (0.048 +/- 0.0003 vs 0.035 +/- 0.0006). There was no significant difference in the number of lamellar bodies in the type II cells between the aminophyllin-treated and the control groups. The data show that aminophyllin has accelerating effects on fetal lung maturation in rabbits when the drug is given to pregnant rabbits during the last 7-10 days of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:940687", "title": "[Fate of the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica major and L. gymnodactyli in the body of Phlebotomus papatasi under conditions of a mixed infection].", "content": "Experimental infection of males and females of Phlebotomus papatasi Sc. with Leishmania tropica major from man and L. gimnodactyli from Agama sanguinolenta was carried out in order to obtain mixed infection. Sand flies from the laboratory culture were successively infected with promastigotes of each species of Leishmania by means of compulsory dose feeding according to Alekseev's method. For identification of Leishmania cultures isolated from experimentally infected sand flies Alder's serological test modified by Safjanova was used. The mixed infection was obtained both in males and females of sand flies. The success of modelling of mixed infection depends on the succession of the administration of studied strains of Leishmania. It depends as well on the interval between infected feedings. The dependence of the experimental results on the number of promastigotes administered into the intestine of sand flies was not recorded.", "contents": "[Fate of the promastigotes of Leishmania tropica major and L. gymnodactyli in the body of Phlebotomus papatasi under conditions of a mixed infection]. Experimental infection of males and females of Phlebotomus papatasi Sc. with Leishmania tropica major from man and L. gimnodactyli from Agama sanguinolenta was carried out in order to obtain mixed infection. Sand flies from the laboratory culture were successively infected with promastigotes of each species of Leishmania by means of compulsory dose feeding according to Alekseev's method. For identification of Leishmania cultures isolated from experimentally infected sand flies Alder's serological test modified by Safjanova was used. The mixed infection was obtained both in males and females of sand flies. The success of modelling of mixed infection depends on the succession of the administration of studied strains of Leishmania. It depends as well on the interval between infected feedings. The dependence of the experimental results on the number of promastigotes administered into the intestine of sand flies was not recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:940699", "title": "Effect of postweanling pyridoxine deficiency on growth and concentration of the coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in heart, kidneys, lungs, and adrenals in rats.", "content": "Dietary pyridoxine deficiency induced in postweanling rats to led to severe growth retardation and growth failure, with a sharp increase in the mortality rate after about 8 weeks on the diet. The absolute weights of heart, lungs, kidneys, and adrenals were all lower in the deficient animals than those of the controls. However, when the weights were expressed in terms of percentage of body weight, a 2-fold increase was observed indicative of marked hypertrophy. The depletion of the coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate from these tissues was extensive (heart 48%, lungs 85%, and kidneys and adrenals 88%.) The extent of loss of the coenzyme from the tissues suggests possible functional changes.", "contents": "Effect of postweanling pyridoxine deficiency on growth and concentration of the coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in heart, kidneys, lungs, and adrenals in rats. Dietary pyridoxine deficiency induced in postweanling rats to led to severe growth retardation and growth failure, with a sharp increase in the mortality rate after about 8 weeks on the diet. The absolute weights of heart, lungs, kidneys, and adrenals were all lower in the deficient animals than those of the controls. However, when the weights were expressed in terms of percentage of body weight, a 2-fold increase was observed indicative of marked hypertrophy. The depletion of the coenzyme pyridoxal-5'-phosphate from these tissues was extensive (heart 48%, lungs 85%, and kidneys and adrenals 88%.) The extent of loss of the coenzyme from the tissues suggests possible functional changes."}
{"id": "PMID:940700", "title": "Histidine decarboxylase activity in fetal intrauterine growth-retarded rats.", "content": "Fetal intrauterine growth retardation was induced in nine rats at 17 days' gestation by ligating the blood supply to one of the uterine horn. The 27 festuses from the uterine vessel ligated side were the intrauterine growth retarded fetuses (IUGR) and the 37 fetuses from the nonligated side were controls. The mean weight of the IUGR fetuses was 3.4 +/- 0.3 g which was significantly smaller (P less than 0.005) than the mean weight of the control fetuses, 4.0 +/- 0.3 g. Whole body histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity was assayed by a radioisotope method. The HDC activity per g tissue was not correlated to body weight in the control fetuses. This is in contrast to the IUGR festuses in which the HDC per g tissue was significantly and inversely related to body weight (r - 0.48, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Histidine decarboxylase activity in fetal intrauterine growth-retarded rats. Fetal intrauterine growth retardation was induced in nine rats at 17 days' gestation by ligating the blood supply to one of the uterine horn. The 27 festuses from the uterine vessel ligated side were the intrauterine growth retarded fetuses (IUGR) and the 37 fetuses from the nonligated side were controls. The mean weight of the IUGR fetuses was 3.4 +/- 0.3 g which was significantly smaller (P less than 0.005) than the mean weight of the control fetuses, 4.0 +/- 0.3 g. Whole body histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity was assayed by a radioisotope method. The HDC activity per g tissue was not correlated to body weight in the control fetuses. This is in contrast to the IUGR festuses in which the HDC per g tissue was significantly and inversely related to body weight (r - 0.48, P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:940701", "title": "The pancreas in cystic fibrosis: chemical composition and comparative morphology.", "content": "Sections of pancreas from 16 individuals who died with cystic fibrosis (CF) were classified by morphometric criteria into four categories in increasing order of pancreatic involvement. The concentration of acini, islets, main ducts, lobular ducts, connective tissue, and fat was compared with control levels. The results show that in the least involved pancreases, from neonates who died under 5 months of age, acini were reduced to 33% of control levels and the following were increased: islets, to 410%, lobular ducts, to 250%; and main ducts, to 1700% of controls. With increasing severity of the pancreatic disease the acini were further reduced to 5% and lobular ducts to 37% of control levels, respectively. Main ducts increased by 19-fold, and fatty infiltration accounted for more than 25% of the fresh weight of the pancreas in 9 of the 16 specimens. Comparative biochemical studies of 35 fibrocystic pancreases were quantitatively related to the severity of the pancreatic involvement as follows. Water and volatile matter, normally accounting for 80 +/-% of the weight of the fresh pancreas, was reduced to less than 30% in the most affected organs. The concentration of zinc diminished from near normal mean levels of 193 mugZn/g dry pancreas to 10% of this amount in the severely involved pancreas. Elevated concentrations of calcium, amounting to over 10 times control level, were found in obstructed ductal structures. Calcium was depleted from pancreatic sections adjacent to the obstructions. The following biochemical indicators were significantly different in their mean levels in the 35 fibrocystic pancreases when compared with the 17 controls: (P less than or equal to 0.001) fat, water, zinc, calcium, copper, magnesium, potassium, and sodium (P less than or equal to 0.01).", "contents": "The pancreas in cystic fibrosis: chemical composition and comparative morphology. Sections of pancreas from 16 individuals who died with cystic fibrosis (CF) were classified by morphometric criteria into four categories in increasing order of pancreatic involvement. The concentration of acini, islets, main ducts, lobular ducts, connective tissue, and fat was compared with control levels. The results show that in the least involved pancreases, from neonates who died under 5 months of age, acini were reduced to 33% of control levels and the following were increased: islets, to 410%, lobular ducts, to 250%; and main ducts, to 1700% of controls. With increasing severity of the pancreatic disease the acini were further reduced to 5% and lobular ducts to 37% of control levels, respectively. Main ducts increased by 19-fold, and fatty infiltration accounted for more than 25% of the fresh weight of the pancreas in 9 of the 16 specimens. Comparative biochemical studies of 35 fibrocystic pancreases were quantitatively related to the severity of the pancreatic involvement as follows. Water and volatile matter, normally accounting for 80 +/-% of the weight of the fresh pancreas, was reduced to less than 30% in the most affected organs. The concentration of zinc diminished from near normal mean levels of 193 mugZn/g dry pancreas to 10% of this amount in the severely involved pancreas. Elevated concentrations of calcium, amounting to over 10 times control level, were found in obstructed ductal structures. Calcium was depleted from pancreatic sections adjacent to the obstructions. The following biochemical indicators were significantly different in their mean levels in the 35 fibrocystic pancreases when compared with the 17 controls: (P less than or equal to 0.001) fat, water, zinc, calcium, copper, magnesium, potassium, and sodium (P less than or equal to 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:940702", "title": "Studies on the distribution of cholinesterases: activity in the human and dog heart.", "content": "The distribution and postnatal variation of cholinesterase (ChE) activity were studied in 25 human and 25 dog hearts. The observed distribution pattern is remarkably constant, In dog hearts, the pattern is as follows: sinus node (SN) greater than left atrium (LA) greater than right atrium (RA) greater than right ventricle (RV) congruent to left ventricle (LV). The average acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) activities as expressed in international units per g wet tissue are: 1.66 (SN), 1.14 (LA), 0.70 (RA), 0.22 (RV), and 0.21 (LV). In human hearts, the AcChE distribution follows the pattern of RA greater than LA greater than RV congruent to LV with corresponding average activities of 1.70, 1.38, 0.51, and 0.44 IU. The postnatal variation of ChE activity is most pronounced in the RS of the heart in both species. The average AcChE activity in the RA of the newborn puppies is 0.51 IU as compared with 2.27 IU in newborn infants. In the adult heart, however, the average atrial AcChE activity is nearly identical (1.02 IU) in both species. An additional difference is the large (34-64%) contribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) to the total activity in dog hearts whereas the contribution of BuChE is small (7-15%) in human hearts.", "contents": "Studies on the distribution of cholinesterases: activity in the human and dog heart. The distribution and postnatal variation of cholinesterase (ChE) activity were studied in 25 human and 25 dog hearts. The observed distribution pattern is remarkably constant, In dog hearts, the pattern is as follows: sinus node (SN) greater than left atrium (LA) greater than right atrium (RA) greater than right ventricle (RV) congruent to left ventricle (LV). The average acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) activities as expressed in international units per g wet tissue are: 1.66 (SN), 1.14 (LA), 0.70 (RA), 0.22 (RV), and 0.21 (LV). In human hearts, the AcChE distribution follows the pattern of RA greater than LA greater than RV congruent to LV with corresponding average activities of 1.70, 1.38, 0.51, and 0.44 IU. The postnatal variation of ChE activity is most pronounced in the RS of the heart in both species. The average AcChE activity in the RA of the newborn puppies is 0.51 IU as compared with 2.27 IU in newborn infants. In the adult heart, however, the average atrial AcChE activity is nearly identical (1.02 IU) in both species. An additional difference is the large (34-64%) contribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) to the total activity in dog hearts whereas the contribution of BuChE is small (7-15%) in human hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:940703", "title": "Inulin clearance in the newborn infant: relationship to gestational and postnatal age.", "content": "Thirty-eight healthy newborn infants with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 42 weeks were studied at 2 days to 9 weeks postnatal age to evaluate the rate of glomerular maturation after birth. Glomerular function was assessed by a constant infusion method for inulin clearance (Cin). Cin was nearly identical when measured by the traditional clearance method and by the constant infusion technique. The Cin of 22 infants 2-3 days old ranged from 0.6 to 17.9 ml/min and was directly related to gestational age (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001). For 26 infants studied at 1-9 weeks of age, Cin was directly proportional to conceptual (gestational and postnatal) age (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001), and approximated that of infants of similar gestational age studied at 2-3 days of age.", "contents": "Inulin clearance in the newborn infant: relationship to gestational and postnatal age. Thirty-eight healthy newborn infants with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 42 weeks were studied at 2 days to 9 weeks postnatal age to evaluate the rate of glomerular maturation after birth. Glomerular function was assessed by a constant infusion method for inulin clearance (Cin). Cin was nearly identical when measured by the traditional clearance method and by the constant infusion technique. The Cin of 22 infants 2-3 days old ranged from 0.6 to 17.9 ml/min and was directly related to gestational age (r = 0.81, P less than 0.001). For 26 infants studied at 1-9 weeks of age, Cin was directly proportional to conceptual (gestational and postnatal) age (r = 0.89, P less than 0.001), and approximated that of infants of similar gestational age studied at 2-3 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:940705", "title": "Chest pain in children: a prospective study.", "content": "In a prospective study of children with the primary complaint of chest pain, 43 patients were identified. This gave an occurrence (per patient visits) of 0.288%. The average age was 12.9 years for boys and 11.80 years for girls. Diagnostic categories identified were idiopathic chest pain (45%), costochondritis (22.5%), chest pain secondary to bronchitis (12.5%), miscellaneous (10%), chest pain secondary to muscle strain (5%), and chest pain secondary to trauma (5%). These six categories are discussed in terms of age, sex, resolution of symptoms, duration of the complaint, return for follow-up examination, quality of pain, psychiatric profile, and results of laboratories studies. It is concluded that chest pain in children is not as ominous a symptom as it is in adults, and that it infrequently signals underlying cardiac disease or other serious disease that is not apparent from a thorough history and physical examination.", "contents": "Chest pain in children: a prospective study. In a prospective study of children with the primary complaint of chest pain, 43 patients were identified. This gave an occurrence (per patient visits) of 0.288%. The average age was 12.9 years for boys and 11.80 years for girls. Diagnostic categories identified were idiopathic chest pain (45%), costochondritis (22.5%), chest pain secondary to bronchitis (12.5%), miscellaneous (10%), chest pain secondary to muscle strain (5%), and chest pain secondary to trauma (5%). These six categories are discussed in terms of age, sex, resolution of symptoms, duration of the complaint, return for follow-up examination, quality of pain, psychiatric profile, and results of laboratories studies. It is concluded that chest pain in children is not as ominous a symptom as it is in adults, and that it infrequently signals underlying cardiac disease or other serious disease that is not apparent from a thorough history and physical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:940706", "title": "Remaining sequelae with modern perinatal care.", "content": "The incidence of major sequelae-cerebral palsy (CP), psychomotor retardation (PMR), sensorineural hearing defect, and acquired hydrocephalus--has been studied retrospectively in a nonselected population of 6,5000 3-year-old children born in 1969 and 1970 at one Swedish hospital and treated uniformly according to the principles of modern perinatology. The total incidence of these four types of handicaps was 3.5 per 1,000 when children with congenital malformation syndromes, chromosomal aberrations, verified congenital viral infections, or toxoplasmosis were excluded. The incidence of CP was 1.2 per 1,000. Extreme immaturity, traumatic delivery, postnatal asphyxia, and hyperbilirubinemia were found to be relatively small factors as causes of sequelae in this population. Babies showing various degrees of intrauterine malnutrition were found to be the major remaining group at risk for PMR and/or CP, two thirds of children with these handicaps being recruited from the 16% of newborns with birthweights more than 1 SD below normal in relation to gestational age. The most important further gains can probably be made by earlier intrauterine diagnosis of these cases, induced termination of pregnancy in selected cases, and further studies on the perinatal treatment and adaptation of these infants.", "contents": "Remaining sequelae with modern perinatal care. The incidence of major sequelae-cerebral palsy (CP), psychomotor retardation (PMR), sensorineural hearing defect, and acquired hydrocephalus--has been studied retrospectively in a nonselected population of 6,5000 3-year-old children born in 1969 and 1970 at one Swedish hospital and treated uniformly according to the principles of modern perinatology. The total incidence of these four types of handicaps was 3.5 per 1,000 when children with congenital malformation syndromes, chromosomal aberrations, verified congenital viral infections, or toxoplasmosis were excluded. The incidence of CP was 1.2 per 1,000. Extreme immaturity, traumatic delivery, postnatal asphyxia, and hyperbilirubinemia were found to be relatively small factors as causes of sequelae in this population. Babies showing various degrees of intrauterine malnutrition were found to be the major remaining group at risk for PMR and/or CP, two thirds of children with these handicaps being recruited from the 16% of newborns with birthweights more than 1 SD below normal in relation to gestational age. The most important further gains can probably be made by earlier intrauterine diagnosis of these cases, induced termination of pregnancy in selected cases, and further studies on the perinatal treatment and adaptation of these infants."}
{"id": "PMID:940707", "title": "Intellectual deficits after transient tyrosinemia in the term neonate.", "content": "In order to determine if prolonged, significant transient neonatal tyrosinemia (TNT) is injurious to the developing central nervous system, 15 term infants who had suffered from this disorder for a mean duration of 50 days underwent comprehensive psychometric evaluations at a mean (+/- 1 SD) age of 56.5 +/- 7.8 months. Their mean maximum detected tyrosine level had been 25.8 mg/dl (range, 13.6 to 42.0) and their defect was considered secondary to a combination of a high protein formula intake and a lack of supplemental vitamin C. Compared to a control group, significantly lower mean scores were obtained by the TNT group on the McCarthy Scale of Children's Abilities (77.1 vs. 92, P = .008) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability (92.3 vs. 109.9, P = .002). Performance scores varied inversely with the duration of TNT. Although these children are not classifiable as \"mentally retarded,\" TNT may cause specific learning disabilities. There is, therefore, a need to determine the frequency of TNT in infants fed evaporated milk and other high-protein milk formulas and to develop ways to prevent its occurrence.", "contents": "Intellectual deficits after transient tyrosinemia in the term neonate. In order to determine if prolonged, significant transient neonatal tyrosinemia (TNT) is injurious to the developing central nervous system, 15 term infants who had suffered from this disorder for a mean duration of 50 days underwent comprehensive psychometric evaluations at a mean (+/- 1 SD) age of 56.5 +/- 7.8 months. Their mean maximum detected tyrosine level had been 25.8 mg/dl (range, 13.6 to 42.0) and their defect was considered secondary to a combination of a high protein formula intake and a lack of supplemental vitamin C. Compared to a control group, significantly lower mean scores were obtained by the TNT group on the McCarthy Scale of Children's Abilities (77.1 vs. 92, P = .008) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Ability (92.3 vs. 109.9, P = .002). Performance scores varied inversely with the duration of TNT. Although these children are not classifiable as \"mentally retarded,\" TNT may cause specific learning disabilities. There is, therefore, a need to determine the frequency of TNT in infants fed evaporated milk and other high-protein milk formulas and to develop ways to prevent its occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:940708", "title": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring in routine management of infants and children with cardiorespiratory problems.", "content": "Results are reported concerning the clinical application of the transcutaneous PO2 method (tc PO2 method) according to Huch et al. for monitoring arterial PO2. Thirty long-term continuous tc PO2 recordings were made in 22 ventilated children and infants with cardiorespiratory problems in four different pediatric intensive care units (Z\u00fcrich, G\u00f6ttingen, Kassel, and Mainz). These recordings were compared with 132 arterial PO2 determinations made during the same period of time. There was a linear relationship and a close correspondence between arterial PO2 and tc PO2 (r = .94). The continuous recordings have shown that the variability of PO2 is much greater than assumed so far by single blood gas analysis. This fact restricts greatly the value of single samples. Continuous tc PO2 monitoring has proved to be a great help in optimal respirator setting.", "contents": "Transcutaneous PO2 monitoring in routine management of infants and children with cardiorespiratory problems. Results are reported concerning the clinical application of the transcutaneous PO2 method (tc PO2 method) according to Huch et al. for monitoring arterial PO2. Thirty long-term continuous tc PO2 recordings were made in 22 ventilated children and infants with cardiorespiratory problems in four different pediatric intensive care units (Z\u00fcrich, G\u00f6ttingen, Kassel, and Mainz). These recordings were compared with 132 arterial PO2 determinations made during the same period of time. There was a linear relationship and a close correspondence between arterial PO2 and tc PO2 (r = .94). The continuous recordings have shown that the variability of PO2 is much greater than assumed so far by single blood gas analysis. This fact restricts greatly the value of single samples. Continuous tc PO2 monitoring has proved to be a great help in optimal respirator setting."}
{"id": "PMID:940709", "title": "Needle biopsy of the synovium of children.", "content": "While the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is based on clinical criteria and does not require confirmation by synovial biopsy, biopsy is occasionally desired to exclude other diagnoses. Needle synovial biopsy of the knee may be performed on young children as an office procedure and generally provides adequate tissue for examination. In the author's clinic this procedure has replaced open biopsy of the knee of children.", "contents": "Needle biopsy of the synovium of children. While the diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is based on clinical criteria and does not require confirmation by synovial biopsy, biopsy is occasionally desired to exclude other diagnoses. Needle synovial biopsy of the knee may be performed on young children as an office procedure and generally provides adequate tissue for examination. In the author's clinic this procedure has replaced open biopsy of the knee of children."}
{"id": "PMID:940710", "title": "Hyperinsulinism in infancy: diagnosis by demonstration of abnormal response to fasting hypoglycemia.", "content": "The metabolic adaptation to fasting in infants with hyperinsulinism was examined to see whether a characteristic abnormality could be found that would aid in the diagnosis of this disorder. Seven infants under 1 year of age with hyperinsulinism were studied; 7 control infants of similar age and 12 children with ketotic hypoglycemia served as contrast groups. At the time of hypoglycemia, four of the seven infants with hyperinsulinism did not have elevated levels of insulin. However, levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate were significantly lower in the infants with hyperinsulinism than in the control and ketotic hypoglycemic groups. Levels of free fatty acids were also lower in the infants with hyperinsulinism. Expected levels and normal limits for beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and free fatty acids when plasma glucose is below 40 mg/100 ml were estimated by combining the control and ketotic hypoglycemic groups. Using these values as standards, the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism can be made by evaluation of the response to fasting hypoglycemia. The application of this approach is illustrated by three case examples.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinism in infancy: diagnosis by demonstration of abnormal response to fasting hypoglycemia. The metabolic adaptation to fasting in infants with hyperinsulinism was examined to see whether a characteristic abnormality could be found that would aid in the diagnosis of this disorder. Seven infants under 1 year of age with hyperinsulinism were studied; 7 control infants of similar age and 12 children with ketotic hypoglycemia served as contrast groups. At the time of hypoglycemia, four of the seven infants with hyperinsulinism did not have elevated levels of insulin. However, levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate were significantly lower in the infants with hyperinsulinism than in the control and ketotic hypoglycemic groups. Levels of free fatty acids were also lower in the infants with hyperinsulinism. Expected levels and normal limits for beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and free fatty acids when plasma glucose is below 40 mg/100 ml were estimated by combining the control and ketotic hypoglycemic groups. Using these values as standards, the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism can be made by evaluation of the response to fasting hypoglycemia. The application of this approach is illustrated by three case examples."}
{"id": "PMID:940711", "title": "Propranolol and exercise as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency.", "content": "There is a need for a safe, inexpensive, and reliable screening test for growth hormone (GH) reserve. Exercise has been utilized for this purpose but false-negative responses (inadequate GH release in non-GH-deficient patients) has limited the effectiveness of this stimulus as a screening test. Beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol) was used to enhance the effect of exercise on GH release. Thirty-two non-GH-deficient children and five GH-deficient children were evaluated. All of the non-GH-deficient children responded to propranolol and exercise with serum GH levels exceeding 7 ng/ml. The peak serum GH levels in the five GH-deficient patients did not exceed 4 ng/ml. Propranolol and exercise appears to be an effective screening test for GH function.", "contents": "Propranolol and exercise as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency. There is a need for a safe, inexpensive, and reliable screening test for growth hormone (GH) reserve. Exercise has been utilized for this purpose but false-negative responses (inadequate GH release in non-GH-deficient patients) has limited the effectiveness of this stimulus as a screening test. Beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol) was used to enhance the effect of exercise on GH release. Thirty-two non-GH-deficient children and five GH-deficient children were evaluated. All of the non-GH-deficient children responded to propranolol and exercise with serum GH levels exceeding 7 ng/ml. The peak serum GH levels in the five GH-deficient patients did not exceed 4 ng/ml. Propranolol and exercise appears to be an effective screening test for GH function."}
{"id": "PMID:940712", "title": "The coexistence of cystic fibrosis and celiac disease.", "content": "Two patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who subsequently developed celiac disease (CD) are described. Since organ culture of intestinal mucosa has been used to establish an in vitro model for the study of CD, we utilized this opportunity to determine whether duodenal mucosa obtained from each of these two patients and their immediate families differed in its organ culture behavior from mucosa obtained from patients with CD alone. Additionally, as specific HL-A types are associated with CD, we used HL-A typing to determine whether the two patients with CF-CD differed genetically from patients with CD alone. One of our patients was HL-A8, the most common type associated with CD; the other was HL-A12, as are many of the non-HL-A8 celiac patients. The response in organ culture of the mucosa of these two patients was the same as the response in organ culture of the mucosa from patients with CD alone. These and other data suggest that CD occurring in patients with CF is no different than CD occurring alone.", "contents": "The coexistence of cystic fibrosis and celiac disease. Two patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who subsequently developed celiac disease (CD) are described. Since organ culture of intestinal mucosa has been used to establish an in vitro model for the study of CD, we utilized this opportunity to determine whether duodenal mucosa obtained from each of these two patients and their immediate families differed in its organ culture behavior from mucosa obtained from patients with CD alone. Additionally, as specific HL-A types are associated with CD, we used HL-A typing to determine whether the two patients with CF-CD differed genetically from patients with CD alone. One of our patients was HL-A8, the most common type associated with CD; the other was HL-A12, as are many of the non-HL-A8 celiac patients. The response in organ culture of the mucosa of these two patients was the same as the response in organ culture of the mucosa from patients with CD alone. These and other data suggest that CD occurring in patients with CF is no different than CD occurring alone."}
{"id": "PMID:940714", "title": "The Denver prescreening developmental questionnaire (PDQ).", "content": "To facilitate periodic developmental screening of all children, a Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (PDQ) was created to identify those children who require a more thorough screening with the Denver developmental Screening Test (DDST). Children positive on the DDST screen are then referred for a diagnostic assessment. To devise the PDQ, 97 of 105 standard DDST items were formulated into questions. Ten age-appropriate questions were answered by 1,155 parents with subsequent evaluation of their children with the DDST. Agreement between parental responses for individual items and the score for their children's corresponding DDST item varied from 68% to 100% (mean, 93.3%). When the PDQ was positive, 31.2% of the children were referred for a DDST screen. These referrals included 86.7% of abnormal and 53.8% of questionable DDSTs among the 1,155 children screened. The predictive value of a referral was 23.3%. The predictive value of a referral did not differ significantly whether the PDQ was answered by a parent or by day care center staff personnel. A subsequent field trial of 1,027 PDQs in private physicians' offices and public health clinics yielded a similar predictive value (24.7%) for a referral. The parents liked the PDQ which took them only about five minutes to answer and the physicians liked the PDQ since it decreased by almost 69% the number of DDSTs they felt obliged to administer.", "contents": "The Denver prescreening developmental questionnaire (PDQ). To facilitate periodic developmental screening of all children, a Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (PDQ) was created to identify those children who require a more thorough screening with the Denver developmental Screening Test (DDST). Children positive on the DDST screen are then referred for a diagnostic assessment. To devise the PDQ, 97 of 105 standard DDST items were formulated into questions. Ten age-appropriate questions were answered by 1,155 parents with subsequent evaluation of their children with the DDST. Agreement between parental responses for individual items and the score for their children's corresponding DDST item varied from 68% to 100% (mean, 93.3%). When the PDQ was positive, 31.2% of the children were referred for a DDST screen. These referrals included 86.7% of abnormal and 53.8% of questionable DDSTs among the 1,155 children screened. The predictive value of a referral was 23.3%. The predictive value of a referral did not differ significantly whether the PDQ was answered by a parent or by day care center staff personnel. A subsequent field trial of 1,027 PDQs in private physicians' offices and public health clinics yielded a similar predictive value (24.7%) for a referral. The parents liked the PDQ which took them only about five minutes to answer and the physicians liked the PDQ since it decreased by almost 69% the number of DDSTs they felt obliged to administer."}
{"id": "PMID:940715", "title": "Management criteria, documentation, and peer review of initial urinary tract infection.", "content": "During part of a national study to formulate criteria for chart audit of quality assurance of child health care, criteria were developed for diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections. These criteria were validated by pediatricians and family physicians in academic medicine and in practice. They were judged relevant to the medical care process and patient outcome by both. The selected criteria were also recommended by the majority of two large physician groups for use in peer review. An important aspect of the study assessed the frequency of performing and recording indicated procedures or tests. In the first three phases of the study these criteria were said to be performed and recorded by a large majority of physicians. However, in the fourth (community) phase, when charts of 166 primary care physicians were actually audited, documentation was so poor that peer review by chart audit would be impractical at present. Assuming proper documentation of the medical care process, similar criteria could be used for chart audit, clinical research, and educational purposes. Since the diagnostic and management process of initial urinary tract infection is established, development of structured health care forms and education in proper record-keeping are two important challenges for those interested in the evaluation of ambulatory care.", "contents": "Management criteria, documentation, and peer review of initial urinary tract infection. During part of a national study to formulate criteria for chart audit of quality assurance of child health care, criteria were developed for diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections. These criteria were validated by pediatricians and family physicians in academic medicine and in practice. They were judged relevant to the medical care process and patient outcome by both. The selected criteria were also recommended by the majority of two large physician groups for use in peer review. An important aspect of the study assessed the frequency of performing and recording indicated procedures or tests. In the first three phases of the study these criteria were said to be performed and recorded by a large majority of physicians. However, in the fourth (community) phase, when charts of 166 primary care physicians were actually audited, documentation was so poor that peer review by chart audit would be impractical at present. Assuming proper documentation of the medical care process, similar criteria could be used for chart audit, clinical research, and educational purposes. Since the diagnostic and management process of initial urinary tract infection is established, development of structured health care forms and education in proper record-keeping are two important challenges for those interested in the evaluation of ambulatory care."}
{"id": "PMID:940716", "title": "A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of child abuse.", "content": "A multidisciplinary team of professionals and paraprofessionals provides an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of child abuse and neglect among a deprived and disadvantaged population of abusing mothers. The therapeutic approach stresses residential care for mother and child, behavior modification through corrective child care experiences, personality modifications through individual and group therapy, and environmental and social changes through staff assistance and education.", "contents": "A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of child abuse. A multidisciplinary team of professionals and paraprofessionals provides an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of child abuse and neglect among a deprived and disadvantaged population of abusing mothers. The therapeutic approach stresses residential care for mother and child, behavior modification through corrective child care experiences, personality modifications through individual and group therapy, and environmental and social changes through staff assistance and education."}
{"id": "PMID:940717", "title": "Educational intervention for preschool children in a pediatric clinic.", "content": "A parent education program aimed at promoting cognitive development in 2- and 3-year-olds was instituted in both a pediatric clinic of a general hospital and a child health station in the community. Parent participants were asked to work at home daily with their children using age-graded play materials supplied by the program. They were tutored individually, in the clinic playroom, by bilingual playroom assistants using role-playing techniques. One hundred fifty children completed the program out of a total of 468. Subjects were tested before and after training on the Cattell: Stanford-Binet and showed a positive gain in performance. Parents reported that their program experiences made them aware of their ability to teach their children. This was reflected in their changing view of the children's activities which were previously seen as aimless and \"bad\" and were now viewed as constructive and amenable to modification by the parents.", "contents": "Educational intervention for preschool children in a pediatric clinic. A parent education program aimed at promoting cognitive development in 2- and 3-year-olds was instituted in both a pediatric clinic of a general hospital and a child health station in the community. Parent participants were asked to work at home daily with their children using age-graded play materials supplied by the program. They were tutored individually, in the clinic playroom, by bilingual playroom assistants using role-playing techniques. One hundred fifty children completed the program out of a total of 468. Subjects were tested before and after training on the Cattell: Stanford-Binet and showed a positive gain in performance. Parents reported that their program experiences made them aware of their ability to teach their children. This was reflected in their changing view of the children's activities which were previously seen as aimless and \"bad\" and were now viewed as constructive and amenable to modification by the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:940718", "title": "The use of paraprofessionals to teach interviewing skills.", "content": "Two nonphysician mothers were each trained to give a consistent and authentic history of a child's common medical problem. At the beginning of a Pediatric Clerkship, one half the students were randomly assigned to interview one of the trained mothers. The interviews were videotaped and then replayed in an evaluative feedback session with each student. At the end of the clerkship these students were rated significantly higher on the process of interviewing than those students who did not have the initial evaluative feedback session.", "contents": "The use of paraprofessionals to teach interviewing skills. Two nonphysician mothers were each trained to give a consistent and authentic history of a child's common medical problem. At the beginning of a Pediatric Clerkship, one half the students were randomly assigned to interview one of the trained mothers. The interviews were videotaped and then replayed in an evaluative feedback session with each student. At the end of the clerkship these students were rated significantly higher on the process of interviewing than those students who did not have the initial evaluative feedback session."}
{"id": "PMID:940719", "title": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition: special diets for infants with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.", "content": "A sufficient variety of semisynthetic dietary products is now available to permit control of amino acid imbalance in several inborn errors of metabolism. However, they must be used carefully, and their effects monitored closely. Continuing development of products for this type of special diet--to provide a wider variety--is necessary. Regionalization of treatment programs for patients with inborn errors of metabolism is recommended. Metabolic centers which are accumulating experience and have good laboratory support may be the most efficient way of providing adequate treatment for patients with inborn errors of metabolism.", "contents": "American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition: special diets for infants with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. A sufficient variety of semisynthetic dietary products is now available to permit control of amino acid imbalance in several inborn errors of metabolism. However, they must be used carefully, and their effects monitored closely. Continuing development of products for this type of special diet--to provide a wider variety--is necessary. Regionalization of treatment programs for patients with inborn errors of metabolism is recommended. Metabolic centers which are accumulating experience and have good laboratory support may be the most efficient way of providing adequate treatment for patients with inborn errors of metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:940725", "title": "Congenital posterolateral defect in the right side of the diaphragm.", "content": "The infant born with a posterolateral defect in the right side of the diaphragm may appear normal at birth. His abdominal viscera may be normally located; the right side of the diaphragm may seem to be intact. Later, part of the liver may herniate. As it does, it displaces the lower part of the right lung, and hepatic flexure follows into a high posterior position in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Rarely, obstruction of portal and hepatic venous flow at the hernial ring may cause liquid to accumulate in the right side of the chest. At any time the liver may resume its interrupted passage. Increase in herniation will quickly make the patient sicker.", "contents": "Congenital posterolateral defect in the right side of the diaphragm. The infant born with a posterolateral defect in the right side of the diaphragm may appear normal at birth. His abdominal viscera may be normally located; the right side of the diaphragm may seem to be intact. Later, part of the liver may herniate. As it does, it displaces the lower part of the right lung, and hepatic flexure follows into a high posterior position in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Rarely, obstruction of portal and hepatic venous flow at the hernial ring may cause liquid to accumulate in the right side of the chest. At any time the liver may resume its interrupted passage. Increase in herniation will quickly make the patient sicker."}
{"id": "PMID:940731", "title": "Nationwide residues of organochlorines in starlings, 1974.", "content": "Organochlorine residues in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from 126 collection sites were monitored during the fall of 1974. DDE, DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and benzene hexachloride were present in all samples. Dieldrin, heptachlor expoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and oxychlordane were present in approximately 97% of the samples. DDE, dieldrin, and PCB residues in starlings were significantly lower than they had been in 1972.", "contents": "Nationwide residues of organochlorines in starlings, 1974. Organochlorine residues in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from 126 collection sites were monitored during the fall of 1974. DDE, DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and benzene hexachloride were present in all samples. Dieldrin, heptachlor expoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and oxychlordane were present in approximately 97% of the samples. DDE, dieldrin, and PCB residues in starlings were significantly lower than they had been in 1972."}
{"id": "PMID:940732", "title": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples, Spain--1971-72.", "content": "Average pesticide residue levels were determined for the 17 main food groups in the average Spanish diet. Using these levels and the estimated average intake of these foods, authors computed an individual's average daily consumption of pesticides from each of these food groups and her/his total diet. Foods were acquired over a 1-year period from the market of Valencia, a city that gets supplies from an agricultural area where pesticide consumption is appreciably higher than that of the rest of the country. Thus average residue levels found must be higher than the national average. Except for fruits and vegetables, the different items composing each food group were sampled in proportion to the amount consumed in the average Spanish diet. Foods forming each group were homogenized into composite samples. All foods were analyzed raw. The most frequently detected pesticides were DDT and BHC. Malathion was detected at levels less than 0.10 ppm in some samples of vegetable oils, pears, and apples. DDT and BHC levels varied from undetectable to amounts less than 1.0 ppm. Highest levels were found in lard. An individual's average daily intake of pesticides was calculated to be 78 mug DDT, a sum which includes residues of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE, and 13.8 mug gamma-BHC. These levels are much lower than the maximum acceptable daily limits established by the United Nations Food Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples, Spain--1971-72. Average pesticide residue levels were determined for the 17 main food groups in the average Spanish diet. Using these levels and the estimated average intake of these foods, authors computed an individual's average daily consumption of pesticides from each of these food groups and her/his total diet. Foods were acquired over a 1-year period from the market of Valencia, a city that gets supplies from an agricultural area where pesticide consumption is appreciably higher than that of the rest of the country. Thus average residue levels found must be higher than the national average. Except for fruits and vegetables, the different items composing each food group were sampled in proportion to the amount consumed in the average Spanish diet. Foods forming each group were homogenized into composite samples. All foods were analyzed raw. The most frequently detected pesticides were DDT and BHC. Malathion was detected at levels less than 0.10 ppm in some samples of vegetable oils, pears, and apples. DDT and BHC levels varied from undetectable to amounts less than 1.0 ppm. Highest levels were found in lard. An individual's average daily intake of pesticides was calculated to be 78 mug DDT, a sum which includes residues of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE, and 13.8 mug gamma-BHC. These levels are much lower than the maximum acceptable daily limits established by the United Nations Food Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization."}
{"id": "PMID:940733", "title": "Residues of DDT and DDE in livers of waterfowl, northeastern Louisiana--1970-71.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the levels of DDT and DDE in the livers of 10 species of waterfowl collected in Louisiana from 1970 to 1971. Livers of 48 of 50 specimens contained detectable levels of DDT and/or DDE. DDT residues ranged from 0.01 to 10.90 ppm; DDE levels ranged from 0.02 to 38.69 ppm.", "contents": "Residues of DDT and DDE in livers of waterfowl, northeastern Louisiana--1970-71. A study was conducted to determine the levels of DDT and DDE in the livers of 10 species of waterfowl collected in Louisiana from 1970 to 1971. Livers of 48 of 50 specimens contained detectable levels of DDT and/or DDE. DDT residues ranged from 0.01 to 10.90 ppm; DDE levels ranged from 0.02 to 38.69 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:940734", "title": "Organochlorine pesticides in the Hawaii Kai Marina, 1970-74.", "content": "Sediments, water, and oysters from the receiving waters of the Hahaione Valley, a suburban development in south-easter Oahu, Hawaii, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticidal compounds. The insecticides dieldrin, alpha- and gamma- chlordane, and p,p'-DDT were found in the study site environment. Levels were in the low parts per billion range for oysters and sediments and in the low parts per trillion range for water. During the past several years dieldrin residues in the marina study site have increased, even though the only activity known to influence pesticide levels in the valley is the chronic treatment for subterranean and dry wood termites. If present trends continue, dieldrin may pose a threat to biota of the aquatic environment. Findings have shown that residue levels of dieldrin and p,p'-DDT in the sediments are within the LD50 (median lethal dose) range for estuarine fish and thus may have a deleterious effect on bottom-feeding organisms. According to present standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, pesticide residue levels within the study site do not appear to constitute a health hazard to humans.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticides in the Hawaii Kai Marina, 1970-74. Sediments, water, and oysters from the receiving waters of the Hahaione Valley, a suburban development in south-easter Oahu, Hawaii, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticidal compounds. The insecticides dieldrin, alpha- and gamma- chlordane, and p,p'-DDT were found in the study site environment. Levels were in the low parts per billion range for oysters and sediments and in the low parts per trillion range for water. During the past several years dieldrin residues in the marina study site have increased, even though the only activity known to influence pesticide levels in the valley is the chronic treatment for subterranean and dry wood termites. If present trends continue, dieldrin may pose a threat to biota of the aquatic environment. Findings have shown that residue levels of dieldrin and p,p'-DDT in the sediments are within the LD50 (median lethal dose) range for estuarine fish and thus may have a deleterious effect on bottom-feeding organisms. According to present standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, pesticide residue levels within the study site do not appear to constitute a health hazard to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:940735", "title": "Mercury in eggs of aquatic birds, Lake St. Clair--1973.", "content": "Eggs from four species of aquatic birds inhabiting waterways of the Lake St. Clair region were collected in 1973 and analyzed for mercury. Species analyzed were mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), common terns (Sterna hirundo), black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), and great egrets (Casmerodius albus). Mallard eggs contained relatively low residue levels, less than 0.05-0.26 ppm, and common tern eggs contained the highest residues, ranging up to 1.31 ppm. Mercury levels in the eggs were appreciably lower than those in the same species in 1970. The declines are attributed to the 1970 restrictions placed on industrial discharges of mercury into the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers.", "contents": "Mercury in eggs of aquatic birds, Lake St. Clair--1973. Eggs from four species of aquatic birds inhabiting waterways of the Lake St. Clair region were collected in 1973 and analyzed for mercury. Species analyzed were mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), common terns (Sterna hirundo), black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), and great egrets (Casmerodius albus). Mallard eggs contained relatively low residue levels, less than 0.05-0.26 ppm, and common tern eggs contained the highest residues, ranging up to 1.31 ppm. Mercury levels in the eggs were appreciably lower than those in the same species in 1970. The declines are attributed to the 1970 restrictions placed on industrial discharges of mercury into the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers."}
{"id": "PMID:940736", "title": "A sterilizing tail stump sperm defect in a Holstein-Friesian bull.", "content": "A case of sterility in an 18-month-old bull of the Holstein-Friesian breed was investigated. A semen sample sent to the laboratory showed a very low sperm concentration and abnormal sperm morphology. On the preliminary examination, the major sperm defect (60-70%) seemed to be tailless heads. When higher manification was used it was found that most of the defective heads had a short tail rudiment, a tail stump 2-3 mu long. Loose sperm tails were seldom seen in the smears. The defect has been described previously from Canada where it has occurred in different breeds, including Holstein-Friesians. The dam of the Danish bull in question was inseminated with imported American semen, and the sire is one of the most demanded Holstein-Friesian bulls at present. The possible heredity of the defect is discussed.", "contents": "A sterilizing tail stump sperm defect in a Holstein-Friesian bull. A case of sterility in an 18-month-old bull of the Holstein-Friesian breed was investigated. A semen sample sent to the laboratory showed a very low sperm concentration and abnormal sperm morphology. On the preliminary examination, the major sperm defect (60-70%) seemed to be tailless heads. When higher manification was used it was found that most of the defective heads had a short tail rudiment, a tail stump 2-3 mu long. Loose sperm tails were seldom seen in the smears. The defect has been described previously from Canada where it has occurred in different breeds, including Holstein-Friesians. The dam of the Danish bull in question was inseminated with imported American semen, and the sire is one of the most demanded Holstein-Friesian bulls at present. The possible heredity of the defect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940737", "title": "Aetiology and Pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in dairy cattle.", "content": "A clinical chemical survey is given of the complex of factors which are involved during development of clinically manifest hypotony or atony of the abomasum prior to abomasal displacemnts. The importance of a change in the acid-base balance of the animals is especially stressed as a predisposing factor. The further pathogenesis of abomasal displacement is supposed to follow different ways, according to the feeding and to prevailing periods of indigestion.", "contents": "Aetiology and Pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in dairy cattle. A clinical chemical survey is given of the complex of factors which are involved during development of clinically manifest hypotony or atony of the abomasum prior to abomasal displacemnts. The importance of a change in the acid-base balance of the animals is especially stressed as a predisposing factor. The further pathogenesis of abomasal displacement is supposed to follow different ways, according to the feeding and to prevailing periods of indigestion."}
{"id": "PMID:940738", "title": "Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta in Charollais cattle.", "content": "An outbreak of an apparently new hereditary bone disease--congenital osteogenesis imperfecta--in six newborn half-sib Charollais calves is described. In many respects the clinical, pathological, radiological and genetical findings resemble the congenital osteogenesis imperfecta seen in man and sheep.", "contents": "Congenital osteogenesis imperfecta in Charollais cattle. An outbreak of an apparently new hereditary bone disease--congenital osteogenesis imperfecta--in six newborn half-sib Charollais calves is described. In many respects the clinical, pathological, radiological and genetical findings resemble the congenital osteogenesis imperfecta seen in man and sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:940739", "title": "[The influence of Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs (author's tranls)].", "content": "The influence of experimental Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs has been studied in two experiments with disease-free pigs. In pigs where a patent Ascaris infection was established growth rates were decreased by appr. 20% compared with parasite-free controls. The experiments have revealed that the negative influence of Ascaris suum upon growth is caused both by the larvae during migration through the lungs and by the presence of adult worms in the intestine.", "contents": "[The influence of Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs (author's tranls)]. The influence of experimental Ascaris suum infection upon growth rates in pigs has been studied in two experiments with disease-free pigs. In pigs where a patent Ascaris infection was established growth rates were decreased by appr. 20% compared with parasite-free controls. The experiments have revealed that the negative influence of Ascaris suum upon growth is caused both by the larvae during migration through the lungs and by the presence of adult worms in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:940740", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic adenopathies].", "content": "Angio-lymphoblastic lymphadenopathies are a newly described haematological entity, though not rare, characterised by a histological triad (vascular neogenesis, highly polymorphic or predominantly immunoblastic cellular proliferation and the presence of acidophilic protein deposits), a clinical syndrome consisting essentially of voluminous disseminated lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal laboratory findings dominated by a polyclonal dysproteinaemia. This disorder, the first four French cases of which are described here, does not appear to be malignant in its early stages and is sensitive to corticosteroid therapy at that time. Secondary sarcomatous transformation is  possible.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic adenopathies]. Angio-lymphoblastic lymphadenopathies are a newly described haematological entity, though not rare, characterised by a histological triad (vascular neogenesis, highly polymorphic or predominantly immunoblastic cellular proliferation and the presence of acidophilic protein deposits), a clinical syndrome consisting essentially of voluminous disseminated lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal laboratory findings dominated by a polyclonal dysproteinaemia. This disorder, the first four French cases of which are described here, does not appear to be malignant in its early stages and is sensitive to corticosteroid therapy at that time. Secondary sarcomatous transformation is  possible."}
{"id": "PMID:940741", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies with autoimmune anemia and polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia].", "content": "The study concerned 13 cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. This systemic lymphoid disorder has been identified only recently and is surely more common than has been thought. It is characterised by specific changes in the lymph nodes, which are infiltrated by plasmocytic and immunoblastic cells, associated with a marked degree of vascular neogenesis. This anatomical involvement is accompanied by numerous immunological manifestations, the most important of which are a positive Coombs test and a polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia. Despite the severe course of the disorder, its benign or malignant nature is uncertain and the therapeutic approach remains a subject of discussion.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies with autoimmune anemia and polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia]. The study concerned 13 cases of angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. This systemic lymphoid disorder has been identified only recently and is surely more common than has been thought. It is characterised by specific changes in the lymph nodes, which are infiltrated by plasmocytic and immunoblastic cells, associated with a marked degree of vascular neogenesis. This anatomical involvement is accompanied by numerous immunological manifestations, the most important of which are a positive Coombs test and a polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinaemia. Despite the severe course of the disorder, its benign or malignant nature is uncertain and the therapeutic approach remains a subject of discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:940755", "title": "[Management following mammography revealing grouped microcalcifications without palpable tumor].", "content": "On the basis of a series of 60 cases, the authors report their experience of excision of grouped microcalcifications detected at mammography in the absence of any clinical sign. The breast zone in which the microcalcifications were located by the radiologist was removed surgically. Per-operatoire X-ray of the excised specimens using a mammography apparatus confirmed that the microcalcifications had been totally removed. In addition it was useful to locate aceuretaly the calcifications in view of a careful histological examination of the area. The technique led to the discovery of 27 carcinomas at a sub-clinical stage. A classification of the various types of microcalcification was established in relation to histology. It will be of assistance in suspecting malignancy on the basis of mammography findings in the majority of cases. Excision can then be reserved for cases of presumed malignancy or where a doubt exists. By detecting breast carcinomas at a sub-clinical stage, the method makes possible early and minimally mutilating treatment with the best chances of cure.", "contents": "[Management following mammography revealing grouped microcalcifications without palpable tumor]. On the basis of a series of 60 cases, the authors report their experience of excision of grouped microcalcifications detected at mammography in the absence of any clinical sign. The breast zone in which the microcalcifications were located by the radiologist was removed surgically. Per-operatoire X-ray of the excised specimens using a mammography apparatus confirmed that the microcalcifications had been totally removed. In addition it was useful to locate aceuretaly the calcifications in view of a careful histological examination of the area. The technique led to the discovery of 27 carcinomas at a sub-clinical stage. A classification of the various types of microcalcification was established in relation to histology. It will be of assistance in suspecting malignancy on the basis of mammography findings in the majority of cases. Excision can then be reserved for cases of presumed malignancy or where a doubt exists. By detecting breast carcinomas at a sub-clinical stage, the method makes possible early and minimally mutilating treatment with the best chances of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:940767", "title": "The 3'-terminal sequence of mitochondrial 13S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "We have examined the 3'-terminal sequence of the \"small\" structural ribosomal RNA (\"13S\") of hamster cell mitochondria, using a procedure involving [3H]isoniazide labeling of samples subjected to sequential periodate oxidation and beta-elimination. The terminus was found to be PyUAUUAOH, which is similar, but not identical, to the corresponding terminus of eukaryotic cytoplasmic 18S rRNA.", "contents": "The 3'-terminal sequence of mitochondrial 13S ribosomal RNA. We have examined the 3'-terminal sequence of the \"small\" structural ribosomal RNA (\"13S\") of hamster cell mitochondria, using a procedure involving [3H]isoniazide labeling of samples subjected to sequential periodate oxidation and beta-elimination. The terminus was found to be PyUAUUAOH, which is similar, but not identical, to the corresponding terminus of eukaryotic cytoplasmic 18S rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:940768", "title": "A combined use of triphenyl phosphite and 2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide as a coupling reagent in oligonucleotide synthesis.", "content": "Oligonucleotides and nucleoside phosphoramidates can be synthesized in high yields by a combined use of triphenyl phosphite and 2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide as a coupling reagent.", "contents": "A combined use of triphenyl phosphite and 2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide as a coupling reagent in oligonucleotide synthesis. Oligonucleotides and nucleoside phosphoramidates can be synthesized in high yields by a combined use of triphenyl phosphite and 2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide as a coupling reagent."}
{"id": "PMID:940769", "title": "Histone dimers: a fundamental unit in histone assembly.", "content": "Histone interactions which occur, at moderate ionic strengths, when several types of purified, renatured histones are mixed at equimolar ratios have been studied. The four histones H2A,H2B,H3 and H4 complex and form dimers. Histone H1 does not interact with the other four histone types and does not form dimers. Mixing of single histone species with preformed histone pairs as well as mixing of two different types of histone pairs, leads to exchange of histones among the pairs and formation of dimers. No trimers are formed. The dimers are in equilibrium with high-molecular weight histone structures. The results indicate that histone dimers may serve as a stable intermediate in histone assembly. Because each histone type (except H1) can interact with itself as well as with each of the other three histone types we suggest that each histone type should be considered as an interchangeable subunit of a multichain protein in which the dimer species is the most stable structure.", "contents": "Histone dimers: a fundamental unit in histone assembly. Histone interactions which occur, at moderate ionic strengths, when several types of purified, renatured histones are mixed at equimolar ratios have been studied. The four histones H2A,H2B,H3 and H4 complex and form dimers. Histone H1 does not interact with the other four histone types and does not form dimers. Mixing of single histone species with preformed histone pairs as well as mixing of two different types of histone pairs, leads to exchange of histones among the pairs and formation of dimers. No trimers are formed. The dimers are in equilibrium with high-molecular weight histone structures. The results indicate that histone dimers may serve as a stable intermediate in histone assembly. Because each histone type (except H1) can interact with itself as well as with each of the other three histone types we suggest that each histone type should be considered as an interchangeable subunit of a multichain protein in which the dimer species is the most stable structure."}
{"id": "PMID:940770", "title": "Stacking self-association of pyrimidine nucleosides and of cytosines: effects of methylation and thiolation.", "content": "Stacking self-association equilibria in aqueous solutions of m3uridine, m34,2',3',5'uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, m13,4,4cytosine, m14,4,4,5cytosine, s2cytidine and s4thymidine were studied at various temperatures by vapour-pressure osmometry. Equilibrium constants Kst's were computed on the assumption of the isodesmic model of self-association. Enthalpies of association were also obtained from the temperature dependence of Kst according to the van't Hoff equation. Analysis of the equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters demonstrated involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of complexes of tetramethyluridine. Dipole-induced dipole interactions seem to predominate in the formation of s2C, s4T and of both dimethylaminocytosine complexes.", "contents": "Stacking self-association of pyrimidine nucleosides and of cytosines: effects of methylation and thiolation. Stacking self-association equilibria in aqueous solutions of m3uridine, m34,2',3',5'uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, m13,4,4cytosine, m14,4,4,5cytosine, s2cytidine and s4thymidine were studied at various temperatures by vapour-pressure osmometry. Equilibrium constants Kst's were computed on the assumption of the isodesmic model of self-association. Enthalpies of association were also obtained from the temperature dependence of Kst according to the van't Hoff equation. Analysis of the equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters demonstrated involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of complexes of tetramethyluridine. Dipole-induced dipole interactions seem to predominate in the formation of s2C, s4T and of both dimethylaminocytosine complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:940771", "title": "Electrostatic potential modulations on polynucleotides as a function of ionic content: potentiometric determinations.", "content": "pK values of ionisation of cytidine residues, in poly C and poly I. poly C, have been determined by potentiometric titration as a function of either ionic strength (Na+) or Mg2+ concentration. The results are interpreted as a consequence of the existence of a local pH, prevailing in the vicinity of the polynucleotides, smaller than that of the bulk solution. This local pH is dependent upon the electrostatic potential psi due to the negatively charged phosphate groups of the polynucleotide. Moreover psi can be modulated through variation of either ionic strength or Mg2+ concentration. At a given pH Mg2+ addition leads to the release of protons which, in the case of complex systems of limited stability, might be detected by the use of the pH-stat method. Possible functional implications for genetic translation systems are examined.", "contents": "Electrostatic potential modulations on polynucleotides as a function of ionic content: potentiometric determinations. pK values of ionisation of cytidine residues, in poly C and poly I. poly C, have been determined by potentiometric titration as a function of either ionic strength (Na+) or Mg2+ concentration. The results are interpreted as a consequence of the existence of a local pH, prevailing in the vicinity of the polynucleotides, smaller than that of the bulk solution. This local pH is dependent upon the electrostatic potential psi due to the negatively charged phosphate groups of the polynucleotide. Moreover psi can be modulated through variation of either ionic strength or Mg2+ concentration. At a given pH Mg2+ addition leads to the release of protons which, in the case of complex systems of limited stability, might be detected by the use of the pH-stat method. Possible functional implications for genetic translation systems are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:940772", "title": "Acetylation and cleavage of purine nucleosides. Synthesis of 6-azauridine, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-methyluridine.", "content": "Inosine (I) when acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of acetyl chloride in acetic acid solution (the so called \"acid acetylation\"), affords an acetylated nucleoside III (75%) along with cleavage products of the nucleoside (hypoxanthine, 19%). The reaction of I with acetyl chloride (7 days) results in the formation of hypoxanthine (95%) and triacetylribofuranosyl chloride (IV) isolated in the form of tetraacetylribofuranose (47%). The acetylated purine nucleoside affords a similar result by reaction with acetyl chloride or acetyl bromide. 2'-Deoxyuridine gives a diacetyl derivative (80%) by reaction with acetyl bromide. On treatment with acetyl bromide, the nucleoside bond of purine nucleosides is quantitatively cleavaged (4 h, 20 degrees C) with the formation of tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (X). The halogenose X affords pure beta-anomers, namely, 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranose (75%), the triacetyl derivatives of 5-methyluridine (XVIIa; 75%, referred to guanosine), 6-azauridine (XVIII; 71%), and 5-fluorouridine (XIXa; 75%).", "contents": "Acetylation and cleavage of purine nucleosides. Synthesis of 6-azauridine, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-methyluridine. Inosine (I) when acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of acetyl chloride in acetic acid solution (the so called \"acid acetylation\"), affords an acetylated nucleoside III (75%) along with cleavage products of the nucleoside (hypoxanthine, 19%). The reaction of I with acetyl chloride (7 days) results in the formation of hypoxanthine (95%) and triacetylribofuranosyl chloride (IV) isolated in the form of tetraacetylribofuranose (47%). The acetylated purine nucleoside affords a similar result by reaction with acetyl chloride or acetyl bromide. 2'-Deoxyuridine gives a diacetyl derivative (80%) by reaction with acetyl bromide. On treatment with acetyl bromide, the nucleoside bond of purine nucleosides is quantitatively cleavaged (4 h, 20 degrees C) with the formation of tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (X). The halogenose X affords pure beta-anomers, namely, 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranose (75%), the triacetyl derivatives of 5-methyluridine (XVIIa; 75%, referred to guanosine), 6-azauridine (XVIII; 71%), and 5-fluorouridine (XIXa; 75%)."}
{"id": "PMID:940773", "title": "Investigation of the mechanism of the synthesis of oligonucleotides. IX. 31P NMR spectra of the active dinucleotide derivatives and their analogs.", "content": "The interaction of 3'-O-acetyldithymidilate (pdTpdT(Ac)), thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate (pdTp) and thymidine-3'-phenyl-phosphate-5'-phosphate (pdTpPh) with 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene sulphonyl chloride (TPS) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in pyridine and dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied by pulsed NMR spectroscopy on phosphorus nuclei. Thymidine cyclic 3',5'-pyrophosphate and dimeric pyrophosphate derivatives were shown to be the main products of the reaction of pdTp with TPS and DCC. The former shows spin AB-system with the unusually large spin-spin coupling constant about 28Hz upfield to the signals of the dimeric pyrophosphates in NMR spectrum. Analogous spin AB-systems with large spin-spin coupling constants (up to 32 Hz) were observed in the spectra of the reaction mixtures of pdTpdT(Ac) with TPS or DCC and of pdTpPh with TPS. These spin AB-systems were ascribed to 3',5'-cyclic pyrophosphate derivatives of pdTpdT(Ac) and pdTpPh.", "contents": "Investigation of the mechanism of the synthesis of oligonucleotides. IX. 31P NMR spectra of the active dinucleotide derivatives and their analogs. The interaction of 3'-O-acetyldithymidilate (pdTpdT(Ac)), thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate (pdTp) and thymidine-3'-phenyl-phosphate-5'-phosphate (pdTpPh) with 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene sulphonyl chloride (TPS) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in pyridine and dimethylformamide (DMF) was studied by pulsed NMR spectroscopy on phosphorus nuclei. Thymidine cyclic 3',5'-pyrophosphate and dimeric pyrophosphate derivatives were shown to be the main products of the reaction of pdTp with TPS and DCC. The former shows spin AB-system with the unusually large spin-spin coupling constant about 28Hz upfield to the signals of the dimeric pyrophosphates in NMR spectrum. Analogous spin AB-systems with large spin-spin coupling constants (up to 32 Hz) were observed in the spectra of the reaction mixtures of pdTpdT(Ac) with TPS or DCC and of pdTpPh with TPS. These spin AB-systems were ascribed to 3',5'-cyclic pyrophosphate derivatives of pdTpdT(Ac) and pdTpPh."}
{"id": "PMID:940774", "title": "Elimination of double strand nuclease activity from S1 nuclease prepared from crude alpha amylase.", "content": "Single strand-specific s1 nuclease prepared as previously described from crude alpha amylase by DEAE-cellulose chromatography also contains nuclease which degrades double strand nucleic acid. The double strand activity can be removed by repeating the DEAE-cellulose chromatography procedure at least two additional times. S1 nuclease prepared by this procedure does not degrade double strand sheared DNA as measured by Sephadex chromatography. Under the same conditions single strand DNA is completely degraded. Thus, S1 nuclease prepared by this procedure is suitable for use in removing single strand regions in DNA/DNA duplexes and DNA/RNA hybrids.", "contents": "Elimination of double strand nuclease activity from S1 nuclease prepared from crude alpha amylase. Single strand-specific s1 nuclease prepared as previously described from crude alpha amylase by DEAE-cellulose chromatography also contains nuclease which degrades double strand nucleic acid. The double strand activity can be removed by repeating the DEAE-cellulose chromatography procedure at least two additional times. S1 nuclease prepared by this procedure does not degrade double strand sheared DNA as measured by Sephadex chromatography. Under the same conditions single strand DNA is completely degraded. Thus, S1 nuclease prepared by this procedure is suitable for use in removing single strand regions in DNA/DNA duplexes and DNA/RNA hybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:940797", "title": "Abdominal tuberculosis in Britain.", "content": "A series of fifteen patients with abdominal tuberculosis, managed personally by two clinicians over a five-year period, is presented. These fall into three broad groups: tuberculous peritonitis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis and tuberculous hepatitis. In more than half of the patients the chest radiographs were normal and three patients had negative tuberculin reactions. In emphasizing the fact that abdominal tuberculosis is not longer a rarity in Britain, attention is drawn to the many different ways in which the disease may present. One patient in the series, who presented as a possible case of cholera, had duodeno-colic fistula (only the third proven case in the literature) and two other patients presented with jaundice due to hepatic tuberculosis, again a rare form of abdominal tuberculosis.", "contents": "Abdominal tuberculosis in Britain. A series of fifteen patients with abdominal tuberculosis, managed personally by two clinicians over a five-year period, is presented. These fall into three broad groups: tuberculous peritonitis, gastrointestinal tuberculosis and tuberculous hepatitis. In more than half of the patients the chest radiographs were normal and three patients had negative tuberculin reactions. In emphasizing the fact that abdominal tuberculosis is not longer a rarity in Britain, attention is drawn to the many different ways in which the disease may present. One patient in the series, who presented as a possible case of cholera, had duodeno-colic fistula (only the third proven case in the literature) and two other patients presented with jaundice due to hepatic tuberculosis, again a rare form of abdominal tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:940844", "title": "Color-matching technique to train children in the correct use of stairs.", "content": "Color cues were used to train four severely retarded children and two learning disabled children to move in a left foot-right foot alteration pattern when using stairs. The occurrence of left-right alterations and marking time behavior was recorded throughout baseline and training conditions. The color-cue procedure effectively produced a consistent pattern of alteration of four of the children and eliminated marking time in three of the children. Physical prompts were used to train alteration in two children for whom color-cue training was not sufficient. At the termination of training, observations of the children's performances in new settings and to new adults were conducted. Results indicated that the children continued to alternate correctly. In addition, follow-up investigations conducted between two weeks to 16 months after training indicated that the children were maintaining the stair alteration pattern. Future research should determine whether a visual-cue procedure could be used in training other forms of locomotion or motor behavior.", "contents": "Color-matching technique to train children in the correct use of stairs. Color cues were used to train four severely retarded children and two learning disabled children to move in a left foot-right foot alteration pattern when using stairs. The occurrence of left-right alterations and marking time behavior was recorded throughout baseline and training conditions. The color-cue procedure effectively produced a consistent pattern of alteration of four of the children and eliminated marking time in three of the children. Physical prompts were used to train alteration in two children for whom color-cue training was not sufficient. At the termination of training, observations of the children's performances in new settings and to new adults were conducted. Results indicated that the children continued to alternate correctly. In addition, follow-up investigations conducted between two weeks to 16 months after training indicated that the children were maintaining the stair alteration pattern. Future research should determine whether a visual-cue procedure could be used in training other forms of locomotion or motor behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:940845", "title": "Standardization of the physical therapy record.", "content": "The question of where to begin the assessment of quality care in physical therapy is examined. A standardized format to enhance patient-care record is presented, and the reasons for a systematized approach to recording patient care are explained.", "contents": "Standardization of the physical therapy record. The question of where to begin the assessment of quality care in physical therapy is examined. A standardized format to enhance patient-care record is presented, and the reasons for a systematized approach to recording patient care are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:940846", "title": "Overview of cancer pathology.", "content": "A brief review of cancer pathology is presented for physical therapists interested in cancer treatment programs. The relationship of cancer pathology to diagnosis and treatment is illustrated. Cancer biology definitions, cancer classification, grading and staging, and the multidisciplinary approach to treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Overview of cancer pathology. A brief review of cancer pathology is presented for physical therapists interested in cancer treatment programs. The relationship of cancer pathology to diagnosis and treatment is illustrated. Cancer biology definitions, cancer classification, grading and staging, and the multidisciplinary approach to treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940847", "title": "Dance in physical rehabilitation.", "content": "Dance shows promise as an efficient, effective, and exhilarating physical therapy modality, with inherent sources of motivation for long-term neurological and orthopedic patients in a hospital or community setting. Four years' experience in adapting dance to the purpose of therapy in a group setting is described. The dance program developed combines the theories and techniques of physical therapy with the expressive, creative, and intellectual challenge of dance using music and other artistic motivating stimuli. Several dimensions of the modality are discussed and positive results are noted, through concrete illustrations.", "contents": "Dance in physical rehabilitation. Dance shows promise as an efficient, effective, and exhilarating physical therapy modality, with inherent sources of motivation for long-term neurological and orthopedic patients in a hospital or community setting. Four years' experience in adapting dance to the purpose of therapy in a group setting is described. The dance program developed combines the theories and techniques of physical therapy with the expressive, creative, and intellectual challenge of dance using music and other artistic motivating stimuli. Several dimensions of the modality are discussed and positive results are noted, through concrete illustrations."}
{"id": "PMID:940848", "title": "Total joint replacement in extremities with below-knee amputations.", "content": "Patients with knee and hip joint diseases or fractures in a limb with a distal portion amputated were successfully treated with total joint arthroplasties. Two patients with below-knee amputations recieved total joint replacements. One underwent a total hip arthroplasty and the other had a total knee arthryplasty on the side of the amputation. Physical therapy was modified minimally for the two patients in comparison to other patients with total joint replacements. Prosthetic changes were required in both cases. With new prostheses, both patients were able to return to work.", "contents": "Total joint replacement in extremities with below-knee amputations. Patients with knee and hip joint diseases or fractures in a limb with a distal portion amputated were successfully treated with total joint arthroplasties. Two patients with below-knee amputations recieved total joint replacements. One underwent a total hip arthroplasty and the other had a total knee arthryplasty on the side of the amputation. Physical therapy was modified minimally for the two patients in comparison to other patients with total joint replacements. Prosthetic changes were required in both cases. With new prostheses, both patients were able to return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:940849", "title": "Orthotic collar in the treatment of intertriginous impetigo.", "content": "This article illustrates a manner in which physical therapy can provide adjunctive treatment management of an infant with intertriginous impetigo. This treatment program was an interdisciplinary approach to a difficult clinical problem. The medical staff concluded that implementation of the cervical orthosis expedited the patient's recovery and reduced the potential complications of the disease process.", "contents": "Orthotic collar in the treatment of intertriginous impetigo. This article illustrates a manner in which physical therapy can provide adjunctive treatment management of an infant with intertriginous impetigo. This treatment program was an interdisciplinary approach to a difficult clinical problem. The medical staff concluded that implementation of the cervical orthosis expedited the patient's recovery and reduced the potential complications of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:940866", "title": "Successful replantation of an avulsed scalp by microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "A totally avulsed scalp was replanted by microvascular anastomoses. This was feasible because suitable vessels were available in the superficial temporal region, and because the detached scalp was otherwise largely undamaged.", "contents": "Successful replantation of an avulsed scalp by microvascular anastomoses. A totally avulsed scalp was replanted by microvascular anastomoses. This was feasible because suitable vessels were available in the superficial temporal region, and because the detached scalp was otherwise largely undamaged."}
{"id": "PMID:940867", "title": "Closed compression technique for rupturing a contracted capsule around a breast implant.", "content": "When a breast becomes hard after an augmentation mammaplasty, the fibrous capsule around the implant can be ruptured, in most cases, by closed compression of the breast-resulting in immediate softness of the breast. As yet the duration of this improvement is unknown, but follow-up examinations to date indicate that it is persisting in about 3 or 4 patients so treated.", "contents": "Closed compression technique for rupturing a contracted capsule around a breast implant. When a breast becomes hard after an augmentation mammaplasty, the fibrous capsule around the implant can be ruptured, in most cases, by closed compression of the breast-resulting in immediate softness of the breast. As yet the duration of this improvement is unknown, but follow-up examinations to date indicate that it is persisting in about 3 or 4 patients so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:940869", "title": "Pitfalls of comparative photography in plastic and reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Some of the pitfalls of comparative scientific photography are reviewed. Methods of avoiding these pitfalls and for maintaining consistency are suggested.", "contents": "Pitfalls of comparative photography in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Some of the pitfalls of comparative scientific photography are reviewed. Methods of avoiding these pitfalls and for maintaining consistency are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:940870", "title": "Airway hazards associated with pharyngeal flaps in patients who have the Pierre Robin syndrome.", "content": "We describe 3 patients with the Pierre Robin Syndrome who developed severe problems of airway obstruction after having the cleft palate closed and a pharyngeal flap done simultaneously. We now believe that, even at a later age, pharyngeal flaps should be done in these patients only after a most careful assessment of the airway competence.", "contents": "Airway hazards associated with pharyngeal flaps in patients who have the Pierre Robin syndrome. We describe 3 patients with the Pierre Robin Syndrome who developed severe problems of airway obstruction after having the cleft palate closed and a pharyngeal flap done simultaneously. We now believe that, even at a later age, pharyngeal flaps should be done in these patients only after a most careful assessment of the airway competence."}
{"id": "PMID:940871", "title": "Blindness without direct injury to the globe: a complication of facial fractures.", "content": "Two cases of bilateral told blindness, resulting from fractures of the middle third of the face without direct trauma to the globe, are reported. The mechanism of such blindness is discussed, and the literature on it is reviewed.", "contents": "Blindness without direct injury to the globe: a complication of facial fractures. Two cases of bilateral told blindness, resulting from fractures of the middle third of the face without direct trauma to the globe, are reported. The mechanism of such blindness is discussed, and the literature on it is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:940872", "title": "The third crus of the anthelix and another minor anomaly of the external ear.", "content": "One minor anomaly of the external ear is a \"third crus\", which is an addition to the normal upper and lower crura at the anterior end of the anthelix. Another minor deformity is an extension of the crus of the helix, wherein it runs as a crest across the concha. An operation to correct the latter deformity is described.", "contents": "The third crus of the anthelix and another minor anomaly of the external ear. One minor anomaly of the external ear is a \"third crus\", which is an addition to the normal upper and lower crura at the anterior end of the anthelix. Another minor deformity is an extension of the crus of the helix, wherein it runs as a crest across the concha. An operation to correct the latter deformity is described."}
{"id": "PMID:940873", "title": "The cause and prevention of electrical burns of the mouth in children. A protective cuff.", "content": "An epidemiological review of electrical burns of the mouth in children pinpoints the cause to the female end of extension cords. The use of a protective cuff, designed to prevent these disfiguring injuries, is suggested.", "contents": "The cause and prevention of electrical burns of the mouth in children. A protective cuff. An epidemiological review of electrical burns of the mouth in children pinpoints the cause to the female end of extension cords. The use of a protective cuff, designed to prevent these disfiguring injuries, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:940876", "title": "The failure to survive of autogenous free grafts of whole gracilis muscles in dogs.", "content": "An experimental study was undertaken to define the limits in size (if any) of successful free autogenous grafts of skeletal muscle. In 8 dogs, 16 gracilis muscle grafts were transplanted to the contralateral hind limb. The left hind limb served as a control for the right side, which contained paralyzed muscle. Macroscopic, microscopic, and EMG analyses demonstrated a complete failure of the free muscle grafts to take and survive. We have shown that one can exceed the limitations to the size of a successful muscle graft. Perhaps future investigators will define exactly what the maximum viable size is.", "contents": "The failure to survive of autogenous free grafts of whole gracilis muscles in dogs. An experimental study was undertaken to define the limits in size (if any) of successful free autogenous grafts of skeletal muscle. In 8 dogs, 16 gracilis muscle grafts were transplanted to the contralateral hind limb. The left hind limb served as a control for the right side, which contained paralyzed muscle. Macroscopic, microscopic, and EMG analyses demonstrated a complete failure of the free muscle grafts to take and survive. We have shown that one can exceed the limitations to the size of a successful muscle graft. Perhaps future investigators will define exactly what the maximum viable size is."}
{"id": "PMID:940877", "title": "Bilateral accidental rupture of the fibrous capsules surrounding mammary prosthesis. Case report.", "content": "A complication of augmentation mammaplasty is presented. Bilateral traumatic rupture of the surrounding fibrous capsule occurred without disruption of the prosthetic envelope. Questions are also raised about the effects of pregnancy on the maturing fibrous capsule.", "contents": "Bilateral accidental rupture of the fibrous capsules surrounding mammary prosthesis. Case report. A complication of augmentation mammaplasty is presented. Bilateral traumatic rupture of the surrounding fibrous capsule occurred without disruption of the prosthetic envelope. Questions are also raised about the effects of pregnancy on the maturing fibrous capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:940878", "title": "Teratomatous choristoma and its associated syndromes. Case report.", "content": "The literature on oral teratomata is reviewed, and a theory for the embryological basis for these malformations is presented. We present an unusual case of Class III (Schwalbe) teratoma, in association with a complete cleft of the hard palate. Corrective surgery was required in the neonatal period.", "contents": "Teratomatous choristoma and its associated syndromes. Case report. The literature on oral teratomata is reviewed, and a theory for the embryological basis for these malformations is presented. We present an unusual case of Class III (Schwalbe) teratoma, in association with a complete cleft of the hard palate. Corrective surgery was required in the neonatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:940879", "title": "[Significant differentiation of the social psychiatry movement in capitalistic society. 1].", "content": "Rapid differentiations of the sociopsychiatric movement in the capitalist countries in general and in the Federal Republic of Germany in particular are closely related to different political concepts in reforming psychiatric care. One important group of psychiatrists consider the improvement in psychiatric care a major step in the direction of improving the social conditions of a capitalist system, striving to get the government's organizing help. Another group is formed by those experts who consider the abolition of repressive forms of therapy and, hence, the termination of the practice of regarding psychic disorders as medically relevant events to be prerequisite to radically improving the situation of mental patients. Essentially speculaiive interpretation results in an ideology of enlightenment that is without real consequences from a public helath and medical care point of view.", "contents": "[Significant differentiation of the social psychiatry movement in capitalistic society. 1]. Rapid differentiations of the sociopsychiatric movement in the capitalist countries in general and in the Federal Republic of Germany in particular are closely related to different political concepts in reforming psychiatric care. One important group of psychiatrists consider the improvement in psychiatric care a major step in the direction of improving the social conditions of a capitalist system, striving to get the government's organizing help. Another group is formed by those experts who consider the abolition of repressive forms of therapy and, hence, the termination of the practice of regarding psychic disorders as medically relevant events to be prerequisite to radically improving the situation of mental patients. Essentially speculaiive interpretation results in an ideology of enlightenment that is without real consequences from a public helath and medical care point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:940881", "title": "[Treatment of myasthenia gravis].", "content": "The authors discuss various therapeutical possibilities for myasthenia, such as drug therapy, immuno-suppression, radiological, and operative treatment. The indicatons of the different therapeutical methods are dealth with. Thymectomy was performed in 92 of our patients. Due to complex therapy the fate of patients with myasthenia is to be regarded as much more favourable than in the past.", "contents": "[Treatment of myasthenia gravis]. The authors discuss various therapeutical possibilities for myasthenia, such as drug therapy, immuno-suppression, radiological, and operative treatment. The indicatons of the different therapeutical methods are dealth with. Thymectomy was performed in 92 of our patients. Due to complex therapy the fate of patients with myasthenia is to be regarded as much more favourable than in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:940882", "title": "[Ophthalmological characteristics of early cerebral atherosclerosis].", "content": "The results are discussed of a complex neuro-ophthalmological investigation of 439 patients with initial cerebral atherosclerosis. Their neurological characterization and the results of elecrcto-physiological, biochemical, and psychological examination methods are indicated. The opthalmologist had performed the opthalmoscopic examination, biomicroscopy of the vessels of conjunctiva and episclera the opthalmocalibrometry and angiophotometry as well as opthalmodynamometry. The most frequent opthalmological symptoms of initial cerebral atherosclerosis are pointed out. The methods are compared for their diagnostic value.", "contents": "[Ophthalmological characteristics of early cerebral atherosclerosis]. The results are discussed of a complex neuro-ophthalmological investigation of 439 patients with initial cerebral atherosclerosis. Their neurological characterization and the results of elecrcto-physiological, biochemical, and psychological examination methods are indicated. The opthalmologist had performed the opthalmoscopic examination, biomicroscopy of the vessels of conjunctiva and episclera the opthalmocalibrometry and angiophotometry as well as opthalmodynamometry. The most frequent opthalmological symptoms of initial cerebral atherosclerosis are pointed out. The methods are compared for their diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:940883", "title": "[Usefulness for differential diagnosis of the distribution of extrapyramidal symptoms resulting from neuroleptic therapy in psychiatric practice].", "content": "During the neuroleptic treatment of 100 schizophrenic and cyclophrenic patients, respectively, the developing extrapyramidal symptoms were found to reveal a peculiar single-sided overweight: in the case of schizophrenics on the right, whereas in maniacdepression cases on the left side. This lateral difference was maintained even at temporary different syndromatics in the course of the disease. All these raise the idea of applying the so-called Haloperidol test when differential diagnostically difficult cases, decided upon rather only on the basis of the longitudinal section are encountered. The single-sided overweight of the extrapyramidal symptoms developed have clearly indicated both initially and subsequently the diagnosis confirmed later on.", "contents": "[Usefulness for differential diagnosis of the distribution of extrapyramidal symptoms resulting from neuroleptic therapy in psychiatric practice]. During the neuroleptic treatment of 100 schizophrenic and cyclophrenic patients, respectively, the developing extrapyramidal symptoms were found to reveal a peculiar single-sided overweight: in the case of schizophrenics on the right, whereas in maniacdepression cases on the left side. This lateral difference was maintained even at temporary different syndromatics in the course of the disease. All these raise the idea of applying the so-called Haloperidol test when differential diagnostically difficult cases, decided upon rather only on the basis of the longitudinal section are encountered. The single-sided overweight of the extrapyramidal symptoms developed have clearly indicated both initially and subsequently the diagnosis confirmed later on."}
{"id": "PMID:940884", "title": "[Significance and advantages of Orap in the ambulatory care of schizophrenic psychoses].", "content": "The authors report clinical experience from therapy with Orap-Janssen and Orap-Richter from 1968 to 1974. Excellent tolerance makes Orap particularly suitable for long-term maintenance therapy in schizophrenic psychoses. The evaluation is based on observations in 91 patients.", "contents": "[Significance and advantages of Orap in the ambulatory care of schizophrenic psychoses]. The authors report clinical experience from therapy with Orap-Janssen and Orap-Richter from 1968 to 1974. Excellent tolerance makes Orap particularly suitable for long-term maintenance therapy in schizophrenic psychoses. The evaluation is based on observations in 91 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940885", "title": "[Clinical experiences with the new antidepressive agent ICI 58,834].", "content": "In an open study 17 patients with depressive disorders, 5 patients with unipolar affec. Only 9 patients completed the trial. The frequency of side-effects, especially nausea and vomiting was high, which will probably limit the clinical use of the drug. Of the sion NUD, were treated with a new potential antidepressant, ICI 58.834 (Vivalan). tive psychosis, 9 patients with reactio-neurotico-depressiva and 3 patients with deprespatients who completed the trial 1 was recovered and 4 were improved. Thus the antidepressive effect is dubious and must be tested in controlled studies.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with the new antidepressive agent ICI 58,834]. In an open study 17 patients with depressive disorders, 5 patients with unipolar affec. Only 9 patients completed the trial. The frequency of side-effects, especially nausea and vomiting was high, which will probably limit the clinical use of the drug. Of the sion NUD, were treated with a new potential antidepressant, ICI 58.834 (Vivalan). tive psychosis, 9 patients with reactio-neurotico-depressiva and 3 patients with deprespatients who completed the trial 1 was recovered and 4 were improved. Thus the antidepressive effect is dubious and must be tested in controlled studies."}
{"id": "PMID:940886", "title": "[Significant differentiation of the social-psychiatric movement in capitalistic society. II. Activist impatience - psychiatric reform as revolution].", "content": "The relations between intentions in health politics and theoretical concepts within the debate on reformation of psychiatry, which have been dealt with in part I, are continued. Two further trends are considered; the attempts linked with the social ideas of left radicals to promote the socialist revolution with a reformation of psychiatry are regarded as peculiar transient signs, without profound theoretical effects. The ideas of those psychiatrists are particularly important for future development, who plead for socially just psychiatric care understanding the latter as an aim of the struggle within the frame-work of anti-imperialist-democratic policy. In general, it is true that trends with pronounced antimedical tendency in the social psychiatric movement are of little use in the practical transformation of the psychiatric care.", "contents": "[Significant differentiation of the social-psychiatric movement in capitalistic society. II. Activist impatience - psychiatric reform as revolution]. The relations between intentions in health politics and theoretical concepts within the debate on reformation of psychiatry, which have been dealt with in part I, are continued. Two further trends are considered; the attempts linked with the social ideas of left radicals to promote the socialist revolution with a reformation of psychiatry are regarded as peculiar transient signs, without profound theoretical effects. The ideas of those psychiatrists are particularly important for future development, who plead for socially just psychiatric care understanding the latter as an aim of the struggle within the frame-work of anti-imperialist-democratic policy. In general, it is true that trends with pronounced antimedical tendency in the social psychiatric movement are of little use in the practical transformation of the psychiatric care."}
{"id": "PMID:940887", "title": "[Problems of occupational therapy and vocational rehabilitation in psychiatry].", "content": "The authors discuss the rehabilitative measures of occupational therapy, slight work and protected work with reference to their practical performance and optimum application. Critical remarks on the partly ineffective practical application of rehabilitative measures are followed by hints on laws, which show their objectives and possibilities.", "contents": "[Problems of occupational therapy and vocational rehabilitation in psychiatry]. The authors discuss the rehabilitative measures of occupational therapy, slight work and protected work with reference to their practical performance and optimum application. Critical remarks on the partly ineffective practical application of rehabilitative measures are followed by hints on laws, which show their objectives and possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:940888", "title": "[Determination of distal latency of the motor nerves of the hand].", "content": "The authors show the methodological problems connected with the determination of distal latency and the possibility of misinterpretation. They recommend the use of concentric needle electrodes together with surface electrodes for the determination of the distal latency of the hand nerves and also to always register both nerves.", "contents": "[Determination of distal latency of the motor nerves of the hand]. The authors show the methodological problems connected with the determination of distal latency and the possibility of misinterpretation. They recommend the use of concentric needle electrodes together with surface electrodes for the determination of the distal latency of the hand nerves and also to always register both nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:940889", "title": "[Effect of intravenous diazepam (Faustan) on EEG focal disturbances].", "content": "The influence of intravenous administration of diazepam (Faustan) on focal e.e.g. changes was checked in 34 patients. Bioelectric functional disturbances may remain unchanged, may be provoked or abolished; apparently etiological aspects are not decisive. According to the authors' results, the value of this provocation method for the differentiation of space-occupying intracranial processes and cerebrovascular disturbances should be regarded with caution.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous diazepam (Faustan) on EEG focal disturbances]. The influence of intravenous administration of diazepam (Faustan) on focal e.e.g. changes was checked in 34 patients. Bioelectric functional disturbances may remain unchanged, may be provoked or abolished; apparently etiological aspects are not decisive. According to the authors' results, the value of this provocation method for the differentiation of space-occupying intracranial processes and cerebrovascular disturbances should be regarded with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:940890", "title": "[Methods of research on group therapy].", "content": "In the field of what is known as group talk therapy it is rather difficult, but absolutely necessary to do more than merely discuss various concepts and make occasional observations. The possible methods described include the \"pre\" and \"post\" systems of principles, practices, and procedures; the reference group method; the method of investigating process variables; and the analog experimental method. Examples are given for each of the above methods. It is evident from a number of theoretical designs that major achievements will finally come from a suitable combination of different methods of research.", "contents": "[Methods of research on group therapy]. In the field of what is known as group talk therapy it is rather difficult, but absolutely necessary to do more than merely discuss various concepts and make occasional observations. The possible methods described include the \"pre\" and \"post\" systems of principles, practices, and procedures; the reference group method; the method of investigating process variables; and the analog experimental method. Examples are given for each of the above methods. It is evident from a number of theoretical designs that major achievements will finally come from a suitable combination of different methods of research."}
{"id": "PMID:940891", "title": "[Psychophysiological studies in the framework of objective diagnosis of neuroses with factor and discrimination analyses].", "content": "This paper describes a complex method of collecting objective data to be used in the diagnosis of neuroses on the basis of clinical, experimental psychological, and objective psychophysiological parameters. The data collected was processsed using the methods of factor and discriminatory analysis. The results obtained clearly show that this approach to additional objective diagnosis may be successfully used in spite of some procedural difficulties.", "contents": "[Psychophysiological studies in the framework of objective diagnosis of neuroses with factor and discrimination analyses]. This paper describes a complex method of collecting objective data to be used in the diagnosis of neuroses on the basis of clinical, experimental psychological, and objective psychophysiological parameters. The data collected was processsed using the methods of factor and discriminatory analysis. The results obtained clearly show that this approach to additional objective diagnosis may be successfully used in spite of some procedural difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:940892", "title": "[Hysteria, hypnosis and psychopathology. Unknowns and perspectives].", "content": "The author, drawing on his wide experience, discusses a number of theoretical questions associated with the subject of practical work. He presents several concepts in connection with the description of a particular case and also discusses various historically important points of view made known through publication in the literature.", "contents": "[Hysteria, hypnosis and psychopathology. Unknowns and perspectives]. The author, drawing on his wide experience, discusses a number of theoretical questions associated with the subject of practical work. He presents several concepts in connection with the description of a particular case and also discusses various historically important points of view made known through publication in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:940893", "title": "[Interdisciplinary relationships of physiotherapy to psychology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry].", "content": "The relationship of physiotherapy to psychology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry is critically examined from the point of view of physiotherapy. The relations existing between these disciplines cannot, at present, be considered satisfactory from an overall therapy point of view. The paper also discusses tendencies toward interdisciplinary collaboration.", "contents": "[Interdisciplinary relationships of physiotherapy to psychology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry]. The relationship of physiotherapy to psychology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry is critically examined from the point of view of physiotherapy. The relations existing between these disciplines cannot, at present, be considered satisfactory from an overall therapy point of view. The paper also discusses tendencies toward interdisciplinary collaboration."}
{"id": "PMID:940894", "title": "[Theroretical and methodological aspects of music therapy in children with special reference to international developmental tendencies].", "content": "Two melodiotherapeutical principles, namely, the isoprinciple and the intermediary principle (Benenzon), are described in the light of results of recent investigations into the communicative function of music (Reinecke). The paper also discusses the difference between methods of musicotherapy used in the treatment of mental disorders in children and adults. Finally, international trends are analyzed and conclusions drawn in respect of the development of a standard methodology of melodiotherapy.", "contents": "[Theroretical and methodological aspects of music therapy in children with special reference to international developmental tendencies]. Two melodiotherapeutical principles, namely, the isoprinciple and the intermediary principle (Benenzon), are described in the light of results of recent investigations into the communicative function of music (Reinecke). The paper also discusses the difference between methods of musicotherapy used in the treatment of mental disorders in children and adults. Finally, international trends are analyzed and conclusions drawn in respect of the development of a standard methodology of melodiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:940895", "title": "[Day-night therapy- a necessary step towards better care for mental patients].", "content": "The authors, after giving an outline of the history of what is known as day-clinics, comment on the importance of such institutions as a link between psychiatric inpatient and outpatient treatment. The results obtained in the treatment in day-clinics of 120 mental patients are compared with those obtained for 120 inpatients. Also discussed are a number of conclusions drawn from results to date. The authors finally consider the future development of this particular field of therapy.", "contents": "[Day-night therapy- a necessary step towards better care for mental patients]. The authors, after giving an outline of the history of what is known as day-clinics, comment on the importance of such institutions as a link between psychiatric inpatient and outpatient treatment. The results obtained in the treatment in day-clinics of 120 mental patients are compared with those obtained for 120 inpatients. Also discussed are a number of conclusions drawn from results to date. The authors finally consider the future development of this particular field of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:940896", "title": "[Structural and functional conception of in-patient and ambulatory psychiatric care in Leipzig].", "content": "The present paper reports a model designed to optimize treatment of mental disorders. This model has as its basic principle the division into sections of the region to be cared for in addition to the restructuring of existing mental hospitals. The advantages of this model of sectionalisation are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Structural and functional conception of in-patient and ambulatory psychiatric care in Leipzig]. The present paper reports a model designed to optimize treatment of mental disorders. This model has as its basic principle the division into sections of the region to be cared for in addition to the restructuring of existing mental hospitals. The advantages of this model of sectionalisation are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:940897", "title": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. I. The concept of emotional disturbance.", "content": "Study of the interpersonal relations of emotionally disturbed children has focused largely on relationships within the family. Theories of childhood psychopathology focus almost exclusively on the parent-child triad as the etiological core of childhood emotional disturbance (Frank, 1965). Far less attention has been paid to the role of extra-familial attitudes and relationships in childhood psychopathology. In a general way, the increasing importance of the peer group during childhood has been recognized, but researchers have hardly begun to consider whether and how the manifold aspects of relationships between the emotionally disturbed and their normal peers might bear on the course of the disturbance or its refractoriness to treatment (e.g., Solomon and Wahler, 1973). Nor have they considered peer group influences on the development of the emotionally disturbed child's perception of the world and his place within it. Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the ways in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. Our purpose in this paper is to report the first of several analyses of data from an initial investigation of children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. Specifically, we wish to examine whether there is evidence that normal children do, in fact, perceive as emotionally disturbed the symptomatic and distressing behavior of peers that mental health professionals would recognize as indicative of psychopathology. Further, we wish to study these issues with respect to grade and sex differences.", "contents": "Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. I. The concept of emotional disturbance. Study of the interpersonal relations of emotionally disturbed children has focused largely on relationships within the family. Theories of childhood psychopathology focus almost exclusively on the parent-child triad as the etiological core of childhood emotional disturbance (Frank, 1965). Far less attention has been paid to the role of extra-familial attitudes and relationships in childhood psychopathology. In a general way, the increasing importance of the peer group during childhood has been recognized, but researchers have hardly begun to consider whether and how the manifold aspects of relationships between the emotionally disturbed and their normal peers might bear on the course of the disturbance or its refractoriness to treatment (e.g., Solomon and Wahler, 1973). Nor have they considered peer group influences on the development of the emotionally disturbed child's perception of the world and his place within it. Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the ways in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. Our purpose in this paper is to report the first of several analyses of data from an initial investigation of children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. Specifically, we wish to examine whether there is evidence that normal children do, in fact, perceive as emotionally disturbed the symptomatic and distressing behavior of peers that mental health professionals would recognize as indicative of psychopathology. Further, we wish to study these issues with respect to grade and sex differences."}
{"id": "PMID:940898", "title": "Comparison of rehospitalized and nonrehospitalized psychiatric patients on community adjustment: self-assessment guide.", "content": "The measurement of community adjustment has become an essential component of community mental health program evaluation. The primary objective of community-oriented hospital psychiatric services is to return the patient to the community as quickly as possible, and to enable the patient to maintain himself in the community in a normal manner (Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, 1961). Attempts to evaluate hospital mental health programs have necessarily looked at measures of recidivism such as return rate and length of community tenure (Anthony et al., 1972; Rosenblatt and Mayer, 1974). For more immediate measures and qualitative assessment of community tenure, however, evaluators have relied on questionnaires that purport to measure community adaptation and social adjustment. A major reason for the use of community adjustment measures for evaluation in community-oriented hospital programs is the relative lack of predictive ability of any measures of patient adjustment while the patient is still in hospital (Ellsworth et al., 1968; Williams and Walker, 1961). It appears that all measures of success while the patient is still hospitalized, even goal-attainment measures, have little relationship to posthospital adjustment or recidivism (Willer and Miller, 1975). The present study examines the relationship of community adjustment to rehospitalization through comparison of rehospitalized and nonrehospitalized patients on a community adjustment scale.", "contents": "Comparison of rehospitalized and nonrehospitalized psychiatric patients on community adjustment: self-assessment guide. The measurement of community adjustment has become an essential component of community mental health program evaluation. The primary objective of community-oriented hospital psychiatric services is to return the patient to the community as quickly as possible, and to enable the patient to maintain himself in the community in a normal manner (Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, 1961). Attempts to evaluate hospital mental health programs have necessarily looked at measures of recidivism such as return rate and length of community tenure (Anthony et al., 1972; Rosenblatt and Mayer, 1974). For more immediate measures and qualitative assessment of community tenure, however, evaluators have relied on questionnaires that purport to measure community adaptation and social adjustment. A major reason for the use of community adjustment measures for evaluation in community-oriented hospital programs is the relative lack of predictive ability of any measures of patient adjustment while the patient is still in hospital (Ellsworth et al., 1968; Williams and Walker, 1961). It appears that all measures of success while the patient is still hospitalized, even goal-attainment measures, have little relationship to posthospital adjustment or recidivism (Willer and Miller, 1975). The present study examines the relationship of community adjustment to rehospitalization through comparison of rehospitalized and nonrehospitalized patients on a community adjustment scale."}
{"id": "PMID:940899", "title": "Prison homosexuality and its effect on post-prison sexual behavior.", "content": "Although there has grown up to a considerable literature on sex experiences in prison, little has been written on the post-prison behavioral patterns of those who, voluntarily or involuntarily, become initiated into homosexuality while incarcerated. In the light of the considerable number of prisoners and ex-prisoners in the original Kinsey sample, it is possible that the Institute for Sex Research might have in its files material that would shed light on this problem. To date, nothing has been forthcoming. In one of the few references to the subject, Kirkham (1972, p. 42) suggests that sexual experiences in prison may have permanent effects on the lives of some of the participants: \"Can such men return to conventional heterosexual lives after release, or has the experience of being forced into acts of passive homosexuality been so traumatic as to preclude the resumption of sexual relations with members of the opposite sex?\" In a search for an answer to his question, the present paper studies ex-prisoners whose initiation into homosexuality occurred during prison.", "contents": "Prison homosexuality and its effect on post-prison sexual behavior. Although there has grown up to a considerable literature on sex experiences in prison, little has been written on the post-prison behavioral patterns of those who, voluntarily or involuntarily, become initiated into homosexuality while incarcerated. In the light of the considerable number of prisoners and ex-prisoners in the original Kinsey sample, it is possible that the Institute for Sex Research might have in its files material that would shed light on this problem. To date, nothing has been forthcoming. In one of the few references to the subject, Kirkham (1972, p. 42) suggests that sexual experiences in prison may have permanent effects on the lives of some of the participants: \"Can such men return to conventional heterosexual lives after release, or has the experience of being forced into acts of passive homosexuality been so traumatic as to preclude the resumption of sexual relations with members of the opposite sex?\" In a search for an answer to his question, the present paper studies ex-prisoners whose initiation into homosexuality occurred during prison."}
{"id": "PMID:940900", "title": "The secret.", "content": "The revelation of secrets lies at the core of much psychotherapeutic method and was the seed from which early psychoanalytic theory grew. The notion of \"the secret\" can therefore be regarded as critical to an understanding of the psychotherapeutic process. This paper puts forward a view which contrasts, in important aspects, with traditional concepts and which emphasizes the positive or creative value of certain hidden ideas and the importance of the social arena on which they are displayed.", "contents": "The secret. The revelation of secrets lies at the core of much psychotherapeutic method and was the seed from which early psychoanalytic theory grew. The notion of \"the secret\" can therefore be regarded as critical to an understanding of the psychotherapeutic process. This paper puts forward a view which contrasts, in important aspects, with traditional concepts and which emphasizes the positive or creative value of certain hidden ideas and the importance of the social arena on which they are displayed."}
{"id": "PMID:940901", "title": "J\u00f3ge Kankei: a key concept for an understanding of Japanese-American achievement.", "content": "J\u00f3ge Kankei, or an emphasis on superior-inferior relationships, refers to the pervasive concern with ranking in Japanese society. This concept is associated with achievement motivation in that it is related to socialization practices that create in the individual a heightened sensitivity to the opinions of significant others. In this paper, the pervasive concern with ranking and the sensitivity to the opinions of others is first used as a conceptual tool to explain the alleged paradoxical behavior of the Japanese at various times in their history, and is then used as the basis of a study aimed at understanding the rapid acculturation of the Japanese Americans. The study is based upon interviews with 234 Issei (first generation, born in Japan), 241 Nisei (second generation, born of Issei parents), and 372 Sansei (third generation, born of Nisei parents). Additionally, these three groups were administered several tests and questionnaires designed to measure acculturation and the retention of Japanese values.", "contents": "J\u00f3ge Kankei: a key concept for an understanding of Japanese-American achievement. J\u00f3ge Kankei, or an emphasis on superior-inferior relationships, refers to the pervasive concern with ranking in Japanese society. This concept is associated with achievement motivation in that it is related to socialization practices that create in the individual a heightened sensitivity to the opinions of significant others. In this paper, the pervasive concern with ranking and the sensitivity to the opinions of others is first used as a conceptual tool to explain the alleged paradoxical behavior of the Japanese at various times in their history, and is then used as the basis of a study aimed at understanding the rapid acculturation of the Japanese Americans. The study is based upon interviews with 234 Issei (first generation, born in Japan), 241 Nisei (second generation, born of Issei parents), and 372 Sansei (third generation, born of Nisei parents). Additionally, these three groups were administered several tests and questionnaires designed to measure acculturation and the retention of Japanese values."}
{"id": "PMID:940902", "title": "Dream patterns in Anglo and Chicano young adults.", "content": "This study is the conclusion of an exploratory cross-cultural investigation of dream content and organization. Following our report in \"Ego Modalities in the Manifest Dreams of Male and Female Chicanos,\" (Brenneis and Roll, 1975), this paper examines differences in the organization and content of dreams: (1) between Anglo men and women; (2) between Anglo and Chicano men and Anglo and Chicano women; and (3) between Anglos and Chicanos.", "contents": "Dream patterns in Anglo and Chicano young adults. This study is the conclusion of an exploratory cross-cultural investigation of dream content and organization. Following our report in \"Ego Modalities in the Manifest Dreams of Male and Female Chicanos,\" (Brenneis and Roll, 1975), this paper examines differences in the organization and content of dreams: (1) between Anglo men and women; (2) between Anglo and Chicano men and Anglo and Chicano women; and (3) between Anglos and Chicanos."}
{"id": "PMID:940903", "title": "Presidential assassination: an American problem.", "content": "Assassinations of Heads of State of foreign countries have usually been carried out by organized political groups seeking to overthrow the government or change its policies. In the United States, on the other hand, Presidential assassinations and threats and gestures of assassination have been the work of mentally disturbed individuals. The only exception is the attack on Blair House in 1950, by Puerto Rican nationalists attempting to assassinate President Harry S. Truman. The nationalists claimed that the United States was illegally occupying their country and that the purpose of the act was to call the world's attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence.", "contents": "Presidential assassination: an American problem. Assassinations of Heads of State of foreign countries have usually been carried out by organized political groups seeking to overthrow the government or change its policies. In the United States, on the other hand, Presidential assassinations and threats and gestures of assassination have been the work of mentally disturbed individuals. The only exception is the attack on Blair House in 1950, by Puerto Rican nationalists attempting to assassinate President Harry S. Truman. The nationalists claimed that the United States was illegally occupying their country and that the purpose of the act was to call the world's attention to the cause of Puerto Rican independence."}
{"id": "PMID:940904", "title": "Survival and development of maternally deprived rats: role of body temperature.", "content": "Rat pups, 10-12 days old, survived maternal deprivation if kept warm at 35 degrees, but died within 6 days if allowed to become hypothermic at a room temperature of 23 degrees. Normal body temperatures facilitated feeding, but even without food, warm pups survived starvation longer than cool ones. Increased survival could not be attributed to decreased oxygen consumption, and warm pups lost more body water and solids than cool pups. Striking differences in development that may have affected survival were observed over 72 hr of separation without food. Cool pups showed a virtual arrest of the growth of the tail, fur, tibia, and femur, and failed to increase brain weight, protein, DNA, RNA, and catecholamine contents. Warm pups showed developmental growth more comparable to that of normally mothered pups and significantly exceeded controls in the rate of accumulation of brain norepinephrine and dopamine.", "contents": "Survival and development of maternally deprived rats: role of body temperature. Rat pups, 10-12 days old, survived maternal deprivation if kept warm at 35 degrees, but died within 6 days if allowed to become hypothermic at a room temperature of 23 degrees. Normal body temperatures facilitated feeding, but even without food, warm pups survived starvation longer than cool ones. Increased survival could not be attributed to decreased oxygen consumption, and warm pups lost more body water and solids than cool pups. Striking differences in development that may have affected survival were observed over 72 hr of separation without food. Cool pups showed a virtual arrest of the growth of the tail, fur, tibia, and femur, and failed to increase brain weight, protein, DNA, RNA, and catecholamine contents. Warm pups showed developmental growth more comparable to that of normally mothered pups and significantly exceeded controls in the rate of accumulation of brain norepinephrine and dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:940905", "title": "Plasma testosterone levels in the rapist.", "content": "Plasma testosterone level was measured in 52 rapists and 12 child molesters who had completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Megargee Overcontrolled Hostility Scale, and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. The rapists were classified according to the degree of violence during the commission of the rape. The ranges and means of the plasma testosterone level for the rapist and child molester controls were within normal limits. The group of rapists who were judged to be most violent had a significantly higher mean plasma testosterone level than normals, child molesters, and other rapists in this study. Mean Buss-Durkee hostility rating scores for rapists were significantly higher than the mean for normals, but there was no correlation between individual hostility scores and plasma testosterone levels. There was no correlation between age, race, or length of incarceration and plasma testosterone level.", "contents": "Plasma testosterone levels in the rapist. Plasma testosterone level was measured in 52 rapists and 12 child molesters who had completed the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Megargee Overcontrolled Hostility Scale, and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. The rapists were classified according to the degree of violence during the commission of the rape. The ranges and means of the plasma testosterone level for the rapist and child molester controls were within normal limits. The group of rapists who were judged to be most violent had a significantly higher mean plasma testosterone level than normals, child molesters, and other rapists in this study. Mean Buss-Durkee hostility rating scores for rapists were significantly higher than the mean for normals, but there was no correlation between individual hostility scores and plasma testosterone levels. There was no correlation between age, race, or length of incarceration and plasma testosterone level."}
{"id": "PMID:940906", "title": "Psychological responses to the use of the fetal monitor during labor.", "content": "Fetal monitoring, a major advance in obstetrical care, transforms the labor room into an intensive care setting. The psychological effects of this new technology were investigated by means of structured interviews with 25 postpartum women. The multiplicity of psychological responses obtained are described. The relationship of demographic, obstetrical, and psychosocial variables to women's overall positive or negative reaction to the monitor was investigated. Personality characteristics and life experiences with pregnancy and childbirth were factors that shaped the manner in which the monitor was experienced. The effect of fetal monitoring on maternal anxiety is discussed. The impact of mechanization on the total experience of childbirth is noted.", "contents": "Psychological responses to the use of the fetal monitor during labor. Fetal monitoring, a major advance in obstetrical care, transforms the labor room into an intensive care setting. The psychological effects of this new technology were investigated by means of structured interviews with 25 postpartum women. The multiplicity of psychological responses obtained are described. The relationship of demographic, obstetrical, and psychosocial variables to women's overall positive or negative reaction to the monitor was investigated. Personality characteristics and life experiences with pregnancy and childbirth were factors that shaped the manner in which the monitor was experienced. The effect of fetal monitoring on maternal anxiety is discussed. The impact of mechanization on the total experience of childbirth is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:940907", "title": "Effect of operant conditioning of heart rate on plasma renin activity.", "content": "Cardioacceleration produced by operant conditioning was associated with elevation of plasma renin activity. This study suggests that emotional stimuli, which produce cardioacceleration, may also cause increased renin secretion, thus providing a mechanism by which factors operating through the mind and sodium intake could summate in the production of hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of operant conditioning of heart rate on plasma renin activity. Cardioacceleration produced by operant conditioning was associated with elevation of plasma renin activity. This study suggests that emotional stimuli, which produce cardioacceleration, may also cause increased renin secretion, thus providing a mechanism by which factors operating through the mind and sodium intake could summate in the production of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:940908", "title": "Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation in depression.", "content": "The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (CO2 response) was determined in 18 patients admitted to an inpatient service with endogenous depressive illness. Admission mean CO2 response value for the group was below the mean value for a control group. At the time of hospital discharge marked clinical improvement had occurred in depressive symptomatology; mean CO2 response had increased slightly and was no longer significantly below the control value. CO2 response deserves further investigation as a possible physiologic characteristic of certain depressed patients.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide inhalation in depression. The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide (CO2 response) was determined in 18 patients admitted to an inpatient service with endogenous depressive illness. Admission mean CO2 response value for the group was below the mean value for a control group. At the time of hospital discharge marked clinical improvement had occurred in depressive symptomatology; mean CO2 response had increased slightly and was no longer significantly below the control value. CO2 response deserves further investigation as a possible physiologic characteristic of certain depressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940917", "title": "Paracetamol overdose in man: relationship between pattern of urinary metabolites and severity of liver damage.", "content": "The urinary excretion of paracetamol and its conjugates was studied, using a two dimensional thin layer chromatography system, in three volunteers after therapeutic (6-5-26-6 mmoles) doses of the drug, and in 30 patients admitted early after overdoses taken in suicidal attempts. In both volunteers and patients 85-100 per cent of the drug was excreted into the urine--almost entirely as conjugates--in the first 24 hours, which was before biochemical signs of liver damage had appeared. Higher quantities of paracetamol conjugates were recovered from patients who developed moderate of severe liver damage than those less severely affected, although correlations in individuals between quantity excreted and clinical outcome was poor. The pattern of individual paracetamol conjugates changed markedly the higher the ingested dose of the drug. Thus, the excretion of paracetamol sulphate reached a plateau as the administered dose was increased from 20-26-5 mmoles in the volunteers, whilst in patients who developed liver damage after overdose there was also a plateau in the excretion of the glucuronide conjugate. In the latter group, there was a greatly increased production of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of the drug. These are formed via a highly chemically reactive metabolite of the drug, which binds to glutathione, and if hepatic stores of the latter become depleted, binding will occur instead to hepatocyte macromolecules with ensuing liver damage.", "contents": "Paracetamol overdose in man: relationship between pattern of urinary metabolites and severity of liver damage. The urinary excretion of paracetamol and its conjugates was studied, using a two dimensional thin layer chromatography system, in three volunteers after therapeutic (6-5-26-6 mmoles) doses of the drug, and in 30 patients admitted early after overdoses taken in suicidal attempts. In both volunteers and patients 85-100 per cent of the drug was excreted into the urine--almost entirely as conjugates--in the first 24 hours, which was before biochemical signs of liver damage had appeared. Higher quantities of paracetamol conjugates were recovered from patients who developed moderate of severe liver damage than those less severely affected, although correlations in individuals between quantity excreted and clinical outcome was poor. The pattern of individual paracetamol conjugates changed markedly the higher the ingested dose of the drug. Thus, the excretion of paracetamol sulphate reached a plateau as the administered dose was increased from 20-26-5 mmoles in the volunteers, whilst in patients who developed liver damage after overdose there was also a plateau in the excretion of the glucuronide conjugate. In the latter group, there was a greatly increased production of the cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates of the drug. These are formed via a highly chemically reactive metabolite of the drug, which binds to glutathione, and if hepatic stores of the latter become depleted, binding will occur instead to hepatocyte macromolecules with ensuing liver damage."}
{"id": "PMID:940918", "title": "Chronic Q fever.", "content": "Sixteen cases of chronic Q fever are described. In eight there was a history of exposure to infection from farms or farm products. All had valvular heart disease, involving the mitral valve in nine and the aortic valve in seven. Infection occurred on a prosthetic valve in two patients. Arterial embolism was common. Venous thrombosis occured in three patients, and pulmonary embolism occurred in three other patients. Complement fixing antibodies to phase 1 antigen were found in a titre of 1:200 or greater in all except two patients. In one of these post-mortem examination revealed rickettsial bodies in mitral valve vegetations, and in the other Coxiella burneti was isolated from heart valve tissue. The majority presented with infective endocarditis but two presented primarily with liver disease. All patients had evidence of liver involvement and in one this led to death from cirrhosis. Abnormal tests of liver function, particularly hyperglobulinaemia, raised alkaline phsophatase and abnormal bromsulphthalein retention were found in all patients. Hepatic histology was abnormal in all eight patients in whom it was studied. The commonest features were mononuclear cell infiltration of the portal tracts and prominence of the sinusoidal Kupffer cells. Patchy focal necrosis of parenchymal cells, granulomata, fatty change, and eosinophilia of the sinusoidal walls were also noted in several patients and cirrhosis developed in one. Six patients had a purpuric rash, and in 12 there was thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that the presence of hepatomegaly and liver involvement and thrombocytopenia may help to differentiate Q fever endocarditis from bacterial endocarditis. Raised serum IgM and IgA levels occured frequently, but with only a moderate dominance of IgM. Sheep cell agglutination and latex fixation tests for rheumatoid factor were occasionally positive. Several features of the disease suggest the possibility that immune-complex mechanisms may play a role in chronic Q fever. Treatment was with prolonged courses of tetracycline usually combined with lincomycin. Seven patients underwent valve replacement surgery for haemodynamic reasons. Five patients died; two from heart failure, one from cirrhosis, one seven days after valve replacement and one from intraperitoneal haemorrhage following percutaneous liver biopsy. Three patients have survived for more than five years, and another six for more than three and a half years after diagnosis. Of these nine patients, three received medical therapy alone and six required valve replacement as well. Antibiotics have been discontinued in four patients who have had valve surgery and three others. Six patients had received antibiotics for continuous periods varying from 29-62 months. In the period after stopping therapy varying from 15-21 months, no relapse has occured. A seventh patient, who had received antibiotics for four months prior to valve replacement, has survived 43 months after the withdrawal of antibiotics...", "contents": "Chronic Q fever. Sixteen cases of chronic Q fever are described. In eight there was a history of exposure to infection from farms or farm products. All had valvular heart disease, involving the mitral valve in nine and the aortic valve in seven. Infection occurred on a prosthetic valve in two patients. Arterial embolism was common. Venous thrombosis occured in three patients, and pulmonary embolism occurred in three other patients. Complement fixing antibodies to phase 1 antigen were found in a titre of 1:200 or greater in all except two patients. In one of these post-mortem examination revealed rickettsial bodies in mitral valve vegetations, and in the other Coxiella burneti was isolated from heart valve tissue. The majority presented with infective endocarditis but two presented primarily with liver disease. All patients had evidence of liver involvement and in one this led to death from cirrhosis. Abnormal tests of liver function, particularly hyperglobulinaemia, raised alkaline phsophatase and abnormal bromsulphthalein retention were found in all patients. Hepatic histology was abnormal in all eight patients in whom it was studied. The commonest features were mononuclear cell infiltration of the portal tracts and prominence of the sinusoidal Kupffer cells. Patchy focal necrosis of parenchymal cells, granulomata, fatty change, and eosinophilia of the sinusoidal walls were also noted in several patients and cirrhosis developed in one. Six patients had a purpuric rash, and in 12 there was thrombocytopenia. It is suggested that the presence of hepatomegaly and liver involvement and thrombocytopenia may help to differentiate Q fever endocarditis from bacterial endocarditis. Raised serum IgM and IgA levels occured frequently, but with only a moderate dominance of IgM. Sheep cell agglutination and latex fixation tests for rheumatoid factor were occasionally positive. Several features of the disease suggest the possibility that immune-complex mechanisms may play a role in chronic Q fever. Treatment was with prolonged courses of tetracycline usually combined with lincomycin. Seven patients underwent valve replacement surgery for haemodynamic reasons. Five patients died; two from heart failure, one from cirrhosis, one seven days after valve replacement and one from intraperitoneal haemorrhage following percutaneous liver biopsy. Three patients have survived for more than five years, and another six for more than three and a half years after diagnosis. Of these nine patients, three received medical therapy alone and six required valve replacement as well. Antibiotics have been discontinued in four patients who have had valve surgery and three others. Six patients had received antibiotics for continuous periods varying from 29-62 months. In the period after stopping therapy varying from 15-21 months, no relapse has occured. A seventh patient, who had received antibiotics for four months prior to valve replacement, has survived 43 months after the withdrawal of antibiotics..."}
{"id": "PMID:940919", "title": "Familial pulmonary fibrosis associated with oculocutaneous albinism and platelet function defect. A new syndrome.", "content": "A family was studied in which four siblings had oculocutaneous albinism. In three of these a platelet function defect characterized by poor response to collagen was found. The fourth had previously died from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Two of the survivors had cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and the third had physiological lung function disturbance. Bone marrow examination of one showed pigment laden macrophages (Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome). Three other normally pigmented family members were found to have normal platelets and no evidence of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, although one had pulmonary disease attributable to occupational dust exposure. To elucidate the aetiological factors involved, three unrelated normally pigmented patients with known platelet function defect were studied. One proved to have cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Four unrelated albinos were also studied and had normal lungs and platelets. It is suggested that, in addition to the known association between platelet function defect and albinism, there is an association between a platelet function defect and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.", "contents": "Familial pulmonary fibrosis associated with oculocutaneous albinism and platelet function defect. A new syndrome. A family was studied in which four siblings had oculocutaneous albinism. In three of these a platelet function defect characterized by poor response to collagen was found. The fourth had previously died from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Two of the survivors had cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and the third had physiological lung function disturbance. Bone marrow examination of one showed pigment laden macrophages (Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome). Three other normally pigmented family members were found to have normal platelets and no evidence of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, although one had pulmonary disease attributable to occupational dust exposure. To elucidate the aetiological factors involved, three unrelated normally pigmented patients with known platelet function defect were studied. One proved to have cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Four unrelated albinos were also studied and had normal lungs and platelets. It is suggested that, in addition to the known association between platelet function defect and albinism, there is an association between a platelet function defect and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:940920", "title": "Studies in whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen in newly diagnosed diabetics.", "content": "Serial measurements of whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen were carried out in 18 newly diagnosed diabetcs. Initial measurements were made before treatment of diabetes was commenced, and further measurements were carried out following the start of treatment. Six patients required insulin and the remainder were treated either with diet alone (four cases) or with diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Significant increases in whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen were noted following control of diabetes.Thesees. These changes were most marked in the patients treated with insulin. The techniques used for measurement of body potassium and nitrogen offer considerable advantages over conventional metabolic balance studies and the results indicate that the losses of potassium and nitrogen during period of poor diabetic control are much greater than that has been realized.", "contents": "Studies in whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen in newly diagnosed diabetics. Serial measurements of whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen were carried out in 18 newly diagnosed diabetcs. Initial measurements were made before treatment of diabetes was commenced, and further measurements were carried out following the start of treatment. Six patients required insulin and the remainder were treated either with diet alone (four cases) or with diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Significant increases in whole body potassium and whole body nitrogen were noted following control of diabetes.Thesees. These changes were most marked in the patients treated with insulin. The techniques used for measurement of body potassium and nitrogen offer considerable advantages over conventional metabolic balance studies and the results indicate that the losses of potassium and nitrogen during period of poor diabetic control are much greater than that has been realized."}
{"id": "PMID:940921", "title": "A prospective study of patients with radiological pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis and obstructive atrophy.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with radiological unilateral chronic pyelonephritis, 36 patients with bilateral chronic pyelonephritis, 14 patients with papillary necrosis and nine patients with obstructive atrophy have been followed from five to 135 months for a total of 374 patient years. Serial changes in renal function and pyelographic appearances have been correlated with bacteriuria, analgesic ingestion, blood pressure and reflux. The calculated survival rate at five years was 95 per cent for patients with bilateral pyelonephritis and 92 per cent for patients with papillary necrosis. The ten-year survival rate was 86 per cent and 56 per cent respectively. The survival rate for patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and obstructive atrophy was 100 per cent at five and ten years. Bacteriuria was not associated with deteriorating renal function determined by serial plasma creatinine estimations. Although all patients in whom there was some radiographic change had bacteriuria on later review, other factors, including excess analgesic intake, reflux and stones were recognized in most. There was a high incidence of analgesic ingestion among patients whose renal function declined and in whom there was some change in serial radiographs. The prevalence of hypertension among patients with normal renal function was 12 and 28 per cent for patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and bilateral pyelonephritis respectively. There was a significant increase in both blood urea and plasma creatinine in all patients with hypertension (diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg) and a much higher prevalence of hypertension in patients whose plasma creatinine exceeded 1.3 mg/100 ml. Thrity per cent of patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and 50 per cent with bilateral pyelonephritis had vesicoureteric reflux of varying degrees. There was no evidence to suggest that major degrees of reflux (grade 3) was associated with further renal damage. These observations indicate the benign course of the majority of patients with radiological pyelonephritis. Control of blood pressure, and analgesic intake will help to preserve renal function whilst prevention of symptomatic urinary infection by long term low dose therapy will reduce morbidity.", "contents": "A prospective study of patients with radiological pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis and obstructive atrophy. Twenty-six patients with radiological unilateral chronic pyelonephritis, 36 patients with bilateral chronic pyelonephritis, 14 patients with papillary necrosis and nine patients with obstructive atrophy have been followed from five to 135 months for a total of 374 patient years. Serial changes in renal function and pyelographic appearances have been correlated with bacteriuria, analgesic ingestion, blood pressure and reflux. The calculated survival rate at five years was 95 per cent for patients with bilateral pyelonephritis and 92 per cent for patients with papillary necrosis. The ten-year survival rate was 86 per cent and 56 per cent respectively. The survival rate for patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and obstructive atrophy was 100 per cent at five and ten years. Bacteriuria was not associated with deteriorating renal function determined by serial plasma creatinine estimations. Although all patients in whom there was some radiographic change had bacteriuria on later review, other factors, including excess analgesic intake, reflux and stones were recognized in most. There was a high incidence of analgesic ingestion among patients whose renal function declined and in whom there was some change in serial radiographs. The prevalence of hypertension among patients with normal renal function was 12 and 28 per cent for patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and bilateral pyelonephritis respectively. There was a significant increase in both blood urea and plasma creatinine in all patients with hypertension (diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg) and a much higher prevalence of hypertension in patients whose plasma creatinine exceeded 1.3 mg/100 ml. Thrity per cent of patients with unilateral pyelonephritis and 50 per cent with bilateral pyelonephritis had vesicoureteric reflux of varying degrees. There was no evidence to suggest that major degrees of reflux (grade 3) was associated with further renal damage. These observations indicate the benign course of the majority of patients with radiological pyelonephritis. Control of blood pressure, and analgesic intake will help to preserve renal function whilst prevention of symptomatic urinary infection by long term low dose therapy will reduce morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:940922", "title": "The treatment of refractory anaemia of chronic renal failure with cobalt chloride.", "content": "Twelve anephric patients on maintenance haemodialysis received treatment with oral enteric coated cobalt chloride 25 to 50 mg daily. The change in haemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, are recorded and discussed with special reference to possible toxicity and mechanism of action of cobalt. Six of eight patients who completed the first course with cobalt chloride 50 mg daily for 12 weeks showed a significant rise in haemoglobin concentration of 26 to 70 per cent and a fall to near pre-therapeutic levels when cobalt was withdrawn. Evidence of a response was present within two months of starting treatment. Four patients showed a diminution in their blood transfusion requirements and three patients experienced a definite sense of increased well-being during treatment. One patient suffered from side effects of the drug and failed to complete the study because of gastrointestinal disturbance. The improvment in haemoglobin concentration was reproducible in four patients who were given second, and in one case third courses courses with varying doses of cobalt over differing periods of time. Serum cobalt levels tended to stabilize after two months continuous treatment to the therapeutic range of 40-100 mumg per 100 ml. A rapid fall in serum cobalt was seen on cessation of treatment. It is suggested that therapy with enteric coated cobalt chloride at a dose of between 25 and 50 mg per day has a definite place in the treatment of the refractory anaemia of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "The treatment of refractory anaemia of chronic renal failure with cobalt chloride. Twelve anephric patients on maintenance haemodialysis received treatment with oral enteric coated cobalt chloride 25 to 50 mg daily. The change in haemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume, are recorded and discussed with special reference to possible toxicity and mechanism of action of cobalt. Six of eight patients who completed the first course with cobalt chloride 50 mg daily for 12 weeks showed a significant rise in haemoglobin concentration of 26 to 70 per cent and a fall to near pre-therapeutic levels when cobalt was withdrawn. Evidence of a response was present within two months of starting treatment. Four patients showed a diminution in their blood transfusion requirements and three patients experienced a definite sense of increased well-being during treatment. One patient suffered from side effects of the drug and failed to complete the study because of gastrointestinal disturbance. The improvment in haemoglobin concentration was reproducible in four patients who were given second, and in one case third courses courses with varying doses of cobalt over differing periods of time. Serum cobalt levels tended to stabilize after two months continuous treatment to the therapeutic range of 40-100 mumg per 100 ml. A rapid fall in serum cobalt was seen on cessation of treatment. It is suggested that therapy with enteric coated cobalt chloride at a dose of between 25 and 50 mg per day has a definite place in the treatment of the refractory anaemia of chronic renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:940955", "title": "Disposition kinetics of dihydroquinidine following quinidine administration.", "content": "The disposition kinetics of dihydroquinidine, a known impurity in drug grade quinidine, was studied in 7 patients who were hospitalized for control of cardiac arrhythmias. Quinidine gluconate injection containing 5.4 to 6.2 percent dihydroquinidine was used. Following an overnite fast, dihydroquinidine doses of 0.16 to 0.31 mg/kg base were infused intravenously over 22 min. Plasma samples were collected at various times for 12 hr and analyzed for dihydroquinidine by a thin layer chromatography-fluorometric assay procedure. Postinfusion plasma dihydroquinidine concentration decline was described by a biexponential equation which suggested that the impurity distributes within the body in two kinetically distinguishable pools. The volume of the central pool (Vc) and steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) were 0.67 +/- 0.15 L/kg and 2.76 +/- 0.63 L/kg, respectively. The halflife of the fast (t1/2alpha) and slow (t1/2beta) disposition processes were 4.71 +/- 0.26 min and 5.71 +/- 1.00 hr. Total plasma clearance was 4.17 +/- 0.68 ml/min/kg. Renal excretion of intact dihydroquinidine accounted for 16 percent of the administered dose. The corresponding value for renal dihydroquinidine clearance (Clr) was 0.61 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg. The results of this study indicated that there were no significant differences in the distribution and elimination characteristics of dihydroquinidine and quinidine.", "contents": "Disposition kinetics of dihydroquinidine following quinidine administration. The disposition kinetics of dihydroquinidine, a known impurity in drug grade quinidine, was studied in 7 patients who were hospitalized for control of cardiac arrhythmias. Quinidine gluconate injection containing 5.4 to 6.2 percent dihydroquinidine was used. Following an overnite fast, dihydroquinidine doses of 0.16 to 0.31 mg/kg base were infused intravenously over 22 min. Plasma samples were collected at various times for 12 hr and analyzed for dihydroquinidine by a thin layer chromatography-fluorometric assay procedure. Postinfusion plasma dihydroquinidine concentration decline was described by a biexponential equation which suggested that the impurity distributes within the body in two kinetically distinguishable pools. The volume of the central pool (Vc) and steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) were 0.67 +/- 0.15 L/kg and 2.76 +/- 0.63 L/kg, respectively. The halflife of the fast (t1/2alpha) and slow (t1/2beta) disposition processes were 4.71 +/- 0.26 min and 5.71 +/- 1.00 hr. Total plasma clearance was 4.17 +/- 0.68 ml/min/kg. Renal excretion of intact dihydroquinidine accounted for 16 percent of the administered dose. The corresponding value for renal dihydroquinidine clearance (Clr) was 0.61 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg. The results of this study indicated that there were no significant differences in the distribution and elimination characteristics of dihydroquinidine and quinidine."}
{"id": "PMID:940956", "title": "Inhibition of 3H-1-norepinephrine uptake by ouabain is species dependent.", "content": "Tissue slice to medium ratios of 3H-1-norepinephrine (3H-1-NE) were used to study the effect of ouabain on uptake of norepinephrine. The effects of ouabain were studied in slices of heart and spleen from three different species: rat, guinea pig, and dog. The drug produced a species as well as a concentration dependent inhibition of norepinephrine uptake in both types of tissue. In order of decreasing sensitivity, the following relationship between species was observed: dogs greater than guinea pigs greater than rats. Since 3H-1-norepinephrine uptake under the present experimental conditions represents uptake into sympathetic nerve terminals, it was concluded that Na+-K+-ATPases of sympathetic nerve terminals have species dependent differences in ouabain sensitivity similar to those of myocardium.", "contents": "Inhibition of 3H-1-norepinephrine uptake by ouabain is species dependent. Tissue slice to medium ratios of 3H-1-norepinephrine (3H-1-NE) were used to study the effect of ouabain on uptake of norepinephrine. The effects of ouabain were studied in slices of heart and spleen from three different species: rat, guinea pig, and dog. The drug produced a species as well as a concentration dependent inhibition of norepinephrine uptake in both types of tissue. In order of decreasing sensitivity, the following relationship between species was observed: dogs greater than guinea pigs greater than rats. Since 3H-1-norepinephrine uptake under the present experimental conditions represents uptake into sympathetic nerve terminals, it was concluded that Na+-K+-ATPases of sympathetic nerve terminals have species dependent differences in ouabain sensitivity similar to those of myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:940952", "title": "[Perirenal lipoma. Histochemical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of unilateral perirenal lipoma in an adult female patient is reported. Histochemical reactions, which were performed to search the tumor's nature, showed the presence of unsaturated neutral fat.", "contents": "[Perirenal lipoma. Histochemical study (author's transl)]. The occurrence of unilateral perirenal lipoma in an adult female patient is reported. Histochemical reactions, which were performed to search the tumor's nature, showed the presence of unsaturated neutral fat."}
{"id": "PMID:940957", "title": "Influence of morphine on protein synthesis in discrete subcellular fractions of the rat brain.", "content": "Extensive time course (15 min to 24 hr) measurements were made of the effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on the incorporation of 3H-lysine into rat brain proteins. Acute and chronic morphine treatment inhibited cortical protein synthesis in the microsomal (Mc), mitochondrial (Mw) and soluble fractions (Sol.). In the subcortex, acute morphine stimulated labelled protein accumulation in the Mc and Mw fractions, Chronic morphine treatment decreased 3H-lys-protein accumulation in these fractions.", "contents": "Influence of morphine on protein synthesis in discrete subcellular fractions of the rat brain. Extensive time course (15 min to 24 hr) measurements were made of the effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on the incorporation of 3H-lysine into rat brain proteins. Acute and chronic morphine treatment inhibited cortical protein synthesis in the microsomal (Mc), mitochondrial (Mw) and soluble fractions (Sol.). In the subcortex, acute morphine stimulated labelled protein accumulation in the Mc and Mw fractions, Chronic morphine treatment decreased 3H-lys-protein accumulation in these fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:940958", "title": "Hydrolysis of carbon-labeled cocaine in human serum.", "content": "Hydrolysis of 14C-cocaine in human serum, separation of the metabolites on TLC, and subsequent identification on GLC is described. AT 1 H, 20 percent of the cocaine was metabolized to benzoylecgonine, ecgonine and ecgonine methylester. At this time interval the highest percent of product was in the form of the ecogonine methyl ester, a metabolite not previously reported in humans. After 4 h, 67 percent of the cocaine was hydrolyzed; of this, 45 percent was benzoylecgonine and ecgonine in a ratio of 1.6 to 1. The half-life for cocaine hydrolyzed in human serum was approximately 2.5 h.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of carbon-labeled cocaine in human serum. Hydrolysis of 14C-cocaine in human serum, separation of the metabolites on TLC, and subsequent identification on GLC is described. AT 1 H, 20 percent of the cocaine was metabolized to benzoylecgonine, ecgonine and ecgonine methylester. At this time interval the highest percent of product was in the form of the ecogonine methyl ester, a metabolite not previously reported in humans. After 4 h, 67 percent of the cocaine was hydrolyzed; of this, 45 percent was benzoylecgonine and ecgonine in a ratio of 1.6 to 1. The half-life for cocaine hydrolyzed in human serum was approximately 2.5 h."}
{"id": "PMID:940959", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of a catechol metabolite of glutethimide (Doriden) in human urine.", "content": "A metabolite of glutethimide, 2-ethyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide, previously identified in enzymatically hydrolyzed human urine of overdosed victims was prepared synthetically and its chemical and spectral data compared to the proposed material. Results of these comparisons confirm the presence of a catechol metabolite of glutethimide in the urine of patients severely intoxicated by the parent drug.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of a catechol metabolite of glutethimide (Doriden) in human urine. A metabolite of glutethimide, 2-ethyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide, previously identified in enzymatically hydrolyzed human urine of overdosed victims was prepared synthetically and its chemical and spectral data compared to the proposed material. Results of these comparisons confirm the presence of a catechol metabolite of glutethimide in the urine of patients severely intoxicated by the parent drug."}
{"id": "PMID:940960", "title": "Inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by succinyldicholine.", "content": "When human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is inhibited by succinyldicholine (SuCh) at low ionic strength, mu = 0.03, two apparent affinity constants for the inhibitor can be distinguished, KI(1) = 5.4 X 10-5 M and KI(2) = 1.3 X 10-5 M. Increasing the ionic strength to mu = 0.58 increases KI(1) to 1.1 X 10-4 M, but abolishes the contribution of KI(2) completely. It is suggested that a similar process may underlie the apparently continuous variation in affinity constant with ionic strength which has been reported for many bifunctional cationic inhibitors. Since KI(2) is in a concentration range commonly attained therapeutically, some of the clinical manifestations of succinyldicholine administration, e.g., muscarinic effects, may be explained by its anticholinesterase action.", "contents": "Inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by succinyldicholine. When human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is inhibited by succinyldicholine (SuCh) at low ionic strength, mu = 0.03, two apparent affinity constants for the inhibitor can be distinguished, KI(1) = 5.4 X 10-5 M and KI(2) = 1.3 X 10-5 M. Increasing the ionic strength to mu = 0.58 increases KI(1) to 1.1 X 10-4 M, but abolishes the contribution of KI(2) completely. It is suggested that a similar process may underlie the apparently continuous variation in affinity constant with ionic strength which has been reported for many bifunctional cationic inhibitors. Since KI(2) is in a concentration range commonly attained therapeutically, some of the clinical manifestations of succinyldicholine administration, e.g., muscarinic effects, may be explained by its anticholinesterase action."}
{"id": "PMID:940961", "title": "Instability of mixed function monooxygenases in frozen rat liver.", "content": "The effect of freezing in liquid nitrogen and storage at -74 degrees C on various parameters of rat livers from phenobarbital-induced and untreated animals was investigated. Marked instability of microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were detected upon freezing and immediate thawing, leading to the conclusion that this may not be an acceptable means of storage of rat liver for studies of the mixed function oxidase enzymes.", "contents": "Instability of mixed function monooxygenases in frozen rat liver. The effect of freezing in liquid nitrogen and storage at -74 degrees C on various parameters of rat livers from phenobarbital-induced and untreated animals was investigated. Marked instability of microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were detected upon freezing and immediate thawing, leading to the conclusion that this may not be an acceptable means of storage of rat liver for studies of the mixed function oxidase enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:940954", "title": "[Internship in a community hospital. Experience gained in the \"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Currently the verification of the equivalence between an University Hospital (U.H.) and a Community Hospital (C.H.), in means of internship accomplishment is an important subject. The F.C.M.B.B. has accumulated experience in this matter, since among the 514 doctors graduated at this school, in the period of 1968 to 1973: 309 accomplished their internship at Botucatu (U.H.); and the remainers 205 at C.H.s. The author's purpose was to try to evaluate the existence, or not, of this equivalence. Thus two different questionnaries were elaborated, one that was answered by two kinds of intern's instructors (total 58): the teaching staff of U.H. (33), and the physicians belonging to the staff of one of the C.H.s. The other was submitted to two groups of ex-interns (total: 73): ex-interns from U.H. (53) and from C.H.s. (20). Both, ex-interns and teachers, were selected by chance. The answers were analysed by stablishing a comparison between the two groups: U.H. and C.H. The results were analysed by chi2 (chi-square) using the Yates correction for 2 X 2 tables. They seem to suggest that there is an equivalence between U.H.s. and C.H.s. in means of internship accomplishment, since certain characteristics are observed by the C.H.s.", "contents": "[Internship in a community hospital. Experience gained in the \"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e Biol\u00f3gicas de Botucatu\" (author's transl)]. Currently the verification of the equivalence between an University Hospital (U.H.) and a Community Hospital (C.H.), in means of internship accomplishment is an important subject. The F.C.M.B.B. has accumulated experience in this matter, since among the 514 doctors graduated at this school, in the period of 1968 to 1973: 309 accomplished their internship at Botucatu (U.H.); and the remainers 205 at C.H.s. The author's purpose was to try to evaluate the existence, or not, of this equivalence. Thus two different questionnaries were elaborated, one that was answered by two kinds of intern's instructors (total 58): the teaching staff of U.H. (33), and the physicians belonging to the staff of one of the C.H.s. The other was submitted to two groups of ex-interns (total: 73): ex-interns from U.H. (53) and from C.H.s. (20). Both, ex-interns and teachers, were selected by chance. The answers were analysed by stablishing a comparison between the two groups: U.H. and C.H. The results were analysed by chi2 (chi-square) using the Yates correction for 2 X 2 tables. They seem to suggest that there is an equivalence between U.H.s. and C.H.s. in means of internship accomplishment, since certain characteristics are observed by the C.H.s."}
{"id": "PMID:940962", "title": "Chronic inhalation of marijuana and tobacco in dogs: pulmonary pathology.", "content": "The pulmonary effects of chronic marijuana (M) and tobacco (T) smoke inhalation were studied in adult female dogs. The smoke was inhaled through a tracheostomy tube: four cigarettes containing either tobacco (3.2 g/dog) or marijuana (3.0 g/dog) were used per day over 900 days. At autopsy, the pulmonary volume and alveolar surface of the T group had decreased, compared to controls (C) and the M group. The tracheostomy (Tr) produced itself result in chiolitis; in order of severity the M group greater than T greater than Tr greater than C. The incidence of squamous metaplasia also followed this order but the T group showed more abnormalities affecting the mucosal membrane. Our findings reported that chronic inhalation of marijuana and tobacco produced the bronchiolitis with the macrophage infiltration in the wall of the terminal air-passages. This may thereafter induce the pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "Chronic inhalation of marijuana and tobacco in dogs: pulmonary pathology. The pulmonary effects of chronic marijuana (M) and tobacco (T) smoke inhalation were studied in adult female dogs. The smoke was inhaled through a tracheostomy tube: four cigarettes containing either tobacco (3.2 g/dog) or marijuana (3.0 g/dog) were used per day over 900 days. At autopsy, the pulmonary volume and alveolar surface of the T group had decreased, compared to controls (C) and the M group. The tracheostomy (Tr) produced itself result in chiolitis; in order of severity the M group greater than T greater than Tr greater than C. The incidence of squamous metaplasia also followed this order but the T group showed more abnormalities affecting the mucosal membrane. Our findings reported that chronic inhalation of marijuana and tobacco produced the bronchiolitis with the macrophage infiltration in the wall of the terminal air-passages. This may thereafter induce the pulmonary emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:940963", "title": "Comparisons of carcinogenicities of nickel compounds in rats.", "content": "This study demonstrates marked differences in the incidences of sarcomas in Fischer rats within 2 years after a single im injection of 4 insoluble nickel-containing powders: amorphous nickel monosulfide (NiS), nickel subsulfide (alphaNi3S2), partially converted nickel-iron sulfide matte, and metallic nickel. The powders (less than 2 um median particle diameters) were administered in penicillin suspension, and each powder was tested at 2 dosages. Whereas alphaNi3S2 was highly carcinogenic, amorphous NiS did not induce any tumors. The carcinogenic potency of partially converted nickel-iron sulfide matte was less than alphaNi3S2 but greater than Ni powder. No sarcomas occurred at the injection site in two groups of control rats that received im injections of penicillin or Fe powder. The observed differences in carcinogenic potencies of alphaNi3S2 and amorphous NiS may provide an experimental approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Comparisons of carcinogenicities of nickel compounds in rats. This study demonstrates marked differences in the incidences of sarcomas in Fischer rats within 2 years after a single im injection of 4 insoluble nickel-containing powders: amorphous nickel monosulfide (NiS), nickel subsulfide (alphaNi3S2), partially converted nickel-iron sulfide matte, and metallic nickel. The powders (less than 2 um median particle diameters) were administered in penicillin suspension, and each powder was tested at 2 dosages. Whereas alphaNi3S2 was highly carcinogenic, amorphous NiS did not induce any tumors. The carcinogenic potency of partially converted nickel-iron sulfide matte was less than alphaNi3S2 but greater than Ni powder. No sarcomas occurred at the injection site in two groups of control rats that received im injections of penicillin or Fe powder. The observed differences in carcinogenic potencies of alphaNi3S2 and amorphous NiS may provide an experimental approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:940964", "title": "Purine excretion by cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with abnormal purine metabolism.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts from patients with partial or complete deficiencies of enzymes involved in purine metabolism provide a model for investigating the biosynthesis, interconversion, and excretion of purine metabolites at the cellular level. Skin fibroblast cultures were derived from five patients with hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, from five subjects with idiopathic overproduction gout, from one patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency, and from four control subjects. Purine excretion was measured by recovering labeled purines from the incubation medium of cells grown in the presence of 14C-formate. In general the patterns of purine excretion by these cultured cells resembled the urinary excretion patterns of the patients from whom they were derived.", "contents": "Purine excretion by cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with abnormal purine metabolism. Cultured fibroblasts from patients with partial or complete deficiencies of enzymes involved in purine metabolism provide a model for investigating the biosynthesis, interconversion, and excretion of purine metabolites at the cellular level. Skin fibroblast cultures were derived from five patients with hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency, from five subjects with idiopathic overproduction gout, from one patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency, and from four control subjects. Purine excretion was measured by recovering labeled purines from the incubation medium of cells grown in the presence of 14C-formate. In general the patterns of purine excretion by these cultured cells resembled the urinary excretion patterns of the patients from whom they were derived."}
{"id": "PMID:940965", "title": "Apparent deficiency of vitamin B6 in typical individuals who commonly serve as normal controls.", "content": "Individuals who typically serve as normal controls were found by the differential assay of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in their erythrocytes to have a deficiency (P less than 0.001) of enzyme activity as well as a deficiency (P less than 0.001) of pyridoxal phosphate. Contrary to the understanding that the diet provides an adequate intake of vitamin B6, the dietary intake of vitamin B6 of these controls was inadequate.", "contents": "Apparent deficiency of vitamin B6 in typical individuals who commonly serve as normal controls. Individuals who typically serve as normal controls were found by the differential assay of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in their erythrocytes to have a deficiency (P less than 0.001) of enzyme activity as well as a deficiency (P less than 0.001) of pyridoxal phosphate. Contrary to the understanding that the diet provides an adequate intake of vitamin B6, the dietary intake of vitamin B6 of these controls was inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:940966", "title": "Thin-layer and gas chromatographic determination of ketamine and its biotransformed products in biological fluids.", "content": "Ketamine, (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methylamine cyclohexanone) and its in vivo metabolite I (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-aminocyclohexanone) and metabolite II (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-5-cyclohexene-1-one) were determined by thin-layer (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). In vivo studies include intraperitoneal injection of ketamine in rats. Urine and blood samples were collected at regular intervals. The unreacted ketamine and its biotransformed products were extracted from urine and blood and subjected to TLC and GC analysis. 1% Carbowax-20M on Gas Chrom G-AW-DMCS and precoated LQ6D TLC plates were used in this study. In conclusion a rapid, simple, accurate, and sensitive thin-layer and gas chromatographic method for the identification of ketamine and its metabolites from biological fluids have been developed.", "contents": "Thin-layer and gas chromatographic determination of ketamine and its biotransformed products in biological fluids. Ketamine, (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methylamine cyclohexanone) and its in vivo metabolite I (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-aminocyclohexanone) and metabolite II (2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-amino-5-cyclohexene-1-one) were determined by thin-layer (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). In vivo studies include intraperitoneal injection of ketamine in rats. Urine and blood samples were collected at regular intervals. The unreacted ketamine and its biotransformed products were extracted from urine and blood and subjected to TLC and GC analysis. 1% Carbowax-20M on Gas Chrom G-AW-DMCS and precoated LQ6D TLC plates were used in this study. In conclusion a rapid, simple, accurate, and sensitive thin-layer and gas chromatographic method for the identification of ketamine and its metabolites from biological fluids have been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:940967", "title": "An automated method for the determination of sulfate.", "content": "An automated method of sulfate analysis is described, which can detect sulfate concentrations as low as 2.5 mug per ml water. The assay is based on the reaction of sodium rhodizonate and barium forming a colored complex. Sulfate quantitavely interferes with this reaction. The assay is reproducible in the range of 2.5 to 30 mug sulfate per ml water. This method conveniently and accurately measures water soluble sulfate filtered from the air, and is especially useful in assaying samples containing microgram quantities of sulfate from experimental inhalation apparatus.", "contents": "An automated method for the determination of sulfate. An automated method of sulfate analysis is described, which can detect sulfate concentrations as low as 2.5 mug per ml water. The assay is based on the reaction of sodium rhodizonate and barium forming a colored complex. Sulfate quantitavely interferes with this reaction. The assay is reproducible in the range of 2.5 to 30 mug sulfate per ml water. This method conveniently and accurately measures water soluble sulfate filtered from the air, and is especially useful in assaying samples containing microgram quantities of sulfate from experimental inhalation apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:940968", "title": "Potentiophotometry.", "content": "The present derivation relates, in terms of analytical chemical photometry, the theory of operation of an extremely simple instrument which embodies both the electrical analog solution to Beer's Law of Spectrophotometry and the multiplication of this solution by a constant, such that the voltage reading of the instrument is identical to the concentration of the light absorbing substance being measured. Because the raw output of the instrument is both linear and proportionable, calibration of the instrument is accomplished by appropriately setting and positioning the potential difference between two known standard solutions. The determination of the concentration of an unknown solution is then the direct reading of the voltage it generates in the system. This approach to measurement is called Potentiophotometry, because it is based on potentials generated from light.", "contents": "Potentiophotometry. The present derivation relates, in terms of analytical chemical photometry, the theory of operation of an extremely simple instrument which embodies both the electrical analog solution to Beer's Law of Spectrophotometry and the multiplication of this solution by a constant, such that the voltage reading of the instrument is identical to the concentration of the light absorbing substance being measured. Because the raw output of the instrument is both linear and proportionable, calibration of the instrument is accomplished by appropriately setting and positioning the potential difference between two known standard solutions. The determination of the concentration of an unknown solution is then the direct reading of the voltage it generates in the system. This approach to measurement is called Potentiophotometry, because it is based on potentials generated from light."}
{"id": "PMID:940969", "title": "[Giant cell granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system].", "content": "The case is described of a coloured woman of 58, previously affected by filaria, who presented with meningo-encephalitis which proved fatal within a month. Pathological anatomy showed granylomatous angiitis with giant cells scattered throughout the brain and the meninges but confined exclusively to the nervous system. Biological and anatomopathological tests were unable to connect this condition with any precise aetiology. The aetiology of granulomatous angiitis is discussed in this connection and the clinical and anatomopathological charateristics peculiar to giant cell granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system are recalled.", "contents": "[Giant cell granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system]. The case is described of a coloured woman of 58, previously affected by filaria, who presented with meningo-encephalitis which proved fatal within a month. Pathological anatomy showed granylomatous angiitis with giant cells scattered throughout the brain and the meninges but confined exclusively to the nervous system. Biological and anatomopathological tests were unable to connect this condition with any precise aetiology. The aetiology of granulomatous angiitis is discussed in this connection and the clinical and anatomopathological charateristics peculiar to giant cell granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system are recalled."}
{"id": "PMID:940970", "title": "[Dopamine beta hydroxylase. Value and limits of its study in neurology].", "content": "Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was studied in 96 subjects, 33 of them controls and 63 of them patients (Parkinson's disease, chronic chorea, torsion dystonia, postural tremor and epilepsy). Only the epileptics showed a significant decrease in the average level of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in comparison with the controls. During the cold test, DBH did not vary except in one case. On the other hand, during epileptic attacks, DBH activity underwent considerable fluctuations. Therefore, except in special pathological conditions, such as epileptic attacks, measurement of plasma or serum DBH activity is of limited value for neurological pathology and is not a good indication of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "[Dopamine beta hydroxylase. Value and limits of its study in neurology]. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was studied in 96 subjects, 33 of them controls and 63 of them patients (Parkinson's disease, chronic chorea, torsion dystonia, postural tremor and epilepsy). Only the epileptics showed a significant decrease in the average level of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in comparison with the controls. During the cold test, DBH did not vary except in one case. On the other hand, during epileptic attacks, DBH activity underwent considerable fluctuations. Therefore, except in special pathological conditions, such as epileptic attacks, measurement of plasma or serum DBH activity is of limited value for neurological pathology and is not a good indication of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:940973", "title": "Surgery on the lateral nasal wall with the operation microscope.", "content": "Experiences with operations on the lateral nasal wall and the ethmoid with the operating microscope are reported. 18 suitable cases were operated on according to this technique. For the optimal distance optics with a focal distance of 250 mm are most suitable. Prerequisites for the operations are a self-supporting speculum and special instruments developed for this purpose.", "contents": "Surgery on the lateral nasal wall with the operation microscope. Experiences with operations on the lateral nasal wall and the ethmoid with the operating microscope are reported. 18 suitable cases were operated on according to this technique. For the optimal distance optics with a focal distance of 250 mm are most suitable. Prerequisites for the operations are a self-supporting speculum and special instruments developed for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:940975", "title": "[Experimental study of the synthesis of lysosomal enzymes by the synovial membrane: acid phosphatases].", "content": "In a system consisting of synovial samples taken surgically and maintained in culture, the authors studied the regulation of enzyme synthesis by taking acid phosphatase as the test enzyme. By means of double labelling and the use of protein synthesis inhibitors, they were able to demonstrate that this synthesis was stimulated by the addition of rheumatoid factor to the culture medium and that it depended on the transcription activity of the genome and on the translation of the information molecules.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the synthesis of lysosomal enzymes by the synovial membrane: acid phosphatases]. In a system consisting of synovial samples taken surgically and maintained in culture, the authors studied the regulation of enzyme synthesis by taking acid phosphatase as the test enzyme. By means of double labelling and the use of protein synthesis inhibitors, they were able to demonstrate that this synthesis was stimulated by the addition of rheumatoid factor to the culture medium and that it depended on the transcription activity of the genome and on the translation of the information molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:940976", "title": "[Cellular density of the femur head cartilage in  relation to age].", "content": "The authors studied the cell density in samples of cartilage taken from the superior and inferior poles of the femoral heads of 65 subjects between 16 and 100 years of age. This study showed that the average cell density of the cartilage decreased significantly with age and that the decrease was proportionally identical in the two poles of the femoral head. In absolute values, the decrease in superficial cell densty is much greater in the inferior than in the superior pole. The relation between the decrease in cell density with age, cartilaginous lesions of senescence, and arthrosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Cellular density of the femur head cartilage in  relation to age]. The authors studied the cell density in samples of cartilage taken from the superior and inferior poles of the femoral heads of 65 subjects between 16 and 100 years of age. This study showed that the average cell density of the cartilage decreased significantly with age and that the decrease was proportionally identical in the two poles of the femoral head. In absolute values, the decrease in superficial cell densty is much greater in the inferior than in the superior pole. The relation between the decrease in cell density with age, cartilaginous lesions of senescence, and arthrosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:940980", "title": "Cadmium and zinc in human liver and kidney.", "content": "Liver and kidney samples obtained from 76 autopsies were analyzed for cadmium and zinc content. The patients had died of various internal diseases. None of them had any known occupational exposure to cadmium. A record was made of age, sex, place of residence, diagnosis, and smoking habits of each patient. The results showed no significant correlation between cadmium accumulation and hypertension or cardiovascular disease. There was, however, a significantly higher kidney cadmium level in smokers than in nonsmokers.", "contents": "Cadmium and zinc in human liver and kidney. Liver and kidney samples obtained from 76 autopsies were analyzed for cadmium and zinc content. The patients had died of various internal diseases. None of them had any known occupational exposure to cadmium. A record was made of age, sex, place of residence, diagnosis, and smoking habits of each patient. The results showed no significant correlation between cadmium accumulation and hypertension or cardiovascular disease. There was, however, a significantly higher kidney cadmium level in smokers than in nonsmokers."}
{"id": "PMID:940981", "title": "Separation of labelled iodide, iodoprotein, iodotyrosines, and iodothronines in serum from patients treated with iodine-131, using an improved chromatographic method.", "content": "A method is described for complete separation of iodoprotein, 3-iodotyrosine (MIT), 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT), 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and L-throxine (T4) on a single column run on Sephadex G-25 superfine in alkaline solution. Sera from patients treated with 131I- have been analysed by this method after removal of I- by resin dialysis.", "contents": "Separation of labelled iodide, iodoprotein, iodotyrosines, and iodothronines in serum from patients treated with iodine-131, using an improved chromatographic method. A method is described for complete separation of iodoprotein, 3-iodotyrosine (MIT), 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT), 3,5,3-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and L-throxine (T4) on a single column run on Sephadex G-25 superfine in alkaline solution. Sera from patients treated with 131I- have been analysed by this method after removal of I- by resin dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:940982", "title": "Production and evaluation of antibodies for radioimmunoassay of secretin.", "content": "In order to produce antibodies for radioimmunochemical analysis of secretin in plasma, 16 rabbits were immunized; two different immunization schemes were followed. All rabbits produced detectable antibodies to secretin. The final dilution of the antisera necessary to bind 50% of 5 fmol [125I]secretin varied from 1:5,000 to 1:2,300,000. The avidity of antisera, expressed by the equilibrium constant, ranged from 5 x 10(6) 1 x mol-1 to 3 x 10(11) 1 x mol-1. Six rabbits produced antisera that displayed avidity sufficient for measurement of the physiologic concentrations of secretin in plasma (Keff greater than 10(11) 1 x mol-1). The equation of Sips was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the antibodies. Seven of the 16 antibodies to secretin had a heterogeneity index of 0.90 or more. Cross-reactivity with structurally related peptide hormones (glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide) was found to be negligible for the six antisera examined (those with the highest avidity). Three of the high-avidity antisera were examined for reactivity with secretin fragments. They all bound the C-terminal secretin tricosa and tetradecapeptides almost as well as pure natural secretin, whereas the reactivity with the N-terminal tetradecapeptide was slightly lower.", "contents": "Production and evaluation of antibodies for radioimmunoassay of secretin. In order to produce antibodies for radioimmunochemical analysis of secretin in plasma, 16 rabbits were immunized; two different immunization schemes were followed. All rabbits produced detectable antibodies to secretin. The final dilution of the antisera necessary to bind 50% of 5 fmol [125I]secretin varied from 1:5,000 to 1:2,300,000. The avidity of antisera, expressed by the equilibrium constant, ranged from 5 x 10(6) 1 x mol-1 to 3 x 10(11) 1 x mol-1. Six rabbits produced antisera that displayed avidity sufficient for measurement of the physiologic concentrations of secretin in plasma (Keff greater than 10(11) 1 x mol-1). The equation of Sips was used to evaluate the heterogeneity of the antibodies. Seven of the 16 antibodies to secretin had a heterogeneity index of 0.90 or more. Cross-reactivity with structurally related peptide hormones (glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide) was found to be negligible for the six antisera examined (those with the highest avidity). Three of the high-avidity antisera were examined for reactivity with secretin fragments. They all bound the C-terminal secretin tricosa and tetradecapeptides almost as well as pure natural secretin, whereas the reactivity with the N-terminal tetradecapeptide was slightly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:940983", "title": "Folic acid binding by human plasma albumin.", "content": "Binding of [3H]folate to pure human plasma albumin was studied by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in a steady-state system. The experiments showed the presence of two binding sites per molecule of albumin and an equilibrium constant of 0.9x10(3) 1/mol. With normal human plasma, only albumin bound exogenous [3H]folate with nearly the same equilibrium constant. In human blood plasma at concentrations of less than 10(-5) mol/1, 50% of folate was free, and 50% was bound to albumin. Binding was maximal at about pH 6 and negligible above pH 8 and below pH 4.5. Neither human transferrin nor Cohn fraction II was able to bind [3H]folate.", "contents": "Folic acid binding by human plasma albumin. Binding of [3H]folate to pure human plasma albumin was studied by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration in a steady-state system. The experiments showed the presence of two binding sites per molecule of albumin and an equilibrium constant of 0.9x10(3) 1/mol. With normal human plasma, only albumin bound exogenous [3H]folate with nearly the same equilibrium constant. In human blood plasma at concentrations of less than 10(-5) mol/1, 50% of folate was free, and 50% was bound to albumin. Binding was maximal at about pH 6 and negligible above pH 8 and below pH 4.5. Neither human transferrin nor Cohn fraction II was able to bind [3H]folate."}
{"id": "PMID:940984", "title": "The development of puberty, the sexual d\u00e9but and sexual function in hypospadiacs.", "content": "The development of puberty, the sexual debut and the sexual function were investigated in a longitudinal study of an unselected material of 220 primary cases of hypospadiacs, treated during the period 1965 to 1969 and followed-up during the period 1965 to 1974. The development of puberty in hypospadiacs strongly resembled that in a normal male population. Out of 121 hypospadiacs between 13 and 30 years of age 66 had had sexual intercourse. The median age for the sexual debut was 16.9 years compared to 16.6 years in a normal male population. Thirty out of 55 hypospadiacs without experience of sexual intercourse were in the age-group 13-16. Hypospadiacs with experience of sexual intercourse continued their sexual function was normal. Forty-one out of 66 were married and 24 out of 41 had children. In order to study the influence of the surgical treatment on the sexual debut and sexual function the 121 hypospadiacs were divided into two groups: those in whom treatment was completed before or at the age of 12 years, and those in whom treatment was completed at 13 years of age or later. The median age for the sexual debut was 15.5 years in the former group and 17.6 in the later group. An interesting finding was that almost half of the hypospadiacs in whom treatment was complted at 13 years of age or later had had a preoperative sexual debut despite the presence of curvature in all cases, and despite the fact that all types of hypospadias were represented. The median age for the sexual debut in this group was 17.1 years.", "contents": "The development of puberty, the sexual d\u00e9but and sexual function in hypospadiacs. The development of puberty, the sexual debut and the sexual function were investigated in a longitudinal study of an unselected material of 220 primary cases of hypospadiacs, treated during the period 1965 to 1969 and followed-up during the period 1965 to 1974. The development of puberty in hypospadiacs strongly resembled that in a normal male population. Out of 121 hypospadiacs between 13 and 30 years of age 66 had had sexual intercourse. The median age for the sexual debut was 16.9 years compared to 16.6 years in a normal male population. Thirty out of 55 hypospadiacs without experience of sexual intercourse were in the age-group 13-16. Hypospadiacs with experience of sexual intercourse continued their sexual function was normal. Forty-one out of 66 were married and 24 out of 41 had children. In order to study the influence of the surgical treatment on the sexual debut and sexual function the 121 hypospadiacs were divided into two groups: those in whom treatment was completed before or at the age of 12 years, and those in whom treatment was completed at 13 years of age or later. The median age for the sexual debut was 15.5 years in the former group and 17.6 in the later group. An interesting finding was that almost half of the hypospadiacs in whom treatment was complted at 13 years of age or later had had a preoperative sexual debut despite the presence of curvature in all cases, and despite the fact that all types of hypospadias were represented. The median age for the sexual debut in this group was 17.1 years."}
{"id": "PMID:940985", "title": "Intraneural tissue reactions induced by internal neurolysis. An experimental study on the blood-nerve barrier, connective tissues and nerve fibres of rabbit tibial nerve.", "content": "Surgical treatment of peripheral nerve lesions associated with intraneural fibrosis is sometimes extended to include internal neurolysis. This procedure is performed in order to release the individual nerve fascicles from interfascicular scar tissue which is believed to constrict nerve fibres and thereby interfere with their function and regenerative capacity. However, an internal neurolysis per se implies a significant trauma to the nerve and may induce microvascular damage and formation of new intraneural scar tissue. Considering this, such a procedure appears justified only when the preoperative intraneural fibrosis is more severe than the scarring which might be induced by the surgical procedure as such. In order to evaluate the tissue reactions following internal neurolysis an experimental investigation was carried out: internal neurolysis was performed on normal rabbit tibial nerve. After varying postoperative periods up to 6 months specimens of nerves were analysed. Reactive changes of connective tissue and myelin sheath lesions, indicating nerve fibre damage, were investigated in histological sections studied by light microscopy. Barrier function of perineurial membrane and endoneurial vessels was investigated by fluorescent microscopic tracing of locally applied or intravenously injected albumin labelled with Evans' blue. The results indicate that an experimental internal neurolysis per se may induce fibrosis in all layers of the nerve and may cause some nerve fibre damage. However, the barrier function of the perineurium and the endoneurial vessels seems to be generally well preserved. The findings are discussed in relation to indications for internal neurolysis.", "contents": "Intraneural tissue reactions induced by internal neurolysis. An experimental study on the blood-nerve barrier, connective tissues and nerve fibres of rabbit tibial nerve. Surgical treatment of peripheral nerve lesions associated with intraneural fibrosis is sometimes extended to include internal neurolysis. This procedure is performed in order to release the individual nerve fascicles from interfascicular scar tissue which is believed to constrict nerve fibres and thereby interfere with their function and regenerative capacity. However, an internal neurolysis per se implies a significant trauma to the nerve and may induce microvascular damage and formation of new intraneural scar tissue. Considering this, such a procedure appears justified only when the preoperative intraneural fibrosis is more severe than the scarring which might be induced by the surgical procedure as such. In order to evaluate the tissue reactions following internal neurolysis an experimental investigation was carried out: internal neurolysis was performed on normal rabbit tibial nerve. After varying postoperative periods up to 6 months specimens of nerves were analysed. Reactive changes of connective tissue and myelin sheath lesions, indicating nerve fibre damage, were investigated in histological sections studied by light microscopy. Barrier function of perineurial membrane and endoneurial vessels was investigated by fluorescent microscopic tracing of locally applied or intravenously injected albumin labelled with Evans' blue. The results indicate that an experimental internal neurolysis per se may induce fibrosis in all layers of the nerve and may cause some nerve fibre damage. However, the barrier function of the perineurium and the endoneurial vessels seems to be generally well preserved. The findings are discussed in relation to indications for internal neurolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:940986", "title": "Growth of the vomero-premaxillary suture in children with bilateral cleft lip and palate. A histological and roentgencephalometric study.", "content": "The significance of the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS) in mid-facial development in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (C-BCLP) was evaluated. Histological analysis of the VPS in eight specimens, ranging in age from full term to 22 months, revealed evidence of growth at both sutural borders. Various theories to explain the consistent presence of secondary cartilage, localized mainly to the posterior end of the suture, were assessed. It was considered most likely that the formation of cartilage was promoted by mechanical stresses, set up during a period of rapid growth. Roentgencephalometric data from seven C-BCLP patients (age range: 2-7 months) demonstrated the existence of a true, rather than a relative, premaxillary protrusion. Five patients had metallic implants inserted on either side of the VPS at the time of initial surgery and were followed up roentgencephalometrically to ages ranging from 5 to 36 months. Although continuous growth was recorded in the VPS, there was a post-surgical decrease in the premaxillary protrusion. On the basis of both the histology and roentgencephalometry it was concluded that traumatic surgery involving the VPS would be likely to contribute to the impaired mid-facial growth sometimes seen in operated C-BCLP patients.", "contents": "Growth of the vomero-premaxillary suture in children with bilateral cleft lip and palate. A histological and roentgencephalometric study. The significance of the vomero-premaxillary suture (VPS) in mid-facial development in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (C-BCLP) was evaluated. Histological analysis of the VPS in eight specimens, ranging in age from full term to 22 months, revealed evidence of growth at both sutural borders. Various theories to explain the consistent presence of secondary cartilage, localized mainly to the posterior end of the suture, were assessed. It was considered most likely that the formation of cartilage was promoted by mechanical stresses, set up during a period of rapid growth. Roentgencephalometric data from seven C-BCLP patients (age range: 2-7 months) demonstrated the existence of a true, rather than a relative, premaxillary protrusion. Five patients had metallic implants inserted on either side of the VPS at the time of initial surgery and were followed up roentgencephalometrically to ages ranging from 5 to 36 months. Although continuous growth was recorded in the VPS, there was a post-surgical decrease in the premaxillary protrusion. On the basis of both the histology and roentgencephalometry it was concluded that traumatic surgery involving the VPS would be likely to contribute to the impaired mid-facial growth sometimes seen in operated C-BCLP patients."}
{"id": "PMID:940987", "title": "A new principle for the cleansing of infected wounds.", "content": "When dry porous hydrophilic beads, formed by a three dimensional network of dextran polymers, are placed on a discharging wound, they absorb the exudate and swell to form of a gelatinous layer. Within this gelatinous layer a separation of substances occurs according to their molecular weights, with the smaller (MW less than 1000) freely penetrating the pores of the beads and the larger (MW greater than 5 000) remaining in the interspaces. Since proteins are removed from the wound surface with the fluid, crustformation on the wound is prevented. Clotting within the gel layer does not occur, since, as shown in another study (Aberg, Hedner, Jacobsson & Rothman 1976), wound exudate contains a high amount of fibrin-fibrinogen split products and no coagulable fibrinogen. Therefore as long as dry beads are available, exudate can be sucked up. With the wound exudate bacteria, degradation products and toxins are removed from the wound surface. A substance with the above described properties Debrisan (Pharmacia AB, Sweden) was used to treat various types of wounds. The treatment was most effective for profusely discharging infected wounds. Within a few days inflammation subsided, exudate decreased and granulation tissue appeared. So far no side effects are observed and even patients, who during years of treatment of leg ulcers had become sensitized to most dressings and local antibiotics could be treated. The new technique for sampling of wound fluid also offers a model for studies on inflammatory mediators and protein loss.", "contents": "A new principle for the cleansing of infected wounds. When dry porous hydrophilic beads, formed by a three dimensional network of dextran polymers, are placed on a discharging wound, they absorb the exudate and swell to form of a gelatinous layer. Within this gelatinous layer a separation of substances occurs according to their molecular weights, with the smaller (MW less than 1000) freely penetrating the pores of the beads and the larger (MW greater than 5 000) remaining in the interspaces. Since proteins are removed from the wound surface with the fluid, crustformation on the wound is prevented. Clotting within the gel layer does not occur, since, as shown in another study (Aberg, Hedner, Jacobsson & Rothman 1976), wound exudate contains a high amount of fibrin-fibrinogen split products and no coagulable fibrinogen. Therefore as long as dry beads are available, exudate can be sucked up. With the wound exudate bacteria, degradation products and toxins are removed from the wound surface. A substance with the above described properties Debrisan (Pharmacia AB, Sweden) was used to treat various types of wounds. The treatment was most effective for profusely discharging infected wounds. Within a few days inflammation subsided, exudate decreased and granulation tissue appeared. So far no side effects are observed and even patients, who during years of treatment of leg ulcers had become sensitized to most dressings and local antibiotics could be treated. The new technique for sampling of wound fluid also offers a model for studies on inflammatory mediators and protein loss."}
{"id": "PMID:940988", "title": "Osteoma of the mandibular condyloid process. Case report.", "content": "The incidence of true osteoma in the mandibular condyloid process is extremely rare. An unusual case in a 35-year-old man with a classic picture of facial asymmetry is reported. Because of the microscopic similarity of benign osteogenic neoplasma and the hyperplastic overgrowths, the diagnosis of osteoma is sometimes difficult. We believe that the essential differences between an osteoma and an exostosis lie in the location of the overgrowth, the extent of involvement of the condyle, and the age of the patient. Surgical excision is justified because benign tumors of bone do not invariably retain their innocent characteristics.", "contents": "Osteoma of the mandibular condyloid process. Case report. The incidence of true osteoma in the mandibular condyloid process is extremely rare. An unusual case in a 35-year-old man with a classic picture of facial asymmetry is reported. Because of the microscopic similarity of benign osteogenic neoplasma and the hyperplastic overgrowths, the diagnosis of osteoma is sometimes difficult. We believe that the essential differences between an osteoma and an exostosis lie in the location of the overgrowth, the extent of involvement of the condyle, and the age of the patient. Surgical excision is justified because benign tumors of bone do not invariably retain their innocent characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:941003", "title": "Recent advances in the drug treatment of the functional psychoses.", "content": "Little is known about the primary cause of mental illness but in a major area of psychiatry effective secondary prevention has been developed. Potent psychopharmacological agents have become available to the clinical psychiatrist and it has been shown that the prognosis in the psychoses can be significantly improved when continuous drug treatment is prescribed. As treatment has to be given for years the psychiatric clinic has become committed to a potentially large group of patients whose mental wellbeing is dependent upon regular psychotropic medication.", "contents": "Recent advances in the drug treatment of the functional psychoses. Little is known about the primary cause of mental illness but in a major area of psychiatry effective secondary prevention has been developed. Potent psychopharmacological agents have become available to the clinical psychiatrist and it has been shown that the prognosis in the psychoses can be significantly improved when continuous drug treatment is prescribed. As treatment has to be given for years the psychiatric clinic has become committed to a potentially large group of patients whose mental wellbeing is dependent upon regular psychotropic medication."}
{"id": "PMID:941007", "title": "Urinary oestrogen and plasma human placental lactogen as initial screening tests for a placental sulphatase deficiency.", "content": "As a result of routine screening of ante-natal patients by urinary total oestrogens and plasma human placental lactogen (HPL) from 35 weeks, a rare placental sulphatase deficiency was indicated which was later confirmed by in vitro studies of placental enzyme activities.", "contents": "Urinary oestrogen and plasma human placental lactogen as initial screening tests for a placental sulphatase deficiency. As a result of routine screening of ante-natal patients by urinary total oestrogens and plasma human placental lactogen (HPL) from 35 weeks, a rare placental sulphatase deficiency was indicated which was later confirmed by in vitro studies of placental enzyme activities."}
{"id": "PMID:941008", "title": "The natural history of bacterial colonization of the newborn in a maternity hospital (Part II).", "content": "The object of this study was to determine the sources from which the newborn infant derives his bacterial flora during the first 5 days after birth. Detailed bacteriological data was obtained from 193 mothers antenatally and during labour, and from their infants on the day of birth and on Day 5. Organisms were typed by appropriate methods and the 193 mother-baby pairs declared to be a 'match' or a 'non-match' according as to whether or not identical bacteria were isolated from both members of the pair. Weekly swabs from hands and noses of staff were taken throughout the 12 months of the study. Swabs were also taken from the environment and air samples from different areas in the hospital. In approximately one third of infants the colonizing bacteria are derived from their mothers, in over 70 per cent of instances from the mother's rectum. The mother's birth canal is not a common source of bacteria and there is no direct relationship with the noses or hands of staff. Artificial feeds are not a source of the colonizing bacteria. The overall distribution of the bacterial species in the infants differed from that found in the hospital environment but this does, none the less, constitute a reservoir of bacteria which is being continually replenished from human sources. Pathogens such as Staph, aureus and Strep. pyogenes are no longer commonly found in newborn infants in the modern maternity hospital, but the need for continual vigilance and an efficient bacteriological service in all maternity units has been in no way diminished.", "contents": "The natural history of bacterial colonization of the newborn in a maternity hospital (Part II). The object of this study was to determine the sources from which the newborn infant derives his bacterial flora during the first 5 days after birth. Detailed bacteriological data was obtained from 193 mothers antenatally and during labour, and from their infants on the day of birth and on Day 5. Organisms were typed by appropriate methods and the 193 mother-baby pairs declared to be a 'match' or a 'non-match' according as to whether or not identical bacteria were isolated from both members of the pair. Weekly swabs from hands and noses of staff were taken throughout the 12 months of the study. Swabs were also taken from the environment and air samples from different areas in the hospital. In approximately one third of infants the colonizing bacteria are derived from their mothers, in over 70 per cent of instances from the mother's rectum. The mother's birth canal is not a common source of bacteria and there is no direct relationship with the noses or hands of staff. Artificial feeds are not a source of the colonizing bacteria. The overall distribution of the bacterial species in the infants differed from that found in the hospital environment but this does, none the less, constitute a reservoir of bacteria which is being continually replenished from human sources. Pathogens such as Staph, aureus and Strep. pyogenes are no longer commonly found in newborn infants in the modern maternity hospital, but the need for continual vigilance and an efficient bacteriological service in all maternity units has been in no way diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:941018", "title": "Plutonium hazard in respirable dust on the surface of soil.", "content": "Plutonium-239 in the fine particulate soil fraction of surface dust is subject to suspension by air currents and is a potential health hazard to humans who may inhale it. This respirable particulate fraction is defined as particles less than or equal to 5 micrometers. The respirable fraction of surface dust was separated by ultrasonic dispersion and a standard water-sedimentation procedure. Plutonium concentration in this fraction of off-site soils located downwind from the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant (Jefferson County, Colorado) were as much as 380 times the background concentration. It is prposed that this method of evaluation defines more precisely the potential health hazard from the respirable fraction of plutonium-contaminated soils.", "contents": "Plutonium hazard in respirable dust on the surface of soil. Plutonium-239 in the fine particulate soil fraction of surface dust is subject to suspension by air currents and is a potential health hazard to humans who may inhale it. This respirable particulate fraction is defined as particles less than or equal to 5 micrometers. The respirable fraction of surface dust was separated by ultrasonic dispersion and a standard water-sedimentation procedure. Plutonium concentration in this fraction of off-site soils located downwind from the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant (Jefferson County, Colorado) were as much as 380 times the background concentration. It is prposed that this method of evaluation defines more precisely the potential health hazard from the respirable fraction of plutonium-contaminated soils."}
{"id": "PMID:941019", "title": "Screwworm eradication: inadvertent selection for noncompetitive ecotypes during mass rearing.", "content": "The rapid fixation of a rare allelic form of alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is related to a loss of competitive ability in nature of factory-reared screwworm flies. The increase in frequency results from selection for survival under conditions of domestication and rapid development at high constant temperatures in the factory.", "contents": "Screwworm eradication: inadvertent selection for noncompetitive ecotypes during mass rearing. The rapid fixation of a rare allelic form of alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is related to a loss of competitive ability in nature of factory-reared screwworm flies. The increase in frequency results from selection for survival under conditions of domestication and rapid development at high constant temperatures in the factory."}
{"id": "PMID:941020", "title": "Side chain metabolism of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 in vivo.", "content": "Radioactive CO2 was detected in expired air after the administration of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin d3 to vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic rats; 14co2 was also detected after the administration of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 to rats raised on the same diet. Nephretcomy totally abolished 14CO2 formation after administration of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 but not after the administration of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3. The production of 14CO2 commenced within 4 hours after injection of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3, suggesting a possible relevance of this reaction to the function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These results at least demonstrate a new metabolic pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism involving the oxidation of a portion of the side chain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to CO2.", "contents": "Side chain metabolism of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 in vivo. Radioactive CO2 was detected in expired air after the administration of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin d3 to vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic rats; 14co2 was also detected after the administration of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 to rats raised on the same diet. Nephretcomy totally abolished 14CO2 formation after administration of 25-hydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3 but not after the administration of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3. The production of 14CO2 commenced within 4 hours after injection of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C] vitamin D3, suggesting a possible relevance of this reaction to the function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. These results at least demonstrate a new metabolic pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism involving the oxidation of a portion of the side chain of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:941021", "title": "Elevated plasmz zinc: a heritable anomaly.", "content": "An extremely high concentration of zinc in the plasma (hyperzincemia) was found in five out of seven members of one family and in two out of three second generation indiviuals, an indication that the condition is heritable. The excess zinc in the plasma appears to be bound to serum proteins, with no apparent clinical symptoms or abnormalities.", "contents": "Elevated plasmz zinc: a heritable anomaly. An extremely high concentration of zinc in the plasma (hyperzincemia) was found in five out of seven members of one family and in two out of three second generation indiviuals, an indication that the condition is heritable. The excess zinc in the plasma appears to be bound to serum proteins, with no apparent clinical symptoms or abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:941022", "title": "Markers for detection of supplementation in narcotic programs--deuterium-labeled methadone.", "content": "Specific deuterium labeling of methadone and use of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique permits rapid and quanitative determination of the ratio of the labeled to unlabeled drug in body fluids. A trideuertiomethadone (methadone-d3) was shown to have exactly the same analgesic activity and toxicity in mice as methadone. The rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion of methadone-d3 and methadone were identical in rats. These observations suggest that methadone-d3 may be used as an in vivo marker for monitoring methadone intake of patients, and thus may improve the effectiveness of methadone treatment programs.", "contents": "Markers for detection of supplementation in narcotic programs--deuterium-labeled methadone. Specific deuterium labeling of methadone and use of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy technique permits rapid and quanitative determination of the ratio of the labeled to unlabeled drug in body fluids. A trideuertiomethadone (methadone-d3) was shown to have exactly the same analgesic activity and toxicity in mice as methadone. The rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion of methadone-d3 and methadone were identical in rats. These observations suggest that methadone-d3 may be used as an in vivo marker for monitoring methadone intake of patients, and thus may improve the effectiveness of methadone treatment programs."}
{"id": "PMID:941023", "title": "A multistable movement display: evidence for two separate motion systems in human vision.", "content": "Two competing sensations of apparent movement were produced by the rapid alternation of two multielement stimulus frames. Either sensation could be made dominant by, appropriate manipulations of the stimulus display. The results suggest that there are two systems capable of generating movement signals in man. One system depends on preliminary processing of form, and the second system does not.", "contents": "A multistable movement display: evidence for two separate motion systems in human vision. Two competing sensations of apparent movement were produced by the rapid alternation of two multielement stimulus frames. Either sensation could be made dominant by, appropriate manipulations of the stimulus display. The results suggest that there are two systems capable of generating movement signals in man. One system depends on preliminary processing of form, and the second system does not."}
{"id": "PMID:941024", "title": "Constancy and uniqueness in a large population of small interneurons.", "content": "The anatomy of 61 of the smallest interneurons in the brain of the locust shows the same tendency toward uniqueness, contancy of neuropil abortizations, and frequency of occurrence of supernumerary cells as does that of 17 large interneurons; the size and number of neurons thus have no obligatory relation to the concept of the unique identifiable neuron.", "contents": "Constancy and uniqueness in a large population of small interneurons. The anatomy of 61 of the smallest interneurons in the brain of the locust shows the same tendency toward uniqueness, contancy of neuropil abortizations, and frequency of occurrence of supernumerary cells as does that of 17 large interneurons; the size and number of neurons thus have no obligatory relation to the concept of the unique identifiable neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:941025", "title": "Abolition of direction selectivity in the visual cortex of the cat.", "content": "Cats were reared in a stroboscopically illuminated environment, which deprived them of expereience with visual movement but allowed them form vision. In these cats, neurons of the visual cortex displayed normal orientation selectivity, but direction selectivity was virtually abolished. The effect remained unaltered by long periods of normal visual exposure.", "contents": "Abolition of direction selectivity in the visual cortex of the cat. Cats were reared in a stroboscopically illuminated environment, which deprived them of expereience with visual movement but allowed them form vision. In these cats, neurons of the visual cortex displayed normal orientation selectivity, but direction selectivity was virtually abolished. The effect remained unaltered by long periods of normal visual exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:941026", "title": "Studies of regional myocardial blood flow: results in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery disease.", "content": "Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow have been performed rapidly and safely in man at the time of coronary arteriography. Xenon-133 was injected into the coronary artery and estimates of myocardial capillary perfusion were made by computer analysis of the multiple precordial tracer washout curves recorded with a scintillation camera. Blood flow rates/100 g/min in different areas of the heart were calculated by the Schmidt-Kety formula, using an assumed partition coefficient, and were related to the coronary vascular lesions by landmarks provided by the arteriograms. The flow significance of lesions was assessed by making measurements at rest and during interventions that increase coronary blood flow. Perfusion was also estimated in areas supplied by collateral vessels, and regions of scar were detected from the initial distribution of peak tracer activity. In patients with less than 50% obstructions apparent on coronary arteriograms and in those with greater than 50% isolated left anterior descending lesions average mean left ventricular (LV) myocardial perfusion values were not reduced below values found in patients with normal coronary arteries and normal cardiac function. However, in patients with significant two-vessel disease (LAD + right, LAD + circ) mean LV perfusion was significantly reduced. Average regional myocardial perfusion distal to significant lesions was not selectively reduced below the remainder of the ventricle unless the lesions were 100% obstructions. However, both total and distal regional myocardial perfusion increased less in 12 patients with greater than 50% lesions than in 12 others with normal arteriograms or less than 50% lesions. Subnormal flow responses in all of the former group were associated with angina pectoris compared with no angina in the latter. The studies indicate the potential utility of the measurements of regional myocardial blood flow in the evaluation of patients with ischemic heart disease who are potential candidates for myocardial revascularization procedures.", "contents": "Studies of regional myocardial blood flow: results in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery disease. Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow have been performed rapidly and safely in man at the time of coronary arteriography. Xenon-133 was injected into the coronary artery and estimates of myocardial capillary perfusion were made by computer analysis of the multiple precordial tracer washout curves recorded with a scintillation camera. Blood flow rates/100 g/min in different areas of the heart were calculated by the Schmidt-Kety formula, using an assumed partition coefficient, and were related to the coronary vascular lesions by landmarks provided by the arteriograms. The flow significance of lesions was assessed by making measurements at rest and during interventions that increase coronary blood flow. Perfusion was also estimated in areas supplied by collateral vessels, and regions of scar were detected from the initial distribution of peak tracer activity. In patients with less than 50% obstructions apparent on coronary arteriograms and in those with greater than 50% isolated left anterior descending lesions average mean left ventricular (LV) myocardial perfusion values were not reduced below values found in patients with normal coronary arteries and normal cardiac function. However, in patients with significant two-vessel disease (LAD + right, LAD + circ) mean LV perfusion was significantly reduced. Average regional myocardial perfusion distal to significant lesions was not selectively reduced below the remainder of the ventricle unless the lesions were 100% obstructions. However, both total and distal regional myocardial perfusion increased less in 12 patients with greater than 50% lesions than in 12 others with normal arteriograms or less than 50% lesions. Subnormal flow responses in all of the former group were associated with angina pectoris compared with no angina in the latter. The studies indicate the potential utility of the measurements of regional myocardial blood flow in the evaluation of patients with ischemic heart disease who are potential candidates for myocardial revascularization procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:941027", "title": "Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals.", "content": "This review covers the side effects and adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals that were reported in the literature over the past 25 years. The information published prior to 1970 is sporadic, but due to the increased utilization of nuclear medicine procedures and the recognition that radiopharmaceuticals may have pharmacologic side effects, a registry has existed since 1971 to tabulate information on such effects. This survey is medical, rather than pharmaceutical in emphasis and so the adverse reactions are classified according to the target-organ systems involved rather than according to the specific radionuclides or to pharmaceuticals. If any of the radiopharmaceuticals of present or past use are not mentioned in this review, it is because no reports on their side effects were retrived by us. Hopefully, the organized registry system suggested by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) will enable a more complete recording of side effects from radiopharmaceuticals in the future.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals. This review covers the side effects and adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals that were reported in the literature over the past 25 years. The information published prior to 1970 is sporadic, but due to the increased utilization of nuclear medicine procedures and the recognition that radiopharmaceuticals may have pharmacologic side effects, a registry has existed since 1971 to tabulate information on such effects. This survey is medical, rather than pharmaceutical in emphasis and so the adverse reactions are classified according to the target-organ systems involved rather than according to the specific radionuclides or to pharmaceuticals. If any of the radiopharmaceuticals of present or past use are not mentioned in this review, it is because no reports on their side effects were retrived by us. Hopefully, the organized registry system suggested by the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM) will enable a more complete recording of side effects from radiopharmaceuticals in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:941047", "title": "Anesthetic technic using profound hypothermia for correction of congenital heart defects in infants and small children.", "content": "Profound hypothermia can be a useful adjunct in the intraoperative management of infants and small children undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart defects. A case description of a 5 1/2-month-old male infant with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage who had successful repair using surface cooling, cardiopulmonary bypass, and pump cooling to 20 C with intermittent periods of low systemic blood flow illustrates the technic. Discussed are the value of surface cooling before cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass, physiologic changes affecting the intraoperative and postoperative course, and the major risks and advantages of the technic.", "contents": "Anesthetic technic using profound hypothermia for correction of congenital heart defects in infants and small children. Profound hypothermia can be a useful adjunct in the intraoperative management of infants and small children undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart defects. A case description of a 5 1/2-month-old male infant with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage who had successful repair using surface cooling, cardiopulmonary bypass, and pump cooling to 20 C with intermittent periods of low systemic blood flow illustrates the technic. Discussed are the value of surface cooling before cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass, physiologic changes affecting the intraoperative and postoperative course, and the major risks and advantages of the technic."}
{"id": "PMID:941048", "title": "A perspective focus on the indicated surgical treatment of resistant clubfoot in the infant.", "content": "Ligamentous contracture is the chief factor in maintaining clubfoot deformity. Precise plans of segmental ligamentous release are called \"selective segmental syndesmotomies.\" Critical segmental assessment by roentgenograms is required to choose the proper syndesmotomy. Proper early correction of resistant subtalar and midtarsal deformity by selective segmental syndesmotomy can solve much of the persistent trouble confronting the surgeon.", "contents": "A perspective focus on the indicated surgical treatment of resistant clubfoot in the infant. Ligamentous contracture is the chief factor in maintaining clubfoot deformity. Precise plans of segmental ligamentous release are called \"selective segmental syndesmotomies.\" Critical segmental assessment by roentgenograms is required to choose the proper syndesmotomy. Proper early correction of resistant subtalar and midtarsal deformity by selective segmental syndesmotomy can solve much of the persistent trouble confronting the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:941049", "title": "The sexually exploited child.", "content": "Sexual exploitation of children (under 14 years of age) is a common occurrence, although actual numbers are unknown. There are three major forms of sexual abuse: (1) incest, ie, sexual activity between consanguineous family members; (2) sexual assault, such as rape or molestation by adults not related to the child; and (3) habitual sexual exploitation for purposes of financial reward or perverse sexual satisfaction. Brother-sister incest has the highest incidence in the middle and upper socioeconomic levels and is probably the least damaging, psychologically, to sexual adjustment later in life. Father-daughter incest is more common in the lower socioeconomic levels and is thought to produce  major disorders in the psychosexual area. Sexual assault of children, if handled supportively and with understanding by the surrounding adults, including parents, physicians, teachers, law enforcement officers, and others, can result in minimal sequelae; however, often the situation is handled with emotional reactions ranging from disgust to hysteria which result in the child's being victimized and traumatized unnecessarily. These latter situations lead to sexual acting-out in adolescence, promiscuity, perversions, or frigidity in adult sexual life. Teachers, physicians, and child welfare workers need to be attuned to the possibility to sexual abuse in the children they serve.", "contents": "The sexually exploited child. Sexual exploitation of children (under 14 years of age) is a common occurrence, although actual numbers are unknown. There are three major forms of sexual abuse: (1) incest, ie, sexual activity between consanguineous family members; (2) sexual assault, such as rape or molestation by adults not related to the child; and (3) habitual sexual exploitation for purposes of financial reward or perverse sexual satisfaction. Brother-sister incest has the highest incidence in the middle and upper socioeconomic levels and is probably the least damaging, psychologically, to sexual adjustment later in life. Father-daughter incest is more common in the lower socioeconomic levels and is thought to produce  major disorders in the psychosexual area. Sexual assault of children, if handled supportively and with understanding by the surrounding adults, including parents, physicians, teachers, law enforcement officers, and others, can result in minimal sequelae; however, often the situation is handled with emotional reactions ranging from disgust to hysteria which result in the child's being victimized and traumatized unnecessarily. These latter situations lead to sexual acting-out in adolescence, promiscuity, perversions, or frigidity in adult sexual life. Teachers, physicians, and child welfare workers need to be attuned to the possibility to sexual abuse in the children they serve."}
{"id": "PMID:941050", "title": "The effect of food on procainamide absorption.", "content": "The effect of food on the absorption characteristics of procainamide was assessed after oral administration of the drug to eight male patients in the fasting and postprandial states. Serum concentration-time curves showed no significant difference in peak serum levels of procainamide, in the time the peak value was reached, or in the area under the serum concentration-time curves, indicating the total amount of procainamide present in the serum. The bioavailability of procainamide appears not to be significantly altered by taking an oral dose with food.", "contents": "The effect of food on procainamide absorption. The effect of food on the absorption characteristics of procainamide was assessed after oral administration of the drug to eight male patients in the fasting and postprandial states. Serum concentration-time curves showed no significant difference in peak serum levels of procainamide, in the time the peak value was reached, or in the area under the serum concentration-time curves, indicating the total amount of procainamide present in the serum. The bioavailability of procainamide appears not to be significantly altered by taking an oral dose with food."}
{"id": "PMID:941051", "title": "Plantar neuroma: analysis of results following surgical excision in 145 patients.", "content": "Few series deal with the long-term results of surgical exision of plantar neuromas. The results of a study with a 21.5 month average follow-up are presented. Of 145 patients undergoing surgery from 1970 to 1973, 85 returned for examination and roentgenograms. There were 13% with unsatisfactory results and 21.3% with some pain remaining. Caution should therefore be used in assuring patients of complete relief.", "contents": "Plantar neuroma: analysis of results following surgical excision in 145 patients. Few series deal with the long-term results of surgical exision of plantar neuromas. The results of a study with a 21.5 month average follow-up are presented. Of 145 patients undergoing surgery from 1970 to 1973, 85 returned for examination and roentgenograms. There were 13% with unsatisfactory results and 21.3% with some pain remaining. Caution should therefore be used in assuring patients of complete relief."}
{"id": "PMID:941052", "title": "Sporotrichosis: an unusual disseminated cutaneous case and a fatal pulmonary case.", "content": "Two unusual cases of sporotrichosis are presented. One patient had disseminated vesicular skin lesions which yielded Sporothrix schenckii on culture. The other, with extensive pulmonary sporotrichosis, continued to have sputum cultures positive for S schenckii during three years of intensive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis: an unusual disseminated cutaneous case and a fatal pulmonary case. Two unusual cases of sporotrichosis are presented. One patient had disseminated vesicular skin lesions which yielded Sporothrix schenckii on culture. The other, with extensive pulmonary sporotrichosis, continued to have sputum cultures positive for S schenckii during three years of intensive chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:941053", "title": "Indications for and results with the Swanson distal ulnar prosthesis.", "content": "Classically, wrist synovectomy, when the distal radioulnar joint is involved, includes excision of the distal ulna (the classical Darrach procedure). Orthopedists and rheumatologists are well aware of the propensity for extensor tendon rupture, particularly of the ring and little finger, in this area. Dr. Alfred Swanson has presented his results with a silastic interposition to substitute for the excision of the distal ulna. This paper presents a surgical technic, indications, and results in five cases of rheumatoid arthritis in which wrist synovectomy and repair of extensor tendon ruptures were done as appropriate. This distal ulnar prosthesis is recommended for routine use in wrist synovectomy when excision of the distal ulna is performed.", "contents": "Indications for and results with the Swanson distal ulnar prosthesis. Classically, wrist synovectomy, when the distal radioulnar joint is involved, includes excision of the distal ulna (the classical Darrach procedure). Orthopedists and rheumatologists are well aware of the propensity for extensor tendon rupture, particularly of the ring and little finger, in this area. Dr. Alfred Swanson has presented his results with a silastic interposition to substitute for the excision of the distal ulna. This paper presents a surgical technic, indications, and results in five cases of rheumatoid arthritis in which wrist synovectomy and repair of extensor tendon ruptures were done as appropriate. This distal ulnar prosthesis is recommended for routine use in wrist synovectomy when excision of the distal ulna is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:941054", "title": "Nephropathy caused by methicillin therapy for staphylococcal septicemia.", "content": "Nephropathy, eosinophilia and fever were observed in an 18-year-old man being treated for staphylococcal septicemia. Parenteral challenge with suspected sensitizing agents confirmed methicillin as the likely offender. Review of the literature relating to methicillin-induced nephropathy suggests a hypersensitivity origin for this disorder, but immunologic and ultrastructural investigation to date has failed to elucidate pathogenesis.", "contents": "Nephropathy caused by methicillin therapy for staphylococcal septicemia. Nephropathy, eosinophilia and fever were observed in an 18-year-old man being treated for staphylococcal septicemia. Parenteral challenge with suspected sensitizing agents confirmed methicillin as the likely offender. Review of the literature relating to methicillin-induced nephropathy suggests a hypersensitivity origin for this disorder, but immunologic and ultrastructural investigation to date has failed to elucidate pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:941055", "title": "Genitourinary complications of abdominoperineal resection.", "content": "The genitourinary complications of 86 consecutive cases of abdominoperineal resection at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center are described. Vesical dysfunction was the most common problem, occurring in 11 patients in our series. Eight required prostatectomy for urinary retention. The significance and treatment of vesical dysfunction is somewhat controversial, but an attempt to document the cause should be made in every case. Voiding symptoms and results of intravenous urogram with postvoiding films, cystogram, cystometrogram, and cystoscopy are diagnostically pertinent. Accordingly, preoperative urologic evaluation is indispensable to proper treatment of rectosigmoid carcinoma.", "contents": "Genitourinary complications of abdominoperineal resection. The genitourinary complications of 86 consecutive cases of abdominoperineal resection at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center are described. Vesical dysfunction was the most common problem, occurring in 11 patients in our series. Eight required prostatectomy for urinary retention. The significance and treatment of vesical dysfunction is somewhat controversial, but an attempt to document the cause should be made in every case. Voiding symptoms and results of intravenous urogram with postvoiding films, cystogram, cystometrogram, and cystoscopy are diagnostically pertinent. Accordingly, preoperative urologic evaluation is indispensable to proper treatment of rectosigmoid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:941056", "title": "Hyperkalemia and acidosis in lead nephropathy.", "content": "Defective potassium excretion with clinical acidosis, associated with fixed moderate sodium wasting, has been found to be a common abnormality in lead nephropathy. Lead poisoning has been shown by others to be associated with depression of the renin-aldosterone system and of sodium and potassium activated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). Since these hormonal defects may contribute to the hyperkalemia and are reversible, lead poisoning should be treated aggressively. Management also requires proper regulation of dietary sodium, correction of acidosis, limitation of dietary potassium, and minimal use of antihypertensive agents, as well as the administration of allopurinal for urate control.", "contents": "Hyperkalemia and acidosis in lead nephropathy. Defective potassium excretion with clinical acidosis, associated with fixed moderate sodium wasting, has been found to be a common abnormality in lead nephropathy. Lead poisoning has been shown by others to be associated with depression of the renin-aldosterone system and of sodium and potassium activated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). Since these hormonal defects may contribute to the hyperkalemia and are reversible, lead poisoning should be treated aggressively. Management also requires proper regulation of dietary sodium, correction of acidosis, limitation of dietary potassium, and minimal use of antihypertensive agents, as well as the administration of allopurinal for urate control."}
{"id": "PMID:941057", "title": "The oxytocin challenge test.", "content": "In a group of 152 high-risk pregnancies, 266 oxytocin challenge tests were reviewed. There were 137 patients with persistently negative oxytocin challenge tests with only one false-negative test being recorded. Fifteen patients who displayed a positive test at some time in their antepartum course are discussed along with other aspects of the oxytocin challenge test.", "contents": "The oxytocin challenge test. In a group of 152 high-risk pregnancies, 266 oxytocin challenge tests were reviewed. There were 137 patients with persistently negative oxytocin challenge tests with only one false-negative test being recorded. Fifteen patients who displayed a positive test at some time in their antepartum course are discussed along with other aspects of the oxytocin challenge test."}
{"id": "PMID:941058", "title": "Fat embolism revisited.", "content": "Despite continuing interest in fat embolism, the precise pathogenesis and the best treatment of the syndrome are still in doubt. To assess the effect of a high index of suspicion about the outcome of the syndrome, we have compared 37 patients seen from 1962 to 1968 with 16 patients seen from 1968 to 1974. The study of the original group of patients generated considerable interest in the diagnosis and management of the syndrome at our institution. The two groups are well matched for age, sex, and source of injury. The more recent group (1968-1974) seemed to have had more severe injuries as judged by number of fractures and need for blood transfusions. Despite this increase in severity of injury, the mortality rate for the period 1968-1974 was only 12.5% as opposed to 21% for the period 1962-1968. This improvement in mortality was achieved without resort to many of the popular pharmacologic regimens, including steroids and heparin. A high index of suspicion leading to an early diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction and aggressive supportive therapy has been responsible for the improved results.", "contents": "Fat embolism revisited. Despite continuing interest in fat embolism, the precise pathogenesis and the best treatment of the syndrome are still in doubt. To assess the effect of a high index of suspicion about the outcome of the syndrome, we have compared 37 patients seen from 1962 to 1968 with 16 patients seen from 1968 to 1974. The study of the original group of patients generated considerable interest in the diagnosis and management of the syndrome at our institution. The two groups are well matched for age, sex, and source of injury. The more recent group (1968-1974) seemed to have had more severe injuries as judged by number of fractures and need for blood transfusions. Despite this increase in severity of injury, the mortality rate for the period 1968-1974 was only 12.5% as opposed to 21% for the period 1962-1968. This improvement in mortality was achieved without resort to many of the popular pharmacologic regimens, including steroids and heparin. A high index of suspicion leading to an early diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction and aggressive supportive therapy has been responsible for the improved results."}
{"id": "PMID:941059", "title": "Septic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome in sickle cell disorders: case reports and implications for management.", "content": "Two patients with sickle cell disorders developed gram-negative septic arthritis and responded poorly to conventional managment. Unfavorable factors included (1) confusion with the nonseptic arthropathy of a sickle crisis; (2) impaired articular perfusion, perhaps related to local sickling; (3) conversion of an infecting organism to an L-form in the presence of cell-wall inhibitors; and (4) interference with cultures and antibacterial titrations of synovial fluid caused by intro-articular administration of antibiotics. Prolonged treatment with very high doses of antibiotics was required to eradicate infection in both patients. Because sickling and local hypoxia apparently interfere with defenses against infection, anemia should be corrected by transfusion. One patient had had Reiter's syndrome; the dysenteric form of this disease may be a cause of arthritis in some sicklemic patients.", "contents": "Septic arthritis and Reiter's syndrome in sickle cell disorders: case reports and implications for management. Two patients with sickle cell disorders developed gram-negative septic arthritis and responded poorly to conventional managment. Unfavorable factors included (1) confusion with the nonseptic arthropathy of a sickle crisis; (2) impaired articular perfusion, perhaps related to local sickling; (3) conversion of an infecting organism to an L-form in the presence of cell-wall inhibitors; and (4) interference with cultures and antibacterial titrations of synovial fluid caused by intro-articular administration of antibiotics. Prolonged treatment with very high doses of antibiotics was required to eradicate infection in both patients. Because sickling and local hypoxia apparently interfere with defenses against infection, anemia should be corrected by transfusion. One patient had had Reiter's syndrome; the dysenteric form of this disease may be a cause of arthritis in some sicklemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:941060", "title": "Laryngeal neoplasm mortality in Oklahoma: 1950-1970.", "content": "A survey of death certificates of victims with laryngeal cancer in Oklahoma for the period 1950 to 1970 attempts to corroborate findings of the current literature. Sex-race specific death rates per 100,000 for white, nonwhite, and American Indian populaces displayed a distinct sex and racial pattern: respectively, 38.52, 28.11, and 12.52 for males; 5.25, 1.23, and 0 for females. Age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 for white males for the four consecutive five-year periods were 19.00, 21.64, 20.91, and 26.81; these rates show constant mortality for laryngeal cancer for the period between 1950 and 1965, followed by an increase of approximately 30% in the 1966 to 1970 interval. Similar analysis of the white females, nonwhite males, and nonwhite females did not reveal such a clear secular pattern, although the adjustment for age did preserve the sex and racial pattern indicated above. Age-adjusted laryngeal cancer death rates of 42.34, 46.14, and 48.51 for the rural, nonmetropolitan, and metropolitan counties, respectively, indicated a direct association between mortality and degree of urbanization. All findings appeared to be in concordance with those given in the recent literature.", "contents": "Laryngeal neoplasm mortality in Oklahoma: 1950-1970. A survey of death certificates of victims with laryngeal cancer in Oklahoma for the period 1950 to 1970 attempts to corroborate findings of the current literature. Sex-race specific death rates per 100,000 for white, nonwhite, and American Indian populaces displayed a distinct sex and racial pattern: respectively, 38.52, 28.11, and 12.52 for males; 5.25, 1.23, and 0 for females. Age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 for white males for the four consecutive five-year periods were 19.00, 21.64, 20.91, and 26.81; these rates show constant mortality for laryngeal cancer for the period between 1950 and 1965, followed by an increase of approximately 30% in the 1966 to 1970 interval. Similar analysis of the white females, nonwhite males, and nonwhite females did not reveal such a clear secular pattern, although the adjustment for age did preserve the sex and racial pattern indicated above. Age-adjusted laryngeal cancer death rates of 42.34, 46.14, and 48.51 for the rural, nonmetropolitan, and metropolitan counties, respectively, indicated a direct association between mortality and degree of urbanization. All findings appeared to be in concordance with those given in the recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:941061", "title": "Routine magnification cerebral angiography: a practical system designed for community hospital application.", "content": "Magnification cerebral angiography is no longer to be considered a tool only of clinical investigation; its routine application is clearly advantageous. A relatively inexpensive system has been developed which can be applied in a special procedure suite where cardiac and abdominal angiography as well as other radiographic procedures must be performed.", "contents": "Routine magnification cerebral angiography: a practical system designed for community hospital application. Magnification cerebral angiography is no longer to be considered a tool only of clinical investigation; its routine application is clearly advantageous. A relatively inexpensive system has been developed which can be applied in a special procedure suite where cardiac and abdominal angiography as well as other radiographic procedures must be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:941065", "title": "Nephrolithiasis: recent advances in therapy.", "content": "The stone-forming process includes crystal formation, crystal aggregation, and retention time to allow growth. The crystal-forming process, in turn, is influenced by the pH of the urine, the solute load, and inhibitors of crystallization. Idiopathic stone disease is characterized by recurrent formation of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite stones without an apparent underlying cause. Treatment of idiopathic stone disease has been aimed at decreasing the solute concentration, increasing the solubility of calcium phosphate, or interfering with extension of the crystal lattice.", "contents": "Nephrolithiasis: recent advances in therapy. The stone-forming process includes crystal formation, crystal aggregation, and retention time to allow growth. The crystal-forming process, in turn, is influenced by the pH of the urine, the solute load, and inhibitors of crystallization. Idiopathic stone disease is characterized by recurrent formation of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite stones without an apparent underlying cause. Treatment of idiopathic stone disease has been aimed at decreasing the solute concentration, increasing the solubility of calcium phosphate, or interfering with extension of the crystal lattice."}
{"id": "PMID:941073", "title": "The augmentive use of methyl methacrylate in the management of pathologic fractures.", "content": "Methyl methacrylate is a useful adjunct to obtain secure internal fixation in the treatment of comminuted pathologic fractures. This method was used in 73 patients with 81 pathologic fractures of whom only four failed to regain function in the extremity which was operated upon. While it is probable that methyl methacrylate may have an adverse effect on fracture healing, the fixation achieved when applied to only one surface appears adequate and was observed to last for as long as nine years. The use of methyl methacrylate to augment internal fixation of pathologic fractures offers the patient a better chance to return to normal activities than any of the methods that are in use to date.", "contents": "The augmentive use of methyl methacrylate in the management of pathologic fractures. Methyl methacrylate is a useful adjunct to obtain secure internal fixation in the treatment of comminuted pathologic fractures. This method was used in 73 patients with 81 pathologic fractures of whom only four failed to regain function in the extremity which was operated upon. While it is probable that methyl methacrylate may have an adverse effect on fracture healing, the fixation achieved when applied to only one surface appears adequate and was observed to last for as long as nine years. The use of methyl methacrylate to augment internal fixation of pathologic fractures offers the patient a better chance to return to normal activities than any of the methods that are in use to date."}
{"id": "PMID:941074", "title": "The surgical and hematologic significance of accessory spleens.", "content": "The approximately 10 per cent incidence of accessory spleens in the general population is well documented, and accessory spleens often are not clinically significant. Trauma, torsion and, especially, hematologic diseases can affect an accessory spleen. A careful search should be made for accessory spleens, and they should be removed at the time of primary splenectomy so as to avoid a second operation later in life.", "contents": "The surgical and hematologic significance of accessory spleens. The approximately 10 per cent incidence of accessory spleens in the general population is well documented, and accessory spleens often are not clinically significant. Trauma, torsion and, especially, hematologic diseases can affect an accessory spleen. A careful search should be made for accessory spleens, and they should be removed at the time of primary splenectomy so as to avoid a second operation later in life."}
{"id": "PMID:941075", "title": "Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Three hundred patients with acute pancreatitis have been studied. Pancreatitis was associated with alcoholism in 207, biliary tract disease in 51 and other conditions in 42. Twenty-two patients died, and an additional 34 patients required more than one week of treatment in the intensive care unit. Retrospective analysis of the first 100 patients identified 11 objective findings which correlated with the occurrence of serious illness or death. They were, on admission, age over 55 years, blood glucose level over 200 milligrams per cent, white blood count over 16,000 per cubic millimeter, serum lactic dehydrogenase level over 350 International units per liter and serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase level over 250 Sigma Frankel units per cent. During the initial 48 hours of therapy, the findings were hematocrit value decrease over 10 percentage points, serum calcium level below 8 milligrams per cent, base deficit over 4 milli-equivalents per liter, a blood urea nitrogen level increase over 5 milligrams per cent, estimated fluid sequestration over 6 liters and arterial oxygen tension less than 60 millimeters of mercury. Prospective application of these signs in the latter 200 patients permitted the accurate early identification of those with severe pancreatitis. Only one of 162 patients with fewer than three of these early features was seriously ill or died, while 24 of 38 patients with three or more early positive findings were seriously ill or died. The objective early identification of patients with severe pancreatitis permits more vigorous management of this group and also provides a basis for the selection of patients for the evaluation of proposed improved therapies. Percutaneous peritoneal dialysis in severe pancreatitis was evaluated in ten patients, with three or more positive early signs, who were randomly assigned to dialysis or continued conventional care. Morbidity was strikingly reduced in patients who underwent dialysis, and while death or more than nine days of intensive care occurred in two of five patients who did not receive dialysis, all five patients having dialysis recovered after fewer than nine days of intensive care treatment. Serious illness or death occurred in 31 of the first 100 patients but in only 26 of the more recent 200 patients. There has been a similar fall in mortality from 15.0 to 3.5 per cent. Factors which may contribute to this improvment include the objective early identification of patients with severe disease, the avoidance of early laparotomy whenever practical, the prolongation of nasogastric suction until all evidence of pancreatic inflammation has resolved, careful monitoring of respiratory function and early treatment of pulmonary complications and peritoneal dialysis in patients with severe disease.", "contents": "Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis. Three hundred patients with acute pancreatitis have been studied. Pancreatitis was associated with alcoholism in 207, biliary tract disease in 51 and other conditions in 42. Twenty-two patients died, and an additional 34 patients required more than one week of treatment in the intensive care unit. Retrospective analysis of the first 100 patients identified 11 objective findings which correlated with the occurrence of serious illness or death. They were, on admission, age over 55 years, blood glucose level over 200 milligrams per cent, white blood count over 16,000 per cubic millimeter, serum lactic dehydrogenase level over 350 International units per liter and serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase level over 250 Sigma Frankel units per cent. During the initial 48 hours of therapy, the findings were hematocrit value decrease over 10 percentage points, serum calcium level below 8 milligrams per cent, base deficit over 4 milli-equivalents per liter, a blood urea nitrogen level increase over 5 milligrams per cent, estimated fluid sequestration over 6 liters and arterial oxygen tension less than 60 millimeters of mercury. Prospective application of these signs in the latter 200 patients permitted the accurate early identification of those with severe pancreatitis. Only one of 162 patients with fewer than three of these early features was seriously ill or died, while 24 of 38 patients with three or more early positive findings were seriously ill or died. The objective early identification of patients with severe pancreatitis permits more vigorous management of this group and also provides a basis for the selection of patients for the evaluation of proposed improved therapies. Percutaneous peritoneal dialysis in severe pancreatitis was evaluated in ten patients, with three or more positive early signs, who were randomly assigned to dialysis or continued conventional care. Morbidity was strikingly reduced in patients who underwent dialysis, and while death or more than nine days of intensive care occurred in two of five patients who did not receive dialysis, all five patients having dialysis recovered after fewer than nine days of intensive care treatment. Serious illness or death occurred in 31 of the first 100 patients but in only 26 of the more recent 200 patients. There has been a similar fall in mortality from 15.0 to 3.5 per cent. Factors which may contribute to this improvment include the objective early identification of patients with severe disease, the avoidance of early laparotomy whenever practical, the prolongation of nasogastric suction until all evidence of pancreatic inflammation has resolved, careful monitoring of respiratory function and early treatment of pulmonary complications and peritoneal dialysis in patients with severe disease."}
{"id": "PMID:941076", "title": "Collagen metabolism in infected colonic anastomoses.", "content": "Infection of the peritoneum has an adverse effect on the healing of colonic anastomoses. It has been suggested that infection results in a disturbance of colonic collagen metabolism, but the precise nature of the biochemical disorder is uncertain. Colonic collagen metabolism was studied in infected anastomoses in the left colon of rats. The rats were labeled with radioactive proline from an early stage of growth, and infected anastomoses were compared with anastomoses of the control group of uninfected rats. Infection resulted in significant changes in collagen metabolism during the early phase of colonic healing. There was a significant reduction in the amount of salt soluble collagen in infected anastomoses on the third postoperative day compared with anastomoses of the control group, and reduced amounts of acid soluble collagen and insoluble collagen were found in infected anastomoses on the seventh postoperative day. These observations suggest that the defective healing of infected colonic anastomoses results either from an increased lysis of newly formed--salt soluble--collagen or from a reduction in the intracellular formation of collagen.", "contents": "Collagen metabolism in infected colonic anastomoses. Infection of the peritoneum has an adverse effect on the healing of colonic anastomoses. It has been suggested that infection results in a disturbance of colonic collagen metabolism, but the precise nature of the biochemical disorder is uncertain. Colonic collagen metabolism was studied in infected anastomoses in the left colon of rats. The rats were labeled with radioactive proline from an early stage of growth, and infected anastomoses were compared with anastomoses of the control group of uninfected rats. Infection resulted in significant changes in collagen metabolism during the early phase of colonic healing. There was a significant reduction in the amount of salt soluble collagen in infected anastomoses on the third postoperative day compared with anastomoses of the control group, and reduced amounts of acid soluble collagen and insoluble collagen were found in infected anastomoses on the seventh postoperative day. These observations suggest that the defective healing of infected colonic anastomoses results either from an increased lysis of newly formed--salt soluble--collagen or from a reduction in the intracellular formation of collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:941077", "title": "The lymph nodes of the porta hepatis.", "content": "The area under the liver was dissected in 27 human autopsy specimens to search for lymph nodes in the fissures. Nodes were present in all instances. They were in the transverse fissure, posterior to the portal vein, posterior to pars transversus of the left portal vein and associated with the left hepatic artery. The size varied from 2 millimeters to 2 centimeters. Each node was histologically confirmed. Nodes were infrequent and small on the right. Nodes were not found between the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile ducts in the fissures. Nodes were found outside the fissures in the fascia between the bile duct and hepatic artery. Occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery could be expected before occlusion of the bile duct. Node enlargement in the transverse fissure is anticipated as a rare cause of jaundice.", "contents": "The lymph nodes of the porta hepatis. The area under the liver was dissected in 27 human autopsy specimens to search for lymph nodes in the fissures. Nodes were present in all instances. They were in the transverse fissure, posterior to the portal vein, posterior to pars transversus of the left portal vein and associated with the left hepatic artery. The size varied from 2 millimeters to 2 centimeters. Each node was histologically confirmed. Nodes were infrequent and small on the right. Nodes were not found between the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile ducts in the fissures. Nodes were found outside the fissures in the fascia between the bile duct and hepatic artery. Occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery could be expected before occlusion of the bile duct. Node enlargement in the transverse fissure is anticipated as a rare cause of jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:941078", "title": "Correlation of neurologic complications and pressure measurements during carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "There was no significant difference between the mean occluded internal carotid artery pressure in asymptomatic, transient ischemic attack or prior stroke patients. The stump pressure was not consistently elevated at the second operation in those having undergone bilateral procedures. Estimate of back bleeding from the internal carotid artery operation did not necessarily correlate with the stump pressure. Adequate back bleeding was recorded in patients with a low stump pressure, and reduced bleeding was noted in individuals with a high stump pressure. The pressure gradient across the stenosis of the bifurcation of the carotid artery was helpful in assessing the degree of stenosis present. The occluded internal carotid artery pressure seemed to be a helpful aid in indicating those patients with poor collateral flow and, therefore, at high risk of ischemic brain damage. The use of an inlying shunt in those individuals having a low stump pressure may be expected to reduce the over-all neurologic complication rate in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.", "contents": "Correlation of neurologic complications and pressure measurements during carotid endarterectomy. There was no significant difference between the mean occluded internal carotid artery pressure in asymptomatic, transient ischemic attack or prior stroke patients. The stump pressure was not consistently elevated at the second operation in those having undergone bilateral procedures. Estimate of back bleeding from the internal carotid artery operation did not necessarily correlate with the stump pressure. Adequate back bleeding was recorded in patients with a low stump pressure, and reduced bleeding was noted in individuals with a high stump pressure. The pressure gradient across the stenosis of the bifurcation of the carotid artery was helpful in assessing the degree of stenosis present. The occluded internal carotid artery pressure seemed to be a helpful aid in indicating those patients with poor collateral flow and, therefore, at high risk of ischemic brain damage. The use of an inlying shunt in those individuals having a low stump pressure may be expected to reduce the over-all neurologic complication rate in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:941079", "title": "The morbidity of vasectomy.", "content": "Elective bilateral vasectomy has become an established surgical procedure to achieve sterilization in the male. The ability to accomplish this by an ambulatory technique, with few side-effects, probably accounts for the widespread demand by the general public. However, a number of significant complications were encountered in a series of 250 patients who were carefully surveyed to determine the actual morbidity of this operation. In addition, five patients exhibited spontaneous regeneration of the severed vas deferens, one instance having been documented as occurring after the absence of spermatozoa from the ejaculate. These difficulties must be emphasized in preoperative discussions with patients seeking this method of contraception.", "contents": "The morbidity of vasectomy. Elective bilateral vasectomy has become an established surgical procedure to achieve sterilization in the male. The ability to accomplish this by an ambulatory technique, with few side-effects, probably accounts for the widespread demand by the general public. However, a number of significant complications were encountered in a series of 250 patients who were carefully surveyed to determine the actual morbidity of this operation. In addition, five patients exhibited spontaneous regeneration of the severed vas deferens, one instance having been documented as occurring after the absence of spermatozoa from the ejaculate. These difficulties must be emphasized in preoperative discussions with patients seeking this method of contraception."}
{"id": "PMID:941080", "title": "A study of autopsies upon 116 patients with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A series of 116 nonselected and consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis with a fatal outcome underwent necropsy and have been analyzed with special attention paid to hepatic findings and the cause of death. This series includes the total fatalities caused by the disease during a 15 year period from 1956 to 1970. All but two patients died in the first attack of acute pancreatitis. The patients were divided into four etiologic groups: gallstone disease, 43 per cent; alcoholism, 25 per cent; idiopathic origin, 18 per cent, and postoperative origin, following abdominal operations, 14 per cent. Over the three five-year periods, the frequency of alcohol abuse as a predisposing factor increased, while gallstone disease showed a corresponding decrease. About 75 per cent of the patients had hyperbilirubinemia. Half of these showed signs of cholestasis. Macroscopic steatosis of the liver was recorded in 62 per cent of the alcohol addicts and in about 25 per cent of the patients in the other etiologic groups. Shock and late sequelae of shock were the dominating immediate causes of death in 72 per cent. About 50 per cent of the fatalities occurred within the first week. Most of these early deaths were caused by intractable circulatory failure. Early death was most commonly caused by alcoholism, followed in frequency by gallstone disease. It is possible that impaired hepatic function contributes to the fatal outcome in both early and late phases of the disease.", "contents": "A study of autopsies upon 116 patients with acute pancreatitis. A series of 116 nonselected and consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis with a fatal outcome underwent necropsy and have been analyzed with special attention paid to hepatic findings and the cause of death. This series includes the total fatalities caused by the disease during a 15 year period from 1956 to 1970. All but two patients died in the first attack of acute pancreatitis. The patients were divided into four etiologic groups: gallstone disease, 43 per cent; alcoholism, 25 per cent; idiopathic origin, 18 per cent, and postoperative origin, following abdominal operations, 14 per cent. Over the three five-year periods, the frequency of alcohol abuse as a predisposing factor increased, while gallstone disease showed a corresponding decrease. About 75 per cent of the patients had hyperbilirubinemia. Half of these showed signs of cholestasis. Macroscopic steatosis of the liver was recorded in 62 per cent of the alcohol addicts and in about 25 per cent of the patients in the other etiologic groups. Shock and late sequelae of shock were the dominating immediate causes of death in 72 per cent. About 50 per cent of the fatalities occurred within the first week. Most of these early deaths were caused by intractable circulatory failure. Early death was most commonly caused by alcoholism, followed in frequency by gallstone disease. It is possible that impaired hepatic function contributes to the fatal outcome in both early and late phases of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:941081", "title": "The role of scalene lymph node biopsy in advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Considerable controversy exists in the role of scalene lymph node biopsy in the pretreatment assessment of patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Scalene lymph node biopsy was carried out on ten patients having advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri with documented para-aortic nodal involvement. Metastatic carcinoma was found in the scalene lymph nodes in five of ten patients. These preliminary findings suggest that excision of scalene lymph nodes should be carried out prior to the institution of therapy in all patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri which is metastatic to the para-aortic lymph nodes.", "contents": "The role of scalene lymph node biopsy in advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Considerable controversy exists in the role of scalene lymph node biopsy in the pretreatment assessment of patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Scalene lymph node biopsy was carried out on ten patients having advanced carcinoma of the cervix uteri with documented para-aortic nodal involvement. Metastatic carcinoma was found in the scalene lymph nodes in five of ten patients. These preliminary findings suggest that excision of scalene lymph nodes should be carried out prior to the institution of therapy in all patients with carcinoma of the cervix uteri which is metastatic to the para-aortic lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:941082", "title": "Unimpaired renal, myocardial and neurologic function after cross clamping of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Twelve patients who had sustained trauma presented at the emergency department with either asystole or profound hypotension. All underwent thoracotomy and temporary cross clamping of the descending thoracic aorta as part of the resuscitative measures; all received massive amounts of fluids and cold blood and underwent prompt surgical intervention. In none of these patients was there evidence of myocardial, peripheral nerve, neurologic or renal damage. One patient had residual cortical blindness. Measures were taken to preserve renal function before, during and after aortic cross clamping. These included the avoidance of nephrotoxic antibiotics, limit of clamping time to the minimum effective period, intermittent release of the aortic clamp, and intraoperative administration of osmotic diuretics or furosemide, or both. Other factors which may have contributed to these results were the youth of these patients, the absence of cardiac, renal or metabolic diseases and the hypothermia resulting from the administration of large amounts of cold blood. We concluded that temporary cross clamping of the descending thoracic aorta should be performed only for patients with massive exsanguine trauma who have cardiac arrest or who do not respond to other intensive resuscitative measures.", "contents": "Unimpaired renal, myocardial and neurologic function after cross clamping of the thoracic aorta. Twelve patients who had sustained trauma presented at the emergency department with either asystole or profound hypotension. All underwent thoracotomy and temporary cross clamping of the descending thoracic aorta as part of the resuscitative measures; all received massive amounts of fluids and cold blood and underwent prompt surgical intervention. In none of these patients was there evidence of myocardial, peripheral nerve, neurologic or renal damage. One patient had residual cortical blindness. Measures were taken to preserve renal function before, during and after aortic cross clamping. These included the avoidance of nephrotoxic antibiotics, limit of clamping time to the minimum effective period, intermittent release of the aortic clamp, and intraoperative administration of osmotic diuretics or furosemide, or both. Other factors which may have contributed to these results were the youth of these patients, the absence of cardiac, renal or metabolic diseases and the hypothermia resulting from the administration of large amounts of cold blood. We concluded that temporary cross clamping of the descending thoracic aorta should be performed only for patients with massive exsanguine trauma who have cardiac arrest or who do not respond to other intensive resuscitative measures."}
{"id": "PMID:941083", "title": "Elemental diet and bile induced pancreatitis.", "content": "The effectiveness of an elemental diet was investigated as both a prophylactic and therapeutic agent in experimental canine pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced by operative injection of a bile -saline solution mixture under pressure retrograde into the main pancreatic duct. In addition to a preinjection control sample, serial biopsies were obtained at 30 minute intervals for 90 minutes after injection and fixed for light and electron microscopic examinations. In addition, preoperative and postoperative blood samples were drawn and analyzed for amylase. After operation, half of the dogs from each original group were fed Vivonex-100, the other half from each group, regular laboratory chow, yielding four ultimate groups based on preoperative and postoperative diets. Successful induction of pancreatitis was evaluated by the difference between preoperative and postoperative amylase values, all of which were significant by group at the p less than 0.01 level. No ultrastructural evidence was found for the modification of zymogen granules with the pretreatment elemental diet nor were differences evident, histologically or ultrastructurally, in the severity of pancreatitis between the pretreated and nonpretreated groups. Finally, gross mortality figures demonstrated no efficacy of elemental diet for pretreatment prophylaxis of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Elemental diet and bile induced pancreatitis. The effectiveness of an elemental diet was investigated as both a prophylactic and therapeutic agent in experimental canine pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced by operative injection of a bile -saline solution mixture under pressure retrograde into the main pancreatic duct. In addition to a preinjection control sample, serial biopsies were obtained at 30 minute intervals for 90 minutes after injection and fixed for light and electron microscopic examinations. In addition, preoperative and postoperative blood samples were drawn and analyzed for amylase. After operation, half of the dogs from each original group were fed Vivonex-100, the other half from each group, regular laboratory chow, yielding four ultimate groups based on preoperative and postoperative diets. Successful induction of pancreatitis was evaluated by the difference between preoperative and postoperative amylase values, all of which were significant by group at the p less than 0.01 level. No ultrastructural evidence was found for the modification of zymogen granules with the pretreatment elemental diet nor were differences evident, histologically or ultrastructurally, in the severity of pancreatitis between the pretreated and nonpretreated groups. Finally, gross mortality figures demonstrated no efficacy of elemental diet for pretreatment prophylaxis of acute pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:941084", "title": "Surgical treatment of partial extraluminal occlusion of the vertebral artery.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with insufficiency of the vertebral artery due to partial extraluminal occlusion of a segment of the first part of the vertebral artery were operated upon with postoperative symptomatic improvement. Selection of patients is dependent on angiography of the aortic arch with visualization of the vessels of the neck. There was no mortality and no significant morbidity among these patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of partial extraluminal occlusion of the vertebral artery. Twenty-three patients with insufficiency of the vertebral artery due to partial extraluminal occlusion of a segment of the first part of the vertebral artery were operated upon with postoperative symptomatic improvement. Selection of patients is dependent on angiography of the aortic arch with visualization of the vessels of the neck. There was no mortality and no significant morbidity among these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:941085", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the distribution of sodium in normal, pentagastrin-stimulated and secretin-inhibited fundic mucosa of the stomach of the rat.", "content": "Normal, pentagastrin-stimulated and secretin-inhibited stomachs of rats were fixed either by perfusion or by immersion in an unbuffered osmium tetroxide potassium pyroantimonate mixture at a pH of 7.6, and the mucosa from the fundic area was examined under the electron microscope for sodium localization. Both fixation methods gave comparable results. In the control tissue, sodium pyroantimonate crystals were mainly seen in and around the collagen fibers in the interstitium and to a lesser extent in the basal and lateral plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. No significant differences were noticed in the secretin-inhibited tissue. In contrast, in the pentagastrin-stimulated mucosa, an increase in the amount of precipitate along with a redistribution occurred. The pyroantimonate technique seems promising for studying the mechanism of sodium transport in the gastric mucosa.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the distribution of sodium in normal, pentagastrin-stimulated and secretin-inhibited fundic mucosa of the stomach of the rat. Normal, pentagastrin-stimulated and secretin-inhibited stomachs of rats were fixed either by perfusion or by immersion in an unbuffered osmium tetroxide potassium pyroantimonate mixture at a pH of 7.6, and the mucosa from the fundic area was examined under the electron microscope for sodium localization. Both fixation methods gave comparable results. In the control tissue, sodium pyroantimonate crystals were mainly seen in and around the collagen fibers in the interstitium and to a lesser extent in the basal and lateral plasma membranes of the epithelial cells. No significant differences were noticed in the secretin-inhibited tissue. In contrast, in the pentagastrin-stimulated mucosa, an increase in the amount of precipitate along with a redistribution occurred. The pyroantimonate technique seems promising for studying the mechanism of sodium transport in the gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:941087", "title": "A modified technique for the reconstruction of the alimentary tract after pancreatoduodenectomy.", "content": "The high death rate for those patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy, which is a result of leakage of biliary and pancreatic anastomoses in most instances, justifies the study of this technique for rebuilding the alimentary tract. The use of two separate intestinal loops for the biliary and pancreatic anastomoses is the basis of this method. This technique reduces the morbidity and the death rates which are the result of leakage in either anastomosis because it separates biliary and pancreatic fistulas.", "contents": "A modified technique for the reconstruction of the alimentary tract after pancreatoduodenectomy. The high death rate for those patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy, which is a result of leakage of biliary and pancreatic anastomoses in most instances, justifies the study of this technique for rebuilding the alimentary tract. The use of two separate intestinal loops for the biliary and pancreatic anastomoses is the basis of this method. This technique reduces the morbidity and the death rates which are the result of leakage in either anastomosis because it separates biliary and pancreatic fistulas."}
{"id": "PMID:941088", "title": "Intra-abdominal control of incidental indirect inguinal hernia.", "content": "A technique for dealing with incidental inguinal hernias during the course of other abdominal operations has been used on six patients in the past four years and kept the hernias reduced through the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Intra-abdominal control of incidental indirect inguinal hernia. A technique for dealing with incidental inguinal hernias during the course of other abdominal operations has been used on six patients in the past four years and kept the hernias reduced through the immediate postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:941089", "title": "Further evidence for an intestinal phase hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion.", "content": "The studies described in this report were directed at isolating the hormone responsible for the intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion. One hundred and ten extracts of hog intestinal mucosa, each representing the yield from about 3,000 hogs, were prepared by a method for isolating small peptides that involved heating, absorption on diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE), and acid precipitation. All extracts stimulated gastric acid secretion in acute gastric fistula rats, and 56 were highly active according to stringent criteria that required a greater than 50 percent increase in acid output above basal in at least 60 percent of rats. Increasing doses of extract stimulated increasing acid production according to a regular dose-response relationship. Twelve highly active extracts were tolerated without side effects when infused into dogs with Heidenhain pouches and produced a mean 22 fold increase in acid output above basal. The gastrin content of 73 extracts, measured by radioimmunoassay in two independent laboratories, averaged 5,80 ng. per rat dose of extract, which is approximately 1/500 of the minimal stimulating dose of hog gastrin. No extract contained sufficient gastrin to produce an acid secretory response. Administration of the extract together with a maximal stimulating dose of pentagastrin in rats significantly augmented the maximal acid secretory response. Finally, comparison of the acid secretory response to portal and systemic intravenous infusion of the extract in acute gastric fistula rats demonstrated significant inactivation by passage through the liver, in contrast to the results of similar studies of hog gastrin. It is concluded that the extract had all of the known physiologic properties of the intestinal phase hormone and very likely contained the intestinal phase hormone.", "contents": "Further evidence for an intestinal phase hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion. The studies described in this report were directed at isolating the hormone responsible for the intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion. One hundred and ten extracts of hog intestinal mucosa, each representing the yield from about 3,000 hogs, were prepared by a method for isolating small peptides that involved heating, absorption on diethylaminoethylcellulose (DEAE), and acid precipitation. All extracts stimulated gastric acid secretion in acute gastric fistula rats, and 56 were highly active according to stringent criteria that required a greater than 50 percent increase in acid output above basal in at least 60 percent of rats. Increasing doses of extract stimulated increasing acid production according to a regular dose-response relationship. Twelve highly active extracts were tolerated without side effects when infused into dogs with Heidenhain pouches and produced a mean 22 fold increase in acid output above basal. The gastrin content of 73 extracts, measured by radioimmunoassay in two independent laboratories, averaged 5,80 ng. per rat dose of extract, which is approximately 1/500 of the minimal stimulating dose of hog gastrin. No extract contained sufficient gastrin to produce an acid secretory response. Administration of the extract together with a maximal stimulating dose of pentagastrin in rats significantly augmented the maximal acid secretory response. Finally, comparison of the acid secretory response to portal and systemic intravenous infusion of the extract in acute gastric fistula rats demonstrated significant inactivation by passage through the liver, in contrast to the results of similar studies of hog gastrin. It is concluded that the extract had all of the known physiologic properties of the intestinal phase hormone and very likely contained the intestinal phase hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:941090", "title": "The definitive value of active-specific immunotherapy for experimental carcinoma of the colon.", "content": "Active-specific immunotherapy with concanavalin A or with neuraminidase-modified syngeneic tumor cells has been studied in an experimental model of colon cancer. Systemic immunotherapy with concanavalin A-modified tumor cells or with neuraminidase-modified tumor cells has resulted in up to 70 percent cure of rats receiving a lethal inoculum of tumor in a model tumor system which otherwise proved 80 percent lethal to untreated hosts. The possible mechanisms whereby neuraminidase or concanavalin A are effective cell-surface modifiers for active-specific immunotherapy are discussed. In vitro studies suggest markedly heightened antigenic recognition following immunization with concanvalin A-modified syngeneic tumor cells. These studies represent the first apparent evidence for the definitive value of systemic active-specific immunotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of large bowel cancer.", "contents": "The definitive value of active-specific immunotherapy for experimental carcinoma of the colon. Active-specific immunotherapy with concanavalin A or with neuraminidase-modified syngeneic tumor cells has been studied in an experimental model of colon cancer. Systemic immunotherapy with concanavalin A-modified tumor cells or with neuraminidase-modified tumor cells has resulted in up to 70 percent cure of rats receiving a lethal inoculum of tumor in a model tumor system which otherwise proved 80 percent lethal to untreated hosts. The possible mechanisms whereby neuraminidase or concanavalin A are effective cell-surface modifiers for active-specific immunotherapy are discussed. In vitro studies suggest markedly heightened antigenic recognition following immunization with concanvalin A-modified syngeneic tumor cells. These studies represent the first apparent evidence for the definitive value of systemic active-specific immunotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of large bowel cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:941091", "title": "Changes in hepatic bile secretion following cholecystectomy.", "content": "The volume and compositon of hepatic bile was studied in anesthetized dogs before and approximately 18 weeks after cholecystectomy. Dogs had common duct cannulation, cystic duct ligation, and temporary occlusion of the pylorus. An intravenous infusion of sodium  taurocholate, 9 muEq per minute, was given throughout the experiment. Bile volume, electrolyte composition, bile salt output, and 14C-mannitol clearance were determined during infusion of sodium taurocholate alone and after addition of secretin, 4 U. per kilogram per hour, to the infusion. Cholecystectomy then was done and the same experiment was repeated 18 weeks later. Cholecystectomy significantly increased bile volume, sodium and chloride output, and 14C-mannitol clearance both in response to taurocholate alone and to taurocholate plus secretin. Bile salt output and bicarbonate output were unchanged. The study shows that cholecystectomy significantly alters the volume and composition of hepatic bile. The data indicate that cholecystectomy does not affect ductular function or hepatic secretion of bile salts but that canalicular function is altered significantly.", "contents": "Changes in hepatic bile secretion following cholecystectomy. The volume and compositon of hepatic bile was studied in anesthetized dogs before and approximately 18 weeks after cholecystectomy. Dogs had common duct cannulation, cystic duct ligation, and temporary occlusion of the pylorus. An intravenous infusion of sodium  taurocholate, 9 muEq per minute, was given throughout the experiment. Bile volume, electrolyte composition, bile salt output, and 14C-mannitol clearance were determined during infusion of sodium taurocholate alone and after addition of secretin, 4 U. per kilogram per hour, to the infusion. Cholecystectomy then was done and the same experiment was repeated 18 weeks later. Cholecystectomy significantly increased bile volume, sodium and chloride output, and 14C-mannitol clearance both in response to taurocholate alone and to taurocholate plus secretin. Bile salt output and bicarbonate output were unchanged. The study shows that cholecystectomy significantly alters the volume and composition of hepatic bile. The data indicate that cholecystectomy does not affect ductular function or hepatic secretion of bile salts but that canalicular function is altered significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:941092", "title": "Proteolysis associated with a deficit of peripheral energy fuel substrates in septic man.", "content": "Sixteen seriously septic patients were studied to determine whether proteolysis occurred to satisfy a deficit of peripheral fuel, as suggested by out previous experimental observations. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids,and alanine were measured in blood samples from the femoral artery and vein to determine extraction (+) and release (-) by the leg. Simultaneously, cardiac index (CI) was determined by thermal dilution, so that an estimate of uptake or production of fuel substrates could be made from the proportional relationship of cardiac index to peripheral blood flow. Due to the antilipolytic effect of elevated levels of insulin (42 +/- 4 muM per milliliter) in those patients with elevated cardiac indices (4.38 +/- 0.33 L. per square meter per minute), free fatty acid uptake (-0.59 +/- 0.021 mM.) was reduced. In low-flow septic shock (CI, 1.66 +/- .41 L. per square meter per minute), the majority of glucose taken up by the limb was converted to lactate (arterial lactate, 3.14 +/- 0.7 mM.; deltaA-V 0.68 +/- 0.17). Free fatty acid uptake also was impaired in low-flow sepsis. As opposed to fasting, arterial levels and uptake of ketone bodies were insignificant in sepsis. These findings suggest that there is a deficit of peripheral fuel with respect to glucose and fat. That protein is oxidized to fill this deficit is substantiated by the increased alanine release (-0.13 +/- 0.01, -0.33 +/- 0.12 mM.) in the high-flow and low-flow septic groups, respectively, whereas alanine production was three- and fourfold greater than that observed in fasting patients. Enhanced release of alanine reflects the magnitude of oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and accounts for the high rates of gluconeogenesis and proteolysis observed in sepsis.", "contents": "Proteolysis associated with a deficit of peripheral energy fuel substrates in septic man. Sixteen seriously septic patients were studied to determine whether proteolysis occurred to satisfy a deficit of peripheral fuel, as suggested by out previous experimental observations. Concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids,and alanine were measured in blood samples from the femoral artery and vein to determine extraction (+) and release (-) by the leg. Simultaneously, cardiac index (CI) was determined by thermal dilution, so that an estimate of uptake or production of fuel substrates could be made from the proportional relationship of cardiac index to peripheral blood flow. Due to the antilipolytic effect of elevated levels of insulin (42 +/- 4 muM per milliliter) in those patients with elevated cardiac indices (4.38 +/- 0.33 L. per square meter per minute), free fatty acid uptake (-0.59 +/- 0.021 mM.) was reduced. In low-flow septic shock (CI, 1.66 +/- .41 L. per square meter per minute), the majority of glucose taken up by the limb was converted to lactate (arterial lactate, 3.14 +/- 0.7 mM.; deltaA-V 0.68 +/- 0.17). Free fatty acid uptake also was impaired in low-flow sepsis. As opposed to fasting, arterial levels and uptake of ketone bodies were insignificant in sepsis. These findings suggest that there is a deficit of peripheral fuel with respect to glucose and fat. That protein is oxidized to fill this deficit is substantiated by the increased alanine release (-0.13 +/- 0.01, -0.33 +/- 0.12 mM.) in the high-flow and low-flow septic groups, respectively, whereas alanine production was three- and fourfold greater than that observed in fasting patients. Enhanced release of alanine reflects the magnitude of oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and accounts for the high rates of gluconeogenesis and proteolysis observed in sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:941093", "title": "Adverse effects of jejunoileal bypass on growth and development.", "content": "Ninety percent jejunoileal bypass was performed in 20 growing (100 gram) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 15 male, genetically obese, growing (125 gram) Zucker \"fat rats\" (FR). Twenty SD and 15 FR unoperated rats of similar age and weight served as controls. Animals were evaluated for weight gain or loss, complications, and survival. At death (4 months), caliper measurements of long bones, vertebral column, pelvis, and skull were obtained, and brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys were excised and weighed. Liver and gonadal histology were obtained. The \"fat fat\" was more fragile, with a 20 percent anastomotic leak rate and a 33 percent mortality rate. The mortality rate was 5 percent (SD) and zero in controls. Bypassed animals showed growth retardation with weight of SD rats 31 percent (p less than 0.05) and FR's 19 percent of controls (p less than 0.05). Organ weights (liver, spleen, kidneys) were similar, except for a smaller brain in bypassed rats [SD 1.06 +/- 0.08 to 1.83 +/- 0.08 Gm. control (p less than 0.05), FR 1.2 +/- 0.12 to 1.68 +/- 0.09 control (p less than 0.025)]. Skeletal development was retarded significantly in bypassed rats [vertebral column, 125.9 +/- 3.5 to 138.3 +/- 3.9 mm. in controls (p less than .025); ilium, 39.4 +/- 1.1 to 46.2 +/- 1.5 mm. in controls (p less than 0.05); skull circumference, 20.2 +/- 0.03 to 22.5 +/- 0.05 mm. in controls (p less than 0.025)]. No increase in fatty infiltration of liver was observed. Spermatogenesis was diminished 30 percent (p less than 0.05) in bypassed (SD) animals. The data document significant morbidity and mortality rates, growth retardation, and diminished spermatogenesis in bypassed \"adolescent\" rats. These results imply that jejunoileal bypass may affect intellectual, skeletal, and reproductive development adversely and question the advisability of these procedures in growing subjects.", "contents": "Adverse effects of jejunoileal bypass on growth and development. Ninety percent jejunoileal bypass was performed in 20 growing (100 gram) male Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 15 male, genetically obese, growing (125 gram) Zucker \"fat rats\" (FR). Twenty SD and 15 FR unoperated rats of similar age and weight served as controls. Animals were evaluated for weight gain or loss, complications, and survival. At death (4 months), caliper measurements of long bones, vertebral column, pelvis, and skull were obtained, and brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys were excised and weighed. Liver and gonadal histology were obtained. The \"fat fat\" was more fragile, with a 20 percent anastomotic leak rate and a 33 percent mortality rate. The mortality rate was 5 percent (SD) and zero in controls. Bypassed animals showed growth retardation with weight of SD rats 31 percent (p less than 0.05) and FR's 19 percent of controls (p less than 0.05). Organ weights (liver, spleen, kidneys) were similar, except for a smaller brain in bypassed rats [SD 1.06 +/- 0.08 to 1.83 +/- 0.08 Gm. control (p less than 0.05), FR 1.2 +/- 0.12 to 1.68 +/- 0.09 control (p less than 0.025)]. Skeletal development was retarded significantly in bypassed rats [vertebral column, 125.9 +/- 3.5 to 138.3 +/- 3.9 mm. in controls (p less than .025); ilium, 39.4 +/- 1.1 to 46.2 +/- 1.5 mm. in controls (p less than 0.05); skull circumference, 20.2 +/- 0.03 to 22.5 +/- 0.05 mm. in controls (p less than 0.025)]. No increase in fatty infiltration of liver was observed. Spermatogenesis was diminished 30 percent (p less than 0.05) in bypassed (SD) animals. The data document significant morbidity and mortality rates, growth retardation, and diminished spermatogenesis in bypassed \"adolescent\" rats. These results imply that jejunoileal bypass may affect intellectual, skeletal, and reproductive development adversely and question the advisability of these procedures in growing subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:941094", "title": "Twenty-four hour membrane oxygenation in dogs without anticoagulation.", "content": "Is systemic heparinization or heparin-bonded circuitry better than no anticoagulation during 24 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass? We compared blood pressure, coagulation state, oxygenator function, and scanning electron microscopic appearance of the circuits. There were three groups of five dogs each: Group I had no anticoagulants; Group II received systemic heparization; Group III perfusions utilized heparin-bonded circuits. Group I animals all survived, whereas 80 percent (four fifths) in Group II and 20 percent (one fifth) in Group III survived. Arterial pressures were better maintained in Group I as compared to Groups II and III. The coagulation parameters were similar in all groups. Oxygenator function was maintained at normal in all groups. No thrombi were present in any of the circuits following perfusion. The surfaces in Group I had less debris on them compared to Groups II and III. Animals that died had fibrin thrombi present in tissues examined histologically. Systemic heparinization had no advantage over no heparin in this study. The striking similarity of the coagulation state between Groups I and II and better preservation of the surfaces in Group I were unexpected. Heparin-bonded circuits were unsatisfactory when compared to no anticoagulation and systemic heparinization. Additional experiments with various species with and without anticoagulation must be done to determine the best guidlines for human cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour membrane oxygenation in dogs without anticoagulation. Is systemic heparinization or heparin-bonded circuitry better than no anticoagulation during 24 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass? We compared blood pressure, coagulation state, oxygenator function, and scanning electron microscopic appearance of the circuits. There were three groups of five dogs each: Group I had no anticoagulants; Group II received systemic heparization; Group III perfusions utilized heparin-bonded circuits. Group I animals all survived, whereas 80 percent (four fifths) in Group II and 20 percent (one fifth) in Group III survived. Arterial pressures were better maintained in Group I as compared to Groups II and III. The coagulation parameters were similar in all groups. Oxygenator function was maintained at normal in all groups. No thrombi were present in any of the circuits following perfusion. The surfaces in Group I had less debris on them compared to Groups II and III. Animals that died had fibrin thrombi present in tissues examined histologically. Systemic heparinization had no advantage over no heparin in this study. The striking similarity of the coagulation state between Groups I and II and better preservation of the surfaces in Group I were unexpected. Heparin-bonded circuits were unsatisfactory when compared to no anticoagulation and systemic heparinization. Additional experiments with various species with and without anticoagulation must be done to determine the best guidlines for human cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:941095", "title": "Does hyperparathyroidism cause hypergastrinemia?", "content": "To define the relationship between hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and gastric function, 31 patients with HPT were prospectively studied before and 2 to 25 months after parathyroidectomy. The gastrin response to a standard test meal (STM), the basal acid output (BAO), and the peak acid output (PAO) were determined. Parathormone and calcium were elevated in all patients and returned to normal following parathyroidectomy. The mean fasting gastrin concentration, mean integrated gastrin response (IGR) to feeding, mean basal acid output (BAO), and mean peak acid output (PAO) were not changed by successful parathyroidectomy. There was no significant correlation between gastrin concentration or gastrin response to feeding and gastric acid secretion. Eight of 31 HPT patients had fasting gastrin concentrations above normal preoperatively and remained so postoperatively. Hypergastrinemia in six of these eight patients could be explained by the Zollinger-Ellison (Z-E) syndrome or chronic atrophic gastritis. The hypothesis that peptic ulcer disease seen in some HPT patients is the result of calcium-induced hypergastrinemia causing gastric hypersecretion is not supported by this study.", "contents": "Does hyperparathyroidism cause hypergastrinemia? To define the relationship between hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and gastric function, 31 patients with HPT were prospectively studied before and 2 to 25 months after parathyroidectomy. The gastrin response to a standard test meal (STM), the basal acid output (BAO), and the peak acid output (PAO) were determined. Parathormone and calcium were elevated in all patients and returned to normal following parathyroidectomy. The mean fasting gastrin concentration, mean integrated gastrin response (IGR) to feeding, mean basal acid output (BAO), and mean peak acid output (PAO) were not changed by successful parathyroidectomy. There was no significant correlation between gastrin concentration or gastrin response to feeding and gastric acid secretion. Eight of 31 HPT patients had fasting gastrin concentrations above normal preoperatively and remained so postoperatively. Hypergastrinemia in six of these eight patients could be explained by the Zollinger-Ellison (Z-E) syndrome or chronic atrophic gastritis. The hypothesis that peptic ulcer disease seen in some HPT patients is the result of calcium-induced hypergastrinemia causing gastric hypersecretion is not supported by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:941096", "title": "Relationship between collateral development and renin in experimental renal arterial stenosis.", "content": "Lateralizing renal venous plasma renin activity (RVPRA) ratios offer a predictive index of success of revascularization procedures for renovascular hypertension. Reliance upon nonlateralizing renin ratios to reject functional significance of renal arterial stenosis may deny some patients benefit of successful operations. To test the hypothesis that RVPRA ratios revert toward unity coincident with development of collateral circulation to an ischemic kidney, the relationship between development of collaterals and RVPRA was studied in nine dogs after gradual unilateral renal arterial occlusion with a constrictor. Arterial blood pressure and arteriographic measurement of collateral channels, RVPRA, and renal surface index (RSI) were measured before and during the 10-week interval after constrictor placement. RSI measurements, documenting changes in volume of the renal parenchyma, reflected changes in renal blood flow. Arterial pressure increased in each animal (p less than 0.0009). The number of collateral vessels to the constricted kidney increased with time (p less than 0.01). During the 4 weeks following placement of the constrictors, RSI ratios (constricted: nonconstricted) decreased (p less than 0.003) and RVPRA ratios (constricted: nonconstricted) increased (p less than 0.005). Subsequently, coincident with development of collateral vessels, RSI ratios increased and RVPRA ratios decreased toward control values. These data suggest that absence of lateralizing RVPRA ratios in the presence of collateral vessels does not mean lack of functional significance of stenotic renal arterial lesions.", "contents": "Relationship between collateral development and renin in experimental renal arterial stenosis. Lateralizing renal venous plasma renin activity (RVPRA) ratios offer a predictive index of success of revascularization procedures for renovascular hypertension. Reliance upon nonlateralizing renin ratios to reject functional significance of renal arterial stenosis may deny some patients benefit of successful operations. To test the hypothesis that RVPRA ratios revert toward unity coincident with development of collateral circulation to an ischemic kidney, the relationship between development of collaterals and RVPRA was studied in nine dogs after gradual unilateral renal arterial occlusion with a constrictor. Arterial blood pressure and arteriographic measurement of collateral channels, RVPRA, and renal surface index (RSI) were measured before and during the 10-week interval after constrictor placement. RSI measurements, documenting changes in volume of the renal parenchyma, reflected changes in renal blood flow. Arterial pressure increased in each animal (p less than 0.0009). The number of collateral vessels to the constricted kidney increased with time (p less than 0.01). During the 4 weeks following placement of the constrictors, RSI ratios (constricted: nonconstricted) decreased (p less than 0.003) and RVPRA ratios (constricted: nonconstricted) increased (p less than 0.005). Subsequently, coincident with development of collateral vessels, RSI ratios increased and RVPRA ratios decreased toward control values. These data suggest that absence of lateralizing RVPRA ratios in the presence of collateral vessels does not mean lack of functional significance of stenotic renal arterial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:941097", "title": "Catabolism of secretin by the liver and kidney.", "content": "We have investigated the roles of the liver and the kidney in the catabolism of secretin, using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. Dogs were prepared with sampling catheters in the aorta, hepatic vein, portal vein, and renal vein and with electromagnetic flow probes on the portal vein, hepatic artery, and renal artery. Secretin levels in the vessels entering and leaving the liver and kidney were determined by radioimmunoassay and the total mass of secretin [concentration (picograms per milliliter) X plasma flow rate (milliliter per minute)] was calculated during an intravenous infusion of exogenous secretin and during release of endogenous secretin by acidification of the proximal intestine. The total masses of secretin entering and leaving the liver were the same during secretin infusion and during the release of endogenous secretin. Under conditions of elevation of plasma secretin, however, the kidney extracted 30 percent of arterial secretin during secretin infusion and 45 percent during release of endogenous secretin. Clearly the kidney is a major site of secretin catabolism.", "contents": "Catabolism of secretin by the liver and kidney. We have investigated the roles of the liver and the kidney in the catabolism of secretin, using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. Dogs were prepared with sampling catheters in the aorta, hepatic vein, portal vein, and renal vein and with electromagnetic flow probes on the portal vein, hepatic artery, and renal artery. Secretin levels in the vessels entering and leaving the liver and kidney were determined by radioimmunoassay and the total mass of secretin [concentration (picograms per milliliter) X plasma flow rate (milliliter per minute)] was calculated during an intravenous infusion of exogenous secretin and during release of endogenous secretin by acidification of the proximal intestine. The total masses of secretin entering and leaving the liver were the same during secretin infusion and during the release of endogenous secretin. Under conditions of elevation of plasma secretin, however, the kidney extracted 30 percent of arterial secretin during secretin infusion and 45 percent during release of endogenous secretin. Clearly the kidney is a major site of secretin catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:941098", "title": "Myocardial reperfusion, a cause of ischemic injury during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Reperfusion following myocardial ischemia has been postulated to cause myocardial edema resulting in increasing interstitial pressure and retardation of the microcirculation. If ischemia then is repeated, the additional insult results in increasing edema and possible infarction. In order to test this hypothesis, 15 pigs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass with coronary perfusion maintained at 100 mm. Hg by a separate pump through the clamped aortic root. Coronary flow and vascular resistance were recorded. Distribution of coronary blood flow was monitored by injection of radioactively labeled microspheres (15 mu). Myocardial extravascular water was measured by simultaneously determining myocardial intravascular water with radioactive iodinated serum albumin (RISA) and total myocardial water with tritiated water (THO). Three 30 minute periods of myocardial ischemia and 5 minutes of coronary perfusion produced (1) a loss of the reactive hyperemic response to ischemia (coronary vascular resistance increased--from 0.295 +/- 0.024, control, to 0.366 +/- 0.042, after anoxia--rather than decreasing with reactive hyperemia induced vasodilatation); (2) a significant maldistribution of coronary flow away from the endocardium (endocardial: epicardial perfusion ratio 1.10 +/- 0.05, control, to 0.69 +/- 0.08, following ischemia, p less than 0.05); and (3) significant myocardial edema. Myocardial extravascular water rose from 46.4 +/- 1.7 ml. per 100 Gm., control, to 52.6 +/- 2.0 ml. per 100 Gm., after ischemia (p less than 0.05), whereas intravascular myocardial volume did not change significantly. Both light and electron microscopic examination of the postischemic myocardium shows interstitial and intracellular edema with typical ischemic changes at a cellular and subcellular level. The significant increase in myocardial extravascular water content associated with this injury supports the concept that myocardial reperfusion plays a role in its development.", "contents": "Myocardial reperfusion, a cause of ischemic injury during cardiopulmonary bypass. Reperfusion following myocardial ischemia has been postulated to cause myocardial edema resulting in increasing interstitial pressure and retardation of the microcirculation. If ischemia then is repeated, the additional insult results in increasing edema and possible infarction. In order to test this hypothesis, 15 pigs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass with coronary perfusion maintained at 100 mm. Hg by a separate pump through the clamped aortic root. Coronary flow and vascular resistance were recorded. Distribution of coronary blood flow was monitored by injection of radioactively labeled microspheres (15 mu). Myocardial extravascular water was measured by simultaneously determining myocardial intravascular water with radioactive iodinated serum albumin (RISA) and total myocardial water with tritiated water (THO). Three 30 minute periods of myocardial ischemia and 5 minutes of coronary perfusion produced (1) a loss of the reactive hyperemic response to ischemia (coronary vascular resistance increased--from 0.295 +/- 0.024, control, to 0.366 +/- 0.042, after anoxia--rather than decreasing with reactive hyperemia induced vasodilatation); (2) a significant maldistribution of coronary flow away from the endocardium (endocardial: epicardial perfusion ratio 1.10 +/- 0.05, control, to 0.69 +/- 0.08, following ischemia, p less than 0.05); and (3) significant myocardial edema. Myocardial extravascular water rose from 46.4 +/- 1.7 ml. per 100 Gm., control, to 52.6 +/- 2.0 ml. per 100 Gm., after ischemia (p less than 0.05), whereas intravascular myocardial volume did not change significantly. Both light and electron microscopic examination of the postischemic myocardium shows interstitial and intracellular edema with typical ischemic changes at a cellular and subcellular level. The significant increase in myocardial extravascular water content associated with this injury supports the concept that myocardial reperfusion plays a role in its development."}
{"id": "PMID:941105", "title": "Pulmonary resection for localized lesions of cryptococcosis (torulosis): a review of eight cases.", "content": "Torulosis is an uncommon, but potentially lethal disease. The aim of this report is to indicate that resection of isolated pulmonary lesions due to torulosis is a safe procedure. Resection has proved useful in the definitive diagnosis and treatment of eight cases seen in this thoracic surgical unit.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection for localized lesions of cryptococcosis (torulosis): a review of eight cases. Torulosis is an uncommon, but potentially lethal disease. The aim of this report is to indicate that resection of isolated pulmonary lesions due to torulosis is a safe procedure. Resection has proved useful in the definitive diagnosis and treatment of eight cases seen in this thoracic surgical unit."}
{"id": "PMID:941106", "title": "Squamous metaplasia of the tracheal epithelium in children.", "content": "Thirty-seven (1-6%) tracheas from 2170 children showed squamous metaplasia. (Cases with tracheo-oesophageal fistula and congenital heart disease were excluded). The metaplasia extended into the bronchi in 15 cases. Features of pulmonary retention were present in seven cases. Respiratory infection, probably viral, seemed to be the most significant causative factor in 20 children, including those with cystic fibrosis. Tracheal instrumentation was a possible factor in 11 cases but oxygen therapy alone did not seem important. The metaplasia was almost certainly congenital in one child and probably in two others but no stillborn infants showed metaplasia. In many children the metaplasia seemed to be due to a combination of factors.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia of the tracheal epithelium in children. Thirty-seven (1-6%) tracheas from 2170 children showed squamous metaplasia. (Cases with tracheo-oesophageal fistula and congenital heart disease were excluded). The metaplasia extended into the bronchi in 15 cases. Features of pulmonary retention were present in seven cases. Respiratory infection, probably viral, seemed to be the most significant causative factor in 20 children, including those with cystic fibrosis. Tracheal instrumentation was a possible factor in 11 cases but oxygen therapy alone did not seem important. The metaplasia was almost certainly congenital in one child and probably in two others but no stillborn infants showed metaplasia. In many children the metaplasia seemed to be due to a combination of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:941107", "title": "Complete correction of transposition of the great arteries with left juxtaposition of the atrial appendages.", "content": "Juxtaposition of the atrial appendages is an uncommon anomaly which is usually associated with transposition of the great arteries. Experience with five patients with transposition of the great arteries in combination with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in whom Mustard's operation was performed is reviewed. Technically, the existence of juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in corrective surgery for transposition does not present any additional surgical problems. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of early complete correction, avoiding the need for palliative procedure.", "contents": "Complete correction of transposition of the great arteries with left juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. Juxtaposition of the atrial appendages is an uncommon anomaly which is usually associated with transposition of the great arteries. Experience with five patients with transposition of the great arteries in combination with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in whom Mustard's operation was performed is reviewed. Technically, the existence of juxtaposition of the atrial appendages in corrective surgery for transposition does not present any additional surgical problems. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of early complete correction, avoiding the need for palliative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:941108", "title": "Selective vagotomy of the canine oesophagus--a model for the treatment of hiatal hernia.", "content": "Hiatal herniation caused by contraction of the longitudinal muscle of the oesophagus has been prevented by disconnecting the local vagal nerve supply while preserving the vagal connections to more distant organs. A selective oesophageal vagotomy above the lung hilum may prove an effective adjunct to orthodox hiatal hernia repair in man.", "contents": "Selective vagotomy of the canine oesophagus--a model for the treatment of hiatal hernia. Hiatal herniation caused by contraction of the longitudinal muscle of the oesophagus has been prevented by disconnecting the local vagal nerve supply while preserving the vagal connections to more distant organs. A selective oesophageal vagotomy above the lung hilum may prove an effective adjunct to orthodox hiatal hernia repair in man."}
{"id": "PMID:941110", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma.", "content": "Pulmonary blastoma is now accepted as a distinctive neoplasm. It remains rare, and only 28 cases have been reliably recorded. A further two cases are now reported, and the previous literature is reviewed. There are no specific clinical or radiological features of pulmonary blastoma. The presentation can be that of any other pulmonary tumour although a peripheral situation is usual and a large size is often attained before detection. Pulmonary blastoma is a mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and connective tissue components with a distinctive resemblance to fetal lung. The treatment of choice is surgical excision but the overall prognosis is poor. It is doubtful whether the tumour has a true blastomatous origin.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma. Pulmonary blastoma is now accepted as a distinctive neoplasm. It remains rare, and only 28 cases have been reliably recorded. A further two cases are now reported, and the previous literature is reviewed. There are no specific clinical or radiological features of pulmonary blastoma. The presentation can be that of any other pulmonary tumour although a peripheral situation is usual and a large size is often attained before detection. Pulmonary blastoma is a mixed tumour with malignant epithelial and connective tissue components with a distinctive resemblance to fetal lung. The treatment of choice is surgical excision but the overall prognosis is poor. It is doubtful whether the tumour has a true blastomatous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:941109", "title": "A unique pulmonary venous abnormality: with associated pulmonary arterial anomaly and arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "A man aged 29 was first seen at the age of 11, when he was found to have a congenital anomaly of the pulmonary veins which follow an abnormal course to the hilum. On the left side, two large veins descend peripherally before turning medially towards the left atrium; on the right, several smaller veins follow a similar circuitous route from the periphery, before uniting into two main veins which enter the left atrium. The proximal pulmonary arteries are normal in their pattern of branching and distribution but are dilated and tortous and taper abruptly: the left lower lobe artery is abnormally large almost down to the diaphragm. There is also a systemic arterio/pulmonary venous fistula. There is no haemodynamic disturbance, but gas transfer is slightly impaired, and there is slight arterial desaturation. The congenital anomaly is unique. Reported cases described as having pulmonary venous varices are a heterogeneous group, but one patient described as such shows resemblances to our case.", "contents": "A unique pulmonary venous abnormality: with associated pulmonary arterial anomaly and arteriovenous malformation. A man aged 29 was first seen at the age of 11, when he was found to have a congenital anomaly of the pulmonary veins which follow an abnormal course to the hilum. On the left side, two large veins descend peripherally before turning medially towards the left atrium; on the right, several smaller veins follow a similar circuitous route from the periphery, before uniting into two main veins which enter the left atrium. The proximal pulmonary arteries are normal in their pattern of branching and distribution but are dilated and tortous and taper abruptly: the left lower lobe artery is abnormally large almost down to the diaphragm. There is also a systemic arterio/pulmonary venous fistula. There is no haemodynamic disturbance, but gas transfer is slightly impaired, and there is slight arterial desaturation. The congenital anomaly is unique. Reported cases described as having pulmonary venous varices are a heterogeneous group, but one patient described as such shows resemblances to our case."}
{"id": "PMID:941111", "title": "Ascending aortic false aneurysm following cannulation for perfusion.", "content": "A case of false aneurysm originating from the ascending aortic cannulation site in the absence of mediastinal infection is described. Surgical treatment was carried out by means of limited cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest, but the patient died early in the postoperative period. The technical failures responsible for the unsuccessful outcome are emphasized.", "contents": "Ascending aortic false aneurysm following cannulation for perfusion. A case of false aneurysm originating from the ascending aortic cannulation site in the absence of mediastinal infection is described. Surgical treatment was carried out by means of limited cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermic circulatory arrest, but the patient died early in the postoperative period. The technical failures responsible for the unsuccessful outcome are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:941112", "title": "Effect of perfusion of bile salts solutions into the oesophagus of hiatal hernia patients and controls.", "content": "Tests of the response to perfusion of the oesophagus were made in 54 patients divided into three groups. Group I consisted of patients with symptomatic hiatal hernia, group II hiatal hernia patients with peptic stricture, and group III normal individuals. Each individual oesophagus was perfused at a rate of 45-65 drops per minute over 25 minutes with six solutions: normal saline, N/10 HCl, taurine conjugates of bile salts in normal saline, taurine conjugates of bile salts in N/10 HCl, glycine conjugates of bile salts in normal saline, and taurine and glycine conjugates in a ratio of 1 to 2 in normal saline. It was found that acidified taurine solutions were more irritating than acid alone. With a 2mM/l solution of taurine in acid, symptoms are produced even in controls. With a 1 mM/l solution of the same conjugates, the majority of normal people feel slight heartburn or nothing, and therefore perfusion into the oesophagus of such a solution could be used as a test for oesophagitis.", "contents": "Effect of perfusion of bile salts solutions into the oesophagus of hiatal hernia patients and controls. Tests of the response to perfusion of the oesophagus were made in 54 patients divided into three groups. Group I consisted of patients with symptomatic hiatal hernia, group II hiatal hernia patients with peptic stricture, and group III normal individuals. Each individual oesophagus was perfused at a rate of 45-65 drops per minute over 25 minutes with six solutions: normal saline, N/10 HCl, taurine conjugates of bile salts in normal saline, taurine conjugates of bile salts in N/10 HCl, glycine conjugates of bile salts in normal saline, and taurine and glycine conjugates in a ratio of 1 to 2 in normal saline. It was found that acidified taurine solutions were more irritating than acid alone. With a 2mM/l solution of taurine in acid, symptoms are produced even in controls. With a 1 mM/l solution of the same conjugates, the majority of normal people feel slight heartburn or nothing, and therefore perfusion into the oesophagus of such a solution could be used as a test for oesophagitis."}
{"id": "PMID:941113", "title": "Oesophageal motor changes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Radiography and manometry have been used to study oesophageal motor function in a group of 31 diabetics, 23 of whom had alimentary or genitourinary symptoms attributed to autonomic neuropathy. Peristalsis was of diminished amplitude and oesophageal emptying in the 15 degrees Trendelen-Peristalsis was of diminished amplitude and oesophageal emptying in the 15 degrees Trendelenburg position was delayed. The lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was reduced. The changes seldom caused symptoms and they were not confined to those diabetics with alimentary or genitourinary symptoms attributable to autonomic neuropathy. They suggest that autonomic neuropathy in diabetes is widespread and often subclinical. Degeneration of the ganglion cells of the oesophageal myenteric plexus is associated with hypersensitivity of the oesophageal smooth muscle to cholinergic agents. Bethanecol, a cholinergic drug with muscarinic actions, accelerated oesophageal emptying and increased the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure to normal levels in our diabetics but the hypersensitivity to this drug found in the presence of ganglion cell degeneration was not seen. This implies that in diabetic autonomic neuropathy the predominant lesion is in the preganglionic fibres of the vagus rather than in the myenteric plexus of the oesophageal wall.", "contents": "Oesophageal motor changes in diabetes mellitus. Radiography and manometry have been used to study oesophageal motor function in a group of 31 diabetics, 23 of whom had alimentary or genitourinary symptoms attributed to autonomic neuropathy. Peristalsis was of diminished amplitude and oesophageal emptying in the 15 degrees Trendelen-Peristalsis was of diminished amplitude and oesophageal emptying in the 15 degrees Trendelenburg position was delayed. The lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was reduced. The changes seldom caused symptoms and they were not confined to those diabetics with alimentary or genitourinary symptoms attributable to autonomic neuropathy. They suggest that autonomic neuropathy in diabetes is widespread and often subclinical. Degeneration of the ganglion cells of the oesophageal myenteric plexus is associated with hypersensitivity of the oesophageal smooth muscle to cholinergic agents. Bethanecol, a cholinergic drug with muscarinic actions, accelerated oesophageal emptying and increased the lower oesophageal sphincter pressure to normal levels in our diabetics but the hypersensitivity to this drug found in the presence of ganglion cell degeneration was not seen. This implies that in diabetic autonomic neuropathy the predominant lesion is in the preganglionic fibres of the vagus rather than in the myenteric plexus of the oesophageal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:941114", "title": "Observations on oesophageal length.", "content": "The subject of oesophageal length is discussed. The great variations in the length of the oesophagus in individual patients is noted, and the practical use of its recognition in oesophageal surgery is stressed. An apprasial of the various methods available for this measurement is made; this includes the use of external chest measurement, endoscopic measurement, and the measurement of the level of the electrical mucosal potential change. Correlative studies of these various methods are made, and these show a very high degree of significance. These studies involved simultaneous measurement of external and internal oesophageal length in 26 patients without a hiatal hernia or gastro-oesophageal length in 26 patients without a hiatal hernia or gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, 42 patients with sliding type hiatal hernia, and 17 patients with a peptic stricture in association with hiatal hernia. The method of measuring oesophageal length by the use of the external chest measurement, that is, the distance between the lower incisor teeth and the xiphisternum, measured with the neck fully extended and the patient lying supine, is described in detail, its practical application in oesophageal surgery is illustrated, and its validity tested by internal measurements. The findings of this study demonstrate that the external chest measurement provides a mean of assessing the true static length of the oesophagus, corrected for the size of the individual.", "contents": "Observations on oesophageal length. The subject of oesophageal length is discussed. The great variations in the length of the oesophagus in individual patients is noted, and the practical use of its recognition in oesophageal surgery is stressed. An apprasial of the various methods available for this measurement is made; this includes the use of external chest measurement, endoscopic measurement, and the measurement of the level of the electrical mucosal potential change. Correlative studies of these various methods are made, and these show a very high degree of significance. These studies involved simultaneous measurement of external and internal oesophageal length in 26 patients without a hiatal hernia or gastro-oesophageal length in 26 patients without a hiatal hernia or gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, 42 patients with sliding type hiatal hernia, and 17 patients with a peptic stricture in association with hiatal hernia. The method of measuring oesophageal length by the use of the external chest measurement, that is, the distance between the lower incisor teeth and the xiphisternum, measured with the neck fully extended and the patient lying supine, is described in detail, its practical application in oesophageal surgery is illustrated, and its validity tested by internal measurements. The findings of this study demonstrate that the external chest measurement provides a mean of assessing the true static length of the oesophagus, corrected for the size of the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:941115", "title": "Respiratory disease of workers harvesting grain.", "content": "The incidence of respiratory symptoms caused by grain dust during harvesting was surveyed in a group of Lincolnshire farmers. A quarter complained of respiratory distress after working on combine harvesters or near grain driers and elevators, with cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, sometimes so severe as to prevent work. The airborne dust around combine harvesters contained up to 200 million fungus spores/m3 air with Cladosporium predominant while drivers were exposed to up to 20 million spores/m3 air. Verticillium/Paecilomyces type spores, mostly from Verticillium lecanii, Aphanocladium album, and Paecilomyces bacillosporus, were abundant in the dust. Extracts of these species produced immediate weal reactions in skin tests, precipitin reactions with sera, and rapid decreases in FEV1 when inhaled by affected workers. There was no delayed reactions. Results suggest type I immediate hypersensitivity to the spores although the physical effect of a heavy dust deposit could be important. Drivers could be protected by cabs ventilated with filtered air.", "contents": "Respiratory disease of workers harvesting grain. The incidence of respiratory symptoms caused by grain dust during harvesting was surveyed in a group of Lincolnshire farmers. A quarter complained of respiratory distress after working on combine harvesters or near grain driers and elevators, with cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, sometimes so severe as to prevent work. The airborne dust around combine harvesters contained up to 200 million fungus spores/m3 air with Cladosporium predominant while drivers were exposed to up to 20 million spores/m3 air. Verticillium/Paecilomyces type spores, mostly from Verticillium lecanii, Aphanocladium album, and Paecilomyces bacillosporus, were abundant in the dust. Extracts of these species produced immediate weal reactions in skin tests, precipitin reactions with sera, and rapid decreases in FEV1 when inhaled by affected workers. There was no delayed reactions. Results suggest type I immediate hypersensitivity to the spores although the physical effect of a heavy dust deposit could be important. Drivers could be protected by cabs ventilated with filtered air."}
{"id": "PMID:941116", "title": "Hypoxaemia and cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "In order to determine the frequency of hypoxaemia and to evaluate the role of increased closing capacity in producing hypoxaemia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, 13 patients with well-established cirrhosis were studied. Arterial blood gases, spirometry, lung volume, and closing capacity measurements were made with the patients in the seated and recumbent positions after exclusion of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Four of 13 and six of 12 patients exhibited significant hypoxaemia in the seated and recumbent positions respectively. Five of 13 patients showed a closing capacity greater than predicted. This frequency of increased closing capacity was not higher than in a group of smokers of the same age. Unlike Ruff et al. (1971), we did not find a consistent relationship between hypoxaemia and closing capacity.", "contents": "Hypoxaemia and cirrhosis of the liver. In order to determine the frequency of hypoxaemia and to evaluate the role of increased closing capacity in producing hypoxaemia in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, 13 patients with well-established cirrhosis were studied. Arterial blood gases, spirometry, lung volume, and closing capacity measurements were made with the patients in the seated and recumbent positions after exclusion of cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Four of 13 and six of 12 patients exhibited significant hypoxaemia in the seated and recumbent positions respectively. Five of 13 patients showed a closing capacity greater than predicted. This frequency of increased closing capacity was not higher than in a group of smokers of the same age. Unlike Ruff et al. (1971), we did not find a consistent relationship between hypoxaemia and closing capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:941117", "title": "Quantitation of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels in chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "The number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (defined as vessels of less than 100 mu diameter with two distinct elastic laminae) was calculated in 50 postmortem lungs. The size of the right ventricle, the amount and type of emphysema, and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung were also quantitated. Eighteen patients had died as a result of chronic airways obstruction, 17 had symptoms of chronic chest disease but died from some unrelated cause, and 15 had no symptoms related to the respiratory system. The mean number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (TWPV) was found to be significantly greater in the fatal disease group than in both of the other groups. No significant difference was found between the mean values of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The mean number of TWPV was significantly greater in cases with a right ventricular weight of more than 80 g than in those with a weight of less than 65 g. Positive correlations were found between the number of TWPV and right ventricular weight, total amount of emphysema in the lung, and the amounts of centrilobular and panlobular emphysema. Significant negative correlations were found between the number of TWPV and both the ratio of the weight of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung.", "contents": "Quantitation of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels in chronic airways obstruction. The number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (defined as vessels of less than 100 mu diameter with two distinct elastic laminae) was calculated in 50 postmortem lungs. The size of the right ventricle, the amount and type of emphysema, and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung were also quantitated. Eighteen patients had died as a result of chronic airways obstruction, 17 had symptoms of chronic chest disease but died from some unrelated cause, and 15 had no symptoms related to the respiratory system. The mean number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (TWPV) was found to be significantly greater in the fatal disease group than in both of the other groups. No significant difference was found between the mean values of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The mean number of TWPV was significantly greater in cases with a right ventricular weight of more than 80 g than in those with a weight of less than 65 g. Positive correlations were found between the number of TWPV and right ventricular weight, total amount of emphysema in the lung, and the amounts of centrilobular and panlobular emphysema. Significant negative correlations were found between the number of TWPV and both the ratio of the weight of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung."}
{"id": "PMID:941118", "title": "Cardiovascular depressant effect of protamine sulphate: experimental study and clinical implications.", "content": "The mechanisms underlying protamine-induced hypotension and bradycardia were the subject of this investigation. Six groups of dogs with intact circulation were tested in controlled circumstances with various drugs. The following parameters were observed: femoral arterial pressure, central venous pressure, left ventricular pressure and its rate of rise, left ventricular contractile element velocity of shortening, maximal Vce, and cardiac output. The six groups were studied under these pharmacological conditions: ganglionic and adrenal medullary block with hexamethonium chlroide, postganglionic parasympathetic blockade by atropine sulphate, alpha and beta adrenergic receptor block by phenoxybenzamine and propranolol respectively, and depletion of endogenous histamine by compound 48/80 (a condensation product of p-methoxyphenethyl methylamine with formaldehyde). The last group was put on extracorporeal circulation to isolate the vascular tree from the heart. The effect of the drug on this isolated vasculature was observed by recording the femoral arterial pressure. Our findings show that the hypotension and bradycardia are produced by a direct effect of protamine on the myocardium and peripheral vascular system.", "contents": "Cardiovascular depressant effect of protamine sulphate: experimental study and clinical implications. The mechanisms underlying protamine-induced hypotension and bradycardia were the subject of this investigation. Six groups of dogs with intact circulation were tested in controlled circumstances with various drugs. The following parameters were observed: femoral arterial pressure, central venous pressure, left ventricular pressure and its rate of rise, left ventricular contractile element velocity of shortening, maximal Vce, and cardiac output. The six groups were studied under these pharmacological conditions: ganglionic and adrenal medullary block with hexamethonium chlroide, postganglionic parasympathetic blockade by atropine sulphate, alpha and beta adrenergic receptor block by phenoxybenzamine and propranolol respectively, and depletion of endogenous histamine by compound 48/80 (a condensation product of p-methoxyphenethyl methylamine with formaldehyde). The last group was put on extracorporeal circulation to isolate the vascular tree from the heart. The effect of the drug on this isolated vasculature was observed by recording the femoral arterial pressure. Our findings show that the hypotension and bradycardia are produced by a direct effect of protamine on the myocardium and peripheral vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:941119", "title": "Mitral valve reconstruction by posterior cusp advancement using a pericardial graft. Long-term follow-up in nine patients.", "content": "Between December 1964 and March 1969, 11 posterior cusp advancement operations were carried out for patients with mitral valve disease in whom there was posterior cusp deficiency. Seven of the nine long-term survivors have required reoperation for recurrent mitral regurgitation, combined in six instances with stenosis of varying severity, the interval between the first and second operations ranging from five months to nine years (average 57-5 months). Histological examination of the pericardial grafts recovered at re-operation has been made and shows that after an initial period during which the graft retains near normal structure, there is a progressive degeneration with fibrous tissue replacement. This process takes place on both surfaces of the graft where there is evidence of vascularization in the zone between the graft remnant and the overlying and increasingly thick fibrous tissue covering. The conclusion drawn from the experience with this small series is that the long-term performance of pericardial grafts designed to restore function to the posterior cusp of the mitral valve is poor and unpredictable.", "contents": "Mitral valve reconstruction by posterior cusp advancement using a pericardial graft. Long-term follow-up in nine patients. Between December 1964 and March 1969, 11 posterior cusp advancement operations were carried out for patients with mitral valve disease in whom there was posterior cusp deficiency. Seven of the nine long-term survivors have required reoperation for recurrent mitral regurgitation, combined in six instances with stenosis of varying severity, the interval between the first and second operations ranging from five months to nine years (average 57-5 months). Histological examination of the pericardial grafts recovered at re-operation has been made and shows that after an initial period during which the graft retains near normal structure, there is a progressive degeneration with fibrous tissue replacement. This process takes place on both surfaces of the graft where there is evidence of vascularization in the zone between the graft remnant and the overlying and increasingly thick fibrous tissue covering. The conclusion drawn from the experience with this small series is that the long-term performance of pericardial grafts designed to restore function to the posterior cusp of the mitral valve is poor and unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:941120", "title": "Mitral valve replacement in the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Thirty patients with severe preoperative pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure range 90-165 mmHg, mean 118 mmHg) were reviewed following single mitral valve replacement, with prosthetic valves, within the last 10 years (1964-74). The early and late mortality for this group was no different from that of the total series of mitral valve replacements performed over the same period. Marked postoperative clinical improvement was accompanied by corresponding radiological and electrocardiographic changes. In addition there was a statistically highly significant haemodynamic improvement in the 21 survivors (mean survival time 5 1/2 years). At recatheterization the mean pulmonary artery pressure was 41-5%, the mean wedge pressure 46-3%, and the transpulmonary gradient (PAm-LAm) 36-1% of the preoperative values. It is concluded that gross pulmonary hypertension is not per se a contraindication to mitral valve replacement surgery.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement in the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension. Thirty patients with severe preoperative pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure range 90-165 mmHg, mean 118 mmHg) were reviewed following single mitral valve replacement, with prosthetic valves, within the last 10 years (1964-74). The early and late mortality for this group was no different from that of the total series of mitral valve replacements performed over the same period. Marked postoperative clinical improvement was accompanied by corresponding radiological and electrocardiographic changes. In addition there was a statistically highly significant haemodynamic improvement in the 21 survivors (mean survival time 5 1/2 years). At recatheterization the mean pulmonary artery pressure was 41-5%, the mean wedge pressure 46-3%, and the transpulmonary gradient (PAm-LAm) 36-1% of the preoperative values. It is concluded that gross pulmonary hypertension is not per se a contraindication to mitral valve replacement surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:941121", "title": "Resection and reconstruction of the sternum: case report.", "content": "The case history of a 67-year-old man who underwent a subtotal sternectomy for a tumour of the manubrium and left clavicle is reported. Histological examination revealed a highly undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma: the original tumour was not discovered but the patient was in good condition 10 months after operation. Adequate replacement and stabilization of the chest wall was obtained with autotransplantation of the tibia and muscle flaps.", "contents": "Resection and reconstruction of the sternum: case report. The case history of a 67-year-old man who underwent a subtotal sternectomy for a tumour of the manubrium and left clavicle is reported. Histological examination revealed a highly undifferentiated metastatic carcinoma: the original tumour was not discovered but the patient was in good condition 10 months after operation. Adequate replacement and stabilization of the chest wall was obtained with autotransplantation of the tibia and muscle flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:941122", "title": "Paradoxical embolism complicating massive pulmonary embolus.", "content": "Paradoxical embolism is an unusual but well recognized complication of venous thromboembolic disease. This case report of a patient with massive pulmonary embolism, who had a paradoxical embolus through a patent foramen ovale, emphasizes that in these circumstances surgical intervention is indicated.", "contents": "Paradoxical embolism complicating massive pulmonary embolus. Paradoxical embolism is an unusual but well recognized complication of venous thromboembolic disease. This case report of a patient with massive pulmonary embolism, who had a paradoxical embolus through a patent foramen ovale, emphasizes that in these circumstances surgical intervention is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:941123", "title": "Necrotizing 'sarcoidal' angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung.", "content": "A case of necrotizing sarcoid angiitis and granulomatosis (NSG) presenting as a peripheral lung 'tumour' in a 63-year-old man is recorded, and the clinical and pathological features are compared with those of Liebow's original cases. Resection may be avoided if the diagnosis is made by biopsy as the disease is possibly steroid responsive and the prognosis appears favourable. The aetiology is obscure but an immune disturbance is suspected.", "contents": "Necrotizing 'sarcoidal' angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. A case of necrotizing sarcoid angiitis and granulomatosis (NSG) presenting as a peripheral lung 'tumour' in a 63-year-old man is recorded, and the clinical and pathological features are compared with those of Liebow's original cases. Resection may be avoided if the diagnosis is made by biopsy as the disease is possibly steroid responsive and the prognosis appears favourable. The aetiology is obscure but an immune disturbance is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:941124", "title": "Oesophageal moniliasis causing fistula formation and lung abscess.", "content": "Oesophageal moniliasis is reviewed and the incidence of fistula formation discussed. A case of oesophageal moniliasis without any predisposing factors, with fistula formation and lung abscess, is presented.", "contents": "Oesophageal moniliasis causing fistula formation and lung abscess. Oesophageal moniliasis is reviewed and the incidence of fistula formation discussed. A case of oesophageal moniliasis without any predisposing factors, with fistula formation and lung abscess, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:941125", "title": "Electromyographic studies in calves with spastic paresis.", "content": "As part of the investigation into the cause of spastic paresis in cattle, electromyographic studies were done in a number of calves with spastic paresis of one limb and in a number of normal calves. The calves with spastic paresis were also studied at various intervals after total neurectomy of the tibial nerve or tenotomy of the Achilles tendon structure. A marked increase in activity was perceptible in a number of muscles but characteristic changes in the EMG were not observed.", "contents": "Electromyographic studies in calves with spastic paresis. As part of the investigation into the cause of spastic paresis in cattle, electromyographic studies were done in a number of calves with spastic paresis of one limb and in a number of normal calves. The calves with spastic paresis were also studied at various intervals after total neurectomy of the tibial nerve or tenotomy of the Achilles tendon structure. A marked increase in activity was perceptible in a number of muscles but characteristic changes in the EMG were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:941126", "title": "[Dermatophyte infections in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Dermatophytes are more or less species-specific in animals. The diagnosis may be based on the microscopic specimen and is verified by cultural studies. This is subject to the restriction that fungus spores are only microscopically and culturally detectable during a particular period in which clinical symptoms are present. When the animal has had a primary infection, immunity will occur. This immunity is believed to play a role as early as spontaneous recovery from the primary infection. The stage of the disease should be taken into account in treating dermatophyte infections. The economic significance and risk of infection in human subjects are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Dermatophyte infections in animals (author's transl)]. Dermatophytes are more or less species-specific in animals. The diagnosis may be based on the microscopic specimen and is verified by cultural studies. This is subject to the restriction that fungus spores are only microscopically and culturally detectable during a particular period in which clinical symptoms are present. When the animal has had a primary infection, immunity will occur. This immunity is believed to play a role as early as spontaneous recovery from the primary infection. The stage of the disease should be taken into account in treating dermatophyte infections. The economic significance and risk of infection in human subjects are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941127", "title": "Histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "To assess the association between open-angle glaucoma and HL-A antigens, the frequencies of 25 HL-A antigens were determined in 49 patients with OAG, and 22 patients with increased intraocular pressure, due to causes other than OAG, using the microcytotoxicity method. The results were compared to 250 individuals from the general population who were tested in the same laboratory at the same period of time. Using rigid statistical analysis, the incidence of the Bw35 antigen was found to be significantly (less than 0.012) higher among OAG patients. In a group of 27 first relatives of OAG patients who were tested at the same time, the frequency of Bw35 antigen was increased compared to the general population. The biological importance of the association between Bw35 and OAG, which may still be a chance deviation, is not yet fully understood. It may indicate that the Bw35 antigen or the HLA loci are among the genetic factors which produce susceptibility to open-angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma. To assess the association between open-angle glaucoma and HL-A antigens, the frequencies of 25 HL-A antigens were determined in 49 patients with OAG, and 22 patients with increased intraocular pressure, due to causes other than OAG, using the microcytotoxicity method. The results were compared to 250 individuals from the general population who were tested in the same laboratory at the same period of time. Using rigid statistical analysis, the incidence of the Bw35 antigen was found to be significantly (less than 0.012) higher among OAG patients. In a group of 27 first relatives of OAG patients who were tested at the same time, the frequency of Bw35 antigen was increased compared to the general population. The biological importance of the association between Bw35 and OAG, which may still be a chance deviation, is not yet fully understood. It may indicate that the Bw35 antigen or the HLA loci are among the genetic factors which produce susceptibility to open-angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:941128", "title": "HLA antibodies and period of gestation: decline in frequency of positive sera during last trimester.", "content": "The incidence of cytotoxic antibodies in relation to the number of pregnancies and the different periods of gestation was analysed in sera from 2,686 pregnant women. In all groups, except among women pregnant more than five times, a significant decline in the incidence of active sera occurred during the last trimester of gestation.", "contents": "HLA antibodies and period of gestation: decline in frequency of positive sera during last trimester. The incidence of cytotoxic antibodies in relation to the number of pregnancies and the different periods of gestation was analysed in sera from 2,686 pregnant women. In all groups, except among women pregnant more than five times, a significant decline in the incidence of active sera occurred during the last trimester of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:941129", "title": "HLA CW3 in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy.", "content": "Fifty-four thyrotoxic patients (23 with and 31 without endocrine ophthalmopathy EOP) were HLA typed for A, B, and C locus antigens. The frequency of this third locus antigen CW3 was found to be significantly increased in patients with EOP compared with those thyrotoxic patients without EOP. These findings point to a possible genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxic patients with or without EOP. HLA B8 was observed in only 10 of the 54 patients studied, which is not in accordance with the previously reported statistically significant increased frequency of this B locus antigen in thyrotoxic patients.", "contents": "HLA CW3 in thyrotoxicosis patients with and without endocrine ophthalmopathy. Fifty-four thyrotoxic patients (23 with and 31 without endocrine ophthalmopathy EOP) were HLA typed for A, B, and C locus antigens. The frequency of this third locus antigen CW3 was found to be significantly increased in patients with EOP compared with those thyrotoxic patients without EOP. These findings point to a possible genetic heterogeneity in thyrotoxic patients with or without EOP. HLA B8 was observed in only 10 of the 54 patients studied, which is not in accordance with the previously reported statistically significant increased frequency of this B locus antigen in thyrotoxic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:941131", "title": "An unusual type of secretory cell in the ventral pedal gland of the gastropod mollusc Buccinum undatum L.", "content": "The ventral pedal gland in the foot of the mature female whelk Buccinum undatum L. consists of a shallow pouch containing a layer of elongated cells which partially penetrate a basement membrane overlying layers of smooth muscle. This glandular epithelium contains acid mucopolysaccharide cells, ciliated and interstitial cells as well as the upper part of a new type of subepidermal gland cell. These gland cells consist of an elongated extracellular tubular duct formed by an invagination of the cell membrane and lined by numerous microvilli. Into this duct are discharged packets of a densely staining secretion. The secretion packets are produced in Golgi regions around the nuclei of the cells and are passed up through the cell to the base of the duct through or along an extensive assemblage of microtubules. The secretion packets show organized internal structure and may contain aromatic aldehydes and protein associated with the sclerotization of the egg capsules, which pass through the gland after leaving the genital tract.", "contents": "An unusual type of secretory cell in the ventral pedal gland of the gastropod mollusc Buccinum undatum L. The ventral pedal gland in the foot of the mature female whelk Buccinum undatum L. consists of a shallow pouch containing a layer of elongated cells which partially penetrate a basement membrane overlying layers of smooth muscle. This glandular epithelium contains acid mucopolysaccharide cells, ciliated and interstitial cells as well as the upper part of a new type of subepidermal gland cell. These gland cells consist of an elongated extracellular tubular duct formed by an invagination of the cell membrane and lined by numerous microvilli. Into this duct are discharged packets of a densely staining secretion. The secretion packets are produced in Golgi regions around the nuclei of the cells and are passed up through the cell to the base of the duct through or along an extensive assemblage of microtubules. The secretion packets show organized internal structure and may contain aromatic aldehydes and protein associated with the sclerotization of the egg capsules, which pass through the gland after leaving the genital tract."}
{"id": "PMID:941132", "title": "An unusual receptor in the octopus.", "content": "The epithelium of the rim of the octopus sucker in the site of several different types of primary receptors. One is a non-ciliated cell with unusual characteristics. (1) The surface of the cell is extremely irregular with finger-like extension of cytoplasm, especially far reaching in the basal region. (2) The slender neck contains a canal whose apical opening is in contact with the environment. This canal is lined with microvilli and contains granular material in an electron-dense matrix. (3) Patches of presumed glycogen granules occur throughout the cell, being especially abundant in the outer reaches of the cytoplasmic extensions. Their presence, together with numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes, indicate a high intrinsic metabolism. (4) Small fascicles of microtubules are randomly situated throughout the perikaryon. They gather into a coherent system of larger and larger bundles which ultimately enter the axon leading from the cell. This axon extends some distance in the basal region of the epithelium before crossing the subepithelial space to enter the infundibular muscle. Possible functions of this cell are discussed. On the basis of its specific position on the sucker and its intrinsic morphology we suggest that it is a mechanoreceptor involved in shape and/or negative pressure discrimination.", "contents": "An unusual receptor in the octopus. The epithelium of the rim of the octopus sucker in the site of several different types of primary receptors. One is a non-ciliated cell with unusual characteristics. (1) The surface of the cell is extremely irregular with finger-like extension of cytoplasm, especially far reaching in the basal region. (2) The slender neck contains a canal whose apical opening is in contact with the environment. This canal is lined with microvilli and contains granular material in an electron-dense matrix. (3) Patches of presumed glycogen granules occur throughout the cell, being especially abundant in the outer reaches of the cytoplasmic extensions. Their presence, together with numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes, indicate a high intrinsic metabolism. (4) Small fascicles of microtubules are randomly situated throughout the perikaryon. They gather into a coherent system of larger and larger bundles which ultimately enter the axon leading from the cell. This axon extends some distance in the basal region of the epithelium before crossing the subepithelial space to enter the infundibular muscle. Possible functions of this cell are discussed. On the basis of its specific position on the sucker and its intrinsic morphology we suggest that it is a mechanoreceptor involved in shape and/or negative pressure discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:941133", "title": "The sarcolemma of Aplysia smooth muscle in freeze-fracture preparations.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells in the sheath covering the visceral ganglion of Aplysia californica were examined with the techniques of freeze-fracture and conventional electron microscopy. The sarcolemma of these muscle cell invaginates to form myriad caveolae that have an intrinsic marker within their membrane. This intrinsic structure of the caveolar membrane is revealed by freeze-fracture and consists of rows of large particles in the outer half and matching grooves on the complementary inner half of the membrane. In thin plastic sections, parallel striations or shelves within the caveolar membrane appear to be the equivalent of the particles and grooves of the fractured membrane. Physical fixation of some specimens by rapid freezing in super-cooled liquid nitrogen or in liquid helium suggests that in their natural state, the caveolar ostia are not uniform in size and that at any given moment a number of caveolae are flattened. When segments of the connective nerves which link the visceral ganglion to the cephalic ganglia are stretched in vitro two to three times their in situ length, the caveolae lose their invaginated shape and are fully exposed to the extracellular space. The caveolar membrane, so stretched, is pulled into the line of fracture with the result that the large particles rather than the ostia appear on the cleaved surface. This flattening of the caveolae is reversible and suggests that they might serve as miniature stretch-receptors within the membrane of the smooth muscle cells. The caveolae are accessible to extracellular horseradish peroxidase but do not appear to pinocytose the protein.", "contents": "The sarcolemma of Aplysia smooth muscle in freeze-fracture preparations. Smooth muscle cells in the sheath covering the visceral ganglion of Aplysia californica were examined with the techniques of freeze-fracture and conventional electron microscopy. The sarcolemma of these muscle cell invaginates to form myriad caveolae that have an intrinsic marker within their membrane. This intrinsic structure of the caveolar membrane is revealed by freeze-fracture and consists of rows of large particles in the outer half and matching grooves on the complementary inner half of the membrane. In thin plastic sections, parallel striations or shelves within the caveolar membrane appear to be the equivalent of the particles and grooves of the fractured membrane. Physical fixation of some specimens by rapid freezing in super-cooled liquid nitrogen or in liquid helium suggests that in their natural state, the caveolar ostia are not uniform in size and that at any given moment a number of caveolae are flattened. When segments of the connective nerves which link the visceral ganglion to the cephalic ganglia are stretched in vitro two to three times their in situ length, the caveolae lose their invaginated shape and are fully exposed to the extracellular space. The caveolar membrane, so stretched, is pulled into the line of fracture with the result that the large particles rather than the ostia appear on the cleaved surface. This flattening of the caveolae is reversible and suggests that they might serve as miniature stretch-receptors within the membrane of the smooth muscle cells. The caveolae are accessible to extracellular horseradish peroxidase but do not appear to pinocytose the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:941134", "title": "Analysis of fiber types in the pigeon's metapatagialis muscle. II. Effects of denervation.", "content": "The pigeon's metapatagialis muscle consists of three slips, two twitch and one tonic, and these slips are distinguishable at the gross anatomical level. Comparative studies of denervation are facilitated because the two fiber types are under the same mechanical forces, can be denervated as one muscle, and can be distinguished after denervation. Both fiber types atrophied after denervation, with the twitch fibers having a more variable response. Pathological alterations observed by light microscopy suggested that the twitch fibers were more affected by denervation than the tonus fibers. Ultrastructurally, both fiber types showed the same changes, with the twitch fibers again being more consistently altered. Proliferation of the transverse tubular system and sarcoplasmic reticulum were more marked in the tonus than twitch fibers, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum proliferated prior to the transverse tubules. Filament and fibril degeneration, peripheral and central degeneration, lysosomes and their derivatives, and satellite cell proliferation were common to both fiber types. Contracture knots were common to the denervated fibers, and were suggested to be characteristic of degenerating fibers. Degenerating motor end plates were observed, and most neurons in the fibers were naked, lacking myelin sheaths. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the neuron in maintaining the muscle, and the possibility of denervation inducing a transformation of tonic to twitch fibers.", "contents": "Analysis of fiber types in the pigeon's metapatagialis muscle. II. Effects of denervation. The pigeon's metapatagialis muscle consists of three slips, two twitch and one tonic, and these slips are distinguishable at the gross anatomical level. Comparative studies of denervation are facilitated because the two fiber types are under the same mechanical forces, can be denervated as one muscle, and can be distinguished after denervation. Both fiber types atrophied after denervation, with the twitch fibers having a more variable response. Pathological alterations observed by light microscopy suggested that the twitch fibers were more affected by denervation than the tonus fibers. Ultrastructurally, both fiber types showed the same changes, with the twitch fibers again being more consistently altered. Proliferation of the transverse tubular system and sarcoplasmic reticulum were more marked in the tonus than twitch fibers, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum proliferated prior to the transverse tubules. Filament and fibril degeneration, peripheral and central degeneration, lysosomes and their derivatives, and satellite cell proliferation were common to both fiber types. Contracture knots were common to the denervated fibers, and were suggested to be characteristic of degenerating fibers. Degenerating motor end plates were observed, and most neurons in the fibers were naked, lacking myelin sheaths. The results are discussed in relation to the function of the neuron in maintaining the muscle, and the possibility of denervation inducing a transformation of tonic to twitch fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:941135", "title": "Cellular composition of erythropoietic cell populations and aggregate cell cultures derived from early chick blastodiscs.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy of suspensions of cells prepared by dispersing chick blastodiscs at primitive-streak and head-fold stages showed the presence of numerous yolk granules, yolk-rich endodermal cells and occasional presumed ecto- and mesodermal cells. Several cell fractions prepared from this suspension by sedimentation through discontinuous Ficoll gradients were of similar composition. No enrichment of any particular cell type which might account for either differential sedimentation or erythropoietic potential of the fractions could be recognized. Two fractions, EP 1, and EP 2, were cultured as cell aggregates on vitelline membranes. EP 1 produced highly organized blood islands containing developing erythrocyte cells, organized endothelium, fibroblasts, thrombocytes and occasional granulocytes. Blood islands derived from EP 2, on the other hand, contained essentially only aggregates of erythroblasts embedded in endoderm. It is tentatively suggested that EP1 contains young multipotential hematopoietic precursors while EP 2 has only older blood-cell precursors committed to erythrocyte development. No cellular basis for the resolution of EP 1 into two complementary subfractions could be recognized.", "contents": "Cellular composition of erythropoietic cell populations and aggregate cell cultures derived from early chick blastodiscs. Light and electron microscopy of suspensions of cells prepared by dispersing chick blastodiscs at primitive-streak and head-fold stages showed the presence of numerous yolk granules, yolk-rich endodermal cells and occasional presumed ecto- and mesodermal cells. Several cell fractions prepared from this suspension by sedimentation through discontinuous Ficoll gradients were of similar composition. No enrichment of any particular cell type which might account for either differential sedimentation or erythropoietic potential of the fractions could be recognized. Two fractions, EP 1, and EP 2, were cultured as cell aggregates on vitelline membranes. EP 1 produced highly organized blood islands containing developing erythrocyte cells, organized endothelium, fibroblasts, thrombocytes and occasional granulocytes. Blood islands derived from EP 2, on the other hand, contained essentially only aggregates of erythroblasts embedded in endoderm. It is tentatively suggested that EP1 contains young multipotential hematopoietic precursors while EP 2 has only older blood-cell precursors committed to erythrocyte development. No cellular basis for the resolution of EP 1 into two complementary subfractions could be recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:941136", "title": "Fine structure of postgonopodial glands of a myriapod Glomeris marginata (Villers).", "content": "The postgonopodial gland of the myriapod Glomeris marginata (Villers), which produces a pheromone, is an integumentary gland comprising numerous functional secretory units. Each secretory unit consists of two proximal secretory cells, an intermediary cells lacking secretory characteristics and a canal cell surrounding the canal, which is secretory in nature. Secretory proximal cells exhibit a zone of small channels originating from invaginations of the plasma membrane and through which secreted material is released. Apposing each invagination of these cells is a corresponding invagination of the intermediary cell: the two units in the centre of the intermediary cell join another which communicates with the canal. Secretion produced by the latter passes through the canal wall and bends with secretion of the two proximal cells. The most striking feature of all these cells is the abundance of tubules and fibrils in the small canal zone in the proximal cells, which also exhibits a centriole; in the intermediary cell around cytoplasmic membrane invaginations where a diplosome is present, and in almost the entire canal cell.", "contents": "Fine structure of postgonopodial glands of a myriapod Glomeris marginata (Villers). The postgonopodial gland of the myriapod Glomeris marginata (Villers), which produces a pheromone, is an integumentary gland comprising numerous functional secretory units. Each secretory unit consists of two proximal secretory cells, an intermediary cells lacking secretory characteristics and a canal cell surrounding the canal, which is secretory in nature. Secretory proximal cells exhibit a zone of small channels originating from invaginations of the plasma membrane and through which secreted material is released. Apposing each invagination of these cells is a corresponding invagination of the intermediary cell: the two units in the centre of the intermediary cell join another which communicates with the canal. Secretion produced by the latter passes through the canal wall and bends with secretion of the two proximal cells. The most striking feature of all these cells is the abundance of tubules and fibrils in the small canal zone in the proximal cells, which also exhibits a centriole; in the intermediary cell around cytoplasmic membrane invaginations where a diplosome is present, and in almost the entire canal cell."}
{"id": "PMID:941137", "title": "Autolysis in axon terminals of a new neurohaemal organ in the cockroach Periplaneta americana.", "content": "An ultrastructural investigation showed that there was a neurohaemal organ in the wall of the ampulla of the antennal pulsatile organ. The neurosecretory axon terminals occurred singly or in small groups, rather than closely packed together as in other neurohaemal organs. All axons contained the same type of neurosecretory granule. The granules had varying electron density and a diameter in the range 1000-2500 A. Some terminals contained small, elliptical electron-transparent vesicles and the axolemma was apposed to the stroma. Other terminals were large and enveloped by glial tissue and the contents of the terminals exhibited varying degrees of autolytic degeneration. Autolysis was characterized by the occurrence of dense bodies and multilaminate bodies which enclosed mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. It was suggested that the neurosecretory material affects antennal function.", "contents": "Autolysis in axon terminals of a new neurohaemal organ in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. An ultrastructural investigation showed that there was a neurohaemal organ in the wall of the ampulla of the antennal pulsatile organ. The neurosecretory axon terminals occurred singly or in small groups, rather than closely packed together as in other neurohaemal organs. All axons contained the same type of neurosecretory granule. The granules had varying electron density and a diameter in the range 1000-2500 A. Some terminals contained small, elliptical electron-transparent vesicles and the axolemma was apposed to the stroma. Other terminals were large and enveloped by glial tissue and the contents of the terminals exhibited varying degrees of autolytic degeneration. Autolysis was characterized by the occurrence of dense bodies and multilaminate bodies which enclosed mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. It was suggested that the neurosecretory material affects antennal function."}
{"id": "PMID:941138", "title": "The fine structure of some carabid beetle eyes, with particular reference to ciliary structures in the retinula cells.", "content": "Paired centrioles and associated ciliary root material occur in all eight retinula cells in the nine species investigated. In the diurnal Notiophilus, Elaphrus and Bembidion where the distal rhabdomere of cell 7 is fused with the proximal rhabdom formed by cells 1 to 6, the roots in cells 1 to 6 extend for the entire length of the retinula. In Notiophilus their arrangement around the rhabdom suggests a complementary mechanical relationship between the six large roots and the four Semper cell processes. In five relatively nocturnal species a retinula cell column separates the distal rhabdomere from the proximal rhabdom. In cells 1 to 6 root material is associated with the distally located centrioles as follows. In Leistus roots extend into the proximal rhabdom layer. In Loricera and Agonum roots at the level of the proximal rhabdom are not continuous with the rootlets or short roots associated with the centrioles. In Pseudophonus and Feronia, and in the diurnal Cicindela, short rootlets link the centrioles. Cell movements on dark-adaptation of notiophilus and Cicindela include shortening of the crystalline tract. In Notiophilus the entire rhabdom is apparently displaced, whereas in Cicindela the narrow distal rhabdomere becomes dissociated from the proximal rhabdom.", "contents": "The fine structure of some carabid beetle eyes, with particular reference to ciliary structures in the retinula cells. Paired centrioles and associated ciliary root material occur in all eight retinula cells in the nine species investigated. In the diurnal Notiophilus, Elaphrus and Bembidion where the distal rhabdomere of cell 7 is fused with the proximal rhabdom formed by cells 1 to 6, the roots in cells 1 to 6 extend for the entire length of the retinula. In Notiophilus their arrangement around the rhabdom suggests a complementary mechanical relationship between the six large roots and the four Semper cell processes. In five relatively nocturnal species a retinula cell column separates the distal rhabdomere from the proximal rhabdom. In cells 1 to 6 root material is associated with the distally located centrioles as follows. In Leistus roots extend into the proximal rhabdom layer. In Loricera and Agonum roots at the level of the proximal rhabdom are not continuous with the rootlets or short roots associated with the centrioles. In Pseudophonus and Feronia, and in the diurnal Cicindela, short rootlets link the centrioles. Cell movements on dark-adaptation of notiophilus and Cicindela include shortening of the crystalline tract. In Notiophilus the entire rhabdom is apparently displaced, whereas in Cicindela the narrow distal rhabdomere becomes dissociated from the proximal rhabdom."}
{"id": "PMID:941139", "title": "Fine structure of the rectum in cockroaches (Dictyoptera): general organization and intercellular junctions.", "content": "The organization of the rectal pads is described in cockroaches belonging to the Groups Blattoidea (Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis) and Blaberoidea (Supella supellectillu, Blaberus craniifer). In the Blattoidea, each pad is composed of two layers (principal and basal cells) and is surrounded by very narrow junctional cells supporting the sclerotized cuticle of the pad frame; basally, the junctional cells abut on to the basal cells. In the Blaberoidea, the basal cell layer is discontinuous, the basal cells being interspersed between extensions of the junctional cells beneath the pad. The ultrastructural features of each cell type is described, with special reference to the intercellular junctions, which exhibit unusual complexity. Four types of junction are recognized: desmosomes (belt and spot desmosomes), gap junctions, septate junctions and scalariform (ladder-like) junctions. The last are usually closely associated with mitochondria, forming mitochondrial-scalariform junction complexes (MS). The distribution of these junctions is examined in relation to the partitioning of extracellular spaces, and to the problem of fluid transport.", "contents": "Fine structure of the rectum in cockroaches (Dictyoptera): general organization and intercellular junctions. The organization of the rectal pads is described in cockroaches belonging to the Groups Blattoidea (Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis) and Blaberoidea (Supella supellectillu, Blaberus craniifer). In the Blattoidea, each pad is composed of two layers (principal and basal cells) and is surrounded by very narrow junctional cells supporting the sclerotized cuticle of the pad frame; basally, the junctional cells abut on to the basal cells. In the Blaberoidea, the basal cell layer is discontinuous, the basal cells being interspersed between extensions of the junctional cells beneath the pad. The ultrastructural features of each cell type is described, with special reference to the intercellular junctions, which exhibit unusual complexity. Four types of junction are recognized: desmosomes (belt and spot desmosomes), gap junctions, septate junctions and scalariform (ladder-like) junctions. The last are usually closely associated with mitochondria, forming mitochondrial-scalariform junction complexes (MS). The distribution of these junctions is examined in relation to the partitioning of extracellular spaces, and to the problem of fluid transport."}
{"id": "PMID:941140", "title": "Tridimensional ultrastructure of freeze-fractured rat kidney cortex (studied in stereo).", "content": "The tridimensional ultrastructure of the inner cortex of rat kidney has been studied by observing freeze-fractured tissue in stereo. The complex structure of the tubules, fenestrated capillaries and glomeruli is more readily observed through the irregular fracturing of the tissue that occurs in this technique. The ultrastructure of the brush border and interdigitating membranes of the proximal tubules, the structure of the fenestrated endothelial membranes of the capillaries and the ribbon-like appearance of the filtration space between the foot processes of the glomeruli were especially well depicted in stereo images of freeze-fractured renal tissue.", "contents": "Tridimensional ultrastructure of freeze-fractured rat kidney cortex (studied in stereo). The tridimensional ultrastructure of the inner cortex of rat kidney has been studied by observing freeze-fractured tissue in stereo. The complex structure of the tubules, fenestrated capillaries and glomeruli is more readily observed through the irregular fracturing of the tissue that occurs in this technique. The ultrastructure of the brush border and interdigitating membranes of the proximal tubules, the structure of the fenestrated endothelial membranes of the capillaries and the ribbon-like appearance of the filtration space between the foot processes of the glomeruli were especially well depicted in stereo images of freeze-fractured renal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:941158", "title": "Vinyl chloride-induced depression of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content and effects on bromosulphalein (BSP) clearance in rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed to atmospheres of 2000, 1000, 250, 150, 50 and 10 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) for 1-7 h to determine the effect of VC on the hepatic non-protein sulhydryl content, Exposure to 2000, 1000, 250 and 150 ppm VC caused a progressive depression of the hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content. Following exposure to 50 ppm VC for 7 h the depression was inconsistent, and no depression was observed after 10 ppm VC for 7 h. Also, exposure to 1000 ppm VC did not alter the serum clearance of bromosulphalein (BSP).", "contents": "Vinyl chloride-induced depression of hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content and effects on bromosulphalein (BSP) clearance in rats. Rats were exposed to atmospheres of 2000, 1000, 250, 150, 50 and 10 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) for 1-7 h to determine the effect of VC on the hepatic non-protein sulhydryl content, Exposure to 2000, 1000, 250 and 150 ppm VC caused a progressive depression of the hepatic non-protein sulfhydryl content. Following exposure to 50 ppm VC for 7 h the depression was inconsistent, and no depression was observed after 10 ppm VC for 7 h. Also, exposure to 1000 ppm VC did not alter the serum clearance of bromosulphalein (BSP)."}
{"id": "PMID:941159", "title": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats. III. Long-term toxicity study.", "content": "Four groups, each of 25 male and 25 female weanling rats, were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm MeHgCl for 2 years. Observations were made on behaviour, growth, food intake, haematology, serum enzymes, urinalysis, microsomal liver enzymes, organ weights and histology with special reference to the nervous system, histochemistry of the kidneys and cerebellum and on tissue Hg concentrations. Significant findings included a slight growth reduction in females at 2.5 ppm, increased relative kidney weight at 2.5 ppm and histochemical changes in kidney enzymes at 2.5 ppm. No effect was seen on the nature or incidence of pathological lesions or tumours at any level. From the results obtained in the short-term, reproduction and long-term studies, the no-toxic effect level for rats appears to be between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm MeHgCl in the diet. Exposure of the Dutch population does not appear to present a health hazard at the moment because the mean intake of total Hg is still far below the intake deemed to be safe.", "contents": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats. III. Long-term toxicity study. Four groups, each of 25 male and 25 female weanling rats, were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm MeHgCl for 2 years. Observations were made on behaviour, growth, food intake, haematology, serum enzymes, urinalysis, microsomal liver enzymes, organ weights and histology with special reference to the nervous system, histochemistry of the kidneys and cerebellum and on tissue Hg concentrations. Significant findings included a slight growth reduction in females at 2.5 ppm, increased relative kidney weight at 2.5 ppm and histochemical changes in kidney enzymes at 2.5 ppm. No effect was seen on the nature or incidence of pathological lesions or tumours at any level. From the results obtained in the short-term, reproduction and long-term studies, the no-toxic effect level for rats appears to be between 0.1 and 0.5 ppm MeHgCl in the diet. Exposure of the Dutch population does not appear to present a health hazard at the moment because the mean intake of total Hg is still far below the intake deemed to be safe."}
{"id": "PMID:941160", "title": "[Nicotine metabolism in the pig (author's transl)].", "content": "After i.v. injection of 0.33 mg nicotine/kg the elimination of unchanged nicotine as well as nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine was determined in the urine of pigs dependent on time. In female pigs 16.3% and in male pigs 25.9% of the applied nicotine were recovered in form of the mentioned compounds within 31h. Nicotine elimination essentially stopped in the collecting period 3-8 h. The main decomposition products nicotine-N-oxide and cotinine were eliminated to a significant extent also 8-23 h after application.", "contents": "[Nicotine metabolism in the pig (author's transl)]. After i.v. injection of 0.33 mg nicotine/kg the elimination of unchanged nicotine as well as nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine was determined in the urine of pigs dependent on time. In female pigs 16.3% and in male pigs 25.9% of the applied nicotine were recovered in form of the mentioned compounds within 31h. Nicotine elimination essentially stopped in the collecting period 3-8 h. The main decomposition products nicotine-N-oxide and cotinine were eliminated to a significant extent also 8-23 h after application."}
{"id": "PMID:941161", "title": "Action of lead on early divisions of the mouse embryo.", "content": "The number of cells in mouse embryos 48 h after mating was studied in normal and lead-treated females (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1% of lead in the diet). The percentage of embryos in the 4-cell stage compared to those in the 8-cell stage increased after 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% of dietary lead. After the highest dose an increase in nondivided eggs was also seen which occurred at the expense of 4-cell embryos. The different possibilities, delay of all divisions, delay of only the first division and action of lead on only a part of the embryonic population, are discussed.", "contents": "Action of lead on early divisions of the mouse embryo. The number of cells in mouse embryos 48 h after mating was studied in normal and lead-treated females (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1% of lead in the diet). The percentage of embryos in the 4-cell stage compared to those in the 8-cell stage increased after 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5% of dietary lead. After the highest dose an increase in nondivided eggs was also seen which occurred at the expense of 4-cell embryos. The different possibilities, delay of all divisions, delay of only the first division and action of lead on only a part of the embryonic population, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941162", "title": "Effect of lead on some parameters of the heme biosynthetic pathway in rat tissues in vivo.", "content": "Lead was administered to male and female rats in drinking water for 3 and 6 weeks at the following doses: 0, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 ppm and for 6 months at 10 ppm only. Various parameters of blood - lead concentration (Pb-B), hematocrit (Htc), hemoglobin (Hb), free erythrocyte porphyrins (FEB), delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), reticulocytes - and tissue - ALAD, free tissue porphyrins (FTP), lead concentration (Pb-T) - were determined. Pb-B increases with dose but reaches rapidly a plateau despite continuous Pb administration. Concentration of Pb in kidney, liver and brain correlates with Pb-B. Pb does not accumulate in heart. Kidney is the main site of Pb deposition and kidney ALAD is the parameter most susceptible to lead, since reduction is observed in all treated groups after 3 weeks of exposure. However, kidney ALAD inhibition is transitory since after 6 weeks it is only observed in the 5000 ppm group. At 10 ppm lead prevents also the increase in blood ALAD activity normally associated with the reticulocytosis of repetitive bleeding. The next parameters affected by lead are: ALAD in blood which is inhibited after 6 weeks of treatment with 100 ppm lead, and FEP, delta-aminolevulinic acid plus other pyrrole-forming substances in urine (ALA-U), and FTP in kidney which are increased after 3 or 6 weeks of treatment with 1000 and 5000 ppm lead.", "contents": "Effect of lead on some parameters of the heme biosynthetic pathway in rat tissues in vivo. Lead was administered to male and female rats in drinking water for 3 and 6 weeks at the following doses: 0, 10, 100, 1000, 5000 ppm and for 6 months at 10 ppm only. Various parameters of blood - lead concentration (Pb-B), hematocrit (Htc), hemoglobin (Hb), free erythrocyte porphyrins (FEB), delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), reticulocytes - and tissue - ALAD, free tissue porphyrins (FTP), lead concentration (Pb-T) - were determined. Pb-B increases with dose but reaches rapidly a plateau despite continuous Pb administration. Concentration of Pb in kidney, liver and brain correlates with Pb-B. Pb does not accumulate in heart. Kidney is the main site of Pb deposition and kidney ALAD is the parameter most susceptible to lead, since reduction is observed in all treated groups after 3 weeks of exposure. However, kidney ALAD inhibition is transitory since after 6 weeks it is only observed in the 5000 ppm group. At 10 ppm lead prevents also the increase in blood ALAD activity normally associated with the reticulocytosis of repetitive bleeding. The next parameters affected by lead are: ALAD in blood which is inhibited after 6 weeks of treatment with 100 ppm lead, and FEP, delta-aminolevulinic acid plus other pyrrole-forming substances in urine (ALA-U), and FTP in kidney which are increased after 3 or 6 weeks of treatment with 1000 and 5000 ppm lead."}
{"id": "PMID:941163", "title": "Teratogenic and toxicological examination of 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid in developing chick embryos.", "content": "Practical grade 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), was injected into the air space of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation. Doses of 2,4,5-T administered were 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg/kg to determine herbicide toxicity on the first day of incubation. A similar group was studied on day 5 of incubation with doses of 2,4,5-T at 50, 75, 100 and 250 mg/kg. LD50 was estimated to be 62 mg/kg on day zero and 68 mg/kg on day 5. Additionally, embryos were exposed to 2,4,5-T at 50 mg/kg on day zero of gestation and sacrificed after 48 h of incubation. Serial sections were examined for teratological and developmental anomalies. None were found.", "contents": "Teratogenic and toxicological examination of 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid in developing chick embryos. Practical grade 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), was injected into the air space of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation. Doses of 2,4,5-T administered were 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg/kg to determine herbicide toxicity on the first day of incubation. A similar group was studied on day 5 of incubation with doses of 2,4,5-T at 50, 75, 100 and 250 mg/kg. LD50 was estimated to be 62 mg/kg on day zero and 68 mg/kg on day 5. Additionally, embryos were exposed to 2,4,5-T at 50 mg/kg on day zero of gestation and sacrificed after 48 h of incubation. Serial sections were examined for teratological and developmental anomalies. None were found."}
{"id": "PMID:941164", "title": "Long-term and multigeneration toxicity studies with cyclohexylamine hydrochloride.", "content": "Cyclohexylamine (CHA), the metabolite of cyclamate produced in varying degree by gastrointestinal microorganisms, was subjected to a 2-year multi-generation feeding study in rats, at dosages of 15, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/d. Observations included growth, feed efficiency, clinical and hematological tests, reproduction, teratology, mortality and gross and microscopic pathology. Rats from the first litters of each generation from F0 through F4 were mated to produce the next succeeding generation. Those from the second litters of F1 through F4 were also mated, half the dams being delivered by hysterotomy for teratological examination, while litters from the other half were raised to maturity. Except for some non-progressive growth retardation in the higher dosage groups, due to lower food consumption, the physical and clinical observations in the test groups fell substantially within normal limits and were not significantly different from the untreated controls. Reproduction rates were normal in all groups but at the higher dosages the size of the litters and their weaning weights were slightly reduced. At the 150 mg/kg level, histopathological examination revealed mucosal thickening of the bladder walls and evidence of renal calcification; however, no bladder tumors were seen, such as occurred in the chronic feeding study in which rats received 2500 mg/kg of a cyclamate: saccharin (10 : 1) mixture. A significantly higher incidence of testicular atrophy, characteristic of aged rats, was observed in the F0 group at the highest dosage level; however, these males continued to be fertile, in two cases up to 6 consecutive matings.", "contents": "Long-term and multigeneration toxicity studies with cyclohexylamine hydrochloride. Cyclohexylamine (CHA), the metabolite of cyclamate produced in varying degree by gastrointestinal microorganisms, was subjected to a 2-year multi-generation feeding study in rats, at dosages of 15, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/d. Observations included growth, feed efficiency, clinical and hematological tests, reproduction, teratology, mortality and gross and microscopic pathology. Rats from the first litters of each generation from F0 through F4 were mated to produce the next succeeding generation. Those from the second litters of F1 through F4 were also mated, half the dams being delivered by hysterotomy for teratological examination, while litters from the other half were raised to maturity. Except for some non-progressive growth retardation in the higher dosage groups, due to lower food consumption, the physical and clinical observations in the test groups fell substantially within normal limits and were not significantly different from the untreated controls. Reproduction rates were normal in all groups but at the higher dosages the size of the litters and their weaning weights were slightly reduced. At the 150 mg/kg level, histopathological examination revealed mucosal thickening of the bladder walls and evidence of renal calcification; however, no bladder tumors were seen, such as occurred in the chronic feeding study in which rats received 2500 mg/kg of a cyclamate: saccharin (10 : 1) mixture. A significantly higher incidence of testicular atrophy, characteristic of aged rats, was observed in the F0 group at the highest dosage level; however, these males continued to be fertile, in two cases up to 6 consecutive matings."}
{"id": "PMID:941165", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of triclocarban in rat and man.", "content": "The route and rate of excretion by rats of the germicide (1 4 C) Triclocarban formerly called trichlorocarbanilide, given by parenteral injection has been investigated. Blood levels based on radioactivity and by chemical determination after parenteral injection have been compared with those obtained after topical application of (1 4 C) Triclocarban in soaps and in dimethylformamide (DMF) through occluded rat skin has been studied. Other soaps and a hand cleanser containing (1 4 C) Triclocarban have been applied to rat skin without occlusion and the effects of duration of contact, concentration and the use of a solubilizer have been investigated. In humans, absorption of Triclocarban through skin after bathing daily for 28 days has been investigated by chemical analysis of blood and urine. The data show that elimination by the rat is rapid and complete principally via the faeces. Blood levels after parenteral injection are low and comparison of the radioactivity and chemical determinations suggest rapid metabolism of the Triclocarban. After application to the skin, blood levels based on 1 4 C are very low. Absorption of (1 4 C) Triclocarban through occluded rat skin was greater from DMF than from soaps. With non-occluded rat skin, absorption from soaps was less and was dependent on concentration but independent of duration of contact. The use of a solubilizer did not increase absorption through skin. No measurable Triclocarban (less than 25 ppb) was present in blood and urine samples of volunteers during or shortly after a 28-day intensive bathing regimen.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of triclocarban in rat and man. The route and rate of excretion by rats of the germicide (1 4 C) Triclocarban formerly called trichlorocarbanilide, given by parenteral injection has been investigated. Blood levels based on radioactivity and by chemical determination after parenteral injection have been compared with those obtained after topical application of (1 4 C) Triclocarban in soaps and in dimethylformamide (DMF) through occluded rat skin has been studied. Other soaps and a hand cleanser containing (1 4 C) Triclocarban have been applied to rat skin without occlusion and the effects of duration of contact, concentration and the use of a solubilizer have been investigated. In humans, absorption of Triclocarban through skin after bathing daily for 28 days has been investigated by chemical analysis of blood and urine. The data show that elimination by the rat is rapid and complete principally via the faeces. Blood levels after parenteral injection are low and comparison of the radioactivity and chemical determinations suggest rapid metabolism of the Triclocarban. After application to the skin, blood levels based on 1 4 C are very low. Absorption of (1 4 C) Triclocarban through occluded rat skin was greater from DMF than from soaps. With non-occluded rat skin, absorption from soaps was less and was dependent on concentration but independent of duration of contact. The use of a solubilizer did not increase absorption through skin. No measurable Triclocarban (less than 25 ppb) was present in blood and urine samples of volunteers during or shortly after a 28-day intensive bathing regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:941166", "title": "Comparative toxicity of two-dexamethasone derivatives following topical ocular instillation to rabbits. II. Systemic histopathological changes.", "content": "Dexamethasone-21-tertiary butyl acetate (dexamethasone TBA) and dexamethasone alcohol at concentrations of 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001% were topically instilled into the right eyes of groups of 10 rabbits for 21 consecutive days. Vehicle control and untreated control groups were used for comparative evaluation. The dose-dependent changes for each compound were (1) lipid and glyocogen infiltration of liver, (2) hydropic changes of liver, (3) vacuolation and multifocal hepatic necrosis of liver, (4) atrophy of Peyer's patches of intestines, (5) white pulp atrophy of the spleen and (6) atrophy of the adrenal cortex. No pathological changes were noted for other tissues including the eye. In conclusion, the results indicate that systemic histopathologic changes for both steroids were comparable and typical for steroids.", "contents": "Comparative toxicity of two-dexamethasone derivatives following topical ocular instillation to rabbits. II. Systemic histopathological changes. Dexamethasone-21-tertiary butyl acetate (dexamethasone TBA) and dexamethasone alcohol at concentrations of 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001% were topically instilled into the right eyes of groups of 10 rabbits for 21 consecutive days. Vehicle control and untreated control groups were used for comparative evaluation. The dose-dependent changes for each compound were (1) lipid and glyocogen infiltration of liver, (2) hydropic changes of liver, (3) vacuolation and multifocal hepatic necrosis of liver, (4) atrophy of Peyer's patches of intestines, (5) white pulp atrophy of the spleen and (6) atrophy of the adrenal cortex. No pathological changes were noted for other tissues including the eye. In conclusion, the results indicate that systemic histopathologic changes for both steroids were comparable and typical for steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:941167", "title": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats I. Short-term study.", "content": "In the range-finding test, 6 groups of 4 male and 4 female weanling rats were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1,0.5, 2.5, 12.5 and 250 ppm methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) for 2 weeks. Signs of central nervous system toxicity, weight loss and high mortality appeared at 250 ppm but not at lower levels. No haematological changes were observed at 0.1-12.5 ppm. The relative weights of the liver in females on 2.5 and 12.5 ppm and of the kidneys in females on 12.5 ppm were significantly increased; the effects in males were less marked. Total mercury concentration in the kidneys increased proportionally with increasing dietary levels of MeHgCl. In the short-term test, 5 groups of 15 male and 10 female weanling rats were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 and 25 ppm MeHgCl for 12 weeks. Toxic signs, weight loss and restricted food intake were observed at 25 ppm starting from week 9 onwards. Haematological, serum enzyme and urinalysis changes were seen at 25 ppm. Liver microsomal enzyme activity was increased non-significantly and liver glycogen was depressed at 25 ppm. Organ weight changes were evident at 25 ppm and histological changes seen in the spleen, kidneys, brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves were confined to the 25 ppm level. Histochemical changes in kidney enzymes occured at 2.5 and 25 ppm. Hg concentrations in blood, hair, kidneys, liver and brain were higher at 12 weeks than 6 weeks and generally increased with increasing MeHgCl level in the diet.", "contents": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats I. Short-term study. In the range-finding test, 6 groups of 4 male and 4 female weanling rats were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1,0.5, 2.5, 12.5 and 250 ppm methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) for 2 weeks. Signs of central nervous system toxicity, weight loss and high mortality appeared at 250 ppm but not at lower levels. No haematological changes were observed at 0.1-12.5 ppm. The relative weights of the liver in females on 2.5 and 12.5 ppm and of the kidneys in females on 12.5 ppm were significantly increased; the effects in males were less marked. Total mercury concentration in the kidneys increased proportionally with increasing dietary levels of MeHgCl. In the short-term test, 5 groups of 15 male and 10 female weanling rats were given dietary levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5 and 25 ppm MeHgCl for 12 weeks. Toxic signs, weight loss and restricted food intake were observed at 25 ppm starting from week 9 onwards. Haematological, serum enzyme and urinalysis changes were seen at 25 ppm. Liver microsomal enzyme activity was increased non-significantly and liver glycogen was depressed at 25 ppm. Organ weight changes were evident at 25 ppm and histological changes seen in the spleen, kidneys, brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves were confined to the 25 ppm level. Histochemical changes in kidney enzymes occured at 2.5 and 25 ppm. Hg concentrations in blood, hair, kidneys, liver and brain were higher at 12 weeks than 6 weeks and generally increased with increasing MeHgCl level in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:941168", "title": "Serum enzyme activities and hepatic triglyceride levels in acute and subacute acetaminophen-treated rats.", "content": "The dose- and time-related hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen were investigated in rats using biochemical parameters as indices of hepatotoxicity supplemented by the histopathological examination of the livers. The acute or subacute (twice daily for 7 days) administration of 0.25 g/kg acetaminophen did not produce any noticeable hepatocellular damage. On the other hand, dose-dependent elevations in serum enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels were observed following the administration of single doses of 0.5 and lg/kg acetaminophen. Maximal hepatic damage occurred 12-18 h after acute dosing, while the hepatic function returned to control levels by 48-72 h. In contrast with the acutely treated rats, the serum enzyme activities and the hepatic TG levels remained unchanged following 7-day treatment with 0.5 or 1 g/kg acetaminophen. Also, histopathologically the degree of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis was found to be far less extensive in rats given 0.5 and 1 g/kg acetaminophen twice daily for up to one week, as compared with the animals sacrificed 18 h after administering single equivalent doses of this drug. The results suggest that the liver function is reversibly impaired following acetaminophen overdosage, and that the intensity of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity becomes less severe after repeated exposure to this hepatotoxin.", "contents": "Serum enzyme activities and hepatic triglyceride levels in acute and subacute acetaminophen-treated rats. The dose- and time-related hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen were investigated in rats using biochemical parameters as indices of hepatotoxicity supplemented by the histopathological examination of the livers. The acute or subacute (twice daily for 7 days) administration of 0.25 g/kg acetaminophen did not produce any noticeable hepatocellular damage. On the other hand, dose-dependent elevations in serum enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels were observed following the administration of single doses of 0.5 and lg/kg acetaminophen. Maximal hepatic damage occurred 12-18 h after acute dosing, while the hepatic function returned to control levels by 48-72 h. In contrast with the acutely treated rats, the serum enzyme activities and the hepatic TG levels remained unchanged following 7-day treatment with 0.5 or 1 g/kg acetaminophen. Also, histopathologically the degree of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis was found to be far less extensive in rats given 0.5 and 1 g/kg acetaminophen twice daily for up to one week, as compared with the animals sacrificed 18 h after administering single equivalent doses of this drug. The results suggest that the liver function is reversibly impaired following acetaminophen overdosage, and that the intensity of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity becomes less severe after repeated exposure to this hepatotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:941169", "title": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats. II. Reproduction study.", "content": "A reproduction study over 3 generations of rats was carried out in which groups of 20 female and 10 male rats received in the diet 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm MeHgCl. The parameters studied included growth, food intake, haematology, serum and urinalysis, organ weights and reproductive performance, No effect was exerted on fertility index, lactation index or on the 21-day body weights of pups but the viability index was impaired at 2.5 ppm in the F1 and F2 generations. Weight gain reductions observed at 12 weeks for the 2.5 ppm level were not accompanied by reductions in food intake. At 6 months, Fla females on 2.5 ppm showed a reduced leucocyte count whilst P males on 0.5 and 2.5 ppm showed an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes. The relative weights of the kidneys, heart, spleen brain and thyroid were increased at 2.5 ppm and in some cases the increases of kidney weights were inconsistently seen at the 0.1 and 0.5 ppm levels. No significant histological changes were seen at any level. In a special 7-week study involving the F3a generation, weanling rats obtained from the four different F2a groups, each comprising 20 females and 10 males, were all transferred to diets containing 25 ppm MeHgCl. Toxicity signs were evident at 7 weeks. No evidence was obtained of increased susceptibility to the toxicity of MeHgCl in successive generations.", "contents": "Toxicity of methylmercury chloride in rats. II. Reproduction study. A reproduction study over 3 generations of rats was carried out in which groups of 20 female and 10 male rats received in the diet 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 ppm MeHgCl. The parameters studied included growth, food intake, haematology, serum and urinalysis, organ weights and reproductive performance, No effect was exerted on fertility index, lactation index or on the 21-day body weights of pups but the viability index was impaired at 2.5 ppm in the F1 and F2 generations. Weight gain reductions observed at 12 weeks for the 2.5 ppm level were not accompanied by reductions in food intake. At 6 months, Fla females on 2.5 ppm showed a reduced leucocyte count whilst P males on 0.5 and 2.5 ppm showed an increase in neutrophils and a decrease in lymphocytes. The relative weights of the kidneys, heart, spleen brain and thyroid were increased at 2.5 ppm and in some cases the increases of kidney weights were inconsistently seen at the 0.1 and 0.5 ppm levels. No significant histological changes were seen at any level. In a special 7-week study involving the F3a generation, weanling rats obtained from the four different F2a groups, each comprising 20 females and 10 males, were all transferred to diets containing 25 ppm MeHgCl. Toxicity signs were evident at 7 weeks. No evidence was obtained of increased susceptibility to the toxicity of MeHgCl in successive generations."}
{"id": "PMID:941177", "title": "The successful induction of molting in the adult male lobster (Homarus americanus) with a slow-release form of ecdysterone.", "content": "In an initial, and then a confirmatory experiment, adult, male lobsters were injected with solvent, ecdysterone (E, 2.0 mug/g live weight) or ecdysterone acetate (EAc, 2.5 or 5.0 mug/g live weight) emulsions in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Control lobsters underwent no molts and only one death in the two cases. The E treated animals all died (average: exp. 1, 19.2 +/-2.1 days; exp. 2, 25.3 +/- 8 days). After the lobsters were treated twice with 2.5 mug EAc/g live weight, in the first experiment, four out of five molted and one died; in the second experiment six out of eight molted, one died and one remained refractory. The high EAc dose resulted in five deaths, one molt and two pseudomolts after one treatment. It is concluded that the use of the oil emulsion and EAc sufficiently slowed the release of free ecdysterone to allow complete premolt development in the lobster.", "contents": "The successful induction of molting in the adult male lobster (Homarus americanus) with a slow-release form of ecdysterone. In an initial, and then a confirmatory experiment, adult, male lobsters were injected with solvent, ecdysterone (E, 2.0 mug/g live weight) or ecdysterone acetate (EAc, 2.5 or 5.0 mug/g live weight) emulsions in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Control lobsters underwent no molts and only one death in the two cases. The E treated animals all died (average: exp. 1, 19.2 +/-2.1 days; exp. 2, 25.3 +/- 8 days). After the lobsters were treated twice with 2.5 mug EAc/g live weight, in the first experiment, four out of five molted and one died; in the second experiment six out of eight molted, one died and one remained refractory. The high EAc dose resulted in five deaths, one molt and two pseudomolts after one treatment. It is concluded that the use of the oil emulsion and EAc sufficiently slowed the release of free ecdysterone to allow complete premolt development in the lobster."}
{"id": "PMID:941178", "title": "Metabolism of 17 beta-hydroxy-2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstane in the rabbit.", "content": "The neutral urinary excretion products of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstane from the rabbit, dosed orally, were investigated. Column chromatography yielded five crystalline metabolites which were identified by GLC and spectroscopic measurements. Three of these substances were hydroxylated in the 4alpha-position and one in the 6alpha-position with the cyclopropane ring intact. The fifth substance, 17beta-hydroxy-3beta-methyl-5alpha-androstan-2-one, can be derived from initial hydroxylation of the cyclopropane ring at C-2 followed by ring opening. The dosed substance and triol material was shown to be present by GLC and m.s. measurements. GLC determinations show that hydroxylation has occurred at C-4-C-6-C-2.", "contents": "Metabolism of 17 beta-hydroxy-2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstane in the rabbit. The neutral urinary excretion products of 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha, 3alpha-cyclopropano-5alpha-androstane from the rabbit, dosed orally, were investigated. Column chromatography yielded five crystalline metabolites which were identified by GLC and spectroscopic measurements. Three of these substances were hydroxylated in the 4alpha-position and one in the 6alpha-position with the cyclopropane ring intact. The fifth substance, 17beta-hydroxy-3beta-methyl-5alpha-androstan-2-one, can be derived from initial hydroxylation of the cyclopropane ring at C-2 followed by ring opening. The dosed substance and triol material was shown to be present by GLC and m.s. measurements. GLC determinations show that hydroxylation has occurred at C-4-C-6-C-2."}
{"id": "PMID:941179", "title": "Biliary metabolites of estriol in the rat.", "content": "Following the subcutaneous administration of estriol-6,7-3H to rats, biliary metabolites were identified and quantitated. Approximately 70% of the metabolites were excreted in the form of \"glucosiduronate\" conjugates. 3,17beta-Dihydroxy-2-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one was the major metabolite in this conjugate fraction. Significant amounts of 3,17beta-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one and 2,3,17beta-trihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one, as well as smaller quantities of 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-2,316alpha,17beta, tetrol and 2-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3, 16alpha, 17beta-triol, were also found. In 17alpha-ethinylestradiol-treated animals, the rate of excretion of radioactivity and the proportion of 16-oxo-17beta-ol metabolites found in the \"glucosiduronate\" fraction were reduced.", "contents": "Biliary metabolites of estriol in the rat. Following the subcutaneous administration of estriol-6,7-3H to rats, biliary metabolites were identified and quantitated. Approximately 70% of the metabolites were excreted in the form of \"glucosiduronate\" conjugates. 3,17beta-Dihydroxy-2-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one was the major metabolite in this conjugate fraction. Significant amounts of 3,17beta-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one and 2,3,17beta-trihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-16-one, as well as smaller quantities of 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-2,316alpha,17beta, tetrol and 2-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3, 16alpha, 17beta-triol, were also found. In 17alpha-ethinylestradiol-treated animals, the rate of excretion of radioactivity and the proportion of 16-oxo-17beta-ol metabolites found in the \"glucosiduronate\" fraction were reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:941180", "title": "A synthesis of 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione.", "content": "The first convenient chemical synthesis of 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione is reported. Androsta-4,6-diene3, 17-dione was converted into its 6alpha, 7alpha-epoxy-derivative; reduction of the epoxide with aluminum amalgam gave 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione. This reducing agent is more efficient than chromous acetate for the purpose.", "contents": "A synthesis of 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione. The first convenient chemical synthesis of 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione is reported. Androsta-4,6-diene3, 17-dione was converted into its 6alpha, 7alpha-epoxy-derivative; reduction of the epoxide with aluminum amalgam gave 7alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione. This reducing agent is more efficient than chromous acetate for the purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:941181", "title": "The synthesis of some cholest-7-en-6-one derivatives related to ecdysones.", "content": "Cholest-7-en-6-one, 14alpha-hydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, 2beta, 3beta, 5alpha-trihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one and ten other related compounds have been synthesized by efficient routes from cholesterol. The named compounds possess some of the characteristics of the insect moulting hormones, ecdysones.", "contents": "The synthesis of some cholest-7-en-6-one derivatives related to ecdysones. Cholest-7-en-6-one, 14alpha-hydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, 2beta, 3beta, 5alpha-trihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one and ten other related compounds have been synthesized by efficient routes from cholesterol. The named compounds possess some of the characteristics of the insect moulting hormones, ecdysones."}
{"id": "PMID:941182", "title": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 4. The formation of conjugates.", "content": "The ability to form androgen conjugates and the hormone dependency of the conjugating enzymes have been studied in the rat epididymis. Following the in vitro incubation of 3H-testosterone with epididymal slices from intact and castrated rats, the radioactivity recovered was partitioned between water and ether. Examination of the water soluble radioactivity demonstrated the presence of glucuronides and sulfates. The total radioactivity in the conjugate fraction was the same for both intact and castrated animals. However, castrated rats showed a 3-fold increase in the glucuronide fraction with a corresponding decrease in the formation of sulfates. Characterization of the ether soluble radioactivity after solvolysis of the conjugate fraction from castrated animals, showed DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 3alpha-diol (5alpha-andro-stane-3alpha, 17beta-diol) to be the main metabolites. After beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of the same, only 3alpha-diol could be demonstrated at a significant level, although traces of DHT and delta16 compounds were present. Corresponding hydrolysis of the water phase from incubation of epididymis from intact rats, demonstrated a marked quantitative difference. Here approximately 40% of the conjugated aglycones consisted of delta16 compounds, whilst only about 12% was comprised of 3alpha-diol. The preferential conjugation of DHT and 3alpha-diol to a sulfate radical was demonstrated in both intact and castrated rats. Since the conjugated delta16 compounds were detected only in the epididymis from intact animals, it is possible that these are formed by the spermatozoa.", "contents": "Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 4. The formation of conjugates. The ability to form androgen conjugates and the hormone dependency of the conjugating enzymes have been studied in the rat epididymis. Following the in vitro incubation of 3H-testosterone with epididymal slices from intact and castrated rats, the radioactivity recovered was partitioned between water and ether. Examination of the water soluble radioactivity demonstrated the presence of glucuronides and sulfates. The total radioactivity in the conjugate fraction was the same for both intact and castrated animals. However, castrated rats showed a 3-fold increase in the glucuronide fraction with a corresponding decrease in the formation of sulfates. Characterization of the ether soluble radioactivity after solvolysis of the conjugate fraction from castrated animals, showed DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) and 3alpha-diol (5alpha-andro-stane-3alpha, 17beta-diol) to be the main metabolites. After beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis of the same, only 3alpha-diol could be demonstrated at a significant level, although traces of DHT and delta16 compounds were present. Corresponding hydrolysis of the water phase from incubation of epididymis from intact rats, demonstrated a marked quantitative difference. Here approximately 40% of the conjugated aglycones consisted of delta16 compounds, whilst only about 12% was comprised of 3alpha-diol. The preferential conjugation of DHT and 3alpha-diol to a sulfate radical was demonstrated in both intact and castrated rats. Since the conjugated delta16 compounds were detected only in the epididymis from intact animals, it is possible that these are formed by the spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:941183", "title": "Kinetic analysis of cholesterol turnover in rat tissues.", "content": "A number of studies have been conducted on serum cholesterol disappearance following a single injection of tracer. They have shown 2 or 3 component curves depending on the length of time of observation. They have been interpreted to indicate pools of cholesterol in fast or slow equilibrium with serum and generally depicted as representing groups of tissues. A cholesterol kinetic study was conducted using rats so that each tissue could be analyzed for appearance-disappearance of cholesterol from 30 minutes to 75 days. Serum and liver appeared to die-away for 30 days in a 2 component configuration, then exhibited a repetition of the same curve in the next 30 days. Skeletal muscle and kidney had a slow buildup for 2 weeks, then a plateau for 2 weeks then a 2 component die-away. Adipose showed a high plateau from 30 minutes to 30 days then a 2 component die-away, with specific activity higher than serum at all times. The data are interpreted to indicate that adipose tissue sequestered part of the tracer dose and all tissues reached equilibrium at about 30 days. After that time all tissues had a statistically significant 2 component die-away curve. The mathematical models tested suggest that in the steady state, cholesterol enters and exits the slow pool of serum, kidney, muscle and adipose and in liver enters both pools. Interpretation of the complete die-away is that the tracer dose first equilibrates with membrane free cholesterol, then with the intracellular cholesterol, and finally dies-away at the rate of release by the slow intercellular pool.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of cholesterol turnover in rat tissues. A number of studies have been conducted on serum cholesterol disappearance following a single injection of tracer. They have shown 2 or 3 component curves depending on the length of time of observation. They have been interpreted to indicate pools of cholesterol in fast or slow equilibrium with serum and generally depicted as representing groups of tissues. A cholesterol kinetic study was conducted using rats so that each tissue could be analyzed for appearance-disappearance of cholesterol from 30 minutes to 75 days. Serum and liver appeared to die-away for 30 days in a 2 component configuration, then exhibited a repetition of the same curve in the next 30 days. Skeletal muscle and kidney had a slow buildup for 2 weeks, then a plateau for 2 weeks then a 2 component die-away. Adipose showed a high plateau from 30 minutes to 30 days then a 2 component die-away, with specific activity higher than serum at all times. The data are interpreted to indicate that adipose tissue sequestered part of the tracer dose and all tissues reached equilibrium at about 30 days. After that time all tissues had a statistically significant 2 component die-away curve. The mathematical models tested suggest that in the steady state, cholesterol enters and exits the slow pool of serum, kidney, muscle and adipose and in liver enters both pools. Interpretation of the complete die-away is that the tracer dose first equilibrates with membrane free cholesterol, then with the intracellular cholesterol, and finally dies-away at the rate of release by the slow intercellular pool."}
{"id": "PMID:941184", "title": "Identification of (23S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.", "content": "The synthesis of (23R)- and (23S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentols is described. Norcholyl aldehyde was converted into the cholestanepentols by a Reformatsky reaction with ethyl bromoacetate followed by a Grignard reaction with methylmagnesium iodide. One of the synthetic pentols, the 23S epimer was identical with a bile alcohol isolated from patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.", "contents": "Identification of (23S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The synthesis of (23R)- and (23S)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23, 25-pentols is described. Norcholyl aldehyde was converted into the cholestanepentols by a Reformatsky reaction with ethyl bromoacetate followed by a Grignard reaction with methylmagnesium iodide. One of the synthetic pentols, the 23S epimer was identical with a bile alcohol isolated from patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:941185", "title": "High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of tobacco and marijuana sterols.", "content": "Components of the sterol fraction of tobacco and marijauna were resolved as trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography with glass capillary columns. Ten phytosterols in tobacco and five in marijuana were identified by comparisons of their retention with authentic compounds on three different stationary phases and through mass-spectral data.", "contents": "High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of tobacco and marijuana sterols. Components of the sterol fraction of tobacco and marijauna were resolved as trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography with glass capillary columns. Ten phytosterols in tobacco and five in marijuana were identified by comparisons of their retention with authentic compounds on three different stationary phases and through mass-spectral data."}
{"id": "PMID:941186", "title": "Exclusion of 20(22)-dehydrocholesterol as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pregnenolone in bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial acetone-dried powder preparations.", "content": "Incubation of (22R)-(22-180)20-hydroxycholesterol with a bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial acetone-dried powder preparation in air yielded (20R, 22R)-20, (22-18O)22-dihydroxy-cholesterol. Incubation of (20S)-(20-18O)22-hydroxycholesterol yielded (20R, 22R)-(20-18O)20,22-dihydroxycholesterol. The formed glycols and the substrates reisolated at the end of the incubations had the same 18O abundance as the starting materials. No significant (20R, 22R)-20,22-dihydroxycholesterol was formed following incubation with either (E)-or (Z)-20, (22)-dehydrocholesterol. (20R,22S)-20, 22-Epoxycholesterol yielded approximately 1/5 of the amount of pregnenolone obtained in a similar incubation with cholesterol. No significant pregnenolone formation was observed with (20R, 22R)-20,22-epoxycholesterol. These results exclude a mechanism for the biosynthesis of (20R, 22R)-20,22-dihydroxycholesterol from the monohydroxylated cholesterol derivatives by way of dehydration followed by epoxidation and hydration. Similarly, the participation of an olefin and an epoxide as intermediates in the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone in acetone-dried powder preparations of adrenal cortex mitochondria is unlikely.", "contents": "Exclusion of 20(22)-dehydrocholesterol as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pregnenolone in bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial acetone-dried powder preparations. Incubation of (22R)-(22-180)20-hydroxycholesterol with a bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial acetone-dried powder preparation in air yielded (20R, 22R)-20, (22-18O)22-dihydroxy-cholesterol. Incubation of (20S)-(20-18O)22-hydroxycholesterol yielded (20R, 22R)-(20-18O)20,22-dihydroxycholesterol. The formed glycols and the substrates reisolated at the end of the incubations had the same 18O abundance as the starting materials. No significant (20R, 22R)-20,22-dihydroxycholesterol was formed following incubation with either (E)-or (Z)-20, (22)-dehydrocholesterol. (20R,22S)-20, 22-Epoxycholesterol yielded approximately 1/5 of the amount of pregnenolone obtained in a similar incubation with cholesterol. No significant pregnenolone formation was observed with (20R, 22R)-20,22-epoxycholesterol. These results exclude a mechanism for the biosynthesis of (20R, 22R)-20,22-dihydroxycholesterol from the monohydroxylated cholesterol derivatives by way of dehydration followed by epoxidation and hydration. Similarly, the participation of an olefin and an epoxide as intermediates in the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone in acetone-dried powder preparations of adrenal cortex mitochondria is unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:941187", "title": "Progesterone in the uterus. VI. On the question of the in vitro progesterone metabolism in human endometrium and myometrium.", "content": "Human endometrial and myometrial tissue pieces were incubated with radioactively labeled progesterone in nutrient medium for 20 min., 1 hr and 2 hrs. The only compound extracted from the tissue pieces and the nutrient fluids was identified to be progesterone by TLC, chemical reactions and crystallization experiments. Radiometabolites could not be detected in the tissue pieces and in the nutrient fluids under the experimental conditions applied (10(-7) M 1,2-3H-progesterone in the incubation medium). This result is comparable with recent findings on the in vitro progesterone metabolism by rat uterine tissue.", "contents": "Progesterone in the uterus. VI. On the question of the in vitro progesterone metabolism in human endometrium and myometrium. Human endometrial and myometrial tissue pieces were incubated with radioactively labeled progesterone in nutrient medium for 20 min., 1 hr and 2 hrs. The only compound extracted from the tissue pieces and the nutrient fluids was identified to be progesterone by TLC, chemical reactions and crystallization experiments. Radiometabolites could not be detected in the tissue pieces and in the nutrient fluids under the experimental conditions applied (10(-7) M 1,2-3H-progesterone in the incubation medium). This result is comparable with recent findings on the in vitro progesterone metabolism by rat uterine tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:941188", "title": "Steroids and related products. XLII. (1) The synthesis of 11-oxa steroids. IV. (2) The synthesis of 17,21-dihydroxy-11-oxa-4-pregene-3,20-dione, an 11-oxa analogue of the 17-hydroxylated glucocorticoids.", "content": "The synthesis, from 11-oxa-5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, available from hecogenin, of 17,21-dihydroxy-11-oxa-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, the first 11-oxa analogue of corticoid hormones, is described. The acetate of its 1-dehydro derivative, 17-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, analogous in structure to the acetates of prednisone and prednisolone, is an intermediate in the synthesis.", "contents": "Steroids and related products. XLII. (1) The synthesis of 11-oxa steroids. IV. (2) The synthesis of 17,21-dihydroxy-11-oxa-4-pregene-3,20-dione, an 11-oxa analogue of the 17-hydroxylated glucocorticoids. The synthesis, from 11-oxa-5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, available from hecogenin, of 17,21-dihydroxy-11-oxa-4-pregnene-3,20-dione, the first 11-oxa analogue of corticoid hormones, is described. The acetate of its 1-dehydro derivative, 17-hydroxy-21-acetoxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, analogous in structure to the acetates of prednisone and prednisolone, is an intermediate in the synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:941189", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of androsterone and androsterone-3-sulfate in plasma.", "content": "Details of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for androsterone (1) and androsterone sulfate in plasma have been presented. Benzene extracts of plasma were chromatographed on alumina to isolate the androsterone fraction either (a) directly after extraction (A) or (b) after solvolysis (AS). Following treatment with rabbit anti-A-17-BSA, antibody bound steriod was precipitated by ammonium sulfate. Androsterone concentrations in normal male plasma averaged 57 +/- 24 (S.D.) ng/dl, range 35-135 ng/dl and for normal women, 44 +/- 21 (S.D.) ng/dl, range 18-98 ng/dl. Androsterone sulfate concentrations were: males 55 +/- 28 mug/dl (range 10-114 mug/dl); premenopausal females 52+/- 31 mug/dl (range 16-318 mug/dl).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of androsterone and androsterone-3-sulfate in plasma. Details of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for androsterone (1) and androsterone sulfate in plasma have been presented. Benzene extracts of plasma were chromatographed on alumina to isolate the androsterone fraction either (a) directly after extraction (A) or (b) after solvolysis (AS). Following treatment with rabbit anti-A-17-BSA, antibody bound steriod was precipitated by ammonium sulfate. Androsterone concentrations in normal male plasma averaged 57 +/- 24 (S.D.) ng/dl, range 35-135 ng/dl and for normal women, 44 +/- 21 (S.D.) ng/dl, range 18-98 ng/dl. Androsterone sulfate concentrations were: males 55 +/- 28 mug/dl (range 10-114 mug/dl); premenopausal females 52+/- 31 mug/dl (range 16-318 mug/dl)."}
{"id": "PMID:941190", "title": "The inhibition of the conversion of testosterone into 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the reproductive organs of the male rat.", "content": "The inhibition of testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity by 3-oxo-4-androstene-17beta-carboxylic acid in the male reproductive organs of the rat was demonstrated in vitro. The medium for incubation of caput epididymis showed the highest concentration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) whereas the highest concentration of testosterone (T) was recorded in medium for incubation of decapsulated testis after two hours of incubation. The 3-oxo-4-androstene-17beta-carboxylic acid (1.58 X 10(-5)M) inhibited the conversion of T to 5alpha-DHT in all the organs tested (testis, caput and cauda epididymis and ventral prostate) under identical incubation conditions.", "contents": "The inhibition of the conversion of testosterone into 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the reproductive organs of the male rat. The inhibition of testosterone 5alpha-reductase activity by 3-oxo-4-androstene-17beta-carboxylic acid in the male reproductive organs of the rat was demonstrated in vitro. The medium for incubation of caput epididymis showed the highest concentration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) whereas the highest concentration of testosterone (T) was recorded in medium for incubation of decapsulated testis after two hours of incubation. The 3-oxo-4-androstene-17beta-carboxylic acid (1.58 X 10(-5)M) inhibited the conversion of T to 5alpha-DHT in all the organs tested (testis, caput and cauda epididymis and ventral prostate) under identical incubation conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:941191", "title": "Antiprogestational agents. The synthesis of 7-alkyl steroidal ketones with anti-implantational and antidecidual activity.", "content": "A series of 7alpha- and 7beta- alkyl derivatives of steroidal 4-en- and 5-en-3-ones were prepared by 1,6-conjugate addition of organocopper reagents to various steroidal 4,6-dien-3-ones of the androstane, estrane and gonane series. Biological study of these and related compounds revealed that 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-5-androsten-3-one (2), 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-5-estren-3-one acetate and 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-4-estren-3-one acetate had significant anti-implantational and antidecidual activities. The contragestative effects were associated with the latter anti-hormonal properties, and not with the androgenicity of these compounds.", "contents": "Antiprogestational agents. The synthesis of 7-alkyl steroidal ketones with anti-implantational and antidecidual activity. A series of 7alpha- and 7beta- alkyl derivatives of steroidal 4-en- and 5-en-3-ones were prepared by 1,6-conjugate addition of organocopper reagents to various steroidal 4,6-dien-3-ones of the androstane, estrane and gonane series. Biological study of these and related compounds revealed that 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-5-androsten-3-one (2), 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-5-estren-3-one acetate and 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha-methyl-4-estren-3-one acetate had significant anti-implantational and antidecidual activities. The contragestative effects were associated with the latter anti-hormonal properties, and not with the androgenicity of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:941192", "title": "Effects of prednisolone metasulfabenzoate on the induction of DNase II in comparison to alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in cultures of HeLa S3 cells.", "content": "Cultures of HeLa S3 cells were treated with prednisolone metasulfobenzoate (Na), a derivative of prednisolone which is readily soluble in water. The steroid induced an increase in DNase II, a lysosomal enzyme which was not used previously in enzyme induction by steroids. Alkaline phosphatase, a known inducible enzyme by other steroids and acid phosphatase, a known uninducible enzyme by other steroids, were included for comparative reasons.", "contents": "Effects of prednisolone metasulfabenzoate on the induction of DNase II in comparison to alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase activities in cultures of HeLa S3 cells. Cultures of HeLa S3 cells were treated with prednisolone metasulfobenzoate (Na), a derivative of prednisolone which is readily soluble in water. The steroid induced an increase in DNase II, a lysosomal enzyme which was not used previously in enzyme induction by steroids. Alkaline phosphatase, a known inducible enzyme by other steroids and acid phosphatase, a known uninducible enzyme by other steroids, were included for comparative reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:941194", "title": "Preparation of 3beta, 16beta-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one: stabilization of its alpha-ketolic group toward alkali by formation of a semicarbazone.", "content": "Alkaline hydrolysis of a 16beta-acetoxy-17-oxo steroid is accompanied by almost complete rearrangement of the product to a 16-oxo-17beta-hydroxy steroid. Hydrolysis can be achieved without rearrangement by 1) formation of a C-17 semicarbazone, 2) alkaline removal of the acetate group, and 3) removal of the semicarbazone group in the presence of pyruvic acid-acetic acid. By employing this technique, the title compound was obtained from its diacetate in a yield of 65%.", "contents": "Preparation of 3beta, 16beta-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one: stabilization of its alpha-ketolic group toward alkali by formation of a semicarbazone. Alkaline hydrolysis of a 16beta-acetoxy-17-oxo steroid is accompanied by almost complete rearrangement of the product to a 16-oxo-17beta-hydroxy steroid. Hydrolysis can be achieved without rearrangement by 1) formation of a C-17 semicarbazone, 2) alkaline removal of the acetate group, and 3) removal of the semicarbazone group in the presence of pyruvic acid-acetic acid. By employing this technique, the title compound was obtained from its diacetate in a yield of 65%."}
{"id": "PMID:941193", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol) in pregnancy serum.", "content": "A more specific antisera against 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol) was produced in rabbits by immunization with 6-oxoestetrol-6-carboxy-methyloximino-bovine serum albumin. The synthesis of estetrol tetraacetate was greatly improved. Characterization of estetrol antisera revealed that it is more specific than those formerly obtained. A simple method of extraction of estetrol with alcohol from serum with high recovery is described. A radioimmunoassay method for pregnancy serum is characterized in regard to its specificity, accuracy, sensitivity and precision. The method is able to measure as little as 50 pg/tube or 167 pg/ml of serum. The intraassay coefficient of variation is 7.8% and that for interassay including personnel variation is 14.2%. Accuracy of the method, as determined by the recovery of non-radioactive estetrol (1 ng/ml) added to non-pregnancy serum, is found to be 89 +/- 8 (SD)%, CV = 8.7%, without correction for experimental losses. One hundred twelve pregnancy sera were analysed; the values obtained from normal subjects in the third trimester ranged from 240-950 pg/ml. The values obtained by this method are somewhat lower than those reported previously, presumably due to the higher specificity of the antibody.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol) in pregnancy serum. A more specific antisera against 15alpha-hydroxyestriol (estetrol) was produced in rabbits by immunization with 6-oxoestetrol-6-carboxy-methyloximino-bovine serum albumin. The synthesis of estetrol tetraacetate was greatly improved. Characterization of estetrol antisera revealed that it is more specific than those formerly obtained. A simple method of extraction of estetrol with alcohol from serum with high recovery is described. A radioimmunoassay method for pregnancy serum is characterized in regard to its specificity, accuracy, sensitivity and precision. The method is able to measure as little as 50 pg/tube or 167 pg/ml of serum. The intraassay coefficient of variation is 7.8% and that for interassay including personnel variation is 14.2%. Accuracy of the method, as determined by the recovery of non-radioactive estetrol (1 ng/ml) added to non-pregnancy serum, is found to be 89 +/- 8 (SD)%, CV = 8.7%, without correction for experimental losses. One hundred twelve pregnancy sera were analysed; the values obtained from normal subjects in the third trimester ranged from 240-950 pg/ml. The values obtained by this method are somewhat lower than those reported previously, presumably due to the higher specificity of the antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:941195", "title": "Human urinary and liver conjugates of 17alpha-ethnylestradiol.", "content": "Chromatographic profiles of the conjugates of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) were obtained from the urine of castrate and normal women given tritium labeled EE2 orally. Five distinct radioactive peaks were observed, with considerable quantitative variation between individuals. Glucosiduronate fractions comprised the dominant excreted radioactivity. In vitro incubation of normal human liver also produced five conjugate types. Simultaneous intravenous/oral (14C/3H) administration of EE2 demonstrated conversion to identical urinary conjugate and free steroid products, with a greater excretion of the intravenous material. Authentic 3-glucuronide of EE2 was synthesized and its position in the chromatographic system relative to the urinary conjugate peaks demonstrated.", "contents": "Human urinary and liver conjugates of 17alpha-ethnylestradiol. Chromatographic profiles of the conjugates of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) were obtained from the urine of castrate and normal women given tritium labeled EE2 orally. Five distinct radioactive peaks were observed, with considerable quantitative variation between individuals. Glucosiduronate fractions comprised the dominant excreted radioactivity. In vitro incubation of normal human liver also produced five conjugate types. Simultaneous intravenous/oral (14C/3H) administration of EE2 demonstrated conversion to identical urinary conjugate and free steroid products, with a greater excretion of the intravenous material. Authentic 3-glucuronide of EE2 was synthesized and its position in the chromatographic system relative to the urinary conjugate peaks demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:941196", "title": "Production of cortisol from cortisone by the isolated, perfused fetal rabbit lung.", "content": "Perfusion of the isolated 26 day fetal rabbit lung with 3H-cortisone resulted in its conversion to 3H-cortisol and release into the perfusate. Little conversion of 14C-cortisol to 14C-cortisone occurred. Quantitative study of homogenized fetal rabbit lung revealed the development of both the cofactor and the enzyme for 11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity between 21 and 29 days gestation. These results suggest increasing production of cortisol from cortisone by the fetal rabbit lung as a function of gestational age. This conversion may be of significance with respect to both lung development and parturition, both events being accelerated by cortisol treatment.", "contents": "Production of cortisol from cortisone by the isolated, perfused fetal rabbit lung. Perfusion of the isolated 26 day fetal rabbit lung with 3H-cortisone resulted in its conversion to 3H-cortisol and release into the perfusate. Little conversion of 14C-cortisol to 14C-cortisone occurred. Quantitative study of homogenized fetal rabbit lung revealed the development of both the cofactor and the enzyme for 11beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity between 21 and 29 days gestation. These results suggest increasing production of cortisol from cortisone by the fetal rabbit lung as a function of gestational age. This conversion may be of significance with respect to both lung development and parturition, both events being accelerated by cortisol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:941204", "title": "Survey of the use of crisis intervention centers by the black population.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the extent to which crisis centers meet the needs of black communities, questionnaires were sent to 12 centers. Responses were received from six. Only two centers, in Nashville and Washington, D.C., had statistics of callers identified by race. The findings from these two centers indicate that there are differences between the white and black callers with regard to age, marital status, and type of problem. As an example, the typical black male caller was older and more concerned about his job and financial problems than were white males. This kind of information suggests a need for expanded services within the crisis center framework, possibly for a more preventive approach. More data gathering concerned the black community using crisis centers is urged in order better to identify the needs of this population and the methods to be used for meeting those needs.", "contents": "Survey of the use of crisis intervention centers by the black population. In an attempt to determine the extent to which crisis centers meet the needs of black communities, questionnaires were sent to 12 centers. Responses were received from six. Only two centers, in Nashville and Washington, D.C., had statistics of callers identified by race. The findings from these two centers indicate that there are differences between the white and black callers with regard to age, marital status, and type of problem. As an example, the typical black male caller was older and more concerned about his job and financial problems than were white males. This kind of information suggests a need for expanded services within the crisis center framework, possibly for a more preventive approach. More data gathering concerned the black community using crisis centers is urged in order better to identify the needs of this population and the methods to be used for meeting those needs."}
{"id": "PMID:941205", "title": "Current status of program evaluation efforts.", "content": "This article represents an overview of the various types of evaluation research conducted in the fields of crisis intervention, suicide prevention, and mental health in general. An attempt is made to classify it according to its content and purpose, and to assess the relative merit of each. Emphasis is on goal attainment and outcome type of evaluation.", "contents": "Current status of program evaluation efforts. This article represents an overview of the various types of evaluation research conducted in the fields of crisis intervention, suicide prevention, and mental health in general. An attempt is made to classify it according to its content and purpose, and to assess the relative merit of each. Emphasis is on goal attainment and outcome type of evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:941206", "title": "Rescue fantasies in homicide-suicide.", "content": "Thirteen homicide-suicides, events in which an individual murders one or more persons and kills himself immediately afterward, were studied. Findings were presented in terms of the setting in which these events occurred, the relationship between perpetrator and victim, and the rationalizations produced by the perpetrators to explain their behavior. The results are interpreted to suggest that persons who commit homicide-suicide are acting out a three-party rescue fantasy in an attempt to resolve unbearable stress.", "contents": "Rescue fantasies in homicide-suicide. Thirteen homicide-suicides, events in which an individual murders one or more persons and kills himself immediately afterward, were studied. Findings were presented in terms of the setting in which these events occurred, the relationship between perpetrator and victim, and the rationalizations produced by the perpetrators to explain their behavior. The results are interpreted to suggest that persons who commit homicide-suicide are acting out a three-party rescue fantasy in an attempt to resolve unbearable stress."}
{"id": "PMID:941207", "title": "An assessment of the utility of suicide prediction.", "content": "Efforts to predict a future event assume varying levels of confidence depending on its base rate and the error rate of the prediction instrument. Most researchers working with suicide prediction instruments seem tacitly to assume they will be able to predict a future suicide most of the time. Applying basic decision theory on a neuropsychiatric hospital population indicates that researchers using a prediction schedule will be unlikely to predict a future suicide beyond a 20% level of efficiency. Contrary to the general clinical view, eliminating false negatives was shown to be more practical than eliminating false positives in increasing the efficiency of a predictive schedule.", "contents": "An assessment of the utility of suicide prediction. Efforts to predict a future event assume varying levels of confidence depending on its base rate and the error rate of the prediction instrument. Most researchers working with suicide prediction instruments seem tacitly to assume they will be able to predict a future suicide most of the time. Applying basic decision theory on a neuropsychiatric hospital population indicates that researchers using a prediction schedule will be unlikely to predict a future suicide beyond a 20% level of efficiency. Contrary to the general clinical view, eliminating false negatives was shown to be more practical than eliminating false positives in increasing the efficiency of a predictive schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:941208", "title": "Frequency of suicidal thought and self-destructive behavior among females.", "content": "The focus of the present investigation was to examine the importance of a control group in suicide research and to develop an instrument to distinguish between levels of suicidal thought among subjects who had a history of attempted suicide and among a comparison group of nonsuicidal individuals. The sample was comprised of female university students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. A 31-item questionnaire designed by the investigator was given to 199 students, 20 of whom were found to have histories of one or more previous suicide attempts. The remaining 179 nonsuicidal subjects were divided into two categories based on the frequency of expressed suicidal thought. Fifty individuals were randomly selected from each of these two groups. The three groups (individuals who had attempted suicide, individuals who had not attempted suicide but who thought about suicide on a frequent basis, and individuals who had not attempted suicide and who thought about suicide on an infrequent basis) were compared on the variables of motivation for suicidal thoughts, history of self-destructive behaviors, probability of a future suicide attempt, and age of first suicidal considerations. A chi-square analysis was performed on each of these items in order to assess the extent to which the items discriminated among the three comparison groups. The differences among the three groups on each of the items were found to be statistically significant at less than the .01 level. The results of the study have provided support for the necessity of a distinction between groups within a nonsuicidal comparison population and for the suggestion that there may be a quantitative relationship between the frequency of suicidal thought and the likelihood of attempted suicide.", "contents": "Frequency of suicidal thought and self-destructive behavior among females. The focus of the present investigation was to examine the importance of a control group in suicide research and to develop an instrument to distinguish between levels of suicidal thought among subjects who had a history of attempted suicide and among a comparison group of nonsuicidal individuals. The sample was comprised of female university students ranging in age from 18 to 25 years. A 31-item questionnaire designed by the investigator was given to 199 students, 20 of whom were found to have histories of one or more previous suicide attempts. The remaining 179 nonsuicidal subjects were divided into two categories based on the frequency of expressed suicidal thought. Fifty individuals were randomly selected from each of these two groups. The three groups (individuals who had attempted suicide, individuals who had not attempted suicide but who thought about suicide on a frequent basis, and individuals who had not attempted suicide and who thought about suicide on an infrequent basis) were compared on the variables of motivation for suicidal thoughts, history of self-destructive behaviors, probability of a future suicide attempt, and age of first suicidal considerations. A chi-square analysis was performed on each of these items in order to assess the extent to which the items discriminated among the three comparison groups. The differences among the three groups on each of the items were found to be statistically significant at less than the .01 level. The results of the study have provided support for the necessity of a distinction between groups within a nonsuicidal comparison population and for the suggestion that there may be a quantitative relationship between the frequency of suicidal thought and the likelihood of attempted suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:941209", "title": "Serum-derived immunosuppressive substances. I. Partial purification and range of action.", "content": "Two alpha-globulin fractions which had in vivo and in vitro immunosuppressive activity were prepared from human serum. The larger fraction eluted from a molecular sieving gel in the albumin fraction and was heat labile whereas the smaller one was present in the elute fraction containing materials of 8,000-25,000 daltons and was heat stable. It is believed that the smaller of the two fractions is the immunoregulatory alpha-globulin described by several other investigators. The comparative activities of various starting materials and of partially purified derivatives in several systems (in vivo and in vitro) were examined. The possibility that these substances are lymphocytic chalones is considered.", "contents": "Serum-derived immunosuppressive substances. I. Partial purification and range of action. Two alpha-globulin fractions which had in vivo and in vitro immunosuppressive activity were prepared from human serum. The larger fraction eluted from a molecular sieving gel in the albumin fraction and was heat labile whereas the smaller one was present in the elute fraction containing materials of 8,000-25,000 daltons and was heat stable. It is believed that the smaller of the two fractions is the immunoregulatory alpha-globulin described by several other investigators. The comparative activities of various starting materials and of partially purified derivatives in several systems (in vivo and in vitro) were examined. The possibility that these substances are lymphocytic chalones is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:941210", "title": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. II. H-2 haplotypes of t-bearing mice.", "content": "As a first step in the study of the possible relationship between the T/t and H-2 complexes, the H-2 antigenic composition of the strains carrying factors t12, tw32, tw2, tw8, t1, t0, t6, tw1, tw71, tw73, tw12, tw5, tw75, and t38 was studied by using a battery of antisera containing antibodies against inbred-derived H-2 antigens. In addition, five t strains (t12, t6, tw5, tw1, and tw2) were selected for the production of antisera against the H-2 complexes carried by t chromosomes. Spleen, lymph node, and thymus cells from H-2b/t heterozygotes and tw2/tw2 homozygotes were injected into appropriate F1 hybrids between two inbred strains that carried the inbred-derived H-2 antigens of the donor. Four new H-2 antigens and one Ia antigen were uncovered and were assigned the symbols H-2.106 through H-2.109, and Ia.101, respectively. Three new H-2 haplotypes were also described, based upon the H-2 antigenic pattern of three t factors, t12, tw1, and tw5. These new haplotypes were given the symbols H-2t12, H-2tw1, and H-2tw5. When the t factors were grouped according to their H-2 haplotypes, their distribution, with certain exceptions, corresponded to the complementation groups. Thus, t chromosomes in the same complementation group carried similar, if not identical, H-2 haplotypes, despite the fact that these chromosomes were derived from widely separated geographic areas. Such an association between the t and H-2 complexes is most unusual in light of what is known of the polymorphism of H-2 haplotypes in wild mice populations. It suggests more than a casual relationship, at least at the population level, between the t and H-2 loci.", "contents": "Histocompatibility-2 system in wild mice. II. H-2 haplotypes of t-bearing mice. As a first step in the study of the possible relationship between the T/t and H-2 complexes, the H-2 antigenic composition of the strains carrying factors t12, tw32, tw2, tw8, t1, t0, t6, tw1, tw71, tw73, tw12, tw5, tw75, and t38 was studied by using a battery of antisera containing antibodies against inbred-derived H-2 antigens. In addition, five t strains (t12, t6, tw5, tw1, and tw2) were selected for the production of antisera against the H-2 complexes carried by t chromosomes. Spleen, lymph node, and thymus cells from H-2b/t heterozygotes and tw2/tw2 homozygotes were injected into appropriate F1 hybrids between two inbred strains that carried the inbred-derived H-2 antigens of the donor. Four new H-2 antigens and one Ia antigen were uncovered and were assigned the symbols H-2.106 through H-2.109, and Ia.101, respectively. Three new H-2 haplotypes were also described, based upon the H-2 antigenic pattern of three t factors, t12, tw1, and tw5. These new haplotypes were given the symbols H-2t12, H-2tw1, and H-2tw5. When the t factors were grouped according to their H-2 haplotypes, their distribution, with certain exceptions, corresponded to the complementation groups. Thus, t chromosomes in the same complementation group carried similar, if not identical, H-2 haplotypes, despite the fact that these chromosomes were derived from widely separated geographic areas. Such an association between the t and H-2 complexes is most unusual in light of what is known of the polymorphism of H-2 haplotypes in wild mice populations. It suggests more than a casual relationship, at least at the population level, between the t and H-2 loci."}
{"id": "PMID:941211", "title": "Destruction of allogeneic tumour cells by peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The population of peritoneal macrophages from mice immunised with allogeneic tumor cells contains two types of cytotoxic cell. One lyses the specific target cell, the other initiates activation of macrophages and hence leads to inhibition of growth of the specific target cell. The yield of lytic effector macrophages was found to depend on the route and the nature of the cell used for immunisation and the condition of the mice. The yield correlated with the yield of complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, production of specific \"activator\" macrophages did not depend critically on these factors. The results underline the difference between the two types of cell and suggest that they are produced independently of one another.", "contents": "Destruction of allogeneic tumour cells by peritoneal macrophages. The population of peritoneal macrophages from mice immunised with allogeneic tumor cells contains two types of cytotoxic cell. One lyses the specific target cell, the other initiates activation of macrophages and hence leads to inhibition of growth of the specific target cell. The yield of lytic effector macrophages was found to depend on the route and the nature of the cell used for immunisation and the condition of the mice. The yield correlated with the yield of complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies. In contrast, production of specific \"activator\" macrophages did not depend critically on these factors. The results underline the difference between the two types of cell and suggest that they are produced independently of one another."}
{"id": "PMID:941212", "title": "Antirat erythrocyte agglutinins.", "content": "Antirat hemagglutinins may be found in the sera of both normal and sick persons. High titers of these antibodies are influenced by the major blood groups, the antigen B tending to suppress these antibodies, and by age where juveniles have higher titers than adults. Elevated titers may be stimulated by immunization, injection of pooled gamma-globulin, infection, and transplantation.", "contents": "Antirat erythrocyte agglutinins. Antirat hemagglutinins may be found in the sera of both normal and sick persons. High titers of these antibodies are influenced by the major blood groups, the antigen B tending to suppress these antibodies, and by age where juveniles have higher titers than adults. Elevated titers may be stimulated by immunization, injection of pooled gamma-globulin, infection, and transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:941216", "title": "Quantitation of the immune rejection of allotransplanted AKR leukemic cells.", "content": "AKR leukemic cells were transferred into both CD2F1 and C3H/He mice and the growth and rejection of the cells followed by a quantitative cellular assay. While the leukemic cells initially grew at the same rate in both strains of mice, the CD2F1 mice eventually rejected the cells. The time to rejection was found to be dependent upon the initial inoculum size.", "contents": "Quantitation of the immune rejection of allotransplanted AKR leukemic cells. AKR leukemic cells were transferred into both CD2F1 and C3H/He mice and the growth and rejection of the cells followed by a quantitative cellular assay. While the leukemic cells initially grew at the same rate in both strains of mice, the CD2F1 mice eventually rejected the cells. The time to rejection was found to be dependent upon the initial inoculum size."}
{"id": "PMID:941238", "title": "Radiological studies on the upper digestive tract in Tanzanians at Mwanza.", "content": "Among 462 barium meals performed in rural Tanzanians in 1973-1974 121 pathological lesions were diagnosed. The principal were peptic ulcer in 59 patients, duodenitis in 20, serious gastritis in 10, carcinoma of the stomach in nine and of the oesophagus in seven. Peptic ulcer was most prevalent in young adults. The frequency of duodenitis was associated with invasion by parasitic worms. The social factors in the prevalence of peptic ulcer are discussed. Gastroptosis was a very common finding in patients with stomach complaints.", "contents": "Radiological studies on the upper digestive tract in Tanzanians at Mwanza. Among 462 barium meals performed in rural Tanzanians in 1973-1974 121 pathological lesions were diagnosed. The principal were peptic ulcer in 59 patients, duodenitis in 20, serious gastritis in 10, carcinoma of the stomach in nine and of the oesophagus in seven. Peptic ulcer was most prevalent in young adults. The frequency of duodenitis was associated with invasion by parasitic worms. The social factors in the prevalence of peptic ulcer are discussed. Gastroptosis was a very common finding in patients with stomach complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:941239", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis: a report of four cases from India.", "content": "Four cases of histiocytic medullary reticulosis encountered between 1968 and 1972 at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi, are reported. One of the cases was diagnosed during life and the other three postmortem. A complete remission was achieved in the former following prednisolone and cyclophosphamide therapy. The histological changes consisted of malignant histiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. The lymph nodes and the bone marrow were involved in all the cases. The importance of biopsy examination of these organs in making an early diagnosis is emphasised.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis: a report of four cases from India. Four cases of histiocytic medullary reticulosis encountered between 1968 and 1972 at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi, are reported. One of the cases was diagnosed during life and the other three postmortem. A complete remission was achieved in the former following prednisolone and cyclophosphamide therapy. The histological changes consisted of malignant histiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. The lymph nodes and the bone marrow were involved in all the cases. The importance of biopsy examination of these organs in making an early diagnosis is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:941240", "title": "Maternal and foetal vitamin B12 concentration at parturition among Nigerians.", "content": "Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were determined immediately after delivery among fifty healthy mothers and in cord blood of their newly delivered babies. The serum vitamin B12 concentrations of the infants were higher than those of their mothers and the ratio was approximately 2:1. The maternal serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly higher than other maternal serum vitamin B12 concentration reported previously and the infant serum vitamin B12 level was also significantly higher than other infants studied in similar projects. These results suggest that the high serum vitamin B12 concentration reported among Nigerians is most probably due to both genetical and environmental factors coupled with some microbial synthesis in the gastro-intestinal tract after resuming a full adult diet.", "contents": "Maternal and foetal vitamin B12 concentration at parturition among Nigerians. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations were determined immediately after delivery among fifty healthy mothers and in cord blood of their newly delivered babies. The serum vitamin B12 concentrations of the infants were higher than those of their mothers and the ratio was approximately 2:1. The maternal serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly higher than other maternal serum vitamin B12 concentration reported previously and the infant serum vitamin B12 level was also significantly higher than other infants studied in similar projects. These results suggest that the high serum vitamin B12 concentration reported among Nigerians is most probably due to both genetical and environmental factors coupled with some microbial synthesis in the gastro-intestinal tract after resuming a full adult diet."}
{"id": "PMID:941241", "title": "Biological features of Anopheles fluviatilis and its role in the transmission of malaria in Iran.", "content": "Anopheles fluviatilis is a vector of malaria in the southern regions of Iran. Its biological features and its significance are described.", "contents": "Biological features of Anopheles fluviatilis and its role in the transmission of malaria in Iran. Anopheles fluviatilis is a vector of malaria in the southern regions of Iran. Its biological features and its significance are described."}
{"id": "PMID:941242", "title": "Human brucellosis in Kenya.", "content": "The serology, epidemiologic features and clinical presentation of 39 patients suffering from Brucellosis in Kenya are described. The prevalent species was Brucella melitensis. There was a striking preference in the localisation of the infection for the spine and the hip joint. The disease runs a protracted course. Phenomena due to hypersensitivity and neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed. Advice regarding specific treatment is given.", "contents": "Human brucellosis in Kenya. The serology, epidemiologic features and clinical presentation of 39 patients suffering from Brucellosis in Kenya are described. The prevalent species was Brucella melitensis. There was a striking preference in the localisation of the infection for the spine and the hip joint. The disease runs a protracted course. Phenomena due to hypersensitivity and neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed. Advice regarding specific treatment is given."}
{"id": "PMID:941244", "title": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in Indonesia.", "content": "An 18-month-old male Indonesian with blindness, microphthalmia and bilateral cataracts was found to have antibody titers against Toxoplasma gondii of 1:512, 1:1024 and 1:1024 respectively by the indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody and Sabin-Feldman dye test. Serum from the child's mother by the same test also demonstrated antibody titers of 1:1024, 1:512 and 1:512 respectively. The clinical manifestations in the child and the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in both mother and child suggest that the disease was congenitally acquired.", "contents": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in Indonesia. An 18-month-old male Indonesian with blindness, microphthalmia and bilateral cataracts was found to have antibody titers against Toxoplasma gondii of 1:512, 1:1024 and 1:1024 respectively by the indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescent antibody and Sabin-Feldman dye test. Serum from the child's mother by the same test also demonstrated antibody titers of 1:1024, 1:512 and 1:512 respectively. The clinical manifestations in the child and the presence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in both mother and child suggest that the disease was congenitally acquired."}
{"id": "PMID:941246", "title": "Infective endocarditis-experience in Nigeria.", "content": "Ninety cases of infective endocarditis seen over a 10-year-period at University College Hospital, Ibadan, are reviewed. The peak incidence was in the third decade and rheumatic heart disease was the commonest pre-existing lesion in 59 cases with subacute endocarditis. In most cases the source of infection was not known. In 41 of the 90 cases (44%) the diagnosis was made only at autopsy. The bacterial isolation rate was low, the commonest organisms being staphylococci, streptococci, micrococci and gramnegative bacilli. The overall mortality was 70%. A plea is made for increasing awareness of the disease and prompt institution of effective treatment.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis-experience in Nigeria. Ninety cases of infective endocarditis seen over a 10-year-period at University College Hospital, Ibadan, are reviewed. The peak incidence was in the third decade and rheumatic heart disease was the commonest pre-existing lesion in 59 cases with subacute endocarditis. In most cases the source of infection was not known. In 41 of the 90 cases (44%) the diagnosis was made only at autopsy. The bacterial isolation rate was low, the commonest organisms being staphylococci, streptococci, micrococci and gramnegative bacilli. The overall mortality was 70%. A plea is made for increasing awareness of the disease and prompt institution of effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:941247", "title": "Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 5/8 heavily infected onchocerciasis patients. During treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate 10/11 patients showed increased numbers of 0. volvulus microfilariae in the CSF. Patients with concentrations of 8-31 mf/ml CSF developed severe vertigo, and some other neurological manifestations, during treatment. A hypothesis is put forward to account for this clinical piciture, and its importance in relation to the treatment of onchocerciasis is discussed.", "contents": "Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 5/8 heavily infected onchocerciasis patients. During treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate 10/11 patients showed increased numbers of 0. volvulus microfilariae in the CSF. Patients with concentrations of 8-31 mf/ml CSF developed severe vertigo, and some other neurological manifestations, during treatment. A hypothesis is put forward to account for this clinical piciture, and its importance in relation to the treatment of onchocerciasis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941248", "title": "The populatin dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae during treatment with suramin and diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "During treatment with suramin the numbers of O. volvulus microfilariae in the blood, urine, sputum, and anterior chambers of the eye fell before those in the skin. When diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was given after suramin, increased numbers of microfilariae appeared in the blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sputum, but the increase in the blood was less marked, and of shorter duration, than in similar patients receiving DEC without previous suramin. Microfilariae are thought to enter the urine, sputum and CSF directly from the blood by penetrating the capillary walls in the glomeruli, pulmonary alveoli, and choroid plexuses. Those in the aqueous humour do not appear to come directly from the bloodstream. The total numbers of microfilariae in the skin of some heavily infected onchocerciasis patients are estimated, as are the total numbers moving into the blood-stream under the influence of DEC and the proportion which escape into the urine, sputum and CSF. It is concluded that the majority of the microfilariae which appear in the blood during DEC therapy must be destroyed in the body, probably in the liver.", "contents": "The populatin dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae during treatment with suramin and diethylcarbamazine. During treatment with suramin the numbers of O. volvulus microfilariae in the blood, urine, sputum, and anterior chambers of the eye fell before those in the skin. When diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was given after suramin, increased numbers of microfilariae appeared in the blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sputum, but the increase in the blood was less marked, and of shorter duration, than in similar patients receiving DEC without previous suramin. Microfilariae are thought to enter the urine, sputum and CSF directly from the blood by penetrating the capillary walls in the glomeruli, pulmonary alveoli, and choroid plexuses. Those in the aqueous humour do not appear to come directly from the bloodstream. The total numbers of microfilariae in the skin of some heavily infected onchocerciasis patients are estimated, as are the total numbers moving into the blood-stream under the influence of DEC and the proportion which escape into the urine, sputum and CSF. It is concluded that the majority of the microfilariae which appear in the blood during DEC therapy must be destroyed in the body, probably in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:941249", "title": "Studies on quantitative aspects of the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti.", "content": "Feeding experiments with Anopheles gambiae and Culex fatigans infected with Wuchereria bancrofti showed that the mosquito females were losing about 20% of their worm burden when they were feeding on a blood chamber as well as on the guinea pig. 6.6% of all mature larvae found in the mosquitoes succeeded in entering the final host. A striking high infection rate was observed in those mosquitoes which refused to feed on a guinea pig. These mosquitoes have also to be considered when the loss of filarial larvae is calculated. Furthermore the experiments showed, that only very few larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti get lost when the mosquitoes are feeding only on sugar water solution.", "contents": "Studies on quantitative aspects of the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti. Feeding experiments with Anopheles gambiae and Culex fatigans infected with Wuchereria bancrofti showed that the mosquito females were losing about 20% of their worm burden when they were feeding on a blood chamber as well as on the guinea pig. 6.6% of all mature larvae found in the mosquitoes succeeded in entering the final host. A striking high infection rate was observed in those mosquitoes which refused to feed on a guinea pig. These mosquitoes have also to be considered when the loss of filarial larvae is calculated. Furthermore the experiments showed, that only very few larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti get lost when the mosquitoes are feeding only on sugar water solution."}
{"id": "PMID:941250", "title": "Surface properties of bloodstream Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei).", "content": "The African trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei brucei) in its bloodstream phase has been found to possess rather unique surface properties. Results of lectin and iron colloid binding studies have indicated that the parasite's surface coat is devoid of many types of exposed carbohydrate residues which commonly are expressed on a variety of mammalian cell types. These include: glucose, mannose, galactose, n-acetylglucosamine, n-acetylgalactosamine, and neuraminic acid. A number of these carbohydrates (E.G., glucose, mannose, galactose and n-acetylgalactosamine) are, however, buried within the surface coat as evidenced by lectin binding to trypsinized parasites. The surface of well preserved parasites also lack exposed sialic acid and phospholipid moieties. Moribund parasites (or trypsinzed organisms) with altered surface coats were found to possess well defined phospholipid regions, but not negatively charged sialyl residues. Results presented tend to suggest that carbohydrates and phospholipids are not present in the outermost portion of the glycocalyx, thus exerting little or no influence on surface-mediated biological activities. However, the presence of such components on the plasmalemma is presumed to be structurally significant; especially during those developmental phases where the glycocalyx is absent, i.e., fly midgut phase.", "contents": "Surface properties of bloodstream Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei). The African trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei brucei) in its bloodstream phase has been found to possess rather unique surface properties. Results of lectin and iron colloid binding studies have indicated that the parasite's surface coat is devoid of many types of exposed carbohydrate residues which commonly are expressed on a variety of mammalian cell types. These include: glucose, mannose, galactose, n-acetylglucosamine, n-acetylgalactosamine, and neuraminic acid. A number of these carbohydrates (E.G., glucose, mannose, galactose and n-acetylgalactosamine) are, however, buried within the surface coat as evidenced by lectin binding to trypsinized parasites. The surface of well preserved parasites also lack exposed sialic acid and phospholipid moieties. Moribund parasites (or trypsinzed organisms) with altered surface coats were found to possess well defined phospholipid regions, but not negatively charged sialyl residues. Results presented tend to suggest that carbohydrates and phospholipids are not present in the outermost portion of the glycocalyx, thus exerting little or no influence on surface-mediated biological activities. However, the presence of such components on the plasmalemma is presumed to be structurally significant; especially during those developmental phases where the glycocalyx is absent, i.e., fly midgut phase."}
{"id": "PMID:941251", "title": "An outbreak of Oropouche virus diease in the vicinity of santarem, para, barzil.", "content": "An epidemic of human febrile illness caused by Oropouche virus was studied in the village of Mojui dos Campos, Par\u00e1 State, in February 1975. The major clinical symptoms, fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and dizziness persisted for 2 to 7 days. Leukopenia was commonly observed. Some patients were severely ill but no deaths were attributed to the disease. Recurrence of symptoms was reported in several people. 55 cases of recent infection were diagnosed in Moju\u00ed dos Campos between February and April. In the same period 26 cases were recorded from the Palhal area, near to Moju\u00ed. Two additional cases were observed, one in the small settlement of Terra Preta and the other in the town of Santar\u00e9m, which are 12 and 20 km from Moju\u00ed, respectively. Of the 83 infections, 65 were proven by virus isolation from the blood of patients and 18 by the demonstration of an increasing antibody level to the agent. Both sexes of the population were infected in equal proportions. Most patients were below 20 years of age. In the village of Moju\u00ed dos Campos with a population of about 2,900, 45 (40,1%) out of 112 students aged 4 to 18, had HI antibodies to the virus when examined late in February. The epidemic, however, only declined after the middle of March. Two isolations of Oropouche virus were obtained from some 15,000 Culicoides inoculated into mice. About 4,000 Culicoides and all the 9,420 mosquitoes captured during the outbreak remain to be inoculated. Over 95% of the Culicoides were C. paraensis. Only 1 rodent of the genus Proechimys had HI antibodies to Oropouche virus out of the 602 wild and domestic mammals captured in the area. All 5 reptiles examined were negative. 34 (4.9%) out of the 681 wild birds and 12 (5.8%) out of the 206 domestic birds examined were positive for the presence of HI antibodies to the agent.", "contents": "An outbreak of Oropouche virus diease in the vicinity of santarem, para, barzil. An epidemic of human febrile illness caused by Oropouche virus was studied in the village of Mojui dos Campos, Par\u00e1 State, in February 1975. The major clinical symptoms, fever, chills, headache, myalgia, arthralgia and dizziness persisted for 2 to 7 days. Leukopenia was commonly observed. Some patients were severely ill but no deaths were attributed to the disease. Recurrence of symptoms was reported in several people. 55 cases of recent infection were diagnosed in Moju\u00ed dos Campos between February and April. In the same period 26 cases were recorded from the Palhal area, near to Moju\u00ed. Two additional cases were observed, one in the small settlement of Terra Preta and the other in the town of Santar\u00e9m, which are 12 and 20 km from Moju\u00ed, respectively. Of the 83 infections, 65 were proven by virus isolation from the blood of patients and 18 by the demonstration of an increasing antibody level to the agent. Both sexes of the population were infected in equal proportions. Most patients were below 20 years of age. In the village of Moju\u00ed dos Campos with a population of about 2,900, 45 (40,1%) out of 112 students aged 4 to 18, had HI antibodies to the virus when examined late in February. The epidemic, however, only declined after the middle of March. Two isolations of Oropouche virus were obtained from some 15,000 Culicoides inoculated into mice. About 4,000 Culicoides and all the 9,420 mosquitoes captured during the outbreak remain to be inoculated. Over 95% of the Culicoides were C. paraensis. Only 1 rodent of the genus Proechimys had HI antibodies to Oropouche virus out of the 602 wild and domestic mammals captured in the area. All 5 reptiles examined were negative. 34 (4.9%) out of the 681 wild birds and 12 (5.8%) out of the 206 domestic birds examined were positive for the presence of HI antibodies to the agent."}
{"id": "PMID:941252", "title": "[Investigations on the Filariidae of the Cervidae in Southern Germany. 4. Onchocerca garmsi Bain and Schulz-Key, 1976, a subcutaneous Filaria of red deer (Cervus elaphus)].", "content": "O. garmsi is a filaria living free in the subcutaneous tissues on the chest of red deer. The microfilarial distribution pattern in the skin of the host is studied. The convergent distribution of microfilariae of O. garmsi, O. tubingensis and O. cervicalis on the one hand and of O. tarsicola and W. rugosicauda on the other hand is discussed.", "contents": "[Investigations on the Filariidae of the Cervidae in Southern Germany. 4. Onchocerca garmsi Bain and Schulz-Key, 1976, a subcutaneous Filaria of red deer (Cervus elaphus)]. O. garmsi is a filaria living free in the subcutaneous tissues on the chest of red deer. The microfilarial distribution pattern in the skin of the host is studied. The convergent distribution of microfilariae of O. garmsi, O. tubingensis and O. cervicalis on the one hand and of O. tarsicola and W. rugosicauda on the other hand is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941257", "title": "[The relationship between the conception of the role of histones in the mutagenic process and the combined effect of trichloracetic acid and dimethylsulfate on Arabidopsis].", "content": "Separate and combined effect of TChAA and DMS was studied as applied to Arabidopsis of Estland race. When the Arabidopsis seeds were treated with TChAA in M1 separately, stimulation was observed as to certain features. A combined treatment with TChAA + DMS reduces significantly the yield of chlorophyll mutations both as compared to variants of separate treatment and to those of control. On the basis of the data obtained an important role of histones in mutation process is suggested.", "contents": "[The relationship between the conception of the role of histones in the mutagenic process and the combined effect of trichloracetic acid and dimethylsulfate on Arabidopsis]. Separate and combined effect of TChAA and DMS was studied as applied to Arabidopsis of Estland race. When the Arabidopsis seeds were treated with TChAA in M1 separately, stimulation was observed as to certain features. A combined treatment with TChAA + DMS reduces significantly the yield of chlorophyll mutations both as compared to variants of separate treatment and to those of control. On the basis of the data obtained an important role of histones in mutation process is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:941266", "title": "[Differential reactions of heterochromatin and euchromatin to beta-mercaptoethanol].", "content": "The responses of interphase and mitotic chromatins to beta-mercaptoethanol were studied. The reaction of X-chromatin of interphase nuclei was expressed in the increase of the percentage of cells with X-chromatin. beta-Merceptoethanol removed a condensing effect induced by spermine on the diffused chromatin of interphase cultured fibroblasts. beta-Mercaptoethanol caused a differential staining of metaphase chromosome when added to the cultured cells 0.5 hours prior to fixation. The treatment of chromosome preparations with different concentrations of beta-merceptoethanol and for different times led to different staining of chromosomes with asur--eosin. Low concentrations and/or short treatment induced G-banding, most typical with moderate concentrations. Higher concentrations and longer treatment prevented G-staining due to the loosening of G-segments.", "contents": "[Differential reactions of heterochromatin and euchromatin to beta-mercaptoethanol]. The responses of interphase and mitotic chromatins to beta-mercaptoethanol were studied. The reaction of X-chromatin of interphase nuclei was expressed in the increase of the percentage of cells with X-chromatin. beta-Merceptoethanol removed a condensing effect induced by spermine on the diffused chromatin of interphase cultured fibroblasts. beta-Mercaptoethanol caused a differential staining of metaphase chromosome when added to the cultured cells 0.5 hours prior to fixation. The treatment of chromosome preparations with different concentrations of beta-merceptoethanol and for different times led to different staining of chromosomes with asur--eosin. Low concentrations and/or short treatment induced G-banding, most typical with moderate concentrations. Higher concentrations and longer treatment prevented G-staining due to the loosening of G-segments."}
{"id": "PMID:941267", "title": "[Use of a mixed cell suspension obtained from the livers of different rats for cytological studies].", "content": "The possibility of employing a mixed suspension of isolated liver cells from several rats for estimation of some quantitative characters commonly used in cytological investigations was studied. It is demonstrated that the disaggregation rate of liver in different animals varies slightly, and the mean values of the parametres studied (the proportion of dividing and binucleated cell) obtained from individual animals coincides well with those of the mixed suspension.", "contents": "[Use of a mixed cell suspension obtained from the livers of different rats for cytological studies]. The possibility of employing a mixed suspension of isolated liver cells from several rats for estimation of some quantitative characters commonly used in cytological investigations was studied. It is demonstrated that the disaggregation rate of liver in different animals varies slightly, and the mean values of the parametres studied (the proportion of dividing and binucleated cell) obtained from individual animals coincides well with those of the mixed suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:941268", "title": "[The effect of extracts from Fallopian tube tissues, uterine fibromas and uterine adenocarcinomas on the growth and capacity for cell division of a human cell line].", "content": "Effects of the extracts prepared from tissues of fallopian tubes, uterine fibroid and uterine adenocarcinoma on mitotic activity and amitotic division in culture Tg33 were studied. Extracts with two protein concentrations, 25 and 100 mkg/ml, resp., were used. Differences were found between effects of extracts from malignant tissue and those of histologically unchanged fallopian tube extracts, and also the extract from tissues of uterine fibroid. The extracts from fallopian tubes removed during operation of the ovarian cyst and uterine fibroid (protein concentration 25 and 100 mkg/ml), and the extract of uterine fibroid (100 mkg/ml) caused the increase in mitotic activity. The extract from malignant tissues of adenocarcinoma (protein concentration 25 mkg/ml) and fallopian tubes (25 and 100 mkg/ml) caused no increase in the number of mitoses. The extract from tissues of uterine adenocarcinoma (protein concentration 100 mkg/ml) inhibited the number of mitoses in the culture. The above extracts effecting Tg33 cells caused the increase in the number of amitoses. The number of pathological mitoses did not increase under the influence of all the tested extracts.", "contents": "[The effect of extracts from Fallopian tube tissues, uterine fibromas and uterine adenocarcinomas on the growth and capacity for cell division of a human cell line]. Effects of the extracts prepared from tissues of fallopian tubes, uterine fibroid and uterine adenocarcinoma on mitotic activity and amitotic division in culture Tg33 were studied. Extracts with two protein concentrations, 25 and 100 mkg/ml, resp., were used. Differences were found between effects of extracts from malignant tissue and those of histologically unchanged fallopian tube extracts, and also the extract from tissues of uterine fibroid. The extracts from fallopian tubes removed during operation of the ovarian cyst and uterine fibroid (protein concentration 25 and 100 mkg/ml), and the extract of uterine fibroid (100 mkg/ml) caused the increase in mitotic activity. The extract from malignant tissues of adenocarcinoma (protein concentration 25 mkg/ml) and fallopian tubes (25 and 100 mkg/ml) caused no increase in the number of mitoses. The extract from tissues of uterine adenocarcinoma (protein concentration 100 mkg/ml) inhibited the number of mitoses in the culture. The above extracts effecting Tg33 cells caused the increase in the number of amitoses. The number of pathological mitoses did not increase under the influence of all the tested extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:941262", "title": "[Development of pollen tubes in self-fertile and self-sterile lines of sugar beets in isolation].", "content": "Studies in pollen germination on stigmas of isolated plants showed a great difference in this process in different forms. A rapid and steady growth of pollen tubes, their accumulation near the micropyle and penetration in it are observed in self-fertile plants. Pollen tubes grow slowly, often forming thickenings and swellings in self-sterile forms. Some of them penetrate deeper, reaching sometimes the seedbud but turn back without penetrating into it.", "contents": "[Development of pollen tubes in self-fertile and self-sterile lines of sugar beets in isolation]. Studies in pollen germination on stigmas of isolated plants showed a great difference in this process in different forms. A rapid and steady growth of pollen tubes, their accumulation near the micropyle and penetration in it are observed in self-fertile plants. Pollen tubes grow slowly, often forming thickenings and swellings in self-sterile forms. Some of them penetrate deeper, reaching sometimes the seedbud but turn back without penetrating into it."}
{"id": "PMID:941265", "title": "[The relationship between genetic and stochastic damage during the process of cell and bodily aging].", "content": "The paper deals with the conception formulated by the author concerning the dual nature of the ageing process determined by genetic and random factors which manifest their action at the molecular, cellular and organism level. The review is given of the author's own studies in the ratio of programmed and stochastic mechanisms of ageing in different organisms and cells in the tissue culture. A conclusion is made that genetic factors are the leading ones in determining the main mechanisms of ageing.", "contents": "[The relationship between genetic and stochastic damage during the process of cell and bodily aging]. The paper deals with the conception formulated by the author concerning the dual nature of the ageing process determined by genetic and random factors which manifest their action at the molecular, cellular and organism level. The review is given of the author's own studies in the ratio of programmed and stochastic mechanisms of ageing in different organisms and cells in the tissue culture. A conclusion is made that genetic factors are the leading ones in determining the main mechanisms of ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:941270", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on the proliferative activity ureteral epithelial cells].", "content": "Autoradiography has demonstrated that a single injection of hydrocortisone (10mg/100 gm b.w.) reduced statistically significant the number of DNA synthesizing cells and the intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation in these cells, as well as reduced the number of mitotically dividing epithelial cells in the rat ureter. 16 hours after hydrocortisone administration, the amount of proliferating cells increases statistically, but in 48 hours it reaches the control level.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on the proliferative activity ureteral epithelial cells]. Autoradiography has demonstrated that a single injection of hydrocortisone (10mg/100 gm b.w.) reduced statistically significant the number of DNA synthesizing cells and the intensity of 3H-thymidine incorporation in these cells, as well as reduced the number of mitotically dividing epithelial cells in the rat ureter. 16 hours after hydrocortisone administration, the amount of proliferating cells increases statistically, but in 48 hours it reaches the control level."}
{"id": "PMID:941272", "title": "[Alteration of the phospholipid composition and functional state of skeletal muscle fiber mitochondria during muscular activity and rest].", "content": "An intensive or prolonged muscular activity causes a decrease in mitochondrial phospholipid content (at the expence of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions) an augmented turnover of phosphate groups, a decrease of the optical density in mitochondria and the P/O ratio (at the expence of lowering of deltaP). During the recovery period, the content of phospholipids gradually restores: first phosphatidylethanolamine, and then phosphatidylcholine, a temporary increase in the amounts of polyglycerolphosphatide and acid phospholipids proceding. The augmentation of optical density of mitochondria and of P/O ratio over the inintial level coincides in time with the increase in acid phospholipid content. The enrichment of the animals diet with linoleic acid and methionine diminsihes biochemical changes caused by muscular activity in mitochondria to accelerate the normalization.", "contents": "[Alteration of the phospholipid composition and functional state of skeletal muscle fiber mitochondria during muscular activity and rest]. An intensive or prolonged muscular activity causes a decrease in mitochondrial phospholipid content (at the expence of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions) an augmented turnover of phosphate groups, a decrease of the optical density in mitochondria and the P/O ratio (at the expence of lowering of deltaP). During the recovery period, the content of phospholipids gradually restores: first phosphatidylethanolamine, and then phosphatidylcholine, a temporary increase in the amounts of polyglycerolphosphatide and acid phospholipids proceding. The augmentation of optical density of mitochondria and of P/O ratio over the inintial level coincides in time with the increase in acid phospholipid content. The enrichment of the animals diet with linoleic acid and methionine diminsihes biochemical changes caused by muscular activity in mitochondria to accelerate the normalization."}
{"id": "PMID:941273", "title": "[An interferometric study of the reaction of neurons in the motor area of the cerebral cortex to early visual deprivation].", "content": "Interferometrically is was shown that the absence of visual impulsation from the very birth of the animal caused alterations in protein substances not only in the neurons of visual area of the brain cortex but also in those of the motory one. However, unlike the visual area with the alteration of the deficience type (lowered protein contents, reduced dimensions of neurons), the alterations observed in the motory area are of the compensation order (increased protein contents, enlarged neurons). The influence of visual deprivation as an exterior factor on the plastical properties of neurons and the compensation of function is discussed.", "contents": "[An interferometric study of the reaction of neurons in the motor area of the cerebral cortex to early visual deprivation]. Interferometrically is was shown that the absence of visual impulsation from the very birth of the animal caused alterations in protein substances not only in the neurons of visual area of the brain cortex but also in those of the motory one. However, unlike the visual area with the alteration of the deficience type (lowered protein contents, reduced dimensions of neurons), the alterations observed in the motory area are of the compensation order (increased protein contents, enlarged neurons). The influence of visual deprivation as an exterior factor on the plastical properties of neurons and the compensation of function is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941274", "title": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. I. Movement of potassium, accompanying ions and water].", "content": "A study was made of the electrogenesis on (Na+C1)-free muscles in potassiumsulfate media, with the membrane potential not corresponding to Ek. It was found that the potassium content in these muscles may change: at 2.5 mM external potassium, the internal potassium content decreases, whereas at 75 mM it increases. Undoubtedly, some other ions (phosphates?) apart from K+ do penetrate the muscle membrane. The evidence obtained disprove a previous idea that under the condition described it is potassium alone which is involved in potential genesis.", "contents": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. I. Movement of potassium, accompanying ions and water]. A study was made of the electrogenesis on (Na+C1)-free muscles in potassiumsulfate media, with the membrane potential not corresponding to Ek. It was found that the potassium content in these muscles may change: at 2.5 mM external potassium, the internal potassium content decreases, whereas at 75 mM it increases. Undoubtedly, some other ions (phosphates?) apart from K+ do penetrate the muscle membrane. The evidence obtained disprove a previous idea that under the condition described it is potassium alone which is involved in potential genesis."}
{"id": "PMID:941275", "title": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. II. Rate of forward and reverse K42 transport through muscle fiber membranes in saccharose-sulfate solutions with potassium concentrations of 2.5 and 75 mM].", "content": "The measurements were made of the unidirectional potassium fluxes, the rate constants and the permeability coefficient. At external potassium 2.5 mM, the outflux and influx are 10--15, and 22-29 micromol/h g d. wt, respectively, and the net flux is comparable with the unidirectional fluxes. At external potassium 75 mM, the unidirectional fluxes increase up to 70--80 micromol/h, g d. wt. and the net flux does not exceed 0.1 of the unidirectional one. The outflux rate constant/influx rate constant ratio for both the potassium concentrations is about 1.5 times below the Ussing's ratio. This effect cannot be accounted for the single file phenomenon since it is independent of the direction and value of the net potassium flux. The discrepancy between the measured membrane potential and EK may, to some extent, be due to peculiarities of potassium movement.", "contents": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. II. Rate of forward and reverse K42 transport through muscle fiber membranes in saccharose-sulfate solutions with potassium concentrations of 2.5 and 75 mM]. The measurements were made of the unidirectional potassium fluxes, the rate constants and the permeability coefficient. At external potassium 2.5 mM, the outflux and influx are 10--15, and 22-29 micromol/h g d. wt, respectively, and the net flux is comparable with the unidirectional fluxes. At external potassium 75 mM, the unidirectional fluxes increase up to 70--80 micromol/h, g d. wt. and the net flux does not exceed 0.1 of the unidirectional one. The outflux rate constant/influx rate constant ratio for both the potassium concentrations is about 1.5 times below the Ussing's ratio. This effect cannot be accounted for the single file phenomenon since it is independent of the direction and value of the net potassium flux. The discrepancy between the measured membrane potential and EK may, to some extent, be due to peculiarities of potassium movement."}
{"id": "PMID:941276", "title": "[Abscence of the tetrodotoxin effect on sodium permeability under conditions of prolonged depolarization].", "content": "Using frog muscle fibres, it is shown that 10(-6) tetrodotoxin does not practically affect the membrane permeability to lithium ions during a continious depolarization, with the membrane potential being near zero, but causes half a decreased lithium permeability under conditions of normal membrane potential. The absolute value of the lithium permeability for these two states are very close. A 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride does not influence the lithium permeability of muscle membrane with the normal membrane potential and during a continious depolarization. It is proposed that intact and inactivated sodium channals may have almost equal ion passing capacities, but differ in their gate systems, especially as concerns its interaction with tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "[Abscence of the tetrodotoxin effect on sodium permeability under conditions of prolonged depolarization]. Using frog muscle fibres, it is shown that 10(-6) tetrodotoxin does not practically affect the membrane permeability to lithium ions during a continious depolarization, with the membrane potential being near zero, but causes half a decreased lithium permeability under conditions of normal membrane potential. The absolute value of the lithium permeability for these two states are very close. A 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride does not influence the lithium permeability of muscle membrane with the normal membrane potential and during a continious depolarization. It is proposed that intact and inactivated sodium channals may have almost equal ion passing capacities, but differ in their gate systems, especially as concerns its interaction with tetrodotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:941277", "title": "[Relationship between erythrocyte membrane permeability and the concentration in it of total cholesterol and its fractions and possible seasonal influences on these indices].", "content": "A correlation between the content of labilly connected cholesterol fraction in erythrocytes and their penetration for urea was demonstrated. The dependence of erythrocyte membrane penetration on general cholesterol content and cholesterol fractions in the membrane was found to be season-influenced. A biochemical mechanism responsible for the changes in the labilly connected cholesterol fraction in erythrocyte membrane is discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between erythrocyte membrane permeability and the concentration in it of total cholesterol and its fractions and possible seasonal influences on these indices]. A correlation between the content of labilly connected cholesterol fraction in erythrocytes and their penetration for urea was demonstrated. The dependence of erythrocyte membrane penetration on general cholesterol content and cholesterol fractions in the membrane was found to be season-influenced. A biochemical mechanism responsible for the changes in the labilly connected cholesterol fraction in erythrocyte membrane is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941278", "title": "[Adhesive properties of the upper surface of fibroblasts and epithelium in cultures].", "content": "Adhesive properties of the upper surface of cultured normal and neoplastic epithelial cells and of fibroblasts were studied. It was shown that the attachment of prelabeled homo- and heterologous cells introduced into epithelial sheets were very low as compared with the free substratum and dense cultures of fibroblasts. The upper surface of cells of cultured anaplastic hepatoma 22a was adhesive for prelabeled cells. Morphological characteristics of the studied cultures were compared. It was found that low adhesiveness of the upper surface of epithelial sheets correlated with the formation of firm intercellular contacts which remained unbroken during migration into the wound. It is suggested that when epithelial cells make contacts with each other, their surface is subdivided into two types of regions: areas of low adhesiveness (the upper surface), and those of firm intercellular contacts. This may cause the formation of monolayer epithelial sheet.", "contents": "[Adhesive properties of the upper surface of fibroblasts and epithelium in cultures]. Adhesive properties of the upper surface of cultured normal and neoplastic epithelial cells and of fibroblasts were studied. It was shown that the attachment of prelabeled homo- and heterologous cells introduced into epithelial sheets were very low as compared with the free substratum and dense cultures of fibroblasts. The upper surface of cells of cultured anaplastic hepatoma 22a was adhesive for prelabeled cells. Morphological characteristics of the studied cultures were compared. It was found that low adhesiveness of the upper surface of epithelial sheets correlated with the formation of firm intercellular contacts which remained unbroken during migration into the wound. It is suggested that when epithelial cells make contacts with each other, their surface is subdivided into two types of regions: areas of low adhesiveness (the upper surface), and those of firm intercellular contacts. This may cause the formation of monolayer epithelial sheet."}
{"id": "PMID:941280", "title": "[Cyotchemical indices of the protein-synthesizing apparatus of hyperchromic nerve cells].", "content": "Cytophotometric, interferometric and autoradiographic methods were applied to evaluate hyperchromic motoneurons (HM) from spinal cord of mice which were allowed to swim for 4 hours. The HM in comparison with the normochromic motor nerve cells are characterized by a higher RNA content and a lower dry weight of perikaria. The autoradiographic data with H3-uridane make it possible to suggest that RNA exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm of HM is accelerated. The mode of distribution of labelled proteins along the sciatic nerve 6 days after the local injection of H3-leucine in the ventral horn of L3--L4 spinal cord segments allows to conclude that the amount of protein transported with the slow component of axonal flow in the cases connected with the increase of the number of HM in corresponding nuclei is changed.", "contents": "[Cyotchemical indices of the protein-synthesizing apparatus of hyperchromic nerve cells]. Cytophotometric, interferometric and autoradiographic methods were applied to evaluate hyperchromic motoneurons (HM) from spinal cord of mice which were allowed to swim for 4 hours. The HM in comparison with the normochromic motor nerve cells are characterized by a higher RNA content and a lower dry weight of perikaria. The autoradiographic data with H3-uridane make it possible to suggest that RNA exchange between the nucleus and cytoplasm of HM is accelerated. The mode of distribution of labelled proteins along the sciatic nerve 6 days after the local injection of H3-leucine in the ventral horn of L3--L4 spinal cord segments allows to conclude that the amount of protein transported with the slow component of axonal flow in the cases connected with the increase of the number of HM in corresponding nuclei is changed."}
{"id": "PMID:941282", "title": "[A quantitative cytochemical study of mouse hepatocyte chromatin in the early periods following hepatectomy].", "content": "Mouse hepatocytes of different ploidy react to the partial hepatectomy by changes in cytochemical properties of the chromatin, leading to an increased binding to DNA of a basic dye acridine orange and an antibiotic actinomycin D, and to decreased DNP stability to acid hydrolysis. These alterations reach their maximum 1.5 and 2.5 hours after the operation in di-and tetraploid, and octaploid cells, resp. and decrease markedly by 5 hours after the operation. The differences in the chromatin reaction of cells with different ploidy to the activation stimulus reflects presumably the particular roles played by these cells in liver regeneration. The difference in chromatin cytochemical properties of activated and non-activated hepatocytes is interpreted as a result of changes in DNA interaction with chromatin proteins.", "contents": "[A quantitative cytochemical study of mouse hepatocyte chromatin in the early periods following hepatectomy]. Mouse hepatocytes of different ploidy react to the partial hepatectomy by changes in cytochemical properties of the chromatin, leading to an increased binding to DNA of a basic dye acridine orange and an antibiotic actinomycin D, and to decreased DNP stability to acid hydrolysis. These alterations reach their maximum 1.5 and 2.5 hours after the operation in di-and tetraploid, and octaploid cells, resp. and decrease markedly by 5 hours after the operation. The differences in the chromatin reaction of cells with different ploidy to the activation stimulus reflects presumably the particular roles played by these cells in liver regeneration. The difference in chromatin cytochemical properties of activated and non-activated hepatocytes is interpreted as a result of changes in DNA interaction with chromatin proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:941281", "title": "[Scanning intergrating cytospectophotometry of tightly apposed micro-objects (as an example, a study of the circadian rhythm of RNA and protein concentrations in different neuron--neuroglia systems)].", "content": "A scheme of electron aperture is described which permits a scanning intergrating cytospectrophotometry of adjacent microobjects. Results are presented of such cytophotometry to determine RNA and protein content in various neuron--neuroglia units of the rats studied every 4 hours during 24 hours period. Contraphase character of circadian fluctuations has been shown for RNA level in cerebllum Purkinje cells, hypothalamus supraoptic neurons and spinal cord motoneurons as compared with the fluctuations in corresponding glial satellite cells. Protein content fluctuations were of contraphase character only in the spinal motoneurons and in their perineuronal glia, whereas in all the other neuron-neuroglia units the period of fluctuations was rather similar in the neurons and in the glial cells. A great value of quantitative cytochemical methods is outlined to carry out a functional biochemical analysis of nervous tissue cells.", "contents": "[Scanning intergrating cytospectophotometry of tightly apposed micro-objects (as an example, a study of the circadian rhythm of RNA and protein concentrations in different neuron--neuroglia systems)]. A scheme of electron aperture is described which permits a scanning intergrating cytospectrophotometry of adjacent microobjects. Results are presented of such cytophotometry to determine RNA and protein content in various neuron--neuroglia units of the rats studied every 4 hours during 24 hours period. Contraphase character of circadian fluctuations has been shown for RNA level in cerebllum Purkinje cells, hypothalamus supraoptic neurons and spinal cord motoneurons as compared with the fluctuations in corresponding glial satellite cells. Protein content fluctuations were of contraphase character only in the spinal motoneurons and in their perineuronal glia, whereas in all the other neuron-neuroglia units the period of fluctuations was rather similar in the neurons and in the glial cells. A great value of quantitative cytochemical methods is outlined to carry out a functional biochemical analysis of nervous tissue cells."}
{"id": "PMID:941283", "title": "[Cytophotometric determination of the relationship between the chief isoenzyme forms of lactate dehydrogenase in the neuron--neuroglia system in different fuctional states of the nervous system].", "content": "In white mice, unlike the Wistar rats, the ratio of activities of H- and M-forms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is lower in the cerebral cortex neurons but higher in the spinal cord motoneurons within the limits of sensitivity and correctness of the cytospectro-photometric method. No statistically significant species differences in the activity ratios of H- to M-forms of LDH were found in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, as well as in the perineuronal glia of all the areas studied. Rats of the Krushinsky--Molodkina strain with a hereditary high sensitivity to audiogenic convulsions differed from the Wistar rats only with a higher H- to M-form activity ratio in the Purkinje cells and in their glial satellite cells. The ratio of H-forms to M-forms of LDH did not differ significantly in the majority of the neuron types studied as well as in the neurons as compared with their glial satellite cells. Histotoxic hypoxia in mice due to KCN injection gave rise to activation of M-forms of LDH in spinal cord motoneurons and spinal ganglia neurons, of H-forms in cerebral and cerebellar cortex neurons and of both forms in the neuroglial cells adjacent to the cerebellum Purkinje neurons. Audiogenic convulsions in the Krushinsky--Molodkina rats induced an increase of the H-form activity of LDH in perineuronal glia of spinal cord anterior horns, and of the M-form activity in the cerebellum Purkinje cells with a decrease in the M-forms of the cerebellum neuroglia. An importance of multiple forms of enzymes for the functional regulation of the cell biochemical pattern is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric determination of the relationship between the chief isoenzyme forms of lactate dehydrogenase in the neuron--neuroglia system in different fuctional states of the nervous system]. In white mice, unlike the Wistar rats, the ratio of activities of H- and M-forms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is lower in the cerebral cortex neurons but higher in the spinal cord motoneurons within the limits of sensitivity and correctness of the cytospectro-photometric method. No statistically significant species differences in the activity ratios of H- to M-forms of LDH were found in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, as well as in the perineuronal glia of all the areas studied. Rats of the Krushinsky--Molodkina strain with a hereditary high sensitivity to audiogenic convulsions differed from the Wistar rats only with a higher H- to M-form activity ratio in the Purkinje cells and in their glial satellite cells. The ratio of H-forms to M-forms of LDH did not differ significantly in the majority of the neuron types studied as well as in the neurons as compared with their glial satellite cells. Histotoxic hypoxia in mice due to KCN injection gave rise to activation of M-forms of LDH in spinal cord motoneurons and spinal ganglia neurons, of H-forms in cerebral and cerebellar cortex neurons and of both forms in the neuroglial cells adjacent to the cerebellum Purkinje neurons. Audiogenic convulsions in the Krushinsky--Molodkina rats induced an increase of the H-form activity of LDH in perineuronal glia of spinal cord anterior horns, and of the M-form activity in the cerebellum Purkinje cells with a decrease in the M-forms of the cerebellum neuroglia. An importance of multiple forms of enzymes for the functional regulation of the cell biochemical pattern is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941284", "title": "[Cytophotometric correlation of changes in the RNA and protein concentrations of perineuronal oligodendrogliocytes and ependymal cells of the spinal cord under different experimental conditions].", "content": "By means of ultraviolet and visible cytospectrophotometry, RNA and total protein content per cell was determined in perineuronal oligodendrogliocytes of spinal cord anterior horns and in ependyma cells of spinal cord central canal in Wistar rats under various experimental conditions. It was only in one experimental series that the cell kinds compared were characterized by a similar metabolic response: daily adrenaline injections for two weeks resulted in RNA accumulation both in the oligodendroglia and in the ependyma: besides, in both the kinds of spinal cord cells, no changes in RNA amount was found due to acute hypoxic hypoxia and to 6-mercaptopurine administration. In all the other experimental series (aurantin adminstraion: adrenalectomy and hydrocortison treatment; posthypoxic reparation), changes in RNA content markedly differed in the oligodendroglia and in the ependyma. The data are presented concerning the changes in protein content in the cytoplasm of spinal cord ependyma cells under the experimental conditions applied. Importance of topochemical analysis of nervous tissue structures by means of quantitative cytochemical methods is outlined.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric correlation of changes in the RNA and protein concentrations of perineuronal oligodendrogliocytes and ependymal cells of the spinal cord under different experimental conditions]. By means of ultraviolet and visible cytospectrophotometry, RNA and total protein content per cell was determined in perineuronal oligodendrogliocytes of spinal cord anterior horns and in ependyma cells of spinal cord central canal in Wistar rats under various experimental conditions. It was only in one experimental series that the cell kinds compared were characterized by a similar metabolic response: daily adrenaline injections for two weeks resulted in RNA accumulation both in the oligodendroglia and in the ependyma: besides, in both the kinds of spinal cord cells, no changes in RNA amount was found due to acute hypoxic hypoxia and to 6-mercaptopurine administration. In all the other experimental series (aurantin adminstraion: adrenalectomy and hydrocortison treatment; posthypoxic reparation), changes in RNA content markedly differed in the oligodendroglia and in the ependyma. The data are presented concerning the changes in protein content in the cytoplasm of spinal cord ependyma cells under the experimental conditions applied. Importance of topochemical analysis of nervous tissue structures by means of quantitative cytochemical methods is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:941286", "title": "[A microfluorimetric study of glycogen fractions in rat liver under different conditions of liver perfusion and animal nutrition].", "content": "A study was made of the amount of a labile and a stable glycogen fractions in the rat liver cells under various feeding regimes and different durations of liver perfusion. The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a 40 minutes' treatment in a Schiff type  reagent--Auramine--SO2 was found most chaneable at hunger, at feeding with carbohydrate rich food and at liver perfusion. This fraction is removed from the cells after the treatment with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA-fraction). The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a more prolonged treatment of cells (90 minutes) in Auramine--SO2 and extracted only with hot KOH (KOH fraction), is relatively stable. According to the cytochemical evidence, the TCA and KOH fraction contents in the rat liver cells reach 80--85 and 15--20%, resp. The cytochemical evidence provided obtained with the fluorescence PAS-reaction permits to consider as identic the glycogen fractions revealed with biochemical methods.", "contents": "[A microfluorimetric study of glycogen fractions in rat liver under different conditions of liver perfusion and animal nutrition]. A study was made of the amount of a labile and a stable glycogen fractions in the rat liver cells under various feeding regimes and different durations of liver perfusion. The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a 40 minutes' treatment in a Schiff type  reagent--Auramine--SO2 was found most chaneable at hunger, at feeding with carbohydrate rich food and at liver perfusion. This fraction is removed from the cells after the treatment with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA-fraction). The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a more prolonged treatment of cells (90 minutes) in Auramine--SO2 and extracted only with hot KOH (KOH fraction), is relatively stable. According to the cytochemical evidence, the TCA and KOH fraction contents in the rat liver cells reach 80--85 and 15--20%, resp. The cytochemical evidence provided obtained with the fluorescence PAS-reaction permits to consider as identic the glycogen fractions revealed with biochemical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:941289", "title": "[Prezygotic selection of male gametes in laboratory mice].", "content": "Frequency of aneuploid male gametes was related to the number of early embryos with numeral chromosomal aberrations in progeny of male mice, heterozygous for the Robertsonian translocations T1 (15.6) AID, and T1 (17.8) IEM. In mice heterozygous for translocation T1 (15.6) AID, the number of spermatocytes II with NF=21 was very low and corresponded to the number of trisomic embryos at stages of major organogenesis. In mice heterozygous for T1 (17.8) IEM translocation, the number of aneuploid gametes was 26.2%, but neither embryo of their progeny, on the 8 12th days of gestation, was found to be trisomic. The involvement of chromosomes 8 and 17 in the control of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis in mice is suggested.", "contents": "[Prezygotic selection of male gametes in laboratory mice]. Frequency of aneuploid male gametes was related to the number of early embryos with numeral chromosomal aberrations in progeny of male mice, heterozygous for the Robertsonian translocations T1 (15.6) AID, and T1 (17.8) IEM. In mice heterozygous for translocation T1 (15.6) AID, the number of spermatocytes II with NF=21 was very low and corresponded to the number of trisomic embryos at stages of major organogenesis. In mice heterozygous for T1 (17.8) IEM translocation, the number of aneuploid gametes was 26.2%, but neither embryo of their progeny, on the 8 12th days of gestation, was found to be trisomic. The involvement of chromosomes 8 and 17 in the control of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis in mice is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:941290", "title": "[The role of cations and surface membrane proteins in the adhesion of rat liver parenchymal cells. II. The influence of calcium ions on the structure of cell contacts].", "content": "The structural interrelations of hepatocytes, under the rat liver perfusion with calciumless solutions, were studied with the electron microscopy. Lantanum chloride, alcian blue and ruthenium red were used for revealing the intercellular space, specialized junctions and cell coats. Significant alterations in the interelations of the hepatocytes after a long liver perfusion (1.5h) were discovered. The structure of the specialized cell junctions and the space intercellular width under a 15-20 min. liver perfusion remained unchanged. The results obtained suggest the important role of Ca2+-ions and supramembranic material in the cellular adhesion.", "contents": "[The role of cations and surface membrane proteins in the adhesion of rat liver parenchymal cells. II. The influence of calcium ions on the structure of cell contacts]. The structural interrelations of hepatocytes, under the rat liver perfusion with calciumless solutions, were studied with the electron microscopy. Lantanum chloride, alcian blue and ruthenium red were used for revealing the intercellular space, specialized junctions and cell coats. Significant alterations in the interelations of the hepatocytes after a long liver perfusion (1.5h) were discovered. The structure of the specialized cell junctions and the space intercellular width under a 15-20 min. liver perfusion remained unchanged. The results obtained suggest the important role of Ca2+-ions and supramembranic material in the cellular adhesion."}
{"id": "PMID:941291", "title": "[The peroxidase activity of rat cerebral hemisphere neurons during hypoxia training].", "content": "Peroxidase activity (PA) was studied in the rat's brain cortex during a 2 months training to hypoxia according to the Barbashova method. PA was investigated histochemically by an ammonium--molibdate--benzidine method on blocks of surviving brain tissue, thereafter they were studied by the contact microscopy. PA was also determined biochemically in water-salt extracts of the brain tissue. A progressive increase of PA in the course of training was shown by both the techniques. The increase of activity is accounted for by the growing quantity of neurons developing the reaction as well as by the growing intensity of reaction in each neuron. The nature of PA of neurons and its adaptive significance in hypoxic conditions is discussed.", "contents": "[The peroxidase activity of rat cerebral hemisphere neurons during hypoxia training]. Peroxidase activity (PA) was studied in the rat's brain cortex during a 2 months training to hypoxia according to the Barbashova method. PA was investigated histochemically by an ammonium--molibdate--benzidine method on blocks of surviving brain tissue, thereafter they were studied by the contact microscopy. PA was also determined biochemically in water-salt extracts of the brain tissue. A progressive increase of PA in the course of training was shown by both the techniques. The increase of activity is accounted for by the growing quantity of neurons developing the reaction as well as by the growing intensity of reaction in each neuron. The nature of PA of neurons and its adaptive significance in hypoxic conditions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941293", "title": "[The prereplicative period in hepatic regeneration].", "content": "Using H3-thymidine autoradiography and biochemical methods, it was revealed that the inhibition of thymidine incorporation in the nuclei of hepatocytes and duodenal crypt epithelial cells occurs in the middle of the preperlicative period (between the liver resection and the increase of DNA synthesis) in the rat regenerating liver. The transition of cells from G1 to phase S was also blocked. No decrease in the uptake of H3-thymidine by liver cells was seen after hepatectomy.", "contents": "[The prereplicative period in hepatic regeneration]. Using H3-thymidine autoradiography and biochemical methods, it was revealed that the inhibition of thymidine incorporation in the nuclei of hepatocytes and duodenal crypt epithelial cells occurs in the middle of the preperlicative period (between the liver resection and the increase of DNA synthesis) in the rat regenerating liver. The transition of cells from G1 to phase S was also blocked. No decrease in the uptake of H3-thymidine by liver cells was seen after hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:941294", "title": "[Adrenergic receptors in murine epidermis].", "content": "The availability of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in murine epidermal cells was revealed by means of adrenomimetic and adrenolitic drugs, these receptors having direct influence on the cell division in epidermis. The simultaneous as well as independent stimulation of alpha- and beta-receptors by mesation (phenylephrine) and isadrin (isoproterenol), respectively, markedly inhibits the transition of epidermal cells from interphase into mitosis. The effect is observable in 2 hours. Thus, the interaction of adrenaline with adrenergic receptors in epidermis may be considered as a way by which this hormone may control the mitotic activity.", "contents": "[Adrenergic receptors in murine epidermis]. The availability of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in murine epidermal cells was revealed by means of adrenomimetic and adrenolitic drugs, these receptors having direct influence on the cell division in epidermis. The simultaneous as well as independent stimulation of alpha- and beta-receptors by mesation (phenylephrine) and isadrin (isoproterenol), respectively, markedly inhibits the transition of epidermal cells from interphase into mitosis. The effect is observable in 2 hours. Thus, the interaction of adrenaline with adrenergic receptors in epidermis may be considered as a way by which this hormone may control the mitotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:941295", "title": "[Factors of coagulation and fibrinolysis in somatic and autonomic nerve fibers and their role in the process of excitation].", "content": "Somatic and vegetative nerve fibres contatin a very active thromboplastin, antiheparin factor, proactivator, activator, plasminogen and plasmin. Fibrinolytic agents are more numerous in the nuerolemma than in nerve fibres. Plasmin and its activator are firmly bound with the tissue structure, unlike plasminogen and proactivator. It is supposed that these factors may be significant in the structural modification of protoplasm at excitation of cell elements.", "contents": "[Factors of coagulation and fibrinolysis in somatic and autonomic nerve fibers and their role in the process of excitation]. Somatic and vegetative nerve fibres contatin a very active thromboplastin, antiheparin factor, proactivator, activator, plasminogen and plasmin. Fibrinolytic agents are more numerous in the nuerolemma than in nerve fibres. Plasmin and its activator are firmly bound with the tissue structure, unlike plasminogen and proactivator. It is supposed that these factors may be significant in the structural modification of protoplasm at excitation of cell elements."}
{"id": "PMID:941296", "title": "[A quantitative assessment of enzyme activity by cytophotometry using a standard].", "content": "The usage of the standard has been offered in cytospectrophotometrical measurements of enzymatic activities that are revealed histochemically. A tetrazolium method was used to demonstrate lactate dehydrogenase activity in sections of the rat brain. As a standard, a mixture of the enzyme (a crystalline forme of LDG) and gelatine was taken. The method of standardization permits fulfilling a quantitative comparison of heterogenic biological materials.", "contents": "[A quantitative assessment of enzyme activity by cytophotometry using a standard]. The usage of the standard has been offered in cytospectrophotometrical measurements of enzymatic activities that are revealed histochemically. A tetrazolium method was used to demonstrate lactate dehydrogenase activity in sections of the rat brain. As a standard, a mixture of the enzyme (a crystalline forme of LDG) and gelatine was taken. The method of standardization permits fulfilling a quantitative comparison of heterogenic biological materials."}
{"id": "PMID:941298", "title": "[Monochromators for cytophotometers and cytofluorimeters].", "content": "Two monochromators for microspectrophotometers are described. The attachments have been designed so that the peculiarities of the optical system of microscope have been taken into consideration. Simple, small sized monochromator is executed as a part of biological microscope and will be used mainly in cytophotometry. Another attachment is a commercially available single monochromator which has been easily adapted as a double one for using in cytophluorimetry by means of autoreflector set behing the exit split.", "contents": "[Monochromators for cytophotometers and cytofluorimeters]. Two monochromators for microspectrophotometers are described. The attachments have been designed so that the peculiarities of the optical system of microscope have been taken into consideration. Simple, small sized monochromator is executed as a part of biological microscope and will be used mainly in cytophotometry. Another attachment is a commercially available single monochromator which has been easily adapted as a double one for using in cytophluorimetry by means of autoreflector set behing the exit split."}
{"id": "PMID:941299", "title": "An assessment of the carcinogenicity of isoniazid in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "In an assessment of the carcinogenicity of isoniazid, 3,842 adult tuberculous patients admitted to 2 sanatoria in the period 1950 to 1957 (that is, in the years immediately before and after the introduction of isoniazid) have been followed up for a mean period of over 19 years. Their mortality has been compared with that expected during the same calendar period in a general population group in England and Wales with the same age and sex distribution. The relative risk of death (the observed divided by the expected number of deaths) from all malignant neoplasms in patients first starting chemotherapy in 1950 to 1952, before the general introduction of isoniazid, was 0.8 for those who received isoniazid at some time, compared with 0.5 for those who never received it; for those first starting chemotherapy in 1953 to 1957, after the general introduction of the drug, the respective risks were 1.4 and 1.8. The relative risk of death from malignant neoplasms was 2.1 in the first 4 years after starting the treatment with isoniazid; this high relative risk is unlikely to be attributable to isoniazid and largely disappears subsequently, for in successive 4-year periods it was 1.3, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.4. The relative risks of death from all malignant neoplasms for patients receiving a total dosage of less than 50, 50-99, 100-199 and 200 g or more were 1.5, 1.5, 1.0 and 1.3, respectively. For patients receiving a maximum daily dose of less than 250 g the relative risk was 1.3, and for those receiving 250 g or more it was 1.2. There was a curious and unexplained difference in the mortality from malignant neoplasms in patients first starting chemotherapy in 1950 to 1952 (relative risk 0.6) and those first starting in 1953 to 1957 (relative risk 1.5). This is being studied further. This study has provided no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of isoniazid in a period of follow-up averaging nearly 20 years. The follow-up is being continued.", "contents": "An assessment of the carcinogenicity of isoniazid in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. In an assessment of the carcinogenicity of isoniazid, 3,842 adult tuberculous patients admitted to 2 sanatoria in the period 1950 to 1957 (that is, in the years immediately before and after the introduction of isoniazid) have been followed up for a mean period of over 19 years. Their mortality has been compared with that expected during the same calendar period in a general population group in England and Wales with the same age and sex distribution. The relative risk of death (the observed divided by the expected number of deaths) from all malignant neoplasms in patients first starting chemotherapy in 1950 to 1952, before the general introduction of isoniazid, was 0.8 for those who received isoniazid at some time, compared with 0.5 for those who never received it; for those first starting chemotherapy in 1953 to 1957, after the general introduction of the drug, the respective risks were 1.4 and 1.8. The relative risk of death from malignant neoplasms was 2.1 in the first 4 years after starting the treatment with isoniazid; this high relative risk is unlikely to be attributable to isoniazid and largely disappears subsequently, for in successive 4-year periods it was 1.3, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.4. The relative risks of death from all malignant neoplasms for patients receiving a total dosage of less than 50, 50-99, 100-199 and 200 g or more were 1.5, 1.5, 1.0 and 1.3, respectively. For patients receiving a maximum daily dose of less than 250 g the relative risk was 1.3, and for those receiving 250 g or more it was 1.2. There was a curious and unexplained difference in the mortality from malignant neoplasms in patients first starting chemotherapy in 1950 to 1952 (relative risk 0.6) and those first starting in 1953 to 1957 (relative risk 1.5). This is being studied further. This study has provided no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of isoniazid in a period of follow-up averaging nearly 20 years. The follow-up is being continued."}
{"id": "PMID:941300", "title": "The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei in man: a report of seven cases.", "content": "The clinical records of 7 patients referred to the National Jewish Hospital and Research Center over a 6-year period for evaluation of an abnormal chest x-ray and repeated sputum isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria (Runyon's Group IV) were reviewed to determine the potential pathogenicity of these organisms. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from 5 patients and Mycobacterium chelonei from 2. Haemoptysis, cough and weight loss were prominent in 6. Three had rheumatoid arthritis. Although two demonstrated cutaneous anergy, lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA was normal. PPD-F was not useful in skin testing or in the in vitro evaluation of lymphocyte function. Histologic examination of the lungs of 2 patients demonstrated caseating granulomata. One patient died of massive pulmonary haemorrhage soon after intiation of therapy. Multi-drug treatment regimens generally resulted in progressive sterilization of the sutum and improvement in the appearance of the chest x-ray. We conclude that some rapidly growing mycobacteria can cause potentially fatal cavitary lung disease and that intensive anti-tuberculosis therapy may successfully alter its course.", "contents": "The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei in man: a report of seven cases. The clinical records of 7 patients referred to the National Jewish Hospital and Research Center over a 6-year period for evaluation of an abnormal chest x-ray and repeated sputum isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria (Runyon's Group IV) were reviewed to determine the potential pathogenicity of these organisms. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from 5 patients and Mycobacterium chelonei from 2. Haemoptysis, cough and weight loss were prominent in 6. Three had rheumatoid arthritis. Although two demonstrated cutaneous anergy, lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA was normal. PPD-F was not useful in skin testing or in the in vitro evaluation of lymphocyte function. Histologic examination of the lungs of 2 patients demonstrated caseating granulomata. One patient died of massive pulmonary haemorrhage soon after intiation of therapy. Multi-drug treatment regimens generally resulted in progressive sterilization of the sutum and improvement in the appearance of the chest x-ray. We conclude that some rapidly growing mycobacteria can cause potentially fatal cavitary lung disease and that intensive anti-tuberculosis therapy may successfully alter its course."}
{"id": "PMID:941302", "title": "[Isolation of the fragment D dimer from stabilized fibrin and a study of its antipolymerization action].", "content": "The dimer of fragment D is isolated preparatively by CM-cellulose chromatography (in neutral medium) from dialyzed tryptic hydrolyzate of stabilized fibrin. Contrary to the fragment D monomer obtained from fibrinogen under the same conditions, the dimer itself cannot inhibit polymerization of monomeric fibrin. However with the presence of monomer D in the amount sufficient for essential inhibition of the fibrin polymerization the addition of dimer D produces the further delay in polymerization. Under these conditions dimer D is highly effective inhibitor if its amount is not too little, as its small doses are not effective.", "contents": "[Isolation of the fragment D dimer from stabilized fibrin and a study of its antipolymerization action]. The dimer of fragment D is isolated preparatively by CM-cellulose chromatography (in neutral medium) from dialyzed tryptic hydrolyzate of stabilized fibrin. Contrary to the fragment D monomer obtained from fibrinogen under the same conditions, the dimer itself cannot inhibit polymerization of monomeric fibrin. However with the presence of monomer D in the amount sufficient for essential inhibition of the fibrin polymerization the addition of dimer D produces the further delay in polymerization. Under these conditions dimer D is highly effective inhibitor if its amount is not too little, as its small doses are not effective."}
{"id": "PMID:941303", "title": "[Localization of Ca2+ in the smooth muscle and glandular cells of the rabbit uterus].", "content": "The pyroantimonate and radiometric procedures were used to establish the presence of three foci of selective accumulation of ions Ca2+ in the myometrium smooth-muscular cells: in nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmatic reticulum. In the epithelium of the womb glands, besides the same foci a considerable amount of ions Ca2+ is contained in the cytoplasm matrix. Under the effect of serotonin the myometrium nuclei lose 45Ca most actively in the epithelium cells of the womb glands the content of Ca2+ changes, that gives reason to suppose that these structure participate in the calcium redistribution with a change in the functional activity of myometrium.", "contents": "[Localization of Ca2+ in the smooth muscle and glandular cells of the rabbit uterus]. The pyroantimonate and radiometric procedures were used to establish the presence of three foci of selective accumulation of ions Ca2+ in the myometrium smooth-muscular cells: in nuclei, mitochondria and endoplasmatic reticulum. In the epithelium of the womb glands, besides the same foci a considerable amount of ions Ca2+ is contained in the cytoplasm matrix. Under the effect of serotonin the myometrium nuclei lose 45Ca most actively in the epithelium cells of the womb glands the content of Ca2+ changes, that gives reason to suppose that these structure participate in the calcium redistribution with a change in the functional activity of myometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:941304", "title": "[Acetylcholinesterase in the rabbit hippocampal formation after destruction of the septohippocampal connections].", "content": "After deafferentation of the septofimbriate introitus to the rabbit hippocamp acetylcholinesterase activity lowers in homogenates and usbcellular fractions within different areas of the hippocampal formation and subiculum. The greatest decrease is observed in homogenates of the denticulate fascia (up to 25% of the norm). In the subcellular fractions the greatest decrease is observed in the activity of the coarse mitochondrial and MHN-20 fractions as compared to the nuclear and microsomal ones. When separating the coarse mitochondrial fraction within the linear gradient of sucrose density (0.7--1.6 M), the greatest decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity is observed in the upper layers of the gradient. Distruction of septohippocampal relations produces a strong drop in the activity of butyryl cholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase in the fimbria homogenates.", "contents": "[Acetylcholinesterase in the rabbit hippocampal formation after destruction of the septohippocampal connections]. After deafferentation of the septofimbriate introitus to the rabbit hippocamp acetylcholinesterase activity lowers in homogenates and usbcellular fractions within different areas of the hippocampal formation and subiculum. The greatest decrease is observed in homogenates of the denticulate fascia (up to 25% of the norm). In the subcellular fractions the greatest decrease is observed in the activity of the coarse mitochondrial and MHN-20 fractions as compared to the nuclear and microsomal ones. When separating the coarse mitochondrial fraction within the linear gradient of sucrose density (0.7--1.6 M), the greatest decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity is observed in the upper layers of the gradient. Distruction of septohippocampal relations produces a strong drop in the activity of butyryl cholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase in the fimbria homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:941305", "title": "[Changes in monoamine oxidase activity and catecholamine content in the tissues of guinea pigs saturated with ascorbic acid under the influence of actinomycin D, tetracycline and cycloheximide].", "content": "A short-time saturation of guinea pigs with ascorbic acid (100 mg per 1 kg of weight every hour for 5 h) causes its accumulation in the adrenals and blood, an increase in the monoaminooxidase activity in the liver and in the content of adrenaline in the adrenals. The content of noradrenaline in the liver and brain does not change. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, actinomycin D, tetracycline and cycloheximide, have a different effect on the increase in the monoaminooxidase activity evoked by introduction of ascorbic acid: tetracycline blocks the increase in the enzyme activity, actinomycin D has no effect on it. Cycloheximide introduced against a background of chronic saturation of guinea pigs with ascorbic acid also blocks the increase in the monoaminooxidase activity in the liver mitochondria.", "contents": "[Changes in monoamine oxidase activity and catecholamine content in the tissues of guinea pigs saturated with ascorbic acid under the influence of actinomycin D, tetracycline and cycloheximide]. A short-time saturation of guinea pigs with ascorbic acid (100 mg per 1 kg of weight every hour for 5 h) causes its accumulation in the adrenals and blood, an increase in the monoaminooxidase activity in the liver and in the content of adrenaline in the adrenals. The content of noradrenaline in the liver and brain does not change. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, actinomycin D, tetracycline and cycloheximide, have a different effect on the increase in the monoaminooxidase activity evoked by introduction of ascorbic acid: tetracycline blocks the increase in the enzyme activity, actinomycin D has no effect on it. Cycloheximide introduced against a background of chronic saturation of guinea pigs with ascorbic acid also blocks the increase in the monoaminooxidase activity in the liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:941306", "title": "[Carbohydrate content and glycolysis enzymatic activity in the liver of young purebred and hybrid cattle of both sexes].", "content": "It is established that the content of glycogen, glucose, fructose and the activity of phosphoglucomutase and phosphogexoisomerase is considerably higher in the heifer liver and the content of pentoses of adenylic system and the activity of aldolase is essentially lower than in the liver of bulls of the same breed. In the liver of growing hybrid young cattle (except of the Hereford heifers) as compared to the purebred ones the value of the total pentoses: glycogen and pentoses of adenylic system: glycogen ratios are significantly higher. These values in the bull liver of all the breed groups are essentially higher than in the heifer liver. The data obtained evidence for possibility of applying the values of ratio of total pentoses and especially of pentoses of adenylic system to glycogen as well as the activity of aldolase in the liver tissue as biochemical test for estimating the high rate of growth and prognosing the meat productivity of young cattle of different sex.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate content and glycolysis enzymatic activity in the liver of young purebred and hybrid cattle of both sexes]. It is established that the content of glycogen, glucose, fructose and the activity of phosphoglucomutase and phosphogexoisomerase is considerably higher in the heifer liver and the content of pentoses of adenylic system and the activity of aldolase is essentially lower than in the liver of bulls of the same breed. In the liver of growing hybrid young cattle (except of the Hereford heifers) as compared to the purebred ones the value of the total pentoses: glycogen and pentoses of adenylic system: glycogen ratios are significantly higher. These values in the bull liver of all the breed groups are essentially higher than in the heifer liver. The data obtained evidence for possibility of applying the values of ratio of total pentoses and especially of pentoses of adenylic system to glycogen as well as the activity of aldolase in the liver tissue as biochemical test for estimating the high rate of growth and prognosing the meat productivity of young cattle of different sex."}
{"id": "PMID:941307", "title": "[Action of ultraviolet radiation on chymotrypsin solutions].", "content": "The article deals with the influence of UV-radiation (gamma-254 nm) on the chymotrypsin solutions in the atmosphere of O2, Ar and CO2 at 5 degrees C and 40 degrees C as well as with the processes of aftereffect. Inactivation of chymotrypsin due to irradiation was accompanied by formation of SH-groups, high and low molecular weight compounds with low activity and inactive products of photolysis. An increase in temperature led to a greater chymotrypsin inactivation and increase in the number of SH-groups and aggregates, and to a greater photolysis of the enzyme molecules. The irradiation in the atmosphere of O2 and Ar revealed no differences in the course of chymotrypsin inactivation. Nevertheless, it was found that in Ar the yield of high-molecular compounds, their activity and the number of SH-groups exceeded those in O2. In the presence of O2 the formation of active products of low molecular weight increased. Irradiation in the atmosphere of CO2 contributed to the aggregation of the enzyme molecules and increased inactivation of all products as compared with Ar and O2. It is shown that after irradiation there occurs the further inactivation of the enzyme which is accompanied by formation of new fractions. A possible mechanism of chymotrypsin inactivation is discussed.", "contents": "[Action of ultraviolet radiation on chymotrypsin solutions]. The article deals with the influence of UV-radiation (gamma-254 nm) on the chymotrypsin solutions in the atmosphere of O2, Ar and CO2 at 5 degrees C and 40 degrees C as well as with the processes of aftereffect. Inactivation of chymotrypsin due to irradiation was accompanied by formation of SH-groups, high and low molecular weight compounds with low activity and inactive products of photolysis. An increase in temperature led to a greater chymotrypsin inactivation and increase in the number of SH-groups and aggregates, and to a greater photolysis of the enzyme molecules. The irradiation in the atmosphere of O2 and Ar revealed no differences in the course of chymotrypsin inactivation. Nevertheless, it was found that in Ar the yield of high-molecular compounds, their activity and the number of SH-groups exceeded those in O2. In the presence of O2 the formation of active products of low molecular weight increased. Irradiation in the atmosphere of CO2 contributed to the aggregation of the enzyme molecules and increased inactivation of all products as compared with Ar and O2. It is shown that after irradiation there occurs the further inactivation of the enzyme which is accompanied by formation of new fractions. A possible mechanism of chymotrypsin inactivation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941308", "title": "[Nervous tissue glycoproteins normally and under the action of oxygen under pressure].", "content": "Salt-soluble proteins of great hemispheres of rats, intact and those subjected to the effect of hyperbarooxigenation, were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into 10 heterogenous fractions, each of them containing 5-12 subfractions. The content of glucosamine and sialic acid was determined in each of the isolated fractions. Changes in the degree of heterogeneity and in total content of protein in the fractions as well as variations in the content of carbohydrate components in the chromatographic fractions are observed under the effect of hyperoxia.", "contents": "[Nervous tissue glycoproteins normally and under the action of oxygen under pressure]. Salt-soluble proteins of great hemispheres of rats, intact and those subjected to the effect of hyperbarooxigenation, were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into 10 heterogenous fractions, each of them containing 5-12 subfractions. The content of glucosamine and sialic acid was determined in each of the isolated fractions. Changes in the degree of heterogeneity and in total content of protein in the fractions as well as variations in the content of carbohydrate components in the chromatographic fractions are observed under the effect of hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:941309", "title": "[DNA synthesis enzymatic activity in the bone marrow of rats of different ages].", "content": "The activity of DNA synthesis enzymes was studied in bone marrow of rats aging from 1 month to 2.5 years. The activity of enzymes of thymidine and thymidylic acid phosphorylation in the rat bone marrow is determined to be practically constant during the whole period of studies. Activity of gCMP-desaminase and DNA-polymerase has a tendency to a decrease during the life period of rats from one to six-eight months, being constant in the following periods.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis enzymatic activity in the bone marrow of rats of different ages]. The activity of DNA synthesis enzymes was studied in bone marrow of rats aging from 1 month to 2.5 years. The activity of enzymes of thymidine and thymidylic acid phosphorylation in the rat bone marrow is determined to be practically constant during the whole period of studies. Activity of gCMP-desaminase and DNA-polymerase has a tendency to a decrease during the life period of rats from one to six-eight months, being constant in the following periods."}
{"id": "PMID:941310", "title": "[Effect of cerebrosides on the oxidative phosphorylation and translocation of hydrogen ions in the brain and liver mitochondria of rats].", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation and translocation of hydrogen ions in the brain and liver mitochondria of albino rats were studied as affected by cerebrosides with their chronic intraperitoneal injection. Cerebrosides are shown to inhibit the rate of respiration in the brain and liver mitochondria with the presence of ADP as well as that of substrate respiration in the liver mitochondria. A decrease in the phosphorylation rate is observed in the brain and liver mitochondria. When studying kinetics of hydrogen ions translocation in the brain and liver mitochondria it was found out that fixation of hydrogen ions induced by ADP is unchanged quantitatively though the fixation time is prolonged. Release of hydrogen ions under the effect of CaCl2 decreases in the liver mitochondria.", "contents": "[Effect of cerebrosides on the oxidative phosphorylation and translocation of hydrogen ions in the brain and liver mitochondria of rats]. Oxidative phosphorylation and translocation of hydrogen ions in the brain and liver mitochondria of albino rats were studied as affected by cerebrosides with their chronic intraperitoneal injection. Cerebrosides are shown to inhibit the rate of respiration in the brain and liver mitochondria with the presence of ADP as well as that of substrate respiration in the liver mitochondria. A decrease in the phosphorylation rate is observed in the brain and liver mitochondria. When studying kinetics of hydrogen ions translocation in the brain and liver mitochondria it was found out that fixation of hydrogen ions induced by ADP is unchanged quantitatively though the fixation time is prolonged. Release of hydrogen ions under the effect of CaCl2 decreases in the liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:941311", "title": "[Change in peroxidation and in the phospholipid content in the brain in hyperoxia and the protective action of urea].", "content": "The rate of lipid peroxidation (by content of the lipid peroxide transformation end product--malonic dialdehyde) in homogenates of rat brain was studied as affected by hyperoxia and with a protective effect of urea in experiments in vivo and in vitro. In both cases an increase is observed in the malonic aldehyde yield with the effect of oxygen under higher pressure. Urea in physiological concentrations lowers the yield under the effect of hyperoxia in vitro. In experiments in vivo introduction of urea also evokes a decrease in the rate of peroxidation. It is established that hyperoxia and urea affect mainly the ascorbate-dependent system of peroxidation. The compositon of phospholipids in the rat brain was studied under the effect of hyperoxia and urea. No changes were found in the number of fractions under the effect of 6at oxygen, only quantitative changes are observed. With introduction of urea before hyperoxia there occurs a normalization in the phospholipid composition. The authors suppose the protective effect of urea to be due to its influence on membranes.", "contents": "[Change in peroxidation and in the phospholipid content in the brain in hyperoxia and the protective action of urea]. The rate of lipid peroxidation (by content of the lipid peroxide transformation end product--malonic dialdehyde) in homogenates of rat brain was studied as affected by hyperoxia and with a protective effect of urea in experiments in vivo and in vitro. In both cases an increase is observed in the malonic aldehyde yield with the effect of oxygen under higher pressure. Urea in physiological concentrations lowers the yield under the effect of hyperoxia in vitro. In experiments in vivo introduction of urea also evokes a decrease in the rate of peroxidation. It is established that hyperoxia and urea affect mainly the ascorbate-dependent system of peroxidation. The compositon of phospholipids in the rat brain was studied under the effect of hyperoxia and urea. No changes were found in the number of fractions under the effect of 6at oxygen, only quantitative changes are observed. With introduction of urea before hyperoxia there occurs a normalization in the phospholipid composition. The authors suppose the protective effect of urea to be due to its influence on membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:941312", "title": "[Study of the stability of the alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase from the brain of a bull].", "content": "Stability of alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase (alpha-KGDC) from the bull brain was studied in different temperature regimes. The high-purified preparations of alpha-KGDC are highly unstable both when kept at a temperature of 0 degrees C and as affected by temperature. The least loss of the alpha-KGDC activity is observed in the preparations obtained after lyophilization and stored for a long time as powder. The temperature inactivation may be prevented by adding to the medium Ca2+ (10(-3) M) and TPP (10(-2) M) as well as TPP and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in different combinations. At low temperatures none of the mentioned components and such substances as histidine and serum albumin has no stabilizing effect on alpha-Kgdc preparations show that the inhibitory effect of the latter is more pronounced. It is peculiar to both less purified and highly purified alpha-KGDC preparations. The action of urea is less pronounced and is greatly similar by the inhibitory effect as compared to alpha-KGDC from the pigeon muscles.", "contents": "[Study of the stability of the alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase from the brain of a bull]. Stability of alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase (alpha-KGDC) from the bull brain was studied in different temperature regimes. The high-purified preparations of alpha-KGDC are highly unstable both when kept at a temperature of 0 degrees C and as affected by temperature. The least loss of the alpha-KGDC activity is observed in the preparations obtained after lyophilization and stored for a long time as powder. The temperature inactivation may be prevented by adding to the medium Ca2+ (10(-3) M) and TPP (10(-2) M) as well as TPP and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in different combinations. At low temperatures none of the mentioned components and such substances as histidine and serum albumin has no stabilizing effect on alpha-Kgdc preparations show that the inhibitory effect of the latter is more pronounced. It is peculiar to both less purified and highly purified alpha-KGDC preparations. The action of urea is less pronounced and is greatly similar by the inhibitory effect as compared to alpha-KGDC from the pigeon muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:941315", "title": "[Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in the rat liver after the administration of sodium selenite].", "content": "Sodium selenite 24h after its single administration to rats causes an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue. 6 h after the selenium administration the enzymes activity does not differ from the control. Doses of 0.15, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 mg of selenium per 1 kg of the animal weight were investigated. 0.3 mg proved to be the least effective dose. An increase in the enzyme activity after administering 0.5 mg of selenium is retained for 6 days and 14 days after it does not differ from the control. The liver relative weight 24 h after administration of 0.5 mg of selenium per 1 kg of animal weight proved to be higher but three days later it did not differ from the control. After administering selenium in a dose of 1 mg/kg the liver relative weight was higher for 6 days. Actinomycin D administered in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg simultaneously with selenite prevents the rise in the enzyme activity and relative weight of the liver caused only by a single injection of selenium in the same dose.", "contents": "[Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in the rat liver after the administration of sodium selenite]. Sodium selenite 24h after its single administration to rats causes an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the liver tissue. 6 h after the selenium administration the enzymes activity does not differ from the control. Doses of 0.15, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 mg of selenium per 1 kg of the animal weight were investigated. 0.3 mg proved to be the least effective dose. An increase in the enzyme activity after administering 0.5 mg of selenium is retained for 6 days and 14 days after it does not differ from the control. The liver relative weight 24 h after administration of 0.5 mg of selenium per 1 kg of animal weight proved to be higher but three days later it did not differ from the control. After administering selenium in a dose of 1 mg/kg the liver relative weight was higher for 6 days. Actinomycin D administered in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg simultaneously with selenite prevents the rise in the enzyme activity and relative weight of the liver caused only by a single injection of selenium in the same dose."}
{"id": "PMID:941317", "title": "[Use of the orcin reaction for the simultaneous determination of the RNA and DNA content in tissues].", "content": "It is shown that the orcinol method may be applied for simultaneous determination of the DNA content (by extinction at 600 nm after 2 min of the orcinol reaction) and RNA in the biologic meterial. By calculating for DNA standard solutions the value of the ratio between the extinction at 665 nm after 15 min to the extinction of 600 nm after 2 min of the orcinol reaction it is possible to increase specifiaty of the orcinol method for determination of the RNA content. The results of determining the content of nucleic acids in the biological material by the orcinol method are in good agreement with the data of its determination by the two-wave spectrophotometric method and the method of Barton.", "contents": "[Use of the orcin reaction for the simultaneous determination of the RNA and DNA content in tissues]. It is shown that the orcinol method may be applied for simultaneous determination of the DNA content (by extinction at 600 nm after 2 min of the orcinol reaction) and RNA in the biologic meterial. By calculating for DNA standard solutions the value of the ratio between the extinction at 665 nm after 15 min to the extinction of 600 nm after 2 min of the orcinol reaction it is possible to increase specifiaty of the orcinol method for determination of the RNA content. The results of determining the content of nucleic acids in the biological material by the orcinol method are in good agreement with the data of its determination by the two-wave spectrophotometric method and the method of Barton."}
{"id": "PMID:941316", "title": "[Effect of carboxyline on some metabolic processes and the productivity of cattle during fattening].", "content": "Feeding carboxylin to bulls of the black-piebald breed for six months with the beet-cutting fattening essentially increases assimilation of nitrogen, in particular of diammonium phosphate nitrogen, from the ration. In the experiments with liver sections and homogenates of animals of the control and experimental groups it is established that carboxylin activates incorporation of acetate-2-14 C into proteins and lipids as well as from NaH14CO3 into the acid-soluble organic substances. In the liver tissue of the animals under experiment the oxygen uptake is intensified. The content of alkaline reserves increased, concentration of area and citrate rises. No difference is established in the content of calcium, phosphorus, allantoin and ketonic bodies in blood between the animals group.", "contents": "[Effect of carboxyline on some metabolic processes and the productivity of cattle during fattening]. Feeding carboxylin to bulls of the black-piebald breed for six months with the beet-cutting fattening essentially increases assimilation of nitrogen, in particular of diammonium phosphate nitrogen, from the ration. In the experiments with liver sections and homogenates of animals of the control and experimental groups it is established that carboxylin activates incorporation of acetate-2-14 C into proteins and lipids as well as from NaH14CO3 into the acid-soluble organic substances. In the liver tissue of the animals under experiment the oxygen uptake is intensified. The content of alkaline reserves increased, concentration of area and citrate rises. No difference is established in the content of calcium, phosphorus, allantoin and ketonic bodies in blood between the animals group."}
{"id": "PMID:941318", "title": "[Phenolic extraction of nucleic acids from the spermatozoa of the roach and the bream].", "content": "The results are presented of nucleic acids isolation from spermatozoids of roach and bream by the method of nucleproteid phenol deproteinization. The quantitative yield is given for DNA and RNA preparations from the mentioned objects, the molecular weight of roach and bream DNA, nucleotide composition of roach DNA as well as fractional composition of bream spermatozoids RNA are determined.", "contents": "[Phenolic extraction of nucleic acids from the spermatozoa of the roach and the bream]. The results are presented of nucleic acids isolation from spermatozoids of roach and bream by the method of nucleproteid phenol deproteinization. The quantitative yield is given for DNA and RNA preparations from the mentioned objects, the molecular weight of roach and bream DNA, nucleotide composition of roach DNA as well as fractional composition of bream spermatozoids RNA are determined."}
{"id": "PMID:941313", "title": "[Effect of phenylalanine and alpha-tocopherol on ubiquinone and ubichromenol metabolism in the liver of E-avitaminotic rats in vitro].", "content": "When incubating the liver pulp of vitamin E-deficiency rats with 2-14C-sodium acetate and phenylalanine for an hour the content and radioactivity of ubiquinone and ubichromenol increase as compared to the control level. In this respect phenylalanine in in a dose of 60 and 120 mumol per 1 g of the liver pulp is most effective. Under conditions of these experiments incubation for 3 h causes no noticable changes in the content and metabolism of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the liver pulp of vitamin E-deficiency rats as compared to the control level. Introduction of different amounts of alpha-tocopherol into the incubation medium results 3 h after an increase in concentration and radioactivity of ubiquinone, the alpha-tocopherol dose of 116 nmol being the most effective. An increase in the concentration and radioactivity of ubichromenol occurs at lower doses of exogenous alpha-tocopherol (58 nmol). All the used doses of alpha-tocopherol cause a decrease in intensity of radio-label incorporation into the unsaponifiable fraction of vitamin E-deficiency rat liver incubated for 3 h. Phenylalanine also results in a decrease of these values with the system incubation for an hour and produces no changes in them in the 3 h incubation. The results of the experiments give grounds to suppose the presence of interrelation between alpha-tocopherol and biosynthesis of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the rat liver.", "contents": "[Effect of phenylalanine and alpha-tocopherol on ubiquinone and ubichromenol metabolism in the liver of E-avitaminotic rats in vitro]. When incubating the liver pulp of vitamin E-deficiency rats with 2-14C-sodium acetate and phenylalanine for an hour the content and radioactivity of ubiquinone and ubichromenol increase as compared to the control level. In this respect phenylalanine in in a dose of 60 and 120 mumol per 1 g of the liver pulp is most effective. Under conditions of these experiments incubation for 3 h causes no noticable changes in the content and metabolism of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the liver pulp of vitamin E-deficiency rats as compared to the control level. Introduction of different amounts of alpha-tocopherol into the incubation medium results 3 h after an increase in concentration and radioactivity of ubiquinone, the alpha-tocopherol dose of 116 nmol being the most effective. An increase in the concentration and radioactivity of ubichromenol occurs at lower doses of exogenous alpha-tocopherol (58 nmol). All the used doses of alpha-tocopherol cause a decrease in intensity of radio-label incorporation into the unsaponifiable fraction of vitamin E-deficiency rat liver incubated for 3 h. Phenylalanine also results in a decrease of these values with the system incubation for an hour and produces no changes in them in the 3 h incubation. The results of the experiments give grounds to suppose the presence of interrelation between alpha-tocopherol and biosynthesis of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in the rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:941314", "title": "[Aminotransferase activity in the brain tissue in hypothermia and self-heating].", "content": "A single as well as repeated (3 days later) hypothermia of 20 degrees C is accompanied by a significant rise in the transaminase activity in great hemispheres, cerebellum, midbrain and diencephalon. An increase in the enzymes activity is especially pronounced at the incubation temperature corresponding to the body temperature of a hypothermal animal. Organism self-heating causes a decrease in the activity of aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases. Three days after rats self-heating these enzymes manifest a lower activity as compared to that in the normothermal control animals.", "contents": "[Aminotransferase activity in the brain tissue in hypothermia and self-heating]. A single as well as repeated (3 days later) hypothermia of 20 degrees C is accompanied by a significant rise in the transaminase activity in great hemispheres, cerebellum, midbrain and diencephalon. An increase in the enzymes activity is especially pronounced at the incubation temperature corresponding to the body temperature of a hypothermal animal. Organism self-heating causes a decrease in the activity of aspartate- and alanine aminotransferases. Three days after rats self-heating these enzymes manifest a lower activity as compared to that in the normothermal control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:941351", "title": "Indwelling catheter and risk of urinary infection: a clinical investigation with a new closed-drainage system.", "content": "A new device for the drainage of an indwelling urethral catheter is described. The disposable one-piece-set includes the connector to the catheter, the tubing, and a cylinder to collect a urine aliquot up to 150 ml. Disconnection is impossible. The urine passes through a siphon which prevents air bubbles rising along the tubing. Aurine sample for bacteriological culture can be withdrawn from the closed system by sterile puncture of this siphon. The calibration of the cylinder enables accurate measuring of urine flow rate even in oliguric patients. The apparatus was tested in 250 patients (1386 patient-days) by daily bacteriological cultures. Compared to the literature it is at the moment the most effective system preventing urinary infection during catheter drainage.", "contents": "Indwelling catheter and risk of urinary infection: a clinical investigation with a new closed-drainage system. A new device for the drainage of an indwelling urethral catheter is described. The disposable one-piece-set includes the connector to the catheter, the tubing, and a cylinder to collect a urine aliquot up to 150 ml. Disconnection is impossible. The urine passes through a siphon which prevents air bubbles rising along the tubing. Aurine sample for bacteriological culture can be withdrawn from the closed system by sterile puncture of this siphon. The calibration of the cylinder enables accurate measuring of urine flow rate even in oliguric patients. The apparatus was tested in 250 patients (1386 patient-days) by daily bacteriological cultures. Compared to the literature it is at the moment the most effective system preventing urinary infection during catheter drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:941352", "title": "Vascular absorption of intravesical formalin in cyclophosphamide induced haemorrhagic cystitis.", "content": "Haemorrhagic cystitis was induced in dogs by the administration of cyclophosphamide. The bleeding was stopped by intravesical instillation of Formalin. Vascular absorption of formaldehyde was determined by measurement of serum levels. Progressively increasing amounts in apparent relationship to the concentration of Formalin instilled into the bladder were found in all dogs. Higher serum levels were noted in animals with haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide than in dogs with normal bladders. This study reinforces our clinical impression that formaldehyde is absorbed continuously through the wall of the urinary bladder in dogs and absorption is related to the concentration gradient. These kinetics should be kept in mind when treating patients with intravescial Formalin in order to prevent the systemic effect of the vascular absorption.", "contents": "Vascular absorption of intravesical formalin in cyclophosphamide induced haemorrhagic cystitis. Haemorrhagic cystitis was induced in dogs by the administration of cyclophosphamide. The bleeding was stopped by intravesical instillation of Formalin. Vascular absorption of formaldehyde was determined by measurement of serum levels. Progressively increasing amounts in apparent relationship to the concentration of Formalin instilled into the bladder were found in all dogs. Higher serum levels were noted in animals with haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide than in dogs with normal bladders. This study reinforces our clinical impression that formaldehyde is absorbed continuously through the wall of the urinary bladder in dogs and absorption is related to the concentration gradient. These kinetics should be kept in mind when treating patients with intravescial Formalin in order to prevent the systemic effect of the vascular absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:941353", "title": "Indwelling and transrenal splint techniques for pyeloplasty.", "content": "A report is presented on experience with 118 pyeloplasties using indwelling and transrenal splints. Detailed analysis of infections with both splint modifications has confirmed that better long-term results are achieved with internal drainage, due to the absence of potential contamination between splint and renal parenchyma which exists with external drainage.", "contents": "Indwelling and transrenal splint techniques for pyeloplasty. A report is presented on experience with 118 pyeloplasties using indwelling and transrenal splints. Detailed analysis of infections with both splint modifications has confirmed that better long-term results are achieved with internal drainage, due to the absence of potential contamination between splint and renal parenchyma which exists with external drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:941354", "title": "Surgical injury to ureter.", "content": "The incidence of surgical injury to the ureter varies from as low as 0.5% to as high as 30%. By being aware of various pitfalls in prevention, recognition, and treatment, the operating surgeon may perhaps minimize the incidence of surgical injuries to the ureter or their sequelae. The authors' experience with twenty-four surgical ureteral injuries is discussed and 5 cases are reported. In spite of a thorough knowledge of embryology, anatomy, and pathology predisposing to ureteral involvement, the possibility of ureteral injury must always be kept in mind.", "contents": "Surgical injury to ureter. The incidence of surgical injury to the ureter varies from as low as 0.5% to as high as 30%. By being aware of various pitfalls in prevention, recognition, and treatment, the operating surgeon may perhaps minimize the incidence of surgical injuries to the ureter or their sequelae. The authors' experience with twenty-four surgical ureteral injuries is discussed and 5 cases are reported. In spite of a thorough knowledge of embryology, anatomy, and pathology predisposing to ureteral involvement, the possibility of ureteral injury must always be kept in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:941355", "title": "Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin) in irradiated patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract were treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin). Eight evaluable patients who received extensive external irradiation therapy and at least two doses of doxorubicin hydrochloride were studied to assess bone marrow toxicity and possible augmentation of radiation dermatitis. Myelosuppression was similar in both irradiated patients and those who received doxorubicin alone. None of the irradiated patients displayed skin augmentation reactions with doxorubicin. In the dose range used chemotherapy with doxorubicin did not appear to be particularly hazardous in irradiated patients.", "contents": "Doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin) in irradiated patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma. Twenty-five patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract were treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin). Eight evaluable patients who received extensive external irradiation therapy and at least two doses of doxorubicin hydrochloride were studied to assess bone marrow toxicity and possible augmentation of radiation dermatitis. Myelosuppression was similar in both irradiated patients and those who received doxorubicin alone. None of the irradiated patients displayed skin augmentation reactions with doxorubicin. In the dose range used chemotherapy with doxorubicin did not appear to be particularly hazardous in irradiated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:941356", "title": "Current trends in treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of lower genitourinary tract.", "content": "Treatment of childhood embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the lower genitourinary tract is in the process of undergoing drastic changes. Extensive surgery with excision of the lesion and its contiguous structures leaving the patient with significant physical disability is being replaced by biopsy and aggressive combined chemotherapy along with radiation therapy. Although it would appear that survival may be improved by this approach, caution is recommended and extirpation advised should the tumor fail to respond rapidly to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Current trends in treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of lower genitourinary tract. Treatment of childhood embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the lower genitourinary tract is in the process of undergoing drastic changes. Extensive surgery with excision of the lesion and its contiguous structures leaving the patient with significant physical disability is being replaced by biopsy and aggressive combined chemotherapy along with radiation therapy. Although it would appear that survival may be improved by this approach, caution is recommended and extirpation advised should the tumor fail to respond rapidly to chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:941357", "title": "Transureteroureterostomy for urinary diversion in children.", "content": "Transureteroureterostomy with cutaneous ureterostomy has been used effectively as a method of external urinary diversion in ten children. Of the 20 renal units involved, 15 showed pyelographic improvement and 5 stabilized after diversion. The method requires that at least one ureter is sufficiently dilated to provide a stoma of adequate caliber. It avoids the disadvantages or complications associated with most other forms of external diversion.", "contents": "Transureteroureterostomy for urinary diversion in children. Transureteroureterostomy with cutaneous ureterostomy has been used effectively as a method of external urinary diversion in ten children. Of the 20 renal units involved, 15 showed pyelographic improvement and 5 stabilized after diversion. The method requires that at least one ureter is sufficiently dilated to provide a stoma of adequate caliber. It avoids the disadvantages or complications associated with most other forms of external diversion."}
{"id": "PMID:941358", "title": "Experimental bladder tumor induction, propagation, and therapy.", "content": "The development of animal bladder tumor models as a research tool for different modes of therapy has been widely evaluated. Recently these tumors have either spontaneously grown or have been propagated in inbred strains. Bladder tumors have also been chemically produced by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) when orally administered over a long period of time. It has been further reported that these tumors have been inhibited by various chemotherapy regimens. The availability of an experimental bladder tumor model offers an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of a prescribed treatment. In our studies FANFT was noted to produce only from 33 to 40% bladder tumors in several experiments in an inbred strain of rats conducted over several years. Reproducible transplantability of these tumors was not demonstrable in the same inbred strain. In addition, treatment with mitomycin C an an effective chemotherapeutic agent was not detectable in part, since comparably the percentage of control bladder tumor growth was low. These findings of a three-year study should be carefully considered when evaluating recommendations for clinical adjuvant chemotherapy based on results obtained with FANFT.", "contents": "Experimental bladder tumor induction, propagation, and therapy. The development of animal bladder tumor models as a research tool for different modes of therapy has been widely evaluated. Recently these tumors have either spontaneously grown or have been propagated in inbred strains. Bladder tumors have also been chemically produced by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) when orally administered over a long period of time. It has been further reported that these tumors have been inhibited by various chemotherapy regimens. The availability of an experimental bladder tumor model offers an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of a prescribed treatment. In our studies FANFT was noted to produce only from 33 to 40% bladder tumors in several experiments in an inbred strain of rats conducted over several years. Reproducible transplantability of these tumors was not demonstrable in the same inbred strain. In addition, treatment with mitomycin C an an effective chemotherapeutic agent was not detectable in part, since comparably the percentage of control bladder tumor growth was low. These findings of a three-year study should be carefully considered when evaluating recommendations for clinical adjuvant chemotherapy based on results obtained with FANFT."}
{"id": "PMID:941359", "title": "Pre- and postejaculation serum acid phosphatase.", "content": "A clinical investigation was carried out to analyze the frequency of elevated serum acid phosphatase (SAP) levels after ejaculation and needle biopsy of the prostate gland. Major mechanical manipulative procedures such as needle biopsy caused marked acute elevations in SAP levels but return to normal within twenty-four hours. It is demonstrated that SAP levels remained essentially unchanged after ejaculation. It has been previously shown that procedures such as prostatic massage, catheterization, and endoscopic examination normally do not elicit abnormal SAP levels. Hence any elevation of SAP warrants further evaluation for serious urologic disease.", "contents": "Pre- and postejaculation serum acid phosphatase. A clinical investigation was carried out to analyze the frequency of elevated serum acid phosphatase (SAP) levels after ejaculation and needle biopsy of the prostate gland. Major mechanical manipulative procedures such as needle biopsy caused marked acute elevations in SAP levels but return to normal within twenty-four hours. It is demonstrated that SAP levels remained essentially unchanged after ejaculation. It has been previously shown that procedures such as prostatic massage, catheterization, and endoscopic examination normally do not elicit abnormal SAP levels. Hence any elevation of SAP warrants further evaluation for serious urologic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:941360", "title": "Vesicosalpingovaginal fistula.", "content": "The first reported case of a vesicovaginal fistula in which the fallopian tube serves as a conduit between the bladder and vagina is presented. Clinical manifestations, including recurrent urinary tract infection and cuff abscess, followed vaginal hysterectomy performed three years perviously.", "contents": "Vesicosalpingovaginal fistula. The first reported case of a vesicovaginal fistula in which the fallopian tube serves as a conduit between the bladder and vagina is presented. Clinical manifestations, including recurrent urinary tract infection and cuff abscess, followed vaginal hysterectomy performed three years perviously."}
{"id": "PMID:941361", "title": "Renal cystic disease.", "content": "Renal cystic disorders have long represented an area of diagnostic confusion. We have attempted to correlate renal microdissection findings with clinically established renal cystic disorders by examining each disorder in sequential fashion. The clinical presentation of a child with a multicystic kidney is followed by a review of the cystic diseases with emphasis on clinical presentation, distinguishing factors, course, and prognosis.", "contents": "Renal cystic disease. Renal cystic disorders have long represented an area of diagnostic confusion. We have attempted to correlate renal microdissection findings with clinically established renal cystic disorders by examining each disorder in sequential fashion. The clinical presentation of a child with a multicystic kidney is followed by a review of the cystic diseases with emphasis on clinical presentation, distinguishing factors, course, and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:941362", "title": "Late recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.", "content": "The case is presented of a patient with local recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma eleven years after preoperative irradiation and cystourethrectomy.", "contents": "Late recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. The case is presented of a patient with local recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma eleven years after preoperative irradiation and cystourethrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:941363", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to urinary bladder.", "content": "A case is presented of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the urinary bladder. The rarity of this lesion makes it worthy of report.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to urinary bladder. A case is presented of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the urinary bladder. The rarity of this lesion makes it worthy of report."}
{"id": "PMID:941364", "title": "Total duplicate exstrophic bladder and urethra: variation of incomplete bladder exstrophy.", "content": "A rare variant of incomplete bladder exstrophy with an intact internal bladder and urethra and a duplicate exstrophic bladder and urethra is reported.", "contents": "Total duplicate exstrophic bladder and urethra: variation of incomplete bladder exstrophy. A rare variant of incomplete bladder exstrophy with an intact internal bladder and urethra and a duplicate exstrophic bladder and urethra is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:941366", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal and malignant human urothelium.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate and compare normal bladder mucosa to tumor epithelium as well as to normal-appearing mucosa in patients with diagnosed bladder tumor. Bladder urothelium adjacent to tumors exhibits a characteristic pattern of fine structural relief which is distinct from normal uroepithelium. These changes in microcontour may be guides to the identification of early malignancy, and thus the technique will be helpful in deciding how aggressive the treatment of bladder tumor should be.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of normal and malignant human urothelium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate and compare normal bladder mucosa to tumor epithelium as well as to normal-appearing mucosa in patients with diagnosed bladder tumor. Bladder urothelium adjacent to tumors exhibits a characteristic pattern of fine structural relief which is distinct from normal uroepithelium. These changes in microcontour may be guides to the identification of early malignancy, and thus the technique will be helpful in deciding how aggressive the treatment of bladder tumor should be."}
{"id": "PMID:941367", "title": "Bilharziasis of urinary bladder and ureter: comparative histopathologic study.", "content": "The relative incidence and intensity of oviposition in schistosomiasis in different layers of both the urinary bladder and the ureter are presented. Histopathological changes in both organs are elucidated. Oviposition was heaviest in the submucosa of the urinary bladder, while the muscle layer was affected in 15% of specimens. Oviposition was mainly periureteral and in outer muscle layer of the ureter, and was present in only 22% in the ureteral submucosa. Epithelial changes, namely, Brunn nests, cystitis glandularis, cystitis cystica, and squamous metaplasia, were more marked in the bladder specimens than in the ureteral specimens. Squamous cell papilloma and squamous metaplasia associated with acanthosis of the bladder specimens were identified. Results indicate unanimously that the heavy deposition of ova in the submucosa of the bladder leads through its mechanical and toxic irritation to marked epithelial and premalignant changes which pave the way for the disturbing frequency of carcinoma of the bladder in the bilharzial patients which is not the case in the ureter.", "contents": "Bilharziasis of urinary bladder and ureter: comparative histopathologic study. The relative incidence and intensity of oviposition in schistosomiasis in different layers of both the urinary bladder and the ureter are presented. Histopathological changes in both organs are elucidated. Oviposition was heaviest in the submucosa of the urinary bladder, while the muscle layer was affected in 15% of specimens. Oviposition was mainly periureteral and in outer muscle layer of the ureter, and was present in only 22% in the ureteral submucosa. Epithelial changes, namely, Brunn nests, cystitis glandularis, cystitis cystica, and squamous metaplasia, were more marked in the bladder specimens than in the ureteral specimens. Squamous cell papilloma and squamous metaplasia associated with acanthosis of the bladder specimens were identified. Results indicate unanimously that the heavy deposition of ova in the submucosa of the bladder leads through its mechanical and toxic irritation to marked epithelial and premalignant changes which pave the way for the disturbing frequency of carcinoma of the bladder in the bilharzial patients which is not the case in the ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:941368", "title": "Bladder epithelial neoplasms metastatic to glans penis.", "content": "A rare case of bladder tumor metastatic to the glans penis is presented. It is the fifth such case in the literature. Clinical aspects and review of the literature are presented.", "contents": "Bladder epithelial neoplasms metastatic to glans penis. A rare case of bladder tumor metastatic to the glans penis is presented. It is the fifth such case in the literature. Clinical aspects and review of the literature are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:941370", "title": "Plasma cell granuloma of kidney.", "content": "A case report of a plasma cell granuloma presenting as a solitary avascular intrarenal mass lesion is presented with angiographic and ultrasonic findings.", "contents": "Plasma cell granuloma of kidney. A case report of a plasma cell granuloma presenting as a solitary avascular intrarenal mass lesion is presented with angiographic and ultrasonic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:941371", "title": "Nephropexy: fact or fiction?", "content": "At the Mayo Clinic, from 1940 through 1974, 21 patients have undergone nephropexy for nephroptosis. Fourteen of the 16 patients with long-term follow-up were cured; 2 of the 16 patients were partially relieved. An additional 2 patients who had one-year follow-up examinations were asymptomatic. Three patients were lost to follow-up. In this series results with the various methods of fixation did not differ, and results in patients who retained their normal position postoperatively as compared with those whose kidneys reverted to their preoperative level also did not differ. Patients who had psychologic disorders fared as well as those who did not. Greater use of renography probably could be made in the assessment of symptoms. Although this review does not suggest that nephropexy for primary nephroptosis be restored to its former appeal of the 1930s, we suggest that its use be considered again in urologic surgery.", "contents": "Nephropexy: fact or fiction? At the Mayo Clinic, from 1940 through 1974, 21 patients have undergone nephropexy for nephroptosis. Fourteen of the 16 patients with long-term follow-up were cured; 2 of the 16 patients were partially relieved. An additional 2 patients who had one-year follow-up examinations were asymptomatic. Three patients were lost to follow-up. In this series results with the various methods of fixation did not differ, and results in patients who retained their normal position postoperatively as compared with those whose kidneys reverted to their preoperative level also did not differ. Patients who had psychologic disorders fared as well as those who did not. Greater use of renography probably could be made in the assessment of symptoms. Although this review does not suggest that nephropexy for primary nephroptosis be restored to its former appeal of the 1930s, we suggest that its use be considered again in urologic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:941372", "title": "Pneumopyelography.", "content": "Poorly opacified calculi that are completely obscured by high-density contrast media can be delineated by pneumopyelography. Three examples of pneumopyelography are presented.", "contents": "Pneumopyelography. Poorly opacified calculi that are completely obscured by high-density contrast media can be delineated by pneumopyelography. Three examples of pneumopyelography are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:941374", "title": "Incidence in Tanzania of CF antibody to Coxiella burneti in sera from man, cattle, sheep, goats and game.", "content": "A total of 3735 sera were examined for the presence of CF antibody to Coxiella burneti. Of the samples tested 724 sera were from humans, 1507 from cattle, 525 from sheep, 575 from goats and 404 from game collected in the Serengeti National Park or Selous Game Reserve. It has been demonstrated that Q fever is well established in the above mentioned species in Tanzania (humans 3-9 per cent, cattle 13-3 per cent, sheep 17-1 per cent, goats 13-6 per cent and in game mainly in ruminants). Possible transmission links in the maintenance cycle of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence in Tanzania of CF antibody to Coxiella burneti in sera from man, cattle, sheep, goats and game. A total of 3735 sera were examined for the presence of CF antibody to Coxiella burneti. Of the samples tested 724 sera were from humans, 1507 from cattle, 525 from sheep, 575 from goats and 404 from game collected in the Serengeti National Park or Selous Game Reserve. It has been demonstrated that Q fever is well established in the above mentioned species in Tanzania (humans 3-9 per cent, cattle 13-3 per cent, sheep 17-1 per cent, goats 13-6 per cent and in game mainly in ruminants). Possible transmission links in the maintenance cycle of the disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941380", "title": "Meningeal haemorrhage and congestion associated with the perinatal mortality of foals.", "content": "A high frequency of meningeal lesions was found at autopsy in foals dying perinatally. Such lesions are considered an index of injury to the fetal central nervous system, from trauma and/or hypoxia during birth. Their incidence in the sample examined (26 foals) is similar to that observed in the perinatal mortality of lambs and calves.", "contents": "Meningeal haemorrhage and congestion associated with the perinatal mortality of foals. A high frequency of meningeal lesions was found at autopsy in foals dying perinatally. Such lesions are considered an index of injury to the fetal central nervous system, from trauma and/or hypoxia during birth. Their incidence in the sample examined (26 foals) is similar to that observed in the perinatal mortality of lambs and calves."}
{"id": "PMID:941381", "title": "Fluprostenol in mares: clinical trials for the treatment of infertility.", "content": "Fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) is a 16-aryloxyprostaglandin, structurally related to PGF2alpha. It is a highly potent luteolytic agent, being effective in thoroughbred mares at a single intramuscular dose of 250 mug and having a wide margin of safety in this species. A total of 941 mares have been treated with fluprostenol in an international trial, for various forms of infertility associated with abnormal persistence of luteal function. These mares were selected for treatment on the basis of clinical examination and 760 (approximately 80 per cent) responded fluprostenol by showing oestrus within seven days of the injection. The fertility of the oestrus following prostaglandin-induced luteal regression has been consistently shown to be normal. A number of causes have been identified for the lack of response in the remaining 20 per cent of animals.", "contents": "Fluprostenol in mares: clinical trials for the treatment of infertility. Fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) is a 16-aryloxyprostaglandin, structurally related to PGF2alpha. It is a highly potent luteolytic agent, being effective in thoroughbred mares at a single intramuscular dose of 250 mug and having a wide margin of safety in this species. A total of 941 mares have been treated with fluprostenol in an international trial, for various forms of infertility associated with abnormal persistence of luteal function. These mares were selected for treatment on the basis of clinical examination and 760 (approximately 80 per cent) responded fluprostenol by showing oestrus within seven days of the injection. The fertility of the oestrus following prostaglandin-induced luteal regression has been consistently shown to be normal. A number of causes have been identified for the lack of response in the remaining 20 per cent of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:941388", "title": "Comparisons of cell-free and cell-associated Marek's disease vaccines in maternally immune chicks.", "content": "Cell-free and cell-associated Marek's disease vaccines prepared from the TK/A isolate of the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) were compared to evaluate their relative effectiveness in protecting chicks with homologous maternal antibody. The influence of early challenge on protection was also investigated. Although the higher susceptibility of cell-free HVT to neutralising antibody could be demonstrated in vitro, no significant difference between the two types of vaccine could be established in vivo using chicks with maternal antibody. Chicks exposed to challenge immediately or only a few hours after vaccination were not adequately protected. A higher level of protection was observed when challenge was separated from vaccination by an interval of several days. The importance of proper vaccination procedure, vaccine virus titre and adequate management of vaccinated stock, with particular reference to the risks of early challenge are discussed.", "contents": "Comparisons of cell-free and cell-associated Marek's disease vaccines in maternally immune chicks. Cell-free and cell-associated Marek's disease vaccines prepared from the TK/A isolate of the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) were compared to evaluate their relative effectiveness in protecting chicks with homologous maternal antibody. The influence of early challenge on protection was also investigated. Although the higher susceptibility of cell-free HVT to neutralising antibody could be demonstrated in vitro, no significant difference between the two types of vaccine could be established in vivo using chicks with maternal antibody. Chicks exposed to challenge immediately or only a few hours after vaccination were not adequately protected. A higher level of protection was observed when challenge was separated from vaccination by an interval of several days. The importance of proper vaccination procedure, vaccine virus titre and adequate management of vaccinated stock, with particular reference to the risks of early challenge are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941389", "title": "[Changes in some blood biochemical indices in chickens poisoned with Thimet and Letaycide].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with a total of 25 chickens of the Leghorn breed divided into two test groups and one control group. The test chickens were given daily the phosphorus organic pesticides timet and lebaized at rates of 0.05 mg anen mg per kg. The treated birds were kept under observation in the course of 72 days recording their cholinesterase activity (ChEA), serumglutamatoxal-acetate transaminase (SGOT), serumglutamatpyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (APh), and blood sugar level. It was found that as early as the third day from the beginning of the experiment ChEA dropped abruptly--by 62.72 per cent following treatment with timet, and by 29.26 per cent when treatment was carried out with lebaizid. SGOT and SGPT rose up to the 36th day by 78.74 and 59.42 per cent as against the controls. The blood sugar level increased by 20.44 per cent following the administration of timet, and by 6.95 per cent following that of lebaizid. APh on the 12th day was by 60.84 per cent higher as compared to the initial level in the case of timet, and by 39.15 per cent in the case of lebaizid. Results showed that the continuous giving of phosphorus organic insecticides (timet and lebaized) at low rates to chickens leads to the drop of ChA and the rise of SGOT, GPT, APh, and blood sugar, these changes being more clearly manifested in chickens that have been offered timet.", "contents": "[Changes in some blood biochemical indices in chickens poisoned with Thimet and Letaycide]. Experiments were carried out with a total of 25 chickens of the Leghorn breed divided into two test groups and one control group. The test chickens were given daily the phosphorus organic pesticides timet and lebaized at rates of 0.05 mg anen mg per kg. The treated birds were kept under observation in the course of 72 days recording their cholinesterase activity (ChEA), serumglutamatoxal-acetate transaminase (SGOT), serumglutamatpyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (APh), and blood sugar level. It was found that as early as the third day from the beginning of the experiment ChEA dropped abruptly--by 62.72 per cent following treatment with timet, and by 29.26 per cent when treatment was carried out with lebaizid. SGOT and SGPT rose up to the 36th day by 78.74 and 59.42 per cent as against the controls. The blood sugar level increased by 20.44 per cent following the administration of timet, and by 6.95 per cent following that of lebaizid. APh on the 12th day was by 60.84 per cent higher as compared to the initial level in the case of timet, and by 39.15 per cent in the case of lebaizid. Results showed that the continuous giving of phosphorus organic insecticides (timet and lebaized) at low rates to chickens leads to the drop of ChA and the rise of SGOT, GPT, APh, and blood sugar, these changes being more clearly manifested in chickens that have been offered timet."}
{"id": "PMID:941390", "title": "[Effect of high temperatures in the housing on some indices of carbohydrate metabolism in layers].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with a total of 60 layers of the White Plymouth Rock breed at the age of one year, acclimiatized to a temperature of 15 degrees C and relative humidity of 60 per cent. The following temperature and moisture regimes were tested: I--20 degrees C and 70 per cent; II--24 degrees C and 70 per cent; III--28 degrees C and 50 per cent; and IV--33 degrees C and 50 per cent. The birds of the control group were raised at 15 degrees C and relative moisture capacity of the air of 60-70 per cent. At the 24th hour and by the end of the seventh 24-hour period temperature vales of more than 28 degrees C led to dependable activization of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in the liver and lower concentration of blood glucose and liver glycogen.", "contents": "[Effect of high temperatures in the housing on some indices of carbohydrate metabolism in layers]. Experiments were carried out with a total of 60 layers of the White Plymouth Rock breed at the age of one year, acclimiatized to a temperature of 15 degrees C and relative humidity of 60 per cent. The following temperature and moisture regimes were tested: I--20 degrees C and 70 per cent; II--24 degrees C and 70 per cent; III--28 degrees C and 50 per cent; and IV--33 degrees C and 50 per cent. The birds of the control group were raised at 15 degrees C and relative moisture capacity of the air of 60-70 per cent. At the 24th hour and by the end of the seventh 24-hour period temperature vales of more than 28 degrees C led to dependable activization of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme in the liver and lower concentration of blood glucose and liver glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:941391", "title": "[Changes in the tryptophan content in the body of layers under the effect of an environmental temperature-humidity regimen].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with a total  of 60 layers of the White Plymouth Rock breed acclimatized to a temperature regime of 15 degrees C and a relative air humidity of 60 per cent and raised under zoohygiene conditions that met the requirements of the industrial technology for the production of eggs. The following temperature and moisture regimes of the air were tested in the course of seven days in a climatic chamber of the Zootron type: I--20 degrees C and 70 per cent; II--24 degrees C and 70 per cent; III--28 degrees C and 50 per cent; and IV--33 degrees C and 50 per cent. The birds of the control group were kept at 15 degrees C and 60-70 per cent relative air humidity. At the end of the first 24-hour period and the end of the seventh 24-hour period the birds were killed after a 12-hour starvation regime in order to determine the tryptophane content in the liver, blood serum, and heart muscle. It was found that under the Ist and IInd regime the amount of tryptophane in the organs studied was higher. The third and fourth regimes led to a dependable decrease in the content of tryptophane in these organs.", "contents": "[Changes in the tryptophan content in the body of layers under the effect of an environmental temperature-humidity regimen]. Experiments were carried out with a total  of 60 layers of the White Plymouth Rock breed acclimatized to a temperature regime of 15 degrees C and a relative air humidity of 60 per cent and raised under zoohygiene conditions that met the requirements of the industrial technology for the production of eggs. The following temperature and moisture regimes of the air were tested in the course of seven days in a climatic chamber of the Zootron type: I--20 degrees C and 70 per cent; II--24 degrees C and 70 per cent; III--28 degrees C and 50 per cent; and IV--33 degrees C and 50 per cent. The birds of the control group were kept at 15 degrees C and 60-70 per cent relative air humidity. At the end of the first 24-hour period and the end of the seventh 24-hour period the birds were killed after a 12-hour starvation regime in order to determine the tryptophane content in the liver, blood serum, and heart muscle. It was found that under the Ist and IInd regime the amount of tryptophane in the organs studied was higher. The third and fourth regimes led to a dependable decrease in the content of tryptophane in these organs."}
{"id": "PMID:941393", "title": "[Effect of different amounts of carbamide on the state of health of broilers. I].", "content": "Three experiments were carried out with a total of 100 broilers each, divided into five groups of 20 birds. The effect was tested of urea on their health status, it being added to a ration that was balanced in terms of protein in progressively rising amounts of 0.3 to 6.0 per cent within the period of from the 20th to the 60th day. It was found that in amounts of 0.3 to 3.0 per cent urea does not lead to any clinical and morphological changes in the organism of the treated birds. At rates of 4.5 and 6.0 per cent, however, there appear disturbances in the alimentary tract, lack of appetite, thirst, diuresis, hyperemia and hypertrophy of the kidneys. The addition of urea in such amounts to the ration raises the content of urea in the organism from 2 to 5 times, and the amount of retained nitrogen (NPN)--as much as twice in the blood.", "contents": "[Effect of different amounts of carbamide on the state of health of broilers. I]. Three experiments were carried out with a total of 100 broilers each, divided into five groups of 20 birds. The effect was tested of urea on their health status, it being added to a ration that was balanced in terms of protein in progressively rising amounts of 0.3 to 6.0 per cent within the period of from the 20th to the 60th day. It was found that in amounts of 0.3 to 3.0 per cent urea does not lead to any clinical and morphological changes in the organism of the treated birds. At rates of 4.5 and 6.0 per cent, however, there appear disturbances in the alimentary tract, lack of appetite, thirst, diuresis, hyperemia and hypertrophy of the kidneys. The addition of urea in such amounts to the ration raises the content of urea in the organism from 2 to 5 times, and the amount of retained nitrogen (NPN)--as much as twice in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:941394", "title": "[Effect of stimulating doses of ionizing radiation on the stability of the liver mitochondria of chick embryos and chicks].", "content": "Treatments at the rate of 3 rad of chick embryos and young birds have led to the stabilizing of the mitochondrial structures and to lowering the access of enzymes to their substrates. The free activity of malate dehydrogenase drops. Electron microscopic studies reveal that the number of mitochondria rises following irradiation with stimulating doses (3 rad). Mitochondrial cristae remain intact and the matrix presents higher electronic density.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulating doses of ionizing radiation on the stability of the liver mitochondria of chick embryos and chicks]. Treatments at the rate of 3 rad of chick embryos and young birds have led to the stabilizing of the mitochondrial structures and to lowering the access of enzymes to their substrates. The free activity of malate dehydrogenase drops. Electron microscopic studies reveal that the number of mitochondria rises following irradiation with stimulating doses (3 rad). Mitochondrial cristae remain intact and the matrix presents higher electronic density."}
{"id": "PMID:941395", "title": "[Dynamics of some serum enzymes in the postnatal development of calves].", "content": "The activity of the following enzymes in clinically normal newborn calves was investigated: glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (APh), creatine phosphokinase (CPhK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), aldolase (A), and cholinesterase (ChE). The studies were carried out at the first hour prior to offering colostrum as well as at the 6th, 12th, 24th hr and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, and 20th day following it first intake. Regularly rising values of the enzyme activity up to the 24th hour were observed with APh, GOT, GPT, CPhK, and LAP. The aldolase enzyme (after colostrum had been given for the first time) in all animals showed a statistically significant drop of activity at the 6th hour. The activity of LDH displayed a consistently rising trend up to the end of the experimental period. The cholinesterase activity showed high values immediately following birth, reaching those found in the dams by the end of the observation period.", "contents": "[Dynamics of some serum enzymes in the postnatal development of calves]. The activity of the following enzymes in clinically normal newborn calves was investigated: glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (APh), creatine phosphokinase (CPhK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), aldolase (A), and cholinesterase (ChE). The studies were carried out at the first hour prior to offering colostrum as well as at the 6th, 12th, 24th hr and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 10th, 15th, and 20th day following it first intake. Regularly rising values of the enzyme activity up to the 24th hour were observed with APh, GOT, GPT, CPhK, and LAP. The aldolase enzyme (after colostrum had been given for the first time) in all animals showed a statistically significant drop of activity at the 6th hour. The activity of LDH displayed a consistently rising trend up to the end of the experimental period. The cholinesterase activity showed high values immediately following birth, reaching those found in the dams by the end of the observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:941396", "title": "[Production and testing of a live lyophilized bivalent vaccine against Aujeszky's disease and erysipelas in swine].", "content": "A live freeze-dried bivaccine against swine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease in pigs was produced, its antigen titers reaching 10(8) and 10(4.67) for the two components, respectively. The immunity conferred to the vaccinated pigs (so far as Aujeszky's disease is concerned) had an antibody titer of 1:4, and in sheep the titer was up to 1:16, these animals showing resistance at a control infection with 5000 LD50 per head. The vaccinated pigs likewise withstood a control infection with a mixed 24-48-hour broth culture of virulent strains causing swine erysipelas.", "contents": "[Production and testing of a live lyophilized bivalent vaccine against Aujeszky's disease and erysipelas in swine]. A live freeze-dried bivaccine against swine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease in pigs was produced, its antigen titers reaching 10(8) and 10(4.67) for the two components, respectively. The immunity conferred to the vaccinated pigs (so far as Aujeszky's disease is concerned) had an antibody titer of 1:4, and in sheep the titer was up to 1:16, these animals showing resistance at a control infection with 5000 LD50 per head. The vaccinated pigs likewise withstood a control infection with a mixed 24-48-hour broth culture of virulent strains causing swine erysipelas."}
{"id": "PMID:941397", "title": "[Production of a vaccine against pseudoplague in poultry using the La Sota strain].", "content": "Comparative investigations were carried out on the quality and quantity of a vaccine against Newcastle disease in birds with the La Sota strain, obtained after the routinely applied productional technology or after some of the author's modifications of the method. The addition of penicillin, kanamycin, oleandomycin or chlorocid to the virus intended for an archive showed on unfavourable effect on the development of the chick embryos used; there was no such effect on the La Sota strain multiplying in them either. The industrial production of this vaccine with the addition of the above entibiotics used either alone or in combination had favourably influenced the sterility of the virus suspension. Data showed that at to and fro moving of the embryos following infection with the virus every two hours at an angle of 150 degrees C the number of dead embryos at the 76th hour was lower. The agglutination-reaction titer was considerably higher. A proof of high immunogenicity of the vaccines obtained was also the infectious titer of the virus in 11-old chick embryos--log 10(-9), on an average. On the 11th day of incubation the embryos infected with the La Sota strain of the virus had greater amounts of alanto-amnionic fluid than those kept in the incubator and infected on the 10th day. At infecting on the 11th day of age greater amounts of virus suspension were obtained without lowering of its infectious titer; thus, its immunogenic properties remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Production of a vaccine against pseudoplague in poultry using the La Sota strain]. Comparative investigations were carried out on the quality and quantity of a vaccine against Newcastle disease in birds with the La Sota strain, obtained after the routinely applied productional technology or after some of the author's modifications of the method. The addition of penicillin, kanamycin, oleandomycin or chlorocid to the virus intended for an archive showed on unfavourable effect on the development of the chick embryos used; there was no such effect on the La Sota strain multiplying in them either. The industrial production of this vaccine with the addition of the above entibiotics used either alone or in combination had favourably influenced the sterility of the virus suspension. Data showed that at to and fro moving of the embryos following infection with the virus every two hours at an angle of 150 degrees C the number of dead embryos at the 76th hour was lower. The agglutination-reaction titer was considerably higher. A proof of high immunogenicity of the vaccines obtained was also the infectious titer of the virus in 11-old chick embryos--log 10(-9), on an average. On the 11th day of incubation the embryos infected with the La Sota strain of the virus had greater amounts of alanto-amnionic fluid than those kept in the incubator and infected on the 10th day. At infecting on the 11th day of age greater amounts of virus suspension were obtained without lowering of its infectious titer; thus, its immunogenic properties remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:941400", "title": "Presence of specific antigen and alterations in enzyme activity in the chorio-allantoic membrane of embryonate hen eggs infected with influenza A2 or B virus.", "content": "The correlation between influenza type A2 and B antigens and the activity of lactic, malic and succinic dehydrogenases, as well as of monoamine oxidase was studied by an original technique allowing simultaneous demonstrations of enzymatic activity and viral antigen. Alterations in enzymatic activity were mainly found in the cellular areas where large amounts of influenza antigen were present.", "contents": "Presence of specific antigen and alterations in enzyme activity in the chorio-allantoic membrane of embryonate hen eggs infected with influenza A2 or B virus. The correlation between influenza type A2 and B antigens and the activity of lactic, malic and succinic dehydrogenases, as well as of monoamine oxidase was studied by an original technique allowing simultaneous demonstrations of enzymatic activity and viral antigen. Alterations in enzymatic activity were mainly found in the cellular areas where large amounts of influenza antigen were present."}
{"id": "PMID:941401", "title": "Compound purification and comparison of adenovirus hexons.", "content": "Hexon antigens were separated from the cell-free supernatant of type 1 and type 8 adenovirus-infected cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation and purified by anion exchange chromatography, immune absorption, and exclusion chromatography. The antigens were compared with purified soluble hexons extracted from cells infected with the same adenovirus types. The procedure was found to be suitable for the preparation of pure, homogeneous type 1 hexons from the supernatant, but not for that of adenovirus type 8 hexons. Comparative studies showed no physico-chemical, immunological or electron microscopic differences between soluble hexons of extracellular and intracellular origin.", "contents": "Compound purification and comparison of adenovirus hexons. Hexon antigens were separated from the cell-free supernatant of type 1 and type 8 adenovirus-infected cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation and purified by anion exchange chromatography, immune absorption, and exclusion chromatography. The antigens were compared with purified soluble hexons extracted from cells infected with the same adenovirus types. The procedure was found to be suitable for the preparation of pure, homogeneous type 1 hexons from the supernatant, but not for that of adenovirus type 8 hexons. Comparative studies showed no physico-chemical, immunological or electron microscopic differences between soluble hexons of extracellular and intracellular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:941402", "title": "Bivalent influenza vaccination with inactivated vaccines administered by nasal or oral route.", "content": "Influenza vaccinations were performed either by administration of a bivalent A2 + B vaccine, or by successive application of monovalent B and A2 vaccines. During an influenza epidemic caused by an A2 strain, the following observations could be made: a) the best efficiency (no influenza cases) was recorded in adults and aged persons (over 65 years) irrespective of the vaccination scheme; b) in schoolchildren the best results (no influenza cases) were obtained in the lot having received monovalent A2 vaccine, and in the lot vaccinated nasally with monovalent B vaccine and 14 days later with monovalent A vaccine.", "contents": "Bivalent influenza vaccination with inactivated vaccines administered by nasal or oral route. Influenza vaccinations were performed either by administration of a bivalent A2 + B vaccine, or by successive application of monovalent B and A2 vaccines. During an influenza epidemic caused by an A2 strain, the following observations could be made: a) the best efficiency (no influenza cases) was recorded in adults and aged persons (over 65 years) irrespective of the vaccination scheme; b) in schoolchildren the best results (no influenza cases) were obtained in the lot having received monovalent A2 vaccine, and in the lot vaccinated nasally with monovalent B vaccine and 14 days later with monovalent A vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:941403", "title": "Preliminary investigations on the diagnostic value of passive hemagglutination and complement fixation tests in infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.", "content": "In order to evaluate the efficiency of passive hemagglutination (PHA) and complement fixation (CF) tests for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections, 144 serum samples--out of which 81 from patients with respiratory and cutaneous infections and 63 from subjects with other diseases (controls)--were comparatively investigated by the two methods. The PHA test made evident a positivity index of 65% in the case of mixed pneumonias, as against 17% in controls, while the results obtained by CF were almost identical in the two groups investigated. The high specificity and sensitivity of the PHA reaction recommend this method for the diagnosis of acute M. pneumoniae infections.", "contents": "Preliminary investigations on the diagnostic value of passive hemagglutination and complement fixation tests in infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In order to evaluate the efficiency of passive hemagglutination (PHA) and complement fixation (CF) tests for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infections, 144 serum samples--out of which 81 from patients with respiratory and cutaneous infections and 63 from subjects with other diseases (controls)--were comparatively investigated by the two methods. The PHA test made evident a positivity index of 65% in the case of mixed pneumonias, as against 17% in controls, while the results obtained by CF were almost identical in the two groups investigated. The high specificity and sensitivity of the PHA reaction recommend this method for the diagnosis of acute M. pneumoniae infections."}
{"id": "PMID:941404", "title": "Enteroviral etiology of some epidemic outbreaks in a zone of Romania.", "content": "The authors describe three enterovirus epidemics: an outbreak of Coxsackie B1 epidemic myalgia, one of echovirus 4 meningitis and one of epidemic vomiting and diarrhea caused by Coxsackie A9 virus. Etiological diagnosis was established by virological and serological tests.", "contents": "Enteroviral etiology of some epidemic outbreaks in a zone of Romania. The authors describe three enterovirus epidemics: an outbreak of Coxsackie B1 epidemic myalgia, one of echovirus 4 meningitis and one of epidemic vomiting and diarrhea caused by Coxsackie A9 virus. Etiological diagnosis was established by virological and serological tests."}
{"id": "PMID:941406", "title": "Some remarks on acute viral hepatitis features.", "content": "1086 patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH) including both children and adults were followed up clinically and biologically for 1-1.6 years after onset. Length of hospitalization and time intervals until return of normal laboratory test values were correlated with the presence of HB8Ag. The evolution of HB8Ag positive AVH was found to be more severe and protracted, especially in the case of HB8Ag persistence. The data point to the fact that ambulatory medical surveyance is recommendable in AVH, necessary in AVH type B and compulsory in the case of HB8Ag persistence.", "contents": "Some remarks on acute viral hepatitis features. 1086 patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH) including both children and adults were followed up clinically and biologically for 1-1.6 years after onset. Length of hospitalization and time intervals until return of normal laboratory test values were correlated with the presence of HB8Ag. The evolution of HB8Ag positive AVH was found to be more severe and protracted, especially in the case of HB8Ag persistence. The data point to the fact that ambulatory medical surveyance is recommendable in AVH, necessary in AVH type B and compulsory in the case of HB8Ag persistence."}
{"id": "PMID:941456", "title": "[Depoteffect of benzathine-penicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "15 test persons received an injection of 2,400,000 units of benzathine penicillin. Serum levels were subsequently assayed, as well as the excretion of the antibiotic in the urine. The samples were stored in liquid-nitrogen between collection and examination. Each of the speciemens was tested 5 to 10 times and the results were ascertained by empirical evaluation of every single analysis. This assay showed the existence of mean levels above 0.036 I.U./ml in the serum and above 19.75 I.U./ml in the urine for the duration of 26 days. The evaluation of serum levels after the administration of antibiotics is difficult due to several sources of error. Reliable results can, therefore, be obtained only by examination at special institutes which possess experienced technical personnel. The establishment of reference laboratories for this purpose is suggested. The results of the study confirm the efficacy of one-shot treatment of the syphilis by administration of 2,400,000 to units of benzathine penicillin.", "contents": "[Depoteffect of benzathine-penicillin (author's transl)]. 15 test persons received an injection of 2,400,000 units of benzathine penicillin. Serum levels were subsequently assayed, as well as the excretion of the antibiotic in the urine. The samples were stored in liquid-nitrogen between collection and examination. Each of the speciemens was tested 5 to 10 times and the results were ascertained by empirical evaluation of every single analysis. This assay showed the existence of mean levels above 0.036 I.U./ml in the serum and above 19.75 I.U./ml in the urine for the duration of 26 days. The evaluation of serum levels after the administration of antibiotics is difficult due to several sources of error. Reliable results can, therefore, be obtained only by examination at special institutes which possess experienced technical personnel. The establishment of reference laboratories for this purpose is suggested. The results of the study confirm the efficacy of one-shot treatment of the syphilis by administration of 2,400,000 to units of benzathine penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:941457", "title": "[Operation on varicose, especially in the malleolar region (author's transl)].", "content": "The great number of people with varicosities and the relatively high percentage of  venous pathology among this group shows the importance of their detection and treatment. The results achieved in more than 1000 operations on varicose legs underline the great benefits arising from surgical treatment of the varicose saphenous vein. The treatment of chronic venous insufficiency in the malleolar region has been aided by the use of the Klapp tenotoma. The simple and atraumatic manipulation of this instrument enables the surgeon to overcome the most important obstacles in this region, the perforator veins (Cockett I, II), the venous leg ulcer and the corona phlebectatica paraplantaris. Conscientious postoperative supervision of the patient by the surgeon personally or by a dermatologist trained in this speciality is an essential condition for the successful operative treatment of varicose veins.", "contents": "[Operation on varicose, especially in the malleolar region (author's transl)]. The great number of people with varicosities and the relatively high percentage of  venous pathology among this group shows the importance of their detection and treatment. The results achieved in more than 1000 operations on varicose legs underline the great benefits arising from surgical treatment of the varicose saphenous vein. The treatment of chronic venous insufficiency in the malleolar region has been aided by the use of the Klapp tenotoma. The simple and atraumatic manipulation of this instrument enables the surgeon to overcome the most important obstacles in this region, the perforator veins (Cockett I, II), the venous leg ulcer and the corona phlebectatica paraplantaris. Conscientious postoperative supervision of the patient by the surgeon personally or by a dermatologist trained in this speciality is an essential condition for the successful operative treatment of varicose veins."}
{"id": "PMID:941458", "title": "[Malabsorption and vitamin B1 deficiency in familial acrodystrophic neuropathies (author's transl)].", "content": "9 members of 4 families with familial acrodystrophic neuropathies were investigated. Lowered levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine pyrophosphate) were found in all cases except one. In this patient, as in 10 healthy control persons, normal values were obtained. The D-xylose test, which was carried out in 4 patients from 3 families, revealed intestinal malabsorption in all cases. It is suggested that malabsorption and deficiency of vitamin B1 as demonstrated in this report play a role in the development of these familial disorders.", "contents": "[Malabsorption and vitamin B1 deficiency in familial acrodystrophic neuropathies (author's transl)]. 9 members of 4 families with familial acrodystrophic neuropathies were investigated. Lowered levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine pyrophosphate) were found in all cases except one. In this patient, as in 10 healthy control persons, normal values were obtained. The D-xylose test, which was carried out in 4 patients from 3 families, revealed intestinal malabsorption in all cases. It is suggested that malabsorption and deficiency of vitamin B1 as demonstrated in this report play a role in the development of these familial disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:941459", "title": "[The Stepanik arteriotonograph (author's transl)].", "content": "A pressure-sensitive probe, specially developed for this purpose, is built into a contact lens in such a manner that when adjusted to the patient's eye the probe registers the intraocular pressure whilst the observer compresses the eyeball and observes the arterial collapse phenomenon on the disc over the contact lens on the slit-lamp microscope. The standard deviation of a clinical measurement is 1.5 mm Hg. Derived from measurements on 65 eyes of patients without signs of vascular disorder, the correlation of the systolic and diastolic ophthalmic artery-pressure (y) to that of the ipsilateral brachial artery (x) is given by Y =0.79x-1.33 (r=0.96) and the correlation of their median pressure by Y=0.93x-17.2 (r=0.94).", "contents": "[The Stepanik arteriotonograph (author's transl)]. A pressure-sensitive probe, specially developed for this purpose, is built into a contact lens in such a manner that when adjusted to the patient's eye the probe registers the intraocular pressure whilst the observer compresses the eyeball and observes the arterial collapse phenomenon on the disc over the contact lens on the slit-lamp microscope. The standard deviation of a clinical measurement is 1.5 mm Hg. Derived from measurements on 65 eyes of patients without signs of vascular disorder, the correlation of the systolic and diastolic ophthalmic artery-pressure (y) to that of the ipsilateral brachial artery (x) is given by Y =0.79x-1.33 (r=0.96) and the correlation of their median pressure by Y=0.93x-17.2 (r=0.94)."}
{"id": "PMID:941461", "title": "A system for cost and reimbursement control in hospitals.", "content": "This paper approaches the design of a regional or statewide hospital rate-setting system as the underpinning of a larger system which permits a regulatory agency to satisfy the requirements of various public laws now on the books or in process. It aims to generate valid interinstitutional monitoring on the three parameters of cost, utilization, and quality review. Such an approach requires the extension of the usual departmental cost and budgeting system to include consideration of the mix of patients treated and the utilization of various resources, including patient days, in the treatment of these patients. A sampling framework for the application of process-based quality studies and the generation of selected performance measurements is also included.", "contents": "A system for cost and reimbursement control in hospitals. This paper approaches the design of a regional or statewide hospital rate-setting system as the underpinning of a larger system which permits a regulatory agency to satisfy the requirements of various public laws now on the books or in process. It aims to generate valid interinstitutional monitoring on the three parameters of cost, utilization, and quality review. Such an approach requires the extension of the usual departmental cost and budgeting system to include consideration of the mix of patients treated and the utilization of various resources, including patient days, in the treatment of these patients. A sampling framework for the application of process-based quality studies and the generation of selected performance measurements is also included."}
{"id": "PMID:941465", "title": "[Clinical and ergometric studies on the effectiveness of lidoflazine in the treatment of chronic ischemic heart disease].", "content": "During 6 months lidoflazine was applied ambulatorily in a dosage of 240 mg/a day orally in 21 patients after finished infarction. After 2 to 3 weeks one patient each was excluded due to incompatibility or reinfarction, respectively. In the remaining 19 patients consumption of nitrangin, mechanocardiogram, ECG and blood pressure were controlled in regular intervals during and after ergometric load as well as clinico-chemical examinations performed. The consumption of nitrangin clearly decreased in the course of the time of observation. The tolerance ofthe medicament was good. At the end of the treatment the unchanging load was tolerated with lower pulse rate, slightly decreased blood pressure and shortened period of isometric contraciton and period of the increase of blood pressure. The present results were discussed compared with literature.", "contents": "[Clinical and ergometric studies on the effectiveness of lidoflazine in the treatment of chronic ischemic heart disease]. During 6 months lidoflazine was applied ambulatorily in a dosage of 240 mg/a day orally in 21 patients after finished infarction. After 2 to 3 weeks one patient each was excluded due to incompatibility or reinfarction, respectively. In the remaining 19 patients consumption of nitrangin, mechanocardiogram, ECG and blood pressure were controlled in regular intervals during and after ergometric load as well as clinico-chemical examinations performed. The consumption of nitrangin clearly decreased in the course of the time of observation. The tolerance ofthe medicament was good. At the end of the treatment the unchanging load was tolerated with lower pulse rate, slightly decreased blood pressure and shortened period of isometric contraciton and period of the increase of blood pressure. The present results were discussed compared with literature."}
{"id": "PMID:941466", "title": "[Electronic processing of intravascular by measured blood pressure].", "content": "With the help of electronic processing of measurement values the possible information content of the dynamic blood pressure measured by means of the electromanometer is explained. Commericial writing systems and pressure changers are supplemented by self-constructed and especially dimensioned additional devices. Partly in connection with flow sizes by multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration from pressure values special references to the behaviour of the haemodynamics of certain parts of the circulation are to be obtained. This is explained by examples. In addition to this the authors deal with the systolic and diastolic indication of blood pressure important for haemodynamic measuring programs, with the electronic mean value formation, with the limitaor connection for the indication of the enddiastolic ventricular pressure as well with the short-term accumulation. The electronic processing of the intravasally measured blood pressure as well as of flow values is necessary for analyses of the circulation.", "contents": "[Electronic processing of intravascular by measured blood pressure]. With the help of electronic processing of measurement values the possible information content of the dynamic blood pressure measured by means of the electromanometer is explained. Commericial writing systems and pressure changers are supplemented by self-constructed and especially dimensioned additional devices. Partly in connection with flow sizes by multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration from pressure values special references to the behaviour of the haemodynamics of certain parts of the circulation are to be obtained. This is explained by examples. In addition to this the authors deal with the systolic and diastolic indication of blood pressure important for haemodynamic measuring programs, with the electronic mean value formation, with the limitaor connection for the indication of the enddiastolic ventricular pressure as well with the short-term accumulation. The electronic processing of the intravasally measured blood pressure as well as of flow values is necessary for analyses of the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:941467", "title": "[Permeability-increasing effect of punctates. 3. Inhibition of the permeability-increasing activity by contrykal].", "content": "The punctate of the pleural cavity of a patient was examined which very much increased the permeability of the membrane in the animal experiment. Proteases is ascribed the effect increasing permeability, which are adsorbed to macromolecules. The increase of permeability could be inhibited by contrycal. An increase of permeability by proteolytic enzymes is discussed as one of the possible pathomechanisms for the development of exudations.", "contents": "[Permeability-increasing effect of punctates. 3. Inhibition of the permeability-increasing activity by contrykal]. The punctate of the pleural cavity of a patient was examined which very much increased the permeability of the membrane in the animal experiment. Proteases is ascribed the effect increasing permeability, which are adsorbed to macromolecules. The increase of permeability could be inhibited by contrycal. An increase of permeability by proteolytic enzymes is discussed as one of the possible pathomechanisms for the development of exudations."}
{"id": "PMID:941468", "title": "[Clinical symptoms and differential diagnosis of acute arterial vascular occlusion in the limbs].", "content": "The acute arterial vascular occlusion is relatively rare, but without any exception it belongs to the medical emergency situations. The early diagnosing is decisive, since embolectomy is to be regarded as method of choice during the first 10 hours. After demonstration of the most frequent sources of embolism and their clinical manifestation symptomatology and most essential differential diagnoses of the acute arterial vascular occlusion are discussed. As  consequence for practice must be demanded that at the least supposition on the presence of an acute arterial vascular occlusion the immediate hospitalisation is necessary.", "contents": "[Clinical symptoms and differential diagnosis of acute arterial vascular occlusion in the limbs]. The acute arterial vascular occlusion is relatively rare, but without any exception it belongs to the medical emergency situations. The early diagnosing is decisive, since embolectomy is to be regarded as method of choice during the first 10 hours. After demonstration of the most frequent sources of embolism and their clinical manifestation symptomatology and most essential differential diagnoses of the acute arterial vascular occlusion are discussed. As  consequence for practice must be demanded that at the least supposition on the presence of an acute arterial vascular occlusion the immediate hospitalisation is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:941469", "title": "[Over-additive increase of the toxicity of lidocaine by pethidine].", "content": "The influence of LD50 of lidocain by preliminary treatment with pethidin, aminophenazone or diazepam, respectively, is examined at the mouse. When pethidine is given within 1/100 to 1/10 of its LD50 develops a dose-dependent increase of toxicity for lidocaine. In 10 mg pethidin/kg the LD50 for lidocain decreases about the half. Under the conditions chosen amino phenazone and diazepam had no influence on the toxicity of lidocaine. It is referred to clinical aspects when pethidine and lidocain are simultaneously applied.", "contents": "[Over-additive increase of the toxicity of lidocaine by pethidine]. The influence of LD50 of lidocain by preliminary treatment with pethidin, aminophenazone or diazepam, respectively, is examined at the mouse. When pethidine is given within 1/100 to 1/10 of its LD50 develops a dose-dependent increase of toxicity for lidocaine. In 10 mg pethidin/kg the LD50 for lidocain decreases about the half. Under the conditions chosen amino phenazone and diazepam had no influence on the toxicity of lidocaine. It is referred to clinical aspects when pethidine and lidocain are simultaneously applied."}
{"id": "PMID:941470", "title": "[Leiomyo-fibro-angiomatous hamartoma of the myocardium].", "content": "Casuistic report on an intramural hamartoma of the size of a walnut in the left  ventricle consisting of fibrous connective tissue, vessels and smooth musculature which was found as secondary findings in the autopsy of a 76-year-old man. With the help of statistic material from literature is referred to the rarity of primary cardiac tumours. On the basis of other casuistic contributions of newer literature is referred to the clinical significance which cardiac tumors may have in adequate localisation as well as sufficient size.", "contents": "[Leiomyo-fibro-angiomatous hamartoma of the myocardium]. Casuistic report on an intramural hamartoma of the size of a walnut in the left  ventricle consisting of fibrous connective tissue, vessels and smooth musculature which was found as secondary findings in the autopsy of a 76-year-old man. With the help of statistic material from literature is referred to the rarity of primary cardiac tumours. On the basis of other casuistic contributions of newer literature is referred to the clinical significance which cardiac tumors may have in adequate localisation as well as sufficient size."}
{"id": "PMID:941471", "title": "[Ruptures in the rotator aponeurosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ruptures in the rotator aponeurosis occur frequently. Minor defects are usually not discovered and are classified in the \"painful shoulder\" syndrome. Depending on the localization and extent, extensive destruction, which occurs suddenly under particular circumstances, leads to various functional disturbances including the so-called pseudoparalysis of the arm. Smaller ruptures generally respond to the usual conservative measures used for the supraspinous syndrome. Surgical treatment of larger ruptures is promising and good results can be achieved with the appropriate technique and adequate follow-up treatment. In the case of extensive defects, they represent the only chance for restoring satisfactory function. Even with long standing, unsuccessful treatment for \"periarthritis humeroscapularis\", the necessary diagnostic and/or surgical consequences, should be carried out.", "contents": "[Ruptures in the rotator aponeurosis (author's transl)]. Ruptures in the rotator aponeurosis occur frequently. Minor defects are usually not discovered and are classified in the \"painful shoulder\" syndrome. Depending on the localization and extent, extensive destruction, which occurs suddenly under particular circumstances, leads to various functional disturbances including the so-called pseudoparalysis of the arm. Smaller ruptures generally respond to the usual conservative measures used for the supraspinous syndrome. Surgical treatment of larger ruptures is promising and good results can be achieved with the appropriate technique and adequate follow-up treatment. In the case of extensive defects, they represent the only chance for restoring satisfactory function. Even with long standing, unsuccessful treatment for \"periarthritis humeroscapularis\", the necessary diagnostic and/or surgical consequences, should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:941473", "title": "[Dynamic halo-gravity traction in scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "First results obtained in halo-gravity traction employing a new developed traction assembly are reported.", "contents": "[Dynamic halo-gravity traction in scoliosis (author's transl)]. First results obtained in halo-gravity traction employing a new developed traction assembly are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:941474", "title": "[The study reports on a case of habitual dislocation of the hip-joint in a 6-year-old girl (author's transl)].", "content": "During the operative reposition the capsule was found extremely wide, and extended capsular fibrosis was exhibited. Resection of an ovoid capsular segment and a double capsular suture, secured by superfixation of the m. rectus tendon, resulted in a stabile hip-joint position.", "contents": "[The study reports on a case of habitual dislocation of the hip-joint in a 6-year-old girl (author's transl)]. During the operative reposition the capsule was found extremely wide, and extended capsular fibrosis was exhibited. Resection of an ovoid capsular segment and a double capsular suture, secured by superfixation of the m. rectus tendon, resulted in a stabile hip-joint position."}
{"id": "PMID:941475", "title": "[Asymmetric posture of the hip-joints in cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Asymmetric posture of hip-joints is a common disorder in children with cerebral palsy. One hip is found in abduction-outward rotation, the other in adduction-inward rotation. Most of these patients are severely handicapped, with little voluntary control of muscular activity. Possible causes of the disorder are discussed. In treatment long leg plaster casts with diagonal traction are recommended, in milder cases a corrective plaster mould against malrotation can be applied. The technics of both are described.", "contents": "[Asymmetric posture of the hip-joints in cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. Asymmetric posture of hip-joints is a common disorder in children with cerebral palsy. One hip is found in abduction-outward rotation, the other in adduction-inward rotation. Most of these patients are severely handicapped, with little voluntary control of muscular activity. Possible causes of the disorder are discussed. In treatment long leg plaster casts with diagonal traction are recommended, in milder cases a corrective plaster mould against malrotation can be applied. The technics of both are described."}
{"id": "PMID:941476", "title": "[Secondary injury to the spine due to static insufficiency in thigh amputees (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a study of the literature, our own investigation as well as clarification of the mobility of the pelvis and spine in thigh amputees, it was established that secondary alterations occur in the spine which represent a degeneration in terms of vocational fittness. In spite of numerous publication by various researchers, this recognition has not yet been widely accepted. Reference is made to the significance of the small vertebral joint mechanism. Additional basic research is required here.", "contents": "[Secondary injury to the spine due to static insufficiency in thigh amputees (author's transl)]. On the basis of a study of the literature, our own investigation as well as clarification of the mobility of the pelvis and spine in thigh amputees, it was established that secondary alterations occur in the spine which represent a degeneration in terms of vocational fittness. In spite of numerous publication by various researchers, this recognition has not yet been widely accepted. Reference is made to the significance of the small vertebral joint mechanism. Additional basic research is required here."}
{"id": "PMID:941480", "title": "[Results of the Bankart-M\u00fcller operation for habitual luxation of the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "After presenting the topographical and pathological basis for the habitual luxation of the shoulder joint, our experience with the Bankart-M\u00fcller operation on 38 of our own patients was described. The results are characterized as very good, particularly two years and longer after the operation.", "contents": "[Results of the Bankart-M\u00fcller operation for habitual luxation of the shoulder (author's transl)]. After presenting the topographical and pathological basis for the habitual luxation of the shoulder joint, our experience with the Bankart-M\u00fcller operation on 38 of our own patients was described. The results are characterized as very good, particularly two years and longer after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:941483", "title": "[The McBride operation of hallux valgus in adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe Hallux valgus deformity in adolescents and young adults has been treated by the McBride operation in  53 cases during the period from 1965 to 1974. With 85% good results in our material this type of operation is very satisfactory. Other authors have made the same experience. The principles and technique of this soft tissue correction are described and the results of reexamination presented.", "contents": "[The McBride operation of hallux valgus in adolescents (author's transl)]. Severe Hallux valgus deformity in adolescents and young adults has been treated by the McBride operation in  53 cases during the period from 1965 to 1974. With 85% good results in our material this type of operation is very satisfactory. Other authors have made the same experience. The principles and technique of this soft tissue correction are described and the results of reexamination presented."}
{"id": "PMID:941491", "title": "[Conditioned slow negative potential during learning motor habits of different complexity].", "content": "CSNP dynamics was studied on 13 subjects in three experimental situations: 1) In combinations of acoustic and photic stimuli without performance of movements; 2) During the pressing of the palm at the moment of the anticipated photic stimulus; 3) After preliminary switching off of the photic stimulus. In the first situation CSNP does not appear; in the second, it has a maximum amplitude at the unitial stages of movement elaboration at a definite time interval, and in the third, CSNP amplitude does not decrease during 300 stimuli combinations. The CSNP amplitude, configuration and stability depend on the degree of complexity of the motor task. It has been assumed that CSNP reflects a non-specific activation of frontal and central parts of the human brain, against the background of which integration of sensory information takes place as well as the formation of a temporal program of the subsequent motor act.", "contents": "[Conditioned slow negative potential during learning motor habits of different complexity]. CSNP dynamics was studied on 13 subjects in three experimental situations: 1) In combinations of acoustic and photic stimuli without performance of movements; 2) During the pressing of the palm at the moment of the anticipated photic stimulus; 3) After preliminary switching off of the photic stimulus. In the first situation CSNP does not appear; in the second, it has a maximum amplitude at the unitial stages of movement elaboration at a definite time interval, and in the third, CSNP amplitude does not decrease during 300 stimuli combinations. The CSNP amplitude, configuration and stability depend on the degree of complexity of the motor task. It has been assumed that CSNP reflects a non-specific activation of frontal and central parts of the human brain, against the background of which integration of sensory information takes place as well as the formation of a temporal program of the subsequent motor act."}
{"id": "PMID:941492", "title": "[Differences in the physiologic characteristics of systems of conditioned connections when elaborated gradually and suddenly].", "content": "Observations and experimental results have revealed two types of system formation, with gradual and instantaneous conditioning. The first type is characterized by inertia, which is linked with high intensity of the developing conditioned tonic excitation. In the case of the other type, the system is labile and the conitioned tonic excitation is of optimal strength. The first type originates in all age groups and underlies more elementary reactions. The other type is formed only in children older than five years and is a basis for more complex behavioral reactions.", "contents": "[Differences in the physiologic characteristics of systems of conditioned connections when elaborated gradually and suddenly]. Observations and experimental results have revealed two types of system formation, with gradual and instantaneous conditioning. The first type is characterized by inertia, which is linked with high intensity of the developing conditioned tonic excitation. In the case of the other type, the system is labile and the conitioned tonic excitation is of optimal strength. The first type originates in all age groups and underlies more elementary reactions. The other type is formed only in children older than five years and is a basis for more complex behavioral reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:941493", "title": "[EEG of 6-7-year-old children during formation of a complex motor-visual habit].", "content": "Correlations between cortical biopotentials were determined in six- to seven-year old children during the formation of a complex motor-visual habit, namely the assembly of a dismountable toy. Assembling activity intensifies the spatial synchronization of biopotentials. Localization of the site of greatest activity is connected with the techniques of assembling the toy: in stereotype activity the site is localized in the inferior parietal areas, and in the case of variable activity, in the anterior parts of the cortex. As the habit is stabilized, the number of interhemispheric correlations increases, which testifies to the enhancement of the paired function of the cerebral hemispheres. The topography of these correlations differs. When the task is fulfilled in a stereotype way, the left motor and the right inferior parietal areas are most closely interrelated; in the case of a variable fulfilment the closest interconnection takes place between the left motor and right frontal areas.", "contents": "[EEG of 6-7-year-old children during formation of a complex motor-visual habit]. Correlations between cortical biopotentials were determined in six- to seven-year old children during the formation of a complex motor-visual habit, namely the assembly of a dismountable toy. Assembling activity intensifies the spatial synchronization of biopotentials. Localization of the site of greatest activity is connected with the techniques of assembling the toy: in stereotype activity the site is localized in the inferior parietal areas, and in the case of variable activity, in the anterior parts of the cortex. As the habit is stabilized, the number of interhemispheric correlations increases, which testifies to the enhancement of the paired function of the cerebral hemispheres. The topography of these correlations differs. When the task is fulfilled in a stereotype way, the left motor and the right inferior parietal areas are most closely interrelated; in the case of a variable fulfilment the closest interconnection takes place between the left motor and right frontal areas."}
{"id": "PMID:941494", "title": "[Responses of the auditory region of the dog cortex to paired clicks repeatedly presented in a standard series].", "content": "A study was made of evoked potentials (EP) in the dog auditory cortex to systematically presented series of acoustic stimuli consisting of five pairs of clicks with a 150 to 300 msec interstimuli interval within the pair, for different dogs. As such series were presented, a dependence developed of amplitude characteristics of averaged EPs on the place of paired stimulation in the five-term series. The correlation of amplitudes inside each pair was likewise determined by the place of the pair in the series. The index of the EP amplitude recovery was smaller in the case of the first and fifth places of the pair in the series and greater in the middle places of the series. Reinforcement of the five-term series of paired clicks with electro-cutaneous stimulation of the paw and elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex changed the established correlation of EP amplitudes. In the experiment the index of EP amplitude recovery depended on the signal significance of the presented click series.", "contents": "[Responses of the auditory region of the dog cortex to paired clicks repeatedly presented in a standard series]. A study was made of evoked potentials (EP) in the dog auditory cortex to systematically presented series of acoustic stimuli consisting of five pairs of clicks with a 150 to 300 msec interstimuli interval within the pair, for different dogs. As such series were presented, a dependence developed of amplitude characteristics of averaged EPs on the place of paired stimulation in the five-term series. The correlation of amplitudes inside each pair was likewise determined by the place of the pair in the series. The index of the EP amplitude recovery was smaller in the case of the first and fifth places of the pair in the series and greater in the middle places of the series. Reinforcement of the five-term series of paired clicks with electro-cutaneous stimulation of the paw and elaboration of a conditioned defensive reflex changed the established correlation of EP amplitudes. In the experiment the index of EP amplitude recovery depended on the signal significance of the presented click series."}
{"id": "PMID:941495", "title": "[An analysis of changes in the background electrical activity of the dog neocortex during elaboration of food-getting conditioned reflexes].", "content": "Background electrical activity of different areas of the neocortex was studied at interstimuli periods during elaboration of food-procuring (instrumental) conditioned reflexes in dogs. By using the complex of EEG parameters obtained after a correlation-spectral analysis, it was possible to provide differentiated EEG characteristics of such externally similar conditions as rest in a situation of food-procuring and in an indifferent situation. Further, it has been found that the background activity parameters significantly differ in one and the same situation of food-procuring, depending on the functional state (passive rest and activation of attention). The data obtained point to the informative nature of background electrical activity of the neocortex, whose parameters reflect the peculiarities of specific functional conditions.", "contents": "[An analysis of changes in the background electrical activity of the dog neocortex during elaboration of food-getting conditioned reflexes]. Background electrical activity of different areas of the neocortex was studied at interstimuli periods during elaboration of food-procuring (instrumental) conditioned reflexes in dogs. By using the complex of EEG parameters obtained after a correlation-spectral analysis, it was possible to provide differentiated EEG characteristics of such externally similar conditions as rest in a situation of food-procuring and in an indifferent situation. Further, it has been found that the background activity parameters significantly differ in one and the same situation of food-procuring, depending on the functional state (passive rest and activation of attention). The data obtained point to the informative nature of background electrical activity of the neocortex, whose parameters reflect the peculiarities of specific functional conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:941496", "title": "[Formation of systems of unilateral conditioned reflexes following section of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum].", "content": "Unilateral conditioned reflexes and two-link reflex systems with regular rhythmic alternation of positive and inhibitory reflexes were elaborated by Abuladze method in four dogs with a preliminarily dissected rostral part of the callosal body. Whereas the rate of formation of simple unilateral positive reflexes did not differ from that of reflex formation in intact animals, the formation of two-link unilateral systems proved to be disturbed. In spite of considerable stabilization of positive and inhibitory reflexes, ultraparadoxical relations were revealed when the same stimuli were applied in the system which testified to the disturbance of the after-effect dynamics. It has been assumed that rostral parts of the callosal body take part in the fixation of traces as the first component of the memory mechanism.", "contents": "[Formation of systems of unilateral conditioned reflexes following section of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum]. Unilateral conditioned reflexes and two-link reflex systems with regular rhythmic alternation of positive and inhibitory reflexes were elaborated by Abuladze method in four dogs with a preliminarily dissected rostral part of the callosal body. Whereas the rate of formation of simple unilateral positive reflexes did not differ from that of reflex formation in intact animals, the formation of two-link unilateral systems proved to be disturbed. In spite of considerable stabilization of positive and inhibitory reflexes, ultraparadoxical relations were revealed when the same stimuli were applied in the system which testified to the disturbance of the after-effect dynamics. It has been assumed that rostral parts of the callosal body take part in the fixation of traces as the first component of the memory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:941497", "title": "[Formation of two systems of conditioned reflexes with random alteration of stimuli].", "content": "Two heteromodal systems of secretory positive and inhibitory reflexes were elaborated in non-learned dogs to conditioned stimuli presented according to a four-digit table of random figures; then a third system was elaborated. All the systems were presented with one-day intervals in strict alteration (in a stereotype). It has been shown that the formation of a stereotype out of systems of secretory conditioned reflexes, organized at random, is characterized by an enhanced general functional state (tone) of the brain. A comparison of the results of the present work with previous investigations of simultaneous formation of two heteromodal rhythmical stereotypes leads to the conclusion that the structure of the systems in which the conditioned reflexes are formed is the major factor, not the structure of the reflexes.", "contents": "[Formation of two systems of conditioned reflexes with random alteration of stimuli]. Two heteromodal systems of secretory positive and inhibitory reflexes were elaborated in non-learned dogs to conditioned stimuli presented according to a four-digit table of random figures; then a third system was elaborated. All the systems were presented with one-day intervals in strict alteration (in a stereotype). It has been shown that the formation of a stereotype out of systems of secretory conditioned reflexes, organized at random, is characterized by an enhanced general functional state (tone) of the brain. A comparison of the results of the present work with previous investigations of simultaneous formation of two heteromodal rhythmical stereotypes leads to the conclusion that the structure of the systems in which the conditioned reflexes are formed is the major factor, not the structure of the reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:941499", "title": "[Reverse temporary connections upon stimulation of symmetrical portions of the tongue].", "content": "Unilateral conditioned and indifferent acoustic stimuli were presented to dogs during the achievement of the unconditioned reflex to the stimulation of the contralateral side of the tongue. Formation of a backward temporary connection was observed with its typical features of a short manifestation of the effector reaction and of its rapid disappearance. A more stable backward connection was formed to previous positive conditioned stimuli, and a less stable one, to previously indifferent ones. It has been found that the elaboration of the backward connection as of a direct one, is attended with the formation of an excitation focus which contributes to a protracted manifestation of backward connections against the background of a contralateral excitation focus. The backward temporary connection, unlike the direct one, rapidly passes into a latent state in which it persists for a long time.", "contents": "[Reverse temporary connections upon stimulation of symmetrical portions of the tongue]. Unilateral conditioned and indifferent acoustic stimuli were presented to dogs during the achievement of the unconditioned reflex to the stimulation of the contralateral side of the tongue. Formation of a backward temporary connection was observed with its typical features of a short manifestation of the effector reaction and of its rapid disappearance. A more stable backward connection was formed to previous positive conditioned stimuli, and a less stable one, to previously indifferent ones. It has been found that the elaboration of the backward connection as of a direct one, is attended with the formation of an excitation focus which contributes to a protracted manifestation of backward connections against the background of a contralateral excitation focus. The backward temporary connection, unlike the direct one, rapidly passes into a latent state in which it persists for a long time."}
{"id": "PMID:941500", "title": "[The effect of hippocampectomy on formation of delayed reactions during ontogenesis].", "content": "Formation of trace processes was studied by means of delayed reactions with a choice, in intact animals and in animals with an ablated dorsal part of the hippocampus, aged six weeks, three and twelve months. It has been found that with age the percentage of correct solutions increases in intact animals, as well as the duration of permissible maximal delay. Lesion of the dorsal part of the hippocampus in six-week and three-month old puppies leads to a complete disturbance of the capacity to retain short traces. In one-year old puppies the operation results in a considerable drop in the level of correct solutions with short delays (5 to 20 sec). The longer the delay, the fewer the number of adequate solutions. With long delays the number of adequate responses is at the level of random choice.", "contents": "[The effect of hippocampectomy on formation of delayed reactions during ontogenesis]. Formation of trace processes was studied by means of delayed reactions with a choice, in intact animals and in animals with an ablated dorsal part of the hippocampus, aged six weeks, three and twelve months. It has been found that with age the percentage of correct solutions increases in intact animals, as well as the duration of permissible maximal delay. Lesion of the dorsal part of the hippocampus in six-week and three-month old puppies leads to a complete disturbance of the capacity to retain short traces. In one-year old puppies the operation results in a considerable drop in the level of correct solutions with short delays (5 to 20 sec). The longer the delay, the fewer the number of adequate solutions. With long delays the number of adequate responses is at the level of random choice."}
{"id": "PMID:941501", "title": "[Comparative assessment of the role of the primary and secondary somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex during conditioned reflex behavior in animals].", "content": "The first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortical areas were ablated in one group of cats after preliminary learning of tactile differentiation of rough and smooth surfaces of the floor coating in a special chamber. Somatosensory areas were ablated in another group after learning an adequate choice of the reinforcement side in response to a bell and a metronome. Unilateral and bilateral ablation of SI affected but little the elaboration and achievement of the above acts. Unilateral and bilateral ablation of area SII resulted in a sharp impairment of the tactile differentiation of the surfaces (35% correct responses after unilateral and 26% after bilateral ablation) and a less pronounced disturbances in the choice of the side of reinforcement in response to the bell and the metronome (80% of correct choice after unilateral and 72% after a bilateral ablation.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of the role of the primary and secondary somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex during conditioned reflex behavior in animals]. The first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortical areas were ablated in one group of cats after preliminary learning of tactile differentiation of rough and smooth surfaces of the floor coating in a special chamber. Somatosensory areas were ablated in another group after learning an adequate choice of the reinforcement side in response to a bell and a metronome. Unilateral and bilateral ablation of SI affected but little the elaboration and achievement of the above acts. Unilateral and bilateral ablation of area SII resulted in a sharp impairment of the tactile differentiation of the surfaces (35% correct responses after unilateral and 26% after bilateral ablation) and a less pronounced disturbances in the choice of the side of reinforcement in response to the bell and the metronome (80% of correct choice after unilateral and 72% after a bilateral ablation."}
{"id": "PMID:941502", "title": "[Conditioned reactions of the neurons of the dorsal region of the hippocampus to a combination of sound and extracellular polarization].", "content": "Neuronal responses were recorded in the dorsal part of the rabbit hippocampus to a, aperiodical (45 units) and b, periodical (25 units) presentations of combinations of a sound and a DC pulse (anode, 0,1-2,0 na) acting through the recording microelectrode. In the group (a) identified conditioned responses to a former indifferent acoustic stimulus were elaborated in 22% of the neurones. More than a half of them produced differentiation and extinction. Differences were revealed between conditioned reactions and responses in pseudoconditioning tests. In the group (b) 30% of units elaborated a conditioned reaction to time. Activation type reactions were predominant. They appeared when the stimuli were omitted, and sometimes they emerged in 12 or more successive omissions.", "contents": "[Conditioned reactions of the neurons of the dorsal region of the hippocampus to a combination of sound and extracellular polarization]. Neuronal responses were recorded in the dorsal part of the rabbit hippocampus to a, aperiodical (45 units) and b, periodical (25 units) presentations of combinations of a sound and a DC pulse (anode, 0,1-2,0 na) acting through the recording microelectrode. In the group (a) identified conditioned responses to a former indifferent acoustic stimulus were elaborated in 22% of the neurones. More than a half of them produced differentiation and extinction. Differences were revealed between conditioned reactions and responses in pseudoconditioning tests. In the group (b) 30% of units elaborated a conditioned reaction to time. Activation type reactions were predominant. They appeared when the stimuli were omitted, and sometimes they emerged in 12 or more successive omissions."}
{"id": "PMID:941504", "title": "[Effect of destruction of individual nuclei of the amygdaloid complex on elaboration of avoidance reaction in rats].", "content": "Formation of one-trial passive avoidance reactions (PAR) after bilateral symmetrical ablations of some nuclei of the amygdala complex (AC) was studied in Wistar male rats. Some nuclei belonging to the corticomedial or basolateral group of AC nuclei were subjected to electrolythical ablation. It has been found that ablations of individual AC nuclei statistically significantly prevent PAR elaboration. The data obtained are interpreted from the standpoint of disturbance of the morpho-functional organization of the AC efferent systems.", "contents": "[Effect of destruction of individual nuclei of the amygdaloid complex on elaboration of avoidance reaction in rats]. Formation of one-trial passive avoidance reactions (PAR) after bilateral symmetrical ablations of some nuclei of the amygdala complex (AC) was studied in Wistar male rats. Some nuclei belonging to the corticomedial or basolateral group of AC nuclei were subjected to electrolythical ablation. It has been found that ablations of individual AC nuclei statistically significantly prevent PAR elaboration. The data obtained are interpreted from the standpoint of disturbance of the morpho-functional organization of the AC efferent systems."}
{"id": "PMID:941503", "title": "[Sensory after-discharges of the rat visual cortex during elaboration and extinction of a temporary connection].", "content": "Sensory after-discharges (SAD) in the rat's visual cortex became more intense at the background of an unconditioned drinking reaction. During the elaboration of a conditioned reflex to light (ten successive flashes of which the last five were reinforced) the SAD enhancement proceeded in two stages; the first coincided with the reinforcement, the second was developing in the phase of a stable conditioned reflex to the second or third flash of the rhythmic series. When reinforcement was omitted in a test with acute extinction. SAD was depressed, and was replaced by an increased number of after-effect waves, related to the appearance of \"substituting\" movements of the hygienic routine. It is assumed that the enhanced synchronized activity on the EEG at this moment plays an adaptive part, eliminating desynchronization and reducing the destructive action of the emotional stress.", "contents": "[Sensory after-discharges of the rat visual cortex during elaboration and extinction of a temporary connection]. Sensory after-discharges (SAD) in the rat's visual cortex became more intense at the background of an unconditioned drinking reaction. During the elaboration of a conditioned reflex to light (ten successive flashes of which the last five were reinforced) the SAD enhancement proceeded in two stages; the first coincided with the reinforcement, the second was developing in the phase of a stable conditioned reflex to the second or third flash of the rhythmic series. When reinforcement was omitted in a test with acute extinction. SAD was depressed, and was replaced by an increased number of after-effect waves, related to the appearance of \"substituting\" movements of the hygienic routine. It is assumed that the enhanced synchronized activity on the EEG at this moment plays an adaptive part, eliminating desynchronization and reducing the destructive action of the emotional stress."}
{"id": "PMID:941506", "title": "[Symmetry and stability of the EEG spectra of healthy subjects].", "content": "Stability and symmetry of power spectra and the EEG coherence function have been investigated in 40 healthy subjects with different characteristics of cerebral electrical activity. It has been shown that the power spectra in all healthy subjects are characterized by a high degree of symmetry and stability. The average levels of coherence of the symmetric points of the right and left hemisphere proved to be a reliable EEG characteristics of a healthy subject. In contradistinction, the pattern of the coherence spectrum displays considerable variability and non-stability. Subjects with a desynchronized EEG differ from those with alpha-rhythm predominance by the highest coherence and similarity of the spectra along with their low stability in the anterior parts of the hemisphere which testifies to a high dynamic integration of the frontal systems.", "contents": "[Symmetry and stability of the EEG spectra of healthy subjects]. Stability and symmetry of power spectra and the EEG coherence function have been investigated in 40 healthy subjects with different characteristics of cerebral electrical activity. It has been shown that the power spectra in all healthy subjects are characterized by a high degree of symmetry and stability. The average levels of coherence of the symmetric points of the right and left hemisphere proved to be a reliable EEG characteristics of a healthy subject. In contradistinction, the pattern of the coherence spectrum displays considerable variability and non-stability. Subjects with a desynchronized EEG differ from those with alpha-rhythm predominance by the highest coherence and similarity of the spectra along with their low stability in the anterior parts of the hemisphere which testifies to a high dynamic integration of the frontal systems."}
{"id": "PMID:941505", "title": "[Effect of isolation of the mediobasal hypothalamus on the predatory aggressiveness of rats].", "content": "A study was made of the influence of isolation of the medio-basal hypothalamus area on the predatory aggression of albino male rats, which was measured by the test of mouse-killing. In three weeks after the operation the aggressiveness of rats increased eightfold. Partial isolations--anterior, long-posterior and posterior--did not change the killing aggression of the rats. Extension of dimensions of complete isolation up to the lateral hypothalamic area did not lead to the appearance of \"mice killers\" among the experimental rats. A conclusion has been drawn that the medio-basal hypothalamus has an inhibitory effect on the predatory aggression, which is achieved in multiple ways and is directed at the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Effect of isolation of the mediobasal hypothalamus on the predatory aggressiveness of rats]. A study was made of the influence of isolation of the medio-basal hypothalamus area on the predatory aggression of albino male rats, which was measured by the test of mouse-killing. In three weeks after the operation the aggressiveness of rats increased eightfold. Partial isolations--anterior, long-posterior and posterior--did not change the killing aggression of the rats. Extension of dimensions of complete isolation up to the lateral hypothalamic area did not lead to the appearance of \"mice killers\" among the experimental rats. A conclusion has been drawn that the medio-basal hypothalamus has an inhibitory effect on the predatory aggression, which is achieved in multiple ways and is directed at the lateral hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:941509", "title": "[Influence of the dentate fascia on the sensory responses of neurons in hippocampal field CA3].", "content": "In experiments with unanaesthetized rabbits the influences of electric stimulation of the dentate fascia (DF) on the extracellularly recorded spontaneous and evoked activity of the CA3 neurones were investigated. Stimulation of a fixed locus in the DF during recording in the CA3 by a microelectrode, shifted along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, supported the notion of the topical, \"segmental\" organization of connections between the DF and CA3. A relatively narrow \"active zone\" (approximately 700 nm) appeared in the CA3 during the threshold DF stimulation: it was bordered by zones with predominantly inhibitory responses to stimulation. The CA3 neurones in the \"active zone\" rapidly lost their reactivity to sensory stimuli. In the \"inhibitory\" and \"zero\" zones the normal level of reactivity to sensory stimuli was preserved.", "contents": "[Influence of the dentate fascia on the sensory responses of neurons in hippocampal field CA3]. In experiments with unanaesthetized rabbits the influences of electric stimulation of the dentate fascia (DF) on the extracellularly recorded spontaneous and evoked activity of the CA3 neurones were investigated. Stimulation of a fixed locus in the DF during recording in the CA3 by a microelectrode, shifted along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus, supported the notion of the topical, \"segmental\" organization of connections between the DF and CA3. A relatively narrow \"active zone\" (approximately 700 nm) appeared in the CA3 during the threshold DF stimulation: it was bordered by zones with predominantly inhibitory responses to stimulation. The CA3 neurones in the \"active zone\" rapidly lost their reactivity to sensory stimuli. In the \"inhibitory\" and \"zero\" zones the normal level of reactivity to sensory stimuli was preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:941508", "title": "[Laminar analysis of evoked potentials of the cat visual cortex during prenatal ontogenesis].", "content": "A laminar analysis of visual evoked potentials recorded from the cortical striate zone in response to stimulation of the optic nerve was made on the cats foeti in the second half of antenatal development and on kittens in the first few days of their life. In all the investigated terms of prenatal ontogenesis, two negativity foci are distinctly revealed in the specific zones of the visual cortex. The first appears with the least latency in the middle cortical layers after an afferent volley inflow to the cortex. The second, which reaches a maximum in 40 to 50 msec appears in the superficial cortical structures. Analysis of the data obtained shows that the first excitation focus is due to the summation of EPSP in the neural elements of the middle cortical layers, while the second is caused by development of depolarization in the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurones.", "contents": "[Laminar analysis of evoked potentials of the cat visual cortex during prenatal ontogenesis]. A laminar analysis of visual evoked potentials recorded from the cortical striate zone in response to stimulation of the optic nerve was made on the cats foeti in the second half of antenatal development and on kittens in the first few days of their life. In all the investigated terms of prenatal ontogenesis, two negativity foci are distinctly revealed in the specific zones of the visual cortex. The first appears with the least latency in the middle cortical layers after an afferent volley inflow to the cortex. The second, which reaches a maximum in 40 to 50 msec appears in the superficial cortical structures. Analysis of the data obtained shows that the first excitation focus is due to the summation of EPSP in the neural elements of the middle cortical layers, while the second is caused by development of depolarization in the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:941507", "title": "[Analysis of responses to color stimulation in children with intracranial birth injury].", "content": "Premature (28) and mature (4) children who had undergone an intracranial labour trauma revealed major disturbances in the development of integrated reactions to colour stimuli and in the effect of atropine and prozerin on the pulse rate and the vegetative and EEG-components of the reactions. The extent of the disturbance and normalization of reactions, and the effect of the indicated neurotropic drugs depend on the gravity of the trauma. Maximum disturbances of the action of the drugs correspond to the period of the largest deviations from the normal in the development of integrated reactions (seven to thirteen weeks of life). The data obtained attest that the change in the development of reactions to colour stimuli in traumatized children is linked with disturbances of acetylcholin metabolism or of the cholinergic mechanisms involved in their achievement.", "contents": "[Analysis of responses to color stimulation in children with intracranial birth injury]. Premature (28) and mature (4) children who had undergone an intracranial labour trauma revealed major disturbances in the development of integrated reactions to colour stimuli and in the effect of atropine and prozerin on the pulse rate and the vegetative and EEG-components of the reactions. The extent of the disturbance and normalization of reactions, and the effect of the indicated neurotropic drugs depend on the gravity of the trauma. Maximum disturbances of the action of the drugs correspond to the period of the largest deviations from the normal in the development of integrated reactions (seven to thirteen weeks of life). The data obtained attest that the change in the development of reactions to colour stimuli in traumatized children is linked with disturbances of acetylcholin metabolism or of the cholinergic mechanisms involved in their achievement."}
{"id": "PMID:941510", "title": "[Dual character of plastic changes in neurons of the dorsal hippocampus (field CA1) during extinction of the orienting response in freely moving rabbits].", "content": "The activity of 63 neurones of the dorsal hippocampus field CA1 was studied in unrestrained rabbits in different behaviour and in the course of repetitive afferent stimulation. It has been found that changes in the mean frequency of spontaneous activity of most neurones (90%) correlate with the kind of the animal's behaviour. Replacement of calm alertness by an active state is primarily attended with enhanced mean frequency of firing. Two types of response dynamics to a repetitive stimulation were revealed: 1) successive decrease of reaction and 2) gradual augmentation and subsequent drop. As stimulation went on most of the neurones revealed a change in the nature of responses: diffuse phasic and tonic reactions were replaced by structured responses of a specific type. The data obtained are regarded as proof of the hippocampus involvement in the organization of integrated orienting behaviour.", "contents": "[Dual character of plastic changes in neurons of the dorsal hippocampus (field CA1) during extinction of the orienting response in freely moving rabbits]. The activity of 63 neurones of the dorsal hippocampus field CA1 was studied in unrestrained rabbits in different behaviour and in the course of repetitive afferent stimulation. It has been found that changes in the mean frequency of spontaneous activity of most neurones (90%) correlate with the kind of the animal's behaviour. Replacement of calm alertness by an active state is primarily attended with enhanced mean frequency of firing. Two types of response dynamics to a repetitive stimulation were revealed: 1) successive decrease of reaction and 2) gradual augmentation and subsequent drop. As stimulation went on most of the neurones revealed a change in the nature of responses: diffuse phasic and tonic reactions were replaced by structured responses of a specific type. The data obtained are regarded as proof of the hippocampus involvement in the organization of integrated orienting behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:941511", "title": "[Spectral characteristics of the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex upon electric stimulation of subcortical structures].", "content": "A spectral-correlation analysis of electrical activity of the rabbit cerebral cortex was made with the use of Dnieper computer, after electrical stimulation (100-250 c/s) of the midbrain reticular formation, the thalamic nonspecific formations (midline nuclei) and different nuclei of the posterior part of the hypothalamic area (ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and the lateral field). The background spectrograms were characterized by a high variability; their frequencies ranged from 0,5 to 12 c/s. Under the influence of the electrical stimulation of the indicated formations, a well-pronounced, dominating peak appeared in the spectrograms of the cortical EEG, in the band from 4 to 7 c/s, and the similarity of biopotentials in this rhythm increased. The experimental data show that enhancement of spatial synchronization of the cortical biopotentials under conditions of electrical stimulation of the indicated subcortical formations is based on increased rhythmic oscillations within the theta-band and on a greater coherence in this range.", "contents": "[Spectral characteristics of the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex upon electric stimulation of subcortical structures]. A spectral-correlation analysis of electrical activity of the rabbit cerebral cortex was made with the use of Dnieper computer, after electrical stimulation (100-250 c/s) of the midbrain reticular formation, the thalamic nonspecific formations (midline nuclei) and different nuclei of the posterior part of the hypothalamic area (ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei and the lateral field). The background spectrograms were characterized by a high variability; their frequencies ranged from 0,5 to 12 c/s. Under the influence of the electrical stimulation of the indicated formations, a well-pronounced, dominating peak appeared in the spectrograms of the cortical EEG, in the band from 4 to 7 c/s, and the similarity of biopotentials in this rhythm increased. The experimental data show that enhancement of spatial synchronization of the cortical biopotentials under conditions of electrical stimulation of the indicated subcortical formations is based on increased rhythmic oscillations within the theta-band and on a greater coherence in this range."}
{"id": "PMID:941514", "title": "[Patterns in the restructuring of EEG frequency spectra].", "content": "A study was made of changes in the spectrum of brain electrical activity of rabbits, due to changes in the functional state of the brain, induced by means of a smooth rise in CO2 concentration in the air inhaled by the animals. Transformation of the general spectral characteristics has been revealed which consists in simultaneous re-distribution of frequency ranges and changes in the proportion of alpha-like, theta- and sigma-rhythms.", "contents": "[Patterns in the restructuring of EEG frequency spectra]. A study was made of changes in the spectrum of brain electrical activity of rabbits, due to changes in the functional state of the brain, induced by means of a smooth rise in CO2 concentration in the air inhaled by the animals. Transformation of the general spectral characteristics has been revealed which consists in simultaneous re-distribution of frequency ranges and changes in the proportion of alpha-like, theta- and sigma-rhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:941512", "title": "[Extrapolation reactions following destruction of the dorsal cortex of the turtle forebrain].", "content": "Turtles Emys orbicularis (14 individuals) with ablated middle-anterior parts of the forebrain dorsal cortex proved unable to solve a problem calling for extrapolating the direction of the movement of a food stimulus. Intact turtles (11 individuals) and those (six individuals) which underwent control operations (including ablation of the posterior part of the dorsal cortex) correctly solved the problem, beginning with its first presentations. A conclusion has been drawn on the significant part played by the middle-anterior parts of the forebrain dorsal cortex coinciding in turtles with the convergence zone of different afferent systems, in the integration of a complex form of behaviour linked with the pursuit of and search for a food object after its disappearance from the animal's visual field.", "contents": "[Extrapolation reactions following destruction of the dorsal cortex of the turtle forebrain]. Turtles Emys orbicularis (14 individuals) with ablated middle-anterior parts of the forebrain dorsal cortex proved unable to solve a problem calling for extrapolating the direction of the movement of a food stimulus. Intact turtles (11 individuals) and those (six individuals) which underwent control operations (including ablation of the posterior part of the dorsal cortex) correctly solved the problem, beginning with its first presentations. A conclusion has been drawn on the significant part played by the middle-anterior parts of the forebrain dorsal cortex coinciding in turtles with the convergence zone of different afferent systems, in the integration of a complex form of behaviour linked with the pursuit of and search for a food object after its disappearance from the animal's visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:941513", "title": "[Effect of puromycin and cycloheximide on the course of audiogenic epileptic seizures in rats].", "content": "Puromycin was injected intraventricularly and cyclohexymid subcutaneously into rats with a hereditary predisposition to audiogenic epileptiform seizures. The injections inhibited the intensity of protein synthesis in the brain by 40 to 65%. Resistance to acoustic stimuli which appeared in 24% of the experimental animals did not correlate with the degree of protein synthesis inhibition in the brain.", "contents": "[Effect of puromycin and cycloheximide on the course of audiogenic epileptic seizures in rats]. Puromycin was injected intraventricularly and cyclohexymid subcutaneously into rats with a hereditary predisposition to audiogenic epileptiform seizures. The injections inhibited the intensity of protein synthesis in the brain by 40 to 65%. Resistance to acoustic stimuli which appeared in 24% of the experimental animals did not correlate with the degree of protein synthesis inhibition in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:941527", "title": "[Psychological findings in a group of patients with perioral dermatitis].", "content": "Female patients suffering from perioral dermatitis were given the Raven Test, two personality inventories (MMPI and FPI) and the Rorschach Test. The results of these four tests show statistically significant differences from controls, indicating emotional immaturity combined with high intelligence level, inability to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships contrasting with an overemphasis upon social conformity, and a tendency to 'hysteriform' reactions.", "contents": "[Psychological findings in a group of patients with perioral dermatitis]. Female patients suffering from perioral dermatitis were given the Raven Test, two personality inventories (MMPI and FPI) and the Rorschach Test. The results of these four tests show statistically significant differences from controls, indicating emotional immaturity combined with high intelligence level, inability to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships contrasting with an overemphasis upon social conformity, and a tendency to 'hysteriform' reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:941528", "title": "[Statistical studies and results of treatment of patients with perioral dermatitis].", "content": "279 patients suffering from perioral rosaceiform dermatitis have been treated during the past 5 years. With the exception of two men and one five-year-old girl, all patients were female adults, mostly in their thirties. Skin eruptions had been present for 1--2 years in 73% of the cases. Two third of the patients had been treated locally with corticosteroids and one tenth of this group had previously undergone systemic therapy. In 22,2% of the patients, typical signs of local corticosteroid overtreatment were seen. There was a great number of patients holding rather high-ranking jobs and showing remarkable zeal to advance either in their habitual professional field or in a new career. 90% of the perioral dermatitis patients suffered from concomitant vegetative disturbances, especially nervousness, insomnia, headaches and fatigue. In 40% of the cases, symptoms of general neurovascular lability were stated and 60% complained of digestive troubles, particularly obstipation. Out of 220 patients, 206 (=93%) supervised since the end of our treatment showed no relapse of their dermatosis. Our therapeutic program since 1970 consists of mild, corti-costeroid-free local treatment and psychotherapy (see A. Thurn). In the majority of cases, the skin lesions disappeared during the first 3 months and in 90% after 6 months. In 33 cases, under conditions of stress and conflict, one or several relapses occured before final recovery was attained. The evaluation of therapy results showed a progredient reduction of recovery time corresponding to the increasing psychoanalytical experience of our interdisciplinary team. However, in perioral dermatitis patients showing no concomitant vegetative symptoms (10%), a conspiciously longer recovery time was noted, when compared with the remainder of our cases. Patients suffering from several concomitant vegetative symptoms may possibly stop, taking out' psychic problems on their skin when partially resolved by short-term therapy, tending instead to ,somatize' their conflicts in other susceptible organs.", "contents": "[Statistical studies and results of treatment of patients with perioral dermatitis]. 279 patients suffering from perioral rosaceiform dermatitis have been treated during the past 5 years. With the exception of two men and one five-year-old girl, all patients were female adults, mostly in their thirties. Skin eruptions had been present for 1--2 years in 73% of the cases. Two third of the patients had been treated locally with corticosteroids and one tenth of this group had previously undergone systemic therapy. In 22,2% of the patients, typical signs of local corticosteroid overtreatment were seen. There was a great number of patients holding rather high-ranking jobs and showing remarkable zeal to advance either in their habitual professional field or in a new career. 90% of the perioral dermatitis patients suffered from concomitant vegetative disturbances, especially nervousness, insomnia, headaches and fatigue. In 40% of the cases, symptoms of general neurovascular lability were stated and 60% complained of digestive troubles, particularly obstipation. Out of 220 patients, 206 (=93%) supervised since the end of our treatment showed no relapse of their dermatosis. Our therapeutic program since 1970 consists of mild, corti-costeroid-free local treatment and psychotherapy (see A. Thurn). In the majority of cases, the skin lesions disappeared during the first 3 months and in 90% after 6 months. In 33 cases, under conditions of stress and conflict, one or several relapses occured before final recovery was attained. The evaluation of therapy results showed a progredient reduction of recovery time corresponding to the increasing psychoanalytical experience of our interdisciplinary team. However, in perioral dermatitis patients showing no concomitant vegetative symptoms (10%), a conspiciously longer recovery time was noted, when compared with the remainder of our cases. Patients suffering from several concomitant vegetative symptoms may possibly stop, taking out' psychic problems on their skin when partially resolved by short-term therapy, tending instead to ,somatize' their conflicts in other susceptible organs."}
{"id": "PMID:941529", "title": "[Dynamic psychiatric interpretation of a disease model of trichotillomania].", "content": "Every patient's \"communal existence\" allows to interpret deviations of behavior such as trichotillomania as a disturbance of interaction. When the child begins to wangle out of the dual union between mother and child it needs ways to delimitate itself,  If the mother does not concede this demarcation (f. i. because she does not want to release the child from the symbiosis and therefore is \"overprotecting\") the child often becomes a victim of despair and, later on, of perplexity. At last it uses the own body as \"Vis-a-vis\". The accumulated aggressiveness is then worked off motorically by means of trichotillomania. In this way despair and perplexity in the field of interaction are passed on so to speak \"atmospherically\" to the mother, who in turn, having arranged treatment, transfers them on to the doctor. It is discussed how the area of irritation can be dissolved.", "contents": "[Dynamic psychiatric interpretation of a disease model of trichotillomania]. Every patient's \"communal existence\" allows to interpret deviations of behavior such as trichotillomania as a disturbance of interaction. When the child begins to wangle out of the dual union between mother and child it needs ways to delimitate itself,  If the mother does not concede this demarcation (f. i. because she does not want to release the child from the symbiosis and therefore is \"overprotecting\") the child often becomes a victim of despair and, later on, of perplexity. At last it uses the own body as \"Vis-a-vis\". The accumulated aggressiveness is then worked off motorically by means of trichotillomania. In this way despair and perplexity in the field of interaction are passed on so to speak \"atmospherically\" to the mother, who in turn, having arranged treatment, transfers them on to the doctor. It is discussed how the area of irritation can be dissolved."}
{"id": "PMID:941530", "title": "[Social situation of persons with dermatoses as a phenomena of interpersonal perception (author's transl)].", "content": "Discussing the medical importance of the topic, the necessity of cooperation with social-scientific disciplines is demonstrated. Reflecting some relevant psychological theories, an experimental concept for analysing the interpersonal communication with persons suffering from skin-diseases is developed. It is a purpose of this investigation, not only to get the estimations of persons with and without skin-diseases but also the opinion which the other group is supposed to have. It was assumed that the state of health in persons with dermatoses is depending on these supposed estimations by the social environment. After describing the experimental setting, the results which were received from the answers of 465 persons (mean and women with and without dermatoses) are referred. Finally the findings are discussed from different points of view (methodical, cognition-theoretical, learning-psychological, psychoanalytical and last not least medical).", "contents": "[Social situation of persons with dermatoses as a phenomena of interpersonal perception (author's transl)]. Discussing the medical importance of the topic, the necessity of cooperation with social-scientific disciplines is demonstrated. Reflecting some relevant psychological theories, an experimental concept for analysing the interpersonal communication with persons suffering from skin-diseases is developed. It is a purpose of this investigation, not only to get the estimations of persons with and without skin-diseases but also the opinion which the other group is supposed to have. It was assumed that the state of health in persons with dermatoses is depending on these supposed estimations by the social environment. After describing the experimental setting, the results which were received from the answers of 465 persons (mean and women with and without dermatoses) are referred. Finally the findings are discussed from different points of view (methodical, cognition-theoretical, learning-psychological, psychoanalytical and last not least medical)."}
{"id": "PMID:941531", "title": "[Neurodermatitis and psyche].", "content": "The clinical term \"constitutional eczematoid\" (synonyms: neurodermite, eczema flexuarum, atopic dermatitis e. g.) with/without bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis is presented in its multifactorial dimensions from an overlooking point of view. There are different clinical types, the neurodermite --, the prurigo, the seborrheic and the mixed type of atopic dermatitis. The psychic way of behaviour of these patients which is the neurodermite structure of personality is presented thoroughly. This way of behaviour can especially be seen in patients of neurodermite and prurigo type of atopic dermatitis. In about 10% so called extreme case can be stated presenting this abnormal psychic way of behaviour. Wether in patients with atopic dermatitis a genetic caused psycho-dermatosis has to be discussed, cannot be answered, because there is no allround valid conception of ethology and pathogenesis for this multifactorial disease.", "contents": "[Neurodermatitis and psyche]. The clinical term \"constitutional eczematoid\" (synonyms: neurodermite, eczema flexuarum, atopic dermatitis e. g.) with/without bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis is presented in its multifactorial dimensions from an overlooking point of view. There are different clinical types, the neurodermite --, the prurigo, the seborrheic and the mixed type of atopic dermatitis. The psychic way of behaviour of these patients which is the neurodermite structure of personality is presented thoroughly. This way of behaviour can especially be seen in patients of neurodermite and prurigo type of atopic dermatitis. In about 10% so called extreme case can be stated presenting this abnormal psychic way of behaviour. Wether in patients with atopic dermatitis a genetic caused psycho-dermatosis has to be discussed, cannot be answered, because there is no allround valid conception of ethology and pathogenesis for this multifactorial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:941532", "title": "[Psychodynamics of patient with endogenous eczema and bronchial asthma].", "content": "A casuistic of a psychoanalysis with a patient about 290 hours shows the early disturbance of the relationships of this patient. The fusion between the \"bad\" and the \"good\" aspect of the object representation \"mother\" has not been established. The Patient has the following unconscious conflict: he wishes to be spoiled and he fear to be fixed. He tries to resolve this conflict by flight or somatisation in form of an atopic dermatitis.", "contents": "[Psychodynamics of patient with endogenous eczema and bronchial asthma]. A casuistic of a psychoanalysis with a patient about 290 hours shows the early disturbance of the relationships of this patient. The fusion between the \"bad\" and the \"good\" aspect of the object representation \"mother\" has not been established. The Patient has the following unconscious conflict: he wishes to be spoiled and he fear to be fixed. He tries to resolve this conflict by flight or somatisation in form of an atopic dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:941533", "title": "[Biographical information from patients with endogenous eczema].", "content": "Based on psychoanalytical biographies of 25 patients with atopic dermatitis, striking anamnestic facts concerning especially social contact of the patients are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Biographical information from patients with endogenous eczema]. Based on psychoanalytical biographies of 25 patients with atopic dermatitis, striking anamnestic facts concerning especially social contact of the patients are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941534", "title": "[Behavior therapy technics in the treatment of endogenous eczema with special reference to compulsive scratching].", "content": "An exact observation and description of scratching behavior leads to a behavioral model for the obsessional scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. The patient who cannot handle negative emotions because of a deficit in social behavior strategies suffers from diffuse tension. He can reduce the tension for the moment by scratching. Thus itching is being reinforced. The feeling of misbehavior occurs with delay and then again can serve as a stimulus for more tension.--Basing on this model behavior therapeutical techniques for breaking up this vicious circle are discussed.", "contents": "[Behavior therapy technics in the treatment of endogenous eczema with special reference to compulsive scratching]. An exact observation and description of scratching behavior leads to a behavioral model for the obsessional scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. The patient who cannot handle negative emotions because of a deficit in social behavior strategies suffers from diffuse tension. He can reduce the tension for the moment by scratching. Thus itching is being reinforced. The feeling of misbehavior occurs with delay and then again can serve as a stimulus for more tension.--Basing on this model behavior therapeutical techniques for breaking up this vicious circle are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941535", "title": "[Development of the psychosomatic concept of perioral dermatitis].", "content": "In recent years, ,perioral dermatitis' though practically unknown in the past, has been observed rather frequently in female patients. It has proven remarkably refractory against external dermatotherapy, and numerous attempts to analyse the causality have failed. However, we very often noted certain characteristics of personality structure and social attitude in the patients afflicted with the disease. Both clinical findings and various signs of vegetative dystonia suggested psychoneurotic rather than purely somatic causes. We therefore set about to elucidate the psychic and other clinical symptoms of our patients in co-operation with a psychoanalyst and a clinical psychologist. Throughout a period of several years, this interdisciplinary teamwork helped us develop biographically and psychoanalytically oriented case studies in so-called Balint seminars. We thereby gained a better understanding of the psychodynamics in each of our cases, which enabled us to treat the disease successfully. We consider ,perioral dermatitis' a primarily psychosomatic disorder which, in most cases, responds well to short-term psychotherapy. Other findings reported in dermatological literature are controversial as to their causal interpretation, even when assuming an origin by infecting microbes. We regard bacterial and other findings as sequelae which may give rise to clinical exacerbation, yet not as genuine causes of the disease. Our conception is strongly supported by the success of psychotherapy, through which the symptomatic tetracyclin and/or corticosteroid treatment has been rendered superflous.", "contents": "[Development of the psychosomatic concept of perioral dermatitis]. In recent years, ,perioral dermatitis' though practically unknown in the past, has been observed rather frequently in female patients. It has proven remarkably refractory against external dermatotherapy, and numerous attempts to analyse the causality have failed. However, we very often noted certain characteristics of personality structure and social attitude in the patients afflicted with the disease. Both clinical findings and various signs of vegetative dystonia suggested psychoneurotic rather than purely somatic causes. We therefore set about to elucidate the psychic and other clinical symptoms of our patients in co-operation with a psychoanalyst and a clinical psychologist. Throughout a period of several years, this interdisciplinary teamwork helped us develop biographically and psychoanalytically oriented case studies in so-called Balint seminars. We thereby gained a better understanding of the psychodynamics in each of our cases, which enabled us to treat the disease successfully. We consider ,perioral dermatitis' a primarily psychosomatic disorder which, in most cases, responds well to short-term psychotherapy. Other findings reported in dermatological literature are controversial as to their causal interpretation, even when assuming an origin by infecting microbes. We regard bacterial and other findings as sequelae which may give rise to clinical exacerbation, yet not as genuine causes of the disease. Our conception is strongly supported by the success of psychotherapy, through which the symptomatic tetracyclin and/or corticosteroid treatment has been rendered superflous."}
{"id": "PMID:941536", "title": "[Psychogenic aspects of perioral dermatitis].", "content": "A report has been given how patterns of diagnostic contributed by a Balint group led to a better understanding of patients afflicted with perioral dermatitis. The interaction between internalized and unconscious conflicts and specific, actual conflict situations has been elucidated. Various factors of individual biography and contemporary history were seen to play concurrent roles. In agreement with the results of psychological testing, certain personality attributes were observed, which manifested themselves in two types, i.e. a rather passive and a more active one. This is important for the prognosis, because of the correlations existing between personality attributes, the gravity of the disease and succes in therapy.", "contents": "[Psychogenic aspects of perioral dermatitis]. A report has been given how patterns of diagnostic contributed by a Balint group led to a better understanding of patients afflicted with perioral dermatitis. The interaction between internalized and unconscious conflicts and specific, actual conflict situations has been elucidated. Various factors of individual biography and contemporary history were seen to play concurrent roles. In agreement with the results of psychological testing, certain personality attributes were observed, which manifested themselves in two types, i.e. a rather passive and a more active one. This is important for the prognosis, because of the correlations existing between personality attributes, the gravity of the disease and succes in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:941537", "title": "[Difficulties of describing human relationships with the help of psychoanalytic descriptive models: a critique of ego-psychology].", "content": "Progress of psychotherapy and of related behaviour sciences makes evident the importance of a better understanding of human relations. But psychoanalysis finds it hard to describe interpersonal processes without transference. In order to remain within the conceptional frame of metapsychology it has to see interaction between individuals as the oral, aggressive or sexual cathexis of an object or as satisfaction or denial of the subject by the object. The structure of the \"ego\", which--in analogy to medical thinking--is conceived as an organ with its functions, is considered to have no interpersonal activities. The \"ego\" of the classic psychoanalytic theory is chiefly occupied with itself. It has to care for its egoistical interests and to guarantee its self-preservation. As an auxiliary and meanwhile popular concept the \"self\" has been introduced to describe object-relations. This concept is not sharply defined. Due to its metapsychological implications it produces additional theoretical difficulties. Linguistic studies show that every inventory of words implies a certain insight into reality. For this reason the metapsychological machine-like concept of psychic structures does not permit new ideas about interpersonal relations. If we leave metapsychology and base on colloquial speech we see that the experience of \"I\" is much more related to persons than the rather autistic concept of the \"ego\" shows. Further we learn that self-preservation cannot be an egoistical interest; it depends on the attachment to others. All feelings of self-esteem depend much more on interpersonal relations than on \"narcissistic regulations\". From these experiences three conclusions are derived: a) One of the main qualities of the ego is the relatedness to persons. b) The concept of narcissistic regulation as a successor of primary narcissism is no longer useful. Narcissistic traits develop as the secundary compensations if the individual failed to build up satisfactory interpersonal relations. c) The revision of (a) ego-psychology and (b) theory of narcissism asks for modifications of the therapeutic technique, where now the interest is especially concentrated on interpersonal problems instead on the pathology of the ego.", "contents": "[Difficulties of describing human relationships with the help of psychoanalytic descriptive models: a critique of ego-psychology]. Progress of psychotherapy and of related behaviour sciences makes evident the importance of a better understanding of human relations. But psychoanalysis finds it hard to describe interpersonal processes without transference. In order to remain within the conceptional frame of metapsychology it has to see interaction between individuals as the oral, aggressive or sexual cathexis of an object or as satisfaction or denial of the subject by the object. The structure of the \"ego\", which--in analogy to medical thinking--is conceived as an organ with its functions, is considered to have no interpersonal activities. The \"ego\" of the classic psychoanalytic theory is chiefly occupied with itself. It has to care for its egoistical interests and to guarantee its self-preservation. As an auxiliary and meanwhile popular concept the \"self\" has been introduced to describe object-relations. This concept is not sharply defined. Due to its metapsychological implications it produces additional theoretical difficulties. Linguistic studies show that every inventory of words implies a certain insight into reality. For this reason the metapsychological machine-like concept of psychic structures does not permit new ideas about interpersonal relations. If we leave metapsychology and base on colloquial speech we see that the experience of \"I\" is much more related to persons than the rather autistic concept of the \"ego\" shows. Further we learn that self-preservation cannot be an egoistical interest; it depends on the attachment to others. All feelings of self-esteem depend much more on interpersonal relations than on \"narcissistic regulations\". From these experiences three conclusions are derived: a) One of the main qualities of the ego is the relatedness to persons. b) The concept of narcissistic regulation as a successor of primary narcissism is no longer useful. Narcissistic traits develop as the secundary compensations if the individual failed to build up satisfactory interpersonal relations. c) The revision of (a) ego-psychology and (b) theory of narcissism asks for modifications of the therapeutic technique, where now the interest is especially concentrated on interpersonal problems instead on the pathology of the ego."}
{"id": "PMID:941538", "title": "[Problem of specific syndrome formation in psychosomatic disease situations. (Psychodynamics of rheumatic diseases)].", "content": "Three features of psychosomatic diseases with negative rheumafactor were psychoanalytically investigated (35 patients). Each of these diseases (the Palindromic Rheumatism, the Reiters Disease and the Psoriatic Arthritis), showed a characteristic syndrome. Corresponding with the patients with rheumafactor-positive Rheumatoid Arthritis was only the fact of inhibited aggressive impulses in the somatic field by the blockade of the muscle system. We believe that this study proves our earlier found thesis, that in psychosomatic diseases we have to work out the specific conflict, the specific psychodynamic ambivalence.", "contents": "[Problem of specific syndrome formation in psychosomatic disease situations. (Psychodynamics of rheumatic diseases)]. Three features of psychosomatic diseases with negative rheumafactor were psychoanalytically investigated (35 patients). Each of these diseases (the Palindromic Rheumatism, the Reiters Disease and the Psoriatic Arthritis), showed a characteristic syndrome. Corresponding with the patients with rheumafactor-positive Rheumatoid Arthritis was only the fact of inhibited aggressive impulses in the somatic field by the blockade of the muscle system. We believe that this study proves our earlier found thesis, that in psychosomatic diseases we have to work out the specific conflict, the specific psychodynamic ambivalence."}
{"id": "PMID:941543", "title": "[Ergotamine abuse and retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Ergotamine abuse causing considerable fibrotic changes of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels and of the retroperitoneal space is reported. Histological and pathogenetic aspects of the arterial changes and the retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed. They are referred to the permanent constriction of the Vasa vasorum by Ergotamine.", "contents": "[Ergotamine abuse and retroperitoneal fibrosis (author's transl)]. A case of Ergotamine abuse causing considerable fibrotic changes of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels and of the retroperitoneal space is reported. Histological and pathogenetic aspects of the arterial changes and the retroperitoneal fibrosis are discussed. They are referred to the permanent constriction of the Vasa vasorum by Ergotamine."}
{"id": "PMID:941539", "title": "[Psychodynamics of psychogenic fever].", "content": "In this study we aimed to formulate a psychological framework on the origins of vegetative fever. Our sample comprised 13 patients. Concerning the structure of personality we found, that all the patients came from broken homes, that they showed pronounced disturbances in their inter-personal relationships, that they had developed an extremely exigeant ideal ego and that they strongly suppressed their aggressiveness. We were able to define two characteristic situations which can trigger vegetative fever; the break-down of the ideal ego due to external traumatic circumstances and the threat of the disolution of a symbiotic relationship. Beside the vegetative fever all our patients showed a great number of other psychological or functional disturbances. Only a few of the psychologically severely affected patients could be treated with psychotherapy. The pronounced tendency to somatize with a strong libidinal cathexis of the whole organism can be interpreted as an attempt to restore the feeling of coherence of the ego in order to avoid it's psychotic break-down (Meng).", "contents": "[Psychodynamics of psychogenic fever]. In this study we aimed to formulate a psychological framework on the origins of vegetative fever. Our sample comprised 13 patients. Concerning the structure of personality we found, that all the patients came from broken homes, that they showed pronounced disturbances in their inter-personal relationships, that they had developed an extremely exigeant ideal ego and that they strongly suppressed their aggressiveness. We were able to define two characteristic situations which can trigger vegetative fever; the break-down of the ideal ego due to external traumatic circumstances and the threat of the disolution of a symbiotic relationship. Beside the vegetative fever all our patients showed a great number of other psychological or functional disturbances. Only a few of the psychologically severely affected patients could be treated with psychotherapy. The pronounced tendency to somatize with a strong libidinal cathexis of the whole organism can be interpreted as an attempt to restore the feeling of coherence of the ego in order to avoid it's psychotic break-down (Meng)."}
{"id": "PMID:941544", "title": "[Dupuytren's palmar fibromatosis--a result of vascular hyperproliferation? Ultrastructural studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Dupuytren's contracture is represented by a proliferation of fibroblasts. In the study presented here 5 cases of Dupuytren's contracture were examined with the aim to conclude from cytological details of the cells to the possibilities of morphogenesis. The cytological pictures varied relative to the organelle composition. Three types of fibroblasts could be found constituting the great majority of cells in Dupuytren's disease: 1. classical fibroblasts, 2. fibroblasts with myoide differentiations and 3. fibroblasts with histiocyte-like features. The second principal finding were the capillaries with increased amount of pericytes and pericyte-like cells somewhat distant from the vessels. The latter observation led to the assumption that pericytes in this lesion are able to migrate from the vascular wall into the surrounding tissue.", "contents": "[Dupuytren's palmar fibromatosis--a result of vascular hyperproliferation? Ultrastructural studies (author's transl)]. Dupuytren's contracture is represented by a proliferation of fibroblasts. In the study presented here 5 cases of Dupuytren's contracture were examined with the aim to conclude from cytological details of the cells to the possibilities of morphogenesis. The cytological pictures varied relative to the organelle composition. Three types of fibroblasts could be found constituting the great majority of cells in Dupuytren's disease: 1. classical fibroblasts, 2. fibroblasts with myoide differentiations and 3. fibroblasts with histiocyte-like features. The second principal finding were the capillaries with increased amount of pericytes and pericyte-like cells somewhat distant from the vessels. The latter observation led to the assumption that pericytes in this lesion are able to migrate from the vascular wall into the surrounding tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:941540", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of psoriasis].", "content": "Clinical, pathophysiological and etiopathogenetic aspects of the psoriasis vulgaris are reported. The role of the skin as a sensoric organ and its psychosomatic condition and significance in the sensoric (intentional) phase are described. Also it is discussed the proable role of the blood-vessels in initial psoriasic lesions. We tried to develop a psychodynamic model for Psoriasis vulgaris following a case-report of a psychoanalytic treatment of a patient with a first manifestation of Psoriasis Vulgaris. So the symptom is manifested in the main sensoric organ. In this process the probable significance of schizoid aggressive impulses is discussed.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of psoriasis]. Clinical, pathophysiological and etiopathogenetic aspects of the psoriasis vulgaris are reported. The role of the skin as a sensoric organ and its psychosomatic condition and significance in the sensoric (intentional) phase are described. Also it is discussed the proable role of the blood-vessels in initial psoriasic lesions. We tried to develop a psychodynamic model for Psoriasis vulgaris following a case-report of a psychoanalytic treatment of a patient with a first manifestation of Psoriasis Vulgaris. So the symptom is manifested in the main sensoric organ. In this process the probable significance of schizoid aggressive impulses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941541", "title": "[Psychodynamics of psoriasis vulgaris in the Rorschach test].", "content": "The intention of this report has been to proof the pattern of psychosomatic aspects in Psoriasis vulgaris, as it was developed by Vogel. The method used was the psychoanalytic interpretation of the Rorschach-Test. First this method is described. Important test-results are reported and discussed in comparison with the psychosomatic aspects found by Vogel. There is some coincidence, particularly in sexualisation of intentional and oral desires, and also in the somatisation of the conflict between libidinous and aggressive impulses. Finally an example of test-setting is reported to demonstrate the method of  interpretating.", "contents": "[Psychodynamics of psoriasis vulgaris in the Rorschach test]. The intention of this report has been to proof the pattern of psychosomatic aspects in Psoriasis vulgaris, as it was developed by Vogel. The method used was the psychoanalytic interpretation of the Rorschach-Test. First this method is described. Important test-results are reported and discussed in comparison with the psychosomatic aspects found by Vogel. There is some coincidence, particularly in sexualisation of intentional and oral desires, and also in the somatisation of the conflict between libidinous and aggressive impulses. Finally an example of test-setting is reported to demonstrate the method of  interpretating."}
{"id": "PMID:941542", "title": "[Integrationism versus nonconformism. Two slogans and two programs].", "content": "The problem concerning the alternative between integration and segregation can be understood in a more adequate manner as the alternative between integrationism and nonconformism. Deafness serves as a paradigmatic model which helps to understand that, in order to warrant a healthy emotional development, the child and adolescent need to enjoy from both opportunities: raising of specially characteristic features as well as promoting common social patterns. --Fully integrated education is therefore as insufficient as is a just segregated one.", "contents": "[Integrationism versus nonconformism. Two slogans and two programs]. The problem concerning the alternative between integration and segregation can be understood in a more adequate manner as the alternative between integrationism and nonconformism. Deafness serves as a paradigmatic model which helps to understand that, in order to warrant a healthy emotional development, the child and adolescent need to enjoy from both opportunities: raising of specially characteristic features as well as promoting common social patterns. --Fully integrated education is therefore as insufficient as is a just segregated one."}
{"id": "PMID:941546", "title": "[Composition of the carbohydrate component and fatty acids of the chief gangliosides of the brains of cartilaginous fish].", "content": "Ganglioside composition has been studied in the brain of 5 Elasmobranch fishes (3 sharks: Carcharhinus longimanus, Carcharhinus sp., Squalus acanthias and 2 rays: Dasyatis pastinaca, Raja clavata). For the identification of ganglioside fractions, molar ratio of glucose, galactose, NANA and sphingosine as well as the presence of hexosamine were determined in the main gangliosides from the brain of the shark C. longimanus. The data obtained indicate that the majority of brain gangliosides in Elasmobranchs contain a reduced carbohydrate chain as compared to the main gangliosides from mammalian brain. Thus in C. longimanus and Carcharhinus sp. GD3, disialoganglioside containing only two hexose residues in its molecule, constitutes approximately 30 per cent of ganglioside sialic acid. Considerable amounts of GD2, GM3 and GM2 were found in Elasmobranch brain as well. Investigation of fatty acid composition of gangliosides from the brain of C. longimanus revealed the predominance of stearic acid (C18:0) in all the fractions studied.", "contents": "[Composition of the carbohydrate component and fatty acids of the chief gangliosides of the brains of cartilaginous fish]. Ganglioside composition has been studied in the brain of 5 Elasmobranch fishes (3 sharks: Carcharhinus longimanus, Carcharhinus sp., Squalus acanthias and 2 rays: Dasyatis pastinaca, Raja clavata). For the identification of ganglioside fractions, molar ratio of glucose, galactose, NANA and sphingosine as well as the presence of hexosamine were determined in the main gangliosides from the brain of the shark C. longimanus. The data obtained indicate that the majority of brain gangliosides in Elasmobranchs contain a reduced carbohydrate chain as compared to the main gangliosides from mammalian brain. Thus in C. longimanus and Carcharhinus sp. GD3, disialoganglioside containing only two hexose residues in its molecule, constitutes approximately 30 per cent of ganglioside sialic acid. Considerable amounts of GD2, GM3 and GM2 were found in Elasmobranch brain as well. Investigation of fatty acid composition of gangliosides from the brain of C. longimanus revealed the predominance of stearic acid (C18:0) in all the fractions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:941547", "title": "[Changes in the isoenzyme spectrum of several oxyreductases during rat ontogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on changes in isoenzymic spectra of lactate (LDH), malate (MDH) and sorbitol (SDH) dehydrogenases from the liver and blood serum of growing rats. In the blood serum of adult animals, 5 isoenzymes of LDH, 2 isoenzymes of MDH and 2 isoenzymes of SDH were found; in liver extracts 5, 6 and 7 fractions were observed correspondingly. During the development, relative amount of H-type isoenzymes LDH increases, whereas isoenzymic spectra of MDH and SDH undergo quantitative and qualitative changes. In ontogenesis, the specific activity of all the enzymes investigated increased. The initial level of LDH in foetal liver was higher than in adult animals,  that of MDH and SDH - lower. Beginning from the 2nd week of postnatal life, the activity of LDH in the liver decreased up to the level typical of adult animals; the activity of MDH and SDH in the liver increased.", "contents": "[Changes in the isoenzyme spectrum of several oxyreductases during rat ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on changes in isoenzymic spectra of lactate (LDH), malate (MDH) and sorbitol (SDH) dehydrogenases from the liver and blood serum of growing rats. In the blood serum of adult animals, 5 isoenzymes of LDH, 2 isoenzymes of MDH and 2 isoenzymes of SDH were found; in liver extracts 5, 6 and 7 fractions were observed correspondingly. During the development, relative amount of H-type isoenzymes LDH increases, whereas isoenzymic spectra of MDH and SDH undergo quantitative and qualitative changes. In ontogenesis, the specific activity of all the enzymes investigated increased. The initial level of LDH in foetal liver was higher than in adult animals,  that of MDH and SDH - lower. Beginning from the 2nd week of postnatal life, the activity of LDH in the liver decreased up to the level typical of adult animals; the activity of MDH and SDH in the liver increased."}
{"id": "PMID:941549", "title": "[Complex compounds with lipids in the evolution of metalloenzymes].", "content": "The change of the role of metals in the evolution of enzymes was going on from the formation by them first of labile compounds during activation by ions of various reactions to the formation of more stable complexes in active centres. During the transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis in oxidoreductases with the participation of metals an increase of the oxidationreduction potential values (E'O) occurred. A simultaneous accomplishment of reactions in the cells at strongly differing values of the potential became possible owing to the formation of complexes with lipids by metalloenzymes being active at high E'O. Entering the membranes of subcellular structures these metalloenzymes form complex compounds with various groups of lipids-phospholipids neutral lipids, glycolipids. These are compounds with Fe, Ti, Cu, Mn and other polyvalent metals; they regulate the transfer of electrons and its changes in the evolution of the main fermentative processes of living cells, as for example respiration and assimilation of carbon dioxide.", "contents": "[Complex compounds with lipids in the evolution of metalloenzymes]. The change of the role of metals in the evolution of enzymes was going on from the formation by them first of labile compounds during activation by ions of various reactions to the formation of more stable complexes in active centres. During the transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis in oxidoreductases with the participation of metals an increase of the oxidationreduction potential values (E'O) occurred. A simultaneous accomplishment of reactions in the cells at strongly differing values of the potential became possible owing to the formation of complexes with lipids by metalloenzymes being active at high E'O. Entering the membranes of subcellular structures these metalloenzymes form complex compounds with various groups of lipids-phospholipids neutral lipids, glycolipids. These are compounds with Fe, Ti, Cu, Mn and other polyvalent metals; they regulate the transfer of electrons and its changes in the evolution of the main fermentative processes of living cells, as for example respiration and assimilation of carbon dioxide."}
{"id": "PMID:941548", "title": "[Distribution of sodium and potassium in avian skeletal muscles].", "content": "Studies have been made on the peculiarities of distribution of Na+ and K+ in functionally different skeletal muscles of 6 species of birds. Comparison of tissue concentration ratio K+/Na+ as well as of distribution coefficients of these ions in tissue and the external medium revealed that selectivity of muscles to K+ and Na+ is related to functional specialization of the contractile mechanism. Dynamic contractile parameters in avian muscles were studied. It was shown that distribution coefficient of K+ and Na+ in muscles is quantitatively related to the velocity of development of isometric contraction. The described dependence between the ionic selectivity of muscle and their morpho-functional characteristics corresponds to the general pattern of this dependence established for skeletal muscles of other Vertebrates.", "contents": "[Distribution of sodium and potassium in avian skeletal muscles]. Studies have been made on the peculiarities of distribution of Na+ and K+ in functionally different skeletal muscles of 6 species of birds. Comparison of tissue concentration ratio K+/Na+ as well as of distribution coefficients of these ions in tissue and the external medium revealed that selectivity of muscles to K+ and Na+ is related to functional specialization of the contractile mechanism. Dynamic contractile parameters in avian muscles were studied. It was shown that distribution coefficient of K+ and Na+ in muscles is quantitatively related to the velocity of development of isometric contraction. The described dependence between the ionic selectivity of muscle and their morpho-functional characteristics corresponds to the general pattern of this dependence established for skeletal muscles of other Vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:941551", "title": "[Functional features of wind-sensitive receptors triggering the wing muscle neurons of the desert locust, Calliptamus barbarus].", "content": "At each side of the head of C. barbarus, 5 receptive fields were found triggering  the activity of neurons which directly control the work of wing apparatus. Total number of wind-sensitive receptors (presented by trichoid sensillae) amounts up to 200. Lateral receptive fields 1 and 5 are most developed and contain 24 +/- 5 and 23 +/- 4 sensillae respectively. In the response of a receptor to adequate stimulation, two components may be differentiated--phasic and tonic ones. The discharge frequency of the tonic component is equal to 90--100 impulses per sec. Simultaneous recording of impulse activity in axons of two receptors reveals a possibility of interaction of the receptors. In the experiments performed, this peripheral interaction was of the inhibitory nature. Functional peculiarities of the receptor investigated are discussed.", "contents": "[Functional features of wind-sensitive receptors triggering the wing muscle neurons of the desert locust, Calliptamus barbarus]. At each side of the head of C. barbarus, 5 receptive fields were found triggering  the activity of neurons which directly control the work of wing apparatus. Total number of wind-sensitive receptors (presented by trichoid sensillae) amounts up to 200. Lateral receptive fields 1 and 5 are most developed and contain 24 +/- 5 and 23 +/- 4 sensillae respectively. In the response of a receptor to adequate stimulation, two components may be differentiated--phasic and tonic ones. The discharge frequency of the tonic component is equal to 90--100 impulses per sec. Simultaneous recording of impulse activity in axons of two receptors reveals a possibility of interaction of the receptors. In the experiments performed, this peripheral interaction was of the inhibitory nature. Functional peculiarities of the receptor investigated are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941552", "title": "[Characteristics of the background activity of neurons of the torus, frontal and caudal regions of the chicken neostriatum].", "content": "Neurons of torus semicircularis, frontal and caudal neostriatum of hen are characterized by different mean frequencies of background activity, which comprise correspondingly 11.7, 4.7 and 2.1 impulse/sec. Statistical classification of semilogarithmic histograms of interimpulse intervals reveals 6 main types of distributions. Classes 1 and 2 are predominant ones, presenting low frequency impulsation. Among the neurons of these classes, sound-sensitive cells were found.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the background activity of neurons of the torus, frontal and caudal regions of the chicken neostriatum]. Neurons of torus semicircularis, frontal and caudal neostriatum of hen are characterized by different mean frequencies of background activity, which comprise correspondingly 11.7, 4.7 and 2.1 impulse/sec. Statistical classification of semilogarithmic histograms of interimpulse intervals reveals 6 main types of distributions. Classes 1 and 2 are predominant ones, presenting low frequency impulsation. Among the neurons of these classes, sound-sensitive cells were found."}
{"id": "PMID:941553", "title": "[Fine structure of the olfactory organ of elasmobranchs (Elasmobranchii)].", "content": "The structure of the receptor cells in the olfactory organ of the rays Raja clavata and Dasyatis pastinaca and spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias is similar to that of the olfactory cells in other Vertebrates, although their tops are invariably crowned by microvilli, not flagella. In the peripheral process of these cells of Elasmobranchs and some other vertebrates represent a special type of the olfactory receptors which originated as the result of differentiation of primary olfactory cells supplied both by flagella and by microvilli. In the olfactory epithelium of Elasmobranchs, together with the supporting cells crowned by cilia, numerous goblet cells were observed. These glands produce a mucus which protects the olfactory epithelium of Elasmobranchs from the direct contact with the sea water. Similar to that in all other vertebrates, this mucus represents an intermediate milieu for the molecules of odorous substances.", "contents": "[Fine structure of the olfactory organ of elasmobranchs (Elasmobranchii)]. The structure of the receptor cells in the olfactory organ of the rays Raja clavata and Dasyatis pastinaca and spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias is similar to that of the olfactory cells in other Vertebrates, although their tops are invariably crowned by microvilli, not flagella. In the peripheral process of these cells of Elasmobranchs and some other vertebrates represent a special type of the olfactory receptors which originated as the result of differentiation of primary olfactory cells supplied both by flagella and by microvilli. In the olfactory epithelium of Elasmobranchs, together with the supporting cells crowned by cilia, numerous goblet cells were observed. These glands produce a mucus which protects the olfactory epithelium of Elasmobranchs from the direct contact with the sea water. Similar to that in all other vertebrates, this mucus represents an intermediate milieu for the molecules of odorous substances."}
{"id": "PMID:941556", "title": "[Corticosteroid concentration in the blood of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, at different stages in its life cycle].", "content": "Corticosteroid content of the blood has been measured during upstream and downstream migrations as well as during sea period of life of the sturgeon A. galdenst\u00e4dti. It was shown that during anadromous migration before spawing, the level of corticosteroids in the blood increases, the increases beginning already during the sea period. Corticosteroid content of the blood decreases after spawning. The results obtained confirm the histophysiological data.", "contents": "[Corticosteroid concentration in the blood of the Russian sturgeon, Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti, at different stages in its life cycle]. Corticosteroid content of the blood has been measured during upstream and downstream migrations as well as during sea period of life of the sturgeon A. galdenst\u00e4dti. It was shown that during anadromous migration before spawing, the level of corticosteroids in the blood increases, the increases beginning already during the sea period. Corticosteroid content of the blood decreases after spawning. The results obtained confirm the histophysiological data."}
{"id": "PMID:941557", "title": "[Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity in the adrenal cortex of human embryos and fetuses].", "content": "Aspartate aminotransferase was detected in the adrenals of 6-7-week human embryos, the activity being the highest at the 7-9th and 12-14th weeks. Alanine aminotransferase was found in 15-week foetuses. During all the period investigated (6-28 weeks), the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was found to be higher than that of the second enzyme. The activity of both enzymes is higher in female foetuses than in male ones. However, age changes in the activity of both enzymes in male embryos and foetuses were of the same sign as in female ones.", "contents": "[Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activity in the adrenal cortex of human embryos and fetuses]. Aspartate aminotransferase was detected in the adrenals of 6-7-week human embryos, the activity being the highest at the 7-9th and 12-14th weeks. Alanine aminotransferase was found in 15-week foetuses. During all the period investigated (6-28 weeks), the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was found to be higher than that of the second enzyme. The activity of both enzymes is higher in female foetuses than in male ones. However, age changes in the activity of both enzymes in male embryos and foetuses were of the same sign as in female ones."}
{"id": "PMID:941564", "title": "[Comparative angioarchitectonics of the kidneys of several rodents].", "content": "Studies have been made on kidney angioarchitectonics in 3 rodent species (allied taxonomically, but significantly different in their habitat) - the albino rat, the gerbil Meriones erythrourus and the aquatic rodent must-rat Ondatra zibetica - after the injection of the vessels with India ink and subsequent microphotometric analysis of unstained sections. The general pattern of vascular system of the kideny is similar in all the species studied. However, significant differences were found in vascularisation of the cortex and especially of the outer and inner medulla. In M. erythrourus, vascularisation of the papilla is approximately 2 1/2 times more intense than that of the cortex; large vascular bundles in the outer medulla are separated from both interbundle plexus and vascular system of the papilla; the glomeruli differ in their size; arterial sphincters are more numerous in the cortex. In O. zibetica, vascularisation of the papilla is somewhat 3 times less intense as compared to that of the cortex; medullar bundles are diffuse; the structure of the glomeruli is more uniform. With respect to its kidney angioarchitectonics, the albino rat occupies intermediate position. The observed differences are discussed in relation to ecological specialization of the species studied, indicating the important role of vascular system of the kidney in the formation of concentrating capacity of the latter.", "contents": "[Comparative angioarchitectonics of the kidneys of several rodents]. Studies have been made on kidney angioarchitectonics in 3 rodent species (allied taxonomically, but significantly different in their habitat) - the albino rat, the gerbil Meriones erythrourus and the aquatic rodent must-rat Ondatra zibetica - after the injection of the vessels with India ink and subsequent microphotometric analysis of unstained sections. The general pattern of vascular system of the kideny is similar in all the species studied. However, significant differences were found in vascularisation of the cortex and especially of the outer and inner medulla. In M. erythrourus, vascularisation of the papilla is approximately 2 1/2 times more intense than that of the cortex; large vascular bundles in the outer medulla are separated from both interbundle plexus and vascular system of the papilla; the glomeruli differ in their size; arterial sphincters are more numerous in the cortex. In O. zibetica, vascularisation of the papilla is somewhat 3 times less intense as compared to that of the cortex; medullar bundles are diffuse; the structure of the glomeruli is more uniform. With respect to its kidney angioarchitectonics, the albino rat occupies intermediate position. The observed differences are discussed in relation to ecological specialization of the species studied, indicating the important role of vascular system of the kidney in the formation of concentrating capacity of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:941565", "title": "[Dynamics of the establishment of renal glomerular filtration in dogs during the early postnatal period].", "content": "By means of inulin clearance method, studies have been made on the glomerular filtration rate in 1-35-day puppies and adult dogs. The filtration rate was calculated per body weight, body surface, wet and dry weight of the kidney, wet and dry weight of the kidney cortex. It was found that dry weight of the kidney cortex is the best basis for comparison of the glomerular filtration in growing and adult organisms, as well as for the investigation of the development of this function.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the establishment of renal glomerular filtration in dogs during the early postnatal period]. By means of inulin clearance method, studies have been made on the glomerular filtration rate in 1-35-day puppies and adult dogs. The filtration rate was calculated per body weight, body surface, wet and dry weight of the kidney, wet and dry weight of the kidney cortex. It was found that dry weight of the kidney cortex is the best basis for comparison of the glomerular filtration in growing and adult organisms, as well as for the investigation of the development of this function."}
{"id": "PMID:941567", "title": "[Phosphorus metabolism in the red lateral muscles of Trachurus mediterraneus during muscle loading].", "content": "Studies have been made of the effect of controlled muscle work (swimming against water stream at a rate 1.2 m/sec) and fatigue on the content of adenylic nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphorus in red lateral muscles of the Black sea saurel T. mediterraneus under various thermal conditions (15-16 degrees and 11-12 degrees). It was shown that the content of the phosphates studied is lower in red muscles than in white ones. At water temperature 15-16 degrees, prolonged swimming results in significant changes of the content of the phosphates investigated in the red muscles. These changes correspond to three periods of biochemical adaptation to prolonged muscle work, which were earlier described for white muscles. At water temperature 11-12 degrees, the level of energy rich phosphates in the red muscles is affected insignificantly which is taken as an indication of the secondary role of these muscles in swimming of fish under these conditions.", "contents": "[Phosphorus metabolism in the red lateral muscles of Trachurus mediterraneus during muscle loading]. Studies have been made of the effect of controlled muscle work (swimming against water stream at a rate 1.2 m/sec) and fatigue on the content of adenylic nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphorus in red lateral muscles of the Black sea saurel T. mediterraneus under various thermal conditions (15-16 degrees and 11-12 degrees). It was shown that the content of the phosphates studied is lower in red muscles than in white ones. At water temperature 15-16 degrees, prolonged swimming results in significant changes of the content of the phosphates investigated in the red muscles. These changes correspond to three periods of biochemical adaptation to prolonged muscle work, which were earlier described for white muscles. At water temperature 11-12 degrees, the level of energy rich phosphates in the red muscles is affected insignificantly which is taken as an indication of the secondary role of these muscles in swimming of fish under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:941563", "title": "[The ionic selectivity of the membrane mechanisms for potassium transport in the neurons of Planorbarius corneus mollusks].", "content": "The in- and outflow of 204Tl, 86Rb and 137Cs in a snail brain was studied. The inward rate constants determined in the presence and without ouabain decreased as follows: Tl+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+. The inflow rate constants differed about 2-3 fold. Rates of leakage of the cations were nearly similar, so that Tl+ approximately or equal to Rb+ greater than Cs+. A Na ouabain-sensitive outward transport in a K-free medium containing 0.1-0.2 mM Tl was as high as that in the presence of 1.6 mM external K. A further increase of external Tl inhibited the ouabain-sensitive Na transport. The intracellular distribution of Tl studied by microprobe analysis was found to be similar to that of K. There was a close resemblance of the ouabain-sensitive K-transporting system in the snail brain cells and that in other types of cells including human red cells in their selectivity to Tl+, Rb+ and Cs+. On the contrary, a passive permeability of neurons to Tl+ being similar to that of muscle cells was about 50-100 times less than a Tl+ permeability of inexcitable red cell membrane.", "contents": "[The ionic selectivity of the membrane mechanisms for potassium transport in the neurons of Planorbarius corneus mollusks]. The in- and outflow of 204Tl, 86Rb and 137Cs in a snail brain was studied. The inward rate constants determined in the presence and without ouabain decreased as follows: Tl+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+. The inflow rate constants differed about 2-3 fold. Rates of leakage of the cations were nearly similar, so that Tl+ approximately or equal to Rb+ greater than Cs+. A Na ouabain-sensitive outward transport in a K-free medium containing 0.1-0.2 mM Tl was as high as that in the presence of 1.6 mM external K. A further increase of external Tl inhibited the ouabain-sensitive Na transport. The intracellular distribution of Tl studied by microprobe analysis was found to be similar to that of K. There was a close resemblance of the ouabain-sensitive K-transporting system in the snail brain cells and that in other types of cells including human red cells in their selectivity to Tl+, Rb+ and Cs+. On the contrary, a passive permeability of neurons to Tl+ being similar to that of muscle cells was about 50-100 times less than a Tl+ permeability of inexcitable red cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:941568", "title": "[Parameters of the reflex responses of cat spinal cord neurons during ontogenesis].", "content": "In acute experiments on immobilized \"spinal\" 1-68 days old kittens and adult cats, extracellular recordings of action potentials (AP) in lumbar interneurons have been made during afferent or antidromic stimulation with different frequency. It was shown that variation coefficient of the number of AP in a response reliably decreases with the age of the animals, as well as during the decrease of stimulation frequency and the increase of the mean frequency of the background activity. More complex changes were found in the distribution asymmetry of the number of AP, whereas changes in the excess of the distribution were found to be insignificant. Possible physiological mechanisms of the observed dynamics are discussed.", "contents": "[Parameters of the reflex responses of cat spinal cord neurons during ontogenesis]. In acute experiments on immobilized \"spinal\" 1-68 days old kittens and adult cats, extracellular recordings of action potentials (AP) in lumbar interneurons have been made during afferent or antidromic stimulation with different frequency. It was shown that variation coefficient of the number of AP in a response reliably decreases with the age of the animals, as well as during the decrease of stimulation frequency and the increase of the mean frequency of the background activity. More complex changes were found in the distribution asymmetry of the number of AP, whereas changes in the excess of the distribution were found to be insignificant. Possible physiological mechanisms of the observed dynamics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941569", "title": "[A change in the reflex excitability of spinal motoneurons during daytime sleep in newborn infants].", "content": "Studies have been made on monosynaptic reflexes elicited by the electrical stimulation of the ulnar and peroneal nerves (H-reflexes) in 5-7-day infants during sleep and in the awake state. During the orthodox stage of sleep, which is characterized by slow oscillations in EEG and by synchronous respiratory movements of the thorax and abdomen, the amplitude of H-refelexes was the highest, variation coefficient being the lowest. During paradoxical stage of sleep, characterized by desynchronized EEG, the presence of rapid movements of the eyes and by asynchronous respiratory movements of the thorax and abdomen, the amplitude of H-reflex comprised 25-40% of this parameter during the orthodox sleep, variation coefficient exceeding 100%. In the awake state, the amplitude of H-reflexes was equal to 60% of that during the orthodox sleep.", "contents": "[A change in the reflex excitability of spinal motoneurons during daytime sleep in newborn infants]. Studies have been made on monosynaptic reflexes elicited by the electrical stimulation of the ulnar and peroneal nerves (H-reflexes) in 5-7-day infants during sleep and in the awake state. During the orthodox stage of sleep, which is characterized by slow oscillations in EEG and by synchronous respiratory movements of the thorax and abdomen, the amplitude of H-refelexes was the highest, variation coefficient being the lowest. During paradoxical stage of sleep, characterized by desynchronized EEG, the presence of rapid movements of the eyes and by asynchronous respiratory movements of the thorax and abdomen, the amplitude of H-reflex comprised 25-40% of this parameter during the orthodox sleep, variation coefficient exceeding 100%. In the awake state, the amplitude of H-reflexes was equal to 60% of that during the orthodox sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:941570", "title": "[Background and evoked activity of hypothalamic neurons during development in cats].", "content": "In acute experiments on anaesthetized kittens, studies have been made on the background and the evoked activity of hypothalamic neurons elicited by sensory stimuli. It was shown that already from the 2nd day of postnatal life, it is possible to observe the background impulse activity of the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus. The evoked reactions to stimulation of the sciatic nerve were recorded at the 4-5th day of postnatal life. At early stages of ontogenesis, both phasic and tonic types of neuronal reactions are presented in the hypothalamus, the former being more frequent. To the end of the 3rd week, neuronal reactions in the hypothalamus do not reach definitive pattern.", "contents": "[Background and evoked activity of hypothalamic neurons during development in cats]. In acute experiments on anaesthetized kittens, studies have been made on the background and the evoked activity of hypothalamic neurons elicited by sensory stimuli. It was shown that already from the 2nd day of postnatal life, it is possible to observe the background impulse activity of the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus. The evoked reactions to stimulation of the sciatic nerve were recorded at the 4-5th day of postnatal life. At early stages of ontogenesis, both phasic and tonic types of neuronal reactions are presented in the hypothalamus, the former being more frequent. To the end of the 3rd week, neuronal reactions in the hypothalamus do not reach definitive pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:941573", "title": "[The effect of glucose on the intestinal epithelial cells of the lancet Branchiostoma lanceolatum].", "content": "Animals were kept for 24 hours at 3-5 degrees C in sea water to which 100 mg% of glucose was added. Control animals were kept in the sea water without glucose. In gut epithelium of the lancelot 3 types of cells were revealed which correspond to those described earlier, viz. \"digestive\", \"zymogen\" and fine granular ones. Cytoplasm of the cells of the III type contains numerous granules of paraldehydefuchsine-positive material. After glucose loading, degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells is more intensive than in cells of two other types. The product is released into the gut. The possibility of production of insulin or insulin-like substance by the cells of the III type is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of glucose on the intestinal epithelial cells of the lancet Branchiostoma lanceolatum]. Animals were kept for 24 hours at 3-5 degrees C in sea water to which 100 mg% of glucose was added. Control animals were kept in the sea water without glucose. In gut epithelium of the lancelot 3 types of cells were revealed which correspond to those described earlier, viz. \"digestive\", \"zymogen\" and fine granular ones. Cytoplasm of the cells of the III type contains numerous granules of paraldehydefuchsine-positive material. After glucose loading, degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells is more intensive than in cells of two other types. The product is released into the gut. The possibility of production of insulin or insulin-like substance by the cells of the III type is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941576", "title": "[Distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus and hypophysis of carp, Cyprinus carpio].", "content": "Monoaminergic fibres exhibiting green fluorescence have been revealed by the Falck histochemical fluorescence technique in the area of the hypothalamic preoptic nuclei and nucleus lateralis tuberis of the carp. Monoaminergic cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nerve cells with an intensive greenish and yellowish fluorescence were observed in the walls of the lateral and posterior recesses of the third ventricle. Monoaminergic fibres are few in the pro-and meta-adenohypophysis. Yellowish-green fluorescent fibres seem to be much more frequent in the meta-adenohypophysis. Fluorescence of the fibres is unstabel and of a weak intensity.", "contents": "[Distribution of monoamines in the hypothalamus and hypophysis of carp, Cyprinus carpio]. Monoaminergic fibres exhibiting green fluorescence have been revealed by the Falck histochemical fluorescence technique in the area of the hypothalamic preoptic nuclei and nucleus lateralis tuberis of the carp. Monoaminergic cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nerve cells with an intensive greenish and yellowish fluorescence were observed in the walls of the lateral and posterior recesses of the third ventricle. Monoaminergic fibres are few in the pro-and meta-adenohypophysis. Yellowish-green fluorescent fibres seem to be much more frequent in the meta-adenohypophysis. Fluorescence of the fibres is unstabel and of a weak intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:941572", "title": "[Acid phosphatase activity during digestion in the anintestinal turbellaria Convoluta convoluta].", "content": "Studies have been made on changes in the activity of acid phosphatase during the digestion in the turbellaria C. convoluta. The increase of the enzymic activity of cytoplasm of the peripheral parenchyma at the initial stages after feeding (6 hours, 1 day) and gradual decrease of this activity at later stages (2,4 and 7 days) were noted. The presence of acid phosphatase in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells of the central parenchyma at all stages of the digestive cycle is explained by degeneration of these cells which is associated with holocrine secretion of the digestive enzymes.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase activity during digestion in the anintestinal turbellaria Convoluta convoluta]. Studies have been made on changes in the activity of acid phosphatase during the digestion in the turbellaria C. convoluta. The increase of the enzymic activity of cytoplasm of the peripheral parenchyma at the initial stages after feeding (6 hours, 1 day) and gradual decrease of this activity at later stages (2,4 and 7 days) were noted. The presence of acid phosphatase in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells of the central parenchyma at all stages of the digestive cycle is explained by degeneration of these cells which is associated with holocrine secretion of the digestive enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:941577", "title": "[The species specificity of fish and mammalian gonadotropic hormones].", "content": "Protein spectra of the hypophyses of fishes from various taxonomic groups obtained by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel exhibit high species specificity. By means of biological testing on the loach Misgurnus fossilis, zones of gonadotropic activity were obtained which differ in various species by the electrophoretic mobility. The mammalian gonadotropins obtained reveal lower electrophoretic mobility. The gonadotropins investigated significantly differ in their biological effect.", "contents": "[The species specificity of fish and mammalian gonadotropic hormones]. Protein spectra of the hypophyses of fishes from various taxonomic groups obtained by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel exhibit high species specificity. By means of biological testing on the loach Misgurnus fossilis, zones of gonadotropic activity were obtained which differ in various species by the electrophoretic mobility. The mammalian gonadotropins obtained reveal lower electrophoretic mobility. The gonadotropins investigated significantly differ in their biological effect."}
{"id": "PMID:941574", "title": "[Age related changes in the glycosidases of chick embryo eye tissues].", "content": "Studies have been made on the activity of glycosidases from eye tissues of developing chick embryos and adult hens. The enzymes of carbohydrates metabolism (hyaluronidase, beta-glycosidase and beta-galactosidase) from the sclera, cornea and ciliary body were examined. It was demonstrated that the distribution of glycosidases in different tissues of the eye is not identical. The activity of beta-glycosidase and beta-galactosidase in all the tissues of 14-day embryos is higher than in adult hens; sharp reduction of the activity was observed at the stage of eye opening. The activity of hyaluronidase in the sclera and cornea of chick embryos is maintained at a low level up to the stage of eye opening, being subjected to minor changes.", "contents": "[Age related changes in the glycosidases of chick embryo eye tissues]. Studies have been made on the activity of glycosidases from eye tissues of developing chick embryos and adult hens. The enzymes of carbohydrates metabolism (hyaluronidase, beta-glycosidase and beta-galactosidase) from the sclera, cornea and ciliary body were examined. It was demonstrated that the distribution of glycosidases in different tissues of the eye is not identical. The activity of beta-glycosidase and beta-galactosidase in all the tissues of 14-day embryos is higher than in adult hens; sharp reduction of the activity was observed at the stage of eye opening. The activity of hyaluronidase in the sclera and cornea of chick embryos is maintained at a low level up to the stage of eye opening, being subjected to minor changes."}
{"id": "PMID:941580", "title": "[The functional role of the retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical system in rats].", "content": "After bilateral lesion of the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus in rats, studies been made of motor-feeding reflexes to light stimuli. Using spatial preference technique, it was shown that lesion of this nucleus (representing a part of the retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical system) disturbs differentiation of spatially uncoupled visual stimuli. These data confirm the idea on telencephalization of ancient retino-tectal part of the visual system in evolution and indicate that this part is involved into the analysis of spatial relationships.", "contents": "[The functional role of the retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical system in rats]. After bilateral lesion of the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus in rats, studies been made of motor-feeding reflexes to light stimuli. Using spatial preference technique, it was shown that lesion of this nucleus (representing a part of the retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical system) disturbs differentiation of spatially uncoupled visual stimuli. These data confirm the idea on telencephalization of ancient retino-tectal part of the visual system in evolution and indicate that this part is involved into the analysis of spatial relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:941581", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from teleost fish retina, cardiac and skeletal muscle].", "content": "Kinetic analysis, electrophoresis and selective inactivation were used in studies of isozymic composition of LDH in the retina, cardiac and skeletal muscles in 8 species of marine teleost fishes. In the retina, the number of isoenzymes in all the fishes studied varied from 2 to 7, the predominant ones being B4 and E4. The isoenzyme E4 was found only in the retina of Hexagrammus octogrammus, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Liopsetts pannifasciata, Limanda yokohamae, Eleginus gracilis, Therarga chalcogramma. In two last species, the electric charge of E4, B4 and A4 is opposite to that of the corresponding isoenzyme in terrestrial animals, resulting in opposite migration of these isoenzymes during electrophoresis. In the retina of fishes containing the isoenzyme E4, double heterotetramers B1E3, B2E2, B3E1 were also found. The retina in Leuciscus brandti, Clupea harengus harengus does not contain the isoenzyme E4. Investigation of the distribution pattern of the isoenzymes in cellular fractions of the retina in P. monopterygius revealed that hyaloplasm and nuclei contain A4, B4, B3E1, E2B2, E3B1 and E4, which corresponds to the situation found after the extraction of LDH from the whole retina tissue. In the mitochondria B4 and E4 were found, while in the outer segments--only B4. Skeletal muscles in all the fishes studied differ by the predominance of the isoenzyme A4 which is present as a sole component (P. monopterygius, H. octogrammus, L. pannifasciata, L yokohamae, L. brandti) or together with B4 (T. chalcogramma, C. harengus harengus). In the cardiac muscles of four species of fishes (except L. yokohamae, L. pannifasciata, H. octogrammus, P. monopterygius), the predominant isoenzyme was found to be B4, although the total number and the ratio of the isoenzymes varied: A4, A2B2, B4 (E. gracilis), A4B4 (T. chalcogramma, C. harengus harengus), A4, A3B1, A2B2, A1B3, B4 (L. brandti). The LDH in the heart of L. yokohamae, L. pannifasciata, H. octogrammus, P. monopterygius has only one isoenzyme A4.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from teleost fish retina, cardiac and skeletal muscle]. Kinetic analysis, electrophoresis and selective inactivation were used in studies of isozymic composition of LDH in the retina, cardiac and skeletal muscles in 8 species of marine teleost fishes. In the retina, the number of isoenzymes in all the fishes studied varied from 2 to 7, the predominant ones being B4 and E4. The isoenzyme E4 was found only in the retina of Hexagrammus octogrammus, Pleurogrammus monopterygius, Liopsetts pannifasciata, Limanda yokohamae, Eleginus gracilis, Therarga chalcogramma. In two last species, the electric charge of E4, B4 and A4 is opposite to that of the corresponding isoenzyme in terrestrial animals, resulting in opposite migration of these isoenzymes during electrophoresis. In the retina of fishes containing the isoenzyme E4, double heterotetramers B1E3, B2E2, B3E1 were also found. The retina in Leuciscus brandti, Clupea harengus harengus does not contain the isoenzyme E4. Investigation of the distribution pattern of the isoenzymes in cellular fractions of the retina in P. monopterygius revealed that hyaloplasm and nuclei contain A4, B4, B3E1, E2B2, E3B1 and E4, which corresponds to the situation found after the extraction of LDH from the whole retina tissue. In the mitochondria B4 and E4 were found, while in the outer segments--only B4. Skeletal muscles in all the fishes studied differ by the predominance of the isoenzyme A4 which is present as a sole component (P. monopterygius, H. octogrammus, L. pannifasciata, L yokohamae, L. brandti) or together with B4 (T. chalcogramma, C. harengus harengus). In the cardiac muscles of four species of fishes (except L. yokohamae, L. pannifasciata, H. octogrammus, P. monopterygius), the predominant isoenzyme was found to be B4, although the total number and the ratio of the isoenzymes varied: A4, A2B2, B4 (E. gracilis), A4B4 (T. chalcogramma, C. harengus harengus), A4, A3B1, A2B2, A1B3, B4 (L. brandti). The LDH in the heart of L. yokohamae, L. pannifasciata, H. octogrammus, P. monopterygius has only one isoenzyme A4."}
{"id": "PMID:941579", "title": "[The functional organization of the posterior lateral nucleus of the rat hypothalamus].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus of the rat receives information from the visual, somatic and auditory systems. Some of the neurons (63%) have a convergent input from these systems, although these neurons exhibit functional specificity with respect to the predominant inhibitory influence of the background activity of one of the sensory systems investigated. The other part of the neurons (37%) receives information only from the visual or somatic system, these neurons exhibiting excitatory phasic reaction to sensory stimuli.", "contents": "[The functional organization of the posterior lateral nucleus of the rat hypothalamus]. It has been demonstrated that the posterior lateral thalamic nucleus of the rat receives information from the visual, somatic and auditory systems. Some of the neurons (63%) have a convergent input from these systems, although these neurons exhibit functional specificity with respect to the predominant inhibitory influence of the background activity of one of the sensory systems investigated. The other part of the neurons (37%) receives information only from the visual or somatic system, these neurons exhibiting excitatory phasic reaction to sensory stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:941584", "title": "[Hippocampal dimensions, memory and learning during rat ontogenesis].", "content": "Injury to the hippocamp disturbs learning processes and short-term memory in 20-, 50- and 110-day rats. In 50-day rats, hippocampectomy results in lesser changes in learning and memory than in 20- and 110-day animals. Anatomo-physiological characteristics of the hippocamp in 20-day rats presumably indicate a particular importance of this structure at early stages of ontogenesis, when the brain cortex is not yet sufficiently mature and its connections with other structures are not completely formed. Non-linear dependence of learning disturbance in rats of varying age after hippocampectomy suggests that in rat hippocampal function undergoes changes during individual development of animals.", "contents": "[Hippocampal dimensions, memory and learning during rat ontogenesis]. Injury to the hippocamp disturbs learning processes and short-term memory in 20-, 50- and 110-day rats. In 50-day rats, hippocampectomy results in lesser changes in learning and memory than in 20- and 110-day animals. Anatomo-physiological characteristics of the hippocamp in 20-day rats presumably indicate a particular importance of this structure at early stages of ontogenesis, when the brain cortex is not yet sufficiently mature and its connections with other structures are not completely formed. Non-linear dependence of learning disturbance in rats of varying age after hippocampectomy suggests that in rat hippocampal function undergoes changes during individual development of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:941585", "title": "[The effect of total extirpation of the neocortex on reflex activity in rats].", "content": "Using motor-feeding methods, studies have been made of the effect of complete extirpation of the neocortex on formation of new or recovery of pre-formed differentiation of localization of sources of light of identical intensity. It was shown that decortication results in significant and mostly irreversible disturbances of unconditioned reflex activity. In decorticated rats, only the simplest forms of conditioned motor reaction were noted which exhibit dominant features. Conditioned reflex to illumination combined with feeding is not recovered and is not formed a new in its biologically perfect form.", "contents": "[The effect of total extirpation of the neocortex on reflex activity in rats]. Using motor-feeding methods, studies have been made of the effect of complete extirpation of the neocortex on formation of new or recovery of pre-formed differentiation of localization of sources of light of identical intensity. It was shown that decortication results in significant and mostly irreversible disturbances of unconditioned reflex activity. In decorticated rats, only the simplest forms of conditioned motor reaction were noted which exhibit dominant features. Conditioned reflex to illumination combined with feeding is not recovered and is not formed a new in its biologically perfect form."}
{"id": "PMID:941586", "title": "[A method of assessing rat preference for different acoustic signals when seeking out pups].", "content": "A female albino rat was placed into an opened T-maze, and her maternal behaviour was stimulated by pups laid beneath her. Afterwards the pups were removed and impulses of tone (7 and 14 kHz) and tape recording of pup's nociceptive signal were simultaneously presented from different maze alleys. Maternal preference was checked by the predominant direction of seeking during random interchange of the sound sides. In 8 Wistar rats, preference for pup's nociceptive signal was observed.", "contents": "[A method of assessing rat preference for different acoustic signals when seeking out pups]. A female albino rat was placed into an opened T-maze, and her maternal behaviour was stimulated by pups laid beneath her. Afterwards the pups were removed and impulses of tone (7 and 14 kHz) and tape recording of pup's nociceptive signal were simultaneously presented from different maze alleys. Maternal preference was checked by the predominant direction of seeking during random interchange of the sound sides. In 8 Wistar rats, preference for pup's nociceptive signal was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:941583", "title": "[Cholinoreception in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) ascarids and the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda)].", "content": "Homogenates of synaptically rich structures of the body (the anterior end of A. suum and F. hepatica, as well as narrow strips of the anterior part of A. suum with median nerves and innervation processes of muscle cells) have been tested for the presence of acetylcholine receptor protein (AchR). Strips of the A. suum muscle tissue with low content of synaptic structures served as a control. AchR was detected by the decrease in the optic density at 260 nm and by the decrease in the reactivity of AchR SH-groups in the presence of Ach. Using both methods, AchR was found in water-soluble fraction of tissue homogenates rich in synaptic structures. No AchR was detected in tissues which do not contain synpatic structures. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the function of Ach as a mediator in helminths.", "contents": "[Cholinoreception in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) ascarids and the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda)]. Homogenates of synaptically rich structures of the body (the anterior end of A. suum and F. hepatica, as well as narrow strips of the anterior part of A. suum with median nerves and innervation processes of muscle cells) have been tested for the presence of acetylcholine receptor protein (AchR). Strips of the A. suum muscle tissue with low content of synaptic structures served as a control. AchR was detected by the decrease in the optic density at 260 nm and by the decrease in the reactivity of AchR SH-groups in the presence of Ach. Using both methods, AchR was found in water-soluble fraction of tissue homogenates rich in synaptic structures. No AchR was detected in tissues which do not contain synpatic structures. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the function of Ach as a mediator in helminths."}
{"id": "PMID:941587", "title": "[The invariance of auditory perception with regard to frequency-temporal transformations of the signal in Tursiops truncatus dolphins].", "content": "In experiments on the porpose T. truncatus, using motor-feeding conditioned reflex technique, studies have been made on hearing under the conditions of frequency-temporal indetermination of the signal presented at noise background. It was shown that the effectiveness of auditory detection of tone-impulse signals is invariant with respect to Doppler and shift transformation of the signal, whereas the number of waves serves as a characteristic parameter of the auditory system in the porpoise.", "contents": "[The invariance of auditory perception with regard to frequency-temporal transformations of the signal in Tursiops truncatus dolphins]. In experiments on the porpose T. truncatus, using motor-feeding conditioned reflex technique, studies have been made on hearing under the conditions of frequency-temporal indetermination of the signal presented at noise background. It was shown that the effectiveness of auditory detection of tone-impulse signals is invariant with respect to Doppler and shift transformation of the signal, whereas the number of waves serves as a characteristic parameter of the auditory system in the porpoise."}
{"id": "PMID:941588", "title": "[Organization of the receptive fields of the superior colliculus neurons of the squirrel Sciurus vulgaris].", "content": "Studies have been made on the reaction of single neurons of the superior colliculus to stationary and moving visual stimuli in immobilized squirrels. The main bulk of collicular units (59%) is not directionally selective, 11%--exhibit high directional selectivity and 30%--were found to be relatively selective. Most of the cells (85%) \"prefer\" high speed of stimulus motion. Optimal speed for these neurons is equal to 30--100 degree/sec. Testing by a stationary light spot (0.5degree in diameter), reveals different structure of the receptive fields with various types of \"on\"-and \"off\"-inputs. Lateral inhibition was observed in the receptive fields with both uniform organization and separated \"on\" and \"off\" areas.", "contents": "[Organization of the receptive fields of the superior colliculus neurons of the squirrel Sciurus vulgaris]. Studies have been made on the reaction of single neurons of the superior colliculus to stationary and moving visual stimuli in immobilized squirrels. The main bulk of collicular units (59%) is not directionally selective, 11%--exhibit high directional selectivity and 30%--were found to be relatively selective. Most of the cells (85%) \"prefer\" high speed of stimulus motion. Optimal speed for these neurons is equal to 30--100 degree/sec. Testing by a stationary light spot (0.5degree in diameter), reveals different structure of the receptive fields with various types of \"on\"-and \"off\"-inputs. Lateral inhibition was observed in the receptive fields with both uniform organization and separated \"on\" and \"off\" areas."}
{"id": "PMID:941594", "title": "[The dynamics of antibody synthesis against proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "The synthesis of antibodies to proteinases, such as terrilytin, hygrolytin, brinase, trypsin, chemotrypsin and papain was studied by using the complement fixation test and immunoelectrophoresis. The results obtained indicated that proteinases possessing fibrinolytic activities proved to differ considerably by their immunogenic properties. The antibody formation to microbial proteinases was found to be more intensive than against the enzymes from the antimal tissues.", "contents": "[The dynamics of antibody synthesis against proteolytic enzymes]. The synthesis of antibodies to proteinases, such as terrilytin, hygrolytin, brinase, trypsin, chemotrypsin and papain was studied by using the complement fixation test and immunoelectrophoresis. The results obtained indicated that proteinases possessing fibrinolytic activities proved to differ considerably by their immunogenic properties. The antibody formation to microbial proteinases was found to be more intensive than against the enzymes from the antimal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:941595", "title": "[Obtaining purified staphylococcal enterotoxin type B].", "content": "The authors elaborated a method of purification of staphylococcus enterotoxin, type B, consisting of three stages: the first stage--lyophilization and dialysis of the culture fluid against distilled water for 36 hours, the second stage--precipitation of dialyzed preparation with 2 volumes of ethanol at --15 degrees C, and the third stage--gel-chromatography of the enterotoxin preparation precipitated with alcohol on a column with Sephadex G-100 in a 0.015 M solution of NaCl (pH 7.0). Preparation isolated by the mentioned method possessed enterotoxic activity in a dose of 0.015 mg of protein per 1 kg of cat weight; by antigenic composition it represented a two-component system. In immunization of rabbits with a purified enterotoxin preparation an antiserum with the prevalence of antibodies to enterotoxin, type B, was obtained.", "contents": "[Obtaining purified staphylococcal enterotoxin type B]. The authors elaborated a method of purification of staphylococcus enterotoxin, type B, consisting of three stages: the first stage--lyophilization and dialysis of the culture fluid against distilled water for 36 hours, the second stage--precipitation of dialyzed preparation with 2 volumes of ethanol at --15 degrees C, and the third stage--gel-chromatography of the enterotoxin preparation precipitated with alcohol on a column with Sephadex G-100 in a 0.015 M solution of NaCl (pH 7.0). Preparation isolated by the mentioned method possessed enterotoxic activity in a dose of 0.015 mg of protein per 1 kg of cat weight; by antigenic composition it represented a two-component system. In immunization of rabbits with a purified enterotoxin preparation an antiserum with the prevalence of antibodies to enterotoxin, type B, was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:941592", "title": "[Study of the cholinoreceptive membrane of an isolated identified neuron of the mollusk Planorbarius corneus].", "content": "An identified neuron (L Ped-2) of the Planorbarius corneus left pedal ganglion was isolated after the treatment of the ganglionic ring with pronase. The LPed-2 retains after the isolation the main features characteristic of this neuron in the ganglion. Nicotinomimetics (nicotine, suberyldicholine) produced depolarization whereas muscarinomimetics (F-2268, arecoline, methylfurmethide, acetyl-beta-methylcholine) hyperpolarized the cell membrane. Acetylcholine (ACh) in small concentrations (less than 1.10(-6) M) caused depolarization followed by hyperpolarization; greater concentrations depolarized the cell membrane. In the presence of tubocurarine ACh produced pure hyperpolarization. The conclusion was drawn that two kinds of cholinoreceptors exist on the membrane of LPed-2 neuron which differ both in pharmacological properties and in the sign of the response they mediate. The isolated neuron is much more sensitive to cholinomimetics than the same neuron in the ganglion.", "contents": "[Study of the cholinoreceptive membrane of an isolated identified neuron of the mollusk Planorbarius corneus]. An identified neuron (L Ped-2) of the Planorbarius corneus left pedal ganglion was isolated after the treatment of the ganglionic ring with pronase. The LPed-2 retains after the isolation the main features characteristic of this neuron in the ganglion. Nicotinomimetics (nicotine, suberyldicholine) produced depolarization whereas muscarinomimetics (F-2268, arecoline, methylfurmethide, acetyl-beta-methylcholine) hyperpolarized the cell membrane. Acetylcholine (ACh) in small concentrations (less than 1.10(-6) M) caused depolarization followed by hyperpolarization; greater concentrations depolarized the cell membrane. In the presence of tubocurarine ACh produced pure hyperpolarization. The conclusion was drawn that two kinds of cholinoreceptors exist on the membrane of LPed-2 neuron which differ both in pharmacological properties and in the sign of the response they mediate. The isolated neuron is much more sensitive to cholinomimetics than the same neuron in the ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:941596", "title": "[The role of subclinical forms of epidemic parotitis in the formation of collective immunity].", "content": "A study was made of the outbreaks of epidemic parotitis in kindergartens and schools. Of 276 children aged from 2 to 13 years 58 (21%) sustained clinically manifest infection and 48 (17.4%)--a subclinical one. The clinically manifest process mostly developed in children aged from 3 to 5 years: the ratio of the clinical and subclinical forms in them constituted 1:0.5. With the progress of age there was an increase in the proportion of the subclinical forms (in 10--13-year-old children this ratio was 1:1.3). The presence of blood antihemagglutinins in the titre of up to 1:64 before the infection failed to prevent the development of the infectious process. There was no correlation between the antibody titre and the severity of the infectious process. Subclinical cases of parotitis were accompanied by less intensive antibody production than the clinically manifest ones.", "contents": "[The role of subclinical forms of epidemic parotitis in the formation of collective immunity]. A study was made of the outbreaks of epidemic parotitis in kindergartens and schools. Of 276 children aged from 2 to 13 years 58 (21%) sustained clinically manifest infection and 48 (17.4%)--a subclinical one. The clinically manifest process mostly developed in children aged from 3 to 5 years: the ratio of the clinical and subclinical forms in them constituted 1:0.5. With the progress of age there was an increase in the proportion of the subclinical forms (in 10--13-year-old children this ratio was 1:1.3). The presence of blood antihemagglutinins in the titre of up to 1:64 before the infection failed to prevent the development of the infectious process. There was no correlation between the antibody titre and the severity of the infectious process. Subclinical cases of parotitis were accompanied by less intensive antibody production than the clinically manifest ones."}
{"id": "PMID:941591", "title": "[The effect of pituitary injections on the isoenzyme composition of non-specific esterases in the tissues of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix].", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals differences in the isoenzymic spectra of non-specific esterases from various tissues of H. molitrix. Hypophyseal injections result in changes of the isoenzymic spectra of all the tissues studied. The pattern of changes depends on the tissue examined. Some of the isoenzymes are resistant to hypophyseal injections, whereas the other ones undergo changes which depend on the dose of the hormone.", "contents": "[The effect of pituitary injections on the isoenzyme composition of non-specific esterases in the tissues of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix]. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals differences in the isoenzymic spectra of non-specific esterases from various tissues of H. molitrix. Hypophyseal injections result in changes of the isoenzymic spectra of all the tissues studied. The pattern of changes depends on the tissue examined. Some of the isoenzymes are resistant to hypophyseal injections, whereas the other ones undergo changes which depend on the dose of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:941597", "title": "[The infectivity of surgical wounds].", "content": "A study was made of microbial contamination of wounds and wound fluid in 114 patients operated upon (clean and conditionally clean operations). Directly before suturing the subcutaneous-fatty cellular tissue no microbes were revealed in 50% of cases, but in 23% of cases potentially pathogenetic microorganisms were isolated. Potential causative agents of purulent infection were revealed in 50% of the patients on the 1st-3rd postoperative days. Suppuration developed in 3 cases only. In a number of cases there were revealed in the wound discharge such microbes which were not detected before the wound was sutured. Sometimes the presence of even numerous potentially-pathogenic microbes in the wound secretion led to no suppuration.", "contents": "[The infectivity of surgical wounds]. A study was made of microbial contamination of wounds and wound fluid in 114 patients operated upon (clean and conditionally clean operations). Directly before suturing the subcutaneous-fatty cellular tissue no microbes were revealed in 50% of cases, but in 23% of cases potentially pathogenetic microorganisms were isolated. Potential causative agents of purulent infection were revealed in 50% of the patients on the 1st-3rd postoperative days. Suppuration developed in 3 cases only. In a number of cases there were revealed in the wound discharge such microbes which were not detected before the wound was sutured. Sometimes the presence of even numerous potentially-pathogenic microbes in the wound secretion led to no suppuration."}
{"id": "PMID:941593", "title": "[The role of external respiration and blood circulation in heat emission during exposure of Taurotragus oryx canna antelopes to solar heat].", "content": "Experiments have been made on 4 elands at the age of 3--4 months, mean body weight 78 kg. At ambient temperature 31.5degrees combined with solar radiation, polypnoe was observed in the animals. Under these conditions, only small changes in the body temperature were observed, although skin temperature became 4--6degrees higher than in the morning. Heat production was 10% lower than that at 22.5degrees. The animals eliminated about 8% of metabolic heat through respiration in the morning and about 7%--in the afternoon.", "contents": "[The role of external respiration and blood circulation in heat emission during exposure of Taurotragus oryx canna antelopes to solar heat]. Experiments have been made on 4 elands at the age of 3--4 months, mean body weight 78 kg. At ambient temperature 31.5degrees combined with solar radiation, polypnoe was observed in the animals. Under these conditions, only small changes in the body temperature were observed, although skin temperature became 4--6degrees higher than in the morning. Heat production was 10% lower than that at 22.5degrees. The animals eliminated about 8% of metabolic heat through respiration in the morning and about 7%--in the afternoon."}
{"id": "PMID:941600", "title": "[Evolution of the epidemic process as a form of solution to its internal contradictions].", "content": "The author formulated the main contradition of the epidemic process consisting of contradiction between the interaction of the motive forces of the epidemic process, since this contradiction at the same time served as the imperative condition of the origination and as the cause of the subsequent arrest of the spread of infection. The main contradiction of the epidemic process is expressed in reduction of the number and limited activity of the sources of infection, attenuation or arrest of the mechanism of transmission of the causative agents, formation of immunity in the population, the appearance of hereditary resistance in the hosts to the causative agent of the infection. The action of the principal internal contradiction of the epidemic process in the course of evolution conditions genetic variability of the causative agents of the infectious diseases, intensification of the mechanisms of excretion of the parasites from the host organism, and increase of their resistance in the external environment, formation of latent forms of infection.", "contents": "[Evolution of the epidemic process as a form of solution to its internal contradictions]. The author formulated the main contradition of the epidemic process consisting of contradiction between the interaction of the motive forces of the epidemic process, since this contradiction at the same time served as the imperative condition of the origination and as the cause of the subsequent arrest of the spread of infection. The main contradiction of the epidemic process is expressed in reduction of the number and limited activity of the sources of infection, attenuation or arrest of the mechanism of transmission of the causative agents, formation of immunity in the population, the appearance of hereditary resistance in the hosts to the causative agent of the infection. The action of the principal internal contradiction of the epidemic process in the course of evolution conditions genetic variability of the causative agents of the infectious diseases, intensification of the mechanisms of excretion of the parasites from the host organism, and increase of their resistance in the external environment, formation of latent forms of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:941601", "title": "[Immunochemical and biochemical characteristics of a preventive preparation against cholera, cholerogen-toxoid].", "content": "Cholerogen-toxoid served as a complex vaccine preparation composed of the main pathogenicity factors of cholera vibrio--cholerogen (toxoid), endotoxin and a number of exoenzymes. The preparation contains 65 +/- 7.5% of protein, 12 +/- 1.2% of reducing sugars, 7 +/- 1.2% of lipids, and 2 +/- 0.3% of nucleic acids. Analytic disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immune disc-electrophoresis revealed at least seven individual proteins with the serological activity in the preparation. About 70% of these constituted toxoid proper; the content of O-antigen was 22%. In the cholerogen-toxoid there were revealed seven exoenzymes of cholera vibrio; proteinase, lecithinase, lipase, DNA-ase, RNA-ase, hyaluronidase, amylase. Antibodies against proteinase, lecithinase, amylase and RNA-ase of cholera vibrio were found in the serum of rabbits immunized with cholerogen-toxoid.", "contents": "[Immunochemical and biochemical characteristics of a preventive preparation against cholera, cholerogen-toxoid]. Cholerogen-toxoid served as a complex vaccine preparation composed of the main pathogenicity factors of cholera vibrio--cholerogen (toxoid), endotoxin and a number of exoenzymes. The preparation contains 65 +/- 7.5% of protein, 12 +/- 1.2% of reducing sugars, 7 +/- 1.2% of lipids, and 2 +/- 0.3% of nucleic acids. Analytic disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immune disc-electrophoresis revealed at least seven individual proteins with the serological activity in the preparation. About 70% of these constituted toxoid proper; the content of O-antigen was 22%. In the cholerogen-toxoid there were revealed seven exoenzymes of cholera vibrio; proteinase, lecithinase, lipase, DNA-ase, RNA-ase, hyaluronidase, amylase. Antibodies against proteinase, lecithinase, amylase and RNA-ase of cholera vibrio were found in the serum of rabbits immunized with cholerogen-toxoid."}
{"id": "PMID:941602", "title": "[Pigment formation and other biological properties of staphylococci].", "content": "A comparison was made of the pigment-forming capacity and the enzymatic activity, growth rate, virulence and sensitivity to antibiotics and egg lysozyme in 397 pigment, 203 pigment-free strains of staphylococci and 24 pigment-free Staph aureus mutants. Pigment formation did not always correlate with the general biological activity of the cultures, the rate of their growth and the sensitivity to antibiotics and lysozyme. Pigment-free staphylococcus mutants retained the principal properties of the initial strains (including the virulence and sensitivity to antibiotics and egg lysozyme) more frequently. It is supposed that the marker determining the pigment formation in staphylococci was not connected with the markers determining the most significant pathogenicity properties and also antibiotic resistance.", "contents": "[Pigment formation and other biological properties of staphylococci]. A comparison was made of the pigment-forming capacity and the enzymatic activity, growth rate, virulence and sensitivity to antibiotics and egg lysozyme in 397 pigment, 203 pigment-free strains of staphylococci and 24 pigment-free Staph aureus mutants. Pigment formation did not always correlate with the general biological activity of the cultures, the rate of their growth and the sensitivity to antibiotics and lysozyme. Pigment-free staphylococcus mutants retained the principal properties of the initial strains (including the virulence and sensitivity to antibiotics and egg lysozyme) more frequently. It is supposed that the marker determining the pigment formation in staphylococci was not connected with the markers determining the most significant pathogenicity properties and also antibiotic resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:941604", "title": "[Vital observations and microcinematography of the intracellular development of D. marinus and its interaction with cells].", "content": "With the aid of stop motion cinemicrography of the interaction of D. murinus with cells in the tissue culture there was revealed a marked irritation of the cells by rickettsia with activation of mobility of the affected cells and their exit from the cell layer. Development of the causative agent of vesicular rickettsiosis in the cells was accompanied by an intensive movement of rickettsia in the cytoplasm, their active exit from the cell and their marked cytopathic action on the cells.", "contents": "[Vital observations and microcinematography of the intracellular development of D. marinus and its interaction with cells]. With the aid of stop motion cinemicrography of the interaction of D. murinus with cells in the tissue culture there was revealed a marked irritation of the cells by rickettsia with activation of mobility of the affected cells and their exit from the cell layer. Development of the causative agent of vesicular rickettsiosis in the cells was accompanied by an intensive movement of rickettsia in the cytoplasm, their active exit from the cell and their marked cytopathic action on the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:941605", "title": "[Catalase activity in the agent of tularemia].", "content": "The catalase activity was studied in the extracts of 27 strains of Francisella tularensis belonging to three geographical races. The most active enzyme was possessed by nonarctic strains, and the least--by holarctic. Japanese variant of the holarctic race was separated in an individual group since it possessed a higher catalase activity in comparison with the typical strains. The Central Asian race occupied an intermediate position by this sign and was placed between the Japanese variant and the nonarctic race. Attenuation of the strains of all the three races of F. tularensis led to a marked reduction of the catalase activity.", "contents": "[Catalase activity in the agent of tularemia]. The catalase activity was studied in the extracts of 27 strains of Francisella tularensis belonging to three geographical races. The most active enzyme was possessed by nonarctic strains, and the least--by holarctic. Japanese variant of the holarctic race was separated in an individual group since it possessed a higher catalase activity in comparison with the typical strains. The Central Asian race occupied an intermediate position by this sign and was placed between the Japanese variant and the nonarctic race. Attenuation of the strains of all the three races of F. tularensis led to a marked reduction of the catalase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:941606", "title": "[Typing staphylococci of intestinal origin according to the character of their bacteriocins].", "content": "Results of studying the properties of bacteriocines of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from children with intestinal disturbances are presented; morphology of the inhibition zones, the capacity to penetrate through cellophane, the rate of diffusion in agar and the period of inactivation pointed to the nonhomogeneousness of the 275 strains under study and a possibility of their differentiation with the aid of a provisional scheme including 12 bacteriocinogenotypes. Reference of all or the majority of the strains isolated from the same person to the same bacteriocinogenotype of the scheme pointed to a possibility of its practical application.", "contents": "[Typing staphylococci of intestinal origin according to the character of their bacteriocins]. Results of studying the properties of bacteriocines of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from children with intestinal disturbances are presented; morphology of the inhibition zones, the capacity to penetrate through cellophane, the rate of diffusion in agar and the period of inactivation pointed to the nonhomogeneousness of the 275 strains under study and a possibility of their differentiation with the aid of a provisional scheme including 12 bacteriocinogenotypes. Reference of all or the majority of the strains isolated from the same person to the same bacteriocinogenotype of the scheme pointed to a possibility of its practical application."}
{"id": "PMID:941607", "title": "[The quantity of immunoglobulins (A, G, M) in different forms of typhoid fever].", "content": "Results of determination of the quantitative content of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) demonstrated chronic typhoid carrier state to be a dynamic process characterized by high IgA and IgG indices which began to form as early as the acute period. A complex of clinico-laboratory indices permitted to detect the latent phase of the carrier state among the persons who sustained typhoid fever within the range of 30%; this confirmed the statement of a number of investigators put forward earlier that the true number of carriers was much greater than that recorded.", "contents": "[The quantity of immunoglobulins (A, G, M) in different forms of typhoid fever]. Results of determination of the quantitative content of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG and IgM) demonstrated chronic typhoid carrier state to be a dynamic process characterized by high IgA and IgG indices which began to form as early as the acute period. A complex of clinico-laboratory indices permitted to detect the latent phase of the carrier state among the persons who sustained typhoid fever within the range of 30%; this confirmed the statement of a number of investigators put forward earlier that the true number of carriers was much greater than that recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:941608", "title": "[A comparative study of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients and bacteria carriers].", "content": "A study was made of the dynamics of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients depending on the period of the disease and the severity of its course; the blood sera of chronic carriers were examined as well. H-antibodies were determined in the indirect hemagglutination test with the use of erythrocyte H-dignoasticum. Antibodies of different physico-chemical nature (of IgG and IgM classes) were obtained by fractionation in columns with DEAE-cellulose. Results of the investigations showed that the titres of sum total serum H-antibodies failed to depend on the severity of the course of the disease. The maximum value of the mean geometrical titre of H-antibodies in the blood serum was determined on the 3rd-4th week from the onset of the disease. In chronic carriers the sum total H-antibody titres were greater than in typhoid patients. The serum H-antibody titres increased on account of IgG-globulins both in the typhoid patients and in carriers.", "contents": "[A comparative study of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients and bacteria carriers]. A study was made of the dynamics of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients depending on the period of the disease and the severity of its course; the blood sera of chronic carriers were examined as well. H-antibodies were determined in the indirect hemagglutination test with the use of erythrocyte H-dignoasticum. Antibodies of different physico-chemical nature (of IgG and IgM classes) were obtained by fractionation in columns with DEAE-cellulose. Results of the investigations showed that the titres of sum total serum H-antibodies failed to depend on the severity of the course of the disease. The maximum value of the mean geometrical titre of H-antibodies in the blood serum was determined on the 3rd-4th week from the onset of the disease. In chronic carriers the sum total H-antibody titres were greater than in typhoid patients. The serum H-antibody titres increased on account of IgG-globulins both in the typhoid patients and in carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:941609", "title": "[Use of the swarming phenomenon for the purpose of isolating pure cultures of salmonellae from feces. I].", "content": "The authors elaborated and tested a number of elective-differential media for swarming of salmonellae. When pure cultures of Proteus, E. coli and salmonellae were seded on these media the latter exeeded the rest of enteric bacteria by the intensity of swarming. In the capacity of saprophyte inhibitors the most effective were media with the addition of penicillin and sodium selenite. Satisfactory results were obtained on the mentioned media in isolation of salmonellae from the artificially contaminated feces by the method of swarming", "contents": "[Use of the swarming phenomenon for the purpose of isolating pure cultures of salmonellae from feces. I]. The authors elaborated and tested a number of elective-differential media for swarming of salmonellae. When pure cultures of Proteus, E. coli and salmonellae were seded on these media the latter exeeded the rest of enteric bacteria by the intensity of swarming. In the capacity of saprophyte inhibitors the most effective were media with the addition of penicillin and sodium selenite. Satisfactory results were obtained on the mentioned media in isolation of salmonellae from the artificially contaminated feces by the method of swarming"}
{"id": "PMID:941610", "title": "[The possible connection between immunoglobulin levels in the blood and human susceptibility to dysentery].", "content": "A determination was made of the immunoglobulin G, M and A concentration in the blood serum of women suffering from dysentery and other acute intestinal diseases, those who sustained the disease and healthy persons (259 in all). Probability of detection of low IgA concentrations in the patients was 7-12 times greater during the first days of the disease than in healthy persons; IgG And IgM levels in the patients who sustained the disease and in healthy individuals showed no significant difference. Possible relationship between the synthesis of the secretory IgA in the intestine and the blood serum IgA level was discussed; however, a conclusion on a possibility of detection of persons most susceptible to dysentery and other acute intestinal diseases by the low serum IgA level could be made only after further investigations.", "contents": "[The possible connection between immunoglobulin levels in the blood and human susceptibility to dysentery]. A determination was made of the immunoglobulin G, M and A concentration in the blood serum of women suffering from dysentery and other acute intestinal diseases, those who sustained the disease and healthy persons (259 in all). Probability of detection of low IgA concentrations in the patients was 7-12 times greater during the first days of the disease than in healthy persons; IgG And IgM levels in the patients who sustained the disease and in healthy individuals showed no significant difference. Possible relationship between the synthesis of the secretory IgA in the intestine and the blood serum IgA level was discussed; however, a conclusion on a possibility of detection of persons most susceptible to dysentery and other acute intestinal diseases by the low serum IgA level could be made only after further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:941613", "title": "[Personal method in gastro-jejuno-jejuno-duodeno and jejuno-jejuno anastomoses in extended and high gastric resections--early surgical results--].", "content": "It is often prooved that high gastric resections for various pathologic conditions, although effective in treatment, are not without serious immediate, and delayed complications that greatly endanger postoperative course, and impair operative results. That is the reason why attempts are being made to find better operative solutions following a subtotal gastrectomy which could prevent, or significantly improve some of the postgastrectomy sequences. With the above in mind, the author explains his particular method of Gastro-Jejuno, Duodeno-Jejuno, and Jejuno-Jejuno Ante, or Retrocolic Anostomosis. These anastomosis are performed following radical and high Gastric Resections for ulcers or neoplasms. Eight cases and the results of such treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "[Personal method in gastro-jejuno-jejuno-duodeno and jejuno-jejuno anastomoses in extended and high gastric resections--early surgical results--]. It is often prooved that high gastric resections for various pathologic conditions, although effective in treatment, are not without serious immediate, and delayed complications that greatly endanger postoperative course, and impair operative results. That is the reason why attempts are being made to find better operative solutions following a subtotal gastrectomy which could prevent, or significantly improve some of the postgastrectomy sequences. With the above in mind, the author explains his particular method of Gastro-Jejuno, Duodeno-Jejuno, and Jejuno-Jejuno Ante, or Retrocolic Anostomosis. These anastomosis are performed following radical and high Gastric Resections for ulcers or neoplasms. Eight cases and the results of such treatment are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:941614", "title": "[Testing of the resistance of peripheral blood vessels by ultrasound].", "content": "The authors carried, out a test on the resistance of blood vessels to the flow of blood, (namely arteries), using an apparatus known by the name SONICAID EM 220. The SONICAID is a portable ultrasound generator and receiver weighing 3.5 kg. It consists of a transducer, and an ultra sound generator. The transducer, (which is about as large as a matchbox), receives the generated ultrasound signal, transforms it to an audible signal, and sends it to the main via a cable. The amplified signal can be monitored through a built-in speaker, or through headphones. The signal can also be recorded on tape, but th is feature was not included in the authors' unit. The SONICAID is based on the Doppler Principle; interference of reflected waves. If the generated ultrasound waves reach moving matter, (in this case a stream of blood), they are reflected back in such a way that they reach the transducer as interference waves. This signal is not unlike the sound produced by the heart during systolic contraction, or by stenotic blood vessels. The authors examined 21 ill patients with normal circulation using the SONICAID, and found it difficult to register the signals. The arteries of the forearm and lower leg could not be convincingly registered because it was difficult to determine the proper angle required to pick up the signals. In addition the area in which the signals could be picked up did not always concide with the anatomical position of the artery. These are the factors which the authors used to explain the rather inanccurate results. In 9 individuals (38%), the SONICAID indicated pathooligcal findings (false positive results). Later the authors examined 23 patients with previously confirmed vascular diseases, and obtained 15 pathological findings (65%). With 4 individuals, a false positive result was obtained, and wit the remaining 4, a false negative result, or a total of 8 false results (35%). Based on these results, the authors concluded that; the relatively large percentage of false results, the difficulty of demonstrating normal findings, and the relatively long examination time make this method of examination rather uncertain. The subjectivity of the person conducting the examination also influences the interpretation of the sounds emitted by the machine, which in turn influences the results. Objectivization, and documentation of such results is not certain. As a result, This method has no advantage over the oscillograph, and clinical examination. Such a conclusion however does not justify discontinuing the use of the more sophisticated diagnostic tools and methods used in vascular surgery.", "contents": "[Testing of the resistance of peripheral blood vessels by ultrasound]. The authors carried, out a test on the resistance of blood vessels to the flow of blood, (namely arteries), using an apparatus known by the name SONICAID EM 220. The SONICAID is a portable ultrasound generator and receiver weighing 3.5 kg. It consists of a transducer, and an ultra sound generator. The transducer, (which is about as large as a matchbox), receives the generated ultrasound signal, transforms it to an audible signal, and sends it to the main via a cable. The amplified signal can be monitored through a built-in speaker, or through headphones. The signal can also be recorded on tape, but th is feature was not included in the authors' unit. The SONICAID is based on the Doppler Principle; interference of reflected waves. If the generated ultrasound waves reach moving matter, (in this case a stream of blood), they are reflected back in such a way that they reach the transducer as interference waves. This signal is not unlike the sound produced by the heart during systolic contraction, or by stenotic blood vessels. The authors examined 21 ill patients with normal circulation using the SONICAID, and found it difficult to register the signals. The arteries of the forearm and lower leg could not be convincingly registered because it was difficult to determine the proper angle required to pick up the signals. In addition the area in which the signals could be picked up did not always concide with the anatomical position of the artery. These are the factors which the authors used to explain the rather inanccurate results. In 9 individuals (38%), the SONICAID indicated pathooligcal findings (false positive results). Later the authors examined 23 patients with previously confirmed vascular diseases, and obtained 15 pathological findings (65%). With 4 individuals, a false positive result was obtained, and wit the remaining 4, a false negative result, or a total of 8 false results (35%). Based on these results, the authors concluded that; the relatively large percentage of false results, the difficulty of demonstrating normal findings, and the relatively long examination time make this method of examination rather uncertain. The subjectivity of the person conducting the examination also influences the interpretation of the sounds emitted by the machine, which in turn influences the results. Objectivization, and documentation of such results is not certain. As a result, This method has no advantage over the oscillograph, and clinical examination. Such a conclusion however does not justify discontinuing the use of the more sophisticated diagnostic tools and methods used in vascular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:941615", "title": "[Revascularization syndrome].", "content": "The author presents two cases of serious trauma of the extremities complicated with lesions of the arteries. Both cases were treated in the cardiovascular surgery clinic in Ljublgana. In the first case besides on osteosynthesis of a fractured femur, a termoterminal anastomosis was performed on the totally severed Superficial Femoral Artery. In spite of the the Thrombectomin that was later performed on the Posterior Tibial Artery, gangrene of the foot set in, and exitus lethalis, due to a cerebral process. In the second case, besides a fractured femur, the patient had an arterial stupor of the popliteal Artery with periarterial hematomas. A revision of the Popliteal Artery was made. The ruptured Femoral Vein was ligated. Despite surgical intervention, gangrene of the foot set in, and a below the leg amputation was carried out. Due to renal insufficiency, this patient had to undergo peritoneal dialysis. The common denominator of both cases was acute ischemia of the distal portions of the lower extremities, and pathological processes throughout the eitire organism and, above all, of the renal function. In the general theapy of such cases, the author insists on adequate; revascularization, and concrrent regulation of hypovolemia, measures in preventing acidosis, and concern for late diuresis.", "contents": "[Revascularization syndrome]. The author presents two cases of serious trauma of the extremities complicated with lesions of the arteries. Both cases were treated in the cardiovascular surgery clinic in Ljublgana. In the first case besides on osteosynthesis of a fractured femur, a termoterminal anastomosis was performed on the totally severed Superficial Femoral Artery. In spite of the the Thrombectomin that was later performed on the Posterior Tibial Artery, gangrene of the foot set in, and exitus lethalis, due to a cerebral process. In the second case, besides a fractured femur, the patient had an arterial stupor of the popliteal Artery with periarterial hematomas. A revision of the Popliteal Artery was made. The ruptured Femoral Vein was ligated. Despite surgical intervention, gangrene of the foot set in, and a below the leg amputation was carried out. Due to renal insufficiency, this patient had to undergo peritoneal dialysis. The common denominator of both cases was acute ischemia of the distal portions of the lower extremities, and pathological processes throughout the eitire organism and, above all, of the renal function. In the general theapy of such cases, the author insists on adequate; revascularization, and concrrent regulation of hypovolemia, measures in preventing acidosis, and concern for late diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:941616", "title": "[Surgical treatment of thymoma].", "content": "This paper presented 6 cases of thymomas, surgically treated at the Newcastle Regional Cardiothoracic Surgical Service-England during the period 1970-1971. Excision of the tumour alone was carried-out in two patients. In the remaining four, a thymectomy and removal of the tumour was performed. In one case histological appearance suggested malignancy. The author insists upon an early excision, because the because the benign thymomas are potentially malignant tumours and the possibility of recurrence can be more effectively prevented by thymectomy at the same time. The coincidence of thyretoxicosis and thymoma, respectively aplastic anaemia and thymoma, were presented in 2 patients. To date, all patients have been well.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of thymoma]. This paper presented 6 cases of thymomas, surgically treated at the Newcastle Regional Cardiothoracic Surgical Service-England during the period 1970-1971. Excision of the tumour alone was carried-out in two patients. In the remaining four, a thymectomy and removal of the tumour was performed. In one case histological appearance suggested malignancy. The author insists upon an early excision, because the because the benign thymomas are potentially malignant tumours and the possibility of recurrence can be more effectively prevented by thymectomy at the same time. The coincidence of thyretoxicosis and thymoma, respectively aplastic anaemia and thymoma, were presented in 2 patients. To date, all patients have been well."}
{"id": "PMID:941617", "title": "[Possibilities of traffic-injury prevention using seat belts and their disadvantages].", "content": "As a result of the increasing number of serious injuries, and/or deaths caused by automobile accidents, seatbelts, along with other safety items are installed in cars. The idea of having automobile seatbelts came from the aircraft seatbelt. In our country there is no law requiring installation of seatbelts in all automobiles. Most imported cars, however do have built-in seat builts which are more or less used by the drivers and passengers. Wearing seatbelts is a necessity because, according to statistics, of 100,000 registered vehicles, 340.8 drivers and/or passengers lose their lives. In Sweden however, this value is 44.1 or eight times less. The number of injuries in Yugoslavia is also great. One of every three injuries are serious with chances of causing invalidity. The basic cause of death in an automobile accident is being thrown out of the vehicle by inertia during a collision has a five fold less a chance of surviving than if he were not thrown out. Secondary impacts of the passenger's body with objects within the automobile are: dashboard, doors, steering wheel, etc. are also a significant cause of many severe injuries. The force of inertia of a 70 kg passenger when the vehicle in which he is riding decelerates from a speed of 80 km/hr to 0 km/hr in a time span of 0.14 sec, and distances of 2 meters equals 878.83 kg. The greater the force of inertia is: (sometimes reaching 2000 kg). The advantages of the safety belt are in that they prevent ejection and secondary impacts of the passenger with protruding objects within the passenger compartment. Today the 2-point seatbelt is no longer in use, having been replaced by the 3-poing seat belt. The 3-point seatbelt must fit snugly about the wearers body so that it cannot be pulled away more than a distance of one or two fingerbreadths. The automatic 3-point seat belt, (the latest of designs), permits freedom of body movement. Should a collison occur, the seat belt locks in position holding the passenger back against the force of inertia. Disadvantages of the seat belt are illustrated by what is reffered to as the seat belt syndrome which was introduced by the American authors Garrett, and Baraunstein (1962). The presented 2,778 cases involved in automobile accidents, in which at least one passenger in each of the vehicles involved was wearing a seatbelt: 2,325 people). Of these 2,325, 944, 29%, or every third person was injured. 150 of them were injured on their lower torso. 26, or 0.8% were seriously injured. Not one case, however resulted in death. The seatbelt syndrome can be recognized by several characteristic injuries. In the event of a collision, those wearing seatbelts usually sustain multiple bruises and/or lacerations of the head, contusions of the lower abdomen with excoriation, adrasions, internal hemorraging, fractured ankle of foot. When such injuries are confirmed it is necessary to carefully search for injuries to internal organ as they usually accompany the above mentioned...", "contents": "[Possibilities of traffic-injury prevention using seat belts and their disadvantages]. As a result of the increasing number of serious injuries, and/or deaths caused by automobile accidents, seatbelts, along with other safety items are installed in cars. The idea of having automobile seatbelts came from the aircraft seatbelt. In our country there is no law requiring installation of seatbelts in all automobiles. Most imported cars, however do have built-in seat builts which are more or less used by the drivers and passengers. Wearing seatbelts is a necessity because, according to statistics, of 100,000 registered vehicles, 340.8 drivers and/or passengers lose their lives. In Sweden however, this value is 44.1 or eight times less. The number of injuries in Yugoslavia is also great. One of every three injuries are serious with chances of causing invalidity. The basic cause of death in an automobile accident is being thrown out of the vehicle by inertia during a collision has a five fold less a chance of surviving than if he were not thrown out. Secondary impacts of the passenger's body with objects within the automobile are: dashboard, doors, steering wheel, etc. are also a significant cause of many severe injuries. The force of inertia of a 70 kg passenger when the vehicle in which he is riding decelerates from a speed of 80 km/hr to 0 km/hr in a time span of 0.14 sec, and distances of 2 meters equals 878.83 kg. The greater the force of inertia is: (sometimes reaching 2000 kg). The advantages of the safety belt are in that they prevent ejection and secondary impacts of the passenger with protruding objects within the passenger compartment. Today the 2-point seatbelt is no longer in use, having been replaced by the 3-poing seat belt. The 3-point seatbelt must fit snugly about the wearers body so that it cannot be pulled away more than a distance of one or two fingerbreadths. The automatic 3-point seat belt, (the latest of designs), permits freedom of body movement. Should a collison occur, the seat belt locks in position holding the passenger back against the force of inertia. Disadvantages of the seat belt are illustrated by what is reffered to as the seat belt syndrome which was introduced by the American authors Garrett, and Baraunstein (1962). The presented 2,778 cases involved in automobile accidents, in which at least one passenger in each of the vehicles involved was wearing a seatbelt: 2,325 people). Of these 2,325, 944, 29%, or every third person was injured. 150 of them were injured on their lower torso. 26, or 0.8% were seriously injured. Not one case, however resulted in death. The seatbelt syndrome can be recognized by several characteristic injuries. In the event of a collision, those wearing seatbelts usually sustain multiple bruises and/or lacerations of the head, contusions of the lower abdomen with excoriation, adrasions, internal hemorraging, fractured ankle of foot. When such injuries are confirmed it is necessary to carefully search for injuries to internal organ as they usually accompany the above mentioned..."}
{"id": "PMID:941619", "title": "Prognosis of chronic hepatitis.", "content": "The morbidity by viral hepatitis within the municipal and rural district of Eisenh\u00fcttenstadt with 66 211 inhabitants from 1960 t0 1970 amounts to 19.45 +/- 1.06%. The transition into chronic hepatitis appears in 5.5 per cent in 1 283 controlled cases of illness. Contrary to the acute viral hepatitis the numbers of illness by chronic hepatitis are increasing with proceeding age (0.3 per cent up to 14 per cent). The prognosis of viral hepatitis is altogether favorable. 84.1 per cent are healing completely primarily without any subsequences and 4.4 per cent are followed by defective states. The chronic persisting hepatitis heals in more than the half of the cases, mostly after a duration of two till five years of illness. The tendency to heal is significantly stronger in children and adolescents than in adults. The chronic aggressive hepatitis has an unfavorable prognosis. In the development of the cirrhosis of the liver (0.5 per cent) additional noxes are playing a role. The alcohol shows an unfavorable influence on the course of the illness (0.7 per cent). A hyperbilirubinemia does not appear essentially more frequently than in the normal population. The prospective character of the study in not selected patients imparts to these findings a real epidemiological sentential power.", "contents": "Prognosis of chronic hepatitis. The morbidity by viral hepatitis within the municipal and rural district of Eisenh\u00fcttenstadt with 66 211 inhabitants from 1960 t0 1970 amounts to 19.45 +/- 1.06%. The transition into chronic hepatitis appears in 5.5 per cent in 1 283 controlled cases of illness. Contrary to the acute viral hepatitis the numbers of illness by chronic hepatitis are increasing with proceeding age (0.3 per cent up to 14 per cent). The prognosis of viral hepatitis is altogether favorable. 84.1 per cent are healing completely primarily without any subsequences and 4.4 per cent are followed by defective states. The chronic persisting hepatitis heals in more than the half of the cases, mostly after a duration of two till five years of illness. The tendency to heal is significantly stronger in children and adolescents than in adults. The chronic aggressive hepatitis has an unfavorable prognosis. In the development of the cirrhosis of the liver (0.5 per cent) additional noxes are playing a role. The alcohol shows an unfavorable influence on the course of the illness (0.7 per cent). A hyperbilirubinemia does not appear essentially more frequently than in the normal population. The prospective character of the study in not selected patients imparts to these findings a real epidemiological sentential power."}
{"id": "PMID:941620", "title": "Immune complexes in chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Rheumatoid factors were present in 33.2%, crioglobulins in 47.6%, and anticomplementary assay in 34.2% of cases with chronic active hepatitis. No statistically significant loss of total complement was observed, but its components especially C1 and C3, exhibited lowered titers in 48.6% and respectively 45.7% of 160 cases. The origin, significance and pathogenicity of these factors are discussed in connection with the presence and possible role of the immunologic complexes to the development of chronic liver injury.", "contents": "Immune complexes in chronic hepatitis. Rheumatoid factors were present in 33.2%, crioglobulins in 47.6%, and anticomplementary assay in 34.2% of cases with chronic active hepatitis. No statistically significant loss of total complement was observed, but its components especially C1 and C3, exhibited lowered titers in 48.6% and respectively 45.7% of 160 cases. The origin, significance and pathogenicity of these factors are discussed in connection with the presence and possible role of the immunologic complexes to the development of chronic liver injury."}
{"id": "PMID:941621", "title": "Detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in sweat.", "content": "HBsAg was detected in the sweat of 9/18 seropositive, but 0/20 seronegative probands. Frequency of detection correlated to serum titer of HBsAg, blood contamination and efficiency of sweat concentrating. On base of quantitative evaluations it is assumed, that blood and/or plasma contaminations are responsible for the presence of HBsAg in sweat. Since HBsAg and hepatitis virus B are of similar diameter, this mechanisms should work on the infectious agent too. Thus HBsAg could prove a marker, to calculate the infectivity of sweat in comparison to the corresponding serum specimen (10(-6) to 10(-7). HBsAb was detected in sweat too and was confined to HBsAb-seropositive probands (4/5). It is discussed, that the presence of HBsAb in sweat could provide protection against reinfections by contact and thus contribute to homologous immunity in hepatitis B.", "contents": "Detection of HBsAg and HBsAb in sweat. HBsAg was detected in the sweat of 9/18 seropositive, but 0/20 seronegative probands. Frequency of detection correlated to serum titer of HBsAg, blood contamination and efficiency of sweat concentrating. On base of quantitative evaluations it is assumed, that blood and/or plasma contaminations are responsible for the presence of HBsAg in sweat. Since HBsAg and hepatitis virus B are of similar diameter, this mechanisms should work on the infectious agent too. Thus HBsAg could prove a marker, to calculate the infectivity of sweat in comparison to the corresponding serum specimen (10(-6) to 10(-7). HBsAb was detected in sweat too and was confined to HBsAb-seropositive probands (4/5). It is discussed, that the presence of HBsAb in sweat could provide protection against reinfections by contact and thus contribute to homologous immunity in hepatitis B."}
{"id": "PMID:941622", "title": "Extraction of gastrin from normal porcine pancreas.", "content": "Gastrin was extracted from normal porcine pancreas by the method used by Gregory and Tracy for the extraction of gastrin from the antrum. Radioimmuno-assay was used for identification at all stages of the extraction procedure. Gastrin of pancreatic origin was eluted from a sephadex G 50 and a DEAE-collulose column at the soma position as porcine antral gastrin. In disc electrophoresis (7.5% polyacrylamide in tris-glycin buffer) we found a single band which migrated the same distance from the origin as reference gastrin (synthetic human gastrin I). Densitometircally there was also a single band. The eluate of this electrophoretic band produced an increase in gastric acid secretion after intravenous injection in the rat. A dilution series was made from the extracted fraction and radioimmunologically tested with gastrin antibodies. The individual points of the dilution curve corresponded well with the standard calibration curve of gastrin. A certain discrepancy between the small amount of gastrin found by radioimmunoassay (500 pg/g fresh pancreas) and biochemical and biological findings could probably be explained by a different sensitivity of the gastrin antibody of the radioimmunological system to pancreatic gastrin. Our results prove that there is gastrin in the normal porcine pancreas.", "contents": "Extraction of gastrin from normal porcine pancreas. Gastrin was extracted from normal porcine pancreas by the method used by Gregory and Tracy for the extraction of gastrin from the antrum. Radioimmuno-assay was used for identification at all stages of the extraction procedure. Gastrin of pancreatic origin was eluted from a sephadex G 50 and a DEAE-collulose column at the soma position as porcine antral gastrin. In disc electrophoresis (7.5% polyacrylamide in tris-glycin buffer) we found a single band which migrated the same distance from the origin as reference gastrin (synthetic human gastrin I). Densitometircally there was also a single band. The eluate of this electrophoretic band produced an increase in gastric acid secretion after intravenous injection in the rat. A dilution series was made from the extracted fraction and radioimmunologically tested with gastrin antibodies. The individual points of the dilution curve corresponded well with the standard calibration curve of gastrin. A certain discrepancy between the small amount of gastrin found by radioimmunoassay (500 pg/g fresh pancreas) and biochemical and biological findings could probably be explained by a different sensitivity of the gastrin antibody of the radioimmunological system to pancreatic gastrin. Our results prove that there is gastrin in the normal porcine pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:941623", "title": "Interaction of somatostatin and pentagastrin on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in man.", "content": "The effect of intravenous somatostatin on basal and gastrin-stimulated human lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was examined with the rapid pull-through technique. In a group of 7 healthy volunteers LESP was not influenced under basal conditions, but there was an augmented response to pulse-doses of pentagastrin (0.6 mug/kg) during infusion of somatostatin (250 mug/kg-h). The physiological importance of these findings still has to be evaluated.", "contents": "Interaction of somatostatin and pentagastrin on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) in man. The effect of intravenous somatostatin on basal and gastrin-stimulated human lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) was examined with the rapid pull-through technique. In a group of 7 healthy volunteers LESP was not influenced under basal conditions, but there was an augmented response to pulse-doses of pentagastrin (0.6 mug/kg) during infusion of somatostatin (250 mug/kg-h). The physiological importance of these findings still has to be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:941624", "title": "Lack of gastric effects of S-(carboxy-methyl)-L-cysteine.", "content": "In 10 male subjects, the effects of oral S-(carboxy-methyl)-L-cysteine (SCMC) -- a mucolytic agent useful in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis -- on gastric secretion of acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing glycoproteins were investigated. Gastric acid outputs and mucus secretory rates remained unchanged during a 10-day period of daily administration of SCMC. Thus, the receptors of SCMC in the bronchial system appear to differ basically from those in the stomach.", "contents": "Lack of gastric effects of S-(carboxy-methyl)-L-cysteine. In 10 male subjects, the effects of oral S-(carboxy-methyl)-L-cysteine (SCMC) -- a mucolytic agent useful in the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis -- on gastric secretion of acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing glycoproteins were investigated. Gastric acid outputs and mucus secretory rates remained unchanged during a 10-day period of daily administration of SCMC. Thus, the receptors of SCMC in the bronchial system appear to differ basically from those in the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:941625", "title": "Effect of feeding on catabolism and activity of exogenous gastrin in dogs.", "content": "The effect of meal upon the catabolism and activity of exogenous gastrin was tested in 4 antrectomized and 4 non antrectomized dogs with Heidenhain pouches. In both antrectomized and non antrectomized dogs infused with exogenous gastrin, the meal decreased the serum gastrin level. This decrease amounted to about 20%, 60 minutes after feeding and the gastrinemia then returned gradually to control levels. In non antrectomized dogs, infusion of a near maximal dose of gastrin increased the acid response to the meal to a level above the maximal histamine acid output. Exogenous gastrin also increased the acid response to a meal in antrectomized dogs. These data indicate: 1) That feeding increases the metabolic clearance rate of exogenous gastrin. This effect could be at least partly related to changes in the intestinal blood flow. 2) That, after feeding, one or several hormones capable of stimulating the acid secretion but unrelated to gastrin are probably released. These hormones could be of major importance in the response of denervated pouches to feeding.", "contents": "Effect of feeding on catabolism and activity of exogenous gastrin in dogs. The effect of meal upon the catabolism and activity of exogenous gastrin was tested in 4 antrectomized and 4 non antrectomized dogs with Heidenhain pouches. In both antrectomized and non antrectomized dogs infused with exogenous gastrin, the meal decreased the serum gastrin level. This decrease amounted to about 20%, 60 minutes after feeding and the gastrinemia then returned gradually to control levels. In non antrectomized dogs, infusion of a near maximal dose of gastrin increased the acid response to the meal to a level above the maximal histamine acid output. Exogenous gastrin also increased the acid response to a meal in antrectomized dogs. These data indicate: 1) That feeding increases the metabolic clearance rate of exogenous gastrin. This effect could be at least partly related to changes in the intestinal blood flow. 2) That, after feeding, one or several hormones capable of stimulating the acid secretion but unrelated to gastrin are probably released. These hormones could be of major importance in the response of denervated pouches to feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:941626", "title": "Clinical conference: Unusual course of chronic colitis.", "content": "Case presentation of a 35-year-old patient with a history of chronic colitis of 16 years duration. Crohn's disease in this patient involved the entire colon without skip lesions and without terminal ileitis. The course was complicated by recurrent erythema nodosum and wandering arthritis as well as sclerosing cholangitis and multifocal adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Sclerosing cholangitis is a rare condition in Crohn's disease (1,8) whereas pericholangitis in liver biopsy specimen was diagnosed in prospective studies in 8 (7) to 30 (2) per cent. The same is true for carcinomas complicating granulomatous enterocolitis. In a recent review 36 cases of small bowel cancer (4) and 20 cases of colon cancer (5) were reported. Weedon et al. (9) calculated the risk of developing carcinoma to be 20 times greater in Crohn's enterocolitis than in a control population. Using life-table methods the 10-year probability of remaining cancer free was 99.7 per cent, the 20-year probability 97.2 per cent. In our patient the long-lasting history of Crohn's colitis with several minor complications and the multiplicity of colonic carcinomas speak in favor of a causal relationship between the chronic inflammation and the development of malignancy.", "contents": "Clinical conference: Unusual course of chronic colitis. Case presentation of a 35-year-old patient with a history of chronic colitis of 16 years duration. Crohn's disease in this patient involved the entire colon without skip lesions and without terminal ileitis. The course was complicated by recurrent erythema nodosum and wandering arthritis as well as sclerosing cholangitis and multifocal adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Sclerosing cholangitis is a rare condition in Crohn's disease (1,8) whereas pericholangitis in liver biopsy specimen was diagnosed in prospective studies in 8 (7) to 30 (2) per cent. The same is true for carcinomas complicating granulomatous enterocolitis. In a recent review 36 cases of small bowel cancer (4) and 20 cases of colon cancer (5) were reported. Weedon et al. (9) calculated the risk of developing carcinoma to be 20 times greater in Crohn's enterocolitis than in a control population. Using life-table methods the 10-year probability of remaining cancer free was 99.7 per cent, the 20-year probability 97.2 per cent. In our patient the long-lasting history of Crohn's colitis with several minor complications and the multiplicity of colonic carcinomas speak in favor of a causal relationship between the chronic inflammation and the development of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:941669", "title": "Effect of testosterone propionate on the ultrastructure of the preputial gland in the rat.", "content": "Testosterone propionate accelerates the maturation of acinar cells in the preputial gland of female rats. The weight of the preputial gland was increased significantly and the gland contained a large amount of secretory material. Various stages of maturation of acinar cells were observed. In an early stage, cells contained predominantly rough endoplasmic reticulum. In a second stage, lipid accumulated in association with focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Membrane-bound dense bodies similar to lysosomes and secondary lysosomes predominated in a late stage. In the final stage, acini fused with a duct, thereby liberating the cells into the ductal lumen. Cell structure then became unrecognizable.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone propionate on the ultrastructure of the preputial gland in the rat. Testosterone propionate accelerates the maturation of acinar cells in the preputial gland of female rats. The weight of the preputial gland was increased significantly and the gland contained a large amount of secretory material. Various stages of maturation of acinar cells were observed. In an early stage, cells contained predominantly rough endoplasmic reticulum. In a second stage, lipid accumulated in association with focal areas of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Membrane-bound dense bodies similar to lysosomes and secondary lysosomes predominated in a late stage. In the final stage, acini fused with a duct, thereby liberating the cells into the ductal lumen. Cell structure then became unrecognizable."}
{"id": "PMID:941670", "title": "[Lung structure of Sphenodon punctatus. A comparative anatomic study].", "content": "After a critical review of the literature, the authors describe the structure of the lung of Sphenodon, dealing with form, arteries, veins, and septation. The external form, circulatory pattern, degree of complication, height of the septa, vascular structure, and decrease in complication (?) are discussed from the standpoint of comparative anatomy. In an attempt to explain the unusual findings, the capacity for development of the central and subpleural type of differentiation is compared and contrasted. Obvious relations between the unusual lung structure and the phylogenetic age of the Sphenodon were sought, with the conclusion that the Sphenodon cannot be included in the Reptilian oders since its physical structure forms a class by itself.", "contents": "[Lung structure of Sphenodon punctatus. A comparative anatomic study]. After a critical review of the literature, the authors describe the structure of the lung of Sphenodon, dealing with form, arteries, veins, and septation. The external form, circulatory pattern, degree of complication, height of the septa, vascular structure, and decrease in complication (?) are discussed from the standpoint of comparative anatomy. In an attempt to explain the unusual findings, the capacity for development of the central and subpleural type of differentiation is compared and contrasted. Obvious relations between the unusual lung structure and the phylogenetic age of the Sphenodon were sought, with the conclusion that the Sphenodon cannot be included in the Reptilian oders since its physical structure forms a class by itself."}
{"id": "PMID:941671", "title": "[Mitotic anomalies observed in fibroblasts of chicken embryo cultured in vitro with 80% oxygen].", "content": "Fibroblasts cultivated in vitro were observed during mitosis. Already after 24 h of culture in 80% oxygen, some anomalies affect mitosis (atypical mitosis): abnormalities of the usual mitosis stages, chromosomal aberrations. Mitosis is interrupted at metaphase during the first and second day of culture in hyperoxia and at prophase (prometaphase) during the third day. The new mode of nuclear division is discussed.", "contents": "[Mitotic anomalies observed in fibroblasts of chicken embryo cultured in vitro with 80% oxygen]. Fibroblasts cultivated in vitro were observed during mitosis. Already after 24 h of culture in 80% oxygen, some anomalies affect mitosis (atypical mitosis): abnormalities of the usual mitosis stages, chromosomal aberrations. Mitosis is interrupted at metaphase during the first and second day of culture in hyperoxia and at prophase (prometaphase) during the third day. The new mode of nuclear division is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941672", "title": "Effect of surgical trauma on the endogeneous heme iron in the brain.", "content": "Paucity of electron-microscopic studies on the fate of endogenous heme iron, released as a result of planned surgery, in the central nervous system warranted the present work. During investigations of neuronal plasticity in the cat, an experimental model, in which the proximal cut end of the vagosympathetic trunk was rerouted into the diencephalon, presented an ideal substrate for studying this problem. At 3 months, the brain tissue containing the implant was processed for light and electron microscopy and histochemistry. Under light microscopy, Prussian-blue-positive, dense cytoplasmic aggregates were visible within the macrophages. The cells were mostly clustered around the junctional area between the central and peripheral nerve elements. Electorn-microscopic findings were highly characteristic and distinguished the macrophages from the surrounding neural elements by their rich content of electron-dense granules. While the latter were mostly scattered as free cytoplasmic particles, large aggregates of the same were also observed inside the lysosomes. Besides, a few inclusions were seen within astrocytic processes, close to the plasma membranes. At higher magnifications, the particles revealed the characteristic internal subunit structure of ferritin micelles. The uptake of hemoglobin and its subsequent conversion of ferritin within the macrophages and astrocytic processes are discussed at subcellular level in the light of other available studies.", "contents": "Effect of surgical trauma on the endogeneous heme iron in the brain. Paucity of electron-microscopic studies on the fate of endogenous heme iron, released as a result of planned surgery, in the central nervous system warranted the present work. During investigations of neuronal plasticity in the cat, an experimental model, in which the proximal cut end of the vagosympathetic trunk was rerouted into the diencephalon, presented an ideal substrate for studying this problem. At 3 months, the brain tissue containing the implant was processed for light and electron microscopy and histochemistry. Under light microscopy, Prussian-blue-positive, dense cytoplasmic aggregates were visible within the macrophages. The cells were mostly clustered around the junctional area between the central and peripheral nerve elements. Electorn-microscopic findings were highly characteristic and distinguished the macrophages from the surrounding neural elements by their rich content of electron-dense granules. While the latter were mostly scattered as free cytoplasmic particles, large aggregates of the same were also observed inside the lysosomes. Besides, a few inclusions were seen within astrocytic processes, close to the plasma membranes. At higher magnifications, the particles revealed the characteristic internal subunit structure of ferritin micelles. The uptake of hemoglobin and its subsequent conversion of ferritin within the macrophages and astrocytic processes are discussed at subcellular level in the light of other available studies."}
{"id": "PMID:941673", "title": "Histomorphology of the urethral process of the goat (Capra hircus).", "content": "The urethral process of the goat was an extension of the pars spongiosa of the male urethra. The erectile (cavernous) tissue of the urethral process was a continuation of the corpus spongiosum penis. The epithelium lining the urethra was stratified transitional. Two compact fibrocartilaginous strands were embedded in the erectile tissue, which were absent towards the tip of the urethral process. Smooth muscle was absent in the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the urethral process. The tunica mucosa-submucosa was richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves and it may be assumed that the urethral process is a sensory structure. Large cavernous sinuses, within the erectile tissue, were lined by endothelial cells. There was a circular fibroelastic layer enclosing the entire corpus spongiosum penis to withstand expansion of the erectile tissue during erection and copulation. The surface epithelium lining the urethral process was stratified squamous. A few connective tissue papillae were observed evaginating into the surface epithelium.", "contents": "Histomorphology of the urethral process of the goat (Capra hircus). The urethral process of the goat was an extension of the pars spongiosa of the male urethra. The erectile (cavernous) tissue of the urethral process was a continuation of the corpus spongiosum penis. The epithelium lining the urethra was stratified transitional. Two compact fibrocartilaginous strands were embedded in the erectile tissue, which were absent towards the tip of the urethral process. Smooth muscle was absent in the tunica mucosa-submucosa of the urethral process. The tunica mucosa-submucosa was richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves and it may be assumed that the urethral process is a sensory structure. Large cavernous sinuses, within the erectile tissue, were lined by endothelial cells. There was a circular fibroelastic layer enclosing the entire corpus spongiosum penis to withstand expansion of the erectile tissue during erection and copulation. The surface epithelium lining the urethral process was stratified squamous. A few connective tissue papillae were observed evaginating into the surface epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:941674", "title": "Vascular arrangement in the skin of tropical cattle.", "content": "The vascular arrangement in the skin of some tropical breeds of cattle and of temperate cattle in a tropical environment is reported. Four vascular plexuses were observed in the skin of all breeds of cattle studied. The first horizontal plexus was observed between the subcutaneous and reticular layers, the second at mid-reticular layer level, and the third and most prominent at the level of the hair papillae and sweat glands. The fourth plexus arose as a branch from the third, extended upwards to the sebaceous gland and upper hair follicle region and gave off twigs to the dermo-epidermal junction. The sweat glands and hair follicles were profusely supplied with blood vessels. The branches of the fourth plexus extended closer to the epidermis in the tropical breeds than in the Friesian.", "contents": "Vascular arrangement in the skin of tropical cattle. The vascular arrangement in the skin of some tropical breeds of cattle and of temperate cattle in a tropical environment is reported. Four vascular plexuses were observed in the skin of all breeds of cattle studied. The first horizontal plexus was observed between the subcutaneous and reticular layers, the second at mid-reticular layer level, and the third and most prominent at the level of the hair papillae and sweat glands. The fourth plexus arose as a branch from the third, extended upwards to the sebaceous gland and upper hair follicle region and gave off twigs to the dermo-epidermal junction. The sweat glands and hair follicles were profusely supplied with blood vessels. The branches of the fourth plexus extended closer to the epidermis in the tropical breeds than in the Friesian."}
{"id": "PMID:941675", "title": "Development of the secondary palate in man.", "content": "A study of secondary palate formation in man employing histochemical techniques indicates that (1) tongue muscles are sufficiently differentiated at the time of palatal shelf elevation to produce active tongue movements; (2) an embryo with asymmetrically arranged shelves and tongue suggests that the tongue is indeed active at this time; (3) few blood vessels are present beneath the epithelium at fusion sites both before and after fusion has occurred suggesting that this epithelium is not metabolically active; (4) only slight lysosomal enzyme activity is seen in the disintegrating epithelium at the junction of palatal shelves and nasal septum, and (5) macrophages are infrequent near to the disintegrating epithelium and their scarcity is consistent with the prolonged survival of epithelial rests in the midline of the human secondary palate.", "contents": "Development of the secondary palate in man. A study of secondary palate formation in man employing histochemical techniques indicates that (1) tongue muscles are sufficiently differentiated at the time of palatal shelf elevation to produce active tongue movements; (2) an embryo with asymmetrically arranged shelves and tongue suggests that the tongue is indeed active at this time; (3) few blood vessels are present beneath the epithelium at fusion sites both before and after fusion has occurred suggesting that this epithelium is not metabolically active; (4) only slight lysosomal enzyme activity is seen in the disintegrating epithelium at the junction of palatal shelves and nasal septum, and (5) macrophages are infrequent near to the disintegrating epithelium and their scarcity is consistent with the prolonged survival of epithelial rests in the midline of the human secondary palate."}
{"id": "PMID:941676", "title": "The points of nerve entry and the intramuscular nerve branchings in the human muscles of mastication.", "content": "The sites of nerve entry and the intramuscular nerve branchings in the masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles were studied. A total of 55 muscles were taken from eight infants and only one adult subject. It was found that for each of the four muscles of mastication, the nerves entered at a nearly fixed point. The masseter and medial pterygoid have their origin, the temporalis very near to its insertion, the lateral pterygoid midway between its origin and its insertion. The intramuscular nerve branchings were investigated in the four muscles and, according to their relation to the direction of the muscle fibres, three patterns have been recognized. The results obtained were compared with those of other workers on other muscles.", "contents": "The points of nerve entry and the intramuscular nerve branchings in the human muscles of mastication. The sites of nerve entry and the intramuscular nerve branchings in the masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles were studied. A total of 55 muscles were taken from eight infants and only one adult subject. It was found that for each of the four muscles of mastication, the nerves entered at a nearly fixed point. The masseter and medial pterygoid have their origin, the temporalis very near to its insertion, the lateral pterygoid midway between its origin and its insertion. The intramuscular nerve branchings were investigated in the four muscles and, according to their relation to the direction of the muscle fibres, three patterns have been recognized. The results obtained were compared with those of other workers on other muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:941677", "title": "Spinal retroflexion in craniorhachischisis: its classification and limitations.", "content": "Spinal retroflexion has been studied in five stillborn human fetuses having craniorhachischisis. The findings show that retroflexion in this variant of anencephaly can be classified into severe, moderate and mild forms. The three grades can be differentiated from one another by the direction of the face, shape of the mentothoracic junction, extension of hairline on back, radiographic abnormalities of the spine, and the diaphragmatic defects. It is discussed that, though the anencephalies with severe or moderate degree of cervical retroflexion resemble iniencephaly in their features of spinal retroflexion, those having mild retroflexion are contrasted and should not be categorised with iniencephaly. It is suggested that for precision the term \"spinal retroflexion\" should be used after duly prefixing it by an appropriate word (severe, moderate or mild) indicating the degree of retroflexion observed.", "contents": "Spinal retroflexion in craniorhachischisis: its classification and limitations. Spinal retroflexion has been studied in five stillborn human fetuses having craniorhachischisis. The findings show that retroflexion in this variant of anencephaly can be classified into severe, moderate and mild forms. The three grades can be differentiated from one another by the direction of the face, shape of the mentothoracic junction, extension of hairline on back, radiographic abnormalities of the spine, and the diaphragmatic defects. It is discussed that, though the anencephalies with severe or moderate degree of cervical retroflexion resemble iniencephaly in their features of spinal retroflexion, those having mild retroflexion are contrasted and should not be categorised with iniencephaly. It is suggested that for precision the term \"spinal retroflexion\" should be used after duly prefixing it by an appropriate word (severe, moderate or mild) indicating the degree of retroflexion observed."}
{"id": "PMID:941678", "title": "Receptor activity on some mesenchymal cells in CNS of normal rabbits. Indications of the monocytic origin of intracerebral perivascular cells, epiplexus cells and mononuclear phagocytes in the subarachnoid space.", "content": "The surface receptor activity for various cell types within rabbit CNS was investigated. Sheep red blood cells (E) used as markers were washed, sensitized with the IgG-fraction of E-antibodies (EA) or additionally coated with complement (EAC) and incubated with CNS cells. The inhibitory effect produced by the addition of soluble IgG was investigated. Incubation (1 h) with red cells was undertaken in three ways: 1. Rabbit leptomeninx was stripped and incubated. 2. Rabbits were killed, the brain was perfused with warm buffer and red cell complexes were then injected intracerebrally, intrathecally and intraventricularly into the perfused brains. 3. E, EA and EAC were injected intracerebrally, intrathecally and intra-ventricularly into living rabbits. Using these methods, receptor sites for IgG and complement of mononuclear cells from the subarachnoid space, epiplexus cells and perivascular cells from intracerebral vessels could be demonstrated. In other areas of the body, these receptors have been demonstrated using similar methods only on cells from the monocyte-macrophage series. The common derivation of these three cell types from the monocytes as well as their comparable function within the immune response is discussed.", "contents": "Receptor activity on some mesenchymal cells in CNS of normal rabbits. Indications of the monocytic origin of intracerebral perivascular cells, epiplexus cells and mononuclear phagocytes in the subarachnoid space. The surface receptor activity for various cell types within rabbit CNS was investigated. Sheep red blood cells (E) used as markers were washed, sensitized with the IgG-fraction of E-antibodies (EA) or additionally coated with complement (EAC) and incubated with CNS cells. The inhibitory effect produced by the addition of soluble IgG was investigated. Incubation (1 h) with red cells was undertaken in three ways: 1. Rabbit leptomeninx was stripped and incubated. 2. Rabbits were killed, the brain was perfused with warm buffer and red cell complexes were then injected intracerebrally, intrathecally and intraventricularly into the perfused brains. 3. E, EA and EAC were injected intracerebrally, intrathecally and intra-ventricularly into living rabbits. Using these methods, receptor sites for IgG and complement of mononuclear cells from the subarachnoid space, epiplexus cells and perivascular cells from intracerebral vessels could be demonstrated. In other areas of the body, these receptors have been demonstrated using similar methods only on cells from the monocyte-macrophage series. The common derivation of these three cell types from the monocytes as well as their comparable function within the immune response is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941679", "title": "Electron microscopy of postmortem autolysis of rat muscle tissue.", "content": "To define the progression of ultrastructural changes in normal muscle at post mortem, rat gastrocnemius muscles were studied at various times after storage at +4 degrees C and +22 degrees C. Degeneration of the I-zone (discoid necrosis) and membranous bodies were found to be similar to that seen in muscle diseases, and lamellar formations were seen in mitochondria. At +4 degrees C there was contraction of the sarcomere which vanished in 12 h and inter-filamentous oedema appeared. Z-line degeneration was seen at 24 h and at 4 days all Z-lines had disappeared, and the H-zone showed darkening. In the same samples collapse or ruptures of the I band were seen. At 8 days the H-zones and M-lines were still discernible. In the early stages the mitochondria showed swelling and loss of matrix granules, while later they showed broken cristae and outer membranes, and flocculent densities. At 4 days rearrangement of the cristal material into long pentalaminar \"needles\" was seen in a few mitochondria. At 4 and 8 days membranous bodies were seen and the T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum showed ruptures and disintegration into vesicles. The nucleus showed increasing condensation of chromatin at the periphery and clearing of the center. Polysomes and glycogen were reduced at 2 h, and has practically vanished at 24 h. At 22 degrees C the changes were the same but appeared about 4 times as quickly as at +4 degrees C.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of postmortem autolysis of rat muscle tissue. To define the progression of ultrastructural changes in normal muscle at post mortem, rat gastrocnemius muscles were studied at various times after storage at +4 degrees C and +22 degrees C. Degeneration of the I-zone (discoid necrosis) and membranous bodies were found to be similar to that seen in muscle diseases, and lamellar formations were seen in mitochondria. At +4 degrees C there was contraction of the sarcomere which vanished in 12 h and inter-filamentous oedema appeared. Z-line degeneration was seen at 24 h and at 4 days all Z-lines had disappeared, and the H-zone showed darkening. In the same samples collapse or ruptures of the I band were seen. At 8 days the H-zones and M-lines were still discernible. In the early stages the mitochondria showed swelling and loss of matrix granules, while later they showed broken cristae and outer membranes, and flocculent densities. At 4 days rearrangement of the cristal material into long pentalaminar \"needles\" was seen in a few mitochondria. At 4 and 8 days membranous bodies were seen and the T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum showed ruptures and disintegration into vesicles. The nucleus showed increasing condensation of chromatin at the periphery and clearing of the center. Polysomes and glycogen were reduced at 2 h, and has practically vanished at 24 h. At 22 degrees C the changes were the same but appeared about 4 times as quickly as at +4 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:941680", "title": "An autopsy case of the \"demyelinating type\" of Wilson's disease.", "content": "A 17 year-old male, who was mentally and bodily retarded from the age of 7 years. At the age of 16 years, several neurological signs appeared. Pathologically, there was widespread myelin loss and tissue sponginess in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, bilaterally and symmetrically. A great many Alzheimer type II glia and Opalski glia were widely distributed in the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Despite severe destruction of the white matter, mesenchymal and gliofibre proliferation were not noticed. In the liver, Laennec's cirrhosis and a great many copper granules in the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells were identified. From the above mentioned findings the present case, being a new type, could be called \"Demyelinating type of Wilson's disease\".", "contents": "An autopsy case of the \"demyelinating type\" of Wilson's disease. A 17 year-old male, who was mentally and bodily retarded from the age of 7 years. At the age of 16 years, several neurological signs appeared. Pathologically, there was widespread myelin loss and tissue sponginess in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum, bilaterally and symmetrically. A great many Alzheimer type II glia and Opalski glia were widely distributed in the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Despite severe destruction of the white matter, mesenchymal and gliofibre proliferation were not noticed. In the liver, Laennec's cirrhosis and a great many copper granules in the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells were identified. From the above mentioned findings the present case, being a new type, could be called \"Demyelinating type of Wilson's disease\"."}
{"id": "PMID:941681", "title": "Experimental pineocytoma of the Syrian hamster induced by a human papovavirus (JC). A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The gross, light and electron microscopic features of a pineocytoma of the Syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) which had been induced by a human oncogenic virus (JC papovavirus) have been defined. For comparison, adult hamster pineal tissue was studied, and the literature was consulted in regard to other pineal parenchymal tumors, and to pineal cell differentiation during ontogeny and phylogeny. Many differentiated tumor cells contained organelles, such as vesicle-crowned lamellae (synaptic ribbons) and microtubular sheaves, as consistent with adult hamster pineocytes. Some cells showed rudimentary photoreceptor-like differentiation as consistent with fetal hamster pineocytes and with cells seen in the pineal systems of some lower vertebrate species. Such tumor cells had lumen-directed specialized cytoplasmic extensions which, by their richness in mitochondria and presence of centrioles and striated rootlets, resembled inner segments. Extending 9+0 cilia were accompanied by occasional lamellar whorls. Oncogenesis seems to have simulated different stages of hamster pineal ontogeny. This observation would support the theory that the secretory mammalian pineocyte derived phylogenetically from the true photoreceptor cell of the pineal system of fishes and amphibians. The possible influences of host and of virus in the accomplishment of tumor morphology were discussed. This tumor differed considerably in pattern and cell detail from the only other pineocytoma studied previously by electron microscopy. It is the first experimentally induced pineocytoma.", "contents": "Experimental pineocytoma of the Syrian hamster induced by a human papovavirus (JC). A light and electron microscopic study. The gross, light and electron microscopic features of a pineocytoma of the Syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) which had been induced by a human oncogenic virus (JC papovavirus) have been defined. For comparison, adult hamster pineal tissue was studied, and the literature was consulted in regard to other pineal parenchymal tumors, and to pineal cell differentiation during ontogeny and phylogeny. Many differentiated tumor cells contained organelles, such as vesicle-crowned lamellae (synaptic ribbons) and microtubular sheaves, as consistent with adult hamster pineocytes. Some cells showed rudimentary photoreceptor-like differentiation as consistent with fetal hamster pineocytes and with cells seen in the pineal systems of some lower vertebrate species. Such tumor cells had lumen-directed specialized cytoplasmic extensions which, by their richness in mitochondria and presence of centrioles and striated rootlets, resembled inner segments. Extending 9+0 cilia were accompanied by occasional lamellar whorls. Oncogenesis seems to have simulated different stages of hamster pineal ontogeny. This observation would support the theory that the secretory mammalian pineocyte derived phylogenetically from the true photoreceptor cell of the pineal system of fishes and amphibians. The possible influences of host and of virus in the accomplishment of tumor morphology were discussed. This tumor differed considerably in pattern and cell detail from the only other pineocytoma studied previously by electron microscopy. It is the first experimentally induced pineocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:941682", "title": "Virus-like particles in human pinealoma.", "content": "Virus-like particles were seen in the tumour cells of a pinealoma in a male of 18 years. The particles were dense, spherical or hexagonal in shape, and 100-130 nm in size. They were found in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus. They occurred in aggregates or in isolation. They tended to form rows or circles. These particles may be viral in nature, and of one of the herpes-, leuro- or arena-groups, especially when judged from their size. However, greater certainty as to their nature is impossible from the morphological evidence.", "contents": "Virus-like particles in human pinealoma. Virus-like particles were seen in the tumour cells of a pinealoma in a male of 18 years. The particles were dense, spherical or hexagonal in shape, and 100-130 nm in size. They were found in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus. They occurred in aggregates or in isolation. They tended to form rows or circles. These particles may be viral in nature, and of one of the herpes-, leuro- or arena-groups, especially when judged from their size. However, greater certainty as to their nature is impossible from the morphological evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:941683", "title": "Effect of bilateral lesions of the solitary tract nucleus on arterial blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats of Okamoto strain.", "content": "Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the solitary tract nucleus in control Wistar albino rats as well as in Okamoto rats with spontaneous arterial hypertension caused a considerable rise in the arterial blood pressure. Quantitative comparison of blood pressure rise in normotensive and hypertensive rats demonstrated that the rise in the systolic and mean blood pressure was not significantly different in both groups of animals. However, the rats with spontaneous hypertension reacted, with a greater rise in the diastolic pressure. A characteristic feature observed in the normotensive rats was a high rise in pulse pressure following lesion of the solitary tract nucleus while in the rats with spontaneous hypertension this change was not found. The authors conclude that increased peripheral vascular resistance in the rats with spontaneous hypertension is not due to inhibition or resetting of the baroreceptor reflex.", "contents": "Effect of bilateral lesions of the solitary tract nucleus on arterial blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats of Okamoto strain. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the solitary tract nucleus in control Wistar albino rats as well as in Okamoto rats with spontaneous arterial hypertension caused a considerable rise in the arterial blood pressure. Quantitative comparison of blood pressure rise in normotensive and hypertensive rats demonstrated that the rise in the systolic and mean blood pressure was not significantly different in both groups of animals. However, the rats with spontaneous hypertension reacted, with a greater rise in the diastolic pressure. A characteristic feature observed in the normotensive rats was a high rise in pulse pressure following lesion of the solitary tract nucleus while in the rats with spontaneous hypertension this change was not found. The authors conclude that increased peripheral vascular resistance in the rats with spontaneous hypertension is not due to inhibition or resetting of the baroreceptor reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:941684", "title": "The effects of CO2 on the components of breathing pattern.", "content": "Experiments were performed on 12 rabbits in 4 experimental groups: A. breathing spontaneously; B. nonparalysed and ventilated by means of a pump driven by the integrated phrenic nerve activity; C. paralysed and ventilated as mentioned above; D. like in the group C, but subjected to bilateral vagotomy. The relationships were investigated between the chosen basic parameters describing the rhythm and depth of respiration in steady states during exposure to hypercapnic mixtures. A high correlation was found between the amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve activity and the time of inspiration which is modified by the afferent activities from the lungs and thorax TI and TE seem to be controlled by different mechanisms, and the contribution of TE to the control of the cycle duration is greater than that of TI.", "contents": "The effects of CO2 on the components of breathing pattern. Experiments were performed on 12 rabbits in 4 experimental groups: A. breathing spontaneously; B. nonparalysed and ventilated by means of a pump driven by the integrated phrenic nerve activity; C. paralysed and ventilated as mentioned above; D. like in the group C, but subjected to bilateral vagotomy. The relationships were investigated between the chosen basic parameters describing the rhythm and depth of respiration in steady states during exposure to hypercapnic mixtures. A high correlation was found between the amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve activity and the time of inspiration which is modified by the afferent activities from the lungs and thorax TI and TE seem to be controlled by different mechanisms, and the contribution of TE to the control of the cycle duration is greater than that of TI."}
{"id": "PMID:941685", "title": "Influence of acetylcholine on intracellular distribution of calcium antimonate in the guinea pig atria.", "content": "Isometric contractions and cellular action potentials (A.P.) of isolated left atria of guinea pig hearts were recorded. The preparations were exposed to acetylcholine (ACh 1X10(-6) M), rapidly fixed at various functional states with 1% osmium tetroxide in 2% potassium antimonate and inspected with electron microscope. In the atria fixed at a constant stimulation rate of 90/min, calcium precipitates formed dense lines across the I bands of sarcomeres and were dispersed over A bands and mitochondria. They disappeared completely or almost completely from the atria perfused with calcium-free and containing EDTA or EGTA solutions. Precipitates were strikingly depleted in all locations in the atria treated with ACh at constant stimulation rate (which developed inotropic effect). ACh did not reduce relative density of precipitates in the resting atria. If stimulated, they developed only slightly diminished post-rest contraction. The relevance of these findings to the excitation-contraction coupling and to the mechanism of negative inotropic effect of ACh is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of acetylcholine on intracellular distribution of calcium antimonate in the guinea pig atria. Isometric contractions and cellular action potentials (A.P.) of isolated left atria of guinea pig hearts were recorded. The preparations were exposed to acetylcholine (ACh 1X10(-6) M), rapidly fixed at various functional states with 1% osmium tetroxide in 2% potassium antimonate and inspected with electron microscope. In the atria fixed at a constant stimulation rate of 90/min, calcium precipitates formed dense lines across the I bands of sarcomeres and were dispersed over A bands and mitochondria. They disappeared completely or almost completely from the atria perfused with calcium-free and containing EDTA or EGTA solutions. Precipitates were strikingly depleted in all locations in the atria treated with ACh at constant stimulation rate (which developed inotropic effect). ACh did not reduce relative density of precipitates in the resting atria. If stimulated, they developed only slightly diminished post-rest contraction. The relevance of these findings to the excitation-contraction coupling and to the mechanism of negative inotropic effect of ACh is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941686", "title": "Cardiodepressor and vasodepressor activities of partially purified bovine hypothalamic extract.", "content": "About 2000 bovine hypothalami were homogenized, extracted, purified and three times filtrated on Sephadex G - 25 column. During the first and second filtration the fractions with vasodepressor activity were collected for further purification. During the third filtration about 40 fractions possessing vasodepressor activity were found. The fractions emerging before vasopressin decreased the arterial blood pressure and induced transient bradycardia in rats. The results indicate that some fractions of hypothalamic extract produce vasodepressor response by vasodilatation only and the other ones by simultaneous vasodilatation and heart rate decrease.", "contents": "Cardiodepressor and vasodepressor activities of partially purified bovine hypothalamic extract. About 2000 bovine hypothalami were homogenized, extracted, purified and three times filtrated on Sephadex G - 25 column. During the first and second filtration the fractions with vasodepressor activity were collected for further purification. During the third filtration about 40 fractions possessing vasodepressor activity were found. The fractions emerging before vasopressin decreased the arterial blood pressure and induced transient bradycardia in rats. The results indicate that some fractions of hypothalamic extract produce vasodepressor response by vasodilatation only and the other ones by simultaneous vasodilatation and heart rate decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:941689", "title": "The effect of prolonged ethanol administration and its withdrawal on catecholamine turnover in the rat brain.", "content": "Dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels and their turnover were determined in the rat brain after seven weeks of oral administration of ethanol and five or ten days after its withdrawal. No changes in DA and NA levels were found. Elevation of 14C-DA and 14C-NA accumulation and acceleration of 3H-DA disappearance were shown after prolonged ethanol administration. The effect of ethanol on NA turnover was much smaller than that on DA turnover. Five days after ethanol withdrawal no changes were found in DA and NA turnover. Five days later DA turnover was slightly slower than that in the control animals.", "contents": "The effect of prolonged ethanol administration and its withdrawal on catecholamine turnover in the rat brain. Dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels and their turnover were determined in the rat brain after seven weeks of oral administration of ethanol and five or ten days after its withdrawal. No changes in DA and NA levels were found. Elevation of 14C-DA and 14C-NA accumulation and acceleration of 3H-DA disappearance were shown after prolonged ethanol administration. The effect of ethanol on NA turnover was much smaller than that on DA turnover. Five days after ethanol withdrawal no changes were found in DA and NA turnover. Five days later DA turnover was slightly slower than that in the control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:941687", "title": "Turnover of catecholamines in some regions of the rat brain during prolonged vasopressin administration and after its withdrawal.", "content": "Turnover of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in some regions of the rat brain was determined after 1 and 3 weeks of daily injections of lysine vasopressin (LVP) and 2 weeks after the termination of 28-day LVP injections. Disappearance of 3H-DA was estimated in the hemispheres, brain stem and striatum and of 3H-NA in the hemispheres and brain stem after intraventricular injection of 3H-tyrosine. A significant acceleration of 3H-NA disappearance from the hemispheres was found in all the experimental animals and from the brain stem 3 weeks after LVP adminstration and 2 weeks after its withdrawal. No marked changes in dopamine turnover in the examined regions of the rat brain were found. Since prolonged vasopressin administration produces hypertension in the rat it seems likely that central NA, but not DA, plays a role in the vasopressin-induced hypertension.", "contents": "Turnover of catecholamines in some regions of the rat brain during prolonged vasopressin administration and after its withdrawal. Turnover of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in some regions of the rat brain was determined after 1 and 3 weeks of daily injections of lysine vasopressin (LVP) and 2 weeks after the termination of 28-day LVP injections. Disappearance of 3H-DA was estimated in the hemispheres, brain stem and striatum and of 3H-NA in the hemispheres and brain stem after intraventricular injection of 3H-tyrosine. A significant acceleration of 3H-NA disappearance from the hemispheres was found in all the experimental animals and from the brain stem 3 weeks after LVP adminstration and 2 weeks after its withdrawal. No marked changes in dopamine turnover in the examined regions of the rat brain were found. Since prolonged vasopressin administration produces hypertension in the rat it seems likely that central NA, but not DA, plays a role in the vasopressin-induced hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:941688", "title": "The effect of noradrenaline and acetylcholine on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl.", "content": "The effect of naredrenaline and acetylcholine on the blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level in hens as well as the effect of reserpine and atropine on the release of this hormone following the intravenous injection of hypertonic NaCl solution were investigated. It was dound that noradrenaline causes a decrease in blood AVT level in contrast to acetylcholine. Reserpine itself caused a rise in the blood AVT level; the effect was also found after administration of hypertonic solution. Atropine had no effect on the blood AVT level, but inhibited the AVT release following the adminstration of hypertonic Nacl solution.", "contents": "The effect of noradrenaline and acetylcholine on blood arginine vasotocin level in the domestic fowl. The effect of naredrenaline and acetylcholine on the blood arginine vasotocin (AVT) level in hens as well as the effect of reserpine and atropine on the release of this hormone following the intravenous injection of hypertonic NaCl solution were investigated. It was dound that noradrenaline causes a decrease in blood AVT level in contrast to acetylcholine. Reserpine itself caused a rise in the blood AVT level; the effect was also found after administration of hypertonic solution. Atropine had no effect on the blood AVT level, but inhibited the AVT release following the adminstration of hypertonic Nacl solution."}
{"id": "PMID:941690", "title": "Influence of erythropoiesis stimulation on 54Mn distribution in rats.", "content": "The experiments were carried out on animals in which erythropoiesis was stimulated. The rats were anaemized by blood letting or they received subcutaneous injections of erythropoietic filtrate of anaemized sheep plasma. The investigations demonstrated that enhanced 54Mn incorporation into the erytrocytes and bone marrow is induced by stimulation of the erythropoiesis process, whereas the raised 54Mn level in the plasma of anaemized rats is associated with blood loss and not with erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Influence of erythropoiesis stimulation on 54Mn distribution in rats. The experiments were carried out on animals in which erythropoiesis was stimulated. The rats were anaemized by blood letting or they received subcutaneous injections of erythropoietic filtrate of anaemized sheep plasma. The investigations demonstrated that enhanced 54Mn incorporation into the erytrocytes and bone marrow is induced by stimulation of the erythropoiesis process, whereas the raised 54Mn level in the plasma of anaemized rats is associated with blood loss and not with erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:941691", "title": "The effect of physical exercise on 2,3-diphosphoglyceride (2,3-DPG) concentration in erythrocytes.", "content": "Concentration of 2,3-DPG was determined in erythrocytes of 30 young cyclists at rest, immediately after a strenuous physical exercise on a bicyle- ergometer, and then in 30th min rest following the exercise. It was found that exercise changes the concentration of 2,3-DPG in the erythrocytes and the trends of these changes were different depending on endurance of the subjects examined. In the subjects with higher endurance a tendency was observed for decreasing concentration of 2,3-DPG immendiately after the exercise with a futher significant fall after a 30 min rest. On the other hand, in the subjects with lower endurance the erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentration rose after the exercise and returned to its initial value at 30 min of rest.", "contents": "The effect of physical exercise on 2,3-diphosphoglyceride (2,3-DPG) concentration in erythrocytes. Concentration of 2,3-DPG was determined in erythrocytes of 30 young cyclists at rest, immediately after a strenuous physical exercise on a bicyle- ergometer, and then in 30th min rest following the exercise. It was found that exercise changes the concentration of 2,3-DPG in the erythrocytes and the trends of these changes were different depending on endurance of the subjects examined. In the subjects with higher endurance a tendency was observed for decreasing concentration of 2,3-DPG immendiately after the exercise with a futher significant fall after a 30 min rest. On the other hand, in the subjects with lower endurance the erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentration rose after the exercise and returned to its initial value at 30 min of rest."}
{"id": "PMID:941710", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and oxidative brain metabolism during and after moderate and profound arterial hypoxaemia.", "content": "In anaesthetized artificially ventilated dogs, the effect of graded arterial hypoxaemia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and on the oxidative carbohydrate metabolism of the brain was tested. It is shown that the hypoxic vasodilatory influence on cerebral vessels is present even at moderate systemic hypoxaemia, provide that PaCO2 is kept within normal limits. At PaO2 of about 50 Torr, CBF increased from 56.6 to 89.7 ml/100g/min. With increasing cerebral hyperamia (CBF increased to 110.9 ml/100g/min, at PaO2 of 30 Torr), CMRO2 (4.2 ml/100g/min) was not significantly raised above its normal level (4.7 ml/100g/min) even with profound arterial hypoxaemia. This shows that CMRO2 levels are poor indices of hypoxic hypoxia. A disproportionately high increase in cerebral glucose uptake (CMR glucose levels rose from 4.4 to 10.4 mg/100g/min) and enhanced cerebral glycolysis (CMR lactate changed from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/100g/min) at moderately reduced PaO2 (50 Torr) indicated early metabolic changes which became more marked with further falls in arterial oxygen tension. However, 60 minutes after restoration of a normal PaO2 level, CBF and brain metabolism were found to have completely recovered. It is concluded that a short period of profound systemic hypoxaemia does not produce long lasting metabolic and circulatory disorders of the brain provided the cerebral perfusion pressure does not vary, and is kept at normal levels.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and oxidative brain metabolism during and after moderate and profound arterial hypoxaemia. In anaesthetized artificially ventilated dogs, the effect of graded arterial hypoxaemia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and on the oxidative carbohydrate metabolism of the brain was tested. It is shown that the hypoxic vasodilatory influence on cerebral vessels is present even at moderate systemic hypoxaemia, provide that PaCO2 is kept within normal limits. At PaO2 of about 50 Torr, CBF increased from 56.6 to 89.7 ml/100g/min. With increasing cerebral hyperamia (CBF increased to 110.9 ml/100g/min, at PaO2 of 30 Torr), CMRO2 (4.2 ml/100g/min) was not significantly raised above its normal level (4.7 ml/100g/min) even with profound arterial hypoxaemia. This shows that CMRO2 levels are poor indices of hypoxic hypoxia. A disproportionately high increase in cerebral glucose uptake (CMR glucose levels rose from 4.4 to 10.4 mg/100g/min) and enhanced cerebral glycolysis (CMR lactate changed from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/100g/min) at moderately reduced PaO2 (50 Torr) indicated early metabolic changes which became more marked with further falls in arterial oxygen tension. However, 60 minutes after restoration of a normal PaO2 level, CBF and brain metabolism were found to have completely recovered. It is concluded that a short period of profound systemic hypoxaemia does not produce long lasting metabolic and circulatory disorders of the brain provided the cerebral perfusion pressure does not vary, and is kept at normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:941711", "title": "Partial transtentorial displacement of the cerebellum and the brain stem in hydrocephalus-a primary condition or a result of treatment?", "content": "Two cases of upward displacement of parts of the brain stem and the cerebellum are discussed. In both cases shunts for a hydrocephalus had been operating for a long time (three and a half years in one and seven months in the other). One infant had a meningomyelocele but no complete Arnold-Chiari malformation. The cause of the hydrocephalus in the other case was doubtful, but was thought to be transtentorial displacement of the brain stem and the cerebellum causing traction on the pons and consequent meningeal fibrosis with obstruction of the cisterna pontis. In this case osseous hypoplasia of the posterior fossa was excluded by craniometry, so the upward displacement must have been due to hypoplasia of the tentorium cerebelli and its low attachment to the occiput, bringingg about a narrowing of the infratentorial space. The authors believe the condition to be a primary malformation, and reject the hypothesis of secondary herniation following long standing supratentorial decompression. The concept of a primary malformation is supported by previous descriptions of the condition in cases with spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus without shunting, as well as by other features in the cases which have been recorded.", "contents": "Partial transtentorial displacement of the cerebellum and the brain stem in hydrocephalus-a primary condition or a result of treatment? Two cases of upward displacement of parts of the brain stem and the cerebellum are discussed. In both cases shunts for a hydrocephalus had been operating for a long time (three and a half years in one and seven months in the other). One infant had a meningomyelocele but no complete Arnold-Chiari malformation. The cause of the hydrocephalus in the other case was doubtful, but was thought to be transtentorial displacement of the brain stem and the cerebellum causing traction on the pons and consequent meningeal fibrosis with obstruction of the cisterna pontis. In this case osseous hypoplasia of the posterior fossa was excluded by craniometry, so the upward displacement must have been due to hypoplasia of the tentorium cerebelli and its low attachment to the occiput, bringingg about a narrowing of the infratentorial space. The authors believe the condition to be a primary malformation, and reject the hypothesis of secondary herniation following long standing supratentorial decompression. The concept of a primary malformation is supported by previous descriptions of the condition in cases with spina bifida, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus without shunting, as well as by other features in the cases which have been recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:941712", "title": "A new technique for accurate placing of the tip of the atrial catheter in ventriculo-atrial shunt operations for hydrocephalus.", "content": "A new method for accurate positioning of the tip of the atrial catheter in the middle of the right atrium in ventriculoatrial shunt operations is described. The correct length of the catheter is obtained from a consideration of the surface anatomy of the heart in each patient. The position of the tip of the catheter was checked by postoperative chest radiographs in postero-anterior and lateral views. The technique was used in 50 cases of hydrocephalus in which ventriculoatrial shunts were performed. The approach is simple and reliable, and is useful not only for elective operations but also in emergency situations where specialized monitoring equipment is not readily available.", "contents": "A new technique for accurate placing of the tip of the atrial catheter in ventriculo-atrial shunt operations for hydrocephalus. A new method for accurate positioning of the tip of the atrial catheter in the middle of the right atrium in ventriculoatrial shunt operations is described. The correct length of the catheter is obtained from a consideration of the surface anatomy of the heart in each patient. The position of the tip of the catheter was checked by postoperative chest radiographs in postero-anterior and lateral views. The technique was used in 50 cases of hydrocephalus in which ventriculoatrial shunts were performed. The approach is simple and reliable, and is useful not only for elective operations but also in emergency situations where specialized monitoring equipment is not readily available."}
{"id": "PMID:941713", "title": "Temporary external valve drainage in hydrocephalus with increased ventricular fluid pressure. (Experiences with 202 cases). (Experiences with 202 cases).", "content": "When the ventricular fluid pressure has reached a level of 120 to 150 mm H2O, there is a risk of rapid internal herniation. The effects of corticoids and hyperosmolar drugs on this are not as striking as they are on brain oedema. The only efficient therapy is the establishment of an external ventricular drainage system proposed for the first time in 1941 by Ingraham and Campbell and regulated with a valve system by White et al. 1967. From our experience of 202 cases we review the technique, the indications, and the complications of ED.", "contents": "Temporary external valve drainage in hydrocephalus with increased ventricular fluid pressure. (Experiences with 202 cases). (Experiences with 202 cases). When the ventricular fluid pressure has reached a level of 120 to 150 mm H2O, there is a risk of rapid internal herniation. The effects of corticoids and hyperosmolar drugs on this are not as striking as they are on brain oedema. The only efficient therapy is the establishment of an external ventricular drainage system proposed for the first time in 1941 by Ingraham and Campbell and regulated with a valve system by White et al. 1967. From our experience of 202 cases we review the technique, the indications, and the complications of ED."}
{"id": "PMID:941714", "title": "[Unilateral hydrocephalus due to membranous occlusions of the foramen of Monro (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of dilatation of the right lateral ventricle due to membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro is reported. A child aged two and a half years developed raised intracranial pressure together with disturbed consciousness, but other neurological defect, two months after after an attack of bilateral broncopneumonia. The preoperative diagnosis of occlusion of the right foramen of Monro by infiltrating tumour was made angiographically. At operation the obstruction was found to be due to a membrane. The septum lucidum was fenestrated and a ventriculoatrial shunt was inserted. After a year the shunt was removed. Twenty eight cases of unilateral hydrocephalus due to nontumorous occlusion of the foramen of Monro have been reviewed, and the aetiologies have been discussed. Clinical picture and diagnostic procedures are reviewed. The authors discuss surgical treatment, and lay stress on fenestration of the septum lucidum.", "contents": "[Unilateral hydrocephalus due to membranous occlusions of the foramen of Monro (author's transl)]. A case of dilatation of the right lateral ventricle due to membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro is reported. A child aged two and a half years developed raised intracranial pressure together with disturbed consciousness, but other neurological defect, two months after after an attack of bilateral broncopneumonia. The preoperative diagnosis of occlusion of the right foramen of Monro by infiltrating tumour was made angiographically. At operation the obstruction was found to be due to a membrane. The septum lucidum was fenestrated and a ventriculoatrial shunt was inserted. After a year the shunt was removed. Twenty eight cases of unilateral hydrocephalus due to nontumorous occlusion of the foramen of Monro have been reviewed, and the aetiologies have been discussed. Clinical picture and diagnostic procedures are reviewed. The authors discuss surgical treatment, and lay stress on fenestration of the septum lucidum."}
{"id": "PMID:941715", "title": "Multiflanged ventricular Portnoy catheter for hydrocephalus shunts.", "content": "In 77 patients with hydrocephalus the Portnoy ventricular catheter was incorporated in ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Occlusion of the catheter by brain debris was avoided and the number of choroid plexus obstructions was reasonable low (5%). The flanges of the catheter cannot prevent the catheter from being pushed into the brain parenchyma. The ideal ventricular catheter has not yet been found, but the multiflanged Portnoy catheter seems to be the best at present.", "contents": "Multiflanged ventricular Portnoy catheter for hydrocephalus shunts. In 77 patients with hydrocephalus the Portnoy ventricular catheter was incorporated in ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Occlusion of the catheter by brain debris was avoided and the number of choroid plexus obstructions was reasonable low (5%). The flanges of the catheter cannot prevent the catheter from being pushed into the brain parenchyma. The ideal ventricular catheter has not yet been found, but the multiflanged Portnoy catheter seems to be the best at present."}
{"id": "PMID:941716", "title": "Brain abscess and congenital heart disease.", "content": "The clinical features and management of 18 patients with congenital heart disease and a brain abscess are reviewed. Except for one patient all had cyanosis. All abscesses were large, containing at least 50-60 ml of pus, and mostly unilocular. Bilocular and multilocular abscesses were also encountered. The organisms cultured from the pus had little relation to the mortality. Tapping may be the final investigation, and is also the treatment of choice. The high mortality (50%) is attributed to the delay in referral of these patients to a neurosurgical unit.", "contents": "Brain abscess and congenital heart disease. The clinical features and management of 18 patients with congenital heart disease and a brain abscess are reviewed. Except for one patient all had cyanosis. All abscesses were large, containing at least 50-60 ml of pus, and mostly unilocular. Bilocular and multilocular abscesses were also encountered. The organisms cultured from the pus had little relation to the mortality. Tapping may be the final investigation, and is also the treatment of choice. The high mortality (50%) is attributed to the delay in referral of these patients to a neurosurgical unit."}
{"id": "PMID:941717", "title": "Influence of laminectomy on the course of cervical myelopathy.", "content": "The pathogenesis of cervical myelopathy resulting from cervical spondylarthrosis seems to be the result of intermittent compression of the cervical cord and its feeding arteries. In the literature proof is given that both factors play an important role. By laminectomy or ventral fusion a regression of the neurological disability can be obtained. In our series of 75 patients there was no significant difference in the results obtained by either partial or total laminectomy. In all our cases there was a narrowing of the sagittal spinal diameter.", "contents": "Influence of laminectomy on the course of cervical myelopathy. The pathogenesis of cervical myelopathy resulting from cervical spondylarthrosis seems to be the result of intermittent compression of the cervical cord and its feeding arteries. In the literature proof is given that both factors play an important role. By laminectomy or ventral fusion a regression of the neurological disability can be obtained. In our series of 75 patients there was no significant difference in the results obtained by either partial or total laminectomy. In all our cases there was a narrowing of the sagittal spinal diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:941718", "title": "Spinal endodermal cysts without associated vertebral or other congenital abnormalities. Report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of spinal cysts lined by simple columnar epithelium of endodermal origin, without associated vertebral or other congenital anomalies, are reported. Pathology, pathogenesis and nomenclature of such cysts are discussed. Misplacement of endodermal cells is though to be the common developmental error leading to the formation of such cysts, as well as of those replicating intestinal wall or containing other endodermal derivatives such as bronchial tissue.", "contents": "Spinal endodermal cysts without associated vertebral or other congenital abnormalities. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Four cases of spinal cysts lined by simple columnar epithelium of endodermal origin, without associated vertebral or other congenital anomalies, are reported. Pathology, pathogenesis and nomenclature of such cysts are discussed. Misplacement of endodermal cells is though to be the common developmental error leading to the formation of such cysts, as well as of those replicating intestinal wall or containing other endodermal derivatives such as bronchial tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:941719", "title": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina. A case report.", "content": "One further case of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina is described, and a review of eleven comparable cases in the literature is provided. In the authors' opinion, this disease appears to be a congenital anomaly, frequently but not necessarily associated with spinal changes.", "contents": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina. A case report. One further case of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina is described, and a review of eleven comparable cases in the literature is provided. In the authors' opinion, this disease appears to be a congenital anomaly, frequently but not necessarily associated with spinal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:941720", "title": "Spasm of the ophthalmic artery in a case of posttraumatic amaurosis. Case report.", "content": "An extensive and segmental spasm of the ophthalmic artery has been demonstrated angiographically a few hours after a car accident in a case with posttraumatic amaurosis. The possibility of a correlation between ophthalmic artery spasm and posttraumatic amaurosis has been discussed.", "contents": "Spasm of the ophthalmic artery in a case of posttraumatic amaurosis. Case report. An extensive and segmental spasm of the ophthalmic artery has been demonstrated angiographically a few hours after a car accident in a case with posttraumatic amaurosis. The possibility of a correlation between ophthalmic artery spasm and posttraumatic amaurosis has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941721", "title": "Internal carotid artery occlusion due to intraoral trauma. Case report.", "content": "Traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery following soft palate injury in a 3 1/2 year old boy is reported. Prominent collateral circulation through the circle of Willis and the orbit was a good prognostic sign. The problem of traumatic carotid thrombosis is of considerable practical importance in differential diagnosis from intracranial haematoma.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery occlusion due to intraoral trauma. Case report. Traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery following soft palate injury in a 3 1/2 year old boy is reported. Prominent collateral circulation through the circle of Willis and the orbit was a good prognostic sign. The problem of traumatic carotid thrombosis is of considerable practical importance in differential diagnosis from intracranial haematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:941747", "title": "Possible role of insulin in the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain.", "content": "The administration of insulin or the ingestion of glucose increases the concentration of tryptophan and tyrosine in the brain. This increase is associated with a parallel decrease in the concentration of free tryptophan and tyrosine in serum. The results suggest that insulin enhances the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain. The results, moreover, suggest that exogenous or endogenous insulin enhances the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain.", "contents": "Possible role of insulin in the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain. The administration of insulin or the ingestion of glucose increases the concentration of tryptophan and tyrosine in the brain. This increase is associated with a parallel decrease in the concentration of free tryptophan and tyrosine in serum. The results suggest that insulin enhances the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain. The results, moreover, suggest that exogenous or endogenous insulin enhances the transport of tyrosine and tryptophan from blood to brain."}
{"id": "PMID:941765", "title": "Dystonia in the black and Puerto Rican population.", "content": "Dystonia among Black and Puerto Rican patients has been reported  to be a rare occurrence. Two such patients have been presented. An attempt was made to discover other cases by utilizing a mail survey. This has documented the rarity of dystonia in those ethnic groups.", "contents": "Dystonia in the black and Puerto Rican population. Dystonia among Black and Puerto Rican patients has been reported  to be a rare occurrence. Two such patients have been presented. An attempt was made to discover other cases by utilizing a mail survey. This has documented the rarity of dystonia in those ethnic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:941766", "title": "Dystonia in Spain: study of a Gypsy family and general survey.", "content": "A girl from a Spanish Gypsy family developed idiopathic torsion dystonia when 12 years old. Parents were first cousins and both the pattern of clinical involvement and the rate of progression corresponded to that usually found in the autosomal recessive form of the disorder. Serum dopamin-beta-hydroxylase activity in the patient and close family members were also in keeping with this hereditary form. A nationwide inquiry failed to detect further cases of torsion dystonia among Gypsies, but revealed a relatively large number of recessively inherited disorders of the nervous system in this inbred, genetically isolated population. Thirty-six additional cases of torsion dystonia were collected from the general Spanish population, including four with a family history for this condition. The gene responsible for the recessive illness appears to be rare in many countries, explaining the sporadic nature of the disorder and its eventual appearance only in genetic isolates or after consanguineous  matings.", "contents": "Dystonia in Spain: study of a Gypsy family and general survey. A girl from a Spanish Gypsy family developed idiopathic torsion dystonia when 12 years old. Parents were first cousins and both the pattern of clinical involvement and the rate of progression corresponded to that usually found in the autosomal recessive form of the disorder. Serum dopamin-beta-hydroxylase activity in the patient and close family members were also in keeping with this hereditary form. A nationwide inquiry failed to detect further cases of torsion dystonia among Gypsies, but revealed a relatively large number of recessively inherited disorders of the nervous system in this inbred, genetically isolated population. Thirty-six additional cases of torsion dystonia were collected from the general Spanish population, including four with a family history for this condition. The gene responsible for the recessive illness appears to be rare in many countries, explaining the sporadic nature of the disorder and its eventual appearance only in genetic isolates or after consanguineous  matings."}
{"id": "PMID:941767", "title": "Torsion dystonia in Panay, Philippines.", "content": "There is an unusually high frequency of torsion dystonia in Panay. Of the 28 Filipino cases, 23 (82%) are from the island of Panay and 19 of the 23 (82%) are from the province of Capiz. The 28 cases belong to 25 families Six sets of brothers are noted. All are males. Pedigree analysis reveals six families with several members affected. Two families show features suggesting possible sex-linked recessive transmission, a mode of inheritance previously undescribed in the literature. The clinical features of the cases seen in this series differ from previously described cases in the literature in several aspects: (a) sex preponderance--all males; (b) age at onset--older age of onset, mean of 31; (c) hereditary--possible sex-linked recessive transmission; (d) spasmodic eye blinking as first symptom in four patients.", "contents": "Torsion dystonia in Panay, Philippines. There is an unusually high frequency of torsion dystonia in Panay. Of the 28 Filipino cases, 23 (82%) are from the island of Panay and 19 of the 23 (82%) are from the province of Capiz. The 28 cases belong to 25 families Six sets of brothers are noted. All are males. Pedigree analysis reveals six families with several members affected. Two families show features suggesting possible sex-linked recessive transmission, a mode of inheritance previously undescribed in the literature. The clinical features of the cases seen in this series differ from previously described cases in the literature in several aspects: (a) sex preponderance--all males; (b) age at onset--older age of onset, mean of 31; (c) hereditary--possible sex-linked recessive transmission; (d) spasmodic eye blinking as first symptom in four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:941769", "title": "The natural history of dystonia.", "content": "We have analyzed 226 patients with a diagnosis of dystonia musculorum deformans seen in our clinica between 1955 and 1974. These were evenly divided between male and female, but of the 226 patients, 225 were white and only one was black. Forty-two percent were Jewish, as contrasted with 3% Jewish population in the United States. It is interesting to note that a family history was obtained in 28% of both the Jewish and the non-Jewish groups. Thirty of the patients reported a significant viral infection within 3 months preceding the onset of symptoms. Only six patientss had a history of one or more remissions during the course of their illness. The mean duration of symptoms before examination in this series was 8.6 years with a duration of 1 to 42 years. Fifty-six of the patients had been diagnosed as having conversion hysteria at some time during the course of their illness. The majority of the patients had the onset of symptoms between the ages of 5 and 10, although the age span was from 2 to 45 years of age. Seventy-six of the patients had an IQ statistically significant above average (3). Each symptom, rate of progress of the disease, and various other factors in the history were corrolated with age, sex, ethnic group, mode of onset, and 20 other variables. The most pertinent subgroupings affecting the natural history were the age on onset and the ethnic group and family history. Trunkal involvement was most common in the non-Jewish group with a positive family history. This particular sub-group of patients showed predominately midline symptomatology. In the groups below the age of 13, the onset was almost invariably in one of the four limbs. However, in the group 14 years of age and older, 30% had their initial dystonic symptoms in the neck and a total of 40% of the patients whose onset was at age 14 or later, had marked nuchal symptoms. This clear-cut predominance of limb involvement in the youngest groups is also indicated by the observation that 38% in the youngest group had become confined to a wheelchair because of gait abnormalities, whereas none of those whose age of onset was 14 or older were disabled to this degree by gait abnormality. The most rapidly progressive and incapacitating symptomatology was seen in those patients with onset of symptoms below the age of 8 so that in general the younger the age at onset, the more rapid the progress of the symptoms.", "contents": "The natural history of dystonia. We have analyzed 226 patients with a diagnosis of dystonia musculorum deformans seen in our clinica between 1955 and 1974. These were evenly divided between male and female, but of the 226 patients, 225 were white and only one was black. Forty-two percent were Jewish, as contrasted with 3% Jewish population in the United States. It is interesting to note that a family history was obtained in 28% of both the Jewish and the non-Jewish groups. Thirty of the patients reported a significant viral infection within 3 months preceding the onset of symptoms. Only six patientss had a history of one or more remissions during the course of their illness. The mean duration of symptoms before examination in this series was 8.6 years with a duration of 1 to 42 years. Fifty-six of the patients had been diagnosed as having conversion hysteria at some time during the course of their illness. The majority of the patients had the onset of symptoms between the ages of 5 and 10, although the age span was from 2 to 45 years of age. Seventy-six of the patients had an IQ statistically significant above average (3). Each symptom, rate of progress of the disease, and various other factors in the history were corrolated with age, sex, ethnic group, mode of onset, and 20 other variables. The most pertinent subgroupings affecting the natural history were the age on onset and the ethnic group and family history. Trunkal involvement was most common in the non-Jewish group with a positive family history. This particular sub-group of patients showed predominately midline symptomatology. In the groups below the age of 13, the onset was almost invariably in one of the four limbs. However, in the group 14 years of age and older, 30% had their initial dystonic symptoms in the neck and a total of 40% of the patients whose onset was at age 14 or later, had marked nuchal symptoms. This clear-cut predominance of limb involvement in the youngest groups is also indicated by the observation that 38% in the youngest group had become confined to a wheelchair because of gait abnormalities, whereas none of those whose age of onset was 14 or older were disabled to this degree by gait abnormality. The most rapidly progressive and incapacitating symptomatology was seen in those patients with onset of symptoms below the age of 8 so that in general the younger the age at onset, the more rapid the progress of the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:941772", "title": "Psychological studies in dystonia musculorum deformans.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with DMD underwent psychometric assessment before or after thalamic surgery. Statistical comparisonss between categories of patients were undertaken as a function of religion, family history, and age at onset of symptoms as independent variables. It was found that Jewish patients, with negative family history, and age at onset of symptoms from 9 to 13 years, scored significantly higher on IQ tests than did all other groups. Other psychological test data revealed no specific personality patterns in the DMD patients, particularly no pattern of conversion hysteria or hysteria. Pre- and postoperative psychological testing in a small group of patients revealed no evidence of any changes in intellectual, cognitive, or personality functions as a consequence of thalamic surgery, involving up to 10 lesions in some instances.", "contents": "Psychological studies in dystonia musculorum deformans. Sixty-eight patients with DMD underwent psychometric assessment before or after thalamic surgery. Statistical comparisonss between categories of patients were undertaken as a function of religion, family history, and age at onset of symptoms as independent variables. It was found that Jewish patients, with negative family history, and age at onset of symptoms from 9 to 13 years, scored significantly higher on IQ tests than did all other groups. Other psychological test data revealed no specific personality patterns in the DMD patients, particularly no pattern of conversion hysteria or hysteria. Pre- and postoperative psychological testing in a small group of patients revealed no evidence of any changes in intellectual, cognitive, or personality functions as a consequence of thalamic surgery, involving up to 10 lesions in some instances."}
{"id": "PMID:941773", "title": "Dystonia and tremor in spasmodic torticollis.", "content": "The occurence of extranuchal dystonia, facial spasm, parkinsonian symptoms (facial masking, bradykinesia, rigidity), tremor and family history of tremor was tabulated in a group of 30 patients with IST. The incidence of extranuchal dystonia increased as severity of IST increased. There was a strong trend for severity of extranuchal dystonia to increase as severity  of torticollis increased, which was significant (p less than 0.001). There was a similar trend for severity of facial spasm to increase with increasing severity of torticollis (p less than 0.025). Parkinsonian features were seen in 10 of 30 patients, and in three the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease could be entertained. Tremor was seen in 26 of 30 patients being mild in 12, moderate in 11, and severe in three. A family history of tremor was present in 16 of 28 cases for whom history was available (12 primary, four secondary relations). The results are most consistent with the hypothesis that IST is a variant of DMD with tremor as an integral part of the disease and tremor represents a forme of the disease in family members.", "contents": "Dystonia and tremor in spasmodic torticollis. The occurence of extranuchal dystonia, facial spasm, parkinsonian symptoms (facial masking, bradykinesia, rigidity), tremor and family history of tremor was tabulated in a group of 30 patients with IST. The incidence of extranuchal dystonia increased as severity of IST increased. There was a strong trend for severity of extranuchal dystonia to increase as severity  of torticollis increased, which was significant (p less than 0.001). There was a similar trend for severity of facial spasm to increase with increasing severity of torticollis (p less than 0.025). Parkinsonian features were seen in 10 of 30 patients, and in three the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease could be entertained. Tremor was seen in 26 of 30 patients being mild in 12, moderate in 11, and severe in three. A family history of tremor was present in 16 of 28 cases for whom history was available (12 primary, four secondary relations). The results are most consistent with the hypothesis that IST is a variant of DMD with tremor as an integral part of the disease and tremor represents a forme of the disease in family members."}
{"id": "PMID:941777", "title": "Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid in a case of torsion dystonia.", "content": "Determinations of various catecholamines and their metabolites have been performed on 24-hr urine collecions obtained from a patient with torsion dystonia and compared to values obtained in a control population. This study was initiated following significant symptomatic worsening by the patient with supplemental ascorbic acid at a dosage of 2 g/day. Compared to base-line values, there resulted no significant alteration in urinary excretion of DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or VMA for either the patient or a group of controls, receiving 1 g/day vitamin C. MHPG is the glycol metabolite of norepinephrine, and is produced both in central and systemic tissues, whereas VMA is not synthesized in brain. The MHPG excretion for the patient increased 150% with supplemental ascorbate, whereas the control individuals demonstrated a mean increase of 19.6%. It is possible that the symptomatic worsening by the patient and the increased excretion of MHPG in response to supplemental ascorbic acid are causally related. Ascorbic acid affects catecholamine biosynthesis at two metabolic loci; it is the necessary cofactor for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and, by maintaining biopterin in reduced form, facilitates tyrosine hydroxylase holoenzyme activity. Thus, the vitamin may have effected increased central synthesis or turnover of norepinephrine, or both, with resultant clinical worsening.", "contents": "Effect of supplemental ascorbic acid in a case of torsion dystonia. Determinations of various catecholamines and their metabolites have been performed on 24-hr urine collecions obtained from a patient with torsion dystonia and compared to values obtained in a control population. This study was initiated following significant symptomatic worsening by the patient with supplemental ascorbic acid at a dosage of 2 g/day. Compared to base-line values, there resulted no significant alteration in urinary excretion of DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or VMA for either the patient or a group of controls, receiving 1 g/day vitamin C. MHPG is the glycol metabolite of norepinephrine, and is produced both in central and systemic tissues, whereas VMA is not synthesized in brain. The MHPG excretion for the patient increased 150% with supplemental ascorbate, whereas the control individuals demonstrated a mean increase of 19.6%. It is possible that the symptomatic worsening by the patient and the increased excretion of MHPG in response to supplemental ascorbic acid are causally related. Ascorbic acid affects catecholamine biosynthesis at two metabolic loci; it is the necessary cofactor for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and, by maintaining biopterin in reduced form, facilitates tyrosine hydroxylase holoenzyme activity. Thus, the vitamin may have effected increased central synthesis or turnover of norepinephrine, or both, with resultant clinical worsening."}
{"id": "PMID:941778", "title": "Multidisciplinary management of dystonia misdiagnosed as hysteria.", "content": "Dystonia in the pediatric age group can be confused with hysteria, particularly when it occurs in an emotionally disturbed child with a negative family history of dystonia. A 20-year-old girl with a 12 year history of DMD is described. From age 12 to 17 she was housed in a mental institution after a misdiagnosis of hysteria was made. The progressive nature of DMD and the important emotional components are stressed. The multidisciplinary management model is discussed as a valuable method in the treatment of this chronic neurological disorder.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary management of dystonia misdiagnosed as hysteria. Dystonia in the pediatric age group can be confused with hysteria, particularly when it occurs in an emotionally disturbed child with a negative family history of dystonia. A 20-year-old girl with a 12 year history of DMD is described. From age 12 to 17 she was housed in a mental institution after a misdiagnosis of hysteria was made. The progressive nature of DMD and the important emotional components are stressed. The multidisciplinary management model is discussed as a valuable method in the treatment of this chronic neurological disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:941787", "title": "Induction of DNA synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture by a pleural inflammatory exudate.", "content": "Peritoneal macrophages in culture are blocked in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, but retain many of their functional characteristics such as phagocytic ability. Peritoneal macrophages have been thought to be a terminal cell type. It has been investigated whether such properties could be modified by a substance released in acute inflammatory exudates. For this purpose a pleural exudate obtained from rats injected with dextran (40,000) 4 hours before, was centrifuged to eliminate cells, sterilized by filtration on Millipore filter 0.22 mum and diluted 50% with 199 medium culture. This medium was used to treat normal and activated peritoneal macrophages in culture. The effects were observed 24, 48, 72, 96 hours after the beginning of treatment. An enhancement of spreading and capacity of phagocytosis was observed 24 hours after the beginning of treatment. After 48 hours, the number of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine increased and became highest 4 days later. These phenomena were also obtained with pleural exudate of inbred rats (Lewis, Wag) treating macrophages of the same strain and with rat pleural exudate treating mouse macrophages. No effects were observed with dextran alone. The chemical nature of the stimulatory factor remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Induction of DNA synthesis in rat peritoneal macrophages in culture by a pleural inflammatory exudate. Peritoneal macrophages in culture are blocked in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, but retain many of their functional characteristics such as phagocytic ability. Peritoneal macrophages have been thought to be a terminal cell type. It has been investigated whether such properties could be modified by a substance released in acute inflammatory exudates. For this purpose a pleural exudate obtained from rats injected with dextran (40,000) 4 hours before, was centrifuged to eliminate cells, sterilized by filtration on Millipore filter 0.22 mum and diluted 50% with 199 medium culture. This medium was used to treat normal and activated peritoneal macrophages in culture. The effects were observed 24, 48, 72, 96 hours after the beginning of treatment. An enhancement of spreading and capacity of phagocytosis was observed 24 hours after the beginning of treatment. After 48 hours, the number of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine increased and became highest 4 days later. These phenomena were also obtained with pleural exudate of inbred rats (Lewis, Wag) treating macrophages of the same strain and with rat pleural exudate treating mouse macrophages. No effects were observed with dextran alone. The chemical nature of the stimulatory factor remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:941788", "title": "Proliferation of macrophages in inflammation.", "content": "Proliferation of macrophages in chronic inflammatory loci is an essential part of granuloma development and as such helps to defend the host against dissemination of harmful microorganisms. Its induction seems to depend in part on local appearance of soluble mitogenic factors since sterile cell-free exudates will induce mitotic activity in vitro in a macrophage population otherwise unable to divide. Macrophage proliferation is probably checked and controlled by inherent restrictions on the number of divisions possible. This in turn probably depends on the rapid appearance of gross chromosomal defects, the effete cells being eliminated by their incorporation into multinucleate giant cells which then form non-viable polyploid cells.", "contents": "Proliferation of macrophages in inflammation. Proliferation of macrophages in chronic inflammatory loci is an essential part of granuloma development and as such helps to defend the host against dissemination of harmful microorganisms. Its induction seems to depend in part on local appearance of soluble mitogenic factors since sterile cell-free exudates will induce mitotic activity in vitro in a macrophage population otherwise unable to divide. Macrophage proliferation is probably checked and controlled by inherent restrictions on the number of divisions possible. This in turn probably depends on the rapid appearance of gross chromosomal defects, the effete cells being eliminated by their incorporation into multinucleate giant cells which then form non-viable polyploid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:941789", "title": "Effect of a cholesterol-rich diet on cholesterol content and phagocytic activity of rat macrophages.", "content": "Treatment for 11-13 weeks with a cholesterol-rich diet induced increases in free and esterified serum cholesterol. There was also an increase in free cholesterol of peritoneal macrophages. A 2.2 times rise in the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio of plasma membranes occurred in cholesterol-enriched macrophages. No changes were observed in phagolysosomes. Cholesterol-enriched macrophages showed a 35.8% inhibition of latex particles phagocytosis. When lipid droplets were substituted for latex the inhibition was 81.7%.", "contents": "Effect of a cholesterol-rich diet on cholesterol content and phagocytic activity of rat macrophages. Treatment for 11-13 weeks with a cholesterol-rich diet induced increases in free and esterified serum cholesterol. There was also an increase in free cholesterol of peritoneal macrophages. A 2.2 times rise in the cholesterol to phospholipid ratio of plasma membranes occurred in cholesterol-enriched macrophages. No changes were observed in phagolysosomes. Cholesterol-enriched macrophages showed a 35.8% inhibition of latex particles phagocytosis. When lipid droplets were substituted for latex the inhibition was 81.7%."}
{"id": "PMID:941790", "title": "A novel relationship between plasma kininogen and rheumatoid.", "content": "Plasma kininogen levels in the peripheral venous blood of untreated patients with active rheumatoid disease was found to be more than twice the levels measured in healthy normal individuals or in convalescing uncomplicated fracture patients. Treatment with oral indomethacin or aspirin lowered the kininogen levels nearly to normal. Sequential studies showed that the fall in kininogen was very rapid, occurring within 1-2 hours of ingestion of drug, and was parallelled by reduction in the clinical indices of inflammation. Control studies showed that the kininogen changes were not due to changes in plasma volume or non-specific changes in plasma protein concentration. Indomethacin treatment had no effect on plasma kininogen levels in healthy volunteers. The significance of this finding will be discussed.", "contents": "A novel relationship between plasma kininogen and rheumatoid. Plasma kininogen levels in the peripheral venous blood of untreated patients with active rheumatoid disease was found to be more than twice the levels measured in healthy normal individuals or in convalescing uncomplicated fracture patients. Treatment with oral indomethacin or aspirin lowered the kininogen levels nearly to normal. Sequential studies showed that the fall in kininogen was very rapid, occurring within 1-2 hours of ingestion of drug, and was parallelled by reduction in the clinical indices of inflammation. Control studies showed that the kininogen changes were not due to changes in plasma volume or non-specific changes in plasma protein concentration. Indomethacin treatment had no effect on plasma kininogen levels in healthy volunteers. The significance of this finding will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941791", "title": "A method for the measurement of ultra-low amounts of prostaglandins in inflammatory exudates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.", "content": "A GC-MS assay for PGE2 and PGF2alpha has been described. The method is highly specific and sensitive down to the sub-picogram level. The assay has been used to measure the time dependence of PG concentration in carrageenan-induced inflammatory exudates and the results compared with a bioassay. Estimates of the extraction and purification yield of PGs from exudates have also been obtained.", "contents": "A method for the measurement of ultra-low amounts of prostaglandins in inflammatory exudates using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A GC-MS assay for PGE2 and PGF2alpha has been described. The method is highly specific and sensitive down to the sub-picogram level. The assay has been used to measure the time dependence of PG concentration in carrageenan-induced inflammatory exudates and the results compared with a bioassay. Estimates of the extraction and purification yield of PGs from exudates have also been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:941792", "title": "Stimulating effect of neutral proteases on cells in vitro.", "content": "Some results concerning the stimulatory effect of proteases on lymphocytes and other cells such as Hela cells and fibroblasts are evaluated. Preliminary evidence indicates that such stimulating factors are indeed released from cells during phagocytosis and can be inhibited by aprotinin. The potential role of such proteases in inflammation is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulating effect of neutral proteases on cells in vitro. Some results concerning the stimulatory effect of proteases on lymphocytes and other cells such as Hela cells and fibroblasts are evaluated. Preliminary evidence indicates that such stimulating factors are indeed released from cells during phagocytosis and can be inhibited by aprotinin. The potential role of such proteases in inflammation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941793", "title": "Generation of a vasoactive peptide by a neutral protease of human neutrophil leukocytes.", "content": "Neutrophil leukocyte lysosomes contain a neutral protease capable of cleaving a peptide from kininogen. The protease has a molecular weight of about 27,000-28,000, as determined by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in the presence of guanidine-HCl. Its S-value is 2.7 and the pI 10.0-11.8. Although homogeneous by some criteria (sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration in Sephadex G-75, SDS-disc gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis), the protease is heterogeneous by other criteria (cation exchange chromatography, cationic disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing). The heterogeneity is attributable to charge isomerism. The enzyme is inhibited by DFP and a number of chloromethyl ketone inhibitors. It is also inhibited by the plasma protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III. The generated peptide has chemical and pharmacological properties similar to the undecapeptide methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin, but probably contains one or two additional amino acids.", "contents": "Generation of a vasoactive peptide by a neutral protease of human neutrophil leukocytes. Neutrophil leukocyte lysosomes contain a neutral protease capable of cleaving a peptide from kininogen. The protease has a molecular weight of about 27,000-28,000, as determined by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in the presence of guanidine-HCl. Its S-value is 2.7 and the pI 10.0-11.8. Although homogeneous by some criteria (sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration in Sephadex G-75, SDS-disc gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis), the protease is heterogeneous by other criteria (cation exchange chromatography, cationic disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing). The heterogeneity is attributable to charge isomerism. The enzyme is inhibited by DFP and a number of chloromethyl ketone inhibitors. It is also inhibited by the plasma protease inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin and antithrombin III. The generated peptide has chemical and pharmacological properties similar to the undecapeptide methionyl-lysyl-bradykinin, but probably contains one or two additional amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:941794", "title": "Activity of anti-inflammatory drugs on an experimental model of osteoarthritis.", "content": "Osteoarthritis was induced in the rabbit by a single intra-articular injection of 0.1 ml of a 1% solution of papain. Degeneration of the cartilage was studied 3 hours, 1, 3 and 8 days after the injection by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantified by measuring the fixed charge density (FCD) and 35S incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. TEM observations of chondrocytes revealed a close correlation between the development of this experimental degenerative joint disease and human osteoarthritis. The administration of CH3-prednisolone (0.1 mg/kg on the 2nd and 5th days, i.a.), of indomethacin (1 mg/kg per day X 7, i.v.), and of catalase (50,000 IU/kg per day X 7, i.m.) modified the biochemical parameters measured 8 days after the papain injection. The corticoid potentiated the action of papain (fall in GAG content and synthesis). None of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs modified the FCD. On the other hand, the increase of 35S incorporation was low after indomethacin and very high after acetylsalicylic acid. Catalase brought about an almost complete recovery of GAG content, together with an important increase in 35S incorporation. This arthropathy could be widely used in experimental pharmacology as a selective test and as a means of studying the mechanism of action of osteoarthritic drugs.", "contents": "Activity of anti-inflammatory drugs on an experimental model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced in the rabbit by a single intra-articular injection of 0.1 ml of a 1% solution of papain. Degeneration of the cartilage was studied 3 hours, 1, 3 and 8 days after the injection by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantified by measuring the fixed charge density (FCD) and 35S incorporation into glycosaminoglycans. TEM observations of chondrocytes revealed a close correlation between the development of this experimental degenerative joint disease and human osteoarthritis. The administration of CH3-prednisolone (0.1 mg/kg on the 2nd and 5th days, i.a.), of indomethacin (1 mg/kg per day X 7, i.v.), and of catalase (50,000 IU/kg per day X 7, i.m.) modified the biochemical parameters measured 8 days after the papain injection. The corticoid potentiated the action of papain (fall in GAG content and synthesis). None of the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs modified the FCD. On the other hand, the increase of 35S incorporation was low after indomethacin and very high after acetylsalicylic acid. Catalase brought about an almost complete recovery of GAG content, together with an important increase in 35S incorporation. This arthropathy could be widely used in experimental pharmacology as a selective test and as a means of studying the mechanism of action of osteoarthritic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:941795", "title": "Ambivalent role of copper in inflammatory disorders.", "content": "Soluble copper (Cu) preparations are both acute/chronic irritants and effective anti-inflammatory agents in rats. Copper is a prevalent component in several folk remedies for arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are reported to have higher-than-normal levels of serum copper, mainly associated with albumin. The anti-arthritis drug, D-penicillamine (Pn), efficiently strips Cu from some of its (pharmacologically inert) storage forms, e.g. Cu-albumin, Cu-polynucleotides yielding low M.W. Cu-Pn complexes, which show anti-inflammatory activity (ca. 5 X phenylbutazone) in rats irritated with carrageenan, oleyl alcohol, sodium urate and adjuvants. Under certain conditions Pn also blocks the amine-oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin, a circulating copper protein which is elevated in inflamed animals (an 'acute phase reactant'). Drugs, nutritional factors and the disease process may all possibly affect the movement of copper in vivo between inert reversible pharmacoactive reversible toxic forms.", "contents": "Ambivalent role of copper in inflammatory disorders. Soluble copper (Cu) preparations are both acute/chronic irritants and effective anti-inflammatory agents in rats. Copper is a prevalent component in several folk remedies for arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are reported to have higher-than-normal levels of serum copper, mainly associated with albumin. The anti-arthritis drug, D-penicillamine (Pn), efficiently strips Cu from some of its (pharmacologically inert) storage forms, e.g. Cu-albumin, Cu-polynucleotides yielding low M.W. Cu-Pn complexes, which show anti-inflammatory activity (ca. 5 X phenylbutazone) in rats irritated with carrageenan, oleyl alcohol, sodium urate and adjuvants. Under certain conditions Pn also blocks the amine-oxidase activity of caeruloplasmin, a circulating copper protein which is elevated in inflamed animals (an 'acute phase reactant'). Drugs, nutritional factors and the disease process may all possibly affect the movement of copper in vivo between inert reversible pharmacoactive reversible toxic forms."}
{"id": "PMID:941796", "title": "Effect of some purified plasma proteins on collagen biosynthesis in vitro.", "content": "The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex activates the incorporation of 14C-proline into the collagen hydroxyproline of rat or human dermis slices incubated in vitro. The same complex decreases the incorporation of proline into the structural glycoproteins of the connective tissue. None of the other plasma proteins studied had any effect.", "contents": "Effect of some purified plasma proteins on collagen biosynthesis in vitro. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex activates the incorporation of 14C-proline into the collagen hydroxyproline of rat or human dermis slices incubated in vitro. The same complex decreases the incorporation of proline into the structural glycoproteins of the connective tissue. None of the other plasma proteins studied had any effect."}
{"id": "PMID:941797", "title": "Studies of chemotaxis of lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphoblasts migrate into filters towards chemoattractants in vitro. Human lymphoblasts maintained in continuous culture and mouse lymphoblasts from unsensitized lymph nodes show chemotactic responses and migrate towards the same chemotactic factors as neutrophils and macrophages, namely activated plasma, casein, denatured serum albumin, oxazolone. On the other hand, mouse lymphoblasts from oxazolone-sensitized lymph nodes show considerable random migration and chemokinesis but not chemotaxis. The migration of lymphoblasts to these agents appears not to be antigen-specific. These migratory properties of lymphoblasts are probably relevant to their migration into inflammatory sites in vivo.", "contents": "Studies of chemotaxis of lymphocytes. Lymphoblasts migrate into filters towards chemoattractants in vitro. Human lymphoblasts maintained in continuous culture and mouse lymphoblasts from unsensitized lymph nodes show chemotactic responses and migrate towards the same chemotactic factors as neutrophils and macrophages, namely activated plasma, casein, denatured serum albumin, oxazolone. On the other hand, mouse lymphoblasts from oxazolone-sensitized lymph nodes show considerable random migration and chemokinesis but not chemotaxis. The migration of lymphoblasts to these agents appears not to be antigen-specific. These migratory properties of lymphoblasts are probably relevant to their migration into inflammatory sites in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:941798", "title": "The migration of lymphocytes across vascular endothelium.", "content": "According to Morris and his colleagues the migration of lymphocytes from the blood into inflammatory sites is a morphologically similar process to the large scale migration of lymphocytes into the paracortex of lymph-nodes which occurs under normal conditions. Little is known of the nature of the selective interaction between lymphocytes and specialized endothelial cells although several investigators have tested the migratory properties of lymphocytes which have been treated in vitro with enzymes or lectins and injected i.v. Such results are difficult to interpret because decreased lymph-node localization may be secondary to increased localization elsewhere. To overcome these difficulties the mesenteric lymph-node chain of the rat was perfused at 37 degrees C for 30-60 minutes with rat serum at 0.33 ml/min. When labelled lymphocytes were added to the perfusate the uptake of cells into the lymph-nodes was 2.13 +/- 0.63% of the number of which had passed through the preparation and this fraction was independent of the concentration in the perfusate over a wide range. No release of lymphocytes from the isolated node into the perfusate could be detected. Neuraminidase treated lymphocytes localized in the perfused lymph-node at least as well as did untreated lymphocytes in contrast to their deficient lymph-node localization following i.v. injection into intact recipients as originally found by Gesner. Other evidence has been found that the primary effect of neuraminidase treatment is to increase hepatic localization. Large lymphocytes migrate into the isolated node more readily than do small lymphocytes which is also in contrast to results in intact recipients. The migration of lymphocytes treated with trypsin or concanavalin A has also been studied.", "contents": "The migration of lymphocytes across vascular endothelium. According to Morris and his colleagues the migration of lymphocytes from the blood into inflammatory sites is a morphologically similar process to the large scale migration of lymphocytes into the paracortex of lymph-nodes which occurs under normal conditions. Little is known of the nature of the selective interaction between lymphocytes and specialized endothelial cells although several investigators have tested the migratory properties of lymphocytes which have been treated in vitro with enzymes or lectins and injected i.v. Such results are difficult to interpret because decreased lymph-node localization may be secondary to increased localization elsewhere. To overcome these difficulties the mesenteric lymph-node chain of the rat was perfused at 37 degrees C for 30-60 minutes with rat serum at 0.33 ml/min. When labelled lymphocytes were added to the perfusate the uptake of cells into the lymph-nodes was 2.13 +/- 0.63% of the number of which had passed through the preparation and this fraction was independent of the concentration in the perfusate over a wide range. No release of lymphocytes from the isolated node into the perfusate could be detected. Neuraminidase treated lymphocytes localized in the perfused lymph-node at least as well as did untreated lymphocytes in contrast to their deficient lymph-node localization following i.v. injection into intact recipients as originally found by Gesner. Other evidence has been found that the primary effect of neuraminidase treatment is to increase hepatic localization. Large lymphocytes migrate into the isolated node more readily than do small lymphocytes which is also in contrast to results in intact recipients. The migration of lymphocytes treated with trypsin or concanavalin A has also been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:941799", "title": "Opsonizing activities of IgG, IgM antibodies and the C3b inactivator-cleaved third component of complement in macrophage phagocytosis.", "content": "Phagocytosis of SRBC by guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages is enhanced by opsonizing IgG antibody alone. IgM antibody requires the presence of bound C3. Treatment of C3b coated SRBC with purified C3b inactivator (yielding EAIgM C1423d) does not reduce attachment to, and phagocytosis by, peritoneal macrophages. This finding suggests the existence of a C3d receptor on peritoneal macrophages. EC43b intermediates which have been produced by removing IgM antibody by mercaptoethanol treatment and by subsequent removal of C1 and C2, are phagocytosed despite the absence of IgM antibody. Furthermore, treatment of EC43b with C3b inactivator does not change phagocytosis. Thus, IgM antibody does not appear to be a necessary prerequisite for the stimulation of phagocytosis, C3b or C3d alone being sufficient.", "contents": "Opsonizing activities of IgG, IgM antibodies and the C3b inactivator-cleaved third component of complement in macrophage phagocytosis. Phagocytosis of SRBC by guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages is enhanced by opsonizing IgG antibody alone. IgM antibody requires the presence of bound C3. Treatment of C3b coated SRBC with purified C3b inactivator (yielding EAIgM C1423d) does not reduce attachment to, and phagocytosis by, peritoneal macrophages. This finding suggests the existence of a C3d receptor on peritoneal macrophages. EC43b intermediates which have been produced by removing IgM antibody by mercaptoethanol treatment and by subsequent removal of C1 and C2, are phagocytosed despite the absence of IgM antibody. Furthermore, treatment of EC43b with C3b inactivator does not change phagocytosis. Thus, IgM antibody does not appear to be a necessary prerequisite for the stimulation of phagocytosis, C3b or C3d alone being sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:941801", "title": "Contractile events during inflammation.", "content": "Contractile events during wound healing. During granulation tissue contraction, fibroblasts develop characteristics typical of smooth muscle; (1) they contain an extensive cytoplasmic fibrillar system, (2) they show immunofluorescent labeling of anti-actin antibodies, (3) there are cell and cell to stroma attachments, (4) strips of granulation tissue, when tested pharmacologically in vitro, behave similarly to smooth muscle. These data support the view that under certain conditions, fibroblasts can differentiate into a cell type structurally and functionally similar to smooth muscle and this cell, the 'myofibroblast', plays an important role in connective tissue contraction. During epithelialization, epidermal cells develop an extensive cytoplasmic contractile apparatus which has morphological and immunological characteristics similar to those of myofibroblasts. Such apparatus disappears as soon as epithelialization is completed. It is proposed that such a contractile apparatus plays a role in cell motility enabeling individual cells to rearrange themselves in an appropriate pattern. In conclusion, significant amounts of contractile proteins may be synthetized by fibroblasts and epithelial cells during wound healing and may play an important role in this process.", "contents": "Contractile events during inflammation. Contractile events during wound healing. During granulation tissue contraction, fibroblasts develop characteristics typical of smooth muscle; (1) they contain an extensive cytoplasmic fibrillar system, (2) they show immunofluorescent labeling of anti-actin antibodies, (3) there are cell and cell to stroma attachments, (4) strips of granulation tissue, when tested pharmacologically in vitro, behave similarly to smooth muscle. These data support the view that under certain conditions, fibroblasts can differentiate into a cell type structurally and functionally similar to smooth muscle and this cell, the 'myofibroblast', plays an important role in connective tissue contraction. During epithelialization, epidermal cells develop an extensive cytoplasmic contractile apparatus which has morphological and immunological characteristics similar to those of myofibroblasts. Such apparatus disappears as soon as epithelialization is completed. It is proposed that such a contractile apparatus plays a role in cell motility enabeling individual cells to rearrange themselves in an appropriate pattern. In conclusion, significant amounts of contractile proteins may be synthetized by fibroblasts and epithelial cells during wound healing and may play an important role in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:941802", "title": "Lymphocyte depletion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Sixteen patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, marked inflammation of the synonvial membrane and high rheumatoid titer were cannulated by the thoracic duct for a period rangin between 82 up to 100 days. The patients being not under any medication during that time. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lymphocytes were performed, as well as responses to mitogens, rheumatoid factor, circulating antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity. By the 14th day nearly all the patients had a partial or almost complete remission of their disease. No complications were observed. These results will be discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte depletion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sixteen patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, marked inflammation of the synonvial membrane and high rheumatoid titer were cannulated by the thoracic duct for a period rangin between 82 up to 100 days. The patients being not under any medication during that time. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lymphocytes were performed, as well as responses to mitogens, rheumatoid factor, circulating antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity. By the 14th day nearly all the patients had a partial or almost complete remission of their disease. No complications were observed. These results will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941800", "title": "Inflammatory mechanisms in the newborn.", "content": "Both the vascular and cellular aspects of inflammation were studied in rats aged from 6 hours to 2 months. The onset of a vascular permeability reaction was found to vary according to the age of rat and type of permeability agent injected. Induction of acute inflammations (turpentine pleurisy, 48/80 and dextran-induced foot oedema) in new born rats revealed a marked reduction of exudate/oedema formation compared with adult rats. These observations were related to a lack of histamine and 5-HT-mediated increased vascular permeability during the inflammatory reactions of newborn rats. Qualitative differences were observed between the acute inflammatory pleural cell exudates of newborn and adult rats after intra-pleural injection of dextran. In contrast to adults, polymorphs were observed to dominate the newborn reaction, and the peak accumulation of these cells was delayed. The mononuclear cells of 4-day lesions induced by sub-cutaneous implantation of glass coverslips showed a higher rate of mitosis in newborn animals, compared with adults. Ultrastructural studies of the mononuclear cells of peritoneal exudates induced by carrageenan indicated that those of newborn rats contained fewer lysosomes than adults. The Golgi apparatus of newborn mononuclear cells was observed to be poorly-developed compared with adult mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Inflammatory mechanisms in the newborn. Both the vascular and cellular aspects of inflammation were studied in rats aged from 6 hours to 2 months. The onset of a vascular permeability reaction was found to vary according to the age of rat and type of permeability agent injected. Induction of acute inflammations (turpentine pleurisy, 48/80 and dextran-induced foot oedema) in new born rats revealed a marked reduction of exudate/oedema formation compared with adult rats. These observations were related to a lack of histamine and 5-HT-mediated increased vascular permeability during the inflammatory reactions of newborn rats. Qualitative differences were observed between the acute inflammatory pleural cell exudates of newborn and adult rats after intra-pleural injection of dextran. In contrast to adults, polymorphs were observed to dominate the newborn reaction, and the peak accumulation of these cells was delayed. The mononuclear cells of 4-day lesions induced by sub-cutaneous implantation of glass coverslips showed a higher rate of mitosis in newborn animals, compared with adults. Ultrastructural studies of the mononuclear cells of peritoneal exudates induced by carrageenan indicated that those of newborn rats contained fewer lysosomes than adults. The Golgi apparatus of newborn mononuclear cells was observed to be poorly-developed compared with adult mononuclear cells."}
{"id": "PMID:941804", "title": "The interaction of leukocytes and their hydrolases with bacteria in vitro and in vivo: the modification of the bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions by cationic and anionic macromolecular substances and by anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "Acid hydrolases from extracts of human blood leucocytes lyse Staph.aureus, Staph.albus and Strep.faecalis in vitro. The leucocyte enzymes can be substituted by a lytic mixture which contains crude trypsin, lysolecithin, phospholipase C and lysozyme, which lyse other bacterial species, e.g. E.coli and Listeria which are resistant  to leucocyte enzymes. Bacteriolysis by the lytic agents is strongly inhibited by the anionic polyelectrolytes, heparin, chondroitin sulphate, DNA, dextran sulphate and other sulphated mucopolysaccharides, by the cationic materials, histone, protamine sulphate, leucocyte cationic proteins and polylysine. Other strong inhibitors are trypsan blue and congo red, the phospholipids phosphatidyl serine and ethanolamine, gold thiomalate, extracts of coffee and tea and the anti-inflammatory agents, ultracorten-H, and ultracortenol. Bacteriolysis is also strongly inhibited by normal human serum and by synovial fluids from patients with a variety of joint diseases. The inhibitors in these body fluids are associated with the globulin fractions. Since mixtures of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes, at equimolar concentrations, failed to inhibit bacteriolysis by leucocyte enzymes, it is postulated that a delicate balance between positively and negatively charged inhibitors control the degradation of cell wall components of bacteria in inflamed areas. Such bacterial components, induce 'storage type' granulomas. The possible role played by polyelectrolytes in the control of the inflammatory process induced by leucocyte hydrolases will be discussed.", "contents": "The interaction of leukocytes and their hydrolases with bacteria in vitro and in vivo: the modification of the bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions by cationic and anionic macromolecular substances and by anti-inflammatory agents. Acid hydrolases from extracts of human blood leucocytes lyse Staph.aureus, Staph.albus and Strep.faecalis in vitro. The leucocyte enzymes can be substituted by a lytic mixture which contains crude trypsin, lysolecithin, phospholipase C and lysozyme, which lyse other bacterial species, e.g. E.coli and Listeria which are resistant  to leucocyte enzymes. Bacteriolysis by the lytic agents is strongly inhibited by the anionic polyelectrolytes, heparin, chondroitin sulphate, DNA, dextran sulphate and other sulphated mucopolysaccharides, by the cationic materials, histone, protamine sulphate, leucocyte cationic proteins and polylysine. Other strong inhibitors are trypsan blue and congo red, the phospholipids phosphatidyl serine and ethanolamine, gold thiomalate, extracts of coffee and tea and the anti-inflammatory agents, ultracorten-H, and ultracortenol. Bacteriolysis is also strongly inhibited by normal human serum and by synovial fluids from patients with a variety of joint diseases. The inhibitors in these body fluids are associated with the globulin fractions. Since mixtures of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes, at equimolar concentrations, failed to inhibit bacteriolysis by leucocyte enzymes, it is postulated that a delicate balance between positively and negatively charged inhibitors control the degradation of cell wall components of bacteria in inflamed areas. Such bacterial components, induce 'storage type' granulomas. The possible role played by polyelectrolytes in the control of the inflammatory process induced by leucocyte hydrolases will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941805", "title": "Platelets, acute inflammation and inflammatory mediators.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin-like drugs could derive, at least in part, by inhibiting synthesis and release of prostaglandins or rabbit aorta-contracting substance from platelets. Indeed, aggregation of platelets and the consequent release of inflammatory mediators has been frequently evoked as a factor in the development of the inflammatory reaction. The participation of platelets in acute inflammation was tested in three types of trauma in rats rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum. Oedema in response to carrageenin, anti-platelet serum or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was no different from the controls in thrombocytopenic rats.", "contents": "Platelets, acute inflammation and inflammatory mediators. The anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin-like drugs could derive, at least in part, by inhibiting synthesis and release of prostaglandins or rabbit aorta-contracting substance from platelets. Indeed, aggregation of platelets and the consequent release of inflammatory mediators has been frequently evoked as a factor in the development of the inflammatory reaction. The participation of platelets in acute inflammation was tested in three types of trauma in rats rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum. Oedema in response to carrageenin, anti-platelet serum or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was no different from the controls in thrombocytopenic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:941806", "title": "Some effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on leucocyte migration.", "content": "The anti-inflammatory properties of 7 non-steroidal drugs have been examined in two animal models and one in vitro system. The models used were (1) carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats previously depleted of polymorphonuclear cells, (2) carrageenin-induced rat pleurisy and (3) migration of rat peritoneal leucocytes from glass capillary tubes in vitro. All of the drugs suppressed oedema formation in rats depleted of polymorphonuclear cells. None affected the migration of polymorphonuclear cells into the inflamed pleural cavity. Four drugs suppressed the migration of mononuclear cells in the latter model. Of these, only phenylbutazone and indomethacin suppressed the random migration of leucocytes in vitro. It was concluded that the suppression of mononuclear cell migration is not a general property of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.", "contents": "Some effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on leucocyte migration. The anti-inflammatory properties of 7 non-steroidal drugs have been examined in two animal models and one in vitro system. The models used were (1) carrageenin-induced paw oedema in rats previously depleted of polymorphonuclear cells, (2) carrageenin-induced rat pleurisy and (3) migration of rat peritoneal leucocytes from glass capillary tubes in vitro. All of the drugs suppressed oedema formation in rats depleted of polymorphonuclear cells. None affected the migration of polymorphonuclear cells into the inflamed pleural cavity. Four drugs suppressed the migration of mononuclear cells in the latter model. Of these, only phenylbutazone and indomethacin suppressed the random migration of leucocytes in vitro. It was concluded that the suppression of mononuclear cell migration is not a general property of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:941807", "title": "Objective methods to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of antirheumatic compounds.", "content": "A review is to be made of the methods currently being used in the assessment of anti-inflammatory compounds in man. Many of the current methods suffer from the disadvantage of being subjective or depend on various outside factors. We will review methods such as arthroscopy, histopathology, electron microscopy, joint scintigraphy and enzyme determinations in synovial fluid. Arthroscopy will be described in detail and its application to the course of the disease and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs. Joint scintigraphy using radioactive technetium and indium will be described, which we find easy and reproducible. Current work using such parameters as skin temperature and enzyme content of synovial fluid will be described.", "contents": "Objective methods to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of antirheumatic compounds. A review is to be made of the methods currently being used in the assessment of anti-inflammatory compounds in man. Many of the current methods suffer from the disadvantage of being subjective or depend on various outside factors. We will review methods such as arthroscopy, histopathology, electron microscopy, joint scintigraphy and enzyme determinations in synovial fluid. Arthroscopy will be described in detail and its application to the course of the disease and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs. Joint scintigraphy using radioactive technetium and indium will be described, which we find easy and reproducible. Current work using such parameters as skin temperature and enzyme content of synovial fluid will be described."}
{"id": "PMID:941808", "title": "Clinical and biochemical assessment of anti-inflammatory substances.", "content": "To assess the efficiency of anti-inflammatory drugs in human beings one has first to choose between acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and the length of the trial according to their pharmacological properties determined in animal. Further clinical criteria of efficiency will be selected on the basis of their measurable and objective characteristics. Biological criteria becomes more and more useful to judge efficiency of the drugs which possess no or very little effect on acute phase of inflammation: inflammatory blood tests, urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and immunological analysis such as quantitative determinations of immuno-globulins and rheumatoid factors and lymphocytic functional tests. Finally, in vivo isotopic and thermometric methods also give interesting information on acute or chronic anti-inflammatory properties of drugs.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical assessment of anti-inflammatory substances. To assess the efficiency of anti-inflammatory drugs in human beings one has first to choose between acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and the length of the trial according to their pharmacological properties determined in animal. Further clinical criteria of efficiency will be selected on the basis of their measurable and objective characteristics. Biological criteria becomes more and more useful to judge efficiency of the drugs which possess no or very little effect on acute phase of inflammation: inflammatory blood tests, urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and immunological analysis such as quantitative determinations of immuno-globulins and rheumatoid factors and lymphocytic functional tests. Finally, in vivo isotopic and thermometric methods also give interesting information on acute or chronic anti-inflammatory properties of drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:941810", "title": "Metabolic perturbation of the inflammatory cells.", "content": "An activation of the oxidative metabolism of phagocytes is a regular concomitant of phagocytosis as well as of other functions of these cells such as exocytosis, chemotactic locomotion, and immune-adherence. Several other substances, some of which may be found in the inflammatory site, are also able to stimulate the oxidative metabolism of phagocytes, for example phospholipases, antileucocyte antibodies, endotoxins, fatty acids, surfactants and fragments of complement. This paper deals with, (1) the molecular events occurring within the plasma membrane that trigger the stimulation of the oxidative metabolism. An experimental model is presented that involves redistribution of ions across the plasma membrane of leucocytes as the trigger of the stimulated respiration and exocytosis; (2) the intracellular localization of the enzymatic system that is the effector of the metabolic response. A scheme is proposed for the mechanism of this enzymatic system which accounts for the production of highly reactive compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical during the metabolic activation of phagocytes.", "contents": "Metabolic perturbation of the inflammatory cells. An activation of the oxidative metabolism of phagocytes is a regular concomitant of phagocytosis as well as of other functions of these cells such as exocytosis, chemotactic locomotion, and immune-adherence. Several other substances, some of which may be found in the inflammatory site, are also able to stimulate the oxidative metabolism of phagocytes, for example phospholipases, antileucocyte antibodies, endotoxins, fatty acids, surfactants and fragments of complement. This paper deals with, (1) the molecular events occurring within the plasma membrane that trigger the stimulation of the oxidative metabolism. An experimental model is presented that involves redistribution of ions across the plasma membrane of leucocytes as the trigger of the stimulated respiration and exocytosis; (2) the intracellular localization of the enzymatic system that is the effector of the metabolic response. A scheme is proposed for the mechanism of this enzymatic system which accounts for the production of highly reactive compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical during the metabolic activation of phagocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:941811", "title": "The effect of complement-sufficient antiserum against pig erythrocytes on pig articular tissues in organ culture.", "content": "Pig cartilage devoid of marrow or synovium is virtually unaffected by rabbit complement-sufficient antiserum to pig erythrocytes (AS + C'), probably because normal cartilage matrix excludes immunoglobulins. When synovium or invading marrow is present, AS + C' causes depletion of the proteoglycan, with consequent entry of IgG into the cartilage, followed by the breakdown of collagen; the chondrocytes assume a fibroblastic form and their reaction with the antiserum is greatly reduced. If degradation of the matrix has not advanced too far, new matrix is regenerated when the explant is transferred to control medium. Experiments on the depletion of pure cartilage by exposure to retinol, indicate that articular cartilage produces enzymes capable of degrading protoglycan but not collagen. The work was done in collaboration with colleagues at the Strangeways Laboratory and in the Division of Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Cambridge.", "contents": "The effect of complement-sufficient antiserum against pig erythrocytes on pig articular tissues in organ culture. Pig cartilage devoid of marrow or synovium is virtually unaffected by rabbit complement-sufficient antiserum to pig erythrocytes (AS + C'), probably because normal cartilage matrix excludes immunoglobulins. When synovium or invading marrow is present, AS + C' causes depletion of the proteoglycan, with consequent entry of IgG into the cartilage, followed by the breakdown of collagen; the chondrocytes assume a fibroblastic form and their reaction with the antiserum is greatly reduced. If degradation of the matrix has not advanced too far, new matrix is regenerated when the explant is transferred to control medium. Experiments on the depletion of pure cartilage by exposure to retinol, indicate that articular cartilage produces enzymes capable of degrading protoglycan but not collagen. The work was done in collaboration with colleagues at the Strangeways Laboratory and in the Division of Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Cambridge."}
{"id": "PMID:941812", "title": "An approach to the characterization of mononuclear phagocytes involved in pathological processes.", "content": "Cells participating in an inflammatory response are derived from the bone marrow (i.e. granulocytes and monocytes) or lymphoid organes (i.e. T and B lymphocytes), or of mesenchymal origin (i.e. fibroblast, reticulum cells). The identification of these different kinds of cell in the inflammatory exudate is often difficult, because the morphological characteristics are not specific enough. For example, in the morphological description of pathological processes often terms such as round-cell infiltration and mononuclear cells are used, which is confusing. For the clear understanding of the course of an inflammatory reaction and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs it is necessary, however, to define exactly the participating cells. Such an identification can be performed on the basis of morphological, cytochemical and immunological characteristics of the cells, together with their kinetic parameters. These characteristics have been established for murine mononuclear phagocytes. Recently these characteristics have also been studied in human promonocytes, monocytes and skin macrophages. The results show that human mononuclear phagocytes are in many respects similar to those of mice. On this basis an outline for the participation of mononuclear phagocytes in pathological processes (i.e. inflammatory processes, neoplastic processes, and storage disorders) has been made.", "contents": "An approach to the characterization of mononuclear phagocytes involved in pathological processes. Cells participating in an inflammatory response are derived from the bone marrow (i.e. granulocytes and monocytes) or lymphoid organes (i.e. T and B lymphocytes), or of mesenchymal origin (i.e. fibroblast, reticulum cells). The identification of these different kinds of cell in the inflammatory exudate is often difficult, because the morphological characteristics are not specific enough. For example, in the morphological description of pathological processes often terms such as round-cell infiltration and mononuclear cells are used, which is confusing. For the clear understanding of the course of an inflammatory reaction and the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs it is necessary, however, to define exactly the participating cells. Such an identification can be performed on the basis of morphological, cytochemical and immunological characteristics of the cells, together with their kinetic parameters. These characteristics have been established for murine mononuclear phagocytes. Recently these characteristics have also been studied in human promonocytes, monocytes and skin macrophages. The results show that human mononuclear phagocytes are in many respects similar to those of mice. On this basis an outline for the participation of mononuclear phagocytes in pathological processes (i.e. inflammatory processes, neoplastic processes, and storage disorders) has been made."}
{"id": "PMID:941820", "title": "Relactation.", "content": "Relactation means reestablishment of a milk supply and nursing after the cessation of nursing for a variable period. Induced nonpuerperal lactation means establishing a milk supply in a woman who has never been pregnant. When motivation and the breasts have both been carefully examined, preparation includes breast stimulation (by hand or pump), nipple toughening and sometimes hormonal preparation. Careful management of supplemental feedings is important.", "contents": "Relactation. Relactation means reestablishment of a milk supply and nursing after the cessation of nursing for a variable period. Induced nonpuerperal lactation means establishing a milk supply in a woman who has never been pregnant. When motivation and the breasts have both been carefully examined, preparation includes breast stimulation (by hand or pump), nipple toughening and sometimes hormonal preparation. Careful management of supplemental feedings is important."}
{"id": "PMID:941821", "title": "A pathophysiologic approach to managing hyperlipemia.", "content": "Hyperlipemia is one of several risk factors for premature ischemic vascular disease. It usually represents a primary, lifelong metabolic disorder and control requires changes in life-style. These include a modification of diet (commonly caloric, cholesterol and saturated fat restriction), elimination of smoking and hypertension and, frequently, drug therapy. Drugs can attack endogenous triglyceride overproduction, lipoprotein lipase deficiency or defective remnant uptake, and can decrease cholesterol production and accelerate cholesterol degradation.", "contents": "A pathophysiologic approach to managing hyperlipemia. Hyperlipemia is one of several risk factors for premature ischemic vascular disease. It usually represents a primary, lifelong metabolic disorder and control requires changes in life-style. These include a modification of diet (commonly caloric, cholesterol and saturated fat restriction), elimination of smoking and hypertension and, frequently, drug therapy. Drugs can attack endogenous triglyceride overproduction, lipoprotein lipase deficiency or defective remnant uptake, and can decrease cholesterol production and accelerate cholesterol degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:941824", "title": "Riboflavin deficiency in infants and children with heart disease.", "content": "Thirty-one infants and children with cardiac disease were randomly selected to determine whether riboflavin deficiency is more prevalent among those with cardiac disease than among a group of comparable socioeconomic status without cardiac disease. Riboflavin studies were initiated since it is a representative member of the B complex and a specific and sensitive biochemical method is available to detect deficiency of this vitamin. The method involves the determination of the degree of saturation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. Twenty-seven of the subjects had congenital heart disease and four had rheumatic heart disease. Eleven of the 31 had evidence of riboflavin deficiency, a significantly higher prevalence than among the group without cardiac disease. The deficiency existed among those with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. There was a greater tendency for the vitamin deficiency to occur among those with congestive heart failure. These studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies may be more prevalent among infants and children with cardiac disease than was previously thought.", "contents": "Riboflavin deficiency in infants and children with heart disease. Thirty-one infants and children with cardiac disease were randomly selected to determine whether riboflavin deficiency is more prevalent among those with cardiac disease than among a group of comparable socioeconomic status without cardiac disease. Riboflavin studies were initiated since it is a representative member of the B complex and a specific and sensitive biochemical method is available to detect deficiency of this vitamin. The method involves the determination of the degree of saturation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. Twenty-seven of the subjects had congenital heart disease and four had rheumatic heart disease. Eleven of the 31 had evidence of riboflavin deficiency, a significantly higher prevalence than among the group without cardiac disease. The deficiency existed among those with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. There was a greater tendency for the vitamin deficiency to occur among those with congestive heart failure. These studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies may be more prevalent among infants and children with cardiac disease than was previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:941825", "title": "Hypomagnesemia in relation to digoxin intoxication in children.", "content": "Serum magnesium estimation was done in 19 children who had heart failure of varied etiology. Five of nine toxic patients and three of 10 nontoxic ones had magnesium deficiency (serum magnesium less than 1.5 mEq. per liter). Mean serum magnesium level was significantly lowered (P less than 0.01) in 19 children and it was further lowered in nine toxic patients (P less than 0.001) as well as in eight hypomagnesemic patients (P less than 0.001) than in healthy control subjects. Mean serum digoxin level in toxic patients was significantly higher than in nontoxic ones (P less than 0.05). In three cases magnesium sulfate was successfully used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia in relation to digoxin intoxication in children. Serum magnesium estimation was done in 19 children who had heart failure of varied etiology. Five of nine toxic patients and three of 10 nontoxic ones had magnesium deficiency (serum magnesium less than 1.5 mEq. per liter). Mean serum magnesium level was significantly lowered (P less than 0.01) in 19 children and it was further lowered in nine toxic patients (P less than 0.001) as well as in eight hypomagnesemic patients (P less than 0.001) than in healthy control subjects. Mean serum digoxin level in toxic patients was significantly higher than in nontoxic ones (P less than 0.05). In three cases magnesium sulfate was successfully used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:941826", "title": "Myocardial infarction with and without laboratory documentation--one year prognosis.", "content": "This retrospective study indicates that patients admitted to our CCU  with a history typical for myocardial infarction appear to have a comparable in-hospital mortality rate after 48 hours, a comparable one-year mortality rate, and a comparable incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction during the first year, whether or not they develop confirmatory ECG or serum enzyme changes. Patients with chest pain typical of myocardial infarction, who fail to develop confirmatory ECG or serum enzyme changes, would appear to require the same care and follow-up as do those patients admitted with chest pain who do develop such ECG or serum enzyme changes.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction with and without laboratory documentation--one year prognosis. This retrospective study indicates that patients admitted to our CCU  with a history typical for myocardial infarction appear to have a comparable in-hospital mortality rate after 48 hours, a comparable one-year mortality rate, and a comparable incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction during the first year, whether or not they develop confirmatory ECG or serum enzyme changes. Patients with chest pain typical of myocardial infarction, who fail to develop confirmatory ECG or serum enzyme changes, would appear to require the same care and follow-up as do those patients admitted with chest pain who do develop such ECG or serum enzyme changes."}
{"id": "PMID:941827", "title": "Correlation coefficients for electrocardiographic and constitutional variables.", "content": "The influence of noncardiac factors such as constitutional variables, sex, and age upon the orthogonal electrocardiogram (ECG) and vectorcardiogram was investigated in 300 normal Japanese subjects. Constitutional variables included body height (HT), body weight (WT), deviation from ideal body weight (DIW), chest transverse diameter (TD), chest sagittal diameter (SD), SD/TD ratio, and chest circumference (CC). Among these constitutional variables, HT was found to be the most important determinant of ECG, followed by WT, TD, CC, SD, SD/TD ratio, and DIW, in that order. An increase in HT resulted in the augmentation of magnitudes of a large number of the QRS and ST-T parameters. WT showed almost the same trends as HT. Of the four measurements of the chest configuration under study, TD proved to be the most powerful determinant. An increase in TD led to a significant increase in QRS duration and to a superior and anterior shift of the maximal T vector. The remaining constitutional variables revealed far less significant correlation with ECG measurements than did HT and WT. Besides the constitutional variables, sex and age were also proved to be important ECG determinants. Advancing age had the effect of reducing the magnitude of many of the QRS and ST-T measurements. It is also of interest that a majority of the QRS and ST-T parameters were larger in male than in female patients. It should be emphasized from the results of this study that normal ECG criteria must be established for each ECG determinant.", "contents": "Correlation coefficients for electrocardiographic and constitutional variables. The influence of noncardiac factors such as constitutional variables, sex, and age upon the orthogonal electrocardiogram (ECG) and vectorcardiogram was investigated in 300 normal Japanese subjects. Constitutional variables included body height (HT), body weight (WT), deviation from ideal body weight (DIW), chest transverse diameter (TD), chest sagittal diameter (SD), SD/TD ratio, and chest circumference (CC). Among these constitutional variables, HT was found to be the most important determinant of ECG, followed by WT, TD, CC, SD, SD/TD ratio, and DIW, in that order. An increase in HT resulted in the augmentation of magnitudes of a large number of the QRS and ST-T parameters. WT showed almost the same trends as HT. Of the four measurements of the chest configuration under study, TD proved to be the most powerful determinant. An increase in TD led to a significant increase in QRS duration and to a superior and anterior shift of the maximal T vector. The remaining constitutional variables revealed far less significant correlation with ECG measurements than did HT and WT. Besides the constitutional variables, sex and age were also proved to be important ECG determinants. Advancing age had the effect of reducing the magnitude of many of the QRS and ST-T measurements. It is also of interest that a majority of the QRS and ST-T parameters were larger in male than in female patients. It should be emphasized from the results of this study that normal ECG criteria must be established for each ECG determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:941828", "title": "Living with prosthetic heart valves. Subsequent noncardiac operations and the risk of thromboembolism or hemorrhage.", "content": "A total of 111 survivors of prosthetic valve insertion were followed an average of 4 years to assess the risk of thromboembolism or hemorrhage. Non-cloth-covered ball and/or disc valve prostheses were used, and all patients received long-term anticoagulant therapy. During the follow-up period the patients with mitral or combined valve replacement suffered four times more thromboembolic episodes and had a poorer survival rate than the patients with isolated aortic valve replacement. The management of anticoagulation and the complications resulting from 44 subsequent noncardiac operations were analyzed. Anticoagulation was discontinued before 25 noncardiac operations in patients with isolated aortic valve prostheses and there were no perioperative thromboemboli. Ten operations were performed on patients with mitral or combined valve prostheses with cessation of anticoagulation prior to surgery and there were two deaths due to perioperative thromboemboli. Unanticipated hemorrhage was encountered in four of nine patients in whom anticoagulation was maintained during surgery. Cessation of anticoagulation for 3 to 5 days appears safe in patients with aortic prostheses who require subsequent noncardiac operations. The incidence of thromboembolism in patients after mitral or combined valve replacement is high and constitutes a major risk whether or not a subsequent operation is required.", "contents": "Living with prosthetic heart valves. Subsequent noncardiac operations and the risk of thromboembolism or hemorrhage. A total of 111 survivors of prosthetic valve insertion were followed an average of 4 years to assess the risk of thromboembolism or hemorrhage. Non-cloth-covered ball and/or disc valve prostheses were used, and all patients received long-term anticoagulant therapy. During the follow-up period the patients with mitral or combined valve replacement suffered four times more thromboembolic episodes and had a poorer survival rate than the patients with isolated aortic valve replacement. The management of anticoagulation and the complications resulting from 44 subsequent noncardiac operations were analyzed. Anticoagulation was discontinued before 25 noncardiac operations in patients with isolated aortic valve prostheses and there were no perioperative thromboemboli. Ten operations were performed on patients with mitral or combined valve prostheses with cessation of anticoagulation prior to surgery and there were two deaths due to perioperative thromboemboli. Unanticipated hemorrhage was encountered in four of nine patients in whom anticoagulation was maintained during surgery. Cessation of anticoagulation for 3 to 5 days appears safe in patients with aortic prostheses who require subsequent noncardiac operations. The incidence of thromboembolism in patients after mitral or combined valve replacement is high and constitutes a major risk whether or not a subsequent operation is required."}
{"id": "PMID:941829", "title": "Clinical use and toxicity of intravenous lidocaine. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "The clinical use and toxicity of intravenous lidocaine were surveyed in 750 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The majority of these patients were older than 60 years and most had diagnoses of cardiovascular disease. Lidocaine therapy was started within 48 hours of admission in 77 per cent of cases. Adverse reactions to lidocaine were reported in 6.3 per cent of patients, but only one in four reactions was considered life-threatening. Central nervous system disturbances and cardiovascular complications were the most common untoward effects. All but two adverse reactions occurred within the first 5 days of treatment. Adverse reactions were more common in elderly individuals, in those who died, and in those with long hospitalizations. Diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, and low body weight were also associated with a higher frequency of unwanted effects. Serious adverse reactions to intravenous lidocaine were relatively uncommon. Patients with serious underlying disease or with diminished hepatic clearance of lidocaine appear to be predisposed to adverse effects from this drug.", "contents": "Clinical use and toxicity of intravenous lidocaine. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. The clinical use and toxicity of intravenous lidocaine were surveyed in 750 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The majority of these patients were older than 60 years and most had diagnoses of cardiovascular disease. Lidocaine therapy was started within 48 hours of admission in 77 per cent of cases. Adverse reactions to lidocaine were reported in 6.3 per cent of patients, but only one in four reactions was considered life-threatening. Central nervous system disturbances and cardiovascular complications were the most common untoward effects. All but two adverse reactions occurred within the first 5 days of treatment. Adverse reactions were more common in elderly individuals, in those who died, and in those with long hospitalizations. Diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure, and low body weight were also associated with a higher frequency of unwanted effects. Serious adverse reactions to intravenous lidocaine were relatively uncommon. Patients with serious underlying disease or with diminished hepatic clearance of lidocaine appear to be predisposed to adverse effects from this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:941830", "title": "Correlations between the spread of ventricular activation and map patterns of measured and difference maps.", "content": "Three kinds of torso surface isopotential maps (measured, simulated, and difference maps) were delineated at every 1.5 (or 3) msec. during the QRS duration from the 85 unipolar lead ECG's led from the surface of a cylindrical torso model filled with perfusate and containing a canine heart undergoing Langendorff's perfusion. These three maps were compared as to the propagation process of ventricular activation obtained from the same heart and close correlations were found between the spread of ventricular activation and the map patterns of measured and difference maps. The difference map mainly reflected the proximity potential at each instant of ventricular activation in QRS duration and, when used in combination with the measured map, it was useful to estimate the spread of ventricular activation, especially around the stage of epicardial breakthrough of the activation front. It was confirmed that the interpretation of the difference map expressed in the present paper would not be misleading even if applied to a difference map obtained in a human torso model experiment.", "contents": "Correlations between the spread of ventricular activation and map patterns of measured and difference maps. Three kinds of torso surface isopotential maps (measured, simulated, and difference maps) were delineated at every 1.5 (or 3) msec. during the QRS duration from the 85 unipolar lead ECG's led from the surface of a cylindrical torso model filled with perfusate and containing a canine heart undergoing Langendorff's perfusion. These three maps were compared as to the propagation process of ventricular activation obtained from the same heart and close correlations were found between the spread of ventricular activation and the map patterns of measured and difference maps. The difference map mainly reflected the proximity potential at each instant of ventricular activation in QRS duration and, when used in combination with the measured map, it was useful to estimate the spread of ventricular activation, especially around the stage of epicardial breakthrough of the activation front. It was confirmed that the interpretation of the difference map expressed in the present paper would not be misleading even if applied to a difference map obtained in a human torso model experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:941831", "title": "Myocardial oxygen availability and cardiac failure in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The relationships between left ventricular function and myocardial O2 availability and metabolism were studied in cats with hemorrhagic shock (AP=30 mm. Hg) with the use of a right heart bypass preparation. Aortic flow and heart rate were held constant. Oxygen-carrying capacity was reduced by diluting donor blood with an equal volume of 5 per cent glucose in saline. Oxygen availability was estimated as the product of arterial O2 content and coronary blood flow. All shock animals showed a progressive metabolic acidemia with time, and a fall in coronary flow concomitantly. Four control animals (AP=75 mm. Hg) as well as two shock animals with high arterial oxygen content and hematocrit showed no significant changes in myocardial O2 metabolism or performance over a period of 90 minutes. Nine shock animals with reduced hematocrit demonstrated a progressive reduction in ventricular function, myocardial O2 metabolism, and O2 availability. As O2 availability fell below 10 ml. per minute per 100 Gm. of heart weight, cardiac failure uniformly appeared and was accompanied by a reduction in O2 extraction and consumption. The correlation between left ventricular dP/dt max and O2 availability was highly significant (r = 0.75, p less than 0.01) in shock animals but not in controls. Thus a close relationship between myocardial O2 metabolism and function during the course of hemorrhagic shock has been demonstrated. Reduced myocardial O2 availability is directly linked with the appearance of cardiac failure.", "contents": "Myocardial oxygen availability and cardiac failure in hemorrhagic shock. The relationships between left ventricular function and myocardial O2 availability and metabolism were studied in cats with hemorrhagic shock (AP=30 mm. Hg) with the use of a right heart bypass preparation. Aortic flow and heart rate were held constant. Oxygen-carrying capacity was reduced by diluting donor blood with an equal volume of 5 per cent glucose in saline. Oxygen availability was estimated as the product of arterial O2 content and coronary blood flow. All shock animals showed a progressive metabolic acidemia with time, and a fall in coronary flow concomitantly. Four control animals (AP=75 mm. Hg) as well as two shock animals with high arterial oxygen content and hematocrit showed no significant changes in myocardial O2 metabolism or performance over a period of 90 minutes. Nine shock animals with reduced hematocrit demonstrated a progressive reduction in ventricular function, myocardial O2 metabolism, and O2 availability. As O2 availability fell below 10 ml. per minute per 100 Gm. of heart weight, cardiac failure uniformly appeared and was accompanied by a reduction in O2 extraction and consumption. The correlation between left ventricular dP/dt max and O2 availability was highly significant (r = 0.75, p less than 0.01) in shock animals but not in controls. Thus a close relationship between myocardial O2 metabolism and function during the course of hemorrhagic shock has been demonstrated. Reduced myocardial O2 availability is directly linked with the appearance of cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:941833", "title": "The effect of isosorbide dinitrate following experimental coronary occlusion.", "content": "The results of the present investigation indicate that ISDN infusion following experimental coronary occlusion in anesthetized dogs (1) lowers systemic, cardiac, and pulmonary blood pressures; (2) decreases systemic resistance; (3) has no significant effect on cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume; (4) decreases serum CPK levels; and (5) has little effect on blood biochemical parameters. These results suggest that ISDN may have a minimal effect on the ischemic heart by means of a slight decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure.", "contents": "The effect of isosorbide dinitrate following experimental coronary occlusion. The results of the present investigation indicate that ISDN infusion following experimental coronary occlusion in anesthetized dogs (1) lowers systemic, cardiac, and pulmonary blood pressures; (2) decreases systemic resistance; (3) has no significant effect on cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume; (4) decreases serum CPK levels; and (5) has little effect on blood biochemical parameters. These results suggest that ISDN may have a minimal effect on the ischemic heart by means of a slight decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:941834", "title": "Differing mechanisms for ventricular vulnerability during coronary artery occlusion and release.", "content": "The time course and mechanism of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) a 10-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and following its release were studied in 48 dogs. VF threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of three extrasystoles (sequential R/T pulsing). Within 1 minute of occlusion, the fibrillation current decreased to the level required for eliciting a propagated diastolic response. This state of enhanced vulnerability lasted for approximately 6 minutes, after which the VF threshold returned to preocclusion values. The vulnerability changes upon reperfusion, by comparison, occurred within seconds of release and persisted only transiently. Three minutes of occlusion was the minimal time which resulted in a reduction in VF threshold after release. Alpha and beta-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine and propranolol, respectively, prevented the decrease in VF threshold during occlusion but were without effect upon threshold changes during coronary artery release. Lidocaine failed to alter the pattern of vulnerability. It is concluded that adrenergic mechanisms play a key role in the increased susceptibility to VF associated with acute myocardial ischemia, whereas the changes in VF threshold following reperfusion may be due to washout products of cellular ischemia. These findings support the view that protection against VF during coronary artery occlusion and release may require different antiarrhythmic measures.", "contents": "Differing mechanisms for ventricular vulnerability during coronary artery occlusion and release. The time course and mechanism of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) a 10-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and following its release were studied in 48 dogs. VF threshold was determined by inducing a sequence of three extrasystoles (sequential R/T pulsing). Within 1 minute of occlusion, the fibrillation current decreased to the level required for eliciting a propagated diastolic response. This state of enhanced vulnerability lasted for approximately 6 minutes, after which the VF threshold returned to preocclusion values. The vulnerability changes upon reperfusion, by comparison, occurred within seconds of release and persisted only transiently. Three minutes of occlusion was the minimal time which resulted in a reduction in VF threshold after release. Alpha and beta-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine and propranolol, respectively, prevented the decrease in VF threshold during occlusion but were without effect upon threshold changes during coronary artery release. Lidocaine failed to alter the pattern of vulnerability. It is concluded that adrenergic mechanisms play a key role in the increased susceptibility to VF associated with acute myocardial ischemia, whereas the changes in VF threshold following reperfusion may be due to washout products of cellular ischemia. These findings support the view that protection against VF during coronary artery occlusion and release may require different antiarrhythmic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:941838", "title": "Clinical evaluation of aortic and mitral valve prostheses.", "content": "The clinical follow-up for a large number of patients with aortic and mitral valve prostheses is now the responsibility of the general internist and cardiologist, particularly those physicians who recommended operation. Proper follow-up of patients with prosthetic heart valves can be performed only if the physician is aware of the \"natural history\" of the patient following valve replacement as well as of the common complications associated with cardiac valve prostheses. This article discusses the hemodynamic changes which follow cardiac valve replacement, complications associated with valve replacement (congestive heart failure, suture disruption, \"ball variance,\" thromboembolism, hemolysis, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and simple clinical means of detecting these complications. Some special techniques which may be useful in diagnosing complications of prosthetic cardiac valve malfunction are described. It is emphasized that the physician should not consider the patient \"cured\" once he has undergone cardiac valve replacement, but rather should consider him to be the subject of meticulous long-term medical care.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of aortic and mitral valve prostheses. The clinical follow-up for a large number of patients with aortic and mitral valve prostheses is now the responsibility of the general internist and cardiologist, particularly those physicians who recommended operation. Proper follow-up of patients with prosthetic heart valves can be performed only if the physician is aware of the \"natural history\" of the patient following valve replacement as well as of the common complications associated with cardiac valve prostheses. This article discusses the hemodynamic changes which follow cardiac valve replacement, complications associated with valve replacement (congestive heart failure, suture disruption, \"ball variance,\" thromboembolism, hemolysis, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and simple clinical means of detecting these complications. Some special techniques which may be useful in diagnosing complications of prosthetic cardiac valve malfunction are described. It is emphasized that the physician should not consider the patient \"cured\" once he has undergone cardiac valve replacement, but rather should consider him to be the subject of meticulous long-term medical care."}
{"id": "PMID:941846", "title": "Fetal and neonatal rat pancreas in organ culture: age-related effects of corticosterone on the acinar cell component.", "content": "Fetal rat pancreas (ages 16 to 22 days postcoitum) and neonatal pancreas (4 days postnatal) were grown in organ culture for four days. The medium consisted of chick embryo extract and rooster serum either with or without the addition of corticosterone (3 X 10(-5) M). Acinar cell differentiation was assessed using quantitative light microscopic linear scanning of tissue sections and enzymatic analysis of amylase in the culture media and in the explants. In the younger fetal tissue of 16 and 18 days postcoitum exocrine differentiation continued in vitro. The effect of corticosterone was an enhancement of the degree of in vitro differentiation. Even with corticosterone, however, the degree of differentiation in vitro was less than that observed during a similar period in vivo. In differentiated pancreas (20- and 22-day fetal neonatal) the acinar pancreas degenerated under control conditions and a selective growth of the endocrine pancreas was observed. The addition of corticosterone to the media resulted in a maintenance of the differentiated state of the acini except in 22-day fetal tissue in which the acini were not preserved. The differences between these results and the work of other investigators and the possible in vivo role of adrenocorticosteroids in exocrine pancreatic differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Fetal and neonatal rat pancreas in organ culture: age-related effects of corticosterone on the acinar cell component. Fetal rat pancreas (ages 16 to 22 days postcoitum) and neonatal pancreas (4 days postnatal) were grown in organ culture for four days. The medium consisted of chick embryo extract and rooster serum either with or without the addition of corticosterone (3 X 10(-5) M). Acinar cell differentiation was assessed using quantitative light microscopic linear scanning of tissue sections and enzymatic analysis of amylase in the culture media and in the explants. In the younger fetal tissue of 16 and 18 days postcoitum exocrine differentiation continued in vitro. The effect of corticosterone was an enhancement of the degree of in vitro differentiation. Even with corticosterone, however, the degree of differentiation in vitro was less than that observed during a similar period in vivo. In differentiated pancreas (20- and 22-day fetal neonatal) the acinar pancreas degenerated under control conditions and a selective growth of the endocrine pancreas was observed. The addition of corticosterone to the media resulted in a maintenance of the differentiated state of the acini except in 22-day fetal tissue in which the acini were not preserved. The differences between these results and the work of other investigators and the possible in vivo role of adrenocorticosteroids in exocrine pancreatic differentiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941847", "title": "Topographical changes along the neural fold associated with neurulation in the hamster and mouse.", "content": "The topography of the ectoderm was examined by scanning electron microscopy during neurulation in hamster and mouse embryos. Stages from the appearance of the neural folds to closure of the posterior neuropore were studied. Progressive development of a zone of altered cellular morphology was observed along the crests of the neural folds. This zone evolved from an abrupt transition between surface and neural regions of the ectoderm to a narrow band of flattened cells which exhibited numerous membranous \"ruffles\" in the mouse, or blebs and presumably degenerating cells in the hamster, immediately prior to contact between the folds. These alterations were more prominent along the anterior than the posterior portions of the folds. Contact of the folds occurred first between the flattened cells with subsequent union of the surface cells. Stages of neural crest cell formation was observed subjacent to the zone of alterations in histological sections. It is suggested that the observed surface alterations may reflect changes in the membrane properties of the altered cells which are correlated with both neural crest formation and initial adhesion between the folds.", "contents": "Topographical changes along the neural fold associated with neurulation in the hamster and mouse. The topography of the ectoderm was examined by scanning electron microscopy during neurulation in hamster and mouse embryos. Stages from the appearance of the neural folds to closure of the posterior neuropore were studied. Progressive development of a zone of altered cellular morphology was observed along the crests of the neural folds. This zone evolved from an abrupt transition between surface and neural regions of the ectoderm to a narrow band of flattened cells which exhibited numerous membranous \"ruffles\" in the mouse, or blebs and presumably degenerating cells in the hamster, immediately prior to contact between the folds. These alterations were more prominent along the anterior than the posterior portions of the folds. Contact of the folds occurred first between the flattened cells with subsequent union of the surface cells. Stages of neural crest cell formation was observed subjacent to the zone of alterations in histological sections. It is suggested that the observed surface alterations may reflect changes in the membrane properties of the altered cells which are correlated with both neural crest formation and initial adhesion between the folds."}
{"id": "PMID:941848", "title": "Type II pulmonary epithelial cells of the newborn opossum lung.", "content": "The air chambers of the newborn opossum are lined by a respiratory epithelium which appears similar to that lining alveoli of other species. The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is cuboidal in shape, shows apical microvilli, several Golgi complexes, lipid droplets, and numerous cytosomes. The cytosomes contain osmiophilic lamellae and are similar in appearance to whorls of osmiophilic material lying free within the alveolar lumina and on the surface of the respiratory lining epithelium. In the newborn opossum lung, examination of the air chambers with the scanning electron microscope permits the observation of several type II pulmonary epithelial cells in a single field. The potential use of the air chamber of the newborn opossum as an experimental model is suggested.", "contents": "Type II pulmonary epithelial cells of the newborn opossum lung. The air chambers of the newborn opossum are lined by a respiratory epithelium which appears similar to that lining alveoli of other species. The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is cuboidal in shape, shows apical microvilli, several Golgi complexes, lipid droplets, and numerous cytosomes. The cytosomes contain osmiophilic lamellae and are similar in appearance to whorls of osmiophilic material lying free within the alveolar lumina and on the surface of the respiratory lining epithelium. In the newborn opossum lung, examination of the air chambers with the scanning electron microscope permits the observation of several type II pulmonary epithelial cells in a single field. The potential use of the air chamber of the newborn opossum as an experimental model is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:941849", "title": "Cations in the rat pars distalis ultrastructural localization.", "content": "Pituitary glands of female Sprague Dawley rats were fixed using the potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide technique by immersion or vascular perfusion. Both fixation procedures resulted in similar patterns of cation localization visualized as electron-dense precipitate within cells of the pars distalis. Nuclei were prominent sites of localization. Cytoplasmic precipitate occurred in association with the endoplasmic reticulum, typically within the cisternal spaces, and also was localized within the mitochondrial matrix and cristae, as well as Golgi membranes, small Golgi-associated vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. Immature secretory granules often contained precipitate between the core material of the granule and the enclosing smooth membrane. Frequently small antimonate-containing vesicles bordered the immature secretory granules. Precipitate was variable in secretory granules of more mature appearance although precipitate was apparent occasionally just within a granule's enclosing membrane. Granules closest to the plasma membrane often contained increased amounts of precipitate and small vesicles containing precipitate were observed fusing with them. Instances of granule release by emiocytosis often revealed a clustering of precipitate behind the core material away from the emiocytotic stoma, as well as at the stoma, and frequently an increased electron density of filamentous material radiating from the granules' enclosing membranes or from the adjacent plasma membrane. Exposure of section material to the chelating agents EGTA and EDTA indicate that calcium is the primary cation localized within the cytoplasm of these secretory cells. These findings are consistent with a role for calcium as a facilitator in the processes of transport and release of secretory granules.", "contents": "Cations in the rat pars distalis ultrastructural localization. Pituitary glands of female Sprague Dawley rats were fixed using the potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide technique by immersion or vascular perfusion. Both fixation procedures resulted in similar patterns of cation localization visualized as electron-dense precipitate within cells of the pars distalis. Nuclei were prominent sites of localization. Cytoplasmic precipitate occurred in association with the endoplasmic reticulum, typically within the cisternal spaces, and also was localized within the mitochondrial matrix and cristae, as well as Golgi membranes, small Golgi-associated vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. Immature secretory granules often contained precipitate between the core material of the granule and the enclosing smooth membrane. Frequently small antimonate-containing vesicles bordered the immature secretory granules. Precipitate was variable in secretory granules of more mature appearance although precipitate was apparent occasionally just within a granule's enclosing membrane. Granules closest to the plasma membrane often contained increased amounts of precipitate and small vesicles containing precipitate were observed fusing with them. Instances of granule release by emiocytosis often revealed a clustering of precipitate behind the core material away from the emiocytotic stoma, as well as at the stoma, and frequently an increased electron density of filamentous material radiating from the granules' enclosing membranes or from the adjacent plasma membrane. Exposure of section material to the chelating agents EGTA and EDTA indicate that calcium is the primary cation localized within the cytoplasm of these secretory cells. These findings are consistent with a role for calcium as a facilitator in the processes of transport and release of secretory granules."}
{"id": "PMID:941850", "title": "The paraganglia, a persisting endocrine system in man.", "content": "The paraganglia have been traced in surgical samples of para-aortic and pelvic retroperitoneal tissues using the formal-dehyde-induced fluorescence method for catecholamines. Clusters of catecholamine-storing cells were found in all (12) patients studied. Microspectrofluorometric recordings showed high amounts of catecholamine in the well-vascularized cell groups. A large proportion of the paraganglia, which are most prominent during the fetal period, also persist during postnatal life.", "contents": "The paraganglia, a persisting endocrine system in man. The paraganglia have been traced in surgical samples of para-aortic and pelvic retroperitoneal tissues using the formal-dehyde-induced fluorescence method for catecholamines. Clusters of catecholamine-storing cells were found in all (12) patients studied. Microspectrofluorometric recordings showed high amounts of catecholamine in the well-vascularized cell groups. A large proportion of the paraganglia, which are most prominent during the fetal period, also persist during postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:941851", "title": "Postnatal development of acinar cells in rat submandibular gland as revealed by electron microscopic staining for carbohydrates.", "content": "The postnatal differentiation of acinar cells in rat submandibular gland was studied by staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate to identify carbohydrate-containing macromolecules in the electron microscope. This method revealed glycogen particles and internal substructure in the secretory granules of developing acinar cells. On the basis of morphologic and histochemical criteria three phases of acinar cell development were defined. In the pro-acinar phase, during the first week after birth, pro-acinar cells and terminal tubular cells were the main components of the terminal tubules in the rudimentary gland. The secretory granules of the pro-acinar cells contained speckled or rod-like substructures which stained intensively for carbohydrates and were digested by proteolytic enzymes. During the second to third week after birth, which is the immature-acinar-cell phase, thread-like substructures were seen in the secretory granules. These structures, which were not digested by proteolytic enzymes, disappeared gradually. The acinar cells of 4-week-old or older rats displayed no particular substructure in the secretion granules and represented the final, mature phase of development.", "contents": "Postnatal development of acinar cells in rat submandibular gland as revealed by electron microscopic staining for carbohydrates. The postnatal differentiation of acinar cells in rat submandibular gland was studied by staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate to identify carbohydrate-containing macromolecules in the electron microscope. This method revealed glycogen particles and internal substructure in the secretory granules of developing acinar cells. On the basis of morphologic and histochemical criteria three phases of acinar cell development were defined. In the pro-acinar phase, during the first week after birth, pro-acinar cells and terminal tubular cells were the main components of the terminal tubules in the rudimentary gland. The secretory granules of the pro-acinar cells contained speckled or rod-like substructures which stained intensively for carbohydrates and were digested by proteolytic enzymes. During the second to third week after birth, which is the immature-acinar-cell phase, thread-like substructures were seen in the secretory granules. These structures, which were not digested by proteolytic enzymes, disappeared gradually. The acinar cells of 4-week-old or older rats displayed no particular substructure in the secretion granules and represented the final, mature phase of development."}
{"id": "PMID:941852", "title": "Extra- and intra-cranial blood supply to brains of dog and cat.", "content": "The dog and cat are useful experimental animals, and information regarding their cerebrovascular patterns and the source of blood supplying their brains is important. Blood vessels to brains and heads of cats and dogs were injected with various contrast media. Extracranial and intracranial arteries were studied grossly and in cleared sections. The proximal part of the internal carotid artery is small in the dog and non-functional in the cat. The largest single source of arterial blood supplying the brains of these species comes from the maxillary artery over an anastomotic ramus leading to an internal rete mirabile enmeshed in the cavernous sinus. The distal segment of the internal carotid arises from this anastomosis. The brain-stem of both animals is supplied by C1 branches of the vertebral arteries, and in the dog an occipital ramus makes a large contribution to it. In addition to an internal rete mirabile, the cat possesses a large external rete mirabile surrounding the maxillary artery and giving rise to all branches in the area. It is functionally equivalent to the ramus anastomoticus in the dog. Arterial patterns over brains of Carnivora are similar. They resemble those of lower mammals more than those of primates. Extensive extracranial arterial anastomoses located in the orbit, retia mirabilia and neck musculature are significant and make it difficult to render the brains ischemic.", "contents": "Extra- and intra-cranial blood supply to brains of dog and cat. The dog and cat are useful experimental animals, and information regarding their cerebrovascular patterns and the source of blood supplying their brains is important. Blood vessels to brains and heads of cats and dogs were injected with various contrast media. Extracranial and intracranial arteries were studied grossly and in cleared sections. The proximal part of the internal carotid artery is small in the dog and non-functional in the cat. The largest single source of arterial blood supplying the brains of these species comes from the maxillary artery over an anastomotic ramus leading to an internal rete mirabile enmeshed in the cavernous sinus. The distal segment of the internal carotid arises from this anastomosis. The brain-stem of both animals is supplied by C1 branches of the vertebral arteries, and in the dog an occipital ramus makes a large contribution to it. In addition to an internal rete mirabile, the cat possesses a large external rete mirabile surrounding the maxillary artery and giving rise to all branches in the area. It is functionally equivalent to the ramus anastomoticus in the dog. Arterial patterns over brains of Carnivora are similar. They resemble those of lower mammals more than those of primates. Extensive extracranial arterial anastomoses located in the orbit, retia mirabilia and neck musculature are significant and make it difficult to render the brains ischemic."}
{"id": "PMID:941853", "title": "An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: differentiation.", "content": "This investigation describes the differentiation of the type I pneumocyte from undifferentiated pulmonary epithelium. Cells lining subpleural alveolar septa were photographed from serial sections with the electron microscope and a three dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from micrographs to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the only reliable criterion for differentiating between type I and type II cells is the commencement of attenuation of the type I cell; (2) differentiation of the type I cell occurs via the formation of one or more cytoplasmic attenuations that eventually fuse peripherally, thereby surrounding the unattenuated cell soma; (3) with respect to individual cells, blood-air barriers tend to form in distal areas of the attenuating cytoplasm before proximal areas; (4) both type I and type II pneumocytes retain certain characteristics that reveal their common origin.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: differentiation. This investigation describes the differentiation of the type I pneumocyte from undifferentiated pulmonary epithelium. Cells lining subpleural alveolar septa were photographed from serial sections with the electron microscope and a three dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from micrographs to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the only reliable criterion for differentiating between type I and type II cells is the commencement of attenuation of the type I cell; (2) differentiation of the type I cell occurs via the formation of one or more cytoplasmic attenuations that eventually fuse peripherally, thereby surrounding the unattenuated cell soma; (3) with respect to individual cells, blood-air barriers tend to form in distal areas of the attenuating cytoplasm before proximal areas; (4) both type I and type II pneumocytes retain certain characteristics that reveal their common origin."}
{"id": "PMID:941854", "title": "Scanning microscopy of pituitary vascular casts.", "content": "Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex from seventeen adult female rabbits were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results of this study confirm the presence of a single capillary bed common to the entire neurohypophysis. Arterial supply to the rabbit pituitary is only to the neurohypophysis. A direct supply to adenohypophysis was not found. Within the median eminence there are an external and internal capillary plexus. The internal capillary plexus is directed toward the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. It does not receive a direct arterial supply but derives its blood supply from the external plexus before draining to the adenohypophysis. Vessels of the posterior median eminence are confluent with vessels of the infundibular stem. On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that the entire neurohypophysis, not simply the median eminence, serves as the final common pathway to the glandular pituitary. It is also proposed that in the median eminence, vessels are organized to deliver blood containing hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones as well as posterior lobe neural hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) to the ventricular surface for subsequent transport to cerebrospinal fluid and distribution to the brain.", "contents": "Scanning microscopy of pituitary vascular casts. Vascular casts of the pituitary-median eminence complex from seventeen adult female rabbits were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The results of this study confirm the presence of a single capillary bed common to the entire neurohypophysis. Arterial supply to the rabbit pituitary is only to the neurohypophysis. A direct supply to adenohypophysis was not found. Within the median eminence there are an external and internal capillary plexus. The internal capillary plexus is directed toward the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. It does not receive a direct arterial supply but derives its blood supply from the external plexus before draining to the adenohypophysis. Vessels of the posterior median eminence are confluent with vessels of the infundibular stem. On the basis of these studies, it is proposed that the entire neurohypophysis, not simply the median eminence, serves as the final common pathway to the glandular pituitary. It is also proposed that in the median eminence, vessels are organized to deliver blood containing hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones as well as posterior lobe neural hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) to the ventricular surface for subsequent transport to cerebrospinal fluid and distribution to the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:941855", "title": "Prenatal development of the eye in the golden hamster.", "content": "Prenatal development of the eye in golden hamsters is described at the light microscopic level as twelve periods based on salient morphological features. Period one includes shallow and deepened optic sulci in the cephalic neural plate and closing prosencephalon. Period two shows V-shaped prosencephalic evaginations, and Period three, bulbous vesicles. Contact of the retinal disc and lens placode at Period four precedes presumptive retinal invagination and lens pit formation during Period five. During Period six an open lens vesicle, precociously expanded dorsal and lateral optic cup regions and widespread optic fissure margins are evident. A spherical lens lumen, deepened optic cup and narrow optic fissure characterize Period seven. At Period eight posterior lens fibers are elongated, the optic cup is expanded ventrally, and optic fissure margins are juxtaposed or fusing. By Period nine the lens lumen is nearly or completely occluded, the optic fissure is essentially fused and axonal fibers are exiting from the globe. During Period ten corneal components are associated, axonal processes extend to the diencephalon, and lid folds cover more than half of the cornea. By Period eleven eyelids are fused. Anteriorly the pigmented epithelium is thickened and densely pigmented; outer and inner neuroblastic retinal layers are clearly distinguishable. Period twelve is marked by conspicuous anterior folds of pigmented epithelium; a relatively anuclear zone virtually separates outer and inner neuroblastic layers of the retina.", "contents": "Prenatal development of the eye in the golden hamster. Prenatal development of the eye in golden hamsters is described at the light microscopic level as twelve periods based on salient morphological features. Period one includes shallow and deepened optic sulci in the cephalic neural plate and closing prosencephalon. Period two shows V-shaped prosencephalic evaginations, and Period three, bulbous vesicles. Contact of the retinal disc and lens placode at Period four precedes presumptive retinal invagination and lens pit formation during Period five. During Period six an open lens vesicle, precociously expanded dorsal and lateral optic cup regions and widespread optic fissure margins are evident. A spherical lens lumen, deepened optic cup and narrow optic fissure characterize Period seven. At Period eight posterior lens fibers are elongated, the optic cup is expanded ventrally, and optic fissure margins are juxtaposed or fusing. By Period nine the lens lumen is nearly or completely occluded, the optic fissure is essentially fused and axonal fibers are exiting from the globe. During Period ten corneal components are associated, axonal processes extend to the diencephalon, and lid folds cover more than half of the cornea. By Period eleven eyelids are fused. Anteriorly the pigmented epithelium is thickened and densely pigmented; outer and inner neuroblastic retinal layers are clearly distinguishable. Period twelve is marked by conspicuous anterior folds of pigmented epithelium; a relatively anuclear zone virtually separates outer and inner neuroblastic layers of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:941856", "title": "Proximal tubule tendrils: fact or artefact.", "content": "Tendrils have been reported to radiate from luminal surfaces of proximal tubules in rat kidneys by Andrews and Porter ('74) using scanning microscopy, but they were not seen by Bulger et al. ('74). In this study, the perfusion procedure of Andrews and Porter was re-investigated. Tendrils were found only in regions which had characteristics of poor fixation. They were especially prominent if the perfusion pressure was purposely allowed to fall and subsequently increased to re-expand the tubules. The tendrils could then be seen in all portions of the proximal convoluted tubule and not exclusively in the initial portion as previously reported.", "contents": "Proximal tubule tendrils: fact or artefact. Tendrils have been reported to radiate from luminal surfaces of proximal tubules in rat kidneys by Andrews and Porter ('74) using scanning microscopy, but they were not seen by Bulger et al. ('74). In this study, the perfusion procedure of Andrews and Porter was re-investigated. Tendrils were found only in regions which had characteristics of poor fixation. They were especially prominent if the perfusion pressure was purposely allowed to fall and subsequently increased to re-expand the tubules. The tendrils could then be seen in all portions of the proximal convoluted tubule and not exclusively in the initial portion as previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:941857", "title": "Osteopetrosis in the IA rat cured by spleen cells from a normal littermate.", "content": "Osteopetrosis in ia rats has been cured by combining whole-body irradiation with infusion of spleen cells from a normal littermate. The cure, first seen radiographically and histologically as areas of resorption below the epiphyseal plates of long bones, progressed to produce marrow cavities of normal proportions. Treatment of ia rats with either radiation or normal spleen cells alone was not successful. Furthermore, osteopetrosis was induced in normal littermates when radiation was combined with infusion of mutant (ia) spleen cells. These results show that spleen cells contribute to the resorbing capacity of the skeleton and suggest that osteoclasts might have a hematogenous origin.", "contents": "Osteopetrosis in the IA rat cured by spleen cells from a normal littermate. Osteopetrosis in ia rats has been cured by combining whole-body irradiation with infusion of spleen cells from a normal littermate. The cure, first seen radiographically and histologically as areas of resorption below the epiphyseal plates of long bones, progressed to produce marrow cavities of normal proportions. Treatment of ia rats with either radiation or normal spleen cells alone was not successful. Furthermore, osteopetrosis was induced in normal littermates when radiation was combined with infusion of mutant (ia) spleen cells. These results show that spleen cells contribute to the resorbing capacity of the skeleton and suggest that osteoclasts might have a hematogenous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:941858", "title": "Ultrastructure of the thyroid in dwarf mice.", "content": "The thyroid gland of Snell's dwarf mice consists of small follicles with flattened epithelium, partly differentiated cords and undifferentiated masses. Many adipocytes are found. The ultimobranchial cysts are well developed. Parafollicular cells are normal. In the partly organized cords, microfollicular cells are some small follicles limited by two or three cells are seen. The presence of these structures led us to think that they represent the first stages of normal folliculogenesis, described as the fusion of two adjacent unicellular microfollicles. Their further growth is the result of the coalescing of small adjacent follicles or of cellular multiplication. The presence of undifferentiated masses and partly differentiated cords, in dwarf mice, seems due to a developmental arrest rather than to aberrant development. This disorder of organogenesis is ascribed mainly to a lack of pituitary growth hormone.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the thyroid in dwarf mice. The thyroid gland of Snell's dwarf mice consists of small follicles with flattened epithelium, partly differentiated cords and undifferentiated masses. Many adipocytes are found. The ultimobranchial cysts are well developed. Parafollicular cells are normal. In the partly organized cords, microfollicular cells are some small follicles limited by two or three cells are seen. The presence of these structures led us to think that they represent the first stages of normal folliculogenesis, described as the fusion of two adjacent unicellular microfollicles. Their further growth is the result of the coalescing of small adjacent follicles or of cellular multiplication. The presence of undifferentiated masses and partly differentiated cords, in dwarf mice, seems due to a developmental arrest rather than to aberrant development. This disorder of organogenesis is ascribed mainly to a lack of pituitary growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:941859", "title": "Age-related changes in the intact and sympathetically denervated gerbil pineal gland.", "content": "The pineal gland of four-month-old gerbils contains numerous calcareous deposits (corpora arenacea or concretions). Also, the tissue appears vacuolated due to the presence of a number of large rounded spaces. The deposits are usually associated with or lying within these \"vacuoles\". By eight months of age, the number of both the corpora arenacea and the \"vacuoles\" are increased over those present in the pineals of four-month-old gerbils. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy at one month of age prevents the formation of both the concretions and \"vacuoles\". The cells in the sympathetically denervated pineal glands are smaller than those in pineal glands of animals that possess intact superior cervical ganglia.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the intact and sympathetically denervated gerbil pineal gland. The pineal gland of four-month-old gerbils contains numerous calcareous deposits (corpora arenacea or concretions). Also, the tissue appears vacuolated due to the presence of a number of large rounded spaces. The deposits are usually associated with or lying within these \"vacuoles\". By eight months of age, the number of both the corpora arenacea and the \"vacuoles\" are increased over those present in the pineals of four-month-old gerbils. Bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy at one month of age prevents the formation of both the concretions and \"vacuoles\". The cells in the sympathetically denervated pineal glands are smaller than those in pineal glands of animals that possess intact superior cervical ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:941860", "title": "Descending inputs to caudal cochlear nucleus in cats: a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study.", "content": "After HRP injections into the octopus cell area of the cat cochlear nucleus, only periolivary neurons of the superior olivary complex (SOC) reacted. Elongate neurons in the lateral periolivary nuclei (ipsilateral to the injection) and multipolar neurons in ventromedial periolivary regions (contralateral to the injection) contained granules. No neurons in the main SOC nuclei or higher auditory nuclei reacted, despite a wide range of HRP concentrations. Thus, neurons from the SOC to the octopus cell area of the cochlear nucleus seem to be entirely periolivary and not entirely equivalent to neurons providing collaterals to the olivocochlear bundle.", "contents": "Descending inputs to caudal cochlear nucleus in cats: a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study. After HRP injections into the octopus cell area of the cat cochlear nucleus, only periolivary neurons of the superior olivary complex (SOC) reacted. Elongate neurons in the lateral periolivary nuclei (ipsilateral to the injection) and multipolar neurons in ventromedial periolivary regions (contralateral to the injection) contained granules. No neurons in the main SOC nuclei or higher auditory nuclei reacted, despite a wide range of HRP concentrations. Thus, neurons from the SOC to the octopus cell area of the cochlear nucleus seem to be entirely periolivary and not entirely equivalent to neurons providing collaterals to the olivocochlear bundle."}
{"id": "PMID:941861", "title": "Selection of operating wavelength-pair for two-wavelength microspectrophotometry.", "content": "The two-wave length method is the microspectrophotometric method of choice for thick specimens. Its accuracy is dependent on the accuracy of selection of the operating wavelenght-pair. The \"slope zero test\", offered as a check upon the accuracy of this selection (Garcia and Iorio, '66) is shown to be invalid by analysis of experimental data, by computer model and by mathematical derivation. A means of checking the accuracy of selection of the operating wavelength-pair via scanning measurements is suggested. A new formulation of the two-wavelength method, permitting use of different operating wavelength-pairs, is also given.", "contents": "Selection of operating wavelength-pair for two-wavelength microspectrophotometry. The two-wave length method is the microspectrophotometric method of choice for thick specimens. Its accuracy is dependent on the accuracy of selection of the operating wavelenght-pair. The \"slope zero test\", offered as a check upon the accuracy of this selection (Garcia and Iorio, '66) is shown to be invalid by analysis of experimental data, by computer model and by mathematical derivation. A means of checking the accuracy of selection of the operating wavelength-pair via scanning measurements is suggested. A new formulation of the two-wavelength method, permitting use of different operating wavelength-pairs, is also given."}
{"id": "PMID:941862", "title": "Zinc turnover in mice during pregnancy, lactation, and growth.", "content": "The turnover of 65Zn was examined in mice. During pregnancy, lactation, and growth, the loss of 65Zn from the body was twice as great as that observed in mature, nonpregnant animals. The results of this study emphasize the need for consideration of zinc losses in the formulation of the minimum daily requirement for zinc in humans and other mammalian species.", "contents": "Zinc turnover in mice during pregnancy, lactation, and growth. The turnover of 65Zn was examined in mice. During pregnancy, lactation, and growth, the loss of 65Zn from the body was twice as great as that observed in mature, nonpregnant animals. The results of this study emphasize the need for consideration of zinc losses in the formulation of the minimum daily requirement for zinc in humans and other mammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:941863", "title": "Protein quality of two varieties of high-lysine maize fed alone and with black beans or milk to normal and depleted weanling rats.", "content": "Opaque-2 corn, modified high-lysine corn with vitreous endosperm, and common corn were compared in rat growth studies. Corn alone supplied 8.6% protein; and at both 8.6 and 11.4% protein, corn furnished 60% of the protein and either milk or black beans supplied 40%. The modified corn, which also was high in both lysine and tryptophan, did not differ significantly from Opaque-2 corn in its ability to stimulate growth and nitrogen deposition in both well-nourished and partially protein-depleted rats; and both were significantly superior to common corn when fed alone. Milk was a more effective supplement for corn than black beans, especially when high-lysine varieties were fed, whereas beans exerted a similar effect on all varieties of corn. The depleted rats deposited more nitrogen as a result of eating most diets than did well nourished rats. Implications of these findings for preschool children are discussed.", "contents": "Protein quality of two varieties of high-lysine maize fed alone and with black beans or milk to normal and depleted weanling rats. Opaque-2 corn, modified high-lysine corn with vitreous endosperm, and common corn were compared in rat growth studies. Corn alone supplied 8.6% protein; and at both 8.6 and 11.4% protein, corn furnished 60% of the protein and either milk or black beans supplied 40%. The modified corn, which also was high in both lysine and tryptophan, did not differ significantly from Opaque-2 corn in its ability to stimulate growth and nitrogen deposition in both well-nourished and partially protein-depleted rats; and both were significantly superior to common corn when fed alone. Milk was a more effective supplement for corn than black beans, especially when high-lysine varieties were fed, whereas beans exerted a similar effect on all varieties of corn. The depleted rats deposited more nitrogen as a result of eating most diets than did well nourished rats. Implications of these findings for preschool children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941864", "title": "Treatment of obesity by acupuncture.", "content": "Twenty-four subjects ranging from 5 to 33% above ideal weight were weighted during a 3-week control period, and then treated for the successive 9 weeks with acupuncture therapy given in three different loci, and in random order for 3-week periods. The acupuncture needles were placed in unilateral loci used by oriental acupuncturists for weight loss, in the same loci bilaterally, and in unilateral loci not used by acupuncturists for weight loss. No undesirable effects were noted. No treatment was associated with weight reduction significant at the 0.05 confidence level. A study involving guinea pigs was run parallel with the above clinical protocol and also demonstrated no effect of ear acupuncture on weight loss.", "contents": "Treatment of obesity by acupuncture. Twenty-four subjects ranging from 5 to 33% above ideal weight were weighted during a 3-week control period, and then treated for the successive 9 weeks with acupuncture therapy given in three different loci, and in random order for 3-week periods. The acupuncture needles were placed in unilateral loci used by oriental acupuncturists for weight loss, in the same loci bilaterally, and in unilateral loci not used by acupuncturists for weight loss. No undesirable effects were noted. No treatment was associated with weight reduction significant at the 0.05 confidence level. A study involving guinea pigs was run parallel with the above clinical protocol and also demonstrated no effect of ear acupuncture on weight loss."}
{"id": "PMID:941865", "title": "An estimation of mineral losses through arm sweat of preadolescent children.", "content": "Balance studies were conducted to determine the effects of three levels of nitrogen intake on the loss of nitrogen through sweat in preadolescent boys and girls. During the studies, the losses of calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc were determined in the arm sweat of the subjects. Sweat from the forearm was collected in a  polyethylene bag for 1 hr on three different occasions. Using the concentrations of nitrogen in the arm bag and in the whole body collection and the concentration of minerals in the arm bag, the total body loss of minerals were estimated. Losses of minerals through sweat, expressed as a percentage of intake, ranged from 0.12 to 1.10%. Under conditions of these studies, sweat losses of the essential minerals were not a significant factor in estimating total losses.", "contents": "An estimation of mineral losses through arm sweat of preadolescent children. Balance studies were conducted to determine the effects of three levels of nitrogen intake on the loss of nitrogen through sweat in preadolescent boys and girls. During the studies, the losses of calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc were determined in the arm sweat of the subjects. Sweat from the forearm was collected in a  polyethylene bag for 1 hr on three different occasions. Using the concentrations of nitrogen in the arm bag and in the whole body collection and the concentration of minerals in the arm bag, the total body loss of minerals were estimated. Losses of minerals through sweat, expressed as a percentage of intake, ranged from 0.12 to 1.10%. Under conditions of these studies, sweat losses of the essential minerals were not a significant factor in estimating total losses."}
{"id": "PMID:941866", "title": "Age differences in vitamin B6 status of 617 men.", "content": "The effect of age on vitamin B6 metabolism was studied in 617 community-dwelling subjects, ages 18 to 90. These are, for the most part, clinically healthy, educated men whose intake of nutrients is not limited by economic factors. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was used as the primary criterion of vitamin B6 status. About one-third of the subjects were taking supplementary vitamins on their own initiative. The amount of pyridoxine-HCl varied from 0.1 to 105 mg/day. The average plasma PLP of the men not taking a supplement (N = 414) was 12.3 +/-0.3 ng/ml, with 25% of the values below 7.5 ng/ml and 7% below 5 ng/ml. There was a statistically significant decrease in plasma PLP with age of 0.9 ng/ml per decade. For those taking a supplement, the average plasma PLP was 20.5 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, with only 8% of the values below 7.5 ng/ml and none below 5 ng/ml. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in plasma (PGOT) and erythrocytes (EGOT) was determined on all subjects. The ratio of EGOT with in vitro stimulation by PLP to EGOT actual (alpha-EGOT) was also studied. These studies provide the most extensive normative data on vitamin B6 status available on men in the adult years of life.", "contents": "Age differences in vitamin B6 status of 617 men. The effect of age on vitamin B6 metabolism was studied in 617 community-dwelling subjects, ages 18 to 90. These are, for the most part, clinically healthy, educated men whose intake of nutrients is not limited by economic factors. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was used as the primary criterion of vitamin B6 status. About one-third of the subjects were taking supplementary vitamins on their own initiative. The amount of pyridoxine-HCl varied from 0.1 to 105 mg/day. The average plasma PLP of the men not taking a supplement (N = 414) was 12.3 +/-0.3 ng/ml, with 25% of the values below 7.5 ng/ml and 7% below 5 ng/ml. There was a statistically significant decrease in plasma PLP with age of 0.9 ng/ml per decade. For those taking a supplement, the average plasma PLP was 20.5 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, with only 8% of the values below 7.5 ng/ml and none below 5 ng/ml. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity in plasma (PGOT) and erythrocytes (EGOT) was determined on all subjects. The ratio of EGOT with in vitro stimulation by PLP to EGOT actual (alpha-EGOT) was also studied. These studies provide the most extensive normative data on vitamin B6 status available on men in the adult years of life."}
{"id": "PMID:941867", "title": "Vitamin D resistance in magnesium deficiency.", "content": "Four patients with gastrointestinal disorders, and one patient with chronic alcoholism presented with both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Pharmacological doses of either ergocalciferol or dihydrotachysterol did not correct the hypocalcemia except in one patient who had a minimal rise in serum calcium. Parathormone levels were high in three patients and exogenous parathormone given to the fourth subject failed to elicit a rise in serum calcium, implying impairment of the calcemic response to parathormone. Magnesium repletion simultaneously corrected the hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. Balance data suggested that the rise in serum calcium was in part, at least, due to increased mobilization of minerals from bone. While the mechanism remains speculative, it appears that magnesium facilitates the release of calcium from bone in the presence of adequate amounts of vitamin D and parathormone.", "contents": "Vitamin D resistance in magnesium deficiency. Four patients with gastrointestinal disorders, and one patient with chronic alcoholism presented with both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Pharmacological doses of either ergocalciferol or dihydrotachysterol did not correct the hypocalcemia except in one patient who had a minimal rise in serum calcium. Parathormone levels were high in three patients and exogenous parathormone given to the fourth subject failed to elicit a rise in serum calcium, implying impairment of the calcemic response to parathormone. Magnesium repletion simultaneously corrected the hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. Balance data suggested that the rise in serum calcium was in part, at least, due to increased mobilization of minerals from bone. While the mechanism remains speculative, it appears that magnesium facilitates the release of calcium from bone in the presence of adequate amounts of vitamin D and parathormone."}
{"id": "PMID:941868", "title": "Food iron absorption in human subjects. III. Comparison of the effect of animal proteins on nonheme iron absorption.", "content": "The ability of various animal proteins to enhance the absorption of dietary nonheme iron was evaluated by performing multiple radioiron absorption measurements in 70 volunteer subjects. Protein equivalent substitutions of nine animal foods were made in two basic test meals. The first was a standard meal of high iron availability (mean absorption, 8.3%) containing beef muscle as the animal protein. The second was a semisynthetic meal of low iron availability (mean absorption, 1.4%) containing ovalbumin as the protein source. Two categories of animal protein were defined. Substitution of beef, lamb, pork, liver, fish, and chicken for the egg ovalbumin in the sannisynthetic meal resulted in a significant, 2-fold to 4-fold increase in iron absorption whereas no increase was observed with milk, cheese, or egg. Reciprocal findings were obtained when these foods were substituted for the beef contained in the standard meal. All sources of animal proteins are not equivalent in their effect on nonheme iron absorption.", "contents": "Food iron absorption in human subjects. III. Comparison of the effect of animal proteins on nonheme iron absorption. The ability of various animal proteins to enhance the absorption of dietary nonheme iron was evaluated by performing multiple radioiron absorption measurements in 70 volunteer subjects. Protein equivalent substitutions of nine animal foods were made in two basic test meals. The first was a standard meal of high iron availability (mean absorption, 8.3%) containing beef muscle as the animal protein. The second was a semisynthetic meal of low iron availability (mean absorption, 1.4%) containing ovalbumin as the protein source. Two categories of animal protein were defined. Substitution of beef, lamb, pork, liver, fish, and chicken for the egg ovalbumin in the sannisynthetic meal resulted in a significant, 2-fold to 4-fold increase in iron absorption whereas no increase was observed with milk, cheese, or egg. Reciprocal findings were obtained when these foods were substituted for the beef contained in the standard meal. All sources of animal proteins are not equivalent in their effect on nonheme iron absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:941869", "title": "Behavior therapy for weight control: long-term results of two programs with nutritionists as therapists.", "content": "Two studies examined the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques utilizing nutritionists as therapists. In study 1, therapist training on the use of behavioral techniques was done by self-study. Fifty-seven females at least 10% overweight (X = 20%, SD = +/- 14.0) were placed in one of three 10-week treatment conditions; 1) a multiple technique behavioral program, 2) food exchange treatment, and 3) delay treatment control. End of treatment weight losses averaged 3.0, 2.2, and 0.1 kg, respectively. When treated, the delay group lost 2.7 kg. One year post-treatment the behavior therapy subjects were maintaining approximately 70% of the weight lost during treatment; the other two groups maintained less than half of their achieved loss. In study 2, 54 female subjects 15 to 60% overweight (X = 39%, SD = +/- 12.3) underwent one of two 14-week behavioral weight control treatments. One was the same behavioral treatment used in study 1; the other was built around the concept of stimulus control. Both treatments included nutrition information. The therapists were trained by a behavioral psychologist. Weight loss at the end of treatment was 8.4 and 7.3 kg for the stimulus control and multiple technique conditions, respectively. There was a significant difference in favor of the stimulus control treatment at 3 and 6 months posttreatment. At the 18-month follow-up the stimulus control subjects were maintaining 80% of achieved weight loss; the other group only 50%.", "contents": "Behavior therapy for weight control: long-term results of two programs with nutritionists as therapists. Two studies examined the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques utilizing nutritionists as therapists. In study 1, therapist training on the use of behavioral techniques was done by self-study. Fifty-seven females at least 10% overweight (X = 20%, SD = +/- 14.0) were placed in one of three 10-week treatment conditions; 1) a multiple technique behavioral program, 2) food exchange treatment, and 3) delay treatment control. End of treatment weight losses averaged 3.0, 2.2, and 0.1 kg, respectively. When treated, the delay group lost 2.7 kg. One year post-treatment the behavior therapy subjects were maintaining approximately 70% of the weight lost during treatment; the other two groups maintained less than half of their achieved loss. In study 2, 54 female subjects 15 to 60% overweight (X = 39%, SD = +/- 12.3) underwent one of two 14-week behavioral weight control treatments. One was the same behavioral treatment used in study 1; the other was built around the concept of stimulus control. Both treatments included nutrition information. The therapists were trained by a behavioral psychologist. Weight loss at the end of treatment was 8.4 and 7.3 kg for the stimulus control and multiple technique conditions, respectively. There was a significant difference in favor of the stimulus control treatment at 3 and 6 months posttreatment. At the 18-month follow-up the stimulus control subjects were maintaining 80% of achieved weight loss; the other group only 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:941870", "title": "Beneficial effects of a high carbohydrate, high fiber diet on hyperglycemic diabetic men.", "content": "High carbohydrate diets rich in dietary fiber were fed to 13 hyperglycemic diabetic men; five men required 15 to 28 units of insulin per day, five men required sulfonylureas, and three men required 40 to 55 units of insulin. All 13 men were fed weight maintaining American Diabetic Association diets containing 43% of calories as carbohydrate for 1 week and then were fed 75% carbohydrate diets with 15 g of crude dietary fiber for approximately 2 weeks. After 2 weeks on the 75% carbohydrate diet, sulfonylureas were discontinued in all five men, insulin was discontinued in four men and decreased from 28 to 15 units in 1 man from the group requiring less than 30 units per day. Fasting plasma glucose values were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in all 10 men. However, insulin requirements and fasting plasma glucose values were not changed in the three men requiring 40 to 55 units of insulin. Fasting serum cholesterol values were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower and mean fasting serum triglyceride values were 15% lower on the high carbohydrate diet than on the American Diabetic Association diet in these 13 men. Thus, a high carbohydrate diet with generous amounts of dietary fiber may be the treatment of choice of diabetic patients requiring sulfonylureas or less than 30 units of insulin per day.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of a high carbohydrate, high fiber diet on hyperglycemic diabetic men. High carbohydrate diets rich in dietary fiber were fed to 13 hyperglycemic diabetic men; five men required 15 to 28 units of insulin per day, five men required sulfonylureas, and three men required 40 to 55 units of insulin. All 13 men were fed weight maintaining American Diabetic Association diets containing 43% of calories as carbohydrate for 1 week and then were fed 75% carbohydrate diets with 15 g of crude dietary fiber for approximately 2 weeks. After 2 weeks on the 75% carbohydrate diet, sulfonylureas were discontinued in all five men, insulin was discontinued in four men and decreased from 28 to 15 units in 1 man from the group requiring less than 30 units per day. Fasting plasma glucose values were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in all 10 men. However, insulin requirements and fasting plasma glucose values were not changed in the three men requiring 40 to 55 units of insulin. Fasting serum cholesterol values were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower and mean fasting serum triglyceride values were 15% lower on the high carbohydrate diet than on the American Diabetic Association diet in these 13 men. Thus, a high carbohydrate diet with generous amounts of dietary fiber may be the treatment of choice of diabetic patients requiring sulfonylureas or less than 30 units of insulin per day."}
{"id": "PMID:941871", "title": "Preliminary clinical and anthropometric findings from the first Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA, 1971-1972.", "content": "Eight percent of Negroes between the ages of 45 to 59 had hepatomegaly. Tongue signs and absent knee and ankle jerks were more prevalent in Negroes ages 45 to 74; they also had lower urinary excretion of thiamine and riboflavin than Whites. Bowed legs and knock knees were more frequent in Negroes ages 1 to 17 and Negro women 18 to 44. Prevalence of bleeding, swollen gums was highest in Negroes ages 45 to 59. Both grade I and II goiter were more prevalent in Negroes at all ages except men 18 to 59. Chvostek's sign indicating possible calcium deficiency was more frequent in Negroes at all ages with two exceptions. Major anthropometric findings will also be presented.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical and anthropometric findings from the first Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, USA, 1971-1972. Eight percent of Negroes between the ages of 45 to 59 had hepatomegaly. Tongue signs and absent knee and ankle jerks were more prevalent in Negroes ages 45 to 74; they also had lower urinary excretion of thiamine and riboflavin than Whites. Bowed legs and knock knees were more frequent in Negroes ages 1 to 17 and Negro women 18 to 44. Prevalence of bleeding, swollen gums was highest in Negroes ages 45 to 59. Both grade I and II goiter were more prevalent in Negroes at all ages except men 18 to 59. Chvostek's sign indicating possible calcium deficiency was more frequent in Negroes at all ages with two exceptions. Major anthropometric findings will also be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:941872", "title": "Developing a rural mental health service from a base in an academic clinical psychology program.", "content": "The development of a Community Mental Health Service for a multiethnic rural area by an academic psychology department clinical program was carried out for the purpose of providing relevant training for grauate students through realistic service functions. The population served was largely lower socioeconomic, and the available resources very limited. The Community Psychology course was used to assist the planning and negotiating for the clinic. Services provided during the first year are summarized. The graduate students' not-too-happy view of the program is presented. The problems and issues raised by this experience, for both training and service, are discussed.", "contents": "Developing a rural mental health service from a base in an academic clinical psychology program. The development of a Community Mental Health Service for a multiethnic rural area by an academic psychology department clinical program was carried out for the purpose of providing relevant training for grauate students through realistic service functions. The population served was largely lower socioeconomic, and the available resources very limited. The Community Psychology course was used to assist the planning and negotiating for the clinic. Services provided during the first year are summarized. The graduate students' not-too-happy view of the program is presented. The problems and issues raised by this experience, for both training and service, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941873", "title": "Involuntary hospitalization: the social construction of danger.", "content": "Petitions for 50 consecutive patients committed involuntarily to a western state hospital were examined to determine whether statements supporting such commitment reflected explicit or residual rule-breaking behaviors. In 46 cases, involuntary hospitalization was based upon residual rule breaking. Additionally, in only 5 cases did the petitioner perceive the patient as dangerous, while in all 50 cases, the two examining physicians certified him to be such. Results are discussed in the context of the psychiatrist's personality characteristics and his role as a social control agent.", "contents": "Involuntary hospitalization: the social construction of danger. Petitions for 50 consecutive patients committed involuntarily to a western state hospital were examined to determine whether statements supporting such commitment reflected explicit or residual rule-breaking behaviors. In 46 cases, involuntary hospitalization was based upon residual rule breaking. Additionally, in only 5 cases did the petitioner perceive the patient as dangerous, while in all 50 cases, the two examining physicians certified him to be such. Results are discussed in the context of the psychiatrist's personality characteristics and his role as a social control agent."}
{"id": "PMID:941874", "title": "Effects of a defendent's previous psychiatric hospitalization on the judgments of simulated jurors.", "content": "Simulated jurors were asked to render judgements in a case involving either a violent or a nonviolent armed robbery. The defendent either did or did not have a stated history or previous psychiatric hospitalization. The former mental patient received fewer guilty verdicts than did the nonhospitalized defendant in the nonviolent robbery condition, while no difference existed in the violent robbery condition. It was predicted that, relative to the nonhospitalized defendant, subjects would be more punitive when the former mental patient was judged guilty of the violent crime than when he was judged guilty of the nonviolent robbery. This prediction was confirmed only for male subjects. The data suggest that while males responded in terms of conventional stereotypes about the mentally ill, females did not. Results are discussed in terms of attribution of responsibility and fear reactions toward the mentally ill.", "contents": "Effects of a defendent's previous psychiatric hospitalization on the judgments of simulated jurors. Simulated jurors were asked to render judgements in a case involving either a violent or a nonviolent armed robbery. The defendent either did or did not have a stated history or previous psychiatric hospitalization. The former mental patient received fewer guilty verdicts than did the nonhospitalized defendant in the nonviolent robbery condition, while no difference existed in the violent robbery condition. It was predicted that, relative to the nonhospitalized defendant, subjects would be more punitive when the former mental patient was judged guilty of the violent crime than when he was judged guilty of the nonviolent robbery. This prediction was confirmed only for male subjects. The data suggest that while males responded in terms of conventional stereotypes about the mentally ill, females did not. Results are discussed in terms of attribution of responsibility and fear reactions toward the mentally ill."}
{"id": "PMID:941875", "title": "The influence of supervision and facilitative conditions on the psychotherapeutic effectiveness of nonprofessional and professional therapists.", "content": "Sixty poorly adjusted, fifth- and sixth-grade males were randomly assigned to experimental groups seen by professional, supervised nonprofessional, and unsupervised nonprofessional therapists, as well as to a no-treatment control. The therapists saw their clients 10 times. Excerpts from the 3rd and 7th sessions were rated by trained raters for facilitative conditions. Change in clients was studied through instruments which assessed change from three vantage points--the child's, his teacher's and his therapist's. Individual as well as group data demonstrated significant superiority of supervised nonprofessionals over unsupervised nonprofessionals. Changes in clients treated by professionals tended to cluster close to those treated by supervised nonprofessionals. Several significantly negative correlations between facilitative conditions and criteria of psychotherapeutic change were discovered.", "contents": "The influence of supervision and facilitative conditions on the psychotherapeutic effectiveness of nonprofessional and professional therapists. Sixty poorly adjusted, fifth- and sixth-grade males were randomly assigned to experimental groups seen by professional, supervised nonprofessional, and unsupervised nonprofessional therapists, as well as to a no-treatment control. The therapists saw their clients 10 times. Excerpts from the 3rd and 7th sessions were rated by trained raters for facilitative conditions. Change in clients was studied through instruments which assessed change from three vantage points--the child's, his teacher's and his therapist's. Individual as well as group data demonstrated significant superiority of supervised nonprofessionals over unsupervised nonprofessionals. Changes in clients treated by professionals tended to cluster close to those treated by supervised nonprofessionals. Several significantly negative correlations between facilitative conditions and criteria of psychotherapeutic change were discovered."}
{"id": "PMID:941876", "title": "The buddy system: mediator--target locus of control and behavioral outcome.", "content": "The relative locus of control of mediator--target pairs was investigated within a contingency management program. As predicted, less improvement in target behaviors occurred for pairs in which the target scored lower in externality than the mediator. In addition, the greater externality of the mediator relative to the assigned target, the less improvement in target behavior (r=-.67). In contrast, improvement in target behavior bore no relationship with the locus of control scores of either mediators or targets correlated separately, nor with the differences between mediator--target locus of control scores within pairs in which the target scored equal to or higher in externality than the mediator.", "contents": "The buddy system: mediator--target locus of control and behavioral outcome. The relative locus of control of mediator--target pairs was investigated within a contingency management program. As predicted, less improvement in target behaviors occurred for pairs in which the target scored lower in externality than the mediator. In addition, the greater externality of the mediator relative to the assigned target, the less improvement in target behavior (r=-.67). In contrast, improvement in target behavior bore no relationship with the locus of control scores of either mediators or targets correlated separately, nor with the differences between mediator--target locus of control scores within pairs in which the target scored equal to or higher in externality than the mediator."}
{"id": "PMID:941877", "title": "Predicting resource utilization in a comprehensive center: an evaluation of three alternative methods.", "content": "Three alternative methods for obtaining anticipated resource utilization information for comprehensive mental health centers are proposed. The methods differ on two dimensions, sample selection and statistical technique. Using an admission cohort rather than a discharge cohort and eliminating patients who terminated treatment against medical advice permitted a refined prediction. Although no significant differences were found between the chi-square and multiple-regression techniques, the latter resulted in a substantially greater degree of flexibility.", "contents": "Predicting resource utilization in a comprehensive center: an evaluation of three alternative methods. Three alternative methods for obtaining anticipated resource utilization information for comprehensive mental health centers are proposed. The methods differ on two dimensions, sample selection and statistical technique. Using an admission cohort rather than a discharge cohort and eliminating patients who terminated treatment against medical advice permitted a refined prediction. Although no significant differences were found between the chi-square and multiple-regression techniques, the latter resulted in a substantially greater degree of flexibility."}
{"id": "PMID:941878", "title": "Attitudes and feelings of criminal justice personnel toward the mentally ill.", "content": "The present study compared the attitudes and feelings of law-enforcement, corrections, parole and probation personnel, and college students toward mental illness. Modified versions of the Criminally Insane Scale (Khanna, Pratt, & Gardiner, 1962) and Attitudes Toward Mental Illness Scale (Cohen & Struening, 1962) were used in assessing these attitudes. Law-enforcement and corrections personnel tended to believe many of the stereotypic causes of mental illness, while the college students based their views on more current thinking. In addition, law-enforcement and corrections personnel indicated greater fear of the criminally insane than the other two groups. Possible causes and ramifications of these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Attitudes and feelings of criminal justice personnel toward the mentally ill. The present study compared the attitudes and feelings of law-enforcement, corrections, parole and probation personnel, and college students toward mental illness. Modified versions of the Criminally Insane Scale (Khanna, Pratt, & Gardiner, 1962) and Attitudes Toward Mental Illness Scale (Cohen & Struening, 1962) were used in assessing these attitudes. Law-enforcement and corrections personnel tended to believe many of the stereotypic causes of mental illness, while the college students based their views on more current thinking. In addition, law-enforcement and corrections personnel indicated greater fear of the criminally insane than the other two groups. Possible causes and ramifications of these differences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941881", "title": "A test for abnormal hemoglobins in umbilical cord blood.", "content": "This article describes a rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for testing the cord blood of infants for the common hemoglobinopathies by electrophoresis using cellulose polyacetate strips. In a study of 7,500 umbilical cord blood specimens, 11% were found to contain an abnormal hemoglobin. While the importance of evaluating cord blood in a screening program for hemoglobinopathies is evident, the procedure must be accurate, verified, and followed by proper counseling.", "contents": "A test for abnormal hemoglobins in umbilical cord blood. This article describes a rapid, simple, and inexpensive method for testing the cord blood of infants for the common hemoglobinopathies by electrophoresis using cellulose polyacetate strips. In a study of 7,500 umbilical cord blood specimens, 11% were found to contain an abnormal hemoglobin. While the importance of evaluating cord blood in a screening program for hemoglobinopathies is evident, the procedure must be accurate, verified, and followed by proper counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:941882", "title": "Determination of nicotine concentrations in human milk.", "content": "A total of 34 samples of human milk from 15 donors was analyzed for nicotine content, using a new method of sample preparation and subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Nicotine was not found in the six samples of milk from non-smokers. The 28 samples from smokers contained an average of 91 parts per billion (ppb) nicotine (ranging from less than 20 ppb to 512 ppb). While no adverse effects to the infant due to nicotine in human milk have been documented, this method of analysis will allow systematic monitoring of nicotine concentrations in the milk of lactating women. These results should not be used to deter breast-feeding; rather, they offer another reason for mothers to reduce or cease smoking.", "contents": "Determination of nicotine concentrations in human milk. A total of 34 samples of human milk from 15 donors was analyzed for nicotine content, using a new method of sample preparation and subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Nicotine was not found in the six samples of milk from non-smokers. The 28 samples from smokers contained an average of 91 parts per billion (ppb) nicotine (ranging from less than 20 ppb to 512 ppb). While no adverse effects to the infant due to nicotine in human milk have been documented, this method of analysis will allow systematic monitoring of nicotine concentrations in the milk of lactating women. These results should not be used to deter breast-feeding; rather, they offer another reason for mothers to reduce or cease smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:941883", "title": "Determinants of the neonatal mortality.", "content": "A recent sharp decline in the neonatal mortality in our medical center prompted a critical analysis of viral statistics of the newborn service during the years 1966 through 1973. The mean neonatal mortality for the entire period was 15.4 per 1,000 live births, and 11.0 in the period 1972 through 1973. The annual neonatal mortalities bore a direct relationship to the annual incidences of infants with birth weights of 1,500 gm or less. The reduction in the proportion of infants in the latter weight group during 1972 through 1973 accounted for three quarters of the improvement in the neonatal mortality as compared to that of the previous years. One quarter of the improvement could be attributable to a decrease in mortality that occurred only in infants in the latter weight group during the same period.", "contents": "Determinants of the neonatal mortality. A recent sharp decline in the neonatal mortality in our medical center prompted a critical analysis of viral statistics of the newborn service during the years 1966 through 1973. The mean neonatal mortality for the entire period was 15.4 per 1,000 live births, and 11.0 in the period 1972 through 1973. The annual neonatal mortalities bore a direct relationship to the annual incidences of infants with birth weights of 1,500 gm or less. The reduction in the proportion of infants in the latter weight group during 1972 through 1973 accounted for three quarters of the improvement in the neonatal mortality as compared to that of the previous years. One quarter of the improvement could be attributable to a decrease in mortality that occurred only in infants in the latter weight group during the same period."}
{"id": "PMID:941884", "title": "Hyperpyrexia in children. Eight-year emergency room experience.", "content": "In an eight-year period, 100 children were seen in a pediatric emergency room with a temperature of 41.1 C or higher, hereafter called hyperpyrexia. There was a significantly greater occurrence of bacterial meningitis in the hyperpyrexia group, compared to a group of 264 children with temperatures of 40.5 to 41.0 C. Bacteremia and seizures were also more common. Children with hyperpyrexia require careful evaluation, especially of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Hyperpyrexia in children. Eight-year emergency room experience. In an eight-year period, 100 children were seen in a pediatric emergency room with a temperature of 41.1 C or higher, hereafter called hyperpyrexia. There was a significantly greater occurrence of bacterial meningitis in the hyperpyrexia group, compared to a group of 264 children with temperatures of 40.5 to 41.0 C. Bacteremia and seizures were also more common. Children with hyperpyrexia require careful evaluation, especially of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:941885", "title": "Hyperuricemia in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.", "content": "Elevated serum uric acid concentrations were found in 18 children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The highest recorded level in each patient ranged from 10 to 29 mg/100 ml, and nine patients had concentrations of greater than 20 mg/100 ml. During a 53-hour period of peritoneal dialysis, 5.5 gm of uric acid was removed from one infant. Although acute renal failure was probably the major factor, erythrocyte destruction and hyperlacticacidemia may also have been important in the pathogenesis of the hyperuricemia.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Elevated serum uric acid concentrations were found in 18 children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The highest recorded level in each patient ranged from 10 to 29 mg/100 ml, and nine patients had concentrations of greater than 20 mg/100 ml. During a 53-hour period of peritoneal dialysis, 5.5 gm of uric acid was removed from one infant. Although acute renal failure was probably the major factor, erythrocyte destruction and hyperlacticacidemia may also have been important in the pathogenesis of the hyperuricemia."}
{"id": "PMID:941887", "title": "Cytogenetic variants in holoprosencephaly. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A new infant with classical features of holoprosencephaly and multiple extracranial malformations was found to have abnormal karyotype: 47, XX, + 13. Although trisomy D has been reported in a few cases, our case is the first, to our knowledge, in which positive identification of trisomy 13 was made by banding technique in cebocephaly.", "contents": "Cytogenetic variants in holoprosencephaly. Report of a case and review of the literature. A new infant with classical features of holoprosencephaly and multiple extracranial malformations was found to have abnormal karyotype: 47, XX, + 13. Although trisomy D has been reported in a few cases, our case is the first, to our knowledge, in which positive identification of trisomy 13 was made by banding technique in cebocephaly."}
{"id": "PMID:941888", "title": "Anaerobic meningitis and bacteremia caused by Fusobacterium species.", "content": "In the two cases of anaerobic meningitis and bacteremia caused by Fusobacterium species described, upper respiratory tract infection preceded the onset of meningitis. Isolation of the causative organism and appropriate antibiotic therapy resulted in cures in both patients. Although extremely rare, these organisms should be considered as possible causative agents in meningitis when routine cultures are negative, and appropriate anaerobic culture techniques should be employed, especially when sinus, otitic, or mastoid symptoms precede or accompany the onset of meningitis. Susceptibility testing of these organisms is necessary to ensure proper therapy because of the resistance of some anaerobes to antibiotics commonly employed in meningitis. In this regard, metronidazole, which provides excellent cerebrospinal fluid levels, may prove to be an effective agent in anaerobic infections of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Anaerobic meningitis and bacteremia caused by Fusobacterium species. In the two cases of anaerobic meningitis and bacteremia caused by Fusobacterium species described, upper respiratory tract infection preceded the onset of meningitis. Isolation of the causative organism and appropriate antibiotic therapy resulted in cures in both patients. Although extremely rare, these organisms should be considered as possible causative agents in meningitis when routine cultures are negative, and appropriate anaerobic culture techniques should be employed, especially when sinus, otitic, or mastoid symptoms precede or accompany the onset of meningitis. Susceptibility testing of these organisms is necessary to ensure proper therapy because of the resistance of some anaerobes to antibiotics commonly employed in meningitis. In this regard, metronidazole, which provides excellent cerebrospinal fluid levels, may prove to be an effective agent in anaerobic infections of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:941889", "title": "Bacteroides fragilis ventriculitis and meningitis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with Bacteroides fragilis meningitis and ventriculitis were treated. In one infant infection developed at 2 1/2 months of age as a result of an infected ventriculoatrial shunt inserted to treat hydrocephalus. In the second patient ventriculitis and meningitis developed at 20 days of age, while he was convalescing from surgery for gastric perforation that had occurred at 5 days of age. Both patients were treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin, which sterilized the blood and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid but not the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. The first patient received no further antibiotic therapy and died at 5 months of age. Metronidazole therapy sterilized the ventricular fluid of the second patient, who survived the infection. Ventriculitis should be suspected in patients with B fragilis meningitis. A brain scan should be done to detect signs of ventriculitis or brain abscess. Metronidazole may be the drug of choice in patients with B fragilis ventriculitis or meningitis who do not respond to chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Bacteroides fragilis ventriculitis and meningitis. Report of two cases. Two patients with Bacteroides fragilis meningitis and ventriculitis were treated. In one infant infection developed at 2 1/2 months of age as a result of an infected ventriculoatrial shunt inserted to treat hydrocephalus. In the second patient ventriculitis and meningitis developed at 20 days of age, while he was convalescing from surgery for gastric perforation that had occurred at 5 days of age. Both patients were treated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and clindamycin, which sterilized the blood and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid but not the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. The first patient received no further antibiotic therapy and died at 5 months of age. Metronidazole therapy sterilized the ventricular fluid of the second patient, who survived the infection. Ventriculitis should be suspected in patients with B fragilis meningitis. A brain scan should be done to detect signs of ventriculitis or brain abscess. Metronidazole may be the drug of choice in patients with B fragilis ventriculitis or meningitis who do not respond to chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:941893", "title": "The effect of wheat bran upon bile salt metabolism and upon the lipid composition of bile in gallstone patients.", "content": "When raw wheat bran was added to the diet of six subjects for 4-6 weeks, chenodeoxycholate (CDC) synthesis increased from 0.46 +/- 0.12 to 0.57 +/- 0.17 mmol/day pool increased from 1.72 +/- 0.47 to 2.19 +/- 0.74 mmol (rho less than 0.05). Deoxycholate (DC) pool size diminished from 1.20 +/- 0.29 to 0.80 +/- 0.16 mmol, but cholate synthesis and pool size were unaffected. Overall, the size of the bile salt pool did not change. In spite of this, when 10 patients with probable cholesterol gallstones took bran supplements for 4-6 weeks, their gallbladder bile aspirated from the duodenum became less saturated with cholesterol. The molar percentage of cholesterol fell from 10.1 +/- 3.1% to 8.6 +/- 2.7% (rho less than 0.01), and the saturation index of bile fell from 1.49 +/- 0.40 to 1.29 +/- 0.38 (rho less than 0.005). Bran probably operates primarily on the colon, reducing the formation or absorption of the bacterial metabolite DC, a substance which impairs CDC synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of wheat bran upon bile salt metabolism and upon the lipid composition of bile in gallstone patients. When raw wheat bran was added to the diet of six subjects for 4-6 weeks, chenodeoxycholate (CDC) synthesis increased from 0.46 +/- 0.12 to 0.57 +/- 0.17 mmol/day pool increased from 1.72 +/- 0.47 to 2.19 +/- 0.74 mmol (rho less than 0.05). Deoxycholate (DC) pool size diminished from 1.20 +/- 0.29 to 0.80 +/- 0.16 mmol, but cholate synthesis and pool size were unaffected. Overall, the size of the bile salt pool did not change. In spite of this, when 10 patients with probable cholesterol gallstones took bran supplements for 4-6 weeks, their gallbladder bile aspirated from the duodenum became less saturated with cholesterol. The molar percentage of cholesterol fell from 10.1 +/- 3.1% to 8.6 +/- 2.7% (rho less than 0.01), and the saturation index of bile fell from 1.49 +/- 0.40 to 1.29 +/- 0.38 (rho less than 0.005). Bran probably operates primarily on the colon, reducing the formation or absorption of the bacterial metabolite DC, a substance which impairs CDC synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:941894", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the repair of aspirin-induced gastric erosions.", "content": "To investigate the fine-structural events occurring during repair of aspirin-induced erosions, rats were killed at times from 2 to 48 hrs after a single aspirin dose. Erosions were rapidly covered by a line of flattened cells with little evidence of cytoplasmic specialization. Some of these cells lining early erosions contained a few mucous granules, but none showed features to suggest a derivation from parietal or zymogen cells. By 24-48 hr, considerable differentiation had accurred in the repairing epithelium, with many cells containing mucous granules and with \"young\" parietal cells being abundant. Some epithelial cells contained erythrocyte fragments, thus demonstrating phagocytic capability. It is concluded that dedifferentiation of surviving gastric epithelial cells occurs rapidly in response to aspirin injury and that the mucoid cells, rather than specialized glandular cells, are the likely source of the initial repair epithelium.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the repair of aspirin-induced gastric erosions. To investigate the fine-structural events occurring during repair of aspirin-induced erosions, rats were killed at times from 2 to 48 hrs after a single aspirin dose. Erosions were rapidly covered by a line of flattened cells with little evidence of cytoplasmic specialization. Some of these cells lining early erosions contained a few mucous granules, but none showed features to suggest a derivation from parietal or zymogen cells. By 24-48 hr, considerable differentiation had accurred in the repairing epithelium, with many cells containing mucous granules and with \"young\" parietal cells being abundant. Some epithelial cells contained erythrocyte fragments, thus demonstrating phagocytic capability. It is concluded that dedifferentiation of surviving gastric epithelial cells occurs rapidly in response to aspirin injury and that the mucoid cells, rather than specialized glandular cells, are the likely source of the initial repair epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:941895", "title": "The inhibition of lysozyme by bile acids.", "content": "The effect of bile acids on the bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme towards Micrococcus lysodeikticus was studied in vitro. All bile acids tested inhibited lysozyme activity. Conjugated bile acids were better inhibitors than their unconjugated homologs and sulfation resulted in still stronger inhibition. A study of UV-difference spectra of bile acid-lysozyme mixtures suggests that bile acids distort the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The inhibition-concentration curves of micelle-forming bile acids were bell-shaped, and peak inhibition was apparently related to the critical micellar concentration. The inhibition-concentration curves of sulfated bile acids, which do not form micelles, are characterized by a plateau of maximal inhibition. A mechanism of lysozyme activation by bile acid micelles is proposed. Our results illustrate the complex interactions between antibacterial compounds in the gut. As bile acids are known to inhibit lipase activity as well, these studies suggest that bile acids may have an important influence on intestinal enzyme activity in general.", "contents": "The inhibition of lysozyme by bile acids. The effect of bile acids on the bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme towards Micrococcus lysodeikticus was studied in vitro. All bile acids tested inhibited lysozyme activity. Conjugated bile acids were better inhibitors than their unconjugated homologs and sulfation resulted in still stronger inhibition. A study of UV-difference spectra of bile acid-lysozyme mixtures suggests that bile acids distort the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The inhibition-concentration curves of micelle-forming bile acids were bell-shaped, and peak inhibition was apparently related to the critical micellar concentration. The inhibition-concentration curves of sulfated bile acids, which do not form micelles, are characterized by a plateau of maximal inhibition. A mechanism of lysozyme activation by bile acid micelles is proposed. Our results illustrate the complex interactions between antibacterial compounds in the gut. As bile acids are known to inhibit lipase activity as well, these studies suggest that bile acids may have an important influence on intestinal enzyme activity in general."}
{"id": "PMID:941896", "title": "Pulmonary function studies before and after jejunoileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Nine out of twelve obese patients (75%) demonstrated diminished minute ventilation volume (MVV) prior to jejunoileal bypass surgery. Seven out of the nine patients (78%) showed improvement in the MVV as weight reduction ensued following surgery. Other parameters, including arterial blood gases, did not change after weight loss. Weight reduction as a result of jejunoileal bypass surgery brings about an improvement in pulmonary function.", "contents": "Pulmonary function studies before and after jejunoileal bypass surgery. Nine out of twelve obese patients (75%) demonstrated diminished minute ventilation volume (MVV) prior to jejunoileal bypass surgery. Seven out of the nine patients (78%) showed improvement in the MVV as weight reduction ensued following surgery. Other parameters, including arterial blood gases, did not change after weight loss. Weight reduction as a result of jejunoileal bypass surgery brings about an improvement in pulmonary function."}
{"id": "PMID:941897", "title": "Effect of alterations of blood glucose levels on gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolality in man.", "content": "In 16 experiments on 4 healthy subjects, the effect of procedures which alter blood glucose, ie, infusion of 0.2 units/kg body wt/hr insulin and/or 0.66 g/kg body wt/hr glucose, on gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolality was studied, Each subject underwent four different experimental procedures, each lasting 4 hr. All had in common one basal hour and the infusion of insulin in the second hour, but differed in the time of infusion of glucose or isotonic saline. To control for order effects, the four procedures were applied to the subjects in the form of a Latin square. Acid output was measured continuously be means of intragastric titration and a telemetering capsule; blood glucose, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolaity were determined in 15-min intervals. An inverse relationship between blood glucose and acid output was found: Low glucose levels were associated with high rates of acid secretion, high glucose levels with low acid secretion. No noticeable changes occurred in either plasma gastrin or plasma osmolality. These results reveal a determining influence of blood glucose levels on acid secretion. On the basis of earlier work in animals it is concluded that this influence is exerted via the reciprocal activities of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers.", "contents": "Effect of alterations of blood glucose levels on gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolality in man. In 16 experiments on 4 healthy subjects, the effect of procedures which alter blood glucose, ie, infusion of 0.2 units/kg body wt/hr insulin and/or 0.66 g/kg body wt/hr glucose, on gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolality was studied, Each subject underwent four different experimental procedures, each lasting 4 hr. All had in common one basal hour and the infusion of insulin in the second hour, but differed in the time of infusion of glucose or isotonic saline. To control for order effects, the four procedures were applied to the subjects in the form of a Latin square. Acid output was measured continuously be means of intragastric titration and a telemetering capsule; blood glucose, plasma gastrin, and plasma osmolaity were determined in 15-min intervals. An inverse relationship between blood glucose and acid output was found: Low glucose levels were associated with high rates of acid secretion, high glucose levels with low acid secretion. No noticeable changes occurred in either plasma gastrin or plasma osmolality. These results reveal a determining influence of blood glucose levels on acid secretion. On the basis of earlier work in animals it is concluded that this influence is exerted via the reciprocal activities of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers."}
{"id": "PMID:941899", "title": "Penumopericardium due to transdiaphragmatic perforation of a gastric ulcer.", "content": "A 65-year-old man presented with cardiogenic shock and massive pneumopericardium. A gastropericardial fistula due to transdiaphragmatic penetration of a large fundal ulcer was documented radiographically and confirmed at autopsy. Previously recorded cases of penumopericardium complicating gastric ulcers or other diseases of the digestive tract are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Penumopericardium due to transdiaphragmatic perforation of a gastric ulcer. A 65-year-old man presented with cardiogenic shock and massive pneumopericardium. A gastropericardial fistula due to transdiaphragmatic penetration of a large fundal ulcer was documented radiographically and confirmed at autopsy. Previously recorded cases of penumopericardium complicating gastric ulcers or other diseases of the digestive tract are briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:941900", "title": "X-chromosome inactivation in human liver: confirmation of X-linkage of ornithine transcarbamylase.", "content": "Histochemical assay for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity in fixed frozen hepatic sections from a woman heterozygous for OTC deficiency revealed two populations of hepatocytes: those with normal activity and those with no activity. This observation, in conjunction with data from previous family studies, confirms the hypothesis that the gene for OTC is X-linked. It also provides the first cytologic demonstration of cellular mosaicism for a liver-specific cell product.", "contents": "X-chromosome inactivation in human liver: confirmation of X-linkage of ornithine transcarbamylase. Histochemical assay for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity in fixed frozen hepatic sections from a woman heterozygous for OTC deficiency revealed two populations of hepatocytes: those with normal activity and those with no activity. This observation, in conjunction with data from previous family studies, confirms the hypothesis that the gene for OTC is X-linked. It also provides the first cytologic demonstration of cellular mosaicism for a liver-specific cell product."}
{"id": "PMID:941901", "title": "Low levels of beta hexosaminidase A in healthy individuals with apparent deficiency of this enzyme.", "content": "Appreciable beta hexosaminidase A (hex A) activity has been detected in cultured skin fibroblasts and melanoma tissue from healthy individuals previously reported as having deficiency of hex A activity indistinguishable from that of patients with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD). Identification and quantitation of hex A, amounting to 3.5%-6.9% of total beta hexosaminidase activity, has been obtained by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, radial immunodiffusion, and radioimmunoassay. Previous family studies suggested that these individuals may be compound heterozygotes for the common mutant TSD gene and a rare (allelic) mutant gene. Thus, the postulated rate mutant gene appears to code for the expression of low amounts of hex A. Heterozygotes for the rare mutant may be indistinguishable from heterozygotes for the common TSD mutant. However, direct visualization and quantitation of hex A by the methods described may prevent false-positive prenatal diagnosis of TSD in fetuses having the incomplete hex A deficiency of the type described in the four healthy individuals.", "contents": "Low levels of beta hexosaminidase A in healthy individuals with apparent deficiency of this enzyme. Appreciable beta hexosaminidase A (hex A) activity has been detected in cultured skin fibroblasts and melanoma tissue from healthy individuals previously reported as having deficiency of hex A activity indistinguishable from that of patients with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD). Identification and quantitation of hex A, amounting to 3.5%-6.9% of total beta hexosaminidase activity, has been obtained by cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, radial immunodiffusion, and radioimmunoassay. Previous family studies suggested that these individuals may be compound heterozygotes for the common mutant TSD gene and a rare (allelic) mutant gene. Thus, the postulated rate mutant gene appears to code for the expression of low amounts of hex A. Heterozygotes for the rare mutant may be indistinguishable from heterozygotes for the common TSD mutant. However, direct visualization and quantitation of hex A by the methods described may prevent false-positive prenatal diagnosis of TSD in fetuses having the incomplete hex A deficiency of the type described in the four healthy individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:941902", "title": "Assignment of the structural gene for human beta glucuronidase to chromosome 7 and tetrameric association of subunits in the enzyme molecule.", "content": "The structural locus for human beta glucuronidase is assigned to chromosome 7, a localization based upon concordant segregation of the expression of the human enzyme and the presence of human chromosome 7 in somatic cell hybrid clones derived independently from fusions of different human and mouse cells. Hybrid clones containing only human chromosome 7 are included in this study. Electrophoresis of beta glucuronidase also has revealed that human beta glucuronidase has a tetrametric structure.", "contents": "Assignment of the structural gene for human beta glucuronidase to chromosome 7 and tetrameric association of subunits in the enzyme molecule. The structural locus for human beta glucuronidase is assigned to chromosome 7, a localization based upon concordant segregation of the expression of the human enzyme and the presence of human chromosome 7 in somatic cell hybrid clones derived independently from fusions of different human and mouse cells. Hybrid clones containing only human chromosome 7 are included in this study. Electrophoresis of beta glucuronidase also has revealed that human beta glucuronidase has a tetrametric structure."}
{"id": "PMID:941903", "title": "The human gene for beta glucuronidase is on chromosome 7.", "content": "Inconsistent assignments of the human gene for beta glucuronidase (GUS) to chromosomes 7 and 9 have previously been reported. In this study, we have correlated the expression of human GUS in 22 primary Chinese hamster/human hybrid lines with quantitative cytogenetic analysis. Eight hybrids were positive for human GUS as manifested by a five-band pattern on electrophoresis. All of them contained a human chromosome 7 in 34% or more of cells, and seven of them had not retained chromosome 9. One hybrid with only 6% of metaphases possessing a chromosome 7 had no detectable human GUS activity. Human GUS expression was absent in 10 hybrid clones containing chromosome 9 but not 7 and in control fibroblasts from a patient with GUS deficiency. These results support the assignment of presumably the structural gene for beta glucuronidase to chromosome 7.", "contents": "The human gene for beta glucuronidase is on chromosome 7. Inconsistent assignments of the human gene for beta glucuronidase (GUS) to chromosomes 7 and 9 have previously been reported. In this study, we have correlated the expression of human GUS in 22 primary Chinese hamster/human hybrid lines with quantitative cytogenetic analysis. Eight hybrids were positive for human GUS as manifested by a five-band pattern on electrophoresis. All of them contained a human chromosome 7 in 34% or more of cells, and seven of them had not retained chromosome 9. One hybrid with only 6% of metaphases possessing a chromosome 7 had no detectable human GUS activity. Human GUS expression was absent in 10 hybrid clones containing chromosome 9 but not 7 and in control fibroblasts from a patient with GUS deficiency. These results support the assignment of presumably the structural gene for beta glucuronidase to chromosome 7."}
{"id": "PMID:941904", "title": "Hb Grady and alpha thalassemia: a contribution to the problem of the number of Hb alpha structural loci in man.", "content": "Hematological evaluation and data from chain synthesis analyses in six members of the family with two members having Hb Grady (i.e., and alpha chain variant with elongated chains due to an insertion of three amino acid residues [1]) indicate the presence of multiple nonallelic Hb alpha structural loci in the single Hb Grady heterozygote. The data support the earlier stated hypothesis that the Hb alpha Grady locus resulted from a crossing over between chromosomes of two tandemly repeated Hb alpha loci. The presence of an alpha thalassemia condition in one of the two Hb Grady heterozygotes increases the relative production of the alpha Grady chain by a factor of two.", "contents": "Hb Grady and alpha thalassemia: a contribution to the problem of the number of Hb alpha structural loci in man. Hematological evaluation and data from chain synthesis analyses in six members of the family with two members having Hb Grady (i.e., and alpha chain variant with elongated chains due to an insertion of three amino acid residues [1]) indicate the presence of multiple nonallelic Hb alpha structural loci in the single Hb Grady heterozygote. The data support the earlier stated hypothesis that the Hb alpha Grady locus resulted from a crossing over between chromosomes of two tandemly repeated Hb alpha loci. The presence of an alpha thalassemia condition in one of the two Hb Grady heterozygotes increases the relative production of the alpha Grady chain by a factor of two."}
{"id": "PMID:941905", "title": "Amylase polymorphism: studies of sera and duodenal aspirates in normal individuals and in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Prior genetic studies of the human pancreatic amylase (Amy2) locus have been directed principally to the electrophoretic analysis of serum and urine, on the assumption that these fluids receive negligible contributions from the salivary (Amy 1) locus. In support of that assumption was the observation that the isozyme bands were lacking in patients with cystic fibrosis and in a postpancreatectomy patient. We have examined the sera of 97 patients having cystic fibrosis and find normal levels of serum amylase. On electrophoresis, three-quarters of the cystic fibrosis patients have a pattern (F-pattern) not observed in normal sera. The pattern is characterized by the absence of Pa 1. Comparative electrophoresis and mixing experiments indicate that the F-pattern is of salivary origin and is unmasked in cystic fibrosis by the absence of a pancreatic contribution. The normal serum pattern is considered to be an admixture of salivary and pancreatic amylase. On the assumption that duodenal fluids might more closely reflect the pancreatic (Amy 2) locus, electrophoretic studies were performed on 148 normal individuals and 37 individuals with cystic fibrosis. Electrophoretic phenotypes in duodenal aspirates are more complex than previously reported in studies of urine and serum; presumably because of the higher concentrations of amylase in the aspirates. Comparative electrophoresis and mixing experiments indicate that the phenotypes observed in duodenal aspirates also reflect admixture of pancreatic and salivary amylase. This recognition of pancreatic and salivary admixture in sera fortunately does not alter our prior understanding of the genetics of the Amy 2 polymorphism. The extensive studies which led to the delineation of the Amy 2 polymorphism were essentially based on the presence or absence of a variant band which proves now to be outside the zone of admixture.", "contents": "Amylase polymorphism: studies of sera and duodenal aspirates in normal individuals and in cystic fibrosis. Prior genetic studies of the human pancreatic amylase (Amy2) locus have been directed principally to the electrophoretic analysis of serum and urine, on the assumption that these fluids receive negligible contributions from the salivary (Amy 1) locus. In support of that assumption was the observation that the isozyme bands were lacking in patients with cystic fibrosis and in a postpancreatectomy patient. We have examined the sera of 97 patients having cystic fibrosis and find normal levels of serum amylase. On electrophoresis, three-quarters of the cystic fibrosis patients have a pattern (F-pattern) not observed in normal sera. The pattern is characterized by the absence of Pa 1. Comparative electrophoresis and mixing experiments indicate that the F-pattern is of salivary origin and is unmasked in cystic fibrosis by the absence of a pancreatic contribution. The normal serum pattern is considered to be an admixture of salivary and pancreatic amylase. On the assumption that duodenal fluids might more closely reflect the pancreatic (Amy 2) locus, electrophoretic studies were performed on 148 normal individuals and 37 individuals with cystic fibrosis. Electrophoretic phenotypes in duodenal aspirates are more complex than previously reported in studies of urine and serum; presumably because of the higher concentrations of amylase in the aspirates. Comparative electrophoresis and mixing experiments indicate that the phenotypes observed in duodenal aspirates also reflect admixture of pancreatic and salivary amylase. This recognition of pancreatic and salivary admixture in sera fortunately does not alter our prior understanding of the genetics of the Amy 2 polymorphism. The extensive studies which led to the delineation of the Amy 2 polymorphism were essentially based on the presence or absence of a variant band which proves now to be outside the zone of admixture."}
{"id": "PMID:941906", "title": "HLA antigens in Japanese populations.", "content": "HLA antigens in 841 healthy, unrelated Japanese from nine widely separated geographic localities were studied. The five most common antigens observed in order of decreasing frequency were for the HLA-A locus: HLA-A9, A2, A10, AW32 and A11; and for the HLA-B locus: HLA-'B5' (= HLA-B5+B17), BW40, B12, B14 and B8. The allelic frequency of undetected antigens of the HLA-A locus was .14-.37, and that of the HLA-B locus, .32-.67, indicating that there were serological difficulties in typing for Japanese antigens using antisera from Caucasians. Marked gene frequency clines were observed for HLA-A9 and HLA-A2 from south (Okinawa) to north (Nagoya). Two haplotypes, HLA-A9, B5 and HLA-A10, BW40 were shown to be in linkage disequilibrium in four of the nine subpopulations.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Japanese populations. HLA antigens in 841 healthy, unrelated Japanese from nine widely separated geographic localities were studied. The five most common antigens observed in order of decreasing frequency were for the HLA-A locus: HLA-A9, A2, A10, AW32 and A11; and for the HLA-B locus: HLA-'B5' (= HLA-B5+B17), BW40, B12, B14 and B8. The allelic frequency of undetected antigens of the HLA-A locus was .14-.37, and that of the HLA-B locus, .32-.67, indicating that there were serological difficulties in typing for Japanese antigens using antisera from Caucasians. Marked gene frequency clines were observed for HLA-A9 and HLA-A2 from south (Okinawa) to north (Nagoya). Two haplotypes, HLA-A9, B5 and HLA-A10, BW40 were shown to be in linkage disequilibrium in four of the nine subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:941907", "title": "Congenital cleft lip and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry.", "content": "Fluctuating asymmetry for the palmar atd angle was studied in propositi born with CL(P) and their normal parents and sibs. The propositi with a family history of this congenital malformation were significantly different from the controls for this type of asymmetry. The propositi without a family history and the normal parents and sibs of both types of propositi were similar to the controls. The difference between the two types of propositi suggests that in some individuals a genetic mechanism may account for CL(P) and increased fluctuating asymmetry for this dermatoglyphic trait.", "contents": "Congenital cleft lip and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry for the palmar atd angle was studied in propositi born with CL(P) and their normal parents and sibs. The propositi with a family history of this congenital malformation were significantly different from the controls for this type of asymmetry. The propositi without a family history and the normal parents and sibs of both types of propositi were similar to the controls. The difference between the two types of propositi suggests that in some individuals a genetic mechanism may account for CL(P) and increased fluctuating asymmetry for this dermatoglyphic trait."}
{"id": "PMID:941914", "title": "Medication maintenance of mentally ill patients by a pharmacist in a community setting.", "content": "The use of a community pharmacy as a facility for medication maintenance services usually provided by a mental health center was evaluated. The project pharmacist was affiliated with the community mental health center, the community pharmacy facility was borrowed for purposes of this study. Records and prepackaged medication were transported by the pharmacy-clinic. Medication histories were taken and maintained by the pharmacist. Problems such as medication noncompliance, drug side effects, drug interactions and minor alterations in the patients mental status were handled by the pharmacist. Telephone consultations with a psychiatrist were also available. Twenty-two patients were involved in the study over an eight-month period. The evaluation consisted of a patient acceptance questionnaire and a retrospective chart review analyzing the clinical response of patients. Data suggest that selected stabilized psychiatric patients can be safely maintained in the community pharmacy. A carefully structured program and a pharmacist with special competencies are felt to be prerequisites for this type of service.", "contents": "Medication maintenance of mentally ill patients by a pharmacist in a community setting. The use of a community pharmacy as a facility for medication maintenance services usually provided by a mental health center was evaluated. The project pharmacist was affiliated with the community mental health center, the community pharmacy facility was borrowed for purposes of this study. Records and prepackaged medication were transported by the pharmacy-clinic. Medication histories were taken and maintained by the pharmacist. Problems such as medication noncompliance, drug side effects, drug interactions and minor alterations in the patients mental status were handled by the pharmacist. Telephone consultations with a psychiatrist were also available. Twenty-two patients were involved in the study over an eight-month period. The evaluation consisted of a patient acceptance questionnaire and a retrospective chart review analyzing the clinical response of patients. Data suggest that selected stabilized psychiatric patients can be safely maintained in the community pharmacy. A carefully structured program and a pharmacist with special competencies are felt to be prerequisites for this type of service."}
{"id": "PMID:941915", "title": "Phlebitis associated with the intravenous use of cephalothin and cephapirin.", "content": "The frequency and severity of phlebitis associated with cephalothin and cephapirin was compared in a double-blind study in 82 surgical patients with 149 different infusion sites. After treatment with the coded drug products, the status of each patient's veins was evaluated daily by i.v. therapists. Cephapirin was associated with a slightly lower rate of phlebitis, but the difference was not significant. For both drugs, the duration of therapy did not appear to have an effect on the rate of phlebitis. Scalp vein needles were associated with a lower rate of phlebitis than plastic catheters, but the difference was not significant.", "contents": "Phlebitis associated with the intravenous use of cephalothin and cephapirin. The frequency and severity of phlebitis associated with cephalothin and cephapirin was compared in a double-blind study in 82 surgical patients with 149 different infusion sites. After treatment with the coded drug products, the status of each patient's veins was evaluated daily by i.v. therapists. Cephapirin was associated with a slightly lower rate of phlebitis, but the difference was not significant. For both drugs, the duration of therapy did not appear to have an effect on the rate of phlebitis. Scalp vein needles were associated with a lower rate of phlebitis than plastic catheters, but the difference was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:941919", "title": "Portland Retail Druggists Association vs Abbott Laboratories et al, part 2.", "content": "The ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Abbot Laboratories et al vs Portland Retail Druggists Association is discussed as it relates to hospital pharmacy purchasing practices. Topics covered include: the applicability of the Robinson-Patman Act and its Section 13C exemption to various types of hospitals; definitions of \"former patient\" and \"reasonable quantity\"; and recordkeeping requirements. It is concluded that the Portland case should not deter expansion or innovation in health care delivery and ambulatory care services but must be accounted for in implementing new programs.", "contents": "Portland Retail Druggists Association vs Abbott Laboratories et al, part 2. The ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Abbot Laboratories et al vs Portland Retail Druggists Association is discussed as it relates to hospital pharmacy purchasing practices. Topics covered include: the applicability of the Robinson-Patman Act and its Section 13C exemption to various types of hospitals; definitions of \"former patient\" and \"reasonable quantity\"; and recordkeeping requirements. It is concluded that the Portland case should not deter expansion or innovation in health care delivery and ambulatory care services but must be accounted for in implementing new programs."}
{"id": "PMID:941920", "title": "Developing Drug Reports for the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee.", "content": "The role of a drug information center in working with a pharmacy and therapeutics committee is discussed. In order to add a drug to the formulary, physicians must complete a special form which asks for justification for the addition. In preparing a report for the pharmacy and therapeutics committee, the drug information pharmacist evaluates the request as it relates to: (1) the effectiveness of the drug in the stated anticipated uses, and (2) studies comparing the requested drug with similar drugs already in the formulary. Use of the form permits the pharmacist to focus on the specific claims made by the physician who is requesting the formulary addition.", "contents": "Developing Drug Reports for the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The role of a drug information center in working with a pharmacy and therapeutics committee is discussed. In order to add a drug to the formulary, physicians must complete a special form which asks for justification for the addition. In preparing a report for the pharmacy and therapeutics committee, the drug information pharmacist evaluates the request as it relates to: (1) the effectiveness of the drug in the stated anticipated uses, and (2) studies comparing the requested drug with similar drugs already in the formulary. Use of the form permits the pharmacist to focus on the specific claims made by the physician who is requesting the formulary addition."}
{"id": "PMID:941921", "title": "Centralized drug list production in a multihospital system.", "content": "A project established to maintain individualized station drug lists for a nationwide network of hospitals and clinics is described. The structure of the drug lists and procedures used in their production are described in detail. A central location controls keypunching, data processing and printing. The pharmacist at each station is responsible for drug list maintenance. Each staton's formulary is stored on digital magnetic tape. Sharing development costs by all stations and using a single printing facility resulted in a cost-effective system.", "contents": "Centralized drug list production in a multihospital system. A project established to maintain individualized station drug lists for a nationwide network of hospitals and clinics is described. The structure of the drug lists and procedures used in their production are described in detail. A central location controls keypunching, data processing and printing. The pharmacist at each station is responsible for drug list maintenance. Each staton's formulary is stored on digital magnetic tape. Sharing development costs by all stations and using a single printing facility resulted in a cost-effective system."}
{"id": "PMID:941922", "title": "Plasma and erythrocyte kinetic considerations in lithium therapy.", "content": "Developments in the analysis and pharmacokinetics of lithium, and the role of the pharmacist in the management of lithium therapy in affective disorders, are described. Research showing that lithium levels in the brain may be better predicted from erythrocyte lithium levels than plasma levels is reviewed. Also reviewed is lithium kinetics in affective disorders. The pharmacist (1) determines relevant aspects of the patient's condition, (2) develops an appropriate blood sampling schedule, (3) initiates and maintains a serial lithium erythrocyte and plasma patient profile, (4) evaluates erythrocyte and serum levels in relation to established criteria to provide a basis for differential diagnosis of the patient, and (5) individualizes lithium dosage and schedules. Four cases are used to illustrate this approach. It is suggested that outpatient mental health clinics would be likely settings for the further development of this clinical role.", "contents": "Plasma and erythrocyte kinetic considerations in lithium therapy. Developments in the analysis and pharmacokinetics of lithium, and the role of the pharmacist in the management of lithium therapy in affective disorders, are described. Research showing that lithium levels in the brain may be better predicted from erythrocyte lithium levels than plasma levels is reviewed. Also reviewed is lithium kinetics in affective disorders. The pharmacist (1) determines relevant aspects of the patient's condition, (2) develops an appropriate blood sampling schedule, (3) initiates and maintains a serial lithium erythrocyte and plasma patient profile, (4) evaluates erythrocyte and serum levels in relation to established criteria to provide a basis for differential diagnosis of the patient, and (5) individualizes lithium dosage and schedules. Four cases are used to illustrate this approach. It is suggested that outpatient mental health clinics would be likely settings for the further development of this clinical role."}
{"id": "PMID:941923", "title": "Quantitative determination of benzyl benzoate in benzyl benzoate lotion NF.", "content": "The development of a simple, shorter and more accurate method than the NF method for the determination of benzyl benzoate in Benzyl Benzoate Lotion NF is discussed. Hydrolyzed benzyl benzoate was measured spectrophotometrically. Interference from other ingredients of the lotion, oleic acid and triethanolamine was almost negligible. The proposed method was completed in approximately 15 minutes, as opposed to the two hours required by the NF procedure.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of benzyl benzoate in benzyl benzoate lotion NF. The development of a simple, shorter and more accurate method than the NF method for the determination of benzyl benzoate in Benzyl Benzoate Lotion NF is discussed. Hydrolyzed benzyl benzoate was measured spectrophotometrically. Interference from other ingredients of the lotion, oleic acid and triethanolamine was almost negligible. The proposed method was completed in approximately 15 minutes, as opposed to the two hours required by the NF procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:941924", "title": "Activated charcoal-carboxymethylcellulose gel formulation as an antidotal agent for orally ingested aspirin.", "content": "The in vivo effect on aspirin absorption of a potentially more palatable form of activated charcoal was compared to that of a simple aqueous slurry of activated charcoal. The experimental formulation consisted of 20.0 g of activated charcoal, 2.25 g of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and 42.8 ml of water; it was tested with and without chocolate syrup as a flavoring agent added just prior to administration. Six subjects were treated in crossover fashion following an aspirin dose of 972 mg. Total urinary excretion of salicylate was measured over 48 hours. Although all three treatments appeared to be effective in reducing the rate and extent of aspirin absorption, the slurry was significantly more effective in reducing the total amount absorbed than the charcoal-CMC gel with chocolate syrup. The slight difference in effectiveness between the gel formulation with and without the chocolate syrup was not significant.", "contents": "Activated charcoal-carboxymethylcellulose gel formulation as an antidotal agent for orally ingested aspirin. The in vivo effect on aspirin absorption of a potentially more palatable form of activated charcoal was compared to that of a simple aqueous slurry of activated charcoal. The experimental formulation consisted of 20.0 g of activated charcoal, 2.25 g of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and 42.8 ml of water; it was tested with and without chocolate syrup as a flavoring agent added just prior to administration. Six subjects were treated in crossover fashion following an aspirin dose of 972 mg. Total urinary excretion of salicylate was measured over 48 hours. Although all three treatments appeared to be effective in reducing the rate and extent of aspirin absorption, the slurry was significantly more effective in reducing the total amount absorbed than the charcoal-CMC gel with chocolate syrup. The slight difference in effectiveness between the gel formulation with and without the chocolate syrup was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:941925", "title": "An undergraduate medical technology clinical elective program.", "content": "The University of Washington Medical Technology Program initiated an 11-week elective clinical curriculum in 1973. Sixty-six students have completed either a clinical specialist, research, or generalist program in various Seattle hospitals or in selected hospitals in rural Washington and in Alaska. Results indicate that there is a major correlation between elective choices and subsequent employment. In addition, this elective curriculum is not jeopardizing student performance on the national certification examination.", "contents": "An undergraduate medical technology clinical elective program. The University of Washington Medical Technology Program initiated an 11-week elective clinical curriculum in 1973. Sixty-six students have completed either a clinical specialist, research, or generalist program in various Seattle hospitals or in selected hospitals in rural Washington and in Alaska. Results indicate that there is a major correlation between elective choices and subsequent employment. In addition, this elective curriculum is not jeopardizing student performance on the national certification examination."}
{"id": "PMID:941926", "title": "Long-term stability of a cyanmethemoglobin reference standard.", "content": "A comparative analysis performed in late 1974 revealed that a cyanmethemoglobin secondary standard prepared by the laboratory at the Michigan Department of Public Health in 1966 was still suitable for use in hemoglobin assays. These results would suggest that the current one-year expiration time used for commercial standards could be extended considerably.", "contents": "Long-term stability of a cyanmethemoglobin reference standard. A comparative analysis performed in late 1974 revealed that a cyanmethemoglobin secondary standard prepared by the laboratory at the Michigan Department of Public Health in 1966 was still suitable for use in hemoglobin assays. These results would suggest that the current one-year expiration time used for commercial standards could be extended considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:941927", "title": "Special-class EMR children mainstreamed: a study of an aptitude (learning potential) X treatment interaction.", "content": "Academic, personal, and social growth were compared for special-class EMR children who were assigned randomly to regular grades or retained in special classes at three time intervals: prior to the assignment, 2 month after assignment, and at the conclusion of the school year. There were no significant differences between the two groups prior to or 2 months after reintegration. After one school year, the reintegrated children were more internally controlled, had more positive attitudes toward school, and were more reflective in their behavior. The hypothesis that the more able students by the learning potential criterion would benefit more from regular than special-class placement was supported. These students expressed more positive feelings toward themselves as students, felt others perceived them as more competent, and behaved more reflectively when they were integrated than when assigned to special class. The high-able (learning potential) students performed more competently academically than the low-able (learning potential) students, regardless of placement.", "contents": "Special-class EMR children mainstreamed: a study of an aptitude (learning potential) X treatment interaction. Academic, personal, and social growth were compared for special-class EMR children who were assigned randomly to regular grades or retained in special classes at three time intervals: prior to the assignment, 2 month after assignment, and at the conclusion of the school year. There were no significant differences between the two groups prior to or 2 months after reintegration. After one school year, the reintegrated children were more internally controlled, had more positive attitudes toward school, and were more reflective in their behavior. The hypothesis that the more able students by the learning potential criterion would benefit more from regular than special-class placement was supported. These students expressed more positive feelings toward themselves as students, felt others perceived them as more competent, and behaved more reflectively when they were integrated than when assigned to special class. The high-able (learning potential) students performed more competently academically than the low-able (learning potential) students, regardless of placement."}
{"id": "PMID:941928", "title": "Affective reactions of retarded and nonretarded children to success and failure.", "content": "After performing a simple motor task, 208 mildly retarded and nonretarded girls and boys pointed to photographs of modeled affective facial expressions to indicate how they felt, wished to feel, and thought their teachers would feel about their performance. Children in both IQ groups frequently attributed positive affect to themselves and their teachers after success, although younger retarded children were less positive than were nonretarded children in teacher affect attributions. Following failure, retarded subjects were generally less frequently negative than were nonretarded subjects in affect attributions to themselves and particularly to their teachers. Emphasis on success and minimization of failure in classrooms for retarded children was offered as one possible explanation for the IQ group affect differences following failure.", "contents": "Affective reactions of retarded and nonretarded children to success and failure. After performing a simple motor task, 208 mildly retarded and nonretarded girls and boys pointed to photographs of modeled affective facial expressions to indicate how they felt, wished to feel, and thought their teachers would feel about their performance. Children in both IQ groups frequently attributed positive affect to themselves and their teachers after success, although younger retarded children were less positive than were nonretarded children in teacher affect attributions. Following failure, retarded subjects were generally less frequently negative than were nonretarded subjects in affect attributions to themselves and particularly to their teachers. Emphasis on success and minimization of failure in classrooms for retarded children was offered as one possible explanation for the IQ group affect differences following failure."}
{"id": "PMID:941929", "title": "Release from proactive interference in short-term memory in mentally retarded persons.", "content": "Results of this study indicated that the accumulation of and release from proactive interference in mentally retarded persons parallels that observed in nonretarded subjects. Release from proactive interference in mentally retarded subjects suggests that they can organize and discriminate between items in short-term memory.", "contents": "Release from proactive interference in short-term memory in mentally retarded persons. Results of this study indicated that the accumulation of and release from proactive interference in mentally retarded persons parallels that observed in nonretarded subjects. Release from proactive interference in mentally retarded subjects suggests that they can organize and discriminate between items in short-term memory."}
{"id": "PMID:941930", "title": "Stimulus overselectivity: a common feature in autism and mental retardation.", "content": "Groups of children with different IQ levels were trained to discriminate between stimulus cards containing two or more pictures. In subsequent testing the pictures were presented singly in order to determine how many pictures the child had responded to during discrimination training. The data showed that the lower the IQ, the fewer pictures the child responded to. We speculated that intellectually retarded functioning may be related to problems in overselective attention; the lower a person's IQ level, the less of the environment becomes functional in controlling his behavior.", "contents": "Stimulus overselectivity: a common feature in autism and mental retardation. Groups of children with different IQ levels were trained to discriminate between stimulus cards containing two or more pictures. In subsequent testing the pictures were presented singly in order to determine how many pictures the child had responded to during discrimination training. The data showed that the lower the IQ, the fewer pictures the child responded to. We speculated that intellectually retarded functioning may be related to problems in overselective attention; the lower a person's IQ level, the less of the environment becomes functional in controlling his behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:941931", "title": "Effects of frequency of photic stimulation upon autistic and retarded children.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine if frequency of repetitive photic stimulation could affect the response rate of an operant upon which such stimulation was made contingent. To test this hypothesis, we trained retarded and autistic children, equated for mental age, to pull a lever to obtain photic stimulation of different frequencies. It was found that (a) response rates of autistic children were related to the frequency of stimulation, while retarded children showed no such consistency. (b) The two groups did not differ in the average duration of time they engaged in stereotypies. (c) During a subsequent extinction session, two autistic children ceased responding, but one of two retarded children did not. (d) Noncontingent photic stimulation suppressed a food-motivated operant in one autistic child. These results were interpreted as evidence for frequency-dependent properties of repetitive visual feedback in autistic children. In addition, support was given to the position that performance deficits in autistic children correlating with the occurrence of stereotypies result from competition of different sources of reinforcement.", "contents": "Effects of frequency of photic stimulation upon autistic and retarded children. The present study was designed to determine if frequency of repetitive photic stimulation could affect the response rate of an operant upon which such stimulation was made contingent. To test this hypothesis, we trained retarded and autistic children, equated for mental age, to pull a lever to obtain photic stimulation of different frequencies. It was found that (a) response rates of autistic children were related to the frequency of stimulation, while retarded children showed no such consistency. (b) The two groups did not differ in the average duration of time they engaged in stereotypies. (c) During a subsequent extinction session, two autistic children ceased responding, but one of two retarded children did not. (d) Noncontingent photic stimulation suppressed a food-motivated operant in one autistic child. These results were interpreted as evidence for frequency-dependent properties of repetitive visual feedback in autistic children. In addition, support was given to the position that performance deficits in autistic children correlating with the occurrence of stereotypies result from competition of different sources of reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:941932", "title": "Influence of visual cueing on conditioned response inhibition in retarded individuals.", "content": "A consistent finding with respect to retarded individuals is that they exhibit prolonged responding during the extinction phase of a classical eyelid-conditioning procedure relative to nonretarded individuals. The present investigation was carried out to determine whether the failure of retarded individuals to cease conditioned responding is due to a motor inhibitory deficit or to the inability to form a cognitive inhibitory set. The results indicated that, with prompting, the retarded subjects were able to inhibit the conditioned response, thereby eliminating the motor inhibitory deficit explanation for the continued conditioned responding. The data further suggested that the failure to form a cognitive inhibitory set may be related to the inability of retarded individuals to produce effective mediators.", "contents": "Influence of visual cueing on conditioned response inhibition in retarded individuals. A consistent finding with respect to retarded individuals is that they exhibit prolonged responding during the extinction phase of a classical eyelid-conditioning procedure relative to nonretarded individuals. The present investigation was carried out to determine whether the failure of retarded individuals to cease conditioned responding is due to a motor inhibitory deficit or to the inability to form a cognitive inhibitory set. The results indicated that, with prompting, the retarded subjects were able to inhibit the conditioned response, thereby eliminating the motor inhibitory deficit explanation for the continued conditioned responding. The data further suggested that the failure to form a cognitive inhibitory set may be related to the inability of retarded individuals to produce effective mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:941933", "title": "Optimizing test performance of moderately and severely mentally retarded adolescents and adults.", "content": "This study provided further evidence for the validity of a learning potential assessment procedure with institutionalized moderately and severely retarded adolescents and adults. Significant positive correlations were obtained between psychometric and learning scores, attendants' and teachers' ratings of ability, and the posttraining scores on the modified Kohs Extended Learning Potential procedure. In addition, performance on this test-train-test procedure was compared with a train-within-test format for two different tasks: training embedded within the administration of the Leiter International Performance Scale and a formboard version of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. The students responded equally to the two formats. Stanford-Binet IQs were least predictive of performance on the three learning potential measures and were unrelated to teachers' and attendants' ratings of ability. The implications of these data were discussed with particular attention to the potential advantages of the train-within-test model.", "contents": "Optimizing test performance of moderately and severely mentally retarded adolescents and adults. This study provided further evidence for the validity of a learning potential assessment procedure with institutionalized moderately and severely retarded adolescents and adults. Significant positive correlations were obtained between psychometric and learning scores, attendants' and teachers' ratings of ability, and the posttraining scores on the modified Kohs Extended Learning Potential procedure. In addition, performance on this test-train-test procedure was compared with a train-within-test format for two different tasks: training embedded within the administration of the Leiter International Performance Scale and a formboard version of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. The students responded equally to the two formats. Stanford-Binet IQs were least predictive of performance on the three learning potential measures and were unrelated to teachers' and attendants' ratings of ability. The implications of these data were discussed with particular attention to the potential advantages of the train-within-test model."}
{"id": "PMID:941934", "title": "Blocking of stimuli and the free recall and subjective organization of EMR adolescents.", "content": "Number of unrelated stimulus items presented consistently and spatially grouped (1, 3, or 5) was studied in a multitrial free recall experiment with EMR adolescents. This blocking was effective in (a) improving recall from recently presented items, (b) increasing subjective organization, and (c) leading to the formation of stable clusterable output groups. Some evidence suggested that overall recall also increased as a result of the consistent and simultaneous presentation. Discussion of the results emphasized that for a retarded population the relationship between organization and recall may not be strong unless intensive strategy training is employed.", "contents": "Blocking of stimuli and the free recall and subjective organization of EMR adolescents. Number of unrelated stimulus items presented consistently and spatially grouped (1, 3, or 5) was studied in a multitrial free recall experiment with EMR adolescents. This blocking was effective in (a) improving recall from recently presented items, (b) increasing subjective organization, and (c) leading to the formation of stable clusterable output groups. Some evidence suggested that overall recall also increased as a result of the consistent and simultaneous presentation. Discussion of the results emphasized that for a retarded population the relationship between organization and recall may not be strong unless intensive strategy training is employed."}
{"id": "PMID:941935", "title": "Verbalization in EMR children's observational learning.", "content": "The effect of descriptive verbalization during observation of a model on mentally retarded boys' retention for what they had observed was examined. Forty 9- to 12-year-old boys in public-school EMR classes were grouped on the basis of relatively high or low IQ scores. One-half of each group observed a videotaped model perform a series of novel acts, while in addition to viewing the tape, the other half described the model's actions. Observational learning was immediately tested through a set of prompts for imitation, with prizes offered commensurate with level of performance. Regardless of IQ group, the boys who were required to verbalize the model's behavior were able to imitate it significantly better than boys who merely watched the model; high and low IQ groups did not significantly differ in observational learning. Further directions for research on mentally retarded children's observational learning were suggested.", "contents": "Verbalization in EMR children's observational learning. The effect of descriptive verbalization during observation of a model on mentally retarded boys' retention for what they had observed was examined. Forty 9- to 12-year-old boys in public-school EMR classes were grouped on the basis of relatively high or low IQ scores. One-half of each group observed a videotaped model perform a series of novel acts, while in addition to viewing the tape, the other half described the model's actions. Observational learning was immediately tested through a set of prompts for imitation, with prizes offered commensurate with level of performance. Regardless of IQ group, the boys who were required to verbalize the model's behavior were able to imitate it significantly better than boys who merely watched the model; high and low IQ groups did not significantly differ in observational learning. Further directions for research on mentally retarded children's observational learning were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:941936", "title": "Systematic observation of classroom behavior of retarded and autistic preschool children.", "content": "Two groups of 6 children, previously diagnosed as autistic and mentally retarded, were observed for seven 20-minute sessions. The following environmental parameters were manipulated: teacher-to-child ratio, presence of food reinforcement, and skill area being presented. Behavior under observation fell into 3 classes: (a) adaptive performance (percentage response and percentage correct), (b) attention, and (c) maladaptive behavior. Results suggested that (a) food reinforcement and the 1:1 teacher-to-child ratio may not generally enhance adaptive performance but may have an effect upon attention and tantrum behavior; (b) attention to task is more predictive of adaptive behavior than attention to teacher; and (c) interactions were generally lacking between the above parameters and diagnostic group, while level of functioning did show such interactions. The present results support the practice of individual behavioral assessment of autistic and retarded children. The present procedure, coupled with statistical analysis for individual subjects, may provide educational prescriptions for individual children.", "contents": "Systematic observation of classroom behavior of retarded and autistic preschool children. Two groups of 6 children, previously diagnosed as autistic and mentally retarded, were observed for seven 20-minute sessions. The following environmental parameters were manipulated: teacher-to-child ratio, presence of food reinforcement, and skill area being presented. Behavior under observation fell into 3 classes: (a) adaptive performance (percentage response and percentage correct), (b) attention, and (c) maladaptive behavior. Results suggested that (a) food reinforcement and the 1:1 teacher-to-child ratio may not generally enhance adaptive performance but may have an effect upon attention and tantrum behavior; (b) attention to task is more predictive of adaptive behavior than attention to teacher; and (c) interactions were generally lacking between the above parameters and diagnostic group, while level of functioning did show such interactions. The present results support the practice of individual behavioral assessment of autistic and retarded children. The present procedure, coupled with statistical analysis for individual subjects, may provide educational prescriptions for individual children."}
{"id": "PMID:941937", "title": "Effects of stimulus-response variables on the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults.", "content": "Nonretarded and mildly retarded adults were compared in two experiments on an 8-choice reaction time (RT) task. Stimulus lights were either distant or close. Both groups responded more slowly when stimuli were distant, this effect being more marked for retarded subjects. Patterns of latencies suggested that, compared with nonretarded subjects, retarded subjects inspected information input for longer periods of time and made more inspections before responding. Faster RTs to stimuli nearest the ends and midline of the display and to stimulus repetitions indicated that retarded subjects were more reliant upon more discriminable cues in the stimulus display.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus-response variables on the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults. Nonretarded and mildly retarded adults were compared in two experiments on an 8-choice reaction time (RT) task. Stimulus lights were either distant or close. Both groups responded more slowly when stimuli were distant, this effect being more marked for retarded subjects. Patterns of latencies suggested that, compared with nonretarded subjects, retarded subjects inspected information input for longer periods of time and made more inspections before responding. Faster RTs to stimuli nearest the ends and midline of the display and to stimulus repetitions indicated that retarded subjects were more reliant upon more discriminable cues in the stimulus display."}
{"id": "PMID:941938", "title": "Efficiency of self-generated elaborations by EMR and nonretarded children.", "content": "Paired-associates learning tasks were given to 24 EMR and 24 nonretarded children. Subjects in each group received instructions to elaborate the noun pairs by embedding them in a sentence, and a qualitative analysis of the elaborations generated by the subjects was conducted by comparing levels of recall associated with the different types of elaboration. Elaborations that were conjunctive in nature, especially those which expressed thematic or functional relationships, were most effective overall. EMR children generated more inefficient elaborations than did nonretarded children.", "contents": "Efficiency of self-generated elaborations by EMR and nonretarded children. Paired-associates learning tasks were given to 24 EMR and 24 nonretarded children. Subjects in each group received instructions to elaborate the noun pairs by embedding them in a sentence, and a qualitative analysis of the elaborations generated by the subjects was conducted by comparing levels of recall associated with the different types of elaboration. Elaborations that were conjunctive in nature, especially those which expressed thematic or functional relationships, were most effective overall. EMR children generated more inefficient elaborations than did nonretarded children."}
{"id": "PMID:941939", "title": "Communication in retarded adolescents: utilization of known language skills.", "content": "Six retarded adolescents were pretested for comprehension and production of items on a sentence comprehension test and then given a referential communication task using these items as stimulus material. Each child acted as speaker and listener with each of the other five children. The presentation of items was arranged so that the target sentence differed from others of the set equally often in subject, verb, or object. Results showed that the critical feature was less likely to be communicated successfully when it was the verb. Some adolescents were less successful than others in this task but improved with further trials.", "contents": "Communication in retarded adolescents: utilization of known language skills. Six retarded adolescents were pretested for comprehension and production of items on a sentence comprehension test and then given a referential communication task using these items as stimulus material. Each child acted as speaker and listener with each of the other five children. The presentation of items was arranged so that the target sentence differed from others of the set equally often in subject, verb, or object. Results showed that the critical feature was less likely to be communicated successfully when it was the verb. Some adolescents were less successful than others in this task but improved with further trials."}
{"id": "PMID:941940", "title": "Differential ovarian and adrenal vein catheterization.", "content": "Twenty-two hirsute women underwent percutaneous adrenal and ovarian vein catheterization to differentiate and localize excessive hormonal output. All studies were done under fluoroscopic control; catheter placement was verified by venography, and blood samples were withdrawn for hormonal analysis. The right ovarian vein was successfully sampled in 42 per cent of attempts; the left ovarian vein, in 75 per cent; the right adrenal vein, in 56 per cent; and the left adrenal vein, in 100 per cent. Bilateral catheterization did not prove clinically useful. First, anatomic variations in venous size and drainage made catheterization and bilateral sampling difficult. Second, adrenal secretion is both episodic and parallel, necessitating both simultaneous catheterization and serial sampling for adequate diagnosis. The stress of the procedure may provoke increased adrenal output. Third, since ovarian secretion is not parallel, and since increased hormone output has been documented in that ovary containing developing follicles or a corpus luteum, distinguishing ovarian dysfunction proved difficult. Finally, for a time-consuming procedure, patient discomfort cannot be disregarded. This technique has not proved to be a reliable means of determining the site of androgen hypersecretion and thus cannot be recommended in the routine evaluation of female hirsutism.", "contents": "Differential ovarian and adrenal vein catheterization. Twenty-two hirsute women underwent percutaneous adrenal and ovarian vein catheterization to differentiate and localize excessive hormonal output. All studies were done under fluoroscopic control; catheter placement was verified by venography, and blood samples were withdrawn for hormonal analysis. The right ovarian vein was successfully sampled in 42 per cent of attempts; the left ovarian vein, in 75 per cent; the right adrenal vein, in 56 per cent; and the left adrenal vein, in 100 per cent. Bilateral catheterization did not prove clinically useful. First, anatomic variations in venous size and drainage made catheterization and bilateral sampling difficult. Second, adrenal secretion is both episodic and parallel, necessitating both simultaneous catheterization and serial sampling for adequate diagnosis. The stress of the procedure may provoke increased adrenal output. Third, since ovarian secretion is not parallel, and since increased hormone output has been documented in that ovary containing developing follicles or a corpus luteum, distinguishing ovarian dysfunction proved difficult. Finally, for a time-consuming procedure, patient discomfort cannot be disregarded. This technique has not proved to be a reliable means of determining the site of androgen hypersecretion and thus cannot be recommended in the routine evaluation of female hirsutism."}
{"id": "PMID:941941", "title": "Gestational and pregestational diabetes: an approach to therapy.", "content": "The objective of management in the pregnant diabetic patient is to achieve physiologic glucose homeostasis through the use of diet and insulin. As outlined, the numerous ancillary tests developed during the past 15 years to assist the clinician in determining impending fetal death have left much to be desired, especially where metabolic homeostasis has not been achieved prior to the thirty-sixth week of gestation. The statistics from this institution indicate that the maintenance of the plasma glucose concentration below 100 mg. per cent throughout gestation, regardless of the severity of the diabetes, all but removes the risk of maternal-fetal complications due to diabetes. The management is uniform for all patients exhibiting an abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism, and, although it is rather difficult to accept, there have been minimal neonatal complications when the protocol outlined in this presentation has been followed.", "contents": "Gestational and pregestational diabetes: an approach to therapy. The objective of management in the pregnant diabetic patient is to achieve physiologic glucose homeostasis through the use of diet and insulin. As outlined, the numerous ancillary tests developed during the past 15 years to assist the clinician in determining impending fetal death have left much to be desired, especially where metabolic homeostasis has not been achieved prior to the thirty-sixth week of gestation. The statistics from this institution indicate that the maintenance of the plasma glucose concentration below 100 mg. per cent throughout gestation, regardless of the severity of the diabetes, all but removes the risk of maternal-fetal complications due to diabetes. The management is uniform for all patients exhibiting an abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism, and, although it is rather difficult to accept, there have been minimal neonatal complications when the protocol outlined in this presentation has been followed."}
{"id": "PMID:941942", "title": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for labor induction in high-risk pregnancy.", "content": "Oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was used alone or synergistically with intravenous oxytocin to induce labor in 84 women whose pregnancies were at high risk. A control group of 84 similar high-risk pregnancies where labor was induced with intravenous oxytocin alone was studied to compare the safety and efficacy of the two regimens. Oral PGE2 administration, combined with the synergistic effect of intravenous oxytocin, is safe for induction of labor in gravid women whose fetuses are at risk. Uterine polysystole, which is potentially dangerous, especially to the high-risk fetus, was not commonly encountered and only once was associated with transient fetal bradycardia. Uterine hypertonus was not encountered with PGE2; however, it did occur with oxytocin stimulation. Nausea and vomiting occurred in one third of the women treated with PGE2 but were well tolerated and required discontinuation of the drug in only one instance. There was no apparent advantage of using the combination PGE2 regimen in patients whose cervices were more favorable for induction of labor (Bishop score, 5 to 9). However, oral PGE2, used either alone or synergistically with oxytocin, appears twice as effective in inducing labor than was oxytocin alone in women in whom labor was considered to be \"difficult to induce\" (Bishop score, 0 to 4).", "contents": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for labor induction in high-risk pregnancy. Oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was used alone or synergistically with intravenous oxytocin to induce labor in 84 women whose pregnancies were at high risk. A control group of 84 similar high-risk pregnancies where labor was induced with intravenous oxytocin alone was studied to compare the safety and efficacy of the two regimens. Oral PGE2 administration, combined with the synergistic effect of intravenous oxytocin, is safe for induction of labor in gravid women whose fetuses are at risk. Uterine polysystole, which is potentially dangerous, especially to the high-risk fetus, was not commonly encountered and only once was associated with transient fetal bradycardia. Uterine hypertonus was not encountered with PGE2; however, it did occur with oxytocin stimulation. Nausea and vomiting occurred in one third of the women treated with PGE2 but were well tolerated and required discontinuation of the drug in only one instance. There was no apparent advantage of using the combination PGE2 regimen in patients whose cervices were more favorable for induction of labor (Bishop score, 5 to 9). However, oral PGE2, used either alone or synergistically with oxytocin, appears twice as effective in inducing labor than was oxytocin alone in women in whom labor was considered to be \"difficult to induce\" (Bishop score, 0 to 4)."}
{"id": "PMID:941943", "title": "An analysis of the utility of plasma immunoreactive estrogen measurements in determining delivery time of gravidas with a fetus considered at high risk.", "content": "Although maternal estrogen excretion and plasma estrogen levels are widely used to assess fetal health, the utility of these tests in lowering perinatal mortality rates has not been established. In order to ascertain if, with the help of plasma immunoreactive estrogen measurements, a reduction in perinatal deaths could be achieved, a population of women with a fetus at high risk were randomly divided into two groups and studied prospectively: in 315 gravidas, the estrogen results were reported (Group A); in 307, they were not reported (Group B). Nine perinatal deaths occurred in Group A, 10 in Group B. Ten Group B women whose infant ultimately did well would have been delivered 28 days or more prematurely if management had been based solely on the basis of abnormal immunoreactive estrogen levels. Measurement of estrogen levels is of little value in management of women with a fetus at risk; it may even lead to erroneous premature delivery.", "contents": "An analysis of the utility of plasma immunoreactive estrogen measurements in determining delivery time of gravidas with a fetus considered at high risk. Although maternal estrogen excretion and plasma estrogen levels are widely used to assess fetal health, the utility of these tests in lowering perinatal mortality rates has not been established. In order to ascertain if, with the help of plasma immunoreactive estrogen measurements, a reduction in perinatal deaths could be achieved, a population of women with a fetus at high risk were randomly divided into two groups and studied prospectively: in 315 gravidas, the estrogen results were reported (Group A); in 307, they were not reported (Group B). Nine perinatal deaths occurred in Group A, 10 in Group B. Ten Group B women whose infant ultimately did well would have been delivered 28 days or more prematurely if management had been based solely on the basis of abnormal immunoreactive estrogen levels. Measurement of estrogen levels is of little value in management of women with a fetus at risk; it may even lead to erroneous premature delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:941944", "title": "Classical and \"true\" gestational postmaturity.", "content": "In a study of a sample of 317 conceptional basal body temperature (BBT) curves obtained from normal women, the authors have applied new definitions of prematurity and postmaturity which take into account the time of ovulation. They were thus able to estimate (1) the error rates associated with the classical definitions-incorrect classification as pre- or postmature and nondetection; in particular, for this series, the percentage of incorrectly classified postmatures is high (70 per cent) and is even more so when considering only the unwanted births (80 per cent); (2) the order of magnitude in terms of days of the error made in assessing postmaturity by the classical method. This was found to be quite substantial for the misclassified cases.", "contents": "Classical and \"true\" gestational postmaturity. In a study of a sample of 317 conceptional basal body temperature (BBT) curves obtained from normal women, the authors have applied new definitions of prematurity and postmaturity which take into account the time of ovulation. They were thus able to estimate (1) the error rates associated with the classical definitions-incorrect classification as pre- or postmature and nondetection; in particular, for this series, the percentage of incorrectly classified postmatures is high (70 per cent) and is even more so when considering only the unwanted births (80 per cent); (2) the order of magnitude in terms of days of the error made in assessing postmaturity by the classical method. This was found to be quite substantial for the misclassified cases."}
{"id": "PMID:941945", "title": "Venous distensibility during pregnancy determined by graded venous congestion.", "content": "The increase in volume of the human calf and forearm during pregnancy resulting from graded venous congestion has been measured plethysmographically in the raised leg and forearm of 10 recumbent subjects during and after pregnancy. Normal pressure volume curves were determined and the alterations in this curve over the various stages of gestation were presumed to indicate an alteration in the distensibility of the capacity blood vessels. This distensibility was found to increase with the progression of pregnancy in both the forearm and the calf particularly after the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The distensibility, however, appeared to return to below the 10 week gestation level at the eighth postpartum week. The increase in distensibility was greater in the calf than in the forearm although both were significantly increased.", "contents": "Venous distensibility during pregnancy determined by graded venous congestion. The increase in volume of the human calf and forearm during pregnancy resulting from graded venous congestion has been measured plethysmographically in the raised leg and forearm of 10 recumbent subjects during and after pregnancy. Normal pressure volume curves were determined and the alterations in this curve over the various stages of gestation were presumed to indicate an alteration in the distensibility of the capacity blood vessels. This distensibility was found to increase with the progression of pregnancy in both the forearm and the calf particularly after the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The distensibility, however, appeared to return to below the 10 week gestation level at the eighth postpartum week. The increase in distensibility was greater in the calf than in the forearm although both were significantly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:941946", "title": "The evaluation of Regionalized Perinatal Health Care Programs.", "content": "A survey, conducted in the summer of 1974, to determine the extent of regionalized perinatal care in the United States revealed 28 states to have programs in operation. Evaluation was a common concern of these programs. A model for the evaluation of Regionalized Perinatal Care Programs is presented here with the North Carolina program used as an example. Evaluation was mandated as an integral component of the program in North Carolina, and this model has been developed in response to that mandate.", "contents": "The evaluation of Regionalized Perinatal Health Care Programs. A survey, conducted in the summer of 1974, to determine the extent of regionalized perinatal care in the United States revealed 28 states to have programs in operation. Evaluation was a common concern of these programs. A model for the evaluation of Regionalized Perinatal Care Programs is presented here with the North Carolina program used as an example. Evaluation was mandated as an integral component of the program in North Carolina, and this model has been developed in response to that mandate."}
{"id": "PMID:941947", "title": "Regionalization of a birth defects prevention clinic.", "content": "Screening programs to detect the carrier state of Tay-Sachs disease have been established in many large urban areas. A regionalized program has been established in the middle-Tennessee area to permit smaller communities to benefit from such programs. The numerical and psychosocial results of this program are discussed. The general concept of regionalization of health care delivery as related to birth defects screening programs is presented. Through such regionalized programs, obstetricians may be provided with new information concerning diagnostic and screening tests for genetic diseases.", "contents": "Regionalization of a birth defects prevention clinic. Screening programs to detect the carrier state of Tay-Sachs disease have been established in many large urban areas. A regionalized program has been established in the middle-Tennessee area to permit smaller communities to benefit from such programs. The numerical and psychosocial results of this program are discussed. The general concept of regionalization of health care delivery as related to birth defects screening programs is presented. Through such regionalized programs, obstetricians may be provided with new information concerning diagnostic and screening tests for genetic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:941948", "title": "Fetal alcohol syndrome: seven new cases.", "content": "In one year, the \"fetal alcohol syndrome\" (FAS) was recognized in seven newborn and older infants, bringing the total in the current literature to 26 cases. This recently rediscovered disorder consists of severe prenatal and postnatal growth failure, mental deficiency, and characteristic hypoplasia of the middle face and orbits with minor malformations of the heart and joints. The mothers have chronic alcoholism. By identifying and counseling such women, obstetricians and gynecologists may prevent the occurrence of the syndrome or diagnose it in the neonate.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol syndrome: seven new cases. In one year, the \"fetal alcohol syndrome\" (FAS) was recognized in seven newborn and older infants, bringing the total in the current literature to 26 cases. This recently rediscovered disorder consists of severe prenatal and postnatal growth failure, mental deficiency, and characteristic hypoplasia of the middle face and orbits with minor malformations of the heart and joints. The mothers have chronic alcoholism. By identifying and counseling such women, obstetricians and gynecologists may prevent the occurrence of the syndrome or diagnose it in the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:941949", "title": "Placental lesions in experimental toxemia in the rabbit.", "content": "Unlike the normal human placenta, the normal rabbit placenta, near term, is essentially free of such stigmas of aging as infarcts and syncytial knots. When experimental toxemia is produced in the pregnant rabbit by ligating the terminal aorta to a specific degree of stricture, placental lesions resembling those found in human toxemia are observed; namely, diffuse congestion, old and recent infarcts, and syncytial knots. All the treated animals who exhibited anatomical and clinical signs of toxemia presented, in association, obvious placental lesions; there were, however, some animals which showed infarct but no other signs of toxemia.", "contents": "Placental lesions in experimental toxemia in the rabbit. Unlike the normal human placenta, the normal rabbit placenta, near term, is essentially free of such stigmas of aging as infarcts and syncytial knots. When experimental toxemia is produced in the pregnant rabbit by ligating the terminal aorta to a specific degree of stricture, placental lesions resembling those found in human toxemia are observed; namely, diffuse congestion, old and recent infarcts, and syncytial knots. All the treated animals who exhibited anatomical and clinical signs of toxemia presented, in association, obvious placental lesions; there were, however, some animals which showed infarct but no other signs of toxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:941950", "title": "Thyroid function in human pregnancy. IX. Development or retardation of 7-year-old progeny of hypothyroxinemic women.", "content": "Progeny of women, whose thyroid function was studied gestationally, had psychological and/or neurologic examinations at 8 months, 4 years and 7 years of age. In more than 100 pregnancies (at least 3 per cent of total pregnancies) hypothyroxinemia occurred and was treated adequately or inadequately. Children were delivered after uncomplicated pregnancies (except hypothyroxinemia), had birth weights of at least 2,500 grams, and were excluded when postnatal insults intervened. At 8 months and 4 years progeny of inadequately treated hypothyroxinemic women had the lowest psychological scores. Now 246 7-year-old children have been examined psychologically and neurologically (earlier data on only 101). Definite trends and a few statistically lower psychological scores of progeny of inadequately treated hypothyroxinemic pregnant women are compared with better psychological scores of 7-year-old children born to euthyroid and adequately treated hypothyroxinemic women. In six sibling sets outcome was better when hypothyroxinemic women were treated with adequate thyroid replacement therapy. If a woman has a poor reproductive history, early in a subsequent gestation, thyroid status should be examined and adequate thyroid medication considered seriously.", "contents": "Thyroid function in human pregnancy. IX. Development or retardation of 7-year-old progeny of hypothyroxinemic women. Progeny of women, whose thyroid function was studied gestationally, had psychological and/or neurologic examinations at 8 months, 4 years and 7 years of age. In more than 100 pregnancies (at least 3 per cent of total pregnancies) hypothyroxinemia occurred and was treated adequately or inadequately. Children were delivered after uncomplicated pregnancies (except hypothyroxinemia), had birth weights of at least 2,500 grams, and were excluded when postnatal insults intervened. At 8 months and 4 years progeny of inadequately treated hypothyroxinemic women had the lowest psychological scores. Now 246 7-year-old children have been examined psychologically and neurologically (earlier data on only 101). Definite trends and a few statistically lower psychological scores of progeny of inadequately treated hypothyroxinemic pregnant women are compared with better psychological scores of 7-year-old children born to euthyroid and adequately treated hypothyroxinemic women. In six sibling sets outcome was better when hypothyroxinemic women were treated with adequate thyroid replacement therapy. If a woman has a poor reproductive history, early in a subsequent gestation, thyroid status should be examined and adequate thyroid medication considered seriously."}
{"id": "PMID:941951", "title": "Estimation of fetal weighty by ultrasonic abdominometry.", "content": "The fetal abdomen was measured with an ultrasonic contact scanner in order to correlate abdomenal circumference and birth weight. A sample of 134 measurements was used to calculate a standard graph, which was then tested against a subsequent 280 measurements, giving a mean estimation error of 105 Gm. Head-to-abdomen circumference ratio measurements were used to assess the type of growth retardation.", "contents": "Estimation of fetal weighty by ultrasonic abdominometry. The fetal abdomen was measured with an ultrasonic contact scanner in order to correlate abdomenal circumference and birth weight. A sample of 134 measurements was used to calculate a standard graph, which was then tested against a subsequent 280 measurements, giving a mean estimation error of 105 Gm. Head-to-abdomen circumference ratio measurements were used to assess the type of growth retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:941952", "title": "Estrogen potencies of three new low-dose oral contraceptives.", "content": "The estrogen potencies of three new oral contraceptive formulations--Brevicon, Modicon, and Lo/Ovral--were determined. Brevicon and Modicon were found to have estrogen potency equal to mestranol 50 mug and equal to or greater than Norinyl 1 + 50 and Ortho-Novuum 1 + 50. Lo/Ovral, which is identical to Ovral in the type and ratio of progestin but 40 per cent lower in drug content, could be estimated to have an estrogen potency of 0.73 relative to mestranol 50 mug and therefore, by inference, to Brevicon and Modicon.", "contents": "Estrogen potencies of three new low-dose oral contraceptives. The estrogen potencies of three new oral contraceptive formulations--Brevicon, Modicon, and Lo/Ovral--were determined. Brevicon and Modicon were found to have estrogen potency equal to mestranol 50 mug and equal to or greater than Norinyl 1 + 50 and Ortho-Novuum 1 + 50. Lo/Ovral, which is identical to Ovral in the type and ratio of progestin but 40 per cent lower in drug content, could be estimated to have an estrogen potency of 0.73 relative to mestranol 50 mug and therefore, by inference, to Brevicon and Modicon."}
{"id": "PMID:941953", "title": "Measured intelligence in offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users.", "content": "A study has been made of measures of intelligence of 210 children (5 to 8 years of age) born to mothers who used oral and nonoral contraceptives pregestationally. Ninety-six of these children were born to mothers who used oral contraceptives, and one hundred and fourteen were born to mothers who used vaginal contraceptive methods. The intelligence of the children was measured in the form of the full-scale I.Q. score by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) adapted and normalized for Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. A three-factor analysis of variance was performed on the data collected for comparison of the two groups. It was observed that there was no significant difference between the average I.Q. scores of children born to mothers using oral contraceptives and those born to the mothers using nonoral contraceptives. The average I.Q. in children of the oral contraceptive group was 85.04 and that in children of the nonoral contraceptive group was 85.54. Distributions for both groups were also found to be similar. No significant differences between means were observed for sex, age, and interacitons with the exception of the age and sex interaction, where, again, no specific, meaningful trend could be established. The average I.Q. in the sample fell very close to the center of the \"normal\" range of the WISC, Puerto Rican adaptation. The results of the study do not offer any evidence as to the effect of the use of oral contraceptives on the intelligence measure (by the WISC) of the offspring born to mothers using them pregestationally. The children under study, on an average, are of \"normal\" intelligence as measured by the Puerto Rican intelligence standards.", "contents": "Measured intelligence in offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users. A study has been made of measures of intelligence of 210 children (5 to 8 years of age) born to mothers who used oral and nonoral contraceptives pregestationally. Ninety-six of these children were born to mothers who used oral contraceptives, and one hundred and fourteen were born to mothers who used vaginal contraceptive methods. The intelligence of the children was measured in the form of the full-scale I.Q. score by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) adapted and normalized for Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. A three-factor analysis of variance was performed on the data collected for comparison of the two groups. It was observed that there was no significant difference between the average I.Q. scores of children born to mothers using oral contraceptives and those born to the mothers using nonoral contraceptives. The average I.Q. in children of the oral contraceptive group was 85.04 and that in children of the nonoral contraceptive group was 85.54. Distributions for both groups were also found to be similar. No significant differences between means were observed for sex, age, and interacitons with the exception of the age and sex interaction, where, again, no specific, meaningful trend could be established. The average I.Q. in the sample fell very close to the center of the \"normal\" range of the WISC, Puerto Rican adaptation. The results of the study do not offer any evidence as to the effect of the use of oral contraceptives on the intelligence measure (by the WISC) of the offspring born to mothers using them pregestationally. The children under study, on an average, are of \"normal\" intelligence as measured by the Puerto Rican intelligence standards."}
{"id": "PMID:941954", "title": "The effects of norgestrel on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism over one year.", "content": "Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied with the use of a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test in 71 women before and after one year of daily oral norgestrel, 0.075 mg., treatment. There was no significant change in weight or fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. There was a significant elevation of both the blood glucose and plasma insulin levels after one year of treatment. This was true for both the fasting and the glucose-stimulated values. Whereas all of the individual glucose tolerance curves at the pretreatment control test were normal by selection, 15.5 per cent of the curves were borderline abnormal to abnormal at the one-year test. The significance of these metabolic alterations is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of norgestrel on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism over one year. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were studied with the use of a three-hour oral glucose tolerance test in 71 women before and after one year of daily oral norgestrel, 0.075 mg., treatment. There was no significant change in weight or fasting plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. There was a significant elevation of both the blood glucose and plasma insulin levels after one year of treatment. This was true for both the fasting and the glucose-stimulated values. Whereas all of the individual glucose tolerance curves at the pretreatment control test were normal by selection, 15.5 per cent of the curves were borderline abnormal to abnormal at the one-year test. The significance of these metabolic alterations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941955", "title": "Mucinous tumors of the ovary. II. Ultrastructural features of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas.", "content": "On the basis of light microscopic and scanning and transmission ultrastructural observations, ovarian mucinous tumors of borderline malignancy contain two types of mucinous epithelium--an endocervical type and an intestinal type. The fully malignant tumors were composed solely of intestinal-type epithelium. These findings may have prognostic and therapeutic significance.", "contents": "Mucinous tumors of the ovary. II. Ultrastructural features of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas. On the basis of light microscopic and scanning and transmission ultrastructural observations, ovarian mucinous tumors of borderline malignancy contain two types of mucinous epithelium--an endocervical type and an intestinal type. The fully malignant tumors were composed solely of intestinal-type epithelium. These findings may have prognostic and therapeutic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:941956", "title": "Psychomotor objectives in occupational therapy education.", "content": "This article describes the role of educational objective taxonomies in facilitating the specification of intended learning outcomes and the apparent neglect of objectives directed toward psychomotor learning. A review of the literature indicates extensive material is available on motor learning and on the classification of psychomotor levels of behavior according to a systematic framework. Although many of the categories are functional for special areas, no one system has universal applicability. It is suggested that each discipline may need to draw on the literature to formulate its own taxonomic system, and a model taxonomy is offered for occupational therapy education in which levels of psychomotor performance are differentiated by the degree of individuation, the unique quality of performance introduced by the learner. Examples are given at each level and illustrative objectives combine expected behaviors with selected curriculum areas.", "contents": "Psychomotor objectives in occupational therapy education. This article describes the role of educational objective taxonomies in facilitating the specification of intended learning outcomes and the apparent neglect of objectives directed toward psychomotor learning. A review of the literature indicates extensive material is available on motor learning and on the classification of psychomotor levels of behavior according to a systematic framework. Although many of the categories are functional for special areas, no one system has universal applicability. It is suggested that each discipline may need to draw on the literature to formulate its own taxonomic system, and a model taxonomy is offered for occupational therapy education in which levels of psychomotor performance are differentiated by the degree of individuation, the unique quality of performance introduced by the learner. Examples are given at each level and illustrative objectives combine expected behaviors with selected curriculum areas."}
{"id": "PMID:941957", "title": "Humanistic psychology and rehabilitation programs in mental hospitals.", "content": "A humanistic growth-oriented theory, specifically Maslow's need-satisfaction theory, was used as a basis for examining the contributions work and employment make toward rehabilitation of the state mental hospital patient. Research literature reviewed indicated that if the rehabilitation program is to be viable and optimally effective, satisfying the belongingness and esteem needs of the patient is important. Research that stresses the therapeutic benefit of work, as well as research that raises the issue of workshops inhibiting independence and fostering dependence are presented. Modifications of rehabilitation programs that resulted in reports of increased program effectiveness are discussed. Fundamental features of these alternative or ancillary programs were: 1. a definite structure that allows various levels of advancement; 2. group participation; 3. patient initiative; 4. an orientation that reflects the competitive nature of employment; and 5. early community involvement. The importance of evaluating each client's needs and planning for growth before his/her job placement is considered vital to the program and to the individual.", "contents": "Humanistic psychology and rehabilitation programs in mental hospitals. A humanistic growth-oriented theory, specifically Maslow's need-satisfaction theory, was used as a basis for examining the contributions work and employment make toward rehabilitation of the state mental hospital patient. Research literature reviewed indicated that if the rehabilitation program is to be viable and optimally effective, satisfying the belongingness and esteem needs of the patient is important. Research that stresses the therapeutic benefit of work, as well as research that raises the issue of workshops inhibiting independence and fostering dependence are presented. Modifications of rehabilitation programs that resulted in reports of increased program effectiveness are discussed. Fundamental features of these alternative or ancillary programs were: 1. a definite structure that allows various levels of advancement; 2. group participation; 3. patient initiative; 4. an orientation that reflects the competitive nature of employment; and 5. early community involvement. The importance of evaluating each client's needs and planning for growth before his/her job placement is considered vital to the program and to the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:941958", "title": "Three-dimensional construction tests for children aged five and six years.", "content": "The constructional praxis ability of 69 normal 5 and 6 year olds was studied to validate established norms, to gain normative data for the Gesell Block Test and the Benton and Fogel Test of Constructional Praxis, and to identify a developmental continuum. No significant difference was found between scores obtained by the two age groups; however, a difference significant at the less than .05 level was found between scores of five-year-old boys and girls. The results suggest that these tests measure a continuum of development and that with revisions they may be useful to provide additional information about development of constructional praxis ability in a larger sample of normal and brain-damaged children.", "contents": "Three-dimensional construction tests for children aged five and six years. The constructional praxis ability of 69 normal 5 and 6 year olds was studied to validate established norms, to gain normative data for the Gesell Block Test and the Benton and Fogel Test of Constructional Praxis, and to identify a developmental continuum. No significant difference was found between scores obtained by the two age groups; however, a difference significant at the less than .05 level was found between scores of five-year-old boys and girls. The results suggest that these tests measure a continuum of development and that with revisions they may be useful to provide additional information about development of constructional praxis ability in a larger sample of normal and brain-damaged children."}
{"id": "PMID:941959", "title": "Electronic training devices for hand rehabilitation.", "content": "Several new electronic hand rehabilitation devices are shown. These devices, which can be assembled locally with minimal funds, are excellent information feedback devices that can be used effectively in hand rehabilitation. Electrogoniometers may be used for hand and wrist range-of-motion feedback. In addition, various pressure sensitive devices are illustrated and the way in which these devices may be used in hand rehabilitation are portrayed.", "contents": "Electronic training devices for hand rehabilitation. Several new electronic hand rehabilitation devices are shown. These devices, which can be assembled locally with minimal funds, are excellent information feedback devices that can be used effectively in hand rehabilitation. Electrogoniometers may be used for hand and wrist range-of-motion feedback. In addition, various pressure sensitive devices are illustrated and the way in which these devices may be used in hand rehabilitation are portrayed."}
{"id": "PMID:941960", "title": "Modified finger exercise board.", "content": "This article describes constructional and material changes made to a finger exercise board (1), a device that provides the occupational therapist with versatile equipment for resistive exercises for most muscles of the hand. It is particularly effective in the treatment of disabilities that involve multiple muscles of the hand such as is commonly the case in rheumatoid arthritis. The modifications of the board have substantially eased grading resistive tension, and construction has been simplified and its stability increased. Brief additional information is supplied below for use of the exercise board in the treatment of arthritic deformities.", "contents": "Modified finger exercise board. This article describes constructional and material changes made to a finger exercise board (1), a device that provides the occupational therapist with versatile equipment for resistive exercises for most muscles of the hand. It is particularly effective in the treatment of disabilities that involve multiple muscles of the hand such as is commonly the case in rheumatoid arthritis. The modifications of the board have substantially eased grading resistive tension, and construction has been simplified and its stability increased. Brief additional information is supplied below for use of the exercise board in the treatment of arthritic deformities."}
{"id": "PMID:941962", "title": "Effect of perceptual motor training on gross-motor skill and self-concept of young children.", "content": "Preschool teachers from four different day care centers assessed four-and five-year-old children for deficits in gross-motor skill and self-concept. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a 30 minute per day, 5 day per week perceptual-motor training program for 10 weeks, while the control group received no specialized intervention other than their regular classroom activities. Two posttests were administered: Cratty's Six-Category Gross-Motor Test and Goodenough's House, Tree, Person Projective Test. The experimental group performed better on the gross-motor test, but the results were not statistically significant. Analysis of the projective test supported the hypothesis that a perceptual-motor program may improve the self-concept of young children. Specialized intervention with perceptual-motor activities improved self-concept and these results were discussed in relation to recognizing the need for early screening and remediation of perceptual-motor dificits exhibited by preschool children.", "contents": "Effect of perceptual motor training on gross-motor skill and self-concept of young children. Preschool teachers from four different day care centers assessed four-and five-year-old children for deficits in gross-motor skill and self-concept. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a 30 minute per day, 5 day per week perceptual-motor training program for 10 weeks, while the control group received no specialized intervention other than their regular classroom activities. Two posttests were administered: Cratty's Six-Category Gross-Motor Test and Goodenough's House, Tree, Person Projective Test. The experimental group performed better on the gross-motor test, but the results were not statistically significant. Analysis of the projective test supported the hypothesis that a perceptual-motor program may improve the self-concept of young children. Specialized intervention with perceptual-motor activities improved self-concept and these results were discussed in relation to recognizing the need for early screening and remediation of perceptual-motor dificits exhibited by preschool children."}
{"id": "PMID:941963", "title": "Measurement in occupational therapy.", "content": "Occupational therapists use many forms of measurement tools to assess the existing and potential functions of their clients. Too often the principles of measurement theory have not been applied in the development of such instruments and the resulting assessments have no established validity or reliability. This article presents basic measurement theory and appropriate procedures for estimating validity and reliability within an occupational therapy framework. Special considerations with regard to measurement of motor behavior are emphasized. An understanding of these assesment principles can enable a therapist to construct measurement scales that are valid, reliable, and yield data of scientific value.", "contents": "Measurement in occupational therapy. Occupational therapists use many forms of measurement tools to assess the existing and potential functions of their clients. Too often the principles of measurement theory have not been applied in the development of such instruments and the resulting assessments have no established validity or reliability. This article presents basic measurement theory and appropriate procedures for estimating validity and reliability within an occupational therapy framework. Special considerations with regard to measurement of motor behavior are emphasized. An understanding of these assesment principles can enable a therapist to construct measurement scales that are valid, reliable, and yield data of scientific value."}
{"id": "PMID:941964", "title": "A home-treatment program for the cerebral-palsied child.", "content": "The process and results of a two-month intensive home-treatment program for a two-year-old athetoid cerebral-palsied boy are described in this article. The exploratory program was designed to develop methods and procedures for the mother to use to promote the child's normal postural tone and movement during daily handling and care. The foundation for the intervention program was based on a collation of the child's history, a one-day assessment of the child's activities and time schedule in the home, and a physical evaluation. Postevaluation identified changes in the child's feeding, playing, and sleep patterns that suggested more normal movement and muscle tone. Also, the mother established new physical handling patterns and the therapist gained skill and a new awareness in home intervention programs.", "contents": "A home-treatment program for the cerebral-palsied child. The process and results of a two-month intensive home-treatment program for a two-year-old athetoid cerebral-palsied boy are described in this article. The exploratory program was designed to develop methods and procedures for the mother to use to promote the child's normal postural tone and movement during daily handling and care. The foundation for the intervention program was based on a collation of the child's history, a one-day assessment of the child's activities and time schedule in the home, and a physical evaluation. Postevaluation identified changes in the child's feeding, playing, and sleep patterns that suggested more normal movement and muscle tone. Also, the mother established new physical handling patterns and the therapist gained skill and a new awareness in home intervention programs."}
{"id": "PMID:941965", "title": "Toward program development.", "content": "An era of disciplined thinking may result not only in acknowledging but also in addressing those questions that may lead to a consistent examination of existing programs within a profession. This paper is one attemp at encouraging the professional membership to continue to address: 1. the nature and focus of the content and practice environments of the field of Occupational Therapy; 2. two approaches to investigating the distinctive character of the field of Occupational Therapy-the Separate Domain Approach and the Retroductive Approach; 3. and the basic documents developed and/or sponsored by the professional organization-in this case-The Ohio State Study (1), the NIH Study (2), and the Curriculum Guide (3).", "contents": "Toward program development. An era of disciplined thinking may result not only in acknowledging but also in addressing those questions that may lead to a consistent examination of existing programs within a profession. This paper is one attemp at encouraging the professional membership to continue to address: 1. the nature and focus of the content and practice environments of the field of Occupational Therapy; 2. two approaches to investigating the distinctive character of the field of Occupational Therapy-the Separate Domain Approach and the Retroductive Approach; 3. and the basic documents developed and/or sponsored by the professional organization-in this case-The Ohio State Study (1), the NIH Study (2), and the Curriculum Guide (3)."}
{"id": "PMID:941969", "title": "Dynamic strain gage measurements on ophthalmic lenses impacted by low energy missiles.", "content": "Strain distributions on impacted ophthalmic lenses were measured with strain gages. The strain distributions, which resulted from impacts produced with a special apparatus, were shown to be comparable to those which arise in the FDA drop-ball test. The measured strain drops off very rapidly away from the impact point, implying that only a small part of the lens is really being tested. The results are in good agreement with the quasi-static predictions. The effect of differences in lens power, of input kinetic energy, and of inserting the lens in a polyethylene bag are also investigated.", "contents": "Dynamic strain gage measurements on ophthalmic lenses impacted by low energy missiles. Strain distributions on impacted ophthalmic lenses were measured with strain gages. The strain distributions, which resulted from impacts produced with a special apparatus, were shown to be comparable to those which arise in the FDA drop-ball test. The measured strain drops off very rapidly away from the impact point, implying that only a small part of the lens is really being tested. The results are in good agreement with the quasi-static predictions. The effect of differences in lens power, of input kinetic energy, and of inserting the lens in a polyethylene bag are also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:941970", "title": "The visual evoked response to word stimuli in the visual fields.", "content": "The visual evoked response (VER) has been considered an objective indicator of visual and perceptual processing, although as yet there is no clear evidence of a relationship between visual recognition and electrophysiological activity. The present study was performed to determine whether VER's can provide indications of differences in responses to word stimuli presented in different parts of the visual field. Additionally, evidence was sought as to whether the left and right hemispheres process visual information symmetrically. In 20 adult subjects with normal binocular vision, VER's were recorded simultaneously from left and right hemispheres in response to the repeated presentation of a three-letter word in each of 7 visual field locations. VER's of any subject in response to one stimulus site were consistent and repeatable; intersubject variation was large. For subject comparison, amplitude of VER was the measured response. No significant or consistent amplitude characteristics were identified that related to recognition of the stimulus. From comparison of responses to the different field locations, central stimulation (at 0 degrees) evoked the largest peak-to-trough amplitude (X=8.21 uV+/- 2.56). Amplitudes tended to be larger at 4 degrees than at 2 degrees from center; left field stimulation tended to give larger amplitudes than right field; however, these trends were larger than from the left, this difference was not valid since 11 subjects had larger right hemisphere responses, whereas 9 had larger amplitudes from the left hemisphere. Thus, the study suggests that the VER reflects some net electrical activity from the recording sites that may be traced to an external sensory stimulus and shows that this activity is symmetrical for each hemisphere.", "contents": "The visual evoked response to word stimuli in the visual fields. The visual evoked response (VER) has been considered an objective indicator of visual and perceptual processing, although as yet there is no clear evidence of a relationship between visual recognition and electrophysiological activity. The present study was performed to determine whether VER's can provide indications of differences in responses to word stimuli presented in different parts of the visual field. Additionally, evidence was sought as to whether the left and right hemispheres process visual information symmetrically. In 20 adult subjects with normal binocular vision, VER's were recorded simultaneously from left and right hemispheres in response to the repeated presentation of a three-letter word in each of 7 visual field locations. VER's of any subject in response to one stimulus site were consistent and repeatable; intersubject variation was large. For subject comparison, amplitude of VER was the measured response. No significant or consistent amplitude characteristics were identified that related to recognition of the stimulus. From comparison of responses to the different field locations, central stimulation (at 0 degrees) evoked the largest peak-to-trough amplitude (X=8.21 uV+/- 2.56). Amplitudes tended to be larger at 4 degrees than at 2 degrees from center; left field stimulation tended to give larger amplitudes than right field; however, these trends were larger than from the left, this difference was not valid since 11 subjects had larger right hemisphere responses, whereas 9 had larger amplitudes from the left hemisphere. Thus, the study suggests that the VER reflects some net electrical activity from the recording sites that may be traced to an external sensory stimulus and shows that this activity is symmetrical for each hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:941971", "title": "Calculating magnification differences in monocular aphakia.", "content": "The calculation of magnification differences is treated well in a number of texts, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 but the formulas are not always presented in their most convenient form. Because of this, many complex schemes have been illustrated 2 and many different versions have been published. 3, 4, 5. The purpose of this paper is to present the pertinent equations in a simplified manner and to illustrate them by a specific example, namely, the case of monocular aphakia.", "contents": "Calculating magnification differences in monocular aphakia. The calculation of magnification differences is treated well in a number of texts, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 but the formulas are not always presented in their most convenient form. Because of this, many complex schemes have been illustrated 2 and many different versions have been published. 3, 4, 5. The purpose of this paper is to present the pertinent equations in a simplified manner and to illustrate them by a specific example, namely, the case of monocular aphakia."}
{"id": "PMID:941972", "title": "Simple formulas for computation of prism vergence and accommodation stimulation in a Brewster stereoscope.", "content": "Two formulas are presented which permit rapid determination of accommodative and convergence demands in a Brewster stereoscope. The formulas are easily applied and are valid for any circumstances. The formula for convergence is unique in that it is independent of the patient's interpupillary setting for all instrument settings and yields results directly comparable to standard clinical measurements. The formula for accommodation is: see article. The formula for convergence is: see article. These formulas hold where A is accommodation in diopters, C is convergence in prism diopters, TD is distance of stereogram from stereoscope lenses in meters, P is power of stereoscope lenses in diopters, LS is separation of optical centers of stereoscope lenses in centimeters, and TS is the separation of corresponding points of the stereogram half-views in centimeters.", "contents": "Simple formulas for computation of prism vergence and accommodation stimulation in a Brewster stereoscope. Two formulas are presented which permit rapid determination of accommodative and convergence demands in a Brewster stereoscope. The formulas are easily applied and are valid for any circumstances. The formula for convergence is unique in that it is independent of the patient's interpupillary setting for all instrument settings and yields results directly comparable to standard clinical measurements. The formula for accommodation is: see article. The formula for convergence is: see article. These formulas hold where A is accommodation in diopters, C is convergence in prism diopters, TD is distance of stereogram from stereoscope lenses in meters, P is power of stereoscope lenses in diopters, LS is separation of optical centers of stereoscope lenses in centimeters, and TS is the separation of corresponding points of the stereogram half-views in centimeters."}
{"id": "PMID:941973", "title": "Fields of view as they relate to the magnification of a telescope: a clarification.", "content": "The manufacturers of telescopic instruments typically describe their products in terms of the magnification produced. Most include some reference to the \"object field\" or the \"acceptance angle,\" i.e., the angle subtended by the entrance port at the center of the entrance pupil. This paper considers varied factors utilized for calculating magnification and object field and proposes expressing the object field in terms of prism diopters rather than degrees.", "contents": "Fields of view as they relate to the magnification of a telescope: a clarification. The manufacturers of telescopic instruments typically describe their products in terms of the magnification produced. Most include some reference to the \"object field\" or the \"acceptance angle,\" i.e., the angle subtended by the entrance port at the center of the entrance pupil. This paper considers varied factors utilized for calculating magnification and object field and proposes expressing the object field in terms of prism diopters rather than degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:941974", "title": "Contact lens surface damage related to cases and case removal techniques.", "content": "Surface damage incurred as a result of removing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses form various contact lens carrying cases was monitored by photographic techniques. As compared to the controls, the experimental lenses showed consistent increases in surface damage, particularly if they were removed by a sliding (dragging) motion along the contours of the case.", "contents": "Contact lens surface damage related to cases and case removal techniques. Surface damage incurred as a result of removing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses form various contact lens carrying cases was monitored by photographic techniques. As compared to the controls, the experimental lenses showed consistent increases in surface damage, particularly if they were removed by a sliding (dragging) motion along the contours of the case."}
{"id": "PMID:941975", "title": "The measurement and recording of vision at near test distances.", "content": "Confusion and misconception characterize the designation of near visual acuities because of the numerous systems in use. Most of these systems do not lend themselves to accurate or easy usage or to comparison with other test distances. Use of the M system, with the actual test distances recorded in meters, is suggested as a simplified system for standardization.", "contents": "The measurement and recording of vision at near test distances. Confusion and misconception characterize the designation of near visual acuities because of the numerous systems in use. Most of these systems do not lend themselves to accurate or easy usage or to comparison with other test distances. Use of the M system, with the actual test distances recorded in meters, is suggested as a simplified system for standardization."}
{"id": "PMID:941976", "title": "Pathologic changes in the liver and kidney produced by immunization with intestinal antigens.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with intestinal antigens derived from rabbits, guinea pigs, and germfree rats. Inflammatory changes throughout the portal tracts of the liver were found in 55% (16 of 29) of the immunized rabbits. Interstitial nephritis was present in 7 of 23 rabbits evaluated. These changes did not occur when nonintestinal antigens were used for immunization. Antigen shared by liver, kidney, duodenum, ileum, and colon were found in each of the species used for immunization. An immune response to the antigen shared by the various tissues may be a factor in the pathogenesis of disease in this experimental system. In man, chronic active hepatitis and interstitial nephritis are found in association with inflammatory bowel disease. A similar mechanism of pathogenesis may be a factor in these extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in man.", "contents": "Pathologic changes in the liver and kidney produced by immunization with intestinal antigens. Rabbits were immunized with intestinal antigens derived from rabbits, guinea pigs, and germfree rats. Inflammatory changes throughout the portal tracts of the liver were found in 55% (16 of 29) of the immunized rabbits. Interstitial nephritis was present in 7 of 23 rabbits evaluated. These changes did not occur when nonintestinal antigens were used for immunization. Antigen shared by liver, kidney, duodenum, ileum, and colon were found in each of the species used for immunization. An immune response to the antigen shared by the various tissues may be a factor in the pathogenesis of disease in this experimental system. In man, chronic active hepatitis and interstitial nephritis are found in association with inflammatory bowel disease. A similar mechanism of pathogenesis may be a factor in these extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in man."}
{"id": "PMID:941977", "title": "Age-related accumulation of ceroid-like pigment in mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "The Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare inherited disorder occurring in man and several animal homologs including the beige mouse; it is characterized by pigmentary dilution, susceptibility to pyogenic infections, and the presence of enlarged lysosomes in many cell types. Beige mice 6 months of age and older were found to have darkened livers, kidneys, and spleens, accompanied by splenomegaly. A fluorescence microscopic survey of tissues from beige mice revealed marked accumulations of a microscopic survey of tissues from beige mice revealed marked accumulations of a yellow autofluorescent pigment inhepatocytes, renal proximal tubule cells, and splenic macrophages. Additionally, large amounts of hemosiderin were present in the spleen. In beige mice, the pigment was noted in animals as young as 1 to 2 weeks of age and gradually increased in amount as the animals aged. A histochemical investigation of the pigment showed that it was ceroid-like in nature and contained in lysosomes. Ultrastructurally, the pigment was composed of lipid-like droplets embedded in a dense matrix and surrounded by a limiting membrane. The accumulation of ceroid-like material in beige mice may be a reflection of the metabolic disturbance which underlies CHS.", "contents": "Age-related accumulation of ceroid-like pigment in mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) is a rare inherited disorder occurring in man and several animal homologs including the beige mouse; it is characterized by pigmentary dilution, susceptibility to pyogenic infections, and the presence of enlarged lysosomes in many cell types. Beige mice 6 months of age and older were found to have darkened livers, kidneys, and spleens, accompanied by splenomegaly. A fluorescence microscopic survey of tissues from beige mice revealed marked accumulations of a microscopic survey of tissues from beige mice revealed marked accumulations of a yellow autofluorescent pigment inhepatocytes, renal proximal tubule cells, and splenic macrophages. Additionally, large amounts of hemosiderin were present in the spleen. In beige mice, the pigment was noted in animals as young as 1 to 2 weeks of age and gradually increased in amount as the animals aged. A histochemical investigation of the pigment showed that it was ceroid-like in nature and contained in lysosomes. Ultrastructurally, the pigment was composed of lipid-like droplets embedded in a dense matrix and surrounded by a limiting membrane. The accumulation of ceroid-like material in beige mice may be a reflection of the metabolic disturbance which underlies CHS."}
{"id": "PMID:941978", "title": "The effect of leukocyte and platelet transfusion on the activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin in granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits.", "content": "The effect of transfusion of peritoneal leukocytes, platelets, or cell suspension medium on the activation of intravascular coagulation and on the generation of capillary microclots was studied in 51 granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by feeding the cytoxic drug busulfan prevented the activation of intravascular coagulation and the occurrence of renal glomerular microclots after two injections of endotoxin. The transfusion of platelets into busulfan-pretreated rabbits increased the mean platelet count from 2,400 to 205,000 cells/mul, but platelet-transfused rabbits did not exhibit activation of intravascular coagulation after endotoxin injection. If however, granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits were transfused with peritoneal leukocytes (1.0 X 10(9) cells/kg) before the second injection of endotoxin, activation of intravascular coagulation occurred, and microclot formation in renal glomerular capillaries was observed in a high percentage of animals. Positive reactions to endotoxin were obtained in leukocyte-transfused rabbits even with platelet counts of 1,000 cells/mul before the second injection of endotoxin. Thus platelets do not seem to be essentially involved in the activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin, whereas the presence of leukocytes is required for triggering endotoxin-induced generalized intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "The effect of leukocyte and platelet transfusion on the activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin in granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits. The effect of transfusion of peritoneal leukocytes, platelets, or cell suspension medium on the activation of intravascular coagulation and on the generation of capillary microclots was studied in 51 granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits. Granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia induced by feeding the cytoxic drug busulfan prevented the activation of intravascular coagulation and the occurrence of renal glomerular microclots after two injections of endotoxin. The transfusion of platelets into busulfan-pretreated rabbits increased the mean platelet count from 2,400 to 205,000 cells/mul, but platelet-transfused rabbits did not exhibit activation of intravascular coagulation after endotoxin injection. If however, granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits were transfused with peritoneal leukocytes (1.0 X 10(9) cells/kg) before the second injection of endotoxin, activation of intravascular coagulation occurred, and microclot formation in renal glomerular capillaries was observed in a high percentage of animals. Positive reactions to endotoxin were obtained in leukocyte-transfused rabbits even with platelet counts of 1,000 cells/mul before the second injection of endotoxin. Thus platelets do not seem to be essentially involved in the activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin, whereas the presence of leukocytes is required for triggering endotoxin-induced generalized intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:941979", "title": "The repopulation of lymph nodes of dogs after 1200 R whole-body x-irradiation and intravenous administration of mononuclear blood leukocytes.", "content": "Fresh and cryopreserved autologous or allogeneic mononuclear blood cells (MBCs) intravenously injected in 1200 R total-body x-irradiated dogs repopulated lymph nodes within 10 days after tranfusion. Several parameters of the lymphopoietic regeneration were correlated with the number of cells transfused and with the number of colony-forming units contained in the cell suspension when they were cultured in agar (CFUc). Values within the normal or close to normal range were reached in the mesenteric nodes of most of the animals transfused with 10 X 10(9) MBC or more. These values were obtained when 5 X 10(5) CFUc or more were transfused. Axillary nodes showed lower values than mesenteric nodes. They were mostly under the normal range but well over those of the irradiated controls. Frozen and thawed MBCs seem to be as effective as fresh cells for lymphopoietic restoration. The mesenteric nodes of dogs transfused with allogeneic MBCs showed higher cellularity and larger cortical-paracortical areas than those of dogs tranfused with approximately the same number of autologous cells. The repopulation of lymph nodes parallels that of the marrow.", "contents": "The repopulation of lymph nodes of dogs after 1200 R whole-body x-irradiation and intravenous administration of mononuclear blood leukocytes. Fresh and cryopreserved autologous or allogeneic mononuclear blood cells (MBCs) intravenously injected in 1200 R total-body x-irradiated dogs repopulated lymph nodes within 10 days after tranfusion. Several parameters of the lymphopoietic regeneration were correlated with the number of cells transfused and with the number of colony-forming units contained in the cell suspension when they were cultured in agar (CFUc). Values within the normal or close to normal range were reached in the mesenteric nodes of most of the animals transfused with 10 X 10(9) MBC or more. These values were obtained when 5 X 10(5) CFUc or more were transfused. Axillary nodes showed lower values than mesenteric nodes. They were mostly under the normal range but well over those of the irradiated controls. Frozen and thawed MBCs seem to be as effective as fresh cells for lymphopoietic restoration. The mesenteric nodes of dogs transfused with allogeneic MBCs showed higher cellularity and larger cortical-paracortical areas than those of dogs tranfused with approximately the same number of autologous cells. The repopulation of lymph nodes parallels that of the marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:941980", "title": "Chicken dystrophy. The geometry of the transverse tubules.", "content": "The pectoral muscle of chickens afflicted with muscular dystrophy, when examined with the electron microscope, contains a) numerous, often quite large vesicles with and without caveolar evaginations, b) tubules with caveolar evaginations, and c) tubular networks. We have demonstrated that all these structures are derivatives of the transverse tubles as revealed by tracer studies and freeze-fracture complementary replicas. The membranes of transverse tubular origin show a small number of intramembranous particles on both P and E faces with no complementary geometry. The membranes of the free sacrcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the junctional SR of normal and dystrophic muscle appear identical in complementary freeze-fracture replicas. Vesicles that carry only a small number of particles on both E and P faces exposed by freeze-fracturing in isolated SR preparations can be taken as presumptive evidence and serve as a morphologic marker for transverse tubular origin of such vesicles when mitochondrial and lysosomal contamination has been excluded.", "contents": "Chicken dystrophy. The geometry of the transverse tubules. The pectoral muscle of chickens afflicted with muscular dystrophy, when examined with the electron microscope, contains a) numerous, often quite large vesicles with and without caveolar evaginations, b) tubules with caveolar evaginations, and c) tubular networks. We have demonstrated that all these structures are derivatives of the transverse tubles as revealed by tracer studies and freeze-fracture complementary replicas. The membranes of transverse tubular origin show a small number of intramembranous particles on both P and E faces with no complementary geometry. The membranes of the free sacrcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the junctional SR of normal and dystrophic muscle appear identical in complementary freeze-fracture replicas. Vesicles that carry only a small number of particles on both E and P faces exposed by freeze-fracturing in isolated SR preparations can be taken as presumptive evidence and serve as a morphologic marker for transverse tubular origin of such vesicles when mitochondrial and lysosomal contamination has been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:941981", "title": "The morphologic relationship of light and dark cells of the collecting tubule in potassium-depleted rats.", "content": "The luminal surface of collecting tubule cells in the inner stripe of the renal medulla in normal and potassium-depleted rats was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In normal rats the luminal surfaces were of two types. One cell type was sparsely covered with small bulbous microvilli and had either a single or double cilium. This type corresponds to the light cell seen in transmission electron microscopy. The second cell type was covered by prominent microplicae and represents the dark cell observed in transmission electron microscopy. In potassium-depleted animals, numerous cells with a morphologic appearance of intermediate forms were identified. By scanning electron microscopy, the luminal surface of these cells was covered by a mixed population of villi and microplicae in different stages of development and often showed cilia, which were previously considered to exist only on light cells. On the basis of these morphologic findings, we conclude that the dark and light cells are not different cell types but rather represent different forms of a single type of cell.", "contents": "The morphologic relationship of light and dark cells of the collecting tubule in potassium-depleted rats. The luminal surface of collecting tubule cells in the inner stripe of the renal medulla in normal and potassium-depleted rats was studied by scanning electron microscopy. In normal rats the luminal surfaces were of two types. One cell type was sparsely covered with small bulbous microvilli and had either a single or double cilium. This type corresponds to the light cell seen in transmission electron microscopy. The second cell type was covered by prominent microplicae and represents the dark cell observed in transmission electron microscopy. In potassium-depleted animals, numerous cells with a morphologic appearance of intermediate forms were identified. By scanning electron microscopy, the luminal surface of these cells was covered by a mixed population of villi and microplicae in different stages of development and often showed cilia, which were previously considered to exist only on light cells. On the basis of these morphologic findings, we conclude that the dark and light cells are not different cell types but rather represent different forms of a single type of cell."}
{"id": "PMID:941982", "title": "Oxygen-induced enzyme release after irreversible myocardial injury. Effects of cyanide in perfused rat hearts.", "content": "The effects of 5 mM potassium cyanide (KCN) on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release and cellular morphology were studied. Rat hearts were perfused with substrate-deficient media gassed with O2 or N2 (O2 medium, N2 medium) at 37 C, and effluent was collected for creatine phosphokinase analysis. Tissue fixation was with glutaraldehyde for light and electron microscopy. Experiments included the following: a) continuous perfusion with O2- or N2-medium in the presence of KCN; b) 45 or 60 minutes of perfusion with N2-medium followed by O2-medium for 15 or 180 minutes, respectively; c) 45 minutes of perfusion with N2-medium with KCN added 15 minutes before reoxygenation with O2-medium plus KCN; (4) 60 minutes of N2-medium plus KCN followed by O2-medium plus KCN for 180 minutes; d) as a control for irreversible injury, 21 minutes of perfusion with calcium-free O2-medium followed by 2.5 mM calcium-O2-medium (\"calcium paradox\"). The following results were seen: a) Initial CPK release occurred about 30 minutes later from hearts perfused with O2-medium plus KCN than from hearts perfused with N2-medium plus KCN. b) Upon reoxygenation after either 45 or 60 minutes of anoxia, hearts had a sudden peak of oxygen-induced CPK release. Most irreversibly injured cells were massively swollen and had sarcolemmal defects and contraction bands. Reversibly injured cells in the same hearts resembled normal myocardium. A previously unrecognized third population of cells is described. These cells were characterized by contraction bands but were not swollen, had intact sarcolemma, and contained both normal and damaged mitochondria with intramatrical calcium accumulation granules. It could not be determined if these cells were reversibly injured or in an early stage of irreversible injury. c) KCN added 15 minutes before reoxygenation of hearts after 45 minutes of anoxia inhibited the sudden peak of oxygen-induced CPK release but not a slow sustained release. Small to moderate numbers of cells in these hearts contained contraction bands. d) After 60 minutes, KCN completely inhibited both oxygen-induced CPK release and contraction band formation. e) Addition of calcium to calcium-free hearts caused both massive CPK release and contraction band formation. It is concluded that: the beginning of CPK release from oxygenated KCN-inhibited hearts requires about 30 minutes longer than from anoxic hearts; KCN can inhibit both oxygen-induced CPK release and contraction bands in irreversibly injured rat myocardial cells; sudden contracture of myocardial cells as occurs in the calcium paradox can result in massive CPK release; contraction bands occur in nonswollen cells, hence contraction bands can occur independently of massive cell swelling or membrane rupture. It is postulated that there may be two stages of irreversible myocardial injury; a) loss of control of contraction and b) progressive loss of mitochondrial and membrane integrity.", "contents": "Oxygen-induced enzyme release after irreversible myocardial injury. Effects of cyanide in perfused rat hearts. The effects of 5 mM potassium cyanide (KCN) on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) release and cellular morphology were studied. Rat hearts were perfused with substrate-deficient media gassed with O2 or N2 (O2 medium, N2 medium) at 37 C, and effluent was collected for creatine phosphokinase analysis. Tissue fixation was with glutaraldehyde for light and electron microscopy. Experiments included the following: a) continuous perfusion with O2- or N2-medium in the presence of KCN; b) 45 or 60 minutes of perfusion with N2-medium followed by O2-medium for 15 or 180 minutes, respectively; c) 45 minutes of perfusion with N2-medium with KCN added 15 minutes before reoxygenation with O2-medium plus KCN; (4) 60 minutes of N2-medium plus KCN followed by O2-medium plus KCN for 180 minutes; d) as a control for irreversible injury, 21 minutes of perfusion with calcium-free O2-medium followed by 2.5 mM calcium-O2-medium (\"calcium paradox\"). The following results were seen: a) Initial CPK release occurred about 30 minutes later from hearts perfused with O2-medium plus KCN than from hearts perfused with N2-medium plus KCN. b) Upon reoxygenation after either 45 or 60 minutes of anoxia, hearts had a sudden peak of oxygen-induced CPK release. Most irreversibly injured cells were massively swollen and had sarcolemmal defects and contraction bands. Reversibly injured cells in the same hearts resembled normal myocardium. A previously unrecognized third population of cells is described. These cells were characterized by contraction bands but were not swollen, had intact sarcolemma, and contained both normal and damaged mitochondria with intramatrical calcium accumulation granules. It could not be determined if these cells were reversibly injured or in an early stage of irreversible injury. c) KCN added 15 minutes before reoxygenation of hearts after 45 minutes of anoxia inhibited the sudden peak of oxygen-induced CPK release but not a slow sustained release. Small to moderate numbers of cells in these hearts contained contraction bands. d) After 60 minutes, KCN completely inhibited both oxygen-induced CPK release and contraction band formation. e) Addition of calcium to calcium-free hearts caused both massive CPK release and contraction band formation. It is concluded that: the beginning of CPK release from oxygenated KCN-inhibited hearts requires about 30 minutes longer than from anoxic hearts; KCN can inhibit both oxygen-induced CPK release and contraction bands in irreversibly injured rat myocardial cells; sudden contracture of myocardial cells as occurs in the calcium paradox can result in massive CPK release; contraction bands occur in nonswollen cells, hence contraction bands can occur independently of massive cell swelling or membrane rupture. It is postulated that there may be two stages of irreversible myocardial injury; a) loss of control of contraction and b) progressive loss of mitochondrial and membrane integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:941983", "title": "Lymphoreticular and myeloid pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in hamsters.", "content": "Ultrastructural, histopathologic, and virologic studies of adult hamsters infected with virulent Venezuelan equine encelphalomyelitis (VEE) virus (Subtype I-B) demonstrated precise chronologic and topographic progression of lesions and viral replication in extraneural sites. Thymus contained the earliest lesions and the highest initial and subsequent viral titers. No particular cytotropism was observed as highly efficient viral replication and severe cytonecrosis proceded. Early cortical necrosis of splenic periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath was followed by lymphoblastoid repopulation of the peripheral zone. Massive bone marrow necrosis was accompained by ultrastructural evidence of VEE viral particle production in reticulum cells, rubricytes, myeloid cells, lymphoblastoid cells, and megakaryocytes. Speed, efficiency, destructiveness, and relative sensitivity of virtually all lymphoreticular and hematopoetic cells were hallmarks of virulent VEE infection in the hamster.", "contents": "Lymphoreticular and myeloid pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in hamsters. Ultrastructural, histopathologic, and virologic studies of adult hamsters infected with virulent Venezuelan equine encelphalomyelitis (VEE) virus (Subtype I-B) demonstrated precise chronologic and topographic progression of lesions and viral replication in extraneural sites. Thymus contained the earliest lesions and the highest initial and subsequent viral titers. No particular cytotropism was observed as highly efficient viral replication and severe cytonecrosis proceded. Early cortical necrosis of splenic periarteriolar lymphocytic sheath was followed by lymphoblastoid repopulation of the peripheral zone. Massive bone marrow necrosis was accompained by ultrastructural evidence of VEE viral particle production in reticulum cells, rubricytes, myeloid cells, lymphoblastoid cells, and megakaryocytes. Speed, efficiency, destructiveness, and relative sensitivity of virtually all lymphoreticular and hematopoetic cells were hallmarks of virulent VEE infection in the hamster."}
{"id": "PMID:941986", "title": "Individuation and discrimination in the classroom.", "content": "A negative tone pervades much of the literature on teacher discrimination in the classroom, and conjures up images of inequality, oppression, and racism. This paper differentiates between the negative forms of discrimination (responding prejudicially to children) and individuation (discerning differences among children and responding to individual needs). Focus is on the positive face of discrimination, as exemplified by three teachers who are highly \"individuating\" in their attitudes and behaviors towards children.", "contents": "Individuation and discrimination in the classroom. A negative tone pervades much of the literature on teacher discrimination in the classroom, and conjures up images of inequality, oppression, and racism. This paper differentiates between the negative forms of discrimination (responding prejudicially to children) and individuation (discerning differences among children and responding to individual needs). Focus is on the positive face of discrimination, as exemplified by three teachers who are highly \"individuating\" in their attitudes and behaviors towards children."}
{"id": "PMID:941987", "title": "A hospital play program: helping children with serious illness.", "content": "Children hospitalized with a life-threatening disease are experiencing a severely stressful situation that is often confusing, frightening, and anxiety-provoking. This paper describes a play-therapy program designed to facilitate the expression of these feelings, enhance the sense of mastery, foster adaptive behavior, and increase cooperation with medical treatment.", "contents": "A hospital play program: helping children with serious illness. Children hospitalized with a life-threatening disease are experiencing a severely stressful situation that is often confusing, frightening, and anxiety-provoking. This paper describes a play-therapy program designed to facilitate the expression of these feelings, enhance the sense of mastery, foster adaptive behavior, and increase cooperation with medical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:941988", "title": "Residential treatment today: the paradox of new premises.", "content": "The once-isolated world of the residential treatment center has been altered by the broad social and cultural changes of recent years. New values, especially as introduced by younger staff whose attitudes are often closer to their clients than to their administrators, have created new problems. This paper points to the need for a sensitive professional response, and the ability to embrace change and put it to new therapeutic uses.", "contents": "Residential treatment today: the paradox of new premises. The once-isolated world of the residential treatment center has been altered by the broad social and cultural changes of recent years. New values, especially as introduced by younger staff whose attitudes are often closer to their clients than to their administrators, have created new problems. This paper points to the need for a sensitive professional response, and the ability to embrace change and put it to new therapeutic uses."}
{"id": "PMID:941989", "title": "Television in the hospital: programming patients' delusions.", "content": "Systematic collection of art products from 55 schizophrenic patients provided unexpected documentation of the impact of television on delusion-formation. Patients' drawings and descriptions demonstrate the ease with which they incorporate TV program material in their psychotic experience. It is suggested that clinicians consider television viewing a relevant variable in the design of treatment programs.", "contents": "Television in the hospital: programming patients' delusions. Systematic collection of art products from 55 schizophrenic patients provided unexpected documentation of the impact of television on delusion-formation. Patients' drawings and descriptions demonstrate the ease with which they incorporate TV program material in their psychotic experience. It is suggested that clinicians consider television viewing a relevant variable in the design of treatment programs."}
{"id": "PMID:941990", "title": "Focus on maternal behavior in infant intervention.", "content": "A six-stage maternal behavior progression is outlined, and its use as a schema for the assessment of parental behavior in parent-infant interaction is described. This approach focuses on parent-infant interaction, rather than the teaching of infant skills, as a basis for enhancing cognitive and affective development of the child. Use of the schema is illustrated in two cases from an intervention program for high-risk infants.", "contents": "Focus on maternal behavior in infant intervention. A six-stage maternal behavior progression is outlined, and its use as a schema for the assessment of parental behavior in parent-infant interaction is described. This approach focuses on parent-infant interaction, rather than the teaching of infant skills, as a basis for enhancing cognitive and affective development of the child. Use of the schema is illustrated in two cases from an intervention program for high-risk infants."}
{"id": "PMID:941991", "title": "Concomitants of social acceptance: exploratory research and implications for treatment.", "content": "A population of 98 fourth and fifth grade students responded to instruments that yielded data on social acceptance, liking for others, need for approval, and interpersonal relationship orientation. Results suggest that social acceptance is related to interpersonal relationship orientation, but unrelated to liking for others and need for approval. Implications for treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Concomitants of social acceptance: exploratory research and implications for treatment. A population of 98 fourth and fifth grade students responded to instruments that yielded data on social acceptance, liking for others, need for approval, and interpersonal relationship orientation. Results suggest that social acceptance is related to interpersonal relationship orientation, but unrelated to liking for others and need for approval. Implications for treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:941992", "title": "Methodological issues in psychopharmacological research: chlorpromazine--a case in point.", "content": "Past research on the relative efficacy of powerful psychotropic agents has generally relied on group designs, which may mask critical individual differences in drug response. This and other methodological inadequacies raise questions about much of the vast literature in support of the clinical efficacy of chlorpromazine and similar drugs. A research strategy employing within-subJect designs, using a single subject as his own control, is suggested as advantageous in assessing individual drug effects at specific dosage levels.", "contents": "Methodological issues in psychopharmacological research: chlorpromazine--a case in point. Past research on the relative efficacy of powerful psychotropic agents has generally relied on group designs, which may mask critical individual differences in drug response. This and other methodological inadequacies raise questions about much of the vast literature in support of the clinical efficacy of chlorpromazine and similar drugs. A research strategy employing within-subJect designs, using a single subject as his own control, is suggested as advantageous in assessing individual drug effects at specific dosage levels."}
{"id": "PMID:941993", "title": "Family television viewing habits and the spontaneous play of preschool children.", "content": "In the course of an experimental study of effects of television on imagination and emotion in nursery school children, interviews and questionnaire responses concerning viewing habits were obtained from 70 parents. Group consultations were initiated to help parents understand television's impact on children and to develop methods for controlling family viewing patterns.", "contents": "Family television viewing habits and the spontaneous play of preschool children. In the course of an experimental study of effects of television on imagination and emotion in nursery school children, interviews and questionnaire responses concerning viewing habits were obtained from 70 parents. Group consultations were initiated to help parents understand television's impact on children and to develop methods for controlling family viewing patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:941995", "title": "The myth of the multi-problem family.", "content": "It is suggested that the concept \"multi-problem family\" is a myth when viewed in the context of our current service delivery system. That system, itself fragmented, may do more to promote than relieve family distintegration, conflict, and personal anxiety. Continued professional training and tendencies that lead to viewing problems presented by individuals only as individual problems may result in overlooking opportunities for total family approaches to treatment and prevention.", "contents": "The myth of the multi-problem family. It is suggested that the concept \"multi-problem family\" is a myth when viewed in the context of our current service delivery system. That system, itself fragmented, may do more to promote than relieve family distintegration, conflict, and personal anxiety. Continued professional training and tendencies that lead to viewing problems presented by individuals only as individual problems may result in overlooking opportunities for total family approaches to treatment and prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:941994", "title": "Disposition decisions in a walk-in clinic: social and psychiatric variables.", "content": "The success of a walk-in clinic in providing care without regard to social and diagnostic factors is measured in a study of 391 patients. Results indicate that acceptance or nonacceptance into the clinic system were unrelated to social class or diagnosis, although these factors did influence referrals to specific clinic resources.", "contents": "Disposition decisions in a walk-in clinic: social and psychiatric variables. The success of a walk-in clinic in providing care without regard to social and diagnostic factors is measured in a study of 391 patients. Results indicate that acceptance or nonacceptance into the clinic system were unrelated to social class or diagnosis, although these factors did influence referrals to specific clinic resources."}
{"id": "PMID:941996", "title": "An instrument for differentiating programs in prevention--primary, secondary and tertiary.", "content": "Prevention programs in mental health have been developed slowly, in part due to an inadequate understanding of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. This paper describes an instrument developed to identify critical dimensions to consider in differentiating among prevention programs, and to help clarify the complex issues underlying the design of such programs.", "contents": "An instrument for differentiating programs in prevention--primary, secondary and tertiary. Prevention programs in mental health have been developed slowly, in part due to an inadequate understanding of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. This paper describes an instrument developed to identify critical dimensions to consider in differentiating among prevention programs, and to help clarify the complex issues underlying the design of such programs."}
{"id": "PMID:941998", "title": "Overview: psychiatric sequelae to multiple trauma.", "content": "The authors discuss the setting, patients, and staff, and the role of psychiatric consultants in intensive care units and trauma centers. They point out the similarities and differences between patients with multiple trauma and those who have had open-heart surgery and head or spinal cord injuries. They also deal with the question of an element of self-destructive behavior in accidents and offer suggestions for the psychiatric management of severely traumatized patients. The authors conclude that the role and obligation of the psychiatrist of the the future will lie in crisis intervention within the medical-biological model.", "contents": "Overview: psychiatric sequelae to multiple trauma. The authors discuss the setting, patients, and staff, and the role of psychiatric consultants in intensive care units and trauma centers. They point out the similarities and differences between patients with multiple trauma and those who have had open-heart surgery and head or spinal cord injuries. They also deal with the question of an element of self-destructive behavior in accidents and offer suggestions for the psychiatric management of severely traumatized patients. The authors conclude that the role and obligation of the psychiatrist of the the future will lie in crisis intervention within the medical-biological model."}
{"id": "PMID:941999", "title": "Effects of peer review on outpatient psychotherapy: therapist and patient follow-up survey.", "content": "Interviews with 80 therapists and 50 patients at a community mental health center revealed that peer review effectively monitored the appropriateness of treatment and allocated limited treatment funds without unduly interfering with established treatment patterns, relationships, or outcomes. Most therapists reported receiving helpful consultation from the peer review committee, and the process encouraged them to focus more clearly on treatment goals. On the other hand, patients were concerned about the committee's role in making decisions about their treatment. Therapists noted as a problem the lack of certainty in establishing a treatment contract prior to peer review since the contract with the patient must remain fluid during the evaluation period. The therapists and patients demonstrated remarkable agreement in their assessment of treatment progress and whether further therapy was needed.", "contents": "Effects of peer review on outpatient psychotherapy: therapist and patient follow-up survey. Interviews with 80 therapists and 50 patients at a community mental health center revealed that peer review effectively monitored the appropriateness of treatment and allocated limited treatment funds without unduly interfering with established treatment patterns, relationships, or outcomes. Most therapists reported receiving helpful consultation from the peer review committee, and the process encouraged them to focus more clearly on treatment goals. On the other hand, patients were concerned about the committee's role in making decisions about their treatment. Therapists noted as a problem the lack of certainty in establishing a treatment contract prior to peer review since the contract with the patient must remain fluid during the evaluation period. The therapists and patients demonstrated remarkable agreement in their assessment of treatment progress and whether further therapy was needed."}
{"id": "PMID:942000", "title": "Behavior therapy and sex therapy.", "content": "Behavior therapy is characterized by the way in which clinical data are collected, analyzed, and used in the treatment program-specifically, the application of the methods of experimental and social psychology. A case history of the behavioral treatment of a sexual problem is presented to illustrate this process. Many people have assumed that the \"new sex therapy\" is behavior therapy because of its focus on the here and now and similarities in particular treatment maneuvers. However, the author notes that sex therapy is behavior therapy only to the extent that it deals comprehensively with environmental, interpersonal, and organismic factors that operate to maintain the sexual problem.", "contents": "Behavior therapy and sex therapy. Behavior therapy is characterized by the way in which clinical data are collected, analyzed, and used in the treatment program-specifically, the application of the methods of experimental and social psychology. A case history of the behavioral treatment of a sexual problem is presented to illustrate this process. Many people have assumed that the \"new sex therapy\" is behavior therapy because of its focus on the here and now and similarities in particular treatment maneuvers. However, the author notes that sex therapy is behavior therapy only to the extent that it deals comprehensively with environmental, interpersonal, and organismic factors that operate to maintain the sexual problem."}
{"id": "PMID:942001", "title": "The effects of the sealed record in adoption.", "content": "The authors found that 40 of 50 adult adoptees who had reunions with their birth parents found the experience satisfying. Only 10% of the birth parents reacted adversely, although negative response were somewhat more common among the adoptive parents. These findings confirm the author's belief that adoption practices, which in all but 4 states include permanent sealing of birth records, should be changed to recognize the life-long nature of adoption. Their recommendations include opening the records for adult adoptees, creation of agencies to be available to provide assistance and counseling for all involved (adoptees, their adoptive parents, and birth parents), and consideration of new adoption methods that would not require biological parents to forever relinquish their child and all knowledge of him/her at adoption.", "contents": "The effects of the sealed record in adoption. The authors found that 40 of 50 adult adoptees who had reunions with their birth parents found the experience satisfying. Only 10% of the birth parents reacted adversely, although negative response were somewhat more common among the adoptive parents. These findings confirm the author's belief that adoption practices, which in all but 4 states include permanent sealing of birth records, should be changed to recognize the life-long nature of adoption. Their recommendations include opening the records for adult adoptees, creation of agencies to be available to provide assistance and counseling for all involved (adoptees, their adoptive parents, and birth parents), and consideration of new adoption methods that would not require biological parents to forever relinquish their child and all knowledge of him/her at adoption."}
{"id": "PMID:942002", "title": "The course of development of mania in patients with recurrent depression.", "content": "The authors attempted to assess the extent to which bipolar patients are misdiagnosed as unipolar by evaluating the development of mania in patients who had recognized bipolar illness and by means of follow-up data on patients who had recurrent depressions. Mania occurred early in the course of bipolar illness: almost 80% of the bipolar patients were initially hospitalized for mania. Follow-up data and theoretically based calculations suggest that the chance of a patient with recurrent depressions becoming bipolar is about 5%. Based on these findings, the authors make suggestions for the classification of unipolar patients.", "contents": "The course of development of mania in patients with recurrent depression. The authors attempted to assess the extent to which bipolar patients are misdiagnosed as unipolar by evaluating the development of mania in patients who had recognized bipolar illness and by means of follow-up data on patients who had recurrent depressions. Mania occurred early in the course of bipolar illness: almost 80% of the bipolar patients were initially hospitalized for mania. Follow-up data and theoretically based calculations suggest that the chance of a patient with recurrent depressions becoming bipolar is about 5%. Based on these findings, the authors make suggestions for the classification of unipolar patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942003", "title": "Linguistic performance in vulnerable and autistic children and their mothers.", "content": "The authors studied the language patterns of schizophrenic mothers and their 4-year-old children, and compared them with the speech of normal mothers and children and normal mothers with autistic children. They found that children of schizophrenic mothers showed lags in language development and language distortions less severe than but in some ways similar to those seen in autistic children. Schizophrenic mothers were more likely to produce more deficient and/or distorted language in interactions with their children. Mothers of autistic children produced language that was equal to or above that of mothers of normal children on most parameters and adjusted their language to the chronological rather than the linguistic age of the child.", "contents": "Linguistic performance in vulnerable and autistic children and their mothers. The authors studied the language patterns of schizophrenic mothers and their 4-year-old children, and compared them with the speech of normal mothers and children and normal mothers with autistic children. They found that children of schizophrenic mothers showed lags in language development and language distortions less severe than but in some ways similar to those seen in autistic children. Schizophrenic mothers were more likely to produce more deficient and/or distorted language in interactions with their children. Mothers of autistic children produced language that was equal to or above that of mothers of normal children on most parameters and adjusted their language to the chronological rather than the linguistic age of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:942005", "title": "A five-year study of brief hospitalization.", "content": "The authors compare their experience with 4 years on a brief hospitalization unit based on crisis theory with a fifth year on the same unit based on a traditional psychiatric approach. In terms of demographic and diagnostic variables and rehospitalization rates, they found that the change in approach had no significant effect on the type of patient admitted or the treatment outcome. The fact that certain tasks necessary for rapid discharge were effectively performed accounted for the success of the unit.", "contents": "A five-year study of brief hospitalization. The authors compare their experience with 4 years on a brief hospitalization unit based on crisis theory with a fifth year on the same unit based on a traditional psychiatric approach. In terms of demographic and diagnostic variables and rehospitalization rates, they found that the change in approach had no significant effect on the type of patient admitted or the treatment outcome. The fact that certain tasks necessary for rapid discharge were effectively performed accounted for the success of the unit."}
{"id": "PMID:942006", "title": "Alcohol and drug abuse consultation in the general hospital: a systems approach.", "content": "The authors describe a program that is directed at assuring effective treatment and referral for alcoholic and addicted patients in a general hospital; the program was developed to assure maximal utlization of available addiction treatment facilities without adding to the hospital staff. Drawing on systems theory, the authors review both a pragmatic and a conceptual basis for psychiatric intervention with paraprofessional support to provide consultation to the general medical staff who treat alcoholic and addicted patients. They stress the feasibility of altering the nature of the hospital system to achieve more effective treatment for these patients.", "contents": "Alcohol and drug abuse consultation in the general hospital: a systems approach. The authors describe a program that is directed at assuring effective treatment and referral for alcoholic and addicted patients in a general hospital; the program was developed to assure maximal utlization of available addiction treatment facilities without adding to the hospital staff. Drawing on systems theory, the authors review both a pragmatic and a conceptual basis for psychiatric intervention with paraprofessional support to provide consultation to the general medical staff who treat alcoholic and addicted patients. They stress the feasibility of altering the nature of the hospital system to achieve more effective treatment for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942007", "title": "Competency-based psychiatric education.", "content": "The focus of training in a competency-based residency program is on ensuring that all residents attain prespecified levels of competence for particular objectives in each training activity. The authors examine the components of a competency-based program and describe the phases of development that their department went through in creating such a program. They conclude that the competency-based training model directly faces the issue of certifying competence by holding itself accountable in a demonstrable way for ensuring that its residents have mastered specific areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes.", "contents": "Competency-based psychiatric education. The focus of training in a competency-based residency program is on ensuring that all residents attain prespecified levels of competence for particular objectives in each training activity. The authors examine the components of a competency-based program and describe the phases of development that their department went through in creating such a program. They conclude that the competency-based training model directly faces the issue of certifying competence by holding itself accountable in a demonstrable way for ensuring that its residents have mastered specific areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:942008", "title": "The concept of drug automatism.", "content": "The drug-automatism hypothesis implies a medication-induced absence of intentionality for self-poisoning and a relative amnesia for serial or single overdosage. Controversy stems from problems encountered in the formulation and verfication of the hypothesis. The author reviews the literature, presents a case associated with a proprietary sleeping preparation, and discusses psychopharmacological and psychophysiological elements in the mechanism of drug automatism and its differential diagnosis.", "contents": "The concept of drug automatism. The drug-automatism hypothesis implies a medication-induced absence of intentionality for self-poisoning and a relative amnesia for serial or single overdosage. Controversy stems from problems encountered in the formulation and verfication of the hypothesis. The author reviews the literature, presents a case associated with a proprietary sleeping preparation, and discusses psychopharmacological and psychophysiological elements in the mechanism of drug automatism and its differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:942009", "title": "Red blood cell catechol O-methyl transferase and response to imipramine in unipolar depressive women.", "content": "When baseline red blood cell catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) was measured in 15 unipolar depressive women, the authors found a linear correlation between COMT and response to imipramine (best outcome occurring at low COMT). The results of this study were not related to such variables as intensity of depression, family history, or psychiatric history. The authors suggest that this assay may be useful either as a predictor of response to the drug or as a guide in choosing the optimum dose.", "contents": "Red blood cell catechol O-methyl transferase and response to imipramine in unipolar depressive women. When baseline red blood cell catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) was measured in 15 unipolar depressive women, the authors found a linear correlation between COMT and response to imipramine (best outcome occurring at low COMT). The results of this study were not related to such variables as intensity of depression, family history, or psychiatric history. The authors suggest that this assay may be useful either as a predictor of response to the drug or as a guide in choosing the optimum dose."}
{"id": "PMID:942010", "title": "Therapeutic effects of methadone and 1-alpha-acetylmethadol.", "content": "Many heroin addicts prefer methadone maintenance treatment to 1-alpha-acetylmethadol(LAAM) because of the \"rush-like\" effect of methadone. Although there have been no observable differences in the safety and effectiveness of the two drugs, LAAM appears to lead to a more stable, consistent physiological state. The authors report on two patients who had ego defects characterized by severe mood swings. Both patients preferred LAAM to methadone because of its stabilizing effect and smoother action.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of methadone and 1-alpha-acetylmethadol. Many heroin addicts prefer methadone maintenance treatment to 1-alpha-acetylmethadol(LAAM) because of the \"rush-like\" effect of methadone. Although there have been no observable differences in the safety and effectiveness of the two drugs, LAAM appears to lead to a more stable, consistent physiological state. The authors report on two patients who had ego defects characterized by severe mood swings. Both patients preferred LAAM to methadone because of its stabilizing effect and smoother action."}
{"id": "PMID:942011", "title": "Adolescent parricide: a comparison with other adolescent murder.", "content": "The authors examined the available data for 10 adolescents who had been charged with parricide and compared these with data for matched groups of 10 adolescents charged with murdering another relative or a close acquaintance and 10 charged with murdering a stranger. They found significant differences between parricidal adolescents and other homicidal adolescents on personality, family, social, and follow-up adjustment variables.", "contents": "Adolescent parricide: a comparison with other adolescent murder. The authors examined the available data for 10 adolescents who had been charged with parricide and compared these with data for matched groups of 10 adolescents charged with murdering another relative or a close acquaintance and 10 charged with murdering a stranger. They found significant differences between parricidal adolescents and other homicidal adolescents on personality, family, social, and follow-up adjustment variables."}
{"id": "PMID:942012", "title": "Subtle neuropsychiatric sequelae of carbon monoxide intoxication: two case reports.", "content": "Carbon monoxide intoxication may result in subtle neuropsychiatric abnormalities that can be overlooked, misdiagnosed, or not fully appreciated. The author describes two patients who developed subtle but troublesome emotional cognitive problems following carbon monoxide poisoning and stresses the value of sequential neuropsychological testing and judicious psychiatric counseling in such cases.", "contents": "Subtle neuropsychiatric sequelae of carbon monoxide intoxication: two case reports. Carbon monoxide intoxication may result in subtle neuropsychiatric abnormalities that can be overlooked, misdiagnosed, or not fully appreciated. The author describes two patients who developed subtle but troublesome emotional cognitive problems following carbon monoxide poisoning and stresses the value of sequential neuropsychological testing and judicious psychiatric counseling in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:942013", "title": "The psychiatrist in primary medical care training: a solution to the mind-body dichotomy?", "content": "The author calls attention to developing changes in medical training that may provide an appropriate setting for overcoming the dichotomous view of mind and body, of psychological medicine and \"scientific medicine.\" Primary care training programs that include liaison psychiatry may be the vehicle for solving this persistent problem.", "contents": "The psychiatrist in primary medical care training: a solution to the mind-body dichotomy? The author calls attention to developing changes in medical training that may provide an appropriate setting for overcoming the dichotomous view of mind and body, of psychological medicine and \"scientific medicine.\" Primary care training programs that include liaison psychiatry may be the vehicle for solving this persistent problem."}
{"id": "PMID:942014", "title": "Student mental health services and departments of psychiatry.", "content": "The authors suggest that the potential usefulness of a college mental health service as a site for teaching, training, and research has been understimated by departments of psychiatry. College health services can provide an opportunity for both trainees and investigators to deal with concepts of psychotherapeutic intervention, a developmental perspective, and a community mental health orientation.", "contents": "Student mental health services and departments of psychiatry. The authors suggest that the potential usefulness of a college mental health service as a site for teaching, training, and research has been understimated by departments of psychiatry. College health services can provide an opportunity for both trainees and investigators to deal with concepts of psychotherapeutic intervention, a developmental perspective, and a community mental health orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:942015", "title": "Early sex education in relationship to later coital and reproductive behavior: evidence from Jamaican women.", "content": "In a group of 150 working-class Jamaican women, lack of information from their mothers about sex coupled with chronic resentment was associated with having had more sexual partners, impregnators, and children. In contrast to age at first coitus, age at first pregnancy did not seem related to the early availability of information about sex, and it was less significantly correlated with overall education.", "contents": "Early sex education in relationship to later coital and reproductive behavior: evidence from Jamaican women. In a group of 150 working-class Jamaican women, lack of information from their mothers about sex coupled with chronic resentment was associated with having had more sexual partners, impregnators, and children. In contrast to age at first coitus, age at first pregnancy did not seem related to the early availability of information about sex, and it was less significantly correlated with overall education."}
{"id": "PMID:942016", "title": "Assessment of sociolegal judgment of offenders.", "content": "While working with young male offenders the authors developed a scale to assess sociolegal judgment, i.e., the ability to evaluate the possible social and legal consequences of various choices of action in a given situation. They found that some inmates had committed crimes because of poor sociolegal judgment, whereas others understood the consequences of their actions but chose to act illegally despite this knowledge.", "contents": "Assessment of sociolegal judgment of offenders. While working with young male offenders the authors developed a scale to assess sociolegal judgment, i.e., the ability to evaluate the possible social and legal consequences of various choices of action in a given situation. They found that some inmates had committed crimes because of poor sociolegal judgment, whereas others understood the consequences of their actions but chose to act illegally despite this knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:942018", "title": "Recovery after intravenous sedation. A comparison of clinical and paper and pencil tests used in assessing late effects of diazepam.", "content": "Twelve healthy subjects received intravenously 0-15 mg/kg of diazepam twice, with a two-week interval between doses. They were tested in a cross-over manner before and after the injection either with a clinical test battery plus paper and pencil tests, or with a carefully selected psychomotor test battery having a correlation to real traffic behavior. Neither the clinical tests nor the paper and pencil tests demonstrated impairment of performance 1/2 and 2 1/2 hours after the injection, whereas the psychomotor tests revealed considerable impairment of reactive and co-ordinative skills 2 1/2 hours after the injection. The results stress the importance of the presence of an escort when patients are discharged from hospital after outpatient anaesthesia or sedation.", "contents": "Recovery after intravenous sedation. A comparison of clinical and paper and pencil tests used in assessing late effects of diazepam. Twelve healthy subjects received intravenously 0-15 mg/kg of diazepam twice, with a two-week interval between doses. They were tested in a cross-over manner before and after the injection either with a clinical test battery plus paper and pencil tests, or with a carefully selected psychomotor test battery having a correlation to real traffic behavior. Neither the clinical tests nor the paper and pencil tests demonstrated impairment of performance 1/2 and 2 1/2 hours after the injection, whereas the psychomotor tests revealed considerable impairment of reactive and co-ordinative skills 2 1/2 hours after the injection. The results stress the importance of the presence of an escort when patients are discharged from hospital after outpatient anaesthesia or sedation."}
{"id": "PMID:942019", "title": "Paroxysmal hyperadrenergic state. A case during surgery for intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with a cerebral aneurysm in whom it was difficult to induce hypotension. The hyperadrenergic state mimicked, in some respects, that seen in patients with neural crest lesions. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the anaesthetic management described.", "contents": "Paroxysmal hyperadrenergic state. A case during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. A case is reported of a patient with a cerebral aneurysm in whom it was difficult to induce hypotension. The hyperadrenergic state mimicked, in some respects, that seen in patients with neural crest lesions. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the anaesthetic management described."}
{"id": "PMID:942020", "title": "Immediate care of cardiac emergencies.", "content": "The emergency treatment of serious disorders of cardiac rhythm, left heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and cyanotic attacks is discussed. The article is intended for medical practitioners without special cardiological experience.", "contents": "Immediate care of cardiac emergencies. The emergency treatment of serious disorders of cardiac rhythm, left heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and cyanotic attacks is discussed. The article is intended for medical practitioners without special cardiological experience."}
{"id": "PMID:942021", "title": "Efficacy of a nerve stimulator in regional analgesia; experience in a resident training programme.", "content": "Forty interscalene brachial plexus regional blocks and twenty sciatic-femoral lower limb blocks were performed by 1st and 2nd year anaesthesia residents. Nerve trunk location was equally but randomly divided between use of a peripheral nerve stimulator and reliance on paraesthesiae. The stimulator group were sedated prior to nerve block while the non-stimulator group were similarly sedated after nerve block. There was no significant difference either in the number of needle insertions required for nerve location, or in the success rate, between stimulator and non-stimulator techniques. It is concluded that the stimulator is not a useful adjunct for nerve location, except in those patients who are unable to co-operate in eliciting paraesthesia. In such patients the stimulator permits a comparable success rate.", "contents": "Efficacy of a nerve stimulator in regional analgesia; experience in a resident training programme. Forty interscalene brachial plexus regional blocks and twenty sciatic-femoral lower limb blocks were performed by 1st and 2nd year anaesthesia residents. Nerve trunk location was equally but randomly divided between use of a peripheral nerve stimulator and reliance on paraesthesiae. The stimulator group were sedated prior to nerve block while the non-stimulator group were similarly sedated after nerve block. There was no significant difference either in the number of needle insertions required for nerve location, or in the success rate, between stimulator and non-stimulator techniques. It is concluded that the stimulator is not a useful adjunct for nerve location, except in those patients who are unable to co-operate in eliciting paraesthesia. In such patients the stimulator permits a comparable success rate."}
{"id": "PMID:942034", "title": "Ketamine for pediatric cardiac anesthesia.", "content": "Eighty-five patients ranging from 12 h to 7 years of age were included in this study. In the first group 35 cases received ketamine, gallamine and oxygen for surgery on the great vessels. Ketamine provided satisfactory analgesia and amnesia. Heart rate did not change significantly. Gallamine gave additional safety in the prevention of bradycardia. One hundred per cent oxygen increased oxygen saturation and made more oxygen available for the tissues. The combination secured favorable conditions even in cases of sevre right to left shunt. Seven patients developed some degree of bradycardia, requiring treatment. All but one responded to epinephrime infusion. The one who did not improve died on the table. There were 6 additional deaths during the first 48 postoperative hours. Fifty infants and children received pentobarbital and morphine premedication and ketamine, pancuronium, nitrous-oxide oxygen anesthesia for open heart surgery. Cardiovascular stability with good operating conditions characterized the course of anesthesia. The increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate was small after induction. Further changes in these parameters during anesthesia were statistically insignificant. Perfusion pressure during cardio-pulmonary bypass was well maintained. The addition of 50 per cent nitrous oxide to inhaled oxygen significantly potentiated the duration of hypnosis and analgesia proved by ketamine. Mechanical ventilation was facilitated in both groups by the analgesia extending well into the postoperative period. There were 6 deaths in the first 48 postoperative hours in this group. The state of consciousness at the end of anesthesia and postoperative conditions of all 85 patients were comparable with that found with other agents. The techniques described provided suitable alternatives to the anesthetic management pediatric cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Ketamine for pediatric cardiac anesthesia. Eighty-five patients ranging from 12 h to 7 years of age were included in this study. In the first group 35 cases received ketamine, gallamine and oxygen for surgery on the great vessels. Ketamine provided satisfactory analgesia and amnesia. Heart rate did not change significantly. Gallamine gave additional safety in the prevention of bradycardia. One hundred per cent oxygen increased oxygen saturation and made more oxygen available for the tissues. The combination secured favorable conditions even in cases of sevre right to left shunt. Seven patients developed some degree of bradycardia, requiring treatment. All but one responded to epinephrime infusion. The one who did not improve died on the table. There were 6 additional deaths during the first 48 postoperative hours. Fifty infants and children received pentobarbital and morphine premedication and ketamine, pancuronium, nitrous-oxide oxygen anesthesia for open heart surgery. Cardiovascular stability with good operating conditions characterized the course of anesthesia. The increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate was small after induction. Further changes in these parameters during anesthesia were statistically insignificant. Perfusion pressure during cardio-pulmonary bypass was well maintained. The addition of 50 per cent nitrous oxide to inhaled oxygen significantly potentiated the duration of hypnosis and analgesia proved by ketamine. Mechanical ventilation was facilitated in both groups by the analgesia extending well into the postoperative period. There were 6 deaths in the first 48 postoperative hours in this group. The state of consciousness at the end of anesthesia and postoperative conditions of all 85 patients were comparable with that found with other agents. The techniques described provided suitable alternatives to the anesthetic management pediatric cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:942035", "title": "[Influence of dopamine on the pulmonary pressure and shunt volume after cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "After the administration of Dopamine to 20 patients after cardiac surgery pulmonary shunt volume was determined with regard to the cardiac output and pulmonary pressure. It was shown that the infusion of Dopamine leads to decrease of the arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO2) as well as to the decrease of the PO2 in the arterial blood. On the contrary, in venous bood, PO2, Oxygen saturation, content and pulmonary pressure increased. The increase of the pulmonary right-to-left shunt observed (Qs Qt form 14.9 to 19.2%) is in proportion with the increase in cardiac output. Hence we do not suppose a specific shunting effect of Dopamine. Our findings suggest, that in the case of an already reduced blood oxygen level a further fall of the arterial oxygen saturation caused by a shunt must be avoided by additional enrichment of oxygen content of the inspired air.", "contents": "[Influence of dopamine on the pulmonary pressure and shunt volume after cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. After the administration of Dopamine to 20 patients after cardiac surgery pulmonary shunt volume was determined with regard to the cardiac output and pulmonary pressure. It was shown that the infusion of Dopamine leads to decrease of the arterio-venous oxygen difference (AVDO2) as well as to the decrease of the PO2 in the arterial blood. On the contrary, in venous bood, PO2, Oxygen saturation, content and pulmonary pressure increased. The increase of the pulmonary right-to-left shunt observed (Qs Qt form 14.9 to 19.2%) is in proportion with the increase in cardiac output. Hence we do not suppose a specific shunting effect of Dopamine. Our findings suggest, that in the case of an already reduced blood oxygen level a further fall of the arterial oxygen saturation caused by a shunt must be avoided by additional enrichment of oxygen content of the inspired air."}
{"id": "PMID:942036", "title": "[Treatment in perforation of the dura by catheter during peridural anesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare complication following a dural tap in labour is reported: cerebrospinal fluid was aspirated although a catheter was properly re-inserted into the peridural space. The most successful therapy is proposed.", "contents": "[Treatment in perforation of the dura by catheter during peridural anesthesia in obstetrics (author's transl)]. A rare complication following a dural tap in labour is reported: cerebrospinal fluid was aspirated although a catheter was properly re-inserted into the peridural space. The most successful therapy is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:942037", "title": "[Ulstrasonic monitoring for early diagnosis of air embolism during neurosurgical procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The sitting position of the patient offers many advantages to the neurosurgeon for operations at the posterior fossa, the upper cervical region, the Gasserian ganglion and the retroganglionic trigeminal root. Air embolism is however one of the greatest dangers during operations in this position. Air emboli occur more frequently than it is generally recognized. Most monitoring systems indicate the entrance of air at a late stage only. But early diagnosis and immediate therapy are of utmost importance. The use of an ultrasonic monitoring device for early diagnosis and the preoperative insertion of a right artrial catheter for immediate aspiration of the air are recommended.", "contents": "[Ulstrasonic monitoring for early diagnosis of air embolism during neurosurgical procedures (author's transl)]. The sitting position of the patient offers many advantages to the neurosurgeon for operations at the posterior fossa, the upper cervical region, the Gasserian ganglion and the retroganglionic trigeminal root. Air embolism is however one of the greatest dangers during operations in this position. Air emboli occur more frequently than it is generally recognized. Most monitoring systems indicate the entrance of air at a late stage only. But early diagnosis and immediate therapy are of utmost importance. The use of an ultrasonic monitoring device for early diagnosis and the preoperative insertion of a right artrial catheter for immediate aspiration of the air are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:942038", "title": "[The anaesthesia-machine-care center, a prerequisite of the methodical service of apparatus for anaesthesia and intensive care medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The technical equipment necessary for modern anaesthesia and intensive care medicine needs special and organized outfit control of the apparatus used and of their operation and proper function. Setting up of a centre for maintenance work on anaesthetic equipment is a possibility. Studies have shown that the necessary technical and hygienic maintenance work may be subdivided into 12 working phases each need special working sites and technical equipment corresonding to the requirements. The above systematic study is recommended to decrease risks assoicated which technique and hygiene.", "contents": "[The anaesthesia-machine-care center, a prerequisite of the methodical service of apparatus for anaesthesia and intensive care medicine (author's transl)]. The technical equipment necessary for modern anaesthesia and intensive care medicine needs special and organized outfit control of the apparatus used and of their operation and proper function. Setting up of a centre for maintenance work on anaesthetic equipment is a possibility. Studies have shown that the necessary technical and hygienic maintenance work may be subdivided into 12 working phases each need special working sites and technical equipment corresonding to the requirements. The above systematic study is recommended to decrease risks assoicated which technique and hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:942114", "title": "On the etiology of \"primary\" hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A study of 92 patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism revealed that the condition was secondary to renal disease, thyrotoxicosis or malignancy in 35. Review of the literature revealed no reports of experimental studies on the relationship between hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis or malignancy. In renal disease, however, the author's own investigations show that the traditional concept of hypocalcemia as the most important factor in the development of parathyroid hyperfunction should be rejected. The parathyroid glands probably can be stimulated by various factors in \"primary\" hyperparathyroidism. Recent studies on the etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed and it is concluded that the term \"primary\" should be avoided as the disease is so often secondary.", "contents": "On the etiology of \"primary\" hyperparathyroidism. A study of 92 patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism revealed that the condition was secondary to renal disease, thyrotoxicosis or malignancy in 35. Review of the literature revealed no reports of experimental studies on the relationship between hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis or malignancy. In renal disease, however, the author's own investigations show that the traditional concept of hypocalcemia as the most important factor in the development of parathyroid hyperfunction should be rejected. The parathyroid glands probably can be stimulated by various factors in \"primary\" hyperparathyroidism. Recent studies on the etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed and it is concluded that the term \"primary\" should be avoided as the disease is so often secondary."}
{"id": "PMID:942115", "title": "Use of hypertonic-barium mixtures in the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome.", "content": "A hypertonic glucose-barium test meal is a useful study in making the diagnosis of dumping syndrome. A distorted small bowel pattern is seen in the positive response as a result of the rapid entrance of hypertonic glucose into the small bowel with edema of the bowel wall and excessive fluid outpouring into the bowel lumen. The findings in the glucose-barium meal test should be correlated with clinical and laboratory findings to confirm the diagnosis. A negative response to the hypertonic glucose-barium test meal practically precludes the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. A positive test is highly suggestive of the syndrome but not diagnostic in itself.", "contents": "Use of hypertonic-barium mixtures in the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. A hypertonic glucose-barium test meal is a useful study in making the diagnosis of dumping syndrome. A distorted small bowel pattern is seen in the positive response as a result of the rapid entrance of hypertonic glucose into the small bowel with edema of the bowel wall and excessive fluid outpouring into the bowel lumen. The findings in the glucose-barium meal test should be correlated with clinical and laboratory findings to confirm the diagnosis. A negative response to the hypertonic glucose-barium test meal practically precludes the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. A positive test is highly suggestive of the syndrome but not diagnostic in itself."}
{"id": "PMID:942116", "title": "Pyloric stenosis: a 13-year experience in operative management.", "content": "Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is best treated surgically, after an appropriate period of rehydration and resuscitation. Our experience with this entity has resulted in the performance of fewer contrast studies to establish the diagnosis as well as the use of an operative technique which can be safely applied to the teaching environment.", "contents": "Pyloric stenosis: a 13-year experience in operative management. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is best treated surgically, after an appropriate period of rehydration and resuscitation. Our experience with this entity has resulted in the performance of fewer contrast studies to establish the diagnosis as well as the use of an operative technique which can be safely applied to the teaching environment."}
{"id": "PMID:942118", "title": "Acute mesenteric infarction.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of mesenteric infarction were reviewed retrospectively. Of note are high surgical mortality and frequent misdiagnosis. Patients are generally older than 60, and have severe, poorly localized pain and nonspecific physical findings. Laboratory studies of value include evidence of hemoconcentration and leukocytosis. Roentgenographic findings are equally nonspecific unless late in the course. Recommended operative procedures depend on the etiology of the infarction. Hyperalimentation may be of benefit early in the postoperative course to provide both nutrition and a chance for adaptation.", "contents": "Acute mesenteric infarction. Twenty-three cases of mesenteric infarction were reviewed retrospectively. Of note are high surgical mortality and frequent misdiagnosis. Patients are generally older than 60, and have severe, poorly localized pain and nonspecific physical findings. Laboratory studies of value include evidence of hemoconcentration and leukocytosis. Roentgenographic findings are equally nonspecific unless late in the course. Recommended operative procedures depend on the etiology of the infarction. Hyperalimentation may be of benefit early in the postoperative course to provide both nutrition and a chance for adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:942119", "title": "Perforated jejunal diverticulitis.", "content": "The 25th case of perforated jejunal diverticulitis is reported and all previous cases are reviewed. The mortality in this group of patients is 32%. Resection of the perforated segment with end-to-end anastomosis seems to offer the best chance of cure.", "contents": "Perforated jejunal diverticulitis. The 25th case of perforated jejunal diverticulitis is reported and all previous cases are reviewed. The mortality in this group of patients is 32%. Resection of the perforated segment with end-to-end anastomosis seems to offer the best chance of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:942121", "title": "Bilateral subclavian and axillary artery anomaly.", "content": "A case is reported of bilateral absence of the third portion of the subclavian and axillary arteries in an asymptomatic woman.", "contents": "Bilateral subclavian and axillary artery anomaly. A case is reported of bilateral absence of the third portion of the subclavian and axillary arteries in an asymptomatic woman."}
{"id": "PMID:942122", "title": "Intraperitoneal rupture of pancreatic pseudocyst: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is presented of pancreatic pseudocyst which ruptured as a result of an automobile accident. Sixty-three cases from the literature of ruptured pseudocyst of the pancrease due to a variety of causes are reviewed. Special reference is made of the site of perforation and treatment. It is concluded that each case should be individualized, tailoring the operative procedure to the operative findings. While external drainage may be life saving in some cases and sometimes the only procedure possible, internal drainage is superior and should be considered when it can be done without endangering the patient's life.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal rupture of pancreatic pseudocyst: report of a case and review of the literature. A case is presented of pancreatic pseudocyst which ruptured as a result of an automobile accident. Sixty-three cases from the literature of ruptured pseudocyst of the pancrease due to a variety of causes are reviewed. Special reference is made of the site of perforation and treatment. It is concluded that each case should be individualized, tailoring the operative procedure to the operative findings. While external drainage may be life saving in some cases and sometimes the only procedure possible, internal drainage is superior and should be considered when it can be done without endangering the patient's life."}
{"id": "PMID:942123", "title": "Renal vein leiomyosarcoma.", "content": "The third reported case of renal vein leiomyosarcoma is presented. Diagnosis was not made until exploratory celiotomy revealed a tumor originating from the left renal vein. The tumor was resected with margins of normal vein, and the patient was alive without recurrence 12 months after operation. Review of 65 cases of leiomyosarcoma originating in other retroperitoneal structures revealed a two-year survival rate of 20%. Therefore, we recommend consideration of postoperative adjunctive chemotherapy for renal vein leiomyosarcomas.", "contents": "Renal vein leiomyosarcoma. The third reported case of renal vein leiomyosarcoma is presented. Diagnosis was not made until exploratory celiotomy revealed a tumor originating from the left renal vein. The tumor was resected with margins of normal vein, and the patient was alive without recurrence 12 months after operation. Review of 65 cases of leiomyosarcoma originating in other retroperitoneal structures revealed a two-year survival rate of 20%. Therefore, we recommend consideration of postoperative adjunctive chemotherapy for renal vein leiomyosarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:942124", "title": "Giant lipoma of the mesentery: report of an unusual case and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient with a huge mesenteric lipoma is discussed. A review of the literature reveals that there are less than 30 reported cases and consequently this diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively. An upper gastrointestinal series with a small bowel follow-through and a mesenteric arteriogram may suggest this condition. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, since these large tumors may undergo malignant degeneration.", "contents": "Giant lipoma of the mesentery: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. A patient with a huge mesenteric lipoma is discussed. A review of the literature reveals that there are less than 30 reported cases and consequently this diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively. An upper gastrointestinal series with a small bowel follow-through and a mesenteric arteriogram may suggest this condition. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, since these large tumors may undergo malignant degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:942125", "title": "Lower-limb amputation for occlusive vascular disease.", "content": "A small series of 58 patients who required amputation because of gangrene of the lower limb with nonreconstructable arteries at New York University Medical Center illustrates the manner in which application of some of these principles achieved primary healing of 78% in below-knee amputation and rehabilitation rate of as high as 90% using simple nonrigid dressings.", "contents": "Lower-limb amputation for occlusive vascular disease. A small series of 58 patients who required amputation because of gangrene of the lower limb with nonreconstructable arteries at New York University Medical Center illustrates the manner in which application of some of these principles achieved primary healing of 78% in below-knee amputation and rehabilitation rate of as high as 90% using simple nonrigid dressings."}
{"id": "PMID:942126", "title": "Enteroenteric fistula secondary to pancreatic carcinoma: a case report.", "content": "Duodenocolic fistula has been reported as the result of a variety of benign and malignant processes, but rarely from a pancreatic carcinoma. Such a case in a young adult is presented. The literature is reviewed; a single duodenocolic and two gastrocolic fistulas secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas have previously been reported.", "contents": "Enteroenteric fistula secondary to pancreatic carcinoma: a case report. Duodenocolic fistula has been reported as the result of a variety of benign and malignant processes, but rarely from a pancreatic carcinoma. Such a case in a young adult is presented. The literature is reviewed; a single duodenocolic and two gastrocolic fistulas secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas have previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:942127", "title": "Amyloidosis of the stomach: report of an unusual case and review of the literature.", "content": "Amyloidosis confined to the stomach is a rare occurrence; the second reported case is presented. Involvement of the stomach with widespread \"primary\" and \"secondary\" amyloidosis, the amyloidosis of multiple myeloma, and the familial forms is a common pathologic finding; the involvement is seen clinically less often. The incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathological findings and treatment are reviewed. The diagnosis should be kept in mind in all patients who have signs or symptoms compatible with peptic ulcer disease or gastric carcinoma. This is especially important for those with multiple myeloma, chronic debilitating diseases or a family history that predisposes them to the development of amyloidosis.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the stomach: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. Amyloidosis confined to the stomach is a rare occurrence; the second reported case is presented. Involvement of the stomach with widespread \"primary\" and \"secondary\" amyloidosis, the amyloidosis of multiple myeloma, and the familial forms is a common pathologic finding; the involvement is seen clinically less often. The incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathological findings and treatment are reviewed. The diagnosis should be kept in mind in all patients who have signs or symptoms compatible with peptic ulcer disease or gastric carcinoma. This is especially important for those with multiple myeloma, chronic debilitating diseases or a family history that predisposes them to the development of amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:942129", "title": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Report of 31 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We present 31 cases of subacute sclerosing panecephalitis from the epidemiologic, clinical, electroencephalographic, laboratory and anatomopatological point of view. Psychical disorders (51,59%) and generalized convulsive fits (19,45%) stand out as a first cause of consultation. A high visual hallucinatory incidence (35,48%) was observed. Repeated complexes were of great value for the early diagnosis as well as the high titers of measles-virus antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis corroboration.", "contents": "[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Report of 31 cases (author's transl)]. We present 31 cases of subacute sclerosing panecephalitis from the epidemiologic, clinical, electroencephalographic, laboratory and anatomopatological point of view. Psychical disorders (51,59%) and generalized convulsive fits (19,45%) stand out as a first cause of consultation. A high visual hallucinatory incidence (35,48%) was observed. Repeated complexes were of great value for the early diagnosis as well as the high titers of measles-virus antibody in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis corroboration."}
{"id": "PMID:942130", "title": "[Fallot's tetralogy with severe symptomatology during the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventeen cases of Fallot's Tetralogy with severe symptomatology during the first year of life are reviewed. In all of them, a cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography were performed. In 2 cases the pulmonary outflow tract was atretic. In general, the clinical, radiologic, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic findings were similar to those previously reported, although in 3 patients of the present series atypical electrocardiographic findings were found. Pronounced narrowing and horizontal orientation of the infundibular chamber, and accentuated hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery branches and of the left heart cavities and were all unfavourable findings for total correction frequently found in the present material. Minimal or non-existent aortic dextroposition was observed in association with cases of Fallot's Tetralogy with extreme severity. Surgery was indicated as an emergency measure in the majority of the cases. Palliatives procedures were performed in 10 patients, and corrective surgery in one. Surgical results agree with the extreme severity that this lesion has, when it gives rise to important symptomatology so early in the life.", "contents": "[Fallot's tetralogy with severe symptomatology during the first year of life (author's transl)]. Seventeen cases of Fallot's Tetralogy with severe symptomatology during the first year of life are reviewed. In all of them, a cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography were performed. In 2 cases the pulmonary outflow tract was atretic. In general, the clinical, radiologic, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic findings were similar to those previously reported, although in 3 patients of the present series atypical electrocardiographic findings were found. Pronounced narrowing and horizontal orientation of the infundibular chamber, and accentuated hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery branches and of the left heart cavities and were all unfavourable findings for total correction frequently found in the present material. Minimal or non-existent aortic dextroposition was observed in association with cases of Fallot's Tetralogy with extreme severity. Surgery was indicated as an emergency measure in the majority of the cases. Palliatives procedures were performed in 10 patients, and corrective surgery in one. Surgical results agree with the extreme severity that this lesion has, when it gives rise to important symptomatology so early in the life."}
{"id": "PMID:942136", "title": "[A case of Burkitt lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma, localized in the face, in a four year old male, is presented. The marked involvement of the hemolymphatic system and the prognostic value of the metastatic cellular type that may be found in bone marrow is pointed out. Due to the lack of other concluding etiopathogenic criteria, the diagnosis can be established in view of the pathologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumor.", "contents": "[A case of Burkitt lymphoma (author's transl)]. A case of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma, localized in the face, in a four year old male, is presented. The marked involvement of the hemolymphatic system and the prognostic value of the metastatic cellular type that may be found in bone marrow is pointed out. Due to the lack of other concluding etiopathogenic criteria, the diagnosis can be established in view of the pathologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:942131", "title": "[Social development and family composition (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from the theory regarding the social behaviour of the child and, on the other hand, from the concept of the family as a cultural and psychological and, in addition, sociological unit, an index of social development for children of 6 to 14 years of age is presented, and which is obtained by adding the process of school adaptation plus the process of learning plus personal attitudes. Having this hypothesis as a working basis, a study has been carried out on a total of 240 pupils (120 males and 120 girls) included in the chronological age of from 6 to 14 and belonging to National Schools in Zaragoza (Spain) and within the on going program of growth and development. Social development has been studied through inquiries of personal application at family level and through the application of psychograms of our own tabulation. The number of children in the family has been related to the aforementioned parameters, five family units having been established: one child, two children, three children, four children, five or more children. The overall result indicates that the index of social development proposed by us is higher in the case of unique children; that it is practically the same for those children whose family unit is of two, three or four children, and is sensibly lesser in children included in the family unit of five or more children.", "contents": "[Social development and family composition (author's transl)]. Starting from the theory regarding the social behaviour of the child and, on the other hand, from the concept of the family as a cultural and psychological and, in addition, sociological unit, an index of social development for children of 6 to 14 years of age is presented, and which is obtained by adding the process of school adaptation plus the process of learning plus personal attitudes. Having this hypothesis as a working basis, a study has been carried out on a total of 240 pupils (120 males and 120 girls) included in the chronological age of from 6 to 14 and belonging to National Schools in Zaragoza (Spain) and within the on going program of growth and development. Social development has been studied through inquiries of personal application at family level and through the application of psychograms of our own tabulation. The number of children in the family has been related to the aforementioned parameters, five family units having been established: one child, two children, three children, four children, five or more children. The overall result indicates that the index of social development proposed by us is higher in the case of unique children; that it is practically the same for those children whose family unit is of two, three or four children, and is sensibly lesser in children included in the family unit of five or more children."}
{"id": "PMID:942132", "title": "[Effect of tolbutamide on plasmatic insulin and glucose in children treated with diphenylhydantoin (author's transl)].", "content": "The response of the serum glucose and insulin to tolbutamide in six epileptic children before and after one month treatment with DH are studied. A significant increase of the glycemia after treatment with DH is observed having insulin values no statistically significant modification.", "contents": "[Effect of tolbutamide on plasmatic insulin and glucose in children treated with diphenylhydantoin (author's transl)]. The response of the serum glucose and insulin to tolbutamide in six epileptic children before and after one month treatment with DH are studied. A significant increase of the glycemia after treatment with DH is observed having insulin values no statistically significant modification."}
{"id": "PMID:942133", "title": "[Congenital heart block and pacemaker implantation (author's transl)].", "content": "A six years old boy was sent to our service due to a loss of conscience spell. He had no preceding history E.K.G. showed a complete A-V block. Laboratory findings were within normal limits. Cardiac catheterism was performed and it ruled out any antomic abnormality, making evident a good contraction ability. To decide pacemaker implantation we evaluted: 1. That cardiac frequency was not increased by exercise neither by action of pharmacologyc agents (atropine, insoproterenol).-2. The existence of wide and bizarre QRS ocmplex.-3. And dizziness spels. The patient has been controlled during the past two years. Parasistolia has appeared, not showing modification till today.", "contents": "[Congenital heart block and pacemaker implantation (author's transl)]. A six years old boy was sent to our service due to a loss of conscience spell. He had no preceding history E.K.G. showed a complete A-V block. Laboratory findings were within normal limits. Cardiac catheterism was performed and it ruled out any antomic abnormality, making evident a good contraction ability. To decide pacemaker implantation we evaluted: 1. That cardiac frequency was not increased by exercise neither by action of pharmacologyc agents (atropine, insoproterenol).-2. The existence of wide and bizarre QRS ocmplex.-3. And dizziness spels. The patient has been controlled during the past two years. Parasistolia has appeared, not showing modification till today."}
{"id": "PMID:942137", "title": "Thrombocytopenia occurring during the administration of heparin. A prospective study in 52 patients.", "content": "In a group of 52 patients receiving continuous intravenous heparin, 16 developed thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100 000/mm3). Ten of the 16 patients who had thrombocytopenia had elevated titers of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, and five of these 10 patients also had a reduction in plasma fibrinogen. The abnormalities disappeared after the heparin preparation was discontinued. These occurrences could not be attributed to drugs other than heparin, to the dose of heparin administered, or to prior exposure to heparin. The mechanism by which the heparin preparation may induce these changes is not known.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia occurring during the administration of heparin. A prospective study in 52 patients. In a group of 52 patients receiving continuous intravenous heparin, 16 developed thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100 000/mm3). Ten of the 16 patients who had thrombocytopenia had elevated titers of fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, and five of these 10 patients also had a reduction in plasma fibrinogen. The abnormalities disappeared after the heparin preparation was discontinued. These occurrences could not be attributed to drugs other than heparin, to the dose of heparin administered, or to prior exposure to heparin. The mechanism by which the heparin preparation may induce these changes is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:942138", "title": "Gentamicin serum concentrations: pharmacokinetic predictions.", "content": "Recent studies that emphasize the unpredictability of gentamicin serum concentrations have cast doubt on the accuracy of commonly used dosing nomograms. We therefore developed a digital computer program to evaluate gentamicin pharmacokinetics and have tested its ability to predict correctly gentamicin serum levels under clinical conditions. A significant relation (P less than .001) was found between 130 measured (bioassayed) and computer predicted levels from 40 patients. Serum levels were reliably estimated in patients with unstable renal function and were statistically, but not clinically, affected by changes in hematocrit. The calculation of volume of distribution on the basis of the patient's lean body weight rather than total body weight was an important factor that contributed to the accuracy of the predicted level. A new dosing chart is presented that incorporates the important variables affecting gentamicin pharmacokinetics into an easily used, convenient form.", "contents": "Gentamicin serum concentrations: pharmacokinetic predictions. Recent studies that emphasize the unpredictability of gentamicin serum concentrations have cast doubt on the accuracy of commonly used dosing nomograms. We therefore developed a digital computer program to evaluate gentamicin pharmacokinetics and have tested its ability to predict correctly gentamicin serum levels under clinical conditions. A significant relation (P less than .001) was found between 130 measured (bioassayed) and computer predicted levels from 40 patients. Serum levels were reliably estimated in patients with unstable renal function and were statistically, but not clinically, affected by changes in hematocrit. The calculation of volume of distribution on the basis of the patient's lean body weight rather than total body weight was an important factor that contributed to the accuracy of the predicted level. A new dosing chart is presented that incorporates the important variables affecting gentamicin pharmacokinetics into an easily used, convenient form."}
{"id": "PMID:942139", "title": "Familial disease of the renal medulla. A study of progeny in a family with medullary cystic disease.", "content": "Cystic disease of the renal medulla is rarely diagnosed before end-stage renal failure appears. To discover early signs of disease in an affected family, we studied renal function and intravenous pyelography in 12 asymptomatic children of three sisters with this disorder. Defects in urine concentrating ability and X-ray abnormalities indistinguishable from medullary sponge kidney were found. While these changes probably represent early manifestations of medullary cystic disease, a clear separation between medullary cystic disease and medullary sponge kidney cannot be made in our patients. We propose that the designation \"familial disease of the renal medulla\" be used for such patients, with further classification determined by evidence of progressive disease.", "contents": "Familial disease of the renal medulla. A study of progeny in a family with medullary cystic disease. Cystic disease of the renal medulla is rarely diagnosed before end-stage renal failure appears. To discover early signs of disease in an affected family, we studied renal function and intravenous pyelography in 12 asymptomatic children of three sisters with this disorder. Defects in urine concentrating ability and X-ray abnormalities indistinguishable from medullary sponge kidney were found. While these changes probably represent early manifestations of medullary cystic disease, a clear separation between medullary cystic disease and medullary sponge kidney cannot be made in our patients. We propose that the designation \"familial disease of the renal medulla\" be used for such patients, with further classification determined by evidence of progressive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942135", "title": "[Hospital discharge summary (author's transl)].", "content": "A form to fill up, hospital discharge summary is presented. Main characteristics are: special framework, shortness and conciseness. It can be filled up since patient is admitted to hospital on the base of problem oriented medical record. Quantity and quality of information has been favourably evaluated either by our own medical staff or general pediatrician who watches out for baby after hospital discharge. In 84% of patients it was given at the same moment of discharge and before two weeks for the rest. It's time and work saving and from the point of view of education has been considered very useful for both author and reader.", "contents": "[Hospital discharge summary (author's transl)]. A form to fill up, hospital discharge summary is presented. Main characteristics are: special framework, shortness and conciseness. It can be filled up since patient is admitted to hospital on the base of problem oriented medical record. Quantity and quality of information has been favourably evaluated either by our own medical staff or general pediatrician who watches out for baby after hospital discharge. In 84% of patients it was given at the same moment of discharge and before two weeks for the rest. It's time and work saving and from the point of view of education has been considered very useful for both author and reader."}
{"id": "PMID:942134", "title": "[Intoxication by diphenoxylate (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of intoxication by diphenoxylate, inespecific antidiarrheal, depressor of the intestinal motility, are presented. Diphenoxylate is chemically related with meperidine. One case was caused by hipersensitivity and the other one by overdose. Both had a favourable outcome. Existent bibliography was reviewed and clinical signs of this intoxication pointed-out. It is suggested that diphenoxylate should not be prescribed to children under thirty months.", "contents": "[Intoxication by diphenoxylate (author's transl)]. Two cases of intoxication by diphenoxylate, inespecific antidiarrheal, depressor of the intestinal motility, are presented. Diphenoxylate is chemically related with meperidine. One case was caused by hipersensitivity and the other one by overdose. Both had a favourable outcome. Existent bibliography was reviewed and clinical signs of this intoxication pointed-out. It is suggested that diphenoxylate should not be prescribed to children under thirty months."}
{"id": "PMID:942140", "title": "Pituitary enlargement, pituitary failure, and primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Enlargement of the pituitary gland associated with primary hypothyroidism was observed in two patients. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration and the TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were increased in both. Other pituitary function tests were subnormal in both patients, suggesting that a thyrotroph pituitary tumor was present that compromised the other pituicytes. The presence of a pituitary tumor secondary to primary hypothyroidism and resulting pituitary failure should be considered in all patients with long-standing primary hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Pituitary enlargement, pituitary failure, and primary hypothyroidism. Enlargement of the pituitary gland associated with primary hypothyroidism was observed in two patients. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration and the TSH response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were increased in both. Other pituitary function tests were subnormal in both patients, suggesting that a thyrotroph pituitary tumor was present that compromised the other pituicytes. The presence of a pituitary tumor secondary to primary hypothyroidism and resulting pituitary failure should be considered in all patients with long-standing primary hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:942147", "title": "The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations.", "content": "Catha edulis, or khat, a plant indigenous to Yemen, Ethiopia, and East Africa, has sympathomimetic and euphoriant effects. Its role in the economic, social, and political lives of people in North and South Yemen and certain clinical and psychiatric aspects are discussed.", "contents": "The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations. Catha edulis, or khat, a plant indigenous to Yemen, Ethiopia, and East Africa, has sympathomimetic and euphoriant effects. Its role in the economic, social, and political lives of people in North and South Yemen and certain clinical and psychiatric aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942162", "title": "[Clinical and social fate of craniocerebral injuries in young adults].", "content": "After looking 15 years back, the authors based two detailed observations of young adult cranio-cerebral injured taken amongst a group of 30 others who had been the subject of a medical doctorate thesis. From then on, the authors drew notions of semeiology, concerning the subjects becoming aware of their body before being injured, when waking up from coma and during the phasis of after effects. They mean to suggest to consider the notions of \"normal person\" and of pre-traumatic mind, of \"present person\" and of traumatic mind, and of \"future person\" and of post-traumatic mind. They attempted to write a comparative essay with the cerebral and physical disable of early youth. By way of conclusion, they briefly studied the attitudes of the clinical, familial and social relations and of the medical and legal consequences of these attitudes.", "contents": "[Clinical and social fate of craniocerebral injuries in young adults]. After looking 15 years back, the authors based two detailed observations of young adult cranio-cerebral injured taken amongst a group of 30 others who had been the subject of a medical doctorate thesis. From then on, the authors drew notions of semeiology, concerning the subjects becoming aware of their body before being injured, when waking up from coma and during the phasis of after effects. They mean to suggest to consider the notions of \"normal person\" and of pre-traumatic mind, of \"present person\" and of traumatic mind, and of \"future person\" and of post-traumatic mind. They attempted to write a comparative essay with the cerebral and physical disable of early youth. By way of conclusion, they briefly studied the attitudes of the clinical, familial and social relations and of the medical and legal consequences of these attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:942163", "title": "[Thematic study of the narration of dreams of normal, and of schizophrenic and other psychotic subjects].", "content": "A thematic study according to Hall's and Van de Castle's method on the narrations of dreams by schizophrens and non schizophrens delirious patients attended to in a psychiatric hospital, compared with a group of control, all females. A report of the method and of the satistically significant results. A study of the sexual, benevolent and aggressive social interactions, of the authors of the acts, of the type of issues, of the intervention of chance and of the quality of emotions, as well, as of the diversity of the intervening people. Its is possible to distinguish the narrations of the normal people's dreams and of those of the patients. These tell less numerous dreams, which are shorter, less rich, heavier with aggressive events and painful sexuality and less provided with benevolence. Death is more frequent in them. Outside hostility is embodied by the father, unknown people or fate.", "contents": "[Thematic study of the narration of dreams of normal, and of schizophrenic and other psychotic subjects]. A thematic study according to Hall's and Van de Castle's method on the narrations of dreams by schizophrens and non schizophrens delirious patients attended to in a psychiatric hospital, compared with a group of control, all females. A report of the method and of the satistically significant results. A study of the sexual, benevolent and aggressive social interactions, of the authors of the acts, of the type of issues, of the intervention of chance and of the quality of emotions, as well, as of the diversity of the intervening people. Its is possible to distinguish the narrations of the normal people's dreams and of those of the patients. These tell less numerous dreams, which are shorter, less rich, heavier with aggressive events and painful sexuality and less provided with benevolence. Death is more frequent in them. Outside hostility is embodied by the father, unknown people or fate."}
{"id": "PMID:942164", "title": "[Psychopathology of expression in the German language, countries. Attempt at a summary].", "content": "The foundations of the modern psychopathology of pictorial expression were laid more than a half-century ago by a Frenchman, Marcel R\u00e9ja (1907), \u00e0 Swiss, Morgenthaler (1921), and a German, Prinzhorn (1922). In the early days, this was a matter of marginal interest for a handful of psychiatrists and it attracted little official attention. Since the last war however, and especially since the establishment of the S.I.P.E., this special branch of psychopathology has won the recognition to which it is entitled. In French-speaking and other Latin language countries, Volmat's book (1956) provided a powerful stimulus to research. Numerous studies were also undertaken in German-speaking countries. A Swiss psychiatrist, living in a polyglot country, surrounded by some of the world's major linguistic zones, is especially well situated to follow the evolution of ideas. He soon comes to realize that these language areas are sharply separated by very real barriers. In the past few years, the lack of communication between French and German-speaking investigators has become increasingly apparent. Within the limits of a single report, it is impossible to cover all of the work that has been published in German since the time of Prinzhorn. The author has restricted himself to a selection of studies which he personally regards as important. He has sought to retrace and bring into view a line of thought which has proved to be productive and which has not received the attention it deserves in the French-language literature.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of expression in the German language, countries. Attempt at a summary]. The foundations of the modern psychopathology of pictorial expression were laid more than a half-century ago by a Frenchman, Marcel R\u00e9ja (1907), \u00e0 Swiss, Morgenthaler (1921), and a German, Prinzhorn (1922). In the early days, this was a matter of marginal interest for a handful of psychiatrists and it attracted little official attention. Since the last war however, and especially since the establishment of the S.I.P.E., this special branch of psychopathology has won the recognition to which it is entitled. In French-speaking and other Latin language countries, Volmat's book (1956) provided a powerful stimulus to research. Numerous studies were also undertaken in German-speaking countries. A Swiss psychiatrist, living in a polyglot country, surrounded by some of the world's major linguistic zones, is especially well situated to follow the evolution of ideas. He soon comes to realize that these language areas are sharply separated by very real barriers. In the past few years, the lack of communication between French and German-speaking investigators has become increasingly apparent. Within the limits of a single report, it is impossible to cover all of the work that has been published in German since the time of Prinzhorn. The author has restricted himself to a selection of studies which he personally regards as important. He has sought to retrace and bring into view a line of thought which has proved to be productive and which has not received the attention it deserves in the French-language literature."}
{"id": "PMID:942167", "title": "Mathematics and the surgeon.", "content": "The surgeon uses elementary mathematics just as much as any other educated layman. In his professional life, however, much of the knowledge and skill on which he relies has had a mathematical strand in its development, possibly woven into the supporting disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, and bioengineering. The valves and limitations of mathematical models are examined briefly in the general medical field and particularly in relation to the surgeon. Arithmetic and statistics are usually regarded as the most immediately useful parts of mathematics. Examples are cited, however, of medical postgraduate work which uses other highly advanced mathematical techniques. The place of mathematics in postgraduate and postexperience teaching courses is touched on. The role of a mathematical consultant in the medical team is discussed.", "contents": "Mathematics and the surgeon. The surgeon uses elementary mathematics just as much as any other educated layman. In his professional life, however, much of the knowledge and skill on which he relies has had a mathematical strand in its development, possibly woven into the supporting disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, and bioengineering. The valves and limitations of mathematical models are examined briefly in the general medical field and particularly in relation to the surgeon. Arithmetic and statistics are usually regarded as the most immediately useful parts of mathematics. Examples are cited, however, of medical postgraduate work which uses other highly advanced mathematical techniques. The place of mathematics in postgraduate and postexperience teaching courses is touched on. The role of a mathematical consultant in the medical team is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942168", "title": "Magnesium metabolism: a brief review.", "content": "The important role played by the magnesium ion in the body is not generally recognized. The action of numerous enzyme systems critical to cellular metabolism is regulated by it and it contributes importantly to macromolecular structure. Magnesium defiency occurs more often than is generally suspected; magnesium excess, though uncommon, is of special interest to the anaesthetist because it produces a curare-like effect on neuromuscular transmission. It is hoped that this brief review of magnesium metabolism will draw attention to its importance and relevance in everyday practice.", "contents": "Magnesium metabolism: a brief review. The important role played by the magnesium ion in the body is not generally recognized. The action of numerous enzyme systems critical to cellular metabolism is regulated by it and it contributes importantly to macromolecular structure. Magnesium defiency occurs more often than is generally suspected; magnesium excess, though uncommon, is of special interest to the anaesthetist because it produces a curare-like effect on neuromuscular transmission. It is hoped that this brief review of magnesium metabolism will draw attention to its importance and relevance in everyday practice."}
{"id": "PMID:942169", "title": "The Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter in the management of proven and threatened pulmonary embolism.", "content": "An umbrella filter was inserted into the inferior vena cava in 8 patients with proven or threatened pulmonary embolism. The technique was found to be simple and without major complication in this small series. Two patients died of their primary disease and a further 2 died of lung complications secondary to their initial embolism. The remaining 4 patients have been followed up for periods ranging from 2 to 11 months.", "contents": "The Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter in the management of proven and threatened pulmonary embolism. An umbrella filter was inserted into the inferior vena cava in 8 patients with proven or threatened pulmonary embolism. The technique was found to be simple and without major complication in this small series. Two patients died of their primary disease and a further 2 died of lung complications secondary to their initial embolism. The remaining 4 patients have been followed up for periods ranging from 2 to 11 months."}
{"id": "PMID:942179", "title": "Safe handling of tissue containing radioactive substances.", "content": "Patients recently treated with radioactive isotopes may present problems or even hazards during physical examination, operation or autopsy, especially following the use of iodine isotopes and 198Au. 32P is rarely a significant hazard. Contamination of victims of radiation accidents may be a problem initially, but they are usually promptly decontaminated. Guidance of the hospital's radiation safety officer is helpful, particularly with regard to handling of contaminated persons or materials. Long-lived isotopes, such as radium or thorotrast, are usually present in too low concentration to be dangerous. Projected use of artificial hearts powered by plutonium should not be hazardous because of adequate shielding of the source.", "contents": "Safe handling of tissue containing radioactive substances. Patients recently treated with radioactive isotopes may present problems or even hazards during physical examination, operation or autopsy, especially following the use of iodine isotopes and 198Au. 32P is rarely a significant hazard. Contamination of victims of radiation accidents may be a problem initially, but they are usually promptly decontaminated. Guidance of the hospital's radiation safety officer is helpful, particularly with regard to handling of contaminated persons or materials. Long-lived isotopes, such as radium or thorotrast, are usually present in too low concentration to be dangerous. Projected use of artificial hearts powered by plutonium should not be hazardous because of adequate shielding of the source."}
{"id": "PMID:942180", "title": "Measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in blood collected on filter paper as a screening test to detect lead poisoning in children.", "content": "A procedure for the measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) in a drop of blood collected on filter paper is described. The method is useful as a screening test for lead poisoning in children. Based on the FEP finding and blood lead tests, asymptomatic children are classified into four major categories. A course of action is suggested for each category.", "contents": "Measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin in blood collected on filter paper as a screening test to detect lead poisoning in children. A procedure for the measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) in a drop of blood collected on filter paper is described. The method is useful as a screening test for lead poisoning in children. Based on the FEP finding and blood lead tests, asymptomatic children are classified into four major categories. A course of action is suggested for each category."}
{"id": "PMID:942181", "title": "Repetitive tissue biopsy by venipuncture: enzyme activities in isolated leukocyte populations.", "content": "Despite the rapidly expanding clinical use of leukocyte biochemistry, there is a limited amount of data available on normal human leukocytes. Some of the problems associated with the clinical use of leukocytes are discussed briefly. Enzyme activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, lysozyme, and beta-galactosidase are presented. Results are reproducible between normals when expressed per mg of leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Much higher lymphocyte activties of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase are noted than previously reported with cytochemical or intact cell systems. It has been demonstrated that leukocytes cannot be considered chemically homogenous but should be separated and considered as individual cell types.", "contents": "Repetitive tissue biopsy by venipuncture: enzyme activities in isolated leukocyte populations. Despite the rapidly expanding clinical use of leukocyte biochemistry, there is a limited amount of data available on normal human leukocytes. Some of the problems associated with the clinical use of leukocytes are discussed briefly. Enzyme activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, lysozyme, and beta-galactosidase are presented. Results are reproducible between normals when expressed per mg of leukocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Much higher lymphocyte activties of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase are noted than previously reported with cytochemical or intact cell systems. It has been demonstrated that leukocytes cannot be considered chemically homogenous but should be separated and considered as individual cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:942182", "title": "The laboratory management of a medicolegal specimen.", "content": "The medicolegal specimen refers to any material, biologic or nonbiologic, that is analyzed by the laboratory as part of an investigative procedure, the results of which may be presented as evidence in a court of law. The medicolegal specimen is an example of physical evidence and has an intrinsic credibility based on the reliability of the person handling it, the reliability of methods of laboratory analysis and the reliability of testimony with relationship to the interpretations of the findings. Aspects of specimen integrity, re: chain of custody, sample collection, specifications for samples and utilization of samples, are outlined. The responsibilities for the management of the specimen are defined and discussed with suggested guidelines recommended.", "contents": "The laboratory management of a medicolegal specimen. The medicolegal specimen refers to any material, biologic or nonbiologic, that is analyzed by the laboratory as part of an investigative procedure, the results of which may be presented as evidence in a court of law. The medicolegal specimen is an example of physical evidence and has an intrinsic credibility based on the reliability of the person handling it, the reliability of methods of laboratory analysis and the reliability of testimony with relationship to the interpretations of the findings. Aspects of specimen integrity, re: chain of custody, sample collection, specifications for samples and utilization of samples, are outlined. The responsibilities for the management of the specimen are defined and discussed with suggested guidelines recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:942183", "title": "Berylliosis as an auto-immune disorder.", "content": "Exposure to compounds of beryllium can cause dermatitis, acute pneumonitis and chronic pulmonary granulomatosis (\"berylliosis\") in humans. These syndromes seem to have an allergic-immunologic component in common. Hypersensitivity to beryllium is of the delayed (cell-mediated) type and can be measured as skin reactivity to patch test; lymphocyte blast transformation; and macrophage migration inhibition. There is good correlation between the results of these tests in exposed populations, but the degree of hypersensitivity is not necessarily a measure of either extent of exposure or severity of berylliosis. In animal experiment, inhalation exposure has suppressed a previously established cutaneous hypersensitivity, and degree of hypersensitivity and degree of berylliosis were in significant inverse correlation.", "contents": "Berylliosis as an auto-immune disorder. Exposure to compounds of beryllium can cause dermatitis, acute pneumonitis and chronic pulmonary granulomatosis (\"berylliosis\") in humans. These syndromes seem to have an allergic-immunologic component in common. Hypersensitivity to beryllium is of the delayed (cell-mediated) type and can be measured as skin reactivity to patch test; lymphocyte blast transformation; and macrophage migration inhibition. There is good correlation between the results of these tests in exposed populations, but the degree of hypersensitivity is not necessarily a measure of either extent of exposure or severity of berylliosis. In animal experiment, inhalation exposure has suppressed a previously established cutaneous hypersensitivity, and degree of hypersensitivity and degree of berylliosis were in significant inverse correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:942187", "title": "[Actinomyces pneumonicus var. altamicus var. nov., a producer of new altamycin antibiotics].", "content": "Actinomycete LIA-0788 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphological and cultural features the actinomycete was close to Actinomyces pneumonicus and differed from it in the antibiotic properties. This provided classification of actinomycete LIA-0788 as Act. pneumonicus var. altamicus var nov. The culture produced altamycins A and B, new antibiotics. Their physico-chemical characteristics is presented.", "contents": "[Actinomyces pneumonicus var. altamicus var. nov., a producer of new altamycin antibiotics]. Actinomycete LIA-0788 was isolated from a soil sample. By its morphological and cultural features the actinomycete was close to Actinomyces pneumonicus and differed from it in the antibiotic properties. This provided classification of actinomycete LIA-0788 as Act. pneumonicus var. altamicus var nov. The culture produced altamycins A and B, new antibiotics. Their physico-chemical characteristics is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:942184", "title": "Drug interference in laboratory testing.", "content": "Characteristic problems in the interpretation data when a drug or its metabolite interferes with a laboratory procedure are reviewed. Various mechanisms of interference (physical, chemical, pharmacological and drug-drug interaction) are discussed. The role of a computerized drug-test interference file in assisting in the predication as well as interpretation of apparent test results is described.", "contents": "Drug interference in laboratory testing. Characteristic problems in the interpretation data when a drug or its metabolite interferes with a laboratory procedure are reviewed. Various mechanisms of interference (physical, chemical, pharmacological and drug-drug interaction) are discussed. The role of a computerized drug-test interference file in assisting in the predication as well as interpretation of apparent test results is described."}
{"id": "PMID:942188", "title": "[Isolation and physicochemical characteristics of antibiotics from the LIA-0773 and LIA-0780 s trains].", "content": "Individual components of the antibiotics from strains LIA-0773 and LIA-0708 were isolated with the method of counter-current distribution. Physico-chemical and biological properties of these substances were studied. It was shown that the substances differed from each other and chondamycin, and antifungal antibiotic by the values of their chromatographic mobility, physico-chemical and biological properties.", "contents": "[Isolation and physicochemical characteristics of antibiotics from the LIA-0773 and LIA-0780 s trains]. Individual components of the antibiotics from strains LIA-0773 and LIA-0708 were isolated with the method of counter-current distribution. Physico-chemical and biological properties of these substances were studied. It was shown that the substances differed from each other and chondamycin, and antifungal antibiotic by the values of their chromatographic mobility, physico-chemical and biological properties."}
{"id": "PMID:942185", "title": "Diagnostic problems in drug-induced diseases.", "content": "The evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADR's) in clinical patients is usually a complex and multifactorial problem. A methodology for this evaluation has been derived from the experience with over 3,000 cases. Illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate in detail a variety of means of linking a drug with an ADR. Emphasis is placed on the frequent diagnostic utility of accurate time-related information, in addition to the use of historical, clinical-laboratory and morphologic findings.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems in drug-induced diseases. The evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADR's) in clinical patients is usually a complex and multifactorial problem. A methodology for this evaluation has been derived from the experience with over 3,000 cases. Illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate in detail a variety of means of linking a drug with an ADR. Emphasis is placed on the frequent diagnostic utility of accurate time-related information, in addition to the use of historical, clinical-laboratory and morphologic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:942189", "title": "[Conditions for the self-organization of submicroscopic structures from mycelial extracts of the \"fructose\" variant of Actinomyces roseflavus var. roseofungini].", "content": "Self-organization of various submicroscopic formations, such as \"tubes\", \"ribbons\", etc. differing in ultrastructure and containing a polyenic antibiotic was observed in acetone extracts of the mycelium of the \"fructose\" variant of Actinomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini. Conditions for separate isolation of the above structures are described. Concentration of the extract and the ratio of the volumes of water added to the extract are determinant for the process of self-organization. A possibility of reorganization of the tubular structures into the ribbon-like ones and vice versa is shown.", "contents": "[Conditions for the self-organization of submicroscopic structures from mycelial extracts of the \"fructose\" variant of Actinomyces roseflavus var. roseofungini]. Self-organization of various submicroscopic formations, such as \"tubes\", \"ribbons\", etc. differing in ultrastructure and containing a polyenic antibiotic was observed in acetone extracts of the mycelium of the \"fructose\" variant of Actinomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini. Conditions for separate isolation of the above structures are described. Concentration of the extract and the ratio of the volumes of water added to the extract are determinant for the process of self-organization. A possibility of reorganization of the tubular structures into the ribbon-like ones and vice versa is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:942190", "title": "[Study of the sterilization of the Na salt of methicillin using accelerated electrons].", "content": "Comparison of sodium methicillin samples irradiated and not-irradiated with fast electrons (10 Me V, 2.5 Mrad) showed no differences with respect to the content of the active substance and a number of physico-chemical properties according to the USSR State Pharmacopoeia, Xed. Yet, the irradiated samples did  not meet the requirements for powder appearance, colour and solution transparence.", "contents": "[Study of the sterilization of the Na salt of methicillin using accelerated electrons]. Comparison of sodium methicillin samples irradiated and not-irradiated with fast electrons (10 Me V, 2.5 Mrad) showed no differences with respect to the content of the active substance and a number of physico-chemical properties according to the USSR State Pharmacopoeia, Xed. Yet, the irradiated samples did  not meet the requirements for powder appearance, colour and solution transparence."}
{"id": "PMID:942191", "title": "[Study of the composition of the exhaust gases from the manufacture of feed antibiotics and of fungal and bacterial entomopathogenic preparations].", "content": "The main composition of exhaust gases in production of various preparation, such as bacitracin, chlortetracycline, hygromycin, entobacterin, dendrobacillin, boverin and kormogrisin was determined by the method of group chemical analysis and gas chromatography. The exhaust gases contaned fatty acids c2--c6, aldehydes and ketones c2--c6, alcohols c2-c5, amines (diethylamine, triethylamine, etc) and some phenols. The level of the substances was insignificant. However, they were toxic for living beings. The exhaust gases had disagreeable odour.", "contents": "[Study of the composition of the exhaust gases from the manufacture of feed antibiotics and of fungal and bacterial entomopathogenic preparations]. The main composition of exhaust gases in production of various preparation, such as bacitracin, chlortetracycline, hygromycin, entobacterin, dendrobacillin, boverin and kormogrisin was determined by the method of group chemical analysis and gas chromatography. The exhaust gases contaned fatty acids c2--c6, aldehydes and ketones c2--c6, alcohols c2-c5, amines (diethylamine, triethylamine, etc) and some phenols. The level of the substances was insignificant. However, they were toxic for living beings. The exhaust gases had disagreeable odour."}
{"id": "PMID:942192", "title": "[Phenotype of antibiotic resistance in clinical strains of staphylococci isolated from patients with staphylococcal destructive pneumonia].", "content": "The results of the study on the dynamics of changes in antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from 38 patients with destructive pneumonia were presented. Most of the strains were characterized by multiple resistance to the main antibiotics with high resistance levels. Aminoglycosides, fusidin and rifampicin were the most active against the clinical strains. Repeated determinations of the antibiotic sensitivity revealed changes in the structure of the antibiotic resistance with inclusion of new resistance markers.", "contents": "[Phenotype of antibiotic resistance in clinical strains of staphylococci isolated from patients with staphylococcal destructive pneumonia]. The results of the study on the dynamics of changes in antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from 38 patients with destructive pneumonia were presented. Most of the strains were characterized by multiple resistance to the main antibiotics with high resistance levels. Aminoglycosides, fusidin and rifampicin were the most active against the clinical strains. Repeated determinations of the antibiotic sensitivity revealed changes in the structure of the antibiotic resistance with inclusion of new resistance markers."}
{"id": "PMID:942193", "title": "[Effectiveness of the inhalatory administration of chlolincocin in experimental staphylococcal pneumonia].", "content": "Administration of chlolincocin (7-chlor-7-desoxylincomycin) in the form of inhalation aerosol to albino mice in a dose of 200 Units/mouse provided the drug therapeutic concentrations in the lung tissue. The antibiotic was well adsorbed and detected in the blood, liver, kidneys and other biological substrates. Penetration of chlolincocin and lincomycin from the lungs into the blood was better in healthy animals. In animals with experimental staphylococcal infection their blood levels were 1.5--2 times lower. Repeated inhalations of chlolincocin resulted in an increase resulted in its levels in the lung tissue up to 8--10 Units/ml, however, its blood levels increased insignificantly. When chlolincocin and lincomycin were administered intravenously, their concentrations in the lung tissue were lower and detected for a shorter period of time than after the inhalation administration. The aerosols of chlolincocin markedly inhibited the growth of Staph. aureus in the lungs. The drug was 3--5 times more active than lincomycin. Inhalation administration of chlolincocin aerosol is supposed to be expedient for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs caused by lincomycin sensitive flora.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the inhalatory administration of chlolincocin in experimental staphylococcal pneumonia]. Administration of chlolincocin (7-chlor-7-desoxylincomycin) in the form of inhalation aerosol to albino mice in a dose of 200 Units/mouse provided the drug therapeutic concentrations in the lung tissue. The antibiotic was well adsorbed and detected in the blood, liver, kidneys and other biological substrates. Penetration of chlolincocin and lincomycin from the lungs into the blood was better in healthy animals. In animals with experimental staphylococcal infection their blood levels were 1.5--2 times lower. Repeated inhalations of chlolincocin resulted in an increase resulted in its levels in the lung tissue up to 8--10 Units/ml, however, its blood levels increased insignificantly. When chlolincocin and lincomycin were administered intravenously, their concentrations in the lung tissue were lower and detected for a shorter period of time than after the inhalation administration. The aerosols of chlolincocin markedly inhibited the growth of Staph. aureus in the lungs. The drug was 3--5 times more active than lincomycin. Inhalation administration of chlolincocin aerosol is supposed to be expedient for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs caused by lincomycin sensitive flora."}
{"id": "PMID:942194", "title": "[Effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the indices of nonspecific resistance in aseptic inflammation under conditions of changes in the body's reactivity].", "content": "The effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the complement titer, lysozyme content, serum bactericidal properties and presence of specific antibiotic antibodies in the blood serum was studied. The latter were shown with the Hoign\u00e9 reaction under conditions of aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication. It was shown that tetracycline and oleandomycin used in treatment of the animals with aseptic inflammation developed at the background of latent tatanus intoxication induced an increased in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum. Reduction of the above indices was observed by the 15th-20th day after discontinuation of the drug use. The increase in the factors of non-specific immunity under the effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin in the animals with aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by appearance in the blood serum on non-specific antibodies revealed with the Hoign\u00e9 reaction. Changed reactivity because of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by a delay in the formation of the non-specific antibodies in the blood serum. However, later the rate of their accumulation became higher and as a result the maximum titers of the antibodies were 2-3 times higher than those in the control animals.", "contents": "[Effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the indices of nonspecific resistance in aseptic inflammation under conditions of changes in the body's reactivity]. The effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin on the complement titer, lysozyme content, serum bactericidal properties and presence of specific antibiotic antibodies in the blood serum was studied. The latter were shown with the Hoign\u00e9 reaction under conditions of aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication. It was shown that tetracycline and oleandomycin used in treatment of the animals with aseptic inflammation developed at the background of latent tatanus intoxication induced an increased in the complement titer, lysozyme content and bactericidal properties of the serum. Reduction of the above indices was observed by the 15th-20th day after discontinuation of the drug use. The increase in the factors of non-specific immunity under the effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin in the animals with aseptic inflammation caused against the background of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by appearance in the blood serum on non-specific antibodies revealed with the Hoign\u00e9 reaction. Changed reactivity because of latent tetanus intoxication was accompanied by a delay in the formation of the non-specific antibodies in the blood serum. However, later the rate of their accumulation became higher and as a result the maximum titers of the antibodies were 2-3 times higher than those in the control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:942195", "title": "[Neurohumoral mechanism of the action of levomycetin on intestinal motor function].", "content": "It was found that chloramphenicol (levomycetin) in concentrations of 0.07 to 0.14 mg/ml induced suppression of contractions of the isolated small intestine of rabbits. The mechanism of that action was studied with the use of pharmacological analysis of the changes in activity of the smooth muscle organs under the effect of chloramphenicol, as well as with the use of direct determination of catecholamines in the perfusion liquid washing the intestine. The studies with the isolated intestine, uterus and ear vessels of the rabbit ear, the isolated uterus of cats and rats before and after exposure to acetylcholine and adrenaline, atropine, prozerine, ergotamine, cocaine, urea and barium chloride showed that the adrenenergic properties of chloramphenicol played the main role in the mode of its action on the smooth muscle organs. It was demonstrated that treatment of the rabbit isolated intestine with chloramphenicol resulted in an increase in the catecholamine concentration in Tirode liquid washing the organ. The data provided a supposition that the mechanism of the suppressing action of chloramphenicol on the intestine lies in irritation of the adrenenergetic nervous fibres and liberation of catecholamines, which excite the adrenoreceptors of the intestine myoneural system resulting in inhibition of the organ contractions.", "contents": "[Neurohumoral mechanism of the action of levomycetin on intestinal motor function]. It was found that chloramphenicol (levomycetin) in concentrations of 0.07 to 0.14 mg/ml induced suppression of contractions of the isolated small intestine of rabbits. The mechanism of that action was studied with the use of pharmacological analysis of the changes in activity of the smooth muscle organs under the effect of chloramphenicol, as well as with the use of direct determination of catecholamines in the perfusion liquid washing the intestine. The studies with the isolated intestine, uterus and ear vessels of the rabbit ear, the isolated uterus of cats and rats before and after exposure to acetylcholine and adrenaline, atropine, prozerine, ergotamine, cocaine, urea and barium chloride showed that the adrenenergic properties of chloramphenicol played the main role in the mode of its action on the smooth muscle organs. It was demonstrated that treatment of the rabbit isolated intestine with chloramphenicol resulted in an increase in the catecholamine concentration in Tirode liquid washing the organ. The data provided a supposition that the mechanism of the suppressing action of chloramphenicol on the intestine lies in irritation of the adrenenergetic nervous fibres and liberation of catecholamines, which excite the adrenoreceptors of the intestine myoneural system resulting in inhibition of the organ contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:942196", "title": "[Effect of the aerosol inhalations of some antibacterial preparations on the cocco bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "As a result of the experiments it was found the negativation of the sputum was 2 times higher in patients treated in addtion with inhalation of antibacterial drugs as compared to that in patients using no aerosol therapy. The rate of isolation of pathogenic staphylococci to the end of the treatment course was statistically insignificant though there was some tendency to an increase. No significant difference was observed in the antibiotic resistance development in the coccal and bacterial flora of the patients treated and not treated with streptomycin in the form of inhalation.", "contents": "[Effect of the aerosol inhalations of some antibacterial preparations on the cocco bacterial flora of the respiratory tract in pulmonary tuberculosis]. As a result of the experiments it was found the negativation of the sputum was 2 times higher in patients treated in addtion with inhalation of antibacterial drugs as compared to that in patients using no aerosol therapy. The rate of isolation of pathogenic staphylococci to the end of the treatment course was statistically insignificant though there was some tendency to an increase. No significant difference was observed in the antibiotic resistance development in the coccal and bacterial flora of the patients treated and not treated with streptomycin in the form of inhalation."}
{"id": "PMID:942197", "title": "[Bicillin in a complex scheme for the active prophylaxis of exacerbations and the progression of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children].", "content": "A complex scheme of prophylaxis of exacerbation and progression of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children was developed. It included the use of bicillin, stimulating therapy, desensibilizing drugs, vitamins, proteolytic enzymes, physiotherapy, physical excercises, massage, sanation of the chronic infection foci and interferone administration during influenza. 466 patients were subjected to the active prophylaxis for a period of 1-3 years. No exacerbation of progressing of chronic pneumonia was observed in 81.3 per cent of the children subjected to bicillin prophylaxis for 3 years. The number of the bronchial asthma attacks in the group of the patients with the infectious allergic form of bronchial asthma decreased 3-4 times per year under the effect of complex prophylactic therapy, the attacks became shorter and their elimanation with broncholitics was easier.", "contents": "[Bicillin in a complex scheme for the active prophylaxis of exacerbations and the progression of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children]. A complex scheme of prophylaxis of exacerbation and progression of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases in children was developed. It included the use of bicillin, stimulating therapy, desensibilizing drugs, vitamins, proteolytic enzymes, physiotherapy, physical excercises, massage, sanation of the chronic infection foci and interferone administration during influenza. 466 patients were subjected to the active prophylaxis for a period of 1-3 years. No exacerbation of progressing of chronic pneumonia was observed in 81.3 per cent of the children subjected to bicillin prophylaxis for 3 years. The number of the bronchial asthma attacks in the group of the patients with the infectious allergic form of bronchial asthma decreased 3-4 times per year under the effect of complex prophylactic therapy, the attacks became shorter and their elimanation with broncholitics was easier."}
{"id": "PMID:942198", "title": "[Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the brain with kanamycin].", "content": "On the basis of clinical trials with 20 patients suffering from acute inflammatory diseases of the brain recommendations for determination of indications for rational use of kanamycin were formulated. Kanamycin proved to be effective in treatment of severe forms of neuroinfections caused by gramnegative bacteria, as well as mixed and resistant staphylococcal infections. With the account of the clinical state the use of the drug should be preceded by bacteriological tests with qualitative and quantitative determination of sensitivity of the isolates to the antibiotics.", "contents": "[Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the brain with kanamycin]. On the basis of clinical trials with 20 patients suffering from acute inflammatory diseases of the brain recommendations for determination of indications for rational use of kanamycin were formulated. Kanamycin proved to be effective in treatment of severe forms of neuroinfections caused by gramnegative bacteria, as well as mixed and resistant staphylococcal infections. With the account of the clinical state the use of the drug should be preceded by bacteriological tests with qualitative and quantitative determination of sensitivity of the isolates to the antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:942199", "title": "Preparation and evaluation of two microbiological media from shrimp heads and hulls.", "content": "Two peptones were extracted from raw shrimp waste after autolytic digestion. Digests were derived from shrimp heads and shrimp hulls, both of which are by-products of the shrimp processing industry. Digests were evaluated for suitability in supporting growth of microorganisms by measuring the total cell mass produced by five genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi in broths formulated from the peptones. Comparison was made to five commercially available medium preparations and a catfish peptone. A 0.5% solution of the lyophilized shrimp head digest, heated at 121 C for 15 min, resulted in a cloudy suspension. However, the digest supported excellent growth of fungi and good growth of bacteria. A heated 0.5% solution of the hull digest was clear and supported good growth of both bacteria and fungi.", "contents": "Preparation and evaluation of two microbiological media from shrimp heads and hulls. Two peptones were extracted from raw shrimp waste after autolytic digestion. Digests were derived from shrimp heads and shrimp hulls, both of which are by-products of the shrimp processing industry. Digests were evaluated for suitability in supporting growth of microorganisms by measuring the total cell mass produced by five genera of bacteria and five genera of fungi in broths formulated from the peptones. Comparison was made to five commercially available medium preparations and a catfish peptone. A 0.5% solution of the lyophilized shrimp head digest, heated at 121 C for 15 min, resulted in a cloudy suspension. However, the digest supported excellent growth of fungi and good growth of bacteria. A heated 0.5% solution of the hull digest was clear and supported good growth of both bacteria and fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:942200", "title": "Effect of starter culture on staphylococcal enterotoxin and thermonuclease production in dry sausage.", "content": "Different amounts of enterotoxin A-, B-, and C1-producing staphylococci were added to dry sausage prepared by normal processes, either alone or in conjunction with a starter culture (micrococci and lactobacilli). The sausage was examined after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days for staphylococci, micrococci, and lactobacilli, and measurements were made of water activity, pH, enterotoxin, and thermostable nuclease. The results showed that in the absence of starter culture measurable amounts of enterotoxin A were formed in a 200-g sample of dry sausage in 3 days, the level of Staphylococcus aureus infection being over 10(6) cells/g. Enterotoxin B was not found, although the total number of staphylococci was over 10(8) cells/g. Enterotoxin C1 was observed when the Staphylococcus count was about 8 X 10(7) cells/g, but was no longer detectable after 7 days. The starter culture prevented the production of enterotoxin A in all cases investigated. By contrast, a very high-level inoculation of an enterotoxin C1-producing strain gave a positive result after 3 days of incubation even in the presence of a starter culture. Heat-stable nuclease was observed in all sausages to which enterotoxin-producing staphylococci were added. The cell count determined in a sample of sausage had no definite correlation with the thermonuclease activity of the sample.", "contents": "Effect of starter culture on staphylococcal enterotoxin and thermonuclease production in dry sausage. Different amounts of enterotoxin A-, B-, and C1-producing staphylococci were added to dry sausage prepared by normal processes, either alone or in conjunction with a starter culture (micrococci and lactobacilli). The sausage was examined after 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days for staphylococci, micrococci, and lactobacilli, and measurements were made of water activity, pH, enterotoxin, and thermostable nuclease. The results showed that in the absence of starter culture measurable amounts of enterotoxin A were formed in a 200-g sample of dry sausage in 3 days, the level of Staphylococcus aureus infection being over 10(6) cells/g. Enterotoxin B was not found, although the total number of staphylococci was over 10(8) cells/g. Enterotoxin C1 was observed when the Staphylococcus count was about 8 X 10(7) cells/g, but was no longer detectable after 7 days. The starter culture prevented the production of enterotoxin A in all cases investigated. By contrast, a very high-level inoculation of an enterotoxin C1-producing strain gave a positive result after 3 days of incubation even in the presence of a starter culture. Heat-stable nuclease was observed in all sausages to which enterotoxin-producing staphylococci were added. The cell count determined in a sample of sausage had no definite correlation with the thermonuclease activity of the sample."}
{"id": "PMID:942201", "title": "Stimulatory effect of dihydroxyphenyl compounds on the aerotolerance of Spirillum volutans and Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni.", "content": "The aerotolerance of the microaerophilic bacterium Spirillum volutans was greatly stimulated in a defined medium by the presence of dihydroxyphenyl ferric iron-binding compounds such as nor-epinephrine at 10(-5) to 10(-6) M. Dihydroxyphenyl compounds at 2 X 10(-4) M, or iron salts (ferrous or ferric) at high concentration, greatly increased the aerotolerance of a strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni when grown on streak plates of Brucella agar. The results suggest that the microaerophilism of these organisms might in part be caused by a failure to synthesize microbial ferric iron-binding compounds at sufficient levels to support aerobic growth.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of dihydroxyphenyl compounds on the aerotolerance of Spirillum volutans and Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni. The aerotolerance of the microaerophilic bacterium Spirillum volutans was greatly stimulated in a defined medium by the presence of dihydroxyphenyl ferric iron-binding compounds such as nor-epinephrine at 10(-5) to 10(-6) M. Dihydroxyphenyl compounds at 2 X 10(-4) M, or iron salts (ferrous or ferric) at high concentration, greatly increased the aerotolerance of a strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni when grown on streak plates of Brucella agar. The results suggest that the microaerophilism of these organisms might in part be caused by a failure to synthesize microbial ferric iron-binding compounds at sufficient levels to support aerobic growth."}
{"id": "PMID:942202", "title": "Growth of saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira: evaluation of medium, temperature, inoculum, and cost.", "content": "Of four media tested, a tissue culture medium supplemented with a bovine serum albumin-oleic acid complex provided the best leptospiral growth and cost efficiency.", "contents": "Growth of saprophytic and pathogenic leptospira: evaluation of medium, temperature, inoculum, and cost. Of four media tested, a tissue culture medium supplemented with a bovine serum albumin-oleic acid complex provided the best leptospiral growth and cost efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:942203", "title": "Improved procedure for production of cytochalasin E and tremorgenic mycotoxins by Aspergillus clavatus.", "content": "This report describes an improved procedure for production of cytochalasin E and tremorgens by solid substrate, agitated fermentation of Aspergillus clavatus on pearled barley.", "contents": "Improved procedure for production of cytochalasin E and tremorgenic mycotoxins by Aspergillus clavatus. This report describes an improved procedure for production of cytochalasin E and tremorgens by solid substrate, agitated fermentation of Aspergillus clavatus on pearled barley."}
{"id": "PMID:942204", "title": "Inhibitory effect of light on growth-supporting properties of eosin methylene blue agar.", "content": "Exposure of eosin methylene blue agar to visible light can alter the ability of that medium to support microbial growth. Proteus species were most sensitive to the photodynamic action.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of light on growth-supporting properties of eosin methylene blue agar. Exposure of eosin methylene blue agar to visible light can alter the ability of that medium to support microbial growth. Proteus species were most sensitive to the photodynamic action."}
{"id": "PMID:942205", "title": "Aerosol evaluations of the DeVilbiss No. 40 and Vaponefrin nebulizers.", "content": "De Vilbiss no. 40 and Vaponefrin standard nebulizers produced aerosols of small particles suitable for deep pulmonary vaccination and therapy of respiratory infections in man and animals.", "contents": "Aerosol evaluations of the DeVilbiss No. 40 and Vaponefrin nebulizers. De Vilbiss no. 40 and Vaponefrin standard nebulizers produced aerosols of small particles suitable for deep pulmonary vaccination and therapy of respiratory infections in man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:942206", "title": "Rapid determination of dipicolinic acid in the spores of Clostridium species by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed to quantitate dipicolinic acid in bacterial spores. The culture, washed from a plate, was hydrolyzed with acid containing the internal standard, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate, and then extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone. The internal standard and dipicolinic acid were then extracted into a small volume of trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. Injection of the resultant quaternary ammonium salts into a gas chromatograph yielded, via thermal decomposition, the methyl ester derivatives of the dipicolinic acid and the internal standard. The amount of dipicolinic acid in the sample was determined from a standard curve. The method was sensitive to 100 ng of dipicolinic acid per sample and was 1,000 to 5,000 times more sensitive than the commonly used methods. Preparation of the sample required less than 1.5 h and less than 15 min of the analyst's time.", "contents": "Rapid determination of dipicolinic acid in the spores of Clostridium species by gas-liquid chromatography. A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed to quantitate dipicolinic acid in bacterial spores. The culture, washed from a plate, was hydrolyzed with acid containing the internal standard, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylate, and then extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone. The internal standard and dipicolinic acid were then extracted into a small volume of trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. Injection of the resultant quaternary ammonium salts into a gas chromatograph yielded, via thermal decomposition, the methyl ester derivatives of the dipicolinic acid and the internal standard. The amount of dipicolinic acid in the sample was determined from a standard curve. The method was sensitive to 100 ng of dipicolinic acid per sample and was 1,000 to 5,000 times more sensitive than the commonly used methods. Preparation of the sample required less than 1.5 h and less than 15 min of the analyst's time."}
{"id": "PMID:942207", "title": "Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in river water and activated sludge.", "content": "The primary and ultimate biodegradability of phthalic acid, monobutyl phthalate, and five structurally diverse phthalic acid ester plasticizers in river water and activated sludge samples were determined via ultraviolet spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, and CO2 evolution. The compounds studied underwent rapid primary biodegradation in both unacclimated river water and acclimated activated sludge. When activated sludge acclimated to phthalic acid esters was used as the inoculum for the CO2 evolution procedure, greater than 85% of the total theoretical CO2 was evolved. These studies demonstrate that the phthalic acid ester plasticizers and intermediate degradation products readily undergo ultimate degradation in different mixed microbial systems at concentrations ranging from 1 to 83 mg/liter.", "contents": "Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in river water and activated sludge. The primary and ultimate biodegradability of phthalic acid, monobutyl phthalate, and five structurally diverse phthalic acid ester plasticizers in river water and activated sludge samples were determined via ultraviolet spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, and CO2 evolution. The compounds studied underwent rapid primary biodegradation in both unacclimated river water and acclimated activated sludge. When activated sludge acclimated to phthalic acid esters was used as the inoculum for the CO2 evolution procedure, greater than 85% of the total theoretical CO2 was evolved. These studies demonstrate that the phthalic acid ester plasticizers and intermediate degradation products readily undergo ultimate degradation in different mixed microbial systems at concentrations ranging from 1 to 83 mg/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:942208", "title": "Preliminary studies on the characterization and distribution of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species on animal skin.", "content": "A total of 221 strains of staphylococci and 98 strains of micrococci isolated from the skins of Eastern gray squirrels, Southern flying squirrels, raccoons, opossums, squirrel monkeys, swine, sheep, horses, cattle, and dogs were characterized in a preliminary attempt to resolve their natural relationships and distribution in nature. Staphylococci demonstrating the widest host range included Staphylococcus xylosus and unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 3. Unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 2 was isolated only from sheep, Staphylococcus sp. 4 only from opossums, Staphylococcus sp. 5 only from squirrel monkeys, and Staphylococcus sp. 6 only from swine. The predominant species isolated from human skin, including S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, and S. capitis, were either not isolated or only rarely isolated from animal skin. Micrococcus varians was the predominant Micrococcus species isolated from animal skin. M. luteus was only occasionally isolated. M. lylae, M. sedentarius, M. roseus, M. kristinae, and M. nishinomiyaensis, species occasionally isolated from human skin, were not isolated from animal skin.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the characterization and distribution of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus species on animal skin. A total of 221 strains of staphylococci and 98 strains of micrococci isolated from the skins of Eastern gray squirrels, Southern flying squirrels, raccoons, opossums, squirrel monkeys, swine, sheep, horses, cattle, and dogs were characterized in a preliminary attempt to resolve their natural relationships and distribution in nature. Staphylococci demonstrating the widest host range included Staphylococcus xylosus and unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 3. Unnamed Staphylococcus sp. 2 was isolated only from sheep, Staphylococcus sp. 4 only from opossums, Staphylococcus sp. 5 only from squirrel monkeys, and Staphylococcus sp. 6 only from swine. The predominant species isolated from human skin, including S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, and S. capitis, were either not isolated or only rarely isolated from animal skin. Micrococcus varians was the predominant Micrococcus species isolated from animal skin. M. luteus was only occasionally isolated. M. lylae, M. sedentarius, M. roseus, M. kristinae, and M. nishinomiyaensis, species occasionally isolated from human skin, were not isolated from animal skin."}
{"id": "PMID:942209", "title": "Further studies on a mycoparasitic basidiomycete species.", "content": "An unidentified basidiomycete was found capable of parasitizing 37 of 50 isolates of fungi tested as hosts. All phytopathogenic fungi tested, as well as most of the saprophytic fungi, were susceptible to this mycoparasite. In some cases, reproductive structures as well as hyphae were infected. High glucose-yeast extract ratios in the test medium favored parasitism. The mycoparasite was able to utilize 14 of 27 compounds tested as carbon sources.", "contents": "Further studies on a mycoparasitic basidiomycete species. An unidentified basidiomycete was found capable of parasitizing 37 of 50 isolates of fungi tested as hosts. All phytopathogenic fungi tested, as well as most of the saprophytic fungi, were susceptible to this mycoparasite. In some cases, reproductive structures as well as hyphae were infected. High glucose-yeast extract ratios in the test medium favored parasitism. The mycoparasite was able to utilize 14 of 27 compounds tested as carbon sources."}
{"id": "PMID:942210", "title": "Enzymatic epoxidation: synthesis of 7,8-epoxy-1-octene, 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane, and 1,2-Epoxyoctane by Pseudomonas oleovorans.", "content": "The kinetics of the enzymatic formation of 7,8-epoxy-1-octene, 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane, and 1,2-epoxyoctane by growing and resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas oleovorans are described. Formation of 1,2-epoxyoctane occurs concurrently with exponential growth on 1-octene, providing that 1-octene is in excess. Conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene by cells growing on octane lags behind exponential growth and continues into the stationary phase, terminating upon cell death. Formation of 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane does not begin until the cells are well into the stationary phase and also continues until cell death. Results with growing and resting cell suspensions suggest that the various substrates compete for the same enzyme system; that viable cells are essential for substrate transport and epoxidation by whole cells; and that whole cells may concentrate and sequester the epoxides, rendering them unrecoverable by our current methods.", "contents": "Enzymatic epoxidation: synthesis of 7,8-epoxy-1-octene, 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane, and 1,2-Epoxyoctane by Pseudomonas oleovorans. The kinetics of the enzymatic formation of 7,8-epoxy-1-octene, 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane, and 1,2-epoxyoctane by growing and resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas oleovorans are described. Formation of 1,2-epoxyoctane occurs concurrently with exponential growth on 1-octene, providing that 1-octene is in excess. Conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene by cells growing on octane lags behind exponential growth and continues into the stationary phase, terminating upon cell death. Formation of 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane does not begin until the cells are well into the stationary phase and also continues until cell death. Results with growing and resting cell suspensions suggest that the various substrates compete for the same enzyme system; that viable cells are essential for substrate transport and epoxidation by whole cells; and that whole cells may concentrate and sequester the epoxides, rendering them unrecoverable by our current methods."}
{"id": "PMID:942211", "title": "Characterization of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from freshwater lake sediments.", "content": "Strict anaerobic culture techniques were used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria present at the sediment-water interface of hyperutrophic Wintergreen Lake (Augusta, Mich.). Anaerobic plate counts remained constant from March through December, 1973, ranging from 2.4 X 10(6) to 5.7 X 10(6) organisms/g (dry weight) of sediment. The isolatable bacteria represented a small percentage of the total microbial community, which was shown by direct microscopic counts to be 2.0 X 10'' organisms/g (dry weight) of sediment during June and July. Bacteria of the genus Clostridium dominated the isolates obtained, accounting for 71.8% of the 960 isolates examined. A single species, Clostridium bifermentens, comprised 47.7% of the total. Additional bacterial groups and the percentage in which they were isolated included: Streptococcus sp. (10.8%), unidentified curved rods (9.5%y, gram-positive nonsporing rods (5.6%), and motile gram-negative rods (1.9%). Temperature growth studies demonstrated the ability of all the isolates to grow at in situ sediment temperatures. Gas-liqid radiochromatography was used to determine the soluble metabolic end products from [U-14C]glucose and a U-14C-labeled amino acid mixture by representative sedimentary clostridial isolates and by natural sediment microbial communities. At in situ temperatures the natural sediment microflora produced soluble fermentative end products characteristic of those elaborated by the clostridial isolates tested. These results are considered strong presumptive evidence that clostridia are actively metabolizing in the sediments of Wintergreen Lake.", "contents": "Characterization of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria isolated from freshwater lake sediments. Strict anaerobic culture techniques were used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria present at the sediment-water interface of hyperutrophic Wintergreen Lake (Augusta, Mich.). Anaerobic plate counts remained constant from March through December, 1973, ranging from 2.4 X 10(6) to 5.7 X 10(6) organisms/g (dry weight) of sediment. The isolatable bacteria represented a small percentage of the total microbial community, which was shown by direct microscopic counts to be 2.0 X 10'' organisms/g (dry weight) of sediment during June and July. Bacteria of the genus Clostridium dominated the isolates obtained, accounting for 71.8% of the 960 isolates examined. A single species, Clostridium bifermentens, comprised 47.7% of the total. Additional bacterial groups and the percentage in which they were isolated included: Streptococcus sp. (10.8%), unidentified curved rods (9.5%y, gram-positive nonsporing rods (5.6%), and motile gram-negative rods (1.9%). Temperature growth studies demonstrated the ability of all the isolates to grow at in situ sediment temperatures. Gas-liqid radiochromatography was used to determine the soluble metabolic end products from [U-14C]glucose and a U-14C-labeled amino acid mixture by representative sedimentary clostridial isolates and by natural sediment microbial communities. At in situ temperatures the natural sediment microflora produced soluble fermentative end products characteristic of those elaborated by the clostridial isolates tested. These results are considered strong presumptive evidence that clostridia are actively metabolizing in the sediments of Wintergreen Lake."}
{"id": "PMID:942212", "title": "Growth of Enterobacter aerogenes in a chemostat with double nutrient limitations.", "content": "The behavior of Enterobacter aerogenes during growth in chemostats limited by single and double nutrient restrictions was examined. On the assumption that different essential nutrients act to limit growth in different ways, we selected pairs of nutrients likely to affect different aspects of metabolism. Results show that macromolecular cell composition can be controlled by using more than one nutrient restriction. The polysaccharide content of the cells is readily manipulated by the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the inlet nutrients. Also, at low dilution rates, ratios of protein to ribonucleic acid are dependent on the ratio of phosphate to nitrogen in the input nutrients. An examination of both acetic acid and metabolite production (as measured by ultraviolet absorbance of culture filtrates) showed that accumulation of these products was dependent on both dilution rate and type of nutrient limitation(s). These results were examined in terms of the problems of translation of batch to continuous culture processes and the use of selected nutrient limitations to control noncellular product formation.", "contents": "Growth of Enterobacter aerogenes in a chemostat with double nutrient limitations. The behavior of Enterobacter aerogenes during growth in chemostats limited by single and double nutrient restrictions was examined. On the assumption that different essential nutrients act to limit growth in different ways, we selected pairs of nutrients likely to affect different aspects of metabolism. Results show that macromolecular cell composition can be controlled by using more than one nutrient restriction. The polysaccharide content of the cells is readily manipulated by the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the inlet nutrients. Also, at low dilution rates, ratios of protein to ribonucleic acid are dependent on the ratio of phosphate to nitrogen in the input nutrients. An examination of both acetic acid and metabolite production (as measured by ultraviolet absorbance of culture filtrates) showed that accumulation of these products was dependent on both dilution rate and type of nutrient limitation(s). These results were examined in terms of the problems of translation of batch to continuous culture processes and the use of selected nutrient limitations to control noncellular product formation."}
{"id": "PMID:942213", "title": "Treatment of melanotic freckle with x-rays.", "content": "Sixteen patients were treated for melanotic freckle of Hutchinson (lentigo maligna) with the Miescher technique of x-ray therapy. Eleven patients had no local cutaneous recurrences of persistence following x-ray therapy. Five patients had local recurrence or persistence of their lesions. Three patients developed metastatic malignant melanoma. The first of these three patients had lentigo maligna melanoma, and the second patient had a melanotic freckle with atypical cells extending down the adnexae, including the sweat apparatus to the level of the coiled portion of one sweat gland. The third patient was considered to be in a precancerous phase at the time of irradiation. Nevertheless, metastases occurred. European colleagues indicate that they have not experienced such problems in using the Miescher technique. The procedure has been abandoned in our department, pending further clarification of the discrepancy between our results and those reported by our European colleagues.", "contents": "Treatment of melanotic freckle with x-rays. Sixteen patients were treated for melanotic freckle of Hutchinson (lentigo maligna) with the Miescher technique of x-ray therapy. Eleven patients had no local cutaneous recurrences of persistence following x-ray therapy. Five patients had local recurrence or persistence of their lesions. Three patients developed metastatic malignant melanoma. The first of these three patients had lentigo maligna melanoma, and the second patient had a melanotic freckle with atypical cells extending down the adnexae, including the sweat apparatus to the level of the coiled portion of one sweat gland. The third patient was considered to be in a precancerous phase at the time of irradiation. Nevertheless, metastases occurred. European colleagues indicate that they have not experienced such problems in using the Miescher technique. The procedure has been abandoned in our department, pending further clarification of the discrepancy between our results and those reported by our European colleagues."}
{"id": "PMID:942214", "title": "Allergic contact sensitivity to thiuram compounds in a hemodialysis unit.", "content": "An outbreak of dermatitis among patients in a hemodialysis unit was traced to thiuram compounds, most likely coming from the hemodialysis apparatus itself. Eight of the 21 patients in the facility had allergic contact sensitivity to various thiuram compounds. Testing of patients from other hemodialysis units, in which different hemodialysis equipment was used, did not disclose sensitivity or dermatitis. In the affected patients, allergic contact sensitization of the skin probably resulted from the systemic circulation of an antigen during hemodialysis.", "contents": "Allergic contact sensitivity to thiuram compounds in a hemodialysis unit. An outbreak of dermatitis among patients in a hemodialysis unit was traced to thiuram compounds, most likely coming from the hemodialysis apparatus itself. Eight of the 21 patients in the facility had allergic contact sensitivity to various thiuram compounds. Testing of patients from other hemodialysis units, in which different hemodialysis equipment was used, did not disclose sensitivity or dermatitis. In the affected patients, allergic contact sensitization of the skin probably resulted from the systemic circulation of an antigen during hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:942215", "title": "Benign papular acantholytic dermatosis.", "content": "Seven male patients, aged 41 to 63, had benign papular acantholytic dermatosis. The patients complained of firm, intensely pruritic, 1- to 3-mm, reddish-brown or flesh-colored papules. The lesions were usually found on the upper part of the torso or on the neck. At least five of the seven patients reported that sunlight initiated or exacerbated the condition. The mean duration of the disorder exceeded two years. Histologically, the predominant lesion in all seven cases was acantholysis. Dyskeratosis was not a characteristic finding, being absent in five of the seven cases and minimally present in two. We will compare the features of benign papular acantholytic dermatosis with those of other papular acantholytic disorders.", "contents": "Benign papular acantholytic dermatosis. Seven male patients, aged 41 to 63, had benign papular acantholytic dermatosis. The patients complained of firm, intensely pruritic, 1- to 3-mm, reddish-brown or flesh-colored papules. The lesions were usually found on the upper part of the torso or on the neck. At least five of the seven patients reported that sunlight initiated or exacerbated the condition. The mean duration of the disorder exceeded two years. Histologically, the predominant lesion in all seven cases was acantholysis. Dyskeratosis was not a characteristic finding, being absent in five of the seven cases and minimally present in two. We will compare the features of benign papular acantholytic dermatosis with those of other papular acantholytic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:942216", "title": "Vitiligo associated with regional enteritis.", "content": "Although the cause of vitiligo is unknown, there is considerable evidence to indicate that autoimmunity plays a role. Much of this evidence is based on the increased associated occurrence of vitiligo in a number of diseases also believed to be autoimmune in origin. I have observed a case of almost simultaneous onset of vitiligo and regional enteritis. A search of the literature revealed no specific case report associating these two disorders. The association of these two disorders in the same person may be more than fortuitous, since both diseases may be autoimmune in origin.", "contents": "Vitiligo associated with regional enteritis. Although the cause of vitiligo is unknown, there is considerable evidence to indicate that autoimmunity plays a role. Much of this evidence is based on the increased associated occurrence of vitiligo in a number of diseases also believed to be autoimmune in origin. I have observed a case of almost simultaneous onset of vitiligo and regional enteritis. A search of the literature revealed no specific case report associating these two disorders. The association of these two disorders in the same person may be more than fortuitous, since both diseases may be autoimmune in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:942217", "title": "Cutaneous cartilaginous tumor.", "content": "A histologic diagnosis of cartilaginous tumor was made from solitary nodular skin lesions of two patients. Lack of information about cartilage tumors in the dermatologic literature suggests that they rarely develop as superficial lesions. Despite a high incidence of nuclear changes suggesting malignant neoplasm, the majority behave in a benign fashion and can be treated conservatively.", "contents": "Cutaneous cartilaginous tumor. A histologic diagnosis of cartilaginous tumor was made from solitary nodular skin lesions of two patients. Lack of information about cartilage tumors in the dermatologic literature suggests that they rarely develop as superficial lesions. Despite a high incidence of nuclear changes suggesting malignant neoplasm, the majority behave in a benign fashion and can be treated conservatively."}
{"id": "PMID:942218", "title": "Linear eccrine poroma.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman had multiple papular lesions of 20 years' duration. The lesions were limited to the right lower extremity and were arranged in a linear fashion. They had the histologic appearance of eccrine poroma; however, thin intertwining strands of tumor cells extended down into the dermis in a pattern similar to that of premalignant fibroepithelioma. Also, bud-like proliferations of tumor cells were attached to the epidermis, analogous to those superficial basal cell epithelioma. A dilated cystic duct resembling that found in syringoma was present in the upper part of the dermis. To my knowledge, such a linear distribution of multiple eccrine poromas has not been reported in the dermatologic literature.", "contents": "Linear eccrine poroma. A 44-year-old woman had multiple papular lesions of 20 years' duration. The lesions were limited to the right lower extremity and were arranged in a linear fashion. They had the histologic appearance of eccrine poroma; however, thin intertwining strands of tumor cells extended down into the dermis in a pattern similar to that of premalignant fibroepithelioma. Also, bud-like proliferations of tumor cells were attached to the epidermis, analogous to those superficial basal cell epithelioma. A dilated cystic duct resembling that found in syringoma was present in the upper part of the dermis. To my knowledge, such a linear distribution of multiple eccrine poromas has not been reported in the dermatologic literature."}
{"id": "PMID:942219", "title": "Pathogenesis of solar urticaria. Sweat droplet in testing for photosensitivity.", "content": "It was impossible to replicate solar urticaria lesions by irradiation in the laboratory, until the role of sweating was recognized. We found that the sweat droplet, acting as a lens, serves as a photointensifier. As such, sweat would appear to play a meaningful role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous photosensitivity reactions, as well as be an adjuvant in phototesting.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of solar urticaria. Sweat droplet in testing for photosensitivity. It was impossible to replicate solar urticaria lesions by irradiation in the laboratory, until the role of sweating was recognized. We found that the sweat droplet, acting as a lens, serves as a photointensifier. As such, sweat would appear to play a meaningful role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous photosensitivity reactions, as well as be an adjuvant in phototesting."}
{"id": "PMID:942220", "title": "Acquired cutis laxa associated with multiple myeloma.", "content": "Acquired cutis laxa, or generalized elastolysis, is a rare disease. One patient was found to have not only cutis laxa but also multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Acquired cutis laxa associated with multiple myeloma. Acquired cutis laxa, or generalized elastolysis, is a rare disease. One patient was found to have not only cutis laxa but also multiple myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:942225", "title": "Crying vital capacity. Measurement of neonatal lung function.", "content": "Serial measurements of crying vital capacity (CVC), expressed as ml/cm chest circumference, were made by reverse plethysmography during the first 2 weeks of life. Clinically normal babies born at term by elective caesarean section had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal term babies born vaginally. In contrast, no significant difference was shown between the mean CVC in term babies born vaginally and those born by urgent caesarean section. Clinically normal term babies born by caesarean section (elective and urgent) had a smaller mean percentage rise of CVC in the first 24 hours of life and a significant delayed rise of CVC from 24-48 hours compared with those born vaginally. Clinically normal preterm babies born vaginally had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with term babies born vaginally, and were characterized by a significant rise of CVC from 5-10 days. Babies with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had a smaller CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal preterm babies. Babies of various gestational ages with transient tachypnoea (TT) had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal term babies, but a similar mean CVC in the first 72 hours of life compared with clinically normal preterm babies. At each postnatal age the mean CVC of babies with HMD was less than the corresponding mean in babies with TT. All babies with TT had a rise in CVC from 24-48 hours, whereas CVC fell in all babies with HMD except one during this period. CVC is a simple, safe, rapid, and noninvasive test of neonatal lung function, and is a valuable aid to other methods of assessing pulmonary function in the neonate with respiratory distress.", "contents": "Crying vital capacity. Measurement of neonatal lung function. Serial measurements of crying vital capacity (CVC), expressed as ml/cm chest circumference, were made by reverse plethysmography during the first 2 weeks of life. Clinically normal babies born at term by elective caesarean section had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal term babies born vaginally. In contrast, no significant difference was shown between the mean CVC in term babies born vaginally and those born by urgent caesarean section. Clinically normal term babies born by caesarean section (elective and urgent) had a smaller mean percentage rise of CVC in the first 24 hours of life and a significant delayed rise of CVC from 24-48 hours compared with those born vaginally. Clinically normal preterm babies born vaginally had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with term babies born vaginally, and were characterized by a significant rise of CVC from 5-10 days. Babies with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) had a smaller CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal preterm babies. Babies of various gestational ages with transient tachypnoea (TT) had a smaller mean CVC in the first 2 weeks of life compared with clinically normal term babies, but a similar mean CVC in the first 72 hours of life compared with clinically normal preterm babies. At each postnatal age the mean CVC of babies with HMD was less than the corresponding mean in babies with TT. All babies with TT had a rise in CVC from 24-48 hours, whereas CVC fell in all babies with HMD except one during this period. CVC is a simple, safe, rapid, and noninvasive test of neonatal lung function, and is a valuable aid to other methods of assessing pulmonary function in the neonate with respiratory distress."}
{"id": "PMID:942226", "title": "Mucociliary transport in trachea of patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Mucociliary tracheal transport rates were measured in 20 patients with cystic fibrosis, in whom these rates ranged from 0 to 12.8 mm/min. The patients were divided into 3 roughly equal groups on the basis of their transport rates. (1) Those in whom no abnormality in mucociliary transport was detected in the trachea; (2) those in whom normal transport rates were measured but in whom abnormalities such as cessation, or reversal of bolus movement were observed; (3) those in whom no normal transport rates were observed. In the first group the rates were similar to those observed in a population of healthy adults. These normal rates were observed in some patients who had a productive cough. The mean mucociliary tracheal transport rate increased with increasing maximum midexpiratory flow. Those patients with a low Shwachman score and poor arterial oxygen tension tended to fall into groups 2 and 3. In the ciliary dyskinesia assay in rabbit trachea the serum from the patients with the higher transport rates tended to initiate more rapid discharge of material from the epithelium and ciliary dyskinesia.", "contents": "Mucociliary transport in trachea of patients with cystic fibrosis. Mucociliary tracheal transport rates were measured in 20 patients with cystic fibrosis, in whom these rates ranged from 0 to 12.8 mm/min. The patients were divided into 3 roughly equal groups on the basis of their transport rates. (1) Those in whom no abnormality in mucociliary transport was detected in the trachea; (2) those in whom normal transport rates were measured but in whom abnormalities such as cessation, or reversal of bolus movement were observed; (3) those in whom no normal transport rates were observed. In the first group the rates were similar to those observed in a population of healthy adults. These normal rates were observed in some patients who had a productive cough. The mean mucociliary tracheal transport rate increased with increasing maximum midexpiratory flow. Those patients with a low Shwachman score and poor arterial oxygen tension tended to fall into groups 2 and 3. In the ciliary dyskinesia assay in rabbit trachea the serum from the patients with the higher transport rates tended to initiate more rapid discharge of material from the epithelium and ciliary dyskinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:942227", "title": "Growth patterns and nutrition in Nepali children.", "content": "A growth survey of four groups of Nepali children from birth to 12 years was undertaken and the growth patterns related to diet. The patterns are those of children suffering from malnutrition in the second and third year and not those of a genetically small race. Diet histories showed inadequacies of diet, mostly preventable, occurring during the same period. Privileged children within the groups showed a different pattern and a significantly better growth.", "contents": "Growth patterns and nutrition in Nepali children. A growth survey of four groups of Nepali children from birth to 12 years was undertaken and the growth patterns related to diet. The patterns are those of children suffering from malnutrition in the second and third year and not those of a genetically small race. Diet histories showed inadequacies of diet, mostly preventable, occurring during the same period. Privileged children within the groups showed a different pattern and a significantly better growth."}
{"id": "PMID:942228", "title": "Oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss in infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "The relation between environmental temperature, heat production, oxygen consumption, and evaporative water loss was studied in 67 infants with congenital heart disease. The majority of the cyanosed infants had a low minimum oxygen consumption, a low evaporative water loss, and a diminished metabolic response to cold stress. Minimum oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss rose in 6 of these infants after the construction of a surgical shunt. Many of the ill acyanotic infants had an abnormally high minimum oxygen consumption, and those in cardiac failure often continued to sweat in an environment below the thermoneutral temperature zone.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss in infants with congenital heart disease. The relation between environmental temperature, heat production, oxygen consumption, and evaporative water loss was studied in 67 infants with congenital heart disease. The majority of the cyanosed infants had a low minimum oxygen consumption, a low evaporative water loss, and a diminished metabolic response to cold stress. Minimum oxygen consumption and evaporative water loss rose in 6 of these infants after the construction of a surgical shunt. Many of the ill acyanotic infants had an abnormally high minimum oxygen consumption, and those in cardiac failure often continued to sweat in an environment below the thermoneutral temperature zone."}
{"id": "PMID:942229", "title": "Defect of platelet function associated with chronic hypoglycaemia.", "content": "Two patients are described with chronic hypoglycaemia; the first having glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (type I glycogen storage disease), and the second fructose 1:6-diphosphatase deficiency. Both cases were associated with a bleeding diathesis, a defect of platelet aggregation, and a deficiency of platelet adenine nucleotides. The effect on the platelet abnormalities of a period of normoglycaemia was studied in both patients. Correction of the platelet abnormalities occurred rapidly after stabilization of the blood glucose within the normal range. Normal function persisted for the duration of the normoglycaemia, facilitating diagnostic liver biopsy and surgical procedures. A biochemical explanation for the nucleotide deficiency is suggested.", "contents": "Defect of platelet function associated with chronic hypoglycaemia. Two patients are described with chronic hypoglycaemia; the first having glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (type I glycogen storage disease), and the second fructose 1:6-diphosphatase deficiency. Both cases were associated with a bleeding diathesis, a defect of platelet aggregation, and a deficiency of platelet adenine nucleotides. The effect on the platelet abnormalities of a period of normoglycaemia was studied in both patients. Correction of the platelet abnormalities occurred rapidly after stabilization of the blood glucose within the normal range. Normal function persisted for the duration of the normoglycaemia, facilitating diagnostic liver biopsy and surgical procedures. A biochemical explanation for the nucleotide deficiency is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:942230", "title": "Ketamine anaesthesia for medical procedures in children.", "content": "Ketamine hydrochloride 2 mg/kg, together with atropine 0.2 mg, has been given intravenously on 100 occasions on a general paediatric ward. No serious side effects occurred. Dreams followed in 4 children but did not reduce acceptability of the drug. In our hands it has greatly reduced the pain and distress of children undergoing many routine medical procedures, particularly the dread which builds up when these have to be repeated in the same child. It has also produced close to ideal conditions for the operator, and probably increased his efficiency by reducing the emotional strain which occurs when doing painful things to a frightened patient.", "contents": "Ketamine anaesthesia for medical procedures in children. Ketamine hydrochloride 2 mg/kg, together with atropine 0.2 mg, has been given intravenously on 100 occasions on a general paediatric ward. No serious side effects occurred. Dreams followed in 4 children but did not reduce acceptability of the drug. In our hands it has greatly reduced the pain and distress of children undergoing many routine medical procedures, particularly the dread which builds up when these have to be repeated in the same child. It has also produced close to ideal conditions for the operator, and probably increased his efficiency by reducing the emotional strain which occurs when doing painful things to a frightened patient."}
{"id": "PMID:942231", "title": "Contribution of fibreoptic endoscopy to diagnosis and management of children with gastro-oesophageal reflux.", "content": "Endoscopic and radiological examination was performed in 53 children with gastro-oesophageal reflux. There was fair agreement between endoscopic and radiological findings. Most patients showed either a normal or an erythematous oesophageal mucosa at endoscopy and these patients became asymptomatic on conservative therapy. 7 children presented destructive changes of the oesophageal mucosa with severe pathological abnormalities. Though their symptoms improved on conservative therapy, 5 required operation because of persistence or deterioration of mucosal damage. Endoscopic and pathological changes returned to normal after operation. Retrospective examination of data led to the definition of 'high risk factors' in this condition.", "contents": "Contribution of fibreoptic endoscopy to diagnosis and management of children with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Endoscopic and radiological examination was performed in 53 children with gastro-oesophageal reflux. There was fair agreement between endoscopic and radiological findings. Most patients showed either a normal or an erythematous oesophageal mucosa at endoscopy and these patients became asymptomatic on conservative therapy. 7 children presented destructive changes of the oesophageal mucosa with severe pathological abnormalities. Though their symptoms improved on conservative therapy, 5 required operation because of persistence or deterioration of mucosal damage. Endoscopic and pathological changes returned to normal after operation. Retrospective examination of data led to the definition of 'high risk factors' in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:942232", "title": "Severe burns in children, 1964-1974.", "content": "580 children were admitted to the paediatric burns unit of Guy's Hospital between 1964 and 1974, of which 97 had burns exceeding 20% of the surface area, and 33 died (34% mortality). 80% of those with burns exceeding 50% of the surface area died. Young children died after less extensive burns. Respiratory failure, sepsis, and malnutrition were the most lethal complications. The prompt use and careful control of intravenous fluids had reduced the immediate complications associated with shock, and acute renal failure is now uncommon. Respiratory failure resulted in many deaths during the first week after injury. The need for intensive respiratory care involving paediatric, anaesthetic, and surgical staff is stressed. Sepsis and malnutrition remain major threats to survival. Improved methods of bacteriological control by laminar air flow units and topical antibacterial agents may help to reduce infection in the future. Reduction of energy expenditure by temporary skin coverings and a high environmental temperature, combined with a high calorie intake by oral and intravenous routes, may improve the outlook for severly burned children in the next decade.", "contents": "Severe burns in children, 1964-1974. 580 children were admitted to the paediatric burns unit of Guy's Hospital between 1964 and 1974, of which 97 had burns exceeding 20% of the surface area, and 33 died (34% mortality). 80% of those with burns exceeding 50% of the surface area died. Young children died after less extensive burns. Respiratory failure, sepsis, and malnutrition were the most lethal complications. The prompt use and careful control of intravenous fluids had reduced the immediate complications associated with shock, and acute renal failure is now uncommon. Respiratory failure resulted in many deaths during the first week after injury. The need for intensive respiratory care involving paediatric, anaesthetic, and surgical staff is stressed. Sepsis and malnutrition remain major threats to survival. Improved methods of bacteriological control by laminar air flow units and topical antibacterial agents may help to reduce infection in the future. Reduction of energy expenditure by temporary skin coverings and a high environmental temperature, combined with a high calorie intake by oral and intravenous routes, may improve the outlook for severly burned children in the next decade."}
{"id": "PMID:942233", "title": "Long-term results of surgical treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis.", "content": "109 children who survived surgical treatment for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis were followed for up to 17 years. In all the postoperative status was assessed as satisfactory. Cardiac catheterization repeated in 43 gave a resting valve gradient below 40 mmHg. The 22 children whose pulmonary valves had been excised were as healthy as the 87 who had undergone pulmonary valvotomy. Consideration was given to the desirable length of postoperative review. Except for the few children with symptoms before operation, a postoperative increase in exercise tolerance was not a feature.", "contents": "Long-term results of surgical treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis. 109 children who survived surgical treatment for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis were followed for up to 17 years. In all the postoperative status was assessed as satisfactory. Cardiac catheterization repeated in 43 gave a resting valve gradient below 40 mmHg. The 22 children whose pulmonary valves had been excised were as healthy as the 87 who had undergone pulmonary valvotomy. Consideration was given to the desirable length of postoperative review. Except for the few children with symptoms before operation, a postoperative increase in exercise tolerance was not a feature."}
{"id": "PMID:942234", "title": "Reduction of incidence and mortality of respiratory distress syndrome by adminstration of hydrocortisone to mother.", "content": "Hydrocortisone (100 mg in a single injection) was given to 120 pregnant women with threatened premature delivery. None was given to a control group of 40 mothers. Orciprenaline was also given to all the mothers to inhibit uterine activity. The administration of hydrocortisone did not accelerate delivery and in the treated group 55 babies were eventually born at term; none died or had perinatal complications. 65 babies were born prematurely, and yielded these conclusions; if the mother received hydrocortisone less than 24 hours before delivery it had little or no influence on the incidence of and mortality from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). If birth occurred more than 24 hours after hydrocortisone injection, the incidence and mortality from RDS were lowered. Prolonged rupture of membranes had no effect on the mortality rate from RDS. It was concluded that hydrocortisone administered to mothers with threatened delivery is an effective means of mitigating the incidence and severity of RDS in infants.", "contents": "Reduction of incidence and mortality of respiratory distress syndrome by adminstration of hydrocortisone to mother. Hydrocortisone (100 mg in a single injection) was given to 120 pregnant women with threatened premature delivery. None was given to a control group of 40 mothers. Orciprenaline was also given to all the mothers to inhibit uterine activity. The administration of hydrocortisone did not accelerate delivery and in the treated group 55 babies were eventually born at term; none died or had perinatal complications. 65 babies were born prematurely, and yielded these conclusions; if the mother received hydrocortisone less than 24 hours before delivery it had little or no influence on the incidence of and mortality from the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). If birth occurred more than 24 hours after hydrocortisone injection, the incidence and mortality from RDS were lowered. Prolonged rupture of membranes had no effect on the mortality rate from RDS. It was concluded that hydrocortisone administered to mothers with threatened delivery is an effective means of mitigating the incidence and severity of RDS in infants."}
{"id": "PMID:942235", "title": "Evidence of duration and type of illness in children found unexpectedly dead.", "content": "The thymus, rib, and liver from a series of 200 children found unexpectedly dead showed that in over 90% of these children the costochondral junction indicated that a retardation in growth velocity had preceded death. In a similar proportion of children the liver showed fatty change indicating a metabolic upset, which in 5% was of severe degree. Changes in the thymus compatible with a normal reaction to infection were observed in only a little over half of the child deaths. An absence of gross thymic reaction in some children in whom there was other evidence of infection suggests that in some an abnormal immunological reaction was taking place. It is concluded that careful systematic clinical monitoring of growth in these children would have shown abnormality in nearly all.", "contents": "Evidence of duration and type of illness in children found unexpectedly dead. The thymus, rib, and liver from a series of 200 children found unexpectedly dead showed that in over 90% of these children the costochondral junction indicated that a retardation in growth velocity had preceded death. In a similar proportion of children the liver showed fatty change indicating a metabolic upset, which in 5% was of severe degree. Changes in the thymus compatible with a normal reaction to infection were observed in only a little over half of the child deaths. An absence of gross thymic reaction in some children in whom there was other evidence of infection suggests that in some an abnormal immunological reaction was taking place. It is concluded that careful systematic clinical monitoring of growth in these children would have shown abnormality in nearly all."}
{"id": "PMID:942236", "title": "Adverse factors affecting growth of schoolchildren in St. Helena.", "content": "More than 1000 schoolchildren on St. Helena were studied to determine factors associated with suboptimal growth. Disease was demonstrable in only a small minority, but social factors were of prime importance. In particular, family size was found to be a dominant factor, over-riding the associated effect from overcrowding. The implications of this findings are discussed, and the concept of a \"threshold of coping\" developed. It is suggested that failure to achieve optimal growth may be a particularly useful index of the points of stress in the child-rearing patterns of society.", "contents": "Adverse factors affecting growth of schoolchildren in St. Helena. More than 1000 schoolchildren on St. Helena were studied to determine factors associated with suboptimal growth. Disease was demonstrable in only a small minority, but social factors were of prime importance. In particular, family size was found to be a dominant factor, over-riding the associated effect from overcrowding. The implications of this findings are discussed, and the concept of a \"threshold of coping\" developed. It is suggested that failure to achieve optimal growth may be a particularly useful index of the points of stress in the child-rearing patterns of society."}
{"id": "PMID:942237", "title": "Clinical experience with an oral anticoagulant in children.", "content": "Nineteen cardiac patients were given warfarin sodium to prevent thrombosis and embolism. Empirical dosage resulted in long hospital stays to obtain a stable therapeutic prothrombin time. Using a dosage of 0 therefore 5-0 therefore 7 mg/kg, therapeutic levels were achieved in a much shorter time. When prothrombin time was excessive, it was successfully reduced with vitamin K or plasma. A haematoma in one case and haematuria in another were easily controlled. Warfarin sodium appears to be appropriate and effective for children requiring anticoagulants within the above dosage limits and with meticulous follow-up.", "contents": "Clinical experience with an oral anticoagulant in children. Nineteen cardiac patients were given warfarin sodium to prevent thrombosis and embolism. Empirical dosage resulted in long hospital stays to obtain a stable therapeutic prothrombin time. Using a dosage of 0 therefore 5-0 therefore 7 mg/kg, therapeutic levels were achieved in a much shorter time. When prothrombin time was excessive, it was successfully reduced with vitamin K or plasma. A haematoma in one case and haematuria in another were easily controlled. Warfarin sodium appears to be appropriate and effective for children requiring anticoagulants within the above dosage limits and with meticulous follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:942238", "title": "D13 ring chromosome syndrome.", "content": "A case of ring D13 chromosome, confirmed by trypsin banding, is described. Reviewing 21 cases from published reports, the most common features of this syndrome are microcephaly and associated mental retardation, poor uterine growth, deformed auricles, hypertelorism, epicanthus, broad nasal bridge, and genital defects in males.", "contents": "D13 ring chromosome syndrome. A case of ring D13 chromosome, confirmed by trypsin banding, is described. Reviewing 21 cases from published reports, the most common features of this syndrome are microcephaly and associated mental retardation, poor uterine growth, deformed auricles, hypertelorism, epicanthus, broad nasal bridge, and genital defects in males."}
{"id": "PMID:942239", "title": "Phototherapy. Short and long-term complications.", "content": "Use of phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in 300 consecutively treated infants has shown that minor complications are common. With a knowledge of these complications and measures taken to minimize their effects, phototherapy appears to be safe in the short term. The long-term follow-up study showed that growth, and in particular head circumference, was not affected. There was, however, a higher incidence of squints and abnormal developmental performance in those infants treated with phototherapy. This may not have been due to phototherapy usage per se. However, because of these findings, it is suggested that phototherapy should not be used indiscriminately for hyperbilirubinaemia until the results of further long-term studies are available.", "contents": "Phototherapy. Short and long-term complications. Use of phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in 300 consecutively treated infants has shown that minor complications are common. With a knowledge of these complications and measures taken to minimize their effects, phototherapy appears to be safe in the short term. The long-term follow-up study showed that growth, and in particular head circumference, was not affected. There was, however, a higher incidence of squints and abnormal developmental performance in those infants treated with phototherapy. This may not have been due to phototherapy usage per se. However, because of these findings, it is suggested that phototherapy should not be used indiscriminately for hyperbilirubinaemia until the results of further long-term studies are available."}
{"id": "PMID:942240", "title": "Acute renal failure in early life.", "content": "Data are presented on 25 children under 2 years of age with acute renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis. The clinical features, treatment, complications, and outcome of the illnesses are described. 22 (88%) survived, and though the incidence of serious complications during the illness was high most regained full health and normal renal function.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in early life. Data are presented on 25 children under 2 years of age with acute renal failure treated by peritoneal dialysis. The clinical features, treatment, complications, and outcome of the illnesses are described. 22 (88%) survived, and though the incidence of serious complications during the illness was high most regained full health and normal renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:942241", "title": "24-Hour urinary glucose excretion in assessment of control in juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "content": "24-Hour urinary glucose excretion was measured in 43 juvenile diabetics during treatment as outpatients. In 20 children studied twice over 1-3 months there was good correlation between glucose excretion on each occasion. Subdivision of the collections into the periods 08 therefore 00-20 therefore 00 and 20 therefore 00-08 therefore 00 hours gave slightly less consistent results with correlation coefficients of 0 therefore 83 and 0 therefore 80, respectively, between the results of the repeat tests. In 37 prepubertal children, 24-hour glucose concentration and height velocity over the previous year were compared, and a highly significant negative correlation found. 10 of the 12 children with glucose excretion greater than 40 g/d had height velocities more than 1 SD below the mean for age, while only 2 of the 25 subjects excreting less than 40 g/d had height velocities more than 1 SD below the mean. The results indicate that estimation of 24-hour urine glucose excretion can be a useful index for monitoring treatment and that subdivision of the total collection may be of value in selecting the most suitable insulin regimen for the patient.", "contents": "24-Hour urinary glucose excretion in assessment of control in juvenile diabetes mellitus. 24-Hour urinary glucose excretion was measured in 43 juvenile diabetics during treatment as outpatients. In 20 children studied twice over 1-3 months there was good correlation between glucose excretion on each occasion. Subdivision of the collections into the periods 08 therefore 00-20 therefore 00 and 20 therefore 00-08 therefore 00 hours gave slightly less consistent results with correlation coefficients of 0 therefore 83 and 0 therefore 80, respectively, between the results of the repeat tests. In 37 prepubertal children, 24-hour glucose concentration and height velocity over the previous year were compared, and a highly significant negative correlation found. 10 of the 12 children with glucose excretion greater than 40 g/d had height velocities more than 1 SD below the mean for age, while only 2 of the 25 subjects excreting less than 40 g/d had height velocities more than 1 SD below the mean. The results indicate that estimation of 24-hour urine glucose excretion can be a useful index for monitoring treatment and that subdivision of the total collection may be of value in selecting the most suitable insulin regimen for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:942242", "title": "Current practice in dietary management of diabetic children. A transatlantic comparison.", "content": "Dietary therapy practice in 18 British clinics for diabetic children is reviewed, and contrasted with Canadian and American practice. Values for dietary composition expressed as energy are presented for small groups of British and Canadian children. Fat is often the principal energy source in British diabetic children; protein intake is much higher in the Canadian. It is suggested that British practice might be improved by the adoption of a simple uniform exchange system. Reported differences in growth characteristics may reflect differences in protein intake.", "contents": "Current practice in dietary management of diabetic children. A transatlantic comparison. Dietary therapy practice in 18 British clinics for diabetic children is reviewed, and contrasted with Canadian and American practice. Values for dietary composition expressed as energy are presented for small groups of British and Canadian children. Fat is often the principal energy source in British diabetic children; protein intake is much higher in the Canadian. It is suggested that British practice might be improved by the adoption of a simple uniform exchange system. Reported differences in growth characteristics may reflect differences in protein intake."}
{"id": "PMID:942243", "title": "Beneficial effects of transfusing a patient with nontransfusion-dependent thalassaemia major.", "content": "A case of nontransfusion-dependent thalassaemia major is presented showing growth retardation, recurrent fractures, late onset of puberty, deafness, and endocrine impairment of pancreas and adrenal gland. Regular blood transfusion to maintain mean haemoglobin at about 11 g/de improvedd all these problems. It is suggested that this improvement was related to improve tissue oxygenation.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of transfusing a patient with nontransfusion-dependent thalassaemia major. A case of nontransfusion-dependent thalassaemia major is presented showing growth retardation, recurrent fractures, late onset of puberty, deafness, and endocrine impairment of pancreas and adrenal gland. Regular blood transfusion to maintain mean haemoglobin at about 11 g/de improvedd all these problems. It is suggested that this improvement was related to improve tissue oxygenation."}
{"id": "PMID:942244", "title": "Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome of infancy.", "content": "A case is described of chilblain-like lesions in the fingers with punched-out erosions in the phalanges on x-ray which appears to be an example of Maroteaux's phalangeal microgeodic syndrome of infancy.", "contents": "Phalangeal microgeodic syndrome of infancy. A case is described of chilblain-like lesions in the fingers with punched-out erosions in the phalanges on x-ray which appears to be an example of Maroteaux's phalangeal microgeodic syndrome of infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:942245", "title": "Congenital varicella resulting from infection during second trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "An infant with left microphthalmia, enophthalmia, and cataract with scattered zosterform skin lesions from maternal varicella at 20 weeks' gestation is described. The mother's abnormal obstetric history is discussed and published reports on congenital and neonatal varicella reviewed.", "contents": "Congenital varicella resulting from infection during second trimester of pregnancy. An infant with left microphthalmia, enophthalmia, and cataract with scattered zosterform skin lesions from maternal varicella at 20 weeks' gestation is described. The mother's abnormal obstetric history is discussed and published reports on congenital and neonatal varicella reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:942246", "title": "Blue double light. Improved method of phototherapy.", "content": "In newborn infants with rhesus haemolytic disease the effect of phototherapy with blue light (28 cases) on both sides of the infant was compared with the effect of traditional white light phototherapy on one side of the infant (42 cases). The number of exchange transfusions performed after the first 12 hours of life was significantly lower in the blue double light group. It is concluded that the application of blue double light may be a superior means of applying phototherapy in rhesus haemolytic disease.", "contents": "Blue double light. Improved method of phototherapy. In newborn infants with rhesus haemolytic disease the effect of phototherapy with blue light (28 cases) on both sides of the infant was compared with the effect of traditional white light phototherapy on one side of the infant (42 cases). The number of exchange transfusions performed after the first 12 hours of life was significantly lower in the blue double light group. It is concluded that the application of blue double light may be a superior means of applying phototherapy in rhesus haemolytic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942251", "title": "Incomplete arylamidase in psoriasis scales.", "content": "Electrophoretic and immunological studies revealed that normal and pathologically altered epidermis contains an arylamidase with the electrophoretic mobility of an x-globulin. This enzyme seems to be immunologically identical with an arylamidase secreted by the prostate gland. In psoriasis scales the arylamidase migrates with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-globulin. Presumably, this enzyme contains fewer neuraminic acid groups than the arylamidase of normal epidermis. It may well be that in psoriasis the synthesis of arylamidase is incomplete.", "contents": "Incomplete arylamidase in psoriasis scales. Electrophoretic and immunological studies revealed that normal and pathologically altered epidermis contains an arylamidase with the electrophoretic mobility of an x-globulin. This enzyme seems to be immunologically identical with an arylamidase secreted by the prostate gland. In psoriasis scales the arylamidase migrates with the electrophoretic mobility of a beta-globulin. Presumably, this enzyme contains fewer neuraminic acid groups than the arylamidase of normal epidermis. It may well be that in psoriasis the synthesis of arylamidase is incomplete."}
{"id": "PMID:942252", "title": "[On the effectiveness of lymph-nodes as filter cells in metastasizing melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Even without previous ray-treatment the mechanical effectivenes of the filtration ability of lymph-nodes may be reinforced by connective tissue growth around metastatic melanoma cells. On the other hand melanoma cells can pass this filter just because of the possibility to get into the lymph stream by means of wide lymphatics even within the first series of regional lymphatic ganglia. This is true also for passing the marginal lymphatic sinus and subsequent entering the vas efferens of the lymph-node. The therapeutical inferences of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "[On the effectiveness of lymph-nodes as filter cells in metastasizing melanoma (author's transl)]. Even without previous ray-treatment the mechanical effectivenes of the filtration ability of lymph-nodes may be reinforced by connective tissue growth around metastatic melanoma cells. On the other hand melanoma cells can pass this filter just because of the possibility to get into the lymph stream by means of wide lymphatics even within the first series of regional lymphatic ganglia. This is true also for passing the marginal lymphatic sinus and subsequent entering the vas efferens of the lymph-node. The therapeutical inferences of these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942253", "title": "Symptoms and immunology of the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein-syndrome.", "content": "The Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein-syndrome, or anaphylactoid purpura, is usually a childhood disease. The progess of this syndrome in adults was observed in 4 cases at our clinic. An elevated IgA level in the serum with a normal complement value seems to be of immunological interest. By immunohistological methods fibrin and IgA could be demonstrated in skin and kidney biopsies; in glomerulae C3c was observed, occasionally accompanied by Properdin-factor-B. These findings differentiate this disease from other allergic superficial vasculitids by the detection of IgG and complement; while at the same time some similarities are indicated to the so called \"Berger Nephritis\" with comparable kidney findings.", "contents": "Symptoms and immunology of the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein-syndrome. The Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein-syndrome, or anaphylactoid purpura, is usually a childhood disease. The progess of this syndrome in adults was observed in 4 cases at our clinic. An elevated IgA level in the serum with a normal complement value seems to be of immunological interest. By immunohistological methods fibrin and IgA could be demonstrated in skin and kidney biopsies; in glomerulae C3c was observed, occasionally accompanied by Properdin-factor-B. These findings differentiate this disease from other allergic superficial vasculitids by the detection of IgG and complement; while at the same time some similarities are indicated to the so called \"Berger Nephritis\" with comparable kidney findings."}
{"id": "PMID:942254", "title": "Effect of immunization on the RNA polymerase activity of guinea-pig macrophage nuclei.", "content": "Macrophages from peritoneal exudate contain three types of DNA dependent RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerases in macrophages derived from normal animals is very low. Guinea-pigs were immunized by sheep red blood cells. The immunization enhanced the activity of the RNA polymerase of macrophages derived from peritoneal exudate. The RNA polymerase activity was tested after the solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the three types of polymerases with exogenous template. The results obtained indicated that the immunization enhances the levels of polymerase I and III 10 fold while the level of polymerase II increased 5 fold.", "contents": "Effect of immunization on the RNA polymerase activity of guinea-pig macrophage nuclei. Macrophages from peritoneal exudate contain three types of DNA dependent RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerases in macrophages derived from normal animals is very low. Guinea-pigs were immunized by sheep red blood cells. The immunization enhanced the activity of the RNA polymerase of macrophages derived from peritoneal exudate. The RNA polymerase activity was tested after the solubilization and chromatographic resolution of the three types of polymerases with exogenous template. The results obtained indicated that the immunization enhances the levels of polymerase I and III 10 fold while the level of polymerase II increased 5 fold."}
{"id": "PMID:942255", "title": "Enzyme inhibition in human skin homogenates by hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate and hydrotisone butyrate.", "content": "In fresh human skin homogenates, the activities of four enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), \"acid\" phosphatase (AcP), and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" (LAP) were assayed following an incubation with hydrocortisone, hydrocotisone acetate, or hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, respectively. Concentration of the three compounds measured 2.75 mMol/l. Hydrocortison butyrate inhibited LDH-G-6-PDH-, and AcP-activities. Hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone acetate exerted a significant inhibitory action only in the case of G-6-PDH-activity.--On pure G-6-PDH from yeast, the inhibition exerted by hydrocortisone butyrate was significantly stronger than the inhibition exerted by the two other steroids. Time/action diagrams revealed the fact that hydrocortisone butyrate is superior to the other two compounds from the beginning of the incubation period.--The date sustain the assumption that hydrocortisone butyrate exerts biochemical-pharmacological actions of its own and that it may not be considered just as an esterified transport form of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Enzyme inhibition in human skin homogenates by hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate and hydrotisone butyrate. In fresh human skin homogenates, the activities of four enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), \"acid\" phosphatase (AcP), and \"leucine aminopeptidase\" (LAP) were assayed following an incubation with hydrocortisone, hydrocotisone acetate, or hydrocortisone-17-butyrate, respectively. Concentration of the three compounds measured 2.75 mMol/l. Hydrocortison butyrate inhibited LDH-G-6-PDH-, and AcP-activities. Hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone acetate exerted a significant inhibitory action only in the case of G-6-PDH-activity.--On pure G-6-PDH from yeast, the inhibition exerted by hydrocortisone butyrate was significantly stronger than the inhibition exerted by the two other steroids. Time/action diagrams revealed the fact that hydrocortisone butyrate is superior to the other two compounds from the beginning of the incubation period.--The date sustain the assumption that hydrocortisone butyrate exerts biochemical-pharmacological actions of its own and that it may not be considered just as an esterified transport form of hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:942256", "title": "Ultrastructure of inborm errors of keratinization. VII. Porokeratosis Mibelli and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis.", "content": "The cornoid lamella and the underlying epidermis were studied by electron microscopy on specimens biopsied from 2 patients with porokeratosis Mibelli and 1 patient with actinic porokeratosis. Findings on the two types of porokeratoses are essentially the same. The cornoid lamella was composed chiefly of extremely irregular dark cells and a few numbers of dyskeratotic cells. Both cells retained a nuclear remnant and many other degraded organelles. The epidermal cells just beneath the cornoid lamella simultaneously demonstrated productive and degenerative signs. Some of these epidermal cells underwent dyskeratosis and appeared as corps ronds-like bodies in the granular layer. Two contradictory phenomena should be attributed to the pathogenesis of cornoid lamella. In the cornoid lamella above the sweat pore microvilli-structures were found.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of inborm errors of keratinization. VII. Porokeratosis Mibelli and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. The cornoid lamella and the underlying epidermis were studied by electron microscopy on specimens biopsied from 2 patients with porokeratosis Mibelli and 1 patient with actinic porokeratosis. Findings on the two types of porokeratoses are essentially the same. The cornoid lamella was composed chiefly of extremely irregular dark cells and a few numbers of dyskeratotic cells. Both cells retained a nuclear remnant and many other degraded organelles. The epidermal cells just beneath the cornoid lamella simultaneously demonstrated productive and degenerative signs. Some of these epidermal cells underwent dyskeratosis and appeared as corps ronds-like bodies in the granular layer. Two contradictory phenomena should be attributed to the pathogenesis of cornoid lamella. In the cornoid lamella above the sweat pore microvilli-structures were found."}
{"id": "PMID:942257", "title": "Ultrastructural studies in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. II. Dominant dystrophic type of Cockayne and Touraine.", "content": "Ultrastructural examination was performed in 9 biopsy specimens from 4 patients with the Cockayne-Touraine type of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica dominans. The specimens were taken from: 1. clinically normal skin from the blister-nonpredilected sites (trunk) as well as 2. atrophic, 3. intact, and 4. experimentally frictioned skin regions from the blister-predilected sites (extremities). In the frictioned skin a dermolytic blister formations was observed. Development of anchoring fibrils showed a marked regional difference, the counts of fibrils being significantly lower (40%) in the predilection sites than in the nonpredilection sites. In addition the anchoring fibrils showed a variable degree of abnormal structure. The low frequency of often abnormally structured anchoring fibrils in the blister-preferred sites provides a good explanation for the clinical features. More studies are needed to see if regional differences in fibril frequency is a feature also of normal skin, in which case the dominant epidermolysis gene may represent a mutated structural anchoring fibril gene.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. II. Dominant dystrophic type of Cockayne and Touraine. Ultrastructural examination was performed in 9 biopsy specimens from 4 patients with the Cockayne-Touraine type of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica dominans. The specimens were taken from: 1. clinically normal skin from the blister-nonpredilected sites (trunk) as well as 2. atrophic, 3. intact, and 4. experimentally frictioned skin regions from the blister-predilected sites (extremities). In the frictioned skin a dermolytic blister formations was observed. Development of anchoring fibrils showed a marked regional difference, the counts of fibrils being significantly lower (40%) in the predilection sites than in the nonpredilection sites. In addition the anchoring fibrils showed a variable degree of abnormal structure. The low frequency of often abnormally structured anchoring fibrils in the blister-preferred sites provides a good explanation for the clinical features. More studies are needed to see if regional differences in fibril frequency is a feature also of normal skin, in which case the dominant epidermolysis gene may represent a mutated structural anchoring fibril gene."}
{"id": "PMID:942258", "title": "[Cytokinetics of epidermal and dermal cells in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytokinetics of epidermal and dermal cells was examined in 16 patients with subacute or chronic allergic contact dermatitis and 11 with atopic dermatitis. In allergic contact dermatitis a H3-thymidine-labelling index (H3-1) of 4.55 +/- 2.4% was found in the epidermis and of 0.7 +/- 0.44% in the dermal infiltrate. In comparsion, in atopic dermatitis the values were 5.5 +/- 2.31% in the epidermis and 0.93 +/- 0.72% in the dermis. The DNA-synthesis-time (ts) was lengthened slightly with 11.4 +/- 2.4 h in allergic contact dermatitis and 11.75 +/- 3.68 h in atopic dermatitis. In comparsion with normal skin, the cell-cycle-time (tc) was slightly shortened in allergic contact dermatitis (244 +/- 110 h) and in atopic dermatitis (233 +/- 83 h). There was no significant difference between both types of dermatitis regarding cytokinetics.", "contents": "[Cytokinetics of epidermal and dermal cells in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (author's transl)]. The cytokinetics of epidermal and dermal cells was examined in 16 patients with subacute or chronic allergic contact dermatitis and 11 with atopic dermatitis. In allergic contact dermatitis a H3-thymidine-labelling index (H3-1) of 4.55 +/- 2.4% was found in the epidermis and of 0.7 +/- 0.44% in the dermal infiltrate. In comparsion, in atopic dermatitis the values were 5.5 +/- 2.31% in the epidermis and 0.93 +/- 0.72% in the dermis. The DNA-synthesis-time (ts) was lengthened slightly with 11.4 +/- 2.4 h in allergic contact dermatitis and 11.75 +/- 3.68 h in atopic dermatitis. In comparsion with normal skin, the cell-cycle-time (tc) was slightly shortened in allergic contact dermatitis (244 +/- 110 h) and in atopic dermatitis (233 +/- 83 h). There was no significant difference between both types of dermatitis regarding cytokinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:942259", "title": "[Electron microscopic investigation of the leishmaniasis cutanea. I. Leishmania tropica in the tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "On two patients suffering from Leishmaniasis cutanea from the old world florid and later a residual lesion could be removed for electron-mircroscopic examination, and the following was found: 1. A pseudocarcinomatous follicular epidermal proliferation in the florid lesion. 2. Macrophages with one to three Leishmania cells can be proved in histiocytes nests. The parasites are not always clearly surrounded by host cell membrane. 3. The endocellular Leishmania cells have a ciliary system which is open on the outside. It is, therefore, correct to speak of a cryptomastigotic shape of the flagellum. The kinetoplast shows direct transition to mitochondria. The number of periplast fibrillae or tubuli amounted to 95-97 which is less than in other types of Leishmania. Yet no further morphological distinctive feature between Leishmania tropica and the other types is discernible when a comparison with the pertinent literature is made. 4. No parasites to be considered virulent were found now in the late residual focus of previously secured cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The macrophages, on the other hand, contained big vacuoles with lamellar residual substances. These are regarded as rests of the parasites.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic investigation of the leishmaniasis cutanea. I. Leishmania tropica in the tissue (author's transl)]. On two patients suffering from Leishmaniasis cutanea from the old world florid and later a residual lesion could be removed for electron-mircroscopic examination, and the following was found: 1. A pseudocarcinomatous follicular epidermal proliferation in the florid lesion. 2. Macrophages with one to three Leishmania cells can be proved in histiocytes nests. The parasites are not always clearly surrounded by host cell membrane. 3. The endocellular Leishmania cells have a ciliary system which is open on the outside. It is, therefore, correct to speak of a cryptomastigotic shape of the flagellum. The kinetoplast shows direct transition to mitochondria. The number of periplast fibrillae or tubuli amounted to 95-97 which is less than in other types of Leishmania. Yet no further morphological distinctive feature between Leishmania tropica and the other types is discernible when a comparison with the pertinent literature is made. 4. No parasites to be considered virulent were found now in the late residual focus of previously secured cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The macrophages, on the other hand, contained big vacuoles with lamellar residual substances. These are regarded as rests of the parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:942260", "title": "[Letter: Porphyria cutanea tarda: normalization of porphyrin-excretion following treatment with p-amino-benzoic acid (Potaba) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were treated with p-amino-benzoic acid (Potaba) (3x4g/day). Normalization of porphyrin-excretion was observed after three respectively 45 days of treatment. Furthermore no influence of the excretion of porphyrin precursors (porphobilinogen or delta-amino-levulinic acid) were noticed. Also, no side effects of this treatment were found.", "contents": "[Letter: Porphyria cutanea tarda: normalization of porphyrin-excretion following treatment with p-amino-benzoic acid (Potaba) (author's transl)]. Two patients with porphyria cutanea tarda were treated with p-amino-benzoic acid (Potaba) (3x4g/day). Normalization of porphyrin-excretion was observed after three respectively 45 days of treatment. Furthermore no influence of the excretion of porphyrin precursors (porphobilinogen or delta-amino-levulinic acid) were noticed. Also, no side effects of this treatment were found."}
{"id": "PMID:942261", "title": "Studies of respiratory morbidity in rubber workers. Part IV. Respiratory morbidity in talc workers.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and respiratory questionnaires were administered to eighty talc workers and 189 non-exposed rubber workers from three rubber tire manufacturing plants. The talc workers, who were exposed to talc at levels below the current threshold limit value (TLV) of 20 mppcf for nonfibrous talc, had a statistically significantly greater prevalence of productive cough and of positive criteria for chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) than did the control workers. The talc workers with more than 10 years of exposure had significantly decreased residual FEV 1.0. Multiple regression analysis of FEV 1.0 in the talc workers estimated that each year of exposure to talc dust reduced the FEV 1.0 by 26 ml. Talc workers had a clear increase in respiratory morbidity, despite the absence of chest roentgenographic changes. Based on this study, a safe exposure level for talc appears to be 25 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average.", "contents": "Studies of respiratory morbidity in rubber workers. Part IV. Respiratory morbidity in talc workers. Pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and respiratory questionnaires were administered to eighty talc workers and 189 non-exposed rubber workers from three rubber tire manufacturing plants. The talc workers, who were exposed to talc at levels below the current threshold limit value (TLV) of 20 mppcf for nonfibrous talc, had a statistically significantly greater prevalence of productive cough and of positive criteria for chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) than did the control workers. The talc workers with more than 10 years of exposure had significantly decreased residual FEV 1.0. Multiple regression analysis of FEV 1.0 in the talc workers estimated that each year of exposure to talc dust reduced the FEV 1.0 by 26 ml. Talc workers had a clear increase in respiratory morbidity, despite the absence of chest roentgenographic changes. Based on this study, a safe exposure level for talc appears to be 25 mg/m3 as a time-weighted average."}
{"id": "PMID:942266", "title": "Post-mortem study of the hip joint. II. Histological basis for limited and progressive cartilage alterations.", "content": "This histological study is based on a macroscopical study of post-mortem hip joints (Byers, Contepomi, and Farkas, 1970) in which two categories of articular cartilage alterations, in addition to osteophytes, were described. One category consisted of 'limited' alterations which occurred frequently, had several subcategories, and rarely led to joint deformity. The other consisted of progressive alterations which caused bone exposure and joint deformity. Histological sections from both groups, including all the subcategories of the first, were studied. Initially the mechanisms that destroy cartilage were determined, and then their prevalence was assessed. Six mechanisms were found, all occurring in the group of limited alterations with varying prevalence and in varying combinations. Only one, fibrillation, occurred in the progressive group.", "contents": "Post-mortem study of the hip joint. II. Histological basis for limited and progressive cartilage alterations. This histological study is based on a macroscopical study of post-mortem hip joints (Byers, Contepomi, and Farkas, 1970) in which two categories of articular cartilage alterations, in addition to osteophytes, were described. One category consisted of 'limited' alterations which occurred frequently, had several subcategories, and rarely led to joint deformity. The other consisted of progressive alterations which caused bone exposure and joint deformity. Histological sections from both groups, including all the subcategories of the first, were studied. Initially the mechanisms that destroy cartilage were determined, and then their prevalence was assessed. Six mechanisms were found, all occurring in the group of limited alterations with varying prevalence and in varying combinations. Only one, fibrillation, occurred in the progressive group."}
{"id": "PMID:942262", "title": "Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Part I. Effect of ozone on the autoxidation of neat methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate.", "content": "Neat samples of polyunsaturated fatty acids were exposed to ozone in air in a flow system, and the formation of peroxides, conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive material was followed as a function of time. The effect of ozone is to shorten the induction period normally observed in autoxidation studies, but the ozone, at the concentrations used here (0-1.5 ppm), appears to have no effect on the rates of product formation after the induction period. During the induction period, increasing ozone concentrations give rise to substantially increased rates of peroxide (or materials which titrate like peroxide) formation, a slightly increased rate of conjugated diene formation, and no significant increase in the rate of production of TBA-reactive material. Vitamin E lengthens the induction period but appears to have no other effect. Some of these data are in conflict with earlier reports of Menzel et al.", "contents": "Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Part I. Effect of ozone on the autoxidation of neat methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. Neat samples of polyunsaturated fatty acids were exposed to ozone in air in a flow system, and the formation of peroxides, conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive material was followed as a function of time. The effect of ozone is to shorten the induction period normally observed in autoxidation studies, but the ozone, at the concentrations used here (0-1.5 ppm), appears to have no effect on the rates of product formation after the induction period. During the induction period, increasing ozone concentrations give rise to substantially increased rates of peroxide (or materials which titrate like peroxide) formation, a slightly increased rate of conjugated diene formation, and no significant increase in the rate of production of TBA-reactive material. Vitamin E lengthens the induction period but appears to have no other effect. Some of these data are in conflict with earlier reports of Menzel et al."}
{"id": "PMID:942267", "title": "Post-mortem study of the hip joint. III. Correlations between observations.", "content": "Correlations between alterations in hip joints, described in a post-mortem study, have established the independence of limited and progressive alterations, and in addition have shown that there is a weak association between limited alterations and osteophytes and a strong one between progressive alterations and osteophytes. Nevertheless limited alterations may rarely undergo progressive damage. Cysts relate strongly to osteophytes but only moderately with progressive alterations. Limited alterations of both head and acetabulum can be subdivided. Some implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Post-mortem study of the hip joint. III. Correlations between observations. Correlations between alterations in hip joints, described in a post-mortem study, have established the independence of limited and progressive alterations, and in addition have shown that there is a weak association between limited alterations and osteophytes and a strong one between progressive alterations and osteophytes. Nevertheless limited alterations may rarely undergo progressive damage. Cysts relate strongly to osteophytes but only moderately with progressive alterations. Limited alterations of both head and acetabulum can be subdivided. Some implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942263", "title": "delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in low level lead exposure.", "content": "No statistically significant correlation was observed between log delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and blood lead levels (Pb-B) in rural or urban habitants (p greater than .5 and P greater than .1, respectively) in whom no occupational source of lead was known. However, when the values the the two groups were pooled, there was a fairly good negative correlation (r = 0.509, P less than .01). Stepwise correlation coefficient analysis indicated the existance of a threshold value of Pb-B (around 15 mug/100 ml) below which ALAD activity had nor orderly relationship with the Pb-B. In contrast with married couples, parents and their children showed a remarkably high interrelationship in values of ALAD. It is concluded that in low level lead exposure primarily genetic factors influence the activity of ALAD and, thus ALAD is useful for the evaluation of lead exposure only when the lead level is higher than the threshold.", "contents": "delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in low level lead exposure. No statistically significant correlation was observed between log delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and blood lead levels (Pb-B) in rural or urban habitants (p greater than .5 and P greater than .1, respectively) in whom no occupational source of lead was known. However, when the values the the two groups were pooled, there was a fairly good negative correlation (r = 0.509, P less than .01). Stepwise correlation coefficient analysis indicated the existance of a threshold value of Pb-B (around 15 mug/100 ml) below which ALAD activity had nor orderly relationship with the Pb-B. In contrast with married couples, parents and their children showed a remarkably high interrelationship in values of ALAD. It is concluded that in low level lead exposure primarily genetic factors influence the activity of ALAD and, thus ALAD is useful for the evaluation of lead exposure only when the lead level is higher than the threshold."}
{"id": "PMID:942268", "title": "Vertebral end-plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes) in the dorsolumbar spine.", "content": "The distribution of end-plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes) and their relationship to bone density and disc degeneration have been studied in 50 post-mortem spines below D9 in subjects aged 13-96 years. Lesions were present in 76% of cases with a predominance in males. They were found more frequently in the lower than in the upper vertebral end-plate. They were also more common and more severe in the dorsolumbar (D10-L1) region than in the lower lumbar (L2-L5 region). In adults they were unrelated to age and bone density. Lesions were significantly related to disc degeneration in the D10-L1 region but not in the L2-L5 region. It is suggested that end-plate lesions arising in adolescence (or before) may predispose the dorsolumbar spine to disc degeneration in later life.", "contents": "Vertebral end-plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes) in the dorsolumbar spine. The distribution of end-plate lesions (Schmorl's nodes) and their relationship to bone density and disc degeneration have been studied in 50 post-mortem spines below D9 in subjects aged 13-96 years. Lesions were present in 76% of cases with a predominance in males. They were found more frequently in the lower than in the upper vertebral end-plate. They were also more common and more severe in the dorsolumbar (D10-L1) region than in the lower lumbar (L2-L5 region). In adults they were unrelated to age and bone density. Lesions were significantly related to disc degeneration in the D10-L1 region but not in the L2-L5 region. It is suggested that end-plate lesions arising in adolescence (or before) may predispose the dorsolumbar spine to disc degeneration in later life."}
{"id": "PMID:942264", "title": "Antagonistic effect in vivo of zinc on inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead.", "content": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of heme, in which it catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of delta-aminolevulinic acid to one molecule of porphobilinogen. It is a sulfhydryl enzyme, which means, among other things, that its activity is inhibited by many heavy metals. In the present investigation rabbits were given either zinc or lead or both. Zinc had a strong activating effect on ALAD in vivo, and the inhibitory effect of lead was almost completely eliminated. A close positive correlation was found between ALAD in the red blood cells and zinc in the plasma, but there was no correlation between ALAD and zinc in the red blood cells. These observations are of particular interest in the light of recent findings, suggesting that zinc is an essential metal for ALAD.", "contents": "Antagonistic effect in vivo of zinc on inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of heme, in which it catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of delta-aminolevulinic acid to one molecule of porphobilinogen. It is a sulfhydryl enzyme, which means, among other things, that its activity is inhibited by many heavy metals. In the present investigation rabbits were given either zinc or lead or both. Zinc had a strong activating effect on ALAD in vivo, and the inhibitory effect of lead was almost completely eliminated. A close positive correlation was found between ALAD in the red blood cells and zinc in the plasma, but there was no correlation between ALAD and zinc in the red blood cells. These observations are of particular interest in the light of recent findings, suggesting that zinc is an essential metal for ALAD."}
{"id": "PMID:942269", "title": "Thrombocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Of 75 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 39 had a thrombocytosis and 36 normal platelet count. A highly significant relationship existed between the platelet count and disease severity and an inverse correlation with level of haemoglobin. An association appeared to exist between thrombocytosis and extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid disease. By 75Selenomethionine labelling platelet and fibrinogen survival and turnover were determined. In 3 rheumatoid patients with thrombocytosis platelet survival was decreased and turnover increased. In these and a further rheumatoid patient with a normal platelet count there was reduced fibrinogen survival and increased fibrinogen turnover, and in addition excess fibrin degradation products were detected. The results suggest that thrombocytosis accompanies the more severe cases of rheumatoid disease and is due to a compensatory increase in platelet production associated with active intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Thrombocytosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Of 75 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 39 had a thrombocytosis and 36 normal platelet count. A highly significant relationship existed between the platelet count and disease severity and an inverse correlation with level of haemoglobin. An association appeared to exist between thrombocytosis and extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid disease. By 75Selenomethionine labelling platelet and fibrinogen survival and turnover were determined. In 3 rheumatoid patients with thrombocytosis platelet survival was decreased and turnover increased. In these and a further rheumatoid patient with a normal platelet count there was reduced fibrinogen survival and increased fibrinogen turnover, and in addition excess fibrin degradation products were detected. The results suggest that thrombocytosis accompanies the more severe cases of rheumatoid disease and is due to a compensatory increase in platelet production associated with active intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:942265", "title": "Delayed appearance of tracer lead in facial hair.", "content": "Three adult men were fed 204 Pb - a rare, stable isotope of lead - daily for about 100 days. Simultaneous blood and facial hair measurements of this tracer and of total lead concentrations were made by mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. Although the blood showed an immediate response to the intake of the tracer, the facial hair showed a more gradual response and a delay of approximately 35 days. Since the pattern of appearance of lead in hair does not appear to represent a simple time delay of blood lead concentration, the existence of a physiological pool of lead fed by the blood and giving rise to the content in hair is suggested. Hair lead values should, therefore, be interpreted as the integral of the blood lead values over the mean life of this intermediate pool - about 100 days.", "contents": "Delayed appearance of tracer lead in facial hair. Three adult men were fed 204 Pb - a rare, stable isotope of lead - daily for about 100 days. Simultaneous blood and facial hair measurements of this tracer and of total lead concentrations were made by mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. Although the blood showed an immediate response to the intake of the tracer, the facial hair showed a more gradual response and a delay of approximately 35 days. Since the pattern of appearance of lead in hair does not appear to represent a simple time delay of blood lead concentration, the existence of a physiological pool of lead fed by the blood and giving rise to the content in hair is suggested. Hair lead values should, therefore, be interpreted as the integral of the blood lead values over the mean life of this intermediate pool - about 100 days."}
{"id": "PMID:942270", "title": "Absence of chromosome damage in human lymphocytes exposed to allopurinol and oxipurinol.", "content": "The biochemical evidence against incorporation of the purine analogues, allopurinol and oxipurinol, into nucleic acids is reviewed. Cytological experiments have been carried out to investigate the possibility that chromosomal damage might result from exposure of human lymphocytes to these drugs. Lymphocytes from 19 patients receiving allopurinol and one receiving oxipurinol were examined for the presence of chromatid aberrations during metaphase, and lymphocytes from untreated subjects were similarly studied during in vitro exposure to the drugs. The low frequency of aberrations observed was well within normal limits, and it is concluded that allopurinol and oxipurinol have no deleterious effects on chromosome structure.", "contents": "Absence of chromosome damage in human lymphocytes exposed to allopurinol and oxipurinol. The biochemical evidence against incorporation of the purine analogues, allopurinol and oxipurinol, into nucleic acids is reviewed. Cytological experiments have been carried out to investigate the possibility that chromosomal damage might result from exposure of human lymphocytes to these drugs. Lymphocytes from 19 patients receiving allopurinol and one receiving oxipurinol were examined for the presence of chromatid aberrations during metaphase, and lymphocytes from untreated subjects were similarly studied during in vitro exposure to the drugs. The low frequency of aberrations observed was well within normal limits, and it is concluded that allopurinol and oxipurinol have no deleterious effects on chromosome structure."}
{"id": "PMID:942271", "title": "Immunological reactivity in ankylosing spondylitis. Circulating immunoblasts, autoantibodies, and immunoglobulins.", "content": "Circulating immunoblasts were studied in 39 cases of ankylosing spondylitis. The results were compared with 20 normal subjects and a group of 39 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Immunoblasts were found to be increased in 11 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in contrast to the controls who were found to have a normal lymphoid cell population in the peripheral blood. Fifteen patients showed raised levels of one or more class of immunoglobulin. Autoantibodies, including antinuclear factors, were negative in all cases. There was a correlation between raised immunoblasts and plasma viscosity but not with clinical assessment of activity. The increase of immunoblasts in the peripheral blood, together with the raised immunoglobulins supports the suggestion of an immunological basis for ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Immunological reactivity in ankylosing spondylitis. Circulating immunoblasts, autoantibodies, and immunoglobulins. Circulating immunoblasts were studied in 39 cases of ankylosing spondylitis. The results were compared with 20 normal subjects and a group of 39 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Immunoblasts were found to be increased in 11 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in contrast to the controls who were found to have a normal lymphoid cell population in the peripheral blood. Fifteen patients showed raised levels of one or more class of immunoglobulin. Autoantibodies, including antinuclear factors, were negative in all cases. There was a correlation between raised immunoblasts and plasma viscosity but not with clinical assessment of activity. The increase of immunoblasts in the peripheral blood, together with the raised immunoglobulins supports the suggestion of an immunological basis for ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:942272", "title": "Circulating immunoblasts in polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "The percentage of immunoblasts circulating in the peripheral blood has been examined in a group of 29 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Less than 0.5% of immunoblasts were found in healthy young controls, but 18 of 29 unselected patients with PMR were positive when first tested, a similar proportion to that found in rheumatoid arthritis. Raised immunoblasts were found in only one of 12 elderly controls. The presence of circulating immunoblasts correlated with the activity of polymyalgia both as assessed by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and as assessed by an independent clinical observer. This was true in the group overall and in those patients where serial studies were made. Patients studied from the time of disease presentation showed a concurrent fall in ESR and in immunoblasts on starting steroid therapy. Detection of circulating immunoblasts can be a useful additional test in the assessment of disease activity in PMR, especially in cases with a low ESR. The presence of circulating immunoblasts supports the concept of an immunological aetiology for PMR. This is strengthened by the finding that raised immunoglobulins were more common in patients with circulating immunoblasts.", "contents": "Circulating immunoblasts in polymyalgia rheumatica. The percentage of immunoblasts circulating in the peripheral blood has been examined in a group of 29 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Less than 0.5% of immunoblasts were found in healthy young controls, but 18 of 29 unselected patients with PMR were positive when first tested, a similar proportion to that found in rheumatoid arthritis. Raised immunoblasts were found in only one of 12 elderly controls. The presence of circulating immunoblasts correlated with the activity of polymyalgia both as assessed by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and as assessed by an independent clinical observer. This was true in the group overall and in those patients where serial studies were made. Patients studied from the time of disease presentation showed a concurrent fall in ESR and in immunoblasts on starting steroid therapy. Detection of circulating immunoblasts can be a useful additional test in the assessment of disease activity in PMR, especially in cases with a low ESR. The presence of circulating immunoblasts supports the concept of an immunological aetiology for PMR. This is strengthened by the finding that raised immunoglobulins were more common in patients with circulating immunoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:942273", "title": "Assessment of rheumatoid activity based on clinical features and blood and synovial fluid analysis.", "content": "Joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis has been assessed, and the most useful guides to disease activity were determined by analysis of synovial fluid and blood together with the history of joint disability. The patient's own evaluation of the amount of pain suffered was the most useful clinical assessment. Differential cell count and glucose estimations were the most helpful guides in the synovial fluid, while C-reactive protein in the serum most accurately reflected disease activity. The effects of systemic steroids on these indices were studied, and the differences between seronegative and seropositive patients noted.", "contents": "Assessment of rheumatoid activity based on clinical features and blood and synovial fluid analysis. Joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis has been assessed, and the most useful guides to disease activity were determined by analysis of synovial fluid and blood together with the history of joint disability. The patient's own evaluation of the amount of pain suffered was the most useful clinical assessment. Differential cell count and glucose estimations were the most helpful guides in the synovial fluid, while C-reactive protein in the serum most accurately reflected disease activity. The effects of systemic steroids on these indices were studied, and the differences between seronegative and seropositive patients noted."}
{"id": "PMID:942274", "title": "Radiographic stereoplotting. A new technique and its application to the study of the spine.", "content": "Radiographic stereoplotting is a method for taking three-dimensional measurements from a pair of x-ray films. The x-ray technique is described, as is the stereoplotter. Using this machine it is possible to locate any point within the patient and measure the distance between that point and any other point. From this information it is possible to compute areas, volumes, and angles with great accuracy, which hitherto has been impossible using noninvasive techniques. It is planned to take measurements of the spinal canal in normal backs and in patients with nonspecific back pain, in order to try to define some of these syndromes on a structural basis. It is likely that stereoplotting has some useful application in most branches of clinical medicine, since the x-ray technology is available in any diagnostic x-ray department.", "contents": "Radiographic stereoplotting. A new technique and its application to the study of the spine. Radiographic stereoplotting is a method for taking three-dimensional measurements from a pair of x-ray films. The x-ray technique is described, as is the stereoplotter. Using this machine it is possible to locate any point within the patient and measure the distance between that point and any other point. From this information it is possible to compute areas, volumes, and angles with great accuracy, which hitherto has been impossible using noninvasive techniques. It is planned to take measurements of the spinal canal in normal backs and in patients with nonspecific back pain, in order to try to define some of these syndromes on a structural basis. It is likely that stereoplotting has some useful application in most branches of clinical medicine, since the x-ray technology is available in any diagnostic x-ray department."}
{"id": "PMID:942275", "title": "Serum pyridoxal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism have been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it has been suggested that these abnormalities are the result of disordered vitamin B6 metabolism. Fasting serum pyridoxal, assayed by an automated microbiological system, was found to be below normal in 35 out of 42 patients with RA while a similar abnormality was found in 8 out of 35 patients with osteoarthrosis (OA). Within the RA group the abnormality could not be related to the age, sex, or drug therapy of individuals but of the 8 patients with OA and a low serum pyridoxal, 7 were receiving indomethacin either alone or in conjunction with aspirin.", "contents": "Serum pyridoxal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism have been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it has been suggested that these abnormalities are the result of disordered vitamin B6 metabolism. Fasting serum pyridoxal, assayed by an automated microbiological system, was found to be below normal in 35 out of 42 patients with RA while a similar abnormality was found in 8 out of 35 patients with osteoarthrosis (OA). Within the RA group the abnormality could not be related to the age, sex, or drug therapy of individuals but of the 8 patients with OA and a low serum pyridoxal, 7 were receiving indomethacin either alone or in conjunction with aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:942276", "title": "Clinicopathological study of a patient with procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient who developed a multisystem involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after 9 years of procainamide therapy, during which time he ingested enormous amounts of the drug, is described. The patient first suffered from recurrent episodes of pleuritis and arthritis, after which he developed a characteristic SLE nephritis associated with a high level of antinative DNA antibodies and a low level of complement. He finally died from a complication of a nonbacterial endocarditis. Autopsy showed polyserositis and typical deposits of electron-dense material on the glomerular basement membrane, and confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. The possibility that procainamide-induced SLE might have all the clinical, immunological, and pathological features of spontaneous SLE, especially in patients exposed to large doses of the drug for many years, is discussed.", "contents": "Clinicopathological study of a patient with procainamide-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient who developed a multisystem involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) after 9 years of procainamide therapy, during which time he ingested enormous amounts of the drug, is described. The patient first suffered from recurrent episodes of pleuritis and arthritis, after which he developed a characteristic SLE nephritis associated with a high level of antinative DNA antibodies and a low level of complement. He finally died from a complication of a nonbacterial endocarditis. Autopsy showed polyserositis and typical deposits of electron-dense material on the glomerular basement membrane, and confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Libman-Sacks endocarditis. The possibility that procainamide-induced SLE might have all the clinical, immunological, and pathological features of spontaneous SLE, especially in patients exposed to large doses of the drug for many years, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942278", "title": "Experimental arthritis of rabbits caused by intra-articular injection of autologous Fab2 produced by digestion of IgG with cathepsin D.", "content": "Intra-articularly injected autologous Fab2 produced from IgG by homologous cathepsin D induces in animals not given prior  immunization acute synovitis after 1 and 3 injections, acute synovitis after 6 injections, and chronic synovitis after 12 injections. Histologically, the chronic synovitis is similar to synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the joint, cathepsin D Fab2 appears to act as a fairly strong antigen. Evidence for this is provided by the infiltration of large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the marked phagocytic activity of the exudate leucocytes and tissue phagocytes, and the stimulation of the synthesis of specific antibodies (homoreactants) in the synovial plasma cells. The immediate action of injected Fab2 suggests that it forms biologically active immune complexes with homoreactants already present. These complexes are phagocytosed, the homoreactants being demonstrable immunohistochemically in inclusions of the exudate and tissue phagocytes. In addition, the local synthesis of antigammaglobulins of rheumatoid factor type is also induced. These react with heat-aggregated homologous as well as human IgG and are likewise found in inclusions in the exudate and tissue phagocytes. In the serum of the animals the titre of rheumatoid factor-like antigammaglobulins increases to an extent depending on the number of injections given. These histochemical and serological findings show striking parallels with the findings in human RA.", "contents": "Experimental arthritis of rabbits caused by intra-articular injection of autologous Fab2 produced by digestion of IgG with cathepsin D. Intra-articularly injected autologous Fab2 produced from IgG by homologous cathepsin D induces in animals not given prior  immunization acute synovitis after 1 and 3 injections, acute synovitis after 6 injections, and chronic synovitis after 12 injections. Histologically, the chronic synovitis is similar to synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the joint, cathepsin D Fab2 appears to act as a fairly strong antigen. Evidence for this is provided by the infiltration of large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, the marked phagocytic activity of the exudate leucocytes and tissue phagocytes, and the stimulation of the synthesis of specific antibodies (homoreactants) in the synovial plasma cells. The immediate action of injected Fab2 suggests that it forms biologically active immune complexes with homoreactants already present. These complexes are phagocytosed, the homoreactants being demonstrable immunohistochemically in inclusions of the exudate and tissue phagocytes. In addition, the local synthesis of antigammaglobulins of rheumatoid factor type is also induced. These react with heat-aggregated homologous as well as human IgG and are likewise found in inclusions in the exudate and tissue phagocytes. In the serum of the animals the titre of rheumatoid factor-like antigammaglobulins increases to an extent depending on the number of injections given. These histochemical and serological findings show striking parallels with the findings in human RA."}
{"id": "PMID:942279", "title": "Cyclic condensed metaphosphates and linear polyphosphates in brown and red algae.", "content": "The occurrence of linear condensed polyphosphates and cyclic condensed metaphosphates was studied by means of pulse-labeling with 32P-orthophosphate (3--5h) in a number of Phaeophyceae species: Pylaiella litoralis, Ilea fascia, Ectocarpus siliculosus and also Rhodophyceae species: Ceramiumdeslongchampsii, C. rubrum, Rhodomela confervoides, Porphyridium purpureum and P. aerugineum. Two-dimensional cellulose thin layer chromatography revealed that in all species studied 32P-radioactivity was generally present in all oligopolyphosphates containing 2 to 7 phosphate residues, in cyclic metaphosphates (tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexametaphosphates) and in high-molecular-weight condensed phosphates which remained at the starting point. Among the low-molecular-weight condensed inorganic phosphates the trimetaphosphate had a significantly higher specific activity than the other oligophosphates which were separated on the chromatography plates as measured by the direct scanning with a Geiger-Muller counter. The phosphate uptake strongly depends on the internal pool of reserve phosphates of the algae cells. The 32P-orthophosphate incorporation of the cells is low and sluggish when growning in a synthetic medium or in sea water. Accordingly 32P appeared preferentially in the low-molecular-weight fractions of condensed phosphates since the storage phosphates were not yet used. After previous incubation in a P-free culture medium of the algae the 32P was rather rapidly incorporated and was found mostly in the high-molecular-weight condensed phosphates. During MAK-chromatography the high-molecular-weight fractions were eluted together with the nucleic acids (tRNA and DNA) while most of the low-molecular-weight fractions left the column immediately on elution.", "contents": "Cyclic condensed metaphosphates and linear polyphosphates in brown and red algae. The occurrence of linear condensed polyphosphates and cyclic condensed metaphosphates was studied by means of pulse-labeling with 32P-orthophosphate (3--5h) in a number of Phaeophyceae species: Pylaiella litoralis, Ilea fascia, Ectocarpus siliculosus and also Rhodophyceae species: Ceramiumdeslongchampsii, C. rubrum, Rhodomela confervoides, Porphyridium purpureum and P. aerugineum. Two-dimensional cellulose thin layer chromatography revealed that in all species studied 32P-radioactivity was generally present in all oligopolyphosphates containing 2 to 7 phosphate residues, in cyclic metaphosphates (tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexametaphosphates) and in high-molecular-weight condensed phosphates which remained at the starting point. Among the low-molecular-weight condensed inorganic phosphates the trimetaphosphate had a significantly higher specific activity than the other oligophosphates which were separated on the chromatography plates as measured by the direct scanning with a Geiger-Muller counter. The phosphate uptake strongly depends on the internal pool of reserve phosphates of the algae cells. The 32P-orthophosphate incorporation of the cells is low and sluggish when growning in a synthetic medium or in sea water. Accordingly 32P appeared preferentially in the low-molecular-weight fractions of condensed phosphates since the storage phosphates were not yet used. After previous incubation in a P-free culture medium of the algae the 32P was rather rapidly incorporated and was found mostly in the high-molecular-weight condensed phosphates. During MAK-chromatography the high-molecular-weight fractions were eluted together with the nucleic acids (tRNA and DNA) while most of the low-molecular-weight fractions left the column immediately on elution."}
{"id": "PMID:942280", "title": "The capacity of phototrophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina for chemosynthesis.", "content": "Purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS requiring vitamin B12 may grow in the dark in media containing no other organic compounds. Under such conditions the cells oxidize sulfide and thiosulfate with the use of O2 and assimilate carbon dioxide. After 10--30s assimilation of NaH14CO3 about 60% of radioactivity is found in phosphorylated compounds characteristic for the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. The possibility of the function of this cycle in the dark in the presence of O2 is confirmed by the capacity of cells grown under such conditions to synthesize ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. All this evidence suggests the ability of T. roseopersicina to change from phototrophy to aerobic chemolithoautotrophy.", "contents": "The capacity of phototrophic sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina for chemosynthesis. Purple sulfur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain BBS requiring vitamin B12 may grow in the dark in media containing no other organic compounds. Under such conditions the cells oxidize sulfide and thiosulfate with the use of O2 and assimilate carbon dioxide. After 10--30s assimilation of NaH14CO3 about 60% of radioactivity is found in phosphorylated compounds characteristic for the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. The possibility of the function of this cycle in the dark in the presence of O2 is confirmed by the capacity of cells grown under such conditions to synthesize ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. All this evidence suggests the ability of T. roseopersicina to change from phototrophy to aerobic chemolithoautotrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:942281", "title": "Thermodynamic conpensation in microbial thermal death. Studies with yeasts.", "content": "Sixty eight Arrhenius plots of thermal death in six mesophilic yeast species, tested at various concentrations of NaC1, lacked an isokinetic temperature. Nevertheless the deltaHnot equal to/deltaSnot equal to plot was apparently linear with a slope corresponding to 314degrees K. It was concluded the linear thermodynamic compensation of thermal death is non-existent in heterogeneous groups of yeasts and is unlikely to occur in hetero-geneous groups of other organisms and that deltaHnot equal to/deltaSnot equal to plots lack sensitivity for the detection of non-linearity over narrow temperature ranges. However, the deltaHnot equal to and deltaSnot equal to parameters of thermal death displayed non-linear compensation in such a way that the extrapolated Arrhenius plots of death attained nearly identical values near the respective maximum temperatures for growth. Linear thermodynamic compensation occurred in each of the six strains, when stationary populations of the same strain were tested at various NaC1 concentrations. On the other hand, exponential populations of each of the strains, tested in the same way, lacked an isokinetic temperature of thermal death. The significance of linear and non-linear thermodynamic compensation in biological rate processes is discussed.", "contents": "Thermodynamic conpensation in microbial thermal death. Studies with yeasts. Sixty eight Arrhenius plots of thermal death in six mesophilic yeast species, tested at various concentrations of NaC1, lacked an isokinetic temperature. Nevertheless the deltaHnot equal to/deltaSnot equal to plot was apparently linear with a slope corresponding to 314degrees K. It was concluded the linear thermodynamic compensation of thermal death is non-existent in heterogeneous groups of yeasts and is unlikely to occur in hetero-geneous groups of other organisms and that deltaHnot equal to/deltaSnot equal to plots lack sensitivity for the detection of non-linearity over narrow temperature ranges. However, the deltaHnot equal to and deltaSnot equal to parameters of thermal death displayed non-linear compensation in such a way that the extrapolated Arrhenius plots of death attained nearly identical values near the respective maximum temperatures for growth. Linear thermodynamic compensation occurred in each of the six strains, when stationary populations of the same strain were tested at various NaC1 concentrations. On the other hand, exponential populations of each of the strains, tested in the same way, lacked an isokinetic temperature of thermal death. The significance of linear and non-linear thermodynamic compensation in biological rate processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942282", "title": "Growth of nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter. II. Chemoorganotrophic growth of Nitrobacter agilis.", "content": "1. After a resting period of up to 6 months cells of Nitrobacter agilis grow with acetate, formate, and pyruvate as carbon and energy source. Yeast extract and peptone were added to supply the organism with nitrogen and to meet possible vitamin requirements. 2. The length of the growth period depends on the substrate; it increases according to the following sequence: pyruvate, formate, acetate. The highest growth yield is observed with pyruvate, the lowest with formate. 3. O2 consumption is increased in the presence of substrates as compared to endogenous respiration. With pyruvate and acetate twice as much O2 is consumed, with formate 7 times, with yeast extractpeptone 10 times as much. 4. The ability of nitrite oxidation is largely preserved, except in cells grown with acetate or pyruvate in the presence of 0.015% yeast extract and peptone. Such cells have nearly no cytochrome a1. Accordingly. the cytochrome spectra of nitrite oxidizers grown under chemoorganotrophic and lithoautotrophic conditions coincide qualitatively. 5. The nitrite oxidizing system is inducible. It is induced by nitrite but also by substances present in yeast extract and peptone. Cells grown on acetate and yeast extract and peptone (0.015%) require 3--4 weeks before they regain the ability to grow with nitrite. Cells grown chemoorganotrophically with the same substrates and yeast extract and peptone (0.15%) start growing and nitrite as energy source without a lag. 6. Cell size and form, distribution of storage materials, order and fine structure of double membranes are correlated with growth conditions.", "contents": "Growth of nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter. II. Chemoorganotrophic growth of Nitrobacter agilis. 1. After a resting period of up to 6 months cells of Nitrobacter agilis grow with acetate, formate, and pyruvate as carbon and energy source. Yeast extract and peptone were added to supply the organism with nitrogen and to meet possible vitamin requirements. 2. The length of the growth period depends on the substrate; it increases according to the following sequence: pyruvate, formate, acetate. The highest growth yield is observed with pyruvate, the lowest with formate. 3. O2 consumption is increased in the presence of substrates as compared to endogenous respiration. With pyruvate and acetate twice as much O2 is consumed, with formate 7 times, with yeast extractpeptone 10 times as much. 4. The ability of nitrite oxidation is largely preserved, except in cells grown with acetate or pyruvate in the presence of 0.015% yeast extract and peptone. Such cells have nearly no cytochrome a1. Accordingly. the cytochrome spectra of nitrite oxidizers grown under chemoorganotrophic and lithoautotrophic conditions coincide qualitatively. 5. The nitrite oxidizing system is inducible. It is induced by nitrite but also by substances present in yeast extract and peptone. Cells grown on acetate and yeast extract and peptone (0.015%) require 3--4 weeks before they regain the ability to grow with nitrite. Cells grown chemoorganotrophically with the same substrates and yeast extract and peptone (0.15%) start growing and nitrite as energy source without a lag. 6. Cell size and form, distribution of storage materials, order and fine structure of double membranes are correlated with growth conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:942283", "title": "[On the essential oil of green algae. II. The oils of the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scendesmus].", "content": "The essential oil and its main components (i.e., proazulenes) are useful taxonomic characters also in the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus. The amounts of oil in these genera are similar to that of the genus Chlorella. A few strains of Ankistrodesmus, which are unable to synthesize proazulenes, seem to belong to other genera.", "contents": "[On the essential oil of green algae. II. The oils of the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scendesmus]. The essential oil and its main components (i.e., proazulenes) are useful taxonomic characters also in the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus. The amounts of oil in these genera are similar to that of the genus Chlorella. A few strains of Ankistrodesmus, which are unable to synthesize proazulenes, seem to belong to other genera."}
{"id": "PMID:942284", "title": "Personal needs, values, and technical preferences in the psychiatric hospital. A replicated study.", "content": "This study tests the hypothesis that staff and patients try to make their involvement in psychiatric hospitals personally gratifying by fashioning preferences for those specific therapeutic techniques that match or satisfy their personal values and needs. Results of questionnaire data, collected from a total of 397 staff and patients at two psychiatric hospitals at two different times, show two distinctly different combinations of needs, values, and technical preferences. In one, a preference for psychotherapy and somatotherapy correlates highly with a preference or need for structured, cautious, and rule-governed relationships. Underlying these preferences seems to be a common dimension emphasizing a technical attitude towards the psychiatric hospital with true healing provided only by a professional, scientific elite. A second combination shows high correlations between a preference for social therapy and a need for unstructured, open, and trusting relationships. A common dimension underlying these preferences seems to be a moral attitude that stresses the healing power of all human relationships. Treating institutions may be categorized according to whether the technical or moral attitude predominates.", "contents": "Personal needs, values, and technical preferences in the psychiatric hospital. A replicated study. This study tests the hypothesis that staff and patients try to make their involvement in psychiatric hospitals personally gratifying by fashioning preferences for those specific therapeutic techniques that match or satisfy their personal values and needs. Results of questionnaire data, collected from a total of 397 staff and patients at two psychiatric hospitals at two different times, show two distinctly different combinations of needs, values, and technical preferences. In one, a preference for psychotherapy and somatotherapy correlates highly with a preference or need for structured, cautious, and rule-governed relationships. Underlying these preferences seems to be a common dimension emphasizing a technical attitude towards the psychiatric hospital with true healing provided only by a professional, scientific elite. A second combination shows high correlations between a preference for social therapy and a need for unstructured, open, and trusting relationships. A common dimension underlying these preferences seems to be a moral attitude that stresses the healing power of all human relationships. Treating institutions may be categorized according to whether the technical or moral attitude predominates."}
{"id": "PMID:942285", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and manic-depressive disorders.", "content": "Forty-seven unrelated Danish patients considered to be manic-depressive, according to strict diagnostic, symptomatic, and course criteria, were typed for histocompatibility (HLA) antigens. Significantly more manic-depressive patients than controls were found to have HLA-A3, HLA-B7, and HLA-Bw16, while significantly fewer manic depressives than controls had HLA-B8. All eight of the patients with HLA-Bw16 were bipolar patients, and none were unipolar depressive patients. We emphasize the need to consider the results with caution in view of the large number of antigens considered and the relatively small number of patients involved. When statistical corrections are made for the large number of antigens investigated, only the difference between bipolar patients and controls remains significant. The best way to determine if our findings are really significant is to attempt to confirm them in other series of patients. The importance of utilizing strict symptomatic and course criteria for the selection and polarization of proband is stressed.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and manic-depressive disorders. Forty-seven unrelated Danish patients considered to be manic-depressive, according to strict diagnostic, symptomatic, and course criteria, were typed for histocompatibility (HLA) antigens. Significantly more manic-depressive patients than controls were found to have HLA-A3, HLA-B7, and HLA-Bw16, while significantly fewer manic depressives than controls had HLA-B8. All eight of the patients with HLA-Bw16 were bipolar patients, and none were unipolar depressive patients. We emphasize the need to consider the results with caution in view of the large number of antigens considered and the relatively small number of patients involved. When statistical corrections are made for the large number of antigens investigated, only the difference between bipolar patients and controls remains significant. The best way to determine if our findings are really significant is to attempt to confirm them in other series of patients. The importance of utilizing strict symptomatic and course criteria for the selection and polarization of proband is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:942286", "title": "Combining tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants.", "content": "The charts of 150 inpatients and 51 outpatients treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)-tricyclic antidepressant combination were reviewed. The incidence and severity of side effects among the patients on the combined regimen were essentially the same as those seen in the control groups. There were no deaths or strokes resulting from use of this regimen. The most frequent troublesome side effect was orthostatic hypotension. We conclude that the use of a MAOI-tricyclic combination in oral therapeutic doses is safe. However, the efficacy of this combination has not yet been proved, and it may be particularly toxic if taken in an overdose.", "contents": "Combining tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants. The charts of 150 inpatients and 51 outpatients treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)-tricyclic antidepressant combination were reviewed. The incidence and severity of side effects among the patients on the combined regimen were essentially the same as those seen in the control groups. There were no deaths or strokes resulting from use of this regimen. The most frequent troublesome side effect was orthostatic hypotension. We conclude that the use of a MAOI-tricyclic combination in oral therapeutic doses is safe. However, the efficacy of this combination has not yet been proved, and it may be particularly toxic if taken in an overdose."}
{"id": "PMID:942287", "title": "Classification of suicidal behaviors. II. Dimensions of suicidal intent.", "content": "A factor analysis of a scale to assess suicidal intent showed four major dimensions: expectancies and attitudes, premeditation, precautions against intervention, and oral communication. Certain types of actions associated with attempted suicide such as seeking help or social isolation appear to be revealing of particular behavioral patterns or motives. Dealing with intent only as a global concept is an oversimplification. Suicidal ideation and suicidal acts are seen as complex patterns of behavior requiring increasingly thorough analyses for better understanding, prediction, and prevention.", "contents": "Classification of suicidal behaviors. II. Dimensions of suicidal intent. A factor analysis of a scale to assess suicidal intent showed four major dimensions: expectancies and attitudes, premeditation, precautions against intervention, and oral communication. Certain types of actions associated with attempted suicide such as seeking help or social isolation appear to be revealing of particular behavioral patterns or motives. Dealing with intent only as a global concept is an oversimplification. Suicidal ideation and suicidal acts are seen as complex patterns of behavior requiring increasingly thorough analyses for better understanding, prediction, and prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:942288", "title": "Suicide--the other side. The factor of reality among suicidal motivations.", "content": "A prevalent feature of many investigations of suicide is a degree of recoil from true empathic closeness to a suicidal person. The motives for this lie within the investigator's own dynamics--they are anxiety over one's own suicide proneness, together with guilt, shame, contempt, and the avoidance of medicolegal involvement. These motives are not altogether unrelated to the suicidal motives themselves, and they hamper the capacity of objective, neutral assessment. With a recognition of these resistances, the seldomly mentioned realistic determinant of suicide becomes discernible, the act sometimes being a clever, courageous choice of death, and not, as usually diagnosed, a pathologically generated escape from life. All suicidal motives should be evaluated according to several concomitant ratings simultaneously, while emphasizing the realistic rating. A neutral, unbiased approach to suicide should reduce the dangerous false glory sometimes attributed to the act, thus contributing to the discrimination of sickness, therapy, and health.", "contents": "Suicide--the other side. The factor of reality among suicidal motivations. A prevalent feature of many investigations of suicide is a degree of recoil from true empathic closeness to a suicidal person. The motives for this lie within the investigator's own dynamics--they are anxiety over one's own suicide proneness, together with guilt, shame, contempt, and the avoidance of medicolegal involvement. These motives are not altogether unrelated to the suicidal motives themselves, and they hamper the capacity of objective, neutral assessment. With a recognition of these resistances, the seldomly mentioned realistic determinant of suicide becomes discernible, the act sometimes being a clever, courageous choice of death, and not, as usually diagnosed, a pathologically generated escape from life. All suicidal motives should be evaluated according to several concomitant ratings simultaneously, while emphasizing the realistic rating. A neutral, unbiased approach to suicide should reduce the dangerous false glory sometimes attributed to the act, thus contributing to the discrimination of sickness, therapy, and health."}
{"id": "PMID:942289", "title": "Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Organicity in schizophrenia with premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable character disorders.", "content": "Previous studies indicated that for two subgroups of patients, schizophrenics with premorbid asociality (SPA) and individuals with emotionally unstable character disorders (EUCD), central nervous system damage may have etiologic significance. It was hypothesized that these two patient groups would also have an increased number of neurologic soft signs. The relationship of neurologic examination, tests of auditory-visual integration, and intelligence quotient, and diagnoses was studied for 350 patients. Tests of reliability and persistence for all observed signs were performed. The EUCD and SPA groups had increased evidence of neurologic soft signs. Differences in patterns of IQ scores also suggest that different forms of brain damage may be present in these two groups. When the two groups were removed from the larger patient sample, those patients with other types of schizophrenia and character disorder did not exhibit evidence of neurologic impairment. This study of neurologic soft signs adds to the validity of considering SPA and EUCD as separate diagnostic entities.", "contents": "Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Organicity in schizophrenia with premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable character disorders. Previous studies indicated that for two subgroups of patients, schizophrenics with premorbid asociality (SPA) and individuals with emotionally unstable character disorders (EUCD), central nervous system damage may have etiologic significance. It was hypothesized that these two patient groups would also have an increased number of neurologic soft signs. The relationship of neurologic examination, tests of auditory-visual integration, and intelligence quotient, and diagnoses was studied for 350 patients. Tests of reliability and persistence for all observed signs were performed. The EUCD and SPA groups had increased evidence of neurologic soft signs. Differences in patterns of IQ scores also suggest that different forms of brain damage may be present in these two groups. When the two groups were removed from the larger patient sample, those patients with other types of schizophrenia and character disorder did not exhibit evidence of neurologic impairment. This study of neurologic soft signs adds to the validity of considering SPA and EUCD as separate diagnostic entities."}
{"id": "PMID:942290", "title": "Clinical implications of a simulation model of paranoid processes.", "content": "A shame-humiliation theory of paranoid processes embodied in a successful computer simulation model has clinical implications for the understanding, treatment, management, and prevention of paranoid disorders. The multiplicity and variety of these implications indicate that the theoretical model is more than ad hoc, since it potentially contributes new empirical content to existing knowledge about paranoid disorders. Among rival theories, a more acceptable one is that with a large consequence class, members of which turn out to be true, and that which most effectively serves multiple purposes.", "contents": "Clinical implications of a simulation model of paranoid processes. A shame-humiliation theory of paranoid processes embodied in a successful computer simulation model has clinical implications for the understanding, treatment, management, and prevention of paranoid disorders. The multiplicity and variety of these implications indicate that the theoretical model is more than ad hoc, since it potentially contributes new empirical content to existing knowledge about paranoid disorders. Among rival theories, a more acceptable one is that with a large consequence class, members of which turn out to be true, and that which most effectively serves multiple purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:942291", "title": "A test of the psychedelic model of altered states of consciousness. The role of introspective sensitization in eliciting unusual subjective reports.", "content": "The term \"psychedelic\" applied to \"altered states of consciousness\" would imply that such subjective anomalies are direct expressions of normal psychological functioning. The anomaly in such experience would depend in the first instance on sensitization to qualities of immediate subjective state. Such sensitization should in itself be considered nonadaptive, cutting off the \"intentionality\" of psychic functioning at a microgenetically primitive level. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed, in a setting involving isolation and inactivity for a period of ten minutes, by the striking incidence of anomalous subjective reports in groups provided instructions involving direct sensitization to immediate subjective state compared with nonsensitization groups. In addition, as would be predicted from a \"psychedelic\" model of altered states, a study of the experimental protocols of the early introspectionists revealed subjective anomalies similar to those found in drug and meditational states.", "contents": "A test of the psychedelic model of altered states of consciousness. The role of introspective sensitization in eliciting unusual subjective reports. The term \"psychedelic\" applied to \"altered states of consciousness\" would imply that such subjective anomalies are direct expressions of normal psychological functioning. The anomaly in such experience would depend in the first instance on sensitization to qualities of immediate subjective state. Such sensitization should in itself be considered nonadaptive, cutting off the \"intentionality\" of psychic functioning at a microgenetically primitive level. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed, in a setting involving isolation and inactivity for a period of ten minutes, by the striking incidence of anomalous subjective reports in groups provided instructions involving direct sensitization to immediate subjective state compared with nonsensitization groups. In addition, as would be predicted from a \"psychedelic\" model of altered states, a study of the experimental protocols of the early introspectionists revealed subjective anomalies similar to those found in drug and meditational states."}
{"id": "PMID:942293", "title": "Postresectional anemia. A preventable complication of total gastrectomy.", "content": "The incidence of anemia after total gastrectomy has not received sufficient clinical emphasis. During a follow-up period averaging 32 months, postresectional anemia developed in seven of ten patients without evidence of malignant neoplasm; all but one of these patients had received parenterally administered cyanocobalamin. Despite low levels of circulating erythrocytes and proportionately increased erythropoietin levels, reticulocytosis was not evident. This observation suggests an uncharacterized failure of marrow erythyroid precursors. Multiple deficits in intake of constituents necessary for the production of erythrocytes were demonstrated. With the possible exception of iron, malabsorption of these constituents is not an important factor in the production of anemia. Postresectional anemia is multicausal, but is primarily nutritional. As total gastrectomy becomes more commonly employed in the treatment of nonmalignant conditions, recognition of the frequency and causes of postresectional anemia should assist both diagnostic anticipation and therapy.", "contents": "Postresectional anemia. A preventable complication of total gastrectomy. The incidence of anemia after total gastrectomy has not received sufficient clinical emphasis. During a follow-up period averaging 32 months, postresectional anemia developed in seven of ten patients without evidence of malignant neoplasm; all but one of these patients had received parenterally administered cyanocobalamin. Despite low levels of circulating erythrocytes and proportionately increased erythropoietin levels, reticulocytosis was not evident. This observation suggests an uncharacterized failure of marrow erythyroid precursors. Multiple deficits in intake of constituents necessary for the production of erythrocytes were demonstrated. With the possible exception of iron, malabsorption of these constituents is not an important factor in the production of anemia. Postresectional anemia is multicausal, but is primarily nutritional. As total gastrectomy becomes more commonly employed in the treatment of nonmalignant conditions, recognition of the frequency and causes of postresectional anemia should assist both diagnostic anticipation and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:942294", "title": "Effects of selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty on oral and intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.", "content": "In peripheral and portal venous blood, the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucose levels in response to orally and intravenously administered glucose were measured in 14 patients with selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SGV+P) and in 17 control subjects with other abdominal surgery. After intravenously administered glucose, the insulin and the glucose levels were nearly identical in both groups. After orally administered glucose, there were remarkable differences. Despite their early postoperative situations, and in contrast to the control patients, the SGV+P subjects showed no hyperglycemia. The measurements of IRI in the portal vein suggested that in SGV+P patients, the response of the islet cells is accelerated. In patients with SGV+P, the release of an insulinotropic intestinal factor and the preserved vagal innervation of the pancreas may be responsible for the accelerated insulin response of the undisturbed glucose tolerance.", "contents": "Effects of selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty on oral and intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. In peripheral and portal venous blood, the immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucose levels in response to orally and intravenously administered glucose were measured in 14 patients with selective gastric vagotomy and pyloroplasty (SGV+P) and in 17 control subjects with other abdominal surgery. After intravenously administered glucose, the insulin and the glucose levels were nearly identical in both groups. After orally administered glucose, there were remarkable differences. Despite their early postoperative situations, and in contrast to the control patients, the SGV+P subjects showed no hyperglycemia. The measurements of IRI in the portal vein suggested that in SGV+P patients, the response of the islet cells is accelerated. In patients with SGV+P, the release of an insulinotropic intestinal factor and the preserved vagal innervation of the pancreas may be responsible for the accelerated insulin response of the undisturbed glucose tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:942295", "title": "Gastroduodenal Crohn disease.", "content": "Symptomatic involvement of the stomach and duodenum is an uncommon manifestation of Crohn disease. Our experience with three young women who had upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms indicates the seriousness of the condition. All three patients required operation for relief of symptoms. Two operations were performed for gastric outlet obstruction and one for massive hemorrhage (a rare complication of gastric involvement). All patients had roentgenographic or gastroscopic evidence suggestive of Crohn disease, and in each the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic means. The operative procedures consisted of distal gastrectomy in two cases and gastrojejunostomy in the third. All three patients have or have had evidence of Crohn disease of the small intestine and none of them responded to medical management. (In the most recent case, medical management included intravenous hyperalimentation.) In our experience, symptomatic involvement of the stomach in Crohn disease will not respond to medical treatment and will require surgical measures for relief.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal Crohn disease. Symptomatic involvement of the stomach and duodenum is an uncommon manifestation of Crohn disease. Our experience with three young women who had upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms indicates the seriousness of the condition. All three patients required operation for relief of symptoms. Two operations were performed for gastric outlet obstruction and one for massive hemorrhage (a rare complication of gastric involvement). All patients had roentgenographic or gastroscopic evidence suggestive of Crohn disease, and in each the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic means. The operative procedures consisted of distal gastrectomy in two cases and gastrojejunostomy in the third. All three patients have or have had evidence of Crohn disease of the small intestine and none of them responded to medical management. (In the most recent case, medical management included intravenous hyperalimentation.) In our experience, symptomatic involvement of the stomach in Crohn disease will not respond to medical treatment and will require surgical measures for relief."}
{"id": "PMID:942296", "title": "Gunshot wounds of the abdomen. A review of 277 cases.", "content": "During a five-year period from July 1968 throuhgh June 1973, 277 abdominal gunshot wounds (GSWs) occurred, the overall fatality of which was 10%. Abdominal exploration was done in all patients. No intra-abdominal injury was found in 40 patients (14%) and no death occurred in this group. There were 28 fatalities (12%) in 237 patients (86%) who had intra-abdominal injuries. Morbidity and mortality were related not only to the number of organs injured, but also to specific organs injured. The leading cause of early death was hypovolemia due to major vessel injuries. Septicemia was the most common cause of death if the patient survived the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Penetrating abdominal stab wounds and gunshot wounds must be considered separately, and mandatory routine abdominal exploration for all penetrating gunshot wounds is advised. In stab wounds to the abdomen, conservative management may be preferable.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds of the abdomen. A review of 277 cases. During a five-year period from July 1968 throuhgh June 1973, 277 abdominal gunshot wounds (GSWs) occurred, the overall fatality of which was 10%. Abdominal exploration was done in all patients. No intra-abdominal injury was found in 40 patients (14%) and no death occurred in this group. There were 28 fatalities (12%) in 237 patients (86%) who had intra-abdominal injuries. Morbidity and mortality were related not only to the number of organs injured, but also to specific organs injured. The leading cause of early death was hypovolemia due to major vessel injuries. Septicemia was the most common cause of death if the patient survived the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Penetrating abdominal stab wounds and gunshot wounds must be considered separately, and mandatory routine abdominal exploration for all penetrating gunshot wounds is advised. In stab wounds to the abdomen, conservative management may be preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:942297", "title": "Intussusception in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Spontaneous intussusception in adults is rare. Recently, we managed two patients with chronic uremia in whom intussusception developed. Histologic examination of the resected segments showed intestinal intramural hemorrhage. We postulate that the coagulopathy associated with uremia may allow for intestinal intramural hemorrhage, thus forming a nidus from which intussusception may be initiated.", "contents": "Intussusception in chronic renal failure. Spontaneous intussusception in adults is rare. Recently, we managed two patients with chronic uremia in whom intussusception developed. Histologic examination of the resected segments showed intestinal intramural hemorrhage. We postulate that the coagulopathy associated with uremia may allow for intestinal intramural hemorrhage, thus forming a nidus from which intussusception may be initiated."}
{"id": "PMID:942298", "title": "Metastatic carcinoma of the ureter.", "content": "Three patients had carcinoma of the stomach, rectum, and lung, respectively, metastatic to the ureter in the absence of other known metastasis. Two of the three patients had abdominal pain, while the other patient had no upper urinary tract symptoms. All patients had excretory urograms that showed delayed or no excretion of contrast medium on the side of obstruction. Obstruction was confirmed with retrograde pyelography in each case. Two of three patients were treated with nephrectomy. Metastatic carcinoma of the ureter should be considered in patients with malignant disease with initial symptoms consistent with ureteral obstruction. The diagnosis may be suggested by pyelographic demonstration of an obstructed ureter. Symptomatic patients may require nephrectomy.", "contents": "Metastatic carcinoma of the ureter. Three patients had carcinoma of the stomach, rectum, and lung, respectively, metastatic to the ureter in the absence of other known metastasis. Two of the three patients had abdominal pain, while the other patient had no upper urinary tract symptoms. All patients had excretory urograms that showed delayed or no excretion of contrast medium on the side of obstruction. Obstruction was confirmed with retrograde pyelography in each case. Two of three patients were treated with nephrectomy. Metastatic carcinoma of the ureter should be considered in patients with malignant disease with initial symptoms consistent with ureteral obstruction. The diagnosis may be suggested by pyelographic demonstration of an obstructed ureter. Symptomatic patients may require nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:942299", "title": "Disturbances in hepatic blood flow during anesthesia and surgery.", "content": "A study of 88 patients showed a reduction in the estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF), as measured by a colloidal gold technique, to 88% and 84% of its initial value during ether and halothane anesthesia, respectively. During the operative procedure itself, there was a further fall in the EHBF. In patients undergoing herniorrhaphy or excision of a breast tumor, the EHBF decreased to 82% and 76%, while in patients undergoing partial gastrectomy or cholecystectomy, the EHBF fell to 48% and 42% of its initial value during operations under ether and halothane anesthesia, respectively. The surgical trauma itself would appear to be the main determinant of the alteration in the liver circulation during the operation.", "contents": "Disturbances in hepatic blood flow during anesthesia and surgery. A study of 88 patients showed a reduction in the estimated hepatic blood flow (EHBF), as measured by a colloidal gold technique, to 88% and 84% of its initial value during ether and halothane anesthesia, respectively. During the operative procedure itself, there was a further fall in the EHBF. In patients undergoing herniorrhaphy or excision of a breast tumor, the EHBF decreased to 82% and 76%, while in patients undergoing partial gastrectomy or cholecystectomy, the EHBF fell to 48% and 42% of its initial value during operations under ether and halothane anesthesia, respectively. The surgical trauma itself would appear to be the main determinant of the alteration in the liver circulation during the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:942300", "title": "Sweat gland carcinoma. Current concepts of surgical management.", "content": "In three new cases of sweat gland carcinoma that we observed within recent years, the sites were the axilla, back, and arm. Axillary lymph node dissections were performed in two of the patients and the nodes were normal. Preoperative diagnoses were hydroadenitis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, and pyogenic granuloma. In one patient who was followed up for four years, there has been no recurrence; the follow-up period for the other two has been short. Sweat gland carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm that occurs mostly in the older age groups. It may be very slow growing and is extremely difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Lymph node metastases are frequent and overall survival is poor. Prognosis is related to histologic cell type and presence or absence of lymph node metastases. Treatment by wide local excision of the lesion and primary regional node dissection is recommended.", "contents": "Sweat gland carcinoma. Current concepts of surgical management. In three new cases of sweat gland carcinoma that we observed within recent years, the sites were the axilla, back, and arm. Axillary lymph node dissections were performed in two of the patients and the nodes were normal. Preoperative diagnoses were hydroadenitis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, and pyogenic granuloma. In one patient who was followed up for four years, there has been no recurrence; the follow-up period for the other two has been short. Sweat gland carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm that occurs mostly in the older age groups. It may be very slow growing and is extremely difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Lymph node metastases are frequent and overall survival is poor. Prognosis is related to histologic cell type and presence or absence of lymph node metastases. Treatment by wide local excision of the lesion and primary regional node dissection is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:942301", "title": "Concomitant pneumococcal appendicitis, peritonitis, and meningitis.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy developed pneumococcal meningitis and peritonitis following appendectomy. Subsequent pathologic examination showed Gram-positive diplococci in the appendix. Cultures of the peritoneal fluid, blood, and spinal fluid showed Diplococcus pneumoniae. The experience illustrates the danger of assuming that all pneumococcus peritonitis is the primary variety and the advisability of routine Gram stain of the peritoneal fluid at operation in order to select the appropriate antibiotic.", "contents": "Concomitant pneumococcal appendicitis, peritonitis, and meningitis. A 9-year-old boy developed pneumococcal meningitis and peritonitis following appendectomy. Subsequent pathologic examination showed Gram-positive diplococci in the appendix. Cultures of the peritoneal fluid, blood, and spinal fluid showed Diplococcus pneumoniae. The experience illustrates the danger of assuming that all pneumococcus peritonitis is the primary variety and the advisability of routine Gram stain of the peritoneal fluid at operation in order to select the appropriate antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:942302", "title": "Reversed ileal segment for treatment of ileostomy dysfunction. Clinical application.", "content": "Persistent, profuse ileostomy diarrhea developed gradually in a patient over a 12-hour period after proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. There was no evidence of ileostomy stenosis or dilation of the ileum proximal to the stoma. He was successfully treated with a reverse ileal segment of 10 cm, and gained 14 to 18 kg. ileostomy output became semisolid and decreased from 1,000 to 2,000 ml/day to 600 ml/day. The transit time changed from 12 minutes to 2 1/2 hours. Antiperistaltic segments of intestine prolong transit time and allow for greater absorption. While most patients with ileostomies are not troubled by severe diarrhea, the small proportion who are may be candidates for a reversed ileal segment.", "contents": "Reversed ileal segment for treatment of ileostomy dysfunction. Clinical application. Persistent, profuse ileostomy diarrhea developed gradually in a patient over a 12-hour period after proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. There was no evidence of ileostomy stenosis or dilation of the ileum proximal to the stoma. He was successfully treated with a reverse ileal segment of 10 cm, and gained 14 to 18 kg. ileostomy output became semisolid and decreased from 1,000 to 2,000 ml/day to 600 ml/day. The transit time changed from 12 minutes to 2 1/2 hours. Antiperistaltic segments of intestine prolong transit time and allow for greater absorption. While most patients with ileostomies are not troubled by severe diarrhea, the small proportion who are may be candidates for a reversed ileal segment."}
{"id": "PMID:942303", "title": "Subclavian artery to external carotid artery bypass graft. Improvement of cerebral blood supply.", "content": "External carotid flow may contribute a substantial amount of cerebral flow via collaterals in cases of internal carotid artery occlusion. When common and internal carotid arteries are occluded, the distal portion of the external carotid artery is kept open by collateral flow. Revascularization of the external carotid by means of a bypass graft from the subclavian artery will improve the blood flow through collateral vessels connecting the external and internal carotid territories, and thus increase the cerebral blood supply from the branches of the external carotid artery.", "contents": "Subclavian artery to external carotid artery bypass graft. Improvement of cerebral blood supply. External carotid flow may contribute a substantial amount of cerebral flow via collaterals in cases of internal carotid artery occlusion. When common and internal carotid arteries are occluded, the distal portion of the external carotid artery is kept open by collateral flow. Revascularization of the external carotid by means of a bypass graft from the subclavian artery will improve the blood flow through collateral vessels connecting the external and internal carotid territories, and thus increase the cerebral blood supply from the branches of the external carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:942304", "title": "Subcutaneous nodules as a manifestation of onchocerciasis. A rare condition in the United States.", "content": "Although infection with tissue nematodes is a significant health problem in many parts of the world, such cases are unusual in the continental United States. This report describes a case of Onchocerca volvulus infection, acquired by a 38-year-old female missionary in northern Brazil, that manifested as subcutaneous nodules in the groin and flank two years after the patient's return to the United States. A year previously, a wrong diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti was made at biopsy. At that time, treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate had to be discontinued because of intense pruritus. Examination of a wet saline impression smear of a new biopsy specimen showed the adult worms to have regularly arranged outer annular ridges, which, together with the pruritus after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (a positive Mazzotti test), led to the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Retreatment with diethylcarbamazine again caused pruritus, but this was tolerated as were subsequent treatments.", "contents": "Subcutaneous nodules as a manifestation of onchocerciasis. A rare condition in the United States. Although infection with tissue nematodes is a significant health problem in many parts of the world, such cases are unusual in the continental United States. This report describes a case of Onchocerca volvulus infection, acquired by a 38-year-old female missionary in northern Brazil, that manifested as subcutaneous nodules in the groin and flank two years after the patient's return to the United States. A year previously, a wrong diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti was made at biopsy. At that time, treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate had to be discontinued because of intense pruritus. Examination of a wet saline impression smear of a new biopsy specimen showed the adult worms to have regularly arranged outer annular ridges, which, together with the pruritus after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (a positive Mazzotti test), led to the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Retreatment with diethylcarbamazine again caused pruritus, but this was tolerated as were subsequent treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:942305", "title": "A parasacral approach to rectal prolapse.", "content": "A posterior parasacral approach is introduced for management of third-degree rectal prolapse. Anterior approximation of the levator musculature and posterior fixation of the rectum are accomplished readily through the York Mason approach.", "contents": "A parasacral approach to rectal prolapse. A posterior parasacral approach is introduced for management of third-degree rectal prolapse. Anterior approximation of the levator musculature and posterior fixation of the rectum are accomplished readily through the York Mason approach."}
{"id": "PMID:942306", "title": "Parotidectomy with the aid of local vasoconstriction.", "content": "Local vasoconstriction produced by infiltration of a dilute solution of epinephrine during parotidectomy allows a more rapid and accurate dissection.", "contents": "Parotidectomy with the aid of local vasoconstriction. Local vasoconstriction produced by infiltration of a dilute solution of epinephrine during parotidectomy allows a more rapid and accurate dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:942307", "title": "Lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase. Release from regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "In 12 dogs, 70% hepatectomy was performed to investigate the changes in serum lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase activities, and to compare them with other liver functions and with the restoration of liver mass. Three dogs died within 24 hours without recovering consciousness from anesthesia, and one died on the fourth postoperative day because of hepatic insufficiency. The other eight dogs were killed at various postoperative times up to eight weeks. Regeneration of the remaining liver occurred rapidly after operation. The peak elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity was found on the first postoperative day, with a steady return to normal within two or three weeks. To the contrary, the serum activity of beta-glucuronidase decreased during the first three days, but increased substantially between the seventh and 14th postoperative day, when regeneration was considered to be maximum. The results seem to indicate that serial determinations of lysosomal enzyme activities in the blood can be a beneficial biochemical index for detection of progressing liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase. Release from regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy. In 12 dogs, 70% hepatectomy was performed to investigate the changes in serum lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase activities, and to compare them with other liver functions and with the restoration of liver mass. Three dogs died within 24 hours without recovering consciousness from anesthesia, and one died on the fourth postoperative day because of hepatic insufficiency. The other eight dogs were killed at various postoperative times up to eight weeks. Regeneration of the remaining liver occurred rapidly after operation. The peak elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity was found on the first postoperative day, with a steady return to normal within two or three weeks. To the contrary, the serum activity of beta-glucuronidase decreased during the first three days, but increased substantially between the seventh and 14th postoperative day, when regeneration was considered to be maximum. The results seem to indicate that serial determinations of lysosomal enzyme activities in the blood can be a beneficial biochemical index for detection of progressing liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:942309", "title": "Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. In vivo studies in man.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is normally regulated by regional metabolic activity, rCBF and the regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (rCMRO2) were compared in selected human subjects. In normal subjects and patients with chronic, stable diseases of brain, rCBF correlated well with rCMRO2. In one individual with mild dementia, rCBF and rCMRO2 were measured before and during exercise of the hand and forearm contralateral to the hemisphere studied. Appropriate parallel changes occurred in both rCBF and rCMRO2 during hand exercise. In patients with acute diseases affecting the hemisphere studied, however, the correlation between rCBF and rCMRO2 was unpredictable.", "contents": "Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. In vivo studies in man. To test the hypothesis that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is normally regulated by regional metabolic activity, rCBF and the regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (rCMRO2) were compared in selected human subjects. In normal subjects and patients with chronic, stable diseases of brain, rCBF correlated well with rCMRO2. In one individual with mild dementia, rCBF and rCMRO2 were measured before and during exercise of the hand and forearm contralateral to the hemisphere studied. Appropriate parallel changes occurred in both rCBF and rCMRO2 during hand exercise. In patients with acute diseases affecting the hemisphere studied, however, the correlation between rCBF and rCMRO2 was unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:942310", "title": "Metabolic anatomy of focal motor seizures.", "content": "Contralateral focal seizures occurred in rats following the intracortical injection of penicillin into the anterior motor cortex. The anatomic dimensions of the metabolic response in the focus as well as the spread of increased activity through the brain were studied by autoradiography following intravenous injection of carbon 14-labeled 2-deoxyglucose. Injections of 25 to 200 units of penicillin resulted in mild to severe contralateral motor jerks coincident with repetitive single spike discharges on the electroencephalogram. Concurrent autoradiography revealed a 1.3- to 2.5-fold increase in metabolic activity in discrete areas in ipsilateral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and contralateral cerebellum. Intracortical injections of over 300 units resulted in the development of recurrent contralateral tonic-clonic seizures, with 20% becoming bilateral. In brains of these animals there was activation of bilateral medial frontal cortex, bilateral extrapyramidal system, thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic structures.", "contents": "Metabolic anatomy of focal motor seizures. Contralateral focal seizures occurred in rats following the intracortical injection of penicillin into the anterior motor cortex. The anatomic dimensions of the metabolic response in the focus as well as the spread of increased activity through the brain were studied by autoradiography following intravenous injection of carbon 14-labeled 2-deoxyglucose. Injections of 25 to 200 units of penicillin resulted in mild to severe contralateral motor jerks coincident with repetitive single spike discharges on the electroencephalogram. Concurrent autoradiography revealed a 1.3- to 2.5-fold increase in metabolic activity in discrete areas in ipsilateral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and contralateral cerebellum. Intracortical injections of over 300 units resulted in the development of recurrent contralateral tonic-clonic seizures, with 20% becoming bilateral. In brains of these animals there was activation of bilateral medial frontal cortex, bilateral extrapyramidal system, thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:942311", "title": "Astereognosis. Tactile discrimination after localized hemispheric lesions in man.", "content": "The specific object of this study was to determine which cortical areas have to be damaged or disconnected to cause an impairment of somatosensory discrimination (astereognosis). Ninety-three patients with verified unilateral and circumscribed lesions took part in a somatosensory two-alternative forced-choice discrimination of size and shape. The results failed to support earlier views of astereognosis. Only direct damage to or an undercutting of the anterior part of the middle third of the postcentral gyrus caused impairment of size and shape discrimination (astereognosis) contralateral to the lesion. When the hand is used for stereognostic discrimination, the integration of somatosensory impulse patterns into spatial information about the objects is believed to take place in the contralateral somatosensory hand area.", "contents": "Astereognosis. Tactile discrimination after localized hemispheric lesions in man. The specific object of this study was to determine which cortical areas have to be damaged or disconnected to cause an impairment of somatosensory discrimination (astereognosis). Ninety-three patients with verified unilateral and circumscribed lesions took part in a somatosensory two-alternative forced-choice discrimination of size and shape. The results failed to support earlier views of astereognosis. Only direct damage to or an undercutting of the anterior part of the middle third of the postcentral gyrus caused impairment of size and shape discrimination (astereognosis) contralateral to the lesion. When the hand is used for stereognostic discrimination, the integration of somatosensory impulse patterns into spatial information about the objects is believed to take place in the contralateral somatosensory hand area."}
{"id": "PMID:942312", "title": "Focal increase of cerebral blood flow during stereognostic testing in man.", "content": "An attempt was made to study the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) pattern during stereognostic discrimination in man. The rCBF was measured in 18 subjects who had no major neurological defects. The clearance from the hemisphere of xenon 133 injected (133Xe) into the carotid artery was measured with a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. During stereognostic discrimination with hand, mouth, or foot, the rCBF increased focally in the corresponding contralateral sensory-motor region and increased focally in the premotor part of the frontal lobe. The increase in the sensory region was attributed to the work of neurons extracting spatial features from the received input, while the increase in the motor region was ascribed to the formulation of motor strategies and motor commands. The physiological significance of the increase in the frontal region was unclear, tentatively, it was suggested to reflect the intention, selective attention, and decision of the subject.", "contents": "Focal increase of cerebral blood flow during stereognostic testing in man. An attempt was made to study the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) pattern during stereognostic discrimination in man. The rCBF was measured in 18 subjects who had no major neurological defects. The clearance from the hemisphere of xenon 133 injected (133Xe) into the carotid artery was measured with a 254-channel dynamic gamma camera. During stereognostic discrimination with hand, mouth, or foot, the rCBF increased focally in the corresponding contralateral sensory-motor region and increased focally in the premotor part of the frontal lobe. The increase in the sensory region was attributed to the work of neurons extracting spatial features from the received input, while the increase in the motor region was ascribed to the formulation of motor strategies and motor commands. The physiological significance of the increase in the frontal region was unclear, tentatively, it was suggested to reflect the intention, selective attention, and decision of the subject."}
{"id": "PMID:942313", "title": "Pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis. Chondro-osteomyelitis of the cervical spine frequently associated with parenteral drug use.", "content": "Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the cervical spine was successfully treated without bone grafting in 11 of 12 patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism. Four of the patients were heroin addicts, and six others had received parenteral injections under medical supervision. The patients were immobilized promptly, and after diagnostic procedures, cultures, and drainage when appropriate, they were treated with antibiotics, which led to spontaneous fusion in the 11 who survived. In the preantibiotic era, these infections frequently evolved into \"epidural abscess\", with resultant cord compression leading to permanent paralysis or death. Therefore, early differential diagnosis from tuberculosis or cancer is necessary. Today, with early diagnosis, immobilization, an anterior surgical approach when necessary, and the appropirate antibiotic, cure without neurological deficit should be the rule.", "contents": "Pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis. Chondro-osteomyelitis of the cervical spine frequently associated with parenteral drug use. Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the cervical spine was successfully treated without bone grafting in 11 of 12 patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism. Four of the patients were heroin addicts, and six others had received parenteral injections under medical supervision. The patients were immobilized promptly, and after diagnostic procedures, cultures, and drainage when appropriate, they were treated with antibiotics, which led to spontaneous fusion in the 11 who survived. In the preantibiotic era, these infections frequently evolved into \"epidural abscess\", with resultant cord compression leading to permanent paralysis or death. Therefore, early differential diagnosis from tuberculosis or cancer is necessary. Today, with early diagnosis, immobilization, an anterior surgical approach when necessary, and the appropirate antibiotic, cure without neurological deficit should be the rule."}
{"id": "PMID:942314", "title": "Myotonia congenita with painful muscle contractions.", "content": "We present a family with dominantly inherited myotonia congenita and painful, electrically silent muscle contractions after exertion. In two family members, painful muscle contractions occurred coincident with hypothyroidism, and improved after thyroid replacement therapy. It is probable that this family represents a disease that is similar to but distinct from the dominant form of myotonia congenita.", "contents": "Myotonia congenita with painful muscle contractions. We present a family with dominantly inherited myotonia congenita and painful, electrically silent muscle contractions after exertion. In two family members, painful muscle contractions occurred coincident with hypothyroidism, and improved after thyroid replacement therapy. It is probable that this family represents a disease that is similar to but distinct from the dominant form of myotonia congenita."}
{"id": "PMID:942315", "title": "Localized myokymia caused by peripheral nerve injury.", "content": "One year after a gunshot wound in the popliteal fossa, a 30-year-old man began to experience cramps and myokymia in the left gastrocnemius muscle. Myokymia was characterized by vermicular fibrillary movements localized to the gastrocnemius muscle and accompanied by plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the toes. Neurologic examination, nerve conduction velocities, electromyograms, and muscle biopsy findings showed affection of left common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves. The myokymia disappeared during sleep, spinal anesthesia, and treatment with carbamazepine.", "contents": "Localized myokymia caused by peripheral nerve injury. One year after a gunshot wound in the popliteal fossa, a 30-year-old man began to experience cramps and myokymia in the left gastrocnemius muscle. Myokymia was characterized by vermicular fibrillary movements localized to the gastrocnemius muscle and accompanied by plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the toes. Neurologic examination, nerve conduction velocities, electromyograms, and muscle biopsy findings showed affection of left common peroneal and posterior tibial nerves. The myokymia disappeared during sleep, spinal anesthesia, and treatment with carbamazepine."}
{"id": "PMID:942319", "title": "Triangular flap for atypical cleft lip. A modification in design.", "content": "Standardized steps or criteria for designing a triangular flap do not always fit for all types of cleft lip repair. Some compromise among the criteria is required, especially for atypical cases, such as those with a long vertical height on the noncleft side and a short lateral lip element. In order to secure symmetry in the horizontal length of vermilion, or in the distance from the peak of the cupid's bow to the mouth corner, E' should be located as high as allowable. The ratio of the length of the vertical incision to that of the triangular base affects the final shape of the repaired lip in many ways. Since the bottom of the cupid's bow is generally gradual, slight horizontal asymmetry in the cupid's bow is usually acceptable, as compared with that of the other components.", "contents": "Triangular flap for atypical cleft lip. A modification in design. Standardized steps or criteria for designing a triangular flap do not always fit for all types of cleft lip repair. Some compromise among the criteria is required, especially for atypical cases, such as those with a long vertical height on the noncleft side and a short lateral lip element. In order to secure symmetry in the horizontal length of vermilion, or in the distance from the peak of the cupid's bow to the mouth corner, E' should be located as high as allowable. The ratio of the length of the vertical incision to that of the triangular base affects the final shape of the repaired lip in many ways. Since the bottom of the cupid's bow is generally gradual, slight horizontal asymmetry in the cupid's bow is usually acceptable, as compared with that of the other components."}
{"id": "PMID:942320", "title": "Cross-face grafting in facial paralysis.", "content": "I report the two-year follow-up results obtained by cross-face grafting in seven patients. The advantages of the method, ie, reduction of innervation of the healthy side of the face and restoration of emotional movements of the paralyzed side, are counterbalanced by the long delay in reinnervation and the limited number of motor fibers available for matched contralateral diversion. For this reason, cross-face grafting should still be considered as an experimental stage and should not be used in an indiscriminate way to achieve symmetry of emotional movements in irreversible unilateral facial palsy.", "contents": "Cross-face grafting in facial paralysis. I report the two-year follow-up results obtained by cross-face grafting in seven patients. The advantages of the method, ie, reduction of innervation of the healthy side of the face and restoration of emotional movements of the paralyzed side, are counterbalanced by the long delay in reinnervation and the limited number of motor fibers available for matched contralateral diversion. For this reason, cross-face grafting should still be considered as an experimental stage and should not be used in an indiscriminate way to achieve symmetry of emotional movements in irreversible unilateral facial palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:942321", "title": "External auditory canal stenosis.", "content": "Stenosis of the external auditory canal may occur from a variety of causes. The numerous surgical techniques illustrate that repair may be difficult. The problems were resolved in two cases with the use of a silicone-rubber insert that is made at the time of the surgical procedure and is used throughout the postoperative period.", "contents": "External auditory canal stenosis. Stenosis of the external auditory canal may occur from a variety of causes. The numerous surgical techniques illustrate that repair may be difficult. The problems were resolved in two cases with the use of a silicone-rubber insert that is made at the time of the surgical procedure and is used throughout the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:942322", "title": "Audiometric, impedance, and otoscopic findings in children with cleft palates.", "content": "We examined the prevalence of hearing loss and/or middle ear disease among 34 children with cleft palates, using pure-tone audiometry, acoustic impedance, and pneumatic otoscopy. The overall incidence of hearing loss and otitic complications varied from 57% to 68%, depending on the procedure used. Of the three clinical procedures used in this study, pure-tone audiometry exhibited the poorest diagnostic efficiency. Close predictive agreement was found between impedance and otoscopy.", "contents": "Audiometric, impedance, and otoscopic findings in children with cleft palates. We examined the prevalence of hearing loss and/or middle ear disease among 34 children with cleft palates, using pure-tone audiometry, acoustic impedance, and pneumatic otoscopy. The overall incidence of hearing loss and otitic complications varied from 57% to 68%, depending on the procedure used. Of the three clinical procedures used in this study, pure-tone audiometry exhibited the poorest diagnostic efficiency. Close predictive agreement was found between impedance and otoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:942323", "title": "Blink nystagmus.", "content": "A pattern of eye movement similar to vestibular nystagmus associated with blink is characterized. This artifact can be seen in asymptomatic, otologically normal subjects and is considered to have different meaning than lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids (Cogan sign). Since this nystagmus artifact is most evident during electronystagmographic testing for spontaneous and semispontaneous nystagmus, its importance can be overestimated. Simultaneous monitoring of horizontal and vertical eye movement presently provides a definitive means of identification.", "contents": "Blink nystagmus. A pattern of eye movement similar to vestibular nystagmus associated with blink is characterized. This artifact can be seen in asymptomatic, otologically normal subjects and is considered to have different meaning than lateral conjugate deviation of the eyes on forced closure of the lids (Cogan sign). Since this nystagmus artifact is most evident during electronystagmographic testing for spontaneous and semispontaneous nystagmus, its importance can be overestimated. Simultaneous monitoring of horizontal and vertical eye movement presently provides a definitive means of identification."}
{"id": "PMID:942324", "title": "Homograft tympanic membrane myringoplasty.", "content": "During a six-year period, homograft tympanic membranes have been used successfully for myringoplasty or tympanoplasty in 85% of 175 cases. This percentage is not as high as might be expected with fascia, and the homografts have not been as dependable in the wet, draining ear. However, the results do show that the homograft is an acceptable grafting material. The eardrums are not suggested as substitutes for fascia, but should be available for difficult cases. Their use is indicated in large or total defects to restore the natural anatomical conical shape of the eardrum, particularly in congenital atresia. The prime indication for their use is a missing malleus, and the malleus handle can be included within the transplant. The eardrum's rigid properties and the possibility of inclusion of ossicles make the homografts valuable in reconstruction of the old mastoid cavity.", "contents": "Homograft tympanic membrane myringoplasty. During a six-year period, homograft tympanic membranes have been used successfully for myringoplasty or tympanoplasty in 85% of 175 cases. This percentage is not as high as might be expected with fascia, and the homografts have not been as dependable in the wet, draining ear. However, the results do show that the homograft is an acceptable grafting material. The eardrums are not suggested as substitutes for fascia, but should be available for difficult cases. Their use is indicated in large or total defects to restore the natural anatomical conical shape of the eardrum, particularly in congenital atresia. The prime indication for their use is a missing malleus, and the malleus handle can be included within the transplant. The eardrum's rigid properties and the possibility of inclusion of ossicles make the homografts valuable in reconstruction of the old mastoid cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:942325", "title": "Electrocochleography in children. A retrospective study.", "content": "A follow-up study of 35 children subjected to electrocochleography (Ecog) was conducted to determine (1) agreement of Ecog results with other audiometric measures obtained subsequently, and (2) accuracy of recommendations for patient management made on the basis of Ecog results. The latter was determined by parental experience, educational placement and achievement, and information from medical and paramedical personnel currently managing the children. These data indicate that Ecog test results are valuable in helping select between possible management alternatives in children who are not testable by behavioral means. However, discussion of two \"problem\" cases points to possible errors of management that could be made if Ecog results were the only available diagnostic information.", "contents": "Electrocochleography in children. A retrospective study. A follow-up study of 35 children subjected to electrocochleography (Ecog) was conducted to determine (1) agreement of Ecog results with other audiometric measures obtained subsequently, and (2) accuracy of recommendations for patient management made on the basis of Ecog results. The latter was determined by parental experience, educational placement and achievement, and information from medical and paramedical personnel currently managing the children. These data indicate that Ecog test results are valuable in helping select between possible management alternatives in children who are not testable by behavioral means. However, discussion of two \"problem\" cases points to possible errors of management that could be made if Ecog results were the only available diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:942326", "title": "Estimating speech threshold from the PI-PB function.", "content": "Speech thresholds were determined from the performance intensity function for phonetically balanced (PB) words in 2,117 patients with varying types and degrees of hearing loss. Comparison of this threshold for PB words (PBT) with both pure-tone sensitivity (PTA) and the conventional threshold for spondee words (ST) shows that PBT not only provides a cross-check on pure-tone level, but also conveys additional information about audiometric contour.", "contents": "Estimating speech threshold from the PI-PB function. Speech thresholds were determined from the performance intensity function for phonetically balanced (PB) words in 2,117 patients with varying types and degrees of hearing loss. Comparison of this threshold for PB words (PBT) with both pure-tone sensitivity (PTA) and the conventional threshold for spondee words (ST) shows that PBT not only provides a cross-check on pure-tone level, but also conveys additional information about audiometric contour."}
{"id": "PMID:942327", "title": "An orbital roof fracture causing diplopia.", "content": "Fractures of the orbital floor are frequently accompanied by diplopia. There are other bony injuries that may produce similar symptoms; however, these are rare. We will describe a case in which a fracture of the roof of the orbit, essentially involving the anterior cranial fossa, produced entrapment with diplopia. A six-month follow-up demonstrated excellent surgical and functional results.", "contents": "An orbital roof fracture causing diplopia. Fractures of the orbital floor are frequently accompanied by diplopia. There are other bony injuries that may produce similar symptoms; however, these are rare. We will describe a case in which a fracture of the roof of the orbit, essentially involving the anterior cranial fossa, produced entrapment with diplopia. A six-month follow-up demonstrated excellent surgical and functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:942328", "title": "Blindness and total ophthalmoplegia. A complication of transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery for epistaxis.", "content": "Unilateral blindness and total ophthalmoplegia developed on the same side on which transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery was performed for persistent posterior epistaxis. Evaluation with arteriograms and phlebograms showed no compromise of retinal vessels or cavernous sinus thrombosis. At reexploration of the maxillary antrum, marked swelling of previously placed oxidized cellulose gauze was found. An experimental model, using the rabbit, was designed to determine if implantation of oxidized cellulose gauze adjacent to the optic nerve would produce blindness and ophthalmoplegia.", "contents": "Blindness and total ophthalmoplegia. A complication of transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery for epistaxis. Unilateral blindness and total ophthalmoplegia developed on the same side on which transantral ligation of the internal maxillary artery was performed for persistent posterior epistaxis. Evaluation with arteriograms and phlebograms showed no compromise of retinal vessels or cavernous sinus thrombosis. At reexploration of the maxillary antrum, marked swelling of previously placed oxidized cellulose gauze was found. An experimental model, using the rabbit, was designed to determine if implantation of oxidized cellulose gauze adjacent to the optic nerve would produce blindness and ophthalmoplegia."}
{"id": "PMID:942329", "title": "Upper airway obstruction induced by warfarin sodium.", "content": "I report a patient in whom warfarin sodium induced upper airway obstruction secondary to a spontaneous nontraumatic hemorrhage into the sublingual space. Treatment of this obstructive sublingual space hematoma with conservative medical management is reviewed. I discuss the role of warfarin sodium in coagulation and in the production of this pseudo-Ludwig phenomenon.", "contents": "Upper airway obstruction induced by warfarin sodium. I report a patient in whom warfarin sodium induced upper airway obstruction secondary to a spontaneous nontraumatic hemorrhage into the sublingual space. Treatment of this obstructive sublingual space hematoma with conservative medical management is reviewed. I discuss the role of warfarin sodium in coagulation and in the production of this pseudo-Ludwig phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:942330", "title": "Fiberoptic headlight. Adaptation for observation and teaching.", "content": "I describe an optical system that allows an observer exact visualization of the field seen by an examiner or operator of a fiberoptic headlight.", "contents": "Fiberoptic headlight. Adaptation for observation and teaching. I describe an optical system that allows an observer exact visualization of the field seen by an examiner or operator of a fiberoptic headlight."}
{"id": "PMID:942338", "title": "The role of the intrauterine device in contraceptive practice.", "content": "Recognition of the rarity of systemic complications of IUD's as compared with oral contraceptives, has increased the acceptability of the IUD. Improvements in the design of IUD's and increased experience in their use have resulted in extension of the range of women to whom IUD's can be offered. Points of practical management are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the intrauterine device in contraceptive practice. Recognition of the rarity of systemic complications of IUD's as compared with oral contraceptives, has increased the acceptability of the IUD. Improvements in the design of IUD's and increased experience in their use have resulted in extension of the range of women to whom IUD's can be offered. Points of practical management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942339", "title": "Vasectomy: psychological effects and pre-operative counseling.", "content": "Modern thinking with regard to the psychological side effects of vasectomy are outlined and the importance of initial motivation stressed. Reasons for anticipating psychological failure are listed. The process of counselling is discussed leading from the patient's statement of reasons for the operation, through his expressed fears of probing his unexpressed fears and thence to an explanation of the procedure and follow-up necessities.", "contents": "Vasectomy: psychological effects and pre-operative counseling. Modern thinking with regard to the psychological side effects of vasectomy are outlined and the importance of initial motivation stressed. Reasons for anticipating psychological failure are listed. The process of counselling is discussed leading from the patient's statement of reasons for the operation, through his expressed fears of probing his unexpressed fears and thence to an explanation of the procedure and follow-up necessities."}
{"id": "PMID:942332", "title": "The prevalence of asthma in general practice.", "content": "The survey reveals important data about onset of asthma and total attendances for asthma by Australian general practitioners. A comparison is made between data on asthma from the National Morbidity Survey 1962-63, and the Australian General Practitioner's Morbidity and Prescribing Survey 1969 to 1974. A slight male preponderance is demonstrated, most marked in infancy, but also in old age. The hypothesis is propounded that androgens may play a protective role in asthma, but females have a genetic advantage. It is noted that in the 'teens' and early adulthood, there is an increase in female patients. The onset of asthma occurs more often in autumn and spring than in summer and winter. The occurrence of asthma appears to becoming less relative to other disease. Although there was once relatively more asthma in the metropolitan areas compared with non-metropolitan, there is now less.", "contents": "The prevalence of asthma in general practice. The survey reveals important data about onset of asthma and total attendances for asthma by Australian general practitioners. A comparison is made between data on asthma from the National Morbidity Survey 1962-63, and the Australian General Practitioner's Morbidity and Prescribing Survey 1969 to 1974. A slight male preponderance is demonstrated, most marked in infancy, but also in old age. The hypothesis is propounded that androgens may play a protective role in asthma, but females have a genetic advantage. It is noted that in the 'teens' and early adulthood, there is an increase in female patients. The onset of asthma occurs more often in autumn and spring than in summer and winter. The occurrence of asthma appears to becoming less relative to other disease. Although there was once relatively more asthma in the metropolitan areas compared with non-metropolitan, there is now less."}
{"id": "PMID:942340", "title": "Promoting discovery as a teaching technique.", "content": "What one discovers or learns for oneself tends to be retained for long periods and used effectively in later problem solving. This article examines the reasons for this, suggesting methods and illustrating how one may teach in the clinical environment to achieve such discovery learning.", "contents": "Promoting discovery as a teaching technique. What one discovers or learns for oneself tends to be retained for long periods and used effectively in later problem solving. This article examines the reasons for this, suggesting methods and illustrating how one may teach in the clinical environment to achieve such discovery learning."}
{"id": "PMID:942335", "title": "Methods of diagnosing diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus depends primarily on the doctor being continually aware of this common, important and treatable disease. The previous two articles in this series have described the prevalence of the disease, and the warning signals suggesting that the disease may be present.", "contents": "Methods of diagnosing diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus depends primarily on the doctor being continually aware of this common, important and treatable disease. The previous two articles in this series have described the prevalence of the disease, and the warning signals suggesting that the disease may be present."}
{"id": "PMID:942343", "title": "Recent advances in female sterilization.", "content": "Advances in female sterilization have been made over the last five years in both its techniques and medico-social acceptance. Prior to 1970, the majority of tubal sterilizations were carried out by partial or complete surgical excision of both tubes by laparotomy in most cases, or by partial salpingectomy by an anterior or posterior colpotomy in selected cases. The traditional operations by the abdominal route comprised the Madlener method, the Pomeroy method, the Irving method and the Aldridge method. These methods will not be discussed further.", "contents": "Recent advances in female sterilization. Advances in female sterilization have been made over the last five years in both its techniques and medico-social acceptance. Prior to 1970, the majority of tubal sterilizations were carried out by partial or complete surgical excision of both tubes by laparotomy in most cases, or by partial salpingectomy by an anterior or posterior colpotomy in selected cases. The traditional operations by the abdominal route comprised the Madlener method, the Pomeroy method, the Irving method and the Aldridge method. These methods will not be discussed further."}
{"id": "PMID:942333", "title": "The stethoscope as a diagnostic tool.", "content": "It is not the purpose of this article to list the stethoscopic findings in various diseases, nor to discuss such conditions in detail, all of which may be found in any good text book of medicine. Rather, an attempt will be made to assess the significance of the stethoscope, with its limitations, in clinical diagnosis. Does it in fact now have a role of any importance, or is it merely carried as the doctor's traditional badge of office?", "contents": "The stethoscope as a diagnostic tool. It is not the purpose of this article to list the stethoscopic findings in various diseases, nor to discuss such conditions in detail, all of which may be found in any good text book of medicine. Rather, an attempt will be made to assess the significance of the stethoscope, with its limitations, in clinical diagnosis. Does it in fact now have a role of any importance, or is it merely carried as the doctor's traditional badge of office?"}
{"id": "PMID:942334", "title": "Eye history and examination in general practice.", "content": "Time spent in carrying out a careful history taking and examination allows for accurate detail in making a diagnosis. If doubt occurs, reference to an ophthalmologist--even if only a telephone call--is wise.", "contents": "Eye history and examination in general practice. Time spent in carrying out a careful history taking and examination allows for accurate detail in making a diagnosis. If doubt occurs, reference to an ophthalmologist--even if only a telephone call--is wise."}
{"id": "PMID:942345", "title": "The experiences of students and their teachers in a general practice preceptorship scheme.", "content": "This article is the result of assessing 140 paired student and preceptor reports from the University of NSW Preceptorship Scheme. Its aim is to present, in an organised and readable form, the feelings of students and preceptors about their experiences in this scheme.", "contents": "The experiences of students and their teachers in a general practice preceptorship scheme. This article is the result of assessing 140 paired student and preceptor reports from the University of NSW Preceptorship Scheme. Its aim is to present, in an organised and readable form, the feelings of students and preceptors about their experiences in this scheme."}
{"id": "PMID:942346", "title": "The training of medical students.", "content": "A continuing preoccupation, perhaps an occupational neurosis, of Deans and of Medical Faculties seems to be curricular change. It is fashionable, it is progressive, it demonstrates to outsiders the educational dynamic of medicine.", "contents": "The training of medical students. A continuing preoccupation, perhaps an occupational neurosis, of Deans and of Medical Faculties seems to be curricular change. It is fashionable, it is progressive, it demonstrates to outsiders the educational dynamic of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:942347", "title": "Clinical types of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "While it is widely accepted that diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by impaired carbohydrate tolerance, there is no clear-cut distinction between normal and abnormal.", "contents": "Clinical types of diabetes mellitus. While it is widely accepted that diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by impaired carbohydrate tolerance, there is no clear-cut distinction between normal and abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:942348", "title": "Community health centre evaluation. Paper 1: Working patterns of allied health professionals.", "content": "Community health centres are a new development on the Australian health scene and current indications are that they may play a greater role in the delivery of primary health care of the future. Therefore, information about these centres, what they are doing and who they are affecting, must be forthcoming if more public funds are to be channelled their way. The study reported here and in subsequent papers attempts an in-depth examination of the Southern Memorial Hospital--Community Care Centre for the purpose of establishing a base line from which this centre can measure its progress and with which other centres providing health care can compare. This paper reports the methodology of the evaluation study and the results of a survey of the working patterns of allied health professionals.", "contents": "Community health centre evaluation. Paper 1: Working patterns of allied health professionals. Community health centres are a new development on the Australian health scene and current indications are that they may play a greater role in the delivery of primary health care of the future. Therefore, information about these centres, what they are doing and who they are affecting, must be forthcoming if more public funds are to be channelled their way. The study reported here and in subsequent papers attempts an in-depth examination of the Southern Memorial Hospital--Community Care Centre for the purpose of establishing a base line from which this centre can measure its progress and with which other centres providing health care can compare. This paper reports the methodology of the evaluation study and the results of a survey of the working patterns of allied health professionals."}
{"id": "PMID:942336", "title": "The development of a sunscreen.", "content": "Australians generally admire an evenly tanned skin, and the ability to acquire such a tan without much or any discomfort due to burning, is widely prized and envied. Various topical sunscreens have been introduced in order to facilitate the attainment of such a state, and this paper describes the stages in the development of such a product. The final product must obviously contain an active ingredient with the necessary selective filtering properties. This ingredient, and the vehicle in which it is presented, must be free of sensitising properties and must not cause acute or chronic toxic effects. Finally, it must be shown, under various typical conditions of use, to possess overall efficacy in terms of protecting from burning while permitting tanning.", "contents": "The development of a sunscreen. Australians generally admire an evenly tanned skin, and the ability to acquire such a tan without much or any discomfort due to burning, is widely prized and envied. Various topical sunscreens have been introduced in order to facilitate the attainment of such a state, and this paper describes the stages in the development of such a product. The final product must obviously contain an active ingredient with the necessary selective filtering properties. This ingredient, and the vehicle in which it is presented, must be free of sensitising properties and must not cause acute or chronic toxic effects. Finally, it must be shown, under various typical conditions of use, to possess overall efficacy in terms of protecting from burning while permitting tanning."}
{"id": "PMID:942351", "title": "The WHO Regional Teacher Training Centre for the Health Sciences, Sydney.", "content": "The inter-relationship between education and training, the development of health manpower, and the quality and relevance of a country's health services is highlighted by the powerful sponsorship and financial support currently being given by the World Health Organization to a primarily educational project in its various regions. The project is designed to improve the insights of health professionals into the art and science of teaching and learning.", "contents": "The WHO Regional Teacher Training Centre for the Health Sciences, Sydney. The inter-relationship between education and training, the development of health manpower, and the quality and relevance of a country's health services is highlighted by the powerful sponsorship and financial support currently being given by the World Health Organization to a primarily educational project in its various regions. The project is designed to improve the insights of health professionals into the art and science of teaching and learning."}
{"id": "PMID:942353", "title": "Glomerulonephritis in children and adults.", "content": "Glomerular disease is associated with a limited number of signs which are easily detected by routine clinical examination and urine tests. Haematuria, proteinuria, oedema, hypertension and renal impairment occur in various combinations including classical and predictable syndromes such as acute post streptococcal nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome in children. Apart from these classical syndromes clinico-pathological correlations in glomerular disease are poor. Early renal biopsy is required to determine the extent of the glomerular disease and the long term prognosis in most patients with prolonged proteinuria and haematuria.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis in children and adults. Glomerular disease is associated with a limited number of signs which are easily detected by routine clinical examination and urine tests. Haematuria, proteinuria, oedema, hypertension and renal impairment occur in various combinations including classical and predictable syndromes such as acute post streptococcal nephritis and the nephrotic syndrome in children. Apart from these classical syndromes clinico-pathological correlations in glomerular disease are poor. Early renal biopsy is required to determine the extent of the glomerular disease and the long term prognosis in most patients with prolonged proteinuria and haematuria."}
{"id": "PMID:942355", "title": "Treatment of arachnid poisoning in Australia.", "content": "Most Australian spiders are capable of causing a bite which produces some degree of local reaction and occasionally systemic effects. However, only the Sydney funnel-web spider which is limited to a 160 kilometre radius from the centre of Sydney and the red-back spider which is found in all States are capable of inflicting a potentially lethal bite.", "contents": "Treatment of arachnid poisoning in Australia. Most Australian spiders are capable of causing a bite which produces some degree of local reaction and occasionally systemic effects. However, only the Sydney funnel-web spider which is limited to a 160 kilometre radius from the centre of Sydney and the red-back spider which is found in all States are capable of inflicting a potentially lethal bite."}
{"id": "PMID:942357", "title": "Urinary tract infection in adult women: morbidity without mortality.", "content": "This condensed paper deals with that relatively common malady, urinary tract infection in the adult female, from a practical point of view. It serves to emphasise that the great majority of these infections cause distressing morbidity, but little serious renal impairment or mortality. It indicates how the natural history of these infections may be studied to select the minority with serious infection. It stresses the aetiology of urinary tract infection, and thereby indicates a practical management.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in adult women: morbidity without mortality. This condensed paper deals with that relatively common malady, urinary tract infection in the adult female, from a practical point of view. It serves to emphasise that the great majority of these infections cause distressing morbidity, but little serious renal impairment or mortality. It indicates how the natural history of these infections may be studied to select the minority with serious infection. It stresses the aetiology of urinary tract infection, and thereby indicates a practical management."}
{"id": "PMID:942359", "title": "Dangerous marine animals.", "content": "Tales of dangerous marine animals have flourished, entwining history, legend and imagination. Man is now demonstrating his remarkable adaptability in returning to the aquatic environment, from which he had his origins, and factual knowledge of marine creatures is surplanting mystery, folklore and fear. There is still cause to fear certain aspects of the underwater world, and the one aspect that still holds sway over public interest is that of dangerous marine animals. There is little justification for this top priority. The kelp beds of San Diego will claim more diving victims than all the marine animals around the United States of America. The cold seas off the English coastline, the tidal currents of Hawaii and the multitude of drowning accidents in water caves of Florida and Australia belittle the relatively few fatalities caused by marine animals. Nevertheless, the latter do cause injury and death, especially in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. The Indo-Pacific area seems particularly well endowed with a variety of potentially lethal species, and some of these will be dealt with in this paper.", "contents": "Dangerous marine animals. Tales of dangerous marine animals have flourished, entwining history, legend and imagination. Man is now demonstrating his remarkable adaptability in returning to the aquatic environment, from which he had his origins, and factual knowledge of marine creatures is surplanting mystery, folklore and fear. There is still cause to fear certain aspects of the underwater world, and the one aspect that still holds sway over public interest is that of dangerous marine animals. There is little justification for this top priority. The kelp beds of San Diego will claim more diving victims than all the marine animals around the United States of America. The cold seas off the English coastline, the tidal currents of Hawaii and the multitude of drowning accidents in water caves of Florida and Australia belittle the relatively few fatalities caused by marine animals. Nevertheless, the latter do cause injury and death, especially in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. The Indo-Pacific area seems particularly well endowed with a variety of potentially lethal species, and some of these will be dealt with in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:942361", "title": "Electrolytic O-demethylation of methoxycatecholamines.", "content": "Electrolysis of 3-methoxycatecholamines in physiological solutions resulted in the formation of the parent catecholamines and their oxidation products. Conversion occurred at the anode. Maximal catecholamine production occurred in the presence of ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Electrolytic O-demethylation of methoxycatecholamines. Electrolysis of 3-methoxycatecholamines in physiological solutions resulted in the formation of the parent catecholamines and their oxidation products. Conversion occurred at the anode. Maximal catecholamine production occurred in the presence of ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:942362", "title": "Regulation of aldosterone in the guinea-pig--effect of oestrus cycle, pregnancy and sodium status.", "content": "The blood concentrations of aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol were measured in conscious, non-stressed guinea-pigs using a double isotope dilution derivative assay procedure. Aldosterone levels in the guinea-pig were high when compared with those of other species. The concentration of aldosterone, 37-7 +/- 15-9 ng/100 ml (x +/- SD), and cortisol, 31-8 +/- 10-1 mug/100 ml, found in non-pregnant females on a moderate sodium intake was significantly greater than in males (aldosterone 22-2 +/- 2-4 ng/100 ml and cortisol 19-3 +/- 5-7 mug/100 ml). There was no sex difference in corticosterone concentrations; females, 0-25 +/- 0-06 mug/100 ml and males, 0-23 +/- 0-10 mug/100 ml. The oestrus cycle had no effect on levels of the three steroids measured. Two thirds of the way through the 68-day gestation period aldosterone levels were significantly elevated compared with non-pregnant values (68-7 +/- 50-9 ng/100 ml, p less than 0-05). Values at day 20 (33-2 +/- 11-7 ng/100 ml) and day 60 of gestation (51-9 +/- 21-7 ng/100 ml) were similar to those of non-pregnant animals. Cortisol and corticosterone levels were significantly elevated at 20 days gestation and they continued to rise until, at day 60, cortisol was 9 times and corticosterone 4 times higher than the non-pregnant values. Compared with a moderate Na intake, salt loading suppressed aldosterone levels and Na restriction raised them.", "contents": "Regulation of aldosterone in the guinea-pig--effect of oestrus cycle, pregnancy and sodium status. The blood concentrations of aldosterone, corticosterone and cortisol were measured in conscious, non-stressed guinea-pigs using a double isotope dilution derivative assay procedure. Aldosterone levels in the guinea-pig were high when compared with those of other species. The concentration of aldosterone, 37-7 +/- 15-9 ng/100 ml (x +/- SD), and cortisol, 31-8 +/- 10-1 mug/100 ml, found in non-pregnant females on a moderate sodium intake was significantly greater than in males (aldosterone 22-2 +/- 2-4 ng/100 ml and cortisol 19-3 +/- 5-7 mug/100 ml). There was no sex difference in corticosterone concentrations; females, 0-25 +/- 0-06 mug/100 ml and males, 0-23 +/- 0-10 mug/100 ml. The oestrus cycle had no effect on levels of the three steroids measured. Two thirds of the way through the 68-day gestation period aldosterone levels were significantly elevated compared with non-pregnant values (68-7 +/- 50-9 ng/100 ml, p less than 0-05). Values at day 20 (33-2 +/- 11-7 ng/100 ml) and day 60 of gestation (51-9 +/- 21-7 ng/100 ml) were similar to those of non-pregnant animals. Cortisol and corticosterone levels were significantly elevated at 20 days gestation and they continued to rise until, at day 60, cortisol was 9 times and corticosterone 4 times higher than the non-pregnant values. Compared with a moderate Na intake, salt loading suppressed aldosterone levels and Na restriction raised them."}
{"id": "PMID:942363", "title": "The inhibitory influence of the pyloric antrum on gastric secretion in dogs.", "content": "The effect of the pyloric antrum and of subsequent vagotomy on the secretory responses of an innervated or a denervated gastric pouch in the dog to histamine and pentagastrin was determined. The increased sensitivity of the gastric pouch to stimulation after these procedures is in keeping with the concept that an inhibitory reflex is concerned with the control of acid gastric secretion.", "contents": "The inhibitory influence of the pyloric antrum on gastric secretion in dogs. The effect of the pyloric antrum and of subsequent vagotomy on the secretory responses of an innervated or a denervated gastric pouch in the dog to histamine and pentagastrin was determined. The increased sensitivity of the gastric pouch to stimulation after these procedures is in keeping with the concept that an inhibitory reflex is concerned with the control of acid gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:942364", "title": "Streptomycin and temperature sensitivity of colicin-like activity in Salmonella cultures.", "content": "Salmonellin production on agar was reduced by adding streptomycin or raising the incubation temperature to 44 degrees. Production of group 3b salcol was increased by incubation at 44 degrees and, for one producer only, by adding streptomycin. Production of the diffusible, nontransferable group 4 salcol and also of diffusible colicin V was reduced at 44 degrees. Group 1 salcol production was unaffected by raised temperature or streptomycin. Group 2 salcol production also was unaffected, except in salm+ transcipients of Arizona So116 where it was reduced along with salmonellin production by incubation at 44 degrees or addition of streptomycin.", "contents": "Streptomycin and temperature sensitivity of colicin-like activity in Salmonella cultures. Salmonellin production on agar was reduced by adding streptomycin or raising the incubation temperature to 44 degrees. Production of group 3b salcol was increased by incubation at 44 degrees and, for one producer only, by adding streptomycin. Production of the diffusible, nontransferable group 4 salcol and also of diffusible colicin V was reduced at 44 degrees. Group 1 salcol production was unaffected by raised temperature or streptomycin. Group 2 salcol production also was unaffected, except in salm+ transcipients of Arizona So116 where it was reduced along with salmonellin production by incubation at 44 degrees or addition of streptomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:942365", "title": "The effect of ambient temperature on the growth hormone and prolactin response to exercise.", "content": "The effect of a standardised exercise procedure on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and prolactin has been assessed in 10 normal human subjects. Each subject was tested in an ambient temperature of 40 degrees and on a subsequent day at a temperature of 10 degrees. At 40 degrees exercise produced an increase in HGH in all 10 subjects, while in the cold only 1 showed a rise in the hormone during exercise. An increase in prolactin with exercise at 40 degrees occurred in some of the subjects, but these changes were small in comparison with those of HGH. Prolactin levels did not increase during exercise in the cold.", "contents": "The effect of ambient temperature on the growth hormone and prolactin response to exercise. The effect of a standardised exercise procedure on plasma growth hormone (HGH) and prolactin has been assessed in 10 normal human subjects. Each subject was tested in an ambient temperature of 40 degrees and on a subsequent day at a temperature of 10 degrees. At 40 degrees exercise produced an increase in HGH in all 10 subjects, while in the cold only 1 showed a rise in the hormone during exercise. An increase in prolactin with exercise at 40 degrees occurred in some of the subjects, but these changes were small in comparison with those of HGH. Prolactin levels did not increase during exercise in the cold."}
{"id": "PMID:942366", "title": "[Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute leukoses treated with rubidomycin or adriamycin at the Internal Clinic A].", "content": "Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute leukoses treated with Rubidomycin were observed. In 28 out of 40 followed-up patients changes were found in the form of sinus tachycardia, in 3 of them rhythm changes were observed in the form of extra systols, in 6 low segment S-T, in 12 changes of T waves (lower or isoelectric in 5, negative in 3, and high, pointed in 4 patients). In one patient there was found more prominent right axial deviation and the appearance of small Q in the site not seen before. In addition ot ECG, blood pictue and electrolytes were examined. Parallel occurence of anaemia and sinus tachycaria were found, while electrolytes mostly remained in normal limits. More significant and multiple changes were found in one patient, most often when the administration of a drug was followed by ECG. Lack of appearance of ECG changes in a certain number of our patinets most probably resulted from undue recording, and not from the harmful effect of a drug.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute leukoses treated with rubidomycin or adriamycin at the Internal Clinic A]. Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute leukoses treated with Rubidomycin were observed. In 28 out of 40 followed-up patients changes were found in the form of sinus tachycardia, in 3 of them rhythm changes were observed in the form of extra systols, in 6 low segment S-T, in 12 changes of T waves (lower or isoelectric in 5, negative in 3, and high, pointed in 4 patients). In one patient there was found more prominent right axial deviation and the appearance of small Q in the site not seen before. In addition ot ECG, blood pictue and electrolytes were examined. Parallel occurence of anaemia and sinus tachycaria were found, while electrolytes mostly remained in normal limits. More significant and multiple changes were found in one patient, most often when the administration of a drug was followed by ECG. Lack of appearance of ECG changes in a certain number of our patinets most probably resulted from undue recording, and not from the harmful effect of a drug."}
{"id": "PMID:942367", "title": "[Substitution therapy in the treatment of acute leukoses].", "content": "In the treatment of acute leukoses, from the first onset of the disease till the occurrence of the first remission, as well as in the course of intesive hemiotherapy, the substitution therapy by blood derivatives has the great importance. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, hypoproteinaemia and hemorrhagic syndroms, caused by thrombocytopenia, liver diseases and disseminated intravascular coagulation, are the most frequent disorders requiring the substitution therapy. Authors presented the advantages of the substitution  therapy by blood derivatives upon the whole blood.", "contents": "[Substitution therapy in the treatment of acute leukoses]. In the treatment of acute leukoses, from the first onset of the disease till the occurrence of the first remission, as well as in the course of intesive hemiotherapy, the substitution therapy by blood derivatives has the great importance. Anaemia, granulocytopenia, hypoproteinaemia and hemorrhagic syndroms, caused by thrombocytopenia, liver diseases and disseminated intravascular coagulation, are the most frequent disorders requiring the substitution therapy. Authors presented the advantages of the substitution  therapy by blood derivatives upon the whole blood."}
{"id": "PMID:942368", "title": "[Results in the use of blood components separated by cytophoresis in leukemia treated with cytostatics (our 1st experiences with flowing-effect centrifuge)].", "content": "Since the essence of the malign process is still unknown, together with the basic causal principle (or principles?) of the pathological, malign growth, we, are not in position to apply the adequate, the only correct causal therapy with leukosis. As a consequence, we have numberous therapeutical diagrams with leukosis. As a consequence, we have numerous therapeutical diagrams in which there is adomination of pharmacological substances having cytostatic effects of anti-microbal, substitutional and symptomatical therapies. Cytostatics represent an expressedly different therapy. Various, very powerful cytostatic combinations and procedures applied with a desire to bring the patient into remission often cause the therapeutist to have another, very important problem: how to prevent the haematological complications using the cytostatic therapy, primarily the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia which, in bodies damaged by malign processes, can cause difficult complications. In order to avoid these, a series of new methods have been developed within the cytophoresis and haemotherapy. With the advent of separators of blood components it seems that the problem of selective and precise haemotherapy has been solved completely. Namely, if the components are applied precisely, in the stage when the patient lacks them in the desired concentration, the possibility of manifold therapeutical applications offer a possibility for an adequate subtitutional therapy. This paper brings forward our initial results from this field. The CENTRIFUGE-- AMINCO was used for seperation. The seperation in it takes place in a closed system (infection impossible), and thanks to special construction which simulates the internal medium of blood vessels, the mechanical decay of tangible components in the extracorporal medium has been reduced to a minimum. By means of adjustment of peristaltic pumps, the desired seperation is possible to be achieved. Concentrated components obtained by means of separation (leukocytes and thrombocytes, separated or together), have been applied with patients having leukosis once or several times, in the stage when they, due to cytostatic treatment, had very low values of these components with the existing or threatening complications. The substitional therapy has been applied with 14 patients and very efficient effects have been observed.", "contents": "[Results in the use of blood components separated by cytophoresis in leukemia treated with cytostatics (our 1st experiences with flowing-effect centrifuge)]. Since the essence of the malign process is still unknown, together with the basic causal principle (or principles?) of the pathological, malign growth, we, are not in position to apply the adequate, the only correct causal therapy with leukosis. As a consequence, we have numberous therapeutical diagrams with leukosis. As a consequence, we have numerous therapeutical diagrams in which there is adomination of pharmacological substances having cytostatic effects of anti-microbal, substitutional and symptomatical therapies. Cytostatics represent an expressedly different therapy. Various, very powerful cytostatic combinations and procedures applied with a desire to bring the patient into remission often cause the therapeutist to have another, very important problem: how to prevent the haematological complications using the cytostatic therapy, primarily the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia which, in bodies damaged by malign processes, can cause difficult complications. In order to avoid these, a series of new methods have been developed within the cytophoresis and haemotherapy. With the advent of separators of blood components it seems that the problem of selective and precise haemotherapy has been solved completely. Namely, if the components are applied precisely, in the stage when the patient lacks them in the desired concentration, the possibility of manifold therapeutical applications offer a possibility for an adequate subtitutional therapy. This paper brings forward our initial results from this field. The CENTRIFUGE-- AMINCO was used for seperation. The seperation in it takes place in a closed system (infection impossible), and thanks to special construction which simulates the internal medium of blood vessels, the mechanical decay of tangible components in the extracorporal medium has been reduced to a minimum. By means of adjustment of peristaltic pumps, the desired seperation is possible to be achieved. Concentrated components obtained by means of separation (leukocytes and thrombocytes, separated or together), have been applied with patients having leukosis once or several times, in the stage when they, due to cytostatic treatment, had very low values of these components with the existing or threatening complications. The substitional therapy has been applied with 14 patients and very efficient effects have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:942369", "title": "Hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by horseradish peroxidase. The role of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.", "content": "1. In the presence of dihydroxyfumarate, horseradish peroxidase catalyses the conversion of p-coumaric acid into caffeic acid at pH 6. This hydroxylation is completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase. 2. Dihydroxyfumarate cannot be replaced by ascorbate H2O2, NADH, cysteine or sulphite. Peroxidase can be replaced by high (10 mM) concentrations of FeSO4, but this reaction is almost unaffected by superoxide dismutase. 3. Hydroxylation by the peroxidase/dihydroxyfumarate system is completely inhibited by low concentrations of Mn2+ or Cu2+. It is proposed that this is due to the ability of these metal ions to react with the superoxide radical O2--. 4. Hydroxylation is partially inhibited by mannitol, Tris or ethanol and completely inhibited by formate. This seems to be due to the ability of these reagents to react with the hydroxyl radical -OH. 5. It is concluded that O2-- is generated during the oxidation of dihydroxyfumarate by peroxidase and reacts with H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals, which then convert p-coumaric acid into caffeic acid.", "contents": "Hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid by horseradish peroxidase. The role of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. 1. In the presence of dihydroxyfumarate, horseradish peroxidase catalyses the conversion of p-coumaric acid into caffeic acid at pH 6. This hydroxylation is completely inhibited by superoxide dismutase. 2. Dihydroxyfumarate cannot be replaced by ascorbate H2O2, NADH, cysteine or sulphite. Peroxidase can be replaced by high (10 mM) concentrations of FeSO4, but this reaction is almost unaffected by superoxide dismutase. 3. Hydroxylation by the peroxidase/dihydroxyfumarate system is completely inhibited by low concentrations of Mn2+ or Cu2+. It is proposed that this is due to the ability of these metal ions to react with the superoxide radical O2--. 4. Hydroxylation is partially inhibited by mannitol, Tris or ethanol and completely inhibited by formate. This seems to be due to the ability of these reagents to react with the hydroxyl radical -OH. 5. It is concluded that O2-- is generated during the oxidation of dihydroxyfumarate by peroxidase and reacts with H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radicals, which then convert p-coumaric acid into caffeic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:942370", "title": "Metal-replacement studies in Bacillus stearothermophilus aldolase and a comparison of the mechanisms of class I and class II aldolases.", "content": "A comparison of the product-inhibition patterns during cleavage of D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate by aldolases from yeast, rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus shows an ordered reaction sequence for all three enzymes, with dihydroxyacetone phosphate the last-leaving product. Addition of Zn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ or Cd2+ ions to the inactive apo-(Bacillus stearothermophilus aldolase) restores activity to different extents, whereas Ni2+, Mg2+ or Cu2+ ions have no effect. The cleavage activity of this aldolase is not enhanced by added K+ ion. The effects of metal replacement on thermal stability, Km and Vmax. are given and the possible role of the metal is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Metal-replacement studies in Bacillus stearothermophilus aldolase and a comparison of the mechanisms of class I and class II aldolases. A comparison of the product-inhibition patterns during cleavage of D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate by aldolases from yeast, rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus shows an ordered reaction sequence for all three enzymes, with dihydroxyacetone phosphate the last-leaving product. Addition of Zn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+ or Cd2+ ions to the inactive apo-(Bacillus stearothermophilus aldolase) restores activity to different extents, whereas Ni2+, Mg2+ or Cu2+ ions have no effect. The cleavage activity of this aldolase is not enhanced by added K+ ion. The effects of metal replacement on thermal stability, Km and Vmax. are given and the possible role of the metal is discussed in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:942371", "title": "Isolation of S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine from the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis).", "content": "A method is reported for the separation of S-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine and other basic compounds in the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis) by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. One of the basic compounds was isolated in crystalline form and was shown to be S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine by chemical and spectroscopic characterizations and by comparison with a synthetic sample.", "contents": "Isolation of S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine from the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis). A method is reported for the separation of S-adenosyl-3-methylthiopropylamine and other basic compounds in the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis) by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex. One of the basic compounds was isolated in crystalline form and was shown to be S-adenosyl-3-thiopropylamine by chemical and spectroscopic characterizations and by comparison with a synthetic sample."}
{"id": "PMID:942372", "title": "The anomalous kinetics of coupled aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase. Evidence for compartmentation of oxaloacetate.", "content": "Cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase were purified from pig heart. Kinetic parameters were determined for the separate reaction catalysed by each enzyme and used to predict the course of the coupled reaction: (see article). Although a lag phase should have been easily seen, none was detected. The same coupled reaction was also carried out by using radioactive aspartate in the presence of unlabelled oxaloacetate. The reaction was quenched with HClO4 after 70 ms and the specific radioactivity of the malate produced in this system was found to be essentially the same as that of the original aspartate. These results show that oxaloacetate produced by the aspartate aminotransferase is converted into malate by malate dehydrogenase before it equilibrates with the pool of unlabelled oxaloacetate and are consistent with a proposal that the enzymes are associated in a complex. However, no physical evidence of the existence of a complex could be found. An alternative means of compartmentation of the intermediate as an unstable isomer is considered.", "contents": "The anomalous kinetics of coupled aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase. Evidence for compartmentation of oxaloacetate. Cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase were purified from pig heart. Kinetic parameters were determined for the separate reaction catalysed by each enzyme and used to predict the course of the coupled reaction: (see article). Although a lag phase should have been easily seen, none was detected. The same coupled reaction was also carried out by using radioactive aspartate in the presence of unlabelled oxaloacetate. The reaction was quenched with HClO4 after 70 ms and the specific radioactivity of the malate produced in this system was found to be essentially the same as that of the original aspartate. These results show that oxaloacetate produced by the aspartate aminotransferase is converted into malate by malate dehydrogenase before it equilibrates with the pool of unlabelled oxaloacetate and are consistent with a proposal that the enzymes are associated in a complex. However, no physical evidence of the existence of a complex could be found. An alternative means of compartmentation of the intermediate as an unstable isomer is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:942373", "title": "Characterization of the extracellular haemoglobin of Haemopsis sanguisuga (L.).", "content": "The haemoglobin from the blood of the horseleech, Haemopsis sanguisuga (L.), had a sedimentation coefficient, SO20, w, of 59.11 +/- 0.55 S, and a molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium of 3.71 X 10(6)+/-9904 X 10(6). In the electron microscope the molecule appeared to be made up of two hexagonal plates, as is found with other worm haemoglobins, with dimensions 24.4+/-2.0 nm (across the hexagon) and 15.2+/-1.4 nm (height). The amino acid composition and spectrum were closely similar to those of the haemoglobins of other annelids (e.g. Lumbricus). The alpha-helical content, calculated from circular-dichroism measurements in the far-u.v. region, was 56-63%. The haem content was 2.49%, corresponding to a minimum molecular weight per haem group of 24 800, but detergent-gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of polypeptide chains of mol.wts. 12 600, 14 800, 15 500 and 25 100. The pH-induced dissociation of the native molecule yielded compotosol of Soya-bean root nodules.", "contents": "Characterization of the extracellular haemoglobin of Haemopsis sanguisuga (L.). The haemoglobin from the blood of the horseleech, Haemopsis sanguisuga (L.), had a sedimentation coefficient, SO20, w, of 59.11 +/- 0.55 S, and a molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium of 3.71 X 10(6)+/-9904 X 10(6). In the electron microscope the molecule appeared to be made up of two hexagonal plates, as is found with other worm haemoglobins, with dimensions 24.4+/-2.0 nm (across the hexagon) and 15.2+/-1.4 nm (height). The amino acid composition and spectrum were closely similar to those of the haemoglobins of other annelids (e.g. Lumbricus). The alpha-helical content, calculated from circular-dichroism measurements in the far-u.v. region, was 56-63%. The haem content was 2.49%, corresponding to a minimum molecular weight per haem group of 24 800, but detergent-gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of polypeptide chains of mol.wts. 12 600, 14 800, 15 500 and 25 100. The pH-induced dissociation of the native molecule yielded compotosol of Soya-bean root nodules."}
{"id": "PMID:942374", "title": "Physical and catalytic properties of alpha-amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae.", "content": "The amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae (yellow mealworm) was characterized according to a number of its molecular and catalytic properties. The insect amylase is a single polypeptide chain with mol.wt. 68000, an isoelectric point of 4.0 and a very low content of sulphur-containing amino acids. The enzyme is a Ca2+-protein and behaves as an alpha-amylase. Removal of Ca2+ by exhaustive dialysis against water causes the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Moreover, the enzyme is activated by the presence in the assay mixture of Cl-, or some other inorganic anions that are less effective than Cl-, and is inhibited by F-. Optimal conditions of pH and temperature for the enzymic activity are 5.8 and 37 degrees C. The insect amylase exhibits an identical kinetic behaviour toward starch, amylose and amylopectin; the enzyme hydrolyses glycogen with a higher affinity constant. Compared with the non-insect alpha-amylases described in the literature, Tenebrio molitor amylase has a lower affinity for starch.", "contents": "Physical and catalytic properties of alpha-amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. The amylase from Tenebrio molitor L. larvae (yellow mealworm) was characterized according to a number of its molecular and catalytic properties. The insect amylase is a single polypeptide chain with mol.wt. 68000, an isoelectric point of 4.0 and a very low content of sulphur-containing amino acids. The enzyme is a Ca2+-protein and behaves as an alpha-amylase. Removal of Ca2+ by exhaustive dialysis against water causes the irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Moreover, the enzyme is activated by the presence in the assay mixture of Cl-, or some other inorganic anions that are less effective than Cl-, and is inhibited by F-. Optimal conditions of pH and temperature for the enzymic activity are 5.8 and 37 degrees C. The insect amylase exhibits an identical kinetic behaviour toward starch, amylose and amylopectin; the enzyme hydrolyses glycogen with a higher affinity constant. Compared with the non-insect alpha-amylases described in the literature, Tenebrio molitor amylase has a lower affinity for starch."}
{"id": "PMID:942375", "title": "The unreliability of estimates of group dissociation constants.", "content": "If a molecule contains two groups that bind a common ligand, then to determine their group dissociation constants it is necessary (1) to assume that some property of the molecule is affected by the degree of ligation of only one of the groups, and (2) to determine how this property varies with the concentration of free ligand. When assignment of group dissociation constants made on this basis suggests that the degree of ligation of each group greatly affects the dissociation constant of the other, then the original assumption that the chosen property is completely unaffected by ligation of the second group is rendered doubtful. Dissociation constants of interacting groups can therefore not be reliably determined.", "contents": "The unreliability of estimates of group dissociation constants. If a molecule contains two groups that bind a common ligand, then to determine their group dissociation constants it is necessary (1) to assume that some property of the molecule is affected by the degree of ligation of only one of the groups, and (2) to determine how this property varies with the concentration of free ligand. When assignment of group dissociation constants made on this basis suggests that the degree of ligation of each group greatly affects the dissociation constant of the other, then the original assumption that the chosen property is completely unaffected by ligation of the second group is rendered doubtful. Dissociation constants of interacting groups can therefore not be reliably determined."}
{"id": "PMID:942376", "title": "Formation of monoferric ovotransferrins in the presence of chelates.", "content": "1. When ovotransferrin is partially saturated with iron, endotherms for apo-ovotransferrin, two monoferric ovotransferrins and Fe2-ovotransferrin are observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative sizes of the endotherms are changed in the presence of the iron-chelating agents nitrilotriacetic acid and ATP. 2. When iron is added as Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate, at Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios less than unity, the endotherm for Fe2-ovotransferrin is essentially absent. At Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios of unity the only species present in solution in appreciable concentration as evidenced by their differential-scanning-calorimetry endotherms, are two monoferric ovotransferrins in approximately equal amounts. At Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios greater than unity, the apo-ovotransferrin endotherm is absent, and the endotherms for the two monoferric ovotransferrins decrease in size as the endotherm for Fe2-ovotransferrin increases. 3. In the presence of nitrilotriacetate, binding of iron to the two sites of ovotransferrin is highly anti-co-operative, but essentially indiscriminate. When monoferric ovotransferrin is formed from apo-ovotransferrin, binding at one site is slightly favoured compared with binding at the other site, but once iron has been bound at either site, the binding affinity for iron at the unoccupied site is much decreased.", "contents": "Formation of monoferric ovotransferrins in the presence of chelates. 1. When ovotransferrin is partially saturated with iron, endotherms for apo-ovotransferrin, two monoferric ovotransferrins and Fe2-ovotransferrin are observed by differential scanning calorimetry. The relative sizes of the endotherms are changed in the presence of the iron-chelating agents nitrilotriacetic acid and ATP. 2. When iron is added as Fe(III)-nitrilotriacetate, at Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios less than unity, the endotherm for Fe2-ovotransferrin is essentially absent. At Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios of unity the only species present in solution in appreciable concentration as evidenced by their differential-scanning-calorimetry endotherms, are two monoferric ovotransferrins in approximately equal amounts. At Fe-nitrilotriacetate: ovotransferrin ratios greater than unity, the apo-ovotransferrin endotherm is absent, and the endotherms for the two monoferric ovotransferrins decrease in size as the endotherm for Fe2-ovotransferrin increases. 3. In the presence of nitrilotriacetate, binding of iron to the two sites of ovotransferrin is highly anti-co-operative, but essentially indiscriminate. When monoferric ovotransferrin is formed from apo-ovotransferrin, binding at one site is slightly favoured compared with binding at the other site, but once iron has been bound at either site, the binding affinity for iron at the unoccupied site is much decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:942377", "title": "Chemical and physical properties of the human urinary glycoprotein with gastric antisecretory activity.", "content": "The chemical and physical properties of the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (SO20, w = 8S; Ve=Vo on Sephadex G-200) with gastric antisecretory activity extracted from the urine of pregnant women were studied. Gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis indicated subunit mol.wts. of 16 000 +/- 1500 and 13 000 +/- 1000 respectively. Reaggregation of the subunits and partial recovery of the biological activity were observed on removal of the detergent. The partial C-terminal sequence was found to be Phe-Tyr-Leu-Val-OH, whereas glycine appears to be the N-terminal amino acid. The carbohydrate composition was examined; all galactosamine was found to be O-glycosidically linked to the polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Chemical and physical properties of the human urinary glycoprotein with gastric antisecretory activity. The chemical and physical properties of the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (SO20, w = 8S; Ve=Vo on Sephadex G-200) with gastric antisecretory activity extracted from the urine of pregnant women were studied. Gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis indicated subunit mol.wts. of 16 000 +/- 1500 and 13 000 +/- 1000 respectively. Reaggregation of the subunits and partial recovery of the biological activity were observed on removal of the detergent. The partial C-terminal sequence was found to be Phe-Tyr-Leu-Val-OH, whereas glycine appears to be the N-terminal amino acid. The carbohydrate composition was examined; all galactosamine was found to be O-glycosidically linked to the polypeptide chain."}
{"id": "PMID:942378", "title": "The whey proteins of the milk of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). A homologue of bovine beta-lactoglobulin.", "content": "1. The whey proteins from the milk of red deer are compared with those of cattle. Gel chromatography and electrophoresis showed a close similarity between the whey proteins of the two species in the size, mobility and relative amounts of the main constituents and in the changes in their relative amounts with time after parturition. 2. The major constituent of the deer whey was isolated. It appeared to be homologous with bovine beta-lactoglobulin and had the following properties: m=-5.2X10(-9)m2-s-1-V-1 at 4 degrees C and pH 8.6; pI=5.17; S020, w =2.89S; v=0.748 ml/g; E1g/dl 1cm= 9.12 at 278 nm; deltan/c=1.794 X 10(-3)dl/g at 579 nm (all at 20 degrees C except m). Its molecular weight was that of a dimer with a subunit weight of 18 000. 3. Amino acid analyses of this protein, adjusted to lysine = 15 residues showed that it contains one more residue of aspartic acid, alanine and methionine and one less glutamic acid residue and two less leucine residues than bovine beta-lactoglobulin A. 4. On starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2, this protein migrated at the same rate as bovine beta-lactoglobulin B, although its isoelectric point is close to that of the bovine A variant. Milk from three out of 27 hinds examined showed a variant. This migrated in starch gel at the same rate as the bovine A variant but had a more acid pI = 5.02. 5. The two species whose milk whey proteins are compared represent two different families of ruminants. The similarities found support the view that the milk whey proteins of the bovids are probably typical of the suborder as a whole.", "contents": "The whey proteins of the milk of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). A homologue of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. 1. The whey proteins from the milk of red deer are compared with those of cattle. Gel chromatography and electrophoresis showed a close similarity between the whey proteins of the two species in the size, mobility and relative amounts of the main constituents and in the changes in their relative amounts with time after parturition. 2. The major constituent of the deer whey was isolated. It appeared to be homologous with bovine beta-lactoglobulin and had the following properties: m=-5.2X10(-9)m2-s-1-V-1 at 4 degrees C and pH 8.6; pI=5.17; S020, w =2.89S; v=0.748 ml/g; E1g/dl 1cm= 9.12 at 278 nm; deltan/c=1.794 X 10(-3)dl/g at 579 nm (all at 20 degrees C except m). Its molecular weight was that of a dimer with a subunit weight of 18 000. 3. Amino acid analyses of this protein, adjusted to lysine = 15 residues showed that it contains one more residue of aspartic acid, alanine and methionine and one less glutamic acid residue and two less leucine residues than bovine beta-lactoglobulin A. 4. On starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2, this protein migrated at the same rate as bovine beta-lactoglobulin B, although its isoelectric point is close to that of the bovine A variant. Milk from three out of 27 hinds examined showed a variant. This migrated in starch gel at the same rate as the bovine A variant but had a more acid pI = 5.02. 5. The two species whose milk whey proteins are compared represent two different families of ruminants. The similarities found support the view that the milk whey proteins of the bovids are probably typical of the suborder as a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:942379", "title": "Mass-spectrometric identification and sequence location of the ten residues of the new amino acid (gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid) in the N-terminal region of prothrombin.", "content": "The detailed mass-spectrometric evidence for our original findings [Magnusson et al. (1974) FEBS Lett. 44, 189-193] of ten gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the N-terminal calcium-binding polypeptide of prothrombin is presented. The identification and sequence location of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was made by electron-impact and field-desorption studies on acetyl permethyl peptide derivatives, and on the free amino acid. Details of the derivatives formed, and how this new amino acid may be easily recognized and sequenced from the mass spectrum, are given as a basis for future work.", "contents": "Mass-spectrometric identification and sequence location of the ten residues of the new amino acid (gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid) in the N-terminal region of prothrombin. The detailed mass-spectrometric evidence for our original findings [Magnusson et al. (1974) FEBS Lett. 44, 189-193] of ten gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the N-terminal calcium-binding polypeptide of prothrombin is presented. The identification and sequence location of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was made by electron-impact and field-desorption studies on acetyl permethyl peptide derivatives, and on the free amino acid. Details of the derivatives formed, and how this new amino acid may be easily recognized and sequenced from the mass spectrum, are given as a basis for future work."}
{"id": "PMID:942381", "title": "The interaction between Beta-lactoglobulin and sodium N-dodecyl sulphate.", "content": "1. The binding of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate to beta-lactoglobulin was studied in the pH range 3.5-7.0 by equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifugation and microcalorimetry. 2. At low binding concentrations (less than 30 bound surfactants anions per protein molecule) the complexes formed aggregates in solution. 3. At higher binding concentrations aggregation does not occur at low ionic strength (0.01 mol/litre), but continues at high ionic strength (0.1 mol/litre). 4. At 25 degrees C the enthalpy of interaction of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate with beta-lactoglobulin can be interpreted as the sum of the enthalpies of formation of a complex with 2 bound surfactant anions, with an enthalpy change of -9.5 kJ-mol-1 of bound surfactant, and complexes containing at least 22 bound surfactant anions, with limiting enthalpies per bound surfactant anion of -12.4 kJ-mol-1 at pH 3.5 and -3.25 kJ-mol-1 at pH 5.5. 5. The binding of surfactant and the enthalpy of interaction at pH 3.5 ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE ADDITION Of 8 M-urea. 6. The data indicate that at low binding concentrations the interaction is of an ionic nature, and is accompanied by a conformational change in the protein.", "contents": "The interaction between Beta-lactoglobulin and sodium N-dodecyl sulphate. 1. The binding of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate to beta-lactoglobulin was studied in the pH range 3.5-7.0 by equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifugation and microcalorimetry. 2. At low binding concentrations (less than 30 bound surfactants anions per protein molecule) the complexes formed aggregates in solution. 3. At higher binding concentrations aggregation does not occur at low ionic strength (0.01 mol/litre), but continues at high ionic strength (0.1 mol/litre). 4. At 25 degrees C the enthalpy of interaction of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate with beta-lactoglobulin can be interpreted as the sum of the enthalpies of formation of a complex with 2 bound surfactant anions, with an enthalpy change of -9.5 kJ-mol-1 of bound surfactant, and complexes containing at least 22 bound surfactant anions, with limiting enthalpies per bound surfactant anion of -12.4 kJ-mol-1 at pH 3.5 and -3.25 kJ-mol-1 at pH 5.5. 5. The binding of surfactant and the enthalpy of interaction at pH 3.5 ARE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE ADDITION Of 8 M-urea. 6. The data indicate that at low binding concentrations the interaction is of an ionic nature, and is accompanied by a conformational change in the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:942380", "title": "The occurrence in amino acid sequences of extensive informational symmetries based on possible codon-codon complementarity in the encoding polynucleotides.", "content": "1. A procedure is described for the detection and assessment of informational complementarity in an amino acid sequence; it is based on possible autocomplementarity in the mRNA, and involves codon-to-codon matching. 2. This procedure was applied to myelin basic protein, a variety of protamines, histone IV, silk fibroin, rat skin collagen alpha1 chain and a sheep keratin. A multiplicity of extensive low-probability informational symmetries, based on codon-to-codon matching, were detected. 3. These low-probability orderings, which are independent of the actual mRNA codons, are rationalized in terms of the evolutionary ordering of the amino acid sequences concerned, in such a way that constraints on the secondary structure of the coding polynucleotides were satisfied. This possible interpretation is supported by a number of significant common properties of the protein sequences analysed.", "contents": "The occurrence in amino acid sequences of extensive informational symmetries based on possible codon-codon complementarity in the encoding polynucleotides. 1. A procedure is described for the detection and assessment of informational complementarity in an amino acid sequence; it is based on possible autocomplementarity in the mRNA, and involves codon-to-codon matching. 2. This procedure was applied to myelin basic protein, a variety of protamines, histone IV, silk fibroin, rat skin collagen alpha1 chain and a sheep keratin. A multiplicity of extensive low-probability informational symmetries, based on codon-to-codon matching, were detected. 3. These low-probability orderings, which are independent of the actual mRNA codons, are rationalized in terms of the evolutionary ordering of the amino acid sequences concerned, in such a way that constraints on the secondary structure of the coding polynucleotides were satisfied. This possible interpretation is supported by a number of significant common properties of the protein sequences analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:942382", "title": "Modified methods of dialysis.", "content": "Dialysis modifications are described that are based on the use of a novel rotating dialysis bottle in one- or two-solvent systems. Advantages include complete mixing and rapid equilibrium of diffusing substances, favourable volume changes, economy of solvent and more effective removal of diffusible materials.", "contents": "Modified methods of dialysis. Dialysis modifications are described that are based on the use of a novel rotating dialysis bottle in one- or two-solvent systems. Advantages include complete mixing and rapid equilibrium of diffusing substances, favourable volume changes, economy of solvent and more effective removal of diffusible materials."}
{"id": "PMID:942383", "title": "The effect of detergents on bovine adrenal ferredoxin.", "content": "The incubation of adrenal ferredoxin with various detergents in the presence of oxygen or ferricyanide leads to bleaching of the protein. The bleached preparation has the properties of apoferredoxin and it can be reconstituted with high yield by conventional methods.", "contents": "The effect of detergents on bovine adrenal ferredoxin. The incubation of adrenal ferredoxin with various detergents in the presence of oxygen or ferricyanide leads to bleaching of the protein. The bleached preparation has the properties of apoferredoxin and it can be reconstituted with high yield by conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:942384", "title": "The prediction of the conformation of membrane proteins from the sequence of amino acids.", "content": "The methods of Chou & Fasman [Biochemistry (1974) 13, 211-222, 222-245] and of Lim [J. Mol. Biol. (1974)88, 857-872, 873-894] for predicting secondary structure from amino acid sequence have been applied to five predominantly helical membrane-associated peptides. The predictions from the method of Lim (1974a,b) are consistent with the experimental observations, whereas those from Chou & Fasman (1974a,b), although not inconsistent with alpha-helix, favour a beta-structure for several very hydrophobic regions. The results may be rationalized in terms of the effect of the solvent on the conformation of a polypeptide.", "contents": "The prediction of the conformation of membrane proteins from the sequence of amino acids. The methods of Chou & Fasman [Biochemistry (1974) 13, 211-222, 222-245] and of Lim [J. Mol. Biol. (1974)88, 857-872, 873-894] for predicting secondary structure from amino acid sequence have been applied to five predominantly helical membrane-associated peptides. The predictions from the method of Lim (1974a,b) are consistent with the experimental observations, whereas those from Chou & Fasman (1974a,b), although not inconsistent with alpha-helix, favour a beta-structure for several very hydrophobic regions. The results may be rationalized in terms of the effect of the solvent on the conformation of a polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:942385", "title": "Chromatin-bound and free forms of poly(adenylic acid) polymerase in rat hepatic nuclei.", "content": "Isolated rat hepatic nuclei were shown to contain poly(A) polymerase in two distinct physiologically active forms. One form was associated with the chromatin fraction and was dependent on endogenous RNA, presumably mRNA. The other activity was localized in the nuclear sap in a 'free' form and was stimulated almost 30-40-fold by exogenously added poly(A). Isolated nucleoli were devoid of significant poly(A)-synthesizing activity.", "contents": "Chromatin-bound and free forms of poly(adenylic acid) polymerase in rat hepatic nuclei. Isolated rat hepatic nuclei were shown to contain poly(A) polymerase in two distinct physiologically active forms. One form was associated with the chromatin fraction and was dependent on endogenous RNA, presumably mRNA. The other activity was localized in the nuclear sap in a 'free' form and was stimulated almost 30-40-fold by exogenously added poly(A). Isolated nucleoli were devoid of significant poly(A)-synthesizing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:942386", "title": "Inactivation of cathepsin D by dithiophosgene and by 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone.", "content": "Cathepsin D, purified from bovine spleen, is inactivated by the unstable inhibitors dithiophosgene and 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone. Inhibition constants are identical for both of the compounds tested: Ki 96.1 muM;k/c0.406. It appears that the active species is 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone, to which dithiophosgene is hydrolysed before cathepsin D inactivation.", "contents": "Inactivation of cathepsin D by dithiophosgene and by 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone. Cathepsin D, purified from bovine spleen, is inactivated by the unstable inhibitors dithiophosgene and 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone. Inhibition constants are identical for both of the compounds tested: Ki 96.1 muM;k/c0.406. It appears that the active species is 2,2-dichloro-1,3-dithiacyclobutanone, to which dithiophosgene is hydrolysed before cathepsin D inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:942387", "title": "Isolation of the liver N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase in aspartylglucosaminuria.", "content": "The isolation of liver N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase in human aspartylglucosaminuria, where this enzyme activity is diminished, yields an enzyme molecule with the same molecular weight and pH optimum as the normal enzyme. Its activity is 10% of that of the control preparation. Combination of both enzymes results in the summation of both activities, and the pathological enzyme does not inhibit the control preparation. It is concluded that no change into a totally different isoenzyme has occurred in aspartylglucosaminuria.", "contents": "Isolation of the liver N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase in aspartylglucosaminuria. The isolation of liver N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase in human aspartylglucosaminuria, where this enzyme activity is diminished, yields an enzyme molecule with the same molecular weight and pH optimum as the normal enzyme. Its activity is 10% of that of the control preparation. Combination of both enzymes results in the summation of both activities, and the pathological enzyme does not inhibit the control preparation. It is concluded that no change into a totally different isoenzyme has occurred in aspartylglucosaminuria."}
{"id": "PMID:942388", "title": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The preparation of some hypothetical metabolites involved in cholic acid degradation.", "content": "1. To identify the intermediates involved in the degradation of cholic acid, the further degradation of (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IVa) by Arthrobacter simplex was attempted. The organism could not utilize this acid but some hypothetical intermediate metabolities of compound (IVa) were prepared for later use as reference compounds. 2. The nor homologue (IIIa) and the dinor homologue (IIIb) of compound (IVa) were prepared by exposure of 3-oxo-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid (I) and (20S)-3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnene-20-carboxylic acid (II) to A. simplex respectively. These compounds correspond to the respective metabolites produced by the shortening of the valeric acid side chain of compound (IVa) in a manner analogous to the conventional fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation mechanisms. Their structures were confirmed by partial synthesis. 3. The following authentic samples of reduction products of the oxodicarboxylic acids (IIIa), (IIIb) and (IVa) were also synthesized as hypothetical metabolities: (4R)-4-[3aalpha-hexahydro-5alpha-hydroxy-4alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7abeta-methylindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (Vb) and its nor homologue (VIIa) and dinor homologue (IXa);(4R)-4-[3Aaalpha-hexahydro-5alpha-hydroxy-4alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7abeta-methylindan-1beta-yl]-pentan-1-ol (Vc); and their respective 5beta epimers (Ve), (VIIc), (IXc) and (Vf). 4. In connexion with the non-utilization of compound (IVa) by A. simplex, the possibility that not all the metabolites formed from cholic acid by a certain micro-organism can be utilized by the same organism is considered.", "contents": "Microbiological degradation of bile acids. The preparation of some hypothetical metabolites involved in cholic acid degradation. 1. To identify the intermediates involved in the degradation of cholic acid, the further degradation of (4R)-4-[4alpha-(2-carboxyethyl)-3aalpha-hexahydro-7abeta-methyl-5-oxoindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (IVa) by Arthrobacter simplex was attempted. The organism could not utilize this acid but some hypothetical intermediate metabolities of compound (IVa) were prepared for later use as reference compounds. 2. The nor homologue (IIIa) and the dinor homologue (IIIb) of compound (IVa) were prepared by exposure of 3-oxo-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid (I) and (20S)-3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnene-20-carboxylic acid (II) to A. simplex respectively. These compounds correspond to the respective metabolites produced by the shortening of the valeric acid side chain of compound (IVa) in a manner analogous to the conventional fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation mechanisms. Their structures were confirmed by partial synthesis. 3. The following authentic samples of reduction products of the oxodicarboxylic acids (IIIa), (IIIb) and (IVa) were also synthesized as hypothetical metabolities: (4R)-4-[3aalpha-hexahydro-5alpha-hydroxy-4alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7abeta-methylindan-1beta-yl]valeric acid (Vb) and its nor homologue (VIIa) and dinor homologue (IXa);(4R)-4-[3Aaalpha-hexahydro-5alpha-hydroxy-4alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7abeta-methylindan-1beta-yl]-pentan-1-ol (Vc); and their respective 5beta epimers (Ve), (VIIc), (IXc) and (Vf). 4. In connexion with the non-utilization of compound (IVa) by A. simplex, the possibility that not all the metabolites formed from cholic acid by a certain micro-organism can be utilized by the same organism is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:942389", "title": "Sodium/proton antiport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine and kidney.", "content": "Studies on proton and Na+ transport by isolated intestinal and renal brush-border-membrane vesicles were carried out to test for the presence of an Na+/H+-exchange system. Proton transport was evaluated as proton transfer from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium by monitoring pH changes in the membrane suspension induced by sudden addition of cations. Na+ transport was determined as Na+ uptake into the vesicles by filtration technique. A sudden addition of sodium salts (but not choline) to the membrane suspension provokes an acidification of the incubation medium which is abolished by the addition of 0.5% Triton X-100. Pretreatment of the membranes with Triton X-100 prevents the acidification. The acidification is also not observed if the [K+] and proton conductance of the membranes have been increased by the simultaneous addition of valinomycin and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone to the K+-rich incubation medium. Either valinomycin or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone when added alone do not alter the response of the membranes to the addition of Na+. Na+ uptake by brush-border microvilli is enhanced in the presence of a proton gradient directed from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium. Under these conditions a transient accumulation of Na+ inside the vesicles is observed. It is concluded that intestinal and renal brush-border membranes contain a NA+/H+ antiport system which catalyses an electroneutral exchange of Na+ against protons and consequently can produce a proton gradient in the presence of a concentration difference for Na+. This system might be involved in the active proton secretion of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney.", "contents": "Sodium/proton antiport in brush-border-membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine and kidney. Studies on proton and Na+ transport by isolated intestinal and renal brush-border-membrane vesicles were carried out to test for the presence of an Na+/H+-exchange system. Proton transport was evaluated as proton transfer from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium by monitoring pH changes in the membrane suspension induced by sudden addition of cations. Na+ transport was determined as Na+ uptake into the vesicles by filtration technique. A sudden addition of sodium salts (but not choline) to the membrane suspension provokes an acidification of the incubation medium which is abolished by the addition of 0.5% Triton X-100. Pretreatment of the membranes with Triton X-100 prevents the acidification. The acidification is also not observed if the [K+] and proton conductance of the membranes have been increased by the simultaneous addition of valinomycin and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone to the K+-rich incubation medium. Either valinomycin or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone when added alone do not alter the response of the membranes to the addition of Na+. Na+ uptake by brush-border microvilli is enhanced in the presence of a proton gradient directed from the intravesicular space to the incubation medium. Under these conditions a transient accumulation of Na+ inside the vesicles is observed. It is concluded that intestinal and renal brush-border membranes contain a NA+/H+ antiport system which catalyses an electroneutral exchange of Na+ against protons and consequently can produce a proton gradient in the presence of a concentration difference for Na+. This system might be involved in the active proton secretion of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:942390", "title": "Stimulation of hepatic biogenesis of sterols on administration of adenosine compounds.", "content": "1. Re-feeding starved rats increased the biogenesis of sterols in livers, with highest activity at 6h after the start of food intake. 2. Complete deficiency of protein or fat and partial deficiency of carbohydrate in the diet had no effect on sterol biogenesis. 3. Glucose, citrate or pyruvate, when administered intraperitoneally to starved rats, stimulated the biogenesis of sterols only at high concentrations. 4. ATP given intraperitoneally at low concentrations (10mg/rat) stimulated biogenesis of sterols, but not of fatty acids, from [1-14C]acetate. This effect was also obtained with other adenosine compounds, but not with adenine or guanosine. 5. Administration of adenosine compounds to starved rats also increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into sterols in liver slices and also the activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. The results suggest a regulatory role for adenosine compounds in the hepatic biogenesis of isoprenoid compounds.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatic biogenesis of sterols on administration of adenosine compounds. 1. Re-feeding starved rats increased the biogenesis of sterols in livers, with highest activity at 6h after the start of food intake. 2. Complete deficiency of protein or fat and partial deficiency of carbohydrate in the diet had no effect on sterol biogenesis. 3. Glucose, citrate or pyruvate, when administered intraperitoneally to starved rats, stimulated the biogenesis of sterols only at high concentrations. 4. ATP given intraperitoneally at low concentrations (10mg/rat) stimulated biogenesis of sterols, but not of fatty acids, from [1-14C]acetate. This effect was also obtained with other adenosine compounds, but not with adenine or guanosine. 5. Administration of adenosine compounds to starved rats also increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into sterols in liver slices and also the activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. The results suggest a regulatory role for adenosine compounds in the hepatic biogenesis of isoprenoid compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:942391", "title": "The concentration of glycine by preparations of the yeast Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis depleted of adenosine triphosphate: Effects of proton gradients and uncoupling agents.", "content": "1. At pH 4.5 and 30degreesC, yeast preparations depleted of ATP in the presence of antimycin and deoxyglucose spontaneously lost K+, gaining roughly an equivalent amount of H+. 2. Five proton conductors including azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol accelerated this process, as did [14C]glycine, which was absorbed with two extra equivalents of H+. 3. The rate of glycine uptake at pH 4.5 diminished fourfold when cellular K+ fell by 20%. 4. The distribution of [14C]propionate indicated that the intracellular pH fell from 6.2 to 5.7 when the cellular content of K+ fell by 30%. 5. Glycine uptake from a 5 muM solution was about 400 times faster at pH 4.5 than it was at pH 7.4 with 100mM-KC1 present ostensibly to lower the membrane potential. 6. Yeast preparations containing 2mM-[14C]glycine absorbed a further amount from a 0.1 muM solution at pH 4.5. After about 10 min a net movement of [14C]glycine out of the yeast occurred. The ratio of the cellular [14Ia1glycine concentration to the concentration outside the yeast reached 4 X 10(4) in these assays, whereas at pH 7.4 in the presence of 100mM-KC1 it did not exceed 15 in 3h. Dimitrophenol lowered the accumulation ratio at pH 4.5, apparently by causing proton conduction. 7. The observations are consistent with the notion that glycine uptake is driven by a proton symport mechanism. 8. Possible factors governing the strikingly low rate of glycine efflux as opposed to its optimum rate of influx are discussed.", "contents": "The concentration of glycine by preparations of the yeast Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis depleted of adenosine triphosphate: Effects of proton gradients and uncoupling agents. 1. At pH 4.5 and 30degreesC, yeast preparations depleted of ATP in the presence of antimycin and deoxyglucose spontaneously lost K+, gaining roughly an equivalent amount of H+. 2. Five proton conductors including azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol accelerated this process, as did [14C]glycine, which was absorbed with two extra equivalents of H+. 3. The rate of glycine uptake at pH 4.5 diminished fourfold when cellular K+ fell by 20%. 4. The distribution of [14C]propionate indicated that the intracellular pH fell from 6.2 to 5.7 when the cellular content of K+ fell by 30%. 5. Glycine uptake from a 5 muM solution was about 400 times faster at pH 4.5 than it was at pH 7.4 with 100mM-KC1 present ostensibly to lower the membrane potential. 6. Yeast preparations containing 2mM-[14C]glycine absorbed a further amount from a 0.1 muM solution at pH 4.5. After about 10 min a net movement of [14C]glycine out of the yeast occurred. The ratio of the cellular [14Ia1glycine concentration to the concentration outside the yeast reached 4 X 10(4) in these assays, whereas at pH 7.4 in the presence of 100mM-KC1 it did not exceed 15 in 3h. Dimitrophenol lowered the accumulation ratio at pH 4.5, apparently by causing proton conduction. 7. The observations are consistent with the notion that glycine uptake is driven by a proton symport mechanism. 8. Possible factors governing the strikingly low rate of glycine efflux as opposed to its optimum rate of influx are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942392", "title": "Effects of ketone bodies on amino acid metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm.", "content": "1. Diaphragms from 48h-starved rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium at 37degreesC for 30min and then transferred into new medium and incubated for 1, 2 and 3 h. 2. The amount of free amino acids found at the end of each time of incubation was larger than the amount at the beginning of incubation, indicating that in this system proteolysis is prevailing. 3. The diaphragms was releasing mainly alanine and glutamine into the incubation medium. 4. Within the periods of incubation the release and metabolism of free amino acids was proceeding at a constant rate. 5. Addition of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased the tissue content of several amino acids, among which were tyrosine and phenylalanine, suggesting that proteolysis was decreased by ketone bodies. 6. In the presence of glucose (10mM) and branched-chain amino acids (0.5mM), sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate at concentrations of 4 or 6 mM resulted in 30% decrease in tissue alanine content and a 20% decline in alanine release. Release of taurine and glutamine was decreased by 19 and 16% respectively with 6 mM-sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. Addition of sodium acetoacetate (1-3mM) also resulted in a 20-35% decrease in tissue content of alanine, glutamine and taurine and in a 15-24% decrease of alanine and glutamine release. Smaller decreases (less than 15%) in the release of glycine, threonine, proline, serine and aspartate were also observed in the presence of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate or sodium acetoacetate. 7. Substitution of pyruvate (1.0mM) for glucose in the presence of acetoacetate restored alanine and glutamine production to control values. In the presence of acetoacetate, pyruvate also increased the tissue content of aspartate by 77% and decreased the tissue content of glutamate by 30%. 8. It is suggested that in diaphragms from starved rats, ketone bodies (a) in the absence of other substrates inhibit protein catabolism and (b) in the presence of glucose and branched-chain amino acids decrease alanine and glutamine production, by inhibiting glycolysis.", "contents": "Effects of ketone bodies on amino acid metabolism in isolated rat diaphragm. 1. Diaphragms from 48h-starved rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium at 37degreesC for 30min and then transferred into new medium and incubated for 1, 2 and 3 h. 2. The amount of free amino acids found at the end of each time of incubation was larger than the amount at the beginning of incubation, indicating that in this system proteolysis is prevailing. 3. The diaphragms was releasing mainly alanine and glutamine into the incubation medium. 4. Within the periods of incubation the release and metabolism of free amino acids was proceeding at a constant rate. 5. Addition of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased the tissue content of several amino acids, among which were tyrosine and phenylalanine, suggesting that proteolysis was decreased by ketone bodies. 6. In the presence of glucose (10mM) and branched-chain amino acids (0.5mM), sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate at concentrations of 4 or 6 mM resulted in 30% decrease in tissue alanine content and a 20% decline in alanine release. Release of taurine and glutamine was decreased by 19 and 16% respectively with 6 mM-sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. Addition of sodium acetoacetate (1-3mM) also resulted in a 20-35% decrease in tissue content of alanine, glutamine and taurine and in a 15-24% decrease of alanine and glutamine release. Smaller decreases (less than 15%) in the release of glycine, threonine, proline, serine and aspartate were also observed in the presence of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate or sodium acetoacetate. 7. Substitution of pyruvate (1.0mM) for glucose in the presence of acetoacetate restored alanine and glutamine production to control values. In the presence of acetoacetate, pyruvate also increased the tissue content of aspartate by 77% and decreased the tissue content of glutamate by 30%. 8. It is suggested that in diaphragms from starved rats, ketone bodies (a) in the absence of other substrates inhibit protein catabolism and (b) in the presence of glucose and branched-chain amino acids decrease alanine and glutamine production, by inhibiting glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:942393", "title": "Inactivation of phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) by liver extracts.", "content": "1. The inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) in liver extracts was catalysed by the microsomal fraction, and led to the enzyme becoming bound to the microsomal membranes. 2. Inactivation by microsomal fraction, typsin or heating at 48degreesC was accelerated by L-cystine, D-cystine and oxidized glutathione and decreased by dithiothreitol. 3. MnC1(2) and CoC1(2) protected the enzyme from inactivation by heat or microsomal fraction, but did not affect the inactivation caused by trypsin. 4. Several proteinase inhibitors had no effect on the microsomal inactivation reaction, suggesting that proteolysis was not involved. 5. It is argued that the initial step in the degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) is an inactivation reaction, perhaps involving oxidized thiol compounds.", "contents": "Inactivation of phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) by liver extracts. 1. The inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) in liver extracts was catalysed by the microsomal fraction, and led to the enzyme becoming bound to the microsomal membranes. 2. Inactivation by microsomal fraction, typsin or heating at 48degreesC was accelerated by L-cystine, D-cystine and oxidized glutathione and decreased by dithiothreitol. 3. MnC1(2) and CoC1(2) protected the enzyme from inactivation by heat or microsomal fraction, but did not affect the inactivation caused by trypsin. 4. Several proteinase inhibitors had no effect on the microsomal inactivation reaction, suggesting that proteolysis was not involved. 5. It is argued that the initial step in the degradation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) is an inactivation reaction, perhaps involving oxidized thiol compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:942394", "title": "Studies on the proteins from the seeds of Croton tiglium and of Jatropha curcas. Toxic properties and inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. Proteins extracted from the seeds of the Euphorbiaceae croton tiglium and Jatropha curcas were separated into three major peaks (I,II,and III) by Sephadex chromatography. 2. The crude protein from both seeds and peaks I and II from Croton and peak I from Jatropha were toxic to mice, to different extents. 3. The crude protein and peak I and peak II from both seeds, inhibited protein synthesis by a reticulocyte lysate; maximum inhibition was exerted by peak II from both seeds. None of these preparations affected protein synthesis in vitro by Ehrlich ascites cells.", "contents": "Studies on the proteins from the seeds of Croton tiglium and of Jatropha curcas. Toxic properties and inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro. 1. Proteins extracted from the seeds of the Euphorbiaceae croton tiglium and Jatropha curcas were separated into three major peaks (I,II,and III) by Sephadex chromatography. 2. The crude protein from both seeds and peaks I and II from Croton and peak I from Jatropha were toxic to mice, to different extents. 3. The crude protein and peak I and peak II from both seeds, inhibited protein synthesis by a reticulocyte lysate; maximum inhibition was exerted by peak II from both seeds. None of these preparations affected protein synthesis in vitro by Ehrlich ascites cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942395", "title": "Lipid composition of lymphocyte plasma membrane from pig mesenteric lymph node.", "content": "1. The lipid fraction of the plasma membrane of pig mesenteric lymph-node lymphocytes contained primarily (94%) neutral lipids and phospholipids in about equal weights. The remianing lipid comprised glycosphingolipids (1.8%), gangliosides (o.27%)and probably ceramides (1.3%). The major phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine (46% of the total), and mono- and tri-hexosylceramides accounted for 72% of the glycosphingolipids. Haematoside was distributed between the glycosphingolipid and ganglioside fractions. The major ganglioside was monosialoganglioside. About 90% of the sialic acid was N-glycollylated. 2. A comparision of the lipid composition of the plasma-membrane fraction with that of the initial lymph-node homogenate showed that the purified membrane contained increased proportions of phospholipids, especially sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. 3. Fatty acid analyses showed that the membrane phosphatidylcholine was rich in palmitic acid, that the sphingomeyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine were high in myristic acid and that the glycosphingolipids were rich in oleic acid.", "contents": "Lipid composition of lymphocyte plasma membrane from pig mesenteric lymph node. 1. The lipid fraction of the plasma membrane of pig mesenteric lymph-node lymphocytes contained primarily (94%) neutral lipids and phospholipids in about equal weights. The remianing lipid comprised glycosphingolipids (1.8%), gangliosides (o.27%)and probably ceramides (1.3%). The major phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine (46% of the total), and mono- and tri-hexosylceramides accounted for 72% of the glycosphingolipids. Haematoside was distributed between the glycosphingolipid and ganglioside fractions. The major ganglioside was monosialoganglioside. About 90% of the sialic acid was N-glycollylated. 2. A comparision of the lipid composition of the plasma-membrane fraction with that of the initial lymph-node homogenate showed that the purified membrane contained increased proportions of phospholipids, especially sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. 3. Fatty acid analyses showed that the membrane phosphatidylcholine was rich in palmitic acid, that the sphingomeyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine were high in myristic acid and that the glycosphingolipids were rich in oleic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:942396", "title": "Effects of pronase and neuraminidase treatment on a myelin-associated glycoprotein in developing brain.", "content": "Rats (14 days old) were injected with [14c]fucose and young adult rats with [3H]fucose in order to label the myelin-associated glycoproteins. As previously reported, the major [14C]fucose-labelled glycoprotein in the immature myelin had a higher apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels that the [3H]fucose-labelled glycoprotein in mature myelin. This predominant doubly labelled glycoprotein component was partially purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and converted to glycopeptides by extensive Pronase digestion. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 separated the glycopeptides into several clases, which were designted A,B, C AND D, from high to low molecular weight. The 14C-labelled glycopeptides from immature myeline were enriched in the highest-molecular-weight class A relative to the 3H-labelled glycopeptides from mature myelin. Neuraminidase treatment of the glycoprotein before Pronase digestion greatly decreased the proportion of glycopeptides fractionating in the higher-molecular-weight classes and largely eliminated the developmental differences that were apparent by gel filtration. However, neuraminidase treatment did not decrease the magnitude of the developmental difference revealed by electrophoresing the intact glycoprotein on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels, although it did decrease the apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein from both the 15-day-old and adult rats by an amount comparable in magnitude to that  developmental difference. The results from gel filtration of glycopeptides indicate that there is a higher content of large molecular weight, sialic acid-rich oligosaccharide units in the glycoprotein of immature myelin. However, the higher apparent molecular weight for the glycoprotein from 15-day-old rats on sodium dodcyl sulphate gels is not due primarily to its higher sialic acid content.", "contents": "Effects of pronase and neuraminidase treatment on a myelin-associated glycoprotein in developing brain. Rats (14 days old) were injected with [14c]fucose and young adult rats with [3H]fucose in order to label the myelin-associated glycoproteins. As previously reported, the major [14C]fucose-labelled glycoprotein in the immature myelin had a higher apparent molecular weight on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels that the [3H]fucose-labelled glycoprotein in mature myelin. This predominant doubly labelled glycoprotein component was partially purified by preparative gel electrophoresis and converted to glycopeptides by extensive Pronase digestion. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 separated the glycopeptides into several clases, which were designted A,B, C AND D, from high to low molecular weight. The 14C-labelled glycopeptides from immature myeline were enriched in the highest-molecular-weight class A relative to the 3H-labelled glycopeptides from mature myelin. Neuraminidase treatment of the glycoprotein before Pronase digestion greatly decreased the proportion of glycopeptides fractionating in the higher-molecular-weight classes and largely eliminated the developmental differences that were apparent by gel filtration. However, neuraminidase treatment did not decrease the magnitude of the developmental difference revealed by electrophoresing the intact glycoprotein on sodium dodecyl sulphate gels, although it did decrease the apparent molecular weight of the glycoprotein from both the 15-day-old and adult rats by an amount comparable in magnitude to that  developmental difference. The results from gel filtration of glycopeptides indicate that there is a higher content of large molecular weight, sialic acid-rich oligosaccharide units in the glycoprotein of immature myelin. However, the higher apparent molecular weight for the glycoprotein from 15-day-old rats on sodium dodcyl sulphate gels is not due primarily to its higher sialic acid content."}
{"id": "PMID:942397", "title": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Protein synthesis in rat liver and kidney after the administration of sublethal doses of cyclohyximide.", "content": "Protein synthesis in vivo was studied at various times after the administration of sublethal doses of cycloheximide to rats. Cycloheximide caused an inhibition, followed by a dose-and time-dependent stimulation, of incorportation of labelled precursor into proteins of the liver and kidney. The stimulation of protein synthesis at 24h was not due to a change of precursor  pool or the specific radioactivity of the precursor used. During the stimulatory period, leucine incorporation into various cellular protein fractions varied; incorporation into total nuclear protein was the most affected.", "contents": "Regulation of mammalian protein synthesis in vivo. Protein synthesis in rat liver and kidney after the administration of sublethal doses of cyclohyximide. Protein synthesis in vivo was studied at various times after the administration of sublethal doses of cycloheximide to rats. Cycloheximide caused an inhibition, followed by a dose-and time-dependent stimulation, of incorportation of labelled precursor into proteins of the liver and kidney. The stimulation of protein synthesis at 24h was not due to a change of precursor  pool or the specific radioactivity of the precursor used. During the stimulatory period, leucine incorporation into various cellular protein fractions varied; incorporation into total nuclear protein was the most affected."}
{"id": "PMID:942398", "title": "Rates of induction of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver.", "content": "Aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in liver mitochondria isolated from rats given ethanol at hourly intervals by gastric intubation showed a brief lag period followed by a rapid increase in specific activities until a maximum was attained at about 3h.", "contents": "Rates of induction of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activities in liver mitochondria isolated from rats given ethanol at hourly intervals by gastric intubation showed a brief lag period followed by a rapid increase in specific activities until a maximum was attained at about 3h."}
{"id": "PMID:942399", "title": "The mechanism of the inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate transportater by alpha-cyanocinnamate derivatives.", "content": "Pyruvate transport into rat liver mitochondria is inhibited by a variety of thiol reagents. alpha-Cyanocinnamate and its derivates, potent and reversible inhibitors of pyruvate transport, react reversibly with mercaptoethanol and cysteine to form addition products. It is concluded that these inhibitors react with an essential thiol group on the pyruvate carrier.", "contents": "The mechanism of the inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate transportater by alpha-cyanocinnamate derivatives. Pyruvate transport into rat liver mitochondria is inhibited by a variety of thiol reagents. alpha-Cyanocinnamate and its derivates, potent and reversible inhibitors of pyruvate transport, react reversibly with mercaptoethanol and cysteine to form addition products. It is concluded that these inhibitors react with an essential thiol group on the pyruvate carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:942400", "title": "Compartmentation of albumin and ferritin synthesis in rat liver in vivo.", "content": "Infusion of rats with [U-14C]glycine resulted in labelling of glycine and serine in plasma albumin and liver ferritin. The patterms of labelling in these two proteins were not similar, suggesting that each is synthesized from a different pool of free amino acids.", "contents": "Compartmentation of albumin and ferritin synthesis in rat liver in vivo. Infusion of rats with [U-14C]glycine resulted in labelling of glycine and serine in plasma albumin and liver ferritin. The patterms of labelling in these two proteins were not similar, suggesting that each is synthesized from a different pool of free amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:942401", "title": "Quantitative analysis of metabolism of hepatic triglyceride in ethanol-treated rats.", "content": "An acute intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (0.7 or 2.1g/kg body wt.) causes the reversible, dose-dependent accumulation of hepatic triglyceride in rats. By using a pulse of [14C]palmitate injected into a tail vein, it was found that ethanol (2.1g/kg)had no effect on the flux of unesterified fatty acid of serum (4.3mumol/min per 100g body wt.). However, either dose increased the fraction of the total flux going to liver from 0.16 to0.27 as rapidly as could be measured (30s), and it remained elevated until all ethanol had been cleared from the blood. The fraction of the total radioactivity in lipids of liver that was in triglyceride increased linearly for 1 h from 30 to 50% and there was a simultaneous decrease in phospholipid from 60 to 40%. The rate of synthesis of hepatic triglyceride derived directly from unesterified fatty acid of serum was calculated by using the flux rate of unesterified fatty acid in serum, the fractional hepatic uptake of this flux, and the percentage of liver fatty acid esterified to triglyceride. This contribution is related to the total synthetic rate of hepatic triglyceride (rate of accumulation+rate of release) to determine quantitatively how much of the developing fatty liver is attributable to increased uptake of unesterfied fatty acid of serum. At the higher dose of ethanol, about half of the accumulating triglyceride is derived from this source, whereas with the lower dose of ethanol it can account for all of the build-up.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of metabolism of hepatic triglyceride in ethanol-treated rats. An acute intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (0.7 or 2.1g/kg body wt.) causes the reversible, dose-dependent accumulation of hepatic triglyceride in rats. By using a pulse of [14C]palmitate injected into a tail vein, it was found that ethanol (2.1g/kg)had no effect on the flux of unesterified fatty acid of serum (4.3mumol/min per 100g body wt.). However, either dose increased the fraction of the total flux going to liver from 0.16 to0.27 as rapidly as could be measured (30s), and it remained elevated until all ethanol had been cleared from the blood. The fraction of the total radioactivity in lipids of liver that was in triglyceride increased linearly for 1 h from 30 to 50% and there was a simultaneous decrease in phospholipid from 60 to 40%. The rate of synthesis of hepatic triglyceride derived directly from unesterified fatty acid of serum was calculated by using the flux rate of unesterified fatty acid in serum, the fractional hepatic uptake of this flux, and the percentage of liver fatty acid esterified to triglyceride. This contribution is related to the total synthetic rate of hepatic triglyceride (rate of accumulation+rate of release) to determine quantitatively how much of the developing fatty liver is attributable to increased uptake of unesterfied fatty acid of serum. At the higher dose of ethanol, about half of the accumulating triglyceride is derived from this source, whereas with the lower dose of ethanol it can account for all of the build-up."}
{"id": "PMID:942402", "title": "Mechanism of increased hepatic uptake of unesterified fatty acid from serum of ethanol-treated rats.", "content": "Studies were made on the mechanism by which livers of ethanol-treated rats take up an increased fraction of the total flux of unesterified fatty acid in serum. It was found that ethanol (0.7g/kg) causes a twofold rise in the serum content of liver, and that this serum is in rapid equilibrium with the general circulation. The fractional hepatic uptake from serum of group of compounds with varying uptake mechanisms and metabolic fates was studied in control and ethanol-treated animals. All the compounds tested, including unesterified fatty acid, showed an enhanced uptake when ethanol was given. For one of the compounds, carbon tetrachloride, a dose/response relationship was established between the amount administered, the amount taken up by liver, and the amount metabolized. These findings were interpreted to mean that this dose of ethanol causes the liver to receive an increased flow of blood, and as a result all compounds present and capable of being taken by liver are taken up at an increased rate. Hepatic blood flow was measured by a technique that monitors the rate of clearance of a colloidal lipid emulsion. It was found that ethanol increased hepatic blood flow by about 60%. This effect of ethanol on hepatic blood flow provides an explanation for the fatty liver and the synergistic effect between an acute dose of ethanol and carbon tetrachloride. A hypothesis to explain why a moderate dose of ethanol causes triglyceride to accumulate in liver is presented.", "contents": "Mechanism of increased hepatic uptake of unesterified fatty acid from serum of ethanol-treated rats. Studies were made on the mechanism by which livers of ethanol-treated rats take up an increased fraction of the total flux of unesterified fatty acid in serum. It was found that ethanol (0.7g/kg) causes a twofold rise in the serum content of liver, and that this serum is in rapid equilibrium with the general circulation. The fractional hepatic uptake from serum of group of compounds with varying uptake mechanisms and metabolic fates was studied in control and ethanol-treated animals. All the compounds tested, including unesterified fatty acid, showed an enhanced uptake when ethanol was given. For one of the compounds, carbon tetrachloride, a dose/response relationship was established between the amount administered, the amount taken up by liver, and the amount metabolized. These findings were interpreted to mean that this dose of ethanol causes the liver to receive an increased flow of blood, and as a result all compounds present and capable of being taken by liver are taken up at an increased rate. Hepatic blood flow was measured by a technique that monitors the rate of clearance of a colloidal lipid emulsion. It was found that ethanol increased hepatic blood flow by about 60%. This effect of ethanol on hepatic blood flow provides an explanation for the fatty liver and the synergistic effect between an acute dose of ethanol and carbon tetrachloride. A hypothesis to explain why a moderate dose of ethanol causes triglyceride to accumulate in liver is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:942403", "title": "Effect of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone on the metabolism of [1,2(-3)H] progesterone by the rabbit endometrium and myometrium.", "content": "The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit endometrium and myometrium was studied in vitro. The major metabolities identified were 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-preganan-20-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol. Other minor metabolites tentatively identified were 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one,20alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-3-one and 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol. The ability of the endometrium to metabolize progesterone on a unit weight bais was about 2.7 times that of the myometrium. The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit uterus under the influnce of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone was studied. The ability of the oestradiol-treated rabbit uterus to metabolize progesterone was increased to 3.47 times that of the overiectomized control uterus, whereas the oestradiol-progesterone-treated rabbit uterus metabolized only 1.86 times that of the control. Study of the metabolism of progesterone with uterine subcellular preparations revealed that the 5alpha-reductase enzyme was present mainly in the nuclear fraction; 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was found in the cytosol fraction and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the particulate fraction of the uterus. The metabolic pathways of progesterone in the rabbit uterine tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone on the metabolism of [1,2(-3)H] progesterone by the rabbit endometrium and myometrium. The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit endometrium and myometrium was studied in vitro. The major metabolities identified were 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-preganan-20-one and 5alpha-pregnane-3beta,20alpha-diol. Other minor metabolites tentatively identified were 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one,20alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-3-one and 5beta-pregnane-3alpha,20alpha-diol. The ability of the endometrium to metabolize progesterone on a unit weight bais was about 2.7 times that of the myometrium. The metabolism of [3H]progesterone in the rabbit uterus under the influnce of oestradiol-17beta and progesterone was studied. The ability of the oestradiol-treated rabbit uterus to metabolize progesterone was increased to 3.47 times that of the overiectomized control uterus, whereas the oestradiol-progesterone-treated rabbit uterus metabolized only 1.86 times that of the control. Study of the metabolism of progesterone with uterine subcellular preparations revealed that the 5alpha-reductase enzyme was present mainly in the nuclear fraction; 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was found in the cytosol fraction and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the particulate fraction of the uterus. The metabolic pathways of progesterone in the rabbit uterine tissue are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942404", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by crotins and ricin. Effect on the steps of peptide chain elongation.", "content": "The effects of crotin I and crotin II on the partial reactions of polypeptide chain elongation were investigated and compared with the known effects of ricin. Crotin II was a more powerful inhibitor than crotin I, but no qualitative differences between the two crotins were found. Rat liver ribosomes, preincubated with crotins and washed through sucrose gradients, remained inactive in protein synthesis. Among the individual steps of elongation, the peptidyltransferase reaction was unaffected by crotins, but some of the reactions that involve the interaction of elongation factors 1 and 2 with ribosomes were modified. A strong inhibition of the binding of elongation factor 2 to ribosomes and a stimulation of the elongation factor2-dependent GTP hydrolysis were observed; this indicates the formation of a very unstable elongation factor 2--GDP--ribosome complex, which, however, allows a single round of translocation to take place in the presence ofelongation factor 2 and added GTP. The elongation factor 1-dependent GTP hydrolysis was inhibited by crotins, whereas the enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, to both rat liver and Artemia salina ribosomes, was scarcely affected. In a protein-synthesizing system the inhibition by crotins and by ricin leads to a block of the nascent peptides on the ribosomal aminoacyl-tRNA site, an effect consistent with inhibition at the level of translocation. The mechanism of action of crotins appears to be very similar to that of ricin.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro by crotins and ricin. Effect on the steps of peptide chain elongation. The effects of crotin I and crotin II on the partial reactions of polypeptide chain elongation were investigated and compared with the known effects of ricin. Crotin II was a more powerful inhibitor than crotin I, but no qualitative differences between the two crotins were found. Rat liver ribosomes, preincubated with crotins and washed through sucrose gradients, remained inactive in protein synthesis. Among the individual steps of elongation, the peptidyltransferase reaction was unaffected by crotins, but some of the reactions that involve the interaction of elongation factors 1 and 2 with ribosomes were modified. A strong inhibition of the binding of elongation factor 2 to ribosomes and a stimulation of the elongation factor2-dependent GTP hydrolysis were observed; this indicates the formation of a very unstable elongation factor 2--GDP--ribosome complex, which, however, allows a single round of translocation to take place in the presence ofelongation factor 2 and added GTP. The elongation factor 1-dependent GTP hydrolysis was inhibited by crotins, whereas the enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, to both rat liver and Artemia salina ribosomes, was scarcely affected. In a protein-synthesizing system the inhibition by crotins and by ricin leads to a block of the nascent peptides on the ribosomal aminoacyl-tRNA site, an effect consistent with inhibition at the level of translocation. The mechanism of action of crotins appears to be very similar to that of ricin."}
{"id": "PMID:942405", "title": "The effects of denervation on protein turnover of rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of denervation on muscle weight, rates of protein synthesis and breakdown, and RNA concentraitons were studied in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle. Althrough the soleus underwent a true atrophy after section of the sciatic nerve, the extensor digitorum longus continued to grow, albeit at a lower rate than innervated controls. At 24h after nerve section protein breakdown was increased in both muscle types when compared with internal controls, and remained so throughout the 10 days studied. The possibility that this increased catabolism might arise from conformational changes of proteins after denervation was not substantiated, as myofibrillar or soluble proteins of denervated and control tissues were equally susceptible to degradation in vitro by three proteinases. Tyrosine uptake into the denervated extensor digitorum longus was decreased throughout the 10 days studied, whereas two phases of increased transport of the amino acid were found in the soleus. Significant decreases in rates of protein synthesis were found 1 and 2 days after denervation and results are presented that suggest that these changes may result from a decrease in ribosomal involvement in the translation process. These initial decreases were not maintained and the rate of protein synthesis was in fact  increased when compared with controls, at 7 and 10 days. The increased synthetic rates of the 7-day denervated tissues were reflected as proportional increases in both myofibrillar and soluble proteins. It is suggested that the increase in synthesis at this time may result from an increase in both the abailability and active involvement of ribosomes, and that these anabolic trends may be caused by spontaneous fibrillation and/or the amount of passive stretching of the denervated muscles.", "contents": "The effects of denervation on protein turnover of rat skeletal muscle. The effects of denervation on muscle weight, rates of protein synthesis and breakdown, and RNA concentraitons were studied in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle. Althrough the soleus underwent a true atrophy after section of the sciatic nerve, the extensor digitorum longus continued to grow, albeit at a lower rate than innervated controls. At 24h after nerve section protein breakdown was increased in both muscle types when compared with internal controls, and remained so throughout the 10 days studied. The possibility that this increased catabolism might arise from conformational changes of proteins after denervation was not substantiated, as myofibrillar or soluble proteins of denervated and control tissues were equally susceptible to degradation in vitro by three proteinases. Tyrosine uptake into the denervated extensor digitorum longus was decreased throughout the 10 days studied, whereas two phases of increased transport of the amino acid were found in the soleus. Significant decreases in rates of protein synthesis were found 1 and 2 days after denervation and results are presented that suggest that these changes may result from a decrease in ribosomal involvement in the translation process. These initial decreases were not maintained and the rate of protein synthesis was in fact  increased when compared with controls, at 7 and 10 days. The increased synthetic rates of the 7-day denervated tissues were reflected as proportional increases in both myofibrillar and soluble proteins. It is suggested that the increase in synthesis at this time may result from an increase in both the abailability and active involvement of ribosomes, and that these anabolic trends may be caused by spontaneous fibrillation and/or the amount of passive stretching of the denervated muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:942406", "title": "Transport of pyruvate nad lactate into human erythrocytes. Evidence for the involvement of the chloride carrier and a chloride-independent carrier.", "content": "The kinetics and activation energy of entry of pyruvate and lactate into the erythrocyte were studied at concentrations below 4 and 15mM respectively. The Km and Vmax. values  for both substrates are reported, and it is shown that pyruvate inhibits competitively with respect to lactate and vice versa. In both cases the Km for the carboxylate as a substrate was the same as its Ki as an inhibitor. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and its analogues inhibited the uptake of both lactate and pyruvate competitively. Inhibition was also produced by treatment of cells with fluorodinitrobenzene but not with the thiol reagents or Pronase. At high concentrations of pyruvate or lactate (20mM), uptake of the carboxylate was accompanied by an efflux of Cl-ions. This efflux of Cl- was inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and picrate and could be totally abolished by very low (less than 10 muM) concentrations of the inhibitor of Cl- transport, 4,4'-di-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid. This inhibitor titrated out the chlordie efflux induced by pyruvate, bicarbonate, formate and fluoride, in each case total inhibition becoming apparent when approximately 1.2x10(6) molecules of inhibitor were present per erythrocyte, that is, about one inhibitor molecule per molecule of the Cl- carrier. Evan when Cl- efflux was totally blocked pyruvate and lactate uptake occurred. Kinetic evidence is presented which suggests that the Cl- carrier can transport pyruvate and lactate with a high Km and high Vmax., but that an additional carrier with a low Km and a low Vmax. also exists. This carrier catalyses the exchange of small carboxylate anions with intracellular lactate, is competitively inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and non-competitively inhibited by picrate. The Cl- carrier shows a reverse pattern of inhibition. It is concluded that net efflux of lactic acid from the cell must occur on the Cl- carrier and involve exchange with HCO3 - followed by loss of CO2. The low Km carrier might be used in pyruvate/lactate or acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate exchanges involved in transferring reducing power across the cell membrane. The possibility that the Cl- carrier exists in cells other than the erythrocyte is discussed. It is concluded that its presence in other cell membranes together with a low intracellular Cl- concentration would explain why the pH in the cytoplasm is lower than that of the blood, and why permeable carboxylate anions do not accumulate within the cell when added from outside.", "contents": "Transport of pyruvate nad lactate into human erythrocytes. Evidence for the involvement of the chloride carrier and a chloride-independent carrier. The kinetics and activation energy of entry of pyruvate and lactate into the erythrocyte were studied at concentrations below 4 and 15mM respectively. The Km and Vmax. values  for both substrates are reported, and it is shown that pyruvate inhibits competitively with respect to lactate and vice versa. In both cases the Km for the carboxylate as a substrate was the same as its Ki as an inhibitor. Alpha-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and its analogues inhibited the uptake of both lactate and pyruvate competitively. Inhibition was also produced by treatment of cells with fluorodinitrobenzene but not with the thiol reagents or Pronase. At high concentrations of pyruvate or lactate (20mM), uptake of the carboxylate was accompanied by an efflux of Cl-ions. This efflux of Cl- was inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and picrate and could be totally abolished by very low (less than 10 muM) concentrations of the inhibitor of Cl- transport, 4,4'-di-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid. This inhibitor titrated out the chlordie efflux induced by pyruvate, bicarbonate, formate and fluoride, in each case total inhibition becoming apparent when approximately 1.2x10(6) molecules of inhibitor were present per erythrocyte, that is, about one inhibitor molecule per molecule of the Cl- carrier. Evan when Cl- efflux was totally blocked pyruvate and lactate uptake occurred. Kinetic evidence is presented which suggests that the Cl- carrier can transport pyruvate and lactate with a high Km and high Vmax., but that an additional carrier with a low Km and a low Vmax. also exists. This carrier catalyses the exchange of small carboxylate anions with intracellular lactate, is competitively inhibited by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and non-competitively inhibited by picrate. The Cl- carrier shows a reverse pattern of inhibition. It is concluded that net efflux of lactic acid from the cell must occur on the Cl- carrier and involve exchange with HCO3 - followed by loss of CO2. The low Km carrier might be used in pyruvate/lactate or acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate exchanges involved in transferring reducing power across the cell membrane. The possibility that the Cl- carrier exists in cells other than the erythrocyte is discussed. It is concluded that its presence in other cell membranes together with a low intracellular Cl- concentration would explain why the pH in the cytoplasm is lower than that of the blood, and why permeable carboxylate anions do not accumulate within the cell when added from outside."}
{"id": "PMID:942407", "title": "Further characterization of rat liver mitochondrial fractions. Lipid composition and synthesis, and protein profiles.", "content": "1. Heavy and light mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation were further characterized with respect to their lipid composition and synthesis and protein profiles, as seen by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The light mitochondrial fraction was rich in total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol. The cardiolipin content, however, was low. 3. Rates of [3H]glycerol incorporation into phospholipids of heavy mitochondria and microsomal fractions were almost identical. On the other hand, incorporation into the individual phospholipids in light mitochondria was about 4-6 times higher. Incorporation into cardiolipin of light mitochondria was about 10-fold higher than in the heavy mitochondria. 4. Analysis of protein profiles by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that the pattern obtained for the light mitochondria was similar to that for heavy mitochondria. However, the light fraction was relatively poor in high-molecular-weight proteins and rich in low-molecular-weight proteins. The microsomal protein profile was altogether different. 5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to mitochondrial biogenesis.", "contents": "Further characterization of rat liver mitochondrial fractions. Lipid composition and synthesis, and protein profiles. 1. Heavy and light mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation were further characterized with respect to their lipid composition and synthesis and protein profiles, as seen by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The light mitochondrial fraction was rich in total lipids, phospholipids and cholesterol. The cardiolipin content, however, was low. 3. Rates of [3H]glycerol incorporation into phospholipids of heavy mitochondria and microsomal fractions were almost identical. On the other hand, incorporation into the individual phospholipids in light mitochondria was about 4-6 times higher. Incorporation into cardiolipin of light mitochondria was about 10-fold higher than in the heavy mitochondria. 4. Analysis of protein profiles by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that the pattern obtained for the light mitochondria was similar to that for heavy mitochondria. However, the light fraction was relatively poor in high-molecular-weight proteins and rich in low-molecular-weight proteins. The microsomal protein profile was altogether different. 5. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to mitochondrial biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942408", "title": "Effect of ischaemic limb injury on the rates of metabolism of ketone bodies in starved rats.", "content": "1. Rats starved for 30h were injected with trace amounts of [3-14C]acetoacetate and beta-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate 1h after ischaemic limb injury in a 20 degrees C environment, and the concentrations and radioactivities of blood ketone bodies were determined at intervals. 2. Starvation alone raised the rates of production and utilization of beta-hydroxybutyrate plus acetoacetate about 3.7-fold, but lowered their metabolic clearance rates by about 50%. In the starved rat ketone-body oxidation could account for up to 30% of whole body O2 consumption. 3. Injury in starved rats lowered the rates of production and utilization of both beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, the combined fall of about 37% slightly exceeding the concomitant fall in whole-body O2 consumption. The concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased after injury, but its metabolic clearance rate was unaltered; the concentration of acetoacetate rose slightly and its metabolic clearance rate fell.", "contents": "Effect of ischaemic limb injury on the rates of metabolism of ketone bodies in starved rats. 1. Rats starved for 30h were injected with trace amounts of [3-14C]acetoacetate and beta-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate 1h after ischaemic limb injury in a 20 degrees C environment, and the concentrations and radioactivities of blood ketone bodies were determined at intervals. 2. Starvation alone raised the rates of production and utilization of beta-hydroxybutyrate plus acetoacetate about 3.7-fold, but lowered their metabolic clearance rates by about 50%. In the starved rat ketone-body oxidation could account for up to 30% of whole body O2 consumption. 3. Injury in starved rats lowered the rates of production and utilization of both beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, the combined fall of about 37% slightly exceeding the concomitant fall in whole-body O2 consumption. The concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased after injury, but its metabolic clearance rate was unaltered; the concentration of acetoacetate rose slightly and its metabolic clearance rate fell."}
{"id": "PMID:942409", "title": "The androgenic regulation of prostate proteins with a high affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid. Evidence for a prostate deoxyribonucleic acid-unwinding protein.", "content": "1. When testosterone is injected into castrated rats in vivo, a significant increase in the incorporation of [35S]methionine into prostate proteins may be detected under conditions in vitro. 2. Studies based on DNA-cellulose chromatography show that the synthesis of prostate proteins with a high affinity for DNA is particularly enhanced by androgenic stimulation. 3. These changes in protein synthesis are negated when the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, is administered concomitantly with testosterone in vivo. 4. Two assays were developed for measuring the strand separation of prostate DNA; first, the retention of 3H-labelled native DNA on nitrocellulose membranes, and second, the activation of native DNA as a template for 9S prostate DNA polymerase. On the basis of these criteria, DNA-unwinding activity is present in the prostate gland and it is regulated by androgens in a steroid-and tissue-specific manner. 5. The results are discussed in the context of the mechanism of action of androgens, particularly since the changes provoked in DNA-unwinding activity by androgens precede the onset of DNA replication and mitosis.", "contents": "The androgenic regulation of prostate proteins with a high affinity for deoxyribonucleic acid. Evidence for a prostate deoxyribonucleic acid-unwinding protein. 1. When testosterone is injected into castrated rats in vivo, a significant increase in the incorporation of [35S]methionine into prostate proteins may be detected under conditions in vitro. 2. Studies based on DNA-cellulose chromatography show that the synthesis of prostate proteins with a high affinity for DNA is particularly enhanced by androgenic stimulation. 3. These changes in protein synthesis are negated when the anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, is administered concomitantly with testosterone in vivo. 4. Two assays were developed for measuring the strand separation of prostate DNA; first, the retention of 3H-labelled native DNA on nitrocellulose membranes, and second, the activation of native DNA as a template for 9S prostate DNA polymerase. On the basis of these criteria, DNA-unwinding activity is present in the prostate gland and it is regulated by androgens in a steroid-and tissue-specific manner. 5. The results are discussed in the context of the mechanism of action of androgens, particularly since the changes provoked in DNA-unwinding activity by androgens precede the onset of DNA replication and mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:942410", "title": "Prevention, by ribosome-bound nascent polyphenylalanine chains, of the functional interaction of t-2 toxin with its receptor site.", "content": "1. The inhibitory effects of T-2 toxin and trichodermin on poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis were studied by using cell-free systems from reticulocytes. Conditions for amino acid incorporation were carefully chosen in an attempt to ensure that the large majority of poly(U) chains bound only one ribosome engaged in protein synthesis and that all such ribosomes carried nascent polyphenylalanine chains containing approximately the same number of residues. 2. Cell-free systems were allowd to synthesize polyphenylalanine, and T-2 toxin and trichodermin were added to the incorporation mixtures at various times. Irrespective of the time of addition, trichodermin (50 mug/ml) inhibited polyphenylalanine synthesis by approx. 70%. In contrast, although T-2 toxin (40 mug/ml), when added at early incubation times, could inhibit polyphenylalanine synthesis with a maximum of 50%, the drug had no effect on the system when added after a critical time-period. 3. It is concluded that although both T-2 toxin and trichodermin can inhibit peptide-bond formation on ribosomes at the level of the peptidyl transferase catalytic centre the presence, on ribosomes, of nascent polyphenylalanine chains above a certain critical chain length excludes T-2 toxin from functional interaction with its receptor site.", "contents": "Prevention, by ribosome-bound nascent polyphenylalanine chains, of the functional interaction of t-2 toxin with its receptor site. 1. The inhibitory effects of T-2 toxin and trichodermin on poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis were studied by using cell-free systems from reticulocytes. Conditions for amino acid incorporation were carefully chosen in an attempt to ensure that the large majority of poly(U) chains bound only one ribosome engaged in protein synthesis and that all such ribosomes carried nascent polyphenylalanine chains containing approximately the same number of residues. 2. Cell-free systems were allowd to synthesize polyphenylalanine, and T-2 toxin and trichodermin were added to the incorporation mixtures at various times. Irrespective of the time of addition, trichodermin (50 mug/ml) inhibited polyphenylalanine synthesis by approx. 70%. In contrast, although T-2 toxin (40 mug/ml), when added at early incubation times, could inhibit polyphenylalanine synthesis with a maximum of 50%, the drug had no effect on the system when added after a critical time-period. 3. It is concluded that although both T-2 toxin and trichodermin can inhibit peptide-bond formation on ribosomes at the level of the peptidyl transferase catalytic centre the presence, on ribosomes, of nascent polyphenylalanine chains above a certain critical chain length excludes T-2 toxin from functional interaction with its receptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:942411", "title": "Effect of pent-4-enoic acid, propionic acid and other short-chain fatty acids on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "19 The effect of pent-4-enoic acid, propionic acid and several other short-chain fatty acids on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was studied. 2.Pent-4-enoate at 1 mM inhibited mitochondrial citulline synthesis by about 80-90%. It is concluded that pent-4-enoate inhibits citrulline synthesis by interfering with some aspect of mitochondrial energy metabolism. This results in impairment of mitochondrial ornithine uptake or depletion of mitochondrial ATP, which, in turn, impairs carbamoyl phosphate synthesis or both. Evidence in support of this conclusion includes: pent-4-enoate has no effect on citrulline synthesis supported by succinate or exogenous ATP; pent-4-enoate lowers the medium plus mitochondrial ATP concentration; finally, when glutamate is the oxidizable substrate, pent-4-enoate decreases the carbamoyl phosphate concentration in mitochondria incubated without ornithine to minimize citrulline synthesis and impairs the mitochondrial uptake of ornithine, but it has neither effect when succinate is the oxidizable substrate. 4. Propionate, butyrate and crotonate also inhibit mitochondrial citrulline synthesis, but much less than pent-4-enoate. 5. Acetate, pentanoate, pent-2-enoate, hexanoate, octanoate, isovalerate, tiglylate and alpha-methylbutyrate have little or no effect on mitochondrial citrulline synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of pent-4-enoic acid, propionic acid and other short-chain fatty acids on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria. 19 The effect of pent-4-enoic acid, propionic acid and several other short-chain fatty acids on citrulline synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was studied. 2.Pent-4-enoate at 1 mM inhibited mitochondrial citulline synthesis by about 80-90%. It is concluded that pent-4-enoate inhibits citrulline synthesis by interfering with some aspect of mitochondrial energy metabolism. This results in impairment of mitochondrial ornithine uptake or depletion of mitochondrial ATP, which, in turn, impairs carbamoyl phosphate synthesis or both. Evidence in support of this conclusion includes: pent-4-enoate has no effect on citrulline synthesis supported by succinate or exogenous ATP; pent-4-enoate lowers the medium plus mitochondrial ATP concentration; finally, when glutamate is the oxidizable substrate, pent-4-enoate decreases the carbamoyl phosphate concentration in mitochondria incubated without ornithine to minimize citrulline synthesis and impairs the mitochondrial uptake of ornithine, but it has neither effect when succinate is the oxidizable substrate. 4. Propionate, butyrate and crotonate also inhibit mitochondrial citrulline synthesis, but much less than pent-4-enoate. 5. Acetate, pentanoate, pent-2-enoate, hexanoate, octanoate, isovalerate, tiglylate and alpha-methylbutyrate have little or no effect on mitochondrial citrulline synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942412", "title": "Glutamate metabolism and transport in rat brain mitochondria.", "content": "1. The metabolism and transport of glutamate and glutamine in rat brain mitochondria of non-synaptic origin has been studied in various states. 2. These mitochondria exhibited glutamate uptake and swelling in iso-osmotic ammonium glutamate, both of which were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. 3. The oxidation of glutamate was inhibited by 20% by avenaciolide, but glutamine oxidation was not affected. 4. These mitochondria, when metabolizing glutamine, allowed glutamate, but very little aspartate, to efflux at considerable rates. 5. These results suggests that brain mitochondria of non-synaptic origin possess in addition to a relatively rapid glutamate-aspartate translocase, a relatively slow aspartate-independent glutamate-OH-translocase (cf. liver mitochondria).", "contents": "Glutamate metabolism and transport in rat brain mitochondria. 1. The metabolism and transport of glutamate and glutamine in rat brain mitochondria of non-synaptic origin has been studied in various states. 2. These mitochondria exhibited glutamate uptake and swelling in iso-osmotic ammonium glutamate, both of which were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. 3. The oxidation of glutamate was inhibited by 20% by avenaciolide, but glutamine oxidation was not affected. 4. These mitochondria, when metabolizing glutamine, allowed glutamate, but very little aspartate, to efflux at considerable rates. 5. These results suggests that brain mitochondria of non-synaptic origin possess in addition to a relatively rapid glutamate-aspartate translocase, a relatively slow aspartate-independent glutamate-OH-translocase (cf. liver mitochondria)."}
{"id": "PMID:942413", "title": "Synthesis of bile acid monosulphates by the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Perfusion of an isolated rat kidney with labelled bile acids, in a protein-free medium, resulted in the urinary excretion of the labelled bile acid, 3% being converted into polar metabolities in 1h. These metabolities were neither glycine nor taurine conjugates, nor bile acid glucuronides, and on solovolysis yielded the free bile acid. On t.l.c. the metabolite of [24-14C]lithocholic acid had the mobility of lithocholate 3-sulphate. The principal metabolite of [24-14C]chenodeoxycholic acid had the mobility of chenodeoxycholate 7-sulphate; trace amounts appeared as chenodeoxycholate 3-sulphate. [35S]sulphate was incorporated in chenodeoxycholic acid by the kidney, resulting in a similar pattern of sulphation. No disulphate salt of chenodeoxycholic acid was detected. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that renal synthesis may account for some of the bile acid sulphates present in urine in the cholestatic syndrome in man.", "contents": "Synthesis of bile acid monosulphates by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Perfusion of an isolated rat kidney with labelled bile acids, in a protein-free medium, resulted in the urinary excretion of the labelled bile acid, 3% being converted into polar metabolities in 1h. These metabolities were neither glycine nor taurine conjugates, nor bile acid glucuronides, and on solovolysis yielded the free bile acid. On t.l.c. the metabolite of [24-14C]lithocholic acid had the mobility of lithocholate 3-sulphate. The principal metabolite of [24-14C]chenodeoxycholic acid had the mobility of chenodeoxycholate 7-sulphate; trace amounts appeared as chenodeoxycholate 3-sulphate. [35S]sulphate was incorporated in chenodeoxycholic acid by the kidney, resulting in a similar pattern of sulphation. No disulphate salt of chenodeoxycholic acid was detected. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that renal synthesis may account for some of the bile acid sulphates present in urine in the cholestatic syndrome in man."}
{"id": "PMID:942414", "title": "Lipid metabolism and mobilization in the guinea pig during pregnancy.", "content": "The liver of the foetal guinea pig accumulates a large quantity of triacyglycerol late in gestation at the same time that adipose-tissue mass grows at its maximum rate and foetal adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and sensitivity to lipolytic hormones has substantially declined. The fatty acid for triacyglycerol synthesis is not synthesized in the foetal liver and it is unlikely that it originates from any of the foetal tissues. Before the accumulation of hepatic triacyglycerol the concentration of free fatty acids increases in both the umbilical vein and the maternal inferior vena cava. This occurs at a time when the triacyglycerol lipase activity in maternal adipose tissue is elevated and the rate of lipolysis, but not of fatty acid esterification, is higher than earlier in gestation or than in the non-pregnant state. It is proposed that the increase in lipolysis in maternal adipose tissue, brought about by an increase in circulating lipolytic hormones, mobilizes fatty acid, which passes to the foetus and is partly stored as hepatic triacylglycerol. The foetal liver effectively removes both long-and short-chain fatty acids from umbilical-vein blood. The rate of placental fatty acid transfer is more than adequate to account for the triacylglycerol accumulation.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism and mobilization in the guinea pig during pregnancy. The liver of the foetal guinea pig accumulates a large quantity of triacyglycerol late in gestation at the same time that adipose-tissue mass grows at its maximum rate and foetal adipose-tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and sensitivity to lipolytic hormones has substantially declined. The fatty acid for triacyglycerol synthesis is not synthesized in the foetal liver and it is unlikely that it originates from any of the foetal tissues. Before the accumulation of hepatic triacyglycerol the concentration of free fatty acids increases in both the umbilical vein and the maternal inferior vena cava. This occurs at a time when the triacyglycerol lipase activity in maternal adipose tissue is elevated and the rate of lipolysis, but not of fatty acid esterification, is higher than earlier in gestation or than in the non-pregnant state. It is proposed that the increase in lipolysis in maternal adipose tissue, brought about by an increase in circulating lipolytic hormones, mobilizes fatty acid, which passes to the foetus and is partly stored as hepatic triacylglycerol. The foetal liver effectively removes both long-and short-chain fatty acids from umbilical-vein blood. The rate of placental fatty acid transfer is more than adequate to account for the triacylglycerol accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:942415", "title": "Studies on the metabolic role of myo-inositol. Distribution of radioactive myo-inositol in the male rat.", "content": "Radioactive myo-inositol was injected intraperitoneally into nephrectomized rats. The radioactive material present in liver, spleen, brain, heart, diaphragm, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens and testis was shown to consist exclusively of myo-inositol and its derivatives, as shown by paper chromatography of hydrolysates and trichloroacetic acid extracts of these tissues. Radioactive myo-inositol was accumulated rapidly within 1 h by the thyroid, coagulating gland and seminal vesicle. Other tissues, such as the pituitary, prostate gland, liver and spleen, concentrated myo-inositol less actively. The muscle tissues studied (diaphragm and heart) concentrated little inositol, whereas brain, testis, and epididymal fat-pad did not concentrate it at all. The lipid fraction of liver contained most of the radio-labelled myo-inositol. In the other organs most of the radioactivity was found in the aqueous trichloroacetic acid extract, largely as free myo-inositol.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolic role of myo-inositol. Distribution of radioactive myo-inositol in the male rat. Radioactive myo-inositol was injected intraperitoneally into nephrectomized rats. The radioactive material present in liver, spleen, brain, heart, diaphragm, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, prostate, epididymis, vas deferens and testis was shown to consist exclusively of myo-inositol and its derivatives, as shown by paper chromatography of hydrolysates and trichloroacetic acid extracts of these tissues. Radioactive myo-inositol was accumulated rapidly within 1 h by the thyroid, coagulating gland and seminal vesicle. Other tissues, such as the pituitary, prostate gland, liver and spleen, concentrated myo-inositol less actively. The muscle tissues studied (diaphragm and heart) concentrated little inositol, whereas brain, testis, and epididymal fat-pad did not concentrate it at all. The lipid fraction of liver contained most of the radio-labelled myo-inositol. In the other organs most of the radioactivity was found in the aqueous trichloroacetic acid extract, largely as free myo-inositol."}
{"id": "PMID:942416", "title": "Equilibrium-dialysis studies of the interaction between cholic acid and 100000g-supernatant preparations from the rat liver.", "content": "1. The binding of cholic acid to 100000g supernatants from rat livers was investigated by equilibrium dialysis and gel-exculsion chromatography. 2. Supernatants were found to contain at least two classes of binding site for cholic acid. 3. These recptor molecules are probably proteins since incubation with proteolytic enzymes resulted in complete loss of cholic acid binding. 4. Supernatants were added to columns of Sephadex G-75, and two groups of fractions were shown to bind cholic acid. One of these contained low-affinity binding sites and the other contained both low- and high-affinity binding sites. 5. Feeding cholestyramine had no effect on cholic acid binding. 6. Increased cholic acid binding occurred after injection of phenobarbitone. There was an increase in the amount of the low-affinity component but no change in the high-affinity component. 7. The dissociation constants of the binding of cholic acid suggest that the binding proteins may be involved in bile acid transport.", "contents": "Equilibrium-dialysis studies of the interaction between cholic acid and 100000g-supernatant preparations from the rat liver. 1. The binding of cholic acid to 100000g supernatants from rat livers was investigated by equilibrium dialysis and gel-exculsion chromatography. 2. Supernatants were found to contain at least two classes of binding site for cholic acid. 3. These recptor molecules are probably proteins since incubation with proteolytic enzymes resulted in complete loss of cholic acid binding. 4. Supernatants were added to columns of Sephadex G-75, and two groups of fractions were shown to bind cholic acid. One of these contained low-affinity binding sites and the other contained both low- and high-affinity binding sites. 5. Feeding cholestyramine had no effect on cholic acid binding. 6. Increased cholic acid binding occurred after injection of phenobarbitone. There was an increase in the amount of the low-affinity component but no change in the high-affinity component. 7. The dissociation constants of the binding of cholic acid suggest that the binding proteins may be involved in bile acid transport."}
{"id": "PMID:942417", "title": "Effects of clofibrate on some microsomal hydroxylations involved in the formation and metabolism of bile acids in rat liver.", "content": "1. The liver microsomal metabolism of [4-14C]cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-[6 beta-3H]cholesten-3-one, 5-beta-[7 beta-3H]cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol and [3H]lithocholic acid was studdied in control and clofibrate (ethyl p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate)-treated rats. 2. The extent of 7 alpha-hydroxylation of exogenous [414C]cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol, the latter determined with a mass fragmentographic technique, was the same in the two groups of rats. The extent of 12 alpha-hydroxylation of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol was increased by about 60 and 120% respectively by clofibrate treatment. The 26-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol was not significantly affected by clofibrate. The 6 beta-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid was about 80% higher in the clofibrate-treated animals than in the controls. 3. The results are discussed in the context of present knowledge about the liver microsomal hydroxylating system and bile acid formation in patients with hypercholesterolaemia, treated with clofibrate.", "contents": "Effects of clofibrate on some microsomal hydroxylations involved in the formation and metabolism of bile acids in rat liver. 1. The liver microsomal metabolism of [4-14C]cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-[6 beta-3H]cholesten-3-one, 5-beta-[7 beta-3H]cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol and [3H]lithocholic acid was studdied in control and clofibrate (ethyl p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate)-treated rats. 2. The extent of 7 alpha-hydroxylation of exogenous [414C]cholesterol and endogenous cholesterol, the latter determined with a mass fragmentographic technique, was the same in the two groups of rats. The extent of 12 alpha-hydroxylation of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol was increased by about 60 and 120% respectively by clofibrate treatment. The 26-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha-diol was not significantly affected by clofibrate. The 6 beta-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid was about 80% higher in the clofibrate-treated animals than in the controls. 3. The results are discussed in the context of present knowledge about the liver microsomal hydroxylating system and bile acid formation in patients with hypercholesterolaemia, treated with clofibrate."}
{"id": "PMID:942418", "title": "Bacterial catabolism of threonine. Threonine degradation initiated by L-threonine-NAD+ oxidoreductase.", "content": "1. Isolates representing seven bacterial genera capable of growth on L-threonine medium, and possessing high L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase activity, were examined to elucidate the catabolic route. 2. The results of growth, manometric and enzymic experiments indicated the catabolism of L-threonine by cleavage to acetyl-CoA plus glycine, the glycine being further metabolized via L-serine to pyruvate, in all cases. No evidence was obtained of a role for aminoacetone in threonine catabolism or for the metabolism of glycine by the glycerate pathway. 3. The properties of a number of key enzymes in L-threonine catabolism were investigated. The inducibly formed L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, purified from Corynebacterium sp. B6 to a specific activity of about 30-35 mumol of product formed/min per mg of protein, exhibited a sigmoid kinetic response to substrate concentration. The half-saturating concentration of substrate, [S]0.5, was 20mM and the Hill constant (h) was 1.50. The Km for NAD+ was 0.8mM. The properties of the enzyme were studied in cell-free extracts of other bacteria. 4. New assays for 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase were devised. The Km for CoA was determined for the first time and found to be 0.14mM at pH8, for the enzyme from Corynebacterium sp. B6. Evidence was obtained for the efficient linkage of the dehydrogenase and ligase enzymes. Cell-free extracts all possessed high activities of the inducibly formed ligase. 5. L-Serine hydroxymethyltransferase was formed constitutively by all isolates, whereas formation of the 'glycine-cleavage system' was generally induced by growth on L-threonine or glycine. The coenzyme requirements of both enzymes were established, and their linked activity in the production of L-serine from glycine was demonstrated by using extracts of Corynebacterium sp. B6. 6. L-Serine dehydratase, purified from Corynebacterium sp. B6 to a specific activity of about 4mumol of product formed/min per mg of protein, was found to exhibit sigmoid kinetics with an [S]0.5 of about 20mM and h identical to 1.4. Similar results were obtained with enzyme preparations from all isolates. The enzyme required Mg2+ for maximum activity, was different from the L-threonine dehydratase also detectable in extracts, and was induced by growth on L-threonine or glycine.", "contents": "Bacterial catabolism of threonine. Threonine degradation initiated by L-threonine-NAD+ oxidoreductase. 1. Isolates representing seven bacterial genera capable of growth on L-threonine medium, and possessing high L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase activity, were examined to elucidate the catabolic route. 2. The results of growth, manometric and enzymic experiments indicated the catabolism of L-threonine by cleavage to acetyl-CoA plus glycine, the glycine being further metabolized via L-serine to pyruvate, in all cases. No evidence was obtained of a role for aminoacetone in threonine catabolism or for the metabolism of glycine by the glycerate pathway. 3. The properties of a number of key enzymes in L-threonine catabolism were investigated. The inducibly formed L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, purified from Corynebacterium sp. B6 to a specific activity of about 30-35 mumol of product formed/min per mg of protein, exhibited a sigmoid kinetic response to substrate concentration. The half-saturating concentration of substrate, [S]0.5, was 20mM and the Hill constant (h) was 1.50. The Km for NAD+ was 0.8mM. The properties of the enzyme were studied in cell-free extracts of other bacteria. 4. New assays for 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase were devised. The Km for CoA was determined for the first time and found to be 0.14mM at pH8, for the enzyme from Corynebacterium sp. B6. Evidence was obtained for the efficient linkage of the dehydrogenase and ligase enzymes. Cell-free extracts all possessed high activities of the inducibly formed ligase. 5. L-Serine hydroxymethyltransferase was formed constitutively by all isolates, whereas formation of the 'glycine-cleavage system' was generally induced by growth on L-threonine or glycine. The coenzyme requirements of both enzymes were established, and their linked activity in the production of L-serine from glycine was demonstrated by using extracts of Corynebacterium sp. B6. 6. L-Serine dehydratase, purified from Corynebacterium sp. B6 to a specific activity of about 4mumol of product formed/min per mg of protein, was found to exhibit sigmoid kinetics with an [S]0.5 of about 20mM and h identical to 1.4. Similar results were obtained with enzyme preparations from all isolates. The enzyme required Mg2+ for maximum activity, was different from the L-threonine dehydratase also detectable in extracts, and was induced by growth on L-threonine or glycine."}
{"id": "PMID:942419", "title": "The development of the intense circular-dichroic signal during granum formation in greening etiolated maize.", "content": "In greening maize mesophyll, circular dichroism (c.d.) revealed the early formation of protein-chlorophyll complexes, followed by unorganized chlorophyll. The intense c.d. [Gregory & Raps (1974) Biochem. J. 142, 193-201] appeared later still, whereas membrane-membrane contact (stacking), measured from electron micrographs, appeared much earlier. Isolated grana, which still showed stacking, lost 92% of their original intense c.d.; intense c.d. is not therefore simply dependent on stacking.", "contents": "The development of the intense circular-dichroic signal during granum formation in greening etiolated maize. In greening maize mesophyll, circular dichroism (c.d.) revealed the early formation of protein-chlorophyll complexes, followed by unorganized chlorophyll. The intense c.d. [Gregory & Raps (1974) Biochem. J. 142, 193-201] appeared later still, whereas membrane-membrane contact (stacking), measured from electron micrographs, appeared much earlier. Isolated grana, which still showed stacking, lost 92% of their original intense c.d.; intense c.d. is not therefore simply dependent on stacking."}
{"id": "PMID:942499", "title": "Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common and disabling problem. The clinical and x-ray records of 87 patients with definite AS (Rome criteria) were examined to define and characterize their hip disease. Clinical hip disease was present in 33 cases (38%), was usually bilateral (91%), and tended to begin early in the disease course; it was the cause of 50% of the Class III and IV disability in the entire study group. Typical findings included regional pain, limitation of motion, muscle atrophy, and flexion contractures. Radiologic hip abnormalities occurred in 42 cases (48%). The radiographic pattern was distinctive when compared to that in two control groups and included axial migration of the femoral head (63%), concentric joint space narrowing (50%), rufflike femoral osteophytosis (36%), and protrusio acetabuli (30%). Eight patients required bilateral hip surgery. Para-articular ossification occurred in 8 of 16 replaced hips; in 5 of 8 hips it caused clinical immobility. This potentially serious complication may limit the usefulness of hip arthroplasty in some AS patients.", "contents": "Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common and disabling problem. The clinical and x-ray records of 87 patients with definite AS (Rome criteria) were examined to define and characterize their hip disease. Clinical hip disease was present in 33 cases (38%), was usually bilateral (91%), and tended to begin early in the disease course; it was the cause of 50% of the Class III and IV disability in the entire study group. Typical findings included regional pain, limitation of motion, muscle atrophy, and flexion contractures. Radiologic hip abnormalities occurred in 42 cases (48%). The radiographic pattern was distinctive when compared to that in two control groups and included axial migration of the femoral head (63%), concentric joint space narrowing (50%), rufflike femoral osteophytosis (36%), and protrusio acetabuli (30%). Eight patients required bilateral hip surgery. Para-articular ossification occurred in 8 of 16 replaced hips; in 5 of 8 hips it caused clinical immobility. This potentially serious complication may limit the usefulness of hip arthroplasty in some AS patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942500", "title": "Clinical studies of antibodies binding polyriboadenylic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Antibodies of polyriboadenylic acid (poly rA) are demonstrated by filter radioimmunoassay in 75% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in 54% of patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, and in only 0-7% of normal controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. These antibodies are distinct from antibodies to single- and double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA. Poly rA binding is associated with IgM and IgG serum fractions. Because poly rA may have a role in the transcription of mRNA in mammalian cells and viruses, antibodies to poly rA may be important clues to virologic and immunogenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of SLE.", "contents": "Clinical studies of antibodies binding polyriboadenylic acid in systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies of polyriboadenylic acid (poly rA) are demonstrated by filter radioimmunoassay in 75% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in 54% of patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, and in only 0-7% of normal controls and patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. These antibodies are distinct from antibodies to single- and double-stranded DNA and double-stranded RNA. Poly rA binding is associated with IgM and IgG serum fractions. Because poly rA may have a role in the transcription of mRNA in mammalian cells and viruses, antibodies to poly rA may be important clues to virologic and immunogenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:942501", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. Effect of rheumatoid serum fractions on normal lymphocytes.", "content": "Reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was demonstrated in lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid factor (RF) positive sera inhibited ADCC of normal lymphocytes by reacting both with effector and target cells (sensitized chicken red blood cells). These sera were fractionated by specific adsorption or gradient ultracentrifugation, and isolated RF or RF negative fractions were tested for their ability to inhibit ADCC by reacting with normal human lymphocytes or target cells. RF was ineffective on normal lymphocytes but it strongly inhibited the reaction by interaction with target cells. IgG RF negative fractions of certain sera were inhibitory by direct interaction with effector cells.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. Effect of rheumatoid serum fractions on normal lymphocytes. Reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was demonstrated in lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid factor (RF) positive sera inhibited ADCC of normal lymphocytes by reacting both with effector and target cells (sensitized chicken red blood cells). These sera were fractionated by specific adsorption or gradient ultracentrifugation, and isolated RF or RF negative fractions were tested for their ability to inhibit ADCC by reacting with normal human lymphocytes or target cells. RF was ineffective on normal lymphocytes but it strongly inhibited the reaction by interaction with target cells. IgG RF negative fractions of certain sera were inhibitory by direct interaction with effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942498", "title": "Allergy in systemic lupus erythematosus. IgE levels and reaginic phenomenon.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated for the presence of allergic reactivity, and serum IgE levels were measured by immunoassay. Compared to controls, SLE patients had significant increases of only allergic rhinitis and drug allergy. Despite the usual hyperimmunoglobulinemia in SLE, IgE levels were not elevated (mean: 251 IU). Because recent reports have noted elevated IgE in rheumatoid arthritis, this finding may suggest basic immunologic differences between rheumatoid arthritis and SLE.", "contents": "Allergy in systemic lupus erythematosus. IgE levels and reaginic phenomenon. Twenty-seven patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were investigated for the presence of allergic reactivity, and serum IgE levels were measured by immunoassay. Compared to controls, SLE patients had significant increases of only allergic rhinitis and drug allergy. Despite the usual hyperimmunoglobulinemia in SLE, IgE levels were not elevated (mean: 251 IU). Because recent reports have noted elevated IgE in rheumatoid arthritis, this finding may suggest basic immunologic differences between rheumatoid arthritis and SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:942502", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, and pneumoconiosis in coal miners with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The occurrence and severity of pneumoconiosis were studied in 100 coal miners with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared to findings in a geographically relevant survey of coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Contrary to European reports, miners with RA were not found to have an excessive frequency or severity of pneumoconiosis. In 55 of these men, serum immunoglobulin levels and rheumatoid factor were compared with data from matched RA patients with no history of silica exposure. The immunochemical results were unrelated to the stage of pneumoconiosis, nor did they differ from those in the control group.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, and pneumoconiosis in coal miners with rheumatoid arthritis. The occurrence and severity of pneumoconiosis were studied in 100 coal miners with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared to findings in a geographically relevant survey of coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Contrary to European reports, miners with RA were not found to have an excessive frequency or severity of pneumoconiosis. In 55 of these men, serum immunoglobulin levels and rheumatoid factor were compared with data from matched RA patients with no history of silica exposure. The immunochemical results were unrelated to the stage of pneumoconiosis, nor did they differ from those in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:942503", "title": "The role of osmic acid in the treatment of immune synovitis.", "content": "Thirty-seven New Zealand rabbits were observed for up to 1 year after their knee joints were instilled with 1 ml of 1% osmic acid. A selective destruction of synovial lining cells occurred with a concurrent synovitis, but lining cell regenerated by the eighth week. Nonprogressive abnormalities were also present in the cartilage. When an immune synovitis was induced in both knees of 16 rabbits, the osmic acid treated joint demonstrated a significantly greater synovitis and progressive aberrations compared to the untreated knee.", "contents": "The role of osmic acid in the treatment of immune synovitis. Thirty-seven New Zealand rabbits were observed for up to 1 year after their knee joints were instilled with 1 ml of 1% osmic acid. A selective destruction of synovial lining cells occurred with a concurrent synovitis, but lining cell regenerated by the eighth week. Nonprogressive abnormalities were also present in the cartilage. When an immune synovitis was induced in both knees of 16 rabbits, the osmic acid treated joint demonstrated a significantly greater synovitis and progressive aberrations compared to the untreated knee."}
{"id": "PMID:942505", "title": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in the Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome.", "content": "Two patients are described who had the body habitus of the Marfan syndrome, cutaneous hyperextensibility, and atrophic \"cigarette paper\" scars. One had mild joint hypermobility and the other had generalized ligamentous laxity. Both individuals are considered to be examples of the Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome, a generalized heritable connective tissue disease with features of, but genetically distinct from, the Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. One patient had a \"floppy\" mitral valve and the other had an aortic aneurysm due to cystic medionecrosis of the aorta; both findings provide evidence that cardiovascular disease may be a significant feature of this syndrome.", "contents": "Cardiovascular abnormalities in the Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome. Two patients are described who had the body habitus of the Marfan syndrome, cutaneous hyperextensibility, and atrophic \"cigarette paper\" scars. One had mild joint hypermobility and the other had generalized ligamentous laxity. Both individuals are considered to be examples of the Marfanoid hypermobility syndrome, a generalized heritable connective tissue disease with features of, but genetically distinct from, the Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. One patient had a \"floppy\" mitral valve and the other had an aortic aneurysm due to cystic medionecrosis of the aorta; both findings provide evidence that cardiovascular disease may be a significant feature of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:942506", "title": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. I. The effect of intraarticular carrageenin on the chemical composition of articular cartilage.", "content": "A single intraarticular injection of carrageenin into rabbit knee joints initiated a localized synovial inflammatory response. This response was accompanied by a 20% loss of proteoglycan from the articular cartilage within 24 hours and by a further 30-60% loss within 5-7 days. The chondrocytes replaced the lost proteoglycan within 42 days. More than two injections caused only a further small decrease in proteoglycan content; the cartilage was then unable to replace the lost proteoglycan. The absence of recovery coincided with the appearance of erosion of the cartilage surface.", "contents": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. I. The effect of intraarticular carrageenin on the chemical composition of articular cartilage. A single intraarticular injection of carrageenin into rabbit knee joints initiated a localized synovial inflammatory response. This response was accompanied by a 20% loss of proteoglycan from the articular cartilage within 24 hours and by a further 30-60% loss within 5-7 days. The chondrocytes replaced the lost proteoglycan within 42 days. More than two injections caused only a further small decrease in proteoglycan content; the cartilage was then unable to replace the lost proteoglycan. The absence of recovery coincided with the appearance of erosion of the cartilage surface."}
{"id": "PMID:942508", "title": "Arthritis Rounds: Ascites as the major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "It is uncommon for ascites secondary to severe peritoneal inflammation to be the major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chronic nonspecific inflammation with a granular type immunofluorescent staining along the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum and peritoneal blood vessels was demonstrated in peritoneal tissue obtained at laparotomy. Paramyxovirus-like structures were seen within vascular endothelium. The ascites diminished with high-dose prednisone and cyclophosphamide therapy.", "contents": "Arthritis Rounds: Ascites as the major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. It is uncommon for ascites secondary to severe peritoneal inflammation to be the major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chronic nonspecific inflammation with a granular type immunofluorescent staining along the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum and peritoneal blood vessels was demonstrated in peritoneal tissue obtained at laparotomy. Paramyxovirus-like structures were seen within vascular endothelium. The ascites diminished with high-dose prednisone and cyclophosphamide therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:942516", "title": "Hypercholesterolemia and aortic collagen synthesis in rabbit aortas.", "content": "Male adult New Zealand rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 30 of 60 days in order to determine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on aortic collagen synthesis. Collagen synthetic activity was estimated by measuring tissue prolyl hydroxylase activity and the amount of tissue collagen was estimated by measuring tissue hydroxyproline levels. Following 30 or 60 days of feeding there was a significant increase in both tissue and serum cholesterol indicating the onset of hypercholesterolemia. Measurement of collagen synthetic activity and tissue collagen levels demonstrated no increase over control tissues. These data therefore indicate that hypercholesterolemia is not a direct stimulus of tissue collagen synthetic activity.", "contents": "Hypercholesterolemia and aortic collagen synthesis in rabbit aortas. Male adult New Zealand rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 30 of 60 days in order to determine the effect of hypercholesterolemia on aortic collagen synthesis. Collagen synthetic activity was estimated by measuring tissue prolyl hydroxylase activity and the amount of tissue collagen was estimated by measuring tissue hydroxyproline levels. Following 30 or 60 days of feeding there was a significant increase in both tissue and serum cholesterol indicating the onset of hypercholesterolemia. Measurement of collagen synthetic activity and tissue collagen levels demonstrated no increase over control tissues. These data therefore indicate that hypercholesterolemia is not a direct stimulus of tissue collagen synthetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:942515", "title": "The role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and in the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis.", "content": "Strong clinical and experimental evidence suggests that chronic latent vitamin C deficiency leads to hypercholesterolaemia and the accumulation of cholesterol in certain tissues. Ascorbic acid supplementation of the diet of hypercholesterolaemic humans and animals generally results in a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration. While most studies relating ascorbic acid to atherosclerosis have used the rabbit as a model, those concerned with elucidating the role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism have generally used the guinea pig. Comparatively little use has been made of the non-human primates. A significant advance in recent years has been the development of a model of chronic latent scurvy in the guinea pig. Chronic dietary inadequacy of vitamin C may  influence the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as it affects not only plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations but also the integrity of the vascular wall. Ascorbic acid is involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in several ways. Dietary inadequacy of vitamin C is associated indirectly with a lowering of cholesterol absorption, this effect resulting from a reduction in the availability of bile acids, monoglycerides and fatty acids. The excretion of cholesterol as neutral steroids, however, appears not to be affected by ascorbic acid. Although much of the evidence for the involvement of ascorbic acid in cholesterol synthesis is equivocal, it seems likely that cholesterol synthesis is decreased in vitamin C deficiency. A series of studies using guinea pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency has provided clear evidence that bile acid synthesis is reduced in this condition. Indirect evidence strongly suggests that this results from a decrease in the activity of the microsomal enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. However, some evidence suggests that the mitochondrial reactions of bile acid synthesis require ascorbic acid. The role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of steroidogenesis appears to involve selective inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the desmolase, hydroxylase and dehydrogenase reactions which lead to the formation of pregnenolone and its subsequent conversion to steroid hormones.", "contents": "The role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and in the pathogenesis of artherosclerosis. Strong clinical and experimental evidence suggests that chronic latent vitamin C deficiency leads to hypercholesterolaemia and the accumulation of cholesterol in certain tissues. Ascorbic acid supplementation of the diet of hypercholesterolaemic humans and animals generally results in a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration. While most studies relating ascorbic acid to atherosclerosis have used the rabbit as a model, those concerned with elucidating the role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism have generally used the guinea pig. Comparatively little use has been made of the non-human primates. A significant advance in recent years has been the development of a model of chronic latent scurvy in the guinea pig. Chronic dietary inadequacy of vitamin C may  influence the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as it affects not only plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations but also the integrity of the vascular wall. Ascorbic acid is involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in several ways. Dietary inadequacy of vitamin C is associated indirectly with a lowering of cholesterol absorption, this effect resulting from a reduction in the availability of bile acids, monoglycerides and fatty acids. The excretion of cholesterol as neutral steroids, however, appears not to be affected by ascorbic acid. Although much of the evidence for the involvement of ascorbic acid in cholesterol synthesis is equivocal, it seems likely that cholesterol synthesis is decreased in vitamin C deficiency. A series of studies using guinea pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency has provided clear evidence that bile acid synthesis is reduced in this condition. Indirect evidence strongly suggests that this results from a decrease in the activity of the microsomal enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. However, some evidence suggests that the mitochondrial reactions of bile acid synthesis require ascorbic acid. The role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of steroidogenesis appears to involve selective inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the desmolase, hydroxylase and dehydrogenase reactions which lead to the formation of pregnenolone and its subsequent conversion to steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:942517", "title": "Comparative effects of prolactin, perphenazine and reserpine on non-arteriosclerotic (virgin) vs arteriosclerotic (breeder) rats.", "content": "Non-arteriosclerotic, virgin and arteriosclerotic breeder rats were subjected to chronic treatment with prolactin or prolactin-releasing drugs such as perphenazine and reserpine for 12 weeks. Males and females responded to the prolactin as evidenced by increased milk secretion, adrenal hyperplasia and thymus gland involution. Although the prolactin- and reserpine-treated animals gained weight and manifested pituitary gland basophilia, the perphenazine-treated animals showed considerable loss of body weight as well as involution of the pituitary gland, ovaries and testes, suggesting a condition of induced hypopituitarism. Chronic treatment with prolactin, both directly and indirectly, caused uniform increases in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, lipids, e.g., triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, glucose and BUN. Corticosterone production was enhanced by prolactin, reduced by perphenazine and unaffected by reserpine. Prolactin did not induce any arterial disease in the arteriosclerosis-resistant, virgin rats but it did cause eracerbation of the usual severity of arteriosclerosis in the hilar renal arteries of the arteries sclerosis-prone, breeder rats as well as an increased incidence of \"old\" and \"new\" foci of myocardial necrosis, characteristically found in breeder rats. It is suggested that hypothalamic control of prolactin as well as ACTH release may play a role in the spontaneous arteriosclerosis which develops in repeatedly-bred, male and female rats.", "contents": "Comparative effects of prolactin, perphenazine and reserpine on non-arteriosclerotic (virgin) vs arteriosclerotic (breeder) rats. Non-arteriosclerotic, virgin and arteriosclerotic breeder rats were subjected to chronic treatment with prolactin or prolactin-releasing drugs such as perphenazine and reserpine for 12 weeks. Males and females responded to the prolactin as evidenced by increased milk secretion, adrenal hyperplasia and thymus gland involution. Although the prolactin- and reserpine-treated animals gained weight and manifested pituitary gland basophilia, the perphenazine-treated animals showed considerable loss of body weight as well as involution of the pituitary gland, ovaries and testes, suggesting a condition of induced hypopituitarism. Chronic treatment with prolactin, both directly and indirectly, caused uniform increases in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, lipids, e.g., triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, glucose and BUN. Corticosterone production was enhanced by prolactin, reduced by perphenazine and unaffected by reserpine. Prolactin did not induce any arterial disease in the arteriosclerosis-resistant, virgin rats but it did cause eracerbation of the usual severity of arteriosclerosis in the hilar renal arteries of the arteries sclerosis-prone, breeder rats as well as an increased incidence of \"old\" and \"new\" foci of myocardial necrosis, characteristically found in breeder rats. It is suggested that hypothalamic control of prolactin as well as ACTH release may play a role in the spontaneous arteriosclerosis which develops in repeatedly-bred, male and female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:942518", "title": "Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron-microscopic studies on post-ischemic endothelial lesions following recirculation.", "content": "The endothelial surface of the vessel wall was studied after various period of recirculation following transitory mechanical hypoxia. The acute changes consisted of partial or total destruction of the endothelium in certain areas. Later on, the regeneration (division and process-formation) of endothelial cells took place over the damaged areas. These events were demonstrated both by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. When severe vessel damage occurred, the subendothelial matrix, collagen and elastic fibres, and the stomata were also set free. Blood cells anchored to these areas were later covered by endothelium. Regeneration was practically complete after 10 days; previously only some small endothelial processes had shown evidence of regenerative activity. In spite of the extensive damage to the endothelium, no occluding thrombus formation was seen. The phagocytes functioned only in removing debris, and the thrombocytes in facilitating endothelial overgrowth.", "contents": "Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron-microscopic studies on post-ischemic endothelial lesions following recirculation. The endothelial surface of the vessel wall was studied after various period of recirculation following transitory mechanical hypoxia. The acute changes consisted of partial or total destruction of the endothelium in certain areas. Later on, the regeneration (division and process-formation) of endothelial cells took place over the damaged areas. These events were demonstrated both by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. When severe vessel damage occurred, the subendothelial matrix, collagen and elastic fibres, and the stomata were also set free. Blood cells anchored to these areas were later covered by endothelium. Regeneration was practically complete after 10 days; previously only some small endothelial processes had shown evidence of regenerative activity. In spite of the extensive damage to the endothelium, no occluding thrombus formation was seen. The phagocytes functioned only in removing debris, and the thrombocytes in facilitating endothelial overgrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:942519", "title": "Lipid metabolism in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and comparison with other cell types. Part I. Composition of cells grown in hyperlipemic serum.", "content": "The lipid compositions of cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts and skin fibroblasts were determined for cells grown in media containing either normolipemic or hyperlipemic serum. No significant changes were found in cell phospholipid composition. Each of the threee cell types responded similarly to hyperlipemic serum, accumulating esterified cholesterol and triglyerides.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and comparison with other cell types. Part I. Composition of cells grown in hyperlipemic serum. The lipid compositions of cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts and skin fibroblasts were determined for cells grown in media containing either normolipemic or hyperlipemic serum. No significant changes were found in cell phospholipid composition. Each of the threee cell types responded similarly to hyperlipemic serum, accumulating esterified cholesterol and triglyerides."}
{"id": "PMID:942520", "title": "Diminished baroreceptor sensitivity in elderly hypertensives. Possible role of atherosclerosis.", "content": "Baroreceptor sensitivity was studied in twelve young normotensive subjects and forty hypertensive patients, separated into two groups according to their age, severity of hypertension and signs of severe atherosclerotic vascular disease. Under stabilized circulatory conditions, the changes of pulse rate in response to changes of blood pressure, attained by infusion of trimethaphan camphorsulfonate alone or with norepinephrine, was examined. There was gradually diminished change of pulse rate in relationship to blood pressure change as age and hypertension advanced. However, although the blood pressure threshold of stimulation was obviously higher in the middle-aged hypertensive subjects than in the normotensive ones, the slightly reduced baroreceptor sensitivity was not significantly different from that  in the normotensive group. Only in the elderly hypertensive patients was significantly diminished baroreceptor sensitivity demonstrated, which was also significantly different from that in the middleaged hypertensive patients. It is speculated that the significantly diminished baroreceptor sensitivity found in the elderly hypertensive patients may be due to atherosclerotic changes in the region of the baroreceptor, although proof of that is not available at the present time.", "contents": "Diminished baroreceptor sensitivity in elderly hypertensives. Possible role of atherosclerosis. Baroreceptor sensitivity was studied in twelve young normotensive subjects and forty hypertensive patients, separated into two groups according to their age, severity of hypertension and signs of severe atherosclerotic vascular disease. Under stabilized circulatory conditions, the changes of pulse rate in response to changes of blood pressure, attained by infusion of trimethaphan camphorsulfonate alone or with norepinephrine, was examined. There was gradually diminished change of pulse rate in relationship to blood pressure change as age and hypertension advanced. However, although the blood pressure threshold of stimulation was obviously higher in the middle-aged hypertensive subjects than in the normotensive ones, the slightly reduced baroreceptor sensitivity was not significantly different from that  in the normotensive group. Only in the elderly hypertensive patients was significantly diminished baroreceptor sensitivity demonstrated, which was also significantly different from that in the middleaged hypertensive patients. It is speculated that the significantly diminished baroreceptor sensitivity found in the elderly hypertensive patients may be due to atherosclerotic changes in the region of the baroreceptor, although proof of that is not available at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:942522", "title": "Age-related chemical changes in human elastins from non-atherosclerotic areas of thoracic aorta.", "content": "Elastins from normal appearing areas of human thoracic aortae with varying degrees of mineralization were taken from subjects of different ages and purified by autoclaving their amino acid compositon, Ca and P contents and N terminal profiles were determined before and after EDTA decalcification. (1) Decrease in desmosine concentration with increasing age was accounted for by dilution of the elastin by autoclave-resistant polar glycoproteins. (2) The appearance and growth of a mineral phase with a Ca/P molar ratio typical of apatites was accompanied by an increased association of polar contaminants with elastin. (3) After 24 h EDTA treatment, small and constant amounts of Ca were still apparent although P was absent, in elastins from all age groups. (4) The undialyzable fraction of the material solubilised by EDTA consisted mainly of elastin fragments, glycoproteins and Ca. (5) All the elastin samples showed the same type of N-terminal amino acids. In low and medium mineralized samples the concentration of amino end-groups was slightly increased, while in highly mineralized elastin the content of N-terminal residues was three times greater than in normal young elastin. Extraction with EDTA reduced the amount of end-groups to a normal level. It is suggested that in the initial stages of elastin fibre mineralization, an increased amount of autoclave-resistant glycoproteins becomes associated with elastin; and that with ageing, degradative changes involving peptide-bond cleavage may occur. However, evidence of degradation is found only in old and highly mineralized elastin samples.", "contents": "Age-related chemical changes in human elastins from non-atherosclerotic areas of thoracic aorta. Elastins from normal appearing areas of human thoracic aortae with varying degrees of mineralization were taken from subjects of different ages and purified by autoclaving their amino acid compositon, Ca and P contents and N terminal profiles were determined before and after EDTA decalcification. (1) Decrease in desmosine concentration with increasing age was accounted for by dilution of the elastin by autoclave-resistant polar glycoproteins. (2) The appearance and growth of a mineral phase with a Ca/P molar ratio typical of apatites was accompanied by an increased association of polar contaminants with elastin. (3) After 24 h EDTA treatment, small and constant amounts of Ca were still apparent although P was absent, in elastins from all age groups. (4) The undialyzable fraction of the material solubilised by EDTA consisted mainly of elastin fragments, glycoproteins and Ca. (5) All the elastin samples showed the same type of N-terminal amino acids. In low and medium mineralized samples the concentration of amino end-groups was slightly increased, while in highly mineralized elastin the content of N-terminal residues was three times greater than in normal young elastin. Extraction with EDTA reduced the amount of end-groups to a normal level. It is suggested that in the initial stages of elastin fibre mineralization, an increased amount of autoclave-resistant glycoproteins becomes associated with elastin; and that with ageing, degradative changes involving peptide-bond cleavage may occur. However, evidence of degradation is found only in old and highly mineralized elastin samples."}
{"id": "PMID:942521", "title": "Enzymes of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of swin aorta.", "content": "Enzymes of DNA synthesis, thymidine kinase (ATP-thymidine-5'-phospho-transferase, EC 2.7.1.21), DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) and nuclease activities were investigated in isolated purified nuclei of swine aorta. Thymidine kinase which is detectable in these nuclei can be stimulated by the addition of phospholipase C. DNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei is strongly dependent on addition of an exogenous template; the preferred template is activated DNA. The activity in the absence of an added template is very low except when labelled dCTP is used as the precursor. This incorporation of labelled dCTP does not require the addition of the other three triphosphates, and under these conditions, dCTP seems to be incorporated into what may be a homopolymer. As with other tissues, solubilized preparations of aortic nuclei have two DNA polymerase activities which also prefer activated DNA template. There is no detectable endonuclease in aortic nuclei.", "contents": "Enzymes of DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of swin aorta. Enzymes of DNA synthesis, thymidine kinase (ATP-thymidine-5'-phospho-transferase, EC 2.7.1.21), DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) and nuclease activities were investigated in isolated purified nuclei of swine aorta. Thymidine kinase which is detectable in these nuclei can be stimulated by the addition of phospholipase C. DNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei is strongly dependent on addition of an exogenous template; the preferred template is activated DNA. The activity in the absence of an added template is very low except when labelled dCTP is used as the precursor. This incorporation of labelled dCTP does not require the addition of the other three triphosphates, and under these conditions, dCTP seems to be incorporated into what may be a homopolymer. As with other tissues, solubilized preparations of aortic nuclei have two DNA polymerase activities which also prefer activated DNA template. There is no detectable endonuclease in aortic nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:942523", "title": "Vitamin A and lysosomal stability in rats fed an atherogenic diet.", "content": "The relation between vitamin A status and lysosomal stability was studied in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet. Increase in the total activity of lysosomal enzymes as well as that in the nuclear fraction, intact lysosomal fraction and free activity (activity present in the 15,000 X g supernatant) in the liver was observed in rats fed an atherogenic diet with adequate vit. A. Vitamin A deficiency and hypervitaminosis (10,000 IU) augmented this increase in the total enzyme activity as well as the activity in the subcellular fractions except in the case of intact lysosomes where the activity was not significantly altered. At 2,000 IU, there was no significant alteration in either the total activity or the activity of the subcellular fractions. An analysis of the ratio of soluble activity (released from the lysosomes) to the activity present in the intact lysosomes, showed that hepatic lysosomal stability was decreased in the rats fed an atherogenic diet with normal dose of vit. A. Vitamin A deficiency as well as hypervitaminosis decreased the lysosomal stability still further. At a dose of 2,000 IU, lysosomal stability increased as compared to the rats fed an adequate dose of vit. A, while total lysosomal activity remained not significantly altered. Studies on the rate of release of enzymes from the lysosomes revealed that there was significantly more release of the enzyme between 30 and 45 min in the liver and aorta in the rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet with adequate vit. A This release was still more in the rats fed a low dose of vit. A. At 2,000 IU, there was no significant difference in the enzyme release. But the pattern of change in the liver and aorta in the hypervitaminotic group was different. In the case of hepatic lysosomes, there was an increase in the enzymes released while in the aorta there was significant decrease. This has been attributed to the fact that lytic concentration of the vitamin A is not attained in the aorta.", "contents": "Vitamin A and lysosomal stability in rats fed an atherogenic diet. The relation between vitamin A status and lysosomal stability was studied in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet. Increase in the total activity of lysosomal enzymes as well as that in the nuclear fraction, intact lysosomal fraction and free activity (activity present in the 15,000 X g supernatant) in the liver was observed in rats fed an atherogenic diet with adequate vit. A. Vitamin A deficiency and hypervitaminosis (10,000 IU) augmented this increase in the total enzyme activity as well as the activity in the subcellular fractions except in the case of intact lysosomes where the activity was not significantly altered. At 2,000 IU, there was no significant alteration in either the total activity or the activity of the subcellular fractions. An analysis of the ratio of soluble activity (released from the lysosomes) to the activity present in the intact lysosomes, showed that hepatic lysosomal stability was decreased in the rats fed an atherogenic diet with normal dose of vit. A. Vitamin A deficiency as well as hypervitaminosis decreased the lysosomal stability still further. At a dose of 2,000 IU, lysosomal stability increased as compared to the rats fed an adequate dose of vit. A, while total lysosomal activity remained not significantly altered. Studies on the rate of release of enzymes from the lysosomes revealed that there was significantly more release of the enzyme between 30 and 45 min in the liver and aorta in the rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet with adequate vit. A This release was still more in the rats fed a low dose of vit. A. At 2,000 IU, there was no significant difference in the enzyme release. But the pattern of change in the liver and aorta in the hypervitaminotic group was different. In the case of hepatic lysosomes, there was an increase in the enzymes released while in the aorta there was significant decrease. This has been attributed to the fact that lytic concentration of the vitamin A is not attained in the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:942524", "title": "Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats.", "content": "In the present study, the hypocholesterolemic activity of phytosterols and phytostanols was compared. Phytostanols were prepared by hydrogenating a phytosterol mixture from corn oil and were fed at different levels (0.1-1.0%) to male rats for 10 to 14 days with or without cholesterol (1.0%). In an appropriate combination with cholesterol, phytostanols showed significantly greater activity in lowering the plasma and possibly liver cholesterol levels in comparison with the corresponding phytosterols. The stanols further stimulated the fecal recovery of cholesterol. The rate of intestinal absorption of phytostanols appeared obviously lower than that of phytosterols and thus the deposition into plasma and liver lipids was almost negligible.", "contents": "Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats. In the present study, the hypocholesterolemic activity of phytosterols and phytostanols was compared. Phytostanols were prepared by hydrogenating a phytosterol mixture from corn oil and were fed at different levels (0.1-1.0%) to male rats for 10 to 14 days with or without cholesterol (1.0%). In an appropriate combination with cholesterol, phytostanols showed significantly greater activity in lowering the plasma and possibly liver cholesterol levels in comparison with the corresponding phytosterols. The stanols further stimulated the fecal recovery of cholesterol. The rate of intestinal absorption of phytostanols appeared obviously lower than that of phytosterols and thus the deposition into plasma and liver lipids was almost negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:942526", "title": "Preprandial drinking and plasma lipids in man.", "content": "A group of normolipemic subjects who consumed alcoholic drinks before their evening meals for a period of 7 consecutive days demonstrated a significant increase in their fasting plasma triglyceride levels. On cessation of alcohol consumption, the fasting triglyceride levels reverted to their pre-experimental levels. The plasma cholesterol levels did not show any consistent changes.", "contents": "Preprandial drinking and plasma lipids in man. A group of normolipemic subjects who consumed alcoholic drinks before their evening meals for a period of 7 consecutive days demonstrated a significant increase in their fasting plasma triglyceride levels. On cessation of alcohol consumption, the fasting triglyceride levels reverted to their pre-experimental levels. The plasma cholesterol levels did not show any consistent changes."}
{"id": "PMID:942527", "title": "Effect of unilateral nephrectomy of the localization of aortic sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits.", "content": "The method of polar coordinate mapping of lesions on the aortic wall around orifices was used to study the effect of unilateral nephrectomy on sudanophilic lesions in rabbits. Four groups of six rabbits each were studied. Group I had a right nephrectomy with a short renal artery stump. Group II had a sham right nephrectomy. Group III had a left nephrectomy with a short renal artery stump and Group IV a sham left nephrectomy. All groups were allowed to recover for one week and were then fed rabbit chow enriched with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil for a four-week period. Groups I and III showed a marked alteration in lesions around the stump with both proximal and distal peaks. Group I also showed the development of skewing of the left renal lesion to the left, presumably because of a change in aortic flow due to removal of the proximal right renal flow. The right renal artery had a lesion skewed to the right; this was not altered by left nephrectomy and was probably due to coeliac flow. The data provides strong evidence that sudanophilic lesions in rabbit aortas are altered by local flow disturbances.", "contents": "Effect of unilateral nephrectomy of the localization of aortic sudanophilic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The method of polar coordinate mapping of lesions on the aortic wall around orifices was used to study the effect of unilateral nephrectomy on sudanophilic lesions in rabbits. Four groups of six rabbits each were studied. Group I had a right nephrectomy with a short renal artery stump. Group II had a sham right nephrectomy. Group III had a left nephrectomy with a short renal artery stump and Group IV a sham left nephrectomy. All groups were allowed to recover for one week and were then fed rabbit chow enriched with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil for a four-week period. Groups I and III showed a marked alteration in lesions around the stump with both proximal and distal peaks. Group I also showed the development of skewing of the left renal lesion to the left, presumably because of a change in aortic flow due to removal of the proximal right renal flow. The right renal artery had a lesion skewed to the right; this was not altered by left nephrectomy and was probably due to coeliac flow. The data provides strong evidence that sudanophilic lesions in rabbit aortas are altered by local flow disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:942525", "title": "Factors stimulating collagen synthesis from the livers of hypercholesterolemic rats.", "content": "Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by feeding them a high cholesterol olive oil diet. The livers were homogenized in modified Krebs-Ringer medium and centrifuged at 35,000 x g. The supernatants from livers of both hypercholesterolemic and normal rats were found to stimulate collagen synthesis in freshly isolated embryonic chick-tendon fibroblasts. However, this was significantly greater in the supernatants from fatty livers. The stimulating principle proceed to be dialyzable, non-lipid and heat-stable. There were at least two factors involved, the more effective of which was trypsin-sensitive, with a molecular weight below 2,000. The results suggest that a mediator is formed in the livers of hypercholesterolemic rats which might be responsible for the enhanced collagen synthesis of fibrotic processes vivo, e.g., in atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "Factors stimulating collagen synthesis from the livers of hypercholesterolemic rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by feeding them a high cholesterol olive oil diet. The livers were homogenized in modified Krebs-Ringer medium and centrifuged at 35,000 x g. The supernatants from livers of both hypercholesterolemic and normal rats were found to stimulate collagen synthesis in freshly isolated embryonic chick-tendon fibroblasts. However, this was significantly greater in the supernatants from fatty livers. The stimulating principle proceed to be dialyzable, non-lipid and heat-stable. There were at least two factors involved, the more effective of which was trypsin-sensitive, with a molecular weight below 2,000. The results suggest that a mediator is formed in the livers of hypercholesterolemic rats which might be responsible for the enhanced collagen synthesis of fibrotic processes vivo, e.g., in atherosclerosis and liver cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:942528", "title": "Mechanical and histological study of aortic valve tissue from a patient with Marfan's disease.", "content": "A comparison between a normal and a Marfan's disease aortic valve has been attempted in terms of their tissue stress-strain characteristics and their histology. The diseased valve tissue was found to be more compliant by an order of magnitude than the normal valve, which is related to the disorientation of its collagen fibers, and the proliferation of mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Mechanical and histological study of aortic valve tissue from a patient with Marfan's disease. A comparison between a normal and a Marfan's disease aortic valve has been attempted in terms of their tissue stress-strain characteristics and their histology. The diseased valve tissue was found to be more compliant by an order of magnitude than the normal valve, which is related to the disorientation of its collagen fibers, and the proliferation of mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:942533", "title": "[Postmenopausal bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "In the study reported here, 554 cases of postmenopausal bleeding were analyzed, i.e. 4.1% of the gynecological cases admitted during the 11 years from 1961 to 1971. In over one-third of these cases (35.3%) bleeding was caused by genital carcinoma. Among nonmalignant causes, endometrial atrophy was the most common (28.5%) followed by uterine polyposis (21.2%). As expected, corpus carcinoma (51%) was the most commonly found malignant genital disease, followed by cervical cancer (38%) which, surprisingly, is almost as common. The time-lapse between onset of bleeding and hospitalization with diagnosis is alarmingly long. In our patients it averages 19.2 weeks, is 36.3 weeks in corpus carcinoma cases and 16.3 weeks in women with cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Postmenopausal bleeding (author's transl)]. In the study reported here, 554 cases of postmenopausal bleeding were analyzed, i.e. 4.1% of the gynecological cases admitted during the 11 years from 1961 to 1971. In over one-third of these cases (35.3%) bleeding was caused by genital carcinoma. Among nonmalignant causes, endometrial atrophy was the most common (28.5%) followed by uterine polyposis (21.2%). As expected, corpus carcinoma (51%) was the most commonly found malignant genital disease, followed by cervical cancer (38%) which, surprisingly, is almost as common. The time-lapse between onset of bleeding and hospitalization with diagnosis is alarmingly long. In our patients it averages 19.2 weeks, is 36.3 weeks in corpus carcinoma cases and 16.3 weeks in women with cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:942529", "title": "The effect of ileal bypass on sterol balance and plasma cholesterol in the White Carneau pigeon.", "content": "The effect of ileal bypass on steady-state sterol balance and plasma cholesterol was studied in sham operated (SO) and ileal bypass (IB) White Carneau pigeons 6 months (Group I) and 18 months (Group II) after surgery while fed their usual cholesterol-free diet. Unlike what has been noted in other animals, the bile acid (BA) and neutral sterol (NS) excretion (mg/kg per day) in IB was not statistically different from that in SO. Group I: BA, 40.2 (SO) vs 39.0 (IB); NS, 13.3 (SO) vs 17.3 (IB). Group II: BA, 55.7 (SO) vs 54.1 (IB); NS, 9.57 (SO) vs 8.84 (IB). IB pigeons had only slightly lower plasma cholesterol levels (postoperative) than SO pigeons. Group I, 329 (SO) vs 271 (IB) mg/dl (P less than 0.05); Group II, 374 (SO) vs 312 (IB) mg/dl. This study indicates that the response to ileal bypass by White Carneau pigeons in terms of cholesterol excretion and plasma cholesterol changes is different than what has been observed in other species.", "contents": "The effect of ileal bypass on sterol balance and plasma cholesterol in the White Carneau pigeon. The effect of ileal bypass on steady-state sterol balance and plasma cholesterol was studied in sham operated (SO) and ileal bypass (IB) White Carneau pigeons 6 months (Group I) and 18 months (Group II) after surgery while fed their usual cholesterol-free diet. Unlike what has been noted in other animals, the bile acid (BA) and neutral sterol (NS) excretion (mg/kg per day) in IB was not statistically different from that in SO. Group I: BA, 40.2 (SO) vs 39.0 (IB); NS, 13.3 (SO) vs 17.3 (IB). Group II: BA, 55.7 (SO) vs 54.1 (IB); NS, 9.57 (SO) vs 8.84 (IB). IB pigeons had only slightly lower plasma cholesterol levels (postoperative) than SO pigeons. Group I, 329 (SO) vs 271 (IB) mg/dl (P less than 0.05); Group II, 374 (SO) vs 312 (IB) mg/dl. This study indicates that the response to ileal bypass by White Carneau pigeons in terms of cholesterol excretion and plasma cholesterol changes is different than what has been observed in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:942544", "title": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive diseases of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta].", "content": "Sixty two patients having chronic circulatory disorders in visceral branches of the abdominal aorta were operated upon by the authors. An adequate circulation was restored as a result of reconstructive (44), conventionally reconstructive (14) and palliative (4) operations. A number of technics considerably facilitating these complicated reconstructive procedures are described: transaortic endarterectomy from the abdominal aorta, visceral branches and renal arteries: resection of the thoracoabdominal aorta followed by a plastic reconstruction of the celiac trunk ostium and others. In 47 patients (90.3%) a clinical effect was gained: the signs of ischemia of the digestive organs have disappeared.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of occlusive diseases of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta]. Sixty two patients having chronic circulatory disorders in visceral branches of the abdominal aorta were operated upon by the authors. An adequate circulation was restored as a result of reconstructive (44), conventionally reconstructive (14) and palliative (4) operations. A number of technics considerably facilitating these complicated reconstructive procedures are described: transaortic endarterectomy from the abdominal aorta, visceral branches and renal arteries: resection of the thoracoabdominal aorta followed by a plastic reconstruction of the celiac trunk ostium and others. In 47 patients (90.3%) a clinical effect was gained: the signs of ischemia of the digestive organs have disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:942545", "title": "[Umbilical cord hernias].", "content": "The authors observed 38 children with umbilical cord hernias. In 27 of them some other defects were noted. Among 25 children there were 14 deaths (56.2%). Conservative therapy was conducted in 13 patients with umbilical cord hernia, 10 children died (76.9%).", "contents": "[Umbilical cord hernias]. The authors observed 38 children with umbilical cord hernias. In 27 of them some other defects were noted. Among 25 children there were 14 deaths (56.2%). Conservative therapy was conducted in 13 patients with umbilical cord hernia, 10 children died (76.9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:942547", "title": "[Isolation and properties of the acid carboxypeptidase of Aspergillus oryzae].", "content": "Caboxypeptidase with pH optimum 4--5 for peptide substrates is isolated from \"oryzine\", the enzyme mixture produced by Aspergillus oryzae, by means of successive salt fractionation, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, chromatography on amberlite IRC-50, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight, as determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dolecylsulphate, was found to be 37 000. The enzyme has a broad substrate specificity and does not possess dipeptidase and esterase activities. Acid carboxypeptidase from Asp. oryzae is not a metalloenzyme, it is inactivated by specific inhibitors of serine proteases and by compounds blocking SH-groups. The enzyme is suggested to contain functionally important serine and cysteine residues and to be acid carboxipeptidase.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of the acid carboxypeptidase of Aspergillus oryzae]. Caboxypeptidase with pH optimum 4--5 for peptide substrates is isolated from \"oryzine\", the enzyme mixture produced by Aspergillus oryzae, by means of successive salt fractionation, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, chromatography on amberlite IRC-50, hydroxylapatite, DEAE-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight, as determined by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dolecylsulphate, was found to be 37 000. The enzyme has a broad substrate specificity and does not possess dipeptidase and esterase activities. Acid carboxypeptidase from Asp. oryzae is not a metalloenzyme, it is inactivated by specific inhibitors of serine proteases and by compounds blocking SH-groups. The enzyme is suggested to contain functionally important serine and cysteine residues and to be acid carboxipeptidase."}
{"id": "PMID:942549", "title": "[Carcinoma after gastric operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of carcinoma after gastric operations for benign lesions was analysed in the patient material of five gastroenterologists in private practice in Switzerland. Of 534 such patients 346 had had a gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II), 58 with gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), and 130 other kinds of gastric operations. Among 326 patients who had a Billroth II procedure there were 21 with proven carcinoma in the residual stomach, but none after Billroth I and other operations. The incidence after Billroth II was 15.1% at or after ten years. Of 69 patients 10-19 years after gastric resection, six had developed carcinoma, compared with 15 of 70 who were 20 years or more after the resection. The incidence is unexpectedly high. On the other hand, among 29361 non-operated patients there were 279 with carcinoma of the stomach. The average interval between operation and the diagnosis of carcinoma in the residual stomach was 23.8 years. It is recommended that gastric resection should if possible be avoided for benign disease. All patients who have had a gastric resection should be endoscopically controlled annually from ten years after the resection onwards.", "contents": "[Carcinoma after gastric operations (author's transl)]. The incidence of carcinoma after gastric operations for benign lesions was analysed in the patient material of five gastroenterologists in private practice in Switzerland. Of 534 such patients 346 had had a gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II), 58 with gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), and 130 other kinds of gastric operations. Among 326 patients who had a Billroth II procedure there were 21 with proven carcinoma in the residual stomach, but none after Billroth I and other operations. The incidence after Billroth II was 15.1% at or after ten years. Of 69 patients 10-19 years after gastric resection, six had developed carcinoma, compared with 15 of 70 who were 20 years or more after the resection. The incidence is unexpectedly high. On the other hand, among 29361 non-operated patients there were 279 with carcinoma of the stomach. The average interval between operation and the diagnosis of carcinoma in the residual stomach was 23.8 years. It is recommended that gastric resection should if possible be avoided for benign disease. All patients who have had a gastric resection should be endoscopically controlled annually from ten years after the resection onwards."}
{"id": "PMID:942550", "title": "[Transaminases and acid phosphatase in the ejaculate and their relation to fertility].", "content": "The values of the transaminases (GOT, GPT) and the acid phosphatase in the ejaculate do not differ between men of known fertility and infertile men.", "contents": "[Transaminases and acid phosphatase in the ejaculate and their relation to fertility]. The values of the transaminases (GOT, GPT) and the acid phosphatase in the ejaculate do not differ between men of known fertility and infertile men."}
{"id": "PMID:942552", "title": "[Immunological response of mice to diphtheria toxoid].", "content": "Following the determination of immunological response in mice, by titration, 1.5 Lf diphtheria toxoid was found as an optimal plasma cell activator. Groups of mice were subcutaneously injected with 1.5 Lf diphteria toxoid and on 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 25th days of injection mice were killed and their blood, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lungs preserved. Section from these specimens were stained by methyl-green, pyronine and toluidine. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells were counted in 10-20 fields in each preparation. Mature plasma cell ratio was calculated against lymphocyte counts. Mature plasma cell and mast cell counts and ratios of test mice were found increased when compared with that of normal control mice. The difference in thymus, spleen and lungs was found to be insignificant, however it was significant, p less than 0.05 in lymph. nodes. Maximum cell counts were seen at ten days. The sera of the test mice were also examined for humoral antibodies with precipitation and R\u00f6mer's skin test. on 2, 3, 4, 6 and 10th days no antitoxin could be demonstrated in the sera of the test mice in controls either. In the sera taken on 15 and 25th days antitoxin was detected.", "contents": "[Immunological response of mice to diphtheria toxoid]. Following the determination of immunological response in mice, by titration, 1.5 Lf diphtheria toxoid was found as an optimal plasma cell activator. Groups of mice were subcutaneously injected with 1.5 Lf diphteria toxoid and on 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 25th days of injection mice were killed and their blood, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lungs preserved. Section from these specimens were stained by methyl-green, pyronine and toluidine. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells were counted in 10-20 fields in each preparation. Mature plasma cell ratio was calculated against lymphocyte counts. Mature plasma cell and mast cell counts and ratios of test mice were found increased when compared with that of normal control mice. The difference in thymus, spleen and lungs was found to be insignificant, however it was significant, p less than 0.05 in lymph. nodes. Maximum cell counts were seen at ten days. The sera of the test mice were also examined for humoral antibodies with precipitation and R\u00f6mer's skin test. on 2, 3, 4, 6 and 10th days no antitoxin could be demonstrated in the sera of the test mice in controls either. In the sera taken on 15 and 25th days antitoxin was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:942558", "title": "[Animal experiments on ozone therapy of non-irradiated and irradiated tumors. II. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo].", "content": "Mice, carriers of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, were exposed to a fractionated whole-body irradiation with four times 750 R. Before resp. after each exposure, an ozone-oxygen mixture was intraperitoneally injected. In other cases, the ozone-oxygen mixture was given without irradiation. Ozone had no essential effect upon the transplantation capacity neither in irradiated ascites cells nor in cells not exposed to radiation. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, transplanted into a subcutaneous air-pocket under the abdominal skin of the mouse, developed a solid tumor and a fluid accumulation without cells. A diminution of the fluid was brought about by means of a fractionated local irradiation with five times 200R, by a secondary treatment with ozone and also by ozone alone. Evidence of damage to the tumor cells, however, is only to be produced by investigations into the metabolism and reproductive capacity of these cells.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on ozone therapy of non-irradiated and irradiated tumors. II. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo]. Mice, carriers of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, were exposed to a fractionated whole-body irradiation with four times 750 R. Before resp. after each exposure, an ozone-oxygen mixture was intraperitoneally injected. In other cases, the ozone-oxygen mixture was given without irradiation. Ozone had no essential effect upon the transplantation capacity neither in irradiated ascites cells nor in cells not exposed to radiation. Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, transplanted into a subcutaneous air-pocket under the abdominal skin of the mouse, developed a solid tumor and a fluid accumulation without cells. A diminution of the fluid was brought about by means of a fractionated local irradiation with five times 200R, by a secondary treatment with ozone and also by ozone alone. Evidence of damage to the tumor cells, however, is only to be produced by investigations into the metabolism and reproductive capacity of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942560", "title": "[Venous wall graft in Peyronie's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "One patient with Peyronie's disease (induratio penis plastica) was treated utilizing plastic surgery to correct the penile curvature. The plaques which invaded the corpora were transversely incised and a section of the greater saphenous vein was sewn into the gap. Postoperatively, the penis is quite straight and the patient has resumed normal sexual intercourse.", "contents": "[Venous wall graft in Peyronie's disease (author's transl)]. One patient with Peyronie's disease (induratio penis plastica) was treated utilizing plastic surgery to correct the penile curvature. The plaques which invaded the corpora were transversely incised and a section of the greater saphenous vein was sewn into the gap. Postoperatively, the penis is quite straight and the patient has resumed normal sexual intercourse."}
{"id": "PMID:942562", "title": "[Pathogenetic mechanisms and classification of manic-depressive psychosis].", "content": "A study of the heredity and exogenic factors in 340 patients with manic-depressive psychosis makes it possible to draw a conclusion that the disorder is polyetiological. In a bipolar development there is mainly a hereditary loading and organic noxious factors, in a monopolar depression--exhaustive factors. The assumption of an existence of 2 independent psychoses (bipolar and monopolar) which was made by several foreign authors was not confirmed.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic mechanisms and classification of manic-depressive psychosis]. A study of the heredity and exogenic factors in 340 patients with manic-depressive psychosis makes it possible to draw a conclusion that the disorder is polyetiological. In a bipolar development there is mainly a hereditary loading and organic noxious factors, in a monopolar depression--exhaustive factors. The assumption of an existence of 2 independent psychoses (bipolar and monopolar) which was made by several foreign authors was not confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:942563", "title": "[Cytophotometric analysis of proteins in human embryo hypophyseal cells in normal and pathologic pregnancies].", "content": "As it is known, formation of the adenohypophysis in the human fetus takes place at early stages of ontogenesis. The objective of the present work was to find out whether the adenohypophysis, already at these early stages of development, was capable to response to changes in the environment, in this case to those in the mother's organism. Two groups of the human adenohypophyses obtained as a result of artificial abortion were studied: 1) from fetuses which developed under normal pregnancy; 2) from fetuses which developed under pathological pregnancy (toxemia in the first half of pregnancy). The method of quantitative cytospectrophotometric analysis of simple and conjugated proteins of a various nature were used. The data obtained indicated to early appearance of simple and conjugated proteins in the cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis of the human fetus and to their definite dynamics depending upon the course of pregnancy. It was established that at early stages of ontogenesis the adenohypophysis of the human fetus produces a certain reaction to changes in the environment, in particular, to changes occurring in the mother's organism.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric analysis of proteins in human embryo hypophyseal cells in normal and pathologic pregnancies]. As it is known, formation of the adenohypophysis in the human fetus takes place at early stages of ontogenesis. The objective of the present work was to find out whether the adenohypophysis, already at these early stages of development, was capable to response to changes in the environment, in this case to those in the mother's organism. Two groups of the human adenohypophyses obtained as a result of artificial abortion were studied: 1) from fetuses which developed under normal pregnancy; 2) from fetuses which developed under pathological pregnancy (toxemia in the first half of pregnancy). The method of quantitative cytospectrophotometric analysis of simple and conjugated proteins of a various nature were used. The data obtained indicated to early appearance of simple and conjugated proteins in the cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis of the human fetus and to their definite dynamics depending upon the course of pregnancy. It was established that at early stages of ontogenesis the adenohypophysis of the human fetus produces a certain reaction to changes in the environment, in particular, to changes occurring in the mother's organism."}
{"id": "PMID:942569", "title": "Evaluation of an emergency department observation ward.", "content": "To evaluate the usefulness of an observation or holding area in the operation of an emergency department, the 166 cases held in the observation area of the Harbor General Hospital Emergency Department during September, 1974, were reviewed. Among the 166 patients, who made up 2% of the 10,452 patients seen in the ED that month, drug overdose and alcohol withdrawal were the primary disorders admitted, 42 and 34 respectively. Neurological disorders were next with 29 cases. Fluids administered intravenously, analgesics and sedatives were the most common therapeutic modalities used. Psychiatric was the type of consultation required most often. Seventy-seven of the 166 patients went home; 61 were admitted to the hospital and none died. Fifteen were transferred to nursing homes, 8 to to detoxification centers and 5 to a mental hospital. The advantages and disadvantages of an observation ward are listed and discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of an emergency department observation ward. To evaluate the usefulness of an observation or holding area in the operation of an emergency department, the 166 cases held in the observation area of the Harbor General Hospital Emergency Department during September, 1974, were reviewed. Among the 166 patients, who made up 2% of the 10,452 patients seen in the ED that month, drug overdose and alcohol withdrawal were the primary disorders admitted, 42 and 34 respectively. Neurological disorders were next with 29 cases. Fluids administered intravenously, analgesics and sedatives were the most common therapeutic modalities used. Psychiatric was the type of consultation required most often. Seventy-seven of the 166 patients went home; 61 were admitted to the hospital and none died. Fifteen were transferred to nursing homes, 8 to to detoxification centers and 5 to a mental hospital. The advantages and disadvantages of an observation ward are listed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942572", "title": "Acute coronary syndromes following abrupt cessation of oral propranolol therapy.", "content": "Abrupt cessation of oral propranolol therapy was followed by 15 acute coronary events in 14 patients with severe angina who had been receiving propranolol in daily doses of 80 to 400 mg for periods of 7 days to 6 years. Propranolol had been stopped 1 to 14 days before each acute event because of angiographic study (seven patients), increasing symptoms (three), acute coronary insufficiency (one), asymptomatic bradycardia (one), elective surgery (one) and unknown reasons (two). Before abrupt cessation of propranolol treatment anginal symptoms had been stable in six instances but had increased in the other nine. Cessation was followed by rapid progression of symptoms prior to 11 of the 15 acute events. There were six acute transmural myocardial infarctions with three deaths, three intramural myocardial infarctions, one with ventricular fibrillation, and six episodes of acute coronary insufficiency, Unstable angina followed nine of the events and responded to propranolol therapy (160 to 320 mg/d) in eight instances. Three other patients underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery; perioperative acute myocardial infarction occurred in two. These data suggest that in a minority of patients abrupt cessation of propranolol may be hazardous, particularly in severe or unstable disease. Cessation or propranolol therapy in such patients should be gradual and closely observed. Recurrent symptoms respond to reinstitution of propranolol therapy.", "contents": "Acute coronary syndromes following abrupt cessation of oral propranolol therapy. Abrupt cessation of oral propranolol therapy was followed by 15 acute coronary events in 14 patients with severe angina who had been receiving propranolol in daily doses of 80 to 400 mg for periods of 7 days to 6 years. Propranolol had been stopped 1 to 14 days before each acute event because of angiographic study (seven patients), increasing symptoms (three), acute coronary insufficiency (one), asymptomatic bradycardia (one), elective surgery (one) and unknown reasons (two). Before abrupt cessation of propranolol treatment anginal symptoms had been stable in six instances but had increased in the other nine. Cessation was followed by rapid progression of symptoms prior to 11 of the 15 acute events. There were six acute transmural myocardial infarctions with three deaths, three intramural myocardial infarctions, one with ventricular fibrillation, and six episodes of acute coronary insufficiency, Unstable angina followed nine of the events and responded to propranolol therapy (160 to 320 mg/d) in eight instances. Three other patients underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery; perioperative acute myocardial infarction occurred in two. These data suggest that in a minority of patients abrupt cessation of propranolol may be hazardous, particularly in severe or unstable disease. Cessation or propranolol therapy in such patients should be gradual and closely observed. Recurrent symptoms respond to reinstitution of propranolol therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:942575", "title": "Factor-analytic structure of patient internal states.", "content": "The present analysis represents a relatively simple technique that can be used to study patient internal states. Thus, when patients were asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each of 33 feelings, consistent with previous literature, they viewed their feelings in generally positive or negative terms. Inconsistent with previous results, when show that therapists produce a highly differentiated factor structure when asked to describe their patient's feelings, the present study also found that therapists saw their patients in generally positive or negative terms. This result was attributed to the experience level of the therapists, as the present study utilized only inexperienced therapists, whereas experienced therapists were used in previous analyses.", "contents": "Factor-analytic structure of patient internal states. The present analysis represents a relatively simple technique that can be used to study patient internal states. Thus, when patients were asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each of 33 feelings, consistent with previous literature, they viewed their feelings in generally positive or negative terms. Inconsistent with previous results, when show that therapists produce a highly differentiated factor structure when asked to describe their patient's feelings, the present study also found that therapists saw their patients in generally positive or negative terms. This result was attributed to the experience level of the therapists, as the present study utilized only inexperienced therapists, whereas experienced therapists were used in previous analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:942576", "title": "The Leeds scales for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression.", "content": "Self-rating scales are finding an increasing use in psychiatric work. Not only are they widely used in research, but they provide the clinician with a score indicating the patient's psychiatric state at any one time, and these scores if repeated throughout the duration of treatment may be considered to provide a continuing measure of the severity of the illness, as does a temperature chart in a febrile illness. Most scales could be improved by item analysis, and in this study the Wakefield Self-Assessment of Depression Inventory, with added items, was subjected to statistical analysis. It was found that valid scales could be constructed for the measurement of anxiety and of depression in general psychiatric disorders, as well as scales for the measurement of the severity of endogenous (primary) depression and of anxiety states. In addition, the derivation of a 'diagnostic' score was confirmed in a cross-validation study and may be found of use both in research and in clinical practice.", "contents": "The Leeds scales for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. Self-rating scales are finding an increasing use in psychiatric work. Not only are they widely used in research, but they provide the clinician with a score indicating the patient's psychiatric state at any one time, and these scores if repeated throughout the duration of treatment may be considered to provide a continuing measure of the severity of the illness, as does a temperature chart in a febrile illness. Most scales could be improved by item analysis, and in this study the Wakefield Self-Assessment of Depression Inventory, with added items, was subjected to statistical analysis. It was found that valid scales could be constructed for the measurement of anxiety and of depression in general psychiatric disorders, as well as scales for the measurement of the severity of endogenous (primary) depression and of anxiety states. In addition, the derivation of a 'diagnostic' score was confirmed in a cross-validation study and may be found of use both in research and in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:942577", "title": "The relationship between different evaluations of drinking behaviour.", "content": "Prisoners' attitudes to their drinking behaviour, although largely accurate, minimize problems in terms of other assessments made at interview. Semantic differences are apparent in the use of the terms 'heavy' and 'problem' as descriptions of drinking behaviour; thus men who admit heavy but deny problem drinking are often reported to be problem drinkers by their family and myself. There is close agreement between the family's reported attitude to a man's drinking and the assessment made in a structured psychiatric interview.", "contents": "The relationship between different evaluations of drinking behaviour. Prisoners' attitudes to their drinking behaviour, although largely accurate, minimize problems in terms of other assessments made at interview. Semantic differences are apparent in the use of the terms 'heavy' and 'problem' as descriptions of drinking behaviour; thus men who admit heavy but deny problem drinking are often reported to be problem drinkers by their family and myself. There is close agreement between the family's reported attitude to a man's drinking and the assessment made in a structured psychiatric interview."}
{"id": "PMID:942578", "title": "Effect of stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors on total and regional cerebral blood flow.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors increases total or regional cerebral blood flow and whether activation of arterial chemoreceptors contributes to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia. In anesthetized and ventilated dogs, carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated with nicotine or hypoxic and hypercapnic blood. To measure total and regional cerebral blood flow, we used labeled 15-mu microspheres. Stimulation of chemoreceptors did not increase cerebral blood flow or produce significant redistribution of cerebral blood flow, even though the chemoreflex was intact in these animals (as manifested by vasoconstriction in muscle, kidney, and small bowel) and the cerebral vessels dilated in response to systemic hypercapnia. In other studies in anesthetized, ventilated dogs and rhesus monkeys, cerebral vasodilator responses to systemic hypoxemia were observed before and after denervation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. Systemic hypoxemia produced large and equivalent increases in cerebral blood flow before and after chemodenervation. We conclude that stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors does not produce cerebral vasodilation and that chemoreceptors do not contribute significantly to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors on total and regional cerebral blood flow. This study was performed to determine whether stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors increases total or regional cerebral blood flow and whether activation of arterial chemoreceptors contributes to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia. In anesthetized and ventilated dogs, carotid chemoreceptors were stimulated with nicotine or hypoxic and hypercapnic blood. To measure total and regional cerebral blood flow, we used labeled 15-mu microspheres. Stimulation of chemoreceptors did not increase cerebral blood flow or produce significant redistribution of cerebral blood flow, even though the chemoreflex was intact in these animals (as manifested by vasoconstriction in muscle, kidney, and small bowel) and the cerebral vessels dilated in response to systemic hypercapnia. In other studies in anesthetized, ventilated dogs and rhesus monkeys, cerebral vasodilator responses to systemic hypoxemia were observed before and after denervation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. Systemic hypoxemia produced large and equivalent increases in cerebral blood flow before and after chemodenervation. We conclude that stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors does not produce cerebral vasodilation and that chemoreceptors do not contribute significantly to cerebral vasodilation during systemic hypoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:942579", "title": "Gallbladder visualization in adrenal scanning: case report.", "content": "A patient suspected of having adrenal hyperfunction was scanned with 131I-iodocholesterol. Intense gallbladder activity persisted for several days and was eliminated by a fatty meal. The possibility of confusion with unilateral adrenal localization is discussed.", "contents": "Gallbladder visualization in adrenal scanning: case report. A patient suspected of having adrenal hyperfunction was scanned with 131I-iodocholesterol. Intense gallbladder activity persisted for several days and was eliminated by a fatty meal. The possibility of confusion with unilateral adrenal localization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942580", "title": "The relation of severe malnutrition in infancy to the intelligence of school children with differing life histories.", "content": "The IQ's of Jamaican boys aged 6-10 were associated significantly with the presence or absence of severe malnutrition in infancy, with height at time of IQ testing, and with a measure of the boys' social background. A multiple correlation coefficient of 0.674 was obtained between IQ and the three factors. Social background contributed 0.294 of the variance, height 0.112, and severe malnutrition 0.049. The two extreme groups of boys, i.e., those malnourished, small at follow-up, and with unfavorable social backgrounds and those not malnourished, tall at follow-up, and with favorable social backgrounds had average IQ's of 49.4 and 74.9, respectively (from Table 5). Only two of the boys in the most advantaged group had IQ scores that overlapped with the most disadvantaged group. Boys with severe malnutrition in infancy, but who are tall at follow-up and have a favorable social background have an average IQ 11 points higher than boys who did not experience severe malnutrition, but who are short at follow-up and have a unfavorable social background. The difference in IQ between boys who did and did not experience severe malnutrition in infancy varies under different conditions of height and social background when those are held constant for both groups. Under the most favorable conditions of being tall and having an advantageous social history the average IQ of the malnourtished boys in only 2 points lower than those not malnourished. Unde the most unfavorable conditions of short stature and a disadvantageous social background the IQ of the malnourished boys is 9 points lower than those not malnourished (Table 6 and Fig. 1).", "contents": "The relation of severe malnutrition in infancy to the intelligence of school children with differing life histories. The IQ's of Jamaican boys aged 6-10 were associated significantly with the presence or absence of severe malnutrition in infancy, with height at time of IQ testing, and with a measure of the boys' social background. A multiple correlation coefficient of 0.674 was obtained between IQ and the three factors. Social background contributed 0.294 of the variance, height 0.112, and severe malnutrition 0.049. The two extreme groups of boys, i.e., those malnourished, small at follow-up, and with unfavorable social backgrounds and those not malnourished, tall at follow-up, and with favorable social backgrounds had average IQ's of 49.4 and 74.9, respectively (from Table 5). Only two of the boys in the most advantaged group had IQ scores that overlapped with the most disadvantaged group. Boys with severe malnutrition in infancy, but who are tall at follow-up and have a favorable social background have an average IQ 11 points higher than boys who did not experience severe malnutrition, but who are short at follow-up and have a unfavorable social background. The difference in IQ between boys who did and did not experience severe malnutrition in infancy varies under different conditions of height and social background when those are held constant for both groups. Under the most favorable conditions of being tall and having an advantageous social history the average IQ of the malnourtished boys in only 2 points lower than those not malnourished. Unde the most unfavorable conditions of short stature and a disadvantageous social background the IQ of the malnourished boys is 9 points lower than those not malnourished (Table 6 and Fig. 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:942581", "title": "Growth and nitrogen retention of children consuming all of the day's protein intake in one meal.", "content": "To ascertain that linear growth and weight gain continue while consuming a diet in which all the day's protein is given in one meal, six children (ages: 8.5 to 25 months, weight: 6 to 8 kg) who were convalescing from malnutrition were placed on such a diet for 60 to 67 days. All diets provided 125 to 150 kcal and 2.0 to 2.5 g protein/kg/day, recalculated weekly. Energy was evenly divided among five feedings but the entire day's protein was given at the third meal. Increases in height age relative to increases in chronological age were appropriate for the stage of recovery. Height quotient (height age/chronological age times 100) increased during the study in four children and remained constant in two. Increases in weight age were greater than corresponding increases in chronological age. Nine-day control periods prior to and after the growth study allowed comparative N balances, which confirmed previous findings that apparent N retention from the unevenly distributed protein (32 +/- 10% of intake) was less, although not significantly so, than that from the control diet (34 +/- 15% of intake). Fecal facts were elevated during the study period (18 +/- 7.5% of intake) relative to the control period values (9 +/- 3.9% of intake) in all but one child.", "contents": "Growth and nitrogen retention of children consuming all of the day's protein intake in one meal. To ascertain that linear growth and weight gain continue while consuming a diet in which all the day's protein is given in one meal, six children (ages: 8.5 to 25 months, weight: 6 to 8 kg) who were convalescing from malnutrition were placed on such a diet for 60 to 67 days. All diets provided 125 to 150 kcal and 2.0 to 2.5 g protein/kg/day, recalculated weekly. Energy was evenly divided among five feedings but the entire day's protein was given at the third meal. Increases in height age relative to increases in chronological age were appropriate for the stage of recovery. Height quotient (height age/chronological age times 100) increased during the study in four children and remained constant in two. Increases in weight age were greater than corresponding increases in chronological age. Nine-day control periods prior to and after the growth study allowed comparative N balances, which confirmed previous findings that apparent N retention from the unevenly distributed protein (32 +/- 10% of intake) was less, although not significantly so, than that from the control diet (34 +/- 15% of intake). Fecal facts were elevated during the study period (18 +/- 7.5% of intake) relative to the control period values (9 +/- 3.9% of intake) in all but one child."}
{"id": "PMID:942583", "title": "Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of different dosage schedules of adriamycin.", "content": "Adriamycin was administered to 60 adults and 21 children by 3 different dosage schedules: 22.5 mg/sq m (0.6 mg/kg) daily for 4 days, 15 mg/sq m (0.4 mg/kg) every 8 hr for a total of 6 doses, and 50 to 120 mg/sq m as a single dose every 3 to 4 weeks. Objective responses lasting more than 1 month occurred in 5 subjects with acute leukemias or lymphoma, 3 with transitional cell carcinomas, 2 with sarcomas, 2 with Ewing's sarcoma and 1 each with bronchogenic carcinoma, orchidoblastoma, and thymoma. Toxic reactions included nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, and hematopoietic depression, but significant cardiac toxicity occurred in only 1 patient. Pharmacokinetic data, collected in 25 patients by fluorometric and chromatographic assay, suggested a biphasic plasma clearance of drug with initial and secondary half-lives of about 1.5 and 14 to 21 hr, respectively. When drug was given every 8 hr there was evidence of loss of an initial very rapid phase of distribution of adriamycin and its metabolites. Urinary excretion accounted for 3.4 to 38.1% of administered fluorescence over a 72-hr period; in the first 24 hr, between 48.2 and 100% of this urinary material was in the form of adriamycin; leter, this fraction declined. No adriamycin or its fluorescent metabolites could be extracted from the stools.", "contents": "Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of different dosage schedules of adriamycin. Adriamycin was administered to 60 adults and 21 children by 3 different dosage schedules: 22.5 mg/sq m (0.6 mg/kg) daily for 4 days, 15 mg/sq m (0.4 mg/kg) every 8 hr for a total of 6 doses, and 50 to 120 mg/sq m as a single dose every 3 to 4 weeks. Objective responses lasting more than 1 month occurred in 5 subjects with acute leukemias or lymphoma, 3 with transitional cell carcinomas, 2 with sarcomas, 2 with Ewing's sarcoma and 1 each with bronchogenic carcinoma, orchidoblastoma, and thymoma. Toxic reactions included nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, and hematopoietic depression, but significant cardiac toxicity occurred in only 1 patient. Pharmacokinetic data, collected in 25 patients by fluorometric and chromatographic assay, suggested a biphasic plasma clearance of drug with initial and secondary half-lives of about 1.5 and 14 to 21 hr, respectively. When drug was given every 8 hr there was evidence of loss of an initial very rapid phase of distribution of adriamycin and its metabolites. Urinary excretion accounted for 3.4 to 38.1% of administered fluorescence over a 72-hr period; in the first 24 hr, between 48.2 and 100% of this urinary material was in the form of adriamycin; leter, this fraction declined. No adriamycin or its fluorescent metabolites could be extracted from the stools."}
{"id": "PMID:942584", "title": "Estrogenic effects of an antiestrogen, MER-25, on eating and body weight in rats.", "content": "Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which acts as an estrogen antagonist on other estrogen-sensitive behaviors and in peripheral tissues, was found to be fully estrogenic with respect to eating behavior and body weight regulation. The MER-25 causes decreases in eating and weight gain that are not due to toxicity, as indicated by its failure to induce a learned aversion to saccharin and by its failure to alter spontaneous activity. Estradiol benzoate (EB) and MER-25 similarly affect eating and body weight in gonadectomized rats: Both cause a transient decrease in food intake and a permanent decrease in body weight relative to controls; the eating and body weight effects of both MER-25 and EB are attenuated by progesterone; and both MER-25 and EB affect females more than males. Because of its full estrogenicity, MER-25 fails to antagonize the effects of EB on eating and body weight while simultaneously antagonizing effects of EB on sexual behavior, the uterus, and the vagina. The results indicate that the systems mediating the effects of estrogens on eating and body weight differ biochemically from other behavioral and somatic estrogen-sensitive systems.", "contents": "Estrogenic effects of an antiestrogen, MER-25, on eating and body weight in rats. Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which acts as an estrogen antagonist on other estrogen-sensitive behaviors and in peripheral tissues, was found to be fully estrogenic with respect to eating behavior and body weight regulation. The MER-25 causes decreases in eating and weight gain that are not due to toxicity, as indicated by its failure to induce a learned aversion to saccharin and by its failure to alter spontaneous activity. Estradiol benzoate (EB) and MER-25 similarly affect eating and body weight in gonadectomized rats: Both cause a transient decrease in food intake and a permanent decrease in body weight relative to controls; the eating and body weight effects of both MER-25 and EB are attenuated by progesterone; and both MER-25 and EB affect females more than males. Because of its full estrogenicity, MER-25 fails to antagonize the effects of EB on eating and body weight while simultaneously antagonizing effects of EB on sexual behavior, the uterus, and the vagina. The results indicate that the systems mediating the effects of estrogens on eating and body weight differ biochemically from other behavioral and somatic estrogen-sensitive systems."}
{"id": "PMID:942586", "title": "Practical considerations in the development of a human cancer vaccine.", "content": "Factors involved in the development of a human oncornavirus vaccine are discussed. The isolation and purification of subviral gp69/71 antigenic components enhance the feasibility of developing safe vaccine. The recent isolation of a C-type virus (the HL-23) from a human leukemic patient and its similarity to the simian sarcoma virus presents us with a unique opportunity to test the safety and potency of a vaccine in nonhuman primates.", "contents": "Practical considerations in the development of a human cancer vaccine. Factors involved in the development of a human oncornavirus vaccine are discussed. The isolation and purification of subviral gp69/71 antigenic components enhance the feasibility of developing safe vaccine. The recent isolation of a C-type virus (the HL-23) from a human leukemic patient and its similarity to the simian sarcoma virus presents us with a unique opportunity to test the safety and potency of a vaccine in nonhuman primates."}
{"id": "PMID:942587", "title": "Mitral valve prolapse in children: a problem defined by real-time cross-sectional echocardiography.", "content": "The cross-sectional echocardiographic features of mitral valve prolapse were defined in 26 children (ages 2-18 years) using a real-time, multiple-crystal ultrasound scanner. In each patient the physical findings of the mitral valve click-murmur syndrome were present and mitral valve prolapse had been diagnosed previously by conventional single crystal echocardiography. Mitral prolapse occurred in a familial setting in eight patients and was associated with the Marfan syndrome in five. Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography uniformly disclosed maximum mitral arching and the superior-posterior prolapse. These visual observations were confirmed by M-mode recordings derived from single elements within the array of 20 crystals. The method allowed a complete M-mode description of the phasic motion of the entire mitral apparatus and observations of the spectrum of prolapse from discrete late systolic prolapse to \"hammock-like\" holosystolic prolapse. Further, the recording of multiple systolic M-mode lines occurred when the ultrasound beam intersected the arched leaflets more than once. Pseudosystolic anterior motion was observed often and resulted clearly from a superimposition of echoes from the mitral annulus and from the posterior-superiorly arched prolapsed leaflets. A major finding in 22 patients was the association with prolapse of biconvex enlargement of the aortic sinuses of Valsalva and a significant increase in the diameter of the aortic root. Aortic root dilatation was most marked in, but not confined to, patients with the Marfan syndrome and was a prominent finding in six patients with minor musculoskeletal abnormalities. The presence of aortic root dilatation in children with normal body habitus raises important questions concerning the generalized nature of an abnormality of cardiac connective tissue in patients with mitral prolapse. The cross-sectional approach significantly enhances the noninvasive evaluation of mitral valve prolapse and provides an explanation for many of the single crystal observations reported previously.", "contents": "Mitral valve prolapse in children: a problem defined by real-time cross-sectional echocardiography. The cross-sectional echocardiographic features of mitral valve prolapse were defined in 26 children (ages 2-18 years) using a real-time, multiple-crystal ultrasound scanner. In each patient the physical findings of the mitral valve click-murmur syndrome were present and mitral valve prolapse had been diagnosed previously by conventional single crystal echocardiography. Mitral prolapse occurred in a familial setting in eight patients and was associated with the Marfan syndrome in five. Real-time two-dimensional echocardiography uniformly disclosed maximum mitral arching and the superior-posterior prolapse. These visual observations were confirmed by M-mode recordings derived from single elements within the array of 20 crystals. The method allowed a complete M-mode description of the phasic motion of the entire mitral apparatus and observations of the spectrum of prolapse from discrete late systolic prolapse to \"hammock-like\" holosystolic prolapse. Further, the recording of multiple systolic M-mode lines occurred when the ultrasound beam intersected the arched leaflets more than once. Pseudosystolic anterior motion was observed often and resulted clearly from a superimposition of echoes from the mitral annulus and from the posterior-superiorly arched prolapsed leaflets. A major finding in 22 patients was the association with prolapse of biconvex enlargement of the aortic sinuses of Valsalva and a significant increase in the diameter of the aortic root. Aortic root dilatation was most marked in, but not confined to, patients with the Marfan syndrome and was a prominent finding in six patients with minor musculoskeletal abnormalities. The presence of aortic root dilatation in children with normal body habitus raises important questions concerning the generalized nature of an abnormality of cardiac connective tissue in patients with mitral prolapse. The cross-sectional approach significantly enhances the noninvasive evaluation of mitral valve prolapse and provides an explanation for many of the single crystal observations reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:942589", "title": "Metabolism of resorcinylic compounds by bacteria: alternative pathways for resorcinol catabolism in Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Two strains of Pseudomonas putida isolated by enrichment cultures with orcinol as the sole source of carbon were both found to grow with resorcinol. Data are presented which show that one strain (ORC) catabolizes resorcinol by a metabolic pathway, genetically and mechanistically distinct from the orcinol pathway, via hydroxyquinol and ortho oxygenative cleavage to give maleylacetate, but that the other strain (O1) yields mutants that utilize resorcinol. One mutant strain, designated O1OC, was shown to be constitutive for the enzymes of the orcinol pathway. After growth of this strain on resorcinol, two enzymes of the resorcinol pathway are also induced, namely hydroxyquinol 1,2-oxygenase and maleylacetate reductase. Thus hydroxyquniol, formed from resorcinol, undergoes both ortho and meta diol cleavage reactions with the subsequent formation of both pyruvate and maleylacetate. Evidence was not obtained for the expression of resorcinol hydroxylase in strain  O1OC; the activity of orcinol hydroxylase appears to be recruited for this hydroxylation reaction. P. putida ORC, on the other hand, possesses individual hydroxylases for orcinol and resorcinol, which are specifically induced by growth on their respective substrates. The spectral changes associated with the enzymic and nonenzymic oxidation of hydroxyquinol are described. Maleylacetate was identified as the product of hydroxyquinol oxidation by partially purified extracts obtained from P. putida ORC grown with resorcinol. Its further metabolism was reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent.", "contents": "Metabolism of resorcinylic compounds by bacteria: alternative pathways for resorcinol catabolism in Pseudomonas putida. Two strains of Pseudomonas putida isolated by enrichment cultures with orcinol as the sole source of carbon were both found to grow with resorcinol. Data are presented which show that one strain (ORC) catabolizes resorcinol by a metabolic pathway, genetically and mechanistically distinct from the orcinol pathway, via hydroxyquinol and ortho oxygenative cleavage to give maleylacetate, but that the other strain (O1) yields mutants that utilize resorcinol. One mutant strain, designated O1OC, was shown to be constitutive for the enzymes of the orcinol pathway. After growth of this strain on resorcinol, two enzymes of the resorcinol pathway are also induced, namely hydroxyquinol 1,2-oxygenase and maleylacetate reductase. Thus hydroxyquniol, formed from resorcinol, undergoes both ortho and meta diol cleavage reactions with the subsequent formation of both pyruvate and maleylacetate. Evidence was not obtained for the expression of resorcinol hydroxylase in strain  O1OC; the activity of orcinol hydroxylase appears to be recruited for this hydroxylation reaction. P. putida ORC, on the other hand, possesses individual hydroxylases for orcinol and resorcinol, which are specifically induced by growth on their respective substrates. The spectral changes associated with the enzymic and nonenzymic oxidation of hydroxyquinol are described. Maleylacetate was identified as the product of hydroxyquinol oxidation by partially purified extracts obtained from P. putida ORC grown with resorcinol. Its further metabolism was reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:942593", "title": "Formation of cyanamides from secondary amines in human saliva.", "content": "1-Morpholinocarbonitrile (1-cyanomorpholine) was formed from morpholine when this amine was incubated in whole human saliva. Several other secondary amines appeared to form analogous products, and this transformation may therefore represent a general metabolic pathway for amines in saliva.", "contents": "Formation of cyanamides from secondary amines in human saliva. 1-Morpholinocarbonitrile (1-cyanomorpholine) was formed from morpholine when this amine was incubated in whole human saliva. Several other secondary amines appeared to form analogous products, and this transformation may therefore represent a general metabolic pathway for amines in saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:942597", "title": "Distribution of hexosamines in bovine cornea.", "content": "Excised bovine cornea were sectioned from epithelium to endothelium into 6 to 8 fractions. The glucosamine/galactosamine ratio steadily increases from epithelium to endothelium in all bovine corneas investigated. The glucosamine/galactosamine ratio reflects the keratan sulfate/chondroitin-4-sulfate ratio in the cornea. The significance of this topographic distribution is discussed in terms of the different hydration properties of proteoglycans containing predominantly keartan sulfate or chondroitin-4-sulfate chains.", "contents": "Distribution of hexosamines in bovine cornea. Excised bovine cornea were sectioned from epithelium to endothelium into 6 to 8 fractions. The glucosamine/galactosamine ratio steadily increases from epithelium to endothelium in all bovine corneas investigated. The glucosamine/galactosamine ratio reflects the keratan sulfate/chondroitin-4-sulfate ratio in the cornea. The significance of this topographic distribution is discussed in terms of the different hydration properties of proteoglycans containing predominantly keartan sulfate or chondroitin-4-sulfate chains."}
{"id": "PMID:942600", "title": "Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on fertilization of mouse ova in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Mouse ova with or without follicular cells (denuded) were treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in concentrations ranging from 5-500 mug/ml and fertilized in vitro. Ova subjected to concentrations greater than 10 mug/ml WGA were incapable of fertilization in vitro, although sperm were observed adhering to the zona pellucida after treatment in concentrations as high as 500 mug/ml WGA. At concentrations of 50 mug/ml or higher, WGA adversely affected the shape of the vitellus. Of various saccharides employed to block the effects of WGA D-glucose was the most effective. Injections of 0.03 ml of 100 mug/ml WGA into the ovarian bursa two to three hours before the expected time of ovulation had little or no effect on fertilization in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on fertilization of mouse ova in vivo and in vitro. Mouse ova with or without follicular cells (denuded) were treated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in concentrations ranging from 5-500 mug/ml and fertilized in vitro. Ova subjected to concentrations greater than 10 mug/ml WGA were incapable of fertilization in vitro, although sperm were observed adhering to the zona pellucida after treatment in concentrations as high as 500 mug/ml WGA. At concentrations of 50 mug/ml or higher, WGA adversely affected the shape of the vitellus. Of various saccharides employed to block the effects of WGA D-glucose was the most effective. Injections of 0.03 ml of 100 mug/ml WGA into the ovarian bursa two to three hours before the expected time of ovulation had little or no effect on fertilization in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:942604", "title": "Fluorophotometry and the rate of aqueous flow in man. I. Instrumentation and normal values.", "content": "A new objective fluorophotometer, based on a previous model but with changes in electronic circuitry, was designed and built. The fluorometric method was applied to 38 normal eyes to obtain the aqueous outflow rate and fluorescein decay constant. Aqueous outflow rate has a direct correlation with the anterior chamber depth and an inverse correlation with age. The aqueous flow rate is higher in whites than in blacks, but in our sample, mean pressure was lower in whites. Acetazolamide decreases the aqueous flow rate and the fluorescein constant; the mean decrease in 10 eyes of 5 patients was approximately 38% and 22%, respectively. Fluorophotometry gives a higher value for the aqueous outflow rate than that calculated by tonography.", "contents": "Fluorophotometry and the rate of aqueous flow in man. I. Instrumentation and normal values. A new objective fluorophotometer, based on a previous model but with changes in electronic circuitry, was designed and built. The fluorometric method was applied to 38 normal eyes to obtain the aqueous outflow rate and fluorescein decay constant. Aqueous outflow rate has a direct correlation with the anterior chamber depth and an inverse correlation with age. The aqueous flow rate is higher in whites than in blacks, but in our sample, mean pressure was lower in whites. Acetazolamide decreases the aqueous flow rate and the fluorescein constant; the mean decrease in 10 eyes of 5 patients was approximately 38% and 22%, respectively. Fluorophotometry gives a higher value for the aqueous outflow rate than that calculated by tonography."}
{"id": "PMID:942605", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in nitrosamine carcinogenesis.", "content": "Statistically significant correlations have been demonstrated between carcinogenic activity, toxicity and number of carbons per molecule for an extensive set of nitrosamines. Such correlations, involving only bulk molecular properties indicate that the chemical nature of the alkyl substituents need not be the sole determinants of carcinogenic activity. These structure-activity relationships can be used to estimate carcinogenic activity with some degree of confidence.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in nitrosamine carcinogenesis. Statistically significant correlations have been demonstrated between carcinogenic activity, toxicity and number of carbons per molecule for an extensive set of nitrosamines. Such correlations, involving only bulk molecular properties indicate that the chemical nature of the alkyl substituents need not be the sole determinants of carcinogenic activity. These structure-activity relationships can be used to estimate carcinogenic activity with some degree of confidence."}
{"id": "PMID:942606", "title": "Biliary excretion of digoxin in man.", "content": "We have measured the biliary excretion of 3H-digoxin in normal subjects by intestinal perfusion methods which impose minimal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. In contrast to data obtained in patients with liver disease and postoperative patients with biliary fistulas, our data show that about 30% of an intravenous dose of 3H-digoxin reaches the digestive tract in 24 hr. Most of the excreted radioactivity is chloroform-soluble and presumably reabsorbably and most of this fraction is probably biologically active drug. The results suggest that (1) consideration of hepatobiliary function may be relevant in observations regarding digoxin pharmacokinetics and that this route may be exploited in trials of therapy designed to shorten the duration of digoxin intoxication.", "contents": "Biliary excretion of digoxin in man. We have measured the biliary excretion of 3H-digoxin in normal subjects by intestinal perfusion methods which impose minimal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation. In contrast to data obtained in patients with liver disease and postoperative patients with biliary fistulas, our data show that about 30% of an intravenous dose of 3H-digoxin reaches the digestive tract in 24 hr. Most of the excreted radioactivity is chloroform-soluble and presumably reabsorbably and most of this fraction is probably biologically active drug. The results suggest that (1) consideration of hepatobiliary function may be relevant in observations regarding digoxin pharmacokinetics and that this route may be exploited in trials of therapy designed to shorten the duration of digoxin intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:942608", "title": "Adipocyte beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification and subcellular localization by (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding.", "content": "(--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to identify binding sites which have the characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors in membranes from rat adipocytes. The subcellular distribution of the (--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding sites was examined. The binding sites were predominantly in the plasma membrane fraction, consistent with the proposal that the physiologically significant beta-adrenergic receptors are localized in the adipocyte plasma membrane. Binding of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol to unfractionated adipose membranes was saturable with 0.24 pmol bound/mg of protein at saturation. Half-maximal saturation occurred at 15 nM providing an estimate of the equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, for the interaction of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol with its adipocyte receptor. Kinetic analysis of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding provided a value of 2.4 X 10(7) M-1 min-1 for the forward bimolecular rate constant, k1. Dissociation of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol was a first order reaction with a rate constant, k2, of 2.94 X 10(-1) min-1. The ratio k2/k1 = 12 nM provides an independent measurement of the KD for the interaction of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol with its receptor which is in good agreement with the values obtained by steady state analysis (12 to 15 nM). Beta-Adrenergic agonists and antagonists competed for the binding sites in unfractionated adipocyte membranes with a typical beta1-adrenergic specificity. The order of potency of agonists was (--)-isoproterenol greater than (--)-norepinephrine congruent to (--)-epinephrine. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, (--)-propranolol, potently competed for the binding sites with a KD of 17 nM. Compounds such as dihydroxyphenylaline, dihydroxymandelic acid, normetanephrine, pyrocatechol, and phentolamine which are structurally related to beta-adrenergic agents, but are devoid of beta-adrenergic physiologicl effects in adipocytes, did not compete for the binding sites. Binding was highly stereospecific, the (+) isomers of adrenergic agonists and antagonists requiring 23- to 330-fold higher concentrations to half-maximally inhibit binding than the corresponding (--) stereoisomers. (--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding was examined highly enriched plasma membrane, mitochondrial, and microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) fractions of adipocytes. In the presence of 12 nM (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol, the specific activity of binding in the plasma membrane fraction was 5-fold higher than that of the mitochondrial fraction and 8-fold higher than that of the microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) fraction. The specificity and affinity characteristics of the plasma membrane binding sites were found to be virtually identical with those of the unfractionated adipocyte membranes. The observation that (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites are predominantly localized in the plasma membrane fraction suggests the potential usefulness of this ligand as a marker for adipocyte plasma membranes.", "contents": "Adipocyte beta-adrenergic receptors. Identification and subcellular localization by (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding. (--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to identify binding sites which have the characteristics of beta-adrenergic receptors in membranes from rat adipocytes. The subcellular distribution of the (--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding sites was examined. The binding sites were predominantly in the plasma membrane fraction, consistent with the proposal that the physiologically significant beta-adrenergic receptors are localized in the adipocyte plasma membrane. Binding of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol to unfractionated adipose membranes was saturable with 0.24 pmol bound/mg of protein at saturation. Half-maximal saturation occurred at 15 nM providing an estimate of the equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, for the interaction of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol with its adipocyte receptor. Kinetic analysis of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding provided a value of 2.4 X 10(7) M-1 min-1 for the forward bimolecular rate constant, k1. Dissociation of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol was a first order reaction with a rate constant, k2, of 2.94 X 10(-1) min-1. The ratio k2/k1 = 12 nM provides an independent measurement of the KD for the interaction of (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol with its receptor which is in good agreement with the values obtained by steady state analysis (12 to 15 nM). Beta-Adrenergic agonists and antagonists competed for the binding sites in unfractionated adipocyte membranes with a typical beta1-adrenergic specificity. The order of potency of agonists was (--)-isoproterenol greater than (--)-norepinephrine congruent to (--)-epinephrine. The beta-adrenergic antagonist, (--)-propranolol, potently competed for the binding sites with a KD of 17 nM. Compounds such as dihydroxyphenylaline, dihydroxymandelic acid, normetanephrine, pyrocatechol, and phentolamine which are structurally related to beta-adrenergic agents, but are devoid of beta-adrenergic physiologicl effects in adipocytes, did not compete for the binding sites. Binding was highly stereospecific, the (+) isomers of adrenergic agonists and antagonists requiring 23- to 330-fold higher concentrations to half-maximally inhibit binding than the corresponding (--) stereoisomers. (--)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding was examined highly enriched plasma membrane, mitochondrial, and microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) fractions of adipocytes. In the presence of 12 nM (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol, the specific activity of binding in the plasma membrane fraction was 5-fold higher than that of the mitochondrial fraction and 8-fold higher than that of the microsomal (endoplasmic reticulum) fraction. The specificity and affinity characteristics of the plasma membrane binding sites were found to be virtually identical with those of the unfractionated adipocyte membranes. The observation that (--)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites are predominantly localized in the plasma membrane fraction suggests the potential usefulness of this ligand as a marker for adipocyte plasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:942609", "title": "Side-dependent effects of internal versus external Na and K on ouabain binding to reconstituted human red blood cell ghosts.", "content": "The side-dependent effects of internal and external Na and K on the ouabain binding rate, as promoted by inside MgATP, has been evaluated utilizing reconstituted human red blood cell ghosts. Such ghost systems provide the situation where [Na]i, [K]i, [Na]o, and [K]o can each be varied under conditions in which the others are either absent or fixed at constant concentrations. It was found that, in the presence of Ko, increasing either [Na]i or [K]i resulted in decreasing the rate at which ouabain was bound. Changes in [Na]i or [K]i in the absence of Ko were without effect on the ouabain binding rate. Thus, the ouabain binding rate was found to vary inversely with the rate of Na:K and K:K exchange but was independent of the rate of Na:Na exchange. The effect of Ko in antagonizing ouabain binding, as well as the influence of Nao on this interaction, were found to require the presence of either Nai or Ki. The results are interpreted in terms of a model relating the availability of the ouabain binding site to different conformational states of the pump complex. Differences were observed in the ouabain binding properties of red cell ghosts compared to microsomal preparations but it is not known whether the basis for the differences resides in the different preparations studied or in the lack of control of sidedness in the microsomal systems.", "contents": "Side-dependent effects of internal versus external Na and K on ouabain binding to reconstituted human red blood cell ghosts. The side-dependent effects of internal and external Na and K on the ouabain binding rate, as promoted by inside MgATP, has been evaluated utilizing reconstituted human red blood cell ghosts. Such ghost systems provide the situation where [Na]i, [K]i, [Na]o, and [K]o can each be varied under conditions in which the others are either absent or fixed at constant concentrations. It was found that, in the presence of Ko, increasing either [Na]i or [K]i resulted in decreasing the rate at which ouabain was bound. Changes in [Na]i or [K]i in the absence of Ko were without effect on the ouabain binding rate. Thus, the ouabain binding rate was found to vary inversely with the rate of Na:K and K:K exchange but was independent of the rate of Na:Na exchange. The effect of Ko in antagonizing ouabain binding, as well as the influence of Nao on this interaction, were found to require the presence of either Nai or Ki. The results are interpreted in terms of a model relating the availability of the ouabain binding site to different conformational states of the pump complex. Differences were observed in the ouabain binding properties of red cell ghosts compared to microsomal preparations but it is not known whether the basis for the differences resides in the different preparations studied or in the lack of control of sidedness in the microsomal systems."}
{"id": "PMID:942611", "title": "Audiologic evaluation of deaf children.", "content": "This paper describes an audiologic test battery for hearing-impaired children which includes otoscopic examination, tympanometry, pure-tone audiometry, speech perception testing, and hearing aid evaluation. Several of the procedures and modifications to apparatus have been developed specifically for use with deaf children. Clinical data are presented from 160 hearing-impaired children (age range three-16 years). Eighteen percent of their ears were found to contain excessive cerumen and to require ear canal irrigation. The incidence of abnormal tympanograms was high for young children but decreased with increasing age. A simple auditory speech perception test designed for use with both severely and profoundly deaf children is described, which provides for evaluation of a child's ability to recognize words, categorize them into stress patterns, or both. The children's word recognition and word categorization scores were found to relate to their audiometric averages. The overall test battery is easy to administer and also is efficient, in that considerable audiologic information can be obtained quickly.", "contents": "Audiologic evaluation of deaf children. This paper describes an audiologic test battery for hearing-impaired children which includes otoscopic examination, tympanometry, pure-tone audiometry, speech perception testing, and hearing aid evaluation. Several of the procedures and modifications to apparatus have been developed specifically for use with deaf children. Clinical data are presented from 160 hearing-impaired children (age range three-16 years). Eighteen percent of their ears were found to contain excessive cerumen and to require ear canal irrigation. The incidence of abnormal tympanograms was high for young children but decreased with increasing age. A simple auditory speech perception test designed for use with both severely and profoundly deaf children is described, which provides for evaluation of a child's ability to recognize words, categorize them into stress patterns, or both. The children's word recognition and word categorization scores were found to relate to their audiometric averages. The overall test battery is easy to administer and also is efficient, in that considerable audiologic information can be obtained quickly."}
{"id": "PMID:942612", "title": "Enzyme replacement therapy--an experiment of nature in a chimeric mannosidosis calf.", "content": "Enzyme replacement therapy was studied in a chimeric mannosidosis calf which had received a natural transplacental transplant of normal lymphocytes from its co-twin. There was considerable reduction in the pathology of certain organs and in the amount of storage oligosaccharides, but the clinical course of this neurologic disease was not significantly altered. It was postulated that if this disease had been purely visceral the transplant would have been relatively effective.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement therapy--an experiment of nature in a chimeric mannosidosis calf. Enzyme replacement therapy was studied in a chimeric mannosidosis calf which had received a natural transplacental transplant of normal lymphocytes from its co-twin. There was considerable reduction in the pathology of certain organs and in the amount of storage oligosaccharides, but the clinical course of this neurologic disease was not significantly altered. It was postulated that if this disease had been purely visceral the transplant would have been relatively effective."}
{"id": "PMID:942613", "title": "Total and regional cerebral blood flow during stimulation of carotid baroreceptors.", "content": "The concept that reflex control of cerebral vessels is unimportant has been challenged by recent studies which suggest that carotid baroreceptors have an important role in regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study we have tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptors contribute to regulation of total or regional CBF. CBF was measured in anesthetized dogs with 15 mu microspheres. Stimulation of carotid baroreceptors, by raising carotid sinus pressure, did not alter or redistribute cerebral flow. Responses to baroreceptor stimulation were intact, as manifested by vasodilation in skeletal muscle. CBF decreased during systemic hypocapnia and increased during hypercapnia, which indicates that failure of cerebral flow to change during baroreceptor stimulation was not due to unresponsiveness of cerebral vessels. During hypercapnia, baroreceptor stimulation also failed to alter CBF. In other studies CBF was measured during increases in systemic arterial pressure, before and after denervation of arterial baroreceptors. Increases in arterial pressure did not increase CBF either before or after denervation of baroreceptors. We conclude that baroreceptor stimulation does not alter total or regional CBF and that baroreceptors do not regulate cerebral flow during systemic hypertension.", "contents": "Total and regional cerebral blood flow during stimulation of carotid baroreceptors. The concept that reflex control of cerebral vessels is unimportant has been challenged by recent studies which suggest that carotid baroreceptors have an important role in regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study we have tested the hypothesis that arterial baroreceptors contribute to regulation of total or regional CBF. CBF was measured in anesthetized dogs with 15 mu microspheres. Stimulation of carotid baroreceptors, by raising carotid sinus pressure, did not alter or redistribute cerebral flow. Responses to baroreceptor stimulation were intact, as manifested by vasodilation in skeletal muscle. CBF decreased during systemic hypocapnia and increased during hypercapnia, which indicates that failure of cerebral flow to change during baroreceptor stimulation was not due to unresponsiveness of cerebral vessels. During hypercapnia, baroreceptor stimulation also failed to alter CBF. In other studies CBF was measured during increases in systemic arterial pressure, before and after denervation of arterial baroreceptors. Increases in arterial pressure did not increase CBF either before or after denervation of baroreceptors. We conclude that baroreceptor stimulation does not alter total or regional CBF and that baroreceptors do not regulate cerebral flow during systemic hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:942620", "title": "Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Amino- and carboxyl-terminal studies.", "content": "Amino-terminal analysis of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) failed to detect the presence of any free amino-terminal residues. Acetyl group analysis demonstrated the presence of between 3.7 and 4.0 mol of acetyl groups per mol of enzyme. The acetylated amino-terminal residue was isolated from pronase digests of the enzyme and identified as N-acetylserine. Quantitative recovery experiments indicated that all acetyl residues are found at the amino termini. Carboxyl-terminal analyses using the tritium exchange method suggested the presence of a blocked carboxyl-terminal residue, supporting previous hydrazinolysis and carboxypeptidase studies.", "contents": "Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Amino- and carboxyl-terminal studies. Amino-terminal analysis of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) failed to detect the presence of any free amino-terminal residues. Acetyl group analysis demonstrated the presence of between 3.7 and 4.0 mol of acetyl groups per mol of enzyme. The acetylated amino-terminal residue was isolated from pronase digests of the enzyme and identified as N-acetylserine. Quantitative recovery experiments indicated that all acetyl residues are found at the amino termini. Carboxyl-terminal analyses using the tritium exchange method suggested the presence of a blocked carboxyl-terminal residue, supporting previous hydrazinolysis and carboxypeptidase studies."}
{"id": "PMID:942616", "title": "Cancer mortality correlation studies. II. Regional associations of mortalities with the consumptions of foods and other commodities.", "content": "The age-corrected mortalities from cancer at 17 sites were correlated with the consumptions of 12 major food items and the apparent consumptions of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, beer, coffee, tea and solid fuel, in different countries. Significant direct and inverse correlations with food consumption variables were observed: the results are in essential accord with those of other workers employing different methods of statistical analysis. A modification of the diet in western industrialized nations is proposed as a means of lowering the human cancer risk. For cancers of the mouth and neck, and for liver in males, significant associations with the wine alcohol consumption were observed. Statistical evidence for liver cirrhosis as liver-cancer, and for stomach ulcer as stomach-cancer-predisposing conditions was obtained.", "contents": "Cancer mortality correlation studies. II. Regional associations of mortalities with the consumptions of foods and other commodities. The age-corrected mortalities from cancer at 17 sites were correlated with the consumptions of 12 major food items and the apparent consumptions of alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, beer, coffee, tea and solid fuel, in different countries. Significant direct and inverse correlations with food consumption variables were observed: the results are in essential accord with those of other workers employing different methods of statistical analysis. A modification of the diet in western industrialized nations is proposed as a means of lowering the human cancer risk. For cancers of the mouth and neck, and for liver in males, significant associations with the wine alcohol consumption were observed. Statistical evidence for liver cirrhosis as liver-cancer, and for stomach ulcer as stomach-cancer-predisposing conditions was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:942627", "title": "Distribution of aflatoxins in some samples of peanuts.", "content": "Naturally occurring G aflatoxins were found at approximately 20 times the level of B aflatoxins in one lot of roasted, blanched peanuts. Official methods, as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography, were used to confirm this finding. Additional routine sample analysis data of raw and roasted peanuts revealed that this finding is not so unusual formerly thought. It was found that 9.8% of the raw peanut samples contained higher levels of G than B aflatoxin; 4.9% containing 2-8 times more G than B aflatoxins. In a smaller sampling of roasted peanuts, 28% of the contaminated peanuts contained more G than B aflatoxins.", "contents": "Distribution of aflatoxins in some samples of peanuts. Naturally occurring G aflatoxins were found at approximately 20 times the level of B aflatoxins in one lot of roasted, blanched peanuts. Official methods, as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography, were used to confirm this finding. Additional routine sample analysis data of raw and roasted peanuts revealed that this finding is not so unusual formerly thought. It was found that 9.8% of the raw peanut samples contained higher levels of G than B aflatoxin; 4.9% containing 2-8 times more G than B aflatoxins. In a smaller sampling of roasted peanuts, 28% of the contaminated peanuts contained more G than B aflatoxins."}
{"id": "PMID:942628", "title": "An analysis of the subjective marijuana experience.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-six marijuana users who volunteered for a study in which they would use the drug were administered a Drug History and a Marihuana Effects Questionnaires. In addition to obtaining descriptive information of drug experiment volunteers and a factor analysis of the marijuana experience, the relationship between experience and effect variables were studied. The results of the above analysis suggest that the \"typical\"  subject in marijuana experiments is not a \"typical\" user, that the marijuana experience is verbally definable, and that prior expectancies and histories of effect alter the experience.", "contents": "An analysis of the subjective marijuana experience. Two hundred and thirty-six marijuana users who volunteered for a study in which they would use the drug were administered a Drug History and a Marihuana Effects Questionnaires. In addition to obtaining descriptive information of drug experiment volunteers and a factor analysis of the marijuana experience, the relationship between experience and effect variables were studied. The results of the above analysis suggest that the \"typical\"  subject in marijuana experiments is not a \"typical\" user, that the marijuana experience is verbally definable, and that prior expectancies and histories of effect alter the experience."}
{"id": "PMID:942629", "title": "A case of blood-illness-injury phobia treated behaviorally.", "content": "A patient with a 24-year history of blood-illness-injury phobia associated with bradycardia and syncope was treated behaviorally. He was taught to prevent bradycardia and resulting syncope occurring in the presence of phobic stimuli by provoking anger in himself using appropriate imagery. Within a few weeks, the patient was able to use the procedure successfully to prevent syncope in everyday situations. At 6 months follow-up he remained comfortable in the presence of previously phobic stimuli and he no longer needed to use self-induced anger to prevent syncopal episodes.", "contents": "A case of blood-illness-injury phobia treated behaviorally. A patient with a 24-year history of blood-illness-injury phobia associated with bradycardia and syncope was treated behaviorally. He was taught to prevent bradycardia and resulting syncope occurring in the presence of phobic stimuli by provoking anger in himself using appropriate imagery. Within a few weeks, the patient was able to use the procedure successfully to prevent syncope in everyday situations. At 6 months follow-up he remained comfortable in the presence of previously phobic stimuli and he no longer needed to use self-induced anger to prevent syncopal episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:942632", "title": "[Reflexotherapy (acupuncture) in painful facial syndromes. Preliminary note].", "content": "The early clinical results of using acupuncture in painful face syndromes are reported. A nosological classification is given and techniques used and therapeutic indications presented in brief.", "contents": "[Reflexotherapy (acupuncture) in painful facial syndromes. Preliminary note]. The early clinical results of using acupuncture in painful face syndromes are reported. A nosological classification is given and techniques used and therapeutic indications presented in brief."}
{"id": "PMID:942635", "title": "Preparation and testing of vaccines prepared from the envelopes of Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses.", "content": "Envelope components were separated from Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses after treatment of the virions with detergent. Vaccines prepared from the envelope component were capable of stimulating mice to produce humoral antibodies. Protective efficacy studies were performed using mono-, di-, and trivalent vaccine combinations. These elicited varying degrees of homologous protection, and Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis envelope products appeared to confer protection to mice challenged with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus.", "contents": "Preparation and testing of vaccines prepared from the envelopes of Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Envelope components were separated from Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses after treatment of the virions with detergent. Vaccines prepared from the envelope component were capable of stimulating mice to produce humoral antibodies. Protective efficacy studies were performed using mono-, di-, and trivalent vaccine combinations. These elicited varying degrees of homologous protection, and Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis envelope products appeared to confer protection to mice challenged with Western equine encephalomyelitis virus."}
{"id": "PMID:942636", "title": "A method of teaching counselling.", "content": "The major part of one section of a teaching-methods course for general practitioner teachers (Harris et al., 1976) was concerned with teaching counselling skills. This paper describes the methods used to do so, in the setting of a residential course lasting for only a few days. The functions and objectives of counselling are defined, and the counselling process is divided into six stages which are reflected in the organization of the teaching. Five specific skills required are isolated, to clarify the teaching and to permit assessment of the members' learning. Three roles in a counselling interview are described, and members work in trios where they experience each of these roles. The problems at which the members work have to be real and unresolved problems in their own lives. Some conclusions are offered, drawn from the writers' experience and from the evaluation and assessment techniques employed.", "contents": "A method of teaching counselling. The major part of one section of a teaching-methods course for general practitioner teachers (Harris et al., 1976) was concerned with teaching counselling skills. This paper describes the methods used to do so, in the setting of a residential course lasting for only a few days. The functions and objectives of counselling are defined, and the counselling process is divided into six stages which are reflected in the organization of the teaching. Five specific skills required are isolated, to clarify the teaching and to permit assessment of the members' learning. Three roles in a counselling interview are described, and members work in trios where they experience each of these roles. The problems at which the members work have to be real and unresolved problems in their own lives. Some conclusions are offered, drawn from the writers' experience and from the evaluation and assessment techniques employed."}
{"id": "PMID:942637", "title": "[Age-specific learning ability in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].", "content": "The main question of our investigation is: Do there exist age-specific learning abilities in animals? 120 QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of 12 different age groups (between one day and 20 weeks) were tested in a combination apparatus 0y using two training methods. 60 quails were trained with decreasing (1), 60 other quails with increasing learning assistance (2). In each case the learning period lasted 5 days after which the animals were tested in a two-way choice apparatus and in a simple maze. Retention was tested 3 weeks later. - The 2 methods led to different results. In general the younger animals learnt better than the other ones when trained by method 1. No differences in learning performance between the 12 age groups were obtained by method 2.", "contents": "[Age-specific learning ability in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)]. The main question of our investigation is: Do there exist age-specific learning abilities in animals? 120 QUAILS (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of 12 different age groups (between one day and 20 weeks) were tested in a combination apparatus 0y using two training methods. 60 quails were trained with decreasing (1), 60 other quails with increasing learning assistance (2). In each case the learning period lasted 5 days after which the animals were tested in a two-way choice apparatus and in a simple maze. Retention was tested 3 weeks later. - The 2 methods led to different results. In general the younger animals learnt better than the other ones when trained by method 1. No differences in learning performance between the 12 age groups were obtained by method 2."}
{"id": "PMID:942639", "title": "Byssinosis and other respiratory ailments: a survey of 6,631 cotton textile employees.", "content": "A Pulmonary Function Survey involving a questionnaire and pulmonary function testing was carried out in 14 plants of a large cotton textile manufacturing corporation. The edited records of 6,631 employees were analyzed to help identify the prevalence and location of byssinosis and other respiratory ailments and to explore the environmental conditions associated with them. A majority of the complaints of byssinosis were found among the relatively small subset of employees located in the high dust work areas of opening, picking, and carding. Byssinosis was significantly associated with bronchitis. Smoking was significantly associated with byssinosis for employees in opening, picking, and carding. While 3% of the population had subjective symptoms (history) of byssinosis, 0.8% indicated both symptoms and objective sign by a 10% or greater drop during the working day of the one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1). The techniques commonly used to predict FEV1 should employ race as a predictive factor.", "contents": "Byssinosis and other respiratory ailments: a survey of 6,631 cotton textile employees. A Pulmonary Function Survey involving a questionnaire and pulmonary function testing was carried out in 14 plants of a large cotton textile manufacturing corporation. The edited records of 6,631 employees were analyzed to help identify the prevalence and location of byssinosis and other respiratory ailments and to explore the environmental conditions associated with them. A majority of the complaints of byssinosis were found among the relatively small subset of employees located in the high dust work areas of opening, picking, and carding. Byssinosis was significantly associated with bronchitis. Smoking was significantly associated with byssinosis for employees in opening, picking, and carding. While 3% of the population had subjective symptoms (history) of byssinosis, 0.8% indicated both symptoms and objective sign by a 10% or greater drop during the working day of the one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1). The techniques commonly used to predict FEV1 should employ race as a predictive factor."}
{"id": "PMID:942643", "title": "Epidermoid cyst of the spleen: case report.", "content": "The classification, incidence, and clinical, radiologic, and scintigraphic findings of benign nonparasitic splenic cysts are presented with a case report of epidermoid cyst of the spleen.", "contents": "Epidermoid cyst of the spleen: case report. The classification, incidence, and clinical, radiologic, and scintigraphic findings of benign nonparasitic splenic cysts are presented with a case report of epidermoid cyst of the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:942648", "title": "[Etiology and therapy in anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "ASPERGER (1963) mentioned as a very important etiological aspect of anorexia nervosa a desintegration of intellectual and thymical functions causing the fact, that these patients are not able to accept the role of an adult, especially that one of a woman. We discuss that statment in connexion with ERIKSON'S (1974) concept about \"ego-identity\" (\"Ich-Identitat\") and \"negative-identity\" (\"negative Identitat\"). The pathological family-structure seems to reinforce the situation and the existence of inadequate behavior of patients with anorexia nervosa, who are often introverted and predestinated for conditioning. The therapy of these patients should focuse on the development of ego-identity, including the treatment of the family members, the modification of the inadapted behavior and a special endocrinological therapy.", "contents": "[Etiology and therapy in anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. ASPERGER (1963) mentioned as a very important etiological aspect of anorexia nervosa a desintegration of intellectual and thymical functions causing the fact, that these patients are not able to accept the role of an adult, especially that one of a woman. We discuss that statment in connexion with ERIKSON'S (1974) concept about \"ego-identity\" (\"Ich-Identitat\") and \"negative-identity\" (\"negative Identitat\"). The pathological family-structure seems to reinforce the situation and the existence of inadequate behavior of patients with anorexia nervosa, who are often introverted and predestinated for conditioning. The therapy of these patients should focuse on the development of ego-identity, including the treatment of the family members, the modification of the inadapted behavior and a special endocrinological therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:942651", "title": "Transjugular obliteration of the gastric coronary vein.", "content": "The feasibility of transjugular entry into the portal vein for catheterization and obliteration of the left gastric vein is demonstrated in a human. This technique may play a significant role in the nonsurgical management of bleeding esophageal varices.", "contents": "Transjugular obliteration of the gastric coronary vein. The feasibility of transjugular entry into the portal vein for catheterization and obliteration of the left gastric vein is demonstrated in a human. This technique may play a significant role in the nonsurgical management of bleeding esophageal varices."}
{"id": "PMID:942658", "title": "The asymmetrically hypertrophied septum. Further differentiation of its causes.", "content": "Fifty-eight subjects with echocardiographic criteria for an abnormal septal to left ventricular posterior wall ratio were studied. Echocardiographic findings were related to clinical cardiac status. Abnormal ratios were found in normal children and in children with a variety of cardiac lesions, only one of which was obstructive or non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. In those without cardiomyopathy, the abnormal ratio usually resolved by one or two years of age. Persistence of abnormal ratio usually occurred in patients with increased right ventricular anterior wall thickness or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The cause of abnormal ratio is multifactorial.", "contents": "The asymmetrically hypertrophied septum. Further differentiation of its causes. Fifty-eight subjects with echocardiographic criteria for an abnormal septal to left ventricular posterior wall ratio were studied. Echocardiographic findings were related to clinical cardiac status. Abnormal ratios were found in normal children and in children with a variety of cardiac lesions, only one of which was obstructive or non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. In those without cardiomyopathy, the abnormal ratio usually resolved by one or two years of age. Persistence of abnormal ratio usually occurred in patients with increased right ventricular anterior wall thickness or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The cause of abnormal ratio is multifactorial."}
{"id": "PMID:942659", "title": "Asymetric septal hypertrophy in childhood.", "content": "Although considerable information is available concerning the clinical features and natural history of asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) in adults, little is known of this disease in children. The clinical characteristics and course of 46 children with ASH, who were evaluated at the National Heart and Lung Institute, have been analyzed. Twenty-four children had obstruction to ventricular outflow; 22 children had no obstruction to ventricular outflow, including 11 patients without overt manifestations of cardiac disease other than echocardiographic evidence of ASH. Thirty-five of the 46 children have been followed for one to 16 years (average 7.4 years). These latter children represent that subgroup of patients with ASH referred to the National Heart and Lung Institute and diagnosed prior to the general availability of echocardiography. The clinical course of these patients was variable. Fourteen (40%) of the 35 patients improved or remained stable, including four patients who received propranolol. Ten (29%) of the 35 patients deteriorated clinically and 11 (31%) of the 35 patients died suddenly (4% mortality per year). Two of the patients who died suddenly had previously undergone operation (six and 13 years previously) with resultant abolition of the outflow gradient; four others were taking propranolol. Neither symptomatology, electrocardiographic abnormalities, heart size, left ventricular ejection or upstroke time, magnitude of outflow gradient, or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure proved predictive of sudden death. Excluding patients who had previous operation, eight (40%) of 20 patients with obstruction who were followed long term and one (9%) of 11 patients without outflow obstruction died suddenly. Thus, the clinical and hemodynamic spectrum of ASH in childhood is broad. However, deterioration in clinical condition or sudden death has been relatively common in children with overt signs of cardiac disease.", "contents": "Asymetric septal hypertrophy in childhood. Although considerable information is available concerning the clinical features and natural history of asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) in adults, little is known of this disease in children. The clinical characteristics and course of 46 children with ASH, who were evaluated at the National Heart and Lung Institute, have been analyzed. Twenty-four children had obstruction to ventricular outflow; 22 children had no obstruction to ventricular outflow, including 11 patients without overt manifestations of cardiac disease other than echocardiographic evidence of ASH. Thirty-five of the 46 children have been followed for one to 16 years (average 7.4 years). These latter children represent that subgroup of patients with ASH referred to the National Heart and Lung Institute and diagnosed prior to the general availability of echocardiography. The clinical course of these patients was variable. Fourteen (40%) of the 35 patients improved or remained stable, including four patients who received propranolol. Ten (29%) of the 35 patients deteriorated clinically and 11 (31%) of the 35 patients died suddenly (4% mortality per year). Two of the patients who died suddenly had previously undergone operation (six and 13 years previously) with resultant abolition of the outflow gradient; four others were taking propranolol. Neither symptomatology, electrocardiographic abnormalities, heart size, left ventricular ejection or upstroke time, magnitude of outflow gradient, or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure proved predictive of sudden death. Excluding patients who had previous operation, eight (40%) of 20 patients with obstruction who were followed long term and one (9%) of 11 patients without outflow obstruction died suddenly. Thus, the clinical and hemodynamic spectrum of ASH in childhood is broad. However, deterioration in clinical condition or sudden death has been relatively common in children with overt signs of cardiac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942660", "title": "Subaortic stenosis caused by two discrete membranes.", "content": "A case of subaortic stenosis caused by two discrete membranes is presented. Following demonstration of the two distinct sites of obstruction by intraventricular pressure gradients and angiocardiogram, the two membranes were excised through a transaortic approach. The importance of being aware of the occurrence of this rare anomaly is stressed, and its surgical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Subaortic stenosis caused by two discrete membranes. A case of subaortic stenosis caused by two discrete membranes is presented. Following demonstration of the two distinct sites of obstruction by intraventricular pressure gradients and angiocardiogram, the two membranes were excised through a transaortic approach. The importance of being aware of the occurrence of this rare anomaly is stressed, and its surgical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942661", "title": "Effects of heparin on lipolytic enzyme activities in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The in vivo and in vitro effects of heparin on the lipolytic enzyme activities of normal rabbit serum and tissues were investigated. An acute intravenous injection of heparin produced the following changes in enzyme activities: in serum, phospholipase and lipase were increased, cholesterol esterase unchanged; in tissues phospholipase was increased, lipase was increased in heart and liver but decreased in aorta, cholesterol esterase was increased in heart but decreased in liver and aorta. In vitro phospholipase and lipase were increased by low concentrations of heparin, but decreased by high concentrations. Cholesterol esterase was decreased irrespective of heparin concentration. It is suggested that heparin may affect lipolytic enzyme activities by influencing the ionic state of the enzyme and substrate.", "contents": "Effects of heparin on lipolytic enzyme activities in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo and in vitro effects of heparin on the lipolytic enzyme activities of normal rabbit serum and tissues were investigated. An acute intravenous injection of heparin produced the following changes in enzyme activities: in serum, phospholipase and lipase were increased, cholesterol esterase unchanged; in tissues phospholipase was increased, lipase was increased in heart and liver but decreased in aorta, cholesterol esterase was increased in heart but decreased in liver and aorta. In vitro phospholipase and lipase were increased by low concentrations of heparin, but decreased by high concentrations. Cholesterol esterase was decreased irrespective of heparin concentration. It is suggested that heparin may affect lipolytic enzyme activities by influencing the ionic state of the enzyme and substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:942662", "title": "Affinities of Teilhardina (Primates, Omomyidae) with description of a new species from North America.", "content": "Teilhardina is a fifth primate found in Early Tertiary rocks of both Europe and North America. Both T. belgica and the new North American species are anaptomorphines; however, neither species is ideally suited for the ancestry of the New World Omomyidae. Pelycodus and the Adapidae are not closely related to Teilhardina and Torrejonian Palenochtha is probably not in the ancestry of omomyids. A combination of dental characters in earliest Anemorhysis suggest this primate is the most generalised known omomyid.", "contents": "Affinities of Teilhardina (Primates, Omomyidae) with description of a new species from North America. Teilhardina is a fifth primate found in Early Tertiary rocks of both Europe and North America. Both T. belgica and the new North American species are anaptomorphines; however, neither species is ideally suited for the ancestry of the New World Omomyidae. Pelycodus and the Adapidae are not closely related to Teilhardina and Torrejonian Palenochtha is probably not in the ancestry of omomyids. A combination of dental characters in earliest Anemorhysis suggest this primate is the most generalised known omomyid."}
{"id": "PMID:942663", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic and fine structural study.", "content": "A study of ten cutaneous angiosarcomas is presented. These tumors characteristically involve the scalp or face of elderly individuals, where they present as bluish or violaceous plaques and nodules. They have a marked tendency for local spread in surface and depth, and a third of them eventually give rise to distant metastases, particularly to cervical lymph nodes and lung. Microscopically, angiomatous areas of freely anastomosing channels lined by atypical endothelial cells are seen alternating with Kaposi-like spindle cell areas and undifferentiated foci. By electron microscopy, the tumor cells are seen to have all the features of endothelial cells, including pinocytotic vesicles, tubulated bodies, and in one case closed fenestrations. They also exhibit a cytoplasmic specialization here interpreted as the intracellular formation of a vascular lumen. Pericytes and cells resembling smooth muscle cells are also present. In the differential diagnosis this entity has to be distinguished from other clinical types of angiosarcoma of the skin and from a number of benign and malignant conditions. It is suggested that surgery be used for solitary, well circumscribed tumors and radiation therapy for tumors that either are multicentric or have ill defined margins.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic and fine structural study. A study of ten cutaneous angiosarcomas is presented. These tumors characteristically involve the scalp or face of elderly individuals, where they present as bluish or violaceous plaques and nodules. They have a marked tendency for local spread in surface and depth, and a third of them eventually give rise to distant metastases, particularly to cervical lymph nodes and lung. Microscopically, angiomatous areas of freely anastomosing channels lined by atypical endothelial cells are seen alternating with Kaposi-like spindle cell areas and undifferentiated foci. By electron microscopy, the tumor cells are seen to have all the features of endothelial cells, including pinocytotic vesicles, tubulated bodies, and in one case closed fenestrations. They also exhibit a cytoplasmic specialization here interpreted as the intracellular formation of a vascular lumen. Pericytes and cells resembling smooth muscle cells are also present. In the differential diagnosis this entity has to be distinguished from other clinical types of angiosarcoma of the skin and from a number of benign and malignant conditions. It is suggested that surgery be used for solitary, well circumscribed tumors and radiation therapy for tumors that either are multicentric or have ill defined margins."}
{"id": "PMID:942664", "title": "Regulation by calcium of the proliferation of heart cells from young adult rats.", "content": "Cells of primary and secondary cultures of rat heart ventricle were grown in a medium supplemented with homologous plasma to avoid the non-specific proliferogenic effects of foreign sera. Specific chelation of calcium from the medium arrested the cells' progression through their cycle at the G1 phase. A permanent or brief restoration of the extracellular calcium level (48 hr later) was followed, after a 5 to 6 hr delay, by a burst of DNA synthesis, and the resumption of mitotic activity.", "contents": "Regulation by calcium of the proliferation of heart cells from young adult rats. Cells of primary and secondary cultures of rat heart ventricle were grown in a medium supplemented with homologous plasma to avoid the non-specific proliferogenic effects of foreign sera. Specific chelation of calcium from the medium arrested the cells' progression through their cycle at the G1 phase. A permanent or brief restoration of the extracellular calcium level (48 hr later) was followed, after a 5 to 6 hr delay, by a burst of DNA synthesis, and the resumption of mitotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:942665", "title": "The synthesis of cartilage collagen by rabbit and human chondrocytes in primary cell culture.", "content": "This report describes a method for preparing primary cell cultures of differentiated rabbit sternal and human vertebral cartilage cells. These cell cultures were shown to synthesize primarily alpha1 chains, which is taken to mean that at least 82% of the collagen produced is cartilage specific collagen (type II).", "contents": "The synthesis of cartilage collagen by rabbit and human chondrocytes in primary cell culture. This report describes a method for preparing primary cell cultures of differentiated rabbit sternal and human vertebral cartilage cells. These cell cultures were shown to synthesize primarily alpha1 chains, which is taken to mean that at least 82% of the collagen produced is cartilage specific collagen (type II)."}
{"id": "PMID:942666", "title": "Disulfide bond-modified trypsinogen. Role of disulfide 179-203 on the specificity characteristics of bovine trypsin toward synthetic substrates.", "content": "Disulfide 179-203 of trypsinogen was cleaved and the free sulfhydryls were modified by S-carboxymethylation, S-carboxyamidomethylation, or by S-aminoethylation. The enzymatic properties of the activated, modified zymogens toward specific and nonspecific trypsin substrates were studies. The three S-alkylated trypsins hydrolyzed N-benzoylarginine ethyl ester and N-tosyl-lysine methyl ester with Kcat values similar to those of trypsin but with Km values that were increased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The binding constant of the competitive inhibitor benzamidine to the S-alkylated trypsins was increased by 2 orders of magnitude by the modifications. The association constant of soybean trypsin inhibitor with S-carboxyamidomethyl trypsin was several orders of magnitude less than normal. Hydrolysis of benzoyl arginine amide with S-carboxymethyl trypsin was not detected, but this was ascribed to poor binding since a KI of 0.3 M was estimated from competitive inhibition studies. The altered kinetics did not depend on the type of chemical group used for the S-alkylated derivative, nor were the kinetics of any derivative significantly influenced by changes of pH or ionic strength. Nonspecific substrates, such as acetylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester and p-nitrophenylacetate, were hydrolyzed at equal rates by both trypsin and disulfide-modified trypsins, and both substrates had identical kcat/Km ratios with unmodified trypsins. For S-alkylated trypsins, kcat/km with lysine and arginine substrates were lower than normal and were the same order of magnitude as the values found for nonspecific substrates, suggesting normal catalytic behavior but a loss of specificity in binding substrates. The kinetic evidence suggested that the role of disulfide 179-203 in the mechanism of action of trypsin is to maintain the geometry of the specificity pocket by keeping appropriate residues of the pocket in a rigid framework.", "contents": "Disulfide bond-modified trypsinogen. Role of disulfide 179-203 on the specificity characteristics of bovine trypsin toward synthetic substrates. Disulfide 179-203 of trypsinogen was cleaved and the free sulfhydryls were modified by S-carboxymethylation, S-carboxyamidomethylation, or by S-aminoethylation. The enzymatic properties of the activated, modified zymogens toward specific and nonspecific trypsin substrates were studies. The three S-alkylated trypsins hydrolyzed N-benzoylarginine ethyl ester and N-tosyl-lysine methyl ester with Kcat values similar to those of trypsin but with Km values that were increased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. The binding constant of the competitive inhibitor benzamidine to the S-alkylated trypsins was increased by 2 orders of magnitude by the modifications. The association constant of soybean trypsin inhibitor with S-carboxyamidomethyl trypsin was several orders of magnitude less than normal. Hydrolysis of benzoyl arginine amide with S-carboxymethyl trypsin was not detected, but this was ascribed to poor binding since a KI of 0.3 M was estimated from competitive inhibition studies. The altered kinetics did not depend on the type of chemical group used for the S-alkylated derivative, nor were the kinetics of any derivative significantly influenced by changes of pH or ionic strength. Nonspecific substrates, such as acetylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester and p-nitrophenylacetate, were hydrolyzed at equal rates by both trypsin and disulfide-modified trypsins, and both substrates had identical kcat/Km ratios with unmodified trypsins. For S-alkylated trypsins, kcat/km with lysine and arginine substrates were lower than normal and were the same order of magnitude as the values found for nonspecific substrates, suggesting normal catalytic behavior but a loss of specificity in binding substrates. The kinetic evidence suggested that the role of disulfide 179-203 in the mechanism of action of trypsin is to maintain the geometry of the specificity pocket by keeping appropriate residues of the pocket in a rigid framework."}
{"id": "PMID:942672", "title": "The structure of the pelvis in the immature human kidney.", "content": "Examination of the renal pelvis of late fetal and neonatal kidneys shows that in about one quarter of the calyces examined the arrangement is similat to that in the rat, the outer medulla being separated from the calyceal cavity by a very thin epithelium. It is suggested that this presents a vulnerable area through which intrarenal damage can occur as a result of vesico-ureteric reflux in the immature kidney.", "contents": "The structure of the pelvis in the immature human kidney. Examination of the renal pelvis of late fetal and neonatal kidneys shows that in about one quarter of the calyces examined the arrangement is similat to that in the rat, the outer medulla being separated from the calyceal cavity by a very thin epithelium. It is suggested that this presents a vulnerable area through which intrarenal damage can occur as a result of vesico-ureteric reflux in the immature kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:942675", "title": "Cardiac conduction abnormalities produced by chronic alcoholism.", "content": "While conduction disturbances and arrhythmias are seen frequently in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the specific relationship of these changes to ethyl alcohol has been unclear. To investigate the long-term effects of ethanol upon cardiac conduction, alcoholism was induced in 11 male mongrel dogs for 7 to 33 (mean 14.4) months by feeding up to 36 per cent of total daily calories as ethanol while adequate nutrition was maintained. His and left bundle branch electrograms in the intact anesthetized animals were recorded along with high-speed, high-frequency ECG's. While resting left ventricular pressures, volumes, and stroke outputs were normal, H-Q time was prolonged in the alcoholic animals drinking for longer than one year (35 +/- 3 msec., normals 26 +/- 1 msec.-P less than 0.001). QRS widening (to 80 +/- 4 msec.) was also evident after one year as compared with normals (62 +/- 2 msec.-P less than 0.001), and both H-Q and QRS alterations correlated with duration of intake. These changes were less after shorter ingestion periods, could not be reproduced in normals by acute ethanol infusion, and were not associated with ventricular hypertrophy, inflammation, or necrosis. No abnormalities of atrial conduction were noted. Morphologic correlates of the conduction abnormalities included accumulation of Alcian Blue-positive interstitial material as well as dilatation and localized swelling of the nonspecialized region of the intercalated discs in ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. Thus, prolonged ethanol intake in the absence of evident malnutrition resulted in demonstrable intraventricular conduction abnormalities and morphologic alterations which were related to duration of ingestion, consistent with a cumulative toxic effect of ethanol.", "contents": "Cardiac conduction abnormalities produced by chronic alcoholism. While conduction disturbances and arrhythmias are seen frequently in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the specific relationship of these changes to ethyl alcohol has been unclear. To investigate the long-term effects of ethanol upon cardiac conduction, alcoholism was induced in 11 male mongrel dogs for 7 to 33 (mean 14.4) months by feeding up to 36 per cent of total daily calories as ethanol while adequate nutrition was maintained. His and left bundle branch electrograms in the intact anesthetized animals were recorded along with high-speed, high-frequency ECG's. While resting left ventricular pressures, volumes, and stroke outputs were normal, H-Q time was prolonged in the alcoholic animals drinking for longer than one year (35 +/- 3 msec., normals 26 +/- 1 msec.-P less than 0.001). QRS widening (to 80 +/- 4 msec.) was also evident after one year as compared with normals (62 +/- 2 msec.-P less than 0.001), and both H-Q and QRS alterations correlated with duration of intake. These changes were less after shorter ingestion periods, could not be reproduced in normals by acute ethanol infusion, and were not associated with ventricular hypertrophy, inflammation, or necrosis. No abnormalities of atrial conduction were noted. Morphologic correlates of the conduction abnormalities included accumulation of Alcian Blue-positive interstitial material as well as dilatation and localized swelling of the nonspecialized region of the intercalated discs in ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. Thus, prolonged ethanol intake in the absence of evident malnutrition resulted in demonstrable intraventricular conduction abnormalities and morphologic alterations which were related to duration of ingestion, consistent with a cumulative toxic effect of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:942676", "title": "Comparison of active participants and dropouts in CAPRI cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs.", "content": "Of 547 men and 56 women enrolled up to April 1974 in Cardiopulmonary Research Institute (CAPRI) community programs for cardiopulmonary rehabilitatation, 84.5 percent had clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease. These medically supervised programs of physical training involved 30 to 60 minutes of graded levels of working, calisthenics and, if indicated, jogging for 3 mornings/week. Altogether 352 (58.4 percent) dropped out after an average of 8.6 months for men and 5.7 months for women. The remaining 230 men and 21 women remained active for 22 and 20 months, respectively. In retrospect, there were few minor differences between active participants and dropouts in physical characteristics, clinical diagnoses and responses to exercise testing on enrollment. Elapsed time to morbidity tended to be longer in active persons than in dropouts. Over one half of active men and about one third of dropouts were working. Of six early deaths, one occurred before training was instituted, and five within the first 2 weeks of training. Among men, the respective total mortality rates were 2.7 and 4.7/100 person-years for active participants and dropouts; among women, the rates were 0 and 3.8 respectively. Whereas 24 episodes of cardiac arrest occurred in 13 men, with three fatalities outside the training program, in 11 instances of exertional arrest during class training all defibrillations were successful. Without this benefit of medical supervision there would have been little difference in mortality experience.", "contents": "Comparison of active participants and dropouts in CAPRI cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs. Of 547 men and 56 women enrolled up to April 1974 in Cardiopulmonary Research Institute (CAPRI) community programs for cardiopulmonary rehabilitatation, 84.5 percent had clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease. These medically supervised programs of physical training involved 30 to 60 minutes of graded levels of working, calisthenics and, if indicated, jogging for 3 mornings/week. Altogether 352 (58.4 percent) dropped out after an average of 8.6 months for men and 5.7 months for women. The remaining 230 men and 21 women remained active for 22 and 20 months, respectively. In retrospect, there were few minor differences between active participants and dropouts in physical characteristics, clinical diagnoses and responses to exercise testing on enrollment. Elapsed time to morbidity tended to be longer in active persons than in dropouts. Over one half of active men and about one third of dropouts were working. Of six early deaths, one occurred before training was instituted, and five within the first 2 weeks of training. Among men, the respective total mortality rates were 2.7 and 4.7/100 person-years for active participants and dropouts; among women, the rates were 0 and 3.8 respectively. Whereas 24 episodes of cardiac arrest occurred in 13 men, with three fatalities outside the training program, in 11 instances of exertional arrest during class training all defibrillations were successful. Without this benefit of medical supervision there would have been little difference in mortality experience."}
{"id": "PMID:942677", "title": "Community surveillance for coronary heart disease: the Framingham Cardiovascular Disease survey. Comparisons with the Framingham Heart Study and previous short-term studies.", "content": "It appears likely that intervention trials on a community scale against one or more coronary heart disease risk factors will begin in the near future. Prerequisite to the evaluation of the effectiveness of these trials is the accurate determination of coronary heart disease incidence rates. The Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Survey was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a short-term surveillance study of a defined population can generate accurate incidence rates for at least some categories of cardiovascular disease and that these rates are comparable with those obtained by longitudinal survey of the same population. In conjunction with the 1970 U.S. census, a 1 year survey was made of all new coronary heart disease events occurring in the town of Framingham, Mass. Surveillance was performed by several methods that were intentionally overlapping. During the study period, 244 coronary heart disease events occurred. Despite the relatively small size of the population, many of the well established epidemiologic characteristics of this disease were evident. The rates obtained by the cardiovascular disease survey were comparable with those obtained by the Framingham Heart Study, for the harder end points of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease, but much smaller for the softer end point of angina pectoris, especially in women. These data and those from similar studies indicate that periodic short-term surveillance studies of target populations of major intervention programs can provide an economic method of generating incidence data for the evaluation of the impact of such programs on myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Community surveillance for coronary heart disease: the Framingham Cardiovascular Disease survey. Comparisons with the Framingham Heart Study and previous short-term studies. It appears likely that intervention trials on a community scale against one or more coronary heart disease risk factors will begin in the near future. Prerequisite to the evaluation of the effectiveness of these trials is the accurate determination of coronary heart disease incidence rates. The Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Survey was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a short-term surveillance study of a defined population can generate accurate incidence rates for at least some categories of cardiovascular disease and that these rates are comparable with those obtained by longitudinal survey of the same population. In conjunction with the 1970 U.S. census, a 1 year survey was made of all new coronary heart disease events occurring in the town of Framingham, Mass. Surveillance was performed by several methods that were intentionally overlapping. During the study period, 244 coronary heart disease events occurred. Despite the relatively small size of the population, many of the well established epidemiologic characteristics of this disease were evident. The rates obtained by the cardiovascular disease survey were comparable with those obtained by the Framingham Heart Study, for the harder end points of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease, but much smaller for the softer end point of angina pectoris, especially in women. These data and those from similar studies indicate that periodic short-term surveillance studies of target populations of major intervention programs can provide an economic method of generating incidence data for the evaluation of the impact of such programs on myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942678", "title": "Anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle, bulboventricular flange and subaortic stenosis.", "content": "A hitherto unrecognized muscle bundle in the left ventricular outflow tract is described. Found between the left coronary aortic semilunar cusp and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, this anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle is present in approximately 40 percent of normal hearts. On embryologic grounds it is suggested that this bundle is a muscular remnant of the left extremity of the bulboatrioventircular flange. It can be very prominent, causing obstruction of both the left ventricular inflow and outflow tracts.", "contents": "Anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle, bulboventricular flange and subaortic stenosis. A hitherto unrecognized muscle bundle in the left ventricular outflow tract is described. Found between the left coronary aortic semilunar cusp and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, this anterolateral muscle bundle of the left ventricle is present in approximately 40 percent of normal hearts. On embryologic grounds it is suggested that this bundle is a muscular remnant of the left extremity of the bulboatrioventircular flange. It can be very prominent, causing obstruction of both the left ventricular inflow and outflow tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:942679", "title": "Paradoxic response of the murmur of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis to the Valsalva maneuver.", "content": "A case of documented severe idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in which the Valsalva maneuver resulted in paradoxic attenuation of the systolic ejection murmur is presented. Such a response should not be considered incompatible with the diagnosis of this disease.", "contents": "Paradoxic response of the murmur of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis to the Valsalva maneuver. A case of documented severe idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in which the Valsalva maneuver resulted in paradoxic attenuation of the systolic ejection murmur is presented. Such a response should not be considered incompatible with the diagnosis of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942680", "title": "Management of isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Two infants, who presented at birth with isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, are the basis for this report. The problems confronting the physician in treating an affected infant, as well as in the management of subsequent pregnancies after an infant with isoimmunization has been delivered, are discussed. In view of the small but serious risk of intracranial hemorrhage during the birth process in these infants, delivery by cesarean section is advocated for all pregnancies known to be at risk i.e., after a previous infant has been shown to be affected.", "contents": "Management of isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia. Two infants, who presented at birth with isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, are the basis for this report. The problems confronting the physician in treating an affected infant, as well as in the management of subsequent pregnancies after an infant with isoimmunization has been delivered, are discussed. In view of the small but serious risk of intracranial hemorrhage during the birth process in these infants, delivery by cesarean section is advocated for all pregnancies known to be at risk i.e., after a previous infant has been shown to be affected."}
{"id": "PMID:942681", "title": "Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)-induced pulmonary edema.", "content": "Two patients experienced severe nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema following the intravenous injection of 25 and 40 mg/kg of body weight of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl). The pulmonary edema cleared rapidly. Injection of Placidyl (12 to 80 mg/kg of body weight) intravenously into dogs caused acute, severe, nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema (as evidenced by markedly elevated lung weights and microscopic evidence of intra-alveolar edema), hypotension with a relative bradycardia, and a decreased cardiac output. Injection of polyethylene glycol, the vehicle in which ethchlorvynol is diluted, did not reproduce the syndrome.", "contents": "Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl)-induced pulmonary edema. Two patients experienced severe nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema following the intravenous injection of 25 and 40 mg/kg of body weight of ethchlorvynol (Placidyl). The pulmonary edema cleared rapidly. Injection of Placidyl (12 to 80 mg/kg of body weight) intravenously into dogs caused acute, severe, nonhemodynamic pulmonary edema (as evidenced by markedly elevated lung weights and microscopic evidence of intra-alveolar edema), hypotension with a relative bradycardia, and a decreased cardiac output. Injection of polyethylene glycol, the vehicle in which ethchlorvynol is diluted, did not reproduce the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:942682", "title": "Delayed correction of anorectal incontinence due to anal sphincteral injury.", "content": "True anorectal incontinence, often the result of obstetrical or surgical injury to the anal sphincteral muscles, can be identified precisely. Although a variety of surgical procedures are available for correction of this defect, this report describes the repair method of overlapping the severed ends of the anal sphincteral muscles. Five patients had injuries associated with the birth of children; one patient had had a previous surgical injury; and one patient had anal tuberculosis. Only the last patient did not have an excellent result, and he experienced considerable improvement.", "contents": "Delayed correction of anorectal incontinence due to anal sphincteral injury. True anorectal incontinence, often the result of obstetrical or surgical injury to the anal sphincteral muscles, can be identified precisely. Although a variety of surgical procedures are available for correction of this defect, this report describes the repair method of overlapping the severed ends of the anal sphincteral muscles. Five patients had injuries associated with the birth of children; one patient had had a previous surgical injury; and one patient had anal tuberculosis. Only the last patient did not have an excellent result, and he experienced considerable improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:942683", "title": "Mechanism of action of acetyl kidamycin. I. Interaction with DNA.", "content": "Acetyl kidamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, was strongly bound to DNA in vitro, consequently, the melting temperature of DNA was significantly increased, and its buoyant density was decreased. From these results, it was suggested that acetyl kidamycin stabilized residual links between complementary strands by binding to DNA. An additional action was observed in that acetyl kidamycin caused single-strand scission of DNA in an alkaline sucrose density gradient solution.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of acetyl kidamycin. I. Interaction with DNA. Acetyl kidamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, was strongly bound to DNA in vitro, consequently, the melting temperature of DNA was significantly increased, and its buoyant density was decreased. From these results, it was suggested that acetyl kidamycin stabilized residual links between complementary strands by binding to DNA. An additional action was observed in that acetyl kidamycin caused single-strand scission of DNA in an alkaline sucrose density gradient solution."}
{"id": "PMID:942684", "title": "Comparison of early embryonic and differentiating cell surfaces. Interaction of lectins with plasma membrane components.", "content": "1. Cells of the unincubated as well as those of primitive streak chick blastoderm, which are preparing for or are involved in morphogenetic movements, are agglutinated by wheat germ agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin A, but not by fucose-binding protein. 2. Agglutination of these cells with soybean agglutinin occurs only after neuraminidase treatment, while that induced by concanavalin A, wheat germ and Ricinus communis agglutinins is not affected. 3. Trypsin treatment of blastoderm cells had no effect on lectin-mediated agglutination. 4. In contrast, cells derived from 10-and 12-day differentiating chick liver were agglutinated by wheat germ agglutinin only after trypsinization. 5. Mechanically dissociated embryonic liver cells, which are not agglutinated, bind more 3H-labelled wheat germ agglutinin per cell than trypsinized cells, suggesting that during differentiation there may be a spatial reorganization of wheat germ agglutinin receptors within the plasma membrane. 6. Membranes isolated from the above cell types were examined by analytical polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and, in combination with affinity chromatography using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to agarose, membrane material in the differentiating liver membrane, which binds to this lectin, was identified.", "contents": "Comparison of early embryonic and differentiating cell surfaces. Interaction of lectins with plasma membrane components. 1. Cells of the unincubated as well as those of primitive streak chick blastoderm, which are preparing for or are involved in morphogenetic movements, are agglutinated by wheat germ agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin and concanavalin A, but not by fucose-binding protein. 2. Agglutination of these cells with soybean agglutinin occurs only after neuraminidase treatment, while that induced by concanavalin A, wheat germ and Ricinus communis agglutinins is not affected. 3. Trypsin treatment of blastoderm cells had no effect on lectin-mediated agglutination. 4. In contrast, cells derived from 10-and 12-day differentiating chick liver were agglutinated by wheat germ agglutinin only after trypsinization. 5. Mechanically dissociated embryonic liver cells, which are not agglutinated, bind more 3H-labelled wheat germ agglutinin per cell than trypsinized cells, suggesting that during differentiation there may be a spatial reorganization of wheat germ agglutinin receptors within the plasma membrane. 6. Membranes isolated from the above cell types were examined by analytical polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and, in combination with affinity chromatography using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to agarose, membrane material in the differentiating liver membrane, which binds to this lectin, was identified."}
{"id": "PMID:942685", "title": "Interpretation of osmotic pressure in solutions of one and two nondiffusible components.", "content": "Osmotic pressure data from aqueous solutions of nondiffusible serum albumin (BSA), chondroitin sulfate (CHS), and dextran T110 (D110), taken singly and in binary combinations, were interpreted in terms of excluded volume. The principal solvent was phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2, at 23 degrees C. Osmotic pressures were measured with a membrane osmometer fitted with Amicon PM-10 membranes. Data from each solution were fit by stepwise regression with a three- or four-term polynomial in integral powers of total nondiffusible solute concentration in accordance with the general solution theory of McMillan and Mayer (1945, J. Chem. Phys. 13:276) as extended by Yamakawa (1971, Modern Theory of Polymer Solutions, Harper & Row, New York). The date display a high internal consistency, and the results correlate well with published molecular weights and exclusion data where available. Number average molecular weights calculated from the \"first virial coefficients\" are: BSA, 67,000 +/- 11%; D110, 76,000 +/- 11%, CHS, 39,000 +/- 6%. Excluded volumes (in cubic centimeters per molecule) calculated from the \"second virial coefficients\" are: BSA, 0.97 X 10(-18); D110, 3.04 X 10(-18); CHS, 14.3 X 10(-18); BSA-D110, 6.8 X 10(-18); BSA-CHS, 7.8 X 10(-18). Uncertainty is about 30%. An empirical model for interpretation of calculated excluded volumes is proposed. It appears that CHS has the \"largest\" exclusion effect of the three molecules.", "contents": "Interpretation of osmotic pressure in solutions of one and two nondiffusible components. Osmotic pressure data from aqueous solutions of nondiffusible serum albumin (BSA), chondroitin sulfate (CHS), and dextran T110 (D110), taken singly and in binary combinations, were interpreted in terms of excluded volume. The principal solvent was phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2, at 23 degrees C. Osmotic pressures were measured with a membrane osmometer fitted with Amicon PM-10 membranes. Data from each solution were fit by stepwise regression with a three- or four-term polynomial in integral powers of total nondiffusible solute concentration in accordance with the general solution theory of McMillan and Mayer (1945, J. Chem. Phys. 13:276) as extended by Yamakawa (1971, Modern Theory of Polymer Solutions, Harper & Row, New York). The date display a high internal consistency, and the results correlate well with published molecular weights and exclusion data where available. Number average molecular weights calculated from the \"first virial coefficients\" are: BSA, 67,000 +/- 11%; D110, 76,000 +/- 11%, CHS, 39,000 +/- 6%. Excluded volumes (in cubic centimeters per molecule) calculated from the \"second virial coefficients\" are: BSA, 0.97 X 10(-18); D110, 3.04 X 10(-18); CHS, 14.3 X 10(-18); BSA-D110, 6.8 X 10(-18); BSA-CHS, 7.8 X 10(-18). Uncertainty is about 30%. An empirical model for interpretation of calculated excluded volumes is proposed. It appears that CHS has the \"largest\" exclusion effect of the three molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:942687", "title": "Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain and behavior in the mouse.", "content": "The effects of early undernutrition were studied by rearing mice in small, intermediate or large litters (respectively 4, 8 or 16 pups). Measures of reflexes and electrocorticographic activity applied from birth to weaning indicated that malnutrition resulted in a clear ontogenetic retardation which was followed by permanent body and brain stunting. The mice from the large litters were characterized by increased exploratory activity and by lower avoidance learning ability as measured 45 days after nutritional rehabilitation.", "contents": "Early malnutrition and postnatal changes in brain and behavior in the mouse. The effects of early undernutrition were studied by rearing mice in small, intermediate or large litters (respectively 4, 8 or 16 pups). Measures of reflexes and electrocorticographic activity applied from birth to weaning indicated that malnutrition resulted in a clear ontogenetic retardation which was followed by permanent body and brain stunting. The mice from the large litters were characterized by increased exploratory activity and by lower avoidance learning ability as measured 45 days after nutritional rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:942688", "title": "Comparison of regional serotonin levels and turnover in the brain of naturally high and low aggressive rats.", "content": "Rats, matched by weight and goal approach, were tested for aggressiveness using a food-competition paradigm. Those winning and those losing all of their matches were designated as high and low aggressive, respectively. A third group of randomly selected rats never fought and were used as a control for the fighting experience. Half of the rats were used to determine serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in discrete brain regions. The other half were used to estimate 5-HT turnover in the same brain regions. High and low aggressive rats did not differ with regard to 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels, but high aggressive rats showed faster 5-HT turnover than low aggressive rats. The turnover differences reached statistical significance in only two of the 3 brain regions examined: (a) all structures (minus olfactory bulbs) rostral to the level of the anterior commissure, and (b) the brain stem (hypothalamus-midbrain-medulla). The observed differences cannot be attributed to differing behavioral experiences since the high and low aggressive groups pooled did not differ from the no-fighting control. These findings are discussed with respect to the involvement of serotonin in rat intraspecies aggression.", "contents": "Comparison of regional serotonin levels and turnover in the brain of naturally high and low aggressive rats. Rats, matched by weight and goal approach, were tested for aggressiveness using a food-competition paradigm. Those winning and those losing all of their matches were designated as high and low aggressive, respectively. A third group of randomly selected rats never fought and were used as a control for the fighting experience. Half of the rats were used to determine serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in discrete brain regions. The other half were used to estimate 5-HT turnover in the same brain regions. High and low aggressive rats did not differ with regard to 5-HT or 5-HIAA levels, but high aggressive rats showed faster 5-HT turnover than low aggressive rats. The turnover differences reached statistical significance in only two of the 3 brain regions examined: (a) all structures (minus olfactory bulbs) rostral to the level of the anterior commissure, and (b) the brain stem (hypothalamus-midbrain-medulla). The observed differences cannot be attributed to differing behavioral experiences since the high and low aggressive groups pooled did not differ from the no-fighting control. These findings are discussed with respect to the involvement of serotonin in rat intraspecies aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:942690", "title": "Intraoperative recording of the His bundle electrogram in man. An assessment of its precision.", "content": "To estimate the effect of distance between the electrode and the signal source on the amplitude of the His bundle electrogram (HBE) recorded during open heart surgery, a specially designed probe, containing six pairs of closely spaced (1 mm) electrodes was placed on the endocardial surface of the right atrium such that each electrode pair was parallel to the course of the His bundle. The amplitude of the HBE recorded through electrodes closest to the His bundle ranged from 0.76 to 2.44 mV, at 1mm from 0.38 to 1.13 mV, at 2mm from 0.27 to 0.86 mV, and at 3 mm from 0.2 to 0.44 mV. Maximal amplitude of HBE decreased by 57% at 1mm, 73% at 2 mm, and 82% at 3mm. The percent decrease was initially rapid, then declined more slowly at distances greater than 1 mm, resembling in form data obtained previously in animal studies by different techniques. Since the maximum HBE was greater than 1.0 mV in nine of 11 patients, and equal to or greater than 1.0 mV in only two of 11 patients at 1 mm, and less than 1.0 mV in all patients 2.0 mm from the maximal HBE, the anatomic location of the His bundle can be estimated from HBE amplitude. Intracardiac electrograms, recorded through closely spaced bipolar electrodes during open heart surgery, afford clinically useful precision in locating the specialized conduction tissue of the heart.", "contents": "Intraoperative recording of the His bundle electrogram in man. An assessment of its precision. To estimate the effect of distance between the electrode and the signal source on the amplitude of the His bundle electrogram (HBE) recorded during open heart surgery, a specially designed probe, containing six pairs of closely spaced (1 mm) electrodes was placed on the endocardial surface of the right atrium such that each electrode pair was parallel to the course of the His bundle. The amplitude of the HBE recorded through electrodes closest to the His bundle ranged from 0.76 to 2.44 mV, at 1mm from 0.38 to 1.13 mV, at 2mm from 0.27 to 0.86 mV, and at 3 mm from 0.2 to 0.44 mV. Maximal amplitude of HBE decreased by 57% at 1mm, 73% at 2 mm, and 82% at 3mm. The percent decrease was initially rapid, then declined more slowly at distances greater than 1 mm, resembling in form data obtained previously in animal studies by different techniques. Since the maximum HBE was greater than 1.0 mV in nine of 11 patients, and equal to or greater than 1.0 mV in only two of 11 patients at 1 mm, and less than 1.0 mV in all patients 2.0 mm from the maximal HBE, the anatomic location of the His bundle can be estimated from HBE amplitude. Intracardiac electrograms, recorded through closely spaced bipolar electrodes during open heart surgery, afford clinically useful precision in locating the specialized conduction tissue of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:942692", "title": "[Determination of serum transcortin levels by electroimmunodiffusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The isolation of transcortin in a pure form made possible the preparation of a monospecific anti-human transcortin rabbit serum. Serum transcortin levels were measured by electroimmunodiffusion. Experimental results expressed as errors by the calculating of interserial reproducibility were 4.74 per 100. The mean value was significantly different for men (36 subjects: 39.7 +/- 3.6 mg/l) from women (36 subjects: 42.1 +/- 3.9 mg/l). The transcortin determination was performed in pregnancy serum and in serum of women during oestroprogestative treatment. Some studies were performed in pathological cases (hyper- and hyperthyroidism, hyper- and hypocorticism, Kahler disease, ascitic cirrhosis).", "contents": "[Determination of serum transcortin levels by electroimmunodiffusion (author's transl)]. The isolation of transcortin in a pure form made possible the preparation of a monospecific anti-human transcortin rabbit serum. Serum transcortin levels were measured by electroimmunodiffusion. Experimental results expressed as errors by the calculating of interserial reproducibility were 4.74 per 100. The mean value was significantly different for men (36 subjects: 39.7 +/- 3.6 mg/l) from women (36 subjects: 42.1 +/- 3.9 mg/l). The transcortin determination was performed in pregnancy serum and in serum of women during oestroprogestative treatment. Some studies were performed in pathological cases (hyper- and hyperthyroidism, hyper- and hypocorticism, Kahler disease, ascitic cirrhosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:942695", "title": "Collagen glucosyltransferase. Partial purification and characterization of the enzyme from whole chick embryos and chick-embryo cartilage.", "content": "A purification of over 2000-fold is reported for collagen glucosyltransferase from Triton X-100 extract of whole chick embryos and one of about 160-fold from similar extract of chick embryo cartilage. The addition of the detergent more than doubled the enzyme activity in the homogenates. The purified enzyme preparations from whole chick embryos showed one major band and two or three minor bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were entirely free of collagen galactosyltransferase activity. The molecular weight of collagen glucosyltransferase from both sources was about 52000 -- 54000, as determined by gel filtration. In some enzyme preparations an additional form was observed, with an elution position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 130000. Manganese was the most effective metal co-factor for the purified enzyme, but partial replacement could be obtained with Co2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, whereas no replacement was found with other metals. The activity of the purified enzyme was stimulated by the addition of dithiothreitol to the incubation system and inhibited by preincubation with p-mercuribenzoate. UDP-glucose or the collagen substrate partially protected the enzyme against p-mercuribenzoate inactivation in the presence of Mn2+ but not in its absence. Some protection was also noted with Mn2+ alone.", "contents": "Collagen glucosyltransferase. Partial purification and characterization of the enzyme from whole chick embryos and chick-embryo cartilage. A purification of over 2000-fold is reported for collagen glucosyltransferase from Triton X-100 extract of whole chick embryos and one of about 160-fold from similar extract of chick embryo cartilage. The addition of the detergent more than doubled the enzyme activity in the homogenates. The purified enzyme preparations from whole chick embryos showed one major band and two or three minor bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were entirely free of collagen galactosyltransferase activity. The molecular weight of collagen glucosyltransferase from both sources was about 52000 -- 54000, as determined by gel filtration. In some enzyme preparations an additional form was observed, with an elution position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 130000. Manganese was the most effective metal co-factor for the purified enzyme, but partial replacement could be obtained with Co2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, whereas no replacement was found with other metals. The activity of the purified enzyme was stimulated by the addition of dithiothreitol to the incubation system and inhibited by preincubation with p-mercuribenzoate. UDP-glucose or the collagen substrate partially protected the enzyme against p-mercuribenzoate inactivation in the presence of Mn2+ but not in its absence. Some protection was also noted with Mn2+ alone."}
{"id": "PMID:942701", "title": "Structural organization and processing of the genetic transcript in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The organization of the genome and the synthesis and processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HNRNA) in the cellular slime mold Dictysotelium discoideum have been analyzed. Approximately 60-70% of the genome of Dictyostelium consists of interspersed reiterated and single-copy sequences. The interspersed reiterated sequences have an average length of 250-400 nucleotides. Approximately 50% of the reiterated DNA sequences consist of long noninterspersed sequences. The results of analyses of ynRNA synthesis and processing have been incorporated into a model. According to the model the primary genetic transcript of Dictyostelium is synthesized as a molecule that is 25% larger than mRNA. The bulk of the hnRNA is synthesized from a unit consisting of a short reiterated DNA sequence transcript at the 5' end of the molecule and a single-copy sequence of approximately 1,200 nucleotides in length. In the processing of the mRNA precursor, there appears to be a loss of the majority of the repetitive sequence at the 5' end. The genome contains interspersed sequences of poly (dT)25. These sequences, which appear to be at the 3' terminus of the transcription unit, are transcribed directly into the heterogenous nuclear RNA and are contained within the messenger RNA. During the processing of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA, a poly (A) sequence of approximately 125 nucleotides in length is added posttranscriptionally to the 3' end of the molecule.", "contents": "Structural organization and processing of the genetic transcript in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The organization of the genome and the synthesis and processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HNRNA) in the cellular slime mold Dictysotelium discoideum have been analyzed. Approximately 60-70% of the genome of Dictyostelium consists of interspersed reiterated and single-copy sequences. The interspersed reiterated sequences have an average length of 250-400 nucleotides. Approximately 50% of the reiterated DNA sequences consist of long noninterspersed sequences. The results of analyses of ynRNA synthesis and processing have been incorporated into a model. According to the model the primary genetic transcript of Dictyostelium is synthesized as a molecule that is 25% larger than mRNA. The bulk of the hnRNA is synthesized from a unit consisting of a short reiterated DNA sequence transcript at the 5' end of the molecule and a single-copy sequence of approximately 1,200 nucleotides in length. In the processing of the mRNA precursor, there appears to be a loss of the majority of the repetitive sequence at the 5' end. The genome contains interspersed sequences of poly (dT)25. These sequences, which appear to be at the 3' terminus of the transcription unit, are transcribed directly into the heterogenous nuclear RNA and are contained within the messenger RNA. During the processing of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA, a poly (A) sequence of approximately 125 nucleotides in length is added posttranscriptionally to the 3' end of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:942702", "title": "Interaction of nicotine and other amines with the endocytic and exocytic functions of macrophages.", "content": "Nicotine inhibits endocytosis and stimulates exocytosis in macrophages. At the same concentrations (5-15 mM) that the alkaloid exerts these effects, it is also vacuologenic. Consideration was given to one hypothesis that the membrane internalization was a result of surfactant activity. Nicotine was found to have surfactant properties. Studies involving measurements of the contact angles of a sessile drop of saline on cell monolayers suggested that nicotine increased the hydrophilicity of the membrane. The possibility has been considered that this may be indicative of membrane expansion and that this expansion leads to collapse and vesicle formation. This would be analogous to the effects of surface-active amines (e.g., local anesthetics, tranquilizers, antihistamines) on lipid monolayers and erythrocytic membranes. It is suggested that if such a mechanism does occur, then the possibility exists for a variety of amines to nonspecifically alter membrane and receptor availability of the macrophage.", "contents": "Interaction of nicotine and other amines with the endocytic and exocytic functions of macrophages. Nicotine inhibits endocytosis and stimulates exocytosis in macrophages. At the same concentrations (5-15 mM) that the alkaloid exerts these effects, it is also vacuologenic. Consideration was given to one hypothesis that the membrane internalization was a result of surfactant activity. Nicotine was found to have surfactant properties. Studies involving measurements of the contact angles of a sessile drop of saline on cell monolayers suggested that nicotine increased the hydrophilicity of the membrane. The possibility has been considered that this may be indicative of membrane expansion and that this expansion leads to collapse and vesicle formation. This would be analogous to the effects of surface-active amines (e.g., local anesthetics, tranquilizers, antihistamines) on lipid monolayers and erythrocytic membranes. It is suggested that if such a mechanism does occur, then the possibility exists for a variety of amines to nonspecifically alter membrane and receptor availability of the macrophage."}
{"id": "PMID:942709", "title": "Calcium-induced spikes in cultured pigment epithelium of chick retina.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials, electrical resistance, and coupling of chick retinal pigment epithelium cells in tissue culture have been measured with micropipette electrodes. Topical application of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 produce rapid, reversible changes in the membrane potentials of these cells. CaCl2 uniquely induces a slow hyperpolarizing wave that can lead to barrages of depolarizing action potentials or spikes and a slow, reversible vacuolization of the cells.", "contents": "Calcium-induced spikes in cultured pigment epithelium of chick retina. Resting membrane potentials, electrical resistance, and coupling of chick retinal pigment epithelium cells in tissue culture have been measured with micropipette electrodes. Topical application of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 produce rapid, reversible changes in the membrane potentials of these cells. CaCl2 uniquely induces a slow hyperpolarizing wave that can lead to barrages of depolarizing action potentials or spikes and a slow, reversible vacuolization of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942708", "title": "Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) with lymphatic involvement: a case report.", "content": "Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) is reported in a 34-year-old man from the Brazilian Amazon area. His left ear and posterior auricular region were involved. He is the eighth of 99 patients known to have lymph node involvement.", "contents": "Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) with lymphatic involvement: a case report. Keloidal blastomycosis (Lobo's disease) is reported in a 34-year-old man from the Brazilian Amazon area. His left ear and posterior auricular region were involved. He is the eighth of 99 patients known to have lymph node involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:942711", "title": "Studies on vesicourethral reflexes. II. Urethral sphincteric responses to spinal cord stimulation.", "content": "A bipartite bladder model was developed with and without complete muscular separation in order to isolate and analyze separately sphincteric  and detrusor responses. Spinal cord stimulation of the sacral micturition center evoked responses in the detrusor compartment as well as in the urethral sphincteric compartment. The micturition center was easily definable in the spinal cord at a variable point lying in the segment L51/2 to L6 vertebral levels. It was not possible to isolate a separate detrusor center from a sphincteric center. They did overlap-with the sphincteric center extending both above and below the detrusor center. Parameters of stimulation were tested and it was noted that 1 to 3 v, frequency of 10 to 15 cps, and duration of 1 msec gave the optimal responses. Complte muscular separation did not alter sphincteric response to spinal cord stimulation. Nerve-mediated impulses resulted in rise in detrusor pressure and a simultaneous rise in urethral pressure that interfered with proper voiding and hindered bladder emptying. This problem remains to be solved before central spinal cord stimulation for the  purpose of controlled bladder evacuation becomes fully effective.", "contents": "Studies on vesicourethral reflexes. II. Urethral sphincteric responses to spinal cord stimulation. A bipartite bladder model was developed with and without complete muscular separation in order to isolate and analyze separately sphincteric  and detrusor responses. Spinal cord stimulation of the sacral micturition center evoked responses in the detrusor compartment as well as in the urethral sphincteric compartment. The micturition center was easily definable in the spinal cord at a variable point lying in the segment L51/2 to L6 vertebral levels. It was not possible to isolate a separate detrusor center from a sphincteric center. They did overlap-with the sphincteric center extending both above and below the detrusor center. Parameters of stimulation were tested and it was noted that 1 to 3 v, frequency of 10 to 15 cps, and duration of 1 msec gave the optimal responses. Complte muscular separation did not alter sphincteric response to spinal cord stimulation. Nerve-mediated impulses resulted in rise in detrusor pressure and a simultaneous rise in urethral pressure that interfered with proper voiding and hindered bladder emptying. This problem remains to be solved before central spinal cord stimulation for the  purpose of controlled bladder evacuation becomes fully effective."}
{"id": "PMID:942712", "title": "Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus.", "content": "The mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus was investigated. In 1 of 7 transmission trials, a single horsefly transmitted EIA virus from an acutely infected pony to a susceptible pony. Groups of horseflies isolated for 3, 10, or 30 minutes before refeeding transmitted EIA virus, whereas those isolated for 4 or 24 hours did not. Data from field studies indicate that the home range or flight distance of horseflies may exceed 4 miles. That information together with our observations suggest that segregation of infected horses (usually defined as at least 200 yards from susceptible horses) as a control measure for EIA may not be an adequate safeguard against transmission in areas where horseflies are numerous.", "contents": "Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus. The mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus was investigated. In 1 of 7 transmission trials, a single horsefly transmitted EIA virus from an acutely infected pony to a susceptible pony. Groups of horseflies isolated for 3, 10, or 30 minutes before refeeding transmitted EIA virus, whereas those isolated for 4 or 24 hours did not. Data from field studies indicate that the home range or flight distance of horseflies may exceed 4 miles. That information together with our observations suggest that segregation of infected horses (usually defined as at least 200 yards from susceptible horses) as a control measure for EIA may not be an adequate safeguard against transmission in areas where horseflies are numerous."}
{"id": "PMID:942714", "title": "Extracellular and protease-released pullulanases.", "content": "The extracellular form of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been purified to homogeneity by successive chromatography through diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and 1,6-diaminohexane-Sepharose. In addition, the cell-bound form of pullulanase has been released by the action of a serine endopeptidase obtained from Pronase and purified to apparent homogeneity. Protease-released pullulanase has a slightly larger molecular weight and a specific activity over twice that of the extracellular protein. The properties of each of these forms of pullulanase have been compared with those reported for the detergent-released form. Each form has different features as examined by amino acid composition, specific activity, molecular weight, or inhibition pattern, which distinguish it from the other pullulanases. It is hypothesized that a single gene product consisting of a single polypeptide chain generates these different enzyme forms after selective cleavages by endogenous or applied proteases.", "contents": "Extracellular and protease-released pullulanases. The extracellular form of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been purified to homogeneity by successive chromatography through diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Sephadex G-200, and 1,6-diaminohexane-Sepharose. In addition, the cell-bound form of pullulanase has been released by the action of a serine endopeptidase obtained from Pronase and purified to apparent homogeneity. Protease-released pullulanase has a slightly larger molecular weight and a specific activity over twice that of the extracellular protein. The properties of each of these forms of pullulanase have been compared with those reported for the detergent-released form. Each form has different features as examined by amino acid composition, specific activity, molecular weight, or inhibition pattern, which distinguish it from the other pullulanases. It is hypothesized that a single gene product consisting of a single polypeptide chain generates these different enzyme forms after selective cleavages by endogenous or applied proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:942715", "title": "Utilization of exogenous thymidine by Chlamydia psittaci growing in the thymidine kinase-containing and thymidine kinase-deficient L cells.", "content": "The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Chlamydia psittaci (strain 6BC) growing in thymidine kinase (adenosine 5'-triphosphate-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 1.7.1.21)-containing L cells, L(TK+), and thymidine kinase-deficient L cells, LM(TK-), was examined by autoradiography. Label was detected over C. psittaci inclusions in L(TK+) but not LM(TK-) cells. No evidence for a chlamydia-specific thymidine kinase activity in either L(TK+) or LM(TK-) cells was obtained. Entry of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of C. psittaci growing in L(TK+) cells was quantitated by measuring label in purified C. psittaci. It was 265 times less efficient than entry into infected host cell DNA. It is concluded that low levels of exogenous thymidine are incorporated into the DNA of C. psittaci and that this incorporation is dependent on a fully competent host thymidine kinase activity. Evidence also is presented that L cells possess at least two thymidine kinase activities, both of which are capable of supplying thymidylate precursors for nuclear DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Utilization of exogenous thymidine by Chlamydia psittaci growing in the thymidine kinase-containing and thymidine kinase-deficient L cells. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Chlamydia psittaci (strain 6BC) growing in thymidine kinase (adenosine 5'-triphosphate-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 1.7.1.21)-containing L cells, L(TK+), and thymidine kinase-deficient L cells, LM(TK-), was examined by autoradiography. Label was detected over C. psittaci inclusions in L(TK+) but not LM(TK-) cells. No evidence for a chlamydia-specific thymidine kinase activity in either L(TK+) or LM(TK-) cells was obtained. Entry of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of C. psittaci growing in L(TK+) cells was quantitated by measuring label in purified C. psittaci. It was 265 times less efficient than entry into infected host cell DNA. It is concluded that low levels of exogenous thymidine are incorporated into the DNA of C. psittaci and that this incorporation is dependent on a fully competent host thymidine kinase activity. Evidence also is presented that L cells possess at least two thymidine kinase activities, both of which are capable of supplying thymidylate precursors for nuclear DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942716", "title": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Role of phospholipids in the activity of UDP-D-galactose: D-xylose galactosyltransferase.", "content": "The role of phospholipids in the activity of UDP-D-galactose: D-xylose galactosyltransferase (galactosyltransferase I) from embryonic chick cartilage was investigated. Phospholipase C treatment of particulate galactosyltransferase I caused inactivation of this enzyme to the extent of 60 to 70% as well as hydrolysis of 75 to 80% of the membrane phospholipids. Addition of phospholipid restored activity to nearly control levels. The order of effectiveness of various phopholipids in reactivating phospholipase C-treated galactosyltransferase I was as follows: lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine. The effect of phospholipase A on galactosyltransferase I activity was also examined and was found to be concentration-dependent. At concentrations less than 10 mug/mg of pellet protein, phospholipase A slightly activated galactosyltransferase I. whereas at higher concentrations it inhibited the activity in a manner similar to phospholipase C. Galactosyltransferase I was activated moderately and also solubilized by treatment with Nonidet P-40 in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. Following solubilization and purification by gel filtration and affinity chromatography, galactosyltransferase I could be inactivated by detergent removal by dialysis and subsequently reactivated by addition of detergent. Neither phospholipase C treatment nor exogenous phospholipid had any significant effect on three of the other chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose: core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-glucuronic acid:3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-galactose glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:(BlcUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)j N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase). On lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were found to be the major phospholipids of particulate and solubilized glycosyltransferase preparations from embryonic chick cartilage, while lysopholipids of particulate and solubilized glycosyltransferase preparations from embryonic chick cartilage, while lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were barely detectable components. The concentration of these specific phospholipids was diminished greatly following phospholipase C treatment.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Role of phospholipids in the activity of UDP-D-galactose: D-xylose galactosyltransferase. The role of phospholipids in the activity of UDP-D-galactose: D-xylose galactosyltransferase (galactosyltransferase I) from embryonic chick cartilage was investigated. Phospholipase C treatment of particulate galactosyltransferase I caused inactivation of this enzyme to the extent of 60 to 70% as well as hydrolysis of 75 to 80% of the membrane phospholipids. Addition of phospholipid restored activity to nearly control levels. The order of effectiveness of various phopholipids in reactivating phospholipase C-treated galactosyltransferase I was as follows: lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine. The effect of phospholipase A on galactosyltransferase I activity was also examined and was found to be concentration-dependent. At concentrations less than 10 mug/mg of pellet protein, phospholipase A slightly activated galactosyltransferase I. whereas at higher concentrations it inhibited the activity in a manner similar to phospholipase C. Galactosyltransferase I was activated moderately and also solubilized by treatment with Nonidet P-40 in the presence of 0.5 M KCl. Following solubilization and purification by gel filtration and affinity chromatography, galactosyltransferase I could be inactivated by detergent removal by dialysis and subsequently reactivated by addition of detergent. Neither phospholipase C treatment nor exogenous phospholipid had any significant effect on three of the other chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose: core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-glucuronic acid:3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-galactose glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:(BlcUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)j N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase). On lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were found to be the major phospholipids of particulate and solubilized glycosyltransferase preparations from embryonic chick cartilage, while lysopholipids of particulate and solubilized glycosyltransferase preparations from embryonic chick cartilage, while lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine were barely detectable components. The concentration of these specific phospholipids was diminished greatly following phospholipase C treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:942717", "title": "Site of cleavage of superhelical phiX174 replicative form DNA by the single strand-specific Neurospora crassa endonuclease.", "content": "Experiments with the Neurospora crassa single strand-specific endonuclease have provided evidence for the existence of regions of partially single-stranded character in covalently closed superhelical replicative form DNA of phiX174. The nuclease converts the superhelical molecules to either singly hit relaxed circular or doubly hit linear molecules. We show that the initial cleavage of phiX174 superhelical DNA is a \"nick\" bounded by a 5'-phosphate and a 3'-hydroxyl; no nucleotides are excised as evidenced by the ability of T4-polynucleotide ligase to reform the phosphodiester bond. The nick can be found in either strand of the double-stranded DNA and is either randomly distributed or at least can be found at any one of many possible locations in the genome. Thus, the regions in phiX174 superhelical molecules that are sensitive to the N. crassa nuclease do not occur at highly specific sites in the genome.", "contents": "Site of cleavage of superhelical phiX174 replicative form DNA by the single strand-specific Neurospora crassa endonuclease. Experiments with the Neurospora crassa single strand-specific endonuclease have provided evidence for the existence of regions of partially single-stranded character in covalently closed superhelical replicative form DNA of phiX174. The nuclease converts the superhelical molecules to either singly hit relaxed circular or doubly hit linear molecules. We show that the initial cleavage of phiX174 superhelical DNA is a \"nick\" bounded by a 5'-phosphate and a 3'-hydroxyl; no nucleotides are excised as evidenced by the ability of T4-polynucleotide ligase to reform the phosphodiester bond. The nick can be found in either strand of the double-stranded DNA and is either randomly distributed or at least can be found at any one of many possible locations in the genome. Thus, the regions in phiX174 superhelical molecules that are sensitive to the N. crassa nuclease do not occur at highly specific sites in the genome."}
{"id": "PMID:942718", "title": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins from HeLa cells. A survey by high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis.", "content": "Analysis of HeLa non-histone chromosomal protein by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed more than 450 components, most of which are rare (less than 10,000 copies/cell) and are not detectable in cytoplasm. Chromatin prepared from nuclei isolated by a nonaqueous technique contains essentially all of the proteins found in chromatin from aqueous nuclei, implying that cytoplasmic contamination is not significant. The complexity of chromatin is comparable to that of cytoplasm (500 proteins detected) and greater than that of nucleoplasm (300 proteins detected). Approximately 60 proteins occur in chromatin, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm; one of these appears to be actin.", "contents": "Non-histone chromosomal proteins from HeLa cells. A survey by high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis. Analysis of HeLa non-histone chromosomal protein by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed more than 450 components, most of which are rare (less than 10,000 copies/cell) and are not detectable in cytoplasm. Chromatin prepared from nuclei isolated by a nonaqueous technique contains essentially all of the proteins found in chromatin from aqueous nuclei, implying that cytoplasmic contamination is not significant. The complexity of chromatin is comparable to that of cytoplasm (500 proteins detected) and greater than that of nucleoplasm (300 proteins detected). Approximately 60 proteins occur in chromatin, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm; one of these appears to be actin."}
{"id": "PMID:942719", "title": "Structural proteins of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses. Purification of envelope, core, and internal components.", "content": "Murine type C virus structural proteins, the envelope glycopeptides, 30,000 dalton major core protein, and 15,000 dalton internal protein have each been purified to near homogeneity and in high yield from the smae batch of virus by use of phosphocellulose column chromatography and gel filtration procedures. Evidence that these proteins are specified by the viral genome was obtained by competition radioimmunoassay analysis, comparing these polypeptides from Rauscher virus cultivated in a variety of mammalian cell lines; all of the reactive antigenic determinants of these proteins appeared to be virus-specific.", "contents": "Structural proteins of ribonucleic acid tumor viruses. Purification of envelope, core, and internal components. Murine type C virus structural proteins, the envelope glycopeptides, 30,000 dalton major core protein, and 15,000 dalton internal protein have each been purified to near homogeneity and in high yield from the smae batch of virus by use of phosphocellulose column chromatography and gel filtration procedures. Evidence that these proteins are specified by the viral genome was obtained by competition radioimmunoassay analysis, comparing these polypeptides from Rauscher virus cultivated in a variety of mammalian cell lines; all of the reactive antigenic determinants of these proteins appeared to be virus-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:942722", "title": "Spindle and kinetochore morphology of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The metaphase spindle of haploid Dictyostelium discoideum (n = 7) is 2 mum long. It consists of some 20 microtubules which seem continuous between the spindle pole bodies and there are about 20 chromosomal microtubules at each end of the spindle. During anaphase the central spindle elongates and the chromosomal microtubules shorten. The spindle length and structure at this stage suggests that lengthening is caused by elongation as well as parallel sliding of the nonchromosomal microtubules. The nuclear envelope remains mostly intact during mitosis, and nuclear separation through medial  constriction takes place when the spindle is 6 mum long. Cytokinesis occurs when the spindle is 10 mum long. At that time the kinetochores double in size. During interphase, the spindle pole body separates from the nucleus to a distance of 0.7 mum, and it returns at the onset of the next prophase when it becomes functionally double, thereby starting the formation of a central spindle. When comparing mitosis in the cellular slime molds Polysphondylium violaceum and D. discoideum, several similarities and some differences are apparent.", "contents": "Spindle and kinetochore morphology of Dictyostelium discoideum. The metaphase spindle of haploid Dictyostelium discoideum (n = 7) is 2 mum long. It consists of some 20 microtubules which seem continuous between the spindle pole bodies and there are about 20 chromosomal microtubules at each end of the spindle. During anaphase the central spindle elongates and the chromosomal microtubules shorten. The spindle length and structure at this stage suggests that lengthening is caused by elongation as well as parallel sliding of the nonchromosomal microtubules. The nuclear envelope remains mostly intact during mitosis, and nuclear separation through medial  constriction takes place when the spindle is 6 mum long. Cytokinesis occurs when the spindle is 10 mum long. At that time the kinetochores double in size. During interphase, the spindle pole body separates from the nucleus to a distance of 0.7 mum, and it returns at the onset of the next prophase when it becomes functionally double, thereby starting the formation of a central spindle. When comparing mitosis in the cellular slime molds Polysphondylium violaceum and D. discoideum, several similarities and some differences are apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:942720", "title": "Femoro-popliteal by-pass with bovine heterografts.", "content": "Modified bovine heterografts were used in 28 patients, primarily extremity salvage problems, found to have unavailable or unusable saphenous veins. The accumulated 3 year patency rate was 35%. Of the 18 graft  failures, 11 required major amputation. A high failure rate of 39% in the first six-month interval was observed. Electromagnetic flowmeter recording were of limited value in predicting patency. Continued evaluation of bovine grafts for femoro-popliteal reconstruction in the absence of saphenous vein is recommended.", "contents": "Femoro-popliteal by-pass with bovine heterografts. Modified bovine heterografts were used in 28 patients, primarily extremity salvage problems, found to have unavailable or unusable saphenous veins. The accumulated 3 year patency rate was 35%. Of the 18 graft  failures, 11 required major amputation. A high failure rate of 39% in the first six-month interval was observed. Electromagnetic flowmeter recording were of limited value in predicting patency. Continued evaluation of bovine grafts for femoro-popliteal reconstruction in the absence of saphenous vein is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:942723", "title": "Intercellular adhesive selectivity. I. An improved assay for the measurement of embryonic chick intercellular adhesion (liver and other tissues).", "content": "An improved assay for measuring intercellular adhesive selectivity of embryonic chick liver cells is described. Three major improvements over earlier procedures are noted: (a) enhanced reproducibility of liver cell-liver cell aggregate adhesion (homotypic adhesion) was achieved; (b) 25-70% of the input cells adhered to the collecting aggregates during the course of routine experiments as compared to the 0.25% in earlier assays. This increase in cellular adhesion suggests that the observed cell pick-up is a characteristic of the majority of the dissociated liver cell population; (c) the rate of intercellular adhesion was increased 1,000-fold. The main feature of the assay is that it measures the tissue adhesive selectivities of the dissociated cell population. Studies were undertaken on three embryonic chick tissues (liver, neural retina, and mesencephalon) to determine the tissue selectivity of intercellular adhesion of these dissociated cell types. Some general properties of liver cell homotypic adhesion have been studied and are reported.", "contents": "Intercellular adhesive selectivity. I. An improved assay for the measurement of embryonic chick intercellular adhesion (liver and other tissues). An improved assay for measuring intercellular adhesive selectivity of embryonic chick liver cells is described. Three major improvements over earlier procedures are noted: (a) enhanced reproducibility of liver cell-liver cell aggregate adhesion (homotypic adhesion) was achieved; (b) 25-70% of the input cells adhered to the collecting aggregates during the course of routine experiments as compared to the 0.25% in earlier assays. This increase in cellular adhesion suggests that the observed cell pick-up is a characteristic of the majority of the dissociated liver cell population; (c) the rate of intercellular adhesion was increased 1,000-fold. The main feature of the assay is that it measures the tissue adhesive selectivities of the dissociated cell population. Studies were undertaken on three embryonic chick tissues (liver, neural retina, and mesencephalon) to determine the tissue selectivity of intercellular adhesion of these dissociated cell types. Some general properties of liver cell homotypic adhesion have been studied and are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:942724", "title": "Ultrastructural differences during embryonic cell death in normal and peripherally deprived ciliary ganglia.", "content": "Normally occurring neuron death and that brought about by prior removal of the peripheral target organ was studied ultrastructurally in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion in order to better understand the mechanism of cell death in this system. Before the period of cell death, all neurons in the normal ganglion developed a well-organized rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which coincided with peripheral synapse formation. None of the peripherally deprived neurons underwent this change, suggesting that some interaction with the periphery, possibly synapse formation, triggered them into the secretory state. Cell death in peripherally deprived neurons was signalled by nuclear changes followed by freeing of ribosomes from polysomes and RER and presumably cessation of protein synthesis. In contrast, normal cell death was brought about by dilation of the RER with eventual cytoplasmic disruption, nuclear changes appearing only secondarily. It is suggested that failure to form or maintain peripheral synapses could result in the accumulation of transmission-related proteins with consequent cisternal dilation, and eventual cell death.", "contents": "Ultrastructural differences during embryonic cell death in normal and peripherally deprived ciliary ganglia. Normally occurring neuron death and that brought about by prior removal of the peripheral target organ was studied ultrastructurally in embryonic chick ciliary ganglion in order to better understand the mechanism of cell death in this system. Before the period of cell death, all neurons in the normal ganglion developed a well-organized rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which coincided with peripheral synapse formation. None of the peripherally deprived neurons underwent this change, suggesting that some interaction with the periphery, possibly synapse formation, triggered them into the secretory state. Cell death in peripherally deprived neurons was signalled by nuclear changes followed by freeing of ribosomes from polysomes and RER and presumably cessation of protein synthesis. In contrast, normal cell death was brought about by dilation of the RER with eventual cytoplasmic disruption, nuclear changes appearing only secondarily. It is suggested that failure to form or maintain peripheral synapses could result in the accumulation of transmission-related proteins with consequent cisternal dilation, and eventual cell death."}
{"id": "PMID:942728", "title": "Analysis of fatty acid and alcoholic components of sebaceous lipid types.", "content": "Lipids were extracted from hair, scalp wipings, ovarian dermoid cysts, and vernix caseosa and submitted to alkaline hydrolysis. Alumina chromatography applied to the unsaponifiable portions allowed for the separation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and sterols. The fatty acids from the saponifiable mixtures were converted to the methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. This technique permitted the identification of the even, odd, iso, and anteiso fatty acid levels of the various pools. Analysis of the alcohols was afforded by gas chromatography of the acetates. Ratios were determined among the acidic and alcoholic components of each lipid class and the alcoholic constituents of each pool appeared to be increased by two C2-fragments over the average carbon number of the corresponding acid fraction. Branched components ranged higher in all alcohol mixtures as compared to the respective acids and thus, indicative of a specificity for the synthesis of a specificity for the synthesis of alcohols.", "contents": "Analysis of fatty acid and alcoholic components of sebaceous lipid types. Lipids were extracted from hair, scalp wipings, ovarian dermoid cysts, and vernix caseosa and submitted to alkaline hydrolysis. Alumina chromatography applied to the unsaponifiable portions allowed for the separation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and sterols. The fatty acids from the saponifiable mixtures were converted to the methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. This technique permitted the identification of the even, odd, iso, and anteiso fatty acid levels of the various pools. Analysis of the alcohols was afforded by gas chromatography of the acetates. Ratios were determined among the acidic and alcoholic components of each lipid class and the alcoholic constituents of each pool appeared to be increased by two C2-fragments over the average carbon number of the corresponding acid fraction. Branched components ranged higher in all alcohol mixtures as compared to the respective acids and thus, indicative of a specificity for the synthesis of a specificity for the synthesis of alcohols."}
{"id": "PMID:942733", "title": "A volumetric study of winter fungus prevalence in the air of midwestern homes.", "content": "Volumetric recoveries of airborne, mesophilic microfungi were made during winter months at three specific points in 150 single-family dwellings in southeastern Michigan. Mean levels of total isolates/m3 comprised a range of from less than 10 to over 20,000, although concurrent outdoor levels never exceeded 230/m3. Form species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Rhodotorula as well as non-pigmented yeasts were the types encountered most widely indoors. Certain homes showed high recoveries of other types, including Cephalosporium, Sporobolomyces, Verticillium, and Sporothrix form species. A positive association between indoor fungus prevalence and bedroom relative humidity was strongly suggested, and high levels were observed in well-humidified homes despite the presence of electrostatic air cleaners. The data indicate characteristic patterns of (winter) air spora in specific homes and suggest that humidifying devices may serve as dispersion sources in addition to their permissive role in facilitating fungus growth.", "contents": "A volumetric study of winter fungus prevalence in the air of midwestern homes. Volumetric recoveries of airborne, mesophilic microfungi were made during winter months at three specific points in 150 single-family dwellings in southeastern Michigan. Mean levels of total isolates/m3 comprised a range of from less than 10 to over 20,000, although concurrent outdoor levels never exceeded 230/m3. Form species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Rhodotorula as well as non-pigmented yeasts were the types encountered most widely indoors. Certain homes showed high recoveries of other types, including Cephalosporium, Sporobolomyces, Verticillium, and Sporothrix form species. A positive association between indoor fungus prevalence and bedroom relative humidity was strongly suggested, and high levels were observed in well-humidified homes despite the presence of electrostatic air cleaners. The data indicate characteristic patterns of (winter) air spora in specific homes and suggest that humidifying devices may serve as dispersion sources in addition to their permissive role in facilitating fungus growth."}
{"id": "PMID:942736", "title": "The dynamics of dietetics.", "content": "The forces which have and are producing change in dietetics are recapitulated, as are developments in the profession which have evolved since 1972 when the Study Commission on Dietetics made its report. The coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics has gained much ground; in 1972, there were but seven such programs. Today there are forty-three. More than three hundred traineeships are currently preparing over five hundred trainees to take their places in the profession. Another facet of training involves programs for dietetic technicians and dietetic assistants, designed to open up the career ladder concept. Continuing education is of prime importance for those beyond the entry-level of competence. The dietitian's first responsibility is to society, preceding that for the profession-as has been plainly indicated in a number of A.D.A. Position Papers and the emphasis of the Association in its legislative thrust on the value of nutrition education in preventive health care. Concern of the Association about the competency of practicing dietitians has also been reflected in the early appointment of a Committee on Professional Standards Review. The Association, as a member of the National Nutrition Consortium, is an advocate for a \"National Nutrition Policy\" and must continue to work for recognition that nutritional care is basic to comprehensive health care.", "contents": "The dynamics of dietetics. The forces which have and are producing change in dietetics are recapitulated, as are developments in the profession which have evolved since 1972 when the Study Commission on Dietetics made its report. The coordinated undergraduate program in dietetics has gained much ground; in 1972, there were but seven such programs. Today there are forty-three. More than three hundred traineeships are currently preparing over five hundred trainees to take their places in the profession. Another facet of training involves programs for dietetic technicians and dietetic assistants, designed to open up the career ladder concept. Continuing education is of prime importance for those beyond the entry-level of competence. The dietitian's first responsibility is to society, preceding that for the profession-as has been plainly indicated in a number of A.D.A. Position Papers and the emphasis of the Association in its legislative thrust on the value of nutrition education in preventive health care. Concern of the Association about the competency of practicing dietitians has also been reflected in the early appointment of a Committee on Professional Standards Review. The Association, as a member of the National Nutrition Consortium, is an advocate for a \"National Nutrition Policy\" and must continue to work for recognition that nutritional care is basic to comprehensive health care."}
{"id": "PMID:942737", "title": "Acceptability of three convenience chicken products.", "content": "Three convenience products--frozen, precooked chicken apple fritters, chicken breast fillets, and chicken patties--provided by one processor were subjectively evaluated by two taste panels of older adults, ranging in age from the sixties to middle eighties. The panelists represented a middle-income group maintaining private homes and a low-income group living in public housing. Both panels rated each product above \"good\" (score=4) or \"fair\" (score=3) on four acceptability factors and the overall score. Although mean scores of the low-income taste panel on all factors were generally higher for all products, the only significant difference (P less than .01) pertained to the appearance factor. Both panels indicated willingness to buy all three products.", "contents": "Acceptability of three convenience chicken products. Three convenience products--frozen, precooked chicken apple fritters, chicken breast fillets, and chicken patties--provided by one processor were subjectively evaluated by two taste panels of older adults, ranging in age from the sixties to middle eighties. The panelists represented a middle-income group maintaining private homes and a low-income group living in public housing. Both panels rated each product above \"good\" (score=4) or \"fair\" (score=3) on four acceptability factors and the overall score. Although mean scores of the low-income taste panel on all factors were generally higher for all products, the only significant difference (P less than .01) pertained to the appearance factor. Both panels indicated willingness to buy all three products."}
{"id": "PMID:942742", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced alterations of beat rate and electrical properties of embryonic chick heart cell aggregates.", "content": "Embryonic heart cell aggregates were irradiated with ultraviolet light at wavelengths between 260 and 310 nm. Spontaneous beat rate was monitored with the aid of a closed-circuit TV camera and, in separate experiments, electrophysiological changes were assayed by intracellular recording. The characteristic response of 7-day aggregates was an increase in spontaneous beat rate to a maximum plateau level, followed by a rather abrupt cessation of beating. Intracellular recordings during irradiation showed a marked decline in the maximum rate of rise, overshoot, and repolarization phase of the action potential, and a significant change in threshold toward zero. The action spectrum for the termination of beating peaked between 290 and 295 nm; it fell off sharply at longer wavelengths and more slowly at shorter wavelengths. The maximum increase in beat rate was increasingly greater for shorter wavelengths and exhibited no peak in the wavelength range investigated. The sensitivity of aggregates to 295-nm light, as measured by the inverse of irradiation time required to terminate beating, decreased with increasing aggregate size and external potassium concentration, was relatively independent of temperature, and increased with embryonic age. The ultraviolet-induced increase in beat rate and termination of beating are attributed to separate complementary processes, a depolarization of the membrane, and a decline in \"fast\" sodium conductance.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced alterations of beat rate and electrical properties of embryonic chick heart cell aggregates. Embryonic heart cell aggregates were irradiated with ultraviolet light at wavelengths between 260 and 310 nm. Spontaneous beat rate was monitored with the aid of a closed-circuit TV camera and, in separate experiments, electrophysiological changes were assayed by intracellular recording. The characteristic response of 7-day aggregates was an increase in spontaneous beat rate to a maximum plateau level, followed by a rather abrupt cessation of beating. Intracellular recordings during irradiation showed a marked decline in the maximum rate of rise, overshoot, and repolarization phase of the action potential, and a significant change in threshold toward zero. The action spectrum for the termination of beating peaked between 290 and 295 nm; it fell off sharply at longer wavelengths and more slowly at shorter wavelengths. The maximum increase in beat rate was increasingly greater for shorter wavelengths and exhibited no peak in the wavelength range investigated. The sensitivity of aggregates to 295-nm light, as measured by the inverse of irradiation time required to terminate beating, decreased with increasing aggregate size and external potassium concentration, was relatively independent of temperature, and increased with embryonic age. The ultraviolet-induced increase in beat rate and termination of beating are attributed to separate complementary processes, a depolarization of the membrane, and a decline in \"fast\" sodium conductance."}
{"id": "PMID:942744", "title": "Toxicity of poly(rI).poly(rC) for interferon-treated cells. An ultrastructural evaluation.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) for interferon-treated cells is preceded by discrete ultrastructural alterations in (1) the mitochondria: swelling of the cristae and increased density of their matrix, (2) the nucleus: disorganization of the structure, and (3) the endoplasmic reticulum: slight dilatation with disorganization and depletion of the filament bundles. Our results do not allow us to conclude whether any of these alterations is a primary effect of the treatment. Possibly they are secondary to some, as yet unknown, functional defect, and only reflect incipient cell death.", "contents": "Toxicity of poly(rI).poly(rC) for interferon-treated cells. An ultrastructural evaluation. The cytotoxic effect of poly(rI).poly(rC) for interferon-treated cells is preceded by discrete ultrastructural alterations in (1) the mitochondria: swelling of the cristae and increased density of their matrix, (2) the nucleus: disorganization of the structure, and (3) the endoplasmic reticulum: slight dilatation with disorganization and depletion of the filament bundles. Our results do not allow us to conclude whether any of these alterations is a primary effect of the treatment. Possibly they are secondary to some, as yet unknown, functional defect, and only reflect incipient cell death."}
{"id": "PMID:942745", "title": "Viral factors required for interferon induction by Newcastle disease virus in mouse macrophages and chicken embryo cells.", "content": "The triggering mechanism for interferon synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages and chick embryo (CE) cells by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) exposed to hydroxylamine or homologous antiserum was investigated in relation to the intracellular fate of these agents. Inactivation of NDV at 22 degrees C by I M-hydroxylamine proceeded with first-order kinetics, whereas the interferon-inducing capacity of hydroxylamine-treated virus in macrophages was unimpaired. In contrast to infective NDV, hydroxylamine-inactivated virus produced interferon in CE cells, and such a virus still had partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Hydroxylamine-inactivated NDV was adsorbed to and uncoated in both normal and chloroquine diphosphate treated cells, but no viral double-stranded RNA was detected. Hydroxylamine treatment of virion-extracted RNA and neutralization of intact virions by antibody abolished the capacity of the virus to induce interferon. Infective as well as neutralized NDV interacted with macrophages to the same degree, but association between NDV and CE cells was prevented by antibody-coating. In macrophages, the RNA of neutralized NDV became more sensitive to RNase than RNA of infective NDV, but this process was inhibited in chloroquine diphosphate-treated cells. These results suggest that interferon induction by NDV involves components of the virion which are present up to the regular uncoating process.", "contents": "Viral factors required for interferon induction by Newcastle disease virus in mouse macrophages and chicken embryo cells. The triggering mechanism for interferon synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages and chick embryo (CE) cells by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) exposed to hydroxylamine or homologous antiserum was investigated in relation to the intracellular fate of these agents. Inactivation of NDV at 22 degrees C by I M-hydroxylamine proceeded with first-order kinetics, whereas the interferon-inducing capacity of hydroxylamine-treated virus in macrophages was unimpaired. In contrast to infective NDV, hydroxylamine-inactivated virus produced interferon in CE cells, and such a virus still had partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Hydroxylamine-inactivated NDV was adsorbed to and uncoated in both normal and chloroquine diphosphate treated cells, but no viral double-stranded RNA was detected. Hydroxylamine treatment of virion-extracted RNA and neutralization of intact virions by antibody abolished the capacity of the virus to induce interferon. Infective as well as neutralized NDV interacted with macrophages to the same degree, but association between NDV and CE cells was prevented by antibody-coating. In macrophages, the RNA of neutralized NDV became more sensitive to RNase than RNA of infective NDV, but this process was inhibited in chloroquine diphosphate-treated cells. These results suggest that interferon induction by NDV involves components of the virion which are present up to the regular uncoating process."}
{"id": "PMID:942746", "title": "Influence of diet, cortisol and insulin on the activity of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the rat liver.", "content": "The influence of nutritional factors, such as fasting (24, 48 and 72 hours), protein free and high protein diets, and endocrine factors (cortisol and insulin) on the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) in adult rats was studied. The circadian rhythm in the activity of these enzymes was studied at two protein levels: 15% and 50%. Under all conditions which favored gluconeogenesis the activity of PEPCK increased. Cortisol did not further increase the activity of PEPCK in rats fed a high protein diet. Regardless of the protein content of the diet, insulin did not reduce PEPCK activity. Dietary protein level had no influence on the usual rhythm of activity of PEPCK. On the other hand, the high protein diet increased it threefold. Under all experimental conditions we observed no changes in PC activity. This is probably due to the fact that PC is a constitutive enzyme and therefore is not adaptative.", "contents": "Influence of diet, cortisol and insulin on the activity of pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the rat liver. The influence of nutritional factors, such as fasting (24, 48 and 72 hours), protein free and high protein diets, and endocrine factors (cortisol and insulin) on the activity of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) in adult rats was studied. The circadian rhythm in the activity of these enzymes was studied at two protein levels: 15% and 50%. Under all conditions which favored gluconeogenesis the activity of PEPCK increased. Cortisol did not further increase the activity of PEPCK in rats fed a high protein diet. Regardless of the protein content of the diet, insulin did not reduce PEPCK activity. Dietary protein level had no influence on the usual rhythm of activity of PEPCK. On the other hand, the high protein diet increased it threefold. Under all experimental conditions we observed no changes in PC activity. This is probably due to the fact that PC is a constitutive enzyme and therefore is not adaptative."}
{"id": "PMID:942747", "title": "A possible essential role for dietary linolenic acid in the development of the young rat.", "content": "Female rats were fed semi-purified diets containing 10% safflower oil or 10% soybean oil for six weeks prior to mating and through-out pregnancy and lactation. The progeny were weaned to the diet of the dam. Physical, neuromotor and reflex development was monitored in the progeny prior to weaning and learning ability of the mature progeny was assessed in a simple Y-maze test. Brain lipid analyses were conducted in the progeny at birth, 21 and 210 days of age. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet resulted in higher levels of 22:6omega3 and lower levels of 22:5omega6 in the brain ethanolamine glycerophosphatides. The nature of the dietary fat exerted no effect on the physical development, onset of reflexologic responses or onset of neuromotor co-ordination in the pups. The soybean oil-fed animals spent more time in certain neuromotor activities possibly associated with explorative drive than did their safflower oil-fed counterparts. The performance of the mature soybean oil-fed progeny in the discrimination-learning test was superior to that of progeny fed safflower oil. The association of superior learning capacity with dietary soybean oil-induced incorporation of omega3 fatty acids into the brain glycerophosphatides is offered as support for an essential role for dietary linolenic acid for the young rat.", "contents": "A possible essential role for dietary linolenic acid in the development of the young rat. Female rats were fed semi-purified diets containing 10% safflower oil or 10% soybean oil for six weeks prior to mating and through-out pregnancy and lactation. The progeny were weaned to the diet of the dam. Physical, neuromotor and reflex development was monitored in the progeny prior to weaning and learning ability of the mature progeny was assessed in a simple Y-maze test. Brain lipid analyses were conducted in the progeny at birth, 21 and 210 days of age. Inclusion of soybean oil in the diet resulted in higher levels of 22:6omega3 and lower levels of 22:5omega6 in the brain ethanolamine glycerophosphatides. The nature of the dietary fat exerted no effect on the physical development, onset of reflexologic responses or onset of neuromotor co-ordination in the pups. The soybean oil-fed animals spent more time in certain neuromotor activities possibly associated with explorative drive than did their safflower oil-fed counterparts. The performance of the mature soybean oil-fed progeny in the discrimination-learning test was superior to that of progeny fed safflower oil. The association of superior learning capacity with dietary soybean oil-induced incorporation of omega3 fatty acids into the brain glycerophosphatides is offered as support for an essential role for dietary linolenic acid for the young rat."}
{"id": "PMID:942749", "title": "In vitro production of platelet-binding IgG in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "We studied two boys, 9 and 10 years old, respectively, who underwent splenectomy eight months and six weeks after initially presenting as \"typical\" cases of childhood ITP. Splenic leukocytes from each child were cultured and net synthesis rates of IgG determined. Splenic synthesis rates of IgG were five-and sevenfold greater, respectively, than in spleens of control subjects. A significant portion of the splenic culture-produced IgG from each patient demonstrated specificity for homologous and autologous platelets. Synthesis rates of IgG were determined on serial cultures of bone marrow cells from the 10-year-old boy who failed to respond to splenectomy. His initial marrow synthesis rate of IgG was five times greater than mean control values. His synthesis rate of IgG in marrow decreased to the control range in association with immunosuppressive therapy and intesive platelet transfusions. These data suggest that (1) the spleen was a production site of platelet-binding IgG in the two children, and (2) the bone marrow may have been an additional site of production in our second patient.", "contents": "In vitro production of platelet-binding IgG in childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. We studied two boys, 9 and 10 years old, respectively, who underwent splenectomy eight months and six weeks after initially presenting as \"typical\" cases of childhood ITP. Splenic leukocytes from each child were cultured and net synthesis rates of IgG determined. Splenic synthesis rates of IgG were five-and sevenfold greater, respectively, than in spleens of control subjects. A significant portion of the splenic culture-produced IgG from each patient demonstrated specificity for homologous and autologous platelets. Synthesis rates of IgG were determined on serial cultures of bone marrow cells from the 10-year-old boy who failed to respond to splenectomy. His initial marrow synthesis rate of IgG was five times greater than mean control values. His synthesis rate of IgG in marrow decreased to the control range in association with immunosuppressive therapy and intesive platelet transfusions. These data suggest that (1) the spleen was a production site of platelet-binding IgG in the two children, and (2) the bone marrow may have been an additional site of production in our second patient."}
{"id": "PMID:942750", "title": "Pelviureteric obstruction in infancy.", "content": "Of 33 infants with pelviureteric obstruction, most presented in the first month of life with an abdominal mass and most were males. Half of these patients had bilateral renal pathology. The association between cystic dysplasia in the hydronephrotic kidney and contralateral cystic renal abnormality in patients with unilateral pelviureteric obstruction is noted. There were 34 pyeloureteroplasties performed on 27 patients, mostly with good results, even in patients with bilateral renal pathology.", "contents": "Pelviureteric obstruction in infancy. Of 33 infants with pelviureteric obstruction, most presented in the first month of life with an abdominal mass and most were males. Half of these patients had bilateral renal pathology. The association between cystic dysplasia in the hydronephrotic kidney and contralateral cystic renal abnormality in patients with unilateral pelviureteric obstruction is noted. There were 34 pyeloureteroplasties performed on 27 patients, mostly with good results, even in patients with bilateral renal pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:942751", "title": "Aporphines. 14 Dopaminergic and antinociceptive activity of aporphine derivatives. Synthesis of 10-hydroxyaporphines and 10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine.", "content": "The synthesis of racemic 10-hydroxyaporphine [(+/-)-2a] and 10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine [(+/)-2b] is described. The method involved a Reissert alkylation-Pschorr cyclization route. The dopaminergic activity of (+/-)-2b was evaluated in comparison with L-Dopa, (-)-apomorphine (1a), (+/-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) (1b), and (+/-)-11-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine [(+/-)-11-OH-PNA] by the behavioral model of rotational behavior in animals after unilateral lesion of the ascending DA pathways. The dopaminergic activity of NPA and 11-OH-PNA is essentially equivalent to L-Dopa and (-)-apomorphine, and both are more active than (+/-)-2b. Furthermore, (+/-)-NPA (threshold doses, 5 mug/kg) appears to be even more potent that (-)-apomorphine (threshold doses, 25 mug/kg). The duration of action of NPA and 11-OH-PNA is considerably longer than that obtained with L-Dopa. The antinociceptive activity of (+/-)-2b was evaluated by the tail-flick procedure and compared with 1a, 2b, morphine, and L-Dopa. Weak but significant antinociceptive activity was shown by (+/-)-2b and by (+/-)-1b but not by (-)-apomorphine. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone. The finding that (+/-)-2b and particularly (+/-)-11-OH-PNA are active in doses from 500 to 50 mug/kg, respectively, in causing rotational behavior further supports previous studies indicating that N-n-propyl derivatives of monohydroxylated aporphines were more active than the corresponding parent N-methyl derivatives as DA receptor agonists and that a catechol system is not an absolute requirement for dopaminergic activity in such aporphines.", "contents": "Aporphines. 14 Dopaminergic and antinociceptive activity of aporphine derivatives. Synthesis of 10-hydroxyaporphines and 10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine. The synthesis of racemic 10-hydroxyaporphine [(+/-)-2a] and 10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine [(+/)-2b] is described. The method involved a Reissert alkylation-Pschorr cyclization route. The dopaminergic activity of (+/-)-2b was evaluated in comparison with L-Dopa, (-)-apomorphine (1a), (+/-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) (1b), and (+/-)-11-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine [(+/-)-11-OH-PNA] by the behavioral model of rotational behavior in animals after unilateral lesion of the ascending DA pathways. The dopaminergic activity of NPA and 11-OH-PNA is essentially equivalent to L-Dopa and (-)-apomorphine, and both are more active than (+/-)-2b. Furthermore, (+/-)-NPA (threshold doses, 5 mug/kg) appears to be even more potent that (-)-apomorphine (threshold doses, 25 mug/kg). The duration of action of NPA and 11-OH-PNA is considerably longer than that obtained with L-Dopa. The antinociceptive activity of (+/-)-2b was evaluated by the tail-flick procedure and compared with 1a, 2b, morphine, and L-Dopa. Weak but significant antinociceptive activity was shown by (+/-)-2b and by (+/-)-1b but not by (-)-apomorphine. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone. The finding that (+/-)-2b and particularly (+/-)-11-OH-PNA are active in doses from 500 to 50 mug/kg, respectively, in causing rotational behavior further supports previous studies indicating that N-n-propyl derivatives of monohydroxylated aporphines were more active than the corresponding parent N-methyl derivatives as DA receptor agonists and that a catechol system is not an absolute requirement for dopaminergic activity in such aporphines."}
{"id": "PMID:942752", "title": "Non-seminomatous testis tumors: a plan of management based in 96 patients to improve survival in all stages by combine therapeutic modalities.", "content": "To develop a plan of management based on the clinical and pathologic stage of the tumor the results of treatment of 96 consecutive patients with non-seminomatous testis tumors have been analyzed. There were no exclusions and all patients were treated, including 17 with advanced stage C disease. All patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as primary treatment but the judicious use of adjuvant therapeutic modalities improved survival in all stages of disease. Chemotherapy was the most important adjuvant and postoperative radiation therapy was reserved for patients with extensive retroperitoneal metastatic disease. Results indicate that a modified unilateral thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dissection can effectively remove the retroperitoneal nodes. Of 57 patients 50 with stage A or B tumor survived after lymph node dissection without radiation therapy. Compared to an operation alone prophylactic adjuvant chemotherapy improved survival from 82 to 93 per cent for patients with minimal disease (stage A or B1). Postoperative irradiation therapy combined with cyclic chemotherapy improved survival for patients with advanced retroperitoneal disease compared to an operation and radiation alone or an operation and chemotherapy alone. An aggressive approach that combined operation with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both, has salvaged 8 of 17 patients with disseminated metastatic disease (stage C). The over-all survival rate for these 96 patients is 78 per cent. A plan of management has evolved, which is based on retroperitoneal lymph node dissection followed by the judicious use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy as determined by pathologic findings.", "contents": "Non-seminomatous testis tumors: a plan of management based in 96 patients to improve survival in all stages by combine therapeutic modalities. To develop a plan of management based on the clinical and pathologic stage of the tumor the results of treatment of 96 consecutive patients with non-seminomatous testis tumors have been analyzed. There were no exclusions and all patients were treated, including 17 with advanced stage C disease. All patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as primary treatment but the judicious use of adjuvant therapeutic modalities improved survival in all stages of disease. Chemotherapy was the most important adjuvant and postoperative radiation therapy was reserved for patients with extensive retroperitoneal metastatic disease. Results indicate that a modified unilateral thoracoabdominal retroperitoneal lymph node dissection can effectively remove the retroperitoneal nodes. Of 57 patients 50 with stage A or B tumor survived after lymph node dissection without radiation therapy. Compared to an operation alone prophylactic adjuvant chemotherapy improved survival from 82 to 93 per cent for patients with minimal disease (stage A or B1). Postoperative irradiation therapy combined with cyclic chemotherapy improved survival for patients with advanced retroperitoneal disease compared to an operation and radiation alone or an operation and chemotherapy alone. An aggressive approach that combined operation with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both, has salvaged 8 of 17 patients with disseminated metastatic disease (stage C). The over-all survival rate for these 96 patients is 78 per cent. A plan of management has evolved, which is based on retroperitoneal lymph node dissection followed by the judicious use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy as determined by pathologic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:942753", "title": "Suppression of antitumor lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity by human chorionic gonadotropins.", "content": "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against human transitional cell carcinoma cells was studied in 9 patients using the microcytotoxicity assay. Lymphocytes from 6 patients were cytotoxic against transitional cell carcinoma cells. However, in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin the cytotoxicity of these lymphocytes against transitional carcinoma cells was diminished. Human chorionic gonadotropin alone or in combination with non-cytotoxic lymphocytes did not change the growth of target cells and human chorionic gonadotropin did not have a direct toxic effect on lymphocytes alone. These results demonstrate that human chorionic gonadotropin can inhibit the cytotoxic action of lymphocytes against human tumor cells in vitro. Human chorionic gonadotropin may contribute to the poor prognosis associated with certain human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting human tumors.", "contents": "Suppression of antitumor lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity by human chorionic gonadotropins. The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against human transitional cell carcinoma cells was studied in 9 patients using the microcytotoxicity assay. Lymphocytes from 6 patients were cytotoxic against transitional cell carcinoma cells. However, in the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin the cytotoxicity of these lymphocytes against transitional carcinoma cells was diminished. Human chorionic gonadotropin alone or in combination with non-cytotoxic lymphocytes did not change the growth of target cells and human chorionic gonadotropin did not have a direct toxic effect on lymphocytes alone. These results demonstrate that human chorionic gonadotropin can inhibit the cytotoxic action of lymphocytes against human tumor cells in vitro. Human chorionic gonadotropin may contribute to the poor prognosis associated with certain human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting human tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:942754", "title": "New trial for fiberoptic cystourethroscopy: the use of metal sheath.", "content": "To overcome the disadvantages of using the fiberscope to observe the lower urinary tract we devised a metal sheath, which is used in combination with the fiberoptic cystourethroscope. The metal sheath helps in a smooth introduction of the fiberscope through the urethra and also in a close approximation of the fiberscope to the lesion. Fiberoptic cystourethroscopes combined with the metal sheath are useful in observing the bladder neck, the pedicle of tumors, the inner surface of the diverticulum and the condition of the intestine anastomosed with the bladder, which the current rigid endoscopes cannot approach. Photographs of the lower urinary tract were easily taken with this metal sheath method. However, the fiberoptic cystourethroscopes have a much smaller field of view, lower resolution and mor obscurity in the view. These drawbacks should be improved in the future.", "contents": "New trial for fiberoptic cystourethroscopy: the use of metal sheath. To overcome the disadvantages of using the fiberscope to observe the lower urinary tract we devised a metal sheath, which is used in combination with the fiberoptic cystourethroscope. The metal sheath helps in a smooth introduction of the fiberscope through the urethra and also in a close approximation of the fiberscope to the lesion. Fiberoptic cystourethroscopes combined with the metal sheath are useful in observing the bladder neck, the pedicle of tumors, the inner surface of the diverticulum and the condition of the intestine anastomosed with the bladder, which the current rigid endoscopes cannot approach. Photographs of the lower urinary tract were easily taken with this metal sheath method. However, the fiberoptic cystourethroscopes have a much smaller field of view, lower resolution and mor obscurity in the view. These drawbacks should be improved in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:942755", "title": "An operation for relief of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "The case history of a 30-year-old man with severe mitral and aortic stenosis and slight aortic regurgitation who underwent replacement of both valves is presented. At the initial surgical procedure, because of the small-size annuli, a small Beall mitral prosthesis and a No. 19 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis were used. The subsequent recurrence of severe symptoms and findings of an 80 mm. Hg gradient across the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve led to repeat exploration and corrective surgery. The operative procedure to relieve left ventricular outflow obstruction is described. It is felt that this procedure can be used not only for the relief of severe aortic annular stenosis but also for other forms of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction such as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and particularly in the patients who have experienced poor results with one of the known surgical procedures for this clinical entity.", "contents": "An operation for relief of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The case history of a 30-year-old man with severe mitral and aortic stenosis and slight aortic regurgitation who underwent replacement of both valves is presented. At the initial surgical procedure, because of the small-size annuli, a small Beall mitral prosthesis and a No. 19 Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic prosthesis were used. The subsequent recurrence of severe symptoms and findings of an 80 mm. Hg gradient across the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve led to repeat exploration and corrective surgery. The operative procedure to relieve left ventricular outflow obstruction is described. It is felt that this procedure can be used not only for the relief of severe aortic annular stenosis but also for other forms of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction such as idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and particularly in the patients who have experienced poor results with one of the known surgical procedures for this clinical entity."}
{"id": "PMID:942758", "title": "Measuring the quality of medical care. A clinical method.", "content": "We outline the implementation of a new method of measuring the quality of medical care that counts cases of unnecessary disease and disability and unnecessary untimely deaths. First of all, conditions are listed in which the occurrence of a single case of disease or disability or a single untimely death would justify asking, \"Why did it happen?\" Secondly, we have selected conditions in which critical increases in rates of disease, disability, or untimely death could serve as indexes of the quality of care. Finally, broad categories of illness are noted in which redefinition and intensive study might reveal characteristics that could serve as indexes of health. We describe how these inth of the general population and the effects of economic, political, and other environmental factors upon it, and to evaluate the quality of medical care provided both within and without the hospital to maintain health and to prevent and treat disease.", "contents": "Measuring the quality of medical care. A clinical method. We outline the implementation of a new method of measuring the quality of medical care that counts cases of unnecessary disease and disability and unnecessary untimely deaths. First of all, conditions are listed in which the occurrence of a single case of disease or disability or a single untimely death would justify asking, \"Why did it happen?\" Secondly, we have selected conditions in which critical increases in rates of disease, disability, or untimely death could serve as indexes of the quality of care. Finally, broad categories of illness are noted in which redefinition and intensive study might reveal characteristics that could serve as indexes of health. We describe how these inth of the general population and the effects of economic, political, and other environmental factors upon it, and to evaluate the quality of medical care provided both within and without the hospital to maintain health and to prevent and treat disease."}
{"id": "PMID:942765", "title": "Spinal descent of cerebrospinal fluid in man.", "content": "The descent of radiopharmaceuticals injected within the right lateral ventricle toward and into the spinal subarachnoidal spaces has been followed by scintiphotographic techniques and by computerized flow analysis in a group of \"normal\" patients. A substantial and rapid downward progression of the albumin-tagged tracer has been observed. This progression is faster than the subarachnoidal ascent toward the convexity of the brain.", "contents": "Spinal descent of cerebrospinal fluid in man. The descent of radiopharmaceuticals injected within the right lateral ventricle toward and into the spinal subarachnoidal spaces has been followed by scintiphotographic techniques and by computerized flow analysis in a group of \"normal\" patients. A substantial and rapid downward progression of the albumin-tagged tracer has been observed. This progression is faster than the subarachnoidal ascent toward the convexity of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:942766", "title": "Intention myoclonus: successful treatment with clonazepam.", "content": "Clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine derivative, was used in the treatment of intention myoclonus with excellent results. Five patients, three with postanoxic encephalopathy and two with degenerative central nervous system disorders, all refractory to other therapy, responded with marked decrease in myoclonus. The effective dosage was 7 to 12 mg a day in divided doses. One patient has been treated for over 4 years with no toxicity or breakthrough of symptoms. Except for transient sedation, there have been no untoward side effects. Clonazepam is an important addition to the therapy of intention myoclonus.", "contents": "Intention myoclonus: successful treatment with clonazepam. Clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine derivative, was used in the treatment of intention myoclonus with excellent results. Five patients, three with postanoxic encephalopathy and two with degenerative central nervous system disorders, all refractory to other therapy, responded with marked decrease in myoclonus. The effective dosage was 7 to 12 mg a day in divided doses. One patient has been treated for over 4 years with no toxicity or breakthrough of symptoms. Except for transient sedation, there have been no untoward side effects. Clonazepam is an important addition to the therapy of intention myoclonus."}
{"id": "PMID:942767", "title": "Trichinosis: severe myopathic involvement with recovery.", "content": "A case of clinically severe trichinosis following ingestion of commercially prepared pickled pigs' feet is reported. An unusual finding on muscle biopsy was a larval count of 4,046 per gram of muscle, the second highest density of muscle invasion recorded to date. Survival has not been reported previously in patients with greater than 1,000 trichinae per gram of muscle. Complete symptomatic recovery followed combined corticosteroid and thiabendazole administration.", "contents": "Trichinosis: severe myopathic involvement with recovery. A case of clinically severe trichinosis following ingestion of commercially prepared pickled pigs' feet is reported. An unusual finding on muscle biopsy was a larval count of 4,046 per gram of muscle, the second highest density of muscle invasion recorded to date. Survival has not been reported previously in patients with greater than 1,000 trichinae per gram of muscle. Complete symptomatic recovery followed combined corticosteroid and thiabendazole administration."}
{"id": "PMID:942768", "title": "Platelet-bound and free serotonin levels in jugular and forearm venous blood during migraine.", "content": "The level of serotonin in platelets and free in plasma has been determined in jugular and forearm venous blood before and during migraine attacks in six women. A significant fall in platelet serotonin was observed in five subjects and was accompanied by a significant fall in plasma free serotonin in the four subjects for whom data concerning free serotonin levels were available. There was no significant difference between jugular and forearm blood in respect to either platelet-bound or free serotonin in the headache-free phase, and during migraine, the values for jugular and forearm blood were parallel. The significance of these findings in relationship to the serotonin theory of migraine is discussed.", "contents": "Platelet-bound and free serotonin levels in jugular and forearm venous blood during migraine. The level of serotonin in platelets and free in plasma has been determined in jugular and forearm venous blood before and during migraine attacks in six women. A significant fall in platelet serotonin was observed in five subjects and was accompanied by a significant fall in plasma free serotonin in the four subjects for whom data concerning free serotonin levels were available. There was no significant difference between jugular and forearm blood in respect to either platelet-bound or free serotonin in the headache-free phase, and during migraine, the values for jugular and forearm blood were parallel. The significance of these findings in relationship to the serotonin theory of migraine is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942769", "title": "Hypernatremia and chorea. A report of two cases.", "content": "The appearance of transient, generalized chorea in conjunction with brief, symmetrical myoclonic movements is described in two adult patients with hypernatremia secondary to dehydration. The association of hypernatremia and chorea is rare, even in massive salt poisoning, and has not been described previously in adults. Since both patients recovered, no pathologic material was obtained; but a speculative commentary on the possible underlying pathophysiology is included.", "contents": "Hypernatremia and chorea. A report of two cases. The appearance of transient, generalized chorea in conjunction with brief, symmetrical myoclonic movements is described in two adult patients with hypernatremia secondary to dehydration. The association of hypernatremia and chorea is rare, even in massive salt poisoning, and has not been described previously in adults. Since both patients recovered, no pathologic material was obtained; but a speculative commentary on the possible underlying pathophysiology is included."}
{"id": "PMID:942770", "title": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate. Correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels with electroencephalographic and behavioral effects.", "content": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate was administered to adult cats by intravenous infusion at varying dosages while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from electrodes placed stereotactically in the right and left hippocampus and thalamic intralaminar nucleus and from cortical electrodes. Blood cerebrospinal fluid samples were assayed for gamma hydroxybutyrate. The first EEG change, slowing was occasional spikes, was seen at serum levels of 75 mug per milliliter. Changes in the recordings progressed through a number of stages, culminating in bursts of poly spiking interspersed among periods of electrical silence first seen at 350 mug per milliliter. Behavior was characterized by a progressively deepening trancelike state punctuated at higher serum levels by spontaneous and stimulus-induced myoclonic jerks. These changes were correlated with serum levels and are more similar to petit mal stupor than any kind of natural sleep-like state previously used to describe them.", "contents": "Gamma hydroxybutyrate. Correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels with electroencephalographic and behavioral effects. Gamma hydroxybutyrate was administered to adult cats by intravenous infusion at varying dosages while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded from electrodes placed stereotactically in the right and left hippocampus and thalamic intralaminar nucleus and from cortical electrodes. Blood cerebrospinal fluid samples were assayed for gamma hydroxybutyrate. The first EEG change, slowing was occasional spikes, was seen at serum levels of 75 mug per milliliter. Changes in the recordings progressed through a number of stages, culminating in bursts of poly spiking interspersed among periods of electrical silence first seen at 350 mug per milliliter. Behavior was characterized by a progressively deepening trancelike state punctuated at higher serum levels by spontaneous and stimulus-induced myoclonic jerks. These changes were correlated with serum levels and are more similar to petit mal stupor than any kind of natural sleep-like state previously used to describe them."}
{"id": "PMID:942771", "title": "Viruslike particles in muscle from a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of muscle and central nervous tissue from a case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showed crystalline arrays of 20 to 24 nm viruslike particles in muscle. The particles were located between the myofibrils, adjacent to the Z bands, and near the perinuclear region, but were never seen within the nucleus. Cell cultures from the same muscle specimens showed no such particles. Central nervous system tissues and cultures also failed to show viruslike particles. The cultures were negative by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with serums from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The nature of these particles or their relationship to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is unknown.", "contents": "Viruslike particles in muscle from a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An electron microscopic study of muscle and central nervous tissue from a case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showed crystalline arrays of 20 to 24 nm viruslike particles in muscle. The particles were located between the myofibrils, adjacent to the Z bands, and near the perinuclear region, but were never seen within the nucleus. Cell cultures from the same muscle specimens showed no such particles. Central nervous system tissues and cultures also failed to show viruslike particles. The cultures were negative by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique with serums from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The nature of these particles or their relationship to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:942772", "title": "Effects of glycerol administration on experimental brain edema.", "content": "The effects of glycerol on brain water and solute distribution in cerebral edema are not well known. In brail edema induced in dogs by focal freezing, tissue underlying the necrotic lesion had an elevated water content but the remainder of the brain was unaltered. Administration of glycerol to maintain plasma glycerol at about 35 mM dehydrated normal white matter, but water and solute contents of the edematous white matter were not changed. During the initial 3 hours of glycerol infusion, CSF pressure fell, but when the infusion was continued for 6 hours or more, a gradual rise in CSF pressure was observed. In three animals, the final CSF pressure was higher than preinfusion values. At this time, brain water content was significantly less than normal, but both CSF osmolality and glycerol concentration were higher than plasma. The data show that glycerol infusion can decrease intracranial volume towards normal by dehydration of normal, but not damaged, brain tissue. The rebound rise in CSF pressure observed during the continuous administration of glycerol cannot be explained by rehydration of brain tissue but may be related to alterations in CSF dynamics.", "contents": "Effects of glycerol administration on experimental brain edema. The effects of glycerol on brain water and solute distribution in cerebral edema are not well known. In brail edema induced in dogs by focal freezing, tissue underlying the necrotic lesion had an elevated water content but the remainder of the brain was unaltered. Administration of glycerol to maintain plasma glycerol at about 35 mM dehydrated normal white matter, but water and solute contents of the edematous white matter were not changed. During the initial 3 hours of glycerol infusion, CSF pressure fell, but when the infusion was continued for 6 hours or more, a gradual rise in CSF pressure was observed. In three animals, the final CSF pressure was higher than preinfusion values. At this time, brain water content was significantly less than normal, but both CSF osmolality and glycerol concentration were higher than plasma. The data show that glycerol infusion can decrease intracranial volume towards normal by dehydration of normal, but not damaged, brain tissue. The rebound rise in CSF pressure observed during the continuous administration of glycerol cannot be explained by rehydration of brain tissue but may be related to alterations in CSF dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:942773", "title": "A heat-stable blocking factor in the plasma of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "The possible role of a defective cell-mediated immune response in the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis remains unclear. Cell-mediated immunity has been investigated in nine patients with this disorder. In eight patients, a heat-stable blocking factor in the plasma inhibited normal lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin and mixed lymphocyte cultures. The degree of blocking increased as the disease progressed. The nature of the blocking factor is unknown and is currently under investigation. A heat-stable blocking factor has not been described previously in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, althouth a heat-labile blocking factor has been reported in a total of five patients.", "contents": "A heat-stable blocking factor in the plasma of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The possible role of a defective cell-mediated immune response in the pathogenesis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis remains unclear. Cell-mediated immunity has been investigated in nine patients with this disorder. In eight patients, a heat-stable blocking factor in the plasma inhibited normal lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin and mixed lymphocyte cultures. The degree of blocking increased as the disease progressed. The nature of the blocking factor is unknown and is currently under investigation. A heat-stable blocking factor has not been described previously in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, althouth a heat-labile blocking factor has been reported in a total of five patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942774", "title": "Nonkitotoc hyperosmolar hyperglycemia during glycerol therapy for cerebral edema.", "content": "Glycerol, an effective cerebral dehydrating agent, also has gluconeogenic properties, and can thereby elevate serum glucose to dangerously high levels in predisposed patients treated for cerebral edema. The nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state usually occurs in cases of maturity onset diabetes or prediabetes, as in the two elderly patients discussed in this paper. The pathogenesis usually evolves through a constant diabetogenic stress that causes persistent hyperglycemia resulting in the exhaustion of ordinarily adequate insulin stores, ultimately allowing hyperglycemia to progress unchecked to metabolic coma. Precautions to recognize this development should be taken in appropriate patients.", "contents": "Nonkitotoc hyperosmolar hyperglycemia during glycerol therapy for cerebral edema. Glycerol, an effective cerebral dehydrating agent, also has gluconeogenic properties, and can thereby elevate serum glucose to dangerously high levels in predisposed patients treated for cerebral edema. The nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state usually occurs in cases of maturity onset diabetes or prediabetes, as in the two elderly patients discussed in this paper. The pathogenesis usually evolves through a constant diabetogenic stress that causes persistent hyperglycemia resulting in the exhaustion of ordinarily adequate insulin stores, ultimately allowing hyperglycemia to progress unchecked to metabolic coma. Precautions to recognize this development should be taken in appropriate patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942775", "title": "Multiple central nervous system infections in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.", "content": "Clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and multiple coexisting central nervous system infections are presented. Both showed impaired cell-mediated immunity whereas immunoglobulins were normal, suggesting that defective cellular rather than humoral immunity predisposes to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Continued neurologic deterioration might be due not only to progression of the condition but also to simultaneous opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections that may be amenable to treatment. Unusual features in case 1 included striking neurologic remission for 8 months and a positive brain scan corresponding to a large demyelinated lesion in the frontal lobe.", "contents": "Multiple central nervous system infections in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and multiple coexisting central nervous system infections are presented. Both showed impaired cell-mediated immunity whereas immunoglobulins were normal, suggesting that defective cellular rather than humoral immunity predisposes to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Continued neurologic deterioration might be due not only to progression of the condition but also to simultaneous opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections that may be amenable to treatment. Unusual features in case 1 included striking neurologic remission for 8 months and a positive brain scan corresponding to a large demyelinated lesion in the frontal lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:942777", "title": "Permeability of human chorion laeve to diazepam and meperidine.", "content": "In vitro placental permeability to diazepam (Valium) and meperidine (Demerol) in excess of that measured for antipyrine, suggest that these compounds will diffuse across placental tissue in vivo at a maximal or perfusion-limited rate. Such findings correspond to the high fetal blood levels reported for these substances following maternal administration and indicate that these lipid-soluble analgesics cross this tissue by transcellular as well as extracellular pathways.", "contents": "Permeability of human chorion laeve to diazepam and meperidine. In vitro placental permeability to diazepam (Valium) and meperidine (Demerol) in excess of that measured for antipyrine, suggest that these compounds will diffuse across placental tissue in vivo at a maximal or perfusion-limited rate. Such findings correspond to the high fetal blood levels reported for these substances following maternal administration and indicate that these lipid-soluble analgesics cross this tissue by transcellular as well as extracellular pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:942787", "title": "The occupational health audit.", "content": "The final report contains no magic or proprietary secrets. It is simply a logical review of what exists with an orderly recommendation of what should be done. To repeat -- many times the hardest part of any job is getting started. The purpose of this exercise is to provide a plan and a way to get started. This may seem like something so obvious that it is not needed. But a review of existing occupational health programs dispels that view. Five years after the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, hundreds of thousands of physical examinations are still being performed in a total vacuum; examinations whose contents bear little relationship to the hazards encountered. Countless laboratory determinations are being provided to personnel officers and plant managers who have absolutely no background in interpreting the meaning of those results. Millions of records are being meticulously kept with no goal in mind as to what purpose they should serve nor consideration for the privacy of individuals. In short, untold millions of dollars are being wasted while the things that should be done are left undone because, to quote, \"the cost is too high.\" Often health professionals are employed by an organization because health crises have developed which force expert handling. The health professional enters chaos and is kept so busy answering fire-calls that there is no time for the orderly evaluation of needs and the development of operating routines required to prevent new crises from developing. Today's crises are being addressed while tomorrow's crises are developing out of routine situations. The health professional is not at fault; rather, executive management has failed to provide the necessary systems to meet its responsibilities. So long as this situation prevails, there is a need for someone to take the time to develop an orderly approach to occupational health surveillance. When such a condition exists, it is time to call in an independent auditor to provide an objective evaluation of what needs to be done. It is to provide a \"handle\" for getting hold of such situations that we developed our Occupational health Audit. It offers one way to get the job started.", "contents": "The occupational health audit. The final report contains no magic or proprietary secrets. It is simply a logical review of what exists with an orderly recommendation of what should be done. To repeat -- many times the hardest part of any job is getting started. The purpose of this exercise is to provide a plan and a way to get started. This may seem like something so obvious that it is not needed. But a review of existing occupational health programs dispels that view. Five years after the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, hundreds of thousands of physical examinations are still being performed in a total vacuum; examinations whose contents bear little relationship to the hazards encountered. Countless laboratory determinations are being provided to personnel officers and plant managers who have absolutely no background in interpreting the meaning of those results. Millions of records are being meticulously kept with no goal in mind as to what purpose they should serve nor consideration for the privacy of individuals. In short, untold millions of dollars are being wasted while the things that should be done are left undone because, to quote, \"the cost is too high.\" Often health professionals are employed by an organization because health crises have developed which force expert handling. The health professional enters chaos and is kept so busy answering fire-calls that there is no time for the orderly evaluation of needs and the development of operating routines required to prevent new crises from developing. Today's crises are being addressed while tomorrow's crises are developing out of routine situations. The health professional is not at fault; rather, executive management has failed to provide the necessary systems to meet its responsibilities. So long as this situation prevails, there is a need for someone to take the time to develop an orderly approach to occupational health surveillance. When such a condition exists, it is time to call in an independent auditor to provide an objective evaluation of what needs to be done. It is to provide a \"handle\" for getting hold of such situations that we developed our Occupational health Audit. It offers one way to get the job started."}
{"id": "PMID:942792", "title": "Substrate-induced acceleration of lactase synthesis in fetal rat intestine.", "content": "Twenty milligrams of lactose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in one uterine horn and 20 mg glucose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in the opposite uterine horn of six rats on days 17-19 of pregnancy. Two or 3 days later the pregnant animals were killed and segments of jejunum obtained from their fetuses were homogenized in water. Assays for lactase and protein determinations were performed on these homogenates. Lactase values were significantly higher in the lactose-injected group than in fetuses receiving glucose (Table 2), P less than 0.0005. Thus, fetal intestinal lactase activity can be increased by exposure to the substrate lactose during late fetal life.", "contents": "Substrate-induced acceleration of lactase synthesis in fetal rat intestine. Twenty milligrams of lactose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in one uterine horn and 20 mg glucose were injected into the amniotic sacs of fetuses in the opposite uterine horn of six rats on days 17-19 of pregnancy. Two or 3 days later the pregnant animals were killed and segments of jejunum obtained from their fetuses were homogenized in water. Assays for lactase and protein determinations were performed on these homogenates. Lactase values were significantly higher in the lactose-injected group than in fetuses receiving glucose (Table 2), P less than 0.0005. Thus, fetal intestinal lactase activity can be increased by exposure to the substrate lactose during late fetal life."}
{"id": "PMID:942797", "title": "Object orientedness: the person or the thing.", "content": "Infant observation indicated that there is an individual variation in development characterized by orientedness either toward the animate or toward the inanimate world. These variants, which are manifest as early as the second month of life, influence the surrounds, the continuing developmental processes, and certain aspects of character formation. Each variation in orientedness evokes a preferred way of processing percepts and situations.", "contents": "Object orientedness: the person or the thing. Infant observation indicated that there is an individual variation in development characterized by orientedness either toward the animate or toward the inanimate world. These variants, which are manifest as early as the second month of life, influence the surrounds, the continuing developmental processes, and certain aspects of character formation. Each variation in orientedness evokes a preferred way of processing percepts and situations."}
{"id": "PMID:942798", "title": "Metaphase chromosome anomaly: association with drug resistance and cell-specific products.", "content": "Large, homogeneously staining chromosome regions which lack the longitudinal differentiation ordinarily revealed by cytogenetic \"banding\" methods have been found in antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster cells and also in human neuroblastoma cells established in vitro. The drug-resistant cells are characterized by excessive production of the target enzyme, dihydrofolate reducatase, while the human neuroblastoma cells have phenotypes of normal neuronal cells. The homogeneously staining region appears to represent a novel metaphase chromosome anaomaly which may have functional significance in cells with specialized properties.", "contents": "Metaphase chromosome anomaly: association with drug resistance and cell-specific products. Large, homogeneously staining chromosome regions which lack the longitudinal differentiation ordinarily revealed by cytogenetic \"banding\" methods have been found in antifolate-resistant Chinese hamster cells and also in human neuroblastoma cells established in vitro. The drug-resistant cells are characterized by excessive production of the target enzyme, dihydrofolate reducatase, while the human neuroblastoma cells have phenotypes of normal neuronal cells. The homogeneously staining region appears to represent a novel metaphase chromosome anaomaly which may have functional significance in cells with specialized properties."}
{"id": "PMID:942799", "title": "Nucleus suprachiasmaticus: the biological clock in the hamster?", "content": "Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the golden hamster by bilateral radiofrequency lesions abolishes three well-documented circadian rhythms--locomotor activity, estrous cyclicity, and photoperiodic photosensitivity. Entrainment of these rhythms by light cycles fails in lesioned hamsters; females become persistently estrous; in both sexes locomotor activity becomes sporadic, confined primarily to the light instead of darkness, and is totally arrhythmic when lesioned animals are exposed to continuous darkness; the photoperiodic gonadal response (gonadal regression induced by short day lengths) is abolished; lesioned animals remain reproductively mature irrespective of photoperiodic treatment.", "contents": "Nucleus suprachiasmaticus: the biological clock in the hamster? Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the golden hamster by bilateral radiofrequency lesions abolishes three well-documented circadian rhythms--locomotor activity, estrous cyclicity, and photoperiodic photosensitivity. Entrainment of these rhythms by light cycles fails in lesioned hamsters; females become persistently estrous; in both sexes locomotor activity becomes sporadic, confined primarily to the light instead of darkness, and is totally arrhythmic when lesioned animals are exposed to continuous darkness; the photoperiodic gonadal response (gonadal regression induced by short day lengths) is abolished; lesioned animals remain reproductively mature irrespective of photoperiodic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:942800", "title": "Selective brain dopamine depletion in developing rats: an experimental model of minimal brain dysfunction.", "content": "Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to neonatal rats produces a rapid and profound depletion of brain dopamine. Total activity of treated animals is significantly greater than that of controls between 12 and 22 days of age, but then declines, an activity pattern similar to that seen in affected children. This suggests a functional deficiency of brain dopamine in the pathogenesis of minimal brain dysfunction.", "contents": "Selective brain dopamine depletion in developing rats: an experimental model of minimal brain dysfunction. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to neonatal rats produces a rapid and profound depletion of brain dopamine. Total activity of treated animals is significantly greater than that of controls between 12 and 22 days of age, but then declines, an activity pattern similar to that seen in affected children. This suggests a functional deficiency of brain dopamine in the pathogenesis of minimal brain dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:942801", "title": "Polydipsia-induced alcohol dependency in rats: a reexamination.", "content": "Seven Holtzman rats were kept on a polydipsia-induced schedule of alcohol consumption for 3 months in a replication of a 1972 study by Falk and colleagues. Contrary to their results, there was no evidence of alcoholism.", "contents": "Polydipsia-induced alcohol dependency in rats: a reexamination. Seven Holtzman rats were kept on a polydipsia-induced schedule of alcohol consumption for 3 months in a replication of a 1972 study by Falk and colleagues. Contrary to their results, there was no evidence of alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:942802", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the breast: a report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Angiosarcoma of the breast, a rare tumor with very poor prognosis and insidious early manifestations, frequently is far advanced when first detected clinically. The clinical and pathologic changes in two women with primary, unilateral angiosarcoma of the breast are reviewed and the results are compared with 46 cases already published in the literature. Both patients were middle aged with symptoms for approximately 6 months prior to operation. Both frozen section reports were benign and only called malignant on permanent section. Microscopically the tumors were composed of varying sized, tortuous, elongated vascular channels. The operation varied--a modified radical and a simple mastectomy--and both patients are free from disease 4 and 2 years following operation. It is considered that, in view of the proclivity of this tumor for hematogenous metastases, an axillary dissection may not be justified.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the breast: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Angiosarcoma of the breast, a rare tumor with very poor prognosis and insidious early manifestations, frequently is far advanced when first detected clinically. The clinical and pathologic changes in two women with primary, unilateral angiosarcoma of the breast are reviewed and the results are compared with 46 cases already published in the literature. Both patients were middle aged with symptoms for approximately 6 months prior to operation. Both frozen section reports were benign and only called malignant on permanent section. Microscopically the tumors were composed of varying sized, tortuous, elongated vascular channels. The operation varied--a modified radical and a simple mastectomy--and both patients are free from disease 4 and 2 years following operation. It is considered that, in view of the proclivity of this tumor for hematogenous metastases, an axillary dissection may not be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:942803", "title": "Duodenogastric reflux of lysolecithin in the pathogenesis of experimental porcine stress ulceration.", "content": "The role of duodenogastric reflux of lysolecithin, a normal constituent of duodenal juice, in the pathogenesis of gastric stress ulcerations was investigated with a swine shock-ulcer model. Twenty-seven piglets, weighing 8 to 12 kilograms, were used. In an intact animal, the average concentration of intragastric lysolecithin before shock was 138 mug per milliliter (median, N = 6). At the end of the shock period, the average concentration of lysolecithin was 540 mug per milliliter and the over-all amount in the gastric juice was 14.3 mg. (median, N = 6). Following hemorrhagic shock (3 hours duration; mean arterial pressure, 40 mm. Hg), all six control animals with normal gastroduodenal continuity got gastric ulcerations. Interruption of duodenogastric reflux by duodenal exclusion and gastrojejunostomy completely abolished the development of these ulcerations in six test animals. When the interrupted duodenogastric reflux was replaced artificially by intragastric instillation of lysolecithin (500 mug per milliliter; 25 ml.), all six animals developed lesions. Intragastric lysolecithin without shock had no effect. The results provide further support to the concept that regurgitation of duodenal juice into the stomach is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastric stress ulceration. The results also suggest that, in this respect, one of the active components in duodenal juice is lysolecithin.", "contents": "Duodenogastric reflux of lysolecithin in the pathogenesis of experimental porcine stress ulceration. The role of duodenogastric reflux of lysolecithin, a normal constituent of duodenal juice, in the pathogenesis of gastric stress ulcerations was investigated with a swine shock-ulcer model. Twenty-seven piglets, weighing 8 to 12 kilograms, were used. In an intact animal, the average concentration of intragastric lysolecithin before shock was 138 mug per milliliter (median, N = 6). At the end of the shock period, the average concentration of lysolecithin was 540 mug per milliliter and the over-all amount in the gastric juice was 14.3 mg. (median, N = 6). Following hemorrhagic shock (3 hours duration; mean arterial pressure, 40 mm. Hg), all six control animals with normal gastroduodenal continuity got gastric ulcerations. Interruption of duodenogastric reflux by duodenal exclusion and gastrojejunostomy completely abolished the development of these ulcerations in six test animals. When the interrupted duodenogastric reflux was replaced artificially by intragastric instillation of lysolecithin (500 mug per milliliter; 25 ml.), all six animals developed lesions. Intragastric lysolecithin without shock had no effect. The results provide further support to the concept that regurgitation of duodenal juice into the stomach is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastric stress ulceration. The results also suggest that, in this respect, one of the active components in duodenal juice is lysolecithin."}
{"id": "PMID:942805", "title": "Leydig cell tumor in identical twin.", "content": "A case is presented of an identical twin who had an interstitial cell tumor of the testis removed, and comparison is made with his identical brother over an ensuing six-year period. The dramatic effects of the interstitial cell tumor are clearly shown in the comparison of the two males over this six-year period. To our knowledge this is the only such case in the world literature.", "contents": "Leydig cell tumor in identical twin. A case is presented of an identical twin who had an interstitial cell tumor of the testis removed, and comparison is made with his identical brother over an ensuing six-year period. The dramatic effects of the interstitial cell tumor are clearly shown in the comparison of the two males over this six-year period. To our knowledge this is the only such case in the world literature."}
{"id": "PMID:942808", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic localization of sites of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "Real time two-dimensional echocardiographic studies of left ventricular outflow tract cross-sectional anatomy were obtained by the multicrystal echocardiographic method (Bom system) in 35 patients with various types of outflow obstruction as delineated by clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic studies. In each patient the noninvasive test allowed prediction of the site of obstruction. In valvular aortic stenosis, echocardiographic diagnostic findings included poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta, thickened aortic cusp tissue and increased superior-inferior cusp excursion (doming). The site of supravalvular aortic stenosis was readily observed although echocardiographic findings often underestimated the degree of obstruction recorded at cardiac catheterization. In patients with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, the major finding was a localized thickening of the septum and anterior mitral anulus producing a narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract that was present in diastole and persisted throughout the cardiac cycle.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic localization of sites of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Real time two-dimensional echocardiographic studies of left ventricular outflow tract cross-sectional anatomy were obtained by the multicrystal echocardiographic method (Bom system) in 35 patients with various types of outflow obstruction as delineated by clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic studies. In each patient the noninvasive test allowed prediction of the site of obstruction. In valvular aortic stenosis, echocardiographic diagnostic findings included poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta, thickened aortic cusp tissue and increased superior-inferior cusp excursion (doming). The site of supravalvular aortic stenosis was readily observed although echocardiographic findings often underestimated the degree of obstruction recorded at cardiac catheterization. In patients with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, the major finding was a localized thickening of the septum and anterior mitral anulus producing a narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract that was present in diastole and persisted throughout the cardiac cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:942809", "title": "Microvascular structure of the human epididymis.", "content": "The microvascular anatomy of the human epididymal duct system from rete testis to vas deferens was studied using microangiography and histology. Various segments of the duct system show significant differences in the density and arrangement of the small blood vessels. The rete testis is poorly vascularized while the first lobulated segment of the epididymis, which is formed by the efferent ducts is provided with a dense subepithelial capillary bed. The more distal segments of the epididymis have less dense capillarization surrounding the epididymal duct. In the vas deferens the blood vessels form a double capillary network. The outer capillary network surrounds the smooth muscle layers and the inner is located immediately beneath the duct epithelium. The organization of blood capillaries in the human epidymis and the differences seen in different portions of the excurrent duct system follow basically the general pattern seen in some experimental animals.", "contents": "Microvascular structure of the human epididymis. The microvascular anatomy of the human epididymal duct system from rete testis to vas deferens was studied using microangiography and histology. Various segments of the duct system show significant differences in the density and arrangement of the small blood vessels. The rete testis is poorly vascularized while the first lobulated segment of the epididymis, which is formed by the efferent ducts is provided with a dense subepithelial capillary bed. The more distal segments of the epididymis have less dense capillarization surrounding the epididymal duct. In the vas deferens the blood vessels form a double capillary network. The outer capillary network surrounds the smooth muscle layers and the inner is located immediately beneath the duct epithelium. The organization of blood capillaries in the human epidymis and the differences seen in different portions of the excurrent duct system follow basically the general pattern seen in some experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:942810", "title": "Gonadoblastoma with tubal pregnancy.", "content": "A case of unilateral gonadoblastoma in association with a ruptured ectopic tubal pregnancy is presented. The patient had normal menstrual history prior to a missed period followed by abdominal pain and the passage of clots. The surgical specimens, in addition to the ruptured tubal pregnancy, showed nodular foci of typical gonadoblastoma in the right ovary, the remainder of the ovarian tissue being normal. The left ovary was subsequently removed and examination revealed normal constituents without evidence of tumor. Cytogenetic evaluation of peripheral leukocytes showed cells with a normal female sex chromatin complement, 46-XX, as well as cells with 45 chromosomes in which one of the X chromosomes was missing.", "contents": "Gonadoblastoma with tubal pregnancy. A case of unilateral gonadoblastoma in association with a ruptured ectopic tubal pregnancy is presented. The patient had normal menstrual history prior to a missed period followed by abdominal pain and the passage of clots. The surgical specimens, in addition to the ruptured tubal pregnancy, showed nodular foci of typical gonadoblastoma in the right ovary, the remainder of the ovarian tissue being normal. The left ovary was subsequently removed and examination revealed normal constituents without evidence of tumor. Cytogenetic evaluation of peripheral leukocytes showed cells with a normal female sex chromatin complement, 46-XX, as well as cells with 45 chromosomes in which one of the X chromosomes was missing."}
{"id": "PMID:942811", "title": "Immunization schedules for the new human diploid cell vaccine against rabies.", "content": "Clinical and antibody responses of human volunteers to four different serial production lots of human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) each with a different antigenic value are described. Three to four doses of HDCV administered over a period of 14 days produced high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies with an average titer up to 20 times higher than the titer elicited by four doses of duck embryo vaccine. Antibodies were still present one year after completion of vaccination. Only minimal differences in antibody response could be observed between groups receiving vaccines of different antigenic values. Untoward reactions to the vaccine were few. The possibility of using the vaccine as part of postexposure human prophylaxis against rabies is discussed.", "contents": "Immunization schedules for the new human diploid cell vaccine against rabies. Clinical and antibody responses of human volunteers to four different serial production lots of human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) each with a different antigenic value are described. Three to four doses of HDCV administered over a period of 14 days produced high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies with an average titer up to 20 times higher than the titer elicited by four doses of duck embryo vaccine. Antibodies were still present one year after completion of vaccination. Only minimal differences in antibody response could be observed between groups receiving vaccines of different antigenic values. Untoward reactions to the vaccine were few. The possibility of using the vaccine as part of postexposure human prophylaxis against rabies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942812", "title": "Estriol in pregnancy. IV. Normal concentrations, diurnal and/or episodic variations, and day-to-day changes of unconjugated and total estriol in late pregnancy plasma.", "content": "Normal values of unconjugated, total, and immunoreactive (measured without extraction) plasma estriol (E3) have been determined from radioimmunoassay data obtained in 217 uncomplicated third-trimester pregnancies. Small but significant diurnal variations in unconjugated and total plasma E3 have been observed in a study comprising 12 women who were hospitalized during late pregnancy for diabetes, toxemia, or placenta previa. The late morning decreases in unconjugated and the afternoon/evening decreases in total plasma E3 concentrations, averaging some 10 to 15 per cent, were overshadowed by considerable episodic fluctuations and may thus be clinically irrelevant. Day-to day changes of unconjugated and total plasma E3 concentrations in late pregnancy were similar and smaller than changes in urinary E3 measurements. The urinary E3/creatinine ratio, however, reducing inadequacies of 24 hour urine collections, varied less than unconjugated or total plasma E3. The data suggest that a decrease in unconjugated or total plasma E3 must exceed 40 to 45 per cent of the mean of the three preceeding determinations if it is to be considered a signal of fetal distress.", "contents": "Estriol in pregnancy. IV. Normal concentrations, diurnal and/or episodic variations, and day-to-day changes of unconjugated and total estriol in late pregnancy plasma. Normal values of unconjugated, total, and immunoreactive (measured without extraction) plasma estriol (E3) have been determined from radioimmunoassay data obtained in 217 uncomplicated third-trimester pregnancies. Small but significant diurnal variations in unconjugated and total plasma E3 have been observed in a study comprising 12 women who were hospitalized during late pregnancy for diabetes, toxemia, or placenta previa. The late morning decreases in unconjugated and the afternoon/evening decreases in total plasma E3 concentrations, averaging some 10 to 15 per cent, were overshadowed by considerable episodic fluctuations and may thus be clinically irrelevant. Day-to day changes of unconjugated and total plasma E3 concentrations in late pregnancy were similar and smaller than changes in urinary E3 measurements. The urinary E3/creatinine ratio, however, reducing inadequacies of 24 hour urine collections, varied less than unconjugated or total plasma E3. The data suggest that a decrease in unconjugated or total plasma E3 must exceed 40 to 45 per cent of the mean of the three preceeding determinations if it is to be considered a signal of fetal distress."}
{"id": "PMID:942815", "title": "Genetic basis of hair medulla by twin study.", "content": "Data on the incidence of medulla of human head hair based on 9,600 strands examined from 48 pairs of zygosity--determined German twins were quantified as medullary ratio and subjected to variance analysis to give information about genetic significance of the character concerned. The results of F test and heritability estimate yielded significant values indicating the presence of a strong genetic component of variability in the incidence of medulla of human head hair. Sex influence upon the character is found to be absent.", "contents": "Genetic basis of hair medulla by twin study. Data on the incidence of medulla of human head hair based on 9,600 strands examined from 48 pairs of zygosity--determined German twins were quantified as medullary ratio and subjected to variance analysis to give information about genetic significance of the character concerned. The results of F test and heritability estimate yielded significant values indicating the presence of a strong genetic component of variability in the incidence of medulla of human head hair. Sex influence upon the character is found to be absent."}
{"id": "PMID:942816", "title": "Peer review and PSRO: an update.", "content": "The author provides a summary of developments in peer review and Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) within APA, the federal government, and the American Medical Association between June 1974 and June 1975. He discusses the reaction of the medical profession to the interim guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the problems of financing PSROs. He concludes that the key issues for PSROs and peer review in general are the availability and effectiveness of local review components, and that lack of involvement on the part of psychiatry will only ensure that nonpsychiatrists will design the review procedures.", "contents": "Peer review and PSRO: an update. The author provides a summary of developments in peer review and Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) within APA, the federal government, and the American Medical Association between June 1974 and June 1975. He discusses the reaction of the medical profession to the interim guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the problems of financing PSROs. He concludes that the key issues for PSROs and peer review in general are the availability and effectiveness of local review components, and that lack of involvement on the part of psychiatry will only ensure that nonpsychiatrists will design the review procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:942817", "title": "Three-dimensional organization of testicular interstitial tissue and lymphatic space in the rat.", "content": "Rat testes fixed by vascular perfusion were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This revealed a complex organization of the interstitial tissue and an extensive \"testicular lymphatic space\" composed of continuous \"peritubular lymphatic sinusoids.\" No cellular connections exist between the interstitium and the tubules. Each sinusoid completely surrounds an individual seminiferous tubule, and adjacent sinusoids communicate freely through fenestrae in the interstitium. Thus, material must enter the lymph to gain access to the tubules. The sinusoids are delimited by separate endothelial cell layers over the tubules and interstitium. The layer over the interstitium is discontinuous in specific areas according to the geometry of the tubule packing. Interstitial tissue located in the flattened biconcave interstices between two adjacent tubules is consistently covered with endothelial cells, while that located in the open, triangular interstices between three or more tubules consistently lacks an endothelium. Most of the Leydig cells are located in the \"open interstitium\" and are directly exposed to the lymph. Physiological implications of the \"testicular lymphatic space\" and additional features of the interstitium are discussed.", "contents": "Three-dimensional organization of testicular interstitial tissue and lymphatic space in the rat. Rat testes fixed by vascular perfusion were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This revealed a complex organization of the interstitial tissue and an extensive \"testicular lymphatic space\" composed of continuous \"peritubular lymphatic sinusoids.\" No cellular connections exist between the interstitium and the tubules. Each sinusoid completely surrounds an individual seminiferous tubule, and adjacent sinusoids communicate freely through fenestrae in the interstitium. Thus, material must enter the lymph to gain access to the tubules. The sinusoids are delimited by separate endothelial cell layers over the tubules and interstitium. The layer over the interstitium is discontinuous in specific areas according to the geometry of the tubule packing. Interstitial tissue located in the flattened biconcave interstices between two adjacent tubules is consistently covered with endothelial cells, while that located in the open, triangular interstices between three or more tubules consistently lacks an endothelium. Most of the Leydig cells are located in the \"open interstitium\" and are directly exposed to the lymph. Physiological implications of the \"testicular lymphatic space\" and additional features of the interstitium are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942818", "title": "Contributions to an analysis of the avian vitelline membrane's potential to promote outgrowth of the yolk sac-serosal membrane.", "content": "Explanted blastoderms of freshly laid chicken eggs expand their area during the first 44-45 hours of incubation by a factor of at least 11 if they are placed with the epiblast on the inner surface of explanted fresh chick vitelline membrane and provided with chick egg extract. This expansion is due essentially to the spreading of the yolk sac-serosal membrane. On turkey and duck membrane the expansion factor is about 6 and 3.8 respectively under otherwise identical conditions, but 1.9 only on a semisolid nutrient agar plate. Only the inner surface of the vitelline membrane has this growth-promoting potential, which markedly and progressively declines during incubation in ovo because of systemic factors rather than because of a direct influence by the outgrowing yolk sac-serosal membrane. Trypsinization of fresh chick vitelline membrane (1% trypsin 3 hours) reduces the growth-promoting potential to about 40% of its normal strength. The outgrowth of the extraembryonic tissues on vitelline membrane is better supported in the presence of a species' own egg extract than by extract from another species.", "contents": "Contributions to an analysis of the avian vitelline membrane's potential to promote outgrowth of the yolk sac-serosal membrane. Explanted blastoderms of freshly laid chicken eggs expand their area during the first 44-45 hours of incubation by a factor of at least 11 if they are placed with the epiblast on the inner surface of explanted fresh chick vitelline membrane and provided with chick egg extract. This expansion is due essentially to the spreading of the yolk sac-serosal membrane. On turkey and duck membrane the expansion factor is about 6 and 3.8 respectively under otherwise identical conditions, but 1.9 only on a semisolid nutrient agar plate. Only the inner surface of the vitelline membrane has this growth-promoting potential, which markedly and progressively declines during incubation in ovo because of systemic factors rather than because of a direct influence by the outgrowing yolk sac-serosal membrane. Trypsinization of fresh chick vitelline membrane (1% trypsin 3 hours) reduces the growth-promoting potential to about 40% of its normal strength. The outgrowth of the extraembryonic tissues on vitelline membrane is better supported in the presence of a species' own egg extract than by extract from another species."}
{"id": "PMID:942819", "title": "Propranolol and surgical anesthesia.", "content": "The potential danger of anesthetizing a patient on beta-adrenergic blockade therapy has long been recognized. The cases of 73 patients taking propranolol and anesthetized for non-cardiac operations were reviewed with regard to preoperative administration of propranolol and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Of these patients, 72 percent took propranolol to within 24 hours of operation and 85 percent took it to within 48 hours. The mean dose of propranolol was 77 mg/day (range, 10 to 320 mg/day). Anesthetic technics and agents included enflurane, halothane, N2O-narcotic-relaxant, and spinal anesthesia. There were only three episodes of hypotension, all of which responded to a decreased depth of general anesthesia, IV fluid administration, and, in one patient, a small dose of a vasopressor. There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths. It is concluded that if propranolol is indicated for medical control of the patient's symptoms, it need not be discontinued before surgical anesthesia.", "contents": "Propranolol and surgical anesthesia. The potential danger of anesthetizing a patient on beta-adrenergic blockade therapy has long been recognized. The cases of 73 patients taking propranolol and anesthetized for non-cardiac operations were reviewed with regard to preoperative administration of propranolol and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Of these patients, 72 percent took propranolol to within 24 hours of operation and 85 percent took it to within 48 hours. The mean dose of propranolol was 77 mg/day (range, 10 to 320 mg/day). Anesthetic technics and agents included enflurane, halothane, N2O-narcotic-relaxant, and spinal anesthesia. There were only three episodes of hypotension, all of which responded to a decreased depth of general anesthesia, IV fluid administration, and, in one patient, a small dose of a vasopressor. There were no intraoperative or postoperative deaths. It is concluded that if propranolol is indicated for medical control of the patient's symptoms, it need not be discontinued before surgical anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:942820", "title": "Absence of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during halothane and enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "The effects of halothane and enflurane anesthesia under conditions of normo-, hyper-, and hypocarbia on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the goat were evaluated. The goat was selected because of its unique arterial blood supply to the head and the development of a method by which CBF may be continuously measured. The study revealed that 1 MAC of halothane or enflurane anesthesia at normocarbia abolished cerebral autoregulation, CBF increasing or decreasing with increasing or decreasing peripheral blood pressure. Reduction of anesthesia to 0.5 MAC partially restored cerebral autoregulatory capability. The effect of 1 MAC and 0.5 MAC anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation of blood flow was potentiated by hypercarbia and antagonized by hypocarbia, indicating that the vascular response to blood CO2 fluctuations remained intact.", "contents": "Absence of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow during halothane and enflurane anesthesia. The effects of halothane and enflurane anesthesia under conditions of normo-, hyper-, and hypocarbia on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the goat were evaluated. The goat was selected because of its unique arterial blood supply to the head and the development of a method by which CBF may be continuously measured. The study revealed that 1 MAC of halothane or enflurane anesthesia at normocarbia abolished cerebral autoregulation, CBF increasing or decreasing with increasing or decreasing peripheral blood pressure. Reduction of anesthesia to 0.5 MAC partially restored cerebral autoregulatory capability. The effect of 1 MAC and 0.5 MAC anesthesia on cerebral autoregulation of blood flow was potentiated by hypercarbia and antagonized by hypocarbia, indicating that the vascular response to blood CO2 fluctuations remained intact."}
{"id": "PMID:942827", "title": "Cardiac failure associated with hypocalcemia.", "content": "Rapid transfusion of citrated whole blood was associated with acute hypotension and a rising central venous pressure in a patient undergoing pelvic exenteration and hemipelvectomy. Evidence of cardiac failure was accompanied by a precipitous decrease in serum ionized calcium (Ca++) concentration. When the rate of blood transfusion was slowed, arterial blood pressure returned to the control level and serum Ca++ increased.", "contents": "Cardiac failure associated with hypocalcemia. Rapid transfusion of citrated whole blood was associated with acute hypotension and a rising central venous pressure in a patient undergoing pelvic exenteration and hemipelvectomy. Evidence of cardiac failure was accompanied by a precipitous decrease in serum ionized calcium (Ca++) concentration. When the rate of blood transfusion was slowed, arterial blood pressure returned to the control level and serum Ca++ increased."}
{"id": "PMID:942828", "title": "Hypnosis for monitoring intraoperative spinal cord function.", "content": "In such procedures as the Harrington operation for idiopathic scoliosis, evaluation of spinal cord function is advisable immediately after the back is straightened. The authors have used hypnosis for this procedure, as an adjunct to anesthetic management. Patients are awakened on the table, given lower extremity tests, and are then reanesthetized. The incidence of postoperative pain and other discomfort is also reduced by hypnosis.", "contents": "Hypnosis for monitoring intraoperative spinal cord function. In such procedures as the Harrington operation for idiopathic scoliosis, evaluation of spinal cord function is advisable immediately after the back is straightened. The authors have used hypnosis for this procedure, as an adjunct to anesthetic management. Patients are awakened on the table, given lower extremity tests, and are then reanesthetized. The incidence of postoperative pain and other discomfort is also reduced by hypnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:942823", "title": "Effect of mechanical ventilation with end-inspiratory pause on blood-gas exchange.", "content": "The effects of end-inspiratory pause (EIP) on gas exchange were measured in 10 adult patients with acute respiratory insufficiency while maintained on mechanical ventilation. Four inspiratory patterns were studied with a constant tidal volume (10 to 15 ml/kg body weight), respiratory rate (9 to 12 breaths/min), FIO2 (0.5) and end-expiratory pressure. Inspiratory flow rate (V insp) and EIP time were varied to produce a control pattern (V insp = 60 L/min, EIP = 0), 2 EIP patterns of 0.6 and 1.2 seconds with a similar V insp and a \"slow\" flow pattern (V insp = 30 L/min) without EIP. The control pattern was applied before and after each study period. Arterial oxygenation was unchanged with both EIP and \"slow\" flow patterns when compared to control. Dead-space ventilation (VD/VT) and Paco2 were significantly decreased (p less than 0.01) as EIP was increased from 0 to 1.2 seconds, but remained unchanged with slow inspiratory flow. Thus, EIP improved the efficiency of ventilation with no apparent improvement in oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Effect of mechanical ventilation with end-inspiratory pause on blood-gas exchange. The effects of end-inspiratory pause (EIP) on gas exchange were measured in 10 adult patients with acute respiratory insufficiency while maintained on mechanical ventilation. Four inspiratory patterns were studied with a constant tidal volume (10 to 15 ml/kg body weight), respiratory rate (9 to 12 breaths/min), FIO2 (0.5) and end-expiratory pressure. Inspiratory flow rate (V insp) and EIP time were varied to produce a control pattern (V insp = 60 L/min, EIP = 0), 2 EIP patterns of 0.6 and 1.2 seconds with a similar V insp and a \"slow\" flow pattern (V insp = 30 L/min) without EIP. The control pattern was applied before and after each study period. Arterial oxygenation was unchanged with both EIP and \"slow\" flow patterns when compared to control. Dead-space ventilation (VD/VT) and Paco2 were significantly decreased (p less than 0.01) as EIP was increased from 0 to 1.2 seconds, but remained unchanged with slow inspiratory flow. Thus, EIP improved the efficiency of ventilation with no apparent improvement in oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:942829", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of morphine during and early after cardiac operations.", "content": "Hemodynamics and blood gases were measured before and 15 minutes after small (10 mg/70 kg) doses of intravenously administered morphine in two groups of patients having open heart surgery. In one group, the study was undertaken after median sternotomy but before perfusion. The other group had been in the intensive care unit for approximately 1 hour. No changes were found in either group in cardiac index, atrial pressures, arterial pressure, or blood gas variables. However, mean systemic vascular resistance decreased from 41.5 to 35.4 after morphine was given postoperatively. Hence, hemodynamically, morphine is a safe drug if given in small doses for pain relief and sedation early after open heart surgery.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of morphine during and early after cardiac operations. Hemodynamics and blood gases were measured before and 15 minutes after small (10 mg/70 kg) doses of intravenously administered morphine in two groups of patients having open heart surgery. In one group, the study was undertaken after median sternotomy but before perfusion. The other group had been in the intensive care unit for approximately 1 hour. No changes were found in either group in cardiac index, atrial pressures, arterial pressure, or blood gas variables. However, mean systemic vascular resistance decreased from 41.5 to 35.4 after morphine was given postoperatively. Hence, hemodynamically, morphine is a safe drug if given in small doses for pain relief and sedation early after open heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:942836", "title": "A one-year survey of mold growth inside twelve homes.", "content": "A survey was performed of the mold flora in the air and on the surfaces inside twelve homes throughout four seasons. There were significant variations of the mold flora in homes associated with the outdoor spore count, various rooms, carpeting, central air-conditioning and pets. We conclude that homes may be a source of perennial mold exposure.", "contents": "A one-year survey of mold growth inside twelve homes. A survey was performed of the mold flora in the air and on the surfaces inside twelve homes throughout four seasons. There were significant variations of the mold flora in homes associated with the outdoor spore count, various rooms, carpeting, central air-conditioning and pets. We conclude that homes may be a source of perennial mold exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:942830", "title": "The pulmonary absorption-excretion volume effect.", "content": "An in-vitro experiment demonstrated the concentration effect of N2O (3% versus 75%) during elimination and during uptake. Other pulmonary absorption-excretion phenomena also occur simultaneously, as paired events during uptake and then during elimination:diffusion hyperoxia and diffusion anoxia; alveolar concentration of CO2, and alveolar dilution of CO2. These clinical phenomena, as well as the second gas effect, are all related, and the pulmonary absorption-excretion volume is found to depend in part on the type of ventilation:volume controlled, pressure controlled, or spontaneous respiration.", "contents": "The pulmonary absorption-excretion volume effect. An in-vitro experiment demonstrated the concentration effect of N2O (3% versus 75%) during elimination and during uptake. Other pulmonary absorption-excretion phenomena also occur simultaneously, as paired events during uptake and then during elimination:diffusion hyperoxia and diffusion anoxia; alveolar concentration of CO2, and alveolar dilution of CO2. These clinical phenomena, as well as the second gas effect, are all related, and the pulmonary absorption-excretion volume is found to depend in part on the type of ventilation:volume controlled, pressure controlled, or spontaneous respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:942831", "title": "Laryngeal stenosis in acromegaly: a possible cause of airway difficulties associated with anesthesia.", "content": "After difficult intubation in an acromegalic patient was encountered, 7 additional acromegalic patients were studied by measuring the cricoid width and anteroposterior diameter. Cricoid width and anteroposterior diameter were generally found to be narrower than in a group of normal patients. Such narrowing may explain airway problems encountered in acromegalic surgical patients.", "contents": "Laryngeal stenosis in acromegaly: a possible cause of airway difficulties associated with anesthesia. After difficult intubation in an acromegalic patient was encountered, 7 additional acromegalic patients were studied by measuring the cricoid width and anteroposterior diameter. Cricoid width and anteroposterior diameter were generally found to be narrower than in a group of normal patients. Such narrowing may explain airway problems encountered in acromegalic surgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:942832", "title": "Caudal analgesia for quadruplet delivery.", "content": "During the period January 1969 to November 1974, in a total of 39,800 deliveries, there were two sets of quadruplets. Both parturients had been taking ovulation-inducing drugs. Maternal problems were distended abdomen and heavy uterus, causing supine hypotension and lordosis; toxemia of pregnancy; increased possibility of hemorrhage before, during and/or after delivery; edema of the back; mental depression. The fetal problems were prematurity; intrauterine growth retardation; increased possibility of transfusion syndrome and prolapsed cord; increased obstetric manipulation. An adequate number of obstetricians, pediatricians, anesthesiologists, and nurses, necessary equipment, and blood and blood components should be available. Early  hospitalization is necessary. Close observation of the patient before, during, and after delivery is essential. The patient should stay on her side throughout the labor. General anesthesia may add to fetal depression and increase the possibility of uterine atony. Spinal or lumbar epidural anesthesia may be difficult because of the associated lordosis and back edema. Caudal block allowed intrauterine manipulation; provided adequate analgesia, permitted high FIO2 administration, and did not interfere with voluntary bearing down when required.", "contents": "Caudal analgesia for quadruplet delivery. During the period January 1969 to November 1974, in a total of 39,800 deliveries, there were two sets of quadruplets. Both parturients had been taking ovulation-inducing drugs. Maternal problems were distended abdomen and heavy uterus, causing supine hypotension and lordosis; toxemia of pregnancy; increased possibility of hemorrhage before, during and/or after delivery; edema of the back; mental depression. The fetal problems were prematurity; intrauterine growth retardation; increased possibility of transfusion syndrome and prolapsed cord; increased obstetric manipulation. An adequate number of obstetricians, pediatricians, anesthesiologists, and nurses, necessary equipment, and blood and blood components should be available. Early  hospitalization is necessary. Close observation of the patient before, during, and after delivery is essential. The patient should stay on her side throughout the labor. General anesthesia may add to fetal depression and increase the possibility of uterine atony. Spinal or lumbar epidural anesthesia may be difficult because of the associated lordosis and back edema. Caudal block allowed intrauterine manipulation; provided adequate analgesia, permitted high FIO2 administration, and did not interfere with voluntary bearing down when required."}
{"id": "PMID:942837", "title": "Changes in calves and rats consuming milk from cows fed chronic lethal doses of Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort).", "content": "Chronic lethal doses of Senecio jacobaea, which contains 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, were fed to 6 cows close to parturition. Their calves were allowed to suckle for 40 to 126 days to determine whether pyrrolizidine alkaloids or their toxic metabolites had been passed into the cow's milk. Histopathologic changes were not detected in the calves consuming the milk; however, clinical chemical tests suggested the presence of hepatic biochemical lesions. Rats gavaged daily for 30 days with milk from Senecio-fed cows were not grossly or histopathologically affected.", "contents": "Changes in calves and rats consuming milk from cows fed chronic lethal doses of Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort). Chronic lethal doses of Senecio jacobaea, which contains 6 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, were fed to 6 cows close to parturition. Their calves were allowed to suckle for 40 to 126 days to determine whether pyrrolizidine alkaloids or their toxic metabolites had been passed into the cow's milk. Histopathologic changes were not detected in the calves consuming the milk; however, clinical chemical tests suggested the presence of hepatic biochemical lesions. Rats gavaged daily for 30 days with milk from Senecio-fed cows were not grossly or histopathologically affected."}
{"id": "PMID:942838", "title": "Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: physiologic and biochemical examinations.", "content": "Renal disease was detected in 21 of 56 progeny from a specific line of inbred Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs. Results of hematologic and clinical chemistry examinations revealed that minor differences existed between affected and nonaffected NE dogs. Of 21 NE dogs with renal disease, 3 had persistent glucosuria without hyperglycemia. The 21 affected dogs had impaired ability to concentrate urine. According to renal function tests, glomerular filtration rate of normal NE dogs was less than that of normal mixed breed dogs. Although a few affected NE dogs excreted large amounts of amino acids in urine, statistically significant differences did not exist between normal and affected NE dogs with regard to alpha-amino acid nitrogen content of their plasma or urine. By paper chromatographic separation techniques, free amino acids of plasma, urine, and extracts of liver and kidney were not qualitatively different for mixed breed dogs, normal NE, and NE with renal disease. Statistically significant differences were not detected between serum calcium concentrations of normal and affected NE dogs. In NE dogs with renal disease, there was significant hypercalciuria, but a few normal dogs excreted more than did some dogs with disease. Blood pressure values of normal mixed breed dogs and affected NE dogs were similar. It was concluded that hematologic and blood chemical abnormalities, derangement of amino acid or calcium metabolism, and hypertension were not associated with renal disease in these NE dogs.", "contents": "Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: physiologic and biochemical examinations. Renal disease was detected in 21 of 56 progeny from a specific line of inbred Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs. Results of hematologic and clinical chemistry examinations revealed that minor differences existed between affected and nonaffected NE dogs. Of 21 NE dogs with renal disease, 3 had persistent glucosuria without hyperglycemia. The 21 affected dogs had impaired ability to concentrate urine. According to renal function tests, glomerular filtration rate of normal NE dogs was less than that of normal mixed breed dogs. Although a few affected NE dogs excreted large amounts of amino acids in urine, statistically significant differences did not exist between normal and affected NE dogs with regard to alpha-amino acid nitrogen content of their plasma or urine. By paper chromatographic separation techniques, free amino acids of plasma, urine, and extracts of liver and kidney were not qualitatively different for mixed breed dogs, normal NE, and NE with renal disease. Statistically significant differences were not detected between serum calcium concentrations of normal and affected NE dogs. In NE dogs with renal disease, there was significant hypercalciuria, but a few normal dogs excreted more than did some dogs with disease. Blood pressure values of normal mixed breed dogs and affected NE dogs were similar. It was concluded that hematologic and blood chemical abnormalities, derangement of amino acid or calcium metabolism, and hypertension were not associated with renal disease in these NE dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:942839", "title": "Focal chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis associated with scleroderma.", "content": "A case of chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis in a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis is reported and the literature on the ocular manifestations of the disease is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Focal chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis associated with scleroderma. A case of chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis in a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis is reported and the literature on the ocular manifestations of the disease is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:942835", "title": "Low-dose intramuscular ketamine for pediatric radiotherapy: a case report.", "content": "Ketamine in low IM doses was found to produce satisfactory anesthesia for radiotherapy in a pediatric patient in a series of extended treatments. Change in anesthesiologists may have been a factor in increasing apprehension and anesthetic dosage in later treatments.", "contents": "Low-dose intramuscular ketamine for pediatric radiotherapy: a case report. Ketamine in low IM doses was found to produce satisfactory anesthesia for radiotherapy in a pediatric patient in a series of extended treatments. Change in anesthesiologists may have been a factor in increasing apprehension and anesthetic dosage in later treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:942833", "title": "Circulatory changes during anesthetic induction: impact of d-tubocurarine pretreatment, thiamylal, succinylcholine, laryngoscopy, and tracheal lidocaine.", "content": "Circulatory changes after IV d-tubocurarine (3 mg), thiamylal (4 mg/kg) plus succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) and followed by direct laryngoscopy with or without intratracheal lidocaine spray (2 mg/kg) just before endotracheal intubation (EI), were measured in 40 adult patients. Pretreatment with d-tubocurarine did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), or central venous pressure (CVP). One minute after thiamylal-succinylcholine and just before laryngoscopy, MAP was 15 torr less than the awake value (p less than 0.05) and HR was 13 beats/min greater than the awake value (p less than 0.05). Laryngoscopy and EI elevated MAP above awake levels and further increased HR in all patients. The magnitude of these responses immediately following EI was not altered by tracheal lidocaine. However, the pressor and HR changes following EI were more transient when tracheal lidocaine was used (20 patients) and these patients were more likely to tolerate the tracheal tube without immediate additional anesthesia. The incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias was not altered by tracheal lidocaine. Compared with awake values, the cardiac index did not change significantly following intubation but stroke volume was decreased (p less than 0.05), with or without tracheal lidocaine.", "contents": "Circulatory changes during anesthetic induction: impact of d-tubocurarine pretreatment, thiamylal, succinylcholine, laryngoscopy, and tracheal lidocaine. Circulatory changes after IV d-tubocurarine (3 mg), thiamylal (4 mg/kg) plus succinylcholine (2 mg/kg) and followed by direct laryngoscopy with or without intratracheal lidocaine spray (2 mg/kg) just before endotracheal intubation (EI), were measured in 40 adult patients. Pretreatment with d-tubocurarine did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), or central venous pressure (CVP). One minute after thiamylal-succinylcholine and just before laryngoscopy, MAP was 15 torr less than the awake value (p less than 0.05) and HR was 13 beats/min greater than the awake value (p less than 0.05). Laryngoscopy and EI elevated MAP above awake levels and further increased HR in all patients. The magnitude of these responses immediately following EI was not altered by tracheal lidocaine. However, the pressor and HR changes following EI were more transient when tracheal lidocaine was used (20 patients) and these patients were more likely to tolerate the tracheal tube without immediate additional anesthesia. The incidence of ventricular dysrhythmias was not altered by tracheal lidocaine. Compared with awake values, the cardiac index did not change significantly following intubation but stroke volume was decreased (p less than 0.05), with or without tracheal lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:942841", "title": "Extended use of intra-aortic balloon pumping in peripartum cardiomyopathy.", "content": "A patient with perinatal cardiomyopathy was greatly benefited physiologically by 7 weeks of intra-aortic balloon pumping. This experience documented that extended pumping can be carried out with only manageable complications. Although the patient survived the hospitalization, she died shortly thereafter of intractable congestive failure. Perinatal cardiomyopathy is a potentially reversible condition. Ventricular assistance by intra-aortic balloon pumping may be sustaining during continued systemic treatment of this entity. Further evaluation for longevity of more advanced congestive heart failure from cardiomyopathies needs further clinical trial.", "contents": "Extended use of intra-aortic balloon pumping in peripartum cardiomyopathy. A patient with perinatal cardiomyopathy was greatly benefited physiologically by 7 weeks of intra-aortic balloon pumping. This experience documented that extended pumping can be carried out with only manageable complications. Although the patient survived the hospitalization, she died shortly thereafter of intractable congestive failure. Perinatal cardiomyopathy is a potentially reversible condition. Ventricular assistance by intra-aortic balloon pumping may be sustaining during continued systemic treatment of this entity. Further evaluation for longevity of more advanced congestive heart failure from cardiomyopathies needs further clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:942842", "title": "Lower extremity ischemia after femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts.", "content": "Use of bovine carotid artery grafts for femoral arteriovenous fistulas is now an accepted method of circulatory access for patients who require chronic hemodialysis. A serious but infrequently mentioned complication of this technique is lower extremity ischemia secondary to an arterial steal phenomenon. Three cases of this syndrome are presented and specific recommendations made for preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in order to avoid this complication. A possible surgical technique for correction of this syndrome is also discussed.", "contents": "Lower extremity ischemia after femoral arteriovenous bovine shunts. Use of bovine carotid artery grafts for femoral arteriovenous fistulas is now an accepted method of circulatory access for patients who require chronic hemodialysis. A serious but infrequently mentioned complication of this technique is lower extremity ischemia secondary to an arterial steal phenomenon. Three cases of this syndrome are presented and specific recommendations made for preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in order to avoid this complication. A possible surgical technique for correction of this syndrome is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942843", "title": "Corticosteroid treatment of experimental smoke inhalation.", "content": "The effect of four corticosteroid analogs was evaluated in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury. Rats were exposed to white pine smoke for 15 minutes at 25 C, in a specially designed smoke apparatus. Methylprednisolone, 10 mg bid x 2d, starting one hour post exposure, was most effective in reducing expectant mortality (22.6%). A single injection of methylprednisolone, 20 mg, at one hour, resulted in a 76.7% reduction. There was no significant difference between the single injection of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, 4 mg, but the administration of analogs with primarily mineralocorticoid activity, cortisone and hydrocortisone, actually increased mortality. In the control rats, marked interstitial edema occurred by 24 hours, the absence of which following treatment correlated closely with the results of the mortality study. This suggests that post exposure death due to white pine smoke is a result of direct lung injury, with increased endothelial and alveolar membrane permeability and edema, and that administration of glucosteroids in massive doses was effective in reducing this permeability and resultant edema.", "contents": "Corticosteroid treatment of experimental smoke inhalation. The effect of four corticosteroid analogs was evaluated in the treatment of smoke inhalation injury. Rats were exposed to white pine smoke for 15 minutes at 25 C, in a specially designed smoke apparatus. Methylprednisolone, 10 mg bid x 2d, starting one hour post exposure, was most effective in reducing expectant mortality (22.6%). A single injection of methylprednisolone, 20 mg, at one hour, resulted in a 76.7% reduction. There was no significant difference between the single injection of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, 4 mg, but the administration of analogs with primarily mineralocorticoid activity, cortisone and hydrocortisone, actually increased mortality. In the control rats, marked interstitial edema occurred by 24 hours, the absence of which following treatment correlated closely with the results of the mortality study. This suggests that post exposure death due to white pine smoke is a result of direct lung injury, with increased endothelial and alveolar membrane permeability and edema, and that administration of glucosteroids in massive doses was effective in reducing this permeability and resultant edema."}
{"id": "PMID:942844", "title": "The modified bovine heterograft in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The results of 100 modified bovine heterografts constructed in 93 patients for subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas for chronic hemodialysis have been reviewed. Fifty-seven patients had the bovine heterograft inserted as the primary method of vascular access. Twenty-eight patients had complications consisting of graft thrombosis and stenosis, graft infection, and hemorrhage that required additional surgical procedures. Three patients with diabetes mellitus developed ischemia of the hand. Fourteen patients have died but none of the deaths could be attributable to the use of the bovine heterograft. In our experience the modified bovine heterograft has enjoyed a higher patient acceptance as compared to other methods of vascular access for hemodialysis. The chief advantage of the bovine graft has been the ability to use the graft in any patient as a means of immediate dialysis.", "contents": "The modified bovine heterograft in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. The results of 100 modified bovine heterografts constructed in 93 patients for subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas for chronic hemodialysis have been reviewed. Fifty-seven patients had the bovine heterograft inserted as the primary method of vascular access. Twenty-eight patients had complications consisting of graft thrombosis and stenosis, graft infection, and hemorrhage that required additional surgical procedures. Three patients with diabetes mellitus developed ischemia of the hand. Fourteen patients have died but none of the deaths could be attributable to the use of the bovine heterograft. In our experience the modified bovine heterograft has enjoyed a higher patient acceptance as compared to other methods of vascular access for hemodialysis. The chief advantage of the bovine graft has been the ability to use the graft in any patient as a means of immediate dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:942845", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Three patients had severe, symptomatic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that was refractory to prednisone treatment but that responded to splenectomy alone or in addition to immunosuppressive-cytotoxic treatment. Evidence of high titer of an antiplatelet factor, most likely an antibody, was corroborated in one case by the 14C-platelet serotonin release assay. This experience suggests that the treatment of ITP complicating CLL is similar to that of ITP not associated with lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Three patients had severe, symptomatic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) complicating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that was refractory to prednisone treatment but that responded to splenectomy alone or in addition to immunosuppressive-cytotoxic treatment. Evidence of high titer of an antiplatelet factor, most likely an antibody, was corroborated in one case by the 14C-platelet serotonin release assay. This experience suggests that the treatment of ITP complicating CLL is similar to that of ITP not associated with lymphoproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:942847", "title": "Argon laser application to the angle structures in the glaucomas.", "content": "The argon laser beams' effect on angle structures was studied in 20 uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. Nineteen eyes became hypotensive quickly, but in 15, the elevated tension returned during the 20 to 40 day follow-up period. Four eyes sustained low pressures throughout the ten-month follow-up period. Two were of babies with congenital glaucoma, one had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation, and one was aphakic following congenital cataract extraction. Ten eyes were medically controlled postoperatively, and six were failures that had to undergo further surgery. Outflow facility measurements revealed an increase in C values during the hypotensive period. The C values were reduced later, with the decrease corresponding to the increase in intraocular pressures. The hypotensive effect together with the increase in outflow facility was probably related to laser-induced openings in the angle structures. The varying results at the later stages depended on whether or not these openings remained opened, or became partially or completely closed during healing.", "contents": "Argon laser application to the angle structures in the glaucomas. The argon laser beams' effect on angle structures was studied in 20 uncontrolled glaucomatous eyes. Nineteen eyes became hypotensive quickly, but in 15, the elevated tension returned during the 20 to 40 day follow-up period. Four eyes sustained low pressures throughout the ten-month follow-up period. Two were of babies with congenital glaucoma, one had simple glaucoma following an unsuccessful filtering operation, and one was aphakic following congenital cataract extraction. Ten eyes were medically controlled postoperatively, and six were failures that had to undergo further surgery. Outflow facility measurements revealed an increase in C values during the hypotensive period. The C values were reduced later, with the decrease corresponding to the increase in intraocular pressures. The hypotensive effect together with the increase in outflow facility was probably related to laser-induced openings in the angle structures. The varying results at the later stages depended on whether or not these openings remained opened, or became partially or completely closed during healing."}
{"id": "PMID:942853", "title": "Chemical modification of carboxypeptidase A crystals. Nitration of tyrosine-248.", "content": "Nitration of bovine carboxypeptidase A crystals with tetranitromethane increases esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity, and modifies about one tyrosyl residue. Modification of enzyme crystals avoids the polymerization that occurs when the enzyme is nitrated in solution. Two procedures have been employed to identify the tyrosyl residues nitrated. The first involves cyanogen bromide cleavage and isolation of the fragment containing residues 104-301. After solubilization by succinylation, this fragment is digested with chymotrypsin, the peptides are fractionated by gel filtration, and the nitrotyrosyl peptides are purified by affinity chromatography on an antinitrotyrosyl antibody-Sepharose conjugate followed by ion-exchange chromatography. In the second, the nitroenzyme is heat denatured, digested by chymotrypsin, and fractionated on the affinity and ion-exchange columns. By both methods, the major mitropeptides, representing between 60 and 80% of the nitrotyrosyl label, are uniquely compatible with that segment of the sequence of carboxypeptidase containing Tyr-248. A nearby cation, either the active site zinc ion or Arg-145, would seem to be an important factor in determining the selective nitration of this residue.", "contents": "Chemical modification of carboxypeptidase A crystals. Nitration of tyrosine-248. Nitration of bovine carboxypeptidase A crystals with tetranitromethane increases esterase activity, decreases peptidase activity, and modifies about one tyrosyl residue. Modification of enzyme crystals avoids the polymerization that occurs when the enzyme is nitrated in solution. Two procedures have been employed to identify the tyrosyl residues nitrated. The first involves cyanogen bromide cleavage and isolation of the fragment containing residues 104-301. After solubilization by succinylation, this fragment is digested with chymotrypsin, the peptides are fractionated by gel filtration, and the nitrotyrosyl peptides are purified by affinity chromatography on an antinitrotyrosyl antibody-Sepharose conjugate followed by ion-exchange chromatography. In the second, the nitroenzyme is heat denatured, digested by chymotrypsin, and fractionated on the affinity and ion-exchange columns. By both methods, the major mitropeptides, representing between 60 and 80% of the nitrotyrosyl label, are uniquely compatible with that segment of the sequence of carboxypeptidase containing Tyr-248. A nearby cation, either the active site zinc ion or Arg-145, would seem to be an important factor in determining the selective nitration of this residue."}
{"id": "PMID:942854", "title": "The role of lysine in the action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A.", "content": "The involvement of lysine residues in the active site of pancreatic ribonuclease has been investigated by assessing (a) the degree of substrate and substrate analogue protection of individual lysine residues against acetylation, and (b) the individual contribution of remaining unacetylated lysine residues to the total catalytic activity of the enzyme. Different substrate analogues (RNA digest, CMP, ATP, and pyrophosphate) were found to give different degrees of protection against acetylation with acetic anhydride. Instead of the expected specific protection of active site lysine residues such as lysine-7 and lysine-41, however, a general decrease in reactivity of all the lysines was observed when the substrate analogues were present during the acetylation. The fraction of enzymatic activity remaining in the protected samples was consistently greater than the fraction of any one lysine remaining unacetylated, and was found to correspond fairly well with the sum of the fractions of unacetylated lysine-7, lysine-41, and a third residue, tentatively assigned as lysine-66. This is consistent with other observations of ribonuclease which suggest that while no lysine residue interacts with substrate and substrate analogues in the formation of the Michaelis-Menten complex, a lysine amino group is required for catalysis. It is proposed that this lysine amino group can be supplied by any one of two or three lysine residues (7, 41, and 66) located close to the substrate binding site.", "contents": "The role of lysine in the action of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. The involvement of lysine residues in the active site of pancreatic ribonuclease has been investigated by assessing (a) the degree of substrate and substrate analogue protection of individual lysine residues against acetylation, and (b) the individual contribution of remaining unacetylated lysine residues to the total catalytic activity of the enzyme. Different substrate analogues (RNA digest, CMP, ATP, and pyrophosphate) were found to give different degrees of protection against acetylation with acetic anhydride. Instead of the expected specific protection of active site lysine residues such as lysine-7 and lysine-41, however, a general decrease in reactivity of all the lysines was observed when the substrate analogues were present during the acetylation. The fraction of enzymatic activity remaining in the protected samples was consistently greater than the fraction of any one lysine remaining unacetylated, and was found to correspond fairly well with the sum of the fractions of unacetylated lysine-7, lysine-41, and a third residue, tentatively assigned as lysine-66. This is consistent with other observations of ribonuclease which suggest that while no lysine residue interacts with substrate and substrate analogues in the formation of the Michaelis-Menten complex, a lysine amino group is required for catalysis. It is proposed that this lysine amino group can be supplied by any one of two or three lysine residues (7, 41, and 66) located close to the substrate binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:942855", "title": "Influence of electric dichroism on the temperature-jump relaxation study of proflavine-DNA complexes.", "content": "The temperature-jump relaxation kinetics of proflavine-DNA complexes has been reinvestigated with a standard apparatus equipped for absorption detection of plane-polarized light in order to discriminate between chemical relaxation and transient orientation effects. Under low ionic strength conditions (0.015 M Na+), these effects may represent the major contribution to the signal when the T-jump apparatus is used without a polarizer. They have been improperly assigned to chemical relaxation in previous work. The actual relaxation times are smaller than 30 musec at 10 degrees C. Under medium ionic strength conditions (0.2 M Na+) it is shown that: (i) the \"instantaneous\" change of transmission reported in earlier work (Li, H. J., and Crothers, D. M. (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 39, 461-477; Schmechel, D. E. V., and Crothers, D. M. (1971), Biopolymers 10, 465-480) is due to orientation effects; (ii) an intermediate exists whose absorption spectrum resembles somewhat that of proflavine aggregates on a linear polyanion; (iii) the rate constants for outside binding may be significantly larger than previously reported. The new kinetic data are consistent with a modified mechanism derived from equilibrium studies (Ramstein, J., Hogrel, J. F., Dourlent, M., Leng, M., an H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, C. 1973), in Dynamic Aspects of Conformation Changes in Biological Macromolecules, Sadron, C., Ed., Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel Publisher, pp 333-347; Dourlent, M., and Hogrel, J. F. (1976), Biopolymers (in press)), but, however, do not unambiguously prove it. From these studies, it is inferred that orientation effects can perturb relaxation data on systems containing linear polymers in many cases.", "contents": "Influence of electric dichroism on the temperature-jump relaxation study of proflavine-DNA complexes. The temperature-jump relaxation kinetics of proflavine-DNA complexes has been reinvestigated with a standard apparatus equipped for absorption detection of plane-polarized light in order to discriminate between chemical relaxation and transient orientation effects. Under low ionic strength conditions (0.015 M Na+), these effects may represent the major contribution to the signal when the T-jump apparatus is used without a polarizer. They have been improperly assigned to chemical relaxation in previous work. The actual relaxation times are smaller than 30 musec at 10 degrees C. Under medium ionic strength conditions (0.2 M Na+) it is shown that: (i) the \"instantaneous\" change of transmission reported in earlier work (Li, H. J., and Crothers, D. M. (1969), J. Mol. Biol. 39, 461-477; Schmechel, D. E. V., and Crothers, D. M. (1971), Biopolymers 10, 465-480) is due to orientation effects; (ii) an intermediate exists whose absorption spectrum resembles somewhat that of proflavine aggregates on a linear polyanion; (iii) the rate constants for outside binding may be significantly larger than previously reported. The new kinetic data are consistent with a modified mechanism derived from equilibrium studies (Ramstein, J., Hogrel, J. F., Dourlent, M., Leng, M., an H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, C. 1973), in Dynamic Aspects of Conformation Changes in Biological Macromolecules, Sadron, C., Ed., Dordrecht, Holland, Reidel Publisher, pp 333-347; Dourlent, M., and Hogrel, J. F. (1976), Biopolymers (in press)), but, however, do not unambiguously prove it. From these studies, it is inferred that orientation effects can perturb relaxation data on systems containing linear polymers in many cases."}
{"id": "PMID:942856", "title": "Polynucleotide displacement reactions: detection by interferon induction.", "content": "A large variety of displacement reactions between homopolynucleotides and complexes thereof has been demonstrated by interferon induction data obtained in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures superinduced with metabolic inhibitors. The polymers involved in these helix-coil displacement studies were: poly(adenylic acid), poly(inosinic acid), poly(cytidylic acid), poly(uridylic acid), poly(ribothymidylic acid), polylaurusin, poly(7-deazaadenylic acid), poly(7-deazainosinic acid), poly(5-bromocytidylic acid), and poly(5-bromouridylic acid). As monitored by ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, all displacement reactions were directed toward the formation of the helix with the higher thermal stability. Concomitantly, the resulting helix was invariably more active as interferon inducer than the reactant helix, except for some reactions in which poly(7-deazaadenylic acid) was involved. For the latter reactions both the reactant and resultant helices were inactive as interferon inducer. The interferon induction data revealed that all displacement reactions proceeded to completion within 1 h even at temperatures well below the Tm of the reactant helix. The helix-coil displacement reaction could also be monitored by sucrose velocity gradient analysis, and, as evidenced for poly(A)-2poly(I) + 2poly(C) leads to 2poly(I)-poly(C) + poly(A), readily occurred at the cellular level, presumably at the cell surface.", "contents": "Polynucleotide displacement reactions: detection by interferon induction. A large variety of displacement reactions between homopolynucleotides and complexes thereof has been demonstrated by interferon induction data obtained in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures superinduced with metabolic inhibitors. The polymers involved in these helix-coil displacement studies were: poly(adenylic acid), poly(inosinic acid), poly(cytidylic acid), poly(uridylic acid), poly(ribothymidylic acid), polylaurusin, poly(7-deazaadenylic acid), poly(7-deazainosinic acid), poly(5-bromocytidylic acid), and poly(5-bromouridylic acid). As monitored by ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, all displacement reactions were directed toward the formation of the helix with the higher thermal stability. Concomitantly, the resulting helix was invariably more active as interferon inducer than the reactant helix, except for some reactions in which poly(7-deazaadenylic acid) was involved. For the latter reactions both the reactant and resultant helices were inactive as interferon inducer. The interferon induction data revealed that all displacement reactions proceeded to completion within 1 h even at temperatures well below the Tm of the reactant helix. The helix-coil displacement reaction could also be monitored by sucrose velocity gradient analysis, and, as evidenced for poly(A)-2poly(I) + 2poly(C) leads to 2poly(I)-poly(C) + poly(A), readily occurred at the cellular level, presumably at the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:942857", "title": "Triple-helical polynucleotides. Mixed triplexes of the poly(uridylic acid)-poly(adenylic acid)-poly(uridylic acid) class.", "content": "By the techniques of interferon induction in primary rabbit kidney cells \"superinduced\" with metabolic inhibitors, ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, sensitivity to pancreatic ribonuclease A, and sucrose velocity gradient ultracentrifugation, a number of reactions between double-helical RNA and single-stranded RNA or DNA homopolymers were investigated. The polymers involved in these studies were poly(adenylic acid), poly(uridylic acid), poly(ribothymidylic acid), poly(5-bromouridylic acid), poly(deoxythymidylic acid), poly(deoxyuridylic acid), poly(3-methyluridylic acid), poly(2'-O-methyluridylic acid), and poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridylic acid). Two different reaction courses, both leading to the formation of triple helices, were noted: (1) poly(Ux)-poly(A) + poly(Uy) leads to poly(Ux)-poly(A)-poly(Uy) if the Tm of poly(Ux)-poly(A) was higher than the Tm of poly(Uy)-poly(A); (2) poly(Ux)-poly(A) + poly(Uy) leads to poly(Uy)-poly(A)-poly(Ux) if the Tm of poly(Ux)-poly(A) was lower than the Tm of poly(Uy)-poly(A). In these equations, the homopolymer written to the left of poly(A) implies Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding whereas the polymer to the right of poly(A) is involved in Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding.", "contents": "Triple-helical polynucleotides. Mixed triplexes of the poly(uridylic acid)-poly(adenylic acid)-poly(uridylic acid) class. By the techniques of interferon induction in primary rabbit kidney cells \"superinduced\" with metabolic inhibitors, ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, sensitivity to pancreatic ribonuclease A, and sucrose velocity gradient ultracentrifugation, a number of reactions between double-helical RNA and single-stranded RNA or DNA homopolymers were investigated. The polymers involved in these studies were poly(adenylic acid), poly(uridylic acid), poly(ribothymidylic acid), poly(5-bromouridylic acid), poly(deoxythymidylic acid), poly(deoxyuridylic acid), poly(3-methyluridylic acid), poly(2'-O-methyluridylic acid), and poly(2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridylic acid). Two different reaction courses, both leading to the formation of triple helices, were noted: (1) poly(Ux)-poly(A) + poly(Uy) leads to poly(Ux)-poly(A)-poly(Uy) if the Tm of poly(Ux)-poly(A) was higher than the Tm of poly(Uy)-poly(A); (2) poly(Ux)-poly(A) + poly(Uy) leads to poly(Uy)-poly(A)-poly(Ux) if the Tm of poly(Ux)-poly(A) was lower than the Tm of poly(Uy)-poly(A). In these equations, the homopolymer written to the left of poly(A) implies Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding whereas the polymer to the right of poly(A) is involved in Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding."}
{"id": "PMID:942858", "title": "Structure of wye (Yt base) and wyosine (Yt) from Torulopsis utilis phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid.", "content": "A fluorescent base wye (Yt base) was isolated from Torulopsis utilis tRNAPhe. The structure was established as 4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine based on ultraviolet (uv), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectra, and by direct comparison with synthetic material. The nucleoside, wyosine (Yt), was isolated from purified tRNAPhe by enzymatic degradations followed by column and thin-layer chromatographies. The structure of wyosine is proposed as 3-ribofuranosyl-4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazol[1,2-alpha]purine (the ribosyl group is attached to the N-9 position of guanine nucleus) on the basis of comparison with model compounds.", "contents": "Structure of wye (Yt base) and wyosine (Yt) from Torulopsis utilis phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid. A fluorescent base wye (Yt base) was isolated from Torulopsis utilis tRNAPhe. The structure was established as 4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine based on ultraviolet (uv), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectra, and by direct comparison with synthetic material. The nucleoside, wyosine (Yt), was isolated from purified tRNAPhe by enzymatic degradations followed by column and thin-layer chromatographies. The structure of wyosine is proposed as 3-ribofuranosyl-4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazol[1,2-alpha]purine (the ribosyl group is attached to the N-9 position of guanine nucleus) on the basis of comparison with model compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:942859", "title": "SS-interchanged and oxidized isomers of bovine serum albumin separated by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Column isoelectric focusing separates commercial bovine serum albumin in 5 fractions with isoionic points in the vicinity of that of mercaptalbumin (pI 5.24). About 20% of the bovine albumin have isoionic points higher than mercaptalbumin and are split into two fractions, both recognized as SS-interchanges isomers: (1) pI 5.39 is the \"aged\" albumin described by Nikkel and Foster (1971, Biochemistry 10, 4479); (2) pI 5.45 represents a further degree of SS-interchange, catalyzed by small amounts of cysteine in the solution ('cysteine-aged' albumin). In 6 M urea the \"cysteine-aged\" albumin is electrofocused to the same pH value as mercaptalbumin. In 6 M urea 40% of commercial albumin focuses in 3 fractions with isoionic points lower than mercaptalbumin. This percentage will increase during incubation at oxidizing conditions (\"oxidized\" albumin). Electrofocused in water the oxidized fractions have isoionic points at pI 5.28, 5.18 and 5.12, respectively. The shifts in isoionic point of the \"oxidized\" albumins are caused by irreversible changes in the primary structure. Although the free SH group of albumin is oxidized during the oxidation reaction, the observed changes in isoionic points are caused by modifications of some other amino acid residues. Both \"cysteine-ageing\" and \"oxidation\" are inhibited by alkylation of the SH group. \"Cysteine-ageing\" is furthermore inhibited when the bovine albumin is \"oxidized\".", "contents": "SS-interchanged and oxidized isomers of bovine serum albumin separated by isoelectric focusing. Column isoelectric focusing separates commercial bovine serum albumin in 5 fractions with isoionic points in the vicinity of that of mercaptalbumin (pI 5.24). About 20% of the bovine albumin have isoionic points higher than mercaptalbumin and are split into two fractions, both recognized as SS-interchanges isomers: (1) pI 5.39 is the \"aged\" albumin described by Nikkel and Foster (1971, Biochemistry 10, 4479); (2) pI 5.45 represents a further degree of SS-interchange, catalyzed by small amounts of cysteine in the solution ('cysteine-aged' albumin). In 6 M urea the \"cysteine-aged\" albumin is electrofocused to the same pH value as mercaptalbumin. In 6 M urea 40% of commercial albumin focuses in 3 fractions with isoionic points lower than mercaptalbumin. This percentage will increase during incubation at oxidizing conditions (\"oxidized\" albumin). Electrofocused in water the oxidized fractions have isoionic points at pI 5.28, 5.18 and 5.12, respectively. The shifts in isoionic point of the \"oxidized\" albumins are caused by irreversible changes in the primary structure. Although the free SH group of albumin is oxidized during the oxidation reaction, the observed changes in isoionic points are caused by modifications of some other amino acid residues. Both \"cysteine-ageing\" and \"oxidation\" are inhibited by alkylation of the SH group. \"Cysteine-ageing\" is furthermore inhibited when the bovine albumin is \"oxidized\"."}
{"id": "PMID:942860", "title": "Further studies on the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction with an intracellular particulate fraction of the fungus, Alternaria tomato.", "content": "Further studies have been made on the blue and near ultraviolet-reversible photoreaction in a cell-free system of the fungus Alternaria tomato, prepared by two-layer sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A light-minus-dark difference spectrum of the supernatant fraction showed a dip in the near ultraviolet region, mainly at 280 nm, when irradiated with near ultraviolet light which could not be reversed by following the initial irradiation with blue light. The difference spectrum of the dialyzed particulate fraction, located in the 68% sucrose band, showed a peak absorbance in the blue region, mainly at 400 nm, when irradiated with near ultraviolet light, and also could not be reversed by blue light. When the particulate fraction plus the supernatant fraction was irradiated with near ultraviolet light, the increment rate of peak absorbance in the  blue region increased compared to that of the particulate fraction lacking the supernatant, and both peak absorbance in the blue region and the  dip in the near ultraviolet region were reversed by irradiation with blue light following the application of near ultraviolet light. Thus, it was concluded that two photoresponsive systems are involved in blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction on an intracellular particulate fraction.", "contents": "Further studies on the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction with an intracellular particulate fraction of the fungus, Alternaria tomato. Further studies have been made on the blue and near ultraviolet-reversible photoreaction in a cell-free system of the fungus Alternaria tomato, prepared by two-layer sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A light-minus-dark difference spectrum of the supernatant fraction showed a dip in the near ultraviolet region, mainly at 280 nm, when irradiated with near ultraviolet light which could not be reversed by following the initial irradiation with blue light. The difference spectrum of the dialyzed particulate fraction, located in the 68% sucrose band, showed a peak absorbance in the blue region, mainly at 400 nm, when irradiated with near ultraviolet light, and also could not be reversed by blue light. When the particulate fraction plus the supernatant fraction was irradiated with near ultraviolet light, the increment rate of peak absorbance in the  blue region increased compared to that of the particulate fraction lacking the supernatant, and both peak absorbance in the blue region and the  dip in the near ultraviolet region were reversed by irradiation with blue light following the application of near ultraviolet light. Thus, it was concluded that two photoresponsive systems are involved in blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction on an intracellular particulate fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:942861", "title": "The interaction of pyridoxal phosphate with aspartate apoaminotransferase.", "content": "The rate of biniding of pyridoxal phosphate to the apoenzyme of pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was measured by adsorption spectroscopy and by formation of active enzyme. At pH 5.1 and 8.3 the binding of coenzyme follows saturation kinetics. The binding process thus involves at least two steps. The rate of pyridoxal phosphate binding to the apoenzyme is dependent on the anion present in the pH 8.3 triethanolamine buffer. Chloride activates somewhat at very low concentrations. Phosphate and its methyl, ethyl, and phenyl esters are very effective inhibitors of the recombination in that 0.2--0.4  mM inhibit the rate of coenzyme binding by 50%. This is below the physiological concentration of phosphate. Sulfate also inhibits the rate of binding, but nitrate and acetate have little effect.", "contents": "The interaction of pyridoxal phosphate with aspartate apoaminotransferase. The rate of biniding of pyridoxal phosphate to the apoenzyme of pig heart cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) was measured by adsorption spectroscopy and by formation of active enzyme. At pH 5.1 and 8.3 the binding of coenzyme follows saturation kinetics. The binding process thus involves at least two steps. The rate of pyridoxal phosphate binding to the apoenzyme is dependent on the anion present in the pH 8.3 triethanolamine buffer. Chloride activates somewhat at very low concentrations. Phosphate and its methyl, ethyl, and phenyl esters are very effective inhibitors of the recombination in that 0.2--0.4  mM inhibit the rate of coenzyme binding by 50%. This is below the physiological concentration of phosphate. Sulfate also inhibits the rate of binding, but nitrate and acetate have little effect."}
{"id": "PMID:942862", "title": "Effect of lipid composition on sensitivity of lipid membranes to Triton X-100.", "content": "The effect of lipid composition on the sensitivity of liposomes (multilamellar liposomes) and sonicated liposomes, which were composed mostly of single-compartment liposomes, toward Triton X-100, a detergent, was examined. Monomeric molecules of Triton X-100 seem to penetrate into liposomal bilayers, since Triton X-100 could modify the permeability of liposomes at concentrations below its critical micellar concentration. Cholesterol incorporation into egg lecithin liposomes had a negligible effect on the sensitivity to Triton X-100. On the other hand, cholesterol incorporation drastically reduced the Triton-induced permeability change of multi-lamellar liposomes prepared with dipalmitoyl and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholines. Liposomes prepared with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine or dimyristolyl phosphatidylcholine showed a strong resistance to the action of the detergent when prepared with 50 mol% of cholesterol, releasing at most 10% of trapped glucose. Ultrasonicated liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were, however, still sensitive to Triton X-100, releasing almost 100% of the trapped glucose even when 50 mol% of cholesterol was incorporated. This fact indicates that only the outermost bilayers in multilamellar liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol may be sensitive to the Triton X-100. In cases of multilamellar liposomes with less than 33 mol% of cholesterol, sensitivities of liposomes to the detergent decreased in the following order; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, egg lecithin and rat liver phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The same order of sensitivity to Triton was also observed in the system of sonicated liposomes. Membranes in the gel state are most sensitive to the detergent, followed by membranes around the phase transition. Egg and rat liver phosphatidycholine membranes, both of which are liquid-crystalline, were the least sensitive to the detergent.", "contents": "Effect of lipid composition on sensitivity of lipid membranes to Triton X-100. The effect of lipid composition on the sensitivity of liposomes (multilamellar liposomes) and sonicated liposomes, which were composed mostly of single-compartment liposomes, toward Triton X-100, a detergent, was examined. Monomeric molecules of Triton X-100 seem to penetrate into liposomal bilayers, since Triton X-100 could modify the permeability of liposomes at concentrations below its critical micellar concentration. Cholesterol incorporation into egg lecithin liposomes had a negligible effect on the sensitivity to Triton X-100. On the other hand, cholesterol incorporation drastically reduced the Triton-induced permeability change of multi-lamellar liposomes prepared with dipalmitoyl and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholines. Liposomes prepared with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine or dimyristolyl phosphatidylcholine showed a strong resistance to the action of the detergent when prepared with 50 mol% of cholesterol, releasing at most 10% of trapped glucose. Ultrasonicated liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were, however, still sensitive to Triton X-100, releasing almost 100% of the trapped glucose even when 50 mol% of cholesterol was incorporated. This fact indicates that only the outermost bilayers in multilamellar liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol may be sensitive to the Triton X-100. In cases of multilamellar liposomes with less than 33 mol% of cholesterol, sensitivities of liposomes to the detergent decreased in the following order; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, egg lecithin and rat liver phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The same order of sensitivity to Triton was also observed in the system of sonicated liposomes. Membranes in the gel state are most sensitive to the detergent, followed by membranes around the phase transition. Egg and rat liver phosphatidycholine membranes, both of which are liquid-crystalline, were the least sensitive to the detergent."}
{"id": "PMID:942863", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase of developing human brain.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) activities were studied in 20,000 g supernatant (S) and pellet (P) fractions of cerebrum1, caudate nucleus and cerebellum regions of human brain between the gestational ages of 20 and 40 weeks. On a per gram wet tissue basis, cerebrum and cerebellum had 60% and caudate nucleus had 80% of AchE activity present at 20-22 weeks as compared to 38-40 weeks of gestation. Specific activity (SA) of AchE did not change appreciably with gestational age in any of the P fractions. In S fractions of cerebrum and cerebullum there was about a 1.5-fold increase during this period. BuchE SA and activity per gram tissue in P and S fractions of cerebrum and cerebellum increased by 1.5- to 3-fold and decreased by about the same order of magnitude in caudate nucleus, during 20-40 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase of developing human brain. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) activities were studied in 20,000 g supernatant (S) and pellet (P) fractions of cerebrum1, caudate nucleus and cerebellum regions of human brain between the gestational ages of 20 and 40 weeks. On a per gram wet tissue basis, cerebrum and cerebellum had 60% and caudate nucleus had 80% of AchE activity present at 20-22 weeks as compared to 38-40 weeks of gestation. Specific activity (SA) of AchE did not change appreciably with gestational age in any of the P fractions. In S fractions of cerebrum and cerebullum there was about a 1.5-fold increase during this period. BuchE SA and activity per gram tissue in P and S fractions of cerebrum and cerebellum increased by 1.5- to 3-fold and decreased by about the same order of magnitude in caudate nucleus, during 20-40 weeks of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:942864", "title": "Interaction of nucleic acids with electrically charged surfaces. II. Conformational changes in double-helical polynucleotides.", "content": "The influence of adsorption of double-stranded (ds) DNA, ds RNA and homopolymeric pairs at a mercury electrode on conformation of these polynucleotides was studied. Changes in the polarographic reducibility of polynucleotides, which were followed by means of normal pulse polarography and linear sweep peak voltammetry at the dropping mercury electrode were exploited to indicate conformational changes. It was found that, as a consequence of adsorption of ds polynuclotides on the negatively charged electrode conformational changes similar to denaturation take place in a narrow potential region around -1.2 V (the region U). After sufficiently long time of the contact with the electrode (under our conditions about 10 s) these changes reach limiting values, which can approach total denaturation. Upon adsorption of ds polynucleotides on the electrode charged to more positive potentials than the region U either (1) no conformational changes occur or (2) only a small part of the polynucleotide (probably labile regions of the ds molecule) is very quickly denatured - the remainder of the molecule preserves its ds structure. Conformational changes of adsorbed ds polynucleotides are influenced by factors which change the stability of ds polynucleotides in solution. It is supposed that denaturation of ds polynucleotides in the region U might result from the strains connected with the repulsion of certain segments of the molecule anchored on the electrode from the negatively charged surface.", "contents": "Interaction of nucleic acids with electrically charged surfaces. II. Conformational changes in double-helical polynucleotides. The influence of adsorption of double-stranded (ds) DNA, ds RNA and homopolymeric pairs at a mercury electrode on conformation of these polynucleotides was studied. Changes in the polarographic reducibility of polynucleotides, which were followed by means of normal pulse polarography and linear sweep peak voltammetry at the dropping mercury electrode were exploited to indicate conformational changes. It was found that, as a consequence of adsorption of ds polynuclotides on the negatively charged electrode conformational changes similar to denaturation take place in a narrow potential region around -1.2 V (the region U). After sufficiently long time of the contact with the electrode (under our conditions about 10 s) these changes reach limiting values, which can approach total denaturation. Upon adsorption of ds polynucleotides on the electrode charged to more positive potentials than the region U either (1) no conformational changes occur or (2) only a small part of the polynucleotide (probably labile regions of the ds molecule) is very quickly denatured - the remainder of the molecule preserves its ds structure. Conformational changes of adsorbed ds polynucleotides are influenced by factors which change the stability of ds polynucleotides in solution. It is supposed that denaturation of ds polynucleotides in the region U might result from the strains connected with the repulsion of certain segments of the molecule anchored on the electrode from the negatively charged surface."}
{"id": "PMID:942865", "title": "[The role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension].", "content": "Stable endogenous hypercholesterolemia and a slight, but stable hypertension developed under conditions of unrestricted behaviour in rabbits subjected for 4 months to daily prolonged (2-hour) interrupted stimulation of negative emotional zones of the hypothalamus through the implanted electrodes. Changes in cholesterol content were more noticable in case the stimulation was continued against the background of daily feeding of these rabbits with small doses of methylthiouracil.", "contents": "[The role of prolonged emotional stress in the genesis of hypercholesterolemia and hypertension]. Stable endogenous hypercholesterolemia and a slight, but stable hypertension developed under conditions of unrestricted behaviour in rabbits subjected for 4 months to daily prolonged (2-hour) interrupted stimulation of negative emotional zones of the hypothalamus through the implanted electrodes. Changes in cholesterol content were more noticable in case the stimulation was continued against the background of daily feeding of these rabbits with small doses of methylthiouracil."}
{"id": "PMID:942866", "title": "[Reversible suppression of cellular aggregation by cytochalasin B and kolkhamin].", "content": "Aggregation of normal mouse fibroblast-like cells plated on the surface of millipore filter was studied quantitatively. It was shown that addition of 10 mug/ml of cytochalasin B (a drug which blocked active cell locomotion) or 0.1 mug/ml of colcemid (a drug which destroyed polarization processes in the cells and therefore interfered with the oriented cell movement) completely inhibited such aggregation. This inhibition was reversible: after the drugs were washed off the cells did aggregate. It was concluded that cell aggregation in this experimental system required active cell movement and cell polarization.", "contents": "[Reversible suppression of cellular aggregation by cytochalasin B and kolkhamin]. Aggregation of normal mouse fibroblast-like cells plated on the surface of millipore filter was studied quantitatively. It was shown that addition of 10 mug/ml of cytochalasin B (a drug which blocked active cell locomotion) or 0.1 mug/ml of colcemid (a drug which destroyed polarization processes in the cells and therefore interfered with the oriented cell movement) completely inhibited such aggregation. This inhibition was reversible: after the drugs were washed off the cells did aggregate. It was concluded that cell aggregation in this experimental system required active cell movement and cell polarization."}
{"id": "PMID:942867", "title": "[Proliferative activity of stromal cells--bone marrow precursors possessing clonogenic properties].", "content": "Proliferative activity of bone marrow clonogenic stromal precursor cells was studied by using the thymidine \"suicide\" method in vitro. Crude bone marrow stromal clonogenic cells failed to proliferate in vivo. But 24 hours after the explantation they entered the S-period and formed colonies of fibroblasts in monolayer cultures. 39+/-4% of these clonogenic cells were subject to thymidine \"suicide\". It follows that, in difference from cells-precursors in the crude bone marrow, clonogenic stromal cells were actively proliferating in monolayer cultures.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity of stromal cells--bone marrow precursors possessing clonogenic properties]. Proliferative activity of bone marrow clonogenic stromal precursor cells was studied by using the thymidine \"suicide\" method in vitro. Crude bone marrow stromal clonogenic cells failed to proliferate in vivo. But 24 hours after the explantation they entered the S-period and formed colonies of fibroblasts in monolayer cultures. 39+/-4% of these clonogenic cells were subject to thymidine \"suicide\". It follows that, in difference from cells-precursors in the crude bone marrow, clonogenic stromal cells were actively proliferating in monolayer cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:942868", "title": "[The effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on granule precipitation of neutral red in normal and tumor cells].", "content": "A study of the effect of uncouplers of the oxidative phosphorylation on the interaction on neutral red with the normal mouse fibroblast and tumour L-cells showed the former to retain the capacity for the dye granule formation in the presence of 1x10 4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Another uncoupler of the oxidative phosphorylation - n-trifluoromethoxycarbonycyanidephenylhydrazone (FCCP) depressed the granule formation both in the tumour L-cells and in the mouse normal fibroblasts. The dye uptake in the normal fibroblasts and in the tumour L-cells was inhibited by both the DNP and the FCCR in the concentration which uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "[The effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on granule precipitation of neutral red in normal and tumor cells]. A study of the effect of uncouplers of the oxidative phosphorylation on the interaction on neutral red with the normal mouse fibroblast and tumour L-cells showed the former to retain the capacity for the dye granule formation in the presence of 1x10 4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Another uncoupler of the oxidative phosphorylation - n-trifluoromethoxycarbonycyanidephenylhydrazone (FCCP) depressed the granule formation both in the tumour L-cells and in the mouse normal fibroblasts. The dye uptake in the normal fibroblasts and in the tumour L-cells was inhibited by both the DNP and the FCCR in the concentration which uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:942869", "title": "Originalarbeiten.", "content": "In 5 cases of polycythaemia vera and 2 cases with other myeloproliferative disorders accompanied by thrombocythaemia (megakaryocytic myelosis), the megakaryocytes were differentiated and studied by use of the combined application of cytophotometric determination of the DNA content and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) in vitro. A shift to the right of the megakaryocyte series, occurence of high polyploidy cells at 64c and a decrease of the 3H-TdR-labeling indices were observed. The data suggest a disturbance of the rhythmical polyploidization of the megakaryocytes, consisting of an elevated proportion of rest cells at the different ploidy stages. The maturation capacity of megakaryocytes may be related more to the resting than to the DNA synthesizing cells.", "contents": "Originalarbeiten. In 5 cases of polycythaemia vera and 2 cases with other myeloproliferative disorders accompanied by thrombocythaemia (megakaryocytic myelosis), the megakaryocytes were differentiated and studied by use of the combined application of cytophotometric determination of the DNA content and autoradiography with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) in vitro. A shift to the right of the megakaryocyte series, occurence of high polyploidy cells at 64c and a decrease of the 3H-TdR-labeling indices were observed. The data suggest a disturbance of the rhythmical polyploidization of the megakaryocytes, consisting of an elevated proportion of rest cells at the different ploidy stages. The maturation capacity of megakaryocytes may be related more to the resting than to the DNA synthesizing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942870", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins and receptor sites for aggregated IgG on leukemic reticuloendotheliosis cells.", "content": "On blood lymph nodes and spleen cells of 4 patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LR) the binding of 125-J-labelled IgG aggregates as well as binding of 125J-labeled anti immunoglobulin sera was studied. Moreover the capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells to bind immune complement complexes as well as the proliferative response in the presence of PHA were investigated. On the surface of hairy cells a variety of immunoglobulins were demonstrable. IgG of both types was found to be the predominant surface bound immunoglobulin and evidence was obtained, that these antibodies were adsorbed from the serum via Fc-receptors. In all LR-cases the percentages of T-cell rosettes as well as the PHA responses were decreased when compared with the normal controls. The numbers of immune complement complex binding cells were in the range of the normal controls. Results are discussed with respect to the origin of hairy cells in LR.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins and receptor sites for aggregated IgG on leukemic reticuloendotheliosis cells. On blood lymph nodes and spleen cells of 4 patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LR) the binding of 125-J-labelled IgG aggregates as well as binding of 125J-labeled anti immunoglobulin sera was studied. Moreover the capacity to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep red blood cells to bind immune complement complexes as well as the proliferative response in the presence of PHA were investigated. On the surface of hairy cells a variety of immunoglobulins were demonstrable. IgG of both types was found to be the predominant surface bound immunoglobulin and evidence was obtained, that these antibodies were adsorbed from the serum via Fc-receptors. In all LR-cases the percentages of T-cell rosettes as well as the PHA responses were decreased when compared with the normal controls. The numbers of immune complement complex binding cells were in the range of the normal controls. Results are discussed with respect to the origin of hairy cells in LR."}
{"id": "PMID:942876", "title": "IgA deficiency in one of identical twins.", "content": "A disease resembling childhood coeliac disease occurred in one of identical twins. When the twins were investigated at the age of 23 the initial diagnosis could not be substantiated but the twin who had been ill had selective IgA deficiency. Differences dating from early infancy may have been a result of the discordance for IgA deficiency. Thus in some patients environmental influences may be important in either the initiation or the perpetuation of the deficiency.", "contents": "IgA deficiency in one of identical twins. A disease resembling childhood coeliac disease occurred in one of identical twins. When the twins were investigated at the age of 23 the initial diagnosis could not be substantiated but the twin who had been ill had selective IgA deficiency. Differences dating from early infancy may have been a result of the discordance for IgA deficiency. Thus in some patients environmental influences may be important in either the initiation or the perpetuation of the deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:942878", "title": "Effects of ceramide analogs on myelinating organ cultures.", "content": "Analogs of ceramide which inhibit galactocerebrosidase also demyelinate or inhibit myelination in organ cultures of rat cerebellum. The potency of the analogs in culture correlated with their effectiveness as inhibitors of cerebrosidase, but not with their effectiveness as inhibitors of galactosyl transferase. The most effective compound was the decanoyl amide of 3-phenyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol with erythroconformation. Stimulators of cerebrosidase also demyelinated cultures. With both groups of compounds, myelin sheaths became distorted, then broke into lipid droplets. Axons were preserved, but neurons showed some nuclear changes and granularity. Metabolic studies with the most effective inhibitor showed that glucose incorporation into cerebroside and other alkali-stable lipids was initially depressed compared to proteins and total lipids.", "contents": "Effects of ceramide analogs on myelinating organ cultures. Analogs of ceramide which inhibit galactocerebrosidase also demyelinate or inhibit myelination in organ cultures of rat cerebellum. The potency of the analogs in culture correlated with their effectiveness as inhibitors of cerebrosidase, but not with their effectiveness as inhibitors of galactosyl transferase. The most effective compound was the decanoyl amide of 3-phenyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol with erythroconformation. Stimulators of cerebrosidase also demyelinated cultures. With both groups of compounds, myelin sheaths became distorted, then broke into lipid droplets. Axons were preserved, but neurons showed some nuclear changes and granularity. Metabolic studies with the most effective inhibitor showed that glucose incorporation into cerebroside and other alkali-stable lipids was initially depressed compared to proteins and total lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:942879", "title": "[Shock-induced aggression and reactivity following raphe lesion in rats. Effects of physostigmine (author's transl)].", "content": "Shock-induced fighting behavior, flinch-jump thresholds and locomotor open-field activity were studied following dorsal and medial raphe lesions in rats. Attack scores were raised for low-intensity shocks (1 mA) only, whereas they remained unchanged for shocks of higher intensity (2 mA), as compared to controls. The jump threshold is decreased in raphe lesioned animals, but the flinch threshold is unchanged. Physostigmine (0,2-0,5 mg/kg) reduces the lesion-induced hyperreactivity: locomotor open-field activity is reduced to a greater extent than in the controls, and habituation to the open-field situation is restored. Doses of physostigmine (e.g. 0,2 mg/kg), that do not modify shock-induced aggression in controls, reduce aggression in lesioned animals to the level shown by controls for low-intensity shocks. In conclusion, shock-induced aggression is not directly dependent on a serotonergic brain mechanism. The behavioral changes observed are related to the hyperreactivity induced by raphe lesions. This hyperreactivity presumably results from a reduced activity of cholinergic brain mechanisms.", "contents": "[Shock-induced aggression and reactivity following raphe lesion in rats. Effects of physostigmine (author's transl)]. Shock-induced fighting behavior, flinch-jump thresholds and locomotor open-field activity were studied following dorsal and medial raphe lesions in rats. Attack scores were raised for low-intensity shocks (1 mA) only, whereas they remained unchanged for shocks of higher intensity (2 mA), as compared to controls. The jump threshold is decreased in raphe lesioned animals, but the flinch threshold is unchanged. Physostigmine (0,2-0,5 mg/kg) reduces the lesion-induced hyperreactivity: locomotor open-field activity is reduced to a greater extent than in the controls, and habituation to the open-field situation is restored. Doses of physostigmine (e.g. 0,2 mg/kg), that do not modify shock-induced aggression in controls, reduce aggression in lesioned animals to the level shown by controls for low-intensity shocks. In conclusion, shock-induced aggression is not directly dependent on a serotonergic brain mechanism. The behavioral changes observed are related to the hyperreactivity induced by raphe lesions. This hyperreactivity presumably results from a reduced activity of cholinergic brain mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:942880", "title": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injections on serum prolactin and LH levels: absence of stress-induced pituitary prolactin release.", "content": "The drug 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been reported to reduce hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) content after administration into the lateral ventricle without altering the dopamine content of tubero-infundibular neurons. Serum prolactin levels in male rats injected with 2 X 250 mug 6-OHDA were significantly higher than in untreated control rats. Intraventricular injection of male rats with artificial cerebrospinal fluid resulted in elevated mean prolactin levels similar to those observed in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Further experimentation on animals decapitated at different times after removal from the animal quarters, indicates that prolcatin levels in 6-OHDA-treated rats are continuously elevated whereas they rise from basal levels to extremely high levels in CSF-treated rats, thus resulting in similar mean values. The CSF-treated controls ate hypersensitive to the stress of being removed from their normal environment. Such an effect was not observed in 6-OHDA-treated nor in untreated, and thus stress-inexperienced rats. In a long term study, serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were followed over a period of 71 days after 6-OHDA treatment. Prolactin levels increased within one day after treatment and stayed at a high level for 15 days. Subnormal prolactin values were measured 37 days after 6-OHDA treatment. Serum LH levels were below normal 3 h and one day and were increased 37 and 71 days after 6-OHDA treatment. These results suggest that NE is important in the transmission of stressful stimuli to hypothalamic prolactin regulating centers. They further suggest functional recovery of LH and prolactin regulating mechanisms after 6-OHDA treatment.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine injections on serum prolactin and LH levels: absence of stress-induced pituitary prolactin release. The drug 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been reported to reduce hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) content after administration into the lateral ventricle without altering the dopamine content of tubero-infundibular neurons. Serum prolactin levels in male rats injected with 2 X 250 mug 6-OHDA were significantly higher than in untreated control rats. Intraventricular injection of male rats with artificial cerebrospinal fluid resulted in elevated mean prolactin levels similar to those observed in 6-OHDA-treated animals. Further experimentation on animals decapitated at different times after removal from the animal quarters, indicates that prolcatin levels in 6-OHDA-treated rats are continuously elevated whereas they rise from basal levels to extremely high levels in CSF-treated rats, thus resulting in similar mean values. The CSF-treated controls ate hypersensitive to the stress of being removed from their normal environment. Such an effect was not observed in 6-OHDA-treated nor in untreated, and thus stress-inexperienced rats. In a long term study, serum prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were followed over a period of 71 days after 6-OHDA treatment. Prolactin levels increased within one day after treatment and stayed at a high level for 15 days. Subnormal prolactin values were measured 37 days after 6-OHDA treatment. Serum LH levels were below normal 3 h and one day and were increased 37 and 71 days after 6-OHDA treatment. These results suggest that NE is important in the transmission of stressful stimuli to hypothalamic prolactin regulating centers. They further suggest functional recovery of LH and prolactin regulating mechanisms after 6-OHDA treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:942881", "title": "Clinical and morphologic features of hepatic angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers.", "content": "Fifteen male workers exposed to vinyl chloride developed angiosarcoma of the liver. Thirteen died of disease and two are currently living for short periods after diagnosis. Their ages ranged from 36 to 58 years (average 47.5 years). Their exposure time ranged from 4 to 27.8 years (average 16.9 years). The most common presenting symptoms were fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly followed by splenomegaly were the most common physical findings. Biochemical profiles yielded variable results and proved to be of little value in the detection or diagnosis. Of eight patients autopsied, distant organ involvement was present in two cases, duodenal involvement in one, and direct extension of tumor to adjacent organs or tissues in four additional ones. The remainder, diagnosed by open liver biopsy, revealed no tumor extension. The gross features of the tumors were hemorrhagic necrosis, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, and apparent multicentricity. The histologic features were those of the typical angiosarcoma found in a variety of sites with a wide range of cellular differentiation. The histologic diagnosis was often impaired by the extensive tumor necrosis. Elsewhere in the liver subcapsular fibrosis, a distinct type of portal fibrosis, and endothelial cell hyperplasia with or without sinusoidal dilatation were noted. The reduction of industrial chemical exposure has already been achieved and will hopefully eliminate this chemically related tumor in the future. There is, however, a significant group of previously exposed workers who will require careful monitoring to detect functional abnormalities of the liver and possible early neoplastic changes.", "contents": "Clinical and morphologic features of hepatic angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride workers. Fifteen male workers exposed to vinyl chloride developed angiosarcoma of the liver. Thirteen died of disease and two are currently living for short periods after diagnosis. Their ages ranged from 36 to 58 years (average 47.5 years). Their exposure time ranged from 4 to 27.8 years (average 16.9 years). The most common presenting symptoms were fatigue, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly followed by splenomegaly were the most common physical findings. Biochemical profiles yielded variable results and proved to be of little value in the detection or diagnosis. Of eight patients autopsied, distant organ involvement was present in two cases, duodenal involvement in one, and direct extension of tumor to adjacent organs or tissues in four additional ones. The remainder, diagnosed by open liver biopsy, revealed no tumor extension. The gross features of the tumors were hemorrhagic necrosis, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, and apparent multicentricity. The histologic features were those of the typical angiosarcoma found in a variety of sites with a wide range of cellular differentiation. The histologic diagnosis was often impaired by the extensive tumor necrosis. Elsewhere in the liver subcapsular fibrosis, a distinct type of portal fibrosis, and endothelial cell hyperplasia with or without sinusoidal dilatation were noted. The reduction of industrial chemical exposure has already been achieved and will hopefully eliminate this chemically related tumor in the future. There is, however, a significant group of previously exposed workers who will require careful monitoring to detect functional abnormalities of the liver and possible early neoplastic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:942882", "title": "Current status of lymphography in patients with cancer.", "content": "In the early 1960's lymphography was received enthusiastically. Expectations were high that a very accurate diagnostic method for the detection of metastases had been found. This enthusiasm subsided after it became apparent that small lesions could not be discerned and that the images demonstrated were frequently nonspecific. Better correlation was achieved with advanced stages of cancer but because the presence of metastases was usually already known, it was questionable if the lymphogram contributed much to the management of the patient. In recent years, after the examination was placed in its proper prospective, the value and status of lymphography in patients with cancer were reassessed. The radiographic findings were divided into direct, or actual demonstration of metastastases, and indirect changes--those changes resulting from replacement of lymph nodes or blockage of the vessels by metastases. Lymphography proved particularly valuable in the diagnosis and staging of patients with pelvic cancer arising from such organs as cervix, uterus, vulva, ovary, and from tumors arising from the prostate, testicles, and penis. It also proved valuable in the assessment of extension of disease in melanomas of the extremities. The value of the positive lymphogram is easy to assess. However, when one encounters a \"normal\" lymphogram, one must realize that this does not exclude the presence of metastatic disease; it merely demonstrates that the the time of the study no lesions were recognized in visualized lymph nodes. Therefore, the negative lymphogram should not result in any modification of treatment which would have been prescribed under the same clinical circumstances if one did not have the lymphogram at hand.", "contents": "Current status of lymphography in patients with cancer. In the early 1960's lymphography was received enthusiastically. Expectations were high that a very accurate diagnostic method for the detection of metastases had been found. This enthusiasm subsided after it became apparent that small lesions could not be discerned and that the images demonstrated were frequently nonspecific. Better correlation was achieved with advanced stages of cancer but because the presence of metastases was usually already known, it was questionable if the lymphogram contributed much to the management of the patient. In recent years, after the examination was placed in its proper prospective, the value and status of lymphography in patients with cancer were reassessed. The radiographic findings were divided into direct, or actual demonstration of metastastases, and indirect changes--those changes resulting from replacement of lymph nodes or blockage of the vessels by metastases. Lymphography proved particularly valuable in the diagnosis and staging of patients with pelvic cancer arising from such organs as cervix, uterus, vulva, ovary, and from tumors arising from the prostate, testicles, and penis. It also proved valuable in the assessment of extension of disease in melanomas of the extremities. The value of the positive lymphogram is easy to assess. However, when one encounters a \"normal\" lymphogram, one must realize that this does not exclude the presence of metastatic disease; it merely demonstrates that the the time of the study no lesions were recognized in visualized lymph nodes. Therefore, the negative lymphogram should not result in any modification of treatment which would have been prescribed under the same clinical circumstances if one did not have the lymphogram at hand."}
{"id": "PMID:942883", "title": "The current status of angiography in the evaluation of cancer patients.", "content": "Angiography has maintained a central role in the preoperative evaluation of patients with both benign and malignant tumors. A great deal of experience has accumulated with the method and the angiographic appearance of most tumors is well established. Although most cancer patients are first evaluated by less invasive techniques,angiography remains the most accurate method for the diagnosis of tumors of the liver and pancreas. In those patients in whom excision of a malignancy is considered, angiograms should be used preoperatively to assess both the resectability and curability of the lesion. In patients with carcinoma of the lung or esophagus invading the azygos vein or in patients with pancreatic carcinoma invading the visceral veins, needless radical operative procedures can be avoided. Finally, as angiographers are becoming more therapy-oriented, the palliative effects of selective arterial embolization with radioactive and infarcting materials are being evaluated.", "contents": "The current status of angiography in the evaluation of cancer patients. Angiography has maintained a central role in the preoperative evaluation of patients with both benign and malignant tumors. A great deal of experience has accumulated with the method and the angiographic appearance of most tumors is well established. Although most cancer patients are first evaluated by less invasive techniques,angiography remains the most accurate method for the diagnosis of tumors of the liver and pancreas. In those patients in whom excision of a malignancy is considered, angiograms should be used preoperatively to assess both the resectability and curability of the lesion. In patients with carcinoma of the lung or esophagus invading the azygos vein or in patients with pancreatic carcinoma invading the visceral veins, needless radical operative procedures can be avoided. Finally, as angiographers are becoming more therapy-oriented, the palliative effects of selective arterial embolization with radioactive and infarcting materials are being evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:942884", "title": "Cycling aggregation patterns of cytoplasmic F-actin coordinated with oscillating tension force generation.", "content": "Isometric contracting protoplasmic veins of Physarum polycephalum show cycling patterns of cytoplasmic F-actin, dependent on their oscillating contraction behaviour (minute rhythms). The process of fibrillogenesis represents a parallel arrangement of F-actin chains (\"plasma filaments, microfilaments\") during the isometric contraction phase. A part of the results of the present work corroborates previous results on stretch-activated veins which showed that the fibrillar form of F-actin reflects the isometric contracted state. During isometric relaxation phase, a disaggregation of the fibrillar pattern takes place and is accompanied by a deparallelisation of F-actin chains. Therefore, the isometric relaxed state of cytoplasmic actomyosin is non-fibrillar in nature. Thus, the morphologically detectable fibrillar form of cytoplasmic actomyosin, according to physiological interpretation, is solely representative of the isometric contracted state. The question whether assembly-disassembly processes, e.g. G equilibrium F-actin-transformation, play a role in the contraction-relaxation cycle is discussed.", "contents": "Cycling aggregation patterns of cytoplasmic F-actin coordinated with oscillating tension force generation. Isometric contracting protoplasmic veins of Physarum polycephalum show cycling patterns of cytoplasmic F-actin, dependent on their oscillating contraction behaviour (minute rhythms). The process of fibrillogenesis represents a parallel arrangement of F-actin chains (\"plasma filaments, microfilaments\") during the isometric contraction phase. A part of the results of the present work corroborates previous results on stretch-activated veins which showed that the fibrillar form of F-actin reflects the isometric contracted state. During isometric relaxation phase, a disaggregation of the fibrillar pattern takes place and is accompanied by a deparallelisation of F-actin chains. Therefore, the isometric relaxed state of cytoplasmic actomyosin is non-fibrillar in nature. Thus, the morphologically detectable fibrillar form of cytoplasmic actomyosin, according to physiological interpretation, is solely representative of the isometric contracted state. The question whether assembly-disassembly processes, e.g. G equilibrium F-actin-transformation, play a role in the contraction-relaxation cycle is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942885", "title": "The presence of transverse and axial tubules in the ventricular myocardium of embryonic and neonatal guinea pigs.", "content": "Developing transverse (T) tubules are found in embryonic guinea pig ventricular myocardium after approximately eight weeks of gestation. By the time of birth (nine weeks total gestation); longitudinally-oriented axial tubules connected to the T tubules also have formed, and the majority of cells closely resemble those of the adult. The form taken by the developing T and axial tubules suggests that they are generated in a manner similar to that for T tubules in chick and rat skeletal muscle, namely by repeated formation of caveolae.", "contents": "The presence of transverse and axial tubules in the ventricular myocardium of embryonic and neonatal guinea pigs. Developing transverse (T) tubules are found in embryonic guinea pig ventricular myocardium after approximately eight weeks of gestation. By the time of birth (nine weeks total gestation); longitudinally-oriented axial tubules connected to the T tubules also have formed, and the majority of cells closely resemble those of the adult. The form taken by the developing T and axial tubules suggests that they are generated in a manner similar to that for T tubules in chick and rat skeletal muscle, namely by repeated formation of caveolae."}
{"id": "PMID:942886", "title": "Preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal rna precursor by N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene in rat liver epithelial cultures.", "content": "After exposing a line of rat liver epithelial cells to a single dose of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF), a dose-dependent decrease in (3H) uridine incorporation into total cellular RNA was found. Approx. 50% inhibition occurred with 0.5 mug/ml of the compound. The kinetics of the response, the effects of actinomycin D, and the fractionation of the newly synthesized RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal RNA precursor and relative sparing of the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA.", "contents": "Preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal rna precursor by N-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene in rat liver epithelial cultures. After exposing a line of rat liver epithelial cells to a single dose of the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF), a dose-dependent decrease in (3H) uridine incorporation into total cellular RNA was found. Approx. 50% inhibition occurred with 0.5 mug/ml of the compound. The kinetics of the response, the effects of actinomycin D, and the fractionation of the newly synthesized RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated preferential inhibition of the synthesis of 45S ribosomal RNA precursor and relative sparing of the synthesis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:942888", "title": "Phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of newborns with haemolytic disease.", "content": "The following nucleotides and phosphate compounds ADP, ATP, AXP, 2,3-DPG, HMP and hdp were estimated chromatographically in the acid-soluble fraction of erythrocytes. In each of the fractions, total phosphorus and in fraction II, inorganic phosphorus was determined. Comparison of these compounds assayed in erythrocytes of 10 newborns with haemolytic disease and in 10 healthy newborns revealed that in the affected babies, the level of the substances investigated was higher. According to the author's theory, this difference results from increased energy metabolism of the defective erythrocyte as a defense mechanism against the harmful effects of this severe disease such as chronic hypoxia, injuring antibody action or toxicity of the erythrocyte haemolysis products.", "contents": "Phosphate compounds in the erythrocytes of newborns with haemolytic disease. The following nucleotides and phosphate compounds ADP, ATP, AXP, 2,3-DPG, HMP and hdp were estimated chromatographically in the acid-soluble fraction of erythrocytes. In each of the fractions, total phosphorus and in fraction II, inorganic phosphorus was determined. Comparison of these compounds assayed in erythrocytes of 10 newborns with haemolytic disease and in 10 healthy newborns revealed that in the affected babies, the level of the substances investigated was higher. According to the author's theory, this difference results from increased energy metabolism of the defective erythrocyte as a defense mechanism against the harmful effects of this severe disease such as chronic hypoxia, injuring antibody action or toxicity of the erythrocyte haemolysis products."}
{"id": "PMID:942890", "title": "Calcitonin in breast and lung cancer.", "content": "Immunoreactive calcitonin was found in extracts of seven out of eight consecutive breast carcinomas and four selected lung carcinomas, but not in extracts of benign breast lesions or normal tissues. This suggests that the high plasma calcitonin levels observed in patients with a wide variety of cancers reflect ectopic production of calcitonin by cancer tissue, and that the radioimmunoassay for calcitonin could prove to be of value in the detection and management of malignant disease, particularly breast cancer.", "contents": "Calcitonin in breast and lung cancer. Immunoreactive calcitonin was found in extracts of seven out of eight consecutive breast carcinomas and four selected lung carcinomas, but not in extracts of benign breast lesions or normal tissues. This suggests that the high plasma calcitonin levels observed in patients with a wide variety of cancers reflect ectopic production of calcitonin by cancer tissue, and that the radioimmunoassay for calcitonin could prove to be of value in the detection and management of malignant disease, particularly breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:942909", "title": "Persistent alteration of pituitary-adrenal function in the rat by prepuberal corticosterone treatment.", "content": "The possible existence of periods of sensitivity to elevated levels of corticosterone in the postnatal development of the pituitary-adrenal axis was investigated. Long-Evans rats were implanted ip with corticosterone (25 mg/100 g body wt) mixed with an equal amount of cholesterol on postnatal days 3, 6, 12 or 18. Eight blood samples were obtained from each animal at various ages by cardiac puncture. Steroid treatment during the first postnatal week resulted in lowered adult basal levels of plasma corticosterone without affecting the diurnal rhythm. Males treated on day 3 had lowered peak (PM) and trough (AM) levels of the steroid as adults, while males treated on day 6 showed only a lowered PM level. A similar reduction in basal levels of plasma corticosterone was observed in immature females, but did not persist into adulthood. Steroid treatment at day 12 had no effect on basal or diurnal pituitary-adrenal activity. Treatment at day 18 reduced the amplitude of the adult diurnal rhythm in both sexes and delayed the onset of the rhythm in males. No differences in stress responsiveness or adrenal weights were detected. Thus, two distinct periods exist in the postnatal development of the rat during which basal and diurnal pituitary-adrenal activity can be differentially and persistently altered by treatment with the naturally occurring glucocorticoid.", "contents": "Persistent alteration of pituitary-adrenal function in the rat by prepuberal corticosterone treatment. The possible existence of periods of sensitivity to elevated levels of corticosterone in the postnatal development of the pituitary-adrenal axis was investigated. Long-Evans rats were implanted ip with corticosterone (25 mg/100 g body wt) mixed with an equal amount of cholesterol on postnatal days 3, 6, 12 or 18. Eight blood samples were obtained from each animal at various ages by cardiac puncture. Steroid treatment during the first postnatal week resulted in lowered adult basal levels of plasma corticosterone without affecting the diurnal rhythm. Males treated on day 3 had lowered peak (PM) and trough (AM) levels of the steroid as adults, while males treated on day 6 showed only a lowered PM level. A similar reduction in basal levels of plasma corticosterone was observed in immature females, but did not persist into adulthood. Steroid treatment at day 12 had no effect on basal or diurnal pituitary-adrenal activity. Treatment at day 18 reduced the amplitude of the adult diurnal rhythm in both sexes and delayed the onset of the rhythm in males. No differences in stress responsiveness or adrenal weights were detected. Thus, two distinct periods exist in the postnatal development of the rat during which basal and diurnal pituitary-adrenal activity can be differentially and persistently altered by treatment with the naturally occurring glucocorticoid."}
{"id": "PMID:942910", "title": "Serum growth hormone and prolactin during and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice.", "content": "Mice with the recessively inherited obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (ob/ob) and their nonobese litter mates were studied over a 26-week period. The body weights and serum glucose levels of ob/ob mice began to rise markedly at 5-6 weeks of age and remained elevated throughout the period of study. Obese mice were significantly heavier (P less than .001) and had higher serum glucose levels (P less than .001) than lean mice, but obese mice had variably lower serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels (P less than .001) than lean litter mate controls after 4-5 weeks of life. A 24 h rhythm study performed on 15-week-old mice revealed a relatively unaltered but attenuated pattern of GH and PRL secretion in ob/ob mice. During and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, the low levels of these two hormones probably indicates an altered hypothalamic regulation of pituitary function.", "contents": "Serum growth hormone and prolactin during and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome in mice. Mice with the recessively inherited obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (ob/ob) and their nonobese litter mates were studied over a 26-week period. The body weights and serum glucose levels of ob/ob mice began to rise markedly at 5-6 weeks of age and remained elevated throughout the period of study. Obese mice were significantly heavier (P less than .001) and had higher serum glucose levels (P less than .001) than lean mice, but obese mice had variably lower serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels (P less than .001) than lean litter mate controls after 4-5 weeks of life. A 24 h rhythm study performed on 15-week-old mice revealed a relatively unaltered but attenuated pattern of GH and PRL secretion in ob/ob mice. During and after the development of the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, the low levels of these two hormones probably indicates an altered hypothalamic regulation of pituitary function."}
{"id": "PMID:942911", "title": "The effects of phenobarbital and gonadal steroids on periovulatory serum levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the hamster.", "content": "The occurrence of ovulation and serum levels of LH and FSH (measured by radioimmunoassay) were determined in periovulatory hamsters injected with an ovulation-blocking dose of phenobarbital (Phen) combined with progesterone (P), estradiol-17beta (E2), or testosterone (T). Proestrous hamsters were treated at 1300 h with Phen plus oil, P, P plus E2, E2, T, or a second injection of Phen at 2000 h. Each treatment group was divided into 3 subgroups, each of which was serially bled 4 times at 6 h intervals beginning at 1200, 1400, and 1600 h on proestrus. Phen blocked ovulation on the next morning in all animals, while treatments that included P (1 mg) restored the normal complement of ova in 65-75% of the animals. Neither E2 (1, 10 or 50 mug) nor T (0.1 or 1 mg) overcame the Phen block of ovulation. Control hamsters had peak levels of LH between 1400 and 1800 h and a biphasic release of FSH consisting of a peak at 1600 h on proestrus, a return to basal levels at 2200 h, and a second more sustained surge between 2400 and 0800 h on the morning of estrus. Phen completely depressed the proestrous surge of both gonadotropins but only partially inhibited the second FSH elevation on the morning of estrus. In ovulatory animals, P alone or combined with 1 or 10 mug E2 restored peak LH levels at 1600 h. FSH levels on proestrus in hamsters treated with Phen plus P peaked at 1800 h, while the addition of 1 mug E2 resulted in increased FSH levels at 1600 h; peak levels in both groups were about half of control values. No proestrous increase was detected in ovulatory animals treated with P and 10 mug E2. FSH levels on estrus in hamsters injected with P alone or in combination with E2 were intermediate between those of controls and animals given Phen only. Levels of LH and FSH in animals treated with a single or double dose of Phen or Phen plus E2 or T were not different during the periovulatory period.", "contents": "The effects of phenobarbital and gonadal steroids on periovulatory serum levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the hamster. The occurrence of ovulation and serum levels of LH and FSH (measured by radioimmunoassay) were determined in periovulatory hamsters injected with an ovulation-blocking dose of phenobarbital (Phen) combined with progesterone (P), estradiol-17beta (E2), or testosterone (T). Proestrous hamsters were treated at 1300 h with Phen plus oil, P, P plus E2, E2, T, or a second injection of Phen at 2000 h. Each treatment group was divided into 3 subgroups, each of which was serially bled 4 times at 6 h intervals beginning at 1200, 1400, and 1600 h on proestrus. Phen blocked ovulation on the next morning in all animals, while treatments that included P (1 mg) restored the normal complement of ova in 65-75% of the animals. Neither E2 (1, 10 or 50 mug) nor T (0.1 or 1 mg) overcame the Phen block of ovulation. Control hamsters had peak levels of LH between 1400 and 1800 h and a biphasic release of FSH consisting of a peak at 1600 h on proestrus, a return to basal levels at 2200 h, and a second more sustained surge between 2400 and 0800 h on the morning of estrus. Phen completely depressed the proestrous surge of both gonadotropins but only partially inhibited the second FSH elevation on the morning of estrus. In ovulatory animals, P alone or combined with 1 or 10 mug E2 restored peak LH levels at 1600 h. FSH levels on proestrus in hamsters treated with Phen plus P peaked at 1800 h, while the addition of 1 mug E2 resulted in increased FSH levels at 1600 h; peak levels in both groups were about half of control values. No proestrous increase was detected in ovulatory animals treated with P and 10 mug E2. FSH levels on estrus in hamsters injected with P alone or in combination with E2 were intermediate between those of controls and animals given Phen only. Levels of LH and FSH in animals treated with a single or double dose of Phen or Phen plus E2 or T were not different during the periovulatory period."}
{"id": "PMID:942912", "title": "A \"critical period\" for cervically-stimulated prolactin relase.", "content": "To investigate the role of ovarian steroids in the initiation and maintenance of the prolactin surges typical of pseudopregnancy in the rat, the pattern of plasma prolactin concentrations resulting from cervical stimulation of long-term ovariectomized rats was determined. Cervical stimulation of rats, ovariectomized 2-4 weeks previously, at 1900 h (lights on 0600-1800 h) resulted in a surge of prolactin which was initiated 4-6 h later and which was similar in timing and duration to the nocturnal prolactin surge of intact, pseudopregnant rats. Daily prolactin surges continued for 6 days but declined thereafter. Because plasma progesterone levels were elevated significantly after cervical stimulation, the experiment was repeated iin adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. Prolactin surges were still observed, demonstrating that ovarian and adrenal steroids are required neither for initiation nor maintenance of prolactin surges after cervical stimulation. Cervical stimulation at different times of the day (1900 h, 2400 h or 0400 h) always resulted in a surge of prolactin which peaked at 0300-0700 h. The latency from cervical stimulation in the peak of the prolactin surge was 8 h for the 1900 h group, 5 h for the 2400 h group, and 3 h for the 0400 h group. Thus, the appearance of prolactin surges is related to the time of day rather than to the time cervical stimulation is applied, demonstrating the existence of a \"critical period\" for cervically-induced prolactin release.", "contents": "A \"critical period\" for cervically-stimulated prolactin relase. To investigate the role of ovarian steroids in the initiation and maintenance of the prolactin surges typical of pseudopregnancy in the rat, the pattern of plasma prolactin concentrations resulting from cervical stimulation of long-term ovariectomized rats was determined. Cervical stimulation of rats, ovariectomized 2-4 weeks previously, at 1900 h (lights on 0600-1800 h) resulted in a surge of prolactin which was initiated 4-6 h later and which was similar in timing and duration to the nocturnal prolactin surge of intact, pseudopregnant rats. Daily prolactin surges continued for 6 days but declined thereafter. Because plasma progesterone levels were elevated significantly after cervical stimulation, the experiment was repeated iin adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. Prolactin surges were still observed, demonstrating that ovarian and adrenal steroids are required neither for initiation nor maintenance of prolactin surges after cervical stimulation. Cervical stimulation at different times of the day (1900 h, 2400 h or 0400 h) always resulted in a surge of prolactin which peaked at 0300-0700 h. The latency from cervical stimulation in the peak of the prolactin surge was 8 h for the 1900 h group, 5 h for the 2400 h group, and 3 h for the 0400 h group. Thus, the appearance of prolactin surges is related to the time of day rather than to the time cervical stimulation is applied, demonstrating the existence of a \"critical period\" for cervically-induced prolactin release."}
{"id": "PMID:942913", "title": "Measurements of prolactin and growth hormone synthesis and secretion by rat pituitary cells in culture.", "content": "A specific and sensitive immunoprecipitation method for measurements of biosynthesized radioactive prolactin and growth hormone is described. Antisera to rat prolactin and growth hormone were developed in the rabbit and monkey, respectively. The specificity of the immune sera was assessed by polyacylamide gel electrophoresis of the dissolved immunoprecipitates. The two antisera showed cross-reactions with the nonhomologous hormone of less than 1%. Separation of tritium-labelled prolactin and growth hormone by immunoprecipitation, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was shown to be 95-57% complete. When both hormones were measured in the same microsample by sequential immunoprecipitation, the reaction was 97% complete for determination of intra- and extracellular prolactin and extracellular growth hormone, but 85% complete for determination of intracellular growth hormone. This method has been used to characterize the basal synthesis and secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in three different but related, pituitary cell strains. Radioactive prolactin and growth hormone was obtained from monolayer cultures when the cells were grown in the presence of [3H]L-leucine. The rate of prolactin synthesis and extracellular accumulation was higher than that of growth hormone in a cell strain which produced both hormones. In these cells prolactin synthesis represents 1-5%, and growth hormone 0.1-0.6% of total protein synthesis.", "contents": "Measurements of prolactin and growth hormone synthesis and secretion by rat pituitary cells in culture. A specific and sensitive immunoprecipitation method for measurements of biosynthesized radioactive prolactin and growth hormone is described. Antisera to rat prolactin and growth hormone were developed in the rabbit and monkey, respectively. The specificity of the immune sera was assessed by polyacylamide gel electrophoresis of the dissolved immunoprecipitates. The two antisera showed cross-reactions with the nonhomologous hormone of less than 1%. Separation of tritium-labelled prolactin and growth hormone by immunoprecipitation, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was shown to be 95-57% complete. When both hormones were measured in the same microsample by sequential immunoprecipitation, the reaction was 97% complete for determination of intra- and extracellular prolactin and extracellular growth hormone, but 85% complete for determination of intracellular growth hormone. This method has been used to characterize the basal synthesis and secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in three different but related, pituitary cell strains. Radioactive prolactin and growth hormone was obtained from monolayer cultures when the cells were grown in the presence of [3H]L-leucine. The rate of prolactin synthesis and extracellular accumulation was higher than that of growth hormone in a cell strain which produced both hormones. In these cells prolactin synthesis represents 1-5%, and growth hormone 0.1-0.6% of total protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942914", "title": "Effects of parathormone and calcitonin on citrate and hyaluronate metabolism in cultured bone.", "content": "Two metabolic correlates of parathormone-induced bone resorption are increased synthesis of hyaluronate and decreased production of CO2 from citrate. We have examined these phenomena simultaneously with calcium release in cultured mouse calvaria and fetal rat radii and ulnae treated with parathormone and calcitonin, separately or in combination. In both types of tissue the parathormone dose-response curves for inhibition of citrate decarboxylation, enhanced hyaluronate synthesis, and increased release of calcium were identical when measured 48 h after treatement. In each case a minimum response occurred at approximately 0.01 mug parathormone per ml and a maximum response at about 0.1 mug per ml. The time courses of these responses to parathromone were different. Hyaluronate synthesis increased within 1 h after treatment and peaked at 6 h; decarboxylation of citrate declined after 3 h; demineralization of the bone was not detected until 24 h. When parathormone-treated bones were placed in parathormone-free medium, citrate decarboxylation returned to control levels within 24 h, but increased synthesis of hyaluronate and demineralization persisted for at least 24 h more. When calcitonin was added to bones which were treated with parathormone, the parathormone-induced inhibition of citrate metabolism did not change, but both hyaluronate synthesis and demineralization rapidly declined. Subsequently the rate of hyaluronate synthesis increased, and this was followed several hours later by an increase in demineralization. These data suggest that citrate and hyaluronate metabolism are involved in the overall response of bone to parathormone but are only loosely coupled to one another. Synthesis of hyaluronate appears to be more closely related to subsequent calcium release than is citrate metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of parathormone and calcitonin on citrate and hyaluronate metabolism in cultured bone. Two metabolic correlates of parathormone-induced bone resorption are increased synthesis of hyaluronate and decreased production of CO2 from citrate. We have examined these phenomena simultaneously with calcium release in cultured mouse calvaria and fetal rat radii and ulnae treated with parathormone and calcitonin, separately or in combination. In both types of tissue the parathormone dose-response curves for inhibition of citrate decarboxylation, enhanced hyaluronate synthesis, and increased release of calcium were identical when measured 48 h after treatement. In each case a minimum response occurred at approximately 0.01 mug parathormone per ml and a maximum response at about 0.1 mug per ml. The time courses of these responses to parathromone were different. Hyaluronate synthesis increased within 1 h after treatment and peaked at 6 h; decarboxylation of citrate declined after 3 h; demineralization of the bone was not detected until 24 h. When parathormone-treated bones were placed in parathormone-free medium, citrate decarboxylation returned to control levels within 24 h, but increased synthesis of hyaluronate and demineralization persisted for at least 24 h more. When calcitonin was added to bones which were treated with parathormone, the parathormone-induced inhibition of citrate metabolism did not change, but both hyaluronate synthesis and demineralization rapidly declined. Subsequently the rate of hyaluronate synthesis increased, and this was followed several hours later by an increase in demineralization. These data suggest that citrate and hyaluronate metabolism are involved in the overall response of bone to parathormone but are only loosely coupled to one another. Synthesis of hyaluronate appears to be more closely related to subsequent calcium release than is citrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:942915", "title": "A detailed characterization of the proestrous luteinizing hormone surge.", "content": "Four-day cycling rats were kept in a room with the light on from 0500-1900 h. Plasma LH concentrations in blood withdrawn through atrial cannulas at hourly intervals from 1400-2000 h on proestrus were very similar to serum LH concentrations in blood collected from uncannulated rats by decapitation at these times. Additional cannulated rats were bled (0.1 ml) at 5 min intervals from 1400-1600, 1600-1800, or 1800-2000 h. After each bleeding, 0.1 ml of heparinized saline was injected through the cannula. Following a rise (rate unknown) to detectable levels of about 200 ng/ml, plasma LH displayed a rapid linear increase to 1538 +/- 118 ng/ml, starting between 1445 and 1650 h and lasting 20 to 50 min. Over the next 110 min plasma LH at first rose erratically by about another 200 ng/ml and then fluctuated around an apparent plateu. It then dropped rapidly but the declines were commonly interrupted by one or more rapid increases in plasma LH. A generalized pattern of the proestrous LH surge has been constructed from the data.", "contents": "A detailed characterization of the proestrous luteinizing hormone surge. Four-day cycling rats were kept in a room with the light on from 0500-1900 h. Plasma LH concentrations in blood withdrawn through atrial cannulas at hourly intervals from 1400-2000 h on proestrus were very similar to serum LH concentrations in blood collected from uncannulated rats by decapitation at these times. Additional cannulated rats were bled (0.1 ml) at 5 min intervals from 1400-1600, 1600-1800, or 1800-2000 h. After each bleeding, 0.1 ml of heparinized saline was injected through the cannula. Following a rise (rate unknown) to detectable levels of about 200 ng/ml, plasma LH displayed a rapid linear increase to 1538 +/- 118 ng/ml, starting between 1445 and 1650 h and lasting 20 to 50 min. Over the next 110 min plasma LH at first rose erratically by about another 200 ng/ml and then fluctuated around an apparent plateu. It then dropped rapidly but the declines were commonly interrupted by one or more rapid increases in plasma LH. A generalized pattern of the proestrous LH surge has been constructed from the data."}
{"id": "PMID:942916", "title": "Preparation and characterization of the active derivative bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) with the reactive site lysine-15 -- alanine-16 hydrolyzed.", "content": "The derivative of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz), TKI+, was prepared with the reactive-site peptide bond Lys-15-Ala-16 hydrolyzed. This was achieved by selective borohydride reduction of the Cys-14-Cys-38 disulfide bond, followed by tryptic cleavage of the reactive-site peptide bond, air reoxidation of the half-cystine residues, and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The derivative corresponds to the hypothetical 'modified' inhibitor TKI+, which so far could not be obtained from virgin inhibitor by a direct modification reaction (partial proteolysis). The derivative isolated was homogeneous as revealed by amino acid analysis, disc electrophoresis, inactivation by carboxypeptidase B, and inactivation by sodium borohydride reduction. The inhibitory activity of the sodium-borohydride-reduced inhibitor was fully recovered after air reoxidation. The site of cleavage in the inhibitor was confirmed by performic acid oxidation and subsequent isolation of the two corresponding peptides containing residues 1-15 and 16-58 of the entire polypeptide chain. From several aminopeptidases tested only aminopeptidase K rapidly cleaved Ala-16 and Arg-17 from the modified inhibitor and at a reduced rate Ile-18. Des-(Ala16,Arg17)-inhibitor and des-Ala16-inhibitor are both lacking a strong inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin. This indicates a decrease in the association constant by factor of at least 10(8)-10(10). The reactive-site-modified inhibitor is not subject to further enzymic breakdown and therefore is a permanent inhibitor of trypsin. However, the modified inhibitor forms the inactive complex much slower than virgin inhibitor. In the modified inhibitor the hydrolyzed peptide bone was resynthesized to yield virgin inhibitor by forming the complex with trypsin and subjecting the complex to kinetic control dissociation. This proves that the bond Lys-15--Ala-16 is at the reactive site of this inhibitor. Preparation of a modified and still active inhibitor (Kunitz) is in agreement with the general model proposed for the interaction of proteinase-inhibitor--proteinase interactions. This presents new evidence that this model is generally applicable.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of the active derivative bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) with the reactive site lysine-15 -- alanine-16 hydrolyzed. The derivative of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz), TKI+, was prepared with the reactive-site peptide bond Lys-15-Ala-16 hydrolyzed. This was achieved by selective borohydride reduction of the Cys-14-Cys-38 disulfide bond, followed by tryptic cleavage of the reactive-site peptide bond, air reoxidation of the half-cystine residues, and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The derivative corresponds to the hypothetical 'modified' inhibitor TKI+, which so far could not be obtained from virgin inhibitor by a direct modification reaction (partial proteolysis). The derivative isolated was homogeneous as revealed by amino acid analysis, disc electrophoresis, inactivation by carboxypeptidase B, and inactivation by sodium borohydride reduction. The inhibitory activity of the sodium-borohydride-reduced inhibitor was fully recovered after air reoxidation. The site of cleavage in the inhibitor was confirmed by performic acid oxidation and subsequent isolation of the two corresponding peptides containing residues 1-15 and 16-58 of the entire polypeptide chain. From several aminopeptidases tested only aminopeptidase K rapidly cleaved Ala-16 and Arg-17 from the modified inhibitor and at a reduced rate Ile-18. Des-(Ala16,Arg17)-inhibitor and des-Ala16-inhibitor are both lacking a strong inhibitory activity against bovine trypsin. This indicates a decrease in the association constant by factor of at least 10(8)-10(10). The reactive-site-modified inhibitor is not subject to further enzymic breakdown and therefore is a permanent inhibitor of trypsin. However, the modified inhibitor forms the inactive complex much slower than virgin inhibitor. In the modified inhibitor the hydrolyzed peptide bone was resynthesized to yield virgin inhibitor by forming the complex with trypsin and subjecting the complex to kinetic control dissociation. This proves that the bond Lys-15--Ala-16 is at the reactive site of this inhibitor. Preparation of a modified and still active inhibitor (Kunitz) is in agreement with the general model proposed for the interaction of proteinase-inhibitor--proteinase interactions. This presents new evidence that this model is generally applicable."}
{"id": "PMID:942917", "title": "The mechanism of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Purification and some properties of two different 1,4beta-glucan glucanohydrolases from Trichoderma viride.", "content": "1. A low-molecular-weight and a high-molecular-weight 1,4beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (Cx enzyme) have been isolated from a commercial cellulase preparation derived from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride. 2. The purification method for the isolation of the low-molecular-weight enzyme is a three-step procedure including chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, chromatography on a dipolar adsorbent (arginine-Sepharose 6 B) and isoelectric focusing. 3. The starting material for the isolation of the high-molecular-weight enzyme was pre-fractionated by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and by SE-Sephadex chromatography as described previously by us. Further fractionation of this material was achieved by affinity chromatography and repeated isoelectric focusing. 4. Free zone electrophoresis of the low-molecular-weight enzyme indicated a homogeneous protein. The high-molecular-weight enzyme was homogenous in sedimentation equilibrium analysis. 5. The molecular weights of the enzymes were 12 500 and 50 000 +/- 2000 respectively. The former value was determined by chromatography on a calibrated column of Bio-Gel P-100 and the latter value by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. 6. The low-molecular-weight enzyme was isoelectric at pH 4.60 (10 degrees C) and contained 21% carbohydrate. The corresponding values for the high-molecular-weight enzyme were pH 3.39 and 12%. 7. Both enzymes were active in releasing free fibers from filter-paper. The low-molecular-weight enzyme was estimated to be about twice as effective as the high-molecular-weight enzyme in this regard.", "contents": "The mechanism of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Purification and some properties of two different 1,4beta-glucan glucanohydrolases from Trichoderma viride. 1. A low-molecular-weight and a high-molecular-weight 1,4beta-glucan glucanohydrolase (Cx enzyme) have been isolated from a commercial cellulase preparation derived from culture filtrates of the fungus Trichoderma viride. 2. The purification method for the isolation of the low-molecular-weight enzyme is a three-step procedure including chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, chromatography on a dipolar adsorbent (arginine-Sepharose 6 B) and isoelectric focusing. 3. The starting material for the isolation of the high-molecular-weight enzyme was pre-fractionated by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and by SE-Sephadex chromatography as described previously by us. Further fractionation of this material was achieved by affinity chromatography and repeated isoelectric focusing. 4. Free zone electrophoresis of the low-molecular-weight enzyme indicated a homogeneous protein. The high-molecular-weight enzyme was homogenous in sedimentation equilibrium analysis. 5. The molecular weights of the enzymes were 12 500 and 50 000 +/- 2000 respectively. The former value was determined by chromatography on a calibrated column of Bio-Gel P-100 and the latter value by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. 6. The low-molecular-weight enzyme was isoelectric at pH 4.60 (10 degrees C) and contained 21% carbohydrate. The corresponding values for the high-molecular-weight enzyme were pH 3.39 and 12%. 7. Both enzymes were active in releasing free fibers from filter-paper. The low-molecular-weight enzyme was estimated to be about twice as effective as the high-molecular-weight enzyme in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:942918", "title": "Formation of uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose and guanosine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose in vitro using animal enzymes.", "content": "The enzymic formation of guanosine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose from synthetically prepared 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate is described. Incubation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate with an enzyme preparation from bovine mammary glands and either GTP or UTP gives rise to the corresponding nucleoside-diphosphate derivative of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose could also be obtained by incubation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate with UTP and UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase from beef liver.", "contents": "Formation of uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose and guanosine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose in vitro using animal enzymes. The enzymic formation of guanosine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose from synthetically prepared 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate is described. Incubation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate with an enzyme preparation from bovine mammary glands and either GTP or UTP gives rise to the corresponding nucleoside-diphosphate derivative of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Uridine diphosphate 2-deoxy-D-glucose could also be obtained by incubation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-phosphate with UTP and UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase from beef liver."}
{"id": "PMID:942919", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure studies in normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy.", "content": "The surgical results obtained with a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt operation in 13 patients considered to be suffering from normal pressure hydrocephalus have been correlated with the findings of the constant manometric infusion test (IT) and of prolonged intracranial pressure recordings. A positive IT, high amplitude CSF pulse pressure and large transitory increases of CSF pressure during sleep seem to be useful criteria for the surgical prognosis. Ten more patients affected by primary cerebral atrophy have also been studied. The data obtained in both groups of patients have been utilized for a possible pathogenetic interpretation of the syndrome.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid pressure studies in normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy. The surgical results obtained with a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt operation in 13 patients considered to be suffering from normal pressure hydrocephalus have been correlated with the findings of the constant manometric infusion test (IT) and of prolonged intracranial pressure recordings. A positive IT, high amplitude CSF pulse pressure and large transitory increases of CSF pressure during sleep seem to be useful criteria for the surgical prognosis. Ten more patients affected by primary cerebral atrophy have also been studied. The data obtained in both groups of patients have been utilized for a possible pathogenetic interpretation of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:942920", "title": "Effect of pulverized implantation materials (plastic and glass ceramic) on growth and metabolism of mammalian cell cultures.", "content": "The effect of pulverized plastic and glass-ceramic materials (methylmetacrylate, MNA), which are used as implantation materials in surgical medicine, on cell growth, DNA synthesis rate (adjudged by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA), glucose consumption and lactate production (glycolytic rate) was studied in asynchronous monolayer cultures of rather fast proliferating Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and rather slowly proliferating diploid human fibroblasts. Exposure of Ehrlich ascites cells to high concentrations (2 mg/ml; 10 ml medium per culture) of ceramic or plastic material resulted in a gradual inhibition of cell growth and DNA synthesis rate. Protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine, was somewhat less affected than DNA synthesis. Also, the glycolytic rate of Ehrlich ascites cells was slightly but significantly decreased in the presence of 2 mg/ml ceramics or MMA. Exposure of Ehrlich ascites cells to 0.2 or 0.02 mg/ml over a period of 46 h revealed none or only slight inhibitory effects on growth, DNA synthesis or glycolytic rate. On the other side, growth, DNA synthesis and glycolytic rates of human fibroblasts were nearly not affected by the presence of the same concentrations (up to 2 mg/ml, incubation period: 92 h) of pulverized ceramic or plastic material (MMA). It is suggested that this differential cellular sensitivity might be related to differences in the binding (to the cell surface) or uptake of these substances and possibly to differential intracellular lysosomal activation.", "contents": "Effect of pulverized implantation materials (plastic and glass ceramic) on growth and metabolism of mammalian cell cultures. The effect of pulverized plastic and glass-ceramic materials (methylmetacrylate, MNA), which are used as implantation materials in surgical medicine, on cell growth, DNA synthesis rate (adjudged by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA), glucose consumption and lactate production (glycolytic rate) was studied in asynchronous monolayer cultures of rather fast proliferating Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and rather slowly proliferating diploid human fibroblasts. Exposure of Ehrlich ascites cells to high concentrations (2 mg/ml; 10 ml medium per culture) of ceramic or plastic material resulted in a gradual inhibition of cell growth and DNA synthesis rate. Protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine, was somewhat less affected than DNA synthesis. Also, the glycolytic rate of Ehrlich ascites cells was slightly but significantly decreased in the presence of 2 mg/ml ceramics or MMA. Exposure of Ehrlich ascites cells to 0.2 or 0.02 mg/ml over a period of 46 h revealed none or only slight inhibitory effects on growth, DNA synthesis or glycolytic rate. On the other side, growth, DNA synthesis and glycolytic rates of human fibroblasts were nearly not affected by the presence of the same concentrations (up to 2 mg/ml, incubation period: 92 h) of pulverized ceramic or plastic material (MMA). It is suggested that this differential cellular sensitivity might be related to differences in the binding (to the cell surface) or uptake of these substances and possibly to differential intracellular lysosomal activation."}
{"id": "PMID:942921", "title": "Non-specific supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected unilaterally into the area of the ascending dopamine pathways in the lateral hypothalamus. Rats immediately developed spontaneous ipsilateral circling which was enhanced by d-amphetamine (0.63-2.5 mg/kg i.p.) and reversed to a contralateral response by apomorphine (0.015-0.5 mg/kg s.c.). These effects were maximal by the 8th postoperative day. At a time when circling responses were established and biochemical determinations showed striatal dopamine levels to be reduced by at least 80% (limbic dopamine depleted by 60%, telencephalic noradrenaline by 35% but no reductions in 5-hydroxytryptamine), the injection of dopamine (50, 100 mug) and apomorphine (12.5, 25 mug) into the striatum ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion induced contralateral circling/asymmetries. These effects were of lower intensity or absent in non-lesioned rats but a consistent increase in potency of dopamine after 6-OHDA could not be demonstrated. However, similar injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline, which are completely inactive in normal rats, caused more marked contralateral asymmetries/circling at lower intrastriatal doses than dopamine (5-hydroxytryptamine 25-100 mug, noradrenaline 6.25-100 mug). Dyskinesias of the contralateral forelimb were induced by unilateral intrastriatal dopamine (100 mug) in a small proportion of non-lesioned rats: the effects were enhanced when dopamine (50-100 mug) was injected into the striatum ipsilateral to a 6-OHDA lesion. Both potency and intensity of effect were enhanced. Noradrenaline (25-100 mug) also induced contralateral dyskinesias in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats although similar injections were inactive in non-lesioned rats. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was inactive in this effect in both groups of rats. It is suggested that after 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway striatal dopamine receptors may change both their sensitivity and specificity.", "contents": "Non-specific supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected unilaterally into the area of the ascending dopamine pathways in the lateral hypothalamus. Rats immediately developed spontaneous ipsilateral circling which was enhanced by d-amphetamine (0.63-2.5 mg/kg i.p.) and reversed to a contralateral response by apomorphine (0.015-0.5 mg/kg s.c.). These effects were maximal by the 8th postoperative day. At a time when circling responses were established and biochemical determinations showed striatal dopamine levels to be reduced by at least 80% (limbic dopamine depleted by 60%, telencephalic noradrenaline by 35% but no reductions in 5-hydroxytryptamine), the injection of dopamine (50, 100 mug) and apomorphine (12.5, 25 mug) into the striatum ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesion induced contralateral circling/asymmetries. These effects were of lower intensity or absent in non-lesioned rats but a consistent increase in potency of dopamine after 6-OHDA could not be demonstrated. However, similar injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline, which are completely inactive in normal rats, caused more marked contralateral asymmetries/circling at lower intrastriatal doses than dopamine (5-hydroxytryptamine 25-100 mug, noradrenaline 6.25-100 mug). Dyskinesias of the contralateral forelimb were induced by unilateral intrastriatal dopamine (100 mug) in a small proportion of non-lesioned rats: the effects were enhanced when dopamine (50-100 mug) was injected into the striatum ipsilateral to a 6-OHDA lesion. Both potency and intensity of effect were enhanced. Noradrenaline (25-100 mug) also induced contralateral dyskinesias in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats although similar injections were inactive in non-lesioned rats. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was inactive in this effect in both groups of rats. It is suggested that after 6-OHDA lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway striatal dopamine receptors may change both their sensitivity and specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:942927", "title": "Morphine suppression of ethanol withdrawal in mice.", "content": "The acute administration of morphine, alcohol or dopamine results in a pronounced suppression of the convulsions produced by alcohol in mice. The suppressive action of morphine on alcohol withdrawal in the mouse apparently is not a product of morphine intoxication, but rather to some other specific interaction between alcohol and morphine in the central nervous system. The conclusion suggest that dopamine may play a significant role as a modulator in convulsions produced during alcohol withdrawal.", "contents": "Morphine suppression of ethanol withdrawal in mice. The acute administration of morphine, alcohol or dopamine results in a pronounced suppression of the convulsions produced by alcohol in mice. The suppressive action of morphine on alcohol withdrawal in the mouse apparently is not a product of morphine intoxication, but rather to some other specific interaction between alcohol and morphine in the central nervous system. The conclusion suggest that dopamine may play a significant role as a modulator in convulsions produced during alcohol withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:942928", "title": "Incorporation of tritiated uridine during pachytene and diplotene stages in the oocytes of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Incorporation of 3H-uridine was studied during pachytene and diplotene stages of quail oocytes. No labelling could be detected during early pachytene. During advanced and late pachytene, labelling simultaneously appeared on the macrochromosomes and on certain michromosomes in the zone where they emerge from the chromocentric surface periphery. The latter localization corresponds to the region of ribosomal RNA synthesis. At diplotene the same localizations were labelled with a considerably increased intensity.", "contents": "Incorporation of tritiated uridine during pachytene and diplotene stages in the oocytes of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Incorporation of 3H-uridine was studied during pachytene and diplotene stages of quail oocytes. No labelling could be detected during early pachytene. During advanced and late pachytene, labelling simultaneously appeared on the macrochromosomes and on certain michromosomes in the zone where they emerge from the chromocentric surface periphery. The latter localization corresponds to the region of ribosomal RNA synthesis. At diplotene the same localizations were labelled with a considerably increased intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:942931", "title": "Intraovarian pressure changes during ovulation in rabbits.", "content": "Contractile elements are found in the ovaries of many species, but it has not been possible to ascertain whether these elements are of importance in the process of ovulation. In this report, we describe changes in intraovarian pressure recorded continuously in vivo in unanesthetized rabbits under normal conditions and under the influence of intravenously injected human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as well as following the ovulatory stimulus of normal copulation. The recordings were made by means of small latex balloons (0.02- to 0.04-ml volume) attached to indwelling catheters, inserted into the ovarian stroma, and secured with 6-0 nylon sutures. All 24 rabbits studied showed changes in intraovarian pressure indicative of ovarian contractile activity. The intraovarian pressure changes followed a characteristic pattern which was different from the changes in intratubal pressure, recorded simultaneously from the lumen of the ipsilateral fallopian tube, indicating that the contractions of both organs occurred independently. In normal animals, before an ovulatory stimulus was applied, the ovarian contractility pattern consisted of a series of rapid contractions (average amplitude, 6 mm Hg; average frequency; 8 per minute) occurring with intervals of quiescence lasting from 11 to 36 minutes. The base line tonus was frequently elevated during these series of contractions. Mating or an injection of hCG had no immediate effect on intraovarian pressure but, 6 to 8 hours after the stimulus was applied, ovarian contractile activity increased significantly in all rabbits. This enhanced activity persisted for several hours before returning to initial levels approximately 15 to 18 hours after mating or the hCG injection. This demonstration of increased contractile activity about the time of ovulation suggests that ovarian contractions participate in the process of follicular rupture and the extrusion of ova at ovulation. Prostaglandin F2alpha, norepinephrine, and oxytocin were effective in inducing ovarian contractions.", "contents": "Intraovarian pressure changes during ovulation in rabbits. Contractile elements are found in the ovaries of many species, but it has not been possible to ascertain whether these elements are of importance in the process of ovulation. In this report, we describe changes in intraovarian pressure recorded continuously in vivo in unanesthetized rabbits under normal conditions and under the influence of intravenously injected human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as well as following the ovulatory stimulus of normal copulation. The recordings were made by means of small latex balloons (0.02- to 0.04-ml volume) attached to indwelling catheters, inserted into the ovarian stroma, and secured with 6-0 nylon sutures. All 24 rabbits studied showed changes in intraovarian pressure indicative of ovarian contractile activity. The intraovarian pressure changes followed a characteristic pattern which was different from the changes in intratubal pressure, recorded simultaneously from the lumen of the ipsilateral fallopian tube, indicating that the contractions of both organs occurred independently. In normal animals, before an ovulatory stimulus was applied, the ovarian contractility pattern consisted of a series of rapid contractions (average amplitude, 6 mm Hg; average frequency; 8 per minute) occurring with intervals of quiescence lasting from 11 to 36 minutes. The base line tonus was frequently elevated during these series of contractions. Mating or an injection of hCG had no immediate effect on intraovarian pressure but, 6 to 8 hours after the stimulus was applied, ovarian contractile activity increased significantly in all rabbits. This enhanced activity persisted for several hours before returning to initial levels approximately 15 to 18 hours after mating or the hCG injection. This demonstration of increased contractile activity about the time of ovulation suggests that ovarian contractions participate in the process of follicular rupture and the extrusion of ova at ovulation. Prostaglandin F2alpha, norepinephrine, and oxytocin were effective in inducing ovarian contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:942932", "title": "Provocation of postural hypotension by insulin in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "The effect of insulin administration on blood pressure has been investigated in eight diabetes with autonomic neuropathy. Systolic and diastolic pressures fell considerably after insulin in all of them. This effect was aggravated by tilting to the vertical position. Five patients fainted when upright with systolic blood pressures less than 50 mm. Hg. This hypotensive effect of insulin occurs whether it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The onset of the effect is almost immediate after intravenous insulin, is progressive, and may last for several hours. It coincides with a falling blood glucose level and occurs before hypoglycemic levels are reached, and it may be present when the blood glucose level is still elevated. Diurnal variations of postural hypotension have been recorded in some patients, the standing blood pressure falling with the onset of insulin action and rising again as the latter declines. Some of our patients were unable to differentiate between symptoms of hypoglycemia and hypotension. Postural hypotension may account for some episodes of sudden loss of consciousness without warning, usually attributed to hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Provocation of postural hypotension by insulin in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. The effect of insulin administration on blood pressure has been investigated in eight diabetes with autonomic neuropathy. Systolic and diastolic pressures fell considerably after insulin in all of them. This effect was aggravated by tilting to the vertical position. Five patients fainted when upright with systolic blood pressures less than 50 mm. Hg. This hypotensive effect of insulin occurs whether it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The onset of the effect is almost immediate after intravenous insulin, is progressive, and may last for several hours. It coincides with a falling blood glucose level and occurs before hypoglycemic levels are reached, and it may be present when the blood glucose level is still elevated. Diurnal variations of postural hypotension have been recorded in some patients, the standing blood pressure falling with the onset of insulin action and rising again as the latter declines. Some of our patients were unable to differentiate between symptoms of hypoglycemia and hypotension. Postural hypotension may account for some episodes of sudden loss of consciousness without warning, usually attributed to hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:942933", "title": "Effect of dopamine on the esophageal smooth muscle in vivo.", "content": "Intravenous administration of dopamine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and contractions in the lowermost part of the body of the esophagus in the opossum. A dose of 5 mug per kg produced maximal response. The onset of contractions in the body occurred around 20 sec after the onset of the sphincter response. The effect of dopamine was different from isoproterenol, which caused no contractions in the body and caused reduction in sphincter pressure, and from phenylephrine, which also caused no contractions in the body but caused contraction of the sphincter. Moreover, the effect of 5 mug per kg of dopamine was blocked by haloperidol but not by phentolamine, propranolol, bilateral cervical vagotomy, or tetrodotoxin. These studies suggested the presence of selective dopamine receptors which mediated contraction of the esophageal body and relaxation of the sphincter muscle. Since vagal stimulation also causes contraction in the body and relaxation of the sphincter, it was possible that vagal effect on the esophagus was mediated by dopamine receptors. However, haloperidol did not block the effect of electrical stimulation of vagus nerve on body of the esophagus or the lower esophageal sphincter.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on the esophageal smooth muscle in vivo. Intravenous administration of dopamine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the lower esophageal sphincter pressure and contractions in the lowermost part of the body of the esophagus in the opossum. A dose of 5 mug per kg produced maximal response. The onset of contractions in the body occurred around 20 sec after the onset of the sphincter response. The effect of dopamine was different from isoproterenol, which caused no contractions in the body and caused reduction in sphincter pressure, and from phenylephrine, which also caused no contractions in the body but caused contraction of the sphincter. Moreover, the effect of 5 mug per kg of dopamine was blocked by haloperidol but not by phentolamine, propranolol, bilateral cervical vagotomy, or tetrodotoxin. These studies suggested the presence of selective dopamine receptors which mediated contraction of the esophageal body and relaxation of the sphincter muscle. Since vagal stimulation also causes contraction in the body and relaxation of the sphincter, it was possible that vagal effect on the esophagus was mediated by dopamine receptors. However, haloperidol did not block the effect of electrical stimulation of vagus nerve on body of the esophagus or the lower esophageal sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:942934", "title": "[Clinical relevance of prolactin. Results of a round-table (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The physiological regulation of prolactinsecretion and the causes of hyperprolactinemia are described. 2. Main symptomes of hyperprolactinemia are disturbances of the menstrual cycle and galactorrhea. 3. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia without pituitary tumor is possible using CB 154. 4. In patients showing an enlarged sella turcica a selective hypophysectomy or treatment with CB 154 have to be considered carefully. 5. Suppression of postpartal lactation is achieved very effectively with CB 154.", "contents": "[Clinical relevance of prolactin. Results of a round-table (author's transl)]. 1. The physiological regulation of prolactinsecretion and the causes of hyperprolactinemia are described. 2. Main symptomes of hyperprolactinemia are disturbances of the menstrual cycle and galactorrhea. 3. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia without pituitary tumor is possible using CB 154. 4. In patients showing an enlarged sella turcica a selective hypophysectomy or treatment with CB 154 have to be considered carefully. 5. Suppression of postpartal lactation is achieved very effectively with CB 154."}
{"id": "PMID:942937", "title": "Poly(A)-containing RNA in embryonic chick tissues.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA is prepared from chick embryo skin, muscle and brain at 13 days of incubation. The concentration and labelling of RNA is measured after oligo(dT) chromatography. Skin, muscle and brain contain respectively 4.8, 3.6 and 5.6% cytoplasmic RNA with a poly(A) segment. The corresponding figures for nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA are 13, 16 and 9.4%. In skin, incorporation of [3H]uridine in RNA lacking poly(A) exceeds the rate of incorporation into muscle and brain RNA by about 2.5- and 5-fold, respectively. By contrast, no such large differences in rates of incorporation between the tissues are observed with poly(A)-containing RNA.", "contents": "Poly(A)-containing RNA in embryonic chick tissues. Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA is prepared from chick embryo skin, muscle and brain at 13 days of incubation. The concentration and labelling of RNA is measured after oligo(dT) chromatography. Skin, muscle and brain contain respectively 4.8, 3.6 and 5.6% cytoplasmic RNA with a poly(A) segment. The corresponding figures for nuclear poly(A)-containing RNA are 13, 16 and 9.4%. In skin, incorporation of [3H]uridine in RNA lacking poly(A) exceeds the rate of incorporation into muscle and brain RNA by about 2.5- and 5-fold, respectively. By contrast, no such large differences in rates of incorporation between the tissues are observed with poly(A)-containing RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:942938", "title": "The conformational protential of porcine proinsulin C-peptide.", "content": "Statistical analysis of protein sequences lends itself to the identification of regions with a definite inclination to adopt specific main-chain conformations. Application of the model of Chou and Fasman[1,2] to porcine proinsulin C-peptide localizes the tendency to form a helix in the segments (38 to 44) and (51 to 58). A tendency to beta turn formation is predicted for the segment (45 to 50). The realization of this conformational potential under native and various other conditions was examined by CD spectroscopy. Synthetic C-peptide as well as the synthetic fragments (33 - 40), (41 - 52), (41 - 61), (46 - 52), (46 - 61), and (53 - 61) were included in the study. These fragments provide breaks in the amino acid sequence in each of the potentially ordered regions. The strong helical tendency in the (51 - 58) segment can be activated in the fragments (41 - 61) and (46 - 61) by 1 per cent sodium dodecylsulfate, although the spectrum is not indicative of a classical alpha-helix. However, the conformation in the (51 to 58) segment should also be non-random in native C-peptide, since cleavage of the (46 - 61) fragment into the subfragments (46 - 52) and (53 - 61) causes considerable spectral effects. Cleavage of the other potentially helical region (38 to 44) between residues 40 and 41, on the other hand, is without spectral consequences. Therefore, this segment is unlikely to be helical in native C-peptide. In the coherent C-peptide, the helix formation which can be induced by sodium dodecylsulfate in the C-terminal part is apparently inhibited by interaction with the N-terminal half of the molecule. This interaction implies that the chain is folded back on itself, which is consistent with a high probability of bets turn formation in the segment (45 to 50). The CD spectra of the fragments (41 - 52) and (46 - 52), in which the beta turn could occur, are characterized by positive ellipticity about 213 nm. The correlation of the beta turn with this type of spectrum as well as its definite location are discussed, but cannot be proved solely on CD spectroscopic grounds.", "contents": "The conformational protential of porcine proinsulin C-peptide. Statistical analysis of protein sequences lends itself to the identification of regions with a definite inclination to adopt specific main-chain conformations. Application of the model of Chou and Fasman[1,2] to porcine proinsulin C-peptide localizes the tendency to form a helix in the segments (38 to 44) and (51 to 58). A tendency to beta turn formation is predicted for the segment (45 to 50). The realization of this conformational potential under native and various other conditions was examined by CD spectroscopy. Synthetic C-peptide as well as the synthetic fragments (33 - 40), (41 - 52), (41 - 61), (46 - 52), (46 - 61), and (53 - 61) were included in the study. These fragments provide breaks in the amino acid sequence in each of the potentially ordered regions. The strong helical tendency in the (51 - 58) segment can be activated in the fragments (41 - 61) and (46 - 61) by 1 per cent sodium dodecylsulfate, although the spectrum is not indicative of a classical alpha-helix. However, the conformation in the (51 to 58) segment should also be non-random in native C-peptide, since cleavage of the (46 - 61) fragment into the subfragments (46 - 52) and (53 - 61) causes considerable spectral effects. Cleavage of the other potentially helical region (38 to 44) between residues 40 and 41, on the other hand, is without spectral consequences. Therefore, this segment is unlikely to be helical in native C-peptide. In the coherent C-peptide, the helix formation which can be induced by sodium dodecylsulfate in the C-terminal part is apparently inhibited by interaction with the N-terminal half of the molecule. This interaction implies that the chain is folded back on itself, which is consistent with a high probability of bets turn formation in the segment (45 to 50). The CD spectra of the fragments (41 - 52) and (46 - 52), in which the beta turn could occur, are characterized by positive ellipticity about 213 nm. The correlation of the beta turn with this type of spectrum as well as its definite location are discussed, but cannot be proved solely on CD spectroscopic grounds."}
{"id": "PMID:942940", "title": "Satellite-association frequency and rDNA content of a double-satellited chromosome.", "content": "A correlation between the amount of rDNA and the frequency of participation in satellite associations is observed in a double-satellited human acrocentric chromosome.", "contents": "Satellite-association frequency and rDNA content of a double-satellited chromosome. A correlation between the amount of rDNA and the frequency of participation in satellite associations is observed in a double-satellited human acrocentric chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:942941", "title": "Preparation of large numbers of uniform tracheal organ cultures for long term studies. I. Effects of serum on establishment in culture.", "content": "Rat tracheas were each sectioned into fourteen rings of equal size with a slicing device which holds evenly spaced razor blades in register. The razor blades were positioned to minimize shearing of tissues during sectioning so that there was no gross tissue disruption or cell death distant from cut edges. Hundreds of these fragments can be conveniently prepared for studies requiring replicate samples. The cultures can be established in McCoy's 5a (modified) medium with or without calf serum. Cultures grown in the presence of calf serum were compared with those grown in serum-free medium, using vital phase microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopic autoradiography of thymidine incorporation. When there is calf serum in the medium, epithelization of the entire surface of the ring occurs rapidly with the cells flattening and migrating as a sheet of closely apposed cells. Until migration is complete, mitoses are limited to the original mucosa near the cut edge. Without calf serum, migration is slow. The cells do not flatten or become closely apposed. Mitoses appear later but are present on all areas of the surface before migration is complete. In both serum-containing and serum-free media, ciliated cells are included in the migrating population and differentiation into pseudostratified epithelium occurs on newly epithelialized surfaces. The differing pattern of mitotic activity makes culture in serum-containing media more suitable for studies of wound healing and culture in serum-free medium more useful for some cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies.", "contents": "Preparation of large numbers of uniform tracheal organ cultures for long term studies. I. Effects of serum on establishment in culture. Rat tracheas were each sectioned into fourteen rings of equal size with a slicing device which holds evenly spaced razor blades in register. The razor blades were positioned to minimize shearing of tissues during sectioning so that there was no gross tissue disruption or cell death distant from cut edges. Hundreds of these fragments can be conveniently prepared for studies requiring replicate samples. The cultures can be established in McCoy's 5a (modified) medium with or without calf serum. Cultures grown in the presence of calf serum were compared with those grown in serum-free medium, using vital phase microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopic autoradiography of thymidine incorporation. When there is calf serum in the medium, epithelization of the entire surface of the ring occurs rapidly with the cells flattening and migrating as a sheet of closely apposed cells. Until migration is complete, mitoses are limited to the original mucosa near the cut edge. Without calf serum, migration is slow. The cells do not flatten or become closely apposed. Mitoses appear later but are present on all areas of the surface before migration is complete. In both serum-containing and serum-free media, ciliated cells are included in the migrating population and differentiation into pseudostratified epithelium occurs on newly epithelialized surfaces. The differing pattern of mitotic activity makes culture in serum-containing media more suitable for studies of wound healing and culture in serum-free medium more useful for some cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies."}
{"id": "PMID:942942", "title": "Comparison of diphtheria intoxication in human and nonhuman cell lines and their resistant variants.", "content": "Differences in sensitivity to diphtheria toxin of several toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant human and non-human cell lines were compared. A method is described whereby it is possible to compare the sensitivity of one cell line with another and obtain meaningful quantitative results. Based on the concentration of toxin required to produce 50% inhibition of protein synthesis after 24 h of exposure the ID50 (24) value toxin-resistant cells were found to be 105 to 106 times more resistant to toxin than toxin-sensitive cells. There was little variation in the ID50 (24) values for cells in each of the two groups. The toxin-resistant cells used in this study, naturally resistant as well as selected variants, possess elongation factor 2 which is susceptible to inactivation by toxin. It is suggested that they are capable of activation of toxin but either cannot bind toxin or are unable to transport toxin across the plasma membrane. Protein synthesis is inhibited when these resistant cells are exposed to high concentrations of toxin. Under these conditions it is likely that enough toxin is able to bypass the block in toxin-specific entry and reach the cytosol by a second, less efficient, nonspecific mechanism to catalyze the inactivation of elongation factor 2 and inhibit protein synthesis.", "contents": "Comparison of diphtheria intoxication in human and nonhuman cell lines and their resistant variants. Differences in sensitivity to diphtheria toxin of several toxin-sensitive and toxin-resistant human and non-human cell lines were compared. A method is described whereby it is possible to compare the sensitivity of one cell line with another and obtain meaningful quantitative results. Based on the concentration of toxin required to produce 50% inhibition of protein synthesis after 24 h of exposure the ID50 (24) value toxin-resistant cells were found to be 105 to 106 times more resistant to toxin than toxin-sensitive cells. There was little variation in the ID50 (24) values for cells in each of the two groups. The toxin-resistant cells used in this study, naturally resistant as well as selected variants, possess elongation factor 2 which is susceptible to inactivation by toxin. It is suggested that they are capable of activation of toxin but either cannot bind toxin or are unable to transport toxin across the plasma membrane. Protein synthesis is inhibited when these resistant cells are exposed to high concentrations of toxin. Under these conditions it is likely that enough toxin is able to bypass the block in toxin-specific entry and reach the cytosol by a second, less efficient, nonspecific mechanism to catalyze the inactivation of elongation factor 2 and inhibit protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942943", "title": "Tumour-associated lymphocyte cytotoxicity superimposed on \"spontaneous\" cytotoxicity in melanoma patients.", "content": "Lymphocytes from 16 stage I, 6 stage II and 31 stage III melanoma patients (MP) and 51 healthy donors (HD) were tested as far as possible in parallel on a melanoma cell line (NKI-4), a bladder carcinoma cell line (T 24) and 18 different short-term melanoma cultures. Lymphocytes from MP and HD showed cytotoxic effects towards all three types of target cells. Lymphocytes from HD showed the strongest \"spontaneous\" cytotoxic effects on NKI-4 cells whereas, in general, weak cytotoxic effects were seen on short-term cultured melanoma cells. Within the different lymphocyte donor groups an enormous variation in cytotoxic effects was observed. However, the overall cytotoxic effects of stage I and II MP were significantly higher than those of the HD-group. Stage I MP showed significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on NKI-4 cells than on T 24 cells, indicating that tumour-associated lymphocyte cytotoxicity was superimposed on spontaneous cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Tumour-associated lymphocyte cytotoxicity superimposed on \"spontaneous\" cytotoxicity in melanoma patients. Lymphocytes from 16 stage I, 6 stage II and 31 stage III melanoma patients (MP) and 51 healthy donors (HD) were tested as far as possible in parallel on a melanoma cell line (NKI-4), a bladder carcinoma cell line (T 24) and 18 different short-term melanoma cultures. Lymphocytes from MP and HD showed cytotoxic effects towards all three types of target cells. Lymphocytes from HD showed the strongest \"spontaneous\" cytotoxic effects on NKI-4 cells whereas, in general, weak cytotoxic effects were seen on short-term cultured melanoma cells. Within the different lymphocyte donor groups an enormous variation in cytotoxic effects was observed. However, the overall cytotoxic effects of stage I and II MP were significantly higher than those of the HD-group. Stage I MP showed significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on NKI-4 cells than on T 24 cells, indicating that tumour-associated lymphocyte cytotoxicity was superimposed on spontaneous cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:942944", "title": "The effects from combining urea and an alcohol on the heat-induced reversible denaturation of ribonuclease.", "content": "The effects of a combination of an alcohol and urea on the transition temperature of bovine ribonuclease were investigated. The combined effects on the transition temperature of ribonuclease of a polyvalent alcohol and urea are about equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of each individual additive. The effects of a monovalent alcohol and urea are not cummulative, especially not at low temperatures (30 degrees C). The presence of urea decreases the hydrophobic effect of a monovalent alcohol, strongly at low temperatures, to a lesser degree at high temperatures (60 degrees C). Consequently, urea hinders the interhydrophobic interactions by affecting the water molecules.", "contents": "The effects from combining urea and an alcohol on the heat-induced reversible denaturation of ribonuclease. The effects of a combination of an alcohol and urea on the transition temperature of bovine ribonuclease were investigated. The combined effects on the transition temperature of ribonuclease of a polyvalent alcohol and urea are about equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of each individual additive. The effects of a monovalent alcohol and urea are not cummulative, especially not at low temperatures (30 degrees C). The presence of urea decreases the hydrophobic effect of a monovalent alcohol, strongly at low temperatures, to a lesser degree at high temperatures (60 degrees C). Consequently, urea hinders the interhydrophobic interactions by affecting the water molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:942947", "title": "In vivo motility of the unobstructed fallopian tube.", "content": "Current methods of recording the fallopian tube motility in vivo essentially measure the intraluminal pressure. Diametral change is another parameter which can provide additional useful information related to tubal function. A method for in vivo monitoring of diametral change without obstructing the lumen and based on the impedance measurement technique has been proposed. An in vitro comparison of wall displacement with transtubal electrical impedance change shows that the impedance changes reflect diametral changes. Another in vitro experiment in which the autorhythmicity of contractions was maintained by means of a perfusion bath indicates that the impedance changes are primarily due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the fallopian tube. These studies were followed up with long-term chronic implantations with dual probes on the isthmic and ampullar regions of the tube in female rabbits. Inpedance changes over periods as long as 6 mo could be readily obtained. Histological observations as well as fertility studies support the conclusion that the tube is minimally affected by the placement of the probes.", "contents": "In vivo motility of the unobstructed fallopian tube. Current methods of recording the fallopian tube motility in vivo essentially measure the intraluminal pressure. Diametral change is another parameter which can provide additional useful information related to tubal function. A method for in vivo monitoring of diametral change without obstructing the lumen and based on the impedance measurement technique has been proposed. An in vitro comparison of wall displacement with transtubal electrical impedance change shows that the impedance changes reflect diametral changes. Another in vitro experiment in which the autorhythmicity of contractions was maintained by means of a perfusion bath indicates that the impedance changes are primarily due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the fallopian tube. These studies were followed up with long-term chronic implantations with dual probes on the isthmic and ampullar regions of the tube in female rabbits. Inpedance changes over periods as long as 6 mo could be readily obtained. Histological observations as well as fertility studies support the conclusion that the tube is minimally affected by the placement of the probes."}
{"id": "PMID:942948", "title": "Growth and physical training with reference to heredity.", "content": "Identical male twins (four sets aged 10 yr, four sets aged 13 yr, and four sets aged 16 yr) were divided so that one twin underwent strenuos endurance training for 10 wk, while his brother served as a control without training. Intrapair comparisons of the training-period changes in aerobic, anaerobic, and cardiorespiratory responses to maximum work on a bicycle ergometer disclosed that 1) 10-yr-old trained twins improved more than untrained twins did in VO2max,2) 16-yr-old trained twins increased their VO2max, O2 pulse, blood lactate, ventilation, and respiratory rate and decreased their maximal heart rates more than their untrained counterparts did, and 3) the trained and the untrained 13-yr-old twins changed commensurately. Further, interage comparisons of the intrapair differences showed that both the 10- and 16-yr olds improved their VO2max more than did the 13-yr olds. In view of this evidence, the old hypothesis that more may be gained by introducing extra exercise at the time when the rate of growth is greatest is not tenable.", "contents": "Growth and physical training with reference to heredity. Identical male twins (four sets aged 10 yr, four sets aged 13 yr, and four sets aged 16 yr) were divided so that one twin underwent strenuos endurance training for 10 wk, while his brother served as a control without training. Intrapair comparisons of the training-period changes in aerobic, anaerobic, and cardiorespiratory responses to maximum work on a bicycle ergometer disclosed that 1) 10-yr-old trained twins improved more than untrained twins did in VO2max,2) 16-yr-old trained twins increased their VO2max, O2 pulse, blood lactate, ventilation, and respiratory rate and decreased their maximal heart rates more than their untrained counterparts did, and 3) the trained and the untrained 13-yr-old twins changed commensurately. Further, interage comparisons of the intrapair differences showed that both the 10- and 16-yr olds improved their VO2max more than did the 13-yr olds. In view of this evidence, the old hypothesis that more may be gained by introducing extra exercise at the time when the rate of growth is greatest is not tenable."}
{"id": "PMID:942949", "title": "A simple electrolytic method for cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing.", "content": "An electrolytic approach to cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing is described. The method is superior to abrasion or manual methods because it produces a clear lumen in the smallest diameter tubing available. The method is simple, quick, and inexpensive and has been found valuable for making small injection needles, small tissue punches, and for repairing broken or occluded microliter syringes.", "contents": "A simple electrolytic method for cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing. An electrolytic approach to cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing is described. The method is superior to abrasion or manual methods because it produces a clear lumen in the smallest diameter tubing available. The method is simple, quick, and inexpensive and has been found valuable for making small injection needles, small tissue punches, and for repairing broken or occluded microliter syringes."}
{"id": "PMID:942950", "title": "Determination of methyl mercury in fish by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy and comparison with an acid digestion method for total mercury.", "content": "A method for the concurrent determination of methyl mercury and inorganic mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is described. Fifty-seven samples of juvenile black marlin fish were analyzed for inorganic and methyl mercury, and total mercury was calculated by addition of the 2 values. The sensitivity of the method was estimated to be 0.029 mug for inorganic mercury and 0.033 mug for methyl mercury. The detection limit of the method was about 0.02 mug inorganic mercury or methyl mercury and the error of the method was found not to exceed 10% for samples giving about 10% deflection on the absorbance scale. Samples from the same fish were analyzed by a commonly accepted flameless AAS method for the determination of total mercury. When the results for total mercury from the 2 methods were statistically compared, using a paired t-test, the difference between the results obtained by the 2 methods was found to be insignificant at the 95% confidence level.", "contents": "Determination of methyl mercury in fish by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy and comparison with an acid digestion method for total mercury. A method for the concurrent determination of methyl mercury and inorganic mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is described. Fifty-seven samples of juvenile black marlin fish were analyzed for inorganic and methyl mercury, and total mercury was calculated by addition of the 2 values. The sensitivity of the method was estimated to be 0.029 mug for inorganic mercury and 0.033 mug for methyl mercury. The detection limit of the method was about 0.02 mug inorganic mercury or methyl mercury and the error of the method was found not to exceed 10% for samples giving about 10% deflection on the absorbance scale. Samples from the same fish were analyzed by a commonly accepted flameless AAS method for the determination of total mercury. When the results for total mercury from the 2 methods were statistically compared, using a paired t-test, the difference between the results obtained by the 2 methods was found to be insignificant at the 95% confidence level."}
{"id": "PMID:942951", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by vasoactive substances in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3.", "content": "Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha are present in the culture medium of methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3 cells. The production of these prostaglandins is stimulated when the cells are incubated in the presence of serum, arachidonic acid, thrombin, and bradykinin, or if they are mechanically manipulated. Whereas the appearance of prostaglandins resulting from the latter four treatments is complete in several minutes, in the presence of serum the prostaglandin levels are still increasing ever after 2 hours. Stimulation by all of these treatments is additive. Indomethacin inhibits these stimulations, suggesting that the production of prostaglandins results from de novo biosynthesis.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by vasoactive substances in methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3. Prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha are present in the culture medium of methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3 cells. The production of these prostaglandins is stimulated when the cells are incubated in the presence of serum, arachidonic acid, thrombin, and bradykinin, or if they are mechanically manipulated. Whereas the appearance of prostaglandins resulting from the latter four treatments is complete in several minutes, in the presence of serum the prostaglandin levels are still increasing ever after 2 hours. Stimulation by all of these treatments is additive. Indomethacin inhibits these stimulations, suggesting that the production of prostaglandins results from de novo biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:942952", "title": "Preparation and characterization of a dextran-trypsin conjugate.", "content": "Bovine pancreatic trypsin was coupled to dextran after activation of the polysaccharide by cyanogen bromide. The soluble dextran-trypsin conjugated was purified by molecular sieve chromatography. After coupling, 53% of the esterase activity of trypsin remained, but the conjugate had only 7% of the caseinolytic activity of the native enzyme. The modified trypsin showed greater resistance than the native enzyme to inactivation by heat treatment, autodigestion, or denaturing agents, and was also more resistant to inhibition by trypsin inhibitors, particularly ovomucoid. Treatment with dextranase partly removed the improved stability properties and resistance to inhibition of the trypsin-dextran conjugate. The conjugated enzyme preparation consists of a heterogenous mixture of macromolecular aggregates, each containing many trypsin and many dextran molecules linked together. Intramolecular cross-linking of enzyme molecules by polysaccharide chains is considered to be responsible for stabilization of the tertiary structure of the enzyme molecules in the conjugate.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of a dextran-trypsin conjugate. Bovine pancreatic trypsin was coupled to dextran after activation of the polysaccharide by cyanogen bromide. The soluble dextran-trypsin conjugated was purified by molecular sieve chromatography. After coupling, 53% of the esterase activity of trypsin remained, but the conjugate had only 7% of the caseinolytic activity of the native enzyme. The modified trypsin showed greater resistance than the native enzyme to inactivation by heat treatment, autodigestion, or denaturing agents, and was also more resistant to inhibition by trypsin inhibitors, particularly ovomucoid. Treatment with dextranase partly removed the improved stability properties and resistance to inhibition of the trypsin-dextran conjugate. The conjugated enzyme preparation consists of a heterogenous mixture of macromolecular aggregates, each containing many trypsin and many dextran molecules linked together. Intramolecular cross-linking of enzyme molecules by polysaccharide chains is considered to be responsible for stabilization of the tertiary structure of the enzyme molecules in the conjugate."}
{"id": "PMID:942953", "title": "Salivary epithelial cells in primary culture: characterization of their growth and functional properties.", "content": "Mouse submandibular salivary gland cells were grown in primary explant culture. After an initial period of degeneration within the explant, surviving epithelial cells proliferated rapidly and duct-like structures recolonized the explant. Autoradiographic studies showed that a peak of DNA synthesis occurred after 4 days in vitro and that proliferation was enhanced by insulin and hydrocortisone. These cells retained specialized secretory function (protease activity) for at least 2 weeks in vitro. This enzyme is a differentiated product of granular tubule cells in vivo. Between 6 and 10 days, explants attached to the substrate. An outgrowth developed, consisting largely of ultrastructurally identifiable epithelial cells which formed pseudoglandular structures in the monolayer. Epithelium survived for over 6 months in primary culture but could not be serially transferred. Secondary cultures were rapidly overgrown by mesenchymal cells.", "contents": "Salivary epithelial cells in primary culture: characterization of their growth and functional properties. Mouse submandibular salivary gland cells were grown in primary explant culture. After an initial period of degeneration within the explant, surviving epithelial cells proliferated rapidly and duct-like structures recolonized the explant. Autoradiographic studies showed that a peak of DNA synthesis occurred after 4 days in vitro and that proliferation was enhanced by insulin and hydrocortisone. These cells retained specialized secretory function (protease activity) for at least 2 weeks in vitro. This enzyme is a differentiated product of granular tubule cells in vivo. Between 6 and 10 days, explants attached to the substrate. An outgrowth developed, consisting largely of ultrastructurally identifiable epithelial cells which formed pseudoglandular structures in the monolayer. Epithelium survived for over 6 months in primary culture but could not be serially transferred. Secondary cultures were rapidly overgrown by mesenchymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:942954", "title": "Two ultrastructurally distinct tubulin paracrystals induced in sea-urchin eggs by vinblastine sulphate.", "content": "Two types of ultrastructurally distinct tubulin paracrystals have been induced in sea-urchin eggs with vinblastine sulphate (VLB) under different sets of conditions. One type of paracrystal appears to consist of hexagonally-close packed microtubules and closely resembles paracrystals present in mammalian cells treated with vinblastine or vincristine sulphate, but not previously reported in sea-urchin eggs. The other type is also made up of tubulin subunits, but these do not seem to have polymerized into microtubules. Both types of paracrystal are induced in sea-urchin eggs in the presence of VLB at a time when tubulin subunits would not normally polymerize. Possible mechanisms for tubulin activation and the induction of paracrystal formation are discussed in respect to the available information on the binding sites of the tubulin subunits.", "contents": "Two ultrastructurally distinct tubulin paracrystals induced in sea-urchin eggs by vinblastine sulphate. Two types of ultrastructurally distinct tubulin paracrystals have been induced in sea-urchin eggs with vinblastine sulphate (VLB) under different sets of conditions. One type of paracrystal appears to consist of hexagonally-close packed microtubules and closely resembles paracrystals present in mammalian cells treated with vinblastine or vincristine sulphate, but not previously reported in sea-urchin eggs. The other type is also made up of tubulin subunits, but these do not seem to have polymerized into microtubules. Both types of paracrystal are induced in sea-urchin eggs in the presence of VLB at a time when tubulin subunits would not normally polymerize. Possible mechanisms for tubulin activation and the induction of paracrystal formation are discussed in respect to the available information on the binding sites of the tubulin subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:942955", "title": "The effects of mitotic inhibitors on the structure of vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals from sea-urchin eggs.", "content": "Vinblastine sulphate (VLB) is known to induce in vivo formation of tubulin paracrystals in sea-urchin eggs. Corresponding paracrystals have been prepared in the presence of both vinblastine sulphate and other mitoclasic agents. Careful standardization of conditions was required to restrict the formation of alternative forms of the paracrystals induced by vinblastine alone. Comparisons were made between preparations in terms of paracrystal shape, size, proportion of eggs containing paracrystals, number per egg and their relative times of first appearance. A correlation between such properties were established. Comparison of paracrystals at the ultrastructural level showed them all to be similar regardless of the drugs present during their formation. The implications of tubulin polymerization in the presence of mitoclasic agents are discussed and mechanisms for paracrystal enhancement by combinations of such drugs are suggested. Some similarities of paracrystal and microtubule seeding are discussed together with the activation of tubulin in the pool.", "contents": "The effects of mitotic inhibitors on the structure of vinblastine-induced tubulin paracrystals from sea-urchin eggs. Vinblastine sulphate (VLB) is known to induce in vivo formation of tubulin paracrystals in sea-urchin eggs. Corresponding paracrystals have been prepared in the presence of both vinblastine sulphate and other mitoclasic agents. Careful standardization of conditions was required to restrict the formation of alternative forms of the paracrystals induced by vinblastine alone. Comparisons were made between preparations in terms of paracrystal shape, size, proportion of eggs containing paracrystals, number per egg and their relative times of first appearance. A correlation between such properties were established. Comparison of paracrystals at the ultrastructural level showed them all to be similar regardless of the drugs present during their formation. The implications of tubulin polymerization in the presence of mitoclasic agents are discussed and mechanisms for paracrystal enhancement by combinations of such drugs are suggested. Some similarities of paracrystal and microtubule seeding are discussed together with the activation of tubulin in the pool."}
{"id": "PMID:942977", "title": "Comparative properties of the Charcot-Leyden crystal protein and the major basic protein from human eosinophils.", "content": "Guinea pig eosinophil granules contain a protein, the major basic protein (MBP), which accounts for more than half of the total granule protein, has a high content of arginine, and displays a remarkable tendency to form disulfide-linked aggregates. In this study we have purified a similar protein from human eosinophil granules and have compared the human MBP to the protein comprising the Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC). Eosinophils from patients with various diseases were purified and disrupted, and the granule fraction was obtained. Examination of the granule fraction by transmission electron microscopy showed numerous typical eosinophil granules. Analyses of granule lysates by gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of peroxidase and MBP with properties similar to that previously found in guinea pig eosinophil granules. The human MBP had a molecular weight of 9,200, contained less than 1% carbohydrate, was rich in arginine, and readily formed disulfide-bonded aggregates. CLC were prepared from eosinophil-rich cell suspensions by homogenization in hypotonic saline. The supernates following centrifugation of cell debris spontaneously formed CLC. Analysis of CLC revealed the presence of a protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 containing 1.2% carbohydrate. The protein displayed a remarkable tendency to aggregate even in the presence of 0.2 M acetic acid. Human MBP and CLC protein differed in their molecular weights, carbohydrate compositions, and amino acid analyses. Mixtures of the MBP and the CLC protein yielded two bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Neither eosinophil protein increased vascular permeability in the guinea pig skin or contracted the guinea pig ileum. The results indicate that the human MBP and the CLC are distinct substances with properties such that one cannot be derived from the other.", "contents": "Comparative properties of the Charcot-Leyden crystal protein and the major basic protein from human eosinophils. Guinea pig eosinophil granules contain a protein, the major basic protein (MBP), which accounts for more than half of the total granule protein, has a high content of arginine, and displays a remarkable tendency to form disulfide-linked aggregates. In this study we have purified a similar protein from human eosinophil granules and have compared the human MBP to the protein comprising the Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC). Eosinophils from patients with various diseases were purified and disrupted, and the granule fraction was obtained. Examination of the granule fraction by transmission electron microscopy showed numerous typical eosinophil granules. Analyses of granule lysates by gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of peroxidase and MBP with properties similar to that previously found in guinea pig eosinophil granules. The human MBP had a molecular weight of 9,200, contained less than 1% carbohydrate, was rich in arginine, and readily formed disulfide-bonded aggregates. CLC were prepared from eosinophil-rich cell suspensions by homogenization in hypotonic saline. The supernates following centrifugation of cell debris spontaneously formed CLC. Analysis of CLC revealed the presence of a protein with a molecular weight of 13,000 containing 1.2% carbohydrate. The protein displayed a remarkable tendency to aggregate even in the presence of 0.2 M acetic acid. Human MBP and CLC protein differed in their molecular weights, carbohydrate compositions, and amino acid analyses. Mixtures of the MBP and the CLC protein yielded two bands in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Neither eosinophil protein increased vascular permeability in the guinea pig skin or contracted the guinea pig ileum. The results indicate that the human MBP and the CLC are distinct substances with properties such that one cannot be derived from the other."}
{"id": "PMID:942978", "title": "Heart-rate responses to snakes among behaviorally avoidant and nonavoidant college students.", "content": "The study assessed the extent to which heart-rate responsivity in the presence of a snake is correlated with behavioral avoidance of a snake. College students described, by a commonly used method, as either snake-avoidant or nonavoidant were exposed to a snake and to a neutral stimulus while their heart rates were monitored. Those Ss who were not behaviorally avoidant responded to the snake and to the neutral stimulus in essentially the same way. Those who were behaviorally avoidant showed less heart-rate responsivity to the neutral stimulus than to the snake. However, this difference was marginal and of insufficient magnitude to argue that snake-avoidant volunteer Ss are meaningful surrogates for clinically phobic patients. The results indict the value of dozens of previous experiments.", "contents": "Heart-rate responses to snakes among behaviorally avoidant and nonavoidant college students. The study assessed the extent to which heart-rate responsivity in the presence of a snake is correlated with behavioral avoidance of a snake. College students described, by a commonly used method, as either snake-avoidant or nonavoidant were exposed to a snake and to a neutral stimulus while their heart rates were monitored. Those Ss who were not behaviorally avoidant responded to the snake and to the neutral stimulus in essentially the same way. Those who were behaviorally avoidant showed less heart-rate responsivity to the neutral stimulus than to the snake. However, this difference was marginal and of insufficient magnitude to argue that snake-avoidant volunteer Ss are meaningful surrogates for clinically phobic patients. The results indict the value of dozens of previous experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:942980", "title": "A comparison of hypothalamically induced biting attack with natural predatory behavior in the cat.", "content": "A comparison of biting attack induced by electrical stimulation of the cat hypothalamus with natural feline predatory attack revealed a high degree of similarity between the two behaviors. All major components of natural attack could be elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in cats not showing spontaneous attack, including stalking approach to prey, holding and pinning of the prey with forepaws, biting directed to the head and neck, prey kicking, prey carrying, and prey eating. Differences between natural and elicited attack appeared to be related to the range of completenes of elicited attack, the greater intensity of elicited attack, and the presence of unrelated responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Results support the view that hypothalamic stimulation facilitates sensorimotor mechanisms for separate response components, which are highly sensitive to specific stimulus features of the environment and potential goal objects.", "contents": "A comparison of hypothalamically induced biting attack with natural predatory behavior in the cat. A comparison of biting attack induced by electrical stimulation of the cat hypothalamus with natural feline predatory attack revealed a high degree of similarity between the two behaviors. All major components of natural attack could be elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in cats not showing spontaneous attack, including stalking approach to prey, holding and pinning of the prey with forepaws, biting directed to the head and neck, prey kicking, prey carrying, and prey eating. Differences between natural and elicited attack appeared to be related to the range of completenes of elicited attack, the greater intensity of elicited attack, and the presence of unrelated responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation. Results support the view that hypothalamic stimulation facilitates sensorimotor mechanisms for separate response components, which are highly sensitive to specific stimulus features of the environment and potential goal objects."}
{"id": "PMID:942981", "title": "Fermentation tubes for in vitro digestion of forages.", "content": "During in vitro digestion of forages by rumen microorganisms in polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, forage particles formed dense mats which were raised above the level of media by entrapped gas. This did not occur with polyethylene centrifuge tubes. In vitro organic matter digestion was higher in polyethylene than in poly-carbonate tubes. Vacuum infiltration of water into samples prior to inoculation increased in vitro digestion with both types of tubes but to a greater extent with samples of high than of low digestion. Regression analysis of in vivo digestibility on in vitro digestion showed that the lowest residual standard deviation was with polyethylene tubes and vacuum infiltration, but omission of vacuum infiltration gave satisfactory results.", "contents": "Fermentation tubes for in vitro digestion of forages. During in vitro digestion of forages by rumen microorganisms in polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, forage particles formed dense mats which were raised above the level of media by entrapped gas. This did not occur with polyethylene centrifuge tubes. In vitro organic matter digestion was higher in polyethylene than in poly-carbonate tubes. Vacuum infiltration of water into samples prior to inoculation increased in vitro digestion with both types of tubes but to a greater extent with samples of high than of low digestion. Regression analysis of in vivo digestibility on in vitro digestion showed that the lowest residual standard deviation was with polyethylene tubes and vacuum infiltration, but omission of vacuum infiltration gave satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:942982", "title": "Lactational efficiency complex of rats: provisional model for interpretation of energy balance data.", "content": "In experiments to determine maintenance requirements and partial efficiencies of conversion of diet and body tissue to milk, correlations between independent variables interfered with multiple regression procedures usually used in analyzing nutritional energetic data. Therefore, an alternative of a largely deterministic model of energy transformations in lactating rats was developed. Food intake, initial and final body weights, and diet composition were inputs to the model. These inputs were partitioned among the several metabolic functions of lactating rats within the model, and estimates of milk energy, heat increment of production, energy used for maintenance, and heat increment of maintenance were computed. The model was validated with rats and diets not used in model development. Inferences were: (a) average efficiency of body energy conversion to milk is 83%; (b) average gross and net efficiencies of milk production on balanced rations are 57 and 80%; and, (c) maintenance requirements vary as a function of food intake. A logistic function relating maintenance to food intake was developed based on the postulate that changes in intake of food cause changes in weights of several vital organs changing the maintenance requirement. This postulate explains, in part, changes in maintenance requirements during long food restriction and during gestation and lactation.", "contents": "Lactational efficiency complex of rats: provisional model for interpretation of energy balance data. In experiments to determine maintenance requirements and partial efficiencies of conversion of diet and body tissue to milk, correlations between independent variables interfered with multiple regression procedures usually used in analyzing nutritional energetic data. Therefore, an alternative of a largely deterministic model of energy transformations in lactating rats was developed. Food intake, initial and final body weights, and diet composition were inputs to the model. These inputs were partitioned among the several metabolic functions of lactating rats within the model, and estimates of milk energy, heat increment of production, energy used for maintenance, and heat increment of maintenance were computed. The model was validated with rats and diets not used in model development. Inferences were: (a) average efficiency of body energy conversion to milk is 83%; (b) average gross and net efficiencies of milk production on balanced rations are 57 and 80%; and, (c) maintenance requirements vary as a function of food intake. A logistic function relating maintenance to food intake was developed based on the postulate that changes in intake of food cause changes in weights of several vital organs changing the maintenance requirement. This postulate explains, in part, changes in maintenance requirements during long food restriction and during gestation and lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:942983", "title": "Effect of processing soybeans on their use by calves.", "content": "Full-fat soybeans processed by grinding, roasting, or heating by microwave were used to supply the protein in rations fed Holstein calves. Nitrogen digestibilities of the rations were not significantly different. Nitrogen retention for the roasted soybean ration was higher than that of raw or microwave-heated soybean rations. Nitrogen solubility of the roasted soybeans was lower than that of the other soybeans. Protein hydrolysis, as measured by a new in vitro technique, was higher for the roasted soybeans than for the raw or microwave-heated beans. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, ether extract, or nitrogen free extract among the three rations. Digestibility of crude fiber was lower for the roasted ration than for the other rations.", "contents": "Effect of processing soybeans on their use by calves. Full-fat soybeans processed by grinding, roasting, or heating by microwave were used to supply the protein in rations fed Holstein calves. Nitrogen digestibilities of the rations were not significantly different. Nitrogen retention for the roasted soybean ration was higher than that of raw or microwave-heated soybean rations. Nitrogen solubility of the roasted soybeans was lower than that of the other soybeans. Protein hydrolysis, as measured by a new in vitro technique, was higher for the roasted soybeans than for the raw or microwave-heated beans. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, ether extract, or nitrogen free extract among the three rations. Digestibility of crude fiber was lower for the roasted ration than for the other rations."}
{"id": "PMID:942984", "title": "Egg substitutes: chemical and biologic evaluations.", "content": "The total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid content of dried whole egg (DWE), a refrigerated liquid egg substitute, a powdered egg substitute, and a commercial egg yolk replacer (EYR) were compared. All substitutes contained less total lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid than DWE. The powdered substitute contained only half the total lipid content reported by the producers and only a fifth of the cholesterol of DWE, while the percentage distribution of fatty acids was similar to that of DWE. The liquid substitute and EYR had fatty acid distributions similar to soybean oil. Rat growth and lipid response were compared for diets containing either DWE or a mixture of EYR and egg white. Both diets were fed with and without vitamin and mineral supplements. Rat growth response was greatest on the DWE diets, either with or without the supplements, was intermediate on the supplemented EYR diets, and was least on the unsupplemented EYR diets. The consumption of DWE-containing diets, when compared with the EYR-containing diets, caused greater liver weight, greater liver total lipid and total cholesterol content, and slightly higher serum cholesterol.", "contents": "Egg substitutes: chemical and biologic evaluations. The total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid content of dried whole egg (DWE), a refrigerated liquid egg substitute, a powdered egg substitute, and a commercial egg yolk replacer (EYR) were compared. All substitutes contained less total lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipid than DWE. The powdered substitute contained only half the total lipid content reported by the producers and only a fifth of the cholesterol of DWE, while the percentage distribution of fatty acids was similar to that of DWE. The liquid substitute and EYR had fatty acid distributions similar to soybean oil. Rat growth and lipid response were compared for diets containing either DWE or a mixture of EYR and egg white. Both diets were fed with and without vitamin and mineral supplements. Rat growth response was greatest on the DWE diets, either with or without the supplements, was intermediate on the supplemented EYR diets, and was least on the unsupplemented EYR diets. The consumption of DWE-containing diets, when compared with the EYR-containing diets, caused greater liver weight, greater liver total lipid and total cholesterol content, and slightly higher serum cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:942985", "title": "Changes in frying fats with batters containing egg.", "content": "The effect of whole egg and egg yolk phospholipids in a fritter-type batter on changes in color, phosphorus content, percentage of free fatty acids, and NUAF fatty acid esters of a corn oil and a hydrogenated vegetable shortening used for approximately 7 hr. of frying was studied. A highly significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the percentage of free fatty acids, phosphorus content, and darkening of color in the frying fats was associated with the presence of egg or egg yolk phospholipids in the batters. NUAF fatty acid esters in the frying fats were not significantly affected by the batters being fried. These data support the suggestion that diffusion into the frying fat of phospholipids from fried batters containing egg yolk contributes to an increase in free fatty acids and a darkening of color in the frying fat.", "contents": "Changes in frying fats with batters containing egg. The effect of whole egg and egg yolk phospholipids in a fritter-type batter on changes in color, phosphorus content, percentage of free fatty acids, and NUAF fatty acid esters of a corn oil and a hydrogenated vegetable shortening used for approximately 7 hr. of frying was studied. A highly significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the percentage of free fatty acids, phosphorus content, and darkening of color in the frying fats was associated with the presence of egg or egg yolk phospholipids in the batters. NUAF fatty acid esters in the frying fats were not significantly affected by the batters being fried. These data support the suggestion that diffusion into the frying fat of phospholipids from fried batters containing egg yolk contributes to an increase in free fatty acids and a darkening of color in the frying fat."}
{"id": "PMID:942987", "title": "Immunochemical study of incomplete platelet autoantibodies by the anti-globulin consumption test (AGCT) with specific anti-immunoglobulin sera.", "content": "The indirect anti-globulin consumption test (AGCT) with specific immunoglobulin antisera (anti-IgG and anti-IgM) has been applied to the immunochemical characterization of incomplete platelet auto-antibodies in 33 patients with idiophatic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA). In these cases indirect AGCT on platelets was positive with polyvalent gamma antiserum. The test with anti-IgG was positive in all cases except two, while always negative with anti-IgM, with no relation to the presence of complete platelet antibodies, the type of disease and the immunochemical type of erythrocyte autoantibodies in AHA patients. These results indicate that the incomplete platelets auto-antibodies were of the IgG class.", "contents": "Immunochemical study of incomplete platelet autoantibodies by the anti-globulin consumption test (AGCT) with specific anti-immunoglobulin sera. The indirect anti-globulin consumption test (AGCT) with specific immunoglobulin antisera (anti-IgG and anti-IgM) has been applied to the immunochemical characterization of incomplete platelet auto-antibodies in 33 patients with idiophatic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA). In these cases indirect AGCT on platelets was positive with polyvalent gamma antiserum. The test with anti-IgG was positive in all cases except two, while always negative with anti-IgM, with no relation to the presence of complete platelet antibodies, the type of disease and the immunochemical type of erythrocyte autoantibodies in AHA patients. These results indicate that the incomplete platelets auto-antibodies were of the IgG class."}
{"id": "PMID:942991", "title": "A prospective study of children \"at risk\" for deafness.", "content": "A prospective survey of 738 children with high risk factors was carried out in the north-east of Scotland. High risk factors used in previous surveys were reviewed and considered inadequate. New and stringent standards are described. Results are compared with the national incidence of sensori-neural deafness and with other surveys.", "contents": "A prospective study of children \"at risk\" for deafness. A prospective survey of 738 children with high risk factors was carried out in the north-east of Scotland. High risk factors used in previous surveys were reviewed and considered inadequate. New and stringent standards are described. Results are compared with the national incidence of sensori-neural deafness and with other surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:942993", "title": "Leukemia in AKR mice. I. Effects of leukemic cells on antibody-forming potential of syngeneic and allogeneic normal cells.", "content": "Cells from the spleen, thymus, lymph node, and liver of leukemic AKR mice suppress in vitro antibody responses of normal syngeneic and semiallogeneic cells. This suppression can be mediated by irradiated leukemic cells, requires cell contact between leukemic and normal cells, and may occur at any time during the in vitro culture period. Leukemic AKR cells do not suppress antibody responses of allogeneic cells, even when allogeneic cells have H-2 or background genes homologous with AKR. Leukemic cells do, however, suppress cells that are unable to respond allogeneically to leukemic AKR cells, such as cells of the F1s of AKR. Suppression of normal AKR antibody responses by leukemic AKR cells may be overcome by addition of irradiated allogeneic cells. The fact that leukemic AKR cells are able to suppress normal lymphocyte responses may be of significance in pathogenesis of leukemia in these mice.", "contents": "Leukemia in AKR mice. I. Effects of leukemic cells on antibody-forming potential of syngeneic and allogeneic normal cells. Cells from the spleen, thymus, lymph node, and liver of leukemic AKR mice suppress in vitro antibody responses of normal syngeneic and semiallogeneic cells. This suppression can be mediated by irradiated leukemic cells, requires cell contact between leukemic and normal cells, and may occur at any time during the in vitro culture period. Leukemic AKR cells do not suppress antibody responses of allogeneic cells, even when allogeneic cells have H-2 or background genes homologous with AKR. Leukemic cells do, however, suppress cells that are unable to respond allogeneically to leukemic AKR cells, such as cells of the F1s of AKR. Suppression of normal AKR antibody responses by leukemic AKR cells may be overcome by addition of irradiated allogeneic cells. The fact that leukemic AKR cells are able to suppress normal lymphocyte responses may be of significance in pathogenesis of leukemia in these mice."}
{"id": "PMID:942994", "title": "Adoptive suppression of granuloma formation.", "content": "Anti-egg granulomas formed in mice with chronic S. mansoni infection are smaller than those formed early (8 wk) after infection. Passive transfer of serum from mice with chronic infections to recipient mice with developing (6 wk) infections did not affect hepatic granuloma size at 8 wk of infection. In contrast, either spleen cells or lymph node cells from mice with chronic infections strongly suppressed the granulomatous process in recipient mice. Spleen cells, but not lymph node cells, of early-(7 wk) infected mice exhibited some ability to diminish granuloma formation in recipients. It appeared that the use of two sequential, weekly passive transfers of spleen or lymph node cells from chronic mice was even more effective in this suppressive capacity than a single transfer.", "contents": "Adoptive suppression of granuloma formation. Anti-egg granulomas formed in mice with chronic S. mansoni infection are smaller than those formed early (8 wk) after infection. Passive transfer of serum from mice with chronic infections to recipient mice with developing (6 wk) infections did not affect hepatic granuloma size at 8 wk of infection. In contrast, either spleen cells or lymph node cells from mice with chronic infections strongly suppressed the granulomatous process in recipient mice. Spleen cells, but not lymph node cells, of early-(7 wk) infected mice exhibited some ability to diminish granuloma formation in recipients. It appeared that the use of two sequential, weekly passive transfers of spleen or lymph node cells from chronic mice was even more effective in this suppressive capacity than a single transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:942995", "title": "Residual splenic function in the presence of thorotrast-associated hepatic tumor: case report.", "content": "A 50-year-old man had received intravenous colloidal thorium dioxide (thorotrast) 27 years previously. Scintiscans with both 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 131I-rose bengal revealed an extensive intrahepatic defect. At operation, the lesion proved to be an infiltrating hemangiosarcoma. The spleen was small but the chronic internal radiation of the spleen had not completely destroyed the function of radiocolloid uptake. Review of the literature disclosed other cases in which the spleen was still capable of accumulating radiocolloid some years after thorotrast administration. In at least one other instance, radiocolloid uptake was not accompanied by splenic ability to clear Howell-Jolly bodies: a disassociation of splenic functions. The effects of the internal radiation dose to the spleen from thorotrast are discussed and compared with the effects of external radiation. The discrepancy between the effects of the two doses may be related to the high relative biologic effectiveness of the alpha rays from thorotrast compared with  gamma-radiation, to nonuniformity of distribution, and to the effects of reticuloendothelial blockade.", "contents": "Residual splenic function in the presence of thorotrast-associated hepatic tumor: case report. A 50-year-old man had received intravenous colloidal thorium dioxide (thorotrast) 27 years previously. Scintiscans with both 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 131I-rose bengal revealed an extensive intrahepatic defect. At operation, the lesion proved to be an infiltrating hemangiosarcoma. The spleen was small but the chronic internal radiation of the spleen had not completely destroyed the function of radiocolloid uptake. Review of the literature disclosed other cases in which the spleen was still capable of accumulating radiocolloid some years after thorotrast administration. In at least one other instance, radiocolloid uptake was not accompanied by splenic ability to clear Howell-Jolly bodies: a disassociation of splenic functions. The effects of the internal radiation dose to the spleen from thorotrast are discussed and compared with the effects of external radiation. The discrepancy between the effects of the two doses may be related to the high relative biologic effectiveness of the alpha rays from thorotrast compared with  gamma-radiation, to nonuniformity of distribution, and to the effects of reticuloendothelial blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:942996", "title": "Cellular retinol-binding protein and retinoic acid-binding protein in rat testes: effect of retinol depletion.", "content": "Testes of rats contain two cellular binding proteins of interest in vitamin A metabolism. One protein binds retinoic acid with high specificity; the other binds retinol with high specificity. When the cellular retinol-binding protein was partially purified from rat testes, it exhibited fluorescence excitation and emission spectra similar to that of all-trans-retinol in hexane. Exposure of this preparation to UV light destroyed this fluorescence but spectra identical to the original were obtained after addition of retinol. Hexane extracts of the binding protein had fluorescence spectra identical to all-trans-retinol, suggesting that this compound is bound to the protein in vivo. Extracts of testes from retinol depleted rats were submitted to gel filtration but failed to show a retinol-like fluorescence at the elution position of retinol binding protein. This fluorescence was observed in the preparations from pair fed control animals. However, after addition of all-trans-retinol to the extracts from the depleted rats, fluorescence at that elution position was observed. This indicates that in testes of retinol depleted rats the cellular retinol binding protein is present but without bound retinol, in contrast to the non-depleted rats where 30-43% of the binding protein had bound retinol. The amounts of cellular retinol binding protein and retinoic acid binding protein in testes, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation, were found to be similar for retinol depleted and pair fed control rats.", "contents": "Cellular retinol-binding protein and retinoic acid-binding protein in rat testes: effect of retinol depletion. Testes of rats contain two cellular binding proteins of interest in vitamin A metabolism. One protein binds retinoic acid with high specificity; the other binds retinol with high specificity. When the cellular retinol-binding protein was partially purified from rat testes, it exhibited fluorescence excitation and emission spectra similar to that of all-trans-retinol in hexane. Exposure of this preparation to UV light destroyed this fluorescence but spectra identical to the original were obtained after addition of retinol. Hexane extracts of the binding protein had fluorescence spectra identical to all-trans-retinol, suggesting that this compound is bound to the protein in vivo. Extracts of testes from retinol depleted rats were submitted to gel filtration but failed to show a retinol-like fluorescence at the elution position of retinol binding protein. This fluorescence was observed in the preparations from pair fed control animals. However, after addition of all-trans-retinol to the extracts from the depleted rats, fluorescence at that elution position was observed. This indicates that in testes of retinol depleted rats the cellular retinol binding protein is present but without bound retinol, in contrast to the non-depleted rats where 30-43% of the binding protein had bound retinol. The amounts of cellular retinol binding protein and retinoic acid binding protein in testes, as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation, were found to be similar for retinol depleted and pair fed control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:942997", "title": "Nitrogen retention in men fed varying levels of amino acids from soy protein with or without added L-methionine.", "content": "A metabolic study was undertaken to determine methionine requirements of six young men fed soy protein isolate (SB) for 9-day periods. Formula diets contained 9 g of nitrogen from intact proteins with glycine and alanine added. Nitrogen derived from intact protein was g per day: reference eggwhite (EW), 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0; and SB, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5. SB diets were fed with and without addition of L-methionine to raise the total amount of sulfur amino acids (SAA) to 900 mg. Mean nitrogen balance was positive with diets containing at least 4.5 g EW, 6.0 g SB, and 4.5 gSB with methionine added. Individual requirements for SAA were: for one man between 320 and 480 mg; for three, between 480 and 640 mg; for one man, between 640 and 800 mg; and for the sixth man, between 640 and 900 mg. Thus 900 mg, stipulated by the 1973 FAO/WHO Committee as being necessary for the 70 kg reference man, was sufficient for all participants. Nitrogen balance was equally improved by increasing the SB nitrogen level by 1.5 g or adding methionine at each level of SB fed.", "contents": "Nitrogen retention in men fed varying levels of amino acids from soy protein with or without added L-methionine. A metabolic study was undertaken to determine methionine requirements of six young men fed soy protein isolate (SB) for 9-day periods. Formula diets contained 9 g of nitrogen from intact proteins with glycine and alanine added. Nitrogen derived from intact protein was g per day: reference eggwhite (EW), 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0; and SB, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5. SB diets were fed with and without addition of L-methionine to raise the total amount of sulfur amino acids (SAA) to 900 mg. Mean nitrogen balance was positive with diets containing at least 4.5 g EW, 6.0 g SB, and 4.5 gSB with methionine added. Individual requirements for SAA were: for one man between 320 and 480 mg; for three, between 480 and 640 mg; for one man, between 640 and 800 mg; and for the sixth man, between 640 and 900 mg. Thus 900 mg, stipulated by the 1973 FAO/WHO Committee as being necessary for the 70 kg reference man, was sufficient for all participants. Nitrogen balance was equally improved by increasing the SB nitrogen level by 1.5 g or adding methionine at each level of SB fed."}
{"id": "PMID:942998", "title": "Studies of the digestibility and retention of nitrogen and amino acids in rats fed raw or heated soy flour.", "content": "Apparent digestibility and absorption of nitrogen and amino acids from raw and heated soy flour were studied in rats. The apparent digestibility of all the amino acids from raw soybean was lower than from the heated flour. The net absorption was also significantly lower in the group fed raw soy flour for most of the amino acids, with the exception of cystine and methionine. The pattern of the amino acids along the digestive tract showed that while the levels of amino acids from heated soy flour started to decline in the jejunum and continued to decline in the ileum, in the group fed raw soy flour, the decline in levels of the amino acids did not begin until the ileum. The delay in the absorption might affect the overall absorption and utilization of the amino acids, and might explain the lower percentage retention of total nitrogen and amino acids in the carcasses of rats fed raw soy flour as compared with those fed heated soy flour. Possible reasons for the markedly lower cystine retention (relative to other amino acids) in the carcasses of the raw-soybean-fed rats are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of the digestibility and retention of nitrogen and amino acids in rats fed raw or heated soy flour. Apparent digestibility and absorption of nitrogen and amino acids from raw and heated soy flour were studied in rats. The apparent digestibility of all the amino acids from raw soybean was lower than from the heated flour. The net absorption was also significantly lower in the group fed raw soy flour for most of the amino acids, with the exception of cystine and methionine. The pattern of the amino acids along the digestive tract showed that while the levels of amino acids from heated soy flour started to decline in the jejunum and continued to decline in the ileum, in the group fed raw soy flour, the decline in levels of the amino acids did not begin until the ileum. The delay in the absorption might affect the overall absorption and utilization of the amino acids, and might explain the lower percentage retention of total nitrogen and amino acids in the carcasses of rats fed raw soy flour as compared with those fed heated soy flour. Possible reasons for the markedly lower cystine retention (relative to other amino acids) in the carcasses of the raw-soybean-fed rats are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:942999", "title": "Enzymic activities in the pancreas, digestive tract and feces of rats fed raw or heated soy flour.", "content": "Trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase levels were determined in the pancreas, all along the intestinal tract, and in the feces of rats fed raw or heated soy flour diets. The levels of all enzymes measured in the pancreas in the non-fasted state were lower in the raw than in the heated soy flour-fed rats. Fasting equalized these levels. Trypsin and amylase tended to be lower, and chymotrypsin was significantly higher in the intestinal tracts of raw soy flour-fed rats than in the group fed heated soy flour; the greatest differences were found in the ileum. Trypsin and chymotrypsin levels in the feces were higher in the group fed raw soy flour than in the group fed heated soy flour. Amylase in the feces of the raw soy flour-fed rats was higher at the beginning of the experiment and dropped sharply to be even lower than in the heated soy flour-fed rats at days 13 to 14 of the experiment. It was concluded that measuring the enzymic levels in the feces is a very sensitive method for determining whether a test diet induces hypersecretion of digestive enzymes in rats. This method can be used from the start of feeding the experimental diet. As the animal need not be killed, the effect of the test diet upon enzymic secretion can be studied as a function of time, and it might be suitable to studies with large animals.", "contents": "Enzymic activities in the pancreas, digestive tract and feces of rats fed raw or heated soy flour. Trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase levels were determined in the pancreas, all along the intestinal tract, and in the feces of rats fed raw or heated soy flour diets. The levels of all enzymes measured in the pancreas in the non-fasted state were lower in the raw than in the heated soy flour-fed rats. Fasting equalized these levels. Trypsin and amylase tended to be lower, and chymotrypsin was significantly higher in the intestinal tracts of raw soy flour-fed rats than in the group fed heated soy flour; the greatest differences were found in the ileum. Trypsin and chymotrypsin levels in the feces were higher in the group fed raw soy flour than in the group fed heated soy flour. Amylase in the feces of the raw soy flour-fed rats was higher at the beginning of the experiment and dropped sharply to be even lower than in the heated soy flour-fed rats at days 13 to 14 of the experiment. It was concluded that measuring the enzymic levels in the feces is a very sensitive method for determining whether a test diet induces hypersecretion of digestive enzymes in rats. This method can be used from the start of feeding the experimental diet. As the animal need not be killed, the effect of the test diet upon enzymic secretion can be studied as a function of time, and it might be suitable to studies with large animals."}
{"id": "PMID:943002", "title": "Anthelmintic 1-cinnamamido-2,4-imidazolidinediones.", "content": "A series of 1-(substituted cinnamamido)-2,4-imidazolidinediones has been prepared from the corresponding cinnamoyl chlorides and 1-amino-2,4-imidazolidinedione hydrochloride in pyridine. These compounds possess a significant degree of anthelmintic activity against the mouse pinworm Syphacia obvelata. The most active compounds are those substituted with halogen or cyano groups.", "contents": "Anthelmintic 1-cinnamamido-2,4-imidazolidinediones. A series of 1-(substituted cinnamamido)-2,4-imidazolidinediones has been prepared from the corresponding cinnamoyl chlorides and 1-amino-2,4-imidazolidinedione hydrochloride in pyridine. These compounds possess a significant degree of anthelmintic activity against the mouse pinworm Syphacia obvelata. The most active compounds are those substituted with halogen or cyano groups."}
{"id": "PMID:943031", "title": "Cytochemical localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in renal medullary collecting tubules and papillary mucosa of the rat.", "content": "Endogenous peroxidase activity, as demonstrated by the technique of Graham and Karnovsky (Graham RC Jr, Karnovsky MJ: J Histochem Cytochem 14:291, 1966), was identified in medullary collecting tubule cells and in the cells of renal papillary mucosa of the rat. Peroxidase reactive sites were observed in the perinuclear cisterna, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasmic vesicles of such cells. The specificity of the peroxidase reaction was verified by means of chemical inhibitors (NaN3, KCN, aminotriazole), denaturation of the enzyme by heat, exclusion or prior oxidation of substrate (diamino-benzidine), and high concentration of H2O2. Prolonged fixation (glutaraldehyde) improved cellular detail but diminished or abolished the peroxidase staining. When exogenous H2O2 was excluded from the incubating medium, a positive reaction was obtained suggesting that H2O2 can be endogenously generated. This observation was confirmed by degradation of tissue-formed H2O2 with beef liver catalase and by blocking endogenous generation of H2O2 with sodium pyruvate. These studies indicate that the reaction product is the result of an enzymatic reaction and that the enzyme is most likely a peroxidase. A similar staining reaction was not observed in other tubule segments, including cortical collecting tubules. The significance of this peroxidase activity is discussed in relation to the cellular localization and biosynthesis of renal medullary prostaglandins.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of endogenous peroxidase activity in renal medullary collecting tubules and papillary mucosa of the rat. Endogenous peroxidase activity, as demonstrated by the technique of Graham and Karnovsky (Graham RC Jr, Karnovsky MJ: J Histochem Cytochem 14:291, 1966), was identified in medullary collecting tubule cells and in the cells of renal papillary mucosa of the rat. Peroxidase reactive sites were observed in the perinuclear cisterna, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasmic vesicles of such cells. The specificity of the peroxidase reaction was verified by means of chemical inhibitors (NaN3, KCN, aminotriazole), denaturation of the enzyme by heat, exclusion or prior oxidation of substrate (diamino-benzidine), and high concentration of H2O2. Prolonged fixation (glutaraldehyde) improved cellular detail but diminished or abolished the peroxidase staining. When exogenous H2O2 was excluded from the incubating medium, a positive reaction was obtained suggesting that H2O2 can be endogenously generated. This observation was confirmed by degradation of tissue-formed H2O2 with beef liver catalase and by blocking endogenous generation of H2O2 with sodium pyruvate. These studies indicate that the reaction product is the result of an enzymatic reaction and that the enzyme is most likely a peroxidase. A similar staining reaction was not observed in other tubule segments, including cortical collecting tubules. The significance of this peroxidase activity is discussed in relation to the cellular localization and biosynthesis of renal medullary prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:943032", "title": "Paecilomyces varioti endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve.", "content": "Fungal endocarditis following prosthetic valve surgery has assumed increased importance as a cause of postoperative death. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of the fungus Paecilomyces varioti producing endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve. This seems to be an extremely indolent organism which exhibits an apparent response to antibiotic therapyl. In vitro evidence suggests that this fungus is sensitive to attainable serum levels of both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B. However, after viewing the extracted valve and the devastating embolic phenomenon in our patient, we believe that medical therapy alone would not suffice. Thus we suggest that prompt valve replacement be performed in future cases.", "contents": "Paecilomyces varioti endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve. Fungal endocarditis following prosthetic valve surgery has assumed increased importance as a cause of postoperative death. We present, to our knowledge, the first case of the fungus Paecilomyces varioti producing endocarditis on a prosthetic aortic valve. This seems to be an extremely indolent organism which exhibits an apparent response to antibiotic therapyl. In vitro evidence suggests that this fungus is sensitive to attainable serum levels of both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B. However, after viewing the extracted valve and the devastating embolic phenomenon in our patient, we believe that medical therapy alone would not suffice. Thus we suggest that prompt valve replacement be performed in future cases."}
{"id": "PMID:943036", "title": "Immunological aspects of uveitis in Bantu-speaking Negroes of South Africa.", "content": "Immunological studies in Bantu-speaking Negroes with uveitis consisted of a search of humoral antiuveal antibodies and immunologically competent cells. Using a tanned red cell hemagglutinating technique, no humoral antiuveal antibodies were detected in the blood of 87 patients nor in the aqueous of 6 patients. Lymphocyte blast transformation was negative in 80% of the patients tested and leukocyte migration inhibition positive in 75% of the patients tested. A discussion of these findings is presented.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of uveitis in Bantu-speaking Negroes of South Africa. Immunological studies in Bantu-speaking Negroes with uveitis consisted of a search of humoral antiuveal antibodies and immunologically competent cells. Using a tanned red cell hemagglutinating technique, no humoral antiuveal antibodies were detected in the blood of 87 patients nor in the aqueous of 6 patients. Lymphocyte blast transformation was negative in 80% of the patients tested and leukocyte migration inhibition positive in 75% of the patients tested. A discussion of these findings is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943037", "title": "The use of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test for the diagnosis of eye diseases.", "content": "The MEM test by FIELD and CASPARY has been investigated for its importance in analyzing the cell-mediated immunity in ophthalmology. Sensitized lymphocytes of patients are incubated in vitro either with basic encephalitogenic protein for investigating malignoma or with various eye antigens for investigating chronic ocular diseases. The eye antigens have been fractionated by gel chromatography and identified by various immune sera. The sensitized lymphocytes are released in vitro by incubation with antigen a factor which reduces the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig macrophages.", "contents": "The use of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test for the diagnosis of eye diseases. The MEM test by FIELD and CASPARY has been investigated for its importance in analyzing the cell-mediated immunity in ophthalmology. Sensitized lymphocytes of patients are incubated in vitro either with basic encephalitogenic protein for investigating malignoma or with various eye antigens for investigating chronic ocular diseases. The eye antigens have been fractionated by gel chromatography and identified by various immune sera. The sensitized lymphocytes are released in vitro by incubation with antigen a factor which reduces the electrophoretic mobility of guinea pig macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:943038", "title": "X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in the mouse.", "content": "A test of X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in mouse spermatogonia (500 rad) was carried out. The test was based on familial analysis, which allowed division on the P pairs into those with lethal heterozygous members and in others assumed to be lethal-free. The F1 males from the latter group, in back-crosses to their daughters, gave an excessive rate of intra-uterine death in comparison with lethal-free males. The excessive death is assumed to reflect the rate of new (induced + spontaneous) recessive lethals or rather lethal equivalents. Three ways of estimating the rate of new recessive lethal mutations gave a mean of 5.5% per genome. From the previous tests we can assume that 1% are spontaneous mutations. Thus the data indicate that the mutation rate per rad per gamete is 9 X 10(-5). This value is identical with a previous estimate. The results are discussed in relation to population tests performed in the early 60's. It is concluded that the lack of observable deterioration in the populations after several consecutive generations of exposure is in accord with the estimates in the present analysis which are more than an order of magnitude lower than assumed at the start of the population tests. It is also stressed that species with different DNA contents show similarities in point estimates of doubling dosages.", "contents": "X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in the mouse. A test of X-ray-induced recessive lethal mutations in mouse spermatogonia (500 rad) was carried out. The test was based on familial analysis, which allowed division on the P pairs into those with lethal heterozygous members and in others assumed to be lethal-free. The F1 males from the latter group, in back-crosses to their daughters, gave an excessive rate of intra-uterine death in comparison with lethal-free males. The excessive death is assumed to reflect the rate of new (induced + spontaneous) recessive lethals or rather lethal equivalents. Three ways of estimating the rate of new recessive lethal mutations gave a mean of 5.5% per genome. From the previous tests we can assume that 1% are spontaneous mutations. Thus the data indicate that the mutation rate per rad per gamete is 9 X 10(-5). This value is identical with a previous estimate. The results are discussed in relation to population tests performed in the early 60's. It is concluded that the lack of observable deterioration in the populations after several consecutive generations of exposure is in accord with the estimates in the present analysis which are more than an order of magnitude lower than assumed at the start of the population tests. It is also stressed that species with different DNA contents show similarities in point estimates of doubling dosages."}
{"id": "PMID:943039", "title": "Lack of effect of sodium fluoride on a maternal repair system in Drosophila oocytes.", "content": "Three-day-old females were fed with sodium fluoride, then mated for 24 h to ring-X males that had been irradiated with 2000 R of X-rays. The effect of NaF on the recovery of sex-chromosome loss and autosomal translocations, both induced in the paternal genome, was studied. In contrast with actinomycin-D and caffeine, treatment of females with NaF produced no consistent or significant alteration in the frequency of sex-chromosome loss and translocations recovered from irradiated males. Although there was a tendency for the translocation frequency to be slightly lower in the NaF series, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The present results concerning NaF cannot support the expectation that NaF might act as an inhibitor of maternal repair in Drosophila oocytes.", "contents": "Lack of effect of sodium fluoride on a maternal repair system in Drosophila oocytes. Three-day-old females were fed with sodium fluoride, then mated for 24 h to ring-X males that had been irradiated with 2000 R of X-rays. The effect of NaF on the recovery of sex-chromosome loss and autosomal translocations, both induced in the paternal genome, was studied. In contrast with actinomycin-D and caffeine, treatment of females with NaF produced no consistent or significant alteration in the frequency of sex-chromosome loss and translocations recovered from irradiated males. Although there was a tendency for the translocation frequency to be slightly lower in the NaF series, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The present results concerning NaF cannot support the expectation that NaF might act as an inhibitor of maternal repair in Drosophila oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:943040", "title": "Reversal of advanced digoxin intoxication with Fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies.", "content": "Purified Fab fragments of ovine digoxin-specific antibodies reversed severe digoxin intoxication in a patient who had taken 22.5 mg of the drug with suicidal intent. Atrioventricular block with extreme bradycardia was temporarily managed by pacing, but progressive, intractable hyperkalemia (serum potassium of 8.7 meq per liter) with increasing pacing threshold and progressive intraventricular conduction delay was controlled only after infusion of 1100 mg of Fab. Sinus rhythm returned 10 minutes after completion of Fab infusion. Within five hours, the serum potassium concentration fell to 4.0 meq per liter. Free digoxin concentrations in serum fell sharply to undetectable levels, whereas total serum digoxin concentration concomitantly increased 12-fold. Renal excretion of digoxin bound to Fab was documented. Reversal of toxicity was not accompanied by hemodynamic instability, and antibodies to sheep Fab fragments were not detected in the patient's serum after treatment. Thus, purified digoxin-specific Fab fragments are capable of rapid reversal of advanced digoxin toxicity.", "contents": "Reversal of advanced digoxin intoxication with Fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies. Purified Fab fragments of ovine digoxin-specific antibodies reversed severe digoxin intoxication in a patient who had taken 22.5 mg of the drug with suicidal intent. Atrioventricular block with extreme bradycardia was temporarily managed by pacing, but progressive, intractable hyperkalemia (serum potassium of 8.7 meq per liter) with increasing pacing threshold and progressive intraventricular conduction delay was controlled only after infusion of 1100 mg of Fab. Sinus rhythm returned 10 minutes after completion of Fab infusion. Within five hours, the serum potassium concentration fell to 4.0 meq per liter. Free digoxin concentrations in serum fell sharply to undetectable levels, whereas total serum digoxin concentration concomitantly increased 12-fold. Renal excretion of digoxin bound to Fab was documented. Reversal of toxicity was not accompanied by hemodynamic instability, and antibodies to sheep Fab fragments were not detected in the patient's serum after treatment. Thus, purified digoxin-specific Fab fragments are capable of rapid reversal of advanced digoxin toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:943041", "title": "Vitamin A transport in human vitamin A toxicity.", "content": "The plasma retinol transport system was studied in three patients with chronic hypervitaminosis A. The toxic state in each was associated with increased plasma concentrations of total vitamin A, and particularly of retinyl esters. The concentrations of plasma retinol-binding protein and prealbumin were, in contrast, non to retinol-binding protein. These limited clinical data support conclusions from detailed studies with hypervitaminotic rats, which suggest that vitamin A toxicity occurs when excessive amounts of vitamin A are presented to cell membranes in association with plasma lipoproteins, rather than specifically bound to retinol-binding protein. Retinol-binding protein may not only regulate the supply of retinol to tissues but also protect tissues from the surface-active properties of the vitamin.", "contents": "Vitamin A transport in human vitamin A toxicity. The plasma retinol transport system was studied in three patients with chronic hypervitaminosis A. The toxic state in each was associated with increased plasma concentrations of total vitamin A, and particularly of retinyl esters. The concentrations of plasma retinol-binding protein and prealbumin were, in contrast, non to retinol-binding protein. These limited clinical data support conclusions from detailed studies with hypervitaminotic rats, which suggest that vitamin A toxicity occurs when excessive amounts of vitamin A are presented to cell membranes in association with plasma lipoproteins, rather than specifically bound to retinol-binding protein. Retinol-binding protein may not only regulate the supply of retinol to tissues but also protect tissues from the surface-active properties of the vitamin."}
{"id": "PMID:943047", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and childhood infections.", "content": "There is evidence that some event in childhood may determine risk of multiple sclerosis: Elevated titers to measles and other childhood infections suggest a childhood infection. Therefore, childhood infections reported by 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls were compared. Patients reported a childhood infection between 5 and 9 years (not simply exposure to an infection) more often than controls. The mean age of measles peaked somewhat later (age 7) in patients than in controls (age 4); this differnce approached statistical significance (p less than 0.1). Evidence that host response to measles is age-dependent was reviewed. It was proposed that age of measles (rather than the fact of injection) may influence the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and childhood infections. There is evidence that some event in childhood may determine risk of multiple sclerosis: Elevated titers to measles and other childhood infections suggest a childhood infection. Therefore, childhood infections reported by 30 patients with multiple sclerosis and matched controls were compared. Patients reported a childhood infection between 5 and 9 years (not simply exposure to an infection) more often than controls. The mean age of measles peaked somewhat later (age 7) in patients than in controls (age 4); this differnce approached statistical significance (p less than 0.1). Evidence that host response to measles is age-dependent was reviewed. It was proposed that age of measles (rather than the fact of injection) may influence the risk of developing multiple sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:943048", "title": "\"Painless\" spinal epidural hematoma during anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "Severe back or radicular pain has previously been considered as the earliest and most prominent symptom in spinal epidural hematoma. In the patient described here, a \"painless\" spinal epidural hematoma developed during anticoagulant therapy. The absence of pain delayed recognition of the lesion and institution of therapy. The absence of pain is distinctively rare, but should not delay appropriate diagnostic procedures when other signs suggest the presence of a spinal epidural hematoma.", "contents": "\"Painless\" spinal epidural hematoma during anticoagulant therapy. Severe back or radicular pain has previously been considered as the earliest and most prominent symptom in spinal epidural hematoma. In the patient described here, a \"painless\" spinal epidural hematoma developed during anticoagulant therapy. The absence of pain delayed recognition of the lesion and institution of therapy. The absence of pain is distinctively rare, but should not delay appropriate diagnostic procedures when other signs suggest the presence of a spinal epidural hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:943049", "title": "Horner's syndrome in childhood.", "content": "During a 36-month period, seven cases of Horner's syndrome were encountered in a general pediatric hospital. The most common site of involvement was the ipsilateral sympathetic chain, although multiple sites were involved. Several causes of Horner's syndrome in childhood that have received little previous attention are reported-internal carotid artery thrombosis, subclavian artery aneurysm, and nasopharyngeal tumor. Suggestions for routine evaluation are given. Angiography and x-rays of the temporal and sphenoid bones are valuable in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions causing Horner's syndrome. Horner's syndrome is not rare in childhood and is associated with serious underlying disease.", "contents": "Horner's syndrome in childhood. During a 36-month period, seven cases of Horner's syndrome were encountered in a general pediatric hospital. The most common site of involvement was the ipsilateral sympathetic chain, although multiple sites were involved. Several causes of Horner's syndrome in childhood that have received little previous attention are reported-internal carotid artery thrombosis, subclavian artery aneurysm, and nasopharyngeal tumor. Suggestions for routine evaluation are given. Angiography and x-rays of the temporal and sphenoid bones are valuable in the diagnosis of intracranial lesions causing Horner's syndrome. Horner's syndrome is not rare in childhood and is associated with serious underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:943050", "title": "Calcification of the basal ganglia as a cause of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism.", "content": "We present a patient with levodopa-resistant parkinsonism due to basal ganglia calcification related to surgically-induced hypoparathyroidism. The calcification was seen on computerized axial tomography but not on skull x-rays. Such calcification should be looked for in all cases of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism, since it is possible that treatment of hypoparathyroidism may halt progression of the disease. This case with similar ones from the literature suggest that striatal disease itself can cause parkingonism and that the parkinsonism in such patients tends to be less responsive or nonresponsive to levodopa.", "contents": "Calcification of the basal ganglia as a cause of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism. We present a patient with levodopa-resistant parkinsonism due to basal ganglia calcification related to surgically-induced hypoparathyroidism. The calcification was seen on computerized axial tomography but not on skull x-rays. Such calcification should be looked for in all cases of levodopa-resistant parkinsonism, since it is possible that treatment of hypoparathyroidism may halt progression of the disease. This case with similar ones from the literature suggest that striatal disease itself can cause parkingonism and that the parkinsonism in such patients tends to be less responsive or nonresponsive to levodopa."}
{"id": "PMID:943051", "title": "Localization of speech parameters by brain scan.", "content": "Speech was studied in 18 patients who had a positive radioisotope brain scan within the left hemisphere and a history of a single stroke. Seventeen patients had definite language impariment. In most cases of either fluent or nonfluent aphasia, the center of the scan was behind the central sulcus. Patients with perisylvian involvement were much more likely to have severe comprehension deficit than those without such involvement. Those patients with the most severely decreased fluency were significantly more likely than those more fluent to have markedly decreased comprehension. In an occasional patient, involvement of fluency and comprehension was divergent, suggesting that these processes may be differentially affected.", "contents": "Localization of speech parameters by brain scan. Speech was studied in 18 patients who had a positive radioisotope brain scan within the left hemisphere and a history of a single stroke. Seventeen patients had definite language impariment. In most cases of either fluent or nonfluent aphasia, the center of the scan was behind the central sulcus. Patients with perisylvian involvement were much more likely to have severe comprehension deficit than those without such involvement. Those patients with the most severely decreased fluency were significantly more likely than those more fluent to have markedly decreased comprehension. In an occasional patient, involvement of fluency and comprehension was divergent, suggesting that these processes may be differentially affected."}
{"id": "PMID:943052", "title": "Myofibrillar incorporation of 3H (G) L-leucine in pgrogressive muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease.", "content": "A study of the incorporation of hydrogen 3 (3H) leucine into skeletal muscle in patients with human muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease showed uptake in cytoplasm and myofibrils. The techniques used were light and electron microscopy and autoradiography before and after glycerination (Szent-Gyorgyi). The results indicated an increase of 3H leucine uptake into cytoplasm of the dystrophic muscle and a marked drop in incorporation into structural protein. In the patients with motor neuron disease, the normal incorporation into cytoplasm was seen, with reduced uptake into structural protein. These results showed a different protein synthesis pattern in dystrophic and denervated muscle.", "contents": "Myofibrillar incorporation of 3H (G) L-leucine in pgrogressive muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease. A study of the incorporation of hydrogen 3 (3H) leucine into skeletal muscle in patients with human muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease showed uptake in cytoplasm and myofibrils. The techniques used were light and electron microscopy and autoradiography before and after glycerination (Szent-Gyorgyi). The results indicated an increase of 3H leucine uptake into cytoplasm of the dystrophic muscle and a marked drop in incorporation into structural protein. In the patients with motor neuron disease, the normal incorporation into cytoplasm was seen, with reduced uptake into structural protein. These results showed a different protein synthesis pattern in dystrophic and denervated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:943053", "title": "Prolonged and monosymptomatic dysphasic status epilepticus.", "content": "Dysphasic seizures are an infrequent form of epilepsy, and their serial appearance as a partial status epilepticus is quite exceptional. The young patient reported here had a partial dysphasic status epilepticus of 3 weeks' duration without other temporal lobe seizures. Simultaneous serial electroencephalograms, tape recordings of the seizures, and repeated neuropsychologic ictal examinations permitted studies of increased impairment of neuropsychologic function on testing and the appearance of new irritative discharges on encephalography.", "contents": "Prolonged and monosymptomatic dysphasic status epilepticus. Dysphasic seizures are an infrequent form of epilepsy, and their serial appearance as a partial status epilepticus is quite exceptional. The young patient reported here had a partial dysphasic status epilepticus of 3 weeks' duration without other temporal lobe seizures. Simultaneous serial electroencephalograms, tape recordings of the seizures, and repeated neuropsychologic ictal examinations permitted studies of increased impairment of neuropsychologic function on testing and the appearance of new irritative discharges on encephalography."}
{"id": "PMID:943054", "title": "Thalamic neuroaxonal dystrophy and dementia in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The brain of a patient with Hodgkin's disease and dementia showed numerous dystrophic axons in the thalamus. In absence of lymphomatous cellular infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, demyelination, neuronal loss, or infection by opportunistic organisms, the axonal dystrophy in this patient appeared to be directly related to the Hodgkin's disease itself. Moreover, dementia as a nonmetastatic complication of Hodgkin's disease may have been the result of the thalamic axonal dystrophy.", "contents": "Thalamic neuroaxonal dystrophy and dementia in Hodgkin's disease. The brain of a patient with Hodgkin's disease and dementia showed numerous dystrophic axons in the thalamus. In absence of lymphomatous cellular infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, demyelination, neuronal loss, or infection by opportunistic organisms, the axonal dystrophy in this patient appeared to be directly related to the Hodgkin's disease itself. Moreover, dementia as a nonmetastatic complication of Hodgkin's disease may have been the result of the thalamic axonal dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:943055", "title": "Sex-linked sudanophilic leukodystrophy with adrenocortical atrophy (so-called Schilder's disease). Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "We report the clinical and pathologic features of a case of sex-linked sudanophilic leukodystrophy in an 8-year-old boy. Our survey of the pertinent literature on this disease supports the current view that it is not limited to the central nervous system, but is a generalized process, probably caused by an unknown metabolic defect, with a definitive genetic pattern and varying expressions. Although the disease was originally described by Schilder as a single entity, cases like ours show that the term \"sudanophilic leukodystrophy\" represents a better classification than the usually misinterpreted eponym, \"encephalitis periaxialis diffusa.\"", "contents": "Sex-linked sudanophilic leukodystrophy with adrenocortical atrophy (so-called Schilder's disease). Report of a case and review of the literature. We report the clinical and pathologic features of a case of sex-linked sudanophilic leukodystrophy in an 8-year-old boy. Our survey of the pertinent literature on this disease supports the current view that it is not limited to the central nervous system, but is a generalized process, probably caused by an unknown metabolic defect, with a definitive genetic pattern and varying expressions. Although the disease was originally described by Schilder as a single entity, cases like ours show that the term \"sudanophilic leukodystrophy\" represents a better classification than the usually misinterpreted eponym, \"encephalitis periaxialis diffusa.\""}
{"id": "PMID:943056", "title": "Pseudohypertrophic myopathy in cysticerosis.", "content": "A patient with diffuse involvement of the central nervous system and pseudohypertrophic muscular changes induced by cysticerci is described. Electromyographic and pathologic changes are reported for the first time. Electromyographic examination demonstrated numerous short-duration, low-amplitude motor unit potentials in proximal muscles. Biopsy showed swelling of muscle fibers, fiber atrophy with fibrosis, and cellular infiltration separate from inflammatory exudate surrounding numerous cysts.", "contents": "Pseudohypertrophic myopathy in cysticerosis. A patient with diffuse involvement of the central nervous system and pseudohypertrophic muscular changes induced by cysticerci is described. Electromyographic and pathologic changes are reported for the first time. Electromyographic examination demonstrated numerous short-duration, low-amplitude motor unit potentials in proximal muscles. Biopsy showed swelling of muscle fibers, fiber atrophy with fibrosis, and cellular infiltration separate from inflammatory exudate surrounding numerous cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:943057", "title": "Meningeal carcinomatosis. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Untreated meningeal carcinomatosis is a uniformly fatal type of metastatic disease presenting with many protean signs and symptoms. We achieved significant palliation and long-term survival in our patient, using combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy; responses to both intrathecal methotrexate and experimental oral CCNU were observed.", "contents": "Meningeal carcinomatosis. Case report and review of the literature. Untreated meningeal carcinomatosis is a uniformly fatal type of metastatic disease presenting with many protean signs and symptoms. We achieved significant palliation and long-term survival in our patient, using combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy; responses to both intrathecal methotrexate and experimental oral CCNU were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:943064", "title": "Subacute proximal diabetic neuropathy.", "content": "The results of clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic studies in three patients with a type of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, subacute proximal diabetic neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy), are presented. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that diabetic amyotrophy is a clinical and pathologic entity separate from mononeuritis multiplex. These patients have a generalized neuropathy, and it is postulated that disordered neuron-axonal metabolism forms the basis for the pathologic and clinical changes. Histochemical changes in the muscle biopsy showed type 1 predominance. We suggest that this phenomenon represents a conversion of surviving fibers of whatever type, to a type 1 oxidative metabolism because of the change in use of these fibers.", "contents": "Subacute proximal diabetic neuropathy. The results of clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic studies in three patients with a type of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, subacute proximal diabetic neuropathy (diabetic amyotrophy), are presented. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that diabetic amyotrophy is a clinical and pathologic entity separate from mononeuritis multiplex. These patients have a generalized neuropathy, and it is postulated that disordered neuron-axonal metabolism forms the basis for the pathologic and clinical changes. Histochemical changes in the muscle biopsy showed type 1 predominance. We suggest that this phenomenon represents a conversion of surviving fibers of whatever type, to a type 1 oxidative metabolism because of the change in use of these fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:943065", "title": "Parasellar and orbital apex syndrome caused by aspergillosis.", "content": "Patients with orbital aspergillosis commonly present with unilateral proptosis and associated sinus disease. However, neither of these manifestations was observed in a 62-year-old woman who had an orbital apex syndrome with visual loss, complete ophthalmoplegia, and corneal hypoesthesia. Pathologic examination of specimen from a granulomalike mass removed at left frontotemporal craniotomy showed branching hyphae with the characteristic appearance of Aspergillus.", "contents": "Parasellar and orbital apex syndrome caused by aspergillosis. Patients with orbital aspergillosis commonly present with unilateral proptosis and associated sinus disease. However, neither of these manifestations was observed in a 62-year-old woman who had an orbital apex syndrome with visual loss, complete ophthalmoplegia, and corneal hypoesthesia. Pathologic examination of specimen from a granulomalike mass removed at left frontotemporal craniotomy showed branching hyphae with the characteristic appearance of Aspergillus."}
{"id": "PMID:943066", "title": "Amitriptyline in the prophylaxis of migraine. Effectiveness and relationship of antimigraine and antidepressant effects.", "content": "Amitriptyline was evaluated as a prophylactic antimigraine agent in 110 patients with severe migraine. This agent improved the migraine more than 50 percent in 72 percent of patients and more than 80 percent in 57 percent of patients. Most of the 31 patients with less than 50 percent improvement had virtually no response. Depression, measured with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, was absent in 40 patients, borderline in 53, and moderate to severe in 17. Overall, depression ratings improved minimally with therapy. There was a weak relationship between improvement in depression and improvement in migraine. Subgroups with a stronger correlation of these could not be found. This work suggests that amitriptyline is effective in migraine prophylaxis and that it has a primary effect on migraine that is relatively independent of its antidepressant action.", "contents": "Amitriptyline in the prophylaxis of migraine. Effectiveness and relationship of antimigraine and antidepressant effects. Amitriptyline was evaluated as a prophylactic antimigraine agent in 110 patients with severe migraine. This agent improved the migraine more than 50 percent in 72 percent of patients and more than 80 percent in 57 percent of patients. Most of the 31 patients with less than 50 percent improvement had virtually no response. Depression, measured with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, was absent in 40 patients, borderline in 53, and moderate to severe in 17. Overall, depression ratings improved minimally with therapy. There was a weak relationship between improvement in depression and improvement in migraine. Subgroups with a stronger correlation of these could not be found. This work suggests that amitriptyline is effective in migraine prophylaxis and that it has a primary effect on migraine that is relatively independent of its antidepressant action."}
{"id": "PMID:943067", "title": "Paramesencephalic arachnoid cysts.", "content": "The term \"paramesencephalic\" is proposed to describe the location of a general class of arachnoid cysts observed in four patients. These cysts, which appear to arise within the subarachnoid space, are characterized by a lack of communication with the ventricular system. Usually, the arachnoid tissue is normal, and the cyst fluid resembles cerebrospinal fluid both macroscopically and microscopically. Hydrocephalus is variably accompanied by localizing signs. Problems may be encountered in the diagnosis of suprasellar (case 4), parapineal (case 3), incisural (case 1), and interpeduncular (cases 2 and 4) arachnoid cysts. Early surgical exploration is strongly recommended.", "contents": "Paramesencephalic arachnoid cysts. The term \"paramesencephalic\" is proposed to describe the location of a general class of arachnoid cysts observed in four patients. These cysts, which appear to arise within the subarachnoid space, are characterized by a lack of communication with the ventricular system. Usually, the arachnoid tissue is normal, and the cyst fluid resembles cerebrospinal fluid both macroscopically and microscopically. Hydrocephalus is variably accompanied by localizing signs. Problems may be encountered in the diagnosis of suprasellar (case 4), parapineal (case 3), incisural (case 1), and interpeduncular (cases 2 and 4) arachnoid cysts. Early surgical exploration is strongly recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:943068", "title": "Abnormal lumbar isotope cisternography in an unusual case of spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache.", "content": "The unusual case of spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache reported here was clinically identical to that originally described by Schaltenbrand. This is the first case to be studied by radioisotope cisternography, which showed that the cerebrospinal fluid flow was essentially normal. However, the radioactivity counts percent decreased rapidly, with simultaneous appearance of high isotope concentration in the urinary bladder. Scan images did not show cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage at the puncture sites. Our data suggest that this postural headache syndrome is not caused by decreased CSF production, but by a very rapid absorption or unusual CSF leakage.", "contents": "Abnormal lumbar isotope cisternography in an unusual case of spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache. The unusual case of spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache reported here was clinically identical to that originally described by Schaltenbrand. This is the first case to be studied by radioisotope cisternography, which showed that the cerebrospinal fluid flow was essentially normal. However, the radioactivity counts percent decreased rapidly, with simultaneous appearance of high isotope concentration in the urinary bladder. Scan images did not show cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage at the puncture sites. Our data suggest that this postural headache syndrome is not caused by decreased CSF production, but by a very rapid absorption or unusual CSF leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:943069", "title": "Depressed ventilatory response in oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease.", "content": "Four patients with ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy were found to have decreased ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Respiratory muscle weakness was not responsible for these findings since these responses were normal in muscle disease control patients. An altered metabolic state also can cause diminished ventilatory response, but overall oxygen consumption data in the ragged-red fiber patients were normal. The decreased ventilatory responses may be clinically significant because two of the ragged-red fiber patients had episodes suspicious of hypoventilation with poor response to hypoxia.", "contents": "Depressed ventilatory response in oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease. Four patients with ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy were found to have decreased ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Respiratory muscle weakness was not responsible for these findings since these responses were normal in muscle disease control patients. An altered metabolic state also can cause diminished ventilatory response, but overall oxygen consumption data in the ragged-red fiber patients were normal. The decreased ventilatory responses may be clinically significant because two of the ragged-red fiber patients had episodes suspicious of hypoventilation with poor response to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:943070", "title": "Reduplicative paramnesia.", "content": "A striking behavioral abnormality is described in three individuals who had severe head trauma. At a point when general mnestic capabilities had returned to a near normal level, the patients persistently relocated the hospital at another geographical site, even in the face of compelling counter-evidence. The strong parallels in the etiology and course of the three cases justify the positing of a syndrome, here termed reduplicative paramnesia. A neuropsychologic analysis of the disorder stresses the cognitive operations entailed in geographical localization and confabulation. Clinical-pathologic considerations underline the role of right hemisphere and frontal lobe structures in the syndrome.", "contents": "Reduplicative paramnesia. A striking behavioral abnormality is described in three individuals who had severe head trauma. At a point when general mnestic capabilities had returned to a near normal level, the patients persistently relocated the hospital at another geographical site, even in the face of compelling counter-evidence. The strong parallels in the etiology and course of the three cases justify the positing of a syndrome, here termed reduplicative paramnesia. A neuropsychologic analysis of the disorder stresses the cognitive operations entailed in geographical localization and confabulation. Clinical-pathologic considerations underline the role of right hemisphere and frontal lobe structures in the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:943071", "title": "Lateralization and language representation.", "content": "The hypothesis is advanced that cerebral dominance includes two elements, interhemispheric specification for language (lateralization) and intrahemispheric language, specification (localization). Consequently, each type of aphasia is determined by the degree of dominance establishment (i.e., lateralization and localization) existing at the moment of brain damage. Evidence for this concept is presented through a comparison of aphasia in left-handers and \"anomalous\" dextrals with aphasia in childhood.", "contents": "Lateralization and language representation. The hypothesis is advanced that cerebral dominance includes two elements, interhemispheric specification for language (lateralization) and intrahemispheric language, specification (localization). Consequently, each type of aphasia is determined by the degree of dominance establishment (i.e., lateralization and localization) existing at the moment of brain damage. Evidence for this concept is presented through a comparison of aphasia in left-handers and \"anomalous\" dextrals with aphasia in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:943072", "title": "Cinephotomicrography of dog spinal vessels during cord-damaging decompression sickness.", "content": "Thirty-three dogs were anesthetized, laminectomized in the lower thoracic, upper lumbar region, and exposed to simulated 220 ft air dives of 5 to 60 minutes. Cinephotomicrography of the epidural vertebral venous system and dorsal pial vessels was done predive and postdive. The epidural vertebral venous system became blocked by bubbles in 24 animals. Eighteen animals evaluated for clinical and/or pathologic signs of cord damage all manifested positive signs. In 10 dives made by eight dogs, epidural vertebral venous system obstruction did not occur, and signs of cord damage were absent after nine of these dives. After one dive, a dog manifested cervical cord damage remote to the region of epidural vertebral venous system under observation. Acute pulmonary hypertension and central venous congestion were not essential prerequisites for epidural vertebral venous system occlusion to occur. These experiments permit further analysis of the pathogenesis of spinal cord damage in decompression sickness.", "contents": "Cinephotomicrography of dog spinal vessels during cord-damaging decompression sickness. Thirty-three dogs were anesthetized, laminectomized in the lower thoracic, upper lumbar region, and exposed to simulated 220 ft air dives of 5 to 60 minutes. Cinephotomicrography of the epidural vertebral venous system and dorsal pial vessels was done predive and postdive. The epidural vertebral venous system became blocked by bubbles in 24 animals. Eighteen animals evaluated for clinical and/or pathologic signs of cord damage all manifested positive signs. In 10 dives made by eight dogs, epidural vertebral venous system obstruction did not occur, and signs of cord damage were absent after nine of these dives. After one dive, a dog manifested cervical cord damage remote to the region of epidural vertebral venous system under observation. Acute pulmonary hypertension and central venous congestion were not essential prerequisites for epidural vertebral venous system occlusion to occur. These experiments permit further analysis of the pathogenesis of spinal cord damage in decompression sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:943073", "title": "Biochemical and histochemical studies of biogenic amines in spinal cord trauma.", "content": "Highly sensitive enzymatic assays, microdissection techniques, and histochemical methods were used to investigate the effects of blunt trauma on rabbit spinal cord serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations. Within 5 minutes after trauma, norepinephrine and serotonin in gray matter decreased considerably at the lesion center. In white matter, norepinephrine decreased or was unchanged, but at the lesion edges serotonin increased. No changes in dopamine concentration were detected. Substantial changes in monoamines do occur after spinal cord trauma and serotonin may play a role in injury development.", "contents": "Biochemical and histochemical studies of biogenic amines in spinal cord trauma. Highly sensitive enzymatic assays, microdissection techniques, and histochemical methods were used to investigate the effects of blunt trauma on rabbit spinal cord serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine concentrations. Within 5 minutes after trauma, norepinephrine and serotonin in gray matter decreased considerably at the lesion center. In white matter, norepinephrine decreased or was unchanged, but at the lesion edges serotonin increased. No changes in dopamine concentration were detected. Substantial changes in monoamines do occur after spinal cord trauma and serotonin may play a role in injury development."}
{"id": "PMID:943074", "title": "Effect of a long-acting contraceptive progestogen on lactation.", "content": "A prospective study was made on the duration of lactation in 406 mothers injected postpartum for contraception with medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 150 or 250-300 mg, IM, at 3- or 6-month intervals. Breast feedings up to 2 per day were recorded, and findings compared with those from 173 nontreated controls. Eighty percent of the DMPA group were nursing successfully at the sixth month and 42% at the 12th month postpartum. These figures are significant and compare favorably with the control group. No advantage was found in the administration of DMPA earlier than the second or third month after delivery. Amenorrhea persisted during lactation. No pathologic breast conditions were observed. The eventual mechanism of DMPA in galactopoiesis has yet to be clarified.", "contents": "Effect of a long-acting contraceptive progestogen on lactation. A prospective study was made on the duration of lactation in 406 mothers injected postpartum for contraception with medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 150 or 250-300 mg, IM, at 3- or 6-month intervals. Breast feedings up to 2 per day were recorded, and findings compared with those from 173 nontreated controls. Eighty percent of the DMPA group were nursing successfully at the sixth month and 42% at the 12th month postpartum. These figures are significant and compare favorably with the control group. No advantage was found in the administration of DMPA earlier than the second or third month after delivery. Amenorrhea persisted during lactation. No pathologic breast conditions were observed. The eventual mechanism of DMPA in galactopoiesis has yet to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:943075", "title": "Effect of particle size on time course of transport of surrogate ova through the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "The time-course of transport of plastic microspheres of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000 mu diameter through the rabbit oviduct was studied under various hormonal conditions. During estrus, the rabbit oviduct rapidly transports particles of 200 mu diameter to the uterus. After ovulation, the passage of these particles is delayed, first at the ampullary-isthmic junction, and then along the isthmus, perhaps influenced by a second site of resistance at the uterotubal junction. Particles of 100 mu diameter are not subject to these delays but pass rapidly to the uterus. Our data support the idea that the rapid passage of 100-mu spheres reflects a size-related inability of the resisting \"gates\" to limit their passage. Pharmacologic doses of estrogen act to prolong or increase the resistance to particle passage at the ampullary-isthmic junction and apparently also accelerate transport through the isthmus. Progesterone presumably increases the efficiency of the \"gate\" at the ampullary-isthmic junction, hastens transport through the isthmus, and seems to \"open the gate\" at the utero-tubal junction. Further experiments are required to prove or negate these inferences.", "contents": "Effect of particle size on time course of transport of surrogate ova through the rabbit oviduct. The time-course of transport of plastic microspheres of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000 mu diameter through the rabbit oviduct was studied under various hormonal conditions. During estrus, the rabbit oviduct rapidly transports particles of 200 mu diameter to the uterus. After ovulation, the passage of these particles is delayed, first at the ampullary-isthmic junction, and then along the isthmus, perhaps influenced by a second site of resistance at the uterotubal junction. Particles of 100 mu diameter are not subject to these delays but pass rapidly to the uterus. Our data support the idea that the rapid passage of 100-mu spheres reflects a size-related inability of the resisting \"gates\" to limit their passage. Pharmacologic doses of estrogen act to prolong or increase the resistance to particle passage at the ampullary-isthmic junction and apparently also accelerate transport through the isthmus. Progesterone presumably increases the efficiency of the \"gate\" at the ampullary-isthmic junction, hastens transport through the isthmus, and seems to \"open the gate\" at the utero-tubal junction. Further experiments are required to prove or negate these inferences."}
{"id": "PMID:943076", "title": "Stress Urinary Incontinence.", "content": "Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was studied in 125 women who were subjected to simultaneous urodynamic and radiologic evaluation. This included cystometry, urethral pressure profiles, measurement of effective urethral length, estimation of urethral mobility, and alterations in the urethrovesical angles during stress. The most common abnormality was a hypermobility of the proximal urethra with loss of its intraabdominal position during stress, associated with changes in the urethrovesical angle. Fixation of the posterior urethra, loss of effective urethral length, low resting urethral pressure, and true neurovesical dysfunction were also found in some of the patients. Uninhibited bladder contractions were found in 22% of cases, but in most instances they were the result of SUI and ceased after surgical repair.", "contents": "Stress Urinary Incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was studied in 125 women who were subjected to simultaneous urodynamic and radiologic evaluation. This included cystometry, urethral pressure profiles, measurement of effective urethral length, estimation of urethral mobility, and alterations in the urethrovesical angles during stress. The most common abnormality was a hypermobility of the proximal urethra with loss of its intraabdominal position during stress, associated with changes in the urethrovesical angle. Fixation of the posterior urethra, loss of effective urethral length, low resting urethral pressure, and true neurovesical dysfunction were also found in some of the patients. Uninhibited bladder contractions were found in 22% of cases, but in most instances they were the result of SUI and ceased after surgical repair."}
{"id": "PMID:943077", "title": "Clostridium perfringens infection complicating chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma.", "content": "A case of Clostridium perfringens sepsis and gas gangrene complicating chemotherapy for gestational choriocarcinoma is reported. The infection was eradicated using antibiotics, surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this unusual but often lethal complication are reviewed.", "contents": "Clostridium perfringens infection complicating chemotherapy for choriocarcinoma. A case of Clostridium perfringens sepsis and gas gangrene complicating chemotherapy for gestational choriocarcinoma is reported. The infection was eradicated using antibiotics, surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this unusual but often lethal complication are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:943080", "title": "[Laser trabeculopuncture. II. Screen electron mascroscopic findings].", "content": "Laser trabeculopuncture was performed on preparations of human anterior chamber angle obtained from cadaver eyes. It was possible repeatedly to make about 50 mum large openings leading from anterior chamber to Schlemm canal. It was necessary to use short exposure times of maximum 200 msec and laser efficiency of at least 1,500 mW at the origin. The results were studied with a scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "[Laser trabeculopuncture. II. Screen electron mascroscopic findings]. Laser trabeculopuncture was performed on preparations of human anterior chamber angle obtained from cadaver eyes. It was possible repeatedly to make about 50 mum large openings leading from anterior chamber to Schlemm canal. It was necessary to use short exposure times of maximum 200 msec and laser efficiency of at least 1,500 mW at the origin. The results were studied with a scanning electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:943081", "title": "Fibrin clots in the choriocapillaris and serous detachment of the retina.", "content": "Clot formation occurs preferentially in the choriocapillaris. With intraocular inflammation this clotting begins along the inner surface of the choriocapillaris suggesting that dilatation of the vessels and opening of the endothelial fenestra have initiated the process. With the systemic coagulopathy of thrombotic thrombocytopenia (TTP) and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) clotting occurs preferentially in the submacular choriocapillaris, sometimes associated with choroidal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina. These complications are illustrated in the present paper by a patient with TTP showing relatively chronic coagulopathy and by three patients with DIC showing variations of acute coagulopathy.", "contents": "Fibrin clots in the choriocapillaris and serous detachment of the retina. Clot formation occurs preferentially in the choriocapillaris. With intraocular inflammation this clotting begins along the inner surface of the choriocapillaris suggesting that dilatation of the vessels and opening of the endothelial fenestra have initiated the process. With the systemic coagulopathy of thrombotic thrombocytopenia (TTP) and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) clotting occurs preferentially in the submacular choriocapillaris, sometimes associated with choroidal hemorrhage and detachment of the retina. These complications are illustrated in the present paper by a patient with TTP showing relatively chronic coagulopathy and by three patients with DIC showing variations of acute coagulopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:943082", "title": "[Endocardial fibroelastosis (E.F.) and its differential diagnosis].", "content": "The endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is the most frequent cardiomyopathy. This disease is characterised by endocardial hyperplasia due to proliferation of elastic and collagenous fibres. There are primary and secondary forms. Within the primary form, the infantile form is the most frequent and of greatest importance to the pediatrician. This form is more a syndrom than a distinct disease. It is a reaction of the endocard due to several noxes. Lately a possible viral etiology is being discussed e.g. Parotitis, Coxsackie or other viruses. Clinical criteria for diagnosis are: cardiomegaly, left ventricular hypertrophy seen in 97% in the ECG, the absence of a murmur (or a soft apical mumur) absence of cyanosis and absence of systemic disease. Differential diagnosis is mainly between fibroplastic parietal endocarditis (FPE), cardiovascular collagenosis (CC) and endomyocard fibrosis (EMF). In FPE thrombosis is frequent and typically there is eosinophilia. CC is found in South Africa and is characterised by edema and fibrinoid necrosis. MEF is present mainly in Uganda, Nigeria and South India, characterised by endocardial fibrosis, valve involvement and eosinophilia. The obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterised by a pronounced cardiomegaly, insufficient weight gain as well as dyspnea and cyanosis. Catheterization shows a gradient across one or both of the outflow tracts due to hypertrophic subaortic or subpulmonic stenosis. Therapy of EFE consists in treating the cardiac decompensation and according to the severity of the disease, in steroids.", "contents": "[Endocardial fibroelastosis (E.F.) and its differential diagnosis]. The endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is the most frequent cardiomyopathy. This disease is characterised by endocardial hyperplasia due to proliferation of elastic and collagenous fibres. There are primary and secondary forms. Within the primary form, the infantile form is the most frequent and of greatest importance to the pediatrician. This form is more a syndrom than a distinct disease. It is a reaction of the endocard due to several noxes. Lately a possible viral etiology is being discussed e.g. Parotitis, Coxsackie or other viruses. Clinical criteria for diagnosis are: cardiomegaly, left ventricular hypertrophy seen in 97% in the ECG, the absence of a murmur (or a soft apical mumur) absence of cyanosis and absence of systemic disease. Differential diagnosis is mainly between fibroplastic parietal endocarditis (FPE), cardiovascular collagenosis (CC) and endomyocard fibrosis (EMF). In FPE thrombosis is frequent and typically there is eosinophilia. CC is found in South Africa and is characterised by edema and fibrinoid necrosis. MEF is present mainly in Uganda, Nigeria and South India, characterised by endocardial fibrosis, valve involvement and eosinophilia. The obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterised by a pronounced cardiomegaly, insufficient weight gain as well as dyspnea and cyanosis. Catheterization shows a gradient across one or both of the outflow tracts due to hypertrophic subaortic or subpulmonic stenosis. Therapy of EFE consists in treating the cardiac decompensation and according to the severity of the disease, in steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:943083", "title": "[Relationship between cord blood insulin and prenatal dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cord blood Insulin of 82 newborns with different degree of prenatal dystropy was measured by radioimmunoassay. An inverse proportion of Insulin level to the degree of prenatal dystrophy was found. These data may point to a lack in stimulation of Insulin secretion caused by intrauterine malnutrition.", "contents": "[Relationship between cord blood insulin and prenatal dystrophy (author's transl)]. Cord blood Insulin of 82 newborns with different degree of prenatal dystropy was measured by radioimmunoassay. An inverse proportion of Insulin level to the degree of prenatal dystrophy was found. These data may point to a lack in stimulation of Insulin secretion caused by intrauterine malnutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:943084", "title": "Experimental analysis of developing hemopoiesis in fetal bone marrow.", "content": "1. We have used fetal rats to study the following aspects of the development of hemopoiesis: (a) content of hemopoietic stem cells in fetal bone marrow, liver, and peripheral blood and (b) origin of hemopietic cells in the developing mammalian bone marrow. 2. In the studies we utilized the diffusion chamber technique to study the content of stem cells committed to granulopoiesis. The number of myelopoietic stem cells in liver peripheral blood and in \"bone marrow\" of 18-day-old rats is nearly identical. Since in \"bone marrow\" a considerable number of peripheral blood cells are present in the vessels at that time, whereas extravascular cells consist only of mesenchymal cells, one might assume that these peripheral blood cells give rise to granulocytic precursors in the cultures. Morphologically these cells are \"blast\" cells and lymphocytes. 3. Based on cell labeling indices of radioautograms, derived from continuous infusion of pregnant rats with [3H]thymidine, it could be shown that in the perichondral area mesenchymal cells of the fetus and newborn have a slow rate of DNA turnover whereas \"bone marrow\" cells are in an active state of profileration. 4. In further support of this it was also shown that injections of hydroxyurea (an agent which destroys cells in DNA synthesis) has vitrually no effect on perichondral mesenchymal cells whereas \"bone marrow\" cells were completely blocked in their ability to support myelopoietic differentiation in the diffusion chamber implants. 5. The conclusions would therefore be that (a) local perichondral cells, i.e., mesenchymal cells, do not contribute to marrow hemopoiesis, (b) matrix cells of the developing bone marrow cannot reconstitute hemopoiesis, and (c) hemopoietic bone marrow cells develop from migrating peripheral \"stem cells\", one of the sources being the liver.", "contents": "Experimental analysis of developing hemopoiesis in fetal bone marrow. 1. We have used fetal rats to study the following aspects of the development of hemopoiesis: (a) content of hemopoietic stem cells in fetal bone marrow, liver, and peripheral blood and (b) origin of hemopietic cells in the developing mammalian bone marrow. 2. In the studies we utilized the diffusion chamber technique to study the content of stem cells committed to granulopoiesis. The number of myelopoietic stem cells in liver peripheral blood and in \"bone marrow\" of 18-day-old rats is nearly identical. Since in \"bone marrow\" a considerable number of peripheral blood cells are present in the vessels at that time, whereas extravascular cells consist only of mesenchymal cells, one might assume that these peripheral blood cells give rise to granulocytic precursors in the cultures. Morphologically these cells are \"blast\" cells and lymphocytes. 3. Based on cell labeling indices of radioautograms, derived from continuous infusion of pregnant rats with [3H]thymidine, it could be shown that in the perichondral area mesenchymal cells of the fetus and newborn have a slow rate of DNA turnover whereas \"bone marrow\" cells are in an active state of profileration. 4. In further support of this it was also shown that injections of hydroxyurea (an agent which destroys cells in DNA synthesis) has vitrually no effect on perichondral mesenchymal cells whereas \"bone marrow\" cells were completely blocked in their ability to support myelopoietic differentiation in the diffusion chamber implants. 5. The conclusions would therefore be that (a) local perichondral cells, i.e., mesenchymal cells, do not contribute to marrow hemopoiesis, (b) matrix cells of the developing bone marrow cannot reconstitute hemopoiesis, and (c) hemopoietic bone marrow cells develop from migrating peripheral \"stem cells\", one of the sources being the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:943085", "title": "Role of sodium and urea in the renal concentrating mechanism in Psammomys obesus.", "content": "Micropunctures were performed at the tip of Henle's loops and vasa recta accessible at the extrarenal surface of the papilla in a desert rodent (Psammomys obesus) studied under mild NaCl ((NaCl 4%, 0.0375 ml/min) and mild urea (urea  4%, 0.0375 ml/min) loading conditions. In Nacl loaded animals, it was confirmed that solute addition (mainly sodium) contributes in a large proportion to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb. Comparison of sodium and urea concentrations in the loops with those in vasa recta at the same level of the papilla demonstrated that 1. the transepithelial sodium gradient was compatible with a diffusion transport of this ion from the interstitium to the thin descending limb; 2. the sodium concentration higher in interstitium than in the loop fluid was not compatible with the existence of a purely passive concentrating process in inner medulla as was recently proposed [8], 3. the transepithelial urea gradient was very limited which indicates that this solute does not play an important part in the concentrating process. In urea loaded psammomys, solute addition (mainly urea) to the thin descending limb fluid was still present but water abstraction was enhanced as compared to salt loaded animals, probably on account to the higher interstitial urea concentration. It is, thus, brought to evidence that the relative contribution of water abstraction and solute addition to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb can vary in a given species as a function of the physiological state.", "contents": "Role of sodium and urea in the renal concentrating mechanism in Psammomys obesus. Micropunctures were performed at the tip of Henle's loops and vasa recta accessible at the extrarenal surface of the papilla in a desert rodent (Psammomys obesus) studied under mild NaCl ((NaCl 4%, 0.0375 ml/min) and mild urea (urea  4%, 0.0375 ml/min) loading conditions. In Nacl loaded animals, it was confirmed that solute addition (mainly sodium) contributes in a large proportion to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb. Comparison of sodium and urea concentrations in the loops with those in vasa recta at the same level of the papilla demonstrated that 1. the transepithelial sodium gradient was compatible with a diffusion transport of this ion from the interstitium to the thin descending limb; 2. the sodium concentration higher in interstitium than in the loop fluid was not compatible with the existence of a purely passive concentrating process in inner medulla as was recently proposed [8], 3. the transepithelial urea gradient was very limited which indicates that this solute does not play an important part in the concentrating process. In urea loaded psammomys, solute addition (mainly urea) to the thin descending limb fluid was still present but water abstraction was enhanced as compared to salt loaded animals, probably on account to the higher interstitial urea concentration. It is, thus, brought to evidence that the relative contribution of water abstraction and solute addition to the concentrating process along the thin descending limb can vary in a given species as a function of the physiological state."}
{"id": "PMID:943086", "title": "Taste qualities elicited by electric stimulation of single human tongue papillae.", "content": "Single human taste papillae in 5 young test subjects were electrically stimulated 84 times each with a silver wire (0.4 mm tip diameter) versus a 5 x 3.5 cm2 reference electrode on the left wrist of the subject. The electrical pulses were positive (54 papillae) or negative (45 papillae) of 0.5 msec duration and had a frequency of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 or 800 Hertz. For control 45 papillae were merely touched by the electrode without current stimulation. Significant gustatory and tactile results (x2-test, P less than or equal to 0.05) signaled by the subjects were: a) on anodic stimulation 50 +/- 5% of the touched papillae gave overall taste responses, namely 22.2% sour, 3.8% bitter and 1.8% salty; the rest were mixed sensations. Sweet  was not reported in these final experiments; b) on cathodic stimulation 42.2 +/- 5% of the papillae responded with taste, which again were reported as 22.2% sour, 2.2% salty, the rest mixed; c) on mere touching there were hardly any gustatory sensations reported. - These results indicate only a relative specifity for each single human taste papilla and its taste fibres.", "contents": "Taste qualities elicited by electric stimulation of single human tongue papillae. Single human taste papillae in 5 young test subjects were electrically stimulated 84 times each with a silver wire (0.4 mm tip diameter) versus a 5 x 3.5 cm2 reference electrode on the left wrist of the subject. The electrical pulses were positive (54 papillae) or negative (45 papillae) of 0.5 msec duration and had a frequency of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 or 800 Hertz. For control 45 papillae were merely touched by the electrode without current stimulation. Significant gustatory and tactile results (x2-test, P less than or equal to 0.05) signaled by the subjects were: a) on anodic stimulation 50 +/- 5% of the touched papillae gave overall taste responses, namely 22.2% sour, 3.8% bitter and 1.8% salty; the rest were mixed sensations. Sweet  was not reported in these final experiments; b) on cathodic stimulation 42.2 +/- 5% of the papillae responded with taste, which again were reported as 22.2% sour, 2.2% salty, the rest mixed; c) on mere touching there were hardly any gustatory sensations reported. - These results indicate only a relative specifity for each single human taste papilla and its taste fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:943087", "title": "Specificity of innervation of iris musculature by sympathetic nerve fibres in tissue culture.", "content": "Irides from 3-5 day old rats have been grown 1-3 mm from superior cervical or lumbar paravertebral sympathetic ganglia in modified Rose chambers. The two muscles of the iris received distinctly different innervation patterns in vitro, and these were similar to those seen in vivo. Varicose, adrenergic fibres were consistently associated with the dilator pupillae rather than with the sphincter pupillae while excitatory, cholinergic junctions developed between the nerve fibres and the muscle cells of the spincter but not the dilator. There was a lack of specificity shown by the sympathetic neurons during this innervation. Fibres from lumbar ganglia formed plexuses within the dilator similar to those formed by superior cervical fibres, and sympathetic, cholinergic fibres were able to substitute for the normal parasympathetic, cholinergic fibres in the sphincter.", "contents": "Specificity of innervation of iris musculature by sympathetic nerve fibres in tissue culture. Irides from 3-5 day old rats have been grown 1-3 mm from superior cervical or lumbar paravertebral sympathetic ganglia in modified Rose chambers. The two muscles of the iris received distinctly different innervation patterns in vitro, and these were similar to those seen in vivo. Varicose, adrenergic fibres were consistently associated with the dilator pupillae rather than with the sphincter pupillae while excitatory, cholinergic junctions developed between the nerve fibres and the muscle cells of the spincter but not the dilator. There was a lack of specificity shown by the sympathetic neurons during this innervation. Fibres from lumbar ganglia formed plexuses within the dilator similar to those formed by superior cervical fibres, and sympathetic, cholinergic fibres were able to substitute for the normal parasympathetic, cholinergic fibres in the sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:943088", "title": "Voltage dependence of agonist responses at voltage-clamped frog endplates.", "content": "The conductance increment produced at voltage clamped frog endplates by various agonists, applied either iontophoretically or in the bath, increases exponentially with membrane hyperpolarisation, an e-fold change being obtained with shifts of the order of 100 mV. The voltage dependency of this increase is the same for different, but low, agonist concentrations. However, conductance changes evoked by decamethonium increased less with hyperpolarisation than did conductance changes evoked by carbachol or tetramethylammonium. Hyperpolarisation slowed iontophoretic responses to carbachol or decamethonium, and enhanced and prolonged inhibition of carbachol by a brief pulse of decamethonium.", "contents": "Voltage dependence of agonist responses at voltage-clamped frog endplates. The conductance increment produced at voltage clamped frog endplates by various agonists, applied either iontophoretically or in the bath, increases exponentially with membrane hyperpolarisation, an e-fold change being obtained with shifts of the order of 100 mV. The voltage dependency of this increase is the same for different, but low, agonist concentrations. However, conductance changes evoked by decamethonium increased less with hyperpolarisation than did conductance changes evoked by carbachol or tetramethylammonium. Hyperpolarisation slowed iontophoretic responses to carbachol or decamethonium, and enhanced and prolonged inhibition of carbachol by a brief pulse of decamethonium."}
{"id": "PMID:943089", "title": "Sodium chloride preference in hypertensive (H) and normotensive (N) rats.", "content": "Salt consumption was compared in two strains of rats, selected for their disparate proneness (strain \"H\") or resistance (strain \"N\") to Doca-salt hypertension. NaCl intake was similar in \"H\" and \"N\" rats prior to an following administration of Doca, while their respective blood pressures at the end of this experiment was 178 +/- 5mm Hg vs. 134 +/- 3 mm Hg. Thus, disparate responses of the blood pressure to Doca in the two strains cannot be ascribed to differences in salt intake. In another study, salt preference was tested in \"H\" and \"N\" rats by two-bottle self-selecting technique. Before Doca, saline preference in \"H\" rats averaged 60.3 +/- 5.8% of total daily fluid consumption, vs 18 +/- 4.2% in \"N\" rats. Following Doca treatment for 3 weeks the respective values were 96 +/- 1.7% vs 67 +/- 6.6%. Thus Doca treatment enhanced salt appetite in both strains, but salt preference remained significantly higher in the \"H\" rats. The increased susceptibility to hypertension and enhanced salt appetite in the \"H\" rat, corroborates similar reports in the Okamoto \"SH\" rat. In the Brookhaven \"S\" rat, however, susceptibility to hypertension is associated with salt avoidance. The conflicting data do not support a unified concept of a genetically determined link between salt appetite and proneness to hypertension.", "contents": "Sodium chloride preference in hypertensive (H) and normotensive (N) rats. Salt consumption was compared in two strains of rats, selected for their disparate proneness (strain \"H\") or resistance (strain \"N\") to Doca-salt hypertension. NaCl intake was similar in \"H\" and \"N\" rats prior to an following administration of Doca, while their respective blood pressures at the end of this experiment was 178 +/- 5mm Hg vs. 134 +/- 3 mm Hg. Thus, disparate responses of the blood pressure to Doca in the two strains cannot be ascribed to differences in salt intake. In another study, salt preference was tested in \"H\" and \"N\" rats by two-bottle self-selecting technique. Before Doca, saline preference in \"H\" rats averaged 60.3 +/- 5.8% of total daily fluid consumption, vs 18 +/- 4.2% in \"N\" rats. Following Doca treatment for 3 weeks the respective values were 96 +/- 1.7% vs 67 +/- 6.6%. Thus Doca treatment enhanced salt appetite in both strains, but salt preference remained significantly higher in the \"H\" rats. The increased susceptibility to hypertension and enhanced salt appetite in the \"H\" rat, corroborates similar reports in the Okamoto \"SH\" rat. In the Brookhaven \"S\" rat, however, susceptibility to hypertension is associated with salt avoidance. The conflicting data do not support a unified concept of a genetically determined link between salt appetite and proneness to hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:943090", "title": "Miniature end-plate potentials and sensitivity to acetylcholine in the fast and slow limb muscles of hibernating golden hamsters.", "content": "During hibernation reduction of frequency of the miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) was observed. This parameter was reduced in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle to 16% and in the soleus muscle to 7% of values found in awake animals. The ACh-sensitive area of the individual muscle fibres in both types of muscle increased about three times during hibernation.", "contents": "Miniature end-plate potentials and sensitivity to acetylcholine in the fast and slow limb muscles of hibernating golden hamsters. During hibernation reduction of frequency of the miniature end-plate potential (m.e.p.p.) was observed. This parameter was reduced in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle to 16% and in the soleus muscle to 7% of values found in awake animals. The ACh-sensitive area of the individual muscle fibres in both types of muscle increased about three times during hibernation."}
{"id": "PMID:943091", "title": "Enzyme activity patterns of energy supplying metabolism in the quadriceps femoris muscle (vastus lateralis): sedentary men and physically active men of different performance levels.", "content": "1. In 3 groups of men, differing as to the amount and intensity of physical training loads, increasing in the order \"sedentary\": \"sporting\": \"athletic\", enzyme activities were estimated in biopsy samples of m. quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis). The enzymes were: Hexokinase (HK), NAD: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), NAD: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH). Indicators of laboratory performance and whole-body metabolic capacities (maximal oxygen consumption etc.) were estimated in the \"sporting\" and \"athletic\" groups. 2. In the 2 latter groups, distinguished by greater physical activity, the atypical enzyme activity pattern, remarkable by a low activity of LDH and high relative activities of GPDH and HK, as reported earlier in a sedentary group (Bass et al., 1975a), disappeared. The possibility of the atypical low LDH enzyme activity pattern as resulting from lack of bodily exertion is discussed. 3. The moderately trained \"sporting\" group distinguishes itself from the \"sedentary\" one mainly by a higher activity of LDH and by lower activities of GPDH and MDH. In the intensively trained \"athletic\" group, enzymes connected to aerobic oxidation (MDH, CS, HOADH) and GPDH also show higher activities than in the \"sporting\" group. The difference between the two more active groups is further borne out by a higher maximum oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release of the well-trained \"athletic\" group. This difference of enzyme activity pattern may not be confined to the quadriceps femoris muscle.", "contents": "Enzyme activity patterns of energy supplying metabolism in the quadriceps femoris muscle (vastus lateralis): sedentary men and physically active men of different performance levels. 1. In 3 groups of men, differing as to the amount and intensity of physical training loads, increasing in the order \"sedentary\": \"sporting\": \"athletic\", enzyme activities were estimated in biopsy samples of m. quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis). The enzymes were: Hexokinase (HK), NAD: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), triosephosphate dehydrogenase (TPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), NAD: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH). Indicators of laboratory performance and whole-body metabolic capacities (maximal oxygen consumption etc.) were estimated in the \"sporting\" and \"athletic\" groups. 2. In the 2 latter groups, distinguished by greater physical activity, the atypical enzyme activity pattern, remarkable by a low activity of LDH and high relative activities of GPDH and HK, as reported earlier in a sedentary group (Bass et al., 1975a), disappeared. The possibility of the atypical low LDH enzyme activity pattern as resulting from lack of bodily exertion is discussed. 3. The moderately trained \"sporting\" group distinguishes itself from the \"sedentary\" one mainly by a higher activity of LDH and by lower activities of GPDH and MDH. In the intensively trained \"athletic\" group, enzymes connected to aerobic oxidation (MDH, CS, HOADH) and GPDH also show higher activities than in the \"sporting\" group. The difference between the two more active groups is further borne out by a higher maximum oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release of the well-trained \"athletic\" group. This difference of enzyme activity pattern may not be confined to the quadriceps femoris muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:943092", "title": "Nutritive and non-nutritive blood flow in canine skeletal muscle after partial microembolization.", "content": "Partial microembolization of the previously dilated gastrocnemius muscle of the dog was performed by intra-arterial injection of latex microspheres (max. diameter 50 mum). No particles larger than 10 mum were recovered from the venous blood. Blood to tissue clearance of 4-amino-antipyrine was found to decrease after microembolization, and capillary transport coefficients were disproportionately lowered in comparison with the observed decrease of total blood flow. Venous oxygen saturation increased despite decreasing total blood flow in the working muscle after microembolization. The data indicate a shift of blood flow from nutritive to functionally non-nutritive channels.", "contents": "Nutritive and non-nutritive blood flow in canine skeletal muscle after partial microembolization. Partial microembolization of the previously dilated gastrocnemius muscle of the dog was performed by intra-arterial injection of latex microspheres (max. diameter 50 mum). No particles larger than 10 mum were recovered from the venous blood. Blood to tissue clearance of 4-amino-antipyrine was found to decrease after microembolization, and capillary transport coefficients were disproportionately lowered in comparison with the observed decrease of total blood flow. Venous oxygen saturation increased despite decreasing total blood flow in the working muscle after microembolization. The data indicate a shift of blood flow from nutritive to functionally non-nutritive channels."}
{"id": "PMID:943093", "title": "Method for simultaneous determination of red cell and plasma flow velocity in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A method is described which can be used to simultaneously determine the flow velocity of plasma and of red blood cells in small glass tubes in vitro or in living microvessels of the microcirculation. The principle of dual slit photometry is applied to the measurement of plasma flow by determining the passage time of a dye bolus across two photodetectors separated by a variable distance. Measurements performed both in vitro and in vivo indicate a significant difference (up to 85%) between cellular and plasmatic flow velocity.", "contents": "Method for simultaneous determination of red cell and plasma flow velocity in vitro and in vivo. A method is described which can be used to simultaneously determine the flow velocity of plasma and of red blood cells in small glass tubes in vitro or in living microvessels of the microcirculation. The principle of dual slit photometry is applied to the measurement of plasma flow by determining the passage time of a dye bolus across two photodetectors separated by a variable distance. Measurements performed both in vitro and in vivo indicate a significant difference (up to 85%) between cellular and plasmatic flow velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:943094", "title": "The mechanism of coronary hyperemia induced by increased cardiac work.", "content": "The interrelation between coronary flow, heart work, coronary venous pO2, and tissue contents of energy-rich phosphates were studied in isolated guinea pig hearts performing external work. Within the range studied, energy-rich phosphates were dependent on left ventricular output, but not on arterial pO2. At constant arterial pO2, changes in coronary flow were associated with changes in energy-rich phosphates, but not systematically with changes in coronary venous pO2. Simultaneous increases in ventricular output and arterial pO2 resulted in increased coronary flow even though coronary venous pO2 rose. It is concluded that work-induced coronary dilation may occur independently on a decrease in coronary venous pO2. The possibility that energy-rich phosphates might be linked with a non-hypoxic dilation mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of coronary hyperemia induced by increased cardiac work. The interrelation between coronary flow, heart work, coronary venous pO2, and tissue contents of energy-rich phosphates were studied in isolated guinea pig hearts performing external work. Within the range studied, energy-rich phosphates were dependent on left ventricular output, but not on arterial pO2. At constant arterial pO2, changes in coronary flow were associated with changes in energy-rich phosphates, but not systematically with changes in coronary venous pO2. Simultaneous increases in ventricular output and arterial pO2 resulted in increased coronary flow even though coronary venous pO2 rose. It is concluded that work-induced coronary dilation may occur independently on a decrease in coronary venous pO2. The possibility that energy-rich phosphates might be linked with a non-hypoxic dilation mechanism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943096", "title": "Streptococcal infections in sucking pigs. 1. Epidemiological investigations.", "content": "The investigation comprises 5,811 litters and 55,641 liveborn pigs. Among the pigs which died before weaning, infection with haemolytic streptococci (HS) was determined in 1,338. This corresponds to 2.4 per cent of the liveborn pigs (Table I). In the examined herds the incidence of fatal cases with HS infections ranged from 1.2 to 3.8 per cent. The highest incidence was observed in litters born by gilts (Table II) and in litters with more tha 11 pigs (Table III). HS infections were identified in 17.5 per cent of the examined litters, and in most of the litters only one pig was lost (Table IV). A marked seasonal variation was observed, with a predominance of HS during the winter period (Table V). Analyses of the influence of some possible determinative factors revealed the highest incidence among the progeny of sows which were housed separately during pregnancy (Table VI), whereas herd size and the hygiene level did not exert any influence on the frequency of HS. The incidence of fatal HS infections was higher in herds where tail docking and clipping of the canine teeth were performed than in herds where these procedures were omitted (Table VII). Most of the death with HS infections (53.8 per cent) occurred among pigs less than 14 days of age (Table VIII). The main diagnoses of the pigs with streptococcal infections are presented in Table IX. A survey of the isolation frequency of HS from various organs is given in Table X. The most frequently isolated serogroups were group-C (40.2 per cent) and group-L (31.3 per cent) (Table XI). Preliminary investigations on the source of infection and the pathogenesis are reported (Tables XII and XIII). In two herds, 8 of 10 sows carried HS on mucosal surfaces at the time of farrowing, and in 6 of 10 examined litters, HS bacteraemias were observed in pigs during the first days of life. Furthermore, an analysis showed that part of the sowa (109) lost pigs with HS infections in several (2-6) subsequent litters (Tables XIV) and XV).", "contents": "Streptococcal infections in sucking pigs. 1. Epidemiological investigations. The investigation comprises 5,811 litters and 55,641 liveborn pigs. Among the pigs which died before weaning, infection with haemolytic streptococci (HS) was determined in 1,338. This corresponds to 2.4 per cent of the liveborn pigs (Table I). In the examined herds the incidence of fatal cases with HS infections ranged from 1.2 to 3.8 per cent. The highest incidence was observed in litters born by gilts (Table II) and in litters with more tha 11 pigs (Table III). HS infections were identified in 17.5 per cent of the examined litters, and in most of the litters only one pig was lost (Table IV). A marked seasonal variation was observed, with a predominance of HS during the winter period (Table V). Analyses of the influence of some possible determinative factors revealed the highest incidence among the progeny of sows which were housed separately during pregnancy (Table VI), whereas herd size and the hygiene level did not exert any influence on the frequency of HS. The incidence of fatal HS infections was higher in herds where tail docking and clipping of the canine teeth were performed than in herds where these procedures were omitted (Table VII). Most of the death with HS infections (53.8 per cent) occurred among pigs less than 14 days of age (Table VIII). The main diagnoses of the pigs with streptococcal infections are presented in Table IX. A survey of the isolation frequency of HS from various organs is given in Table X. The most frequently isolated serogroups were group-C (40.2 per cent) and group-L (31.3 per cent) (Table XI). Preliminary investigations on the source of infection and the pathogenesis are reported (Tables XII and XIII). In two herds, 8 of 10 sows carried HS on mucosal surfaces at the time of farrowing, and in 6 of 10 examined litters, HS bacteraemias were observed in pigs during the first days of life. Furthermore, an analysis showed that part of the sowa (109) lost pigs with HS infections in several (2-6) subsequent litters (Tables XIV) and XV)."}
{"id": "PMID:943103", "title": "Restoration of leukemia virus-suppressed immunocytes in vitro by peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Depressed antibody responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes in mice infected with Friend leukemia virus continued in vitro when spleen cell cultures from infected animals were cultured in the presence of antigen. Addition of PE cells from normal donor mice to the immunologically depressed splenocyte cultures resulted in a marked restoration of antibody responsiveness. Restoration of the immune response was PE cell dose-dependent; a ratio of 1 PE cell per 10 splenocytes resulted in the largest numbers of PFC's. These results suggest that impaired antibody responsiveness by spleen cell cultures from FLV-infected mice may be due, in part, to effects on antigen-processing macrophages, since restoration of immune responsiveness occurs by PE cell supplements.", "contents": "Restoration of leukemia virus-suppressed immunocytes in vitro by peritoneal exudate cells. Depressed antibody responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes in mice infected with Friend leukemia virus continued in vitro when spleen cell cultures from infected animals were cultured in the presence of antigen. Addition of PE cells from normal donor mice to the immunologically depressed splenocyte cultures resulted in a marked restoration of antibody responsiveness. Restoration of the immune response was PE cell dose-dependent; a ratio of 1 PE cell per 10 splenocytes resulted in the largest numbers of PFC's. These results suggest that impaired antibody responsiveness by spleen cell cultures from FLV-infected mice may be due, in part, to effects on antigen-processing macrophages, since restoration of immune responsiveness occurs by PE cell supplements."}
{"id": "PMID:943104", "title": "A spectrophotometric assay for measuring the uptake of actinobolin by components of human enamel.", "content": "A spectrophotometric assay was developed for measuring the uptake of the antibiotic actinobolin by hydroxylapatite (HAP) or powdered human enamel. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect less than 2.0 mug actinobolin/ml of: 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, 7.0, or 8.0; deionized water; deionized water containing 1% salivary supernatant; or each of the above indicated solvent systems containing 1-5 parts per million sodium fluoride. The utility of the assay system has been demonstrated by date which show that approximately 5-7 mug of actinobolin are bound per 10 mg of HAP or powdered enamel.", "contents": "A spectrophotometric assay for measuring the uptake of actinobolin by components of human enamel. A spectrophotometric assay was developed for measuring the uptake of the antibiotic actinobolin by hydroxylapatite (HAP) or powdered human enamel. The assay is sufficiently sensitive to detect less than 2.0 mug actinobolin/ml of: 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, 7.0, or 8.0; deionized water; deionized water containing 1% salivary supernatant; or each of the above indicated solvent systems containing 1-5 parts per million sodium fluoride. The utility of the assay system has been demonstrated by date which show that approximately 5-7 mug of actinobolin are bound per 10 mg of HAP or powdered enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:943105", "title": "Humoral antibody response in mice after single dose exposure to lead or cadmium.", "content": "A single dose of lead administered orally or intraperitoneally (IP) to mice stimulated formation of IgM antibody. Cadmium caused an increase in IgM antibody formation when injected ip but resulted in a slight decrease when given orally. Lead, orally or ip, significantly reduced IgG antibody but the IgG antibody response decreased only when cadmium was given orally and increased when injected ip. Since responses vary according to route of administration, experiments should be designed so that experimental exposure will simulate natural exposure in order to develop comparable data.", "contents": "Humoral antibody response in mice after single dose exposure to lead or cadmium. A single dose of lead administered orally or intraperitoneally (IP) to mice stimulated formation of IgM antibody. Cadmium caused an increase in IgM antibody formation when injected ip but resulted in a slight decrease when given orally. Lead, orally or ip, significantly reduced IgG antibody but the IgG antibody response decreased only when cadmium was given orally and increased when injected ip. Since responses vary according to route of administration, experiments should be designed so that experimental exposure will simulate natural exposure in order to develop comparable data."}
{"id": "PMID:943106", "title": "Effects of estradiol and prolactin on growth of rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells in monolayer cultures.", "content": "The effects of estradiol and ovine prolactin on the growth of a rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line were investigated. The action of estradiol was dose-dependent. At less than or equal to 1 mug/ml it did not influence growth, at 5-10 mug/ml it was inhibitory, and at 20 mug/ml it was toxic. Prolactin alone had little effect on growth. However, the inhibitory effect of estradiol could be counteracted by a high concentration of prolactin. It appears, therefore, that the growth of cultured rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells can be regulated by the ratio of prolactin to estradiol: When the ratio is high growth is favored; when it is low, growth is inhibited.", "contents": "Effects of estradiol and prolactin on growth of rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells in monolayer cultures. The effects of estradiol and ovine prolactin on the growth of a rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line were investigated. The action of estradiol was dose-dependent. At less than or equal to 1 mug/ml it did not influence growth, at 5-10 mug/ml it was inhibitory, and at 20 mug/ml it was toxic. Prolactin alone had little effect on growth. However, the inhibitory effect of estradiol could be counteracted by a high concentration of prolactin. It appears, therefore, that the growth of cultured rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells can be regulated by the ratio of prolactin to estradiol: When the ratio is high growth is favored; when it is low, growth is inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:943107", "title": "The intermolecular cross-links in uterine collagens of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings.", "content": "The intermolecular cross-links have been studied in the uterine insoluble collagen of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings with a single given procedure. After NaB3H4 reduction, there are three intermolecular cross-links; namely, dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine. In human uterine collagen samples these reduced cross-links are present in equal amounts. The reduced intermolecular collagen cross-links of uterine leiomyoma are very similar to those of the normal uterine tissue. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine is the principal reduced cross-link in uterine collagen of guinea pig, pig, and cow. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo as glycosylated derivatives.", "contents": "The intermolecular cross-links in uterine collagens of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings. The intermolecular cross-links have been studied in the uterine insoluble collagen of guinea pig, pig, cow, and human beings with a single given procedure. After NaB3H4 reduction, there are three intermolecular cross-links; namely, dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine. In human uterine collagen samples these reduced cross-links are present in equal amounts. The reduced intermolecular collagen cross-links of uterine leiomyoma are very similar to those of the normal uterine tissue. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine is the principal reduced cross-link in uterine collagen of guinea pig, pig, and cow. Alkaline hydrolysis reveals that dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine occur in vivo as glycosylated derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:943116", "title": "Interaction effects of d-amphetamine treatment and ambient temperature on rat's food intake.", "content": "The \"thermoregulatory theory of hunger\" posits that rats placed in a cold environment should increase the amount of food intake, while rats placed in a hot environment should decrease their food intake. d-Amphetamine causes hyperthermia among rats kept at warm ambient temperature, and results in hypothermia among animals kept in a cold environment. d-Amphetamine-caused-hyperthermia should therefore result in decreased eating behavior, and d-amphetamine-caused hypothermia should result in increased eating behavior. One must take into account the fact that d-amphetamine is an anorexic drug. The interaction between (a) ambient temperature, (b) body temperature and (c) food intake were tested on groups of rats injected with various doses of d-amphetamine (1.5-15 mg/kg) and placed in ambient temperatures ranging from 4-37 degrees C. No increase in food intake was revealed under any dosage or temperature condition. The decrease in food intake found with d-amphetamine treated animals could not be explained in the \"thermoregulatory theory of hunger\". Our data indicate that d-amphetamine anorexic effects and thermal effects are mediated by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Interaction effects of d-amphetamine treatment and ambient temperature on rat's food intake. The \"thermoregulatory theory of hunger\" posits that rats placed in a cold environment should increase the amount of food intake, while rats placed in a hot environment should decrease their food intake. d-Amphetamine causes hyperthermia among rats kept at warm ambient temperature, and results in hypothermia among animals kept in a cold environment. d-Amphetamine-caused-hyperthermia should therefore result in decreased eating behavior, and d-amphetamine-caused hypothermia should result in increased eating behavior. One must take into account the fact that d-amphetamine is an anorexic drug. The interaction between (a) ambient temperature, (b) body temperature and (c) food intake were tested on groups of rats injected with various doses of d-amphetamine (1.5-15 mg/kg) and placed in ambient temperatures ranging from 4-37 degrees C. No increase in food intake was revealed under any dosage or temperature condition. The decrease in food intake found with d-amphetamine treated animals could not be explained in the \"thermoregulatory theory of hunger\". Our data indicate that d-amphetamine anorexic effects and thermal effects are mediated by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:943117", "title": "Effect of lithium and other alkali metals on brain chemistry and behavior. II. Intracranial self-stimulation behavior.", "content": "Rats implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were trained to self-stimulate. Six daily injections of 2 mEq/kg of the chloride salts of Li+, Rb+ or Cs+ were administered and the rate of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was recorded. Lithium caused a reversible decrease in ICSS rate, beginning on the second day and returning to pretreatment rate on the fourth day of injections. The decrease was more pronounced in animals with high baseline rate (over 500 responses/10 min) than in low responders. Rubidium enhanced ICSS rate whereas cesium had no effect. These results agree with other accumulating data showing the opposite effects of Li+ and Rb+, but their relevance to effective disorders is not clear.", "contents": "Effect of lithium and other alkali metals on brain chemistry and behavior. II. Intracranial self-stimulation behavior. Rats implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were trained to self-stimulate. Six daily injections of 2 mEq/kg of the chloride salts of Li+, Rb+ or Cs+ were administered and the rate of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was recorded. Lithium caused a reversible decrease in ICSS rate, beginning on the second day and returning to pretreatment rate on the fourth day of injections. The decrease was more pronounced in animals with high baseline rate (over 500 responses/10 min) than in low responders. Rubidium enhanced ICSS rate whereas cesium had no effect. These results agree with other accumulating data showing the opposite effects of Li+ and Rb+, but their relevance to effective disorders is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:943118", "title": "Effect of lithium and other alkali metals on brain chemistry and behavior. I. Glutamic acid and GABA in brain regions.", "content": "Glutamic acid and GABA concentrations were measured in brain areas of rats injected with the chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K\", Rb+ or Cs+ for 5 days. Regional changes in brain glutamic acid and GABA were found in animals after lithium, rubidium or cesium, but not potassium, compared to sodium treatments. Increased glutamic acid and GABA levels, caused by lithium and rubidium, were found in brain structures (hypothalamus and amygdala) known to be involved in emotional behavior. Whether these changes are associated with the effective use of lithium and, perhaps, of rubidium in affective disorders remains obscure.", "contents": "Effect of lithium and other alkali metals on brain chemistry and behavior. I. Glutamic acid and GABA in brain regions. Glutamic acid and GABA concentrations were measured in brain areas of rats injected with the chloride salts of Li+, Na+, K\", Rb+ or Cs+ for 5 days. Regional changes in brain glutamic acid and GABA were found in animals after lithium, rubidium or cesium, but not potassium, compared to sodium treatments. Increased glutamic acid and GABA levels, caused by lithium and rubidium, were found in brain structures (hypothalamus and amygdala) known to be involved in emotional behavior. Whether these changes are associated with the effective use of lithium and, perhaps, of rubidium in affective disorders remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:943119", "title": "Changes in fixed-interval behavior during chronic morphine treatment and morphine abstinence in rats.", "content": "Rats previously trained to a fixed-interval schedule (FI 2 min) were treated twice daily with saline or morphine hydrochloride (final dose 40 mg/kg i.p.) for 44 days. On day 45 an abstinence state was induced by withdrawing morphine or by giving nalorphine (1 mg/kg i.p.). Operant behavior was recorded on alternate days during the period of chronic treatment and during the withdrawal phase (21 days). It was found that the number of lever presses decreased significantly during the first days of morphine administration but increased later over the control values. The quarter-life was not changed during this period. Morphine withdrawal and nalorphine treatment both caused a further increase in lever presses that lasted about 11 days. Again quarter-life was not changed. These results indicate that the effects of morphine on FI behavior in rats not only undergo tolerance but are actually reversed during the chronic treatment. The data obtained during the withdrawal phase are discussed in relation to the secondary abstinence syndrome described by Martin et al. (1963).", "contents": "Changes in fixed-interval behavior during chronic morphine treatment and morphine abstinence in rats. Rats previously trained to a fixed-interval schedule (FI 2 min) were treated twice daily with saline or morphine hydrochloride (final dose 40 mg/kg i.p.) for 44 days. On day 45 an abstinence state was induced by withdrawing morphine or by giving nalorphine (1 mg/kg i.p.). Operant behavior was recorded on alternate days during the period of chronic treatment and during the withdrawal phase (21 days). It was found that the number of lever presses decreased significantly during the first days of morphine administration but increased later over the control values. The quarter-life was not changed during this period. Morphine withdrawal and nalorphine treatment both caused a further increase in lever presses that lasted about 11 days. Again quarter-life was not changed. These results indicate that the effects of morphine on FI behavior in rats not only undergo tolerance but are actually reversed during the chronic treatment. The data obtained during the withdrawal phase are discussed in relation to the secondary abstinence syndrome described by Martin et al. (1963)."}
{"id": "PMID:943120", "title": "Effects of thymoleptics on behaviour associated with changes in brain dopamine. I. Potentiation of dopa-induced gnawing of mice.", "content": "The thymoleptics imipramine, desipramine, protriptyline, nortriiptyline, chlorimipramine and amitriptyline all potentiate gnawing of mice induced by Dopa following decarboxylase inhibitior Ro 4-4602. The gnawing behavior is probably associated with the increase in brain dopamine resulting from this treatment. Thymoleptics also affect other types of behaviour associated with brain dopamine. The relevance of these effects to clinical antidepressive effect and their possible utilization for preclinical screening tests is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of thymoleptics on behaviour associated with changes in brain dopamine. I. Potentiation of dopa-induced gnawing of mice. The thymoleptics imipramine, desipramine, protriptyline, nortriiptyline, chlorimipramine and amitriptyline all potentiate gnawing of mice induced by Dopa following decarboxylase inhibitior Ro 4-4602. The gnawing behavior is probably associated with the increase in brain dopamine resulting from this treatment. Thymoleptics also affect other types of behaviour associated with brain dopamine. The relevance of these effects to clinical antidepressive effect and their possible utilization for preclinical screening tests is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943121", "title": "Effects of lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in rats.", "content": "A previous report indicated that lesions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus suppressed autonomic signs of withdrawal from morphine. The present experiment was designed to determine whether such lesions suppressed a second class, skeletal responses of withdrawal, as well. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was compared in previously-addicted VMN-lesioned and sham animals, and drug-naive VMN-lesioned and sham animals. The lesion failed to suppress any signs of withdrawal in the addicted lesioned animals as compared with the shams. An attempt was made to explain the discrepancy between these and earlier published results on the basis of differing experimental designs. Implications of these results for possible dissociation of tolerance and dependence effects or possible plasticity of the brain in regard to drug effects were discussed. Further experiments were proposed in which time of lesion is manipulated in relation to the induction of dependence.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal in rats. A previous report indicated that lesions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus suppressed autonomic signs of withdrawal from morphine. The present experiment was designed to determine whether such lesions suppressed a second class, skeletal responses of withdrawal, as well. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was compared in previously-addicted VMN-lesioned and sham animals, and drug-naive VMN-lesioned and sham animals. The lesion failed to suppress any signs of withdrawal in the addicted lesioned animals as compared with the shams. An attempt was made to explain the discrepancy between these and earlier published results on the basis of differing experimental designs. Implications of these results for possible dissociation of tolerance and dependence effects or possible plasticity of the brain in regard to drug effects were discussed. Further experiments were proposed in which time of lesion is manipulated in relation to the induction of dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:943122", "title": "Relative biological effectiveness of negative pi mesons for the immune response in mice.", "content": "Immunologically competent mouse spleen cells were exposed to negative pi mesons in the entrance plateau or at the peak of the dose distribution at a maximum dosage of 5 rads/min. or to 60Co gamma rays at 4.96 rads/min. Survival curves from cells irradiated in vitro but incubated in vivo yielded RBE values of 2.15 for the peak and 1.84 for the entrance plateau at a surviving fraction of 0.1. The dose-rate dependence of antibody-forming spleen cells for both 60Co gamma rays and the lot-LET components of the pion beam is discussed. The authors suggest that these RBE values constitute an upper limit for normal mammalian cells exposed to pions and tha the RBE with clinically useful dose rates may be significantly lower than those reported here.", "contents": "Relative biological effectiveness of negative pi mesons for the immune response in mice. Immunologically competent mouse spleen cells were exposed to negative pi mesons in the entrance plateau or at the peak of the dose distribution at a maximum dosage of 5 rads/min. or to 60Co gamma rays at 4.96 rads/min. Survival curves from cells irradiated in vitro but incubated in vivo yielded RBE values of 2.15 for the peak and 1.84 for the entrance plateau at a surviving fraction of 0.1. The dose-rate dependence of antibody-forming spleen cells for both 60Co gamma rays and the lot-LET components of the pion beam is discussed. The authors suggest that these RBE values constitute an upper limit for normal mammalian cells exposed to pions and tha the RBE with clinically useful dose rates may be significantly lower than those reported here."}
{"id": "PMID:943123", "title": "Extended field radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "Sixteen patients with laparotomy-proved Stages I-III non-Hodgkin's lumphoma were treated with high dose extended field irradiation. All patients obtained complete remission and 75% remain continually free of disease for 22+ to 63+ months. When the extent of disease is carefully delineated by a thorough staging procedure which includes laparotomy, irradiation alone may cure a high percentage of patients.", "contents": "Extended field radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sixteen patients with laparotomy-proved Stages I-III non-Hodgkin's lumphoma were treated with high dose extended field irradiation. All patients obtained complete remission and 75% remain continually free of disease for 22+ to 63+ months. When the extent of disease is carefully delineated by a thorough staging procedure which includes laparotomy, irradiation alone may cure a high percentage of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943124", "title": "Angiographic and radionuclide characteristics of hepatic angiosarcoma found in vinyl chloride workers.", "content": "Hepatic angiosarcoma, recently discovered in a large series of vinyl chloride workers, demonstrates characteristic angiographic and radionuclide changes. Tumors exhibiting central hypovascularity with puddling are usually surrounded by a peripheral stain. A negative peripheral defect is demonstrated on hepatic scan. Healing hepatic infarction secondary to wedged hepatic venography creates a false-positive lesion on angiography similar to angiosarcoma. Splenomegaly and systemic venous hypertension develop in a number of these patients.", "contents": "Angiographic and radionuclide characteristics of hepatic angiosarcoma found in vinyl chloride workers. Hepatic angiosarcoma, recently discovered in a large series of vinyl chloride workers, demonstrates characteristic angiographic and radionuclide changes. Tumors exhibiting central hypovascularity with puddling are usually surrounded by a peripheral stain. A negative peripheral defect is demonstrated on hepatic scan. Healing hepatic infarction secondary to wedged hepatic venography creates a false-positive lesion on angiography similar to angiosarcoma. Splenomegaly and systemic venous hypertension develop in a number of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943126", "title": "Isoamylases in blood, urine, and tissue homogenates from some experimental mammals.", "content": "The isoamylase patterns of the serum, urine, and various tissue extracts of some mammalian species were studied with the aid of agarose gel electrophoresis followed by incubation with a starch-dye polymer. In the dog and cat mainly one fraction of amylase, derived from the pancreatic gland, was found in the serum and in the urine. In the rabbit, identical isoamylases were produced by the salivary and pancreatic glands and possibly also by the duodenum; they were detectable in serum and were excreted in the urine in partly changed form. In the rat, the salivary isoamylase was clearly differentiated from the pancreatic isoamylases in serum and urine. Skeletal muscle also produced a starch-degrading enzyme, but no conclusive evidence of hepatic amylase production was found. In the mouse, the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases of serum and urine were clearly separated. Evidence of amylase production was found in the liver and duodenum. These amylases belonged to the pancreatic group of isoamylases. In the guinea-pig, the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases differed from one another in their electrophoretic migration rates; in the serum and urine only salivary isoamylases were detectable. In the Golden Syrian hamster, the salivary glands, the pancreatic glands, and the small intestine-fallopian tube differed from each other in respect of the groups of isoamylases they produced. The pancreatic isoamylase was never seen in the serum or the urine.", "contents": "Isoamylases in blood, urine, and tissue homogenates from some experimental mammals. The isoamylase patterns of the serum, urine, and various tissue extracts of some mammalian species were studied with the aid of agarose gel electrophoresis followed by incubation with a starch-dye polymer. In the dog and cat mainly one fraction of amylase, derived from the pancreatic gland, was found in the serum and in the urine. In the rabbit, identical isoamylases were produced by the salivary and pancreatic glands and possibly also by the duodenum; they were detectable in serum and were excreted in the urine in partly changed form. In the rat, the salivary isoamylase was clearly differentiated from the pancreatic isoamylases in serum and urine. Skeletal muscle also produced a starch-degrading enzyme, but no conclusive evidence of hepatic amylase production was found. In the mouse, the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases of serum and urine were clearly separated. Evidence of amylase production was found in the liver and duodenum. These amylases belonged to the pancreatic group of isoamylases. In the guinea-pig, the salivary and pancreatic isoamylases differed from one another in their electrophoretic migration rates; in the serum and urine only salivary isoamylases were detectable. In the Golden Syrian hamster, the salivary glands, the pancreatic glands, and the small intestine-fallopian tube differed from each other in respect of the groups of isoamylases they produced. The pancreatic isoamylase was never seen in the serum or the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:943127", "title": "Environmental stimulation reduces learning deficits in experimental cretinism.", "content": "Behavioral deficits in adult rats exposed perinatally to thiouracil were substantially reduced or elimated by a 5-week period of \"superenriched\" postweaning rearing conditions before testing. This treatment resulted in remediation of hypothyroid rats' deficits in maze learning, maze retention, and resistance to extinction of bar-pressing; the facilitative effect persisted for more than 4 months. These behavioral results were consistent with neurohistological findings from studies of early thyroid deficiency and postweaning environmental stimulation in rats.", "contents": "Environmental stimulation reduces learning deficits in experimental cretinism. Behavioral deficits in adult rats exposed perinatally to thiouracil were substantially reduced or elimated by a 5-week period of \"superenriched\" postweaning rearing conditions before testing. This treatment resulted in remediation of hypothyroid rats' deficits in maze learning, maze retention, and resistance to extinction of bar-pressing; the facilitative effect persisted for more than 4 months. These behavioral results were consistent with neurohistological findings from studies of early thyroid deficiency and postweaning environmental stimulation in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:943129", "title": "Use of bovine heterografts in intravenous therapy.", "content": "Thirteen bovine heterografts were placed in nine patients: three for renal dialysis, four for treatment of diabetes mellitus, and six for cancer chemotherapy. One graft became occluded on the night of operation. One graft caused dilation of distal veins sufficient for dialysis and was never used; this graft was occluded by a blow ten months later. Two grafts were thrombosed by poor puncture technic, one after three months' use and one after seven months' use. One graft became infected, then thrombosed, and was never used. The remaining eight have served as intravenous conduits for 6 to 19 months. Despite the problems we have encountered with these grafts, we believe that their use is the procedure of choice in cancer patients with limited life spans, even when such patients have available and satisfactory saphenous veins. The establishment of a bovine heterograft requires less time than establishment of a saphenous vein graft and requires only regional or local anesthesia--both advantages in seriously ill patients.", "contents": "Use of bovine heterografts in intravenous therapy. Thirteen bovine heterografts were placed in nine patients: three for renal dialysis, four for treatment of diabetes mellitus, and six for cancer chemotherapy. One graft became occluded on the night of operation. One graft caused dilation of distal veins sufficient for dialysis and was never used; this graft was occluded by a blow ten months later. Two grafts were thrombosed by poor puncture technic, one after three months' use and one after seven months' use. One graft became infected, then thrombosed, and was never used. The remaining eight have served as intravenous conduits for 6 to 19 months. Despite the problems we have encountered with these grafts, we believe that their use is the procedure of choice in cancer patients with limited life spans, even when such patients have available and satisfactory saphenous veins. The establishment of a bovine heterograft requires less time than establishment of a saphenous vein graft and requires only regional or local anesthesia--both advantages in seriously ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943130", "title": "Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man.", "content": "Diastolic function of the left ventricle was analysed in patients with different cardiac diseases: acute and chronic volume overload (in aortic and mitral incompetence), pressure overload and inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy (aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), congestive cardiomyopathy, and constrictive pericarditis. Most patients were receiving digitalis therapy at the time of study. A constant exponential relation between pressure and volume was assumed, and pressure-volume curves were constructed from two points: the instantaneous pressure-volume relation at beginning-diastole and at end-diastole. The determinants of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were studied. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure depended on the beginning-diastolic pressure and volume (O point), the slope of the pressure-volume curve (m), and the volume which distended the ventricle in diastole. In chronic volume loading and in congestive cardiomyopathy the curves were flatter than normal, so that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was only slightly increased despite the large volume filling the ventricle. In pressure overload and in constrictive pericarditis the curves were steeper than normal. Acute changes in volume were accomplished by a shift up or down the pressure-volume curve but in these patients the slope was not altered: the ventricle had not had time to adapt and end-diastolic pressure was greatly increased.", "contents": "Left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man. Diastolic function of the left ventricle was analysed in patients with different cardiac diseases: acute and chronic volume overload (in aortic and mitral incompetence), pressure overload and inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy (aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), congestive cardiomyopathy, and constrictive pericarditis. Most patients were receiving digitalis therapy at the time of study. A constant exponential relation between pressure and volume was assumed, and pressure-volume curves were constructed from two points: the instantaneous pressure-volume relation at beginning-diastole and at end-diastole. The determinants of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were studied. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure depended on the beginning-diastolic pressure and volume (O point), the slope of the pressure-volume curve (m), and the volume which distended the ventricle in diastole. In chronic volume loading and in congestive cardiomyopathy the curves were flatter than normal, so that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was only slightly increased despite the large volume filling the ventricle. In pressure overload and in constrictive pericarditis the curves were steeper than normal. Acute changes in volume were accomplished by a shift up or down the pressure-volume curve but in these patients the slope was not altered: the ventricle had not had time to adapt and end-diastolic pressure was greatly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:943131", "title": "Urodynamic assessment of stress incontinence and its therapeutic implications.", "content": "Urethral fibrosis and sphincter incompetence commonly are associated in the genesis of stress incontinence. Other factors are often associated, such as bladder hyperactivity and increased demand on the sphincter mechanism created by contracted or large atonic bladder or polyuria. The frequent association of several factors and the limited information given by the classical methods suggest a need for the routine use of objective urodynamic studies in the assessment of stress incontinence. A more conservative, better oriented, therapeutic approach may result from this concept.", "contents": "Urodynamic assessment of stress incontinence and its therapeutic implications. Urethral fibrosis and sphincter incompetence commonly are associated in the genesis of stress incontinence. Other factors are often associated, such as bladder hyperactivity and increased demand on the sphincter mechanism created by contracted or large atonic bladder or polyuria. The frequent association of several factors and the limited information given by the classical methods suggest a need for the routine use of objective urodynamic studies in the assessment of stress incontinence. A more conservative, better oriented, therapeutic approach may result from this concept."}
{"id": "PMID:943133", "title": "[Dyspnoea due to intrathoracic haemorrhage and haemangiosarcoma in a horse (author's transl)].", "content": "Post-morten examination of a fourteen-year-old mare of the Gelderland breed, which had been treated for severe dyspnoea and had subsequenlty died, revealed the presence of haemothorax, atelectasis of the lung and a metastasized haemangiosarcoma of the left ovary. The haemothorax could have resulted from rupture of one of the metastases.", "contents": "[Dyspnoea due to intrathoracic haemorrhage and haemangiosarcoma in a horse (author's transl)]. Post-morten examination of a fourteen-year-old mare of the Gelderland breed, which had been treated for severe dyspnoea and had subsequenlty died, revealed the presence of haemothorax, atelectasis of the lung and a metastasized haemangiosarcoma of the left ovary. The haemothorax could have resulted from rupture of one of the metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:943134", "title": "Some serological specificities of blood group H-like substance present in the higher fungus, Collybia velutipes.", "content": "Blood group H-like activity was found in Collybia velutipes. The H-like substance extracted from fruit-bodies of this species was markedly specific for eel anti-H reagent.", "contents": "Some serological specificities of blood group H-like substance present in the higher fungus, Collybia velutipes. Blood group H-like activity was found in Collybia velutipes. The H-like substance extracted from fruit-bodies of this species was markedly specific for eel anti-H reagent."}
{"id": "PMID:943135", "title": "Tubular bodies of human endothelial cells in an extracellular location.", "content": "The specimen was surgically obtained from a 37 year old female with a cerebellar tumor. The diagnosis of this tumor is still inconclusive, because light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of the tumor showed features that were compatible with either hemangioblastoma or renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the cerebellum. Tubular bodies have heretofore been described as being restricted to an intracytoplasmic location in endothelial cells. Discharge of tubules from these organelles into the vascular lumen and the presence of tubules in the extracellular space between an endothelial cell and a pericyte were observed ultrastructurally in vessels from this tumor. Although this report dealt with only a single pathological case, these findings would support a reasonable postulate of discharge of tubular bodies or their tubules into the extracellular space.", "contents": "Tubular bodies of human endothelial cells in an extracellular location. The specimen was surgically obtained from a 37 year old female with a cerebellar tumor. The diagnosis of this tumor is still inconclusive, because light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of the tumor showed features that were compatible with either hemangioblastoma or renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the cerebellum. Tubular bodies have heretofore been described as being restricted to an intracytoplasmic location in endothelial cells. Discharge of tubules from these organelles into the vascular lumen and the presence of tubules in the extracellular space between an endothelial cell and a pericyte were observed ultrastructurally in vessels from this tumor. Although this report dealt with only a single pathological case, these findings would support a reasonable postulate of discharge of tubular bodies or their tubules into the extracellular space."}
{"id": "PMID:943137", "title": "Immunological specificity and correlation of diagnostic tests for bronchial allergy to Cladosporium herbarum.", "content": "A total of 104 children with allergic bronchial asthma were included in studies comparing the results of RAST and skin testing with each other and with the results of bronchial challenges using different concentrations of extracts of Cladosporium herbarum. Prick tests predicted bronchial allergy to the mould in 83-96% of the cases compared to 74-83% for RAST predicting such bronchial allergy. Bronchial reactions to top concentrations of the extracts were considered immunologically non-specific and probably due to contents of irritants in nost instances.", "contents": "Immunological specificity and correlation of diagnostic tests for bronchial allergy to Cladosporium herbarum. A total of 104 children with allergic bronchial asthma were included in studies comparing the results of RAST and skin testing with each other and with the results of bronchial challenges using different concentrations of extracts of Cladosporium herbarum. Prick tests predicted bronchial allergy to the mould in 83-96% of the cases compared to 74-83% for RAST predicting such bronchial allergy. Bronchial reactions to top concentrations of the extracts were considered immunologically non-specific and probably due to contents of irritants in nost instances."}
{"id": "PMID:943138", "title": "N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in intraocular pineal transplants: diurnal thythm as evidence for functional sympathetic adrenergic innervation.", "content": "Immature rat pineal grafts were transplanted bilaterally to the anterior eye chamber of adult male rats. The transplants matured and became sympathetically innervated from the host iris and synthesized 5-hydroxytryptamine as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. Transplants were used to investigate whether the newly formed nerve terminals were functional and thus could induce a rhythm in pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzyme activity and hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) enzyme activity. The in situ pineal glands from the recipient animals exhibited NAT and HIOMT levels and diurnal variations of enzyme activities no different from control rats without transplants. Sympathetically innervated transplants showed lower NAT enzyme activity than the in situ pineals but did yield a highly significant increase in darkness NAT activity as compared to light NAT activity (20:1). Sympathetically denervated transplants showed a much smaller rise in darkness NAT enzyme activity as compared to light values (1.8:1) but the rhythm was still statistically significant (p less then 0.01). Sympathetically innervated transplants had a higher HIOMT activity in darkness than in light (2.7:1)9 The HIOMT activity of the sympathetically denervated grafts was invariably low. Protein contents of transplants were found to be significantly lower than in situ pineal protein content but failed to show a diurnal variation.", "contents": "N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in intraocular pineal transplants: diurnal thythm as evidence for functional sympathetic adrenergic innervation. Immature rat pineal grafts were transplanted bilaterally to the anterior eye chamber of adult male rats. The transplants matured and became sympathetically innervated from the host iris and synthesized 5-hydroxytryptamine as revealed by fluorescence histochemistry. Transplants were used to investigate whether the newly formed nerve terminals were functional and thus could induce a rhythm in pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzyme activity and hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase (HIOMT) enzyme activity. The in situ pineal glands from the recipient animals exhibited NAT and HIOMT levels and diurnal variations of enzyme activities no different from control rats without transplants. Sympathetically innervated transplants showed lower NAT enzyme activity than the in situ pineals but did yield a highly significant increase in darkness NAT activity as compared to light NAT activity (20:1). Sympathetically denervated transplants showed a much smaller rise in darkness NAT enzyme activity as compared to light values (1.8:1) but the rhythm was still statistically significant (p less then 0.01). Sympathetically innervated transplants had a higher HIOMT activity in darkness than in light (2.7:1)9 The HIOMT activity of the sympathetically denervated grafts was invariably low. Protein contents of transplants were found to be significantly lower than in situ pineal protein content but failed to show a diurnal variation."}
{"id": "PMID:943139", "title": "Effects of source and concentration of thrombin, and divalent cations, on thrombin time of heparinized plasma.", "content": "The effects of the source and concentration of thrombin, and those of divalent cations, on the thrombin time (TT) of heparinized plasma were investigated. A correlation between TT and the heparin concentration was obtained only when the thrombin was of human origin and when it was reconstituted in divalent cation solutions. Relatively small variations in thrombin concentration resulted in marked differences in TT of heparinized plasma. Bovine thrombin gave a very prolonged TT of heparinized plasma compared with human thrombin, though the two thrombins gave identical TT's for non-heparinized control plasma. Divalent cation solution, in which thrombin was reconstituted, had a profound influence on TT of heparin plasma. When thrombin was reconstituted in 0.1 M MnCl2 solution, the TT of a plasma containing 0.5 unit heparin per ml. was the same as that of a plasma containing no heparin. The reliability of the thrombin time test as a means of monitoring heparin anticoagulation must be established by individual laboratories via extensive testing of clinical samples.", "contents": "Effects of source and concentration of thrombin, and divalent cations, on thrombin time of heparinized plasma. The effects of the source and concentration of thrombin, and those of divalent cations, on the thrombin time (TT) of heparinized plasma were investigated. A correlation between TT and the heparin concentration was obtained only when the thrombin was of human origin and when it was reconstituted in divalent cation solutions. Relatively small variations in thrombin concentration resulted in marked differences in TT of heparinized plasma. Bovine thrombin gave a very prolonged TT of heparinized plasma compared with human thrombin, though the two thrombins gave identical TT's for non-heparinized control plasma. Divalent cation solution, in which thrombin was reconstituted, had a profound influence on TT of heparin plasma. When thrombin was reconstituted in 0.1 M MnCl2 solution, the TT of a plasma containing 0.5 unit heparin per ml. was the same as that of a plasma containing no heparin. The reliability of the thrombin time test as a means of monitoring heparin anticoagulation must be established by individual laboratories via extensive testing of clinical samples."}
{"id": "PMID:943140", "title": "Pigeons breeders' disease. I. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations; IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE antibodies against pigeon serum.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient with severe acute and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis of the pigeon breeders' disease (PBD) type was evaluated. A significant remission of symptomatic, roentgenographic and pulmonary function abnormalities occurred after cessation of exposure to antigen. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), A (IgA) and M (IgM) antibody activity against pigeon serum was demonstrated in the patient's serum by a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) technic. The levels of these antibodies fell subsequent to elimination of antigen inhalation. The RIA technic was used to demonstrate IgG, IgA and IgM antibody activity in single serum samples of four other patients with PBD, and this technic may have diagnostic value. Although no immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody was demonstrable by RIA, a heat-liable, reaginic antibody was also detectable in the serum of the primary case. In addition, Arthus type cutaneous reactivity was passively transferred to the skin of a volunteer subject using heated serum from a patient with PBD.", "contents": "Pigeons breeders' disease. I. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations; IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE antibodies against pigeon serum. The clinical course of a patient with severe acute and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis of the pigeon breeders' disease (PBD) type was evaluated. A significant remission of symptomatic, roentgenographic and pulmonary function abnormalities occurred after cessation of exposure to antigen. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), A (IgA) and M (IgM) antibody activity against pigeon serum was demonstrated in the patient's serum by a solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) technic. The levels of these antibodies fell subsequent to elimination of antigen inhalation. The RIA technic was used to demonstrate IgG, IgA and IgM antibody activity in single serum samples of four other patients with PBD, and this technic may have diagnostic value. Although no immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody was demonstrable by RIA, a heat-liable, reaginic antibody was also detectable in the serum of the primary case. In addition, Arthus type cutaneous reactivity was passively transferred to the skin of a volunteer subject using heated serum from a patient with PBD."}
{"id": "PMID:943136", "title": "Neural control of cochlear blood flow.", "content": "Effects of intraarterial and intravenous injections of autonomic nervous system agents on cochlear blood flow were studied in order to investigate the neural control of the inner ear vessels. Blood flow changes in the inner ear of the guinea pig were measured with an electrical impedance plethysmograph. Rather weak control of the vertebrobasilar and labyrinthine arteries by the sympathetic nervous system of the alpha-receptor type did appear to exist. Beta-receptors of the sympathetic nerve appeared to be non-existent in the cochlear vessels, and parasympathetic modulation was not evident.", "contents": "Neural control of cochlear blood flow. Effects of intraarterial and intravenous injections of autonomic nervous system agents on cochlear blood flow were studied in order to investigate the neural control of the inner ear vessels. Blood flow changes in the inner ear of the guinea pig were measured with an electrical impedance plethysmograph. Rather weak control of the vertebrobasilar and labyrinthine arteries by the sympathetic nervous system of the alpha-receptor type did appear to exist. Beta-receptors of the sympathetic nerve appeared to be non-existent in the cochlear vessels, and parasympathetic modulation was not evident."}
{"id": "PMID:943141", "title": "Localization of left ventricular outflow obstruction by cross-sectional echocardiography.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic studies were performed using a high resolution real time mechanical sector scanner in 70 patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction. Seven separate obstructive patterns were recorded in these patients. An area of aortic narrowing just distal to the aortic valve at the superior border of the left atrium was noted with supravalvular aortic stenosis. With congenital valvular aortic stenosis there was an increase in echo production by the thickened aortic leaflets. During systole these prominent leaflet echoes curved inward toward the center of the aortic root reflecting the systolic doming of the valve. With calcific aortic stenosis, the calcification produced an area of dense linear echoes attached in varying degrees to either the anterior or posterior border of the aortic root. At the subvalvular level three obstructive patterns were recorded; with a discrete subvalvular obstructive membrane two linear echoes apparently produced by the inner margins of the obstructing membrane were recorded in the outflow tract. With more extensive fibromuscular narrowing of the subvalvular area, there was inward bowing of the echoes from both the anterior and posterior walls of the outflow tract. In one case this was a dense shelf-like mass of echoes extending downward from the basal portion of the interventricular septum toward the mid-portion of the anterior mitral leaflet with corresponding systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet. In patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis there was systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet beginning just distal to the point of coaptation of the mitral leaflets and extending distally toward the papillary muscles. This report suggests that the enlarged field of vision and spatial orientation provided by the cross-sectional echocardiographic technic should improve our ability to record and characterize areas of obstruction to left ventricular outflow.", "contents": "Localization of left ventricular outflow obstruction by cross-sectional echocardiography. Cross-sectional echocardiographic studies were performed using a high resolution real time mechanical sector scanner in 70 patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction. Seven separate obstructive patterns were recorded in these patients. An area of aortic narrowing just distal to the aortic valve at the superior border of the left atrium was noted with supravalvular aortic stenosis. With congenital valvular aortic stenosis there was an increase in echo production by the thickened aortic leaflets. During systole these prominent leaflet echoes curved inward toward the center of the aortic root reflecting the systolic doming of the valve. With calcific aortic stenosis, the calcification produced an area of dense linear echoes attached in varying degrees to either the anterior or posterior border of the aortic root. At the subvalvular level three obstructive patterns were recorded; with a discrete subvalvular obstructive membrane two linear echoes apparently produced by the inner margins of the obstructing membrane were recorded in the outflow tract. With more extensive fibromuscular narrowing of the subvalvular area, there was inward bowing of the echoes from both the anterior and posterior walls of the outflow tract. In one case this was a dense shelf-like mass of echoes extending downward from the basal portion of the interventricular septum toward the mid-portion of the anterior mitral leaflet with corresponding systolic anterior motion of the mitral leaflet. In patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis there was systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet beginning just distal to the point of coaptation of the mitral leaflets and extending distally toward the papillary muscles. This report suggests that the enlarged field of vision and spatial orientation provided by the cross-sectional echocardiographic technic should improve our ability to record and characterize areas of obstruction to left ventricular outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:943142", "title": "The interpretation and significance of the fractional postcoital test.", "content": "The investigation was designed to objectively determine the clinical usefulness of the fractional postcoital test. Forty-three normal subjects had midcycle cervical mucus collection at various times after insemination. There was a significant correlation between the number of motile sperm at the internal os level and the total sperm count within the cervical mucus. The median internal os count was 15 motile sperm per high-power field with a lower 95% confidence limit of five motile sperm per high-power field. Therefore, the fractional postcoital test is useful clinically as it is a physiologic indication of sperm transport in cervical mucus.", "contents": "The interpretation and significance of the fractional postcoital test. The investigation was designed to objectively determine the clinical usefulness of the fractional postcoital test. Forty-three normal subjects had midcycle cervical mucus collection at various times after insemination. There was a significant correlation between the number of motile sperm at the internal os level and the total sperm count within the cervical mucus. The median internal os count was 15 motile sperm per high-power field with a lower 95% confidence limit of five motile sperm per high-power field. Therefore, the fractional postcoital test is useful clinically as it is a physiologic indication of sperm transport in cervical mucus."}
{"id": "PMID:943143", "title": "Periovulatory changes in ovarian temperature in ewes.", "content": "Thermistors were implanted in intact ewes, and ovarian and aorta temperatures were recorded for 72 hours, following the removal of a progesterone implant intended to induce estrus. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured hourly over a 10 hour period beginning at the onset of estrus. Ovaries were examined by laparotomy at the end of each experiment. Estrus behavior, LH surge, and a fresh corpus luteum were all found to be present in four, and absent in two, of a total of six experiments. To remove variations in basal body temperature, ovarian temperatures were measured relative to aorta temperature at all times. In the nonovulating ewes, both mean ovarian temperatures varied at random, whereas in the ovulating ewes they decreased by approximately 0.15 degrees C. to reach a minimum 1 hour before the time of maximum rate of increase in LH. The ovulating ovaries differed from the contralateral ovaries (where ovulation did not occur) in two respects: the mean temperature in the ovulating ovaries was lower by 0.02 to 0.10 degrees C. at all times, and its preovulatory decrease began several hours earlier. When taken in conjunction with published data on secretion and on the local and systemic effect of estradiol, these findings, are consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian estradiol induces an increase in ovarian blood flow. A heat-sink effect of the uterine mass due to its proximity to the ovaries may also be involved.", "contents": "Periovulatory changes in ovarian temperature in ewes. Thermistors were implanted in intact ewes, and ovarian and aorta temperatures were recorded for 72 hours, following the removal of a progesterone implant intended to induce estrus. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured hourly over a 10 hour period beginning at the onset of estrus. Ovaries were examined by laparotomy at the end of each experiment. Estrus behavior, LH surge, and a fresh corpus luteum were all found to be present in four, and absent in two, of a total of six experiments. To remove variations in basal body temperature, ovarian temperatures were measured relative to aorta temperature at all times. In the nonovulating ewes, both mean ovarian temperatures varied at random, whereas in the ovulating ewes they decreased by approximately 0.15 degrees C. to reach a minimum 1 hour before the time of maximum rate of increase in LH. The ovulating ovaries differed from the contralateral ovaries (where ovulation did not occur) in two respects: the mean temperature in the ovulating ovaries was lower by 0.02 to 0.10 degrees C. at all times, and its preovulatory decrease began several hours earlier. When taken in conjunction with published data on secretion and on the local and systemic effect of estradiol, these findings, are consistent with the hypothesis that ovarian estradiol induces an increase in ovarian blood flow. A heat-sink effect of the uterine mass due to its proximity to the ovaries may also be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:943144", "title": "Effects of progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha and its analogue ICI 81008 on the excitability and threshold of the uterus.", "content": "Forty-eight uterine strips were excised from 24 New Zealand white rabbits and studied in vitro. Sixteen strips were examined when eight animals were 25 days pregnant, 24 strips when 12 animals were about 12 hours postpartum, and eight strips about 12 hours after four animals received a single dose of 5 mg. progesterone (P) at spontaneous delivery. When after repeated exposures to electric fields (60 cycles per second, alternating current, of optimum strength, four seconds' duration at intervals of 30 seconds) the approximately 0.5 Gm. strips developed approximately 40-50g wall tension (WT) in steady state, the field strength was reduced in graded steps from 12 v per 5 cm. to 10, 8, 6, 4 and 3 v per 5 cm. and WT recorded. By measuring the effect on WT of \"decreasing electric field stimulation\" (DEFS), myometrical excitably and threshold were characterized and quantitated. The technique is based on the relationship between the fraction of myometrial cells activated in the total cell population and WT. As the stimulus is decreased in graded steps from optimal to increasingly suboptimal, DEFS activates fewer and fewer cells reflected by the decrease in WT. Threshold is defined by the strength of the minimum electric field which provokes WT and subthreshold by the field strength which fails to excite. Thus fractional WT averages the excitability of cells in the tissue and thus DEFS characterizes this important parameter of uterine function and quantitates threshold under a variety of regulatory conditions. The comparative study of excised uteri in three different endocrine states showed that the regulatory conditions of normal pregnancy (P levels 9 ng. per milliliter) suppressed excitability and increased threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Post partum (P levels 1 ng. per milliliter) excitability increased and threshold decreased (to 4 v per 5 cm.), unless P treatment prevented this characteristic change by suppressing excitability and increasing threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Both regulatory agents, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and its analogue ICI 81008, increased excitability and decreased threshold significantly in picogram per milliliter concentrations. However, this effect was observed only when the P levels were low. These compounds had little effect, even in manogram per milliliter concentrations, when the P levels were high. The studies also revealed a close relationship between threshold and spontaneous uterine activity. Low threshold promoted while high threshold suppressed spontaneous activity. In similar concentrations the oxytocic actions of PGF2alpha and ICI 81008 were similar but the effect of ICI 81008 was prolonged through strong binding at myometrical sites.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone, prostaglandin F2alpha and its analogue ICI 81008 on the excitability and threshold of the uterus. Forty-eight uterine strips were excised from 24 New Zealand white rabbits and studied in vitro. Sixteen strips were examined when eight animals were 25 days pregnant, 24 strips when 12 animals were about 12 hours postpartum, and eight strips about 12 hours after four animals received a single dose of 5 mg. progesterone (P) at spontaneous delivery. When after repeated exposures to electric fields (60 cycles per second, alternating current, of optimum strength, four seconds' duration at intervals of 30 seconds) the approximately 0.5 Gm. strips developed approximately 40-50g wall tension (WT) in steady state, the field strength was reduced in graded steps from 12 v per 5 cm. to 10, 8, 6, 4 and 3 v per 5 cm. and WT recorded. By measuring the effect on WT of \"decreasing electric field stimulation\" (DEFS), myometrical excitably and threshold were characterized and quantitated. The technique is based on the relationship between the fraction of myometrial cells activated in the total cell population and WT. As the stimulus is decreased in graded steps from optimal to increasingly suboptimal, DEFS activates fewer and fewer cells reflected by the decrease in WT. Threshold is defined by the strength of the minimum electric field which provokes WT and subthreshold by the field strength which fails to excite. Thus fractional WT averages the excitability of cells in the tissue and thus DEFS characterizes this important parameter of uterine function and quantitates threshold under a variety of regulatory conditions. The comparative study of excised uteri in three different endocrine states showed that the regulatory conditions of normal pregnancy (P levels 9 ng. per milliliter) suppressed excitability and increased threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Post partum (P levels 1 ng. per milliliter) excitability increased and threshold decreased (to 4 v per 5 cm.), unless P treatment prevented this characteristic change by suppressing excitability and increasing threshold (to 6 v per 5 cm.). Both regulatory agents, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) and its analogue ICI 81008, increased excitability and decreased threshold significantly in picogram per milliliter concentrations. However, this effect was observed only when the P levels were low. These compounds had little effect, even in manogram per milliliter concentrations, when the P levels were high. The studies also revealed a close relationship between threshold and spontaneous uterine activity. Low threshold promoted while high threshold suppressed spontaneous activity. In similar concentrations the oxytocic actions of PGF2alpha and ICI 81008 were similar but the effect of ICI 81008 was prolonged through strong binding at myometrical sites."}
{"id": "PMID:943145", "title": "Stimulation of subretinal neovascularization.", "content": "In a 59-year-old woman with subretinal neovascularization associated with angioid streaks, argon photocoagulation successfully obliterated the neovascular membrane. It appeared, however, to stimulate the rapid ingrowth of other subretinal new vessels near the site of treatment.", "contents": "Stimulation of subretinal neovascularization. In a 59-year-old woman with subretinal neovascularization associated with angioid streaks, argon photocoagulation successfully obliterated the neovascular membrane. It appeared, however, to stimulate the rapid ingrowth of other subretinal new vessels near the site of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:943147", "title": "Argon laser photomydriasis.", "content": "Argon laser photomydriasis was used to enlarge 20 miotic pupils in 18 open-angle glaucoma patients, with beneficial visual results in patients properly selected before treatment. During eight months of observation, significant complications such as persistent iritis and lens changes did not occur. An increase in intraocular pressure occasionally occurred shortly after treatment, but chronic exacerbation of underlying glaucoma was not observed. Argon laser iris photocoagulation in rabbit eyes showed localized atrophy of the iris sphincter and stroma within the treatment zones. Discrete, anterior lens opacities occurred only at high-power levels, and these appeared to be nonprogressive during the eight-week observation period.", "contents": "Argon laser photomydriasis. Argon laser photomydriasis was used to enlarge 20 miotic pupils in 18 open-angle glaucoma patients, with beneficial visual results in patients properly selected before treatment. During eight months of observation, significant complications such as persistent iritis and lens changes did not occur. An increase in intraocular pressure occasionally occurred shortly after treatment, but chronic exacerbation of underlying glaucoma was not observed. Argon laser iris photocoagulation in rabbit eyes showed localized atrophy of the iris sphincter and stroma within the treatment zones. Discrete, anterior lens opacities occurred only at high-power levels, and these appeared to be nonprogressive during the eight-week observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:943148", "title": "A specific receptor for retinol binding protein as detected by the binding of human and bovine retinol binding protein to pigment epithelial cells.", "content": "By means of autoradiographic techniques the specific plasma carrier of retinol, namely retinol binding protein (RBP) in a radioactive form (retinol-125I.RBP), bound specifically in vivo to the choroidal surface of intact, isolated bovine pigment epithelial cells. The retinol-125I.RBP did not bind to the retinal surface of the pigment epithelial cells nor did not bind to photoreceptors. Retinol is normally provided to the retina from the blood via a specific complex formation with a receptor on the chordial surface of the pigment epithelial cells. Retinol metabolism might be deranged in some diseases through a defect in the pigment epithelial receptor for RBP.", "contents": "A specific receptor for retinol binding protein as detected by the binding of human and bovine retinol binding protein to pigment epithelial cells. By means of autoradiographic techniques the specific plasma carrier of retinol, namely retinol binding protein (RBP) in a radioactive form (retinol-125I.RBP), bound specifically in vivo to the choroidal surface of intact, isolated bovine pigment epithelial cells. The retinol-125I.RBP did not bind to the retinal surface of the pigment epithelial cells nor did not bind to photoreceptors. Retinol is normally provided to the retina from the blood via a specific complex formation with a receptor on the chordial surface of the pigment epithelial cells. Retinol metabolism might be deranged in some diseases through a defect in the pigment epithelial receptor for RBP."}
{"id": "PMID:943149", "title": "Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stromal renewal of the uterus. II. The albino rat.", "content": "During the first four days postpartum, heterophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and macrophages occur in the intercellular compartement of the luminal epithelium of the uterine endometrium. Cytochemical and ultrastructural evidence indicates that transepithelial emigration of these stromal cells to the uterine cavity is occurring. This event takes place while the luminal epithelium is proliferating in response to the estrogenic stimulus of the postpartum estrus. Heterophil emigration precedes that of the macrophages and is most conspicuous during days 1 and 2. Although it has been established that collagen fibrils occur in uterine phagocytes (Schwarz and G\u00fcldner, '67) assumed to be macrographes (Parakkal, '69, '72), their precise role in collagen degradation remains undefined. It seems likely that the emigrating macrophages, heavily laden with phagolysosomal derivatives and lipid droplets, are hauling the remnants of the intercellular substance out of the endometrium during days 2-4 postpartum. Ultrastructural evidence indicates that the emigrating macrophage punctures the basal lamina and passes through the intercellular compartment of the luminal epithelium by active penetration. Another mode of macrophagic egress operates in the deep stroma of the endometrium and myometrium where lymphatic drainage occurs. Macrophages accumulate in the perilymphatic stroma as well as within lymphatic vessels. Thus macrophagic emigration through the luminal epithelium and lymphatic vessels may provide a cellular mechanism for elimination of the intercellular stromal substance in the regressing uterus. Transepithelial emigration is a mechanism which operates also in the marsupial uterus (Padykula and Taylor, '76), and thus may be a fundamental mechanism among subprimate mammals that fulfills in part the function that menstruation effects in primates.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms involved in cyclic stromal renewal of the uterus. II. The albino rat. During the first four days postpartum, heterophils (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and macrophages occur in the intercellular compartement of the luminal epithelium of the uterine endometrium. Cytochemical and ultrastructural evidence indicates that transepithelial emigration of these stromal cells to the uterine cavity is occurring. This event takes place while the luminal epithelium is proliferating in response to the estrogenic stimulus of the postpartum estrus. Heterophil emigration precedes that of the macrophages and is most conspicuous during days 1 and 2. Although it has been established that collagen fibrils occur in uterine phagocytes (Schwarz and G\u00fcldner, '67) assumed to be macrographes (Parakkal, '69, '72), their precise role in collagen degradation remains undefined. It seems likely that the emigrating macrophages, heavily laden with phagolysosomal derivatives and lipid droplets, are hauling the remnants of the intercellular substance out of the endometrium during days 2-4 postpartum. Ultrastructural evidence indicates that the emigrating macrophage punctures the basal lamina and passes through the intercellular compartment of the luminal epithelium by active penetration. Another mode of macrophagic egress operates in the deep stroma of the endometrium and myometrium where lymphatic drainage occurs. Macrophages accumulate in the perilymphatic stroma as well as within lymphatic vessels. Thus macrophagic emigration through the luminal epithelium and lymphatic vessels may provide a cellular mechanism for elimination of the intercellular stromal substance in the regressing uterus. Transepithelial emigration is a mechanism which operates also in the marsupial uterus (Padykula and Taylor, '76), and thus may be a fundamental mechanism among subprimate mammals that fulfills in part the function that menstruation effects in primates."}
{"id": "PMID:943150", "title": "Socio-economics of allergy.", "content": "The Medicare (Title XVIII) program in 1965 began a new era in American medicine. For the first time medical utilization review committees began to monitor medical care. Professional standards review organizations (PSRO's) will not determine if medical care is necessary, up to standards and the most economical. The National Health Planning & Resources Development Act, signed into law in January, 1975, will perform health planning, health regulation and resource development. A National Health Insurance Plan, when passed, will combine all government health agencies into one with complete control of American medicine. This article emphasizes the need for the physician (allergist) to be aware of what is going on and how he should cope with the problems with which he will be faced.", "contents": "Socio-economics of allergy. The Medicare (Title XVIII) program in 1965 began a new era in American medicine. For the first time medical utilization review committees began to monitor medical care. Professional standards review organizations (PSRO's) will not determine if medical care is necessary, up to standards and the most economical. The National Health Planning & Resources Development Act, signed into law in January, 1975, will perform health planning, health regulation and resource development. A National Health Insurance Plan, when passed, will combine all government health agencies into one with complete control of American medicine. This article emphasizes the need for the physician (allergist) to be aware of what is going on and how he should cope with the problems with which he will be faced."}
{"id": "PMID:943152", "title": "Enzyme activities associated with arabitol and mannitol biosynthesis and catabolism in Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Enzymes of polyol metabolism were studied in basidiospore germination of Schizophyllum commune during periods of in vivo arabitol and mannitol pool depletion (growth on glucose-asparagine) and during their subsequent synthesis (growth on acetate-NH+4). Optimal conditions for assays were established and specific activities of enzymes employing D-arabitol, D-mannitol, D-ribulose, D-fructose and D-xylulose as substrates. were traced. Inquiries into the products formed during these reactions showed that D-ribulose generated arabitol while D-fructose produced mannitol with D-xylulose giving rise to xylitol. The dehydrogenase reactions were further investigated using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Here was revealed the existence of at least two separate enzymatic activities pertaining to the catabolism of arabitol and mannitol. Also noted were the electrophoretic patterns when D-sorbitol, ribitol, xylitol and ethanol were used as substrates", "contents": "Enzyme activities associated with arabitol and mannitol biosynthesis and catabolism in Schizophyllum commune. Enzymes of polyol metabolism were studied in basidiospore germination of Schizophyllum commune during periods of in vivo arabitol and mannitol pool depletion (growth on glucose-asparagine) and during their subsequent synthesis (growth on acetate-NH+4). Optimal conditions for assays were established and specific activities of enzymes employing D-arabitol, D-mannitol, D-ribulose, D-fructose and D-xylulose as substrates. were traced. Inquiries into the products formed during these reactions showed that D-ribulose generated arabitol while D-fructose produced mannitol with D-xylulose giving rise to xylitol. The dehydrogenase reactions were further investigated using polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Here was revealed the existence of at least two separate enzymatic activities pertaining to the catabolism of arabitol and mannitol. Also noted were the electrophoretic patterns when D-sorbitol, ribitol, xylitol and ethanol were used as substrates"}
{"id": "PMID:943153", "title": "[Urinary bladder organ culture with a continuous nutrient system].", "content": "A system of flowing nutrition for organic cultures has been developed with possible observation of explants at small magnifications of microscope. The nutrient fluid circulates by the gravity. The proposed method permits sustaining the vital capacity of explants of the urinary bladder mucosa of young rats with reservation of characteristic organotypical structures and phenomena of the epithelium proliferation as long as 7 weeks. The described method may be used when modelling different pathological processes in tissues.", "contents": "[Urinary bladder organ culture with a continuous nutrient system]. A system of flowing nutrition for organic cultures has been developed with possible observation of explants at small magnifications of microscope. The nutrient fluid circulates by the gravity. The proposed method permits sustaining the vital capacity of explants of the urinary bladder mucosa of young rats with reservation of characteristic organotypical structures and phenomena of the epithelium proliferation as long as 7 weeks. The described method may be used when modelling different pathological processes in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:943154", "title": "[Postimplantation development of rat embryos following application of injurious agents to male gametes].", "content": "It was shown that in the embryos whose fathers had been subjected to x-ray irradiation, there appeared pathological alterations involving all parts of the embryo, resulting in high postimplantation mortality. In contrast to x-ray irradiation, chloridine affecting male gametes did not result in the increased embryonic death rate and disorders in embryogenesis as compared with controls. It permitted a conclusion of the process of rat spermatogenesis being resistant to this preparation.", "contents": "[Postimplantation development of rat embryos following application of injurious agents to male gametes]. It was shown that in the embryos whose fathers had been subjected to x-ray irradiation, there appeared pathological alterations involving all parts of the embryo, resulting in high postimplantation mortality. In contrast to x-ray irradiation, chloridine affecting male gametes did not result in the increased embryonic death rate and disorders in embryogenesis as compared with controls. It permitted a conclusion of the process of rat spermatogenesis being resistant to this preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:943155", "title": "[The development of yolk circulation in normal rat embryos].", "content": "To reveal the developing vessels of the yolk placenta the erythrocytes were stained with benzidine. The development of vessels was studied in vivo and in transplantation of embryos in the homologous blood serum. The pattern of branching of blood vessels in the yolk sac of 12-day embryos was established. The development of the blood circulatory system started on the 9,5 day (the anlage of sanguineous islands), the definitive state was acquired by the 12th day. The development of vessels in vitro after removal of the parietal layer of the placenta is dependent on the mophological stage at the moment of transplantation. In explantation of embryos with 2--3 pairs of somites which are being already formed, the yolk vessels develop as those in control. In transplantation of presomite embryos the development of vessels is sharply disturbed, in transplantation of embryos of the egg cylinder stage the vessels are not developed. The inducing role of the yolk placenta perietal layer in the development of blood vessels in the vascular layer is supposed.", "contents": "[The development of yolk circulation in normal rat embryos]. To reveal the developing vessels of the yolk placenta the erythrocytes were stained with benzidine. The development of vessels was studied in vivo and in transplantation of embryos in the homologous blood serum. The pattern of branching of blood vessels in the yolk sac of 12-day embryos was established. The development of the blood circulatory system started on the 9,5 day (the anlage of sanguineous islands), the definitive state was acquired by the 12th day. The development of vessels in vitro after removal of the parietal layer of the placenta is dependent on the mophological stage at the moment of transplantation. In explantation of embryos with 2--3 pairs of somites which are being already formed, the yolk vessels develop as those in control. In transplantation of presomite embryos the development of vessels is sharply disturbed, in transplantation of embryos of the egg cylinder stage the vessels are not developed. The inducing role of the yolk placenta perietal layer in the development of blood vessels in the vascular layer is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:943151", "title": "Use of a passive hemagglutination inhibition test for monitoring levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen following surgical therapy.", "content": "A technique of passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHI) has been used to monitor levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human sera following surgical therapy. CEA was coupled to human type O-negative erythrocytes in the presence of bis-diazotized benzidine. Pre-operative and post-operative sera from 11 patients with primary adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and from one patient with ulcerative colitis were then tested for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination of the sensitized cells in the presence of a predetermined amount of goat anti-CEA serum. Positive sera were defined as those which inhibited agglutination at dilutions of greater than 1:8. The pre-operative sera from 11 of the 12 patients inhibited agglutination at dilutions of 1:16 or greater. The one negative serum was from a patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the colon in the stage of Dukes' C. At one month post-resection, the PHI titer of six patients with colon cancer and of the patient with ulcerative colitis was less than or equal to 1:8. However, by 4 months post-resection, all but 3 of the patients had PHI titers in the positive range. These elevated titers were accompanied by recurrence of tumor growth and/or metastatic dissemination. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate CEA in 22 of the sera which had been tested by PHI. When positive sera were defined as those which inhibited agglutination at dilutions of greater than 1:8 and contained CEA in excess of 5 ng per ml, the results of the two procedures were in agreement for 17 of the 22 specimens. Five sera, representative of 2 patients with colon cancer, were false negative by PHI.", "contents": "Use of a passive hemagglutination inhibition test for monitoring levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen following surgical therapy. A technique of passive hemagglutination inhibition (PHI) has been used to monitor levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human sera following surgical therapy. CEA was coupled to human type O-negative erythrocytes in the presence of bis-diazotized benzidine. Pre-operative and post-operative sera from 11 patients with primary adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and from one patient with ulcerative colitis were then tested for their capacity to inhibit the agglutination of the sensitized cells in the presence of a predetermined amount of goat anti-CEA serum. Positive sera were defined as those which inhibited agglutination at dilutions of greater than 1:8. The pre-operative sera from 11 of the 12 patients inhibited agglutination at dilutions of 1:16 or greater. The one negative serum was from a patient with primary adenocarcinoma of the colon in the stage of Dukes' C. At one month post-resection, the PHI titer of six patients with colon cancer and of the patient with ulcerative colitis was less than or equal to 1:8. However, by 4 months post-resection, all but 3 of the patients had PHI titers in the positive range. These elevated titers were accompanied by recurrence of tumor growth and/or metastatic dissemination. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate CEA in 22 of the sera which had been tested by PHI. When positive sera were defined as those which inhibited agglutination at dilutions of greater than 1:8 and contained CEA in excess of 5 ng per ml, the results of the two procedures were in agreement for 17 of the 22 specimens. Five sera, representative of 2 patients with colon cancer, were false negative by PHI."}
{"id": "PMID:943159", "title": "Heritability of personality traits in adult male twins.", "content": "Personality test data from the California Psychological Inventory were collected on 99 pairs of identical and 99 pairs of fraternal adult male twins. Heritabilities were comuted for all 18 scales and compared to the heritabilities for \"pure\" scales with overlapping items omitted. Two of the pure scales, Responsibility and Femininity, had zero heritabilities, whereas all of the full scales had moderate to high heritabilities. It was concluded that item overlap has contributed significantly to previous failures to find evidence for the differential heritability of personality traits as measured by the CPI. CPI items were classified into genetic or environmental categories and separate factor analyses of items in these categories revealed more differences than similarities in factor structure. The genetic personality factors included Conversational Poise, Compulsiveness, and Social Ease. Environmental factors included Confidence in Leadership, Impulse Control, Philosophical Attitudes, Intellectual Interest, and Exhibitionism. Compared to the genetic factors, each of the environmental factors accounted for only a  very small percentage of the variance.", "contents": "Heritability of personality traits in adult male twins. Personality test data from the California Psychological Inventory were collected on 99 pairs of identical and 99 pairs of fraternal adult male twins. Heritabilities were comuted for all 18 scales and compared to the heritabilities for \"pure\" scales with overlapping items omitted. Two of the pure scales, Responsibility and Femininity, had zero heritabilities, whereas all of the full scales had moderate to high heritabilities. It was concluded that item overlap has contributed significantly to previous failures to find evidence for the differential heritability of personality traits as measured by the CPI. CPI items were classified into genetic or environmental categories and separate factor analyses of items in these categories revealed more differences than similarities in factor structure. The genetic personality factors included Conversational Poise, Compulsiveness, and Social Ease. Environmental factors included Confidence in Leadership, Impulse Control, Philosophical Attitudes, Intellectual Interest, and Exhibitionism. Compared to the genetic factors, each of the environmental factors accounted for only a  very small percentage of the variance."}
{"id": "PMID:943160", "title": "Resemblance in appearance and the equal environments assumption in twin studies of personality traits.", "content": "The equal environments hypothesis of twin methodology was examined for the variable of similarity of appearance as it affects the personality ratings of young twins. There were two separate samples, the first with 95 pairs of same-sex twins and the second with 111 pairs. The average age of the twins in both samples was 3-1/2 years. Mothers rated their twins on four personality traits and on confusability of appearance. Not surprisingly, identical twins were markedly more similar in appearance than fraternal twins. The effect of this inequality on the personality ratings of the two types of twins was examined by correlating ratings of similarity of appearance with the absolute difference on the four personality traits for each pair of twins. None of the correlations was significant for the identical twins, suggesting that greater resemblance in appearance in identical twins does not make them more similar in personality. Indeed, the data suggested a contrast effect in which identical twins who were easily mistaken in appearance tended to be rated as less similar in personality. Thus, although similarity of appearance may create unequal environments for the two types of twins, it does not appear to bias twin studies in the direction of inflated heritabilities, at least for rating studies of the personality of young twins.", "contents": "Resemblance in appearance and the equal environments assumption in twin studies of personality traits. The equal environments hypothesis of twin methodology was examined for the variable of similarity of appearance as it affects the personality ratings of young twins. There were two separate samples, the first with 95 pairs of same-sex twins and the second with 111 pairs. The average age of the twins in both samples was 3-1/2 years. Mothers rated their twins on four personality traits and on confusability of appearance. Not surprisingly, identical twins were markedly more similar in appearance than fraternal twins. The effect of this inequality on the personality ratings of the two types of twins was examined by correlating ratings of similarity of appearance with the absolute difference on the four personality traits for each pair of twins. None of the correlations was significant for the identical twins, suggesting that greater resemblance in appearance in identical twins does not make them more similar in personality. Indeed, the data suggested a contrast effect in which identical twins who were easily mistaken in appearance tended to be rated as less similar in personality. Thus, although similarity of appearance may create unequal environments for the two types of twins, it does not appear to bias twin studies in the direction of inflated heritabilities, at least for rating studies of the personality of young twins."}
{"id": "PMID:943161", "title": "Chromosomal determinants of intermale aggressive behavior in inbred mice.", "content": "A behavioral genetic system has been investigated in which the Y chromosome of DBA/1/Bg mice makes an incremental contribution to the adult aggression of B10D1F1 hybrid mice. Crosses with C57BL/10/Bg, C57BL/6/Bg, and DBA/2/Bg have identified a minimum of one incremental and one decremental (suppressor) genetic factor (in addition to the Y chromosome) which are autosomal and which affect the expression of adult intermale aggression in these strains.", "contents": "Chromosomal determinants of intermale aggressive behavior in inbred mice. A behavioral genetic system has been investigated in which the Y chromosome of DBA/1/Bg mice makes an incremental contribution to the adult aggression of B10D1F1 hybrid mice. Crosses with C57BL/10/Bg, C57BL/6/Bg, and DBA/2/Bg have identified a minimum of one incremental and one decremental (suppressor) genetic factor (in addition to the Y chromosome) which are autosomal and which affect the expression of adult intermale aggression in these strains."}
{"id": "PMID:943162", "title": "Effects of genotype on differential behavioral responsiveness to progesterone and 5alpha-dihdroprogesterone in mice.", "content": "Thirty female CD-1 mice, 30 female Swiss-Webster mice, 45 hybrid female mice of the strain SWCD1F1, AND 45 HYBRId female mice of the strain CD1SWF1 were ovariectomized and administered estradiol benzoate once weekly for 6 weeks. Estrogen injections were followed 2 days later by injections of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone (DHP), or oil and the animals were tested for receptivity 7 hr later. Over the six tests, there was a progressive increase in the frequency of lordosis responses in all strains following progesterone treatment. However, lordosis scores varied widely across animals within strains. Following DHP treatment, lordosis frequency was not increased in the Swiss-Webster strain. Females in the other strains did show a progressive increase in lordosis frequency over weeks. The data indicate that the hybrid strains develop the potential to respond to DHP and thus behave like the CD-1 strain, suggesting that sensitivity to DHP is a dominant trait.", "contents": "Effects of genotype on differential behavioral responsiveness to progesterone and 5alpha-dihdroprogesterone in mice. Thirty female CD-1 mice, 30 female Swiss-Webster mice, 45 hybrid female mice of the strain SWCD1F1, AND 45 HYBRId female mice of the strain CD1SWF1 were ovariectomized and administered estradiol benzoate once weekly for 6 weeks. Estrogen injections were followed 2 days later by injections of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone (DHP), or oil and the animals were tested for receptivity 7 hr later. Over the six tests, there was a progressive increase in the frequency of lordosis responses in all strains following progesterone treatment. However, lordosis scores varied widely across animals within strains. Following DHP treatment, lordosis frequency was not increased in the Swiss-Webster strain. Females in the other strains did show a progressive increase in lordosis frequency over weeks. The data indicate that the hybrid strains develop the potential to respond to DHP and thus behave like the CD-1 strain, suggesting that sensitivity to DHP is a dominant trait."}
{"id": "PMID:943167", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly. Genetic study of 26 families.", "content": "The families of 26 patients with Ebstein's anomaly were examined. There were 120 first-degree relatives, 100 of whom were living, and 93 of these were examined. Information was available on 14 of the 20 who had died. No case of Ebstein's anomaly was found among the first-degree relatives, but 2 had ventricular septal defects and another, who died at 7 months, was said to have had congenital heart disease. In more distant relatives there were 6 with congenital heart disease, including 2 with ventricular septal defects and 2 with Fallot's tetralogy.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly. Genetic study of 26 families. The families of 26 patients with Ebstein's anomaly were examined. There were 120 first-degree relatives, 100 of whom were living, and 93 of these were examined. Information was available on 14 of the 20 who had died. No case of Ebstein's anomaly was found among the first-degree relatives, but 2 had ventricular septal defects and another, who died at 7 months, was said to have had congenital heart disease. In more distant relatives there were 6 with congenital heart disease, including 2 with ventricular septal defects and 2 with Fallot's tetralogy."}
{"id": "PMID:943168", "title": "Treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis with potassium iodide.", "content": "Twenty-four of twenty-eight patients with erythema nodosum and sixteen of seventeen patients with nodular vasculitis responded to treatment with potassium iodide. Relief of symptoms occurred within 2 days. The average duration of treatment was 3 weeks and the lesions took an average of 2 weeks to resolve. The possible mode of action of potassium iodide is discussed and an immunosuppressive effect mediated by heparin is suggested.", "contents": "Treatment of erythema nodosum and nodular vasculitis with potassium iodide. Twenty-four of twenty-eight patients with erythema nodosum and sixteen of seventeen patients with nodular vasculitis responded to treatment with potassium iodide. Relief of symptoms occurred within 2 days. The average duration of treatment was 3 weeks and the lesions took an average of 2 weeks to resolve. The possible mode of action of potassium iodide is discussed and an immunosuppressive effect mediated by heparin is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:943169", "title": "The action of a urea-lactic acid ointment in ichthyosis with particular reference to the thickness of the horny layer.", "content": "The effect of urea-lactic acid ointment on the scales of ichthyotic skin was assessed using the 'cell swelling' technique of Christophers & Kligman. The thickness of the horny layer and of the scales was reduced both by the ointment and by the base. The formation of scales was shown to differ from that in psoriasis where the scale forms at the apex of th a rete peg and is symmetrical whereas in ichthyosis the separation of the scale may be at an entirely different depth at one margin. There is an increase in the number of 'T' cells in X-linked recessive ichthyosis.", "contents": "The action of a urea-lactic acid ointment in ichthyosis with particular reference to the thickness of the horny layer. The effect of urea-lactic acid ointment on the scales of ichthyotic skin was assessed using the 'cell swelling' technique of Christophers & Kligman. The thickness of the horny layer and of the scales was reduced both by the ointment and by the base. The formation of scales was shown to differ from that in psoriasis where the scale forms at the apex of th a rete peg and is symmetrical whereas in ichthyosis the separation of the scale may be at an entirely different depth at one margin. There is an increase in the number of 'T' cells in X-linked recessive ichthyosis."}
{"id": "PMID:943170", "title": "Protective action of beta-carotene against lethal photosensitization of fibroblasts in vitro.", "content": "Cell culture experiments using haematoporphyrin photosensitized bovine hoof fibroblasts and long-wave uv-irradiation revealed two distinct and separable patterns of lethal photosensitization according to two different sensitization procedures: (1) Photosensitization of cell membranes by short exposure (5 min) of cells to haematoporphyrin. (2) Cytoplasmic photosensitization elicited by a 2 h exposure of cells to haematoporphyrin. Cell membrane photosensitization was reversible by incubation of cells in serum which removed surface bound haematoporphyrin; cytoplasmic photosensitization was irreversible. Beta-carotene was tested in these two systems and the following results were obtained: (1) Preincubation of bovine hoof fibroblasts in beta-carotene protects from lethal haematoporphyrin photosensitization. (2) Protection with beta-carotene is achieved against both types of photosensitization. (3) The protective effect of beta-carotene depends upon the duration of pretreatment, reaching a maximum after 7 days. (4) Beta-carotene protection is maintained even after trypsinization of bovine hoof fibroblasts and withdrawal of beta-carotene from the medium for 24 h or more. (5) Haematoporphyrin sensitized bovine hoof fibroblasts show a distinct pattern of red fluorescence for each type of photosensitization. Incubation of bovine hoof fibroblasts in beta-carotene prior to haematoporphyrin photosensitization results in a pronounced reduction of red fluorescence. Some of these data indicate that beta-carotene acts, at least in cell membrane photosensitization, at the level of the cell membrane into which it appears to be incorporated.", "contents": "Protective action of beta-carotene against lethal photosensitization of fibroblasts in vitro. Cell culture experiments using haematoporphyrin photosensitized bovine hoof fibroblasts and long-wave uv-irradiation revealed two distinct and separable patterns of lethal photosensitization according to two different sensitization procedures: (1) Photosensitization of cell membranes by short exposure (5 min) of cells to haematoporphyrin. (2) Cytoplasmic photosensitization elicited by a 2 h exposure of cells to haematoporphyrin. Cell membrane photosensitization was reversible by incubation of cells in serum which removed surface bound haematoporphyrin; cytoplasmic photosensitization was irreversible. Beta-carotene was tested in these two systems and the following results were obtained: (1) Preincubation of bovine hoof fibroblasts in beta-carotene protects from lethal haematoporphyrin photosensitization. (2) Protection with beta-carotene is achieved against both types of photosensitization. (3) The protective effect of beta-carotene depends upon the duration of pretreatment, reaching a maximum after 7 days. (4) Beta-carotene protection is maintained even after trypsinization of bovine hoof fibroblasts and withdrawal of beta-carotene from the medium for 24 h or more. (5) Haematoporphyrin sensitized bovine hoof fibroblasts show a distinct pattern of red fluorescence for each type of photosensitization. Incubation of bovine hoof fibroblasts in beta-carotene prior to haematoporphyrin photosensitization results in a pronounced reduction of red fluorescence. Some of these data indicate that beta-carotene acts, at least in cell membrane photosensitization, at the level of the cell membrane into which it appears to be incorporated."}
{"id": "PMID:943171", "title": "Investigations into the influence of posture on renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate during late pregnancy.", "content": "Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were investigated in three positions (supine, left lateral and sitting) in a group of eighteen healthy women during late pregnancy and again after the puerperium. No difference in renal function could be attributed to the position adopted. However, an unexplained decrease in both of the indices occurred during the course of prolonged infusion in any position.", "contents": "Investigations into the influence of posture on renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate during late pregnancy. Renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were investigated in three positions (supine, left lateral and sitting) in a group of eighteen healthy women during late pregnancy and again after the puerperium. No difference in renal function could be attributed to the position adopted. However, an unexplained decrease in both of the indices occurred during the course of prolonged infusion in any position."}
{"id": "PMID:943172", "title": "Placental glycogen.", "content": "The quantity and distribution of glycogen has been studied in 86 placentae from the last trimester of pregnancy and 8 of 8 to 16 weeks gestational age. In the first trimester glycogen concentrations were high, between 4-5 to 6-5 mg/g of blood-free tissue, but from about 12 weeks to term the concentrations were within a narrow range around 1-5 mg/g. The level did not deviate appreciably from normal in a range of clinical conditions: diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia or acute fetal distress, and was unaffected by the length of labour and whether or not the mother had been given an infusion of dextrose. Nor was it affected by a wide range of glucose concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and in the placental tissue itself or by insulin concentrations in either circulation. After the first few weeks of pregnancy glycogen in the placenta was shown to be restricted to the vicinity of major fetal blood vessels. Here it may be presumed to act as an energy reserve for vasomotor activity. All the evidence suggests that any importance placental glycogen may have is likely to be local, in relation to the placental vessels; a more general role, as an emergency energy source for the fetus, seems unlikely.", "contents": "Placental glycogen. The quantity and distribution of glycogen has been studied in 86 placentae from the last trimester of pregnancy and 8 of 8 to 16 weeks gestational age. In the first trimester glycogen concentrations were high, between 4-5 to 6-5 mg/g of blood-free tissue, but from about 12 weeks to term the concentrations were within a narrow range around 1-5 mg/g. The level did not deviate appreciably from normal in a range of clinical conditions: diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia or acute fetal distress, and was unaffected by the length of labour and whether or not the mother had been given an infusion of dextrose. Nor was it affected by a wide range of glucose concentrations in the maternal and fetal plasma and in the placental tissue itself or by insulin concentrations in either circulation. After the first few weeks of pregnancy glycogen in the placenta was shown to be restricted to the vicinity of major fetal blood vessels. Here it may be presumed to act as an energy reserve for vasomotor activity. All the evidence suggests that any importance placental glycogen may have is likely to be local, in relation to the placental vessels; a more general role, as an emergency energy source for the fetus, seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:943173", "title": "New primary cancers in patients originally presenting with carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "A total of 4502 patients with carcinoma of the cervix was studied: in 113 patients 116 other primary neoplasms were found and tumours of lung, breast, colon and rectum occurred most frequently. Most of the patients in our series died with the other primary present. Treatment of the cancer of the cervix by radiotherapy seemed to play no role in the induction of anot;er primary cancer.", "contents": "New primary cancers in patients originally presenting with carcinoma of the cervix. A total of 4502 patients with carcinoma of the cervix was studied: in 113 patients 116 other primary neoplasms were found and tumours of lung, breast, colon and rectum occurred most frequently. Most of the patients in our series died with the other primary present. Treatment of the cancer of the cervix by radiotherapy seemed to play no role in the induction of anot;er primary cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:943174", "title": "The combined effect of nonsteroidal anti-oestrogens and sex steroids on the growth of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Nonsteroidal anti-oestrogenic drugs, tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate, at concentrations higher than 0.001 mug/ml reduced the colony forming ability of cells derived from a rat uterine adenocarcinoma in vitro. The 50 per cent inhibitory dose of these drugs was about one-hundredth of that of sex steroids. When the cells were treated with combinations of these nonsteroidal anti-oestrogenic drugs and the 50 per cent inhibitory dose (8 mug/ml) of progesterone, a synergistic effect on the inhibition of colony formation was observed. In contrast to progesterone, oestradiol-17beta (the 50 per cent inhibitory dose of which was about 16 mug/ml) suppressed additively the colony formation only in combination with low doses of anti-oestrogenic drugs.", "contents": "The combined effect of nonsteroidal anti-oestrogens and sex steroids on the growth of rat uterine adenocarcinoma cells in tissue culture. Nonsteroidal anti-oestrogenic drugs, tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate, at concentrations higher than 0.001 mug/ml reduced the colony forming ability of cells derived from a rat uterine adenocarcinoma in vitro. The 50 per cent inhibitory dose of these drugs was about one-hundredth of that of sex steroids. When the cells were treated with combinations of these nonsteroidal anti-oestrogenic drugs and the 50 per cent inhibitory dose (8 mug/ml) of progesterone, a synergistic effect on the inhibition of colony formation was observed. In contrast to progesterone, oestradiol-17beta (the 50 per cent inhibitory dose of which was about 16 mug/ml) suppressed additively the colony formation only in combination with low doses of anti-oestrogenic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:943175", "title": "Prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants by antepartum glucocorticoid therapy.", "content": "A trial of antepartum dexamethasone therapy was carried out in 55 mothers in whom premature delivery threatned between 28 to 36 weeks gestation in the hope of reducing the incidence of respiratory distress syndromes (RDS). The control group was made up of 62 mothers who delivered prematurely in the same gestational age without any treatment. In the treated group isoxsuprine was used to delay delivery when necessary. The respiratory dif infants (8.3 per cent) than in the controls (35.2 per cent; p less than 0.001). The difference was more marked in babies of under 32 weeks gestation. Considering only cases with intact membranes the incidence of RDS was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in the treated group. Early neonatal mortality was 6.6 per cent in the treated group and 38 per cent (p less than 0.0001) in the controls. In 12 cases the L/S ratio was measured during dexamethasone administration and in the majority of these the L/S ratio rose sharply to mature values following treatment. This rise was observed as soon as 48 hours after beginning of dexamethasone. Antepartum isoxsuprine in the treated group had no apparent effect on the incidence of RDS. No adverse effects of steroid therapy were observed. This trial confirms the studies of others that antepartum glucocorticoid can significantly reduce the incidence of RDS in premature infants.", "contents": "Prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants by antepartum glucocorticoid therapy. A trial of antepartum dexamethasone therapy was carried out in 55 mothers in whom premature delivery threatned between 28 to 36 weeks gestation in the hope of reducing the incidence of respiratory distress syndromes (RDS). The control group was made up of 62 mothers who delivered prematurely in the same gestational age without any treatment. In the treated group isoxsuprine was used to delay delivery when necessary. The respiratory dif infants (8.3 per cent) than in the controls (35.2 per cent; p less than 0.001). The difference was more marked in babies of under 32 weeks gestation. Considering only cases with intact membranes the incidence of RDS was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower in the treated group. Early neonatal mortality was 6.6 per cent in the treated group and 38 per cent (p less than 0.0001) in the controls. In 12 cases the L/S ratio was measured during dexamethasone administration and in the majority of these the L/S ratio rose sharply to mature values following treatment. This rise was observed as soon as 48 hours after beginning of dexamethasone. Antepartum isoxsuprine in the treated group had no apparent effect on the incidence of RDS. No adverse effects of steroid therapy were observed. This trial confirms the studies of others that antepartum glucocorticoid can significantly reduce the incidence of RDS in premature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:943176", "title": "Artificial rearing of pigs. 5. The effect of different proportions of beef tallow or soya-bean oil and dried skim milk in the diet on growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and carcass compostion.", "content": "1. Diets containing different proportions of skim milk and fat, either beef tallow or soyabean oil, supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins were given to 2-d-old pigs. Each fat source was used in three diets containing approximately 280, 350 and 420 g fat, and 260, 235 and 210 g protein/kg dry matter respectively. 2. The diets were given as a milk containing 200 g solids/l during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were given the diet at hourly intervals according to a scale based on live weight. 3. Increasing the energy content of the diet, with the accompanying decrease in protein content, had no effect on live-weight gain or feed: gain ratio (g feed dry matter/g live-weight gain) (other than a slight reduction in live-weight gain when beef tallow was used), or on nitrogen retention. However, the fat content of the carcass of the 28-d-old pig was increased, and its protein and ash content were decreased. 4. The apparent digestibilities of the fatty acids ranged from 0-96 to 1-00. The faeces from pigs given the soya-bean-oil diets contained some eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, presumably of bacterial origin. In general, palmitic and stearic acids were slightly less well digested than oleic and linoleic acids.", "contents": "Artificial rearing of pigs. 5. The effect of different proportions of beef tallow or soya-bean oil and dried skim milk in the diet on growth, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and carcass compostion. 1. Diets containing different proportions of skim milk and fat, either beef tallow or soyabean oil, supplemented with fat-soluble vitamins were given to 2-d-old pigs. Each fat source was used in three diets containing approximately 280, 350 and 420 g fat, and 260, 235 and 210 g protein/kg dry matter respectively. 2. The diets were given as a milk containing 200 g solids/l during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were given the diet at hourly intervals according to a scale based on live weight. 3. Increasing the energy content of the diet, with the accompanying decrease in protein content, had no effect on live-weight gain or feed: gain ratio (g feed dry matter/g live-weight gain) (other than a slight reduction in live-weight gain when beef tallow was used), or on nitrogen retention. However, the fat content of the carcass of the 28-d-old pig was increased, and its protein and ash content were decreased. 4. The apparent digestibilities of the fatty acids ranged from 0-96 to 1-00. The faeces from pigs given the soya-bean-oil diets contained some eicosanoic, docosanoic and tetracosanoic acids, presumably of bacterial origin. In general, palmitic and stearic acids were slightly less well digested than oleic and linoleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:943177", "title": "C18 unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenation patterns of some rumen bacteria and their ability to hydrolyse exogenous phospholipid.", "content": "1. A number of rumen bacteria isolated because of their ability to deacylate phosphatidyl choline, were found, in addition, to hydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2. The most active lipolytic organisms had an unusual pattern of hydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in that alpha-linolenic acid was hydrogenated only as far as trans-11, cis-15-octadecadienoic acid.", "contents": "C18 unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenation patterns of some rumen bacteria and their ability to hydrolyse exogenous phospholipid. 1. A number of rumen bacteria isolated because of their ability to deacylate phosphatidyl choline, were found, in addition, to hydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2. The most active lipolytic organisms had an unusual pattern of hydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in that alpha-linolenic acid was hydrogenated only as far as trans-11, cis-15-octadecadienoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:943178", "title": "Preparation of cross-linked dimers of pancreatic ribonuclease.", "content": "The cross-linking reaction between diimido esters and ribonuclease has been studied in terms of the yield of cross-linked dimer with optimum activity toward double-stranded RNA. With dimethyl suberimidate the most satisfactory conditions were condensation for 15 min at pH 7.5-8.0 at 21 degrees C with 1.25 mol equiv of the diimido ester and a protein concentration of 6%. The dimer (yield 20%) had 19 unmodified NH2 groups out of a theoretical 20 for a molecule in which two such groups are involved in the cross-linkage; the activity toward poly(A)-poly(U) in 0.14 M salt solution by spectrophotometric assay was 8.5 times that of the monomeric enzyme toward the same substrate.", "contents": "Preparation of cross-linked dimers of pancreatic ribonuclease. The cross-linking reaction between diimido esters and ribonuclease has been studied in terms of the yield of cross-linked dimer with optimum activity toward double-stranded RNA. With dimethyl suberimidate the most satisfactory conditions were condensation for 15 min at pH 7.5-8.0 at 21 degrees C with 1.25 mol equiv of the diimido ester and a protein concentration of 6%. The dimer (yield 20%) had 19 unmodified NH2 groups out of a theoretical 20 for a molecule in which two such groups are involved in the cross-linkage; the activity toward poly(A)-poly(U) in 0.14 M salt solution by spectrophotometric assay was 8.5 times that of the monomeric enzyme toward the same substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:943179", "title": "Molecular motion and order in single-bilayer vesicles and multilamellar dispersions of egg lecithin and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures. A deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study of specifically labeled lipids.", "content": "Deuterium (2H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quadrupole splittings and relaxation times have been measured for a variety of specifically deuterated lipids intercalated in lamellar-multibilayer dispersions and single-bilayer vesicles of egg lecithin and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures. The deduced order parameters and relaxation times vary with position of deuteration, acyl chain length, unsaturation, and temperature. The order parameters and spinlattice relaxation times T1 indicate rapid intramolecular motions of restricted amplitude in both the choline head group and hydrocarbon chains. The ordering profile for the acyl chains is similar to that predicted by statistical-mechanical theory. The order parameters yield estimates of the bilayer thickness and linear coefficient of expansion in close agreement with the x-ray determinations. A comparison of the deuterium and electron spin resonance spinprobe order parameters demonstrates the perturbation of the bilayer by the bulky nitroxide probe. The transverse relaxation time T2 for single-bilayer vesicles is quantitatively accounted for by a simple modification of classical relaxation theory which takes into account the modulation of the static quadrupole interaction by rapid local molecular motions and the modulation of the residual quadrupole interaction by the slower overall tumbling of the vesicle. It is unambiguously demonstrated that molecular motion and order in single-bilayer vesicles are very similar to those in lamellar multibilayers. Significant differences occur only for a few segments near the terminal methyl groups of the acyl chains, where the order parameters for vesicles are 10-30% smaller than those found for lamellae. The incorporation of cholesterol in lecithin bilayers is shown to increase the degree of orientational order in vesicles and lamellae, and to increase the hydrodynamic radius of vesicles. Thus, single-bilayer vesicles and multilamellar dispersions of phospholipids are equally useful models for biological membranes. They yield equivalent information about the internal organization and mobility of lipid bilayers, when the spectral manifestations of overall vesicle motion are correctly taken into account.", "contents": "Molecular motion and order in single-bilayer vesicles and multilamellar dispersions of egg lecithin and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures. A deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study of specifically labeled lipids. Deuterium (2H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quadrupole splittings and relaxation times have been measured for a variety of specifically deuterated lipids intercalated in lamellar-multibilayer dispersions and single-bilayer vesicles of egg lecithin and lecithin-cholesterol mixtures. The deduced order parameters and relaxation times vary with position of deuteration, acyl chain length, unsaturation, and temperature. The order parameters and spinlattice relaxation times T1 indicate rapid intramolecular motions of restricted amplitude in both the choline head group and hydrocarbon chains. The ordering profile for the acyl chains is similar to that predicted by statistical-mechanical theory. The order parameters yield estimates of the bilayer thickness and linear coefficient of expansion in close agreement with the x-ray determinations. A comparison of the deuterium and electron spin resonance spinprobe order parameters demonstrates the perturbation of the bilayer by the bulky nitroxide probe. The transverse relaxation time T2 for single-bilayer vesicles is quantitatively accounted for by a simple modification of classical relaxation theory which takes into account the modulation of the static quadrupole interaction by rapid local molecular motions and the modulation of the residual quadrupole interaction by the slower overall tumbling of the vesicle. It is unambiguously demonstrated that molecular motion and order in single-bilayer vesicles are very similar to those in lamellar multibilayers. Significant differences occur only for a few segments near the terminal methyl groups of the acyl chains, where the order parameters for vesicles are 10-30% smaller than those found for lamellae. The incorporation of cholesterol in lecithin bilayers is shown to increase the degree of orientational order in vesicles and lamellae, and to increase the hydrodynamic radius of vesicles. Thus, single-bilayer vesicles and multilamellar dispersions of phospholipids are equally useful models for biological membranes. They yield equivalent information about the internal organization and mobility of lipid bilayers, when the spectral manifestations of overall vesicle motion are correctly taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:943180", "title": "Reactivity of fibrinogen and fibrinopeptide A containing fibrinogen fragments with antisera to fibrinopeptide A.", "content": "Two antisera used in the radioimmunoassay for human fibrinopeptide A (FPA) which appear to have different immunochemical specificities have been tested for cross-reactivity with fibrinogen and with three fragments of fibrinogen which contain the FPA sequence. These fragments were the three-chain, NH2-terminal disulfide knot (N-DSK) produced by CNBr cleavage of fibrinogen, the reduced, carboxymethyl Aalpha chain portion of the N-DSK, and fragment E produced by plasmin digestion of fibrinogen. One antiserum (R-2) showed high specificity for free FPA and less than 2% cross-reactivity with fibrinogen or the FPA-containing fragments. The other antiserum (R-33) possessed a much higher degree of cross-reactivity with the FPA-containing fragments. Synthetic and native fibrinopeptides were found to be indistinguishable in the assay system with either antiserum. As a result of these studies, an hypothesis has been developed concerning the nature of the antigenic determinants on FPA which favor measurement of free FPA and limit cross-reactivity with larger, FPA-containing peptides.", "contents": "Reactivity of fibrinogen and fibrinopeptide A containing fibrinogen fragments with antisera to fibrinopeptide A. Two antisera used in the radioimmunoassay for human fibrinopeptide A (FPA) which appear to have different immunochemical specificities have been tested for cross-reactivity with fibrinogen and with three fragments of fibrinogen which contain the FPA sequence. These fragments were the three-chain, NH2-terminal disulfide knot (N-DSK) produced by CNBr cleavage of fibrinogen, the reduced, carboxymethyl Aalpha chain portion of the N-DSK, and fragment E produced by plasmin digestion of fibrinogen. One antiserum (R-2) showed high specificity for free FPA and less than 2% cross-reactivity with fibrinogen or the FPA-containing fragments. The other antiserum (R-33) possessed a much higher degree of cross-reactivity with the FPA-containing fragments. Synthetic and native fibrinopeptides were found to be indistinguishable in the assay system with either antiserum. As a result of these studies, an hypothesis has been developed concerning the nature of the antigenic determinants on FPA which favor measurement of free FPA and limit cross-reactivity with larger, FPA-containing peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:943181", "title": "[Studies on the cell wall of yeast of the genus Rhodotorula. X. Isolation and purification of cell-wall glycoproteins from Rhodotorula rubra (author's transl)].", "content": "Following ethylene diamine treatment of the cell wall of Rhodotorula rubra, a water soluble fraction has been isolated. This fraction can be resolved into three glycoproteins and one protein. The major part is a glycoprotein, purified to homogeneity which has a molecular weight of 64 000. The glyco-part of this protein contains mannose, glucose and one residue of glucosamine. After pronase treatment, the presence of an \"\"Asparaginyl-N-acetylglucosamine\" linkage is established by the existence of one aspartic acid residue and one glucosamine residue. After permethylation, the initial data give some evidence that the branching points in the molecule were the carbon atoms 3 and (or) 6 of the mannose moiety and that some glucose moieties are bound to the non-reducing terminal end.", "contents": "[Studies on the cell wall of yeast of the genus Rhodotorula. X. Isolation and purification of cell-wall glycoproteins from Rhodotorula rubra (author's transl)]. Following ethylene diamine treatment of the cell wall of Rhodotorula rubra, a water soluble fraction has been isolated. This fraction can be resolved into three glycoproteins and one protein. The major part is a glycoprotein, purified to homogeneity which has a molecular weight of 64 000. The glyco-part of this protein contains mannose, glucose and one residue of glucosamine. After pronase treatment, the presence of an \"\"Asparaginyl-N-acetylglucosamine\" linkage is established by the existence of one aspartic acid residue and one glucosamine residue. After permethylation, the initial data give some evidence that the branching points in the molecule were the carbon atoms 3 and (or) 6 of the mannose moiety and that some glucose moieties are bound to the non-reducing terminal end."}
{"id": "PMID:943182", "title": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. XIII. Accurate delineation of the reactive site around the disulfide 6-127 by immunochemical study of beta-propiolactone lysozyme derivative and of synthetic disulfide peptides.", "content": "In previous reports from this laboratory it was shown that an antigenic reactive site resides around the sequences 6-13 and 126-128 linked by the disulfide 6-127. The present work provides a strong support for the location of the reactive site by an independent approach. It also determines accurately the boundaries of the reactive site. 1. The two methionine residues in lysozyme were carboxyethylated by reaction with beta-propiolactone. The electrophoretically homogeneous derivative had no other modified amino acids and showed no conformational changes, relative to native lysozyme, as determined by ORD and CD measurements. However, it exhibited a slight increase in disulfide reducibility relative to native lysozyme and its lytic activity was about half that of native lysozyme, probably as a result of the slight conformational change. On the other hand, the antigenic reactivity of the derivative was equal to that of native lysozyme with several goat and rabbit antisera to lysozyem. It was therefore concluded that methionines 12 and 105 were not parts of antigenic reactive sites in native lysozyme. 2. Eleven peptides, corresponding to various sequences on the two sides of the disulfide 6-127 (i.e. two groups of peptides) were synthesized, purified and characterized. One group (A) of peptides comprised sequences 3-14, 5-14, 6-14, 5-13, 5-12 and an analog of sequence 5-14 in which methionine 12 is replaced by glycine. The second group (B) of peptides comprised sequences 125-129, 125-128, 126-128, 127-128, and 125-127. From groups A and B, nine disulfide-containing peptides (see Fig. 2) were synthesized, purified, characterized and their immunochemical interactions with antisera to native lysozyme studied. Towards each of the antisera studied here, Phe-3, Gly-4, Arg-5, Arg-125 and Leu-129 were not essential parts of the reactive site. On the other hand, Arg-14, Lys-13, Gly-126 and with some antisera Arg-128 were each critical for the reactivity of the site. Peptides from group A alone or group B alone did not inhibit the reaction of lysozyme with its antisera, confirming our previous findings that the integrity of the disulfide bond is essential for bringing the two distant (in sequence) parts of the site together. Finally, replacement of Met-12 by glycine did not influence the immunochemical reactivity of the site, confirming the above conclusion that neither of the two methionine residues takes part in interaction of lysozyme with its antibodies. An accurate delineation of the antigenic reactive site is, therefore derived here and its shape in the three-dimensional structure of native lysozyme is described.", "contents": "Enzymic and immunochemical properties of lysozyme. XIII. Accurate delineation of the reactive site around the disulfide 6-127 by immunochemical study of beta-propiolactone lysozyme derivative and of synthetic disulfide peptides. In previous reports from this laboratory it was shown that an antigenic reactive site resides around the sequences 6-13 and 126-128 linked by the disulfide 6-127. The present work provides a strong support for the location of the reactive site by an independent approach. It also determines accurately the boundaries of the reactive site. 1. The two methionine residues in lysozyme were carboxyethylated by reaction with beta-propiolactone. The electrophoretically homogeneous derivative had no other modified amino acids and showed no conformational changes, relative to native lysozyme, as determined by ORD and CD measurements. However, it exhibited a slight increase in disulfide reducibility relative to native lysozyme and its lytic activity was about half that of native lysozyme, probably as a result of the slight conformational change. On the other hand, the antigenic reactivity of the derivative was equal to that of native lysozyme with several goat and rabbit antisera to lysozyem. It was therefore concluded that methionines 12 and 105 were not parts of antigenic reactive sites in native lysozyme. 2. Eleven peptides, corresponding to various sequences on the two sides of the disulfide 6-127 (i.e. two groups of peptides) were synthesized, purified and characterized. One group (A) of peptides comprised sequences 3-14, 5-14, 6-14, 5-13, 5-12 and an analog of sequence 5-14 in which methionine 12 is replaced by glycine. The second group (B) of peptides comprised sequences 125-129, 125-128, 126-128, 127-128, and 125-127. From groups A and B, nine disulfide-containing peptides (see Fig. 2) were synthesized, purified, characterized and their immunochemical interactions with antisera to native lysozyme studied. Towards each of the antisera studied here, Phe-3, Gly-4, Arg-5, Arg-125 and Leu-129 were not essential parts of the reactive site. On the other hand, Arg-14, Lys-13, Gly-126 and with some antisera Arg-128 were each critical for the reactivity of the site. Peptides from group A alone or group B alone did not inhibit the reaction of lysozyme with its antisera, confirming our previous findings that the integrity of the disulfide bond is essential for bringing the two distant (in sequence) parts of the site together. Finally, replacement of Met-12 by glycine did not influence the immunochemical reactivity of the site, confirming the above conclusion that neither of the two methionine residues takes part in interaction of lysozyme with its antibodies. An accurate delineation of the antigenic reactive site is, therefore derived here and its shape in the three-dimensional structure of native lysozyme is described."}
{"id": "PMID:943183", "title": "On the significance of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine prothrombin for clotting activity.", "content": "Purified bovine prothrombin has been treated with different mixtures of glycosidases. Upon incubation of the prothrombin for 30 h with a combination of neuraminidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in 4 mM diisopropylfluorophosphate at pH 5.3 and 30 degrees C, about 70% of the carbohydrates were removed without affecting the coagulation activity. All the sialic acid and about half of the mannose, galactose and glucosamine residues were removed by this treatment.", "contents": "On the significance of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine prothrombin for clotting activity. Purified bovine prothrombin has been treated with different mixtures of glycosidases. Upon incubation of the prothrombin for 30 h with a combination of neuraminidase, alpha- and beta-galactosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in 4 mM diisopropylfluorophosphate at pH 5.3 and 30 degrees C, about 70% of the carbohydrates were removed without affecting the coagulation activity. All the sialic acid and about half of the mannose, galactose and glucosamine residues were removed by this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:943184", "title": "The analysis of the molecular species of fetal rabbit lung phosphatidylcholine by consecutive chromatographic techniques.", "content": "The major molecular species of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine in the fetal rabbit were analyzed as the diacylglycerol acetate derivatives. After fractionation by Ag+ thin-layer chromatography according to the degree of unsaturation, the intact diacylglycerol acetates were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to obtain the carbon number composition. The methyl esters of these acetates were used to obtain the fatty acid profiles. The composition of the molecular species was derived from these sets of data. The proportions of 16 : 0/16 : 0, 14: 0/16 : 0 and 16 : 0/16 : 1 increased with gestation, while 16 : 0/18 : 1 decreased. The concentration of 16 : 0/16 : 0 increased about 50% the last two days of gestation while 16 : 0/16 : 1 increased about 300%. The possibility that 16 : 0/16 : 1 is a precursor of 16 : 0/16 : 0 via biohydrogenation is discussed.", "contents": "The analysis of the molecular species of fetal rabbit lung phosphatidylcholine by consecutive chromatographic techniques. The major molecular species of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine in the fetal rabbit were analyzed as the diacylglycerol acetate derivatives. After fractionation by Ag+ thin-layer chromatography according to the degree of unsaturation, the intact diacylglycerol acetates were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to obtain the carbon number composition. The methyl esters of these acetates were used to obtain the fatty acid profiles. The composition of the molecular species was derived from these sets of data. The proportions of 16 : 0/16 : 0, 14: 0/16 : 0 and 16 : 0/16 : 1 increased with gestation, while 16 : 0/18 : 1 decreased. The concentration of 16 : 0/16 : 0 increased about 50% the last two days of gestation while 16 : 0/16 : 1 increased about 300%. The possibility that 16 : 0/16 : 1 is a precursor of 16 : 0/16 : 0 via biohydrogenation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943185", "title": "Characterization of the repetitious human DNA families.", "content": "Human DNA isolated from HeLa cells or human placental tissue has been fractionated on hydroxyapatite at COt 1.0. The 25% of total DNA isolated at COt 1.0 is composed of 3% foldback DNA and 22% which renatures by second-order kinetics and can be resolved into five renatured DNA families banding at distinct densities in CsC1 gradients. The individual renatured DNA families were isolated and their physical properties including reassociation kinetics determined. A two-component kinetic analysis was used to resolve kinetic heterogeneity. The three lightest density DNA families possess satellite DNA-like properties. The two heaviest density DNA families were shown to contain reassociated highly repetitious DNA as well as single-stranded, middle-repetitious DNA sequences, suggesting interspersion. The middle repetitious DNA sequences are thought to be related in these two DNA families.", "contents": "Characterization of the repetitious human DNA families. Human DNA isolated from HeLa cells or human placental tissue has been fractionated on hydroxyapatite at COt 1.0. The 25% of total DNA isolated at COt 1.0 is composed of 3% foldback DNA and 22% which renatures by second-order kinetics and can be resolved into five renatured DNA families banding at distinct densities in CsC1 gradients. The individual renatured DNA families were isolated and their physical properties including reassociation kinetics determined. A two-component kinetic analysis was used to resolve kinetic heterogeneity. The three lightest density DNA families possess satellite DNA-like properties. The two heaviest density DNA families were shown to contain reassociated highly repetitious DNA as well as single-stranded, middle-repetitious DNA sequences, suggesting interspersion. The middle repetitious DNA sequences are thought to be related in these two DNA families."}
{"id": "PMID:943186", "title": "Analysis of plant RNA polymerase I transcript in chromatin and nuclei.", "content": "Chromatin isolated (pH 8.0) from soybean hypocotyl contains only RNA polymerase I activity as judged by its elution at low ionic strength (0.11 M ammonium sulfate) from DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex, its total resistance to alpha-amanitin, and lack of preference for poly(dA-dT). The in vitro RNA product from this chromatin contains rRNA as a major component (36%) with little or no symmetry of transcription. The transcript from nuclei, where both RNA polymerases I and II are active, shows a dramatic increase in % rRNA (from 35 to 65%) when alpha-amanitin is present during synthesis. These observations suggest that plant RNA polymerase I is similar to animal RNA polymerase I in both its insensitivity to alpha-amanitin and preferential transcription of rRNA genes.", "contents": "Analysis of plant RNA polymerase I transcript in chromatin and nuclei. Chromatin isolated (pH 8.0) from soybean hypocotyl contains only RNA polymerase I activity as judged by its elution at low ionic strength (0.11 M ammonium sulfate) from DEAE-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex, its total resistance to alpha-amanitin, and lack of preference for poly(dA-dT). The in vitro RNA product from this chromatin contains rRNA as a major component (36%) with little or no symmetry of transcription. The transcript from nuclei, where both RNA polymerases I and II are active, shows a dramatic increase in % rRNA (from 35 to 65%) when alpha-amanitin is present during synthesis. These observations suggest that plant RNA polymerase I is similar to animal RNA polymerase I in both its insensitivity to alpha-amanitin and preferential transcription of rRNA genes."}
{"id": "PMID:943191", "title": "Isolation of variant lymphoma cells with reduced growth requirements for extracellular calcium and magnesium and enhanced oncogenicity.", "content": "By exposing an established cell line of malignant mouse lymphocytic cells (L5178Y) to a culture environment low in calcium and magnesium, we have isolated and maintained in continuous culture a variant population with reduced growth requirements for the cations. The variant cells are larger, have enhanced aggregability, tend to form dispersed colonies in semisolid medium, and have increased oncogenicity. Variants and their progenitors share similar morphology, maximum proliferative rate, and stability of phenotype. The significance of these findings is discussed and an analogy suggested between the selective influence of calcium and magnesium deprivation in vitro and the evolution of thymic dysplasias in divalent cation-deprived rodents.", "contents": "Isolation of variant lymphoma cells with reduced growth requirements for extracellular calcium and magnesium and enhanced oncogenicity. By exposing an established cell line of malignant mouse lymphocytic cells (L5178Y) to a culture environment low in calcium and magnesium, we have isolated and maintained in continuous culture a variant population with reduced growth requirements for the cations. The variant cells are larger, have enhanced aggregability, tend to form dispersed colonies in semisolid medium, and have increased oncogenicity. Variants and their progenitors share similar morphology, maximum proliferative rate, and stability of phenotype. The significance of these findings is discussed and an analogy suggested between the selective influence of calcium and magnesium deprivation in vitro and the evolution of thymic dysplasias in divalent cation-deprived rodents."}
{"id": "PMID:943192", "title": "Studies of possible absorption of a flame retardant from treated fabrics worn by rats and humans.", "content": "An investigation was made of the possible migration of a flame retardant, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), commercially used in childrens sleepwear, to the skin of rats and humans and subsequent absorption. When the pure chemical was applied directly to the shaved skin of a rat, the hydrolysis product, 2,3-dibromopropanol (DBP), appeared in the urine. The 10,000 X g supernatant fraction of rat liver hydrolyzed TBPP to DBP. When TBPP-finished fabrics were worn by a rat, an adult male and a 5-year-old boy for up to 9 days, DBP was not detected in the urine.", "contents": "Studies of possible absorption of a flame retardant from treated fabrics worn by rats and humans. An investigation was made of the possible migration of a flame retardant, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBPP), commercially used in childrens sleepwear, to the skin of rats and humans and subsequent absorption. When the pure chemical was applied directly to the shaved skin of a rat, the hydrolysis product, 2,3-dibromopropanol (DBP), appeared in the urine. The 10,000 X g supernatant fraction of rat liver hydrolyzed TBPP to DBP. When TBPP-finished fabrics were worn by a rat, an adult male and a 5-year-old boy for up to 9 days, DBP was not detected in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:943193", "title": "Stimulant properties of bromocriptine on central dopamine receptors in comparison to apomorphine, (+)-amphetamine and L-DOPA.", "content": "1. The activity of bromocriptine has been investigated in tests for the stimulation of central dopaminergic mechanisms. The results obtained have been compared with those of apomorphine, (+)-amphetamine and L-DOPA. 2. Bromocriptine (2.5 to 10 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing and licking in rats. The stereotypy was more intense than that induced by L-DOPA and less intense than that of apomorphine and (+)-amphetamine over the dose ranges studied. 3. In rats lesioned unilaterally in the substantia nigra by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, bromocriptine, like apomorphine and L-DOPA, induced turning contralateral to the side of the lesion. The smallest dose of bromocriptine to induce turning was 0.5 mg/kg. 4. Reserpine-induced catalepsy in mice was antagonized by bromocriptine, with an ED50 of 1.8 mg/kg. It was intermediate in potency to apomorphine and L-DOPA. 5. Spontaneous locomotor activity in mice was stimulated by bromocriptine in a dose-dependent manner from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg after an initial suppression of activity. 6. In all experiments, bromocriptine was characterized by a prolonged duration of activity after a delay in the onset of effect. 7. The stereotyped behaviour induced by bromocriptine was inhibited by prior administration of pimozide, reserpine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 8. Bromocriptine-induced turning behaviour was abolished by pretreatment with pimozide, and reduced after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment. 9. The results obtained support the conclusion that bromocriptine acts by stimulating dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and that intact catecholamine synthesis and granular amine storage mechanisms are necessary for it to bring about its effects.", "contents": "Stimulant properties of bromocriptine on central dopamine receptors in comparison to apomorphine, (+)-amphetamine and L-DOPA. 1. The activity of bromocriptine has been investigated in tests for the stimulation of central dopaminergic mechanisms. The results obtained have been compared with those of apomorphine, (+)-amphetamine and L-DOPA. 2. Bromocriptine (2.5 to 10 mg/kg) induced stereotyped sniffing and licking in rats. The stereotypy was more intense than that induced by L-DOPA and less intense than that of apomorphine and (+)-amphetamine over the dose ranges studied. 3. In rats lesioned unilaterally in the substantia nigra by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, bromocriptine, like apomorphine and L-DOPA, induced turning contralateral to the side of the lesion. The smallest dose of bromocriptine to induce turning was 0.5 mg/kg. 4. Reserpine-induced catalepsy in mice was antagonized by bromocriptine, with an ED50 of 1.8 mg/kg. It was intermediate in potency to apomorphine and L-DOPA. 5. Spontaneous locomotor activity in mice was stimulated by bromocriptine in a dose-dependent manner from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg after an initial suppression of activity. 6. In all experiments, bromocriptine was characterized by a prolonged duration of activity after a delay in the onset of effect. 7. The stereotyped behaviour induced by bromocriptine was inhibited by prior administration of pimozide, reserpine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 8. Bromocriptine-induced turning behaviour was abolished by pretreatment with pimozide, and reduced after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment. 9. The results obtained support the conclusion that bromocriptine acts by stimulating dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and that intact catecholamine synthesis and granular amine storage mechanisms are necessary for it to bring about its effects."}
{"id": "PMID:943194", "title": "Hostility in drug dependent individuals: its relation to specific drugs, and oral or intravenous use.", "content": "Although a number of studies have suggested that hostility and drug dependence may be related, there are few systematic studies of this issue. Using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, the present study compares several drug-dependent groups of patients. Results showed that the intravenous in-patient group was more hostile on several variables than their out-patient counterparts, and also more hostile than an oral in-patient group. Barbiturate abusers were found to have high levels of hostility; amphetamine abusers were the least hostile group, and narcotic dependent patients were intermediate between the two. Correlations between scales of the HDHQ were all positive, and most were both high and statistically significant, suggesting that hostility represents a relatively generalized trait in drug-dependent subjects. The results are discussed both in terms of patient selection factors--the differential pressures on different types of patients, and in terms of direct drug effects. It is suggested that the hostility of drug-dependent patients may represent an important problem of personal functioning and may require special attention in treatment programmes.", "contents": "Hostility in drug dependent individuals: its relation to specific drugs, and oral or intravenous use. Although a number of studies have suggested that hostility and drug dependence may be related, there are few systematic studies of this issue. Using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, the present study compares several drug-dependent groups of patients. Results showed that the intravenous in-patient group was more hostile on several variables than their out-patient counterparts, and also more hostile than an oral in-patient group. Barbiturate abusers were found to have high levels of hostility; amphetamine abusers were the least hostile group, and narcotic dependent patients were intermediate between the two. Correlations between scales of the HDHQ were all positive, and most were both high and statistically significant, suggesting that hostility represents a relatively generalized trait in drug-dependent subjects. The results are discussed both in terms of patient selection factors--the differential pressures on different types of patients, and in terms of direct drug effects. It is suggested that the hostility of drug-dependent patients may represent an important problem of personal functioning and may require special attention in treatment programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:943196", "title": "The spouses of attempted suicides: a personality study.", "content": "The 16 PF was administered to 30 female attempted suicides and their spouses, to 20 male attempted suicides and their spouses and to 50 control men and their spouses. Both the female and male attempted suicides show personality disturbance, but there are also sex differences. The female attempted suicides and their spouses appear to share similar personality characteristics, but the spouses of male attempted suicides appear quite dissimilar from their husbands. The effect of the personality of the spouses is briefly discussed in the context of marital relationships of attempted suicides.", "contents": "The spouses of attempted suicides: a personality study. The 16 PF was administered to 30 female attempted suicides and their spouses, to 20 male attempted suicides and their spouses and to 50 control men and their spouses. Both the female and male attempted suicides show personality disturbance, but there are also sex differences. The female attempted suicides and their spouses appear to share similar personality characteristics, but the spouses of male attempted suicides appear quite dissimilar from their husbands. The effect of the personality of the spouses is briefly discussed in the context of marital relationships of attempted suicides."}
{"id": "PMID:943197", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis and lithium.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which treatment with lithium was complicated by thyrotoxicosis. The underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed. Lithium suppresses thyroid function, so the early stages of thyrotoxicosis may be clinically undetectable. The symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis may be confused with the side effects of lithium, and if lithium is withdrawn severe rebound thyrotoxicity may occur. Furthermore, some of the side effects of lithium may be aggravated by thyrotoxicity. These cases provide further evidence of the importance of routine screening of thyroid function before starting treatment with lithium.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis and lithium. Two cases are presented in which treatment with lithium was complicated by thyrotoxicosis. The underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed. Lithium suppresses thyroid function, so the early stages of thyrotoxicosis may be clinically undetectable. The symptoms and signs of thyrotoxicosis may be confused with the side effects of lithium, and if lithium is withdrawn severe rebound thyrotoxicity may occur. Furthermore, some of the side effects of lithium may be aggravated by thyrotoxicity. These cases provide further evidence of the importance of routine screening of thyroid function before starting treatment with lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:943198", "title": "The daily rhythm of plasma tryptophan and tyrosine in depression.", "content": "The study dealt with the level of and diurnal alterations in the concentration of tryptophan, free tryptophan and tyrosine in the blood plasma of 20 inhibited depression patients and 10 healthy controls. The results suggested that there was no distinct relationship between either the total plasma tryptophan or plasma tyrosine level and depression. On the other hand, the free plasma tryptophan level was, at all the times of day at which measurements were made, either significantly or almost significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. It was further found that the results of measurement were related to the patients' clinical improvement, as measured by the Hamilton test, in such a way that after four weeks of treatment the free plasma tryptophan level in 'poorly improved' patients continued to be significantly higher in comparison with the controls, whereas the values for the 'well improved' patient group did not differ greatly from the corresponding values for the control group any longer. It may be hypothesized that the rise in the free plasma tryptophan in depressive patients might represent an effort made by the peripheral body to compensate for the slowed-up serotonin metabolism of the brain, whereby the tryptophan mobilized from the periphery would serve as a sort of 'endogenous antidepressant' provided by the organism itself.", "contents": "The daily rhythm of plasma tryptophan and tyrosine in depression. The study dealt with the level of and diurnal alterations in the concentration of tryptophan, free tryptophan and tyrosine in the blood plasma of 20 inhibited depression patients and 10 healthy controls. The results suggested that there was no distinct relationship between either the total plasma tryptophan or plasma tyrosine level and depression. On the other hand, the free plasma tryptophan level was, at all the times of day at which measurements were made, either significantly or almost significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. It was further found that the results of measurement were related to the patients' clinical improvement, as measured by the Hamilton test, in such a way that after four weeks of treatment the free plasma tryptophan level in 'poorly improved' patients continued to be significantly higher in comparison with the controls, whereas the values for the 'well improved' patient group did not differ greatly from the corresponding values for the control group any longer. It may be hypothesized that the rise in the free plasma tryptophan in depressive patients might represent an effort made by the peripheral body to compensate for the slowed-up serotonin metabolism of the brain, whereby the tryptophan mobilized from the periphery would serve as a sort of 'endogenous antidepressant' provided by the organism itself."}
{"id": "PMID:943199", "title": "Psychosocial consequences of therapeutic abortion King's termination study III.", "content": "A follow-up study is reported of a consecutive series of 360 women who underwent termination of first trimester pregnancies by vacuum aspiration. Each patient received brief counselling before termination. Follow-up examinations were carried out by means of detailed, structured interviews at three months and between 15 months and two years (mean: 18 months) after termination. Outcome was assessed in terms of psychiatric symptoms, guilt feelings, and adjustment in marital and other interpersonal relationships, sexual responsiveness and work record. Compared with ratings of psychosocial adjustment before termination, significant improvement had occurred at follow-up in respect of psychiatric symptoms, guilt feelings and interpersonal and sexual adjustment; there was no significant change in marital adjustment. Adverse psychiatric and social sequelae were rare.", "contents": "Psychosocial consequences of therapeutic abortion King's termination study III. A follow-up study is reported of a consecutive series of 360 women who underwent termination of first trimester pregnancies by vacuum aspiration. Each patient received brief counselling before termination. Follow-up examinations were carried out by means of detailed, structured interviews at three months and between 15 months and two years (mean: 18 months) after termination. Outcome was assessed in terms of psychiatric symptoms, guilt feelings, and adjustment in marital and other interpersonal relationships, sexual responsiveness and work record. Compared with ratings of psychosocial adjustment before termination, significant improvement had occurred at follow-up in respect of psychiatric symptoms, guilt feelings and interpersonal and sexual adjustment; there was no significant change in marital adjustment. Adverse psychiatric and social sequelae were rare."}
{"id": "PMID:943200", "title": "Testicular involvement in the retroperitoneal fibrosis syndrome.", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis involving the testicle is presented. The widespread extent of the retroperitoneal fibrosis syndrome is reviewed briefly. The literature contains little information concerning the aetiology of testicular involvement in the disease process, which generally affects the para-aortic tissues. The physical signs mimic testicular neoplasm. A common embryological derivation of the tissues affected is postulated.", "contents": "Testicular involvement in the retroperitoneal fibrosis syndrome. A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis involving the testicle is presented. The widespread extent of the retroperitoneal fibrosis syndrome is reviewed briefly. The literature contains little information concerning the aetiology of testicular involvement in the disease process, which generally affects the para-aortic tissues. The physical signs mimic testicular neoplasm. A common embryological derivation of the tissues affected is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:943201", "title": "Ascites and hydrothorax in association with struma ovarii.", "content": "A case is presented of ascites and hydrothorax in association with struma ovarii. Nine previously reported cases are reviewed and the possible causes of the ascites and hydrothorax discussed.", "contents": "Ascites and hydrothorax in association with struma ovarii. A case is presented of ascites and hydrothorax in association with struma ovarii. Nine previously reported cases are reviewed and the possible causes of the ascites and hydrothorax discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943203", "title": "Assessment of the obstetric flying squad in an urban area.", "content": "The experience of an obstetric flying squad in an urban area over one year was reviewed. Very few calls were found to be justifiable, and it is concluded that few if any circumstances in modern obstetric practice merit continuing the flying squad in the urban area.", "contents": "Assessment of the obstetric flying squad in an urban area. The experience of an obstetric flying squad in an urban area over one year was reviewed. Very few calls were found to be justifiable, and it is concluded that few if any circumstances in modern obstetric practice merit continuing the flying squad in the urban area."}
{"id": "PMID:943206", "title": "Congenital malformation associated with intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "Two infants with fibular aplasia and related limb-reduction defects were born to mothers who were using copper-containing intrauterine contraceptive devices. The possibility of a casual association is consistent with the known hazards of intrauterine devices and cannot be excluded on the available experimental evidence. More information is urgently needed, and searches, including radiography of placenta and pelvis, should be made for such devices in mothers who have used them in the past and who give birth to malformed infants.", "contents": "Congenital malformation associated with intrauterine contraceptive device. Two infants with fibular aplasia and related limb-reduction defects were born to mothers who were using copper-containing intrauterine contraceptive devices. The possibility of a casual association is consistent with the known hazards of intrauterine devices and cannot be excluded on the available experimental evidence. More information is urgently needed, and searches, including radiography of placenta and pelvis, should be made for such devices in mothers who have used them in the past and who give birth to malformed infants."}
{"id": "PMID:943208", "title": "Surgical treatment of female infertility: value of paradoxical oophorectomy.", "content": "The outcome of surgical treatment for infertility in 111 women has been reviewed. The procedures used, depending on the lesions present, were: myomectomy; tubal implantation, anastomosis, and salpingostomy; division of adhesions; ovarian wedge resection; and \"paradoxical\" oophorectomy. The results are analysed by comparing pregnancy rates after surgery with those for the total time of exposure. Only for division of adhesions and oophorectomy were statistically significant results obtained. Many of the pregnancies, however, occurred soon after operations that had been preceded by long periods of infertility. With single tube patency, which had been proved at laparotomy, contralateral oophorectomy appeared to be of value. In the light of these observations we suggest that in cases of tubal ectopic gestation salpingo-oophorectomy should be considered in preference to salpingectomy when the opposite tube and ovary are healthy. Wedge resection for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome effectively restored ovulatory activity.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of female infertility: value of paradoxical oophorectomy. The outcome of surgical treatment for infertility in 111 women has been reviewed. The procedures used, depending on the lesions present, were: myomectomy; tubal implantation, anastomosis, and salpingostomy; division of adhesions; ovarian wedge resection; and \"paradoxical\" oophorectomy. The results are analysed by comparing pregnancy rates after surgery with those for the total time of exposure. Only for division of adhesions and oophorectomy were statistically significant results obtained. Many of the pregnancies, however, occurred soon after operations that had been preceded by long periods of infertility. With single tube patency, which had been proved at laparotomy, contralateral oophorectomy appeared to be of value. In the light of these observations we suggest that in cases of tubal ectopic gestation salpingo-oophorectomy should be considered in preference to salpingectomy when the opposite tube and ovary are healthy. Wedge resection for the Stein-Leventhal syndrome effectively restored ovulatory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:943210", "title": "Monoamine neurotoxins: selective and delayed effects on behavior in colonies of laboratory rats.", "content": "Male laboratory rats were raised in two colonies, each of 27 rats, and then given intraventricular injections of the norepinephrine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or the serotonin neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) or saline. They were then returned to their enclosure and behavior during the next 50 days was observed. Shortly after neurotoxin injections the 6-OHDA rats spent more time in the burrows than controls and when out were inactive. The 5,6-DHT rats in contrast spent more time in the open than controls, ran more in activity wheels, approached humans, and fought more. Fighting, mounting, and hoarding in the colony gradually increased for 25 days; during this time the status of the 6-OHDA animals fell progressively whereas the 5,6-DHT animals increased in dominance. Social behavior returned to more normal levels after 50 days. Several successive stages of behavioral alterations occur following neurotoxin injections.", "contents": "Monoamine neurotoxins: selective and delayed effects on behavior in colonies of laboratory rats. Male laboratory rats were raised in two colonies, each of 27 rats, and then given intraventricular injections of the norepinephrine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or the serotonin neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) or saline. They were then returned to their enclosure and behavior during the next 50 days was observed. Shortly after neurotoxin injections the 6-OHDA rats spent more time in the burrows than controls and when out were inactive. The 5,6-DHT rats in contrast spent more time in the open than controls, ran more in activity wheels, approached humans, and fought more. Fighting, mounting, and hoarding in the colony gradually increased for 25 days; during this time the status of the 6-OHDA animals fell progressively whereas the 5,6-DHT animals increased in dominance. Social behavior returned to more normal levels after 50 days. Several successive stages of behavioral alterations occur following neurotoxin injections."}
{"id": "PMID:943212", "title": "Alphathesin, a new steroid anaesthetic agent.", "content": "This is a study of 220 patients, most of them out-patients, who were anaesthetized with Alphatehsin. Although the use of Alphathesin has not been discussed in depth, one can say that it is not a substitute for other intravenous anaesthetics available at the present time. Alphathesin, however, deserves further study as it may be able to supply new solutions to new problems which are encountered daily in our specialty, particularly in the field of out-patient surgery.", "contents": "Alphathesin, a new steroid anaesthetic agent. This is a study of 220 patients, most of them out-patients, who were anaesthetized with Alphatehsin. Although the use of Alphathesin has not been discussed in depth, one can say that it is not a substitute for other intravenous anaesthetics available at the present time. Alphathesin, however, deserves further study as it may be able to supply new solutions to new problems which are encountered daily in our specialty, particularly in the field of out-patient surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:943213", "title": "Provision of endogenous and exogenous humidity for the Bain breathing circuit.", "content": "The endogenous humidity produced by a partial rebreathing system, the Bain Breathing Circuit, was measured clinically and experimentally. The addition of humidification by interposing a Garthur Vapor Condenser (HME) or a Bennett Cascade heated humidifier into the system was also studied. Without supplemental humidity, the Bain Breathing Circuit probably meets marginal requirements for preservation of ciliary morphology and function during endotracheal anaesthesia. However, additional humidity is needed to prevent alteration in pulmonary mechanics. The HME is a beneficial adjunct to the Bain Breathing Circuit, raising humidity to near acceptable levels, especially if ambient temperatures range from 24 degrees to 26 degrees C. However, the deadspace of the HME is 17 ml, which might limit its use in children. The Bennett Cascade humidifier plus the Bain Breathing Circuit satisfies minimal suggested humidity requirements at ambient reservoir water temperatures of 24 degrees to 26 degrees C. Heating the reservoir water to maximum heat capacity increased humidity but caused marked water condensation along the inner fresh gas tube of the Bain Breathing Circuit.", "contents": "Provision of endogenous and exogenous humidity for the Bain breathing circuit. The endogenous humidity produced by a partial rebreathing system, the Bain Breathing Circuit, was measured clinically and experimentally. The addition of humidification by interposing a Garthur Vapor Condenser (HME) or a Bennett Cascade heated humidifier into the system was also studied. Without supplemental humidity, the Bain Breathing Circuit probably meets marginal requirements for preservation of ciliary morphology and function during endotracheal anaesthesia. However, additional humidity is needed to prevent alteration in pulmonary mechanics. The HME is a beneficial adjunct to the Bain Breathing Circuit, raising humidity to near acceptable levels, especially if ambient temperatures range from 24 degrees to 26 degrees C. However, the deadspace of the HME is 17 ml, which might limit its use in children. The Bennett Cascade humidifier plus the Bain Breathing Circuit satisfies minimal suggested humidity requirements at ambient reservoir water temperatures of 24 degrees to 26 degrees C. Heating the reservoir water to maximum heat capacity increased humidity but caused marked water condensation along the inner fresh gas tube of the Bain Breathing Circuit."}
{"id": "PMID:943214", "title": "Autoradiography of [3H]thymidine-labeled Chlamydia psittaci 6BC in mononuclear phagocytes.", "content": "Incorporation of tritiated [3H]thymidine by Chlamydia psittaci 6BC was achieved by growing the parasites in chick embryo yolk sac explants which were exposed to exogenous labeled thymidine. These labeled, purified chlamydiae were next observed by autoradiography within mouse peritoneal macrophages. The number of silver grains remained constant in the cytoplasm of macrophages throughout the developmental cycle of the parasite. The proliferation of labeled chlamydiae in macrophages was confirmed by Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence. Chlamydiae have never been successfully labeled with thymidine in earlier studies when assayed in cultured mammalian fibroblasts. It is suggested that a critical factor in the successful incorporation thymidine in chlamydiae may be the host-parasite system used.", "contents": "Autoradiography of [3H]thymidine-labeled Chlamydia psittaci 6BC in mononuclear phagocytes. Incorporation of tritiated [3H]thymidine by Chlamydia psittaci 6BC was achieved by growing the parasites in chick embryo yolk sac explants which were exposed to exogenous labeled thymidine. These labeled, purified chlamydiae were next observed by autoradiography within mouse peritoneal macrophages. The number of silver grains remained constant in the cytoplasm of macrophages throughout the developmental cycle of the parasite. The proliferation of labeled chlamydiae in macrophages was confirmed by Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence. Chlamydiae have never been successfully labeled with thymidine in earlier studies when assayed in cultured mammalian fibroblasts. It is suggested that a critical factor in the successful incorporation thymidine in chlamydiae may be the host-parasite system used."}
{"id": "PMID:943215", "title": "Electron-microscopic study of Herpesvirus macaca in human fibroblasts.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the morphology of Herpesvirus macaca, a serologically distinct infectious agent isolated from the leukocytes of rhesus monkeys, was performed. WI-38 fibroblast monolayers were infected with the virus and examined 18 days later. The morphology of Herpesvirus macaca was, in general, typical of the herpesvirus group. Enveloped virus particles observed via negative-stain technique had a diameter of 145-155 nm. An inner capsid composed of hexagonal capsomeres had a diameter of 100-110 nm and surrounded a central core. While enveloped forms appeared to be present within the nuclei of infected cells, they were not found in the cytoplasm except within vacuolar structures. Associated changes were found in the morphology of infected cells, including intracytoplasmic myelin figures.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic study of Herpesvirus macaca in human fibroblasts. An electron microscopic study of the morphology of Herpesvirus macaca, a serologically distinct infectious agent isolated from the leukocytes of rhesus monkeys, was performed. WI-38 fibroblast monolayers were infected with the virus and examined 18 days later. The morphology of Herpesvirus macaca was, in general, typical of the herpesvirus group. Enveloped virus particles observed via negative-stain technique had a diameter of 145-155 nm. An inner capsid composed of hexagonal capsomeres had a diameter of 100-110 nm and surrounded a central core. While enveloped forms appeared to be present within the nuclei of infected cells, they were not found in the cytoplasm except within vacuolar structures. Associated changes were found in the morphology of infected cells, including intracytoplasmic myelin figures."}
{"id": "PMID:943216", "title": "Regulatory properties of yeast nitrate reductase in situ.", "content": "A simple and rapid procedure to make  yeast cells permeable by agitating with toluene-ethanol, (TE) 1:4, v/v was developed. The permeated cells retained their ability to catalyze certain enzyme reactions. Temperature and duration of agitation during TE treatment played an important role in retention of the catalytic potential of permeated cells. The in situ assay using permeated cell preparations was more sensitive even in the absence of added cofactors than in the vitro assay in detecting assimilatory nitrate reductase (NAD(P)H:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.2) (NAR) activity in Candida utilis. Using in situ assay technique, different mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of NAR in C. utilis were investigated. Nitrogen starvation did not lead to derepression of NAR. NO3-ions were absolutely essential for induction and maintenance of high levels of NAR activity. Cells grown on ammonium nitrate possessed relatively lower levels of NAR. Kinetics of NAR induction were followed as a function of time and inducer concentration. The influence of various cations on the induction of NAR by nitrate was investigated. A wide range of D-amino acids induced NAR synthesis. Of 22 L-amino acids tested only phenylalanine induced significant levels of NAR. Various intermediates of the pathway of nitrate reduction influenced the rate of NAR induction. There was a rapid disappearance of in vivo activity of the enzyme of induced yeast cells on nitrogen starvation, and the rate of loss was accelerated by the presence of NH4+.", "contents": "Regulatory properties of yeast nitrate reductase in situ. A simple and rapid procedure to make  yeast cells permeable by agitating with toluene-ethanol, (TE) 1:4, v/v was developed. The permeated cells retained their ability to catalyze certain enzyme reactions. Temperature and duration of agitation during TE treatment played an important role in retention of the catalytic potential of permeated cells. The in situ assay using permeated cell preparations was more sensitive even in the absence of added cofactors than in the vitro assay in detecting assimilatory nitrate reductase (NAD(P)H:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.2) (NAR) activity in Candida utilis. Using in situ assay technique, different mechanisms regulating the biosynthesis of NAR in C. utilis were investigated. Nitrogen starvation did not lead to derepression of NAR. NO3-ions were absolutely essential for induction and maintenance of high levels of NAR activity. Cells grown on ammonium nitrate possessed relatively lower levels of NAR. Kinetics of NAR induction were followed as a function of time and inducer concentration. The influence of various cations on the induction of NAR by nitrate was investigated. A wide range of D-amino acids induced NAR synthesis. Of 22 L-amino acids tested only phenylalanine induced significant levels of NAR. Various intermediates of the pathway of nitrate reduction influenced the rate of NAR induction. There was a rapid disappearance of in vivo activity of the enzyme of induced yeast cells on nitrogen starvation, and the rate of loss was accelerated by the presence of NH4+."}
{"id": "PMID:943217", "title": "Alterations in the ultrastructure of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC harvested from the allantoic fluid of chick embryos.", "content": "The allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with Chlamydia psittaci is routinely used as a source of material for the study of the chemical and biological properties of the chlamydiae. We have examined pellets recovered from this allantoic fluid by low- and high-speed centrifugation, as well as high-speed pellets which had been stored at -70 degrees C, and we find that all of the pleomorphic forms of the chlamydiae are present in these materials. The reticulate bodies and large intermediate bodies are always seen to be morphologically damaged in that their cell envelopes are modified and in that they are distended and occasionally 'leaky.' No morphological evidence of damage was seen in small intermediate bodies or in elementary bodies in any of the materials which were examined. Thus the chlamydial population recovered from the allantoic fluid of infected chick embryos has been modified by selective damage to the least-condensed particles. We propose that the release of lysosomal enzymes from the host cell may coincide with the release of the chlamydia and that these enzymes may be responsible for this selective damage.", "contents": "Alterations in the ultrastructure of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC harvested from the allantoic fluid of chick embryos. The allantoic fluid of chick embryos infected with Chlamydia psittaci is routinely used as a source of material for the study of the chemical and biological properties of the chlamydiae. We have examined pellets recovered from this allantoic fluid by low- and high-speed centrifugation, as well as high-speed pellets which had been stored at -70 degrees C, and we find that all of the pleomorphic forms of the chlamydiae are present in these materials. The reticulate bodies and large intermediate bodies are always seen to be morphologically damaged in that their cell envelopes are modified and in that they are distended and occasionally 'leaky.' No morphological evidence of damage was seen in small intermediate bodies or in elementary bodies in any of the materials which were examined. Thus the chlamydial population recovered from the allantoic fluid of infected chick embryos has been modified by selective damage to the least-condensed particles. We propose that the release of lysosomal enzymes from the host cell may coincide with the release of the chlamydia and that these enzymes may be responsible for this selective damage."}
{"id": "PMID:943218", "title": "Ultrastructure and lipid identification during conidium germination of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme.", "content": "Multicelled conidia of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme germinate in water forming several germ tubes. Individual cells within conidia are connected by pores which are plugged in ungerminated conidia and open in germinated ones. During germination, vacuoles enlarge, endoplasmic reticulum profiles increase in number, and mitochondria change from spherical to elongate. The germ tube wall is laid down at the site of emergence from the conidium. Shortly after germination, a septum with a central pore forms where ther germ tube emerged. The germ tube wall is surrounded by a fibrillar sheath. Lipid bodies are closely associated with vacuoles during germination. The ultrastructural location of lipid was found by extraction of conidia with lipid solvents. Total lipid decreases from 14.4% of the dry weight of ungerminated conidia to 13.4% of the dry weight of conidia germinated for 10 h. No qualitative changes occurred in the major lipid classes of conidia during germination. The activities of lipase and acid phosphatase were detected in ungerminated and germinated conidia.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and lipid identification during conidium germination of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme. Multicelled conidia of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme germinate in water forming several germ tubes. Individual cells within conidia are connected by pores which are plugged in ungerminated conidia and open in germinated ones. During germination, vacuoles enlarge, endoplasmic reticulum profiles increase in number, and mitochondria change from spherical to elongate. The germ tube wall is laid down at the site of emergence from the conidium. Shortly after germination, a septum with a central pore forms where ther germ tube emerged. The germ tube wall is surrounded by a fibrillar sheath. Lipid bodies are closely associated with vacuoles during germination. The ultrastructural location of lipid was found by extraction of conidia with lipid solvents. Total lipid decreases from 14.4% of the dry weight of ungerminated conidia to 13.4% of the dry weight of conidia germinated for 10 h. No qualitative changes occurred in the major lipid classes of conidia during germination. The activities of lipase and acid phosphatase were detected in ungerminated and germinated conidia."}
{"id": "PMID:943219", "title": "Effects of phenylthiourea on growth and sclerotial formation of Sclerotium rolfsii and Whetzelinia sclerotiorum.", "content": "The growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Whetzelinia sclerotiorum was reduced when 5 X 10(-4) to 2 X 10(-3) M 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) was incorporated into synthetic media and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Whetzelinia sclerotiorum produced heavy aerial mycelia and few, if any, sclerotia in synthetic glucose-nitrate liquid medium containing 10(-3) and 2 X 10(-3) M PTU. At the same PTU concentrations in PDA. W. sclerotiorum formed abnormal sclerotia covered with a yellowish green exudate. Sclerotium rolfsii produced unusual patterns of aerial mycelia and no sclerotia on media containing 2 X 10(-3) M PTU. With 5 X 10(-4) M PTU, S. rolfsii produced sclerotial initials and some of these developed into atypical clumps of sclerotia. A yellow pigment developed when S. rolfsii grew on media containing PTU.", "contents": "Effects of phenylthiourea on growth and sclerotial formation of Sclerotium rolfsii and Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. The growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Whetzelinia sclerotiorum was reduced when 5 X 10(-4) to 2 X 10(-3) M 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) was incorporated into synthetic media and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Whetzelinia sclerotiorum produced heavy aerial mycelia and few, if any, sclerotia in synthetic glucose-nitrate liquid medium containing 10(-3) and 2 X 10(-3) M PTU. At the same PTU concentrations in PDA. W. sclerotiorum formed abnormal sclerotia covered with a yellowish green exudate. Sclerotium rolfsii produced unusual patterns of aerial mycelia and no sclerotia on media containing 2 X 10(-3) M PTU. With 5 X 10(-4) M PTU, S. rolfsii produced sclerotial initials and some of these developed into atypical clumps of sclerotia. A yellow pigment developed when S. rolfsii grew on media containing PTU."}
{"id": "PMID:943220", "title": "Soybean flower-to-seed movement of epiphytic bacteria.", "content": "Epiphytic tracer bacteris (a Pseudomonas sp. and an Arthrobacter sp.) from soybean buds were introduced into open flowers of greenhouse-grown soybean plants. Of the 177 resulting pods cultured after surface disinfection, tracers were recovered from within 24. Seed from two of these pods also carried tracers.", "contents": "Soybean flower-to-seed movement of epiphytic bacteria. Epiphytic tracer bacteris (a Pseudomonas sp. and an Arthrobacter sp.) from soybean buds were introduced into open flowers of greenhouse-grown soybean plants. Of the 177 resulting pods cultured after surface disinfection, tracers were recovered from within 24. Seed from two of these pods also carried tracers."}
{"id": "PMID:943221", "title": "Computerized transaxial tomography: its role in the post-operative tumor case.", "content": "The role of computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) of the brain in 100 post-operative tumor cases is assessed. CTT proves an accurate method of determining tumor recurrence and in evaluating such complications as intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural or extradural hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, hydrocephalus and shunt patency. Its accuracy decreases the need for interventional procedures. Its usefulness may be limited by the presence of metal clips or plates, by radio-opaque contrast media or intracranial air.", "contents": "Computerized transaxial tomography: its role in the post-operative tumor case. The role of computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) of the brain in 100 post-operative tumor cases is assessed. CTT proves an accurate method of determining tumor recurrence and in evaluating such complications as intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural or extradural hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, hydrocephalus and shunt patency. Its accuracy decreases the need for interventional procedures. Its usefulness may be limited by the presence of metal clips or plates, by radio-opaque contrast media or intracranial air."}
{"id": "PMID:943222", "title": "Cancer of the remaining breast: radiologic contribution to diagnosis.", "content": "Between 1953 and 1973 the mean incidence of a first breast cancer in northern Alberta was 0.47 per 1000 women. However, in women who had had a first breast cancer the crude incidence of a second primary cancer in the opposite breast was 1.3%. The rate of discovery of a second primary cancer increased after a multidisciplinary approach was instituted at the follow-up clinics. Mammography has proved to be valuable in diagnosis. By this technique 19 (36.5%) of the 52 cancers occurring in the remaining breast were identified when they were clinically unsuspected.", "contents": "Cancer of the remaining breast: radiologic contribution to diagnosis. Between 1953 and 1973 the mean incidence of a first breast cancer in northern Alberta was 0.47 per 1000 women. However, in women who had had a first breast cancer the crude incidence of a second primary cancer in the opposite breast was 1.3%. The rate of discovery of a second primary cancer increased after a multidisciplinary approach was instituted at the follow-up clinics. Mammography has proved to be valuable in diagnosis. By this technique 19 (36.5%) of the 52 cancers occurring in the remaining breast were identified when they were clinically unsuspected."}
{"id": "PMID:943223", "title": "Control of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia with amiodarone hydrochloride.", "content": "Amiodarone hydrochloride, a new antiarrhythmic agent, controlled a recurrent supraventricular arrhythmia, refractory to conventional medical treatment, in a 57-year-old patient with an anomalous conduction system and idiopathic cardiomyopathy. For the 11 months that the patient has been taking the drug her arrhythmia has not recurred. This drug has produced no important side effects in this patient.", "contents": "Control of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia with amiodarone hydrochloride. Amiodarone hydrochloride, a new antiarrhythmic agent, controlled a recurrent supraventricular arrhythmia, refractory to conventional medical treatment, in a 57-year-old patient with an anomalous conduction system and idiopathic cardiomyopathy. For the 11 months that the patient has been taking the drug her arrhythmia has not recurred. This drug has produced no important side effects in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:943224", "title": "Intra-articular injuries of the elbow: pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Poor results in treating fractures and dislocations about the elbow may be avoided if the surgeon is aware of the possible injuries, examines good radiographs of both elbows, and treats the injury promptly and appropriately. A displaced fracture of the lateral or medial condyle of the humerus should be suspected if there is a flake fracture of the adjoining metaphysis; open reduction and internal fixation give better results than closed reduction. A shear fracture of the capitulum humeri can only be seen on a lateral radiograph; excision of the fragment, followed by mobilization, is sufficient for a good functional result. Dislocation of the elbow in a child may avulse the medial epicondyle, which sometimes lodges in the joint; it is essential to recognize this and remove the fragment without delay to avoid early degenerative arthritis. An apparently isolated fracture of the ulna should alert the surgeon to the possibility of a dislocation of the radial head; the dislocation and the fracture must be reduced and stabilized to conserve elbow function.", "contents": "Intra-articular injuries of the elbow: pitfalls of diagnosis and treatment. Poor results in treating fractures and dislocations about the elbow may be avoided if the surgeon is aware of the possible injuries, examines good radiographs of both elbows, and treats the injury promptly and appropriately. A displaced fracture of the lateral or medial condyle of the humerus should be suspected if there is a flake fracture of the adjoining metaphysis; open reduction and internal fixation give better results than closed reduction. A shear fracture of the capitulum humeri can only be seen on a lateral radiograph; excision of the fragment, followed by mobilization, is sufficient for a good functional result. Dislocation of the elbow in a child may avulse the medial epicondyle, which sometimes lodges in the joint; it is essential to recognize this and remove the fragment without delay to avoid early degenerative arthritis. An apparently isolated fracture of the ulna should alert the surgeon to the possibility of a dislocation of the radial head; the dislocation and the fracture must be reduced and stabilized to conserve elbow function."}
{"id": "PMID:943225", "title": "Self-induced water intoxication in a schizophrenic patient.", "content": "Water intoxication occurred in a 53-year-old woman with chronic simple schizophrenia and poorly controlled diabetes. For several years she had had a compulsive habit of drinking excessive amounts of water. Coma, fever, convulsions and other neurologic signs appeared suddenly, and she had severe hyponatremia. Her condition improved rapidly when the electrolyte abnormality was corrected.", "contents": "Self-induced water intoxication in a schizophrenic patient. Water intoxication occurred in a 53-year-old woman with chronic simple schizophrenia and poorly controlled diabetes. For several years she had had a compulsive habit of drinking excessive amounts of water. Coma, fever, convulsions and other neurologic signs appeared suddenly, and she had severe hyponatremia. Her condition improved rapidly when the electrolyte abnormality was corrected."}
{"id": "PMID:943226", "title": "A clinical histologic, and immunologic study of a case of metastatic malignant melanoma undergoing spontaneous remission.", "content": "A patient with biopsy-proven dermal recurrent malignant melanoma who refused therapy, and who was observed to undergo clinical regression during the period of November 1972 through June 1974 was studied to define the histologic features of spontaneous remission, and to evaluate the immune response as measured by in vitro assays of lymphocyte cytotoxicity and serum effects during the course of regression. Biopsy of regressed areas showed the following histologic features: 1) absence of malignant melanoma cells in basal layers of epidermis with relative increase in basal layer clear cells; 2) dermal inflammatory reaction with lymphocytic infiltrate, melanophages, and degenerate malignant melanocytes; and 3) dermal reactive vascular proliferation and interstitial edema progressing to reparative dermal fibrosis. Using a microcytotoxicity assay with two established allogeneic melanoma cell cultures as target cells, a statistically significant (p less than 0.01) increase in lymphocyte cytotoxicity values was observed over the clinical time course of regression. No significant serum cytotoxic or serum blocking effects were detectable. These findings are consistent with an immunologic basis for the spontaneous remission of the dermal melanoma metastases present in this patient.", "contents": "A clinical histologic, and immunologic study of a case of metastatic malignant melanoma undergoing spontaneous remission. A patient with biopsy-proven dermal recurrent malignant melanoma who refused therapy, and who was observed to undergo clinical regression during the period of November 1972 through June 1974 was studied to define the histologic features of spontaneous remission, and to evaluate the immune response as measured by in vitro assays of lymphocyte cytotoxicity and serum effects during the course of regression. Biopsy of regressed areas showed the following histologic features: 1) absence of malignant melanoma cells in basal layers of epidermis with relative increase in basal layer clear cells; 2) dermal inflammatory reaction with lymphocytic infiltrate, melanophages, and degenerate malignant melanocytes; and 3) dermal reactive vascular proliferation and interstitial edema progressing to reparative dermal fibrosis. Using a microcytotoxicity assay with two established allogeneic melanoma cell cultures as target cells, a statistically significant (p less than 0.01) increase in lymphocyte cytotoxicity values was observed over the clinical time course of regression. No significant serum cytotoxic or serum blocking effects were detectable. These findings are consistent with an immunologic basis for the spontaneous remission of the dermal melanoma metastases present in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:943227", "title": "Histopathologic spectrum of vaginal adenosis and related changes in stilbestrol-exposed females.", "content": "A total of 98 colposcopically directed biopsies were obtained from the vagina, cervix, and cervicovaginal ridge (hood) of 80 young women believed to have had intrauterine exposure to stilbestrol (DES). Specific investigation of the patient's medical records corroborated the history of maternal stilbestrol administration in 36 patients (45%), while in the remainder the drug history was regarded as presumptive since medical records were unavailable for review. The findings did not differ significantly in those biopsies taken from patients with confirmed or presumptive drug histories. Histologic evidence of vaginal adenosis was detected in vaginal biopsies from 43 patients. In 30 cases (70%) benign M\u00fcllerian-type glandular epithelium was in the superficial vaginal wall, residing on the mucosal surface and/or in the lamina propria. The glandular epithelium predominantly was of endocervical type, but in six instances it resembled endometrial or fallopian tubal epithelium. The glands were accompanied by varying degrees of squamous metaplasia in 22 cases. When extensive the metaplasia produced transformation zones similar to those seen in the normal cervix. Vaginal biopsies of adenosis from the other 13 patients (30%) revealed squamous metaplasia without demonstrable glands due to complete transformation of all antecedent glandular epithelium by squamous metaplasia. Our studies indicate that squamous metaplasia is a  component of major importance in the natural history of adenosis and that the concept of adenosis should be broadened to include those examples comprised exclusively of metaplastic epithelium. In such examples metaplasia is identified by the immaturity and poor glycogenation of the squamous cells and their accompanying squamous pegs which often contain residual gland openings or squamous \"eddies.\" Similar findings were present in biopsies of seven cervicovaginal ridges and in cervical biopsies from 37 patients, except for the absence of endometrial or tubal type glands in the latter site. Although no adenocarcinomas were detected, six patients had squamous dysplasia of the vagina and/or cervix. In no case were premalignant or dysplastic changes  of glandular cells found. Our findings support the thesis that stilbestrol-associated adenosis represents anomalous embryologic localization of the original squamocolumnar junction in the vagina rather than in the cervix. It is closely related to so-called cervical \"erosions.\" The development of squamous metaplasia accounts for modifications in the clinical and histologic appearances by producing transformation zones which then may be subject to the same oncogenic  stimuli for squamous neoplasia as are their counterparts in the cervix.", "contents": "Histopathologic spectrum of vaginal adenosis and related changes in stilbestrol-exposed females. A total of 98 colposcopically directed biopsies were obtained from the vagina, cervix, and cervicovaginal ridge (hood) of 80 young women believed to have had intrauterine exposure to stilbestrol (DES). Specific investigation of the patient's medical records corroborated the history of maternal stilbestrol administration in 36 patients (45%), while in the remainder the drug history was regarded as presumptive since medical records were unavailable for review. The findings did not differ significantly in those biopsies taken from patients with confirmed or presumptive drug histories. Histologic evidence of vaginal adenosis was detected in vaginal biopsies from 43 patients. In 30 cases (70%) benign M\u00fcllerian-type glandular epithelium was in the superficial vaginal wall, residing on the mucosal surface and/or in the lamina propria. The glandular epithelium predominantly was of endocervical type, but in six instances it resembled endometrial or fallopian tubal epithelium. The glands were accompanied by varying degrees of squamous metaplasia in 22 cases. When extensive the metaplasia produced transformation zones similar to those seen in the normal cervix. Vaginal biopsies of adenosis from the other 13 patients (30%) revealed squamous metaplasia without demonstrable glands due to complete transformation of all antecedent glandular epithelium by squamous metaplasia. Our studies indicate that squamous metaplasia is a  component of major importance in the natural history of adenosis and that the concept of adenosis should be broadened to include those examples comprised exclusively of metaplastic epithelium. In such examples metaplasia is identified by the immaturity and poor glycogenation of the squamous cells and their accompanying squamous pegs which often contain residual gland openings or squamous \"eddies.\" Similar findings were present in biopsies of seven cervicovaginal ridges and in cervical biopsies from 37 patients, except for the absence of endometrial or tubal type glands in the latter site. Although no adenocarcinomas were detected, six patients had squamous dysplasia of the vagina and/or cervix. In no case were premalignant or dysplastic changes  of glandular cells found. Our findings support the thesis that stilbestrol-associated adenosis represents anomalous embryologic localization of the original squamocolumnar junction in the vagina rather than in the cervix. It is closely related to so-called cervical \"erosions.\" The development of squamous metaplasia accounts for modifications in the clinical and histologic appearances by producing transformation zones which then may be subject to the same oncogenic  stimuli for squamous neoplasia as are their counterparts in the cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:943228", "title": "Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: an analysis of 21 cases.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium are analysed in an effort to characterize the histologic features and biologic behavior of  this type of neoplasm in the uterus and thereby to shed further light on the histogenesis of clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract. The clinical profile of the patients closely paralleled that of women with the usual types of carcinoma of the endometrium. Fifteen (71%) were stage I, five were stage II, and one was stage IV at diagnosis. An assessment of the clinical stage and depth of myometrial invasion are useful in predicting the prognosis. The actuarial survival for all stages is 55.3% at 5 years, which is somewhat lower than that of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in general. Operation alone or combined with radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for stage 1 clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. The most cogent evidence for a m\u00fcllerian rather than a mesonephric origin for clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract is its presence in the endometrium, a M\u00fcllerian derivative. More specific points that support this concept are the findings of clear cell carcinoma confined to an otherwise benign endometrial polyp in two instances, the initimate admixture of clear cell and typical adenocarcinoma in three other instances, and the absence of mesonephric remnants in any of the 21 cases.", "contents": "Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: an analysis of 21 cases. Twenty-one cases of clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium are analysed in an effort to characterize the histologic features and biologic behavior of  this type of neoplasm in the uterus and thereby to shed further light on the histogenesis of clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract. The clinical profile of the patients closely paralleled that of women with the usual types of carcinoma of the endometrium. Fifteen (71%) were stage I, five were stage II, and one was stage IV at diagnosis. An assessment of the clinical stage and depth of myometrial invasion are useful in predicting the prognosis. The actuarial survival for all stages is 55.3% at 5 years, which is somewhat lower than that of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in general. Operation alone or combined with radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for stage 1 clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. The most cogent evidence for a m\u00fcllerian rather than a mesonephric origin for clear cell carcinoma in the female genital tract is its presence in the endometrium, a M\u00fcllerian derivative. More specific points that support this concept are the findings of clear cell carcinoma confined to an otherwise benign endometrial polyp in two instances, the initimate admixture of clear cell and typical adenocarcinoma in three other instances, and the absence of mesonephric remnants in any of the 21 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:943229", "title": "Primary angiosarcoma of the heart.", "content": "Primary hemangioendotheliosarcoma is the least common form of sarcoma of the heart, itself an uncommon tumor. A review of most of the reported cases is presented. This study revealed that although the syndrome produced by cardiac sarcoma point to a strikingly characteristic picture, the diagnosis is almost always confused, especially with pericardial inflammatory diseases, and delayed. Successful treatment generally has not been available. This is the only case we know of that has been treated by resection utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. The appearance of metastases in unusual locations in our patient, despite total excision of the primary, suggests tumor embolization during the bypass and the need for intra-operative chemotherapy, as well as such treatment before or after surgery.", "contents": "Primary angiosarcoma of the heart. Primary hemangioendotheliosarcoma is the least common form of sarcoma of the heart, itself an uncommon tumor. A review of most of the reported cases is presented. This study revealed that although the syndrome produced by cardiac sarcoma point to a strikingly characteristic picture, the diagnosis is almost always confused, especially with pericardial inflammatory diseases, and delayed. Successful treatment generally has not been available. This is the only case we know of that has been treated by resection utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass. The appearance of metastases in unusual locations in our patient, despite total excision of the primary, suggests tumor embolization during the bypass and the need for intra-operative chemotherapy, as well as such treatment before or after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:943230", "title": "Spontaneous remission of recurring disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "A 58-year-old patient with metastatic prostatic carcinoma had two well-documented episodes of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurring 1 year apart and resolving without heparin therapy. This case illustrates that DIC need not have a poor prognosis and may resolve spontaneously despite progressive cancer. The efficacy of heparin therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission of recurring disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with prostatic carcinoma. A 58-year-old patient with metastatic prostatic carcinoma had two well-documented episodes of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurring 1 year apart and resolving without heparin therapy. This case illustrates that DIC need not have a poor prognosis and may resolve spontaneously despite progressive cancer. The efficacy of heparin therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943231", "title": "Retroperitoneal germinoma marked by elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase.", "content": "A case of primary retroperitoneal germinoma is presented in which markedly elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase levels were present before diagnosis, but declined to normal with abdominal irradiation. It is the first report of lactic dehydrogenase serving as a tumor marker in germinoma.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal germinoma marked by elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase. A case of primary retroperitoneal germinoma is presented in which markedly elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase levels were present before diagnosis, but declined to normal with abdominal irradiation. It is the first report of lactic dehydrogenase serving as a tumor marker in germinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:943232", "title": "Adenocarcinoma arising at an ileostomy site: report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported of a 60-year-old man, who developed an adenocarcinoma in the abdominal wall adjoining an ileostomy. Thirty-one years previously a total colectomy was performed for ulcerative colitis. Because of extensive prolapse the ileostomy was excised 6 years before the final operation, and a fresh part of the ileum, 10 cm proximal to the original stoma, was reimplanted in the abdominal wall at the same location. The pathogenesis of the malignant growth is uncertain; several possibilities as to the course of events at the ileostomy and surrounding skin are discussed.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma arising at an ileostomy site: report of a case. A case is reported of a 60-year-old man, who developed an adenocarcinoma in the abdominal wall adjoining an ileostomy. Thirty-one years previously a total colectomy was performed for ulcerative colitis. Because of extensive prolapse the ileostomy was excised 6 years before the final operation, and a fresh part of the ileum, 10 cm proximal to the original stoma, was reimplanted in the abdominal wall at the same location. The pathogenesis of the malignant growth is uncertain; several possibilities as to the course of events at the ileostomy and surrounding skin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943234", "title": "Experimental oncornavirus vaccines in the cat.", "content": "An experimental approach to the immunoprophylatic control of feline oncornavirus-mediated diseases has included induction of antivirus immunity and antibodies to the feline oncornavirus-associated membrane (tumor) antigens. A suitable model for exploring the effectiveness of killed oncornavirus vaccines in the cat has been provided by the use of feline sarcoma virus. Immunization of seven pregnant queens over a 6-week period with ultraviolet light-inactivated Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma virus resulted in significant protection among 12 kittens challenged with a tumor-forming Dose 90 at 7 days of age. This immunity was not present in kittens challenged at 35 days of age. Among 12 kittens born of queens immunized during pregnancy with ultraviolet light-inactivated Kawakami-Theilen feline leukemia virus and challenged with the same live virus at 4 days of age, significant protection was noted, ranging from prolongation of survival time to complete protection in 3 kittens. In general, the higher the antibody titer in the mother, the more effective the protection afforded the kittens. Immunization of 43 kittens during their first 5 weeks of life with the same vaccines used in adult cats did not immunize sufficiently to protect against feline sarcoma virus challenge at 5 weeks of age. Neutralizing antibody responses in these kittens were significantly lower than in pregnant queens. That kittens of this age are immunologically responsive was established, since complete protection of 9 kittens to feline sarcoma virus was obtained by immunization with a crude tumor extract inactivated with 5 to 7 megarads of gamma-irradiation. All these kittens developed feline oncornavirus-associated membrane antibodies while 3 developed demonstrable levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The results of these studies are believed indicative that killed virus vaccines and tumor vaccines can be effective immunoprophylatic measures in the control of RNA tumor virus oncogenesis in the cat. Developments in this model system should be relevant to any consideration given similar vaccines in humans.", "contents": "Experimental oncornavirus vaccines in the cat. An experimental approach to the immunoprophylatic control of feline oncornavirus-mediated diseases has included induction of antivirus immunity and antibodies to the feline oncornavirus-associated membrane (tumor) antigens. A suitable model for exploring the effectiveness of killed oncornavirus vaccines in the cat has been provided by the use of feline sarcoma virus. Immunization of seven pregnant queens over a 6-week period with ultraviolet light-inactivated Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma virus resulted in significant protection among 12 kittens challenged with a tumor-forming Dose 90 at 7 days of age. This immunity was not present in kittens challenged at 35 days of age. Among 12 kittens born of queens immunized during pregnancy with ultraviolet light-inactivated Kawakami-Theilen feline leukemia virus and challenged with the same live virus at 4 days of age, significant protection was noted, ranging from prolongation of survival time to complete protection in 3 kittens. In general, the higher the antibody titer in the mother, the more effective the protection afforded the kittens. Immunization of 43 kittens during their first 5 weeks of life with the same vaccines used in adult cats did not immunize sufficiently to protect against feline sarcoma virus challenge at 5 weeks of age. Neutralizing antibody responses in these kittens were significantly lower than in pregnant queens. That kittens of this age are immunologically responsive was established, since complete protection of 9 kittens to feline sarcoma virus was obtained by immunization with a crude tumor extract inactivated with 5 to 7 megarads of gamma-irradiation. All these kittens developed feline oncornavirus-associated membrane antibodies while 3 developed demonstrable levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The results of these studies are believed indicative that killed virus vaccines and tumor vaccines can be effective immunoprophylatic measures in the control of RNA tumor virus oncogenesis in the cat. Developments in this model system should be relevant to any consideration given similar vaccines in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:943235", "title": "Human antibodies binding to the mouse mammary tumor virus: a nonspecific reaction?", "content": "Specific rabbit antisera and over 100 human sera were found to precipitate iodinated mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV). The specificity of these reactions was tested in competitive inhibition studies. Three classes of reaction could be distinguished. The Class 1 reaction was the most specific; it could be inhibited only by MTV and was observed exclusively with rabbit anti-MTV. The Class 2 reaction was apparently against mouse cell determinants; it could be inhibited not only by MTV but also by mouse lactating mammary gland and was characteristic of rabbit anti-mouse lactating mammary gland. The Class 3 reaction was the least specific; it could be inhibited not only by MTV and mouse lactating mammary gland but also by dog milk. All of the human sera tested exhibited Class 3 reactivities.", "contents": "Human antibodies binding to the mouse mammary tumor virus: a nonspecific reaction? Specific rabbit antisera and over 100 human sera were found to precipitate iodinated mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV). The specificity of these reactions was tested in competitive inhibition studies. Three classes of reaction could be distinguished. The Class 1 reaction was the most specific; it could be inhibited only by MTV and was observed exclusively with rabbit anti-MTV. The Class 2 reaction was apparently against mouse cell determinants; it could be inhibited not only by MTV but also by mouse lactating mammary gland and was characteristic of rabbit anti-mouse lactating mammary gland. The Class 3 reaction was the least specific; it could be inhibited not only by MTV and mouse lactating mammary gland but also by dog milk. All of the human sera tested exhibited Class 3 reactivities."}
{"id": "PMID:943236", "title": "Role of the adenylate deaminase reaction in regulation of adenine nucleotide metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The regulatory properties of adenylate deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells suggest that the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme serves to protect the cell against sharp decreases in the adenylate energy charge by removing adenosine 5'-monophosphate generated when the rate of utilization of adenosine triphosphate is suddenly increased. The enzyme is effectively inhibited under normal physiological conditions of high energy charge (0.9) and 4 to 5 mM adenine nucleotide pool size. The reaction is sharply activated by a decrease in the energy charge in the physiological range (0.9 to 0.6). At low energy charge (0.6), decrease in the size of the pool causes a marked and nonlinear decrease in the rate of the deaminase reaction. This effect presumably serves to prevent excessive depletion of the adenine nucleotide pool. Calculations based on the kinetic data obtained in this study show that the AMP deaminase reaction can account for the well-established alteration of adenine nucleotide metabolism that is observed following addition of glucose or 2-deoxyglucose to intact ascites cells.", "contents": "Role of the adenylate deaminase reaction in regulation of adenine nucleotide metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The regulatory properties of adenylate deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells suggest that the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme serves to protect the cell against sharp decreases in the adenylate energy charge by removing adenosine 5'-monophosphate generated when the rate of utilization of adenosine triphosphate is suddenly increased. The enzyme is effectively inhibited under normal physiological conditions of high energy charge (0.9) and 4 to 5 mM adenine nucleotide pool size. The reaction is sharply activated by a decrease in the energy charge in the physiological range (0.9 to 0.6). At low energy charge (0.6), decrease in the size of the pool causes a marked and nonlinear decrease in the rate of the deaminase reaction. This effect presumably serves to prevent excessive depletion of the adenine nucleotide pool. Calculations based on the kinetic data obtained in this study show that the AMP deaminase reaction can account for the well-established alteration of adenine nucleotide metabolism that is observed following addition of glucose or 2-deoxyglucose to intact ascites cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943237", "title": "Kinetic correlates of methotrexate transport and therapeutic responsiveness in murine tumors.", "content": "Net accumulation of methotrexate by carrier-mediated transport in different murine tumor cells in vitro exhibits a positive correlation with the relative drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic responsiveness in these tumors in vivo. The transport of methotrexate by Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich carcinoma, P388, P288, and L1210 leukemia cells is qualitatively similar. Influx of drug exhibits saturation kinetics and is highly temperature dependent (Q10, 6.1 to 9.4). Efflux of exchangeable methotrexate from all of the different tumor cells exhibited first-order kinetics and the same high temperature dependence seen for influx (Q10, 6.1 to 8.0). The major kinetic determinant of responsiveness is the Km for influx. Values vary from 3.1 to 11.2 X 10(-6) M and are highest in cells from a nonresponsive Sarcoma 180 tumor, somewhat lower in the poorly responsive Ehrlich tumor, lower in moderately responsive P388 and P288 leukemias, and lowest in the highly responsive L1210 leukemia. Values for the influx Vmax differ to some extent, but in a manner not correlatable with responsiveness. The level of responsiveness of the P388 leukemia in vivo can also be partially attributed to an efflux rate that is lower than that measured for the other tumor cells. Steady-state levels of drug accumulation in vitro reflected influx and efflux rates and were consistently correlatable with therapeutic responsiveness. There was no significant difference in the extent to which folate and reduced 5-substituted folate derivatives compete with methotrexate for uptake in cells from all five tumors. The average value for Ki measured with folate for each tumor cell type was 50- and 80-fold higher than for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.", "contents": "Kinetic correlates of methotrexate transport and therapeutic responsiveness in murine tumors. Net accumulation of methotrexate by carrier-mediated transport in different murine tumor cells in vitro exhibits a positive correlation with the relative drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic responsiveness in these tumors in vivo. The transport of methotrexate by Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich carcinoma, P388, P288, and L1210 leukemia cells is qualitatively similar. Influx of drug exhibits saturation kinetics and is highly temperature dependent (Q10, 6.1 to 9.4). Efflux of exchangeable methotrexate from all of the different tumor cells exhibited first-order kinetics and the same high temperature dependence seen for influx (Q10, 6.1 to 8.0). The major kinetic determinant of responsiveness is the Km for influx. Values vary from 3.1 to 11.2 X 10(-6) M and are highest in cells from a nonresponsive Sarcoma 180 tumor, somewhat lower in the poorly responsive Ehrlich tumor, lower in moderately responsive P388 and P288 leukemias, and lowest in the highly responsive L1210 leukemia. Values for the influx Vmax differ to some extent, but in a manner not correlatable with responsiveness. The level of responsiveness of the P388 leukemia in vivo can also be partially attributed to an efflux rate that is lower than that measured for the other tumor cells. Steady-state levels of drug accumulation in vitro reflected influx and efflux rates and were consistently correlatable with therapeutic responsiveness. There was no significant difference in the extent to which folate and reduced 5-substituted folate derivatives compete with methotrexate for uptake in cells from all five tumors. The average value for Ki measured with folate for each tumor cell type was 50- and 80-fold higher than for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate."}
{"id": "PMID:943238", "title": "Tumorigenicity of beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate in mice.", "content": "The continuous lifetime administration of 0.015% beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate in the drinking water of Swiss mice, beginning at 6 weeks of age, gave rise to tumors of the lungs and blood vessels. As compared to untreated controls, the incidence of lung tumors rose from 21 to 56% in females and from 23 to 36% in males, while the incidence of vascular tumors increased from 5 to 44% in females and from 6 to 8% in males. Statistically, the increased incidence of tumors of lungs and blood vessels in females appears to be significant. The treatment had no statistically significant effect on the development of tumors in males. Histopathological examination revealed the characteristic appearance of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the lungs, and angioma and angiosarcoma of blood vessels. This study reports for the first time the tumorigenicity of beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate, which is currently used to treat mental depression.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate in mice. The continuous lifetime administration of 0.015% beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate in the drinking water of Swiss mice, beginning at 6 weeks of age, gave rise to tumors of the lungs and blood vessels. As compared to untreated controls, the incidence of lung tumors rose from 21 to 56% in females and from 23 to 36% in males, while the incidence of vascular tumors increased from 5 to 44% in females and from 6 to 8% in males. Statistically, the increased incidence of tumors of lungs and blood vessels in females appears to be significant. The treatment had no statistically significant effect on the development of tumors in males. Histopathological examination revealed the characteristic appearance of adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the lungs, and angioma and angiosarcoma of blood vessels. This study reports for the first time the tumorigenicity of beta-phenylethylhydrazine sulfate, which is currently used to treat mental depression."}
{"id": "PMID:943239", "title": "Pharmacomorphological study of denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in Porichthys photophores.", "content": "The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the bioluminescent response of Porichthys photophores were investigated as part of a pharmacological study of the neural control of luminescence in this fish. Subcutaneous injections of 6-OHDA induce a luminescent response similar to that of norepinephrine (NE), suggesting a sympathomimetic action. The luminescent response to electrical stimulation is almost completely and irreversibly abolished within 24 hours following low-dose treatment of the photophores with 6-OHDA, while the sensitivity of these organs to exogenous NE is increased significantly over the few days post-treatment. During this period the photophores continously emitted a steady low-level glow. Electronmicroscopic studies of such photophores revealed progressive destruction of the nerve endings. Photophore luminescent sensitivty to NE subsequently became sub-normal, and at this stage electron microscopy revealed an increasingly larger number of damaged photocytes, supportive cells and, in one case, lens cells. From these results it is suggested that 6-OHDA initially impairs neuro-photocyte transmission by destroying catecholaminergic nerve endings. In turn, the transmitter reuptake mechanism is also impaired, thus accounting for development of supersensitive responses to exogenous NE. Subnormal luminescent responses to NE appear as a result of loss of photocyte competence due to structural deterioration. The latter are interpreted as the consequence of removal of trophic factors supplied by the photophore adrenergic innervation. Suppression of luminescent response to both electrical stimulation and exogenous NE in photophores treated with higher doses of 6-OHDA, may be due to a direct effect of this drug on the receptor sites of the photocytes.", "contents": "Pharmacomorphological study of denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in Porichthys photophores. The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the bioluminescent response of Porichthys photophores were investigated as part of a pharmacological study of the neural control of luminescence in this fish. Subcutaneous injections of 6-OHDA induce a luminescent response similar to that of norepinephrine (NE), suggesting a sympathomimetic action. The luminescent response to electrical stimulation is almost completely and irreversibly abolished within 24 hours following low-dose treatment of the photophores with 6-OHDA, while the sensitivity of these organs to exogenous NE is increased significantly over the few days post-treatment. During this period the photophores continously emitted a steady low-level glow. Electronmicroscopic studies of such photophores revealed progressive destruction of the nerve endings. Photophore luminescent sensitivty to NE subsequently became sub-normal, and at this stage electron microscopy revealed an increasingly larger number of damaged photocytes, supportive cells and, in one case, lens cells. From these results it is suggested that 6-OHDA initially impairs neuro-photocyte transmission by destroying catecholaminergic nerve endings. In turn, the transmitter reuptake mechanism is also impaired, thus accounting for development of supersensitive responses to exogenous NE. Subnormal luminescent responses to NE appear as a result of loss of photocyte competence due to structural deterioration. The latter are interpreted as the consequence of removal of trophic factors supplied by the photophore adrenergic innervation. Suppression of luminescent response to both electrical stimulation and exogenous NE in photophores treated with higher doses of 6-OHDA, may be due to a direct effect of this drug on the receptor sites of the photocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:943241", "title": "[Study of the Rhodotorula rubra cell wall. VII Influence of chloramphenicol on its morphology and phosphatase activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Rh. rubra grown in the presence of chloramphenicol (500 mug/ml of medium) displayed morphological and biological changes, including formation of aberrant mitochondria with altered cristae, increase of the ratio fundamental element/mucilaginous sheath and electron-transparent regions in the cell walls. After treatment of the yeast with trypsin or beta-glucanase complex, acid and alkaline phosphatases remained localised within the cell wall, but the effect of the degradative enzymes on the activity of the phosphatses differed in cells grown in the presence of chloramphenicol and those grown without the antibiotic. The data suggest that chloramphenicol induced either structural fragility or increased permeability of the cell walls.", "contents": "[Study of the Rhodotorula rubra cell wall. VII Influence of chloramphenicol on its morphology and phosphatase activity (author's transl)]. Rh. rubra grown in the presence of chloramphenicol (500 mug/ml of medium) displayed morphological and biological changes, including formation of aberrant mitochondria with altered cristae, increase of the ratio fundamental element/mucilaginous sheath and electron-transparent regions in the cell walls. After treatment of the yeast with trypsin or beta-glucanase complex, acid and alkaline phosphatases remained localised within the cell wall, but the effect of the degradative enzymes on the activity of the phosphatses differed in cells grown in the presence of chloramphenicol and those grown without the antibiotic. The data suggest that chloramphenicol induced either structural fragility or increased permeability of the cell walls."}
{"id": "PMID:943242", "title": "Natural history of myocardial infarction and its prodromal syndromes.", "content": "Angiographic studies have shown that the severity of obstructive coronary artery disease is a major facor determining mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. The symptomatic presentation of patients with coronary artery disease appears to be less important in determining survival than the extent of coronary artery narrowing. The extent of left ventricular dysfunction is a second major factor that determines survival. The extent of myocardial damage is also important in determining survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Infarct extension has been found to be a frequent occurrence in patients with acute anterior transmural infarction. Since infarct extension often occurs several days after hospital admission, an opportunity may exist to apply therapeutic interventions prophylactically to prevent or limit this additional myocardial loss. To limit the extent of myocardial damage that results from infarction may also help to reduce the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias that occur in the second week after infarction, since these arrhythmias are associated with relatively high peak CPK values and a low left ventricular ejection fraction. Studies in patients with acute nontransmural infarction suggest that infarct size may not be the major factor that affects long term survival but other factors, possibly the extent of coronary artery narrowing, may be important. Although in-hospital mortality following acute infarction may have been altered over the past decade by coronary care units, there is little to suggest that prehospital or late mortality following hospital discharge have been altered. If overall mortality associated with infarction is to be reduced, therapeutic interventions to reduce both the extent of myocardial damage and extent or effect of severe coronary artery narrowing will have to be more vigorously applied in the future.", "contents": "Natural history of myocardial infarction and its prodromal syndromes. Angiographic studies have shown that the severity of obstructive coronary artery disease is a major facor determining mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. The symptomatic presentation of patients with coronary artery disease appears to be less important in determining survival than the extent of coronary artery narrowing. The extent of left ventricular dysfunction is a second major factor that determines survival. The extent of myocardial damage is also important in determining survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Infarct extension has been found to be a frequent occurrence in patients with acute anterior transmural infarction. Since infarct extension often occurs several days after hospital admission, an opportunity may exist to apply therapeutic interventions prophylactically to prevent or limit this additional myocardial loss. To limit the extent of myocardial damage that results from infarction may also help to reduce the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias that occur in the second week after infarction, since these arrhythmias are associated with relatively high peak CPK values and a low left ventricular ejection fraction. Studies in patients with acute nontransmural infarction suggest that infarct size may not be the major factor that affects long term survival but other factors, possibly the extent of coronary artery narrowing, may be important. Although in-hospital mortality following acute infarction may have been altered over the past decade by coronary care units, there is little to suggest that prehospital or late mortality following hospital discharge have been altered. If overall mortality associated with infarction is to be reduced, therapeutic interventions to reduce both the extent of myocardial damage and extent or effect of severe coronary artery narrowing will have to be more vigorously applied in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:943254", "title": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (PA) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and hypertension.", "content": "Patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and mild hypertension show a consistent behaviour in their renin-aldosterone-system. There is a close correlation between the elevation of mean blood pressure and destruction of glomeruli. No correlation has been found between renin values and the degree of hypertension. Thus the cuase of mild hypertension occurring in the early stages of chronic GN remains to be elucidated. Normal PRA values in spite of hypertension and expansion of ECFV accompaning progression of chronic glomerulonephritis could be a sign of \"relative hyperreninemia\". Apparently various mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. These include sodium retention, increased cardiac output. anemia, renin, aldosterone, prostaglandins, expanded plasma volume and peripheral vasoconstriction. These factors are more or less active in the different stages of hypertension and renal failure.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (PA) in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and hypertension. Patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and mild hypertension show a consistent behaviour in their renin-aldosterone-system. There is a close correlation between the elevation of mean blood pressure and destruction of glomeruli. No correlation has been found between renin values and the degree of hypertension. Thus the cuase of mild hypertension occurring in the early stages of chronic GN remains to be elucidated. Normal PRA values in spite of hypertension and expansion of ECFV accompaning progression of chronic glomerulonephritis could be a sign of \"relative hyperreninemia\". Apparently various mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. These include sodium retention, increased cardiac output. anemia, renin, aldosterone, prostaglandins, expanded plasma volume and peripheral vasoconstriction. These factors are more or less active in the different stages of hypertension and renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:943256", "title": "Normal pregnancy and delivery following total hip joint replacement.", "content": "Total joint replacement procedures should be restricted to older individuals or persons with limited physical activities or life expectancy. However, on occasion a total joint replacement may be the only means to avoid serious disability in a young, otherwise healthy individual. This report of a 19-year-old woman who underwent a total hip joint replacement following unsuccessful treatment of a severely comminuted intracapsular hip fracture. Subsequent to the total hip joint replacement the patient experienced a normal pregnancy and delivery.", "contents": "Normal pregnancy and delivery following total hip joint replacement. Total joint replacement procedures should be restricted to older individuals or persons with limited physical activities or life expectancy. However, on occasion a total joint replacement may be the only means to avoid serious disability in a young, otherwise healthy individual. This report of a 19-year-old woman who underwent a total hip joint replacement following unsuccessful treatment of a severely comminuted intracapsular hip fracture. Subsequent to the total hip joint replacement the patient experienced a normal pregnancy and delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:943255", "title": "Transient osteoporosis of the hip in pregnancy.", "content": "A patient is presented with transient osteoporosis of the hip occurring in the third trimester of pregnancy. This syndrome is characterized by hip pain, limited motion, and osteoporosis of the femoral head with preservation of the joint space. The syndrome is self-limited with full recovery in three months to one year. Treatment is symptomatic with bedrest, protected weight-bearing, and analgesics as needed. The cause of this syndrome remains unknown.", "contents": "Transient osteoporosis of the hip in pregnancy. A patient is presented with transient osteoporosis of the hip occurring in the third trimester of pregnancy. This syndrome is characterized by hip pain, limited motion, and osteoporosis of the femoral head with preservation of the joint space. The syndrome is self-limited with full recovery in three months to one year. Treatment is symptomatic with bedrest, protected weight-bearing, and analgesics as needed. The cause of this syndrome remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:943257", "title": "Uni-compartment total knee replacement.", "content": "Twelve patients with uni-compartment total knee replacement were followed for a period of 12 to 30 months with an average follow-up of 19 months. Results in 11 out of 12 patients suggest that this operation is an alternative to high tibial osteotomy or hemiarthroplasty in selected patients. Long term end result studies are necessary to evaluate uni-compartment total knee replacement as a durable procedure for the management of knee arthritis.", "contents": "Uni-compartment total knee replacement. Twelve patients with uni-compartment total knee replacement were followed for a period of 12 to 30 months with an average follow-up of 19 months. Results in 11 out of 12 patients suggest that this operation is an alternative to high tibial osteotomy or hemiarthroplasty in selected patients. Long term end result studies are necessary to evaluate uni-compartment total knee replacement as a durable procedure for the management of knee arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:943258", "title": "Water soluble contrast myelography in spinal canal stenosis and nerve entrapment.", "content": "The use of water soluble contrast medium for myelography in lumbar spinal stenosis is illustrated in 4 typical cases. It is particularly useful in demonstrating lateral types of nerve root entrapment.", "contents": "Water soluble contrast myelography in spinal canal stenosis and nerve entrapment. The use of water soluble contrast medium for myelography in lumbar spinal stenosis is illustrated in 4 typical cases. It is particularly useful in demonstrating lateral types of nerve root entrapment."}
{"id": "PMID:943269", "title": "The painful scrotum: torsion vs epididymo-orchitis.", "content": "In summary, an acute disorder of the scrotum in a child without previous urologic history must be viewed as torsion until proved otherwise by surgical exploration. No deleterious effects have been reported from such an approach, which requires a minimal period of hospitalization and little discomfort to the child. The shorter the interval between the onset of symptoms and surgical exploration, the greater the likelihood that the testicle will be viable later. The diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis in a healthy child without a history of urologic abnormality or evidence of lower urinary tract infection has no place in the differential diagnosis of the child with the painful scrotum.", "contents": "The painful scrotum: torsion vs epididymo-orchitis. In summary, an acute disorder of the scrotum in a child without previous urologic history must be viewed as torsion until proved otherwise by surgical exploration. No deleterious effects have been reported from such an approach, which requires a minimal period of hospitalization and little discomfort to the child. The shorter the interval between the onset of symptoms and surgical exploration, the greater the likelihood that the testicle will be viable later. The diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis in a healthy child without a history of urologic abnormality or evidence of lower urinary tract infection has no place in the differential diagnosis of the child with the painful scrotum."}
{"id": "PMID:943270", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip--diagnostic screening and treatment. A comparative study of two populations of infants and children.", "content": "To understand why congenital dislocated hip (CDH) was diagnosed late (mean age: nine months) in children admitted to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), 714 consecutive CHOP admissions, aged zero to two years, and 947 consecutive newborns delivered at the Hospital, University of Pennsylvania (HUP) were examined for CDH. The expected frequency of CDH was found at HUP. At CHOP, the children had a higher incidence of CDH, many with associated congenital anomalies, their hips were more difficult to examine, the hospital records contained few references to hip examinations. Had these children's hips been formally examined at birth, the delay in diagnosis might have been eliminated and treatment might have been easier and more successful.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip--diagnostic screening and treatment. A comparative study of two populations of infants and children. To understand why congenital dislocated hip (CDH) was diagnosed late (mean age: nine months) in children admitted to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), 714 consecutive CHOP admissions, aged zero to two years, and 947 consecutive newborns delivered at the Hospital, University of Pennsylvania (HUP) were examined for CDH. The expected frequency of CDH was found at HUP. At CHOP, the children had a higher incidence of CDH, many with associated congenital anomalies, their hips were more difficult to examine, the hospital records contained few references to hip examinations. Had these children's hips been formally examined at birth, the delay in diagnosis might have been eliminated and treatment might have been easier and more successful."}
{"id": "PMID:943271", "title": "The reliability of maternal recall. Mother's remembrance of their infant's health and illness.", "content": "Fifty-nine mothers were asked, when their babies were nine months of age, to recall the baby's birth date, birth weight, last recorded weight, past illnesses, illness visits, well-baby visits, and immunization history. These responses were checked against the data recorded in the baby's clinical records to determine the accuracy of the mothers' recall. Maternal education did affect the accuracy of recall while maternal age, race, and the sex and birth order of the baby did not. Health and illness related historical events require ongoing documentation in some easily retrievable form if they are to be relied upon by physicians and medical investigators when providing care or conducting research.", "contents": "The reliability of maternal recall. Mother's remembrance of their infant's health and illness. Fifty-nine mothers were asked, when their babies were nine months of age, to recall the baby's birth date, birth weight, last recorded weight, past illnesses, illness visits, well-baby visits, and immunization history. These responses were checked against the data recorded in the baby's clinical records to determine the accuracy of the mothers' recall. Maternal education did affect the accuracy of recall while maternal age, race, and the sex and birth order of the baby did not. Health and illness related historical events require ongoing documentation in some easily retrievable form if they are to be relied upon by physicians and medical investigators when providing care or conducting research."}
{"id": "PMID:943273", "title": "Estimation of the resting reflex hypoxic drive to respiration in patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration.", "content": "1. Oxygen breath tests were performed in nine patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration whose resting arterial PO2 (Pa, O2) ranged from 8-9 kPa to 11-8 kPa. The inspired air was suddenly replaced with oxygen for 30 s and the percentage fall in ventilation over the last 10 s was measured. 2. Pa,O2 rose rapidly and exceeded 16 kPa within 20 s in each patient. 3. The ventilation fell significantly in seven of the nine patients. It is concluded that these seven patients had a demonstrable reflex hypoxic respiratory drive at rest. This tended to be greatest in patients with the lowest Pa, O2. The percentage falls in ventilation observed were similar to those previously reported at comparable Pa, O2 levels in patients with chronic bronchitis. 4. The resting arterial PCO2 (Pa,CO2) ranged from 5-0 to 5-8 kPa. It did not change by more than 0-3 kPa during the oxygen breath tests in any patient.", "contents": "Estimation of the resting reflex hypoxic drive to respiration in patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration. 1. Oxygen breath tests were performed in nine patients with diffuse pulmonary infiltration whose resting arterial PO2 (Pa, O2) ranged from 8-9 kPa to 11-8 kPa. The inspired air was suddenly replaced with oxygen for 30 s and the percentage fall in ventilation over the last 10 s was measured. 2. Pa,O2 rose rapidly and exceeded 16 kPa within 20 s in each patient. 3. The ventilation fell significantly in seven of the nine patients. It is concluded that these seven patients had a demonstrable reflex hypoxic respiratory drive at rest. This tended to be greatest in patients with the lowest Pa, O2. The percentage falls in ventilation observed were similar to those previously reported at comparable Pa, O2 levels in patients with chronic bronchitis. 4. The resting arterial PCO2 (Pa,CO2) ranged from 5-0 to 5-8 kPa. It did not change by more than 0-3 kPa during the oxygen breath tests in any patient."}
{"id": "PMID:943274", "title": "The pressure-volume relationship in normotensive and permanent essential hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, blood volume and renal blood flow were determined in 101 men; forty-three were normal subjects and fifty-eight were untreated permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and equilibrated sodium balance. 2. A significant negative pressure-volume relationship was observed overall. The relationship could be expressed as a hyperbola whose slope expressed the reduction in blood volume per unit rise in pressure: the higher the blood pressure, the lower the slope. Thus essential hypertensive subjects have a smaller decrement in blood volume per unit rise in pressure than normal subjects. 3. The relation between change in blood volume and change in pressure was confirmed in each individual by defining for each a ration deltaV/deltaP, statistically identical with the hyperbolic slope dV/dP. The deltaV/deltaP ratio was found to be well correlated with the renal blood flow and the creatinine clearance. No correlation existed between the total blood volume and these two renal parameters. 4. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates a blood volume regulation disturbance in essential hypertension and provides evidence from human studies that a renal defect accompanies high blood pressure.", "contents": "The pressure-volume relationship in normotensive and permanent essential hypertensive patients. 1. Blood pressure, blood volume and renal blood flow were determined in 101 men; forty-three were normal subjects and fifty-eight were untreated permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and equilibrated sodium balance. 2. A significant negative pressure-volume relationship was observed overall. The relationship could be expressed as a hyperbola whose slope expressed the reduction in blood volume per unit rise in pressure: the higher the blood pressure, the lower the slope. Thus essential hypertensive subjects have a smaller decrement in blood volume per unit rise in pressure than normal subjects. 3. The relation between change in blood volume and change in pressure was confirmed in each individual by defining for each a ration deltaV/deltaP, statistically identical with the hyperbolic slope dV/dP. The deltaV/deltaP ratio was found to be well correlated with the renal blood flow and the creatinine clearance. No correlation existed between the total blood volume and these two renal parameters. 4. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates a blood volume regulation disturbance in essential hypertension and provides evidence from human studies that a renal defect accompanies high blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:943276", "title": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a cat.", "content": "A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic and anterior pelvic urethra of a cat is presented. Primary urinarty tract neoplasms in the cat are rare, and transitional cell carcinoma with major involvement of the urethra has not been previously reported. The appearance and location of this tumor made differentiation from a prostatic carcinoma difficult. The clinical presentation consisted of emaciation, constipation, anorexia, and hematuria.", "contents": "Transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a cat. A case of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic and anterior pelvic urethra of a cat is presented. Primary urinarty tract neoplasms in the cat are rare, and transitional cell carcinoma with major involvement of the urethra has not been previously reported. The appearance and location of this tumor made differentiation from a prostatic carcinoma difficult. The clinical presentation consisted of emaciation, constipation, anorexia, and hematuria."}
{"id": "PMID:943277", "title": "Failure of attenuated canine distemper virus (Rockborn strain) to suppress lymphocyte blastogenesis in dogs.", "content": "The attenuated Rockborn strain of canine distemper virus is commonly used in commercial vaccines. Since immunosuppression is a common feature of virulent (Snyder Hill) distemper virus infection of the dog, an evaluation of the cellular immune functions of dogs given inoculums of the less virulent Rockborn strain was done using lymphocyte blastogenesis responses to various mitogens. Unlike the viruslent Snyder Hill strain, the attenuated distemper virus did not alter lymphocyte blastogenesis responses to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) which are considered in vitro correlates of T and B cell immunity.", "contents": "Failure of attenuated canine distemper virus (Rockborn strain) to suppress lymphocyte blastogenesis in dogs. The attenuated Rockborn strain of canine distemper virus is commonly used in commercial vaccines. Since immunosuppression is a common feature of virulent (Snyder Hill) distemper virus infection of the dog, an evaluation of the cellular immune functions of dogs given inoculums of the less virulent Rockborn strain was done using lymphocyte blastogenesis responses to various mitogens. Unlike the viruslent Snyder Hill strain, the attenuated distemper virus did not alter lymphocyte blastogenesis responses to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) which are considered in vitro correlates of T and B cell immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:943278", "title": "Rectal mucosal stripping: a technique for preservation of the rectum after total colectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Rectal mucosal stripping is a technique for removal of diseased tissue secondary to chronic ulcerative colitis. It is a technique for the preservation of a functional rectum following a total colectomy. Subsequent mucosal regeneration can allow ileorectal anastomosis without fear of recurrent disease and with maintenance of general health and acceptable gastrointestinal tract function.", "contents": "Rectal mucosal stripping: a technique for preservation of the rectum after total colectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis. Rectal mucosal stripping is a technique for removal of diseased tissue secondary to chronic ulcerative colitis. It is a technique for the preservation of a functional rectum following a total colectomy. Subsequent mucosal regeneration can allow ileorectal anastomosis without fear of recurrent disease and with maintenance of general health and acceptable gastrointestinal tract function."}
{"id": "PMID:943279", "title": "Colorectal schistosomiasis: report of three cases.", "content": "The facility for mass movement of segments of our world populations creates the need for physicians to recognize and manage diseases not seen in native patients. Such a need has occurred in New York City, where schistosomiasis, with its protean manifestations has been seen with increasing frequency. The cases of three patients who had different clinical manifestations of infestation by S. mansoni are presented. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features are discussed. To avoid delay in treatment, physicians must consider the possibility of this disorder in cases of patients from areas of endemic schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Colorectal schistosomiasis: report of three cases. The facility for mass movement of segments of our world populations creates the need for physicians to recognize and manage diseases not seen in native patients. Such a need has occurred in New York City, where schistosomiasis, with its protean manifestations has been seen with increasing frequency. The cases of three patients who had different clinical manifestations of infestation by S. mansoni are presented. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features are discussed. To avoid delay in treatment, physicians must consider the possibility of this disorder in cases of patients from areas of endemic schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:943280", "title": "Benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube with rupture into the rectum: report of a unique rectal tumor.", "content": "Solid teratoma of the fallopian tube is rare. A case of a benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube that ruptured into the rectum is presented. This is believed to be the first report of this occurrence, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of the rectal mass. Any suspicion of this lesion should mitigate against a posterior approach for resection, as the rectum can be expected to be fixed to other pelvic viscera.", "contents": "Benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube with rupture into the rectum: report of a unique rectal tumor. Solid teratoma of the fallopian tube is rare. A case of a benign solid teratoma of the fallopian tube that ruptured into the rectum is presented. This is believed to be the first report of this occurrence, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of the rectal mass. Any suspicion of this lesion should mitigate against a posterior approach for resection, as the rectum can be expected to be fixed to other pelvic viscera."}
{"id": "PMID:943281", "title": "Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder.", "content": "The relationship between premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder was investigated, using 81 women presenting to a Neurology Clinic with functional headache. Premenstrual affective syndrome was significantly associated with a history of depressive syndrome in the population studied. Patients judged to have a non-affective psychiatric disorder reported no greater frequency of definite or probable premenstrual affective syndrome than patients considered psychiatrically normal. The premenstrual occurrence or exacerbation of affective symptoms has been noted. This symptom exacerbation maybe sufficient to require hospitalization. Data presented by Coppen indicate that women with affective disorder are more likely to report the premenstrual symptom of depression than women with other psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual affective symptoms. As part of a larger study on the personality and psychiatric correlates of functional headache, data on the relationship between depressive syndrome and premenstrual affective symptoms were obtained.", "contents": "Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder. The relationship between premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder was investigated, using 81 women presenting to a Neurology Clinic with functional headache. Premenstrual affective syndrome was significantly associated with a history of depressive syndrome in the population studied. Patients judged to have a non-affective psychiatric disorder reported no greater frequency of definite or probable premenstrual affective syndrome than patients considered psychiatrically normal. The premenstrual occurrence or exacerbation of affective symptoms has been noted. This symptom exacerbation maybe sufficient to require hospitalization. Data presented by Coppen indicate that women with affective disorder are more likely to report the premenstrual symptom of depression than women with other psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual affective symptoms. As part of a larger study on the personality and psychiatric correlates of functional headache, data on the relationship between depressive syndrome and premenstrual affective symptoms were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:943282", "title": "Quitting marijuana.", "content": "Marijuana quitters, continuing users and never-users were compared. Never-users are found to be more conservative, traditional, and strongly identified with their parental role models. Continuing users are more unconventional, involved in risk-taking behavior, and lacking a stable identity. Quitters are intermediate in cultural attitudes and stance. They have the highest rate of determined ego identify, but have more often reported problems with intimacy and have more often sought help for emotional problems. Three types of quitters are identified: the experimenter whose use was a social accident, the ex-rebel who used marijuana during the post adolescent stage of psychosocial moratorium, and the emotionally fragile individual for whom marijuana was psychologically threatening.", "contents": "Quitting marijuana. Marijuana quitters, continuing users and never-users were compared. Never-users are found to be more conservative, traditional, and strongly identified with their parental role models. Continuing users are more unconventional, involved in risk-taking behavior, and lacking a stable identity. Quitters are intermediate in cultural attitudes and stance. They have the highest rate of determined ego identify, but have more often reported problems with intimacy and have more often sought help for emotional problems. Three types of quitters are identified: the experimenter whose use was a social accident, the ex-rebel who used marijuana during the post adolescent stage of psychosocial moratorium, and the emotionally fragile individual for whom marijuana was psychologically threatening."}
{"id": "PMID:943283", "title": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma (clinical stages I and II) (author's transl)].", "content": "The uncorrected cumulative five-year survival rate (\"actuarial method\") among 195 patients with infiltrative malignant melanoma of the skin was 58% (160 cases) in clinical stage I, 26% (35 cases) in clinical stage II. In addition to clinical staging, microstaging - i.e. the histologically determined depth of invasion of the primary tumour - is of great prognostic significance. In microstages 2 and 3 with the largest vertical tumour diameter below 0.76 mm, five-year survival rate was 100% while in microstage 3 with greater vertical tumour diameter it was 66% in microstage 4 55% and microstage 5 31%. Results of treatment can be reliably interpreted only if they are divided according to microstage. Propylactic dissection of the regional lymph-nodes (dissection in clinical stage I) need not be undertaken in microstages 2 and 3 with vertical tumours diameter below 0.76 mm. Whether prophylactic dissection was done in one or two sessions has apprarently no significant influence on survival rate. A single X-radiation dose to the primary tumour of 4 000 -6000 R immediately before excision of the tumour did not significantly increase the results. The results were particularly bad when the primary tumour was removed after inadequate manipulation.", "contents": "[Treatment of malignant melanoma (clinical stages I and II) (author's transl)]. The uncorrected cumulative five-year survival rate (\"actuarial method\") among 195 patients with infiltrative malignant melanoma of the skin was 58% (160 cases) in clinical stage I, 26% (35 cases) in clinical stage II. In addition to clinical staging, microstaging - i.e. the histologically determined depth of invasion of the primary tumour - is of great prognostic significance. In microstages 2 and 3 with the largest vertical tumour diameter below 0.76 mm, five-year survival rate was 100% while in microstage 3 with greater vertical tumour diameter it was 66% in microstage 4 55% and microstage 5 31%. Results of treatment can be reliably interpreted only if they are divided according to microstage. Propylactic dissection of the regional lymph-nodes (dissection in clinical stage I) need not be undertaken in microstages 2 and 3 with vertical tumours diameter below 0.76 mm. Whether prophylactic dissection was done in one or two sessions has apprarently no significant influence on survival rate. A single X-radiation dose to the primary tumour of 4 000 -6000 R immediately before excision of the tumour did not significantly increase the results. The results were particularly bad when the primary tumour was removed after inadequate manipulation."}
{"id": "PMID:943284", "title": "[Decrease in twin births in the german federal republic (author's transl)].", "content": "The decrease in the frequency of twin births depends solely on the decrease of dizygotic twins (ZZ). Examination of birth registration forms in Baden-W\u00fcrtemberg from 1955 to 1972 showed that the decrease of ZZ births is only partially due to changes in maternal age and parity. On the other hand one can assume that the proportion of women with genetically determined increased fertility, to whom ZZ mothers largely belong, is reduced among mothers due to widespread contraceptive practice so that ZZ births are also rarer. In addition, the possibility that ovulation inhibitors may have a negative influence on the numbers of double ovulations must also be considered.", "contents": "[Decrease in twin births in the german federal republic (author's transl)]. The decrease in the frequency of twin births depends solely on the decrease of dizygotic twins (ZZ). Examination of birth registration forms in Baden-W\u00fcrtemberg from 1955 to 1972 showed that the decrease of ZZ births is only partially due to changes in maternal age and parity. On the other hand one can assume that the proportion of women with genetically determined increased fertility, to whom ZZ mothers largely belong, is reduced among mothers due to widespread contraceptive practice so that ZZ births are also rarer. In addition, the possibility that ovulation inhibitors may have a negative influence on the numbers of double ovulations must also be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:943285", "title": "[Multiple myeloma with monoclonal IgE gammopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 48-year-old female patient with monoclonal gammopathy and histologically proven plasmocytoma IgE could be demonstrated in bone marrow plasma cells by means of direct immunofluorescence. Immunoelectrophoresis showed a light-chain type chi. Radiographically diffuse osteolytic skeletal lesions were found. Bence-Jones proteinuria and plasma cell leukaemia were absent. This patient represents the fourth recognized case of IgE myeloma. The chi/lambda ratio in IgE myeloma is 1:1 according to present knowledge.", "contents": "[Multiple myeloma with monoclonal IgE gammopathy (author's transl)]. In a 48-year-old female patient with monoclonal gammopathy and histologically proven plasmocytoma IgE could be demonstrated in bone marrow plasma cells by means of direct immunofluorescence. Immunoelectrophoresis showed a light-chain type chi. Radiographically diffuse osteolytic skeletal lesions were found. Bence-Jones proteinuria and plasma cell leukaemia were absent. This patient represents the fourth recognized case of IgE myeloma. The chi/lambda ratio in IgE myeloma is 1:1 according to present knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:943286", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism of the testicular feminizing type in a horse.", "content": "Features characteristic of the hereditary syndrome of testicular feminization (tfm) were observed in a 7-year-old Quarter Horse. The horse had female body habitus and male psychosexual behaviour. Gonads located in the abdomen were testes and the uterus and cervix were absent. The vagina was normal in depth but ended as a blind pocket. The sex chromosome composition of testicular fibroblast and leucocyte cultures was XY. Construction of a family pedigree revealed a pattern of hereditary transmission similar to that reported for tfm in other mammalian species.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism of the testicular feminizing type in a horse. Features characteristic of the hereditary syndrome of testicular feminization (tfm) were observed in a 7-year-old Quarter Horse. The horse had female body habitus and male psychosexual behaviour. Gonads located in the abdomen were testes and the uterus and cervix were absent. The vagina was normal in depth but ended as a blind pocket. The sex chromosome composition of testicular fibroblast and leucocyte cultures was XY. Construction of a family pedigree revealed a pattern of hereditary transmission similar to that reported for tfm in other mammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:943287", "title": "The treatment of equine skin infections using topical Trichlorocarbanilide.", "content": "Skin scrapings from clinical cases of equine skin disorder were examined by culture to determine the micro-organisms involved. In-vitro and in-vivo studies were then made to determine the efficacy of Trichloro-carbanilide as a topical treatment for these cases. The laboratory findings and results of treatment are described, and the value of Trichlorocarbanilide in cases of bacterial, actinomycete and fungal infection assessed.", "contents": "The treatment of equine skin infections using topical Trichlorocarbanilide. Skin scrapings from clinical cases of equine skin disorder were examined by culture to determine the micro-organisms involved. In-vitro and in-vivo studies were then made to determine the efficacy of Trichloro-carbanilide as a topical treatment for these cases. The laboratory findings and results of treatment are described, and the value of Trichlorocarbanilide in cases of bacterial, actinomycete and fungal infection assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:943288", "title": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay. Conjugation of rabbit anti-(human immunoglobulin G) antibody with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and its use for human immunoglobulin G assay.", "content": "Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) was reduced by incubating with 10 mM 2-mercaptoethylamine and then treated with excess amounts of N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide. As a result, maleimide residues were introduced into rabbit IgG molecules. Rabbit IgG containing maleimide residues could be coupled to beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli which has sulfhydryl groups in the molecule. The resulting rabbit IgG (antibody)-enzyme complex may be useful for immunoassay of antigens. As an example, human IgG was assayed by the sandwich method using the rabbit anti-(human IgG) IgG-beta-D-galactosidase complex and amounts of human IgG as small as 3 fmoles were measurable.", "contents": "Enzyme-linked immunoassay. Conjugation of rabbit anti-(human immunoglobulin G) antibody with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and its use for human immunoglobulin G assay. Rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) was reduced by incubating with 10 mM 2-mercaptoethylamine and then treated with excess amounts of N,N'-o-phenylenedimaleimide. As a result, maleimide residues were introduced into rabbit IgG molecules. Rabbit IgG containing maleimide residues could be coupled to beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli which has sulfhydryl groups in the molecule. The resulting rabbit IgG (antibody)-enzyme complex may be useful for immunoassay of antigens. As an example, human IgG was assayed by the sandwich method using the rabbit anti-(human IgG) IgG-beta-D-galactosidase complex and amounts of human IgG as small as 3 fmoles were measurable."}
{"id": "PMID:943289", "title": "Effect of rubidium on responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation and to noradrenaline.", "content": "The effects of 2 mM RbCl on adrenergic transmission in rabbit vas deferens were investigated. Rubidium, but not potassium, markedly potentiated the sustained, secondary contractile response to transmural stimulation at 2--16 Hz. This effect was not abolished by indomethacin. Significant spontaneous desensitization to (--)-noradrenaline occurred, but this was prevented by the addition of 2 mM RbCl or KCl. Addition of 2 mM RbCl, but not of 2 mM KCl, significantly increased the amount of [3H] (+/-)-metaraminol released on transmural stimulation at 5 Hz, without affecting the uptake of [3H] (+/-)-metaraminol over a 30 min period. It is suggested that rubidium mainly potentiated responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation by increasing transmitter release, possibly as a result of prolongation of the action potential.", "contents": "Effect of rubidium on responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation and to noradrenaline. The effects of 2 mM RbCl on adrenergic transmission in rabbit vas deferens were investigated. Rubidium, but not potassium, markedly potentiated the sustained, secondary contractile response to transmural stimulation at 2--16 Hz. This effect was not abolished by indomethacin. Significant spontaneous desensitization to (--)-noradrenaline occurred, but this was prevented by the addition of 2 mM RbCl or KCl. Addition of 2 mM RbCl, but not of 2 mM KCl, significantly increased the amount of [3H] (+/-)-metaraminol released on transmural stimulation at 5 Hz, without affecting the uptake of [3H] (+/-)-metaraminol over a 30 min period. It is suggested that rubidium mainly potentiated responses of rabbit vas deferens to transmural stimulation by increasing transmitter release, possibly as a result of prolongation of the action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:943290", "title": "Aporphines. 15. Action of aporphine alkaloids on dopaminergic mechanisms in rat brain.", "content": "Of eleven aporphine analogues tested on striatal adenylate cyclase only (-)-apomorphine and (+/-)-N-n-propyl-norapomorphine (+/-(NPA)) were effective in stimulating the cyclase from rat brain. Inactive compounds included (+/-)-isoapomorphine, (-)-1,2-dihydroxyaporphine and (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine. (+)-Bulbocapnine was an effective antagonist of the stimulating effects of dopamine or (-)-apomorphine on striatal adenylate cyclase. Injection of (-)-apomorphine into the lateral ventricle of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway caused the animals to rotate away from the side of the lesion. Intraventricular injection of 25 mug (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine was ineffective in producing rotation. The results are discussed in relation to the structural requirements for CNS dopamine receptor agonists.", "contents": "Aporphines. 15. Action of aporphine alkaloids on dopaminergic mechanisms in rat brain. Of eleven aporphine analogues tested on striatal adenylate cyclase only (-)-apomorphine and (+/-)-N-n-propyl-norapomorphine (+/-(NPA)) were effective in stimulating the cyclase from rat brain. Inactive compounds included (+/-)-isoapomorphine, (-)-1,2-dihydroxyaporphine and (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine. (+)-Bulbocapnine was an effective antagonist of the stimulating effects of dopamine or (-)-apomorphine on striatal adenylate cyclase. Injection of (-)-apomorphine into the lateral ventricle of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway caused the animals to rotate away from the side of the lesion. Intraventricular injection of 25 mug (+/-)-10-hydroxy-N-n-propylnorapomorphine was ineffective in producing rotation. The results are discussed in relation to the structural requirements for CNS dopamine receptor agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:943291", "title": "The effect of mepiprazole on central monoamine neurons. Evidence for increased 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptor activity.", "content": "In combined biochemical, histochemical and functional studies on central monoamine neurons it has been shown that a pyrozolyl derivative with a phenyl piperazine side chain (PAP) exerts marked effects on central dopamine (DA) and particularly 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons. The brain 5-HT turnover was reduced with doses down to 0.25 mg/kg, and spontaneous overflow of radioactivity from 3H-5-HT-labelled cortical slices was markedly increased by PAP in a concentration of 10(-6) M. PAP may therefore cause extragranular release of 5-HT stores, since the 5-HT levels were not affected. In agreement with this view, sexual behaviour in the female rat, which is controlled by an inhibitory 5-HT pathway, was inhibited by low doses (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) of PAP. The extensor hindlimb reflex, which is dependent on 5-HT receptor activity, was only increased with higher doses (2.5-10 mg/kg), suggesting that the spinal 5-HT nerve terminals are less sensitive to the releasing action of PAP. A certain direct activation of spinal 5-HT receptors may also be involved, since the actions of PAP in the spinal cord were independent of presynaptic 5-HT stores. The actions of PAP on the DA neurons mainly involve a presynaptic action in the DA nerve terminals leading to increased DA receptor activity. This action may primarily involve a blockade of DA uptake (50% inhibition at 10(-6) M) and/or an extragranular release of DA (two-fold increase in spontaneous overflow at 10(-6) M). The DA turnover was not clearly affected, although a trend to a reduction was observed especially in the nuc, accumbens, probably as a result of a compensatory nervous feedback reducing nervous impulse flow. In agreement with the view mentioned above, PAP mimics amphetamine and not apomorphine in the rotometer model which reveals changes in DA receptor activity. PAP in doses of 0.5-1 mg/kg causes a turning towards the denervated side. The brain noradrenaline (NA) turnover is only significantly increased with somewhat higher doses (5-10 mg/kg) and may be related to NA receptor blockade, since the L-DOPA-induced increase in flexor activity is blocked by PAP in doses down to 0.5 mg/kg. It is suggested that the extragranular release of 5-HT caused by PAP is partly responsible for the inhibition of conditioned avoidance behaviour and the reduction of threatening behaviour found after PAP in low doses (0.05-0.5 mg/kg). In the clinic, PAP may prove to be a new therapeutic tool in the treatment of depressions due to 5-HT deficiency. Its actions on DA terminals may also prove helpful in this respect. When combined with L-DOPA, PAP may also help to alleviate the motor deficits in parkinsonian patients with a moderate degree of degeneration of the DA system in view of its action on DA uptake and/or release.", "contents": "The effect of mepiprazole on central monoamine neurons. Evidence for increased 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptor activity. In combined biochemical, histochemical and functional studies on central monoamine neurons it has been shown that a pyrozolyl derivative with a phenyl piperazine side chain (PAP) exerts marked effects on central dopamine (DA) and particularly 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons. The brain 5-HT turnover was reduced with doses down to 0.25 mg/kg, and spontaneous overflow of radioactivity from 3H-5-HT-labelled cortical slices was markedly increased by PAP in a concentration of 10(-6) M. PAP may therefore cause extragranular release of 5-HT stores, since the 5-HT levels were not affected. In agreement with this view, sexual behaviour in the female rat, which is controlled by an inhibitory 5-HT pathway, was inhibited by low doses (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) of PAP. The extensor hindlimb reflex, which is dependent on 5-HT receptor activity, was only increased with higher doses (2.5-10 mg/kg), suggesting that the spinal 5-HT nerve terminals are less sensitive to the releasing action of PAP. A certain direct activation of spinal 5-HT receptors may also be involved, since the actions of PAP in the spinal cord were independent of presynaptic 5-HT stores. The actions of PAP on the DA neurons mainly involve a presynaptic action in the DA nerve terminals leading to increased DA receptor activity. This action may primarily involve a blockade of DA uptake (50% inhibition at 10(-6) M) and/or an extragranular release of DA (two-fold increase in spontaneous overflow at 10(-6) M). The DA turnover was not clearly affected, although a trend to a reduction was observed especially in the nuc, accumbens, probably as a result of a compensatory nervous feedback reducing nervous impulse flow. In agreement with the view mentioned above, PAP mimics amphetamine and not apomorphine in the rotometer model which reveals changes in DA receptor activity. PAP in doses of 0.5-1 mg/kg causes a turning towards the denervated side. The brain noradrenaline (NA) turnover is only significantly increased with somewhat higher doses (5-10 mg/kg) and may be related to NA receptor blockade, since the L-DOPA-induced increase in flexor activity is blocked by PAP in doses down to 0.5 mg/kg. It is suggested that the extragranular release of 5-HT caused by PAP is partly responsible for the inhibition of conditioned avoidance behaviour and the reduction of threatening behaviour found after PAP in low doses (0.05-0.5 mg/kg). In the clinic, PAP may prove to be a new therapeutic tool in the treatment of depressions due to 5-HT deficiency. Its actions on DA terminals may also prove helpful in this respect. When combined with L-DOPA, PAP may also help to alleviate the motor deficits in parkinsonian patients with a moderate degree of degeneration of the DA system in view of its action on DA uptake and/or release."}
{"id": "PMID:943308", "title": "Isolation of (-)-cryptosporiospin, a chlorinated cyclopentenone fungitoxic metabolite from Phialophora asteris f. sp. helianthi.", "content": "The (-)-enantiomer of cryptosporiopsin, a chlorinated cyclopentenone fungitoxic metabolite, was isolated from Phialophora asteris f. sp. helianthi. Next to a comparable fungitoxic activity was shown by crypstosporiopsin, the product particularly inhibits growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an important pathogen on sunflower. Two further metabolites were tentatively identified as a stereoisomer of cryptosporiopsin and its dehydrated derivative.", "contents": "Isolation of (-)-cryptosporiospin, a chlorinated cyclopentenone fungitoxic metabolite from Phialophora asteris f. sp. helianthi. The (-)-enantiomer of cryptosporiopsin, a chlorinated cyclopentenone fungitoxic metabolite, was isolated from Phialophora asteris f. sp. helianthi. Next to a comparable fungitoxic activity was shown by crypstosporiopsin, the product particularly inhibits growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an important pathogen on sunflower. Two further metabolites were tentatively identified as a stereoisomer of cryptosporiopsin and its dehydrated derivative."}
{"id": "PMID:943310", "title": "[Influence of acute and chronic poisoning with dichloroethylene on the kinetics of antibody-forming cells and the plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of rats in immunization with the O-antigen of Sal. typhi].", "content": "Local hemolysis in gel demonstrated in tests on rats that with its acute action in a concentration of 25 mg/l (1/2 CL50) dichlorethylene stimulates, while with subacute action in a concentration of 5 mg/l--inhibits the formation of cells producing antibodies to the typhoid antigen, as well as the plasmocytic reaction of the spleen following immunization of the O-antigen from Sal. typhi and also without it. In poisoning subject to a dynamic changed is also the number of the antibody forming cells (ABFC) after immunization, viz. their doubling time decreased, with stimulation the antibody formation becames less intensive, whereas with chronic action of the poison the doubling time increases and the dropoff in the number of ABFC gains in speed. It may be presumed that the effect of the poison under study on the immunogenesis is conditioned by the action of the poison on the number of immunologically competent cells-precursors, released for differentiation irrespective of the antigen's action, simultaneously and immediately upon its introduction, as well as on the extent of recruitment, multiple, non-changed passage from the precursors compartment into that of the ABFC, occurring at the level of the integral organism, possibly through the intermidiary of the endocrine and vegetative nervous systems.", "contents": "[Influence of acute and chronic poisoning with dichloroethylene on the kinetics of antibody-forming cells and the plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of rats in immunization with the O-antigen of Sal. typhi]. Local hemolysis in gel demonstrated in tests on rats that with its acute action in a concentration of 25 mg/l (1/2 CL50) dichlorethylene stimulates, while with subacute action in a concentration of 5 mg/l--inhibits the formation of cells producing antibodies to the typhoid antigen, as well as the plasmocytic reaction of the spleen following immunization of the O-antigen from Sal. typhi and also without it. In poisoning subject to a dynamic changed is also the number of the antibody forming cells (ABFC) after immunization, viz. their doubling time decreased, with stimulation the antibody formation becames less intensive, whereas with chronic action of the poison the doubling time increases and the dropoff in the number of ABFC gains in speed. It may be presumed that the effect of the poison under study on the immunogenesis is conditioned by the action of the poison on the number of immunologically competent cells-precursors, released for differentiation irrespective of the antigen's action, simultaneously and immediately upon its introduction, as well as on the extent of recruitment, multiple, non-changed passage from the precursors compartment into that of the ABFC, occurring at the level of the integral organism, possibly through the intermidiary of the endocrine and vegetative nervous systems."}
{"id": "PMID:943309", "title": "[Influence of acute alcohol intoxication on the synthesis of RNA and proteins in the liver of rats at various times of the day].", "content": "An acute alcoholic poisoning occurring 12 hours after intragastric administration of a 40 degrees ethanol (1.5 ml/kg) produced at 9 and 21 hours an inhibitory action on the incorporation of H3-uridine in the nuclei and cytoplasm, as well as of S35-methionine in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells in rats. An alcohol inhibition of the RNA and protein synthesis at different time of the day proved dissimilar. Intact animals demonstrated significant diurnal variations in the intensity of the isotopes incorporation in the nuclei and cytoplasm of hepatocytes which continued after the action of alcohol, with the incorporation maximum at 21 and minimum at 9 hours.", "contents": "[Influence of acute alcohol intoxication on the synthesis of RNA and proteins in the liver of rats at various times of the day]. An acute alcoholic poisoning occurring 12 hours after intragastric administration of a 40 degrees ethanol (1.5 ml/kg) produced at 9 and 21 hours an inhibitory action on the incorporation of H3-uridine in the nuclei and cytoplasm, as well as of S35-methionine in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells in rats. An alcohol inhibition of the RNA and protein synthesis at different time of the day proved dissimilar. Intact animals demonstrated significant diurnal variations in the intensity of the isotopes incorporation in the nuclei and cytoplasm of hepatocytes which continued after the action of alcohol, with the incorporation maximum at 21 and minimum at 9 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:943311", "title": "[Biochemical mechanisms of the antihypoxic effect of amichlorphen (diethylaminoethylamide parachlorphenoxyacetic acid)].", "content": "Test set up on albino rats demonstrated a preliminary introduction of amichlophene to prevent a hypoxic fall in the level of highly ergastic compounds in the tissues owing to stimulation of the mitochondrial respiration processes and increased energy-producting effectiveness of the latter. The beneficial effect of amichlophen on the bioenergetics of the tissues in acute hypoxia is largely caused by the continued structural and functional integrity of the mitochondria, lysosomes and other cellular organellae which is due to the inhibitory action of the compound on the prosses of lipids reoxidation and to the activity of phospholipase A.", "contents": "[Biochemical mechanisms of the antihypoxic effect of amichlorphen (diethylaminoethylamide parachlorphenoxyacetic acid)]. Test set up on albino rats demonstrated a preliminary introduction of amichlophene to prevent a hypoxic fall in the level of highly ergastic compounds in the tissues owing to stimulation of the mitochondrial respiration processes and increased energy-producting effectiveness of the latter. The beneficial effect of amichlophen on the bioenergetics of the tissues in acute hypoxia is largely caused by the continued structural and functional integrity of the mitochondria, lysosomes and other cellular organellae which is due to the inhibitory action of the compound on the prosses of lipids reoxidation and to the activity of phospholipase A."}
{"id": "PMID:943312", "title": "[Mechanism of the hypobilirubinemic effect of prednisolone and some pyrazolone derivatives].", "content": "The effects of prednisolone (1 mg/kg), nicophezone (10 mg/kg), phenylbutazone 30 mg/kg) and antradion (60 mg/kg) on choleresis and bilirubin passage with bile was studied in intact and CCl4-poisoned rats (by using hemolyzed blood loads). Intravenous administration of hemolyzed blood to intact animals was shown to be attended by an increased excretion of bilirubin with the bile. When superimposed upon the CCl4 poisoning--the excretion of bilirubin diminishes. The study compounds stimulated the passage of bilirubin with the bile following introduction of hemolyzed blood both in intact animals and in the ones with the CCl4-damaged liver. The data thus made available are used in interpreting the mechanism underlying the hypobilirubinemic effect of the compounds.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the hypobilirubinemic effect of prednisolone and some pyrazolone derivatives]. The effects of prednisolone (1 mg/kg), nicophezone (10 mg/kg), phenylbutazone 30 mg/kg) and antradion (60 mg/kg) on choleresis and bilirubin passage with bile was studied in intact and CCl4-poisoned rats (by using hemolyzed blood loads). Intravenous administration of hemolyzed blood to intact animals was shown to be attended by an increased excretion of bilirubin with the bile. When superimposed upon the CCl4 poisoning--the excretion of bilirubin diminishes. The study compounds stimulated the passage of bilirubin with the bile following introduction of hemolyzed blood both in intact animals and in the ones with the CCl4-damaged liver. The data thus made available are used in interpreting the mechanism underlying the hypobilirubinemic effect of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:943314", "title": "[Study of the pharmacodynamics of morphine and aminopyrine under conditions of alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The effects of morphine and amidopyrine were studied in tests on albino rats with experimental alloxan diabetes. Investigations showed the analgesic effects of morphine and the pupillary reflex following administration of this drug to subside, its toxicity remaining stationary. The anodyne action of amidopyrine and its toxicity grow in intensity.", "contents": "[Study of the pharmacodynamics of morphine and aminopyrine under conditions of alloxan diabetes]. The effects of morphine and amidopyrine were studied in tests on albino rats with experimental alloxan diabetes. Investigations showed the analgesic effects of morphine and the pupillary reflex following administration of this drug to subside, its toxicity remaining stationary. The anodyne action of amidopyrine and its toxicity grow in intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:943313", "title": "[Weakening by means of phenobarbital of the immunodepressive and toxic effects of 6-mercaptopurine and imuran].", "content": "In mice of diverse lineages it is shown that 6-mercaptopurine and imuran, when used after a 3-day administration of phenobarbital, stimulate the formation of rosulae in the spleen of the animals immunized with sheep erythrocytes without raising the tires of the circulating hemolysins and hemagglutinins. In these conditions phenobarbital itself did not affect the immune responses. Upon preliminary introduction of phenobarbital the toxicity of imuran and 6-mercaptopurine for mice declined.", "contents": "[Weakening by means of phenobarbital of the immunodepressive and toxic effects of 6-mercaptopurine and imuran]. In mice of diverse lineages it is shown that 6-mercaptopurine and imuran, when used after a 3-day administration of phenobarbital, stimulate the formation of rosulae in the spleen of the animals immunized with sheep erythrocytes without raising the tires of the circulating hemolysins and hemagglutinins. In these conditions phenobarbital itself did not affect the immune responses. Upon preliminary introduction of phenobarbital the toxicity of imuran and 6-mercaptopurine for mice declined."}
{"id": "PMID:943315", "title": "[Role of the hydrophobicity of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds in the mechanism of their curare-like action].", "content": "Lengthening of the N-alkyl radical (from--C2H5 to C10H21) in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds was found to result in an increased hydrophobic properties of the compounds. In the presence of the N-butyl radical the mode of the action exerted by the substances changes, viz. from depolarizing they turn into antidepolarizing ones. A substitution of polyalicyclic radicals (cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl) for methyl groups at the nitrogen atoms in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds proved that in order to changed the mode of action hydrophobic properties of the cyclohexyl radicals appear to be good enough.", "contents": "[Role of the hydrophobicity of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds in the mechanism of their curare-like action]. Lengthening of the N-alkyl radical (from--C2H5 to C10H21) in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds was found to result in an increased hydrophobic properties of the compounds. In the presence of the N-butyl radical the mode of the action exerted by the substances changes, viz. from depolarizing they turn into antidepolarizing ones. A substitution of polyalicyclic radicals (cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl) for methyl groups at the nitrogen atoms in the series of polymethylene-bis-quaternary ammonium compounds proved that in order to changed the mode of action hydrophobic properties of the cyclohexyl radicals appear to be good enough."}
{"id": "PMID:943316", "title": "[Influence of carbidine on the noradrenaline level in the adrenergic nerve fibers in the peripheral tissues].", "content": "By employing fluorescent histochemistry and spectrofluorimetry the influence of an original psychotropic substance -- carbidine on the level, localization and accumulation of the adrenergic mediator in Vas deferens, dura mater and the kidney capsule was studied \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\". Carbidine was shown to capable of liberating the adrenergic mediator from the sympathetic nerve fibres of the peripheral tissues without affecting the capture and accumulation of exogenous norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Influence of carbidine on the noradrenaline level in the adrenergic nerve fibers in the peripheral tissues]. By employing fluorescent histochemistry and spectrofluorimetry the influence of an original psychotropic substance -- carbidine on the level, localization and accumulation of the adrenergic mediator in Vas deferens, dura mater and the kidney capsule was studied \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\". Carbidine was shown to capable of liberating the adrenergic mediator from the sympathetic nerve fibres of the peripheral tissues without affecting the capture and accumulation of exogenous norepinephrine by adrenergic nerve fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:943318", "title": "[Changes in ethanol consumption by white rats under the effect of neuroleptics and tranquilizers].", "content": "By way of multiple parenteral introduction of ethanol solutions rats developed an elective consumption of this compound. Both diazepam and agents of the neuroleptic action were found to depress the selective consumption of ethanol. Differences in the action of the compounds and their possible use in the treatment of alcoholism are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in ethanol consumption by white rats under the effect of neuroleptics and tranquilizers]. By way of multiple parenteral introduction of ethanol solutions rats developed an elective consumption of this compound. Both diazepam and agents of the neuroleptic action were found to depress the selective consumption of ethanol. Differences in the action of the compounds and their possible use in the treatment of alcoholism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943317", "title": "[Mechanism of the antianginal action of nonachlazine].", "content": "Experimental data on the mechanism accounting for the action of a new antianginal drug nonachlazine are presented. Nonachlazine was found to intensively (120+/-9.5 per cent) and protractedly (30--40 min) augment the blood flow in the coronary vessels, increasing the oxygen reserve of the myocardium. The contractile function of the heart and beat ejection considerably gain in their intensity, after an initial short-lived fall (by an average of 26.5+/-3.4 per cent), with the resistance of the coronary vessels declining (21+/-1.0 per cent). Administration of nonachlazine made against the background of a propranol (0.5 mg/kg) block of the beta-adrenergic structures of that by practolol (5 mg/kg) is not accompanied by the above effects. The prevalent influence of nonachlazine on the blood circulation and the function of the heart muscle may be explained by its action on the extravascular factors of the venous blood flow regulation (changes in the metabolism activity of the heart, caused by the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic structures of the myocardium).", "contents": "[Mechanism of the antianginal action of nonachlazine]. Experimental data on the mechanism accounting for the action of a new antianginal drug nonachlazine are presented. Nonachlazine was found to intensively (120+/-9.5 per cent) and protractedly (30--40 min) augment the blood flow in the coronary vessels, increasing the oxygen reserve of the myocardium. The contractile function of the heart and beat ejection considerably gain in their intensity, after an initial short-lived fall (by an average of 26.5+/-3.4 per cent), with the resistance of the coronary vessels declining (21+/-1.0 per cent). Administration of nonachlazine made against the background of a propranol (0.5 mg/kg) block of the beta-adrenergic structures of that by practolol (5 mg/kg) is not accompanied by the above effects. The prevalent influence of nonachlazine on the blood circulation and the function of the heart muscle may be explained by its action on the extravascular factors of the venous blood flow regulation (changes in the metabolism activity of the heart, caused by the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic structures of the myocardium)."}
{"id": "PMID:943319", "title": "[Influence of halidor on experimental bronchospasm].", "content": "Through local stimulation of various structures of medulla oblongata a centrogenic bronchial spasm was simulated in acute tests on cats. A peripheral bronchial spasm was reporduced by stimulating the peripheral length of the vagus. An experimental bronchial spasm caused by activation of reticular nuclei and of a single fascicular nucleus halidor suppressed with doses half as large as the ones needed to inhibit the peripheral spasm. An application of halidor to the ground of the fourth ventricle tended to immediately lessen the intensity of the bronchial spasm, this suggesting a central component in the action of the drug.", "contents": "[Influence of halidor on experimental bronchospasm]. Through local stimulation of various structures of medulla oblongata a centrogenic bronchial spasm was simulated in acute tests on cats. A peripheral bronchial spasm was reporduced by stimulating the peripheral length of the vagus. An experimental bronchial spasm caused by activation of reticular nuclei and of a single fascicular nucleus halidor suppressed with doses half as large as the ones needed to inhibit the peripheral spasm. An application of halidor to the ground of the fourth ventricle tended to immediately lessen the intensity of the bronchial spasm, this suggesting a central component in the action of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:943321", "title": "[Kinetics of the distribution of azabutyrone in the organism of rats].", "content": "Spectrophotometry was employed in enquiring into the pharmacokinetics of azabutyrone in the organs of rats. With its intravenous or peroral administration the drug was found to quickly penetrate the cerebral tissues of rats and to accumulate therein. A direct relation between the dosage, the azabutyrone concentration in the cerebral tissues and the duration of the antiphenamine effect was disclosed. The cataleptic action correlates well with the drug concentration in the brain. No correlation between the level of the drug in the brain and the intensity of thiopental sodium anesthesia is observed.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the distribution of azabutyrone in the organism of rats]. Spectrophotometry was employed in enquiring into the pharmacokinetics of azabutyrone in the organs of rats. With its intravenous or peroral administration the drug was found to quickly penetrate the cerebral tissues of rats and to accumulate therein. A direct relation between the dosage, the azabutyrone concentration in the cerebral tissues and the duration of the antiphenamine effect was disclosed. The cataleptic action correlates well with the drug concentration in the brain. No correlation between the level of the drug in the brain and the intensity of thiopental sodium anesthesia is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:943322", "title": "[Peroxidative oxidation of lipids and the antioxidative activity of acetylene amine].", "content": "The study acetylene amines were capable of inhibiting the processes of lipids peroxidation both in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic peroxidation system. The inhibitory effect of the study compounds depended upon the degree of the compound unsaturation. An elevation of the unsaturation degree to a definite extent is attended also by an increased inhibitory action on the processes of the lipids peroxidation.", "contents": "[Peroxidative oxidation of lipids and the antioxidative activity of acetylene amine]. The study acetylene amines were capable of inhibiting the processes of lipids peroxidation both in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic peroxidation system. The inhibitory effect of the study compounds depended upon the degree of the compound unsaturation. An elevation of the unsaturation degree to a definite extent is attended also by an increased inhibitory action on the processes of the lipids peroxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:943329", "title": "Spermagglutinin titers and their relationship to fertility in isoimmunized female rabbits.", "content": "The sera from 48 female rabbits immunized by a series of multiple intradermal injections of washed epididymal, washed ejaculated, and beta-amylase-treated rabbit spermatozoa in complete adjuvant were examined for spermagglutinins by the Kibrick gel agglutination test and a slight modification of the Shulman capillary agglutination test. Control animals receiving the adjuvant or saline usually had no positive titers. All three antigenic preparations produced similar titers, positive at dilutions as high as 8192-fold with Kibrick test and 256-fold with the Shulman test. Maximal titer development was reached 4 to 6 weeks after starting the immunization, and positive sera were obtained from some does for 25 weeks. The correlation coefficients between positive titers obtained by the two tests were r = 0.91 during the first 10 weeks and 0.41 at 15 to 25 weeks after immunization.", "contents": "Spermagglutinin titers and their relationship to fertility in isoimmunized female rabbits. The sera from 48 female rabbits immunized by a series of multiple intradermal injections of washed epididymal, washed ejaculated, and beta-amylase-treated rabbit spermatozoa in complete adjuvant were examined for spermagglutinins by the Kibrick gel agglutination test and a slight modification of the Shulman capillary agglutination test. Control animals receiving the adjuvant or saline usually had no positive titers. All three antigenic preparations produced similar titers, positive at dilutions as high as 8192-fold with Kibrick test and 256-fold with the Shulman test. Maximal titer development was reached 4 to 6 weeks after starting the immunization, and positive sera were obtained from some does for 25 weeks. The correlation coefficients between positive titers obtained by the two tests were r = 0.91 during the first 10 weeks and 0.41 at 15 to 25 weeks after immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:943320", "title": "[Influence of tetramethylthiuramide sulfide on the exocrine function of the pancreas].", "content": "The influence of different doses of tetramethylthiuramine sulphide (TMTDS) on the activity of the amylase, lipase and proteases in the pancreatic homogenate and the small intestine contents of albino rats was studied. Six hours after a single administration of the compound in a dose of 1/3 DL50 a 2--2.5-fold drop of the enzymatic activity in the chyme was observed and 24 hours thereafter it was inhibited in the glandular tissue as well. During the first months of a lenghty introduction of relatively small doses of TMTDS (1/20 and 1/50 DL50) a depression of the exosecretory function of the pancreas with its subsequent restoration at the 4--6th month was noted. Atropinization of the animals failed to prevent the inhibitory action of the compound on the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, this pointing to a direct effect of TMTDS on the acinal cells or to prevailing distrubances of humoral mechanisms regulating the activity of the glands.", "contents": "[Influence of tetramethylthiuramide sulfide on the exocrine function of the pancreas]. The influence of different doses of tetramethylthiuramine sulphide (TMTDS) on the activity of the amylase, lipase and proteases in the pancreatic homogenate and the small intestine contents of albino rats was studied. Six hours after a single administration of the compound in a dose of 1/3 DL50 a 2--2.5-fold drop of the enzymatic activity in the chyme was observed and 24 hours thereafter it was inhibited in the glandular tissue as well. During the first months of a lenghty introduction of relatively small doses of TMTDS (1/20 and 1/50 DL50) a depression of the exosecretory function of the pancreas with its subsequent restoration at the 4--6th month was noted. Atropinization of the animals failed to prevent the inhibitory action of the compound on the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, this pointing to a direct effect of TMTDS on the acinal cells or to prevailing distrubances of humoral mechanisms regulating the activity of the glands."}
{"id": "PMID:943324", "title": "[Study of the allergic properties of medicinal preparations in experiments].", "content": "Materials of an experimental study on allergenic properties of prolonged-action sulfanilamides and their semi-products are presented. Investigations involved the use of express-methods with intradermal administration of the substance into the ear and introduction of the agents together with the Freind adjuvant into the hind paw pad of a guinea pig. Experiments ascertained satisfactory dermal-allergic responses to the introduction of allergens differing in their strength by employing the above methods, as express ones for primary evaluation tof allergenic properties of drugs and their semi-products in conducting toxicological investigations.", "contents": "[Study of the allergic properties of medicinal preparations in experiments]. Materials of an experimental study on allergenic properties of prolonged-action sulfanilamides and their semi-products are presented. Investigations involved the use of express-methods with intradermal administration of the substance into the ear and introduction of the agents together with the Freind adjuvant into the hind paw pad of a guinea pig. Experiments ascertained satisfactory dermal-allergic responses to the introduction of allergens differing in their strength by employing the above methods, as express ones for primary evaluation tof allergenic properties of drugs and their semi-products in conducting toxicological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:943330", "title": "Spontaneous and prostaglandin- or oxytocin-induced motility of rat ovaries isolated during different stages of the estrous cycle: effects of norepinephrine.", "content": "Ovaries isolated from rats in different stages of the sex cycle were explored for spontaneous or drug-induced contractile activity. The number of spontaneously active ovaries as well as the magnitude of the isometrically developed tension and frequency of contractions were greater during the periovulatory interval (late proestrus and estrus) than during early proestrus or metestrus. Furthermore, during estrus or late proestrus the left ovaries exhibited a mechanical activity significantly greater than that of the right ovaries. The oxytocin-triggered motility was clearly more marked immediately prior to ovulation (late proestrus) and greater in left ovaries than in right ovaries. In contrast, the contractions induced by prostaglandin F2alpha were similar during early proestrus and late proestrus. Ovarian contractile reactivity to norepinephrine indicated the presence in the tissue of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. During early proestrus this agent stimulated the motility of left and right ovaries, whereas close to the ovulatory interval (late proestrus) it depressed the contractions of left ovaries. This last influence was blocked by propranolol. The existence of a close relationship between ovarian contractile activity and ovulation is reinforced by the present results in the rat. A tentative participation of oxytocin is also suggested. In addition, the influences of other possible regulatory agents of ovarian contraction, such as catecholamines and prostaglandins, are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous and prostaglandin- or oxytocin-induced motility of rat ovaries isolated during different stages of the estrous cycle: effects of norepinephrine. Ovaries isolated from rats in different stages of the sex cycle were explored for spontaneous or drug-induced contractile activity. The number of spontaneously active ovaries as well as the magnitude of the isometrically developed tension and frequency of contractions were greater during the periovulatory interval (late proestrus and estrus) than during early proestrus or metestrus. Furthermore, during estrus or late proestrus the left ovaries exhibited a mechanical activity significantly greater than that of the right ovaries. The oxytocin-triggered motility was clearly more marked immediately prior to ovulation (late proestrus) and greater in left ovaries than in right ovaries. In contrast, the contractions induced by prostaglandin F2alpha were similar during early proestrus and late proestrus. Ovarian contractile reactivity to norepinephrine indicated the presence in the tissue of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. During early proestrus this agent stimulated the motility of left and right ovaries, whereas close to the ovulatory interval (late proestrus) it depressed the contractions of left ovaries. This last influence was blocked by propranolol. The existence of a close relationship between ovarian contractile activity and ovulation is reinforced by the present results in the rat. A tentative participation of oxytocin is also suggested. In addition, the influences of other possible regulatory agents of ovarian contraction, such as catecholamines and prostaglandins, are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943331", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in ovaries of intact infant mice and mice treated with anti-rat gonadotropin.", "content": "The localization of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated histochemically in the neonatal mouse ovary. Histochemical studies were also undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effects of gonadotropic deprivation from birth to age 7 or 14 days on the distribution of enzymatic activity. Between birth and the age of 2 weeks, delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in virtually all follicles. In the newborn mouse ovary, the activity was found in granulosa cells of follicles developing in the center of the organ. On the 14th day, the granulosa cells of some apparently normal follicles histochemically were relatively inert, while others, obviously atretic, demonstrated extensive, localized, diformazan granules. Deprivation of endogenous circulating gonadotropin by daily injections of anti-rat gonadotropin had specific effects on follicular development and histochemical patterns in animals deprived of gonadotropins for 14 days but not for only 7 days.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in ovaries of intact infant mice and mice treated with anti-rat gonadotropin. The localization of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated histochemically in the neonatal mouse ovary. Histochemical studies were also undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effects of gonadotropic deprivation from birth to age 7 or 14 days on the distribution of enzymatic activity. Between birth and the age of 2 weeks, delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was observed in virtually all follicles. In the newborn mouse ovary, the activity was found in granulosa cells of follicles developing in the center of the organ. On the 14th day, the granulosa cells of some apparently normal follicles histochemically were relatively inert, while others, obviously atretic, demonstrated extensive, localized, diformazan granules. Deprivation of endogenous circulating gonadotropin by daily injections of anti-rat gonadotropin had specific effects on follicular development and histochemical patterns in animals deprived of gonadotropins for 14 days but not for only 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:943323", "title": "[Kinetic peculiarities of the immunodepressive effect of methotrexate].", "content": "The content of direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen of sheep erythrocytes immunized mice after a single administration to them of 2.5 mg/kg methotrexate on the 48th or 72nd hour of the immune response was measured. The PFC count was determined every 4 hours for 68 hours after introduction of methotrexate. In either of the cases the curve reflecting changes of the PFC count in the spleen was of an undulating nature. The alternating rises and falls of the PFC number proceeded at a high speed, viz. the time of doubling and half-periods of drop-off on individual lengths of the obtained curves was of the order of 2--4 hours. It is suggested that the PFC population accretion is ensured by a synchronous recruitment from the cells-precursors, antigen activated upon introduction of methotrexate. The decline in the number of PFC is, apparently, dependent upon their destruction due to an \"unbalanced growth\".", "contents": "[Kinetic peculiarities of the immunodepressive effect of methotrexate]. The content of direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen of sheep erythrocytes immunized mice after a single administration to them of 2.5 mg/kg methotrexate on the 48th or 72nd hour of the immune response was measured. The PFC count was determined every 4 hours for 68 hours after introduction of methotrexate. In either of the cases the curve reflecting changes of the PFC count in the spleen was of an undulating nature. The alternating rises and falls of the PFC number proceeded at a high speed, viz. the time of doubling and half-periods of drop-off on individual lengths of the obtained curves was of the order of 2--4 hours. It is suggested that the PFC population accretion is ensured by a synchronous recruitment from the cells-precursors, antigen activated upon introduction of methotrexate. The decline in the number of PFC is, apparently, dependent upon their destruction due to an \"unbalanced growth\"."}
{"id": "PMID:943325", "title": "[Histologic changes in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver and spleen following experimental lymphography by means of iophendylate].", "content": "An experimental lymphography was effected in 41 rabbits which were given the contrast medium intralymphatically in a dose of 0.3--0.5 ml/kg. The roentgenological dynamics of contrasting the lymphatic structures of the hind limbs and pelvis of the animals was studied. Iodophendylate was found in experimental lymphography to cause no damage to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen and the kidneys. In the mechanism of the contrast medium elimination of major importance are phagocytic cellular reactions.", "contents": "[Histologic changes in the lymph nodes, lungs, liver and spleen following experimental lymphography by means of iophendylate]. An experimental lymphography was effected in 41 rabbits which were given the contrast medium intralymphatically in a dose of 0.3--0.5 ml/kg. The roentgenological dynamics of contrasting the lymphatic structures of the hind limbs and pelvis of the animals was studied. Iodophendylate was found in experimental lymphography to cause no damage to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, spleen and the kidneys. In the mechanism of the contrast medium elimination of major importance are phagocytic cellular reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:943326", "title": "[Interaction of sydnocarb with preparations influencing the metabolism of catecholamines].", "content": "Changes in the stimulating action of sydnocarbum and d,1-amphetamine on the locomotor activity of mice and conditioned reflexes of rats following introduction of reserpine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-Mt) and nialamide were studied. The stimulating effect of sydnocarbum is in a great measure suppressed by reserpine, while that of amphetamine--by alpha-MT. Nialamide potentiates the stimulating action of both agents, the strengthening of the sydnocarbum effect, however, was more marked than that of amphetamine. The noted difference in the action of sydnocarbum and amphetamine was, possibly, due to the influence of the former chiefly on the stable, and of the second--on the labile neuronal norepinephrine depot.", "contents": "[Interaction of sydnocarb with preparations influencing the metabolism of catecholamines]. Changes in the stimulating action of sydnocarbum and d,1-amphetamine on the locomotor activity of mice and conditioned reflexes of rats following introduction of reserpine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (alpha-Mt) and nialamide were studied. The stimulating effect of sydnocarbum is in a great measure suppressed by reserpine, while that of amphetamine--by alpha-MT. Nialamide potentiates the stimulating action of both agents, the strengthening of the sydnocarbum effect, however, was more marked than that of amphetamine. The noted difference in the action of sydnocarbum and amphetamine was, possibly, due to the influence of the former chiefly on the stable, and of the second--on the labile neuronal norepinephrine depot."}
{"id": "PMID:943332", "title": "Pregnancy following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154)-induced ovulation in an acromegalic patient with galactorrhea and amenorrhea.", "content": "An acromegalic patient with galactorrhea-amenorrhea who conceived following long-term 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) therapy is described. During CB-154 therapy, determinations of serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH)-human chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone a reduction in PRL level followed by an LH peak, a rise in basal body temperature and menstruation. The patient became pregnant during the next cycle, but therapeutic abortion was performed because of the active acromegaly. These results demonstrate that CB-154 can restore ovulatory function not only to the patient with a hypothalamic disorder but also to the acromegalic patient with an enlarged sella turcica.", "contents": "Pregnancy following 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154)-induced ovulation in an acromegalic patient with galactorrhea and amenorrhea. An acromegalic patient with galactorrhea-amenorrhea who conceived following long-term 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) therapy is described. During CB-154 therapy, determinations of serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH)-human chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone a reduction in PRL level followed by an LH peak, a rise in basal body temperature and menstruation. The patient became pregnant during the next cycle, but therapeutic abortion was performed because of the active acromegaly. These results demonstrate that CB-154 can restore ovulatory function not only to the patient with a hypothalamic disorder but also to the acromegalic patient with an enlarged sella turcica."}
{"id": "PMID:943327", "title": "[Lysosomal component in the mechanism of the toxic effect of sporofusarin].", "content": "The effect of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides mycotoxin (sporofusarin) on the total and non-sedimentary supernatant activity of 13 marker-enzymes of subcellular particles (2 mitochondrial enzymes-cytochrome oxidase and malate dehydrogenase; 8 lysosomal enzymes -- acid phosphatase, acid RNAase, acid DNAase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase; 2 microsomal enzymes -- glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylesterase; plasma membrane enzyme -- alkaline phosphatase) of the rat liver, kidney, spleen and bone-marrow was studied in in vivo experiments. The latter demonstrated that sporofusarin effects were characterized by a significant organ and organella specificity, viz. the toxin caused a sharply increased activity, mainly of lysosomes enzymes and labilization of the lysosomal membranes, primarily in the spleen and the bone-marrow. A conclusion is drawn that the discovered selective destructive action of sporofusarin on the lysosomes may be regarded as a new phenomenon that, possibly is directly related to the characterization of the mechanism responsible for a specific effect produced by sporofusarin.", "contents": "[Lysosomal component in the mechanism of the toxic effect of sporofusarin]. The effect of Fusarium sporotrichiella v. sporotrichioides mycotoxin (sporofusarin) on the total and non-sedimentary supernatant activity of 13 marker-enzymes of subcellular particles (2 mitochondrial enzymes-cytochrome oxidase and malate dehydrogenase; 8 lysosomal enzymes -- acid phosphatase, acid RNAase, acid DNAase, arylsulphatases A and B, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase; 2 microsomal enzymes -- glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylesterase; plasma membrane enzyme -- alkaline phosphatase) of the rat liver, kidney, spleen and bone-marrow was studied in in vivo experiments. The latter demonstrated that sporofusarin effects were characterized by a significant organ and organella specificity, viz. the toxin caused a sharply increased activity, mainly of lysosomes enzymes and labilization of the lysosomal membranes, primarily in the spleen and the bone-marrow. A conclusion is drawn that the discovered selective destructive action of sporofusarin on the lysosomes may be regarded as a new phenomenon that, possibly is directly related to the characterization of the mechanism responsible for a specific effect produced by sporofusarin."}
{"id": "PMID:943333", "title": "Effects of Limbic stimulation and the microinontophoresis of aminergic drugs on the single unit activity of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (author's transl).", "content": "Attempts were made to investigate the chemical nature of hypothalamic afferents from the extrahypothalamic structures which participate in the control of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells. Experimental procedures were discribed in the preceding report, except that of the electrical stimulation and the microinontophoresis. Some part of data obtained in this study were referred in the preceding report for improvement of statistic reliability. For electrical stimulation, side-by-side bipolar electrodes were placed in the medial preoptic area (MPO), medial amygdala (mAMYG) and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) from the parietal surface of the brain and fastened to the cranium by dental resin. Microintophoresis of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (Ach) was carried out by using five-barrelled glass pipette on the antidromically activated units in the medical basal hypothalamus by the median eminence stimulation. Extracellular potentials were recorded by the central barrel of each electrode. One of the outer barrels was filled with physiological saline and used for control purpose. (1) Eelctrical stimulation of the MPO with train pulses of 0.2 msec duration and 300 muA intensity in 100 HZ for 5 sec, induced facilitation and inhibition in 26.4% and 9.4% of 106 tests, respectively. By the mAMYG stimulation with 500 muA, facilitation was seen in 18.8% and inhibition in 10.4%, of 96 tests. The HPC stimulation induced facilitation in 10.0% and inhibition in 23.3% of 90 tests. (2) Facilitatory effect of the MPO was most frequently seen in the ovariectomized and estrogen primed rats (58.8% of the tests). In contrast, the inhibitory effect of the dHPC was striking in the diestrus-I (40.0%). (3) Microiontophoresis of NE induced facilitation in 60.0% and inhibition in 10.6% of 66 identified cells. DA induced facilitation in 45%, and inhibition in 11.7% of 60 tests. Ach induced facilitation in 41.4%, and inhibition in 13.8% of 58 tests. (4) By NE infusion, facilitation was most commonly seen in the proestrus (70.6%). Inhibition was most readily elicited by Ach infusion on the diestrus-I (30%). Facilitative effect of DA was eminent in the diestrus-I (81.8%). (5) Successive administration of NE and DA on identical units revealed that in 56.0%, the units were responsive to only one agent and the other was effectless. 25.5% of the units responded to both of NE and DA. (6) The conceidence of effects, either facilitation or inhibition, between that of electrical stimulation of the microinontophoresis, was calculated on 46 units. The facilitatory effect of the MPO was most commonly mimicked by NE infusion (81.8%), and the inhibitory effect of the dHPC by Ach infusion (46.7%). NE also mimicked facilitatory effect of mAMYG stimulation (73.3%). (7) Intraventricular infusion of 20 mug of NE induced significant increase of serum LH (p less than 0.05 to saline) when measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas DA resulted in a decrease of LH (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Effects of Limbic stimulation and the microinontophoresis of aminergic drugs on the single unit activity of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells (author's transl). Attempts were made to investigate the chemical nature of hypothalamic afferents from the extrahypothalamic structures which participate in the control of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells. Experimental procedures were discribed in the preceding report, except that of the electrical stimulation and the microinontophoresis. Some part of data obtained in this study were referred in the preceding report for improvement of statistic reliability. For electrical stimulation, side-by-side bipolar electrodes were placed in the medial preoptic area (MPO), medial amygdala (mAMYG) and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) from the parietal surface of the brain and fastened to the cranium by dental resin. Microintophoresis of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (Ach) was carried out by using five-barrelled glass pipette on the antidromically activated units in the medical basal hypothalamus by the median eminence stimulation. Extracellular potentials were recorded by the central barrel of each electrode. One of the outer barrels was filled with physiological saline and used for control purpose. (1) Eelctrical stimulation of the MPO with train pulses of 0.2 msec duration and 300 muA intensity in 100 HZ for 5 sec, induced facilitation and inhibition in 26.4% and 9.4% of 106 tests, respectively. By the mAMYG stimulation with 500 muA, facilitation was seen in 18.8% and inhibition in 10.4%, of 96 tests. The HPC stimulation induced facilitation in 10.0% and inhibition in 23.3% of 90 tests. (2) Facilitatory effect of the MPO was most frequently seen in the ovariectomized and estrogen primed rats (58.8% of the tests). In contrast, the inhibitory effect of the dHPC was striking in the diestrus-I (40.0%). (3) Microiontophoresis of NE induced facilitation in 60.0% and inhibition in 10.6% of 66 identified cells. DA induced facilitation in 45%, and inhibition in 11.7% of 60 tests. Ach induced facilitation in 41.4%, and inhibition in 13.8% of 58 tests. (4) By NE infusion, facilitation was most commonly seen in the proestrus (70.6%). Inhibition was most readily elicited by Ach infusion on the diestrus-I (30%). Facilitative effect of DA was eminent in the diestrus-I (81.8%). (5) Successive administration of NE and DA on identical units revealed that in 56.0%, the units were responsive to only one agent and the other was effectless. 25.5% of the units responded to both of NE and DA. (6) The conceidence of effects, either facilitation or inhibition, between that of electrical stimulation of the microinontophoresis, was calculated on 46 units. The facilitatory effect of the MPO was most commonly mimicked by NE infusion (81.8%), and the inhibitory effect of the dHPC by Ach infusion (46.7%). NE also mimicked facilitatory effect of mAMYG stimulation (73.3%). (7) Intraventricular infusion of 20 mug of NE induced significant increase of serum LH (p less than 0.05 to saline) when measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas DA resulted in a decrease of LH (p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:943328", "title": "[Study of the acute and chronic toxicity of a new preparation of the 3,5-dioxopyrazolidine series, butaglionamide, in comparison with amidopyrine and butadione].", "content": "An acute and chronic toxicity of butaglionamide, a new drug in the series of 3,5-dioxopyrazolidines, was contrasted against that of amidopyrine and butadion. The data obtained testify to a much lower toxicity of butaglionamide for rats of different age, both with a single and chronic administration.", "contents": "[Study of the acute and chronic toxicity of a new preparation of the 3,5-dioxopyrazolidine series, butaglionamide, in comparison with amidopyrine and butadione]. An acute and chronic toxicity of butaglionamide, a new drug in the series of 3,5-dioxopyrazolidines, was contrasted against that of amidopyrine and butadion. The data obtained testify to a much lower toxicity of butaglionamide for rats of different age, both with a single and chronic administration."}
{"id": "PMID:943334", "title": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical dysfunction in patients with anorexia nervosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function was investigated in 14 patients with anorexia nervosa. Impaired suppression of plasma cortisol by dexamethasone was revealed. In 14 patients with anorexia nervosa, circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol, insulin tolerance test, rapid ACTH test and overnight dexamethasone suppression test were examined. Levels of plasma cortisol were higher than those in control subjects throughout the day, and normal circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was not observed. Basal levels of plasma ACTH were within normal range. tthe response of plasma cortisol to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was lower than that in control subjects, while the response of plasma cortisol in rapid Acth test was normal. In overnight suppression tests, in which one mg dexamethasone was administered orally, 11 of 14 patients showed no suppression of plasma cortisol and 3 other patients showed incomplete suppression. Elevated levels of plasma cortisol and the absence of normal circadian rhythm in patients with anorexia nervosa and malnutrition have already been reported by other investigators, and these abnormalities were ascribed to the delayed half life of plasma cortisol due to impaired cortisol metabolism. However, according to our investigation, it is difficult to explain the failure of dexamethasone to suppress cortisol only by the delayed half life of plasma cortisol, and it is supposed that some kind of abnormal hypothalamic control is also involved.", "contents": "[Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical dysfunction in patients with anorexia nervosa (author's transl)]. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function was investigated in 14 patients with anorexia nervosa. Impaired suppression of plasma cortisol by dexamethasone was revealed. In 14 patients with anorexia nervosa, circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol, insulin tolerance test, rapid ACTH test and overnight dexamethasone suppression test were examined. Levels of plasma cortisol were higher than those in control subjects throughout the day, and normal circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol was not observed. Basal levels of plasma ACTH were within normal range. tthe response of plasma cortisol to insulin-induced hypoglycemia was lower than that in control subjects, while the response of plasma cortisol in rapid Acth test was normal. In overnight suppression tests, in which one mg dexamethasone was administered orally, 11 of 14 patients showed no suppression of plasma cortisol and 3 other patients showed incomplete suppression. Elevated levels of plasma cortisol and the absence of normal circadian rhythm in patients with anorexia nervosa and malnutrition have already been reported by other investigators, and these abnormalities were ascribed to the delayed half life of plasma cortisol due to impaired cortisol metabolism. However, according to our investigation, it is difficult to explain the failure of dexamethasone to suppress cortisol only by the delayed half life of plasma cortisol, and it is supposed that some kind of abnormal hypothalamic control is also involved."}
{"id": "PMID:943335", "title": "[Effect of porcine calcitonin in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), porcine calcitonin (80 MRC units) was injected intramuscularly at 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. for 10-14 days in 7 patients with parathyroid adenoma. Fasting blood specimens were drawn at 8:00 a.m. every other day and 24 hour urine samples were collected through out control and test days. To examine the acute effect of CT, blood and urine were checked several times until 8 hours after the first injection. A fall in the fasting serum calcium level observed in 5 patients during the repeated administrations of CT, as well as that observed in 6 patients within 6 hours after the first injection, showed a significant correlation with the initial serum calcium level. Serum phosphorus concentration decreased in all patients 6 hours after the first injection, while fasting levels seemed to remain unchanged. During the repeated administrations, urinary excretion of calcium and phosphrus decreased correspondingly with the fall in serum calcium levels, although no definite tendancy was observed within 8 hours after the first injection. Fasting serum PTH levels during the repeated administrations were measured in 2 patients. In a patient whose serum calcium returned to the initial level on the 7th day of administration, a gradual rise of PTH was observed, while in another patient whose serum calcium was kept lower than the initial level, PTH remained almost unchanged. These results indicate that, under such a condition where there is marked increase of bone resorption as PHP, repeated administrations of CT bring about not only a hypocalcemic effect but also the reduction of calcium and phosphorus excretion through a decreased filtered load. In addition, it was suggested that, in some cases of PHP, the hypocalcemic effect of CT may be abolished by an increase of PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands during long-term administration.", "contents": "[Effect of porcine calcitonin in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), porcine calcitonin (80 MRC units) was injected intramuscularly at 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. for 10-14 days in 7 patients with parathyroid adenoma. Fasting blood specimens were drawn at 8:00 a.m. every other day and 24 hour urine samples were collected through out control and test days. To examine the acute effect of CT, blood and urine were checked several times until 8 hours after the first injection. A fall in the fasting serum calcium level observed in 5 patients during the repeated administrations of CT, as well as that observed in 6 patients within 6 hours after the first injection, showed a significant correlation with the initial serum calcium level. Serum phosphorus concentration decreased in all patients 6 hours after the first injection, while fasting levels seemed to remain unchanged. During the repeated administrations, urinary excretion of calcium and phosphrus decreased correspondingly with the fall in serum calcium levels, although no definite tendancy was observed within 8 hours after the first injection. Fasting serum PTH levels during the repeated administrations were measured in 2 patients. In a patient whose serum calcium returned to the initial level on the 7th day of administration, a gradual rise of PTH was observed, while in another patient whose serum calcium was kept lower than the initial level, PTH remained almost unchanged. These results indicate that, under such a condition where there is marked increase of bone resorption as PHP, repeated administrations of CT bring about not only a hypocalcemic effect but also the reduction of calcium and phosphorus excretion through a decreased filtered load. In addition, it was suggested that, in some cases of PHP, the hypocalcemic effect of CT may be abolished by an increase of PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands during long-term administration."}
{"id": "PMID:943336", "title": "Labor force participation and family formation: a study of working mothers.", "content": "Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables. Generally lower fertility, longer first birth intervals, and earlier use of birth control were associated with the longest work durations, the highest status jobs, and work before the birth of the first child. The data failed, however, to differentiate desired family size.", "contents": "Labor force participation and family formation: a study of working mothers. Drawing upon a sample of 638 mothers aged 18 to 40, with at least some marital work experience, significant associations were found between the extent, kind, and timing of employment and a series of family formation variables. Generally lower fertility, longer first birth intervals, and earlier use of birth control were associated with the longest work durations, the highest status jobs, and work before the birth of the first child. The data failed, however, to differentiate desired family size."}
{"id": "PMID:943337", "title": "The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States.", "content": "The long-term fall in household size in the United States is discussed within the framework of the aging of the population, continuing as the effects of fertility and mortality decline accumulate. Using distributions of households by size from U.S. census data 1790-1970 and a components of change analysis on primary individuals for 1950-1974, household changes are related to demographic change for the periods 1790-1900, 1900-1950, and 1950-1974. Fertility and mortality declines have unambiguous impact on household size until the increases in primary individuals begin. But these, too, have a theoretically interesting, if indirect relationship to population structure.", "contents": "The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States. The long-term fall in household size in the United States is discussed within the framework of the aging of the population, continuing as the effects of fertility and mortality decline accumulate. Using distributions of households by size from U.S. census data 1790-1970 and a components of change analysis on primary individuals for 1950-1974, household changes are related to demographic change for the periods 1790-1900, 1900-1950, and 1950-1974. Fertility and mortality declines have unambiguous impact on household size until the increases in primary individuals begin. But these, too, have a theoretically interesting, if indirect relationship to population structure."}
{"id": "PMID:943338", "title": "Repeat abortion.", "content": "A reanalysis of the repeat abortion experience of New York City residents during July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1972 is undertaken on the basis of a probability model that generates repeat abortion ratios as a function of assumptions about fecundity, contraceptive efficiency, and exposure lengths. Tested are three hypotheses put forward by Daily et al. in a 1973 analysis: (i) the low repeat abortion ratio of .0245 is attributable in part to underreporting of registered induced abortions as repeat ones; (ii) a major part of the rise in repeat abortion ratios, from virtually zero to six percent over four consecutive six-month intervals, is explainable in terms of the rising volume of exposure time to risk of repeat abortion relative to the stream of initial abortions; and (iii) the higher abortion ratios of women in their twenties compared to those of older or younger women is ascribable to \"differences in fecundity and intercourse frequency.\" Support is found for the first two hypotheses, and a mixed outcome for the third.", "contents": "Repeat abortion. A reanalysis of the repeat abortion experience of New York City residents during July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1972 is undertaken on the basis of a probability model that generates repeat abortion ratios as a function of assumptions about fecundity, contraceptive efficiency, and exposure lengths. Tested are three hypotheses put forward by Daily et al. in a 1973 analysis: (i) the low repeat abortion ratio of .0245 is attributable in part to underreporting of registered induced abortions as repeat ones; (ii) a major part of the rise in repeat abortion ratios, from virtually zero to six percent over four consecutive six-month intervals, is explainable in terms of the rising volume of exposure time to risk of repeat abortion relative to the stream of initial abortions; and (iii) the higher abortion ratios of women in their twenties compared to those of older or younger women is ascribable to \"differences in fecundity and intercourse frequency.\" Support is found for the first two hypotheses, and a mixed outcome for the third."}
{"id": "PMID:943351", "title": "Postnatal undernutrition: an alternative method.", "content": "Rat pups were undernourished from birth by placing them for 12 hr/day with a normal lactating mother and 12 hr/day with a nipple-ligated mother each day for 25 days. The method resulted in a marked delay in the body growth of the undernourished pups, especially during the first 2 weeks of life. Observations of the behavior of the mothers towards the underfed pups were made at different times of the day and compared to the behavior of the mothers suckling well-fed pups. The results show that (1) nipple-ligated mothers are able to provide adequate maternal care for undernourished pups, and (2) both ligated and nonligated mothers caring for underfed pups spend more time with those pups than mothers caring for well-fed pups.", "contents": "Postnatal undernutrition: an alternative method. Rat pups were undernourished from birth by placing them for 12 hr/day with a normal lactating mother and 12 hr/day with a nipple-ligated mother each day for 25 days. The method resulted in a marked delay in the body growth of the undernourished pups, especially during the first 2 weeks of life. Observations of the behavior of the mothers towards the underfed pups were made at different times of the day and compared to the behavior of the mothers suckling well-fed pups. The results show that (1) nipple-ligated mothers are able to provide adequate maternal care for undernourished pups, and (2) both ligated and nonligated mothers caring for underfed pups spend more time with those pups than mothers caring for well-fed pups."}
{"id": "PMID:943352", "title": "Perinatal hypothyroidism in rats: persistent motivational and metabolic effects.", "content": "Five groups of female rats which were exposed to thiouracil for varying periods around the time of birth were compared with a 6th group of untreated controls in motivational, metabolic, and hormonal test situations during adolescence and adulthood. The thiouracil-treated rats displayed reduced fearfulness in lever-touching and lever-pressing tasks in operant conditioning chambers and in their initial adaptation to activity-wheel and maze apparatuses. These rats also showed hyperactivity in asymptotic running-wheel performance, increased spontaneous recovery of extinguished lever-pressing, and elevated responding in lever-pressing for variable-interval food reinforcement. A supplemental study revealed significantly greater ad libitum food and water intake and oxygen consumption in male thiouracil-treated rats and elevated serum thyroxine levels in thiouracil-treated females. In general the results indicate that perinatal thyroid deficiency engenders a chronic hypermetabolic state in both sexes which may be associated with a persistent, mild hyperthyroid condition in the case of female rats.", "contents": "Perinatal hypothyroidism in rats: persistent motivational and metabolic effects. Five groups of female rats which were exposed to thiouracil for varying periods around the time of birth were compared with a 6th group of untreated controls in motivational, metabolic, and hormonal test situations during adolescence and adulthood. The thiouracil-treated rats displayed reduced fearfulness in lever-touching and lever-pressing tasks in operant conditioning chambers and in their initial adaptation to activity-wheel and maze apparatuses. These rats also showed hyperactivity in asymptotic running-wheel performance, increased spontaneous recovery of extinguished lever-pressing, and elevated responding in lever-pressing for variable-interval food reinforcement. A supplemental study revealed significantly greater ad libitum food and water intake and oxygen consumption in male thiouracil-treated rats and elevated serum thyroxine levels in thiouracil-treated females. In general the results indicate that perinatal thyroid deficiency engenders a chronic hypermetabolic state in both sexes which may be associated with a persistent, mild hyperthyroid condition in the case of female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:943353", "title": "Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and triglyceride responses to a standard diet in normal subjects.", "content": "Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride responses were determined in 12 normal subjects (7 male and 5 female) fed a standard diet composed of typical American foods; the three meals were identical for each subject. A significant postprandial rise in glucose and insulin was observed. They were closely related temporally in the early postabsorptive period. However, in the late post-absorptive phase insulin decline was generally slower than the glucose decline. A considerable difference in the glucose and insulin response was observed between males and females. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in the women. Following each meal the peak plasma glucose was lower in the women, but the difference was significant only following breakfast (p less than 0.02). The area under the glucose curve following breakfast was also lower (p less than 0.01) in the women. In the men the maximal postprandial glucose concentration and the postprandial glucose area remained stable throughout the day, but there was an increase in peak insulin concentration and insulin area after dinner. In contrast, in the women the maximal postprandial glucose concentration and the postprandial glucose area increased throughout the day, but the peak insulin concentration and insulin area did not change. Plasma trigylcerides increased with breakfast and remained elevated throughout the day. Both fasting and postprandial mean triglycerides were higher in the men, but this did not reach statistical significance. The circulating pancreatic glucagon concentration, determined in 4 subjects, was unaffected by meals and remained stable throughout the day.", "contents": "Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and triglyceride responses to a standard diet in normal subjects. Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride responses were determined in 12 normal subjects (7 male and 5 female) fed a standard diet composed of typical American foods; the three meals were identical for each subject. A significant postprandial rise in glucose and insulin was observed. They were closely related temporally in the early postabsorptive period. However, in the late post-absorptive phase insulin decline was generally slower than the glucose decline. A considerable difference in the glucose and insulin response was observed between males and females. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in the women. Following each meal the peak plasma glucose was lower in the women, but the difference was significant only following breakfast (p less than 0.02). The area under the glucose curve following breakfast was also lower (p less than 0.01) in the women. In the men the maximal postprandial glucose concentration and the postprandial glucose area remained stable throughout the day, but there was an increase in peak insulin concentration and insulin area after dinner. In contrast, in the women the maximal postprandial glucose concentration and the postprandial glucose area increased throughout the day, but the peak insulin concentration and insulin area did not change. Plasma trigylcerides increased with breakfast and remained elevated throughout the day. Both fasting and postprandial mean triglycerides were higher in the men, but this did not reach statistical significance. The circulating pancreatic glucagon concentration, determined in 4 subjects, was unaffected by meals and remained stable throughout the day."}
{"id": "PMID:943354", "title": "[On the use of an anabolic hormone in the acute myocardial infarction. Experimental trial on 486 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "An anabolic hormone, methandrostenolone, was shown to be able to decrease significantly the cicatrization-time on animals with induced sperimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A controlled clinical trial was performed on group of 246 patients affected by AMI, giving them methandrostenolone at dose of 25 mg im.m. per day, for the first ten days from the beginning of symptoms. An omogeneous group of 240 patients with AMI was used as control. The mortality rate resulted 13,4% in the treated group 18,7% in the control's. 10 patients in the treated group (4,2%) died of cardiac failure versus 17 (7,1%) in the control group, 9 (3,7%) of cardiac rupture in the former versus 6 (2,4%) in the latter. As far as these differences are concerned statistical significance was not reached. A larger number of patients would be requested.", "contents": "[On the use of an anabolic hormone in the acute myocardial infarction. Experimental trial on 486 patients (author's transl)]. An anabolic hormone, methandrostenolone, was shown to be able to decrease significantly the cicatrization-time on animals with induced sperimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A controlled clinical trial was performed on group of 246 patients affected by AMI, giving them methandrostenolone at dose of 25 mg im.m. per day, for the first ten days from the beginning of symptoms. An omogeneous group of 240 patients with AMI was used as control. The mortality rate resulted 13,4% in the treated group 18,7% in the control's. 10 patients in the treated group (4,2%) died of cardiac failure versus 17 (7,1%) in the control group, 9 (3,7%) of cardiac rupture in the former versus 6 (2,4%) in the latter. As far as these differences are concerned statistical significance was not reached. A larger number of patients would be requested."}
{"id": "PMID:943355", "title": "Enterokinase and trypsin activities in pancreatic insufficiency and diseases of the small intestine.", "content": "The interrelationship of enterokinase and trypsin activities were investigated in 133 infants and children with a variety of gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders. Fourteen patients with diarrhea and grade II mucosal injury revealed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction of enterokinase, trypsin, and disaccharidase activites as compared to 59 children with normal mucosa. Nine patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency had normal mucosal enterokinase activity and elevated intraluminal enterokinase activity with very low or no trypsin activity. Patients with hypoproteinemia and gastrointestinal protein loss, associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia (4 patients) and intestinal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (3 patients), had normal or insignificant decrease of enterokinase and trypsin activities. In patients with steatorrhea, a normal sweat test, normal intestinal mucosa, and absent trypsin activity, two entities were defined. One group (3 patients) was diagnosed as Schwachman-Diamond syndrome with pancreatic insufficiency and normal mucosal and intraluminal enterokinase activity. The second group (2 patients) with absent mucosal and intraluminal enterokinase activity and normal lipase and amylase activities was diagnosed as congenital enterokinase deficiency.", "contents": "Enterokinase and trypsin activities in pancreatic insufficiency and diseases of the small intestine. The interrelationship of enterokinase and trypsin activities were investigated in 133 infants and children with a variety of gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders. Fourteen patients with diarrhea and grade II mucosal injury revealed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction of enterokinase, trypsin, and disaccharidase activites as compared to 59 children with normal mucosa. Nine patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency had normal mucosal enterokinase activity and elevated intraluminal enterokinase activity with very low or no trypsin activity. Patients with hypoproteinemia and gastrointestinal protein loss, associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia (4 patients) and intestinal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (3 patients), had normal or insignificant decrease of enterokinase and trypsin activities. In patients with steatorrhea, a normal sweat test, normal intestinal mucosa, and absent trypsin activity, two entities were defined. One group (3 patients) was diagnosed as Schwachman-Diamond syndrome with pancreatic insufficiency and normal mucosal and intraluminal enterokinase activity. The second group (2 patients) with absent mucosal and intraluminal enterokinase activity and normal lipase and amylase activities was diagnosed as congenital enterokinase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:943356", "title": "Persistent obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, and biliary cirrhosis due to common bile duct stenosis in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Long strictures of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct were found in 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis. These strictures were responsible for painless obstructive jaundice, recurrent cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, and chronic abdominal pain difficult to distinguish from that caused by pancreatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative cholangiography were invaluable in making the diagnosis and in planning surgical correction. Decompression of the biliary tree by anastomosis of the gallbladder or common duct to the small intestine completely relieved symptoms and allowed liver function to improve significantly. Common duct stricture as a complication of chronic pancreatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction and whenever surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis is contemplated.", "contents": "Persistent obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, and biliary cirrhosis due to common bile duct stenosis in chronic pancreatitis. Long strictures of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct were found in 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis. These strictures were responsible for painless obstructive jaundice, recurrent cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, and chronic abdominal pain difficult to distinguish from that caused by pancreatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative cholangiography were invaluable in making the diagnosis and in planning surgical correction. Decompression of the biliary tree by anastomosis of the gallbladder or common duct to the small intestine completely relieved symptoms and allowed liver function to improve significantly. Common duct stricture as a complication of chronic pancreatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction and whenever surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis is contemplated."}
{"id": "PMID:943357", "title": "[Microscopic changes in the ligated and resected stumps of the uterine vessels during abdominal hysterectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "30 stumps of the uterine vessels during abdominal hysterectomy were excised with the ligature 10 to 20 minutes after the original ligature. Inspite of the ligature the most important mechanism of hemostasis is an occlusive thrombosis in the lumen of the vessels. In this process damage of the wall of the vessel and the endothelium is very important.", "contents": "[Microscopic changes in the ligated and resected stumps of the uterine vessels during abdominal hysterectomy (author's transl)]. 30 stumps of the uterine vessels during abdominal hysterectomy were excised with the ligature 10 to 20 minutes after the original ligature. Inspite of the ligature the most important mechanism of hemostasis is an occlusive thrombosis in the lumen of the vessels. In this process damage of the wall of the vessel and the endothelium is very important."}
{"id": "PMID:943358", "title": "[Radioactive gold treatment of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube (author's transl)].", "content": "20 cases of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube from 1958 to 1974 are reported. An operation was performed in all cases. A post-operative intra-peritoneal installation of radioactive gold was done in 14 cases. 6 patients which had radioactive gold treatment survived for more than 5 years. None of the patients survived for more than 5 years who did not have radioactive gold treatment. The positive effect on treatment of carcinoma of the fallopian tube of a complete operation with post-operative intra-peritoneal administration of radioactive gold is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Radioactive gold treatment of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube (author's transl)]. 20 cases of primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube from 1958 to 1974 are reported. An operation was performed in all cases. A post-operative intra-peritoneal installation of radioactive gold was done in 14 cases. 6 patients which had radioactive gold treatment survived for more than 5 years. None of the patients survived for more than 5 years who did not have radioactive gold treatment. The positive effect on treatment of carcinoma of the fallopian tube of a complete operation with post-operative intra-peritoneal administration of radioactive gold is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:943359", "title": "[Intrauterine contraceptive devices. Mode of action, experiences, complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Already in 1909 methods of an intrauterine contraception were indicated in Germany. Their practical use was intiated twenty years later by Ernst Graefenberg. Further development almost exclusively takes place in the USA, whereas the major part of basic investigations has been done. The introduction of copper bearing IUD's undoubtedly increased the safety of intrauterine contraception. Investigations concerning the morphology of the endometrial contact area (f.e. by SEM) and the evaluation of certain biochemical facts associated with the release of copper ions, lead to hypotheses of the mode of action. A randomized comparative study of CuT 200 verus Lippes Loop D demonstrates similar pregnancy rates with both types of IUD, but a moderate advantage of the CuT 200 in regard of the expulsion rate and the removal rates due to bleeding and/or pains. The author stresses that it might be medically indicated to terminate pregnancy when a woman has conceived in spite of a copper bearing IUD in situ. His statement is in correspondence to the recommendations of the Population Council, but nevertheless, this problem as yet is far of being solved unanimously. Most complications associated with the IUD are due to incorrect insertion. It is therefore postulated to insert the IUD menstrually, maintaining strictly sterile conditions, a non-deformed uterus being hooked on a bullet forceps. As already anticipated by Ludwig Fraenkel a careful insertion should be done by experienced doctors only, this fact counteracting the widespread use of this contraceptive method to be in the second place as compared to hormonal contraception.", "contents": "[Intrauterine contraceptive devices. Mode of action, experiences, complications (author's transl)]. Already in 1909 methods of an intrauterine contraception were indicated in Germany. Their practical use was intiated twenty years later by Ernst Graefenberg. Further development almost exclusively takes place in the USA, whereas the major part of basic investigations has been done. The introduction of copper bearing IUD's undoubtedly increased the safety of intrauterine contraception. Investigations concerning the morphology of the endometrial contact area (f.e. by SEM) and the evaluation of certain biochemical facts associated with the release of copper ions, lead to hypotheses of the mode of action. A randomized comparative study of CuT 200 verus Lippes Loop D demonstrates similar pregnancy rates with both types of IUD, but a moderate advantage of the CuT 200 in regard of the expulsion rate and the removal rates due to bleeding and/or pains. The author stresses that it might be medically indicated to terminate pregnancy when a woman has conceived in spite of a copper bearing IUD in situ. His statement is in correspondence to the recommendations of the Population Council, but nevertheless, this problem as yet is far of being solved unanimously. Most complications associated with the IUD are due to incorrect insertion. It is therefore postulated to insert the IUD menstrually, maintaining strictly sterile conditions, a non-deformed uterus being hooked on a bullet forceps. As already anticipated by Ludwig Fraenkel a careful insertion should be done by experienced doctors only, this fact counteracting the widespread use of this contraceptive method to be in the second place as compared to hormonal contraception."}
{"id": "PMID:943373", "title": "Thoracoscopy as an aid to the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury in penetrating wounds of the left lower chest: a preliminary report.", "content": "In an attempt to evaluate the place of thoracoscopy, the investigation was performed on 11 patients with penetrating wounds of the left lower chest, who had no definite clinical or radiological indication for operation. In 6 patients the diaphragm was seen clearly, and in 2 of these an unsuspected diaphragmatic injury was found. Both injuries were later confirmed at operation. The other 4 patients had intact diaphragms and were successfully treated conservatively. It is suggested that thoracoscopy is a useful aid in the diagnosis of left-sided, diaphragmatic injury and that the best results are obtained if it is performed within 24 hours of the injury.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy as an aid to the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury in penetrating wounds of the left lower chest: a preliminary report. In an attempt to evaluate the place of thoracoscopy, the investigation was performed on 11 patients with penetrating wounds of the left lower chest, who had no definite clinical or radiological indication for operation. In 6 patients the diaphragm was seen clearly, and in 2 of these an unsuspected diaphragmatic injury was found. Both injuries were later confirmed at operation. The other 4 patients had intact diaphragms and were successfully treated conservatively. It is suggested that thoracoscopy is a useful aid in the diagnosis of left-sided, diaphragmatic injury and that the best results are obtained if it is performed within 24 hours of the injury."}
{"id": "PMID:943374", "title": "Attitudes regarding drug abuse among a group of ex-addict staff members.", "content": "Thirteen male and 11 female ex-addict staff members of a therapeutic community were surveyed to assess their attitudes on nine factors related to drug abuse and the drug abuser. Each factor was assessed according to the critieria established by Marcus. Both male and female groups held positive beliefs that psychological problems were contributing factors in the development of addiction. Among the remaining eight factors there was considerable variation in agreement regarding these male and female ex-addicts' attitudes toward drug abuse and the drug abuser.", "contents": "Attitudes regarding drug abuse among a group of ex-addict staff members. Thirteen male and 11 female ex-addict staff members of a therapeutic community were surveyed to assess their attitudes on nine factors related to drug abuse and the drug abuser. Each factor was assessed according to the critieria established by Marcus. Both male and female groups held positive beliefs that psychological problems were contributing factors in the development of addiction. Among the remaining eight factors there was considerable variation in agreement regarding these male and female ex-addicts' attitudes toward drug abuse and the drug abuser."}
{"id": "PMID:943378", "title": "Giant condyloma or Buschke-Loewenstein tumor.", "content": "The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor has a malignant clinical character but is histologically similar to the ordinary condyloma. The tumor grows deeply without invading the tissues, but compresses them and causes an intense inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis is clinical. Treatment with podophyllin and radiotherapy are not effective but bleomycin may be effective. Surgery is the accepted treatment and the extent of resection depends on the extent of the tumor.", "contents": "Giant condyloma or Buschke-Loewenstein tumor. The Buschke-Loewenstein tumor has a malignant clinical character but is histologically similar to the ordinary condyloma. The tumor grows deeply without invading the tissues, but compresses them and causes an intense inflammatory reaction. The diagnosis is clinical. Treatment with podophyllin and radiotherapy are not effective but bleomycin may be effective. Surgery is the accepted treatment and the extent of resection depends on the extent of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:943379", "title": "Voiding pressure as it relates to outlet and/or sphincteric resistance.", "content": "Electrically quantitated and controlled detrusor contraction can produce either minimal or excessive rise in intravesical pressure depending upon openness or occlusion of the bladder outlet. Higher rise in intravesical pressure thus does not imply stronger detrusor contraction but should be viewed as a reflection of the outflow resistance mechanism. Possible damaging hydrodynamic effect of sudden partial or complete functional occlusion of the bladder outlet by intermittent or sustained voluntary sphincter activity is illustrated.", "contents": "Voiding pressure as it relates to outlet and/or sphincteric resistance. Electrically quantitated and controlled detrusor contraction can produce either minimal or excessive rise in intravesical pressure depending upon openness or occlusion of the bladder outlet. Higher rise in intravesical pressure thus does not imply stronger detrusor contraction but should be viewed as a reflection of the outflow resistance mechanism. Possible damaging hydrodynamic effect of sudden partial or complete functional occlusion of the bladder outlet by intermittent or sustained voluntary sphincter activity is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:943380", "title": "Urodynamic evaluation of a chronically implanted bladder pacemaker.", "content": "A \"chronic\" study of an implantable bladder pacemaker revealed that, although the electrode array did not significantly impair vesical function during the 10 weeks of research, electric stimulation did spread to the voluntary perineal musculature. There was also a drop in bladder response to the same stimulation parameters, probably due to progressive development of fibrous reaction and encasement of electrodes.", "contents": "Urodynamic evaluation of a chronically implanted bladder pacemaker. A \"chronic\" study of an implantable bladder pacemaker revealed that, although the electrode array did not significantly impair vesical function during the 10 weeks of research, electric stimulation did spread to the voluntary perineal musculature. There was also a drop in bladder response to the same stimulation parameters, probably due to progressive development of fibrous reaction and encasement of electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:943381", "title": "Triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay and its application to thyroid disorders.", "content": "An accurate, highly sensitive triiodothyrone (T3) radioimmunoassay system is described. Direct measurement in serum is made possible by the use of T3-free serum for standards, and blocking of T3 binding to thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin with salicylate. T4 cross reactivity was less than 0.3%. Mean T3 levels in 55 euthyroid, 32 hyperthyroid and 19 primary hypothyroid patients were 1.46 +/- 0.17, 5.34 +/- 1.86 and 0.49 +/- 0.34 (SD) ng/ml, respectively. T3 was found to be a more sensitive index than T4 in hyperthyroidism; in hypothyroidism it overlapped with euthyroidism. The presence of goiter had no effect on T3 concentrations in euthyroid patients. Among the patients studied, eight were found to have T3 toxicosis, including two patients with recurrent thyrotoxicosis. A significant T3 elevation was also found in euthyroid patients after thyroidectomy whereas T4 remained normal. The extent of T4 and T3 elevation was similar during the initial phase of subacute thyroiditis. There were significantly lower T3 values and higher thyroid-stimulating hormone values in umbilical cord blood than in maternal blood. In two euthyroid subjects, thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation caused a 50% rise in T3 levels and no change in T4 levels over a 2-h period.", "contents": "Triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay and its application to thyroid disorders. An accurate, highly sensitive triiodothyrone (T3) radioimmunoassay system is described. Direct measurement in serum is made possible by the use of T3-free serum for standards, and blocking of T3 binding to thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin with salicylate. T4 cross reactivity was less than 0.3%. Mean T3 levels in 55 euthyroid, 32 hyperthyroid and 19 primary hypothyroid patients were 1.46 +/- 0.17, 5.34 +/- 1.86 and 0.49 +/- 0.34 (SD) ng/ml, respectively. T3 was found to be a more sensitive index than T4 in hyperthyroidism; in hypothyroidism it overlapped with euthyroidism. The presence of goiter had no effect on T3 concentrations in euthyroid patients. Among the patients studied, eight were found to have T3 toxicosis, including two patients with recurrent thyrotoxicosis. A significant T3 elevation was also found in euthyroid patients after thyroidectomy whereas T4 remained normal. The extent of T4 and T3 elevation was similar during the initial phase of subacute thyroiditis. There were significantly lower T3 values and higher thyroid-stimulating hormone values in umbilical cord blood than in maternal blood. In two euthyroid subjects, thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation caused a 50% rise in T3 levels and no change in T4 levels over a 2-h period."}
{"id": "PMID:943384", "title": "[Correlation between bipolar cyclothymia and psoriasis vulgaris. A case report].", "content": "Report of a case with cyclothymia and psoriasis. During the depression periods, the psoriasis got worse and during the manic periods the skin lesions improved even without any dermatological therapy.", "contents": "[Correlation between bipolar cyclothymia and psoriasis vulgaris. A case report]. Report of a case with cyclothymia and psoriasis. During the depression periods, the psoriasis got worse and during the manic periods the skin lesions improved even without any dermatological therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:943385", "title": "Use of the dynamic compression plate for treatment of equine long-bone fractures.", "content": "Long-bone fractures of 6 foals admitted consecutively to the Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital were treated successfully with ASIF dynamic compression plating. The cases included 2 foals with closed fracture of the metacarpus, and 1 foal each with open nonunion of the metatarsus, closed fracture of the radius, open fracture of the tibia, and open fracture of the ulna. Five of these foals became sound, with no deformity, so they could be trained for racing or showing. The 6th foal, a filly with nonunion, became \"pasture-sound\" and was scheduled for breeding. It was concluded that the dynamic compression plates have many advantages over conventional ASIF plates. These advantages include: the plates can be put near the end of bones; screws can be put at an angle other than 90 degrees to the plate; cancellous screws can be used in any hole; plates can be shaped and the screw heads will still fit the holes; less exposure is required; and operating time is shorter.", "contents": "Use of the dynamic compression plate for treatment of equine long-bone fractures. Long-bone fractures of 6 foals admitted consecutively to the Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital were treated successfully with ASIF dynamic compression plating. The cases included 2 foals with closed fracture of the metacarpus, and 1 foal each with open nonunion of the metatarsus, closed fracture of the radius, open fracture of the tibia, and open fracture of the ulna. Five of these foals became sound, with no deformity, so they could be trained for racing or showing. The 6th foal, a filly with nonunion, became \"pasture-sound\" and was scheduled for breeding. It was concluded that the dynamic compression plates have many advantages over conventional ASIF plates. These advantages include: the plates can be put near the end of bones; screws can be put at an angle other than 90 degrees to the plate; cancellous screws can be used in any hole; plates can be shaped and the screw heads will still fit the holes; less exposure is required; and operating time is shorter."}
{"id": "PMID:943386", "title": "Evaluation of three techniques of ventral decompression of the cervical spinal cord in the dog.", "content": "Three techniques for ventral decompression of the cervical spinal cord were performed on 21 dogs (3 groups of 7 dogs each). The techniques involved cutting various-sized defects in the vertebral bodies and disks of the cervical vertebral column. The defects were not filled with bone grafts. Two of the 3 techniques (short, wide defect and long, narrow defect) were successful, and the other technique (long, wide defect) gave questionable results.", "contents": "Evaluation of three techniques of ventral decompression of the cervical spinal cord in the dog. Three techniques for ventral decompression of the cervical spinal cord were performed on 21 dogs (3 groups of 7 dogs each). The techniques involved cutting various-sized defects in the vertebral bodies and disks of the cervical vertebral column. The defects were not filled with bone grafts. Two of the 3 techniques (short, wide defect and long, narrow defect) were successful, and the other technique (long, wide defect) gave questionable results."}
{"id": "PMID:943388", "title": "Immune deficiency in a dog with distemper.", "content": "A 16-week-old dog developed distemper 3 weeks after the 2nd of 2 vaccinations for canine distemper (CD). Symptomatic treatment was without effect and the dog was euthanatized. Prior to euthanasia, a blood sample was obtained for serologic study. The dog was found to be hypogammaglobulinemic and to have a serum-neutralization antibody titer of 1:16 to CD virus, which is considerably lower than the average 28-day response to a single CD vaccination (1:312). Histologic examination revealed absence of germinal centers in spleen and lymph nodes, generalized lymphoid depletion, and thymic hypoplasia. Comparison with primary immunodeficiencies of man and domestic animals and with CD virus-induced immune suppression led to inconclusive interpretation of these data. Thorough immune function analysis was deemed mandatory for separating primary immunodeficiency from CD virus-induced immunosuppression in dogs.", "contents": "Immune deficiency in a dog with distemper. A 16-week-old dog developed distemper 3 weeks after the 2nd of 2 vaccinations for canine distemper (CD). Symptomatic treatment was without effect and the dog was euthanatized. Prior to euthanasia, a blood sample was obtained for serologic study. The dog was found to be hypogammaglobulinemic and to have a serum-neutralization antibody titer of 1:16 to CD virus, which is considerably lower than the average 28-day response to a single CD vaccination (1:312). Histologic examination revealed absence of germinal centers in spleen and lymph nodes, generalized lymphoid depletion, and thymic hypoplasia. Comparison with primary immunodeficiencies of man and domestic animals and with CD virus-induced immune suppression led to inconclusive interpretation of these data. Thorough immune function analysis was deemed mandatory for separating primary immunodeficiency from CD virus-induced immunosuppression in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:943389", "title": "Actinomycotic peritonitis in a dog.", "content": "Actinomycotic peritonitis in a 5-year-old female German Shorthaired Pointer was characterized by abdominal enlargement, a draining tract in the paralumbar fossa, and chronic debilitation. Clinical recovery resulted from excision of a granulomatous abdominal mass in combination with initial penicillin therapy and prolonged (3 months) sulfonamide therapy.", "contents": "Actinomycotic peritonitis in a dog. Actinomycotic peritonitis in a 5-year-old female German Shorthaired Pointer was characterized by abdominal enlargement, a draining tract in the paralumbar fossa, and chronic debilitation. Clinical recovery resulted from excision of a granulomatous abdominal mass in combination with initial penicillin therapy and prolonged (3 months) sulfonamide therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:943390", "title": "Density of os calcis and limb dominance.", "content": "The absolute density of the right and left os calcis has been measured in a group of healthy, sedentary volunteers. There was a significant difference between the density of the right and left os calcis in 90% of the subjects. Statistically, when all of the subjects were considered, the side on which the os calcis was denser was also the side of hand preference. Since there was no evidence, in the present study, of the environment having encouraged the use of one foot rather than the other, it is concluded that the concordance between upper limb dominance and greater density of the ipsilateral os calcis must have been determined before birth.", "contents": "Density of os calcis and limb dominance. The absolute density of the right and left os calcis has been measured in a group of healthy, sedentary volunteers. There was a significant difference between the density of the right and left os calcis in 90% of the subjects. Statistically, when all of the subjects were considered, the side on which the os calcis was denser was also the side of hand preference. Since there was no evidence, in the present study, of the environment having encouraged the use of one foot rather than the other, it is concluded that the concordance between upper limb dominance and greater density of the ipsilateral os calcis must have been determined before birth."}
{"id": "PMID:943391", "title": "Procedures to increase some aspects of creativity.", "content": "Instructions reinforcement (team points), and practice were applied to four behaviorally defined creative behaviors of eight fourth- and fifth-grade students. All four aspects (number of different responses, fluency; number of verb forms, flexibility; number of words per response, elaboration; and statistical infrequency of response forms, originality) were demonstrated to be under experimental control. The procedures also raised students' scores on Torrance's tests of creativity. Application of the experimental procedures may well be practical for classroom teachers.", "contents": "Procedures to increase some aspects of creativity. Instructions reinforcement (team points), and practice were applied to four behaviorally defined creative behaviors of eight fourth- and fifth-grade students. All four aspects (number of different responses, fluency; number of verb forms, flexibility; number of words per response, elaboration; and statistical infrequency of response forms, originality) were demonstrated to be under experimental control. The procedures also raised students' scores on Torrance's tests of creativity. Application of the experimental procedures may well be practical for classroom teachers."}
{"id": "PMID:943392", "title": "Glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium discoideum. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme.", "content": "The glycogen phosphorylase of Dictyostelium discoideum has been purified over 200-fold from cells in the culmination stage of development. Analytical gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme indicates one major protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 210,000. Gel elution verified the presence of phosphorylase activity associated with the protein band. Electrophoresis of partially purified extracts prepared from amoebae cells revealed the absence of phosphorylase protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis on 6% gels indicated that the purified phosphorylase is composed of subunits, 95,000 in molecular weight. The purified enzyme exhibited normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and activity was not stimulated by added nucleotides such as 5'-AMP. Nucleotide sugars (GDP-glucose, UDP-glucose, ADP-glucose) were competitive inhibitors of the phosphorylase reaction.", "contents": "Glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium discoideum. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme. The glycogen phosphorylase of Dictyostelium discoideum has been purified over 200-fold from cells in the culmination stage of development. Analytical gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme indicates one major protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 210,000. Gel elution verified the presence of phosphorylase activity associated with the protein band. Electrophoresis of partially purified extracts prepared from amoebae cells revealed the absence of phosphorylase protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis on 6% gels indicated that the purified phosphorylase is composed of subunits, 95,000 in molecular weight. The purified enzyme exhibited normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and activity was not stimulated by added nucleotides such as 5'-AMP. Nucleotide sugars (GDP-glucose, UDP-glucose, ADP-glucose) were competitive inhibitors of the phosphorylase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:943393", "title": "Glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium discoideum. II. Synthesis and degradation during differentiation.", "content": "A purified preparation of glycogen phosphorylase from Dictyostelium discoideum was used to elicit specific antisera in rabbits. The antisera were used to quantitate the amount of precipitable phosphorylase protein from cell extracts prepared at various stages of the developmental cycle. Following isotope incorporation studies in differentiating cells, the specific radioactivity of enzyme isolated by antibody precipitation was compared to that of acid-insoluble protein. Prior to 5 hours of development, glycogen phosphorylase could not be detected enzymatically or immunologically. Between aggregation and culmination, the rate of enzyme synthesis increased about 6-fold, then decreased to an insignificant value in young sorocarps. The rate of enzyme degradation was negligible during the period of maximal enzyme accumulation, then increased to a peak value of 40% after culmination, coincident with a rapid drop in phosphorylase activity. The data indicated that the increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity during development results from an increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Glycogen phosphorylase in Dictyostelium discoideum. II. Synthesis and degradation during differentiation. A purified preparation of glycogen phosphorylase from Dictyostelium discoideum was used to elicit specific antisera in rabbits. The antisera were used to quantitate the amount of precipitable phosphorylase protein from cell extracts prepared at various stages of the developmental cycle. Following isotope incorporation studies in differentiating cells, the specific radioactivity of enzyme isolated by antibody precipitation was compared to that of acid-insoluble protein. Prior to 5 hours of development, glycogen phosphorylase could not be detected enzymatically or immunologically. Between aggregation and culmination, the rate of enzyme synthesis increased about 6-fold, then decreased to an insignificant value in young sorocarps. The rate of enzyme degradation was negligible during the period of maximal enzyme accumulation, then increased to a peak value of 40% after culmination, coincident with a rapid drop in phosphorylase activity. The data indicated that the increase in glycogen phosphorylase activity during development results from an increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:943394", "title": "Delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthase from chick embryo liver mitochondria. I. Purification and some properties.", "content": "The purification of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.37) was accomplished from chick embryo liver mitochondria, which had been treated with the combination of drugs, 2-allylisopropylacetamide and 1,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarbethoxycollidine to produce a high starting level of enzyme activity. After extraction from the mitochondria by sonication, the enzyme was purified to a final specific activity of over 10,000 nmol of aminolevulinate formed/30 min/mg of protein/37 degrees, using the techniques of Sephadex chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography for pyridoxal phosphate, and preparative isoelectric focusing. An isoelectric point of 7.0 and a molecular weight of 87,000 were obtained for the native enzyme. The subunit molecular weight of 49,000, obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggested it was a dimer. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, stimulated by cations and exhibited an ultraviolet absorption spectrum characteristic of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes with absorption maxima at 325 and 420 nm.", "contents": "Delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthase from chick embryo liver mitochondria. I. Purification and some properties. The purification of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.37) was accomplished from chick embryo liver mitochondria, which had been treated with the combination of drugs, 2-allylisopropylacetamide and 1,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarbethoxycollidine to produce a high starting level of enzyme activity. After extraction from the mitochondria by sonication, the enzyme was purified to a final specific activity of over 10,000 nmol of aminolevulinate formed/30 min/mg of protein/37 degrees, using the techniques of Sephadex chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography for pyridoxal phosphate, and preparative isoelectric focusing. An isoelectric point of 7.0 and a molecular weight of 87,000 were obtained for the native enzyme. The subunit molecular weight of 49,000, obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggested it was a dimer. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate and N-ethylmaleimide, stimulated by cations and exhibited an ultraviolet absorption spectrum characteristic of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes with absorption maxima at 325 and 420 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:943395", "title": "Subcellular localization of nerve growth factor receptors. Developmental correlations in chick embryo brain.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF), as assayed by specific binding of the 125I-labeled protein, during the embryonic development of chick brain has been examined. Utilizing differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was observed that the majority of the specific NGF receptors are localized in the crude (P2) and purified (B) synaptosomal fractions at all stages of brain development examined. However, during early stages (day 6 to 8) a significant portion of the receptors are also found in the P1 fraction, consistent with their location on dense subcellular structures. Significant 125I-NGF binding is observed in this period of development before the appearance of neurochemical markers (choline acetyltransferase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding) which are associated with synaptosomes. The latter stages of development, particularly days 13 to 18, show parallel rapid increases in all neurochemical markers and 125I-NGF binding consistent with the association of nearly all late appearing NGF receptors with synaptosomes. These two apparent classes of NGF receptors may have distinct functional roles in the embryonic development of the chick brain.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of nerve growth factor receptors. Developmental correlations in chick embryo brain. The subcellular distribution of receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF), as assayed by specific binding of the 125I-labeled protein, during the embryonic development of chick brain has been examined. Utilizing differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, it was observed that the majority of the specific NGF receptors are localized in the crude (P2) and purified (B) synaptosomal fractions at all stages of brain development examined. However, during early stages (day 6 to 8) a significant portion of the receptors are also found in the P1 fraction, consistent with their location on dense subcellular structures. Significant 125I-NGF binding is observed in this period of development before the appearance of neurochemical markers (choline acetyltransferase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding) which are associated with synaptosomes. The latter stages of development, particularly days 13 to 18, show parallel rapid increases in all neurochemical markers and 125I-NGF binding consistent with the association of nearly all late appearing NGF receptors with synaptosomes. These two apparent classes of NGF receptors may have distinct functional roles in the embryonic development of the chick brain."}
{"id": "PMID:943396", "title": "Properties of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase.", "content": "CoA transferase binds tightly to blue dextran; this facilitates purification. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 92,000 and consists of two subunits and 3 to 4 isozymes. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses are reported.", "contents": "Properties of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase. CoA transferase binds tightly to blue dextran; this facilitates purification. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 92,000 and consists of two subunits and 3 to 4 isozymes. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:943397", "title": "The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of the flagellar membrane, axonemes, and mastigonemes.", "content": "The isolation and purification of the flagellar membrane of the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, is described. The procedure is simple, mild, rapid, and it produces a pure membrane preparation. The method additionally permits the isolation of clean preparations of axonemes and mastigonemes from a single flagella preparation. Each component was studied by electron microscopy and acrylamide gel electrophroesis. The isolated flagella preparation was nearly free of other cellular organelles as judged by phase contrast and electron microscopy. The purified membrane preparation consisted of small vesicles (500 to 1500 A in diameter) with a trilamellar pattern about 80 A thick. Isolated membrane was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, displaying five major protein bands, five minor protein bands, and some protein which remained at the origin. The five major protein components had apparent molecular weights of 54,000, 47,000, 35,000, 31,000, and 28,000. All mastigoneme protein components are glycoproteins as judged by periodic acid-Schiff staining. The mastigoneme preparation contained three major protein bands. Two of them were revealed as doublets and migrated with an average velocity corresponding to 83,000 delatons, the other major protein band migrated with a velocity corresponding to 54,000 daltons. A heavy carbohydrate band is seen near the bromphenol blue tracking dye. The axoneme preparation showed one major protein band having an apparent molecular weight of about 54,000 and some proteins having high molecular weights which remained on top of the polyacrylamide gel.", "contents": "The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of the flagellar membrane, axonemes, and mastigonemes. The isolation and purification of the flagellar membrane of the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, is described. The procedure is simple, mild, rapid, and it produces a pure membrane preparation. The method additionally permits the isolation of clean preparations of axonemes and mastigonemes from a single flagella preparation. Each component was studied by electron microscopy and acrylamide gel electrophroesis. The isolated flagella preparation was nearly free of other cellular organelles as judged by phase contrast and electron microscopy. The purified membrane preparation consisted of small vesicles (500 to 1500 A in diameter) with a trilamellar pattern about 80 A thick. Isolated membrane was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, displaying five major protein bands, five minor protein bands, and some protein which remained at the origin. The five major protein components had apparent molecular weights of 54,000, 47,000, 35,000, 31,000, and 28,000. All mastigoneme protein components are glycoproteins as judged by periodic acid-Schiff staining. The mastigoneme preparation contained three major protein bands. Two of them were revealed as doublets and migrated with an average velocity corresponding to 83,000 delatons, the other major protein band migrated with a velocity corresponding to 54,000 daltons. A heavy carbohydrate band is seen near the bromphenol blue tracking dye. The axoneme preparation showed one major protein band having an apparent molecular weight of about 54,000 and some proteins having high molecular weights which remained on top of the polyacrylamide gel."}
{"id": "PMID:943398", "title": "The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Lipid composition.", "content": "The lipids of the whole flagella and the flagella membrane of the phytoflagellate Ochromonas danica were isolated and compared with those of the whole cell. The polar lipids were separated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. One-dimensional thin layer chromatography was used for the separation of the nonpolar lipids. In all respects the lipids of the whole flagella were identical with those of the flagellar membrane. These methods established the presence in flagellar membrane of the polychlorosulfolipids of O. danica as more than 90 molar per cent of the total polar lipids. These sulfolipids had been previously characterized as 1,14-docosanediol-1, 14-disulfate and 1,15-tetracosanediol-1,15-disulfate, containing zero to six chloro groups substituting for hydrogen on the chain. Seven unknown polar lipids were found. Both phosphorus analysis on each lipid and the molybdenum spray reagent for phospholipids on the chromatogram showed that there is no phospholipid present in O. danica flagellar membrane. Positive reactions to the diphenylamine spray reagent suggest that up to four of the unknown polar lipids are glycolipids. Of these, three reacted positively with ninhydrin. All of the unknown lipids reacted with the acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine spray reagent suggesting the presence of aldehyde, ketone, glycoside, or plasmalogen. One unknown substance appeared near the origin of thin layer chromatograms. It showed a positive reaction with Dragendorff reagent, suggesting the presence of a quaternary amine group. This substance is presumed to be nonlipid, since it is not synthesized from [1-14C]acetate under the growth conditions used, as revealed by autoradiograms of thin layer chromatograms. It contained 35% hexose or hexosamine. It is devoid of phosphorus (0.7%) and is less than 4% protein (or phenolic groups or peptide), as judged by the Lowry assay using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Analysis of the nonpolar lipids of the flagellar membrane showed that free fatty acids constitute about 12 molar per cent of the total lipids. These fatty acids could be true components of the membrane or artifacts of the extraction procedure although every precaution was taken to prevent artifactual production of free fatty acids. The sterols constitute nearly 10 molar per cent of total lipids. Sterol esters were absent from the membrane. There are two additional major unknown nonpolar lipids present. The implications of such a high proportion of chlorosulfolipids as a polar lipid component in the membrane are important because of the unique structures of these lipids, which have ionic groups at or near both ends of the aliphatic chain.", "contents": "The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Lipid composition. The lipids of the whole flagella and the flagella membrane of the phytoflagellate Ochromonas danica were isolated and compared with those of the whole cell. The polar lipids were separated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. One-dimensional thin layer chromatography was used for the separation of the nonpolar lipids. In all respects the lipids of the whole flagella were identical with those of the flagellar membrane. These methods established the presence in flagellar membrane of the polychlorosulfolipids of O. danica as more than 90 molar per cent of the total polar lipids. These sulfolipids had been previously characterized as 1,14-docosanediol-1, 14-disulfate and 1,15-tetracosanediol-1,15-disulfate, containing zero to six chloro groups substituting for hydrogen on the chain. Seven unknown polar lipids were found. Both phosphorus analysis on each lipid and the molybdenum spray reagent for phospholipids on the chromatogram showed that there is no phospholipid present in O. danica flagellar membrane. Positive reactions to the diphenylamine spray reagent suggest that up to four of the unknown polar lipids are glycolipids. Of these, three reacted positively with ninhydrin. All of the unknown lipids reacted with the acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine spray reagent suggesting the presence of aldehyde, ketone, glycoside, or plasmalogen. One unknown substance appeared near the origin of thin layer chromatograms. It showed a positive reaction with Dragendorff reagent, suggesting the presence of a quaternary amine group. This substance is presumed to be nonlipid, since it is not synthesized from [1-14C]acetate under the growth conditions used, as revealed by autoradiograms of thin layer chromatograms. It contained 35% hexose or hexosamine. It is devoid of phosphorus (0.7%) and is less than 4% protein (or phenolic groups or peptide), as judged by the Lowry assay using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Analysis of the nonpolar lipids of the flagellar membrane showed that free fatty acids constitute about 12 molar per cent of the total lipids. These fatty acids could be true components of the membrane or artifacts of the extraction procedure although every precaution was taken to prevent artifactual production of free fatty acids. The sterols constitute nearly 10 molar per cent of total lipids. Sterol esters were absent from the membrane. There are two additional major unknown nonpolar lipids present. The implications of such a high proportion of chlorosulfolipids as a polar lipid component in the membrane are important because of the unique structures of these lipids, which have ionic groups at or near both ends of the aliphatic chain."}
{"id": "PMID:943400", "title": "Experimental disintegration of the nuclear envelope. Evidence for pore-connecting fibrils.", "content": "The disintegration of the nuclear envelope has been examined in nuclei and nuclear envelopes isolated from amphibian oocytes from amphibian oocytes and rat liver tissue, using different electron microscope techniques (ultrathin sections and negatively or positively stained spread preparations). Various treatments were studied, including disruption by surface tension forces, very low salt concentrations, and nonionic detergents such as Triton C-100 and Nonidet P-40. The highest local stability of the cylinders of nonmembranous pore complex material is emphasized. As progressive disintegration occurred in the membrane regions, a network of fibrils became apparent which interconnects the pore complexes and is distinguished from the pore complex-associated about 15-20 nm thick, located at the level of the inner nuclear membrane, which is recognized in thin sections to bridge the interpore distances. With all disintegraiton treatments a somewhat higher susceptibility of the outer nuclear membrane is notable, but a selective removal does not take place. Final stages of disintegration are generally characterized by the absence of identifiable, membrane-like structures. Analysis of detergent-treated nuclei and nuclear membrane fractions shows almost complete absence of lipid components but retention bo significant amount of glycoproteins with a typical endomembrane-type carbohydrate pattern.  Various alternative interpretations of these observations are discussed. From the present observations and those of Aaronson and Blobel (1,2), we favor the notion that threadlike intrinsic membrane components are stabilized by their attachment to the pore complexes, and perhaps also to peripheral nuclear structures,and constitute a detergent-resistant, interpore skeleton meshwork.", "contents": "Experimental disintegration of the nuclear envelope. Evidence for pore-connecting fibrils. The disintegration of the nuclear envelope has been examined in nuclei and nuclear envelopes isolated from amphibian oocytes from amphibian oocytes and rat liver tissue, using different electron microscope techniques (ultrathin sections and negatively or positively stained spread preparations). Various treatments were studied, including disruption by surface tension forces, very low salt concentrations, and nonionic detergents such as Triton C-100 and Nonidet P-40. The highest local stability of the cylinders of nonmembranous pore complex material is emphasized. As progressive disintegration occurred in the membrane regions, a network of fibrils became apparent which interconnects the pore complexes and is distinguished from the pore complex-associated about 15-20 nm thick, located at the level of the inner nuclear membrane, which is recognized in thin sections to bridge the interpore distances. With all disintegraiton treatments a somewhat higher susceptibility of the outer nuclear membrane is notable, but a selective removal does not take place. Final stages of disintegration are generally characterized by the absence of identifiable, membrane-like structures. Analysis of detergent-treated nuclei and nuclear membrane fractions shows almost complete absence of lipid components but retention bo significant amount of glycoproteins with a typical endomembrane-type carbohydrate pattern.  Various alternative interpretations of these observations are discussed. From the present observations and those of Aaronson and Blobel (1,2), we favor the notion that threadlike intrinsic membrane components are stabilized by their attachment to the pore complexes, and perhaps also to peripheral nuclear structures,and constitute a detergent-resistant, interpore skeleton meshwork."}
{"id": "PMID:943401", "title": "Control of chemotaxis in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Plasmodia migrate towards those situations which increase the frequency of their alternations in streaming, and away from those which decrease the frequency. Therefore peristalsis-like waves in Physarum move in the direction opposite from the net movement of the organism. The mechanism is fundamentally related to other known types of chemotaxis.", "contents": "Control of chemotaxis in Physarum polycephalum. Plasmodia migrate towards those situations which increase the frequency of their alternations in streaming, and away from those which decrease the frequency. Therefore peristalsis-like waves in Physarum move in the direction opposite from the net movement of the organism. The mechanism is fundamentally related to other known types of chemotaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:943402", "title": "The influence of dissolved oxygen on the mitogen responses of mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells incubated at either 30 mm Hg dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2) or 160 mm Hg did not differ significantly in their survival or in their proliferative response to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or bacterial endotoxin in a subsequent static culture. If the mitogen  was added prior to exposing the cells to the controlled dissolved oxygen environment the incorporation of thymidine was always substanstially lower in cells held at 160 mm Hg pO2. This toxic effect of oxygen increased with the time of incubation and was not reversed by the inclusion of 2-mercaptoethanol in the medium. Incubation of cells with mitogen in the absence of oxygen had no deleterious effect on the proliferative response. A comparison of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Con A stimulated cells indicated that the predominant effect of oxygen was on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "The influence of dissolved oxygen on the mitogen responses of mouse lymphocytes. Mouse spleen cells incubated at either 30 mm Hg dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2) or 160 mm Hg did not differ significantly in their survival or in their proliferative response to the mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or bacterial endotoxin in a subsequent static culture. If the mitogen  was added prior to exposing the cells to the controlled dissolved oxygen environment the incorporation of thymidine was always substanstially lower in cells held at 160 mm Hg pO2. This toxic effect of oxygen increased with the time of incubation and was not reversed by the inclusion of 2-mercaptoethanol in the medium. Incubation of cells with mitogen in the absence of oxygen had no deleterious effect on the proliferative response. A comparison of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Con A stimulated cells indicated that the predominant effect of oxygen was on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:943415", "title": "Gas chromatography and the structural elucidation of lepidopteran pheromones.", "content": "Retention data are presented for standards which can be used in the structural elucidation of lepidopteran sex attractants. The use of gas chromatography in the analysis of the geometrical isomers of delta11-tetradecenal, the sex pheromones of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is discussed.", "contents": "Gas chromatography and the structural elucidation of lepidopteran pheromones. Retention data are presented for standards which can be used in the structural elucidation of lepidopteran sex attractants. The use of gas chromatography in the analysis of the geometrical isomers of delta11-tetradecenal, the sex pheromones of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943417", "title": "Mefanamic acid blood and urine levels in the horse determined by derivative gas-liquid chromatography-electron capture.", "content": "Mefenamic acid is extracted from biological fluids and is acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to form a derivative possessing high electron affinity. The derivative is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. The method is particularly valuable for determining drug levels in blood where small sample and/or drug concentrations are available.", "contents": "Mefanamic acid blood and urine levels in the horse determined by derivative gas-liquid chromatography-electron capture. Mefenamic acid is extracted from biological fluids and is acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride to form a derivative possessing high electron affinity. The derivative is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. The method is particularly valuable for determining drug levels in blood where small sample and/or drug concentrations are available."}
{"id": "PMID:943418", "title": "Microbial skin flora of selected cancer patients and hospital personnel.", "content": "The bacterial flora of the skin from five anatomical sites on 10 leukemia patients, 10 patients with malignant melanoma, and a control group of 10 medical personnel was examined quantitatively and qualitatively. This was done to determine whether malignant disease results in changes in skin flora and to establish carrier rates of gram-negative bacteria on the skin of personnel in hospital environments. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated more frequently (74 isolates from 100 cultures) from the skin of leukemia patients than from either patients with malignant melanoma (8 isolates from 100 cultures) or the medical personnel (9 isolates from 100 cultures). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated exclusively from leukemia patients. Relative proportions of gram-negative bacteria in total populations were determined. The axilla was the only site with a uniformly high proportion of gram-negative bacteria. From all other sites cultured, gram-negative populations were low (1 to 5 bacteria/cm2 of skin), although a high proportion of gram-negative populations occurred randomly throughout all subject groups. It was concluded that leukemia patients tend to carry gram-negative bacteria on the skin. The factors permitting colonization of skin by gram-negative bacteria are discussed.", "contents": "Microbial skin flora of selected cancer patients and hospital personnel. The bacterial flora of the skin from five anatomical sites on 10 leukemia patients, 10 patients with malignant melanoma, and a control group of 10 medical personnel was examined quantitatively and qualitatively. This was done to determine whether malignant disease results in changes in skin flora and to establish carrier rates of gram-negative bacteria on the skin of personnel in hospital environments. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated more frequently (74 isolates from 100 cultures) from the skin of leukemia patients than from either patients with malignant melanoma (8 isolates from 100 cultures) or the medical personnel (9 isolates from 100 cultures). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated exclusively from leukemia patients. Relative proportions of gram-negative bacteria in total populations were determined. The axilla was the only site with a uniformly high proportion of gram-negative bacteria. From all other sites cultured, gram-negative populations were low (1 to 5 bacteria/cm2 of skin), although a high proportion of gram-negative populations occurred randomly throughout all subject groups. It was concluded that leukemia patients tend to carry gram-negative bacteria on the skin. The factors permitting colonization of skin by gram-negative bacteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943419", "title": "Evaluation of a rubella hemagglutination inhibition test system.", "content": "Two systems for measurement of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were compared. One had chick erythrocytes as indicator and the other, which is available in kit form (\"Rubindex,\" Ortho-Diagnostics), uses human group O erythrocytes. Correlation to within one dilution of each other was noted in 92% of the tests. The Rubindex system has the advantage of longer shelf life of reagents and also does not require one of the absorption steps necessary for the other method, thus saving technologist's time.", "contents": "Evaluation of a rubella hemagglutination inhibition test system. Two systems for measurement of rubella hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were compared. One had chick erythrocytes as indicator and the other, which is available in kit form (\"Rubindex,\" Ortho-Diagnostics), uses human group O erythrocytes. Correlation to within one dilution of each other was noted in 92% of the tests. The Rubindex system has the advantage of longer shelf life of reagents and also does not require one of the absorption steps necessary for the other method, thus saving technologist's time."}
{"id": "PMID:943420", "title": "Effect of short-term, low-level nitrogen dioxide exposure on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients.", "content": "Our purpose was to determine whether exposure to a realistic concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) could increase the bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients to bronchoconstrictor agents. We established dose-response curves for changes in specific airway resistance (SRaw) in response to aerosolized carbachol in 20 asthmatics after each had spent 1 h in an exposure chamber breathing on one occasion unpolluted air and on a separate occasion 0.1 ppm NO2: sequence of exposures to unpolluted air and to low levels of NO2 were randomized in a single-blind fashion. NO2 induced a slight but significant increase in initial SRaw and enhanced the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol in 13 subjects: curves were shifted to the left and the mean dose of carbachol producing a twofold increase in initial SRaw was decreased from 0.66 mg to 0.36 mg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, NO2 neither modified the initial SRaw nor the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol in seven subjects. In 4 out of the 20 subjects, exposure to a higher concentration of NO2 (0.2 ppm) yielded variable results. Potentiation of the carbachol bronchoconstrictor response by NO2 could not be related to any physical or clinical characteristics of the subjects tested. Although the mechanisms underlying the NO2 effect remain controversial, the present results demonstrate that very low levels of NO2 can adversely affect some asthmatics.", "contents": "Effect of short-term, low-level nitrogen dioxide exposure on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients. Our purpose was to determine whether exposure to a realistic concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) could increase the bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients to bronchoconstrictor agents. We established dose-response curves for changes in specific airway resistance (SRaw) in response to aerosolized carbachol in 20 asthmatics after each had spent 1 h in an exposure chamber breathing on one occasion unpolluted air and on a separate occasion 0.1 ppm NO2: sequence of exposures to unpolluted air and to low levels of NO2 were randomized in a single-blind fashion. NO2 induced a slight but significant increase in initial SRaw and enhanced the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol in 13 subjects: curves were shifted to the left and the mean dose of carbachol producing a twofold increase in initial SRaw was decreased from 0.66 mg to 0.36 mg (P less than 0.001). In contrast, NO2 neither modified the initial SRaw nor the bronchoconstrictor effect of carbachol in seven subjects. In 4 out of the 20 subjects, exposure to a higher concentration of NO2 (0.2 ppm) yielded variable results. Potentiation of the carbachol bronchoconstrictor response by NO2 could not be related to any physical or clinical characteristics of the subjects tested. Although the mechanisms underlying the NO2 effect remain controversial, the present results demonstrate that very low levels of NO2 can adversely affect some asthmatics."}
{"id": "PMID:943421", "title": "Kinetic analysis of biliary lipid excretion in man and dog.", "content": "To understand better the mechanisms involved in biliary lipid excretion and to evaluate their role in cholesterol gallstone formation, the rates of biliary excretion of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids were measured in two species, man and dog. Seven cholecystectomized patients with balloon-occludable reinfusion T-tubes were studied during intact and interrupted enterohepatic circulation and four cholecystectomized dogs were studied during interrupted enterohepatic circulation. In man and dog both cholesterol and phospholipid outputs were hyperbolically related to bile salt output by the equation y = x/(a + bx). The output curves intersected the origin and showed an initial rapid rise, followed by a slower increase to a maximum, suggesting a rate-limited mechanism. The shape of the curves permitted calculation of the theoretical maximal outputs and the rates of rise to those outputs. Comparison of these values showed that in both man and dog phospholipid output was greater than cholesterol output and that cholesterol and phospholipid were excreted at different rates. These studies (a) indicate that cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile salts are not excreted in a fixed relationship and (b) demonstrate the usefulness of the derived theoretical maximal lipid output, and the rate of rise of lipid excretion to a maximum, in evaluating the kinetics of biliary lipid excretion.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of biliary lipid excretion in man and dog. To understand better the mechanisms involved in biliary lipid excretion and to evaluate their role in cholesterol gallstone formation, the rates of biliary excretion of bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids were measured in two species, man and dog. Seven cholecystectomized patients with balloon-occludable reinfusion T-tubes were studied during intact and interrupted enterohepatic circulation and four cholecystectomized dogs were studied during interrupted enterohepatic circulation. In man and dog both cholesterol and phospholipid outputs were hyperbolically related to bile salt output by the equation y = x/(a + bx). The output curves intersected the origin and showed an initial rapid rise, followed by a slower increase to a maximum, suggesting a rate-limited mechanism. The shape of the curves permitted calculation of the theoretical maximal outputs and the rates of rise to those outputs. Comparison of these values showed that in both man and dog phospholipid output was greater than cholesterol output and that cholesterol and phospholipid were excreted at different rates. These studies (a) indicate that cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile salts are not excreted in a fixed relationship and (b) demonstrate the usefulness of the derived theoretical maximal lipid output, and the rate of rise of lipid excretion to a maximum, in evaluating the kinetics of biliary lipid excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:943423", "title": "Effect of intravenous furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin.", "content": "The effect of an 80-mg intravenous dose of furosemide on the urinary excretion of digoxin was determined in three adult men with normal renal function, each of whom was taking 0.25 mg digoxin daily on a chronic basis. On two separate days, serum samples were taken and urine was collected every 2 hours over an 8-hour period for determination of digoxin, creatinine, calcium, and sodium concentrations. On the first day of study, a saline bolus was given intravenously, and on the second day, furosemide was given. In all subjects, urinary digoxin excretion increased after furosemide in direct proportion to the increase in urine volume. No consistent correlation was seen between digoxin excretion and creatinine, calcium, or sodium output. No significant changes in serum digoxin were found in this active study. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing glomerular filtration rate or total urine volume increases the renal excretion of digoxin and may result in increased total urinary output of this glycoside.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous furosemide on the renal excretion of digoxin. The effect of an 80-mg intravenous dose of furosemide on the urinary excretion of digoxin was determined in three adult men with normal renal function, each of whom was taking 0.25 mg digoxin daily on a chronic basis. On two separate days, serum samples were taken and urine was collected every 2 hours over an 8-hour period for determination of digoxin, creatinine, calcium, and sodium concentrations. On the first day of study, a saline bolus was given intravenously, and on the second day, furosemide was given. In all subjects, urinary digoxin excretion increased after furosemide in direct proportion to the increase in urine volume. No consistent correlation was seen between digoxin excretion and creatinine, calcium, or sodium output. No significant changes in serum digoxin were found in this active study. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing glomerular filtration rate or total urine volume increases the renal excretion of digoxin and may result in increased total urinary output of this glycoside."}
{"id": "PMID:943422", "title": "Therapeutic doses of cyproheptadine do not inhibit monoamine oxidase in man.", "content": "Cypro, a serotonin and histamine antagonist, has been shown to be a moderately potent reversible inhibitor of tissue monoamine oxidase (MAO) obtained from hamsters and rabbits. In the present study, Cypro inhibits MAO obtained from human platelets with the same potency as harmine (Ki = 5 x 10(-5) M). However, when ten normal volunteers received conventional therapeutic doses of Cypro (16 mg/day) for two days, there was no alteration in their urinary excretion of tryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. We conclude that, when used in conventional clinical doses, Cypro does not inhibit MAO in man.", "contents": "Therapeutic doses of cyproheptadine do not inhibit monoamine oxidase in man. Cypro, a serotonin and histamine antagonist, has been shown to be a moderately potent reversible inhibitor of tissue monoamine oxidase (MAO) obtained from hamsters and rabbits. In the present study, Cypro inhibits MAO obtained from human platelets with the same potency as harmine (Ki = 5 x 10(-5) M). However, when ten normal volunteers received conventional therapeutic doses of Cypro (16 mg/day) for two days, there was no alteration in their urinary excretion of tryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid, epinephrine, or norepinephrine. We conclude that, when used in conventional clinical doses, Cypro does not inhibit MAO in man."}
{"id": "PMID:943424", "title": "Serum creatine phosphokinase concentrations after intramuscular chlordiazepoxide and its solvent.", "content": "Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations were determined in healthy volunteers for the first 48 hours after intramuscular injection of 50 mg chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride or of its solvent alone. Intramuscular injection of both the drug solution and its solvent was painful and caused CPK elevations. The CPK rise due to the drug solution was 33 per cent higher than that due to the solvent alone, but the difference was not significant. The pH of the solvent preparation is low and it contains high concentrations of propylene glycol. The pain and muscle damage due to injection of the solvent could be due to its acidity and its high osmolarity. Problems associated with intramuscular injections of water-insoluble drugs are not resolved by the use of such solvent preparations.", "contents": "Serum creatine phosphokinase concentrations after intramuscular chlordiazepoxide and its solvent. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations were determined in healthy volunteers for the first 48 hours after intramuscular injection of 50 mg chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride or of its solvent alone. Intramuscular injection of both the drug solution and its solvent was painful and caused CPK elevations. The CPK rise due to the drug solution was 33 per cent higher than that due to the solvent alone, but the difference was not significant. The pH of the solvent preparation is low and it contains high concentrations of propylene glycol. The pain and muscle damage due to injection of the solvent could be due to its acidity and its high osmolarity. Problems associated with intramuscular injections of water-insoluble drugs are not resolved by the use of such solvent preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:943425", "title": "Norepinephrine infusion in normal subjects and patients with essential or renal hypertension: effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine concentrations.", "content": "Infusion of NE in seven normal subjects and 13 patients with essential or renal hypertension caused a pronounced initial rise of systolic pressure in only seven hypertensives and one normotensive. This hyperresponsiveness was not a constant finding in essential or renal hypertensives but usually occurred in patients with highest preinfusion pressures. In some of the latter, following the pronounced rise in pressure when NE infusion was started (0.05 mug/kg/min), pressure did not increase further (probably due to reflexly reduced cardiac output) despite progressively increasing the infusion rate to 0.1 and 0.2 mug/kg/min. Hyperresponsiveness could not be attributed to increased NE concentrations at receptor sites since it was not significantly correlated with elevations of NE plasma concentrations; in some essential hypertensives, mild pressure increases occurred despite marked elevations of arterial plasma NE. Since hyperresponsiveness occurred in some patients with essential and some with renal hypertension, it could not be used to differentiate these two groups of hypertensives. The mechanism for hyperresponsiveness remains unclear but may be better explained by vascular structure alterations than by hyperreactive vascular smooth muscle per se; however, a combination of these factors could participate. During NE infusion, reflex bradycardia was associated with elevated pressure and was slightly more pronounced in normotensives; this was probably related to diminished baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertensives and due to \"resetting\" of their baroreceptors. During high rates of NE infusion (0.2 mu/kg/min), higher arterial plasma NE concentrations in essential hypertensives than in normotensives could result from reduction in blood flow to organs important in inactivating circulating NE; however, a defective inactivating mechanism for NE in some essential hypertensives cannot be totally excluded.", "contents": "Norepinephrine infusion in normal subjects and patients with essential or renal hypertension: effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma catecholamine concentrations. Infusion of NE in seven normal subjects and 13 patients with essential or renal hypertension caused a pronounced initial rise of systolic pressure in only seven hypertensives and one normotensive. This hyperresponsiveness was not a constant finding in essential or renal hypertensives but usually occurred in patients with highest preinfusion pressures. In some of the latter, following the pronounced rise in pressure when NE infusion was started (0.05 mug/kg/min), pressure did not increase further (probably due to reflexly reduced cardiac output) despite progressively increasing the infusion rate to 0.1 and 0.2 mug/kg/min. Hyperresponsiveness could not be attributed to increased NE concentrations at receptor sites since it was not significantly correlated with elevations of NE plasma concentrations; in some essential hypertensives, mild pressure increases occurred despite marked elevations of arterial plasma NE. Since hyperresponsiveness occurred in some patients with essential and some with renal hypertension, it could not be used to differentiate these two groups of hypertensives. The mechanism for hyperresponsiveness remains unclear but may be better explained by vascular structure alterations than by hyperreactive vascular smooth muscle per se; however, a combination of these factors could participate. During NE infusion, reflex bradycardia was associated with elevated pressure and was slightly more pronounced in normotensives; this was probably related to diminished baroreflex sensitivity in essential hypertensives and due to \"resetting\" of their baroreceptors. During high rates of NE infusion (0.2 mu/kg/min), higher arterial plasma NE concentrations in essential hypertensives than in normotensives could result from reduction in blood flow to organs important in inactivating circulating NE; however, a defective inactivating mechanism for NE in some essential hypertensives cannot be totally excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:943437", "title": "Hypochondriasis in the elderly: a reaction to social stress.", "content": "Hypochondriasis in the elderly is often a preventable or reversible syndrome. It can become chronic if the patient finds no relief from social stress or becomes dependent upon medical services as a source of support. When this is recognized, psychotherapeutic intervention is necessary. Although no socioeconomic group is exempt, hypochondriasis in the elderly occurs more often among the lower social classes. Its higher prevalence in this group is attributable to the frequency and severity of social stress and the loss of alternative social opportunities. If psychotherapeutic intervention is necessary, the elderly hypochondriac patient should be helped to recognize social stress as a major source of the problem and to develop a realistic method of coping with it. Apparently the precipitating factors are often in the socioeconomic sphere; hence, social planners should be aware of this fact if the demands on the health care system are to be reduced.", "contents": "Hypochondriasis in the elderly: a reaction to social stress. Hypochondriasis in the elderly is often a preventable or reversible syndrome. It can become chronic if the patient finds no relief from social stress or becomes dependent upon medical services as a source of support. When this is recognized, psychotherapeutic intervention is necessary. Although no socioeconomic group is exempt, hypochondriasis in the elderly occurs more often among the lower social classes. Its higher prevalence in this group is attributable to the frequency and severity of social stress and the loss of alternative social opportunities. If psychotherapeutic intervention is necessary, the elderly hypochondriac patient should be helped to recognize social stress as a major source of the problem and to develop a realistic method of coping with it. Apparently the precipitating factors are often in the socioeconomic sphere; hence, social planners should be aware of this fact if the demands on the health care system are to be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:943438", "title": "Goals of the cytology automation program of the National Cancer Institute.", "content": "The immediate goal of the Cytology Automation Program of the National Cancer Institute is the development of an automated system which will screen appropriate specimens from asymptomatic women for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and its precursor lesions, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. This system should make one of three decisions on each specimen: normal, abnormal or inadequate with an acceptably low false negative rate. It is expected that the next step in evaluation of patients whose specimens have been identified as abnormal by the automated system would be a manual evaluation of a traditional cytologic specimen.", "contents": "Goals of the cytology automation program of the National Cancer Institute. The immediate goal of the Cytology Automation Program of the National Cancer Institute is the development of an automated system which will screen appropriate specimens from asymptomatic women for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and its precursor lesions, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. This system should make one of three decisions on each specimen: normal, abnormal or inadequate with an acceptably low false negative rate. It is expected that the next step in evaluation of patients whose specimens have been identified as abnormal by the automated system would be a manual evaluation of a traditional cytologic specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:943439", "title": "Spectral studies on 33258 Hoechst and related bisbenzimidazole dyes useful for fluorescent detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Absorption, fluroescence and circular dichroism measrements on 33258 Hoechst-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexes are consistent with the existence of two types of dye-binding interactions. One type, which persists at elevated solution ionic strength, is highly specific for adenine-thymine-rich DNA. Dye bound under this condition exhibits efficient fluorescence and strong optical activity. A less specific, largely electrostatic interaction is associated with less intense fluorescence and weaker optical activity. The fluorescence of 33258 Hoechst and several other bisbenzimidazole dyes is less when bound to poly(deoxyadenylate-5-bromodeoxyuridylate) than when bound to poly(deoxyadenlyate-deoxythymidylate). Quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence can also be used to detect biosynthetic incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of living cells. This property of 33258 Hoechst should allow fluorescence-activated cell and chromosome sorting according to the extent of DNA synthesis, providing a bridge between biochemical and cytologic analyses of processes related to DNA replication.", "contents": "Spectral studies on 33258 Hoechst and related bisbenzimidazole dyes useful for fluorescent detection of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Absorption, fluroescence and circular dichroism measrements on 33258 Hoechst-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complexes are consistent with the existence of two types of dye-binding interactions. One type, which persists at elevated solution ionic strength, is highly specific for adenine-thymine-rich DNA. Dye bound under this condition exhibits efficient fluorescence and strong optical activity. A less specific, largely electrostatic interaction is associated with less intense fluorescence and weaker optical activity. The fluorescence of 33258 Hoechst and several other bisbenzimidazole dyes is less when bound to poly(deoxyadenylate-5-bromodeoxyuridylate) than when bound to poly(deoxyadenlyate-deoxythymidylate). Quenching of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence can also be used to detect biosynthetic incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into the DNA of living cells. This property of 33258 Hoechst should allow fluorescence-activated cell and chromosome sorting according to the extent of DNA synthesis, providing a bridge between biochemical and cytologic analyses of processes related to DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:943440", "title": "Gynecologic specimen analysis by multiangle light scattering in a flow system.", "content": "A flow-system instrument is described in which the laser light scattered by a mammalian cell is sampled simultaneously at up to 32 angles between 0 degrees and 21 degrees from the laser beam axis as the cell passes through the beam. The scatter pattern for each cell is stored by a computer for later analysis. Various data-processing techniques are discussed. Results of preliminary application of the instrument to the analysis of normal and abnormal gynecologic specimens are presented.", "contents": "Gynecologic specimen analysis by multiangle light scattering in a flow system. A flow-system instrument is described in which the laser light scattered by a mammalian cell is sampled simultaneously at up to 32 angles between 0 degrees and 21 degrees from the laser beam axis as the cell passes through the beam. The scatter pattern for each cell is stored by a computer for later analysis. Various data-processing techniques are discussed. Results of preliminary application of the instrument to the analysis of normal and abnormal gynecologic specimens are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943441", "title": "Immunologic reactivity to soluble autochthonous tumor extracts in dogs with spontaneous malignancies.", "content": "The presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma (L) or solid tumors (ST) was investigated by testing soluble tumor cell extracts for their ability to stimulate autochthonous in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis and in vivo intradermal delayed hypersensitivity responses. Tumor extracts were prepared from tumor biopsies and control extracts were prepared from buffycoat cells of tumor dogs by hypertonic KCl solubilization. Blastogenic responses to intact, cryopreserved, autochthonous tumor cells were also determined. Fifteen of 26 (58%) L dogs and 23 of 32 (72%) ST dogs had positive blastogenic responses to at least one concentration of autochthonous tumor extracts. Blastogenic responses to tumor extract and to cryopreserved whole tumor cells correlated well when the tests were performed simultaneously. No consistent effect of autochthonous serum on the lymphocyte response to autochthonous tumor extract was observed. Two of 11 L dogs showed a positive skin test to autochthonous tumor extract and none reacted to control extract. Three of 21 ST dogs showed a positive skin test and two had a borderline response, while two ST dogs had a positive response to control extract. However, five of seven L and nine of 18 ST dogs were anergic as defined by failure to respond to intradermal PPD challenge after sensitization with Bacille Calmette-Guerin. In conclusion, lymphocytes from most dogs with spontaneous tumors underwent blastogenesis in vitro in response to autochthonous soluble tumor extracts, and these responses when tested simultaneously correlated well with responses to cryopreserved intact tumor cells. These results are compatible with the presence of TAA in extracts from cells of spontaneous canine tumors. Delayed skin test reactivity, however, was an uncommon and unpredictable finding, and does not appear to be useful in detecting TAA in the dog.", "contents": "Immunologic reactivity to soluble autochthonous tumor extracts in dogs with spontaneous malignancies. The presence of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma (L) or solid tumors (ST) was investigated by testing soluble tumor cell extracts for their ability to stimulate autochthonous in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis and in vivo intradermal delayed hypersensitivity responses. Tumor extracts were prepared from tumor biopsies and control extracts were prepared from buffycoat cells of tumor dogs by hypertonic KCl solubilization. Blastogenic responses to intact, cryopreserved, autochthonous tumor cells were also determined. Fifteen of 26 (58%) L dogs and 23 of 32 (72%) ST dogs had positive blastogenic responses to at least one concentration of autochthonous tumor extracts. Blastogenic responses to tumor extract and to cryopreserved whole tumor cells correlated well when the tests were performed simultaneously. No consistent effect of autochthonous serum on the lymphocyte response to autochthonous tumor extract was observed. Two of 11 L dogs showed a positive skin test to autochthonous tumor extract and none reacted to control extract. Three of 21 ST dogs showed a positive skin test and two had a borderline response, while two ST dogs had a positive response to control extract. However, five of seven L and nine of 18 ST dogs were anergic as defined by failure to respond to intradermal PPD challenge after sensitization with Bacille Calmette-Guerin. In conclusion, lymphocytes from most dogs with spontaneous tumors underwent blastogenesis in vitro in response to autochthonous soluble tumor extracts, and these responses when tested simultaneously correlated well with responses to cryopreserved intact tumor cells. These results are compatible with the presence of TAA in extracts from cells of spontaneous canine tumors. Delayed skin test reactivity, however, was an uncommon and unpredictable finding, and does not appear to be useful in detecting TAA in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:943442", "title": "The induction of hapten-specific immunologic tolerance and immunity in B lymphocytes. I. The effect of delayed immunization on the adoptive response to TNP-LPS.", "content": "An improved adoptive transfer procedure has been developed for the thymus-independent conjugate TNP-LPS. This technique involving delayed immunization results in increased sensivity and makes possible studies of various cell types, the response of which is normally very low or which are difficult to manipulate experimentally in situ. The standard adoptive immune response of adult spleen cells to TNP-LPS was low in comparison to the primary AFC response of intact mice. Adult bone marrow cells gave a 30-fold lower and neonatal spleen cells an 8-fold lower adoptive response than an equivalent number of adult spleen cells. If the administration of antigen was delayed past the normal time of immunization (1 hr after cell transfer), the resulting AFC response of adult spleen, adult bone marrow, and neonatal cells was enhanced. The peak response occurred with a delay interval of 4 days, and the magnitude decreased with greater delay. Part of the reason for the decline was an acceleration in the attainment of a peak response in mice given antigen past the 4-day optimum. The enhancement of the adult splenic response was not restricted to the antigen TNP-LPS, and was a transferrable phenomenon which did not require antigen to persist past the 4-day optimum delay period. The ineffectiveness of host pre-irradiation indicated that host recovery alone was not involved. Although the results are more compatible with B cell proliferation causing the enhancement, a combination of effects may be involved.", "contents": "The induction of hapten-specific immunologic tolerance and immunity in B lymphocytes. I. The effect of delayed immunization on the adoptive response to TNP-LPS. An improved adoptive transfer procedure has been developed for the thymus-independent conjugate TNP-LPS. This technique involving delayed immunization results in increased sensivity and makes possible studies of various cell types, the response of which is normally very low or which are difficult to manipulate experimentally in situ. The standard adoptive immune response of adult spleen cells to TNP-LPS was low in comparison to the primary AFC response of intact mice. Adult bone marrow cells gave a 30-fold lower and neonatal spleen cells an 8-fold lower adoptive response than an equivalent number of adult spleen cells. If the administration of antigen was delayed past the normal time of immunization (1 hr after cell transfer), the resulting AFC response of adult spleen, adult bone marrow, and neonatal cells was enhanced. The peak response occurred with a delay interval of 4 days, and the magnitude decreased with greater delay. Part of the reason for the decline was an acceleration in the attainment of a peak response in mice given antigen past the 4-day optimum. The enhancement of the adult splenic response was not restricted to the antigen TNP-LPS, and was a transferrable phenomenon which did not require antigen to persist past the 4-day optimum delay period. The ineffectiveness of host pre-irradiation indicated that host recovery alone was not involved. Although the results are more compatible with B cell proliferation causing the enhancement, a combination of effects may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:943453", "title": "Accumulation of glyceryl ether lipids in Wolman's disease.", "content": "We have shown that ether-linked glycerolipids accumulated in the adrenal, liver, and spleen of a male Chinese infant with Wolman's disease; the increases were mainly in the alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerolipids that did not contain phosphorus. Alkyldiacylglycerol accounted for a portion of the rise in the neutral alkylglycerols. The spleen also contained increased amounts of ether-linked phosphoglycerides of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl types. Organs from a Niemann-Pick patient were also included in this study; they did not show comparable rises in the content of ether-linked glycerolipids, suggesting the possibility that storage of these compounds may be characteristic of Wolman's disease, or a variant form thereof.", "contents": "Accumulation of glyceryl ether lipids in Wolman's disease. We have shown that ether-linked glycerolipids accumulated in the adrenal, liver, and spleen of a male Chinese infant with Wolman's disease; the increases were mainly in the alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerolipids that did not contain phosphorus. Alkyldiacylglycerol accounted for a portion of the rise in the neutral alkylglycerols. The spleen also contained increased amounts of ether-linked phosphoglycerides of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl types. Organs from a Niemann-Pick patient were also included in this study; they did not show comparable rises in the content of ether-linked glycerolipids, suggesting the possibility that storage of these compounds may be characteristic of Wolman's disease, or a variant form thereof."}
{"id": "PMID:943454", "title": "Biochemical changes in the corpus luteum of the cyclic hamster.", "content": "The corpora lutea (CL) of the hamster secrete progesterone on days 1 and 2 of the oestrous cycle before marked regression at pro-oestrus (day 4) virtually eliminates them from the ovary. Luteal protein and RNA reached their maximum values on day 2 and declined up to day 4. DNA was constant throughout the cycle substantiating the importance of cellular hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia in the growth of the CL. Concentrations of cholesterol and its esters were unchanged between days 1 and 3 but almost doubled in concentration on day 4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was maximal on days 2 and 4, apparently associated on these days with steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism, respectively. A significant increase in acid phosphatase activity occurred on day 3 reaching maximal values on day 4, probably accounting for the rapid regression of the CL. The maximal concentration of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in CL was on day 1, with a gradual decline over the next 3 days.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in the corpus luteum of the cyclic hamster. The corpora lutea (CL) of the hamster secrete progesterone on days 1 and 2 of the oestrous cycle before marked regression at pro-oestrus (day 4) virtually eliminates them from the ovary. Luteal protein and RNA reached their maximum values on day 2 and declined up to day 4. DNA was constant throughout the cycle substantiating the importance of cellular hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia in the growth of the CL. Concentrations of cholesterol and its esters were unchanged between days 1 and 3 but almost doubled in concentration on day 4. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was maximal on days 2 and 4, apparently associated on these days with steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism, respectively. A significant increase in acid phosphatase activity occurred on day 3 reaching maximal values on day 4, probably accounting for the rapid regression of the CL. The maximal concentration of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in CL was on day 1, with a gradual decline over the next 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:943455", "title": "Developmental, diurnal and oestrous cycle-dependent changes in the activity of liver enzymes.", "content": "The metabolism of [4-14C]4-androstene-3, 17-dione was studied in the 105000 g microsomal and supernatant fractions of liver from developing rats of both sexes. The following enzyme activities were measured: 5beta-reductase (supernatant fraction) and 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductases, 6beta-, 7alpha- and 16alpha-hydroxylases (microsomal fraction). The activities of the 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductases were estimated by calculating the ratios of 3alpha-: 5alpha- and 3beta-: 5alpha-reduced metabolites formed, respectively. Most enzyme activities present at birth (i.e. 5beta-reductase, 5alpha-reductase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductase, 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylase) increased until 20 days of age in both male and female rats. Between 20 and 30 days of age a number of masculine metabolic characteristics appeared in both sexes, i.e. the 16alpha-hydroxylase and the 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase were induced, the 5beta-reductase activity rapidly increased and the 5alpha-reductase activity slightly decreased. During a third period beginning 30 days after birth the adult male enzyme activity pattern was completed by the induction of 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductase and a further increase in the activity of 16alpha-hydroxylase. After 30 days of age a feminine type of liver metabolism also rapidly developed in female rats; the 16alpha-hydroxylase and the 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase activities disappeared, the 6beta-hydroxylase and the 5beta-reductase activities decreased and the 5alpha-reductase activity increased six times. The developmental patterns of enzyme activities in the rat liver are consistent with a first developmental phase (0-30 days of age) independent of hypophysial control and probably determined primarily by the genome of the liver cell and a second phase (from 30 days onwards) with increasing sexual differentiation under hypophysial control. This control is mediated by some kind of feminizing factor in female rats and possibly by some kind of androgen-elicited secretion of masculinizing factor(s) in male rats. The metabolism of [4-14C]4-androstene-3, 17-dione was also studied during different times of the day and during different phases of the oestrous cycle. The 16alpha-hydroxylase activity showed a diurnal variation with higher values at noon than at midnight. The 5beta-reductase activity reached a maximal activity during metoestrus.", "contents": "Developmental, diurnal and oestrous cycle-dependent changes in the activity of liver enzymes. The metabolism of [4-14C]4-androstene-3, 17-dione was studied in the 105000 g microsomal and supernatant fractions of liver from developing rats of both sexes. The following enzyme activities were measured: 5beta-reductase (supernatant fraction) and 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductases, 6beta-, 7alpha- and 16alpha-hydroxylases (microsomal fraction). The activities of the 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductases were estimated by calculating the ratios of 3alpha-: 5alpha- and 3beta-: 5alpha-reduced metabolites formed, respectively. Most enzyme activities present at birth (i.e. 5beta-reductase, 5alpha-reductase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid reductase, 6beta- and 7alpha-hydroxylase) increased until 20 days of age in both male and female rats. Between 20 and 30 days of age a number of masculine metabolic characteristics appeared in both sexes, i.e. the 16alpha-hydroxylase and the 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase were induced, the 5beta-reductase activity rapidly increased and the 5alpha-reductase activity slightly decreased. During a third period beginning 30 days after birth the adult male enzyme activity pattern was completed by the induction of 3beta-hydroxysteroid reductase and a further increase in the activity of 16alpha-hydroxylase. After 30 days of age a feminine type of liver metabolism also rapidly developed in female rats; the 16alpha-hydroxylase and the 17alpha-hydroxysteroid reductase activities disappeared, the 6beta-hydroxylase and the 5beta-reductase activities decreased and the 5alpha-reductase activity increased six times. The developmental patterns of enzyme activities in the rat liver are consistent with a first developmental phase (0-30 days of age) independent of hypophysial control and probably determined primarily by the genome of the liver cell and a second phase (from 30 days onwards) with increasing sexual differentiation under hypophysial control. This control is mediated by some kind of feminizing factor in female rats and possibly by some kind of androgen-elicited secretion of masculinizing factor(s) in male rats. The metabolism of [4-14C]4-androstene-3, 17-dione was also studied during different times of the day and during different phases of the oestrous cycle. The 16alpha-hydroxylase activity showed a diurnal variation with higher values at noon than at midnight. The 5beta-reductase activity reached a maximal activity during metoestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:943456", "title": "Effects of sodium pentobarbitone on serum gonadotrophin levels and on the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein in the brain and anterior pituitary during the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "Ovulation was delayed for 24 h after the administration of sodium pentobarbitone (Nembutal, 35 mg/kg body weight) at 14.00 h, before the critical period on the afternoon of pro-oestrus. The expected preovulatory surge of serum LH at 18.00 h of pro-oestrus was also delayed until 21.00 h on the following day; however, increased levels (less than 12 ng/ml) were observed in 14 out of 23 animals (killed by decapitation) at 21.00 h on the day of Nembutal administration. The serum FSH rise observed on the morning of expected oestrus was extended after Nembutal treatment, and a further rise was noted 24 h later. Peak levels of incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of the median eminence area (ME) and of the anterior pituitary (AP) which normally occur about the time of the preovulatory LH surge, were also delayed until 21.00 h on the day following Nembutal administration. Neither ovulation nor the preovulatory gonadotropin rises with their accompanying changes in incorporation in the ME and the AP, were altered by Nembutal administered after the pro-oestrous critical period. Thus Nembutal, while blocking ovulation, inhibits the circadian rhythm of incorporation of 35S from methionine in the brain as well as the peaks of incorporation in the median eminence and the anterior pituitary which accompany the normal preovulatory surges of gonadotrophin.", "contents": "Effects of sodium pentobarbitone on serum gonadotrophin levels and on the incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein in the brain and anterior pituitary during the oestrous cycle of the rat. Ovulation was delayed for 24 h after the administration of sodium pentobarbitone (Nembutal, 35 mg/kg body weight) at 14.00 h, before the critical period on the afternoon of pro-oestrus. The expected preovulatory surge of serum LH at 18.00 h of pro-oestrus was also delayed until 21.00 h on the following day; however, increased levels (less than 12 ng/ml) were observed in 14 out of 23 animals (killed by decapitation) at 21.00 h on the day of Nembutal administration. The serum FSH rise observed on the morning of expected oestrus was extended after Nembutal treatment, and a further rise was noted 24 h later. Peak levels of incorporation of 35S from methionine into protein of the median eminence area (ME) and of the anterior pituitary (AP) which normally occur about the time of the preovulatory LH surge, were also delayed until 21.00 h on the day following Nembutal administration. Neither ovulation nor the preovulatory gonadotropin rises with their accompanying changes in incorporation in the ME and the AP, were altered by Nembutal administered after the pro-oestrous critical period. Thus Nembutal, while blocking ovulation, inhibits the circadian rhythm of incorporation of 35S from methionine in the brain as well as the peaks of incorporation in the median eminence and the anterior pituitary which accompany the normal preovulatory surges of gonadotrophin."}
{"id": "PMID:943457", "title": "Studies on androgen transport into canine prostate in vitro.", "content": "Slices from canine prostate were superfused with [17alpha-3H] testosterone and 5alpha-dihydro[1,2-3H]testosterone at 'physiological' concentrations; to some wuperfusions, either [3H]cyproterone or [3H]cyproterone acetate was also added. The following parameters were measured: 'uptake' of anti-androgen by the tissue, rate of entry of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the tissue, rate of efflux from the tissue of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and concentration of 'diffusible' 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the slices. The adsorption of steroids on to the surface of the slices and the bulk flow of tritiated water into the slices were also investigated. It was concluded that these two factors did not interfere with the measurement of entry and efflux of the androgens. Cyproterone and cyproterone acetate were not metabolized, but were concentrated in the slices to many times the level in the medium. With rate of supply of anti-androgens up to 43 pmol/min, their uptake increased together with the rate of entry of the two androgens and the rate of efflux of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. At a higher rate of supply of anti-androgens, their uptake and the rates of entry and efflux of the androgens decreased sharply. In most cases, the inward movement of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the slices took place against a negative concentration gradient, while that of testosterone always occurred down a positive concentration gradient. These results confirmed the hypothesis already put forward that 'carriers' involved in the transport of androgens are present in the membrane of prostatic cells (Giorgi, Moses, Grant, Scott & Sinclair, 1974). Non-specific and specific intracellular binding, exhibiting greater affinity for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone than for testosterone, was demonstrated in canine prostate by means of 'washing-out' experiments. On the basis of its affinity for androgens and the presence of inhibition by low concentrations of anti-androgen, intracellular binding seemed to be due to components distinct from the postulated membrane 'carriers'.", "contents": "Studies on androgen transport into canine prostate in vitro. Slices from canine prostate were superfused with [17alpha-3H] testosterone and 5alpha-dihydro[1,2-3H]testosterone at 'physiological' concentrations; to some wuperfusions, either [3H]cyproterone or [3H]cyproterone acetate was also added. The following parameters were measured: 'uptake' of anti-androgen by the tissue, rate of entry of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the tissue, rate of efflux from the tissue of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and concentration of 'diffusible' 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the slices. The adsorption of steroids on to the surface of the slices and the bulk flow of tritiated water into the slices were also investigated. It was concluded that these two factors did not interfere with the measurement of entry and efflux of the androgens. Cyproterone and cyproterone acetate were not metabolized, but were concentrated in the slices to many times the level in the medium. With rate of supply of anti-androgens up to 43 pmol/min, their uptake increased together with the rate of entry of the two androgens and the rate of efflux of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. At a higher rate of supply of anti-androgens, their uptake and the rates of entry and efflux of the androgens decreased sharply. In most cases, the inward movement of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the slices took place against a negative concentration gradient, while that of testosterone always occurred down a positive concentration gradient. These results confirmed the hypothesis already put forward that 'carriers' involved in the transport of androgens are present in the membrane of prostatic cells (Giorgi, Moses, Grant, Scott & Sinclair, 1974). Non-specific and specific intracellular binding, exhibiting greater affinity for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone than for testosterone, was demonstrated in canine prostate by means of 'washing-out' experiments. On the basis of its affinity for androgens and the presence of inhibition by low concentrations of anti-androgen, intracellular binding seemed to be due to components distinct from the postulated membrane 'carriers'."}
{"id": "PMID:943458", "title": "Parameters of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area for release of gonadotrophins in male rats.", "content": "The release of LH and FSH after the application of an electrical stimulus to the anterior diencephalon of male rats has been studied. The stimulus was applied through either platinum or steel electrodes implanted stereotaxically in animals anaesthetized with urethane. The efficacy of various parameters of stimulation by means of a current consisting of balanced biphasic square waves, was tested by systematically changing the frequency, amplitude and duration of the pulses. The effect of direct current (d.c.) stimulation on hormone release was also examined. The concentrations of the hormones in blood withdrawn from the femoral vein before and at frequent intervals up to 80 min after application of the stimulus were determined by radioimmunoassay. The optimal parameters for the release of LH by square wave stimulation of the medial preoptic area were: frequency, 60 Hz; pulse amplitude, 0-50 mA; pulse duration, 1-00 ms. This stimulus was more effective when applied through steel than through platinum electrodes. Direct current stimulation (15 muA for 10 s) through steel electrodes was most effective of all. When applied through platinum electrodes to the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, the optimal square wave stimulus produced significant increases in the concentration of LH after 5 and 10 min respectively. The concentration of plasma FSH in these animals also increased, but the increments were much less than the increments in LH. The magnitude of the respective increases of the gonadotrophins after stimulation of the two brain areas did not differ significantly. Measurement of the milk ejection response to stimulation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract in the lactating rat indicated that the spread of the square wave stimulus was no more than 1-5 mm from the electrode tip. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the importance of the medial preoptic area in the male rat, the neurones which may be involved in the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion, and the parameters of stimulation used in studying the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.", "contents": "Parameters of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area for release of gonadotrophins in male rats. The release of LH and FSH after the application of an electrical stimulus to the anterior diencephalon of male rats has been studied. The stimulus was applied through either platinum or steel electrodes implanted stereotaxically in animals anaesthetized with urethane. The efficacy of various parameters of stimulation by means of a current consisting of balanced biphasic square waves, was tested by systematically changing the frequency, amplitude and duration of the pulses. The effect of direct current (d.c.) stimulation on hormone release was also examined. The concentrations of the hormones in blood withdrawn from the femoral vein before and at frequent intervals up to 80 min after application of the stimulus were determined by radioimmunoassay. The optimal parameters for the release of LH by square wave stimulation of the medial preoptic area were: frequency, 60 Hz; pulse amplitude, 0-50 mA; pulse duration, 1-00 ms. This stimulus was more effective when applied through steel than through platinum electrodes. Direct current stimulation (15 muA for 10 s) through steel electrodes was most effective of all. When applied through platinum electrodes to the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas, the optimal square wave stimulus produced significant increases in the concentration of LH after 5 and 10 min respectively. The concentration of plasma FSH in these animals also increased, but the increments were much less than the increments in LH. The magnitude of the respective increases of the gonadotrophins after stimulation of the two brain areas did not differ significantly. Measurement of the milk ejection response to stimulation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract in the lactating rat indicated that the spread of the square wave stimulus was no more than 1-5 mm from the electrode tip. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the importance of the medial preoptic area in the male rat, the neurones which may be involved in the regulation of gonadotrophin secretion, and the parameters of stimulation used in studying the hypothalamo-hypophysial system."}
{"id": "PMID:943459", "title": "Leteinizing hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in the jugular venous blood of sheep at various stages of the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone and LH-RH-like immunoreactivity were measured in the jugular venous plasma of Clun Forest ewes at various stages of the oestrous cycle. Blood samples were collected through jugular venous cannulae every 2 h for at least 20 days from three ewes during the breeding season. The ewes were checked twice daily for oestrus using a vasectomized ram. Plasma LH peaks of apparent height 112-192 ng NIH-LH-S17 equivalents/ml were detected at oestrus with basal levels of 2-15 ng/ml during most of the remainder of the 17-day oestrous cycle. Peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity occurred at various times of the cycle. The apparent maximal level of these peaks was 220 pg/ml compared with basal levels of less than 10 pg/ml. Further ewes (two for each group) were sampled at 4 min intervals for 12 h, (1) from onset of oestrus, (2) 36-48 h after onset of oestrus or (3) on day 10 of the oestrous cycle. In the ewes sampled at oestrus, peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity were detected before, during and after the preovulatory LH peak. Those detected after the LH peak were unassociated with any further increases in the plasma LH level. In the ewes sampled 36-48 h after onset of oestrus and on day 10 of the cycle, several peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity unassociated with any increases in the LH level were detected. These peaks, and those detected at oestrus, had durations of only one or two samples, and in some cases reached levels of several ng/ml compared with basal levels of less than 10 pg/ml. The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Leteinizing hormone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in the jugular venous blood of sheep at various stages of the oestrous cycle. Luteinizing hormone and LH-RH-like immunoreactivity were measured in the jugular venous plasma of Clun Forest ewes at various stages of the oestrous cycle. Blood samples were collected through jugular venous cannulae every 2 h for at least 20 days from three ewes during the breeding season. The ewes were checked twice daily for oestrus using a vasectomized ram. Plasma LH peaks of apparent height 112-192 ng NIH-LH-S17 equivalents/ml were detected at oestrus with basal levels of 2-15 ng/ml during most of the remainder of the 17-day oestrous cycle. Peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity occurred at various times of the cycle. The apparent maximal level of these peaks was 220 pg/ml compared with basal levels of less than 10 pg/ml. Further ewes (two for each group) were sampled at 4 min intervals for 12 h, (1) from onset of oestrus, (2) 36-48 h after onset of oestrus or (3) on day 10 of the oestrous cycle. In the ewes sampled at oestrus, peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity were detected before, during and after the preovulatory LH peak. Those detected after the LH peak were unassociated with any further increases in the plasma LH level. In the ewes sampled 36-48 h after onset of oestrus and on day 10 of the cycle, several peaks of LH-RH-like immunoreactivity unassociated with any increases in the LH level were detected. These peaks, and those detected at oestrus, had durations of only one or two samples, and in some cases reached levels of several ng/ml compared with basal levels of less than 10 pg/ml. The significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943460", "title": "Effects of sodium pentobarbitone administration on gonadotrophin release, first ovulation and ovarian morphology in pubertal rats.", "content": "Pubertal female rats received sodium pentobarbitone (PB; 45 mg/kg body wt) at various hours on the day of first pro-oestrus. Maximal blockade of ovulation, in about 60% of the rats, occurred after PB treatment at 12.00, 13.00 and 14.00 h. The number of small antral follicles (100-499 X 10(5) mum3) was reduced 1 day after PB treatment in both blocked and ovulating rats. In the ovaries of non-ovulating rats signs of stimulation by LH such as dispersion of cumulus cells, oocyte maturation and early luteinization were sometimes present; in ovulating rats cystic corpora lutea with entrapped ova were found in addition to normal corpora lutea. Gonadotrophin measurements after PB treatment (14.00 h) in pubertal and adult rats showed (at 17.00 h) reduced levels of both LH and FSH, these levels being lower in the adults. Gonadotrophin levels of blocked and ovulating pubertal rats overlapped. In PB-treated, pubertal rats in which ovulation was postponed by 1 day, vaginal oestrus was prolonged by 1 day and the subsequent dioestrus by 2 days. The pubertal rat is thus less sensitive to PB treatment than the adult. PB treatment of the younger animal influences not only the ovulatory process but also follicular growth and, presumably, the length of the approaching cycle.", "contents": "Effects of sodium pentobarbitone administration on gonadotrophin release, first ovulation and ovarian morphology in pubertal rats. Pubertal female rats received sodium pentobarbitone (PB; 45 mg/kg body wt) at various hours on the day of first pro-oestrus. Maximal blockade of ovulation, in about 60% of the rats, occurred after PB treatment at 12.00, 13.00 and 14.00 h. The number of small antral follicles (100-499 X 10(5) mum3) was reduced 1 day after PB treatment in both blocked and ovulating rats. In the ovaries of non-ovulating rats signs of stimulation by LH such as dispersion of cumulus cells, oocyte maturation and early luteinization were sometimes present; in ovulating rats cystic corpora lutea with entrapped ova were found in addition to normal corpora lutea. Gonadotrophin measurements after PB treatment (14.00 h) in pubertal and adult rats showed (at 17.00 h) reduced levels of both LH and FSH, these levels being lower in the adults. Gonadotrophin levels of blocked and ovulating pubertal rats overlapped. In PB-treated, pubertal rats in which ovulation was postponed by 1 day, vaginal oestrus was prolonged by 1 day and the subsequent dioestrus by 2 days. The pubertal rat is thus less sensitive to PB treatment than the adult. PB treatment of the younger animal influences not only the ovulatory process but also follicular growth and, presumably, the length of the approaching cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:943461", "title": "Effect of intra-uterine beads alone, or combined with oestrogen treatment, on utero-ovarian venous plasma prostaglandin F2alpha and progesterone levels in the guinea-pig.", "content": "The presence of beads in the guinea-pig uterus caused premature regression of the corpora lutea, and a corresponding decrease in utero-ovarian venous plasma levels of progesterone, by days 9-10 of the oestrous cycle. If the beads were placed in one horn only, premature luteal regression occurred only in the adjacent ovary. Induced luteal regression was preceded by an increased release of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) from the uterine horns which contained the beads. Oestradiol benzoate treatment of guinea-pigs carrying beads in one uterine horn overcame the unilateral effect and resulted in premature luteal regression in both ovaries. This was also associated with the early release of PGF2alpha from both uterine horns, though a difference in the timing of the release was apparent between the bead-containing (experimental) and control horns.", "contents": "Effect of intra-uterine beads alone, or combined with oestrogen treatment, on utero-ovarian venous plasma prostaglandin F2alpha and progesterone levels in the guinea-pig. The presence of beads in the guinea-pig uterus caused premature regression of the corpora lutea, and a corresponding decrease in utero-ovarian venous plasma levels of progesterone, by days 9-10 of the oestrous cycle. If the beads were placed in one horn only, premature luteal regression occurred only in the adjacent ovary. Induced luteal regression was preceded by an increased release of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) from the uterine horns which contained the beads. Oestradiol benzoate treatment of guinea-pigs carrying beads in one uterine horn overcame the unilateral effect and resulted in premature luteal regression in both ovaries. This was also associated with the early release of PGF2alpha from both uterine horns, though a difference in the timing of the release was apparent between the bead-containing (experimental) and control horns."}
{"id": "PMID:943462", "title": "Serum gonadotrophins and follicular development in immature rats after early androgen administration.", "content": "Follicular development and serum gonadotrophin levels were studied in female rats after neonatal androgen administration. After injection of 1250 mug testosterone propionate (TP) on day 5 after birth the composition of the follicular population was altered: at nearly all ages the number of pre-antral follicles (follicular volume 2-20 X 10(5) mum2) was lower than in oil-treated rats, in some cases the number of small antral follicles (21-249 X 10(5) mum3) was also lower. Furthermore levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were decreased from day 7 to day 20 suggesting that the high gonadotrophin levels before day 20 are of importance for normal follicular development. In contrast, final follicular maturation in TP-treated rats was enhanced; at day 35 more large antral follicles (follicular volume greater than or equal to 500 X 10(5) mum3) were present in TP-treated rats than in oil-treated rats. The presence of more large antral follicles was accompanied by higher plasma oestradiol concentrations, higher uterine weights and advanced vaginal opening. These results demonstrate an inhibition of normal follicular growth and an acceleration of ovarian maturation after neonatal androgen administration.", "contents": "Serum gonadotrophins and follicular development in immature rats after early androgen administration. Follicular development and serum gonadotrophin levels were studied in female rats after neonatal androgen administration. After injection of 1250 mug testosterone propionate (TP) on day 5 after birth the composition of the follicular population was altered: at nearly all ages the number of pre-antral follicles (follicular volume 2-20 X 10(5) mum2) was lower than in oil-treated rats, in some cases the number of small antral follicles (21-249 X 10(5) mum3) was also lower. Furthermore levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were decreased from day 7 to day 20 suggesting that the high gonadotrophin levels before day 20 are of importance for normal follicular development. In contrast, final follicular maturation in TP-treated rats was enhanced; at day 35 more large antral follicles (follicular volume greater than or equal to 500 X 10(5) mum3) were present in TP-treated rats than in oil-treated rats. The presence of more large antral follicles was accompanied by higher plasma oestradiol concentrations, higher uterine weights and advanced vaginal opening. These results demonstrate an inhibition of normal follicular growth and an acceleration of ovarian maturation after neonatal androgen administration."}
{"id": "PMID:943464", "title": "Sex reversal in a freshwater sponge.", "content": "Spongilla lacustris exhibits a type of alternative hermaphroditism, new to the phylum, in which a sponge may be exclusively male or female during the period of sexual reproduction one year and the opposite sex the next year. This form of sexuality may facilitate larva production and thus dispersal following colonization of a new habitat. Gametogenesis occurs shortly after gemmule hatching in both males and females but slightly later in males.", "contents": "Sex reversal in a freshwater sponge. Spongilla lacustris exhibits a type of alternative hermaphroditism, new to the phylum, in which a sponge may be exclusively male or female during the period of sexual reproduction one year and the opposite sex the next year. This form of sexuality may facilitate larva production and thus dispersal following colonization of a new habitat. Gametogenesis occurs shortly after gemmule hatching in both males and females but slightly later in males."}
{"id": "PMID:943465", "title": "Carbon dioxide fixation in Helminthosporium cynodontis.", "content": "A mycelial suspension of Helminthosporium cynodontis (ATCC24938), grown on glucose-peptone-yeast extract broth and exposed to NaH14CO3 for 5 h, fixed significant quantities of 14C into the following fractions (%): small molecular weight components, 7-4; lipid and lipoproteins, 3-9; nucleic acids, 59; the residual protein and cell wall fragments, 29-2. The labelled protein components were (%): aspartate, 39; glutamate, 18; cystine, 15; threonine, 9. Radioactive nucleic acid components were (%): adenine, 18; guanine, 18; cytidylate, 34; uridylate, 30. When the mycelium was grown in Czapek-Dox glucose medium and incubated in this medium plus NaH14CO3, the nucleic acid fraction contained 29-9% and the residual protein 49-5% of the cellular radioactivity. The removal of CO2 from the atmosphere did not reduce growth. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were demonstrated in extracts of H. cynodontis. Synthesis of PEPCK was stimulated under conditions promoting gluconeogenesis and was reduced under conditions promoting glycolysis, while PC synthesis was similar under both conditions.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide fixation in Helminthosporium cynodontis. A mycelial suspension of Helminthosporium cynodontis (ATCC24938), grown on glucose-peptone-yeast extract broth and exposed to NaH14CO3 for 5 h, fixed significant quantities of 14C into the following fractions (%): small molecular weight components, 7-4; lipid and lipoproteins, 3-9; nucleic acids, 59; the residual protein and cell wall fragments, 29-2. The labelled protein components were (%): aspartate, 39; glutamate, 18; cystine, 15; threonine, 9. Radioactive nucleic acid components were (%): adenine, 18; guanine, 18; cytidylate, 34; uridylate, 30. When the mycelium was grown in Czapek-Dox glucose medium and incubated in this medium plus NaH14CO3, the nucleic acid fraction contained 29-9% and the residual protein 49-5% of the cellular radioactivity. The removal of CO2 from the atmosphere did not reduce growth. Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities were demonstrated in extracts of H. cynodontis. Synthesis of PEPCK was stimulated under conditions promoting gluconeogenesis and was reduced under conditions promoting glycolysis, while PC synthesis was similar under both conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:943466", "title": "Role of choline in the nutrition of the rumen protozoon Entodinium caudatum.", "content": "A requirement of choline for growth of Entodinium caudatum in a simplified culture medium has been demonstrated. Ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, or N-dimethylethanolamine were ineffective as substitutes. In the rumen, the normal environment of this organism, levels of free choline were virtually zero even after ingestion of pasture containing phosphatidylcholine which was rapidly catabolized. Free [Me-14C]choline is very rapidly cleared from rumen fluid, a little being incorporated into the phosphatidylcholine of protozoa, but the clearance also occurs in animals with defaunated rumens. It is suggested that E. caudatum obtains choline for growth mainly from plant membrane material which it has ingested, rather than from the free base in the rumen liquor.", "contents": "Role of choline in the nutrition of the rumen protozoon Entodinium caudatum. A requirement of choline for growth of Entodinium caudatum in a simplified culture medium has been demonstrated. Ethanolamine, N-methylethanolamine, or N-dimethylethanolamine were ineffective as substitutes. In the rumen, the normal environment of this organism, levels of free choline were virtually zero even after ingestion of pasture containing phosphatidylcholine which was rapidly catabolized. Free [Me-14C]choline is very rapidly cleared from rumen fluid, a little being incorporated into the phosphatidylcholine of protozoa, but the clearance also occurs in animals with defaunated rumens. It is suggested that E. caudatum obtains choline for growth mainly from plant membrane material which it has ingested, rather than from the free base in the rumen liquor."}
{"id": "PMID:943468", "title": "A note on the relationship between the comfortable interpersonal distance scale and the sociometric status of emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between two measures of social attraction or status: namely, the recently developed Comfortable Interpersonal Distance (CID) Scale and a traditional measure of sociometric status. Both measures were recorded for a sample of emotionally disturbed, preadolescent boys who were in residential treatment. The results indicated that the two measures were very highly correlated. This finding means that the more a boy was liked by his cottage peers, the closer these peers indicated that they would like to sit next to the boy in a room. In other words, physical interpersonal distance seems to be nonverbal way of communicating liking for a person.", "contents": "A note on the relationship between the comfortable interpersonal distance scale and the sociometric status of emotionally disturbed children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between two measures of social attraction or status: namely, the recently developed Comfortable Interpersonal Distance (CID) Scale and a traditional measure of sociometric status. Both measures were recorded for a sample of emotionally disturbed, preadolescent boys who were in residential treatment. The results indicated that the two measures were very highly correlated. This finding means that the more a boy was liked by his cottage peers, the closer these peers indicated that they would like to sit next to the boy in a room. In other words, physical interpersonal distance seems to be nonverbal way of communicating liking for a person."}
{"id": "PMID:943469", "title": "Heart rate and avoidance conditioned activity in rats.", "content": "In accordance with the determination of base-line heart rate and running in an activity wheel, 14 Long-Evans male rats were given ten 30 minute sessions of Immobile-Avoid conditioning followed by 30 minute sessions of Active-Avoid conditioning. Control Ss were yoked to the experimental Ss. Experimental Ss made significantly fewer responses in the immobile-avoid period and significantly more responses in the active-avoid period than did the yoked control Ss. Heart rate was correlated with skeletal activity both for experimental and control Ss. For experimental Ss, low heart rate was concomitant with a low amount of activity in the immobile-avoid peroid and high heart rate was concomitant with greater skeletal activity in the active-avoid period. These results support the position that heart rate is secondary to responses of the somatic-motor system and that heart rate during immobile-avoid or active avoid conditioning is more closely related to the level of somatic-motor activity than to the emotional stress which purportedly motivates instrumental avoidance behavior.", "contents": "Heart rate and avoidance conditioned activity in rats. In accordance with the determination of base-line heart rate and running in an activity wheel, 14 Long-Evans male rats were given ten 30 minute sessions of Immobile-Avoid conditioning followed by 30 minute sessions of Active-Avoid conditioning. Control Ss were yoked to the experimental Ss. Experimental Ss made significantly fewer responses in the immobile-avoid period and significantly more responses in the active-avoid period than did the yoked control Ss. Heart rate was correlated with skeletal activity both for experimental and control Ss. For experimental Ss, low heart rate was concomitant with a low amount of activity in the immobile-avoid peroid and high heart rate was concomitant with greater skeletal activity in the active-avoid period. These results support the position that heart rate is secondary to responses of the somatic-motor system and that heart rate during immobile-avoid or active avoid conditioning is more closely related to the level of somatic-motor activity than to the emotional stress which purportedly motivates instrumental avoidance behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:943470", "title": "The California Psychological Inventory and the Semantic Differential dimensions.", "content": "The feasibility of describing first order factors and scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) by using the factors of the semantic differential and rated adjustment and introversion-extraversion was investigated in samples of 150 male and 80 female college students. Results indicated that both the semantic differential and the ratings significantly overlapped with the CPI, but that the degree of the relationship was not large enough to support the contention that the semantic differential factors are sufficient to describe completely what is being measured by the CPI. The relationships did prove useful, however, in further clarifying the nature of the CPI.", "contents": "The California Psychological Inventory and the Semantic Differential dimensions. The feasibility of describing first order factors and scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) by using the factors of the semantic differential and rated adjustment and introversion-extraversion was investigated in samples of 150 male and 80 female college students. Results indicated that both the semantic differential and the ratings significantly overlapped with the CPI, but that the degree of the relationship was not large enough to support the contention that the semantic differential factors are sufficient to describe completely what is being measured by the CPI. The relationships did prove useful, however, in further clarifying the nature of the CPI."}
{"id": "PMID:943471", "title": "Cerebral circulation and EEG alpha frequency in relation to daily fluctuations in psychotic behavior.", "content": "Aspects of the cerebral circulation were monitored daily by cerebral electrical impedance plethysmography in one chronic schizophrenic girl for 9 months and seven other chronic schizophrenic patients for a period of 8 months. An additional manic-depressive patient was monitored while in a remission phase over 2 months. Simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were made on the schizophrenic patients. Daily Malamud-Sands (MS) psychiatric rating scales were completed by trained nursing staff on all patients. Correlation coefficients were obtained between this behavioral variable and the EEG-measured alpha frequency. Correlations were also run between the dimensions of the MS rating scale and three indices of the cerebral circulation and between two indices of cervical blood flow. Results indicated significant correlations between the \"stuporous\" scores of the MS scale and the cerebrovascular measurements in one catatonic patient. EEG alpha frequency correlated significantly with \"excitement\" scores in the same patient. The manic-depressive patient monitored in her remission phase showed no correlations with MS scores but relatively unchanging normal cerebral hemodynamics. The remaining seven chronic schizophrenic patients were followed daily for 8 months during a drug regimen in which phenelzine and L-tryptophan were administered. Significant relationships were found between the daily fluctuations of behavior and cerebral circulatory variables in a majority of the patients, and the extent of these correlations appeared to be increased by the addition of the metabolically active agents. Only a minority of correlations between MS scores and EEG dominant frequency were found in this group of patients. It is concluded that the MS scale affords a useful ethological monitor of psychotic behavior and that cerebral electrical impedance plethysmography and EEG alpha frequency correlate significantly with the fluctuations it records.", "contents": "Cerebral circulation and EEG alpha frequency in relation to daily fluctuations in psychotic behavior. Aspects of the cerebral circulation were monitored daily by cerebral electrical impedance plethysmography in one chronic schizophrenic girl for 9 months and seven other chronic schizophrenic patients for a period of 8 months. An additional manic-depressive patient was monitored while in a remission phase over 2 months. Simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were made on the schizophrenic patients. Daily Malamud-Sands (MS) psychiatric rating scales were completed by trained nursing staff on all patients. Correlation coefficients were obtained between this behavioral variable and the EEG-measured alpha frequency. Correlations were also run between the dimensions of the MS rating scale and three indices of the cerebral circulation and between two indices of cervical blood flow. Results indicated significant correlations between the \"stuporous\" scores of the MS scale and the cerebrovascular measurements in one catatonic patient. EEG alpha frequency correlated significantly with \"excitement\" scores in the same patient. The manic-depressive patient monitored in her remission phase showed no correlations with MS scores but relatively unchanging normal cerebral hemodynamics. The remaining seven chronic schizophrenic patients were followed daily for 8 months during a drug regimen in which phenelzine and L-tryptophan were administered. Significant relationships were found between the daily fluctuations of behavior and cerebral circulatory variables in a majority of the patients, and the extent of these correlations appeared to be increased by the addition of the metabolically active agents. Only a minority of correlations between MS scores and EEG dominant frequency were found in this group of patients. It is concluded that the MS scale affords a useful ethological monitor of psychotic behavior and that cerebral electrical impedance plethysmography and EEG alpha frequency correlate significantly with the fluctuations it records."}
{"id": "PMID:943472", "title": "Female responsiveness to erotic films and the \"ideal\" erotic film from a feminine perspective.", "content": "Subjects were 20 volunteers randomly selected from all female undergraduate students attending a local university, who were 21 years of age or older, and living off campus. The stimuli consisted of seven films, of approximately 5 minutes duration each, which depicted various types of human sexual behavior. Themes included \"romantic\" heterosexual behavior, primarily genital heterosexual behavior, a mild, and an explicit form of group-sex behavior, a mild and explicit form of heterosexual sadomasochistic behavior,  and male homosexuality. Subjects rated the degree of sexual arousal experienced for each film on a 50-point Likert scale. The order of presentation of the films for each subject was randomized, and all subjects participated individually with only a female experimenter present. Following the rating period, subjects completed the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (9). Finally, a structured interview was conducted to probe specific likes and dislikes with respect to the content of the films viewed. Results indicated that rank order ratings of the films, from most to least sexually stimulating, was: heterosexual, romantic; group-sex mild (two males and one female); heterosexual-genital; group-sex explicit (three males and three females); sadomasochism (mild); sadomasochism-explicit (forcing and brutal); and male homosexuality. One conclusion that the data led to was that females preferred and were significantly more sexually stimulated by films in which a male related to a female (even if the male was treating the female cruelly) than they were by homosexual stimuli involving two males together. Correlational data between the rating responses and the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test yielded much information including significant negative correlations between ratings of both group-sex films and rejection of sexual myths. Also, significant positive correlations were found between rated degree of sexual stimulation for the heterosexual and the group-sex films and the consideration of pre- and extramarital relations as acceptable or even desirable.", "contents": "Female responsiveness to erotic films and the \"ideal\" erotic film from a feminine perspective. Subjects were 20 volunteers randomly selected from all female undergraduate students attending a local university, who were 21 years of age or older, and living off campus. The stimuli consisted of seven films, of approximately 5 minutes duration each, which depicted various types of human sexual behavior. Themes included \"romantic\" heterosexual behavior, primarily genital heterosexual behavior, a mild, and an explicit form of group-sex behavior, a mild and explicit form of heterosexual sadomasochistic behavior,  and male homosexuality. Subjects rated the degree of sexual arousal experienced for each film on a 50-point Likert scale. The order of presentation of the films for each subject was randomized, and all subjects participated individually with only a female experimenter present. Following the rating period, subjects completed the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test (9). Finally, a structured interview was conducted to probe specific likes and dislikes with respect to the content of the films viewed. Results indicated that rank order ratings of the films, from most to least sexually stimulating, was: heterosexual, romantic; group-sex mild (two males and one female); heterosexual-genital; group-sex explicit (three males and three females); sadomasochism (mild); sadomasochism-explicit (forcing and brutal); and male homosexuality. One conclusion that the data led to was that females preferred and were significantly more sexually stimulated by films in which a male related to a female (even if the male was treating the female cruelly) than they were by homosexual stimuli involving two males together. Correlational data between the rating responses and the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test yielded much information including significant negative correlations between ratings of both group-sex films and rejection of sexual myths. Also, significant positive correlations were found between rated degree of sexual stimulation for the heterosexual and the group-sex films and the consideration of pre- and extramarital relations as acceptable or even desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:943473", "title": "A case of camptocormia occurring in psychotherapy.", "content": "Although camptocormia has been known to be a functional symptom since its first description in 1837, there has been little opportunity to study the psychodynamics of this symptoms. The author describes the development of this symptom in a patient who had been in psychotherapy for 3 1/2 years and explores the meaning of the symptom for this patient. The author makes suggestions as to proper therapeutic management of patients with this symptom.", "contents": "A case of camptocormia occurring in psychotherapy. Although camptocormia has been known to be a functional symptom since its first description in 1837, there has been little opportunity to study the psychodynamics of this symptoms. The author describes the development of this symptom in a patient who had been in psychotherapy for 3 1/2 years and explores the meaning of the symptom for this patient. The author makes suggestions as to proper therapeutic management of patients with this symptom."}
{"id": "PMID:943474", "title": "Motor-unit activity responsible for 8- to 12-Hz component of human physiological finger tremor.", "content": "Tremor of the extended third digit and bipolar surface and needle electromyograms of the extensor digitorum were recorded from six healthy volunteers for the purpose of elucidating the motor-unit activity responsible for the 8- to 12-Hz component of physiological finger tremor. Tremor was measured with a force transducer during steady voluntary contractions of approximately 200-250 g. The surface EMGs were full-wave rectified and low-pass filtered (-3 dB at 21 Hz), producing the envelope of the surface EMG (the demodulated EMG). Spectral analyses of simultaneous tremor and demodulated EMG records were performed. In four of six subjects, a pronounced 8- to 12-Hz amplitude modulation in the surface EMG was present, and coherency analysis demonstrated that this modulation was strongly correlated with the well-known 8- to 12-Hz tremor. In two subjects this amplitude modulation and tremor were barely detectable, despite the sensitive recording and analysis techniques used in this study. Spectral analysis was performed on 43 motor-unit spike trains. Twenty-two spike trains, having mean firing frequencies in the range of 10-22 spikes/s, produced statistically significant spectral peaks at 8-12 Hz, in addition to the expected spectral peaks at the mean firing frequencies. Of the 22 8- to 12-Hz-producing motor units, 12 had mean firing frequencies in the range of 17-22 spikes/s and exhibited the greatest 8- to 12-Hz activities of all motor units recorded. These motor units displayed transient sequences of double discharges in which interspike intervals (ISIS) of approximately 8-30 ms alternated with ISIS of 60-90 ms, thus producing an 8- to 12-Hz spectral peak. Adjacent ISIS of these motor units were correlated in the range of -0.5 to -0.9. Coherency analyses demonstrated that the 8- to 12-Hz activities of these motor units were correlated with the 8- to 12-Hz finger tremor and surface EMG modulation. The remaining 10 8- to 12-Hz-producing motor units had mean firing frequencies in the range of 10-17 spike/s. Although these motor units did not display the intense double-discharge firing pattern of the more rapidly firing motor units, a tendency toward action potential grouping was present and resulted in 8- to 12-Hz spectral activities which were correlated with the tremor and surface EMG modulation. .. ..", "contents": "Motor-unit activity responsible for 8- to 12-Hz component of human physiological finger tremor. Tremor of the extended third digit and bipolar surface and needle electromyograms of the extensor digitorum were recorded from six healthy volunteers for the purpose of elucidating the motor-unit activity responsible for the 8- to 12-Hz component of physiological finger tremor. Tremor was measured with a force transducer during steady voluntary contractions of approximately 200-250 g. The surface EMGs were full-wave rectified and low-pass filtered (-3 dB at 21 Hz), producing the envelope of the surface EMG (the demodulated EMG). Spectral analyses of simultaneous tremor and demodulated EMG records were performed. In four of six subjects, a pronounced 8- to 12-Hz amplitude modulation in the surface EMG was present, and coherency analysis demonstrated that this modulation was strongly correlated with the well-known 8- to 12-Hz tremor. In two subjects this amplitude modulation and tremor were barely detectable, despite the sensitive recording and analysis techniques used in this study. Spectral analysis was performed on 43 motor-unit spike trains. Twenty-two spike trains, having mean firing frequencies in the range of 10-22 spikes/s, produced statistically significant spectral peaks at 8-12 Hz, in addition to the expected spectral peaks at the mean firing frequencies. Of the 22 8- to 12-Hz-producing motor units, 12 had mean firing frequencies in the range of 17-22 spikes/s and exhibited the greatest 8- to 12-Hz activities of all motor units recorded. These motor units displayed transient sequences of double discharges in which interspike intervals (ISIS) of approximately 8-30 ms alternated with ISIS of 60-90 ms, thus producing an 8- to 12-Hz spectral peak. Adjacent ISIS of these motor units were correlated in the range of -0.5 to -0.9. Coherency analyses demonstrated that the 8- to 12-Hz activities of these motor units were correlated with the 8- to 12-Hz finger tremor and surface EMG modulation. The remaining 10 8- to 12-Hz-producing motor units had mean firing frequencies in the range of 10-17 spike/s. Although these motor units did not display the intense double-discharge firing pattern of the more rapidly firing motor units, a tendency toward action potential grouping was present and resulted in 8- to 12-Hz spectral activities which were correlated with the tremor and surface EMG modulation. .. .."}
{"id": "PMID:943475", "title": "Jugular venography for evaluation of abnormalities of the skull base.", "content": "Jugular venography done to evaluate abnormalities at the base of the skull demonstrated three distinctly different patterns depending on whether there is occlusion, invasion, or growth with in the internal jugular vein. Improper technique results in a lack of intracranial dural sinus filling which may masquerade as venous occlusion. This problem is avoided by adequate neck compression along with proper volume and rate of delivery of contrast. Radiographically, an abnormal jugular vein at the base of the skull will show a concave defect in true occlusion, constriction or invasion of the vein by tumor, or tumor growth within the vein.", "contents": "Jugular venography for evaluation of abnormalities of the skull base. Jugular venography done to evaluate abnormalities at the base of the skull demonstrated three distinctly different patterns depending on whether there is occlusion, invasion, or growth with in the internal jugular vein. Improper technique results in a lack of intracranial dural sinus filling which may masquerade as venous occlusion. This problem is avoided by adequate neck compression along with proper volume and rate of delivery of contrast. Radiographically, an abnormal jugular vein at the base of the skull will show a concave defect in true occlusion, constriction or invasion of the vein by tumor, or tumor growth within the vein."}
{"id": "PMID:943476", "title": "Pituitary failure secondary to head trauma. Case report.", "content": "A patient presented with hypopituitarism, 2 years after severe head trauma. Deficits of growth-hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and borderline thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were demonstrated. Normal TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) response and elevated prolactin indicated viable anterior pituitary tissue with inadequate hypothalamic control. Precautions are suggested for recognition and treatment of this syndrome.", "contents": "Pituitary failure secondary to head trauma. Case report. A patient presented with hypopituitarism, 2 years after severe head trauma. Deficits of growth-hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and borderline thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were demonstrated. Normal TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) response and elevated prolactin indicated viable anterior pituitary tissue with inadequate hypothalamic control. Precautions are suggested for recognition and treatment of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:943477", "title": "Influence of pyridoxine supplementation on vitamin B-6 levels in milk of rats deficient in the vitamin.", "content": "Levels of vitamin B-6 in milk from pyridoxine deficient dams were used as an indicator of the ability of pyridoxine to protect offspring against the effects of the deficiency. Sprague Dawley rats were fed a basal diet containing 30.0 (control) or 1.2 (deficient) mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg diet from weaning throughout growth, gestation and until 5 days postpartum. At this time, deficient dams were supplemented by a single intraperitoneal injection of 600 mug pyridoxine-HC1, or by adding 30 or 60 mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg to the diet. The vitamin B-6 content in milk form the group supplemented by injection exceeded the control level of 38.8 mug/100 ml milk 30 minutes after the injection, and reached a peak level of 110.7 mug/100 ml at 4 hours with a subsequent decline to 27mug/100 ml at 20 hours. In rats supplemented orally with 30 or 60 mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg diet, the vitamin B-6 level in the milk reached the control value in 24 and 6 hours, respectively. At 120 hours, orally supplemented dams had significantly higher levels of vitamin B-6 in the milk than control animals. Vitamin supplementation of dams by a single injection of pyridoxine-HC1 was sufficient to overcome the pyridoxine deficiency syndrome in the pups, but was not adequate for optimum growth.", "contents": "Influence of pyridoxine supplementation on vitamin B-6 levels in milk of rats deficient in the vitamin. Levels of vitamin B-6 in milk from pyridoxine deficient dams were used as an indicator of the ability of pyridoxine to protect offspring against the effects of the deficiency. Sprague Dawley rats were fed a basal diet containing 30.0 (control) or 1.2 (deficient) mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg diet from weaning throughout growth, gestation and until 5 days postpartum. At this time, deficient dams were supplemented by a single intraperitoneal injection of 600 mug pyridoxine-HC1, or by adding 30 or 60 mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg to the diet. The vitamin B-6 content in milk form the group supplemented by injection exceeded the control level of 38.8 mug/100 ml milk 30 minutes after the injection, and reached a peak level of 110.7 mug/100 ml at 4 hours with a subsequent decline to 27mug/100 ml at 20 hours. In rats supplemented orally with 30 or 60 mg pyridoxine-HC1/kg diet, the vitamin B-6 level in the milk reached the control value in 24 and 6 hours, respectively. At 120 hours, orally supplemented dams had significantly higher levels of vitamin B-6 in the milk than control animals. Vitamin supplementation of dams by a single injection of pyridoxine-HC1 was sufficient to overcome the pyridoxine deficiency syndrome in the pups, but was not adequate for optimum growth."}
{"id": "PMID:943478", "title": "The influence of dietary inositol on glyceride composition and synthesis in livers of rats fed different fats.", "content": "The effect of inositol supplementation on the composition and biosynthesis of glycerides in the livers of rats fed diets containing fats with differing fatty acid composition was investigated. The dietary fats employed in these studies included corn oil, Tower rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (SBO), and tallow. No significant influence of inositol on hepatic triglyceride levels was found in animals fed corn oil and SBO whereas inositol deficiency caused a two-and four-fold elevation in triglyceride concentrations in the RSO and tallow groups, respectively. The level of total fatty acids in phospholipid (mg/g liver) was slightly decreased in all fat groups and included a notable decrease in the concentration of monoenoic (18:1) and dienoic (18:2) acids in the RSO and tallow groups. Dietary inositol had a minor effect on the weight % of individual fatty acids in hepatic triglycerides. Inositol-deficient animals showed an increased rate of glyceride synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-3-P) regardless of the type of fat that was fed. The results indicate that triglyceride accumulation in liver under conditions of inositol deficiency is not only produced with highly saturated fats since the most unsaturated of all the fats tested, Tower RSO, also gave the syndrome. The results further suggested that the accumulation of hepatic lipid due to the feeding of inositol-deficient diets likely arises from their effect on specific metabolic site(s) other than the conversion of glycerol-3-P into lipid.", "contents": "The influence of dietary inositol on glyceride composition and synthesis in livers of rats fed different fats. The effect of inositol supplementation on the composition and biosynthesis of glycerides in the livers of rats fed diets containing fats with differing fatty acid composition was investigated. The dietary fats employed in these studies included corn oil, Tower rapeseed oil (RSO), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (SBO), and tallow. No significant influence of inositol on hepatic triglyceride levels was found in animals fed corn oil and SBO whereas inositol deficiency caused a two-and four-fold elevation in triglyceride concentrations in the RSO and tallow groups, respectively. The level of total fatty acids in phospholipid (mg/g liver) was slightly decreased in all fat groups and included a notable decrease in the concentration of monoenoic (18:1) and dienoic (18:2) acids in the RSO and tallow groups. Dietary inositol had a minor effect on the weight % of individual fatty acids in hepatic triglycerides. Inositol-deficient animals showed an increased rate of glyceride synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate (glycerol-3-P) regardless of the type of fat that was fed. The results indicate that triglyceride accumulation in liver under conditions of inositol deficiency is not only produced with highly saturated fats since the most unsaturated of all the fats tested, Tower RSO, also gave the syndrome. The results further suggested that the accumulation of hepatic lipid due to the feeding of inositol-deficient diets likely arises from their effect on specific metabolic site(s) other than the conversion of glycerol-3-P into lipid."}
{"id": "PMID:943479", "title": "Effects of different levels of dietary iron on pregnancy superimposed upon growth in the rat.", "content": "The effects of feeding four levels of dietary iron, 10, 50, 250 and 1.250 mg/kg were studied during pregnancy in growing and adult rats. Hematological measurements, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity, and iron content in liver, spleen and tibia were compared relative to pregnancy, diet and growth. Iron content in fetuses and fetal livers were compared relative to diet and growth of the dams. All parameters were lowest in rats fed the 10 mg Fe/kg diet. The highest level of iron fed, 1,250 mg/kg, resulted in increased iron content in liver, spleen and tibia of all treatment groups but did not alter hematological values or fetal iron content. Pregnant rats fed any of the four levels of iron had significantly lower Hb, Ht, total and storage iron concentration and ferritin and hemosiderin iron in liver than nonpregnant rats fed the same levels. The level of dietary iron needed by growing pregnant rats for maximal iron content in fetuses and fetal livers was between 50 and 250 mg Fe/kg which was fivefold that needed to obtain maximal hemoglobin concentration in dams. However, adult pregnant rats only needed between 10 to 50 mg Fe/kg for both maximal iron stores in fetal tissues and maximal hemoglobin concentration.", "contents": "Effects of different levels of dietary iron on pregnancy superimposed upon growth in the rat. The effects of feeding four levels of dietary iron, 10, 50, 250 and 1.250 mg/kg were studied during pregnancy in growing and adult rats. Hematological measurements, plasma iron and total iron binding capacity, and iron content in liver, spleen and tibia were compared relative to pregnancy, diet and growth. Iron content in fetuses and fetal livers were compared relative to diet and growth of the dams. All parameters were lowest in rats fed the 10 mg Fe/kg diet. The highest level of iron fed, 1,250 mg/kg, resulted in increased iron content in liver, spleen and tibia of all treatment groups but did not alter hematological values or fetal iron content. Pregnant rats fed any of the four levels of iron had significantly lower Hb, Ht, total and storage iron concentration and ferritin and hemosiderin iron in liver than nonpregnant rats fed the same levels. The level of dietary iron needed by growing pregnant rats for maximal iron content in fetuses and fetal livers was between 50 and 250 mg Fe/kg which was fivefold that needed to obtain maximal hemoglobin concentration in dams. However, adult pregnant rats only needed between 10 to 50 mg Fe/kg for both maximal iron stores in fetal tissues and maximal hemoglobin concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:943489", "title": "Scanning electron-microscopic study of the surface characteristics of neoplastic endothelial cells of blood vessels.", "content": "The morphological surface characteristics of neoplastic endothelial cells of blood vessels induced by oral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The interconnecting vascular channels were lined by malignant endothelial cells which formed bridges, cord-like structures and had extended cytoplasmic processes which made the network more intricate. The endothelial cells were often in close approximation to each other and exhibited irregular growth patterns and orientation. The cell surface displayed a rugged, terrace-like microcontour of elevations, depressions, blebs and nodular structures. These findings correlate with the earlier morphological observation obtained by transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscopic study of the surface characteristics of neoplastic endothelial cells of blood vessels. The morphological surface characteristics of neoplastic endothelial cells of blood vessels induced by oral administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The interconnecting vascular channels were lined by malignant endothelial cells which formed bridges, cord-like structures and had extended cytoplasmic processes which made the network more intricate. The endothelial cells were often in close approximation to each other and exhibited irregular growth patterns and orientation. The cell surface displayed a rugged, terrace-like microcontour of elevations, depressions, blebs and nodular structures. These findings correlate with the earlier morphological observation obtained by transmission electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:943490", "title": "Renal tubular necrosis due to shock: light and electron-microscope observations.", "content": "The renal biopsy findings in a 76 yr-old woman suffering grom anuria due to acute tubular necrosis are described. The glomeruli were normal on light- and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent studies failed to reveal any fibrin or immunoglobulins in the glomerular capillaries. Extensive focal areas of necrosis were seen in the tubular epithelium often exposing the lumen of the tubule directly to the tubular basement-membrane. In some areas necrotic cells lay adjacent to normal or near normal cells. The proximity of the necrotic tubular epithelium to the oedematous interstitial tissue and the peritubular capillaries, together with the finding of normal glomeruli is compatible with the theory of back diffusion as a mechanism for the oliguria.", "contents": "Renal tubular necrosis due to shock: light and electron-microscope observations. The renal biopsy findings in a 76 yr-old woman suffering grom anuria due to acute tubular necrosis are described. The glomeruli were normal on light- and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent studies failed to reveal any fibrin or immunoglobulins in the glomerular capillaries. Extensive focal areas of necrosis were seen in the tubular epithelium often exposing the lumen of the tubule directly to the tubular basement-membrane. In some areas necrotic cells lay adjacent to normal or near normal cells. The proximity of the necrotic tubular epithelium to the oedematous interstitial tissue and the peritubular capillaries, together with the finding of normal glomeruli is compatible with the theory of back diffusion as a mechanism for the oliguria."}
{"id": "PMID:943491", "title": "Melanotic tumours (Blue Naevi) of spinal nerve roots.", "content": "Four cases interpreted as intraspinal blue naevi are reported. The patients were adults females with an age range between 22 and 60 yr. In three there was a single tumour arising from the cervical posterior nerve roots and in the fourth there were multiple tumours arising from the posterior nerve roots of the spinal cord and occurring within the cerebello--pontine angle. The histological appearances of the tumours were similar in every way to those of dermal blue naevi. One was of the more common spindle-celled type and three of the cellular variant. The tumours contained melanin-pigment, and spindle cells with dendritic bipolar processes of the type described in dermal blue naevi. One was of the more common spindle-celled type and three of the cellular variant. The tumours contained melanin pigment, and spindle cells with dendritic bipolar processes of the type described in dermal blue naevi. Definite evidence of malignant tranformation was found in two cases and in a third, the appearances were suggestive for early malignant change. Therefore, unlike their dermal equivalents, intraspinal blue naevi appear to have a greater propensity for malignant transformation. In each case a careful clinical examination failed to reveal any evidence of a primary malignant melanoma. In the one case who died and on whom necropsy was performed, the failure to identify a primary cutaneous, mucosal or ocular melanoma substantiated our contention that these tumours were primary.", "contents": "Melanotic tumours (Blue Naevi) of spinal nerve roots. Four cases interpreted as intraspinal blue naevi are reported. The patients were adults females with an age range between 22 and 60 yr. In three there was a single tumour arising from the cervical posterior nerve roots and in the fourth there were multiple tumours arising from the posterior nerve roots of the spinal cord and occurring within the cerebello--pontine angle. The histological appearances of the tumours were similar in every way to those of dermal blue naevi. One was of the more common spindle-celled type and three of the cellular variant. The tumours contained melanin-pigment, and spindle cells with dendritic bipolar processes of the type described in dermal blue naevi. One was of the more common spindle-celled type and three of the cellular variant. The tumours contained melanin pigment, and spindle cells with dendritic bipolar processes of the type described in dermal blue naevi. Definite evidence of malignant tranformation was found in two cases and in a third, the appearances were suggestive for early malignant change. Therefore, unlike their dermal equivalents, intraspinal blue naevi appear to have a greater propensity for malignant transformation. In each case a careful clinical examination failed to reveal any evidence of a primary malignant melanoma. In the one case who died and on whom necropsy was performed, the failure to identify a primary cutaneous, mucosal or ocular melanoma substantiated our contention that these tumours were primary."}
{"id": "PMID:943492", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin concentrations in gram-negative bacterial meningitis.", "content": "The limulus lysate assay was utilized to detect and quantitate endotoxin in cerebrospinal fluid from 232 patients with suspected meningitis. The assay was positive in initial specimens of CSF from all 86 patients with gram-negative bacterial meningitis and was uniformly negative in the remaining 146 patients with a variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. Endotoxin concentrations in initial specimens of CSF from patients with gram-negative meningitis ranged from 4 to 2,000 ng/ml. No correlation between initial CSF levels of endotoxin and initial clinical or laboratory variables of infection was noted. With antibiotic therapy, CSF concentrations of endotoxin fall rapidly to undetectable levels after five days.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin concentrations in gram-negative bacterial meningitis. The limulus lysate assay was utilized to detect and quantitate endotoxin in cerebrospinal fluid from 232 patients with suspected meningitis. The assay was positive in initial specimens of CSF from all 86 patients with gram-negative bacterial meningitis and was uniformly negative in the remaining 146 patients with a variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. Endotoxin concentrations in initial specimens of CSF from patients with gram-negative meningitis ranged from 4 to 2,000 ng/ml. No correlation between initial CSF levels of endotoxin and initial clinical or laboratory variables of infection was noted. With antibiotic therapy, CSF concentrations of endotoxin fall rapidly to undetectable levels after five days."}
{"id": "PMID:943494", "title": "Neonatal septic arthritis.", "content": "Neonatal septic arthritis of the knee was encountered in nine infants during a two-year period, representing an incidence of 16.5 per 1,000 admissions to a neonatal intensive care unit. The etiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (3), Klebsiella (1), Streptococcus, group B (2), and Candida albicans (3). Two infants with systemic fungal infection died. Arthritis was the presenting feature of neonatal septicemia in three of six infants with bacterial infection and was accompanied by osteomyelitis in two. In eight of the infants, the same organism was cultured from the skin of the umbilicus as was cultured from the joint. Umbilical catheters had been placed in all of these infants. Full recovery of joint function has been noted in the seven surviving infants.", "contents": "Neonatal septic arthritis. Neonatal septic arthritis of the knee was encountered in nine infants during a two-year period, representing an incidence of 16.5 per 1,000 admissions to a neonatal intensive care unit. The etiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (3), Klebsiella (1), Streptococcus, group B (2), and Candida albicans (3). Two infants with systemic fungal infection died. Arthritis was the presenting feature of neonatal septicemia in three of six infants with bacterial infection and was accompanied by osteomyelitis in two. In eight of the infants, the same organism was cultured from the skin of the umbilicus as was cultured from the joint. Umbilical catheters had been placed in all of these infants. Full recovery of joint function has been noted in the seven surviving infants."}
{"id": "PMID:943496", "title": "Feed the nursing mother, thereby the infant.", "content": "A successful attempt to improve nutritional status of infants by supplementing their mothers' diet is described. The habitual diet of a chronically malnourished woman whose milk production was insufficient to feed her newborn infant was supplemented with extra calories. An increase in milk production and in the infant's weight was rapidly obtained.", "contents": "Feed the nursing mother, thereby the infant. A successful attempt to improve nutritional status of infants by supplementing their mothers' diet is described. The habitual diet of a chronically malnourished woman whose milk production was insufficient to feed her newborn infant was supplemented with extra calories. An increase in milk production and in the infant's weight was rapidly obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:943498", "title": "Creativity and body image boundaries.", "content": "Descriptions of the creative individual or the individual who can regress in the service of the ego seem to parallel Fisher and Cleveland's (1968) description of the high barrier individual: well-integrated; self-sufficient, but often outgoing and communicative; and able to experience a full range of sensation and emotions without neurotic anxiety. The relationships between Barrier and five measures associated with creativity were investigated, using 100 paid male college student volunteers. The results support the notion that creativity is not a functional unity. Barrier was found to be related to aristic, expressive creativity which seems  to be related to interest in human interactions, but unrelated to creativity associated with scientific endeavors and unrelated to creative receptivity (i.e., purest adaptive regression).", "contents": "Creativity and body image boundaries. Descriptions of the creative individual or the individual who can regress in the service of the ego seem to parallel Fisher and Cleveland's (1968) description of the high barrier individual: well-integrated; self-sufficient, but often outgoing and communicative; and able to experience a full range of sensation and emotions without neurotic anxiety. The relationships between Barrier and five measures associated with creativity were investigated, using 100 paid male college student volunteers. The results support the notion that creativity is not a functional unity. Barrier was found to be related to aristic, expressive creativity which seems  to be related to interest in human interactions, but unrelated to creativity associated with scientific endeavors and unrelated to creative receptivity (i.e., purest adaptive regression)."}
{"id": "PMID:943519", "title": "Oxygen solubilization by lung surfactant.", "content": "To illustrate the concept of solubilization as a possible mode of gas transport in biological systems, dog lung surfactants in varying concentrations were tested for their ability to solubilize oxygen. The degree of gas solubilization was determined by GC, using a modified tonometer as an absorption chamber. The concentration of surfactant was found to be an essential factor for gas solubilization. Surfactant concentration above the CMC yielded anomalously high gas absorption. Solubilization of the gas is thought to occur by a partitioning effect into the interior of surfactant micelles.", "contents": "Oxygen solubilization by lung surfactant. To illustrate the concept of solubilization as a possible mode of gas transport in biological systems, dog lung surfactants in varying concentrations were tested for their ability to solubilize oxygen. The degree of gas solubilization was determined by GC, using a modified tonometer as an absorption chamber. The concentration of surfactant was found to be an essential factor for gas solubilization. Surfactant concentration above the CMC yielded anomalously high gas absorption. Solubilization of the gas is thought to occur by a partitioning effect into the interior of surfactant micelles."}
{"id": "PMID:943520", "title": "Oral ingestion of narcotic analgesics by rats.", "content": "Rats drank solutions of narcotic analgesics as the only drinking fluid available in their cages. Relative to their daily water intake before the drug solutions were introduced, the rats drank more etonitazene solution, less methadone solution, and about the same volume of morphine, meperidine and levorphanol solution as water, although some rats would not drink the higher concentrations of morphine (1.0 mg/ml), levorphanol (1.0 mg/ml) and methadone (1.0 mg/ml). When naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) was administered after 12 days of drinking the drug solutions, the severity of the abstinence syndromes based on scoring of symptoms and on weight loss was morphine greater than or equal to etonitazine greater than levorphanol greater than meperidine greater than methadone. The animals showing the most severe syndrome after naloxone usually consumed more drug solution than usual during the next 24 hours, so that body weights were normal at the end of the 24-hour period. Nonprecipitated abstinence was also studied in these rats by replacing the drug solutions with water 3 to 5 days after the naloxone injection. Rats that had been drinking morphine, etonitazene and levorphanol lost weight for 2 or 3 days and then began to regain their lost weight. In contrast, rats which had been switched from methadone and meperidine solutions to water gained weight rapidly. Morphine and etonitazene drinkers which had been switched to water drank a lesser volume of water than they had been drinking of drug solution whereas some ex-methadone drinkers drank more water.", "contents": "Oral ingestion of narcotic analgesics by rats. Rats drank solutions of narcotic analgesics as the only drinking fluid available in their cages. Relative to their daily water intake before the drug solutions were introduced, the rats drank more etonitazene solution, less methadone solution, and about the same volume of morphine, meperidine and levorphanol solution as water, although some rats would not drink the higher concentrations of morphine (1.0 mg/ml), levorphanol (1.0 mg/ml) and methadone (1.0 mg/ml). When naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) was administered after 12 days of drinking the drug solutions, the severity of the abstinence syndromes based on scoring of symptoms and on weight loss was morphine greater than or equal to etonitazine greater than levorphanol greater than meperidine greater than methadone. The animals showing the most severe syndrome after naloxone usually consumed more drug solution than usual during the next 24 hours, so that body weights were normal at the end of the 24-hour period. Nonprecipitated abstinence was also studied in these rats by replacing the drug solutions with water 3 to 5 days after the naloxone injection. Rats that had been drinking morphine, etonitazene and levorphanol lost weight for 2 or 3 days and then began to regain their lost weight. In contrast, rats which had been switched from methadone and meperidine solutions to water gained weight rapidly. Morphine and etonitazene drinkers which had been switched to water drank a lesser volume of water than they had been drinking of drug solution whereas some ex-methadone drinkers drank more water."}
{"id": "PMID:943521", "title": "In vivo actions of clozapine and haloperidol on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat striatum.", "content": "We have measured acetylcholine (ACh) content and turnover rate (TRACh) in striatum and cortex of rats receiving haloperidol and clozapine i.p. Both clozapine (30 mumol/kg) and haloperidol (10 mumol/kg) reverse the decrease in striatal TRACh elicited by apomorphine (11 mumol/kg) while each antipsychotic affects the steady state and the TRACh in striatum differently. Haloperidol fails to change striatal ACh content but increases the TRACh; chozapine (15 and 30 mumol/kg) neither decreases the content of ACh nor changes the TRACh in striatum. Moreover, 60 or 90 mumol/kg of clozapine causes a 40% decrease in ACh content without affecting the TRACh. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, antagonizes the increase in ACh content and the decrease in TRACh elicited by arecoline (64 mumol/kg) and oxotremorine (9 mumol/kg) in striatum. Clozapine resembles trihexylphenidyl (14 mumol/kg) and benztropine (12 mumol/kg) because it decreases the ACh content of striatum without changing the TRACh. Moreover, clozapine and benztropine reverse the increase in striatal TRACh elicited by haloperidol. The increase in striatal TRACh elicited by haloperidol could be of value to explain the extrapyramidal action of this drug. The anticholinergic action of clozapine could explain the absence of extrapyramidal side effects observed with this drug.", "contents": "In vivo actions of clozapine and haloperidol on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat striatum. We have measured acetylcholine (ACh) content and turnover rate (TRACh) in striatum and cortex of rats receiving haloperidol and clozapine i.p. Both clozapine (30 mumol/kg) and haloperidol (10 mumol/kg) reverse the decrease in striatal TRACh elicited by apomorphine (11 mumol/kg) while each antipsychotic affects the steady state and the TRACh in striatum differently. Haloperidol fails to change striatal ACh content but increases the TRACh; chozapine (15 and 30 mumol/kg) neither decreases the content of ACh nor changes the TRACh in striatum. Moreover, 60 or 90 mumol/kg of clozapine causes a 40% decrease in ACh content without affecting the TRACh. Clozapine, but not haloperidol, antagonizes the increase in ACh content and the decrease in TRACh elicited by arecoline (64 mumol/kg) and oxotremorine (9 mumol/kg) in striatum. Clozapine resembles trihexylphenidyl (14 mumol/kg) and benztropine (12 mumol/kg) because it decreases the ACh content of striatum without changing the TRACh. Moreover, clozapine and benztropine reverse the increase in striatal TRACh elicited by haloperidol. The increase in striatal TRACh elicited by haloperidol could be of value to explain the extrapyramidal action of this drug. The anticholinergic action of clozapine could explain the absence of extrapyramidal side effects observed with this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:943522", "title": "Membrane currents of the tunicate egg under the voltage-clamp condition.", "content": "1. Ionic currents of the egg membrane of a certain tunicate. Halocynthia roretzi Drashe, were studied by the voltage-clamp technique. 2. The membrane depolarization beyond -55mV in standard artificial sea water induced mainly transient inward current and slight outward currents, when the holding potential was kept at -99 mV. 3. The transient inward current was composed of two components; the major one showed a faster time course, a more negative critical level of about -55 mV, and a reversal potential around +60 mV and the minor one showed a slower time course, a less negative critical level o -10 mV, and no definite reversal potential. 4. The major component became maximum at about -25 mV with the peak time of 6-9 msec at 15 degrees C, and the maximum currents ranged from 0-5 to 1-5 X 10(-5) A/cm2. 5. The major component of the inward current was abolished by the replacement of Na with choline or Tris or Cs ions, while it was almost unaltered by the replacement with Li. The minor component was independent of Na concentration in the external solution. 6. The major component showed the activation and inactivation identical with those of Na current of other excitable membranes. A conditioning depolarization over -90 mV inactivated the Na current and the half inactivation of the major inward current was obtained by a conditioning pulse to -56 mV, when the pulse duration was 400 msec and the temperature was at 15 degrees C. 7. The time course of the Na current was formulated with m and h parameters in the following equations: (see article). 8. The kinetic parameters taum and tauh of egg Na current were calculated and compared with those of the squid axon. The potential dependence of taum and tauh was almost identical with that of the axon, but the absolute values of both taum and tauh were ten- to twentyfold larger than those of the axon in any range of the membrane potential. 9. The temperature depdence of the kinetic parameters taum, tauh and of the chord conductance gNa was studied. The Q10's for taum and tauh were both 4-0, while the Q10 for gNa was 2-0 in the temperature range from 5 to 20 degrees C. 10. The outward and inward rectifying conductances of egg membrane were remarkably activated at the potential level above +100 mV and below -70 mV respectively in standard artificial sea water. Both increased currents were subsequently subject to inactivation. 11. It was suggested that Na, Ca, K inward rectifying and K outward rectifying conductances all exist separately in the egg cell membrane and the Na current was essentially identical with that through the Na channel in other excitable membranes.", "contents": "Membrane currents of the tunicate egg under the voltage-clamp condition. 1. Ionic currents of the egg membrane of a certain tunicate. Halocynthia roretzi Drashe, were studied by the voltage-clamp technique. 2. The membrane depolarization beyond -55mV in standard artificial sea water induced mainly transient inward current and slight outward currents, when the holding potential was kept at -99 mV. 3. The transient inward current was composed of two components; the major one showed a faster time course, a more negative critical level of about -55 mV, and a reversal potential around +60 mV and the minor one showed a slower time course, a less negative critical level o -10 mV, and no definite reversal potential. 4. The major component became maximum at about -25 mV with the peak time of 6-9 msec at 15 degrees C, and the maximum currents ranged from 0-5 to 1-5 X 10(-5) A/cm2. 5. The major component of the inward current was abolished by the replacement of Na with choline or Tris or Cs ions, while it was almost unaltered by the replacement with Li. The minor component was independent of Na concentration in the external solution. 6. The major component showed the activation and inactivation identical with those of Na current of other excitable membranes. A conditioning depolarization over -90 mV inactivated the Na current and the half inactivation of the major inward current was obtained by a conditioning pulse to -56 mV, when the pulse duration was 400 msec and the temperature was at 15 degrees C. 7. The time course of the Na current was formulated with m and h parameters in the following equations: (see article). 8. The kinetic parameters taum and tauh of egg Na current were calculated and compared with those of the squid axon. The potential dependence of taum and tauh was almost identical with that of the axon, but the absolute values of both taum and tauh were ten- to twentyfold larger than those of the axon in any range of the membrane potential. 9. The temperature depdence of the kinetic parameters taum, tauh and of the chord conductance gNa was studied. The Q10's for taum and tauh were both 4-0, while the Q10 for gNa was 2-0 in the temperature range from 5 to 20 degrees C. 10. The outward and inward rectifying conductances of egg membrane were remarkably activated at the potential level above +100 mV and below -70 mV respectively in standard artificial sea water. Both increased currents were subsequently subject to inactivation. 11. It was suggested that Na, Ca, K inward rectifying and K outward rectifying conductances all exist separately in the egg cell membrane and the Na current was essentially identical with that through the Na channel in other excitable membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:943523", "title": "A diurnal rhythm in the absorption of glucose and water by isolated rat small intestine.", "content": "1. Glucose and water absorption by isolated small intestine from rats which have had unrestricted access to food is 50-60% higher at night than during the daytime. 2. When the feeding time is restricted to 06.00-09.00 hr G.M.T. glucose and water absorption rates in the period from 3 to 7 hr after withdrawal of food are almost as high as the rates observed at night-time in the animals with unrestricted feeding. 3. These changes in absorption rates appear to be associated with feeding time and not with the pattern of illumination.", "contents": "A diurnal rhythm in the absorption of glucose and water by isolated rat small intestine. 1. Glucose and water absorption by isolated small intestine from rats which have had unrestricted access to food is 50-60% higher at night than during the daytime. 2. When the feeding time is restricted to 06.00-09.00 hr G.M.T. glucose and water absorption rates in the period from 3 to 7 hr after withdrawal of food are almost as high as the rates observed at night-time in the animals with unrestricted feeding. 3. These changes in absorption rates appear to be associated with feeding time and not with the pattern of illumination."}
{"id": "PMID:943524", "title": "[Sacro-iliac osteochondritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sacro-iliac osteochondritis is difficult to recognize, it is rather frequently a case of diagnosis by elimination, which can be only confirmed by the course. Its prognosis is excellent. The predominance of lesions on the iliac edge reflects the affinity of this epiphysitis for the accessory iliac ossification point.", "contents": "[Sacro-iliac osteochondritis (author's transl)]. Sacro-iliac osteochondritis is difficult to recognize, it is rather frequently a case of diagnosis by elimination, which can be only confirmed by the course. Its prognosis is excellent. The predominance of lesions on the iliac edge reflects the affinity of this epiphysitis for the accessory iliac ossification point."}
{"id": "PMID:943525", "title": "Cyclic activity of the pituitary prolactin cells and plasma prolactin levels in the oestrous cycle of the ewe.", "content": "The relative proportions of prolactin cells, somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were determined in the adenohypophyses of 28 Merino ewes on selected days during the oestrous cycle. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 16 of the animals at 3-hr intervals during the 24 hr before autopsy. From Days 1 to 5 of the cycle (Day 0=day of ovulation), plasma prolactin levels were 20-40 ng/ml and the prolactin cells were filled with granules. Plasma levels increased to 168 ng/ml between Days 6 and 9, and marked degranulation of the prolactin cells occurred. The greatest degranulation was found on Days 16 and 0, and was associated with a prolactin surge to a concentration of 610 ng/ml. The rise in plasma prolactin and intensive degranulation of prolactin cells at the time of ovulation and formation of the CL suggest that prolactin is important at this stage of the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "Cyclic activity of the pituitary prolactin cells and plasma prolactin levels in the oestrous cycle of the ewe. The relative proportions of prolactin cells, somatotrophs and gonadotrophs were determined in the adenohypophyses of 28 Merino ewes on selected days during the oestrous cycle. Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 16 of the animals at 3-hr intervals during the 24 hr before autopsy. From Days 1 to 5 of the cycle (Day 0=day of ovulation), plasma prolactin levels were 20-40 ng/ml and the prolactin cells were filled with granules. Plasma levels increased to 168 ng/ml between Days 6 and 9, and marked degranulation of the prolactin cells occurred. The greatest degranulation was found on Days 16 and 0, and was associated with a prolactin surge to a concentration of 610 ng/ml. The rise in plasma prolactin and intensive degranulation of prolactin cells at the time of ovulation and formation of the CL suggest that prolactin is important at this stage of the oestrous cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:943526", "title": "Capillary blood flow to ovarian follicles, stroma and corpora lutea of anaesthetized sheep.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere technique was used to determine the rate of blood flow through vessels of up to 15 mum diameter in the ovaries of 23 anaesthetized sheep in the 72 hr preceding ovulation. The validity of the microsphere technique was established in two preliminary studies. On Days 14, 15 and 16 of the cycle the rate of blood flow (ml.min-1 .100 g-1 tissue) was 1122, 708 and 116 to the CL; 157, 258 and 140 to the stroma; and 627, 742 and 1096 to the follicles, respectively. Blood flow to grossly atretic follicles did not differ significantly from that to non-atretic follicles of an equivalent size. Change in blood flow do not appear to initiate or control the activation, steriodogenic function or atresia of follicles.", "contents": "Capillary blood flow to ovarian follicles, stroma and corpora lutea of anaesthetized sheep. The radioactive microsphere technique was used to determine the rate of blood flow through vessels of up to 15 mum diameter in the ovaries of 23 anaesthetized sheep in the 72 hr preceding ovulation. The validity of the microsphere technique was established in two preliminary studies. On Days 14, 15 and 16 of the cycle the rate of blood flow (ml.min-1 .100 g-1 tissue) was 1122, 708 and 116 to the CL; 157, 258 and 140 to the stroma; and 627, 742 and 1096 to the follicles, respectively. Blood flow to grossly atretic follicles did not differ significantly from that to non-atretic follicles of an equivalent size. Change in blood flow do not appear to initiate or control the activation, steriodogenic function or atresia of follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:943527", "title": "Effect of size and sex ration of litter on the sexual maturation of female mice.", "content": "The relationships between the size and sex composition of the litter and puberty in female mice were investigated. Both factors significantly affected the age of first vaginal oestrus; litter size accounted for 22% of the total variation in age at puberty, and litter sex composition for 8%. When no males or only one male was present in litters of 10 young the females matured significantly earlier than when two or more males were present.", "contents": "Effect of size and sex ration of litter on the sexual maturation of female mice. The relationships between the size and sex composition of the litter and puberty in female mice were investigated. Both factors significantly affected the age of first vaginal oestrus; litter size accounted for 22% of the total variation in age at puberty, and litter sex composition for 8%. When no males or only one male was present in litters of 10 young the females matured significantly earlier than when two or more males were present."}
{"id": "PMID:943528", "title": "Reproduction in rats and mice isoimmunized with homogenates of ovary or testis with epididymis, or sperm suspensions.", "content": "Female rats and mice were injected with homologous spermatozoa without adjuvant, or with homogenates of ovary or testis+ epididymis in adjuvant. Ovulation was not inhibited and the numbers of eggs released were normal. Fertilization rates were significantly reduced in the mouse by all tissues injected and in the rat by injection of ovarian homogenate only. Fracture of and a weak precipitate on the zona pellucida of the eggs were observed in the mouse but not in the rat after injection of ovarian homogenates. The number of pregnancies and litter sizes were reduced following the first and second mating after treatment in the mouse but not in the rat. When eggs with or without follicular cells were examined in vitro, fertilizability was very low if the donor had been treated with ovarian homogenate, better with testis+epididymis homogenate and best after treatment with sperm suspension. Failure of fertilization appeared to be the major cause of infertility after such treatments.", "contents": "Reproduction in rats and mice isoimmunized with homogenates of ovary or testis with epididymis, or sperm suspensions. Female rats and mice were injected with homologous spermatozoa without adjuvant, or with homogenates of ovary or testis+ epididymis in adjuvant. Ovulation was not inhibited and the numbers of eggs released were normal. Fertilization rates were significantly reduced in the mouse by all tissues injected and in the rat by injection of ovarian homogenate only. Fracture of and a weak precipitate on the zona pellucida of the eggs were observed in the mouse but not in the rat after injection of ovarian homogenates. The number of pregnancies and litter sizes were reduced following the first and second mating after treatment in the mouse but not in the rat. When eggs with or without follicular cells were examined in vitro, fertilizability was very low if the donor had been treated with ovarian homogenate, better with testis+epididymis homogenate and best after treatment with sperm suspension. Failure of fertilization appeared to be the major cause of infertility after such treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:943530", "title": "Prediction of fetal sex in cattle by testosterone levels in allantoic fluid.", "content": "The testosterone concentration in allantoic fluid between 90 and 150 days of gestation in cattle can be used to determine the fetal sex; values were 442 +/- 20-3 (S.E.M.) pg testosterone/ml for males fetuses and 215 +/- 8-2 pg/ml for female fetuses.", "contents": "Prediction of fetal sex in cattle by testosterone levels in allantoic fluid. The testosterone concentration in allantoic fluid between 90 and 150 days of gestation in cattle can be used to determine the fetal sex; values were 442 +/- 20-3 (S.E.M.) pg testosterone/ml for males fetuses and 215 +/- 8-2 pg/ml for female fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:943539", "title": "Heterotopic pregnancy following clomid treatment.", "content": "A case of concomitant intra- and extrauterine pregnancy after clomiphene treatment is reported. The incidence of multiple ovulations and multiple pregnancies is higher after induced ovulation. The increased likelihood of combined intra- and extrauterine pregnancy in patients with a higher rate of fraternal twinning is discussed.", "contents": "Heterotopic pregnancy following clomid treatment. A case of concomitant intra- and extrauterine pregnancy after clomiphene treatment is reported. The incidence of multiple ovulations and multiple pregnancies is higher after induced ovulation. The increased likelihood of combined intra- and extrauterine pregnancy in patients with a higher rate of fraternal twinning is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943540", "title": "Termination of late first-trimester and early second-trimester gestations with intramuscular 15 (S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "15 (S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15 methyl PGF2alpha) was administered intramuscularly to 222 healthy women seeking abortion of gestations between eight and 22 weeks. Ninety-seven per-cent of these pregnancies were terminated with a mean time to abortion of 16.5 (SD 6.78) hours. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in more than 90% of the patients while temperature elevations greater than 100.6 degrees F were noted in 22% of cases. No other significant complications were encountered. Transabdominal intra-amniotic pressure monitoring indicated the need to administer drug at two-hour intervals.", "contents": "Termination of late first-trimester and early second-trimester gestations with intramuscular 15 (S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha. 15 (S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (15 methyl PGF2alpha) was administered intramuscularly to 222 healthy women seeking abortion of gestations between eight and 22 weeks. Ninety-seven per-cent of these pregnancies were terminated with a mean time to abortion of 16.5 (SD 6.78) hours. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in more than 90% of the patients while temperature elevations greater than 100.6 degrees F were noted in 22% of cases. No other significant complications were encountered. Transabdominal intra-amniotic pressure monitoring indicated the need to administer drug at two-hour intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:943541", "title": "Endometriosis in laparotomy scars.", "content": "Endometriosis of laparotomy scars has been described as rare. Interruption of pregnancy by abdominal hysterotomy affords an opportunity for its development. The two cases which are reported were admitted to the hospital within one month, which suggests that this diagnosis may not be rare.", "contents": "Endometriosis in laparotomy scars. Endometriosis of laparotomy scars has been described as rare. Interruption of pregnancy by abdominal hysterotomy affords an opportunity for its development. The two cases which are reported were admitted to the hospital within one month, which suggests that this diagnosis may not be rare."}
{"id": "PMID:943542", "title": "Renal carbuncle: unusual cause of postpartum febrile morbidity.", "content": "Obstetricians should be alert for medical problems disguised as postpartum complications. A patient with renal carbuncle which presented as postoperative fever is described. The lesion was treated by percutaneous drainage. A brief summary of the differential diagnosis of renal abscess is presented.", "contents": "Renal carbuncle: unusual cause of postpartum febrile morbidity. Obstetricians should be alert for medical problems disguised as postpartum complications. A patient with renal carbuncle which presented as postoperative fever is described. The lesion was treated by percutaneous drainage. A brief summary of the differential diagnosis of renal abscess is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943543", "title": "Location and removal of misplaced or embedded intrauterine devices by hysteroscopy.", "content": "Hysterosopic examinations were performed on 22 patients for IUDs suspected of being misplaced or embedded. Devices included 11 Majzlin springs, nine Lippes loops and two other types. Preoperative preparation and hysteroscopic techniques for extraction are described.", "contents": "Location and removal of misplaced or embedded intrauterine devices by hysteroscopy. Hysterosopic examinations were performed on 22 patients for IUDs suspected of being misplaced or embedded. Devices included 11 Majzlin springs, nine Lippes loops and two other types. Preoperative preparation and hysteroscopic techniques for extraction are described."}
{"id": "PMID:943544", "title": "The Hysteroflator 1000S.", "content": "A new electrical apparatus for CO2 hysteroscopy is described. It adds an electric suction pump to the insufflator to fix the cervical cup securely and maintain the seal indefinitely. The apparatus was used in 257 patients without any untoward effects.", "contents": "The Hysteroflator 1000S. A new electrical apparatus for CO2 hysteroscopy is described. It adds an electric suction pump to the insufflator to fix the cervical cup securely and maintain the seal indefinitely. The apparatus was used in 257 patients without any untoward effects."}
{"id": "PMID:943546", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine]oxytocin (hydroxy [4-thr]oxytocin), a peptide with strikingly high oxytocic potency and of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)]oxytocin (hydroxy-oxytocin).", "content": "[1-(L-2-Hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine]oxytocin (hydroxy[4-Thr]oxytocin) and [1-(l-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)]oxytocin (hydroxy-oxytocin) were synthesized by a combination of solid phase and classical methods of peptide synthesis. Protected octapeptides were synthesized by the solid-phase method and 1 + 8 couplings in solution were then employed to furnish the required key protected intermediates. Hydroxy[4-Thr]oxytocin has oxytocic potency as measured in the rat uterus suspended in a Mg2+-free solution, of about 4200 units/mg, eight times the potency of oxytocin, while its antidiuretic potency is approximately equal to that of oxytocin. It thus exhibits a significantly favorable oxytocic-antidiuretic sleectivity. Hydroxy-oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of approximatels 1300 units/mt, 2.5 times that of oxytocin. Threonine substitution in hydroxy-oxytocin has thus caused a significant enhancement in both oxytocic potency and selectivity. The enhancement in oxytocic potency of these two peptides relative to oxytocin and [4-Thr]oxytocin appears to correlate with their lipophilic characteristics, suggesting a significant role of lipophilicity in the interplay of oxytocin-like peptides with oxytocic receptors.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine]oxytocin (hydroxy [4-thr]oxytocin), a peptide with strikingly high oxytocic potency and of [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)]oxytocin (hydroxy-oxytocin). [1-(L-2-Hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine]oxytocin (hydroxy[4-Thr]oxytocin) and [1-(l-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid)]oxytocin (hydroxy-oxytocin) were synthesized by a combination of solid phase and classical methods of peptide synthesis. Protected octapeptides were synthesized by the solid-phase method and 1 + 8 couplings in solution were then employed to furnish the required key protected intermediates. Hydroxy[4-Thr]oxytocin has oxytocic potency as measured in the rat uterus suspended in a Mg2+-free solution, of about 4200 units/mg, eight times the potency of oxytocin, while its antidiuretic potency is approximately equal to that of oxytocin. It thus exhibits a significantly favorable oxytocic-antidiuretic sleectivity. Hydroxy-oxytocin has an oxytocic potency of approximatels 1300 units/mt, 2.5 times that of oxytocin. Threonine substitution in hydroxy-oxytocin has thus caused a significant enhancement in both oxytocic potency and selectivity. The enhancement in oxytocic potency of these two peptides relative to oxytocin and [4-Thr]oxytocin appears to correlate with their lipophilic characteristics, suggesting a significant role of lipophilicity in the interplay of oxytocin-like peptides with oxytocic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:943551", "title": "The fine structure of the sperm of a holothurian and an ophiuroid.", "content": "The fine structure of the mature sperm of the holothurian, Cucumaria miniata, and the ophiuroid, Ophiopholis aculeata, is described with particular reference to their acrosomal and centriolar satellite complexes, and compared to the sperm of other echinoderms. In Cucumaria, the acrosome is in the form of a diffuse acrosomal vesicle. It is unusual in that it apparently lacks an acrosomal membrane. A membrane separating the acrosomal vesicle from the periacrosomal material may not be equivalent to a typical inner acrosomal membrane. In Ophiopholis, the acrosome is dense, with some internal substructure, and is enclosed by a complete acrosomal membrane. In both species, the acrosome is partially surrounded by an amorphous periacrosomal mass. There is a notable absence of a subacrosomal depression and associated structures as found in other echinoderm sperm. The centriolar satellite complex (CSC) is essentially identical in both species. A reconstruction of the CSC is presented. The CSC consists of nine satellites radiating angularly from the distal centriole, each bifurcating at a dense node before inserting on a marginal ring containing circumferential microtubules. The ring is probably a cytoskeletal element. Immediately below the satellites are nine Y-shaped connectives, connecting each of the axonemal alpha doublets to the flagellar membrane.", "contents": "The fine structure of the sperm of a holothurian and an ophiuroid. The fine structure of the mature sperm of the holothurian, Cucumaria miniata, and the ophiuroid, Ophiopholis aculeata, is described with particular reference to their acrosomal and centriolar satellite complexes, and compared to the sperm of other echinoderms. In Cucumaria, the acrosome is in the form of a diffuse acrosomal vesicle. It is unusual in that it apparently lacks an acrosomal membrane. A membrane separating the acrosomal vesicle from the periacrosomal material may not be equivalent to a typical inner acrosomal membrane. In Ophiopholis, the acrosome is dense, with some internal substructure, and is enclosed by a complete acrosomal membrane. In both species, the acrosome is partially surrounded by an amorphous periacrosomal mass. There is a notable absence of a subacrosomal depression and associated structures as found in other echinoderm sperm. The centriolar satellite complex (CSC) is essentially identical in both species. A reconstruction of the CSC is presented. The CSC consists of nine satellites radiating angularly from the distal centriole, each bifurcating at a dense node before inserting on a marginal ring containing circumferential microtubules. The ring is probably a cytoskeletal element. Immediately below the satellites are nine Y-shaped connectives, connecting each of the axonemal alpha doublets to the flagellar membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:943552", "title": "Studies on the formation of germ cells in a compound ascidian Botryllus primigenus Oka.", "content": "Gametogenesis of a compound ascidian Botryllus primigenus was studied histologically. On either side of the zooid (stage 9), in the gonadal space between the epidermis and the atrial epithelium, either a single testis or a complex of an egg follicle and a testis can be formed. The egg follicle consists of a single ovum (occasionally two ova) and its accessory cells and is connected with the atrial epithelium by the follicle stalk. The eff follicle is always accompanied by the brood pouch, a diverticulum of the atrial cavity. The testis is equipped with a vestigial spermiduct and is attached to the atrial epithelium. Buds of stage 8 comprise, besides the developing testes and egg follicles, loose aggregations of hemoblasts and oocytes of early developmental stages, which are already accompanied by primary follicular cells. Both the oocytes and the primary follicular cells seem to arise from the hemoblasts. The young oocytes are isolated in the gonadal space of the buds and are transferred to buds of the succeeding generations until they finally mature. In the bud of stage 3, a compact mass of cells appears, attaching to the inner vesicle on either side of the body. It is derived from the hemoblasts lodged there in the preceding generation and presumably also from the circulating hemoblasts. When the cell mass receives a large oocyte derived from the preceding generation, part of the cell mass differentiates into egg envelopes, forming an egg follicle, and a follicle stalk and the remainder into a testis. When the cell mass receives no oocyte, it differentiates as a whole into a testis. In the egg follicle thus formed, the outer and inner follicular cells increase in number by mitotic division. Subsequently, initial test cells are derived from the inner follicle by migration across the developing chorion; then they increase in number by mitosis. In the testis, meiosis and spermiogenesis take place.", "contents": "Studies on the formation of germ cells in a compound ascidian Botryllus primigenus Oka. Gametogenesis of a compound ascidian Botryllus primigenus was studied histologically. On either side of the zooid (stage 9), in the gonadal space between the epidermis and the atrial epithelium, either a single testis or a complex of an egg follicle and a testis can be formed. The egg follicle consists of a single ovum (occasionally two ova) and its accessory cells and is connected with the atrial epithelium by the follicle stalk. The eff follicle is always accompanied by the brood pouch, a diverticulum of the atrial cavity. The testis is equipped with a vestigial spermiduct and is attached to the atrial epithelium. Buds of stage 8 comprise, besides the developing testes and egg follicles, loose aggregations of hemoblasts and oocytes of early developmental stages, which are already accompanied by primary follicular cells. Both the oocytes and the primary follicular cells seem to arise from the hemoblasts. The young oocytes are isolated in the gonadal space of the buds and are transferred to buds of the succeeding generations until they finally mature. In the bud of stage 3, a compact mass of cells appears, attaching to the inner vesicle on either side of the body. It is derived from the hemoblasts lodged there in the preceding generation and presumably also from the circulating hemoblasts. When the cell mass receives a large oocyte derived from the preceding generation, part of the cell mass differentiates into egg envelopes, forming an egg follicle, and a follicle stalk and the remainder into a testis. When the cell mass receives no oocyte, it differentiates as a whole into a testis. In the egg follicle thus formed, the outer and inner follicular cells increase in number by mitotic division. Subsequently, initial test cells are derived from the inner follicle by migration across the developing chorion; then they increase in number by mitosis. In the testis, meiosis and spermiogenesis take place."}
{"id": "PMID:943553", "title": "Ovariectomy alone or in combination with dexamethasone in patients with advanced breast cancer and high levels of testosterone excretion.", "content": "The urinary testosterone levels of 40 premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with advanced breast carcinoma were assayed before and after ovariectomies. Histologic examination of the ovaries of 25 patients whose hormone levels were above normal revealed interstitial cell hyperplasia. Two months after the operations, the amounts of testosterone excreted by the womaen decreased significantly. We considered this as indirect evidence that the ovaries contributed to androgen synthesis. However, 15 patients had normal hormone excretion values that did not change 2 months postoperatively. Testosterone levels for 6 of the women 5 months after surgery were higher than at the previous testing. We surmised that the increased gonadotropic activity that followed ovariectomy migh have stimulated adrenal androgen secretion. To elucidate this point, we gave injections of 15,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to breast cancer patients who were free of any recurrence and, 3 or 24 months previously, had undergone prophylactic ovariectomies (5 and 4 patients, respectively). In 5 of these women, the amount of testosterone excreted increased significantly after HGG was administered. We inhibited adrenal androgen secretion in 11 patients, whose presurgical urinary testosterone levels were above normal. After their ovaries were removed, these women received 1.5 mg dexamethaxone (DXM) daily for 30 days at a time, after which the amount of testosterone excreted was evaluated and, if the level was above 5.0 mug/24 hours, therapy was repeated for another 30 days. Of the patients who showed objective remission after ovarietomies, there were 4 (26.3%) of 15 who had normal androgen excretion levels; 8 (57.1%) of 14 had increased amounts and were treated by surgery alone; and 10 (90.9%) of 11 received a combination of ovariectomies and DXM therapy. The duration of regression was the highest in the latter group.", "contents": "Ovariectomy alone or in combination with dexamethasone in patients with advanced breast cancer and high levels of testosterone excretion. The urinary testosterone levels of 40 premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with advanced breast carcinoma were assayed before and after ovariectomies. Histologic examination of the ovaries of 25 patients whose hormone levels were above normal revealed interstitial cell hyperplasia. Two months after the operations, the amounts of testosterone excreted by the womaen decreased significantly. We considered this as indirect evidence that the ovaries contributed to androgen synthesis. However, 15 patients had normal hormone excretion values that did not change 2 months postoperatively. Testosterone levels for 6 of the women 5 months after surgery were higher than at the previous testing. We surmised that the increased gonadotropic activity that followed ovariectomy migh have stimulated adrenal androgen secretion. To elucidate this point, we gave injections of 15,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to breast cancer patients who were free of any recurrence and, 3 or 24 months previously, had undergone prophylactic ovariectomies (5 and 4 patients, respectively). In 5 of these women, the amount of testosterone excreted increased significantly after HGG was administered. We inhibited adrenal androgen secretion in 11 patients, whose presurgical urinary testosterone levels were above normal. After their ovaries were removed, these women received 1.5 mg dexamethaxone (DXM) daily for 30 days at a time, after which the amount of testosterone excreted was evaluated and, if the level was above 5.0 mug/24 hours, therapy was repeated for another 30 days. Of the patients who showed objective remission after ovarietomies, there were 4 (26.3%) of 15 who had normal androgen excretion levels; 8 (57.1%) of 14 had increased amounts and were treated by surgery alone; and 10 (90.9%) of 11 received a combination of ovariectomies and DXM therapy. The duration of regression was the highest in the latter group."}
{"id": "PMID:943554", "title": "Phase I study of a five-day intermittent schedule for 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313).", "content": "Because 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313 (DAG; the main conversion reaction product of the treatment of dibromodulcitol by mild akali or human serum) showed considerable antitumor activity in various mouse and rat tumor systems, a phase I study in 50 patients was conducted with five daily iv treatments repeated every 6 weeks. Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. At a dose of 40 mg/m2/day for 5 days, the median platelet nadir was 31,000/mm3 and occurred on day 20; the plate count returned to normal within 8 days. At the same dose, the median white blood cell (WBC) nadir was 2,300/mm3 also on day 20-, the WBC count returned to normal within 7 days. Anemia, nausea, and vomiting were usually mild to moderate. No renal, hepatic, central nervous system, cardiac, or pulmonary toxicity was identified. Antitumor effects of DAG were observed in patients with renal, bladder, and small-cell lung cancers. An iv dose of 20-30 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 5-6 weeks, was recommended for phase II studies.", "contents": "Phase I study of a five-day intermittent schedule for 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313). Because 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (NSC-132313 (DAG; the main conversion reaction product of the treatment of dibromodulcitol by mild akali or human serum) showed considerable antitumor activity in various mouse and rat tumor systems, a phase I study in 50 patients was conducted with five daily iv treatments repeated every 6 weeks. Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. At a dose of 40 mg/m2/day for 5 days, the median platelet nadir was 31,000/mm3 and occurred on day 20; the plate count returned to normal within 8 days. At the same dose, the median white blood cell (WBC) nadir was 2,300/mm3 also on day 20-, the WBC count returned to normal within 7 days. Anemia, nausea, and vomiting were usually mild to moderate. No renal, hepatic, central nervous system, cardiac, or pulmonary toxicity was identified. Antitumor effects of DAG were observed in patients with renal, bladder, and small-cell lung cancers. An iv dose of 20-30 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days, repeated every 5-6 weeks, was recommended for phase II studies."}
{"id": "PMID:943555", "title": "Patterns of invasive growth in vitro. Human decidua graviditatis confronted with established human cell lines and primary human explants.", "content": "Human decidua graviditatis was used as a receptor tissue to demonstrate invasive properties of human cells in vitro. In the confrontation between decidua and established cell lines of tumors and of normal origin as well as primary explanted cells, we noted differences in the cells' interactions with decidual tissue. The two original tumor cell lines, HeLa (carcinoma) and AFi (sarcoma), and a spontaneously transformed lymphoblastoid cell line showed aggressiveness, i.e., invasion, rapid proliferation, injury, and destruction of the decidual tissue. Strain HeLa S3 and two established cell lines, FL (amnion) and Girardi Heart, which are regarded as transformed cells because of their increased mitotic rate and polyploidy, exhibited various degrees of aggressiveness but did not invade. Freshly explanted fetal lung and endometrium caused no injury to the receptor tissue and were included in the decidual tissue.", "contents": "Patterns of invasive growth in vitro. Human decidua graviditatis confronted with established human cell lines and primary human explants. Human decidua graviditatis was used as a receptor tissue to demonstrate invasive properties of human cells in vitro. In the confrontation between decidua and established cell lines of tumors and of normal origin as well as primary explanted cells, we noted differences in the cells' interactions with decidual tissue. The two original tumor cell lines, HeLa (carcinoma) and AFi (sarcoma), and a spontaneously transformed lymphoblastoid cell line showed aggressiveness, i.e., invasion, rapid proliferation, injury, and destruction of the decidual tissue. Strain HeLa S3 and two established cell lines, FL (amnion) and Girardi Heart, which are regarded as transformed cells because of their increased mitotic rate and polyploidy, exhibited various degrees of aggressiveness but did not invade. Freshly explanted fetal lung and endometrium caused no injury to the receptor tissue and were included in the decidual tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:943556", "title": "Determination of adhesive properties of variant metastatic melanoma cells to BALB/3T3 cells and their virus-transformed derivatives by a monolayer attachment assay.", "content": "The hypothesis that abnormalities in intercellular adhesion are a property of metastatic tumors was examined in vitro with B16 melanoma variants that were selected in vivo for increased metastatic behavior. The adhesive characteristics of low (B16-F1), intermediate (B16-F5), and high (B16-F10) metastatic lines were determined by quantitative adhesion assays that measured the rate and degree of attachment of single cells to confluent monolayers of melanoma, BALB/3T3, or virus-transformed 3T3 cells. Intercellular adhesions were monitored by loss of single cells from suspension and adherence of intraperitoneally grown 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells to the monolayers, and were affected by time, temperature, and serum concentration. Although there was little difference in adhesive properties between the untransformed and transformed 3T3 cell lines, the more metastatic melanoma variants exhibited higher relative rates and extents of homotypic and heterotypic monolayer attachment compared with lower metastatic lines (B16-F10 greater than B16-F5 greater than B16-F1). The correlation between in vivo and in vitro tumor cell adhesive properties and metastasis was discussed.", "contents": "Determination of adhesive properties of variant metastatic melanoma cells to BALB/3T3 cells and their virus-transformed derivatives by a monolayer attachment assay. The hypothesis that abnormalities in intercellular adhesion are a property of metastatic tumors was examined in vitro with B16 melanoma variants that were selected in vivo for increased metastatic behavior. The adhesive characteristics of low (B16-F1), intermediate (B16-F5), and high (B16-F10) metastatic lines were determined by quantitative adhesion assays that measured the rate and degree of attachment of single cells to confluent monolayers of melanoma, BALB/3T3, or virus-transformed 3T3 cells. Intercellular adhesions were monitored by loss of single cells from suspension and adherence of intraperitoneally grown 125I-5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells to the monolayers, and were affected by time, temperature, and serum concentration. Although there was little difference in adhesive properties between the untransformed and transformed 3T3 cell lines, the more metastatic melanoma variants exhibited higher relative rates and extents of homotypic and heterotypic monolayer attachment compared with lower metastatic lines (B16-F10 greater than B16-F5 greater than B16-F1). The correlation between in vivo and in vitro tumor cell adhesive properties and metastasis was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943557", "title": "Neovascularization induced by intraocular xenografts of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tissues.", "content": "The capacity to induce neovascularization was compared in normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tumors from strains with a high incidence of tumors (C3H, C3H-Avy, C3H-AvyfB) by implantation of small biopsy fragments on the iris surface in New Zealand White rabbits. Proliferation of iris blood vessels was studied by: 1) direct, in vivo slit-lamp stereomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography; 2) filling of the microvasculature with colloidal carbon; and 3) histologic examination. Ninety percent of mammary tumor implants elicited iris neovascularization after 48-72 hours, regardless of their histologic classification or the presence or absence of mammary tumor virus. Corticosteroid treatment reduced immediate postoperative inflammation (12-36 hr) but did not abolish subsequent growth of new vessels. Necrotic tumor fragments failed to elicit any neovascular response. In contrast, only 6% of normal tissues from resting mammary glands caused any vasoproliferation. Hormone-stimulated mammary tissues from pregnant and lactating mice exhibited a transient neovascular capacity that was lost during postweaning involution. Of the implants from premalignant hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN's), 30% produced a pattern of vessel growth similar to that of tumor implants. D-1 line (HAN outgrowth) tissues, which have a predicted low incidence of tumors, induced significantly fewer neovascular responses (P less than 0.002) than morphologically and biochemically similar D-2 line tissues, which have a predicted high incidence of tumors. These data suggest that the capacity to induce neovascularization is acquired during malignant progression of mouse mammary tissues; therefore, demonstration of this property may be useful in the identification of those intermediate populations most at risk for neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Neovascularization induced by intraocular xenografts of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tissues. The capacity to induce neovascularization was compared in normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary tumors from strains with a high incidence of tumors (C3H, C3H-Avy, C3H-AvyfB) by implantation of small biopsy fragments on the iris surface in New Zealand White rabbits. Proliferation of iris blood vessels was studied by: 1) direct, in vivo slit-lamp stereomicroscopy and fluorescein angiography; 2) filling of the microvasculature with colloidal carbon; and 3) histologic examination. Ninety percent of mammary tumor implants elicited iris neovascularization after 48-72 hours, regardless of their histologic classification or the presence or absence of mammary tumor virus. Corticosteroid treatment reduced immediate postoperative inflammation (12-36 hr) but did not abolish subsequent growth of new vessels. Necrotic tumor fragments failed to elicit any neovascular response. In contrast, only 6% of normal tissues from resting mammary glands caused any vasoproliferation. Hormone-stimulated mammary tissues from pregnant and lactating mice exhibited a transient neovascular capacity that was lost during postweaning involution. Of the implants from premalignant hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN's), 30% produced a pattern of vessel growth similar to that of tumor implants. D-1 line (HAN outgrowth) tissues, which have a predicted low incidence of tumors, induced significantly fewer neovascular responses (P less than 0.002) than morphologically and biochemically similar D-2 line tissues, which have a predicted high incidence of tumors. These data suggest that the capacity to induce neovascularization is acquired during malignant progression of mouse mammary tissues; therefore, demonstration of this property may be useful in the identification of those intermediate populations most at risk for neoplastic transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:943558", "title": "Human gastric choriocarcinoma serially transplanted in nude mice.", "content": "A gastric choriocarcinoma cell line capable of producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was studied by sc transplantation and serial passages into nude mice fed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. The tumor-take rate at the serial heterotransplantation in SPF mice was high (greater than 95%), in contrast with a low rate in coventional animals (35%). The restoration of morphology and function of the original neoplasm were exclusively verified in SPF mice. Multiple lung metastases were found in 2 animals. The production, storage, and excretion of HCG by tumor cells were confirmed by its high content in serum and cystic fluid in tumors and by its intracellular localization. The tumor cells also contained a specific placental alkaline phosphatase in their membranes. The cells were various trophoblastic types ranging from primitive cytotrophoblasts to typical syncytial cells. The hormone effects of the tumor on sex organs of tumor-bearing animals were evident.", "contents": "Human gastric choriocarcinoma serially transplanted in nude mice. A gastric choriocarcinoma cell line capable of producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was studied by sc transplantation and serial passages into nude mice fed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. The tumor-take rate at the serial heterotransplantation in SPF mice was high (greater than 95%), in contrast with a low rate in coventional animals (35%). The restoration of morphology and function of the original neoplasm were exclusively verified in SPF mice. Multiple lung metastases were found in 2 animals. The production, storage, and excretion of HCG by tumor cells were confirmed by its high content in serum and cystic fluid in tumors and by its intracellular localization. The tumor cells also contained a specific placental alkaline phosphatase in their membranes. The cells were various trophoblastic types ranging from primitive cytotrophoblasts to typical syncytial cells. The hormone effects of the tumor on sex organs of tumor-bearing animals were evident."}
{"id": "PMID:943559", "title": "Inhibition and reversal by beta-retinoic acid of hyperplasia induced in cultured mouse prostate tissue by 3-methylcholanthrene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The effect of beta-retinoic acid (RA) on carcinogen-induced hyperplasia was studied in organ cultures of mouse prostate gland. 3-Methylcholanthrene (MCA), requiring metabolic activation, or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), not requiring activation, were used to induce hyperplastic changes. Treatment of cultures with MCA or MNNG stimulated cell proliferation and caused the alveolar epithelium to become hyperplastic. The development of this hyperplasia was inhibited when RA was added simultaneously with MCA or MNNG. However, RA had no significant effect on cell proliferation in untreated control cultures. Elimination of carcinogen from the hyperplastic cultures after 8 days of treatment did not reverse hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium. When the withdrawal of MCA or MNNG was followed by treatment of the cultures with RA, hyperplasia was markedly reversed within 96 hours. Thus RA actively inhibited and reversed the effect of MCA and MNNG, two carcinogens that may have different mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Inhibition and reversal by beta-retinoic acid of hyperplasia induced in cultured mouse prostate tissue by 3-methylcholanthrene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The effect of beta-retinoic acid (RA) on carcinogen-induced hyperplasia was studied in organ cultures of mouse prostate gland. 3-Methylcholanthrene (MCA), requiring metabolic activation, or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), not requiring activation, were used to induce hyperplastic changes. Treatment of cultures with MCA or MNNG stimulated cell proliferation and caused the alveolar epithelium to become hyperplastic. The development of this hyperplasia was inhibited when RA was added simultaneously with MCA or MNNG. However, RA had no significant effect on cell proliferation in untreated control cultures. Elimination of carcinogen from the hyperplastic cultures after 8 days of treatment did not reverse hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium. When the withdrawal of MCA or MNNG was followed by treatment of the cultures with RA, hyperplasia was markedly reversed within 96 hours. Thus RA actively inhibited and reversed the effect of MCA and MNNG, two carcinogens that may have different mechanisms of action."}
{"id": "PMID:943560", "title": "Azoxymethane-induced liver hemangiosarcomas in inbred strain-2 guinea pigs.", "content": "Intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.2% solution of azoxymethane twice weekly for 33 weeks to female inbred strain-2 guinea pigs specifically induced multiple liver hemangiosarcomas in 15 of 16 animals 32-54 weeks after the first treatment. No neoplasms and preneoplastic changes were found in the large intestine.", "contents": "Azoxymethane-induced liver hemangiosarcomas in inbred strain-2 guinea pigs. Intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.2% solution of azoxymethane twice weekly for 33 weeks to female inbred strain-2 guinea pigs specifically induced multiple liver hemangiosarcomas in 15 of 16 animals 32-54 weeks after the first treatment. No neoplasms and preneoplastic changes were found in the large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:943561", "title": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "We found a dose-related decrease in DNA synthesis in transformed cell cultures treated with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC). The decrease, observed over a 4-hour period, was not accompanied by a change in the radioactive precursor pool as compared to that of control culture. The distribution of labeled products clearly differed from that observed after treatment with cytosine arabinoside. delta9-THC inhibited DNA synthesis at some point beyond the uptake of 3H-thymidine.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Lewis lung adenocarcinoma cells in tissue culture. We found a dose-related decrease in DNA synthesis in transformed cell cultures treated with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC). The decrease, observed over a 4-hour period, was not accompanied by a change in the radioactive precursor pool as compared to that of control culture. The distribution of labeled products clearly differed from that observed after treatment with cytosine arabinoside. delta9-THC inhibited DNA synthesis at some point beyond the uptake of 3H-thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:943562", "title": "Effects of diethylnitrosamine and cigarette smoke on hamsters.", "content": "One hundred two 2-month-old male Syrian hamsters received 12 weekly sc injections of 0.25 mg diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Half the animals were also exposed for 10 minutes to cigarette smoke in Hamburg II-type smoking machines, three times per day, 5 days per week, for their life-span. The other half received sham exposure. Two additional groups of 51 hamsters each, serving as controls, received either only smoke or sham smoke exposures. The DEN treatment resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in epithelial lesions of the larynx, including laryngeal papillomas. Cigarette smoke inhalation had a significant (P less than 0.01) potentiating effect on the incidence of these lesions. We did not observe the high incidence of tumors of the nasal cavity, trachea, and the lower respiratory tract, or a significant development of malignant tumors, reported by several other investigators. The life-spans of the animals were unaffected by DEN and significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by exposure to smoke. The smoke-exposed groups had significantly lower mean body weights than their sham smoke-exposed cohorts.", "contents": "Effects of diethylnitrosamine and cigarette smoke on hamsters. One hundred two 2-month-old male Syrian hamsters received 12 weekly sc injections of 0.25 mg diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Half the animals were also exposed for 10 minutes to cigarette smoke in Hamburg II-type smoking machines, three times per day, 5 days per week, for their life-span. The other half received sham exposure. Two additional groups of 51 hamsters each, serving as controls, received either only smoke or sham smoke exposures. The DEN treatment resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in epithelial lesions of the larynx, including laryngeal papillomas. Cigarette smoke inhalation had a significant (P less than 0.01) potentiating effect on the incidence of these lesions. We did not observe the high incidence of tumors of the nasal cavity, trachea, and the lower respiratory tract, or a significant development of malignant tumors, reported by several other investigators. The life-spans of the animals were unaffected by DEN and significantly increased (P less than 0.01) by exposure to smoke. The smoke-exposed groups had significantly lower mean body weights than their sham smoke-exposed cohorts."}
{"id": "PMID:943563", "title": "Tumor-specific immunogenicity induced by chemical modification.", "content": "C57BL/6J spleen cells were immunized in vitro against cells from a syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, either modified with diazotized sulfanilic acid or left unmodified. The spleen cells were harvested after 5 days and run in a short-term 51Cr-release assay against unmodified tumor cells as targets. The spleen cells sensitized against the modified but not the unmodified tumor cells were cytotoxic for the unmodified tumor cell targets but not for two other syngeneic tumor cell lines or syngeneic spleen cells, thus indicating the production of tumor-specific cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immunogenicity induced by chemical modification. C57BL/6J spleen cells were immunized in vitro against cells from a syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma, either modified with diazotized sulfanilic acid or left unmodified. The spleen cells were harvested after 5 days and run in a short-term 51Cr-release assay against unmodified tumor cells as targets. The spleen cells sensitized against the modified but not the unmodified tumor cells were cytotoxic for the unmodified tumor cell targets but not for two other syngeneic tumor cell lines or syngeneic spleen cells, thus indicating the production of tumor-specific cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:943564", "title": "External stabilization of a replanted upper extremity: case report.", "content": "A case replantation of the upper extremity is presented using external fixation as the method to achieve bony stability. Although internal fixation may remain the method of choice for stabilization of a replanted limb, external fixation can also provide bony stability where more conventional methods are not applicable.", "contents": "External stabilization of a replanted upper extremity: case report. A case replantation of the upper extremity is presented using external fixation as the method to achieve bony stability. Although internal fixation may remain the method of choice for stabilization of a replanted limb, external fixation can also provide bony stability where more conventional methods are not applicable."}
{"id": "PMID:943571", "title": "Polypeptides of mumps virus.", "content": "Mumps virus was propagated in the extra-embryonic fluids of embryonated chicken eggs and was labeled by cionjection of radioactively labeled amino acids. The virus was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and its polypeptides were analyzed by polyarylamide gel electrophoresis. The virus was found to be composed of six polypeptides, ranging in size from 40,000 to 64,000 daltons. Viral proteins 1 and 3 were the glycoproteins of the virons. When the virus particle was treated with noniontic detergents, a small fraction of these glycoproteins could be released into the supernatant. After treatment with nonionic detergents in high salt and alkaline conditions, more of the surface glycoproteins were removed. This treatment also released the smallest viral polypeptide from the virion. The glycoproteins were separated using an affinity chromatographic column of agarose-fetuin. The heavier glycoprotein, viral protein 1, was found to contain both the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity. The two glycoproteins were tested for their ability to react in complement-fixing tests with mumps antisera. Only the heavier glycoprotein reacted with antisera possessing both anti-S and anti-V activity. Neither glycoprotein reacted with antisera specific for the S antigen. Thus, it was concluded that this glycoprotein corresponds to the classical V antigen of mumps virus.", "contents": "Polypeptides of mumps virus. Mumps virus was propagated in the extra-embryonic fluids of embryonated chicken eggs and was labeled by cionjection of radioactively labeled amino acids. The virus was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and its polypeptides were analyzed by polyarylamide gel electrophoresis. The virus was found to be composed of six polypeptides, ranging in size from 40,000 to 64,000 daltons. Viral proteins 1 and 3 were the glycoproteins of the virons. When the virus particle was treated with noniontic detergents, a small fraction of these glycoproteins could be released into the supernatant. After treatment with nonionic detergents in high salt and alkaline conditions, more of the surface glycoproteins were removed. This treatment also released the smallest viral polypeptide from the virion. The glycoproteins were separated using an affinity chromatographic column of agarose-fetuin. The heavier glycoprotein, viral protein 1, was found to contain both the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity. The two glycoproteins were tested for their ability to react in complement-fixing tests with mumps antisera. Only the heavier glycoprotein reacted with antisera possessing both anti-S and anti-V activity. Neither glycoprotein reacted with antisera specific for the S antigen. Thus, it was concluded that this glycoprotein corresponds to the classical V antigen of mumps virus."}
{"id": "PMID:943572", "title": "Growth and genetic stability of the ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus at restrictive temperatures.", "content": "An in vitro study was performed to define in greater detail those factors which favored the growth of the ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus under restrictive conditions and the emergence of genetically altered virus with decreased temperature sensitivity. Replication of ts-1 occurred at each of the restrictive temperatures of 37, 38, and 39 C, even through plaque formation was not observed. The level of virus growth under restrictive conditions was inversely related to the incubation temperature and directly related to the multiplicity of infection. These relationships appeared to reflect the effect of restrictive temperature in reducing the quantity of virus produced and released from an infected cell. Under restrictive conditions the production of genetically altered virus which exhibited reduced temperature sensitivity was directly related to the multiplicity of infection and inversely related to temperature. Production of genetically altered virus was not observed under permissive conditions.", "contents": "Growth and genetic stability of the ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus at restrictive temperatures. An in vitro study was performed to define in greater detail those factors which favored the growth of the ts-1 mutant of respiratory syncytial virus under restrictive conditions and the emergence of genetically altered virus with decreased temperature sensitivity. Replication of ts-1 occurred at each of the restrictive temperatures of 37, 38, and 39 C, even through plaque formation was not observed. The level of virus growth under restrictive conditions was inversely related to the incubation temperature and directly related to the multiplicity of infection. These relationships appeared to reflect the effect of restrictive temperature in reducing the quantity of virus produced and released from an infected cell. Under restrictive conditions the production of genetically altered virus which exhibited reduced temperature sensitivity was directly related to the multiplicity of infection and inversely related to temperature. Production of genetically altered virus was not observed under permissive conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:943573", "title": "Mason-Pfizer virus RNA genome: relationship to the RNA of morphologically similar isolates and other oncornaviruses.", "content": "The 60-70S RNA of Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) was iodinated in vitro and used in both direct and competitive molecular hybridization studies. MPV proviral sequences are present at a frequency of approximately one to two copies per haploid genome in the DNA of experimentally infected human cells. By nucleic acid competition hybridization, MPV RNA was found to be indistinguishable from the RNA of a virus (X381) isolated from a rhesus mammary gland and from RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of AO cells (Parks et al., 1973) and HeLa cells (Gelderblom et al., 1974), both previously reported to produce MPV-related particles. No homology was observed, however, between MPV RNA and the RNA, or the DNA, from two clones of HeLa cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Hybridization of MPV 60-70S RNA to the DNA of normal tissues of humans and to the DNA of 11 other species revealed that MPV is not an endogenous virus of any of these species. Competition hybridization revealed no detectable sequence homology between the RNA of MPV and the RNAs of simian sarcoma virus, murine mammary tumor virus, murine leukemia virus, BUdR-induced guinea pig virus, or avian myeloblastosis virus. These nucleic acid studies substantiate previous ultrastructural and immunological findings that MPV and morphologically similar isolates constitute a distinct group of oncornavirus.", "contents": "Mason-Pfizer virus RNA genome: relationship to the RNA of morphologically similar isolates and other oncornaviruses. The 60-70S RNA of Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) was iodinated in vitro and used in both direct and competitive molecular hybridization studies. MPV proviral sequences are present at a frequency of approximately one to two copies per haploid genome in the DNA of experimentally infected human cells. By nucleic acid competition hybridization, MPV RNA was found to be indistinguishable from the RNA of a virus (X381) isolated from a rhesus mammary gland and from RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of AO cells (Parks et al., 1973) and HeLa cells (Gelderblom et al., 1974), both previously reported to produce MPV-related particles. No homology was observed, however, between MPV RNA and the RNA, or the DNA, from two clones of HeLa cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Hybridization of MPV 60-70S RNA to the DNA of normal tissues of humans and to the DNA of 11 other species revealed that MPV is not an endogenous virus of any of these species. Competition hybridization revealed no detectable sequence homology between the RNA of MPV and the RNAs of simian sarcoma virus, murine mammary tumor virus, murine leukemia virus, BUdR-induced guinea pig virus, or avian myeloblastosis virus. These nucleic acid studies substantiate previous ultrastructural and immunological findings that MPV and morphologically similar isolates constitute a distinct group of oncornavirus."}
{"id": "PMID:943574", "title": "Endogenous oncornaviral DNA sequences: evidence for two classes of viral DNA sequences in guinea pig cells.", "content": "The nature of the endogenous viral DNA sequences in guinea pig cells was studied by hybridization. A segment of the viral RNA (r-VRNA) hybridizing to abundant (or reiterated) DNA sequences (R-VDNA) was isolated by recycling to a Cot of 300. The hybridization of the recycled VRNA, as well as the total VRNA, was followed by determining their kinetics and by Wetmur-Davidson analysis. The kinetics of hybridization of total VRNA were complex, did not follow a second-order kinetics, and revealed two slopes by Wetmur-Davidson analysis. The recycled RNA, on the other hand, had a second-order reaction rate expected of the hybridization between a single species of RNA and DNA sequences and yielded a single straight line in a Wetmur-Davidson plot. The Cot1/2 and slope of the recycled r-VRNA was almost identical to that of the abundant VDNA sequences obtained from the hybridization data of the total VRNA. Guinea pig 28S rRNA with or without recycling was used in monitoring hybridization rate. The kinetics of hybridization of 28S RNA followed a second-order reaction and produced a single straight line by Wetmur-Davidson plot, with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 9.6 x 10(-3) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 104 mol-s/liter, and reiteration frequency of 146. There was no difference in the kinetics of hybridization of 28S RNA before and after recycling. These experiments showed that guinea pig cells contain two classes of VDNA sequences. (i) R-VDNA sequences with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 8.2 x 10(-4) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 1,219 mol-s/liter, and a reiteration frequency of 12 represent 37.5% of the viral genome. (ii) Unique VDNA sequences with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 1.2 x 10(-4) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 7,692 mol-s/liter, and a reiteration frequency of 2 represent 62.5% of the viral genome.", "contents": "Endogenous oncornaviral DNA sequences: evidence for two classes of viral DNA sequences in guinea pig cells. The nature of the endogenous viral DNA sequences in guinea pig cells was studied by hybridization. A segment of the viral RNA (r-VRNA) hybridizing to abundant (or reiterated) DNA sequences (R-VDNA) was isolated by recycling to a Cot of 300. The hybridization of the recycled VRNA, as well as the total VRNA, was followed by determining their kinetics and by Wetmur-Davidson analysis. The kinetics of hybridization of total VRNA were complex, did not follow a second-order kinetics, and revealed two slopes by Wetmur-Davidson analysis. The recycled RNA, on the other hand, had a second-order reaction rate expected of the hybridization between a single species of RNA and DNA sequences and yielded a single straight line in a Wetmur-Davidson plot. The Cot1/2 and slope of the recycled r-VRNA was almost identical to that of the abundant VDNA sequences obtained from the hybridization data of the total VRNA. Guinea pig 28S rRNA with or without recycling was used in monitoring hybridization rate. The kinetics of hybridization of 28S RNA followed a second-order reaction and produced a single straight line by Wetmur-Davidson plot, with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 9.6 x 10(-3) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 104 mol-s/liter, and reiteration frequency of 146. There was no difference in the kinetics of hybridization of 28S RNA before and after recycling. These experiments showed that guinea pig cells contain two classes of VDNA sequences. (i) R-VDNA sequences with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 8.2 x 10(-4) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 1,219 mol-s/liter, and a reiteration frequency of 12 represent 37.5% of the viral genome. (ii) Unique VDNA sequences with a second-order reassociation rate constant of 1.2 x 10(-4) liters/mol-s, a Cot1/2 of 7,692 mol-s/liter, and a reiteration frequency of 2 represent 62.5% of the viral genome."}
{"id": "PMID:943575", "title": "Biochemistry of DNA-defective mutants of bacteriophage T4. VI. Biological functions of gene 42.", "content": "Bacteriophage T4 gene 1 and 42 amber mutants (defective in deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase and deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase, respectively) are able to synthesize DNA in cell-free lysates prepared as described by Barry and Alberts (1972), in contrast to their inabliity to do so in plasmolyzed and toluenized cell systems. Addition of extracts containing an active gene 1 or 42 product has no effect on synthesis in lysates defective in the respective gene. Thus, if these enzymes do play additional direct roles in replication, these roles are not manifest in the lysed-cell system. The gene 42 mutant am N122/m, a double mutant bearing an additional defect in DNA polymerase, is unable to synthesize DNA in these lysates. This inability is overcome by addition of extracts containing an active T4 DNA polymerase. m is a leaky amber mutation which reduces DNA polymerase activity to a very low level. However, this level is high enough to allow positive genetic complementation tests with gene 43 mutants. Two other gene 42 amber mutants contain additional defects: am 269 induces only half the normal level of DNA polymerase, and am C87 fails to induce a detectable level of thymidylate synthetase. These defects do not result from pleiotropic effects of the gene 42 mutations. In plasmolyzed cells, temperature-sensitive gene 42 mutants fail to synthesize DNA under conditions where replication forks and 5-hydroxymethyl-dCTP are present. This supports the idea that the gene 42 protein is directly involved in DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Biochemistry of DNA-defective mutants of bacteriophage T4. VI. Biological functions of gene 42. Bacteriophage T4 gene 1 and 42 amber mutants (defective in deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase and deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase, respectively) are able to synthesize DNA in cell-free lysates prepared as described by Barry and Alberts (1972), in contrast to their inabliity to do so in plasmolyzed and toluenized cell systems. Addition of extracts containing an active gene 1 or 42 product has no effect on synthesis in lysates defective in the respective gene. Thus, if these enzymes do play additional direct roles in replication, these roles are not manifest in the lysed-cell system. The gene 42 mutant am N122/m, a double mutant bearing an additional defect in DNA polymerase, is unable to synthesize DNA in these lysates. This inability is overcome by addition of extracts containing an active T4 DNA polymerase. m is a leaky amber mutation which reduces DNA polymerase activity to a very low level. However, this level is high enough to allow positive genetic complementation tests with gene 43 mutants. Two other gene 42 amber mutants contain additional defects: am 269 induces only half the normal level of DNA polymerase, and am C87 fails to induce a detectable level of thymidylate synthetase. These defects do not result from pleiotropic effects of the gene 42 mutations. In plasmolyzed cells, temperature-sensitive gene 42 mutants fail to synthesize DNA under conditions where replication forks and 5-hydroxymethyl-dCTP are present. This supports the idea that the gene 42 protein is directly involved in DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:943576", "title": "Influenza virus RNA's in the cytoplasm of chicken embryo cells treated with 3'-deoxyadenosine.", "content": "3'-Deoxyadenosine (75 to 100 mug/ml) permitted analysis of the cytoplasmic influencza virus-specific RNAs synthesized early in the replicative cycle-a phase that has hitherto been obscurred by host cell RNA synthesis. In addition, late in the cycle (6 to 8) complementary virus-specific RNA's were the predominantly labeled species, suggesting that higher concentrations of 3'-deoxyadenosine selectively inhibit influenza viral genome replication.", "contents": "Influenza virus RNA's in the cytoplasm of chicken embryo cells treated with 3'-deoxyadenosine. 3'-Deoxyadenosine (75 to 100 mug/ml) permitted analysis of the cytoplasmic influencza virus-specific RNAs synthesized early in the replicative cycle-a phase that has hitherto been obscurred by host cell RNA synthesis. In addition, late in the cycle (6 to 8) complementary virus-specific RNA's were the predominantly labeled species, suggesting that higher concentrations of 3'-deoxyadenosine selectively inhibit influenza viral genome replication."}
{"id": "PMID:943577", "title": "Advanced renal cell carcinoma: treatment with xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid and appropriate surgical resection.", "content": "Herein we describe the first clinical treatment of renal cell carcinoma in humans with xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid. Twelve patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma have been treated by appropriate operations to remove tumor bulk followed by specific passive immunotherapy. Xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid was prepared from the spleen of normal sheep that had received 4 weekly injections of a homogenate of renal cell carcinoma. Results indicate that 1) xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid can safely be given to humans without local or systemic toxicity, 2) there is a suggestion of clinical benefit, since only 2 patients have had progression of known metastases during treatment with immune ribonucleic acid and 3) xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid can enhance the immune response to renal cell carcinoma, as demonstrated by in vitro lymphocytoxicity tests.", "contents": "Advanced renal cell carcinoma: treatment with xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid and appropriate surgical resection. Herein we describe the first clinical treatment of renal cell carcinoma in humans with xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid. Twelve patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma have been treated by appropriate operations to remove tumor bulk followed by specific passive immunotherapy. Xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid was prepared from the spleen of normal sheep that had received 4 weekly injections of a homogenate of renal cell carcinoma. Results indicate that 1) xenogeneic specific immune ribonucleic acid can safely be given to humans without local or systemic toxicity, 2) there is a suggestion of clinical benefit, since only 2 patients have had progression of known metastases during treatment with immune ribonucleic acid and 3) xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid can enhance the immune response to renal cell carcinoma, as demonstrated by in vitro lymphocytoxicity tests."}
{"id": "PMID:943578", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in genitourinary malignancies.", "content": "Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, Ig A and IgM) were measured by immunodiffusion in a control population of 58 patients and in 165 patients with cancer of the prostate, bladder, kidney or testis. Tumor patients were ranked according to clinical staging. In a smaller group of patients serum levels of IgE were measured by radioimmunoassay. IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations did not correlate with staging or the presence of malignancy. However, a statistically significant correlation between increased IgE levels and advanced bladder cancer (staged D1 and D2) stimulated us to study more patients with bladder tumors. In a subsequent group of 22 bladder tumor patients this trend could not be reproduced. IgE levels did not correlate with a history of allergy in any of the patients tested. Concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E seem to be unchanged in genitourinary malignancies, although their functional role here has not been assessed qualitatively.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in genitourinary malignancies. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, Ig A and IgM) were measured by immunodiffusion in a control population of 58 patients and in 165 patients with cancer of the prostate, bladder, kidney or testis. Tumor patients were ranked according to clinical staging. In a smaller group of patients serum levels of IgE were measured by radioimmunoassay. IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations did not correlate with staging or the presence of malignancy. However, a statistically significant correlation between increased IgE levels and advanced bladder cancer (staged D1 and D2) stimulated us to study more patients with bladder tumors. In a subsequent group of 22 bladder tumor patients this trend could not be reproduced. IgE levels did not correlate with a history of allergy in any of the patients tested. Concentrations of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E seem to be unchanged in genitourinary malignancies, although their functional role here has not been assessed qualitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:943579", "title": "Prognosis for resolution of moderate, primary reflux in girls.", "content": "Detailed cystoscopic grading of ureteral orifices has proved unnecessary in our experience for determining the prognosis of moderate, primary reflux in girls. Medially placed orifices strongly predict spontaneous resolution with preventive medication, while radiographic pyelonephritic scarring and/or grade III reflux strongly predict failure to resolve. While laterally placed ureteral orifices and low volume reflux suggest a need for operation, they are prognostically less useful, particularly when those with grade III reflux are excluded. Cystitis cystica and unrelated anomalies seem to be associated with the ultimate need for operation but are of uncertain significance.", "contents": "Prognosis for resolution of moderate, primary reflux in girls. Detailed cystoscopic grading of ureteral orifices has proved unnecessary in our experience for determining the prognosis of moderate, primary reflux in girls. Medially placed orifices strongly predict spontaneous resolution with preventive medication, while radiographic pyelonephritic scarring and/or grade III reflux strongly predict failure to resolve. While laterally placed ureteral orifices and low volume reflux suggest a need for operation, they are prognostically less useful, particularly when those with grade III reflux are excluded. Cystitis cystica and unrelated anomalies seem to be associated with the ultimate need for operation but are of uncertain significance."}
{"id": "PMID:943581", "title": "Adiaspiromycosis in the Franklin's ground squirrel, Spermophilus franklini, and pika, Ochotona princeps, from Alberta, Canada.", "content": "Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis due to Emmonsia crescens was diagnosed in three of six Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklini) captured in Rochester, central Alberts, Canada in the summer of 1971, and in one of 240 pikas (Ochotona princeps) collected in southwestern Alberta in 1969. Granulomas measuring 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter were found in both lungs. These granulomas contained adiaspores measuring 60 to 400 mum in diameter. The disease was not found in six Franklin's ground squirrels collected in 1964, nor in 10 white-footed mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), one porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), and 270 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) from the Rochester area. Lungs from an additional 17 hares from Alaska and 25 from New Brunswick and 96 pikas from Colorado were also examined but no adiaspores were found.", "contents": "Adiaspiromycosis in the Franklin's ground squirrel, Spermophilus franklini, and pika, Ochotona princeps, from Alberta, Canada. Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis due to Emmonsia crescens was diagnosed in three of six Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklini) captured in Rochester, central Alberts, Canada in the summer of 1971, and in one of 240 pikas (Ochotona princeps) collected in southwestern Alberta in 1969. Granulomas measuring 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter were found in both lungs. These granulomas contained adiaspores measuring 60 to 400 mum in diameter. The disease was not found in six Franklin's ground squirrels collected in 1964, nor in 10 white-footed mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), one porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), and 270 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) from the Rochester area. Lungs from an additional 17 hares from Alaska and 25 from New Brunswick and 96 pikas from Colorado were also examined but no adiaspores were found."}
{"id": "PMID:943661", "title": "[Biosocial causes of abnormal behavior in childhood and adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Abnormal behavior\" is no diagnosis. But this term has been accepted in modern industrial Society. For some time many which at present burden the family, the social environment and structure. The basic causes for decompensation of adaptability of children and adolescents are discussed. 4 factors are considered particularly powerful: a disposition towards behavioral instability, absence of close human links in early childhood, lack of socialisation in the sexual sphere and the inability to identify with the own sez-role. The pathologic symptoms nearly always result from a combination of these four. The decisive causes of behavioral disturbance can, therefore, not be found in actual frustration but in unfavorable conditions of development in early childhood.", "contents": "[Biosocial causes of abnormal behavior in childhood and adolescence (author's transl)]. \"Abnormal behavior\" is no diagnosis. But this term has been accepted in modern industrial Society. For some time many which at present burden the family, the social environment and structure. The basic causes for decompensation of adaptability of children and adolescents are discussed. 4 factors are considered particularly powerful: a disposition towards behavioral instability, absence of close human links in early childhood, lack of socialisation in the sexual sphere and the inability to identify with the own sez-role. The pathologic symptoms nearly always result from a combination of these four. The decisive causes of behavioral disturbance can, therefore, not be found in actual frustration but in unfavorable conditions of development in early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:943662", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome in infancy - a heterogenous disease. A case of sporadic connatal nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of illness in a patient with connatal nephrotic syndrome is reported. It started already during the first week, renal failure was absent. The picture differs, however, from the congenital Finnish nephrotic syndrome in the following points: No family history, infection during pregnancy, unremarkable birthweight (3075 g) and weight of placenta (690 g), early micro-hematuria, and rise of IgM, arterial hypertension and partial sensitivity to steroids with incomplete remissions and finally duration of life of 1 year and 8 months. The difference from the Finnish type is confirmed with light- and electron-microscopy and immuno-fluorescence investigations. Morphological changes make it appear that it belongs into group 3 of nephrotic syndrome after Habib (16), with its minimal and focal glomerular changes. An attempt is made to devise a classification of the nephrotic syndrome during the first year of Life according to its cause. The importance of an absolute indication for renal biopsy is stressed.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome in infancy - a heterogenous disease. A case of sporadic connatal nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. The course of illness in a patient with connatal nephrotic syndrome is reported. It started already during the first week, renal failure was absent. The picture differs, however, from the congenital Finnish nephrotic syndrome in the following points: No family history, infection during pregnancy, unremarkable birthweight (3075 g) and weight of placenta (690 g), early micro-hematuria, and rise of IgM, arterial hypertension and partial sensitivity to steroids with incomplete remissions and finally duration of life of 1 year and 8 months. The difference from the Finnish type is confirmed with light- and electron-microscopy and immuno-fluorescence investigations. Morphological changes make it appear that it belongs into group 3 of nephrotic syndrome after Habib (16), with its minimal and focal glomerular changes. An attempt is made to devise a classification of the nephrotic syndrome during the first year of Life according to its cause. The importance of an absolute indication for renal biopsy is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:943663", "title": "[Histochemical studies on innervation of the distal ureter in primary vesico-ureteral reflux in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the distribution-pattern of the intramural vegetative nerve fibres in cases of vesico-ureteral reflux. Resected specimens of the vesico-ureteral junction of 14 children with primary vesico-ureteral reflux are investigated using histochemical technics for demonstrating acetylcholinesterase (El Badawi and Schenk, 1967). Additionally the catecholamines (Falck et al. 1962) were demonstrated in two of the cases. The results are compared with findings in normal ureters in literature. There was no evidence of a pathological  pattern of distribution of the nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies on innervation of the distal ureter in primary vesico-ureteral reflux in children (author's transl)]. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the distribution-pattern of the intramural vegetative nerve fibres in cases of vesico-ureteral reflux. Resected specimens of the vesico-ureteral junction of 14 children with primary vesico-ureteral reflux are investigated using histochemical technics for demonstrating acetylcholinesterase (El Badawi and Schenk, 1967). Additionally the catecholamines (Falck et al. 1962) were demonstrated in two of the cases. The results are compared with findings in normal ureters in literature. There was no evidence of a pathological  pattern of distribution of the nerve fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:943664", "title": "[Psycho-diagnostic results in diabetic and obese children and adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "20 diabetic as well as 20 obese children and adolescents ware matched considering their age and IQ and the differences in regard to their intelligence subtest abilities, in their attention behavior and in their variables of personality such as neuroticism and extraversion. No differences were found in the subtest achievements of the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligenz Test f\u00fcr Kinder (Hawik). Diabetic patients were superior to obese patients in their concentration. The latter gained significantly higher scores in neuroticism and prefered answers of social desirability. Diabetic adolescents showed a lack of personal indepence and anxieties in regard to stress and frustration.", "contents": "[Psycho-diagnostic results in diabetic and obese children and adolescents (author's transl)]. 20 diabetic as well as 20 obese children and adolescents ware matched considering their age and IQ and the differences in regard to their intelligence subtest abilities, in their attention behavior and in their variables of personality such as neuroticism and extraversion. No differences were found in the subtest achievements of the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligenz Test f\u00fcr Kinder (Hawik). Diabetic patients were superior to obese patients in their concentration. The latter gained significantly higher scores in neuroticism and prefered answers of social desirability. Diabetic adolescents showed a lack of personal indepence and anxieties in regard to stress and frustration."}
{"id": "PMID:943665", "title": "[Somatograms of german newborns (author's transl)].", "content": "Birth-weight, length and headcircumference of 4748 German newborns in relation to gestational age are presented. There was found a good agreement to weight and length of Austrian newborns (Hohenauer). The own standard curves lie higher than the most used standards of Lubchenko/U.S.A. from 38 weeks onward. The problem interpreting such a standard as a standard of fetal growth are discussed. It seems reasonable to look at weight, length, and headcircumference together. So it may be possible to perseive discordancy of fetal growth.", "contents": "[Somatograms of german newborns (author's transl)]. Birth-weight, length and headcircumference of 4748 German newborns in relation to gestational age are presented. There was found a good agreement to weight and length of Austrian newborns (Hohenauer). The own standard curves lie higher than the most used standards of Lubchenko/U.S.A. from 38 weeks onward. The problem interpreting such a standard as a standard of fetal growth are discussed. It seems reasonable to look at weight, length, and headcircumference together. So it may be possible to perseive discordancy of fetal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:943666", "title": "[Polarographic determination of glucose concentration in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Uing the Beckman gluxose analyzer, glucose concentration was determined polarographically in cerebrospinal fluid of 160 boys and 115 girls (ages 1 month-14 years). On the basis of clinical criterions these children were considered to be \"healthy\". The total number of examined children was 1668. The distribution of the glucose concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was normal. The following values were obtained for the boys and girls: Boys (ages 1-12 months) = 57,0 +/- 13,7 mg/100 ml, girls (ages 1-12 months) = 57,0 +/- 10,4 mg/100 ml, boys (ages 1-14 years) + 63,0 +/- 12,5 mg/100 ml, girls (ages 1-14 years) = 61,5 +/- 12,2 mg/100 ml. No statistical sex-specific differences were observed, but the age-specific investigation revealed that the group of older boys had a statistical higher concentration of glucose in cerebrospinal fluid as compared to the group of younger boys.", "contents": "[Polarographic determination of glucose concentration in cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)]. Uing the Beckman gluxose analyzer, glucose concentration was determined polarographically in cerebrospinal fluid of 160 boys and 115 girls (ages 1 month-14 years). On the basis of clinical criterions these children were considered to be \"healthy\". The total number of examined children was 1668. The distribution of the glucose concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was normal. The following values were obtained for the boys and girls: Boys (ages 1-12 months) = 57,0 +/- 13,7 mg/100 ml, girls (ages 1-12 months) = 57,0 +/- 10,4 mg/100 ml, boys (ages 1-14 years) + 63,0 +/- 12,5 mg/100 ml, girls (ages 1-14 years) = 61,5 +/- 12,2 mg/100 ml. No statistical sex-specific differences were observed, but the age-specific investigation revealed that the group of older boys had a statistical higher concentration of glucose in cerebrospinal fluid as compared to the group of younger boys."}
{"id": "PMID:943667", "title": "[Isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in newborns and early infancy (authors transl)].", "content": "It was intendet to characterize the isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in healthy infants. Quantitative estimation of the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase resulted in relatively low values in the newborns and a distinct increase during the first three months of live. As a rule most of the newborns appeared to present one uniform isoenzyme fraction, which was comparable to the isoenzyme of bone origin of the adult. Some of the newborns already exhibited another less marked isoenzyme, the isoenzyme of liver origin. During babyhood this isoenzyme becomes more and more distinct. In most cases this development had become perfect at the end of the first year. Liver tissue of newborns apparently does not synthesize the same liver isoenzyme as liver tissue of adults.", "contents": "[Isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in newborns and early infancy (authors transl)]. It was intendet to characterize the isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in healthy infants. Quantitative estimation of the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase resulted in relatively low values in the newborns and a distinct increase during the first three months of live. As a rule most of the newborns appeared to present one uniform isoenzyme fraction, which was comparable to the isoenzyme of bone origin of the adult. Some of the newborns already exhibited another less marked isoenzyme, the isoenzyme of liver origin. During babyhood this isoenzyme becomes more and more distinct. In most cases this development had become perfect at the end of the first year. Liver tissue of newborns apparently does not synthesize the same liver isoenzyme as liver tissue of adults."}
{"id": "PMID:943668", "title": "[How reliable are assays with the ictometer? Comparative studies with direct measurement of billirubin and a diazo technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of measurements of a diazo technique with those of a direct assessment of bilirubin with the photo-ictometer type II (Hirtz & Co., Cologne). Comparative analysis of total bilirubin-concentration in 172 non-hemolytic sera of neonates and in dilution series with and without contamination by hemoglobin and/or lipid-suspension gave the following results and conclusions drawn from them: 1. In non-contaminated sera the relation between the two techniques is linear, well correlated, parallel and with little divergence. 2. In contrast to the ictometer the diazo technique used underrates the bilirubin content in hemolytic sera. 3. In contrast to the diazo technique the ictometer underrates the bilirubin content in strongly turbid sera. 4. The precision of the ictometer is superior in series and from day to day to the already good precision of the diazo technique. 5. The standard built- in after calibration has to be checked daily and adjusted during the first working hour of the ictometer on several occasions. 6. In order to aboid major systematic faults each apparatus should be compared with a safely calibrated technique. 7. The very simple and rapidly serviced apparatus is suitable for the assay of total bilirubin in sera of the newborn. For older neonates and after exchanges transfusions the results should not be trusted.", "contents": "[How reliable are assays with the ictometer? Comparative studies with direct measurement of billirubin and a diazo technique (author's transl)]. Comparison of measurements of a diazo technique with those of a direct assessment of bilirubin with the photo-ictometer type II (Hirtz & Co., Cologne). Comparative analysis of total bilirubin-concentration in 172 non-hemolytic sera of neonates and in dilution series with and without contamination by hemoglobin and/or lipid-suspension gave the following results and conclusions drawn from them: 1. In non-contaminated sera the relation between the two techniques is linear, well correlated, parallel and with little divergence. 2. In contrast to the ictometer the diazo technique used underrates the bilirubin content in hemolytic sera. 3. In contrast to the diazo technique the ictometer underrates the bilirubin content in strongly turbid sera. 4. The precision of the ictometer is superior in series and from day to day to the already good precision of the diazo technique. 5. The standard built- in after calibration has to be checked daily and adjusted during the first working hour of the ictometer on several occasions. 6. In order to aboid major systematic faults each apparatus should be compared with a safely calibrated technique. 7. The very simple and rapidly serviced apparatus is suitable for the assay of total bilirubin in sera of the newborn. For older neonates and after exchanges transfusions the results should not be trusted."}
{"id": "PMID:943669", "title": "[Comparative x-ray and ultrasound examination in infantile sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "59 children without symptoms of sinusitis or URI, aged 6 to 8 years had positive radiologica findings of sinus pathology in 32%. Correspond ultrasonographic findings were positive in 22%. A correlation was detected in 67,8%. In non correlating cases, x-ray had a tendency to more pathological findings in 63%. When correlating x-ray and ultrasound in a diagram of 118 maxillary sinuses only 6% had changes worth treatable. The classical radiological signs os sinusitis in children are therefore questionable.", "contents": "[Comparative x-ray and ultrasound examination in infantile sinusitis (author's transl)]. 59 children without symptoms of sinusitis or URI, aged 6 to 8 years had positive radiologica findings of sinus pathology in 32%. Correspond ultrasonographic findings were positive in 22%. A correlation was detected in 67,8%. In non correlating cases, x-ray had a tendency to more pathological findings in 63%. When correlating x-ray and ultrasound in a diagram of 118 maxillary sinuses only 6% had changes worth treatable. The classical radiological signs os sinusitis in children are therefore questionable."}
{"id": "PMID:943670", "title": "[Transcutaneous measurements of pO2 in newborns with RDS (author's transl)].", "content": "pO2 was measured transcutaneously (commercially available Clark Electrode, Bioelectronics Roche) with two different electrode temperatures in new born infants. The correlation between paO2 (arteria radialis) and ptcO2 was bad (r= 0,74) with electrode temperature of 42 degrees C. When the electrode was heated to 44 degrees C there was a very good correlation (r= 0,969) in 80 simultaneous measurements of paO2 (umbilical arterial catheter) and ptcO2. The mean values and standard deviations of pO2 values in hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic states are very similar: hypoxic: paO2 34,3 \"/- 7,9, ptcO2 35,2 +/- 14,0, normoxic: paO2 78,7 +/- 14,3 ptcO2 78,8 +/- 16,7, hyperoxic: paO2 141,8 +/- 37,1, ptcO2 134,4 +/- 40,8 mmHg). The specific advantage of transcutaneous measurements is the trend registration for hours. With electrodes temperatures of 44 degrees C however, there is a risk of superficial burns if the electrode is attached to the identical site for 6 hours or more.", "contents": "[Transcutaneous measurements of pO2 in newborns with RDS (author's transl)]. pO2 was measured transcutaneously (commercially available Clark Electrode, Bioelectronics Roche) with two different electrode temperatures in new born infants. The correlation between paO2 (arteria radialis) and ptcO2 was bad (r= 0,74) with electrode temperature of 42 degrees C. When the electrode was heated to 44 degrees C there was a very good correlation (r= 0,969) in 80 simultaneous measurements of paO2 (umbilical arterial catheter) and ptcO2. The mean values and standard deviations of pO2 values in hypoxic, normoxic and hyperoxic states are very similar: hypoxic: paO2 34,3 \"/- 7,9, ptcO2 35,2 +/- 14,0, normoxic: paO2 78,7 +/- 14,3 ptcO2 78,8 +/- 16,7, hyperoxic: paO2 141,8 +/- 37,1, ptcO2 134,4 +/- 40,8 mmHg). The specific advantage of transcutaneous measurements is the trend registration for hours. With electrodes temperatures of 44 degrees C however, there is a risk of superficial burns if the electrode is attached to the identical site for 6 hours or more."}
{"id": "PMID:943671", "title": "[The milk-kitchen situation 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of the second enquiry organished by the milk-kitchen commission of the German paediatric Association. Questionnaires were sent to 500 German and foreign paediatric and obstetric departments. In paediatric departments not much has changed since the first enquiry five years ago. As then 85% of paediatric departments have a central milk-kitchen. Food is - in the main - prepared once in 24 hours. One half of them use milk powder, fluid food has risen only slightly. Bacteriologic controls of food and personel are unfortunately carried out only at too long intervals. In departments for premature infants the one-way bottle with uperised milk has been widely accepted. Almost all obstetric departments have abandoned their central milk-kitchens and provide fluid nourishment except where they are connected with the central milk-kitchen of a paediatric department. Since almost all directors of departments replied, the present result is representative and shows little change. The reasons for this are discussed and the need for careful control of feed-preparation and cooling chains emphasized. According to a recommendation of the German paediatric Association to the national Ministry of Health the handling of food for babies in paediatric departments should be brought into line with the regulations.", "contents": "[The milk-kitchen situation 1975 (author's transl)]. Results of the second enquiry organished by the milk-kitchen commission of the German paediatric Association. Questionnaires were sent to 500 German and foreign paediatric and obstetric departments. In paediatric departments not much has changed since the first enquiry five years ago. As then 85% of paediatric departments have a central milk-kitchen. Food is - in the main - prepared once in 24 hours. One half of them use milk powder, fluid food has risen only slightly. Bacteriologic controls of food and personel are unfortunately carried out only at too long intervals. In departments for premature infants the one-way bottle with uperised milk has been widely accepted. Almost all obstetric departments have abandoned their central milk-kitchens and provide fluid nourishment except where they are connected with the central milk-kitchen of a paediatric department. Since almost all directors of departments replied, the present result is representative and shows little change. The reasons for this are discussed and the need for careful control of feed-preparation and cooling chains emphasized. According to a recommendation of the German paediatric Association to the national Ministry of Health the handling of food for babies in paediatric departments should be brought into line with the regulations."}
{"id": "PMID:943672", "title": "[\"Chronic ileo-colic intussusception without abdominal symptoms\" (authors transl)].", "content": "A chronic ileo-colic intussusception of an 8 1/2 year old boy did not cause any abdominal complaints. There was a hypochromic anaemia with iron deficiency; occult blood was found in the stoll. Radiographically the lumen within the intussusceptum was extremely narrowed. Following surgery the anaemia disappeared.", "contents": "[\"Chronic ileo-colic intussusception without abdominal symptoms\" (authors transl)]. A chronic ileo-colic intussusception of an 8 1/2 year old boy did not cause any abdominal complaints. There was a hypochromic anaemia with iron deficiency; occult blood was found in the stoll. Radiographically the lumen within the intussusceptum was extremely narrowed. Following surgery the anaemia disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:943673", "title": "[Histological examinations of late changes of bone marrow and bone following local fractionated gamma irradiation in patients with genital carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 25 patients iliac crest biopsies have been taken after radiation therapy of genital carcinoma. The radiation doses in the biopsied region ranged up to about 3,000 rads. The time interval from the end of radiation until the control biopsy was 2 months or longer, up to 25 years. The immediate consequences of the radiation, compared with the pretherapeutic picture, have been analyzed in an earlier study (Beil et al., 1974). By histomorphotometric analysis of the samples it can be shown that a more or less severe atrophy of the bone marrow is persisting in the irradiated area for years. The atrophy is accompanied either by normal or increased bony trabecularization, together with increased osteoblastic and -clastic activity. These disturbances are likely to depend of a chronic distortion of the marrow capillarization, which may be influenced by the individual RES activity; different types of the reticuloendothelial response can be demonstrated in our material. Whether this response has a bearing regarding the prognosis of the tumours condition itself remains a matter of speculation, to be proved by further investigations.", "contents": "[Histological examinations of late changes of bone marrow and bone following local fractionated gamma irradiation in patients with genital carcinoma (author's transl)]. In 25 patients iliac crest biopsies have been taken after radiation therapy of genital carcinoma. The radiation doses in the biopsied region ranged up to about 3,000 rads. The time interval from the end of radiation until the control biopsy was 2 months or longer, up to 25 years. The immediate consequences of the radiation, compared with the pretherapeutic picture, have been analyzed in an earlier study (Beil et al., 1974). By histomorphotometric analysis of the samples it can be shown that a more or less severe atrophy of the bone marrow is persisting in the irradiated area for years. The atrophy is accompanied either by normal or increased bony trabecularization, together with increased osteoblastic and -clastic activity. These disturbances are likely to depend of a chronic distortion of the marrow capillarization, which may be influenced by the individual RES activity; different types of the reticuloendothelial response can be demonstrated in our material. Whether this response has a bearing regarding the prognosis of the tumours condition itself remains a matter of speculation, to be proved by further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:943674", "title": "A therapeutic milieu for establishing and expanding communicative behaviors in psychotic children.", "content": "This study describes a clinical intervention program that was used to facilitate development of receptive and expressive language skills in a group of four psychotic children. A group format utilizing an interactive language development teaching procedure combined with a therapeutic milieu was shown to be effective in establishing and expanding communicative behaviors in psychotic children. Nine diagnostic measures were utilized to assess children's performance prior to therapy and at the end of three-month and six-month intervals. Results indicated substantial reduction of delayed and immediate echolalia, jargon, inappropriate stress, pitch, and intonation. Substantial improvement was noted in expressive syntactic and morphological functioning and in the children's ability to generate novel utterances about day-to-day experiences, family, and toys. Increases in children's concept of body image and ego functioning paralleled their improvement in receptive and expressive language development.", "contents": "A therapeutic milieu for establishing and expanding communicative behaviors in psychotic children. This study describes a clinical intervention program that was used to facilitate development of receptive and expressive language skills in a group of four psychotic children. A group format utilizing an interactive language development teaching procedure combined with a therapeutic milieu was shown to be effective in establishing and expanding communicative behaviors in psychotic children. Nine diagnostic measures were utilized to assess children's performance prior to therapy and at the end of three-month and six-month intervals. Results indicated substantial reduction of delayed and immediate echolalia, jargon, inappropriate stress, pitch, and intonation. Substantial improvement was noted in expressive syntactic and morphological functioning and in the children's ability to generate novel utterances about day-to-day experiences, family, and toys. Increases in children's concept of body image and ego functioning paralleled their improvement in receptive and expressive language development."}
{"id": "PMID:943675", "title": "Binding to specific receptors on oocyte plasma membranes by serum phosvitin-lipovitellin.", "content": "Specific binding sites for the serum complex of phosvitin and lipovitellin have been shown to exist on the outer surface of rapidly growing chicken oocytes. The existence and specificity of these sites were demonstrated by competition for binding to unfixed oocyte membrane fragments and by displacement of already bound and labeled phosvitin-lipovitellin from formaldehyde-fixed membranes. Only unlabeled phosvitin-lipovitellin competed with the 125I-labeled complex for binding to the fragments of displacement of bound label; IgG isolated from egg yolks and bovine serum albumin were ineffective.", "contents": "Binding to specific receptors on oocyte plasma membranes by serum phosvitin-lipovitellin. Specific binding sites for the serum complex of phosvitin and lipovitellin have been shown to exist on the outer surface of rapidly growing chicken oocytes. The existence and specificity of these sites were demonstrated by competition for binding to unfixed oocyte membrane fragments and by displacement of already bound and labeled phosvitin-lipovitellin from formaldehyde-fixed membranes. Only unlabeled phosvitin-lipovitellin competed with the 125I-labeled complex for binding to the fragments of displacement of bound label; IgG isolated from egg yolks and bovine serum albumin were ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:943676", "title": "An unusual case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Echocardiography revealed idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a patient previously operated on for calcific aortic valve disease. The echocardiography in addition showed symmetric left ventricular hypertrophy and unusual localization of the septal hypertrophy to the apical half of the septum.", "contents": "An unusual case of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Echocardiography revealed idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a patient previously operated on for calcific aortic valve disease. The echocardiography in addition showed symmetric left ventricular hypertrophy and unusual localization of the septal hypertrophy to the apical half of the septum."}
{"id": "PMID:943677", "title": "Massive bleeding from a ruptured metastatic hepatic melanoma treated by hepatic lobectomy. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case is reported of an occult, spontaneously rupturing, hemorrhagic, metastatic melanoma of the liver treated by hepatic lobectomy, resulting in short-term survival. A long, symptom-free interval (13 years) after excision of the primary cutaneous lesion (stage I) preceded the appearance of the hepatic metastasis. This case illustrates the need for a careful and thorough history as well as the benefit of prompt hepatic resection for bleeding from ruptured hepatic malignancies.", "contents": "Massive bleeding from a ruptured metastatic hepatic melanoma treated by hepatic lobectomy. Case report and review of the literature. An unusual case is reported of an occult, spontaneously rupturing, hemorrhagic, metastatic melanoma of the liver treated by hepatic lobectomy, resulting in short-term survival. A long, symptom-free interval (13 years) after excision of the primary cutaneous lesion (stage I) preceded the appearance of the hepatic metastasis. This case illustrates the need for a careful and thorough history as well as the benefit of prompt hepatic resection for bleeding from ruptured hepatic malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:943679", "title": "Holter monitoring in the diagnosis and management of cardiac rhythm disturbances.", "content": "Dynamic, long-term electrocardiography by the Holter technique has gained a definite and important role in cardiac diagnosis. Indications for its application include the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, the assessment of antiarrhythmic therapy, the evaluation of function of artificial pacemakers, the investigation of physiologic correlates of known arrhythmias, the evaluation of the efficacy of antianginal therapy, and the assessment of the natural history of cardiac arrhythmias in various conditions. In our hands, the technique has proved most fruitful in the uncovering of arrhythmic correlates of transient neurologic disturbances or syncope, and in the precise characterization of patients suspected of having the sick sinus syndrome.", "contents": "Holter monitoring in the diagnosis and management of cardiac rhythm disturbances. Dynamic, long-term electrocardiography by the Holter technique has gained a definite and important role in cardiac diagnosis. Indications for its application include the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, the assessment of antiarrhythmic therapy, the evaluation of function of artificial pacemakers, the investigation of physiologic correlates of known arrhythmias, the evaluation of the efficacy of antianginal therapy, and the assessment of the natural history of cardiac arrhythmias in various conditions. In our hands, the technique has proved most fruitful in the uncovering of arrhythmic correlates of transient neurologic disturbances or syncope, and in the precise characterization of patients suspected of having the sick sinus syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:943680", "title": "Laryngeal papillomatosis: immunologic and viral basis for therapy.", "content": "The distressing nature of laryngeal papillomatosis and lack of clinical progress in its treatment are reviewed. Presently accepted and investigative methods of therapy are reviewed with special attention being given to immune therapy. Support for the concept of a viral etiology is discussed and other etiologic agents considered. Known and possibly significant roles of wart virus antibodies are discussed and the importance of complex interplay between maternal and fetal immune systems explored as a possible explanation for some puzzling aspects of laryngeal papillomatosis. Finally, a proposed experimental design is outlined, the purpose of which is to provide a useful animal model to investigate immune changes in laryngeal papillomatosis, as well as effects of surgical or medical therapy.", "contents": "Laryngeal papillomatosis: immunologic and viral basis for therapy. The distressing nature of laryngeal papillomatosis and lack of clinical progress in its treatment are reviewed. Presently accepted and investigative methods of therapy are reviewed with special attention being given to immune therapy. Support for the concept of a viral etiology is discussed and other etiologic agents considered. Known and possibly significant roles of wart virus antibodies are discussed and the importance of complex interplay between maternal and fetal immune systems explored as a possible explanation for some puzzling aspects of laryngeal papillomatosis. Finally, a proposed experimental design is outlined, the purpose of which is to provide a useful animal model to investigate immune changes in laryngeal papillomatosis, as well as effects of surgical or medical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:943682", "title": "[Late diagnosis of malignant renal tumors. Review and case reports (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper the problem of early diagnosis in hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney is explained. Hematuria remains inspite of other possible causes suspect for tumor as long as a tumor is certainly excluded. The different methods for diagnostic and characteristic signs for tumor in the X-ray (EVP) are discussed. Three cases of late diagnosis of hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney, due to long time not explained symptoms, are described.", "contents": "[Late diagnosis of malignant renal tumors. Review and case reports (author's transl)]. In this paper the problem of early diagnosis in hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney is explained. Hematuria remains inspite of other possible causes suspect for tumor as long as a tumor is certainly excluded. The different methods for diagnostic and characteristic signs for tumor in the X-ray (EVP) are discussed. Three cases of late diagnosis of hypernephroid carcinoma of the kidney, due to long time not explained symptoms, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:943693", "title": "Cell surface glycosyl transferase activities in liver cells of developing chicken embryos.", "content": "The cell surface of embryonic chick liver cells contains transferases for mannose, fucose, galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Liver cells obtained by trypsin-dissociation of the tissue use the corresponding exogenous sugar nucleotides as substrates. The activities of the enzymes tested do not depend neither no the dissociation procedure nor on de novo protein synthesis. They vary considerably during development of the embryos, reaching maximal values at the 8th+/-1 day and at the 12th+/-1 day. Glycoproteins are the final stable endogenous acceptors for all sugars. Mannose transfer proceeds via a two or multistep reaction sequence. In a first step labile lipophilic intermediates are formed. Mannose can be liberated by treating the intermediates with 0.1 N HCl at 100 degrees C. In a second reaction step mannose becomes attached to glycoproteins. From embryonic chick liver cells a glycopeptide fraction has been obtained by pronase digestion followed by several purification steps. The purified glycopeptides inhibit all transferase systems and act as exogenous acceptors for mannose transfered from exogenous GDP-mannose.", "contents": "Cell surface glycosyl transferase activities in liver cells of developing chicken embryos. The cell surface of embryonic chick liver cells contains transferases for mannose, fucose, galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. Liver cells obtained by trypsin-dissociation of the tissue use the corresponding exogenous sugar nucleotides as substrates. The activities of the enzymes tested do not depend neither no the dissociation procedure nor on de novo protein synthesis. They vary considerably during development of the embryos, reaching maximal values at the 8th+/-1 day and at the 12th+/-1 day. Glycoproteins are the final stable endogenous acceptors for all sugars. Mannose transfer proceeds via a two or multistep reaction sequence. In a first step labile lipophilic intermediates are formed. Mannose can be liberated by treating the intermediates with 0.1 N HCl at 100 degrees C. In a second reaction step mannose becomes attached to glycoproteins. From embryonic chick liver cells a glycopeptide fraction has been obtained by pronase digestion followed by several purification steps. The purified glycopeptides inhibit all transferase systems and act as exogenous acceptors for mannose transfered from exogenous GDP-mannose."}
{"id": "PMID:943694", "title": "e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants.", "content": "Testing of serum samples of 23 pregnant women who were asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen for e antigen and antibody to e with an immunodiffusion technic identified 10 mothers with e antigen and seven with e antibody. Their babies were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen in serum at intervals for more than 12 months. In all 10 babies born to e-antigen-positive mothers hepatitis B surface antigen developed and persisted through the observation period, and all 10 elder siblings of these newborn babies were found to be asymptomatic carriers. In remarkable contrast, all seven babies born to mothers positive for antibody to e escaped antigenemia, and none of their three elder siblings carried surface antigen. On the basis of these results, e antigen may be used as an indicator of transmission, and antibody to e as that of absence of transmission of hepatitis B virus from carrier mothers to children.", "contents": "e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. Testing of serum samples of 23 pregnant women who were asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen for e antigen and antibody to e with an immunodiffusion technic identified 10 mothers with e antigen and seven with e antibody. Their babies were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen in serum at intervals for more than 12 months. In all 10 babies born to e-antigen-positive mothers hepatitis B surface antigen developed and persisted through the observation period, and all 10 elder siblings of these newborn babies were found to be asymptomatic carriers. In remarkable contrast, all seven babies born to mothers positive for antibody to e escaped antigenemia, and none of their three elder siblings carried surface antigen. On the basis of these results, e antigen may be used as an indicator of transmission, and antibody to e as that of absence of transmission of hepatitis B virus from carrier mothers to children."}
{"id": "PMID:943697", "title": "Risk of congenital abnormality after inadvertent rubella vaccination of pregnant women.", "content": "The risk to a fetus after rubella vaccination of its mother is unknown. The Center for Disease Control has compiled information from the pregnancies of 343 women inadvertently given rubella vaccine shortly before or after conception. The pregnancies of 145 women were terminated by therapeutic abortion, and rubella vaccine virus was recovered from the products of conception of nine women, including six of the 28 known to be seronegative to rubella at the time of vaccination. None of the 172 infants carried to term had either clinical or serologic evidence of rubella infection, including 38 infants of women known to be susceptible and 12 additional women estimated to be susceptible at the time of rubella vaccination. On the basis of the binomial distribution, the maximum risk of fetal infection after maternal rubella vaccination is between 5 and 10 per cent. The actual risk is probably less.", "contents": "Risk of congenital abnormality after inadvertent rubella vaccination of pregnant women. The risk to a fetus after rubella vaccination of its mother is unknown. The Center for Disease Control has compiled information from the pregnancies of 343 women inadvertently given rubella vaccine shortly before or after conception. The pregnancies of 145 women were terminated by therapeutic abortion, and rubella vaccine virus was recovered from the products of conception of nine women, including six of the 28 known to be seronegative to rubella at the time of vaccination. None of the 172 infants carried to term had either clinical or serologic evidence of rubella infection, including 38 infants of women known to be susceptible and 12 additional women estimated to be susceptible at the time of rubella vaccination. On the basis of the binomial distribution, the maximum risk of fetal infection after maternal rubella vaccination is between 5 and 10 per cent. The actual risk is probably less."}
{"id": "PMID:943701", "title": "Injected nuclei in frog oocytes provide a living cell system for the study of transcriptional control.", "content": "Human HeLa nuclei injected into Xenopus oocytes synthesise RNA continuously for up to 1 month, and some of this RNA is translated into HeLa proteins. Nuclear proteins extracted from other cells enter the injected nuclei. This living cell system can be used for the study of transcriptional controls.", "contents": "Injected nuclei in frog oocytes provide a living cell system for the study of transcriptional control. Human HeLa nuclei injected into Xenopus oocytes synthesise RNA continuously for up to 1 month, and some of this RNA is translated into HeLa proteins. Nuclear proteins extracted from other cells enter the injected nuclei. This living cell system can be used for the study of transcriptional controls."}
{"id": "PMID:943713", "title": "[Primary arachnoid cyst in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary arachnoid cyst in adults seems to be relatively rare. Our case was a 42-year-old female, who complained of diplopia, dizziness, mild headache, and showed papilledema. Right carotid angiograms revealed the characteristic findings. Right fronto-parietal craniotomy was then performed. In the operation, a large, thin walled cyst was found on the surface of the right cerebral hemisphere. When the membrane was removed, essentially normal, but slightly atrophi gyri, could be seen. Aspiration of encapsulated fluid, and extirpation of the cyst wall resulted in an excellent improvement. Microscopically, the wall of the cyst was lined with normal arachnoid cells. The case was presumed to be a primary arachnoid cyst for the reasons that no definited etiological factor could be found in this case an no abnormal findings other than the cyst itself could be found in the operation and in the histological specimen. We discuss reported cases in our review, and about pathological findings, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.", "contents": "[Primary arachnoid cyst in an adult (author's transl)]. Primary arachnoid cyst in adults seems to be relatively rare. Our case was a 42-year-old female, who complained of diplopia, dizziness, mild headache, and showed papilledema. Right carotid angiograms revealed the characteristic findings. Right fronto-parietal craniotomy was then performed. In the operation, a large, thin walled cyst was found on the surface of the right cerebral hemisphere. When the membrane was removed, essentially normal, but slightly atrophi gyri, could be seen. Aspiration of encapsulated fluid, and extirpation of the cyst wall resulted in an excellent improvement. Microscopically, the wall of the cyst was lined with normal arachnoid cells. The case was presumed to be a primary arachnoid cyst for the reasons that no definited etiological factor could be found in this case an no abnormal findings other than the cyst itself could be found in the operation and in the histological specimen. We discuss reported cases in our review, and about pathological findings, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:943711", "title": "[Communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "It is well recognized that the communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms is one of the factors which cause the disturbance of consciousness in acute stage and the impairment of mental functions in chronic stage. In this report we analyzed the surgical experience with this complication and discussed the mechanisms which cause the ventricular dilatation. 1. The communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms is devided into the acute form and the chronic form. 2. Acute communicating hydrocephalus may develop with 24 hours after the onset and the incidence is about 10% (6 out of 66 cases). 3. Intraventicular pressure is high in acute communicating hydrocephalus and becomes normal in chronic stage. 4. The incidence of the chronic communicating hydrocephalus is about 10% (6 out of 66 cases). 5. There are two types of chronic communicating hydrocephalus. One develops from acute form and another develops gradually after onset. Among 6 chronic communicating hydrocephalus, 3 developed from acute form, 2 showed slowly progressive ventricular dilatation and 1 admitted with hydrocephalus at chronic stage resepctively. 6. The intraventricular pressure of the acute form is high and the chronic form shows high pressure in acute stage, intermittent high pressure wave lasting 20-30 minutes in subacute stage and normal pressure in chronic stage when the ventricle is dilated. 7. The mechanisms of ventricular dilatation in normal pressure hydrocephalus are discussed on the basis of the continuous monitoring of intraventricular pressure in cases with rupture of intracranial aneurysm. 8. Indication of shunting procedures whould be determined by combination of clinical pictures, ventriculocranial index, findings of cisternography and EEG. Our operative criteria are presented.", "contents": "[Communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (author's transl)]. It is well recognized that the communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms is one of the factors which cause the disturbance of consciousness in acute stage and the impairment of mental functions in chronic stage. In this report we analyzed the surgical experience with this complication and discussed the mechanisms which cause the ventricular dilatation. 1. The communicating hydrocephalus following the rupture of intracranial aneurysms is devided into the acute form and the chronic form. 2. Acute communicating hydrocephalus may develop with 24 hours after the onset and the incidence is about 10% (6 out of 66 cases). 3. Intraventicular pressure is high in acute communicating hydrocephalus and becomes normal in chronic stage. 4. The incidence of the chronic communicating hydrocephalus is about 10% (6 out of 66 cases). 5. There are two types of chronic communicating hydrocephalus. One develops from acute form and another develops gradually after onset. Among 6 chronic communicating hydrocephalus, 3 developed from acute form, 2 showed slowly progressive ventricular dilatation and 1 admitted with hydrocephalus at chronic stage resepctively. 6. The intraventricular pressure of the acute form is high and the chronic form shows high pressure in acute stage, intermittent high pressure wave lasting 20-30 minutes in subacute stage and normal pressure in chronic stage when the ventricle is dilated. 7. The mechanisms of ventricular dilatation in normal pressure hydrocephalus are discussed on the basis of the continuous monitoring of intraventricular pressure in cases with rupture of intracranial aneurysm. 8. Indication of shunting procedures whould be determined by combination of clinical pictures, ventriculocranial index, findings of cisternography and EEG. Our operative criteria are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943707", "title": "[Adrenocortical function in myasthenia pseudoparalytica].", "content": "In a group of 31 women with myasthenia the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and their fractions (11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids, dehydroisoandrosterone) and 17-hydroxycorticosterone were determined. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the excretion of these substances. Besides that, the plasma cortisol level was determined in these patients and the results obtained in the whole group were at the lower normal range of the laboratory and in 40% of cases they were significantly lower (p less than 0.01). The obtained results may suggest that adrenocortical hypofunction exists in many cases of myasthenia. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Adrenocortical function in myasthenia pseudoparalytica]. In a group of 31 women with myasthenia the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and their fractions (11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids, dehydroisoandrosterone) and 17-hydroxycorticosterone were determined. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the excretion of these substances. Besides that, the plasma cortisol level was determined in these patients and the results obtained in the whole group were at the lower normal range of the laboratory and in 40% of cases they were significantly lower (p less than 0.01). The obtained results may suggest that adrenocortical hypofunction exists in many cases of myasthenia. The pertinent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:943708", "title": "[Degree of prematurity in some forms of infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The author discusses the problem of prematurity as a criterion of developmental degree in a group of children with diparetic and extrapyramidal forms of infantile cerebral palsy. In the group of diparetic form premature babies born in the 7th month of pregnancy with birth weight below 1700 g prevailed, while in the extrapyramidal form babies born in the 8th month of pregnancy with birth weight above 2000 g were most frequent. This suggests that the development of the diparetic form of infantile cerebral palsy is due to earlier action of the pathogenetic factor. Among the aetiological factors causing the extrapyramidal form in premature babies asphyxia was the most frequent one. This may indicate that changes observed in kernicterus are due primarily to hypoxaemia. In conclusion the author states that premature babies born in the 7th month of pregnancy face mainly the danger of diparesis, while in those born in the 8th month the extrapyramidal form of infantile cerebral palsy is more frequent.", "contents": "[Degree of prematurity in some forms of infantile cerebral palsy]. The author discusses the problem of prematurity as a criterion of developmental degree in a group of children with diparetic and extrapyramidal forms of infantile cerebral palsy. In the group of diparetic form premature babies born in the 7th month of pregnancy with birth weight below 1700 g prevailed, while in the extrapyramidal form babies born in the 8th month of pregnancy with birth weight above 2000 g were most frequent. This suggests that the development of the diparetic form of infantile cerebral palsy is due to earlier action of the pathogenetic factor. Among the aetiological factors causing the extrapyramidal form in premature babies asphyxia was the most frequent one. This may indicate that changes observed in kernicterus are due primarily to hypoxaemia. In conclusion the author states that premature babies born in the 7th month of pregnancy face mainly the danger of diparesis, while in those born in the 8th month the extrapyramidal form of infantile cerebral palsy is more frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:943714", "title": "[The epidermoid tumor of the lateral cerebral ventricle; report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of epidermoid tumor of the lateral ventricle. Epidermoid tumors are relatively uncommon intracranial lesions and the one situated in the lateral ventricle has not been reported in this country. A 42 year old house wife was admitted to Asahi Central Hospital on February 14, 1973, complaining of progressive right hemiparesis for 2 years. The patient had no headache and no other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Neurological examination revealed disorientation, dyscalculia, amnestic aphasia, morter dysphasia, right facial paresis (central type) and right hemiparesis. The laboratory findings, which included complete blood count, serum electrolytes, urinalysis, electrocardiogram and blood Wassermann, were normal. Initial pressure of the spinal tap was 410 mmH2O and crystal clear CSF was obtained. tplain craniogram showed no calcification and was normal. The left CAG showed clearly the signs of the temporal lobe tumor (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.), but showed no early veins and no tumor stains. The brain scintigram was normal. A left temporo-parietooccipital craniotomy was performed. The epidural Echogram (horizontal section-Fig. 5, coronall section-Fig. 6) revealed the clear demarcated, multicystic round tumor in the inferior horn of the left lateral ventricle. After the whitesoap like tumor was totaly removed, the all interior surface of the left inferior horn of the lateral ventricle was seen (Fig. 8). Tumor was 5.5 cm in diameter and 50 g in weight. Histological findings of the tumor showed typical epidermoid (Fig. 9, 10). The origin of the intravetricular epidermoids and the usefulness of echo-encephalorgaphy were briefly discussed.", "contents": "[The epidermoid tumor of the lateral cerebral ventricle; report of a case (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of epidermoid tumor of the lateral ventricle. Epidermoid tumors are relatively uncommon intracranial lesions and the one situated in the lateral ventricle has not been reported in this country. A 42 year old house wife was admitted to Asahi Central Hospital on February 14, 1973, complaining of progressive right hemiparesis for 2 years. The patient had no headache and no other symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Neurological examination revealed disorientation, dyscalculia, amnestic aphasia, morter dysphasia, right facial paresis (central type) and right hemiparesis. The laboratory findings, which included complete blood count, serum electrolytes, urinalysis, electrocardiogram and blood Wassermann, were normal. Initial pressure of the spinal tap was 410 mmH2O and crystal clear CSF was obtained. tplain craniogram showed no calcification and was normal. The left CAG showed clearly the signs of the temporal lobe tumor (Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.), but showed no early veins and no tumor stains. The brain scintigram was normal. A left temporo-parietooccipital craniotomy was performed. The epidural Echogram (horizontal section-Fig. 5, coronall section-Fig. 6) revealed the clear demarcated, multicystic round tumor in the inferior horn of the left lateral ventricle. After the whitesoap like tumor was totaly removed, the all interior surface of the left inferior horn of the lateral ventricle was seen (Fig. 8). Tumor was 5.5 cm in diameter and 50 g in weight. Histological findings of the tumor showed typical epidermoid (Fig. 9, 10). The origin of the intravetricular epidermoids and the usefulness of echo-encephalorgaphy were briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943709", "title": "[Hydrocephalus in premature infants].", "content": "In the light of personal observations from the years 1948-1974 the author discusses the incidence of hydrocephalus in premature babies. The material observed confirms the generally accepted view that the incidence of hydrocephalus is higher in premature babies than in full-term babies. The author analyzes the causes which may be responsible for this finding and concludes that noxious factors during early or late pregnancy are the main cause although perinatal injuries play also a significant role.", "contents": "[Hydrocephalus in premature infants]. In the light of personal observations from the years 1948-1974 the author discusses the incidence of hydrocephalus in premature babies. The material observed confirms the generally accepted view that the incidence of hydrocephalus is higher in premature babies than in full-term babies. The author analyzes the causes which may be responsible for this finding and concludes that noxious factors during early or late pregnancy are the main cause although perinatal injuries play also a significant role."}
{"id": "PMID:943719", "title": "[Early operation for the ruptured intracranial aneurysms--especially the cases operated within 48 hours after the last subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past three years from 1971 to 1973, 413 cases of cerebral aneurysms have been experienced in our clinic, in which direct intracranial operation was carried out mainly by the ligation and/or clipping of the aneurysm neck in 393 cases. Post-operative statistics showed that the cases, which were operated on within the first week after the last subarachnoid hemorrhage, had the highest mortality and morbidity rate. A closer analysis of the 64 cases with surgery within the first week revealed that the highest and second highest mortality and morbidity rates were in cases with operations on the 3rd and 4th days following the last hemorrhage, respectively. However, only one of 17 cases operated on within 48 hours died. And furthermore follow-up studies, taken 6 months to 3 years after discharge, showed that the remaining 16 cases were working and leading a useful life. In the study of 31 cases operated on within the first 4 days after the aneurysmal rupture, the most remarkeble fact is that the postoperative results were good in cases with surgery on the 1st or 2nd day, even if the pre-operative conditions were severe, such as Grade III or IV by Hunt and Hess' classification. On the contrary, in cases operated on in the 3rd or 4th-some of them Grade I or II, so-called \"good risk patients\"-deteriorated and cases graded III and IV all worsen or died. The important factors affecting the patient's condition after an aneurysmal rupture seem to be the degree of the increased intracranial pressure caused by the hematoma and circulatory distrubance of the cerebrospinal fluid and the degree of brain destruction caused by the intensity of the arterial blood from the rupture. Therefore it is reasonable that an early aneurysm surgery, within 48 hours, including the removal of the hematoma and the reduction of the high intracranial pressure by ventricle drainage is effective not only to prevent a possible fatal re-rupture, but also to improve the patient's poor pre-operative condition. In addition an operation within 24 hours greatly lessens the possibility of the occurrence of post-operative vasospasms by the removal of the subarchnoid clot existing around the brain artery, which may play a major role in producing vasospasms. The surgical results closely correlated with the incidence of vasospasms which were: 14.3%, 60%, 83.3% and 75% for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th days respectively. Although in cases operated on, in 3rd and 4th days continuous high intracranial pressure aggravates the conditions, the most detrimental factor affecting the poor surgical results may be attributable to cerebral infarctions due to vasospasm, especially those which appear in the post-operative stage.", "contents": "[Early operation for the ruptured intracranial aneurysms--especially the cases operated within 48 hours after the last subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. During the past three years from 1971 to 1973, 413 cases of cerebral aneurysms have been experienced in our clinic, in which direct intracranial operation was carried out mainly by the ligation and/or clipping of the aneurysm neck in 393 cases. Post-operative statistics showed that the cases, which were operated on within the first week after the last subarachnoid hemorrhage, had the highest mortality and morbidity rate. A closer analysis of the 64 cases with surgery within the first week revealed that the highest and second highest mortality and morbidity rates were in cases with operations on the 3rd and 4th days following the last hemorrhage, respectively. However, only one of 17 cases operated on within 48 hours died. And furthermore follow-up studies, taken 6 months to 3 years after discharge, showed that the remaining 16 cases were working and leading a useful life. In the study of 31 cases operated on within the first 4 days after the aneurysmal rupture, the most remarkeble fact is that the postoperative results were good in cases with surgery on the 1st or 2nd day, even if the pre-operative conditions were severe, such as Grade III or IV by Hunt and Hess' classification. On the contrary, in cases operated on in the 3rd or 4th-some of them Grade I or II, so-called \"good risk patients\"-deteriorated and cases graded III and IV all worsen or died. The important factors affecting the patient's condition after an aneurysmal rupture seem to be the degree of the increased intracranial pressure caused by the hematoma and circulatory distrubance of the cerebrospinal fluid and the degree of brain destruction caused by the intensity of the arterial blood from the rupture. Therefore it is reasonable that an early aneurysm surgery, within 48 hours, including the removal of the hematoma and the reduction of the high intracranial pressure by ventricle drainage is effective not only to prevent a possible fatal re-rupture, but also to improve the patient's poor pre-operative condition. In addition an operation within 24 hours greatly lessens the possibility of the occurrence of post-operative vasospasms by the removal of the subarchnoid clot existing around the brain artery, which may play a major role in producing vasospasms. The surgical results closely correlated with the incidence of vasospasms which were: 14.3%, 60%, 83.3% and 75% for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th days respectively. Although in cases operated on, in 3rd and 4th days continuous high intracranial pressure aggravates the conditions, the most detrimental factor affecting the poor surgical results may be attributable to cerebral infarctions due to vasospasm, especially those which appear in the post-operative stage."}
{"id": "PMID:943720", "title": "[Endocrinological evaluation of seller and suprasellar tumor cases (the third report)-on secreting chromophobe adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Nine of 25 cases of chromophobe adenoma revealed abnormally high plasma prolactin level. The plasma prolactin level of these 9 cases ranged from 5300 to 15000 ng/ml, and those of other 16 cases ranged from negligible to 53 ng/ml. 2) Five cases with abnormally high plasma prolactin level had a poor clinical course. 3) Quantitative determination on PEG according to our own method showed that tumor size of these patients with abnormally high plasma prolactin level was larger than that of relatively lower plasma prolactin level. 4) Three of all 25 cases of chromophobe adenoma were histologically diagnosed as pleomorphic. Each of those three cases showed abnormally high plasma prolactin level.", "contents": "[Endocrinological evaluation of seller and suprasellar tumor cases (the third report)-on secreting chromophobe adenoma (author's transl)]. 1) Nine of 25 cases of chromophobe adenoma revealed abnormally high plasma prolactin level. The plasma prolactin level of these 9 cases ranged from 5300 to 15000 ng/ml, and those of other 16 cases ranged from negligible to 53 ng/ml. 2) Five cases with abnormally high plasma prolactin level had a poor clinical course. 3) Quantitative determination on PEG according to our own method showed that tumor size of these patients with abnormally high plasma prolactin level was larger than that of relatively lower plasma prolactin level. 4) Three of all 25 cases of chromophobe adenoma were histologically diagnosed as pleomorphic. Each of those three cases showed abnormally high plasma prolactin level."}
{"id": "PMID:943721", "title": "[Evaluation of shunt therapy in normal pressure hydrocephalus-surgical results in neurological conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "This presentation is a study of 18 patients diagnosed as having normal pressure hydrocephalus and treated by CSF diversion procedures. Pre- and postoperative neurological conditions of these patients were evaluated, compared, and analysed. There were 56% of males and 44% of females and the number of patients under 60 and over 61 were equal. The histories and clinical findings in all suggested a diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. In 12, the two thirds of patients, showed progressive intellectual deterioration, ataxic gait and/or incontinence following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Similar neurological features were preceded by craniocerebral trauma in one, megadolichobasilar artery in one and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in one. Three cases were idiopathic. 169Yb cisternography, transfer test of radioisotope to blood, angiography and in some cases pneumoencephalography were performed in the usual manner to confirm the diagnosis. Attempts have been made to correlate the surgical results with the ages of patients, the duration of symtoms, and the causes of hydrocephalus. Neurological symptoms were divided into three groups. Group \"A\" is composed of mental deterioration, lack of spontaneity and willingness, mutism and disorientation, groups \"B\" includes gait disturbance and group \"C\" incontinence. The results of surgical treatment were analyzed according to the three groups of symptoms not only in the percentage of cases who improved but also in the time interval from the time of shunting to the appearance of operative results. The results are as follows. The good surgical improvements were achieved in the cases of under 70 years old, in the case of NPH of known causes, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, craniocerebral trauma, and in the cases operated on within three months after the onset of symptoms. Recovery of \"A\" symtoms was achieved not only sooner after the operation but also in more cases than those of \"B\" and \"C\" symptoms. The correlation was analyzed between the duration or symptoms and time interval after the shunting and the appearance of operative results. Although no correlation was obtained in \"A\" symptoms, the sooner was shunting performed, the earlier appeared the operative results in \"B\" and \"C\" symptoms. In conclusion, it appeared from the results of the present study, that in addition to the integration of the results of different examinations such as isotope cisternography, air study and angiography, the combination of the patient data such as ages, duration of symptoms and the cause of hydrocephalus are essential in selecting the patients for shunting operation. If the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus is confirmed and surgical improvement is predicted, the patient should be shunted as soon as possible to obtain a good surgical results especially in mental symptoms, which is the important factor in performing rehabilitation therapy.", "contents": "[Evaluation of shunt therapy in normal pressure hydrocephalus-surgical results in neurological conditions (author's transl)]. This presentation is a study of 18 patients diagnosed as having normal pressure hydrocephalus and treated by CSF diversion procedures. Pre- and postoperative neurological conditions of these patients were evaluated, compared, and analysed. There were 56% of males and 44% of females and the number of patients under 60 and over 61 were equal. The histories and clinical findings in all suggested a diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus. In 12, the two thirds of patients, showed progressive intellectual deterioration, ataxic gait and/or incontinence following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Similar neurological features were preceded by craniocerebral trauma in one, megadolichobasilar artery in one and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in one. Three cases were idiopathic. 169Yb cisternography, transfer test of radioisotope to blood, angiography and in some cases pneumoencephalography were performed in the usual manner to confirm the diagnosis. Attempts have been made to correlate the surgical results with the ages of patients, the duration of symtoms, and the causes of hydrocephalus. Neurological symptoms were divided into three groups. Group \"A\" is composed of mental deterioration, lack of spontaneity and willingness, mutism and disorientation, groups \"B\" includes gait disturbance and group \"C\" incontinence. The results of surgical treatment were analyzed according to the three groups of symptoms not only in the percentage of cases who improved but also in the time interval from the time of shunting to the appearance of operative results. The results are as follows. The good surgical improvements were achieved in the cases of under 70 years old, in the case of NPH of known causes, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, craniocerebral trauma, and in the cases operated on within three months after the onset of symptoms. Recovery of \"A\" symtoms was achieved not only sooner after the operation but also in more cases than those of \"B\" and \"C\" symptoms. The correlation was analyzed between the duration or symptoms and time interval after the shunting and the appearance of operative results. Although no correlation was obtained in \"A\" symptoms, the sooner was shunting performed, the earlier appeared the operative results in \"B\" and \"C\" symptoms. In conclusion, it appeared from the results of the present study, that in addition to the integration of the results of different examinations such as isotope cisternography, air study and angiography, the combination of the patient data such as ages, duration of symptoms and the cause of hydrocephalus are essential in selecting the patients for shunting operation. If the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus is confirmed and surgical improvement is predicted, the patient should be shunted as soon as possible to obtain a good surgical results especially in mental symptoms, which is the important factor in performing rehabilitation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:943722", "title": "[Some characteristic features of RI-cisternography in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "There are few reports which discussed normal RI-cisternography in infancy and childhood. The cisternograms of the children between 2 months and 13 year-old were classified under a criteria into three groups; 17 normal cases, 135 borderline cases and 77 abnormal cases. The former two groups were compared with each other and characteristic findings of RI-cisternography in infants and children were appreciated clinically. And we attempted to establish normal RI-cisternography. The characteristic findings are: 1) When the images of cisterna magna is dilated, it can not be concluded directly that the abnormality of posterior fossa are suspected. 2) The bulk flow of CSF in infancy and childhood flows faster in intracranial subarachnoid space as well as intraspinal than the flow of adults. 3) Early ventricular reflux seems to be not valuable clinically. But we would like to emphasize that the incidence of these findings are variable as children grow older. The mechanism of this phenomenon needs further investigation.", "contents": "[Some characteristic features of RI-cisternography in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. There are few reports which discussed normal RI-cisternography in infancy and childhood. The cisternograms of the children between 2 months and 13 year-old were classified under a criteria into three groups; 17 normal cases, 135 borderline cases and 77 abnormal cases. The former two groups were compared with each other and characteristic findings of RI-cisternography in infants and children were appreciated clinically. And we attempted to establish normal RI-cisternography. The characteristic findings are: 1) When the images of cisterna magna is dilated, it can not be concluded directly that the abnormality of posterior fossa are suspected. 2) The bulk flow of CSF in infancy and childhood flows faster in intracranial subarachnoid space as well as intraspinal than the flow of adults. 3) Early ventricular reflux seems to be not valuable clinically. But we would like to emphasize that the incidence of these findings are variable as children grow older. The mechanism of this phenomenon needs further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:943723", "title": "[Effects of solcoseryl on the cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, systemic blood pressure and EEG in acute intracranial hypertensive cats (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiment was performed on 86 cases under intraperitoneal pentobarbital anesthesia. One balloon was placed in the extradural space of right frontal region, and the other balloon was placed in the left extradural space and the intracranial pressure was measured. A needle was stereotaxically inserted into the subcortical area in order to measure the cerebral blood flow. Systemic blood pressure was recorded by inserting a catheter into the femoral artery, and electrocorticogram was also recorded. An expanding intracranial lesion was made by inflating the extradural balloon with physiological saline. The animals were arbitrarily divided into two groups.: 1) light or moderate groups which intracranial pressure before the injection of drug was below 400 mmH2O. 2) severe groups above 400 mmH2O. After the maintenance of the pressure, Solcoseryl was infused intravenously. The investigation was focused to observe whether Solcoseryl reveales any potent effect on cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, systemic blood pressure and on electroencephalogram in acute intracranial hypertension. Results 1) Intravenous injection of Solcoseryl had the effect of lowering intracranial pressure in the light or moderate and severe groups. Particularly, dose of 80 mg/kg showed the marked effect, though with a rebound phenomenon in the light or moderate groups. Furthermore, the effect was more marked and lasting by drip infusion of Solcoseryl and also by intravenous injection of Solcoseryl after pretreatment with hydrocortisone, and at this time no rebound phenomenon was recognized. 2) Solcoseryl had the effect of increasing the cerebral blood flow accompained with the lowering of intracranial pressure. 3) Systemic blood pressure was transiently lowered by the injection of Solcoseryl 20 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg and recovered immediately. 4) Solcoseryl had no effect on electroencephalogram in the severe groups. Conclusion On the basis of these results, it is rational to conclude that Solcoseryl could be superior agent render to lower intracranial pressure and to improve cerebral blood flow in acute intracranial hypertension.", "contents": "[Effects of solcoseryl on the cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, systemic blood pressure and EEG in acute intracranial hypertensive cats (author's transl)]. The experiment was performed on 86 cases under intraperitoneal pentobarbital anesthesia. One balloon was placed in the extradural space of right frontal region, and the other balloon was placed in the left extradural space and the intracranial pressure was measured. A needle was stereotaxically inserted into the subcortical area in order to measure the cerebral blood flow. Systemic blood pressure was recorded by inserting a catheter into the femoral artery, and electrocorticogram was also recorded. An expanding intracranial lesion was made by inflating the extradural balloon with physiological saline. The animals were arbitrarily divided into two groups.: 1) light or moderate groups which intracranial pressure before the injection of drug was below 400 mmH2O. 2) severe groups above 400 mmH2O. After the maintenance of the pressure, Solcoseryl was infused intravenously. The investigation was focused to observe whether Solcoseryl reveales any potent effect on cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, systemic blood pressure and on electroencephalogram in acute intracranial hypertension. Results 1) Intravenous injection of Solcoseryl had the effect of lowering intracranial pressure in the light or moderate and severe groups. Particularly, dose of 80 mg/kg showed the marked effect, though with a rebound phenomenon in the light or moderate groups. Furthermore, the effect was more marked and lasting by drip infusion of Solcoseryl and also by intravenous injection of Solcoseryl after pretreatment with hydrocortisone, and at this time no rebound phenomenon was recognized. 2) Solcoseryl had the effect of increasing the cerebral blood flow accompained with the lowering of intracranial pressure. 3) Systemic blood pressure was transiently lowered by the injection of Solcoseryl 20 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg and recovered immediately. 4) Solcoseryl had no effect on electroencephalogram in the severe groups. Conclusion On the basis of these results, it is rational to conclude that Solcoseryl could be superior agent render to lower intracranial pressure and to improve cerebral blood flow in acute intracranial hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:943724", "title": "[Almost complete regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformation--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous regression or disappearance of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) had been rarely reported in the literatures. Regression after carotid ligation or radiation therapy are not spontaneous one, because these treatments may have some influences on morphological changes of AVM by CBF dynamic change or by some radiobiological effects on AVM. The reported case is 57 aged male. He had an episode of sudden onset of left hemiparesis 7 years ago and was treated conservatively at a private doctor. Afterward he enjoyed his life, for 4 years, he consulted our clinic on account of left hemiconvulsion. Right CAG revealed right parietal AVM (3.5 X 4.0 X 5.O) with dilated feeding and draining vessels. Patient denyed operation at that time, but again consulted our clinic on account of severe left hemiconvulsion. Right CAG was performed again, but right parietal AVM was almost not visualized and feeding and draining vessels were diminished in diameter. Inspite of repeated 4 vessel angiographies AVM was remarkably regressed, and also no angiospastic vessels and intracerebral hematoma were absent in these angiographies. Though spontaneous regression of cerebral AVM is rare course, we report the importance of morphological follow up, when cerebral AVM is nondefinitively treated.", "contents": "[Almost complete regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformation--report of a case (author's transl)]. Spontaneous regression or disappearance of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) had been rarely reported in the literatures. Regression after carotid ligation or radiation therapy are not spontaneous one, because these treatments may have some influences on morphological changes of AVM by CBF dynamic change or by some radiobiological effects on AVM. The reported case is 57 aged male. He had an episode of sudden onset of left hemiparesis 7 years ago and was treated conservatively at a private doctor. Afterward he enjoyed his life, for 4 years, he consulted our clinic on account of left hemiconvulsion. Right CAG revealed right parietal AVM (3.5 X 4.0 X 5.O) with dilated feeding and draining vessels. Patient denyed operation at that time, but again consulted our clinic on account of severe left hemiconvulsion. Right CAG was performed again, but right parietal AVM was almost not visualized and feeding and draining vessels were diminished in diameter. Inspite of repeated 4 vessel angiographies AVM was remarkably regressed, and also no angiospastic vessels and intracerebral hematoma were absent in these angiographies. Though spontaneous regression of cerebral AVM is rare course, we report the importance of morphological follow up, when cerebral AVM is nondefinitively treated."}
{"id": "PMID:943725", "title": "[A midline vertebral artery aneurysm operated via transoral transclival approach (author's transl)].", "content": "A detail of an unsuccessful trial of transoral transclival operation for an aneurysm arising from the left vertebral artery was reported. The patient was 66 years old male who had bronchial asthma and difficulty in phonation and swallowing. The angiograms showed that the aneurysm, 1.5X1.5X2.0 cm in size, was situated in the midline at the level of caudal one-third of the clivus. A transoral transclival operation was performed following preoperative tracheostomy and gastrostomy to improve his pulmonary and nutritional condition. A midline incision on the palate was followed by the removal of the posterior half of palatal bone. The upper part of incision on the retropharyngeal mucosa was placed approximately 1 cm off the midline to facilitate closure afterwords. A caudal 1/3 of the clivus, anterior arch of the atlas and a part of the odontoid process were removed. The aneurysm, fusiform in shape, was then collapsed by needle puncture after the left vertebral artery was trapped between the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebro-basilar junction. Closure of the dura with a fascial patch was incomplete due to an extensive incision and coagulation of the dura. Closure of the retropharyngeal mucosa around the orifice of the Eustachian tube was also incomplete in spite of the paramedian incision described above. Postoperative course was complicated by an frequent occurrence of the attack of bronchial asthma causing loss of gastic juice from the gastrostomy and resultant hypoproteinemia, although the recovery of lower cranial nerve palsy was good. There was no signs of infection until the 21st postoperative day when meningitis developed. The patient died in the 28th postoperative day. The importance of complete closure of the dura and retropharyngeal mucosa to prevent meningial infection was discussed. Since the mucosa around the orifice of Eustachian tube was extremely friable and the closure was almost impossible, the risk of meningial infection was considered to be high, especially when the intradural procedure was necessary through transoral high clivotomy.", "contents": "[A midline vertebral artery aneurysm operated via transoral transclival approach (author's transl)]. A detail of an unsuccessful trial of transoral transclival operation for an aneurysm arising from the left vertebral artery was reported. The patient was 66 years old male who had bronchial asthma and difficulty in phonation and swallowing. The angiograms showed that the aneurysm, 1.5X1.5X2.0 cm in size, was situated in the midline at the level of caudal one-third of the clivus. A transoral transclival operation was performed following preoperative tracheostomy and gastrostomy to improve his pulmonary and nutritional condition. A midline incision on the palate was followed by the removal of the posterior half of palatal bone. The upper part of incision on the retropharyngeal mucosa was placed approximately 1 cm off the midline to facilitate closure afterwords. A caudal 1/3 of the clivus, anterior arch of the atlas and a part of the odontoid process were removed. The aneurysm, fusiform in shape, was then collapsed by needle puncture after the left vertebral artery was trapped between the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebro-basilar junction. Closure of the dura with a fascial patch was incomplete due to an extensive incision and coagulation of the dura. Closure of the retropharyngeal mucosa around the orifice of the Eustachian tube was also incomplete in spite of the paramedian incision described above. Postoperative course was complicated by an frequent occurrence of the attack of bronchial asthma causing loss of gastic juice from the gastrostomy and resultant hypoproteinemia, although the recovery of lower cranial nerve palsy was good. There was no signs of infection until the 21st postoperative day when meningitis developed. The patient died in the 28th postoperative day. The importance of complete closure of the dura and retropharyngeal mucosa to prevent meningial infection was discussed. Since the mucosa around the orifice of Eustachian tube was extremely friable and the closure was almost impossible, the risk of meningial infection was considered to be high, especially when the intradural procedure was necessary through transoral high clivotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:943726", "title": "[A case of spontaneous CSF otorrhea associated with recurrent meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 5-year-old girl was admitted to our hopsital on June, 1972, because of meningitis and CSF otorrhea. She had not suffered from head trauma or otological infective disease. Right temporal craniotomy was carried out on October, 1972, but no pathological findings on the anterior surface of the petrous bone was detected, so, the right middle ear bottom was packed with fascia graft by otologist, which stopped the CSF otorrhea for seven months. But the otorrhea recurred on June, 1973, when she caught cold. She was readmitted to our hospital because of recurrent meningitis. On November 7, 1973, when the meningitis abated, posterior fossa exploration was performed microsurgically. Strong arachnoid adhesion due to recurrent meningitis and enlargement of the right internal auditory meatus was observed. Probe could be inserted into the internal auditory meatus easily at a depth of 1.5 cm. Saline which was injected into the meatus from the probe flowed into the right middle ear. So the internal auditory meatus was packed with Gelfoam and muscle piece. By means of this procedure, CSF otorrhea was healed completely. Spontaneous CSF otorrhea, which was initially reported in 1897 by Escat, is a very rare disease. Only 15 cases have been reported in the literature. Two main possible routes of CSF leakage were reported, the one is via the internal auditory meatus, the other is via the cochlear aqueduct (Fig. 3). The former cases were more frequent than the latter. Our case belongs to the former type. (Fig. 4)", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous CSF otorrhea associated with recurrent meningitis (author's transl)]. A 5-year-old girl was admitted to our hopsital on June, 1972, because of meningitis and CSF otorrhea. She had not suffered from head trauma or otological infective disease. Right temporal craniotomy was carried out on October, 1972, but no pathological findings on the anterior surface of the petrous bone was detected, so, the right middle ear bottom was packed with fascia graft by otologist, which stopped the CSF otorrhea for seven months. But the otorrhea recurred on June, 1973, when she caught cold. She was readmitted to our hospital because of recurrent meningitis. On November 7, 1973, when the meningitis abated, posterior fossa exploration was performed microsurgically. Strong arachnoid adhesion due to recurrent meningitis and enlargement of the right internal auditory meatus was observed. Probe could be inserted into the internal auditory meatus easily at a depth of 1.5 cm. Saline which was injected into the meatus from the probe flowed into the right middle ear. So the internal auditory meatus was packed with Gelfoam and muscle piece. By means of this procedure, CSF otorrhea was healed completely. Spontaneous CSF otorrhea, which was initially reported in 1897 by Escat, is a very rare disease. Only 15 cases have been reported in the literature. Two main possible routes of CSF leakage were reported, the one is via the internal auditory meatus, the other is via the cochlear aqueduct (Fig. 3). The former cases were more frequent than the latter. Our case belongs to the former type. (Fig. 4)"}
{"id": "PMID:943727", "title": "[Leiomyosarcoma of the stomach].", "content": "A case of gastric leiomyosarcoma (primary maliganant mesenchymal neoplasia of non-lymphoblastic origin) personally observed, is presented. The pathological anatomy, aetiopathogensis, symptomatology and diagnosis of this disease are described as well as the surgical treatment of the case.", "contents": "[Leiomyosarcoma of the stomach]. A case of gastric leiomyosarcoma (primary maliganant mesenchymal neoplasia of non-lymphoblastic origin) personally observed, is presented. The pathological anatomy, aetiopathogensis, symptomatology and diagnosis of this disease are described as well as the surgical treatment of the case."}
{"id": "PMID:943728", "title": "[Problems of anesthesia and recovery in neonatal surgery. Personal experience during ther period 1970-1975].", "content": "On the basis of personal experience during the past five years, the anaesthesiological and resuscitatory problems of neonatal surgery are considered, with special regard to the following pathological conditions: oesophageal atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele and gastroschisis, neonatal peritonitis, anal atresia, intestinal atresia and stenosis. It is stated that the new post-operative care tecniques have not only improved survival percentages, but, in the case of oesophageal atresia, have made it possible to operate (radically) even in seriously immature babies with ongoing complications.", "contents": "[Problems of anesthesia and recovery in neonatal surgery. Personal experience during ther period 1970-1975]. On the basis of personal experience during the past five years, the anaesthesiological and resuscitatory problems of neonatal surgery are considered, with special regard to the following pathological conditions: oesophageal atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocele and gastroschisis, neonatal peritonitis, anal atresia, intestinal atresia and stenosis. It is stated that the new post-operative care tecniques have not only improved survival percentages, but, in the case of oesophageal atresia, have made it possible to operate (radically) even in seriously immature babies with ongoing complications."}
{"id": "PMID:943729", "title": "[Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics].", "content": "Six cases of pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics are presented. The endoscopic, radiological and clinical picture and the aetiopathogenesis of this unusual disease are discussed. Lincomycin was incriminated in one case only. In the remainder, various antibiotics of different chemical structure were responsible. Carcinoma of the colon was a common feature and it is suggested that a full examination of the large intestine should be made whenever this syndrome appears. While radiological suspicion may be forthcoming, pseudomembranous colitis is diagnosed only by endoscopy and biopsy.", "contents": "[Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics]. Six cases of pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics are presented. The endoscopic, radiological and clinical picture and the aetiopathogenesis of this unusual disease are discussed. Lincomycin was incriminated in one case only. In the remainder, various antibiotics of different chemical structure were responsible. Carcinoma of the colon was a common feature and it is suggested that a full examination of the large intestine should be made whenever this syndrome appears. While radiological suspicion may be forthcoming, pseudomembranous colitis is diagnosed only by endoscopy and biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:943730", "title": "[Friedreich's disease, diabetes and pregnancy. Description of a case].", "content": "Birth of an infant at term to a diabetic woman with a severe form of Friedreich's disease is reported. The aetiopathogenesis of the cardiac deformities that led to the death of the child on day seven of life is discussed.", "contents": "[Friedreich's disease, diabetes and pregnancy. Description of a case]. Birth of an infant at term to a diabetic woman with a severe form of Friedreich's disease is reported. The aetiopathogenesis of the cardiac deformities that led to the death of the child on day seven of life is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943731", "title": "[Metabolic endoradiotherapy with P32 in skeletal metastases from breast neoplasms. Note I].", "content": "22 patients suffering from breast neoplasia with particularly painful bone metastasis were treated with radiophosphorus. Only occasionally was an evident recalcification condition encountered and survival, although exceptional in some cases, did not deviate from normal. On the basis, also, of clinical and experimental observations reported in the literature, it is held that the use of 32P in metabolic radiotherapy of bone metastases is worthwhile and is justified because of the encouraging successes obtained, especially in pain remission.", "contents": "[Metabolic endoradiotherapy with P32 in skeletal metastases from breast neoplasms. Note I]. 22 patients suffering from breast neoplasia with particularly painful bone metastasis were treated with radiophosphorus. Only occasionally was an evident recalcification condition encountered and survival, although exceptional in some cases, did not deviate from normal. On the basis, also, of clinical and experimental observations reported in the literature, it is held that the use of 32P in metabolic radiotherapy of bone metastases is worthwhile and is justified because of the encouraging successes obtained, especially in pain remission."}
{"id": "PMID:943732", "title": "[Clinical trial of coenzyme A in hepatopathies].", "content": "Coenzyme A (900 L.U. i.v.) was administered for 20 days in 18 cases of viral hepatitis, 2 of chronic ethylic hepatosis, and 5 of ascitic portal cirrhosis. Blood lactic acid, pyruvic acid, serum transaminase and beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio were determined. BSF and colloidal serolability tests were also carried out. The benefits of coenzyme A treatment were particularly indicated by the significant changes noted in lactic and pyruvic acid values.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of coenzyme A in hepatopathies]. Coenzyme A (900 L.U. i.v.) was administered for 20 days in 18 cases of viral hepatitis, 2 of chronic ethylic hepatosis, and 5 of ascitic portal cirrhosis. Blood lactic acid, pyruvic acid, serum transaminase and beta/alpha lipoprotein ratio were determined. BSF and colloidal serolability tests were also carried out. The benefits of coenzyme A treatment were particularly indicated by the significant changes noted in lactic and pyruvic acid values."}
{"id": "PMID:943734", "title": "Thermal injury during pregnancy.", "content": "Nineteen pregnant women with burn areas ranging from 6 to 92% of the total body surface area were treated at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research between 1951 and 1974. A review of these cases led to the following observations and conclusions: 1) Pregnancy does not alter the maternal outcome after thermal injury. 2) Maternal survival is usually accompanied by fetal survival. 3) If the gravida's injury is lethal, the pregnancy will usually terminate spontaneously prior to her death. 4) Obstetric intervention is indicated only in the gravely ill woman whose complications (hypotension, hypoxia, or sepsis) jeopardize the life of the fetus. 5) A better understanding of the complications of major burns and the care available in modern burn units should improve the prognosis for burned pregnant patients.", "contents": "Thermal injury during pregnancy. Nineteen pregnant women with burn areas ranging from 6 to 92% of the total body surface area were treated at the US Army Institute of Surgical Research between 1951 and 1974. A review of these cases led to the following observations and conclusions: 1) Pregnancy does not alter the maternal outcome after thermal injury. 2) Maternal survival is usually accompanied by fetal survival. 3) If the gravida's injury is lethal, the pregnancy will usually terminate spontaneously prior to her death. 4) Obstetric intervention is indicated only in the gravely ill woman whose complications (hypotension, hypoxia, or sepsis) jeopardize the life of the fetus. 5) A better understanding of the complications of major burns and the care available in modern burn units should improve the prognosis for burned pregnant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943735", "title": "Growth hormone secretion in insulin-independent pregnant diabetics.", "content": "A study was initiated to determine whether hypersecretion of growth hormone (HGH) was involved in the inhibition of normal glucose metabolism in pregnant insulin-independent diabetic (IID). A total of 25 patients was studied, of whom 13 had normal glucose tolerance and 12 were recently diagnosed IIDs. Hgh secretion was stimulated by insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The mean basal HGH levels and the plasma HGH pattern following the insulin stimulus were similar in the study group and the normal controls. Although it is unlikely that HGH participates to any significant degree in the diabetogenicity of normal and diabetic pregnancy, final proof depends on the assessment of the biologically active inhibitory polypeptide fraction of HGH and the growth-promoting protein, somatomedin.", "contents": "Growth hormone secretion in insulin-independent pregnant diabetics. A study was initiated to determine whether hypersecretion of growth hormone (HGH) was involved in the inhibition of normal glucose metabolism in pregnant insulin-independent diabetic (IID). A total of 25 patients was studied, of whom 13 had normal glucose tolerance and 12 were recently diagnosed IIDs. Hgh secretion was stimulated by insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The mean basal HGH levels and the plasma HGH pattern following the insulin stimulus were similar in the study group and the normal controls. Although it is unlikely that HGH participates to any significant degree in the diabetogenicity of normal and diabetic pregnancy, final proof depends on the assessment of the biologically active inhibitory polypeptide fraction of HGH and the growth-promoting protein, somatomedin."}
{"id": "PMID:943736", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix in a 70-year-old Negro female is reported. Only 9 other cases have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis, prognosis, and modern trends in therapy for this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the cervix uteri. Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix in a 70-year-old Negro female is reported. Only 9 other cases have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis, prognosis, and modern trends in therapy for this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943737", "title": "Chromosome studies in couples with repeated spontaneous abortions.", "content": "Karyotypes were prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes in 77 couples in whom there was no apparent cause for recurrent spontaneous abortion. In addition to conventional staining, chromosomes were stained by the new technics for Q-, G-, or C-banding. Translocations were found in 5 of 154 persons (3.25% or 1:31 individuals). The frequency of translocations in the general adult population is 0.4% (1:255). Two translocations were apparent only with the new technics for banding. The incidence of chromosomal microanomalies was 7.79% (2.6% in the general population). Karyotyping of couples with recurrent abortion is recommended, with use of the new staining technics.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in couples with repeated spontaneous abortions. Karyotypes were prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes in 77 couples in whom there was no apparent cause for recurrent spontaneous abortion. In addition to conventional staining, chromosomes were stained by the new technics for Q-, G-, or C-banding. Translocations were found in 5 of 154 persons (3.25% or 1:31 individuals). The frequency of translocations in the general adult population is 0.4% (1:255). Two translocations were apparent only with the new technics for banding. The incidence of chromosomal microanomalies was 7.79% (2.6% in the general population). Karyotyping of couples with recurrent abortion is recommended, with use of the new staining technics."}
{"id": "PMID:943738", "title": "Management of failed prostaglandin abortions.", "content": "Midtrimester abortion was induced in 529 patients by administration of the naturally occurring prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as well as the 15-methyl analogs, 15-ME-PGE2 and 15-ME-PGF2alpha. Ten patients failed to abort with prostaglandin therapy, even in association with intravenous oxytocin, a failure rate of 1.9%. Two failures were related to uterine malformation; 1 patient had the pregnancy in a blind uterine horn, and the second patient was pregnant in one horn of a uterus didelphys. Five of the 10 patients who failed to abort during prostaglandin administration were subsequently found to have uterine distortion due to myomata uteri. When abortion induced by prostaglandin fails to occur within the expected time for the agent and technic employed, the presence of uterine malformation or abnormality should be considered. Evaluation with ultrasonography is indicated along with a repeat test to confirm the pregnancy. If the sonogram is suggestive of uterin malformation, a hysterosalpinogram should be obtained to determine if there is communication between the cervix and the gestational sac. If no communication is present, an intravenous pyelogram should be performed in view of the 90% correlation of urogenital abnormalities, and an exploratory laparotomy should be performed. When a communication exists between the cervix and the gestational sac, the 24 hours of uterine activity induced by the prostaglandin will have resulted in cervical changes so that the cervix can easily be dilated to either a 14 or 16 Hegar dilator and the conceptus can be removed in parts with minimal bleeding.", "contents": "Management of failed prostaglandin abortions. Midtrimester abortion was induced in 529 patients by administration of the naturally occurring prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha as well as the 15-methyl analogs, 15-ME-PGE2 and 15-ME-PGF2alpha. Ten patients failed to abort with prostaglandin therapy, even in association with intravenous oxytocin, a failure rate of 1.9%. Two failures were related to uterine malformation; 1 patient had the pregnancy in a blind uterine horn, and the second patient was pregnant in one horn of a uterus didelphys. Five of the 10 patients who failed to abort during prostaglandin administration were subsequently found to have uterine distortion due to myomata uteri. When abortion induced by prostaglandin fails to occur within the expected time for the agent and technic employed, the presence of uterine malformation or abnormality should be considered. Evaluation with ultrasonography is indicated along with a repeat test to confirm the pregnancy. If the sonogram is suggestive of uterin malformation, a hysterosalpinogram should be obtained to determine if there is communication between the cervix and the gestational sac. If no communication is present, an intravenous pyelogram should be performed in view of the 90% correlation of urogenital abnormalities, and an exploratory laparotomy should be performed. When a communication exists between the cervix and the gestational sac, the 24 hours of uterine activity induced by the prostaglandin will have resulted in cervical changes so that the cervix can easily be dilated to either a 14 or 16 Hegar dilator and the conceptus can be removed in parts with minimal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:943739", "title": "Lymphaticoperitoneal fistula.", "content": "Two cases of lymphaticoperitoneal fistula are reported. One patient had a recurrent carcinoma of the cervix and the other had a recurrent vaginal carcinoma. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology is presented.", "contents": "Lymphaticoperitoneal fistula. Two cases of lymphaticoperitoneal fistula are reported. One patient had a recurrent carcinoma of the cervix and the other had a recurrent vaginal carcinoma. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943740", "title": "Prolactin hypersecretion and short luteal phase defects.", "content": "The short luteal phase is commonly found in ovulating women presenting with infertility, or in amenorrheic women induced to ovulate with clomiphene. When the short luteal phase defect is accompanied by the discovery of galactorrhea, the two abnormalities may share a common underlying cause. Two cases are presented to demonstrate the short luteal phase defect as one early manifestation that may occur during the development of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Antiprolactin therapy may cause this menstrual disorder to revert to normal, allowing normal fertility and terminating the galactorrhea.", "contents": "Prolactin hypersecretion and short luteal phase defects. The short luteal phase is commonly found in ovulating women presenting with infertility, or in amenorrheic women induced to ovulate with clomiphene. When the short luteal phase defect is accompanied by the discovery of galactorrhea, the two abnormalities may share a common underlying cause. Two cases are presented to demonstrate the short luteal phase defect as one early manifestation that may occur during the development of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Antiprolactin therapy may cause this menstrual disorder to revert to normal, allowing normal fertility and terminating the galactorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:943741", "title": "Congenital syphilis after maternal treatment with erythromycin.", "content": "A case is reported in which erythromycin was used successfully to treat maternal syphilis but failed to adequately treat the fetus. This report and similar studies suggest that oral erythromycin is not a reasonable alternative drug for the treatment of lues in the penicillin-allergic gravid female.", "contents": "Congenital syphilis after maternal treatment with erythromycin. A case is reported in which erythromycin was used successfully to treat maternal syphilis but failed to adequately treat the fetus. This report and similar studies suggest that oral erythromycin is not a reasonable alternative drug for the treatment of lues in the penicillin-allergic gravid female."}
{"id": "PMID:943744", "title": "The occupational health nurse's role in the corporate alcoholism program.", "content": "The problem of alcohol abuse among the nation's employees takes its toll in countless ways -- in absenteeism, lost productivity, increased utilization of health benefits and eventual loss of the employee's services. In all cases both the employee and the employer lose. Like most other health professionals, nurses have received little education in the care and treatment of persons suffering with alcoholism or alcohol-related problems. But with the appropriate training and the total commitment of her company, she can be in a unique position to offer assistance to the alcoholic employee. The seriousness of this problem today demands that all effective means be utilized. We can no longer afford to mitigate or ignore the occupational health nurse's valuable role in contributing to the success of the corporate alcoholism program.", "contents": "The occupational health nurse's role in the corporate alcoholism program. The problem of alcohol abuse among the nation's employees takes its toll in countless ways -- in absenteeism, lost productivity, increased utilization of health benefits and eventual loss of the employee's services. In all cases both the employee and the employer lose. Like most other health professionals, nurses have received little education in the care and treatment of persons suffering with alcoholism or alcohol-related problems. But with the appropriate training and the total commitment of her company, she can be in a unique position to offer assistance to the alcoholic employee. The seriousness of this problem today demands that all effective means be utilized. We can no longer afford to mitigate or ignore the occupational health nurse's valuable role in contributing to the success of the corporate alcoholism program."}
{"id": "PMID:943747", "title": "Schirmer's test: its normal values and clinical significance.", "content": "The lacrimal secretion in 99 healthy individuals has been measured by Schirmer's method. The established statistical limits of normal lacrimal secretion were tested in 18 patients submitted to geniculate ganglionectomy because of petrosal neuralgia, in 15 patients with traumatic, in 17 patients with idiopathic, and in 10 patients with herpetic facial palsy. A significant bilateral reduction of lacrimation was found to be as indicative for a unilateral interruption of the parasympathetic iaring. Abnormal unilateral and bilateral values of lacrimation were present in 93% of the traumatic, in 53% of the idiopathic, and in 60% of the herpetic facial palsies respectively. There is evidence that a significantly disturbed lacrimal flow has not only topographic, but also prognostic value in facial nerve palsy.", "contents": "Schirmer's test: its normal values and clinical significance. The lacrimal secretion in 99 healthy individuals has been measured by Schirmer's method. The established statistical limits of normal lacrimal secretion were tested in 18 patients submitted to geniculate ganglionectomy because of petrosal neuralgia, in 15 patients with traumatic, in 17 patients with idiopathic, and in 10 patients with herpetic facial palsy. A significant bilateral reduction of lacrimation was found to be as indicative for a unilateral interruption of the parasympathetic iaring. Abnormal unilateral and bilateral values of lacrimation were present in 93% of the traumatic, in 53% of the idiopathic, and in 60% of the herpetic facial palsies respectively. There is evidence that a significantly disturbed lacrimal flow has not only topographic, but also prognostic value in facial nerve palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:943748", "title": "Attachment of the inner sensory cell hairs to the tectorial membrane. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The residue of tectorial membrane insertion of cochlear inner sensory cell hairs was studied under a scanning electron microscope. In addition to the clear imprints resulting from outer sensory cell hair insertions, an adjacent medial row of bow-shaped imprints was noted on the base of the tectorial membrane. The relative position of these imprints corresponded to the location and the size of the inner cell hairs. These imprints were thus thought to arise from the insertion of the inner sensory hair cells. Such imprints were found only in the lower turns of the cat's cochlea, but not on the guinea pig tectorial membrane. Thus an actual physical contact between the tectorial membrane and the inner sensory cell hiars may exist in some species but not in others, and when there is physical contact, it is thought to be less firm than that of the outer sensory hair cells.", "contents": "Attachment of the inner sensory cell hairs to the tectorial membrane. A scanning electron microscopic study. The residue of tectorial membrane insertion of cochlear inner sensory cell hairs was studied under a scanning electron microscope. In addition to the clear imprints resulting from outer sensory cell hair insertions, an adjacent medial row of bow-shaped imprints was noted on the base of the tectorial membrane. The relative position of these imprints corresponded to the location and the size of the inner cell hairs. These imprints were thus thought to arise from the insertion of the inner sensory hair cells. Such imprints were found only in the lower turns of the cat's cochlea, but not on the guinea pig tectorial membrane. Thus an actual physical contact between the tectorial membrane and the inner sensory cell hiars may exist in some species but not in others, and when there is physical contact, it is thought to be less firm than that of the outer sensory hair cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943749", "title": "Personal experience with tympanoplasty in children.", "content": "An analysis is presented of a series of 434 operations in chronic otitis media in children taking into account the extent of the lesion, the type of operation, the early and late functional and morphological results. In 18% of cases a radical operation was performed, in 21% atticotomy or other conservative operations, and in 61% open or closed tympanoplasty. Because of dynamic character of the cholesteatomatous process in childhood, the creation of a \"safe ear\", i.e. free of recurrences of cholesteatoma, is difficult by means of closed tympanoplasty operations.", "contents": "Personal experience with tympanoplasty in children. An analysis is presented of a series of 434 operations in chronic otitis media in children taking into account the extent of the lesion, the type of operation, the early and late functional and morphological results. In 18% of cases a radical operation was performed, in 21% atticotomy or other conservative operations, and in 61% open or closed tympanoplasty. Because of dynamic character of the cholesteatomatous process in childhood, the creation of a \"safe ear\", i.e. free of recurrences of cholesteatoma, is difficult by means of closed tympanoplasty operations."}
{"id": "PMID:943750", "title": "Effect of autonomic nerve transection on the patency of the nasal cavity.", "content": "The present study deals with the behaviour of the erectile tissue of the nasal mucosa in the normal rat and after selective transection of the autonomic nerve supply, measured with physiological and histometrical techniques. In the normal animal cyclic changes in the patency of the nasal lumen occurs with a cyclus time of 61 min, disturbances being observed in this rhythm a few weeks after transection of the various autonomic nerves. Selective transection of the main route of the sympathetic or the parasympathetic systems results in a dominance of the antagonist (congestion or decongestion). Transection of both systems does not result in a significant change in the dilated state of the nasal cavity from normal, although the cyclic activity disappears. A tendency towards a normal nasal cycle was observed several months after transection.", "contents": "Effect of autonomic nerve transection on the patency of the nasal cavity. The present study deals with the behaviour of the erectile tissue of the nasal mucosa in the normal rat and after selective transection of the autonomic nerve supply, measured with physiological and histometrical techniques. In the normal animal cyclic changes in the patency of the nasal lumen occurs with a cyclus time of 61 min, disturbances being observed in this rhythm a few weeks after transection of the various autonomic nerves. Selective transection of the main route of the sympathetic or the parasympathetic systems results in a dominance of the antagonist (congestion or decongestion). Transection of both systems does not result in a significant change in the dilated state of the nasal cavity from normal, although the cyclic activity disappears. A tendency towards a normal nasal cycle was observed several months after transection."}
{"id": "PMID:943751", "title": "Human nasal blood vessels after permanent tracheostomy. Electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from the inferior turbimate of 13 permanently tracheostomized patients were examined by the electron microscope. Variations from the normal were recorded, as proliferation of capillaries, venous congestion and arteriolar contraction. The relation of shunting air away to these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Human nasal blood vessels after permanent tracheostomy. Electron-microscopic study. Biopsy specimens from the inferior turbimate of 13 permanently tracheostomized patients were examined by the electron microscope. Variations from the normal were recorded, as proliferation of capillaries, venous congestion and arteriolar contraction. The relation of shunting air away to these changes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943752", "title": "Pharyngeal symptoms caused by cervical osteophytes.", "content": "A case of cervical osteophytes producing the sensation of a 'lump in the throat' is described. This symptom was relieved by excision of the offending osteophytes. Emphasis is placed on the need for surgical correction before progression of degenerative disease makes the procedure technically impossible. Several points concerning the operative and postoperative management are made.", "contents": "Pharyngeal symptoms caused by cervical osteophytes. A case of cervical osteophytes producing the sensation of a 'lump in the throat' is described. This symptom was relieved by excision of the offending osteophytes. Emphasis is placed on the need for surgical correction before progression of degenerative disease makes the procedure technically impossible. Several points concerning the operative and postoperative management are made."}
{"id": "PMID:943753", "title": "Effect of cytostatic agents on salivary gland tissue of the rat. The influence of 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Application of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for 3 weeks considerably decreased submaxillary gland weight but had no apparent influence on amylase and protein concentrations in gland extracts and isoamylase distribution patterns as revealed by electrophoresis. After another 3 weeks during which no 5FU was administered, an overproduction of protein synthesis (especially amylase) was observed.", "contents": "Effect of cytostatic agents on salivary gland tissue of the rat. The influence of 5-fluorouracil. Application of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for 3 weeks considerably decreased submaxillary gland weight but had no apparent influence on amylase and protein concentrations in gland extracts and isoamylase distribution patterns as revealed by electrophoresis. After another 3 weeks during which no 5FU was administered, an overproduction of protein synthesis (especially amylase) was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:943754", "title": "Anatomical, histological, and physiological factors in experienced downhill skiers.", "content": "The present investigation was performed in experienced downhill skiers to study anthropometrical and physiological changes. We also studied the muscles that are most active during downhill skiing and the histological properties of these muscles.", "contents": "Anatomical, histological, and physiological factors in experienced downhill skiers. The present investigation was performed in experienced downhill skiers to study anthropometrical and physiological changes. We also studied the muscles that are most active during downhill skiing and the histological properties of these muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:943758", "title": "Localized muscle fatigue and dynamic balance.", "content": "This investigation was designed for the purpose of ascertaining if one muscle group (dorsi flexors, abdominals, plantar flexors, or knee and hip flexors and extensors) could be identified which most significantly affects dynamic balance. The dependent variable was the dynabalometer. Subjects were 100 male volunteers, between the ages of 19 and 25 yr. Subjects were randomly  assigned to a control or 1 of 4 treatment groups. Testing was counterbalanced over time and day. Controls had a practice period and 3 performance trials; other Ss had a practice period, localized fatigue of a muscle group followed by 3 performance trials. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between treatment groups (F = 312.09, p less than .01). Multiple comparisons of treatment means showed that only one muscle group, the knee and hip flexors and extensors, differed significantly from all other groups (q = 4.75, p less than .01). Results indicate strongly that the knee and hip flexors and extensors can be considered a most important muscle group for performance by ordinary male college students on the dynabalometer.", "contents": "Localized muscle fatigue and dynamic balance. This investigation was designed for the purpose of ascertaining if one muscle group (dorsi flexors, abdominals, plantar flexors, or knee and hip flexors and extensors) could be identified which most significantly affects dynamic balance. The dependent variable was the dynabalometer. Subjects were 100 male volunteers, between the ages of 19 and 25 yr. Subjects were randomly  assigned to a control or 1 of 4 treatment groups. Testing was counterbalanced over time and day. Controls had a practice period and 3 performance trials; other Ss had a practice period, localized fatigue of a muscle group followed by 3 performance trials. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between treatment groups (F = 312.09, p less than .01). Multiple comparisons of treatment means showed that only one muscle group, the knee and hip flexors and extensors, differed significantly from all other groups (q = 4.75, p less than .01). Results indicate strongly that the knee and hip flexors and extensors can be considered a most important muscle group for performance by ordinary male college students on the dynabalometer."}
{"id": "PMID:943759", "title": "Intra-oral shape recognition by 138 mentally retarded subjects.", "content": "Among Ss with normal intelligence, oral shape-recognition tests have shown a relationship between articulatory ability and oral sensory integrity. This investigation explored oral sensory impairment as a possible contributory cause of the articulatory difficulties exhibited by the mentally retarded. The Florida Oral-form Recognition Measure (FORM), a task requiring the intra-oral identification of 10 geometric shapes, was administered to 138 mentally retarded Ss. Twenty Ss were retested to establish reliability. Ss were placed in groups according to etiological categories (AAMD classification) and were assigned speech ratings by a speech pathologist. Of the total sample, 86% had varying degrees of defective speech or language. Mean FORM score was 3.5, and preliminary analysis yielded significant correlations between FORM score and IQ and between speech and language rating. Further multivariate analysis with IQ held as a co-variant indicated no significant relationship between FORM score and communicative ability. This suggests caution in inferring that intra-oral shape-recognition scores reflect degree of oral sensory integrity. Perhaps a battery of oral perceptual tasks might more validly assess oral sensation-perception and aid in clarifying its relationship to speech.", "contents": "Intra-oral shape recognition by 138 mentally retarded subjects. Among Ss with normal intelligence, oral shape-recognition tests have shown a relationship between articulatory ability and oral sensory integrity. This investigation explored oral sensory impairment as a possible contributory cause of the articulatory difficulties exhibited by the mentally retarded. The Florida Oral-form Recognition Measure (FORM), a task requiring the intra-oral identification of 10 geometric shapes, was administered to 138 mentally retarded Ss. Twenty Ss were retested to establish reliability. Ss were placed in groups according to etiological categories (AAMD classification) and were assigned speech ratings by a speech pathologist. Of the total sample, 86% had varying degrees of defective speech or language. Mean FORM score was 3.5, and preliminary analysis yielded significant correlations between FORM score and IQ and between speech and language rating. Further multivariate analysis with IQ held as a co-variant indicated no significant relationship between FORM score and communicative ability. This suggests caution in inferring that intra-oral shape-recognition scores reflect degree of oral sensory integrity. Perhaps a battery of oral perceptual tasks might more validly assess oral sensation-perception and aid in clarifying its relationship to speech."}
{"id": "PMID:943760", "title": "Relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention in learning disabled children.", "content": "The relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention in 29 learning disabled children was investigated. The performance of the 9 reflective and the 9 impulsive children on selective-attention tasks was compared. An examination of t tests and correlations between variables for each task showed a relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention. This relationship was stronger for central than for incidental recall.", "contents": "Relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention in learning disabled children. The relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention in 29 learning disabled children was investigated. The performance of the 9 reflective and the 9 impulsive children on selective-attention tasks was compared. An examination of t tests and correlations between variables for each task showed a relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention. This relationship was stronger for central than for incidental recall."}
{"id": "PMID:943761", "title": "Oral stereognostic ability among tongue thrusters with interdental lisp, tongue thrusters without interdental lisp and normal children.", "content": "30 children, i.e., 10 children per group, 8 yr. of age, were given an oral stereognostic test. This test of 10 geometric forms varying in shape were developed by NIDR. 47 stimuli pairs were used and 10 pairs were repeated to measure test reliability. Subjects were blindfolded and asked to respond whether Items 1 and 2, presented consecutively, were the same or different. Results indicated that both groups of tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp scored significantly more poorly than did normal children (t = 4.68, P less than .001; t = 5.00, P less than .001), respectively. There were no significant differences, however, between tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp (t = .33, P greater than .05). Observations indicated that normal children used the tongue tip more frequently and accurately when discriminating the geometric forms than did the other groups.", "contents": "Oral stereognostic ability among tongue thrusters with interdental lisp, tongue thrusters without interdental lisp and normal children. 30 children, i.e., 10 children per group, 8 yr. of age, were given an oral stereognostic test. This test of 10 geometric forms varying in shape were developed by NIDR. 47 stimuli pairs were used and 10 pairs were repeated to measure test reliability. Subjects were blindfolded and asked to respond whether Items 1 and 2, presented consecutively, were the same or different. Results indicated that both groups of tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp scored significantly more poorly than did normal children (t = 4.68, P less than .001; t = 5.00, P less than .001), respectively. There were no significant differences, however, between tongue thrusters with and without interdental lisp (t = .33, P greater than .05). Observations indicated that normal children used the tongue tip more frequently and accurately when discriminating the geometric forms than did the other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:943763", "title": "Pheromonal control of aggressive display in siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens).", "content": "Male Siamese fighting fish displayed and respirated from the surface more frequently in water containing secretions collected from non-displaying male conspecifics than they did in clean water. Secretions collected from males given the opportunity to display to a mirror for 16, 30, or 45 min. did not affect display activity. However, secretions collected from males allowed to display to a mirror for 16 min. produced an increase in respiration rates. Secretions collected from males which had been stressed by electric shock resulted in decrements in aggressive display. Taken together, results of these experiments suggest that male Siamese fighting fish secrete substances which affect mirror-induced aggression and respiration rates.", "contents": "Pheromonal control of aggressive display in siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Male Siamese fighting fish displayed and respirated from the surface more frequently in water containing secretions collected from non-displaying male conspecifics than they did in clean water. Secretions collected from males given the opportunity to display to a mirror for 16, 30, or 45 min. did not affect display activity. However, secretions collected from males allowed to display to a mirror for 16 min. produced an increase in respiration rates. Secretions collected from males which had been stressed by electric shock resulted in decrements in aggressive display. Taken together, results of these experiments suggest that male Siamese fighting fish secrete substances which affect mirror-induced aggression and respiration rates."}
{"id": "PMID:943764", "title": "On the mechanism of the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine.", "content": "The negative inotropic action of ACh was investigated by voltage clamping mammalian atrial myocardium with the single sucrose gap method. Acetylcholine (ACh) affected the outward current, slow inward current and clamp tension in a concentration dependent way. 1. Concentrations of ACh which reduced action potential twitch tensions by up to 30 or 40% (ED-30-ED-40) increased steady state outward currents but had no effect on the time dependent outward current, the slow inward current or voltage clamp tension. This indicates that in this dose range the negative inotropy during normal activity can be completely explained by an \"indirect\" effect on the slow inward current, i.e. increased outward current shortens the action potential and prevents the slow inward current from running its normal time course. 2. Higher concentration of ACh (ED-70-ED-90) greatly increased the steady state outward currents and abolished anomalous rectification without affecting delayed rectification. The slow inward current and voltage clamp tension were reduced indicating that in this concentration range a 'direct' effect of ACh on the slow inward current and tension may be expected to add to the 'indirect' effect mentioned above.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine. The negative inotropic action of ACh was investigated by voltage clamping mammalian atrial myocardium with the single sucrose gap method. Acetylcholine (ACh) affected the outward current, slow inward current and clamp tension in a concentration dependent way. 1. Concentrations of ACh which reduced action potential twitch tensions by up to 30 or 40% (ED-30-ED-40) increased steady state outward currents but had no effect on the time dependent outward current, the slow inward current or voltage clamp tension. This indicates that in this dose range the negative inotropy during normal activity can be completely explained by an \"indirect\" effect on the slow inward current, i.e. increased outward current shortens the action potential and prevents the slow inward current from running its normal time course. 2. Higher concentration of ACh (ED-70-ED-90) greatly increased the steady state outward currents and abolished anomalous rectification without affecting delayed rectification. The slow inward current and voltage clamp tension were reduced indicating that in this concentration range a 'direct' effect of ACh on the slow inward current and tension may be expected to add to the 'indirect' effect mentioned above."}
{"id": "PMID:943765", "title": "Vasoconstrictor and pilomotor fibres in skin nerves to the cat's tail.", "content": "Postganglionic neurones to the tail's skin of the cat were investigated with regard to their spontaneous activity, response characteristics to somatic stimuli and asphyxia, the conduction velocity of their axons, and the conduction velocity of the preganglionic axons converging on them. The cats were anaesthetized with chloralose, immobilized, and arteficially ventilated. With this regimen the postganglionic neurones were divided into two types: 1. Type 1 neurones are spontaneously active and exhibit reflexes upon somatic stimulation. During asphyxia they are mostly first depressed and then excited for about 2-3 min. Their axons conduct with 0.57 +/- 0.13 m/s (mean +/- SD). The pregaglionic axons converging on them conduct with 5.4 +/- 1.6 m/s. 2. Type 2 neurones are not spontaneously active and exhibit with few exceptions no reflexes on somatic stimuli. During asphyxia they are activated after 3-4 min, concomitantly with piloerection, when the activity in type 1 neurones is already decreasing. Their axons conduct with 0.84 +/- 0.14 m/s, the preganglionic axons converging on them conduct with 9.9 +/- 2.9 m/s. 3. From these characteristics it is concluded that type 1 neurones have vasomotor function and most type 2 neurones pilomotor function.", "contents": "Vasoconstrictor and pilomotor fibres in skin nerves to the cat's tail. Postganglionic neurones to the tail's skin of the cat were investigated with regard to their spontaneous activity, response characteristics to somatic stimuli and asphyxia, the conduction velocity of their axons, and the conduction velocity of the preganglionic axons converging on them. The cats were anaesthetized with chloralose, immobilized, and arteficially ventilated. With this regimen the postganglionic neurones were divided into two types: 1. Type 1 neurones are spontaneously active and exhibit reflexes upon somatic stimulation. During asphyxia they are mostly first depressed and then excited for about 2-3 min. Their axons conduct with 0.57 +/- 0.13 m/s (mean +/- SD). The pregaglionic axons converging on them conduct with 5.4 +/- 1.6 m/s. 2. Type 2 neurones are not spontaneously active and exhibit with few exceptions no reflexes on somatic stimuli. During asphyxia they are activated after 3-4 min, concomitantly with piloerection, when the activity in type 1 neurones is already decreasing. Their axons conduct with 0.84 +/- 0.14 m/s, the preganglionic axons converging on them conduct with 9.9 +/- 2.9 m/s. 3. From these characteristics it is concluded that type 1 neurones have vasomotor function and most type 2 neurones pilomotor function."}
{"id": "PMID:943766", "title": "Activation and inhibition of muscle and cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hindlimb during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and atropine-sensitive vasodilation.", "content": "1. Discharge patterns in postganglionic neurones to muscle and to hairy skin of the hindlimb of chloralose anaesthetized cats were investigated during electrical hypothalamic stimulation which induced either vasoconstriction or atropine sensitive vasodilation in the skeletal muscle. 2. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones to muscle were activated both during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and active vasodilation. Stimulation of the hypothalamic vasodilator area induced mostly a sequence of activation-depression-activation in these neurones. Stimulation of cutaneous Group IV afferents elicited reflexes in these neurones; repetitive high frequency stimulation of large diameter afferents in the vago-depressor nerve produced depression of spontaneous activity followed by a post-inhibitory excitation. The characteristics of these neurones fit those that would be expected of vasoconstrictors. 3. Normally inactive postganglionic neurones to skeletal muscle could only be activated during hypothalamically induced atropine sensitive vasodilation. These neurones exhibit no reflexes on somatic stimulation. The axons of these neurones conduct faster than those of the spontaneously active postganglionic neurones. It is likely that they are cholinergic vasodilator neurones. 4. Most of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hairy skin were activated during stimulation of both the hypothalamic vasoconstrictor and the vasodilator areas. These neurones have the characteristics of cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones. Part of the cutaneous not spontaneously active postganglionic neurones could neither be activated from the hypothalamus nor by somatic stimuli.", "contents": "Activation and inhibition of muscle and cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hindlimb during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and atropine-sensitive vasodilation. 1. Discharge patterns in postganglionic neurones to muscle and to hairy skin of the hindlimb of chloralose anaesthetized cats were investigated during electrical hypothalamic stimulation which induced either vasoconstriction or atropine sensitive vasodilation in the skeletal muscle. 2. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones to muscle were activated both during hypothalamically induced vasoconstriction and active vasodilation. Stimulation of the hypothalamic vasodilator area induced mostly a sequence of activation-depression-activation in these neurones. Stimulation of cutaneous Group IV afferents elicited reflexes in these neurones; repetitive high frequency stimulation of large diameter afferents in the vago-depressor nerve produced depression of spontaneous activity followed by a post-inhibitory excitation. The characteristics of these neurones fit those that would be expected of vasoconstrictors. 3. Normally inactive postganglionic neurones to skeletal muscle could only be activated during hypothalamically induced atropine sensitive vasodilation. These neurones exhibit no reflexes on somatic stimulation. The axons of these neurones conduct faster than those of the spontaneously active postganglionic neurones. It is likely that they are cholinergic vasodilator neurones. 4. Most of the cutaneous postganglionic neurones to hairy skin were activated during stimulation of both the hypothalamic vasoconstrictor and the vasodilator areas. These neurones have the characteristics of cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurones. Part of the cutaneous not spontaneously active postganglionic neurones could neither be activated from the hypothalamus nor by somatic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:943767", "title": "The effects of different patterns of muscle activity on capillary density, mechanical properties and structure of slow and fast rabbit muscles.", "content": "When rabbit fast muscles were chronically stimulated at a frequency naturally occurring in nerves to slow muscles (10 Hz), there was a transformation towards a slow muscle type such as an increase of capillary density, increased activity of the oxidative enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase, and a decrease of muscle fibre diameters. After 28 days the intensity and distribution of SDH and the capillary density were similar to those of soleus. The increases in capillary density preceded the changes in activity of SDH; there was a significantly greater capillary/muscle fibre ratio and number of capillaries/mm2 in muscles stimulated for only 4 days at which time no change could be detected in SDH. These changes were induced by slow frequency stimulation only, and not by an overall increase of activity. Stimulation of fast muscles for 4 days at a higher frequency naturally occurring in the nerves to fast muscles (short bursts of tetani), with the same total number of stimuli as that used in slow frequency stimulation did not produce any changes in capillary density, activity of SDH or contraction times. No changes were observed in either fast or slow muscles stimulated with short bursts of tetani (and lower total number of impulses) up to 28 days. Activation of fast muscles at 5 Hz continuously or 10 Hz intermittently also caused an increase in capillary density. It is therefore concluded that only low frequency activation of fast muscles brings about a transformation of the muscle fibres towards a slow type and that the first noticeable change is an increase in the capillary density.", "contents": "The effects of different patterns of muscle activity on capillary density, mechanical properties and structure of slow and fast rabbit muscles. When rabbit fast muscles were chronically stimulated at a frequency naturally occurring in nerves to slow muscles (10 Hz), there was a transformation towards a slow muscle type such as an increase of capillary density, increased activity of the oxidative enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase, and a decrease of muscle fibre diameters. After 28 days the intensity and distribution of SDH and the capillary density were similar to those of soleus. The increases in capillary density preceded the changes in activity of SDH; there was a significantly greater capillary/muscle fibre ratio and number of capillaries/mm2 in muscles stimulated for only 4 days at which time no change could be detected in SDH. These changes were induced by slow frequency stimulation only, and not by an overall increase of activity. Stimulation of fast muscles for 4 days at a higher frequency naturally occurring in the nerves to fast muscles (short bursts of tetani), with the same total number of stimuli as that used in slow frequency stimulation did not produce any changes in capillary density, activity of SDH or contraction times. No changes were observed in either fast or slow muscles stimulated with short bursts of tetani (and lower total number of impulses) up to 28 days. Activation of fast muscles at 5 Hz continuously or 10 Hz intermittently also caused an increase in capillary density. It is therefore concluded that only low frequency activation of fast muscles brings about a transformation of the muscle fibres towards a slow type and that the first noticeable change is an increase in the capillary density."}
{"id": "PMID:943768", "title": "The effect of amiloride on the transepithelial potential difference of the distal tubule of the rat kidney.", "content": "Microelectrodes with relatively large tips (3-5 mu O.D.) were used to measure the transepithelial potential difference (PD) of the distal tubule of the rat kidney in the control state and following i.v. administration of amiloride. This drug produced an increase in the magnitude of the positive PD in early distal segments (from +8.0 to +10.5 mV) and a change in polarity of the PD in late distal segments (from -18.0 to +2.5 mV). These data suggest that the potassium-conserving properties of the drug are due to its ability to induce an unfavorable electrochemical gradient opposing passive potassium secretion along the distal tubule.", "contents": "The effect of amiloride on the transepithelial potential difference of the distal tubule of the rat kidney. Microelectrodes with relatively large tips (3-5 mu O.D.) were used to measure the transepithelial potential difference (PD) of the distal tubule of the rat kidney in the control state and following i.v. administration of amiloride. This drug produced an increase in the magnitude of the positive PD in early distal segments (from +8.0 to +10.5 mV) and a change in polarity of the PD in late distal segments (from -18.0 to +2.5 mV). These data suggest that the potassium-conserving properties of the drug are due to its ability to induce an unfavorable electrochemical gradient opposing passive potassium secretion along the distal tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:943769", "title": "Induction of acetylcholine receptors in muscle cultures.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells differentiated in vitro were monitored by using 125 I-alpha-bungarotoxin. The number of cholinergic receptors was increased 4-8 fold in 2 days due to inhibition of spontaneous contraction of the muscle fibers. The inhibition of this activity, whether mediated through tetrodotoxin, lidocaine or D-600, did not affect the biochemical differentiation of muscle, as represented by creatine-phosphokinase and acetylcholinesterase activity. \"Induction\" of receptors by tetrodotoxin was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin-D, or 5-bromotubericidine. Dystrophic muscle responded in vitro to inhibition of contraction similar to normal tissue.", "contents": "Induction of acetylcholine receptors in muscle cultures. Acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells differentiated in vitro were monitored by using 125 I-alpha-bungarotoxin. The number of cholinergic receptors was increased 4-8 fold in 2 days due to inhibition of spontaneous contraction of the muscle fibers. The inhibition of this activity, whether mediated through tetrodotoxin, lidocaine or D-600, did not affect the biochemical differentiation of muscle, as represented by creatine-phosphokinase and acetylcholinesterase activity. \"Induction\" of receptors by tetrodotoxin was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin-D, or 5-bromotubericidine. Dystrophic muscle responded in vitro to inhibition of contraction similar to normal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:943770", "title": "Transport of p-aminohippuric acid by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex.", "content": "Basal-lateral plasma membrane vesicles and brush border membrane vesicles were isolated from rat kidney cortex and the uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) into these vesicles was studied by Millipore filtration techniques. Both membrane preparations take up PAH into an osmotically reactive intravesicular space. The transport across the brush border membrane seems to involve only simple diffusion whereas in the basal-lateral plasma membrane in addition a specific transport system exists which is inhibited competitively by probenecid. The apparent affinity of this transport system for PAH is 5.4 X 10(-4) M and for probenecid 5.4 X 10(-5) M. PAH uptake into basal-lateral plasma membrane vesicles is influenced by alteration of the membrane potential. Maneuvers which render the intravesicular space more positive--as for example replacement of chloride by sulfate in the presence of a sodium gradient directed into the vesicles and addition of valinomycin in the presence of a potassium gradient directed into the vesicles--stimulate the uptake of PAH. Replacement of a sodium chloride gradient by a sodium thiocyanate gradient reduces the uptake probably by reducing the inside positive membrane potential. In the absence of salt gradients anion replacement and replacement of sodium by potassium does not affect PAH transport by basal-lateral plasma membranes. These results suggest that in isolated basal-lateral membranes transfer of PAH across the membrane is accompanied by a transfer of negative charge. They furthermore provide no evidence for the existence of a sodium-PAH cotransport system in this membrane preparation.", "contents": "Transport of p-aminohippuric acid by plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat kidney cortex. Basal-lateral plasma membrane vesicles and brush border membrane vesicles were isolated from rat kidney cortex and the uptake of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) into these vesicles was studied by Millipore filtration techniques. Both membrane preparations take up PAH into an osmotically reactive intravesicular space. The transport across the brush border membrane seems to involve only simple diffusion whereas in the basal-lateral plasma membrane in addition a specific transport system exists which is inhibited competitively by probenecid. The apparent affinity of this transport system for PAH is 5.4 X 10(-4) M and for probenecid 5.4 X 10(-5) M. PAH uptake into basal-lateral plasma membrane vesicles is influenced by alteration of the membrane potential. Maneuvers which render the intravesicular space more positive--as for example replacement of chloride by sulfate in the presence of a sodium gradient directed into the vesicles and addition of valinomycin in the presence of a potassium gradient directed into the vesicles--stimulate the uptake of PAH. Replacement of a sodium chloride gradient by a sodium thiocyanate gradient reduces the uptake probably by reducing the inside positive membrane potential. In the absence of salt gradients anion replacement and replacement of sodium by potassium does not affect PAH transport by basal-lateral plasma membranes. These results suggest that in isolated basal-lateral membranes transfer of PAH across the membrane is accompanied by a transfer of negative charge. They furthermore provide no evidence for the existence of a sodium-PAH cotransport system in this membrane preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:943771", "title": "K and Na ion content in the Pacinian corpuscle fluid and its role in the activity of receptors.", "content": "1. Potassium and sodium concentrations within the Pacinian corpuscle fluid have been investigated in adult cats. The sodium and potassium contents of samples were estimated by means of integrative ultramicroflame photometry. 2. The analytical results showed the values of the potassium concentration in the Pacinian corpuscle fluid and in the blood plasma to be 6.19 +/- 0.72 and 2.78 +/- 0.38 mequiv/1, respectively. 3. The increasing excitability of the Pacinian corpuscle in potassium-rich solution was shown by electrophysiologic methods. In potassium-free solution two phases of changing receptor excitability were observed. 4. Removal of sodium from external solution reduced the receptor potential to 10% of its original value. 5. Some mechanisms of the increase in excitability of primary tissue mechanoreceptors and secondary mechanoreceptors of the sense organs are discussed.", "contents": "K and Na ion content in the Pacinian corpuscle fluid and its role in the activity of receptors. 1. Potassium and sodium concentrations within the Pacinian corpuscle fluid have been investigated in adult cats. The sodium and potassium contents of samples were estimated by means of integrative ultramicroflame photometry. 2. The analytical results showed the values of the potassium concentration in the Pacinian corpuscle fluid and in the blood plasma to be 6.19 +/- 0.72 and 2.78 +/- 0.38 mequiv/1, respectively. 3. The increasing excitability of the Pacinian corpuscle in potassium-rich solution was shown by electrophysiologic methods. In potassium-free solution two phases of changing receptor excitability were observed. 4. Removal of sodium from external solution reduced the receptor potential to 10% of its original value. 5. Some mechanisms of the increase in excitability of primary tissue mechanoreceptors and secondary mechanoreceptors of the sense organs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943772", "title": "Enzyme activities in hepatic venous blood under strenuous physical exercise.", "content": "In order to study the influence of physical exercise on liver function, experiments were performed in healthy volunteers subjected to controlled major physical effort. Blood samples obtained by catheterization of hepatic vein during exercise were analyzed for activities of LD (thermostabile and thermolabile isoenzymes), AlAT, SDH, ICD, AP and CPK, and these activities were compared with corresponding values in arterial blood samples taken simultaneously. Hepatic blood flow and oxygen saturation of hepatic venous blood were measured. Physical exercise resulted both in diminished hepatic blood flow and a fall in hepatic venous oxygen saturation. These changes were accompanied by release of liver specific enzymes, indicating that exhausting exercise may induce an \"increased hepatocyte membrane permeability\" in man.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in hepatic venous blood under strenuous physical exercise. In order to study the influence of physical exercise on liver function, experiments were performed in healthy volunteers subjected to controlled major physical effort. Blood samples obtained by catheterization of hepatic vein during exercise were analyzed for activities of LD (thermostabile and thermolabile isoenzymes), AlAT, SDH, ICD, AP and CPK, and these activities were compared with corresponding values in arterial blood samples taken simultaneously. Hepatic blood flow and oxygen saturation of hepatic venous blood were measured. Physical exercise resulted both in diminished hepatic blood flow and a fall in hepatic venous oxygen saturation. These changes were accompanied by release of liver specific enzymes, indicating that exhausting exercise may induce an \"increased hepatocyte membrane permeability\" in man."}
{"id": "PMID:943774", "title": "Effects of altering spinal cord temperature on temperature regulation in the Adelie Penguin, Pygoscelis Adeliae.", "content": "In 6 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal canal. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of spinal canal heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- At thermoneutral ambient conditions, spinal cord cooling reduced and spinal heating increased skin blood flow. Only very strong spinal cooling induced small increases of oxygen consumption, while spinal heating had no effect at all. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production at thermoneutral ambient conditions could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0.05 W. KG-1 . DEGREES C-1. -At cold ambient conditions, the skin vessels of the flippers were permanently constricted and an increase of metabolic heat production by 5-50% of the resting rate developed within 1-3 h of cold exposure. Spinal cord cooling augmented metabolic heat production. Spinal heating reduced heat production but did not release skin vasoconstriction even at high stimulus intensities. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production in the cold could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0,52 W. kg-1 . degrees C-1. -It is concluded that temperature sensors with specific functions in temperature regulation are located in the spinal cord of the Adelie penguin. These sensors contribute to the central temperature signal input in the hypothermic and hyperthermic ranges of core temperature. The peripheral thermal conditions strongly influence the responsiveness of the various thermoregulatory effectors to the spinal thermal stimulus.", "contents": "Effects of altering spinal cord temperature on temperature regulation in the Adelie Penguin, Pygoscelis Adeliae. In 6 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal canal. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of spinal canal heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- At thermoneutral ambient conditions, spinal cord cooling reduced and spinal heating increased skin blood flow. Only very strong spinal cooling induced small increases of oxygen consumption, while spinal heating had no effect at all. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production at thermoneutral ambient conditions could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0.05 W. KG-1 . DEGREES C-1. -At cold ambient conditions, the skin vessels of the flippers were permanently constricted and an increase of metabolic heat production by 5-50% of the resting rate developed within 1-3 h of cold exposure. Spinal cord cooling augmented metabolic heat production. Spinal heating reduced heat production but did not release skin vasoconstriction even at high stimulus intensities. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production in the cold could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0,52 W. kg-1 . degrees C-1. -It is concluded that temperature sensors with specific functions in temperature regulation are located in the spinal cord of the Adelie penguin. These sensors contribute to the central temperature signal input in the hypothermic and hyperthermic ranges of core temperature. The peripheral thermal conditions strongly influence the responsiveness of the various thermoregulatory effectors to the spinal thermal stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:943775", "title": "Intracellular ion concentration and electrical activity in potassium-depleted mammalian soleus muscle fibers.", "content": "The relationship between the intracellular cation concentration and the membrane potential has been studied in \"Na-rich\" soleus muscle fibers of rats which had been fed a K-free diet for 10-50 days. The resting potentials of \"Na-rich\" muscle fibers closely agreed with the theoretical potential expected from ionic theory when a quantitative dissociation of active cation transport with Na ions extrusion exceeding K ions uptake was eliminated due to the recovery of \"Na-rich\" fibers in Krebs solution with 10 mM K for 2 h at 37 degrees C. The hyperpolarized membrane potentials during cellular Na ions extrusion were accounted for by the sum of the potentials produced by the electrogenic Na-pump and by the ionic diffusion potential. On the other hand, the amplitude of overshoot of action potentials decreased linearly with the logarithmic increase of the intracellular Na concentration ([Na]i). The maximum rate of rise of action potentials also changed as a fraction of [Na]i, though, at the early period of K-deficiency the inhibitory effect of the increased [Na]i on the maximum rate of rise was transiently masked by the hyperpolarization produced by the electrogenic Na-pump which secondarily led to a progressive reduction of Na inactivation, while the maximum rate of fall was a linear function of [K]i.", "contents": "Intracellular ion concentration and electrical activity in potassium-depleted mammalian soleus muscle fibers. The relationship between the intracellular cation concentration and the membrane potential has been studied in \"Na-rich\" soleus muscle fibers of rats which had been fed a K-free diet for 10-50 days. The resting potentials of \"Na-rich\" muscle fibers closely agreed with the theoretical potential expected from ionic theory when a quantitative dissociation of active cation transport with Na ions extrusion exceeding K ions uptake was eliminated due to the recovery of \"Na-rich\" fibers in Krebs solution with 10 mM K for 2 h at 37 degrees C. The hyperpolarized membrane potentials during cellular Na ions extrusion were accounted for by the sum of the potentials produced by the electrogenic Na-pump and by the ionic diffusion potential. On the other hand, the amplitude of overshoot of action potentials decreased linearly with the logarithmic increase of the intracellular Na concentration ([Na]i). The maximum rate of rise of action potentials also changed as a fraction of [Na]i, though, at the early period of K-deficiency the inhibitory effect of the increased [Na]i on the maximum rate of rise was transiently masked by the hyperpolarization produced by the electrogenic Na-pump which secondarily led to a progressive reduction of Na inactivation, while the maximum rate of fall was a linear function of [K]i."}
{"id": "PMID:943776", "title": "The influence of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve on oxygen-dependent functions of the isolated perfused rat liver. I. Studies at different levels of hypoxic hypoxia.", "content": "Isolated rat livers were perfused with fresh and 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate)-depleted human erythrocytes at different levels of hypoxia. The mean P50 values of the measured actual oxygen dissociation curves (O.D.C.) were 24.5 and 18 mm Hg. No changes in flow rate and perfusion pressure occurred under the different experimental conditons. It was shown that an advantage or disadvantage of a shift of the O.D.C. depends on the degree of hypoxia, as reflected in the venous PO2. Perfusions with fresh erythrocytes showed higher venous PO2 values during normoxia or moderate hypoxia and lower venous PO2 values at severe hypoxia. A cross-over point was found at a PO2 in the portal vein of 36 mm Hg. The disadvantage of perfusions with fresh erythrocytes at severre hypoxia was also reflected in higher cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial redox levels. Using bile flow rate as an indirect measure for the rate of hydroxylation-dependent O2 consumption a favourable effect of perfusion with fresh erythrocytes was found at a PO2 in the portal vein of 100 and 40 mm Hg.", "contents": "The influence of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve on oxygen-dependent functions of the isolated perfused rat liver. I. Studies at different levels of hypoxic hypoxia. Isolated rat livers were perfused with fresh and 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate)-depleted human erythrocytes at different levels of hypoxia. The mean P50 values of the measured actual oxygen dissociation curves (O.D.C.) were 24.5 and 18 mm Hg. No changes in flow rate and perfusion pressure occurred under the different experimental conditons. It was shown that an advantage or disadvantage of a shift of the O.D.C. depends on the degree of hypoxia, as reflected in the venous PO2. Perfusions with fresh erythrocytes showed higher venous PO2 values during normoxia or moderate hypoxia and lower venous PO2 values at severe hypoxia. A cross-over point was found at a PO2 in the portal vein of 36 mm Hg. The disadvantage of perfusions with fresh erythrocytes at severre hypoxia was also reflected in higher cytoplasmatic and mitochondrial redox levels. Using bile flow rate as an indirect measure for the rate of hydroxylation-dependent O2 consumption a favourable effect of perfusion with fresh erythrocytes was found at a PO2 in the portal vein of 100 and 40 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:943777", "title": "Current-voltage relation and reversal potential at junctional and extrajunctional ACh-receptors of the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The relationship between synaptic current and membrane potential has been examined at junctional and extrajunctional end-plate receptors of the frog. At junctional receptors, the synaptic current-membrane potential relationship is linear for close range iontophoretic ACh application and non-linear when it is delivered from some distance. At extra-junctional receptors the current-voltage relationship is always non-linear. These non-linearities can be related to the fact that in both cases [ACh] on membrane outlasts the mean life-time of the synaptic channels. When their mean life-time is varied, the current-voltage relationship obtained at junctional receptors is no longer linear and the peak synaptic conductance increases or decreases with hyperpolarization as the channel life time is shortened or lengthened, respectively.", "contents": "Current-voltage relation and reversal potential at junctional and extrajunctional ACh-receptors of the frog neuromuscular junction. The relationship between synaptic current and membrane potential has been examined at junctional and extrajunctional end-plate receptors of the frog. At junctional receptors, the synaptic current-membrane potential relationship is linear for close range iontophoretic ACh application and non-linear when it is delivered from some distance. At extra-junctional receptors the current-voltage relationship is always non-linear. These non-linearities can be related to the fact that in both cases [ACh] on membrane outlasts the mean life-time of the synaptic channels. When their mean life-time is varied, the current-voltage relationship obtained at junctional receptors is no longer linear and the peak synaptic conductance increases or decreases with hyperpolarization as the channel life time is shortened or lengthened, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:943778", "title": "The dilatatory action of adenosine on pial arteries of cats and its inhibition by theophylline.", "content": "The effect of adenosine upon pial resistance vessels was studied using local microapplication from the perivascular side and measurement of vascular diameter. Concentration-response curves revealed a concentration-dependent dilatatory effect of adenosine between 10(-7) and 10(-3) M. The degree of dilatation was independent of initial vessel size (47-260 mu). The dilatations due to adenosine could be reduced by theophylline in a reversible competitive antagonism. Concentration-response curves for theophylline yielded no vascular reaction at concentrations of up to 10(-5) M theophylline. From these data is is concluded that the pial arterial resting tone is not influenced under our experimental conditions by adenosine formed and released by brain tissue. The dilatations measured at high theophylline concentrations are apparently due to a mechanism different from the adenosine antagonism.", "contents": "The dilatatory action of adenosine on pial arteries of cats and its inhibition by theophylline. The effect of adenosine upon pial resistance vessels was studied using local microapplication from the perivascular side and measurement of vascular diameter. Concentration-response curves revealed a concentration-dependent dilatatory effect of adenosine between 10(-7) and 10(-3) M. The degree of dilatation was independent of initial vessel size (47-260 mu). The dilatations due to adenosine could be reduced by theophylline in a reversible competitive antagonism. Concentration-response curves for theophylline yielded no vascular reaction at concentrations of up to 10(-5) M theophylline. From these data is is concluded that the pial arterial resting tone is not influenced under our experimental conditions by adenosine formed and released by brain tissue. The dilatations measured at high theophylline concentrations are apparently due to a mechanism different from the adenosine antagonism."}
{"id": "PMID:943779", "title": "Potassium induced potential changes in rat diaphragm muscle.", "content": "The effect of different potassium concentrations on the membrane potential and membrane resistance of rat diaphragm muscle fibres was measured by means of a double sucrose gap method and a microelectrode technique. Concentration measurements showed that the muscle fibres gained sodium and lost potassium in the equilibration period. In the absence of external chloride changing the external potassium concentration from 2.8 mM to  potassium-free caused a depolarization of the membrane of about 30 mV and a small increase in membrane resistance. This K-dependent potential change (K-response) was induced by ouabain, K-strophanthin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and cyanide, indicating that an energy requiring process is involved. The temperature dependence of the K-response found is consistent with this assumption. Variation in potassium permeability in the absence and presence of external potassium could account for only 13% of the K-response. The K-response amplitude appeared to depend on the external potassium and the internal sodium concentration. Hyperpolarization of the membrane could not only be produced after readmission of potassium but also after addition of thallium, the latter being more potent. Raising the external chloride concentration resulted in a decrease of the K-response and membrane resistance. The current, generating the K-response was shown to be hardly influenced by conditional polarization of the membrane. It is concluded from these results that the K-response is mainly due to the operation of an electrogenic sodium pump.", "contents": "Potassium induced potential changes in rat diaphragm muscle. The effect of different potassium concentrations on the membrane potential and membrane resistance of rat diaphragm muscle fibres was measured by means of a double sucrose gap method and a microelectrode technique. Concentration measurements showed that the muscle fibres gained sodium and lost potassium in the equilibration period. In the absence of external chloride changing the external potassium concentration from 2.8 mM to  potassium-free caused a depolarization of the membrane of about 30 mV and a small increase in membrane resistance. This K-dependent potential change (K-response) was induced by ouabain, K-strophanthin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and cyanide, indicating that an energy requiring process is involved. The temperature dependence of the K-response found is consistent with this assumption. Variation in potassium permeability in the absence and presence of external potassium could account for only 13% of the K-response. The K-response amplitude appeared to depend on the external potassium and the internal sodium concentration. Hyperpolarization of the membrane could not only be produced after readmission of potassium but also after addition of thallium, the latter being more potent. Raising the external chloride concentration resulted in a decrease of the K-response and membrane resistance. The current, generating the K-response was shown to be hardly influenced by conditional polarization of the membrane. It is concluded from these results that the K-response is mainly due to the operation of an electrogenic sodium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:943780", "title": "Effects of altering rostral brain stem temperature on temperature regulation in the Adelie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae.", "content": "In 4 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the rostral brain stem. Two animals were additionally equipped with spinal canal thermodes. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of hypothalamic heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- Heating the rostral brain stem induced heat defence responses: Heat production was reduced in the cold and skin vasodilatation was evoked at thermoneutral ambient conditions. As a rule, core temperature fell during rostral brain stem heating.- Cooling the rostral brain stem did not induce clear-cut cold defence responses. On the contrary, strong cooling at thermo-neutral ambient conditions induced vasodilation in the skin. In the cold, even slight degrees of rostral brain stem cooling decreased metabolic heat production. As a rule, core temperature fell when the rostral brain stem was cooled.- It is concluded from the results that thermosensitive structures in the stimulated section of the rostral brain stem of the Adelie penguin contribute to the central temperature signal input in the range of normal to elevated core temperatures. These hypothalamic warm signals appear to be at least as effective as spinal warm signals in controlling skin blood flow and metabolic heat production. The inhibition of ongoing thermoregulatory effector activity by rostral brain stem cooling suggests positive temperature coefficients of the integrative and/or efferent neurons in the hypothalamic temperature regulation center of the Adelie penguin.", "contents": "Effects of altering rostral brain stem temperature on temperature regulation in the Adelie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae. In 4 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the rostral brain stem. Two animals were additionally equipped with spinal canal thermodes. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of hypothalamic heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- Heating the rostral brain stem induced heat defence responses: Heat production was reduced in the cold and skin vasodilatation was evoked at thermoneutral ambient conditions. As a rule, core temperature fell during rostral brain stem heating.- Cooling the rostral brain stem did not induce clear-cut cold defence responses. On the contrary, strong cooling at thermo-neutral ambient conditions induced vasodilation in the skin. In the cold, even slight degrees of rostral brain stem cooling decreased metabolic heat production. As a rule, core temperature fell when the rostral brain stem was cooled.- It is concluded from the results that thermosensitive structures in the stimulated section of the rostral brain stem of the Adelie penguin contribute to the central temperature signal input in the range of normal to elevated core temperatures. These hypothalamic warm signals appear to be at least as effective as spinal warm signals in controlling skin blood flow and metabolic heat production. The inhibition of ongoing thermoregulatory effector activity by rostral brain stem cooling suggests positive temperature coefficients of the integrative and/or efferent neurons in the hypothalamic temperature regulation center of the Adelie penguin."}
{"id": "PMID:943781", "title": "A response duration limiting effect in the frog's visual system.", "content": "Optic nerve axons were recorded in dark adapted frogs. The responses to light stimuli are dependent on 2 systems: a rate saturation- and a delayed quenching mechanism. In the rate saturation mechanism, an increase of stimulus intensity or diameter increases the firing rate of a unit, until a plateau is reached. In the delayed quenching mechanism the response duration decreases with increasing stimulus intensity or diameter. Interaction of these mechanisms causes the increase and decrease in the number of impulses with increasing stimulus intensity or stimulus diameter.", "contents": "A response duration limiting effect in the frog's visual system. Optic nerve axons were recorded in dark adapted frogs. The responses to light stimuli are dependent on 2 systems: a rate saturation- and a delayed quenching mechanism. In the rate saturation mechanism, an increase of stimulus intensity or diameter increases the firing rate of a unit, until a plateau is reached. In the delayed quenching mechanism the response duration decreases with increasing stimulus intensity or diameter. Interaction of these mechanisms causes the increase and decrease in the number of impulses with increasing stimulus intensity or stimulus diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:943782", "title": "Work-induced potassium changes in skeletal muscle and effluent venous blood assessed by liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes.", "content": "Using liquid ion-exchanger semimicroelectrodes with a side pore, we measured changes of extracellular potassium concentration (Ke+) in adult rabbit and cat gastrocnemius muscles and in venous effluent blood flowing from the cat gastrocnemius muscle during various bouts of activity induced by sciatic nerve stimulation. 1. Isometric tetanic contractions (at 50 Hz) of various durations caused transient accumulation of Ke+ which was non-linearly related to the duration of muscle activity. The peak values of Ke+ in response to muscle stimulation were analogous in rabbits and cats, attaining values, e.g. after a 20-sisometric tetanus, between 8-9 mEq/1K+ in both species. 2. Potassium concentration in venous effleunt blood (K+ven) was transiently increased after isometric tetani. Since blood flow was measured at the same time, it was possible to calculate the amount of K+ lost by the muscle after tetani of various durations. A 32 g gastrocnemius muscle of the cat, for example, loses 9.36 +/- 1.52 muEqK+ after a 20-s isometric tetanus, which corresponds roughly to 0.5% of the total muscle potassium content. The loss of K+ in this muscle was 29.3 pEq K+ /impulse/100 g fresh muscle tissue. 3. There was no evident difference between the amount of K+ released during isometric tetani, or tetanic contractions performed under isotonic conditions. Single twitches evoked by indirect stimulation at 1 HZ for several minutes also induced a small rise in K+ven. 4. If the loss of K+ from the muscle into the blood stream is transiently prevented by arterio-venous occlusion installed immediately before a 10-s isometric tetanus, most K+ is released subsequently when blood flow is renewed, if the occlusion lasts for 20-25 s. It is not until blood flow is occuded for 40-60 s that most K+ is apparently resorbed and only a minor portion is released and is to be found in the venous blood. 5. The transient accumulation of muscle extra-cellular potassium may locally affect nerve endings, skeletal and smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Work-induced potassium changes in skeletal muscle and effluent venous blood assessed by liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes. Using liquid ion-exchanger semimicroelectrodes with a side pore, we measured changes of extracellular potassium concentration (Ke+) in adult rabbit and cat gastrocnemius muscles and in venous effluent blood flowing from the cat gastrocnemius muscle during various bouts of activity induced by sciatic nerve stimulation. 1. Isometric tetanic contractions (at 50 Hz) of various durations caused transient accumulation of Ke+ which was non-linearly related to the duration of muscle activity. The peak values of Ke+ in response to muscle stimulation were analogous in rabbits and cats, attaining values, e.g. after a 20-sisometric tetanus, between 8-9 mEq/1K+ in both species. 2. Potassium concentration in venous effleunt blood (K+ven) was transiently increased after isometric tetani. Since blood flow was measured at the same time, it was possible to calculate the amount of K+ lost by the muscle after tetani of various durations. A 32 g gastrocnemius muscle of the cat, for example, loses 9.36 +/- 1.52 muEqK+ after a 20-s isometric tetanus, which corresponds roughly to 0.5% of the total muscle potassium content. The loss of K+ in this muscle was 29.3 pEq K+ /impulse/100 g fresh muscle tissue. 3. There was no evident difference between the amount of K+ released during isometric tetani, or tetanic contractions performed under isotonic conditions. Single twitches evoked by indirect stimulation at 1 HZ for several minutes also induced a small rise in K+ven. 4. If the loss of K+ from the muscle into the blood stream is transiently prevented by arterio-venous occlusion installed immediately before a 10-s isometric tetanus, most K+ is released subsequently when blood flow is renewed, if the occlusion lasts for 20-25 s. It is not until blood flow is occuded for 40-60 s that most K+ is apparently resorbed and only a minor portion is released and is to be found in the venous blood. 5. The transient accumulation of muscle extra-cellular potassium may locally affect nerve endings, skeletal and smooth muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943785", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on lipid mobilization].", "content": "Acetate-1-C14 was administered to rats 18 hours before the administration of hydrocortisone for the purpose of studying the action of this hormone on lipid mobilization. Blood plasma and adipose tissue lipid content failed to change, but it decreased in the liver. Hydrocortisone accelerated the elimination of the label from lipids of the liver, did not alter the radioactivity of blood plasma lipids and stimulated accumulation of endogenous label in the lipids of adipose tissue. An acceleration of lipid catabolism in the liver and of lipid anabolism in the adipose tissue was accompanied by stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver from the endogenous precursors. In discussing the materials the primary role of intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver in the mechanism of the regulating action of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism was postulated.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone on lipid mobilization]. Acetate-1-C14 was administered to rats 18 hours before the administration of hydrocortisone for the purpose of studying the action of this hormone on lipid mobilization. Blood plasma and adipose tissue lipid content failed to change, but it decreased in the liver. Hydrocortisone accelerated the elimination of the label from lipids of the liver, did not alter the radioactivity of blood plasma lipids and stimulated accumulation of endogenous label in the lipids of adipose tissue. An acceleration of lipid catabolism in the liver and of lipid anabolism in the adipose tissue was accompanied by stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver from the endogenous precursors. In discussing the materials the primary role of intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver in the mechanism of the regulating action of glucocorticoids on lipid metabolism was postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:943786", "title": "[The role of catecholamines in the mechanisms of thyroid gland influence on the development of \"stress\" and \"steroid\" stomach ulcers].", "content": "It was demonstrated in experiments on rats that induction of \"stress\" and \"steroid\" ulcers of the stomach was accompanied by reduction in adrenaline and noradrenaline content in the wall of the stomach. Induction of such ulcers in the animals with experimental disturbances of the thyroid gland function was also accompanied by a reduction in catecholamine content in the wall of the stomach; this phenomenon was much more pronounced in hyperthyroidism than in hypothyroidism, however.", "contents": "[The role of catecholamines in the mechanisms of thyroid gland influence on the development of \"stress\" and \"steroid\" stomach ulcers]. It was demonstrated in experiments on rats that induction of \"stress\" and \"steroid\" ulcers of the stomach was accompanied by reduction in adrenaline and noradrenaline content in the wall of the stomach. Induction of such ulcers in the animals with experimental disturbances of the thyroid gland function was also accompanied by a reduction in catecholamine content in the wall of the stomach; this phenomenon was much more pronounced in hyperthyroidism than in hypothyroidism, however."}
{"id": "PMID:943790", "title": "Effects of limiting water intake on the rat estrous cycle with observations on LH, prolactin, and corticosterone.", "content": "By the fifth week of restricting water intake at 1100 to a 15-min period per day, estrous cycle lengths had shifted in most animals (31/40) from 4 to 5 days with the 5-day cycles usually consisting of 3 days of diestrus. In the 5-day cycling rats, plasma corticosterone peaked at 1100 and also at 1900 hr, the proestrous surge in plasma LH was not significantly changed, although the variation in individual animals was greater and the prolactin surge was prolonged. Similar prolonged cycles followed water restriction at 1800 hr with animals returning to regular 4-day cycles when given water to ad libitum. These results suggest that the alteration of the normal corticosteroid rhythm and/or changes in prolactin secretion may account, in part at least, for the changes noted in cycle length after restricting the water intake.", "contents": "Effects of limiting water intake on the rat estrous cycle with observations on LH, prolactin, and corticosterone. By the fifth week of restricting water intake at 1100 to a 15-min period per day, estrous cycle lengths had shifted in most animals (31/40) from 4 to 5 days with the 5-day cycles usually consisting of 3 days of diestrus. In the 5-day cycling rats, plasma corticosterone peaked at 1100 and also at 1900 hr, the proestrous surge in plasma LH was not significantly changed, although the variation in individual animals was greater and the prolactin surge was prolonged. Similar prolonged cycles followed water restriction at 1800 hr with animals returning to regular 4-day cycles when given water to ad libitum. These results suggest that the alteration of the normal corticosteroid rhythm and/or changes in prolactin secretion may account, in part at least, for the changes noted in cycle length after restricting the water intake."}
{"id": "PMID:943791", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of twin and nontwin parotid salivary proteins.", "content": "Parotid salivary proteins from monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, nontwin sibs, and unrelated male and female subjects of the same age range as the twins were separated by polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis at pH 9.0. Variability of the stained protein patterns increased in the order: monozygotic twins; dizygotic twins and nontwin sibs; unrelated subjects. It is concluded that genetic factors are the major contributors to variability of parotid salivary proteins among subjects.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of twin and nontwin parotid salivary proteins. Parotid salivary proteins from monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, nontwin sibs, and unrelated male and female subjects of the same age range as the twins were separated by polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis at pH 9.0. Variability of the stained protein patterns increased in the order: monozygotic twins; dizygotic twins and nontwin sibs; unrelated subjects. It is concluded that genetic factors are the major contributors to variability of parotid salivary proteins among subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:943794", "title": "Comparison of withdrawal precipitating properties of various morphine antagonists and partial agonists in relation to their stereospecific binding to brain homogenates.", "content": "In morphine-dependent rats the withdrawal precipitating properties of various morphine antagonists and partial agonists were studied by quantitatively evaluating a variety of different withdrawal signs. A comparison of the dose response curves of the various substances obtained for the different signs revealed marked differences in respect to the lowest effective doses (EDs) necessary to precipitate the withdrawal signs as well as in the maximum frequencies of the signs induced. The \"pure\" antagonist, naloxone, which was judged very potent according to the ED, precipitated the lowest levels of jumping, whereas certain partial agonists of the benzomorphane type, which were less potent according to the ED, induced very high levels of this sign. These latter compounds, however, failed to precipitate \"complete\" withdrawal, as evidenced by the nearly complete absence of some of the withdrawal signs. The jumping precipitating potency of the antagonists as judged from the ED was found to be highly correlated to the stereospecific binding of these substances to rat brain homogenate. On the other hand, the ability of the substances to precipitate high levels of jumping was seen to increase, at least within a certain range, with increasing degree of agonistic properties, as indicated by the ratio of stereospecific binding in the presence and absence of sodium.", "contents": "Comparison of withdrawal precipitating properties of various morphine antagonists and partial agonists in relation to their stereospecific binding to brain homogenates. In morphine-dependent rats the withdrawal precipitating properties of various morphine antagonists and partial agonists were studied by quantitatively evaluating a variety of different withdrawal signs. A comparison of the dose response curves of the various substances obtained for the different signs revealed marked differences in respect to the lowest effective doses (EDs) necessary to precipitate the withdrawal signs as well as in the maximum frequencies of the signs induced. The \"pure\" antagonist, naloxone, which was judged very potent according to the ED, precipitated the lowest levels of jumping, whereas certain partial agonists of the benzomorphane type, which were less potent according to the ED, induced very high levels of this sign. These latter compounds, however, failed to precipitate \"complete\" withdrawal, as evidenced by the nearly complete absence of some of the withdrawal signs. The jumping precipitating potency of the antagonists as judged from the ED was found to be highly correlated to the stereospecific binding of these substances to rat brain homogenate. On the other hand, the ability of the substances to precipitate high levels of jumping was seen to increase, at least within a certain range, with increasing degree of agonistic properties, as indicated by the ratio of stereospecific binding in the presence and absence of sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:943796", "title": "Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following bites by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis).", "content": "The Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis, is widely and densely distributed in Africa. Fourteen patients with proven N. nigricollis bites, who were seen in the savanna region of Nigeria, did not exhibit the neurological signs, such as cranial nerve lesions and respiratory paralysis, expected following Elapid poisoning. All had local swelling, in eight cases involving the entire limb, and ten developed local tissue necrosis. Spontaneous haemorrhage was detected in three cases and was the probable cause of death in one of them; the other death in this series was unexplained. Haematological abnormalities included prolonged clot lysis anf failure of clot retraction due to a platelet defect. There was no specific deficit in clotting factors and a delayed rise in fibrin degradation products was attributed to extensive tissue damage at the site of the bit. Most patients showed depletion of complement component C3 and glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein (GBG), suggesting activation of the alternative pathway of complement fixation. There was evidence of hepatocellular damage in two out of six patients investigated. There was no evidence that specific polyvalent antivenoms, used in doses of up to 80 ml, prevented any of the effects of N. nigricollis venom. Clinical laboratory diagnosis is discussed. In the past many bites were wrongly classified as viper bites on the basis of clinical findings. Immunodiagnosis is a promising method for assessing the true importance of N. nigricollis bite in West Africa.", "contents": "Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following bites by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis). The Spitting Cobra, Naja nigricollis, is widely and densely distributed in Africa. Fourteen patients with proven N. nigricollis bites, who were seen in the savanna region of Nigeria, did not exhibit the neurological signs, such as cranial nerve lesions and respiratory paralysis, expected following Elapid poisoning. All had local swelling, in eight cases involving the entire limb, and ten developed local tissue necrosis. Spontaneous haemorrhage was detected in three cases and was the probable cause of death in one of them; the other death in this series was unexplained. Haematological abnormalities included prolonged clot lysis anf failure of clot retraction due to a platelet defect. There was no specific deficit in clotting factors and a delayed rise in fibrin degradation products was attributed to extensive tissue damage at the site of the bit. Most patients showed depletion of complement component C3 and glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein (GBG), suggesting activation of the alternative pathway of complement fixation. There was evidence of hepatocellular damage in two out of six patients investigated. There was no evidence that specific polyvalent antivenoms, used in doses of up to 80 ml, prevented any of the effects of N. nigricollis venom. Clinical laboratory diagnosis is discussed. In the past many bites were wrongly classified as viper bites on the basis of clinical findings. Immunodiagnosis is a promising method for assessing the true importance of N. nigricollis bite in West Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:943797", "title": "[Aims and limits of nuclear medicine methods in investigation of malignant and benign bone lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "In primary bone tumors the possibilities of bone scans are discussed. Exact differentiation between malignant and benign disease by this method is impossible. However, scanning provides important information about extent of the disease, metastases, multiplicity of benign lesions and influence of adjoining diseases to the bone. A special indication exists in cases of cerebral meningiomas and an absolute indication for searching osteoplastic metastases, e.g. in carcinomas of the breast and the prostate gland.", "contents": "[Aims and limits of nuclear medicine methods in investigation of malignant and benign bone lesions (author's transl)]. In primary bone tumors the possibilities of bone scans are discussed. Exact differentiation between malignant and benign disease by this method is impossible. However, scanning provides important information about extent of the disease, metastases, multiplicity of benign lesions and influence of adjoining diseases to the bone. A special indication exists in cases of cerebral meningiomas and an absolute indication for searching osteoplastic metastases, e.g. in carcinomas of the breast and the prostate gland."}
{"id": "PMID:943795", "title": "Sudden death in the laboratory rat.", "content": "Vulnerability to sudden death was produced in laboratory rats by manipulating their developmental history. Rats who were reared in isolation died suddenly when placed in a stressful swimming situation. Handling of these singly-housed rats from 25 to 100 days of age potentiated the phenomenon. However, animals who were group housed did not die even when they had been previously handled.", "contents": "Sudden death in the laboratory rat. Vulnerability to sudden death was produced in laboratory rats by manipulating their developmental history. Rats who were reared in isolation died suddenly when placed in a stressful swimming situation. Handling of these singly-housed rats from 25 to 100 days of age potentiated the phenomenon. However, animals who were group housed did not die even when they had been previously handled."}
{"id": "PMID:943798", "title": "Early radiographic manifestations of carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "The survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma is greatest if treatment is begun when the tumor is small and confined to the esophagus. To better define the early radiographic manifestations of this disease, we analyzed the clinical and pathological information and the radiographs from 9 patients with esophageal carcinomas 3.5 cm or less in diameter. All tumors involved one wall of the esophagus and most appeared as plaques or flat sessile polyps, occasionally with central ulceration. Air-contrast views of the distended esophagus demonstrated the tumors to best advantage and should facilitate early detection.", "contents": "Early radiographic manifestations of carcinoma of the esophagus. The survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma is greatest if treatment is begun when the tumor is small and confined to the esophagus. To better define the early radiographic manifestations of this disease, we analyzed the clinical and pathological information and the radiographs from 9 patients with esophageal carcinomas 3.5 cm or less in diameter. All tumors involved one wall of the esophagus and most appeared as plaques or flat sessile polyps, occasionally with central ulceration. Air-contrast views of the distended esophagus demonstrated the tumors to best advantage and should facilitate early detection."}
{"id": "PMID:943799", "title": "Subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates. Early diagnosis by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography was used to evaluate subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in 11 formalin-fixed brains obtained at autopsy from newborn infants from a population with a known high incidence of cerebral hemorrhage. After scanning, the brains were step-sectioned at levels corresponding to those of the scans. Subependymal and/or intraventricular hemorrhage was demonstrated in 6 of the 11 brains. There was a very close correlation between the scan images and the gross pathological findings in the affected brains. The authors conclude that computed tomography is an accurate method for the diagnosis of neonatal cerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "Subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in neonates. Early diagnosis by computed tomography. Computed tomography was used to evaluate subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage in 11 formalin-fixed brains obtained at autopsy from newborn infants from a population with a known high incidence of cerebral hemorrhage. After scanning, the brains were step-sectioned at levels corresponding to those of the scans. Subependymal and/or intraventricular hemorrhage was demonstrated in 6 of the 11 brains. There was a very close correlation between the scan images and the gross pathological findings in the affected brains. The authors conclude that computed tomography is an accurate method for the diagnosis of neonatal cerebral hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:943800", "title": "Computed tomography in metastatic disease of the brain.", "content": "Computed tomography has been found to be a more accurate diagnostic tool in the analysis of brain metastases than radionuclide scanning. Of 1,100 patients studied by CT scan, 57 showed evidence of intracerebral metastasis, and 14 showed evidence of hydrocephalus. Density levels below that of normal brain tissue were found in cases of metastases from the lung (13), breast (7), melanoma (4), kidney (3), lymphoma (3), and nasopharynx (1); levels above normal were found in cases of metastases from melanoma (8), lung (3), colon (3), chorionic carcinoma (2), osteogenic sarcoma (1), and kidney (1).", "contents": "Computed tomography in metastatic disease of the brain. Computed tomography has been found to be a more accurate diagnostic tool in the analysis of brain metastases than radionuclide scanning. Of 1,100 patients studied by CT scan, 57 showed evidence of intracerebral metastasis, and 14 showed evidence of hydrocephalus. Density levels below that of normal brain tissue were found in cases of metastases from the lung (13), breast (7), melanoma (4), kidney (3), lymphoma (3), and nasopharynx (1); levels above normal were found in cases of metastases from melanoma (8), lung (3), colon (3), chorionic carcinoma (2), osteogenic sarcoma (1), and kidney (1)."}
{"id": "PMID:943801", "title": "The diagnostic value of hyperostosis in midline subfrontal meningioma.", "content": "Roentgenologic analysis of 66 patients with proved midline subfrontal meningioma indicates a very high incidence of hyperostosis. A total of 63 patients (95%) showed varying degrees of hyperostosis involving the cribiform plate, planum sphenoidale, or tuberculum sellae (including the chiasmatic sulcus). The planum sphenoidale is the most common site of hyperostosis (59%). In 19 cases (29%), the region of hyperostosis did not correspond to the site of tumor attachment. Mild or localized hyperostosis may be apparent only on tomograms. Small \"blistering\" and \"saw-tooth-like\" osteoma formation are reliable early signs of midline subfrontal meningioma; conversely, midline subfrontal meningioma can be virtually ruled out if hyperostosis is absent.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of hyperostosis in midline subfrontal meningioma. Roentgenologic analysis of 66 patients with proved midline subfrontal meningioma indicates a very high incidence of hyperostosis. A total of 63 patients (95%) showed varying degrees of hyperostosis involving the cribiform plate, planum sphenoidale, or tuberculum sellae (including the chiasmatic sulcus). The planum sphenoidale is the most common site of hyperostosis (59%). In 19 cases (29%), the region of hyperostosis did not correspond to the site of tumor attachment. Mild or localized hyperostosis may be apparent only on tomograms. Small \"blistering\" and \"saw-tooth-like\" osteoma formation are reliable early signs of midline subfrontal meningioma; conversely, midline subfrontal meningioma can be virtually ruled out if hyperostosis is absent."}
{"id": "PMID:943802", "title": "Lumbar thermography in discogenic disease.", "content": "Thermography is a simple, noninvasive outpatient procedure which can be performed on patients with clinical symptoms of a herniated disk. A positive thermogram usually indicates that an abnormality will be found by myelography. However, the myelographic findings cannot be predicted by a negative lumbar thermogram.", "contents": "Lumbar thermography in discogenic disease. Thermography is a simple, noninvasive outpatient procedure which can be performed on patients with clinical symptoms of a herniated disk. A positive thermogram usually indicates that an abnormality will be found by myelography. However, the myelographic findings cannot be predicted by a negative lumbar thermogram."}
{"id": "PMID:943803", "title": "Rupture of the spleen in a newborn infant: report of a new roentgen sign.", "content": "The authors report a case of splenic rupture diagnosed preoperatively in a newborn infant. High-dose excretory urography is recommended in newborn infants who exhibit signs of severe anemia or hemoperitoneum.", "contents": "Rupture of the spleen in a newborn infant: report of a new roentgen sign. The authors report a case of splenic rupture diagnosed preoperatively in a newborn infant. High-dose excretory urography is recommended in newborn infants who exhibit signs of severe anemia or hemoperitoneum."}
{"id": "PMID:943804", "title": "Duplication of the urethra.", "content": "Ten patients with patent urethral duplication are presented. Nine patients had two independent patient channels originating from the bladder or the posterior urethra. Both voiding cystourethro and retrograde urethrography are necessary to completely evaluate this anomaly. In each instance the ventral channel, regardless of the position of its meatus, proved to be the more functional urethra. In those patients whose dorsal channel was in an epispadiac position, the symphysis pubis was abnormally wide. A functionally and anatomically accurate classification is proposed, and the embryology of these anomalies is discussed.", "contents": "Duplication of the urethra. Ten patients with patent urethral duplication are presented. Nine patients had two independent patient channels originating from the bladder or the posterior urethra. Both voiding cystourethro and retrograde urethrography are necessary to completely evaluate this anomaly. In each instance the ventral channel, regardless of the position of its meatus, proved to be the more functional urethra. In those patients whose dorsal channel was in an epispadiac position, the symphysis pubis was abnormally wide. A functionally and anatomically accurate classification is proposed, and the embryology of these anomalies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943805", "title": "Symmetrical reversed plantar calcaneal spurs in children. A normal variant?", "content": "Three cases of unrelated children who have symmetrical posteriorly directed plantar calcaneal spurs are presented. Only one reference to this appearance could be found in the English literature. These spurs are asymptomatic and probably represent variations in the normal development of the calcaneus.", "contents": "Symmetrical reversed plantar calcaneal spurs in children. A normal variant? Three cases of unrelated children who have symmetrical posteriorly directed plantar calcaneal spurs are presented. Only one reference to this appearance could be found in the English literature. These spurs are asymptomatic and probably represent variations in the normal development of the calcaneus."}
{"id": "PMID:943806", "title": "Retained abdominal placenta followed by angiography and ultrasound.", "content": "In a case of advanced abdominal pregnancy, the placenta was left in situ following operative extraction of the fetus. Ultrasound and angiographic studies provided assistance in planning subsequent surgery. Both types of examination are indicated in such cases.", "contents": "Retained abdominal placenta followed by angiography and ultrasound. In a case of advanced abdominal pregnancy, the placenta was left in situ following operative extraction of the fetus. Ultrasound and angiographic studies provided assistance in planning subsequent surgery. Both types of examination are indicated in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:943807", "title": "Aspermia and recovery of spermatogenesis in cancer patients following incidental gonadal irradiation during treatment: a progress report.", "content": "The 11 patients in this study who received incidental gonadal irradiation from clinical therapy all became aspermic within 8-34 weeks following treatment. The estimated gonadal dose was 118-228 rads. Five of these patients have shown recovery of spermatogenesis; 3 of these have reached fertilizable concentrations. Recovery of semen sperm was noted at 44-77 weeks following treatment. The other 2 patients, after 110-176 weeks, have sub-fertile concentrations of semen sperm. Five patients have not been followed for a sufficient length of time to permit recovery to be noted.", "contents": "Aspermia and recovery of spermatogenesis in cancer patients following incidental gonadal irradiation during treatment: a progress report. The 11 patients in this study who received incidental gonadal irradiation from clinical therapy all became aspermic within 8-34 weeks following treatment. The estimated gonadal dose was 118-228 rads. Five of these patients have shown recovery of spermatogenesis; 3 of these have reached fertilizable concentrations. Recovery of semen sperm was noted at 44-77 weeks following treatment. The other 2 patients, after 110-176 weeks, have sub-fertile concentrations of semen sperm. Five patients have not been followed for a sufficient length of time to permit recovery to be noted."}
{"id": "PMID:943808", "title": "Mushroom worker's lung disease.", "content": "Although usually considered a feature in mushroom worker's lung disease, hilar adenopathy was not found and only 8 of the authors' 26 patients exhibited positive radiographic findings. The etiology of the disease is allergic with a radiographic appearance of alveolitis which may present with consolidation or a reticular pattern. None of the 26 patients exhibited enlargment of the hilar lymph nodes. The acute phase subsides in 10 days to 6 weeks after exposure has ceased.", "contents": "Mushroom worker's lung disease. Although usually considered a feature in mushroom worker's lung disease, hilar adenopathy was not found and only 8 of the authors' 26 patients exhibited positive radiographic findings. The etiology of the disease is allergic with a radiographic appearance of alveolitis which may present with consolidation or a reticular pattern. None of the 26 patients exhibited enlargment of the hilar lymph nodes. The acute phase subsides in 10 days to 6 weeks after exposure has ceased."}
{"id": "PMID:943809", "title": "Differential diagnostic importance of retrograde phlebography in cases of unusual ectasia and renal pelvic deformity.", "content": "Retrograde renal phlebography is important in the differential diagnosis when carcinoma of the renal pelvis is suspected. Vessel cut-offs, differences in contrast density, variations in vessel caliber, and irregular identations of the vessel wall can be seen with this technique. This seems to be the only method of demonstrating varicositites of the renal veins.", "contents": "Differential diagnostic importance of retrograde phlebography in cases of unusual ectasia and renal pelvic deformity. Retrograde renal phlebography is important in the differential diagnosis when carcinoma of the renal pelvis is suspected. Vessel cut-offs, differences in contrast density, variations in vessel caliber, and irregular identations of the vessel wall can be seen with this technique. This seems to be the only method of demonstrating varicositites of the renal veins."}
{"id": "PMID:943810", "title": "The soleal line: a cause of tibial pseudoperiostitis.", "content": "An unusually prominent soleal line (a normal anatomic variant) may mimic periosteal reaction along the posterior margin of the proximal tibial shaft. This area of pseudoperiostitis is differentiated from hyperostoses arising from the anterior tibial tubercle and the interosseous membrane. It is always associated with normal, undisturbed architecture of the underlying bone.", "contents": "The soleal line: a cause of tibial pseudoperiostitis. An unusually prominent soleal line (a normal anatomic variant) may mimic periosteal reaction along the posterior margin of the proximal tibial shaft. This area of pseudoperiostitis is differentiated from hyperostoses arising from the anterior tibial tubercle and the interosseous membrane. It is always associated with normal, undisturbed architecture of the underlying bone."}
{"id": "PMID:943812", "title": "Luteal function in sheep injected with prostaglandin F2alpha directly into the corpus luteum.", "content": "Groups of ewes received either saline or prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) as an injection directly into the corpus luteum. Changes in circulating progesterone levels were measured as well as subsequent histological examination of the corpora lutea. Saline, or PGF2alpha given at the two lower doses (60 and 120 mug respectively), failed to suppress progesterone levels permanently, or to induce degenerative changes in the corpora lutea. Treatment with a higher dose of PGF2alpha (240 mug) was followed by a marked elevation in progesterone levels. These results are discussed in relation to reported effects of PGF2alpha arriving at the ovary via the arterial circulation.", "contents": "Luteal function in sheep injected with prostaglandin F2alpha directly into the corpus luteum. Groups of ewes received either saline or prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) as an injection directly into the corpus luteum. Changes in circulating progesterone levels were measured as well as subsequent histological examination of the corpora lutea. Saline, or PGF2alpha given at the two lower doses (60 and 120 mug respectively), failed to suppress progesterone levels permanently, or to induce degenerative changes in the corpora lutea. Treatment with a higher dose of PGF2alpha (240 mug) was followed by a marked elevation in progesterone levels. These results are discussed in relation to reported effects of PGF2alpha arriving at the ovary via the arterial circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:943814", "title": "[The effect of oxytocin and dihydrostilbestrol on various uterine cations (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of dihydrostilbestrol diacetate and oxytocin on the Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ content in uterine Wistar rats has been studied. A bilateral ovariectomy on the animals was performed. After seven days dihydrostibestrol (0.25 mg/kg a day) and oxytocine (0.025 U.I./kg a day) were administered separately and simultaneously i.p. during a period of five days. Twenty four hours after the first, third and fifth administration, five rats from each group were decapited and the above uterine cation content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Dihydrostibestrol induced a marked increase and a slight decrease in K+ and Na+ contents respectively, lowering the Na/K ration. It also increased greatly Ca++ and Mg++ content. Oxytocin induced a Na+ and K+ increase, a Ca++ decrease, and slight changes in Mg++. These results partially confirmed the bioelectric and biomechanic alterations produced by the above hormones on the uterine cells.", "contents": "[The effect of oxytocin and dihydrostilbestrol on various uterine cations (author's transl)]. The effect of dihydrostilbestrol diacetate and oxytocin on the Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ content in uterine Wistar rats has been studied. A bilateral ovariectomy on the animals was performed. After seven days dihydrostibestrol (0.25 mg/kg a day) and oxytocine (0.025 U.I./kg a day) were administered separately and simultaneously i.p. during a period of five days. Twenty four hours after the first, third and fifth administration, five rats from each group were decapited and the above uterine cation content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Dihydrostibestrol induced a marked increase and a slight decrease in K+ and Na+ contents respectively, lowering the Na/K ration. It also increased greatly Ca++ and Mg++ content. Oxytocin induced a Na+ and K+ increase, a Ca++ decrease, and slight changes in Mg++. These results partially confirmed the bioelectric and biomechanic alterations produced by the above hormones on the uterine cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943815", "title": "[Free endogenous aminoacids in perfused intestine in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The intestinal content of free aminoacids from endogenous origin is studied by perfusion through the small intestine of rats under the influence of several factors, pancreatic and biliary secretions, the addition of L-glutamic acid at two different concentrations to the perfusion liquid either with the pancreatic and biliary secretion or without them. The conclusion is reached that the pancreatic juice contributes significantly to the intestinal amount of free aminoacids; the addition of L-glutamic acid to the perfusion liquid under the fixed experimental conditions decreases the amount of free amino acids transfered by active mechanisms in the intestinal contents. This effect shows a certain selective preference to the essential aminoacids against the non-essential aminoacids. Such effect is not observed, however when the pancreatic secretion is not present in the intestinal contents.", "contents": "[Free endogenous aminoacids in perfused intestine in rats (author's transl)]. The intestinal content of free aminoacids from endogenous origin is studied by perfusion through the small intestine of rats under the influence of several factors, pancreatic and biliary secretions, the addition of L-glutamic acid at two different concentrations to the perfusion liquid either with the pancreatic and biliary secretion or without them. The conclusion is reached that the pancreatic juice contributes significantly to the intestinal amount of free aminoacids; the addition of L-glutamic acid to the perfusion liquid under the fixed experimental conditions decreases the amount of free amino acids transfered by active mechanisms in the intestinal contents. This effect shows a certain selective preference to the essential aminoacids against the non-essential aminoacids. Such effect is not observed, however when the pancreatic secretion is not present in the intestinal contents."}
{"id": "PMID:943816", "title": "Urinary 3,6-anhydroglucosamine.", "content": "A compound, isolated from acid hydrolysates of urine samples from normal children, characterized as 3,6-anhydroglucosamine by chromatography on a cation exchange resin and by gas-liquid chromatography, could not be detected in hydrolyses of urine from Morquio patients.", "contents": "Urinary 3,6-anhydroglucosamine. A compound, isolated from acid hydrolysates of urine samples from normal children, characterized as 3,6-anhydroglucosamine by chromatography on a cation exchange resin and by gas-liquid chromatography, could not be detected in hydrolyses of urine from Morquio patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943817", "title": "Inhibition of hepatic uptake of alpha aminoisobutyric acid by ethanol: effects of pyrazole and metabolites of ethanol.", "content": "Ethanol inhibits the uptake of AIB by the isolated perfused rat liver. However, if the metabolism of ethanol is blocked by pyrazole, there is no reduction in accumulation of AIB by the liver. Acetaldehyde and acetate, metabolites of ethanol have no effect on AIB uptake by the liver. The inhibition of urea synthesis by ethanol is also prevented by pyrazole. Neither of the metabolites of ethanol inhibit urea synthesis in the isolated liver.", "contents": "Inhibition of hepatic uptake of alpha aminoisobutyric acid by ethanol: effects of pyrazole and metabolites of ethanol. Ethanol inhibits the uptake of AIB by the isolated perfused rat liver. However, if the metabolism of ethanol is blocked by pyrazole, there is no reduction in accumulation of AIB by the liver. Acetaldehyde and acetate, metabolites of ethanol have no effect on AIB uptake by the liver. The inhibition of urea synthesis by ethanol is also prevented by pyrazole. Neither of the metabolites of ethanol inhibit urea synthesis in the isolated liver."}
{"id": "PMID:943818", "title": "Inhibition of drug metabolism by fluoxetine.", "content": "Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140: 3-p-trifluoromethylphenoxy-3-phenyl-N-methyl-propylamine hydrochloride) inhibited the metabolism of hexobarbital and ethinamate in rodents and prolonged the hypnotic effects of these drugs.", "contents": "Inhibition of drug metabolism by fluoxetine. Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140: 3-p-trifluoromethylphenoxy-3-phenyl-N-methyl-propylamine hydrochloride) inhibited the metabolism of hexobarbital and ethinamate in rodents and prolonged the hypnotic effects of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:943819", "title": "Dose of progesterone and allantoic fluid volume in conceptuses in ovariectomised goats.", "content": "The volume and composition of fetal fluids in conceptuses from untreated goats and from ovariectomised goats in which pregnancy was maintained with a high (0-76 mg per kg body weight) or low (0-35 mg per kg body weight) dose of progesterone, were determined. The mean allantoic fluid volume per conceptus was similar in the untreated goats (77-0+/-13-49 ml) and the ovariectomised goats which received the higher dose of progesterone (81-4+/-18-24 ml) but was significantly greater in the ovariectomised goats which received the lower dose of progesterone (251-5+/-66-49 ml). The increase in allantoic fluid was associated with a rise in K+ concentration.", "contents": "Dose of progesterone and allantoic fluid volume in conceptuses in ovariectomised goats. The volume and composition of fetal fluids in conceptuses from untreated goats and from ovariectomised goats in which pregnancy was maintained with a high (0-76 mg per kg body weight) or low (0-35 mg per kg body weight) dose of progesterone, were determined. The mean allantoic fluid volume per conceptus was similar in the untreated goats (77-0+/-13-49 ml) and the ovariectomised goats which received the higher dose of progesterone (81-4+/-18-24 ml) but was significantly greater in the ovariectomised goats which received the lower dose of progesterone (251-5+/-66-49 ml). The increase in allantoic fluid was associated with a rise in K+ concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:943843", "title": "99mTc in evaluation of sacro-iliac arthritis.", "content": "Profile scintigraphy using 99mTc has been employed in the study of sacro-iliac joints in order to achieve objective registration of inflammatory activity in the notoriously difficulty investigated sacro-iliac joints. The study showed good correlation between uptake values of the profile curve and inflammatory activity in the sacro-iliac joints. Differences between the means of the 99mTc uptake for patients with arthritis in the sacro-iliac joints, compared with those in the controls were highly significant (P less than 0.001). The method gives quantitative results which are comparable between different individuals. The shape of the uptake curve is informative. Side differences can be demonstrated and are valuable in estimation of asymmetric inflammation of sacro-iliac joints.", "contents": "99mTc in evaluation of sacro-iliac arthritis. Profile scintigraphy using 99mTc has been employed in the study of sacro-iliac joints in order to achieve objective registration of inflammatory activity in the notoriously difficulty investigated sacro-iliac joints. The study showed good correlation between uptake values of the profile curve and inflammatory activity in the sacro-iliac joints. Differences between the means of the 99mTc uptake for patients with arthritis in the sacro-iliac joints, compared with those in the controls were highly significant (P less than 0.001). The method gives quantitative results which are comparable between different individuals. The shape of the uptake curve is informative. Side differences can be demonstrated and are valuable in estimation of asymmetric inflammation of sacro-iliac joints."}
{"id": "PMID:943844", "title": "[The value of diagnostic laparotomy in patients with malignant lymphomas].", "content": "From 1972 to 1974 a collaborative prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence, causes and clinical course of chronic renal failure (CRF) in pediatric patients (age 1/2-16 years) in Switzerland. In addition, information concerning the occurrence of terminal CRF observed between 1967 and 1971 was obtained. CRF is defined as persistently elevated serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/100 ml. The small size of Switzerland (population 6.27 million) and the availability of specialized medical care favoured relative completeness of data. a) Non-terminal CRF. - Prevalence was 4.5 per million total population = 18.5 per million children (1/2-16 years old)(n = 28 at 31. 12. 1974); Causes: renal disease was acquired in 14% and congenital in 86% (hereditary nephropathies excluding polycystic kidneys 4%, polycystic kidneys 14%, hypoplasia 14%, urinary tract abnormalities 54%). Progression of CRF: mean time interval in which serum creatinine doubled was, in the group of acquired renal diseases, 8.3 months (n = 6); in hereditary nephropathies 14.3 months (n = 4); in the group of polycystic kidneys and hypoplasia 41.2 months (n = 6), and in patients with urinary tract abnormalities 35.8 months (n = 15). Body height was reduced in all groups as compared with normal children: 1.0 SDS (standard deviation scores) in acquired renal diseases (n = 9), 5.1 SDS in cystinosis (n = 2), 0.4 SDS in polycystic kidneys (n = 4), 1.6 SDS in hypoplasia (n = 5), and 2.3 SDS in urinary tract abnormalities (n = 16). b) Terminal CRF. - Mean yearly incidence (1967-1974, n = 68) was 1.36 per million total population = 5.6 per million children (1/2-16 years). Causes: In contrast to the situation in non-terminal CRF, acquired diseases were observed in 56% of all patients. Hereditary nephropathies were found in 12%, polycystic kidneys in 1.5%, hypoplasia in 4.5%, and urinary tract abnormalities in 26%. Between 1970 and 1972, 7 of 21 patients, and during 1973/1974 13 of 1n. On 31. 12. 1974, 18 of these 20 treated patients were alive, and of these 14 had a functioning graft.", "contents": "[The value of diagnostic laparotomy in patients with malignant lymphomas]. From 1972 to 1974 a collaborative prospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence, causes and clinical course of chronic renal failure (CRF) in pediatric patients (age 1/2-16 years) in Switzerland. In addition, information concerning the occurrence of terminal CRF observed between 1967 and 1971 was obtained. CRF is defined as persistently elevated serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/100 ml. The small size of Switzerland (population 6.27 million) and the availability of specialized medical care favoured relative completeness of data. a) Non-terminal CRF. - Prevalence was 4.5 per million total population = 18.5 per million children (1/2-16 years old)(n = 28 at 31. 12. 1974); Causes: renal disease was acquired in 14% and congenital in 86% (hereditary nephropathies excluding polycystic kidneys 4%, polycystic kidneys 14%, hypoplasia 14%, urinary tract abnormalities 54%). Progression of CRF: mean time interval in which serum creatinine doubled was, in the group of acquired renal diseases, 8.3 months (n = 6); in hereditary nephropathies 14.3 months (n = 4); in the group of polycystic kidneys and hypoplasia 41.2 months (n = 6), and in patients with urinary tract abnormalities 35.8 months (n = 15). Body height was reduced in all groups as compared with normal children: 1.0 SDS (standard deviation scores) in acquired renal diseases (n = 9), 5.1 SDS in cystinosis (n = 2), 0.4 SDS in polycystic kidneys (n = 4), 1.6 SDS in hypoplasia (n = 5), and 2.3 SDS in urinary tract abnormalities (n = 16). b) Terminal CRF. - Mean yearly incidence (1967-1974, n = 68) was 1.36 per million total population = 5.6 per million children (1/2-16 years). Causes: In contrast to the situation in non-terminal CRF, acquired diseases were observed in 56% of all patients. Hereditary nephropathies were found in 12%, polycystic kidneys in 1.5%, hypoplasia in 4.5%, and urinary tract abnormalities in 26%. Between 1970 and 1972, 7 of 21 patients, and during 1973/1974 13 of 1n. On 31. 12. 1974, 18 of these 20 treated patients were alive, and of these 14 had a functioning graft."}
{"id": "PMID:943845", "title": "[Silicosis, chronic bronchitis and smoking habits].", "content": "In 333 patients suffereing from silicosis the incidence of chronic bronchitis and/or obstruction of the respiratory tract has been correlated with cigarette smoking. The incidence of chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction in patients who had acquired either slight or severe silicosis in Switzerland was over 50%. A positive correlation between cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction could be found only in younger patients with slight silicosis. Chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction was not more frequent in foundry-workers suffering from silicosis where they had been exposed to fumes which irritated the respiratory tract. Deformation of the respiratory tract due to silicosis has a greater bearing on the development of chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction than immoderate cigarette smoking.", "contents": "[Silicosis, chronic bronchitis and smoking habits]. In 333 patients suffereing from silicosis the incidence of chronic bronchitis and/or obstruction of the respiratory tract has been correlated with cigarette smoking. The incidence of chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction in patients who had acquired either slight or severe silicosis in Switzerland was over 50%. A positive correlation between cigarette smoking and chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction could be found only in younger patients with slight silicosis. Chronic bronchitis and/or airway obstruction was not more frequent in foundry-workers suffering from silicosis where they had been exposed to fumes which irritated the respiratory tract. Deformation of the respiratory tract due to silicosis has a greater bearing on the development of chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction than immoderate cigarette smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:943846", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: independent segregation of the human alpha- and beta-globin genes.", "content": "Hybrid somatic cells containing a partial complement of human chromosomes were used to demonstrate that the human alpha- and beta-globin genes are located on different chromosomes. Two cell lines consisting of a cross of mouse with human fibroblasts contained the human alpha- and not the beta-globin gene, while a cross of human marrow cells with mouse erythroleukemia cells expressed the human beta- but not the alpha-globin gene.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: independent segregation of the human alpha- and beta-globin genes. Hybrid somatic cells containing a partial complement of human chromosomes were used to demonstrate that the human alpha- and beta-globin genes are located on different chromosomes. Two cell lines consisting of a cross of mouse with human fibroblasts contained the human alpha- and not the beta-globin gene, while a cross of human marrow cells with mouse erythroleukemia cells expressed the human beta- but not the alpha-globin gene."}
{"id": "PMID:943847", "title": "Two functional effects of decreased conductance EPSP's: synaptic augmentation and increased electrotonic coupling.", "content": "Three electronically coupled motor neurons, which mediate inking behavior in Aplysia californica, receive both increased and decreased conductance excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's). The increased conductance EPSP's reduce electrical coupling among the cells, whereas the decreased conductance EPSP's increase electrical coupling. The decreased conductance EPSP's also augment the action of a previously ineffective sensory input and this augmentation is enhanced by the increase in electrical coupling. Both effects combine to trigger a stereotypic behavioral response.", "contents": "Two functional effects of decreased conductance EPSP's: synaptic augmentation and increased electrotonic coupling. Three electronically coupled motor neurons, which mediate inking behavior in Aplysia californica, receive both increased and decreased conductance excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's). The increased conductance EPSP's reduce electrical coupling among the cells, whereas the decreased conductance EPSP's increase electrical coupling. The decreased conductance EPSP's also augment the action of a previously ineffective sensory input and this augmentation is enhanced by the increase in electrical coupling. Both effects combine to trigger a stereotypic behavioral response."}
{"id": "PMID:943849", "title": "Polysplenic syndrome in association with a rudimentary spleen.", "content": "A case report is presented which contains a constellation of congenital anomalies often found associated in the polysplenia syndrome. A single ectopic rudimentary spleen was found instead of the typical polysplenic malformation. The case is discussed in relation to the variability of both the asplenia and polysplenia syndromes.", "contents": "Polysplenic syndrome in association with a rudimentary spleen. A case report is presented which contains a constellation of congenital anomalies often found associated in the polysplenia syndrome. A single ectopic rudimentary spleen was found instead of the typical polysplenic malformation. The case is discussed in relation to the variability of both the asplenia and polysplenia syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:943850", "title": "Percutaneous puncture of pancreatic cysts guided by ultrasound.", "content": "Fifteen pancreatic cysts have been successfully punctured percutaneously under the guidance of ultrasonic B scanning. The procedure may be used for verification of ultrasonic diagnosis, for definitive therapy, for decompression in the case of threatening rupture and for allowance of time for maturation of the cyst membrane before surgical intervention.", "contents": "Percutaneous puncture of pancreatic cysts guided by ultrasound. Fifteen pancreatic cysts have been successfully punctured percutaneously under the guidance of ultrasonic B scanning. The procedure may be used for verification of ultrasonic diagnosis, for definitive therapy, for decompression in the case of threatening rupture and for allowance of time for maturation of the cyst membrane before surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:943851", "title": "Management of colitis caused by irradiation.", "content": "Radiation therapy has assumed a role of primary importance in the management of gynecologic and other malignant growths.  To be effective, the treatment dosage must be adequate. However, with higher dosages for curative radiation therapy, damage from the treatment may promote prolonged morbidity and even death. The effects of this treatment may be intensified by predisposing conditions within the patient, but the damage seems to be related to the insertion of radium. Prior to therapy, each patient must be individualized, and any predisposing factors should be kept in mind during treatment to recognize and treat these complications early. Once complications have arisen, the most conservative modality of dealing with the irradiated tissue is best, since these areas of intestinal injury do not heal. This requires early diversion or resection as conservative therapy, because fistulas and bleeding will become recurrent and intractable. If diversion fails to control bleeding, resection is necessary, even if it involves an abdominoperineal resection. Therefore, conservative can become radical for this supposedly benign illness.", "contents": "Management of colitis caused by irradiation. Radiation therapy has assumed a role of primary importance in the management of gynecologic and other malignant growths.  To be effective, the treatment dosage must be adequate. However, with higher dosages for curative radiation therapy, damage from the treatment may promote prolonged morbidity and even death. The effects of this treatment may be intensified by predisposing conditions within the patient, but the damage seems to be related to the insertion of radium. Prior to therapy, each patient must be individualized, and any predisposing factors should be kept in mind during treatment to recognize and treat these complications early. Once complications have arisen, the most conservative modality of dealing with the irradiated tissue is best, since these areas of intestinal injury do not heal. This requires early diversion or resection as conservative therapy, because fistulas and bleeding will become recurrent and intractable. If diversion fails to control bleeding, resection is necessary, even if it involves an abdominoperineal resection. Therefore, conservative can become radical for this supposedly benign illness."}
{"id": "PMID:943852", "title": "Saccadic visual suppression and down-beat nystagmus: a case of Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "content": "A case is reported in which visual disturbances associated with the sole physical finding of downbeat nystagmus led to investigation of a patient for a foramen magnum lesion. The Arnold-Chiari malformation was suggested by air study and confirmed at surgery. It is suggested that the phenomenon of saccadic suppression was responsible for the patient's visual disability. This was unaccompanied by any of the other neurological manifestations of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Cases presenting in this manner, with only visual disturbances, may run the risk of being unrecognized for some time as a result.", "contents": "Saccadic visual suppression and down-beat nystagmus: a case of Arnold-Chiari malformation. A case is reported in which visual disturbances associated with the sole physical finding of downbeat nystagmus led to investigation of a patient for a foramen magnum lesion. The Arnold-Chiari malformation was suggested by air study and confirmed at surgery. It is suggested that the phenomenon of saccadic suppression was responsible for the patient's visual disability. This was unaccompanied by any of the other neurological manifestations of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Cases presenting in this manner, with only visual disturbances, may run the risk of being unrecognized for some time as a result."}
{"id": "PMID:943853", "title": "Myelomatous metastasis to the pineal body.", "content": "The case is reported of a large metastasis to the pineal body in patient with plasma cell leukemia, a disorder akin to myelomatosis. There were no apparent clinical effects from the tumor in the pineal body. The brain was otherwise uninvolved. A discussion of the relevant literature is given.", "contents": "Myelomatous metastasis to the pineal body. The case is reported of a large metastasis to the pineal body in patient with plasma cell leukemia, a disorder akin to myelomatosis. There were no apparent clinical effects from the tumor in the pineal body. The brain was otherwise uninvolved. A discussion of the relevant literature is given."}
{"id": "PMID:943854", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of intra-arterial injection of drugs of abuse.", "content": "Acute vascular insufficiency following intra-arterial injection of a variety of drugs has been recognized for many years. The present study addresses the hypothesis that this vascular insufficiency may be due to vasospasm. Intra-arterial injections of logarithmic doses of drugs of abuse from the barbiturate, narcotic, non-narcotic analgesic, and amphetamine groups were studied in baboons. All drugs except amphetamine produced significant increases in femoral flow. Dextroamphetamine produced insignificant alteration in flow. Solid excipients, cornstarch, and talcum powder when injected intra-arterially decreased flow, and vascular obstruction was shown angiographically. These data suggest that vasospasm is not a primary response of intra-arterial injection of drugs of abuse.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of intra-arterial injection of drugs of abuse. Acute vascular insufficiency following intra-arterial injection of a variety of drugs has been recognized for many years. The present study addresses the hypothesis that this vascular insufficiency may be due to vasospasm. Intra-arterial injections of logarithmic doses of drugs of abuse from the barbiturate, narcotic, non-narcotic analgesic, and amphetamine groups were studied in baboons. All drugs except amphetamine produced significant increases in femoral flow. Dextroamphetamine produced insignificant alteration in flow. Solid excipients, cornstarch, and talcum powder when injected intra-arterially decreased flow, and vascular obstruction was shown angiographically. These data suggest that vasospasm is not a primary response of intra-arterial injection of drugs of abuse."}
{"id": "PMID:943855", "title": "Congenital partial pericardial defect: surgical correction by partial pericardiectomy through a median sternotomy.", "content": "A case of symptomatic congenital pericardial defect with herniation of the left atrial appendage is reported. The patient had experienced increasing fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, and slight cyanosis. A partial pericardiectomy through a median sternotomy was performed and the patient made an uneventful recovery.", "contents": "Congenital partial pericardial defect: surgical correction by partial pericardiectomy through a median sternotomy. A case of symptomatic congenital pericardial defect with herniation of the left atrial appendage is reported. The patient had experienced increasing fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, and slight cyanosis. A partial pericardiectomy through a median sternotomy was performed and the patient made an uneventful recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:943856", "title": "Some sources of nongenetic variability in steroid-induced cleft palate in mice.", "content": "C57BL/6JKt female mice mated to A/JKt males were each injected im with 50 mg/kg triamcinolone 13 days post-VP, and the roles of a number of nongenetic factors underlying variability in the frequency of cleft palate (CP) induced in the fetuses were analyzed. Litter size and number of young per uterine horn, overall, were not significantly related to the CP rate. But nearly one-quarter of litters (almost all larger-sized ones) contained CP rates deviating from-mostly less than-expected on a random basis. Analysis of litters with deviant CP distribution, as well as of all suitable litters, indicated that only maternal treatment-day weight was significantly associated, inversely, with CP frequency-in spite of the treatment dosage having been weight-based. There was no clear relation between the CP and resorption rates; but litters with deviant CP distribution had a significantly greater resorption rate than the others. Fetal weight was inversely related to CP rate even in litters of uniform size. Fetuses occupying uterine positions immediately caudal to those with CP had a significantly higher CP rate than those next to normals, and conceptuses caudal to resorptuses a significantly higher resorption rate than those next to surviving fetuses; but the reverse was not true: CP and resorption rates were not greater in those next to resorptuses and surviving fetuses, respectively.", "contents": "Some sources of nongenetic variability in steroid-induced cleft palate in mice. C57BL/6JKt female mice mated to A/JKt males were each injected im with 50 mg/kg triamcinolone 13 days post-VP, and the roles of a number of nongenetic factors underlying variability in the frequency of cleft palate (CP) induced in the fetuses were analyzed. Litter size and number of young per uterine horn, overall, were not significantly related to the CP rate. But nearly one-quarter of litters (almost all larger-sized ones) contained CP rates deviating from-mostly less than-expected on a random basis. Analysis of litters with deviant CP distribution, as well as of all suitable litters, indicated that only maternal treatment-day weight was significantly associated, inversely, with CP frequency-in spite of the treatment dosage having been weight-based. There was no clear relation between the CP and resorption rates; but litters with deviant CP distribution had a significantly greater resorption rate than the others. Fetal weight was inversely related to CP rate even in litters of uniform size. Fetuses occupying uterine positions immediately caudal to those with CP had a significantly higher CP rate than those next to normals, and conceptuses caudal to resorptuses a significantly higher resorption rate than those next to surviving fetuses; but the reverse was not true: CP and resorption rates were not greater in those next to resorptuses and surviving fetuses, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:943857", "title": "Prenatal effects of Ochratoxin A in hamsters.", "content": "Pregnant golden hamsters were injected ip with 2.5-20 mg/kg ochratoxin A on one of gestation days 7-10. The largest dosages when given on day 7,8, or 9 increased prenatal mortality and on day 9 diminished fetal growth. Malformations, such as micrognathia, hydrocephalus, short tail, oligodactyly, syndactyly, cleft lip, micromelia, and heart defects occurred, but no skeletal malformations were noted. These results add to the prenatal effects of ochratoxin A previously reported in mouse, rat, and chicken embryos.", "contents": "Prenatal effects of Ochratoxin A in hamsters. Pregnant golden hamsters were injected ip with 2.5-20 mg/kg ochratoxin A on one of gestation days 7-10. The largest dosages when given on day 7,8, or 9 increased prenatal mortality and on day 9 diminished fetal growth. Malformations, such as micrognathia, hydrocephalus, short tail, oligodactyly, syndactyly, cleft lip, micromelia, and heart defects occurred, but no skeletal malformations were noted. These results add to the prenatal effects of ochratoxin A previously reported in mouse, rat, and chicken embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:943858", "title": "Developmental anomalies in a human fetus of 17 weeks' gestational age.", "content": "Chromosome studies of a therapeutically aborted male fetus, after amniocentesis of a 41-year-old woman, showed an abnormal karyotype of 47, XY, + 18. The fetus had many of the external anomalies described in newborns with trisomy 18; macrodissection revealed many internal anomalies consistent with this syndrome. The external and internal findings are described.", "contents": "Developmental anomalies in a human fetus of 17 weeks' gestational age. Chromosome studies of a therapeutically aborted male fetus, after amniocentesis of a 41-year-old woman, showed an abnormal karyotype of 47, XY, + 18. The fetus had many of the external anomalies described in newborns with trisomy 18; macrodissection revealed many internal anomalies consistent with this syndrome. The external and internal findings are described."}
{"id": "PMID:943859", "title": "A 94-mm human fetus with the VACTERL association of anomalies.", "content": "A spontaneously aborted human male fetus of 94 mm crown-rump length had multiple malformations including atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula, anorectal agenesis, anomalies of the heart and great vessels, kidneys, bladder, and left testis, and a single umbilical artery. This association of defects has not previously been described in a fetus at this immature stage of development.", "contents": "A 94-mm human fetus with the VACTERL association of anomalies. A spontaneously aborted human male fetus of 94 mm crown-rump length had multiple malformations including atresia of the esophagus with tracheoesophageal fistula, anorectal agenesis, anomalies of the heart and great vessels, kidneys, bladder, and left testis, and a single umbilical artery. This association of defects has not previously been described in a fetus at this immature stage of development."}
{"id": "PMID:943860", "title": "Association of congenital heart defects with season and population density.", "content": "Infants born in New England with congenital heart defects were examined for association with time of year or population density. Moderate seasonal peaks in births were noted for complex ventricular septal defect, malposition defects, and transposition of the great arteries. Positive associations with population density were found for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect with secondary anomalies, and tricuspid atresia.", "contents": "Association of congenital heart defects with season and population density. Infants born in New England with congenital heart defects were examined for association with time of year or population density. Moderate seasonal peaks in births were noted for complex ventricular septal defect, malposition defects, and transposition of the great arteries. Positive associations with population density were found for pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect with secondary anomalies, and tricuspid atresia."}
{"id": "PMID:943861", "title": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. III. Interaction with amino acids known as neurotransmitters.", "content": "The amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurocholate, guanidine, glycine, and beta-alanine, known to have putative functions as neurotransmitters, when given as supplement to carbachol or decamethonium, greatly reduced the incidence of malformations produced in chicken embryos by these depolarizing cholinomimetic teratogens. In combination with the nondepolarizing teratogens neostigmine and pyridostigmine similarly beneficial effects occurred only by supplementation with gamma-aminobutyric acid.", "contents": "Cholinomimetic teratogens. III. Interaction with amino acids known as neurotransmitters. The amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid, taurocholate, guanidine, glycine, and beta-alanine, known to have putative functions as neurotransmitters, when given as supplement to carbachol or decamethonium, greatly reduced the incidence of malformations produced in chicken embryos by these depolarizing cholinomimetic teratogens. In combination with the nondepolarizing teratogens neostigmine and pyridostigmine similarly beneficial effects occurred only by supplementation with gamma-aminobutyric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:943862", "title": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of human minor birth defects and morphological variants in a completely ascertained newborn population (Madison study).", "content": "In 4319 infants examined at birth who were without major birth defects those with a \"remarkable\" pregnancy outcome, i.e., low birth weight (less than 2500 g), long gestation (greater than or equal to 43 weeks), stillborn, or twin status, were more likely to have a minor birth defect than the remainder. With regard to the 2 most frequent defects, simian crease and folded helix, the increase in the former was of about the same order (1.6-2.1 -fold) in those with remarkable outcome of all types, but the increase in the latter was particularly great in twins (approximately 3.1-fold) compared with the other remarkable outcomes (approximately 1.3-fold). With regard to variants, which were defined as those features scored that occurred in 4% or more of the newborn population, some (flat and small hemangioma on face and scalp, Brushfield spots, flat nasal bridge, hyperflexed thumbs, hydrocele, and mild calcaneovalgus) exhibited a trend towards negative association with low birth weight and a trend to positive association (with exception of hemangioma and calcaneovalgus) with long gestation, suggesting they may simply be indirect markers of gestational age. There was a trend to a slight decrease in the frequency of minor defects with increasing maternal age, similar to the trend for major defects.", "contents": "Some aspects of the epidemiology of human minor birth defects and morphological variants in a completely ascertained newborn population (Madison study). In 4319 infants examined at birth who were without major birth defects those with a \"remarkable\" pregnancy outcome, i.e., low birth weight (less than 2500 g), long gestation (greater than or equal to 43 weeks), stillborn, or twin status, were more likely to have a minor birth defect than the remainder. With regard to the 2 most frequent defects, simian crease and folded helix, the increase in the former was of about the same order (1.6-2.1 -fold) in those with remarkable outcome of all types, but the increase in the latter was particularly great in twins (approximately 3.1-fold) compared with the other remarkable outcomes (approximately 1.3-fold). With regard to variants, which were defined as those features scored that occurred in 4% or more of the newborn population, some (flat and small hemangioma on face and scalp, Brushfield spots, flat nasal bridge, hyperflexed thumbs, hydrocele, and mild calcaneovalgus) exhibited a trend towards negative association with low birth weight and a trend to positive association (with exception of hemangioma and calcaneovalgus) with long gestation, suggesting they may simply be indirect markers of gestational age. There was a trend to a slight decrease in the frequency of minor defects with increasing maternal age, similar to the trend for major defects."}
{"id": "PMID:943863", "title": "Cytogenetics of postimplantation rabbit conceptuses following delayed fertilization.", "content": "The chromosome complement and anatomical development of 10-16-day rabbit embryos were studied following delayed fertilization. Preimplantation loss was 40% in the experimental group compared with 17% in control animals. Also, a greater number of embryos retarded in growth or with structural anomalies was seen in the delayed-mated group. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a trisomy for a small metacentric chromosome in 104 control embryos. Only 1 triploid embryo was found in 84 implantation sites from rabbits that had been delayed mated. The incidence of triploidy postimplantation was much less than the 13% found previously in 6-day blastocyts. Increased embryonic loss at the time of or shortly after implantation may be responsible for the discrepancy.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of postimplantation rabbit conceptuses following delayed fertilization. The chromosome complement and anatomical development of 10-16-day rabbit embryos were studied following delayed fertilization. Preimplantation loss was 40% in the experimental group compared with 17% in control animals. Also, a greater number of embryos retarded in growth or with structural anomalies was seen in the delayed-mated group. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a trisomy for a small metacentric chromosome in 104 control embryos. Only 1 triploid embryo was found in 84 implantation sites from rabbits that had been delayed mated. The incidence of triploidy postimplantation was much less than the 13% found previously in 6-day blastocyts. Increased embryonic loss at the time of or shortly after implantation may be responsible for the discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:943864", "title": "Tolbutamide treatment of pregnant mice: repeated administration reduces fetal lethality.", "content": "Pretreatment of pregnant BALB/c mice with several low doses of tolbutamide protected against the fetolethal effects of a high dose. Pregnant mice were given single ip injections of 400 mg/kg in saline on day 13; 100 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, 12, and 13; or 100 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, and 12 and 400 mg/kg on day 13. On day 16 the single-treatment group had a significantly higher resorption rate than any other group. Fetolethality was not related to hypoglycemia. The protective effect of pretreatment may have been due to induction of maternal microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "Tolbutamide treatment of pregnant mice: repeated administration reduces fetal lethality. Pretreatment of pregnant BALB/c mice with several low doses of tolbutamide protected against the fetolethal effects of a high dose. Pregnant mice were given single ip injections of 400 mg/kg in saline on day 13; 100 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, 12, and 13; or 100 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, and 12 and 400 mg/kg on day 13. On day 16 the single-treatment group had a significantly higher resorption rate than any other group. Fetolethality was not related to hypoglycemia. The protective effect of pretreatment may have been due to induction of maternal microsomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:943865", "title": "Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in normal and hydrocortisone-treated hamsters.", "content": "Fetal palate morphogenesis was studied in normal and hydrocortisone-treated hamsters. Formation of the normal palate was completed between day 12:00 and 13:00 of gestation, and during this period 8 distinct developmental stages were recognized. Following hydrocortisone administration the early stages, during which vertical-to-horizontal shelf reorientation occurs, appeared to be unaffected, but subsequent fusion between opposing shelves was inhibited. Both chronological age and fetal weight provided reliable criteria for stages of normal palatal development. Following hydrocortisone administration, however, fetal weight was a poorer indicator of stage of palate organogenesis than chronological age.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in normal and hydrocortisone-treated hamsters. Fetal palate morphogenesis was studied in normal and hydrocortisone-treated hamsters. Formation of the normal palate was completed between day 12:00 and 13:00 of gestation, and during this period 8 distinct developmental stages were recognized. Following hydrocortisone administration the early stages, during which vertical-to-horizontal shelf reorientation occurs, appeared to be unaffected, but subsequent fusion between opposing shelves was inhibited. Both chronological age and fetal weight provided reliable criteria for stages of normal palatal development. Following hydrocortisone administration, however, fetal weight was a poorer indicator of stage of palate organogenesis than chronological age."}
{"id": "PMID:943868", "title": "Phytohaemagglutinin and transfer factor in the leucocyte migration inhibition test in patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "A new system of phytohaemagglutinin stimulation in vitro using the leucocyte migration inhibition test has been applied to patients with active and inactive sarcoidosis and subjects with a persistently negative response to tuberculin. Patients with active sarcoidosis and the tuberculin-negative subjects have a depressed response to the mitogen. This response is improved by the addition of transfer factor to the cultures.", "contents": "Phytohaemagglutinin and transfer factor in the leucocyte migration inhibition test in patients with sarcoidosis. A new system of phytohaemagglutinin stimulation in vitro using the leucocyte migration inhibition test has been applied to patients with active and inactive sarcoidosis and subjects with a persistently negative response to tuberculin. Patients with active sarcoidosis and the tuberculin-negative subjects have a depressed response to the mitogen. This response is improved by the addition of transfer factor to the cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:943871", "title": "[Gonotrophic dissociation in Culex pipiens pipiens L. (author's transl)].", "content": "Under certain conditions gonotrophic dissociation has been observed in Culex pipiens pipiens. To contribute to a better understanding of the factors which govern the appearance of this phenomenon and of its ecological importance a population in Northern Germany has been investigated. Follicular development, feeding activity and occurrence of gonotrophic dissociation were examined in females obtained from wild-caught larval stages and kept under outdoor conditions after emergence in July and August. In addition overwintering females collected in cellars in September and October were investigated after reactivation by exposure to 16 hours illumination periods and 28 degrees C. In females emerging in August the follicles were generally small, the feeding activity was very low but the rate of gonotrophic dissociation appeared to be higher than that in mosquitoes which had emerged in July. Overwintering females had small follicles and did not take a blood meal during the first days under reactivation conditions. Only after five days a development of follicles and an increase in feeding activity became apparent. Through the effect of long illumination and high temperature the state of diapause was gradually overcome and the females were fully reactivated. At the same time the rate of gonotrophic dissociation in fed females which was high in the early time of exposure to reactivation conditions became low. This suggests that gonotrophic dissociation occurs commonly in females with low feeding activity, i.e. those which are not reactivated completely. In Northern Germany the overwintering females are unfed and nulliparous and gonotrophic dissociation does not seem to play an important role for the overwintering of the mosquito in this area.", "contents": "[Gonotrophic dissociation in Culex pipiens pipiens L. (author's transl)]. Under certain conditions gonotrophic dissociation has been observed in Culex pipiens pipiens. To contribute to a better understanding of the factors which govern the appearance of this phenomenon and of its ecological importance a population in Northern Germany has been investigated. Follicular development, feeding activity and occurrence of gonotrophic dissociation were examined in females obtained from wild-caught larval stages and kept under outdoor conditions after emergence in July and August. In addition overwintering females collected in cellars in September and October were investigated after reactivation by exposure to 16 hours illumination periods and 28 degrees C. In females emerging in August the follicles were generally small, the feeding activity was very low but the rate of gonotrophic dissociation appeared to be higher than that in mosquitoes which had emerged in July. Overwintering females had small follicles and did not take a blood meal during the first days under reactivation conditions. Only after five days a development of follicles and an increase in feeding activity became apparent. Through the effect of long illumination and high temperature the state of diapause was gradually overcome and the females were fully reactivated. At the same time the rate of gonotrophic dissociation in fed females which was high in the early time of exposure to reactivation conditions became low. This suggests that gonotrophic dissociation occurs commonly in females with low feeding activity, i.e. those which are not reactivated completely. In Northern Germany the overwintering females are unfed and nulliparous and gonotrophic dissociation does not seem to play an important role for the overwintering of the mosquito in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:943872", "title": "Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. II. Production traits in cattle.", "content": "The results of an intensive 12 months study of a number of herds in the migratory and sedentary sectors of the livestock economy of Southern Darfur are recorded. In almost every production parameter the performance of the former is superior to that of the latter but, overall, production appears to be static or declining. During 1973 the cattle population of the area is estimated to have declined 7 per cent. Meat production per kilogramme of breeding female was calculated to be 0-057 kg in the migratory sector but only 0-023 kg in the sedentary sector. Calculated calving rates are significantly higher at 65 per cent in the migratory sector than the 40 per cent of the sedentary sector. Deaths in the former sector were only 15 per cent compared with the 35 per cent of the latter. It is concluded that total settlement of the migratory sector is not the answer to the current problem of the livestock sector of Southern Darfur.", "contents": "Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. II. Production traits in cattle. The results of an intensive 12 months study of a number of herds in the migratory and sedentary sectors of the livestock economy of Southern Darfur are recorded. In almost every production parameter the performance of the former is superior to that of the latter but, overall, production appears to be static or declining. During 1973 the cattle population of the area is estimated to have declined 7 per cent. Meat production per kilogramme of breeding female was calculated to be 0-057 kg in the migratory sector but only 0-023 kg in the sedentary sector. Calculated calving rates are significantly higher at 65 per cent in the migratory sector than the 40 per cent of the sedentary sector. Deaths in the former sector were only 15 per cent compared with the 35 per cent of the latter. It is concluded that total settlement of the migratory sector is not the answer to the current problem of the livestock sector of Southern Darfur."}
{"id": "PMID:943875", "title": "Cavernospongiosum shunts in treatment of priapism.", "content": "Our experience with cavernospongiosum shunts in the treatment of patients with priapism seen during the past four years is reviewed, and the surgical technique and results are presented.", "contents": "Cavernospongiosum shunts in treatment of priapism. Our experience with cavernospongiosum shunts in the treatment of patients with priapism seen during the past four years is reviewed, and the surgical technique and results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943876", "title": "Renal actinomycosis.", "content": "Renal actinomycosis is an endogenous systemic fungal disease with rare renal involvement. Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Renal actinomycosis. Renal actinomycosis is an endogenous systemic fungal disease with rare renal involvement. Diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943877", "title": "Benign melanosis and malignant melanoma of penis and male urethra.", "content": "Malignant melanoma of the penis and male uretha are unusually aggressive tumors which only rarely are cured by radical surgery. Melanosis of the penis may be confused with malignant melanoma, and we report a case of melanosis originally diagnosed and treated as melanoma with survival for twenty years. We contrast this with another case of malignant penile melanoma with a fatal outcome.", "contents": "Benign melanosis and malignant melanoma of penis and male urethra. Malignant melanoma of the penis and male uretha are unusually aggressive tumors which only rarely are cured by radical surgery. Melanosis of the penis may be confused with malignant melanoma, and we report a case of melanosis originally diagnosed and treated as melanoma with survival for twenty years. We contrast this with another case of malignant penile melanoma with a fatal outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:943873", "title": "[Comparative studys on ages-related changes in collagen structures of Achilles and tail tendons in rats].", "content": "The rate and degree of age changes in collagen structures of the Achilles and tail tendons were studied in 0.5, 1, 3, 12 and 24 month old rats. The hydration degree and imino acid content were determined in the tendon collagen fibres. The proline/hydroxyproline ratio and collagen content in tendons were calculated. The wide-angle X-ray studies in the air-dried samples obtained from collagen fibres were conducted for estimating orientation and texture degree of collagen fibres. By all the studied parameters the formation and development of collagen structures in the Achilles tendons are more rapid and intensive than in the tail ones.", "contents": "[Comparative studys on ages-related changes in collagen structures of Achilles and tail tendons in rats]. The rate and degree of age changes in collagen structures of the Achilles and tail tendons were studied in 0.5, 1, 3, 12 and 24 month old rats. The hydration degree and imino acid content were determined in the tendon collagen fibres. The proline/hydroxyproline ratio and collagen content in tendons were calculated. The wide-angle X-ray studies in the air-dried samples obtained from collagen fibres were conducted for estimating orientation and texture degree of collagen fibres. By all the studied parameters the formation and development of collagen structures in the Achilles tendons are more rapid and intensive than in the tail ones."}
{"id": "PMID:943878", "title": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of page kidney: Selected aspects.", "content": "The Page kidney is a well-recognized cause of correctable hypertension. The case described herein illustrates certain select diagnostic features including the method of radiographic visualization of the capsule and subcapsular fluid-which appears to be related to both the volume of contrast material injected and the proper timing sequence of the radiographic examination. The chosen therapeutic approach was aimed at curing the hypertension while preserving maximal renal function. Aspiration therapy was used as an initial conservative procedure. Removal of the entire pseudocapsule followed in preference to nephrectomy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgical treatment of page kidney: Selected aspects. The Page kidney is a well-recognized cause of correctable hypertension. The case described herein illustrates certain select diagnostic features including the method of radiographic visualization of the capsule and subcapsular fluid-which appears to be related to both the volume of contrast material injected and the proper timing sequence of the radiographic examination. The chosen therapeutic approach was aimed at curing the hypertension while preserving maximal renal function. Aspiration therapy was used as an initial conservative procedure. Removal of the entire pseudocapsule followed in preference to nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:943874", "title": "[Enzymes participating in the formation of ammonia in various experimental liver diseases].", "content": "The activity of adenosine desaminase AMP-desaminase and glutaminase was studied in blood serum and the liver tissue at the normal state and with acute, subacute experimental affection of the liver as well as with the CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis and obturation jaundice in different periods. It is shown that the degree and trend of changes in the enzyme activity in the affected liver depend on the character and duration of the affecting agents action. The acute and subacute affection of the liver and one-day obturation jaundice are accompanied by a decrease in the activity of all the studied enzymes in the liver tissue. With cirrhosis induced by a multiple administration of CCl4 for three months or with a month obturation jaundice the activity of glutaminase in the liver tissue lowers and that of adenosine desaminase and AMP-desaminase increased sharply. In blood serum the activity of adenosine desaminase and AMP-desaminase increases more considerably with acute affection and cirrhosis, especially with billar one.", "contents": "[Enzymes participating in the formation of ammonia in various experimental liver diseases]. The activity of adenosine desaminase AMP-desaminase and glutaminase was studied in blood serum and the liver tissue at the normal state and with acute, subacute experimental affection of the liver as well as with the CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis and obturation jaundice in different periods. It is shown that the degree and trend of changes in the enzyme activity in the affected liver depend on the character and duration of the affecting agents action. The acute and subacute affection of the liver and one-day obturation jaundice are accompanied by a decrease in the activity of all the studied enzymes in the liver tissue. With cirrhosis induced by a multiple administration of CCl4 for three months or with a month obturation jaundice the activity of glutaminase in the liver tissue lowers and that of adenosine desaminase and AMP-desaminase increased sharply. In blood serum the activity of adenosine desaminase and AMP-desaminase increases more considerably with acute affection and cirrhosis, especially with billar one."}
{"id": "PMID:943879", "title": "Angiographic aspects of tumors of renal pelvis and ureter.", "content": "Selective renal arteriography was done in 5 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and upper ureter. In 2 cases, the presence of tumor vessels was unequivocally diagnostic. In the remaining 3 cases, the arteriographic changes were not as prominent but were suggestive of neoplasm and were helpful in differentiating other causes of filling defects in the collecting system.", "contents": "Angiographic aspects of tumors of renal pelvis and ureter. Selective renal arteriography was done in 5 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and upper ureter. In 2 cases, the presence of tumor vessels was unequivocally diagnostic. In the remaining 3 cases, the arteriographic changes were not as prominent but were suggestive of neoplasm and were helpful in differentiating other causes of filling defects in the collecting system."}
{"id": "PMID:943880", "title": "Adrenergic innervation and stimulation of canine urethra.", "content": "Sympathetic nervous innervation of the canine urethra was studied using catecholamine histofluorescent straining and the in vitro muscle bath. Morphologically, adrenergic nerves were found terminating on the urethral smooth muscle. Pharmacologically, urethral strips responded like muscle strips from the bladder base to adrenergic stimulation. This evidence supports the concept that the sympathetic nervous system supplies and modulates the function of the smooth muscle stimulation of the rich periurethral vasculature nerve supply.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation and stimulation of canine urethra. Sympathetic nervous innervation of the canine urethra was studied using catecholamine histofluorescent straining and the in vitro muscle bath. Morphologically, adrenergic nerves were found terminating on the urethral smooth muscle. Pharmacologically, urethral strips responded like muscle strips from the bladder base to adrenergic stimulation. This evidence supports the concept that the sympathetic nervous system supplies and modulates the function of the smooth muscle stimulation of the rich periurethral vasculature nerve supply."}
{"id": "PMID:943881", "title": "Observations on the repeated treatment for fascioliasis of stock on a farm in south-west England.", "content": "The effects of a programme of repeated dosing of all stock for fascioliasis over a four year period on a north Devon farm is described. There was a decline in the average percentage of infection. Observations on the snail intermediate host and on a neighbouring farm suggested that at least some of the improvement was due to environmental factors. Although at the end of the period the level of infection was lower, there was no evidence that further intensification of the programme would lead to eradication.", "contents": "Observations on the repeated treatment for fascioliasis of stock on a farm in south-west England. The effects of a programme of repeated dosing of all stock for fascioliasis over a four year period on a north Devon farm is described. There was a decline in the average percentage of infection. Observations on the snail intermediate host and on a neighbouring farm suggested that at least some of the improvement was due to environmental factors. Although at the end of the period the level of infection was lower, there was no evidence that further intensification of the programme would lead to eradication."}
{"id": "PMID:943882", "title": "The effect of disturbances on milk production in cows.", "content": "Observations were made at the evening and morning milkings immediately before, and the corresponding milkings immediately after, cows had either been injected with tuberculin or disturbed by parties of visitors. At the evening milkings both types of disturbance reduced yield and solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein percentages, but the tuberculin tests increased, and the party visits decreased, the fat percentages. For all these parameters compensatory opposite results were obtained at the milkings the following mornings.", "contents": "The effect of disturbances on milk production in cows. Observations were made at the evening and morning milkings immediately before, and the corresponding milkings immediately after, cows had either been injected with tuberculin or disturbed by parties of visitors. At the evening milkings both types of disturbance reduced yield and solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein percentages, but the tuberculin tests increased, and the party visits decreased, the fat percentages. For all these parameters compensatory opposite results were obtained at the milkings the following mornings."}
{"id": "PMID:943883", "title": "The effect of the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine on transmission of Fasciola hepatica.", "content": "Field trials were carried out in north Devon to investigate the relationship between molluscicide treatment of pastures and control of liver fluke infection in sheep. Seven tracer lambs per plot were used to estimate the infectivity of 17 pairs of 0.20 hectare plots. One plot in each pair was treated with the molluscicide Frescon (N-tritylmorpholine). There was a highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the numbers of Fasciola hepatica recovered from lambs grazed on treated and untreated plots in the period after molluscicide treatment. The overall degree of snail control achieved by one application of molluscicide to 17 plots was about 90 per cent and this was matched by a comparable degree of liver fluke control. There was considerable variation between the plots and there was no simple correlation between snail numbers and liver fluke numbers (r = -0.03). The use of molluscicides is discussed in relation to the biotic potential of Lymnaea truncatula and environmental factors which limit its population growth.", "contents": "The effect of the molluscicide N-tritylmorpholine on transmission of Fasciola hepatica. Field trials were carried out in north Devon to investigate the relationship between molluscicide treatment of pastures and control of liver fluke infection in sheep. Seven tracer lambs per plot were used to estimate the infectivity of 17 pairs of 0.20 hectare plots. One plot in each pair was treated with the molluscicide Frescon (N-tritylmorpholine). There was a highly significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the numbers of Fasciola hepatica recovered from lambs grazed on treated and untreated plots in the period after molluscicide treatment. The overall degree of snail control achieved by one application of molluscicide to 17 plots was about 90 per cent and this was matched by a comparable degree of liver fluke control. There was considerable variation between the plots and there was no simple correlation between snail numbers and liver fluke numbers (r = -0.03). The use of molluscicides is discussed in relation to the biotic potential of Lymnaea truncatula and environmental factors which limit its population growth."}
{"id": "PMID:943884", "title": "Protection by acetylsalicylic acid and other agents in experimental acute interstitial pneumonia of calves.", "content": "In experimental acute interstitial pneumonia caused by Ascaris suum, therapy with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) provided symptomatic control of the condition, reducing or abolishing the characteristic \"setback\". Treatment with antihistamines or antiserotonin agents caused no observable clinical improvements.", "contents": "Protection by acetylsalicylic acid and other agents in experimental acute interstitial pneumonia of calves. In experimental acute interstitial pneumonia caused by Ascaris suum, therapy with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) provided symptomatic control of the condition, reducing or abolishing the characteristic \"setback\". Treatment with antihistamines or antiserotonin agents caused no observable clinical improvements."}
{"id": "PMID:943885", "title": "Incidence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in Malaysia.", "content": "A total of 764 adult dogs were examined for microfilariae and adult worms of D immitis and 197 (25-8 per cent) were found to be infected. Direct blood examinations revealed only 47-2 per cent of the infected dogs whereas the blood serum examination detected 57-8 per cent of them. These results showed that the absence of circulating microfilariae could not be relied upon to be an accurate indication of the absence of patent heartworm infection. The average number of heartworms per dog was 5-5 with a range of one to 50.", "contents": "Incidence of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in Malaysia. A total of 764 adult dogs were examined for microfilariae and adult worms of D immitis and 197 (25-8 per cent) were found to be infected. Direct blood examinations revealed only 47-2 per cent of the infected dogs whereas the blood serum examination detected 57-8 per cent of them. These results showed that the absence of circulating microfilariae could not be relied upon to be an accurate indication of the absence of patent heartworm infection. The average number of heartworms per dog was 5-5 with a range of one to 50."}
{"id": "PMID:943887", "title": "Growth plate defects in foals.", "content": "Local disorders of bone growth form an important group of the orthopaedic problems that occur in foals. The recognition of the condition presented is essential so that the appropriate corrective measures may be instituted, and an accurate prognostication made. A knowledge of the applied anatomy of the growth plate is essential to the understanding of these cases. Consideration is given to epiphyseal separation and to angular deformity, from the point of view of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.", "contents": "Growth plate defects in foals. Local disorders of bone growth form an important group of the orthopaedic problems that occur in foals. The recognition of the condition presented is essential so that the appropriate corrective measures may be instituted, and an accurate prognostication made. A knowledge of the applied anatomy of the growth plate is essential to the understanding of these cases. Consideration is given to epiphyseal separation and to angular deformity, from the point of view of diagnosis, prognosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:943893", "title": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 3rd Communication: 1972 Annual Report (author's transl)].", "content": "2273 Salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1972 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 13.3% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 37.5% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 3.1% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 57% for S. panama. 79.8% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 303 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 87.4% to tetracyclines, in 37.2% to ampicillin, in 15.8% to chloramphenicol, in 4.6% to kanamycin, in 0.9% to furazolidone, and in 1.3% to nitrofurazone. 16 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 95.0% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. Resistance patterns differed considerably from one serotype to another.", "contents": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among Salmonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 3rd Communication: 1972 Annual Report (author's transl)]. 2273 Salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1972 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 13.3% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 37.5% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 3.1% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 57% for S. panama. 79.8% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 303 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 87.4% to tetracyclines, in 37.2% to ampicillin, in 15.8% to chloramphenicol, in 4.6% to kanamycin, in 0.9% to furazolidone, and in 1.3% to nitrofurazone. 16 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 95.0% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. Resistance patterns differed considerably from one serotype to another."}
{"id": "PMID:943889", "title": "[Effect of interferon inducers on the development of specific resistance to tick-borne encephalitis].", "content": "Various natural and synthetic interferon inducers stimulate postvaccination immunity to tick-borne encephalitis virus in mice. This capacity was found not only in macromolecular synthetic polyribonucleotides such as (poly I)-(poly C), (poly G)-(poly C), (poly A)-(poly U) and substances with  much lower molecular weight such as copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with maleic anhydride, crotonic acid or metacrylic acid but also in a low molecular interferon inducer tiloron. These and other interferon inducers examined (endotoxin S-typhi, statolon) exhibited no parallelism between the intensity of their stimulating effect of immunogenesis and levels of interferon production induced in mice and the associated resistance to tick-borne encephalitis. The results indicate a possibliity of using various interferon inducers for stimulation of post-vaccination immunity to tick-borne encephalitis.", "contents": "[Effect of interferon inducers on the development of specific resistance to tick-borne encephalitis]. Various natural and synthetic interferon inducers stimulate postvaccination immunity to tick-borne encephalitis virus in mice. This capacity was found not only in macromolecular synthetic polyribonucleotides such as (poly I)-(poly C), (poly G)-(poly C), (poly A)-(poly U) and substances with  much lower molecular weight such as copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with maleic anhydride, crotonic acid or metacrylic acid but also in a low molecular interferon inducer tiloron. These and other interferon inducers examined (endotoxin S-typhi, statolon) exhibited no parallelism between the intensity of their stimulating effect of immunogenesis and levels of interferon production induced in mice and the associated resistance to tick-borne encephalitis. The results indicate a possibliity of using various interferon inducers for stimulation of post-vaccination immunity to tick-borne encephalitis."}
{"id": "PMID:943894", "title": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among slamonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 4th Communication: 1973 Annual Report (author's transl)].", "content": "2894 salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1973 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 24.4% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 63.9% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 6.5% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 51% for S. panama. 81.3% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 708 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 92.9% to tetracyclines in 27.9% to ampicillin, in 22.0% to chloramphenicol, in 13.6% to kanamycin, in 1.4% to furazolidone, and in 1.7% to nitrofurazone. 20 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 90.9% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. As in the preceding years, there was a clear difference of resistance patterns from one serotype to another.", "contents": "[The development of antibiotics resistance among slamonella bacteria of animal origin in the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West). 4th Communication: 1973 Annual Report (author's transl)]. 2894 salmonella strains received from veterinary laboratories in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1973 were examined for their resistance against tetracyclines, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nitrofurazone, and furazolidone. 24.4% of the strains studied were found to be resistant to one or more of these antibacterial substances. The proportion of resistant strains was 63.9% for S. typhimurium (excluding var. copenhagen), 6.5% for S. typhimurium var. copenhagen and 51% for S. panama. 81.3% of resistant strains were found to belong to these types. From 708 resistant strains found, resistance determinants were present in 92.9% to tetracyclines in 27.9% to ampicillin, in 22.0% to chloramphenicol, in 13.6% to kanamycin, in 1.4% to furazolidone, and in 1.7% to nitrofurazone. 20 combinations of resistance determinants were found to occur 90.9% of strains transmitted resistance to E. coli K-12. A transmission of resistance determinants to furazolidone and nitrofurazone could not be demonstrated. As in the preceding years, there was a clear difference of resistance patterns from one serotype to another."}
{"id": "PMID:943890", "title": "[Postmortem diagnosis of mixed respiratory virus infections in children].", "content": "Mixed respiratory virus infection in fatal cases in children was documented in the laboratory in 41% of cases though clinical and morphological signs had been determined only in half of the cases. Most effective tests in diagnosis of the mixed infection include immunofluorescent examinations of impressions of respiratory organs as well as tissue culture infected with blood or specimens of parenchymatous organs. In some cases detection of adenovirus antigen or isolation of adenovirus were regarded as a manifestation of latent infection, particularly when adenovirus antigen was discovered in  impressions of the spleen, tonsils or lymph nodes. Only intravital detection of virus antigens in all cases coincided with the presence of clinical and morphological signs of mixed disease.", "contents": "[Postmortem diagnosis of mixed respiratory virus infections in children]. Mixed respiratory virus infection in fatal cases in children was documented in the laboratory in 41% of cases though clinical and morphological signs had been determined only in half of the cases. Most effective tests in diagnosis of the mixed infection include immunofluorescent examinations of impressions of respiratory organs as well as tissue culture infected with blood or specimens of parenchymatous organs. In some cases detection of adenovirus antigen or isolation of adenovirus were regarded as a manifestation of latent infection, particularly when adenovirus antigen was discovered in  impressions of the spleen, tonsils or lymph nodes. Only intravital detection of virus antigens in all cases coincided with the presence of clinical and morphological signs of mixed disease."}
{"id": "PMID:943896", "title": "A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. II. Anti-emetic drugs.", "content": "In a prospective study of anti-emetic drug use during 6 376 pregnancies, the previously demonstrated negative correlation between the use of such drugs and miscarriage was confirmed. It is probably completely due to less frequent and possibly less severe morning sickness complaints in pregnancies ending with a miscarriage. A slight positive correlation is found between the use of anti-emetics and infant malformation. A detailed analysis showed that this was mainly due to a high incidence of drug use (mainly promethazine) among women giving birth to infants with congenital dislocation of the hip. The probable indirect relationship is discussed.", "contents": "A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. II. Anti-emetic drugs. In a prospective study of anti-emetic drug use during 6 376 pregnancies, the previously demonstrated negative correlation between the use of such drugs and miscarriage was confirmed. It is probably completely due to less frequent and possibly less severe morning sickness complaints in pregnancies ending with a miscarriage. A slight positive correlation is found between the use of anti-emetics and infant malformation. A detailed analysis showed that this was mainly due to a high incidence of drug use (mainly promethazine) among women giving birth to infants with congenital dislocation of the hip. The probable indirect relationship is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943897", "title": "Plasma and urinary oestriol during late uncomplicated pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma levels of unconjugated oestriol and urinary excretion of conjugated oestriol were measured in ten healthy women with uncomplicated late pregnancy and with normal renal function. Considerably larger differences within or between days were noted for the plasma levels than for the urinary excretion of oestriol. Significant correlation between plasma levels and urinary excretion was found in only three out of ten patients. Due to the large variations within and between days, the estimation of unconjugated oestriol in plasma might be unsuitable as a substitute for the estimation of urinary conjugated oestriol in the supervision of complicated pregnancies.", "contents": "Plasma and urinary oestriol during late uncomplicated pregnancy. Plasma levels of unconjugated oestriol and urinary excretion of conjugated oestriol were measured in ten healthy women with uncomplicated late pregnancy and with normal renal function. Considerably larger differences within or between days were noted for the plasma levels than for the urinary excretion of oestriol. Significant correlation between plasma levels and urinary excretion was found in only three out of ten patients. Due to the large variations within and between days, the estimation of unconjugated oestriol in plasma might be unsuitable as a substitute for the estimation of urinary conjugated oestriol in the supervision of complicated pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:943898", "title": "Increasing caesarean section rate.", "content": "At the University Hospital in Uppsala 719 Caesarean Sectons (C.S.) were performed 1966-1970. The total number of deliveries was 16 708. The C.S. rate increased from 2.0% to 7.8%. This trent was mainly due to an increasing frequency of C.S. performed for cephalopelvic disproportion fetal distress \"bad obstetrical history\" and failed induction of labour with intravenous oxytocin drip. No maternal deaths occurred. The perinatal mortality was 5.0%. In infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less the perinatal mortality was 57% and in infants with a birth weight of more than 2 500 g and a gestational age of 37 weeks or more it was 0.9%. In 207 elective C.S. on healthy mothers at term no perinatal deaths were noted.", "contents": "Increasing caesarean section rate. At the University Hospital in Uppsala 719 Caesarean Sectons (C.S.) were performed 1966-1970. The total number of deliveries was 16 708. The C.S. rate increased from 2.0% to 7.8%. This trent was mainly due to an increasing frequency of C.S. performed for cephalopelvic disproportion fetal distress \"bad obstetrical history\" and failed induction of labour with intravenous oxytocin drip. No maternal deaths occurred. The perinatal mortality was 5.0%. In infants with a birth weight of 1 500 g or less the perinatal mortality was 57% and in infants with a birth weight of more than 2 500 g and a gestational age of 37 weeks or more it was 0.9%. In 207 elective C.S. on healthy mothers at term no perinatal deaths were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:943891", "title": "[Role of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus].", "content": "By the indirect immunofluorescence test, antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in titers of 1:32 to 1:512 detected in 12 out of 32 infants under 1 with congenital hydrocephalus. The majority of the mothers of these infants were also shown to possess these antibodies in low and moderate titers. The assumption that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infecting the fetus in utero may cause the development of hydrocephalus is substantiated. In 11 of 12 seropositive infants foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found.", "contents": "[Role of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the etiology of congenital hydrocephalus]. By the indirect immunofluorescence test, antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in titers of 1:32 to 1:512 detected in 12 out of 32 infants under 1 with congenital hydrocephalus. The majority of the mothers of these infants were also shown to possess these antibodies in low and moderate titers. The assumption that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infecting the fetus in utero may cause the development of hydrocephalus is substantiated. In 11 of 12 seropositive infants foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found."}
{"id": "PMID:943899", "title": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase of lymphocytes in the premature infant with special reference to the fetal development of the lysosomas apparatus.", "content": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by means of Hayashi's cytochemical method in 50 premature infants born between the 21st and 37th weeks of gestation. The lymphocytes exhibited three types of enzymatic cytochemical reaction, i.e. granular, diffuse and mixed (both granular and diffuse). The total count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was significantly lower in the group of premature infants born between the 21st and 28th weeks of gestation as compared with those born later. This difference was due to the smaller numbers of enzyme-positive lymphocytes with granular reaction type in the group of more immature infants. The formation of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within the lymphocyte cytoplasm during the last months of fetal development has been suggested and the relationship between the enzymatic equipment of lymphocyte lysosomes and immune response discussed.", "contents": "N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase of lymphocytes in the premature infant with special reference to the fetal development of the lysosomas apparatus. N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by means of Hayashi's cytochemical method in 50 premature infants born between the 21st and 37th weeks of gestation. The lymphocytes exhibited three types of enzymatic cytochemical reaction, i.e. granular, diffuse and mixed (both granular and diffuse). The total count of enzyme-positive lymphocytes was significantly lower in the group of premature infants born between the 21st and 28th weeks of gestation as compared with those born later. This difference was due to the smaller numbers of enzyme-positive lymphocytes with granular reaction type in the group of more immature infants. The formation of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within the lymphocyte cytoplasm during the last months of fetal development has been suggested and the relationship between the enzymatic equipment of lymphocyte lysosomes and immune response discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943900", "title": "Hyperprolinaemia: a disease which does not need treatment?", "content": "The authors observed two cases of hyperprolinaemia (one of type I and the other of type II) which were asymptomatic. The anomalies described up to the present time in association with hyperprolinaemia are inconstant, nonspecific, and extremely heterogeneous. This suggests that the relationship between hyperprolinaemia and other anomalies is purely coincidental, and that a therapeutic approach by diet is unjustified.", "contents": "Hyperprolinaemia: a disease which does not need treatment? The authors observed two cases of hyperprolinaemia (one of type I and the other of type II) which were asymptomatic. The anomalies described up to the present time in association with hyperprolinaemia are inconstant, nonspecific, and extremely heterogeneous. This suggests that the relationship between hyperprolinaemia and other anomalies is purely coincidental, and that a therapeutic approach by diet is unjustified."}
{"id": "PMID:943901", "title": "Control of respiration in newborn babies. IV. Rib cage stability and respiratory regulation.", "content": "The recordings from an earlier study regarding the respiratory depth and rate changes induced by exposure to 4% CO2 in air in 13 babies with PM age varying between 32 and 43 weeks were reexamined with regard to the pattern of thoracic abdominal breathing excursion in breathing immediately prior to the CO2 exposure and the type of response induced. The pattern was called \"stable\" when the thoracic breathing excursions were in phase and congruent with the abdominal ones. When the thoracic excursions in comparison with the abdominal excursions were totally inverted, or incongruous but in phase, or rapidly varying between those two, the pattern was called \"unstable\". \"Unstable\" pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was followed in an incidence of 60% by the type of response to CO2 which is characterized by a prompt rate increase (the \"Type B\" response) and only in 16% by the type characterized by an increased breathing amplitude (the \"Type A\" response). When the excursion pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was \"stable\" \"Type A\" responses were induced in 59% and \"Type B\" responses in only 14%. The excursion pattern present when a baby is exposed to 4% CO2 thus seems to affect the type of respiratory depth and rate changes achieved. With increasing postmenstrual age the excursion pattern of the spontaneous breathing is more often \"stable\" and respiratory depth and rate changes of the \"Type B\" induced by CO2 less common. The variabilities of the breathing seen preferably in the preterm baby regarding regularity, rate and tidal volumes (as they could be approximated by the registration methods used) were noted most when the excursion pattern was \"unstable\". The results can be hypothetically interpreted to indicate a dynamic interaction between the thoracic wall and pulmonary mechanoreceptor systems of respiratory regulation. The decreasing variability of the breathing seen with increasing maturation in the baby could be explained by an increasing maturation of the neuromuscular ability to provide stability to the rib cage which would act stabilizing on the pulmonary vagal afferent input to the respiratory center.", "contents": "Control of respiration in newborn babies. IV. Rib cage stability and respiratory regulation. The recordings from an earlier study regarding the respiratory depth and rate changes induced by exposure to 4% CO2 in air in 13 babies with PM age varying between 32 and 43 weeks were reexamined with regard to the pattern of thoracic abdominal breathing excursion in breathing immediately prior to the CO2 exposure and the type of response induced. The pattern was called \"stable\" when the thoracic breathing excursions were in phase and congruent with the abdominal ones. When the thoracic excursions in comparison with the abdominal excursions were totally inverted, or incongruous but in phase, or rapidly varying between those two, the pattern was called \"unstable\". \"Unstable\" pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was followed in an incidence of 60% by the type of response to CO2 which is characterized by a prompt rate increase (the \"Type B\" response) and only in 16% by the type characterized by an increased breathing amplitude (the \"Type A\" response). When the excursion pattern of the breathing prior to the CO2 exposures was \"stable\" \"Type A\" responses were induced in 59% and \"Type B\" responses in only 14%. The excursion pattern present when a baby is exposed to 4% CO2 thus seems to affect the type of respiratory depth and rate changes achieved. With increasing postmenstrual age the excursion pattern of the spontaneous breathing is more often \"stable\" and respiratory depth and rate changes of the \"Type B\" induced by CO2 less common. The variabilities of the breathing seen preferably in the preterm baby regarding regularity, rate and tidal volumes (as they could be approximated by the registration methods used) were noted most when the excursion pattern was \"unstable\". The results can be hypothetically interpreted to indicate a dynamic interaction between the thoracic wall and pulmonary mechanoreceptor systems of respiratory regulation. The decreasing variability of the breathing seen with increasing maturation in the baby could be explained by an increasing maturation of the neuromuscular ability to provide stability to the rib cage which would act stabilizing on the pulmonary vagal afferent input to the respiratory center."}
{"id": "PMID:943902", "title": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis with favourable outcome following steroid therapy.", "content": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis is described. A short course of steroid therapy produced rapid and marked improvement of cutaneous lesions, without any effect on testicular involvement. The authors emphasize the value of an early treatment with steroids.", "contents": "A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis with favourable outcome following steroid therapy. A case of multiple neonatal haemangiomatosis is described. A short course of steroid therapy produced rapid and marked improvement of cutaneous lesions, without any effect on testicular involvement. The authors emphasize the value of an early treatment with steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:943904", "title": "The effect of leucocytosis on leucocyte ascorbic acid levels.", "content": "White-blood counts, polymorph counts, leucocyte ascorbic-acid and plasma ascorbic-acid levels were measured in 91 samples of blood obtained from patients admitted to a geriatric assessment unit. There was a correlation between both white-blood counts and polymorph counts and leucocyte ascorbic-acid levels. There was no correlation between white-blood counts and polymorph counts and plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations. It is suggested that this phenomenon represents migration of ascorbate-rich polymorphs to areas of infection and infarction.", "contents": "The effect of leucocytosis on leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. White-blood counts, polymorph counts, leucocyte ascorbic-acid and plasma ascorbic-acid levels were measured in 91 samples of blood obtained from patients admitted to a geriatric assessment unit. There was a correlation between both white-blood counts and polymorph counts and leucocyte ascorbic-acid levels. There was no correlation between white-blood counts and polymorph counts and plasma ascorbic-acid concentrations. It is suggested that this phenomenon represents migration of ascorbate-rich polymorphs to areas of infection and infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:943905", "title": "Information loss in limb-lead electrocardiograms compared with twelve-lead tracings in a population survey among the elderly.", "content": "A total of 235 telve-lead electrocardiogram tracings representing all those traces with positive Minnesota codings from a population sample of persons aged 65 and over were re-coded on the basis of the six limb-leads alone. The over-all loss of information amounted to about 22.3 per cent of major abnormalities, as defined, but was higher than 50 per cent for some individual abnormalities such as abnormal Q and QS waves. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Information loss in limb-lead electrocardiograms compared with twelve-lead tracings in a population survey among the elderly. A total of 235 telve-lead electrocardiogram tracings representing all those traces with positive Minnesota codings from a population sample of persons aged 65 and over were re-coded on the basis of the six limb-leads alone. The over-all loss of information amounted to about 22.3 per cent of major abnormalities, as defined, but was higher than 50 per cent for some individual abnormalities such as abnormal Q and QS waves. Possible implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943918", "title": "Varicose veins.", "content": "Varicosities may be due to congenital weakness of the vein walls or valves, or may be secondary to deep thrombophlebitis. The latter leads to loss of valve competency in the communicating veins and transmission of relatively high pressures to the superficial system. Edema, thrombophlebitis and stasis dermatitis are common side effects. Adequate surgical therapy is successful in 90% of cases. Sclerosing agents are of limited use.", "contents": "Varicose veins. Varicosities may be due to congenital weakness of the vein walls or valves, or may be secondary to deep thrombophlebitis. The latter leads to loss of valve competency in the communicating veins and transmission of relatively high pressures to the superficial system. Edema, thrombophlebitis and stasis dermatitis are common side effects. Adequate surgical therapy is successful in 90% of cases. Sclerosing agents are of limited use."}
{"id": "PMID:943919", "title": "Self-anchoring electrode for implantable pacemakers.", "content": "The writers describe a self-anchoring monopolar electrode for use in implantable pacemakers, intended to prevent migration. The device was implanted in 63 patients observed for 36 months, and results are considered very favorable.", "contents": "Self-anchoring electrode for implantable pacemakers. The writers describe a self-anchoring monopolar electrode for use in implantable pacemakers, intended to prevent migration. The device was implanted in 63 patients observed for 36 months, and results are considered very favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:943920", "title": "Left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease evaluated with systolic time intervals and echocardiography.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of systolic time intervals (preejection period index [PEPI], left ventricular ejection time index [LVETI] and ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time [PEP/LVET]) and echographic measures of left ventricular performance (percent change in minor axis diameter [%delta D], circumferential shortening rate [Vcf] and end-diastolic diameter [Dd]) were obtained in 25 normal subjects and 37 patients with previously documented transmural myocardial infarction. The group with previous infarction demonstrated significant (P less than 0.001) differences from the normal group in each of the noninvasive measures. PEP/LVET and %deltaD were the most sensitive measures of left ventricular dysfunction. Deviation from the normal range in these measures occurred, respectively, in 70 and 65 percent of patients without dyspnea or fatigability (20 patients) and 85 percent of those without angina pectoris (13 patients). Abnormalities in systolic time interval and echocardiographic measures were related to the severity of dyspnea and fatigability but not to that of angina. Neither the presence of phonocardiographically documented third or fourth sound gallops nor an abnormal cardiothoracic ratio by chest roentgenogram reliably detected patients with abnormal left ventricular performance. The range of abnormality in left ventricular performance did not differ between patients with prior anterior or diaphragmatic myocardial infarction. The frequency of abnormal performance was greatest among patients with combined sites of prior infarction. Among 26 patients studied by coronary arteriography, abnormal left ventricular performance as determined by values for PEP/LVET and %deltaD occurred in fewer  than 30 percent of those with 70 percent or greater obstruction of one coronary artery and in more than 80 percent of those with two or three vessel involvement. There was a high correlation between systolic time intervals, %delta D and Vcf, the closest correlation occurring between PEP/LVET and %deltaD (r = -0.93). These data document the sensitivity of the noninvasive systolic time intervals and echographic measures and their superiority over current clinical bedside methods in evaluating left ventricular performance in patients with prior myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease evaluated with systolic time intervals and echocardiography. Simultaneous determinations of systolic time intervals (preejection period index [PEPI], left ventricular ejection time index [LVETI] and ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time [PEP/LVET]) and echographic measures of left ventricular performance (percent change in minor axis diameter [%delta D], circumferential shortening rate [Vcf] and end-diastolic diameter [Dd]) were obtained in 25 normal subjects and 37 patients with previously documented transmural myocardial infarction. The group with previous infarction demonstrated significant (P less than 0.001) differences from the normal group in each of the noninvasive measures. PEP/LVET and %deltaD were the most sensitive measures of left ventricular dysfunction. Deviation from the normal range in these measures occurred, respectively, in 70 and 65 percent of patients without dyspnea or fatigability (20 patients) and 85 percent of those without angina pectoris (13 patients). Abnormalities in systolic time interval and echocardiographic measures were related to the severity of dyspnea and fatigability but not to that of angina. Neither the presence of phonocardiographically documented third or fourth sound gallops nor an abnormal cardiothoracic ratio by chest roentgenogram reliably detected patients with abnormal left ventricular performance. The range of abnormality in left ventricular performance did not differ between patients with prior anterior or diaphragmatic myocardial infarction. The frequency of abnormal performance was greatest among patients with combined sites of prior infarction. Among 26 patients studied by coronary arteriography, abnormal left ventricular performance as determined by values for PEP/LVET and %deltaD occurred in fewer  than 30 percent of those with 70 percent or greater obstruction of one coronary artery and in more than 80 percent of those with two or three vessel involvement. There was a high correlation between systolic time intervals, %delta D and Vcf, the closest correlation occurring between PEP/LVET and %deltaD (r = -0.93). These data document the sensitivity of the noninvasive systolic time intervals and echographic measures and their superiority over current clinical bedside methods in evaluating left ventricular performance in patients with prior myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:943921", "title": "Pump dysfunction after myocardial infarction: importance of location, extent and pattern of abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction.", "content": "To delineate the relative effects on left ventricular function of the site, extent and nature of the abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction (dyssynergy) and thereby determine the mechanism by which anterior myocardial infarction results in greater depression of left ventricular performance than does inferior infarction, 43 patients with remote myocardial infarction of similar extent (average 38 percent of left ventricular systolic perimeter) and associated hypokinesia or dyskinesia confined to either the anterior or inferior wall were compared; 10 additional patients were evaluated who exhibited generalized dyssynergy (72 percent of left ventricular perimeter). When the pattern of dyssynergy and extent of infarction were similar, the location alone of dyssynergy did not influence variables of left ventricular function. However paradoxical outward systolic movement (dyskinesia) of the anterior or inferior wall resulted in greater depression (P less than 0.05) of measures of left ventricular performance than did diminished inward systolic motion (hypokinesia) associated with infarction of similar extent and location. All measures of left ventricular performance were considerably more depressed (P less than 0.05) in the 10 patients with generalized dyssynergy than in the 43 patients with localized dyssynergy. Thus, the location of infarction is not a unique determinant of left ventricular performance. Instead, the size of infarction is the principal characteristic of dyssynergy that impairs left ventricular function; the severity of the pattern of dyssynergy is significant but of lesser importance. It is therefore concluded that the greater reduction of left ventricular function in anterior than in inferior myocardial is largely the result of the more extensive area of necrosis rather than of the location of the infarction.", "contents": "Pump dysfunction after myocardial infarction: importance of location, extent and pattern of abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction. To delineate the relative effects on left ventricular function of the site, extent and nature of the abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction (dyssynergy) and thereby determine the mechanism by which anterior myocardial infarction results in greater depression of left ventricular performance than does inferior infarction, 43 patients with remote myocardial infarction of similar extent (average 38 percent of left ventricular systolic perimeter) and associated hypokinesia or dyskinesia confined to either the anterior or inferior wall were compared; 10 additional patients were evaluated who exhibited generalized dyssynergy (72 percent of left ventricular perimeter). When the pattern of dyssynergy and extent of infarction were similar, the location alone of dyssynergy did not influence variables of left ventricular function. However paradoxical outward systolic movement (dyskinesia) of the anterior or inferior wall resulted in greater depression (P less than 0.05) of measures of left ventricular performance than did diminished inward systolic motion (hypokinesia) associated with infarction of similar extent and location. All measures of left ventricular performance were considerably more depressed (P less than 0.05) in the 10 patients with generalized dyssynergy than in the 43 patients with localized dyssynergy. Thus, the location of infarction is not a unique determinant of left ventricular performance. Instead, the size of infarction is the principal characteristic of dyssynergy that impairs left ventricular function; the severity of the pattern of dyssynergy is significant but of lesser importance. It is therefore concluded that the greater reduction of left ventricular function in anterior than in inferior myocardial is largely the result of the more extensive area of necrosis rather than of the location of the infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:943922", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in evaluating patients with discrete subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Ten patients with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis were examined using a real time, high resolution cross-sectional echocardiographic scanner. There were two patients (Group I) with a thin discrete subvalvular membrane, five (Group II) with a more extensive area of subvalvular narrowing and three with a residual area of outflow tract obstruction after surgical revision (Group III). In patients with a thin obstructing membrane (Group I),  two distinct linear echoes were observed in the outflow tract. These echoes were not continuous with the walls of the outflow tract and showed some dynamic motion during the cardiac cycle. In four of the five patients with diffuse outflow tract narrowing (Group II), a relatively extensive area of inward bowing of both the anterior and posterior margins of the outflow tract was noted. In the fifth case, there was a prominent localized shelf-like increase in thickness of the basal portion of the muscular septum with a corresponding echo projecting anteriorly from the mid-portion of the anterior or mitral leaflet. The three cases examined after surgical revision of the outflow tract (Group III), had different patterns of outflow tract narrowing, but narrowing was clearly demonstrated. This study suggests that cross-sectional echocardiography offers an alternative and probably improved method for the noninvasive visualization of the left ventricular outflow tract.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiography in evaluating patients with discrete subaortic stenosis. Ten patients with discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis were examined using a real time, high resolution cross-sectional echocardiographic scanner. There were two patients (Group I) with a thin discrete subvalvular membrane, five (Group II) with a more extensive area of subvalvular narrowing and three with a residual area of outflow tract obstruction after surgical revision (Group III). In patients with a thin obstructing membrane (Group I),  two distinct linear echoes were observed in the outflow tract. These echoes were not continuous with the walls of the outflow tract and showed some dynamic motion during the cardiac cycle. In four of the five patients with diffuse outflow tract narrowing (Group II), a relatively extensive area of inward bowing of both the anterior and posterior margins of the outflow tract was noted. In the fifth case, there was a prominent localized shelf-like increase in thickness of the basal portion of the muscular septum with a corresponding echo projecting anteriorly from the mid-portion of the anterior or mitral leaflet. The three cases examined after surgical revision of the outflow tract (Group III), had different patterns of outflow tract narrowing, but narrowing was clearly demonstrated. This study suggests that cross-sectional echocardiography offers an alternative and probably improved method for the noninvasive visualization of the left ventricular outflow tract."}
{"id": "PMID:943923", "title": "Systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation in corrected transpositon of the great vessels. Angiographic differentiation of operable and nonoperable valve deformities.", "content": "Abnormalities of the systemic atrioventricular (A-V) valve are frequently present in patients with corrected transposition. Systemic A-V valve regurgitation is usually present and may be amenable to operative correction with valve replacement if the regurgitation is caused by normally positioned but deformed valve leaflets or a dilated valve ring, or both. Systemic A-V valve regurgitation secondary to the more common Ebstein-type malformation of the inverted tricuspid valve is an inoperable conditon at present. Displacement of the valve leaflets below the level of the valve ring may be seen in the angiocardiograms of patients with this finding and is the differentiating feature between the two lesions. Ten cases of systemic A-V valve regurgitation in patients with corrected transposition are reviewed to illustrate these features.", "contents": "Systemic atrioventricular valve regurgitation in corrected transpositon of the great vessels. Angiographic differentiation of operable and nonoperable valve deformities. Abnormalities of the systemic atrioventricular (A-V) valve are frequently present in patients with corrected transposition. Systemic A-V valve regurgitation is usually present and may be amenable to operative correction with valve replacement if the regurgitation is caused by normally positioned but deformed valve leaflets or a dilated valve ring, or both. Systemic A-V valve regurgitation secondary to the more common Ebstein-type malformation of the inverted tricuspid valve is an inoperable conditon at present. Displacement of the valve leaflets below the level of the valve ring may be seen in the angiocardiograms of patients with this finding and is the differentiating feature between the two lesions. Ten cases of systemic A-V valve regurgitation in patients with corrected transposition are reviewed to illustrate these features."}
{"id": "PMID:943924", "title": "Mid-ventricular obstruction: a variant of obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "In two patients with clinical and catheterization findings of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, the level of intraventricular obstruction was found to be in the mid-ventricular area rather than at the junction of the inflow and outflow tracts. One patient died suddenly shortly after unsuccessful outflow tract myectomy. In vivo recognition of this probably rare variant form of obstructive cardiomyopathy rests mainly on the angiograhic appearance of the left ventricle and on the recording of pressures in multiple sites of the left ventricular cavity. Surgical relief of the obstruction in these patients is not likely to be obtained by a transaortic left ventricular outflow myectomy but may require either papillary muscle resection by the transatrial or transventricular approach or mid-ventricular septectomy, or both.", "contents": "Mid-ventricular obstruction: a variant of obstructive cardiomyopathy. In two patients with clinical and catheterization findings of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, the level of intraventricular obstruction was found to be in the mid-ventricular area rather than at the junction of the inflow and outflow tracts. One patient died suddenly shortly after unsuccessful outflow tract myectomy. In vivo recognition of this probably rare variant form of obstructive cardiomyopathy rests mainly on the angiograhic appearance of the left ventricle and on the recording of pressures in multiple sites of the left ventricular cavity. Surgical relief of the obstruction in these patients is not likely to be obtained by a transaortic left ventricular outflow myectomy but may require either papillary muscle resection by the transatrial or transventricular approach or mid-ventricular septectomy, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:943925", "title": "Nomograms relating aldosterone excretion to urinary sodium and potassium in the pediatric population: their application to the study of childhood hypertension.", "content": "The lability and diurnal variation of blood pressure in normal and hypertensive children were examined and found to be less than that described in adults. Nomograms were prepared relating urinary sodium and potassium to urinary aldosterone in children ranging in age from infancy to 22 years. These nomograms reveal that the relation of aldosterone excretion to sodium excretion is described by a hyperbolic function. Most values for normal children, children with mild essential hypertension and children with severe essential hypertension fell between two hyperbolic curves representing the 5th and 95th percentile, respectively. Hypertensive children with low and high plasma renin activity were found to have an inappropriately high level of urinary aldosterone excretion in relation to urinary sodium excretion. No relation was found between potassium and aldosterone excretion. By means of these nomograms the normal standards for aldosterone excretion in children were refined, permitting classification of hypertensive children into distinct groups. This classification may have prognostic significance.", "contents": "Nomograms relating aldosterone excretion to urinary sodium and potassium in the pediatric population: their application to the study of childhood hypertension. The lability and diurnal variation of blood pressure in normal and hypertensive children were examined and found to be less than that described in adults. Nomograms were prepared relating urinary sodium and potassium to urinary aldosterone in children ranging in age from infancy to 22 years. These nomograms reveal that the relation of aldosterone excretion to sodium excretion is described by a hyperbolic function. Most values for normal children, children with mild essential hypertension and children with severe essential hypertension fell between two hyperbolic curves representing the 5th and 95th percentile, respectively. Hypertensive children with low and high plasma renin activity were found to have an inappropriately high level of urinary aldosterone excretion in relation to urinary sodium excretion. No relation was found between potassium and aldosterone excretion. By means of these nomograms the normal standards for aldosterone excretion in children were refined, permitting classification of hypertensive children into distinct groups. This classification may have prognostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:943926", "title": "Postnatal differentiation of Leydig cells in the rabbit testis.", "content": "After the gradual disappearance of fetal Leydig cells in the first week after birth, the interstitial tissue of the rabbit testis is composed principally of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells between one and five weeks of age. Also present during this time are scattered partially differentiated cells with oval-shaped nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. These cells exhibit some of the cytoplasmic features of steroid-secreting cells, but extensive development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the grouped perivascular arrangement of characteristic of fully differentiated Leydig cells are not present. The latter features appear at five weeks of age, indicating the formation of mature Leydig cells at that time. By seven weeks, the bulk of the interstitial tissue consists of Leydig cell aggregates, typical of the appearance in adult testis. Since spermatogonial mitoses first appear at seven to eight weeks of age, the findings indicate that Leydig cell differentiation precedes the onset of spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Postnatal differentiation of Leydig cells in the rabbit testis. After the gradual disappearance of fetal Leydig cells in the first week after birth, the interstitial tissue of the rabbit testis is composed principally of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells between one and five weeks of age. Also present during this time are scattered partially differentiated cells with oval-shaped nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. These cells exhibit some of the cytoplasmic features of steroid-secreting cells, but extensive development of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the grouped perivascular arrangement of characteristic of fully differentiated Leydig cells are not present. The latter features appear at five weeks of age, indicating the formation of mature Leydig cells at that time. By seven weeks, the bulk of the interstitial tissue consists of Leydig cell aggregates, typical of the appearance in adult testis. Since spermatogonial mitoses first appear at seven to eight weeks of age, the findings indicate that Leydig cell differentiation precedes the onset of spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:943927", "title": "Copper, iron, and zinc contents of mature human milk.", "content": "Daily, weekly, and within-day variations in copper, iron, and zinc contents of human milk were investigated in order to determine whether one sample from an individual is representative of these elements. Total solids, fat, and protein contents were also measured. Fifty women in their 6th to 12th week of lactation each provided seven milk samples consisting of five consecutive daily samples and two additional samples collected either within a single day or at weekly intervals. Fat varied the most of all constituents and total milk solids reflected this variability. Values ranged from 0.2 to 10.4 g/100 ml for fat and from 8.58 to 17.49 g/100 ml for total solids. Protein varied from 0.76 to 2.04 g/100 ml among individuals, with little variation within an individual. Copper content varied considerably among women and within the same woman. With a large proportion of low values, the range was 0.09 to 0.63 mug/ml. Iron content was also found to vary within women as well as among women. Values ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.6 mug/ml with a preponderance of low values. Zinc content was more evenly distributed over the range of 0.14 to 3.95 mug/ml,and within an individual it did not vary widely. A representative estimate of copper and iron contents would therefore require multiple samples, whereas only one sample may provide a representative estimate of zinc content. Comparison of morning, midday, and evening values showed that copper and zinc are higher in the morning and iron is lower at this time. Increased amounts of copper, iron, and zinc were found in multiparous women whether or not they had previously lactated. Milk from older women had lower iron and higher copper and zinc contents than that from younger women. No differences were found in milk of women receiving dietary mineral and vitamin supplements. Calculations indicated that fully breast fed infants under 3 months of age receive approximately 0.35 mg/kg per day of zinc and 0.05 mg/kg per day of both copper and iron.", "contents": "Copper, iron, and zinc contents of mature human milk. Daily, weekly, and within-day variations in copper, iron, and zinc contents of human milk were investigated in order to determine whether one sample from an individual is representative of these elements. Total solids, fat, and protein contents were also measured. Fifty women in their 6th to 12th week of lactation each provided seven milk samples consisting of five consecutive daily samples and two additional samples collected either within a single day or at weekly intervals. Fat varied the most of all constituents and total milk solids reflected this variability. Values ranged from 0.2 to 10.4 g/100 ml for fat and from 8.58 to 17.49 g/100 ml for total solids. Protein varied from 0.76 to 2.04 g/100 ml among individuals, with little variation within an individual. Copper content varied considerably among women and within the same woman. With a large proportion of low values, the range was 0.09 to 0.63 mug/ml. Iron content was also found to vary within women as well as among women. Values ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.6 mug/ml with a preponderance of low values. Zinc content was more evenly distributed over the range of 0.14 to 3.95 mug/ml,and within an individual it did not vary widely. A representative estimate of copper and iron contents would therefore require multiple samples, whereas only one sample may provide a representative estimate of zinc content. Comparison of morning, midday, and evening values showed that copper and zinc are higher in the morning and iron is lower at this time. Increased amounts of copper, iron, and zinc were found in multiparous women whether or not they had previously lactated. Milk from older women had lower iron and higher copper and zinc contents than that from younger women. No differences were found in milk of women receiving dietary mineral and vitamin supplements. Calculations indicated that fully breast fed infants under 3 months of age receive approximately 0.35 mg/kg per day of zinc and 0.05 mg/kg per day of both copper and iron."}
{"id": "PMID:943928", "title": "Cyclic variations in folate composition and pteroylpolyglutamyl hydrolase (conjugase) activity of the rat uterus.", "content": "The \"free\" and \"total\" folate content and the activity of conjugase (pteroylpolyglutamyl hydrolase) were determined in homogenates of rat uteruses from animals sacrificed at specific stages of the reproductive cycle. Among 47 animals, conjugase activity was approximately twice as great during proestrus as in any other stage (P less than 0.001). A significant increase in total folate content (P less than 0.01) was observed in these animals, associated with a relatively greater increase in the free component than in the polyglutamyl component during proestrus. A similar decline in the ratio of total to free folate was observed (P less than 0.02) in a second group of 43 animals in which conjugase was inactivated even more rapidly than in the first group. Vascular engorgement was excluded as an explanation for the changes observed in proestrus. Since certain polyglutamyl derivatives of folate are potent inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase, the observed shift in ratio between total and free folates could be conducive to enhanced activity of this rate-limiting reaction of cellular proliferation. The data suggest that cycles of uterine cell growth and involution may be mediated through hormonally induced changes in enzymes governing the length of gamma-glutamyl folate chains. It is postulated that the mechanism involves the conversion of metabolic inhibitors into active coenzymes for one-carbon transfer reactions, and vice versa.", "contents": "Cyclic variations in folate composition and pteroylpolyglutamyl hydrolase (conjugase) activity of the rat uterus. The \"free\" and \"total\" folate content and the activity of conjugase (pteroylpolyglutamyl hydrolase) were determined in homogenates of rat uteruses from animals sacrificed at specific stages of the reproductive cycle. Among 47 animals, conjugase activity was approximately twice as great during proestrus as in any other stage (P less than 0.001). A significant increase in total folate content (P less than 0.01) was observed in these animals, associated with a relatively greater increase in the free component than in the polyglutamyl component during proestrus. A similar decline in the ratio of total to free folate was observed (P less than 0.02) in a second group of 43 animals in which conjugase was inactivated even more rapidly than in the first group. Vascular engorgement was excluded as an explanation for the changes observed in proestrus. Since certain polyglutamyl derivatives of folate are potent inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase, the observed shift in ratio between total and free folates could be conducive to enhanced activity of this rate-limiting reaction of cellular proliferation. The data suggest that cycles of uterine cell growth and involution may be mediated through hormonally induced changes in enzymes governing the length of gamma-glutamyl folate chains. It is postulated that the mechanism involves the conversion of metabolic inhibitors into active coenzymes for one-carbon transfer reactions, and vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:943929", "title": "Occlusive phlebitis in multifocal fibrosclerosis.", "content": "Multifocal fibrosclerosis, as the name implies, concerns disseminated fibrous processes that manifest as Riedel's thyroiditis, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and pseudotumor of the orbit. Certain cases of fibrosis of the parotid gland, the lacrimal glands, and the lung may belong in the same category. The cases of two patients with Riedel's thyroiditis, one of whom also has retroperitoneal fibrosis, are described. Unusual changes in the small and middle-sized veins in the fibrous tissue in the thyroid and in the retroperitoneum, best designated \"occlusive phlebitis,\" seem to be characteristic of the multifocal fibrosclerosis. They may contribute to the disease process.", "contents": "Occlusive phlebitis in multifocal fibrosclerosis. Multifocal fibrosclerosis, as the name implies, concerns disseminated fibrous processes that manifest as Riedel's thyroiditis, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and pseudotumor of the orbit. Certain cases of fibrosis of the parotid gland, the lacrimal glands, and the lung may belong in the same category. The cases of two patients with Riedel's thyroiditis, one of whom also has retroperitoneal fibrosis, are described. Unusual changes in the small and middle-sized veins in the fibrous tissue in the thyroid and in the retroperitoneum, best designated \"occlusive phlebitis,\" seem to be characteristic of the multifocal fibrosclerosis. They may contribute to the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:943930", "title": "Giant-cell arteritis of the uterus. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of giant-cell arteritis of uterus were found incidentally in association with uterine prolapse. One similar case has been reported in the literature. Microscopic examination disclosed fragmentation of the elastic laminae of the myometrial arteries with a giant-cell and mononuclear infiltrate. The relationship between giant-cell arteritis of the uterus, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica is discussed in view of similar cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "Giant-cell arteritis of the uterus. Report of two cases. Two cases of giant-cell arteritis of uterus were found incidentally in association with uterine prolapse. One similar case has been reported in the literature. Microscopic examination disclosed fragmentation of the elastic laminae of the myometrial arteries with a giant-cell and mononuclear infiltrate. The relationship between giant-cell arteritis of the uterus, temporal arteritis, and polymyalgia rheumatica is discussed in view of similar cases reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:943931", "title": "Erythema infectiosum. An elementary school outbreak.", "content": "An outbreak of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) occurred in a North Carolina elementary school. Because rubella virus has been implicated as a possible cause of some cases of erythema infectiosum, we conducted an investigation to determine if the children were infected with rubella virus and to learn whether or not rubella virus vaccination prevents the disease. Throat swabs were obtained for viral isolation from 20 children with erythema infectiosum and from 25 healthy classmates; questionnaires were completed for 617 of the school's 817 students. One hundred fifty children (24%) reported having an acute exanthematous illness during the study period, and 45% of the ill children had one or more household contacts with a similar rash. No viruses were recovered from the children, and a history of rubella vaccination did not affect the risk of developing erythema infectiosum.", "contents": "Erythema infectiosum. An elementary school outbreak. An outbreak of erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) occurred in a North Carolina elementary school. Because rubella virus has been implicated as a possible cause of some cases of erythema infectiosum, we conducted an investigation to determine if the children were infected with rubella virus and to learn whether or not rubella virus vaccination prevents the disease. Throat swabs were obtained for viral isolation from 20 children with erythema infectiosum and from 25 healthy classmates; questionnaires were completed for 617 of the school's 817 students. One hundred fifty children (24%) reported having an acute exanthematous illness during the study period, and 45% of the ill children had one or more household contacts with a similar rash. No viruses were recovered from the children, and a history of rubella vaccination did not affect the risk of developing erythema infectiosum."}
{"id": "PMID:943933", "title": "Multiple birth defects in a newborn exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in utero.", "content": "A newborn baby girl with progressive hydrocephalus and congenital defects of the skin and eyes was born to a mother who experienced bilateral bronchopneumonia in her first trimester. At the time of her infection, the mother's serum cold agglutinin titer was 1:128 and at delivery the mother's and baby's serum samples had complement-fixation titers to Mycoplasma pneumoniae of 1:1,024 and 1:256, respectively. At 1 week of age the baby's serum IgM value was 44 mg/100 ml (98% of cord IgM values in normal newborns range from 0 to 20 mg/100 ml). The baby died of progressive hydrocephalus, which may have had an inflammatory basis in view of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level of 192 mg/100 ml. We realize that the significance of this association is questionable, but we believe that it is worthwhile to call the coincidence of events to the attention of others.", "contents": "Multiple birth defects in a newborn exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in utero. A newborn baby girl with progressive hydrocephalus and congenital defects of the skin and eyes was born to a mother who experienced bilateral bronchopneumonia in her first trimester. At the time of her infection, the mother's serum cold agglutinin titer was 1:128 and at delivery the mother's and baby's serum samples had complement-fixation titers to Mycoplasma pneumoniae of 1:1,024 and 1:256, respectively. At 1 week of age the baby's serum IgM value was 44 mg/100 ml (98% of cord IgM values in normal newborns range from 0 to 20 mg/100 ml). The baby died of progressive hydrocephalus, which may have had an inflammatory basis in view of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein level of 192 mg/100 ml. We realize that the significance of this association is questionable, but we believe that it is worthwhile to call the coincidence of events to the attention of others."}
{"id": "PMID:943934", "title": "Unusual anomaly of the small intestine with malabsorption.", "content": "Malabsorption as a complication of anatomic congenital anomalies of the small bowel is uncommon. In this case, malabsorption syndrome in infancy, with features suggestive of coexisting disaccharide intolerance and blind loop syndrome, was the major clinical presentation of a combined anomaly, consisting of a large saccular dilation of the ileum containing heterotropic gastric mucosa, and an adjacent small intramesentric cyst partially lined by small bowel epithelium. Prompt reversal of metabolic and nutritional abnormalities followed surgical resection.", "contents": "Unusual anomaly of the small intestine with malabsorption. Malabsorption as a complication of anatomic congenital anomalies of the small bowel is uncommon. In this case, malabsorption syndrome in infancy, with features suggestive of coexisting disaccharide intolerance and blind loop syndrome, was the major clinical presentation of a combined anomaly, consisting of a large saccular dilation of the ileum containing heterotropic gastric mucosa, and an adjacent small intramesentric cyst partially lined by small bowel epithelium. Prompt reversal of metabolic and nutritional abnormalities followed surgical resection."}
{"id": "PMID:943935", "title": "Mortality among rubber workers. II. Other employees.", "content": "Mortality among female, black male and white male salaried employees in Akron, Ohio, is described. Standard mortality ratios for all causes of death are: females, 78: black males, 62: white salaried males, 65. Excess deaths from cancer occurred in females: uterus, bladder, brain and multiple myeloma; in black males: Hodgkin's disease; and in white salaried males: bladder and lymphatic. Also, proportional mortality among white male employees of six non-Akron plants is reported. Excess deaths from cancer include brain and lymphatic and hematopoietic.", "contents": "Mortality among rubber workers. II. Other employees. Mortality among female, black male and white male salaried employees in Akron, Ohio, is described. Standard mortality ratios for all causes of death are: females, 78: black males, 62: white salaried males, 65. Excess deaths from cancer occurred in females: uterus, bladder, brain and multiple myeloma; in black males: Hodgkin's disease; and in white salaried males: bladder and lymphatic. Also, proportional mortality among white male employees of six non-Akron plants is reported. Excess deaths from cancer include brain and lymphatic and hematopoietic."}
{"id": "PMID:943936", "title": "Sahel nutrition survey, 1974.", "content": "In time of food shortage, accurate assessment of nutrition status is important so that effective aid may be directed to those in greatest need and, in the future, the impact of this aid on the nutritional situation may be assessed. Using a population proportional sampling method and the index weight for height (which is relatively independent of sex, race, and age) as a criterion of nutritional status, CDC investigators determined that about 10% of the sampled population (aged about 6 months through 6 years) in Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Upper Volta and over 20% in the sampled population in Chad were severely and acutely undernourished. Apparently younger children were affected first, but as the food shortage became more severe the prevalence of undernourished older children increased. This method of nutrition surveillance has proven itself during a stressful period and should be considered a fundamental tool when rapid assessment of acute undernutrition in children in developing nations is required.", "contents": "Sahel nutrition survey, 1974. In time of food shortage, accurate assessment of nutrition status is important so that effective aid may be directed to those in greatest need and, in the future, the impact of this aid on the nutritional situation may be assessed. Using a population proportional sampling method and the index weight for height (which is relatively independent of sex, race, and age) as a criterion of nutritional status, CDC investigators determined that about 10% of the sampled population (aged about 6 months through 6 years) in Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Upper Volta and over 20% in the sampled population in Chad were severely and acutely undernourished. Apparently younger children were affected first, but as the food shortage became more severe the prevalence of undernourished older children increased. This method of nutrition surveillance has proven itself during a stressful period and should be considered a fundamental tool when rapid assessment of acute undernutrition in children in developing nations is required."}
{"id": "PMID:943939", "title": "A simple geometric method for determining fetal weight in utero with the compound gray scale ultrasonic scan.", "content": "A method to estimate intrauterine fetal weight by calculating fetal volume from simple parameters measured on echograms is described. The comparison between assesed weight of 50 fetuses and actual birth weight is presented.", "contents": "A simple geometric method for determining fetal weight in utero with the compound gray scale ultrasonic scan. A method to estimate intrauterine fetal weight by calculating fetal volume from simple parameters measured on echograms is described. The comparison between assesed weight of 50 fetuses and actual birth weight is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:943940", "title": "Inhibition of spontaneous contractility of the human and the rabbit fallopian tube by potassium.", "content": "Spontaneous contractions of circular and longitudal muscle of the ampulla and isthmus of human and rabbit Fallopian tubes were recorded isometrically. Addition of K+ to tissue in K+-free medium always caused immediate inhibition of spontaneous contractility. K+-induced inhibition was prevented by ouabain and reversed by removal of K+. It is suggested that K+ caused inhibition of contractility by activating electrogenic Na+ pumping with resultant hyperpolarization of the muscle cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of spontaneous contractility of the human and the rabbit fallopian tube by potassium. Spontaneous contractions of circular and longitudal muscle of the ampulla and isthmus of human and rabbit Fallopian tubes were recorded isometrically. Addition of K+ to tissue in K+-free medium always caused immediate inhibition of spontaneous contractility. K+-induced inhibition was prevented by ouabain and reversed by removal of K+. It is suggested that K+ caused inhibition of contractility by activating electrogenic Na+ pumping with resultant hyperpolarization of the muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943941", "title": "In vitro ovulation from adult hamster ovary.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to achieve in vitro ovulation in order to acquire corpora lutea in vitro at \"time zero\" of their formation. Such in vitro corpora lutea would later be the subject of studies on maintenance and lysis of corpora lutea in vitro. Ovaries from adult hamsters, explained into chemically defined medium between 23:00 hours on the day of proestrus and 01:00 hours on the day of estrus, were examined in the culture medium at 10:00 hours on the day of estrus i.e., after 9 to 12 hours of incubation. Ovulated follicles (young corpora lutea) of differing stages of corpus luteum formation were observed in some of the explants, but not at all. Almost all ovulated ova, surrounded by their cumuli oophori, remained adherent to the area of rupture when the incubation was ended. In vitro ovulation occurs in chemically defined medium without added hormones. It is possible to obtain corpora lutea in vitro at \"time zero\" of their formation.", "contents": "In vitro ovulation from adult hamster ovary. The purpose of the study was to achieve in vitro ovulation in order to acquire corpora lutea in vitro at \"time zero\" of their formation. Such in vitro corpora lutea would later be the subject of studies on maintenance and lysis of corpora lutea in vitro. Ovaries from adult hamsters, explained into chemically defined medium between 23:00 hours on the day of proestrus and 01:00 hours on the day of estrus, were examined in the culture medium at 10:00 hours on the day of estrus i.e., after 9 to 12 hours of incubation. Ovulated follicles (young corpora lutea) of differing stages of corpus luteum formation were observed in some of the explants, but not at all. Almost all ovulated ova, surrounded by their cumuli oophori, remained adherent to the area of rupture when the incubation was ended. In vitro ovulation occurs in chemically defined medium without added hormones. It is possible to obtain corpora lutea in vitro at \"time zero\" of their formation."}
{"id": "PMID:943942", "title": "Epidermoid cysts of the ovary: a report of five cases with histogenetic considerations and ultrastructural findings.", "content": "Five cases of epidermoid cysts of the ovary are added to the two-reported in the literature. This rare lesion was uniformly an incidental finding in the study of hysterectomy specimens. Its main interest is in its histogenesis, which is suggested to involve metaplasia of the coelomic surface epithelium of the ovary. Ultrastructural evidence is one case strongly favors this possibility, thus adding another line of differentiation to those already established for the multipotent coelomic epithelium. However, some cases may be teratoid in origin, as has been suggested for the analogous lesion in the testis.", "contents": "Epidermoid cysts of the ovary: a report of five cases with histogenetic considerations and ultrastructural findings. Five cases of epidermoid cysts of the ovary are added to the two-reported in the literature. This rare lesion was uniformly an incidental finding in the study of hysterectomy specimens. Its main interest is in its histogenesis, which is suggested to involve metaplasia of the coelomic surface epithelium of the ovary. Ultrastructural evidence is one case strongly favors this possibility, thus adding another line of differentiation to those already established for the multipotent coelomic epithelium. However, some cases may be teratoid in origin, as has been suggested for the analogous lesion in the testis."}
{"id": "PMID:943937", "title": "Assessment of marital relationships of hemodialysis patients.", "content": "In addition to the somatic problems associated with uremia and dialysis it is apparent that successful hemodialysis is dependent upon psychological adjustment to this type of therapy. While previous studies have focused on the patient or spouse as individuals, patterns of marital interactions and conflicts have not been systematically evaluated. These factors ere examined in 17 medically stable patients maintained on hemodialysis for a mean duration of 22 +/- 4 SE months. Standardized pssychiatric evaluation forms ere used to examine mood and cognition disturbances in all patients and spouses, and a deailed marital questionnaire, which each patient and spouse filled out independently, was used to evaluate fundamental aspects of the marital relationship...", "contents": "Assessment of marital relationships of hemodialysis patients. In addition to the somatic problems associated with uremia and dialysis it is apparent that successful hemodialysis is dependent upon psychological adjustment to this type of therapy. While previous studies have focused on the patient or spouse as individuals, patterns of marital interactions and conflicts have not been systematically evaluated. These factors ere examined in 17 medically stable patients maintained on hemodialysis for a mean duration of 22 +/- 4 SE months. Standardized pssychiatric evaluation forms ere used to examine mood and cognition disturbances in all patients and spouses, and a deailed marital questionnaire, which each patient and spouse filled out independently, was used to evaluate fundamental aspects of the marital relationship..."}
{"id": "PMID:943943", "title": "Studies on the cytodynamics of human endometrial regeneration. II. Transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry.", "content": "The morphologic observations made in this study indicate that postmenstrual endometrial resurfacing occurs by proliferation of epithelial cells originating from the stumps of residual basal glands and uterine surface lining, bordering the denuded areas, respectively. Endometrial stromal cells or glands of the residual spongiosa are not involved in uterine surface repair. The mechanism whereby the new surface develops, it is proposed, is by endomitotic division. This contention is supported by the accelerated nuclear DNA and intracytoplasmic RNA synthesis, and absence of mitosis in the newly formed surface epithelial cells. The results indicate, furthermore, that uterine surface reconstruction, which is completed by cycle day 5, is independent of ovarian hormonal stimuli, whereas further endometrial growth, connective tissue remodeling, and metabolic enzyme synthesis are influenced by the gradual increase of preovulatory estrogens.", "contents": "Studies on the cytodynamics of human endometrial regeneration. II. Transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. The morphologic observations made in this study indicate that postmenstrual endometrial resurfacing occurs by proliferation of epithelial cells originating from the stumps of residual basal glands and uterine surface lining, bordering the denuded areas, respectively. Endometrial stromal cells or glands of the residual spongiosa are not involved in uterine surface repair. The mechanism whereby the new surface develops, it is proposed, is by endomitotic division. This contention is supported by the accelerated nuclear DNA and intracytoplasmic RNA synthesis, and absence of mitosis in the newly formed surface epithelial cells. The results indicate, furthermore, that uterine surface reconstruction, which is completed by cycle day 5, is independent of ovarian hormonal stimuli, whereas further endometrial growth, connective tissue remodeling, and metabolic enzyme synthesis are influenced by the gradual increase of preovulatory estrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:943938", "title": "Maximum stimulation of insulin secretion in children with chemical diabetes and obesity.", "content": "The response of plasma insulin concentration to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to the maximum stimulatory effect obtained with administration of glucose, glucagon and tolbutamide was studied in 24 siblings of diabetic children and in ten obese children. Five siblings of patients with diabetes sound to have chemical diabetes had hyperinsulinism during the OGTT. Serum insulin concentrations during the maximum stimulation of the beta cells in the children with chemical diabetes, although diminished at 15 minutes, were considered not significantly different from controls. Obese children had hyperinsulinism during the OGTT and the maximum stimulation of the beta cell. The data suggest that hyperinsulinism may precede or accompany carbohydrate intolerance in siblings of diabetic children.", "contents": "Maximum stimulation of insulin secretion in children with chemical diabetes and obesity. The response of plasma insulin concentration to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to the maximum stimulatory effect obtained with administration of glucose, glucagon and tolbutamide was studied in 24 siblings of diabetic children and in ten obese children. Five siblings of patients with diabetes sound to have chemical diabetes had hyperinsulinism during the OGTT. Serum insulin concentrations during the maximum stimulation of the beta cells in the children with chemical diabetes, although diminished at 15 minutes, were considered not significantly different from controls. Obese children had hyperinsulinism during the OGTT and the maximum stimulation of the beta cell. The data suggest that hyperinsulinism may precede or accompany carbohydrate intolerance in siblings of diabetic children."}
{"id": "PMID:943944", "title": "The obstetrician's role in reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis. With particular reference to the use of oral antacids.", "content": "Aspiration of gastric contents is the commonest cause of maternal anesthetic death. If the pH of the contents is below 2.5, morbidity and mortality rates are likely to be higher than if the pH is above 2.5. A study of 146 patients in labor shows that one in four patients is \"at risk\" to acid aspiration. No time interval between last mean and either onset of labor or delivery can guarantee an empty stomach. The use of oral antacids during labor reduces the number at risk to 1 in 35. Other methods by which the obstetrician may contribute to reducing the risk are discussed.", "contents": "The obstetrician's role in reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis. With particular reference to the use of oral antacids. Aspiration of gastric contents is the commonest cause of maternal anesthetic death. If the pH of the contents is below 2.5, morbidity and mortality rates are likely to be higher than if the pH is above 2.5. A study of 146 patients in labor shows that one in four patients is \"at risk\" to acid aspiration. No time interval between last mean and either onset of labor or delivery can guarantee an empty stomach. The use of oral antacids during labor reduces the number at risk to 1 in 35. Other methods by which the obstetrician may contribute to reducing the risk are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943945", "title": "Fetal blood sampling in midtrimester pregnancies.", "content": "Sonographically directed placental aspiration has been investigated as a method for obtaining fetal erythrocytes. The technique is generally successful and the fetal red cells are generally usuable for the prenatal diagnosis of the hemoglobinopathies.", "contents": "Fetal blood sampling in midtrimester pregnancies. Sonographically directed placental aspiration has been investigated as a method for obtaining fetal erythrocytes. The technique is generally successful and the fetal red cells are generally usuable for the prenatal diagnosis of the hemoglobinopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:943946", "title": "Placental ratio in white and black women: relation to smoking and anemia.", "content": "In a study of 7,000 pregnancies it was found that, particularly in black women, hemoglobin levels were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. This is the reverse of previously reported findings in nonpregnant persons. At delivery, the mean ratio of placental weight to birth weight (placental ratio) was higher in the infants of smokers than of nonsmokers. This observation is discussed in the light of reported elevated placental ratios at high altitudes or after severe anemia of pregnancy. The relationships are complex, and are not uniform with respect to ethnic group.", "contents": "Placental ratio in white and black women: relation to smoking and anemia. In a study of 7,000 pregnancies it was found that, particularly in black women, hemoglobin levels were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. This is the reverse of previously reported findings in nonpregnant persons. At delivery, the mean ratio of placental weight to birth weight (placental ratio) was higher in the infants of smokers than of nonsmokers. This observation is discussed in the light of reported elevated placental ratios at high altitudes or after severe anemia of pregnancy. The relationships are complex, and are not uniform with respect to ethnic group."}
{"id": "PMID:943947", "title": "Placental transfer of clindamycin and gentamicin in term pregnancy.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of clindamycin and gentamicin were studied in women given these antibiotics prior to cesarean section. Maternal clindamycin levels were within the normal range and cord levels were within the therapeutic range for this antibiotic. For gentamicin, however, maternal levels were depressed, with a concurrent depression of cord levels. This may have significant implications for the use of gentamicin in maternal and fetomaternal infections.", "contents": "Placental transfer of clindamycin and gentamicin in term pregnancy. The pharmacokinetics of clindamycin and gentamicin were studied in women given these antibiotics prior to cesarean section. Maternal clindamycin levels were within the normal range and cord levels were within the therapeutic range for this antibiotic. For gentamicin, however, maternal levels were depressed, with a concurrent depression of cord levels. This may have significant implications for the use of gentamicin in maternal and fetomaternal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:943948", "title": "Adolescent sexuality and paramarriage.", "content": "The problems of adolescent sexuality as parent and physician encounter them are briefly presented. The situation as regards venereal disease, inadvertent pregnancy, and abortion appears to be worsening. The author proposes participation of our specialty in a program directed toward (1) improved understanding between parents and child, (2) sex education throughout elementary school and high school, and (3) consideration of a new relationship between the sexes, entitled \"paramarriage.\" Such an undertaking is a logical step in the new role of obstetricians and gynecologists as primary physicians to women.", "contents": "Adolescent sexuality and paramarriage. The problems of adolescent sexuality as parent and physician encounter them are briefly presented. The situation as regards venereal disease, inadvertent pregnancy, and abortion appears to be worsening. The author proposes participation of our specialty in a program directed toward (1) improved understanding between parents and child, (2) sex education throughout elementary school and high school, and (3) consideration of a new relationship between the sexes, entitled \"paramarriage.\" Such an undertaking is a logical step in the new role of obstetricians and gynecologists as primary physicians to women."}
{"id": "PMID:943949", "title": "Diagnostic ultrasound for detection of intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "There were 738 fetal BPD determined in 468 normal obstetric patients between 16 and 43 weeks in whom (1) the size of the uterus on initial examination corresponded to the duration of amenorrhea +/- 1 week and (2) there were no complications during the pregnancy. The mean BPD +/- 2 S.D. was determined for each week. The rate of BPD growth was found to be 0.26 cm. per week from 18 to 38 weeks. One hundred random high-risk obstetric patients in whom the size of the uterus on initial examination corresponded to the weeks of amenorrhea +/- 1 week were studied. Two patterns of suspected IUGR are observed: one shows BPD values more than 2 S.D. below the mean; the other manifests a decreased delta BPD. Combinations of the two may be seen. At delivery seven neonates were identified who were SGA and could not be detected in utero by single BPD measurements.", "contents": "Diagnostic ultrasound for detection of intrauterine growth retardation. There were 738 fetal BPD determined in 468 normal obstetric patients between 16 and 43 weeks in whom (1) the size of the uterus on initial examination corresponded to the duration of amenorrhea +/- 1 week and (2) there were no complications during the pregnancy. The mean BPD +/- 2 S.D. was determined for each week. The rate of BPD growth was found to be 0.26 cm. per week from 18 to 38 weeks. One hundred random high-risk obstetric patients in whom the size of the uterus on initial examination corresponded to the weeks of amenorrhea +/- 1 week were studied. Two patterns of suspected IUGR are observed: one shows BPD values more than 2 S.D. below the mean; the other manifests a decreased delta BPD. Combinations of the two may be seen. At delivery seven neonates were identified who were SGA and could not be detected in utero by single BPD measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:943950", "title": "Infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva: results of surgical treatment.", "content": "During a 40 year period 374 patients with infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva were evaluated. Some form of radical surgery was the treatment chosen for 278 patients. The absolute 5 year survival rates for all clinical stages treated with some form of radical surgery was 66.8 per cent with a corrected rate of 73.9 per cent. The corrected 5 year survival rate for patients treated with radical vulvectomy and groin lymphadenectomy approximated 80 per cent and if the regional lymph nodes were negative, it approximated 93 per cent. The size of the primary lesion and the incidence of regional lymph node metastases seemed directly related. Lymph node involvement itself significantly reduced the chance for survival. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of preoperative evaluation of the groin lymph nodes approximated 25 per cent. The assumption that a lesion is \"early\" does not justify less than radical surgery. Conversely, the \"advanced\" lesion when geographically localized can be treated quite satisfactorily with pelvic exenteration. The treatment of choice is discussed.", "contents": "Infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva: results of surgical treatment. During a 40 year period 374 patients with infiltrative carcinoma of the vulva were evaluated. Some form of radical surgery was the treatment chosen for 278 patients. The absolute 5 year survival rates for all clinical stages treated with some form of radical surgery was 66.8 per cent with a corrected rate of 73.9 per cent. The corrected 5 year survival rate for patients treated with radical vulvectomy and groin lymphadenectomy approximated 80 per cent and if the regional lymph nodes were negative, it approximated 93 per cent. The size of the primary lesion and the incidence of regional lymph node metastases seemed directly related. Lymph node involvement itself significantly reduced the chance for survival. Furthermore, the inaccuracy of preoperative evaluation of the groin lymph nodes approximated 25 per cent. The assumption that a lesion is \"early\" does not justify less than radical surgery. Conversely, the \"advanced\" lesion when geographically localized can be treated quite satisfactorily with pelvic exenteration. The treatment of choice is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943951", "title": "Peripapillary changes in glaucoma.", "content": "Three observers, unaware of the clinical status of the patients and using projected 35-mm color transparencies, independently graded the degree of peripapillary halo and atrophy in 240 eyes. Analysis of the results revealed that, although patients with glaucoma had more prominent (4+) halos, the average degree of halo was statistically identical for both the glaucomatous and normal eyes. Peripapillary atrophy, on the other hand, was significantly (P less than .01) more extensive in glaucomatous eyes, and 4+ atrophy was seen primarily in eyes with more advanced disease of long duration.", "contents": "Peripapillary changes in glaucoma. Three observers, unaware of the clinical status of the patients and using projected 35-mm color transparencies, independently graded the degree of peripapillary halo and atrophy in 240 eyes. Analysis of the results revealed that, although patients with glaucoma had more prominent (4+) halos, the average degree of halo was statistically identical for both the glaucomatous and normal eyes. Peripapillary atrophy, on the other hand, was significantly (P less than .01) more extensive in glaucomatous eyes, and 4+ atrophy was seen primarily in eyes with more advanced disease of long duration."}
{"id": "PMID:943952", "title": "Concentration-dependent dissociation of factor VIII in 1 M NaCl.", "content": "Plasma, cryoprecipitate, Hemofil, and human factor VIII concentrate were dissolved in 1.0 M NaCl and chromatographed on Bio-Gel A-5m. With high concentrations of factor VIII the activity eluted as a symmetrical peak in the void volume; with a low factor VIII concentration the procoagulant activity was retarded. Dilution curves were performed for several human factor VIII concentrates. When the concentration of factor VIII was decreased, elution patterns showed a gradual transition from a peak in the void volume to a peak with a Ve/Vo of 1.7. Cryoprecipitate exhibited a similar behavior in 1.0 M NaCl, but the percent dissociation was greater than expected at high concentrations of factor VIII. When gel filtration was performed with 0.25 M CaCl2, significant dissociation occurred at all concentrations of factor VIII tested. The behavior of factor VIII in 1.0 M NaCl closely fit a theoretically derived curve for the dissociation of a protein from its binder. We conclude that the dissociation of factor VIII in 1 M NaCl is dependent on the concentration and purification of the procoagulant protein.", "contents": "Concentration-dependent dissociation of factor VIII in 1 M NaCl. Plasma, cryoprecipitate, Hemofil, and human factor VIII concentrate were dissolved in 1.0 M NaCl and chromatographed on Bio-Gel A-5m. With high concentrations of factor VIII the activity eluted as a symmetrical peak in the void volume; with a low factor VIII concentration the procoagulant activity was retarded. Dilution curves were performed for several human factor VIII concentrates. When the concentration of factor VIII was decreased, elution patterns showed a gradual transition from a peak in the void volume to a peak with a Ve/Vo of 1.7. Cryoprecipitate exhibited a similar behavior in 1.0 M NaCl, but the percent dissociation was greater than expected at high concentrations of factor VIII. When gel filtration was performed with 0.25 M CaCl2, significant dissociation occurred at all concentrations of factor VIII tested. The behavior of factor VIII in 1.0 M NaCl closely fit a theoretically derived curve for the dissociation of a protein from its binder. We conclude that the dissociation of factor VIII in 1 M NaCl is dependent on the concentration and purification of the procoagulant protein."}
{"id": "PMID:943953", "title": "Services for the aged in community mental health centers.", "content": "The author studied the services provided for the elderly at eight community mental health centers. He describes discrimination against the elderly, the reasons why relatively few elderly persons seek care, and innovations in treatment. He discovered that high-quality care depends more on staff awareness of the unique problems of the elderly than on specialized services. The author recommends a more public-health-oriented approach that would set priorities on the basis of community needs.", "contents": "Services for the aged in community mental health centers. The author studied the services provided for the elderly at eight community mental health centers. He describes discrimination against the elderly, the reasons why relatively few elderly persons seek care, and innovations in treatment. He discovered that high-quality care depends more on staff awareness of the unique problems of the elderly than on specialized services. The author recommends a more public-health-oriented approach that would set priorities on the basis of community needs."}
{"id": "PMID:943954", "title": "Experiences of psychiatry board exam casualties: a survey report.", "content": "The author collected completed questionnaires from 52 psychiatrists who had failed to pass the examinations of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) on their first try. He quotes from the responses of 6 of these psychiatrists, showing the profound emotional impact of their failure. He recommends that the ABPN explain its low pass rate, supply feedback on the exam results, provide the specific criteria by which competence is judged, allow candidates to take the written exam on a trial basis, and drop the oral exams if their reliability cannot be documented. He also recommends that the profession of psychiatry take responsibility for the certification procedure.", "contents": "Experiences of psychiatry board exam casualties: a survey report. The author collected completed questionnaires from 52 psychiatrists who had failed to pass the examinations of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) on their first try. He quotes from the responses of 6 of these psychiatrists, showing the profound emotional impact of their failure. He recommends that the ABPN explain its low pass rate, supply feedback on the exam results, provide the specific criteria by which competence is judged, allow candidates to take the written exam on a trial basis, and drop the oral exams if their reliability cannot be documented. He also recommends that the profession of psychiatry take responsibility for the certification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:943955", "title": "Decreased blood platelet MAO activity in unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The authors found lower platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 13 unmedicated chronic schizophrenic male patients in comparison to 13 mentally normal control male subjects--a finding that agrees with previous studies showing MAO activity to be low in the platelets of chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors urge that studies exploring endocrine factors and the role of hospitalization be undertaken to attempt to explain this finding.", "contents": "Decreased blood platelet MAO activity in unmedicated chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors found lower platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in 13 unmedicated chronic schizophrenic male patients in comparison to 13 mentally normal control male subjects--a finding that agrees with previous studies showing MAO activity to be low in the platelets of chronic schizophrenic patients. The authors urge that studies exploring endocrine factors and the role of hospitalization be undertaken to attempt to explain this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:943956", "title": "Transsexualism in two male triplets.", "content": "The authors present clinical and case material on two male triplets with aberrant gender identity. Their findings coincide with those of the few family studies reported in which there were two or more transsexual members; they also reveal patterns generally in keeping with the psychological determinants of transsexualism suggested by Stoller.", "contents": "Transsexualism in two male triplets. The authors present clinical and case material on two male triplets with aberrant gender identity. Their findings coincide with those of the few family studies reported in which there were two or more transsexual members; they also reveal patterns generally in keeping with the psychological determinants of transsexualism suggested by Stoller."}
{"id": "PMID:943957", "title": "The Vietnam warrior: his experience, and implications for psychotherapy.", "content": "The psychodynamic experience of the Vietnam trooper is described and emotionally evoked by the author, who is both a psychiatrist and a combat veteran of that war. It is shown how that experience continues to affect the lives of these men. The special implications of that experience for psychotherapy are then discussed.", "contents": "The Vietnam warrior: his experience, and implications for psychotherapy. The psychodynamic experience of the Vietnam trooper is described and emotionally evoked by the author, who is both a psychiatrist and a combat veteran of that war. It is shown how that experience continues to affect the lives of these men. The special implications of that experience for psychotherapy are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:943958", "title": "Foreign policy, ego-defense mechanisms, and balance-of-power vulnerability.", "content": "The concept of balance-of-power vulnerability is proposed as a heuristic tool to understand the varying states of anxiety which occur when America's national integrity or security is threatened. Corresponding to the different states of vulnerability are the groups of ego-defense mechanisms which are arranged in a hierarchical pattern. These defense mechanisms are defined as spontaneous or premediated strategies for problem solving, containing elements of intrapsychic and social processes. The Vulnerability-Ego Defense construct is then used to compare America's foreign policy with respect to different nations and with respect to one nation over a protracted period of time.", "contents": "Foreign policy, ego-defense mechanisms, and balance-of-power vulnerability. The concept of balance-of-power vulnerability is proposed as a heuristic tool to understand the varying states of anxiety which occur when America's national integrity or security is threatened. Corresponding to the different states of vulnerability are the groups of ego-defense mechanisms which are arranged in a hierarchical pattern. These defense mechanisms are defined as spontaneous or premediated strategies for problem solving, containing elements of intrapsychic and social processes. The Vulnerability-Ego Defense construct is then used to compare America's foreign policy with respect to different nations and with respect to one nation over a protracted period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:943959", "title": "Ejaculatio retardata. Conventional psychotherapy and sex therapy in a severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "content": "An obsessive-compulsive patient was treated with modified analytic therapy to enable him to complete his first college year. As an assistant professor, he returned 19 years later complaining of retarded ejaculation. Traditional psychotherapy (52 sessions) failed to resolve the problem. After eight sessions of solo sex therapy, the ejaculatory dysfunction was mastered.", "contents": "Ejaculatio retardata. Conventional psychotherapy and sex therapy in a severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. An obsessive-compulsive patient was treated with modified analytic therapy to enable him to complete his first college year. As an assistant professor, he returned 19 years later complaining of retarded ejaculation. Traditional psychotherapy (52 sessions) failed to resolve the problem. After eight sessions of solo sex therapy, the ejaculatory dysfunction was mastered."}
{"id": "PMID:943960", "title": "Emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as an important cause of diarrhea in Malaysia.", "content": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 47 of 2,699 stools examined primarily for the exclusion of cholera. All strains grew well in alkaline peptone water containing 0.5% NaCl and in Monsur's medium. Serotyping showed them to be of various types. Adults were mainly affected. The importance of looking for V. parahaemolyticus in clinical specimens from cases of diarrhea is emphasized.", "contents": "Emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as an important cause of diarrhea in Malaysia. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 47 of 2,699 stools examined primarily for the exclusion of cholera. All strains grew well in alkaline peptone water containing 0.5% NaCl and in Monsur's medium. Serotyping showed them to be of various types. Adults were mainly affected. The importance of looking for V. parahaemolyticus in clinical specimens from cases of diarrhea is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:943961", "title": "Natural cutaneous leishmaniasis among dogs in Panama.", "content": "A search for cutaneous leishmaniasis among dogs was conducted in several forest settlements of central Panama from 1968 to 1973. A total of 11 (3.3%) of 333 animals examined was found infected and, in 9 of these, parasites were isolated in culture and characterized as Leishmania braziliensis. Infected dogs occurred in three settlements, one of which was free of human leishmaniasis. In the latter case, infections were acquired in the nearby forest during hunting excursions. Ulcerated skin lesions primarily on the lower aspect of ears, or depigmentation and inflammation of the nostrils were manifested, with persistence as long as 45 months. The parasites did not disseminate from the lesion to viscera or other areas of the skin. The dog may serve as an incidental reservoir host of human leishmaniasis and/or a liaison of the infection between the jungle and forest settlements in the Republic of Panama.", "contents": "Natural cutaneous leishmaniasis among dogs in Panama. A search for cutaneous leishmaniasis among dogs was conducted in several forest settlements of central Panama from 1968 to 1973. A total of 11 (3.3%) of 333 animals examined was found infected and, in 9 of these, parasites were isolated in culture and characterized as Leishmania braziliensis. Infected dogs occurred in three settlements, one of which was free of human leishmaniasis. In the latter case, infections were acquired in the nearby forest during hunting excursions. Ulcerated skin lesions primarily on the lower aspect of ears, or depigmentation and inflammation of the nostrils were manifested, with persistence as long as 45 months. The parasites did not disseminate from the lesion to viscera or other areas of the skin. The dog may serve as an incidental reservoir host of human leishmaniasis and/or a liaison of the infection between the jungle and forest settlements in the Republic of Panama."}
{"id": "PMID:943962", "title": "Onchocercal dermatitis: ultrastructural studies of microfilariae and host tissues, before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan).", "content": "Specimens of skin from four Cameroon patients with severe onchocercal dermatitis, before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC), were studied by light and electron microscopy. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus have ultrastructural features resembling those of microfilariae of other genera. Between the surface layer of the cuticle and the trilaminate membrane, there is an electrolucent zone which is much wider in degenerating microfilariae than in intact microfilariae. Widening of the zone may result from DEC-induced release of component(s) of the cuticle, possibly collagen or mucopolysaccharide. Between the cuticle and dermal collagen there are granular deposits which might be immune complexes involving the collagenous component of cuticle. Others have shown that DEC does not kill microfilariae in vitro. Treatment with DEC presumably \"unmasks\" microfilariae in the skin so that they are recognized as foreign bodies and are destroyed by the host's defenses. Histiocytes and eosinophils are seen in close proximity to degenerating microfilariae. Enzymes from histiocytes and eosinophils might readily penetrate the cuticle altered by DEC treatment, and digest various components within the microfilariae. Alternatively, the widening of the electrolucent zone might result directly from the action of leucocytic or histiocytic enzymes, after the microfilaria has been killed by other mechanisms.", "contents": "Onchocercal dermatitis: ultrastructural studies of microfilariae and host tissues, before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan). Specimens of skin from four Cameroon patients with severe onchocercal dermatitis, before and after treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC), were studied by light and electron microscopy. Microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus have ultrastructural features resembling those of microfilariae of other genera. Between the surface layer of the cuticle and the trilaminate membrane, there is an electrolucent zone which is much wider in degenerating microfilariae than in intact microfilariae. Widening of the zone may result from DEC-induced release of component(s) of the cuticle, possibly collagen or mucopolysaccharide. Between the cuticle and dermal collagen there are granular deposits which might be immune complexes involving the collagenous component of cuticle. Others have shown that DEC does not kill microfilariae in vitro. Treatment with DEC presumably \"unmasks\" microfilariae in the skin so that they are recognized as foreign bodies and are destroyed by the host's defenses. Histiocytes and eosinophils are seen in close proximity to degenerating microfilariae. Enzymes from histiocytes and eosinophils might readily penetrate the cuticle altered by DEC treatment, and digest various components within the microfilariae. Alternatively, the widening of the electrolucent zone might result directly from the action of leucocytic or histiocytic enzymes, after the microfilaria has been killed by other mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:943963", "title": "Studies on schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia.", "content": "During studies on schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia, urine and stool samples from inhabitants of various areas (mostly rural) were examined, and 97 aquatic habitats in 46 localities were searched for snails. The results indicate the occurrence of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in most parts of the country, with a patchy distribution and varying infection rates. The snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni was found to be Biomphalaria arabica. For S. haematobium three species of snails, namely, Bulinus truncatus and B. beccarii in the west and B. reticulatus wrighti in the northeast, may transmit the infection; the susceptibility of the two former species has been confirmed in the laboratory. The limitation in the size of snail habitats--which consist of wells, small canals, cisterns, small swamps, interrupted streams, and ponds--creates a special type of transmission which can be defined as \"oasis transmission,\" making control of the disease both simple and practical.", "contents": "Studies on schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia. During studies on schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabia, urine and stool samples from inhabitants of various areas (mostly rural) were examined, and 97 aquatic habitats in 46 localities were searched for snails. The results indicate the occurrence of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis in most parts of the country, with a patchy distribution and varying infection rates. The snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni was found to be Biomphalaria arabica. For S. haematobium three species of snails, namely, Bulinus truncatus and B. beccarii in the west and B. reticulatus wrighti in the northeast, may transmit the infection; the susceptibility of the two former species has been confirmed in the laboratory. The limitation in the size of snail habitats--which consist of wells, small canals, cisterns, small swamps, interrupted streams, and ponds--creates a special type of transmission which can be defined as \"oasis transmission,\" making control of the disease both simple and practical."}
{"id": "PMID:943964", "title": "External irradiation in treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "A retrospective review of thirty patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with metastatic or direct extension of their disease was undertaken. These thirty patients were treated by a standard surgical procedure and postoperative high dose orthoirradiation with an average twenty-one year follow-up period. Results of this treatment are compared with those of eighty similar patients treated by surgery alone. The primary treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid remains surgical but with a consideration that irradiation may be of benefit in certain instances.", "contents": "External irradiation in treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A retrospective review of thirty patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with metastatic or direct extension of their disease was undertaken. These thirty patients were treated by a standard surgical procedure and postoperative high dose orthoirradiation with an average twenty-one year follow-up period. Results of this treatment are compared with those of eighty similar patients treated by surgery alone. The primary treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid remains surgical but with a consideration that irradiation may be of benefit in certain instances."}
{"id": "PMID:943967", "title": "An autoradiographic study of tritiated uridine incorporation into the larval ovary of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of 3H-5-uridine into the germinal and somatic cells of the larval ovary of Xenopus laevis has been studied using both light and electron microscope autoradiography. Incubation for only one hour in the presence of precursor revealed that the follicle cells are highly active in rRNA synthesis, whereas substantial oogonial nucleolar labeling was not detected for several hours. Semi-quantitative analysis of high-resolution autoradiograms indicated that the density of silver grains associated with \"nuage\" in oogonia was almost 4-fold greater than the surrounding cytoplasm. This strongly suggests that a significant amount of RNA is associated with \"nuage\" at this stage of Xenopus oogenesis, in addition to its well documented protein composition. \"Pulse-chase\" experiments further suggest that the nuage-associated RNA is stable for at least 24 hours. These results are discussed (within the limitations imposed by the methodology) both in relation to other studies on the composition of nuage in a wide variety of germinal cell types and in the light of growing speculation that nuage and germinal granules are synonymous.", "contents": "An autoradiographic study of tritiated uridine incorporation into the larval ovary of Xenopus laevis. The in vitro incorporation of 3H-5-uridine into the germinal and somatic cells of the larval ovary of Xenopus laevis has been studied using both light and electron microscope autoradiography. Incubation for only one hour in the presence of precursor revealed that the follicle cells are highly active in rRNA synthesis, whereas substantial oogonial nucleolar labeling was not detected for several hours. Semi-quantitative analysis of high-resolution autoradiograms indicated that the density of silver grains associated with \"nuage\" in oogonia was almost 4-fold greater than the surrounding cytoplasm. This strongly suggests that a significant amount of RNA is associated with \"nuage\" at this stage of Xenopus oogenesis, in addition to its well documented protein composition. \"Pulse-chase\" experiments further suggest that the nuage-associated RNA is stable for at least 24 hours. These results are discussed (within the limitations imposed by the methodology) both in relation to other studies on the composition of nuage in a wide variety of germinal cell types and in the light of growing speculation that nuage and germinal granules are synonymous."}
{"id": "PMID:943968", "title": "Quantitative studies of lymphocytes and other cell populations in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized C3H mice.", "content": "The effects of neonatal thymectomy on the development of the lymphoid, erythroid and granulocytic cell populations in mouse bone marrow have been assessed by quantitative techniques. The numbers per unit volume of bone marrow of 17 cell types were determined in neonatally thymectomized and sham thymectomized C3H mice at two, four and eight weeks of age, and compared with those of normal C3H mice. After neonatal thymectomy the numbers of small lymphocytes, large and medium-sized lymphoid cells, and erythroid cells reached normal levels at two weeks but fell progressively to 18%, 22% and 42% of normal, respectively, by eight weeks. In sham thymectomized mice these cell populations did not differ significantly from normal. Immature and mature granulocytes were elevated in numbers two weeks after either neonatal thymectomy or sham thymectomy, suggesting a transient non-specific stimulation of granulocytopoiesis. During continuous infusion of 3H-thymidine for ten days in neonatally thymectomized mice aged four weeks and eight weeks many bone marrow small lymphocytes remained unlabeled. The results demonstrate that early postnatal development of bone marrow lymphoid and erythroid cells proceeds normally in the absence of the thymus, in accord with the concept of the bone marrow as a primary site of lymphocyte production and differentiation. In addition, some slowly-renewing small lymphocytes in bone marrow appear to be thymus-independent cells.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of lymphocytes and other cell populations in the bone marrow of neonatally thymectomized C3H mice. The effects of neonatal thymectomy on the development of the lymphoid, erythroid and granulocytic cell populations in mouse bone marrow have been assessed by quantitative techniques. The numbers per unit volume of bone marrow of 17 cell types were determined in neonatally thymectomized and sham thymectomized C3H mice at two, four and eight weeks of age, and compared with those of normal C3H mice. After neonatal thymectomy the numbers of small lymphocytes, large and medium-sized lymphoid cells, and erythroid cells reached normal levels at two weeks but fell progressively to 18%, 22% and 42% of normal, respectively, by eight weeks. In sham thymectomized mice these cell populations did not differ significantly from normal. Immature and mature granulocytes were elevated in numbers two weeks after either neonatal thymectomy or sham thymectomy, suggesting a transient non-specific stimulation of granulocytopoiesis. During continuous infusion of 3H-thymidine for ten days in neonatally thymectomized mice aged four weeks and eight weeks many bone marrow small lymphocytes remained unlabeled. The results demonstrate that early postnatal development of bone marrow lymphoid and erythroid cells proceeds normally in the absence of the thymus, in accord with the concept of the bone marrow as a primary site of lymphocyte production and differentiation. In addition, some slowly-renewing small lymphocytes in bone marrow appear to be thymus-independent cells."}
{"id": "PMID:943970", "title": "DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in the simple liver acinus of 10 to 20-day-old rats: evidence for cell fusion.", "content": "Radioautography after 3H-thymidine injection, mitotic arrest by colchicine and camera lucida drawings were used to study DNA synthesis, mitosis, formation of binucleated cells and morphogenesis in the simple liver acinus of Rappaport in 10-20-day old rats. By ten days the arrangement of hepatic cell plates had already attained the adult configuration - irregular and thick in acinar zone 1 (periportal), straight and thin in acinar zone 3 (pericentral). The DNA synthetic index of parenchymal and bile duct cells slowly decreased during the observation period. Zonal labeling remained steady in the relationship: zone 1 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 3. Mitosis of parenchymal and bile duct cells reached a peak at 12 days, decreasing slowly thereafter. Mitosis also exhibited the relationship zone 1 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 3. The number of binucleated cells remained constant until after day 14 when it increased rapidly. Zonal distribution of binucleated cells was just the reverse of that for DNA synthesis and mitosis, that is zone 3 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 1. Radioautographic studies of binucleated cells labeled with 3H-thymidine indicated that a small percentage of them were formed by fusion of mononucleated cells. Conclusions are: (1) the 10-20-day old rat liver is expanding its cell population primarily in acinar zones 1 and 2 while overt differentiation is occurring in acinar zone 3, (2) ingestion of solid food around day 16 may be related to binucleated cell production due in part to altered portal venous blood changing the cellular microenvironments, (3) binucleated cells arise by suppression of cytokinesis, cell fusion and/or other non-mitotic routes.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in the simple liver acinus of 10 to 20-day-old rats: evidence for cell fusion. Radioautography after 3H-thymidine injection, mitotic arrest by colchicine and camera lucida drawings were used to study DNA synthesis, mitosis, formation of binucleated cells and morphogenesis in the simple liver acinus of Rappaport in 10-20-day old rats. By ten days the arrangement of hepatic cell plates had already attained the adult configuration - irregular and thick in acinar zone 1 (periportal), straight and thin in acinar zone 3 (pericentral). The DNA synthetic index of parenchymal and bile duct cells slowly decreased during the observation period. Zonal labeling remained steady in the relationship: zone 1 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 3. Mitosis of parenchymal and bile duct cells reached a peak at 12 days, decreasing slowly thereafter. Mitosis also exhibited the relationship zone 1 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 3. The number of binucleated cells remained constant until after day 14 when it increased rapidly. Zonal distribution of binucleated cells was just the reverse of that for DNA synthesis and mitosis, that is zone 3 greater than zone 2 greater than zone 1. Radioautographic studies of binucleated cells labeled with 3H-thymidine indicated that a small percentage of them were formed by fusion of mononucleated cells. Conclusions are: (1) the 10-20-day old rat liver is expanding its cell population primarily in acinar zones 1 and 2 while overt differentiation is occurring in acinar zone 3, (2) ingestion of solid food around day 16 may be related to binucleated cell production due in part to altered portal venous blood changing the cellular microenvironments, (3) binucleated cells arise by suppression of cytokinesis, cell fusion and/or other non-mitotic routes."}
{"id": "PMID:943969", "title": "Reproductive biology of the male leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus waterhousii in Southwestern United States.", "content": "The reproductive biology of the bat Macrotus waterhousii was investigated anatomically and physiologically several times monthly throughout the year. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in June; sperm are available in August. Testicular hypertrophy is accompanied by increased levels of testicular ascorbic acid and circulating plasma testosterone. Sperm are present in the seminiferous tubules and later the epididymides from August to early December. Regression in testicular size begins in late September and testes are involuted by early December. Levels of testicular ascorbic acid and plasma testosterone decline at this time, although detectable amounts of both are present year-round. Mature sperm are absent from the male tract after late November or early December. The accessory sex gland complex and Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands. In contrast to vespertilionid bats, where the accessory glands remain enlarged and active when testes involute, those in Macrotus regress. The penis differs structurally from that of other temperate North American bats, primarily by lacking a bony baculum and specialized erectile accessory corpus cavernosus bodies. Males are not reproductively active in their first autumn.", "contents": "Reproductive biology of the male leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus waterhousii in Southwestern United States. The reproductive biology of the bat Macrotus waterhousii was investigated anatomically and physiologically several times monthly throughout the year. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in June; sperm are available in August. Testicular hypertrophy is accompanied by increased levels of testicular ascorbic acid and circulating plasma testosterone. Sperm are present in the seminiferous tubules and later the epididymides from August to early December. Regression in testicular size begins in late September and testes are involuted by early December. Levels of testicular ascorbic acid and plasma testosterone decline at this time, although detectable amounts of both are present year-round. Mature sperm are absent from the male tract after late November or early December. The accessory sex gland complex and Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands undergo an annual cycle in synchrony with the testicular cycle. The accessory complex contains fructose, the concentration of which varies seasonally in direct proportion to glandular hypertrophy. Only trace levels of fructose are elaborated by Cowper's glands. In contrast to vespertilionid bats, where the accessory glands remain enlarged and active when testes involute, those in Macrotus regress. The penis differs structurally from that of other temperate North American bats, primarily by lacking a bony baculum and specialized erectile accessory corpus cavernosus bodies. Males are not reproductively active in their first autumn."}
{"id": "PMID:943965", "title": "Phamtom limb; some theories.", "content": "After discussing the problems of elderly amputees with a peripheral vaxcular surgeon, some of the relevant literaure is surveyed, with views from different specialists, none of whom claim understanding nor consistent success in treatment of phantom limb complaints at present. Dorsal column stimulation has still to be evaluated. Psychological aspects indicate a need for a multidisciplinary team approach to this problem.", "contents": "Phamtom limb; some theories. After discussing the problems of elderly amputees with a peripheral vaxcular surgeon, some of the relevant literaure is surveyed, with views from different specialists, none of whom claim understanding nor consistent success in treatment of phantom limb complaints at present. Dorsal column stimulation has still to be evaluated. Psychological aspects indicate a need for a multidisciplinary team approach to this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:943971", "title": "Uterine vasculature of the pregnant pig: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Colored cold setting acrylic cement was injected through catheters into the arteries and veins of sixteen gravid uteri obtained from pigs at various stages of pregnancy. After the cement had set hard, the reproductive tracts were macerated in concentrated acid and the vascular casts resulting were washed clean of digested tissues. Small pieces of cast were coated with gold and viewed by means of a scanning electron microscope. Early in pregnancy the capillary network consists of low parallel ranks of ridges and troughs; later, cross ridging was observed which developed in complexity as pregnancy progressed. The density of capillaries comprising the microvascular network also increased towards term. No comparable changes were noted in the relatively less well vascularized areas surrounding the mouths of the uterine glands. This technique surmounted the problems of obtaining an adequate depth of focus for viewing the capillary network of the gravid uterus with the light microscope. The relationships that the blood vessels bore to the overlying epithelial layers were discussed and the inference tentatively drawn that blood flow at the capillary level was from ridge top to trough base.", "contents": "Uterine vasculature of the pregnant pig: a scanning electron microscope study. Colored cold setting acrylic cement was injected through catheters into the arteries and veins of sixteen gravid uteri obtained from pigs at various stages of pregnancy. After the cement had set hard, the reproductive tracts were macerated in concentrated acid and the vascular casts resulting were washed clean of digested tissues. Small pieces of cast were coated with gold and viewed by means of a scanning electron microscope. Early in pregnancy the capillary network consists of low parallel ranks of ridges and troughs; later, cross ridging was observed which developed in complexity as pregnancy progressed. The density of capillaries comprising the microvascular network also increased towards term. No comparable changes were noted in the relatively less well vascularized areas surrounding the mouths of the uterine glands. This technique surmounted the problems of obtaining an adequate depth of focus for viewing the capillary network of the gravid uterus with the light microscope. The relationships that the blood vessels bore to the overlying epithelial layers were discussed and the inference tentatively drawn that blood flow at the capillary level was from ridge top to trough base."}
{"id": "PMID:943973", "title": "A technic of general anesthesia for blepharoplasty and rhytidectomy.", "content": "A series of 66 consecutive cases of blepharoplasty and rhytidectomy are reported, 60 of which were performed with a general anesthesia technic utilizing local anesthesia with epinephrine, in association with enflurane inhalation delivered via bilateral nasopharyngeal airways (BNPA). Six cases were not suitable candidates for the technic because of physical status or for anatomic reasons. The technic has teh advantage of providing airway control without tracheal intubation, light depth of anesthesia, compatibility with epinephrine, and highly acceptable limits of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative hematoma.", "contents": "A technic of general anesthesia for blepharoplasty and rhytidectomy. A series of 66 consecutive cases of blepharoplasty and rhytidectomy are reported, 60 of which were performed with a general anesthesia technic utilizing local anesthesia with epinephrine, in association with enflurane inhalation delivered via bilateral nasopharyngeal airways (BNPA). Six cases were not suitable candidates for the technic because of physical status or for anatomic reasons. The technic has teh advantage of providing airway control without tracheal intubation, light depth of anesthesia, compatibility with epinephrine, and highly acceptable limits of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:943972", "title": "Righting the wrongs of writing: copy editors speak out.", "content": "The major part of APGA Press production editor's jobs is copy editing manuscripts before they are set in type. In this article, written at the invitation of the P&G editor, two APGA Press Staff members use specific examples to illustrate the grammatical and stylistic errors that cause problems for them and, if not corrected, for readers. The authors hope that contributors and potential contributors to professional journals will find this article helpful in expressing their ideas clearly when preparing material for publication.", "contents": "Righting the wrongs of writing: copy editors speak out. The major part of APGA Press production editor's jobs is copy editing manuscripts before they are set in type. In this article, written at the invitation of the P&G editor, two APGA Press Staff members use specific examples to illustrate the grammatical and stylistic errors that cause problems for them and, if not corrected, for readers. The authors hope that contributors and potential contributors to professional journals will find this article helpful in expressing their ideas clearly when preparing material for publication."}
{"id": "PMID:943975", "title": "Anesthetic considerations in diffuse bleeding diathesis of uncertain origin.", "content": "This is a report of a case of a diffuse bleeding tendency in a pregnant woman who presented for emergency splenectomy with a tentative diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The influence of multiple organ dysfunction in the selection of appropriate monitors and the anesthetic technic in such cases are complex.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations in diffuse bleeding diathesis of uncertain origin. This is a report of a case of a diffuse bleeding tendency in a pregnant woman who presented for emergency splenectomy with a tentative diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The influence of multiple organ dysfunction in the selection of appropriate monitors and the anesthetic technic in such cases are complex."}
{"id": "PMID:943977", "title": "Bacteriologic aspects of epidural analgesia.", "content": "The incidence of contamination of catheters and syringes used during epidural analgesia for parturients and the effectiveness of bacterial filters were investigated. The effect of bupivacaine on bacterial viability and growth was also studied. Syringes in 5/101 cases were contaminated, while catheter tips located in the epidural space were sterile. Organisms isolated were skin commensals and probably originated on the hands of anesthetic personnel. Bupivacaine (0.25%) was bacteriocidal to S epidermidis and Corynebacterium spp at 37C but not at room temperature. These findings illustrate the efficacy of using bacterial filters during continuous epidural analgesia. New syringes should be used for each epidural injection as insurance against seeding of bacteria in the presence of a defective filter.", "contents": "Bacteriologic aspects of epidural analgesia. The incidence of contamination of catheters and syringes used during epidural analgesia for parturients and the effectiveness of bacterial filters were investigated. The effect of bupivacaine on bacterial viability and growth was also studied. Syringes in 5/101 cases were contaminated, while catheter tips located in the epidural space were sterile. Organisms isolated were skin commensals and probably originated on the hands of anesthetic personnel. Bupivacaine (0.25%) was bacteriocidal to S epidermidis and Corynebacterium spp at 37C but not at room temperature. These findings illustrate the efficacy of using bacterial filters during continuous epidural analgesia. New syringes should be used for each epidural injection as insurance against seeding of bacteria in the presence of a defective filter."}
{"id": "PMID:943974", "title": "Cardiovascular dynamics after large doses of fentanyl and fentanyl plus N2O in the dog.", "content": "The effects of large doses of fentanyl (0.05 to 2 mg/kg) and fentanyl plus N2O on cardiovascular dynamics were determined in 10 unpremedicated dogs breathing 100% O2. Using computer analysis of the central aortic pulsepressure curve, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output, heart rate (HR), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures (BP) were determined while fentanyl was being given at a rate of 0.3 to 0.44 mg/min. Fentanyl caused a dose-related decrease in HR, which was significant at 0.05 mg/kg. Cardiac output, PVR, and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP were also decreased and SV increased. The latter changes became significant at 0.1 mg/kg for diastolic BP; 0.15 mg/kg for cardiac output and mean BP; 0.25 mg/kg for sv and systolic BP; and at 1.25 mg/kg for peripheral vascular resistance. Addition of N2O after fentanyl did not significantly change any parameter, although SV, cardiac output, and HR were usually increased and PVR decreased. These data demonstrate that, while large doses of fentanyl or fentanyl plus N2O do alter cardiovascular dynamics in dogs, the changes appear to be less profound than those produced by equianalgesic doses of morphine. Our findings suggest that large doses of fentanyl-O2 may be an attractive alternative to morphine-O2 anethesia in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Cardiovascular dynamics after large doses of fentanyl and fentanyl plus N2O in the dog. The effects of large doses of fentanyl (0.05 to 2 mg/kg) and fentanyl plus N2O on cardiovascular dynamics were determined in 10 unpremedicated dogs breathing 100% O2. Using computer analysis of the central aortic pulsepressure curve, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output, heart rate (HR), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures (BP) were determined while fentanyl was being given at a rate of 0.3 to 0.44 mg/min. Fentanyl caused a dose-related decrease in HR, which was significant at 0.05 mg/kg. Cardiac output, PVR, and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP were also decreased and SV increased. The latter changes became significant at 0.1 mg/kg for diastolic BP; 0.15 mg/kg for cardiac output and mean BP; 0.25 mg/kg for sv and systolic BP; and at 1.25 mg/kg for peripheral vascular resistance. Addition of N2O after fentanyl did not significantly change any parameter, although SV, cardiac output, and HR were usually increased and PVR decreased. These data demonstrate that, while large doses of fentanyl or fentanyl plus N2O do alter cardiovascular dynamics in dogs, the changes appear to be less profound than those produced by equianalgesic doses of morphine. Our findings suggest that large doses of fentanyl-O2 may be an attractive alternative to morphine-O2 anethesia in critically ill patients."}
{"id": "PMID:943981", "title": "Management of a parturient with cardiac valve prosthesis.", "content": "The parturient with a cardiac valve prosthesis presents a twofold problem of management: (1) that of a rising cardiac workload in the presence of serious heart disease, and (2) that of chronic anticoagulant therapy. Pain relief, a shortened 2nd stage of labor, and avoidance of bearing-down efforts reduce stress. Vaginal delivery is preferred to cesarean section, and segmental lumbar extradural block is the optimal anesthetic method. Oxytocics must be used with caution and heparin is preferred to longacting oral anticoagulants.", "contents": "Management of a parturient with cardiac valve prosthesis. The parturient with a cardiac valve prosthesis presents a twofold problem of management: (1) that of a rising cardiac workload in the presence of serious heart disease, and (2) that of chronic anticoagulant therapy. Pain relief, a shortened 2nd stage of labor, and avoidance of bearing-down efforts reduce stress. Vaginal delivery is preferred to cesarean section, and segmental lumbar extradural block is the optimal anesthetic method. Oxytocics must be used with caution and heparin is preferred to longacting oral anticoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:943976", "title": "Survival following massive pulmonary hemorrhage complicating pulmonary embolectomy: a case report.", "content": "Continued employment of extracorporeal circulation provides for adequate oxygenation despite massive pulmonary hemorrhage. However, this modality requires continuing heparinization, which seems to preclude control of the hemorrhage. The longer bleeding persists, the more the pulmonary damage. Further, the problems of massive volume replacement will be added to this catastrophe. The authors believe that rapid discontinuance of extracorporeal bypass, reversal of heparinization with protamine, aggressive pulmonary suctioning, and alternate ventilation with 100% O2 were responsible for their good result. Arterial hypoxemia was avoided despite pulmonary suction yielding 1500 ml in 17 minutes.", "contents": "Survival following massive pulmonary hemorrhage complicating pulmonary embolectomy: a case report. Continued employment of extracorporeal circulation provides for adequate oxygenation despite massive pulmonary hemorrhage. However, this modality requires continuing heparinization, which seems to preclude control of the hemorrhage. The longer bleeding persists, the more the pulmonary damage. Further, the problems of massive volume replacement will be added to this catastrophe. The authors believe that rapid discontinuance of extracorporeal bypass, reversal of heparinization with protamine, aggressive pulmonary suctioning, and alternate ventilation with 100% O2 were responsible for their good result. Arterial hypoxemia was avoided despite pulmonary suction yielding 1500 ml in 17 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:943979", "title": "Factors influencing choice between tracheostomy and prolonged translaryngeal intubation in acute respiratory failure: a prospective study.", "content": "One of the problems of prolonged ventilatory therapy in acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the need to choose between tracheostomy after 48 to 72 hours of translaryngeal (TL) tracheal intubation or the continuous use of the TL tube for a period of 10 days. Too often the choice has been based on retrospective studies or personal preference. To investigate this problem prospectively, 52 adults in ARF were divided sequentially into 2 groups on their 3rd day of TL intubation. Patients in group I (G-I) retained the TL tube for a total of 11 days; those in group II (G-II) were tracheostomized on the 3rd day. The following factors ere used to evaluate the efficiency and complications in each group: patient's epidemiologic variables, daily pulmonary functions, severity of respiratory infections, and scores of post-intubation airway lesions. No consistent statistically significant differences between the two procedures were seen in the pulmonary functions or the range of individual patient variables. However, with an early tracheostomy, there was an eightfold greater incidence of contamination of the airway by new organisms, airway lesions were more frequent and severe, and the need for the tracheal tube was extended. To identify the epidemiologic variables and the pulmonary functions that discriminate between patients with serious airway lesions and those with mild lesions, and to evaluate the ability of these variables to differentiate the patients who died from those who survived, the distribution of all factors was compared in the two categories. The epidemiologic variables separated the patients according to their airway lesions only, while the difference in pulmonary functions was statistically significant only between the patients who died and those who survived.", "contents": "Factors influencing choice between tracheostomy and prolonged translaryngeal intubation in acute respiratory failure: a prospective study. One of the problems of prolonged ventilatory therapy in acute respiratory failure (ARF) is the need to choose between tracheostomy after 48 to 72 hours of translaryngeal (TL) tracheal intubation or the continuous use of the TL tube for a period of 10 days. Too often the choice has been based on retrospective studies or personal preference. To investigate this problem prospectively, 52 adults in ARF were divided sequentially into 2 groups on their 3rd day of TL intubation. Patients in group I (G-I) retained the TL tube for a total of 11 days; those in group II (G-II) were tracheostomized on the 3rd day. The following factors ere used to evaluate the efficiency and complications in each group: patient's epidemiologic variables, daily pulmonary functions, severity of respiratory infections, and scores of post-intubation airway lesions. No consistent statistically significant differences between the two procedures were seen in the pulmonary functions or the range of individual patient variables. However, with an early tracheostomy, there was an eightfold greater incidence of contamination of the airway by new organisms, airway lesions were more frequent and severe, and the need for the tracheal tube was extended. To identify the epidemiologic variables and the pulmonary functions that discriminate between patients with serious airway lesions and those with mild lesions, and to evaluate the ability of these variables to differentiate the patients who died from those who survived, the distribution of all factors was compared in the two categories. The epidemiologic variables separated the patients according to their airway lesions only, while the difference in pulmonary functions was statistically significant only between the patients who died and those who survived."}
{"id": "PMID:943985", "title": "Atypical pseudocholinesterase: a clinical report.", "content": "The safe conduct of anesthesia demands careful evaluation of the previous experience of patients under anesthesia and surgical operation, as well as that of their families. Untoward responses that may recur with subsequent anesthetic procedures should be documented and patients informed, as the need dictates. Two cases of prolonged apnea following single intubating doses of succinylcholine could not have been predicted by the patient's preanesthetic history. As a result of these problems, the authors recommend more careful preanesthetic history-taking with reference to patients' prior anesthetic experiences.", "contents": "Atypical pseudocholinesterase: a clinical report. The safe conduct of anesthesia demands careful evaluation of the previous experience of patients under anesthesia and surgical operation, as well as that of their families. Untoward responses that may recur with subsequent anesthetic procedures should be documented and patients informed, as the need dictates. Two cases of prolonged apnea following single intubating doses of succinylcholine could not have been predicted by the patient's preanesthetic history. As a result of these problems, the authors recommend more careful preanesthetic history-taking with reference to patients' prior anesthetic experiences."}
{"id": "PMID:943987", "title": "Management of intractable pain in adiposis dolorosa with intravenous administration of lidocaine.", "content": "Intractable pain in a patient with adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) was treated by IV administration of lidocaine (200 to 400 mg). Relief was maximum 20 minutes after the end of drug infusion and persisted for over 10 hours. Toxicity was minimal. Slow EEG waves which appeared during drug administration disappeared within 20 minutes.", "contents": "Management of intractable pain in adiposis dolorosa with intravenous administration of lidocaine. Intractable pain in a patient with adiposis dolorosa (Dercum's disease) was treated by IV administration of lidocaine (200 to 400 mg). Relief was maximum 20 minutes after the end of drug infusion and persisted for over 10 hours. Toxicity was minimal. Slow EEG waves which appeared during drug administration disappeared within 20 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:943978", "title": "Resection of stenotic trachea: a case presentation.", "content": "Tracheal stenosis is usually a complication of prolonged mechanical ventilation. If the narrowing is severe it will greatly obstruct the air flow. Resection of the damaged trachea is a life saving procedure. The anesthetic management of the resection of an \"ice cream cone narrowing\" of the trachea (3 mm diameter) 4 cm above the carina is reported. A forced vital capacity loop (expiration-inspiration) of air flow versus volume revealed preoperatively little difference in the flow during the forced (F-V) and resting ventilation (Vt), thus confirming a diagnosis of severe upper airway obstruction. A total obstruction of the air flow was encountered during the skeletonization of the trachea and the surgeon was allowed to work for not more than 60 seconds at a time. Perfect cooperation between the surgeon and the anesthetsia team is necessary for the successful completion of this type of surgery.", "contents": "Resection of stenotic trachea: a case presentation. Tracheal stenosis is usually a complication of prolonged mechanical ventilation. If the narrowing is severe it will greatly obstruct the air flow. Resection of the damaged trachea is a life saving procedure. The anesthetic management of the resection of an \"ice cream cone narrowing\" of the trachea (3 mm diameter) 4 cm above the carina is reported. A forced vital capacity loop (expiration-inspiration) of air flow versus volume revealed preoperatively little difference in the flow during the forced (F-V) and resting ventilation (Vt), thus confirming a diagnosis of severe upper airway obstruction. A total obstruction of the air flow was encountered during the skeletonization of the trachea and the surgeon was allowed to work for not more than 60 seconds at a time. Perfect cooperation between the surgeon and the anesthetsia team is necessary for the successful completion of this type of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:943984", "title": "Failure to induce hepatic pathology in animals sensitized to a halothane metabolite and subsequently challenged with halothane.", "content": "The results of this animal study confirm the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to a halothane metabolite, but the sensitization does not cause hepatic damage on subsequent halothane exposures. Before the hypothesis that hepatic necrosis following halothane has an immunologic basis can be accepted or rejected, more critical studies with different approaches must be made.", "contents": "Failure to induce hepatic pathology in animals sensitized to a halothane metabolite and subsequently challenged with halothane. The results of this animal study confirm the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to a halothane metabolite, but the sensitization does not cause hepatic damage on subsequent halothane exposures. Before the hypothesis that hepatic necrosis following halothane has an immunologic basis can be accepted or rejected, more critical studies with different approaches must be made."}
{"id": "PMID:943986", "title": "Anesthetic considerations in patients with gas gangrene.", "content": "Anesthesia for a patient with gas gangrene presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist, since it is an uncommon disease requiring emergency treatment. The authors, faced with such a challenge and finding little guidance in the literature, have proposed modalities of anesthetic management based on pathophysiology, symptomatology, and the reported experience of others. In addition to choice of anesthetic agents, problems reviewed include shock, hypovolemia, tachycardia, fever, anemia, renal dysfunction, pulmonary insufficiency, and contamination. Factors relating to anesthesia during hyperbaric-O2 therapy are also reviewed.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations in patients with gas gangrene. Anesthesia for a patient with gas gangrene presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist, since it is an uncommon disease requiring emergency treatment. The authors, faced with such a challenge and finding little guidance in the literature, have proposed modalities of anesthetic management based on pathophysiology, symptomatology, and the reported experience of others. In addition to choice of anesthetic agents, problems reviewed include shock, hypovolemia, tachycardia, fever, anemia, renal dysfunction, pulmonary insufficiency, and contamination. Factors relating to anesthesia during hyperbaric-O2 therapy are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:943983", "title": "Circulatory changes in patients with coronary artery disease following thiamylal-succinylcholine and tracheal intubation.", "content": "Circulatory responses after thiamylal (4 mg/kg) and succinylcholine (SCh) (2 mg/kg) administration followed by direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were measured in 20 patients before elective aortocoronary vein bypass graft operations. Compared with awake measurements, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased 19 +/- 3 torr (mean +/- SE) and heart rate (HR) increased 9 +/- 3 bpm 1 minute after thiamylal-SCh. MAP was increased 39 +/- 4 torr and HR 20 +/- 3 bpm above awake levels in response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Blood pressure and HR returned spontaneously to near awake levels without additional anesthesia within 5 minutes of anesthetic induction. Stroke volume index was decreased significantly after tracheal intubation but cardiac index was not altered. The authors conclude that thiamylal-SCh followed by tracheal intubation is an acceptable anesthetic induction sequence for patients without evidence of left ventricular heart failure who require anesthesia for elective coronary artery revascularization.", "contents": "Circulatory changes in patients with coronary artery disease following thiamylal-succinylcholine and tracheal intubation. Circulatory responses after thiamylal (4 mg/kg) and succinylcholine (SCh) (2 mg/kg) administration followed by direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were measured in 20 patients before elective aortocoronary vein bypass graft operations. Compared with awake measurements, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased 19 +/- 3 torr (mean +/- SE) and heart rate (HR) increased 9 +/- 3 bpm 1 minute after thiamylal-SCh. MAP was increased 39 +/- 4 torr and HR 20 +/- 3 bpm above awake levels in response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Blood pressure and HR returned spontaneously to near awake levels without additional anesthesia within 5 minutes of anesthetic induction. Stroke volume index was decreased significantly after tracheal intubation but cardiac index was not altered. The authors conclude that thiamylal-SCh followed by tracheal intubation is an acceptable anesthetic induction sequence for patients without evidence of left ventricular heart failure who require anesthesia for elective coronary artery revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:943990", "title": "A comparative study of enflurane and halothane using systolic time intervals.", "content": "The effects of enflurane and halothane anesthesia on systolic time intervals were studied in 12 healthy patients. Cardiovascular measurements were made at equipotent levels of anesthesia: enflurane 1.23% end-tidal and halothane 0.65% end-tidal. These agents were studied first with 50% N2O and then without N2O. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were decreased more by enflurane than by halothane (p less than 0.05). However, halothane caused significantly more myocardial depression than enflurane, as indicated by a larger preejection period (PEP) and preejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) and a smaller 1/PEP2 and ejection fraction. When N2O was discontinued, both agents increased PEP and PEP/LVET and decreased 1/PEP2 and the ejection fraction.", "contents": "A comparative study of enflurane and halothane using systolic time intervals. The effects of enflurane and halothane anesthesia on systolic time intervals were studied in 12 healthy patients. Cardiovascular measurements were made at equipotent levels of anesthesia: enflurane 1.23% end-tidal and halothane 0.65% end-tidal. These agents were studied first with 50% N2O and then without N2O. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were decreased more by enflurane than by halothane (p less than 0.05). However, halothane caused significantly more myocardial depression than enflurane, as indicated by a larger preejection period (PEP) and preejection period/left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) and a smaller 1/PEP2 and ejection fraction. When N2O was discontinued, both agents increased PEP and PEP/LVET and decreased 1/PEP2 and the ejection fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:943991", "title": "Effect of PaCO2 on O2 consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass in man.", "content": "Under conditions of anesthesia with controlled respiration, the changes in the state of the circulation due to altered PaCO2 are often overlooked or attributed to the anesthetic agent. During cardiopulmonary bypass when cardiac output is kept constant, change in fluid level of the extracorporeal reservoir reflects overall change in the circulatory beds. Following an hour on total bypass for stabilization of all parameters, a change in the oxygenator ventilating-gas mixture was induced to increase or decrease the PaCO2 an average of 11 torr in 40 patients. A reduction in PaCO2 from 37 to 25 torr increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), and the volume of blood stored in the extracorporeal circuit, signifying an overall reduction in the intravascular capacity. This was associated with a decrease in total O2 consumption (VO2). An abrupt increase of PaCO2 from 26 to 37 torr produced a decrease in MAP,in CVP, and in the reservoir blood level, signifying blood \"take up\" by the patient. There was also an associated increase in VO2.", "contents": "Effect of PaCO2 on O2 consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass in man. Under conditions of anesthesia with controlled respiration, the changes in the state of the circulation due to altered PaCO2 are often overlooked or attributed to the anesthetic agent. During cardiopulmonary bypass when cardiac output is kept constant, change in fluid level of the extracorporeal reservoir reflects overall change in the circulatory beds. Following an hour on total bypass for stabilization of all parameters, a change in the oxygenator ventilating-gas mixture was induced to increase or decrease the PaCO2 an average of 11 torr in 40 patients. A reduction in PaCO2 from 37 to 25 torr increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), and the volume of blood stored in the extracorporeal circuit, signifying an overall reduction in the intravascular capacity. This was associated with a decrease in total O2 consumption (VO2). An abrupt increase of PaCO2 from 26 to 37 torr produced a decrease in MAP,in CVP, and in the reservoir blood level, signifying blood \"take up\" by the patient. There was also an associated increase in VO2."}
{"id": "PMID:943992", "title": "The effects of doxapram on cerebral blood flow and peripheral hemodynamics in the anesthetized and unanesthetized goat.", "content": "The effects of doxapram on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and peripheral hemodynamics were evaluated in the goat after direct injection into the cerebral circulation and after peripheral IV administration. Doxapram injected centrally via the temporal artery, in doses too small to affect peripheral circulation, produced an immediate and prolonged decrease in CBF in both anesthetized and unanesthetized gohanges in blood CO2 concentration, since blood flow decreased immediately after injection and as reduction in CBF occurred in the absence of changes in blood CO2. Pheripheral IV administration of doxapram in clinical doses to anesthetized and unanesthetized goats produced a biphasic cardiovascular response. Cerebral blood flow, cardiac output, blood pressure, and heart rate decreased abruptly, but with the exception of CBF, these parameters returned to or exceeded preinjection values within 30 seconds. Cerebral blood flow slowly returned to preinjection values (within 10 minutes) and, in the case of unanesthetized animals and anesthetized animals ventilated with room air, rose substantially above preinjection levels, reaching a peak 20 minutes after injection. The latter observation is thought to be a compensatory reaction to the reduction in CBF; it was not evident in anesthetized animals ventilated with 100% O2.", "contents": "The effects of doxapram on cerebral blood flow and peripheral hemodynamics in the anesthetized and unanesthetized goat. The effects of doxapram on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and peripheral hemodynamics were evaluated in the goat after direct injection into the cerebral circulation and after peripheral IV administration. Doxapram injected centrally via the temporal artery, in doses too small to affect peripheral circulation, produced an immediate and prolonged decrease in CBF in both anesthetized and unanesthetized gohanges in blood CO2 concentration, since blood flow decreased immediately after injection and as reduction in CBF occurred in the absence of changes in blood CO2. Pheripheral IV administration of doxapram in clinical doses to anesthetized and unanesthetized goats produced a biphasic cardiovascular response. Cerebral blood flow, cardiac output, blood pressure, and heart rate decreased abruptly, but with the exception of CBF, these parameters returned to or exceeded preinjection values within 30 seconds. Cerebral blood flow slowly returned to preinjection values (within 10 minutes) and, in the case of unanesthetized animals and anesthetized animals ventilated with room air, rose substantially above preinjection levels, reaching a peak 20 minutes after injection. The latter observation is thought to be a compensatory reaction to the reduction in CBF; it was not evident in anesthetized animals ventilated with 100% O2."}
{"id": "PMID:943999", "title": "Hyposensitization therapy with alum-precipitated pyridine extracts in animal dander sensitive patients.", "content": "Hyposensitization therapy with APP extracts was found to be effective in 80% of 185 patients allergic to animals (96 to cats, 84 to dogs and 5 to horses) with a minimum of reactions (2.5 local and 0.2% constitutional). Lower respiratory symptoms were the most common complaints, followed by nasal, ocular and respiratory, singly or in combination.", "contents": "Hyposensitization therapy with alum-precipitated pyridine extracts in animal dander sensitive patients. Hyposensitization therapy with APP extracts was found to be effective in 80% of 185 patients allergic to animals (96 to cats, 84 to dogs and 5 to horses) with a minimum of reactions (2.5 local and 0.2% constitutional). Lower respiratory symptoms were the most common complaints, followed by nasal, ocular and respiratory, singly or in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:944000", "title": "Development of Ehrlichia canis, causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and its differentiation from a symbiotic Rickettsia.", "content": "Certain aspects of the development of Ehrlichia canis, causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia) in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were studied. It was found that partial feeding of nymphs infected as larvae with E canis was a desirable, if not necessary, preliminary treatment for successful infection of dogs with ground-up ticks. It remains unclear whether feeding increased the number or altered the virulence of ehrlichiae within tick tissues. Ehrlichia canis organisms were detected by immunofluorescent microscopy in the midgut and hemocytes and by electron microscopy in the midgut and salivary glands of partially engorged adult ticks which had been infected as larvae and nymphs. Organisms were not observed in the ovary. Intracytoplasmic inclusions contained 1 to 80 elementary bodies, each provided with 2 distinct membranes. Infection of the midgut and salivary gland was confirmed by injecting homogenates of these tissues into susceptible dogs. Staining of gut smears of partially engorged adult ticks by fluorescein-conjugated anti-E canis antibody was found to be a reliable indicator of the infection.", "contents": "Development of Ehrlichia canis, causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and its differentiation from a symbiotic Rickettsia. Certain aspects of the development of Ehrlichia canis, causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia) in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were studied. It was found that partial feeding of nymphs infected as larvae with E canis was a desirable, if not necessary, preliminary treatment for successful infection of dogs with ground-up ticks. It remains unclear whether feeding increased the number or altered the virulence of ehrlichiae within tick tissues. Ehrlichia canis organisms were detected by immunofluorescent microscopy in the midgut and hemocytes and by electron microscopy in the midgut and salivary glands of partially engorged adult ticks which had been infected as larvae and nymphs. Organisms were not observed in the ovary. Intracytoplasmic inclusions contained 1 to 80 elementary bodies, each provided with 2 distinct membranes. Infection of the midgut and salivary gland was confirmed by injecting homogenates of these tissues into susceptible dogs. Staining of gut smears of partially engorged adult ticks by fluorescein-conjugated anti-E canis antibody was found to be a reliable indicator of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:944001", "title": "Intestinal immune response of feeder pigs to infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus.", "content": "Five feeder pigs 4 to 6 months old were orally inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis was made on the basis of clinical signs and examination of intestinal mucosa by the fluorescent antibody technique. Immunoglobulins were extracted from intestinal fluid of infected feeder pigs. Virus-binding and neutralizing antibodies were detected in intestinal extracts between 7 and 56 days after infection. The concentration of binding antibodies reached a peak at 21 days after infection and was on the decline at the end of the experiment on the 56th postinfection day. In contrast, neutralizing intestinal antibody concentration was increasing on day 56. In both systems, the predominant immunoglobulin was of the IgA class. Examination of blood serums of the pigs by the plaque-reduction technique showed progressive antibody increases ranging in titer from 1:8 on day 7 to 1:256 on day 56 after infection. An analysis of the protein profiles from these serums showed a significant increase in the concentration of gamma-globulins and a decrease in the albumin fraction.", "contents": "Intestinal immune response of feeder pigs to infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Five feeder pigs 4 to 6 months old were orally inoculated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis was made on the basis of clinical signs and examination of intestinal mucosa by the fluorescent antibody technique. Immunoglobulins were extracted from intestinal fluid of infected feeder pigs. Virus-binding and neutralizing antibodies were detected in intestinal extracts between 7 and 56 days after infection. The concentration of binding antibodies reached a peak at 21 days after infection and was on the decline at the end of the experiment on the 56th postinfection day. In contrast, neutralizing intestinal antibody concentration was increasing on day 56. In both systems, the predominant immunoglobulin was of the IgA class. Examination of blood serums of the pigs by the plaque-reduction technique showed progressive antibody increases ranging in titer from 1:8 on day 7 to 1:256 on day 56 after infection. An analysis of the protein profiles from these serums showed a significant increase in the concentration of gamma-globulins and a decrease in the albumin fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:944002", "title": "Characterization of miniature pig kidney cells and their resistance to chlamydial infection.", "content": "A miniature pig kidney cell line has been established from porcine fetuses taken aseptically by hysterectomy and maintained for more than 50 passages in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% heat-inactivated newborn calf serum. Cell transfers were performed each week. Primary and serially passaged cells were found to be highly refractory to infection by Chlamydia trachomatis strains TW-3, Bour, and LGV 440L and Chlamydia psittaci strains meningopneumonitis and 6BC and insusceptible to poliovirus type 1. The cells were susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex type 1 virus. Identity of the cells was established by cytotoxicity, isozyme, and cytogenetic studies.", "contents": "Characterization of miniature pig kidney cells and their resistance to chlamydial infection. A miniature pig kidney cell line has been established from porcine fetuses taken aseptically by hysterectomy and maintained for more than 50 passages in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% heat-inactivated newborn calf serum. Cell transfers were performed each week. Primary and serially passaged cells were found to be highly refractory to infection by Chlamydia trachomatis strains TW-3, Bour, and LGV 440L and Chlamydia psittaci strains meningopneumonitis and 6BC and insusceptible to poliovirus type 1. The cells were susceptible to vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex type 1 virus. Identity of the cells was established by cytotoxicity, isozyme, and cytogenetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:943993", "title": "Etomidate: an ultrashort-acting nonbarbiturate agent for anesthesia induction.", "content": "Clinical evaluation of etomidate, an ultrashortacting nonbarbiturate hypnotic agent, shows it to be useful for anesthetic induction in adults. It produces sleep in 1 arm-brain circulation time, metabolites apparently peaking at 7 minutes postinjection. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems appear minimally affected and there is no indication of organ toxicity or other biochemical or hematologic drug-induced disturbances. Moderate pain on injection at some sites and transient myoclonia were the principal disadvantages observed.", "contents": "Etomidate: an ultrashort-acting nonbarbiturate agent for anesthesia induction. Clinical evaluation of etomidate, an ultrashortacting nonbarbiturate hypnotic agent, shows it to be useful for anesthetic induction in adults. It produces sleep in 1 arm-brain circulation time, metabolites apparently peaking at 7 minutes postinjection. Cardiovascular and respiratory systems appear minimally affected and there is no indication of organ toxicity or other biochemical or hematologic drug-induced disturbances. Moderate pain on injection at some sites and transient myoclonia were the principal disadvantages observed."}
{"id": "PMID:944003", "title": "Estrogen- and progesterone-induced uterine motility of anestrous goats.", "content": "Uterine motility was studied in the anestrous goats after a series of estradiol injections was given and after estradiol-plus-progesterone treatment was administered. Estradiol (0.1 mg/kg) given alone by intramuscular route every 6 hours for 4 continuous days produced only a moderate increase in the uterine contractions during treatment, but significantly higher amplitude and frequency of contractions occurred at 2 days after treatment was stopped. The same doses of estradiol administered for a 24-hour period and followed by 4 injections of progesterone (1.0 mg/kg) given intramuscularly once a day produced a moderate response during treatment, but depressed the amplitude and the frequency of contractions after the treatment was stopped. The results indicate that the tissues primed with estrogen produced a stimulatory effect after their estrogen contents diminished. Progesterone, likewise, produced inhibition after a decrease in the progesterone contents of the uterine tissue.", "contents": "Estrogen- and progesterone-induced uterine motility of anestrous goats. Uterine motility was studied in the anestrous goats after a series of estradiol injections was given and after estradiol-plus-progesterone treatment was administered. Estradiol (0.1 mg/kg) given alone by intramuscular route every 6 hours for 4 continuous days produced only a moderate increase in the uterine contractions during treatment, but significantly higher amplitude and frequency of contractions occurred at 2 days after treatment was stopped. The same doses of estradiol administered for a 24-hour period and followed by 4 injections of progesterone (1.0 mg/kg) given intramuscularly once a day produced a moderate response during treatment, but depressed the amplitude and the frequency of contractions after the treatment was stopped. The results indicate that the tissues primed with estrogen produced a stimulatory effect after their estrogen contents diminished. Progesterone, likewise, produced inhibition after a decrease in the progesterone contents of the uterine tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:944004", "title": "Erysipelas arthritis in swine: lysosomal enzyme levels in synovial fluids.", "content": "Arthritic and histologically normal joints from swine in which arthritis had been produced by the intravenous inoculation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were used as a source of fluids for lysosomal enzyme determinations. Mean lysozyme activities in synovias from arthritic and histologically normal joints were 16.60 and 5.79 mug/ml, respectively. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was increased more than 8 times the activity in histologically normal joints, but there was no relationship between lysozyme and ACP, indicating the probability that 1 of these enzymes came from another source. The cytoplasmic enzyme, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), was increased in proportion to ACP, indicating that cell death and not selective extrusion of lysosomal enzymes during phagocytosis was an important mechanism of enzyme release in arthritic joints. Lysozyme activities in synovias from histologically normal joints were often increased above companion serum concentrations, indicating the enzyme has a special role in the joint. Also, the ratio of activities of lysozyme to ACP in pig buffy coat lysates was different from the ratio of the 2 enzymes in synovias from arthritic joints.", "contents": "Erysipelas arthritis in swine: lysosomal enzyme levels in synovial fluids. Arthritic and histologically normal joints from swine in which arthritis had been produced by the intravenous inoculation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were used as a source of fluids for lysosomal enzyme determinations. Mean lysozyme activities in synovias from arthritic and histologically normal joints were 16.60 and 5.79 mug/ml, respectively. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was increased more than 8 times the activity in histologically normal joints, but there was no relationship between lysozyme and ACP, indicating the probability that 1 of these enzymes came from another source. The cytoplasmic enzyme, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), was increased in proportion to ACP, indicating that cell death and not selective extrusion of lysosomal enzymes during phagocytosis was an important mechanism of enzyme release in arthritic joints. Lysozyme activities in synovias from histologically normal joints were often increased above companion serum concentrations, indicating the enzyme has a special role in the joint. Also, the ratio of activities of lysozyme to ACP in pig buffy coat lysates was different from the ratio of the 2 enzymes in synovias from arthritic joints."}
{"id": "PMID:943994", "title": "The influence of suction catheter tip design on tracheobronchial trauma and fluid aspiration efficiency.", "content": "The suctioning efficiency and trauma-producing characteristics of five commercially available tracheobronchial suction catheters (Pharmaseal Tri-Flo, NCC Gentle-Flo, Argyle Aero-Flo, Argyle Dual Side-Hole, and Pharmaseal Whistle-Tip) were experimentally evaluated in anesthetized healthy dogs. The tendency of catheters to invaginate or \"grab\" tracheobronchial mucosa was observed with a bronchofiberscope during suctioning. Mucosal grabbing was seldom seen even at high (greater than 300 torr) vacuum levels with the cateter tip in the trachea. All catheters were observed to invaginate mucosa in lobar and segmental bronchi, with the frequency of grabbing being a function of airway anatomy, airway size, catheter orientation, tip design, and vacuum level. Catheters with multiple side-holes appeared to invaginate mucosa less frequently than the single side-hole catheter. Repeated suctioning of anesthetized healthy dogs followed by tracheobronchial excision, gross observation, and histologic examination of mucosal tissue biopsies demonstrated significant differences in the frequency and severity of lesions caused by the tracheobronchial suction procedure. All catheters were observed to damage airway lining, the damage related to multiple side-hole catheters appearing to be associated entirely with the act of cateter insertion and not with the application of vacuum. Only the Whistle-Tip design produced measurable damage beyond that related to catheter insertion. The average tip-suctioning effectiveness for each catheter, determined in vitro by aspirating a thin, uniform layer of simulated mucus, was found to be significantly higher for the Tri-Flo and Whistle-Tip catheters than the others, the Aero-Flo being least effective. Preliminary attempts to demonstrate this difference in suctioning effectiveness by comparing the performance of the catheters which displayed the highest and lowest tip suction effectiveness in a standardized clinical suctioning procedure revealed no significant difference in the percentage of mucus removed by either catheter. Additional studies should clarify this apparent contradiction.", "contents": "The influence of suction catheter tip design on tracheobronchial trauma and fluid aspiration efficiency. The suctioning efficiency and trauma-producing characteristics of five commercially available tracheobronchial suction catheters (Pharmaseal Tri-Flo, NCC Gentle-Flo, Argyle Aero-Flo, Argyle Dual Side-Hole, and Pharmaseal Whistle-Tip) were experimentally evaluated in anesthetized healthy dogs. The tendency of catheters to invaginate or \"grab\" tracheobronchial mucosa was observed with a bronchofiberscope during suctioning. Mucosal grabbing was seldom seen even at high (greater than 300 torr) vacuum levels with the cateter tip in the trachea. All catheters were observed to invaginate mucosa in lobar and segmental bronchi, with the frequency of grabbing being a function of airway anatomy, airway size, catheter orientation, tip design, and vacuum level. Catheters with multiple side-holes appeared to invaginate mucosa less frequently than the single side-hole catheter. Repeated suctioning of anesthetized healthy dogs followed by tracheobronchial excision, gross observation, and histologic examination of mucosal tissue biopsies demonstrated significant differences in the frequency and severity of lesions caused by the tracheobronchial suction procedure. All catheters were observed to damage airway lining, the damage related to multiple side-hole catheters appearing to be associated entirely with the act of cateter insertion and not with the application of vacuum. Only the Whistle-Tip design produced measurable damage beyond that related to catheter insertion. The average tip-suctioning effectiveness for each catheter, determined in vitro by aspirating a thin, uniform layer of simulated mucus, was found to be significantly higher for the Tri-Flo and Whistle-Tip catheters than the others, the Aero-Flo being least effective. Preliminary attempts to demonstrate this difference in suctioning effectiveness by comparing the performance of the catheters which displayed the highest and lowest tip suction effectiveness in a standardized clinical suctioning procedure revealed no significant difference in the percentage of mucus removed by either catheter. Additional studies should clarify this apparent contradiction."}
{"id": "PMID:944005", "title": "Sphincteroplasty in selected cases of acute recurrent pancreatitis.", "content": "Although most patients with acute pancreatitis can be treated sucessfully by non-operative therapy and progress to oral alimentation without difficulty, an occasional patient may require exploration during the acute or subacute phase. This is justified principally by the recurrence of pain following attempts at oral alimentation in the hospital.", "contents": "Sphincteroplasty in selected cases of acute recurrent pancreatitis. Although most patients with acute pancreatitis can be treated sucessfully by non-operative therapy and progress to oral alimentation without difficulty, an occasional patient may require exploration during the acute or subacute phase. This is justified principally by the recurrence of pain following attempts at oral alimentation in the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:944011", "title": "The continent ileostomy and the isolated ileal bladder.", "content": "The histories of 19 patients operated on by Kock's technique are reported. Follow-up extended from 3 years 4 months for the first case to 2 weeks for the last. There was one fatality. Some details of technique, contraindications, and complications and their treatment are discussed. Seventeen patients had a total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis and 2 had urinary diversion into an isolated ileal reservoir for inoperable carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "contents": "The continent ileostomy and the isolated ileal bladder. The histories of 19 patients operated on by Kock's technique are reported. Follow-up extended from 3 years 4 months for the first case to 2 weeks for the last. There was one fatality. Some details of technique, contraindications, and complications and their treatment are discussed. Seventeen patients had a total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis and 2 had urinary diversion into an isolated ileal reservoir for inoperable carcinoma of the urinary bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:944006", "title": "Quantitative measurement of smooth pursuit eye movements.", "content": "Smooth pursuit eye movements were quantitatively assessed in 25 normal subjects and 22 patients. A laboratory digital computer was used to compute 200 eye velocity samples per second and to statistically compare these eye velocity measurements for five different object velocities. Of six statistics evaluated, mode eye velocity showed the least variability in normal subjects and was most frequently abnormal in patients. Compared to normal subjects, patients with brain stem degeneration and cerebellar-pontine angle tumors with brain stem compression had significant impairment of smooth pursuit. Patients with peripheral vestibular lesions and C-P angle tumors without brain stem compression did not have impaired smooth pursuit. These preliminary findings suggest that quantitative measurement of pursuit eye velocity can be a sensitive test for brain stem dysfunction.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of smooth pursuit eye movements. Smooth pursuit eye movements were quantitatively assessed in 25 normal subjects and 22 patients. A laboratory digital computer was used to compute 200 eye velocity samples per second and to statistically compare these eye velocity measurements for five different object velocities. Of six statistics evaluated, mode eye velocity showed the least variability in normal subjects and was most frequently abnormal in patients. Compared to normal subjects, patients with brain stem degeneration and cerebellar-pontine angle tumors with brain stem compression had significant impairment of smooth pursuit. Patients with peripheral vestibular lesions and C-P angle tumors without brain stem compression did not have impaired smooth pursuit. These preliminary findings suggest that quantitative measurement of pursuit eye velocity can be a sensitive test for brain stem dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:944008", "title": "Secretory lysozyme of the human middle ear mucosa: immunocytochemical localization.", "content": "Lysozyme was demonstrated by an immunocytochemical technique in the biopsied mucosa obtained from the promontory of the fifteen patients who had chronic middle ear effusions. Lysozyme was localized in the mucigen granules of the secretory cells, as well as in the specific granules of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukobytes (PMN) and macrophages. The specimens obtained from patients with mucous effusion showed numerous secretory cells that contained lysozyme, in sharp contrast to the serous type in which only a few secretory cells could be found. The present morphological finding was in agreement with the biochemical finding which demonstrated higher lysozyme level in mucous effusions than that of the serous type. It was concluded that human middle ear mucosa provided lysozyme and that its secretion was active in serous otitis media, particularly of mucoid type.", "contents": "Secretory lysozyme of the human middle ear mucosa: immunocytochemical localization. Lysozyme was demonstrated by an immunocytochemical technique in the biopsied mucosa obtained from the promontory of the fifteen patients who had chronic middle ear effusions. Lysozyme was localized in the mucigen granules of the secretory cells, as well as in the specific granules of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukobytes (PMN) and macrophages. The specimens obtained from patients with mucous effusion showed numerous secretory cells that contained lysozyme, in sharp contrast to the serous type in which only a few secretory cells could be found. The present morphological finding was in agreement with the biochemical finding which demonstrated higher lysozyme level in mucous effusions than that of the serous type. It was concluded that human middle ear mucosa provided lysozyme and that its secretion was active in serous otitis media, particularly of mucoid type."}
{"id": "PMID:944010", "title": "Hereditary abductor vocal cord paralysis.", "content": "Familial bilateral abductor cord paralysis was described in the father and two sons of a family in which the ramaining siblings (obe boy and three girls) were normal. The onset of stridor ranged from six months to nine years after birth in these patients who were all treated with a tracheostomy. Normal development and intelligence was experienced by all three patients. Since previous reports  of hereditary abductor cord paralysis described mental retardation in all patients who were maintained without tracheostomy, anoxia from unrelieved laryngeal obstruction may be a significant complication following nonsurgical management of patients who appear to tolerate bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis.", "contents": "Hereditary abductor vocal cord paralysis. Familial bilateral abductor cord paralysis was described in the father and two sons of a family in which the ramaining siblings (obe boy and three girls) were normal. The onset of stridor ranged from six months to nine years after birth in these patients who were all treated with a tracheostomy. Normal development and intelligence was experienced by all three patients. Since previous reports  of hereditary abductor cord paralysis described mental retardation in all patients who were maintained without tracheostomy, anoxia from unrelieved laryngeal obstruction may be a significant complication following nonsurgical management of patients who appear to tolerate bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:944007", "title": "Hearing function and chronic renal failure.", "content": "In order to evaluate the degree and type of hearing loss in patients with chronic renal failure, 61 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were examined. Hearing threshold levels, adjusted for age and sex, demonstrated a significant high frequency deficit, which in some patients was noted early in the course of hemodialysis. Fluctuations in hearing were noted over single dialysis events but were transient and apparently independent of corresponding changes in Na, K, Ca, BUN, creatinine, glucose, mean blood pressure, and weight. Preliminary attempts to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of hearing loss did not reveal any hearing deficit or gain as related to triglyceride or cholesterol levels. The data suggested other possible causes of observed auditory loss.", "contents": "Hearing function and chronic renal failure. In order to evaluate the degree and type of hearing loss in patients with chronic renal failure, 61 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were examined. Hearing threshold levels, adjusted for age and sex, demonstrated a significant high frequency deficit, which in some patients was noted early in the course of hemodialysis. Fluctuations in hearing were noted over single dialysis events but were transient and apparently independent of corresponding changes in Na, K, Ca, BUN, creatinine, glucose, mean blood pressure, and weight. Preliminary attempts to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a possible cause of hearing loss did not reveal any hearing deficit or gain as related to triglyceride or cholesterol levels. The data suggested other possible causes of observed auditory loss."}
{"id": "PMID:944009", "title": "Nasal-cardiopulmonary reflexes: a role of the larynx.", "content": "A brief review of the literature from otorhinolaryngology and the basic sciences shows the existence and role of nasal-cardiopulmonary reflexes in animals and man. There is ample evidence that odors, fluids and mechanical stiumlation of the nasal mucosa will induce changes in the lungs and cardiovascular system. The proposition that nasal obstruction also produces cardiopulmonary changes is briefly reviewed. The suggestion is made that one of the functions of the nose is to act as an expiratory brake. the removal of this brake could result in changes in laryngeal resistance that lead to poor ventilation.", "contents": "Nasal-cardiopulmonary reflexes: a role of the larynx. A brief review of the literature from otorhinolaryngology and the basic sciences shows the existence and role of nasal-cardiopulmonary reflexes in animals and man. There is ample evidence that odors, fluids and mechanical stiumlation of the nasal mucosa will induce changes in the lungs and cardiovascular system. The proposition that nasal obstruction also produces cardiopulmonary changes is briefly reviewed. The suggestion is made that one of the functions of the nose is to act as an expiratory brake. the removal of this brake could result in changes in laryngeal resistance that lead to poor ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:944020", "title": "Chorionic somatomammotrophin as index of fetal growth.", "content": "Concentrations of chorionic somatomammotrophin (hCS) in maternal plasma at the time of delivery and in placental extracts were determined by radioimmunoassay and related to neonatal growth in 111 normal pregnancies. Mean maternal plasma hCS concentration was lower in association with small-for-dates infants, defined by either height or weight, than with well-grown preterm or term infants. Mean placental hCS concentration was not decreased in association with undergrown infants though placental hCS was correlated with maternal hCS (r=0 - 245).", "contents": "Chorionic somatomammotrophin as index of fetal growth. Concentrations of chorionic somatomammotrophin (hCS) in maternal plasma at the time of delivery and in placental extracts were determined by radioimmunoassay and related to neonatal growth in 111 normal pregnancies. Mean maternal plasma hCS concentration was lower in association with small-for-dates infants, defined by either height or weight, than with well-grown preterm or term infants. Mean placental hCS concentration was not decreased in association with undergrown infants though placental hCS was correlated with maternal hCS (r=0 - 245)."}
{"id": "PMID:944021", "title": "Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in very low birthweight infants.", "content": "Phototherapy was used to treat 20 newborn babies whose birthweight was below 1500 g and whose plasma bilirubin exceeded 8 mg/100 ml. The plasma bilirubin level was maintained below 13 mg/100 ml except in 4 babies whose level exceeded 13 mg/100 ml before treatment was started. In 60% of an untreated group of larger babies previously reported the plasma bilirubin level exceeded this figure. Phototherapy seems to control the plasma bilirubin level satisfactorily in very low birthweight infants, but frequent measurements on the second and third days of life are advised in order that treatment may be started promptly when it exceeds 8 mg/100 ml.", "contents": "Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in very low birthweight infants. Phototherapy was used to treat 20 newborn babies whose birthweight was below 1500 g and whose plasma bilirubin exceeded 8 mg/100 ml. The plasma bilirubin level was maintained below 13 mg/100 ml except in 4 babies whose level exceeded 13 mg/100 ml before treatment was started. In 60% of an untreated group of larger babies previously reported the plasma bilirubin level exceeded this figure. Phototherapy seems to control the plasma bilirubin level satisfactorily in very low birthweight infants, but frequent measurements on the second and third days of life are advised in order that treatment may be started promptly when it exceeds 8 mg/100 ml."}
{"id": "PMID:944022", "title": "Clinical comparison between glucose and sucrose additions to a basic electrolyte mixture in the outpatient management of acute gastroenteritis in children.", "content": "In a double-blind trial in 94 children attending outpatients the value of glucose or a sucrose addition to a basic electrolyte mixture for the management of acute gastroenteritis was compared. Of the children treated with added sucrose 10% failed to respond compared with 27% of those treated with added glucose. This difference was significant (P=0-05), but the time to recovery in those in the two groups who responded to treatment was not significantly different. Thus, despite theoretical advantages, there was no practical advantage in using glucose rather than sucrose. A 5% sucrose electrolyte solution with its relatively low osmolality, ready availability, and ease of preparation is recommended as the treatment of choice in the outpatient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy.", "contents": "Clinical comparison between glucose and sucrose additions to a basic electrolyte mixture in the outpatient management of acute gastroenteritis in children. In a double-blind trial in 94 children attending outpatients the value of glucose or a sucrose addition to a basic electrolyte mixture for the management of acute gastroenteritis was compared. Of the children treated with added sucrose 10% failed to respond compared with 27% of those treated with added glucose. This difference was significant (P=0-05), but the time to recovery in those in the two groups who responded to treatment was not significantly different. Thus, despite theoretical advantages, there was no practical advantage in using glucose rather than sucrose. A 5% sucrose electrolyte solution with its relatively low osmolality, ready availability, and ease of preparation is recommended as the treatment of choice in the outpatient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy."}
{"id": "PMID:944023", "title": "Recurrent thrombocytopenic purpura associated with accessory spleen.", "content": "In the case of a boy with a relapsed thrombocytopenic purpura removal of a splenunculus, shown by radioisotope scanning, resulted in a partial remission. The significance of the association of relapse in ITP and the presence of splenunculi remains unknown: investigation of similar cases would clarify the matter.", "contents": "Recurrent thrombocytopenic purpura associated with accessory spleen. In the case of a boy with a relapsed thrombocytopenic purpura removal of a splenunculus, shown by radioisotope scanning, resulted in a partial remission. The significance of the association of relapse in ITP and the presence of splenunculi remains unknown: investigation of similar cases would clarify the matter."}
{"id": "PMID:944024", "title": "Clinical studies in alcoholic sideroblastosis.", "content": "The incidence and characteristics of ring sideroblastic and megaloblastic changes in bone marrow were studied in chronically ill, malnourished alcoholics and well-nourished alcoholics without complicating medical illness. A clear correlation of blood alcohol level with changes in serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) values or with the incidence of ring sideroblasts could not be demonstrated. The appearance of ring sideroblasts was associated with dietary restrictions of pyridoxine and noticeable folic-acid-deficient megaloblastosis. The majority of subjects with ring sideroblasts were from the chronic, malnourished alcoholic group; the number of sideroblasts correlated with severity of marrow magaloblastic change. While low serum PLP levels were characteristic of the chronically ill alcoholic with ring sideroblasts, equally low levels were detected in the absence of the marrow abnormality. Thus, a low serum PLP value alone is not a certain indication of the presence of marrow ring sideroblasts.", "contents": "Clinical studies in alcoholic sideroblastosis. The incidence and characteristics of ring sideroblastic and megaloblastic changes in bone marrow were studied in chronically ill, malnourished alcoholics and well-nourished alcoholics without complicating medical illness. A clear correlation of blood alcohol level with changes in serum pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) values or with the incidence of ring sideroblasts could not be demonstrated. The appearance of ring sideroblasts was associated with dietary restrictions of pyridoxine and noticeable folic-acid-deficient megaloblastosis. The majority of subjects with ring sideroblasts were from the chronic, malnourished alcoholic group; the number of sideroblasts correlated with severity of marrow magaloblastic change. While low serum PLP levels were characteristic of the chronically ill alcoholic with ring sideroblasts, equally low levels were detected in the absence of the marrow abnormality. Thus, a low serum PLP value alone is not a certain indication of the presence of marrow ring sideroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:944025", "title": "[Thielavia heterothallica spec. nov. (Abb.1) Status conidialis: Chrysosporium thermophilum (Apinis) von Klopotek].", "content": "Thielavia heterothallica spec. nov. is described as a heterothallic, thermophilic fungus with spherical, black, non-ostiolate cleistothecia; elliposidal evanescent asci which contain eight one-celled ellipsoidal ascospores, darkening to deep brown to black, with one germ pore. The conidial state is Chrysosporium thermophilum (Apinis) von Klopotek.", "contents": "[Thielavia heterothallica spec. nov. (Abb.1) Status conidialis: Chrysosporium thermophilum (Apinis) von Klopotek]. Thielavia heterothallica spec. nov. is described as a heterothallic, thermophilic fungus with spherical, black, non-ostiolate cleistothecia; elliposidal evanescent asci which contain eight one-celled ellipsoidal ascospores, darkening to deep brown to black, with one germ pore. The conidial state is Chrysosporium thermophilum (Apinis) von Klopotek."}
{"id": "PMID:944026", "title": "A behavioral paradigm for the evaluation of narcotic antagonists.", "content": "We have developed an experimental paradigm for the behavioral evaluation of narcotic antagonists. The study specifically examined the heroin-seeking behavior of hard-core narcotic addicts on a research ward under blocked and unblocked conditions. Each patient served as his own control. A long-term follow-up program in the community, with aftercare services, was utilized to determine the relationship between behavior observed on the research ward and behavior that occurred in the community. While preliminary one-month follow-up data offered some cause for an optimistic view of narcotic antagonist treatment, behavioral data observed on the research ward raised serious doubts about the possibility of extinguishing heroin self-administration with antagonists. The behavioral data were not consistent with laboratory descriptions of extinction. Rather, the data suggested that narcotic antagonist programs should emphasize the development of contingencies for the reinforcement of narcotic antagonist self-administration to ensure an opiate-free state, instead of focusing on an extinction approach.", "contents": "A behavioral paradigm for the evaluation of narcotic antagonists. We have developed an experimental paradigm for the behavioral evaluation of narcotic antagonists. The study specifically examined the heroin-seeking behavior of hard-core narcotic addicts on a research ward under blocked and unblocked conditions. Each patient served as his own control. A long-term follow-up program in the community, with aftercare services, was utilized to determine the relationship between behavior observed on the research ward and behavior that occurred in the community. While preliminary one-month follow-up data offered some cause for an optimistic view of narcotic antagonist treatment, behavioral data observed on the research ward raised serious doubts about the possibility of extinguishing heroin self-administration with antagonists. The behavioral data were not consistent with laboratory descriptions of extinction. Rather, the data suggested that narcotic antagonist programs should emphasize the development of contingencies for the reinforcement of narcotic antagonist self-administration to ensure an opiate-free state, instead of focusing on an extinction approach."}
{"id": "PMID:944027", "title": "Pharmacologic studies on anti-inflammatory activity of di- and triketopiperidine derivatives.", "content": "A number of derivatives of piperidine-2,4,6-trione and oxazine-2,4-dione with cyclohexyl and allyl substituents at their ring were evaluated pharmacologically. Piperidine-2,4,6-trione compounds, regardless of type of substituent, were readily absorbed from the site of their introduction and displayed similar biological activity. Introduction of the N-cyclohexylcarboxamide substituent diminished general toxicity of the derivative and increased anti-inflammatory activity in all tests. The oxazine-4,6-dione derivatives were poorly absorbed. The bis-(1-cyclohexyl-5,5-diallyl-piperidine-2,4,6-trione) derivative, product of condensation of two molecules of a simpler compound, was very well absorbed, strongly toxic, and showed distinct anti-inflammatory activity. Limited correlation between chemical structure and biological activity was noted, supporting the concept that introduction of cyclohexyl and allyl radicals imparts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity to derivatives of this type.", "contents": "Pharmacologic studies on anti-inflammatory activity of di- and triketopiperidine derivatives. A number of derivatives of piperidine-2,4,6-trione and oxazine-2,4-dione with cyclohexyl and allyl substituents at their ring were evaluated pharmacologically. Piperidine-2,4,6-trione compounds, regardless of type of substituent, were readily absorbed from the site of their introduction and displayed similar biological activity. Introduction of the N-cyclohexylcarboxamide substituent diminished general toxicity of the derivative and increased anti-inflammatory activity in all tests. The oxazine-4,6-dione derivatives were poorly absorbed. The bis-(1-cyclohexyl-5,5-diallyl-piperidine-2,4,6-trione) derivative, product of condensation of two molecules of a simpler compound, was very well absorbed, strongly toxic, and showed distinct anti-inflammatory activity. Limited correlation between chemical structure and biological activity was noted, supporting the concept that introduction of cyclohexyl and allyl radicals imparts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity to derivatives of this type."}
{"id": "PMID:944028", "title": "System-structured management of acutely ill surgical patients.", "content": "The management of surgical patients requiring intensive care is complicated by abnormalities in multiple body systems. An effective method of organizing data collection and treatment is essential. The widely applied \"problem-oriented\" approach is not entirely satisfactory in the context of surgical intensive care. An alternative method is presented in which management is structured by body systems. The function of each system is analyzed and a plan for each is defined. Data display is arranged by systems rather than problems and is compatible with modern computer technology. A surgical patient under treatment for pancreatitis is presented to illustrate this approach. Experience with 220 patients on a residency teaching service supports the impression that system-structured management is an effective method of managing the course of an acutely ill patient and should be widely applicable to such patients in any general surgical environment.", "contents": "System-structured management of acutely ill surgical patients. The management of surgical patients requiring intensive care is complicated by abnormalities in multiple body systems. An effective method of organizing data collection and treatment is essential. The widely applied \"problem-oriented\" approach is not entirely satisfactory in the context of surgical intensive care. An alternative method is presented in which management is structured by body systems. The function of each system is analyzed and a plan for each is defined. Data display is arranged by systems rather than problems and is compatible with modern computer technology. A surgical patient under treatment for pancreatitis is presented to illustrate this approach. Experience with 220 patients on a residency teaching service supports the impression that system-structured management is an effective method of managing the course of an acutely ill patient and should be widely applicable to such patients in any general surgical environment."}
{"id": "PMID:944029", "title": "Primary diffuse microscopical hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands: surgical importance.", "content": "In two of 182 patients with verified primary hyperparathyroidism, microscopical hyperplasia was present in all parathyroid glands that were normal in size or only slightly enlarged. All parathyroid glands in another two patients showed microscopical hyperplasia and varied from a normal size of 190 mg. In seven additional patients, microscopical hyperplasia was present in one, several, or all parathyroid glands, which varied in weight from normal to 350 mg. Familial hyperparathyroidism or multiple endocrine neoplasia was evident in five of 11 patients. Contributing to difficulties was the experience in five patients in whom removal of mildly enlarged parathyroid glands corrected hypercalcemia, but definite microscopical abnormalities were not evident by routine histologic study of the glands. Thus, there appears to be a spectrum of abnormalities relative to size and microscopical changes in parathyroid glands of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The surgeon should be aware of these patterns of parathyroid hyperplasia that require a search for a fifth parathyroid gland and a subtotal parathyroidectomy.", "contents": "Primary diffuse microscopical hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands: surgical importance. In two of 182 patients with verified primary hyperparathyroidism, microscopical hyperplasia was present in all parathyroid glands that were normal in size or only slightly enlarged. All parathyroid glands in another two patients showed microscopical hyperplasia and varied from a normal size of 190 mg. In seven additional patients, microscopical hyperplasia was present in one, several, or all parathyroid glands, which varied in weight from normal to 350 mg. Familial hyperparathyroidism or multiple endocrine neoplasia was evident in five of 11 patients. Contributing to difficulties was the experience in five patients in whom removal of mildly enlarged parathyroid glands corrected hypercalcemia, but definite microscopical abnormalities were not evident by routine histologic study of the glands. Thus, there appears to be a spectrum of abnormalities relative to size and microscopical changes in parathyroid glands of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The surgeon should be aware of these patterns of parathyroid hyperplasia that require a search for a fifth parathyroid gland and a subtotal parathyroidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:944030", "title": "Accidental persistent infection of cell lines by Newcastle disease virus, showing three unusual features--defective neuraminidase, temperature sensitivity and intranuclear inclusions.", "content": "A persistent, defective infection by an unknown strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) appeared accidentally in established lines of pig, ox and sheep kidney cells. Virus particles released from the persistently infected cells were not infectious and were deficient in neuraminidase activity. Synthesis of some of the virus-specified proteins in the persistently infected cells was temperature-sensitive. Co-cultivation of mixed populations of carrier cells and healthy chick embryo cells induced cell fusion with the formation of multinucleate heterokaryons and intra-nuclear inclusions. The development of inclusions in the chicken nuclei was not accompanied by 'rescue' of infectious NDV.", "contents": "Accidental persistent infection of cell lines by Newcastle disease virus, showing three unusual features--defective neuraminidase, temperature sensitivity and intranuclear inclusions. A persistent, defective infection by an unknown strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) appeared accidentally in established lines of pig, ox and sheep kidney cells. Virus particles released from the persistently infected cells were not infectious and were deficient in neuraminidase activity. Synthesis of some of the virus-specified proteins in the persistently infected cells was temperature-sensitive. Co-cultivation of mixed populations of carrier cells and healthy chick embryo cells induced cell fusion with the formation of multinucleate heterokaryons and intra-nuclear inclusions. The development of inclusions in the chicken nuclei was not accompanied by 'rescue' of infectious NDV."}
{"id": "PMID:944032", "title": "Histochemical studies in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy.", "content": "Results of a histochemical study of glutamic dehydrogenase in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy with hyperammonemia indicate that the enzyme's activity in brain was increased in all stages of the encephalopathy, and this increase appeared to be localized exclusively in astrocytes. The results are consistent with the view that the astrocyte has a critical role in ammonia metabolism in brain, probably in ammonia detoxification. The findings, moreover, indicate that one pool of glutamate, possibly the small pool, is located in the astrocyte.", "contents": "Histochemical studies in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy. Results of a histochemical study of glutamic dehydrogenase in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy with hyperammonemia indicate that the enzyme's activity in brain was increased in all stages of the encephalopathy, and this increase appeared to be localized exclusively in astrocytes. The results are consistent with the view that the astrocyte has a critical role in ammonia metabolism in brain, probably in ammonia detoxification. The findings, moreover, indicate that one pool of glutamate, possibly the small pool, is located in the astrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:944034", "title": "Hearing under stress: III. The effect of external auditory meatal pressure on speech discrimination.", "content": "It has been well established that unequal air pressure across the tympanic membrane causes an increase in puretone thresholds. Very little information is available, however, concerning concommitant effects on reception and discrimination of speech material. This study was designed to determine whether or not further detrimental effects upon the communication process might occur in the form of decreased speech discrimination ability. The findings established that a high positive pressure in the external meatus can result in a deterioration of the individual's ability to discriminate speech sounds.", "contents": "Hearing under stress: III. The effect of external auditory meatal pressure on speech discrimination. It has been well established that unequal air pressure across the tympanic membrane causes an increase in puretone thresholds. Very little information is available, however, concerning concommitant effects on reception and discrimination of speech material. This study was designed to determine whether or not further detrimental effects upon the communication process might occur in the form of decreased speech discrimination ability. The findings established that a high positive pressure in the external meatus can result in a deterioration of the individual's ability to discriminate speech sounds."}
{"id": "PMID:944040", "title": "Assignment of a gene for tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (E.C. 6.1.1.2) to human chromosome 14.", "content": "We describe a simple method for locating tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (E.C. 6.1.1.2) on cellulose acetate gels (Cellogel) following electrophoresis. Employing electrophoretic conditions which result in the separation of mouse and human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, we have analyzed extracts of a number of independently derived mouse-human somatic cell hybrids and subclones derived from these hybrids for the presence of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Electrophoretic patterns of hybrid extracts which contain human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exhibit three bands. This is consistent with published evidence that the enzyme for mammalian cells is a homologous dimer. The electrophoretic patterns derived from some hybrids are unusual in that the human and hybrid bands of activity are more intense than the mouse band from the same hybrid. An analysis of hybrid cells and extracts indicates that human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase segregates with human chromosome 14 and with the only enzyme marker which has previously been assigned to this chromosome, nucleoside phosphorylase.", "contents": "Assignment of a gene for tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase (E.C. 6.1.1.2) to human chromosome 14. We describe a simple method for locating tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (E.C. 6.1.1.2) on cellulose acetate gels (Cellogel) following electrophoresis. Employing electrophoretic conditions which result in the separation of mouse and human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, we have analyzed extracts of a number of independently derived mouse-human somatic cell hybrids and subclones derived from these hybrids for the presence of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. Electrophoretic patterns of hybrid extracts which contain human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exhibit three bands. This is consistent with published evidence that the enzyme for mammalian cells is a homologous dimer. The electrophoretic patterns derived from some hybrids are unusual in that the human and hybrid bands of activity are more intense than the mouse band from the same hybrid. An analysis of hybrid cells and extracts indicates that human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase segregates with human chromosome 14 and with the only enzyme marker which has previously been assigned to this chromosome, nucleoside phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:944043", "title": "Cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular aneurysms in children.", "content": "Ventricular aneurysms in children are unusual. Three patients with cardiomyopathy associated with angiographically proved left ventricular aneurysms in this age group are reported. Two of them were girls. The ages were 20 months, 7 years, and 14 years. Heart failure was present in all patients. There was radiological evidence of cardiomegaly in all three, and the electrocardiogram showed signs of necrosis in two of them. Selective left ventricular angiography disclosed generalized hypokinesis in all patients. One child had an aneurysm of the diaphragmatic wall. In another the aneurysm was localized in the muscular ventricular septum, causing severe subpulmonary stenosis by encroaching in the right ventricular outflow tract during systole. The third patient had an aneurysm of the left ventricular free wall partly encircling the left ventricle. The coronary arteries appeared normal in all cases. The clinical features of the underlying disease were not altered by the presence of the aneurysm except in the patient with the septal aneurysm and subpulmonary stenosis. In this patient the aneurysm was successfully resected.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular aneurysms in children. Ventricular aneurysms in children are unusual. Three patients with cardiomyopathy associated with angiographically proved left ventricular aneurysms in this age group are reported. Two of them were girls. The ages were 20 months, 7 years, and 14 years. Heart failure was present in all patients. There was radiological evidence of cardiomegaly in all three, and the electrocardiogram showed signs of necrosis in two of them. Selective left ventricular angiography disclosed generalized hypokinesis in all patients. One child had an aneurysm of the diaphragmatic wall. In another the aneurysm was localized in the muscular ventricular septum, causing severe subpulmonary stenosis by encroaching in the right ventricular outflow tract during systole. The third patient had an aneurysm of the left ventricular free wall partly encircling the left ventricle. The coronary arteries appeared normal in all cases. The clinical features of the underlying disease were not altered by the presence of the aneurysm except in the patient with the septal aneurysm and subpulmonary stenosis. In this patient the aneurysm was successfully resected."}
{"id": "PMID:944044", "title": "Angiosarcoma of pericardium. Problems in diagnosis and management.", "content": "The clinical histories of two patients with angiosarcoma of the pericardium are described. Both were previously well young men who presented with cardiac tamponade caused by haemorrhagic pericardial effusions. If a pericardiectomy is undertaken for diagnosis, wide excision of the pericardium is recommended. This will provide a large specimen for histological examination and may prevent subsequent development of constriction.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of pericardium. Problems in diagnosis and management. The clinical histories of two patients with angiosarcoma of the pericardium are described. Both were previously well young men who presented with cardiac tamponade caused by haemorrhagic pericardial effusions. If a pericardiectomy is undertaken for diagnosis, wide excision of the pericardium is recommended. This will provide a large specimen for histological examination and may prevent subsequent development of constriction."}
{"id": "PMID:944046", "title": "A retrospective study of renal cancer with special reference to coffee and animal protein consumption.", "content": "Interviews were obtained with 106 patients with adenocarcinoma of the renal parenchyma, 33 patients with carcinoma of the renal pelvis and 139 individually matched control patients. Comparison of the cancer patients with the control patients showed no evidence of a positive association between either type of renal cancer and coffee or animal protein consumption. Carcinoma of the renal pelvis was associated positively with cigareete consumption (relative risk estimate 1-8) and the daily consumption of analgesic tablets was more frequent in patients with cancer of the renal parenchyma than in their matched controls (14-2% compared with 1-9%,P less than 0.005). It appeared likely that the latter relationship was non-causal.", "contents": "A retrospective study of renal cancer with special reference to coffee and animal protein consumption. Interviews were obtained with 106 patients with adenocarcinoma of the renal parenchyma, 33 patients with carcinoma of the renal pelvis and 139 individually matched control patients. Comparison of the cancer patients with the control patients showed no evidence of a positive association between either type of renal cancer and coffee or animal protein consumption. Carcinoma of the renal pelvis was associated positively with cigareete consumption (relative risk estimate 1-8) and the daily consumption of analgesic tablets was more frequent in patients with cancer of the renal parenchyma than in their matched controls (14-2% compared with 1-9%,P less than 0.005). It appeared likely that the latter relationship was non-causal."}
{"id": "PMID:944042", "title": "A pathogenetic model for erosive synovitis: lessons from animal arthritides.", "content": "Adjuvant arthritis, streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis, and Erysipelothrix insidiosa arthritis are laboratory models of relapsing, erosive synovitis. A review of the experimental literature suggests that their pathogenesis is similar. The persistence in macrophages in the pannus of nonbiodegradable microbial cell wall components containing the peptidoglycan moeity is the central event. Based on this experimental literature, a model for the pathogenesis of these arthritides is developed. This model is testable and relevant to erosive synovitis in man.", "contents": "A pathogenetic model for erosive synovitis: lessons from animal arthritides. Adjuvant arthritis, streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis, and Erysipelothrix insidiosa arthritis are laboratory models of relapsing, erosive synovitis. A review of the experimental literature suggests that their pathogenesis is similar. The persistence in macrophages in the pannus of nonbiodegradable microbial cell wall components containing the peptidoglycan moeity is the central event. Based on this experimental literature, a model for the pathogenesis of these arthritides is developed. This model is testable and relevant to erosive synovitis in man."}
{"id": "PMID:944047", "title": "The diurnal rhythm of enzymes in human red cells.", "content": "The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-d-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD), hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, HK), lactic dehydrogeanse (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH) and aspirate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, Asp.T) were determined in red blood cells of 11 healthy individuals. The determinations were carried out on samples drawn every 4 h over a 24 h period. The activities of G6PD, 6PGD, LDH and Asp.T exhibited a semi-circadian rhythm, namely, two peaks of activity during 24 h while HK activity demonstrated a true circadian rhythm. In addition a polymorphism of the G6PD and LDH activity patterns was observed. The implications of a biological clock in enucleated cells are discussed.", "contents": "The diurnal rhythm of enzymes in human red cells. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-d-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD), hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, HK), lactic dehydrogeanse (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH) and aspirate aminotransferase (L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, Asp.T) were determined in red blood cells of 11 healthy individuals. The determinations were carried out on samples drawn every 4 h over a 24 h period. The activities of G6PD, 6PGD, LDH and Asp.T exhibited a semi-circadian rhythm, namely, two peaks of activity during 24 h while HK activity demonstrated a true circadian rhythm. In addition a polymorphism of the G6PD and LDH activity patterns was observed. The implications of a biological clock in enucleated cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944048", "title": "RNA polymerase activity and uterine growth: Differential stimulation by estradiol, estriol, and nafoxidine.", "content": "We have shown previously that estradiol, estriol, and Nafoxidine (Upjohn 11, 100A) have differential effects on uterine growth and that these effects are associated with the retention of the estrogen receptor by the nucleus. In order to examine these relationships further, we have studied the effect of these hormones on endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase I and II in the immature rat uterus. All three compounds caused a rapid elevation in polymerase II activity that reached a peak by the first hour and declined to almost control levels by 2 h after the injection. This transient peak in polymerase II activity was followed by a second elevation by the fourth hour in estradiol- and Nafoxidine-treated animals which was not observed in estriol-treated rats. The activity of polymerase I increased monotonically to very high levels by 4 h and was maintained 12 h or longer in estradiol- and Nafoxidine-treated animals. A similar elevation was observed in estriol-treated rats but the activity declined very rapidly to control levels by 12 h. The second elevation in polymerase II activity and the sustained stimulation of polymerase I activity were correlated with the stimulation of true uterine growth. These data confirm our previous suggestion that long-term nuclear retention of the receptor is a requirement for true uterine growth and suggest that an obligatory response in the production of true growth is the stimulation of a second rise in polymerase II activity and an elevated and sustained activity of polymerase I.", "contents": "RNA polymerase activity and uterine growth: Differential stimulation by estradiol, estriol, and nafoxidine. We have shown previously that estradiol, estriol, and Nafoxidine (Upjohn 11, 100A) have differential effects on uterine growth and that these effects are associated with the retention of the estrogen receptor by the nucleus. In order to examine these relationships further, we have studied the effect of these hormones on endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase I and II in the immature rat uterus. All three compounds caused a rapid elevation in polymerase II activity that reached a peak by the first hour and declined to almost control levels by 2 h after the injection. This transient peak in polymerase II activity was followed by a second elevation by the fourth hour in estradiol- and Nafoxidine-treated animals which was not observed in estriol-treated rats. The activity of polymerase I increased monotonically to very high levels by 4 h and was maintained 12 h or longer in estradiol- and Nafoxidine-treated animals. A similar elevation was observed in estriol-treated rats but the activity declined very rapidly to control levels by 12 h. The second elevation in polymerase II activity and the sustained stimulation of polymerase I activity were correlated with the stimulation of true uterine growth. These data confirm our previous suggestion that long-term nuclear retention of the receptor is a requirement for true uterine growth and suggest that an obligatory response in the production of true growth is the stimulation of a second rise in polymerase II activity and an elevated and sustained activity of polymerase I."}
{"id": "PMID:944049", "title": "Photochemical cross-linking of neighboring residues in protein-nucleic acid complexes: rnase and pyrimidine nucleotide inhibitors.", "content": "Iradiation of the stable complexes formed between RNase and its competitive inhibitors cytidine 2'(3'),5'-diphosphate (pCp), and uridine 2'(3'),5'-diphosphate (pUp), resulted in covalent bond formation between the pyrimidine nucleotides and the enzyme. The photochemical reactions were initiated by ultraviolet light of lambda greater than 300 mn, employing acetone as a photosensitizer. This method was found to yield less undesired by-products, particularly photolyzed amino acids and aggregates resulting from protein-to-protein cross-linking, than the direct method of irradiation with light of lambda 260 nm. Tryptic digrestion of the modified protein, and chromatographic analysis of the peptides thus obtained, revealed a single and specific peptide which bacame covalently linked to both nucleotide inhibitors. The amino acid composition of this peptide is consistent with the sequence Asn-67-Arg-85 of RNase. Part of this peptide (residues 78 through 83) is close to the enzyme's binding site for the pyrimidine moiety of the nucleotides. Denatured RNase failed to cross-link to the inhibitors, and the extent of pUp cross-linking could be reduced by the addition of another competitive inhibitor (3'-UMP). Finally, the presence of excess inhibitor in the irradiation mixture did not lead to nonspecific cross-linking. This indicates that specificity is also achieved due to the fact that unbound excited inhibitor molecules do not react with the protein but prefer to follow different and faster reaction paths.", "contents": "Photochemical cross-linking of neighboring residues in protein-nucleic acid complexes: rnase and pyrimidine nucleotide inhibitors. Iradiation of the stable complexes formed between RNase and its competitive inhibitors cytidine 2'(3'),5'-diphosphate (pCp), and uridine 2'(3'),5'-diphosphate (pUp), resulted in covalent bond formation between the pyrimidine nucleotides and the enzyme. The photochemical reactions were initiated by ultraviolet light of lambda greater than 300 mn, employing acetone as a photosensitizer. This method was found to yield less undesired by-products, particularly photolyzed amino acids and aggregates resulting from protein-to-protein cross-linking, than the direct method of irradiation with light of lambda 260 nm. Tryptic digrestion of the modified protein, and chromatographic analysis of the peptides thus obtained, revealed a single and specific peptide which bacame covalently linked to both nucleotide inhibitors. The amino acid composition of this peptide is consistent with the sequence Asn-67-Arg-85 of RNase. Part of this peptide (residues 78 through 83) is close to the enzyme's binding site for the pyrimidine moiety of the nucleotides. Denatured RNase failed to cross-link to the inhibitors, and the extent of pUp cross-linking could be reduced by the addition of another competitive inhibitor (3'-UMP). Finally, the presence of excess inhibitor in the irradiation mixture did not lead to nonspecific cross-linking. This indicates that specificity is also achieved due to the fact that unbound excited inhibitor molecules do not react with the protein but prefer to follow different and faster reaction paths."}
{"id": "PMID:944050", "title": "Cryoenzymology of chymotrypsin: the detection of intermediates in the catalysis of a specific anilide substrate.", "content": "The reaction between chymotrypsin and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide has been studied at subzero temperatures in fluid aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Following initiation of the reaction at temperatures as low as -90 degrees C, a series of four reactions prior to the normal rate-limiting step (acylation) was detected spectrophotometrically. Various experimental observations have led to the following interpretation of these reactions. Reaction 1 corresponds to the binding of substrate yielding the initial Michaelis complex. Reactions 2 and 3 are two pH-independent reactions, ascribed to substrate-induced changes in the positions of active-site groups. Reaction 4 is a pH-dependent reaction (pK = 5.9) which involves the imidazole of His-57 but which is not the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, oxazolinone, or acyl enzyme. The slowest detected step corresponded to the acylation reaction. No evidence for the accumulation of a tetrahedral intermediate was obtained. Spectral, kinetic, and thermodynamic data for these reactions are presented, as is justification for the relevance of these findings to the reaction under physiological conditions. These results demonstrate the utility of subzero temperatures in enzyme mechanism studies, especially with regard to allowing the accumulation of intermediates which may be quite stable at appropriate values of pH and low temperature.", "contents": "Cryoenzymology of chymotrypsin: the detection of intermediates in the catalysis of a specific anilide substrate. The reaction between chymotrypsin and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide has been studied at subzero temperatures in fluid aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. Following initiation of the reaction at temperatures as low as -90 degrees C, a series of four reactions prior to the normal rate-limiting step (acylation) was detected spectrophotometrically. Various experimental observations have led to the following interpretation of these reactions. Reaction 1 corresponds to the binding of substrate yielding the initial Michaelis complex. Reactions 2 and 3 are two pH-independent reactions, ascribed to substrate-induced changes in the positions of active-site groups. Reaction 4 is a pH-dependent reaction (pK = 5.9) which involves the imidazole of His-57 but which is not the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, oxazolinone, or acyl enzyme. The slowest detected step corresponded to the acylation reaction. No evidence for the accumulation of a tetrahedral intermediate was obtained. Spectral, kinetic, and thermodynamic data for these reactions are presented, as is justification for the relevance of these findings to the reaction under physiological conditions. These results demonstrate the utility of subzero temperatures in enzyme mechanism studies, especially with regard to allowing the accumulation of intermediates which may be quite stable at appropriate values of pH and low temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:944051", "title": "Levels of RNA polymerases during the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Two RNA polymerase activities were quantitatively solubilized in plasmodial homogenates from Physarum polycephalum by sonication at 0.5 M ammonium chloride concentration. The proportions of RNA polymerases A and B were determined by four different methods. Equal activity levels of both enzyme A and enzyme B were detected throughout the synchronous mitotic cycle of Physarum.", "contents": "Levels of RNA polymerases during the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum. Two RNA polymerase activities were quantitatively solubilized in plasmodial homogenates from Physarum polycephalum by sonication at 0.5 M ammonium chloride concentration. The proportions of RNA polymerases A and B were determined by four different methods. Equal activity levels of both enzyme A and enzyme B were detected throughout the synchronous mitotic cycle of Physarum."}
{"id": "PMID:944052", "title": "Inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukarytic cells. Comparative effects of some amaryllidaceae alkaloids.", "content": "The effects of eighteen compounds obtained from bulbs of the Amaryllidaceae family were tested on (a) animal cell growth, (b) DNA, RNA and protein synthesis by intact cells and (c) protein synthesis in cell-free systems. Dihydrolycorine, haemanthamine, lycorine, narciclasine, pretazettine and pseudolycorine halted HeLa cell growth at 10(-1) mM or lower concentrations. These compounds at their growth inhibitory concentrations block protein synthesis in ascites cells and stabilize HeLa cell polysomes in vivo. Endomyocarditis virus RNA-directed cell-free polypeptide synthesis by an ascites S-30 extract and acetyl-[14C]leucyl-puromycin formation by ascites ribosomes are also inhibited by the six compounds indicated above. It is therefore concluded that they halt protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by inhibiting the peptide bone formation step.", "contents": "Inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukarytic cells. Comparative effects of some amaryllidaceae alkaloids. The effects of eighteen compounds obtained from bulbs of the Amaryllidaceae family were tested on (a) animal cell growth, (b) DNA, RNA and protein synthesis by intact cells and (c) protein synthesis in cell-free systems. Dihydrolycorine, haemanthamine, lycorine, narciclasine, pretazettine and pseudolycorine halted HeLa cell growth at 10(-1) mM or lower concentrations. These compounds at their growth inhibitory concentrations block protein synthesis in ascites cells and stabilize HeLa cell polysomes in vivo. Endomyocarditis virus RNA-directed cell-free polypeptide synthesis by an ascites S-30 extract and acetyl-[14C]leucyl-puromycin formation by ascites ribosomes are also inhibited by the six compounds indicated above. It is therefore concluded that they halt protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by inhibiting the peptide bone formation step."}
{"id": "PMID:944053", "title": "DNA polymerase of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Only one molecular weight species of DNA polymerase was found in different developmental stages of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The molecular weight of this DNA polymerase is estimated to be about 127 000 by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme is present in all stages of growth and development, including dormant spores. All DNA polymerase activity is lost upon incubation of the crude extract with N-ethylmaleimide. The reaction properties, molecular weight and N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity of the D. discoideum DNA polymerase are similar to those of the DNA polymerase-alpha from mammalian sources.", "contents": "DNA polymerase of Dictyostelium discoideum. Only one molecular weight species of DNA polymerase was found in different developmental stages of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The molecular weight of this DNA polymerase is estimated to be about 127 000 by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme is present in all stages of growth and development, including dormant spores. All DNA polymerase activity is lost upon incubation of the crude extract with N-ethylmaleimide. The reaction properties, molecular weight and N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity of the D. discoideum DNA polymerase are similar to those of the DNA polymerase-alpha from mammalian sources."}
{"id": "PMID:944054", "title": "Interaction of phosphatidylcholine with bovine serum albumin. Specificity and properties of the complexes.", "content": "Phosphatidylcholine dispersed on Celite was rapidly solubilized by neutral bovine serum albumin solutions. Stable protein-lipid complexes were isolated by Agrose gel filtration or by ultracentrifugal flotation in high density solvents, and the physicochemical properties of the complexes were investigated in terms of the stoichiometry of binding, effect of fatty acid ligands on phosphatidylcholine binding, effect of high ionic strength on the stability of the complexes, intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra, and sedimentation velocity coefficients. Complexes containing from 2 to 30 phosphatidylcholine molecules per protein molecule were observed; however, no saturation of binding sites could be detected in this range of molar ratios. Oleic acid binding by serum albumin prevents interaction of the protein with phosphatidylcholine, indicating possible competition of these ligands at low contents of the phospholipid. For molar ratios of up to 10 phosphatidylcholine molecules per serum albumin, binding is primarily due to hydrophobic interactions that have no effect on the overall shape and secondary structure of the native protein except for local modifications at tryptophan residues, whose fluorescence becomes quenched and blue shifted on phosphatidylcholine binding. Similar phosphatidylcholine uptake experiments performed with a series of globular proteins indicated that the lipid extraction from Celite surfaces is a non-specific process, accelerated by several other proteins (e.g. aldolase, egg albumin, chymotrypsinogen, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and the major apolipoprotein from bovine serum high density lipoprotein). Formation of stable protein-lipid complexes, however, was only observed with bovine serum albumin, which in contrast to the other proteins is known to have affinity binding sites for anions with hydrophobic side chains.", "contents": "Interaction of phosphatidylcholine with bovine serum albumin. Specificity and properties of the complexes. Phosphatidylcholine dispersed on Celite was rapidly solubilized by neutral bovine serum albumin solutions. Stable protein-lipid complexes were isolated by Agrose gel filtration or by ultracentrifugal flotation in high density solvents, and the physicochemical properties of the complexes were investigated in terms of the stoichiometry of binding, effect of fatty acid ligands on phosphatidylcholine binding, effect of high ionic strength on the stability of the complexes, intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra, and sedimentation velocity coefficients. Complexes containing from 2 to 30 phosphatidylcholine molecules per protein molecule were observed; however, no saturation of binding sites could be detected in this range of molar ratios. Oleic acid binding by serum albumin prevents interaction of the protein with phosphatidylcholine, indicating possible competition of these ligands at low contents of the phospholipid. For molar ratios of up to 10 phosphatidylcholine molecules per serum albumin, binding is primarily due to hydrophobic interactions that have no effect on the overall shape and secondary structure of the native protein except for local modifications at tryptophan residues, whose fluorescence becomes quenched and blue shifted on phosphatidylcholine binding. Similar phosphatidylcholine uptake experiments performed with a series of globular proteins indicated that the lipid extraction from Celite surfaces is a non-specific process, accelerated by several other proteins (e.g. aldolase, egg albumin, chymotrypsinogen, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and the major apolipoprotein from bovine serum high density lipoprotein). Formation of stable protein-lipid complexes, however, was only observed with bovine serum albumin, which in contrast to the other proteins is known to have affinity binding sites for anions with hydrophobic side chains."}
{"id": "PMID:944055", "title": "Distribution of 8 trace metals in beef heart tissue.", "content": "The concentrations of 8 trace metals in 15 discrete anatomic sites of 11 beef hearts have been determined by emission spectrometry. The metals determined were copper, aluminum, barium cesium, tin, strontium, lead, and molybdenum. Anatomic sites samples included aorta, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, right and left coronary arteries, os cordis, right atrium, left atrial appendage, right and left ventricles (free wall), left ventricle-papillary muscle, interventricular septum, crista supraventricularis, and left bundle branch. Statistical analysis of the data incorporated a multivariate analysis of variance and a Duncan analysis. The results showed that many tissues of the beef cardiovascular system have distinctive trace metal compositions.", "contents": "Distribution of 8 trace metals in beef heart tissue. The concentrations of 8 trace metals in 15 discrete anatomic sites of 11 beef hearts have been determined by emission spectrometry. The metals determined were copper, aluminum, barium cesium, tin, strontium, lead, and molybdenum. Anatomic sites samples included aorta, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, right and left coronary arteries, os cordis, right atrium, left atrial appendage, right and left ventricles (free wall), left ventricle-papillary muscle, interventricular septum, crista supraventricularis, and left bundle branch. Statistical analysis of the data incorporated a multivariate analysis of variance and a Duncan analysis. The results showed that many tissues of the beef cardiovascular system have distinctive trace metal compositions."}
{"id": "PMID:944057", "title": "Self-association of beta-lactoglobulin c in acetate buffers.", "content": "The self-association of beta-lactoglobulin C at pH 4.65 (23 degrees C) in acetate buffer has been studied at various temperatures, 10, 16, 20 and 25 degrees C, by a series of sedimentation equilibrium experiments. Two different buffers were used. Buffer I with an ionic strength of 0.1 consisted of 0.1M acetic acid and 0.1M sodium acetate; buffer II had 0.1M KCl in addiation so that its ionic strength was 0.2. The variation of the apparent weight average molecular weight, Mwa, with the total solute concentration, c, was characteristic of a self-association. In contrast to the behavior of beta-lactoglobulin A in acetate buffer, the association of beta-lactoglobulin C did not proceed beyond dimer. Furthermore, within the experimental error, the self-association of beta-lactoglobulin C was independent of temperature and ionic strength; all experimental data could be put on the same Mwa (or M1/Mwa) vs. c plot! Several models were used to test the self-association, and a monomer--dimer association with K2 = 2.10 X 10(3) dl/g and BM1 =- 1.2 X 10(-2) dl/g seemed to give a good description of the M1/Mwa vs. c curve.", "contents": "Self-association of beta-lactoglobulin c in acetate buffers. The self-association of beta-lactoglobulin C at pH 4.65 (23 degrees C) in acetate buffer has been studied at various temperatures, 10, 16, 20 and 25 degrees C, by a series of sedimentation equilibrium experiments. Two different buffers were used. Buffer I with an ionic strength of 0.1 consisted of 0.1M acetic acid and 0.1M sodium acetate; buffer II had 0.1M KCl in addiation so that its ionic strength was 0.2. The variation of the apparent weight average molecular weight, Mwa, with the total solute concentration, c, was characteristic of a self-association. In contrast to the behavior of beta-lactoglobulin A in acetate buffer, the association of beta-lactoglobulin C did not proceed beyond dimer. Furthermore, within the experimental error, the self-association of beta-lactoglobulin C was independent of temperature and ionic strength; all experimental data could be put on the same Mwa (or M1/Mwa) vs. c plot! Several models were used to test the self-association, and a monomer--dimer association with K2 = 2.10 X 10(3) dl/g and BM1 =- 1.2 X 10(-2) dl/g seemed to give a good description of the M1/Mwa vs. c curve."}
{"id": "PMID:944062", "title": "Hormonal changes and mood in the puerperium.", "content": "This investigation is an attempt to test the common supposition that postpartum emotional disturbance is related to hormone changes. A group of 27 normal pregnant women were assessed three times before delivery and sixteen times in the six weeks following delivery. During the first two interviews baseline data on personality and other personal variables were obtained. On each occasion blood was taken and three measures of clinical status and mood were completed. Plasma LH, FSH, total oestrogen and progesterone results are presented in detail and the results of prolactin assays mentioned more briefly. An attempt to correlate hormone findings and clinical findings is described. This failed to produce any strong evidence that hormones are related to mood at this time, although hormone changes were correlated weakly with a few specific symptoms. Some of the unexpected clinical findings and technical difficulties of the study are discussed, with special reference to possible further research in this area.", "contents": "Hormonal changes and mood in the puerperium. This investigation is an attempt to test the common supposition that postpartum emotional disturbance is related to hormone changes. A group of 27 normal pregnant women were assessed three times before delivery and sixteen times in the six weeks following delivery. During the first two interviews baseline data on personality and other personal variables were obtained. On each occasion blood was taken and three measures of clinical status and mood were completed. Plasma LH, FSH, total oestrogen and progesterone results are presented in detail and the results of prolactin assays mentioned more briefly. An attempt to correlate hormone findings and clinical findings is described. This failed to produce any strong evidence that hormones are related to mood at this time, although hormone changes were correlated weakly with a few specific symptoms. Some of the unexpected clinical findings and technical difficulties of the study are discussed, with special reference to possible further research in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:944066", "title": "Obstetric practice and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents 1965-73.", "content": "Trends in management and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents from 1965 to 1973 were reviewed. The mean age and parity of parturients fell. Hospital delivery became almost universal, monitoring the fetus during pregnancy was introduced, and induction and acceleration of labour became commonplace. These developments were not associated with any striking change in either the total perinatal death rate or the timing or cause of perinatal death. Possibly a real change in perinatal mortality between 1965 and 1973 was masked by random fluctuation of small numbers, or possibly factors peculiar to the Cardiff population prevented a decrease in  perinatal mortality that would otherwise have resulted from improved medical care. Only by large-scale randomised trials can the true value of induction and other medical developments be assessed.", "contents": "Obstetric practice and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents 1965-73. Trends in management and outcome of pregnancy in Cardiff residents from 1965 to 1973 were reviewed. The mean age and parity of parturients fell. Hospital delivery became almost universal, monitoring the fetus during pregnancy was introduced, and induction and acceleration of labour became commonplace. These developments were not associated with any striking change in either the total perinatal death rate or the timing or cause of perinatal death. Possibly a real change in perinatal mortality between 1965 and 1973 was masked by random fluctuation of small numbers, or possibly factors peculiar to the Cardiff population prevented a decrease in  perinatal mortality that would otherwise have resulted from improved medical care. Only by large-scale randomised trials can the true value of induction and other medical developments be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:944067", "title": "Obstetric practice in the Oxford Record Linkage Study Area 1965-72.", "content": "The secular trends in induction in 111 818 births over eight years in the largely rural areas of Oxfordshire and west Berkshire were analysed. Although the induction rate started to rise only in 1969, the forceps and episiotomy rates had been increasing throughout, but both procedures were always twice as prevalent in induced as in non-induced cases. The proportion of women given an anaesthetic was also consistently higher in induced cases, but that of women with long labours fell considerably over the period. The reduction in stillbirth rate was more apparent in induced than in non-induced births.", "contents": "Obstetric practice in the Oxford Record Linkage Study Area 1965-72. The secular trends in induction in 111 818 births over eight years in the largely rural areas of Oxfordshire and west Berkshire were analysed. Although the induction rate started to rise only in 1969, the forceps and episiotomy rates had been increasing throughout, but both procedures were always twice as prevalent in induced as in non-induced cases. The proportion of women given an anaesthetic was also consistently higher in induced cases, but that of women with long labours fell considerably over the period. The reduction in stillbirth rate was more apparent in induced than in non-induced births."}
{"id": "PMID:944071", "title": "Effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride on myelination in newborn rat cerebellum cultures following removal of myelination inhibiting antiserum to whole cord or cerebroside.", "content": "Myelination was inhibited in cultures of newborn rat cerebellum by exposure to antisera prepared by injecting rabbits with whole guinea pig spinal cord or cerebrosixde mixed with bovine serum albumin. At 15 days in vitro (DIV), when 90-100% of our control cultures were myelinated, antiserum inhibited cultures were washed and refed routine culture medium or medium containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride (ara-C) in concentrations previously shown to inhibit myelination in our system. The disinhibited cultures myelinated within 2-5 days of removal of antiserum regardless of the presence of BUdR or ara-C. The evidence suggests that the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes do not undergo cell division before myelination during disinhibition from antiserum. In addition, cultures exposed to BUdR on 5-7 DIV in the presence of antiserum and disinhibited at 10 DIV did not have myelinated axons as observed by light microscopy at 15 DIV. Thus, the BUdR sensitive oligodendrocyte division remained intact in antiserum inhibited cultures. We conclude that the antisera inhibit myelin formation without interrupting the pattern of cell division or the covert differentiation of oligodendrocytes.", "contents": "Effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride on myelination in newborn rat cerebellum cultures following removal of myelination inhibiting antiserum to whole cord or cerebroside. Myelination was inhibited in cultures of newborn rat cerebellum by exposure to antisera prepared by injecting rabbits with whole guinea pig spinal cord or cerebrosixde mixed with bovine serum albumin. At 15 days in vitro (DIV), when 90-100% of our control cultures were myelinated, antiserum inhibited cultures were washed and refed routine culture medium or medium containing 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) or cytosine-B-D-arabinofuranoside hydrochloride (ara-C) in concentrations previously shown to inhibit myelination in our system. The disinhibited cultures myelinated within 2-5 days of removal of antiserum regardless of the presence of BUdR or ara-C. The evidence suggests that the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes do not undergo cell division before myelination during disinhibition from antiserum. In addition, cultures exposed to BUdR on 5-7 DIV in the presence of antiserum and disinhibited at 10 DIV did not have myelinated axons as observed by light microscopy at 15 DIV. Thus, the BUdR sensitive oligodendrocyte division remained intact in antiserum inhibited cultures. We conclude that the antisera inhibit myelin formation without interrupting the pattern of cell division or the covert differentiation of oligodendrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:944073", "title": "The influence of lighting conditions upon the level and course of increase in specific activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the developing chick pineal gland.", "content": "A diurnal cycle in level of serotonin acetyltransferase (acetyl-C0A:arylamine N-acety-transferase (EC 2.3.1.5) activity was found in the pineal gland of chicks aged 16 to 20 days maintained under lighting conditions. Diurnal variation in levels of activity was markedly reduced in the pineal gland of birds kept in constant darkness, and suppressed in the gland of chicks under constant illumination. High levels of activity attained during the dark phase of the normal cycle rapidly declined when the birds were transferred to the light. The light phase level of serotonin acetyltransferase of the pineal increased progressively from the 11th day of incubation to about 1 week post-hatch. This course of increase in enzyme activity was largely unaffected by lightning conditions. Under conditions for assay of serotonin acetyltransferase activity in the chick pineal gland and brain, radioactive serotonin gave rise to N-acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid and a further unidentified metabolite, which was quantitatively the major product.", "contents": "The influence of lighting conditions upon the level and course of increase in specific activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the developing chick pineal gland. A diurnal cycle in level of serotonin acetyltransferase (acetyl-C0A:arylamine N-acety-transferase (EC 2.3.1.5) activity was found in the pineal gland of chicks aged 16 to 20 days maintained under lighting conditions. Diurnal variation in levels of activity was markedly reduced in the pineal gland of birds kept in constant darkness, and suppressed in the gland of chicks under constant illumination. High levels of activity attained during the dark phase of the normal cycle rapidly declined when the birds were transferred to the light. The light phase level of serotonin acetyltransferase of the pineal increased progressively from the 11th day of incubation to about 1 week post-hatch. This course of increase in enzyme activity was largely unaffected by lightning conditions. Under conditions for assay of serotonin acetyltransferase activity in the chick pineal gland and brain, radioactive serotonin gave rise to N-acetylserotonin, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid and a further unidentified metabolite, which was quantitatively the major product."}
{"id": "PMID:944074", "title": "Studies on the cell wall of Schizophyllum commune. Permethylation and enzymic hydrolysis.", "content": "Two polysaccharide fractions S-glucan were isolated from the cell walls of Schizophyllumcommune. S-Glucan is primarily a linear 1,3-alpha-glucan with occasional 1,6-alphalinkages as shown by permethylation and partial acid hydrolysis. The glucan fraction also contains a small amount of xylose. The R-glucan fraction is a mixture of two polysaccharides, chitin and a highly branched glucan with linear 1,6-beta and 1,3-beta segments and 1,6-beta branching. This conclusion is based on permethylation studies and enzymic hydrolyses.", "contents": "Studies on the cell wall of Schizophyllum commune. Permethylation and enzymic hydrolysis. Two polysaccharide fractions S-glucan were isolated from the cell walls of Schizophyllumcommune. S-Glucan is primarily a linear 1,3-alpha-glucan with occasional 1,6-alphalinkages as shown by permethylation and partial acid hydrolysis. The glucan fraction also contains a small amount of xylose. The R-glucan fraction is a mixture of two polysaccharides, chitin and a highly branched glucan with linear 1,6-beta and 1,3-beta segments and 1,6-beta branching. This conclusion is based on permethylation studies and enzymic hydrolyses."}
{"id": "PMID:944075", "title": "Surface polypeptides of the Chinese hamster ovary cell; an immunochemical study.", "content": "Antibodies elicited by the injection of live Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) into rabbits precipitated four major components from detergent extracts of CHO membranes. The four components, of molecular weights 200000, 125000, 95000 and 41000 daltons, corresponded to cell surface components identified by the lactoperoxide surface label technique.", "contents": "Surface polypeptides of the Chinese hamster ovary cell; an immunochemical study. Antibodies elicited by the injection of live Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) into rabbits precipitated four major components from detergent extracts of CHO membranes. The four components, of molecular weights 200000, 125000, 95000 and 41000 daltons, corresponded to cell surface components identified by the lactoperoxide surface label technique."}
{"id": "PMID:944076", "title": "[Fate of the two largest ovarian follicles of sheep following destruction of the largest follicle and/or the removal of the corpus luteum at two times in the cycle].", "content": "Marking of the largest (F1) and the second largest (F2) follicles of the ovaries of the sheep with India ink has allowed us to observe the fate of these follicles after different treatments. All the F1 and F2 follicles of the controls marked on the 10th day of the cycle became atretic, but when the marking was done on the 14th day, only the F1 (of the marked follicles) ovulated. Destruction of the F1 with or without removal of the corporalutea allowed some of the F2 to ovulate, wheras only removal of the corpora lutea decreased the number of F1 ovulating. It thus appears that the fate of the F1 is related to the time of the cycle and that the F1 could have an inhibitory effect on the ovulation of the F2. Removal of the corpora lutea also induced the development of several cystic follicles and decreased the total ovulation rate.", "contents": "[Fate of the two largest ovarian follicles of sheep following destruction of the largest follicle and/or the removal of the corpus luteum at two times in the cycle]. Marking of the largest (F1) and the second largest (F2) follicles of the ovaries of the sheep with India ink has allowed us to observe the fate of these follicles after different treatments. All the F1 and F2 follicles of the controls marked on the 10th day of the cycle became atretic, but when the marking was done on the 14th day, only the F1 (of the marked follicles) ovulated. Destruction of the F1 with or without removal of the corporalutea allowed some of the F2 to ovulate, wheras only removal of the corpora lutea decreased the number of F1 ovulating. It thus appears that the fate of the F1 is related to the time of the cycle and that the F1 could have an inhibitory effect on the ovulation of the F2. Removal of the corpora lutea also induced the development of several cystic follicles and decreased the total ovulation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:944077", "title": "Products of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation by Coprococcus sp. Pe15.", "content": "Under anaerobic conditions, resting cell suspensions of Coprococcus sp. Pe15 degraded 1 molecule of phloroglucinol to 2 molecules of acetic acid and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. The organism metabolized the flavonoids rhamnetin and quercetin anaerobically in 20% rumen fluid medium but failed to grow under similar conditions at the expense of any of 39 other aromatic or flavonoid compounds tested.", "contents": "Products of anaerobic phloroglucinol degradation by Coprococcus sp. Pe15. Under anaerobic conditions, resting cell suspensions of Coprococcus sp. Pe15 degraded 1 molecule of phloroglucinol to 2 molecules of acetic acid and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide. The organism metabolized the flavonoids rhamnetin and quercetin anaerobically in 20% rumen fluid medium but failed to grow under similar conditions at the expense of any of 39 other aromatic or flavonoid compounds tested."}
{"id": "PMID:944078", "title": "An electron-microscopic study of Herpetomonase sp. (Leptomonas pessoai).", "content": "The fine structure of the promastigotes of Herpetomonas sp. (Leptomonas pessoai) kept in a defined medium at 28 degrees C is described. This portozoon reveals several features in common with other trypanosomatids. A membrane-bounded organelle measuring 0.2 to 0.8 mum in diameter, similar to that described as peroxisome in Crithidia fasciculata, was also observed. A large cavity, located between the nucleus and the kinetoplast and containing vesicles and small particulate material is discussed in this paper.", "contents": "An electron-microscopic study of Herpetomonase sp. (Leptomonas pessoai). The fine structure of the promastigotes of Herpetomonas sp. (Leptomonas pessoai) kept in a defined medium at 28 degrees C is described. This portozoon reveals several features in common with other trypanosomatids. A membrane-bounded organelle measuring 0.2 to 0.8 mum in diameter, similar to that described as peroxisome in Crithidia fasciculata, was also observed. A large cavity, located between the nucleus and the kinetoplast and containing vesicles and small particulate material is discussed in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:944079", "title": "Some chemical and structural features of the conidial wall of Trichoderma viride.", "content": "Cell wall of spores of Trichoderma viride contains polymers similar to those of mycelial cell wall, such as beta-(1 leads to 3), beta-(1 leads to 6) glucans and protein, but chitin, always present in the mycelium, cannot be found in spores. Melanin, which in other fungi appears associated with chitin, replaces this polymer in the spore wall of T. viride and is located in the outermost layer. Attempts to characterize the pigment of the spore wall indicate that it is a non-indolic melanin-like polyphenol.", "contents": "Some chemical and structural features of the conidial wall of Trichoderma viride. Cell wall of spores of Trichoderma viride contains polymers similar to those of mycelial cell wall, such as beta-(1 leads to 3), beta-(1 leads to 6) glucans and protein, but chitin, always present in the mycelium, cannot be found in spores. Melanin, which in other fungi appears associated with chitin, replaces this polymer in the spore wall of T. viride and is located in the outermost layer. Attempts to characterize the pigment of the spore wall indicate that it is a non-indolic melanin-like polyphenol."}
{"id": "PMID:944080", "title": "Heterokaryosis and parasexuality in Pyricularia oryzae Cavara.", "content": "Auxotrophs in three different races of Pyricularia oryzae were obtained following ultraviolet mutagenesis, and tested for complementarity on minimal medium. Prototrophic growth resulted between combinations of different auxotrophs of single strains, but not between strains. The growth did not result form crossfeeding, but required at least transitory heterokaryosis. Putative diploids, i.e., large prototrophic conidia, were readily isolated from the heterokaryons. In addition, conidia with nearly every possible combination of parental markers were found, showing that P. oryzae does indeed complete the parasexual cycle. The degree of genetic recombination found here may help to explain the extreme variability of this organism.", "contents": "Heterokaryosis and parasexuality in Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. Auxotrophs in three different races of Pyricularia oryzae were obtained following ultraviolet mutagenesis, and tested for complementarity on minimal medium. Prototrophic growth resulted between combinations of different auxotrophs of single strains, but not between strains. The growth did not result form crossfeeding, but required at least transitory heterokaryosis. Putative diploids, i.e., large prototrophic conidia, were readily isolated from the heterokaryons. In addition, conidia with nearly every possible combination of parental markers were found, showing that P. oryzae does indeed complete the parasexual cycle. The degree of genetic recombination found here may help to explain the extreme variability of this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:944081", "title": "Isolation of ioxynil degraders from soil-enrichment cultures.", "content": "A soil enrichment technique was used to isolate microorganisms which could degrade ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile). Many isolates obtained were able to degrade ioxynil to various products. However, only a fungal isolate (Fusarium solani) and a Gram-negative bacterium (Klebsiella ozaenae) released 14CO2 from ring-labeled ioxynil. No appreciable degradation was detected in pure cultures without the addition of exogenous nutrients. Results indicated that the degradation of ioxynil to CO2 proceeded more slowly in pure culture. Ioxynil was degraded in pure culture at a faster rate by F. solani than by K. ozaenae. Analyses of radioactivity distribution in the cultures indicated that a sizable fraction of radioactivity was in the form of polar products. Several degradation products were detected in the ethyl acetate extracts by thin-layer chromatography and subsequent radioautography. Screening of pure cultures of ioxynil degraders revealed that most isolates degraded ioxynil to the same products which were extractable with ethyl acetate.", "contents": "Isolation of ioxynil degraders from soil-enrichment cultures. A soil enrichment technique was used to isolate microorganisms which could degrade ioxynil (3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile). Many isolates obtained were able to degrade ioxynil to various products. However, only a fungal isolate (Fusarium solani) and a Gram-negative bacterium (Klebsiella ozaenae) released 14CO2 from ring-labeled ioxynil. No appreciable degradation was detected in pure cultures without the addition of exogenous nutrients. Results indicated that the degradation of ioxynil to CO2 proceeded more slowly in pure culture. Ioxynil was degraded in pure culture at a faster rate by F. solani than by K. ozaenae. Analyses of radioactivity distribution in the cultures indicated that a sizable fraction of radioactivity was in the form of polar products. Several degradation products were detected in the ethyl acetate extracts by thin-layer chromatography and subsequent radioautography. Screening of pure cultures of ioxynil degraders revealed that most isolates degraded ioxynil to the same products which were extractable with ethyl acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:944082", "title": "The development in beef cattle manure of Petriedllidium boydii (Shear) Malloch, a potential pathogen for man and cattle.", "content": "Petriellidium boydii (Allescheria boydii) dominated the mycoflora of manure samples form three beef cattle feedlots after incubation at room temperature for 4 months. The possible dangers associated with this pathogenic fungus, which causes mycotic abortion in livestock, pulmonary allescheriasis in man, and mycetomas in both man and animals, are discussed. This fungus could create a health hazard in feedlots where in situ manure decompostion is encouraged.", "contents": "The development in beef cattle manure of Petriedllidium boydii (Shear) Malloch, a potential pathogen for man and cattle. Petriellidium boydii (Allescheria boydii) dominated the mycoflora of manure samples form three beef cattle feedlots after incubation at room temperature for 4 months. The possible dangers associated with this pathogenic fungus, which causes mycotic abortion in livestock, pulmonary allescheriasis in man, and mycetomas in both man and animals, are discussed. This fungus could create a health hazard in feedlots where in situ manure decompostion is encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:944086", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in lymphoma.", "content": "Five patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) associated with malignant lymphoma are presented, and twelve other cases reported in the literature are reviewed. Thirteen patients (76%) had Hodgkin's disease; two had diffuse histiocytic, one, diffuse mixed lymphoma. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura presented as the sole clinical manifestation of initial or recurrent lymphoma in 10 of 15 cases (67%). The spleen was not palpable even in patients who showed involvement with lymphoma at splenectomy. Three patients were asplenic at the onset of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Successful therapy of the thrombocytopenia correlated with effective control of the underlying lymphoma. Splenectomy gave favorable results in 9 of 10 cases (90%) and uncovered occult lymphoma in five patients. Chemotherapeutic drugs were successful in seven of 12 trials (58%) and only when the underlying disease was also controlled. The overall prognosis was related to the status of the lymphoma and was not altered by the occurrence of the idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in lymphoma. Five patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) associated with malignant lymphoma are presented, and twelve other cases reported in the literature are reviewed. Thirteen patients (76%) had Hodgkin's disease; two had diffuse histiocytic, one, diffuse mixed lymphoma. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura presented as the sole clinical manifestation of initial or recurrent lymphoma in 10 of 15 cases (67%). The spleen was not palpable even in patients who showed involvement with lymphoma at splenectomy. Three patients were asplenic at the onset of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Successful therapy of the thrombocytopenia correlated with effective control of the underlying lymphoma. Splenectomy gave favorable results in 9 of 10 cases (90%) and uncovered occult lymphoma in five patients. Chemotherapeutic drugs were successful in seven of 12 trials (58%) and only when the underlying disease was also controlled. The overall prognosis was related to the status of the lymphoma and was not altered by the occurrence of the idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura."}
{"id": "PMID:944089", "title": "In vitro cultivation of epithelial cells derived from tumors of the human urinary tract.", "content": "Finely minced explants from 54 TCC2 of the human urinary tract were cultured in vitro in an attempt to establish cell lines. Cells with epithelial morphology grew out from 48 tumor explants, and long-term cell cultures were established from 10. Six of the cell cultures have been maintained for over 18 months with 50 to 70 transfers and, therefore, are considered permanent cell lines. The epithelial cells in the established cultures are small, exhibit rapid doubling time, and show multilayering. The cells were examined both microscopically and by cultivation techniques, and they were found to be free from contaminating microorganisms, including Mycoplasma. The established cultures grow rapidly in roller bottles and, therefore, can be produced in large quantities. These cells also remain viable after being stored for 3 years in liquid nitrogen.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of epithelial cells derived from tumors of the human urinary tract. Finely minced explants from 54 TCC2 of the human urinary tract were cultured in vitro in an attempt to establish cell lines. Cells with epithelial morphology grew out from 48 tumor explants, and long-term cell cultures were established from 10. Six of the cell cultures have been maintained for over 18 months with 50 to 70 transfers and, therefore, are considered permanent cell lines. The epithelial cells in the established cultures are small, exhibit rapid doubling time, and show multilayering. The cells were examined both microscopically and by cultivation techniques, and they were found to be free from contaminating microorganisms, including Mycoplasma. The established cultures grow rapidly in roller bottles and, therefore, can be produced in large quantities. These cells also remain viable after being stored for 3 years in liquid nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:944088", "title": "Control of local and regional subclinical disease by radiation therapy.", "content": "An irradiation dose of 5000 rads in 5 weeks appears to be highly efficient for eradication of subclinical disease in the oropharynx or nasopharnyx. Irradiation alone in the range of 4500 to 5000 rads, five treatments per week, 4 1/2 to 5 weeks, appears to be greater than 90% efficient for eradicating subclinical disease for both squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in regional lymph nodes. The site of origin of the primary squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma seems to be independent of the response in the regional lymph nodes. It is unknown whether concomitant elective chemotherapy will modify the dose for control required for subclinical disease in squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Control of local and regional subclinical disease by radiation therapy. An irradiation dose of 5000 rads in 5 weeks appears to be highly efficient for eradication of subclinical disease in the oropharynx or nasopharnyx. Irradiation alone in the range of 4500 to 5000 rads, five treatments per week, 4 1/2 to 5 weeks, appears to be greater than 90% efficient for eradicating subclinical disease for both squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in regional lymph nodes. The site of origin of the primary squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma seems to be independent of the response in the regional lymph nodes. It is unknown whether concomitant elective chemotherapy will modify the dose for control required for subclinical disease in squamous-cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:944090", "title": "Potentiation by guanine nucleosides of the growth-inhibitory effects of adenosine analogs on L1210 and sarcoma 180 cells in culture.", "content": "The growth-inhibitory effect of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR) against leukemia L1210 cells in culture was dramatically potentiated by the addition of guanine nucleosides to the medium. In the presence of either deoxyguanosine or guanosine, the concentration of MMPR that caused 50% inhibition of growth was 35 times lower than in the absence of these nucleosides. Similar potentiation was also observed against Sarcoma 180 cells in culture by guanosine. The metabolic basis of this synergism was approached in a study of the incorporation of [14C]glycine into 5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide in Sarcoma 180 cells. The results show that the site of inhibition resulting in synergism is an early step in purine biosynthesis, probably phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). In the L1210 cell system, the addition of hypoxanthine to the medium prevented the potentiation of MMPR by guanine nucleosides supporting the conclusion that the site of the synergistic interaction involves purine biosynthesis de novo. While hypoxanthine partially reversed the growth-inhibitory effects of MMPR, an even higher degree of protection was observed in the presence of both uridine and hypoxanthine, suggesting that MMPR may have additional sites of action concerned with pyrimidine metabolism.", "contents": "Potentiation by guanine nucleosides of the growth-inhibitory effects of adenosine analogs on L1210 and sarcoma 180 cells in culture. The growth-inhibitory effect of 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (MMPR) against leukemia L1210 cells in culture was dramatically potentiated by the addition of guanine nucleosides to the medium. In the presence of either deoxyguanosine or guanosine, the concentration of MMPR that caused 50% inhibition of growth was 35 times lower than in the absence of these nucleosides. Similar potentiation was also observed against Sarcoma 180 cells in culture by guanosine. The metabolic basis of this synergism was approached in a study of the incorporation of [14C]glycine into 5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide in Sarcoma 180 cells. The results show that the site of inhibition resulting in synergism is an early step in purine biosynthesis, probably phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14). In the L1210 cell system, the addition of hypoxanthine to the medium prevented the potentiation of MMPR by guanine nucleosides supporting the conclusion that the site of the synergistic interaction involves purine biosynthesis de novo. While hypoxanthine partially reversed the growth-inhibitory effects of MMPR, an even higher degree of protection was observed in the presence of both uridine and hypoxanthine, suggesting that MMPR may have additional sites of action concerned with pyrimidine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:944091", "title": "Common and individually specific chromosomal characteristics of cultured human melanoma.", "content": "Since individual chromosomes can be accurately identified by new banding techniques, atebrin fluorescence was used for chromosome analysis in six cell lines and two primary outgrowths derived from human malignant melanoma. Gross aneuploidy was seen in all specimens, but each culture contained at least 1 distinctive marker chromosome specific for that cell line in 87 to 100% of metaphases. One of the primary explants contained a marker that was demonstrable in fresh tissue and persisted through 2 weeks of culture. The same marker was found in all metaphases from 2 different metastases, but skin fibroblasts from the same patient had a normal chromosome complement. No common marker for human melanoma was found, but in 6 of the 8 cultures the most frequently found marker was formed by a brightly banded chromatid addition. Relative polysomy for Chromosome 7 was found in 7 of the 8 cultures and, for Chromosome 22, in 8 of the 8 cultures. The frequency of polysomy of Chromosomes 7 and 22 was significant at the 5% level.", "contents": "Common and individually specific chromosomal characteristics of cultured human melanoma. Since individual chromosomes can be accurately identified by new banding techniques, atebrin fluorescence was used for chromosome analysis in six cell lines and two primary outgrowths derived from human malignant melanoma. Gross aneuploidy was seen in all specimens, but each culture contained at least 1 distinctive marker chromosome specific for that cell line in 87 to 100% of metaphases. One of the primary explants contained a marker that was demonstrable in fresh tissue and persisted through 2 weeks of culture. The same marker was found in all metaphases from 2 different metastases, but skin fibroblasts from the same patient had a normal chromosome complement. No common marker for human melanoma was found, but in 6 of the 8 cultures the most frequently found marker was formed by a brightly banded chromatid addition. Relative polysomy for Chromosome 7 was found in 7 of the 8 cultures and, for Chromosome 22, in 8 of the 8 cultures. The frequency of polysomy of Chromosomes 7 and 22 was significant at the 5% level."}
{"id": "PMID:944092", "title": "Separation of cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity from suspensions of cells from human prostatic carcinomas in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "This report describes the separation of cells exhibiting histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase from suspensions of cells obtained from human prostatic carcinomas by velocity sedimentation. In the unseparated suspensions of cells, 40.5 +/- 7.7% of nucleated cells contained histochemically evident acid phosphatase. After cells were separated by velocity sedimentation, 86.4 +/- 9.4% of the nucleated cells in the purest fractions exhibited histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. More than 95% of these cells excluded trypan blue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a method for the separation of viable epithelial cells from human prostatic carcinomas.", "contents": "Separation of cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity from suspensions of cells from human prostatic carcinomas in an isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium. This report describes the separation of cells exhibiting histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase from suspensions of cells obtained from human prostatic carcinomas by velocity sedimentation. In the unseparated suspensions of cells, 40.5 +/- 7.7% of nucleated cells contained histochemically evident acid phosphatase. After cells were separated by velocity sedimentation, 86.4 +/- 9.4% of the nucleated cells in the purest fractions exhibited histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase activity. More than 95% of these cells excluded trypan blue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a method for the separation of viable epithelial cells from human prostatic carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:944093", "title": "A characterization of the immunosuppressive activity of adriamycin and daunomycin on humoral antibody production and tumor allograft rejection.", "content": "The effects of adriamycin (AM) and its analog daunomycin (DM) on immunological responsiveness have been investigated in an effort to elucidate whether a differential interaction of the two drugs with the immune system could play a role in the higher antineoplastic activity of AM. It was found that AM induced a greater reduction in the number of antibody-producing cells after primary stimulation with sheep erythrocytes, whereas DM was more suppressive on the secondary response to the same antigen. Primary reactivity to the T-independent antigen S-III was reduced by AM, whereas DM was ineffective in the same conditions even at high doses. In addition, when a tumor allograft model was investigated, DM was significantly more immunosuppressive than was AM administered at equitoxic doses. In contrast, these agents displayed similar activity in reducing bone marrow stem cells and in inhibiting DNA synthesis in this organ. The possibility that the different immunosuppressive capacity of AM and DM contributes to the greater antitumoral activity of the former is advanced.", "contents": "A characterization of the immunosuppressive activity of adriamycin and daunomycin on humoral antibody production and tumor allograft rejection. The effects of adriamycin (AM) and its analog daunomycin (DM) on immunological responsiveness have been investigated in an effort to elucidate whether a differential interaction of the two drugs with the immune system could play a role in the higher antineoplastic activity of AM. It was found that AM induced a greater reduction in the number of antibody-producing cells after primary stimulation with sheep erythrocytes, whereas DM was more suppressive on the secondary response to the same antigen. Primary reactivity to the T-independent antigen S-III was reduced by AM, whereas DM was ineffective in the same conditions even at high doses. In addition, when a tumor allograft model was investigated, DM was significantly more immunosuppressive than was AM administered at equitoxic doses. In contrast, these agents displayed similar activity in reducing bone marrow stem cells and in inhibiting DNA synthesis in this organ. The possibility that the different immunosuppressive capacity of AM and DM contributes to the greater antitumoral activity of the former is advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:944094", "title": "Uptake of partially thiolated DNA by ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The uptake and intracellular localization by Ehrlich ascites cells of partially [35S]thiolated homologous DNA (\"antitemplate\") were studied in comparison with that of the corresponding unmodified [3H]DNA, at 37 degrees and 0 degrees, under standardized conditions. For the unmodified DNA, washing the cells after incubation with 0.08 M iodoacetate (in 0.15 M NaCl) alone gave high but reproducible uptake values (23%); washing with 1 M NaCl reduced the cell-associated DNA to 12% (less than 1% at 0 degrees). It appears that 1 M NaCl is able to remove DNA reversibly bound to the cells, similarly to DNase treatment. Approximately 5% of the input [3H]DNA was taken up into the cell nuclei. Diethylaminoethyl dextran (1:1, by weight) greatly enhanced the cellular uptake of [3H]DNA. In the case of [35S]thiolated DNA, the rate as well as the extent of uptake was significantly higher (33%). Washing the cells with 1 M NaCl or treatment with DNase caused relatively small decrease in the total cell-associated [35S]thiolated DNA, the bulk of which (22% of input) was recovered in the isolated nuclei. Stimulation by diethylaminoethyl dextran of the uptake of [35S]thiolated DNA could not be established because of the insolubility of the 1:1 complex in 1 M NaCl. Excess calcium ions during incubation dramatically increased the uptake of the thiolated DNA at 37 degrees (but not at 0 degrees) by the cells (to 90 to 100%) and into the nuclear fraction (to 70% of the total [35S]DNA input). The calcium salt procedure appears to be applicable to the in vivo testing of thiolated DNA's as potential chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Uptake of partially thiolated DNA by ascites tumor cells. The uptake and intracellular localization by Ehrlich ascites cells of partially [35S]thiolated homologous DNA (\"antitemplate\") were studied in comparison with that of the corresponding unmodified [3H]DNA, at 37 degrees and 0 degrees, under standardized conditions. For the unmodified DNA, washing the cells after incubation with 0.08 M iodoacetate (in 0.15 M NaCl) alone gave high but reproducible uptake values (23%); washing with 1 M NaCl reduced the cell-associated DNA to 12% (less than 1% at 0 degrees). It appears that 1 M NaCl is able to remove DNA reversibly bound to the cells, similarly to DNase treatment. Approximately 5% of the input [3H]DNA was taken up into the cell nuclei. Diethylaminoethyl dextran (1:1, by weight) greatly enhanced the cellular uptake of [3H]DNA. In the case of [35S]thiolated DNA, the rate as well as the extent of uptake was significantly higher (33%). Washing the cells with 1 M NaCl or treatment with DNase caused relatively small decrease in the total cell-associated [35S]thiolated DNA, the bulk of which (22% of input) was recovered in the isolated nuclei. Stimulation by diethylaminoethyl dextran of the uptake of [35S]thiolated DNA could not be established because of the insolubility of the 1:1 complex in 1 M NaCl. Excess calcium ions during incubation dramatically increased the uptake of the thiolated DNA at 37 degrees (but not at 0 degrees) by the cells (to 90 to 100%) and into the nuclear fraction (to 70% of the total [35S]DNA input). The calcium salt procedure appears to be applicable to the in vivo testing of thiolated DNA's as potential chemotherapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:944095", "title": "Enhancement of 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine cytotoxicity to mouse leukemia L1210 in vitro by 2'-deoxycoformycin.", "content": "2'-Deoxycoformycin (2'-dCF), a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, was tested in combination with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-formate for cytotoxic activity against mouse leukemia L1210 in culture. 2'-dCF, which alone had no activity, significantly enhanced cytostatic and cytotoxic activities of ara-A and its more soluble derivative, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-formate; the latter 2 agents, when tested at equimolar concentrations, were equivalent in their effects on proliferation and viability. The therapeutic response of mice bearing the in vitro line of L1210 cells (L1210/C2) to combination therapy with 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate was comparable to that reported elsewhere for therapy of mice bearing the parent in vivo line. Continuous exposure of cultured L1210 cells to ara-A and 2'-dCF induced a prolonged period of unbalanced growth, characterized by inhibition of proliferation and DNA synthesis while RNA and protein synthesis continued; exposure periods in excess of a single population doubling were required to achieve significant cell kill. Potentiation of ara-A activity against the relatively insensitive mouse leukemia L1210 was attributed to increased stability of ara-A resulting from 2'-dCF inhibition of adenosine deaminase.", "contents": "Enhancement of 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine cytotoxicity to mouse leukemia L1210 in vitro by 2'-deoxycoformycin. 2'-Deoxycoformycin (2'-dCF), a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, was tested in combination with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-formate for cytotoxic activity against mouse leukemia L1210 in culture. 2'-dCF, which alone had no activity, significantly enhanced cytostatic and cytotoxic activities of ara-A and its more soluble derivative, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-formate; the latter 2 agents, when tested at equimolar concentrations, were equivalent in their effects on proliferation and viability. The therapeutic response of mice bearing the in vitro line of L1210 cells (L1210/C2) to combination therapy with 2'-dCF and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate was comparable to that reported elsewhere for therapy of mice bearing the parent in vivo line. Continuous exposure of cultured L1210 cells to ara-A and 2'-dCF induced a prolonged period of unbalanced growth, characterized by inhibition of proliferation and DNA synthesis while RNA and protein synthesis continued; exposure periods in excess of a single population doubling were required to achieve significant cell kill. Potentiation of ara-A activity against the relatively insensitive mouse leukemia L1210 was attributed to increased stability of ara-A resulting from 2'-dCF inhibition of adenosine deaminase."}
{"id": "PMID:944097", "title": "An extracellular fungal polysaccharide composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid residues.", "content": "The black yeast-like fungus NRRL YB-4163, now tentatively identified as Rhinocladiella elatior Mangenot, has been found to produce an extracellular microbial polysaccharide composed mainly of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid residues. Polysaccharide (PS) YB-4163, when isolated in good yield as the neutral potassium salt, dissolves readily in water to produce extremely viscous solutions, which form stable foams and emulsions. By depolymerizing PS YB-4163 with [14C]methanol-HCl, the polysaccharide can be both identified and quantitated radiochemically by determining the individual [14C]methyl glycosides after their separation by paper chromatography. When the methyl glycosides of PS YB-4163 were reduced with NaB3H4, only the methyl glycosides of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[6-3H]glucose were found. Analysis of the monosaccharide released from carboxyl-reduced PS YB-4163 by acid hydrolysis or methanolysis also showed 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid to be the main constituent. Previously, the only polysaccharides known to be composed entirely or hexosaminuronic acid have been cellular products from pathogens. Of these, the antigenic polysaccharide (SPSA) from Staphylococcus aureus is composed entirely of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid, but its amino groups are substituted equally with acetyl and N-acetylalanyl groups. The specific optical rotation of PS YB-4163, [alpha]20D -75 degrees (c 0.5, water), is similar to that of SPSA (-91 degrees), and suggests beta-D-linkages that must be either (1 leads to 3) or (1 leads to 4).", "contents": "An extracellular fungal polysaccharide composed of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid residues. The black yeast-like fungus NRRL YB-4163, now tentatively identified as Rhinocladiella elatior Mangenot, has been found to produce an extracellular microbial polysaccharide composed mainly of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid residues. Polysaccharide (PS) YB-4163, when isolated in good yield as the neutral potassium salt, dissolves readily in water to produce extremely viscous solutions, which form stable foams and emulsions. By depolymerizing PS YB-4163 with [14C]methanol-HCl, the polysaccharide can be both identified and quantitated radiochemically by determining the individual [14C]methyl glycosides after their separation by paper chromatography. When the methyl glycosides of PS YB-4163 were reduced with NaB3H4, only the methyl glycosides of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-[6-3H]glucose were found. Analysis of the monosaccharide released from carboxyl-reduced PS YB-4163 by acid hydrolysis or methanolysis also showed 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid to be the main constituent. Previously, the only polysaccharides known to be composed entirely or hexosaminuronic acid have been cellular products from pathogens. Of these, the antigenic polysaccharide (SPSA) from Staphylococcus aureus is composed entirely of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucuronic acid, but its amino groups are substituted equally with acetyl and N-acetylalanyl groups. The specific optical rotation of PS YB-4163, [alpha]20D -75 degrees (c 0.5, water), is similar to that of SPSA (-91 degrees), and suggests beta-D-linkages that must be either (1 leads to 3) or (1 leads to 4)."}
{"id": "PMID:944098", "title": "Fetal hemopoiesis in diffusion chamber cultures. I. The pattern of pluripotent stem cell growth.", "content": "The growth pattern of fetal liver (FL), normal adult bone marrow (NABM) and regenerating (post Velban treatment) adult bone marrow (RABM) colony forming units (CFU) cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) was studied. When twenty CFU were implanted into DC the recovery of CFU after 4 days with FL, NABM or RABM was 133 +/- 7, 19 +/- 2 and 34 +/- 2 CFU, respectively. The transplantation fraction of CFU from NABM decreased from 10-4% on day 0 to 6-9% on day 4; that of FL did not change from the initial 6-2%. The growth rate of CFU derived from FL was substantially greater than that from NABM. The relative growth of FL and RABM CFU was clearly inhibited when the concentration of cells cultured was increased. Spleen colonies from FL cells before culture were larger (P less than 0-005) than colonies from NABM but after 7 days of culture there was no difference between the two groups. Histological examination of spleen colonies showed that after DC culture FL and NABM CFU were differentiating along the three normal pathways. These data suggest that intrinsic differences exist between fetal and adult stem cells in the in vivo diffusion chamber culture system.", "contents": "Fetal hemopoiesis in diffusion chamber cultures. I. The pattern of pluripotent stem cell growth. The growth pattern of fetal liver (FL), normal adult bone marrow (NABM) and regenerating (post Velban treatment) adult bone marrow (RABM) colony forming units (CFU) cultured in diffusion chambers (DC) was studied. When twenty CFU were implanted into DC the recovery of CFU after 4 days with FL, NABM or RABM was 133 +/- 7, 19 +/- 2 and 34 +/- 2 CFU, respectively. The transplantation fraction of CFU from NABM decreased from 10-4% on day 0 to 6-9% on day 4; that of FL did not change from the initial 6-2%. The growth rate of CFU derived from FL was substantially greater than that from NABM. The relative growth of FL and RABM CFU was clearly inhibited when the concentration of cells cultured was increased. Spleen colonies from FL cells before culture were larger (P less than 0-005) than colonies from NABM but after 7 days of culture there was no difference between the two groups. Histological examination of spleen colonies showed that after DC culture FL and NABM CFU were differentiating along the three normal pathways. These data suggest that intrinsic differences exist between fetal and adult stem cells in the in vivo diffusion chamber culture system."}
{"id": "PMID:944100", "title": "Hybridization of a human myeloma permanent cell line with mouse cells.", "content": "A population of hybrid cells derived from the fusion of a permanent human myeloma cell line, which secretes complete IgE, and a subline of mouse L cells, did not secrete IgE as evidenced by sensitive immunosorbent tests. Also, the hybrid cells were observed not to contain intracellular IgE (epsilon or lambda chains) in amounts to be detectable by fluorescent antibody techniques. The doubling times and cell cycle parameters of the hybrid cells were found to be similar to those of the slow-growing parental human myeloma cells, in addition, the growth of the hybrid cells was characterized by a higher degree of contact inhibition than the parent mouse cells.", "contents": "Hybridization of a human myeloma permanent cell line with mouse cells. A population of hybrid cells derived from the fusion of a permanent human myeloma cell line, which secretes complete IgE, and a subline of mouse L cells, did not secrete IgE as evidenced by sensitive immunosorbent tests. Also, the hybrid cells were observed not to contain intracellular IgE (epsilon or lambda chains) in amounts to be detectable by fluorescent antibody techniques. The doubling times and cell cycle parameters of the hybrid cells were found to be similar to those of the slow-growing parental human myeloma cells, in addition, the growth of the hybrid cells was characterized by a higher degree of contact inhibition than the parent mouse cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944099", "title": "The fine structure of the hypothalamic secretory neurons of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). II. Magnocellular and parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus.", "content": "The fine structures of the neurons and neuropils of the magnocellular supraoptic nucleus and the parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic and medial, lateral and periventricular preoptic nuclei, and the neuronal apparatus of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, have been examined in the male White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, by correlated light and electron microscopy. The magnocellular supraoptic nucleus is characterized by large neurosecretory perikarya which contain a well developed Golgi complex and dense-cored granules 1,500-2,200 A in diameter. The neuropil displays axons, dendrites and glial fibers. Some axonal profiles contain dense-cored vesicles 800-1,000 A in diameter and clear vesicles 500 A in diameter. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses are conspicuous in this nuclear region. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is characterized by an accumulation of small neurons with moderately developed cellular organelles and some dense-cored granules, approximately 1,000 A in diameter. The profiles of axons within the neuropil contain dense-cored granules 800-1,000 A in diameter and clear vesicles 500 A in diameter. The neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus are relatively large and exhibit well developed cellular organelles and dense-cored granules 1,300 to 1,500 A in diameter. Granular materials are formed within the Golgi complex. The medial preoptic nucleus is rich in secretory perikarya. Occasionally, neurons with granules 1,500-2,200 A in diameter are encountered in the lateral preoptic and periventricular preoptic nuclei. They may be considered as scattered elements of the magnocellular (supraoptic and paraventricular) system. The organum vasculosum laminae terminalis consists of three layers, i.e., ependymal, internal and external zones, and exhibits a vascular arrangement similar to that of the median eminence. The perikarya of the parvocellular neurons and their axons in the internal zone contain numerous secretory granules ranging from 1,300 to 1,500 A in diameter.", "contents": "The fine structure of the hypothalamic secretory neurons of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). II. Magnocellular and parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus. The fine structures of the neurons and neuropils of the magnocellular supraoptic nucleus and the parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic and medial, lateral and periventricular preoptic nuclei, and the neuronal apparatus of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, have been examined in the male White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, by correlated light and electron microscopy. The magnocellular supraoptic nucleus is characterized by large neurosecretory perikarya which contain a well developed Golgi complex and dense-cored granules 1,500-2,200 A in diameter. The neuropil displays axons, dendrites and glial fibers. Some axonal profiles contain dense-cored vesicles 800-1,000 A in diameter and clear vesicles 500 A in diameter. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses are conspicuous in this nuclear region. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is characterized by an accumulation of small neurons with moderately developed cellular organelles and some dense-cored granules, approximately 1,000 A in diameter. The profiles of axons within the neuropil contain dense-cored granules 800-1,000 A in diameter and clear vesicles 500 A in diameter. The neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus are relatively large and exhibit well developed cellular organelles and dense-cored granules 1,300 to 1,500 A in diameter. Granular materials are formed within the Golgi complex. The medial preoptic nucleus is rich in secretory perikarya. Occasionally, neurons with granules 1,500-2,200 A in diameter are encountered in the lateral preoptic and periventricular preoptic nuclei. They may be considered as scattered elements of the magnocellular (supraoptic and paraventricular) system. The organum vasculosum laminae terminalis consists of three layers, i.e., ependymal, internal and external zones, and exhibits a vascular arrangement similar to that of the median eminence. The perikarya of the parvocellular neurons and their axons in the internal zone contain numerous secretory granules ranging from 1,300 to 1,500 A in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:944101", "title": "Ribosomes from Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system: translational regulation.", "content": "Three types of ribosomal preparations from Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos were tested in a cell-free system to study possible translational regulation of protein synthesis as mediated by the ribosome during early amphibian development: type 1, a crude high-speed sediment, mainly containing monoribosomes completely dissociable by 0.5 M KC1; type II, ribosomes washed with 0.5 M KC1; and type III, ribosomes treated with puromycin - 0.5 M KC1. All three types showed an active response to the addition of poly[U]. Type III was found to be the most active: levels of incorporation of 30 phenylalanine residues/ribosome were reached. In all three cases ribosomes prepared from unfertilized eggs were 30-40% less active in vitro than those from cleavage and gastrula stages.", "contents": "Ribosomes from Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system: translational regulation. Three types of ribosomal preparations from Xenopus laevis eggs and embryos were tested in a cell-free system to study possible translational regulation of protein synthesis as mediated by the ribosome during early amphibian development: type 1, a crude high-speed sediment, mainly containing monoribosomes completely dissociable by 0.5 M KC1; type II, ribosomes washed with 0.5 M KC1; and type III, ribosomes treated with puromycin - 0.5 M KC1. All three types showed an active response to the addition of poly[U]. Type III was found to be the most active: levels of incorporation of 30 phenylalanine residues/ribosome were reached. In all three cases ribosomes prepared from unfertilized eggs were 30-40% less active in vitro than those from cleavage and gastrula stages."}
{"id": "PMID:944102", "title": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitor. III. Binding studies on the trypsin inhibitor and properties of its yolk-bound form.", "content": "Amphibian embryo trypsin inhibitor (ATI) is shown to be a temporary inhibitor in which full trypsin activity can eventually be restored. Lineweaver-Burk plots and other binding data indicate a reversible change from competitive to non-competitive inhibition during incubation of enzyme with inhibitor in the absence of substrate. The inhibitor is active while sequestered in the yolk, and the sequestered inhibitor co-purifies with lipovitellin when the yolk is fractionated. It is further demonstrated that the inhibitor slowly leaches from the yolk in a soluble form, and it is suggested that this leakage is the result of a negative feedback controlled proteolysis within the yolk. Possible interactions between ATI and endogenous trypsin-like proteases are discussed with particular regard to the potential involvement of those materials in the control of certain developmental events; notably melanogenesis.", "contents": "Amphibian embryo protease inhibitor. III. Binding studies on the trypsin inhibitor and properties of its yolk-bound form. Amphibian embryo trypsin inhibitor (ATI) is shown to be a temporary inhibitor in which full trypsin activity can eventually be restored. Lineweaver-Burk plots and other binding data indicate a reversible change from competitive to non-competitive inhibition during incubation of enzyme with inhibitor in the absence of substrate. The inhibitor is active while sequestered in the yolk, and the sequestered inhibitor co-purifies with lipovitellin when the yolk is fractionated. It is further demonstrated that the inhibitor slowly leaches from the yolk in a soluble form, and it is suggested that this leakage is the result of a negative feedback controlled proteolysis within the yolk. Possible interactions between ATI and endogenous trypsin-like proteases are discussed with particular regard to the potential involvement of those materials in the control of certain developmental events; notably melanogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:944103", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of in vitro estradiol-17 beta induced synthesis of phosvitin in chick embryo liver cells.", "content": "The effect of estradiol-17-beta treatment on phosvitin synthesis by cultured chick embryo liver cells has been studied. Phosvitin synthesis occurs approximately 15 hr of hormone treatment; the synthesis being blocked by actinomycin D treatment suggests that RNA synthesis is required. The life time of the newly synthesized RNA is at least 24 hr. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanisms involved in hormone-mediated protein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of in vitro estradiol-17 beta induced synthesis of phosvitin in chick embryo liver cells. The effect of estradiol-17-beta treatment on phosvitin synthesis by cultured chick embryo liver cells has been studied. Phosvitin synthesis occurs approximately 15 hr of hormone treatment; the synthesis being blocked by actinomycin D treatment suggests that RNA synthesis is required. The life time of the newly synthesized RNA is at least 24 hr. The significance of these findings with respect to the mechanisms involved in hormone-mediated protein synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944104", "title": "Growth response to lectins in chick embryo cells at different stages of development.", "content": "We report here the effect of Robinia lectin and Concanavalin A on fibroblasts and liver cells from chick embryos between the 8th and the 20th day of development. This was observed in vitro after different times of cultivation. There is evidence that these lectins decrease cell number in cultures from young embryo cells but that they stimulate the proliferation of older embryo cells. The optimum concentration of either lectin was 3 mug/ml. No effect was observed on 12- and 14-day cells at the different concentrations of lectin used. The agglutination of fibroblasts by these lectins regularly decreased from the 8th to the 16th day of development. Liver cells however were agglutinated at no stage. These results could perhaps be explained in terms of cell surface changes either during the course of ontogeny or as a result of lectin treatment.", "contents": "Growth response to lectins in chick embryo cells at different stages of development. We report here the effect of Robinia lectin and Concanavalin A on fibroblasts and liver cells from chick embryos between the 8th and the 20th day of development. This was observed in vitro after different times of cultivation. There is evidence that these lectins decrease cell number in cultures from young embryo cells but that they stimulate the proliferation of older embryo cells. The optimum concentration of either lectin was 3 mug/ml. No effect was observed on 12- and 14-day cells at the different concentrations of lectin used. The agglutination of fibroblasts by these lectins regularly decreased from the 8th to the 16th day of development. Liver cells however were agglutinated at no stage. These results could perhaps be explained in terms of cell surface changes either during the course of ontogeny or as a result of lectin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944108", "title": "Parachute accessory anterior mitral valve leaflet causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Report of a case with emphasis on the echocardiographic findings.", "content": "A case of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by a parachute accessory anterior mitral valve leaflet is presented. The abnormality was detected in an asymptomatic patient by systolic murmur and thrill and was demonstrated by echocardiography, as well as by cardiac catheterization and surgery. These findings are presented. Several previously reported cases of a similar nature are reviewed. An identical case was not found in the English literature.", "contents": "Parachute accessory anterior mitral valve leaflet causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Report of a case with emphasis on the echocardiographic findings. A case of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by a parachute accessory anterior mitral valve leaflet is presented. The abnormality was detected in an asymptomatic patient by systolic murmur and thrill and was demonstrated by echocardiography, as well as by cardiac catheterization and surgery. These findings are presented. Several previously reported cases of a similar nature are reviewed. An identical case was not found in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:944109", "title": "Calculation of estrogen excretion rates from urinary estrogen to creatinine ratios.", "content": "1. The excretion of estrogens by 42 menstruant and 7 pregnant (1st trimester) women ranged from 2 - 550 mug/24hr. 2. These changes were followed by measuring estrogen to creatinine ratios in small samples of urine. 3. Values of the ratio changed little in each 24 hr, and correlated closely with daily estrogen output (r = 0.971; P less than 0.001; estrogens (mug/24hr) =(see article. 4. The data suggests that ovarian activity in women, including those given gonadotropins to induce ovulation, may be followed by measuring estrogen to creatinine ratios in small samples of urine; the collection of 24 hr samples is unnecessary.", "contents": "Calculation of estrogen excretion rates from urinary estrogen to creatinine ratios. 1. The excretion of estrogens by 42 menstruant and 7 pregnant (1st trimester) women ranged from 2 - 550 mug/24hr. 2. These changes were followed by measuring estrogen to creatinine ratios in small samples of urine. 3. Values of the ratio changed little in each 24 hr, and correlated closely with daily estrogen output (r = 0.971; P less than 0.001; estrogens (mug/24hr) =(see article. 4. The data suggests that ovarian activity in women, including those given gonadotropins to induce ovulation, may be followed by measuring estrogen to creatinine ratios in small samples of urine; the collection of 24 hr samples is unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:944111", "title": "Rapid radioimmunoassay of total urinary estriol.", "content": "We describe a radioimmunoassay for total urinary estriol in pregnancy. A 25-mul aliquot of the urine specimen is acid hydrolyzed, neutralized, and diluted before assay. We use rabbit antisera against estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime/bovine serum albumin and ammonium sulfate precipitation at room temperature. Results are unaffected by glucose or methenamine mandelate, a urinary tract antiseptic. Using semi-automatic pipetting equipment, one laboratory technologist can complete 50 assays within 8 h. This technique is both reliable and convenient and should decrease the expense of routine estriol assays.", "contents": "Rapid radioimmunoassay of total urinary estriol. We describe a radioimmunoassay for total urinary estriol in pregnancy. A 25-mul aliquot of the urine specimen is acid hydrolyzed, neutralized, and diluted before assay. We use rabbit antisera against estriol-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime/bovine serum albumin and ammonium sulfate precipitation at room temperature. Results are unaffected by glucose or methenamine mandelate, a urinary tract antiseptic. Using semi-automatic pipetting equipment, one laboratory technologist can complete 50 assays within 8 h. This technique is both reliable and convenient and should decrease the expense of routine estriol assays."}
{"id": "PMID:944112", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of iodinated gentamicin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for the aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin. Iodinated gentamicin was prepared using an 125I-labeled acylating agent: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester which spontaneously reacts with gentamicin to produce an iodinated conjugate. The radioimmunoassay with iodinated gentamicin produced a straight line on a logit/log plot yielding an assay sensitivity of 80 pg. A Scatchard plot plus an equilibrium technique were used to estimate the affinity constant at 8 X 10(9) 1 mol-1 and 10.5 X 10(9) 1 mol-1, respectively. Kanamycin and neomycin, two chemically related aminoglycoside antibiotics, did not crossreact with gentamicin until concentrations were 10(5) greater than those found in blood. Assay of patients' serum samples by both a microbial assay and radioimmunoassay resulted in a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the two methods.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of iodinated gentamicin. A radioimmunoassay is described for the aminoglycoside antibiotic, gentamicin. Iodinated gentamicin was prepared using an 125I-labeled acylating agent: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester which spontaneously reacts with gentamicin to produce an iodinated conjugate. The radioimmunoassay with iodinated gentamicin produced a straight line on a logit/log plot yielding an assay sensitivity of 80 pg. A Scatchard plot plus an equilibrium technique were used to estimate the affinity constant at 8 X 10(9) 1 mol-1 and 10.5 X 10(9) 1 mol-1, respectively. Kanamycin and neomycin, two chemically related aminoglycoside antibiotics, did not crossreact with gentamicin until concentrations were 10(5) greater than those found in blood. Assay of patients' serum samples by both a microbial assay and radioimmunoassay resulted in a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:944113", "title": "Specific precipitating antibody to human urinary erythropoietin.", "content": "In the present experiments, human urinary erythropoietin was purified from the urine of a patient suffering from pure red cell aplasia, using ethanol precipitation, gel filtration on the Sephadex G-100 column and electrofocusing. The anti-human urinary erythropoietin was prepared by injecting the isolated erythropoietin with Freund's complete adjuvant into rabbits intracutaneously. The specificity of the anti-human urinary erythropoietin was ascertained by a double diffusion technique and immunoelectrophoresis, observing a single precipitation line at the alpha2-globulin region against human serum or human urinary erythropoietin (Standard B). This precipitating anti-human urinary erythropoietin inhibited completely the effects of erythropoietin (Standard B) on the heme synthesis of bone marrow cells in vitro. The precipitating antigen with the specific anti-human urinary erythropoietin, that is, erythropoietic stimulating factor of the fraction 2, had the ability to enhance heme synthesis in bone marrow cells in vitro. The specific anti-human urinary erythropoietin makes it possible to determine the serum erythropoietin levels in various diseases by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Specific precipitating antibody to human urinary erythropoietin. In the present experiments, human urinary erythropoietin was purified from the urine of a patient suffering from pure red cell aplasia, using ethanol precipitation, gel filtration on the Sephadex G-100 column and electrofocusing. The anti-human urinary erythropoietin was prepared by injecting the isolated erythropoietin with Freund's complete adjuvant into rabbits intracutaneously. The specificity of the anti-human urinary erythropoietin was ascertained by a double diffusion technique and immunoelectrophoresis, observing a single precipitation line at the alpha2-globulin region against human serum or human urinary erythropoietin (Standard B). This precipitating anti-human urinary erythropoietin inhibited completely the effects of erythropoietin (Standard B) on the heme synthesis of bone marrow cells in vitro. The precipitating antigen with the specific anti-human urinary erythropoietin, that is, erythropoietic stimulating factor of the fraction 2, had the ability to enhance heme synthesis in bone marrow cells in vitro. The specific anti-human urinary erythropoietin makes it possible to determine the serum erythropoietin levels in various diseases by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:944115", "title": "Retinol binding protein in serum and in urine of glomerular and tubular nephropathies.", "content": "RBP behavior was studied in different kidney diseases. Serum RBP was increased in chronic renal diseases when the serum creatinine increased. RBP clearance and RBP clearance as a percentage of albumin clearance increased when GFR decreased; this is more evident in tubular kidney diseases. Urinary RBP loss as a percentage of urinary albumin loss increased especially in kidney diseases with persistent tubular lesions.", "contents": "Retinol binding protein in serum and in urine of glomerular and tubular nephropathies. RBP behavior was studied in different kidney diseases. Serum RBP was increased in chronic renal diseases when the serum creatinine increased. RBP clearance and RBP clearance as a percentage of albumin clearance increased when GFR decreased; this is more evident in tubular kidney diseases. Urinary RBP loss as a percentage of urinary albumin loss increased especially in kidney diseases with persistent tubular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:944116", "title": "Air embolus following pulmonary interstitial emphysema in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Two cases of hyaline membrane disease are presented complicated by severe, interstitial emphysema and resulting in death from air embolus. This is consistent with the experimental evidence of other investigators that shows that such an air embolus may be more common complication of hyaline membrane disease than previously expected.", "contents": "Air embolus following pulmonary interstitial emphysema in hyaline membrane disease. Two cases of hyaline membrane disease are presented complicated by severe, interstitial emphysema and resulting in death from air embolus. This is consistent with the experimental evidence of other investigators that shows that such an air embolus may be more common complication of hyaline membrane disease than previously expected."}
{"id": "PMID:944120", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot with discrete fibrous subaortic stenosis.", "content": "This is the first reported case of discrete fibrous subaortic stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot. Transaortic excision of the subaortic membrane was readily accomplished. To detect this and other forms of left ventricular outflow-tract obstruction in tetralogy of Fallot before surgery, routine selective left ventriculography is advocated.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot with discrete fibrous subaortic stenosis. This is the first reported case of discrete fibrous subaortic stenosis in tetralogy of Fallot. Transaortic excision of the subaortic membrane was readily accomplished. To detect this and other forms of left ventricular outflow-tract obstruction in tetralogy of Fallot before surgery, routine selective left ventriculography is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:944121", "title": "Parameters of spikes in human epilepsy.", "content": "The parameters of 600 spikes were studied in 100 epileptic patients. Spikes were subdivided morphologically into: monophasic spikes, diphasic spikes, spike-slow wave complexes, polyspike-slow wave complexes and spike followed by spike. The following parameters were analyzed: polarity, amplitude, duration and sequence, 88% of spikes were negative. 98% of spikes raised 30% above the background activity. Spike duration varied, the shortest spike had a 9 msec duration. The range of duration varied from 9 to 200 msec with a mean of 45.06. 75% of spikes were followed by a deflection lasting from 130 to 200 msec. No evidence was found in our study for the differentiation of sharp waves from spikes.", "contents": "Parameters of spikes in human epilepsy. The parameters of 600 spikes were studied in 100 epileptic patients. Spikes were subdivided morphologically into: monophasic spikes, diphasic spikes, spike-slow wave complexes, polyspike-slow wave complexes and spike followed by spike. The following parameters were analyzed: polarity, amplitude, duration and sequence, 88% of spikes were negative. 98% of spikes raised 30% above the background activity. Spike duration varied, the shortest spike had a 9 msec duration. The range of duration varied from 9 to 200 msec with a mean of 45.06. 75% of spikes were followed by a deflection lasting from 130 to 200 msec. No evidence was found in our study for the differentiation of sharp waves from spikes."}
{"id": "PMID:944123", "title": "Termination at midpregnancy of the two daily surges of plasma prolactin initiated by mating in the rat.", "content": "The pattern of plasma prolactin following uterine cervical stimulation consists of two surges each day, one nocturnal, occurring between 0100-0900 h (lights on 0600-1800 h), and one diurnal, occurring between 1500-2100 h. This pattern of prolactin continued throughout pseudopregnancy; the last surge was observed on the morning of day 11 (day 1 was taken as the first day of diestrus of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy). Prolactin levels remained low thereafter until the spontaneous proestrous surge on the afternoon of day 12, signalling the onset of a new estrous cycle. In contrast, the two daily prolactin surges did not continue throughout pregnancy, and in fact, were terminated sooner in pregnant animals than in pseudopregnant animals. The last diurnal surge was observed on day 8 while the last nocturnal surge was observed on day 10. The early termination of prolactin surges during pregnancy correlated with the increased secretion of rat placental lactogen. However, placental extracts obtained from day 11 of pregnancy and injected in large doses failed to inhibit prolactin surges in pseudopregnant animals. Prolactin surges also continued for a longer period of time in pseudopregnant rats bearing decidualized uteri than in pregnant animals. Thus, the two major components of pregnancy that differed from pseudopregnancy, that is, the presence of rat placental lactogen or decidual tissue, did not appear to account for the early termination of prolactin surges during pregnancy.", "contents": "Termination at midpregnancy of the two daily surges of plasma prolactin initiated by mating in the rat. The pattern of plasma prolactin following uterine cervical stimulation consists of two surges each day, one nocturnal, occurring between 0100-0900 h (lights on 0600-1800 h), and one diurnal, occurring between 1500-2100 h. This pattern of prolactin continued throughout pseudopregnancy; the last surge was observed on the morning of day 11 (day 1 was taken as the first day of diestrus of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy). Prolactin levels remained low thereafter until the spontaneous proestrous surge on the afternoon of day 12, signalling the onset of a new estrous cycle. In contrast, the two daily prolactin surges did not continue throughout pregnancy, and in fact, were terminated sooner in pregnant animals than in pseudopregnant animals. The last diurnal surge was observed on day 8 while the last nocturnal surge was observed on day 10. The early termination of prolactin surges during pregnancy correlated with the increased secretion of rat placental lactogen. However, placental extracts obtained from day 11 of pregnancy and injected in large doses failed to inhibit prolactin surges in pseudopregnant animals. Prolactin surges also continued for a longer period of time in pseudopregnant rats bearing decidualized uteri than in pregnant animals. Thus, the two major components of pregnancy that differed from pseudopregnancy, that is, the presence of rat placental lactogen or decidual tissue, did not appear to account for the early termination of prolactin surges during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:944124", "title": "Hypothalamic and suprachiasmatic uptake of serotonin in vitro: twenty-four-hour changes in male and proestrous female rats.", "content": "Twenty-four-hour changes in the in vitro serotonin (5-HT) uptake capacity of hypothalamic homogenates and of \"Vibratome\" slices of the suprachiasmatic nuclear region (SNR) of the hypothalamus were studied in 60-90-day-old Holtzman (albino) rats. Animals acclimated to artificially illuminated (fluorescent, LD 12:12) and temperature controlled (22 +/- 2 C) rooms were killed 6% each of 8 time points. Synaptosomal fractions from homogenates of whole hypothalamus, and slices of the SNR were incubated for 20 min in Krebs-Henseleit buffer with [3H]5-HT. Males showed a single daily peak in SNR uptake at the start of darkness, and a minimum near the onset of light, while a more complex pattern containing 3 peaks and minima occurred in uptake by hypothalamic homogenates. Proestrous females showed a single high amplitude peak SNR uptake during the critical period, just prior to the plasma LH peak determined in the same animals by radioimmunoassay. It is suggested that this short-term and 4-fold increase in SNR uptake of 5-HT may serve to limit free 5-HT and its inhibitory or other effects on the gonadotropin release hormone system and thereby on LH release and ovulation.", "contents": "Hypothalamic and suprachiasmatic uptake of serotonin in vitro: twenty-four-hour changes in male and proestrous female rats. Twenty-four-hour changes in the in vitro serotonin (5-HT) uptake capacity of hypothalamic homogenates and of \"Vibratome\" slices of the suprachiasmatic nuclear region (SNR) of the hypothalamus were studied in 60-90-day-old Holtzman (albino) rats. Animals acclimated to artificially illuminated (fluorescent, LD 12:12) and temperature controlled (22 +/- 2 C) rooms were killed 6% each of 8 time points. Synaptosomal fractions from homogenates of whole hypothalamus, and slices of the SNR were incubated for 20 min in Krebs-Henseleit buffer with [3H]5-HT. Males showed a single daily peak in SNR uptake at the start of darkness, and a minimum near the onset of light, while a more complex pattern containing 3 peaks and minima occurred in uptake by hypothalamic homogenates. Proestrous females showed a single high amplitude peak SNR uptake during the critical period, just prior to the plasma LH peak determined in the same animals by radioimmunoassay. It is suggested that this short-term and 4-fold increase in SNR uptake of 5-HT may serve to limit free 5-HT and its inhibitory or other effects on the gonadotropin release hormone system and thereby on LH release and ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:944125", "title": "Synthesis of ribosomal RNA during the mitotic cycle on the slime mould Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "1. An isotope dilution technique has been used to analyze the synthesis of metabolically stable nucleic acids during the mitotic cycle in surface plasmodia of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Microplasmodia that had been labelled with [3H]uridine were used to prepare a surface culture, after a period of growth long enough to ensure that radioactivity was present only in tRNA, rRNA and DNA. The synthesis of rRNA or nuclear DNA during the growth of the surface plasmodium was then followed by measuring the specific activity of the nucleic acid. 2. Synthesis of rRNA during the mitotic cycle shows the following characteristics: (a) it is low during the immediate period of nuclear division, (b) synthesis is then continuous throughout interphase and (c)the rate of synthesis increases 5-6-fold between the beginning and end of interphase. These results are discussed in relation to the pattern of replication of the genes for rRNA. 3. Approximately 80% of the nuclear DNA replicates during the first 90 min of the mitotic cycle; completion of replication, however, occupies the remainder of interphase.", "contents": "Synthesis of ribosomal RNA during the mitotic cycle on the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. 1. An isotope dilution technique has been used to analyze the synthesis of metabolically stable nucleic acids during the mitotic cycle in surface plasmodia of the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Microplasmodia that had been labelled with [3H]uridine were used to prepare a surface culture, after a period of growth long enough to ensure that radioactivity was present only in tRNA, rRNA and DNA. The synthesis of rRNA or nuclear DNA during the growth of the surface plasmodium was then followed by measuring the specific activity of the nucleic acid. 2. Synthesis of rRNA during the mitotic cycle shows the following characteristics: (a) it is low during the immediate period of nuclear division, (b) synthesis is then continuous throughout interphase and (c)the rate of synthesis increases 5-6-fold between the beginning and end of interphase. These results are discussed in relation to the pattern of replication of the genes for rRNA. 3. Approximately 80% of the nuclear DNA replicates during the first 90 min of the mitotic cycle; completion of replication, however, occupies the remainder of interphase."}
{"id": "PMID:944126", "title": "Equilibrium studies on the formaldehyde reaction with native DNA.", "content": "Equilibrium analysis of the reaction of formaldehyde with native calf thymus DNA was carried out at temperatures below the thermal transition zone by the spectrophotometric method. The apparent equilibrium constant, Kconf., for the conformational opening and closing reaction of base pairs along the double-helical chain, was measured in various concentrations of formaldehyde, and these values were extrapolated to the zero concentration. The value of KOconf. thus obtained in the absence of the chemical probe was 0.12 in 5 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer (Mes), and 0.003 in 0.15 M NaCl plus 5 mM Mes, pH 7.0, at 50 degrees C. These results make it possible to calculate roughly that 230 base pairs and 7 base pairs are open respectively, at 50 degrees C in the native DNA molecule composed of 2300 base pairs, using Mr = 1.5 x 10(6) for the sample used. This conformational reaction was also characterized by the following thermodynamic parameters: deltaGOconf. = 1.36 kcal - mol-1 (5.68 kJ - mol-1), deltaHOconf. = 36.8 kcal - mol-1 (154 kJ - mol-1), and deltaSOconf. = 110 cal - mol-1 - K-1 (460 J - mol-1 - K-1) in 5 mM Mes, pH 7.0, at 50 degrees C, and the nature of the 'breathing' of base pairs was discussed.", "contents": "Equilibrium studies on the formaldehyde reaction with native DNA. Equilibrium analysis of the reaction of formaldehyde with native calf thymus DNA was carried out at temperatures below the thermal transition zone by the spectrophotometric method. The apparent equilibrium constant, Kconf., for the conformational opening and closing reaction of base pairs along the double-helical chain, was measured in various concentrations of formaldehyde, and these values were extrapolated to the zero concentration. The value of KOconf. thus obtained in the absence of the chemical probe was 0.12 in 5 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid buffer (Mes), and 0.003 in 0.15 M NaCl plus 5 mM Mes, pH 7.0, at 50 degrees C. These results make it possible to calculate roughly that 230 base pairs and 7 base pairs are open respectively, at 50 degrees C in the native DNA molecule composed of 2300 base pairs, using Mr = 1.5 x 10(6) for the sample used. This conformational reaction was also characterized by the following thermodynamic parameters: deltaGOconf. = 1.36 kcal - mol-1 (5.68 kJ - mol-1), deltaHOconf. = 36.8 kcal - mol-1 (154 kJ - mol-1), and deltaSOconf. = 110 cal - mol-1 - K-1 (460 J - mol-1 - K-1) in 5 mM Mes, pH 7.0, at 50 degrees C, and the nature of the 'breathing' of base pairs was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944127", "title": "Conservation of the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of ribosomal 18-S RNA in eukaryotes. Differential evolution of large and small ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of ribosomal 18-S and 28-S RNA of seven species of eukaryotes including three mammals, one bird, one amphibian, one echinoderm and one slime mold, were analyzed either by means of terminal phosphorylation of RNA with polynucleotide kinase of by fingerprint analysis of uniformly labeled RNA. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The 5'-terminal sequences of the 18-S RNA of the mouse, chicken and Dictyostelium discoideum were pUpApCp(Cp,Up)Gp---, suggesting strongly that all the eukaryotes had this same sequence at the 5'-terminus. Preliminary analysis of the 5'-termini of the 18-S RNA from human, rat, Xenopus and sea urchin cells revealed the same pUp(Np)Gp--- type 5'-terminal structure, supporting the above hypothesis. 2. The 5'-terminal sequences of the 28-S RNA of the human, rat, mouse and chicken cells were all pCpGp---, whereas those of the lower animals such as Xenopus, sea urchin and Dictyostelium were different.", "contents": "Conservation of the 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of ribosomal 18-S RNA in eukaryotes. Differential evolution of large and small ribosomal RNA. The 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of ribosomal 18-S and 28-S RNA of seven species of eukaryotes including three mammals, one bird, one amphibian, one echinoderm and one slime mold, were analyzed either by means of terminal phosphorylation of RNA with polynucleotide kinase of by fingerprint analysis of uniformly labeled RNA. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The 5'-terminal sequences of the 18-S RNA of the mouse, chicken and Dictyostelium discoideum were pUpApCp(Cp,Up)Gp---, suggesting strongly that all the eukaryotes had this same sequence at the 5'-terminus. Preliminary analysis of the 5'-termini of the 18-S RNA from human, rat, Xenopus and sea urchin cells revealed the same pUp(Np)Gp--- type 5'-terminal structure, supporting the above hypothesis. 2. The 5'-terminal sequences of the 28-S RNA of the human, rat, mouse and chicken cells were all pCpGp---, whereas those of the lower animals such as Xenopus, sea urchin and Dictyostelium were different."}
{"id": "PMID:944128", "title": "Poly(A)-associated RNA from the mitochondrial fraction of the fungus Trichoderma.", "content": "Total RNA was extracted from purified mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions of germinating conidia of Trichoderma viride and bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose at 22 and 4 degrees C. Under chromatographic conditions which retained very short poly(A) segments (i.e., 4 degrees C), up to 10% of short-term 32PO4-lebeled RNA from the mitochondrial fraction were selectively bound. The poly(A)-associated RNAs from the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions showed the following characteristics. (a) On polyacrylamide gels mitochondrial fraction RNA had a distinctive pattern with a major peak at about 22 S and a smaller one at about 29 S; in contrast, cytoplasmic fraction RNA was heterogenously distributed along the gel. (b) The poly(A) segment released by RNAase digestion of mitochondrial fraction poly(A)-associated RNA migrated on polyacrylamide gels as molecules 20-25-nucleotides long, while that of the cytoplasmic fraction showed an apparent size of 50-60 nucleotides. (c) Mitochondrial fraction RNA bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose in the cold had a guanine + cytosine content of 21% versus 34% for bulk mitochondrial RNA and 48% for cytoplasmic poly(A)-associated RNA; the oligo(dT)-bound RNAs were further identified by their high percentages of adenine residues (46% for the mitochondria and 30% for the cytoplasm). (d) The poly(A)-associated RNA fraction was translated, in vitro, in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. The products induced by cytoplasmic RNA showed a complex pattern on polyacrylamide gels of many polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 10000 to 40000. The pattern induced by mitochondrial fraction RNA however, was much simpler, revealing two discrete, main products: a major one at Mr approximately 13000 and a minor one at Mr approximately 20000.", "contents": "Poly(A)-associated RNA from the mitochondrial fraction of the fungus Trichoderma. Total RNA was extracted from purified mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions of germinating conidia of Trichoderma viride and bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose at 22 and 4 degrees C. Under chromatographic conditions which retained very short poly(A) segments (i.e., 4 degrees C), up to 10% of short-term 32PO4-lebeled RNA from the mitochondrial fraction were selectively bound. The poly(A)-associated RNAs from the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions showed the following characteristics. (a) On polyacrylamide gels mitochondrial fraction RNA had a distinctive pattern with a major peak at about 22 S and a smaller one at about 29 S; in contrast, cytoplasmic fraction RNA was heterogenously distributed along the gel. (b) The poly(A) segment released by RNAase digestion of mitochondrial fraction poly(A)-associated RNA migrated on polyacrylamide gels as molecules 20-25-nucleotides long, while that of the cytoplasmic fraction showed an apparent size of 50-60 nucleotides. (c) Mitochondrial fraction RNA bound to oligo(dT)-cellulose in the cold had a guanine + cytosine content of 21% versus 34% for bulk mitochondrial RNA and 48% for cytoplasmic poly(A)-associated RNA; the oligo(dT)-bound RNAs were further identified by their high percentages of adenine residues (46% for the mitochondria and 30% for the cytoplasm). (d) The poly(A)-associated RNA fraction was translated, in vitro, in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. The products induced by cytoplasmic RNA showed a complex pattern on polyacrylamide gels of many polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 10000 to 40000. The pattern induced by mitochondrial fraction RNA however, was much simpler, revealing two discrete, main products: a major one at Mr approximately 13000 and a minor one at Mr approximately 20000."}
{"id": "PMID:944131", "title": "Acute tolerance to barbiturate in the rat.", "content": "3 experimental approaches to the quantitation of acute barbiturate tolerance have been compared in the rat. There was no difference between the brain hexobarbitone or barbitone concentration found at the time of loss of righting reflex compared with the concentration found on return of the righting reflex following the period of anaesthesia produced by a single i.p. injection of the drug. However, tolerance was induced by a 7 hr infusion of pentobarbitone which kept rats anaesthetized for approximately 8 hr. Such rats awakened with a significantly higher brain pentobarbitone concentration compared with rats awakening after a single i.p. injection. Repeated i.p. injections of pentobarbitone, sufficient to keep animals anaesthetized for 12 hr, also induced a tolerance to pentobarbitone, as indicated by a reduced sleeping time and higher brain barbiturate concentration on awakening following intracerebroventricularly administered pentobarbitone injected 12 hr after the last i.p. injection. The possible relationship between acute cellular tolerance and physical dependence is discussed.", "contents": "Acute tolerance to barbiturate in the rat. 3 experimental approaches to the quantitation of acute barbiturate tolerance have been compared in the rat. There was no difference between the brain hexobarbitone or barbitone concentration found at the time of loss of righting reflex compared with the concentration found on return of the righting reflex following the period of anaesthesia produced by a single i.p. injection of the drug. However, tolerance was induced by a 7 hr infusion of pentobarbitone which kept rats anaesthetized for approximately 8 hr. Such rats awakened with a significantly higher brain pentobarbitone concentration compared with rats awakening after a single i.p. injection. Repeated i.p. injections of pentobarbitone, sufficient to keep animals anaesthetized for 12 hr, also induced a tolerance to pentobarbitone, as indicated by a reduced sleeping time and higher brain barbiturate concentration on awakening following intracerebroventricularly administered pentobarbitone injected 12 hr after the last i.p. injection. The possible relationship between acute cellular tolerance and physical dependence is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944132", "title": "Postnatal development of dopaminergic and cholinergic catalepsy in the rat.", "content": "The cataleptic response to various doses of the dopamine-receptor antagonist spiperone and the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine was investigated in rats of different ages. Spiperone produced catalepsy in rats 1, 5 and 10 days old, and also in adults. Pilocarpine produced catalepsy in 15- and 20-day old rats, as well as in adults, but not in 10-day old animals. These results suggest that dopaminergic neurons involved in catalepsy are already functional in neonates. Cholinergic substrates of catalepsy, on the other hand, appear to reach functional maturity after the second week of life.", "contents": "Postnatal development of dopaminergic and cholinergic catalepsy in the rat. The cataleptic response to various doses of the dopamine-receptor antagonist spiperone and the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine was investigated in rats of different ages. Spiperone produced catalepsy in rats 1, 5 and 10 days old, and also in adults. Pilocarpine produced catalepsy in 15- and 20-day old rats, as well as in adults, but not in 10-day old animals. These results suggest that dopaminergic neurons involved in catalepsy are already functional in neonates. Cholinergic substrates of catalepsy, on the other hand, appear to reach functional maturity after the second week of life."}
{"id": "PMID:944133", "title": "The effect of carbon disulphide on the stereotypic effect of dopamine agonists.", "content": "Exposure to CS2 increased the intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in male rats without increasing the reaction time. With amphetamine, an indirect agonist of dopamine, exposure to CS2 had a more intensive effect and significantly prolonged the length of reaction.", "contents": "The effect of carbon disulphide on the stereotypic effect of dopamine agonists. Exposure to CS2 increased the intensity of apomorphine-induced stereotypy in male rats without increasing the reaction time. With amphetamine, an indirect agonist of dopamine, exposure to CS2 had a more intensive effect and significantly prolonged the length of reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:944134", "title": "Inhibition of naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine dependent mice by 1-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "The effects of various doses of 1-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on naloxone-induced withdrawal were studied in mice rendered dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation procedure. When administered i.p., 30 min prior to naloxone, delta9-THC, inhibited the naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping response. Two other signs of morphine withdrawal (defecation and rearing behavior) were also suppressed by deltapTHC. It is suggested that delta9-THC or some of its derivatives may have potential use in narcotic detoxification.", "contents": "Inhibition of naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine dependent mice by 1-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The effects of various doses of 1-trans-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on naloxone-induced withdrawal were studied in mice rendered dependent on morphine by the pellet implantation procedure. When administered i.p., 30 min prior to naloxone, delta9-THC, inhibited the naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping response. Two other signs of morphine withdrawal (defecation and rearing behavior) were also suppressed by deltapTHC. It is suggested that delta9-THC or some of its derivatives may have potential use in narcotic detoxification."}
{"id": "PMID:944135", "title": "Morphine tolerance and physical dependence: influence of cholinergic agonists and antagonists.", "content": "The effects of centrally acting agents which alter cholinergic activity were assessed in mice rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine (M mice) and in naive mice (N mice). In both N and M mice, physostigmine potentiated morphine analgesia slightly, and this action was blocked by atropine and scopolamine. When administered 10 min before naloxone in dependent mice atropine enhanced precipitated withdrawal jumping; when given 30 min before naloxone, atropine produced an inhibition of the response. Physostigmine abd oxotremorine greatly inhibited the jumping response, while echothiophate had no effect. The inhibitory effect of physostigmine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal jumpimg was reversed by atropine and scopolamine but atropine did not alter morphine tolerance and dependence development. Brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels in both N and M mice were increased by physostigmine, the increase being greater in M mice. This increase was blocked by prior administration of atropine or scopolamine. When atropine was administered to M mice 10 min before sacrifice, brain AC-h levels decreased. However, when brain ACh levels were determined 30 min after atropine, no change was found. It was concluded that ACh does not play a major direct role in the development of tolerance and dependence, but that ACh is involved in the manifestations of acute morphine effects and in some of the withdrawal signs in the dependent state.", "contents": "Morphine tolerance and physical dependence: influence of cholinergic agonists and antagonists. The effects of centrally acting agents which alter cholinergic activity were assessed in mice rendered tolerant to and dependent on morphine (M mice) and in naive mice (N mice). In both N and M mice, physostigmine potentiated morphine analgesia slightly, and this action was blocked by atropine and scopolamine. When administered 10 min before naloxone in dependent mice atropine enhanced precipitated withdrawal jumping; when given 30 min before naloxone, atropine produced an inhibition of the response. Physostigmine abd oxotremorine greatly inhibited the jumping response, while echothiophate had no effect. The inhibitory effect of physostigmine on naloxone precipitated withdrawal jumpimg was reversed by atropine and scopolamine but atropine did not alter morphine tolerance and dependence development. Brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels in both N and M mice were increased by physostigmine, the increase being greater in M mice. This increase was blocked by prior administration of atropine or scopolamine. When atropine was administered to M mice 10 min before sacrifice, brain AC-h levels decreased. However, when brain ACh levels were determined 30 min after atropine, no change was found. It was concluded that ACh does not play a major direct role in the development of tolerance and dependence, but that ACh is involved in the manifestations of acute morphine effects and in some of the withdrawal signs in the dependent state."}
{"id": "PMID:944136", "title": "[Improved procedure for hypophysectomy of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "A practical procedure for hypophysectomy of the mouse by paraphyaryngeal approach has been developed by modifying the technics of Motizuki [5] and Lostroh and Jordan [4]. Postoperative care in C3H/He strain of female mice was also studied. The main points improved are as follows: (a) The dental drill bar made of a needle with 2mm outer diameter was devised for making a hole in the cranium (Fig. 2). The bar does not grind the cranium, but cuts it in the circle, resulting in speeding up of the operation and in little bleeding, since the hole is very small. (b) Special attention was paid in breathing of mice during the operation. A longitudinal midline incision of about 1cm was made in muscle encircled the trachea and a pinhole was made by sewing needle into the trachea. A small piece of cotton wool was put on the pinhole and covered by the muscle. It admirably keeps the tracheal hole open for breathing during operation (Fig. 1). (c) After the operation, the mouse was placed in a chamber filled with an atmosphere of 95% O2-5%CO2 gas until recovered, otherwise, all mice died in a few days after operation with inflamation of the lung. The temperature of the recovery chamber is recommended to be kept at about 28 degrees C for ensuring the resuscitation. The intraperitoneal injections of hydrocortone-acetate (0.25mg/0.1ml) just before and 2 days after operation further ameriolated the survival rate.", "contents": "[Improved procedure for hypophysectomy of the mouse (author's transl)]. A practical procedure for hypophysectomy of the mouse by paraphyaryngeal approach has been developed by modifying the technics of Motizuki [5] and Lostroh and Jordan [4]. Postoperative care in C3H/He strain of female mice was also studied. The main points improved are as follows: (a) The dental drill bar made of a needle with 2mm outer diameter was devised for making a hole in the cranium (Fig. 2). The bar does not grind the cranium, but cuts it in the circle, resulting in speeding up of the operation and in little bleeding, since the hole is very small. (b) Special attention was paid in breathing of mice during the operation. A longitudinal midline incision of about 1cm was made in muscle encircled the trachea and a pinhole was made by sewing needle into the trachea. A small piece of cotton wool was put on the pinhole and covered by the muscle. It admirably keeps the tracheal hole open for breathing during operation (Fig. 1). (c) After the operation, the mouse was placed in a chamber filled with an atmosphere of 95% O2-5%CO2 gas until recovered, otherwise, all mice died in a few days after operation with inflamation of the lung. The temperature of the recovery chamber is recommended to be kept at about 28 degrees C for ensuring the resuscitation. The intraperitoneal injections of hydrocortone-acetate (0.25mg/0.1ml) just before and 2 days after operation further ameriolated the survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:944137", "title": "[Efficiency of microbe filtration of air filter for rearing germfree animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Filtration efficiency of 3 types of air filter frame and cylinder (Fig. 1) was examined by culture of the air obtained from the operating isolators at intervals of 3 to 21 days. The air of isolator was bubled in 30 ml of nutrient broth for 30 or 120 minutes (4approximately15 l/min.) and each of 1 ml of the broth was inoculated into thioglycollate medium (TGC), cooked meat medium (CMM), heart infustion broth (HIB) and glucose peptone water (GPW). The media were incubated for 7 to 14 days at 30 or 25 degrees C. As seen in Table 1, microbes could be effectively removed through all types of filter for over 10 months, though there were a very few positive cases suggesting technically acidental contamination at sampling.", "contents": "[Efficiency of microbe filtration of air filter for rearing germfree animals (author's transl)]. Filtration efficiency of 3 types of air filter frame and cylinder (Fig. 1) was examined by culture of the air obtained from the operating isolators at intervals of 3 to 21 days. The air of isolator was bubled in 30 ml of nutrient broth for 30 or 120 minutes (4approximately15 l/min.) and each of 1 ml of the broth was inoculated into thioglycollate medium (TGC), cooked meat medium (CMM), heart infustion broth (HIB) and glucose peptone water (GPW). The media were incubated for 7 to 14 days at 30 or 25 degrees C. As seen in Table 1, microbes could be effectively removed through all types of filter for over 10 months, though there were a very few positive cases suggesting technically acidental contamination at sampling."}
{"id": "PMID:944138", "title": "[Bacteriolgical survey on Bordetella bronchiseptica in various animal species (author's transl)].", "content": "Bordetella bronchiseptica was examined on the respiratory tract of mice, rats, Mongolian gerbils, golden hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, household dogs and cats and cynomolgus monkeys imported from Asian countries. The organisms were detected in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys, but not in mice, Mongolian gerbils and golden hamsters. In rats, the organisms were isolated from 7 of 25 breeding colonies, and isolation rates ranged from 10.0 to 61.3% by colonies. In guinea pigs, 22 of 60 breeding colonies were positive, showing 6.7 to 58.2% in isolation rates. Two groups of rabbits were examined, one was collected from many non-closed colonies of small size and another was obtained from 3 closed colonies of large size consisting of more than 100 rabbits. Isolation rates were 3.0% in the former and 66.8% in the latter. The organisms were also detected in 5.3% of dogs and 3.2% of cats, respectively. Isolation rate of the organisms in the trachea of 48 healthy monkeys was 6.3%, but in 39 monkeys with pneumonic lesions, 16 (41.0%) harbored the organisms in their lungs.", "contents": "[Bacteriolgical survey on Bordetella bronchiseptica in various animal species (author's transl)]. Bordetella bronchiseptica was examined on the respiratory tract of mice, rats, Mongolian gerbils, golden hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits, household dogs and cats and cynomolgus monkeys imported from Asian countries. The organisms were detected in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys, but not in mice, Mongolian gerbils and golden hamsters. In rats, the organisms were isolated from 7 of 25 breeding colonies, and isolation rates ranged from 10.0 to 61.3% by colonies. In guinea pigs, 22 of 60 breeding colonies were positive, showing 6.7 to 58.2% in isolation rates. Two groups of rabbits were examined, one was collected from many non-closed colonies of small size and another was obtained from 3 closed colonies of large size consisting of more than 100 rabbits. Isolation rates were 3.0% in the former and 66.8% in the latter. The organisms were also detected in 5.3% of dogs and 3.2% of cats, respectively. Isolation rate of the organisms in the trachea of 48 healthy monkeys was 6.3%, but in 39 monkeys with pneumonic lesions, 16 (41.0%) harbored the organisms in their lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:944146", "title": "Animal models of ethanol dependence and liver injury in rats and baboons.", "content": "A model has been developed for the administration to rats and baboons of ethanol as part of a nutritionally adequate liquid diet. With this regimen, ethanol intake was much higher than with conventional procedures. All animals gained or maintained their body weight, and liver morphology was normal in the controls. Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate by ethanol (36% of total calories in rats and 50% in baboons) resulted in the production of fatty liver in all animals, while the baboons also developed alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis with increased activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Inebriation and manifestation of dependence on withdrawal of the diet were observed in baboons and quantitated in the rat. Chemical alterations produced by ethanol at the fatty liver stage were characterized by hyperlipemia, striking triglyceride accumulation in the liver, and enhanced activities of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes, including the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS). In showing that all aspects of liver injury observed in alcoholics can be reproduced in animals by the feeding of pure ethanol with an adequate diet, this study incriminates ethanol itself as a cause for the hepatic complications. This new experimental model is proposed as a tool for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver injury and dependence.", "contents": "Animal models of ethanol dependence and liver injury in rats and baboons. A model has been developed for the administration to rats and baboons of ethanol as part of a nutritionally adequate liquid diet. With this regimen, ethanol intake was much higher than with conventional procedures. All animals gained or maintained their body weight, and liver morphology was normal in the controls. Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate by ethanol (36% of total calories in rats and 50% in baboons) resulted in the production of fatty liver in all animals, while the baboons also developed alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis with increased activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Inebriation and manifestation of dependence on withdrawal of the diet were observed in baboons and quantitated in the rat. Chemical alterations produced by ethanol at the fatty liver stage were characterized by hyperlipemia, striking triglyceride accumulation in the liver, and enhanced activities of microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes, including the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS). In showing that all aspects of liver injury observed in alcoholics can be reproduced in animals by the feeding of pure ethanol with an adequate diet, this study incriminates ethanol itself as a cause for the hepatic complications. This new experimental model is proposed as a tool for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver injury and dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:944148", "title": "Problems in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.", "content": "In any disease eradication program, it is the unusual animal which assumes the greatest importance. There are no easy formulae for the diagnosis of brucellosis and many problems remain to be solved. A large variety of diagnostic methods has been studied and each has advantages and limitations. Simple agglutination tests will surely remain the basis for examinations of large numbers of sera and they should often be used only for screening. Selected supplemental tests are often necessary to confirm preliminary test findings. Any diagnostic procedure should not fail to correctly identify infected cattle and interpretations of results should not lead to excessive overcondemnation. Serologic methods must always be evaluated through bacteriologic attempts. There is no substitute for expertise to constantly study disease patterns in individual cattle and herds.", "contents": "Problems in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. In any disease eradication program, it is the unusual animal which assumes the greatest importance. There are no easy formulae for the diagnosis of brucellosis and many problems remain to be solved. A large variety of diagnostic methods has been studied and each has advantages and limitations. Simple agglutination tests will surely remain the basis for examinations of large numbers of sera and they should often be used only for screening. Selected supplemental tests are often necessary to confirm preliminary test findings. Any diagnostic procedure should not fail to correctly identify infected cattle and interpretations of results should not lead to excessive overcondemnation. Serologic methods must always be evaluated through bacteriologic attempts. There is no substitute for expertise to constantly study disease patterns in individual cattle and herds."}
{"id": "PMID:944149", "title": "The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in Africa.", "content": "Brucellosis, as a geomedical literature survey has shown, is spread to a higher of lesser degree of incidence virtually over the whole African continent. Its epidemiological spectrum of host animals is especially rich amongst the domestic and wild animal species. All domestic animal species and 21 of 26 herbivorous and 5 of 12 carnivorous wild animal species screened yielded positive brucella antibody serotitres. Thus self-maintaining natural foci independent of the domestic stock have firmly been established. The mapping of the epidemiological situation must be based on survey data which should have been planned, exactly performed, analyzed and reported according to statistical rules. Unfortunately Africa is especially badly covered in the world literature in the field of brucellosis. Representing itself 32.0% (49/153) of the countries of the world, their Medical and Veterinary Departments contributed only 2.1% of the computerized world literature on brucellosis in the period 1969-74. This picture can be considerably changed by including the non-computerized \"grey literature\" of Department and Laboratory Annual Reports into the screening process. By introducing objective, mathematical criteria for determining the degree of incidence from the available data, the following results were obtained from the literature survey: brucellosis is known or suspected to exist in 40 of the 49 African countries (82%). In 20 (41%) of these countries it represents a major problem, in 10 (20.4%) a moderate problem in the other 10 countries a minor problem to human health and economy. Following the rule that brucellosis can be expected to exist everywhere in the world (with the exception of a few islands) where cattle, sheep and/or goats are kept unless it has been eliminated by vigourous measures of control, it may be expected that the remaining 9 African countries not yet reporting also harbour this chronic, zoonotic disease. 35 of the 40 countries reporting have found brucellosis regularly, 1 exceptionally among domestic animals, 5 among game animals. Only 17 of these 35 (48.5%) have scheduled the disease, even if its incidence has been reported to be high. Only 32 of the 49 countries report on human brucellosis. The main reservoirs of disease and risks of infection vary from place to place with the different main kinds of domestic stock, the animal husbandry and human consumption methods and habits. Thus mainly the cattle herds are the source of infection for those countries where large numbers of cattle are kept and the drinking of raw milk is the custom; however, there is no strict correlation between these two factors. Goats and sheep fill the epidemiological place in all those countries where the lack of marketable milk curtails its consumption; the small ruminants are kept as the main source of meat supply and in close contact with the farmers family within the compound or house.", "contents": "The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in Africa. Brucellosis, as a geomedical literature survey has shown, is spread to a higher of lesser degree of incidence virtually over the whole African continent. Its epidemiological spectrum of host animals is especially rich amongst the domestic and wild animal species. All domestic animal species and 21 of 26 herbivorous and 5 of 12 carnivorous wild animal species screened yielded positive brucella antibody serotitres. Thus self-maintaining natural foci independent of the domestic stock have firmly been established. The mapping of the epidemiological situation must be based on survey data which should have been planned, exactly performed, analyzed and reported according to statistical rules. Unfortunately Africa is especially badly covered in the world literature in the field of brucellosis. Representing itself 32.0% (49/153) of the countries of the world, their Medical and Veterinary Departments contributed only 2.1% of the computerized world literature on brucellosis in the period 1969-74. This picture can be considerably changed by including the non-computerized \"grey literature\" of Department and Laboratory Annual Reports into the screening process. By introducing objective, mathematical criteria for determining the degree of incidence from the available data, the following results were obtained from the literature survey: brucellosis is known or suspected to exist in 40 of the 49 African countries (82%). In 20 (41%) of these countries it represents a major problem, in 10 (20.4%) a moderate problem in the other 10 countries a minor problem to human health and economy. Following the rule that brucellosis can be expected to exist everywhere in the world (with the exception of a few islands) where cattle, sheep and/or goats are kept unless it has been eliminated by vigourous measures of control, it may be expected that the remaining 9 African countries not yet reporting also harbour this chronic, zoonotic disease. 35 of the 40 countries reporting have found brucellosis regularly, 1 exceptionally among domestic animals, 5 among game animals. Only 17 of these 35 (48.5%) have scheduled the disease, even if its incidence has been reported to be high. Only 32 of the 49 countries report on human brucellosis. The main reservoirs of disease and risks of infection vary from place to place with the different main kinds of domestic stock, the animal husbandry and human consumption methods and habits. Thus mainly the cattle herds are the source of infection for those countries where large numbers of cattle are kept and the drinking of raw milk is the custom; however, there is no strict correlation between these two factors. Goats and sheep fill the epidemiological place in all those countries where the lack of marketable milk curtails its consumption; the small ruminants are kept as the main source of meat supply and in close contact with the farmers family within the compound or house."}
{"id": "PMID:944150", "title": "Outbreak of a Brucella canis infection in a beagle colony in West Germany.", "content": "Brucella infections in dogs were caused by the more frequent strains of brucellae i.e. Br. abortus, Br. suis, and Br. melitensis. Since 1966 it is known that in dog colonies, mostly beagle, in the United States, a new brucella species caused infections. This species was called Br. canis. The infection showed similar effects with dogs as the other brucellae with other domestic animals. With the dogs abortions occurred on the 40th to 50th day of gestation and the infection often resulted in sterility. In 1973 the author detected Br. canis for the first time in Europe; shortly afterwards the same bacteria was isolated in Japan. It is known how the disease spread to Japan, but how it came to Europe is still a mystery. Here it was first detected in a beagle colony with approximately 200 animals used for breeding. Within a few months the disease spread in the colony and finally the birthrate of inseminated bitches was only 29%; 50% had abortions and the rest had not conceived. In this communication characteristics of Br. canis are discussed.", "contents": "Outbreak of a Brucella canis infection in a beagle colony in West Germany. Brucella infections in dogs were caused by the more frequent strains of brucellae i.e. Br. abortus, Br. suis, and Br. melitensis. Since 1966 it is known that in dog colonies, mostly beagle, in the United States, a new brucella species caused infections. This species was called Br. canis. The infection showed similar effects with dogs as the other brucellae with other domestic animals. With the dogs abortions occurred on the 40th to 50th day of gestation and the infection often resulted in sterility. In 1973 the author detected Br. canis for the first time in Europe; shortly afterwards the same bacteria was isolated in Japan. It is known how the disease spread to Japan, but how it came to Europe is still a mystery. Here it was first detected in a beagle colony with approximately 200 animals used for breeding. Within a few months the disease spread in the colony and finally the birthrate of inseminated bitches was only 29%; 50% had abortions and the rest had not conceived. In this communication characteristics of Br. canis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944151", "title": "[Immunization of ewes against experimental Brucella melitensis infection: comparison of eleven vaccines].", "content": "A comparative study of 11 antibrucellic vaccines has been carried out in the Limousin region of 360 ewe-lambs divided into groups of 30, a 12th group serving as control. After being vaccinated at 8 months, the ewe-lambs were covered between 9 1/2 and 10 1/2 months, then infected at 11 months with Br. melitensis strain 53 H 38 by instillation of 4 x 10(6) germs on the conjonctiva. Six of these vaccines reduced the number of abortions and the excretion of brucella at parturition: three consisted of an inactivated suspension of a virulent S strain of Br. melitensis in oily adjuvant, another consisted of an inactivated suspension of a modified non-agglutinogenic strain of Br. melitensis also in oily adjuvant, the fifth was prepared from Br. melitensis H 105 and Br. abortus B 112 with saponin and the sixth from a strain of Br. melitensis modified with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant.", "contents": "[Immunization of ewes against experimental Brucella melitensis infection: comparison of eleven vaccines]. A comparative study of 11 antibrucellic vaccines has been carried out in the Limousin region of 360 ewe-lambs divided into groups of 30, a 12th group serving as control. After being vaccinated at 8 months, the ewe-lambs were covered between 9 1/2 and 10 1/2 months, then infected at 11 months with Br. melitensis strain 53 H 38 by instillation of 4 x 10(6) germs on the conjonctiva. Six of these vaccines reduced the number of abortions and the excretion of brucella at parturition: three consisted of an inactivated suspension of a virulent S strain of Br. melitensis in oily adjuvant, another consisted of an inactivated suspension of a modified non-agglutinogenic strain of Br. melitensis also in oily adjuvant, the fifth was prepared from Br. melitensis H 105 and Br. abortus B 112 with saponin and the sixth from a strain of Br. melitensis modified with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant."}
{"id": "PMID:944152", "title": "Gastrins in tissue. Concentration and component pattern in gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa of normal human subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The total concentration of gastrin and distribution of gastrin components were examined in mucosal biopsies from corpus, antrum, duodenum, and jejunum from normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The concentration was highest in the antrum, being 12.1+/-1.9 nmol per g of mucosa (mean +/-SEM) for normal subjects, and 9.0 +/-1.6 nmol per g of mucosa for duodenal ulcer patients (P eaual to 0.03). A steep gradient was found distally: in the proximal duodenum the concentration was 0.1; in the distal duodenum, 0.02 to 0.01; and in the proximal jejunum, less than 0.01 of the antral concentration. In corpus of the stomach, the concentrations were similar to those found in the jejunum. Gel filtrations showed that most gastrin immunoreactivity was eluted in positions corresponding to serum component II (gastrin-34-like) and III (gastrin-17-like), but immunoreactivity corresponding to all the components present in serum was found. No interference from cholecystokinin was observed in duodenal biopsies. In corpus, antrum, and jejunum component III was the predominant form, whereas component II made up half of immunoreactive gastrin in the duodenum. No major differences were observed between normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. There was no simple relationship between acid secretion and mucosal gastrin concentration, but ulcer patients with the highest acid secretion had the lowest antral content and the highest duodenal content.", "contents": "Gastrins in tissue. Concentration and component pattern in gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa of normal human subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The total concentration of gastrin and distribution of gastrin components were examined in mucosal biopsies from corpus, antrum, duodenum, and jejunum from normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer. The concentration was highest in the antrum, being 12.1+/-1.9 nmol per g of mucosa (mean +/-SEM) for normal subjects, and 9.0 +/-1.6 nmol per g of mucosa for duodenal ulcer patients (P eaual to 0.03). A steep gradient was found distally: in the proximal duodenum the concentration was 0.1; in the distal duodenum, 0.02 to 0.01; and in the proximal jejunum, less than 0.01 of the antral concentration. In corpus of the stomach, the concentrations were similar to those found in the jejunum. Gel filtrations showed that most gastrin immunoreactivity was eluted in positions corresponding to serum component II (gastrin-34-like) and III (gastrin-17-like), but immunoreactivity corresponding to all the components present in serum was found. No interference from cholecystokinin was observed in duodenal biopsies. In corpus, antrum, and jejunum component III was the predominant form, whereas component II made up half of immunoreactive gastrin in the duodenum. No major differences were observed between normal subjects and duodenal ulcer patients. There was no simple relationship between acid secretion and mucosal gastrin concentration, but ulcer patients with the highest acid secretion had the lowest antral content and the highest duodenal content."}
{"id": "PMID:944153", "title": "The influence of body temperature on the production of ulcers of restraint in the rat.", "content": "It has been observed that gastric ulceration after restraint in rats is accompanied by a marked drop in body temperature. This investigation seeks to determine whether hypothermia is causally related to the restraint ulcer. Experimental animals were restrained for 18 hr while rectal temperatures were monitored with a telethermometer probe. Body temperatures of rats restrained at room temperature fell 5.0 degrees C in the first 5 hr. Gastric ulceration in this group was 100%. When body temperatures were mainatined at 38 degrees C, only 26% developed ulcers. Ulcer induction is not only accompanied by a marked temperature drop, but prevention of this phenomenon reduces the incidence of ulcers.", "contents": "The influence of body temperature on the production of ulcers of restraint in the rat. It has been observed that gastric ulceration after restraint in rats is accompanied by a marked drop in body temperature. This investigation seeks to determine whether hypothermia is causally related to the restraint ulcer. Experimental animals were restrained for 18 hr while rectal temperatures were monitored with a telethermometer probe. Body temperatures of rats restrained at room temperature fell 5.0 degrees C in the first 5 hr. Gastric ulceration in this group was 100%. When body temperatures were mainatined at 38 degrees C, only 26% developed ulcers. Ulcer induction is not only accompanied by a marked temperature drop, but prevention of this phenomenon reduces the incidence of ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:944154", "title": "A genetic study of aggregation in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum using complementation analysis.", "content": "A series of aggregation-deficient (aggregateless) mutants were isolated in genetically marked haploid strains of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. Diploids were produced from pairs of such haploid mutants by a fusion system based on this organism's parasexual cycle. The diploids were isolated from the haploids by using complementation of non-allelic growth-temperature-sensitive mutations and selection at the restrictive temperature. Complementation between the aggregateless mutations uas then assessed in 419 diploids so formed. The non-complementing aggregateless mutations fell into five complementation groups (ago A, B, C, D, and E) and a dominant aggregation class that allowed little or no aggregation when present in a diploid with any of the other mutations tested or the parental wild type. Complicating factors, including partial dominance, multiple mutations, and possible interallelic conplementation, are discussed.  Data on the linkage of the aggregateless mutations was obtained by using recessive drug resistance mutations on three linkage groups to segregate haploids from the diploids. Calculations from our results suggest a genetic complexity of about 50 genes that are specific and essential for aggregation.", "contents": "A genetic study of aggregation in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum using complementation analysis. A series of aggregation-deficient (aggregateless) mutants were isolated in genetically marked haploid strains of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. Diploids were produced from pairs of such haploid mutants by a fusion system based on this organism's parasexual cycle. The diploids were isolated from the haploids by using complementation of non-allelic growth-temperature-sensitive mutations and selection at the restrictive temperature. Complementation between the aggregateless mutations uas then assessed in 419 diploids so formed. The non-complementing aggregateless mutations fell into five complementation groups (ago A, B, C, D, and E) and a dominant aggregation class that allowed little or no aggregation when present in a diploid with any of the other mutations tested or the parental wild type. Complicating factors, including partial dominance, multiple mutations, and possible interallelic conplementation, are discussed.  Data on the linkage of the aggregateless mutations was obtained by using recessive drug resistance mutations on three linkage groups to segregate haploids from the diploids. Calculations from our results suggest a genetic complexity of about 50 genes that are specific and essential for aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:944163", "title": "Diurnal variation in blood sugar and serum insulin in response to glucose and/or glucagon in healthy subjects.", "content": "The role of insulin secretion in the diurnal variation of glucose tolerance has been investigated. In ten healthy subjects, at 08.00 and at 18.00 after 10 hrs of fasting, a combination test of glucose and glucagon was performed. 1 mg glucagon was injected intravenously 40 min after the intravenous infusion of glucose (0.5 g/kg b.w.). Samples for blood sugar (BS) and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were taken before and 2-5 min following the glucose and glucagon loads, and thereafter at 10 min intervals up to 85 min. In the afternoon test, the mean blood sugar values were higher, the differences in the 20-85 min values being statistically significant: the IRI values were statistically lower after glucose, while after glucagon, the increase of serum  IRI was apparently similar in both morning and afternoon tests. However, the insulin/glucose ratio (I/G) was significantly lower at 18.00 at 55-85 men. Corresponding results were obtained in six additional healthy subjects when only glucagon (1 mg i.v.) was injected. In this case also, the mean insulin levels were lower in the afternoon after 5 min, while the BS values during the maximal insulin release (2-30 min) were comparable in both the morning and afternoon tests. In the 40-60 min interval, the BS levels were significantly higher in the afternoon. The existence of a diurnal variation in the blood sugar after intravenous glucose load, as well as after glucagon, seems to be correlated to a simultaneous diurnal variation in the insulin response, suggesting decreased pancreatic beta-cell activity in the afternoon.", "contents": "Diurnal variation in blood sugar and serum insulin in response to glucose and/or glucagon in healthy subjects. The role of insulin secretion in the diurnal variation of glucose tolerance has been investigated. In ten healthy subjects, at 08.00 and at 18.00 after 10 hrs of fasting, a combination test of glucose and glucagon was performed. 1 mg glucagon was injected intravenously 40 min after the intravenous infusion of glucose (0.5 g/kg b.w.). Samples for blood sugar (BS) and serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were taken before and 2-5 min following the glucose and glucagon loads, and thereafter at 10 min intervals up to 85 min. In the afternoon test, the mean blood sugar values were higher, the differences in the 20-85 min values being statistically significant: the IRI values were statistically lower after glucose, while after glucagon, the increase of serum  IRI was apparently similar in both morning and afternoon tests. However, the insulin/glucose ratio (I/G) was significantly lower at 18.00 at 55-85 men. Corresponding results were obtained in six additional healthy subjects when only glucagon (1 mg i.v.) was injected. In this case also, the mean insulin levels were lower in the afternoon after 5 min, while the BS values during the maximal insulin release (2-30 min) were comparable in both the morning and afternoon tests. In the 40-60 min interval, the BS levels were significantly higher in the afternoon. The existence of a diurnal variation in the blood sugar after intravenous glucose load, as well as after glucagon, seems to be correlated to a simultaneous diurnal variation in the insulin response, suggesting decreased pancreatic beta-cell activity in the afternoon."}
{"id": "PMID:944164", "title": "Choriocarcinoma in Ibadan: clinicopathologic studies.", "content": "The host tissue reaction to choriocarcinoma was studied in 81 Nigerian patients. A mononuclear cellular reaction, observed in about 42 per cent of the patients, was composed mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils in varying quantities around tumor deposits. No correlation was found between the survival of the patients and the intensity of the cellular reaction. Late presentation by our patients for medical advice and treatment may partly account for the relatively poor response to chemotherapy. The syncytiotrophoblast appears to play a primary role in vascular invasion by the neoplastic trophoblast.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma in Ibadan: clinicopathologic studies. The host tissue reaction to choriocarcinoma was studied in 81 Nigerian patients. A mononuclear cellular reaction, observed in about 42 per cent of the patients, was composed mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils in varying quantities around tumor deposits. No correlation was found between the survival of the patients and the intensity of the cellular reaction. Late presentation by our patients for medical advice and treatment may partly account for the relatively poor response to chemotherapy. The syncytiotrophoblast appears to play a primary role in vascular invasion by the neoplastic trophoblast."}
{"id": "PMID:944165", "title": "Comparison of exogenous energy sources for in vitro maintenance of follicle cell-free Xenopus laevis oocytes.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to determine which exogenous energy sources are suitable for isolated follicle cell-free oocytes from the frog, Xenopus laevis. In order to compare prospective energy sources, follicle cell-free oocytes from 0.4 to 1.3 mm in diameter were incubated in a 1 mM concentration of each of a variety of energy sources and scored daily for the maintenance of morphological characteristics. Vitellogenic oocytes placed in succinate or fumarate deteriorated at the same time as those in saline alone. Oocytes incubated in oxaloacetate (OAA) appeared to remain in the best morphological condition, followed by oocytes maintained in pyruvate or glucose. Fully grown oocytes were tested at various times of incubation for their ability to respond to progesterone by undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown. These experiments showed that oocytes placed in OAA or pyruvate retained the ability to respond to progesterone longer than those in the other energy sources. Increased respiratory rates were stimulated in isolated oocyte mitochondria by succinate as well as pyruvate and OAA. However, oocytes incubated in labelled pyruvate evolved 80 to 140 times as much labelled CO2 as oocytes incubated in labelled glucose or succinate. In addition, it was found that the rate of uptake of pyruvate is 20 to 25 times greater than the rate of uptake of glucose or succinate. It is concluded from these experiments that OAA and pyruvate are the most effective exogenous energy source for the in vitro maintenance of Xenopus oocytes. On possible explanation for the ineffectiveness of glucose or succinate as exogenous energy sources is a restriction in their uptake into the oocytes.", "contents": "Comparison of exogenous energy sources for in vitro maintenance of follicle cell-free Xenopus laevis oocytes. The purpose of these experiments was to determine which exogenous energy sources are suitable for isolated follicle cell-free oocytes from the frog, Xenopus laevis. In order to compare prospective energy sources, follicle cell-free oocytes from 0.4 to 1.3 mm in diameter were incubated in a 1 mM concentration of each of a variety of energy sources and scored daily for the maintenance of morphological characteristics. Vitellogenic oocytes placed in succinate or fumarate deteriorated at the same time as those in saline alone. Oocytes incubated in oxaloacetate (OAA) appeared to remain in the best morphological condition, followed by oocytes maintained in pyruvate or glucose. Fully grown oocytes were tested at various times of incubation for their ability to respond to progesterone by undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown. These experiments showed that oocytes placed in OAA or pyruvate retained the ability to respond to progesterone longer than those in the other energy sources. Increased respiratory rates were stimulated in isolated oocyte mitochondria by succinate as well as pyruvate and OAA. However, oocytes incubated in labelled pyruvate evolved 80 to 140 times as much labelled CO2 as oocytes incubated in labelled glucose or succinate. In addition, it was found that the rate of uptake of pyruvate is 20 to 25 times greater than the rate of uptake of glucose or succinate. It is concluded from these experiments that OAA and pyruvate are the most effective exogenous energy source for the in vitro maintenance of Xenopus oocytes. On possible explanation for the ineffectiveness of glucose or succinate as exogenous energy sources is a restriction in their uptake into the oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:944166", "title": "Surveillance projects for selected diseases.", "content": "Disease surveillance systems constitute the foundation of appropriate health plans. Surveillance data collection components at best are dependent on a series of contingencies. In developing countries scattered static health centres may result in biased and practically unusable data. A system is here described for collecting data from a sample of persons chosen for their statistical representation of the entire population. Monthly interviews can provide both prevalence and incidence data at low cost using paramedical personnel. Continuing work in this area could provide developing countries with alternative methods of defining their population-nutrition-communicable disease problems.", "contents": "Surveillance projects for selected diseases. Disease surveillance systems constitute the foundation of appropriate health plans. Surveillance data collection components at best are dependent on a series of contingencies. In developing countries scattered static health centres may result in biased and practically unusable data. A system is here described for collecting data from a sample of persons chosen for their statistical representation of the entire population. Monthly interviews can provide both prevalence and incidence data at low cost using paramedical personnel. Continuing work in this area could provide developing countries with alternative methods of defining their population-nutrition-communicable disease problems."}
{"id": "PMID:944171", "title": "Effect of dietary fat on pancreatic lipase activity in chicken.", "content": "Pancreatic lipase activity was measured in young chicks receiving experimental diets for 18 to 24 days. The addition of 15% soybean oil to a commercial-type diet, without changing the calorie-protein ratio, produced a slight but significant increase in lipase activity. No differences in lipolytic activity were found when chicks received a semipurified diet with or without the addition of 10% partially hydrogenated soybean oil, nor did fasting and fasting-refeeding affect the activity. Pancreatic lipase activity in chicks appears to depend on factors other than the amount or type of fat consumed.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fat on pancreatic lipase activity in chicken. Pancreatic lipase activity was measured in young chicks receiving experimental diets for 18 to 24 days. The addition of 15% soybean oil to a commercial-type diet, without changing the calorie-protein ratio, produced a slight but significant increase in lipase activity. No differences in lipolytic activity were found when chicks received a semipurified diet with or without the addition of 10% partially hydrogenated soybean oil, nor did fasting and fasting-refeeding affect the activity. Pancreatic lipase activity in chicks appears to depend on factors other than the amount or type of fat consumed."}
{"id": "PMID:944172", "title": "Quantitation of pilocarpine delivery across isolated rabbit cornea by noncross-linked high viscosity polymer gel.", "content": "The effect on pilocarpine flux across rabbit cornea in vitro by a noncross-linked polymeric gel vehicle was measured. A closed system transport chamber was used. Its design featured continuous flow of a tear analog but excluded variables of the internal eye. Results were compared to previously determined data in the same chamber system for cross-linked hydrogel buttons and for free pilocarpine fluid. Gel-mediated flux was equal to that with lens buttons to 90 minutes in the case of a 30 per cent gel (viscosity approximately 70,000 centipoises). Elution by the tear analog system limited flux duration of gels relative to lenses. Greater viscosity of 30 per cent gel relative to 25 per cent gel (approximately 15,000 centipoises) was associated with prolonged transcorneal drug flux. The congruence of flux slopes for 30 per cent gel and lens button vehicles despite the difference in available dose suggests saturable mediation of pilocarpine transport across the cornea, but a greater \"flux efficiency\" through 90 minutes for 30 per cent gel.", "contents": "Quantitation of pilocarpine delivery across isolated rabbit cornea by noncross-linked high viscosity polymer gel. The effect on pilocarpine flux across rabbit cornea in vitro by a noncross-linked polymeric gel vehicle was measured. A closed system transport chamber was used. Its design featured continuous flow of a tear analog but excluded variables of the internal eye. Results were compared to previously determined data in the same chamber system for cross-linked hydrogel buttons and for free pilocarpine fluid. Gel-mediated flux was equal to that with lens buttons to 90 minutes in the case of a 30 per cent gel (viscosity approximately 70,000 centipoises). Elution by the tear analog system limited flux duration of gels relative to lenses. Greater viscosity of 30 per cent gel relative to 25 per cent gel (approximately 15,000 centipoises) was associated with prolonged transcorneal drug flux. The congruence of flux slopes for 30 per cent gel and lens button vehicles despite the difference in available dose suggests saturable mediation of pilocarpine transport across the cornea, but a greater \"flux efficiency\" through 90 minutes for 30 per cent gel."}
{"id": "PMID:944180", "title": "Sequence of molecular events involved in induction of allophanate hydrolase.", "content": "Addition of urea to an uninduced culture of Saccharomyces at 22 C results in appearance of allophanate hydrolase activity after a lag of 12 min. We have previously demonstrated that both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis are needed for this induction to occur. To elucidate the time intervals occupied by known processes involved in induction, temperature-sensitive mutants defective in messenger RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm (rna1) and in protein synthesis initiation (prt1) were employed along with an RNA polymerase inhibitor in experiments that measure cumulative synthetic capacity to produce allophanate hydrolase. These measurements identify the time within the lag period at which each of the above processes is completed. We observed that RNA synthesis, rna1 gene product function, and protein synthesis initiation are completed at 1 to 1.5, 4, and 9 to 10 min, respectively.", "contents": "Sequence of molecular events involved in induction of allophanate hydrolase. Addition of urea to an uninduced culture of Saccharomyces at 22 C results in appearance of allophanate hydrolase activity after a lag of 12 min. We have previously demonstrated that both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis are needed for this induction to occur. To elucidate the time intervals occupied by known processes involved in induction, temperature-sensitive mutants defective in messenger RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm (rna1) and in protein synthesis initiation (prt1) were employed along with an RNA polymerase inhibitor in experiments that measure cumulative synthetic capacity to produce allophanate hydrolase. These measurements identify the time within the lag period at which each of the above processes is completed. We observed that RNA synthesis, rna1 gene product function, and protein synthesis initiation are completed at 1 to 1.5, 4, and 9 to 10 min, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:944181", "title": "Study on development of Agaricus bisporus by fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Two strains of Agaricus bisporus have been investigated by fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Somatic nuclei, stained with auramin O and examined by fluorescent microscopy, appear to be randomly distributed, divide asynchronously, and assume a nonclassical or \"two-track\" configuration during mitotic metaphase. A similar configuration has been observed for nuclei during meiosis, but early meiosis in A. bisporus appears to be classical, usually with nine pairs of chromosomes evident during prophase I. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to document developmental stages in the formation and germination of basidiospores. Two-spored basidia were predominant, but occasionally one- or three-spored forms were observed. Four-spored basidia were absent, and uninucleated basidiospores were exceedingly rare to absent.", "contents": "Study on development of Agaricus bisporus by fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Two strains of Agaricus bisporus have been investigated by fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Somatic nuclei, stained with auramin O and examined by fluorescent microscopy, appear to be randomly distributed, divide asynchronously, and assume a nonclassical or \"two-track\" configuration during mitotic metaphase. A similar configuration has been observed for nuclei during meiosis, but early meiosis in A. bisporus appears to be classical, usually with nine pairs of chromosomes evident during prophase I. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to document developmental stages in the formation and germination of basidiospores. Two-spored basidia were predominant, but occasionally one- or three-spored forms were observed. Four-spored basidia were absent, and uninucleated basidiospores were exceedingly rare to absent."}
{"id": "PMID:944182", "title": "Dissociation of developing slime mold cells does not inhibit the developmentally regulated rise in alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity after the resumption of development of dissociated slime mold cells is comparable to that found in non-dissociated aggregates.", "contents": "Dissociation of developing slime mold cells does not inhibit the developmentally regulated rise in alkaline phosphatase activity. The rise in alkaline phosphatase activity after the resumption of development of dissociated slime mold cells is comparable to that found in non-dissociated aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:944183", "title": "Relationship between cortex content and properties of Bacillus sphaericus spores.", "content": "The muramic lactam content of spores of Bacillus sphaericus mutants defective in meso-diaminopimelic acid synthesis increases almost linearly with an increase of  meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. Since muramic lactam content is a measure of cortex content, the amount of cortex in spores of the mutants can be easily varied by changing the meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. Characteristic properties were tested in spores containing different amounts of cortex. Critical amounts of cortex were associated with different spore properties. Refractility and dipicolinic acid accumulation in the spores both required about 20% of the maximum cortex content (although refractility is independent of dipicolinic acid content). For xylene octanol resistance, about 25% of the maximum cortex content was required.", "contents": "Relationship between cortex content and properties of Bacillus sphaericus spores. The muramic lactam content of spores of Bacillus sphaericus mutants defective in meso-diaminopimelic acid synthesis increases almost linearly with an increase of  meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. Since muramic lactam content is a measure of cortex content, the amount of cortex in spores of the mutants can be easily varied by changing the meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. Characteristic properties were tested in spores containing different amounts of cortex. Critical amounts of cortex were associated with different spore properties. Refractility and dipicolinic acid accumulation in the spores both required about 20% of the maximum cortex content (although refractility is independent of dipicolinic acid content). For xylene octanol resistance, about 25% of the maximum cortex content was required."}
{"id": "PMID:944184", "title": "Respiratory-deficient mutants of Torulopsis glabrata, a yeast with circular mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid of 6 mu m.", "content": "Purified mitochondria from the petite positive yeast Torulopsis glabrata contain a circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a length of 6 mum and a buoyant density of 1.686 g/cm3. This DNA is absent from ethidium bromide induced respiratory-deficient mutants.", "contents": "Respiratory-deficient mutants of Torulopsis glabrata, a yeast with circular mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid of 6 mu m. Purified mitochondria from the petite positive yeast Torulopsis glabrata contain a circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a length of 6 mum and a buoyant density of 1.686 g/cm3. This DNA is absent from ethidium bromide induced respiratory-deficient mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:944185", "title": "Arrangement and conformations of substrates at the active site of pyruvate kinase from model building studies based on magnetic resonance data.", "content": "Seventeen distances from two paramagnetic reference points, as determined by nuclear relaxation studies of six active complexes of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase, have been used to construct molecular models of two composite enzyme complexes. In the model of the hypothetical pyruvate kinase-M(I)-M(II)-ATP-Cr(III)-P-enolpyruvate complex, overlap of the transferred phosphoryl groups of the two substrates, which is required to explain the observed competition, is incomplete, allowing greater than or equal to 1 A for the transition state to form. In the active enzyme-M(I)-M(II)-ATP-Cr(III)-pyruvate complex, the gamma-phosphoryl phosphorus of ATP is in molecular contact (3.0 +/- 0.5 A) with the carbonyl oxygen of pyruvate, consistent with direct phosphoryl transfer, indicating no need for intermediate phosphorylation of the enzyme. The enzyme-bound divalent cation, which forms second sphere complexes with the phosphoryl groups of P-enolpyruvate and ATP, may activate the transferred phosphoryl group indirectly, through a water ligand. By analogy with the position of Cr(III), a second divalent cation may participate more directly by coordination of the triphosphate chain of ATP.", "contents": "Arrangement and conformations of substrates at the active site of pyruvate kinase from model building studies based on magnetic resonance data. Seventeen distances from two paramagnetic reference points, as determined by nuclear relaxation studies of six active complexes of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase, have been used to construct molecular models of two composite enzyme complexes. In the model of the hypothetical pyruvate kinase-M(I)-M(II)-ATP-Cr(III)-P-enolpyruvate complex, overlap of the transferred phosphoryl groups of the two substrates, which is required to explain the observed competition, is incomplete, allowing greater than or equal to 1 A for the transition state to form. In the active enzyme-M(I)-M(II)-ATP-Cr(III)-pyruvate complex, the gamma-phosphoryl phosphorus of ATP is in molecular contact (3.0 +/- 0.5 A) with the carbonyl oxygen of pyruvate, consistent with direct phosphoryl transfer, indicating no need for intermediate phosphorylation of the enzyme. The enzyme-bound divalent cation, which forms second sphere complexes with the phosphoryl groups of P-enolpyruvate and ATP, may activate the transferred phosphoryl group indirectly, through a water ligand. By analogy with the position of Cr(III), a second divalent cation may participate more directly by coordination of the triphosphate chain of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:944186", "title": "Characterization of porcine neurophysin. III. Its resemblance and possible relationship to porcine neurophysin I.", "content": "Homogeneous porcine neurophysin III has been obtained from slightly contaminated neurophysin material by rechromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The purified protein binds both oxytocin and lysine vasopressin. Gel filtration on a calibrated column of Sephadex G-75 gives an estimate of the molecular weight of 10,000. Amino acid analyses establish the composition Lyla8, 1/2Cys14, Val2, Met1, Ile2, Leu7, Tyr1, Phe3. The total number of amino acid residues is 95. This composition exceeds that of porcine neurophysin-I by 1 alanine and 2 arginine residues. It has an NH2-terminal alanine and the COOH-terminal sequence- Arg-Arg-Ala. Results of peptide maps, the amino acid composition of tryptic peptides, and the sequences of two small tryptic peptides suggest that porcine neurophysin III contains the entire molecule of porcine neurophysin I plus a tripeptide -Arg-Arg-Ala connected the COOH terminus. It is threfore possible that porcine neurophysin I may have been derived from porcine neurophysin III by the proteolytic removal of the last 3 or 4 amino acid residues from the COOH terminus, and that the porcine hypothalamic tissue synthesizes only two neurophysins, II and III.", "contents": "Characterization of porcine neurophysin. III. Its resemblance and possible relationship to porcine neurophysin I. Homogeneous porcine neurophysin III has been obtained from slightly contaminated neurophysin material by rechromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The purified protein binds both oxytocin and lysine vasopressin. Gel filtration on a calibrated column of Sephadex G-75 gives an estimate of the molecular weight of 10,000. Amino acid analyses establish the composition Lyla8, 1/2Cys14, Val2, Met1, Ile2, Leu7, Tyr1, Phe3. The total number of amino acid residues is 95. This composition exceeds that of porcine neurophysin-I by 1 alanine and 2 arginine residues. It has an NH2-terminal alanine and the COOH-terminal sequence- Arg-Arg-Ala. Results of peptide maps, the amino acid composition of tryptic peptides, and the sequences of two small tryptic peptides suggest that porcine neurophysin III contains the entire molecule of porcine neurophysin I plus a tripeptide -Arg-Arg-Ala connected the COOH terminus. It is threfore possible that porcine neurophysin I may have been derived from porcine neurophysin III by the proteolytic removal of the last 3 or 4 amino acid residues from the COOH terminus, and that the porcine hypothalamic tissue synthesizes only two neurophysins, II and III."}
{"id": "PMID:944187", "title": "Molecular hybridization of iodinated 4S, 5S, and 18S + 28S RNA to salamander chromosomes.", "content": "4S, 5S, AND 18S + 28S RNA from the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa were iodinated in vitro with carrier-free 125I and hybridized to the denatured chromosomes of Taricha granulosa and Batrachoseps weighti. Iodinated 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes to the telomeric region on the shorter arm of chromosome 2 and close to the centromere on the shorter arm of chromosome 9 from T. granulosa. On this same salamander the label produced by the 5S RNA is located close to or on the centromere of chromosome 7 and the iodinated 4S RNA labels the distal end of the longer arm of chromosome 5. On the chromosomes of B. wrighti, 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes close to the centromeric region on the longer arm of the largest chromosome. Two centromeric sites are hybridized by the iodinated 5S RNA. After hybridization with iodinated 4S RNA, label is found near the end of the shorter arm of chromosome 3. It is concluded that both ribosomal and transfer RNA genes are clustered in the genome of these two salamanders.", "contents": "Molecular hybridization of iodinated 4S, 5S, and 18S + 28S RNA to salamander chromosomes. 4S, 5S, AND 18S + 28S RNA from the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa were iodinated in vitro with carrier-free 125I and hybridized to the denatured chromosomes of Taricha granulosa and Batrachoseps weighti. Iodinated 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes to the telomeric region on the shorter arm of chromosome 2 and close to the centromere on the shorter arm of chromosome 9 from T. granulosa. On this same salamander the label produced by the 5S RNA is located close to or on the centromere of chromosome 7 and the iodinated 4S RNA labels the distal end of the longer arm of chromosome 5. On the chromosomes of B. wrighti, 18S + 28S RNA hybridizes close to the centromeric region on the longer arm of the largest chromosome. Two centromeric sites are hybridized by the iodinated 5S RNA. After hybridization with iodinated 4S RNA, label is found near the end of the shorter arm of chromosome 3. It is concluded that both ribosomal and transfer RNA genes are clustered in the genome of these two salamanders."}
{"id": "PMID:944188", "title": "Actomyosin content of Physarum plasmodia and detection of immunological cross-reactions with myosins from related species.", "content": "The content of myosin in plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum was measured by an immunological technique, quantitative microcomplement (C') fixation. Migrating plasmodia (starved after growth on rolled oats) contained 0.60 +/- 0.08 (SD) mg myosin per g fresh plasmodia. Myosin comprised 0.77% +/- 0.05 (SD) of the total plasmodial protein. When total plasmodial proteins were separated by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, a large amount of protein appeared in a band comigrating with muscle actin. Densitometry performed after Coomassie blue staining indicated that as much as 15-25% of the total protein in the plasmodium could be actin. This gives an actin/myosin ratio by weight in the myxomycete plasmodium as high as 19-33, a very \"actin-rich\" actomyosin compared with rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin with an actin/myosin ratio of 0.6. Starvation stimulates rapid migration and is correlated with a higher percent of both myosin and actin in the total protein of the plasmodium compared with normally growing cultures. Immunological cross-reaction of myosins from a variety of species was measured by C' fixation using an antiserum produced against purified native myosin from P. polycephalum. Although myxomycete and vertebrate striated muscle myosins have very similar morphological and biochemical properties, and apparently possess similar binding properties to F-actin, only myosins from myxomycetes in the order Physarales, rather closely related to P. polycephalum, gave detectable cross-reactions. This finding suggests that many amino acid sequences in myosin have been variable during evolution.", "contents": "Actomyosin content of Physarum plasmodia and detection of immunological cross-reactions with myosins from related species. The content of myosin in plasmodia of the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum was measured by an immunological technique, quantitative microcomplement (C') fixation. Migrating plasmodia (starved after growth on rolled oats) contained 0.60 +/- 0.08 (SD) mg myosin per g fresh plasmodia. Myosin comprised 0.77% +/- 0.05 (SD) of the total plasmodial protein. When total plasmodial proteins were separated by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, a large amount of protein appeared in a band comigrating with muscle actin. Densitometry performed after Coomassie blue staining indicated that as much as 15-25% of the total protein in the plasmodium could be actin. This gives an actin/myosin ratio by weight in the myxomycete plasmodium as high as 19-33, a very \"actin-rich\" actomyosin compared with rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin with an actin/myosin ratio of 0.6. Starvation stimulates rapid migration and is correlated with a higher percent of both myosin and actin in the total protein of the plasmodium compared with normally growing cultures. Immunological cross-reaction of myosins from a variety of species was measured by C' fixation using an antiserum produced against purified native myosin from P. polycephalum. Although myxomycete and vertebrate striated muscle myosins have very similar morphological and biochemical properties, and apparently possess similar binding properties to F-actin, only myosins from myxomycetes in the order Physarales, rather closely related to P. polycephalum, gave detectable cross-reactions. This finding suggests that many amino acid sequences in myosin have been variable during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:944189", "title": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). I. Fertilization and pronuclear fusion.", "content": "In the marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus L., the sperm pronucleus is delimited by an envelope following penetration of the eff by the sperm. This envelope disintegrates as the pronucleus begins its migration through the cytoplasm of the egg. The highly condensed chromatin of the sperm pronucleus disperses slightly following disintegration of the envelope. Microtubules of unknown origin are associated with the sperm pronucleus during its migration. The flagellar microtubules remain in the peripheral cytoplasm but lose their tight 9 + 2 configuration. The sperm eyespot and mitochondria follow the pronucleus through the cytoplasm toward the egg pronucleus. The mitochondria of the sperm are distinguished from those of the egg by their longitudinally oriented cristae and by electron-opaque material in the intracristal space. The pronucleus of the egg becomes convoluted along the surface nearest to the advancing sperm pronucleus. Immediately prior to pronuclear fusion, many egg mitochondria aggregate in the vicinity of the sperm pronucleus. At this time, only the portion of the sperm pronucleus facing the egg pronucleus is surrounded by an envelope. The egg mitochondria disperse rapidly after pronuclear fusion. The sperm mitochondria and eyespot are still in the perinuclear region in 16-h-old embryos. At this time, the osmiophilia of the sperm eyespot has increased, and the sperm mitochondrial membranes are less distinct than in earlier stages. The fine-structural features of fertilization in Fucus are discussed in relation to the fertilization patterns in other cryptogams and marine invertebrates and to polar axis determination in the Fucaceae.", "contents": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). I. Fertilization and pronuclear fusion. In the marine brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus L., the sperm pronucleus is delimited by an envelope following penetration of the eff by the sperm. This envelope disintegrates as the pronucleus begins its migration through the cytoplasm of the egg. The highly condensed chromatin of the sperm pronucleus disperses slightly following disintegration of the envelope. Microtubules of unknown origin are associated with the sperm pronucleus during its migration. The flagellar microtubules remain in the peripheral cytoplasm but lose their tight 9 + 2 configuration. The sperm eyespot and mitochondria follow the pronucleus through the cytoplasm toward the egg pronucleus. The mitochondria of the sperm are distinguished from those of the egg by their longitudinally oriented cristae and by electron-opaque material in the intracristal space. The pronucleus of the egg becomes convoluted along the surface nearest to the advancing sperm pronucleus. Immediately prior to pronuclear fusion, many egg mitochondria aggregate in the vicinity of the sperm pronucleus. At this time, only the portion of the sperm pronucleus facing the egg pronucleus is surrounded by an envelope. The egg mitochondria disperse rapidly after pronuclear fusion. The sperm mitochondria and eyespot are still in the perinuclear region in 16-h-old embryos. At this time, the osmiophilia of the sperm eyespot has increased, and the sperm mitochondrial membranes are less distinct than in earlier stages. The fine-structural features of fertilization in Fucus are discussed in relation to the fertilization patterns in other cryptogams and marine invertebrates and to polar axis determination in the Fucaceae."}
{"id": "PMID:944190", "title": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). II. The cytoplasm of the egg and young zygote.", "content": "Following fertilization, there are rapid changes in the appearance of the Fucus egg. Large electron-translucent vesicles (V1) accumulate fibrillar material, and following pronuclear fusion, they are largely electron-opaque. These vesicles (V1) are formed originally in unfertilized eggs by smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after release of the eggs from the oogonium. Golgi complex hypertrophy follows fertilization, and this increased activity continues throughout early embryogenesis. Wall formation begins after penetration of the egg by the sperm. Vesicles (V2) of unknown origin, which have homogeneously fibrillar contents, and Golgi vesicles (V3) merge with SER-derived vesicles (V1) after wall formation begins. Osmiophilic bodies are a prominent feature of the egg and embryo. They are penetrated by SER, and subsequently there is a loss of electron-opaque material. Alternatively, they discharge concentrically whorled material into the cytoplasm. The nuclear surface of the egg is convoluted in the period close to fertilization, and electron-opaque material is segregated in the cytoplasmic matrix lying within the nuclear invaginations.", "contents": "Fine-structural studies of the gametes and embryo of Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyta). II. The cytoplasm of the egg and young zygote. Following fertilization, there are rapid changes in the appearance of the Fucus egg. Large electron-translucent vesicles (V1) accumulate fibrillar material, and following pronuclear fusion, they are largely electron-opaque. These vesicles (V1) are formed originally in unfertilized eggs by smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after release of the eggs from the oogonium. Golgi complex hypertrophy follows fertilization, and this increased activity continues throughout early embryogenesis. Wall formation begins after penetration of the egg by the sperm. Vesicles (V2) of unknown origin, which have homogeneously fibrillar contents, and Golgi vesicles (V3) merge with SER-derived vesicles (V1) after wall formation begins. Osmiophilic bodies are a prominent feature of the egg and embryo. They are penetrated by SER, and subsequently there is a loss of electron-opaque material. Alternatively, they discharge concentrically whorled material into the cytoplasm. The nuclear surface of the egg is convoluted in the period close to fertilization, and electron-opaque material is segregated in the cytoplasmic matrix lying within the nuclear invaginations."}
{"id": "PMID:944195", "title": "Elimination of bacteriophages from tissue culture serum by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Use of immunoadsorbents to remove bacteriophages from tissue culture serum was investigated. Immune globulins from rabbit antiserum prepared against phi V-1 phage were immobilized by covalent linkage to activated porous silica glass derivatives of p-aminoarylamine and to Sepharose-4B. Chromatographic columns of each material were used to filter samples of a fetal bovine serum into which had been introduced 8100 plaque-forming units of the phage per ml. Efficiency of removal was determined by plaque assays of phi V-1 phage recovered in the effluent fluids. Activated but uncoupled matrices nonspecifically removed from 49 to 59% of the phages introduced into the experimental serum. A reduction of 35 to 37% in phage content occurred in the serum after filtration through columns coupled to nonantibody protein. With specific immune globulins attached, the Sepharose-4B matrix reduced the concentration of phage in the serum below a detectable quantity. Noapparent alterations occurred in the growth-promoting property of serum filtered through the Sepharose-4B immunoadsorbent as measured by cloning efficiency of BHK-21, WI-38, and FRhL-2 cells. These experiments serve as a model system for use of immunoadsorbents for selective removal of bacteriophages and perhaps other extraneous microbial agents from tissue culture serum.", "contents": "Elimination of bacteriophages from tissue culture serum by affinity chromatography. Use of immunoadsorbents to remove bacteriophages from tissue culture serum was investigated. Immune globulins from rabbit antiserum prepared against phi V-1 phage were immobilized by covalent linkage to activated porous silica glass derivatives of p-aminoarylamine and to Sepharose-4B. Chromatographic columns of each material were used to filter samples of a fetal bovine serum into which had been introduced 8100 plaque-forming units of the phage per ml. Efficiency of removal was determined by plaque assays of phi V-1 phage recovered in the effluent fluids. Activated but uncoupled matrices nonspecifically removed from 49 to 59% of the phages introduced into the experimental serum. A reduction of 35 to 37% in phage content occurred in the serum after filtration through columns coupled to nonantibody protein. With specific immune globulins attached, the Sepharose-4B matrix reduced the concentration of phage in the serum below a detectable quantity. Noapparent alterations occurred in the growth-promoting property of serum filtered through the Sepharose-4B immunoadsorbent as measured by cloning efficiency of BHK-21, WI-38, and FRhL-2 cells. These experiments serve as a model system for use of immunoadsorbents for selective removal of bacteriophages and perhaps other extraneous microbial agents from tissue culture serum."}
{"id": "PMID:944196", "title": "Circulating and intra-articular immune complexes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of 125I-Clq binding activity with clinical and biological features of the disease.", "content": "The correlation between the incidence and level of immune complexes in serum and synovial fluid and the various clinical and biological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis has been studied. Immune complexes were quantitated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, the 125I-Clq binding test, in unheated native sera and synovial fluids from 50 patients with seropositive (RA +) and 45 with seronegative (RA -) rheumatoid arthritis, 17 with other inflammatory arthritis, and 37 with degenerative and post-traumatic joint disease. The following observations were made: (a) when compared to the results from patients with degenerative and post-traumatic joint diseases, the 125I-Clq binding activity (Clq-BA) in synovial fluid was found to be increased (by more than 2 SD) in most of the patients with RA + (80%) and RA - (71%) and in 29% of patients with other inflammatory arthritis; the serum Clq-BA was also frequently increased in both RA + (76%) and RA - (49%) patients, but only exceptionally in patients with other inflammatory arthritis (6%); (b) a significant negative correlation existed between the Clq-BA and the immunochemical C4 level in synovial fluids from patients with RA + and RA -; (c) neither the serum nor the synovial fluid Clq-BA in rheumatoid arthritis significantly correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the clinical stage of the disease, or the IgM rheumatoid factor titer; and (d) the serum Clq-BA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and extra-articular disease manifestations (40 +/- 34% in those with RA +,32 +/- 29% in those with RA -) was significantly increased as compared to the serum Clq-BA in patients with joint disease alone (24 +/- 30% in those with RA +, 10 +/- 13% in those with RA -). Experimental studies were carried out in order to characterize the Clq binding material in rheumatoid arthritis. This material had properties similar to immune complexes: it sedimented in a high molecular weight range on sucrose density gradients (10-30S) and lost the ability to bind Clq after reduction and alkylation, or after acid dissociation at pH 3.8, or after passage through an anti-IgG immunoabsorbant. DNase did not affect the Clq BA. These results support the hypothesis that circulating as well as intra-articular immune complexes may play an important role in some pathogenetic aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. The 125I-Clq binding test may also be of some practical clinical value in detecting patients who have a higher risk of developing vasculitis.", "contents": "Circulating and intra-articular immune complexes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation of 125I-Clq binding activity with clinical and biological features of the disease. The correlation between the incidence and level of immune complexes in serum and synovial fluid and the various clinical and biological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis has been studied. Immune complexes were quantitated using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, the 125I-Clq binding test, in unheated native sera and synovial fluids from 50 patients with seropositive (RA +) and 45 with seronegative (RA -) rheumatoid arthritis, 17 with other inflammatory arthritis, and 37 with degenerative and post-traumatic joint disease. The following observations were made: (a) when compared to the results from patients with degenerative and post-traumatic joint diseases, the 125I-Clq binding activity (Clq-BA) in synovial fluid was found to be increased (by more than 2 SD) in most of the patients with RA + (80%) and RA - (71%) and in 29% of patients with other inflammatory arthritis; the serum Clq-BA was also frequently increased in both RA + (76%) and RA - (49%) patients, but only exceptionally in patients with other inflammatory arthritis (6%); (b) a significant negative correlation existed between the Clq-BA and the immunochemical C4 level in synovial fluids from patients with RA + and RA -; (c) neither the serum nor the synovial fluid Clq-BA in rheumatoid arthritis significantly correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the clinical stage of the disease, or the IgM rheumatoid factor titer; and (d) the serum Clq-BA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and extra-articular disease manifestations (40 +/- 34% in those with RA +,32 +/- 29% in those with RA -) was significantly increased as compared to the serum Clq-BA in patients with joint disease alone (24 +/- 30% in those with RA +, 10 +/- 13% in those with RA -). Experimental studies were carried out in order to characterize the Clq binding material in rheumatoid arthritis. This material had properties similar to immune complexes: it sedimented in a high molecular weight range on sucrose density gradients (10-30S) and lost the ability to bind Clq after reduction and alkylation, or after acid dissociation at pH 3.8, or after passage through an anti-IgG immunoabsorbant. DNase did not affect the Clq BA. These results support the hypothesis that circulating as well as intra-articular immune complexes may play an important role in some pathogenetic aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. The 125I-Clq binding test may also be of some practical clinical value in detecting patients who have a higher risk of developing vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:944197", "title": "Retest reliability of the Halstead Impairment Index in a normal, a schizophrenic, and two samples of organic patients.", "content": "In a 1974 study Matarazzo, et al. reported the test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for a sample of normal young men and a comparison group of older Ss with cerebrovascular disease. The present study extended this earlier one by addition of comparable test-retest findings from two additional comparison groups: a sample of chronic schizophrenic Ss and a sample of organic patients who underwent endarterectomy. Despite the lack of comparability across the four samples on many dimensions, including age and test-retest interval, the results again reveal a high degree of clinical as well as purely psychometric reliability for most of the tests in the neuropsychological battery and the additional suggestion for further research that the test-retest instability found for some of the Ss in the schizophrenic sample may, itself, hold promise of differential clinical significance in the diagnosis of a \"schizophrenic\" vs. \"organic\" process.", "contents": "Retest reliability of the Halstead Impairment Index in a normal, a schizophrenic, and two samples of organic patients. In a 1974 study Matarazzo, et al. reported the test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for a sample of normal young men and a comparison group of older Ss with cerebrovascular disease. The present study extended this earlier one by addition of comparable test-retest findings from two additional comparison groups: a sample of chronic schizophrenic Ss and a sample of organic patients who underwent endarterectomy. Despite the lack of comparability across the four samples on many dimensions, including age and test-retest interval, the results again reveal a high degree of clinical as well as purely psychometric reliability for most of the tests in the neuropsychological battery and the additional suggestion for further research that the test-retest instability found for some of the Ss in the schizophrenic sample may, itself, hold promise of differential clinical significance in the diagnosis of a \"schizophrenic\" vs. \"organic\" process."}
{"id": "PMID:944198", "title": "Some problems of therapeutic trials in hypertension.", "content": "It is strongly recommended that a scientific protocol for controlled therapeutic trials in hypertension should include, inter alia, the following: 1. A definition of the level(s) of blood pressure which indicate hypertension (systolic and/or diastolic), preferably related to age and sex. 2. The criteria for defining the type of hypertension (e.g., essential, renovascular, etc.). 3. A statement relative to which diastolic level is to be recorded: phase IV (\"muffling\") and/or phase V (\"disappearance\"). 4. Information on the sizes of sphygmomanometer cuffs to be used. 5. A statement of which arm is to be used (throughout the study). 6. A statement of postures in which blood pressure is to be measured (supine, sitting, standing). 7. Information on the conditions under which pressures are to be recorded (e.g., \"casual,\" \"near-basal,\" etc.) and the duration of rest before recording. 8. Details of the times of day at which measurements are to be taken.9. A statement on the method of establishing baseline readings (e.g., mean of three successive readings) and the acceptable degree of variability (e.g., +/- 10 mm Hg). 10. A definition of \"endpoints\" (e.g., diastolic pressure less than upper limit of normal; reduction in diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg).", "contents": "Some problems of therapeutic trials in hypertension. It is strongly recommended that a scientific protocol for controlled therapeutic trials in hypertension should include, inter alia, the following: 1. A definition of the level(s) of blood pressure which indicate hypertension (systolic and/or diastolic), preferably related to age and sex. 2. The criteria for defining the type of hypertension (e.g., essential, renovascular, etc.). 3. A statement relative to which diastolic level is to be recorded: phase IV (\"muffling\") and/or phase V (\"disappearance\"). 4. Information on the sizes of sphygmomanometer cuffs to be used. 5. A statement of which arm is to be used (throughout the study). 6. A statement of postures in which blood pressure is to be measured (supine, sitting, standing). 7. Information on the conditions under which pressures are to be recorded (e.g., \"casual,\" \"near-basal,\" etc.) and the duration of rest before recording. 8. Details of the times of day at which measurements are to be taken.9. A statement on the method of establishing baseline readings (e.g., mean of three successive readings) and the acceptable degree of variability (e.g., +/- 10 mm Hg). 10. A definition of \"endpoints\" (e.g., diastolic pressure less than upper limit of normal; reduction in diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg)."}
{"id": "PMID:944199", "title": "Artificial induction of lactation by hypothalamic implantation of perphenazine in virgin goats.", "content": "Perphenazine (0-8-1 mg) caused udder growth and artificial induction of lactation, when stereotaxically implanted into the median eminence of virgin female goats. Sham implantations into the median eminence or implantation of perphenazine into sites of the hypothalamus not in the immediate proximity of the median eminence were ineffective. Fourteen-twenty-two d after implantation the goats were milked for the first time. Maximal milk yields of 250-1050 ml/d were achieved 3-5 months later. Udder development and induction of lactation during the premilking period were exclusively due to the action of perphenazine. It is likely that after implantation the milking stimulus played a synergic role with perphenazine in the progressive increase and the maintenance of lactation. Apparently no side effects were caused by the drug. Implantation of small doses of perphenazine in the hypothalamus might be a suitable technique for studying the physiological effects of increased levels of endogenous prolactin in goats.", "contents": "Artificial induction of lactation by hypothalamic implantation of perphenazine in virgin goats. Perphenazine (0-8-1 mg) caused udder growth and artificial induction of lactation, when stereotaxically implanted into the median eminence of virgin female goats. Sham implantations into the median eminence or implantation of perphenazine into sites of the hypothalamus not in the immediate proximity of the median eminence were ineffective. Fourteen-twenty-two d after implantation the goats were milked for the first time. Maximal milk yields of 250-1050 ml/d were achieved 3-5 months later. Udder development and induction of lactation during the premilking period were exclusively due to the action of perphenazine. It is likely that after implantation the milking stimulus played a synergic role with perphenazine in the progressive increase and the maintenance of lactation. Apparently no side effects were caused by the drug. Implantation of small doses of perphenazine in the hypothalamus might be a suitable technique for studying the physiological effects of increased levels of endogenous prolactin in goats."}
{"id": "PMID:944200", "title": "Increasing polyunsaturation of milk fats by feeding formaldehyde protected sunflower-soybean supplement.", "content": "A practical means of protecting fats of a feed concentrate containing high polyunsaturated fatty acids is described. A ground mixture of 30% soybeans and 70% sunflower seeds was treated with 1% formaldehyde to protect the unsaturated lipids from microbial hydrogenation in the rumen. This was fed as a supplement to two Holstein cows in amounts that were doubled weekly. These ranged from 524 to 8384 g/day and provided successively increasing intakes of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g of linoleic acid daily. Percent milk fat increased by more than one, and linoleic acid (C18:2) of milk fat increased from 2.5 to 20% with compensatory declines in myristic (C14:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. Cholesterol and vitamin E of plasma both doubled at the highest supplementation. Milk yield, solids-not-fat, protein and milk cholesterol were unaltered. Fat in feces doubled from about 3 to 6%. Daily linoleic acid content of feces increased from 25 g to 120 g, indicating a dietary loss of 7 to 10% of this polyunsaturated acid. These cheaper feed ingredients elevated the polyunsaturated fats in milk as effectively as the expensive purified casein and safflower oil supplements in previous experiments.", "contents": "Increasing polyunsaturation of milk fats by feeding formaldehyde protected sunflower-soybean supplement. A practical means of protecting fats of a feed concentrate containing high polyunsaturated fatty acids is described. A ground mixture of 30% soybeans and 70% sunflower seeds was treated with 1% formaldehyde to protect the unsaturated lipids from microbial hydrogenation in the rumen. This was fed as a supplement to two Holstein cows in amounts that were doubled weekly. These ranged from 524 to 8384 g/day and provided successively increasing intakes of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g of linoleic acid daily. Percent milk fat increased by more than one, and linoleic acid (C18:2) of milk fat increased from 2.5 to 20% with compensatory declines in myristic (C14:0) and palmitic (C16:0) acids. Cholesterol and vitamin E of plasma both doubled at the highest supplementation. Milk yield, solids-not-fat, protein and milk cholesterol were unaltered. Fat in feces doubled from about 3 to 6%. Daily linoleic acid content of feces increased from 25 g to 120 g, indicating a dietary loss of 7 to 10% of this polyunsaturated acid. These cheaper feed ingredients elevated the polyunsaturated fats in milk as effectively as the expensive purified casein and safflower oil supplements in previous experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:944201", "title": "Impact of social disorganization on behavior, milk yield, and body weight of dairy cows.", "content": "To measure the effect of intergroup transfer, four cows were added to a group of 20 cows at 28-day intervals in five trials. The two groups of cows were housed in adjoining lots and fed identical rations from opposite sides of a feed bunk which provided .9 m linear feeding space per cow. Means of the number of agonistic encounters per transferred cow were 9.4, 4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.3, and 2.6 during the 1-h period immediately following the first feeding on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The average dominance values of the transferred cows during the 28 days (.19, .14, and .32) showed no perceptible trend, and mean body weight (567, 569, and 571 kg) was not limited. On day 1 the mean 4% fat-corrected milk yield of the transferred cows decreased .51 kg or 3%, and nontransferred cows increased .01 kg. The decrease in milk yield of the transferred cows was not associated with number of agonistic encounters per se. After day 1 regrouping had no effect on milk yield.", "contents": "Impact of social disorganization on behavior, milk yield, and body weight of dairy cows. To measure the effect of intergroup transfer, four cows were added to a group of 20 cows at 28-day intervals in five trials. The two groups of cows were housed in adjoining lots and fed identical rations from opposite sides of a feed bunk which provided .9 m linear feeding space per cow. Means of the number of agonistic encounters per transferred cow were 9.4, 4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.3, and 2.6 during the 1-h period immediately following the first feeding on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The average dominance values of the transferred cows during the 28 days (.19, .14, and .32) showed no perceptible trend, and mean body weight (567, 569, and 571 kg) was not limited. On day 1 the mean 4% fat-corrected milk yield of the transferred cows decreased .51 kg or 3%, and nontransferred cows increased .01 kg. The decrease in milk yield of the transferred cows was not associated with number of agonistic encounters per se. After day 1 regrouping had no effect on milk yield."}
{"id": "PMID:944202", "title": "Influence of human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy rates in lactating dairy and beef cows.", "content": "Single subcutaneous injection of 1500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin or placebo injections were given at the time of insemination in lactating dairy and beef cows to determine their effects on rates of pregnancy. Pregnancy rates at first service in 161 control and 145 treated dairy cows were 52.8% and 44.8%, respectively. Similar rates for 136 control and 145 treated beef cows were 54.4% and 54.5%. Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin were not effective in stimulating conception rates in lactating dairy or beer cows under field conditions.", "contents": "Influence of human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy rates in lactating dairy and beef cows. Single subcutaneous injection of 1500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin or placebo injections were given at the time of insemination in lactating dairy and beef cows to determine their effects on rates of pregnancy. Pregnancy rates at first service in 161 control and 145 treated dairy cows were 52.8% and 44.8%, respectively. Similar rates for 136 control and 145 treated beef cows were 54.4% and 54.5%. Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin were not effective in stimulating conception rates in lactating dairy or beer cows under field conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:944203", "title": "Studies on Alternaria allergens. I. Establishment of the radioallergosorbent test for measurement of Alternaria allergens.", "content": "The ability to covalently couple Alternaria allergens to microcrystalline cellulose particles has permitted not only the measurement of IgE antibodies to Alternaria in patient serums but also the identification of allergenic fractions from crude Alternaria extracts. Crude aqueous Alternaria extracts from 3 commerical suppliers were coupled to cellulose but failed to bind more than 5% of total radioactive counts (TRC) when reacted with serums from highly sensitive patients. Fractionation of a commercial extract through Sephadex G-25 showed that almost all allergenic activity was located in a protein- and carbohydrate-containing peak eluting at the column void volume. These fractions were pooled and coupled to cellulose to yield a RAST polymer which produced up to 20% TRC binding when tested with serums from over 100 Alternaria-sensitive patients, and only up to 1% TRC binding with 17 nonallergic serums. The study of commercial Alternaria extracts by chromatographic and Rast inhibition techniques showed that present extracts are neither qualitatively or quantitatively comparable.", "contents": "Studies on Alternaria allergens. I. Establishment of the radioallergosorbent test for measurement of Alternaria allergens. The ability to covalently couple Alternaria allergens to microcrystalline cellulose particles has permitted not only the measurement of IgE antibodies to Alternaria in patient serums but also the identification of allergenic fractions from crude Alternaria extracts. Crude aqueous Alternaria extracts from 3 commerical suppliers were coupled to cellulose but failed to bind more than 5% of total radioactive counts (TRC) when reacted with serums from highly sensitive patients. Fractionation of a commercial extract through Sephadex G-25 showed that almost all allergenic activity was located in a protein- and carbohydrate-containing peak eluting at the column void volume. These fractions were pooled and coupled to cellulose to yield a RAST polymer which produced up to 20% TRC binding when tested with serums from over 100 Alternaria-sensitive patients, and only up to 1% TRC binding with 17 nonallergic serums. The study of commercial Alternaria extracts by chromatographic and Rast inhibition techniques showed that present extracts are neither qualitatively or quantitatively comparable."}
{"id": "PMID:944204", "title": "Volumetric studies of aeroallergen prevalence. I. Pollens of weedy forbs at a midwestern station.", "content": "Volumetric levels of pollens derived from broad-leaved herbaceous plant species heve been determined at a midwestern urban site with suction and rotating arm samplers. The resulting data confirm an abundance of ragweed and nettle emanations but suggest that those of plantains, chenopods, and amaranths achieve modest levels, at best, despite their prominence in gravity slide recoveries. Regular seasonal occurrence periods for pollens, including those of entemophilous composites, the hophemp group, wilg grape, and the mustard and pea families, were evident in volumetric recoveries. In general, prevalence peaks of the most prominent pollen types correlated with intermediate, rather than extreme, values for air speed and relative humidity.", "contents": "Volumetric studies of aeroallergen prevalence. I. Pollens of weedy forbs at a midwestern station. Volumetric levels of pollens derived from broad-leaved herbaceous plant species heve been determined at a midwestern urban site with suction and rotating arm samplers. The resulting data confirm an abundance of ragweed and nettle emanations but suggest that those of plantains, chenopods, and amaranths achieve modest levels, at best, despite their prominence in gravity slide recoveries. Regular seasonal occurrence periods for pollens, including those of entemophilous composites, the hophemp group, wilg grape, and the mustard and pea families, were evident in volumetric recoveries. In general, prevalence peaks of the most prominent pollen types correlated with intermediate, rather than extreme, values for air speed and relative humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:944205", "title": "The total eosinophil count in asthmatic children.", "content": "The diurnal variation in total eosinophil count (TEC) in asthmatic children not on medications or on thophylline-containing bronchodilators orally every 6 hr is similar to that reported in normal subjects, with a decrease in TEC in the morning and an increase in the evening. Asthmatic children taking prednisone in 8:00 A.M. on alternate days have diurnal variations in TEC on the \"day off\" prednisone similar to those on normal children. On the \"day on\" prednisone, administered either on a daily or alternate-day basis, TECs approach zero 4 to 8 hr after prednisone is taken. The TEC then increases in the evening as it does in children not taking prednisone.", "contents": "The total eosinophil count in asthmatic children. The diurnal variation in total eosinophil count (TEC) in asthmatic children not on medications or on thophylline-containing bronchodilators orally every 6 hr is similar to that reported in normal subjects, with a decrease in TEC in the morning and an increase in the evening. Asthmatic children taking prednisone in 8:00 A.M. on alternate days have diurnal variations in TEC on the \"day off\" prednisone similar to those on normal children. On the \"day on\" prednisone, administered either on a daily or alternate-day basis, TECs approach zero 4 to 8 hr after prednisone is taken. The TEC then increases in the evening as it does in children not taking prednisone."}
{"id": "PMID:944210", "title": "[Use of filter paper to identify antibodies against Myxovirus influenzae].", "content": "A total of 165 sera and 142 eluates from filtration papers impreggnated with whole blood were examined in reaction of complement fixation against A/Hong Kong 1/68 (H3N2) and B/Johannesburg 3/56 virus. To perform HIT 152 sera and 155 eluates were used. The results obtained were elaborated statistically. The method of filtration papers does not seem to be suitable for HIT, whereas the CFT was in several cases practicable.", "contents": "[Use of filter paper to identify antibodies against Myxovirus influenzae]. A total of 165 sera and 142 eluates from filtration papers impreggnated with whole blood were examined in reaction of complement fixation against A/Hong Kong 1/68 (H3N2) and B/Johannesburg 3/56 virus. To perform HIT 152 sera and 155 eluates were used. The results obtained were elaborated statistically. The method of filtration papers does not seem to be suitable for HIT, whereas the CFT was in several cases practicable."}
{"id": "PMID:944207", "title": "Factors influencing serum cholesterol levels in swine.", "content": "Factors that influence serum cholesterol levels in swine were examined. Body weight and dam had significant influences on the serum cholesterol levels. No effects of age of pig (50-59 days of age), sex, farrow, sire, or litter size on serum cholesterol levels were detected. The heritability of serum cholesterol in swine estimated in this study is about 25 percent. Two generations of selection appear to have produced lines of pigs characterized by serum cholesterol levels that are genetically distinct with an estimate of realized heritability of 0.22.", "contents": "Factors influencing serum cholesterol levels in swine. Factors that influence serum cholesterol levels in swine were examined. Body weight and dam had significant influences on the serum cholesterol levels. No effects of age of pig (50-59 days of age), sex, farrow, sire, or litter size on serum cholesterol levels were detected. The heritability of serum cholesterol in swine estimated in this study is about 25 percent. Two generations of selection appear to have produced lines of pigs characterized by serum cholesterol levels that are genetically distinct with an estimate of realized heritability of 0.22."}
{"id": "PMID:944211", "title": "Single - dose immunization of human subjects against tetanus.", "content": "A study was performed on human subjects to assess the effectiveness of single-dose immunization with 20 CU (1 ml) of adsorbed tetanus toxoid followed by revaccination with 10 CU (0.5 ml) 1 year later. Out of 1187 students, only those were selected for observation whose blood serum did not contain tetanus antitoxin (titre less than 0.001 IU/ml); this group counted 283 students. After administering the 20 CU (1 ml) of toxoid the antitoxin titre was repeatedly checked on days 10--15 and persons whose titre had risen to over 0.01 IU/ml were excluded from observation. The remaining 109 persons were tested for the antitoxin level 1 year later and revaccinated with 10 CU of tetanus toxoid. After 10--15 days their postrevaccination titre was determined. The single-dose immunization with 20 CU of tetanus toxoid in human subjects not given tetanus antigen previously was accompanied by a gradul rise in the antitoxin titre up to the protective level and its maintenance for 1 year (observation time) until revaccination. Revaccination with 10 CU of toxoid provided in 10--15 days a multiple (100--197fold) increase of the antitoxin titre, many times exceeding the protective level. The usefulness of transition to the shortened immunization scheme for tetanus prophylaxis of the adult population is discussed.", "contents": "Single - dose immunization of human subjects against tetanus. A study was performed on human subjects to assess the effectiveness of single-dose immunization with 20 CU (1 ml) of adsorbed tetanus toxoid followed by revaccination with 10 CU (0.5 ml) 1 year later. Out of 1187 students, only those were selected for observation whose blood serum did not contain tetanus antitoxin (titre less than 0.001 IU/ml); this group counted 283 students. After administering the 20 CU (1 ml) of toxoid the antitoxin titre was repeatedly checked on days 10--15 and persons whose titre had risen to over 0.01 IU/ml were excluded from observation. The remaining 109 persons were tested for the antitoxin level 1 year later and revaccinated with 10 CU of tetanus toxoid. After 10--15 days their postrevaccination titre was determined. The single-dose immunization with 20 CU of tetanus toxoid in human subjects not given tetanus antigen previously was accompanied by a gradul rise in the antitoxin titre up to the protective level and its maintenance for 1 year (observation time) until revaccination. Revaccination with 10 CU of toxoid provided in 10--15 days a multiple (100--197fold) increase of the antitoxin titre, many times exceeding the protective level. The usefulness of transition to the shortened immunization scheme for tetanus prophylaxis of the adult population is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944208", "title": "Predicting selection response for growth of channel catfish.", "content": "Estimates of heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations were obtained for body length and weight at 5 months and body length and weight at 15 months in channel catfish. The estimates were obtained from a half-sib analysis by mating 20 males to two females each, producing 20 half-sib and 40 full-sib progeny families. Mortality of fish during the study reduced the number of families to 17 half-sib and 34 full-sib. Comparisons of selection methods were made for body length at 5 months and body weight at 15 months. The results of the study show: 1) heritability estimates for body length and weight at 5 months was 0.12 and 0.61, respectively,  and body length and weight at 15 months was 0.67 and 0.75, respectively; 2) from the magnitude of the estimates of heritability, it can be inferred that large amounts of additive genetic variance exist in three of the traits (length at 5 months and length and weight at 15 months) and that selection for these traits should be successful; 3) estimates of phenotypic correlation among the four traits ranged from 0.90 to 0.30, and genotypic correlation among the four traits ranged from 1.47 to 0.71; 4) the magnitude and positive nature of the genetic correlations indicated that simultaneous selection for the four traits in channel catfish would be effective; and 5) comparisons of predicted response under individual, indirect and index selection, show that selection on an index based on all four traits gives maximum response in length at 5 months and weight at 15 months.", "contents": "Predicting selection response for growth of channel catfish. Estimates of heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations were obtained for body length and weight at 5 months and body length and weight at 15 months in channel catfish. The estimates were obtained from a half-sib analysis by mating 20 males to two females each, producing 20 half-sib and 40 full-sib progeny families. Mortality of fish during the study reduced the number of families to 17 half-sib and 34 full-sib. Comparisons of selection methods were made for body length at 5 months and body weight at 15 months. The results of the study show: 1) heritability estimates for body length and weight at 5 months was 0.12 and 0.61, respectively,  and body length and weight at 15 months was 0.67 and 0.75, respectively; 2) from the magnitude of the estimates of heritability, it can be inferred that large amounts of additive genetic variance exist in three of the traits (length at 5 months and length and weight at 15 months) and that selection for these traits should be successful; 3) estimates of phenotypic correlation among the four traits ranged from 0.90 to 0.30, and genotypic correlation among the four traits ranged from 1.47 to 0.71; 4) the magnitude and positive nature of the genetic correlations indicated that simultaneous selection for the four traits in channel catfish would be effective; and 5) comparisons of predicted response under individual, indirect and index selection, show that selection on an index based on all four traits gives maximum response in length at 5 months and weight at 15 months."}
{"id": "PMID:944212", "title": "Experimental studies on the protective effect of the M. bovis BCG against tumors in mice.", "content": "Experiments on white mice demonstrated a certain protective effect of M. bovis Prague strain when using Krebs ascitic tumor cells in various dilutions. The survival of vaccinated mice was significantly higher as compared with non-vaccinated controls. Similar results were obtained in experiments with the Bulgarian preparation F. 70.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the protective effect of the M. bovis BCG against tumors in mice. Experiments on white mice demonstrated a certain protective effect of M. bovis Prague strain when using Krebs ascitic tumor cells in various dilutions. The survival of vaccinated mice was significantly higher as compared with non-vaccinated controls. Similar results were obtained in experiments with the Bulgarian preparation F. 70."}
{"id": "PMID:944215", "title": "Study of inhalation toxicity of performic, peracetic and perpropionic acid in mice.", "content": "The acute and subacute inhalation toxicity of laboratory performic, peracetic and stabilized aqueous peracetic acid solution. The differences in the toxicity of the studied of the commercial preparation Persteril for mice was studied. Persteril is a 40% peracids were not statistically significant. The histological findings in the lung tissue of intoxicated mice show that the effet of the given peracids is qualitatively the same. Although their toxicity is not very high, in repared inhalation they can induce temporary pathomorphological lesions in the lung parenchyma and have a negative effect on the development of mice in concentrations of about only 70 mg/m3 air. As regards their inhalation toxicity, performic and perpropionic acid have no advantages over peracetic acid for practical use in the air disinfection. The findings show that it is necessary for persons carrying out spatial disinfection with one of the studied peracids to wear an protective mask.", "contents": "Study of inhalation toxicity of performic, peracetic and perpropionic acid in mice. The acute and subacute inhalation toxicity of laboratory performic, peracetic and stabilized aqueous peracetic acid solution. The differences in the toxicity of the studied of the commercial preparation Persteril for mice was studied. Persteril is a 40% peracids were not statistically significant. The histological findings in the lung tissue of intoxicated mice show that the effet of the given peracids is qualitatively the same. Although their toxicity is not very high, in repared inhalation they can induce temporary pathomorphological lesions in the lung parenchyma and have a negative effect on the development of mice in concentrations of about only 70 mg/m3 air. As regards their inhalation toxicity, performic and perpropionic acid have no advantages over peracetic acid for practical use in the air disinfection. The findings show that it is necessary for persons carrying out spatial disinfection with one of the studied peracids to wear an protective mask."}
{"id": "PMID:944216", "title": "[On the epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell 1918. 4th communication: evidence of Dientamoeba fragilis in Enterobius eggs using isoelectric point determination].", "content": "By means of the method of determining the isoelectric point, the same conditions of absorption and stain intensity as in Dientamoeba cultivation forms were determined in cells found in Enterobius vermicularis eggs of Dientamoeba fragilis carried. By that way, identity of both stages, as well as function of pinworms as Dientamoeba fragilis vectors were confirmed.", "contents": "[On the epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis Jepps and Dobell 1918. 4th communication: evidence of Dientamoeba fragilis in Enterobius eggs using isoelectric point determination]. By means of the method of determining the isoelectric point, the same conditions of absorption and stain intensity as in Dientamoeba cultivation forms were determined in cells found in Enterobius vermicularis eggs of Dientamoeba fragilis carried. By that way, identity of both stages, as well as function of pinworms as Dientamoeba fragilis vectors were confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:944217", "title": "European suslik as a possible carrier of plague in natural foci in eastern Europe.", "content": "It is possible that the outbreaks of plague observed in Roumania and Bulgaria in the 19th century were of local origin because marmots and susliks--known as the main carriers of plague in nature--were widely spread on the territory of these countries. In the subsequent years, marmots died out in consequence of the economic activity of man and the habitats of susliks became sporadic and occurred in small foci. However, data obtained in the last few decades point out the possibility of long-term preservation of plague infection in the populations of rodents occupying small areas of land. The presence of the European suslik in the countries of Eastern Europe and the fleas parasitizing on the rodent, capable of transferring plague infection, permit the authors to raise the question of a possible occurrence of natural foci of plague in Roumania and Bulgaria. Data are given demonstrating the suitability of an extensive epidemiological reconnaissance in these countries.", "contents": "European suslik as a possible carrier of plague in natural foci in eastern Europe. It is possible that the outbreaks of plague observed in Roumania and Bulgaria in the 19th century were of local origin because marmots and susliks--known as the main carriers of plague in nature--were widely spread on the territory of these countries. In the subsequent years, marmots died out in consequence of the economic activity of man and the habitats of susliks became sporadic and occurred in small foci. However, data obtained in the last few decades point out the possibility of long-term preservation of plague infection in the populations of rodents occupying small areas of land. The presence of the European suslik in the countries of Eastern Europe and the fleas parasitizing on the rodent, capable of transferring plague infection, permit the authors to raise the question of a possible occurrence of natural foci of plague in Roumania and Bulgaria. Data are given demonstrating the suitability of an extensive epidemiological reconnaissance in these countries."}
{"id": "PMID:944219", "title": "An epidemic of trichinosis after ingestion of wild pig in Hawaii.", "content": "Forty-five percent of young adults who ate roast wild pig at a  barbecue in Hawaii experienced an illness compatible with trichinosis. Eosinophilia was present in all of those who were ill and in none who remained well. There were no positive results in skin tests with commercial skin-test antigen. Latex agglutination and counterelectrophoresis were equally good methods for the diagnosis of trichinosis and were more sensitive than the bentonite flocculation test. Levels of IgE in those with illness and eosinophilia were not significantly different from the levels in persons who remained well. It is concluded that skin tests should be abandoned until an improved antigen becomes available, that the relative value of diagnostic serologic methods require continued evaluation, and that levels of IgE may not rise significantly after trichinosis.", "contents": "An epidemic of trichinosis after ingestion of wild pig in Hawaii. Forty-five percent of young adults who ate roast wild pig at a  barbecue in Hawaii experienced an illness compatible with trichinosis. Eosinophilia was present in all of those who were ill and in none who remained well. There were no positive results in skin tests with commercial skin-test antigen. Latex agglutination and counterelectrophoresis were equally good methods for the diagnosis of trichinosis and were more sensitive than the bentonite flocculation test. Levels of IgE in those with illness and eosinophilia were not significantly different from the levels in persons who remained well. It is concluded that skin tests should be abandoned until an improved antigen becomes available, that the relative value of diagnostic serologic methods require continued evaluation, and that levels of IgE may not rise significantly after trichinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:944233", "title": "The requirement for C3 receptors on the precursors of 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells.", "content": "The main conclusion from this study is that C3 receptors are not required for the generation from B cells of a thymus-dependent 7S antibody response. The requirement for C3 receptors on the precursors of antibody-forming cells was studied in an adoptive transfer system using thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from primed rats as a source of precursors and irradiated recipients as hosts. 7S precursors were found in both the CR+ and the CR- fractions of TDL and it was established that the response transferred by CR- cells did not arise from either a raidoresistant B cell in the host or from CR+ cells contaminating the CR- population. Thus, the C3 receptor is not obligatory for B-cell-T-cell cooperation in the 7S response. The precursors of 19S antibody-forming cells were found only in the CR+ subpopulation. The CR-Ig+ subpopulation was shown to contain all the B blasts in rat TDL and a very small number (approximately 1% of all TDL) of small lymphocytes. This latter population contained the CR- 7S precursors and contributed approximately 20% of the total adoptive secondary 7S response transferred by CR+ and CR- subpopulations combined. This observation suggests that the percentage of rat TDL committed to carry 7S memory is small, a conclusion which is confirmed and extended in the following paper.", "contents": "The requirement for C3 receptors on the precursors of 19S and 7S antibody-forming cells. The main conclusion from this study is that C3 receptors are not required for the generation from B cells of a thymus-dependent 7S antibody response. The requirement for C3 receptors on the precursors of antibody-forming cells was studied in an adoptive transfer system using thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from primed rats as a source of precursors and irradiated recipients as hosts. 7S precursors were found in both the CR+ and the CR- fractions of TDL and it was established that the response transferred by CR- cells did not arise from either a raidoresistant B cell in the host or from CR+ cells contaminating the CR- population. Thus, the C3 receptor is not obligatory for B-cell-T-cell cooperation in the 7S response. The precursors of 19S antibody-forming cells were found only in the CR+ subpopulation. The CR-Ig+ subpopulation was shown to contain all the B blasts in rat TDL and a very small number (approximately 1% of all TDL) of small lymphocytes. This latter population contained the CR- 7S precursors and contributed approximately 20% of the total adoptive secondary 7S response transferred by CR+ and CR- subpopulations combined. This observation suggests that the percentage of rat TDL committed to carry 7S memory is small, a conclusion which is confirmed and extended in the following paper."}
{"id": "PMID:944234", "title": "Tryptophan biosynthesis in Coprinus lagopus: a genetic analysis of mutants.", "content": "Thirty-one tryptophan-requiring mutants of Coprinus lagopus have been assigned by genetic and complementation analyses to four loci designated trp-I, trp-2, trp-3 and trp-4. The trp-1 and trp-3 loci were located in group III and trp-2 in group G of the linkage map. The trp-4 locus showed no linkage to the other trp loci or to markers in three additional linkage groups tested. From auxanographic tests and a study of accumulated biosynthetic intermediates, the enzymes controlled by each locus have been provisionally assigned. The trp-2 and trp-3 loci both appear necessary for anthranilate synthetase activity since mutants accumulated no intermediates. Only the trp-3 mutant could utilize anthranilic acid, therefore the trp-2 locus must also be involved in a subsequent step in the pathway. The trp-4 mutants utilized indole and accumulated anthranilic acid, and hence this locus is involved in the conversion of anthranilic acid to indoleglycerol phosphate. The trp-1 mutants utilized only tryptophan and accumulated indoleglycerol phosphophate and anthranilic acid. They are therefore blocked in the final steps of the pathway catalysed by tryptophan synthetase.", "contents": "Tryptophan biosynthesis in Coprinus lagopus: a genetic analysis of mutants. Thirty-one tryptophan-requiring mutants of Coprinus lagopus have been assigned by genetic and complementation analyses to four loci designated trp-I, trp-2, trp-3 and trp-4. The trp-1 and trp-3 loci were located in group III and trp-2 in group G of the linkage map. The trp-4 locus showed no linkage to the other trp loci or to markers in three additional linkage groups tested. From auxanographic tests and a study of accumulated biosynthetic intermediates, the enzymes controlled by each locus have been provisionally assigned. The trp-2 and trp-3 loci both appear necessary for anthranilate synthetase activity since mutants accumulated no intermediates. Only the trp-3 mutant could utilize anthranilic acid, therefore the trp-2 locus must also be involved in a subsequent step in the pathway. The trp-4 mutants utilized indole and accumulated anthranilic acid, and hence this locus is involved in the conversion of anthranilic acid to indoleglycerol phosphate. The trp-1 mutants utilized only tryptophan and accumulated indoleglycerol phosphophate and anthranilic acid. They are therefore blocked in the final steps of the pathway catalysed by tryptophan synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:944235", "title": "Lability of RNA from the large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit of the protozoon Crithidia oncopelti.", "content": "Cytoplasmic ribosomalRNA extracted from Crithidia oncopelti and analysed by gel electrophoresis at 4 degrees C consisted of two components, with molecular weights (relative to E. coli rRNA) of 1-30 X 10(6) and 0-83 X 10(6) daltons, present in equimolar amounts. On heating briefly at 51 degrees C followed by rapid cooling, the 1-30 X 10(6) RNA completely dissociated into two components of molecular weights 0-70 X 10(6) and 0-56 X 10(6) (present in equimolar amounts). Fifty per cent dissociation of the molecule occurred at 28 degrees C. That the integrity of the RNA molecule at low temperatures is maintained by its secondary structure was confirmed by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (98%, v/v, formamide). To account for these phenomena, latent cleavage of the molecule in vivo is proposed.", "contents": "Lability of RNA from the large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit of the protozoon Crithidia oncopelti. Cytoplasmic ribosomalRNA extracted from Crithidia oncopelti and analysed by gel electrophoresis at 4 degrees C consisted of two components, with molecular weights (relative to E. coli rRNA) of 1-30 X 10(6) and 0-83 X 10(6) daltons, present in equimolar amounts. On heating briefly at 51 degrees C followed by rapid cooling, the 1-30 X 10(6) RNA completely dissociated into two components of molecular weights 0-70 X 10(6) and 0-56 X 10(6) (present in equimolar amounts). Fifty per cent dissociation of the molecule occurred at 28 degrees C. That the integrity of the RNA molecule at low temperatures is maintained by its secondary structure was confirmed by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (98%, v/v, formamide). To account for these phenomena, latent cleavage of the molecule in vivo is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:944236", "title": "The mechanism of beta-bungarotoxin action. I. Modification of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The protein, beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bungarus multicinctus, is known to inhibit mitochondrial function. Within 30 min after adding the toxin to a rat diaphragmphrenic nerve preparation, the quantal content increased tenfold and the frequency of miniature endplate potentials increased fourfold. No increase in miniature endplate potential frequency was seen in the absence of extracellular calcium. Since mitochondria may be involved in regulating intracellular calcium levels, the rate at which the transmitter release is turned off was studied by measuring delayed release in the presence and absence of toxin. Delayed release is elevated about eightfold by the toxin. If delayed release is due to residual calcium, as has been hypothesized, these data may be explained if the toxin does not alter the amount of calcium which enters the terminal, but rather the rate at which that calcium is removed. Alternatively, a calcium-dependent modification of the release process itself might be produced. The eventual reduction in transmitter output did not appear to result from depletion of the terminal of releaseable packets of transmitter, but does require extracellular calcium.", "contents": "The mechanism of beta-bungarotoxin action. I. Modification of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. The protein, beta-bungarotoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bungarus multicinctus, is known to inhibit mitochondrial function. Within 30 min after adding the toxin to a rat diaphragmphrenic nerve preparation, the quantal content increased tenfold and the frequency of miniature endplate potentials increased fourfold. No increase in miniature endplate potential frequency was seen in the absence of extracellular calcium. Since mitochondria may be involved in regulating intracellular calcium levels, the rate at which the transmitter release is turned off was studied by measuring delayed release in the presence and absence of toxin. Delayed release is elevated about eightfold by the toxin. If delayed release is due to residual calcium, as has been hypothesized, these data may be explained if the toxin does not alter the amount of calcium which enters the terminal, but rather the rate at which that calcium is removed. Alternatively, a calcium-dependent modification of the release process itself might be produced. The eventual reduction in transmitter output did not appear to result from depletion of the terminal of releaseable packets of transmitter, but does require extracellular calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:944237", "title": "Membrane marker movement on sympathetic axons in tissue culture.", "content": "In cultures of dissociated chick sympathetic ganglia, retrograde (someatopetal) movement of concanavalin A receptors in the axolemma can be observed directly. Such movement was visualized by using concanavalin A coated red blood cells (ConA-RBCs) as membrane markers. Forty-eight percent of all ConA-RBCs which bound to sympathetic nerve fibers moved somatopetally at rates ranging from 11-84 mu/hr with a mean and standard error of 49 +/- 6 mu/hr (n = 18). On nongrowing nerve fibers, the ConA-RBCs within 60 mu of the cell body showed retrograde movement, while on elongating neurites only those markers within 30 mu showed such movement. The rate of retrograde ConA-RBC movement appeared to increase with distance from the cell soma. The binding of ConA-RBCs to sympathetic neurites was specific for concanavalin A receptors since pretreatment with either concanavalin A or alpha-methyl-glucopyranoside prevented this binding. Untreated polystyrene beads (1.1 mu) which bound nonspecifically to the neurite membrane also showed retrograde movement. These beads moved somatopetally at rates similar to those of the ConA-RBCs but did so regardless of their initial distance from the soma. These data suggest that retrograde movement of surface elements might be a general property of cultured sympathetic nerve fibers.", "contents": "Membrane marker movement on sympathetic axons in tissue culture. In cultures of dissociated chick sympathetic ganglia, retrograde (someatopetal) movement of concanavalin A receptors in the axolemma can be observed directly. Such movement was visualized by using concanavalin A coated red blood cells (ConA-RBCs) as membrane markers. Forty-eight percent of all ConA-RBCs which bound to sympathetic nerve fibers moved somatopetally at rates ranging from 11-84 mu/hr with a mean and standard error of 49 +/- 6 mu/hr (n = 18). On nongrowing nerve fibers, the ConA-RBCs within 60 mu of the cell body showed retrograde movement, while on elongating neurites only those markers within 30 mu showed such movement. The rate of retrograde ConA-RBC movement appeared to increase with distance from the cell soma. The binding of ConA-RBCs to sympathetic neurites was specific for concanavalin A receptors since pretreatment with either concanavalin A or alpha-methyl-glucopyranoside prevented this binding. Untreated polystyrene beads (1.1 mu) which bound nonspecifically to the neurite membrane also showed retrograde movement. These beads moved somatopetally at rates similar to those of the ConA-RBCs but did so regardless of their initial distance from the soma. These data suggest that retrograde movement of surface elements might be a general property of cultured sympathetic nerve fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:944238", "title": "Spontaneous bioelectric activity of cultured Purkinje cells during exposure to glutamate, glycine, and strychnine.", "content": "The addition of glutamate to the bathing medium increased the average firing rate of cerebellar rat Purkinje cells in vitro. At concentrations lower than 10(-6) M, there was no deviation from controls in the firing pattern or rate that was detectable. At 10(-3) M glutamate, the amplitude of the action potentials was gradually decreased until all activity was abolished. The action of glutamate was rapid in onset and reversible. Glycine produced sustained depression of firing at concentrations higher than 10(-3) M. This inhibition was strychnine-insensitive and considered nonspecific. Strychnine, on the other hand, exerted an excitatory influence on Purkinje cells when applied at low concentrations (10(-8) TO 10(-6) M). The firing became more irregular and complex discharges appeared. Higher concentrations of strychnine (greater than 10(-5) M) inhibited the spontaneous activity. The effect of strychnine was partly reversible. The data suggest that low concentrations of strychnine lower the threshold for inputs at excitatory as well as inhibitory synapses.", "contents": "Spontaneous bioelectric activity of cultured Purkinje cells during exposure to glutamate, glycine, and strychnine. The addition of glutamate to the bathing medium increased the average firing rate of cerebellar rat Purkinje cells in vitro. At concentrations lower than 10(-6) M, there was no deviation from controls in the firing pattern or rate that was detectable. At 10(-3) M glutamate, the amplitude of the action potentials was gradually decreased until all activity was abolished. The action of glutamate was rapid in onset and reversible. Glycine produced sustained depression of firing at concentrations higher than 10(-3) M. This inhibition was strychnine-insensitive and considered nonspecific. Strychnine, on the other hand, exerted an excitatory influence on Purkinje cells when applied at low concentrations (10(-8) TO 10(-6) M). The firing became more irregular and complex discharges appeared. Higher concentrations of strychnine (greater than 10(-5) M) inhibited the spontaneous activity. The effect of strychnine was partly reversible. The data suggest that low concentrations of strychnine lower the threshold for inputs at excitatory as well as inhibitory synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:944242", "title": "Eales' disease with neurological involvement Part 1. Clinical features in 9 patients.", "content": "Nine patients with characteristic changes of Eales' disease in the eye in whom there was neurological involvement, have been described. The characteristic neurological picture comprised an acute or subacute myelopathy occurring at an interval of a few weeks to a few years after the eye episode; in only 1 patient was there cerebral involvement without any evidence of myelopathy. Besides the involvement of spinal cord at the dorsal level in the 8 patients, there was evidence of additional lesions in the brain stem in 1 patient and in the cervical cord in another.", "contents": "Eales' disease with neurological involvement Part 1. Clinical features in 9 patients. Nine patients with characteristic changes of Eales' disease in the eye in whom there was neurological involvement, have been described. The characteristic neurological picture comprised an acute or subacute myelopathy occurring at an interval of a few weeks to a few years after the eye episode; in only 1 patient was there cerebral involvement without any evidence of myelopathy. Besides the involvement of spinal cord at the dorsal level in the 8 patients, there was evidence of additional lesions in the brain stem in 1 patient and in the cervical cord in another."}
{"id": "PMID:944243", "title": "Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer.", "content": "Forty patients aged 20 years or less who had been treated with 131I after surgery for papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma were contacted for followup study. Five had died and two were unmarried; the remaining 33 were studied with respect to their subsequent reproductive histories and the health of the offspring. The mean age at the time of the first 131I therapeutic dose was 14.6 years (range 6-20), and the average followup interval, from that first dose until followup, was 18.7 years (range 14-25). The mean total dose of 131I was 196 mCi (range 80-691). The incidences of infertility (12%), miscarriage (1.4%), prematurity (8%), and major congenital anomaly (1.4%) found in this series are not significantly different from those in the general population. Thus, our study offers no overt evidence of genetic damage in children and adolescents treated with high doses of 131I for thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer. Forty patients aged 20 years or less who had been treated with 131I after surgery for papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma were contacted for followup study. Five had died and two were unmarried; the remaining 33 were studied with respect to their subsequent reproductive histories and the health of the offspring. The mean age at the time of the first 131I therapeutic dose was 14.6 years (range 6-20), and the average followup interval, from that first dose until followup, was 18.7 years (range 14-25). The mean total dose of 131I was 196 mCi (range 80-691). The incidences of infertility (12%), miscarriage (1.4%), prematurity (8%), and major congenital anomaly (1.4%) found in this series are not significantly different from those in the general population. Thus, our study offers no overt evidence of genetic damage in children and adolescents treated with high doses of 131I for thyroid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:944244", "title": "Effects of a single intoxicating dose of ethanol on the vitamin profile of organelles in rat liver and brain.", "content": "The effects of a single, oral, intoxicating dose of ethanol (EtOH, 9 g/kg body weight) on the distribution of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in various subcellular fractions of eight rat livers and eight rat brains was surveyed. Results were compared to eight other rats receiving a similar dose of saline (controls). Both organs showed redistribution of vitamins among the various organelles after EtOH was given. In saline-treated animals the nucleus and cytosol of the liver contained the highest proportion of all vitamins and the microsomes and lysosomes contained the least. As compared to controls, EtHO ingestion generally caused the mitochondria and microsomes to accumulate vitamins, while vitamins in the lysosomes were decreased. A different pattern was seen in the brain after EtOH administration. Except for thiamin and niacin, the whole brain vitamins were higher than those in controls; they were primarily concentrated in the brain nucleus and mitochondria. It was concluded that changes in the organelle vitamin content of the liver were the result of EtOH injury. The simultaneous attempt to repair the injury was manifested by the by the sequestration of vitamins in the organelles of EtOH-treated animals as compared to controls.", "contents": "Effects of a single intoxicating dose of ethanol on the vitamin profile of organelles in rat liver and brain. The effects of a single, oral, intoxicating dose of ethanol (EtOH, 9 g/kg body weight) on the distribution of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in various subcellular fractions of eight rat livers and eight rat brains was surveyed. Results were compared to eight other rats receiving a similar dose of saline (controls). Both organs showed redistribution of vitamins among the various organelles after EtOH was given. In saline-treated animals the nucleus and cytosol of the liver contained the highest proportion of all vitamins and the microsomes and lysosomes contained the least. As compared to controls, EtHO ingestion generally caused the mitochondria and microsomes to accumulate vitamins, while vitamins in the lysosomes were decreased. A different pattern was seen in the brain after EtOH administration. Except for thiamin and niacin, the whole brain vitamins were higher than those in controls; they were primarily concentrated in the brain nucleus and mitochondria. It was concluded that changes in the organelle vitamin content of the liver were the result of EtOH injury. The simultaneous attempt to repair the injury was manifested by the by the sequestration of vitamins in the organelles of EtOH-treated animals as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:944245", "title": "Yolk lipids of developing atherosclerosis susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis resistant Show Racer pigeon embryos.", "content": "The lipid composition of yolks of developing embryonic atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) and -resistant Show Racer (SR) pigeons was analyzed to determine whether embryonic nutrition might be a factor in the difference in susceptibility to aortic atherosclerosis. The yolks of 1-day and 18-day old embryos were analyzed, and the amounts of phospholipid, sterol, non-esterified fatty acid, triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and hydrocarbon were determined. On the first day of development in both breeds, triglycerides composed 80% of the total lipid content of the yolk; phospholipids, cholesteryl ester, sterols and non-esterified fatty acids comprised the rest. There was no difference between breeds in the amount of lipid in each class or in the total lipid. Therefore, the initial lipid diet of these embryos is not a factor in development of the disease. Examination of the yolk just prior to hatching, revealed that in both breeds there was a significant decrease in total yolk lipids, but unequal utilization of lipid constitutents between breeds. Significantly higher amounts of phospholipids remained in the yolk of the WC pigeons. During embryogenesis, the SR pigeons consumed significantly more of each lipid than the atherosclerosis-susceptible breed. This may indicate that there is a difference between the two breeds in lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Yolk lipids of developing atherosclerosis susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis resistant Show Racer pigeon embryos. The lipid composition of yolks of developing embryonic atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau (WC) and -resistant Show Racer (SR) pigeons was analyzed to determine whether embryonic nutrition might be a factor in the difference in susceptibility to aortic atherosclerosis. The yolks of 1-day and 18-day old embryos were analyzed, and the amounts of phospholipid, sterol, non-esterified fatty acid, triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and hydrocarbon were determined. On the first day of development in both breeds, triglycerides composed 80% of the total lipid content of the yolk; phospholipids, cholesteryl ester, sterols and non-esterified fatty acids comprised the rest. There was no difference between breeds in the amount of lipid in each class or in the total lipid. Therefore, the initial lipid diet of these embryos is not a factor in development of the disease. Examination of the yolk just prior to hatching, revealed that in both breeds there was a significant decrease in total yolk lipids, but unequal utilization of lipid constitutents between breeds. Significantly higher amounts of phospholipids remained in the yolk of the WC pigeons. During embryogenesis, the SR pigeons consumed significantly more of each lipid than the atherosclerosis-susceptible breed. This may indicate that there is a difference between the two breeds in lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:944246", "title": "Dietary calcium, calcium kinetics and plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in cows.", "content": "Kinetic analysis of radiocalcium data was combined with radioimmunoassays of plasma parathyroid hormone in nonpregnant nonlactating cows 4.5 to 7.8 years of age whose calcium intake was varied from 0.05% to 1.4% of the diet. Calcium intake had no significant effect on plasma concentration of calcium or parathyroid hormone. It had a slight but significant effect on the plasma phosphorus concentration. As calcium intake increased, calcium absorption increased but calcium removal from bone decreased so that total calcium transport into the exchangeable pool remained fairly constant. A decline in calcium clearance with age was accompanied by a fall in plasma parathyroid hormone concentration, and a decrease in calcium transport into the pool. These observations are consistent with feedback controls between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone and calcium transport operating to maintain plasma calcium homeostasis as calcium clearance declined with advancing age.", "contents": "Dietary calcium, calcium kinetics and plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in cows. Kinetic analysis of radiocalcium data was combined with radioimmunoassays of plasma parathyroid hormone in nonpregnant nonlactating cows 4.5 to 7.8 years of age whose calcium intake was varied from 0.05% to 1.4% of the diet. Calcium intake had no significant effect on plasma concentration of calcium or parathyroid hormone. It had a slight but significant effect on the plasma phosphorus concentration. As calcium intake increased, calcium absorption increased but calcium removal from bone decreased so that total calcium transport into the exchangeable pool remained fairly constant. A decline in calcium clearance with age was accompanied by a fall in plasma parathyroid hormone concentration, and a decrease in calcium transport into the pool. These observations are consistent with feedback controls between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone and calcium transport operating to maintain plasma calcium homeostasis as calcium clearance declined with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:944255", "title": "Alterations in peripheral blood leucocyte distribution in response to local inflammatory stimuli in the rat.", "content": "Changes in peripheral blood leucocyte distribution were monitored following subcutaneous injections of turpentine and subcutaneous and intrapleural injections of dextran. The responses in all three groups were similar; marked increases in total counts occurred at 6 hr, due largely to significant increases in neutrophil counts. Increases in lymphocyte counts also occurred and were more marked in the dextran-treated animals. By 12 hr, total counts fell, due to drops in both neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. In both dextran groups, neutrophil counts rose again between 24 and 72 hr, but in the turpentine group the fall persisted until 96 hr before counts reached a second peak at 14 days. In all groups lymphocytes showed an increase again at 18-72 hr. The rise in neutrophil counts observed 6 hr after the injection of turpentine was shown to be due principally to premature release of neutrophils from the bone marrow maturation compartment. Depletion of this compartment resulted in a drop in numbers of circulating neutrophils between 6 and 12 hr, in spite of the continued release of progressively less mature cells. The recovery in neutrophil counts between 72 and 96 hr was thought to be the expression of an increase in the rate of stem cell division. The continued rise to a second peak at 7 days probably resulted from increased marrow cellularity. It is suggested that the fluctuations in peripheral blood leucocyte counts may influence the initial colonisation of the local inflammatory lesion. The increase in neutrophil counts at 6 hr corresponds with the time of maximum neutrophil emigration reported by other workers and the fall in counts at 12 hr corresponds with the time of decreased neutrophil emigration.", "contents": "Alterations in peripheral blood leucocyte distribution in response to local inflammatory stimuli in the rat. Changes in peripheral blood leucocyte distribution were monitored following subcutaneous injections of turpentine and subcutaneous and intrapleural injections of dextran. The responses in all three groups were similar; marked increases in total counts occurred at 6 hr, due largely to significant increases in neutrophil counts. Increases in lymphocyte counts also occurred and were more marked in the dextran-treated animals. By 12 hr, total counts fell, due to drops in both neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. In both dextran groups, neutrophil counts rose again between 24 and 72 hr, but in the turpentine group the fall persisted until 96 hr before counts reached a second peak at 14 days. In all groups lymphocytes showed an increase again at 18-72 hr. The rise in neutrophil counts observed 6 hr after the injection of turpentine was shown to be due principally to premature release of neutrophils from the bone marrow maturation compartment. Depletion of this compartment resulted in a drop in numbers of circulating neutrophils between 6 and 12 hr, in spite of the continued release of progressively less mature cells. The recovery in neutrophil counts between 72 and 96 hr was thought to be the expression of an increase in the rate of stem cell division. The continued rise to a second peak at 7 days probably resulted from increased marrow cellularity. It is suggested that the fluctuations in peripheral blood leucocyte counts may influence the initial colonisation of the local inflammatory lesion. The increase in neutrophil counts at 6 hr corresponds with the time of maximum neutrophil emigration reported by other workers and the fall in counts at 12 hr corresponds with the time of decreased neutrophil emigration."}
{"id": "PMID:944256", "title": "A comparison of the effect of two regimens of infestation on the development of resistance by cattle to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Can.).", "content": "The development of resistance to Boophilus microplus by cattle was studied using sets of cattle twins, in stalls. One twin from each set received 3 infestations of 40,000 larvae and the other a continuous infestation of 1,000 larvae a day over the same period. Sets of twins were then challenged with 1,000 larvae a day for 40 days and 2 field infestations of 20,000 larvae. Correlations of ranking for resistance made at 40-day periods during daily infestations of 1,000 larval ticks or for corresponding intermittent infestations of 40,000 larvae were low until animals had received 120,000 larvae. Thereafter irrespective of method of infestation correlations of ranking were relatively high (r = 0.61-0.96) between periods of infestations or method of infestation including 2 field infestations. Fewer adult female ticks matured on the daily infested animals than on the intermittently infested animals during the treatment period, but animals developed a similar resistance level whether infested with either technique.", "contents": "A comparison of the effect of two regimens of infestation on the development of resistance by cattle to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Can.). The development of resistance to Boophilus microplus by cattle was studied using sets of cattle twins, in stalls. One twin from each set received 3 infestations of 40,000 larvae and the other a continuous infestation of 1,000 larvae a day over the same period. Sets of twins were then challenged with 1,000 larvae a day for 40 days and 2 field infestations of 20,000 larvae. Correlations of ranking for resistance made at 40-day periods during daily infestations of 1,000 larval ticks or for corresponding intermittent infestations of 40,000 larvae were low until animals had received 120,000 larvae. Thereafter irrespective of method of infestation correlations of ranking were relatively high (r = 0.61-0.96) between periods of infestations or method of infestation including 2 field infestations. Fewer adult female ticks matured on the daily infested animals than on the intermittently infested animals during the treatment period, but animals developed a similar resistance level whether infested with either technique."}
{"id": "PMID:944258", "title": "Maternal and postnatal hypermagnesemia and the meconium plug syndrome.", "content": "Thirty dated pregnant Srague-Dawley rats received IM MgSO4 (750 mg/kg/ X 5 days) until birth. Fifteen untreated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats of similar gestation served as controls. A total of 453 rats were born. Ninety neonates (two from each of 45 liters) were randomly removed before suckling, sacrificed, and the water content of the meconium and serum magnesium determined. The remaining 363 bewborn rats were observed for delayed passage of meconium or abdominal distention. Hypermagnesemic (6.3 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml) neonates had neither abdominal distention nor delayed passage of meconium. The water content of meconium in hypermagnesemic rats (84.7 +/- 4.2% and in untreated controls (85.5 +/- 3.8%) were statistically similar. Dated pregnant mongrel dogs were given magnesium sulfate by continuous intravenous infusion and by bolus intravenous injection. The water content of meconium, transit time, and basic electrical rhythm (BER) of treated neonates were similar to untreated neonatal controls. The water content of meconium, transit time, and BER of neonatal dogs made hypermagnesemic (12.0 +/- 1.2 mg/100 ml) in the postnatal period were similar tp untreated neonatal controls. In adult and newborn pupies, receiving a continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion, deep tendon reflexes ceased at serum magnesium levels of 9.0-10.0 mg/100 ml, spontaneous respiration at 14.0-15.0 mg/100 ml, and BER was suppressed (transiently) at 20.0-25.0 mg/10 ml. These data suggest that high (sublethal) doses of MgSO4 in pregnant and newborn animals have little effect on BER, meconium transit time or water content of the neonates. No correlation between MgSO4 treatment and the meconium plug syndrome was observed in the experiments.", "contents": "Maternal and postnatal hypermagnesemia and the meconium plug syndrome. Thirty dated pregnant Srague-Dawley rats received IM MgSO4 (750 mg/kg/ X 5 days) until birth. Fifteen untreated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats of similar gestation served as controls. A total of 453 rats were born. Ninety neonates (two from each of 45 liters) were randomly removed before suckling, sacrificed, and the water content of the meconium and serum magnesium determined. The remaining 363 bewborn rats were observed for delayed passage of meconium or abdominal distention. Hypermagnesemic (6.3 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml) neonates had neither abdominal distention nor delayed passage of meconium. The water content of meconium in hypermagnesemic rats (84.7 +/- 4.2% and in untreated controls (85.5 +/- 3.8%) were statistically similar. Dated pregnant mongrel dogs were given magnesium sulfate by continuous intravenous infusion and by bolus intravenous injection. The water content of meconium, transit time, and basic electrical rhythm (BER) of treated neonates were similar to untreated neonatal controls. The water content of meconium, transit time, and BER of neonatal dogs made hypermagnesemic (12.0 +/- 1.2 mg/100 ml) in the postnatal period were similar tp untreated neonatal controls. In adult and newborn pupies, receiving a continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion, deep tendon reflexes ceased at serum magnesium levels of 9.0-10.0 mg/100 ml, spontaneous respiration at 14.0-15.0 mg/100 ml, and BER was suppressed (transiently) at 20.0-25.0 mg/10 ml. These data suggest that high (sublethal) doses of MgSO4 in pregnant and newborn animals have little effect on BER, meconium transit time or water content of the neonates. No correlation between MgSO4 treatment and the meconium plug syndrome was observed in the experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:944259", "title": "Biosynthesis of deuterated riboflavin: structure determination by NMR and mass spectrometry.", "content": "The riboflavin-producing fungus Eremothecium ashbyii was cultured in various growth media containing high concentrations of deuteriuj, and the product was isolated. The structures of highly deuterated riboflavin, in which at least 13 of 15 nonexchangeable hydrogens were replaced by deuterium, and fully deuterated riboflavin, in which all 15 nonexchangeable sites contained deuterium, were established by NMR and mass spectrometry. The aromatic protons (C-5 and C-8) wer partially substituted in the highly deuterated molecule. Information regarding three areas of the biosynthetic pathway within the microorganism was obtained as a result of the formation of these compounds. Extensive solvent interaction, possibly due to passage of sugar through the transaldolase-transketolase pathway, occurs during formation of the ribityl chain. Limited solvent participation takes place during formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, the immediate precursor of riboflavin. Deuteration of the riboflavin C-6 and C-7 methyl groups indicates significant solvent exchange during the final step of the biosynthetic process.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of deuterated riboflavin: structure determination by NMR and mass spectrometry. The riboflavin-producing fungus Eremothecium ashbyii was cultured in various growth media containing high concentrations of deuteriuj, and the product was isolated. The structures of highly deuterated riboflavin, in which at least 13 of 15 nonexchangeable hydrogens were replaced by deuterium, and fully deuterated riboflavin, in which all 15 nonexchangeable sites contained deuterium, were established by NMR and mass spectrometry. The aromatic protons (C-5 and C-8) wer partially substituted in the highly deuterated molecule. Information regarding three areas of the biosynthetic pathway within the microorganism was obtained as a result of the formation of these compounds. Extensive solvent interaction, possibly due to passage of sugar through the transaldolase-transketolase pathway, occurs during formation of the ribityl chain. Limited solvent participation takes place during formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, the immediate precursor of riboflavin. Deuteration of the riboflavin C-6 and C-7 methyl groups indicates significant solvent exchange during the final step of the biosynthetic process."}
{"id": "PMID:944260", "title": "Changes in sensitivity to apomorphine during morphine dependence and withdrawal in rats.", "content": "Stereotyped behavior induced by injection of apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.p) was measured in control rats, rats made dependent on morphine and dependent rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The dose of apomorphine chosen was approximately the ED50 dose, so that changes in sensitivity to apomorphine in either direction could be determined. Rats which had received a subcutaneous morphine (75 mg) pellet implant 72 hours previously demonstrated an increased sensitivity to apomorphine when compared with placebo-implanted controls. During withdrawal precipitated by injection of naloxone hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) this increased sensitivity disappeared. Naloxone alone, in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg but not 0.2 mg/kg, significantly antagonized apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and these effects of apomorphine were also reduced by an acute injection of morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg). The significance of these findings with regard to changes in central dopaminergic systems during dependence and withdrawal is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in sensitivity to apomorphine during morphine dependence and withdrawal in rats. Stereotyped behavior induced by injection of apomorphine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg i.p) was measured in control rats, rats made dependent on morphine and dependent rats undergoing naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. The dose of apomorphine chosen was approximately the ED50 dose, so that changes in sensitivity to apomorphine in either direction could be determined. Rats which had received a subcutaneous morphine (75 mg) pellet implant 72 hours previously demonstrated an increased sensitivity to apomorphine when compared with placebo-implanted controls. During withdrawal precipitated by injection of naloxone hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) this increased sensitivity disappeared. Naloxone alone, in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg but not 0.2 mg/kg, significantly antagonized apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior and these effects of apomorphine were also reduced by an acute injection of morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg). The significance of these findings with regard to changes in central dopaminergic systems during dependence and withdrawal is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944261", "title": "The production and characterization of antibodies reactive with meperidine.", "content": "Meperidinic acid was converted to O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin. Rabbits injected with this conjugate produced antibodies reactive with meperidine which were measured by the ammonium sulfate method. The specificities of these antisera were studied by competitive inhibition of the binding of 100 pmol/ml of 3H-meperidine to antibody by the prior addition of increasing concentrations of various unlabeled compounds. The concentrations in nanomoles per milliliter of various unlabeled opiods required to inhibit 3H-meperidine binding by 50% (I50) were: meperidine, 0.08; O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid, 1.7; methadone, 580; heroin, 1750; codeine, 2600; and morphine, 4200. Several psychopharmacologically active compounds were found to have I50 values comparable to the nonmeperidine opioids: hydroxyzine. HCl, 460; propoxyphene, 4,500; diazepam, 6,500; and cocaine, 10,800. The metabolites of meperidine exhibited the following I50 values: normeperidine, 0.7; meperidinic acid and normeperidinic acid, 210. A radioimmunoassay for meperidine which employs this antiserum was shown to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method of Burns et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp Ther. 114: 289-293, 1955). In this assay only normeperidine and some of the meperidine congeners might be expected to interfere with the measurement of meperidine. The degree of normeperidine interference was shown to be comparable to that present in the existing assay method.", "contents": "The production and characterization of antibodies reactive with meperidine. Meperidinic acid was converted to O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin. Rabbits injected with this conjugate produced antibodies reactive with meperidine which were measured by the ammonium sulfate method. The specificities of these antisera were studied by competitive inhibition of the binding of 100 pmol/ml of 3H-meperidine to antibody by the prior addition of increasing concentrations of various unlabeled compounds. The concentrations in nanomoles per milliliter of various unlabeled opiods required to inhibit 3H-meperidine binding by 50% (I50) were: meperidine, 0.08; O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid, 1.7; methadone, 580; heroin, 1750; codeine, 2600; and morphine, 4200. Several psychopharmacologically active compounds were found to have I50 values comparable to the nonmeperidine opioids: hydroxyzine. HCl, 460; propoxyphene, 4,500; diazepam, 6,500; and cocaine, 10,800. The metabolites of meperidine exhibited the following I50 values: normeperidine, 0.7; meperidinic acid and normeperidinic acid, 210. A radioimmunoassay for meperidine which employs this antiserum was shown to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method of Burns et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp Ther. 114: 289-293, 1955). In this assay only normeperidine and some of the meperidine congeners might be expected to interfere with the measurement of meperidine. The degree of normeperidine interference was shown to be comparable to that present in the existing assay method."}
{"id": "PMID:944262", "title": "[Lactation and sensitivity to corticotropicaxis to stress].", "content": "1. The plasma corticosterone levels were measured in nursing female rats which had been removed from their pups for 12 hrs, at 9 a. m. every day till weaning (day 22). The mean value found in this condition (14.6 +/- 2.7 mug/100 ml) does not differ significantly from that found for the cyclic female (13.7 +/- 4.2 mug/100 ml). 2. Suckling for a period of either 3 or 30 min increases the content of plasma corticosterone to the same value ; this value is maximal (+ 22.8 mug/100 ml) 30 min after suckling has started. 3. When mothers have been anaesthetized by a pentobarbital injection 40 min before suckling, plasma corticosterone increase, measured in the same conditions, is lower (+ 12.3 mug/100 ml). 4. The response to psychic (+ 25.5 mug/100 ml) or systemic (+ 46.6 mug/100 ml) stresses in mothers which have been removed from pups for 12 hr is impaired with respect to cyclic females (+ 62.7 mug/100 ml and + 83.8 mug/100 ml respectively). 5. Psychic stress applied immediately after suckling does not increase the plasma corticosterone level ; systemic stress does so slightly (+ 25 mug/100 ml). 6. In lactating rats the response to stress of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis seems to be the same as that of intact or castrated males or ovariectomized females ; but differs from the response of cyclic females or of pregnant females when their basal corticosterone level is low.", "contents": "[Lactation and sensitivity to corticotropicaxis to stress]. 1. The plasma corticosterone levels were measured in nursing female rats which had been removed from their pups for 12 hrs, at 9 a. m. every day till weaning (day 22). The mean value found in this condition (14.6 +/- 2.7 mug/100 ml) does not differ significantly from that found for the cyclic female (13.7 +/- 4.2 mug/100 ml). 2. Suckling for a period of either 3 or 30 min increases the content of plasma corticosterone to the same value ; this value is maximal (+ 22.8 mug/100 ml) 30 min after suckling has started. 3. When mothers have been anaesthetized by a pentobarbital injection 40 min before suckling, plasma corticosterone increase, measured in the same conditions, is lower (+ 12.3 mug/100 ml). 4. The response to psychic (+ 25.5 mug/100 ml) or systemic (+ 46.6 mug/100 ml) stresses in mothers which have been removed from pups for 12 hr is impaired with respect to cyclic females (+ 62.7 mug/100 ml and + 83.8 mug/100 ml respectively). 5. Psychic stress applied immediately after suckling does not increase the plasma corticosterone level ; systemic stress does so slightly (+ 25 mug/100 ml). 6. In lactating rats the response to stress of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis seems to be the same as that of intact or castrated males or ovariectomized females ; but differs from the response of cyclic females or of pregnant females when their basal corticosterone level is low."}
{"id": "PMID:944267", "title": "Synthesis and dopaminergic activity of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-2-dipropylamino-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene.", "content": "In an effort to identify further the structural requirements for central dopamine receptor agonists, some monohydroxyl analogs of the known agonist 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene were synthesized. They were examined for production of emesis in dogs and stereotyped behavior in rats. The most potent was 5-hydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, which was more potent than apomorphine but less so than the dihydroxyl analog. The two enantiomers of the monohydroxyl analog were synthesized by conventional methods from an optically active intermediate, 2-benzylamino-5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The resolution of this amine was performed with the aid of mandelic acid. Dopaminergic activity was found to be confined to the levo enantiomer. Requirements for both substitution and chirality in the tetralines were found to correspond closely to those known for the dopaminergic aporphines.", "contents": "Synthesis and dopaminergic activity of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-2-dipropylamino-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. In an effort to identify further the structural requirements for central dopamine receptor agonists, some monohydroxyl analogs of the known agonist 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene were synthesized. They were examined for production of emesis in dogs and stereotyped behavior in rats. The most potent was 5-hydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, which was more potent than apomorphine but less so than the dihydroxyl analog. The two enantiomers of the monohydroxyl analog were synthesized by conventional methods from an optically active intermediate, 2-benzylamino-5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The resolution of this amine was performed with the aid of mandelic acid. Dopaminergic activity was found to be confined to the levo enantiomer. Requirements for both substitution and chirality in the tetralines were found to correspond closely to those known for the dopaminergic aporphines."}
{"id": "PMID:944268", "title": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 3. Sulfur analogs, thiopyranobenzopyrans and thienobenzopyrans.", "content": "Sulfur analogs of cannabinoids corresponding to DMHP (1) were prepared utilizing the Pechmann condensation between the appropriate keto ester and (5-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)resorcinol, followed by Grignard reaction. Compounds of various structural types (2-6), which had different ring size and position of the sulfur atom substituted in the alicyclic ring, were found to be active CNS agents in pharmacological tests in mice, rats, and dogs. They showed profiles qualitatively similar to those of the nitrogen and carbocyclic analogs. Basic esters of the most interesting parent phenols 2 and 4 were also prepared and tested.", "contents": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 3. Sulfur analogs, thiopyranobenzopyrans and thienobenzopyrans. Sulfur analogs of cannabinoids corresponding to DMHP (1) were prepared utilizing the Pechmann condensation between the appropriate keto ester and (5-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)resorcinol, followed by Grignard reaction. Compounds of various structural types (2-6), which had different ring size and position of the sulfur atom substituted in the alicyclic ring, were found to be active CNS agents in pharmacological tests in mice, rats, and dogs. They showed profiles qualitatively similar to those of the nitrogen and carbocyclic analogs. Basic esters of the most interesting parent phenols 2 and 4 were also prepared and tested."}
{"id": "PMID:944270", "title": "The role of the academic medical center in the PSRO program.", "content": "The professional standards review organization (PRSO) program offers both a challenge and an opportunity to the academic medical center. Application by the local PSRO of objective measures of the quality and medical necessity of services challenges  the medical center to demonstrate that its self-image of excellence is correct. Educating and training medical students and house staff in methods of self-evaluation and peer review could have a major impact on both the success of the PSRO program and the quality of medical care. Evaluation of the educational programs of the medical center through review of actual practice behavior presents an unparalleled means for improvement in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education.", "contents": "The role of the academic medical center in the PSRO program. The professional standards review organization (PRSO) program offers both a challenge and an opportunity to the academic medical center. Application by the local PSRO of objective measures of the quality and medical necessity of services challenges  the medical center to demonstrate that its self-image of excellence is correct. Educating and training medical students and house staff in methods of self-evaluation and peer review could have a major impact on both the success of the PSRO program and the quality of medical care. Evaluation of the educational programs of the medical center through review of actual practice behavior presents an unparalleled means for improvement in undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:944269", "title": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 4. Effect of alkyl substitution in sulfur and carbocyclic analogs.", "content": "Various CNS-active cannabinoids in which the alicyclic ring was thiopheno, cyclopenteno, or cyclohexeno with the alkyl substituent in various positions (structural types 1-6) were synthesized by procedures described previously. These compounds were compared in selected pharmacological tests in mice, rats, dogs, and cats. The results suggested that methyl substitution in the close proximity of the phenolic hydroxyl group strongly influenced the activity of some cannabinoids, particularly of those which had a planar five-membered alicyclic ring rather than a six-membered ring.", "contents": "Drugs derived from cannabinoids. 4. Effect of alkyl substitution in sulfur and carbocyclic analogs. Various CNS-active cannabinoids in which the alicyclic ring was thiopheno, cyclopenteno, or cyclohexeno with the alkyl substituent in various positions (structural types 1-6) were synthesized by procedures described previously. These compounds were compared in selected pharmacological tests in mice, rats, dogs, and cats. The results suggested that methyl substitution in the close proximity of the phenolic hydroxyl group strongly influenced the activity of some cannabinoids, particularly of those which had a planar five-membered alicyclic ring rather than a six-membered ring."}
{"id": "PMID:944271", "title": "Quality assurance in undergraduate medical education at the Medical College of Ohio.", "content": "This paper reports a four-year experience in teaching evaluation of care at a three-year medical school, the Medical College of Ohio at Toledo. Informal patient care evaluation evolved to more structured medical care evaluation in seminars and by chart audits. The introduction of professional standards review organizations prompted the teaching and evaluation of the quality and cost of primary care, especially as it applies to learning clinical tasks.", "contents": "Quality assurance in undergraduate medical education at the Medical College of Ohio. This paper reports a four-year experience in teaching evaluation of care at a three-year medical school, the Medical College of Ohio at Toledo. Informal patient care evaluation evolved to more structured medical care evaluation in seminars and by chart audits. The introduction of professional standards review organizations prompted the teaching and evaluation of the quality and cost of primary care, especially as it applies to learning clinical tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:944272", "title": "Some assay restrictions on inferences made from determining hormones in horses, cows, and their fetuses.", "content": "Often in developing hormone assays, hormones that may interfere with the assay by cross-reaction are not available for testing the validity of the assay. For example, horse TSH was unavailable to test for cross-reaction in an LH radioimmunoassay (RIA). The authors devised an indirect means of accomplishing the same goal, and the evidence from the indirect test of cross-reaction was at least as persuasive as a direct test might have been. Other examples are given of experiments where extensive effort was devoted to validation of steroid RIA, but there were substantial quantitative differences in the results among experiments and among laboratories. Differences of this kind probably would be intolerable in an assay used to monitor hormone residues in food-producing animals.", "contents": "Some assay restrictions on inferences made from determining hormones in horses, cows, and their fetuses. Often in developing hormone assays, hormones that may interfere with the assay by cross-reaction are not available for testing the validity of the assay. For example, horse TSH was unavailable to test for cross-reaction in an LH radioimmunoassay (RIA). The authors devised an indirect means of accomplishing the same goal, and the evidence from the indirect test of cross-reaction was at least as persuasive as a direct test might have been. Other examples are given of experiments where extensive effort was devoted to validation of steroid RIA, but there were substantial quantitative differences in the results among experiments and among laboratories. Differences of this kind probably would be intolerable in an assay used to monitor hormone residues in food-producing animals."}
{"id": "PMID:944275", "title": "Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry.", "content": "Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry provide for rapid assessment of urethral function in neurological dysfunction of the detrusor muscle and urethra.", "contents": "Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry. Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry provide for rapid assessment of urethral function in neurological dysfunction of the detrusor muscle and urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:944276", "title": "External sphincter spasticity syndrome in female patients.", "content": "The external sphincter spasticity syndrome is described with regard to diagnosis, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Use of urodynamic techniques (especially urethral pressure profile and diagnostic pudendal blocks) and adrenolytic agents and diazepam in the treatment of the dysfunction is discussed. We consider this clinical entity to be much more common than perviously reported.", "contents": "External sphincter spasticity syndrome in female patients. The external sphincter spasticity syndrome is described with regard to diagnosis, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Use of urodynamic techniques (especially urethral pressure profile and diagnostic pudendal blocks) and adrenolytic agents and diazepam in the treatment of the dysfunction is discussed. We consider this clinical entity to be much more common than perviously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:944335", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies on the hepatotoxicity of luteoskyrin. (III) quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in the liver.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in mouse liver is described. Luteoskyrin was extracted with ether from the liver homogenate after acidification with with HCl, purified by thin-layer chromatography and determined by spectrophotometry. Five mug of luteoskyrin added to the liver homogenate which was equivalent to one gram tissue was determined with a recovery rate of 97% and 1 mug, under the same conditions, with a recovery rate of 70%. Luteoskyrin in the amount of 0.5 mug could be detected on the chromatogram, but could not be determined quantitatively. A radioactivity corresponding to 0.92 mug/g tissue of 3H-luteoskyrin in the livers from the mice injected intravenously with this compound was extracted into ether with a recovery rate of 93% and separated on the thin-layer chromatogram with a recovery rate of 81%. The lower limit of quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in one gram of liver was 1 mug. Amounts of luteoskyrin in the livers of mice poisoned with this mycotoxin were estimated. Luteoskyrin was recovered in a large quantity in livers from male mice while detection in the liver of females was nil.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies on the hepatotoxicity of luteoskyrin. (III) quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in the liver. A method for the quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in mouse liver is described. Luteoskyrin was extracted with ether from the liver homogenate after acidification with with HCl, purified by thin-layer chromatography and determined by spectrophotometry. Five mug of luteoskyrin added to the liver homogenate which was equivalent to one gram tissue was determined with a recovery rate of 97% and 1 mug, under the same conditions, with a recovery rate of 70%. Luteoskyrin in the amount of 0.5 mug could be detected on the chromatogram, but could not be determined quantitatively. A radioactivity corresponding to 0.92 mug/g tissue of 3H-luteoskyrin in the livers from the mice injected intravenously with this compound was extracted into ether with a recovery rate of 93% and separated on the thin-layer chromatogram with a recovery rate of 81%. The lower limit of quantitative determination of luteoskyrin in one gram of liver was 1 mug. Amounts of luteoskyrin in the livers of mice poisoned with this mycotoxin were estimated. Luteoskyrin was recovered in a large quantity in livers from male mice while detection in the liver of females was nil."}
{"id": "PMID:944345", "title": "[Modern aspects of thyrotoxicosis in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "3 children aged 4, 7 and 12 years with severe thyrotoxicosis were observed. Though symptoms had existed for at least 6 months, the disease had not been diagnosed earlier; therefore clinical symptoms and diagnostic possibilities are discussed in detail. Carbimidazole was used for therapy because of the low incidence of side effects. Furthermore, an imidazole type drug allows to control underlying thyroid function during antithyroid drug therapy by measuring the 20 min. uptake (trapping). Results of long term observations are discussed.", "contents": "[Modern aspects of thyrotoxicosis in childhood (author's transl)]. 3 children aged 4, 7 and 12 years with severe thyrotoxicosis were observed. Though symptoms had existed for at least 6 months, the disease had not been diagnosed earlier; therefore clinical symptoms and diagnostic possibilities are discussed in detail. Carbimidazole was used for therapy because of the low incidence of side effects. Furthermore, an imidazole type drug allows to control underlying thyroid function during antithyroid drug therapy by measuring the 20 min. uptake (trapping). Results of long term observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944346", "title": "[Familial vesicoureteral reflux (author's transl)].", "content": "One family with all four children affected by vesicoureteral reflux is reported. The mother of children has shrinking kidneys. The possibility, that the congenital abnormality of vesicoureteral reflux is inherited, is discussed. The awareness, that reflux may be familial, led to search for the abnormality in close relatives.", "contents": "[Familial vesicoureteral reflux (author's transl)]. One family with all four children affected by vesicoureteral reflux is reported. The mother of children has shrinking kidneys. The possibility, that the congenital abnormality of vesicoureteral reflux is inherited, is discussed. The awareness, that reflux may be familial, led to search for the abnormality in close relatives."}
{"id": "PMID:944347", "title": "[Kidney anomalies in Ullrich-Turner-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous urography was performed in fourteen children with Ullrich-Turners syndrome. Renal abnormalities have been noted in twelve cases (85,7%). The most frequent kidney anomalies were malrotations (28,5%), horseshoe kidneys (21,4%) and double kidneys (21,4%). Malformations of kidney are thus a very frequent feature in Ullrich-Turners syndrome. It is therefore recommendable to perform in any case of Ullrich-Turners syndrome an intravenous urography, since these abnormalities are clinically latent.", "contents": "[Kidney anomalies in Ullrich-Turner-syndrome (author's transl)]. Intravenous urography was performed in fourteen children with Ullrich-Turners syndrome. Renal abnormalities have been noted in twelve cases (85,7%). The most frequent kidney anomalies were malrotations (28,5%), horseshoe kidneys (21,4%) and double kidneys (21,4%). Malformations of kidney are thus a very frequent feature in Ullrich-Turners syndrome. It is therefore recommendable to perform in any case of Ullrich-Turners syndrome an intravenous urography, since these abnormalities are clinically latent."}
{"id": "PMID:944348", "title": "[Parameters of the elimination of phenolsulfonphthaleine (phenolred) in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The elimination of phenol-red was examined in 124 children without renal diseases. The normal values of the kinetic parameters were determined after intravenous injection of 3-4 mg dye per kg bodyweight. The elimination-half-life, which is independent from bodyweight and length was used as measure for the renal tubular secretion. In newborns (85,8 min) and young infants up to the age of 6 months (25,4 min) elimination-half-lives were longer than in older ones. After the second year of life (19,7 min) normal values of adults could be determined. The total clearance of phenol-red is smaller in newborns (185 ml/kg/h) than in children older than one year (643 ml/kg/h). Prematures had a longer elimination-half-life and a smaller total clearance than mature newborns.", "contents": "[Parameters of the elimination of phenolsulfonphthaleine (phenolred) in children (author's transl)]. The elimination of phenol-red was examined in 124 children without renal diseases. The normal values of the kinetic parameters were determined after intravenous injection of 3-4 mg dye per kg bodyweight. The elimination-half-life, which is independent from bodyweight and length was used as measure for the renal tubular secretion. In newborns (85,8 min) and young infants up to the age of 6 months (25,4 min) elimination-half-lives were longer than in older ones. After the second year of life (19,7 min) normal values of adults could be determined. The total clearance of phenol-red is smaller in newborns (185 ml/kg/h) than in children older than one year (643 ml/kg/h). Prematures had a longer elimination-half-life and a smaller total clearance than mature newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:944349", "title": "[Development after respiratortreatment during the newborn period (author's transl)].", "content": "There were 17 survivors of severe neonatal respiratory distress treated with IPPV for more than 24 hours (36-520 hrs, mean duration of IPPV 6 days) followed into the second year of life. 11 of these young children were physically and neurologically normal. 3 were developmentally retarded (3 months or more), 2 had neurological defects without mental subnormality. These defects (Hemiplegia and Diplegia) were correlated with low gestational ages (32 and 33 weeks respectively) 1 child was severely defective. This one was treated because of apnea caused by seizures in postmaturity syndrome (44 weeks gestation). The overall incidence of defects was 3/17 (= 17%).", "contents": "[Development after respiratortreatment during the newborn period (author's transl)]. There were 17 survivors of severe neonatal respiratory distress treated with IPPV for more than 24 hours (36-520 hrs, mean duration of IPPV 6 days) followed into the second year of life. 11 of these young children were physically and neurologically normal. 3 were developmentally retarded (3 months or more), 2 had neurological defects without mental subnormality. These defects (Hemiplegia and Diplegia) were correlated with low gestational ages (32 and 33 weeks respectively) 1 child was severely defective. This one was treated because of apnea caused by seizures in postmaturity syndrome (44 weeks gestation). The overall incidence of defects was 3/17 (= 17%)."}
{"id": "PMID:944350", "title": "[Septicaemia in the neonatal and infant period (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reported about septicaemia in the neonatal and infant period. Continuing former investigations by Kienitz in the same pediatric clinic we have got a survey from 1933 to 1974. In the last years we saw increasingly more infections with gram-negative organisms, especially by Pyocyaneus with a severe prognosis. The prognosis did not improve during the last 10 years. The over all mortality was 34-35%. Frequency, symptoms, problems of species and resistance were described. Besides that we reported about an outbreak of enterobacter in our neonatal unit.", "contents": "[Septicaemia in the neonatal and infant period (author's transl)]. The paper reported about septicaemia in the neonatal and infant period. Continuing former investigations by Kienitz in the same pediatric clinic we have got a survey from 1933 to 1974. In the last years we saw increasingly more infections with gram-negative organisms, especially by Pyocyaneus with a severe prognosis. The prognosis did not improve during the last 10 years. The over all mortality was 34-35%. Frequency, symptoms, problems of species and resistance were described. Besides that we reported about an outbreak of enterobacter in our neonatal unit."}
{"id": "PMID:944351", "title": "[Comparison of the phenylalanine determination by ion exchange column chromatography and the guthrietest in treated phenylketonuric children (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of phenylalanine by ion exchange column chromatography and microbiologal inhibition test according to Guthrie were performed on 22 treated children with phenylketonuria within two years. The results coincide in 40,3% (229 of 569 estimations), in 15,8% the real phenylalanine concentration by the method of Guthrie were overestimated, in 43,9% underestimated. Bacterial inhibition assay is successful in routine screening of phenylketonuria in the newborn, but not suitable for dietary control of phenylketonuria.", "contents": "[Comparison of the phenylalanine determination by ion exchange column chromatography and the guthrietest in treated phenylketonuric children (author's transl)]. Simultaneous measurements of phenylalanine by ion exchange column chromatography and microbiologal inhibition test according to Guthrie were performed on 22 treated children with phenylketonuria within two years. The results coincide in 40,3% (229 of 569 estimations), in 15,8% the real phenylalanine concentration by the method of Guthrie were overestimated, in 43,9% underestimated. Bacterial inhibition assay is successful in routine screening of phenylketonuria in the newborn, but not suitable for dietary control of phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:944352", "title": "[Leptospirosis epidemic (L. grippothyphosa) in the Mainz area, concerning the pediatric age group (author's transl)].", "content": "31 children, presenting with rather uncharacteristic symptoms of an infectious disease and being referred to this clinic mostly because of lymphadenitis of the neck (81%) and/or signs of meningitis (45%), were seen within a period of only eight weeks and proved to suffer from Leptospirosis (L. grippotyphosa). The majority of the patients belonged to the age group of one to six years and lived in rural environs.  Our observation is considered to relate to a Leptospirosis epidemic and suggests, as opposed to the general acceptance, a much higher incidence of Leptospirosis in this country and, moreover, in children.", "contents": "[Leptospirosis epidemic (L. grippothyphosa) in the Mainz area, concerning the pediatric age group (author's transl)]. 31 children, presenting with rather uncharacteristic symptoms of an infectious disease and being referred to this clinic mostly because of lymphadenitis of the neck (81%) and/or signs of meningitis (45%), were seen within a period of only eight weeks and proved to suffer from Leptospirosis (L. grippotyphosa). The majority of the patients belonged to the age group of one to six years and lived in rural environs.  Our observation is considered to relate to a Leptospirosis epidemic and suggests, as opposed to the general acceptance, a much higher incidence of Leptospirosis in this country and, moreover, in children."}
{"id": "PMID:944353", "title": "[Clinical further development of children after surgery for subdural effusions (author's tranls)].", "content": "Follow-up examinations of 82 children after surgery for subdjral effusions show a varied degree of retardation of motor- and speech-development. This corresponds to neurologic signs of varying severity. Preoperative EEG findings are improved both in pre-school- and school children. Disturbance of motor and intellectual development as a rule corresponds to severe EEG changes. Among pre-school children 35% had an IQ below 69%, among school-children 36%. But their occupational chances cannot yet be finally assessed. Children with large effusions (over 50 ml) and extensive capsules show a higher percentage of retardation. Present results do not establish relations between site of effusion, frequency of recurrence and mental development.", "contents": "[Clinical further development of children after surgery for subdural effusions (author's tranls)]. Follow-up examinations of 82 children after surgery for subdjral effusions show a varied degree of retardation of motor- and speech-development. This corresponds to neurologic signs of varying severity. Preoperative EEG findings are improved both in pre-school- and school children. Disturbance of motor and intellectual development as a rule corresponds to severe EEG changes. Among pre-school children 35% had an IQ below 69%, among school-children 36%. But their occupational chances cannot yet be finally assessed. Children with large effusions (over 50 ml) and extensive capsules show a higher percentage of retardation. Present results do not establish relations between site of effusion, frequency of recurrence and mental development."}
{"id": "PMID:944354", "title": "[Autistic syndrome (Kanner) and vaccination against smallpox (author's transl)].", "content": "3-4 weeks following an otherwise uncomplicated first vaccination against smallpox a boy, then aged 15 months and last seen at the age of 5 1/2 years, gradually developed a complete Kanner syndrome. The question whether vaccination and early infantile autism might be connected is being discussed. A causal relationship is considered extremely unlikely. But vaccination is recognized as having a starter function for the onset of autism.", "contents": "[Autistic syndrome (Kanner) and vaccination against smallpox (author's transl)]. 3-4 weeks following an otherwise uncomplicated first vaccination against smallpox a boy, then aged 15 months and last seen at the age of 5 1/2 years, gradually developed a complete Kanner syndrome. The question whether vaccination and early infantile autism might be connected is being discussed. A causal relationship is considered extremely unlikely. But vaccination is recognized as having a starter function for the onset of autism."}
{"id": "PMID:944355", "title": "[Hypomelanosis cutis ITO (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 9 year old girl exhibiting the typical features of Ito's syndrome: systematized bilateral depigmented nevus associated with various nonspecific dysplasias. The pathogenesis is not known. The syndrome geems to be transmitted by an irregularly dominant gene.", "contents": "[Hypomelanosis cutis ITO (author's transl)]. Report on a 9 year old girl exhibiting the typical features of Ito's syndrome: systematized bilateral depigmented nevus associated with various nonspecific dysplasias. The pathogenesis is not known. The syndrome geems to be transmitted by an irregularly dominant gene."}
{"id": "PMID:944356", "title": "[Bilateral aplasia of the proximal part of fibula (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of an infant with aplasia of the proximal part of the fibula on both sides; by our knowledge the second observation in the literature. Furthermore the infant shows an aplasia of the thyroidea, a coarctation of the aorta, an atrial septal defect and an intraperitoneally situated ascending as well as descending colon.", "contents": "[Bilateral aplasia of the proximal part of fibula (author's transl)]. Report of an infant with aplasia of the proximal part of the fibula on both sides; by our knowledge the second observation in the literature. Furthermore the infant shows an aplasia of the thyroidea, a coarctation of the aorta, an atrial septal defect and an intraperitoneally situated ascending as well as descending colon."}
{"id": "PMID:944357", "title": "[Purpura fulminans associated with varicella and polyvalent protective inoculations (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about a 10 5/12 years old boy, who developed the rare disease of Purpura fulminans following Varicella, after having received the trivalent Poliomyelitis vaccine of Sabin and a diphtheria-tetanus booster during the incubation period of Varicella. The acute stage of the disease was overcome by symptomatic therapy; extensive skin necrosis especially in the lower extremities had to be treated surgically. The etiology of Purpura fulminans has not yet been established. Since diffuse intravascular clotting (DIC) plays an essential part in the pathogenesis of this disease. Heparintherapy is now used as the treatment of choice. At the present state of knowledge we believe that the protective inoculations given in the incubation period of Varicella possibly provoced Purpura fulminans as a rare complication of Varicella.", "contents": "[Purpura fulminans associated with varicella and polyvalent protective inoculations (author's transl)]. We report about a 10 5/12 years old boy, who developed the rare disease of Purpura fulminans following Varicella, after having received the trivalent Poliomyelitis vaccine of Sabin and a diphtheria-tetanus booster during the incubation period of Varicella. The acute stage of the disease was overcome by symptomatic therapy; extensive skin necrosis especially in the lower extremities had to be treated surgically. The etiology of Purpura fulminans has not yet been established. Since diffuse intravascular clotting (DIC) plays an essential part in the pathogenesis of this disease. Heparintherapy is now used as the treatment of choice. At the present state of knowledge we believe that the protective inoculations given in the incubation period of Varicella possibly provoced Purpura fulminans as a rare complication of Varicella."}
{"id": "PMID:944358", "title": "[Hereditary non-allergic angioneurotic edema and the complement system (author's transl)].", "content": "By way of example of a patient and his family and by means of the literature, the present knowledge of pathogenesis and therapy of hereditary non-allergic angioneurotic edema has been reviewed.", "contents": "[Hereditary non-allergic angioneurotic edema and the complement system (author's transl)]. By way of example of a patient and his family and by means of the literature, the present knowledge of pathogenesis and therapy of hereditary non-allergic angioneurotic edema has been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:944359", "title": "[Megaloblastic anaemia in childhood due to vitamin B12 deficiency, report of 3 cases of congenital selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (author's tranls)].", "content": "Three cases of congenital selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 (Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) are presented. Pathophysiological aspected and clinical symptoms of this disease are discussed together with other megaloblastic anaemias in childhood caused by vitamin B12 deficiency.", "contents": "[Megaloblastic anaemia in childhood due to vitamin B12 deficiency, report of 3 cases of congenital selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (author's tranls)]. Three cases of congenital selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 (Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome) are presented. Pathophysiological aspected and clinical symptoms of this disease are discussed together with other megaloblastic anaemias in childhood caused by vitamin B12 deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:944360", "title": "Use of vaginal concretions of calcium carbonate to detect ovulation in hamsters.", "content": "Concretions of calcium carbonate normally appear every third and fourth da of the 4-da hamster cycle da 1 = day of ovulation). We presently found that the 2-da relation between ovulation and concretion formation was maintained even after ovulation was delayed 1 or more da by centrally acting drugs or by exposing the hamsters to constant light. It is therefore possible to identify days of ovulation in vaginal washing records of both normal and treated hamsters by counting back 2 da from each sequence of concretions.", "contents": "Use of vaginal concretions of calcium carbonate to detect ovulation in hamsters. Concretions of calcium carbonate normally appear every third and fourth da of the 4-da hamster cycle da 1 = day of ovulation). We presently found that the 2-da relation between ovulation and concretion formation was maintained even after ovulation was delayed 1 or more da by centrally acting drugs or by exposing the hamsters to constant light. It is therefore possible to identify days of ovulation in vaginal washing records of both normal and treated hamsters by counting back 2 da from each sequence of concretions."}
{"id": "PMID:944366", "title": "Pulmonary infarction following ligation of terminally shunted pulmonary artery.", "content": "The intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot occasionally is complicated by the presence of a surgically created shunt between a systemic artery and the distal end of a divided pulmonary artery. Rarely, reconstruction of this pulmonary artery at the time of corrective operation is not technically feasible. Usually, this problem has been managed by obliterating the systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt, which has not previously been reported to result in complications in the involved lung. Two of our patients underwent intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot, including ligation of a terminally shunted left pulmonary artery. Postoperatively  they developed infarction of the left lung with resulting acute respiratory insufficiency. In both instances, conservative management ultimately achieved resolution of the pathological process and a good clinical result.", "contents": "Pulmonary infarction following ligation of terminally shunted pulmonary artery. The intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot occasionally is complicated by the presence of a surgically created shunt between a systemic artery and the distal end of a divided pulmonary artery. Rarely, reconstruction of this pulmonary artery at the time of corrective operation is not technically feasible. Usually, this problem has been managed by obliterating the systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt, which has not previously been reported to result in complications in the involved lung. Two of our patients underwent intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot, including ligation of a terminally shunted left pulmonary artery. Postoperatively  they developed infarction of the left lung with resulting acute respiratory insufficiency. In both instances, conservative management ultimately achieved resolution of the pathological process and a good clinical result."}
{"id": "PMID:944367", "title": "False aneurysm of the ascending aorta after surgery for Marfan's syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is described in which false aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed following corrective surgery for Marfan's syndrome. During the initial procedure, a dissecting aortic aneurysm and incompetent aortic valve were managed by replacing the valve with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis and the ascending aorta with a woven Dacron aortic prosthesis. Two years later the operation was repeated with the use of antibiotic cover, because the patient developed a paraprosthetic leak following subacute bacterial endocarditis with Staphylococcus aureus. The woman remained well for 6 months, after which she developed a false aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic incompetence which necessitated repeating the operation for a third time. The patient remains well one year later. Relevant literature available on false aneurysm of the ascending aorta is also reviewed.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the ascending aorta after surgery for Marfan's syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature. A case is described in which false aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed following corrective surgery for Marfan's syndrome. During the initial procedure, a dissecting aortic aneurysm and incompetent aortic valve were managed by replacing the valve with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis and the ascending aorta with a woven Dacron aortic prosthesis. Two years later the operation was repeated with the use of antibiotic cover, because the patient developed a paraprosthetic leak following subacute bacterial endocarditis with Staphylococcus aureus. The woman remained well for 6 months, after which she developed a false aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic incompetence which necessitated repeating the operation for a third time. The patient remains well one year later. Relevant literature available on false aneurysm of the ascending aorta is also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:944371", "title": "Inhibition of cell growth by near ultraviolet light photoproducts of tryptophan.", "content": "Exposure of dilute aqueous solutions of tryptophan to near UV light (320 to 390 nm) at subsolar levels yields fluorescent photoproducts capable of inhibiting the growth and differentiation of cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts and fertilized sea urchin eggs. The ability of these cells to incorporate labelled precursors of protein, RNA, and DNA into their respective macromolecules was markedly inhibited by adding tryptophan preirradiated with near UV light to their incubation media. Thus the inhibition of growth and differentiation of these cells seems to result from a depression of their ability to synthesize macromolecules in the presence of the photoproducts.", "contents": "Inhibition of cell growth by near ultraviolet light photoproducts of tryptophan. Exposure of dilute aqueous solutions of tryptophan to near UV light (320 to 390 nm) at subsolar levels yields fluorescent photoproducts capable of inhibiting the growth and differentiation of cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts and fertilized sea urchin eggs. The ability of these cells to incorporate labelled precursors of protein, RNA, and DNA into their respective macromolecules was markedly inhibited by adding tryptophan preirradiated with near UV light to their incubation media. Thus the inhibition of growth and differentiation of these cells seems to result from a depression of their ability to synthesize macromolecules in the presence of the photoproducts."}
{"id": "PMID:944372", "title": "[Acute adrenal hemorrhage in newborn infants: the importance of early diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two case reports demonstrate the importance of an early diagnosis for the therapy of adrenal hemorrhage. In the first case with unilateral hemorrhage, the hemorrhage as such was of importance. In the second case with bilateral hemorrhage, the course was dominated by acute adrenal insufficiency with circulatory collapse and major salt loss. The diagnosis was supported by the typical changes in electrolyte levels as well as by radiography, and endocrinological results. With early therapy (in the first instance by surgery, and in the latter by substitution of corticosteroids), both children safely passed the critical period. In the second child ACTH administration did not, in the first phase of the disease, result in a significant rise of plasma cortisol. However, two months later there was a normal rise of the cortisol level following ACTH administration. From this observation we conclude that a favourable regeneration of the adrenal glands has resulted.", "contents": "[Acute adrenal hemorrhage in newborn infants: the importance of early diagnosis (author's transl)]. Two case reports demonstrate the importance of an early diagnosis for the therapy of adrenal hemorrhage. In the first case with unilateral hemorrhage, the hemorrhage as such was of importance. In the second case with bilateral hemorrhage, the course was dominated by acute adrenal insufficiency with circulatory collapse and major salt loss. The diagnosis was supported by the typical changes in electrolyte levels as well as by radiography, and endocrinological results. With early therapy (in the first instance by surgery, and in the latter by substitution of corticosteroids), both children safely passed the critical period. In the second child ACTH administration did not, in the first phase of the disease, result in a significant rise of plasma cortisol. However, two months later there was a normal rise of the cortisol level following ACTH administration. From this observation we conclude that a favourable regeneration of the adrenal glands has resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:944368", "title": "Functional polymeric microspheres based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate for immunochemical studies.", "content": "Co gamma irradiation of 2-hydroxethyl methacrylate in the presence or in the absence of other acrylic monomers was found to constitute an effective technique for the synthesis of hydrophilic functional microspheres in the size range of approxumately 0.3 to 3 mu in diameter. The effect of monomer concentration, steric stabilization, and electrostatic interaction on the particle size was investigated. Experimental conditions were determined to obtain desired particle sizes of relatively narrow distribution. It was shown that particles may be formed without intermediate micelles, i.e., by homogeneous nucleation, and the rate of particle formation is affected primarily by the rate of particle coalescence in the initial stages of the reaction. When covalently bound to antibodies these microspheres were successfully used to label murine and human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Functional polymeric microspheres based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate for immunochemical studies. Co gamma irradiation of 2-hydroxethyl methacrylate in the presence or in the absence of other acrylic monomers was found to constitute an effective technique for the synthesis of hydrophilic functional microspheres in the size range of approxumately 0.3 to 3 mu in diameter. The effect of monomer concentration, steric stabilization, and electrostatic interaction on the particle size was investigated. Experimental conditions were determined to obtain desired particle sizes of relatively narrow distribution. It was shown that particles may be formed without intermediate micelles, i.e., by homogeneous nucleation, and the rate of particle formation is affected primarily by the rate of particle coalescence in the initial stages of the reaction. When covalently bound to antibodies these microspheres were successfully used to label murine and human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:944373", "title": "[Growth of children born with low-birth-weight at the age of 10 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Values of body height, weight and head circumference in 225 children born with low-birth-weight (LBW) were compared with the same parameters of the control groups. The group of LBW-children was subdivided into 1. \"true\" preterm, 2. full-term small-for-dates, 3. preterm small-for-dates. At the age of 10 years significantly higher frequencies of individuals with subnormal growth were found in all 3 groups of LBW-children. Severe degrees of growth retardation were found mainly in boys and girls born as small-for-date newborns. The worst impairment of growth was seen in children born as preterm small-for-dates where the retardation of the growth of head circumference was most striking.", "contents": "[Growth of children born with low-birth-weight at the age of 10 years (author's transl)]. Values of body height, weight and head circumference in 225 children born with low-birth-weight (LBW) were compared with the same parameters of the control groups. The group of LBW-children was subdivided into 1. \"true\" preterm, 2. full-term small-for-dates, 3. preterm small-for-dates. At the age of 10 years significantly higher frequencies of individuals with subnormal growth were found in all 3 groups of LBW-children. Severe degrees of growth retardation were found mainly in boys and girls born as small-for-date newborns. The worst impairment of growth was seen in children born as preterm small-for-dates where the retardation of the growth of head circumference was most striking."}
{"id": "PMID:944386", "title": "Arachidonate-induced cerebrovascular occlusion in the rat. The role of platelets and aspirin in stroke.", "content": "Unilateral cerebrovascular occlusion was produced in heparinized rats within seconds after injection of microgram quantities of sodium arachidonate into the internal carotid artery. Electroencephalographic activity over the affected cerebral hemisphere became attenuated, and cerebral blood flow decreased by half. A neurologic syndrome, including ipsilateral blindness and contralateral sensorimotor deficits, resulted from occlusion of the microvasculature by platelet thrombi. Although aspirin strongly inhibited arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation in vitro, the drug offered little protection against arachidonate-induced stroke.", "contents": "Arachidonate-induced cerebrovascular occlusion in the rat. The role of platelets and aspirin in stroke. Unilateral cerebrovascular occlusion was produced in heparinized rats within seconds after injection of microgram quantities of sodium arachidonate into the internal carotid artery. Electroencephalographic activity over the affected cerebral hemisphere became attenuated, and cerebral blood flow decreased by half. A neurologic syndrome, including ipsilateral blindness and contralateral sensorimotor deficits, resulted from occlusion of the microvasculature by platelet thrombi. Although aspirin strongly inhibited arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation in vitro, the drug offered little protection against arachidonate-induced stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:944387", "title": "Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease during chronic treatment with levodopa.", "content": "Mental symptoms increased in frequency among 100 patients with parkinsonism treated with levodopa. Dementia was found in about one-third of patients throughout the 6-year treatment period. Thirteen patients became demented during the study, and dementia worsened severely in seven others. Agitated confusion became increasingly frequent and was observed in 60 percent of patients taking levodopa for 6 years. Withdrawal from levodopa decreased agitation, but not dementia. Ten patients received L-tryptophan along with levodopa, but no change in mentation was observed. In view of previous studies of mentation in Parkinson's disease and reports of widespread neuronal changes in the brain of autopsied patients with parkinsonism, our results suggest that the high incidence of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease who take levodopa reflects prolongation of the course of the illness rather than a direct effect of the medication.", "contents": "Mental symptoms in Parkinson's disease during chronic treatment with levodopa. Mental symptoms increased in frequency among 100 patients with parkinsonism treated with levodopa. Dementia was found in about one-third of patients throughout the 6-year treatment period. Thirteen patients became demented during the study, and dementia worsened severely in seven others. Agitated confusion became increasingly frequent and was observed in 60 percent of patients taking levodopa for 6 years. Withdrawal from levodopa decreased agitation, but not dementia. Ten patients received L-tryptophan along with levodopa, but no change in mentation was observed. In view of previous studies of mentation in Parkinson's disease and reports of widespread neuronal changes in the brain of autopsied patients with parkinsonism, our results suggest that the high incidence of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease who take levodopa reflects prolongation of the course of the illness rather than a direct effect of the medication."}
{"id": "PMID:944388", "title": "Malignant atrophic papulosis (Kohlmeier-Degos disease) in childhood.", "content": "Malignant atrophic papulosis (Kohlmeier-Degos disease) is reported for the first time with pathologic verification of central nervous system involvement in a child. The disease began in infancy with rare recurring skin lesions; the child died at the age of 7, after progressive neurologic deterioration. Diagnosis was suspected clinically and confirmed by biopsy of a typical skin lesion. Recognition of this disorder by its dermatologic manifestations may obviate invasive diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Malignant atrophic papulosis (Kohlmeier-Degos disease) in childhood. Malignant atrophic papulosis (Kohlmeier-Degos disease) is reported for the first time with pathologic verification of central nervous system involvement in a child. The disease began in infancy with rare recurring skin lesions; the child died at the age of 7, after progressive neurologic deterioration. Diagnosis was suspected clinically and confirmed by biopsy of a typical skin lesion. Recognition of this disorder by its dermatologic manifestations may obviate invasive diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:944389", "title": "Malignant evolution of childhood chiasmal pilocytic astrocytoma.", "content": "A 27-year-old obese mentally retarded woman showed progression of antisocial behavior with periodic somnolence 18 years after biopsy and irradiation of a large pilocytic astrocytoma of the chiasm and adjacent structures. Visual function, although impaired, had not changed during the long period of postoperative observation. Before she died, the tumor showed angiographic and histologic features of malignant glioma, but neuroradiologic and neuropathologic studies did not establish conclusively that it involved new areas of the brain. This report documents a rare case in which an irradiated childhood optic glioma underwent delayed malignant evolution.", "contents": "Malignant evolution of childhood chiasmal pilocytic astrocytoma. A 27-year-old obese mentally retarded woman showed progression of antisocial behavior with periodic somnolence 18 years after biopsy and irradiation of a large pilocytic astrocytoma of the chiasm and adjacent structures. Visual function, although impaired, had not changed during the long period of postoperative observation. Before she died, the tumor showed angiographic and histologic features of malignant glioma, but neuroradiologic and neuropathologic studies did not establish conclusively that it involved new areas of the brain. This report documents a rare case in which an irradiated childhood optic glioma underwent delayed malignant evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:944384", "title": "[Prevention of epilepsy in children following birth trauma].", "content": "In a group of 120 children with prenatal and postnatal trauma 31 children with epileptic seizures were found who accounted for 25.8% of neuropsychiatric complications in this group. Epilepsy was more frequent in children with a history of asphyxia than after other forms of perinatal trauma. Seizures were observed either immediately after birth or up to the age of 100 months. In children with delayed onset of seizures evidence of abnormal behaviour with excessive motor agitation, sleep and appetite disturbances was found from the very birth. Besides prophylactic measures applied to avoid complications of pregnancy and labour it is indispensable to separate the children with perinatal trauma and group them for further neuropsychiatric observation in outpatient clinics and to begin treatment which may prevent development of frank epilepsy in at least a part of these children and may contribute to better rehabilitation of brain-damaged children.", "contents": "[Prevention of epilepsy in children following birth trauma]. In a group of 120 children with prenatal and postnatal trauma 31 children with epileptic seizures were found who accounted for 25.8% of neuropsychiatric complications in this group. Epilepsy was more frequent in children with a history of asphyxia than after other forms of perinatal trauma. Seizures were observed either immediately after birth or up to the age of 100 months. In children with delayed onset of seizures evidence of abnormal behaviour with excessive motor agitation, sleep and appetite disturbances was found from the very birth. Besides prophylactic measures applied to avoid complications of pregnancy and labour it is indispensable to separate the children with perinatal trauma and group them for further neuropsychiatric observation in outpatient clinics and to begin treatment which may prevent development of frank epilepsy in at least a part of these children and may contribute to better rehabilitation of brain-damaged children."}
{"id": "PMID:944390", "title": "Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant cerebral aneurysm in five days. Report of a case.", "content": "This single case report describes a large (giant) left internal carotid aneurysm that showed a very marked decrease in the size of its lumen on reevaluation 5 days after the initial arteriogram. A review of the literature found only 5 cases of spontaneous thrombosis documented by arteriography and only one involved a giant aneurysm. Follow-up arteriography however, may show this rare occurrence and eliminate unwarranted surgery.", "contents": "Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant cerebral aneurysm in five days. Report of a case. This single case report describes a large (giant) left internal carotid aneurysm that showed a very marked decrease in the size of its lumen on reevaluation 5 days after the initial arteriogram. A review of the literature found only 5 cases of spontaneous thrombosis documented by arteriography and only one involved a giant aneurysm. Follow-up arteriography however, may show this rare occurrence and eliminate unwarranted surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:944385", "title": "[Epilepsy of the developmental age and control of seizure-releasing factors].", "content": "On the basis of an analysis of a paediatric material the author discusses the most important elements influencing the pattern of developmental age epilepsy calling attention to the significance of early aetiological diagnosis since in this early period of life many processes can be treated causatively before epilepsy develops into a chronic disease. The dynamic course of epilepsy and classification difficulties resulting from clinical and electroencephalographic variability of childhood epilepsy are discussed explaining these facts by differences in structural maturity and functional organization at the age of development. It is indispensable to know the classification of seizure circuits for selection of possibly effective symptomatic treatment for prevention of seizures and their sequelae in the neuropsychiatric and social aspects. In the clinical course of a given case there are also individual differences between the seizure-releasing factors and their knowledge helps to avoid the critical threshold of seizure readiness releasing seizures in a given child. Acceptance of certain rules for observation in the everyday life of patients permits an individual prophylaxis of seizures. This shows that prevention of epileptic seizures includes not only causative and symptomatic treatment but also the knowledge of individual seizure-releasing factors which cannot be controlled pharmacologically.", "contents": "[Epilepsy of the developmental age and control of seizure-releasing factors]. On the basis of an analysis of a paediatric material the author discusses the most important elements influencing the pattern of developmental age epilepsy calling attention to the significance of early aetiological diagnosis since in this early period of life many processes can be treated causatively before epilepsy develops into a chronic disease. The dynamic course of epilepsy and classification difficulties resulting from clinical and electroencephalographic variability of childhood epilepsy are discussed explaining these facts by differences in structural maturity and functional organization at the age of development. It is indispensable to know the classification of seizure circuits for selection of possibly effective symptomatic treatment for prevention of seizures and their sequelae in the neuropsychiatric and social aspects. In the clinical course of a given case there are also individual differences between the seizure-releasing factors and their knowledge helps to avoid the critical threshold of seizure readiness releasing seizures in a given child. Acceptance of certain rules for observation in the everyday life of patients permits an individual prophylaxis of seizures. This shows that prevention of epileptic seizures includes not only causative and symptomatic treatment but also the knowledge of individual seizure-releasing factors which cannot be controlled pharmacologically."}
{"id": "PMID:944391", "title": "Encephalopathy following treatment of chronic pulmonary failure.", "content": "An encephalopathy may occur following treatment of chronic pulmonary failure and is manifested by multifocal seizures, mild focal motor signs, and coma. The encephalopathy seems to be a multifactorial illness resulting from cerebral ischemica and hypoxia. The more important factors appear to be cerebral alkalosis, administration of aminophyline, and associated hypotension.", "contents": "Encephalopathy following treatment of chronic pulmonary failure. An encephalopathy may occur following treatment of chronic pulmonary failure and is manifested by multifocal seizures, mild focal motor signs, and coma. The encephalopathy seems to be a multifactorial illness resulting from cerebral ischemica and hypoxia. The more important factors appear to be cerebral alkalosis, administration of aminophyline, and associated hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:944392", "title": "Six-year results of treatment with levodopa plus benzerazide in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "A combination of levodopa and a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor, benzerazide (Ro 4-4602), was studied over a 75-month period of observation in 132 patients with Parkinson's disease. The combined therapeutic approach was without biological toxicity, was well tolerated by 95 percent of patients, and was highly effective: 72 percent of patients improved by more than 50 percent on a functional activity scale and the group as a whole improved on an objective battery by a mean of 46 percent. Neurologic side effects of abnormal involuntary movements, falls, and oscillations in performance were not improved over levodopa used alone. The combined therapy is to be preferred over the use of levodopa alone in the symptomatic management of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Six-year results of treatment with levodopa plus benzerazide in Parkinson's disease. A combination of levodopa and a peripheral dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor, benzerazide (Ro 4-4602), was studied over a 75-month period of observation in 132 patients with Parkinson's disease. The combined therapeutic approach was without biological toxicity, was well tolerated by 95 percent of patients, and was highly effective: 72 percent of patients improved by more than 50 percent on a functional activity scale and the group as a whole improved on an objective battery by a mean of 46 percent. Neurologic side effects of abnormal involuntary movements, falls, and oscillations in performance were not improved over levodopa used alone. The combined therapy is to be preferred over the use of levodopa alone in the symptomatic management of Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:944393", "title": "Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism.", "content": "Forty-three of 101 outpatients with parkinsonism reported that they regularly experienced primary sensory symptoms, i.e., spontaneous abnormal sensations not caused by somatic disease. This is in contrast to similar symptoms reported by only 8 percent of a control population. The most striking and severe symptom was burning of the trunk and proximal extremities, occurring in 11 patients. Twenty-nine patients reported spontaneous pain; a variety of other paresthesialike sensations, e.g., tingling, numbness, and formication, occurred in 32 patients. These subjective sensory phenomena were not associated with sensory loss or autonomic or motor signs. In 20 percent of affected individuals (9 percent of the total), sensory symptoms preceded the onset of the movement disorder, causing difficulty in diagnosis. It is concluded that at least some sensory symptoms originate within the nervous system as a manifestation of the disease process and are not secondary effects of the motor disorder.", "contents": "Primary sensory symptoms in parkinsonism. Forty-three of 101 outpatients with parkinsonism reported that they regularly experienced primary sensory symptoms, i.e., spontaneous abnormal sensations not caused by somatic disease. This is in contrast to similar symptoms reported by only 8 percent of a control population. The most striking and severe symptom was burning of the trunk and proximal extremities, occurring in 11 patients. Twenty-nine patients reported spontaneous pain; a variety of other paresthesialike sensations, e.g., tingling, numbness, and formication, occurred in 32 patients. These subjective sensory phenomena were not associated with sensory loss or autonomic or motor signs. In 20 percent of affected individuals (9 percent of the total), sensory symptoms preceded the onset of the movement disorder, causing difficulty in diagnosis. It is concluded that at least some sensory symptoms originate within the nervous system as a manifestation of the disease process and are not secondary effects of the motor disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:944394", "title": "Piribedil: its synergistic effect in multidrug regimens for parkinsonism.", "content": "Piribedil, a dopamine agonist, was administered to 13 patients with long-standing Parkinson's disease whose major symptoms were not well controlled on levodopa, anticholinergics, alpha-methyldopa, amantadine, or a combination of these agents. Twelve of the 13 clearly benefited from the addition of Piribedil although side effects precluded long term use in two cases. Beneficial results were obtained by using a combination of Piribedil, levodopa, and anticholinergic drugs. Side effects (hallucinations, confusion, dyskinesias) were frequent, but were usually reversible by lowering the dosage of levodopa or the accompanying anticholinergic medication. The synergistic effect of Piribedil and other antiparkinsonian drugs emphasizes the need for careful titration of all available medications in difficult cases and demonstrates the usefulness of dopamine receptor stimulators when drugs acting presynaptically have failed.", "contents": "Piribedil: its synergistic effect in multidrug regimens for parkinsonism. Piribedil, a dopamine agonist, was administered to 13 patients with long-standing Parkinson's disease whose major symptoms were not well controlled on levodopa, anticholinergics, alpha-methyldopa, amantadine, or a combination of these agents. Twelve of the 13 clearly benefited from the addition of Piribedil although side effects precluded long term use in two cases. Beneficial results were obtained by using a combination of Piribedil, levodopa, and anticholinergic drugs. Side effects (hallucinations, confusion, dyskinesias) were frequent, but were usually reversible by lowering the dosage of levodopa or the accompanying anticholinergic medication. The synergistic effect of Piribedil and other antiparkinsonian drugs emphasizes the need for careful titration of all available medications in difficult cases and demonstrates the usefulness of dopamine receptor stimulators when drugs acting presynaptically have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:944395", "title": "Migraine attacks. Alleviation by an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with migraine attacks were treated for 3 to 16 months with flufenamic acid (125 mg four to six times per attack), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action. In 25 patients the drug afforded symptomatic relief in 195 of 200 treated attacks. Side effects observed were mild dyspepsia (eight patients) and severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms (two patients). None of the eight patients treated with placebo reported any relief (20 attacks). The \"common\" antimigraine drugs afforded symptomatic relief in 12 of the patients, partial relief in seven, and no relief in seven. Treatment with flufenamic acid was based on the hypothesis that prostaglandins are involved in migraine attack and that the drug relieves migraine by inhibition of the vasoactivity of prostaglandins.", "contents": "Migraine attacks. Alleviation by an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action. Twenty-six patients with migraine attacks were treated for 3 to 16 months with flufenamic acid (125 mg four to six times per attack), an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action. In 25 patients the drug afforded symptomatic relief in 195 of 200 treated attacks. Side effects observed were mild dyspepsia (eight patients) and severe upper gastrointestinal symptoms (two patients). None of the eight patients treated with placebo reported any relief (20 attacks). The \"common\" antimigraine drugs afforded symptomatic relief in 12 of the patients, partial relief in seven, and no relief in seven. Treatment with flufenamic acid was based on the hypothesis that prostaglandins are involved in migraine attack and that the drug relieves migraine by inhibition of the vasoactivity of prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:944396", "title": "Optic nueritis in hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Disk swelling in patients with hypoparathyroidism has often been attributed to papilledema but rarely to optic neuritis. Although we are reporting a patient with hypoparathyroidism in whom optic neuritis developed, a causal relationship is not yet clear. The patient may have had ischemic optic neuropathy concomitant with hypoparathyroidism or caused by tetanic vasospasm or calcification of optic nerve nutrient vessels.", "contents": "Optic nueritis in hypoparathyroidism. Disk swelling in patients with hypoparathyroidism has often been attributed to papilledema but rarely to optic neuritis. Although we are reporting a patient with hypoparathyroidism in whom optic neuritis developed, a causal relationship is not yet clear. The patient may have had ischemic optic neuropathy concomitant with hypoparathyroidism or caused by tetanic vasospasm or calcification of optic nerve nutrient vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:944397", "title": "Alexia without agraphia.", "content": "This typical case of alexia without agraphia, caused by an astrocytoma, is the first recorded case in the literature of alexia without agraphia with a right homonymous hemianopia caused by a tumor. This case differs from previously reported cases of the syndrome by its fluctuating clinical course and its slow progression. All but one of previously reported cases had been of vascular or surgical etiology. This course and the associated radiographic findings should differentiate the neoplastic from the vascular etiology of this most fascinating syndrome.", "contents": "Alexia without agraphia. This typical case of alexia without agraphia, caused by an astrocytoma, is the first recorded case in the literature of alexia without agraphia with a right homonymous hemianopia caused by a tumor. This case differs from previously reported cases of the syndrome by its fluctuating clinical course and its slow progression. All but one of previously reported cases had been of vascular or surgical etiology. This course and the associated radiographic findings should differentiate the neoplastic from the vascular etiology of this most fascinating syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:944398", "title": "Familial motor neuron disease. Evidence for at least three different types.", "content": "Based on a clinical, pathologic, and genetic study of 14 families, at least three types of familial motor neuron disease can be distinguished, all apparently of autosomal dominant transmission. The first is characterized by rapid, progressive loss of motor function with predominantly lower motor neuron manifestations and a course lasting less than 5 years. Pathologic changes are limited to the anterior horn cells and pyramidal tracts. The second type is clinically identical to the first, but at autopsy additional changes are found in the posterior columns, Clarke's column, and spinocerebellar tracts. The third type is characterized by a much longer survival usually beyond 10 and after more than 20 years in affected family members but is otherwise similar to the second type.", "contents": "Familial motor neuron disease. Evidence for at least three different types. Based on a clinical, pathologic, and genetic study of 14 families, at least three types of familial motor neuron disease can be distinguished, all apparently of autosomal dominant transmission. The first is characterized by rapid, progressive loss of motor function with predominantly lower motor neuron manifestations and a course lasting less than 5 years. Pathologic changes are limited to the anterior horn cells and pyramidal tracts. The second type is clinically identical to the first, but at autopsy additional changes are found in the posterior columns, Clarke's column, and spinocerebellar tracts. The third type is characterized by a much longer survival usually beyond 10 and after more than 20 years in affected family members but is otherwise similar to the second type."}
{"id": "PMID:944399", "title": "Central nervous system aspergillosis in two young adults.", "content": "Unusual and unique features were present in the cases of two patients with central nervous system aspergillosis: One had a previously unreported complication of aspergillosis, extracranial internal carotid artery thrombosis documented by angiography, and in the other patient, cerebral granulomas developed from Aspergillus fumigatus in association with intravenous narcotic abuse. The latter etiologic mechanism was suggested once before. Neither of these patients showed other underlying disease. A detailed neuropathologic examination correlated the salient clinical findings with formation of aspergillosis cerebral granulomata, basilar meningitis, and arterial occlusion. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this disease are limited.", "contents": "Central nervous system aspergillosis in two young adults. Unusual and unique features were present in the cases of two patients with central nervous system aspergillosis: One had a previously unreported complication of aspergillosis, extracranial internal carotid artery thrombosis documented by angiography, and in the other patient, cerebral granulomas developed from Aspergillus fumigatus in association with intravenous narcotic abuse. The latter etiologic mechanism was suggested once before. Neither of these patients showed other underlying disease. A detailed neuropathologic examination correlated the salient clinical findings with formation of aspergillosis cerebral granulomata, basilar meningitis, and arterial occlusion. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this disease are limited."}
{"id": "PMID:944400", "title": "Amino acid abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with parkinsonism and extrapyramidal disorders.", "content": "Free amino acid determinations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease or other extrapyramidal disorders showed that in both groups most amino acids were increased. Significantly increased amino acids were neutral and basic amino acids. Amino acid clusters were present and corresponded with the grouping of amino acids in accordance with amino acid transport systems. The amino acids within the clusters showed a remarkable degree of correlation, and there was a notable correlation between the clusters both in the parkinsonian group and in the group of extrapyramidal disorders, but not in a control group. Our data suggest that in a number of extrapyramidal disorders, Parkinson's disease included, a more generalized abnormality exists than neuronal loss only and, in addition, that patients with these neurologic conditions have a common biochemical defect in their amino acid transport systems.", "contents": "Amino acid abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with parkinsonism and extrapyramidal disorders. Free amino acid determinations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease or other extrapyramidal disorders showed that in both groups most amino acids were increased. Significantly increased amino acids were neutral and basic amino acids. Amino acid clusters were present and corresponded with the grouping of amino acids in accordance with amino acid transport systems. The amino acids within the clusters showed a remarkable degree of correlation, and there was a notable correlation between the clusters both in the parkinsonian group and in the group of extrapyramidal disorders, but not in a control group. Our data suggest that in a number of extrapyramidal disorders, Parkinson's disease included, a more generalized abnormality exists than neuronal loss only and, in addition, that patients with these neurologic conditions have a common biochemical defect in their amino acid transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:944401", "title": "Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children.", "content": "Similar movement disorders developed in two 8-year-old retarded children while they were receiving phenytoin. Seizures subsequent to a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunization had developed in each child at 1 to 2 months of age. A static encephalopathy ensued, characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, spasticity, and a mixed seizure disorder. Intermittent dystonia and choreoathetosis developed insidiously while serum phenytoin concentrations were in the therapeutic range. Sustained dystonia and choreoatheosis developed 2 hours after an oral provocation with phenytoin. The baseline abnormalities on the electroencephalogram remained unchanged during the choreoathetosis. Recognizable metabolic abnormalities known to be associated with similar movement disorders were excluded. It was concluded from these studies that the movement disorder is secondary to phenytoin and can occur at therapeutic serum concentrations. Phenytoin is a central anticholinergic agent and a central stimulant of serotonin, and may induce movement disorders as a result of altering these neurotransmitters in the brain. The variable expression of these movement disorders may relate to the nature of the preexisting striatal insult.", "contents": "Phenytoin-induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children. Similar movement disorders developed in two 8-year-old retarded children while they were receiving phenytoin. Seizures subsequent to a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunization had developed in each child at 1 to 2 months of age. A static encephalopathy ensued, characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, spasticity, and a mixed seizure disorder. Intermittent dystonia and choreoathetosis developed insidiously while serum phenytoin concentrations were in the therapeutic range. Sustained dystonia and choreoatheosis developed 2 hours after an oral provocation with phenytoin. The baseline abnormalities on the electroencephalogram remained unchanged during the choreoathetosis. Recognizable metabolic abnormalities known to be associated with similar movement disorders were excluded. It was concluded from these studies that the movement disorder is secondary to phenytoin and can occur at therapeutic serum concentrations. Phenytoin is a central anticholinergic agent and a central stimulant of serotonin, and may induce movement disorders as a result of altering these neurotransmitters in the brain. The variable expression of these movement disorders may relate to the nature of the preexisting striatal insult."}
{"id": "PMID:944403", "title": "[Criteria for intensive treatment of hepatic coma].", "content": "Results observed over a period of two years in the intensive care of hepatic coma at the University of Genova surgical pathology department are briefly surveyed. A set of practical suggestions is offered for the management of patients whose prognosis is not open to change by the administration of conventional forms of treatment. A critical appraisal of the results achieved is presented along with the general series.", "contents": "[Criteria for intensive treatment of hepatic coma]. Results observed over a period of two years in the intensive care of hepatic coma at the University of Genova surgical pathology department are briefly surveyed. A set of practical suggestions is offered for the management of patients whose prognosis is not open to change by the administration of conventional forms of treatment. A critical appraisal of the results achieved is presented along with the general series."}
{"id": "PMID:944404", "title": "Routine amnioscopy at term.", "content": "A controlled study for the management of antepartum meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) detected by amnioscopy performed in a total of 508 patients is presented. The incidence of antepartum MSAF was 2.2%, while intrapartum MSAF was found in 15% of cases. A significant incidence of depressed neonates was found in the latter group. Patients with antepartum MSAF had no perinatal losses, whether managed expectantly or by oxytocin induction. Immediate operative intervention (ie, cesarean section) is not warranted. Observations on FHR patterns, fetal pH, and Apgar scores of these patients are presented.", "contents": "Routine amnioscopy at term. A controlled study for the management of antepartum meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) detected by amnioscopy performed in a total of 508 patients is presented. The incidence of antepartum MSAF was 2.2%, while intrapartum MSAF was found in 15% of cases. A significant incidence of depressed neonates was found in the latter group. Patients with antepartum MSAF had no perinatal losses, whether managed expectantly or by oxytocin induction. Immediate operative intervention (ie, cesarean section) is not warranted. Observations on FHR patterns, fetal pH, and Apgar scores of these patients are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:944408", "title": "The nurse and industrial hygiene.", "content": "In summary, the occupational health nurse and the industrial hygienist have much in common. Each must recognize the value of the other and work together for the good of the employee. Occupational health nursing is frequently what the nurse makes it. Her competency, interest, and motivation, and the demands of the job determine her role. To function effectively, every occupational health nurse should have a thorough working knowledge of the fundamentals of industrial hygiene. This knowledge can be acquired in several ways: through practical experience, by attendance at professional meetings and short courses, by participation in academic training, and through personal research.", "contents": "The nurse and industrial hygiene. In summary, the occupational health nurse and the industrial hygienist have much in common. Each must recognize the value of the other and work together for the good of the employee. Occupational health nursing is frequently what the nurse makes it. Her competency, interest, and motivation, and the demands of the job determine her role. To function effectively, every occupational health nurse should have a thorough working knowledge of the fundamentals of industrial hygiene. This knowledge can be acquired in several ways: through practical experience, by attendance at professional meetings and short courses, by participation in academic training, and through personal research."}
{"id": "PMID:944410", "title": "A profile of industrial nursing practices in North Dakota.", "content": "The background and tasks of occupational health nurses in North Dakota vary considerably. Those entering the field have little or no previous exposure to occupational health nursing and must develop skill through seminars, corporate training or area associates. In most instances, the nurse represents the occupational safety and health program for the firm and must take on additional roles such as safety director or assistant plant manager. In addition, the occupational health nurse performs numerous in-plant medical services ranging from emergency medical care to counseling and education. The occupational health nurse in North Dakota generally does not record family histories, take throat cultures, take routine x-rays, make hospital or home visits nor perform air sampling or noise level measurements.", "contents": "A profile of industrial nursing practices in North Dakota. The background and tasks of occupational health nurses in North Dakota vary considerably. Those entering the field have little or no previous exposure to occupational health nursing and must develop skill through seminars, corporate training or area associates. In most instances, the nurse represents the occupational safety and health program for the firm and must take on additional roles such as safety director or assistant plant manager. In addition, the occupational health nurse performs numerous in-plant medical services ranging from emergency medical care to counseling and education. The occupational health nurse in North Dakota generally does not record family histories, take throat cultures, take routine x-rays, make hospital or home visits nor perform air sampling or noise level measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:944411", "title": "Argon laser iridotomy: an experimental and clinical study.", "content": "Iridotomies were made in rabbit and human eyes using a continuous wave argon laser. Several of these have been studied histologically to determine the short- and long-term effects on the iris, cornea, lens and retina. Thirty-three eyes of patients with angle-closure glaucoma were treated by argon laser iridotomy and followed for periods of up to twelve months. In two eyes, planned cataract surgery was performed shortly after the laser iridotomy and histologic specimens of the iris were examined. From the experimental and clinical studies, an evaluation was made of the complications and clinical usefulness of the continuous wave argon laser as a means to produce iridotomies for the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma. Further long-term controlled studies are recommended to document the role of laser iridotomy.", "contents": "Argon laser iridotomy: an experimental and clinical study. Iridotomies were made in rabbit and human eyes using a continuous wave argon laser. Several of these have been studied histologically to determine the short- and long-term effects on the iris, cornea, lens and retina. Thirty-three eyes of patients with angle-closure glaucoma were treated by argon laser iridotomy and followed for periods of up to twelve months. In two eyes, planned cataract surgery was performed shortly after the laser iridotomy and histologic specimens of the iris were examined. From the experimental and clinical studies, an evaluation was made of the complications and clinical usefulness of the continuous wave argon laser as a means to produce iridotomies for the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma. Further long-term controlled studies are recommended to document the role of laser iridotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:944412", "title": "Immediate fundus complications after retinal scatter photocoagulation. I. Clinical picture and pathogenesis.", "content": "Fifty diabetics with severe background retinopathy or early proliferative retinopathy underwent retinal scatter photocoagulation with either the argon laser or the xenon arc photocoagulators. Choroidal detachment, exudative retinal detachment, shallowing of the anterior chamber, and secondary angle-closure glaucoma were observed. Exudative retinal detachment and choroidal detachment subsided in two days to 2-1/2 weeks. Glaucoma secondary to choroidal detachment with angle closure was observed in 11 eyes, three of which required medical treatment, although surgical therapy was not needed. This secondary glaucoma was detected in the first two days and subsided in subsequent days, with intraocular pressure reaching pretreatment values at the fifth day. No long-term sequelae were observed in these complications, except in one eye that developed macular edema that lasted for four months with decreased visual acuity; nevertheless, vision returned to the pretreatment level one year after photocoagulation.", "contents": "Immediate fundus complications after retinal scatter photocoagulation. I. Clinical picture and pathogenesis. Fifty diabetics with severe background retinopathy or early proliferative retinopathy underwent retinal scatter photocoagulation with either the argon laser or the xenon arc photocoagulators. Choroidal detachment, exudative retinal detachment, shallowing of the anterior chamber, and secondary angle-closure glaucoma were observed. Exudative retinal detachment and choroidal detachment subsided in two days to 2-1/2 weeks. Glaucoma secondary to choroidal detachment with angle closure was observed in 11 eyes, three of which required medical treatment, although surgical therapy was not needed. This secondary glaucoma was detected in the first two days and subsided in subsequent days, with intraocular pressure reaching pretreatment values at the fifth day. No long-term sequelae were observed in these complications, except in one eye that developed macular edema that lasted for four months with decreased visual acuity; nevertheless, vision returned to the pretreatment level one year after photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:944415", "title": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples (IX).", "content": "During the ninth year of the Total Diet Study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. Thirty market baskets were collected in 30 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for the period August 1972 through July 1973 by food class. Lead, selenium, and zinc data are included for the first time. During this period, the individual items used in making up the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides and the results are included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in total diet samples (IX). During the ninth year of the Total Diet Study, pesticide residues remained at the relatively low levels reported previously. Thirty market baskets were collected in 30 cities which ranged in population from less than 50,000 to 1,000,000 or more. Averages and ranges of residues found are reported for the period August 1972 through July 1973 by food class. Lead, selenium, and zinc data are included for the first time. During this period, the individual items used in making up the dairy and meat composites in four market baskets were analyzed for pesticides and the results are included. Results of recovery studies within various classes of residues are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:944416", "title": "Patterns of differentiation in various sympathetic efferents induced by hypoxic and by central thermal stimulation in decerebrated rabbits.", "content": "The patterns of regional changes of sympathetic efferent activity evoked by thermal stimulation of the spinal cord and by arterial and primary tissue hypoxia were investigated in decerebrated, anesthetized and immobilized rabbits. Decerebration was performed either at the mid- or infracollicular level. The responses of the decerebrated rabbits evoked by spinal thermal stimulation were the same as those of intact rabbits, i.e., splanchnic and cardiac sympathetic activity increased and cutaneous sympathetic activity decreased during warming, while the reverse response was elicited by cooling. It is concluded that the typical thermoregulatory response pattern of the sympathetic nervous system can be produced also after the loss of hypothalamic integration, i.e., by integrative mechanisms in the lower brain stem and the spinal cord. In contrast, the responses of decerebrated rabbits to arterial and primary tissue hypoxia differed from those of intact rabbits in that they consisted in an overall activation in all investigated sympathetic branches. It is confirmed by this result that suprabulbar integration is essential for the generation of the inhibitory components in the differential sympathetic responses to hypoxia, which typically consist in cutaneous and cardiac sympathetic inhibition with splanchnic activation during arterial hypoxia and in cutaneous sympathetic inhibition with cardiac and splanchnic sympathetic activation during primary tissue hypoxia.", "contents": "Patterns of differentiation in various sympathetic efferents induced by hypoxic and by central thermal stimulation in decerebrated rabbits. The patterns of regional changes of sympathetic efferent activity evoked by thermal stimulation of the spinal cord and by arterial and primary tissue hypoxia were investigated in decerebrated, anesthetized and immobilized rabbits. Decerebration was performed either at the mid- or infracollicular level. The responses of the decerebrated rabbits evoked by spinal thermal stimulation were the same as those of intact rabbits, i.e., splanchnic and cardiac sympathetic activity increased and cutaneous sympathetic activity decreased during warming, while the reverse response was elicited by cooling. It is concluded that the typical thermoregulatory response pattern of the sympathetic nervous system can be produced also after the loss of hypothalamic integration, i.e., by integrative mechanisms in the lower brain stem and the spinal cord. In contrast, the responses of decerebrated rabbits to arterial and primary tissue hypoxia differed from those of intact rabbits in that they consisted in an overall activation in all investigated sympathetic branches. It is confirmed by this result that suprabulbar integration is essential for the generation of the inhibitory components in the differential sympathetic responses to hypoxia, which typically consist in cutaneous and cardiac sympathetic inhibition with splanchnic activation during arterial hypoxia and in cutaneous sympathetic inhibition with cardiac and splanchnic sympathetic activation during primary tissue hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:944417", "title": "Alteration of shivering threshold in cold- and warm-adapted guinea pigs following intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenaline and of an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking agent.", "content": "The role of adrenergic receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways controlling the shivering activity has been studied in groups of cold-adapted (CA), warm-adapted (WA) and newborn (NB) guinea pigs, which show quantitative differences in shivering threshold. In the CA and NB animals, which normally start to shiver at lower mean body temperature levels than the WA controls, microinjection of noradrenaline (1 mug in 1 mul) into the noradrenaline-sensitive area of the anterior hypothalamus elicited shivering at higher body temperatures at which normally only WA animals start to shiver. Similar injections into the hypothalamus of WA animals did not induce any further shift of the shivering threshold. Microinjections of the alpha-receptor blocking agent phentolamine into the same brain area shifted the shivering threshold in all groups of animals to lower body temperatures, the shift being proportional to the injected dose of phentolamine. The CA and NB animals required higher doses of phentolamine to produce a change in shivering threshold. It is concluded that adrenergic alpha receptors are involved in the central thermoregulatory mechanisms which adjust the thresholds for the thermoregulatory reactions.", "contents": "Alteration of shivering threshold in cold- and warm-adapted guinea pigs following intrahypothalamic injections of noradrenaline and of an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking agent. The role of adrenergic receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways controlling the shivering activity has been studied in groups of cold-adapted (CA), warm-adapted (WA) and newborn (NB) guinea pigs, which show quantitative differences in shivering threshold. In the CA and NB animals, which normally start to shiver at lower mean body temperature levels than the WA controls, microinjection of noradrenaline (1 mug in 1 mul) into the noradrenaline-sensitive area of the anterior hypothalamus elicited shivering at higher body temperatures at which normally only WA animals start to shiver. Similar injections into the hypothalamus of WA animals did not induce any further shift of the shivering threshold. Microinjections of the alpha-receptor blocking agent phentolamine into the same brain area shifted the shivering threshold in all groups of animals to lower body temperatures, the shift being proportional to the injected dose of phentolamine. The CA and NB animals required higher doses of phentolamine to produce a change in shivering threshold. It is concluded that adrenergic alpha receptors are involved in the central thermoregulatory mechanisms which adjust the thresholds for the thermoregulatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:944418", "title": "Time-dependent reaction of human red cell deformability on sphering agents.", "content": "The viscosity of samples with normal and normovolemic sphered erythrocytes was tested, using high- and low-shear capillary viscometry, paper filtration of packed red blood cells, and low g-value centrifugation. Incubated serum, pure lysolecithin and bile were used as sphering substances. The initial reaction of the red blood cells with the sphering agents was accompanied by increased viscosities of the blood samples especially at low shear rates. Prolonged storage of the erythrocytes in these media lead to full restoration of normal flow properties.", "contents": "Time-dependent reaction of human red cell deformability on sphering agents. The viscosity of samples with normal and normovolemic sphered erythrocytes was tested, using high- and low-shear capillary viscometry, paper filtration of packed red blood cells, and low g-value centrifugation. Incubated serum, pure lysolecithin and bile were used as sphering substances. The initial reaction of the red blood cells with the sphering agents was accompanied by increased viscosities of the blood samples especially at low shear rates. Prolonged storage of the erythrocytes in these media lead to full restoration of normal flow properties."}
{"id": "PMID:944419", "title": "Measurement of Krogh's diffusion constant of CO2 in respiring muscle at various CO2 levels: evidence for facilitated diffusion.", "content": "Krogh's diffusion constant for CO2, KCO2, was determined in respiring muscle tissue at various levels of tissue PCO2, between 10 and 160 torr, using a technique described previously (Kawashiro et atl, 1975). With increasing mean tissue PCO2, KCO2 declined towards an apparently asymptotic value. The relationship between KCO2 (10(-9) mmol-cm(-1)-min(-1)-tor(-1)) and PCO2 (torr) at 37 degrees C could be approximated by the equation KCO2 = 17.3 [1 + 1.72 - exp(--0.027 - PCO2)]-At PCO2 = 0 torr KCO2 exceeded the asymptotic value, which was virtually attained at PCO2 = 100 torr, by more than a factor of two. Thus CO2 diffusion in muscle appears to be facilitated in the low PCO2 range. Specific CO2 production rate of tissue, which was determined simultaneously, did not vary with CO2 in the PCO2 range studied. Effects of facilitated CO2 transport on CO2 exchange in muscle are assessd using simple models. In the presence of CO2 facilitation muscle PCO2 is reduced, particularly during exercise.", "contents": "Measurement of Krogh's diffusion constant of CO2 in respiring muscle at various CO2 levels: evidence for facilitated diffusion. Krogh's diffusion constant for CO2, KCO2, was determined in respiring muscle tissue at various levels of tissue PCO2, between 10 and 160 torr, using a technique described previously (Kawashiro et atl, 1975). With increasing mean tissue PCO2, KCO2 declined towards an apparently asymptotic value. The relationship between KCO2 (10(-9) mmol-cm(-1)-min(-1)-tor(-1)) and PCO2 (torr) at 37 degrees C could be approximated by the equation KCO2 = 17.3 [1 + 1.72 - exp(--0.027 - PCO2)]-At PCO2 = 0 torr KCO2 exceeded the asymptotic value, which was virtually attained at PCO2 = 100 torr, by more than a factor of two. Thus CO2 diffusion in muscle appears to be facilitated in the low PCO2 range. Specific CO2 production rate of tissue, which was determined simultaneously, did not vary with CO2 in the PCO2 range studied. Effects of facilitated CO2 transport on CO2 exchange in muscle are assessd using simple models. In the presence of CO2 facilitation muscle PCO2 is reduced, particularly during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:944420", "title": "Biological balance of sodium and potassium: a control system with oscillating correcting variable.", "content": "The rhythm of renal sodium and potassium excretion was measured in 4-h-intervals in 12 subjects. Each person exhibited clear circadian variations of each variable with a maximum between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. In each subject and for both circadian rhythms the oscillation mean was correlated to the range of oscillation (amplitude). Increase in sodium or potassium excretion during 1 day resulted in an increase of oscillation range. The oscillation means of sodium and potassium periodicity did not correlate. The properties of biological control systems with oscillating correcting variables are comparable to those of technical control systems. The significance of circadian rhythm for the control of electrolyte balance is indicated.", "contents": "Biological balance of sodium and potassium: a control system with oscillating correcting variable. The rhythm of renal sodium and potassium excretion was measured in 4-h-intervals in 12 subjects. Each person exhibited clear circadian variations of each variable with a maximum between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. In each subject and for both circadian rhythms the oscillation mean was correlated to the range of oscillation (amplitude). Increase in sodium or potassium excretion during 1 day resulted in an increase of oscillation range. The oscillation means of sodium and potassium periodicity did not correlate. The properties of biological control systems with oscillating correcting variables are comparable to those of technical control systems. The significance of circadian rhythm for the control of electrolyte balance is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:944421", "title": "Evidence for the existence of different receptor sites for algesic agents at the endings of muscular group IV afferent units.", "content": "The hypothesis that different receptor sites for algesic agents exist at free nerve endings in skeletal muscle has been tested by administering bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) repeatedly in anaesthetized cats and evaluating the response behaviour of single group IV afferent units from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle. Repeated intraarterial administration of bradykinin at intervals of 1 and 2 min usually elicited fibre responses without tachyphylaxis. Injections of equieffective doses of 5-HT, however, given in the same manner evoked fibre reactions that were strongly tachyphylactic. In units responding to both bradykinin and 5-HT a refractoriness to 5-HT could be induced by repeated injections of this agent without impairing the stimulating potency of bradykinin on the same nerve ending. Such a lack of cross-tachyphylaxis seems to apply also to the effects of histamine on one side and bradykinin or 5-HT on the other. These findings suggest that bradykinin, 5-HT and probably histamine exert their excitatory action on muscular group IV afferent units via different receptor sites.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of different receptor sites for algesic agents at the endings of muscular group IV afferent units. The hypothesis that different receptor sites for algesic agents exist at free nerve endings in skeletal muscle has been tested by administering bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) repeatedly in anaesthetized cats and evaluating the response behaviour of single group IV afferent units from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle. Repeated intraarterial administration of bradykinin at intervals of 1 and 2 min usually elicited fibre responses without tachyphylaxis. Injections of equieffective doses of 5-HT, however, given in the same manner evoked fibre reactions that were strongly tachyphylactic. In units responding to both bradykinin and 5-HT a refractoriness to 5-HT could be induced by repeated injections of this agent without impairing the stimulating potency of bradykinin on the same nerve ending. Such a lack of cross-tachyphylaxis seems to apply also to the effects of histamine on one side and bradykinin or 5-HT on the other. These findings suggest that bradykinin, 5-HT and probably histamine exert their excitatory action on muscular group IV afferent units via different receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:944422", "title": "Regional distribution of vascular resistance in two models of experimental renovascular hypertension.", "content": "The regional distribution of the peripheral vascular resistance was studied in normotensive and hypertensive Wistar rats. Two models of experimental hypertension were investigated: (I) in 32 animals the right renal artery was constricted by a silver clip (two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension); (II) in 46 animals the left kidney was removed and the right renal artery was clipped as in the first group (one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension). The normotensive control group comprised 61 untreated animals of the same strain and age. The distribution of cardiac output to 14 tissues was determined by means of the particle distribution technique. The resistance was increased in all regions investigated, a decreased or unchanged resistance was not observed. For most of the investigated tissues the regional resistance was increased exactly in proportion to the total peripheral resistance (TPR). Exceptions to this were found in 2 regions where the change of local resistance deviated from that of TPR: the splanchnic area and the skeletal muscle. In both cases the 2 models differed from each other. In the two-kidney model the increase of resistance in the splanchnic circulation was more intense than in other organs. In contrast, in the one-kidney model the local change of resistance was less than that of TPR. The change of skeletal muscle resistance was not significantly different from the change of TPR in the two-kidney model, while in the one-kidney model the increase of local resistance was significantly higher than that of TPR. It is concluded that the etiology of the abnormal resistance is different in the 2 models investigated and that known extrinsinc pressor factors may play a role in the two-kidney, but not in the one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension.", "contents": "Regional distribution of vascular resistance in two models of experimental renovascular hypertension. The regional distribution of the peripheral vascular resistance was studied in normotensive and hypertensive Wistar rats. Two models of experimental hypertension were investigated: (I) in 32 animals the right renal artery was constricted by a silver clip (two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension); (II) in 46 animals the left kidney was removed and the right renal artery was clipped as in the first group (one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension). The normotensive control group comprised 61 untreated animals of the same strain and age. The distribution of cardiac output to 14 tissues was determined by means of the particle distribution technique. The resistance was increased in all regions investigated, a decreased or unchanged resistance was not observed. For most of the investigated tissues the regional resistance was increased exactly in proportion to the total peripheral resistance (TPR). Exceptions to this were found in 2 regions where the change of local resistance deviated from that of TPR: the splanchnic area and the skeletal muscle. In both cases the 2 models differed from each other. In the two-kidney model the increase of resistance in the splanchnic circulation was more intense than in other organs. In contrast, in the one-kidney model the local change of resistance was less than that of TPR. The change of skeletal muscle resistance was not significantly different from the change of TPR in the two-kidney model, while in the one-kidney model the increase of local resistance was significantly higher than that of TPR. It is concluded that the etiology of the abnormal resistance is different in the 2 models investigated and that known extrinsinc pressor factors may play a role in the two-kidney, but not in the one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:944423", "title": "Superiority of developed over total pressure for heart contractility indices in dogs.", "content": "The independence of indices of contractility to Starling effects was tested in 6 closed-chest dogs. After vagal and beta-receptors blockade, indices calculated with total left ventricular isometric pressure (TP), were shown to be strongly dependent of rises in end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) induced by dextran infusion. At LVEDP of 14.6 +/- 1.5, 22.2 +/- 1.1 and 32.8 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (+/- SEM), the peak value of velocity of the contractile elements calculated with total pressure (peak VCE, TP) diminished by 21, 40 and 50%, and the extrapolated value of VCE, TP at zero total pressure (Vmax, TP) diminished by 15, 30 and 44%. In contrast, indices calculated with developed pressure (DP = TP-LVEDP) at the same LVEDP were much less influenced, particularly the extrapolated value of VCE, DP at zero DP (V max, DP5) and (peak dP/dt)/DP did not significantly change. During angiotensin infusion, expected decreases in TP indices secondary to LVEDP rises were partially masked by simultaneous increases in contractility, and DP indices tended to rise. On the  other hand, with minimal changes in LVEDP, as during calcium injection and paired stimulation, increases in TP and DP indices demonstrate inotropic effects equally well. Our study also shows that, besides Vmax calculated with DP, the instantaneous ratio of peak dP/dt and DP can also be proposed as a simpler and thus more convenient index of contractility independent of volume changes.", "contents": "Superiority of developed over total pressure for heart contractility indices in dogs. The independence of indices of contractility to Starling effects was tested in 6 closed-chest dogs. After vagal and beta-receptors blockade, indices calculated with total left ventricular isometric pressure (TP), were shown to be strongly dependent of rises in end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) induced by dextran infusion. At LVEDP of 14.6 +/- 1.5, 22.2 +/- 1.1 and 32.8 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (+/- SEM), the peak value of velocity of the contractile elements calculated with total pressure (peak VCE, TP) diminished by 21, 40 and 50%, and the extrapolated value of VCE, TP at zero total pressure (Vmax, TP) diminished by 15, 30 and 44%. In contrast, indices calculated with developed pressure (DP = TP-LVEDP) at the same LVEDP were much less influenced, particularly the extrapolated value of VCE, DP at zero DP (V max, DP5) and (peak dP/dt)/DP did not significantly change. During angiotensin infusion, expected decreases in TP indices secondary to LVEDP rises were partially masked by simultaneous increases in contractility, and DP indices tended to rise. On the  other hand, with minimal changes in LVEDP, as during calcium injection and paired stimulation, increases in TP and DP indices demonstrate inotropic effects equally well. Our study also shows that, besides Vmax calculated with DP, the instantaneous ratio of peak dP/dt and DP can also be proposed as a simpler and thus more convenient index of contractility independent of volume changes."}
{"id": "PMID:944424", "title": "Effect of prolonged infusion of maximal and supramaximal doses of pancreozymin on pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat--exhaustion or inhibition?", "content": "Secretion of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase was measured in male rats under urethane anaesthesia using a method of continuous perfusion of the duodenum. Prolonged infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) over a period lasting 200-360 min was administered either alone or together with a submaximal dose of secretin (1 unit/100 g - 10 min). Infusion of CCK-PZ was carried out using maximal doses (1--1.5 unit/100 g - 10 min) with and without secretin. Supramaximal doses of CCK-PZ (2 and 4 units/100 g - 10 min) were used only in combination with secretin. In all experiments secretion of enzymes showed a triphasic pattern including an initial peak followed by a plateau secretion after 10--20 min (phase 1), a decreasing second phase and finally base-line secretion (phase 3), thus demonstrating exhaustion of enzyme output from the gland with time. With increasing and supramaximal dose of CCK-PZ the cumulative output of enzymes from start to baseline secretion decreased progressively. Under the same conditions the levels of peak and plateau secretion were lower, the duration of plateau secretion was longer and the decreasing phase of secretion was shortened. These features indicate inhibition of secretion with increasing supramaximal doses of CCK-PZ infusion. Whereas the  proteolytic enzymes and lipase reacted in a parallel way always amylase secretion was sustained on a higher level, implicating an alternative pathway for secretion.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged infusion of maximal and supramaximal doses of pancreozymin on pancreatic enzyme secretion in the rat--exhaustion or inhibition? Secretion of trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase was measured in male rats under urethane anaesthesia using a method of continuous perfusion of the duodenum. Prolonged infusion of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) over a period lasting 200-360 min was administered either alone or together with a submaximal dose of secretin (1 unit/100 g - 10 min). Infusion of CCK-PZ was carried out using maximal doses (1--1.5 unit/100 g - 10 min) with and without secretin. Supramaximal doses of CCK-PZ (2 and 4 units/100 g - 10 min) were used only in combination with secretin. In all experiments secretion of enzymes showed a triphasic pattern including an initial peak followed by a plateau secretion after 10--20 min (phase 1), a decreasing second phase and finally base-line secretion (phase 3), thus demonstrating exhaustion of enzyme output from the gland with time. With increasing and supramaximal dose of CCK-PZ the cumulative output of enzymes from start to baseline secretion decreased progressively. Under the same conditions the levels of peak and plateau secretion were lower, the duration of plateau secretion was longer and the decreasing phase of secretion was shortened. These features indicate inhibition of secretion with increasing supramaximal doses of CCK-PZ infusion. Whereas the  proteolytic enzymes and lipase reacted in a parallel way always amylase secretion was sustained on a higher level, implicating an alternative pathway for secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:944425", "title": "Alp and valley cattle: exercise in cold, hot and high environments.", "content": "Two groups of cattle, one kept on an alpine pasture (1700--2600 m altitude) for 5 summer months and the kept in a barn at 400 m, were subjected to treadmill exercise for 15 min at a speed of 2 km/h in environments of 15 degrees C, -10 degrees C, 35 degrees C (all at 400 m) and at simulated altitude of 3500 m (at 15 degrees C). In the resting conditions, the alpine cattle had higher respiration rates and body temperatures at an air temperature of 35 degrees C than the valley cattle which was attributed to a greater hair insulation and possibly a low responsiveness of the sweat glands. At 3500 m, the alpine animals had higher resting heart rates than the valley animals, which was attributed to a greater blood volume. After exercise, heart rates in the alpine cattle were from 10--19 beats/min lower than in the valley cattle, due to exercise conditioning in the former animals. This training effect on heart rates in the alpine animals was paralleled by reduction in intrinsic heart rates (using atropine and propranolol as blocking agents). Atropine blockade also indicated that exercise-trained cattle have a lower vagus tone compared to non-exercise-trained cattle.", "contents": "Alp and valley cattle: exercise in cold, hot and high environments. Two groups of cattle, one kept on an alpine pasture (1700--2600 m altitude) for 5 summer months and the kept in a barn at 400 m, were subjected to treadmill exercise for 15 min at a speed of 2 km/h in environments of 15 degrees C, -10 degrees C, 35 degrees C (all at 400 m) and at simulated altitude of 3500 m (at 15 degrees C). In the resting conditions, the alpine cattle had higher respiration rates and body temperatures at an air temperature of 35 degrees C than the valley cattle which was attributed to a greater hair insulation and possibly a low responsiveness of the sweat glands. At 3500 m, the alpine animals had higher resting heart rates than the valley animals, which was attributed to a greater blood volume. After exercise, heart rates in the alpine cattle were from 10--19 beats/min lower than in the valley cattle, due to exercise conditioning in the former animals. This training effect on heart rates in the alpine animals was paralleled by reduction in intrinsic heart rates (using atropine and propranolol as blocking agents). Atropine blockade also indicated that exercise-trained cattle have a lower vagus tone compared to non-exercise-trained cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:944426", "title": "Variability of cortical evoked responses in man related to slow wave activity.", "content": "Acoustically evoked responses were recorded from subdural and intracerebral electrodes chronically implanted in man. It was found that during slow wave activity especially the negative component at about 100 ms latency varies in form and amplitude. If the stimuli were presented during increasing cortical negativity, the amplitude of the 100 ms component of the evoked responses was generally larger than in the case of stimuli presented during decreasing negativity.", "contents": "Variability of cortical evoked responses in man related to slow wave activity. Acoustically evoked responses were recorded from subdural and intracerebral electrodes chronically implanted in man. It was found that during slow wave activity especially the negative component at about 100 ms latency varies in form and amplitude. If the stimuli were presented during increasing cortical negativity, the amplitude of the 100 ms component of the evoked responses was generally larger than in the case of stimuli presented during decreasing negativity."}
{"id": "PMID:944427", "title": "Permanent catheterization of aorta and pulmonary artery in the dog.", "content": "A method is presented for permanent catheterization of the aorta and the pulmonary artery in dogs. The preparation of single vessel catheters and double catheters for simultaneous arterial and venous sampling is described. The catheters, made of S-50-HL Tygon tubing, are introduced into the aorta and the pulmonary artery through the omocervical vessels, leaving the cerebral circulation intact. Removal of the catheter by the dog, thrombophlebitis and vascular embolism have not been observed. The catheters have remained functional for up to one year.", "contents": "Permanent catheterization of aorta and pulmonary artery in the dog. A method is presented for permanent catheterization of the aorta and the pulmonary artery in dogs. The preparation of single vessel catheters and double catheters for simultaneous arterial and venous sampling is described. The catheters, made of S-50-HL Tygon tubing, are introduced into the aorta and the pulmonary artery through the omocervical vessels, leaving the cerebral circulation intact. Removal of the catheter by the dog, thrombophlebitis and vascular embolism have not been observed. The catheters have remained functional for up to one year."}
{"id": "PMID:944428", "title": "Slow inward current and action potentials of papillary muscles under non-steady state conditions.", "content": "1. The relationship of the contractile response of cat papillary muscles and of the slow inward current, recorded under voltage clamp conditions (single sucrose gap), has been studied. The preparations were driven at a rate of 30 per min at 31 degrees C. Both variables were recorded during a train of 7 identical clamp depolarizations (for 1 s from resting potential to -15 to +40 mV). The contractility increased severalfold and reached the steady state within 5-6 consecutive depolarizations. 2. The voltage-dependence of slow inward current was confirmed: maximum was found at depolarizations near 0 mV. On repetition of clamp pulses the slow current gradually diminished in amplitude and was more slowly activated and inactivated. The shift of the current-voltage curve indicated a decrease of the reversal potential. 3. Under non-steady state conditions the amplitude of the slow current was found to correlate closely with the magnitude of the contractile response at any given level of depolarization. The relation was linear with negative slope. The largest contractile response was not found at voltages which elicited maximum slow current. 4. The progressive decrease of the slow current during repetition of voltage clamp depolarizations is not significantly affected by inadequate time for recovery of slowly changing conductances, since it occurs also at stimulation frequency 15 per min and the slow current remains virtually unaltered after 20 s period of quiescence. 5. The course of total ionic current during phase 1 and 2 of action potential was reconstructed from a family of current curves obtained as a response to clamp depolarizations to various voltages, respecting the contractility-dependence of the current. The resulting course was correlated with the first derivative of action potential. A general conformity was ascertained. 6. The correlation of slow inward current with action potential configuration indicates that the rate of its activation determines the depth of the notch separating spike and plateau, its magnitude determines the voltage of the plateau phase and its rate of inactivation affects repolarization. 7. It is concluded that the described simultaneous changes of mechanical and electrical phenomena might be due to increased [Ca]i, which is responsible for more intense activation of the contractile proteins on the one hand, and decreased driving force of the slow inward current, carried by Ca ions, on the other.", "contents": "Slow inward current and action potentials of papillary muscles under non-steady state conditions. 1. The relationship of the contractile response of cat papillary muscles and of the slow inward current, recorded under voltage clamp conditions (single sucrose gap), has been studied. The preparations were driven at a rate of 30 per min at 31 degrees C. Both variables were recorded during a train of 7 identical clamp depolarizations (for 1 s from resting potential to -15 to +40 mV). The contractility increased severalfold and reached the steady state within 5-6 consecutive depolarizations. 2. The voltage-dependence of slow inward current was confirmed: maximum was found at depolarizations near 0 mV. On repetition of clamp pulses the slow current gradually diminished in amplitude and was more slowly activated and inactivated. The shift of the current-voltage curve indicated a decrease of the reversal potential. 3. Under non-steady state conditions the amplitude of the slow current was found to correlate closely with the magnitude of the contractile response at any given level of depolarization. The relation was linear with negative slope. The largest contractile response was not found at voltages which elicited maximum slow current. 4. The progressive decrease of the slow current during repetition of voltage clamp depolarizations is not significantly affected by inadequate time for recovery of slowly changing conductances, since it occurs also at stimulation frequency 15 per min and the slow current remains virtually unaltered after 20 s period of quiescence. 5. The course of total ionic current during phase 1 and 2 of action potential was reconstructed from a family of current curves obtained as a response to clamp depolarizations to various voltages, respecting the contractility-dependence of the current. The resulting course was correlated with the first derivative of action potential. A general conformity was ascertained. 6. The correlation of slow inward current with action potential configuration indicates that the rate of its activation determines the depth of the notch separating spike and plateau, its magnitude determines the voltage of the plateau phase and its rate of inactivation affects repolarization. 7. It is concluded that the described simultaneous changes of mechanical and electrical phenomena might be due to increased [Ca]i, which is responsible for more intense activation of the contractile proteins on the one hand, and decreased driving force of the slow inward current, carried by Ca ions, on the other."}
{"id": "PMID:944429", "title": "Oxygen uptake of rats at different work intensities.", "content": "An adaptation of a standard activity wheel has been used to determine oxygen uptake of rats prior to and during exercise at 7 different speeds (16-67 m/min). Pre-exercise oxygen uptake was 2.42 +/- 0.10 (S.E.) ml (100 g x min)-1. Oxygen uptake increased linearly with work intensity (running speed). At 16m/min oxygen uptake was 6.44 +/- 0.16 ml (100 g x min)-1 and it increased to a maximal value of 9.51 +/- 0.14 ml (100 g x min)-1 at a running speed of 53.6 m/min. Increasing running speed to 67 m/min did not produce any further increase in oxygen uptake. Some comparisons of exercise intensity between rats of various studies and rats and man can be made from these data.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake of rats at different work intensities. An adaptation of a standard activity wheel has been used to determine oxygen uptake of rats prior to and during exercise at 7 different speeds (16-67 m/min). Pre-exercise oxygen uptake was 2.42 +/- 0.10 (S.E.) ml (100 g x min)-1. Oxygen uptake increased linearly with work intensity (running speed). At 16m/min oxygen uptake was 6.44 +/- 0.16 ml (100 g x min)-1 and it increased to a maximal value of 9.51 +/- 0.14 ml (100 g x min)-1 at a running speed of 53.6 m/min. Increasing running speed to 67 m/min did not produce any further increase in oxygen uptake. Some comparisons of exercise intensity between rats of various studies and rats and man can be made from these data."}
{"id": "PMID:944430", "title": "Activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by chloride transport.", "content": "To define the luminal agent(s) responsible for the reduction of nephron filtration rate following increases of loop of Henle flow rate early proximal flow rate (EPFR) during loop perfusion with 17 different salt solutions were compared to the non-perfused tubules. During orthograde microperfusions a reduction of EPFR as indication of a feedback response was noted with a number of monovalent Cl- and Br- salts (LiCl, KCl, NaCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl, choline Cl, NaBr, KBr), with Na+ salts except Na acetate (NaHCO3, NaNO3, NaF, NaI, NaSCN), and with CaCl2 and MgCl2. These latter 2 solutions where used in a concentration of 70 mM while all other solutions had a concentration of 140 mM. During retrograde perfusion from the distal to the proximal end of the loop of Henle EPFR fell significantly with Cl- and Br- salts with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from -8.0 to -44.3%. In contrast, Cl- free salts and Cl- salts of divalent cations were associated with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from +7.1 to -6.2%, significance being reached only during perfusion with NaSCN. When furosemide (5 x 10(-4) M) was added to NaBr or KBr a feedback response was not observed. During orthograde perfusion with NaNO3 distal Cl- concentrations were 44.2 +/- 5.08, mM (mean +/- S.E.) at a perfusion rate of 10 nl/min and 59.1 +/- 3.93 mM at a rate of 40 nl/min. CaCl2 perfusion induced a marked elevation of distal Cl- concentrations to levels higher than 140 mM. Loop chloride handling was normal during RbCl perfusion. The magnitude of the feedback response during retrograde perfusion was not changed by lowering NaCl concentration from 140 to 60 mM, but fell when NaCl concentration was further reduced. In contrast to orthograde perfusions it was insensitive to changes in flow rate. Our results are compatible with the thesis that feedback responses depend critically upon the rate of Cl- transport probably across the macula densa cells. Br- ions can replace Cl- because they appear to share a common transport pathway which can be inhibited with furosemide. Unspecificity of feedback responses during orthograde microperfusions is due to presence of Cl- ions in the macula densa region even when solutions are initially Cl- free. Cl- salts of divalent cations do not elicit a feedback response because Cl- transport is severely curtailed.", "contents": "Activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by chloride transport. To define the luminal agent(s) responsible for the reduction of nephron filtration rate following increases of loop of Henle flow rate early proximal flow rate (EPFR) during loop perfusion with 17 different salt solutions were compared to the non-perfused tubules. During orthograde microperfusions a reduction of EPFR as indication of a feedback response was noted with a number of monovalent Cl- and Br- salts (LiCl, KCl, NaCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl, choline Cl, NaBr, KBr), with Na+ salts except Na acetate (NaHCO3, NaNO3, NaF, NaI, NaSCN), and with CaCl2 and MgCl2. These latter 2 solutions where used in a concentration of 70 mM while all other solutions had a concentration of 140 mM. During retrograde perfusion from the distal to the proximal end of the loop of Henle EPFR fell significantly with Cl- and Br- salts with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from -8.0 to -44.3%. In contrast, Cl- free salts and Cl- salts of divalent cations were associated with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from +7.1 to -6.2%, significance being reached only during perfusion with NaSCN. When furosemide (5 x 10(-4) M) was added to NaBr or KBr a feedback response was not observed. During orthograde perfusion with NaNO3 distal Cl- concentrations were 44.2 +/- 5.08, mM (mean +/- S.E.) at a perfusion rate of 10 nl/min and 59.1 +/- 3.93 mM at a rate of 40 nl/min. CaCl2 perfusion induced a marked elevation of distal Cl- concentrations to levels higher than 140 mM. Loop chloride handling was normal during RbCl perfusion. The magnitude of the feedback response during retrograde perfusion was not changed by lowering NaCl concentration from 140 to 60 mM, but fell when NaCl concentration was further reduced. In contrast to orthograde perfusions it was insensitive to changes in flow rate. Our results are compatible with the thesis that feedback responses depend critically upon the rate of Cl- transport probably across the macula densa cells. Br- ions can replace Cl- because they appear to share a common transport pathway which can be inhibited with furosemide. Unspecificity of feedback responses during orthograde microperfusions is due to presence of Cl- ions in the macula densa region even when solutions are initially Cl- free. Cl- salts of divalent cations do not elicit a feedback response because Cl- transport is severely curtailed."}
{"id": "PMID:944431", "title": "Effects of chronic treatments upon the brown adipose tissue of young rats. I. Cold exposure and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "1. The gross composition, triglycerides and phospholipids of brown adipose tissue were studied in young and adult rats chronically treated with cold or thyroxine. 2. Cold induced an increase of the total water, protein and phospholipid of tissue while the main effect of thyroxine treatment was an accumulation of triglycerides. Thyroxine treatment prevented the cold-induced increase of phospholipid percentage in the tissue. 3. Cold exposure altered the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids, whereas thyroxine had smaller and different effects. 4. The differential effects of cold and hyperthyroidism upon triglycerides and phospholipids of brown adipose tissue are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Effects of chronic treatments upon the brown adipose tissue of young rats. I. Cold exposure and hyperthyroidism. 1. The gross composition, triglycerides and phospholipids of brown adipose tissue were studied in young and adult rats chronically treated with cold or thyroxine. 2. Cold induced an increase of the total water, protein and phospholipid of tissue while the main effect of thyroxine treatment was an accumulation of triglycerides. Thyroxine treatment prevented the cold-induced increase of phospholipid percentage in the tissue. 3. Cold exposure altered the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids, whereas thyroxine had smaller and different effects. 4. The differential effects of cold and hyperthyroidism upon triglycerides and phospholipids of brown adipose tissue are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944432", "title": "Phosphate, calcium and magnesium fluxes into the lumen of the rat proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "In order to study fluxes of phosphate (Pi), Ca and Mg into the rat proximal tubule, a modification of the split-droplet microinjection technique was used. Injected fluids were isotonic solutions containing no Pi, Ca or Mg. The initial NaCl concentration of the injectates was either (a) 115 mM(l (which resulted in net fluid entry into the lumen), (b) 125 mM/l (no net fluid movement) or (c) 150 mM/l (net reabsorption of fluid). Injected droplets were subsequently collected from the nephron and their ionic concentrations determined using electron probe analysis. All 3 ions entered the tubular lumen. For the 115 mM and 125 mM NaCl injectates, Pi concentration increased for the first 15 s, then reached steady values of 2.07 mM/l and 2.30 mM/l respectively. Using 150 mM NaCl as injectate, Pi concentration increased for only 10 s, and then reached an average value of 2.04 mM/l. Ca and Mg concentrations in reaspirated droplets showed no correlation with time, indicating that entry into the lumen was almost immediate. The mean Ca concentration using 115 mM NaCl injectate was 1.63 mM/l, higher than with equilibrated or reabsorbed injectates (1.01 and 1.15 mM/l respectively). Mg concentration following injection of 115 mM NaCl solution (0.45 mM/l) was lower than with the other 2 injectates (0.92 and 0.85 mM/l). It is suggested that Pi and Mg enter the proximal tubular lumen from the tubular cells, while Ca entry may be transtubular and take place via intercellular pathways.", "contents": "Phosphate, calcium and magnesium fluxes into the lumen of the rat proximal convoluted tubule. In order to study fluxes of phosphate (Pi), Ca and Mg into the rat proximal tubule, a modification of the split-droplet microinjection technique was used. Injected fluids were isotonic solutions containing no Pi, Ca or Mg. The initial NaCl concentration of the injectates was either (a) 115 mM(l (which resulted in net fluid entry into the lumen), (b) 125 mM/l (no net fluid movement) or (c) 150 mM/l (net reabsorption of fluid). Injected droplets were subsequently collected from the nephron and their ionic concentrations determined using electron probe analysis. All 3 ions entered the tubular lumen. For the 115 mM and 125 mM NaCl injectates, Pi concentration increased for the first 15 s, then reached steady values of 2.07 mM/l and 2.30 mM/l respectively. Using 150 mM NaCl as injectate, Pi concentration increased for only 10 s, and then reached an average value of 2.04 mM/l. Ca and Mg concentrations in reaspirated droplets showed no correlation with time, indicating that entry into the lumen was almost immediate. The mean Ca concentration using 115 mM NaCl injectate was 1.63 mM/l, higher than with equilibrated or reabsorbed injectates (1.01 and 1.15 mM/l respectively). Mg concentration following injection of 115 mM NaCl solution (0.45 mM/l) was lower than with the other 2 injectates (0.92 and 0.85 mM/l). It is suggested that Pi and Mg enter the proximal tubular lumen from the tubular cells, while Ca entry may be transtubular and take place via intercellular pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:944433", "title": "Creep after loading in the relaxed and contracted smooth muscle (taenia coli of the guinea pig) under various osmotic conditions.", "content": "1. Experiments to investigate the creep phenomena of the taenia coli were performed in hypotonic (207 mosm) and hypertonic (447 or 463 mosm) media, in the relaxed (Ca2+-depletion + verapamil) as well as in the contracted (K2SO4-depolarized) state. They were compared with earlier results in isotonic media. The samples were standardized with respect to their volume (weight) before the beginning of the experiment. 2. Neither in the relaxed, nor in the contracted state was there a statistically significant difference in mean total length observed within each test series after loading with 9928 dyn for 2000 s (about 33 min) in the different osmotic media. We define total length as unloaded initial length lo + initial pure leastic extension lE + creep N. 3. In the contracted state the mean total lengths attained by elastic extension and creep are significantly greater than in the relaxed state in both hypotonic and isotonic media. The greater variance in the data for hypertonic solutions makes any statistical decision of this kind impossible. 4. The typical time course of creep (N) and particularly the hyperbolic dependance of N and dN/dt stated in an earlier paper could also be observed here under varied osmotic conditions. 5. The results suggest that the viscosity of the cell plasma is not significant for the time course and extent of creep in smooth muscles of vertebrates. Creep probably takes place in the solid structures of the cells: most particularly the contractile proteins may be involved.", "contents": "Creep after loading in the relaxed and contracted smooth muscle (taenia coli of the guinea pig) under various osmotic conditions. 1. Experiments to investigate the creep phenomena of the taenia coli were performed in hypotonic (207 mosm) and hypertonic (447 or 463 mosm) media, in the relaxed (Ca2+-depletion + verapamil) as well as in the contracted (K2SO4-depolarized) state. They were compared with earlier results in isotonic media. The samples were standardized with respect to their volume (weight) before the beginning of the experiment. 2. Neither in the relaxed, nor in the contracted state was there a statistically significant difference in mean total length observed within each test series after loading with 9928 dyn for 2000 s (about 33 min) in the different osmotic media. We define total length as unloaded initial length lo + initial pure leastic extension lE + creep N. 3. In the contracted state the mean total lengths attained by elastic extension and creep are significantly greater than in the relaxed state in both hypotonic and isotonic media. The greater variance in the data for hypertonic solutions makes any statistical decision of this kind impossible. 4. The typical time course of creep (N) and particularly the hyperbolic dependance of N and dN/dt stated in an earlier paper could also be observed here under varied osmotic conditions. 5. The results suggest that the viscosity of the cell plasma is not significant for the time course and extent of creep in smooth muscles of vertebrates. Creep probably takes place in the solid structures of the cells: most particularly the contractile proteins may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:944434", "title": "Intravital microscopical studies of the tubular urine flow in the conscious rat.", "content": "A method was developed which allowed microscopical observation of the kidney in conscious and anesthetized rats. The left kidney was freed from surrounding tissue and placed in a plexiglas chamber with a protecting window which was sewed into the skin of left flank. During the experiments the covering glass was removed. Tubular transit time was measured in the conscious state and during inactin anesthesia in control rats as well as in unilaterally nephrectomized rats with compensatory hypertrophy. Transit time of lissamine green within proximal convolutions and Henle's loop increased significantly in both series during anesthesia. Luminal and outer diameters of proximal tubules in control rats were evaluated from microphotogramms of the kidney surface, they did not change due to anesthesia. The results could be mainly explained by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate due to anesthesia. Possible mechanisms are discussed which could explain the observed transit time in Henle's loops and distal convolutions in control and uninephrectomized rats.", "contents": "Intravital microscopical studies of the tubular urine flow in the conscious rat. A method was developed which allowed microscopical observation of the kidney in conscious and anesthetized rats. The left kidney was freed from surrounding tissue and placed in a plexiglas chamber with a protecting window which was sewed into the skin of left flank. During the experiments the covering glass was removed. Tubular transit time was measured in the conscious state and during inactin anesthesia in control rats as well as in unilaterally nephrectomized rats with compensatory hypertrophy. Transit time of lissamine green within proximal convolutions and Henle's loop increased significantly in both series during anesthesia. Luminal and outer diameters of proximal tubules in control rats were evaluated from microphotogramms of the kidney surface, they did not change due to anesthesia. The results could be mainly explained by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate due to anesthesia. Possible mechanisms are discussed which could explain the observed transit time in Henle's loops and distal convolutions in control and uninephrectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:944435", "title": "Interactions between furosemide and vasopressin on hemodynamics and on water excretion by the isolated dog kidney.", "content": "The effects of furosemide were studied on isolated dog kidneys in the absence and in the presence of vasopressin. In the latter condition, furosemide did not modify renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate while both parameters were decreased by the drug in the absence of vasopressin, as they were also reduced by vasopressin alone. This would indicate direct vasoactive effects of furosemide, depending on the previous tone of the vasculature. In the absence of vasopressin, furosemide decreased free water clearance through inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. On the other hand, in the presence of vasopressin, furosemide increased free water clearance, presumably through reduction of water reabsorption in the collecting duct by enhanced distal tubular flux.", "contents": "Interactions between furosemide and vasopressin on hemodynamics and on water excretion by the isolated dog kidney. The effects of furosemide were studied on isolated dog kidneys in the absence and in the presence of vasopressin. In the latter condition, furosemide did not modify renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate while both parameters were decreased by the drug in the absence of vasopressin, as they were also reduced by vasopressin alone. This would indicate direct vasoactive effects of furosemide, depending on the previous tone of the vasculature. In the absence of vasopressin, furosemide decreased free water clearance through inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. On the other hand, in the presence of vasopressin, furosemide increased free water clearance, presumably through reduction of water reabsorption in the collecting duct by enhanced distal tubular flux."}
{"id": "PMID:944436", "title": "Dye absorption changes in single muscle fibers: an application of an automatic balancing circuit.", "content": "It is very difficult to record small potential changes in the presence of a large background voltage that drifts. This is particularly true in recording optical changes during excitation of nerve and muscle because the optical changes are usually very small compared with the background. We describe a convenient circuit, which is useful under these circumstances. This circuit automatically balances the background drift. Using this circuit we recorded light absorption changes during excitation of single muscle fibers stained with a fluorescence dye merocyanine 540. The optical change consists of three components. The first component presumably reflects the action potential of the surface membrane and the T-system. The second and the third components are perhaps the movement artifacts from latency relaxation followed by contraction.", "contents": "Dye absorption changes in single muscle fibers: an application of an automatic balancing circuit. It is very difficult to record small potential changes in the presence of a large background voltage that drifts. This is particularly true in recording optical changes during excitation of nerve and muscle because the optical changes are usually very small compared with the background. We describe a convenient circuit, which is useful under these circumstances. This circuit automatically balances the background drift. Using this circuit we recorded light absorption changes during excitation of single muscle fibers stained with a fluorescence dye merocyanine 540. The optical change consists of three components. The first component presumably reflects the action potential of the surface membrane and the T-system. The second and the third components are perhaps the movement artifacts from latency relaxation followed by contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:944437", "title": "Plastic properties of vertebrate smooth muscle (taenia coli of the guinea pig).", "content": "After extension and creep due to a constant load the taenia coli of the guinea pig shows plastic deformation. The deformation is partially abolished by complete unloading: to 51% in the relaxed and to 83% in the depolarized = contracted state. The quantitative relations between creep (N) and its time derivative (dN/dt) as well as those between stress relaxation (R) and dR/dt stated in our previous papers, remain valid if plastic deformations have occurred during these processes.", "contents": "Plastic properties of vertebrate smooth muscle (taenia coli of the guinea pig). After extension and creep due to a constant load the taenia coli of the guinea pig shows plastic deformation. The deformation is partially abolished by complete unloading: to 51% in the relaxed and to 83% in the depolarized = contracted state. The quantitative relations between creep (N) and its time derivative (dN/dt) as well as those between stress relaxation (R) and dR/dt stated in our previous papers, remain valid if plastic deformations have occurred during these processes."}
{"id": "PMID:944440", "title": "Immunologically mediated lung diseases. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "Early recognition and treatment of immunologically mediated diseases of the lung are vital to prevent irreparable damage. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are often confused but should not be difficult to distinguish. The former is nonatopic and is marked by chills, fever, chest pains, cough, dyspnea, and restrictive pulmonary function. The immunologic hallmark is the presence of precipitating antibody to the suspected antigen. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is atopic and is marked by low-grade fever, obstructive pulmonary function, markedly elevated serum IgE levels, and positive immediate and late response on skin tests. Both diseases respond well to early corticosteroid therapy. Prophylactic measures are also important in controlling extrinsic allergic alveolitis.", "contents": "Immunologically mediated lung diseases. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Early recognition and treatment of immunologically mediated diseases of the lung are vital to prevent irreparable damage. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are often confused but should not be difficult to distinguish. The former is nonatopic and is marked by chills, fever, chest pains, cough, dyspnea, and restrictive pulmonary function. The immunologic hallmark is the presence of precipitating antibody to the suspected antigen. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is atopic and is marked by low-grade fever, obstructive pulmonary function, markedly elevated serum IgE levels, and positive immediate and late response on skin tests. Both diseases respond well to early corticosteroid therapy. Prophylactic measures are also important in controlling extrinsic allergic alveolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:944439", "title": "Some chemical and pharmacological properties of 2-methyl-5H(1)benzopyrano(2,3-b) pyrid-5-one.", "content": "The synthesis of the mentioned compound, their N-oxide and N-oxide 7-nitro derivative is described. The reactivity of the CO, N-oxide groups and heterocyclic N atom was investigated. Of the obtained new compounds 2-methyl-5-(3'-dimethyl-aminopropylidene)-5H-(1)benzopyrano [2,3-b] pyridine 4 acts on central nervous system.", "contents": "Some chemical and pharmacological properties of 2-methyl-5H(1)benzopyrano(2,3-b) pyrid-5-one. The synthesis of the mentioned compound, their N-oxide and N-oxide 7-nitro derivative is described. The reactivity of the CO, N-oxide groups and heterocyclic N atom was investigated. Of the obtained new compounds 2-methyl-5-(3'-dimethyl-aminopropylidene)-5H-(1)benzopyrano [2,3-b] pyridine 4 acts on central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:944448", "title": "Steroid synthesis by ovarian follicles in response to LH and PGF2alpha.", "content": "Ovarian follicles isolated from bovine ovaries at the 16th and 17th days of the estrous cycle were minced, pooled, and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at 37degrees for 2 hr. Samples were analyzed for testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone by radioimmunoassays. Incubation alone failed to cause an increase in testosterone (12.1 vs 29.3 ng/g of tissue; P is greater than 0.05). Additions of 5 mug/ml of bovine LH or prostaglandin F2alpha caused increases in testosterone synthesis to 125.0 (Pis less than 0.01) and 103 ng/g (P is less than 0.01). Estradiol synthesis was also stimulated by LH (P is less than 0.01). However, stimulation due to addition of PGF2alpha (5.1 to 15 ng/g) was not significant (P is greater than 0.05). PGF2alpha also caused a slight but nonsignificant increase in estrone secretion. Incubation failed to increase the progesterone concentration (623 vs 774 ng/g of tissue; P is greater than 0.05). There was no increase in progesterone synthesis due to addition of either LH or PGF2alpha (P is greater than 0.05). The results show that bovine follicles produce much more testosterone than estrogen and that both LH and PGF2alpha significantly stimulate testosterone synthesis in bovine follicular tissue without increasing net progesterone biosynthesis.", "contents": "Steroid synthesis by ovarian follicles in response to LH and PGF2alpha. Ovarian follicles isolated from bovine ovaries at the 16th and 17th days of the estrous cycle were minced, pooled, and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer at 37degrees for 2 hr. Samples were analyzed for testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone by radioimmunoassays. Incubation alone failed to cause an increase in testosterone (12.1 vs 29.3 ng/g of tissue; P is greater than 0.05). Additions of 5 mug/ml of bovine LH or prostaglandin F2alpha caused increases in testosterone synthesis to 125.0 (Pis less than 0.01) and 103 ng/g (P is less than 0.01). Estradiol synthesis was also stimulated by LH (P is less than 0.01). However, stimulation due to addition of PGF2alpha (5.1 to 15 ng/g) was not significant (P is greater than 0.05). PGF2alpha also caused a slight but nonsignificant increase in estrone secretion. Incubation failed to increase the progesterone concentration (623 vs 774 ng/g of tissue; P is greater than 0.05). There was no increase in progesterone synthesis due to addition of either LH or PGF2alpha (P is greater than 0.05). The results show that bovine follicles produce much more testosterone than estrogen and that both LH and PGF2alpha significantly stimulate testosterone synthesis in bovine follicular tissue without increasing net progesterone biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:944449", "title": "Effects of chlorpromazine on avoidance and escape responding in humans.", "content": "The effects of chlorpromazine on shock avoidance and escape responding were determined using four human subjects lever pressing on a modified free operant avoidance schedule. Doses of chlorpromazine ranging from 50 to 100 mg and shock levels ranging from 0.35 to 3.0 mA were used. In general, the results showed that chlorpromazine suppressed avoidance responding at doses which did not suppress escape responding.", "contents": "Effects of chlorpromazine on avoidance and escape responding in humans. The effects of chlorpromazine on shock avoidance and escape responding were determined using four human subjects lever pressing on a modified free operant avoidance schedule. Doses of chlorpromazine ranging from 50 to 100 mg and shock levels ranging from 0.35 to 3.0 mA were used. In general, the results showed that chlorpromazine suppressed avoidance responding at doses which did not suppress escape responding."}
{"id": "PMID:944450", "title": "Extinction-induced mirror responding as a baseline for studying drug effects on aggression.", "content": "Pigeons worked individually in a chamber containing a response key and a mirror. Responding on the key was controlled by a multiple schedule in which a brief period of continuous food reinforcement alternated with a 5 min period of extinction. Under baseline conditions, aggressive behavior (responding on the mirror) occurred at the onset of each extinction period. After 10 saline control sessions, 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide was injected IM 30 min presession for 60 daily sessions. The drug initially produced a marked decrease in aggressive behavior but had little or no effect on key pecking. The aggressive behavior generally remained suppressed during the chronic drug regimen and returned to control levels when the drug was withdrawn. It was concluded that the technique of extinction-induced mirror responding in pigeons provides a stable, sensitive and recoverable baseline for objectively assessing selective drug effects on aggression.", "contents": "Extinction-induced mirror responding as a baseline for studying drug effects on aggression. Pigeons worked individually in a chamber containing a response key and a mirror. Responding on the key was controlled by a multiple schedule in which a brief period of continuous food reinforcement alternated with a 5 min period of extinction. Under baseline conditions, aggressive behavior (responding on the mirror) occurred at the onset of each extinction period. After 10 saline control sessions, 5 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide was injected IM 30 min presession for 60 daily sessions. The drug initially produced a marked decrease in aggressive behavior but had little or no effect on key pecking. The aggressive behavior generally remained suppressed during the chronic drug regimen and returned to control levels when the drug was withdrawn. It was concluded that the technique of extinction-induced mirror responding in pigeons provides a stable, sensitive and recoverable baseline for objectively assessing selective drug effects on aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:944451", "title": "Disruption of diurnal feeding patterns of rats by heroin.", "content": "Adult male rats receiving 5 or 20 mg/kg heroin HCl by single injections (08:00 or 20:00 hr) or in 3 equal injections (8 hr intervals) showed a disruption in the normal diurnal pattern of behavior. Initially, heroin abolished feeding for several hr after the injection, reduced the total daily food consumption in a dose-related manner, due primarily to decreased night-time feeding, and prevented or slowed weight gain. Subsequent heroin injections led to a phase of vigorous feeding following the period of depression. Magnitude and duration of the depression decreased, but the stimulatory phase of feeding became more pronounced as tolerance developed. Total daily food intake and body weight returned towards control levels, but the proportion eaten during daylight hr became elevated. Sporadic feeding occurred on the first withdrawal day with abolition of the stimulatory phase which had followed each heroin injection. Subsequently, the normal diurnal pattern of behavior gradually returned. Close measurement of 24 hr food consumption may be a sensitive and valuable measure of the disruptive effects of narcotic analgesics.", "contents": "Disruption of diurnal feeding patterns of rats by heroin. Adult male rats receiving 5 or 20 mg/kg heroin HCl by single injections (08:00 or 20:00 hr) or in 3 equal injections (8 hr intervals) showed a disruption in the normal diurnal pattern of behavior. Initially, heroin abolished feeding for several hr after the injection, reduced the total daily food consumption in a dose-related manner, due primarily to decreased night-time feeding, and prevented or slowed weight gain. Subsequent heroin injections led to a phase of vigorous feeding following the period of depression. Magnitude and duration of the depression decreased, but the stimulatory phase of feeding became more pronounced as tolerance developed. Total daily food intake and body weight returned towards control levels, but the proportion eaten during daylight hr became elevated. Sporadic feeding occurred on the first withdrawal day with abolition of the stimulatory phase which had followed each heroin injection. Subsequently, the normal diurnal pattern of behavior gradually returned. Close measurement of 24 hr food consumption may be a sensitive and valuable measure of the disruptive effects of narcotic analgesics."}
{"id": "PMID:944452", "title": "Rate dependent drug effects: possible state dependency.", "content": "Of 6 rats given extensive experience responding on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule after injections of 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine, 3 showed significant rate dependent changes in responding when presession saline was substituted for d-amphetamine. Low rates were increased and high rates decreased by the change from d-amphetamine to saline, a result commonly found when d-amphetamine is first introduced. This indicates that rate dependent changes in fixed-interval responding may be state dependent phenomena.", "contents": "Rate dependent drug effects: possible state dependency. Of 6 rats given extensive experience responding on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule after injections of 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine, 3 showed significant rate dependent changes in responding when presession saline was substituted for d-amphetamine. Low rates were increased and high rates decreased by the change from d-amphetamine to saline, a result commonly found when d-amphetamine is first introduced. This indicates that rate dependent changes in fixed-interval responding may be state dependent phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:944453", "title": "Cycloheximide-induced amnesia for taste aversion memory in rats.", "content": "Male hooded rats were conditioned in one trial to avoid saccharin by pairing saccharin drinking with an intragastric injection of LiC1. A 24 hr water-saccharin preference test showed that conditioned rats exhibited a very low preference for saccharin whereas rats injected intraventricularly with cycloheximide (CXM, 400 mug) 5, 7, or 9 hr before training exhibited a greatly increased saccharin preference which differed significantly from NaC1 injected controls. This 24 hr amnesia was found to be dependent upon the time of administration of CXM, since injection at 1, 3 or 17 hr before training did not confer amnesia. The nature of the task, a control measure and a control experiment indicate that the CXM-induced change in saccharin preference at 24 hr is not due to a CXM-induced aversion, nor a loss in drinking ability nor an inability to retrieve information whilst under the influence of CXM.", "contents": "Cycloheximide-induced amnesia for taste aversion memory in rats. Male hooded rats were conditioned in one trial to avoid saccharin by pairing saccharin drinking with an intragastric injection of LiC1. A 24 hr water-saccharin preference test showed that conditioned rats exhibited a very low preference for saccharin whereas rats injected intraventricularly with cycloheximide (CXM, 400 mug) 5, 7, or 9 hr before training exhibited a greatly increased saccharin preference which differed significantly from NaC1 injected controls. This 24 hr amnesia was found to be dependent upon the time of administration of CXM, since injection at 1, 3 or 17 hr before training did not confer amnesia. The nature of the task, a control measure and a control experiment indicate that the CXM-induced change in saccharin preference at 24 hr is not due to a CXM-induced aversion, nor a loss in drinking ability nor an inability to retrieve information whilst under the influence of CXM."}
{"id": "PMID:944460", "title": "Urethral syndrome in women.", "content": "The pathological changes in the female urethra, para-urethral glands, and bladder neck, which manifest clinically as urethral syndrome, produce radiological signs which are recognizable but for which the authors have not found previous reports. The radiographic manifestations of this disease are clearly demonstrated by excretory urography. These changes are shown to correlate closely with the findings of cystography.", "contents": "Urethral syndrome in women. The pathological changes in the female urethra, para-urethral glands, and bladder neck, which manifest clinically as urethral syndrome, produce radiological signs which are recognizable but for which the authors have not found previous reports. The radiographic manifestations of this disease are clearly demonstrated by excretory urography. These changes are shown to correlate closely with the findings of cystography."}
{"id": "PMID:944462", "title": "Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F during pregnancy in sheep.", "content": "A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay is decribed for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in ovine plasma. Using this assay it has been shown that, in sheep, jugular venous 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations increase at parturition and correlate well with concentrations of prostaglandin F in the utero-ovarian vein. It is suggested that uterine prostaglandin F production under these conditions may be assessed by measuring peripheral venous 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F, thereby avoiding the need for chronic utero-ovarian venous catheters.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F during pregnancy in sheep. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay is decribed for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F in ovine plasma. Using this assay it has been shown that, in sheep, jugular venous 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F concentrations increase at parturition and correlate well with concentrations of prostaglandin F in the utero-ovarian vein. It is suggested that uterine prostaglandin F production under these conditions may be assessed by measuring peripheral venous 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F, thereby avoiding the need for chronic utero-ovarian venous catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:944464", "title": "Pneumonia associated with Torulopsis glabrata in an aborted bovine fetus.", "content": "The second case of bovine abortion caused by Torulopsis glabrata observed in examining more than 5000 fetuses is reported. The yeast was cultured from fetal abomasal content and fetal lung; attempts to isolate viruses and bacteria were unsuccessful. The yeast was seen in association with diffuse fetal pneumonia characterized by presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages within bronchioles, alveolar lumina and alveolar septa. Macrophages containing many yeast cells were observed within bronchioles.", "contents": "Pneumonia associated with Torulopsis glabrata in an aborted bovine fetus. The second case of bovine abortion caused by Torulopsis glabrata observed in examining more than 5000 fetuses is reported. The yeast was cultured from fetal abomasal content and fetal lung; attempts to isolate viruses and bacteria were unsuccessful. The yeast was seen in association with diffuse fetal pneumonia characterized by presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages within bronchioles, alveolar lumina and alveolar septa. Macrophages containing many yeast cells were observed within bronchioles."}
{"id": "PMID:944465", "title": "Is Arthroderma simii the perfect state of Trichophyton Quinckeanum?", "content": "Gymnothecia with asci and ascospores developed repeatedly and in abundance whenever Trichophyton quinckeanum isolates X-392 and IMI 140691 were paired with Arthroderma simii 678 A. However, repeatable fertile crosses did not occur when all of our 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum were paired with 10 other isolates of A. simii comprising A and a mating types. Additional crosses between these 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum with A. simii and with A. benhamiae revealed that 11 of the 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum produced fertile gymnothecia only when crossed with A. simii 678 A but not when crossed with another isolate of A. simii of the A mating type nor when crossed with mating type a. All 19 isolates mated with A. benhamiae mating type A; therefore, all of our T. quinckeanum isolates were of the a mating type. Study of asci and random ascospores, selected with a micromanipulator, from crosses between several isolates of T. quinckeanum and A. simii 678 A revealed irregularities in the maturation of ascospores, poor ascospore germination, and a predominance of the A. simii phenotype and mating type for those ascospores that germinated and produced mature colonies. All these reactions are characteristic of interspecific crosses. In contrast, ascus analysis of the F1 progeny of crosses between these same isolates of T. quinckeanum with A. benhamiae revealed regular maturation of ascospores, better germination, and essentially a 1:1 segregation of mating types and parental phenotypes. This study confirms the concept that T. quinckeanum is not an independent species and that it is best considered to be a variety of T. mentagrophytes, as reported by Ajello, Bostick & Cheng (1968). Furthermore, our data indicate that T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum appears to be more closely related to A. simii than the granular variety of T. mentagrophytes, since fertile gymnothecia resulted from crosses between T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum and A. simii but not between T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and A. simii. Further implications of this study suggest the importance of extensive ascospore analysis when investigating the perfect states of fungi in order to avoid creating unwarranted new species.", "contents": "Is Arthroderma simii the perfect state of Trichophyton Quinckeanum? Gymnothecia with asci and ascospores developed repeatedly and in abundance whenever Trichophyton quinckeanum isolates X-392 and IMI 140691 were paired with Arthroderma simii 678 A. However, repeatable fertile crosses did not occur when all of our 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum were paired with 10 other isolates of A. simii comprising A and a mating types. Additional crosses between these 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum with A. simii and with A. benhamiae revealed that 11 of the 19 isolates of T. quinckeanum produced fertile gymnothecia only when crossed with A. simii 678 A but not when crossed with another isolate of A. simii of the A mating type nor when crossed with mating type a. All 19 isolates mated with A. benhamiae mating type A; therefore, all of our T. quinckeanum isolates were of the a mating type. Study of asci and random ascospores, selected with a micromanipulator, from crosses between several isolates of T. quinckeanum and A. simii 678 A revealed irregularities in the maturation of ascospores, poor ascospore germination, and a predominance of the A. simii phenotype and mating type for those ascospores that germinated and produced mature colonies. All these reactions are characteristic of interspecific crosses. In contrast, ascus analysis of the F1 progeny of crosses between these same isolates of T. quinckeanum with A. benhamiae revealed regular maturation of ascospores, better germination, and essentially a 1:1 segregation of mating types and parental phenotypes. This study confirms the concept that T. quinckeanum is not an independent species and that it is best considered to be a variety of T. mentagrophytes, as reported by Ajello, Bostick & Cheng (1968). Furthermore, our data indicate that T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum appears to be more closely related to A. simii than the granular variety of T. mentagrophytes, since fertile gymnothecia resulted from crosses between T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum and A. simii but not between T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and A. simii. Further implications of this study suggest the importance of extensive ascospore analysis when investigating the perfect states of fungi in order to avoid creating unwarranted new species."}
{"id": "PMID:944466", "title": "Conidiogenesis in pathogenic hyphomycetes. I. Sporothrix, Exophiala, Geotrichum and Microsporum.", "content": "Conidium formation in 5 species of pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi, Sporothrix schenckii, Exophiala salmonis, E. sp., Geotrichum candidum and Microsporum canis were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The fungi, grown in pure culture on potato dextrose agar under defined conditions, demonstrated 4 kinds of conidiogenesis. The taxonomic value of the developmental characters in the classification of the Fungi Imperfecti is discussed.", "contents": "Conidiogenesis in pathogenic hyphomycetes. I. Sporothrix, Exophiala, Geotrichum and Microsporum. Conidium formation in 5 species of pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi, Sporothrix schenckii, Exophiala salmonis, E. sp., Geotrichum candidum and Microsporum canis were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The fungi, grown in pure culture on potato dextrose agar under defined conditions, demonstrated 4 kinds of conidiogenesis. The taxonomic value of the developmental characters in the classification of the Fungi Imperfecti is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944468", "title": "Fine structure of the dogfish egg case: a unique collagenous material.", "content": "The fine structure of the dogfish egg case is described with special reference to the highly ordered, unique, collagen-containing fibrils. The outer layer of the case wall contains densely packed, amorphous granules, rich in tyrosine while approximately 98% of the thickness of the case is built up from orthogonally stacked laminae of closely packed, collagen-containing fibrils. These fibrils show a paracrystalline three-dimensional construction. A model for the structure of the B band of the fibril is proposed, based on appearances in transverse sections of different thickness and on two projection seen in longitudinal sections. The transverse projection of the unit cell appears to be a square lattice with sides approximately 110 A possibly containing a pseudocell with sides (see article). The structure  of these fibrils is discussed in relation to those of rat tail tendon collagen.", "contents": "Fine structure of the dogfish egg case: a unique collagenous material. The fine structure of the dogfish egg case is described with special reference to the highly ordered, unique, collagen-containing fibrils. The outer layer of the case wall contains densely packed, amorphous granules, rich in tyrosine while approximately 98% of the thickness of the case is built up from orthogonally stacked laminae of closely packed, collagen-containing fibrils. These fibrils show a paracrystalline three-dimensional construction. A model for the structure of the B band of the fibril is proposed, based on appearances in transverse sections of different thickness and on two projection seen in longitudinal sections. The transverse projection of the unit cell appears to be a square lattice with sides approximately 110 A possibly containing a pseudocell with sides (see article). The structure  of these fibrils is discussed in relation to those of rat tail tendon collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:944470", "title": "The value of relative organ weights.", "content": "It is accepted practice in presenting organ weight data to express the results relative to the animal's body weight. The data presented suggest that in rats no benefits are obtained from this method either in reducing the variability of the data or in removing bias due to different body weights. By using simulated data it is further shown that relative weights can lead to erroneous conclusions and misinterpretation of drug effects and it is concluded that workers should present their results in absolute as opposed to relative weights.", "contents": "The value of relative organ weights. It is accepted practice in presenting organ weight data to express the results relative to the animal's body weight. The data presented suggest that in rats no benefits are obtained from this method either in reducing the variability of the data or in removing bias due to different body weights. By using simulated data it is further shown that relative weights can lead to erroneous conclusions and misinterpretation of drug effects and it is concluded that workers should present their results in absolute as opposed to relative weights."}
{"id": "PMID:944471", "title": "The toxicity of brominated sesame oil and brominated soybean oil in miniature swine.", "content": "Miniature swine were fed brominated sesame oil at dietary levels of 0, 5, 25, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 17 weeks and brominated soybean oil at levels of 0, 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 28 weeks. Growth rate and food intake were decreased only at the high dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. In both studies, signs of lethargy and ataxia occurred in pigs fed the highest dose, and were probably due to a dose-related increase in serum bromine concentrations. Marked elevations in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase (SGPT) values were seen at the highest dose level with both substances and these enzyme activities were increased at the 50 mg/kg dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. Histopathologic lesions were confined to animals given the highest dose level of either oil. Marked fatty degeneration of the hepatic plate cells and renal tubular epithelial cells were seen in both studies. In the brominated sesame oil study, neutral fat was moderately increased in the myocardium of the pigs fed 500 mg/kg. However, marked diffuse accumulation of LDH, marked diffuse fatty degeneration and focal degeneration, and/or necrosis of individual or small groups of cardiac muscle fibers were seen in the group fed brominated soybean oil at 500 mg/kg. A moderate to marked testicular atrophy was also observed in this group. A dose-related accumulation of total and hexane-soluble bromine was observed in all tissues examined in both studies; the highest concentrations occurred in adipose tissue of the pigs given the highest dose level. Kidneys, livers, hearts and thyroids of these groups also contained large amounts of bromine. In pigs given the 50 mg/kg dose level, total and hexane-soluble bromine concentrations were higher in the brominated sesame oil study than in the longer brominated soybean oil study and may be responsible for the elevations in LDH, SGPT and SGOT activities in this group.", "contents": "The toxicity of brominated sesame oil and brominated soybean oil in miniature swine. Miniature swine were fed brominated sesame oil at dietary levels of 0, 5, 25, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 17 weeks and brominated soybean oil at levels of 0, 5, 50 or 500 mg/kg of body weight for 28 weeks. Growth rate and food intake were decreased only at the high dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. In both studies, signs of lethargy and ataxia occurred in pigs fed the highest dose, and were probably due to a dose-related increase in serum bromine concentrations. Marked elevations in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase (SGPT) values were seen at the highest dose level with both substances and these enzyme activities were increased at the 50 mg/kg dose level in the brominated sesame oil study. Histopathologic lesions were confined to animals given the highest dose level of either oil. Marked fatty degeneration of the hepatic plate cells and renal tubular epithelial cells were seen in both studies. In the brominated sesame oil study, neutral fat was moderately increased in the myocardium of the pigs fed 500 mg/kg. However, marked diffuse accumulation of LDH, marked diffuse fatty degeneration and focal degeneration, and/or necrosis of individual or small groups of cardiac muscle fibers were seen in the group fed brominated soybean oil at 500 mg/kg. A moderate to marked testicular atrophy was also observed in this group. A dose-related accumulation of total and hexane-soluble bromine was observed in all tissues examined in both studies; the highest concentrations occurred in adipose tissue of the pigs given the highest dose level. Kidneys, livers, hearts and thyroids of these groups also contained large amounts of bromine. In pigs given the 50 mg/kg dose level, total and hexane-soluble bromine concentrations were higher in the brominated sesame oil study than in the longer brominated soybean oil study and may be responsible for the elevations in LDH, SGPT and SGOT activities in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:944477", "title": "Detrusor activity and outflow resistance in stress incontinence.", "content": "The successful treatment of urinary stress incontinence in females dependends on a careful study of urodynamics. Pre-operative measurements of urine flow rate and residual urine can be useful only in differentiating compensated from deconpensated micturition. However, some selected problems require a more detailed investigation. Therefore synchronous cine/pressure/flow/cystourethrographic studies were performed in 20 stress-incontinent women. In some of them, an increased outflow resistance was thus demonstrated. Any type of operation for stress incontinence which raises outflow resistance must be avoided in these cases. Long-distanced urethrocystopexy which permits to avoid an unwanted increase of outflow resistance with following retention of urine should be preferred.", "contents": "Detrusor activity and outflow resistance in stress incontinence. The successful treatment of urinary stress incontinence in females dependends on a careful study of urodynamics. Pre-operative measurements of urine flow rate and residual urine can be useful only in differentiating compensated from deconpensated micturition. However, some selected problems require a more detailed investigation. Therefore synchronous cine/pressure/flow/cystourethrographic studies were performed in 20 stress-incontinent women. In some of them, an increased outflow resistance was thus demonstrated. Any type of operation for stress incontinence which raises outflow resistance must be avoided in these cases. Long-distanced urethrocystopexy which permits to avoid an unwanted increase of outflow resistance with following retention of urine should be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:944478", "title": "Reflex electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence.", "content": "Our previous observations have shown that the electrical stimulation of muscles is prevalently reflex. One of the advantages of reflex stimulation is that it activates not only a limited number of motor units, but rather a number of muscles connected by the same reflex from a single stimulation site. Consequently, it is not necessary to place electrodes into the muscle to be activated. They can be put elsewhere provided that the same effect is obtained and that it is more convenient for the patient. Such an opportunity arises when treating urinary incontinence which involves not only the urethral sphincter but also the group of synergistic muscles of the pelvic floor. Our experiments with several patients suffering stress incontinence have shown that indirect stimulation of the levator ani with a vaginal stimulator and especially of the anal sphincter with an anal stimulator affects the urethral sphincter in the same way as direct stimulation. These findings are significant since they enable us to use external instead of implantable stimulators. External stimulation is worth trying in all cases of stress incontinence where conservative measures have failed. In our cases, the results have been very satisfactory.", "contents": "Reflex electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence. Our previous observations have shown that the electrical stimulation of muscles is prevalently reflex. One of the advantages of reflex stimulation is that it activates not only a limited number of motor units, but rather a number of muscles connected by the same reflex from a single stimulation site. Consequently, it is not necessary to place electrodes into the muscle to be activated. They can be put elsewhere provided that the same effect is obtained and that it is more convenient for the patient. Such an opportunity arises when treating urinary incontinence which involves not only the urethral sphincter but also the group of synergistic muscles of the pelvic floor. Our experiments with several patients suffering stress incontinence have shown that indirect stimulation of the levator ani with a vaginal stimulator and especially of the anal sphincter with an anal stimulator affects the urethral sphincter in the same way as direct stimulation. These findings are significant since they enable us to use external instead of implantable stimulators. External stimulation is worth trying in all cases of stress incontinence where conservative measures have failed. In our cases, the results have been very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:944479", "title": "Estrogenic sensitivity of alpha-receptors in the urethra musculature.", "content": "Estrogene has a tonicising effect upon urethra musculature. There is also the same demonstrable influence of alpha-receptor stimulating drugs upon the urethra pressure profile. After preliminary treatment with estrogene, there is a considerably stronger tonicising effect of alpha-stimulating drugs than without such a treatment. So the combination of estrogene and alpha-stimulating drugs seems a useful addition to the conservative treatment of stress incontinence.", "contents": "Estrogenic sensitivity of alpha-receptors in the urethra musculature. Estrogene has a tonicising effect upon urethra musculature. There is also the same demonstrable influence of alpha-receptor stimulating drugs upon the urethra pressure profile. After preliminary treatment with estrogene, there is a considerably stronger tonicising effect of alpha-stimulating drugs than without such a treatment. So the combination of estrogene and alpha-stimulating drugs seems a useful addition to the conservative treatment of stress incontinence."}
{"id": "PMID:944481", "title": "Model of the proximal urethra: measurement of the urethral stress profile.", "content": "Research on the activity of the urinary tract has led to the creation of a theoretical mechanical model where elastic forces, affecting rigid segments represent the living tissue of the urethral walls whereby it is assumed that the tissue acts as an elastic material. Such a model provides a clearer picture of changes in the physical parameters of the elastic walls of the urethra and facilitates better analysis of measurement errors. Artefacts make it exceptionally difficult to accurately measure the urethral pressure profile. The known methods have a measurement error of at least 30%. We have been trying to eliminate the basic error caused by the size of the measuring sensor. The methods involves measuring the urethral pressure profile in one patients using several sensors of varying diameters. The problem was defined mathematically. By extrapolation of measuring points, the value of elastic force under normal conditions can be obtained. Preliminary results of pressure profile measurements in our patients are much more accurate than those of other currently known measuring techniques. It is too early, however, to predict the extent of increased objectivity in the results of the new method for measuring urethral pressure profile, with and without functional electrical stimulation. The parameters of stimuli produced by our electrical stimulators will be based upon these findings.", "contents": "Model of the proximal urethra: measurement of the urethral stress profile. Research on the activity of the urinary tract has led to the creation of a theoretical mechanical model where elastic forces, affecting rigid segments represent the living tissue of the urethral walls whereby it is assumed that the tissue acts as an elastic material. Such a model provides a clearer picture of changes in the physical parameters of the elastic walls of the urethra and facilitates better analysis of measurement errors. Artefacts make it exceptionally difficult to accurately measure the urethral pressure profile. The known methods have a measurement error of at least 30%. We have been trying to eliminate the basic error caused by the size of the measuring sensor. The methods involves measuring the urethral pressure profile in one patients using several sensors of varying diameters. The problem was defined mathematically. By extrapolation of measuring points, the value of elastic force under normal conditions can be obtained. Preliminary results of pressure profile measurements in our patients are much more accurate than those of other currently known measuring techniques. It is too early, however, to predict the extent of increased objectivity in the results of the new method for measuring urethral pressure profile, with and without functional electrical stimulation. The parameters of stimuli produced by our electrical stimulators will be based upon these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:944482", "title": "A concept of urinary continence.", "content": "Urinary continence exists provided urine has no other outlet than through a section of the urethra where pressure at all times, except during normal micturition, is higher than it is in the bladder. Closure pressure, the difference between maximal intra-urethral pressure and simultaneously existing bladder pressure, normally remains above zero also during vigorous physical stress, such as coughing, mainly because intraabdominal pressure is readily transmitted not only to the bladder, but also to the upper urethra, which is above the urogenital diaphragm.", "contents": "A concept of urinary continence. Urinary continence exists provided urine has no other outlet than through a section of the urethra where pressure at all times, except during normal micturition, is higher than it is in the bladder. Closure pressure, the difference between maximal intra-urethral pressure and simultaneously existing bladder pressure, normally remains above zero also during vigorous physical stress, such as coughing, mainly because intraabdominal pressure is readily transmitted not only to the bladder, but also to the upper urethra, which is above the urogenital diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:944483", "title": "Is the intrinsic bladder pressure a reliable parameter?", "content": "Simultaneous pressure recording in different organs shows that voluntary movements as straining, Valsalva maneuver, cough, are easy recognizable. Spontaneous pressure waves in the rectum may give the impression of uninhibited bladder contractions if subtracted from the total bladder pressure.", "contents": "Is the intrinsic bladder pressure a reliable parameter? Simultaneous pressure recording in different organs shows that voluntary movements as straining, Valsalva maneuver, cough, are easy recognizable. Spontaneous pressure waves in the rectum may give the impression of uninhibited bladder contractions if subtracted from the total bladder pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:944512", "title": "Species and hybrid differences in frequencies of play and agonistic actions in canids.", "content": "Developmental changes in the frequency of occurrence of some 23 action patterns were studied in pairs of coyotes, wolves, dogs and their hybrids. Over 4,300 entries were recorded from days 24--42 (85.5 h observations in toto). All subjects showed a decrease in contactual behaviors from 24--30 days, and a subsequent increase in play fighting and chasing. In all species, with the exception of the coyotes, the bite was inhibited and play behavior was recorded from 24 days onwards, but only after the 30th day in the coyotes. Species differences in occurrence and frequency of certain action patterns were evident in the wolves, coyotes and dogs, and these differences were also reflected in their hybrids.", "contents": "Species and hybrid differences in frequencies of play and agonistic actions in canids. Developmental changes in the frequency of occurrence of some 23 action patterns were studied in pairs of coyotes, wolves, dogs and their hybrids. Over 4,300 entries were recorded from days 24--42 (85.5 h observations in toto). All subjects showed a decrease in contactual behaviors from 24--30 days, and a subsequent increase in play fighting and chasing. In all species, with the exception of the coyotes, the bite was inhibited and play behavior was recorded from 24 days onwards, but only after the 30th day in the coyotes. Species differences in occurrence and frequency of certain action patterns were evident in the wolves, coyotes and dogs, and these differences were also reflected in their hybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:944513", "title": "[Autoimmune cell reaction following the administration of an allergen from Ambrosia pollen].", "content": "Data are presented pointing to the principal possibility of using micromodification of the local hemolysis test (suggested by Klemparskaya) for the purpose of characteristics of pollen allergens. In administration to male mice, weighing 18 to 20 g of 0.25 ml of the allergen prepared from a 3% suspension of ambrosia pollen in water-salt Evans-Cock fluid there was a sharp rise in the spleen of cells synthesizing antibodies against own erythrocytes of these animals on the 4th-6th day after the immunization. The water-salt solution included into the composition of the allergen promoted to some extent stimulation of these processes. The allergen possessed a high allergenic activity in the skin test on man and contained 0.3 ml of protein nitrogen per 1 ml. A possibility of autoimmune influence of these preparations in hyposensitizing therapy of man is supposed.", "contents": "[Autoimmune cell reaction following the administration of an allergen from Ambrosia pollen]. Data are presented pointing to the principal possibility of using micromodification of the local hemolysis test (suggested by Klemparskaya) for the purpose of characteristics of pollen allergens. In administration to male mice, weighing 18 to 20 g of 0.25 ml of the allergen prepared from a 3% suspension of ambrosia pollen in water-salt Evans-Cock fluid there was a sharp rise in the spleen of cells synthesizing antibodies against own erythrocytes of these animals on the 4th-6th day after the immunization. The water-salt solution included into the composition of the allergen promoted to some extent stimulation of these processes. The allergen possessed a high allergenic activity in the skin test on man and contained 0.3 ml of protein nitrogen per 1 ml. A possibility of autoimmune influence of these preparations in hyposensitizing therapy of man is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:944514", "title": "[The effectiveness of amantadine (midantan) in the treatment of the parkinsonian syndrome].", "content": "The author treated 83 patients with parkinsonism by analouges of amantadin--the Soviet preparation midantan and Swiss preparation simmetril. Twenty patients received only Amantadin and 63 Amantadin in combination with other antiparkinsonic drugs. Optimal doses of other antiparkinsonic drugs were determined prior to amantadin treatment. The preparation exerted a higher influence on such symptoms of parkinsonism as akinesis and rigidity and less on tremor. In 1/3 of the cases a positive effect of the treatment was temporary and disappeared altogether after 2--4 weeks despite the continuation of therapy. The preparation was well tolerated. Side effects observed in 32 of the 83 patients were usually expressed very midly and disappeared without special treatment. The author compares such preparations al 1-Dopa and Amantadin (Midantan).", "contents": "[The effectiveness of amantadine (midantan) in the treatment of the parkinsonian syndrome]. The author treated 83 patients with parkinsonism by analouges of amantadin--the Soviet preparation midantan and Swiss preparation simmetril. Twenty patients received only Amantadin and 63 Amantadin in combination with other antiparkinsonic drugs. Optimal doses of other antiparkinsonic drugs were determined prior to amantadin treatment. The preparation exerted a higher influence on such symptoms of parkinsonism as akinesis and rigidity and less on tremor. In 1/3 of the cases a positive effect of the treatment was temporary and disappeared altogether after 2--4 weeks despite the continuation of therapy. The preparation was well tolerated. Side effects observed in 32 of the 83 patients were usually expressed very midly and disappeared without special treatment. The author compares such preparations al 1-Dopa and Amantadin (Midantan)."}
{"id": "PMID:944515", "title": "[Trophic disorders in ganglionitis of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion under experimental and clinical conditions].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a clinical study of 9 patients where ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node proceeded with an atrophy of the soft tissues in the form of facial hemiatrophy. Besides in experiments on 18 guinea pigs the authors either removed or irritated the upper cervical sympathic node and then after a certain period during 30 days performed histological and histochemical studies of the soft tissues of the animal muzzle. It was possible to mark a prevalent lesion of the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue. In the early periods of the experiment there was a more expressed change in the metabolic reactions and less-structural disorders which developed eventually and had a secondary character due to disorders of metabolic processes. These data permit to consider that such changes take place in the faces of patients with ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node.", "contents": "[Trophic disorders in ganglionitis of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion under experimental and clinical conditions]. The paper is concerned with a clinical study of 9 patients where ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node proceeded with an atrophy of the soft tissues in the form of facial hemiatrophy. Besides in experiments on 18 guinea pigs the authors either removed or irritated the upper cervical sympathic node and then after a certain period during 30 days performed histological and histochemical studies of the soft tissues of the animal muzzle. It was possible to mark a prevalent lesion of the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue. In the early periods of the experiment there was a more expressed change in the metabolic reactions and less-structural disorders which developed eventually and had a secondary character due to disorders of metabolic processes. These data permit to consider that such changes take place in the faces of patients with ganglionitis of the upper cervical sympathic node."}
{"id": "PMID:944516", "title": "[The role of catecholamines, acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity in the development of the cataleptic action of triftazin following repeated administration].", "content": "Catalepsy occurring in rats in a singular and repeated introduction of triftasine has a manifold mechanism, the main components of which are related to the metabolism of dophamine, acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity. A change in the intensity of catalepsy in a multiple introduction of the preparation is due mainly to cholinergic influences.", "contents": "[The role of catecholamines, acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity in the development of the cataleptic action of triftazin following repeated administration]. Catalepsy occurring in rats in a singular and repeated introduction of triftasine has a manifold mechanism, the main components of which are related to the metabolism of dophamine, acetylcholine and cholinesterase activity. A change in the intensity of catalepsy in a multiple introduction of the preparation is due mainly to cholinergic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:944517", "title": "Incidence and nature of horse-riding injuries. A one-year prospective study.", "content": "A prospective one-year study of horse-riding accidents was performed in an area with a very high frequency of amateur riding. Totally 174 patients with riding injuries were registered--66% children--making an incidence of only 0.7 per thousand riding occasions. However, many of these injuries were of a severe nature, one leading to death and 27 of the patients reporting persisting symptoms at follow-up one year after the accident. Eleven per cent of the accidents lead to cerebral injuries and 44% to fractures, mainly of the upper extremities. Eleven per cent required hospitalization and 17% operation under general anaesthesia. Clarification of the circumstances concerning the accidents indicated that many of the severe injuries could probably have been avoided by use of better safety equipment.", "contents": "Incidence and nature of horse-riding injuries. A one-year prospective study. A prospective one-year study of horse-riding accidents was performed in an area with a very high frequency of amateur riding. Totally 174 patients with riding injuries were registered--66% children--making an incidence of only 0.7 per thousand riding occasions. However, many of these injuries were of a severe nature, one leading to death and 27 of the patients reporting persisting symptoms at follow-up one year after the accident. Eleven per cent of the accidents lead to cerebral injuries and 44% to fractures, mainly of the upper extremities. Eleven per cent required hospitalization and 17% operation under general anaesthesia. Clarification of the circumstances concerning the accidents indicated that many of the severe injuries could probably have been avoided by use of better safety equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:944519", "title": "Incidence of intermembrane alterations in human heart mitochondria: a preliminary ultrastructural study.", "content": "An alteration consisting of widening of the inner membrane space (approximately 240 A) of the human heart mitochondria was studied and compared in surgical and autopsy material. The presence of these changes in well-preserved surgical material suggests that it may be a morphologic manifestation of an unknown biochemical alteration.", "contents": "Incidence of intermembrane alterations in human heart mitochondria: a preliminary ultrastructural study. An alteration consisting of widening of the inner membrane space (approximately 240 A) of the human heart mitochondria was studied and compared in surgical and autopsy material. The presence of these changes in well-preserved surgical material suggests that it may be a morphologic manifestation of an unknown biochemical alteration."}
{"id": "PMID:944520", "title": "Overriding tricuspid valve: echocardiographic and angiocardiographic features.", "content": "Eight cases are presented in which the diagnosis of overriding of the tricuspid valve was made during life and the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic features of the defect are presented. Four of the patients had dextrotransposition of the great arteries, three had normally related great arteries and one had corrected transposition. In each case there was hypoplasia of the right ventricle and a ventricular septal defect of the atrioventricular (A-V) canal type. The electrocardiogram in the cases with d-transposition was characterized by diminished right ventricular forces, left ventricular forces, left ventricular hypertrophy and a superior leftward frontal plane axis. The echocardiogram in seven cases demonstrated a septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve opening posterior to the septum into the left ventricle. In four cases the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve was shown crossing the plane of the interventricular septum as it opened in diastole. The diagnosis in five cases was made angiographically by a left ventricular injection in the left anterior oblique projection. In this view the septum was viewed tangentially and in diastole the negative silhouette of the tricuspid valve was seen straddling the interventricular septum. The presence of an overriding tricuspid valve can greatly complicate repair of intracardiac defects. The diagnosis of this A-V valve anomaly can be accurately made with the use of echocardiography and selective left ventricular angiography.", "contents": "Overriding tricuspid valve: echocardiographic and angiocardiographic features. Eight cases are presented in which the diagnosis of overriding of the tricuspid valve was made during life and the electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic features of the defect are presented. Four of the patients had dextrotransposition of the great arteries, three had normally related great arteries and one had corrected transposition. In each case there was hypoplasia of the right ventricle and a ventricular septal defect of the atrioventricular (A-V) canal type. The electrocardiogram in the cases with d-transposition was characterized by diminished right ventricular forces, left ventricular forces, left ventricular hypertrophy and a superior leftward frontal plane axis. The echocardiogram in seven cases demonstrated a septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve opening posterior to the septum into the left ventricle. In four cases the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve was shown crossing the plane of the interventricular septum as it opened in diastole. The diagnosis in five cases was made angiographically by a left ventricular injection in the left anterior oblique projection. In this view the septum was viewed tangentially and in diastole the negative silhouette of the tricuspid valve was seen straddling the interventricular septum. The presence of an overriding tricuspid valve can greatly complicate repair of intracardiac defects. The diagnosis of this A-V valve anomaly can be accurately made with the use of echocardiography and selective left ventricular angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:944523", "title": "The onset of testicular differentiation in the rat: An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The structure of developing rat testes was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells was followed from 14 days of gestation through birth. Specialized morphology in Sertoli cells was first seen at 16 days of gestation. In these cells the rough endoplasmic reticulum increased and became organized as numerous short cisternae loaded with a homogenous material. Typical Leydig cells were found among the stromal cells, around day 17 of gestation. There is good correlation between the time of appearance of ultrastructural specialization and published data on secretory capacity of the fetal testes, in respect to the inhibition and differentiation of the M\u00fcllerian and Wolffian ducts.", "contents": "The onset of testicular differentiation in the rat: An ultrastructural study. The structure of developing rat testes was studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells was followed from 14 days of gestation through birth. Specialized morphology in Sertoli cells was first seen at 16 days of gestation. In these cells the rough endoplasmic reticulum increased and became organized as numerous short cisternae loaded with a homogenous material. Typical Leydig cells were found among the stromal cells, around day 17 of gestation. There is good correlation between the time of appearance of ultrastructural specialization and published data on secretory capacity of the fetal testes, in respect to the inhibition and differentiation of the M\u00fcllerian and Wolffian ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:944524", "title": "Light cells within the limiting membrane of rat seminiferous tubules.", "content": "Light-staining cells, distinct from myoid cells, were identified in electron micrographs of the limiting membrane of rat seminiferous tubules. While these cells were also found free in the interstitial space, they were observed mostly in the myoid cell layer of the limiting membrane but were never seen within the seminiferous epithelium itself. The light cells were characterized by a pale-stained cytoplasm containing a spheroidal Golgi apparatus next to a polymorphous often kidney-shaped nucleus, a few cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and some granules of various types including a multivesicular bodies. In hematoxylin-stained whole mounts of dissected tubules, these light cells were readily identified under the light microscope by nuclear morphology and light-staining juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus. The incidence of these cells, per unit surface area of tubular wall, was calculated, taking into consideration the stages of the cylce of the seminiferous epithelium with which they were associated. Distributed along the entire length of seminiferous tubules, their number varied significantly during the cycle. Low numbers were found in stages II-IV and XIII of the cycle while high numbers were found in stages IX to XII and XIV-I of the cycle. These observations indicate that the seminiferous epithelium may exert an influence on the population of light cells present in the tubular limiting membrane.", "contents": "Light cells within the limiting membrane of rat seminiferous tubules. Light-staining cells, distinct from myoid cells, were identified in electron micrographs of the limiting membrane of rat seminiferous tubules. While these cells were also found free in the interstitial space, they were observed mostly in the myoid cell layer of the limiting membrane but were never seen within the seminiferous epithelium itself. The light cells were characterized by a pale-stained cytoplasm containing a spheroidal Golgi apparatus next to a polymorphous often kidney-shaped nucleus, a few cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and some granules of various types including a multivesicular bodies. In hematoxylin-stained whole mounts of dissected tubules, these light cells were readily identified under the light microscope by nuclear morphology and light-staining juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus. The incidence of these cells, per unit surface area of tubular wall, was calculated, taking into consideration the stages of the cylce of the seminiferous epithelium with which they were associated. Distributed along the entire length of seminiferous tubules, their number varied significantly during the cycle. Low numbers were found in stages II-IV and XIII of the cycle while high numbers were found in stages IX to XII and XIV-I of the cycle. These observations indicate that the seminiferous epithelium may exert an influence on the population of light cells present in the tubular limiting membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:944525", "title": "Availability of folates from some foods.", "content": "Availability of folic acid from seven commonly used Indian foods and from yeast was studied in normal human subjects. The method consisted of measuring urinary excretion of folate after the ingestion of a known amount of food folate. The mean availiability of folic acid from different foods was more than 50%, except from brewer's yeast wherein approximately only 10% of folate was available.", "contents": "Availability of folates from some foods. Availability of folic acid from seven commonly used Indian foods and from yeast was studied in normal human subjects. The method consisted of measuring urinary excretion of folate after the ingestion of a known amount of food folate. The mean availiability of folic acid from different foods was more than 50%, except from brewer's yeast wherein approximately only 10% of folate was available."}
{"id": "PMID:944526", "title": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. I. Vitamin A and beta-carotene.", "content": "The vitamin A and beta-carotene contents of breast milk were determined at different stages of lactation in three population groups: nonprivileged Ethiopian, privileged Ethiopian, and Swedish mothers. In addition, a fractionation of vitamin A giving the proportion of retinol was performed. The concentrations of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and (in part of the material) beta-carotene and prealbumin in plasma were also measured. The mean concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in the milk from the Swedish mothers (period 0.5 to 6.5 months) were in the range of 40.0 to 53.1 and 16.3 to 20.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. For the privileged Ethiopian mothers (period 0.5 to 3.5 months) the corresponding ranges were 36.2 to 36.4 and 26.2 to 28.1 mug/100 ml and for the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers (period 0.5 to 6.5 months) 28.1 to 33.1 and 23.9 to 25.6 mug/100 ml. Only the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers were examined during a later stage of lactation (6.5 to 11.5 and 11.5 to 23.5 months). The concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in their milk showed a downward trend. The proportion of retinyl ester (percentage of total vitamin A content) was significantly higher in the milk of Swedish mothers than in privileged and nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers. In the Swedish mothers retinol constituted 3.5% of the total vitamin A content of the milk; in Ethiopian mothers it was 15 to 30%. Determination of RBP in plasma showed normal values for Swedish mothers and lowered values for Ethiopian mothers--particularly the nonprivileged, in whom 14 of 81 values were below 20 mug/ml. RBP was demonstrated in colostrum, but only in a low concentration (in the order of 5 mug/ml).", "contents": "Breast milk composition in Ethiopian and Swedish mothers. I. Vitamin A and beta-carotene. The vitamin A and beta-carotene contents of breast milk were determined at different stages of lactation in three population groups: nonprivileged Ethiopian, privileged Ethiopian, and Swedish mothers. In addition, a fractionation of vitamin A giving the proportion of retinol was performed. The concentrations of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and (in part of the material) beta-carotene and prealbumin in plasma were also measured. The mean concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in the milk from the Swedish mothers (period 0.5 to 6.5 months) were in the range of 40.0 to 53.1 and 16.3 to 20.8 mug/100 ml, respectively. For the privileged Ethiopian mothers (period 0.5 to 3.5 months) the corresponding ranges were 36.2 to 36.4 and 26.2 to 28.1 mug/100 ml and for the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers (period 0.5 to 6.5 months) 28.1 to 33.1 and 23.9 to 25.6 mug/100 ml. Only the nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers were examined during a later stage of lactation (6.5 to 11.5 and 11.5 to 23.5 months). The concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in their milk showed a downward trend. The proportion of retinyl ester (percentage of total vitamin A content) was significantly higher in the milk of Swedish mothers than in privileged and nonprivileged Ethiopian mothers. In the Swedish mothers retinol constituted 3.5% of the total vitamin A content of the milk; in Ethiopian mothers it was 15 to 30%. Determination of RBP in plasma showed normal values for Swedish mothers and lowered values for Ethiopian mothers--particularly the nonprivileged, in whom 14 of 81 values were below 20 mug/ml. RBP was demonstrated in colostrum, but only in a low concentration (in the order of 5 mug/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:944527", "title": "Anti-drug-related antibodies in nonthrombocytopenic cardiac patients.", "content": "Drug-related antibodies (quinidine, hydrochlorothiazide, and digoxin) were studied using the 51Cr platelet lysis test and a recently introduced simplified platelet factor 3 assay in a total of 109 patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Quinidine antibodies were found in 16 (14.7%), hydrochlorothiazide antibodies in six (5.5%) and digoxin antibodies in two (1.8%) of 109 patients. All patients had normal hematologic data, including platelet counts. There was a significantly high incidence of quinidine antibodies in male patients (p less than 0.02), despite the previous report that quinidine-induced purpura was seen predominantly in female patients. Ten patients (9.2%) had antiplatelet antibodies. The simplified platelet factor 3 assay can easily be done in most laboratories and appears as sensitive as the 51Cr platelet lysis test. The high incidence of drug-related or antiplatelet antibodies in hematologically asymptomatic patients may indicate the presence of an insidious, compensated thrombolytic state in many patients.", "contents": "Anti-drug-related antibodies in nonthrombocytopenic cardiac patients. Drug-related antibodies (quinidine, hydrochlorothiazide, and digoxin) were studied using the 51Cr platelet lysis test and a recently introduced simplified platelet factor 3 assay in a total of 109 patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Quinidine antibodies were found in 16 (14.7%), hydrochlorothiazide antibodies in six (5.5%) and digoxin antibodies in two (1.8%) of 109 patients. All patients had normal hematologic data, including platelet counts. There was a significantly high incidence of quinidine antibodies in male patients (p less than 0.02), despite the previous report that quinidine-induced purpura was seen predominantly in female patients. Ten patients (9.2%) had antiplatelet antibodies. The simplified platelet factor 3 assay can easily be done in most laboratories and appears as sensitive as the 51Cr platelet lysis test. The high incidence of drug-related or antiplatelet antibodies in hematologically asymptomatic patients may indicate the presence of an insidious, compensated thrombolytic state in many patients."}
{"id": "PMID:944528", "title": "A large pericentric inversion of human chromosome 8.", "content": "A large pericentric inversion, inv(8) (p11q24), was ascertained in a male investigated because his wife had had repeated miscarriages. The inversion segregated in 3 generations of the family, and no chromosomally unbalanced offspring were detected. The miscarriage and the inversion could not be causally related.", "contents": "A large pericentric inversion of human chromosome 8. A large pericentric inversion, inv(8) (p11q24), was ascertained in a male investigated because his wife had had repeated miscarriages. The inversion segregated in 3 generations of the family, and no chromosomally unbalanced offspring were detected. The miscarriage and the inversion could not be causally related."}
{"id": "PMID:944529", "title": "Resolution of cultural and biological inheritance by path analysis.", "content": "Analysis of family resemblance is developed in terms of three genetic parameters, six parameters for cultural inheritance, and one parameter for an index estimating family environment. With efficient use of nuclear families the model is fully determinate. Other biological and social relationship provide additional degrees of freedom for testing goodness of fit. Performance of the model is satisfactory on simulated data with extreme gene-environment interaction. Applied to a large body of published data on I.Q., neither genetic assortative mating nor gene-environment covariance is significant by a likelihood ratio test, but heritability is less and cultural inheritance is greater for adults than children. Whereas family resemblance of children is largely genetic, for adults it is largely due to their childhood environments, presumably acting on occupational aspirations. Further resolution is more likely to come from nuclear families than from the rare relationships that were favored by classical human genetics.", "contents": "Resolution of cultural and biological inheritance by path analysis. Analysis of family resemblance is developed in terms of three genetic parameters, six parameters for cultural inheritance, and one parameter for an index estimating family environment. With efficient use of nuclear families the model is fully determinate. Other biological and social relationship provide additional degrees of freedom for testing goodness of fit. Performance of the model is satisfactory on simulated data with extreme gene-environment interaction. Applied to a large body of published data on I.Q., neither genetic assortative mating nor gene-environment covariance is significant by a likelihood ratio test, but heritability is less and cultural inheritance is greater for adults than children. Whereas family resemblance of children is largely genetic, for adults it is largely due to their childhood environments, presumably acting on occupational aspirations. Further resolution is more likely to come from nuclear families than from the rare relationships that were favored by classical human genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:944532", "title": "Pharmacy audit: an aid to continuing education.", "content": "Participation by pharmacists in drug-specific reviews of patient care is discussed. Criteria for drug usage review are illustrated along with data resulting from a comparison study of care using such criteria. Audit procedures are adapted from retrospective audit procedures published by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. Recommendations for improving the deficiencies identified in the drug usage review include the use of a drug-specific protocol for use in a continuing education seminar.", "contents": "Pharmacy audit: an aid to continuing education. Participation by pharmacists in drug-specific reviews of patient care is discussed. Criteria for drug usage review are illustrated along with data resulting from a comparison study of care using such criteria. Audit procedures are adapted from retrospective audit procedures published by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. Recommendations for improving the deficiencies identified in the drug usage review include the use of a drug-specific protocol for use in a continuing education seminar."}
{"id": "PMID:944533", "title": "Response of the binding capacity of plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin to norethindrone, 2 mg., and mestranol, 0.1 mg., in polycystic ovarian disease.", "content": "The binding capacity of plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) and testosterone (T) levels were measured in four women with proved polycystic ovaries and three women with a clinical diagnosis of polycystic ovarian disease before, during, and after administration of norethindrone, 2 mg., and mestranol, 0.1 mg. (N + M)...", "contents": "Response of the binding capacity of plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin to norethindrone, 2 mg., and mestranol, 0.1 mg., in polycystic ovarian disease. The binding capacity of plasma testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) and testosterone (T) levels were measured in four women with proved polycystic ovaries and three women with a clinical diagnosis of polycystic ovarian disease before, during, and after administration of norethindrone, 2 mg., and mestranol, 0.1 mg. (N + M)..."}
{"id": "PMID:944534", "title": "Phagocytosis and erythroblastosis. I. Modification of the neonatal response by promethazine hydrochloride.", "content": "Phagocytic cells were obtained from children at ages comparable to those at which the disease is most commonly seen during pregnancy. The effect of P-HCl on the phagocytic action of these cells on opsonized red blood cells was studied in vitro.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and erythroblastosis. I. Modification of the neonatal response by promethazine hydrochloride. Phagocytic cells were obtained from children at ages comparable to those at which the disease is most commonly seen during pregnancy. The effect of P-HCl on the phagocytic action of these cells on opsonized red blood cells was studied in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:944535", "title": "Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.", "content": "Analyses of visual acuity and visual field results in the Diabetic Retinopathy Study provide evidence that photocoagulation treatment as carried out according to the study protocol (extensive \"scatter\" photocoagulation and focal treatment of new vessels) is of benefit in preventing severe visual loss, over a two-year follow-up period, in eyes with proliferative retinopathy. Location of new vessels relative to the disk, severity on new vessels, and the presence of hemorrhage (vitreous or preretinal) all proved to be important prognostic factors. On the basis of these findings, these steps have been taken: All patients in the study have been informed of results to date and given an explanation of their implications. Photocoagulation treatment will be considered for the initially untreated eyes which now or in the future fulfill any one of the following criteria: (a) moderate or severe new vessels on or within 1-disk diameter of the optic disk; (b) mild new vessels on or within 1-disk diameter of the optic disk if fresh hemorrhage is present; and (c) moderate or severe new vessels elsewhere, if fresh hemorrhage is present. Follow-up of all patients will continue to allow long-term comparison between the argon- and xenon-treatment techniques employed. Further analyses of accumulating data will be performed to evaluate more completely the efficacy of photocoagulation therapy.", "contents": "Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Analyses of visual acuity and visual field results in the Diabetic Retinopathy Study provide evidence that photocoagulation treatment as carried out according to the study protocol (extensive \"scatter\" photocoagulation and focal treatment of new vessels) is of benefit in preventing severe visual loss, over a two-year follow-up period, in eyes with proliferative retinopathy. Location of new vessels relative to the disk, severity on new vessels, and the presence of hemorrhage (vitreous or preretinal) all proved to be important prognostic factors. On the basis of these findings, these steps have been taken: All patients in the study have been informed of results to date and given an explanation of their implications. Photocoagulation treatment will be considered for the initially untreated eyes which now or in the future fulfill any one of the following criteria: (a) moderate or severe new vessels on or within 1-disk diameter of the optic disk; (b) mild new vessels on or within 1-disk diameter of the optic disk if fresh hemorrhage is present; and (c) moderate or severe new vessels elsewhere, if fresh hemorrhage is present. Follow-up of all patients will continue to allow long-term comparison between the argon- and xenon-treatment techniques employed. Further analyses of accumulating data will be performed to evaluate more completely the efficacy of photocoagulation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:944536", "title": "The electroretinogram after peripheral retinal ablation in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The electroretinograms (ERGs) from 14 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recorded before and after peripheral retinal ablation by photocoagulation. It was expected that the ERG would be reduced in amplitude in proportion to the area of retina destroyed by the treatment. The ablation treatment, carried out in a standard manner in each patient, resulted in a decrease of ERG amplitude that varied from 10 to 95% among the patients, and caused an increase in ERG latency and implicit time in several patients. This suggests a wide variability in the area of retina affected by the treatment, and the possibility of an effect of the procedure on adjacent untreated retina in some diabetic patients.", "contents": "The electroretinogram after peripheral retinal ablation in diabetic retinopathy. The electroretinograms (ERGs) from 14 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were recorded before and after peripheral retinal ablation by photocoagulation. It was expected that the ERG would be reduced in amplitude in proportion to the area of retina destroyed by the treatment. The ablation treatment, carried out in a standard manner in each patient, resulted in a decrease of ERG amplitude that varied from 10 to 95% among the patients, and caused an increase in ERG latency and implicit time in several patients. This suggests a wide variability in the area of retina affected by the treatment, and the possibility of an effect of the procedure on adjacent untreated retina in some diabetic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:944537", "title": "Bilateral congenital mydriasis.", "content": "A 73-year-old white woman with bilateral congenital mydriasis had no other obvious abnormalities. The pupils reacted almost imperceptibly to light. There was no detectable reaction to accommodation and convergence. Pupillary response to pilocarpine 4% solution indicated the presence of the sphincter muscle. However, the failure of the pupil to react to a potent cholinesterase inhibitor (demecarium bromide 0.25%) suggested an abnormality relative to acetylcholine production in the iris. Rapid and marked pupillary response to phenylephrine 10% solution indicated the presence of the dilator muscle. Analysis of the family history with eight known cases of bilateral congenital mydriasis occurring only in females suggested that the mechanism of inheritance is most probably autosomal dominant. A degree of sex limitation cannot be absolutely excluded.", "contents": "Bilateral congenital mydriasis. A 73-year-old white woman with bilateral congenital mydriasis had no other obvious abnormalities. The pupils reacted almost imperceptibly to light. There was no detectable reaction to accommodation and convergence. Pupillary response to pilocarpine 4% solution indicated the presence of the sphincter muscle. However, the failure of the pupil to react to a potent cholinesterase inhibitor (demecarium bromide 0.25%) suggested an abnormality relative to acetylcholine production in the iris. Rapid and marked pupillary response to phenylephrine 10% solution indicated the presence of the dilator muscle. Analysis of the family history with eight known cases of bilateral congenital mydriasis occurring only in females suggested that the mechanism of inheritance is most probably autosomal dominant. A degree of sex limitation cannot be absolutely excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:944538", "title": "Training and accreditation for the treatment of sexual disorders.", "content": "The field of \"sex therapy\" is not defined by specific, limited techniques. Rather, it encompasses a subspecialty based on an understanding of psychodynamics and psychological development but requiring additional skills from other branches of medicine. Despite its breadth and complexity, sex therapy training is unregulated, with the public lacking the protection afforded by standardized training programs or certification. The author outlines the scope of sex therapy as a psychiatric and medical subspecialty and delineates the necessary clinical skills for the physician-practitioner.", "contents": "Training and accreditation for the treatment of sexual disorders. The field of \"sex therapy\" is not defined by specific, limited techniques. Rather, it encompasses a subspecialty based on an understanding of psychodynamics and psychological development but requiring additional skills from other branches of medicine. Despite its breadth and complexity, sex therapy training is unregulated, with the public lacking the protection afforded by standardized training programs or certification. The author outlines the scope of sex therapy as a psychiatric and medical subspecialty and delineates the necessary clinical skills for the physician-practitioner."}
{"id": "PMID:944539", "title": "Sex therapy and psychophysiological research.", "content": "The author discusses two areas of psychophysiological research that may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction: investigations of sexual arousal in men and studies of nocturnal penile tumescence. There has been no convincing evidence to date of a predictable, generalizable autonomic response pattern to sexual arousal, but neuroendocrine research in this area has shown promise. A close temporal relationship has been found between REM sleep and penile tumescence in normal men-deviations from this pattern may be related to sexual dysfunction. The author suggests that further research is necessary in these areas of potential diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "Sex therapy and psychophysiological research. The author discusses two areas of psychophysiological research that may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction: investigations of sexual arousal in men and studies of nocturnal penile tumescence. There has been no convincing evidence to date of a predictable, generalizable autonomic response pattern to sexual arousal, but neuroendocrine research in this area has shown promise. A close temporal relationship has been found between REM sleep and penile tumescence in normal men-deviations from this pattern may be related to sexual dysfunction. The author suggests that further research is necessary in these areas of potential diagnostic and prognostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:944542", "title": "Neonatal androgen and mounting behaviour in female house mice.", "content": "Strains of intact, mature female mice were found to differ appreciably in their levels of performance of masculine copulatory patterns when presented with a stimulus oestrous female. Balb/c and DBA/2 strains, which showed few responses to stimulus females, were still unresponsive when given exogenous androgen, whereas the C57BL/6Fa strain and its R1 hybrids with the DBA/2 strain, showed more pre-injection masculine responses which increased to consistent and very high levels following androgen treatment. In a second study, injection of Balb/c females with testosterone propionate on the day of birth did not increase the number of masculine responses displayed, even after androgen treatment at maturity.", "contents": "Neonatal androgen and mounting behaviour in female house mice. Strains of intact, mature female mice were found to differ appreciably in their levels of performance of masculine copulatory patterns when presented with a stimulus oestrous female. Balb/c and DBA/2 strains, which showed few responses to stimulus females, were still unresponsive when given exogenous androgen, whereas the C57BL/6Fa strain and its R1 hybrids with the DBA/2 strain, showed more pre-injection masculine responses which increased to consistent and very high levels following androgen treatment. In a second study, injection of Balb/c females with testosterone propionate on the day of birth did not increase the number of masculine responses displayed, even after androgen treatment at maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:944543", "title": "Appearance of antibody-forming cells in lymphocytes from the lower respiratory tract of the dog after intrapulmonary or intravenous immunization with sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "To investigate the mechanisms of expression of humoral immunity in the lower respiratory tract, dogs were immunized either locally (intrapulmonary) or systemically (intravenous) with low doses of sheep erythrocytes. Bronchoalveolar cells obtained by pulmonary lavage and hilar lymph nodes were assayed during the primary immune response for their concentrations of antibody-forming cells with the Jerne plaque technique. Antibody-forming cells consistently appeared among bronchoalveolar cells after intravenous immunization but failed to accumulate in this cell population after local administration of the identical dose of sheep erythrocytes. By contrast, after local immunization, antibody-forming cells appeared in the hilar lymph nodes in generally greater concentrations than after intravenous immunization. The results demonstrated that the anatomic site of presentation of this particulate antigen to the lung (intravascular versus intra-alveolar) as well as the dose of antigen are important determinants of the distribution of antibody-forming cells in these 2 pulmonary lymphoid tissues. The data suggested that bronchoalveolar lymphocytes and hilar lymph node cells function independently in the expression of humoral immunity in the lower respiratory tract.", "contents": "Appearance of antibody-forming cells in lymphocytes from the lower respiratory tract of the dog after intrapulmonary or intravenous immunization with sheep erythrocytes. To investigate the mechanisms of expression of humoral immunity in the lower respiratory tract, dogs were immunized either locally (intrapulmonary) or systemically (intravenous) with low doses of sheep erythrocytes. Bronchoalveolar cells obtained by pulmonary lavage and hilar lymph nodes were assayed during the primary immune response for their concentrations of antibody-forming cells with the Jerne plaque technique. Antibody-forming cells consistently appeared among bronchoalveolar cells after intravenous immunization but failed to accumulate in this cell population after local administration of the identical dose of sheep erythrocytes. By contrast, after local immunization, antibody-forming cells appeared in the hilar lymph nodes in generally greater concentrations than after intravenous immunization. The results demonstrated that the anatomic site of presentation of this particulate antigen to the lung (intravascular versus intra-alveolar) as well as the dose of antigen are important determinants of the distribution of antibody-forming cells in these 2 pulmonary lymphoid tissues. The data suggested that bronchoalveolar lymphocytes and hilar lymph node cells function independently in the expression of humoral immunity in the lower respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:944544", "title": "Anterior segment complications of argon laser therapy.", "content": "Similar complications have been reported with both xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. Emphasis has been placed on complications in the posterior segment. However, with the argon laser, anterior segment complications such as iritis, focal iris atrophy, inequality of pupil size, posterior synechiae, anterior subcapsular and cortical lens opacities and corneal leukomata may occur. The majority of these complications may be prevented by adequate dilatation of the pupil, patient cooperation, and selective use of retrobulbar anesthesia.", "contents": "Anterior segment complications of argon laser therapy. Similar complications have been reported with both xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. Emphasis has been placed on complications in the posterior segment. However, with the argon laser, anterior segment complications such as iritis, focal iris atrophy, inequality of pupil size, posterior synechiae, anterior subcapsular and cortical lens opacities and corneal leukomata may occur. The majority of these complications may be prevented by adequate dilatation of the pupil, patient cooperation, and selective use of retrobulbar anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:944545", "title": "The development of corneal astigmatism in contact lens wearers.", "content": "In this study of 131 eyes, a comparison of the corneal astigmatism present before wearing hard contact lenses was made with that found after several years of wear (mean length of time: 4.4 years). The eyes were divided into 3 groups according to their ocular rigidity measurements. Statistical analysis of these groups showed that eyes with low ocular rigidity developed a high incidence of with-the-rule astigmatism change and that, furthermore, this change was of significant amount (twice that developed by eyes in the other groups). It was notable that all of the eyes that developed more than 1 1/2 diopters of astigmatism had low ocular rigidity.", "contents": "The development of corneal astigmatism in contact lens wearers. In this study of 131 eyes, a comparison of the corneal astigmatism present before wearing hard contact lenses was made with that found after several years of wear (mean length of time: 4.4 years). The eyes were divided into 3 groups according to their ocular rigidity measurements. Statistical analysis of these groups showed that eyes with low ocular rigidity developed a high incidence of with-the-rule astigmatism change and that, furthermore, this change was of significant amount (twice that developed by eyes in the other groups). It was notable that all of the eyes that developed more than 1 1/2 diopters of astigmatism had low ocular rigidity."}
{"id": "PMID:944546", "title": "Transpupillary photocoagulation of the ciliary processes.", "content": "We used transpupillary argon laser to photocoagulate the ciliary processes in 7 eyes of 6 patients in an attempt to reduce intraocular pressure. Only one patient showed a decrease in intraocular pressure to a normal level. This patient was the only one in this series in whom large numbers of ciliary processes could be coagulated. The limiting factor in effective transpupillary argon laser photocoagulation may, therefore, be the total number of ciliary processes visualized and treated.", "contents": "Transpupillary photocoagulation of the ciliary processes. We used transpupillary argon laser to photocoagulate the ciliary processes in 7 eyes of 6 patients in an attempt to reduce intraocular pressure. Only one patient showed a decrease in intraocular pressure to a normal level. This patient was the only one in this series in whom large numbers of ciliary processes could be coagulated. The limiting factor in effective transpupillary argon laser photocoagulation may, therefore, be the total number of ciliary processes visualized and treated."}
{"id": "PMID:944547", "title": "The surgical correction of refractive errors by keratomileusis and keratophakia.", "content": "The methods of performing keratomileusis and keratophakia are described. The principles of the calculations are outlined. Results and complications are enumerated. The indications for the methods are discussed.", "contents": "The surgical correction of refractive errors by keratomileusis and keratophakia. The methods of performing keratomileusis and keratophakia are described. The principles of the calculations are outlined. Results and complications are enumerated. The indications for the methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944550", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of sisomicin.", "content": "An antibody induced in rabbits against a gentamicin-bovine serum albumin conjugate cross-reacted with the chemically related aminoglycoside, sisomicin, facilitating the development of a sisomicin radioimmunoassay. Sisomicin was labeled with (125)I using an acylating agent [3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester]. The resulting assay produced a linear standard curve on a logit-log plot with a sensitivity of 140 pg. Comparison with a microbiological assay showed no significant difference (P < 0.001) in the measurement of sisomicin by these two methods.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of sisomicin. An antibody induced in rabbits against a gentamicin-bovine serum albumin conjugate cross-reacted with the chemically related aminoglycoside, sisomicin, facilitating the development of a sisomicin radioimmunoassay. Sisomicin was labeled with (125)I using an acylating agent [3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid-N-hydroxy-succinimide ester]. The resulting assay produced a linear standard curve on a logit-log plot with a sensitivity of 140 pg. Comparison with a microbiological assay showed no significant difference (P < 0.001) in the measurement of sisomicin by these two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:944551", "title": "Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells.", "content": "The inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions were 10 to 100 times lower than for silver sulfadiazine. Effects on normal mammalian cells were minimal.", "contents": "Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells. The inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions were 10 to 100 times lower than for silver sulfadiazine. Effects on normal mammalian cells were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:944548", "title": "Single mitotic center for rodent cochlear duct.", "content": "The pattern of terminal mitosis in mouse otocyst observed by Ruben led him to postulate the existence of a growth zone at the junction of saccular and cochlear primordia. With the use of colchicine, an antimitotic drug, a localized zone of mitotic activity has been demonstrated at this predicted site.", "contents": "Single mitotic center for rodent cochlear duct. The pattern of terminal mitosis in mouse otocyst observed by Ruben led him to postulate the existence of a growth zone at the junction of saccular and cochlear primordia. With the use of colchicine, an antimitotic drug, a localized zone of mitotic activity has been demonstrated at this predicted site."}
{"id": "PMID:944552", "title": "Effect of amphotericin B on growth and membrane permeability in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "In this study we have determined the effect of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on the growth of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. These experiments show that the addition of drug to axenically growing cultures results in an inhibition of growth and cell division. However, with continued incubation, growth is resumed. To determine if the inhibitory effect was due to cell death, the effect of the drug on cell viability was measured. The results showed 10 to 20 times more drug was required to kill cells than to inhibit growth. Since previous studies had indicated that drugs of this type modified cellular permeability, the effect of this drug on osmotic stability of these cells was determined. Results reported in this study show that amphotericin B treatment modifies the cell surface, producing osmotically unstable cells, and that this modification occurs before the onset of cell death and within the same concentration range as used to bring about the inhibition of growth and division. Based on these data it is suggested that the modification in cellular permeability produced by the drug results in the inhibition of growth. This study also reports the results of experiments on the fate of the membrane-damaged cells. These experiments, using radioactive thiourea, showed the restoration of cellular permeability barrier and suggested that the resumption of cell growth occurs after the completion of the repair process.", "contents": "Effect of amphotericin B on growth and membrane permeability in Dictyostelium discoideum. In this study we have determined the effect of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on the growth of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. These experiments show that the addition of drug to axenically growing cultures results in an inhibition of growth and cell division. However, with continued incubation, growth is resumed. To determine if the inhibitory effect was due to cell death, the effect of the drug on cell viability was measured. The results showed 10 to 20 times more drug was required to kill cells than to inhibit growth. Since previous studies had indicated that drugs of this type modified cellular permeability, the effect of this drug on osmotic stability of these cells was determined. Results reported in this study show that amphotericin B treatment modifies the cell surface, producing osmotically unstable cells, and that this modification occurs before the onset of cell death and within the same concentration range as used to bring about the inhibition of growth and division. Based on these data it is suggested that the modification in cellular permeability produced by the drug results in the inhibition of growth. This study also reports the results of experiments on the fate of the membrane-damaged cells. These experiments, using radioactive thiourea, showed the restoration of cellular permeability barrier and suggested that the resumption of cell growth occurs after the completion of the repair process."}
{"id": "PMID:944553", "title": "Ultrastructure of rumen bacterial attachment to forage cell walls.", "content": "The degradation of forage cell walls by rumen bacteria was investigated with critical-point drying/scanning electron microscopy and ruthenium red staining/transmission electron microscopy. Differences were observed in the manner of attachment of different morphological types of rumen bacteria to plant cell walls during degradation. Cocci, constituting about 22% of the attached bacteria, appeared to be attached to degraded plant walls via capsule-like substances averaging 58 nm in width (range, 21 to 84 nm). Many bacilli appeared to adhere to forage substrates without distinct capsule-like material, although unattached bacteria with capsules were observed occasionally. Certain bacili appeared to be attached to degraded tissue via small amounts of extracellular material, but others apparently had no extracellular material. Bacilli with a distinct morphology due to an irregularly folded, electron-dense outer layer or layers (about 15 nm thick) and without fibrous extracellular material consituted about 37% of the attached bacteria and were observed to adhere so closely to degraded plant walls that the bacterial shape conformed to the shape of the degraded zone. In the rumen ecosystem, bacteria appeared to adhere to plant substrates during degradation by capsule-like material and by small amounts of extracellular material, as well as by the other means not observable by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of rumen bacterial attachment to forage cell walls. The degradation of forage cell walls by rumen bacteria was investigated with critical-point drying/scanning electron microscopy and ruthenium red staining/transmission electron microscopy. Differences were observed in the manner of attachment of different morphological types of rumen bacteria to plant cell walls during degradation. Cocci, constituting about 22% of the attached bacteria, appeared to be attached to degraded plant walls via capsule-like substances averaging 58 nm in width (range, 21 to 84 nm). Many bacilli appeared to adhere to forage substrates without distinct capsule-like material, although unattached bacteria with capsules were observed occasionally. Certain bacili appeared to be attached to degraded tissue via small amounts of extracellular material, but others apparently had no extracellular material. Bacilli with a distinct morphology due to an irregularly folded, electron-dense outer layer or layers (about 15 nm thick) and without fibrous extracellular material consituted about 37% of the attached bacteria and were observed to adhere so closely to degraded plant walls that the bacterial shape conformed to the shape of the degraded zone. In the rumen ecosystem, bacteria appeared to adhere to plant substrates during degradation by capsule-like material and by small amounts of extracellular material, as well as by the other means not observable by electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:944554", "title": "Lipolytic fermentations of stickwater by Geotrichum candidum and Candida lipolytica.", "content": "Stickwater, a by-product of the fish meal and oil industry, is an aqueous suspension of fish proteins, lipids, and other materials, and also contains soluble nonprotein nitrogen but not carbohydrate. It is usually partially evaporated by heat to a marketable form called \"fish solubles,\" which is sold with an acid preservative as an animal feed supplement. However, fish solubles are only used to a limited extent in feeds, because the lipids of solubles (averages 11%) are relatively prone to oxidative rancidity development. An investigation was undertaken to digest and/or stabilize lipids in stickwater by lipolytic fermentations and, at the same time, to attempt to increase the protein content as single cell protein. Strains of the yeast Candida lipolytica and the yeast like mold Geotrichum candidum were employed for these investigations. Stickwater fermentations were performed in a laboratory bench top fermentor. Respirometric studies of lipid metabolic activity and microbial observations were periodically performed during these fermentations. Rapid microbial growth and metabolic activity were observed in well aerated cultures. Fermented products were evaluated for chemical composition. Lipid residues were characterized by thin-layer chromatographic procedures. There was evidence of abundant microbial growth, increased lipolytic activity, and decreased lipid content. However, evidence was lacking to show that the protein content of stickwater was actually increased.", "contents": "Lipolytic fermentations of stickwater by Geotrichum candidum and Candida lipolytica. Stickwater, a by-product of the fish meal and oil industry, is an aqueous suspension of fish proteins, lipids, and other materials, and also contains soluble nonprotein nitrogen but not carbohydrate. It is usually partially evaporated by heat to a marketable form called \"fish solubles,\" which is sold with an acid preservative as an animal feed supplement. However, fish solubles are only used to a limited extent in feeds, because the lipids of solubles (averages 11%) are relatively prone to oxidative rancidity development. An investigation was undertaken to digest and/or stabilize lipids in stickwater by lipolytic fermentations and, at the same time, to attempt to increase the protein content as single cell protein. Strains of the yeast Candida lipolytica and the yeast like mold Geotrichum candidum were employed for these investigations. Stickwater fermentations were performed in a laboratory bench top fermentor. Respirometric studies of lipid metabolic activity and microbial observations were periodically performed during these fermentations. Rapid microbial growth and metabolic activity were observed in well aerated cultures. Fermented products were evaluated for chemical composition. Lipid residues were characterized by thin-layer chromatographic procedures. There was evidence of abundant microbial growth, increased lipolytic activity, and decreased lipid content. However, evidence was lacking to show that the protein content of stickwater was actually increased."}
{"id": "PMID:944555", "title": "Alpha-galactosidase production and use in a hollow-fiber reactor.", "content": "Soybean milk serves as a base for a variety of beverages designed for consumption in developing countries. Soybean flour contains raffinose and stachyose considered to be responsible for flatulence often associated with these products (J.J. Rackis, D.H. Honig, D.J. Sessa, and F.R. Steggerda, 1970). alpha-Galactosidase, produced on wheat bran, hydrolyzes the galactooligosaccharides of soybean milk.", "contents": "Alpha-galactosidase production and use in a hollow-fiber reactor. Soybean milk serves as a base for a variety of beverages designed for consumption in developing countries. Soybean flour contains raffinose and stachyose considered to be responsible for flatulence often associated with these products (J.J. Rackis, D.H. Honig, D.J. Sessa, and F.R. Steggerda, 1970). alpha-Galactosidase, produced on wheat bran, hydrolyzes the galactooligosaccharides of soybean milk."}
{"id": "PMID:944556", "title": "Dye reduction method for estimating bacterial counts in ground beef.", "content": "A dye reduction method was developed for estimating total aerobic and/or psychrotrophic bacterial counts in ground beef. The method is based on color changes in indicator disks placed on the meat surface.", "contents": "Dye reduction method for estimating bacterial counts in ground beef. A dye reduction method was developed for estimating total aerobic and/or psychrotrophic bacterial counts in ground beef. The method is based on color changes in indicator disks placed on the meat surface."}
{"id": "PMID:944557", "title": "A mode of selective action of thiadiazolyl urea herbicides.", "content": "1,1-Dimethyl-3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(I) was newly synthesized by the authors. (I) was found to have the strongest herbicidal activities among the thiadiazolylurea derivatives and selectivity of (I) was found between barley (tolerant)and wheat (susceptible) plants. Neither absorption by roots nor translocation from roots to shoots of 35S-labeled (I) in barley and wheat correlated with selectively between these species of plants. (I) was metabolized in both species of plants by N-demethylation to 1-methyl-3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(II), and further to non-phytotoxic 3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(III). The rates of the N-demethylating reactions from (I) to (II) and from (II) to (III) were much greater in barley shoots than in wheat shoots, especially in the second demethylation. It was concluded that the selective activity of (I) between barley and wheat plants was mainly due to the difference in rates of N-demethylation of (I). In addition, it was found that cotton plants, well known as tolerant to phenylurea herbicides, were remarkably susceptible to (I). It was indicated that different rates of the N-demethylating reaction between the phenyl and thiadiazolyl herbicides correlated with susceptibility to them.", "contents": "A mode of selective action of thiadiazolyl urea herbicides. 1,1-Dimethyl-3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(I) was newly synthesized by the authors. (I) was found to have the strongest herbicidal activities among the thiadiazolylurea derivatives and selectivity of (I) was found between barley (tolerant)and wheat (susceptible) plants. Neither absorption by roots nor translocation from roots to shoots of 35S-labeled (I) in barley and wheat correlated with selectively between these species of plants. (I) was metabolized in both species of plants by N-demethylation to 1-methyl-3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(II), and further to non-phytotoxic 3-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea(III). The rates of the N-demethylating reactions from (I) to (II) and from (II) to (III) were much greater in barley shoots than in wheat shoots, especially in the second demethylation. It was concluded that the selective activity of (I) between barley and wheat plants was mainly due to the difference in rates of N-demethylation of (I). In addition, it was found that cotton plants, well known as tolerant to phenylurea herbicides, were remarkably susceptible to (I). It was indicated that different rates of the N-demethylating reaction between the phenyl and thiadiazolyl herbicides correlated with susceptibility to them."}
{"id": "PMID:944558", "title": "Radionuclide scanning in the evaluation of Kaposi sarcoma.", "content": "A patient with Kaposi sarcoma showed increased uptake of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m over both clinically evident and occult regions of involvement. The clinically negative but scan-positive regions showed pathologic lesions by biopsy. Gallium citrate Ga 67 and bleomycin sulfate labeled with indium 111 (111In) did not concentrate in the lesions, which suggest that Kaposi sarcoma, despite its resemblance to lymphoma, differs from lymphoma substantially with reference to raionuclide uptake. This report confirms that sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m is the most sensitive agent for diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of patients with Kaposi sarcoma and suggests taht gallium citrate Ga 67 or bleomycin 111In may be useful in the differentiation of Kaposi sarcoma from lymphoma.", "contents": "Radionuclide scanning in the evaluation of Kaposi sarcoma. A patient with Kaposi sarcoma showed increased uptake of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m over both clinically evident and occult regions of involvement. The clinically negative but scan-positive regions showed pathologic lesions by biopsy. Gallium citrate Ga 67 and bleomycin sulfate labeled with indium 111 (111In) did not concentrate in the lesions, which suggest that Kaposi sarcoma, despite its resemblance to lymphoma, differs from lymphoma substantially with reference to raionuclide uptake. This report confirms that sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m is the most sensitive agent for diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of patients with Kaposi sarcoma and suggests taht gallium citrate Ga 67 or bleomycin 111In may be useful in the differentiation of Kaposi sarcoma from lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:944559", "title": "Brain abscess caused by Cladosporium trichoides.", "content": "In 17 previously reported cases of cladosporiosis, no reliable therapy was described, and death occurred usually within one year of diagnosis. Pretreatment isolates from our two patients were inhibited by 6.2 mug/ml and 3.1mug/ml of flucytosine, respectively. Although both patients died, postmortem examination results showed that in one patient, the fungus had been eradicated. In the other patient, C trichoides that was isolated at postmortem examination was resistant to flucytosine treatment.", "contents": "Brain abscess caused by Cladosporium trichoides. In 17 previously reported cases of cladosporiosis, no reliable therapy was described, and death occurred usually within one year of diagnosis. Pretreatment isolates from our two patients were inhibited by 6.2 mug/ml and 3.1mug/ml of flucytosine, respectively. Although both patients died, postmortem examination results showed that in one patient, the fungus had been eradicated. In the other patient, C trichoides that was isolated at postmortem examination was resistant to flucytosine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944567", "title": "Cystoid maculopathy in diabetics.", "content": "Three patients with long-standing diabetes manifested reduced visual acuity and notable bilateral symmetrical cystoid maculopathy, with no other sign of meaningful background diabetic retinopathy, eg, minimal to no microaneurysms, hemorrhages, or exudates. Results of fluorescein angiography showed that the entire retinal capillary bed in the macula was dilated and leaked fluorescein diffusely and profusely, but also showed that there was excellent capillary perfusion. Argonlaser photocoagulation was applied to one eye of each patient in an attempt to resolve the cystoid maculopathy. The laser treatment effectively resolved the edema in the specific areas of treatment, but the foveal and perifoveal areas, which were not treated, showed no areas of resolution of the cystoid edema in two cases and no improvement (and no decrease) in visual acuity in all three cases.", "contents": "Cystoid maculopathy in diabetics. Three patients with long-standing diabetes manifested reduced visual acuity and notable bilateral symmetrical cystoid maculopathy, with no other sign of meaningful background diabetic retinopathy, eg, minimal to no microaneurysms, hemorrhages, or exudates. Results of fluorescein angiography showed that the entire retinal capillary bed in the macula was dilated and leaked fluorescein diffusely and profusely, but also showed that there was excellent capillary perfusion. Argonlaser photocoagulation was applied to one eye of each patient in an attempt to resolve the cystoid maculopathy. The laser treatment effectively resolved the edema in the specific areas of treatment, but the foveal and perifoveal areas, which were not treated, showed no areas of resolution of the cystoid edema in two cases and no improvement (and no decrease) in visual acuity in all three cases."}
{"id": "PMID:944568", "title": "A functional computer recording system for a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.", "content": "The establishment of a computer system to process the diagnostic records of the veterinary laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries is described. A batch system is being used with an optical type input to an International Computers Limited computer. The reports are generated and then reduced photographically to standard size paper. The experience gained and the features and potential of the system are discussed including the particular advantages of the optical input system.", "contents": "A functional computer recording system for a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. The establishment of a computer system to process the diagnostic records of the veterinary laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries is described. A batch system is being used with an optical type input to an International Computers Limited computer. The reports are generated and then reduced photographically to standard size paper. The experience gained and the features and potential of the system are discussed including the particular advantages of the optical input system."}
{"id": "PMID:944572", "title": "Genetic and environmental components of inconsistency and unrepeatability in twins' responses to a neuroticism questionnaire.", "content": "Responses of twins to an 11-item neuroticism scale extracted from questionnaires administered on two widely separated occasions were subjected to a genetic analysis. The results confirm earlier findings concerning the genetic determination of neuroticism and reveal that there is a genetic component in the inconsistency of the test measured by the interaction of subjects and test items. Variation within subjects over the 2-year period between tests was due purely to environmental factors specific to individuals. When a genetic model was fitted to the raw mean squares, there was no evidence that genetic variation was other than additive and no indication of an environmental component common to members of the same family.", "contents": "Genetic and environmental components of inconsistency and unrepeatability in twins' responses to a neuroticism questionnaire. Responses of twins to an 11-item neuroticism scale extracted from questionnaires administered on two widely separated occasions were subjected to a genetic analysis. The results confirm earlier findings concerning the genetic determination of neuroticism and reveal that there is a genetic component in the inconsistency of the test measured by the interaction of subjects and test items. Variation within subjects over the 2-year period between tests was due purely to environmental factors specific to individuals. When a genetic model was fitted to the raw mean squares, there was no evidence that genetic variation was other than additive and no indication of an environmental component common to members of the same family."}
{"id": "PMID:944573", "title": "Metabolism and structure of the magnesium aspartate-procaine-arrested ischaemic heart of rabbit and man.", "content": "The fine structure and the content in energy-rich phosphate compounds, glycogen, and metabolites of the Embden-Meyerhoff-pathway in rabbits hearts or human papillary muscles arrested by magnesium aspartate-procaine are investigated in normothermia and mild or deep hypothermia. In all experimental conditions the break-down of adenine nucleotides and glycogen was distinctly retarded in cardioplegia compared to ischaemic arrest. While e.g. an ATP-content of 3.6 mumole/g wet weight was found after 40 min. at 32 degrees C in the magnesium asparate-procaine arrested heart, it dropped down to 1.3 mumole/g in the ischaemically arrested heart. In cardioplegia after 60 min at 15 degrees C the in vivo contents of ATP and glycogen were determined. The rate in metabolic changes in the magnesium aspartate-procaine arrested human papillary muscle was in the range of that recorded in the arrested rabbit heart. The ultrastructural appearance of the cardioplegically arrested heart did not differ from that of the controls after 20 min at 32 degrees C or 120 min at 15 degrees C. In hearts arrested by cardioplegia 40 min at 32 degrees C first signs of ischaemic lesions e.g. mild swelling of mitochondria and few rarefications in mitochondrial matrix were observed. Because of the significantly improved preservation of the fine structure of the heart and retardation of ischaemically provoked changes in cardiac metabolism, the method of inducing heart arrest by cardioplegia should also clinically be given preference to methods of arresting the heart by ischaemia.", "contents": "Metabolism and structure of the magnesium aspartate-procaine-arrested ischaemic heart of rabbit and man. The fine structure and the content in energy-rich phosphate compounds, glycogen, and metabolites of the Embden-Meyerhoff-pathway in rabbits hearts or human papillary muscles arrested by magnesium aspartate-procaine are investigated in normothermia and mild or deep hypothermia. In all experimental conditions the break-down of adenine nucleotides and glycogen was distinctly retarded in cardioplegia compared to ischaemic arrest. While e.g. an ATP-content of 3.6 mumole/g wet weight was found after 40 min. at 32 degrees C in the magnesium asparate-procaine arrested heart, it dropped down to 1.3 mumole/g in the ischaemically arrested heart. In cardioplegia after 60 min at 15 degrees C the in vivo contents of ATP and glycogen were determined. The rate in metabolic changes in the magnesium aspartate-procaine arrested human papillary muscle was in the range of that recorded in the arrested rabbit heart. The ultrastructural appearance of the cardioplegically arrested heart did not differ from that of the controls after 20 min at 32 degrees C or 120 min at 15 degrees C. In hearts arrested by cardioplegia 40 min at 32 degrees C first signs of ischaemic lesions e.g. mild swelling of mitochondria and few rarefications in mitochondrial matrix were observed. Because of the significantly improved preservation of the fine structure of the heart and retardation of ischaemically provoked changes in cardiac metabolism, the method of inducing heart arrest by cardioplegia should also clinically be given preference to methods of arresting the heart by ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:944584", "title": "'Isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis as part of more widespread cardiovascular disease.", "content": "In 25 patients aged 6 days to 9 years presenting as 'isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis, histology of the myocardium of right and left ventricles, coronary arteries, and ascending aorta has shown abnormality in one or all these areas. Myocardial necrosis, old and recent, unrelated to coronary occlusion was frequent. Myocardial 'dysplasia' involving both ventricles, and resembling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM, ASH) was found in 10 and a relation of this to myocardial injury in the fetus is postulated. Varying degrees of coronary occlusion were frequently seen in both right and left coronary arteries. The histology of the ascending aorta was abnormal showing 'higgledy-piggledy' disorder of smooth muscle components in 12 (48%). In a different series of 53 patients who had pulmonary valvotomy for apparent 'isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis there were 14 with clinical evidence of left ventricular abnormality consistent with the pathological changes described, 2 with the same aortic histological changes, and 2 with macroscopical left ventricular hypertrophy. Two of them developed classical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy years later. It is suggested that when pulmonary valve stenosis presents with a thick tricuspid poorly mobile valve, particularly in infants or in patients with evidence of other congenital stigmata, it may be part of a more widespread cardiovascular abnormality. This should be recognized and considered in the evaluation of surgical patients and late survivors who may show unexpected clinical features.", "contents": "'Isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis as part of more widespread cardiovascular disease. In 25 patients aged 6 days to 9 years presenting as 'isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis, histology of the myocardium of right and left ventricles, coronary arteries, and ascending aorta has shown abnormality in one or all these areas. Myocardial necrosis, old and recent, unrelated to coronary occlusion was frequent. Myocardial 'dysplasia' involving both ventricles, and resembling hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM, ASH) was found in 10 and a relation of this to myocardial injury in the fetus is postulated. Varying degrees of coronary occlusion were frequently seen in both right and left coronary arteries. The histology of the ascending aorta was abnormal showing 'higgledy-piggledy' disorder of smooth muscle components in 12 (48%). In a different series of 53 patients who had pulmonary valvotomy for apparent 'isolated' pulmonary valve stenosis there were 14 with clinical evidence of left ventricular abnormality consistent with the pathological changes described, 2 with the same aortic histological changes, and 2 with macroscopical left ventricular hypertrophy. Two of them developed classical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy years later. It is suggested that when pulmonary valve stenosis presents with a thick tricuspid poorly mobile valve, particularly in infants or in patients with evidence of other congenital stigmata, it may be part of a more widespread cardiovascular abnormality. This should be recognized and considered in the evaluation of surgical patients and late survivors who may show unexpected clinical features."}
{"id": "PMID:944586", "title": "The effect of combined treatment with a platinum complex and ionizing radiation on chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro.", "content": "Cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum II (DBCP) belongs to the group of platinum complexes which have recently been reported to have anti-tumour activity. Its cytotoxic activity in CHO cells is not cell-age-dependent, but enhancement of the effect of ionizing radiation is both dose-and cell cycle phase-dependent. In asynchronous cell populations DBCP acts as a dose-modifying factor for ionizing radiation. Doses of DBCP reducing survival of CHO cells to 26% and 4% applied 1 h before irradiation reduce the Do value of radiation dose-survival curves by factors of 1-34 and 1-59 respectively. In synchronized CHO populations enhancement by DBCP of the effect of radiation is most pronounced in G1 and in late S while it is reduced in mid-S. Possible mechanisms of DBCP-radiation interaction are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of combined treatment with a platinum complex and ionizing radiation on chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. Cis-dichlorobis(cyclopentylamine)platinum II (DBCP) belongs to the group of platinum complexes which have recently been reported to have anti-tumour activity. Its cytotoxic activity in CHO cells is not cell-age-dependent, but enhancement of the effect of ionizing radiation is both dose-and cell cycle phase-dependent. In asynchronous cell populations DBCP acts as a dose-modifying factor for ionizing radiation. Doses of DBCP reducing survival of CHO cells to 26% and 4% applied 1 h before irradiation reduce the Do value of radiation dose-survival curves by factors of 1-34 and 1-59 respectively. In synchronized CHO populations enhancement by DBCP of the effect of radiation is most pronounced in G1 and in late S while it is reduced in mid-S. Possible mechanisms of DBCP-radiation interaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944587", "title": "Inhibitory effect of eggs on vitamin B12 absorption: description of a simple ovalbumin 57Co-vitamin B12 absorption test.", "content": "Ovalbumin and egg yolks, mixed separately in vitro with radiocyanocobalamin (57 Co-vitamin B12), were served to normal volunteers in a cooked form. Ovalbumin, and to a lesser degree, egg yolks were observed to inhibit vitamin B12 absorption. This observation explains the rather poor assimilation of vitamin B12 from eggs labelled in vivo with 57 Co-vitamin B12.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of eggs on vitamin B12 absorption: description of a simple ovalbumin 57Co-vitamin B12 absorption test. Ovalbumin and egg yolks, mixed separately in vitro with radiocyanocobalamin (57 Co-vitamin B12), were served to normal volunteers in a cooked form. Ovalbumin, and to a lesser degree, egg yolks were observed to inhibit vitamin B12 absorption. This observation explains the rather poor assimilation of vitamin B12 from eggs labelled in vivo with 57 Co-vitamin B12."}
{"id": "PMID:944590", "title": "The determination of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit.", "content": "1. A method of obtaining dialysed samples from the caecum of the conscious rabbit is described. 2. Values for total volatile fatty acid content and for molar proportions of individual volatile fatty acids in dialysate samples were in good agreement with those obtained from caecal material. 3. The volatile fatty acid level in the caecum throughout the day was determined using two groups of animals, one group fed ad lib. and the other group on a restricted food intake. These results indicated a marked diurnal fluctuation in volatile fatty acid level in the caecum of rabbits fed once/d which was not evident in those fed ad lib.", "contents": "The determination of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit. 1. A method of obtaining dialysed samples from the caecum of the conscious rabbit is described. 2. Values for total volatile fatty acid content and for molar proportions of individual volatile fatty acids in dialysate samples were in good agreement with those obtained from caecal material. 3. The volatile fatty acid level in the caecum throughout the day was determined using two groups of animals, one group fed ad lib. and the other group on a restricted food intake. These results indicated a marked diurnal fluctuation in volatile fatty acid level in the caecum of rabbits fed once/d which was not evident in those fed ad lib."}
{"id": "PMID:944591", "title": "Characteristics of the association between prothrombin fragment 2 and alpha-thrombin.", "content": "The esterolytic activity of bovine alpha-thrombin on the synthetic substrate N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arninine methyl ester (TosArgOMe) is stimulated when the prothrombin activation fragment, prothrombin fragment 2, is added as previously reported by this laboratory (Heldebrant, C. M., and Mann, K. G. (1973), J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3642). A similar stimulation of beta-thrombin is observed upon addition of prothrombin fragment 2. The binding constant of prothrombin fragment 2 to alpha-thrombin has been determined by the method of Gutfreund ((1972), Enzymes, Physical Principles, Wiley, New York, N.Y., pp 67-71). The dissociation constant is 7.7 X 10(-10)M, and there is one molecule of prothrombin fragment 2 bound per molecule of alpha-thrombin. Prethrombin-2 competes for prothrombin fragment 2, so the enhancement of the esterolytic activity of alpha-thrombin by prothrombin fragment 2 was used as a probe to determine the dissociation constant for the binding of prothrombin fragment 2 to prethrombin 2. The dissociation constant for this association is 1.3 X 10(-10)M. The kinetic parameters for the reaction of alpha-thrombin on TosArgOMe were determined in the absence and presence of prothrombin fragment 2 and are as follows: (a) in the absence of prothrombin fragment 2, Km(app) = 1.92 X 10(-4)M, and k3(app) = 35.8 mol of TosArgOMe/mol of alpha-thrombin s(-1); (b) in the presence of prothrombin fragment 2,Km(app = 1.76 X 10(-4)M, and k3(app) = 60.5 mol of TosArgOMe/mol of alpha-thrombin s(-1). Thus, the stimulatory effect of bovine prothrombin fragment 2 on bovine alpha-thrombin is reflected in k3(app) and not in Km(app). In contrast to the stimulatory effect of prothrombin fragment 2 on the thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of TosArgOMe, it inhibits the activity of alpha-thrombin toward N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide. The inhibition of activity toward these substrates by prothrombin fragment 2 is also reflected in k3(app). Activity toward the nonspecific substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate was completely inhibited by the addition of prothrombin fragment 2. Prothrombin fragment 2 has no effect on the inhibition of alpha-thrombin activity by the active-site serine inhibitors diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, or p-nitrophenyl guanidinobenzoate. Inhibition by the active-site-histidine-modifying inhibitor, N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone, was enhanced by the addition of prothrombin fragment 2. Soybean trypsin inhibitor reduces the stimulation by prothrombin fragment 2, but only at high molar ratios. Prothrombin fragment 2 has no effect on the clotting activity of alpha-thrombin, nor inhibition of this activity by heparin, hirudin, or diisopropyl phosphafluoridate. Bovine prothrombin fragment 2 enhances the esterolytic activity of both human and bovine alpha-thrombin, but human prothrombin fragment 2 does not enhance the esterolytic activity of either human or bovine alpha-thrombin.", "contents": "Characteristics of the association between prothrombin fragment 2 and alpha-thrombin. The esterolytic activity of bovine alpha-thrombin on the synthetic substrate N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arninine methyl ester (TosArgOMe) is stimulated when the prothrombin activation fragment, prothrombin fragment 2, is added as previously reported by this laboratory (Heldebrant, C. M., and Mann, K. G. (1973), J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3642). A similar stimulation of beta-thrombin is observed upon addition of prothrombin fragment 2. The binding constant of prothrombin fragment 2 to alpha-thrombin has been determined by the method of Gutfreund ((1972), Enzymes, Physical Principles, Wiley, New York, N.Y., pp 67-71). The dissociation constant is 7.7 X 10(-10)M, and there is one molecule of prothrombin fragment 2 bound per molecule of alpha-thrombin. Prethrombin-2 competes for prothrombin fragment 2, so the enhancement of the esterolytic activity of alpha-thrombin by prothrombin fragment 2 was used as a probe to determine the dissociation constant for the binding of prothrombin fragment 2 to prethrombin 2. The dissociation constant for this association is 1.3 X 10(-10)M. The kinetic parameters for the reaction of alpha-thrombin on TosArgOMe were determined in the absence and presence of prothrombin fragment 2 and are as follows: (a) in the absence of prothrombin fragment 2, Km(app) = 1.92 X 10(-4)M, and k3(app) = 35.8 mol of TosArgOMe/mol of alpha-thrombin s(-1); (b) in the presence of prothrombin fragment 2,Km(app = 1.76 X 10(-4)M, and k3(app) = 60.5 mol of TosArgOMe/mol of alpha-thrombin s(-1). Thus, the stimulatory effect of bovine prothrombin fragment 2 on bovine alpha-thrombin is reflected in k3(app) and not in Km(app). In contrast to the stimulatory effect of prothrombin fragment 2 on the thrombin-catalyzed hydrolysis of TosArgOMe, it inhibits the activity of alpha-thrombin toward N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester and N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide. The inhibition of activity toward these substrates by prothrombin fragment 2 is also reflected in k3(app). Activity toward the nonspecific substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate was completely inhibited by the addition of prothrombin fragment 2. Prothrombin fragment 2 has no effect on the inhibition of alpha-thrombin activity by the active-site serine inhibitors diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, or p-nitrophenyl guanidinobenzoate. Inhibition by the active-site-histidine-modifying inhibitor, N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine chloromethyl ketone, was enhanced by the addition of prothrombin fragment 2. Soybean trypsin inhibitor reduces the stimulation by prothrombin fragment 2, but only at high molar ratios. Prothrombin fragment 2 has no effect on the clotting activity of alpha-thrombin, nor inhibition of this activity by heparin, hirudin, or diisopropyl phosphafluoridate. Bovine prothrombin fragment 2 enhances the esterolytic activity of both human and bovine alpha-thrombin, but human prothrombin fragment 2 does not enhance the esterolytic activity of either human or bovine alpha-thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:944592", "title": "Structure and immunogenic behaviour of methylated tobacco mosaic virus.", "content": "Tobacco mosaic virus was methylated, using various concentrations of dimethylsulfate. The methylated virus sample with still intact particles was subjected to sequential analysis. The sites and the degree of methylation were determined in the tryptic peptides. Tyrosine 139 and cysteine 27 are more accessible to methylation than tyrosine 72, lysine 68 and tyrosine 2. A limited number of carboxyl groups was also methylated. The ability of methylated and original tobacco mosaic virus to initiate the formation of humoral antibodies and the capacity to induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were investigated in STU mice. Original tobacco mosaic virus could not induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction but methylated tobacco mosaic virus induced a delayed-type reaction, not depending on whether the virus particles were intact or disintegrated. This phenomenon was strictly linked with the presence of methylester groups.", "contents": "Structure and immunogenic behaviour of methylated tobacco mosaic virus. Tobacco mosaic virus was methylated, using various concentrations of dimethylsulfate. The methylated virus sample with still intact particles was subjected to sequential analysis. The sites and the degree of methylation were determined in the tryptic peptides. Tyrosine 139 and cysteine 27 are more accessible to methylation than tyrosine 72, lysine 68 and tyrosine 2. A limited number of carboxyl groups was also methylated. The ability of methylated and original tobacco mosaic virus to initiate the formation of humoral antibodies and the capacity to induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were investigated in STU mice. Original tobacco mosaic virus could not induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction but methylated tobacco mosaic virus induced a delayed-type reaction, not depending on whether the virus particles were intact or disintegrated. This phenomenon was strictly linked with the presence of methylester groups."}
{"id": "PMID:944593", "title": "Microheterogeneity in porcine pancreatic amylase preparations due to disulfide-sulfhydryl exchange.", "content": "There are two masked SH groups in pancreatic amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) which become reactive after removal of Ca ions, and then only due to fluctuation of the polypeptide chain. Carboxymethylation of the masked SH groups and isolation of the tryptic CM-peptides have shown that the reacting SH groups in active amylase preparations are not identical, depending on the method of preparation. The microheterogeneity is attributed to an SH-SS exchange reaction taking place during preparation. This exchange results in a mixture of two types of amylase molecules containing different SH groups. The tryptic peptides containing the SH groups have been detected from the radioautogram of the peptide may of the [14C] carboxymethylated protein digest. We identified the SH peptides present in native amylase, and those cysteinyl peptides which form an easily reducible disulfide in the vicinity of these thiol groups, and take part in the intramolecular SH-disulfide exchange.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity in porcine pancreatic amylase preparations due to disulfide-sulfhydryl exchange. There are two masked SH groups in pancreatic amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) which become reactive after removal of Ca ions, and then only due to fluctuation of the polypeptide chain. Carboxymethylation of the masked SH groups and isolation of the tryptic CM-peptides have shown that the reacting SH groups in active amylase preparations are not identical, depending on the method of preparation. The microheterogeneity is attributed to an SH-SS exchange reaction taking place during preparation. This exchange results in a mixture of two types of amylase molecules containing different SH groups. The tryptic peptides containing the SH groups have been detected from the radioautogram of the peptide may of the [14C] carboxymethylated protein digest. We identified the SH peptides present in native amylase, and those cysteinyl peptides which form an easily reducible disulfide in the vicinity of these thiol groups, and take part in the intramolecular SH-disulfide exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:944594", "title": "Age differences in the positional distribution of phosphoglycerides and molecular species of choline phosphoglycerides during development of the chick embryo liver.", "content": "The total fatty acid composition and the distribution of acyl groups in the positions 1 and 2 of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine as well as in the molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine from the chick embryo liver have been investigated at various stages of development. The fatty acid content of the main lipid classes from the yolks was also evaluated. The relative percentages of total saturated fatty acids in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine remained constant during liver development; however, the levels of both main saturated acids, palmitic and stearic acids, were reciprocally counterbalanced as the age of the embryo proceeded. On the other hand, arachidonic acid decreased with time whereas linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid doubled their proportions during development. The relative amounts of total saturated fatty acids from liver 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine were also constant during all stages of development; however, palmitic/stearic acid ratio did not change with time in this phosphoglyceride. Fatty acid composition of the yolk phosphoglycerides did not change during embryonic development. It should be noted that marked differences between fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides from the embryo liver and those of the yolk phosphoglycerides were demonstrated. The general patterns of the positional distribution of the acyl groups in choline phosphoglycerides differed from those of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Palmitic and stearic acids were only positioned at position 1 in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine whereas both fatty acids did not acylate exclusively the position 1 in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "contents": "Age differences in the positional distribution of phosphoglycerides and molecular species of choline phosphoglycerides during development of the chick embryo liver. The total fatty acid composition and the distribution of acyl groups in the positions 1 and 2 of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine as well as in the molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine from the chick embryo liver have been investigated at various stages of development. The fatty acid content of the main lipid classes from the yolks was also evaluated. The relative percentages of total saturated fatty acids in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine remained constant during liver development; however, the levels of both main saturated acids, palmitic and stearic acids, were reciprocally counterbalanced as the age of the embryo proceeded. On the other hand, arachidonic acid decreased with time whereas linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid doubled their proportions during development. The relative amounts of total saturated fatty acids from liver 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine were also constant during all stages of development; however, palmitic/stearic acid ratio did not change with time in this phosphoglyceride. Fatty acid composition of the yolk phosphoglycerides did not change during embryonic development. It should be noted that marked differences between fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides from the embryo liver and those of the yolk phosphoglycerides were demonstrated. The general patterns of the positional distribution of the acyl groups in choline phosphoglycerides differed from those of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides. Palmitic and stearic acids were only positioned at position 1 in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine whereas both fatty acids did not acylate exclusively the position 1 in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine."}
{"id": "PMID:944595", "title": "Evidence for B-C transition in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. An infrared linear dichroism study.", "content": "Oriented films of calf thymus DNA are studied before and after 254 nm ultraviolet irradiation by infrared linear dichroism. The ultraviolet-irradiated DNA films are changed in their conformation, which is indicated by a replacement of the B-A transition by a B-C transition when the humidity is lowered, from 90% to 75% relative humidity.", "contents": "Evidence for B-C transition in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA. An infrared linear dichroism study. Oriented films of calf thymus DNA are studied before and after 254 nm ultraviolet irradiation by infrared linear dichroism. The ultraviolet-irradiated DNA films are changed in their conformation, which is indicated by a replacement of the B-A transition by a B-C transition when the humidity is lowered, from 90% to 75% relative humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:944597", "title": "Daughter cells as an important factor in determining the physiological state of yeast populations.", "content": "Cells of Candida utilis grown in a single-stage chemostat at D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-1 were separated into a fraction of scar-bearing mother cells and a fraction of scar-free daughter cells. The scar-free cells were transferred into small batch cultures where the length of the maturation phase, changes in length and width of cells, specific growth rate, and specific rate of RNA and protein synthesis were examined for 5 hr. The daughter cells grown at D = 0.05 hr-1 were very small at the moment of separation from the mother cells (about one-third of the mother cell). Their maturation phase (in a batch culture), at the beginning of which they attain the specific growth rate approaching the mumax of the strain used, lasts for 3 hr. On the other hand, daughter cells grown at D = 0.35 hr-1 are almost the same size as the mother cells at the moment of separation. After transfer to a batch culture they begin to bud almost immediately. Similarly, in their other morphological and physiological parameters they differ strikingly from immature daughter cells which are formed at low specific growth rates. The importance of these differences from the point of view of mathematical modeling of growth processes is discussed.", "contents": "Daughter cells as an important factor in determining the physiological state of yeast populations. Cells of Candida utilis grown in a single-stage chemostat at D = 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.35 hr-1 were separated into a fraction of scar-bearing mother cells and a fraction of scar-free daughter cells. The scar-free cells were transferred into small batch cultures where the length of the maturation phase, changes in length and width of cells, specific growth rate, and specific rate of RNA and protein synthesis were examined for 5 hr. The daughter cells grown at D = 0.05 hr-1 were very small at the moment of separation from the mother cells (about one-third of the mother cell). Their maturation phase (in a batch culture), at the beginning of which they attain the specific growth rate approaching the mumax of the strain used, lasts for 3 hr. On the other hand, daughter cells grown at D = 0.35 hr-1 are almost the same size as the mother cells at the moment of separation. After transfer to a batch culture they begin to bud almost immediately. Similarly, in their other morphological and physiological parameters they differ strikingly from immature daughter cells which are formed at low specific growth rates. The importance of these differences from the point of view of mathematical modeling of growth processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944602", "title": "Innervation of the muscle of the bladder in the rat.", "content": "A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the organisation and terminal density of the nerves associated with the muscle of the body of the bladder was undertaken in the rat. The results obtained were suggestive of the organisation of the intramuscular plexuses into 2 separate and possibly functionally distinct networks. The nerves ramifying within the muscle fascicles mostly contained between 1 and 3 axons and on the basis of counts made in 12 animals, appeared to provide the muscle with only a moderate level of innervation. Although adrenergic terminals were frequently seen in the perivascular plexuses, they were rarely encountered in the nerves within the muscle fascicles. The majority of the terminals in the intrafascicular nerves were similar to those normally classified as cholinergic and, in many, the exposed parts of the axonal membrane were closely related to that of adjacent muscle cells. In addition to clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles, many of these terminals contained scattered small dense-cored vesicles. It was suggested that the involvement of the material present in the small dense-cored vesicles with acetylcholine in impulse transmission might account for the atypical features of such transmission in the bladder and in particular its resistance to blockade by atropine. The nerves forming the interfascicular networks contained few axons with cholinergic terminals, and were characterised by much larger numbers of a morphologically distinctive type of terminal. Some of these were indistinguishable from those recently defined as the terminals of purinergic axons but their distribution in the nerves suggests that they represent the terminals of afferent axons and is consistent with the concept that, together with those observed in other tissues, such axons are involved in pain perception.", "contents": "Innervation of the muscle of the bladder in the rat. A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the organisation and terminal density of the nerves associated with the muscle of the body of the bladder was undertaken in the rat. The results obtained were suggestive of the organisation of the intramuscular plexuses into 2 separate and possibly functionally distinct networks. The nerves ramifying within the muscle fascicles mostly contained between 1 and 3 axons and on the basis of counts made in 12 animals, appeared to provide the muscle with only a moderate level of innervation. Although adrenergic terminals were frequently seen in the perivascular plexuses, they were rarely encountered in the nerves within the muscle fascicles. The majority of the terminals in the intrafascicular nerves were similar to those normally classified as cholinergic and, in many, the exposed parts of the axonal membrane were closely related to that of adjacent muscle cells. In addition to clear vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles, many of these terminals contained scattered small dense-cored vesicles. It was suggested that the involvement of the material present in the small dense-cored vesicles with acetylcholine in impulse transmission might account for the atypical features of such transmission in the bladder and in particular its resistance to blockade by atropine. The nerves forming the interfascicular networks contained few axons with cholinergic terminals, and were characterised by much larger numbers of a morphologically distinctive type of terminal. Some of these were indistinguishable from those recently defined as the terminals of purinergic axons but their distribution in the nerves suggests that they represent the terminals of afferent axons and is consistent with the concept that, together with those observed in other tissues, such axons are involved in pain perception."}
{"id": "PMID:944605", "title": "Human rabies encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Seven weeks after he was bitten on the lip by a puppy in the Gambia a patient showed symptons of rabies. Passive and active immunisation was begun three days after the onset of symptons. The evidence indicated that death was a direct consequence of the central nervous system disease rather than any associated complication. Our inability to alter the course of the illness appreciably emphasises the importance of immediate postexposure immunisation in rabies and draws attention to the present lack of effective means of preventing virus replication within the central nervous system.", "contents": "Human rabies encephalomyelitis. Seven weeks after he was bitten on the lip by a puppy in the Gambia a patient showed symptons of rabies. Passive and active immunisation was begun three days after the onset of symptons. The evidence indicated that death was a direct consequence of the central nervous system disease rather than any associated complication. Our inability to alter the course of the illness appreciably emphasises the importance of immediate postexposure immunisation in rabies and draws attention to the present lack of effective means of preventing virus replication within the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:944606", "title": "A case of rabies in man: some problems in diagnosis and management.", "content": "A patient who returned from India with a gastrointestinal disturbance subsequently developed the clinical features of rabies. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of rabies virus from saliva and the demonstration of rising titres of rabies antibody. He was treated in an intensive care unit, ventilated mechanically, and given rabies antiserum, but cerebral activity ceased and he died after 22 days. His course was marked by numerous bouts of cardiac arrhythmia including complete heart block. This case indicates the need for vaccination against rabies to be carried out immediately after exposure to a possibly rabid dog since encephalitis develops a fatal outcome may not be prevented even with intensive medical treatment.", "contents": "A case of rabies in man: some problems in diagnosis and management. A patient who returned from India with a gastrointestinal disturbance subsequently developed the clinical features of rabies. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of rabies virus from saliva and the demonstration of rising titres of rabies antibody. He was treated in an intensive care unit, ventilated mechanically, and given rabies antiserum, but cerebral activity ceased and he died after 22 days. His course was marked by numerous bouts of cardiac arrhythmia including complete heart block. This case indicates the need for vaccination against rabies to be carried out immediately after exposure to a possibly rabid dog since encephalitis develops a fatal outcome may not be prevented even with intensive medical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944610", "title": "Change in diurnal temperature rhythm in manic-depressive illness.", "content": "The temperatures of six manic-depressive patients were taken every three hours consecutively for many weeks, covering at least one depressive and one manic episode in each patient. While the daily temperature curve was essentially normal in manic phases, with pronounced 24-hour rhythm, during depression the daytime temperatures appeared disorganised, often falling during the morning instead of rising, and with suggestions of a 12-hour rhythm. It may be useful to look on manic-depressive illness as resulting from a desynchronisation of circadian rhythms and to compare the pharmacologies of temperature regulation and mood regulation in psychosis.", "contents": "Change in diurnal temperature rhythm in manic-depressive illness. The temperatures of six manic-depressive patients were taken every three hours consecutively for many weeks, covering at least one depressive and one manic episode in each patient. While the daily temperature curve was essentially normal in manic phases, with pronounced 24-hour rhythm, during depression the daytime temperatures appeared disorganised, often falling during the morning instead of rising, and with suggestions of a 12-hour rhythm. It may be useful to look on manic-depressive illness as resulting from a desynchronisation of circadian rhythms and to compare the pharmacologies of temperature regulation and mood regulation in psychosis."}
{"id": "PMID:944612", "title": "Pentobarbital inhibition of progesterone-induced behavioral estrus in ovariectomized guinea pigs.", "content": "Administration of pentobarbital inhibits the facilitatory effects of progesterone on the release of gonadotropins. In this experiment facilitatory effects of progesterone on lordosis behavior in guinea pigs were examined with pentobarbital anesthesia. Two major animal groups were subjects: one was short-term ovariectomized (2 weeks) and the other was long-term ovariectomized (several months). All animals received estradiol benzoate (6.6 mug s.c.) followed by progesterone (0.4 mg s.c.) 40 h later. Lordosis behavior was induced by the manual stimulation method of Young et al.29 Sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) was injected 8,4 or 2 h before, simultaneously or 1, 2, 6, or 7 h after progesterone. Animals which received pentobarbital slept for 4.5-5 h with subsequent drowsiness for an additional 0.5-1 h. Pentobarbital injections given 8 h before progesterone had no effect on latency to the first lordosis or on other parameters of estrous behavior. However, pentobarbital delayed the onset of heat in estrogen treated ovariectomized guinea pigs when given 4 h before, 2 h before, or simultaneously with progesterone. The delay was directly related to the length of time the animals remained asleep after the progesterone injection, since estrous behavior was invariably displayed with the latency of controls after the animal awoke. Moreover, in animals which were awake for 1-2 h immediately after the progesterone injection before receiving pentobarbital, the latency of recovery from anesthesia to the first display of lordosis was about 1-1.5 h shorter than in the other pentobarbital groups. In contrast to the latency effects of pentobarbital, the duration of heat was unaffected by the anesthetic for all groups mentioned. In animals which received pentobarbital after they were already in heat, pentobarbital injection terminated heat and abolished it completely, since lordosis behavior was not displayed in the hours after recovery from anesthesia. Gross hypothalamic uptake of progesterone was not influenced by pentobarbital administration. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that an incubation period is necessary for progesterone to mediate the display of estrous behavior in the guinea pig in addition to the time necessary for neural uptake. The way in which pentobarbital interferes with the period of progesterone incubation is not currently known.", "contents": "Pentobarbital inhibition of progesterone-induced behavioral estrus in ovariectomized guinea pigs. Administration of pentobarbital inhibits the facilitatory effects of progesterone on the release of gonadotropins. In this experiment facilitatory effects of progesterone on lordosis behavior in guinea pigs were examined with pentobarbital anesthesia. Two major animal groups were subjects: one was short-term ovariectomized (2 weeks) and the other was long-term ovariectomized (several months). All animals received estradiol benzoate (6.6 mug s.c.) followed by progesterone (0.4 mg s.c.) 40 h later. Lordosis behavior was induced by the manual stimulation method of Young et al.29 Sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) was injected 8,4 or 2 h before, simultaneously or 1, 2, 6, or 7 h after progesterone. Animals which received pentobarbital slept for 4.5-5 h with subsequent drowsiness for an additional 0.5-1 h. Pentobarbital injections given 8 h before progesterone had no effect on latency to the first lordosis or on other parameters of estrous behavior. However, pentobarbital delayed the onset of heat in estrogen treated ovariectomized guinea pigs when given 4 h before, 2 h before, or simultaneously with progesterone. The delay was directly related to the length of time the animals remained asleep after the progesterone injection, since estrous behavior was invariably displayed with the latency of controls after the animal awoke. Moreover, in animals which were awake for 1-2 h immediately after the progesterone injection before receiving pentobarbital, the latency of recovery from anesthesia to the first display of lordosis was about 1-1.5 h shorter than in the other pentobarbital groups. In contrast to the latency effects of pentobarbital, the duration of heat was unaffected by the anesthetic for all groups mentioned. In animals which received pentobarbital after they were already in heat, pentobarbital injection terminated heat and abolished it completely, since lordosis behavior was not displayed in the hours after recovery from anesthesia. Gross hypothalamic uptake of progesterone was not influenced by pentobarbital administration. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that an incubation period is necessary for progesterone to mediate the display of estrous behavior in the guinea pig in addition to the time necessary for neural uptake. The way in which pentobarbital interferes with the period of progesterone incubation is not currently known."}
{"id": "PMID:944613", "title": "Behavioral effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways.", "content": "In protriptyline (25 mg/kg) pretreated rats stereotactic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesions of the medial plus laternal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HE) bundles in the mesencephalon increased the 5-HT fluorescence in these bundles, and reduced the in vitro uptake of [3H] 5-HT in the hypothalamus to 16% of control values after 2 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul and 12% after 4 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul, and in the cortex cerebri to 35 and 34% of control values, respectively. Selective lesion of the medial 5-HT bundle reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake both in hypothalamus and in cortex cerebri to 45-48% of control values, while selective lesion of the lateral 5-HT bundles significantly reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake only in cortex (to 73-75%). No significant change was observed in [3H] noradreanaline uptake after any injection, or in [3H] 5-HT uptake after vehicle injections. Locomotor activity in an open field 3-10 days postoperatively was significantly reduced by lesions of the medial plus lateral 5-HT bundles. 5-Hdroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg) and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK 486, 75 mg/kg) 17 days postoperatively induced a pronounced behavioral \"5-HT syndrome\" in these rats with medial plus lateral lesions but not in controls. Pain sensitivity, as measured by the hot plate test, was not changed by any lesion, even when tryptophan hydroxylase was partly inhibited with alpha-propyldopacetamide (100 mg/kg). Morphine analgesia and acquisition of a one-way avoidance response also were unchanged. Apomorphine (2 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior, as measured in an Animex activity meter, were not significantly different from control values in the 5,7-DHT groups. It was concluded that the medial 5-JT BUNDLE INNERVATES BOTH THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE CORTEX CEREBRI AND THE LATERAL 5-HT bundle mainly the cortex. These ascending 5-HT neurons are involved in maintaining open field ambulation. No wupport was obtained for the view that they are involved in pain mechanisms, in morphine-induced analgesia, in apomorphine-induced motor behavior, or in one-way avoidance learning.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine pathways. In protriptyline (25 mg/kg) pretreated rats stereotactic 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) lesions of the medial plus laternal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HE) bundles in the mesencephalon increased the 5-HT fluorescence in these bundles, and reduced the in vitro uptake of [3H] 5-HT in the hypothalamus to 16% of control values after 2 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul and 12% after 4 mug 5,7-DHT/4mul, and in the cortex cerebri to 35 and 34% of control values, respectively. Selective lesion of the medial 5-HT bundle reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake both in hypothalamus and in cortex cerebri to 45-48% of control values, while selective lesion of the lateral 5-HT bundles significantly reduced [3H] 5-HT uptake only in cortex (to 73-75%). No significant change was observed in [3H] noradreanaline uptake after any injection, or in [3H] 5-HT uptake after vehicle injections. Locomotor activity in an open field 3-10 days postoperatively was significantly reduced by lesions of the medial plus lateral 5-HT bundles. 5-Hdroxytryptophan (50 mg/kg) and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (MK 486, 75 mg/kg) 17 days postoperatively induced a pronounced behavioral \"5-HT syndrome\" in these rats with medial plus lateral lesions but not in controls. Pain sensitivity, as measured by the hot plate test, was not changed by any lesion, even when tryptophan hydroxylase was partly inhibited with alpha-propyldopacetamide (100 mg/kg). Morphine analgesia and acquisition of a one-way avoidance response also were unchanged. Apomorphine (2 mg/kg)-induced locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior, as measured in an Animex activity meter, were not significantly different from control values in the 5,7-DHT groups. It was concluded that the medial 5-JT BUNDLE INNERVATES BOTH THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE CORTEX CEREBRI AND THE LATERAL 5-HT bundle mainly the cortex. These ascending 5-HT neurons are involved in maintaining open field ambulation. No wupport was obtained for the view that they are involved in pain mechanisms, in morphine-induced analgesia, in apomorphine-induced motor behavior, or in one-way avoidance learning."}
{"id": "PMID:944614", "title": "The influence of DL-methionine on the metabolism of S-adenosylethionine in rats chronically treated with DL-ethionine.", "content": "The concentration of S-adenosylethionine in the liver of ethionine-fed rats was increased gradually during the process of carcinogenesis. This increase may have been due to the decreased capacity of the treated rats to acetylate ethionine sulfoxide. Ethionine sulfoxide is considered as the main reserve pool of ethionine for the synthesis of S-adenosylethionine. When the ethionine diet was supplemented by DL-methionine (0.3 to 0.9%), the increase in the concentration of S-adenosylethionine during the period of observation (28 to 150 days) was lower and the acetylation of ethionine sulfoxide was significantly higher. The concentration of the total S-adenosyl compounds in the liver of rats on a diet supplemented with DL-methionine was increased over the concentration of S-adenosylethionine in rats fed ethionine alone, and the S-adenosylethionine portion of this fraction was only about 30% lower. The supplementation of the diet with methionine restored the diurnal oscillation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the liver, which had been absent in rats ingesting only ethionine.", "contents": "The influence of DL-methionine on the metabolism of S-adenosylethionine in rats chronically treated with DL-ethionine. The concentration of S-adenosylethionine in the liver of ethionine-fed rats was increased gradually during the process of carcinogenesis. This increase may have been due to the decreased capacity of the treated rats to acetylate ethionine sulfoxide. Ethionine sulfoxide is considered as the main reserve pool of ethionine for the synthesis of S-adenosylethionine. When the ethionine diet was supplemented by DL-methionine (0.3 to 0.9%), the increase in the concentration of S-adenosylethionine during the period of observation (28 to 150 days) was lower and the acetylation of ethionine sulfoxide was significantly higher. The concentration of the total S-adenosyl compounds in the liver of rats on a diet supplemented with DL-methionine was increased over the concentration of S-adenosylethionine in rats fed ethionine alone, and the S-adenosylethionine portion of this fraction was only about 30% lower. The supplementation of the diet with methionine restored the diurnal oscillation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the liver, which had been absent in rats ingesting only ethionine."}
{"id": "PMID:944615", "title": "Microfluoremetric analysis of DNA content changes in murine teratocarcinoma.", "content": "The multipotential stem cell of the murine tetratocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma (EC), is capable of differentiation in vivo and in vitro to nonneoplastic progeny. Undifferentiated EC cells, spontaneously differentiating tetratocarcinoma cells, and differentiated cells derived from EC cells were analyzed for DNA content and chromosome number distributions. Flow microfluorometric and fluorescence cytophotometric analysis of DNA content showed that EC cells had a characteristic diploid (2c) distribution, whereas several differentiated cell lines derived from EC cells had 4c DNA distributions. The tetraploid cell populations studied were capable of cell division but had restricted differentiative potential and were either of low tumorigenicity or non-tumorigenic. In vivo teratocarcinomas, comprised of both EC cells and differentiated cell types, contained diploid and tetraploid populations. Chromosomally, EC cells were neardiploid (39 chromosomes) and differentiated cells were near-tetraploid (62 to 76 chromosomes). The teratocarcinoma provides a model for studying the basic mechanisms that control the growth dynamics of the rapidly and slowly proliferating cell populations present in many tumors.", "contents": "Microfluoremetric analysis of DNA content changes in murine teratocarcinoma. The multipotential stem cell of the murine tetratocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma (EC), is capable of differentiation in vivo and in vitro to nonneoplastic progeny. Undifferentiated EC cells, spontaneously differentiating tetratocarcinoma cells, and differentiated cells derived from EC cells were analyzed for DNA content and chromosome number distributions. Flow microfluorometric and fluorescence cytophotometric analysis of DNA content showed that EC cells had a characteristic diploid (2c) distribution, whereas several differentiated cell lines derived from EC cells had 4c DNA distributions. The tetraploid cell populations studied were capable of cell division but had restricted differentiative potential and were either of low tumorigenicity or non-tumorigenic. In vivo teratocarcinomas, comprised of both EC cells and differentiated cell types, contained diploid and tetraploid populations. Chromosomally, EC cells were neardiploid (39 chromosomes) and differentiated cells were near-tetraploid (62 to 76 chromosomes). The teratocarcinoma provides a model for studying the basic mechanisms that control the growth dynamics of the rapidly and slowly proliferating cell populations present in many tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:944616", "title": "Kinetic responses of murine sarcoma cells to radiation and hyperthermia in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Cells of a solid mouse mammary sarcoma that can be cultured in vitro and which, upon inoculation, grow in vivo into new tumors, were exposed either in vivo or in vitro to doses of 300 or 600 rads of X-rays and/or to a temperature of 43 degrees for 1 hr. DNA histograms obtained with flow cytofluorometry were sampled at regular time intervals after treatments in order to obtain information on the cells' postexposure kinetics. X-irradiation of exponentially growing cells induced the expected G2 block; heat exposure caused cells to accumulate in S and G2. The sequential treatment (300 rads followed by 1 hr of hyperthermia) resulted in a mitotic delay that was longer than the sum of the delays of the individual treatments. The proliferative behavior of cycling cells in the tumor treated with a dose of X-rays was qualitatively similar to that seen for exponentially growing cells in vitro; however, marked differences were seen after 43 degrees exposure. The heat treatment of tumors in vivo caused a significant decrease in the tumor cell density as compared to the X-ray treatment alone. Sequential X-ray and heat treatment induced a higher fraction of cycling cells than that found in control tumors. However, X-ray or heat treatment alone caused no significant recruitment of resting cells into cycle 1 day after treatment. A model that permits estimation of the fraction of resting cells in a tumor is described.", "contents": "Kinetic responses of murine sarcoma cells to radiation and hyperthermia in vivo and in vitro. Cells of a solid mouse mammary sarcoma that can be cultured in vitro and which, upon inoculation, grow in vivo into new tumors, were exposed either in vivo or in vitro to doses of 300 or 600 rads of X-rays and/or to a temperature of 43 degrees for 1 hr. DNA histograms obtained with flow cytofluorometry were sampled at regular time intervals after treatments in order to obtain information on the cells' postexposure kinetics. X-irradiation of exponentially growing cells induced the expected G2 block; heat exposure caused cells to accumulate in S and G2. The sequential treatment (300 rads followed by 1 hr of hyperthermia) resulted in a mitotic delay that was longer than the sum of the delays of the individual treatments. The proliferative behavior of cycling cells in the tumor treated with a dose of X-rays was qualitatively similar to that seen for exponentially growing cells in vitro; however, marked differences were seen after 43 degrees exposure. The heat treatment of tumors in vivo caused a significant decrease in the tumor cell density as compared to the X-ray treatment alone. Sequential X-ray and heat treatment induced a higher fraction of cycling cells than that found in control tumors. However, X-ray or heat treatment alone caused no significant recruitment of resting cells into cycle 1 day after treatment. A model that permits estimation of the fraction of resting cells in a tumor is described."}
{"id": "PMID:944617", "title": "Modifications and evaluation of double antibody radioimmunoassay of human carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "Double antibody radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cancer-associated antigen of the human digestive system, was subjected to certain modifications and critically evaluated. Modifications pertained to: (a) the production of a high titer goat anti-CEA antiserum that was rendered highly specific by solid phase immunoabsorption with cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose conjugates of normal plasma liver, and colon perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein antigens: (b) the introduction of suitable alterations in the experimental conditions of radioiodination procedure to minimize and to prevent breakdown of the antigen, thus prolonging the storage of the labeled antigen; (c) the extended incubation period of CEA-anti-CEA immune reaction; and (d) the use of sodium acetate buffer, pH 6.1. Furthermore, the use of an automatic pipetting station for accurate and rapid reagent dispensation and statistical analysis of the radioimmunoassay data on a modern computer to ensure strict quality control of the assay provided some definite improvement over the existing assay.", "contents": "Modifications and evaluation of double antibody radioimmunoassay of human carcinoembryonic antigen. Double antibody radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cancer-associated antigen of the human digestive system, was subjected to certain modifications and critically evaluated. Modifications pertained to: (a) the production of a high titer goat anti-CEA antiserum that was rendered highly specific by solid phase immunoabsorption with cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose conjugates of normal plasma liver, and colon perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein antigens: (b) the introduction of suitable alterations in the experimental conditions of radioiodination procedure to minimize and to prevent breakdown of the antigen, thus prolonging the storage of the labeled antigen; (c) the extended incubation period of CEA-anti-CEA immune reaction; and (d) the use of sodium acetate buffer, pH 6.1. Furthermore, the use of an automatic pipetting station for accurate and rapid reagent dispensation and statistical analysis of the radioimmunoassay data on a modern computer to ensure strict quality control of the assay provided some definite improvement over the existing assay."}
{"id": "PMID:944618", "title": "Loss of controlled nuclear division in BHK21 cells passed in vivo.", "content": "Low-passage BHK21/C13 cells respond to cytochalasin B (CB) by undergoing limited or controlled nuclear division. These cells respond to CB as normal cells do since nuclear division usually occurs only once. Premature chromosome condensation, a result of mitoses in highly multinucleate cells, occurs in less than 0.5% of the cells. When they are inoculated into weanling hamsters, s. c. tumors appear within 3 to 4 weeks with as few as 10(3) cells. When these cells are returned to cell culture they respond to CB with uncontrolled nuclear division and premature chromosome condensation. All cultured tumors respond in this manner regardless of the number of cells originally inoculated into animals. This suggests at least two possibilities: (a) that loss of controlled nuclear division in BHK cells is closely associated with or required for tumorigenicity, with in vivo passage selecting for a rare tumorigenic variant or (b) that loss of controlled nuclear division is secondary to tumorigenicity and results when cells are passed in vivo, i.e., in vivo passage has the direct effect of causing cells to lose controlled nuclear division. If the first possibility is operating, then it would be expected that a very small fraction of BHK21/C13 cells show uncontrolled nuclear division (approximately 1 of 1000 CB-treated cells). Also, clones of C13 should be nontumorigenic if only 1 of 1000 cells is tumorigenic. Extensive examination of CB-treated C13 cells shows 1 of 1250 cells to be highly multinucleated although not as highly multinucleated as tumor cells. This provides some evidence in support of the first possibility. However, three separate clones of C13 cells were found to be tumorigenic providing evidence supporting the second possibility. BHK21/C13 and various BHK21 tumors all appeared to grow to concentration densities markedly higher than hamster embryo fibroblasts. However, the tumor cells usually grew to the same density as did BHK21/C13 or only slightly higher. This suggests that loss of contact inhibition is not sufficient for loss of controlled nuclear division. It also suggests that the hypothetical 1 of 1000 tumorigenic cells and 1 of 1250 cells with uncontrolled nuclear division do not overgrow the \"normal\" cells because all cells grow to similar densities. The relationship between the ability to grow in agar and uncontrolled nuclear division was also examined. Approximately 1 of 2500 C13 cells were able to form colonies in agar. All three colonies isolated showed normal control of nuclear division. These results show that the ability to grow in agar may be separate from the expression of uncontrolled nuclear division. They also suggest a fundamental difference between tumor cells and cells that have been grown in agar.", "contents": "Loss of controlled nuclear division in BHK21 cells passed in vivo. Low-passage BHK21/C13 cells respond to cytochalasin B (CB) by undergoing limited or controlled nuclear division. These cells respond to CB as normal cells do since nuclear division usually occurs only once. Premature chromosome condensation, a result of mitoses in highly multinucleate cells, occurs in less than 0.5% of the cells. When they are inoculated into weanling hamsters, s. c. tumors appear within 3 to 4 weeks with as few as 10(3) cells. When these cells are returned to cell culture they respond to CB with uncontrolled nuclear division and premature chromosome condensation. All cultured tumors respond in this manner regardless of the number of cells originally inoculated into animals. This suggests at least two possibilities: (a) that loss of controlled nuclear division in BHK cells is closely associated with or required for tumorigenicity, with in vivo passage selecting for a rare tumorigenic variant or (b) that loss of controlled nuclear division is secondary to tumorigenicity and results when cells are passed in vivo, i.e., in vivo passage has the direct effect of causing cells to lose controlled nuclear division. If the first possibility is operating, then it would be expected that a very small fraction of BHK21/C13 cells show uncontrolled nuclear division (approximately 1 of 1000 CB-treated cells). Also, clones of C13 should be nontumorigenic if only 1 of 1000 cells is tumorigenic. Extensive examination of CB-treated C13 cells shows 1 of 1250 cells to be highly multinucleated although not as highly multinucleated as tumor cells. This provides some evidence in support of the first possibility. However, three separate clones of C13 cells were found to be tumorigenic providing evidence supporting the second possibility. BHK21/C13 and various BHK21 tumors all appeared to grow to concentration densities markedly higher than hamster embryo fibroblasts. However, the tumor cells usually grew to the same density as did BHK21/C13 or only slightly higher. This suggests that loss of contact inhibition is not sufficient for loss of controlled nuclear division. It also suggests that the hypothetical 1 of 1000 tumorigenic cells and 1 of 1250 cells with uncontrolled nuclear division do not overgrow the \"normal\" cells because all cells grow to similar densities. The relationship between the ability to grow in agar and uncontrolled nuclear division was also examined. Approximately 1 of 2500 C13 cells were able to form colonies in agar. All three colonies isolated showed normal control of nuclear division. These results show that the ability to grow in agar may be separate from the expression of uncontrolled nuclear division. They also suggest a fundamental difference between tumor cells and cells that have been grown in agar."}
{"id": "PMID:944620", "title": "Neuronal and non-neuronal control of the neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.).", "content": "The cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis contain two clusters of neurosecretory Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC). These cells produce a neurohormone which stimulates ovulation. Ganglion transplantation and quantitative electron microscopy show that neuronal isolation of the cerebral ganglia complex (CCC) results in an activation of the CDC. It was, therefore, concluded that the CDC are controlled by an inhibitory neuronal input originating outside the cerebral ganglia. Ultrastructural studies on synaptic degeneration in the CCC suggest that this input reaches the CDC via a special type of synapse-like structure, the type C-SLS. Furthermore, transplantation of CCC into acceptor snails leads to a reduced release and an increased intracellular brekdown of neurohormone in the CDC of the nervous system of the acceptors. It is supposed that these phenomena are caused by the release of an (unknown) factor from the transplanted CCC. Special attention was given to the formation and degradation of a peculiar type of neurohormone granule, the large electron dense granule. The physiological significance of the neuronal and non-neuronal control mechanisms which regulate CDC activity is discussed.", "contents": "Neuronal and non-neuronal control of the neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L.). The cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis contain two clusters of neurosecretory Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC). These cells produce a neurohormone which stimulates ovulation. Ganglion transplantation and quantitative electron microscopy show that neuronal isolation of the cerebral ganglia complex (CCC) results in an activation of the CDC. It was, therefore, concluded that the CDC are controlled by an inhibitory neuronal input originating outside the cerebral ganglia. Ultrastructural studies on synaptic degeneration in the CCC suggest that this input reaches the CDC via a special type of synapse-like structure, the type C-SLS. Furthermore, transplantation of CCC into acceptor snails leads to a reduced release and an increased intracellular brekdown of neurohormone in the CDC of the nervous system of the acceptors. It is supposed that these phenomena are caused by the release of an (unknown) factor from the transplanted CCC. Special attention was given to the formation and degradation of a peculiar type of neurohormone granule, the large electron dense granule. The physiological significance of the neuronal and non-neuronal control mechanisms which regulate CDC activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944621", "title": "Morphological differences in the interactions between human mononuclear cells and coated or uncoated sheep red blood cells: a freeze-etch study of different types of rosettes.", "content": "Enriched preparations of E, EA and EAC rosettes formed by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were freeze-etched and examined electron-microscopically. In E rosettes only lymphocyte were involved, whereas in EA and EAC rosettes lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes participated as rosette-forming cell. In EA and EAC rosettes, cytoplasmic extensions of the rosette forming cell were seen to penetrate the sheep red blood cell, whereas E rosettes showed a broad zone of adherence without penetration. None of the three types of rosettes showed an interspace between the membranes. Unlike E rosettes, EA and EAC rosettes showed polarity in the adherence of sheep red blood cells. These observations made by freeze-etch electron microscopy indicate distinct morphological differences between rosettes formed with coated or uncoated erythrocytes.", "contents": "Morphological differences in the interactions between human mononuclear cells and coated or uncoated sheep red blood cells: a freeze-etch study of different types of rosettes. Enriched preparations of E, EA and EAC rosettes formed by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were freeze-etched and examined electron-microscopically. In E rosettes only lymphocyte were involved, whereas in EA and EAC rosettes lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes participated as rosette-forming cell. In EA and EAC rosettes, cytoplasmic extensions of the rosette forming cell were seen to penetrate the sheep red blood cell, whereas E rosettes showed a broad zone of adherence without penetration. None of the three types of rosettes showed an interspace between the membranes. Unlike E rosettes, EA and EAC rosettes showed polarity in the adherence of sheep red blood cells. These observations made by freeze-etch electron microscopy indicate distinct morphological differences between rosettes formed with coated or uncoated erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:944622", "title": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on the ductus arteriosus and circulation in fetal lambs in utero.", "content": "Intra-arterial and intravenous catheters were inserted in six fetal lambs at 125-130 days of gestation. On the following day, fetal arterial pressures and blood gases were monitored and fetal cardiac output and its distribution were measured by injection of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 15 mum in diameter. Acetylsalicylic acid, 55-90 mg/kg of estimated fetal weight, then was administered into the fetal stomach. Fetal pulmonary arterial pressure rose significantly after an average of 58 minutes, increasing the pressure difference between the pulmonary artery and the aorta from 2 +/- 0.3 (SEM) mm Hg during control to 11.2 +/- 1.6 mm Hg. Resistance across the ductus arteriosus rose from 4.2 +/- 0.5 (SEM) to 27.4 +/- 4.01 units, and flow fell from 495 +/- 44 (SEM) to 409 +/- 20 ml/minute. The proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the placenta, adrenals, heart, and lungs increased, whereas the proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the brain, liver, intestine, kidneys, and upper and lower body fell. In two fetuses infusion of prostaglandin E1 reversed the pulmonary hypertension. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in fetal lambs produced constriction of the ductus arteriosus and redistribution of cardiac output. It is probable that prostaglandins, particularly E1, are involved in regulation of blood flow through the ductus arteriosus and various vascular beds in the normal resting fetus.", "contents": "Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on the ductus arteriosus and circulation in fetal lambs in utero. Intra-arterial and intravenous catheters were inserted in six fetal lambs at 125-130 days of gestation. On the following day, fetal arterial pressures and blood gases were monitored and fetal cardiac output and its distribution were measured by injection of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 15 mum in diameter. Acetylsalicylic acid, 55-90 mg/kg of estimated fetal weight, then was administered into the fetal stomach. Fetal pulmonary arterial pressure rose significantly after an average of 58 minutes, increasing the pressure difference between the pulmonary artery and the aorta from 2 +/- 0.3 (SEM) mm Hg during control to 11.2 +/- 1.6 mm Hg. Resistance across the ductus arteriosus rose from 4.2 +/- 0.5 (SEM) to 27.4 +/- 4.01 units, and flow fell from 495 +/- 44 (SEM) to 409 +/- 20 ml/minute. The proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the placenta, adrenals, heart, and lungs increased, whereas the proportion of combined ventricular output distributed to the brain, liver, intestine, kidneys, and upper and lower body fell. In two fetuses infusion of prostaglandin E1 reversed the pulmonary hypertension. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in fetal lambs produced constriction of the ductus arteriosus and redistribution of cardiac output. It is probable that prostaglandins, particularly E1, are involved in regulation of blood flow through the ductus arteriosus and various vascular beds in the normal resting fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:944628", "title": "Simultaneous determination of LH activity in blood serum of sheep during three synchronized oestrous cycles by Bio and Ria method.", "content": "LH activity has been in 6 Merino sheep by means of the biological (Bio) and radioimmunological (RIA) test during three subsequent synchronized oestrous cycles. The vaginal sponges were impregnated with 30 mg chlormadinone acetate. The results obtained by the two afore mentioned methods are similar. Oestrous appeared in the average within 96 hours after removal of the sponges. The first increase of LH activity (Bio) was found to occur within 48--72 hours after removal of the sponges (270--400 IU/100 ml serum), the second increase within 15--16 days (450-570 IU/100 ml) and the third within further 16 days (390--590 IU/100 ml serum). The values obtained in the first oestrous cycle by RIA showed an LH peak within 62--110 hours after removal of the sponges (75--90 ng/ml in the second oestrous cycle 86--135 ng/ml and in the third one 58--60 ng/ml serum. In three animals no LH peak could be observed during the first, second or third oestrous cycle. The failure to prove LH peaks in three sheep during different phases of the oestrous cycles is explained by the fact that the synchronization led to heat which, however, did not result in fertile ovulation.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of LH activity in blood serum of sheep during three synchronized oestrous cycles by Bio and Ria method. LH activity has been in 6 Merino sheep by means of the biological (Bio) and radioimmunological (RIA) test during three subsequent synchronized oestrous cycles. The vaginal sponges were impregnated with 30 mg chlormadinone acetate. The results obtained by the two afore mentioned methods are similar. Oestrous appeared in the average within 96 hours after removal of the sponges. The first increase of LH activity (Bio) was found to occur within 48--72 hours after removal of the sponges (270--400 IU/100 ml serum), the second increase within 15--16 days (450-570 IU/100 ml) and the third within further 16 days (390--590 IU/100 ml serum). The values obtained in the first oestrous cycle by RIA showed an LH peak within 62--110 hours after removal of the sponges (75--90 ng/ml in the second oestrous cycle 86--135 ng/ml and in the third one 58--60 ng/ml serum. In three animals no LH peak could be observed during the first, second or third oestrous cycle. The failure to prove LH peaks in three sheep during different phases of the oestrous cycles is explained by the fact that the synchronization led to heat which, however, did not result in fertile ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:944629", "title": "Developmental toxicity in the rat after ingestion or gavage of organophosphate pesticides (Dipterex, Imidan) during pregnancy.", "content": "The structural development of fetuses was altered when Dipterex was administered by diet to pregnant rats from days 6 through 15 of gestation. Major external and skeletal alterations occurred after consumption of 432 or 519 mg/kg body weight per day, only minor skeletal changes occurred in the 375 mg/kg dose group and the incidence of alterations in the 145 mg/kg dose group was not significantly different from that in the pair-fed controls. The malformations seen at the two highest doses did not result directly from the associated decrease in food consumed. Dipterex was not shown to have teratogenic potential when given for the same time span, once daily by gavage, even at levels that produced maternal lethality. Imidan was not teratogenic when similarly given, either by diet at concentrations that resulted in a 45% reduction in food consumption, or by gavage at dose levels that resulted in some maternal lethality. Data collected from pair-fed control females revealed that limitation of food consumption to 13--15 g/rat per day from days 6 through 15 of gestation did not result in increased fetal mortality or stunting. However, fetal weight was reduced slightly, and the incidence of minor skeletal changes was approximately three to four times that among fetuses of control dams that were not pair-fed.", "contents": "Developmental toxicity in the rat after ingestion or gavage of organophosphate pesticides (Dipterex, Imidan) during pregnancy. The structural development of fetuses was altered when Dipterex was administered by diet to pregnant rats from days 6 through 15 of gestation. Major external and skeletal alterations occurred after consumption of 432 or 519 mg/kg body weight per day, only minor skeletal changes occurred in the 375 mg/kg dose group and the incidence of alterations in the 145 mg/kg dose group was not significantly different from that in the pair-fed controls. The malformations seen at the two highest doses did not result directly from the associated decrease in food consumed. Dipterex was not shown to have teratogenic potential when given for the same time span, once daily by gavage, even at levels that produced maternal lethality. Imidan was not teratogenic when similarly given, either by diet at concentrations that resulted in a 45% reduction in food consumption, or by gavage at dose levels that resulted in some maternal lethality. Data collected from pair-fed control females revealed that limitation of food consumption to 13--15 g/rat per day from days 6 through 15 of gestation did not result in increased fetal mortality or stunting. However, fetal weight was reduced slightly, and the incidence of minor skeletal changes was approximately three to four times that among fetuses of control dams that were not pair-fed."}
{"id": "PMID:944630", "title": "Status of marine biomedical research.", "content": "A meeting on Marine Biomedical Research, sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health and the Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History, was attended by approximately 125 scientists, directors and representatives from many of the country's marine biological laboratories, and government agencies whose interests and responsibilites are in the marine biology and health areas. The purpose of the meeting was to explore the undeveloped research opportunities in the area of marine biology for the advancement of our understanding of human health problems and to provide information on the current status of marine biology laboratories. The meeting was devoted to presentations and discussions in four general areas: (1)Marine Species as Models for Human Disease; (2)Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis; (3)Human Health and the Marine Environment--infectious agents and naturally occurring and foreign toxins; and (4)Drugs from the seas. Representatives from twelve of the country's approximatley 40 marine laboratories discussed their organization, developmental history, scientific programs, facilities, and present status of their support. The presentations served as a background and stimulated very lively analytical and constructive discussions of the undeveloped research and education potential residing in the marine environment and biological laboratories for a better understanding of many human health problems; some scientific areas that should be developed to realize this potential; and the needs and problems of marine laboratories that require attention and support if they are to survive and realize their possibilities.", "contents": "Status of marine biomedical research. A meeting on Marine Biomedical Research, sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health and the Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History, was attended by approximately 125 scientists, directors and representatives from many of the country's marine biological laboratories, and government agencies whose interests and responsibilites are in the marine biology and health areas. The purpose of the meeting was to explore the undeveloped research opportunities in the area of marine biology for the advancement of our understanding of human health problems and to provide information on the current status of marine biology laboratories. The meeting was devoted to presentations and discussions in four general areas: (1)Marine Species as Models for Human Disease; (2)Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis; (3)Human Health and the Marine Environment--infectious agents and naturally occurring and foreign toxins; and (4)Drugs from the seas. Representatives from twelve of the country's approximatley 40 marine laboratories discussed their organization, developmental history, scientific programs, facilities, and present status of their support. The presentations served as a background and stimulated very lively analytical and constructive discussions of the undeveloped research and education potential residing in the marine environment and biological laboratories for a better understanding of many human health problems; some scientific areas that should be developed to realize this potential; and the needs and problems of marine laboratories that require attention and support if they are to survive and realize their possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:944631", "title": "[Herpes simplex encephalitis in newborns. Treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridin? (author's transl)].", "content": "Premature twins both affected with generalized herpes simplex infection including CNS involvement were treated with 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridin (IDU). Therapy was started 6 days and 5 days, respectively, after appearance of the first symptoms. Nevertheless both babies died, twin A at the age of 24 and twin B at the age of 28 days. Herpes virus was cultured from all organs in twin A. The literature shows a decrease in mortality in children treated with IDU for herpes simplex encephalitis. The percentage of survivors with ultimate severe CNS damage, however, is very high and remains in treated or untreated patients the same. The institution of IDU therapy in neonates with manifest HSV encephalitis is therefore not unequivocally justified.", "contents": "[Herpes simplex encephalitis in newborns. Treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridin? (author's transl)]. Premature twins both affected with generalized herpes simplex infection including CNS involvement were treated with 5-Iodo-2'-deoxyuridin (IDU). Therapy was started 6 days and 5 days, respectively, after appearance of the first symptoms. Nevertheless both babies died, twin A at the age of 24 and twin B at the age of 28 days. Herpes virus was cultured from all organs in twin A. The literature shows a decrease in mortality in children treated with IDU for herpes simplex encephalitis. The percentage of survivors with ultimate severe CNS damage, however, is very high and remains in treated or untreated patients the same. The institution of IDU therapy in neonates with manifest HSV encephalitis is therefore not unequivocally justified."}
{"id": "PMID:944639", "title": "Heart norepinephrine concentration after chronic alcohol ingestion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of long-term alcohol ingestion on the norepinephrine concentration of the heart was investigated in rats. The alcoholic animals showed a highly significant increase in cardiac norepinephrine concentration as compared with the corresponding controls. It is further suggested that continued exposure to high levels of norepinephrine may play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Heart norepinephrine concentration after chronic alcohol ingestion in the rat. The effect of long-term alcohol ingestion on the norepinephrine concentration of the heart was investigated in rats. The alcoholic animals showed a highly significant increase in cardiac norepinephrine concentration as compared with the corresponding controls. It is further suggested that continued exposure to high levels of norepinephrine may play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:944640", "title": "In vitro fertilization of mouse and hamster eggs after freezing and thawing.", "content": "Mouse eggs (12-14%) and hamster eggs (87-94%) appear normal upon thawing after having been stored for 30 min to 25 h at -70 degrees C and -196 degrees C. While 89-98% of the normal appearing hamster eggs are capable of fertilization in vitro, only 4-13% of the mouse eggs can be fertilized. The ability of fertilized eggs to develop in culture and their viability upon transfer to pseudopregnant recipients is under investigation.", "contents": "In vitro fertilization of mouse and hamster eggs after freezing and thawing. Mouse eggs (12-14%) and hamster eggs (87-94%) appear normal upon thawing after having been stored for 30 min to 25 h at -70 degrees C and -196 degrees C. While 89-98% of the normal appearing hamster eggs are capable of fertilization in vitro, only 4-13% of the mouse eggs can be fertilized. The ability of fertilized eggs to develop in culture and their viability upon transfer to pseudopregnant recipients is under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:944643", "title": "Increased plasma creatine kinase activity in rabbits: effect of systematically repeated blood sampling.", "content": "Various physical, chemical and biological factors are involved in an increased plasma creatine kinase activity. Repeated blood sampling induced in all rabbits studied a reaction of similar pattern but of different intensity, expressed by a maximum of plasma CPK activity. The physiological origins of this variation of CPK activity seems to be, as seen in control animals, the consequence of emotional stress due to handling and possibly an additional stress due to the venepunctures.", "contents": "Increased plasma creatine kinase activity in rabbits: effect of systematically repeated blood sampling. Various physical, chemical and biological factors are involved in an increased plasma creatine kinase activity. Repeated blood sampling induced in all rabbits studied a reaction of similar pattern but of different intensity, expressed by a maximum of plasma CPK activity. The physiological origins of this variation of CPK activity seems to be, as seen in control animals, the consequence of emotional stress due to handling and possibly an additional stress due to the venepunctures."}
{"id": "PMID:944644", "title": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on spontaneous convulsions induced by barbital withdrawal.", "content": "Following withdrawal from chronic barbital administration, 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated rats show a greater number and an earlier onset of spontaneous convulsive seizures than do rats pretreated with the saline-ascorbic acid vehicle.", "contents": "Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment on spontaneous convulsions induced by barbital withdrawal. Following withdrawal from chronic barbital administration, 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated rats show a greater number and an earlier onset of spontaneous convulsive seizures than do rats pretreated with the saline-ascorbic acid vehicle."}
{"id": "PMID:944645", "title": "Suppression of ethanol withdrawal by dopamine.", "content": "An ethanol-inhalation technique was used to determine a potential relationship between dopamine and central nervous effects produced by alcohol. Both L-DOPA and intracranially injected dopamine resulted in attenuation of ethanol-induced withdrawal convulsion scores, whereas, haloperidol, a known dopaminergic blocker was found to significantly increase convulsion scores.", "contents": "Suppression of ethanol withdrawal by dopamine. An ethanol-inhalation technique was used to determine a potential relationship between dopamine and central nervous effects produced by alcohol. Both L-DOPA and intracranially injected dopamine resulted in attenuation of ethanol-induced withdrawal convulsion scores, whereas, haloperidol, a known dopaminergic blocker was found to significantly increase convulsion scores."}
{"id": "PMID:944652", "title": "Results of the first 1000 radioreceptorassays for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin: a new, rapid, reliable, and sensitive pregnancy test.", "content": "One thousand radioreceptorassays for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for the diagnosis of pregnancy were analyzed under eight categories. The high sensitivity (50 pg/ml) and specificity, coupled with performance time of the assay (1 hour), provided a new modality for the early diagnosis and management of normal and abnormal pregnancy in the first trimester. The radioreceptorassay becomes positive 1 week after conception. In the normal pregnancy this assay has been 100% correct at the time of the first missed menses. All ectopic pregnancies demonstrated positive tests, and no false negatives occurred. On the other hand, a negative assay excluded ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "Results of the first 1000 radioreceptorassays for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin: a new, rapid, reliable, and sensitive pregnancy test. One thousand radioreceptorassays for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for the diagnosis of pregnancy were analyzed under eight categories. The high sensitivity (50 pg/ml) and specificity, coupled with performance time of the assay (1 hour), provided a new modality for the early diagnosis and management of normal and abnormal pregnancy in the first trimester. The radioreceptorassay becomes positive 1 week after conception. In the normal pregnancy this assay has been 100% correct at the time of the first missed menses. All ectopic pregnancies demonstrated positive tests, and no false negatives occurred. On the other hand, a negative assay excluded ectopic pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:944653", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis of rabbit blastokinin.", "content": "The authors have incubated, in vitro, estrous rabbit endometrium with 3H-leucine and pseudopregnant rabbit endometrium with 14C-leucine. By the double-labeling technique and the use of the 14C:3H ratio, it was shown that blastokinin (BKN) is neosynthesized in vitro and that this neosynthesis probably also affects other protein components. By ion exchange chromatography of the supernatant of the pseudopregnant endometrium and previously purified BKN, it was possible to confirm the in vitro biosynthesis and to exclude interfering phenomena. Time dynamics showed that biosynthesis was more marked between the 18th and 24th hours of incubation.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis of rabbit blastokinin. The authors have incubated, in vitro, estrous rabbit endometrium with 3H-leucine and pseudopregnant rabbit endometrium with 14C-leucine. By the double-labeling technique and the use of the 14C:3H ratio, it was shown that blastokinin (BKN) is neosynthesized in vitro and that this neosynthesis probably also affects other protein components. By ion exchange chromatography of the supernatant of the pseudopregnant endometrium and previously purified BKN, it was possible to confirm the in vitro biosynthesis and to exclude interfering phenomena. Time dynamics showed that biosynthesis was more marked between the 18th and 24th hours of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:944666", "title": "Cell proliferation kinetics in normal human gastric mucosa. Studies on diurnal fluctuations and effect of food ingestion.", "content": "Cell proliferation of human gastric mucosa was studied in 3 healthy subjects. Biopsies were obtained from the antral and fundic part of the stomach through a fiber gastroscope. After in vitro incubation with tritiated thymidine, autoradiographs were prepared by the dipping technique. Labeling and mitotic indices were estimated. The number of DNA-synthesizing cells and the mitotic frequencies were higher in antral mucosa compared to mucosa in the fundic part of the stomach. Biopsies were taken after 12 hr of fasting and at various intervals during the following day. It was not possible to demonstrate any diurnal variations in the labeling and mitotic indices. Furthermore, biopsies were taken at various intervals after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, preceded by 12 hr of fasting. Significant changes in cell proliferation were not found either in antral or in fundic mucosa, indicating that a meal does not affect the rate of cell renewal in human gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Cell proliferation kinetics in normal human gastric mucosa. Studies on diurnal fluctuations and effect of food ingestion. Cell proliferation of human gastric mucosa was studied in 3 healthy subjects. Biopsies were obtained from the antral and fundic part of the stomach through a fiber gastroscope. After in vitro incubation with tritiated thymidine, autoradiographs were prepared by the dipping technique. Labeling and mitotic indices were estimated. The number of DNA-synthesizing cells and the mitotic frequencies were higher in antral mucosa compared to mucosa in the fundic part of the stomach. Biopsies were taken after 12 hr of fasting and at various intervals during the following day. It was not possible to demonstrate any diurnal variations in the labeling and mitotic indices. Furthermore, biopsies were taken at various intervals after ingestion of a protein-rich meal, preceded by 12 hr of fasting. Significant changes in cell proliferation were not found either in antral or in fundic mucosa, indicating that a meal does not affect the rate of cell renewal in human gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:944668", "title": "[Can cardiotocography provide information regarding fetal death in utero? Casuistic (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of fetal death in utero is discussed in which fetal heart tones were picked up with the cardiotocograph via direct leads from the scalp electrode during labor induction, i.e., during the course of labor. After delivery, however, it was apparent that the fetus had been dead for some time (third grade maceration). Technical errors originating in the instrument itself could be excluded since the instrument was used successfully for other deliveries before and after this particular birth. A defect caused by the scalp electrode was also not possible since the electrode was changed three times.", "contents": "[Can cardiotocography provide information regarding fetal death in utero? Casuistic (author's transl)]. A case of fetal death in utero is discussed in which fetal heart tones were picked up with the cardiotocograph via direct leads from the scalp electrode during labor induction, i.e., during the course of labor. After delivery, however, it was apparent that the fetus had been dead for some time (third grade maceration). Technical errors originating in the instrument itself could be excluded since the instrument was used successfully for other deliveries before and after this particular birth. A defect caused by the scalp electrode was also not possible since the electrode was changed three times."}
{"id": "PMID:944670", "title": "Genetic and morphological study of aggregation in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum.", "content": "A system for genetic analysis in the cellular slime mold P. violaceum has been developed. Two growth-temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated in a haploid strain and used to select rare diploid heterozygotes arising by spontaneous fusion of the haploid cells. A recessive mutation to cycloheximide resistance in one stain enables selection of segregants, which often appear to be aneuploid.-Aggregation-defective (ag-) mutants having a wide range of phenotypes were isolated in both temperature-sensitive strains after nitrosoguanidine treatment, and complementation tests were performed between pairs of these mutants. Of 380 diploids isolated, 32 showed defective aggregation and were considered to contain 2 noncomplenting ag- mutations. Among noncomplementing mutants interallelic complentation is common. Noncomplementing mutants fall into 4 complementation groups, and those within each complementation group are phenotypically similar. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that the number of complementation units involved in aggregation is about 50.", "contents": "Genetic and morphological study of aggregation in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum. A system for genetic analysis in the cellular slime mold P. violaceum has been developed. Two growth-temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated in a haploid strain and used to select rare diploid heterozygotes arising by spontaneous fusion of the haploid cells. A recessive mutation to cycloheximide resistance in one stain enables selection of segregants, which often appear to be aneuploid.-Aggregation-defective (ag-) mutants having a wide range of phenotypes were isolated in both temperature-sensitive strains after nitrosoguanidine treatment, and complementation tests were performed between pairs of these mutants. Of 380 diploids isolated, 32 showed defective aggregation and were considered to contain 2 noncomplenting ag- mutations. Among noncomplementing mutants interallelic complentation is common. Noncomplementing mutants fall into 4 complementation groups, and those within each complementation group are phenotypically similar. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that the number of complementation units involved in aggregation is about 50."}
{"id": "PMID:944671", "title": "[Jactstio capitis--motor stereotypy in rodents].", "content": "It is found that jactatio capitis, a stereotyped hyperkinesis in the form of pendulum-like motions of head and body, reported earlier by other authors as provoked by different neurotropic drugs, can appear in rats and mice spontaneously under emotional excitement. This hyperkinesis has different frequency in different strains, and the frequency and the degree of expression increase along with the increase of the degree of inbreeding. Hybridological analysis has shown that the jactatio capitis is connected with the suppression of eumelanin synthesis, and is a manifestation of pleiotropic effect of genotypes c or pp for C and Ploci of coat colour. It occurs in albinos and in animals of yellow colour, and is never found in those with black, brown or grey colour, or in black-, grey- or brown-spotted animals. The jactatio capitis shows a negative phenotypical correlation with emotionality as determined by the number of defecations, and has a positive connection with the predisposition to audiogenic seizures. The jactatio capitis seems not to be serotonin-ergic symptom. As the stereotypic movements are combined with a kind of \"freezing\", the authors consider the jactatio capitis to be a kind of catatonic syndrome.", "contents": "[Jactstio capitis--motor stereotypy in rodents]. It is found that jactatio capitis, a stereotyped hyperkinesis in the form of pendulum-like motions of head and body, reported earlier by other authors as provoked by different neurotropic drugs, can appear in rats and mice spontaneously under emotional excitement. This hyperkinesis has different frequency in different strains, and the frequency and the degree of expression increase along with the increase of the degree of inbreeding. Hybridological analysis has shown that the jactatio capitis is connected with the suppression of eumelanin synthesis, and is a manifestation of pleiotropic effect of genotypes c or pp for C and Ploci of coat colour. It occurs in albinos and in animals of yellow colour, and is never found in those with black, brown or grey colour, or in black-, grey- or brown-spotted animals. The jactatio capitis shows a negative phenotypical correlation with emotionality as determined by the number of defecations, and has a positive connection with the predisposition to audiogenic seizures. The jactatio capitis seems not to be serotonin-ergic symptom. As the stereotypic movements are combined with a kind of \"freezing\", the authors consider the jactatio capitis to be a kind of catatonic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:944672", "title": "[Isolation and characteristics of temperature sensitive mutants in a culture of Chinese hamster cells].", "content": "The treatment of a temperature-resistant glutamine-independent clone of Chinese hamster cells (237 glu+ tr) with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) for 48 or 72 hours at 40 degrees C and subsequent illumination with visible light was used for selection of spontaneous and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidein-induced ts mutants. 30 clones were isolated. Their temperature-sensitivity was studied at two cell densities: 500 and 10000 (or 15 000) cells per dish. 21 clones proved to be temperature-sensitive. The expression of temperature-sensitivity of 11 clones was independent of cell densities used. The remaining 10 clones could be divided in two groups: those expressing temperature-sensitivity only at low plating inoculum (6 clones) and those temperature-sensitive at 10 000 (15 000) plated cells per dish (4 clones). Possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. Most isolated clones behaved as leaky mutants. Isolation of ts clones without special mutagen treatment from a tr cell population after its permanent incubation at 40 degrees C, restrictive for ts cells, is regarded as strong evidence in favour of the mutagenic effect of BUdR and visible light.", "contents": "[Isolation and characteristics of temperature sensitive mutants in a culture of Chinese hamster cells]. The treatment of a temperature-resistant glutamine-independent clone of Chinese hamster cells (237 glu+ tr) with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) for 48 or 72 hours at 40 degrees C and subsequent illumination with visible light was used for selection of spontaneous and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidein-induced ts mutants. 30 clones were isolated. Their temperature-sensitivity was studied at two cell densities: 500 and 10000 (or 15 000) cells per dish. 21 clones proved to be temperature-sensitive. The expression of temperature-sensitivity of 11 clones was independent of cell densities used. The remaining 10 clones could be divided in two groups: those expressing temperature-sensitivity only at low plating inoculum (6 clones) and those temperature-sensitive at 10 000 (15 000) plated cells per dish (4 clones). Possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. Most isolated clones behaved as leaky mutants. Isolation of ts clones without special mutagen treatment from a tr cell population after its permanent incubation at 40 degrees C, restrictive for ts cells, is regarded as strong evidence in favour of the mutagenic effect of BUdR and visible light."}
{"id": "PMID:944673", "title": "The reaction of the Dolichos biflorus lectin with non-human bloods.", "content": "The reaction of the Dolichos biflorus lectin with a series of animal bloods is reported. The red cells of 4 species were found to agglutinate from among the 37 different animal species tested.", "contents": "The reaction of the Dolichos biflorus lectin with non-human bloods. The reaction of the Dolichos biflorus lectin with a series of animal bloods is reported. The red cells of 4 species were found to agglutinate from among the 37 different animal species tested."}
{"id": "PMID:944684", "title": "Trisomy 9p resulting from maternal 9/21 translocation.", "content": "The clinical picture found in a child with trisomy 9p confirmed that this chromosomal syndrome is a entity, which arises from maternal translocation t(9;21).", "contents": "Trisomy 9p resulting from maternal 9/21 translocation. The clinical picture found in a child with trisomy 9p confirmed that this chromosomal syndrome is a entity, which arises from maternal translocation t(9;21)."}
{"id": "PMID:944685", "title": "Correlations between immunoglobulin- and antibody-synthesizing cells during primary and secondary immune responses of rats immunized with peroxidase.", "content": "The development of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody activity and of antibody-synthesizing cells was studied during primary and secondary immune responses of rats immunized with horseradish peroxidase. After primary immunization with peroxidase emulsified in Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, the first antibody-producing cells appeared 4 days after injection. They were preceded by cells synthesizing IgG and IgM without antibody function, appearing 3 days after giving antigen. The ratio between the latter and the former population of cells regularly decreased during the primary response. Seventy to 100 per cent of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody activity were induced by the antigen, the remainder being induced by the adjuvant. In both populations, the positive cells were always immature or mature plasmocytes. At various times after primary injection, animals received a booster inoculation of soluble peroxidase or of peroxidase emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody-producing cells, in early stages of differentiation, appeared between 2 and 3 days after challenge and were not preceded by cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function. These latter cells were reduced or absent after secondary challenge. Increasing the sensitivity of detection of active sites of antibodies, by using direct methods of staining with fixed or unfixed cells gave no increase of antibody-producing cells.", "contents": "Correlations between immunoglobulin- and antibody-synthesizing cells during primary and secondary immune responses of rats immunized with peroxidase. The development of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without detectable antibody activity and of antibody-synthesizing cells was studied during primary and secondary immune responses of rats immunized with horseradish peroxidase. After primary immunization with peroxidase emulsified in Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant, the first antibody-producing cells appeared 4 days after injection. They were preceded by cells synthesizing IgG and IgM without antibody function, appearing 3 days after giving antigen. The ratio between the latter and the former population of cells regularly decreased during the primary response. Seventy to 100 per cent of cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody activity were induced by the antigen, the remainder being induced by the adjuvant. In both populations, the positive cells were always immature or mature plasmocytes. At various times after primary injection, animals received a booster inoculation of soluble peroxidase or of peroxidase emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody-producing cells, in early stages of differentiation, appeared between 2 and 3 days after challenge and were not preceded by cells synthesizing immunoglobulins without antibody function. These latter cells were reduced or absent after secondary challenge. Increasing the sensitivity of detection of active sites of antibodies, by using direct methods of staining with fixed or unfixed cells gave no increase of antibody-producing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944687", "title": "Stress and the immune response in rats.", "content": "The in vitro response of sensitized splenic lymphocytes to antigen (thyroglobulin) was increased by crowding and decreased by isolation in female rats. Both isolated and crowded male rats responded by a decrease in the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes to antigen. The response of the lymphocytes to PHA was not altered in any consistent manner. Similar animals, both control and those immunized with thyroglobulin, were tested for an effect of in vivo injections of epinephrine on the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes; epinephrine was given intraperitoneally 30 min before the rats were killed for removal of spleens. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes was greater in control cultures (neither PHA nor antigen present) but there was a decreased response to either PHA or antigen when epinephrine had been injected.", "contents": "Stress and the immune response in rats. The in vitro response of sensitized splenic lymphocytes to antigen (thyroglobulin) was increased by crowding and decreased by isolation in female rats. Both isolated and crowded male rats responded by a decrease in the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes to antigen. The response of the lymphocytes to PHA was not altered in any consistent manner. Similar animals, both control and those immunized with thyroglobulin, were tested for an effect of in vivo injections of epinephrine on the in vitro reactivity of lymphocytes; epinephrine was given intraperitoneally 30 min before the rats were killed for removal of spleens. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine by lymphocytes was greater in control cultures (neither PHA nor antigen present) but there was a decreased response to either PHA or antigen when epinephrine had been injected."}
{"id": "PMID:944693", "title": "Aflatoxin occurrence on raw and cooked york soybeans inoculated with three aspergillus isolates.", "content": "Raw and cooked soybean media were inoculated in separate experiments with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, A. flavus ATCC 15548, and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 isolates. The toatl quantity of aflatoxins produced and the percentage distribution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 varied with the state of the medium (raw or cooked) and with the fungal isolate used. Cooked soybean medium supported higher aflatoxin productions by A. flavus NRRL 3251 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 than did raw medium. Larger quantities of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were produced by A. flavus ATCC 15548 on raw soybean medium than were produced by any of the isolates on cooked medium. Application of these data is discussed briefly in relation to possible use of soybean media as a source of aflatoxin production.", "contents": "Aflatoxin occurrence on raw and cooked york soybeans inoculated with three aspergillus isolates. Raw and cooked soybean media were inoculated in separate experiments with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251, A. flavus ATCC 15548, and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 isolates. The toatl quantity of aflatoxins produced and the percentage distribution of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 varied with the state of the medium (raw or cooked) and with the fungal isolate used. Cooked soybean medium supported higher aflatoxin productions by A. flavus NRRL 3251 and A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 than did raw medium. Larger quantities of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were produced by A. flavus ATCC 15548 on raw soybean medium than were produced by any of the isolates on cooked medium. Application of these data is discussed briefly in relation to possible use of soybean media as a source of aflatoxin production."}
{"id": "PMID:944694", "title": "Repolymerizability of native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "The repolymerizability of native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle was examined under various conditions. The native thin filaments usually did not repolymerize after depolymerization, but it was found that the process was only inhibited at the nucleation step of the G-F transformation of actin. The inhibited state was released by the addition of sonicated F-actin fragments as seeds or by direct sonication. An attempt to isolate the actin moiety from native thin filaments showed that the isolated actin was very similar to Straub-type G-actin2 in its polymerizability. However, a protein factor which inhibits the polymerization of G-actin was obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation of the depolymerized native thin filaments. Thus, the apparent lack of repolymerizability of native thin filaments was found to be due to the action of this factor on the polymerization of G-actin.", "contents": "Repolymerizability of native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle. The repolymerizability of native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle was examined under various conditions. The native thin filaments usually did not repolymerize after depolymerization, but it was found that the process was only inhibited at the nucleation step of the G-F transformation of actin. The inhibited state was released by the addition of sonicated F-actin fragments as seeds or by direct sonication. An attempt to isolate the actin moiety from native thin filaments showed that the isolated actin was very similar to Straub-type G-actin2 in its polymerizability. However, a protein factor which inhibits the polymerization of G-actin was obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation of the depolymerized native thin filaments. Thus, the apparent lack of repolymerizability of native thin filaments was found to be due to the action of this factor on the polymerization of G-actin."}
{"id": "PMID:944695", "title": "Intracellular retinol-binding proteins from bovine pigment epithelial and photoreceptor cell fractions. Purification of high molecular weight lipoglycoproteins.", "content": "Cytosol retinol (vitamin A)-binding lipoglycoproteins were isolated from preparations of bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells and from rod photoreceptor outer segment fractions. The lipoglycoproteins had molecular weights of at least 1.5 X 10(6) as determined by gel filtration chromatography. The purified lipoglycoprotein which was obtained from pigment epithelial cells contains at least two kinds of polypeptide subunits (molecular weight about 35,000 and 150,000), while the rod outer segment cytosol lipoglycoprotein contains at least four kinds of polypeptide subunits (molecular weight about 50,000, 75,000, 120,000, and, 200,000). The pigment epithelial cytosol retinol-binding material contains about 30% (by weight) of lipid, while the material obtained from rod photoreceptor outer segment fractions contains about 65% (by weight) of lipid. Both lipoproteins contain predominantly cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine, while cholesterol esters, triglycerides, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine are absent. The amino acid compositions of the delipidated proteins from pigment epithelial cells and rod outer segment fractions are similar. The neutral and amino sugars are co-valently linked to the polypeptide moiety of the molecule. The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the lipoproteins obtained from pigment epithelial cells and rod outer segment fractions are different.", "contents": "Intracellular retinol-binding proteins from bovine pigment epithelial and photoreceptor cell fractions. Purification of high molecular weight lipoglycoproteins. Cytosol retinol (vitamin A)-binding lipoglycoproteins were isolated from preparations of bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells and from rod photoreceptor outer segment fractions. The lipoglycoproteins had molecular weights of at least 1.5 X 10(6) as determined by gel filtration chromatography. The purified lipoglycoprotein which was obtained from pigment epithelial cells contains at least two kinds of polypeptide subunits (molecular weight about 35,000 and 150,000), while the rod outer segment cytosol lipoglycoprotein contains at least four kinds of polypeptide subunits (molecular weight about 50,000, 75,000, 120,000, and, 200,000). The pigment epithelial cytosol retinol-binding material contains about 30% (by weight) of lipid, while the material obtained from rod photoreceptor outer segment fractions contains about 65% (by weight) of lipid. Both lipoproteins contain predominantly cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine, while cholesterol esters, triglycerides, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine are absent. The amino acid compositions of the delipidated proteins from pigment epithelial cells and rod outer segment fractions are similar. The neutral and amino sugars are co-valently linked to the polypeptide moiety of the molecule. The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the lipoproteins obtained from pigment epithelial cells and rod outer segment fractions are different."}
{"id": "PMID:944696", "title": "Regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by insulin triiodothyronine, and glucagon in liver cells in culture.", "content": "Cells isolated from the livers of 17- to 19-day-old chick embryos were maintained in a chemically defined culture medium. During 3 days in culture the activity of malic enzyme, a measure of its concentration, was stimulated 2-, 23-, or 77-fold by insulin, triiodothyronine, or insulin plus triiodothyronine, respectively. Glucagon blocked the stimulation caused by insulin plus triiodothyronine. Changes in the relative synthesis of immunologically isolated malic enzyme were similar in magnitude and direction to the changes in enzyme activity. Degradation of malic enzyme was unaffected by the three hormones. Both soluble protein and malic enzyme were degraded with a t1/2 of about 30 hours. In cells preincubated for 2 days with insulin, synthesis of malic enzyme was stimulated 4.5-fold within 3 hours after adding triiodothyronine and reached an apparent new steady state after 24 to 30 hours. If the rate of enzyme synthesis was dependent on the concentration of cytoplasmic malic enzyme messenger RNA, then this messenger RNA appeared to have a t1/2 of about 18 hours. Glucagon rapidly and specifically inhibited synthesis of malic enzyme in preinduced cells, suggesting an action at the level of translation or cytoplasmic messenger RNA processing.", "contents": "Regulation of malic enzyme synthesis by insulin triiodothyronine, and glucagon in liver cells in culture. Cells isolated from the livers of 17- to 19-day-old chick embryos were maintained in a chemically defined culture medium. During 3 days in culture the activity of malic enzyme, a measure of its concentration, was stimulated 2-, 23-, or 77-fold by insulin, triiodothyronine, or insulin plus triiodothyronine, respectively. Glucagon blocked the stimulation caused by insulin plus triiodothyronine. Changes in the relative synthesis of immunologically isolated malic enzyme were similar in magnitude and direction to the changes in enzyme activity. Degradation of malic enzyme was unaffected by the three hormones. Both soluble protein and malic enzyme were degraded with a t1/2 of about 30 hours. In cells preincubated for 2 days with insulin, synthesis of malic enzyme was stimulated 4.5-fold within 3 hours after adding triiodothyronine and reached an apparent new steady state after 24 to 30 hours. If the rate of enzyme synthesis was dependent on the concentration of cytoplasmic malic enzyme messenger RNA, then this messenger RNA appeared to have a t1/2 of about 18 hours. Glucagon rapidly and specifically inhibited synthesis of malic enzyme in preinduced cells, suggesting an action at the level of translation or cytoplasmic messenger RNA processing."}
{"id": "PMID:944697", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of folate reductase in sensitive and methotrexate-resistant lines of S-180 cells.", "content": "The methotrexate-resistant AT-3000 line of S-180 cells has at least 150-fold more immunologically cross-reactive folate reductase than sensitive cells. Highly specific immunologic and protein purification procedures were used to show that the increased enzyme levels in this line are due to a corresponding increase in the rate of folate reductase synthesis. This observation indicates that the relative turnover of the enzyme is not significantly different in the two lines. Folate reductase was purified to homogeneity from both the sensitive and the methotrexate-resistant cells. Comparison of various physical, kinetic, and immunochemical properties of the enzymes revealed no differences. These observations suggest that the AT-3000 line contains one or more regulatory variations leading to the over-production of folate reductase protein that is similar, if not identical, to that produced by sensitive cells. In resistant cells, specific immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that folate reductase comprises as much as 7 to 8% of the continuously labeled soluble protein and 6 to 7% of the soluble protein synthesis. Growth of these lines in the absence of methotrexate resulted in a slow decrease in the level of folate reductase to less than 1%. This decrease corresponded to a similar decrease in the relative rate of enzyme synthesis. Variations in the level of folate reductase with cell growth are also due to changes in the relative rate of enzyme synthesis. In the AT-3000 line, pulse decay experiments showed that the half-life of folate reductase was long (50 hours) relative to cell doubling time (24 hours), and also that methotrexate had little or no effect on the turnover of the enzyme. Comparison of the incorporation of radioactive leucine into folate reductase in continuous and pulse labeling experiments gave independent confirmation of these results. Therefore, the relative rate of folate reductase synthesis was the major parameter determining the amount of folate reductase under all examined conditions that resulted in altered levels of the enzyme in resistant cells.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of folate reductase in sensitive and methotrexate-resistant lines of S-180 cells. The methotrexate-resistant AT-3000 line of S-180 cells has at least 150-fold more immunologically cross-reactive folate reductase than sensitive cells. Highly specific immunologic and protein purification procedures were used to show that the increased enzyme levels in this line are due to a corresponding increase in the rate of folate reductase synthesis. This observation indicates that the relative turnover of the enzyme is not significantly different in the two lines. Folate reductase was purified to homogeneity from both the sensitive and the methotrexate-resistant cells. Comparison of various physical, kinetic, and immunochemical properties of the enzymes revealed no differences. These observations suggest that the AT-3000 line contains one or more regulatory variations leading to the over-production of folate reductase protein that is similar, if not identical, to that produced by sensitive cells. In resistant cells, specific immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that folate reductase comprises as much as 7 to 8% of the continuously labeled soluble protein and 6 to 7% of the soluble protein synthesis. Growth of these lines in the absence of methotrexate resulted in a slow decrease in the level of folate reductase to less than 1%. This decrease corresponded to a similar decrease in the relative rate of enzyme synthesis. Variations in the level of folate reductase with cell growth are also due to changes in the relative rate of enzyme synthesis. In the AT-3000 line, pulse decay experiments showed that the half-life of folate reductase was long (50 hours) relative to cell doubling time (24 hours), and also that methotrexate had little or no effect on the turnover of the enzyme. Comparison of the incorporation of radioactive leucine into folate reductase in continuous and pulse labeling experiments gave independent confirmation of these results. Therefore, the relative rate of folate reductase synthesis was the major parameter determining the amount of folate reductase under all examined conditions that resulted in altered levels of the enzyme in resistant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944698", "title": "Altered regulation of the rate of synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase in methotrexate-resistant hamster cells.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase was isolated from hamster cells sensitive to methotrexate and from a methotrexate-resistant subline which has an elevated enzyme level. The enzymes were compared by peptide map analysis, and no differences in primary structure could be detected. The rates of enzyme degradation and synthesis were determined in both cell lines by a novel approach based on the enzyme specific radioactivity (called radioaffinity labeling). Degradation of reductase was minimal in both cell lines, whereas the rates of synthesis were directly proportional to the steady state concentrations of enzyme. Thus the resistant cells synthesized reductase at a rate which was 140 times faster than that in sensitive cells. Therefore the high concentration of dihydrofolate reductase in the methotrexate-resistant cells is probably the result of an alteration of a cellular component which control the synthesis of the enzyme.", "contents": "Altered regulation of the rate of synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase in methotrexate-resistant hamster cells. Dihydrofolate reductase was isolated from hamster cells sensitive to methotrexate and from a methotrexate-resistant subline which has an elevated enzyme level. The enzymes were compared by peptide map analysis, and no differences in primary structure could be detected. The rates of enzyme degradation and synthesis were determined in both cell lines by a novel approach based on the enzyme specific radioactivity (called radioaffinity labeling). Degradation of reductase was minimal in both cell lines, whereas the rates of synthesis were directly proportional to the steady state concentrations of enzyme. Thus the resistant cells synthesized reductase at a rate which was 140 times faster than that in sensitive cells. Therefore the high concentration of dihydrofolate reductase in the methotrexate-resistant cells is probably the result of an alteration of a cellular component which control the synthesis of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:944699", "title": "Sperm aster in rabbit zygotes: its structure and function.", "content": "Microscope observations of rabbit zygotes demonstrate that a sperm aster forms in association with the male pronucleus approximately 1 h postinsemination and consists of two regions. One, the centrosphere, contains a dense aggregation of cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. The second consists of fascicles of microtubules which emanate from the centrosphere. Fertilized rabbit eggs were cultured in medium containing colcemid in order to determine its effects on various events of fertilization, such as movements of the male and female pronuclei and DNA synthesis. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a sperm aster is formed in colcemid-treated zygotes. In addition, migration and close apposition of the pronuclei do not take place. Breakdown of the pronuclear envelopes and condensation of the maternally and paternally derived chromosomes occur even though the pronuclei fail to migrate centrad. Autoradiographic analysis of the synthesis of DNA by both pronuclei demonstrates that their migration into close apposition to one another is not required for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine.", "contents": "Sperm aster in rabbit zygotes: its structure and function. Microscope observations of rabbit zygotes demonstrate that a sperm aster forms in association with the male pronucleus approximately 1 h postinsemination and consists of two regions. One, the centrosphere, contains a dense aggregation of cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules. The second consists of fascicles of microtubules which emanate from the centrosphere. Fertilized rabbit eggs were cultured in medium containing colcemid in order to determine its effects on various events of fertilization, such as movements of the male and female pronuclei and DNA synthesis. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a sperm aster is formed in colcemid-treated zygotes. In addition, migration and close apposition of the pronuclei do not take place. Breakdown of the pronuclear envelopes and condensation of the maternally and paternally derived chromosomes occur even though the pronuclei fail to migrate centrad. Autoradiographic analysis of the synthesis of DNA by both pronuclei demonstrates that their migration into close apposition to one another is not required for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:944700", "title": "Properties of tubulin in unfertilized sea urchin eggs. Quantitation and characterization by the colchicine-binding reaction.", "content": "The colchicine-binding assay was used to quantitate the tubulin concentration in unfertilized Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs and to characterize pharmacological properties of this tubulin. Specificity of colchicine binding to tubulin was demonstrated by apparent first-order decay colchicine-binding activity with stabilization by vinblastine sulfate, time and temperature dependence of the reaction, competitive inhibition by podophyllotoxin, and lack of effect of lumicolchicine. The results demonstrate that the minimum tubulin concentration in the unfertilized egg is 2.71 mg per milliliter or 5.0% of the total soluble cell protein. Binding constants and decay rates were determined at six different temperatures between 8 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction were calculated. delta H0=6.6 kcal/mol, delta S0=46.5 eu, and, at 13 degrees C, delta G=-6.7 kcal/mol. The association constants obtained were similar to those of isolated sea urchin egg vinblastine paracrystals (Bryan, J. 1972. Biochemistry. 11:2611-2616) but approximately 10 times lower than that obtained for purified chick embryo brain tubulin at 37 degrees C (Wilson, L.J.R. Bamburg, S.B. Mizel, L. Grisham, and K. Creswell. 1974. Fed Proc. 33:158-166). Therefore, the lower binding constants for colchicine in tubulin-vinblastine paracrystals are not due to the paracrystalline organization of the tubulin, but are properties of the sea urchin egg tubulin itself.", "contents": "Properties of tubulin in unfertilized sea urchin eggs. Quantitation and characterization by the colchicine-binding reaction. The colchicine-binding assay was used to quantitate the tubulin concentration in unfertilized Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs and to characterize pharmacological properties of this tubulin. Specificity of colchicine binding to tubulin was demonstrated by apparent first-order decay colchicine-binding activity with stabilization by vinblastine sulfate, time and temperature dependence of the reaction, competitive inhibition by podophyllotoxin, and lack of effect of lumicolchicine. The results demonstrate that the minimum tubulin concentration in the unfertilized egg is 2.71 mg per milliliter or 5.0% of the total soluble cell protein. Binding constants and decay rates were determined at six different temperatures between 8 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction were calculated. delta H0=6.6 kcal/mol, delta S0=46.5 eu, and, at 13 degrees C, delta G=-6.7 kcal/mol. The association constants obtained were similar to those of isolated sea urchin egg vinblastine paracrystals (Bryan, J. 1972. Biochemistry. 11:2611-2616) but approximately 10 times lower than that obtained for purified chick embryo brain tubulin at 37 degrees C (Wilson, L.J.R. Bamburg, S.B. Mizel, L. Grisham, and K. Creswell. 1974. Fed Proc. 33:158-166). Therefore, the lower binding constants for colchicine in tubulin-vinblastine paracrystals are not due to the paracrystalline organization of the tubulin, but are properties of the sea urchin egg tubulin itself."}
{"id": "PMID:944701", "title": "The germinal vesicle nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes as a selective storage receptacle for proteins.", "content": "The amorphous nucleoplasm of the germinal vesicle nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes has been selectively extracted under conditions which leave the nuclear formed elements morphologically intact. The nucleoplasm contains about 97% of the total nuclear proteins and on SDS-polyacrylamide gels some 68 polypeptides can be distinguished. On the basis of solubility differences, the nucleoplasmic proteins can be classified into two categories. The first consists of soluble or easily solubilized proteins which comprise about 34 polypeptides making up 87% of the nucleoplasm. A few of these proteins show electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of soluble proteins of the cytoplasm, but most are unique to the nucleus. The residual 13% of the nucleoplasmic proteins are tightly bound to a nucleoplasmic gel and can be extracted only by solubilizing the gel. The solubility characteristics of the proteinaceous gel suggest a complex held together by salt, nonpolar, hydrogen, and possibly disulfide bonding. Some 34 polypeptides can be distinguished in this gel fraction, including prominent and highly enriched polypeptides of about 115,000 and 46,000 daltons. The relatively soluble fraction of the nucleoplasm does not contain informofers and contains little or no nucleic acid. Evidence is presented that if histones are present in the germinal vesicle, they can comprise no more than about 8% of the total protein. The possibility is discussed that the unique polypeptides of the nucleoplasm may be sequestered there by selective adsorption to or in the nuclear gel.", "contents": "The germinal vesicle nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes as a selective storage receptacle for proteins. The amorphous nucleoplasm of the germinal vesicle nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes has been selectively extracted under conditions which leave the nuclear formed elements morphologically intact. The nucleoplasm contains about 97% of the total nuclear proteins and on SDS-polyacrylamide gels some 68 polypeptides can be distinguished. On the basis of solubility differences, the nucleoplasmic proteins can be classified into two categories. The first consists of soluble or easily solubilized proteins which comprise about 34 polypeptides making up 87% of the nucleoplasm. A few of these proteins show electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of soluble proteins of the cytoplasm, but most are unique to the nucleus. The residual 13% of the nucleoplasmic proteins are tightly bound to a nucleoplasmic gel and can be extracted only by solubilizing the gel. The solubility characteristics of the proteinaceous gel suggest a complex held together by salt, nonpolar, hydrogen, and possibly disulfide bonding. Some 34 polypeptides can be distinguished in this gel fraction, including prominent and highly enriched polypeptides of about 115,000 and 46,000 daltons. The relatively soluble fraction of the nucleoplasm does not contain informofers and contains little or no nucleic acid. Evidence is presented that if histones are present in the germinal vesicle, they can comprise no more than about 8% of the total protein. The possibility is discussed that the unique polypeptides of the nucleoplasm may be sequestered there by selective adsorption to or in the nuclear gel."}
{"id": "PMID:944702", "title": "Steroids and hematopoiesis. II. The effect of steroids on in vitro erythroid colony growth: evidence for different target cells for different classes of steroids.", "content": "Androgenic steroids and their non-androgenic 5beta-H metabolites enhance the number of colonies of hemoglobin synthesizing cells grown from rat bone marrow in response to a standard (0.25 unit/ml) concentration of erythropoietin. The target cells for two steroids were found to be different. Cells influenced by the androgen, fluoxymesterone (fluoxy), resembled cells responding to erythropoietin in their cycle characteristics, as measured by tritiated thymidine suicide, and in their physical characteristics, as determined by velocity sedimentation gradient separation. Cells responding to etiocholanolone (etio) had a much lower tritiated thymidine suicide rate and different sedimentation velocities. Preincubation of marrow cells with etio for two hours was sufficient to enhance erythroid colony growth by 84%, whereas a similar incubation with fluoxy produced no increment. These studies demonstrate that different classes of steroids may influence in vitro erythropoiesis by acting on distinct populations of marrow cells. Fluoxymesterone appears to act through cells already committed to respond to erythropoietin, while etiocholanolone appears to act on a separate, perhaps more primitive population of marrow cells.", "contents": "Steroids and hematopoiesis. II. The effect of steroids on in vitro erythroid colony growth: evidence for different target cells for different classes of steroids. Androgenic steroids and their non-androgenic 5beta-H metabolites enhance the number of colonies of hemoglobin synthesizing cells grown from rat bone marrow in response to a standard (0.25 unit/ml) concentration of erythropoietin. The target cells for two steroids were found to be different. Cells influenced by the androgen, fluoxymesterone (fluoxy), resembled cells responding to erythropoietin in their cycle characteristics, as measured by tritiated thymidine suicide, and in their physical characteristics, as determined by velocity sedimentation gradient separation. Cells responding to etiocholanolone (etio) had a much lower tritiated thymidine suicide rate and different sedimentation velocities. Preincubation of marrow cells with etio for two hours was sufficient to enhance erythroid colony growth by 84%, whereas a similar incubation with fluoxy produced no increment. These studies demonstrate that different classes of steroids may influence in vitro erythropoiesis by acting on distinct populations of marrow cells. Fluoxymesterone appears to act through cells already committed to respond to erythropoietin, while etiocholanolone appears to act on a separate, perhaps more primitive population of marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944703", "title": "Studies on the intranuclear distribution of human and mouse genomes and formation of human-mouse hybrid cells.", "content": "Autoradiographic examination of early hybrid cells formed by the fusion of 3H-thymidine labeled D98/AH2 cells and 3T3-4E cells revealed that human and mouse chromosomes are often separated within metaphase and interphase nuclei. Although the marked separation of human and mouse chromosomes progressively disappeared with succeeding cell division, the occurrence of sectored nuclei in 16-cell hybrid colonies and the labeling pattern of human chromosomes within separated metaphases indicate that separation of human and mouse chromosomes may persist through several mitoses. Fusion of 3H-thymidine labeled D98/AH2 cells and 3T3-4E cells was coupled with aminopterin selection to study other aspects of hybrid cell formation. Hybrid cells arose from heterokaryons by cell division. Nuclear fusion may have occurred in two out of several thousand heterokaryons examined. However, these could reflect the close apposition of adjacent nuclei. A large fraction (greater than 0.5) of D98/3T3 heterokaryons underwent at least one cell division. However, the number of hybrid colonies containing more than eight cells at ten days following fusion was about 0.03 of the total number of heterokaryons. Many hybrid colonies arrested growth before the 8-cell stage, and the cells in such colonies exhibited nuclear abnormalities.", "contents": "Studies on the intranuclear distribution of human and mouse genomes and formation of human-mouse hybrid cells. Autoradiographic examination of early hybrid cells formed by the fusion of 3H-thymidine labeled D98/AH2 cells and 3T3-4E cells revealed that human and mouse chromosomes are often separated within metaphase and interphase nuclei. Although the marked separation of human and mouse chromosomes progressively disappeared with succeeding cell division, the occurrence of sectored nuclei in 16-cell hybrid colonies and the labeling pattern of human chromosomes within separated metaphases indicate that separation of human and mouse chromosomes may persist through several mitoses. Fusion of 3H-thymidine labeled D98/AH2 cells and 3T3-4E cells was coupled with aminopterin selection to study other aspects of hybrid cell formation. Hybrid cells arose from heterokaryons by cell division. Nuclear fusion may have occurred in two out of several thousand heterokaryons examined. However, these could reflect the close apposition of adjacent nuclei. A large fraction (greater than 0.5) of D98/3T3 heterokaryons underwent at least one cell division. However, the number of hybrid colonies containing more than eight cells at ten days following fusion was about 0.03 of the total number of heterokaryons. Many hybrid colonies arrested growth before the 8-cell stage, and the cells in such colonies exhibited nuclear abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:944704", "title": "Human epidermal growth factor and the proliferation of human fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), a 5,400 molecular weight polypeptide isolated from human urine, on the growth of human foreskin fibroblasts (HF cells) was studied by measuring cell numbers and the incorporation of labeled thymidine. The addition of hEGF to HF cells growing in a medium containing 10% calf serum resulted in a 4-fold increase in the final density. The presence of hEGF also promoted the growth of HF cells in media containing either 1% calf serum or 10% gamma globulin-free serum. The addition of hEGF to quiescent confluent monolayers of HF cells, maintained in a medium with 1% calf serum for 48 hours, resulted in a 10- to 20-fold increase in the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation after 20-24 hours. The stimulation of thymidine incorporation was maximal at an hEGF concentration of 2 ng/ml, was dependent on the presence of serum, and was enhanced by the addition of ascorbic acid. In confluent cultures of HF cells, subject to density dependent inhibition of growth, hEGF was able to stimulate DNA synthesis more effectively than fresh calf serum. Human EGF stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures, however, regardless of cell density. The addition of rabbit anti-hEGF inhibited all effects of this growth factor on HF cells.", "contents": "Human epidermal growth factor and the proliferation of human fibroblasts. The effect of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), a 5,400 molecular weight polypeptide isolated from human urine, on the growth of human foreskin fibroblasts (HF cells) was studied by measuring cell numbers and the incorporation of labeled thymidine. The addition of hEGF to HF cells growing in a medium containing 10% calf serum resulted in a 4-fold increase in the final density. The presence of hEGF also promoted the growth of HF cells in media containing either 1% calf serum or 10% gamma globulin-free serum. The addition of hEGF to quiescent confluent monolayers of HF cells, maintained in a medium with 1% calf serum for 48 hours, resulted in a 10- to 20-fold increase in the amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation after 20-24 hours. The stimulation of thymidine incorporation was maximal at an hEGF concentration of 2 ng/ml, was dependent on the presence of serum, and was enhanced by the addition of ascorbic acid. In confluent cultures of HF cells, subject to density dependent inhibition of growth, hEGF was able to stimulate DNA synthesis more effectively than fresh calf serum. Human EGF stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures, however, regardless of cell density. The addition of rabbit anti-hEGF inhibited all effects of this growth factor on HF cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944705", "title": "Separation of megakaryocytes from rat bone marrow cells using velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient ficoll in tissue culture medium.", "content": "A technique for the purification of rat megakaryocytes is described. Velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient of Ficoll (polysucrose) in tissue culture medium was more effective than isopycnic sedimentation for the purification of megakaryocytes and resulted in preparations of magekaryocytes which contained 2.4 +/- 0.8% (range 1.85-3.60%) megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes exhibited a broad range of density between 1.06 and 1.15 gm/ml. The inaccuracy which is inherent in the use of velocity sedimentation without isopycnic sedimentation as a means of particle size analysis is discussed.", "contents": "Separation of megakaryocytes from rat bone marrow cells using velocity sedimentation in an isokinetic gradient ficoll in tissue culture medium. A technique for the purification of rat megakaryocytes is described. Velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient of Ficoll (polysucrose) in tissue culture medium was more effective than isopycnic sedimentation for the purification of megakaryocytes and resulted in preparations of magekaryocytes which contained 2.4 +/- 0.8% (range 1.85-3.60%) megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes exhibited a broad range of density between 1.06 and 1.15 gm/ml. The inaccuracy which is inherent in the use of velocity sedimentation without isopycnic sedimentation as a means of particle size analysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944706", "title": "Analysis of the chemotactic response during aggregation in Dictyostelium minutum.", "content": "Measurements on the chemotactic aggregation of the amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium minutum are reported. With the aid of previous theoretical results, the observed patterns of early aggregation on 2- and 3-dimensional substrates are interpreted. There is no statistically significant difference in the patterns in the 2 cases. The results suggest that the simplest plausible chemotactic law for this system is the relative gradient law in which the response velocity of the amoebae is proportional to the relative acrasin gradient. The results also suggest that the differentiation of the founder cell, which initiates aggregation, occurs before all cells have acquired chemotactic sensitivity. A diffusible chemical may be involved in the development of the latter.", "contents": "Analysis of the chemotactic response during aggregation in Dictyostelium minutum. Measurements on the chemotactic aggregation of the amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium minutum are reported. With the aid of previous theoretical results, the observed patterns of early aggregation on 2- and 3-dimensional substrates are interpreted. There is no statistically significant difference in the patterns in the 2 cases. The results suggest that the simplest plausible chemotactic law for this system is the relative gradient law in which the response velocity of the amoebae is proportional to the relative acrasin gradient. The results also suggest that the differentiation of the founder cell, which initiates aggregation, occurs before all cells have acquired chemotactic sensitivity. A diffusible chemical may be involved in the development of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:944707", "title": "Stationary phase and the cell cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum in liquid nutrient medium.", "content": "Cells of the axenic strain of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, AX-3, multiply in the liquid nutrient medium HL-5 with a doubling time of 12 h. When the cell concentration reaches approximately 1 X10(7) per ml the rate of cell multiplication begins decreasing and after 20-30 h reaches zero, at a stationary phase cell concentration of 2 to 2-5 X 10(7) cells per ml. The intercept of the extrapolated log phase and stationary phase plots has arbitrarily been considered the onset of the stationary phase. We have found that after cells have been in stationary phase for 24-32 h, mean cell volume increases by 25%, average dry weight by 37%, and average protein content by 24%. These values are close to the expected values for a cell population which is blocked at a point late in the cell cycle. Stationary phase cells also contain 25% more nuclear DNA than log phase cells, indicating that the population of cells at stationary phase is blocked after the DNA replication phase. Finally, when stationary phase cells are washed free of stationary phase medium and reinoculated into fresh medium, they reinitiate cell division synchronously. In the light of the demonstrated relationship between stationary phase and the cell cycle, a possible role for the growth inhibitor produced at stationary phase is considered.", "contents": "Stationary phase and the cell cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum in liquid nutrient medium. Cells of the axenic strain of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, AX-3, multiply in the liquid nutrient medium HL-5 with a doubling time of 12 h. When the cell concentration reaches approximately 1 X10(7) per ml the rate of cell multiplication begins decreasing and after 20-30 h reaches zero, at a stationary phase cell concentration of 2 to 2-5 X 10(7) cells per ml. The intercept of the extrapolated log phase and stationary phase plots has arbitrarily been considered the onset of the stationary phase. We have found that after cells have been in stationary phase for 24-32 h, mean cell volume increases by 25%, average dry weight by 37%, and average protein content by 24%. These values are close to the expected values for a cell population which is blocked at a point late in the cell cycle. Stationary phase cells also contain 25% more nuclear DNA than log phase cells, indicating that the population of cells at stationary phase is blocked after the DNA replication phase. Finally, when stationary phase cells are washed free of stationary phase medium and reinoculated into fresh medium, they reinitiate cell division synchronously. In the light of the demonstrated relationship between stationary phase and the cell cycle, a possible role for the growth inhibitor produced at stationary phase is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:944708", "title": "Ultracryotomy of biological tissues to preserve membrane structure.", "content": "A vacuum transfer stage is described which permits visualization of ultracryotome sections without the considerable distortions found in sections which have either thawed or rehydrated after freeze drying. Membrane structure-nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria with their cristae and plasma membrane-was observed only in cells at the surface of the tissue which had undergone the fastest freezing rates. Inspection of knife damage in sections through these superficial cells showed that glass or diamond knives which are perfectly adequate for sectioning resin-embedded tissues are less suited to sectioning frozen biological tissue. Deeper in the tissue, where the freezing rates were slower, ice crystal cavities destroyed all membranous structures.", "contents": "Ultracryotomy of biological tissues to preserve membrane structure. A vacuum transfer stage is described which permits visualization of ultracryotome sections without the considerable distortions found in sections which have either thawed or rehydrated after freeze drying. Membrane structure-nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria with their cristae and plasma membrane-was observed only in cells at the surface of the tissue which had undergone the fastest freezing rates. Inspection of knife damage in sections through these superficial cells showed that glass or diamond knives which are perfectly adequate for sectioning resin-embedded tissues are less suited to sectioning frozen biological tissue. Deeper in the tissue, where the freezing rates were slower, ice crystal cavities destroyed all membranous structures."}
{"id": "PMID:944718", "title": "Titration of Newcastle disease virus and its neutralizing antibodies in microplates by a modified hemadsorption and hemadsorption inhibition method.", "content": "Using the microtiter system, titration of Newcastle disease virus infectivity and neutralizing antibodies was carried out in chicken embryo fibroblasts grown in \"U\" or flat-bottomed plates. Infectivity was detected by a combined hemadsorption-hemagglutination method. Inhibition of that reaction indicated the presence of neutralizing antibodies. A 24-h microneutralization test was developed and compared to the plaque neutralization and microhemagglutination inhibition test. Reproducibility of the microneutralization test was statistically analyzed.", "contents": "Titration of Newcastle disease virus and its neutralizing antibodies in microplates by a modified hemadsorption and hemadsorption inhibition method. Using the microtiter system, titration of Newcastle disease virus infectivity and neutralizing antibodies was carried out in chicken embryo fibroblasts grown in \"U\" or flat-bottomed plates. Infectivity was detected by a combined hemadsorption-hemagglutination method. Inhibition of that reaction indicated the presence of neutralizing antibodies. A 24-h microneutralization test was developed and compared to the plaque neutralization and microhemagglutination inhibition test. Reproducibility of the microneutralization test was statistically analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:944719", "title": "Effects of testosterone propionate administered perinatally on sexual behavior of female ferrets.", "content": "Female ferrets that received injections of testosterone propionate (TP) early in postnatal life displayed significantly more masculine behavior than did control females when gonadectomized and administered either TP or estradiol benzoate in adulthood. This increased masculine response potential was not correlated with the effects of early TP treatment on phallic development. In contrast to results obtained in most other species, perinatal administration of TP to female ferrets failed to disrupt their ability to display the behavior that is characteristic of the sexually receptive animal in estrus. When estrogenic stimulation was provided in adulthood, the receptive behavior of three groups of perinatally androgenized females was indistinguishable from that of both male and female controls. However, after gonadectomy and administration of TP, control males and females that had received TP prenatally plus on Day 3 were significantly more receptive than were control females. The induction of receptivity by TP was significantly inhibited by simultaneous administration of the antiestrogen MER-25.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone propionate administered perinatally on sexual behavior of female ferrets. Female ferrets that received injections of testosterone propionate (TP) early in postnatal life displayed significantly more masculine behavior than did control females when gonadectomized and administered either TP or estradiol benzoate in adulthood. This increased masculine response potential was not correlated with the effects of early TP treatment on phallic development. In contrast to results obtained in most other species, perinatal administration of TP to female ferrets failed to disrupt their ability to display the behavior that is characteristic of the sexually receptive animal in estrus. When estrogenic stimulation was provided in adulthood, the receptive behavior of three groups of perinatally androgenized females was indistinguishable from that of both male and female controls. However, after gonadectomy and administration of TP, control males and females that had received TP prenatally plus on Day 3 were significantly more receptive than were control females. The induction of receptivity by TP was significantly inhibited by simultaneous administration of the antiestrogen MER-25."}
{"id": "PMID:944720", "title": "Bovine pancreatic lipase. III. Lipolysis of oils and fats and fatty acid specificity.", "content": "Purified bovine pancreatic lipase hydrolyzed butteroil, vegetable oils, and synthetic glycerides. The enzyme hydrolyzed triglycerides more rapidly than di- and monoglycerides and tripropionin faster than any other synthetic glyceride. Triacetin was the least hydrolyzed glyceride. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the free fatty acids liberated by the lipase from milk fat indicated that the enzyme selectively liberated butyric acid in higher proportion than the relative amount originally in the fat. The enzyme released saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids from commericial vegetable oils. With regard to the lipolytic behavior, in general, the bovine pancreatic lipase closely resembled milk lipase.", "contents": "Bovine pancreatic lipase. III. Lipolysis of oils and fats and fatty acid specificity. Purified bovine pancreatic lipase hydrolyzed butteroil, vegetable oils, and synthetic glycerides. The enzyme hydrolyzed triglycerides more rapidly than di- and monoglycerides and tripropionin faster than any other synthetic glyceride. Triacetin was the least hydrolyzed glyceride. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the free fatty acids liberated by the lipase from milk fat indicated that the enzyme selectively liberated butyric acid in higher proportion than the relative amount originally in the fat. The enzyme released saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids from commericial vegetable oils. With regard to the lipolytic behavior, in general, the bovine pancreatic lipase closely resembled milk lipase."}
{"id": "PMID:944721", "title": "Quantification of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysis of whey proteins.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whey proteins has been quantified by standardization of the separation and staining procedure. During each electrophoresis experiment, a standard solution of whey proteins was separated and stained under the same conditions as the test material. In this way, proteins in the standard solution were subjected to identical processing conditions as the test samples. Densitometric scanning of the stained protein-containing gels followed by peak area determinations was carried out. By comparison with the standard peak areas, individual protein concentrations of the test samples were determined.", "contents": "Quantification of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for analysis of whey proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whey proteins has been quantified by standardization of the separation and staining procedure. During each electrophoresis experiment, a standard solution of whey proteins was separated and stained under the same conditions as the test material. In this way, proteins in the standard solution were subjected to identical processing conditions as the test samples. Densitometric scanning of the stained protein-containing gels followed by peak area determinations was carried out. By comparison with the standard peak areas, individual protein concentrations of the test samples were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:944735", "title": "Parish clergy and the aged: examining stereotypes.", "content": "Hypotheses concerning clergymen's enjoyment of their pastoral contacts with older parishioners are examined using data from a national probability sample of 654 American Baptist parish ministers. The hypotheses test the ideas that ministers do not enjoy pastoral contacts with the elderly and that these contacts reflect the clergymen's ageist preferences and concern with instrumental over expressive values. The findings suggest that: (1) the majority of the clergy studied do not seem to have an aversion to ministering to older people; while not among the most enjoyable of their activities \"ministering to the aged\" clearly is not among the least enjoyable either; (2) there is some support for the view that clergy respond to the elderly in an ageist manner; comparing activities involving different age groups, the clergy prefer the young and adults to the aged; (3) those clergy who share with the elderly an interest in expressive activities are more likely to enjoy ministering to the aged.", "contents": "Parish clergy and the aged: examining stereotypes. Hypotheses concerning clergymen's enjoyment of their pastoral contacts with older parishioners are examined using data from a national probability sample of 654 American Baptist parish ministers. The hypotheses test the ideas that ministers do not enjoy pastoral contacts with the elderly and that these contacts reflect the clergymen's ageist preferences and concern with instrumental over expressive values. The findings suggest that: (1) the majority of the clergy studied do not seem to have an aversion to ministering to older people; while not among the most enjoyable of their activities \"ministering to the aged\" clearly is not among the least enjoyable either; (2) there is some support for the view that clergy respond to the elderly in an ageist manner; comparing activities involving different age groups, the clergy prefer the young and adults to the aged; (3) those clergy who share with the elderly an interest in expressive activities are more likely to enjoy ministering to the aged."}
{"id": "PMID:944736", "title": "Relationships between hearing loss and cognition in normally hearing aged persons.", "content": "The relationships between mild hearing losses and cognitive functioning were studied for two independently selected samples of aged subjects whose hearing was within normal limits. One group had 47 males of mean age 71.5 (SD 4.8) who were selected for their excellent health status. The second group consisted of 38 females of mean age 75.9 (SD 5.3), all of whom had some significant physical pathology. Hearing losses at various frequency levels (from 125 to 8000 cps) were correlated with performance on cognitive tests such as the WAIS, with age effects then being partialled out. The results reveal substantial associations between hearing losses and scores achieved on the intellectual measures for both samples. Verbal type tests show these relationships much more extensively than the performance tests. The findings imply that aged subjects may be more intellectually capable than their test performances suggest and that hearing is an important variable to be considered in the assessment of their cognitive functioning.", "contents": "Relationships between hearing loss and cognition in normally hearing aged persons. The relationships between mild hearing losses and cognitive functioning were studied for two independently selected samples of aged subjects whose hearing was within normal limits. One group had 47 males of mean age 71.5 (SD 4.8) who were selected for their excellent health status. The second group consisted of 38 females of mean age 75.9 (SD 5.3), all of whom had some significant physical pathology. Hearing losses at various frequency levels (from 125 to 8000 cps) were correlated with performance on cognitive tests such as the WAIS, with age effects then being partialled out. The results reveal substantial associations between hearing losses and scores achieved on the intellectual measures for both samples. Verbal type tests show these relationships much more extensively than the performance tests. The findings imply that aged subjects may be more intellectually capable than their test performances suggest and that hearing is an important variable to be considered in the assessment of their cognitive functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:944738", "title": "The effect of corticosteroids on human IgG synthesis.", "content": "The effect of prolonged, high-dose corticosteroid therapy on total IgG synthesis rates by human bone marrow and splenic leukocytes was studied in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Marrow IgG production rates begin to decrease 3 weeks after beginning therapy and reach levels approximately one-fourth of pre-treatment rates after 6 weeks. No effect of corticosteroids on splenic IgG production rates could be shown. Marrow IgG synthesis rates in these patients were on the average from 3 to 10 times greater than corresponding splenic production rates and, in addition, appeared to correlate with serum IgG levels. These data suggest that the marrow is an important contributor to the total body IgG pool; and since corticosteroids appear to suppress marrow IgG production, this may be one reason for their therapeutic usefulness in antibody-mediated diseases.", "contents": "The effect of corticosteroids on human IgG synthesis. The effect of prolonged, high-dose corticosteroid therapy on total IgG synthesis rates by human bone marrow and splenic leukocytes was studied in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Marrow IgG production rates begin to decrease 3 weeks after beginning therapy and reach levels approximately one-fourth of pre-treatment rates after 6 weeks. No effect of corticosteroids on splenic IgG production rates could be shown. Marrow IgG synthesis rates in these patients were on the average from 3 to 10 times greater than corresponding splenic production rates and, in addition, appeared to correlate with serum IgG levels. These data suggest that the marrow is an important contributor to the total body IgG pool; and since corticosteroids appear to suppress marrow IgG production, this may be one reason for their therapeutic usefulness in antibody-mediated diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:944739", "title": "Influence of different antigen doses on number and properties of antigen binding cells.", "content": "The number of antigen binding cells, as revealed by capping experiments, is strongly influenced by the concentration of antigen used. At high concentrations of antigen an additional population of cells of the size of lymphocytes can be detected, which is not stained after incubation with low doses of antigen. These cells bear immunoglobulin on their surface and can be removed from the spleen by carbonyl iron treatment.", "contents": "Influence of different antigen doses on number and properties of antigen binding cells. The number of antigen binding cells, as revealed by capping experiments, is strongly influenced by the concentration of antigen used. At high concentrations of antigen an additional population of cells of the size of lymphocytes can be detected, which is not stained after incubation with low doses of antigen. These cells bear immunoglobulin on their surface and can be removed from the spleen by carbonyl iron treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944751", "title": "A comparison of the effects of neonatally administered testosterone, testosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone on aggressive and sexual behaviour in the female golden hamster.", "content": "Female golden hamsters received one of the following treatments on the day following birth: (i) 300 mug testosterone propionate in arachis oil, (ii) 300 mug testosterone in oil, (iii) 300 mug dihydrotestosterone in oil, or (iv) oil alone. As adults all animals, underwent three tests for behaviour. First, while intact, females were observed in aggressive interactions with males. Secondly, after ovariectomy, females were primed with oestrogen + progesterone and tested for receptivity with a stud male. Thirdly, all ovariectomized females were primed with testosterone propionate and tested for male patterns of behaviour with a receptive female. Compared with the effects of oil administration (control), testosterone propionate administration resulted in increased aggressiveness and the capacity to show male patterns of sexual behaviour, together with a decreased capacity to show female patterns of sexual behaviour. Testosterone increased aggression and male sexual behaviour, but had no effects on receptivity, while dihydrotestosterone decreased some components of receptivity but had no effects on aggressiveness or the capacity to show male mating behaviour.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of neonatally administered testosterone, testosterone propionate and dihydrotestosterone on aggressive and sexual behaviour in the female golden hamster. Female golden hamsters received one of the following treatments on the day following birth: (i) 300 mug testosterone propionate in arachis oil, (ii) 300 mug testosterone in oil, (iii) 300 mug dihydrotestosterone in oil, or (iv) oil alone. As adults all animals, underwent three tests for behaviour. First, while intact, females were observed in aggressive interactions with males. Secondly, after ovariectomy, females were primed with oestrogen + progesterone and tested for receptivity with a stud male. Thirdly, all ovariectomized females were primed with testosterone propionate and tested for male patterns of behaviour with a receptive female. Compared with the effects of oil administration (control), testosterone propionate administration resulted in increased aggressiveness and the capacity to show male patterns of sexual behaviour, together with a decreased capacity to show female patterns of sexual behaviour. Testosterone increased aggression and male sexual behaviour, but had no effects on receptivity, while dihydrotestosterone decreased some components of receptivity but had no effects on aggressiveness or the capacity to show male mating behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:944752", "title": "RNA and protein metabolism in the oviduct and endometrium of the ewe at pro-oestrus: Regulation by oestradiol and progesterone.", "content": "The effects on RNA and protein metabolism in the oviduct and endometrium at pro-oestrus of oestradiol and progesterone secreted during the oestrous cycle were examined, using the ovariectomized, hormone-treated ewe as a model system. Thirty ewes received hormone injections during a period of 13 days, according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion of oestradiol and progesterone during the oestrous cycle. Hormone effects on RNA:DNA ratios and on rates of synthesis of protein and methylated RNA in vitro, as well as effects on oviducal and uterine weight, were examined. The results obtained suggest that endogenous ovarian hormones have the following effects in the intact ewe. The secretion of oestradiol at pro-oestrus rapidly increases rates of synthesis of protein and methylated RNA, and mean cell content of RNA in both the endometrium and oviduct. Oestradiol secreted during the previous luteal phase of the oestrous cycle markedly increases mean cell content of RNA and amounts of protein and methylated RNA synthesis occurring in both tissues at pro-oestrus. In the endometrium, progesterone secreted during the luteal phase increases the RNA:DNA ratio, and probably also the amounts of protein and methylated RNA synthesized at pro-oestrus, but there are no significant interactions between the effects of oestradiol and progesterone. Progesterone had no effect on either the amounts or rates of synthesis of protein or methylated RNA in the oviduct. The results are discussed in relation to the hormonal regulation of physiological functions of the oviduct and endometrium during the first few days after the onset of oestrus.", "contents": "RNA and protein metabolism in the oviduct and endometrium of the ewe at pro-oestrus: Regulation by oestradiol and progesterone. The effects on RNA and protein metabolism in the oviduct and endometrium at pro-oestrus of oestradiol and progesterone secreted during the oestrous cycle were examined, using the ovariectomized, hormone-treated ewe as a model system. Thirty ewes received hormone injections during a period of 13 days, according to schedules designed to simulate endogenous ovarian secretion of oestradiol and progesterone during the oestrous cycle. Hormone effects on RNA:DNA ratios and on rates of synthesis of protein and methylated RNA in vitro, as well as effects on oviducal and uterine weight, were examined. The results obtained suggest that endogenous ovarian hormones have the following effects in the intact ewe. The secretion of oestradiol at pro-oestrus rapidly increases rates of synthesis of protein and methylated RNA, and mean cell content of RNA in both the endometrium and oviduct. Oestradiol secreted during the previous luteal phase of the oestrous cycle markedly increases mean cell content of RNA and amounts of protein and methylated RNA synthesis occurring in both tissues at pro-oestrus. In the endometrium, progesterone secreted during the luteal phase increases the RNA:DNA ratio, and probably also the amounts of protein and methylated RNA synthesized at pro-oestrus, but there are no significant interactions between the effects of oestradiol and progesterone. Progesterone had no effect on either the amounts or rates of synthesis of protein or methylated RNA in the oviduct. The results are discussed in relation to the hormonal regulation of physiological functions of the oviduct and endometrium during the first few days after the onset of oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:944753", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy on the rat oestrous cycle and pituitary gonadotrophin release.", "content": "In 4-day cyclic rats kept in a room with the lights on from 05.00 to 19.00 h, sham pinealectomy or pinealectomy on the morning of pro-oestrus did not alter the length of the oestrous cycle for 44 days or the time and magnitude of the rises in LH, FSH and prolactin in the circulation in the afternoon on pro-oestrous days 0, 20 or 44. On day 45, the light schedule was set forward 4 h to run from 09.00 to 23.00 h. The rats continued to have seven additional consecutive 4-day oestrous cycles. On day 27 after the resetting of the light schedule, the pro-oestrous rises in serum LH, FSH and prolactin were delayed 4 h in all rats and a normal quota of eggs was ovulated that night. Other 4- and 5-day cyclic rats which had been made persistently oestrous by anterior deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (AC) underwent pinealectomy. These AC-pinealectomized rats were ovariectomized 60 days later and histological examination of the ovaries revealed no evidence of recent ovulation. Five to six weeks after ovariectomy, sequential blood samples were withdrawn through indwelling atrial cannulas in the AC-pinealectomized-ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized, pinealectomized-ovariectomized and AC-ovariectomized rats. Regular pulsatile rhythms in plasma LH were measured in all rats. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mug mug oestradiol benzoate in oil lowered plasma LH levels in all four groups but caused an LH surge in the afternoon 2 days later only in the ovariectomized and pinealectomized-ovariectomized rats. The results indicate that the pineal gland in rats kept on a 14 h light: 10 h darkness schedule does not play an active or premissive role in the timing or magnitude of LH, FSH or prolactin release at pro-oestrus, the length of the oestrous cycle, or LH release in ovariectomized rats.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy on the rat oestrous cycle and pituitary gonadotrophin release. In 4-day cyclic rats kept in a room with the lights on from 05.00 to 19.00 h, sham pinealectomy or pinealectomy on the morning of pro-oestrus did not alter the length of the oestrous cycle for 44 days or the time and magnitude of the rises in LH, FSH and prolactin in the circulation in the afternoon on pro-oestrous days 0, 20 or 44. On day 45, the light schedule was set forward 4 h to run from 09.00 to 23.00 h. The rats continued to have seven additional consecutive 4-day oestrous cycles. On day 27 after the resetting of the light schedule, the pro-oestrous rises in serum LH, FSH and prolactin were delayed 4 h in all rats and a normal quota of eggs was ovulated that night. Other 4- and 5-day cyclic rats which had been made persistently oestrous by anterior deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus (AC) underwent pinealectomy. These AC-pinealectomized rats were ovariectomized 60 days later and histological examination of the ovaries revealed no evidence of recent ovulation. Five to six weeks after ovariectomy, sequential blood samples were withdrawn through indwelling atrial cannulas in the AC-pinealectomized-ovariectomized rats and in ovariectomized, pinealectomized-ovariectomized and AC-ovariectomized rats. Regular pulsatile rhythms in plasma LH were measured in all rats. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mug mug oestradiol benzoate in oil lowered plasma LH levels in all four groups but caused an LH surge in the afternoon 2 days later only in the ovariectomized and pinealectomized-ovariectomized rats. The results indicate that the pineal gland in rats kept on a 14 h light: 10 h darkness schedule does not play an active or premissive role in the timing or magnitude of LH, FSH or prolactin release at pro-oestrus, the length of the oestrous cycle, or LH release in ovariectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:944754", "title": "Androstenedione and the control of luteinizing hormone in the ewe during anoestrus.", "content": "Androstenedione and oestradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of two ewes during anoestrus. The concentrations of both steroids were significantly higher than the corresponding concentrations in peripheral plasma, indicating that androstenedione and oestradiol are secreted by the ovary during anoestrus. The concentration of LH during anoestrus was measured by radioimmunoassay in jugular venous plasma of control ewes, ewes immunized against 11alpha-OH-androstenedione-bovine serum albumin and ewes that had been ovariectomized and hystrectomized 9 months previously. During a 12 h sampling period, discharges of LH occurred more frequently in the immunized ewes than in the control group but less frequently than in the ovariectomized group. The frequency of discharge was positively correlated with the titre of androstenedione antibodies in the immunized animals. After injection of 25 mug oestradiol benzoate (OB) all controls, 3 out of 5 immunized and 4 out of 5 ovariectomized-hysterectomized ewes showed positive feedback. No positive feedback occurred in the two ewes with the highest antibody titres to androstenedione, but negative feedback in response of OB apperaed to function normally in all the androstenedione immunized sheep. It is postulated that androstenedione, or one of its metabolites, normally modulates the effects of oestradiol in the control of gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe.", "contents": "Androstenedione and the control of luteinizing hormone in the ewe during anoestrus. Androstenedione and oestradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in the utero-ovarian venous plasma of two ewes during anoestrus. The concentrations of both steroids were significantly higher than the corresponding concentrations in peripheral plasma, indicating that androstenedione and oestradiol are secreted by the ovary during anoestrus. The concentration of LH during anoestrus was measured by radioimmunoassay in jugular venous plasma of control ewes, ewes immunized against 11alpha-OH-androstenedione-bovine serum albumin and ewes that had been ovariectomized and hystrectomized 9 months previously. During a 12 h sampling period, discharges of LH occurred more frequently in the immunized ewes than in the control group but less frequently than in the ovariectomized group. The frequency of discharge was positively correlated with the titre of androstenedione antibodies in the immunized animals. After injection of 25 mug oestradiol benzoate (OB) all controls, 3 out of 5 immunized and 4 out of 5 ovariectomized-hysterectomized ewes showed positive feedback. No positive feedback occurred in the two ewes with the highest antibody titres to androstenedione, but negative feedback in response of OB apperaed to function normally in all the androstenedione immunized sheep. It is postulated that androstenedione, or one of its metabolites, normally modulates the effects of oestradiol in the control of gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe."}
{"id": "PMID:944755", "title": "Endocrine changes associated with luteal regression in the ewe; the secretion of ovarian oestradiol, progesterone and androstenedione and uterine prostaglandin F2alpha throughout the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The concentrations of oestradiol, androstenedione, progesterone and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were measured in utero-ovarian autotransplants. The secretion of oestradiol was closely correlated with that of androstenedione (r = 0-67, P less than 0-001) indicating a common origin from the Graafian follicle. The concentration of these two steroids fluctuated at random throughout the luteal phase with the maximum secretion occurring about 2 days before the onset of oestrus. Functional regression of the corpus luteum, as indicated by a fall in the secretion of progesterone, began on day 12 or day 13, i.e. about 4 days before the onset of oestrus. In five of the six cycles the first significant rise in the secretion of PGF2alpha occurred on days 12-14 at the time of decline of progesterone secretion, although the release of PGF2alpha was maximal on the day before the onset of oestrus. There was very little release of PGF2alpha from the uterus before day 12. The temporal relationship of these events suggests that the uterus will only release PGF2alpha after it has been primed for 7-10 days with progesterone. The initiation of luteal regression is independent of secretion of oestradiol by the pre-ovulatory follicle which may, however, stimulate the further release of PGF2alpha responsible for irreversible structural luteolysis on the day of pro-oestrus.", "contents": "Endocrine changes associated with luteal regression in the ewe; the secretion of ovarian oestradiol, progesterone and androstenedione and uterine prostaglandin F2alpha throughout the oestrous cycle. The concentrations of oestradiol, androstenedione, progesterone and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were measured in utero-ovarian autotransplants. The secretion of oestradiol was closely correlated with that of androstenedione (r = 0-67, P less than 0-001) indicating a common origin from the Graafian follicle. The concentration of these two steroids fluctuated at random throughout the luteal phase with the maximum secretion occurring about 2 days before the onset of oestrus. Functional regression of the corpus luteum, as indicated by a fall in the secretion of progesterone, began on day 12 or day 13, i.e. about 4 days before the onset of oestrus. In five of the six cycles the first significant rise in the secretion of PGF2alpha occurred on days 12-14 at the time of decline of progesterone secretion, although the release of PGF2alpha was maximal on the day before the onset of oestrus. There was very little release of PGF2alpha from the uterus before day 12. The temporal relationship of these events suggests that the uterus will only release PGF2alpha after it has been primed for 7-10 days with progesterone. The initiation of luteal regression is independent of secretion of oestradiol by the pre-ovulatory follicle which may, however, stimulate the further release of PGF2alpha responsible for irreversible structural luteolysis on the day of pro-oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:944758", "title": "The influence of the victim on shock induced aggression in rats.", "content": "In two studies, free-roaming male rats (aggressors) were shocked in the presence of male target rats restrained in either an upright or a supine posure. In addition, in Experiment II, two levels of aggressor shock intensity (0.8 mA or 2.0 mA) were used while targets received one of three levels of shock (0.5 mA, 1.5 mA, or 2.5 mA). In both studies, upright targets were attacked less than supine targets. Frequency of aggression was directly related to level of aggressor shock intensity in Experiment II. Also, attack by 0.8-mA aggressors against supine targets was inversely related to level of target shock intensity. The low level of attack against upright targets was interpreted in terms of a threat diaplay. Similarily, it was concluded that the target shock-intensity effect in Experiment II was due to specific threat behaviors displayed by those supine rats that received the highest-intensity shocks.", "contents": "The influence of the victim on shock induced aggression in rats. In two studies, free-roaming male rats (aggressors) were shocked in the presence of male target rats restrained in either an upright or a supine posure. In addition, in Experiment II, two levels of aggressor shock intensity (0.8 mA or 2.0 mA) were used while targets received one of three levels of shock (0.5 mA, 1.5 mA, or 2.5 mA). In both studies, upright targets were attacked less than supine targets. Frequency of aggression was directly related to level of aggressor shock intensity in Experiment II. Also, attack by 0.8-mA aggressors against supine targets was inversely related to level of target shock intensity. The low level of attack against upright targets was interpreted in terms of a threat diaplay. Similarily, it was concluded that the target shock-intensity effect in Experiment II was due to specific threat behaviors displayed by those supine rats that received the highest-intensity shocks."}
{"id": "PMID:944759", "title": "Influence of conceptus number and weight on the amount of foetal fluid in the mouse.", "content": "The relation of extra-embryonic fluid weight to litter number and foetal and placental weight was studied in mice on the 18th day of pregnancy, in litters both of experimentally reduced and of normal number. Partial regression analysis showed that litter number and foetal weight both exerted a negative effect on fluid weight; placental weight had no significant effect. Increased foetal weight reduced weight locally; on the other hand the effect of litter number was exerted systemically, throughout both horns of the uterus.", "contents": "Influence of conceptus number and weight on the amount of foetal fluid in the mouse. The relation of extra-embryonic fluid weight to litter number and foetal and placental weight was studied in mice on the 18th day of pregnancy, in litters both of experimentally reduced and of normal number. Partial regression analysis showed that litter number and foetal weight both exerted a negative effect on fluid weight; placental weight had no significant effect. Increased foetal weight reduced weight locally; on the other hand the effect of litter number was exerted systemically, throughout both horns of the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:944760", "title": "Diploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos produced by heat-shock and Cytochalasin B.", "content": "Swiss albino and C57BL/10 eggs from induced ovulations, and spontaneously ovulated A eggs, were activated in vitro by a heat shock of 44 degrees C for 5 to 7-5 min and cultured in the presence of 10 mug/ml of Cytochalasin B (CB) for 5-8 h. The activation rate was about 70% in Swiss albino, 40% in C57BL and 90% in A eggs. CB suppressed second polar body (2P.B.) formation in over 90% of activated eggs, with the majority containing two pronuclei. When eggs were placed in CB-free medium their surface became wrinkled and they formed protrusions of various sizes, which in some eggs detached to form enucleate or pronucleate cytoplasmic fragments; some eggs broke down completely into fragments. In most eggs, however, the surface smoothed out in a few hours and suppression of 2P.B. appeared to be permanent. The rate of development of these eggs after transplantation to the oviduct was delayed in terms both of cell divisions and of the time of blastocyst formation. Out of 41 implants collected on the 8th-10th day of pregnancy only two healthy looking egg-cylinders were found on the 8th and 9th day; both were retarded, at the stage characteristic for the 7th day of normal development. The reasons for delayed preimplantation development and low implantation rate are discussed. The present experiments corroborate earlier observations that parthenogenetic mouse embryos, even if diploid, rarely survive in the uterus beyond the egg-cylinder stage.", "contents": "Diploid parthenogenetic mouse embryos produced by heat-shock and Cytochalasin B. Swiss albino and C57BL/10 eggs from induced ovulations, and spontaneously ovulated A eggs, were activated in vitro by a heat shock of 44 degrees C for 5 to 7-5 min and cultured in the presence of 10 mug/ml of Cytochalasin B (CB) for 5-8 h. The activation rate was about 70% in Swiss albino, 40% in C57BL and 90% in A eggs. CB suppressed second polar body (2P.B.) formation in over 90% of activated eggs, with the majority containing two pronuclei. When eggs were placed in CB-free medium their surface became wrinkled and they formed protrusions of various sizes, which in some eggs detached to form enucleate or pronucleate cytoplasmic fragments; some eggs broke down completely into fragments. In most eggs, however, the surface smoothed out in a few hours and suppression of 2P.B. appeared to be permanent. The rate of development of these eggs after transplantation to the oviduct was delayed in terms both of cell divisions and of the time of blastocyst formation. Out of 41 implants collected on the 8th-10th day of pregnancy only two healthy looking egg-cylinders were found on the 8th and 9th day; both were retarded, at the stage characteristic for the 7th day of normal development. The reasons for delayed preimplantation development and low implantation rate are discussed. The present experiments corroborate earlier observations that parthenogenetic mouse embryos, even if diploid, rarely survive in the uterus beyond the egg-cylinder stage."}
{"id": "PMID:944761", "title": "Effects of interactions with older males on behavior and reproductive development in first-year male red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus.", "content": "Male red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus in their first year normally do not establish territories or breed. To investigate the possibility that interactions with older males might inhibit reproductive development of young males, we compared the behavior of first-year males in the presence and absence of older males. For three months during the first half of the breeding season, we studied mixed- and single-age groups of three males in standardized outdoor aviaries: two groups of three first-year males (FFF groups), two groups of one older and two first-year males (AFF groups), and one group of three older males (AAA group). In all groups one male established clear dominance, invariably the older male in AFF groups. The dominant male in FFF groups displaced subordinates less frequently than did the dominant older male in AFF groups early in the season, but equally frequently later. In May the largest testies weights of males in FFF groups were significantly lower than those of dominant older males in AFF groups. First-year males in the absence of direct interactions with older males can achieve levels of aggressive behavior comparable to those of a dominant older male in similar social environments but the seasonal development of their aggressive behavior occurs later and their testes in May are smaller than dominant adults'. This delay in the seasonal development of aggressive behavior in first-year males, independent of the immediate social environment, suggests that the age-dependent territoriality of males in this species is not strongly regulated by effects of older males on the development of younger males.", "contents": "Effects of interactions with older males on behavior and reproductive development in first-year male red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus. Male red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus in their first year normally do not establish territories or breed. To investigate the possibility that interactions with older males might inhibit reproductive development of young males, we compared the behavior of first-year males in the presence and absence of older males. For three months during the first half of the breeding season, we studied mixed- and single-age groups of three males in standardized outdoor aviaries: two groups of three first-year males (FFF groups), two groups of one older and two first-year males (AFF groups), and one group of three older males (AAA group). In all groups one male established clear dominance, invariably the older male in AFF groups. The dominant male in FFF groups displaced subordinates less frequently than did the dominant older male in AFF groups early in the season, but equally frequently later. In May the largest testies weights of males in FFF groups were significantly lower than those of dominant older males in AFF groups. First-year males in the absence of direct interactions with older males can achieve levels of aggressive behavior comparable to those of a dominant older male in similar social environments but the seasonal development of their aggressive behavior occurs later and their testes in May are smaller than dominant adults'. This delay in the seasonal development of aggressive behavior in first-year males, independent of the immediate social environment, suggests that the age-dependent territoriality of males in this species is not strongly regulated by effects of older males on the development of younger males."}
{"id": "PMID:944762", "title": "The effect of thymectomy at different stages of larval development on the immune response of the clawed toad to sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The role of the thymus during the first three weeks of larval life in the maturation of humoral immunity in the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, is examined. Thymectomy throughout this period dramatically affects the heterologous red cell response of young adults. Sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) administration elicited haemolytic antibody production in the blood and in the spleen (measured by the appearance of plaque forming cells) of control animals, but failed to do so in all thymectomized toadlets. Moreover, use of the immunocyto-adherence assay, which proved to be a sensitive test for SRBC reactivity in control Xenopus, indicated a complete absence of induced responsiveness to this antigen in the spleens of thymectomized toadlets, even in those animals thymectomized as late as 22 days of age. In contrast to allograft immunity in Xenopus, Which is suppressed only by thymic ablation during the first two weeks of larval life, the development of reactivity to heterologous erythrocytes therefore requires an additional period of thymic influence during ontogeny. These experiments support a concept of thymus-dependent cell heterogeneity in amphibians.", "contents": "The effect of thymectomy at different stages of larval development on the immune response of the clawed toad to sheep erythrocytes. The role of the thymus during the first three weeks of larval life in the maturation of humoral immunity in the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, is examined. Thymectomy throughout this period dramatically affects the heterologous red cell response of young adults. Sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) administration elicited haemolytic antibody production in the blood and in the spleen (measured by the appearance of plaque forming cells) of control animals, but failed to do so in all thymectomized toadlets. Moreover, use of the immunocyto-adherence assay, which proved to be a sensitive test for SRBC reactivity in control Xenopus, indicated a complete absence of induced responsiveness to this antigen in the spleens of thymectomized toadlets, even in those animals thymectomized as late as 22 days of age. In contrast to allograft immunity in Xenopus, Which is suppressed only by thymic ablation during the first two weeks of larval life, the development of reactivity to heterologous erythrocytes therefore requires an additional period of thymic influence during ontogeny. These experiments support a concept of thymus-dependent cell heterogeneity in amphibians."}
{"id": "PMID:944764", "title": "Further studies on the arginine requirement of the rabbit.", "content": "The arginine requirement of young, female rabbits was reassessed using body weight gain, serum arginine concentration and expired 14CO2 following administration of 14C arginine as criteria of adequacy. With a diet that provided the indispensable amino acids at the previously estimated requirement level the arginine requirement was estimated at or near 0.6% of diet by all three of the criteria studied. When an amino acid pattern based on isolated soy protein was fed, a significantly lower serum arginine level was observed with 0.6% dietary arginine corroborating that the arginine requirement may be higher when this pattern is fed than when the requirement pattern is fed. Liver arginase and kidney transamidinase levels were normal and were not influenced by dietary arginine levels over the range used. Serum creatine phosphokinase, which has been studied in other species in relation to muscular dystrophy, showed a significant increase with increasing dietary level of arginine. No signs of this disorder however, were observed. Adult male rabbits maintained body weight and showed no change in serum arginine concentration when both arginine and glycine were completely omitted from the diet.", "contents": "Further studies on the arginine requirement of the rabbit. The arginine requirement of young, female rabbits was reassessed using body weight gain, serum arginine concentration and expired 14CO2 following administration of 14C arginine as criteria of adequacy. With a diet that provided the indispensable amino acids at the previously estimated requirement level the arginine requirement was estimated at or near 0.6% of diet by all three of the criteria studied. When an amino acid pattern based on isolated soy protein was fed, a significantly lower serum arginine level was observed with 0.6% dietary arginine corroborating that the arginine requirement may be higher when this pattern is fed than when the requirement pattern is fed. Liver arginase and kidney transamidinase levels were normal and were not influenced by dietary arginine levels over the range used. Serum creatine phosphokinase, which has been studied in other species in relation to muscular dystrophy, showed a significant increase with increasing dietary level of arginine. No signs of this disorder however, were observed. Adult male rabbits maintained body weight and showed no change in serum arginine concentration when both arginine and glycine were completely omitted from the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:944765", "title": "Determination of antitrypsin activity on agar plates: relationship between antitrypsin and biological value of soybean for trout.", "content": "A new method is described for determination of antitrypsin activity based on inhibition of trypsin solubilization of calcium caseinate in agar plates. The method was applied to analyze soybeans after graded heat treatments for their antitrypsin content. Biological determination of protein and energy values of the soybean samples showed direct correlation of these values with the destruction of antitrypsin as measured by the new method, using rainbow trout.", "contents": "Determination of antitrypsin activity on agar plates: relationship between antitrypsin and biological value of soybean for trout. A new method is described for determination of antitrypsin activity based on inhibition of trypsin solubilization of calcium caseinate in agar plates. The method was applied to analyze soybeans after graded heat treatments for their antitrypsin content. Biological determination of protein and energy values of the soybean samples showed direct correlation of these values with the destruction of antitrypsin as measured by the new method, using rainbow trout."}
{"id": "PMID:944766", "title": "Enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants associated with milk and soy protein intolerance.", "content": "Two low-birth-weight infants developed a syndrome of vomitting, distension, septic appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Both infants developed symptoms after ingestion of cow milk-based formula initially, and, later, soy-based formulas. These symptoms resolved with intravenous fluids and alimentation. Vomiting, diarrhea, melena, and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis recurred with reintroduction of either milk- or soy-based formulas. This sensitivity persisted throughout the neonatal period and was still present at seven to eight months of age. It appears from these data that intolerance to whole protein formulas can cause a syndrome similar clinically to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.", "contents": "Enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants associated with milk and soy protein intolerance. Two low-birth-weight infants developed a syndrome of vomitting, distension, septic appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Both infants developed symptoms after ingestion of cow milk-based formula initially, and, later, soy-based formulas. These symptoms resolved with intravenous fluids and alimentation. Vomiting, diarrhea, melena, and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis recurred with reintroduction of either milk- or soy-based formulas. This sensitivity persisted throughout the neonatal period and was still present at seven to eight months of age. It appears from these data that intolerance to whole protein formulas can cause a syndrome similar clinically to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:944769", "title": "Menstruation, reattribution, and competence.", "content": "Experiment 1 tested whether performance is influenced by the reattribution of task-relevant emotional arousal. Arousal was manipulated by level of anticipated shock and test anxiety. Tasks included the digit symbol substitution test, the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, anagram solution, and unsolvable puzzles. Aroused subjects who were either given a pill attribution for their arousal or correctly warned that shock and test anxiety might upset them performed significantly better than aroused subjects who were given no manipulated attribution. Experiment 2 compared the performance of menstruating women complaining of moderate or severe symptoms with others not currently menstruating. It was expected that the latter two groups would not have a salient alternative attribution for task-relevant arousal and that women with stronger symptoms would. Experimentally aroused, high-symptom menstruating women performed significantly better than the other two aroused groups. The results suggest the beneficial effects of predictability and perceived normative standards upon performance, and the reattribution phenomenon was reconsidered within that context. The implications of these findings for competence during menstruction were also also discussed.", "contents": "Menstruation, reattribution, and competence. Experiment 1 tested whether performance is influenced by the reattribution of task-relevant emotional arousal. Arousal was manipulated by level of anticipated shock and test anxiety. Tasks included the digit symbol substitution test, the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, anagram solution, and unsolvable puzzles. Aroused subjects who were either given a pill attribution for their arousal or correctly warned that shock and test anxiety might upset them performed significantly better than aroused subjects who were given no manipulated attribution. Experiment 2 compared the performance of menstruating women complaining of moderate or severe symptoms with others not currently menstruating. It was expected that the latter two groups would not have a salient alternative attribution for task-relevant arousal and that women with stronger symptoms would. Experimentally aroused, high-symptom menstruating women performed significantly better than the other two aroused groups. The results suggest the beneficial effects of predictability and perceived normative standards upon performance, and the reattribution phenomenon was reconsidered within that context. The implications of these findings for competence during menstruction were also also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944770", "title": "Age spacing in firstborns and symbiotic dependence.", "content": "Conflicting results concerning the affiliative personality of firstborns and later borns can be explained by considering the importance of the birth of a sibling and the age spacing between the siblings. It is particularly important to determine whether the sibling was born before or after the firstborn was 3 years old, since this age represents the period during which his individuation-separation process is completed. The birth of a sibling before this age would give rise to affiliation and succorance needs, which we propose to consider together under the name of \"symbiotic dependence.\" Comparisons between the responses to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule given by 32 pairs of firstborns, 17-19 years old, revealed that firstborns having siblings less than 3 years younger show greater affiliation and succorance needs than firstborns not having close siblings.", "contents": "Age spacing in firstborns and symbiotic dependence. Conflicting results concerning the affiliative personality of firstborns and later borns can be explained by considering the importance of the birth of a sibling and the age spacing between the siblings. It is particularly important to determine whether the sibling was born before or after the firstborn was 3 years old, since this age represents the period during which his individuation-separation process is completed. The birth of a sibling before this age would give rise to affiliation and succorance needs, which we propose to consider together under the name of \"symbiotic dependence.\" Comparisons between the responses to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule given by 32 pairs of firstborns, 17-19 years old, revealed that firstborns having siblings less than 3 years younger show greater affiliation and succorance needs than firstborns not having close siblings."}
{"id": "PMID:944771", "title": "Reinitiation of sensitivity to naloxone by a single narcotic injection in postaddicted mice.", "content": "In mice implanted with a morphine pellet for 3 days and subsequently withdrawn for various periods of time, a single injection of morphine results in a rapid and marked sensitization of abstinent mice to naloxone-induced jumping behavior when compared to abstinent mice pretreated with saline or to placebo-withdrawn mice given a single morphine injection. Maximum sensitization of abstinent mice occurs at morphine doses of about 10 to 30 mg/kg and peaks at 0.5 to 2 hours after morphine administration. The ability of morphine to sensitize abstinent mice to naloxone declines with time after pellet removal and appears to consist of two components, one with a short T1/2 and one with a much longer T1/2. Abstinent mice are also sensitized to naloxone by levorphanol and methadone, but not by dextrorphan. It is proposed that the administration of a narcotic drug to abstinent mice uncovers a latent, pre-existing state of physical dependence and restores the responsiveness of this state to naloxone.", "contents": "Reinitiation of sensitivity to naloxone by a single narcotic injection in postaddicted mice. In mice implanted with a morphine pellet for 3 days and subsequently withdrawn for various periods of time, a single injection of morphine results in a rapid and marked sensitization of abstinent mice to naloxone-induced jumping behavior when compared to abstinent mice pretreated with saline or to placebo-withdrawn mice given a single morphine injection. Maximum sensitization of abstinent mice occurs at morphine doses of about 10 to 30 mg/kg and peaks at 0.5 to 2 hours after morphine administration. The ability of morphine to sensitize abstinent mice to naloxone declines with time after pellet removal and appears to consist of two components, one with a short T1/2 and one with a much longer T1/2. Abstinent mice are also sensitized to naloxone by levorphanol and methadone, but not by dextrorphan. It is proposed that the administration of a narcotic drug to abstinent mice uncovers a latent, pre-existing state of physical dependence and restores the responsiveness of this state to naloxone."}
{"id": "PMID:944772", "title": "The effect of pargyline and other monoamine oxidase inhibitors on blood acetaldehyde levels in ethanol-intoxicated mice.", "content": "Pargyline (100 mg/kg i.p.) administered to Swiss-Webster mice prior to the injection of ethanol (4 g/kg i.p.) elevated blood acetaldehyde levels to a mean of 20 mug/ml, compared to less than 1 mug/ml in control mice treated with ethanol alone. Elevated blood acetaldehyde was observed when ethanol was given at 15 minutes, 2 or 5 hours after pargyline; the action of pargyline had largely disappeared after 18 hours. The magnitude of the increase in blood acetaldehyde levels was dependent upon the dose of pargyline between 20 and 100 mg/kg; however, the elevation was relatively independent of the ethanol dose between 1 and 6 g/kg. Of the other monoamine oxidase inhibitors tested, Lilly 51641 showed a strong elevation in acetaldehyde (mean 13.3 mug/ml), whereas deprenyl and clorgyline gave modest elevations (2.9 and 2.6 mug/ml, respectively), and nialamide and tranylcypromine were only weakly active (1.4 and 1.2 mug/ml, respectively). Blood acetaldehyde levels in mice treated with pargyline and ethanol were strongly depressed (85%) by pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, and moderately to strongly depressed (49-71%) by pretreatment with phenobarbital, an inducer of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "contents": "The effect of pargyline and other monoamine oxidase inhibitors on blood acetaldehyde levels in ethanol-intoxicated mice. Pargyline (100 mg/kg i.p.) administered to Swiss-Webster mice prior to the injection of ethanol (4 g/kg i.p.) elevated blood acetaldehyde levels to a mean of 20 mug/ml, compared to less than 1 mug/ml in control mice treated with ethanol alone. Elevated blood acetaldehyde was observed when ethanol was given at 15 minutes, 2 or 5 hours after pargyline; the action of pargyline had largely disappeared after 18 hours. The magnitude of the increase in blood acetaldehyde levels was dependent upon the dose of pargyline between 20 and 100 mg/kg; however, the elevation was relatively independent of the ethanol dose between 1 and 6 g/kg. Of the other monoamine oxidase inhibitors tested, Lilly 51641 showed a strong elevation in acetaldehyde (mean 13.3 mug/ml), whereas deprenyl and clorgyline gave modest elevations (2.9 and 2.6 mug/ml, respectively), and nialamide and tranylcypromine were only weakly active (1.4 and 1.2 mug/ml, respectively). Blood acetaldehyde levels in mice treated with pargyline and ethanol were strongly depressed (85%) by pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, and moderately to strongly depressed (49-71%) by pretreatment with phenobarbital, an inducer of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:944773", "title": "Prostaglandin-macromolecule interactions. I. Noncovalent binding of prostaglandins A1, E1, F2alpha, and E2 by human and bovine serum albumins.", "content": "The binding of tritiated prostaglandins (PGA1, PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGE2) to human and bovine serum albumins was studied by equilibrium dialysis and batchwise gel equilibration with Sephadex G-25. During equilibrium dialysis (36 hours, 4 degrees C), about half of the PGEs, but not PGA and PGF2alpha, were transformed into dehydration products; by contrast, equilibration of the prostaglandins was attained in less than a half-hour by the batchwise use of Sephadex G-25 at 25 degrees C, with no detectable ligand instability. The values of the apparent association constants for albumin-prostaglandin interactions were inversely related to the protein concentration in the assay systems. \"True\" apparent association constants (NKo) were measured by extrapolation to zero protein concentration. The NKo values were estimated to be 9.4 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 9 X 10(3) and 6 X 10(3) M-1 for the interaction of human serum albumin with PGA1, PGE1, PGF2alpha and PGE2, respectively. Very similar values were found for the corresponding bovine serum albumin-Prostaglandin interactions. When comparable, the data obtained by both methods were in excellent agreement. Our results were also in agreement with published values for PGA1 and PGF2alpha, both of which are relatively stable in neutral aqueous phase. Batchwise gel equilibration appears to be a useful method, if thermodynamically valid data are desired in the presence of possible ligand and/or \"receptor\" instability. We conclude that albumin binding probably affords circulating PGA1 a modest protection from its clearance mechanisms.", "contents": "Prostaglandin-macromolecule interactions. I. Noncovalent binding of prostaglandins A1, E1, F2alpha, and E2 by human and bovine serum albumins. The binding of tritiated prostaglandins (PGA1, PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGE2) to human and bovine serum albumins was studied by equilibrium dialysis and batchwise gel equilibration with Sephadex G-25. During equilibrium dialysis (36 hours, 4 degrees C), about half of the PGEs, but not PGA and PGF2alpha, were transformed into dehydration products; by contrast, equilibration of the prostaglandins was attained in less than a half-hour by the batchwise use of Sephadex G-25 at 25 degrees C, with no detectable ligand instability. The values of the apparent association constants for albumin-prostaglandin interactions were inversely related to the protein concentration in the assay systems. \"True\" apparent association constants (NKo) were measured by extrapolation to zero protein concentration. The NKo values were estimated to be 9.4 X 10(4), 2.7 X 10(4), 9 X 10(3) and 6 X 10(3) M-1 for the interaction of human serum albumin with PGA1, PGE1, PGF2alpha and PGE2, respectively. Very similar values were found for the corresponding bovine serum albumin-Prostaglandin interactions. When comparable, the data obtained by both methods were in excellent agreement. Our results were also in agreement with published values for PGA1 and PGF2alpha, both of which are relatively stable in neutral aqueous phase. Batchwise gel equilibration appears to be a useful method, if thermodynamically valid data are desired in the presence of possible ligand and/or \"receptor\" instability. We conclude that albumin binding probably affords circulating PGA1 a modest protection from its clearance mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:944774", "title": "Receptive fields of unmyelinated ventral root afferent fibres in the cat.", "content": "1. The receptive fields were determined for 118 afferent fibres in the S2, S3 and Ca (caudal) 1 ventral roots of the cat. Of these fibres, ninety-three were unmyelinated, another eleven were probably unmyelinated, and fourteen were myelinated, according to estimates of their conduction velocities. 2. Confirmation that the recordings were from ventral root filaments came from electron microscopic inspection of ten of the filaments from which recordings of the activity of unmyelinated afferents were made. 3. Receptive fields were demonstrated for twelve unmyelinated afferent fibres in the distal stumps of the S2 and S3 ventral roots which had been sectioned 3 weeks previously, indicating that the cell bodies giving rise to these fibres were not in the spinal cord. 4. The action potentials of some of the unmyelinated ventral root afferent fibres were complex, suggesting branching of the afferents within the ventral root. 5. One third of the unmyelinated ventral root afferents had receptive fields in somatic structures: the skin and deep tissues. 6. Two thirds of the unmyelinated ventral root afferents had receptive fields in the viscera of the pelvis: the bladder, urethra, vagina, and lower bowel. 7. Many of the unmyelinated afferents in the ventral roots, especially those with cutaneous receptive fields, had high thresholds and may participate in nociception. 8. It is concluded that the cat ventral root contains a major sensory component and that the Law of Bell and Magendie is not an accurate description of the organization of the ventral root in this animal.", "contents": "Receptive fields of unmyelinated ventral root afferent fibres in the cat. 1. The receptive fields were determined for 118 afferent fibres in the S2, S3 and Ca (caudal) 1 ventral roots of the cat. Of these fibres, ninety-three were unmyelinated, another eleven were probably unmyelinated, and fourteen were myelinated, according to estimates of their conduction velocities. 2. Confirmation that the recordings were from ventral root filaments came from electron microscopic inspection of ten of the filaments from which recordings of the activity of unmyelinated afferents were made. 3. Receptive fields were demonstrated for twelve unmyelinated afferent fibres in the distal stumps of the S2 and S3 ventral roots which had been sectioned 3 weeks previously, indicating that the cell bodies giving rise to these fibres were not in the spinal cord. 4. The action potentials of some of the unmyelinated ventral root afferent fibres were complex, suggesting branching of the afferents within the ventral root. 5. One third of the unmyelinated ventral root afferents had receptive fields in somatic structures: the skin and deep tissues. 6. Two thirds of the unmyelinated ventral root afferents had receptive fields in the viscera of the pelvis: the bladder, urethra, vagina, and lower bowel. 7. Many of the unmyelinated afferents in the ventral roots, especially those with cutaneous receptive fields, had high thresholds and may participate in nociception. 8. It is concluded that the cat ventral root contains a major sensory component and that the Law of Bell and Magendie is not an accurate description of the organization of the ventral root in this animal."}
{"id": "PMID:944775", "title": "Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence.", "content": "Nuclear features of dinoflagellates that were used originally to support the Mesocaryota concept are reviewed. The fibrillar diameter of dinoflagellage chromatin, low level of chromosomal basic proteins, membrane attachment of chromosomes and swirl pattern observed in sectioned chromosomes are features that support a prokaryotic affinity. The presence of repeated and highly complex DNA, a S-phase of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle, presence of basic proteins, and the reinterpretation of extranuclear microtubules as a spindle support the contention that dinoflagellates are eukaryotes. This combination of prokaryotic and eukaryotic features suggests that dionflagellates are a geologically old group and that perhaps they diverged from the higher eukaryotic lineage before evolution of eukaryotic chromatin but after the evolution of repeated DNA. The 2 patterns of carotenoid composition exemplified by the presence of peridinin or fucoxanthin suggest separate origins of dinoflagellate plastids, perhaps by prokaryotic and eukaryotic capture. It is suggested that the species possessing fucoxanthin obtained their plastids by capture of photosynthetic eukaryotes.", "contents": "Dinoflagellate evolution: speculation and evidence. Nuclear features of dinoflagellates that were used originally to support the Mesocaryota concept are reviewed. The fibrillar diameter of dinoflagellage chromatin, low level of chromosomal basic proteins, membrane attachment of chromosomes and swirl pattern observed in sectioned chromosomes are features that support a prokaryotic affinity. The presence of repeated and highly complex DNA, a S-phase of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle, presence of basic proteins, and the reinterpretation of extranuclear microtubules as a spindle support the contention that dinoflagellates are eukaryotes. This combination of prokaryotic and eukaryotic features suggests that dionflagellates are a geologically old group and that perhaps they diverged from the higher eukaryotic lineage before evolution of eukaryotic chromatin but after the evolution of repeated DNA. The 2 patterns of carotenoid composition exemplified by the presence of peridinin or fucoxanthin suggest separate origins of dinoflagellate plastids, perhaps by prokaryotic and eukaryotic capture. It is suggested that the species possessing fucoxanthin obtained their plastids by capture of photosynthetic eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:944777", "title": "In-vitro fertilization of hamster eggs in different media and the stimulating effect of heterologous and homologous spermatozoa.", "content": "Hamster eggs with follicular cells were fertilized by epididymal spermatozoa in two chemically defined media. The proportion of penetrated eggs was significantly higher in a medium for rabbit (16%) than in a medium for rat eggs (6%), but much lower than in Tyrode's solution containing follicular fluid or blood serum as reported by others. The optimal sperm concentration for sperm penetration ranged from 0.5 to 5 X 10(6)/ml but penetration of denuded eggs failed in these media. When exposed to hamster spermatozoa in the rabbit medium containing living or dead spermatozoa of guinea-pig, rat, mouse or hamster, high proportions of denuded eggs (24-96%) and eggs with follicular cells (93%) were penetrated. By exposure of denuded hamster eggs to hamster spermatozoa in supernatant fluid of frozen-thawed guinea-pig spermatozoa, 97% of eggs were penetrated in 8 hr compared to 0% in the control group. Sperm capacitation was also efficiently induced by preincubation of hamster spermatozoa in the supernatant fluid. The fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa was maintained for 12 hr during incubation with frozen-thawed guinea-pig spermatozoa when the concentration of hamster spermatozoa ranged between 10 and 20 X 10(6)/ml. The beneficial factor of guinea-pig spermatozoa appeared to be from spermatozoa themselves, not from the vasal or epididymal fluids. The presence of follicular cells, blood serum, bovine serum albumin, or even polyvinylpyrrolidone in the media is essential for the capacitation and acrosome reaction of hamster spermatozoa. The components of guinea-pig spermatozoa appear to maintain the fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa and stimulate the process of capacitation.", "contents": "In-vitro fertilization of hamster eggs in different media and the stimulating effect of heterologous and homologous spermatozoa. Hamster eggs with follicular cells were fertilized by epididymal spermatozoa in two chemically defined media. The proportion of penetrated eggs was significantly higher in a medium for rabbit (16%) than in a medium for rat eggs (6%), but much lower than in Tyrode's solution containing follicular fluid or blood serum as reported by others. The optimal sperm concentration for sperm penetration ranged from 0.5 to 5 X 10(6)/ml but penetration of denuded eggs failed in these media. When exposed to hamster spermatozoa in the rabbit medium containing living or dead spermatozoa of guinea-pig, rat, mouse or hamster, high proportions of denuded eggs (24-96%) and eggs with follicular cells (93%) were penetrated. By exposure of denuded hamster eggs to hamster spermatozoa in supernatant fluid of frozen-thawed guinea-pig spermatozoa, 97% of eggs were penetrated in 8 hr compared to 0% in the control group. Sperm capacitation was also efficiently induced by preincubation of hamster spermatozoa in the supernatant fluid. The fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa was maintained for 12 hr during incubation with frozen-thawed guinea-pig spermatozoa when the concentration of hamster spermatozoa ranged between 10 and 20 X 10(6)/ml. The beneficial factor of guinea-pig spermatozoa appeared to be from spermatozoa themselves, not from the vasal or epididymal fluids. The presence of follicular cells, blood serum, bovine serum albumin, or even polyvinylpyrrolidone in the media is essential for the capacitation and acrosome reaction of hamster spermatozoa. The components of guinea-pig spermatozoa appear to maintain the fertilizing capacity of hamster spermatozoa and stimulate the process of capacitation."}
{"id": "PMID:944778", "title": "Studies on a male eland X kudu hybrid.", "content": "An accidental mating between a male eland and a female kudu produced an animal with primarily eland phenotypic characteristics. Despite pronounced male behaviour the animal was azoospermic. Histological examination of the testis showed complete lack of germ cells. Chromosome studies with analysis of Giemsa bands showed that the parental karyotypes differed by two reciprocal translocations and one pericentric inversion, involving chromosomes 1 and 3, 5 and 11, and 9 respectively. All other chromosomes had identical banding patterns.", "contents": "Studies on a male eland X kudu hybrid. An accidental mating between a male eland and a female kudu produced an animal with primarily eland phenotypic characteristics. Despite pronounced male behaviour the animal was azoospermic. Histological examination of the testis showed complete lack of germ cells. Chromosome studies with analysis of Giemsa bands showed that the parental karyotypes differed by two reciprocal translocations and one pericentric inversion, involving chromosomes 1 and 3, 5 and 11, and 9 respectively. All other chromosomes had identical banding patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:944780", "title": "The oestrous cycle of the ewe after active immunization against prostaglandin F-2 alpha.", "content": "Six ewes were immunized against a prostaglandin F-2alpha-protein conjugate. Between 24 and 82 days after immunization the regular cyclic occurrence of oestrus was abolished in all six ewes. Further investigations of the immunized animals revealed that the blockade of oestrus was due to a persistence of the CL and the constantly elevated (greater than 2 ng/ml) blood levels of progesterone. Surgical enucleation of the persistent CL was promptly followed by a fall in progesterone concentrations (less than 0-5 ng/ml), normal oestrus and a subsequent return to a state of constantly elevated blood progesterone levels. These results show that neutralization of the biological activity of PGF by active immunization against PGF-2alpha results in a failure of luteal regression and provide evidence that endogenous PGF is involved in normal luteal regression in this species.", "contents": "The oestrous cycle of the ewe after active immunization against prostaglandin F-2 alpha. Six ewes were immunized against a prostaglandin F-2alpha-protein conjugate. Between 24 and 82 days after immunization the regular cyclic occurrence of oestrus was abolished in all six ewes. Further investigations of the immunized animals revealed that the blockade of oestrus was due to a persistence of the CL and the constantly elevated (greater than 2 ng/ml) blood levels of progesterone. Surgical enucleation of the persistent CL was promptly followed by a fall in progesterone concentrations (less than 0-5 ng/ml), normal oestrus and a subsequent return to a state of constantly elevated blood progesterone levels. These results show that neutralization of the biological activity of PGF by active immunization against PGF-2alpha results in a failure of luteal regression and provide evidence that endogenous PGF is involved in normal luteal regression in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:944781", "title": "The sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization in the guinea-pig: a study in vivo.", "content": "Female guinea-pigs were naturally or artificially inseminated before or after ovulation and the distribution of spermatozoa in the oviducts and the time of sperm penetration into the eggs were determined. When animals were inseminated before ovulation, the spermatozoa stayed in the distal half of the oviduct until about the time of ovulation. Only a very few spermatozoa were present in the proximal half of the oviduct at the time of ovulation, but these were sufficient to effect fertilization. When animals were inseminated after ovulation, the spermatozoa ascended the oviduct faster than when animals were inseminated before ovulation, and fertilization commenced in 4 hr. Regardless of the time of insemination, the spermatozoa participating in fertilization appeared to undergo the acrosome reaction after they reached the proximal part of the oviduct or when they were very near the eggs.", "contents": "The sperm acrosome reaction and fertilization in the guinea-pig: a study in vivo. Female guinea-pigs were naturally or artificially inseminated before or after ovulation and the distribution of spermatozoa in the oviducts and the time of sperm penetration into the eggs were determined. When animals were inseminated before ovulation, the spermatozoa stayed in the distal half of the oviduct until about the time of ovulation. Only a very few spermatozoa were present in the proximal half of the oviduct at the time of ovulation, but these were sufficient to effect fertilization. When animals were inseminated after ovulation, the spermatozoa ascended the oviduct faster than when animals were inseminated before ovulation, and fertilization commenced in 4 hr. Regardless of the time of insemination, the spermatozoa participating in fertilization appeared to undergo the acrosome reaction after they reached the proximal part of the oviduct or when they were very near the eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:944782", "title": "A comparison of in-vitro fertilization of rabbit eggs using spermatozoa recovered from the uterus or vagina.", "content": "Spermatozoa were recovered from the uterine horns or vagina of mated rabbit does 12-20 hr p.c. and their fertilizing capacity tested in an in-vitro system. Uterine spermatozoa gave consistently high fertilization (93-100%) throughout. Vaginal spermatozoa gave good results (81-85%) 12-14 hr p.c. but fertilization then declined with time. Vaginal spermatozoa recovered from mated females with or without ligation of the uterine horns were equally able to fertilize eggs. Fragmentation of uncleaved eggs was noted in experiments with vaginal spermatozoa, but never with uterine spermatozoa. The former were slower in penetrating eggs and the zygotes were correspondingly slower in cleaving. Triploidy, possibly due to ageing, was found in approximately 15% of the embryos fertilized by vaginal spermatozoa.", "contents": "A comparison of in-vitro fertilization of rabbit eggs using spermatozoa recovered from the uterus or vagina. Spermatozoa were recovered from the uterine horns or vagina of mated rabbit does 12-20 hr p.c. and their fertilizing capacity tested in an in-vitro system. Uterine spermatozoa gave consistently high fertilization (93-100%) throughout. Vaginal spermatozoa gave good results (81-85%) 12-14 hr p.c. but fertilization then declined with time. Vaginal spermatozoa recovered from mated females with or without ligation of the uterine horns were equally able to fertilize eggs. Fragmentation of uncleaved eggs was noted in experiments with vaginal spermatozoa, but never with uterine spermatozoa. The former were slower in penetrating eggs and the zygotes were correspondingly slower in cleaving. Triploidy, possibly due to ageing, was found in approximately 15% of the embryos fertilized by vaginal spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:944783", "title": "The effects of prostaglandin E-1 and F-2 alpha on maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro.", "content": "The direct effects of prostaglandin E-1 (PGE-1) and F-2 alpha (PGF-2alpha) on isolated mouse oocytes were examined in a microtube culture method. In oocytes exposed to PGE-1, meiotic resumption was suppressed at the anaphase I stage, presenting an irregular arrangement of the chromosomes along with the spindle fibres which were characterized by nondisjunction of the tetrads. PGF-2alpha was less potent in suppressing oocyte maturation than PGE-1. The critical time of the action of PGE-1 was between 7-5 and 12 hr of incubation.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandin E-1 and F-2 alpha on maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. The direct effects of prostaglandin E-1 (PGE-1) and F-2 alpha (PGF-2alpha) on isolated mouse oocytes were examined in a microtube culture method. In oocytes exposed to PGE-1, meiotic resumption was suppressed at the anaphase I stage, presenting an irregular arrangement of the chromosomes along with the spindle fibres which were characterized by nondisjunction of the tetrads. PGF-2alpha was less potent in suppressing oocyte maturation than PGE-1. The critical time of the action of PGE-1 was between 7-5 and 12 hr of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:944785", "title": "Use of high-pressure liquid chromatography for quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of sulfonamides and barbiturates.", "content": "Retention volumes for a group of sulfonamides obtained on three different HPLC columns were correlated with log P, pKa, and biological activity. Depending on the chromatographic system, good correlations can be obtained with log P or with biological activity, but not necessarily both, using the same chromatographic data.", "contents": "Use of high-pressure liquid chromatography for quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of sulfonamides and barbiturates. Retention volumes for a group of sulfonamides obtained on three different HPLC columns were correlated with log P, pKa, and biological activity. Depending on the chromatographic system, good correlations can be obtained with log P or with biological activity, but not necessarily both, using the same chromatographic data."}
{"id": "PMID:944786", "title": "Diester derivatives as apomorphine prodrugs.", "content": "A series of diesters of apomorphine was synthesized to serve as prodrugs. They were converted in vivo to free apomorphine, which could be detected in the brain. Stereotyped gnawing behavior and unilateral rotation similar to that produced by apomorphine were induced by all of the diesters but the time course of action of the latter was prolonged. The duration of action generally increased with the size of the ester substituent and appeared to correlate inversely with the rate of hydrolysis of the esters by liver extracts. It is concluded that the diesters serve as prodrugs of apomorphine and their prolonged duration is partly explained by a decreasing rate of hydrolysis attributable to increased steric hindrance at the acyl carbon atoms.", "contents": "Diester derivatives as apomorphine prodrugs. A series of diesters of apomorphine was synthesized to serve as prodrugs. They were converted in vivo to free apomorphine, which could be detected in the brain. Stereotyped gnawing behavior and unilateral rotation similar to that produced by apomorphine were induced by all of the diesters but the time course of action of the latter was prolonged. The duration of action generally increased with the size of the ester substituent and appeared to correlate inversely with the rate of hydrolysis of the esters by liver extracts. It is concluded that the diesters serve as prodrugs of apomorphine and their prolonged duration is partly explained by a decreasing rate of hydrolysis attributable to increased steric hindrance at the acyl carbon atoms."}
{"id": "PMID:944787", "title": "Monozygotic twins discordant for sex.", "content": "A pair of monozygotic, adolescent twins is discordant for sex. The phenotypic female twin has chromosome constitution of 46, XY/45, X. She displays many signs of Turner's syndrome, including typical facies, webbed neck, malformed left kidney, high plasma gonadotropins, and streak ovaries. However, her height is 154 cm which exceeds the height usually reported in Turner's syndrome. The male twin has a karyotype of 46, XY and normal sexual development. Only two other reports of pairs of monozygotic twins of opposite sex have been published.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins discordant for sex. A pair of monozygotic, adolescent twins is discordant for sex. The phenotypic female twin has chromosome constitution of 46, XY/45, X. She displays many signs of Turner's syndrome, including typical facies, webbed neck, malformed left kidney, high plasma gonadotropins, and streak ovaries. However, her height is 154 cm which exceeds the height usually reported in Turner's syndrome. The male twin has a karyotype of 46, XY and normal sexual development. Only two other reports of pairs of monozygotic twins of opposite sex have been published."}
{"id": "PMID:944789", "title": "You known who and what's her name: the woman's role in sex therapy.", "content": "As sex therapy becomes an established mode of treatment, the original Masters and Johnson model of cotherapy is its most common form. The complex issues in the relationship between cotherapists who are doing sex therapy have not received adequate attention. Differences in status, experience, and training combine with aspects of the personal relationship between therapists to make cotherapy a substantial problem. Whether the cotherapists are married, otherwise involved in a personal relationship, or even when they are a physician and his nurse or two independent therapists, the sexual content of their work inevitably raises issues that need to be resolved. These issues include erotic fantsies and power struggles between the therapists that can affect the outcome of treatment.", "contents": "You known who and what's her name: the woman's role in sex therapy. As sex therapy becomes an established mode of treatment, the original Masters and Johnson model of cotherapy is its most common form. The complex issues in the relationship between cotherapists who are doing sex therapy have not received adequate attention. Differences in status, experience, and training combine with aspects of the personal relationship between therapists to make cotherapy a substantial problem. Whether the cotherapists are married, otherwise involved in a personal relationship, or even when they are a physician and his nurse or two independent therapists, the sexual content of their work inevitably raises issues that need to be resolved. These issues include erotic fantsies and power struggles between the therapists that can affect the outcome of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944790", "title": "RNAs of influenza A, B, and C viruses.", "content": "The nucleic acids of influenza A, B, and C viruses were compared. Susceptibility to nucleases demonstrates that influenza C virus, just as influenza A and B viruses, possesses single-stranded RNA as its genome. The base compositions of the RNAs of influenza A, B, and influenza C virus are almost identical and comparative analysis on polyacrylamide gels shows that the genome of influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus, like that of the RNAs of influenza A and B viruses, is segmented. Eight distinct RNA bands were found for influenza A/PR/8/34 virus and for influenza B/Lee/40 virus. The RNA of influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus separated into at least four segments. The total molecular weights of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 and B/Lee/40 virus were calculated to be 5.29 X 10(6) and 6.43 X 10(6), respectively. A minimum value of 4.67 X 10(6) daltons was obtained for influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus RNA. The data suggest that influenza C viruses are true members of the influenza virus group.", "contents": "RNAs of influenza A, B, and C viruses. The nucleic acids of influenza A, B, and C viruses were compared. Susceptibility to nucleases demonstrates that influenza C virus, just as influenza A and B viruses, possesses single-stranded RNA as its genome. The base compositions of the RNAs of influenza A, B, and influenza C virus are almost identical and comparative analysis on polyacrylamide gels shows that the genome of influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus, like that of the RNAs of influenza A and B viruses, is segmented. Eight distinct RNA bands were found for influenza A/PR/8/34 virus and for influenza B/Lee/40 virus. The RNA of influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus separated into at least four segments. The total molecular weights of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 and B/Lee/40 virus were calculated to be 5.29 X 10(6) and 6.43 X 10(6), respectively. A minimum value of 4.67 X 10(6) daltons was obtained for influenza C/GL/1167/54 virus RNA. The data suggest that influenza C viruses are true members of the influenza virus group."}
{"id": "PMID:944791", "title": "Functional and tonometrical investigation of bladder and urethra in patients with stress incontinence.", "content": "During 1974, 80 women with symptoms of relative stress incontinence underwent cystotonometric, sphincterometric and urethrometric examinations. The average basal bladder pressure, sphincter resistance, urethral length with the patient in the lying position and functional urethral length (difference between urethral length in the lying and the upright positions) were measured. We tried to separate objectively stress from urge incontinence (about one-fourth of the patients). After statistical analyses of the data we concluded that there is neither correlation between sphincter resistance and urethral length, nor between sphincter resistance and functional length of the urethra but there is a correlation between sphincter resistance and basal bladder pressure. The functional length is the best method to separate patients with stress incontinence from thoses with urge incontinence, while sphincter resistance is of less importance. The functional length is also the best indicator of the seriousness of incontinence. The objective sign of a successful operation is the extension of the urethral length and the fixation of the functional length to 0 mm. In such cases sphincter resistance is slightly increased and inversely related to the size of the correction of functional urethral length.", "contents": "Functional and tonometrical investigation of bladder and urethra in patients with stress incontinence. During 1974, 80 women with symptoms of relative stress incontinence underwent cystotonometric, sphincterometric and urethrometric examinations. The average basal bladder pressure, sphincter resistance, urethral length with the patient in the lying position and functional urethral length (difference between urethral length in the lying and the upright positions) were measured. We tried to separate objectively stress from urge incontinence (about one-fourth of the patients). After statistical analyses of the data we concluded that there is neither correlation between sphincter resistance and urethral length, nor between sphincter resistance and functional length of the urethra but there is a correlation between sphincter resistance and basal bladder pressure. The functional length is the best method to separate patients with stress incontinence from thoses with urge incontinence, while sphincter resistance is of less importance. The functional length is also the best indicator of the seriousness of incontinence. The objective sign of a successful operation is the extension of the urethral length and the fixation of the functional length to 0 mm. In such cases sphincter resistance is slightly increased and inversely related to the size of the correction of functional urethral length."}
{"id": "PMID:944812", "title": "Multinucleated giant cell formation in BHK-21-528 cell monolayers infected with Japanese encephalitis viruses.", "content": "Formation of prominent multinucleated giant cells (MGC) was observed in monolayers of a clonal line of BHK-21 cells (BHK-21-528) when infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). MGC were first observed 3 to 4 days after infection and cytopathic changes proceeded thereafter. Formation of MGC is a typical cytopathic change in this clonal cell line. Virus titer in 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) equaled that in 50% MGC-forming dose. Virus titer in TCID50 was approximate to plaque-forming units (PFU) in the same host cells. An ability of JEV to form MGC was maintained at least for six serial passages in BHK-21-528. It was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 3 min. All JEV strains, except an attenuated live vaccine strain, induced formation of MGC in BHK-21-528 cells. Red blood cells of several animal species were not adsorbed to MGC induced by JEV. The MGC-forming ability of JEV was specifically neutralized by anti-JEV serum. By fluorescence antibody technique, the MGC were specifically stained by anti-JEV antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Immunization of animals with lysates of the MGC resulted in production of antibodies against JEV, but no antibody against other viruses which have been reported to induce MGC formation. From these evidences, it was concluded that JEV induced formation of MGC in BHK-21-528.", "contents": "Multinucleated giant cell formation in BHK-21-528 cell monolayers infected with Japanese encephalitis viruses. Formation of prominent multinucleated giant cells (MGC) was observed in monolayers of a clonal line of BHK-21 cells (BHK-21-528) when infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). MGC were first observed 3 to 4 days after infection and cytopathic changes proceeded thereafter. Formation of MGC is a typical cytopathic change in this clonal cell line. Virus titer in 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) equaled that in 50% MGC-forming dose. Virus titer in TCID50 was approximate to plaque-forming units (PFU) in the same host cells. An ability of JEV to form MGC was maintained at least for six serial passages in BHK-21-528. It was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 3 min. All JEV strains, except an attenuated live vaccine strain, induced formation of MGC in BHK-21-528 cells. Red blood cells of several animal species were not adsorbed to MGC induced by JEV. The MGC-forming ability of JEV was specifically neutralized by anti-JEV serum. By fluorescence antibody technique, the MGC were specifically stained by anti-JEV antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Immunization of animals with lysates of the MGC resulted in production of antibodies against JEV, but no antibody against other viruses which have been reported to induce MGC formation. From these evidences, it was concluded that JEV induced formation of MGC in BHK-21-528."}
{"id": "PMID:944831", "title": "[Cardiac defibrillation with the aid of ultrasound].", "content": "It was established in 15 canine experiments that ultrasound with a 500 kcps frequency and 10 W/cm2 intensity exerts a defibrillating and antiarrhythmic effect and arrests cardiac fibrillation in 27.7% of the cases. Electrophysiological studies on isolated right ventricles of rabbits in oxygenation chambers demonstrated that the antiarrhythmic action of the ultrasound manifests itself via a prolongation of the refractory period of the myocardial cells. Ultrasound of a 4 W/cm2 intensity and 30 sec duration increases the refractory period up to 37%. Any further increase of intensity and duration of the ultrasonic action results in a shortening of the refractory period and inhibition of the electrical activity of the myocardial cells.", "contents": "[Cardiac defibrillation with the aid of ultrasound]. It was established in 15 canine experiments that ultrasound with a 500 kcps frequency and 10 W/cm2 intensity exerts a defibrillating and antiarrhythmic effect and arrests cardiac fibrillation in 27.7% of the cases. Electrophysiological studies on isolated right ventricles of rabbits in oxygenation chambers demonstrated that the antiarrhythmic action of the ultrasound manifests itself via a prolongation of the refractory period of the myocardial cells. Ultrasound of a 4 W/cm2 intensity and 30 sec duration increases the refractory period up to 37%. Any further increase of intensity and duration of the ultrasonic action results in a shortening of the refractory period and inhibition of the electrical activity of the myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:944833", "title": "Circadian pattern of prolactin and growth hormone levels in female rats of two strains.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone and prolactin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay at intervals of 2 hr during the light phase of a controlled light-dark cycle in virgin female (COBS F/Crl BR) and [Sch:SPD(SD)BR] rats. Peak prolactin concentrations were observed in the afternoon during proestrus and estrus in both rat stocks. Growth hormone exhibited wide fluctuations in the Sch:SPD rat, attaining peak levels at 1300 hr, but no apparent periodicity was observed in the COBS rats.", "contents": "Circadian pattern of prolactin and growth hormone levels in female rats of two strains. Plasma growth hormone and prolactin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay at intervals of 2 hr during the light phase of a controlled light-dark cycle in virgin female (COBS F/Crl BR) and [Sch:SPD(SD)BR] rats. Peak prolactin concentrations were observed in the afternoon during proestrus and estrus in both rat stocks. Growth hormone exhibited wide fluctuations in the Sch:SPD rat, attaining peak levels at 1300 hr, but no apparent periodicity was observed in the COBS rats."}
{"id": "PMID:944834", "title": "Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole for pinworm infection of mice.", "content": "A series of 6 experiments was conducted to test the efficacy of mebendazole in eliminating naturally occurring pinworm infections from mice. Subjects treated with from 40-500 mg/kg of the drug harbored markedly fewer parasites than untreated controls. Treatment at 10 mg/kg appeared to be less effective. No mortality or overt signs of toxicity were observed in any of the experimental subjects.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole for pinworm infection of mice. A series of 6 experiments was conducted to test the efficacy of mebendazole in eliminating naturally occurring pinworm infections from mice. Subjects treated with from 40-500 mg/kg of the drug harbored markedly fewer parasites than untreated controls. Treatment at 10 mg/kg appeared to be less effective. No mortality or overt signs of toxicity were observed in any of the experimental subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:944841", "title": "Current status of the urethral pressure profile as a urodynamic test.", "content": "The urethral pressure profile is a manipulation test of the bladder neck, urethra, and its sphincters. It measures the balance of pressure at each point along the urethra while a small amount of distending fluid is instilled continuously. The urethral pressure profile probably represents a perfusion pressure, a minimal distension pressure, or a minimal opening pressure that is altered by the caliber of the urethra and the compliance of its walls along its proximal course. The test is meaningful when each point along the traverse is compared, in succession, with all the other points and as long as the assumption holds that changes in bladder configuration, pressure, and filling are incosequential during performance of the test.", "contents": "Current status of the urethral pressure profile as a urodynamic test. The urethral pressure profile is a manipulation test of the bladder neck, urethra, and its sphincters. It measures the balance of pressure at each point along the urethra while a small amount of distending fluid is instilled continuously. The urethral pressure profile probably represents a perfusion pressure, a minimal distension pressure, or a minimal opening pressure that is altered by the caliber of the urethra and the compliance of its walls along its proximal course. The test is meaningful when each point along the traverse is compared, in succession, with all the other points and as long as the assumption holds that changes in bladder configuration, pressure, and filling are incosequential during performance of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:944845", "title": "Human infection with Dermatophilus congolensis.", "content": "Dermatophilosis is a skin disease in animals and humans caused by the actinomycete Dermatophilus congolensis. This microorganism causes the skin disease in sheep commonly referred to in Australia as \"lumpy wool\" or mycotic dermatitis. One proven case of human dermatophilosis and two cases with features which are clinically highly suggestive of the disease from South Australia are described. There has been only one previous report of human infection caused by D. congolensis, which was from the United States in 1961. A brief account of the history, characteristics and life cycle of D. congolensis is given. Human infection in Australia may be not uncommon. A diagnosis can be made by direct microscopy of scab material from the lesions. For this purpose, dry scabs should be sent to the laboratory.", "contents": "Human infection with Dermatophilus congolensis. Dermatophilosis is a skin disease in animals and humans caused by the actinomycete Dermatophilus congolensis. This microorganism causes the skin disease in sheep commonly referred to in Australia as \"lumpy wool\" or mycotic dermatitis. One proven case of human dermatophilosis and two cases with features which are clinically highly suggestive of the disease from South Australia are described. There has been only one previous report of human infection caused by D. congolensis, which was from the United States in 1961. A brief account of the history, characteristics and life cycle of D. congolensis is given. Human infection in Australia may be not uncommon. A diagnosis can be made by direct microscopy of scab material from the lesions. For this purpose, dry scabs should be sent to the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:944851", "title": "An approach to genetic transformation in the Xiphophorine fish.", "content": "The particular suitability of the Xiphophorine fish system for achieving genetic transformation is presented, and it was analyzed whether information carrying donor DNA might be available to the propigment cells of embryos of Xiphosphorus helleri, which are the target cells for the transformation. Heterologous 2H3H-labelled donor DNA from E. coli, which was taken for technical reasons instead of homologous fish DNA, undergoes degradation both after injection into the neural crest region and after injection into the yolk sac (molecular weight at O h: 50 X10(6); at 2 h: 1 X 10(6); at 5 h: less than 3 X 10(5); at 10 h: less than 1 X 10(4)). It is concluded therefore, that informative donor DNA is present for about 2 to 3 hours after injection. The DNA of the recipient embryo is labelled radioactively during that time at which informative DNA is present only, if the donor DNA is injected into the neural crest region. The probability that a foreign gene might become available to the propigment cells and might induce transformation is discussed.", "contents": "An approach to genetic transformation in the Xiphophorine fish. The particular suitability of the Xiphophorine fish system for achieving genetic transformation is presented, and it was analyzed whether information carrying donor DNA might be available to the propigment cells of embryos of Xiphosphorus helleri, which are the target cells for the transformation. Heterologous 2H3H-labelled donor DNA from E. coli, which was taken for technical reasons instead of homologous fish DNA, undergoes degradation both after injection into the neural crest region and after injection into the yolk sac (molecular weight at O h: 50 X10(6); at 2 h: 1 X 10(6); at 5 h: less than 3 X 10(5); at 10 h: less than 1 X 10(4)). It is concluded therefore, that informative donor DNA is present for about 2 to 3 hours after injection. The DNA of the recipient embryo is labelled radioactively during that time at which informative DNA is present only, if the donor DNA is injected into the neural crest region. The probability that a foreign gene might become available to the propigment cells and might induce transformation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:944852", "title": "Medical ethics and torture.", "content": "There is growing evidence of widespread use of torture among political prisoners throughout the world. Medical personnel frequently become involved, sometimes directly, sometimes peripherally as in the examination or treatment of such prisoners. Physicians themselves may become victims of torture when the state attempts to subvert the doctor-patient relation for political purposes. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate long lasting medical and psychologic effects of torture. For these reasons, physicians have a special opportunity and ethical obligation to resist and oppose torture as well as to support physicians whose lives or professional careers are jeopardized by their refusal to participate in torture. Codes of medical ethics need strengthening to provide clear guidance for the physician who becomes aware of or actively involved in these brutal practices.", "contents": "Medical ethics and torture. There is growing evidence of widespread use of torture among political prisoners throughout the world. Medical personnel frequently become involved, sometimes directly, sometimes peripherally as in the examination or treatment of such prisoners. Physicians themselves may become victims of torture when the state attempts to subvert the doctor-patient relation for political purposes. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate long lasting medical and psychologic effects of torture. For these reasons, physicians have a special opportunity and ethical obligation to resist and oppose torture as well as to support physicians whose lives or professional careers are jeopardized by their refusal to participate in torture. Codes of medical ethics need strengthening to provide clear guidance for the physician who becomes aware of or actively involved in these brutal practices."}
{"id": "PMID:944862", "title": "Evidence for role of m7G5'-phosphate group in recognition of eukaryotic mRNA by initiation factor IF-M3.", "content": "7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate inhibits protein synthesis in a fractionated, messenger-dependent, reticulocyte cell-free system. This compound also inhibits binding of histone mRNA to reticulocyte ribosomes as well as interaction of VSV mRNA and histone mRNA but not EMC virus RNA with purified initiation factor IF-M3. These studies provide evidence that the role of 7-methylguanosine in the mechanism for initiation of eukaryotic mRNA translation may be related to specific recognition of mRNA by initiation factor IF-M3.", "contents": "Evidence for role of m7G5'-phosphate group in recognition of eukaryotic mRNA by initiation factor IF-M3. 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate inhibits protein synthesis in a fractionated, messenger-dependent, reticulocyte cell-free system. This compound also inhibits binding of histone mRNA to reticulocyte ribosomes as well as interaction of VSV mRNA and histone mRNA but not EMC virus RNA with purified initiation factor IF-M3. These studies provide evidence that the role of 7-methylguanosine in the mechanism for initiation of eukaryotic mRNA translation may be related to specific recognition of mRNA by initiation factor IF-M3."}
{"id": "PMID:944865", "title": "[What should we call this group of disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "In past several years in Japan, there were many reports on a certain group of cases which were called by many names such as abnormal vascular network in the cerebral basal region, spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis, Cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, cerebral juxabasal telangiectasia and so on. The characteristics of this group are; 1. Angiographically, they show a narrowing at the distal portion of the internal carotid artery, horizontal portions of the anterior and/or middle cerebral arteries with extensively developed perforators, i.e. abnormal vascular network. 2. Nowadays, it is becoming possible to give accurate diagnosis by only clinical information. 3. The cause is not known and so this group has not yet been recognized as a clinico-pathological entity. This group of the cases was first recognized and mainly investigated by Japanese neurosurgeons. But they have used many names as shown Table 1. Such a variety of the names seems to be troublesome for investigator and a single appropriate name should be used. From the Japanese and other country's reports, the name of this disorder can be divided into 5 categories as follows; Category 1: from the viewpoint of clinical symptoms and sign. Category 2: from the viewpoint of only abnormal vascular network on angiograms. Category 3: from the finding of the arterial narrowing. Category 4: from the both findings of the abnormal vascular network and arterial narrowing. Category 5: miscellaneous. The annual changes in usage frequency of various designation about this disorder has investigated and it disclosed the difference between Japan and other countries. The questionairre about the naming was sent to 306 investigators who had reported the cases. And the summary of their response as follow: 1) Most of them agree with determination of a single name. 2) Their most favorite name belongs to Category 2. This means that the most impressive finding was not the obstruction but the vascular network shown in angiograms. 3) The name \"Abnormal vascular network\" and \"Moyamoya\" mean the same phenomenon. In spite of having many disputation such as unacademic, not including the idea of arterial obstruction, and difficulty to understand for foreigners, but the name \"Moyamoya\" was pointed out by many investigators that it has many advantages such as being short and humorous, Moyamoya also has a meaning of unknown origin in Japanese, and already very popular worldwide. In my opinion, this group must not be called as \"Moyamoya disease\", but simply \"MOYAMOYA\".", "contents": "[What should we call this group of disease? (author's transl)]. In past several years in Japan, there were many reports on a certain group of cases which were called by many names such as abnormal vascular network in the cerebral basal region, spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis, Cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, cerebral juxabasal telangiectasia and so on. The characteristics of this group are; 1. Angiographically, they show a narrowing at the distal portion of the internal carotid artery, horizontal portions of the anterior and/or middle cerebral arteries with extensively developed perforators, i.e. abnormal vascular network. 2. Nowadays, it is becoming possible to give accurate diagnosis by only clinical information. 3. The cause is not known and so this group has not yet been recognized as a clinico-pathological entity. This group of the cases was first recognized and mainly investigated by Japanese neurosurgeons. But they have used many names as shown Table 1. Such a variety of the names seems to be troublesome for investigator and a single appropriate name should be used. From the Japanese and other country's reports, the name of this disorder can be divided into 5 categories as follows; Category 1: from the viewpoint of clinical symptoms and sign. Category 2: from the viewpoint of only abnormal vascular network on angiograms. Category 3: from the finding of the arterial narrowing. Category 4: from the both findings of the abnormal vascular network and arterial narrowing. Category 5: miscellaneous. The annual changes in usage frequency of various designation about this disorder has investigated and it disclosed the difference between Japan and other countries. The questionairre about the naming was sent to 306 investigators who had reported the cases. And the summary of their response as follow: 1) Most of them agree with determination of a single name. 2) Their most favorite name belongs to Category 2. This means that the most impressive finding was not the obstruction but the vascular network shown in angiograms. 3) The name \"Abnormal vascular network\" and \"Moyamoya\" mean the same phenomenon. In spite of having many disputation such as unacademic, not including the idea of arterial obstruction, and difficulty to understand for foreigners, but the name \"Moyamoya\" was pointed out by many investigators that it has many advantages such as being short and humorous, Moyamoya also has a meaning of unknown origin in Japanese, and already very popular worldwide. In my opinion, this group must not be called as \"Moyamoya disease\", but simply \"MOYAMOYA\"."}
{"id": "PMID:944866", "title": "[Six cases of hydroencephalodysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of hydroencephalodysplasia were evaluated from the points of clinical signs and symptoms and neuroradiological procedures and diagnostic problems were discussed. All of our cases were characterized by extensive dysplasia of the brain and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Deformity of the head and developmental arrest of the psychomotor function were observed in five cases. The side of the skull deformity was consisted with that of the brain defect. Pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography are characteristic in this disease, but these procedures have to be carried out with caution in case of poor general condition. Transillumination and brain scan are also useful procedures and RI-cisternography is important for indication of shunting operation. Early rehabilitation for the motor dys function is main therapeutic trial, though the cases with increased intracranial pressure require cerebrospinal fluid shunt.", "contents": "[Six cases of hydroencephalodysplasia (author's transl)]. Six cases of hydroencephalodysplasia were evaluated from the points of clinical signs and symptoms and neuroradiological procedures and diagnostic problems were discussed. All of our cases were characterized by extensive dysplasia of the brain and increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Deformity of the head and developmental arrest of the psychomotor function were observed in five cases. The side of the skull deformity was consisted with that of the brain defect. Pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography are characteristic in this disease, but these procedures have to be carried out with caution in case of poor general condition. Transillumination and brain scan are also useful procedures and RI-cisternography is important for indication of shunting operation. Early rehabilitation for the motor dys function is main therapeutic trial, though the cases with increased intracranial pressure require cerebrospinal fluid shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:944867", "title": "[Radiation therapy and surgical management of pineal tumors--follow-up study of 96 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a follow-up study of 96 patients with pineal tumors, except for one patient who was lost to follow-up. 60 of these tumors were verified histologically either at operation or at necropsy, 6 were diagnosed by epitheloid cells existing in the cerebrospinal fluid, and 30 were diagnosed by clinical and ventriculographic findings. In agreement with Russell and Rubinstein, we have classified the histologically verified tumors into 3 groups, as follows; 1. True Pinealoma Group (Pineocytoma, Pineoblastoma), 2. Germinoma-Teratoma Group, 3. Others (Glioma, Cyst). The following points need to be emphasized in the planning of management: 1. Pinealoma (Two cell pattern pinealoma) responds favorably to radiation therapy. 18 of 43 patients of pinealomas who were treated with irradiation are functioning normally in various life situations for more than 5 years. Among them, 5 cases of pinealomas treated with irradiation alone have more than 10 years survivals. 2. There is a limitation in the efficacy of irradiation therapy in cases of spinal cord implantation, infiltration in adjacent structures or subependymal infiltration along the ventricular cavity. 3. Only 2 of 67 patients with pinealomas had spinal cord metastasis. It seems undesirable to subject all patients to complete cerebrospinal axis irradiation. 4. Successful removal were performed in 4 patients with teratomas and are now alive for 9-21 years. None of them, however, are doing well clinically with many neurological deficits. 5. Since adenocarcinoma, teratocarcinoma, teratoblastoma and others are not sensitive to radiation therapy, only the palliative treatments are available. 6. Therefore, the most promising treatments for pineal tumors is that irradiation, plus shunting operation when required, is a first choice and after irradiation, radical removal should be tried in the case of teratoma diagnosed by clinical and ventriculographic findings.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy and surgical management of pineal tumors--follow-up study of 96 patients (author's transl)]. This is a follow-up study of 96 patients with pineal tumors, except for one patient who was lost to follow-up. 60 of these tumors were verified histologically either at operation or at necropsy, 6 were diagnosed by epitheloid cells existing in the cerebrospinal fluid, and 30 were diagnosed by clinical and ventriculographic findings. In agreement with Russell and Rubinstein, we have classified the histologically verified tumors into 3 groups, as follows; 1. True Pinealoma Group (Pineocytoma, Pineoblastoma), 2. Germinoma-Teratoma Group, 3. Others (Glioma, Cyst). The following points need to be emphasized in the planning of management: 1. Pinealoma (Two cell pattern pinealoma) responds favorably to radiation therapy. 18 of 43 patients of pinealomas who were treated with irradiation are functioning normally in various life situations for more than 5 years. Among them, 5 cases of pinealomas treated with irradiation alone have more than 10 years survivals. 2. There is a limitation in the efficacy of irradiation therapy in cases of spinal cord implantation, infiltration in adjacent structures or subependymal infiltration along the ventricular cavity. 3. Only 2 of 67 patients with pinealomas had spinal cord metastasis. It seems undesirable to subject all patients to complete cerebrospinal axis irradiation. 4. Successful removal were performed in 4 patients with teratomas and are now alive for 9-21 years. None of them, however, are doing well clinically with many neurological deficits. 5. Since adenocarcinoma, teratocarcinoma, teratoblastoma and others are not sensitive to radiation therapy, only the palliative treatments are available. 6. Therefore, the most promising treatments for pineal tumors is that irradiation, plus shunting operation when required, is a first choice and after irradiation, radical removal should be tried in the case of teratoma diagnosed by clinical and ventriculographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:944868", "title": "[Spinal cord arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "On May 7, 1973, a 23-year-old female, para ii, gravida ii, suddenly developed severe chest pain at 10th month of her pregnancy and soon after became paraplegic with sensory impairment lower than the level of 5th thoracic nerve and urinary incontinence. On May 8, she was admitted to our clinic and 4 days after, labour was induced by Caesarean section. Myodil myelography demonstrated \"worm like defects\" at the level of Th4-Th5, but sabarachnoid block was not found. Selective spinal angiography showed the image of typical arteriovenous malformation at the level of Th2-Th6. On June 26, about 1.5 months after delivery total removal of arteriovenous malformation (from Th2 to Th6)) was performed by the use of operative microscope. 10 months after operation, the patient could walk with her baby in her arms and no urinary incontinence was seen. We discussed the clinical characteristics and the treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Spinal cord arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy (author's transl)]. On May 7, 1973, a 23-year-old female, para ii, gravida ii, suddenly developed severe chest pain at 10th month of her pregnancy and soon after became paraplegic with sensory impairment lower than the level of 5th thoracic nerve and urinary incontinence. On May 8, she was admitted to our clinic and 4 days after, labour was induced by Caesarean section. Myodil myelography demonstrated \"worm like defects\" at the level of Th4-Th5, but sabarachnoid block was not found. Selective spinal angiography showed the image of typical arteriovenous malformation at the level of Th2-Th6. On June 26, about 1.5 months after delivery total removal of arteriovenous malformation (from Th2 to Th6)) was performed by the use of operative microscope. 10 months after operation, the patient could walk with her baby in her arms and no urinary incontinence was seen. We discussed the clinical characteristics and the treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:944869", "title": "[A trial of surgical management of brain edema in cerebral infarction--a review with our own experiences in 31 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "We have analyzed the clinical course of 31 cases with cerebral infarction for 4 years. Of the 31 patients, 6 cases (19%) showed the brain edema on the cerebral angiograms as manifested by the shift of the midline arteries. The patients were divided into two groups, normotensive (15 cases) and hypertensive cerebral infarction (16 cases). The clinical and angiographic findings in the normotensive groups have been differed significantly from those of the hypertensive groups. The findings of brain edema on the angiograms were prominent in the hypertensive groups, and the clinical course was generally good and fair in the normotensive groups. We have reviewed the literatures about brain edema associated with cerebral infarction and have discussed on the mechanisms. From the study of our cases, it was concluded  that systemic hypertension could be a facilitatory factor in the occurrence of brain edema in cerebral infarction. Furthermore, the management of massive cerebral infarction should be reduction of increased intracranial pressure and prevention of cerebral herniation. So, it will be necessary to perform a surgical treatment such as internal decompression; removal of the infarcted, necrotized area and excision of herniated tissue, and external decompression; removal of boneflap.", "contents": "[A trial of surgical management of brain edema in cerebral infarction--a review with our own experiences in 31 cases (author's transl)]. We have analyzed the clinical course of 31 cases with cerebral infarction for 4 years. Of the 31 patients, 6 cases (19%) showed the brain edema on the cerebral angiograms as manifested by the shift of the midline arteries. The patients were divided into two groups, normotensive (15 cases) and hypertensive cerebral infarction (16 cases). The clinical and angiographic findings in the normotensive groups have been differed significantly from those of the hypertensive groups. The findings of brain edema on the angiograms were prominent in the hypertensive groups, and the clinical course was generally good and fair in the normotensive groups. We have reviewed the literatures about brain edema associated with cerebral infarction and have discussed on the mechanisms. From the study of our cases, it was concluded  that systemic hypertension could be a facilitatory factor in the occurrence of brain edema in cerebral infarction. Furthermore, the management of massive cerebral infarction should be reduction of increased intracranial pressure and prevention of cerebral herniation. So, it will be necessary to perform a surgical treatment such as internal decompression; removal of the infarcted, necrotized area and excision of herniated tissue, and external decompression; removal of boneflap."}
{"id": "PMID:944870", "title": "[Spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium are presented. The first case is that of a 3 year-old girl with a thumb-sized soft scalp tumor of the occipital region (dural hypertrophy) and hydroencephalodysplasia (Picaza). PVG revealed noncommunicating hydrocephalus with asymmetrical deformity of the lateral ventricle and agenesis of corpus callosum (Fig. 1). Ventriculoatrial shunt was performed. Three years passed under the useful life when she readmitted to our clinic complaining headache, nausea and vomiting. On the first hospital day she fell into respiratory arrest accompanied with coma after the tonic convulsion, and eventually, she died on the fourth hospital day. Postmortem examination revealed spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium which communicated with the posteromedial trigone of the left lateral ventricle (Fig. 3). Combined other malformations such as dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and only one anterior cerebral artery, etc. were found. The second case is that of a young adult, a 22 year-old male with rapidly progressing intracranial hypertension. PVG revealed marked dilatation of the lateral and the third ventricle, non-filling of the aqueduct and spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium which communicated with the posterior part of the third ventricle (Fig. 4). And insidiously he fell into akinetic mutism. After suboccipital exploratory craniotomy and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt akinetic mutism improved gradually, and he was discharged on foot after 7 months. PEG performed on June 8, 1973, showed no evidence of aqueduct obstruction and injected air passed from the fourth ventricle to the third one smoothly. He lives on now under a useful condition. These 2 cases are the first report on literatures in Japan, but presumably there must be many other cases. Since W. H. Sweet reported his own two cases of spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium on 1940, more than thirty cases have been published on literatures. However, there are found various expressions to describe the same condition (Table 1). We would like to propose that the most suitable expression is \"ventriculostium\" not only in deference to the originality of W. H. Sweet but also not to confuse this pathogenetic state with other similar conditions. The author's next interest is the chronological fact that from W. H. Sweet (1940) to A. Torkildsen (1948), all but one ostiums reported situated at the posteromedial trigone of the lateral ventricle, whereas after A. Torkildsen, they were found at the posterior part of the third ventricle in many cases. The reason is unknown. It would appear that three main conditions are necessary for the development of ventricluostium just beneath the tentorium. The first, there must be increased pressure within the lateral or the third ventricle. The second essential feature is the lack of any large space occupying lesion in the the infratentorial space. The third, there must be wider space between the tentorial incisura and the brain stem.", "contents": "[Spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium (author's transl)]. Two cases of spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium are presented. The first case is that of a 3 year-old girl with a thumb-sized soft scalp tumor of the occipital region (dural hypertrophy) and hydroencephalodysplasia (Picaza). PVG revealed noncommunicating hydrocephalus with asymmetrical deformity of the lateral ventricle and agenesis of corpus callosum (Fig. 1). Ventriculoatrial shunt was performed. Three years passed under the useful life when she readmitted to our clinic complaining headache, nausea and vomiting. On the first hospital day she fell into respiratory arrest accompanied with coma after the tonic convulsion, and eventually, she died on the fourth hospital day. Postmortem examination revealed spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium which communicated with the posteromedial trigone of the left lateral ventricle (Fig. 3). Combined other malformations such as dysgenesis of the corpus callosum and only one anterior cerebral artery, etc. were found. The second case is that of a young adult, a 22 year-old male with rapidly progressing intracranial hypertension. PVG revealed marked dilatation of the lateral and the third ventricle, non-filling of the aqueduct and spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium which communicated with the posterior part of the third ventricle (Fig. 4). And insidiously he fell into akinetic mutism. After suboccipital exploratory craniotomy and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt akinetic mutism improved gradually, and he was discharged on foot after 7 months. PEG performed on June 8, 1973, showed no evidence of aqueduct obstruction and injected air passed from the fourth ventricle to the third one smoothly. He lives on now under a useful condition. These 2 cases are the first report on literatures in Japan, but presumably there must be many other cases. Since W. H. Sweet reported his own two cases of spontaneous cerebral ventriculostium on 1940, more than thirty cases have been published on literatures. However, there are found various expressions to describe the same condition (Table 1). We would like to propose that the most suitable expression is \"ventriculostium\" not only in deference to the originality of W. H. Sweet but also not to confuse this pathogenetic state with other similar conditions. The author's next interest is the chronological fact that from W. H. Sweet (1940) to A. Torkildsen (1948), all but one ostiums reported situated at the posteromedial trigone of the lateral ventricle, whereas after A. Torkildsen, they were found at the posterior part of the third ventricle in many cases. The reason is unknown. It would appear that three main conditions are necessary for the development of ventricluostium just beneath the tentorium. The first, there must be increased pressure within the lateral or the third ventricle. The second essential feature is the lack of any large space occupying lesion in the the infratentorial space. The third, there must be wider space between the tentorial incisura and the brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:944871", "title": "[Intracranial extradural liposarcoma in the posterior fossa--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of liposarcoma, which originated primarily in the left infraauricular area and infiltrated to the posterior fossa, was reported. The patient was a 25-year-old housewife, who was admitted because of symptoms of intracranial hypertension. She showed left facial palsy and deviation of the tongue to the left without any cerebellar signs. Neurological examinations suggested a mass lesion in the posterior fossa. Suboccipital craniectomy was performed and the tumor sized 4 X 4 X 3 cm in the extradural space was partially removed. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of lipoblasts and diagnosed as liposarcoma. Intracranial liposarcoma, whether primary or secondary, is very rare and only several cases have been reported.", "contents": "[Intracranial extradural liposarcoma in the posterior fossa--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of liposarcoma, which originated primarily in the left infraauricular area and infiltrated to the posterior fossa, was reported. The patient was a 25-year-old housewife, who was admitted because of symptoms of intracranial hypertension. She showed left facial palsy and deviation of the tongue to the left without any cerebellar signs. Neurological examinations suggested a mass lesion in the posterior fossa. Suboccipital craniectomy was performed and the tumor sized 4 X 4 X 3 cm in the extradural space was partially removed. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of lipoblasts and diagnosed as liposarcoma. Intracranial liposarcoma, whether primary or secondary, is very rare and only several cases have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:944872", "title": "[Intracranial aneurysm in a child--a case report and some considerations on etiology (author's transl)].", "content": "An operative case of 12-year-old boy with a saccular aneurysm at the anterior communicating artery was reported. He had episodes of occasional headache during one year before admission. He was attacked by a severe headache associated with nausea and vomiting, and was admitted to Ooita Pref. Hospital under the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage four days later. On admission physical examinations revealed almost normal findings except for moderate dehydration and a blood pressure of 130/70 mmHg. Routine examinations (blood, serum including total cholesterol, urine, ECG and plain chest X-film) were normal. Neurologically there were lethalgic state, moderate nuchal rigidity and bilateral abducens paresis. Slightly hemorrhagic and xanthochromic CSF was demonstrated by a spinal puncture. An aneurysm was found at the anterior communicating artery on the right carotid arteriogram. The left carotid and the left vertebral arteriograms showed no pathologic findings. Operation via right fronto-temporal approach disclosed a berry aneurysm about 4 mm in diameter arising from the bifurcation of the right anterior cerebral and the anterior communicating artery. There was a plaque presumably an atherosclerotic change at the neck of the aneurysm. Clipping of the aneurysmal neck was done. The aneurysm was not visualized on the postoperative arteriogram, and the patient was discharged in good condition two weeks after the operation. It is true that this patient had a lesion which seemed to be an atherosclerotic plaque at the neck of the aneurysm macroscopically, but he did not have any evidence of generalized atherosclerosis or other metabolic disturbance. This plaque may be of special significance in etiological respect. In general, however, degenerative lesions like atherosclerosis occur predominantly in larger arteries than smaller arteries of the brain. Also the location of this aneurysm was at the anterior communicating artery which is reported to be implicated in anomalous vascularity on occasion. From these facts the authors considered combined congenital and acquired factors in the development of this aneurysm.", "contents": "[Intracranial aneurysm in a child--a case report and some considerations on etiology (author's transl)]. An operative case of 12-year-old boy with a saccular aneurysm at the anterior communicating artery was reported. He had episodes of occasional headache during one year before admission. He was attacked by a severe headache associated with nausea and vomiting, and was admitted to Ooita Pref. Hospital under the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage four days later. On admission physical examinations revealed almost normal findings except for moderate dehydration and a blood pressure of 130/70 mmHg. Routine examinations (blood, serum including total cholesterol, urine, ECG and plain chest X-film) were normal. Neurologically there were lethalgic state, moderate nuchal rigidity and bilateral abducens paresis. Slightly hemorrhagic and xanthochromic CSF was demonstrated by a spinal puncture. An aneurysm was found at the anterior communicating artery on the right carotid arteriogram. The left carotid and the left vertebral arteriograms showed no pathologic findings. Operation via right fronto-temporal approach disclosed a berry aneurysm about 4 mm in diameter arising from the bifurcation of the right anterior cerebral and the anterior communicating artery. There was a plaque presumably an atherosclerotic change at the neck of the aneurysm. Clipping of the aneurysmal neck was done. The aneurysm was not visualized on the postoperative arteriogram, and the patient was discharged in good condition two weeks after the operation. It is true that this patient had a lesion which seemed to be an atherosclerotic plaque at the neck of the aneurysm macroscopically, but he did not have any evidence of generalized atherosclerosis or other metabolic disturbance. This plaque may be of special significance in etiological respect. In general, however, degenerative lesions like atherosclerosis occur predominantly in larger arteries than smaller arteries of the brain. Also the location of this aneurysm was at the anterior communicating artery which is reported to be implicated in anomalous vascularity on occasion. From these facts the authors considered combined congenital and acquired factors in the development of this aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:944875", "title": "[Hyponatremia following surgery for tumors in the hypophyseal or hypothalamic region (author's transl)].", "content": "Following surgery for tumors in the hypophyseal or hypothalamic region, low serum Na level (hyponatremia) is sometimes noted and causes clinical manifestations. Therefore, on the care of patients within 1 to 2 weeks following operation for tumors in this region, stabilization of serum Na level is one of the most important problems.", "contents": "[Hyponatremia following surgery for tumors in the hypophyseal or hypothalamic region (author's transl)]. Following surgery for tumors in the hypophyseal or hypothalamic region, low serum Na level (hyponatremia) is sometimes noted and causes clinical manifestations. Therefore, on the care of patients within 1 to 2 weeks following operation for tumors in this region, stabilization of serum Na level is one of the most important problems."}
{"id": "PMID:944876", "title": "[Production and absorption rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult mongrel dogs, weighing 10-17 kg. were anesthetized with Nembutal and cervical and lumbosacral laminectomy was performed. The spinal subarachnoid space was blocked by extradural ligation at the level of the C4 to interrupt CSF communication between the cranial and spinal space. Polyethylene catheters were placed in the cervical and lumbosacral subarachnoid space, and artificial Mock CSF buffer, pH 7.35-7.40, containing inulin of 25 mg/dl or 14C-inulin of 1.5-2 muCi/dl as a tracer was perfused in the sacro-cervical direction through the catheter. After a steady state of perfusion was acommplished, the CSF was collected from the outlet catheter. Production and absorption rate of the CSF were calculated after Pappenheimer and Heisey's equation. 1) Effects of CSF pressure on the rate of production (Vf) and absorption (Va) of CSF and on the difference between outflow fluid rate (Vo) and inflow fluid rate (Vi) were studied within the pressure range of -100 to +600 mmH2O. Then, regression lines were calculated by means of the least square method. See Article. Vf was little affected by changes in CSF pressure, while Va increased linearly as CSF pressure elevated. This suggests that the spinal subarachnoid space plays an important role as a site of CSF absorption when the intracranial pressure increases. Vo-Vi, that is difference between absorption and production rate, decreased linearly as the CSF pressure increased. 2) Under a constant CSF pressure of +200 mmH2O, the effects of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, 0.25 mg/kg and hydrocortisone, 4.15 mg/kg) and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide, 10 mg/kg) upon the production and absorption rate of CSF were determined 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 hours after intravenous administration. a) Effect of dexamethasone: The rate of CSF production was reduced to 60.5 +/- 2.4% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. The absorption rate of CSF also decreased to 59.2 +/- 6.09% (p less than 0.001) of the control. b) Effect of hydrocortisone: The production rate of CSF decreased to 67.4 +/- 6.61% (p less than 0.001), and the absorption rate to 76.5 +/- 3.94% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. c) Effect of acetazolamide: The production and absorption rate also decreased to 57.2 +/- 5.61% (p less than 0.001) and to 56.9 +/- 7.02% (p less than 0.001), respectively. 3) Pentration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF. The penetration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF in the spinal and cranial subarachnoid space was observed after the intravenous administration. The CSF/Plasma ratio of dexamethasone was 30.9% at 15 minutes and gradually increased to 91.5% and 93.5%, respectively, in the cranial and spinal CSF at 3 hours after the injection.", "contents": "[Production and absorption rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the dog (author's transl)]. Adult mongrel dogs, weighing 10-17 kg. were anesthetized with Nembutal and cervical and lumbosacral laminectomy was performed. The spinal subarachnoid space was blocked by extradural ligation at the level of the C4 to interrupt CSF communication between the cranial and spinal space. Polyethylene catheters were placed in the cervical and lumbosacral subarachnoid space, and artificial Mock CSF buffer, pH 7.35-7.40, containing inulin of 25 mg/dl or 14C-inulin of 1.5-2 muCi/dl as a tracer was perfused in the sacro-cervical direction through the catheter. After a steady state of perfusion was acommplished, the CSF was collected from the outlet catheter. Production and absorption rate of the CSF were calculated after Pappenheimer and Heisey's equation. 1) Effects of CSF pressure on the rate of production (Vf) and absorption (Va) of CSF and on the difference between outflow fluid rate (Vo) and inflow fluid rate (Vi) were studied within the pressure range of -100 to +600 mmH2O. Then, regression lines were calculated by means of the least square method. See Article. Vf was little affected by changes in CSF pressure, while Va increased linearly as CSF pressure elevated. This suggests that the spinal subarachnoid space plays an important role as a site of CSF absorption when the intracranial pressure increases. Vo-Vi, that is difference between absorption and production rate, decreased linearly as the CSF pressure increased. 2) Under a constant CSF pressure of +200 mmH2O, the effects of glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, 0.25 mg/kg and hydrocortisone, 4.15 mg/kg) and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (acetazolamide, 10 mg/kg) upon the production and absorption rate of CSF were determined 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 hours after intravenous administration. a) Effect of dexamethasone: The rate of CSF production was reduced to 60.5 +/- 2.4% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. The absorption rate of CSF also decreased to 59.2 +/- 6.09% (p less than 0.001) of the control. b) Effect of hydrocortisone: The production rate of CSF decreased to 67.4 +/- 6.61% (p less than 0.001), and the absorption rate to 76.5 +/- 3.94% (p less than 0.001) of the control level. c) Effect of acetazolamide: The production and absorption rate also decreased to 57.2 +/- 5.61% (p less than 0.001) and to 56.9 +/- 7.02% (p less than 0.001), respectively. 3) Pentration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF. The penetration of tritiated dexamethasone and tritiated hydrocortisone from plasma to CSF in the spinal and cranial subarachnoid space was observed after the intravenous administration. The CSF/Plasma ratio of dexamethasone was 30.9% at 15 minutes and gradually increased to 91.5% and 93.5%, respectively, in the cranial and spinal CSF at 3 hours after the injection."}
{"id": "PMID:944877", "title": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in cervical spondylosis (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD) of the cervical spinal canals in 96 healthy adults, 108 cases of radiological cervical spondylosis (asymptomatic) and 96 cases of cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy or radiculomyelopathy was measured for each vertebra by the method of Burrows. (Filmfocus distance was 1.2m). 2. The APD in patients with symptomatic spondylosis was found to be significantly narrower than those of without. 3. Since the upper limit of APD at C4 to C6 vertebrae in symptomatic spondylosis was 16 mm, while the lower limit of APD in asymtomatic spondylosis was 14 mm, the following conclusion appears justified. 1) When the APD is narrower than 16 mm, the osteophytes along the posterior border of the spinal bodies or degenerative disc protrusions may produce cervical radiculomyelopathy, although the cord and the roots may escape from compression by the spondylotic changes even when the APD is wider than 14 mm. 2) When the APD is narrower than 13 mm, it is almost always certain that the osteophytes or herniated discs compress the cervical cord and roots.", "contents": "[The antero-posterior diameter of the cervical spinal canal in cervical spondylosis (author's transl)]. 1. The antero-posterior diameter (APD) of the cervical spinal canals in 96 healthy adults, 108 cases of radiological cervical spondylosis (asymptomatic) and 96 cases of cervical spondylosis with radiculopathy or radiculomyelopathy was measured for each vertebra by the method of Burrows. (Filmfocus distance was 1.2m). 2. The APD in patients with symptomatic spondylosis was found to be significantly narrower than those of without. 3. Since the upper limit of APD at C4 to C6 vertebrae in symptomatic spondylosis was 16 mm, while the lower limit of APD in asymtomatic spondylosis was 14 mm, the following conclusion appears justified. 1) When the APD is narrower than 16 mm, the osteophytes along the posterior border of the spinal bodies or degenerative disc protrusions may produce cervical radiculomyelopathy, although the cord and the roots may escape from compression by the spondylotic changes even when the APD is wider than 14 mm. 2) When the APD is narrower than 13 mm, it is almost always certain that the osteophytes or herniated discs compress the cervical cord and roots."}
{"id": "PMID:944878", "title": "[Percutaneous revision of shunt with obstructed ventricular catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Shunt dysfunction due to an obstructed ventricular catheter can be avoided, at least in part, by placing the of the catheter anteriorly to the Foramen of Monro. However, once the catheter is obstructed, surgical removal under general anesthesia is almost inevitable. Irrigation method for an obstructed ventricular catheter enables us to gain scarcely anything and accumulation of instilled fluid in the ventricle often causes the dangerously increased intracranial pressure. 1) Technique for placement of the ventricular catheter. The skin incision is a semicircular. After the skin flap is reflected, \"8-shaped\" burr hole is placed (Fig. 1 in the text). At first, two openings, large and small, are made in the skull. At 1/4 inch drill is used for making a small hole and a regular perforator for an adjacent large one, then, with a small Schlessinger roungeur, a thin wall dividing these two holes is removed. Two to 3 cm lateral from the midline and also posterior to the frontal hair line is usually chosen for placement of burr holes. A straight ventricular catheter with multiple small perforations at its tip is connected to the Rickham reservoir and inserted in the ventricle anteriorly to the Foramen Monro, through the small hole of the \"8-shaped\" burr hole. Rest of surgical procedure is performed according to a routine manner. 2) Technique for release of ventricular catheter obstruction by percutaneous management through the \"8-shaped\" burr hole. A 20-gaze modified spinal needle is inserted through the Rickham reservoir under fluoroscopic control and gradually progressed to the tip of the obstructed catheter. Simple aspiration through the needle may occasionally open the catheter by removing small obstruents, but in many instances, insertion of an another ventricular needle through the large hole and combined irrigation are indispensable. 3) Results. Ten of 72 patients who had placement of the ventricular catheter by this technique developed obstructions of the catheter. Percutaneous technique was successful in releasing the obstructions in 12 times of these 8 patients and remaining 2 patients were subsequently operated upon for the following reasons. One patient, because of dislodging of the reservoir cap after successful release of obstruction and the other, due to extraventricular location of the tip of the catheter prior to the percutaneous management. No serious complications has been encountered and the technique was proved to be safe and simple ensuring good functional return of the shunt in long-term follow-up.", "contents": "[Percutaneous revision of shunt with obstructed ventricular catheter (author's transl)]. Shunt dysfunction due to an obstructed ventricular catheter can be avoided, at least in part, by placing the of the catheter anteriorly to the Foramen of Monro. However, once the catheter is obstructed, surgical removal under general anesthesia is almost inevitable. Irrigation method for an obstructed ventricular catheter enables us to gain scarcely anything and accumulation of instilled fluid in the ventricle often causes the dangerously increased intracranial pressure. 1) Technique for placement of the ventricular catheter. The skin incision is a semicircular. After the skin flap is reflected, \"8-shaped\" burr hole is placed (Fig. 1 in the text). At first, two openings, large and small, are made in the skull. At 1/4 inch drill is used for making a small hole and a regular perforator for an adjacent large one, then, with a small Schlessinger roungeur, a thin wall dividing these two holes is removed. Two to 3 cm lateral from the midline and also posterior to the frontal hair line is usually chosen for placement of burr holes. A straight ventricular catheter with multiple small perforations at its tip is connected to the Rickham reservoir and inserted in the ventricle anteriorly to the Foramen Monro, through the small hole of the \"8-shaped\" burr hole. Rest of surgical procedure is performed according to a routine manner. 2) Technique for release of ventricular catheter obstruction by percutaneous management through the \"8-shaped\" burr hole. A 20-gaze modified spinal needle is inserted through the Rickham reservoir under fluoroscopic control and gradually progressed to the tip of the obstructed catheter. Simple aspiration through the needle may occasionally open the catheter by removing small obstruents, but in many instances, insertion of an another ventricular needle through the large hole and combined irrigation are indispensable. 3) Results. Ten of 72 patients who had placement of the ventricular catheter by this technique developed obstructions of the catheter. Percutaneous technique was successful in releasing the obstructions in 12 times of these 8 patients and remaining 2 patients were subsequently operated upon for the following reasons. One patient, because of dislodging of the reservoir cap after successful release of obstruction and the other, due to extraventricular location of the tip of the catheter prior to the percutaneous management. No serious complications has been encountered and the technique was proved to be safe and simple ensuring good functional return of the shunt in long-term follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:944879", "title": "[Familial occurrence of pituitary adenoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The familial occurrence of brain tumors are exceedingly rare except in cases with phacomatosis. We encountered pituitary adenomas in two sisters of a family, so far presenting no evidence of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA). Case 1, K. O. a 26-year-old woman was admitted to our Hospital on September 10, 1970 with visual acuity and field disturbance, irregular menstruation and acromegaly. Neurological examination: Her visual acuity was Vd 0.6 and Vs 0.3, visual field was bitemporal hemianopsia, and ther was papilledema bilaterally. She had left exophthalmos and left abducens palsy. Roentgenogram of the skull, brain scanning, cerebral angiogram, pneumoencephalogram suggested the presence of a pituitary tumor. On Sep. 17, 1970, through a left frontotemporal craniotomy the tumor was removed subtotally. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma (chromophobe). Case 2, M. T. a 31-year-old woman, sister of case 1, was admitted to the Hospital on September 19, 1973, with mild headache, left visual field disturbance and amenorrhea. She had a child, and a past history of pulmonary tbc. Neurological examination: Her visual acuity was Vd 1.2 and Vs 0.03, and visual field of the right eye was temporal lower quandrant anopsia. There was optic nerve atrophy in the left eye. Plain X-ray craniogram, brain scanning, cerebral angiogram and pheumoencephalogram suggested the presence of a pituitary tumor. On Sep. 28, 1973, a right frontal craniotomy was performed. The tumor tissue with capsule was removed subtotally. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma (mixed type). In the literatures about familial brain tumors with histological diagnosis, glioma and glioblastoma are common, meningioma is relatively rare. Pituitary adenoma with no evidence of MEA is exceedingly rare. The two sisters presented in this paper, have no evidence of hyperparathyroidism, pancreas adenoma and peptic ulcer. So, we consider, at present, these cases should not be field in MEA.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of pituitary adenoma (author's transl)]. The familial occurrence of brain tumors are exceedingly rare except in cases with phacomatosis. We encountered pituitary adenomas in two sisters of a family, so far presenting no evidence of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA). Case 1, K. O. a 26-year-old woman was admitted to our Hospital on September 10, 1970 with visual acuity and field disturbance, irregular menstruation and acromegaly. Neurological examination: Her visual acuity was Vd 0.6 and Vs 0.3, visual field was bitemporal hemianopsia, and ther was papilledema bilaterally. She had left exophthalmos and left abducens palsy. Roentgenogram of the skull, brain scanning, cerebral angiogram, pneumoencephalogram suggested the presence of a pituitary tumor. On Sep. 17, 1970, through a left frontotemporal craniotomy the tumor was removed subtotally. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma (chromophobe). Case 2, M. T. a 31-year-old woman, sister of case 1, was admitted to the Hospital on September 19, 1973, with mild headache, left visual field disturbance and amenorrhea. She had a child, and a past history of pulmonary tbc. Neurological examination: Her visual acuity was Vd 1.2 and Vs 0.03, and visual field of the right eye was temporal lower quandrant anopsia. There was optic nerve atrophy in the left eye. Plain X-ray craniogram, brain scanning, cerebral angiogram and pheumoencephalogram suggested the presence of a pituitary tumor. On Sep. 28, 1973, a right frontal craniotomy was performed. The tumor tissue with capsule was removed subtotally. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma (mixed type). In the literatures about familial brain tumors with histological diagnosis, glioma and glioblastoma are common, meningioma is relatively rare. Pituitary adenoma with no evidence of MEA is exceedingly rare. The two sisters presented in this paper, have no evidence of hyperparathyroidism, pancreas adenoma and peptic ulcer. So, we consider, at present, these cases should not be field in MEA."}
{"id": "PMID:944880", "title": "[A cured case of hypertensive intracerebellar hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of hypertensive intracerebellar hematoma surgically treated and cured was reported. The 41-year-old male had two cerebrovascular attacks with headache and vomiting followed by left hemiparesis. Drowsiness and dysarthria appeared the next day. The patient was admitted to a hospital, where right facial palsy, loss of right gag reflex and paralytic hemiplegia on the left side were noted. On the 7th day, the patient's consciousness became clear byt the other neurological evidences did not change. On the 14th day, bradycardia and central hyperventilation appeared and he became drowsy again. The patient was transferred to the authors' clinic. When the patient was admitted, he showed typical cerebellar signs such as nystagmus, ataxia, and slurring speech with pyramidal sign on left side and cranial nerves paralysis on right side, and also showed the changes of vital signs as a medullary syndrome in the late stage of the course. The vertebral angiogram revealed a space taking process in the right cerebellar hemisphere. The old blood (30g) was removed by suboccipital craniectomy. The hematoma cavity had a communication with the IVth ventricle through a small perforation in the medial wall of the hematoma. Spontaneour intracerebellar hematoma including of hypertensive origin is not rare in the reports of autopsy but surgically treated case has only rarely been reported. The main reason of few survivals should be in its fulminate course.", "contents": "[A cured case of hypertensive intracerebellar hematoma (author's transl)]. A case of hypertensive intracerebellar hematoma surgically treated and cured was reported. The 41-year-old male had two cerebrovascular attacks with headache and vomiting followed by left hemiparesis. Drowsiness and dysarthria appeared the next day. The patient was admitted to a hospital, where right facial palsy, loss of right gag reflex and paralytic hemiplegia on the left side were noted. On the 7th day, the patient's consciousness became clear byt the other neurological evidences did not change. On the 14th day, bradycardia and central hyperventilation appeared and he became drowsy again. The patient was transferred to the authors' clinic. When the patient was admitted, he showed typical cerebellar signs such as nystagmus, ataxia, and slurring speech with pyramidal sign on left side and cranial nerves paralysis on right side, and also showed the changes of vital signs as a medullary syndrome in the late stage of the course. The vertebral angiogram revealed a space taking process in the right cerebellar hemisphere. The old blood (30g) was removed by suboccipital craniectomy. The hematoma cavity had a communication with the IVth ventricle through a small perforation in the medial wall of the hematoma. Spontaneour intracerebellar hematoma including of hypertensive origin is not rare in the reports of autopsy but surgically treated case has only rarely been reported. The main reason of few survivals should be in its fulminate course."}
{"id": "PMID:944881", "title": "[Treatment of acute subdural hematoma in infancy-tapping only method and a follow-up study (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute subdural hematoma in infants is characterized by convulsive seizure, disturbance of consciousness, vomiting and irritability soon after mild head injury. The majority of cases have tence or bulged anterior fontanel and preretinal hemorrhage. Eleven cases, all traumatic in etiology and male under the age of one year were reported. Nine of them were treated by percutaneous subdural tapping alone, i.e., \"Tapping Only Method\". For the first several days, tappings were carried out daily. The subdural content was liquefied old dark blood or liquefied fresh-appearing blood in most cases. After that taps were performed only in the presence of intracranial hypertension. Vomiting and irritability were fairly reliable indicaters of intracranial hypertension but the most consistent signs were the fontanel tension to palpation and the measurement of head circumference. As soon as it could be determined that increased pressure did not recur within ten days after the last tap or that dry tap was confirmed the infant was discharged and follow as an outpatient. Follow-up studies on this series by cerebral angiography, EEG, skull measurement and Denver developmental screening test revealed normal physical and mental development in nine cases, although three out of nine cases showed mild but persistent avascular area. The remaining two cases showed more or less physically and mentally retarded developments: the initial treatment for both of them was delayed more than ten days. Acute infantile subdural hematoma due to mild head injury should be divided into the following two types: \"Fulminant type\", which rapidly falls in coma and may be fatal. The another, \"Mild type\" manifests only signs and symptoms of mild intracranial hypertension. This mild type should be treated by tapping only method without delay. There is a possibility that some mild type cases are overlooked and later progress to chronic infantile subdural hematoma. For comparison, thirteen cases of acute infantile subdural hematoma treated by trephination and/or craniotomy were reviewed. Pathological study revealed that early formation of capsular membrane is one of the characteristic findings.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute subdural hematoma in infancy-tapping only method and a follow-up study (author's transl)]. Acute subdural hematoma in infants is characterized by convulsive seizure, disturbance of consciousness, vomiting and irritability soon after mild head injury. The majority of cases have tence or bulged anterior fontanel and preretinal hemorrhage. Eleven cases, all traumatic in etiology and male under the age of one year were reported. Nine of them were treated by percutaneous subdural tapping alone, i.e., \"Tapping Only Method\". For the first several days, tappings were carried out daily. The subdural content was liquefied old dark blood or liquefied fresh-appearing blood in most cases. After that taps were performed only in the presence of intracranial hypertension. Vomiting and irritability were fairly reliable indicaters of intracranial hypertension but the most consistent signs were the fontanel tension to palpation and the measurement of head circumference. As soon as it could be determined that increased pressure did not recur within ten days after the last tap or that dry tap was confirmed the infant was discharged and follow as an outpatient. Follow-up studies on this series by cerebral angiography, EEG, skull measurement and Denver developmental screening test revealed normal physical and mental development in nine cases, although three out of nine cases showed mild but persistent avascular area. The remaining two cases showed more or less physically and mentally retarded developments: the initial treatment for both of them was delayed more than ten days. Acute infantile subdural hematoma due to mild head injury should be divided into the following two types: \"Fulminant type\", which rapidly falls in coma and may be fatal. The another, \"Mild type\" manifests only signs and symptoms of mild intracranial hypertension. This mild type should be treated by tapping only method without delay. There is a possibility that some mild type cases are overlooked and later progress to chronic infantile subdural hematoma. For comparison, thirteen cases of acute infantile subdural hematoma treated by trephination and/or craniotomy were reviewed. Pathological study revealed that early formation of capsular membrane is one of the characteristic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:944882", "title": "[Supratentorial extradural hematomas following posterior fossa craniectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of the supratentorial extradural hematomas secondary to the posterior fossa craniectomy were reported. The site of the hematoma was far from the operative field and two cases showed acute course and three were rather mild. The symptoms of this complication were the unsuspected sensorium disturbance, anisocoria and the non-functioning ventricular drainage. Two cases died of this complication and two were severely disabled. The mechanism of this complication is not clearly understood. The lowering of the ventricular pressure by the ventricular tap during the operation may play significant role in the formation of the extradural hematoma. The younger age of the cases and the long history of increased intracranial pressure were stressed in the literature. The significance of the management of the ventricular pressure during the operation was emphasized. The prevention is the best treatment.", "contents": "[Supratentorial extradural hematomas following posterior fossa craniectomy (author's transl)]. Five cases of the supratentorial extradural hematomas secondary to the posterior fossa craniectomy were reported. The site of the hematoma was far from the operative field and two cases showed acute course and three were rather mild. The symptoms of this complication were the unsuspected sensorium disturbance, anisocoria and the non-functioning ventricular drainage. Two cases died of this complication and two were severely disabled. The mechanism of this complication is not clearly understood. The lowering of the ventricular pressure by the ventricular tap during the operation may play significant role in the formation of the extradural hematoma. The younger age of the cases and the long history of increased intracranial pressure were stressed in the literature. The significance of the management of the ventricular pressure during the operation was emphasized. The prevention is the best treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:944904", "title": "Suppression of mouse-killing in rats following irradiation.", "content": "Suppression of mouse-killing was produced following pairings of mouse-presentations (CS) with 96 roentgens of ionizing radiation (US) at O ( less than 2 min.) and 30 min. US-CS interstimulus intervals. No suppression was found at CS-US intervals of 30 min., 1hr., and 2 hr., or at US-CS intervals of 1 hr. and 2 hr.", "contents": "Suppression of mouse-killing in rats following irradiation. Suppression of mouse-killing was produced following pairings of mouse-presentations (CS) with 96 roentgens of ionizing radiation (US) at O ( less than 2 min.) and 30 min. US-CS interstimulus intervals. No suppression was found at CS-US intervals of 30 min., 1hr., and 2 hr., or at US-CS intervals of 1 hr. and 2 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:944905", "title": "Replication of \"speech fluency fluctuations during the menstrual cycle\".", "content": "This study tested the hypothesis suggested by our earlier research that the principal effect of heightened anxiety on speech fluency is an interference with language formulation. 20 women read contexual material aloud at ovulation (when the typical woman experiences her greatest feelings of well-being) and at premenstrution (when she experiences a significant increase in anxiety level). They were no less fluent at premenstruation than at ovulation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis tested.", "contents": "Replication of \"speech fluency fluctuations during the menstrual cycle\". This study tested the hypothesis suggested by our earlier research that the principal effect of heightened anxiety on speech fluency is an interference with language formulation. 20 women read contexual material aloud at ovulation (when the typical woman experiences her greatest feelings of well-being) and at premenstrution (when she experiences a significant increase in anxiety level). They were no less fluent at premenstruation than at ovulation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis tested."}
{"id": "PMID:944906", "title": "Handedness in schizophrenia.", "content": "26 schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), 21 non-schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), and 18 staff controls (25 to 40 yr.) from the same unit of a public psychiatric hospital were questioned about hand preference. Schizophrenics showed somewhat more confusion about hand preference than other subjects, but otherwise patterns of hand preference did not differ for the three groups. The inclusion of schizophrenics among those groups identified with laterality disturbances, then, was not supported.", "contents": "Handedness in schizophrenia. 26 schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), 21 non-schizophrenic patients (40 to 55 yr.), and 18 staff controls (25 to 40 yr.) from the same unit of a public psychiatric hospital were questioned about hand preference. Schizophrenics showed somewhat more confusion about hand preference than other subjects, but otherwise patterns of hand preference did not differ for the three groups. The inclusion of schizophrenics among those groups identified with laterality disturbances, then, was not supported."}
{"id": "PMID:944907", "title": "Vasomotor response to thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin in rats.", "content": "In 27 anesthetized rats arterial blood pressure and electrical activity of dorsal horn neurones were recorded during thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin. In 19 of these animals blood pressure increased during scrotal skin warming, showing a distinct threshold at about 37.5 degrees C in 16 rats. This effect was reproducible during the whole experiment although quantitative changes of the response occurred. In most experiments a transient response was seen at the beginning of the vasomotor reaction. The mean increase of blood pressure to a superthreshold warming step, derived from 11 experiments in which more than 3 temperatures were tested and in which the blood pressure was above 100 mm Hg, was 25 +/- 14 mm Hg. The observed threshold of the vasomotor response corresponds well with the threshold of activity increase in warm sensitive dorsal horn neurones to scrotal skin warming. It is suggested that the blood pressure reaction is mediated by scrotal skin warm receptors, which supports the notion that some organ specificity exists in thermoreceptors of the scrotal skin.", "contents": "Vasomotor response to thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin in rats. In 27 anesthetized rats arterial blood pressure and electrical activity of dorsal horn neurones were recorded during thermal stimulation of the scrotal skin. In 19 of these animals blood pressure increased during scrotal skin warming, showing a distinct threshold at about 37.5 degrees C in 16 rats. This effect was reproducible during the whole experiment although quantitative changes of the response occurred. In most experiments a transient response was seen at the beginning of the vasomotor reaction. The mean increase of blood pressure to a superthreshold warming step, derived from 11 experiments in which more than 3 temperatures were tested and in which the blood pressure was above 100 mm Hg, was 25 +/- 14 mm Hg. The observed threshold of the vasomotor response corresponds well with the threshold of activity increase in warm sensitive dorsal horn neurones to scrotal skin warming. It is suggested that the blood pressure reaction is mediated by scrotal skin warm receptors, which supports the notion that some organ specificity exists in thermoreceptors of the scrotal skin."}
{"id": "PMID:944908", "title": "Studies on potassium induced coronary dilation in the isolated guinea pig heart.", "content": "Changes of coronary flow in the isolated perfused spontaneously beating guinea pig heart were induced by elevation of potassium concentration in the perfusion medium (4-16 meq/l). Potassium caused a dose-dependent transient increase of diastolic coronary inflow. The response was inhibited by ouabain (1.4 X 10(-7) M) or reduced temperature. Rubidium ions elicited almost identical vasodilator effects which were also inhibited by ouabain. Autoregulation of coronary flow, reactive hyperemia, and hypoxic coronary dilation were not significantly altered in the presence of ouabain. The results support the hypothesis that potassium as well as rubidium cause vasodilation by activating a Na+, K+-ATPase. On the other hand, they do not favour the view of an essential involvement of potassium ions in local regulation of coronary flow under the conditions studied.", "contents": "Studies on potassium induced coronary dilation in the isolated guinea pig heart. Changes of coronary flow in the isolated perfused spontaneously beating guinea pig heart were induced by elevation of potassium concentration in the perfusion medium (4-16 meq/l). Potassium caused a dose-dependent transient increase of diastolic coronary inflow. The response was inhibited by ouabain (1.4 X 10(-7) M) or reduced temperature. Rubidium ions elicited almost identical vasodilator effects which were also inhibited by ouabain. Autoregulation of coronary flow, reactive hyperemia, and hypoxic coronary dilation were not significantly altered in the presence of ouabain. The results support the hypothesis that potassium as well as rubidium cause vasodilation by activating a Na+, K+-ATPase. On the other hand, they do not favour the view of an essential involvement of potassium ions in local regulation of coronary flow under the conditions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:944909", "title": "Ionic mechanisms associated with the depolarization by glutamate and aspartate on human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture.", "content": "The action of glutamate and aspartate was studied on the membrane potential of human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture. Both amino acids caused a depolarization of the cell membrane, the size of which was dependent on the concentration of the amino acids in the bathing fluid. In order to study ionic mechanisms associated with the amino acid depolarization, the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid was altered. Removal of sodium ions from the bathing solution reversibly reduced or abolished the depolarization produced by glutamate and aspartate suggesting that the action of these amino acids is associated with an increased sodium permeability. Substituting lithium for sodium ions also reversibly abolished the depolarization by glutamate indicating that in contrast to the effect of lithium on the action potential, this ion cannot replace sodium for the glutamate depolarization. These experiments show that the method of tissue culture is a suitable model to study ionic mechanisms underlying the action of neurotransmitters in the mammalian and especially in the human CNS.", "contents": "Ionic mechanisms associated with the depolarization by glutamate and aspartate on human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture. The action of glutamate and aspartate was studied on the membrane potential of human and rat spinal neurones in tissue culture. Both amino acids caused a depolarization of the cell membrane, the size of which was dependent on the concentration of the amino acids in the bathing fluid. In order to study ionic mechanisms associated with the amino acid depolarization, the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid was altered. Removal of sodium ions from the bathing solution reversibly reduced or abolished the depolarization produced by glutamate and aspartate suggesting that the action of these amino acids is associated with an increased sodium permeability. Substituting lithium for sodium ions also reversibly abolished the depolarization by glutamate indicating that in contrast to the effect of lithium on the action potential, this ion cannot replace sodium for the glutamate depolarization. These experiments show that the method of tissue culture is a suitable model to study ionic mechanisms underlying the action of neurotransmitters in the mammalian and especially in the human CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:944910", "title": "The influence of glucagon on hepatic glycogen mobilization in exercising rats.", "content": "The significance of glucagon for the alterations in carbohydrate and fat metabolism during swimming has been evaluated. Fed, male rats were used. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture for glucose analysis and either rabbit-antiglucagonserum (A-rats) or normal rabbitserum (N-rats) injected. Twenty-nine rats were then forced to swim (S-rats) with a tail weight for 60 min, while 16 rats were resting controls (C-rats). Subsequently blood was drawn and samples of liver and muscle tissue collected. In SN-rats glucagon concentrations increased from 152 +/- 18 (S.E.) pg/ml (CN-rats) to 332 +/- 61 (P less than 0.05), while liver glycogen decreased (P less than 0.001) and blood glucose increased (P less than 0.05). In SA-rats, however, the changes in liver glycogen and blood glucose were halved indicating that increased glucagon secretion enhances hepatic glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise. NEFA rose in SA-rats (P less than 0.005) as well as in SN-rats (P less than 0.05). Glycerol concentrations, however, only increased in SA-rats (P less than 0.05) indicating a shift towards lipid combustion in antibody treated rats. Muscle glycogen and plasma insulin diminished and blood lactate increased uniformly in exercised rats.", "contents": "The influence of glucagon on hepatic glycogen mobilization in exercising rats. The significance of glucagon for the alterations in carbohydrate and fat metabolism during swimming has been evaluated. Fed, male rats were used. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture for glucose analysis and either rabbit-antiglucagonserum (A-rats) or normal rabbitserum (N-rats) injected. Twenty-nine rats were then forced to swim (S-rats) with a tail weight for 60 min, while 16 rats were resting controls (C-rats). Subsequently blood was drawn and samples of liver and muscle tissue collected. In SN-rats glucagon concentrations increased from 152 +/- 18 (S.E.) pg/ml (CN-rats) to 332 +/- 61 (P less than 0.05), while liver glycogen decreased (P less than 0.001) and blood glucose increased (P less than 0.05). In SA-rats, however, the changes in liver glycogen and blood glucose were halved indicating that increased glucagon secretion enhances hepatic glycogen depletion during prolonged exercise. NEFA rose in SA-rats (P less than 0.005) as well as in SN-rats (P less than 0.05). Glycerol concentrations, however, only increased in SA-rats (P less than 0.05) indicating a shift towards lipid combustion in antibody treated rats. Muscle glycogen and plasma insulin diminished and blood lactate increased uniformly in exercised rats."}
{"id": "PMID:944911", "title": "Inhibition of sodium transport by angiotensin II in the main duct of the rabbit mandibular gland isolated and perfused in vitro.", "content": "The effect of angiotensin II on nett electrolyte transport by the main duct of the rabbit mandibular gland was investigated in vitro using a perfused duct preparation bathed in a Haemaccel -nutrient salt solution. In a bath concentration of 4 X 10(-10) M, angiotensin reduced nett absorption of Na+ and Cl- by about 8% and depolarized the transepithelial electrical potential difference (P.D.) by about 13%; the drug had no effect on ductal transport of K+ and HCO-3. In both lower (4 X 10(-11) M) and higher (4 X 10(-9) M) concentrations, angiotensin had qualitatively similar effects. After exposure to the hormone for about 30 min, Na+ transport and P.D. became unstable and gradually fell away towards zero. It is concluded that angiotensin in physiological concentrations has a specific inhibitory effect on Na+ absorption by salivary duct cells which could arise either from a change in the Na+ pump rate or from a conductance change in the apical or basal membrane of the epithelial cell.", "contents": "Inhibition of sodium transport by angiotensin II in the main duct of the rabbit mandibular gland isolated and perfused in vitro. The effect of angiotensin II on nett electrolyte transport by the main duct of the rabbit mandibular gland was investigated in vitro using a perfused duct preparation bathed in a Haemaccel -nutrient salt solution. In a bath concentration of 4 X 10(-10) M, angiotensin reduced nett absorption of Na+ and Cl- by about 8% and depolarized the transepithelial electrical potential difference (P.D.) by about 13%; the drug had no effect on ductal transport of K+ and HCO-3. In both lower (4 X 10(-11) M) and higher (4 X 10(-9) M) concentrations, angiotensin had qualitatively similar effects. After exposure to the hormone for about 30 min, Na+ transport and P.D. became unstable and gradually fell away towards zero. It is concluded that angiotensin in physiological concentrations has a specific inhibitory effect on Na+ absorption by salivary duct cells which could arise either from a change in the Na+ pump rate or from a conductance change in the apical or basal membrane of the epithelial cell."}
{"id": "PMID:944912", "title": "The development of the electroretinogram in normal and light-deprived rabbits.", "content": "1. The development of the ERG of the pigmented Dutch Belted rabbits is completed before the age of 5 weeks. 2. The a-wave amplitude attains the adult value by the age of 40 days. 3. The b-wave amplitude development is fastest before the age of 40 days but continues to increase afterwards probably due to increase of eye size. 4. Both a- and b-wave peak-latencies decrease with increasing age to the age of 40 days. 5. The b-wave seems to originate from two processes, one leading to a \"slow b-wave\" showing low threshold, long peak-latency and in adult animals no oscillatory potentials, which dominates the low stimulus intensity response. The other, a \"fast b-wave\" of higher threshold, shorter latency, and showing oscillatory potentials, dominates the high stimulus intensity response. 6. Light deprivation does not retard the early development of the ERG in rabbits.", "contents": "The development of the electroretinogram in normal and light-deprived rabbits. 1. The development of the ERG of the pigmented Dutch Belted rabbits is completed before the age of 5 weeks. 2. The a-wave amplitude attains the adult value by the age of 40 days. 3. The b-wave amplitude development is fastest before the age of 40 days but continues to increase afterwards probably due to increase of eye size. 4. Both a- and b-wave peak-latencies decrease with increasing age to the age of 40 days. 5. The b-wave seems to originate from two processes, one leading to a \"slow b-wave\" showing low threshold, long peak-latency and in adult animals no oscillatory potentials, which dominates the low stimulus intensity response. The other, a \"fast b-wave\" of higher threshold, shorter latency, and showing oscillatory potentials, dominates the high stimulus intensity response. 6. Light deprivation does not retard the early development of the ERG in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:944913", "title": "Effects of hypercalcemia on water and sodium excretion by the isolated dog kidney.", "content": "The effects of acute hypercalcemia on hemodynamics and on water and sodium excretion were studied on the blood-perfused isolated dog kidney. This model advantageously eliminates various factors which modify medullary osmolality and intrarenal hemodynamics, as well as collecting duct permeability. Calcium ion directly inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, leading to increased sodium excretion rate and to decreased free water generation. The vasoconstrictive action of calcium, leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate, may mitigate the strong natriuretic effect of this ion.", "contents": "Effects of hypercalcemia on water and sodium excretion by the isolated dog kidney. The effects of acute hypercalcemia on hemodynamics and on water and sodium excretion were studied on the blood-perfused isolated dog kidney. This model advantageously eliminates various factors which modify medullary osmolality and intrarenal hemodynamics, as well as collecting duct permeability. Calcium ion directly inhibits sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule and in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, leading to increased sodium excretion rate and to decreased free water generation. The vasoconstrictive action of calcium, leading to decreased glomerular filtration rate, may mitigate the strong natriuretic effect of this ion."}
{"id": "PMID:944916", "title": "Template specific inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases.", "content": "A study of the inhibition of mouse cellular DNA polymerases by poly-nucleotides and their vinyl analogs is presented. Poly(dT)-directed poly(dA) synthesis by representatives of all three classes of cellular DNA polymerase could be completely inhibited by poly(9-vinyladenine), although higher concentrations were required in the case of the gamma class enzyme. Studies on the mechanism of the inhibition using the alpha class DNA polymerase and different templates showed that the enzyme activity was inhibited in all cases where base-pairing between the vinyl polymer and the template occurred; poly(9-vinyladenine) did not interfere with the replication of templates to which it does not bind. The inhibition occurred shortly after addition of poly(9-vinyladenine) to ongoing reactions, yet the enzyme was not displaced from the template - primer complex.", "contents": "Template specific inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases. A study of the inhibition of mouse cellular DNA polymerases by poly-nucleotides and their vinyl analogs is presented. Poly(dT)-directed poly(dA) synthesis by representatives of all three classes of cellular DNA polymerase could be completely inhibited by poly(9-vinyladenine), although higher concentrations were required in the case of the gamma class enzyme. Studies on the mechanism of the inhibition using the alpha class DNA polymerase and different templates showed that the enzyme activity was inhibited in all cases where base-pairing between the vinyl polymer and the template occurred; poly(9-vinyladenine) did not interfere with the replication of templates to which it does not bind. The inhibition occurred shortly after addition of poly(9-vinyladenine) to ongoing reactions, yet the enzyme was not displaced from the template - primer complex."}
{"id": "PMID:944917", "title": "Dielectric study of the interaction between DNA and an oligopeptide (lysine-tyrosine-lysine).", "content": "Interaction between Na-DNA and the oligopeptide lysine-tyrosine-lysine (LTL) is studied by a dielectric method. The comparison between conductivities (at the frequence of 5MHz) of LTL alone and of the complex LTL-DNA allows us to show up an electrostatic interaction between LTL and phosphates sites of DNA. During the formation of the complex LTL-DNA, a certain fraction of Na+ counter-ions is ejected from the phosphates sites.", "contents": "Dielectric study of the interaction between DNA and an oligopeptide (lysine-tyrosine-lysine). Interaction between Na-DNA and the oligopeptide lysine-tyrosine-lysine (LTL) is studied by a dielectric method. The comparison between conductivities (at the frequence of 5MHz) of LTL alone and of the complex LTL-DNA allows us to show up an electrostatic interaction between LTL and phosphates sites of DNA. During the formation of the complex LTL-DNA, a certain fraction of Na+ counter-ions is ejected from the phosphates sites."}
{"id": "PMID:944918", "title": "On the use of ultraviolet light to study protein-DNA crosslinking.", "content": "Irradiation of Ehrlich ascites chromatin with ultraviolet light (u.v.) leads to protein-DNA crosslinking as determined by CsCl isopycnic ultra-centrifugation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At the most 4.5% of the chromatin proteins labelled with (14C)-lysine and (14C)-arginine can be crosslinked to DNA at u.v. doses between 3.6 X 10(4) to 10.8 X 10(4) ergs/mm2. We find however that the crosslinking reaction is hindered by protein breakage induced by u.v. light of wave length of less than 2950 A. Our results point out that caution must be used in the interpretation of studies on protein-nucleic acid interactions using u.v. light.", "contents": "On the use of ultraviolet light to study protein-DNA crosslinking. Irradiation of Ehrlich ascites chromatin with ultraviolet light (u.v.) leads to protein-DNA crosslinking as determined by CsCl isopycnic ultra-centrifugation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At the most 4.5% of the chromatin proteins labelled with (14C)-lysine and (14C)-arginine can be crosslinked to DNA at u.v. doses between 3.6 X 10(4) to 10.8 X 10(4) ergs/mm2. We find however that the crosslinking reaction is hindered by protein breakage induced by u.v. light of wave length of less than 2950 A. Our results point out that caution must be used in the interpretation of studies on protein-nucleic acid interactions using u.v. light."}
{"id": "PMID:944919", "title": "Isolation of single stranded DNA related to the transcriptional activity of animal cells.", "content": "Single stranded DNA (s.s.DNA) comprising 1-2% of the total nuclear DNA was isolated by an improved method of hydroxyapatite chromatography from native nuclear DNA3 of embryonic chick cells, labeled for several cell generations with 3H-thymidine. Small quantities of 3H-DNA were annealed with a large excess of unlabeled DNA or polysomal RNA from chick embryos. Hybridization kinetics (monitored by the use of SI nuclease digestion, hydroxyapatite chromatography and thermalfusion), indicated that s.s.DNA belongs to the non repetitious fraction of the cell genome. One third represents DNA sequences engaged in the transcription of messenger RNA's.", "contents": "Isolation of single stranded DNA related to the transcriptional activity of animal cells. Single stranded DNA (s.s.DNA) comprising 1-2% of the total nuclear DNA was isolated by an improved method of hydroxyapatite chromatography from native nuclear DNA3 of embryonic chick cells, labeled for several cell generations with 3H-thymidine. Small quantities of 3H-DNA were annealed with a large excess of unlabeled DNA or polysomal RNA from chick embryos. Hybridization kinetics (monitored by the use of SI nuclease digestion, hydroxyapatite chromatography and thermalfusion), indicated that s.s.DNA belongs to the non repetitious fraction of the cell genome. One third represents DNA sequences engaged in the transcription of messenger RNA's."}
{"id": "PMID:944932", "title": "Persistence of relapse of morphine-seeking behavior in rats: the relative role of certain biological variables.", "content": "The theory that narcotic-induced protracted biological changes are responsible for relapse of opiate-reinforced behavior was examined in the rat. Groups of rats were conditioned to prefer a distinctive environment by pairing it with morphine doses from 1-200 mg/kg, and were retested for persistence of this preference after a 3-week abstinence period. They were then observed for protracted signs such as sensitivity to naloxone, tolerance to morphine analgesia, hyperaggression, or changes in endocrine activity. Acquisition and relapse of the preference, as well as long-term tolerance, were dose related. None of the purported protracted signs showed any consistent relationship to the tendency to relapse. However, relapse correlated significantly with original acquisition scores in all relapsing groups. The results suggest that original conditioning factors, rather than protracted changes, are responsible for the observed relapse.", "contents": "Persistence of relapse of morphine-seeking behavior in rats: the relative role of certain biological variables. The theory that narcotic-induced protracted biological changes are responsible for relapse of opiate-reinforced behavior was examined in the rat. Groups of rats were conditioned to prefer a distinctive environment by pairing it with morphine doses from 1-200 mg/kg, and were retested for persistence of this preference after a 3-week abstinence period. They were then observed for protracted signs such as sensitivity to naloxone, tolerance to morphine analgesia, hyperaggression, or changes in endocrine activity. Acquisition and relapse of the preference, as well as long-term tolerance, were dose related. None of the purported protracted signs showed any consistent relationship to the tendency to relapse. However, relapse correlated significantly with original acquisition scores in all relapsing groups. The results suggest that original conditioning factors, rather than protracted changes, are responsible for the observed relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:944933", "title": "A dose-response comparison between methadone and morphine self-administration.", "content": "Rats were allowed to self-administer a solution of 0.9% saline, or 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg/infusion of methadone hydrochloride or 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg/infusion of morphine sulfate. The results showed that number of infusions taken was an inverse function of unit dose, while amount of drug self-administered (mg/kg) was a direct function of unit dose. The data also indicated that more morphine than methadone was self-administered.", "contents": "A dose-response comparison between methadone and morphine self-administration. Rats were allowed to self-administer a solution of 0.9% saline, or 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg/infusion of methadone hydrochloride or 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg/infusion of morphine sulfate. The results showed that number of infusions taken was an inverse function of unit dose, while amount of drug self-administered (mg/kg) was a direct function of unit dose. The data also indicated that more morphine than methadone was self-administered."}
{"id": "PMID:944934", "title": "Resemblances of twins and their parents in pattern A behavior.", "content": "A twin study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of Pattern A behavior. Thirty-five sets of college-aged MZ twins and 21 sets of DZ twins completed the lenkins Activity Survey for Health Prediction. This self-administering questionnaire yields scales measuring Pattern A behavior and its related traits of Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-driving Competitiveness. Results showed a modest genetic component for the Hard-driving Competitive aspect of Pattern A. Data were also presented regarding resemblances between the twins and their parents on Pattern A.", "contents": "Resemblances of twins and their parents in pattern A behavior. A twin study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of Pattern A behavior. Thirty-five sets of college-aged MZ twins and 21 sets of DZ twins completed the lenkins Activity Survey for Health Prediction. This self-administering questionnaire yields scales measuring Pattern A behavior and its related traits of Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-driving Competitiveness. Results showed a modest genetic component for the Hard-driving Competitive aspect of Pattern A. Data were also presented regarding resemblances between the twins and their parents on Pattern A."}
{"id": "PMID:944949", "title": "Intraurethral pressure recording. A comparison betwen tip-transducer catheters and open-end catheters with constant flow.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a comparative study of intraurethral pressure recording with two different catheter systems: (1) Open-end water-filled catheters with constant flow connected to conventional pressure transducers, and (2) Micro-transducers mounted in the tip of a dacron catheter. When open-end catheters were used, the best reproducibility of the urethra pressure profile was obtained, if the catheter dimensions 6-8 F were used and if the flow in the catheters was kept to approximately 1-2 ml/min. In addition, the withdrawal rate of the open-end catheters should not exceed 3-4 mm/sec. The best reproducibility of the intraurethral pressure was obtained with the micro-transducer. It was free from measuring artefacts and seemed from this investigation superior to the open-end catheter systems, both for clinical practice and for research.", "contents": "Intraurethral pressure recording. A comparison betwen tip-transducer catheters and open-end catheters with constant flow. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of intraurethral pressure recording with two different catheter systems: (1) Open-end water-filled catheters with constant flow connected to conventional pressure transducers, and (2) Micro-transducers mounted in the tip of a dacron catheter. When open-end catheters were used, the best reproducibility of the urethra pressure profile was obtained, if the catheter dimensions 6-8 F were used and if the flow in the catheters was kept to approximately 1-2 ml/min. In addition, the withdrawal rate of the open-end catheters should not exceed 3-4 mm/sec. The best reproducibility of the intraurethral pressure was obtained with the micro-transducer. It was free from measuring artefacts and seemed from this investigation superior to the open-end catheter systems, both for clinical practice and for research."}
{"id": "PMID:944950", "title": "Simultaneous urethro-cystometry with a new technique.", "content": "A new technique for studying simultaneous intravesical-intraurethral pressure is described. The basic principle of our technique is pressure recordings with the aid of micro-transducers. These micro-transducers have excellent frequency response, are easy to calibrate and to sterilize and are free from artefacts induced by motion. They permit a more accurate study of the pressures within the bladder and the urethra than catheter-transducer systems described earlier. Using electronical subtraction the closure pressure can easily be measured under static and dynamic conditions. Typical pressure diagrammes obtained with this catheter system are presented.", "contents": "Simultaneous urethro-cystometry with a new technique. A new technique for studying simultaneous intravesical-intraurethral pressure is described. The basic principle of our technique is pressure recordings with the aid of micro-transducers. These micro-transducers have excellent frequency response, are easy to calibrate and to sterilize and are free from artefacts induced by motion. They permit a more accurate study of the pressures within the bladder and the urethra than catheter-transducer systems described earlier. Using electronical subtraction the closure pressure can easily be measured under static and dynamic conditions. Typical pressure diagrammes obtained with this catheter system are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:944951", "title": "Alpha-methylphenylalanine, a new inducer of chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in sucling rats.", "content": "alpha-Methylphenylalanine reduces the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of rat liver by 75 percent. Daily injections of this substance (plus phenylalanine) into rats from the 3rd to 15th day of age had no obvious toxic effects, and maintained a plasma concentration of phenylalanine comparable to that of phenylketonuric subjects.", "contents": "Alpha-methylphenylalanine, a new inducer of chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in sucling rats. alpha-Methylphenylalanine reduces the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of rat liver by 75 percent. Daily injections of this substance (plus phenylalanine) into rats from the 3rd to 15th day of age had no obvious toxic effects, and maintained a plasma concentration of phenylalanine comparable to that of phenylketonuric subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:944952", "title": "Fertilization of sea urchins needs magnesium ions in seawater.", "content": "When sea urchin eggs were inseminated in seawater free of magnesium, the fertilization rate was very low. Spermatozoa that had been treated with egg jelly to induce the acrosome reaction also failed to fertilize eggs in seawater free of magnesium. These results indicate that magnesium is indispensable for some process or processes at fertilization, such as membrane, fusion or sperm penetration.", "contents": "Fertilization of sea urchins needs magnesium ions in seawater. When sea urchin eggs were inseminated in seawater free of magnesium, the fertilization rate was very low. Spermatozoa that had been treated with egg jelly to induce the acrosome reaction also failed to fertilize eggs in seawater free of magnesium. These results indicate that magnesium is indispensable for some process or processes at fertilization, such as membrane, fusion or sperm penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:944958", "title": "The measurement of 18-hyroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in human plasma by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of plasma levels of 18-hydroxy-11 -deoxycorticosterone (18 -OH-DOC) has been developed. The antiserum against 18-OH-DOC was produced in rabbits immunized against 18-OH-DOC-3-oxime-bovine serum albumin. Plasma (1-2 ml) was extracted with dichloromethane and chromatographed on paper. The purified extracts were incubated with antiserum at a 1/22,000 dilution for 1/2 hour at 37 degrees C and for 2 hours at 4 degrees C. Saturated ammonium sulfate was used to separate free from bound 18-OH-DOC. 1,2-3H-18-OH-DOC was added to all samples to correct for losses and to determine the percent free. Pyridine (0.1%) was added to solvents to maintain the stability of 18-OH-DOC. Recovery after extraction was 58 +- 8 (S.D)%. The accuracy and precision of the method were acceptable, and a sensitivity of 2 pg per sample enabled the measurement of very low levels of 18-OH-DOC. High specificity was demonstrated by a low blank value (0 +- 0.2 pg) and by demonstrating that alternative paper chromatography separation systems gave results not differing significantly from those obtained by the present method. The mean 8AM plasma 18-OH-DOC level was 8.5 +- 1.2 ng per 100 ml in18 normotensive control subjects. There was a marked response of plasma 18-OH-DOC to ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression and a significant increase after 3 hours upright posture.", "contents": "The measurement of 18-hyroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone in human plasma by radioimmunoassay. A radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of plasma levels of 18-hydroxy-11 -deoxycorticosterone (18 -OH-DOC) has been developed. The antiserum against 18-OH-DOC was produced in rabbits immunized against 18-OH-DOC-3-oxime-bovine serum albumin. Plasma (1-2 ml) was extracted with dichloromethane and chromatographed on paper. The purified extracts were incubated with antiserum at a 1/22,000 dilution for 1/2 hour at 37 degrees C and for 2 hours at 4 degrees C. Saturated ammonium sulfate was used to separate free from bound 18-OH-DOC. 1,2-3H-18-OH-DOC was added to all samples to correct for losses and to determine the percent free. Pyridine (0.1%) was added to solvents to maintain the stability of 18-OH-DOC. Recovery after extraction was 58 +- 8 (S.D)%. The accuracy and precision of the method were acceptable, and a sensitivity of 2 pg per sample enabled the measurement of very low levels of 18-OH-DOC. High specificity was demonstrated by a low blank value (0 +- 0.2 pg) and by demonstrating that alternative paper chromatography separation systems gave results not differing significantly from those obtained by the present method. The mean 8AM plasma 18-OH-DOC level was 8.5 +- 1.2 ng per 100 ml in18 normotensive control subjects. There was a marked response of plasma 18-OH-DOC to ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression and a significant increase after 3 hours upright posture."}
{"id": "PMID:944960", "title": "Symptoms and signs in benign and malignant tumours of the breast.", "content": "The diagnostic distribution and the relation between diagnosis and symptoms, symptom duration, tumour site, tumour size and breast size were studied in 1 244 women with breast symptoms examined at a special breast tumour clinic. 9% of the women had cancer, 62% fibroadenosis and 6% fibroadenoma. In 18% no breast disease was found. A painful tumour was experienced by 19% of all women with breast cancer, but by 54% of breast cancer patients below 50 years of age. 50% of the patients with fibroadenosis had a painful tumour. This symptom was thus not a discriminating feature between cancer and fibroadenosis in younger women. The reason that most breast tumours, both benign and malignant, are located in the upper outer quadrant is not known. It has been proposed that this might be due to the larger volume of this quadrant as compared with the others. The present results contradict this view.", "contents": "Symptoms and signs in benign and malignant tumours of the breast. The diagnostic distribution and the relation between diagnosis and symptoms, symptom duration, tumour site, tumour size and breast size were studied in 1 244 women with breast symptoms examined at a special breast tumour clinic. 9% of the women had cancer, 62% fibroadenosis and 6% fibroadenoma. In 18% no breast disease was found. A painful tumour was experienced by 19% of all women with breast cancer, but by 54% of breast cancer patients below 50 years of age. 50% of the patients with fibroadenosis had a painful tumour. This symptom was thus not a discriminating feature between cancer and fibroadenosis in younger women. The reason that most breast tumours, both benign and malignant, are located in the upper outer quadrant is not known. It has been proposed that this might be due to the larger volume of this quadrant as compared with the others. The present results contradict this view."}
{"id": "PMID:944961", "title": "Successful management of female stress urinary incontinence.", "content": "The basic defect in most cases of stress incontinence is an abnormally short urethra when the patient assumes the erect position. The treatment is an operative procedure which prevents shortening of the urethra when the patient stands. Results in 74 patients selected for this operative procedure are presented and the procedure is described.", "contents": "Successful management of female stress urinary incontinence. The basic defect in most cases of stress incontinence is an abnormally short urethra when the patient assumes the erect position. The treatment is an operative procedure which prevents shortening of the urethra when the patient stands. Results in 74 patients selected for this operative procedure are presented and the procedure is described."}
{"id": "PMID:944969", "title": "[Comprehensive arteriophlebographic study in the diagnosis of tumors of the female genitalia].", "content": "Complex arterio-phlebographic study was performed in 65 patients. The results obtained made it possible to determine diagnostic opportunities of pelvic arteriography and intrauterine phlebography employed in the same patients. It was found that the complex investigation is a valuable adjunct in establishing the differential diagnosis between tumors of the uterus and adnexa; it aids to determine exactly the localization of fibromatous nodes and their relationship with the uterine vessels in planning an operative intervention, and to elucidate the character of tumor process in the adnexa.", "contents": "[Comprehensive arteriophlebographic study in the diagnosis of tumors of the female genitalia]. Complex arterio-phlebographic study was performed in 65 patients. The results obtained made it possible to determine diagnostic opportunities of pelvic arteriography and intrauterine phlebography employed in the same patients. It was found that the complex investigation is a valuable adjunct in establishing the differential diagnosis between tumors of the uterus and adnexa; it aids to determine exactly the localization of fibromatous nodes and their relationship with the uterine vessels in planning an operative intervention, and to elucidate the character of tumor process in the adnexa."}
{"id": "PMID:944978", "title": "Sex-differences in the agonistic behavior of spiny-mice (Acomys cahirinus).", "content": "Observations of 8 groups each containing three adult spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) revealed that instances of chasing and physical displacement were quite common, while fighting and biting were rarely observed. The relationships between the most frequent behavioral categories were presented in a correlation matrix. In a second study, females tested in their home cages were dominant over males. In the males' home cages, however, no differences in the frequency of female vs. male aggression were observed. More instances of aggression were observed in the cages of the females than in the cages of the males.", "contents": "Sex-differences in the agonistic behavior of spiny-mice (Acomys cahirinus). Observations of 8 groups each containing three adult spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) revealed that instances of chasing and physical displacement were quite common, while fighting and biting were rarely observed. The relationships between the most frequent behavioral categories were presented in a correlation matrix. In a second study, females tested in their home cages were dominant over males. In the males' home cages, however, no differences in the frequency of female vs. male aggression were observed. More instances of aggression were observed in the cages of the females than in the cages of the males."}
{"id": "PMID:944979", "title": "Affiliation between the sexes in common grackles i. specificity and seasonal progression.", "content": "Heterosexual affiliation involves behavioral mechanisms that limit bond membership and regulate partners interactions. Among Common Grackles, Quiscalus quiscula, two characteristic activities of partners, following and vocal answering, develop during group activities and promote the individual specificity of pair bonds. Pairs differ substantially in the durations and seasonal timing of the early stages of nesting activities and in the male's fidelity to his mate through incubation. After the relatively abrupt start of intensive nest-building, the seasonal course of a pair's behavior becomes more regular, an indication that this transition in the female's state is critical in pacing the pair's breeding activities. Aggression serves primarily to adjust the spatial relationships of individuals, both between partners and between unpaired birds. males that deserted their mates during incubation had earlier performed precopulatory displays to other males.", "contents": "Affiliation between the sexes in common grackles i. specificity and seasonal progression. Heterosexual affiliation involves behavioral mechanisms that limit bond membership and regulate partners interactions. Among Common Grackles, Quiscalus quiscula, two characteristic activities of partners, following and vocal answering, develop during group activities and promote the individual specificity of pair bonds. Pairs differ substantially in the durations and seasonal timing of the early stages of nesting activities and in the male's fidelity to his mate through incubation. After the relatively abrupt start of intensive nest-building, the seasonal course of a pair's behavior becomes more regular, an indication that this transition in the female's state is critical in pacing the pair's breeding activities. Aggression serves primarily to adjust the spatial relationships of individuals, both between partners and between unpaired birds. males that deserted their mates during incubation had earlier performed precopulatory displays to other males."}
{"id": "PMID:944980", "title": "[Observations on the biology and ethology of Pipa (Hemipipa) carvalhoi Mir. RiB. 1937 (Anura, Pipidae)].", "content": "Feeding, mating behaviour, communication, breeding biology, and development of Pipa carvalhoi are described. Like in other species of the genus Pipa, the eggs are laid onto the female's back during several turnovers, and this behaviour can be observed even in the absence of males. Acoustic communication involves a mating call and a combat call. The biology and behaviour of Pipa carvalhoi are compared to that of other pipid frogs, and it is suggested that the specialized breeding biology of the genus Pipa evolved as an adaptation to the life in small ponds and ditches which are rich in nutrients but poor in oxygen.", "contents": "[Observations on the biology and ethology of Pipa (Hemipipa) carvalhoi Mir. RiB. 1937 (Anura, Pipidae)]. Feeding, mating behaviour, communication, breeding biology, and development of Pipa carvalhoi are described. Like in other species of the genus Pipa, the eggs are laid onto the female's back during several turnovers, and this behaviour can be observed even in the absence of males. Acoustic communication involves a mating call and a combat call. The biology and behaviour of Pipa carvalhoi are compared to that of other pipid frogs, and it is suggested that the specialized breeding biology of the genus Pipa evolved as an adaptation to the life in small ponds and ditches which are rich in nutrients but poor in oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:944975", "title": "[Experimental neuroses during integration of unilateral conditioned reflex systems].", "content": "Relationships of symmetrical systems of reflexes organized by rhythmic and random presentation of unilateral stimuli were traced in dogs on the Abuladze model of unilateral conditioned reflexes. Rhythmic (counter-phasic) oscillations of the excitability level on two sides have appeared in the process of integration of different systems. Their integration at short intervals (4 min) leads to an experimental neurosis. If, however, the intervals between the systems amount to 24 hours, no disturbances are observed in higher nervous activity. The data obtained are considered in the light of the concept of experimental informational neuroses.", "contents": "[Experimental neuroses during integration of unilateral conditioned reflex systems]. Relationships of symmetrical systems of reflexes organized by rhythmic and random presentation of unilateral stimuli were traced in dogs on the Abuladze model of unilateral conditioned reflexes. Rhythmic (counter-phasic) oscillations of the excitability level on two sides have appeared in the process of integration of different systems. Their integration at short intervals (4 min) leads to an experimental neurosis. If, however, the intervals between the systems amount to 24 hours, no disturbances are observed in higher nervous activity. The data obtained are considered in the light of the concept of experimental informational neuroses."}
{"id": "PMID:944981", "title": "[On morphology of cerebral lesions in perinatal hypoxia (author's transl)].", "content": "From the autopsies of one year 47 brains (10 stillborns, 28 prematures and 9 newborns) were systematically examined for hypoxemic cerebral lesions. In contrast to literature findings in 75% of the cases not only veins but also arteries showed congestions and a cerebral edema due to disturbances of circulation and permeability, predominantly caused by hypoxia. Nearly half of the cases had primary leptomeningeal hemorrhages and hemorrhages in the germinal matrix tissue; stillborns had no hemorrhages in the germinal matrix. Encephalodystrophic foci were found in 17% of the cases examined. 41 of 47 brains showed single nerve cell damage with cytolysis and 8 ones a focal nerve cell decay, especially localized in the brain-stem. They were observed equally frequent in stillborne, newborns and prematures. The polyetiologic cerebral lesions point out that birth trauma does not play the dominating role in the etiology as hitherto supposed. Hypoxia gets an increasing importance. Frequently birth traumatic and hypoxemic cerebral lesions are associated.", "contents": "[On morphology of cerebral lesions in perinatal hypoxia (author's transl)]. From the autopsies of one year 47 brains (10 stillborns, 28 prematures and 9 newborns) were systematically examined for hypoxemic cerebral lesions. In contrast to literature findings in 75% of the cases not only veins but also arteries showed congestions and a cerebral edema due to disturbances of circulation and permeability, predominantly caused by hypoxia. Nearly half of the cases had primary leptomeningeal hemorrhages and hemorrhages in the germinal matrix tissue; stillborns had no hemorrhages in the germinal matrix. Encephalodystrophic foci were found in 17% of the cases examined. 41 of 47 brains showed single nerve cell damage with cytolysis and 8 ones a focal nerve cell decay, especially localized in the brain-stem. They were observed equally frequent in stillborne, newborns and prematures. The polyetiologic cerebral lesions point out that birth trauma does not play the dominating role in the etiology as hitherto supposed. Hypoxia gets an increasing importance. Frequently birth traumatic and hypoxemic cerebral lesions are associated."}
{"id": "PMID:944976", "title": "[Experimental studies of the \"anticipation stress\" syndrome].", "content": "Bioelectrical activity of the limbic structures (amygdala, dorsal and ventral hippocampus), the cortex and etologic responses during the formation of emotional stress of negative modality, were studied on Wistar rats under conditions of continuous many-hour neurotization. The presentation of stimuli according to a strict temporal shceme produced profound changes in the activity of the investigated cerebral structures and of the motor sphere. The established sequence in the involvement of the limbico-neocortical complex in the process of emotional stress with parallel use of the conditioned reflex to time, points to the participation of the hippocampus in the prediction of events (hippocampus leads to amygdala leads to cortex). Stages of biological reactions have been revealed, corresponding to the stages of Selye's adaptation syndrome. Stages of anxiety, adaptation and exhaustion proceeded with features characteristic of each group of animals (\"inhibitory type\", \"steady type\", \"excitatory type\", \"overexcitatory type\") and peculiar bioelectrical and etological responses.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the \"anticipation stress\" syndrome]. Bioelectrical activity of the limbic structures (amygdala, dorsal and ventral hippocampus), the cortex and etologic responses during the formation of emotional stress of negative modality, were studied on Wistar rats under conditions of continuous many-hour neurotization. The presentation of stimuli according to a strict temporal shceme produced profound changes in the activity of the investigated cerebral structures and of the motor sphere. The established sequence in the involvement of the limbico-neocortical complex in the process of emotional stress with parallel use of the conditioned reflex to time, points to the participation of the hippocampus in the prediction of events (hippocampus leads to amygdala leads to cortex). Stages of biological reactions have been revealed, corresponding to the stages of Selye's adaptation syndrome. Stages of anxiety, adaptation and exhaustion proceeded with features characteristic of each group of animals (\"inhibitory type\", \"steady type\", \"excitatory type\", \"overexcitatory type\") and peculiar bioelectrical and etological responses."}
{"id": "PMID:944982", "title": "[The histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease according to Meier-Ruge (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease by histochemical techniques as proposed by Meier-Ruge, especially the detection of increased acetylcholine-esterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsy, provides an essential diagnostic improvement. This was confirmed by own experiences in 92 cases. The complicationless mucosal biopsy helps to avoid the more dangerous deep transmural biopsies. Furthermore, the intraoperative diagnosis of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment to be resected.", "contents": "[The histochemical diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease according to Meier-Ruge (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease by histochemical techniques as proposed by Meier-Ruge, especially the detection of increased acetylcholine-esterase activity in rectal mucosal biopsy, provides an essential diagnostic improvement. This was confirmed by own experiences in 92 cases. The complicationless mucosal biopsy helps to avoid the more dangerous deep transmural biopsies. Furthermore, the intraoperative diagnosis of the aganglionary or hypoganglionary segment can be improved by histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenases in the intramural parasympathetic plexus. By these means it becomes easy to localize the correct position of the enterostoma as well as to determine the length of the segment to be resected."}
{"id": "PMID:944988", "title": "Observations in children with congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "In 111 children who were diagnosed and treated for CDH, certain variables concerning their vital statistics, the laxity of their joints and circumstances at birth were recorded. It was observed that breech presentation, birth rank one and female preponderance are common traits in children with CHD, who also become taller and heavier than control children. Anomalies found at birth or later were more common among these children, in particular inguinal hernia. Also, joint laxity was more common in these children. An increased incidence of CDH was found among siblings.", "contents": "Observations in children with congenital dislocation of the hip. In 111 children who were diagnosed and treated for CDH, certain variables concerning their vital statistics, the laxity of their joints and circumstances at birth were recorded. It was observed that breech presentation, birth rank one and female preponderance are common traits in children with CHD, who also become taller and heavier than control children. Anomalies found at birth or later were more common among these children, in particular inguinal hernia. Also, joint laxity was more common in these children. An increased incidence of CDH was found among siblings."}
{"id": "PMID:944990", "title": "The aetiology of obesity in children. A study of 101 twin pairs.", "content": "The aetiology of obesity in children is studied here with the aid of a material consisting of 40 monozygotic and 61 dizygotic twins. The importance of heredity, early nutrition, and environment during preschool age is analysed. Genetic factors, studied by comparison of intra-pair differences in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, apparently play a decisive role in the origin of obesity. Analysis of the relation between birth weight and later development of subcutaneous fat in different types of twins does not show that intra-uterine nutrition is of aetiological importance. The comparison at age seven of groups of ordinary siblings and twins of different types does not support the idea that the pre-school environment is of importance in aetiology. Such influence seems to act mainly as a modifying factor.", "contents": "The aetiology of obesity in children. A study of 101 twin pairs. The aetiology of obesity in children is studied here with the aid of a material consisting of 40 monozygotic and 61 dizygotic twins. The importance of heredity, early nutrition, and environment during preschool age is analysed. Genetic factors, studied by comparison of intra-pair differences in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, apparently play a decisive role in the origin of obesity. Analysis of the relation between birth weight and later development of subcutaneous fat in different types of twins does not show that intra-uterine nutrition is of aetiological importance. The comparison at age seven of groups of ordinary siblings and twins of different types does not support the idea that the pre-school environment is of importance in aetiology. Such influence seems to act mainly as a modifying factor."}
{"id": "PMID:944991", "title": "An autopsy case of H.C.G. secreting intracranial teratoma.", "content": "An autopsy case of intracranial malignant teratoma, in an 8 years old female, is presented in this report. Clinically, pregnancy test was positive and human chorionic gonadotropins of high titer were found in the urine but precocious puberty was not seen. The tumor was composed of differentiated teratomatous components and embryonal carcinoma with small foci of chorio-carcinoma. Embryonal carcinoma seemed to undergo trophoblastic differentiation. These histological findings have been discussed from the viewpoint of its histogenesis and differentiation.", "contents": "An autopsy case of H.C.G. secreting intracranial teratoma. An autopsy case of intracranial malignant teratoma, in an 8 years old female, is presented in this report. Clinically, pregnancy test was positive and human chorionic gonadotropins of high titer were found in the urine but precocious puberty was not seen. The tumor was composed of differentiated teratomatous components and embryonal carcinoma with small foci of chorio-carcinoma. Embryonal carcinoma seemed to undergo trophoblastic differentiation. These histological findings have been discussed from the viewpoint of its histogenesis and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:944989", "title": "The role of thyroxine in the differentiation of the organ of Corti.", "content": "The developmental basis of the association of congenital deafness with hypothyroidism observed in several human syndromes was earlier investigated by experiments on mice. The offspring of females with chemically induced hypothyroidism were found to have malformations of the organ of Corti, showing that thyroxine played a role in the differentiation of this organ. The present study was undertaken to identify the site of action of the hormone in the developing organ. It appears to be the epithelium of the inner spiral sulcus.", "contents": "The role of thyroxine in the differentiation of the organ of Corti. The developmental basis of the association of congenital deafness with hypothyroidism observed in several human syndromes was earlier investigated by experiments on mice. The offspring of females with chemically induced hypothyroidism were found to have malformations of the organ of Corti, showing that thyroxine played a role in the differentiation of this organ. The present study was undertaken to identify the site of action of the hormone in the developing organ. It appears to be the epithelium of the inner spiral sulcus."}
{"id": "PMID:944993", "title": "Gaze aversion in autistic and normal children.", "content": "Autistic children rarely engage in eye contact, and whilst observation suggests this is due to a specific avoidance of eye contact, some experimental studies have challenged this. In this study the effects on autistic and normal children of an adult looking at them with both eyes, with one eye covered, or apparently not looking at them (both eyes covered) were investigated. As expected, autistic children looked more at the adult with his eyes covered, and also engaged in less flight behaviour. They looked less when two eyes were exposed than one, confirming the potency of the two-eye pattern in provoking gaze aversion. Normal children engaged in much more eye contact than the autistic children, with fewer flight behaviours and stereotypies, supporting the hypothesis that autistic children are predominatly flight motivated. Other, sometimes conflicting, results of previous studies are discussed. Teachers and nurses are recommened not to make efforts to engage autistic children even in friendly eye contact as this provokes more flight behaviour.", "contents": "Gaze aversion in autistic and normal children. Autistic children rarely engage in eye contact, and whilst observation suggests this is due to a specific avoidance of eye contact, some experimental studies have challenged this. In this study the effects on autistic and normal children of an adult looking at them with both eyes, with one eye covered, or apparently not looking at them (both eyes covered) were investigated. As expected, autistic children looked more at the adult with his eyes covered, and also engaged in less flight behaviour. They looked less when two eyes were exposed than one, confirming the potency of the two-eye pattern in provoking gaze aversion. Normal children engaged in much more eye contact than the autistic children, with fewer flight behaviours and stereotypies, supporting the hypothesis that autistic children are predominatly flight motivated. Other, sometimes conflicting, results of previous studies are discussed. Teachers and nurses are recommened not to make efforts to engage autistic children even in friendly eye contact as this provokes more flight behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:944995", "title": "Is there a ten-year valve?", "content": "Since the start of the era of exclusive use of valve replacement in 1960, the only valve that has received continuous use [since 1962] has been the aortic homograft. Results with this valve indicate about a 60- to 70-percent 10-year survival rate. The next most continuously used designs have been the Smeloff-Cutter and the 1200-1260 series Starr-Edwards ball valves. Both of these valves have survival rates after 8 years of about 70%, and are, therefore, comparable to the homografts. More recently started series of homografts valves, tissue valves and prosthetic valves of various types appear to confer a better chance of 10-year survival than older valves in older series. Not all the improvements in survival rates can be ascribed to changes in valve design. Better selection of patients, improved intraoperative myocardial protection and better postoperative care all contribute to what appears to be progressive improvement in surgical results.", "contents": "Is there a ten-year valve? Since the start of the era of exclusive use of valve replacement in 1960, the only valve that has received continuous use [since 1962] has been the aortic homograft. Results with this valve indicate about a 60- to 70-percent 10-year survival rate. The next most continuously used designs have been the Smeloff-Cutter and the 1200-1260 series Starr-Edwards ball valves. Both of these valves have survival rates after 8 years of about 70%, and are, therefore, comparable to the homografts. More recently started series of homografts valves, tissue valves and prosthetic valves of various types appear to confer a better chance of 10-year survival than older valves in older series. Not all the improvements in survival rates can be ascribed to changes in valve design. Better selection of patients, improved intraoperative myocardial protection and better postoperative care all contribute to what appears to be progressive improvement in surgical results."}
{"id": "PMID:944999", "title": "Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy.", "content": "To identify components of smoking-related increased perinatal mortality, detailed analyses of data from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study (50,000 births, 1,300 deaths, 1960-1961) measured the relationship of maternal smoking to birth weight, gestation, placental complications, and perinatal mortality. Cross-tabulations with other factors and multiple adjustment showed increases with amount smoked of birth weights less than 2500 gm, gestations less than 38 weeks, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, and perinatal mortality. These significant, smoking-related increases were independent of mother's height, weight, hospital status, age-parity group, birthplace, previous pregnancy history, weight gain, time of registration, and sex of child. Maternal smoking had the strongest effect on birthweight in the 8 factor regression, and birth less than 2500 gm increased directly with smoking level from 20% to 340% in 37 data subgroups. Births less than 38 weeks increased 20% and 50% and perinatal mortality increased 20% and 35% for less than 1 pack and 1 + pack smokers, respectively, adjusted for 7 other factors. Placental complications increased consistently with smoking level in all of 37 subgroups except for primiparous less than 1 pack smokers. Adjusted rates increased 25% and 92% for placenta previa, 23% and 86% for abruptions among smokers of less than 1 pack and 1 + packs, respectively. These complications carry high perinatal mortality risk, and account for one-third to one-half of the perinatal deaths attributable to maternal smoking.", "contents": "Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. To identify components of smoking-related increased perinatal mortality, detailed analyses of data from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study (50,000 births, 1,300 deaths, 1960-1961) measured the relationship of maternal smoking to birth weight, gestation, placental complications, and perinatal mortality. Cross-tabulations with other factors and multiple adjustment showed increases with amount smoked of birth weights less than 2500 gm, gestations less than 38 weeks, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, and perinatal mortality. These significant, smoking-related increases were independent of mother's height, weight, hospital status, age-parity group, birthplace, previous pregnancy history, weight gain, time of registration, and sex of child. Maternal smoking had the strongest effect on birthweight in the 8 factor regression, and birth less than 2500 gm increased directly with smoking level from 20% to 340% in 37 data subgroups. Births less than 38 weeks increased 20% and 50% and perinatal mortality increased 20% and 35% for less than 1 pack and 1 + pack smokers, respectively, adjusted for 7 other factors. Placental complications increased consistently with smoking level in all of 37 subgroups except for primiparous less than 1 pack smokers. Adjusted rates increased 25% and 92% for placenta previa, 23% and 86% for abruptions among smokers of less than 1 pack and 1 + packs, respectively. These complications carry high perinatal mortality risk, and account for one-third to one-half of the perinatal deaths attributable to maternal smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:945000", "title": "The behavior of hypersexual delinquent girls.", "content": "The author presents case reports of seven girls with histories of hypersexual behavior associated with delinquency, aggressive behavior, and hypomania. Six of the girls had been exposed to virilizing hormones in utero or in childhood. Most of the girls in the sample were hirsute, tended toward mesomorphic build, and had been young at menarche. The author postulates that exposure to virilizing hormones can result in the kind of hypersexuality and delinquent behavior observed in his sample; he points out the need for adequate medical attention to this type of patient.", "contents": "The behavior of hypersexual delinquent girls. The author presents case reports of seven girls with histories of hypersexual behavior associated with delinquency, aggressive behavior, and hypomania. Six of the girls had been exposed to virilizing hormones in utero or in childhood. Most of the girls in the sample were hirsute, tended toward mesomorphic build, and had been young at menarche. The author postulates that exposure to virilizing hormones can result in the kind of hypersexuality and delinquent behavior observed in his sample; he points out the need for adequate medical attention to this type of patient."}
{"id": "PMID:945007", "title": "The origin, migration and morphology of the primordial germ cells in the chick embryo.", "content": "Chick primordial germ cells (PGCs) which separated from the \"germinal crescent\" entoderm in the period from stages 4 to 8 circulated mostly through the developing blood vessels from stage 10 onward and finally migrated into the gonad. The PGCs making their appearance up to this stage were generally spherical in profile, about 14 mum in diameter. Some of the PGCs in contrast, did not enter the blood vessels but remained in the tissue (mesenchyme) of the embryo proper (tissue PGCs) and possessed pseudopodial processes, suggesting their migration by means of amoeboid movements. The circulating PGCs emerged from blood vessels in the vicinity of developing gonads by three days (gonadal PGCs). The principal mechanism responsible for the subsequent migration of gonadal PGCs is assumed to be amoeboid movements as in the case of tissue PGCs. Notable amounts of PAS-positive glycogen were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of PGCs in all stages obsreved. They also contained yolk and lipids intracytoplasmically, the former dissipating in relatively early stages of development. Electron microscopic observation revealed the electron-opaque, \"fragmented nucleolus\" in the large nucleus (8 mum in diameter), which represented another prominent feature of chick PGCs. PGCs contained a well-developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The origin, migration and morphology of the primordial germ cells in the chick embryo. Chick primordial germ cells (PGCs) which separated from the \"germinal crescent\" entoderm in the period from stages 4 to 8 circulated mostly through the developing blood vessels from stage 10 onward and finally migrated into the gonad. The PGCs making their appearance up to this stage were generally spherical in profile, about 14 mum in diameter. Some of the PGCs in contrast, did not enter the blood vessels but remained in the tissue (mesenchyme) of the embryo proper (tissue PGCs) and possessed pseudopodial processes, suggesting their migration by means of amoeboid movements. The circulating PGCs emerged from blood vessels in the vicinity of developing gonads by three days (gonadal PGCs). The principal mechanism responsible for the subsequent migration of gonadal PGCs is assumed to be amoeboid movements as in the case of tissue PGCs. Notable amounts of PAS-positive glycogen were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of PGCs in all stages obsreved. They also contained yolk and lipids intracytoplasmically, the former dissipating in relatively early stages of development. Electron microscopic observation revealed the electron-opaque, \"fragmented nucleolus\" in the large nucleus (8 mum in diameter), which represented another prominent feature of chick PGCs. PGCs contained a well-developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:945008", "title": "Outpatient evaluation: a new role for the anesthesiologist.", "content": "Anesthesiology, although still a relatively young specialty, is expanding beyond the operating room. The author reports material savings in many areas through presurgical interviews in the outpatient department by anesthesiologists.", "contents": "Outpatient evaluation: a new role for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology, although still a relatively young specialty, is expanding beyond the operating room. The author reports material savings in many areas through presurgical interviews in the outpatient department by anesthesiologists."}
{"id": "PMID:945009", "title": "Factors affecting A-aDo2 after open-heart surgery.", "content": "Intrapulmonary shunt, cardiac output, and O2 consumption as factors contributing to alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (A-aDo2) were tested in 11 patients after open-heart surgery. A-aDo2 was well correlated with intrapulmonary shunt, as expected, but no correlation was found between cardiac index (CI) and intrapulmonary shunt. When total shunt (venous admixture) was above 11%, there was an inverse correlation between A-aDo2 and CI, and it was observed that CI falling below 2.5 L/min/sq m contributed significantly to the enlargement of A-aDo2. Low Pao2 (less than 65 torr, breathing air) was characterized by larger arterial-mixed venous O2 content difference than high Pao2 (is greater than 65 torr, on room air), indicating that A-aDo2 was influenced by cardiac output relative to metabolic demand. Intrapulmonary shunt played a main role in increasing A-aDo2 after open-heart surgery, and systemic factors, including changes in cardiac output and O2 consumption, also contributed to development of hypoxia.", "contents": "Factors affecting A-aDo2 after open-heart surgery. Intrapulmonary shunt, cardiac output, and O2 consumption as factors contributing to alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference (A-aDo2) were tested in 11 patients after open-heart surgery. A-aDo2 was well correlated with intrapulmonary shunt, as expected, but no correlation was found between cardiac index (CI) and intrapulmonary shunt. When total shunt (venous admixture) was above 11%, there was an inverse correlation between A-aDo2 and CI, and it was observed that CI falling below 2.5 L/min/sq m contributed significantly to the enlargement of A-aDo2. Low Pao2 (less than 65 torr, breathing air) was characterized by larger arterial-mixed venous O2 content difference than high Pao2 (is greater than 65 torr, on room air), indicating that A-aDo2 was influenced by cardiac output relative to metabolic demand. Intrapulmonary shunt played a main role in increasing A-aDo2 after open-heart surgery, and systemic factors, including changes in cardiac output and O2 consumption, also contributed to development of hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:945010", "title": "Hepatic clearance of lidocaine during N2O anesthesia in dogs.", "content": "Lidocaine catabolism under N2O anesthesia was evaluated in 5 dogs given a lidocaine infusion of 2 mg/kg/min for 20 minutes. Comparison of results with those of a prior similar study with halothane to be significantly faster in the animals given N2O. The extraction ratio for lidocaine, which did not vary with its arterial concentration, was significantly lower with halothane than with N2O. Decreased hepatic catabolism of drugs such as lidocaine should be anticipated in patients anesthetized with potent inhalation agents such as halothane.", "contents": "Hepatic clearance of lidocaine during N2O anesthesia in dogs. Lidocaine catabolism under N2O anesthesia was evaluated in 5 dogs given a lidocaine infusion of 2 mg/kg/min for 20 minutes. Comparison of results with those of a prior similar study with halothane to be significantly faster in the animals given N2O. The extraction ratio for lidocaine, which did not vary with its arterial concentration, was significantly lower with halothane than with N2O. Decreased hepatic catabolism of drugs such as lidocaine should be anticipated in patients anesthetized with potent inhalation agents such as halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:945011", "title": "The lateral sitting position for neurosurgery.", "content": "Over the past 20 years, more than 300 patients have been anesthetized in the lateral sitting position during neurosurgical procedures in the posterior fossa and the cervical and upper thoracic spine. Since the patient can be placed quickly and easily in the horizontal position, the lateral sitting position has a number of advantages over the conventional sitting position, particularly in the treatment of arterial hypotension and venous air embolism. Furthermore, with the patient in the lateral horizontal position, the surgical procedure can be completed satisfactorily.", "contents": "The lateral sitting position for neurosurgery. Over the past 20 years, more than 300 patients have been anesthetized in the lateral sitting position during neurosurgical procedures in the posterior fossa and the cervical and upper thoracic spine. Since the patient can be placed quickly and easily in the horizontal position, the lateral sitting position has a number of advantages over the conventional sitting position, particularly in the treatment of arterial hypotension and venous air embolism. Furthermore, with the patient in the lateral horizontal position, the surgical procedure can be completed satisfactorily."}
{"id": "PMID:945012", "title": "Inspired air temperature with immersion heater humidifiers.", "content": "The temperature of aerosol mixture delivered from 2 types of immersion heater humidifiers was monitored at various sites along the delivery tube. As anticipated, the temperature of the humidified gas decreased as it moved distally from the aerosol generator to the T-adaptor in contact with patient's airway. The immersion heaters with fixed-temperature thermostatic control performed consistently, though most produced inhaled air temperatures higher than desired (greater than 37 degrees C). Immersion heaters with temperature reset features were in general unreliable and invariably gave higher inspired air temperatures with higher settings of the thermostat.", "contents": "Inspired air temperature with immersion heater humidifiers. The temperature of aerosol mixture delivered from 2 types of immersion heater humidifiers was monitored at various sites along the delivery tube. As anticipated, the temperature of the humidified gas decreased as it moved distally from the aerosol generator to the T-adaptor in contact with patient's airway. The immersion heaters with fixed-temperature thermostatic control performed consistently, though most produced inhaled air temperatures higher than desired (greater than 37 degrees C). Immersion heaters with temperature reset features were in general unreliable and invariably gave higher inspired air temperatures with higher settings of the thermostat."}
{"id": "PMID:945014", "title": "Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with pancuronium in the presence of acute renal failure: a case report.", "content": "Prolongation of neuromuscular block following pancuronium administration to anephric patients has been reported. A patient is described whose postoperative course after resection of gangrenous bowel was complicated by acute renal failure and prolonged neuromuscular blockade. A large intraoperative dose of pancuronium was administered without monitoring neuromuscular transmission with a peripheral nerve stimulator. The course was further complicated by administration of gentamicin, an antibiotic known to potentiate neuromuscular blocking drugs. Complete return of neuromuscular transmission occurred 60 hours after administration of last dose of pancuronium and subsequent to peritoneal dialysis. After rapid distribution from plasma, pancuronium, like curare, is eliminated by the renal pathway. The absence of renal excretion considerably increases the duration of action of curare when given in high doses. It has been suggested that doses of pancuronium greater than 3.6 mg/sq m or multiple doses would result in prolonged neuromuscular block in patients without renal function. The case reported illustrates the importance of monitoring neuromuscular transmission during administration of pancuronium in the presence of renal insufficiency to avoid this complication.", "contents": "Prolonged neuromuscular blockade with pancuronium in the presence of acute renal failure: a case report. Prolongation of neuromuscular block following pancuronium administration to anephric patients has been reported. A patient is described whose postoperative course after resection of gangrenous bowel was complicated by acute renal failure and prolonged neuromuscular blockade. A large intraoperative dose of pancuronium was administered without monitoring neuromuscular transmission with a peripheral nerve stimulator. The course was further complicated by administration of gentamicin, an antibiotic known to potentiate neuromuscular blocking drugs. Complete return of neuromuscular transmission occurred 60 hours after administration of last dose of pancuronium and subsequent to peritoneal dialysis. After rapid distribution from plasma, pancuronium, like curare, is eliminated by the renal pathway. The absence of renal excretion considerably increases the duration of action of curare when given in high doses. It has been suggested that doses of pancuronium greater than 3.6 mg/sq m or multiple doses would result in prolonged neuromuscular block in patients without renal function. The case reported illustrates the importance of monitoring neuromuscular transmission during administration of pancuronium in the presence of renal insufficiency to avoid this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:945015", "title": "Unrelenting hypotension associated with an acute abdomen in a comatose hemophiliac child: a case report.", "content": "A comatose 4-year-old hemophiliac presented with an acute abdomen; subsequently he developed unrelenting hypotension. An immediate exploratory laparotomy was required, without time for determining baseline factor VIII (AHF) levels. Despite hypotension and hemorrhage, vigorous intraoperative fluid volume replacement and the administration of fresh frozen plasma and AHF concentrates brought a successful conclusion.", "contents": "Unrelenting hypotension associated with an acute abdomen in a comatose hemophiliac child: a case report. A comatose 4-year-old hemophiliac presented with an acute abdomen; subsequently he developed unrelenting hypotension. An immediate exploratory laparotomy was required, without time for determining baseline factor VIII (AHF) levels. Despite hypotension and hemorrhage, vigorous intraoperative fluid volume replacement and the administration of fresh frozen plasma and AHF concentrates brought a successful conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:945016", "title": "An unusual complication of lumbosacral plexus block: a case report.", "content": "Lumbosacral plexus block is a valuable anesthetic technic in the hands of an experineced anesthesiologist. However, as illustrated by this case report, anesthetic dosage must be selected with great care, and patients unable to describe paresthesias should be excluded from use of this procedure.", "contents": "An unusual complication of lumbosacral plexus block: a case report. Lumbosacral plexus block is a valuable anesthetic technic in the hands of an experineced anesthesiologist. However, as illustrated by this case report, anesthetic dosage must be selected with great care, and patients unable to describe paresthesias should be excluded from use of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:945017", "title": "Prolonged neuromuscular blockade associated with trimethaphan: a case report.", "content": "A case of prolonged neuromuscular blockade associated with the administration of trimethaphan to a neurosurgical patient aged 29 is believed to be the possible result of interaction between trimethaphan, a ganglionic-blocking drug, and muscle relaxant. This possibility should be kept in mind when the administration of trimethaphan is being considered.", "contents": "Prolonged neuromuscular blockade associated with trimethaphan: a case report. A case of prolonged neuromuscular blockade associated with the administration of trimethaphan to a neurosurgical patient aged 29 is believed to be the possible result of interaction between trimethaphan, a ganglionic-blocking drug, and muscle relaxant. This possibility should be kept in mind when the administration of trimethaphan is being considered."}
{"id": "PMID:945019", "title": "Anesthetic considerations for pericardectomy in uremic pericardial effusion.", "content": "Fifteen patients with impending uremic cardiac tamponade underwent either anterior pericardectomy or pericardiostomy under general anesthesia. Anesthetic agents and technics were selected in the light of physiopathologic derangements involving fluids and electrolyte balance, excretory and cardiovascular disturbances, and pharmacodynamics. Anesthesia was induced with diazepam and maintained with N2O-O2 (70:30) and fentanyl. Pancuronium was used for muscle relaxation. Adequate preoperative assessment of patient, careful monitoring of vital signs, maintenance of the critical balance of fluid and blood replacement, and selection of anesthetic agents for minimal depression of vital multiorgan systems provided excellent results. No postanesthetic morbidity or mortality occurred.", "contents": "Anesthetic considerations for pericardectomy in uremic pericardial effusion. Fifteen patients with impending uremic cardiac tamponade underwent either anterior pericardectomy or pericardiostomy under general anesthesia. Anesthetic agents and technics were selected in the light of physiopathologic derangements involving fluids and electrolyte balance, excretory and cardiovascular disturbances, and pharmacodynamics. Anesthesia was induced with diazepam and maintained with N2O-O2 (70:30) and fentanyl. Pancuronium was used for muscle relaxation. Adequate preoperative assessment of patient, careful monitoring of vital signs, maintenance of the critical balance of fluid and blood replacement, and selection of anesthetic agents for minimal depression of vital multiorgan systems provided excellent results. No postanesthetic morbidity or mortality occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:945021", "title": "Circulatory responses and halothane concentrations during gastric or gallbladder traction with and without neuromuscular blockade.", "content": "Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates did not change significantly and ventricular dysrhythmias did not occur during gastric or gallbladder traction in patients anesthetized with N2O-halothane, with or without d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates just before abdominal viscera traction were less (p is less than 0.05) in patients paralyzed with d-tubocurarine than with pancuronium despite similar arterial halothane concentrations. In contrast, these measurements in patients without neuromuscular blockade were similar to those during pancuronium paralysis despite significantly greater arterial halothane concentrations in the unparalyzed patients. The authors conclude that circulatory responses during gastric or gallbladder traction are clinically insignificant during N2O-halothane administration, with or without d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Intraoperative blood pressures and heart rates were influenced by the neuromuscular blocker chosen. Neuromuscular blockade permitted anesthetic maintenance with lower arterial halothane concentrations than when paralysis was not present.", "contents": "Circulatory responses and halothane concentrations during gastric or gallbladder traction with and without neuromuscular blockade. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates did not change significantly and ventricular dysrhythmias did not occur during gastric or gallbladder traction in patients anesthetized with N2O-halothane, with or without d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates just before abdominal viscera traction were less (p is less than 0.05) in patients paralyzed with d-tubocurarine than with pancuronium despite similar arterial halothane concentrations. In contrast, these measurements in patients without neuromuscular blockade were similar to those during pancuronium paralysis despite significantly greater arterial halothane concentrations in the unparalyzed patients. The authors conclude that circulatory responses during gastric or gallbladder traction are clinically insignificant during N2O-halothane administration, with or without d-tubocurarine or pancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Intraoperative blood pressures and heart rates were influenced by the neuromuscular blocker chosen. Neuromuscular blockade permitted anesthetic maintenance with lower arterial halothane concentrations than when paralysis was not present."}
{"id": "PMID:945023", "title": "Methoxyflurane biotransformation and renal function following methoxyflurane administration for vaginal delivery or cesarean section.", "content": "Methoxyflurane (MOF) administration for conscious analgesia during vaginal delivery (range 5 to 70 min, mean 23 min) or for anesthesia following delivery of the infant at cesarean section (range 25 to 70 min, mean 44 min) was studied in 18 healthy parturients. Serum ionic fluoride increased significantly in both groups 2 hours after discontinuing MOF with peak concentrations of 11.2 and 14.1 mumol/L in the vaginal delivery and cesarean section groups, respectively. Individual peak serum ionic fluoride levels in the 2 groups of 21 and 25 mumol/L were well below reported levels for subclinical toxicity. Significant ionic fluoride elevations in fetal umbilical venous blood (mean 5.3 mumol/L) were measured in the vaginal-delivery group. Maternal urinary ionic fluoride and oxalate were elevated 24 and 48 hours postpartum. BUN, creatinine, urine volume, and urine osmolality remained within normal range. These data indicate that hazardous elevations of serum ionic fluoride with subsequent renal dysfunction are unlikely following low-dose MOF administration for vaginal delivery or cesarean section.", "contents": "Methoxyflurane biotransformation and renal function following methoxyflurane administration for vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Methoxyflurane (MOF) administration for conscious analgesia during vaginal delivery (range 5 to 70 min, mean 23 min) or for anesthesia following delivery of the infant at cesarean section (range 25 to 70 min, mean 44 min) was studied in 18 healthy parturients. Serum ionic fluoride increased significantly in both groups 2 hours after discontinuing MOF with peak concentrations of 11.2 and 14.1 mumol/L in the vaginal delivery and cesarean section groups, respectively. Individual peak serum ionic fluoride levels in the 2 groups of 21 and 25 mumol/L were well below reported levels for subclinical toxicity. Significant ionic fluoride elevations in fetal umbilical venous blood (mean 5.3 mumol/L) were measured in the vaginal-delivery group. Maternal urinary ionic fluoride and oxalate were elevated 24 and 48 hours postpartum. BUN, creatinine, urine volume, and urine osmolality remained within normal range. These data indicate that hazardous elevations of serum ionic fluoride with subsequent renal dysfunction are unlikely following low-dose MOF administration for vaginal delivery or cesarean section."}
{"id": "PMID:945020", "title": "Effect of isoproterenol and propranolol on halothane MAD in dogs.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of propranolol on anesthetic requirement, changes in minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane accompanying acute (2 and 10 mg/kg IV) and chronic (200 mg/day orally for 10 days) propranolol administration were determined in dogs. MAC did not change significantly in either case. Beta-adrenergic blockade was achieved with the 2 mg/kg propranolol dose, as indicated by abolition of the pulse rate increase in response to isoproterenol infusion. Isoproterenol itself did not alter MAC. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at any given level of alveolar halothane were the same before and after chronic propranolol administration. Acute IV administration of propranolol, especially at the 10 mg/kg dose, reduced MAP and increased HR only transiently.", "contents": "Effect of isoproterenol and propranolol on halothane MAD in dogs. To evaluate the effect of propranolol on anesthetic requirement, changes in minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane accompanying acute (2 and 10 mg/kg IV) and chronic (200 mg/day orally for 10 days) propranolol administration were determined in dogs. MAC did not change significantly in either case. Beta-adrenergic blockade was achieved with the 2 mg/kg propranolol dose, as indicated by abolition of the pulse rate increase in response to isoproterenol infusion. Isoproterenol itself did not alter MAC. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at any given level of alveolar halothane were the same before and after chronic propranolol administration. Acute IV administration of propranolol, especially at the 10 mg/kg dose, reduced MAP and increased HR only transiently."}
{"id": "PMID:945033", "title": "Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes: etiology and treatment.", "content": "Fifteen patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes were studied before, during, and after treatment with bromergocryptine. Galactorrhea and amenorrhea were noted after pregnancy (6 patients), after oral contraceptive therapy (5 patients), and in association with pituitary adenoma (4 patients). Before treatment prolactin values were elevated ranging from 27 to 125 ng/ml, while luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels failed to show ovulatory peaks or luteal phase progression. Eleven patients had luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone tests before therapy. Response was normal in 8, subnormal in 2 pituitary adenoma, and supranormal in 1 patient with premature ovarian failure. Treatment with bromergocryptine was associated with a lowering of serum prolactin, cessation of lactation in all, and return of ovulatory menses in 14 of 15 patients. All relapsed when therapy was discontinued. Four patients became pregnant while on therapy. Long-term bromergocryptine therapy is effective for all forms of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes studied.", "contents": "Galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes: etiology and treatment. Fifteen patients with galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes were studied before, during, and after treatment with bromergocryptine. Galactorrhea and amenorrhea were noted after pregnancy (6 patients), after oral contraceptive therapy (5 patients), and in association with pituitary adenoma (4 patients). Before treatment prolactin values were elevated ranging from 27 to 125 ng/ml, while luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels failed to show ovulatory peaks or luteal phase progression. Eleven patients had luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone tests before therapy. Response was normal in 8, subnormal in 2 pituitary adenoma, and supranormal in 1 patient with premature ovarian failure. Treatment with bromergocryptine was associated with a lowering of serum prolactin, cessation of lactation in all, and return of ovulatory menses in 14 of 15 patients. All relapsed when therapy was discontinued. Four patients became pregnant while on therapy. Long-term bromergocryptine therapy is effective for all forms of galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndromes studied."}
{"id": "PMID:945034", "title": "Marital sexual dysfunction: ejaculation disturbances.", "content": "The three clinically encountered disturbances of the male orgasmic phase--that is, premature ejaculation, inability to ejaculate, and retrograde ejaculation--are discussed. The problem of defining premature ejaculation is explained and the possible pathogenic mechanisms of its origin are reviewed. The classic premature ejaculator is described. Also included are an elaboration of the newer therapeutic approaches to the problem and a suggested clinical protocol for screening patients. The other two, less common dysfunctions are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Marital sexual dysfunction: ejaculation disturbances. The three clinically encountered disturbances of the male orgasmic phase--that is, premature ejaculation, inability to ejaculate, and retrograde ejaculation--are discussed. The problem of defining premature ejaculation is explained and the possible pathogenic mechanisms of its origin are reviewed. The classic premature ejaculator is described. Also included are an elaboration of the newer therapeutic approaches to the problem and a suggested clinical protocol for screening patients. The other two, less common dysfunctions are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945035", "title": "Concordance in physical growth for monozygotic and dizygotic twins.", "content": "Heights and weights were analysed for 636 twins who had been repeatedly measured from birth to 4 years. MZ twins were less concordant for birth weight than DZ twins, principally as a result of a few MZ pairs who exhibited very large differences. By one year of age, however, MZ twins had become more concordant for weight (Rmz = 0-87) while DZ twins moved further apart (Rdz = 0-55). For height, at birth, the MZ correlation was 0-58 while the DZ correlation was 0-82, but by 2 years, the MZ correlation reached 0-89 and the DZ correlation regressed to 0-58. The actual size differences within pairs followed a parallel course--for MZ twins, the differences became smaller following birth, whereas DZ differences became larger. The results are discussed in terms of (a) prenatal influences that differntially affect birth size within MZ pairs and DZ pairs, and (b) the rapid convergence of each twin on his genetic growth curve.", "contents": "Concordance in physical growth for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Heights and weights were analysed for 636 twins who had been repeatedly measured from birth to 4 years. MZ twins were less concordant for birth weight than DZ twins, principally as a result of a few MZ pairs who exhibited very large differences. By one year of age, however, MZ twins had become more concordant for weight (Rmz = 0-87) while DZ twins moved further apart (Rdz = 0-55). For height, at birth, the MZ correlation was 0-58 while the DZ correlation was 0-82, but by 2 years, the MZ correlation reached 0-89 and the DZ correlation regressed to 0-58. The actual size differences within pairs followed a parallel course--for MZ twins, the differences became smaller following birth, whereas DZ differences became larger. The results are discussed in terms of (a) prenatal influences that differntially affect birth size within MZ pairs and DZ pairs, and (b) the rapid convergence of each twin on his genetic growth curve."}
{"id": "PMID:945036", "title": "A note on the accuracy of recalled age at menarche.", "content": "In a longitudinal study, age at menarche for Swedish girls was recorded by school nurses. Some four years after the event the girls were asked to recall the date. The correlation between actual and recalled age at menarche for 339 girls was r = 0-81 +/- 0-05. 63 per cent of the girls recalled the date within +/- 3 months. It is concluded that recalled age is too inaccurate for most purposes.", "contents": "A note on the accuracy of recalled age at menarche. In a longitudinal study, age at menarche for Swedish girls was recorded by school nurses. Some four years after the event the girls were asked to recall the date. The correlation between actual and recalled age at menarche for 339 girls was r = 0-81 +/- 0-05. 63 per cent of the girls recalled the date within +/- 3 months. It is concluded that recalled age is too inaccurate for most purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:945037", "title": "Seasonality in twin births.", "content": "Twin births have occurred seasonally in England and Wales since 1940. The probability of a twin birth is highest in November and lowest in May. The difference between the two probabilities is of the order of seven per cent.", "contents": "Seasonality in twin births. Twin births have occurred seasonally in England and Wales since 1940. The probability of a twin birth is highest in November and lowest in May. The difference between the two probabilities is of the order of seven per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:945038", "title": "[Lincomycin formation by strain R-367 on a complex medium not containing corn steep].", "content": "A new complex medium for biosynthesis of lincomycin by strain R-367 was developed using one-factor experiments and mathematical schemes of planning. A complex of mineral salts containing nitrogen, sulphur, phosphurus, magnesium and trace elements was introduced into the content of the new medium. This provided elimination of corn steep liquor from the medium. The linomycin production level in the fermentation broth with the use of the new medium was at an average 2.5 times higher than that on the initial medium containing corn steep liquor.", "contents": "[Lincomycin formation by strain R-367 on a complex medium not containing corn steep]. A new complex medium for biosynthesis of lincomycin by strain R-367 was developed using one-factor experiments and mathematical schemes of planning. A complex of mineral salts containing nitrogen, sulphur, phosphurus, magnesium and trace elements was introduced into the content of the new medium. This provided elimination of corn steep liquor from the medium. The linomycin production level in the fermentation broth with the use of the new medium was at an average 2.5 times higher than that on the initial medium containing corn steep liquor."}
{"id": "PMID:945039", "title": "Effect of substrate on metabolite production of Alternaria alternata.", "content": "Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether are commonly associated with weathered grain sorghum. Production of these metabolites and altenuene by isolates of Alternaria alternata was evaluated on various sterile grain substrates. At 35% moisture content and 25 C, metabolite yields were highest on rice, intermediate on sorghums, and lowest on wheat and yellow corn. Fourteen-to 21-day cultures on milled rice were best in terms of ease of metabolite recovery, even though yields were higher on 28-day cultures of rough and brown rice. Metabolite production was reduced when rice was supplemented with yeast extract or yeast extract plus Czapek-Dox broth.", "contents": "Effect of substrate on metabolite production of Alternaria alternata. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether are commonly associated with weathered grain sorghum. Production of these metabolites and altenuene by isolates of Alternaria alternata was evaluated on various sterile grain substrates. At 35% moisture content and 25 C, metabolite yields were highest on rice, intermediate on sorghums, and lowest on wheat and yellow corn. Fourteen-to 21-day cultures on milled rice were best in terms of ease of metabolite recovery, even though yields were higher on 28-day cultures of rough and brown rice. Metabolite production was reduced when rice was supplemented with yeast extract or yeast extract plus Czapek-Dox broth."}
{"id": "PMID:945041", "title": "Immunological studies on the proteins of human eccrine sweat.", "content": "Proteins present in the eccrine sweat collected from the skin surface of male volunteers were studied. The protein content ranged from 0.154--0.774 g per liter. A total 2282 ml sweat was concentrated until a final protein content of 25 mg/ml was reached. Paper electrophoresis revealed 3 fractions migrating like alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins. Eight different proteins were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic analyses using rabbit antisera directed against human sweat proteins. Three of these proteins were identified as blood serum proteins. One of the remaining 5 proteins could be of epidermal origin; another one which occurs in comedones as well as in sweat seems to be eluted from the sebum film present on the skin surface.", "contents": "Immunological studies on the proteins of human eccrine sweat. Proteins present in the eccrine sweat collected from the skin surface of male volunteers were studied. The protein content ranged from 0.154--0.774 g per liter. A total 2282 ml sweat was concentrated until a final protein content of 25 mg/ml was reached. Paper electrophoresis revealed 3 fractions migrating like alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globulins. Eight different proteins were demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic analyses using rabbit antisera directed against human sweat proteins. Three of these proteins were identified as blood serum proteins. One of the remaining 5 proteins could be of epidermal origin; another one which occurs in comedones as well as in sweat seems to be eluted from the sebum film present on the skin surface."}
{"id": "PMID:945042", "title": "Effect of methadone addiction on N-demethylation activity of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Adult male rats were addicted to methadone via small dosages in their drinking water. The N-demethylation activity of microsomal mixed function oxidase in liver was determined for partially addicted (25 days of drug consumption) and fully addicted (38 days of drug consumption) rats. Compared to controls which did not receive the drug, enzyme activity expressed on a microsmal protein basis was increased in partially addicted, but not increased in fully addicted animals. Enzyme activity expressed on a liver weight basis was decreased in partially addicted animals but unchanged from contro levels in fully addicted animals. Brief (three-day) exposures to phenobarbital or high dosages of methadone led to an increase in N-demethylation activity.", "contents": "Effect of methadone addiction on N-demethylation activity of rat liver microsomes. Adult male rats were addicted to methadone via small dosages in their drinking water. The N-demethylation activity of microsomal mixed function oxidase in liver was determined for partially addicted (25 days of drug consumption) and fully addicted (38 days of drug consumption) rats. Compared to controls which did not receive the drug, enzyme activity expressed on a microsmal protein basis was increased in partially addicted, but not increased in fully addicted animals. Enzyme activity expressed on a liver weight basis was decreased in partially addicted animals but unchanged from contro levels in fully addicted animals. Brief (three-day) exposures to phenobarbital or high dosages of methadone led to an increase in N-demethylation activity."}
{"id": "PMID:945043", "title": "[Transport and utilization of alditols in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis glutinis (author's transl)].", "content": "The obligate aerobic yeast Rhodoturula gracilis was found to take up the alditols D-glucitol, D-mannitol, ribitol, xylitol, D-arabinitol, L-arabinitol and erythritol by means of a constitutive mobile membrane carrier. This uptake involved active transport, that is, it was dependent on the supply of metabolic energy, leading to the accumulation of alditols inside the cells. The accumulation ratio (intracellular concentration to extracellular concentration, Si/SO) was much lower for alditols than for monosaccharides. As for monosaccharides, this ratio decreased with increasing extracellular concentration, even to values below 1. The kinetic data showed that the carrier system for alditols was identical to that for monosaccharides, though it had a much lower affinity and maximum velocity for alditols. Hence the uptake of alditols was blocked in the presence of monosaccharides. Only ribitol and L-arabinitol were catabolized following enzyme induction. The other alditols were not broken down.", "contents": "[Transport and utilization of alditols in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis glutinis (author's transl)]. The obligate aerobic yeast Rhodoturula gracilis was found to take up the alditols D-glucitol, D-mannitol, ribitol, xylitol, D-arabinitol, L-arabinitol and erythritol by means of a constitutive mobile membrane carrier. This uptake involved active transport, that is, it was dependent on the supply of metabolic energy, leading to the accumulation of alditols inside the cells. The accumulation ratio (intracellular concentration to extracellular concentration, Si/SO) was much lower for alditols than for monosaccharides. As for monosaccharides, this ratio decreased with increasing extracellular concentration, even to values below 1. The kinetic data showed that the carrier system for alditols was identical to that for monosaccharides, though it had a much lower affinity and maximum velocity for alditols. Hence the uptake of alditols was blocked in the presence of monosaccharides. Only ribitol and L-arabinitol were catabolized following enzyme induction. The other alditols were not broken down."}
{"id": "PMID:945044", "title": "[Transport and utilization of alditols in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis glutinis (author's transl)].", "content": "Although alditols reached the interior of the cells of Rhodotorula gracilis by means of the constitutive monosaccharide carrier, a second carrier of pentitols was found to be inducible. Ribitol and L-arabinitol, entering the cells by the constitutive carrier, induced a single catabolic enzyme system, including a carrier of pentitols. This induction depended on de novo protein synthesis. In addition to ribitol and L-arabinitol, the induced catabolic enzyme system was also specific for xylitol and D-arabinitol; these two alditols were not inducers. Hexitols, erythritol and pentoses were not transported or catabolized by the induced system. The induced carrier had a lower half-saturation constant, KT, and higher maximal velocity, V, than the constitutive carrier of penitols. Kinetic studies of induced transport indicated, that this was an active process which appeared to be coupled with the simultaneous uptake of H+-ions (H+-substrate symport). The induced transport of pentitols was strongly inhibited by monosaccharides, although not competitively. The enzyme synthesis induced by ribitol or L-arabinitol was repressed by monosaccharides.", "contents": "[Transport and utilization of alditols in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis glutinis (author's transl)]. Although alditols reached the interior of the cells of Rhodotorula gracilis by means of the constitutive monosaccharide carrier, a second carrier of pentitols was found to be inducible. Ribitol and L-arabinitol, entering the cells by the constitutive carrier, induced a single catabolic enzyme system, including a carrier of pentitols. This induction depended on de novo protein synthesis. In addition to ribitol and L-arabinitol, the induced catabolic enzyme system was also specific for xylitol and D-arabinitol; these two alditols were not inducers. Hexitols, erythritol and pentoses were not transported or catabolized by the induced system. The induced carrier had a lower half-saturation constant, KT, and higher maximal velocity, V, than the constitutive carrier of penitols. Kinetic studies of induced transport indicated, that this was an active process which appeared to be coupled with the simultaneous uptake of H+-ions (H+-substrate symport). The induced transport of pentitols was strongly inhibited by monosaccharides, although not competitively. The enzyme synthesis induced by ribitol or L-arabinitol was repressed by monosaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:945045", "title": "Growth and physiology of Candida utilis NCYC 321 in potassium-limited chemostat culture.", "content": "When grown in a defined simple salts medium, plus vitamins, Candida utilis displayed an absolute requirement for potassium. But the potassium content of this yeast was exceedingly variable and, with aerobic chemostat cultures (grown at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1; 30 degrees C; pH 5.5), was low (less than 0.2%, w/w) when they were potassium-limited and high (greater than 2%, w/w) when glucose-limited. With potassium-limited cultures, the cell-bound potassium content also varied markedly with growth rate, though hardly at all with glucose-limited cultures; magnesium- and phosphate-limited cultures gave intermediate responses. Changes in cell-bound potassium content correlated only weakly with changes in the cellular contents of magnesium, phosphate and RNA, but strongly with changes in both the Yglucose and Y0 values, indicating an involvement of potassium in the generation of energy by oxidative phosphorylation reactions and/or the utilization of this energy for growth processes. Studies with isolated mitochondria revealed that potassium-limited organisms had a changed content of cytochrome b relative to cytochrome a, and lacked coupling at either site 2 or site 3 of the respiratory chain. These results are discussed in relation to the reported functions of potassium in the growth of micro-organisms, and the organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.", "contents": "Growth and physiology of Candida utilis NCYC 321 in potassium-limited chemostat culture. When grown in a defined simple salts medium, plus vitamins, Candida utilis displayed an absolute requirement for potassium. But the potassium content of this yeast was exceedingly variable and, with aerobic chemostat cultures (grown at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1; 30 degrees C; pH 5.5), was low (less than 0.2%, w/w) when they were potassium-limited and high (greater than 2%, w/w) when glucose-limited. With potassium-limited cultures, the cell-bound potassium content also varied markedly with growth rate, though hardly at all with glucose-limited cultures; magnesium- and phosphate-limited cultures gave intermediate responses. Changes in cell-bound potassium content correlated only weakly with changes in the cellular contents of magnesium, phosphate and RNA, but strongly with changes in both the Yglucose and Y0 values, indicating an involvement of potassium in the generation of energy by oxidative phosphorylation reactions and/or the utilization of this energy for growth processes. Studies with isolated mitochondria revealed that potassium-limited organisms had a changed content of cytochrome b relative to cytochrome a, and lacked coupling at either site 2 or site 3 of the respiratory chain. These results are discussed in relation to the reported functions of potassium in the growth of micro-organisms, and the organizational differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945046", "title": "Sporobolomyces salmonicolor var. fischerii, a new yeast.", "content": "A new variety of Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, a basidiomycetous yeast isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a human case of meningitis has been described. The variety can be differentiated from the species primarily by its ability to assimilate D-galactose and L-arabinose.", "contents": "Sporobolomyces salmonicolor var. fischerii, a new yeast. A new variety of Sporobolomyces salmonicolor, a basidiomycetous yeast isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a human case of meningitis has been described. The variety can be differentiated from the species primarily by its ability to assimilate D-galactose and L-arabinose."}
{"id": "PMID:945047", "title": "Spore germination in Dictyostelium discoideum. II. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on post-activation lag as evidence for the multistate model of activation.", "content": "Mutant spores of Dictyostelium discoideum, strain SG-10, differ from wild type spores in their ability to spontaneously germinate, to be activated with 5% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), and to be deactivated with 0.2 M sucrose. Both heat-activated wild type and mutant spores began to swell after a lag of 60-75 min at ambient temperature. Suspension of heat activated spores in 5% DMSO resulted in blockage of spore swelling and a concomitant severe inhibition of respiration; removal of 5% DMSO allowed resumption of respiration and the spores began to swell after a lag of only 15 min. It was concluded that 5% DMSO allowed the early reactions (M) to proceed but blocked the later reactions (R) of post-activation lag. Treatment of one day old spores with 20% DMSO solution for 30-120 min quantitatively activated the population. The post-activation lag time was directly dependent on the time of 20% DMSO treatment. Spores activated with 20% DMSO treatment could be deactivated by incubation at 0 degrees C; the spores most quickly deactivated at 0 degrees C were those within 10 min of swelling. Mitochondrial transport inhibitors such as azide and cyanide caused deactivation in an analogous manner. It is hypothesized that spores proceed to the second portion of the lag phase called (R) before the environment determines if dormancy is reimposed or if germination will proceed. The sensitive strain (SG-10) showed a greater degree of \"damage\" than the wild type after supraoptimal treatment with 40% DMSO. The spores became more resistant with age to the \"damaging\" action of 40% DMSO. All the observed effects of DMSO treatment were compatible with our multistate model of activation which suggests that the early portion of the lag phase (M) may involve a relative uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation while the later portion (R) may require tight coupling.", "contents": "Spore germination in Dictyostelium discoideum. II. Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on post-activation lag as evidence for the multistate model of activation. Mutant spores of Dictyostelium discoideum, strain SG-10, differ from wild type spores in their ability to spontaneously germinate, to be activated with 5% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), and to be deactivated with 0.2 M sucrose. Both heat-activated wild type and mutant spores began to swell after a lag of 60-75 min at ambient temperature. Suspension of heat activated spores in 5% DMSO resulted in blockage of spore swelling and a concomitant severe inhibition of respiration; removal of 5% DMSO allowed resumption of respiration and the spores began to swell after a lag of only 15 min. It was concluded that 5% DMSO allowed the early reactions (M) to proceed but blocked the later reactions (R) of post-activation lag. Treatment of one day old spores with 20% DMSO solution for 30-120 min quantitatively activated the population. The post-activation lag time was directly dependent on the time of 20% DMSO treatment. Spores activated with 20% DMSO treatment could be deactivated by incubation at 0 degrees C; the spores most quickly deactivated at 0 degrees C were those within 10 min of swelling. Mitochondrial transport inhibitors such as azide and cyanide caused deactivation in an analogous manner. It is hypothesized that spores proceed to the second portion of the lag phase called (R) before the environment determines if dormancy is reimposed or if germination will proceed. The sensitive strain (SG-10) showed a greater degree of \"damage\" than the wild type after supraoptimal treatment with 40% DMSO. The spores became more resistant with age to the \"damaging\" action of 40% DMSO. All the observed effects of DMSO treatment were compatible with our multistate model of activation which suggests that the early portion of the lag phase (M) may involve a relative uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation while the later portion (R) may require tight coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:945048", "title": "Studies on metabolic role of 5'-Methylthioadenosine in Ochromonas malhamensis and other microorganisms.", "content": "Several compound containing a thiomethyl group were found to replace vitamin B12 in a protozoan, Ochromonas malhamensis. The order of the effectiveness was as follows: 5'-methylthioadenosine is greater than S-adenosylmethionine is greater than 5-methylthioribose is greater then L-methionine. A similar order was obtained with respect to the permeability of these compounds into the protozoan cells, except for S-adenosylmethionine. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and 5-methylthioribose as well as L-methionine markedly increased the intracellular content of L-methionine. The level of S-adenosylmethionine was also increased by them, but to lesser degree. The thiomethyl group of the compounds was established to be incorporated into S-adenosylmethionine. The metabolic fate of the thiomethyl group of 5'-methylthioadenosine cannot be distinguished from that of L-methionine. A high activity of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase was detected in the cell-free extracts of the protozoan. These results strongly suggest that 5'-methylthioadenosine would be metabolized to L-methionine would be ocnverted to S-adenosylmethionine. Like L-methionine and vitamin B12, 5'-methylthioadenosine and 5-methylthioribose may play an important role in maintenance of the C-1 pool in Ochromonas malhamensis. Neither 5'-methylthioadenosine nor 5-methylthioribose replaced vitamin B12 in some vitamin B12-requiring bacteria. This result is consistent with the fact that neither compounds was significantly taken up by these bacteria.", "contents": "Studies on metabolic role of 5'-Methylthioadenosine in Ochromonas malhamensis and other microorganisms. Several compound containing a thiomethyl group were found to replace vitamin B12 in a protozoan, Ochromonas malhamensis. The order of the effectiveness was as follows: 5'-methylthioadenosine is greater than S-adenosylmethionine is greater than 5-methylthioribose is greater then L-methionine. A similar order was obtained with respect to the permeability of these compounds into the protozoan cells, except for S-adenosylmethionine. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and 5-methylthioribose as well as L-methionine markedly increased the intracellular content of L-methionine. The level of S-adenosylmethionine was also increased by them, but to lesser degree. The thiomethyl group of the compounds was established to be incorporated into S-adenosylmethionine. The metabolic fate of the thiomethyl group of 5'-methylthioadenosine cannot be distinguished from that of L-methionine. A high activity of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase was detected in the cell-free extracts of the protozoan. These results strongly suggest that 5'-methylthioadenosine would be metabolized to L-methionine would be ocnverted to S-adenosylmethionine. Like L-methionine and vitamin B12, 5'-methylthioadenosine and 5-methylthioribose may play an important role in maintenance of the C-1 pool in Ochromonas malhamensis. Neither 5'-methylthioadenosine nor 5-methylthioribose replaced vitamin B12 in some vitamin B12-requiring bacteria. This result is consistent with the fact that neither compounds was significantly taken up by these bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:945049", "title": "Effects of polyoxin D on germination, morphological development and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Trichoderma viride.", "content": "When polyoxin D is added to a spore suspension of Trichoderma viride at a concentration from 50-100 mug/ml, it inhibits from 40-60% of germination. This percentage increases if dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added. Mycelium growing in the presence of polyoxin D becomes irregular and loses its rigidity, showing several bulges along the hypha. Under the electron microscope the features of the cell wall and cytoplasmic content are apparently normal. Nevertheless, after incubation with different lytic systems or with (14C) glucose, it can be seen that polyoxin D partially inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-(1-3) glucan and the biosynthesis of chitin to a greater extent attaining inhibition of 83% at 100 mug/ml of the antibiotic concentration. Rgenerating protoplasts are less affected by polyoxin D. They do regenerate slower but the percentage of regeneration is more than 80%. Aberrant tubes synthesized by these protoplasts are not affected, they manifest their usual morphology and lack of chitin is confirmed in their composition.", "contents": "Effects of polyoxin D on germination, morphological development and biosynthesis of the cell wall of Trichoderma viride. When polyoxin D is added to a spore suspension of Trichoderma viride at a concentration from 50-100 mug/ml, it inhibits from 40-60% of germination. This percentage increases if dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added. Mycelium growing in the presence of polyoxin D becomes irregular and loses its rigidity, showing several bulges along the hypha. Under the electron microscope the features of the cell wall and cytoplasmic content are apparently normal. Nevertheless, after incubation with different lytic systems or with (14C) glucose, it can be seen that polyoxin D partially inhibits the biosynthesis of beta-(1-3) glucan and the biosynthesis of chitin to a greater extent attaining inhibition of 83% at 100 mug/ml of the antibiotic concentration. Rgenerating protoplasts are less affected by polyoxin D. They do regenerate slower but the percentage of regeneration is more than 80%. Aberrant tubes synthesized by these protoplasts are not affected, they manifest their usual morphology and lack of chitin is confirmed in their composition."}
{"id": "PMID:945050", "title": "Influence of WA-335, a factor which blocks serotonin receptors, on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy.", "content": "In a previous study, anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine was reported. The present investigation deals with the influence of WA-335 (9,10-dihydro-10-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-9-anthrol), another antagonist of serotonin, on catalepsy induced in rats with spiroperidol, pimozide, fluphenazine and reserpine. WA-335 antagonized catalepsy induced by these neuroleptics (the effect on reserpine-induced catalepsy was weakest). Joint administration of WA-335 and L-DOPA with an inhibitor of peripheral decarboxylase, or WA-335 and amantadine produced a stronger antagonistic effect (spiroperidol catalepsy) than either of these substances separately. WA-335 did not prevent catalepsy induced with physostigmine.", "contents": "Influence of WA-335, a factor which blocks serotonin receptors, on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. In a previous study, anticataleptic action of cyproheptadine was reported. The present investigation deals with the influence of WA-335 (9,10-dihydro-10-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-9-anthrol), another antagonist of serotonin, on catalepsy induced in rats with spiroperidol, pimozide, fluphenazine and reserpine. WA-335 antagonized catalepsy induced by these neuroleptics (the effect on reserpine-induced catalepsy was weakest). Joint administration of WA-335 and L-DOPA with an inhibitor of peripheral decarboxylase, or WA-335 and amantadine produced a stronger antagonistic effect (spiroperidol catalepsy) than either of these substances separately. WA-335 did not prevent catalepsy induced with physostigmine."}
{"id": "PMID:945051", "title": "The action of compound WA-335 on the central nervous system.", "content": "Compound WA-335 (9,10-dihydro-10-(-1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)9-anthrol) was studied with regard to its antidepressant and central antiserotonin action in mice and rats. WA-335 depresses reserpine-induced hypothermia, particularly in mice, but does not affect ptosis induced with this neuroleptic. The compound diminishes spontaneous motility in mice and rats, including mice stimulated with amphetamine. WA-335 acts synergistically with amphetamine in which it potentiates stereotyping and enhances motility. The compound has no influence on the action of L-DOPA and does not alter hypothermia or increase motility induced with this amino acid. WA-335 does not affect the drop in body temperature or stereotype induced with apomorphine. In mice, WA-335 inhibits motility elicited with L-5-hydroxytryptophan, and in rats as well as mice prevents occurrence of head-twitches due to activation of serotonin neurons. The compound has no effect on the righting reflex abolished with fenfluramine in frogs, and given together with reserpine slightly counteracts abolition of this reflex. WA-335 raises the level of serotonin in the brains of rats, and lowers the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In addition, WA-335 exhibits cholinolytic activity and abolishes the symptoms elicited with oxotremorin in mice and rats.", "contents": "The action of compound WA-335 on the central nervous system. Compound WA-335 (9,10-dihydro-10-(-1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)9-anthrol) was studied with regard to its antidepressant and central antiserotonin action in mice and rats. WA-335 depresses reserpine-induced hypothermia, particularly in mice, but does not affect ptosis induced with this neuroleptic. The compound diminishes spontaneous motility in mice and rats, including mice stimulated with amphetamine. WA-335 acts synergistically with amphetamine in which it potentiates stereotyping and enhances motility. The compound has no influence on the action of L-DOPA and does not alter hypothermia or increase motility induced with this amino acid. WA-335 does not affect the drop in body temperature or stereotype induced with apomorphine. In mice, WA-335 inhibits motility elicited with L-5-hydroxytryptophan, and in rats as well as mice prevents occurrence of head-twitches due to activation of serotonin neurons. The compound has no effect on the righting reflex abolished with fenfluramine in frogs, and given together with reserpine slightly counteracts abolition of this reflex. WA-335 raises the level of serotonin in the brains of rats, and lowers the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In addition, WA-335 exhibits cholinolytic activity and abolishes the symptoms elicited with oxotremorin in mice and rats."}
{"id": "PMID:945052", "title": "Behavioral effects of phenoxybenzamine administered intraventricularly in rats.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine (PNB) injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain weakens spontaneous motility of rats and antagonizes hyperactivity induced with noradrenaline, amphetamine and caffeine. Body temperature rises briefly, sleep induced with chloral hydrate is shortened, and high doses enhance amphetamine-induced stereotypy. PNB injected intraventricularly intensifies turnover of noradrenaline but it has no effect on turnover of dopamine in rat brains. The results confirm a blocking influence of PNB on the cerebral noradrenaline receptors.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of phenoxybenzamine administered intraventricularly in rats. Phenoxybenzamine (PNB) injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain weakens spontaneous motility of rats and antagonizes hyperactivity induced with noradrenaline, amphetamine and caffeine. Body temperature rises briefly, sleep induced with chloral hydrate is shortened, and high doses enhance amphetamine-induced stereotypy. PNB injected intraventricularly intensifies turnover of noradrenaline but it has no effect on turnover of dopamine in rat brains. The results confirm a blocking influence of PNB on the cerebral noradrenaline receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:945053", "title": "[Hematopoiesis in the yolk sac of several representatives of the Sauropsida].", "content": "Hemopoiesis in the yolk sac of chicken and crocodile embryos was studied at different developmental stages. Primary intravascular erythropoiesis is closely related to the formation of sanguineous islands appearing in the zone of the yolk growth in the visceral mesoderm. With the development of folds enlarging the surface of the yolk resorbtion, around the vessels running within the folds there appear foci of primary granulopoiesis. The process begins in the paravasal mesenchyma which is gradually disguised by hemopoietic cells (in chicken embryos--at the stage of 8 days, in crocodiles--23 days of incubation). The granulopoiesis continues in chicken embryos during 1/3 of the incubation period, in crocodiles--during 2/3 of the incubation time. The leukopoiesis foci are developed more intensively in crocodiles as well at the size of the yolk sac folds. Leukocytic accumulations disappear in the crocodile sac after hatching (38-40 cm). The change of primary erythropoiesis for the secondary one in the chicken is preceded by the appearance of megaloblastic forms of erythrocytes with the compact homogeneous cytoplasm. They are absent from crocodiles.", "contents": "[Hematopoiesis in the yolk sac of several representatives of the Sauropsida]. Hemopoiesis in the yolk sac of chicken and crocodile embryos was studied at different developmental stages. Primary intravascular erythropoiesis is closely related to the formation of sanguineous islands appearing in the zone of the yolk growth in the visceral mesoderm. With the development of folds enlarging the surface of the yolk resorbtion, around the vessels running within the folds there appear foci of primary granulopoiesis. The process begins in the paravasal mesenchyma which is gradually disguised by hemopoietic cells (in chicken embryos--at the stage of 8 days, in crocodiles--23 days of incubation). The granulopoiesis continues in chicken embryos during 1/3 of the incubation period, in crocodiles--during 2/3 of the incubation time. The leukopoiesis foci are developed more intensively in crocodiles as well at the size of the yolk sac folds. Leukocytic accumulations disappear in the crocodile sac after hatching (38-40 cm). The change of primary erythropoiesis for the secondary one in the chicken is preceded by the appearance of megaloblastic forms of erythrocytes with the compact homogeneous cytoplasm. They are absent from crocodiles."}
{"id": "PMID:945055", "title": "[Malignant vascular tumors of the lung (cytologic and histologic parallels)].", "content": "Analysis of 78 observations (including 6 of the author's own) of primary malignant vascular tumours of the lung, showed that these tumours had no characteristic clinicoroentgenological features; in this connection the question of their preoperative cytological diagnosis is of importance. The retrospective collations of cytological and histological data in 8 patients made it possible to establish criteria of cytological diagnosis of similar tumours. For the first time in the Soviet literature a suggestion was put forward that basing on the data of cytological investigations it is possible in a number of cases to give a detailed verification of tumours of the lung with presumable indication to hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, or hemangiopericytoma. Metastases of malignant vascular tumours of other localizations in the lung are of analogous cytological pattern. correct diagnosis of primary of metastatic tumour can be made only if all the complex of clinico-roentgenological and cytological data are taken into account.", "contents": "[Malignant vascular tumors of the lung (cytologic and histologic parallels)]. Analysis of 78 observations (including 6 of the author's own) of primary malignant vascular tumours of the lung, showed that these tumours had no characteristic clinicoroentgenological features; in this connection the question of their preoperative cytological diagnosis is of importance. The retrospective collations of cytological and histological data in 8 patients made it possible to establish criteria of cytological diagnosis of similar tumours. For the first time in the Soviet literature a suggestion was put forward that basing on the data of cytological investigations it is possible in a number of cases to give a detailed verification of tumours of the lung with presumable indication to hemangioendothelioma, angiosarcoma, or hemangiopericytoma. Metastases of malignant vascular tumours of other localizations in the lung are of analogous cytological pattern. correct diagnosis of primary of metastatic tumour can be made only if all the complex of clinico-roentgenological and cytological data are taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:945056", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of lysosomal and nuclear beta-glycerophosphatase activity in the urethral discharge cells of gonorrhea].", "content": "Activity of acid phosphotase in the urethra discharge in patients with various forms of gonorrhea (acute, torpid, and chronic) was studied with the use of electron-microscopy and biochemical methods. A positive reaction of nuclei of the epithelial cells to acid phosphotase in lysosomes and perichromatin granules was demonstrated. In polymorphononuclear leucocytes the positive reaction to acid phosphotase could be also sometimes observed in granules of the cytoplasm. The electronograms presented testify to heterogeneity and high activity of acid phosphotase in lysosomes. Neither electron-microscopy nor biochemical methods could help reveal any differences in the activity of acid phosphotase in various forms of gonorrhea.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of lysosomal and nuclear beta-glycerophosphatase activity in the urethral discharge cells of gonorrhea]. Activity of acid phosphotase in the urethra discharge in patients with various forms of gonorrhea (acute, torpid, and chronic) was studied with the use of electron-microscopy and biochemical methods. A positive reaction of nuclei of the epithelial cells to acid phosphotase in lysosomes and perichromatin granules was demonstrated. In polymorphononuclear leucocytes the positive reaction to acid phosphotase could be also sometimes observed in granules of the cytoplasm. The electronograms presented testify to heterogeneity and high activity of acid phosphotase in lysosomes. Neither electron-microscopy nor biochemical methods could help reveal any differences in the activity of acid phosphotase in various forms of gonorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:945057", "title": "Optic nerve colobomas of autosomal-dominant heredity.", "content": "Fifteen members of a family had congenital colobomas of the optic nerves, all of which were bilateral. The bolobomas appeared as enlargement of the physiologic cup with severely affected eyes having huge cavities in the site of the disc. A variable amount of glial tissue was present within the colobomas. Either macular or extramacular serous detachment or sequelae were present in 21 of the 30 affected eyes, and often led to total blindness. Radioisotope cisternography in one patient failed to implicate cerebrospinal fluid as the source of the subretinal fluid. The disorder is apparently inherited as an autosomal dominant.", "contents": "Optic nerve colobomas of autosomal-dominant heredity. Fifteen members of a family had congenital colobomas of the optic nerves, all of which were bilateral. The bolobomas appeared as enlargement of the physiologic cup with severely affected eyes having huge cavities in the site of the disc. A variable amount of glial tissue was present within the colobomas. Either macular or extramacular serous detachment or sequelae were present in 21 of the 30 affected eyes, and often led to total blindness. Radioisotope cisternography in one patient failed to implicate cerebrospinal fluid as the source of the subretinal fluid. The disorder is apparently inherited as an autosomal dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:945058", "title": "Galactose metabolism in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "1. Rats trained on a controlled lighting and feeding schedule were subjected to partial hepatectomy or sham operation. 2. After a large period of about 6h the activity of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase increased threefold, reaching a maximum 4 days after partial hepatectomy, and returned to normal values within a fortnight. 3. The enzyme pattern of the UDP-galactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase was biphasic, one peak appearing at 20 h, the second at 72 h after partial hepatectomy. 4. The rise in enzyme activities could be blocked by the injection of actinomycin D, and the Km values for UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose were nearly identical in regenerating and adult liver. It is therefore concluded that the increase in enzyme activity is due to synthesis de novo of enzyme protein.", "contents": "Galactose metabolism in regenerating rat liver. 1. Rats trained on a controlled lighting and feeding schedule were subjected to partial hepatectomy or sham operation. 2. After a large period of about 6h the activity of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase increased threefold, reaching a maximum 4 days after partial hepatectomy, and returned to normal values within a fortnight. 3. The enzyme pattern of the UDP-galactose-glycoprotein galactosyltransferase was biphasic, one peak appearing at 20 h, the second at 72 h after partial hepatectomy. 4. The rise in enzyme activities could be blocked by the injection of actinomycin D, and the Km values for UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose were nearly identical in regenerating and adult liver. It is therefore concluded that the increase in enzyme activity is due to synthesis de novo of enzyme protein."}
{"id": "PMID:945063", "title": "B-scan ultrasonography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Study of left ventricular outflow tract and mechanism of obstruction.", "content": "Studies were made with standard time motion and B-scan echocardiography on 48 patients including 5 with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The dimensions of the left ventricular outflow (O) and inflow (I) tracts were measured on the B-scan images. The outflow tract was significantly narrowed in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis at both end-systole (1-1+/-0-1 cm) and end-diastole (1-3+/-0-1 cm) when compared with the average width in other patients (2-6+/-0-1 and 3-0+/-0-1 cm, at end-systole and end-diastole, respectively) (P less than 0-001) or normal subjects (2-4+/-0-3 and 2-9+/-0-2 cm) (P less than 0-01). Furthermore, the O/I ratio differed significantly in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (0-5+/-0-1 at end-systole and 0-6+/-0-1 at end-diastole) from that in all other groups (1-4+/-0-1 at both end-systole and end-diastole) (P less than 0-005). There was no appreciable change in the width of the outflow tract from mid- to end-systole in the two patients in whom this was examined. The data support the contention that the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve assumes an abnormally anterior position in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Though the systolic anterior movement of the tip of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve shown by M-mode echocardiography could not readily be confirmed with B-scans, we believe that the narrowed outflow tract found in the present investigation contributes to the obstruction that occurs in this disease. We suggest that this outflow tract narrowing is probably caused by hypertrophy of the ventricular septum which in itself contributes to the narrowing, but which also displaces the papillary muscles and thus produces abnormal traction on the mitral valve and striking anterior displacement of the valve apparatus.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasonography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Study of left ventricular outflow tract and mechanism of obstruction. Studies were made with standard time motion and B-scan echocardiography on 48 patients including 5 with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The dimensions of the left ventricular outflow (O) and inflow (I) tracts were measured on the B-scan images. The outflow tract was significantly narrowed in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis at both end-systole (1-1+/-0-1 cm) and end-diastole (1-3+/-0-1 cm) when compared with the average width in other patients (2-6+/-0-1 and 3-0+/-0-1 cm, at end-systole and end-diastole, respectively) (P less than 0-001) or normal subjects (2-4+/-0-3 and 2-9+/-0-2 cm) (P less than 0-01). Furthermore, the O/I ratio differed significantly in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (0-5+/-0-1 at end-systole and 0-6+/-0-1 at end-diastole) from that in all other groups (1-4+/-0-1 at both end-systole and end-diastole) (P less than 0-005). There was no appreciable change in the width of the outflow tract from mid- to end-systole in the two patients in whom this was examined. The data support the contention that the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve assumes an abnormally anterior position in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Though the systolic anterior movement of the tip of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve shown by M-mode echocardiography could not readily be confirmed with B-scans, we believe that the narrowed outflow tract found in the present investigation contributes to the obstruction that occurs in this disease. We suggest that this outflow tract narrowing is probably caused by hypertrophy of the ventricular septum which in itself contributes to the narrowing, but which also displaces the papillary muscles and thus produces abnormal traction on the mitral valve and striking anterior displacement of the valve apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:945066", "title": "Influence of labour on the lecithin, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and palmitic acid values in the amniotic fluid.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, lecithin concentrations and palmitic acid levels in amniotic fluid were studied during labour and compared with values found before labour. All were significantly higher in women in labour. The explanation and significance of this finding are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Influence of labour on the lecithin, lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and palmitic acid values in the amniotic fluid. The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio, lecithin concentrations and palmitic acid levels in amniotic fluid were studied during labour and compared with values found before labour. All were significantly higher in women in labour. The explanation and significance of this finding are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945067", "title": "The effect of internal urethrotomy and urethral dilatation on the postoperative course of patients undergoing surgery for stress incontinence.", "content": "Three years' experience of a total of 128 patients undergoing surgery for stress incontinence is described. Forty-three patients had an internal urethrotomy performed routinely at the end of the operation, 26 had routine urethral dilatation and 59 had neither procedure. Internal urethrotomy, and to a lesser extent urethral dilatation, resulted in prompt return of spontaneous and efficient micturition following removal of the Foley catheter on the third postoperative day. The postoperative stay averaged 6-4 days in the urethrotomy group of patients, 7-6 days in those who had urethral dilatation and 10-6 days in the others. The two-year cure rate in the patients who had neither procedure performed was 85 per cent and as yet no failures have occurred in the patients who had internal urethrotomy or urethral dilatation performed.", "contents": "The effect of internal urethrotomy and urethral dilatation on the postoperative course of patients undergoing surgery for stress incontinence. Three years' experience of a total of 128 patients undergoing surgery for stress incontinence is described. Forty-three patients had an internal urethrotomy performed routinely at the end of the operation, 26 had routine urethral dilatation and 59 had neither procedure. Internal urethrotomy, and to a lesser extent urethral dilatation, resulted in prompt return of spontaneous and efficient micturition following removal of the Foley catheter on the third postoperative day. The postoperative stay averaged 6-4 days in the urethrotomy group of patients, 7-6 days in those who had urethral dilatation and 10-6 days in the others. The two-year cure rate in the patients who had neither procedure performed was 85 per cent and as yet no failures have occurred in the patients who had internal urethrotomy or urethral dilatation performed."}
{"id": "PMID:945068", "title": "Flexibility in the specificity site of serine proteases.", "content": "The statistical availability of tryptophan and tyrosine residues with one ring face fully exposed to solvent was examined for two serine proteases and their derivatives by investigating the formation of charge transfer (CT) complexes between the aromatic donor residues of the protein and the acceptor 1-methylnicotinamide chloride. The availability of the ring face of one of the two exposed tryptophan residues in trypsin has been previously shown to be pH dependent and to parallel the acid side of the pH-activity profile of the enzyme. The present results indicate that, in diisopropylphosphoryl-trypsin (DIP-trypsin), this residue [which was identified as Trp-215 in native trypsin (chymotrypsin numbering)] is locked in a relatively rigid, pH-independent conformation with one ring face rotated out toward the solvent. In the zymogen and DIP-zymogen, the ring face is essentially unavailable. Chymotrypsin, like trypsin, has a pH-depent tryptophan residue available for complexation with the CT acceptor, but unlike trypsin, the pH dependence is apparently associated with dimerization of the enzyme. These and other data suggest this residue is the same as in the homologous trypsin structure, i.e., Trp 215, and that the ring face is mostly buried in the zymogen. Comparison of the crystal structure models of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen shows that, as the specificity pocket opens up from its collapsed structure upon zymogen activation, the ring face of Trp-215 moves out and rotates relative to the surface of the enzyme in such a fashion as to become more accessible to solvent. These observations are in accord with the present CT results and provide additional support for the assignment of changes in Trp-215 availability to parallel changes in the conformation of the specificity pocket of these serine proteases. The present investigation also shows that, although a tryptophan ring face is partly exposed in DIP-chymotrypsin, its statistical availability more closely resembles that of the zymogen than the native enzyme. The reverse appears to be true for DIP-trypsin, which suggests the possibility that the specificity pocket in DIP-chymotrypsin may be partially collapsed while the catalytic residues are frozen in the conformation of the acyl-enzyme.", "contents": "Flexibility in the specificity site of serine proteases. The statistical availability of tryptophan and tyrosine residues with one ring face fully exposed to solvent was examined for two serine proteases and their derivatives by investigating the formation of charge transfer (CT) complexes between the aromatic donor residues of the protein and the acceptor 1-methylnicotinamide chloride. The availability of the ring face of one of the two exposed tryptophan residues in trypsin has been previously shown to be pH dependent and to parallel the acid side of the pH-activity profile of the enzyme. The present results indicate that, in diisopropylphosphoryl-trypsin (DIP-trypsin), this residue [which was identified as Trp-215 in native trypsin (chymotrypsin numbering)] is locked in a relatively rigid, pH-independent conformation with one ring face rotated out toward the solvent. In the zymogen and DIP-zymogen, the ring face is essentially unavailable. Chymotrypsin, like trypsin, has a pH-depent tryptophan residue available for complexation with the CT acceptor, but unlike trypsin, the pH dependence is apparently associated with dimerization of the enzyme. These and other data suggest this residue is the same as in the homologous trypsin structure, i.e., Trp 215, and that the ring face is mostly buried in the zymogen. Comparison of the crystal structure models of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen shows that, as the specificity pocket opens up from its collapsed structure upon zymogen activation, the ring face of Trp-215 moves out and rotates relative to the surface of the enzyme in such a fashion as to become more accessible to solvent. These observations are in accord with the present CT results and provide additional support for the assignment of changes in Trp-215 availability to parallel changes in the conformation of the specificity pocket of these serine proteases. The present investigation also shows that, although a tryptophan ring face is partly exposed in DIP-chymotrypsin, its statistical availability more closely resembles that of the zymogen than the native enzyme. The reverse appears to be true for DIP-trypsin, which suggests the possibility that the specificity pocket in DIP-chymotrypsin may be partially collapsed while the catalytic residues are frozen in the conformation of the acyl-enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:945069", "title": "Physical studies on the H3/H4 histone tetramer.", "content": "High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (270 MHz), circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopies and ultracentrifugation studies have been carried out on the salt-extracted (H3/H4)2 tetramer from calf thymus. The tetramer contains about 29% alpha helix and no beta structure. It is denatured in 6 M urea but can be renatured simply by dialysis to water. The proton spectrum shows a number of perturbed resonances which are not observed in the spectra of either H3 or H4 alone. The observation of these resonances demonstrates that the tetramer contains some elements of tertiary structure. The overall appearance of the spectrum however is close to that of a partially denatured protein. Sedimentation velocity studies show the tetramer to have a frictional ratio of 1.99 in 50 mM acetate/50 mM bisulfite and thus to be hydrodynamically quite different from a globular protein. Two possible structural models compatible with the data are discussed.", "contents": "Physical studies on the H3/H4 histone tetramer. High-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (270 MHz), circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopies and ultracentrifugation studies have been carried out on the salt-extracted (H3/H4)2 tetramer from calf thymus. The tetramer contains about 29% alpha helix and no beta structure. It is denatured in 6 M urea but can be renatured simply by dialysis to water. The proton spectrum shows a number of perturbed resonances which are not observed in the spectra of either H3 or H4 alone. The observation of these resonances demonstrates that the tetramer contains some elements of tertiary structure. The overall appearance of the spectrum however is close to that of a partially denatured protein. Sedimentation velocity studies show the tetramer to have a frictional ratio of 1.99 in 50 mM acetate/50 mM bisulfite and thus to be hydrodynamically quite different from a globular protein. Two possible structural models compatible with the data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945070", "title": "Phospholipase A2 complexes with gadolinium (III) and interaction of the enzyme-metal ion complex with monomeric and micellar alkylphosphorylcholines. Water proton nuclear magnetic relaxation studies.", "content": "Gadolinium (III) binds competitively with calcium(II) to porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and its zymogen. The enzyme-Gd3+ complex exhibits 4% of the hydrolytic activity of the corresponding Ca2+ complex toward a dispersion of dioctanoyllecithin. Dissociation constants for the Gd3+ complex of enzyme and proenzyme were evaluated from water proton relaxation rate (PRR) titrations. At pH 5.8, the dissociation constants for the Gd3+ complexes of enzyme and zymogen are 0.50 and 0.18 mM, respectively. Dissociation constants for the complexes of enzyme with Ca2+, Eu3+, and Tb3+ were evaluated in PRR titrations by competition of these cations with Gd3+ binding. PRR enhancement factors for the Gd3+ complexes of enzyme and proenzyme are 16.4 and 5.8, respectively, at 22 degrees C and 24.3 MHz. Binding of a homologous series of n-alkylphosphorylcholines to the enzyme-Gd3+ complex was investigated through the influence of monomeric and micellar forms of these amphiphiles on the PRR enhancement factor for the enzyme-bound Gd3+. Separate monomer and micelle binding regions were observed in titrations using n-alkylphosphorylcholines with critical micelle concentrations ranging from 15 muM to 13 mM. In every case, the enhancement factors for the enzyme-Gd3+ complexes were significantly greater than that for the tenary complex, enzyme-Gd3+ -monomer. Morever, a synergism was observed in the binding of Gd3+ and micelles to the enzyme. The magnitudes of the PRR enhancement factors for the enzyme-Gd3+ complexes with micelles of n-alkylphosphorylcholines indicate that the bound Gd3+ is freely accessible to the bulk solvent. These results suggest a model for the enzyme-micelle complex in which the active site is spatially removed from the enzyme-micelle interface.", "contents": "Phospholipase A2 complexes with gadolinium (III) and interaction of the enzyme-metal ion complex with monomeric and micellar alkylphosphorylcholines. Water proton nuclear magnetic relaxation studies. Gadolinium (III) binds competitively with calcium(II) to porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) and its zymogen. The enzyme-Gd3+ complex exhibits 4% of the hydrolytic activity of the corresponding Ca2+ complex toward a dispersion of dioctanoyllecithin. Dissociation constants for the Gd3+ complex of enzyme and proenzyme were evaluated from water proton relaxation rate (PRR) titrations. At pH 5.8, the dissociation constants for the Gd3+ complexes of enzyme and zymogen are 0.50 and 0.18 mM, respectively. Dissociation constants for the complexes of enzyme with Ca2+, Eu3+, and Tb3+ were evaluated in PRR titrations by competition of these cations with Gd3+ binding. PRR enhancement factors for the Gd3+ complexes of enzyme and proenzyme are 16.4 and 5.8, respectively, at 22 degrees C and 24.3 MHz. Binding of a homologous series of n-alkylphosphorylcholines to the enzyme-Gd3+ complex was investigated through the influence of monomeric and micellar forms of these amphiphiles on the PRR enhancement factor for the enzyme-bound Gd3+. Separate monomer and micelle binding regions were observed in titrations using n-alkylphosphorylcholines with critical micelle concentrations ranging from 15 muM to 13 mM. In every case, the enhancement factors for the enzyme-Gd3+ complexes were significantly greater than that for the tenary complex, enzyme-Gd3+ -monomer. Morever, a synergism was observed in the binding of Gd3+ and micelles to the enzyme. The magnitudes of the PRR enhancement factors for the enzyme-Gd3+ complexes with micelles of n-alkylphosphorylcholines indicate that the bound Gd3+ is freely accessible to the bulk solvent. These results suggest a model for the enzyme-micelle complex in which the active site is spatially removed from the enzyme-micelle interface."}
{"id": "PMID:945071", "title": "Radioprotective effect of superoxide dismutase on model phospholipid membranes.", "content": "1. Hydroperoxide formation in model membranes was measured via the net increase in absorbance at 232 nm after exposure to X-rays or 137Cs gamma rays in the presence and absence of bovine superoxide dismutase and other radical scavengers. 2. Membranes X-irradiated in air to 4200 rad at 210 rad/min exhibited a large increase in absorbance, a major portion of which was O2--mediated since active superoxide dismutase at 1 mug/ml reduced it by more than 80% to the level observed in N2O. In N2 the change in absorbance was smaller than in N2O but not in proportion to the halving in OH production. 3. The net absorbance of membranes exposed to a constant dose from 137Cs increased with decreasing dose rate. A minor component of this effect was due to exposure protraction with decreasing dose rates while the major component was attributed to long chain reactions initiated by ionizing radiation. A corollary effect was also observed, namely, that with reducing dose rate the dose required to elicit a constant absorbance change decreased. Both aspects were abolished by superoxide dismutase at 1 mug/ml. 4. The enzyme protected membranes after an acute exposure and from low level radiation at natural background while its inactivated form sensitized.", "contents": "Radioprotective effect of superoxide dismutase on model phospholipid membranes. 1. Hydroperoxide formation in model membranes was measured via the net increase in absorbance at 232 nm after exposure to X-rays or 137Cs gamma rays in the presence and absence of bovine superoxide dismutase and other radical scavengers. 2. Membranes X-irradiated in air to 4200 rad at 210 rad/min exhibited a large increase in absorbance, a major portion of which was O2--mediated since active superoxide dismutase at 1 mug/ml reduced it by more than 80% to the level observed in N2O. In N2 the change in absorbance was smaller than in N2O but not in proportion to the halving in OH production. 3. The net absorbance of membranes exposed to a constant dose from 137Cs increased with decreasing dose rate. A minor component of this effect was due to exposure protraction with decreasing dose rates while the major component was attributed to long chain reactions initiated by ionizing radiation. A corollary effect was also observed, namely, that with reducing dose rate the dose required to elicit a constant absorbance change decreased. Both aspects were abolished by superoxide dismutase at 1 mug/ml. 4. The enzyme protected membranes after an acute exposure and from low level radiation at natural background while its inactivated form sensitized."}
{"id": "PMID:945072", "title": "Further observations on the photooxidation of DNA in the presence of riboflavin.", "content": "Illumination of DNA in the presence of riboflavin results in an increase in buoyant density and a decrease in the temperature of the thermal helix-coil transition (Tm). The increase in buoyant density is maintained even after thermal denaturation, which indicates that it reflects a chemical alteration of a DNA base (presumably guanine). beta-Carotene, a quencher of singlet oxygen, inhibits the increase in buoyant density but it prevents only partially the decrease in Tm. This is taken as an indication that the photo-induced alteration of the DNA structure is due to more than one reaction. Illumination of DNA in the presence of methylene blue also causes an increase in buoyant density , but this increase is not retained upon thermal denaturation.", "contents": "Further observations on the photooxidation of DNA in the presence of riboflavin. Illumination of DNA in the presence of riboflavin results in an increase in buoyant density and a decrease in the temperature of the thermal helix-coil transition (Tm). The increase in buoyant density is maintained even after thermal denaturation, which indicates that it reflects a chemical alteration of a DNA base (presumably guanine). beta-Carotene, a quencher of singlet oxygen, inhibits the increase in buoyant density but it prevents only partially the decrease in Tm. This is taken as an indication that the photo-induced alteration of the DNA structure is due to more than one reaction. Illumination of DNA in the presence of methylene blue also causes an increase in buoyant density , but this increase is not retained upon thermal denaturation."}
{"id": "PMID:945073", "title": "Developmental changes in plasma membrane fluidity in chick embryo heart.", "content": "1. Decreases in the rate of transport of sugars (facilitated transport), amino acids (active transport), and urea (simple diffusion) occur in chick embryo heart during development. This work considers the possibility that changes in the plasma membrane fluidity during development contribute to the observed changes in transport activities. 2. Technics were developed for subcellar fractionation of chick embryos and adult chickens. 3. The depolarization of the fluorescence of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene was used to estimate the fluidity of the lipid portion of plasma membrane enriched fractions of hearts from chick embryos at various stages of development and from adult hearts. 4. There is a pattern of decreasing membrane viscosity as development proceeds. Between 5-6 days and 10 days of embryonic life a 20% decrease in viscosity of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction occurs. Between 10 and 20 days of embryonic life there is no significant change in viscosity. Between 20 days of development (1 day before hatching) and adulthood there is a further 55% decrease in plasma membrane viscosity. 5. It is proposed that the changes in membrane fluidity observed may contribute to developmental changes in membrane transport activities, but other factors must also be involved.", "contents": "Developmental changes in plasma membrane fluidity in chick embryo heart. 1. Decreases in the rate of transport of sugars (facilitated transport), amino acids (active transport), and urea (simple diffusion) occur in chick embryo heart during development. This work considers the possibility that changes in the plasma membrane fluidity during development contribute to the observed changes in transport activities. 2. Technics were developed for subcellar fractionation of chick embryos and adult chickens. 3. The depolarization of the fluorescence of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene was used to estimate the fluidity of the lipid portion of plasma membrane enriched fractions of hearts from chick embryos at various stages of development and from adult hearts. 4. There is a pattern of decreasing membrane viscosity as development proceeds. Between 5-6 days and 10 days of embryonic life a 20% decrease in viscosity of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction occurs. Between 10 and 20 days of embryonic life there is no significant change in viscosity. Between 20 days of development (1 day before hatching) and adulthood there is a further 55% decrease in plasma membrane viscosity. 5. It is proposed that the changes in membrane fluidity observed may contribute to developmental changes in membrane transport activities, but other factors must also be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:945074", "title": "Multiple thermotropic state transitions in erythrocyte membranes. A laser-Raman study of the CH-stretching and acoustical regions.", "content": "1. We have examined the Raman scattering from erythrocyte ghosts at 2700 cm-1 -3000 cm-1 (CH-stretching region), that at low frequencies due to acoustical vibrations, as well as that due to v (-C=C-) and v (=C-C=) of beta-carotene, in the temperature range of -30 degrees C to  +30 degrees C. For comparison we have also evaluated the Rama spectra of liposomes composed of lecithins+/-cholesterol. 2. Plots vs. temperature of the intensities (I) of the approx. 2880 cm-1 and 2932 cm-1 bands relative to the intensity of the thermally stable 2850 cm-1 band, i.e. the (I2880/I2850) and (I2932/I2850) ratios, revealed discontinuities in both erythrocyte membranes and liposomes. 3. In erythrocyte membranes, plots of (I approximately 2880/I2850) and (I approximately 2932/I 2850) reveal several discontinuities. Those reported by (I approximately 2880/I 2850) occur at +17 degrees C and approx. -4 degrees C. The ratio (I approximately 2932/I 2850) reveals a transition between -20 degrees C and +10 degrees C, 1/2 maximal at -8 degrees C. The ratio  (I 1527/I 1158), representing the relative intensity of v (-C=C-) vs. v (=C-C=) of membrane-bound beta-carotene, changes discontinuously with the 17 degrees C transition, but is stable over the rest of the temperature change studied. 4. The data indicate that a major membrane-state transition takes place below 0 degrees C but that an additional transition occurs at approx. 17 degrees C.", "contents": "Multiple thermotropic state transitions in erythrocyte membranes. A laser-Raman study of the CH-stretching and acoustical regions. 1. We have examined the Raman scattering from erythrocyte ghosts at 2700 cm-1 -3000 cm-1 (CH-stretching region), that at low frequencies due to acoustical vibrations, as well as that due to v (-C=C-) and v (=C-C=) of beta-carotene, in the temperature range of -30 degrees C to  +30 degrees C. For comparison we have also evaluated the Rama spectra of liposomes composed of lecithins+/-cholesterol. 2. Plots vs. temperature of the intensities (I) of the approx. 2880 cm-1 and 2932 cm-1 bands relative to the intensity of the thermally stable 2850 cm-1 band, i.e. the (I2880/I2850) and (I2932/I2850) ratios, revealed discontinuities in both erythrocyte membranes and liposomes. 3. In erythrocyte membranes, plots of (I approximately 2880/I2850) and (I approximately 2932/I 2850) reveal several discontinuities. Those reported by (I approximately 2880/I 2850) occur at +17 degrees C and approx. -4 degrees C. The ratio (I approximately 2932/I 2850) reveals a transition between -20 degrees C and +10 degrees C, 1/2 maximal at -8 degrees C. The ratio  (I 1527/I 1158), representing the relative intensity of v (-C=C-) vs. v (=C-C=) of membrane-bound beta-carotene, changes discontinuously with the 17 degrees C transition, but is stable over the rest of the temperature change studied. 4. The data indicate that a major membrane-state transition takes place below 0 degrees C but that an additional transition occurs at approx. 17 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:945077", "title": "[A study of the protein composition of the zona pellucida of mammalian oocytes and zygotes by a method of microelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "Z. pellucide from oocytes and zygotes of CBA mice and albino rats were lysed in a microvolume of 1% buffered sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). The microlysate (about 1,0--2,0-10(-7) g protein) was fractionated by means microdiscelectrophoretic technique, using 10%- and 15%-polyacrylamide gel containing 0.1% SDS. The new proteins with increased anodic mobility was found among zonal proteins after fertilization in CBA mice and rats. Homogenous fraction of glycoprotein (approximately molecular weight 44 000) is found in z. pellucida of rat oocytes. This glycoprotein fraction from rat zygote coats produces 3 components moving to anode under electrophoresis. The data obtained support the hypothesis that the mechanism of \"zonal fraction\" under fertilization in mammals can be due to partial lysis of coat proteins by proteinase of cortical granules.", "contents": "[A study of the protein composition of the zona pellucida of mammalian oocytes and zygotes by a method of microelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel]. Z. pellucide from oocytes and zygotes of CBA mice and albino rats were lysed in a microvolume of 1% buffered sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). The microlysate (about 1,0--2,0-10(-7) g protein) was fractionated by means microdiscelectrophoretic technique, using 10%- and 15%-polyacrylamide gel containing 0.1% SDS. The new proteins with increased anodic mobility was found among zonal proteins after fertilization in CBA mice and rats. Homogenous fraction of glycoprotein (approximately molecular weight 44 000) is found in z. pellucida of rat oocytes. This glycoprotein fraction from rat zygote coats produces 3 components moving to anode under electrophoresis. The data obtained support the hypothesis that the mechanism of \"zonal fraction\" under fertilization in mammals can be due to partial lysis of coat proteins by proteinase of cortical granules."}
{"id": "PMID:945078", "title": "Glucose disappearance rate, insulin response and growth hormone response in the small for gestational age and premature infant of very low birth weight.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the disappearance rate of intravenously administered glucose, plasma insulin, plasma growth hormone (GH) and their responses to an intravenous glucose load in 29 infants who were small for gestational age (SGA). The findings were compared to those in 19 premature babies of similar birth weight who were appropriate for gestational age (AGA); in all the weights were below 2,000 g. The babies were divided in two groups according to their age when tested, at less than 24 and 25-48 h. SGA infants cleared glucose more rapidly than AGA infants (p less than 0.01) whose clearance rates were similar to those previously reported in normal full-size and full-term newborns. Arterial insulin values before glucose loading were similar in all groups. The insulin response to glucose was poor in both SGA and AGA infants, but there was no significant difference between these two groups of infants. The response in the two groups at 24 and 25-48 h was similar. In 8 SGA babies insulin response was studied shortly after glucose injection to determine beta-cell release, but there was no significant difference of insulin level before and after glucose administration. In 5 AGA and 8 SGA babies insulin response was studied simultaneously in portal vein and aorta. In AGA babies the insulin response was completely different in the two vessels with a high response in the vein; on the contrary, in SGA infants response was variable. Growth hormone levels were high before test in SGA and AGA; after a glucose load the plasma GH levels increase, but the response was identical in SGA and AGA.", "contents": "Glucose disappearance rate, insulin response and growth hormone response in the small for gestational age and premature infant of very low birth weight. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the disappearance rate of intravenously administered glucose, plasma insulin, plasma growth hormone (GH) and their responses to an intravenous glucose load in 29 infants who were small for gestational age (SGA). The findings were compared to those in 19 premature babies of similar birth weight who were appropriate for gestational age (AGA); in all the weights were below 2,000 g. The babies were divided in two groups according to their age when tested, at less than 24 and 25-48 h. SGA infants cleared glucose more rapidly than AGA infants (p less than 0.01) whose clearance rates were similar to those previously reported in normal full-size and full-term newborns. Arterial insulin values before glucose loading were similar in all groups. The insulin response to glucose was poor in both SGA and AGA infants, but there was no significant difference between these two groups of infants. The response in the two groups at 24 and 25-48 h was similar. In 8 SGA babies insulin response was studied shortly after glucose injection to determine beta-cell release, but there was no significant difference of insulin level before and after glucose administration. In 5 AGA and 8 SGA babies insulin response was studied simultaneously in portal vein and aorta. In AGA babies the insulin response was completely different in the two vessels with a high response in the vein; on the contrary, in SGA infants response was variable. Growth hormone levels were high before test in SGA and AGA; after a glucose load the plasma GH levels increase, but the response was identical in SGA and AGA."}
{"id": "PMID:945079", "title": "The regulatory effect of estrogens on fetal growth. IV. Brain development in growth accelerated fetuses in rabbits.", "content": "Brain weights and DNA, RNA, and total protein concentrations were determined on 31-day-old fetuses whose growth had been accelerated incidental to estrogen deficiency following maternal oophorectomy. Compared to controls, there were no differences in the DNA, RNA, or total protein concentrations, although the mean brain weight was increased. The higher mean brain weight in the growth accelerated fetuses was related to the increased mean fetal weight, and did not represent an independent response to the estrogen deficiency. A comparison of the influence of fetal weight versus gestational age on the weight of the fetal brain shows that gestational age exerts an effect apart from that of fetal weight.", "contents": "The regulatory effect of estrogens on fetal growth. IV. Brain development in growth accelerated fetuses in rabbits. Brain weights and DNA, RNA, and total protein concentrations were determined on 31-day-old fetuses whose growth had been accelerated incidental to estrogen deficiency following maternal oophorectomy. Compared to controls, there were no differences in the DNA, RNA, or total protein concentrations, although the mean brain weight was increased. The higher mean brain weight in the growth accelerated fetuses was related to the increased mean fetal weight, and did not represent an independent response to the estrogen deficiency. A comparison of the influence of fetal weight versus gestational age on the weight of the fetal brain shows that gestational age exerts an effect apart from that of fetal weight."}
{"id": "PMID:945084", "title": "Automation in cervical cancer screening. Part 1: fixed cell scanning systems.", "content": "Cytology automation is highly desirable if a mass cancer screening system is to be effective, and has been the subject of widespread research and development effort. Several experimental systems have been developed based on fixed cell scanning or flow techniques, but clinical trials have produced disappointing results. The major problem with these early systems has been that of false positive \"abnormal cell\" signals caused by cell overlaps and artifacts. Most current research is devoted to the development of better techniques for cell presentation, to the improvement of pattern recognition techniques, and to the exploitation of novel cell parameters in flow systems.", "contents": "Automation in cervical cancer screening. Part 1: fixed cell scanning systems. Cytology automation is highly desirable if a mass cancer screening system is to be effective, and has been the subject of widespread research and development effort. Several experimental systems have been developed based on fixed cell scanning or flow techniques, but clinical trials have produced disappointing results. The major problem with these early systems has been that of false positive \"abnormal cell\" signals caused by cell overlaps and artifacts. Most current research is devoted to the development of better techniques for cell presentation, to the improvement of pattern recognition techniques, and to the exploitation of novel cell parameters in flow systems."}
{"id": "PMID:945086", "title": "Nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy of a fluorescence probe adsorbed to L-alpha-egg lecithin vesicles.", "content": "Nanosecond time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) are fluorescence emission spectra obtained at discrete times during the fluorescence decay. The complete data-set obtainable is a surface representing the intensity at all wavelengths and times during the emission decay time. When 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2,6 p-TNS) is adsorbed to egg lecithin vesicles, an excited-state reaction associated with energetic changes of the emitting species occurs on the nanosecond time scale. Convolution of the fluorescence decay with the excitation response introduces an artifact in the time-dependent spectra. A precedure is described by which this artifact can be eliminated. The data for the generation of time-resolved emission spectra are obtained with a computer-interfaced instrument based on the single-photon counting method.", "contents": "Nanosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy of a fluorescence probe adsorbed to L-alpha-egg lecithin vesicles. Nanosecond time-resolved emission spectra (TRES) are fluorescence emission spectra obtained at discrete times during the fluorescence decay. The complete data-set obtainable is a surface representing the intensity at all wavelengths and times during the emission decay time. When 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2,6 p-TNS) is adsorbed to egg lecithin vesicles, an excited-state reaction associated with energetic changes of the emitting species occurs on the nanosecond time scale. Convolution of the fluorescence decay with the excitation response introduces an artifact in the time-dependent spectra. A precedure is described by which this artifact can be eliminated. The data for the generation of time-resolved emission spectra are obtained with a computer-interfaced instrument based on the single-photon counting method."}
{"id": "PMID:945087", "title": "[The tranquilizing properties of sodium hydroxybutyrate].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats. It was shown that sodium oxybutyrate depressed the escape response to punishment of the partner and motivated aggression in much lower doses than the defence conditioned reflex and unmotivated aggression, prevented negative consequences of fear and rage reactions; it also normalized conditioned reflexes in neurotic rats, this pointing to its marked tranquillizing action.", "contents": "[The tranquilizing properties of sodium hydroxybutyrate]. Experiments were conducted on rats. It was shown that sodium oxybutyrate depressed the escape response to punishment of the partner and motivated aggression in much lower doses than the defence conditioned reflex and unmotivated aggression, prevented negative consequences of fear and rage reactions; it also normalized conditioned reflexes in neurotic rats, this pointing to its marked tranquillizing action."}
{"id": "PMID:945088", "title": "[Factors determining prolonged chimerism of lymphoid tissue in mice treated with cyclophosphamide].", "content": "Conditions of long-lasting chimerism induction in adult CBA mice treated with cyclophosphamide and spleen cells (CBAXC57BL/6)F1 were investigated. The necessary requirements are high cell doses (over 50X10(6)), cyclophosphamide dose equal or over 200 mg/kg and a short interval (3-6hr) between their injections. The data obtained were interpreted from the point of view of the capacity of cyclophosphamide to induce reversible lymphocyte DNA damages. After the interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen these damages are fixed with the resultant elimination of the corresponding cell clone.", "contents": "[Factors determining prolonged chimerism of lymphoid tissue in mice treated with cyclophosphamide]. Conditions of long-lasting chimerism induction in adult CBA mice treated with cyclophosphamide and spleen cells (CBAXC57BL/6)F1 were investigated. The necessary requirements are high cell doses (over 50X10(6)), cyclophosphamide dose equal or over 200 mg/kg and a short interval (3-6hr) between their injections. The data obtained were interpreted from the point of view of the capacity of cyclophosphamide to induce reversible lymphocyte DNA damages. After the interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen these damages are fixed with the resultant elimination of the corresponding cell clone."}
{"id": "PMID:945089", "title": "[The relationship between the number of antibody forming cells in the spleens of rats immunized with Sal. typhi O-antigen and the number of background cells producing antibodies to that antigen].", "content": "It was shown on 5 series of rats by the method of local passive hemolysis in gel that the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen after the immunization with O-antigen from Sal. typhi correlated with the number of background AFC to the given antigen in the animals of the same series. This, possibly, pointed to the fact that the number of spontaneous AFC reflected the number of B-lymphocyte immunocompetent to the given antigen and could be used - to some extent - for the assessment of the immunological reactivity to this antigen before the immunization.", "contents": "[The relationship between the number of antibody forming cells in the spleens of rats immunized with Sal. typhi O-antigen and the number of background cells producing antibodies to that antigen]. It was shown on 5 series of rats by the method of local passive hemolysis in gel that the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen after the immunization with O-antigen from Sal. typhi correlated with the number of background AFC to the given antigen in the animals of the same series. This, possibly, pointed to the fact that the number of spontaneous AFC reflected the number of B-lymphocyte immunocompetent to the given antigen and could be used - to some extent - for the assessment of the immunological reactivity to this antigen before the immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:945090", "title": "[The influence of low-molecular extracts from heterologous thymus, epiphysis and hypothalamus on the immune response in mice].", "content": "Extracts from bovine tissue were prepared by the acetic acid treatement and purified by gel filtration. All the preparations were injected into CBA mice for 10 days. Extracts from the thymus and the epiphysis proved to increase the number of antibody-forming cells generated in the spleen and the level of serum hemagglutinins in response to the immunization with sheep red cells. As to the hypothalamic extract, it depressed the immune response.", "contents": "[The influence of low-molecular extracts from heterologous thymus, epiphysis and hypothalamus on the immune response in mice]. Extracts from bovine tissue were prepared by the acetic acid treatement and purified by gel filtration. All the preparations were injected into CBA mice for 10 days. Extracts from the thymus and the epiphysis proved to increase the number of antibody-forming cells generated in the spleen and the level of serum hemagglutinins in response to the immunization with sheep red cells. As to the hypothalamic extract, it depressed the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:945091", "title": "[The adjuvant effect of IgG molecule fragments present in the serum of partially hepatectomized rabbits].", "content": "A F (ab)2 -like fragment of IgG isolated from the serum of partially hepatectomized rabbits was capable of enhanceing an immune response in rabbits xenogenous erythrocytes. This enhancing effect was revealed by an increase of both the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and the titres of 19S and 7S hemagglutinins.", "contents": "[The adjuvant effect of IgG molecule fragments present in the serum of partially hepatectomized rabbits]. A F (ab)2 -like fragment of IgG isolated from the serum of partially hepatectomized rabbits was capable of enhanceing an immune response in rabbits xenogenous erythrocytes. This enhancing effect was revealed by an increase of both the number of antibody-forming cells in the spleen and the titres of 19S and 7S hemagglutinins."}
{"id": "PMID:945092", "title": "[Sex ratios in mouse embryos during the postimplantation period of development].", "content": "Sex ratio in the embryos if the CBA mice was studied on the 10th and 18th days of gestation to analyze the relationship between the mortality and sex of the embryo. Spontaneous mortality of embryos was shown to be independent of sex of the embryos , and sex ratio of the embryos at different stages of embryogenesis was no different from 1 : 1.", "contents": "[Sex ratios in mouse embryos during the postimplantation period of development]. Sex ratio in the embryos if the CBA mice was studied on the 10th and 18th days of gestation to analyze the relationship between the mortality and sex of the embryo. Spontaneous mortality of embryos was shown to be independent of sex of the embryos , and sex ratio of the embryos at different stages of embryogenesis was no different from 1 : 1."}
{"id": "PMID:945093", "title": "[Experimental neuropathological syndromes during the development of hyperactive determinant dispatch stations in the caudate nuclei].", "content": "Hyperactive determinant dispatch stations (DDS), representing generators of pathologically increased excitation, were created in the rostral part of both caudate nuclei in rats with the aid of tetanus toxin, which disturbed various kinds of inhibition. Formation of such DDS generators in the indicated structures induced stereotypes, impulsive convulsive movements and catalepsy.", "contents": "[Experimental neuropathological syndromes during the development of hyperactive determinant dispatch stations in the caudate nuclei]. Hyperactive determinant dispatch stations (DDS), representing generators of pathologically increased excitation, were created in the rostral part of both caudate nuclei in rats with the aid of tetanus toxin, which disturbed various kinds of inhibition. Formation of such DDS generators in the indicated structures induced stereotypes, impulsive convulsive movements and catalepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:945094", "title": "[Effect of dilysosomal macrophages on the development and outcome of pneumonia induced by the causative agent of enzootic abortion of sheep].", "content": "Repeated intranasal injections of increasing doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide pyrogenal resulted in accumulation of numerous macrophages in the upper and middle parts of the mouse lungs; these macrophages were filled with leukocyte lysosomes. In these animals dilysosomal macrophages increased local resistance to the agent of enzootic ewe abortion and thus could change the lethal form of induced pneumonia into the nonlethal one.", "contents": "[Effect of dilysosomal macrophages on the development and outcome of pneumonia induced by the causative agent of enzootic abortion of sheep]. Repeated intranasal injections of increasing doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide pyrogenal resulted in accumulation of numerous macrophages in the upper and middle parts of the mouse lungs; these macrophages were filled with leukocyte lysosomes. In these animals dilysosomal macrophages increased local resistance to the agent of enzootic ewe abortion and thus could change the lethal form of induced pneumonia into the nonlethal one."}
{"id": "PMID:945095", "title": "The binding of various mercurial compounds to serum proteins.", "content": "Binding study of 203Hg-labeled Hg2+, PMA, MMC and EMC tp serum albumin of six mammalian species, bovine hemoglobin and bovine lambda-globulin is presented. Both MMC and EMC bound only weakly to serum albumin and lambda-globulin and more strongly to hemoglobin; Hg2+ bound very strongly to both albumin and hemoglobin and weakly to lambda-globulin; and PMA bound most strongly to albumin, next to hemoglobin and the least, to lambda-globulin. The available binding sites varied from one to five per molecule of protein. Human serum albumin has the lowest association constants with all four mercurial compounds, indicating that it was not as tightly bound to mercurial compounds as found with serum albumins from other species.", "contents": "The binding of various mercurial compounds to serum proteins. Binding study of 203Hg-labeled Hg2+, PMA, MMC and EMC tp serum albumin of six mammalian species, bovine hemoglobin and bovine lambda-globulin is presented. Both MMC and EMC bound only weakly to serum albumin and lambda-globulin and more strongly to hemoglobin; Hg2+ bound very strongly to both albumin and hemoglobin and weakly to lambda-globulin; and PMA bound most strongly to albumin, next to hemoglobin and the least, to lambda-globulin. The available binding sites varied from one to five per molecule of protein. Human serum albumin has the lowest association constants with all four mercurial compounds, indicating that it was not as tightly bound to mercurial compounds as found with serum albumins from other species."}
{"id": "PMID:945098", "title": "Reduction mammaplasty with a vertical bipedicle and transverse scar: a follow-up.", "content": "A technique for reduction mammaplasty has been developed. The method has been used in 174 patients and the complications and final results have been analysed. If a transverse scar can be accepted the method gives an attractive, predictable shape, with very few complications and very little morbidity.", "contents": "Reduction mammaplasty with a vertical bipedicle and transverse scar: a follow-up. A technique for reduction mammaplasty has been developed. The method has been used in 174 patients and the complications and final results have been analysed. If a transverse scar can be accepted the method gives an attractive, predictable shape, with very few complications and very little morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:945099", "title": "A twin study of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase.", "content": "Significant sibling-sibling and within-family correlations of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity have suggested a high degree of genetic control over levels of activity of this catecholamine-related enzyme. However, family studies do not disentangle genetic from environmental similarities as causative of within-family correlations. We therefore undertook a human twin study using the monozygotic-dizygotic comparison method. Twelve pairs of monozygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of 90 in red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity, and seven pairs of dizygotic twins had an intraclass correlations of 37. Heritability of the enzyme activity was estimated by different methods as between 68-100 per cent.", "contents": "A twin study of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase. Significant sibling-sibling and within-family correlations of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity have suggested a high degree of genetic control over levels of activity of this catecholamine-related enzyme. However, family studies do not disentangle genetic from environmental similarities as causative of within-family correlations. We therefore undertook a human twin study using the monozygotic-dizygotic comparison method. Twelve pairs of monozygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of 90 in red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity, and seven pairs of dizygotic twins had an intraclass correlations of 37. Heritability of the enzyme activity was estimated by different methods as between 68-100 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:945104", "title": "Transposition of the spleen in rats with portal hypertension.", "content": "Portal hypertension was induced in rats by progressive occlusion of the portal vein or by dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) cirrhosis. Portasystemic venous connections did not develop in relation to the spleen when this organ was intraperitoneal, but after subcutaneous transposition most of the collaterals were parasplenic and the portal venous pressure fell.", "contents": "Transposition of the spleen in rats with portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was induced in rats by progressive occlusion of the portal vein or by dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) cirrhosis. Portasystemic venous connections did not develop in relation to the spleen when this organ was intraperitoneal, but after subcutaneous transposition most of the collaterals were parasplenic and the portal venous pressure fell."}
{"id": "PMID:945112", "title": "Increase in striatal acetylcholine by picrotoxin in the rat: evidence for a gabergic-dopaminergic-cholinergic link.", "content": "Picrotoxin, 2 mg/kg i.p., a GABA receptor blocking agent, increased rat striatal acetylcholine content by approximately 70% without altering the levels of this amine in the cerebral hemispheres, mesencephalon, diencephalon, hippocampus and cerebellum. Striatal choline levels were concomitantly decreased by about 25%. This dose of picrotoxin also increased striatal homovanillic acid levels by about 30%, an effect which was not antagonized by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor stimulating agent, piribedil. Picrotoxin did not affect striatal choline-O-acetyltransferase or cholinesterase activity after in vitro incubation. The action of picrotoxin on striatal acetylcholine levels was partially antagonized by pimozide and completely blocked by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine pretreatment while the intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Convulsions were not prevented by any of these treatments. The results are interpreted as follows: picrotoxin released dopamine through disinhibition of the dopaminergic neurons as a result of blockade of gabergic receptors. The increased dopaminergic activity inhibited cholinergic neurons and lead to an increase in acetylcholine content. The data thus provide evidence for a possible gabergic (inhibitory)--dopaminergic (inhibitory)-cholinergic link terminating in the striatum.", "contents": "Increase in striatal acetylcholine by picrotoxin in the rat: evidence for a gabergic-dopaminergic-cholinergic link. Picrotoxin, 2 mg/kg i.p., a GABA receptor blocking agent, increased rat striatal acetylcholine content by approximately 70% without altering the levels of this amine in the cerebral hemispheres, mesencephalon, diencephalon, hippocampus and cerebellum. Striatal choline levels were concomitantly decreased by about 25%. This dose of picrotoxin also increased striatal homovanillic acid levels by about 30%, an effect which was not antagonized by pretreatment with the dopamine receptor stimulating agent, piribedil. Picrotoxin did not affect striatal choline-O-acetyltransferase or cholinesterase activity after in vitro incubation. The action of picrotoxin on striatal acetylcholine levels was partially antagonized by pimozide and completely blocked by alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine pretreatment while the intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine was without effect. Convulsions were not prevented by any of these treatments. The results are interpreted as follows: picrotoxin released dopamine through disinhibition of the dopaminergic neurons as a result of blockade of gabergic receptors. The increased dopaminergic activity inhibited cholinergic neurons and lead to an increase in acetylcholine content. The data thus provide evidence for a possible gabergic (inhibitory)--dopaminergic (inhibitory)-cholinergic link terminating in the striatum."}
{"id": "PMID:945114", "title": "Quantitative differences between sympathetic nerve terminals.", "content": "The fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines shows differences in both innervation density and fluorescence intensity between sympathetic nerve terminals in different organs. Quantitative electron microscopy shows differences in vesicle density in varicosities of nerve terminals in heart, spleen and vas deferens of the rat. The electron-dense core of the small noradrenergic vesicles has a different mean volume and a different core-size distribution in different nerve terminals. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative differences between sympathetic nerve terminals. The fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines shows differences in both innervation density and fluorescence intensity between sympathetic nerve terminals in different organs. Quantitative electron microscopy shows differences in vesicle density in varicosities of nerve terminals in heart, spleen and vas deferens of the rat. The electron-dense core of the small noradrenergic vesicles has a different mean volume and a different core-size distribution in different nerve terminals. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945117", "title": "Dietary chloride requirement of broiler chicks fed on a wheat-soya bean diet.", "content": "1. A diet based on soybean meal and wheat contained insufficient chloride to support normal growth in chicks. 2. Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride were equally good sources of supplementary chloride for the chick. 3. When seven diets providing increasing proportions of chloride from 608 to 1808 mg/kg, were fed to chicks, maximal growth at 21 d was obtained at about 1200 mg chloride/kg diet.", "contents": "Dietary chloride requirement of broiler chicks fed on a wheat-soya bean diet. 1. A diet based on soybean meal and wheat contained insufficient chloride to support normal growth in chicks. 2. Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride were equally good sources of supplementary chloride for the chick. 3. When seven diets providing increasing proportions of chloride from 608 to 1808 mg/kg, were fed to chicks, maximal growth at 21 d was obtained at about 1200 mg chloride/kg diet."}
{"id": "PMID:945118", "title": "Evidence of a novel role for monovalent cations in pyruvate kinase catalysis.", "content": "In the pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) reaction, the complete enzyme-products complex consists of enzyme, pyruvate, ATP, a divalent cation, and a monovalent cation, usually K+. The dissociation of this complex can be slow permitting reversible enolization of pyruvate in this complex during the course of the forward reaction. High concentrations of each component in the enzyme-products complex inhibits the forward reaction, but only elevated concentrations of the monovalent cation decrease the net rate of product dissociation relative to that of pyruvate enolization. This result indicates that the monovalent cation can be the first component released from the enzyme-products complex and that the presence of an inhibiting monovalent cation concentration leads to re-formation of the complete complex, which is necessary for pyruvate enolization. The evidence suggests that the monovalent cation can bind and release with each turnover of the enzyme. While the data do not permit the conclusion that first release of monovalent cation is the exclusive pathway for dissociation of the enzyme-products complex, no other component once released can reassociate rapidly enough to form a complete complex during the forward reaction. Inhibition by these components must be attributed to the formation of abortive complexes.", "contents": "Evidence of a novel role for monovalent cations in pyruvate kinase catalysis. In the pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) reaction, the complete enzyme-products complex consists of enzyme, pyruvate, ATP, a divalent cation, and a monovalent cation, usually K+. The dissociation of this complex can be slow permitting reversible enolization of pyruvate in this complex during the course of the forward reaction. High concentrations of each component in the enzyme-products complex inhibits the forward reaction, but only elevated concentrations of the monovalent cation decrease the net rate of product dissociation relative to that of pyruvate enolization. This result indicates that the monovalent cation can be the first component released from the enzyme-products complex and that the presence of an inhibiting monovalent cation concentration leads to re-formation of the complete complex, which is necessary for pyruvate enolization. The evidence suggests that the monovalent cation can bind and release with each turnover of the enzyme. While the data do not permit the conclusion that first release of monovalent cation is the exclusive pathway for dissociation of the enzyme-products complex, no other component once released can reassociate rapidly enough to form a complete complex during the forward reaction. Inhibition by these components must be attributed to the formation of abortive complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:945119", "title": "Ultrastructure of melanin formation in Verticillium dahliae with (+)-scytalone as a biosynthetic intermediate.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that melanin of wild-type Verticillium dahliae occurred as granules in microsclerotial cell walls and in a fibrillar network encapsulating the walls. An albino microsclerotial mutant and a brown microsclerotial mutant of V. dahliae did not form melanin granules. When albino microsclerotia were treated with (+)-scytalone (a metabolite that the brown mutant accumulates), they formed melanin granules and turned black. These granules were similar in appearance and distribution to those in the wild type. Melanin granules of the wild-type isolate and the scytalone-treated albino mutant were formed at a maximum rate in microsclerotia from 5- to 8-day-old cultures. These observations suggest that scytalone is a natural intermediate of melanin synthesis in V. dahliae.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of melanin formation in Verticillium dahliae with (+)-scytalone as a biosynthetic intermediate. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that melanin of wild-type Verticillium dahliae occurred as granules in microsclerotial cell walls and in a fibrillar network encapsulating the walls. An albino microsclerotial mutant and a brown microsclerotial mutant of V. dahliae did not form melanin granules. When albino microsclerotia were treated with (+)-scytalone (a metabolite that the brown mutant accumulates), they formed melanin granules and turned black. These granules were similar in appearance and distribution to those in the wild type. Melanin granules of the wild-type isolate and the scytalone-treated albino mutant were formed at a maximum rate in microsclerotia from 5- to 8-day-old cultures. These observations suggest that scytalone is a natural intermediate of melanin synthesis in V. dahliae."}
{"id": "PMID:945120", "title": "Use of mutants to establish (+)-scytalone as an intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by Verticillium dahliae.", "content": "Melanin biosynthesis in Verticillium dahliae Kleb, was studied with mutants deficient for normal black melanin or for production of microsclerotia. Seven genetically different mutants had apparent blocks in melanin biosynthesis. Four mutants (brm-1 to -4) produced brown microsclerotia and extruded pigments into media; three (alm-1 to -3) produced albino microsclerotia. Other mutants produced no microsclerotia (nms) or had greatly reduced numbers of microsclerotia (rms). Mutation alm-1 was due to a single recessive gene; the other melanin-deficient characters were recessive but their genetic bases were not determined. Cultures of the brown mutants brm-1 and -3 extruded and accumulated a metabolite that blackened the albino microslerotia of alm-1 to -3. The metabolite was identified as (+)-scytalone (3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-1(2H)naphthalenone). Pigment formed by alm-1 microsclerotia from (+)-scytalone had chemical and physical properties identical with those of melanin in the wild-type fungus. (+)-Scytalone was produced and converted to melanin by microsclerotia but not by conidia or hyphae. Conversion of (+)-scytalone to melanin appeared to involve two or more enzymes and probably involved conversions to 1,3,8,-trihydroxynaphthalene and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene. Albino mutants of Thielaviopsis basicola, Drechslera sorokiniana, Pleospora infectoria (Alternaria), Ulocladium sp., and Curvularia sp. also converted scytalone to pigments indistinguishable from the melanins found in their respective wild types. Scytalone melanin may be common in fungi with dark brown or black pigments.", "contents": "Use of mutants to establish (+)-scytalone as an intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by Verticillium dahliae. Melanin biosynthesis in Verticillium dahliae Kleb, was studied with mutants deficient for normal black melanin or for production of microsclerotia. Seven genetically different mutants had apparent blocks in melanin biosynthesis. Four mutants (brm-1 to -4) produced brown microsclerotia and extruded pigments into media; three (alm-1 to -3) produced albino microsclerotia. Other mutants produced no microsclerotia (nms) or had greatly reduced numbers of microsclerotia (rms). Mutation alm-1 was due to a single recessive gene; the other melanin-deficient characters were recessive but their genetic bases were not determined. Cultures of the brown mutants brm-1 and -3 extruded and accumulated a metabolite that blackened the albino microslerotia of alm-1 to -3. The metabolite was identified as (+)-scytalone (3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-1(2H)naphthalenone). Pigment formed by alm-1 microsclerotia from (+)-scytalone had chemical and physical properties identical with those of melanin in the wild-type fungus. (+)-Scytalone was produced and converted to melanin by microsclerotia but not by conidia or hyphae. Conversion of (+)-scytalone to melanin appeared to involve two or more enzymes and probably involved conversions to 1,3,8,-trihydroxynaphthalene and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene. Albino mutants of Thielaviopsis basicola, Drechslera sorokiniana, Pleospora infectoria (Alternaria), Ulocladium sp., and Curvularia sp. also converted scytalone to pigments indistinguishable from the melanins found in their respective wild types. Scytalone melanin may be common in fungi with dark brown or black pigments."}
{"id": "PMID:945121", "title": "Lysogeny in Streptococcus bovis.", "content": "Forty-eight strains of Streptococcus bovis were tested for induction with mitomycin C. Eleven inducible strains were found and the lysates of all 11 contained bacteriophage-like particles. The lysate of one strain also contained large numbers of particles which closely resembled polyheads. Eight of the lysates produced zones of inhibition on indicator strains and viable bacteriophages were detected in six lysates. The sources of the S. bovis were ovine and bovine rumen fluid (23 strains), ovine and bovine feces (5 strains), blood cultures from human endocarditis (8 strains), and a wide variety of other sources (12 strains). Only 1 of 23 rumen S. bovis strains was lysogenic, which suggests that lysogenic S. bovis strains are not an important source of bacteriophages in the rumen.", "contents": "Lysogeny in Streptococcus bovis. Forty-eight strains of Streptococcus bovis were tested for induction with mitomycin C. Eleven inducible strains were found and the lysates of all 11 contained bacteriophage-like particles. The lysate of one strain also contained large numbers of particles which closely resembled polyheads. Eight of the lysates produced zones of inhibition on indicator strains and viable bacteriophages were detected in six lysates. The sources of the S. bovis were ovine and bovine rumen fluid (23 strains), ovine and bovine feces (5 strains), blood cultures from human endocarditis (8 strains), and a wide variety of other sources (12 strains). Only 1 of 23 rumen S. bovis strains was lysogenic, which suggests that lysogenic S. bovis strains are not an important source of bacteriophages in the rumen."}
{"id": "PMID:945122", "title": "Bilateral pneumonia and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a premature infant.", "content": "A 6-week-old infant born prematurely had severe hyponatremia and other features of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This disturbance was believed to be secondary to extensive bilateral pneumonia with collapse of the right upper lobe. Although this association has been recognized in adults, this is the first report of its occurrence in an infant. SIADH must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia in association with pneumonia in an infant.", "contents": "Bilateral pneumonia and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a premature infant. A 6-week-old infant born prematurely had severe hyponatremia and other features of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). This disturbance was believed to be secondary to extensive bilateral pneumonia with collapse of the right upper lobe. Although this association has been recognized in adults, this is the first report of its occurrence in an infant. SIADH must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia in association with pneumonia in an infant."}
{"id": "PMID:945123", "title": "Importance of mammary gland DNA synthesis on carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats.", "content": "DNA synthesis in mammary gland estimated by [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly higher on the day of proestrus than on the second day of diestrus in 50-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The percentage of progressive mammary tumors, tumor growth rate, and the number and the weight of tumors per tumor-bearing rat were significantly higher in the animals given a single i.v. injection of 5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene at proestrus than in the animals given it at diestrus. Inhibition of DNA synthesis at proestrus by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine also suppressed mammary tumorigenesis by the carcinogen. In 90-day-old rats in which little difference was found in mammary gland DNA synthesis between proestrus and diestrus, there was no difference in mammary tumorigenesis between animals given the carcinogen at proestrus and animals given it at diestrus. On the other hand, the prestimulation of mammary gland DNA synthesis by prolactin increased the growth, the number, and the weight of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. These results demonstrate the importance of mammary DNA synthesis at the time when a carcinogen acts on the glands in mammary tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Importance of mammary gland DNA synthesis on carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. DNA synthesis in mammary gland estimated by [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly higher on the day of proestrus than on the second day of diestrus in 50-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The percentage of progressive mammary tumors, tumor growth rate, and the number and the weight of tumors per tumor-bearing rat were significantly higher in the animals given a single i.v. injection of 5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene at proestrus than in the animals given it at diestrus. Inhibition of DNA synthesis at proestrus by 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine also suppressed mammary tumorigenesis by the carcinogen. In 90-day-old rats in which little difference was found in mammary gland DNA synthesis between proestrus and diestrus, there was no difference in mammary tumorigenesis between animals given the carcinogen at proestrus and animals given it at diestrus. On the other hand, the prestimulation of mammary gland DNA synthesis by prolactin increased the growth, the number, and the weight of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. These results demonstrate the importance of mammary DNA synthesis at the time when a carcinogen acts on the glands in mammary tumorigenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:945124", "title": "Synthesis of 4-hydroperoxy derivatives of ifosfamide and trofosfamide by direct ozonation and preliminary antitumor evaluation in vivo.", "content": "A one-step synthesis of 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide and 4-hydroperoxytrofosfamide is described. The method involves direct ozonation of ifosfamide and trofosfamide and offers improved yields in comparison with Fenton oxidation and greater convenience in comparison with ozonation of the appropriate 3-butenyl phosphorodiamidate. Evaluation of the 4-hydroperoxy derivatives of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and trofosfamide against leukemia L1210 in vivo suggests a superior effect for the ifosfamide derivatie.", "contents": "Synthesis of 4-hydroperoxy derivatives of ifosfamide and trofosfamide by direct ozonation and preliminary antitumor evaluation in vivo. A one-step synthesis of 4-hydroperoxyifosfamide and 4-hydroperoxytrofosfamide is described. The method involves direct ozonation of ifosfamide and trofosfamide and offers improved yields in comparison with Fenton oxidation and greater convenience in comparison with ozonation of the appropriate 3-butenyl phosphorodiamidate. Evaluation of the 4-hydroperoxy derivatives of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and trofosfamide against leukemia L1210 in vivo suggests a superior effect for the ifosfamide derivatie."}
{"id": "PMID:945125", "title": "Two stable Fenton oxidation products of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) as precursors of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (NSC-196562) under physiologic conditions.", "content": "Cytostatic and chemical properties of two cyclophosphamide (CP) 4-peroxides, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide anhydro-dimer, that were earlier isolated and identified after Fenton oxidation of CP, are summarized and discussed. Their cytostatic toxicities, which are quantitatively comparable to those of the primary metabolite of CP, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, are explained from their apparent spontaneous conversion to mono-oxidized forms of CP, both in vitro and in vivo. The conversion is shown to proceed via autocatalyzed reactions, which are thought to imply the occurrence of free radicals during deoxygenation. The point is raised whether any qualitative difference in cytotoxicity might be caused by the action of these free radicals. Current dose-effect studies of residual colony-forming ability after treatment of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts and Yoshida sarcoma cells in suspension culture are introduced. Further studies on the local toxic action of the radicals under in vivo conditions are necessary if the peroxides are to be introduced in local or regional clinical treatments.", "contents": "Two stable Fenton oxidation products of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) as precursors of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (NSC-196562) under physiologic conditions. Cytostatic and chemical properties of two cyclophosphamide (CP) 4-peroxides, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide anhydro-dimer, that were earlier isolated and identified after Fenton oxidation of CP, are summarized and discussed. Their cytostatic toxicities, which are quantitatively comparable to those of the primary metabolite of CP, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, are explained from their apparent spontaneous conversion to mono-oxidized forms of CP, both in vitro and in vivo. The conversion is shown to proceed via autocatalyzed reactions, which are thought to imply the occurrence of free radicals during deoxygenation. The point is raised whether any qualitative difference in cytotoxicity might be caused by the action of these free radicals. Current dose-effect studies of residual colony-forming ability after treatment of 3T6 mouse fibroblasts and Yoshida sarcoma cells in suspension culture are introduced. Further studies on the local toxic action of the radicals under in vivo conditions are necessary if the peroxides are to be introduced in local or regional clinical treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:945126", "title": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pre-activated analogs of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271).", "content": "The synthesis of approximately 80 cyclic or acyclic analogs of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, triphosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard is outlined briefly. All of the analogs contain at least one 2-chloroethyl or bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino group bound to phosphorus. Representatives of some of the various classes of analogs were evaluated against murine L1210 leukemia in vivo. Some of the cyclic oxidized derivatives and a phosphorodiamidic chloride yielded long-term survivors. 4-Peroxycyclophosphamide was also active against ic implanted L1210 leukemia and against two other murine tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma and C3H mammary tumor.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pre-activated analogs of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271). The synthesis of approximately 80 cyclic or acyclic analogs of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, triphosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard is outlined briefly. All of the analogs contain at least one 2-chloroethyl or bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino group bound to phosphorus. Representatives of some of the various classes of analogs were evaluated against murine L1210 leukemia in vivo. Some of the cyclic oxidized derivatives and a phosphorodiamidic chloride yielded long-term survivors. 4-Peroxycyclophosphamide was also active against ic implanted L1210 leukemia and against two other murine tumors, Lewis lung carcinoma and C3H mammary tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:945129", "title": "Effect of methotrexate on the cell cycle of L1210 leukemia.", "content": "The influence of methotrexate (MTX) on the proliferative activity of cells in different phases of cell cycle has been studied. MTX (5 mg/kg) was injected i.p. 3 days after the inoculation of 5 X 10(6) leukemia cells, into F1 (DBA X C57 BL) mice. It was shown that MTX causes degeneration of cells, being in G1- as well as in S-phase at the time of drug injection. Incorporation of 3H-TdR was suppressed for a period ranging from 2 to 12 hr after MTX administration, which is demonstrated by the decrease in the number of grains per cell. The number of cells labeled after 3H-TdR injection was also sharply decreased during this period. For a period of 3 until 15 hr after MTX administration the mitotic index decreased significantly as a result of inhibition of DNA synthesis. The blocking of the G1-S transition was evident during 4 hr after MTX. Thereafter the G1-S transition proceeds at a rate which is practically equal to that for nontreated controls. MTX did not inhibit transition to mitosis of cells being in G2-phase and in a very late S-phase at the time of drug injection. The sensitivity of G1-cells to the cytocidal effect of MTX shows that for L1210 leukemia cells MTX can be classified as a cycle-specific drug killing both G1-and S-cells rather than S-phase specific agent with self-limitation.", "contents": "Effect of methotrexate on the cell cycle of L1210 leukemia. The influence of methotrexate (MTX) on the proliferative activity of cells in different phases of cell cycle has been studied. MTX (5 mg/kg) was injected i.p. 3 days after the inoculation of 5 X 10(6) leukemia cells, into F1 (DBA X C57 BL) mice. It was shown that MTX causes degeneration of cells, being in G1- as well as in S-phase at the time of drug injection. Incorporation of 3H-TdR was suppressed for a period ranging from 2 to 12 hr after MTX administration, which is demonstrated by the decrease in the number of grains per cell. The number of cells labeled after 3H-TdR injection was also sharply decreased during this period. For a period of 3 until 15 hr after MTX administration the mitotic index decreased significantly as a result of inhibition of DNA synthesis. The blocking of the G1-S transition was evident during 4 hr after MTX. Thereafter the G1-S transition proceeds at a rate which is practically equal to that for nontreated controls. MTX did not inhibit transition to mitosis of cells being in G2-phase and in a very late S-phase at the time of drug injection. The sensitivity of G1-cells to the cytocidal effect of MTX shows that for L1210 leukemia cells MTX can be classified as a cycle-specific drug killing both G1-and S-cells rather than S-phase specific agent with self-limitation."}
{"id": "PMID:945130", "title": "Cell differentiation during early development of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). II. Morphological changes of nuclei and nucleoi.", "content": "In Nassarius reticulatus the nuclei and nucleoli undergo important morphological changes from the zygote to the 16-cell stage. In the zygote and in the trefoil (2-cell) and 4-cell stage, several agranular, fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies 1 mum diameter are present in the interphase nucleus. Granular nucleoli first appear at the 8-cell stage. These nucleoli have fibrillar and  granular regions. The granular regions are made up predominantly of ribosome-liek osmiophilic granules. From the 16- and 32-cell stage onwards, the one or two spherical nucleoli of each nucleus measure 2.5 mum in diameter and show a concentric organization with a very dense central region surrounded by a broad peripheral zone containing numerous granules, possibly of ribonucleoprotein. At the same time the number of ribosome-like particles increase in the karyoplasm and that of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. These findings are surprising because in eggs with radial cleavage, which have been subjected to more detailed analysis, the first granular nucleoli appear after the end of the cleavage, at the blastula or gastrula stage. The early appearance of granular nucleoli which seem to be characteristic of several eggs with spiral cleavage is discussed in connection with biochemical data on RNA-synthesis.", "contents": "Cell differentiation during early development of Nassarius reticulatus L. (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). II. Morphological changes of nuclei and nucleoi. In Nassarius reticulatus the nuclei and nucleoli undergo important morphological changes from the zygote to the 16-cell stage. In the zygote and in the trefoil (2-cell) and 4-cell stage, several agranular, fibrillar nucleolus-like bodies 1 mum diameter are present in the interphase nucleus. Granular nucleoli first appear at the 8-cell stage. These nucleoli have fibrillar and  granular regions. The granular regions are made up predominantly of ribosome-liek osmiophilic granules. From the 16- and 32-cell stage onwards, the one or two spherical nucleoli of each nucleus measure 2.5 mum in diameter and show a concentric organization with a very dense central region surrounded by a broad peripheral zone containing numerous granules, possibly of ribonucleoprotein. At the same time the number of ribosome-like particles increase in the karyoplasm and that of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. These findings are surprising because in eggs with radial cleavage, which have been subjected to more detailed analysis, the first granular nucleoli appear after the end of the cleavage, at the blastula or gastrula stage. The early appearance of granular nucleoli which seem to be characteristic of several eggs with spiral cleavage is discussed in connection with biochemical data on RNA-synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:945131", "title": "Ultrastructural study on the hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis in fetal rats.", "content": "The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study on the hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis in fetal rats. The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:945136", "title": "Mass spectrometric analysis of permethylated glycosphingolipids II. Comparative studies on different blood-group active and related erythrocyte membrane glycosphingolipids.", "content": "Three isomeric ceramide tetrasaccharides--P blood-group active globoside, lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide as ABH blood-group precursor, both isolated from human erythrocytes and \"asialo ganglioside\" from human brain as reference standard--and two ceramide pentasaccharides--H blood-group active glycosphingolipid, obtained from blood-group B active ceramide hexasaccharide of human B erythrocytes after alpha-galactosidase treatment and ceramide pentasaccharide from rabbit erythrocytes with B-like blood-group activity--were investigated by mass spectrometry after permethylation. The carbohydrate moiety exhibits differences not only concerning the sugar sequence but also with regard to the position of some glycosidic linkages: Oligosaccharides containing N-acetylhexosamine substituted at position 4 produce spectra that are distinctly different from those containing C-3 substituted N-acetylhexosamines, thus allowing the differentation between type 1 and type 2 carbohydrate chains. Moreover, oligosaccharide ions with a hexose at the cleavage site exhibit a fragmentation pattern different from those with a N-acetylhexosamine at the \"reducing terminal\". The intensity ratio between parent ion and parent ion -32 mass units is Q greater than or equal to 3 in the first case, whereas in the latter case Q is less than 1. The Q-values are given for 14 oligosaccharide ions. Differences in the composition of the ceramide residues can also be deduced from the mass spectra.", "contents": "Mass spectrometric analysis of permethylated glycosphingolipids II. Comparative studies on different blood-group active and related erythrocyte membrane glycosphingolipids. Three isomeric ceramide tetrasaccharides--P blood-group active globoside, lacto-N-neotetraosyl ceramide as ABH blood-group precursor, both isolated from human erythrocytes and \"asialo ganglioside\" from human brain as reference standard--and two ceramide pentasaccharides--H blood-group active glycosphingolipid, obtained from blood-group B active ceramide hexasaccharide of human B erythrocytes after alpha-galactosidase treatment and ceramide pentasaccharide from rabbit erythrocytes with B-like blood-group activity--were investigated by mass spectrometry after permethylation. The carbohydrate moiety exhibits differences not only concerning the sugar sequence but also with regard to the position of some glycosidic linkages: Oligosaccharides containing N-acetylhexosamine substituted at position 4 produce spectra that are distinctly different from those containing C-3 substituted N-acetylhexosamines, thus allowing the differentation between type 1 and type 2 carbohydrate chains. Moreover, oligosaccharide ions with a hexose at the cleavage site exhibit a fragmentation pattern different from those with a N-acetylhexosamine at the \"reducing terminal\". The intensity ratio between parent ion and parent ion -32 mass units is Q greater than or equal to 3 in the first case, whereas in the latter case Q is less than 1. The Q-values are given for 14 oligosaccharide ions. Differences in the composition of the ceramide residues can also be deduced from the mass spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:945137", "title": "Allergy and parasites: the measurement of total and specific IgE levels in urban and rural communities in Rhodesia.", "content": "Eighty adult asthmatics living in an African city had a significantly higher serum IgE level (799 u/ml) than the control group (350 u/ml). A high proportion (78.7%) of the asthmatics had demonstrable circulating mite-specific IgE antibodies. The rural population of a filariasis endemic region was investigated and although no allergic subjects were identified, the group had a significantly higher IgE level (1613 u/ml) than the asthmatics and also showed a relatively high incidence of grass pollen-specific IgE antibodies (35%). The discrepancy between clinical history and laboratory results supports the mast cell saturation hypothesis and suggests: (a) an explanation for the susceptibility to allergy of African and Asian immigrants to Great Britain, and (b) a practical approach for preventing allergic reactions in vivo.", "contents": "Allergy and parasites: the measurement of total and specific IgE levels in urban and rural communities in Rhodesia. Eighty adult asthmatics living in an African city had a significantly higher serum IgE level (799 u/ml) than the control group (350 u/ml). A high proportion (78.7%) of the asthmatics had demonstrable circulating mite-specific IgE antibodies. The rural population of a filariasis endemic region was investigated and although no allergic subjects were identified, the group had a significantly higher IgE level (1613 u/ml) than the asthmatics and also showed a relatively high incidence of grass pollen-specific IgE antibodies (35%). The discrepancy between clinical history and laboratory results supports the mast cell saturation hypothesis and suggests: (a) an explanation for the susceptibility to allergy of African and Asian immigrants to Great Britain, and (b) a practical approach for preventing allergic reactions in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:945138", "title": "Rapid radioimmunoassay for methotrexate in biological fluids.", "content": "We report a radioimmunoassay for the cytostatic folic acid antagonist methotrexate. Antiserum was raised in rabbits immunized with a conjugate of methotrexate and methylated bovine serum albumin. The calibration curve of the assay is linear from 1 to 100 ng methotrexate per 100-mul sample, 0.1 ng methotrexate still inhibiting the binding of the tracer by 20%. The coefficient of variation ranged from 4.04% to 11.58%. The reaction of the antiserum proved to be specific for methotrexate, as only insignificant interference could be demonstrated with folic acid, folinic acid (leucovorin), or tetrahydrofolic acid. With the method, results are available about 20 h after blood sampling at a daily capacity of at least 48 samples (i.e., about 15 determinations), depending on the equipment. Concentrations of methotrexate in plasma and erythrocytes were determined in five patients who were on continuous treatment with the drug. In one patient the concentration/time curves were followed in plasma and erythrocytes by frequent determinations for 24 h after a parenteral dose. The results indicate that the procedure is well suited for clinical investigations.", "contents": "Rapid radioimmunoassay for methotrexate in biological fluids. We report a radioimmunoassay for the cytostatic folic acid antagonist methotrexate. Antiserum was raised in rabbits immunized with a conjugate of methotrexate and methylated bovine serum albumin. The calibration curve of the assay is linear from 1 to 100 ng methotrexate per 100-mul sample, 0.1 ng methotrexate still inhibiting the binding of the tracer by 20%. The coefficient of variation ranged from 4.04% to 11.58%. The reaction of the antiserum proved to be specific for methotrexate, as only insignificant interference could be demonstrated with folic acid, folinic acid (leucovorin), or tetrahydrofolic acid. With the method, results are available about 20 h after blood sampling at a daily capacity of at least 48 samples (i.e., about 15 determinations), depending on the equipment. Concentrations of methotrexate in plasma and erythrocytes were determined in five patients who were on continuous treatment with the drug. In one patient the concentration/time curves were followed in plasma and erythrocytes by frequent determinations for 24 h after a parenteral dose. The results indicate that the procedure is well suited for clinical investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:945139", "title": "Estimates of the heritability of serum lipoprotein and lipid concentrations.", "content": "Heritability (h2) of a serum lipid or a serum lipoprotein concentration is the proportion of variability in that concentration, among individuals, which is associated with heredity. We derive a familiar formula for estimating heritability (h2) from a simple linear model for inheritance. The formula was implied by Fisher (1918) and by Wright (1921); it was derived from a consideration of variances by Jensen (1967), and from a consideration of path coefficients by Rao et al. (1974). The estimate of heritability (\u01252) is \u01252 = 2(rMZ - rDZ) for twin studies, where rMZ and rDZ are the sample intraclass correlation coefficients among monozygous and dizygous twins, respectively. We calculate \u01252 for some published twin data (Heiberg 1974) on serum lipoprotein and serum lipid concentrations.", "contents": "Estimates of the heritability of serum lipoprotein and lipid concentrations. Heritability (h2) of a serum lipid or a serum lipoprotein concentration is the proportion of variability in that concentration, among individuals, which is associated with heredity. We derive a familiar formula for estimating heritability (h2) from a simple linear model for inheritance. The formula was implied by Fisher (1918) and by Wright (1921); it was derived from a consideration of variances by Jensen (1967), and from a consideration of path coefficients by Rao et al. (1974). The estimate of heritability (\u01252) is \u01252 = 2(rMZ - rDZ) for twin studies, where rMZ and rDZ are the sample intraclass correlation coefficients among monozygous and dizygous twins, respectively. We calculate \u01252 for some published twin data (Heiberg 1974) on serum lipoprotein and serum lipid concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:945140", "title": "Anti-actin specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Thirty sera reacting by IFL technique in titres greater than or equal to 100 with smooth muscle fibres of rat stomach, rat renal glomeruli, and with the membrane region of thyroid cells were randomly chosen among sera sent in for routine testing of tissue antibodies. All sera but one were found to be derived from patients with chronic active hepatitis. The smooth muscle and other relevant cell staining were abolished after absorption of sera with actin, prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle and found to be homogeneous by SDS gel-electrophoresis and by electron microscopy. The actin anti-bodies were purified by precipitation of sera with F-actin and elution of the precipitates at acid pH. The purified antibodies stained all tissues in the same way as the original sera. In double immunodiffusion tests all thirty sera gave precipitation with actin. Thus, it was concluded that these broad-reacting SMA are directed against actin. The finding of high-titred SMA is of diagnostic value and supports the clinical diagnosis of active chronic hepatitis. In addition, anti-actin antibodies eluted from human sera are a suitable tool for studying actin-containing cellular structures.", "contents": "Anti-actin specificity of human smooth muscle antibodies in chronic active hepatitis. Thirty sera reacting by IFL technique in titres greater than or equal to 100 with smooth muscle fibres of rat stomach, rat renal glomeruli, and with the membrane region of thyroid cells were randomly chosen among sera sent in for routine testing of tissue antibodies. All sera but one were found to be derived from patients with chronic active hepatitis. The smooth muscle and other relevant cell staining were abolished after absorption of sera with actin, prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle and found to be homogeneous by SDS gel-electrophoresis and by electron microscopy. The actin anti-bodies were purified by precipitation of sera with F-actin and elution of the precipitates at acid pH. The purified antibodies stained all tissues in the same way as the original sera. In double immunodiffusion tests all thirty sera gave precipitation with actin. Thus, it was concluded that these broad-reacting SMA are directed against actin. The finding of high-titred SMA is of diagnostic value and supports the clinical diagnosis of active chronic hepatitis. In addition, anti-actin antibodies eluted from human sera are a suitable tool for studying actin-containing cellular structures."}
{"id": "PMID:945144", "title": "Contraposed curve patterns in monozygotic twins.", "content": "Monozygotic twins with Marfan's disease presented with opposing lumbar curve patterns. Differences in degrees of curvature correspond to the levels of severity of other clinical manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Contraposed curve patterns in monozygotic twins. Monozygotic twins with Marfan's disease presented with opposing lumbar curve patterns. Differences in degrees of curvature correspond to the levels of severity of other clinical manifestations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945149", "title": "Pulmonary infection due to Torulopsis glabrata; report of a case treated with flucytosine.", "content": "A case of pulmonary infection due to Torulopsis glabrata in a 43-year-old man without other known pulmonary or systemic disease is described. The diagnosis was made from multiple positive sputum cultures. After treatment with flucytosine for 21 months, there was marked symptomatic improvement and radiographic clearing, but sputum cultures continued to yield a few colonies of T glabrata.", "contents": "Pulmonary infection due to Torulopsis glabrata; report of a case treated with flucytosine. A case of pulmonary infection due to Torulopsis glabrata in a 43-year-old man without other known pulmonary or systemic disease is described. The diagnosis was made from multiple positive sputum cultures. After treatment with flucytosine for 21 months, there was marked symptomatic improvement and radiographic clearing, but sputum cultures continued to yield a few colonies of T glabrata."}
{"id": "PMID:945150", "title": "Failure of estrogens and androgens to inhibit bone resorption in tissue culture.", "content": "The effects of estrogens, androgens, and glucocorticoids on bone resorption were compared in organ culture. At a concentration of 10(-5) M, corticosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol and estrone did not inhibit the release of 45Ca from 19-day fetal rat long bone shafts in control or para-thyroid hormone (PTH)-treated cultures after 2 or 5 days. Cortisol inhibited both control and PTH-stimulated resorption at 10(-5) M and 10(-6) M. 17beta-Estradiol was inhibitory at 3 X 10(4) M. However, it was less effective than the estrogenically inactive epimer 17alpha-estradiol, in 8 day control cultures or in cultures containing low concentrations of PTH. At 10(-5) m, neither 17beta-estradiol nor 17alpha-estradiol inhibited resorption stimulated by prostaglandin E2 or by osteoclast activating factor.", "contents": "Failure of estrogens and androgens to inhibit bone resorption in tissue culture. The effects of estrogens, androgens, and glucocorticoids on bone resorption were compared in organ culture. At a concentration of 10(-5) M, corticosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol and estrone did not inhibit the release of 45Ca from 19-day fetal rat long bone shafts in control or para-thyroid hormone (PTH)-treated cultures after 2 or 5 days. Cortisol inhibited both control and PTH-stimulated resorption at 10(-5) M and 10(-6) M. 17beta-Estradiol was inhibitory at 3 X 10(4) M. However, it was less effective than the estrogenically inactive epimer 17alpha-estradiol, in 8 day control cultures or in cultures containing low concentrations of PTH. At 10(-5) m, neither 17beta-estradiol nor 17alpha-estradiol inhibited resorption stimulated by prostaglandin E2 or by osteoclast activating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:945151", "title": "Hypothalamic regulation of pituitary FSH secretion.", "content": "Temporal changes in plasma LH and FSH concentrations were monitored during the afternoon of proestrus in controls and in rats in which the spontaneous LH/FSH surges were blocked with Nembutal. These values were compared with those obtained following electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of either the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or the dorsal anterior hypothalamic area (DAHA) in similar Nembutal-blocked animals. Whereas MPOA-ECS (60 muA/60 sec) elicited a release of both FSH and LH, similar unilateral stimulation of the DAHA resulted in a pronounced increase in plasma FSH and only a slight elevation in plasma LH. Increasing the amount of DAHA tissue stimulated (100 muA/60 sec) caused a significantly greater release of FSH but not LH. Bilateral DAHA-ECS (60 muA/60 sec) failed to produce a greater release of FSH than that observed after unilateral 100 muA/60 sec ECS but resulted in increased concentrations of LH in plasma. Surgical separation of the MPOA from the DAHA, leaving the preopticotuberal fibers intact, did not alter the spontaneous temporal patterns of discharge of FSH or LH 19-21 days post-operatively, although peak LH concentrations were reduced. Further, unilateral ECS (60 muA/60 sec) of the MPOA in such preparations elicited a release of FSH and LH similar to that  observed in intact MPOA-ECS rats. In contrast, unilateral DAHA ECS (60 muA/60 sec) in rats with transected hypothalami, caused no release of LH and an attenuated FSH discharge when compared with intact DAHA-ECS rats (peak valued 189 +/- 8 ng/ml vs 274 +/- 11 ng/ml). These studies suggest the existence of specific cell bodies in the DAHA which can cause selective release of FSH when activated. Coexisting with this system is that level of control which is believed to be responsible for the cyclic discharge of both FSH and LH of which the MPOA is a component part.", "contents": "Hypothalamic regulation of pituitary FSH secretion. Temporal changes in plasma LH and FSH concentrations were monitored during the afternoon of proestrus in controls and in rats in which the spontaneous LH/FSH surges were blocked with Nembutal. These values were compared with those obtained following electrochemical stimulation (ECS) of either the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or the dorsal anterior hypothalamic area (DAHA) in similar Nembutal-blocked animals. Whereas MPOA-ECS (60 muA/60 sec) elicited a release of both FSH and LH, similar unilateral stimulation of the DAHA resulted in a pronounced increase in plasma FSH and only a slight elevation in plasma LH. Increasing the amount of DAHA tissue stimulated (100 muA/60 sec) caused a significantly greater release of FSH but not LH. Bilateral DAHA-ECS (60 muA/60 sec) failed to produce a greater release of FSH than that observed after unilateral 100 muA/60 sec ECS but resulted in increased concentrations of LH in plasma. Surgical separation of the MPOA from the DAHA, leaving the preopticotuberal fibers intact, did not alter the spontaneous temporal patterns of discharge of FSH or LH 19-21 days post-operatively, although peak LH concentrations were reduced. Further, unilateral ECS (60 muA/60 sec) of the MPOA in such preparations elicited a release of FSH and LH similar to that  observed in intact MPOA-ECS rats. In contrast, unilateral DAHA ECS (60 muA/60 sec) in rats with transected hypothalami, caused no release of LH and an attenuated FSH discharge when compared with intact DAHA-ECS rats (peak valued 189 +/- 8 ng/ml vs 274 +/- 11 ng/ml). These studies suggest the existence of specific cell bodies in the DAHA which can cause selective release of FSH when activated. Coexisting with this system is that level of control which is believed to be responsible for the cyclic discharge of both FSH and LH of which the MPOA is a component part."}
{"id": "PMID:945152", "title": "Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro: effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.", "content": "The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone collagen synthesis were assessed in organ cultures of fetal rat calvaria by measuring the incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible (CDP) and non-collagen protein (NCP) using purified bacterial collagenase. 1) PTH decreased the incorporation of labeled proline into CDP at concentrations similar to those which stimulate bone resorption in vitro. 2) This effect was observed in bones treated for 6 h, but not for 3 h; it was maximal at 24 h and was maintained for 96 h. Bones treated with PTH for 48 h and transferred to control media for 48 h showed recovery of CDP labeling to control values. 3) the effect was specific for bone collagen. There was little alteration in the incorporation of proline into NCP, and incorporation into collagen was not inhibited. 4) The effect could be ascribed to decreased collagen synthesis and not to changes in amino acid uptake, precursor pool size, or degradation of newly synthesized CDP. In 3 hour experiments, PTH did increase the labeling of CDP and NCP, but only at tracer concentration of proline in the medium, compatible with an early stimulation of amino acid uptake. 5) Similar inhibition was observed with purified bovine (1-84) PTH and synthetic bovine PTH (1-34) as well as with crude homologous PTH obtained from rat parathyroid gland culture fluid. Human (hCT) and salmon (sCT) calcitonin did not inhibit the effect of PTH on the labeling of CDP nor did they stimulate CDP labeling directly at concentrations which inhibited bone resorption. Dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (D3cAMP) inhibited labeling of CDP at concentrations of .03 to .3 mM, thus mimicking the action of PTH. However, in this system DBcAMP inhibited 45Ca release, thus mimicking CT. We conclude that the direct effect of PTH on bone collagen synthesis is a slow reversible inhibition, not opposed by CT. This effect may be mediated by cAMP formation in bone cells.", "contents": "Hormonal control of bone collagen synthesis in vitro: effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone collagen synthesis were assessed in organ cultures of fetal rat calvaria by measuring the incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible (CDP) and non-collagen protein (NCP) using purified bacterial collagenase. 1) PTH decreased the incorporation of labeled proline into CDP at concentrations similar to those which stimulate bone resorption in vitro. 2) This effect was observed in bones treated for 6 h, but not for 3 h; it was maximal at 24 h and was maintained for 96 h. Bones treated with PTH for 48 h and transferred to control media for 48 h showed recovery of CDP labeling to control values. 3) the effect was specific for bone collagen. There was little alteration in the incorporation of proline into NCP, and incorporation into collagen was not inhibited. 4) The effect could be ascribed to decreased collagen synthesis and not to changes in amino acid uptake, precursor pool size, or degradation of newly synthesized CDP. In 3 hour experiments, PTH did increase the labeling of CDP and NCP, but only at tracer concentration of proline in the medium, compatible with an early stimulation of amino acid uptake. 5) Similar inhibition was observed with purified bovine (1-84) PTH and synthetic bovine PTH (1-34) as well as with crude homologous PTH obtained from rat parathyroid gland culture fluid. Human (hCT) and salmon (sCT) calcitonin did not inhibit the effect of PTH on the labeling of CDP nor did they stimulate CDP labeling directly at concentrations which inhibited bone resorption. Dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (D3cAMP) inhibited labeling of CDP at concentrations of .03 to .3 mM, thus mimicking the action of PTH. However, in this system DBcAMP inhibited 45Ca release, thus mimicking CT. We conclude that the direct effect of PTH on bone collagen synthesis is a slow reversible inhibition, not opposed by CT. This effect may be mediated by cAMP formation in bone cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945153", "title": "Intracellular localization of calcium in the chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla.", "content": "The ulstrastructural localization of calcium in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla was carried out by using potassium pyroantimonate during fixation. Calcium-containing deposits were either diffuse within the cytoplasm or associated with membrane-bounded organelles. Variable amounts of precipitates were found within the nucleus and in the Golgi complex. However, the major sites of calcium antimonate deposits were the secretory granules and the mitochondria. The morphological identification of calcium-storing organelles in the adreno-medullary cells may be useful in evaluating the involvement of such intracellular compartments during the secretory process.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of calcium in the chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla. The ulstrastructural localization of calcium in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla was carried out by using potassium pyroantimonate during fixation. Calcium-containing deposits were either diffuse within the cytoplasm or associated with membrane-bounded organelles. Variable amounts of precipitates were found within the nucleus and in the Golgi complex. However, the major sites of calcium antimonate deposits were the secretory granules and the mitochondria. The morphological identification of calcium-storing organelles in the adreno-medullary cells may be useful in evaluating the involvement of such intracellular compartments during the secretory process."}
{"id": "PMID:945154", "title": "Pulsatile release of LH and secretion of ovarian steroids in sheep during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle.", "content": "The concentration of LH and progesterone in jugular venous plasma and the secretion of steroids by the ovary were measured every 10 minutes for 2 hours on days 12, 14, and 16 of the estrous cycle in 5 ewes with utero-ovarian autotransplants. A pulse of LH occurred about once every 2 hours, when the concentration rose from a basal level of 0.57 +/- 0.08 ng/ml to a peak of 2.97 +/- 0.57 ng/ml. Within 5 minutes of the pulse of LH, the secretion of estradiol (an exclusive product of the follicle) rose rapidly from a basal level of 0.75 +/- 0.12 ng/min to reach a peak value of 2.16 +/- 0.33 ng/min in about 30 minutes. In contrast, the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum, and the concentration of progesterone in the peripheral plasma changed very little following the pulse of LH. The secretion of androstenedione, which arises from the follicle and corpus luteum, increased from 3.03 +/-0.75 ng/min to 7.85 +/- 1.78 ng/min by 30 minutes after the pulse of LH. These findings indicate that the follicle, and possibly the stroma, respond rapidly to episodic fluctuations in the concentration of LH and are probably involved in the negative feedback loop between the ovary and the hypothalamic pituitary system. The fluctuations in the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum, on the other hand, are unrelated to pulses of LH.", "contents": "Pulsatile release of LH and secretion of ovarian steroids in sheep during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The concentration of LH and progesterone in jugular venous plasma and the secretion of steroids by the ovary were measured every 10 minutes for 2 hours on days 12, 14, and 16 of the estrous cycle in 5 ewes with utero-ovarian autotransplants. A pulse of LH occurred about once every 2 hours, when the concentration rose from a basal level of 0.57 +/- 0.08 ng/ml to a peak of 2.97 +/- 0.57 ng/ml. Within 5 minutes of the pulse of LH, the secretion of estradiol (an exclusive product of the follicle) rose rapidly from a basal level of 0.75 +/- 0.12 ng/min to reach a peak value of 2.16 +/- 0.33 ng/min in about 30 minutes. In contrast, the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum, and the concentration of progesterone in the peripheral plasma changed very little following the pulse of LH. The secretion of androstenedione, which arises from the follicle and corpus luteum, increased from 3.03 +/-0.75 ng/min to 7.85 +/- 1.78 ng/min by 30 minutes after the pulse of LH. These findings indicate that the follicle, and possibly the stroma, respond rapidly to episodic fluctuations in the concentration of LH and are probably involved in the negative feedback loop between the ovary and the hypothalamic pituitary system. The fluctuations in the secretion of progesterone from the corpus luteum, on the other hand, are unrelated to pulses of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:945155", "title": "Twenty-four-hour resting prolactin levels in male rats: the effect of septal lesions and order of sacrifice.", "content": "Diurnal variation in resting prolactin levels was studied in male rats that were normal, sham-operated, or lesioned in the septal nuclei. Separate groups of rats were sampled by decapitation every 3 or 4 hours in two separate studies during a 24 h period consisting of 12 h light and 12 h dark. Male rats did not exhibit a significant diurnal variation in resting prolactin levels. A septal lesion had no effect on resting prolactin levels. Prolactin levels were found to be highly responsive to environmental disturbances and were subject to the effects of sequential sacrificing procedures. The possibility was raised that prolactin exhibits a diurnal variation in sensitivity to stress which varies as a function of circulating levels of corticosterone.", "contents": "Twenty-four-hour resting prolactin levels in male rats: the effect of septal lesions and order of sacrifice. Diurnal variation in resting prolactin levels was studied in male rats that were normal, sham-operated, or lesioned in the septal nuclei. Separate groups of rats were sampled by decapitation every 3 or 4 hours in two separate studies during a 24 h period consisting of 12 h light and 12 h dark. Male rats did not exhibit a significant diurnal variation in resting prolactin levels. A septal lesion had no effect on resting prolactin levels. Prolactin levels were found to be highly responsive to environmental disturbances and were subject to the effects of sequential sacrificing procedures. The possibility was raised that prolactin exhibits a diurnal variation in sensitivity to stress which varies as a function of circulating levels of corticosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:945156", "title": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, plasma cortisol and serum growth hormone and subnormal responsiveness of aldosterone to angiotensin-II in the patients with normotensive acromegaly.", "content": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone concentration (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma cortisol (PC) and serum growth hormone (GH) were examined in 5 cases of normotensive acromegaly and the results were compared with the observations in normal subjects. Moreover, the response of PA to angiotensin-II infusion was studied in 6 cases of normotensive acromegaly. A normal diurnal rhythm with the lowest values in the evening or midnight and the highest values in the morning was observed in 3 of 5 cases in PA and 3 of 4 cases in PC. On the other hand, no apparent rhythm of GH was observed in any cases and that of PRA in 4 of 5 cases. Although there was a significant positive correlation between PA and PC, no significant correlation was demonstrated between PA and PRA. The response of PA to angiotensin-II fusion was significantly suppressed in normotensive acromegaly as compared to the normal subjects in spite of normal levels of PRA except for 1 case. The above observations were interpreted to suggest that the aldosterone regulation system is slightly altered in a certain number of patients with normotensive acromegaly in contrast to the normal subjects in which PRA is the main contributing factor. The low PA and suppressed response of PA toangiotensin-II infusion may suggest the defective action of angiotensin-II infusion on the adrenal gland.", "contents": "The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone, plasma renin activity, plasma cortisol and serum growth hormone and subnormal responsiveness of aldosterone to angiotensin-II in the patients with normotensive acromegaly. The diurnal rhythm of plasma aldosterone concentration (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma cortisol (PC) and serum growth hormone (GH) were examined in 5 cases of normotensive acromegaly and the results were compared with the observations in normal subjects. Moreover, the response of PA to angiotensin-II infusion was studied in 6 cases of normotensive acromegaly. A normal diurnal rhythm with the lowest values in the evening or midnight and the highest values in the morning was observed in 3 of 5 cases in PA and 3 of 4 cases in PC. On the other hand, no apparent rhythm of GH was observed in any cases and that of PRA in 4 of 5 cases. Although there was a significant positive correlation between PA and PC, no significant correlation was demonstrated between PA and PRA. The response of PA to angiotensin-II fusion was significantly suppressed in normotensive acromegaly as compared to the normal subjects in spite of normal levels of PRA except for 1 case. The above observations were interpreted to suggest that the aldosterone regulation system is slightly altered in a certain number of patients with normotensive acromegaly in contrast to the normal subjects in which PRA is the main contributing factor. The low PA and suppressed response of PA toangiotensin-II infusion may suggest the defective action of angiotensin-II infusion on the adrenal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:945157", "title": "Secretion of gastrin and calcitonin after ingestion of meat extract in patients with peptic ulcer.", "content": "Serum gastrin and calcitonin were determined after administration of meat extract to patients with peptic ulcer in order to investigate what role gastrin and calcitionin are playing in peptic ulcer. Serum gastrin levels were elevated after ingestion of meat extract in 9 out of 11 patients with peptic ulcer. Serum calcitonin (CT) levels were elevated rather gradually in 7 subjects. It was suggested that increased endogenous gastrin levels may have stimulated the release of CT. When salmon calcitonin (SCT) was admininstered intravenously at a dose of 100 MRCu before administration of meat extract, the rise of gastrin and CT was suppressed in 67% of cases as to gastrin and in 43% as to CT.", "contents": "Secretion of gastrin and calcitonin after ingestion of meat extract in patients with peptic ulcer. Serum gastrin and calcitonin were determined after administration of meat extract to patients with peptic ulcer in order to investigate what role gastrin and calcitionin are playing in peptic ulcer. Serum gastrin levels were elevated after ingestion of meat extract in 9 out of 11 patients with peptic ulcer. Serum calcitonin (CT) levels were elevated rather gradually in 7 subjects. It was suggested that increased endogenous gastrin levels may have stimulated the release of CT. When salmon calcitonin (SCT) was admininstered intravenously at a dose of 100 MRCu before administration of meat extract, the rise of gastrin and CT was suppressed in 67% of cases as to gastrin and in 43% as to CT."}
{"id": "PMID:945158", "title": "Inhibition of transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.25) from Ehrlich tumor cells by proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide.", "content": "Transfer RNA nucleotidyl transferase from Ehrlich tumor cells was inhibited by proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide but not by actinomycin D, chromomycin, rifamycin SV, rifampin, daunomycin, or alpha-amanitin. Complete inhibition of nucleotidyl transferase activity was attained at a final concentration of 1 mmol/1 proflavine sulfate, while 2 mmol/1 ethidium bromide was required to completely inhibit the enzyme. CMP incorporation into tRNA was more sensitive to both proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide than was AMP incorporation.", "contents": "Inhibition of transfer ribonucleic acid nucleotidyl transferase (EC 2.7.7.25) from Ehrlich tumor cells by proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide. Transfer RNA nucleotidyl transferase from Ehrlich tumor cells was inhibited by proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide but not by actinomycin D, chromomycin, rifamycin SV, rifampin, daunomycin, or alpha-amanitin. Complete inhibition of nucleotidyl transferase activity was attained at a final concentration of 1 mmol/1 proflavine sulfate, while 2 mmol/1 ethidium bromide was required to completely inhibit the enzyme. CMP incorporation into tRNA was more sensitive to both proflavine sulfate and ethidium bromide than was AMP incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:945159", "title": "Haptoglobin--haemoglobin interaction. Heterogeneity of the haptoglobin 1-1 molecule in its binding affinity for horse R/E-hemoglobin.", "content": "The formation of two different complexes when haptoglobin (Hp) and haemoglobin (Hb) are mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio is demonstrated by isoelectrofocusing. In these two complexes, the affinity of Hp for Hb is shown to be different, since Hb can be displaced only from one of the complexes, by a further addition of Hp. This is confirmed by a quantitative study of the reaction stoichiometry, when [Hp]/[Hb] = 1 and [Hp]/[Hb] greater than 1, which allows an evaluation of the amount of each complex formed. All these data cannot be explained other than by the existence of two forms of Hp molecule and a reaction scheme which fits these experiments is proposed.", "contents": "Haptoglobin--haemoglobin interaction. Heterogeneity of the haptoglobin 1-1 molecule in its binding affinity for horse R/E-hemoglobin. The formation of two different complexes when haptoglobin (Hp) and haemoglobin (Hb) are mixed in a 1:1 molar ratio is demonstrated by isoelectrofocusing. In these two complexes, the affinity of Hp for Hb is shown to be different, since Hb can be displaced only from one of the complexes, by a further addition of Hp. This is confirmed by a quantitative study of the reaction stoichiometry, when [Hp]/[Hb] = 1 and [Hp]/[Hb] greater than 1, which allows an evaluation of the amount of each complex formed. All these data cannot be explained other than by the existence of two forms of Hp molecule and a reaction scheme which fits these experiments is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:945160", "title": "On the heterogeneity of native ribosomal subunits in Ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Native small ribosomal subunits in cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, analyzed by high-resolution CsCl isopycnic centrifugation, consist of at least five classes of particles. These particles with buoyant densities of 1.39, 1.42, 1.45, and 1.51 g/cm3 were designated as SI, SII, SIII, SIV and SV, respectively. They were different from the ribosome-derived 40-S subunits which have a density of 1.54 g/cm3. Native large ribosomal subunits consist of at least two classes of particles with densities of 1.57 g/cm3 (LI) and 1.59 g/cm3 (LII), respectively. The ribosome-derived 60-S subunits have the same buoyant density as LII particles. Labeling of Ehrlich ascites cells with radioactive uridine and a subsequent chase in the presence of RNA-synthesis inhibitors shows that radioactivity was incorporated first in precursor particles with a density of 1.48 g/cm3 and then subsequently appeared in SIII and SII particles. Met-tRNAf is found exclusively on native 40-S particles with densities of 1.42 and 1.49 g/cm3. This result has been observed in cells labeled with [35S] methionine in vivo as well as with tRNA charged in vitro. The possibility that SII particles contain 40-S initiation complexes is discussed.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity of native ribosomal subunits in Ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells cultured in vitro. Native small ribosomal subunits in cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, analyzed by high-resolution CsCl isopycnic centrifugation, consist of at least five classes of particles. These particles with buoyant densities of 1.39, 1.42, 1.45, and 1.51 g/cm3 were designated as SI, SII, SIII, SIV and SV, respectively. They were different from the ribosome-derived 40-S subunits which have a density of 1.54 g/cm3. Native large ribosomal subunits consist of at least two classes of particles with densities of 1.57 g/cm3 (LI) and 1.59 g/cm3 (LII), respectively. The ribosome-derived 60-S subunits have the same buoyant density as LII particles. Labeling of Ehrlich ascites cells with radioactive uridine and a subsequent chase in the presence of RNA-synthesis inhibitors shows that radioactivity was incorporated first in precursor particles with a density of 1.48 g/cm3 and then subsequently appeared in SIII and SII particles. Met-tRNAf is found exclusively on native 40-S particles with densities of 1.42 and 1.49 g/cm3. This result has been observed in cells labeled with [35S] methionine in vivo as well as with tRNA charged in vitro. The possibility that SII particles contain 40-S initiation complexes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945161", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of fatty acids and analogues by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo.", "content": "Cultured heart cells from chick embryo, present as a confluent monolayer in a minimal medium, take up labelled fatty acids (from C6 to C22) bound to serum albumin with a rapid incorporation into neutral and complex lipids (visible at 15 s), while beta-oxidation is delayed (visible at 15 min). Fatty acids enter the cardiac cells through two mechanisms, one involving a readily saturable process, the other resembling passive diffusion. The saturable transport system recognizes fatty acids with a high affinity, Km from 4.5 to 16 muM. The V is from 0.03 to 0.3 nmol of fatty acid incorporated min-1 (10(6) cells)-1. Competitive inhibition occurs between fatty acids while glucose, aminoacids and lactate do not compete with palmitate for the entry into the cells. The analysis of unesterified fatty acids from the usual culture medium and from the cells show a gradient of concentration up to 54-fold; moreover experiments performed in minimal medium at 20 degrees C show that fatty acids accumulate up to 28-fold in the cells. Efflux rates can be measured after loading the cells at 20 degrees C; the curves are bimodal and the pseudo first-order rate constants thus determined are in the order of 0.5 min-1, as opposed to 2.5 to 5.0 min-1 for the passive-diffusion component calculated for the influx rates. Studies on the role of serum albumin at constant and at variable fatty acid-albumin molar ratios indicate that the rate of uptake is controlled by the total fatty acid concentration and not solely by the concentration of unbound fatty acids. No labelled fatty acid was found to be bound to the cytoplasmic fraction supposed to contain the fatty acids-binding protein; our results are in favour of the presence of a specific transport system for fatty acids either at the level of subcellular organelles or more likely at the surface of cardiac cells.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of fatty acids and analogues by cultured cardiac cells from chick embryo. Cultured heart cells from chick embryo, present as a confluent monolayer in a minimal medium, take up labelled fatty acids (from C6 to C22) bound to serum albumin with a rapid incorporation into neutral and complex lipids (visible at 15 s), while beta-oxidation is delayed (visible at 15 min). Fatty acids enter the cardiac cells through two mechanisms, one involving a readily saturable process, the other resembling passive diffusion. The saturable transport system recognizes fatty acids with a high affinity, Km from 4.5 to 16 muM. The V is from 0.03 to 0.3 nmol of fatty acid incorporated min-1 (10(6) cells)-1. Competitive inhibition occurs between fatty acids while glucose, aminoacids and lactate do not compete with palmitate for the entry into the cells. The analysis of unesterified fatty acids from the usual culture medium and from the cells show a gradient of concentration up to 54-fold; moreover experiments performed in minimal medium at 20 degrees C show that fatty acids accumulate up to 28-fold in the cells. Efflux rates can be measured after loading the cells at 20 degrees C; the curves are bimodal and the pseudo first-order rate constants thus determined are in the order of 0.5 min-1, as opposed to 2.5 to 5.0 min-1 for the passive-diffusion component calculated for the influx rates. Studies on the role of serum albumin at constant and at variable fatty acid-albumin molar ratios indicate that the rate of uptake is controlled by the total fatty acid concentration and not solely by the concentration of unbound fatty acids. No labelled fatty acid was found to be bound to the cytoplasmic fraction supposed to contain the fatty acids-binding protein; our results are in favour of the presence of a specific transport system for fatty acids either at the level of subcellular organelles or more likely at the surface of cardiac cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945162", "title": "Histone-gene reiteration in the genome of mouse.", "content": "Histone messenger RNA labelled to high specific activity has been isolated and purified from the mouse tissue-culture cell line L929. It had an electrophoretic mobility equivalent to a mean molecular weight of 1.4 X 10(5). The synthesis of this RNA was suppressed, but apparently not completely so, by inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis to more than 95% by addition of cytosine arabinoside. The synthesis of other RNA species remained unaffected by this treatment. Poly(A)-containing mRNA, representing a 20% contaminant of the electrophoretically purified histone mRNA, was removed by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. Histone mRNA thus purified was hybridized to DNA fractions enriched for histone genes of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris by actinomycin/CsCl gradient centrifugation. The mRNA was eluted from the hybrids and challenged with mouse DNA in vast DNA excess conditions. A (cot1/2) of 360 mol s 1(-1) was obtained from the RNA trace curve, suggesting a 10-20-fold reiteration of the histone genes in the haploid genome. Thus histone genes in mouse are much less highly reiterated than in sea urchins, but nevertheless are present in considerable excess over the number theoretically necessary for histone synthesis during the S phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Histone-gene reiteration in the genome of mouse. Histone messenger RNA labelled to high specific activity has been isolated and purified from the mouse tissue-culture cell line L929. It had an electrophoretic mobility equivalent to a mean molecular weight of 1.4 X 10(5). The synthesis of this RNA was suppressed, but apparently not completely so, by inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis to more than 95% by addition of cytosine arabinoside. The synthesis of other RNA species remained unaffected by this treatment. Poly(A)-containing mRNA, representing a 20% contaminant of the electrophoretically purified histone mRNA, was removed by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography. Histone mRNA thus purified was hybridized to DNA fractions enriched for histone genes of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris by actinomycin/CsCl gradient centrifugation. The mRNA was eluted from the hybrids and challenged with mouse DNA in vast DNA excess conditions. A (cot1/2) of 360 mol s 1(-1) was obtained from the RNA trace curve, suggesting a 10-20-fold reiteration of the histone genes in the haploid genome. Thus histone genes in mouse are much less highly reiterated than in sea urchins, but nevertheless are present in considerable excess over the number theoretically necessary for histone synthesis during the S phase of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:945163", "title": "Binding affinities of retinol and related compounds to retinol binding proteins.", "content": "Fluorimetric titrations were used to determine apparent dissociation constants of the all-trans isomers of retinol, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate to human-retinol binding protein and chicken-retinol binding protein. Enhancement of the fluorescence of retinol and retinyl acetate when bound to the protein was utilized to establish the binding affinity of these compounds. With retinoic acid which is essentially a non-fluorescent compound, quenching of protein fluorescence due to energy transfer to the bound ligand from tryptophanyl residues served to determine the binding affinity. The various ligands display 1:1 molecular complexes with both types of retinol binding proteins. Retinol, retinoic acid and retinyl acetate were found to have similar binding affinities to both species of carrier proteins: For retinol K'd=1.9 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein and K'd=1.5 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein; for retinoic acid K'd-2.1 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein; for retinyl acetate and K'd=2.2 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein; for retinyl acetate K'd=2.2 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein and K'd=1.7 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein. Retinyl palmitate appeared to have weak association with either of the two retinol binding proteins, if at all. The above results suggest that both human and chicken retinol binding proteins behave similar with respect to the binding of the ligands. Non-polar interactions probably play a primary role in the binding and effects of functional groups and charges are of secondary importance.", "contents": "Binding affinities of retinol and related compounds to retinol binding proteins. Fluorimetric titrations were used to determine apparent dissociation constants of the all-trans isomers of retinol, retinoic acid, retinyl acetate and retinyl palmitate to human-retinol binding protein and chicken-retinol binding protein. Enhancement of the fluorescence of retinol and retinyl acetate when bound to the protein was utilized to establish the binding affinity of these compounds. With retinoic acid which is essentially a non-fluorescent compound, quenching of protein fluorescence due to energy transfer to the bound ligand from tryptophanyl residues served to determine the binding affinity. The various ligands display 1:1 molecular complexes with both types of retinol binding proteins. Retinol, retinoic acid and retinyl acetate were found to have similar binding affinities to both species of carrier proteins: For retinol K'd=1.9 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein and K'd=1.5 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein; for retinoic acid K'd-2.1 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein; for retinyl acetate and K'd=2.2 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein; for retinyl acetate K'd=2.2 X 10(-7) M with human-retinol binding protein and K'd=1.7 X 10(-7) M with chicken-retinol binding protein. Retinyl palmitate appeared to have weak association with either of the two retinol binding proteins, if at all. The above results suggest that both human and chicken retinol binding proteins behave similar with respect to the binding of the ligands. Non-polar interactions probably play a primary role in the binding and effects of functional groups and charges are of secondary importance."}
{"id": "PMID:945164", "title": "The influence of hypertrophy on myocardial function.", "content": "In patients with hypertrophy from long-standing left ventricle pressure (PL) and volume overload (VL) as well as in a group of controls basal left ventricular contractility was assessed by peak measured isovolumic velocity of shortening (Vpm), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER). The angiographically determined left ventricular muscle mass was elevated to a similar extent in PL and VL. As compared to the control group both hypertrophy had decreased contractile indexes. No significant differences of contractility existed between the groups with PL and VL. Hence it appears that in chronic mechanical overloading the extent of hypertrophy is probably more important for the decrease of contractility than the nature of the stimulis to hypertrophy. In 15 patients with aortic stenosis left ventricular muscle mass and isovolumic and ejection phase contractile indexes were determined preoperatively and 13.5 months after successful valve replacement by a tilting disc prosthesis. Postoperatively there was a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease of muscle mass from 182 to 114 g/m2. Mean VCF increased from 1.07 to 1.52 circ/sec (P less than 0.01); MNSER from 1.92 to 2.59 enddiastolic volumes/sec (P less than 0.01); Vpm from 1.17 to 1.60 ML/sec (P less than 0.001) and total pressure Vmax from 1.61 to 2.09 ML/sec (P less than 0.01). In 9 of 13 patients an abnormal or pathologic response to handgrip at the preoperative study became normal postoperatively. It is concluded that in aortic stenosis removal of the chronic pressure burden leads to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy associated with an improvement of resting and exercise contractile function. Pressure-deprived contractile indexes; ejection phase contractile indexes; chronic pressure load; chronic volume load; aortic valve replacement; postoperative hemodynamics.", "contents": "The influence of hypertrophy on myocardial function. In patients with hypertrophy from long-standing left ventricle pressure (PL) and volume overload (VL) as well as in a group of controls basal left ventricular contractility was assessed by peak measured isovolumic velocity of shortening (Vpm), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (mean VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER). The angiographically determined left ventricular muscle mass was elevated to a similar extent in PL and VL. As compared to the control group both hypertrophy had decreased contractile indexes. No significant differences of contractility existed between the groups with PL and VL. Hence it appears that in chronic mechanical overloading the extent of hypertrophy is probably more important for the decrease of contractility than the nature of the stimulis to hypertrophy. In 15 patients with aortic stenosis left ventricular muscle mass and isovolumic and ejection phase contractile indexes were determined preoperatively and 13.5 months after successful valve replacement by a tilting disc prosthesis. Postoperatively there was a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease of muscle mass from 182 to 114 g/m2. Mean VCF increased from 1.07 to 1.52 circ/sec (P less than 0.01); MNSER from 1.92 to 2.59 enddiastolic volumes/sec (P less than 0.01); Vpm from 1.17 to 1.60 ML/sec (P less than 0.001) and total pressure Vmax from 1.61 to 2.09 ML/sec (P less than 0.01). In 9 of 13 patients an abnormal or pathologic response to handgrip at the preoperative study became normal postoperatively. It is concluded that in aortic stenosis removal of the chronic pressure burden leads to regression of left ventricular hypertrophy associated with an improvement of resting and exercise contractile function. Pressure-deprived contractile indexes; ejection phase contractile indexes; chronic pressure load; chronic volume load; aortic valve replacement; postoperative hemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:945165", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic methadone treatment of the uptake of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat hypothalamus slices.", "content": "Effects of in vitro methadone and several other narcotics were investigated on 3H-5-HT uptake in rat hypothalamus slices. The results indicated that d, l-methadone and levorphanol had slightly greater inhibitory action on the uptake than the isomers, d-methadone and dextrorphan, respectively. Morphine, diacetylmorphine and the narcotic antagonist naloxone produced a considerably weaker inhibitory effect. After an acute injection of methadone, but not morphine, the uptake of 5-HT by hypothalamic slices of treated animals was inhibited. The chronic treatment of rats with methadone for 18 days had no significant effect on the uptake, but following the withdrawal of this treatment for 2 weeks the 5-HT uptake was significantly elevated. The inhibitory effects of in vitro methadone in the hypothalamus slices were not modified by the chronic drug treatment.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic methadone treatment of the uptake of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine in rat hypothalamus slices. Effects of in vitro methadone and several other narcotics were investigated on 3H-5-HT uptake in rat hypothalamus slices. The results indicated that d, l-methadone and levorphanol had slightly greater inhibitory action on the uptake than the isomers, d-methadone and dextrorphan, respectively. Morphine, diacetylmorphine and the narcotic antagonist naloxone produced a considerably weaker inhibitory effect. After an acute injection of methadone, but not morphine, the uptake of 5-HT by hypothalamic slices of treated animals was inhibited. The chronic treatment of rats with methadone for 18 days had no significant effect on the uptake, but following the withdrawal of this treatment for 2 weeks the 5-HT uptake was significantly elevated. The inhibitory effects of in vitro methadone in the hypothalamus slices were not modified by the chronic drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:945166", "title": "Direct dopaminergic action of lisuride hydrogen maleate, an ergot derivative, in mice.", "content": "Lisuride hydrogen maleate induced stereotyped behaviour in normal as well as in reserpinized mice. It antagonized the motor depression and hypothermia induced by reserpine. On i.p. administration the compound was about as effective as apomorphine and D-amphetamine. As with apomorphine and in contrast to D-amphetamine the effects of lisuride hydrogen maleate in reserpinized mice were not impaired by additional treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester. In untreated mice, the substance was very potent in lowering body temperature with significant hypothermia measured after dosages as low as 0.10 mg/kg i.p. Occurrence of stereotyped behaviour and hypothermia could be prevented by the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol. From these data it is concluded that lisuride hydrogen maleate in addition to its interaction with serotoninergic systems is a potent dopaminergic agonist with a probably direct action on dopaminergic receptors. Further arguments in support of such an action of lisuride hydrogen maleate are, in addition to biochemical data, its serum prolactin lowering effect in rats, its strong emetic action in dogs and its effects on rat behaviour.", "contents": "Direct dopaminergic action of lisuride hydrogen maleate, an ergot derivative, in mice. Lisuride hydrogen maleate induced stereotyped behaviour in normal as well as in reserpinized mice. It antagonized the motor depression and hypothermia induced by reserpine. On i.p. administration the compound was about as effective as apomorphine and D-amphetamine. As with apomorphine and in contrast to D-amphetamine the effects of lisuride hydrogen maleate in reserpinized mice were not impaired by additional treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester. In untreated mice, the substance was very potent in lowering body temperature with significant hypothermia measured after dosages as low as 0.10 mg/kg i.p. Occurrence of stereotyped behaviour and hypothermia could be prevented by the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol. From these data it is concluded that lisuride hydrogen maleate in addition to its interaction with serotoninergic systems is a potent dopaminergic agonist with a probably direct action on dopaminergic receptors. Further arguments in support of such an action of lisuride hydrogen maleate are, in addition to biochemical data, its serum prolactin lowering effect in rats, its strong emetic action in dogs and its effects on rat behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:945167", "title": "Behavioural effects of a new non-phenylethylamine anorexigenic agent: mazindol.", "content": "Mazindol, a new anorexigenic agent which possesses a different chemical structure from phenylethylamine derivatives such as amphetamine, causes anorexia along with increases in locomotor activity and body temperature. Mazindol also induces stereotyped behaviour and, if injected into rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions, causes turning towards the lesioned side. Mazindol-induced anorexia is antagonized by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or pimozide. Pimozide pretreatment prevents the rotation induced by Mazindol in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions. The involvement of dopamine in the mechanism whereby Mazindol elicits anorexia and turning behaviour is discussed.", "contents": "Behavioural effects of a new non-phenylethylamine anorexigenic agent: mazindol. Mazindol, a new anorexigenic agent which possesses a different chemical structure from phenylethylamine derivatives such as amphetamine, causes anorexia along with increases in locomotor activity and body temperature. Mazindol also induces stereotyped behaviour and, if injected into rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions, causes turning towards the lesioned side. Mazindol-induced anorexia is antagonized by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or pimozide. Pimozide pretreatment prevents the rotation induced by Mazindol in rats with unilateral nigro-striatal lesions. The involvement of dopamine in the mechanism whereby Mazindol elicits anorexia and turning behaviour is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945168", "title": "Dissociation of stereotyped biting responses and oro-bucco-lingual dyskinesias.", "content": "A comparison was made of the doses of neuroleptic and related agents required to inhibit the stereotyped biting/gnawing/licking response induced in the guinea pig by systemically administered apomorphine and d-amphetamine or by dopamine administered bilaterally into the striatum. Haloperidol. lenperone, fluphenazine (0.5-8 mg/kg i.p.) and fluspirilene (0.125-8 mg/kg i.p.) each inhibited the stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine and amphetamine but doses up to 16 mg/kg i.p. failed to modify the dyskinesias induced by intrastriatal dopamine. Pimozide similarly abolished the stereotypies (0.125-8 mg/kg i.p.) but a larger dose (16 mg/kg i.p.) also abolished the dopamine-induced dyskinesias. However, oxiperomide and spiroxatrine were both shown to possess marked anti-dyskinetic (1-2 mg/kg i.p.) as well as anti-stereotypic (0.25-5 mg/kg i.p.) properties. Thioridazine, clothiapine, clozapine, sulpiride and metoclopramide were generally inactive against the stereotypies and dyskinesias although 1.25-5 mg/kg s.c. morphine effectively abolished stereotyped behaviour and the dopamine-induced dyskinesias were inhibited in a small proportion of animals. It is suggested that the dopamine mechanisms involved with stereotypy induction differ from those activated by intrastriatally administered dopamine to induce abnormal oro-facial movements, and that, since only the effects of intrastriatal dopamine showed the same relative degree of resistance to neuroleptic inhibition as clinical dyskinesias, that this may be more applicable to the clinical situation than the stereotypy model.", "contents": "Dissociation of stereotyped biting responses and oro-bucco-lingual dyskinesias. A comparison was made of the doses of neuroleptic and related agents required to inhibit the stereotyped biting/gnawing/licking response induced in the guinea pig by systemically administered apomorphine and d-amphetamine or by dopamine administered bilaterally into the striatum. Haloperidol. lenperone, fluphenazine (0.5-8 mg/kg i.p.) and fluspirilene (0.125-8 mg/kg i.p.) each inhibited the stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine and amphetamine but doses up to 16 mg/kg i.p. failed to modify the dyskinesias induced by intrastriatal dopamine. Pimozide similarly abolished the stereotypies (0.125-8 mg/kg i.p.) but a larger dose (16 mg/kg i.p.) also abolished the dopamine-induced dyskinesias. However, oxiperomide and spiroxatrine were both shown to possess marked anti-dyskinetic (1-2 mg/kg i.p.) as well as anti-stereotypic (0.25-5 mg/kg i.p.) properties. Thioridazine, clothiapine, clozapine, sulpiride and metoclopramide were generally inactive against the stereotypies and dyskinesias although 1.25-5 mg/kg s.c. morphine effectively abolished stereotyped behaviour and the dopamine-induced dyskinesias were inhibited in a small proportion of animals. It is suggested that the dopamine mechanisms involved with stereotypy induction differ from those activated by intrastriatally administered dopamine to induce abnormal oro-facial movements, and that, since only the effects of intrastriatal dopamine showed the same relative degree of resistance to neuroleptic inhibition as clinical dyskinesias, that this may be more applicable to the clinical situation than the stereotypy model."}
{"id": "PMID:945169", "title": "Antagonism by sulpiride of three apomorphine-induced effects in rodents.", "content": "Three effects of apomorphine (hypothermia and climbing behavior in mice, stereotyped behavior in rats) were studied. Sulpiride antagonized the two effects in mice but stereotyped behavior in rats remained unchanged. Pimozide and haloperidol antagonized the three effects. These results could be explained by the existence of two types of dopaminergic receptors or by the different accessibility to identical dopaminergic receptors located in different CNS areas.", "contents": "Antagonism by sulpiride of three apomorphine-induced effects in rodents. Three effects of apomorphine (hypothermia and climbing behavior in mice, stereotyped behavior in rats) were studied. Sulpiride antagonized the two effects in mice but stereotyped behavior in rats remained unchanged. Pimozide and haloperidol antagonized the three effects. These results could be explained by the existence of two types of dopaminergic receptors or by the different accessibility to identical dopaminergic receptors located in different CNS areas."}
{"id": "PMID:945170", "title": "Alpha-flupenthixol-induced hyperactivity by chronic dosing in rats.", "content": "Socially reared and isolation-reared rats treated chronically since weaning with alpha-flupenthixol showed elevated levels of spontaneous locomotor activity compared with control treated rats. However, chronic apomorphine treatment had no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. Chronic alpha-flupenthixol treatment enhanced stereotyped behaviour after 1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine in the socially reared condition. 'Spontaneous stereotypies' were also observed in the chronic alpha-flupenthixol-treated animals. Chronic apomorphine treatment did not affect stereotyped responding. The results are discussed in terms of 'behavioural supersensitivity'.", "contents": "Alpha-flupenthixol-induced hyperactivity by chronic dosing in rats. Socially reared and isolation-reared rats treated chronically since weaning with alpha-flupenthixol showed elevated levels of spontaneous locomotor activity compared with control treated rats. However, chronic apomorphine treatment had no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. Chronic alpha-flupenthixol treatment enhanced stereotyped behaviour after 1.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine in the socially reared condition. 'Spontaneous stereotypies' were also observed in the chronic alpha-flupenthixol-treated animals. Chronic apomorphine treatment did not affect stereotyped responding. The results are discussed in terms of 'behavioural supersensitivity'."}
{"id": "PMID:945171", "title": "[Fatal poisoning by water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata)].", "content": "The authors relate clinical and toxicological data concerning a recent deadly intoxication by OEnanthe crocata absorption and stress upon awkwardness of clinical diagnosis. Most frequent cases were observed by veterinarians in bovine and porcine intoxications. This plant grows in wet meadows of western France and south-west of England. In spite of its rarity, this intoxication is mostly dangerous and oftenest lethal.", "contents": "[Fatal poisoning by water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata)]. The authors relate clinical and toxicological data concerning a recent deadly intoxication by OEnanthe crocata absorption and stress upon awkwardness of clinical diagnosis. Most frequent cases were observed by veterinarians in bovine and porcine intoxications. This plant grows in wet meadows of western France and south-west of England. In spite of its rarity, this intoxication is mostly dangerous and oftenest lethal."}
{"id": "PMID:945183", "title": "The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of cats.", "content": "The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on the bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of anesthetized cats was measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion. This nascent fluid consists of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluid which results from an osmotic gradient between ventricular fluid and the blood and/or brain. Perfusions were carried out with both mock CSF and with solutions containing either sucrose, urea, or NaCl. Differences between the normal bulk flow rate of nascent CSF and bulk flow rate measured during perfusion with anisotonic solutions were linearly related to corresponding differences in osmolality of the effluent fluid from the ventricles. The coefficients of somotic flow using sucrose (0.231 mul/min per mOsm) and NaCl (0.224) were similar, and greater than that using urea (0.156). During perfusion with sucrose when effluent osmolality increased by 200 mOsm (63% of normal), bulk flow rate of nascent fluid increased by 50 mul/min (200% of normal). Flow was undetectable when the effluent osmolality was 190 mOsm (decrease of 135 mOsm), although osmotically active particles continued to enter the ventricular system. Intravenous injection of acetazolamide reduced these coefficients to similar values of 0.0963 for NaCl, and 0.0955 for urea. In all experimental conditions no changes were found in cerebral water content. These results suggest that the increased bulk flow which occurs during perfusion with hypertonic solutions originates from the choroid plexus.", "contents": "The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of cats. The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on the bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of anesthetized cats was measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion. This nascent fluid consists of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluid which results from an osmotic gradient between ventricular fluid and the blood and/or brain. Perfusions were carried out with both mock CSF and with solutions containing either sucrose, urea, or NaCl. Differences between the normal bulk flow rate of nascent CSF and bulk flow rate measured during perfusion with anisotonic solutions were linearly related to corresponding differences in osmolality of the effluent fluid from the ventricles. The coefficients of somotic flow using sucrose (0.231 mul/min per mOsm) and NaCl (0.224) were similar, and greater than that using urea (0.156). During perfusion with sucrose when effluent osmolality increased by 200 mOsm (63% of normal), bulk flow rate of nascent fluid increased by 50 mul/min (200% of normal). Flow was undetectable when the effluent osmolality was 190 mOsm (decrease of 135 mOsm), although osmotically active particles continued to enter the ventricular system. Intravenous injection of acetazolamide reduced these coefficients to similar values of 0.0963 for NaCl, and 0.0955 for urea. In all experimental conditions no changes were found in cerebral water content. These results suggest that the increased bulk flow which occurs during perfusion with hypertonic solutions originates from the choroid plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:945184", "title": "Effect of alcohol ingestion on the epithelial cell population in rat small intestine.", "content": "Chronic administration of alcohol to well-nourished rats led to striking changes in the small intestinal cell population. The present experiments corroborate the view that alcohol is directly toxic to the small intestine.", "contents": "Effect of alcohol ingestion on the epithelial cell population in rat small intestine. Chronic administration of alcohol to well-nourished rats led to striking changes in the small intestinal cell population. The present experiments corroborate the view that alcohol is directly toxic to the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:945185", "title": "Copper utilization during embryogenesis of Palaemon lamarrei.", "content": "The pattern of copper utilization during the embryogenesis of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon lamarrei has been described. Throughout the incubation period, lasting for 14 to 16 days, the egg of P. lamarrei is permeable to salts and against a concentration gradient, it absorbs 11 mug of salt from the freshwater medium. Out of this total salt uptake, as much as 0.143 mug is due to the absorption of copper. Intake of copper, as a function of incubation time, exhibit a more or less similar trend to that of total salt intake and this can be attributed to the increased synthesis of haemocyanin.", "contents": "Copper utilization during embryogenesis of Palaemon lamarrei. The pattern of copper utilization during the embryogenesis of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon lamarrei has been described. Throughout the incubation period, lasting for 14 to 16 days, the egg of P. lamarrei is permeable to salts and against a concentration gradient, it absorbs 11 mug of salt from the freshwater medium. Out of this total salt uptake, as much as 0.143 mug is due to the absorption of copper. Intake of copper, as a function of incubation time, exhibit a more or less similar trend to that of total salt intake and this can be attributed to the increased synthesis of haemocyanin."}
{"id": "PMID:945186", "title": "Is feminine differentiation of the brain hormonally determined?", "content": "The androgen insensitive, genetically male rat pseudohermaphrodite displays neither masculine or feminine sexual behavior when primed with the appropriate sex hormones. Although in the absence of androgen imprinting the animal develops anatomically as female, our results suggest that feminine differentiation of the brain requires active imprinting by perinatal hormone(s), possibly adrenal progesterone.", "contents": "Is feminine differentiation of the brain hormonally determined? The androgen insensitive, genetically male rat pseudohermaphrodite displays neither masculine or feminine sexual behavior when primed with the appropriate sex hormones. Although in the absence of androgen imprinting the animal develops anatomically as female, our results suggest that feminine differentiation of the brain requires active imprinting by perinatal hormone(s), possibly adrenal progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:945187", "title": "Man's strategy in domestication - a synthesis of new research trends.", "content": "The minimum brain size possible in the relevant wild species and certain colour types which, because of alterations in the neurotransmitter system caused by the respective colour genes, are related to behavioural traits diverging from the wild animals norm appear to be first-rate bases for domestication either separately or in combination.", "contents": "Man's strategy in domestication - a synthesis of new research trends. The minimum brain size possible in the relevant wild species and certain colour types which, because of alterations in the neurotransmitter system caused by the respective colour genes, are related to behavioural traits diverging from the wild animals norm appear to be first-rate bases for domestication either separately or in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:945189", "title": "[4-aminobutyrophenones with hypotensive activity].", "content": "A series of new butyrophenones was synthesized, the aim being to reduce neuroleptic activity and enhance the hypotensive effects of this class of drugs. The compounds were screened for toxicity according to the Irwin scheme and tested in anaesthetized cats for their effects on systemic arterial pressure. The most interesting compound, i.e. 1-(4'-fluorobenzoyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl-propane, was tested also in anaesthetized rabbits, cats, and dogs and in concious dogs. Moreover its central nervous system effects were tested in rats and mice. The compound proved practically devoid of neurological effects and showed interesting hypotensive activity.", "contents": "[4-aminobutyrophenones with hypotensive activity]. A series of new butyrophenones was synthesized, the aim being to reduce neuroleptic activity and enhance the hypotensive effects of this class of drugs. The compounds were screened for toxicity according to the Irwin scheme and tested in anaesthetized cats for their effects on systemic arterial pressure. The most interesting compound, i.e. 1-(4'-fluorobenzoyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl-propane, was tested also in anaesthetized rabbits, cats, and dogs and in concious dogs. Moreover its central nervous system effects were tested in rats and mice. The compound proved practically devoid of neurological effects and showed interesting hypotensive activity."}
{"id": "PMID:945188", "title": "[Immunodepressive activity of phenobarbital chemically bound to the protein carrier].", "content": "Experiments conducted on mice immunized with sheep's erythrocytes proved that phenobarbital, even in toxic doses does not produce any immunodepressive effect. But when it is covalently bound by the diazo-method with a protein-carrier phenobarbital becomes a strong immunodepressant. Then, however, it does not affect the central nervous system, nor influence the immunodepressive activity of cyclophosphamide--an agent metabolically activated in the liver. Free phenobarbital mitigates the effect of cyclophosphamide on the immunological response in mice.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive activity of phenobarbital chemically bound to the protein carrier]. Experiments conducted on mice immunized with sheep's erythrocytes proved that phenobarbital, even in toxic doses does not produce any immunodepressive effect. But when it is covalently bound by the diazo-method with a protein-carrier phenobarbital becomes a strong immunodepressant. Then, however, it does not affect the central nervous system, nor influence the immunodepressive activity of cyclophosphamide--an agent metabolically activated in the liver. Free phenobarbital mitigates the effect of cyclophosphamide on the immunological response in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:945196", "title": "Effect of anti-luteinizing hormone antibodies on the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary in immature male rats: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "Treatment of immature rats with antigonadotropic serum results in atrophy of gonads and castration-like changes of gonadotroph cells in the pituitary gland. Newborn male albino Wistar rats were daily and subcutaneously inoculated with 0.1 to 0.8 ml of anti-luteinizing hormone (LH) sera from the first 24 hours of age, through the first 5 weeks. For controls, a similar schedule with normal rabbit serum was used. Rats were killed at weekly intervals and pituitaries were fixed for electron microscopy. The anti-LH titer, determined by microhemagglutination, was between 1:2, 560 and 1:10,240; the greatest contaminant was follicle-stimulating hormone, with the antiserum ranging from 1:160 to 1:320. Absorbed antisera, checked by double agar diffusion against unabsorbed antisera, showed no precipitin lines, indicating no antigen excess. There was no significant cytologic difference between control and experimental pituitaries during the 1st week of treatment. At the end of the 2nd week, gonadotroph cells contained a highly developed Golgi complex; by the 3rd week these cells contained pronounced, dilated, saclike ergastoplasmic cisternae, with few secretory granules in the cytoplasm of one type; by the 4th week, ergastoplasmic cisternae had broken down to form the first large vacuoles of \"castration\" LH gonadotrophs, some of which contained typical granules. Numerous mitotic and chromophobe cells were also observed. At the end of the 5th week castration LH cells persisted, in addition to mitotic cells, chromophobes, and numerous follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotrophs with degenerated features. The effect of anti-LH antisera on pituitary gonadotrophs could be explained as a neutralization of endogenous LH, probably not only inhibiting the long feedback mechanism, but also the short feedback loop at the level of the same pituitary cells.", "contents": "Effect of anti-luteinizing hormone antibodies on the gonadotropic cells of the pituitary in immature male rats: an electron microscopic study. Treatment of immature rats with antigonadotropic serum results in atrophy of gonads and castration-like changes of gonadotroph cells in the pituitary gland. Newborn male albino Wistar rats were daily and subcutaneously inoculated with 0.1 to 0.8 ml of anti-luteinizing hormone (LH) sera from the first 24 hours of age, through the first 5 weeks. For controls, a similar schedule with normal rabbit serum was used. Rats were killed at weekly intervals and pituitaries were fixed for electron microscopy. The anti-LH titer, determined by microhemagglutination, was between 1:2, 560 and 1:10,240; the greatest contaminant was follicle-stimulating hormone, with the antiserum ranging from 1:160 to 1:320. Absorbed antisera, checked by double agar diffusion against unabsorbed antisera, showed no precipitin lines, indicating no antigen excess. There was no significant cytologic difference between control and experimental pituitaries during the 1st week of treatment. At the end of the 2nd week, gonadotroph cells contained a highly developed Golgi complex; by the 3rd week these cells contained pronounced, dilated, saclike ergastoplasmic cisternae, with few secretory granules in the cytoplasm of one type; by the 4th week, ergastoplasmic cisternae had broken down to form the first large vacuoles of \"castration\" LH gonadotrophs, some of which contained typical granules. Numerous mitotic and chromophobe cells were also observed. At the end of the 5th week castration LH cells persisted, in addition to mitotic cells, chromophobes, and numerous follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotrophs with degenerated features. The effect of anti-LH antisera on pituitary gonadotrophs could be explained as a neutralization of endogenous LH, probably not only inhibiting the long feedback mechanism, but also the short feedback loop at the level of the same pituitary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945198", "title": "Studies on sperm antigenicity, 5. In vivo and in vitro cellular reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized with fractions of human spermatozoa.", "content": "In vitro delayed type hypersensitivity was demonstrated with peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs immunized with different preparations of human and guinea pig seminal components emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant-H37Ra. The seminal components were intact human spermatozoa (HuSp); intact guinea pig spermatozoa (GPSp); human seminal plasma (HuSePlFr); and fractions of human spermatozoa obtained by centrifugation of the homogenate at 5,000 X g (5S30 and 5p30), at 20,000 X g (20S30 and 20p30), and at 144,000 X g (144p120). Cellular sensitivity was demonstrated in vivo by skin testing and in vitro by the macrophage inhibition technique. Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs sensitized with fractions 5p30 and 20p30 elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction which could be detected only with intact human spermatozoa. Other human spermatozoal fractions (5S30, 20S30, and 144p120) were weak immunogens. Sensitization of guinea pigs with fractions of human spermatozoa, in addition to causing delayed hypersensitivity reactions, elicited low titers of spermatoxic antibodies. Antibodies to human spermatozoal fractions 5S30, 5p30, 20S30, and 20p30 cross-reacted with intact human spermatozoa and intact guinea pig spermatozoa. It is postulated that the existence of \"spermatozoa-specific\" coating antigen(s) derived from other components of the reproductive tract might be responsible for human spermatozoal antigenicity.", "contents": "Studies on sperm antigenicity, 5. In vivo and in vitro cellular reactivity in guinea pigs sensitized with fractions of human spermatozoa. In vitro delayed type hypersensitivity was demonstrated with peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs immunized with different preparations of human and guinea pig seminal components emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant-H37Ra. The seminal components were intact human spermatozoa (HuSp); intact guinea pig spermatozoa (GPSp); human seminal plasma (HuSePlFr); and fractions of human spermatozoa obtained by centrifugation of the homogenate at 5,000 X g (5S30 and 5p30), at 20,000 X g (20S30 and 20p30), and at 144,000 X g (144p120). Cellular sensitivity was demonstrated in vivo by skin testing and in vitro by the macrophage inhibition technique. Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs sensitized with fractions 5p30 and 20p30 elicited a delayed hypersensitivity reaction which could be detected only with intact human spermatozoa. Other human spermatozoal fractions (5S30, 20S30, and 144p120) were weak immunogens. Sensitization of guinea pigs with fractions of human spermatozoa, in addition to causing delayed hypersensitivity reactions, elicited low titers of spermatoxic antibodies. Antibodies to human spermatozoal fractions 5S30, 5p30, 20S30, and 20p30 cross-reacted with intact human spermatozoa and intact guinea pig spermatozoa. It is postulated that the existence of \"spermatozoa-specific\" coating antigen(s) derived from other components of the reproductive tract might be responsible for human spermatozoal antigenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:945197", "title": "Testicular response to exogenous gonadotropins in the syndrome of feminizing testes.", "content": "The steroid response of testes to exogenous gonadotropin administration was studied before castration in a patient with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome. Urinary steroid determination were made along with measurements of plasma testosterone during adrenal suppression with dexamethasone and after stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and HMG plus human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Our data provide evidence that the gonads in the testicular feminization syndrome synthesize steroids normally. Estrogens and testosterone are secreted by the testes, and the Leydig cells of the testes are capable of responding to exogenous HMG and HCG stimulation. These findins are consistent with the hypothesis that there is no abnormal testicular steroidogenesis in these genotypic males. Additional evidence is provided that these gonads secrete testosterone in amounts comparable to those of normally functioning testes. Failure of virilization in the presence of androgen secretion as indicated by previous authors is probably the result of a deficiency of androgenic action at the end organs. The presence of sparse pubic and axillary hair in the mother and the finding of the same type of karyotype (46,XY) in a sibling suggest that hereditary factors play a role in this disorder.", "contents": "Testicular response to exogenous gonadotropins in the syndrome of feminizing testes. The steroid response of testes to exogenous gonadotropin administration was studied before castration in a patient with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome. Urinary steroid determination were made along with measurements of plasma testosterone during adrenal suppression with dexamethasone and after stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and HMG plus human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Our data provide evidence that the gonads in the testicular feminization syndrome synthesize steroids normally. Estrogens and testosterone are secreted by the testes, and the Leydig cells of the testes are capable of responding to exogenous HMG and HCG stimulation. These findins are consistent with the hypothesis that there is no abnormal testicular steroidogenesis in these genotypic males. Additional evidence is provided that these gonads secrete testosterone in amounts comparable to those of normally functioning testes. Failure of virilization in the presence of androgen secretion as indicated by previous authors is probably the result of a deficiency of androgenic action at the end organs. The presence of sparse pubic and axillary hair in the mother and the finding of the same type of karyotype (46,XY) in a sibling suggest that hereditary factors play a role in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:945208", "title": "[The importance of an additional retropubic urethroply by the pereyra or the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz method in the primary operative treatment of stress incontinence involving rotational descent of the urethra (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1974, 270 patients underwent a hysterectomy and anterior colporrhaphy for severe stress incontinence of Type Green II with loss of the posterior urethrovesical angle and rotational descent of the urethra. All these patients had an additional retropubic urethropoly either of the Pereyra of Marshall-Marchetti type or an additional sling operation. 176 patients were followed up. The total series showed a cure rate of 57%, an improvement rate of 28% and persistent or recurrent incontinence in 14.3% of the cases. The importance of pre-operative diagnosis by cystometry and sphincterometry is stressed. An irritable bladder is emphasized as a contraindication to an operation for stress incontinence. The conclusion is reached that the primary stress incontinence operation is the most decisive and the most likely to succeed. Operations for recurrent stress incontinence show a much lower cure rate. Since the anterior colporrhaphy according to Stoeckel or Kelly is not capable of curing severe forms of stress incontinence with rotational descent of the urethra, our results show that an additional retropubic urethropoly is desirable and justified in these cases.", "contents": "[The importance of an additional retropubic urethroply by the pereyra or the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz method in the primary operative treatment of stress incontinence involving rotational descent of the urethra (author's transl)]. Between 1971 and 1974, 270 patients underwent a hysterectomy and anterior colporrhaphy for severe stress incontinence of Type Green II with loss of the posterior urethrovesical angle and rotational descent of the urethra. All these patients had an additional retropubic urethropoly either of the Pereyra of Marshall-Marchetti type or an additional sling operation. 176 patients were followed up. The total series showed a cure rate of 57%, an improvement rate of 28% and persistent or recurrent incontinence in 14.3% of the cases. The importance of pre-operative diagnosis by cystometry and sphincterometry is stressed. An irritable bladder is emphasized as a contraindication to an operation for stress incontinence. The conclusion is reached that the primary stress incontinence operation is the most decisive and the most likely to succeed. Operations for recurrent stress incontinence show a much lower cure rate. Since the anterior colporrhaphy according to Stoeckel or Kelly is not capable of curing severe forms of stress incontinence with rotational descent of the urethra, our results show that an additional retropubic urethropoly is desirable and justified in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:945209", "title": "[Induction of second trimester abortion by infusion of intraamniotic hypertonic and extraamniotic physiological saline solution (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 84 women in the second trimester of pregnancy abortion was induced by intramniotic transabdominal instillation of 20 per cent NaCl. In a second group of 91 women the abortion was induced by means of extraamniotic physiological infusion of saline solution. The only complication observed in the first group was an increasing fever. In the second group there were better results. The fetus abortion was complete and in a shorter time. We assume that the new method is the method of choice because it gives no complications and may be easily performed. It may be used also in cases of missed abortion or intrauterine fetal death.", "contents": "[Induction of second trimester abortion by infusion of intraamniotic hypertonic and extraamniotic physiological saline solution (author's transl)]. In a group of 84 women in the second trimester of pregnancy abortion was induced by intramniotic transabdominal instillation of 20 per cent NaCl. In a second group of 91 women the abortion was induced by means of extraamniotic physiological infusion of saline solution. The only complication observed in the first group was an increasing fever. In the second group there were better results. The fetus abortion was complete and in a shorter time. We assume that the new method is the method of choice because it gives no complications and may be easily performed. It may be used also in cases of missed abortion or intrauterine fetal death."}
{"id": "PMID:945212", "title": "Conversion of adiasporic and mycelial stages of Emmonsia crescens examined in the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Conversion of adiasporic and mycelial stages of the fungus Emmonsia crescens, the causative agent of adiaspiromycosis, was observed by a scanning electron microscope. Multilocular germination of adiaspores and their surface structures are described.", "contents": "Conversion of adiasporic and mycelial stages of Emmonsia crescens examined in the scanning electron microscope. Conversion of adiasporic and mycelial stages of the fungus Emmonsia crescens, the causative agent of adiaspiromycosis, was observed by a scanning electron microscope. Multilocular germination of adiaspores and their surface structures are described."}
{"id": "PMID:945219", "title": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 1. On the production of ethylalcohol in the outdoor cadavers in winter (author's transl)].", "content": "Some diagnostic problems in legal medicine were studied in dog cadavers left outdoors in the snow during winter in Sapporo. It was found that the cadaveric blood did not deteriorate till the end of 7 weeks and ethylalcohol or other Widmark positive substances were not produced in the cadavers during this period.", "contents": "[Studies on medico-legal diagnosis in cold district. 1. On the production of ethylalcohol in the outdoor cadavers in winter (author's transl)]. Some diagnostic problems in legal medicine were studied in dog cadavers left outdoors in the snow during winter in Sapporo. It was found that the cadaveric blood did not deteriorate till the end of 7 weeks and ethylalcohol or other Widmark positive substances were not produced in the cadavers during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:945220", "title": "[Some evaluations of the Widmark method (author's transl)].", "content": "Some evaluations were made on the Widmark method is designed for determination of blood ethanol concentration. A reagent of potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid mixture was found potent within 3 weeks after preparation when kept air-tight in hard glass ware without exposure to light, and 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate reagent was potent within 2 weeks under similar conditions. No change was observed in the potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid mixture reagent even after heating at 50-60 degrees C for 2 hours. Heating for distillation and oxidation of ethanol was satisfactory with air bath in an electric thermostat.", "contents": "[Some evaluations of the Widmark method (author's transl)]. Some evaluations were made on the Widmark method is designed for determination of blood ethanol concentration. A reagent of potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid mixture was found potent within 3 weeks after preparation when kept air-tight in hard glass ware without exposure to light, and 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate reagent was potent within 2 weeks under similar conditions. No change was observed in the potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid mixture reagent even after heating at 50-60 degrees C for 2 hours. Heating for distillation and oxidation of ethanol was satisfactory with air bath in an electric thermostat."}
{"id": "PMID:945221", "title": "[Acyl-CoA synthetase activity of long-chain mono and dicarboxylic acid in beef liver preparations (author's transl)].", "content": "Higher omega-oxidation activities in the diabetic mammal and the starved one suggest that omega-oxidation mechanism plays an important role under these conditions. Dicarboxylic acid that is the final product of omega-oxidation can be metabolized further by beta-oxidation, subsequently, formation of succinyl-CoA and short-chain dicarboxylic acid might be increased in the liver. The physiological significance of omega-oxidation might consist in supplying the substrate of TCA cycle for utilization of acetyl-CoA and excreting the short-chain dicarboxylate in urine resulting in the decrease of ketone bodies in the blood, especially in diabetes and starvation. On the bases of these information, it is important to investigate the metabolism of dicarboxylic acids. Generally, fatty acids must be activated before they enter the metabolic pathway. By in vitro studies with rat liver homogenate, we have recently demonstrated that octadecaned-ioic acid must be activated by ATP-Mg2+ and CoA as monocarboxylic acid is. However, it has not been studied to compare the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase on mono and dicarboxylic acid. So, in this report, we assayed the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase in beef liver preparations using palmitic or hexadecanedioic acid (C1;16) as substrate. The results are as follows 1) Activation capacity of the supernatant of sonicated mitochondria was less than that of sonicated microsome for either palmitate or hexadecanedioate. 2) Activation capacity for hexadecanedioate was less than that for palmitate in both supernatant of sonicated mitochondria and that of sonicated microsome. 3) In our experiment, it might be suggested that the subcellular distribution of hexadecanedioate activation is almost identical with that of palmitate activation.", "contents": "[Acyl-CoA synthetase activity of long-chain mono and dicarboxylic acid in beef liver preparations (author's transl)]. Higher omega-oxidation activities in the diabetic mammal and the starved one suggest that omega-oxidation mechanism plays an important role under these conditions. Dicarboxylic acid that is the final product of omega-oxidation can be metabolized further by beta-oxidation, subsequently, formation of succinyl-CoA and short-chain dicarboxylic acid might be increased in the liver. The physiological significance of omega-oxidation might consist in supplying the substrate of TCA cycle for utilization of acetyl-CoA and excreting the short-chain dicarboxylate in urine resulting in the decrease of ketone bodies in the blood, especially in diabetes and starvation. On the bases of these information, it is important to investigate the metabolism of dicarboxylic acids. Generally, fatty acids must be activated before they enter the metabolic pathway. By in vitro studies with rat liver homogenate, we have recently demonstrated that octadecaned-ioic acid must be activated by ATP-Mg2+ and CoA as monocarboxylic acid is. However, it has not been studied to compare the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase on mono and dicarboxylic acid. So, in this report, we assayed the activity of acyl-CoA synthetase in beef liver preparations using palmitic or hexadecanedioic acid (C1;16) as substrate. The results are as follows 1) Activation capacity of the supernatant of sonicated mitochondria was less than that of sonicated microsome for either palmitate or hexadecanedioate. 2) Activation capacity for hexadecanedioate was less than that for palmitate in both supernatant of sonicated mitochondria and that of sonicated microsome. 3) In our experiment, it might be suggested that the subcellular distribution of hexadecanedioate activation is almost identical with that of palmitate activation."}
{"id": "PMID:945222", "title": "High HL-A5 frequency in Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "HL-A antigens of 35 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease and 36 normal Japanese were determined by a standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. The frequency of HL-A5 among patients was significantly higher than the controls. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of other HL-A antigens.", "contents": "High HL-A5 frequency in Beh\u00e7et's disease. HL-A antigens of 35 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease and 36 normal Japanese were determined by a standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. The frequency of HL-A5 among patients was significantly higher than the controls. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of other HL-A antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:945223", "title": "[On-line, high-speeded data analysis of cardiovascular function using hybrid systems (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years application of computer techniques to various problems in biology has increased. In the field of anesthesia, where rapid changes appearing in a short time must be followed, the conventional, mannual methods are not applicable. So we have developed on-line computer analytical methods of cardiovascular function. Hybrid systems are the preferred methods in many biological problems, either because of efficiency and lower cost, or because of real time, on-line, closed-loop capabilities for direct use during experiments. As a computer output we used a graphic display computer and cathod ray tube devices. We applied these systems to analize and calculate cardiac work with other circulatory parameters. We got a ventricular function curve in visible form on CRT within 30 seconds after introducing the signals of left ventricular work and ventricular end-diastolic pressure into the analog computer. It was also useful to calculate vascular input impedence and myocardial maximal velocity of shortening. Finally causes of input errors in these analytical methods were discussed.", "contents": "[On-line, high-speeded data analysis of cardiovascular function using hybrid systems (author's transl)]. In recent years application of computer techniques to various problems in biology has increased. In the field of anesthesia, where rapid changes appearing in a short time must be followed, the conventional, mannual methods are not applicable. So we have developed on-line computer analytical methods of cardiovascular function. Hybrid systems are the preferred methods in many biological problems, either because of efficiency and lower cost, or because of real time, on-line, closed-loop capabilities for direct use during experiments. As a computer output we used a graphic display computer and cathod ray tube devices. We applied these systems to analize and calculate cardiac work with other circulatory parameters. We got a ventricular function curve in visible form on CRT within 30 seconds after introducing the signals of left ventricular work and ventricular end-diastolic pressure into the analog computer. It was also useful to calculate vascular input impedence and myocardial maximal velocity of shortening. Finally causes of input errors in these analytical methods were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945227", "title": "Induction and suppression of reagins in the neonatal mouse.", "content": "Neonatal SWR mice are capable of synthesizing reagins when immunized with a mixture of concanavalin and ovalbumin or a mixture of Bordetella pertussis, alum and ovalbumin. Reaginic antibody-forming cells can be found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and Peyer's patches. Tolerance with respect to IgE can be induced by the injection of deaggregated ovalbumin into neonatal mice.", "contents": "Induction and suppression of reagins in the neonatal mouse. Neonatal SWR mice are capable of synthesizing reagins when immunized with a mixture of concanavalin and ovalbumin or a mixture of Bordetella pertussis, alum and ovalbumin. Reaginic antibody-forming cells can be found in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and Peyer's patches. Tolerance with respect to IgE can be induced by the injection of deaggregated ovalbumin into neonatal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:945228", "title": "Plasma prolactin and its relationship to risk factors in human breast cancer.", "content": "The prolactin concentration has been determined in plasma from ostensibly healthy women living on the Island of Guernsey. There were 102, 42, and 41 women who had a mother, sister or maternal aunt, respectively, with breast cancer. The remaining 184 women in this study claimed to have no known family history of breast cancer and were used as a control group. The increased risk of breast cancer due to family history was not associated with a raised mean prolactin level compared to the control group. However, in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, daughters of breast cancer patients had significantly raised levels of prolactin at 19.00 h. There were no abnormalities in the mean plasma prolactin levels for the above groups associated with differences in age at first child, age at menarche, interval between age at menarche and first child, and body weight of post-menopausal women. (All these factors have been reported to influence breast cancer risk). It is concluded that prolactin has no obvious function in the aetiology of breast cancer. If it is involved, the mechanism by which it acts must be subtle and concerned with the homeostatic control governing nycthemeral prolactin rhythms.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin and its relationship to risk factors in human breast cancer. The prolactin concentration has been determined in plasma from ostensibly healthy women living on the Island of Guernsey. There were 102, 42, and 41 women who had a mother, sister or maternal aunt, respectively, with breast cancer. The remaining 184 women in this study claimed to have no known family history of breast cancer and were used as a control group. The increased risk of breast cancer due to family history was not associated with a raised mean prolactin level compared to the control group. However, in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, daughters of breast cancer patients had significantly raised levels of prolactin at 19.00 h. There were no abnormalities in the mean plasma prolactin levels for the above groups associated with differences in age at first child, age at menarche, interval between age at menarche and first child, and body weight of post-menopausal women. (All these factors have been reported to influence breast cancer risk). It is concluded that prolactin has no obvious function in the aetiology of breast cancer. If it is involved, the mechanism by which it acts must be subtle and concerned with the homeostatic control governing nycthemeral prolactin rhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:945229", "title": "Human tumor cells grown in fetal calf serum and human serum: influences on the tests for lymphocyte cytotoxicity, serum blocking and serum arming effects.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphoid cells (PBL) from cancer patients and normal donors were tested against three melanoma cell lines grown in either 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 2.5-5% human AB serum in order to determine if the heterologous membrane (HM) antigen or other FCS antigens acquired from the bovine serum supplement could influence lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. FCS-grown melanoma cells were more susceptible than the AB serum-grown subline to lymphocyte cytotoxic effects. Arming effects by autologous sera on normal donor lymphocytes and to a lesser extent on lymphocytes of cancer patients were more pronounced on the FCS-grown M12 melanoma cells. This effect was abrogated when the cells were grown in human AB serum for at least 8 weeks. The non-HM tumor-associated antigen remained at the same original low level. Blocking effects were more evident on the AB-grown M14 melanoma line. These data suggest that the FCS antigens on the cell surface may have been responsible for the augmented PBL cytotoxicity. The anti-FCS antibody present in normal and cancer patients' blood induced an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Elimination of arming activity against HM or other FCS antigens from AB-grown cells may have made the serum blocking factors more apparent. However, cytotoxicity against tumor cells by PBL from normal donors was still apparent even on the human serum-grown cells, suggesting that a different antigen-antibody system was also responsible for this \"non-specific\" activity.", "contents": "Human tumor cells grown in fetal calf serum and human serum: influences on the tests for lymphocyte cytotoxicity, serum blocking and serum arming effects. Peripheral blood lymphoid cells (PBL) from cancer patients and normal donors were tested against three melanoma cell lines grown in either 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 2.5-5% human AB serum in order to determine if the heterologous membrane (HM) antigen or other FCS antigens acquired from the bovine serum supplement could influence lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. FCS-grown melanoma cells were more susceptible than the AB serum-grown subline to lymphocyte cytotoxic effects. Arming effects by autologous sera on normal donor lymphocytes and to a lesser extent on lymphocytes of cancer patients were more pronounced on the FCS-grown M12 melanoma cells. This effect was abrogated when the cells were grown in human AB serum for at least 8 weeks. The non-HM tumor-associated antigen remained at the same original low level. Blocking effects were more evident on the AB-grown M14 melanoma line. These data suggest that the FCS antigens on the cell surface may have been responsible for the augmented PBL cytotoxicity. The anti-FCS antibody present in normal and cancer patients' blood induced an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Elimination of arming activity against HM or other FCS antigens from AB-grown cells may have made the serum blocking factors more apparent. However, cytotoxicity against tumor cells by PBL from normal donors was still apparent even on the human serum-grown cells, suggesting that a different antigen-antibody system was also responsible for this \"non-specific\" activity."}
{"id": "PMID:945238", "title": "Defective leukotaxis in patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy contain a leukotactic (chemotactic) inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits a variety of chemotactic factors. The presence of this inhibitor correlates with lack of skin reactivity to a variety of antigens. The inhibitor appears to be similar to a serum factor recently termed the chemotactic factor inactivator. The presence in leprosy sera of this inhibitor may be responsible for some of the defects of cellular inflammatory responses found in patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Defective leukotaxis in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy contain a leukotactic (chemotactic) inhibitor that irreversibly inhibits a variety of chemotactic factors. The presence of this inhibitor correlates with lack of skin reactivity to a variety of antigens. The inhibitor appears to be similar to a serum factor recently termed the chemotactic factor inactivator. The presence in leprosy sera of this inhibitor may be responsible for some of the defects of cellular inflammatory responses found in patients with lepromatous leprosy."}
{"id": "PMID:945241", "title": "Comparative study of the 48-hour response to soluble antigens obtained from human and armadillo leprosy material in lepromatous leprosy patients and normal persons, contacts of leprosy patients.", "content": "We prepared antigens by precipitating with 80% ammonium sulfate supernatants of human and armadillo antigen at a concentration of 160 X 10(6) bacteria per ml. The precipitate was resuspended, dialyzed and filtered. The antigen obtained was inactivated with trypsin during 30 minutes. The tests made with these antigens were negative for the 48-hour test in lepromatous patients and highly positive in normal persons who were contacts of leprosy patients.", "contents": "Comparative study of the 48-hour response to soluble antigens obtained from human and armadillo leprosy material in lepromatous leprosy patients and normal persons, contacts of leprosy patients. We prepared antigens by precipitating with 80% ammonium sulfate supernatants of human and armadillo antigen at a concentration of 160 X 10(6) bacteria per ml. The precipitate was resuspended, dialyzed and filtered. The antigen obtained was inactivated with trypsin during 30 minutes. The tests made with these antigens were negative for the 48-hour test in lepromatous patients and highly positive in normal persons who were contacts of leprosy patients."}
{"id": "PMID:945247", "title": "Search for low-energy conformations of a neurotoxic protein by means of predictive rules, tests for hard-sphere overlaps, and energy minimization.", "content": "A method to obtain models for the three-dimensional structure of the neurotoxin alpha from Naja nigricollis from its amino acid sequence is explored here. Empirical predictive rules were used to estimate the positions of helices, extended structures and bends; advantage was taken of the availability of 14 homologous sequences for the neurotoxins in an attempt to increase the reliability of these predictions. Unassigned residues were allowed to take up several possible conformations determined from the frequencies of occurrence of each type of conformation of that residue in x-ray structures of many proteins. The conformational space of the molecule was explored initially by testing for hard-sphere overlaps and approximate closure of disulfide loops with the aid of a computer; this procedure yielded a limited number of conformations, whose conformational energies were then determined and minimized by optimizing the backbone and side-chain dihedral angles of each residue. Five compact conformations with low energy were found for this neurotoxin. The procedure used here provides an illustration as to how empirical protein algorithms may be used to limit the conformational space, in which energy minimization has to be carried out.", "contents": "Search for low-energy conformations of a neurotoxic protein by means of predictive rules, tests for hard-sphere overlaps, and energy minimization. A method to obtain models for the three-dimensional structure of the neurotoxin alpha from Naja nigricollis from its amino acid sequence is explored here. Empirical predictive rules were used to estimate the positions of helices, extended structures and bends; advantage was taken of the availability of 14 homologous sequences for the neurotoxins in an attempt to increase the reliability of these predictions. Unassigned residues were allowed to take up several possible conformations determined from the frequencies of occurrence of each type of conformation of that residue in x-ray structures of many proteins. The conformational space of the molecule was explored initially by testing for hard-sphere overlaps and approximate closure of disulfide loops with the aid of a computer; this procedure yielded a limited number of conformations, whose conformational energies were then determined and minimized by optimizing the backbone and side-chain dihedral angles of each residue. Five compact conformations with low energy were found for this neurotoxin. The procedure used here provides an illustration as to how empirical protein algorithms may be used to limit the conformational space, in which energy minimization has to be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:945250", "title": "Activity of placental enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal, toxemic and small-for-date pregnancies.", "content": "The specific activity of placental enzymes with a regulatory function in the pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, NADPH generation and fatty acid synthesis decrease during gestation in the rat. Similar decreases occur in the activity of enzymes of the human placenta when compared between early gestation and term, with the exception of the activity of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis which tend to increase as gestation advances. In term placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclamptic toxemia, enzyme activities were significantly lower than those in placentas from normal pregnancies, irrespective of whether the baby was of normal weight or small-for-date. This indicates an accelerated decline in placental metabolic function in toxemia. In contrast, in placentas from nontoxemic pregnancies with small-for-date babies the enzyme activities were significantly higher than those in normal term placentas. It is suggested that the decrease in placental enzyme activity, which is associated with placental growth during the course of normal gestation, is retarded in nontoxemic pregnancies with small-for-date babies, apparently due to the arrested aging of the placenta.", "contents": "Activity of placental enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in normal, toxemic and small-for-date pregnancies. The specific activity of placental enzymes with a regulatory function in the pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, NADPH generation and fatty acid synthesis decrease during gestation in the rat. Similar decreases occur in the activity of enzymes of the human placenta when compared between early gestation and term, with the exception of the activity of enzymes related to gluconeogenesis which tend to increase as gestation advances. In term placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclamptic toxemia, enzyme activities were significantly lower than those in placentas from normal pregnancies, irrespective of whether the baby was of normal weight or small-for-date. This indicates an accelerated decline in placental metabolic function in toxemia. In contrast, in placentas from nontoxemic pregnancies with small-for-date babies the enzyme activities were significantly higher than those in normal term placentas. It is suggested that the decrease in placental enzyme activity, which is associated with placental growth during the course of normal gestation, is retarded in nontoxemic pregnancies with small-for-date babies, apparently due to the arrested aging of the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:945251", "title": "Colonization of soil by Histoplasma capsulatum: II. Effect of bat guano added to an area of reduced colonization.", "content": "Application of bat guano to an area with reduced but detectable colonization by Histoplasma capsulatum had no quantitative effect on the fungus. After seeding the guano treated area and an untreated area with a soil culture of the fungus, a quantitative effect was noted in the treated area but the period of survival did not appear to be extended. Twenty-four months after seeding, the fungus was no longer detectable in the study areas and they have remained negative for more than a year.", "contents": "Colonization of soil by Histoplasma capsulatum: II. Effect of bat guano added to an area of reduced colonization. Application of bat guano to an area with reduced but detectable colonization by Histoplasma capsulatum had no quantitative effect on the fungus. After seeding the guano treated area and an untreated area with a soil culture of the fungus, a quantitative effect was noted in the treated area but the period of survival did not appear to be extended. Twenty-four months after seeding, the fungus was no longer detectable in the study areas and they have remained negative for more than a year."}
{"id": "PMID:945253", "title": "Acquired retinal folds in the cat.", "content": "Retinal folds were found in 5 cats. The apparent cause of the folding was varied: in 1 cat the folds appeared after a localized retinal detachment; in 2 cats the condition accompanied other intraocular abnormalities associated with feline infectious peritonitis; 1 cat had active keratitis, and the retinal changes were thought to have been injury related; and 1 cat, bilaterally affected, had chronic glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Acquired retinal folds in the cat. Retinal folds were found in 5 cats. The apparent cause of the folding was varied: in 1 cat the folds appeared after a localized retinal detachment; in 2 cats the condition accompanied other intraocular abnormalities associated with feline infectious peritonitis; 1 cat had active keratitis, and the retinal changes were thought to have been injury related; and 1 cat, bilaterally affected, had chronic glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:945254", "title": "Narcolepsy in seven dogs.", "content": "Narcolepsy in 7 dogs was tentatively diagnosed on the onset of cataplexy, before or during young adulthood. Confirmatory polygraphic sleep recordings were done in 3 of the dogs. In 2 dogs, treatment with neostigmine did not cause the signs to disappear, thus ruling out myasthenia gravis; trials with imipramine reduced catapletic attacks. Data from case histories, polygraphic recordings, drug trials, and clinical tests were used to compare and contrast the disease in man and in the dog.", "contents": "Narcolepsy in seven dogs. Narcolepsy in 7 dogs was tentatively diagnosed on the onset of cataplexy, before or during young adulthood. Confirmatory polygraphic sleep recordings were done in 3 of the dogs. In 2 dogs, treatment with neostigmine did not cause the signs to disappear, thus ruling out myasthenia gravis; trials with imipramine reduced catapletic attacks. Data from case histories, polygraphic recordings, drug trials, and clinical tests were used to compare and contrast the disease in man and in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:945255", "title": "Villonodular synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint.", "content": "Villonodular synovitis was diagnosed as the cause of lameness in 14 horses. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs, and arthrographic findings. Treatment consisted of surgical excision and radiation therapy. The response to treatment was favorable in 13 horses.", "contents": "Villonodular synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Villonodular synovitis was diagnosed as the cause of lameness in 14 horses. The diagnosis was based on the history, clinical signs, and arthrographic findings. Treatment consisted of surgical excision and radiation therapy. The response to treatment was favorable in 13 horses."}
{"id": "PMID:945256", "title": "Castration of adult male dogs: effects on roaming, aggression, urine marking, and mounting.", "content": "In a retrospective study involving 42 dogs, it was concluded that the objectionable male behavioral patterns of roaming, fighting with other males, urine marking in the house, and mounting of other dogs or people are amenable to alteration by other castration in adulthood. Roaming was reduced in 90% of the dogs.", "contents": "Castration of adult male dogs: effects on roaming, aggression, urine marking, and mounting. In a retrospective study involving 42 dogs, it was concluded that the objectionable male behavioral patterns of roaming, fighting with other males, urine marking in the house, and mounting of other dogs or people are amenable to alteration by other castration in adulthood. Roaming was reduced in 90% of the dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:945257", "title": "The effect of neonatal treatment of male mice with antiandrogens and of females with androgens on the development of the os penis and os clitoridis.", "content": "The os penis in mice and rats is composed of a proximal intramembranous and endochondral osseous element and a distal cartilaginous, ossifying element. Female mice, but not rats, have a small os clitoridis which corresponds to the intramembranous part of the proximal element of the os penis. In mice of either sex a dense mesenchymatous formation ventral to the urethra is the anlage for the bones of the external genitalia. In the early postnatal period the proximal part of the os penis develops as bone at the outer and as cartilage at the basal end of the anlage, while in females a minute focus of ossification differentiates into the small os clitoridis without passing through a cartilaginous phase. The distal element of the os penis is formed later than the proximal rod and grows at a slower rate. Neonatal treatment with an antiandrogen inhibits the increase in size and calcification of the os penis. Neonatal castration is an even more effective inhibitor. Neonatal treatment with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, but not with oestradiol, stimulates the growth of the bony proximal os clitoridis, but induces only a rudimentary collagenous distal element. The differences between mice and rats in the response of the tissues of the clitoris to androgenic treatment are discussed, particularly as regards the differentiation of proximal and distal elements.", "contents": "The effect of neonatal treatment of male mice with antiandrogens and of females with androgens on the development of the os penis and os clitoridis. The os penis in mice and rats is composed of a proximal intramembranous and endochondral osseous element and a distal cartilaginous, ossifying element. Female mice, but not rats, have a small os clitoridis which corresponds to the intramembranous part of the proximal element of the os penis. In mice of either sex a dense mesenchymatous formation ventral to the urethra is the anlage for the bones of the external genitalia. In the early postnatal period the proximal part of the os penis develops as bone at the outer and as cartilage at the basal end of the anlage, while in females a minute focus of ossification differentiates into the small os clitoridis without passing through a cartilaginous phase. The distal element of the os penis is formed later than the proximal rod and grows at a slower rate. Neonatal treatment with an antiandrogen inhibits the increase in size and calcification of the os penis. Neonatal castration is an even more effective inhibitor. Neonatal treatment with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, but not with oestradiol, stimulates the growth of the bony proximal os clitoridis, but induces only a rudimentary collagenous distal element. The differences between mice and rats in the response of the tissues of the clitoris to androgenic treatment are discussed, particularly as regards the differentiation of proximal and distal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:945258", "title": "Pleuromutilins. Fermentation, structure and biosynthesis.", "content": "Derivatives of pleuromutilin, formed during the fermentation of pleuromutilin, were isolated and their structure determined. 14-Acetyl-mutilin and mutilin as well as different unsaturated fatty acid esters of pleuromutilin were identified. The proportion of each derivative formed depends to a considerable degree on the conditions of the fermentation process. The possible biosynthetic pathways are shown.", "contents": "Pleuromutilins. Fermentation, structure and biosynthesis. Derivatives of pleuromutilin, formed during the fermentation of pleuromutilin, were isolated and their structure determined. 14-Acetyl-mutilin and mutilin as well as different unsaturated fatty acid esters of pleuromutilin were identified. The proportion of each derivative formed depends to a considerable degree on the conditions of the fermentation process. The possible biosynthetic pathways are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:945261", "title": "An intraluminal transducer/telemetry system for oviductal motility studies.", "content": "A method for measurement of changes in lumen diameter of the oviduct has been developed. Miniature intraluminal \"doughnut-shaped\" transducers, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter, constructed from conductive silicone rubber are implanted in the rabbit isthmus and respond to localized changes--increases or decreases--in lumen diameter. Multiple transducer implants in the same tube permit rate as well as direction of contractions to be determined. A custom-designed, micropower dual-channel telemetry system was fabricated to record motility from unrestrained animals. Typical data collected using this system to determine the effects of induced ovulation on instantaneous changes in lumen diameter are presented.", "contents": "An intraluminal transducer/telemetry system for oviductal motility studies. A method for measurement of changes in lumen diameter of the oviduct has been developed. Miniature intraluminal \"doughnut-shaped\" transducers, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter, constructed from conductive silicone rubber are implanted in the rabbit isthmus and respond to localized changes--increases or decreases--in lumen diameter. Multiple transducer implants in the same tube permit rate as well as direction of contractions to be determined. A custom-designed, micropower dual-channel telemetry system was fabricated to record motility from unrestrained animals. Typical data collected using this system to determine the effects of induced ovulation on instantaneous changes in lumen diameter are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:945262", "title": "Utilization of exogenous pyrimidines as a source of nitrogen by cells of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis.", "content": "Uptake and intracellular transformation of pyrimidines supplying cells of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with nitrogen have been studied. The amine nitrogen of cytosine was found to be the easiest to utilize. The presence in the medium of inorganic ammonia along with cytosine had a slight effect on cytosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.1) activity. The uracil produced entered into the nutrient medium with no fission break of the pyridmidine ring. In the absence of any other source of nitrogen, the cells of the yeast R. glutinis utilized nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring of oxypyrimidines. Catabolism of uracil followed the reductive pattern, with release of carbon dioxide; this was accompanied by synthesis of the key enzyme of pyrimidine catabolism, dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.1), whose activity rose 10-fold. With thymidne as the sole source of nitrogen, the lag-phase growth of the yeast cells was maximum. Catabolism of the pyrimidine ring of thymine was possibly preceded by its transformation into uracil. With no source of nitrogen easily utilized, the uridine 5'-monophosphate content in the generally acid-soluble pool rose. Our discussion of the regulation of catabolism of exogenous pyrimidine bases by the yeast R. glutinis takes into account the fact that transformations of pyrimidine bases are determined by how easily the cells can use a particular base as a source of nitrogen.", "contents": "Utilization of exogenous pyrimidines as a source of nitrogen by cells of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. Uptake and intracellular transformation of pyrimidines supplying cells of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with nitrogen have been studied. The amine nitrogen of cytosine was found to be the easiest to utilize. The presence in the medium of inorganic ammonia along with cytosine had a slight effect on cytosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.1) activity. The uracil produced entered into the nutrient medium with no fission break of the pyridmidine ring. In the absence of any other source of nitrogen, the cells of the yeast R. glutinis utilized nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring of oxypyrimidines. Catabolism of uracil followed the reductive pattern, with release of carbon dioxide; this was accompanied by synthesis of the key enzyme of pyrimidine catabolism, dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.1), whose activity rose 10-fold. With thymidne as the sole source of nitrogen, the lag-phase growth of the yeast cells was maximum. Catabolism of the pyrimidine ring of thymine was possibly preceded by its transformation into uracil. With no source of nitrogen easily utilized, the uridine 5'-monophosphate content in the generally acid-soluble pool rose. Our discussion of the regulation of catabolism of exogenous pyrimidine bases by the yeast R. glutinis takes into account the fact that transformations of pyrimidine bases are determined by how easily the cells can use a particular base as a source of nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:945263", "title": "Repair of deoxyribonucleic acid in ultraviolet light-sensitive and -resistant Dictyostelium discoideum strains.", "content": "Some responses of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum to ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation were investigated by analyzing two aspects of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) excision repair in the vegetative cells: (i) the fate of thymine-containing dimers and (ii) the production and rejoining of single-strand breaks. Experiments were done with the parental, radiation-resistant NC-4 strain and with the radiation-sensitive gammas-13 strain. The majority (greater than 85%) of the thymine-containing dimers produced in both strains by an energy fluence of 100/Jm2 were removed from the acid-insoluble DNA fraction within the first 3 to 4 h of reincubation in the dark. Moreover, as measured by alkaline sucrose gradients, single-strand breaks appeared in the DNA of both NC-4 and gammas-13 irradiated cells very rapidly and at low temperatures. This was presumed to be a result of the incision (nicking) step of excision repair as performed by UV-specific endonuclease(s). In NC-4 the time required for dimer excision correlated with the sealing of breaks as well as with the UV-induced division delays. In gammas-13 the single-strand breaks were closed at a slower rate than in NC-4. However, this was not accompanied by more extensive division delays.", "contents": "Repair of deoxyribonucleic acid in ultraviolet light-sensitive and -resistant Dictyostelium discoideum strains. Some responses of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum to ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation were investigated by analyzing two aspects of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) excision repair in the vegetative cells: (i) the fate of thymine-containing dimers and (ii) the production and rejoining of single-strand breaks. Experiments were done with the parental, radiation-resistant NC-4 strain and with the radiation-sensitive gammas-13 strain. The majority (greater than 85%) of the thymine-containing dimers produced in both strains by an energy fluence of 100/Jm2 were removed from the acid-insoluble DNA fraction within the first 3 to 4 h of reincubation in the dark. Moreover, as measured by alkaline sucrose gradients, single-strand breaks appeared in the DNA of both NC-4 and gammas-13 irradiated cells very rapidly and at low temperatures. This was presumed to be a result of the incision (nicking) step of excision repair as performed by UV-specific endonuclease(s). In NC-4 the time required for dimer excision correlated with the sealing of breaks as well as with the UV-induced division delays. In gammas-13 the single-strand breaks were closed at a slower rate than in NC-4. However, this was not accompanied by more extensive division delays."}
{"id": "PMID:945265", "title": "Beta-actinin-like protein from plasmodium.", "content": "A beta-actinin-like protein was isolated from plasmodia of the slime mold. The chain weight was the same as that of actin (43,000), but the amino acid composition was significantly different. The action of plasmodium beta-actinin on actin was the same as that of beta-actinin from rabbit skeletal muscle: inhibition of the recombination of F-actin fragments; formation of Mg polymer; inhibition of interfilamental interaction of F-actin and retardation of depolymerization of F-actin. The only difference observed was its sensitivity to trypsin: plasmodium actinin was less quickly digested by trypsin than rabbit beta-actinin.", "contents": "Beta-actinin-like protein from plasmodium. A beta-actinin-like protein was isolated from plasmodia of the slime mold. The chain weight was the same as that of actin (43,000), but the amino acid composition was significantly different. The action of plasmodium beta-actinin on actin was the same as that of beta-actinin from rabbit skeletal muscle: inhibition of the recombination of F-actin fragments; formation of Mg polymer; inhibition of interfilamental interaction of F-actin and retardation of depolymerization of F-actin. The only difference observed was its sensitivity to trypsin: plasmodium actinin was less quickly digested by trypsin than rabbit beta-actinin."}
{"id": "PMID:945266", "title": "Affinity chromatography of trypsin and related enzymes. II. An affinity adsorbent containing glycylglycyl-L-arginine.", "content": "An affinity adsorbent for trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] (GGA Sepharose) was prepared. Glycylglycyl-L-arginine (GGA) was synthesized by a simple procedure and was immobilized on agarose gel. This adsorbent proved to have essentially the same characteristics as AP Sepharose, which is an affinity adsorbent containing tryptic peptides of protamine (1). GGS Sepharose was specific for native trypsin and had a stronger affinity at lower pH's (6-5) than at the optimum pH of trypsin action (8.2). It also proved to be suitable for analytical experiments because of its relatively weak affinity. By comparison of the elution profiles of trypsin from GGA Sepharose under various conditions, the nature of the interaction of trypsin with the adsorbent could be studied. It was found that alpha- and beta-trypsin could be distinguished. In the presence of arginine and N-substitute arginines, the elution of trypsin was accelerated. From the extents of the accelerating effects, the affinities of these compouunds could be compared.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of trypsin and related enzymes. II. An affinity adsorbent containing glycylglycyl-L-arginine. An affinity adsorbent for trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] (GGA Sepharose) was prepared. Glycylglycyl-L-arginine (GGA) was synthesized by a simple procedure and was immobilized on agarose gel. This adsorbent proved to have essentially the same characteristics as AP Sepharose, which is an affinity adsorbent containing tryptic peptides of protamine (1). GGS Sepharose was specific for native trypsin and had a stronger affinity at lower pH's (6-5) than at the optimum pH of trypsin action (8.2). It also proved to be suitable for analytical experiments because of its relatively weak affinity. By comparison of the elution profiles of trypsin from GGA Sepharose under various conditions, the nature of the interaction of trypsin with the adsorbent could be studied. It was found that alpha- and beta-trypsin could be distinguished. In the presence of arginine and N-substitute arginines, the elution of trypsin was accelerated. From the extents of the accelerating effects, the affinities of these compouunds could be compared."}
{"id": "PMID:945267", "title": "Chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases in cultured chondrocytes. Turnover, oscillatory change during growth, and suppression by 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Activity levels of three glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: (GluUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase), which are involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate, were measured during the development of chrondrocytes in monolayer culture. Maxima in enzyme specific activities occurred on Day 8 of culture and preceded the maximum rate of synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Day 10) by 2 days. The activity of xylosyltransferase was lowered by treatment of cells with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, whereas the activities of the other two glycosyltransferases were relatively stable to treatments with these drugs. In the presence of puromycin, xylosyltransferase decayed with a half-life of 2 to 3 hours in rapidly growing cells, while galactosyltransferase decayed with a half-life or approximately 12 hours, indicating that the chrondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases are not coordinately synthesized and degraded. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine also caused a greater decrease in xylosyltransferase activity than in the activities of the other two glycosyltransferases. The differential effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on glycosyltransferase activity was also showm by correlating the residual enzyme activity with the potential for synthesis of chrondroitin sulfate chains as measured in the presence of beta-xylosides.", "contents": "Chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases in cultured chondrocytes. Turnover, oscillatory change during growth, and suppression by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Activity levels of three glycosyltransferases (UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: (GluUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase), which are involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate, were measured during the development of chrondrocytes in monolayer culture. Maxima in enzyme specific activities occurred on Day 8 of culture and preceded the maximum rate of synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (Day 10) by 2 days. The activity of xylosyltransferase was lowered by treatment of cells with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, whereas the activities of the other two glycosyltransferases were relatively stable to treatments with these drugs. In the presence of puromycin, xylosyltransferase decayed with a half-life of 2 to 3 hours in rapidly growing cells, while galactosyltransferase decayed with a half-life or approximately 12 hours, indicating that the chrondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases are not coordinately synthesized and degraded. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine also caused a greater decrease in xylosyltransferase activity than in the activities of the other two glycosyltransferases. The differential effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on glycosyltransferase activity was also showm by correlating the residual enzyme activity with the potential for synthesis of chrondroitin sulfate chains as measured in the presence of beta-xylosides."}
{"id": "PMID:945268", "title": "Time of occurrence of disulfide linking between procollagen chains.", "content": "The disulfide bonds that link together single collagen pro-alpha chains into trimers, prior to their secretion, were found to be synthesized after the pro-alpha chains were completed and released from polysomes and not while the pro-alpha chains were still nascent. After a 4- or 8-min incubation of cell cultures derived from embryonic chick sternum with [3H]proline, the nascent chains isolated from polysome preparations contained negligible amounts of disulfide-linked chains. After a 20-min incubation, some very large disulfide-linked material was found associated with the polysome preparation, but this material proved to be noncollagenous and also appeared to represent completed, and not nascent, chains. The presence of this proline-labeled species was confirmed in analyses of whole cell lysates, in which it is present as a mixture of monomers of approximately 290,000 molecular weight and disulfide-linked dimers. Pulse-chase experiments also gave results that were consistent with the conclusion that released single pro-alpha chains are the precursors of released disulfide-linked pro-alpha chains. Such experiments also showed that pro-alpha chains could continue to form disulfide-linked species in the presence of inhibitors of peptide chain elongation.", "contents": "Time of occurrence of disulfide linking between procollagen chains. The disulfide bonds that link together single collagen pro-alpha chains into trimers, prior to their secretion, were found to be synthesized after the pro-alpha chains were completed and released from polysomes and not while the pro-alpha chains were still nascent. After a 4- or 8-min incubation of cell cultures derived from embryonic chick sternum with [3H]proline, the nascent chains isolated from polysome preparations contained negligible amounts of disulfide-linked chains. After a 20-min incubation, some very large disulfide-linked material was found associated with the polysome preparation, but this material proved to be noncollagenous and also appeared to represent completed, and not nascent, chains. The presence of this proline-labeled species was confirmed in analyses of whole cell lysates, in which it is present as a mixture of monomers of approximately 290,000 molecular weight and disulfide-linked dimers. Pulse-chase experiments also gave results that were consistent with the conclusion that released single pro-alpha chains are the precursors of released disulfide-linked pro-alpha chains. Such experiments also showed that pro-alpha chains could continue to form disulfide-linked species in the presence of inhibitors of peptide chain elongation."}
{"id": "PMID:945269", "title": "Folate metabolism in mammalian cells in culture. I Partial characterization of the folate derivatives present in L1210 mouse leukemia cells.", "content": "Chromatographic procedures were developed which permit the separation of the monoglutamylfolic acid derivatives from each other and from their polyglutamyl congeners. Using these methods, the cellular folate derivatives in logarithmically growing L1210 cells were found to consist entirely of polyglutamyl derivatives. When ascorbate extracts of these cells were digested with hog kidney gamma-glutamylcarboxypeptidase and then chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose columns, the cellular folates eluted coincident with tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, with minimal amounts associated with folate (approximately 0.8%) or dihydrofolate (approximately 0.4%). When these experiments were repeated on cells previously depleted of folates which were then grown on 0.4 muM pteroylglutamic acid (a concentration insufficient to maintain an optimal growth rate) more than 95% of the folates were again found in polyglutamyl form. These results imply that the polyglutamyl derivatives found are not storage forms of enzymatically active cofactor, but rather are the actual cofactor forms used by these mammalian cells.", "contents": "Folate metabolism in mammalian cells in culture. I Partial characterization of the folate derivatives present in L1210 mouse leukemia cells. Chromatographic procedures were developed which permit the separation of the monoglutamylfolic acid derivatives from each other and from their polyglutamyl congeners. Using these methods, the cellular folate derivatives in logarithmically growing L1210 cells were found to consist entirely of polyglutamyl derivatives. When ascorbate extracts of these cells were digested with hog kidney gamma-glutamylcarboxypeptidase and then chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose columns, the cellular folates eluted coincident with tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, with minimal amounts associated with folate (approximately 0.8%) or dihydrofolate (approximately 0.4%). When these experiments were repeated on cells previously depleted of folates which were then grown on 0.4 muM pteroylglutamic acid (a concentration insufficient to maintain an optimal growth rate) more than 95% of the folates were again found in polyglutamyl form. These results imply that the polyglutamyl derivatives found are not storage forms of enzymatically active cofactor, but rather are the actual cofactor forms used by these mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945270", "title": "Rate-limiting steps for the esterase and dehydrogenase reaction catalyzed by horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase.", "content": "Horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase, like other aldehyde dehydrogenases, is capable of hydrolyzing esters such as nitrophenyl acetate. Pre-steady state and burst kinetics were performed using substrate levels of enzyme to determine whether the rate-limiting step occurred prior to or after the formation of an acyl enzyme intermediate. A burst was found by both techniques for the dehydrogenase reaction; but no burst was found for the esterase reaction. These data show that the rate-limiting step for the two reactions catalyzed by the enzyme differs. For dehydrogenase it occurs after the formation of the acyl intermediate, but for esterase it occurs prior to its formation.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps for the esterase and dehydrogenase reaction catalyzed by horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase, like other aldehyde dehydrogenases, is capable of hydrolyzing esters such as nitrophenyl acetate. Pre-steady state and burst kinetics were performed using substrate levels of enzyme to determine whether the rate-limiting step occurred prior to or after the formation of an acyl enzyme intermediate. A burst was found by both techniques for the dehydrogenase reaction; but no burst was found for the esterase reaction. These data show that the rate-limiting step for the two reactions catalyzed by the enzyme differs. For dehydrogenase it occurs after the formation of the acyl intermediate, but for esterase it occurs prior to its formation."}
{"id": "PMID:945271", "title": "Comparison of the physical properties of chemically prepared and tissue-endogenous equine apoferritins.", "content": "To support the case for a biological applicability of previous experiments performed on chemically prepared apoferritin, its hydrodynamic and circular dichroic properties were compared to those of tissue-endogenous apoferritin. The molecular weights and sedimentation coefficients of the two differently prepared apoferritins were identical. Similarly, their circular dichroic spectra between 310 and 200 nm were identical. These data support the hypothesis that chemically prepared apoferritin is identical with tissue-endogenous apoferritin. Ferritins exhibited low ultraviolet CD spectra quite similar to apoferritin except amplitudes were often as much as 8% less. Apoferritin subunits, prepared by acid dissociation, did not possess the positive 292 and 286 nm bands exhibited by the native molecule, although hydrodynamically the subunit behaves as a globular protein. This suggests the presence of tryptophanyl and tyrosyl residues at the subunit contact sites. Two characteristics of the apoferritin CD spectrum were proposed as means to evaluate the quality of apoferritin preparations. These are a ratio, [theta]286 [theta]222 = -4.5 X 10(-3) +/- 0.2 X 10(-3), and the wavelength region, 258 to 262 nm, at which the near ultraviolet CD spectrum goes from a positive to a negative sense.", "contents": "Comparison of the physical properties of chemically prepared and tissue-endogenous equine apoferritins. To support the case for a biological applicability of previous experiments performed on chemically prepared apoferritin, its hydrodynamic and circular dichroic properties were compared to those of tissue-endogenous apoferritin. The molecular weights and sedimentation coefficients of the two differently prepared apoferritins were identical. Similarly, their circular dichroic spectra between 310 and 200 nm were identical. These data support the hypothesis that chemically prepared apoferritin is identical with tissue-endogenous apoferritin. Ferritins exhibited low ultraviolet CD spectra quite similar to apoferritin except amplitudes were often as much as 8% less. Apoferritin subunits, prepared by acid dissociation, did not possess the positive 292 and 286 nm bands exhibited by the native molecule, although hydrodynamically the subunit behaves as a globular protein. This suggests the presence of tryptophanyl and tyrosyl residues at the subunit contact sites. Two characteristics of the apoferritin CD spectrum were proposed as means to evaluate the quality of apoferritin preparations. These are a ratio, [theta]286 [theta]222 = -4.5 X 10(-3) +/- 0.2 X 10(-3), and the wavelength region, 258 to 262 nm, at which the near ultraviolet CD spectrum goes from a positive to a negative sense."}
{"id": "PMID:945272", "title": "Fluorescent excitation transfer immunoassay. A general method for determination of antigens.", "content": "A general immunochemical method for the assay of haptens and proteins has been devised and applied to morphine, a morphine-albumin conjugate, and human immunoglobulin G. A fluorescein-labeled antigen and a quencher-labeled antibody are employed. By use of fluorescein and rhodamine as the fluorescer and quencher, respectively, dipole-dipole-coupled excitation energy transfer can occur within the antigen-antibody complex. The resulting quenching of fluorescence can be inhibited by competitive binding with unlabeled antigen, Alternatively, separate antibody samples can be labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine, respectively. Unlabeled antigen causes aggregation of the separately labeled components with resultant quenching. Using the latter method, experiments suggest that up to about 20 anti-morphine antibody binding sites will associate with morphine-albumin conjugates. When an excess of the conjugate is present the antibodies appear to assemble in clumps on the protein surface. Mathematical analysis of the quenching of fluorescein-labeled morphine by rhodamine-labeled anti-morphine gives an approximate fit to the quenching data, but the calculations are very dependent on the assumptions used.", "contents": "Fluorescent excitation transfer immunoassay. A general method for determination of antigens. A general immunochemical method for the assay of haptens and proteins has been devised and applied to morphine, a morphine-albumin conjugate, and human immunoglobulin G. A fluorescein-labeled antigen and a quencher-labeled antibody are employed. By use of fluorescein and rhodamine as the fluorescer and quencher, respectively, dipole-dipole-coupled excitation energy transfer can occur within the antigen-antibody complex. The resulting quenching of fluorescence can be inhibited by competitive binding with unlabeled antigen, Alternatively, separate antibody samples can be labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine, respectively. Unlabeled antigen causes aggregation of the separately labeled components with resultant quenching. Using the latter method, experiments suggest that up to about 20 anti-morphine antibody binding sites will associate with morphine-albumin conjugates. When an excess of the conjugate is present the antibodies appear to assemble in clumps on the protein surface. Mathematical analysis of the quenching of fluorescein-labeled morphine by rhodamine-labeled anti-morphine gives an approximate fit to the quenching data, but the calculations are very dependent on the assumptions used."}
{"id": "PMID:945273", "title": "Reiteration frequency of delta-crystallin DNA in lens and non-lens tissues of chick embryos. delta-Crystallin gene is not amplified during lens cell differentiation.", "content": "The differentiation of embryonic chick lens fibers is characterized by an increased rate of synthesis of the lens protein, delta-crystallin, and accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA. In the present study, the number of delta-crystallin genes in lens and non-lens tissues of embryonic chicks has been determined to test whether the accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA during lens fiber differentiation is associated with an amplification of delta-crystallin genes. DNA from embryonic chick lens fibers, embryonic chick lens epithelia, or whole chick embryos with the eyes removed, was annealed with [3H]DNA complementary to delta-crystallin mRNA. Analysis of the annealing reactions indicated that the sequences for delta-crystallin are in the unique fraction of the chick genome, and are not amplified in the lens during embryonic development.", "contents": "Reiteration frequency of delta-crystallin DNA in lens and non-lens tissues of chick embryos. delta-Crystallin gene is not amplified during lens cell differentiation. The differentiation of embryonic chick lens fibers is characterized by an increased rate of synthesis of the lens protein, delta-crystallin, and accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA. In the present study, the number of delta-crystallin genes in lens and non-lens tissues of embryonic chicks has been determined to test whether the accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA during lens fiber differentiation is associated with an amplification of delta-crystallin genes. DNA from embryonic chick lens fibers, embryonic chick lens epithelia, or whole chick embryos with the eyes removed, was annealed with [3H]DNA complementary to delta-crystallin mRNA. Analysis of the annealing reactions indicated that the sequences for delta-crystallin are in the unique fraction of the chick genome, and are not amplified in the lens during embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:945274", "title": "Subunit composition of delta-crystallin from embryonic chick lens. Analysis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide peptides.", "content": "The predominant protein in the embryonic chick lens, delta-crystallin, is composed of four subunits with molecular weights near 50,000. The degree to which these 4 polypeptides are the same or dissimilar was explored in delta crystallin purified from 15-day-old embryonic chick lenses by relating the numbers of methionine-containing tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides derived from the native protein to the average number of methionine residues per subunit. Amino acid analyses indicated that 1 mol of native delta-crystallin contains approximately 32 methionine residues, leading to an average of 8 methionine residues per subunit. Approximately equal amounts of 8 methionine-containing tryptic peptides were resolved by two-dimensional thin layer separation on cellulose sheets and by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Nine CNBr peptides were resolved by a combination of electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels and chromatography on SDS-hydroxylapatite columns. The additive molecular weight of the 9 CNBr peptides was very close to the delta-crystallin subunit molecular weight of 50,000. Thus, the subunits of 15-day-old embryonic chick delta-crystallin have similar sequence of encoded amino acids.", "contents": "Subunit composition of delta-crystallin from embryonic chick lens. Analysis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide peptides. The predominant protein in the embryonic chick lens, delta-crystallin, is composed of four subunits with molecular weights near 50,000. The degree to which these 4 polypeptides are the same or dissimilar was explored in delta crystallin purified from 15-day-old embryonic chick lenses by relating the numbers of methionine-containing tryptic peptides and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides derived from the native protein to the average number of methionine residues per subunit. Amino acid analyses indicated that 1 mol of native delta-crystallin contains approximately 32 methionine residues, leading to an average of 8 methionine residues per subunit. Approximately equal amounts of 8 methionine-containing tryptic peptides were resolved by two-dimensional thin layer separation on cellulose sheets and by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Nine CNBr peptides were resolved by a combination of electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels and chromatography on SDS-hydroxylapatite columns. The additive molecular weight of the 9 CNBr peptides was very close to the delta-crystallin subunit molecular weight of 50,000. Thus, the subunits of 15-day-old embryonic chick delta-crystallin have similar sequence of encoded amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:945275", "title": "Echography: a new approach to the diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage of the newborn.", "content": "A case of adrenal hemorrhage of the newborn, diagnosed by ultrasound, is presented. All other diagnostic modalities were found to be non-specific. Ultrasonic evaluation is recommended in the evaluation of pediatric abdominal masses. This is a safe, non-invasive, rapid and easily performed study. It is felt that the use of diagnostic ultrasound in evaluating neonates for adrenal hemorrhage wil obviate the necessity of more invasive procedures, such as exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "Echography: a new approach to the diagnosis of adrenal hemorrhage of the newborn. A case of adrenal hemorrhage of the newborn, diagnosed by ultrasound, is presented. All other diagnostic modalities were found to be non-specific. Ultrasonic evaluation is recommended in the evaluation of pediatric abdominal masses. This is a safe, non-invasive, rapid and easily performed study. It is felt that the use of diagnostic ultrasound in evaluating neonates for adrenal hemorrhage wil obviate the necessity of more invasive procedures, such as exploratory laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:945276", "title": "A Ca2+-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Subcellular localization of the protease in porcine skeletal muscle.", "content": "A study was done to determine whether the Ca2+-activated muscle protease (CAF) that removes Z disks from myofibrils in the presence of Ca2+ is located in a sedimentable subcellular organelle. Porcine skeletal muscle cells were diced finely with a scalpel and were suspended in 0.25 M sucrose, 4 mM EDTA with a VIRTIS homogenizer. Filtration of the suspended muscle through four layers of cheesecloth removed most of the myofibrils and stromal protein. Nuclear (1,000 gavg for 15 min), mitochondrial-microsomal (50,000 gavg for 60 min), and supernatant fractions were assayed for succinic dehydrogenase, acid ribonuclease, cathepsin D, and CAF activities. Approximately 96% of total succinic dehydrogenase activity, 81% of cathepsin D activity, and 45% of acid ribonuclease activity, but only 14% of total CAF activity, were found in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions. Cathepsin D activity in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions was decreased if assays were done without prior treatment to rupture membranous structures; hence, our cell rupture and homogenization procedures preserved some intact lysosomal organelles. The results indicate that the small amount of CAF activity in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions was due to contamination by supernate and that CAF is not located in a membrane-bounded subcellular particle. Because CAF is active at the intracellular pH and temperature of living skeletal muscle cells and is in direct contact with the cytoplasm of muscle cells, its activity must be regulated by intracellular cellular Ca2+ concentration to prevent continuous and indiscriminate degradation of myofibrils.", "contents": "A Ca2+-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Subcellular localization of the protease in porcine skeletal muscle. A study was done to determine whether the Ca2+-activated muscle protease (CAF) that removes Z disks from myofibrils in the presence of Ca2+ is located in a sedimentable subcellular organelle. Porcine skeletal muscle cells were diced finely with a scalpel and were suspended in 0.25 M sucrose, 4 mM EDTA with a VIRTIS homogenizer. Filtration of the suspended muscle through four layers of cheesecloth removed most of the myofibrils and stromal protein. Nuclear (1,000 gavg for 15 min), mitochondrial-microsomal (50,000 gavg for 60 min), and supernatant fractions were assayed for succinic dehydrogenase, acid ribonuclease, cathepsin D, and CAF activities. Approximately 96% of total succinic dehydrogenase activity, 81% of cathepsin D activity, and 45% of acid ribonuclease activity, but only 14% of total CAF activity, were found in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions. Cathepsin D activity in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions was decreased if assays were done without prior treatment to rupture membranous structures; hence, our cell rupture and homogenization procedures preserved some intact lysosomal organelles. The results indicate that the small amount of CAF activity in the nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal fractions was due to contamination by supernate and that CAF is not located in a membrane-bounded subcellular particle. Because CAF is active at the intracellular pH and temperature of living skeletal muscle cells and is in direct contact with the cytoplasm of muscle cells, its activity must be regulated by intracellular cellular Ca2+ concentration to prevent continuous and indiscriminate degradation of myofibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:945277", "title": "Biological membranes as bilayer couples. III. Compensatory shape changes induced in membranes.", "content": "We have previously proposed the hypothesis that asymmetric membranes behave like bilayer couples: the two layers of the bilayer membrane can respond differently to a particular perturbation. Such a perturbation, for example, can result in the expansion of one layer relative to the other, thereby producing a curvature of that membrane. In experiments with erythrocytes and lymphocytes, we now demonstrate that different membrane perturbations which have opposite effects on membrane curvature can compensate and neutralize one another, as expected from the bilayer couple hypothesis. This provides a rational basis, for example, for understanding the effects of amphipathic drugs on a variety of cellular phenomena which involve shape changes of membranes.", "contents": "Biological membranes as bilayer couples. III. Compensatory shape changes induced in membranes. We have previously proposed the hypothesis that asymmetric membranes behave like bilayer couples: the two layers of the bilayer membrane can respond differently to a particular perturbation. Such a perturbation, for example, can result in the expansion of one layer relative to the other, thereby producing a curvature of that membrane. In experiments with erythrocytes and lymphocytes, we now demonstrate that different membrane perturbations which have opposite effects on membrane curvature can compensate and neutralize one another, as expected from the bilayer couple hypothesis. This provides a rational basis, for example, for understanding the effects of amphipathic drugs on a variety of cellular phenomena which involve shape changes of membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:945278", "title": "Sulfhydryls and the in vitro polymerization of tubulin.", "content": "The free sulfhydryls of brain tubulin prepared by cyclic polymerization procedures both with and without glycerol have been examined. The average free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin prepared with glycerol (7.0 sulfhydryls/55,000 mol wt) is greater than that of tubulin prepared without glycerol (4.0 sulfhydryls/55,000 mol wt). Diamide, a sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent, inhibits the polymerization of tubulin. Diamide also disperses the 20S and 30S oligomers of tubulin seen in analytical ultracentrifuge patterns of tubulin solutions and, depending on the temperature at which diamide is added, converts all or part of the oligomeric material to 6S dimers. Electron microscopy demonstrates that diamide also destroys the 450-A ring structures characteristic of tubulin solutions. All diamide effects are reversible by the addition of 10 mM dithioerythreitol, a sulfhydryl-reducing agent. That diamide interacts with sulfhydryls on tubulin is directly demonstrated by a 50% decrease in the free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin measured after diamide treatment. Concentrations of CaCl2 which inhibit polymerization also decrease the free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin.", "contents": "Sulfhydryls and the in vitro polymerization of tubulin. The free sulfhydryls of brain tubulin prepared by cyclic polymerization procedures both with and without glycerol have been examined. The average free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin prepared with glycerol (7.0 sulfhydryls/55,000 mol wt) is greater than that of tubulin prepared without glycerol (4.0 sulfhydryls/55,000 mol wt). Diamide, a sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent, inhibits the polymerization of tubulin. Diamide also disperses the 20S and 30S oligomers of tubulin seen in analytical ultracentrifuge patterns of tubulin solutions and, depending on the temperature at which diamide is added, converts all or part of the oligomeric material to 6S dimers. Electron microscopy demonstrates that diamide also destroys the 450-A ring structures characteristic of tubulin solutions. All diamide effects are reversible by the addition of 10 mM dithioerythreitol, a sulfhydryl-reducing agent. That diamide interacts with sulfhydryls on tubulin is directly demonstrated by a 50% decrease in the free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin measured after diamide treatment. Concentrations of CaCl2 which inhibit polymerization also decrease the free sulfhydryl titer of tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:945279", "title": "Direct association of messenger RNA labeled in the presence of fluoroorotate with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver.", "content": "Liver rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes were isolated from rats given [3H]orotic acid for 48 h (ribosomal RNA [rRNA] label) or for 3 h along with 5-fluoroorotate; this latter procedure permits the labeling of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the absence of rRNA labeling. More than 50% of the labeled mRNA remained attached to membranes of the RER after complete removal of ribosomes with a buffer of high ionic strength in the presence of puromycin. Under similar conditions, membranes retained 40% of their polyadenylate as determined by a [3H]-polyuridylate hybridization assay. Treatment of mRNA-labeled endoplasmic reticulum membranes with pancreatic RNase indicates that the polyadenylate and possibly nonpolyadenylate-pyrimidine portions of the messenger are involved in the binding of mRNA to the membranes. The implication of these results in furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of the translational regulation of genetic expression is discussed.", "contents": "Direct association of messenger RNA labeled in the presence of fluoroorotate with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver. Liver rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes were isolated from rats given [3H]orotic acid for 48 h (ribosomal RNA [rRNA] label) or for 3 h along with 5-fluoroorotate; this latter procedure permits the labeling of cytoplasmic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the absence of rRNA labeling. More than 50% of the labeled mRNA remained attached to membranes of the RER after complete removal of ribosomes with a buffer of high ionic strength in the presence of puromycin. Under similar conditions, membranes retained 40% of their polyadenylate as determined by a [3H]-polyuridylate hybridization assay. Treatment of mRNA-labeled endoplasmic reticulum membranes with pancreatic RNase indicates that the polyadenylate and possibly nonpolyadenylate-pyrimidine portions of the messenger are involved in the binding of mRNA to the membranes. The implication of these results in furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of the translational regulation of genetic expression is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945280", "title": "Experimental manipulation of the amount of tubulin available for assembly into the spindle of dividing sea urchin eggs.", "content": "Spindle assembly is studied in the eggs of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus by experimentally varying the amount of polymerizable tubulin within the egg. Aliquots of fertilized eggs from the same female are individually pulsed for 1-6 min with 1 X 10(-6) M Colcemid at least 20 min before first nuclear envelope breakdown. This treatment inactivates a portion of the cellular tubulin before the spindle is formed. Upon entering mitosis, treated eggs form functional spindles that are reduced in length and birefringent retardation but not width. With increased exposure to Colcemid, the length and retardation of the metaphase spindles are progressively reduced. Similar results are obtained by pulsing the eggs with Colcemid before fertilization, which demonstrates that the tubulin found in unfertilized sea urchin eggs is later used in spindle formation. Spindles, once assembled, are responsive to increases in the amount of polymerizable tubulin within the cell. Rapid increases in the amount of polymerizable tubulin within a Colcemid-treated cell can be experimentally effected by irradiating the cells with 366-nm light. This treatment photochemically inactivates the Colcemid, thereby freeing the tubulin to polymerize. Upon irradiation, the small prometaphase spindles of Colcemid-treated cells immediately increase in length and retardation. In these irradiated cells, spindle length and retardation increase as much as four times faster than they do during prometaphase for normal spindles. This suggests that the rate of the normal prometaphase increase in retardation and spindle size may be determined by factors other than the maximum rate of tubulin polymerization in the cell.", "contents": "Experimental manipulation of the amount of tubulin available for assembly into the spindle of dividing sea urchin eggs. Spindle assembly is studied in the eggs of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus by experimentally varying the amount of polymerizable tubulin within the egg. Aliquots of fertilized eggs from the same female are individually pulsed for 1-6 min with 1 X 10(-6) M Colcemid at least 20 min before first nuclear envelope breakdown. This treatment inactivates a portion of the cellular tubulin before the spindle is formed. Upon entering mitosis, treated eggs form functional spindles that are reduced in length and birefringent retardation but not width. With increased exposure to Colcemid, the length and retardation of the metaphase spindles are progressively reduced. Similar results are obtained by pulsing the eggs with Colcemid before fertilization, which demonstrates that the tubulin found in unfertilized sea urchin eggs is later used in spindle formation. Spindles, once assembled, are responsive to increases in the amount of polymerizable tubulin within the cell. Rapid increases in the amount of polymerizable tubulin within a Colcemid-treated cell can be experimentally effected by irradiating the cells with 366-nm light. This treatment photochemically inactivates the Colcemid, thereby freeing the tubulin to polymerize. Upon irradiation, the small prometaphase spindles of Colcemid-treated cells immediately increase in length and retardation. In these irradiated cells, spindle length and retardation increase as much as four times faster than they do during prometaphase for normal spindles. This suggests that the rate of the normal prometaphase increase in retardation and spindle size may be determined by factors other than the maximum rate of tubulin polymerization in the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:945281", "title": "A highly infectious 'mycoplasma' that inhibits meiosis in the fungus Coprinus.", "content": "We have discovered a cytoplasmically inherited infectious agent that inhibits meiosis in a species of Coprinus, a basidiomycetous fungus. From infectivity, filtration, centrifugation and ultrastructural studies we believe the agent to be a mycoplasma. The agent is highly infectious to several strains of the host species and is capable of spreading rapidly through infected hosts. No pathological effect has been seen on any aspect of growth or differentiation of the fungus except for the inability of infected strains or undergo meiosis. The failure of meiosis results in mushrooms that do not produce the normal black spores and are therefore pale in colour. The paleness represents a simple assay for the presence and activity of the infectious agent. Infected hosts do not display any ultrastructural abnormalities in the vegetative stages, only in the cells in which meiosis should occur. In the meiotic cells, at the time when normal cells are undergoing synapsis and synaptinemal complexes are forming, the vacuoles of the infected cells become occupied with vesicular, membrane-bound bodies resembling in shape and form mycoplasmas. Extracts from infected clones may be filtered through 0.2-mum filters and retain full infectivity. The infectious material may be pelleted from such extracts at only 10 000g. Migration experiments, as well as the filtration studies, rule out involvement directly of nuclei. The high rate of infection and spread of the mycoplasma through the host, combined with the anatomical simplicity of the host, make this an ideal system in which to study the basis of infection. The singularity of the pathological effect make this host-parasite association useful in studying both the underlying mechanisms of mycoplasma pathogenicity and to investigate the regulation of meiosis. This is only the second report of mycoplasmas in fungi.", "contents": "A highly infectious 'mycoplasma' that inhibits meiosis in the fungus Coprinus. We have discovered a cytoplasmically inherited infectious agent that inhibits meiosis in a species of Coprinus, a basidiomycetous fungus. From infectivity, filtration, centrifugation and ultrastructural studies we believe the agent to be a mycoplasma. The agent is highly infectious to several strains of the host species and is capable of spreading rapidly through infected hosts. No pathological effect has been seen on any aspect of growth or differentiation of the fungus except for the inability of infected strains or undergo meiosis. The failure of meiosis results in mushrooms that do not produce the normal black spores and are therefore pale in colour. The paleness represents a simple assay for the presence and activity of the infectious agent. Infected hosts do not display any ultrastructural abnormalities in the vegetative stages, only in the cells in which meiosis should occur. In the meiotic cells, at the time when normal cells are undergoing synapsis and synaptinemal complexes are forming, the vacuoles of the infected cells become occupied with vesicular, membrane-bound bodies resembling in shape and form mycoplasmas. Extracts from infected clones may be filtered through 0.2-mum filters and retain full infectivity. The infectious material may be pelleted from such extracts at only 10 000g. Migration experiments, as well as the filtration studies, rule out involvement directly of nuclei. The high rate of infection and spread of the mycoplasma through the host, combined with the anatomical simplicity of the host, make this an ideal system in which to study the basis of infection. The singularity of the pathological effect make this host-parasite association useful in studying both the underlying mechanisms of mycoplasma pathogenicity and to investigate the regulation of meiosis. This is only the second report of mycoplasmas in fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:945300", "title": "The relationship of luteinizing hormone secretion to sleep in women during the early follicular phase: effects of sleep reversal and a prolonged three-hour sleep-wake schedule.", "content": "The relationship of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion to sleep in adult women was investigated in two ways: an acute 180 degrees sleep-wake cycle reversal in a group of six women and a schedule in which a young woman engaged in a three hour sleep-wake cycle (two hours awake, one hour allowed for sleep continuously for ten days--the study was carried out on the eighth day). Each subject in the reversal study had a baseline period during which plasma samples were collected every twenty minutes for twenty-four hours and nocturnal sleep was monitored electrophysiologically during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. During a succeeding cycle, the study was repeated after sleep-wake reversal. LH secretory patterns were analyzed by comparing the 24-hour mean plasma LH concentration with the hourly averages in percentage terms, using Stage 2 sleep onset as the zero point. LH secretion was depressed to approximately the same degree in both the baseline and reversal studies. The average hourly percentage difference from the 24-hour mean for the four-hour period following sleep onset was -13.4% and -13.1% for the baseline and reversal, respectively. These percentage deviations represented practically the entire negative deviation for the 24-hour period in both studies. The difference between the first four-hour period after sleep onset and the second was significant. The subject on a three-hour cycle had a baseline in which a large decrease in LH secretion occurred after sleep onset (-52.2% during the third hour). Her LH secretory pattern during the three-hour sleep-wake schedule was characterized by a fall during sleep periods, particularly when slow wave sleep (SWS) predominated. However, no correlation was found between specific sleep stages and LH secretion in the six women of the reversal study. These results confirm a relationship of LH secretion to sleep in adult women, one which is different from that described during puberty.", "contents": "The relationship of luteinizing hormone secretion to sleep in women during the early follicular phase: effects of sleep reversal and a prolonged three-hour sleep-wake schedule. The relationship of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion to sleep in adult women was investigated in two ways: an acute 180 degrees sleep-wake cycle reversal in a group of six women and a schedule in which a young woman engaged in a three hour sleep-wake cycle (two hours awake, one hour allowed for sleep continuously for ten days--the study was carried out on the eighth day). Each subject in the reversal study had a baseline period during which plasma samples were collected every twenty minutes for twenty-four hours and nocturnal sleep was monitored electrophysiologically during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. During a succeeding cycle, the study was repeated after sleep-wake reversal. LH secretory patterns were analyzed by comparing the 24-hour mean plasma LH concentration with the hourly averages in percentage terms, using Stage 2 sleep onset as the zero point. LH secretion was depressed to approximately the same degree in both the baseline and reversal studies. The average hourly percentage difference from the 24-hour mean for the four-hour period following sleep onset was -13.4% and -13.1% for the baseline and reversal, respectively. These percentage deviations represented practically the entire negative deviation for the 24-hour period in both studies. The difference between the first four-hour period after sleep onset and the second was significant. The subject on a three-hour cycle had a baseline in which a large decrease in LH secretion occurred after sleep onset (-52.2% during the third hour). Her LH secretory pattern during the three-hour sleep-wake schedule was characterized by a fall during sleep periods, particularly when slow wave sleep (SWS) predominated. However, no correlation was found between specific sleep stages and LH secretion in the six women of the reversal study. These results confirm a relationship of LH secretion to sleep in adult women, one which is different from that described during puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:945301", "title": "Treatment of women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with pyridoxine (vitamin B6).", "content": "Three women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome and elevated prolactin concentrations experienced a return of regular ovulatory menses within 37-94 days after starting pyridoxine treatment (200-600 mg/day). In each the galactorrhea ceased and serum prolactin levels were maintained in the normal range while taking pyridoxine. In two other women with prolonged secondary amenorrhea but without hyperprolactinemia or galactorrhea, pyridoxine at dosages up to 600 mg/day did not restore ovulatory menses. Pyridoxine treatment was also ineffective in decreasing profuse galactorrhea in one woman with normal prolactin levels and regular ovulatory menses. In the three women effectively treated with pyridoxine, the galactorrhea returned, serum prolactin levels increased, and the menses ceased after discontinuing pyridoxine. These results imply that pyridoxine, by decreasing the excessive secretion of prolactin, may be useful in the long-term medical management of women with hyperprolactinemia and the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome.", "contents": "Treatment of women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome with pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Three women with the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome and elevated prolactin concentrations experienced a return of regular ovulatory menses within 37-94 days after starting pyridoxine treatment (200-600 mg/day). In each the galactorrhea ceased and serum prolactin levels were maintained in the normal range while taking pyridoxine. In two other women with prolonged secondary amenorrhea but without hyperprolactinemia or galactorrhea, pyridoxine at dosages up to 600 mg/day did not restore ovulatory menses. Pyridoxine treatment was also ineffective in decreasing profuse galactorrhea in one woman with normal prolactin levels and regular ovulatory menses. In the three women effectively treated with pyridoxine, the galactorrhea returned, serum prolactin levels increased, and the menses ceased after discontinuing pyridoxine. These results imply that pyridoxine, by decreasing the excessive secretion of prolactin, may be useful in the long-term medical management of women with hyperprolactinemia and the galactorrhea-amenorrhea syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:945302", "title": "The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "The effect of perfusion of an isolated rat liver on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was studied. In liver removed during the basal period of the diurnal cycle of enzyme activity, a 227 +/- 41% increase in enzyme activity occurred after 3 h of a plasma-free perfusion. This could be prevented by the addition of cycloheximide or pure cholesterol (dispersed with lecithin) to the perfusate. In contrast, the continuous addition of taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate, alone or in combination, at a variety of rates did not prevent the increase in enzyme activity. The added bile salts were efficiently extracted from the perfusate and excreted in the bile. The addition of these bile salts to a cholesterol-enriched perfusate did not alter the effect obtained with cholesterol alone. If the perfusate contained whole serum, the increase induced by perfusion in the basal period was smaller (88 +/- 27%) than with plasma-free perfusate. Again, the major bile salts of the rat failed to prevent the increase in enzyme activity induced by liver perfusion. If livers were removed and perfused at the height of the diurnal cycle of enzyme activity, the enzyme activity remained high (2 +/- 10% increase) rather than decreasing, as occurs in vivo. If cholesterol was added to these perfusions, a 52 +/- 4% decrease was induced. Bile salt addition induced no decrease. From the results it is concluded that the major bile salts are not direct regulators of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, but pure cholesterol, in the absence of bile salt or lipoprotein, is able to initiate the mechanism that represses hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.", "contents": "The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the isolated perfused rat liver. The effect of perfusion of an isolated rat liver on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase was studied. In liver removed during the basal period of the diurnal cycle of enzyme activity, a 227 +/- 41% increase in enzyme activity occurred after 3 h of a plasma-free perfusion. This could be prevented by the addition of cycloheximide or pure cholesterol (dispersed with lecithin) to the perfusate. In contrast, the continuous addition of taurocholate or taurochenodeoxycholate, alone or in combination, at a variety of rates did not prevent the increase in enzyme activity. The added bile salts were efficiently extracted from the perfusate and excreted in the bile. The addition of these bile salts to a cholesterol-enriched perfusate did not alter the effect obtained with cholesterol alone. If the perfusate contained whole serum, the increase induced by perfusion in the basal period was smaller (88 +/- 27%) than with plasma-free perfusate. Again, the major bile salts of the rat failed to prevent the increase in enzyme activity induced by liver perfusion. If livers were removed and perfused at the height of the diurnal cycle of enzyme activity, the enzyme activity remained high (2 +/- 10% increase) rather than decreasing, as occurs in vivo. If cholesterol was added to these perfusions, a 52 +/- 4% decrease was induced. Bile salt addition induced no decrease. From the results it is concluded that the major bile salts are not direct regulators of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, but pure cholesterol, in the absence of bile salt or lipoprotein, is able to initiate the mechanism that represses hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:945303", "title": "Detection of antibodies of the IgM class in sera of patients recently infected with influenza viruses.", "content": "Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation can be used to detect specific 19S antibodies of the IgM class in the sera of patients recently infected with influenza A virus, provided steps are taken to remove non-specific inhibitors of haemagglutination. The usefulness of the procedure for the diagnosis of influenza requires further evaluation.", "contents": "Detection of antibodies of the IgM class in sera of patients recently infected with influenza viruses. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation can be used to detect specific 19S antibodies of the IgM class in the sera of patients recently infected with influenza A virus, provided steps are taken to remove non-specific inhibitors of haemagglutination. The usefulness of the procedure for the diagnosis of influenza requires further evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:945304", "title": "Induction of parental behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "The Japanese quail is a precocial species, and because of its relatively rapid development, sexual maturation in about 40 days after hatching, and prolific breeding capacity, it promises to become an organism well suited for avian research. One stumbling block has been the inability to induce, with any consistency, parental behavior in laboratory stocks. The study reported herein demonstrates a method for establishing a self-perpetuating population under seminaturalistic conditions. In addition, given the limitions of finite space, chick mortality appears to have been mostly density dependent, thus indicating that the increase in the size of the population is circumscribed in part by population density.", "contents": "Induction of parental behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The Japanese quail is a precocial species, and because of its relatively rapid development, sexual maturation in about 40 days after hatching, and prolific breeding capacity, it promises to become an organism well suited for avian research. One stumbling block has been the inability to induce, with any consistency, parental behavior in laboratory stocks. The study reported herein demonstrates a method for establishing a self-perpetuating population under seminaturalistic conditions. In addition, given the limitions of finite space, chick mortality appears to have been mostly density dependent, thus indicating that the increase in the size of the population is circumscribed in part by population density."}
{"id": "PMID:945305", "title": "Attenuation of gastric lesions by psychological aspects of aggression in rats.", "content": "Rats that fought with each other in response to electric shock showed reduced gastric lesions in comparison with animals that received the same shocks alone so that fighting behavior did not occur. Also, gastric lesions were similarly reduced in animals that fought even though they could not physically contact one another because of a barrier between them, so that the \"protective\" effect of fighting derived from release of, or display of, fighting behavior and did not require physical combat. A second experiment showed that animals that received shock together but did not engage in fighting behavior showed no reduction of gastric lesions, so that the protective effect of fighting was not an artifact of animals receiving shock together. Possible explanations for why fighting behavior reduces gastric lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Attenuation of gastric lesions by psychological aspects of aggression in rats. Rats that fought with each other in response to electric shock showed reduced gastric lesions in comparison with animals that received the same shocks alone so that fighting behavior did not occur. Also, gastric lesions were similarly reduced in animals that fought even though they could not physically contact one another because of a barrier between them, so that the \"protective\" effect of fighting derived from release of, or display of, fighting behavior and did not require physical combat. A second experiment showed that animals that received shock together but did not engage in fighting behavior showed no reduction of gastric lesions, so that the protective effect of fighting was not an artifact of animals receiving shock together. Possible explanations for why fighting behavior reduces gastric lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945306", "title": "Topical pharmacology of imidazole antifungals.", "content": "Four imidazole derivatives have now undergone extensive open and comparative trials as topical agents in dermatomycoses and vaginal candidosis. They are chlormidazole (Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal), clotrimazole (Bayer), miconazole (Janssen) and econazole (Janssen, Cilag-Chemie); all also have some antibacterial activity. Many other imidazoles have been marketed, usually as antiprotozoal or anthelminthic agents, and some of these have some antimycotic activity as well as other miscellaneous therapeutic properties. The mode of action of imidazole antimycotic agents is discussed; after prolonged topical application to animals and human subjects, systemic absorption is negligible. All four agents which are available as cream, powder, lotion or vaginal tablets have many sucessful studies to their credit, often with clinical and mycological cure rates of over 80% in a variety of dermatomycoses and in vaginal candidosis. The relative value of these topical agents is discussed, and it is suggested that in severe and extensive dermatomycoses consideration should be given to the systemic use of miconazole in support of topical therapy.", "contents": "Topical pharmacology of imidazole antifungals. Four imidazole derivatives have now undergone extensive open and comparative trials as topical agents in dermatomycoses and vaginal candidosis. They are chlormidazole (Chemie Gr\u00fcnenthal), clotrimazole (Bayer), miconazole (Janssen) and econazole (Janssen, Cilag-Chemie); all also have some antibacterial activity. Many other imidazoles have been marketed, usually as antiprotozoal or anthelminthic agents, and some of these have some antimycotic activity as well as other miscellaneous therapeutic properties. The mode of action of imidazole antimycotic agents is discussed; after prolonged topical application to animals and human subjects, systemic absorption is negligible. All four agents which are available as cream, powder, lotion or vaginal tablets have many sucessful studies to their credit, often with clinical and mycological cure rates of over 80% in a variety of dermatomycoses and in vaginal candidosis. The relative value of these topical agents is discussed, and it is suggested that in severe and extensive dermatomycoses consideration should be given to the systemic use of miconazole in support of topical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:945307", "title": "Effect of urea form and method of feeding on rumen ammonia concentration.", "content": "Rumen ammonia was compared in six rumen fistulated, lactating Holstein cows fed urea twice daily in a concentrate mixture, urea fed once per day in a complete ration, and a gelatinized starch-urea product fed twice daily in the concentrate mixture. Samples were taken during 24-h intervals at the end of each 3 wk. Sharp and similar peaks in rumen ammonia followed feeding of urea and gelatinized urea-starch product twice daily in the concentrate mixture. A much lower ammonia peak followed the once daily feeding of the complete ration. Use of complete rations offered ad libitum eliminates the need for products with sustained ammonia release.", "contents": "Effect of urea form and method of feeding on rumen ammonia concentration. Rumen ammonia was compared in six rumen fistulated, lactating Holstein cows fed urea twice daily in a concentrate mixture, urea fed once per day in a complete ration, and a gelatinized starch-urea product fed twice daily in the concentrate mixture. Samples were taken during 24-h intervals at the end of each 3 wk. Sharp and similar peaks in rumen ammonia followed feeding of urea and gelatinized urea-starch product twice daily in the concentrate mixture. A much lower ammonia peak followed the once daily feeding of the complete ration. Use of complete rations offered ad libitum eliminates the need for products with sustained ammonia release."}
{"id": "PMID:945310", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. VII. Pork products.", "content": "To derive food table values of fatty acid composition, a comprehensive review was made of the literature available since 1960 on the lipid composition of pork products. Factors affecting pork lipid composition are discussed. Diet of the animal was found to have a major influence. Few significant differences were found in the grams fatty acid per 100 gm. fat of meat from the areas of the loin, belly, leg, and shoulder. Mean fatty acid distributions were derived for the separable lean and separable fat of pork. Methods of converting literature data into units suitable for food table purposes are briefly described. Tables of fatty acids per 100 gm. fat are given for brains, heart, kidney and liver, and for the lean and fat portions of pork cuts. The tables show that on a grams-per-100-gm. -fat basis, these four organ meats contain less total fatty acids and are richer sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids than are skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. Tabulations are also given for fatty acids in 100-gm. portions of raw and cooked pork cuts, sausages, luncheon meats, variety meats, and three popular sausages made with beef and pork meat.", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. VII. Pork products. To derive food table values of fatty acid composition, a comprehensive review was made of the literature available since 1960 on the lipid composition of pork products. Factors affecting pork lipid composition are discussed. Diet of the animal was found to have a major influence. Few significant differences were found in the grams fatty acid per 100 gm. fat of meat from the areas of the loin, belly, leg, and shoulder. Mean fatty acid distributions were derived for the separable lean and separable fat of pork. Methods of converting literature data into units suitable for food table purposes are briefly described. Tables of fatty acids per 100 gm. fat are given for brains, heart, kidney and liver, and for the lean and fat portions of pork cuts. The tables show that on a grams-per-100-gm. -fat basis, these four organ meats contain less total fatty acids and are richer sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids than are skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. Tabulations are also given for fatty acids in 100-gm. portions of raw and cooked pork cuts, sausages, luncheon meats, variety meats, and three popular sausages made with beef and pork meat."}
{"id": "PMID:945313", "title": "Evaluation of four methods for separation of lymphocytes from normal individuals and patients with cancer and tuberculosis.", "content": "An optimal technique was sought for lymphocyte recovery from normal and chronic diseased individuals. Lymphocytes were separated by four techniques: Plasmagel, Ficoll--Hypaque, a commercial semiautomatic method, and simple centrifugation using blood drawn from ten normal individuals, ten cancer patients, and ten tuberculosis patients. The lymphocyte mixture obtained after using each method was analyzed for percent recovery, amount if contamination by erythrocytes and neutrophils, and percent viability. The results show that the semiautomatic method yielded the best percent recovery of lymphocytes for normal individuals, while the simple centrifugation method contributed the highest percent recovery for cancer and tuberculosis patients. The Ficoll-Hypaque method gave the lowest erythrocyte contamination for all three types of individuals tested, while the Plasmagel method gave the lowest neutrophil contamination for all three types of individuals. The simple centrifugation method yielded all viable lymphocytes and thus gave the highest percent viability.", "contents": "Evaluation of four methods for separation of lymphocytes from normal individuals and patients with cancer and tuberculosis. An optimal technique was sought for lymphocyte recovery from normal and chronic diseased individuals. Lymphocytes were separated by four techniques: Plasmagel, Ficoll--Hypaque, a commercial semiautomatic method, and simple centrifugation using blood drawn from ten normal individuals, ten cancer patients, and ten tuberculosis patients. The lymphocyte mixture obtained after using each method was analyzed for percent recovery, amount if contamination by erythrocytes and neutrophils, and percent viability. The results show that the semiautomatic method yielded the best percent recovery of lymphocytes for normal individuals, while the simple centrifugation method contributed the highest percent recovery for cancer and tuberculosis patients. The Ficoll-Hypaque method gave the lowest erythrocyte contamination for all three types of individuals tested, while the Plasmagel method gave the lowest neutrophil contamination for all three types of individuals. The simple centrifugation method yielded all viable lymphocytes and thus gave the highest percent viability."}
{"id": "PMID:945314", "title": "Serine biosynthesis in human hair follicles by the phosphorylated pathway: follicular 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis was demonstrated in human hair bulbs and sheaths by the formation of phosphoserine and serine from (14C)3-phosphoglyceric acid. The initial and rate limiting enzyme of the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) was demonstrated by enzyme determinations in human and rat hair follicles, human epidermis, and chicken epidermis. Follicular 3-PGDH was characterized using a sensitive fluorometric assay with NADH as a co-substrate. Monovalent cations (Na+, K+, Li+, or NH4+) were necessary for full enzyme activity. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibited activity, and activity was 3 times higher with NADH as a co-substrate than with NADPH. The apparent Km for the substrate hydroxyphosphopyruvic acid was 32.8 muM, and the apparent Km for NADH 4.8 muM similar to the Kms for other mammalian 3-PGDHs. Enzyme activity was not altered by parenteral corticosteroids, a high carbohydrate diet, low protein diet, or starvation. Enzyme activity decreased over the first 12 days of life in newborn rats. The phosphorylated pathway of serine synthesis provides a potential nondietary and nonhepatic source of serine, glycine, and their products in keratinizing tissues.", "contents": "Serine biosynthesis in human hair follicles by the phosphorylated pathway: follicular 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. The phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis was demonstrated in human hair bulbs and sheaths by the formation of phosphoserine and serine from (14C)3-phosphoglyceric acid. The initial and rate limiting enzyme of the pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PGDH) was demonstrated by enzyme determinations in human and rat hair follicles, human epidermis, and chicken epidermis. Follicular 3-PGDH was characterized using a sensitive fluorometric assay with NADH as a co-substrate. Monovalent cations (Na+, K+, Li+, or NH4+) were necessary for full enzyme activity. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate inhibited activity, and activity was 3 times higher with NADH as a co-substrate than with NADPH. The apparent Km for the substrate hydroxyphosphopyruvic acid was 32.8 muM, and the apparent Km for NADH 4.8 muM similar to the Kms for other mammalian 3-PGDHs. Enzyme activity was not altered by parenteral corticosteroids, a high carbohydrate diet, low protein diet, or starvation. Enzyme activity decreased over the first 12 days of life in newborn rats. The phosphorylated pathway of serine synthesis provides a potential nondietary and nonhepatic source of serine, glycine, and their products in keratinizing tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:945315", "title": "Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. IV. Absence of coupling between metabolism and motility in Chaetopterus spermatozoa.", "content": "The metabolic rate of suspensions of spermatozoa from the annelid worm, Chaetopterus, does not change significantly when the viscosity of the suspension is increased by the addition of methyl cellulose. At high viscosities, where the spermatozoa swim with about 1/3 the normal beat frequency and 1.5-1.8 times the normal bend angle, the calculated power output against external viscous resistances increases to 4-5 times its normal value. This large increase in power output can be accommodated without an increase in metabolic rate only if internal viscous resistances to flagellar bending are relatively low.", "contents": "Mechanochemical coupling in flagella. IV. Absence of coupling between metabolism and motility in Chaetopterus spermatozoa. The metabolic rate of suspensions of spermatozoa from the annelid worm, Chaetopterus, does not change significantly when the viscosity of the suspension is increased by the addition of methyl cellulose. At high viscosities, where the spermatozoa swim with about 1/3 the normal beat frequency and 1.5-1.8 times the normal bend angle, the calculated power output against external viscous resistances increases to 4-5 times its normal value. This large increase in power output can be accommodated without an increase in metabolic rate only if internal viscous resistances to flagellar bending are relatively low."}
{"id": "PMID:945316", "title": "Locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes.", "content": "Theoretical hydrodynamic analyses of the locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes are presented and particular comparison is made within experimental data on Ochromonas malhamensis. The first part of the paper analyses locomotion assuming the mastigonemes are rigid and maintain a fixed and normal position relative to the flagellum. The predicted propulsive velocity of 60 mum/sec for Ochromonas agrees well with the observed values of 55-60 mum/sec. It is shown that the propulsive system of Ochromonas represents a compromise between the need for efficient rectilinear propulsion and the need to manoeuvre and accelerate. The effect of rigid mastigonemes which are maintained at non-zero angles to the flagellar normal is also calculated and demonstrates a significant degradation of performance when this angle is greater than about 10 degrees. The latter part of the paper investigates the more complex but more realistic situation in which the mastigonemes flex during the motion according to the instantaneous hydrodynamic forces imposed upon them. The cyclical flexing history of a mastigoneme with passage of a flagellar wave and the consequent velocity of propulsion are obtained for a variety of geometric configurations and structural mastigoneme stiffnesses. It is demonstrated that there exists a relatively small transition range in the values of mastigoneme flexibility below which the mastigonemes are essentially rigid and above which they become totally ineffective hydrodynamically so that the flagellum can be regarded as essentially smooth. Since the transition value of the modulus of elasticity is about 5 dynes/mum2 (or stiffness of 3.5 X 10(-16) dyne cm2) for the mastigonemes of Ochromonas it would appear that the actual value must be in excess of this. Comparison is made with the structural properties of the micro-tubules in eukaryote cilia and flagella and with prokaryote flagella. The latter comparison suggests that the mastigonemes of Ochromonas are just rigid enough to produce the observed propulsive effect.", "contents": "Locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes. Theoretical hydrodynamic analyses of the locomotion of flagellates with mastigonemes are presented and particular comparison is made within experimental data on Ochromonas malhamensis. The first part of the paper analyses locomotion assuming the mastigonemes are rigid and maintain a fixed and normal position relative to the flagellum. The predicted propulsive velocity of 60 mum/sec for Ochromonas agrees well with the observed values of 55-60 mum/sec. It is shown that the propulsive system of Ochromonas represents a compromise between the need for efficient rectilinear propulsion and the need to manoeuvre and accelerate. The effect of rigid mastigonemes which are maintained at non-zero angles to the flagellar normal is also calculated and demonstrates a significant degradation of performance when this angle is greater than about 10 degrees. The latter part of the paper investigates the more complex but more realistic situation in which the mastigonemes flex during the motion according to the instantaneous hydrodynamic forces imposed upon them. The cyclical flexing history of a mastigoneme with passage of a flagellar wave and the consequent velocity of propulsion are obtained for a variety of geometric configurations and structural mastigoneme stiffnesses. It is demonstrated that there exists a relatively small transition range in the values of mastigoneme flexibility below which the mastigonemes are essentially rigid and above which they become totally ineffective hydrodynamically so that the flagellum can be regarded as essentially smooth. Since the transition value of the modulus of elasticity is about 5 dynes/mum2 (or stiffness of 3.5 X 10(-16) dyne cm2) for the mastigonemes of Ochromonas it would appear that the actual value must be in excess of this. Comparison is made with the structural properties of the micro-tubules in eukaryote cilia and flagella and with prokaryote flagella. The latter comparison suggests that the mastigonemes of Ochromonas are just rigid enough to produce the observed propulsive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:945317", "title": "Effect of intra-uterine foreign bodies and of prostaglandin administration on progesterone secretion during the oestrous cycle of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The response of the guinea-pig corpus luteum to the luteolytic influence of glass beads placed in the uterus, or to prostaglandin administration, was followed by assay of the progesterone content of blood samples collected daily. Following the introduction of glass beads into the uterus early in the cycle, the secretion of progesterone was curtailed. Treatment with prostaglandin F2alpha over days 4-6 or 6-8 of the cycle temporarily depressed progesterone release without shortening the life of the corpora lutea. When the drug was administered over days 8-10, 10-12 or 12-14 the depression in progesterone was not followed by any recovery. These observations indicate that the response of the corpora lutea to a luteolytic influence changes during the oestrous cycle.", "contents": "Effect of intra-uterine foreign bodies and of prostaglandin administration on progesterone secretion during the oestrous cycle of the guinea-pig. The response of the guinea-pig corpus luteum to the luteolytic influence of glass beads placed in the uterus, or to prostaglandin administration, was followed by assay of the progesterone content of blood samples collected daily. Following the introduction of glass beads into the uterus early in the cycle, the secretion of progesterone was curtailed. Treatment with prostaglandin F2alpha over days 4-6 or 6-8 of the cycle temporarily depressed progesterone release without shortening the life of the corpora lutea. When the drug was administered over days 8-10, 10-12 or 12-14 the depression in progesterone was not followed by any recovery. These observations indicate that the response of the corpora lutea to a luteolytic influence changes during the oestrous cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:945318", "title": "Dioestrous progesterone and pro-oestrous luteinizing hormone in 4- and 5-day cycles of female rats.", "content": "Female rats with showed 5-day ovarian cycles spontaneously, but 4-day cycles for periods of variable length after induction of pseudopregnancy, were examined. While the time of onset of the ovulatory LH surge at pro-oestrus was the same in both 4- and 5-day cycles, dioestrous progesterone concentrations were dissimilar. The most prominent feature was a sharp increase during the night of the first day of dioestrus of the 4-day cycle. The results are interpreted as suggesting that dioestrous steroid concentrations rather than pro-oestrous LH concentrations are important in establishing cycle duration.", "contents": "Dioestrous progesterone and pro-oestrous luteinizing hormone in 4- and 5-day cycles of female rats. Female rats with showed 5-day ovarian cycles spontaneously, but 4-day cycles for periods of variable length after induction of pseudopregnancy, were examined. While the time of onset of the ovulatory LH surge at pro-oestrus was the same in both 4- and 5-day cycles, dioestrous progesterone concentrations were dissimilar. The most prominent feature was a sharp increase during the night of the first day of dioestrus of the 4-day cycle. The results are interpreted as suggesting that dioestrous steroid concentrations rather than pro-oestrous LH concentrations are important in establishing cycle duration."}
{"id": "PMID:945319", "title": "Development and application of a heterologous radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "A highly specific and sensitive heterologous double antibody radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) is described in detail. The assay using a rabbit antiserum to human FSH and either 125I-labelled rat FSH or 125I-labelled oFSH as tracer is specific for FSH. A maximum cross-reaction (B/Bo = 50%) of 0-1% was observed with other ovine, rat or human pituitary hormones or human chorionic gonadotrophin. Serum levels of oFSH in samples collected daily throughout the oestrous cycle showed large individual variations. In five out of nine animals a peak of FSH was observed on the day of oestrus.", "contents": "Development and application of a heterologous radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle-stimulating hormone. A highly specific and sensitive heterologous double antibody radioimmunoassay for ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (oFSH) is described in detail. The assay using a rabbit antiserum to human FSH and either 125I-labelled rat FSH or 125I-labelled oFSH as tracer is specific for FSH. A maximum cross-reaction (B/Bo = 50%) of 0-1% was observed with other ovine, rat or human pituitary hormones or human chorionic gonadotrophin. Serum levels of oFSH in samples collected daily throughout the oestrous cycle showed large individual variations. In five out of nine animals a peak of FSH was observed on the day of oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:945320", "title": "Cardiovascular dynamics of the chelonia during apnoea and lung ventilation.", "content": "1. In both Pseudemys and Testudo, blood pressures are identical in all chambers of the ventricle. Systolic pressures are not measurably different in the ventricle and systemic arteries but are 0-5-2-0 cm H2O lower in the pulmonary artery due to the resistance of the pulmonary outflow tract. Diastolic pressures are the same in all systemic arteries but are substantially lower in the pulmonary artery. It is concluded that the systemic and pulmonary circulations are perfused by a single pump during both apnoea and lung ventilation. 2. Flow profiles in pulmonary and systemic arteries are characteristicallly different. Substantial changes in cardiac output may occur during intermittent breathing and apnoea, especially if there are large fluctuations in heart rate. Pulmonary flow increases during lung ventilation due to vasodilation of the lung vasculature. Systemic is also affected though the increase is usually smaller. 3. Any separation in the blood pumped by the single ventricle must be maintained by laminar flow patterns and the composition of the blood in each of the major arteries should reflect their relationship to these patterns.", "contents": "Cardiovascular dynamics of the chelonia during apnoea and lung ventilation. 1. In both Pseudemys and Testudo, blood pressures are identical in all chambers of the ventricle. Systolic pressures are not measurably different in the ventricle and systemic arteries but are 0-5-2-0 cm H2O lower in the pulmonary artery due to the resistance of the pulmonary outflow tract. Diastolic pressures are the same in all systemic arteries but are substantially lower in the pulmonary artery. It is concluded that the systemic and pulmonary circulations are perfused by a single pump during both apnoea and lung ventilation. 2. Flow profiles in pulmonary and systemic arteries are characteristicallly different. Substantial changes in cardiac output may occur during intermittent breathing and apnoea, especially if there are large fluctuations in heart rate. Pulmonary flow increases during lung ventilation due to vasodilation of the lung vasculature. Systemic is also affected though the increase is usually smaller. 3. Any separation in the blood pumped by the single ventricle must be maintained by laminar flow patterns and the composition of the blood in each of the major arteries should reflect their relationship to these patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:945321", "title": "Heat exchange in relation to blood flow between thorax and abdomen in bumblebees.", "content": "1. The narrow passage within the petiole between thorax and abdomen is anatomically constructed so that counter-current exchange should retain heat in the thorax despite blood flow to and from the cool abdomen. 2. However, the counter-current heat exchanger can be physiologically circumvented. Exogenously heated bumblebees prevented overheating of the thorax by shunting heat into the abdomen. They also regurgitated fluid, which helped to reduce head temperature but had little effect on thoracic temperature. 3. Temperature increases in the ventrum of the abdomen occurred in steps exactly coinciding with the beats of the ventral diaphragm, and with the abdominal 'ventilatory' pumping movements when these were present. The ability to prevent overheating of the thorax by transport of heat to the abdomen was abolished when the heart was made inoprative. 4. At low thoracic temperatures the ventral diaphragm beat at a wide range or rates and with varying interbeat intervals, while the heart beat at a high frequency relative to the ventral diaphragm, but at a very low amplitude. However, when thoracic temperature exceeded 43 degrees C the amplitudes of both were high, and the interbeat intervals as well as the beating frequencies of the two pulsatile organs became identical in any one bee. Furthermore, heated bees engaged in vigorous abdominal pumping at the same frequency as that of their heart and ventral diaphragm pulsations. 5. The results indicate that the anatomical counter-current heat exchanger is reduced or eliminated during heat stress by 'chopping' the blood flow into pulses, and the blood pulses are shunted through the petiole alternately by way of a switch mechanism.", "contents": "Heat exchange in relation to blood flow between thorax and abdomen in bumblebees. 1. The narrow passage within the petiole between thorax and abdomen is anatomically constructed so that counter-current exchange should retain heat in the thorax despite blood flow to and from the cool abdomen. 2. However, the counter-current heat exchanger can be physiologically circumvented. Exogenously heated bumblebees prevented overheating of the thorax by shunting heat into the abdomen. They also regurgitated fluid, which helped to reduce head temperature but had little effect on thoracic temperature. 3. Temperature increases in the ventrum of the abdomen occurred in steps exactly coinciding with the beats of the ventral diaphragm, and with the abdominal 'ventilatory' pumping movements when these were present. The ability to prevent overheating of the thorax by transport of heat to the abdomen was abolished when the heart was made inoprative. 4. At low thoracic temperatures the ventral diaphragm beat at a wide range or rates and with varying interbeat intervals, while the heart beat at a high frequency relative to the ventral diaphragm, but at a very low amplitude. However, when thoracic temperature exceeded 43 degrees C the amplitudes of both were high, and the interbeat intervals as well as the beating frequencies of the two pulsatile organs became identical in any one bee. Furthermore, heated bees engaged in vigorous abdominal pumping at the same frequency as that of their heart and ventral diaphragm pulsations. 5. The results indicate that the anatomical counter-current heat exchanger is reduced or eliminated during heat stress by 'chopping' the blood flow into pulses, and the blood pulses are shunted through the petiole alternately by way of a switch mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:945322", "title": "Evidence for a polyspermy block at the level of sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion in Urechis caupo.", "content": "The results of sperm binding experiments reveal no change in the sperm binding properties of the egg surface coat at fertilization of Urechis caupo eggs. When fertilized eggs are reinseminated, sperm continue to attach to the egg surface coat. The acrosomal tubules of supernumerary sperm are observed in the perivitelline space closely apposed to the egg membrane. Thus, the polyspermy block in Urechis eggs involves neither alteration of sperm binding sites nor inhibition of the acrosome reaction. Our results suggest that the block is at the level of sperm-egg membrane fusion.", "contents": "Evidence for a polyspermy block at the level of sperm-egg plasma membrane fusion in Urechis caupo. The results of sperm binding experiments reveal no change in the sperm binding properties of the egg surface coat at fertilization of Urechis caupo eggs. When fertilized eggs are reinseminated, sperm continue to attach to the egg surface coat. The acrosomal tubules of supernumerary sperm are observed in the perivitelline space closely apposed to the egg membrane. Thus, the polyspermy block in Urechis eggs involves neither alteration of sperm binding sites nor inhibition of the acrosome reaction. Our results suggest that the block is at the level of sperm-egg membrane fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:945323", "title": "Potassium current and the effect of cesium on this current during anomalous rectification of the egg cell membrane of a starfish.", "content": "The kinetics of the membrane current during the anomalous or inward-going rectification of the K current in the egg cell membrane of the starfish Mediaster aequalis were analyzed by voltage clamp. The rectification has instantaneous and time-dependent components. The time-dependent increase in the K conductance for the negative voltage pulse as well as the decrease in the conductance for the positive pulse follows first-order kinetics. The steady-state conductance increases as the membrane potential becomes more negative and reaches the saturation value at about -40 mV more negative than the K equilibrium potential, V(K). The entire K conductance can be expressed by g(K).n; g g(K) represents the component for the time-independent conductance which depends on V-V(K) and [K+]o, and n is a dimensionless number (1 is greater than or equal to n is greater than or equal to 0) and determined by two rate constants which depend only on V-V(K). Cs+ does not carry any significant current through the K channel but blocks the channel at low concentration in the external medium. The blocking effect increases as the membrane potential is made more negative and the potential-dependent blocking by the external Cs+ also has instantaneous and time-dependent components.", "contents": "Potassium current and the effect of cesium on this current during anomalous rectification of the egg cell membrane of a starfish. The kinetics of the membrane current during the anomalous or inward-going rectification of the K current in the egg cell membrane of the starfish Mediaster aequalis were analyzed by voltage clamp. The rectification has instantaneous and time-dependent components. The time-dependent increase in the K conductance for the negative voltage pulse as well as the decrease in the conductance for the positive pulse follows first-order kinetics. The steady-state conductance increases as the membrane potential becomes more negative and reaches the saturation value at about -40 mV more negative than the K equilibrium potential, V(K). The entire K conductance can be expressed by g(K).n; g g(K) represents the component for the time-independent conductance which depends on V-V(K) and [K+]o, and n is a dimensionless number (1 is greater than or equal to n is greater than or equal to 0) and determined by two rate constants which depend only on V-V(K). Cs+ does not carry any significant current through the K channel but blocks the channel at low concentration in the external medium. The blocking effect increases as the membrane potential is made more negative and the potential-dependent blocking by the external Cs+ also has instantaneous and time-dependent components."}
{"id": "PMID:945324", "title": "Light-induced synchronous conidiation in the fungus Botrytis cinerea.", "content": "Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in stationary liquid cultures conidiated asynchronously in darkness after 4 days' growth. Synchronous conidiation was induced by irradiating dark-grown cultures with near-ultraviolet light for 12 h. The number of conidia increased very rapidly 10 h after the end of the photo-induction period, and conidiation was completed by the 14th hour. Filter paper cultures of the fungus also showed synchronous conidiation upon irradiation with near-ultraviolet light, but the rapid increase in the number of conidia took place 2 h earlier, conidiation being completed by the 12th hour. Cultures irradiated with blue light, however, produced sterile mycelia and showed complete suppression of conidiation.", "contents": "Light-induced synchronous conidiation in the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in stationary liquid cultures conidiated asynchronously in darkness after 4 days' growth. Synchronous conidiation was induced by irradiating dark-grown cultures with near-ultraviolet light for 12 h. The number of conidia increased very rapidly 10 h after the end of the photo-induction period, and conidiation was completed by the 14th hour. Filter paper cultures of the fungus also showed synchronous conidiation upon irradiation with near-ultraviolet light, but the rapid increase in the number of conidia took place 2 h earlier, conidiation being completed by the 12th hour. Cultures irradiated with blue light, however, produced sterile mycelia and showed complete suppression of conidiation."}
{"id": "PMID:945325", "title": "Carbohydrate metabolism in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing: changes in soluble carbohydrates during growth of mycelium and sporophore.", "content": "Changes in the ethanol-soluble carbohydrate content of Agaricus bisporus mycelium and sporophores grown on semi-defined media and commercial compost were studied. The accumulation of mannitol in the sporophore during its growth was not accompanied by an increase in mycelial mannitol. The other major soluble carbohydrate of the sporophore, trehalose, decreased throughout the growth of the sporophore; a parallel decrease was observed in the mycelium. The main accumulation of mannitol was in the pileus and stipe of the sporophore and was accompanied by a decrease in the soluble protein content of these tissues. Before fruiting, glucose and sucrose were present in the mycelial samples in similar quantities to mannitol, but their levels decreased during fruiting. Small quantities of glucose were present in the sporophore. The results are discussed in relation to the possible functions of the soluble carbohydrates.", "contents": "Carbohydrate metabolism in Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing: changes in soluble carbohydrates during growth of mycelium and sporophore. Changes in the ethanol-soluble carbohydrate content of Agaricus bisporus mycelium and sporophores grown on semi-defined media and commercial compost were studied. The accumulation of mannitol in the sporophore during its growth was not accompanied by an increase in mycelial mannitol. The other major soluble carbohydrate of the sporophore, trehalose, decreased throughout the growth of the sporophore; a parallel decrease was observed in the mycelium. The main accumulation of mannitol was in the pileus and stipe of the sporophore and was accompanied by a decrease in the soluble protein content of these tissues. Before fruiting, glucose and sucrose were present in the mycelial samples in similar quantities to mannitol, but their levels decreased during fruiting. Small quantities of glucose were present in the sporophore. The results are discussed in relation to the possible functions of the soluble carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:945326", "title": "Peptococcus heliotrinreducans, sp. nov., a cytochrome-producing anaerobe which metabolizes pyrrolizidine alkaloids.", "content": "Several strains of a new, obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus were isolated from sheep rumen contents. An important distinctive feature was their reductive cleavage of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidines, using hydrogen gas or formate as hydrogen donor. With the same hydrogen donors, the organism reduced nitrate and fumarate. In all cases, the reductive metabolism formed part of an energy-giving sequence used by the organism for growth. This new coccus also utilized energy obtained by dissimilation of arginine. Enzymic hydrolysates of casein and yeast autolysate were satisfactory substrates for growth but no strain fermented carbohydrates. Ultrasonic extracts of the coccus contained a c-type cytochrome. The characteristics of the organism are consistent with its allocation to the genus Peptococcus within which it differs significantly from currently recognized species. The name Peptococcus heliotrinreducans is proposed for this new species, and a reliable method for isolating it is described.", "contents": "Peptococcus heliotrinreducans, sp. nov., a cytochrome-producing anaerobe which metabolizes pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Several strains of a new, obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus were isolated from sheep rumen contents. An important distinctive feature was their reductive cleavage of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidines, using hydrogen gas or formate as hydrogen donor. With the same hydrogen donors, the organism reduced nitrate and fumarate. In all cases, the reductive metabolism formed part of an energy-giving sequence used by the organism for growth. This new coccus also utilized energy obtained by dissimilation of arginine. Enzymic hydrolysates of casein and yeast autolysate were satisfactory substrates for growth but no strain fermented carbohydrates. Ultrasonic extracts of the coccus contained a c-type cytochrome. The characteristics of the organism are consistent with its allocation to the genus Peptococcus within which it differs significantly from currently recognized species. The name Peptococcus heliotrinreducans is proposed for this new species, and a reliable method for isolating it is described."}
{"id": "PMID:945327", "title": "Transcriptional control of T4 coliphage-specific genes 30, 42, 43, rIIA, rIIB, and e.", "content": "Escherichia coli B/r (suo) was infected, at 30 degrees C, with T4Dam+, T4DamB24-amN82 (I-, 44-, DNA-negative phenotype), and T4DamN134amBL292 (33-, 55-, maturation-defective phenotype). A genetic ('transformation') assay was used to monitor transcription of genes 30 (polynucleotide ligase), 42 (deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase), 43 (DNA polymerase), rIIA, rIIB, and e (endolysin). The principal results are: (I) All of the genes studied were transcribed exlusively from the so-called l-strand of phage DNA. (2) DNA synthesis and the maturation-defective proteins were required to turn-off transcription of genes 42, rIIA, tIIB, and 43. Experiments performed with chloramphenicol suggested that all phage-specific proteins required to turn-off transcription of these genes were not present until 6 to 8 min post infection (p.i.). (3) During a normal developmental programme, gene 30 was transcribed throughout the eclipse. DNA-negative and maturation-defective conditions had no obvious effect on transcription of this gene. (4) During a normal lytic event, two discrete waves of gene e transcription were observed. The late wave was dependent upon DNA-synthesis and presence of functional maturation-defective proteins. The early wave was unaffected by DNA-negative or maturation-defective conditions. Experiments with chloramphenicol indicated that, if any virus-specific proteins are involved with regulation of early e transcription, such proteins are present by 3 min p.i. The data are interpreted to mean that early gene transcription is regulated by a minimum of two mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is fully operational by the 3rd min and, among the genes studied, controlled early e transcription. A second mechanism becomes operational between 6 and 8 min p.i. and controls transcription of genes 42, 43, rIIA, and rIIB.", "contents": "Transcriptional control of T4 coliphage-specific genes 30, 42, 43, rIIA, rIIB, and e. Escherichia coli B/r (suo) was infected, at 30 degrees C, with T4Dam+, T4DamB24-amN82 (I-, 44-, DNA-negative phenotype), and T4DamN134amBL292 (33-, 55-, maturation-defective phenotype). A genetic ('transformation') assay was used to monitor transcription of genes 30 (polynucleotide ligase), 42 (deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase), 43 (DNA polymerase), rIIA, rIIB, and e (endolysin). The principal results are: (I) All of the genes studied were transcribed exlusively from the so-called l-strand of phage DNA. (2) DNA synthesis and the maturation-defective proteins were required to turn-off transcription of genes 42, rIIA, tIIB, and 43. Experiments performed with chloramphenicol suggested that all phage-specific proteins required to turn-off transcription of these genes were not present until 6 to 8 min post infection (p.i.). (3) During a normal developmental programme, gene 30 was transcribed throughout the eclipse. DNA-negative and maturation-defective conditions had no obvious effect on transcription of this gene. (4) During a normal lytic event, two discrete waves of gene e transcription were observed. The late wave was dependent upon DNA-synthesis and presence of functional maturation-defective proteins. The early wave was unaffected by DNA-negative or maturation-defective conditions. Experiments with chloramphenicol indicated that, if any virus-specific proteins are involved with regulation of early e transcription, such proteins are present by 3 min p.i. The data are interpreted to mean that early gene transcription is regulated by a minimum of two mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is fully operational by the 3rd min and, among the genes studied, controlled early e transcription. A second mechanism becomes operational between 6 and 8 min p.i. and controls transcription of genes 42, 43, rIIA, and rIIB."}
{"id": "PMID:945328", "title": "Twins: within-pair similarity on Bayley's Infant Behavior Record.", "content": "Summary scores for behaviors rated on Bayley's Infant Behavior Record were obtained by summing sequential ratings for same-sex twins participating in a longitudinal study. The first year scores were based on visits made at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, by 55 identical and 27 fraternal pairs; the second year scores were based on visits at 18, 24, and 30 months, by 47 identical and 27 fraternal pairs. During the first year, within-pair correlations for almost all behaviors were stronger for identical than for fraternal pairs; in the second year, within-pair correlations for identical twins were similar to those of fraternal twins except for the more cognitive behaviors. Composite scores were calculated for two behavioral clusters--one composed of behaviors related to Primary Cognition, and the other composed of behaviors related to Extraversion. Within-pair correlations were higher for identical than for fraternal twins in both the first and second years, indicating stronger and more consistent genetic influences on the more cognitive behaviors.", "contents": "Twins: within-pair similarity on Bayley's Infant Behavior Record. Summary scores for behaviors rated on Bayley's Infant Behavior Record were obtained by summing sequential ratings for same-sex twins participating in a longitudinal study. The first year scores were based on visits made at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, by 55 identical and 27 fraternal pairs; the second year scores were based on visits at 18, 24, and 30 months, by 47 identical and 27 fraternal pairs. During the first year, within-pair correlations for almost all behaviors were stronger for identical than for fraternal pairs; in the second year, within-pair correlations for identical twins were similar to those of fraternal twins except for the more cognitive behaviors. Composite scores were calculated for two behavioral clusters--one composed of behaviors related to Primary Cognition, and the other composed of behaviors related to Extraversion. Within-pair correlations were higher for identical than for fraternal twins in both the first and second years, indicating stronger and more consistent genetic influences on the more cognitive behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:945331", "title": "Supratentorial haemangioblastoma with polycythaemia.", "content": "A case is reported of a 21 year old man with polycythaemia and a vascular frontal lobe tumour that was histologically compatible with the diagnosis of haemangioblastoma. On review of the English literature no case could be found of polycythaemia associated with supratentorial haemangioblastoma.", "contents": "Supratentorial haemangioblastoma with polycythaemia. A case is reported of a 21 year old man with polycythaemia and a vascular frontal lobe tumour that was histologically compatible with the diagnosis of haemangioblastoma. On review of the English literature no case could be found of polycythaemia associated with supratentorial haemangioblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:945332", "title": "Relationship between rat brain and cisternal CSF tryptophan concentrations.", "content": "Tryptophan was measured in the cisternal CSF and brains of rats. In untreated rats there was a significant but not very close correlation between the tryptophan concentration in these two compartments. Factors that change the brain tryptophan concentration such as starvation, glucose feeding, and lithium treatment affected the CSF tryptophan in the same way as the brain tryptophan. Diurnal changes were parallel for brain and CSF. When we take into account our knowledge of the disposition of tryptophan in human CSF, these data suggest that measurement of lumbar CSF tryptophan in man may be a useful approach to the study of human brain tryptophan. However, because the correlation between brain and CSF is not very close, measurements on CSF tryptophan would be more meaningful in groups of patients than in individuals.", "contents": "Relationship between rat brain and cisternal CSF tryptophan concentrations. Tryptophan was measured in the cisternal CSF and brains of rats. In untreated rats there was a significant but not very close correlation between the tryptophan concentration in these two compartments. Factors that change the brain tryptophan concentration such as starvation, glucose feeding, and lithium treatment affected the CSF tryptophan in the same way as the brain tryptophan. Diurnal changes were parallel for brain and CSF. When we take into account our knowledge of the disposition of tryptophan in human CSF, these data suggest that measurement of lumbar CSF tryptophan in man may be a useful approach to the study of human brain tryptophan. However, because the correlation between brain and CSF is not very close, measurements on CSF tryptophan would be more meaningful in groups of patients than in individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:945333", "title": "Toadfish serum as a binder for in vitro assay of vitamin B12.", "content": "Serum from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, has a binding capacity for cyanocobalamin 1,000 times greater than that of human serum. The binding follows the principle of isotope dilution in the physiologic range of vitamin B12 present in human serum. Under proper conditions of storage, this binder is stable for at least 1 year. Standard reagents and techniques used in other vitamin B12 competitive binding assays can be used with the toadfish serum binder. Toadfish serum offers potential advantages over intrinsic factor and human serum, the most commonly used binders in vitamin B12 assays.", "contents": "Toadfish serum as a binder for in vitro assay of vitamin B12. Serum from the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau, has a binding capacity for cyanocobalamin 1,000 times greater than that of human serum. The binding follows the principle of isotope dilution in the physiologic range of vitamin B12 present in human serum. Under proper conditions of storage, this binder is stable for at least 1 year. Standard reagents and techniques used in other vitamin B12 competitive binding assays can be used with the toadfish serum binder. Toadfish serum offers potential advantages over intrinsic factor and human serum, the most commonly used binders in vitamin B12 assays."}
{"id": "PMID:945334", "title": "Bioavailability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas.", "content": "Total femur zinc of young rats was used to evaluate the biological availability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A zinc deficient diet (0.8 mug Zn/g) containing egg white protein was supplemented with graded levels of zinc from zinc sulfate, milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A plot of total femur zinc (log) after feeding the diet for 3 weeks versus the zinc added to the diet gave a linear relationship over the range of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mug/g added zinc. By using a slope-ratio bioassay model, the relative biological availability of endogenous and added zinc in milk-based formula was estimated to be 0.86 and that of soy-based formula 0.67 (zinc sulphate = 1.00) with corresponding 95% fiducial limits being 0.82 to 0.91 and 0.62 to 0.71. Thus, to provide equivalent amounts of available zinc, the total zinc content of the soy protein-based formula would need to be at least 20% higher than that of the formula containing milk protein.", "contents": "Bioavailability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. Total femur zinc of young rats was used to evaluate the biological availability of zinc in milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A zinc deficient diet (0.8 mug Zn/g) containing egg white protein was supplemented with graded levels of zinc from zinc sulfate, milk and soy protein-based infant formulas. A plot of total femur zinc (log) after feeding the diet for 3 weeks versus the zinc added to the diet gave a linear relationship over the range of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mug/g added zinc. By using a slope-ratio bioassay model, the relative biological availability of endogenous and added zinc in milk-based formula was estimated to be 0.86 and that of soy-based formula 0.67 (zinc sulphate = 1.00) with corresponding 95% fiducial limits being 0.82 to 0.91 and 0.62 to 0.71. Thus, to provide equivalent amounts of available zinc, the total zinc content of the soy protein-based formula would need to be at least 20% higher than that of the formula containing milk protein."}
{"id": "PMID:945337", "title": "Transient hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Three newborn infants with congestive heart failure had hemodynamic, angiographic, and echocardiographic features of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy). Treatment with digitalis and diuretic drugs was ineffective, but improvement occurred when these agents were withheld in one patient, and when treatment with propranolol was begun in two patients. Echocardiography was helpful in establishing the diagnosis in two patients and showed resolution of the condition during the first six months of life. Serial cardiac catheterizations confirmed resolution of the outflow obstruction in the third patient. Family studies revealed no evidence of familial cardiomyopathy, but the mothers of two infants had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the mother of the third was presumed to be prediabetic.", "contents": "Transient hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in infants of diabetic mothers. Three newborn infants with congestive heart failure had hemodynamic, angiographic, and echocardiographic features of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy). Treatment with digitalis and diuretic drugs was ineffective, but improvement occurred when these agents were withheld in one patient, and when treatment with propranolol was begun in two patients. Echocardiography was helpful in establishing the diagnosis in two patients and showed resolution of the condition during the first six months of life. Serial cardiac catheterizations confirmed resolution of the outflow obstruction in the third patient. Family studies revealed no evidence of familial cardiomyopathy, but the mothers of two infants had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the mother of the third was presumed to be prediabetic."}
{"id": "PMID:945338", "title": "Studies on the development and chemotherapy of larvae of Parascaris equorum (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in experimentally and naturally infected foals.", "content": "Experimentally induced infections of Parascaris equorum in worm-free pony foals required 14 to 17 days for migration of the larvae through the liver and lungs, and 79 to 110 days to become gametogenically functional. Treatment of experimentally infected or naturally exposed foals during the parenteral phase of development, using levamisole at 8 mg/kg, a mixture of levamisole at 8 mg/kg plus piperazine at 88 mg base equivalent/kg, or dl-tetramisole at 10 mg/kg, was quite efficacious in (1) reducing the number of P. equorum larvae recovered from the small intestines of the foals at necropsy, or (2)delaying the appearance of ascarid eggs in the feces of treated foals beyond the time period observed for the untreated foals. Three formulations of dichlorvos at doses of 10, 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg, and 2 formulations of trichlorfon at 20 or 40 mg/kg, were not effective when treatment was given on or before the 14th day after infective eggs were administered. Treatment with a gel formulation of dichlorvos at 20 mg/kg 17 to 28 days after experimental infection was 100% effective in removing ascarid larvae from the small intestines of poly foals.", "contents": "Studies on the development and chemotherapy of larvae of Parascaris equorum (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in experimentally and naturally infected foals. Experimentally induced infections of Parascaris equorum in worm-free pony foals required 14 to 17 days for migration of the larvae through the liver and lungs, and 79 to 110 days to become gametogenically functional. Treatment of experimentally infected or naturally exposed foals during the parenteral phase of development, using levamisole at 8 mg/kg, a mixture of levamisole at 8 mg/kg plus piperazine at 88 mg base equivalent/kg, or dl-tetramisole at 10 mg/kg, was quite efficacious in (1) reducing the number of P. equorum larvae recovered from the small intestines of the foals at necropsy, or (2)delaying the appearance of ascarid eggs in the feces of treated foals beyond the time period observed for the untreated foals. Three formulations of dichlorvos at doses of 10, 20, 30, or 40 mg/kg, and 2 formulations of trichlorfon at 20 or 40 mg/kg, were not effective when treatment was given on or before the 14th day after infective eggs were administered. Treatment with a gel formulation of dichlorvos at 20 mg/kg 17 to 28 days after experimental infection was 100% effective in removing ascarid larvae from the small intestines of poly foals."}
{"id": "PMID:945341", "title": "Effect of sodium salicylate on hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "Doses of sodium salicylate greater than 100 mug/ml increased the generation time of baby hamster kidney (BHK 21) cells in culture from 16 to 35 hr. Exposure to similar doses of salicylate for 18-44 hr resulted in a marked reduction of RNA synthesis. The species of RNA synthesized in the presence of sodium salicylate appeared to be similar to those synthesized by normal cells in the absence of sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate did not alter the oxidative phosphorylation of BHK cells.", "contents": "Effect of sodium salicylate on hamster cells in vitro. Doses of sodium salicylate greater than 100 mug/ml increased the generation time of baby hamster kidney (BHK 21) cells in culture from 16 to 35 hr. Exposure to similar doses of salicylate for 18-44 hr resulted in a marked reduction of RNA synthesis. The species of RNA synthesized in the presence of sodium salicylate appeared to be similar to those synthesized by normal cells in the absence of sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate did not alter the oxidative phosphorylation of BHK cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945345", "title": "Potential antitumor agents: a cytotoxic cardenolide from Coronilla varia L.", "content": "An alcoholic extract of the seeds of Coronilla varia L. showed inhibitory activity against KB cells in culture and was fractionated through a series of partitions, column chromatography, and preparative layer chromatography to yield hyrcanoside, daphnoretin, scopoletin, and umbelliferone. Hyrcanoside was also tested in the PS mouse leukemia assay and showed borderline activity.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents: a cytotoxic cardenolide from Coronilla varia L. An alcoholic extract of the seeds of Coronilla varia L. showed inhibitory activity against KB cells in culture and was fractionated through a series of partitions, column chromatography, and preparative layer chromatography to yield hyrcanoside, daphnoretin, scopoletin, and umbelliferone. Hyrcanoside was also tested in the PS mouse leukemia assay and showed borderline activity."}
{"id": "PMID:945346", "title": "Circling behavior after narcotic drugs and during naloxone-precipitated abstinence in rats with unilateral nigral lesions.", "content": "Unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) in rats were produced by electrolytic coagulation or by an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two to 5 weeks later, after being preselected for amphetamine-induced ipsilateral circling behavior, the animals were administered narcotic agonists or antagonists and their circling behavior was observed. Morphine, methadone, levorphanol, nalorphine or pentazocine induced ipsilateral circling movements; both naloxone and dextrorphan were without effect. Ipsilateral circling was also observed in rats with unilateral electrolytic lesions after administration of agents that are thought to enhance central dopaminergic activities: d-amphetamine, l-dopa and apomorphine. In rats with unilateral electrolytic or 6-hydroxydopamine SNC lesions that were rendered highly morphine-dependent by multiple-morphine pellet implantation, contralateral (C) circling behavior was observed within 1 to 2 minutes after a naloxone challenge; the onset and duration of C circling behavior coincided with the initial appearance and duration of precipitated-morphine withdrawal signs. C circling was also observed after administration of putative dopamine receptor blockers, haloperidol and pimozide in rats with either unilateral electrolytic or 6-hydroxydopamine SNC lesions. Morphine pretreatment diminished both the C circling intensity and the appearance of withdrawal signs observed after a naloxone challenge in morphine-dependent, SNC-lesioned rats. The naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in unilaterally lesioned morphine-dependent rats was accompanied by a 20% elevation of neostriatal dopamine in the intact side. In contrast to the effects of a chronic SNC lesion in decreasing neostriatal dopamine, a 77% increase was observed in the lesioned side 30 minutes after electrolytic coagulation. Thus, narcotic agonists and partial agonists may enhance central dopaminergic activities and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal may involve a diminution in central dopaminergic activities of the nigroneostriatal pathway.", "contents": "Circling behavior after narcotic drugs and during naloxone-precipitated abstinence in rats with unilateral nigral lesions. Unilateral lesions of the substantia nigra zona compacta (SNC) in rats were produced by electrolytic coagulation or by an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Two to 5 weeks later, after being preselected for amphetamine-induced ipsilateral circling behavior, the animals were administered narcotic agonists or antagonists and their circling behavior was observed. Morphine, methadone, levorphanol, nalorphine or pentazocine induced ipsilateral circling movements; both naloxone and dextrorphan were without effect. Ipsilateral circling was also observed in rats with unilateral electrolytic lesions after administration of agents that are thought to enhance central dopaminergic activities: d-amphetamine, l-dopa and apomorphine. In rats with unilateral electrolytic or 6-hydroxydopamine SNC lesions that were rendered highly morphine-dependent by multiple-morphine pellet implantation, contralateral (C) circling behavior was observed within 1 to 2 minutes after a naloxone challenge; the onset and duration of C circling behavior coincided with the initial appearance and duration of precipitated-morphine withdrawal signs. C circling was also observed after administration of putative dopamine receptor blockers, haloperidol and pimozide in rats with either unilateral electrolytic or 6-hydroxydopamine SNC lesions. Morphine pretreatment diminished both the C circling intensity and the appearance of withdrawal signs observed after a naloxone challenge in morphine-dependent, SNC-lesioned rats. The naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in unilaterally lesioned morphine-dependent rats was accompanied by a 20% elevation of neostriatal dopamine in the intact side. In contrast to the effects of a chronic SNC lesion in decreasing neostriatal dopamine, a 77% increase was observed in the lesioned side 30 minutes after electrolytic coagulation. Thus, narcotic agonists and partial agonists may enhance central dopaminergic activities and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal may involve a diminution in central dopaminergic activities of the nigroneostriatal pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:945347", "title": "The effects of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog.", "content": "Three different syndromes produced by congeners of morphine have been identified in the nondependent chronic spinal dog. These syndromes have been attributed to interaction of agonists with three distinguishable receptors (mu, kappa and sigma). Morphine is the prototype agonist for the mu receptor, ketocyclazocine for the kappa receptor and SKF-10,047 for the sigma receptor. The morphine syndrome (mu) in the dog is characterized by miosis, bradycardia, hypothermia, a general depression of the nociceptive responses and indifference to environmental stimuli. Ketocyclazocine (kappa) constricts pupils, depresses the flexor reflex and produces sedation but does not markedly alter pulse rate or the skin twitch reflex. SKF-10,047 (sigma), in contrast to morphine and ketocyclazocine, causes mydriasis, tachypnea, tachycardia and mania. The effects of these three drugs can be antagonized by the pure antagonist naltrexone, indicating that they are agonists. Further, chronic administration of morphine, ketocyclazocine and SKF-10,047 induces tolerance to their agonistic effects. Morphine suppresses abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs while ketocyclazocine does not. Ketocyclazocine at best precipitated only a liminal abstinence syndrome in the morphine-dependent dog, indicating that it had little affinity for the morphine receptor. Ketocyclazocine thus appears to be a selective agonist at the kappa receptor. Further, it has been shown that buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the mu type which both suppressed and precipitated abstinence in the morphine-dependent dog while morphine and propoxyphene are stronger agonists. Apomorphine and SKF-10,047 produce similar pharmacologic effects suggesting that sigma activity may involve a dopaminergic mechanism.", "contents": "The effects of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog. Three different syndromes produced by congeners of morphine have been identified in the nondependent chronic spinal dog. These syndromes have been attributed to interaction of agonists with three distinguishable receptors (mu, kappa and sigma). Morphine is the prototype agonist for the mu receptor, ketocyclazocine for the kappa receptor and SKF-10,047 for the sigma receptor. The morphine syndrome (mu) in the dog is characterized by miosis, bradycardia, hypothermia, a general depression of the nociceptive responses and indifference to environmental stimuli. Ketocyclazocine (kappa) constricts pupils, depresses the flexor reflex and produces sedation but does not markedly alter pulse rate or the skin twitch reflex. SKF-10,047 (sigma), in contrast to morphine and ketocyclazocine, causes mydriasis, tachypnea, tachycardia and mania. The effects of these three drugs can be antagonized by the pure antagonist naltrexone, indicating that they are agonists. Further, chronic administration of morphine, ketocyclazocine and SKF-10,047 induces tolerance to their agonistic effects. Morphine suppresses abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs while ketocyclazocine does not. Ketocyclazocine at best precipitated only a liminal abstinence syndrome in the morphine-dependent dog, indicating that it had little affinity for the morphine receptor. Ketocyclazocine thus appears to be a selective agonist at the kappa receptor. Further, it has been shown that buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the mu type which both suppressed and precipitated abstinence in the morphine-dependent dog while morphine and propoxyphene are stronger agonists. Apomorphine and SKF-10,047 produce similar pharmacologic effects suggesting that sigma activity may involve a dopaminergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:945348", "title": "The effects of hydroquinone, hematin and heme-containing proteins on prostaglandin biosynthesis by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3 fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured methylcholanthrene-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts secrete large amounts of prostaglandin into the medium. Prostaglandin biosynthesis by these cells can be stimulated by arachidonic acid and, to a much lesser extent, by glutathione and porphyrin. In the presence of hydroquinone, prostaglandin production is increased; the most striking increases are seen  at concentrations that are lethal. Porphyrins, when added to cells in the presence of lethal levels of hydroquinone, inhibit stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis but stimulate the production of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "contents": "The effects of hydroquinone, hematin and heme-containing proteins on prostaglandin biosynthesis by methylcholanthrene-transformed mouse BALB/3T3 fibroblasts. Cultured methylcholanthrene-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroblasts secrete large amounts of prostaglandin into the medium. Prostaglandin biosynthesis by these cells can be stimulated by arachidonic acid and, to a much lesser extent, by glutathione and porphyrin. In the presence of hydroquinone, prostaglandin production is increased; the most striking increases are seen  at concentrations that are lethal. Porphyrins, when added to cells in the presence of lethal levels of hydroquinone, inhibit stimulation of prostaglandin E2 synthesis but stimulate the production of prostaglandin F2alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:945349", "title": "The production and characterization of antibodies reactive with meperidine.", "content": "Meperidinic acid was converted to O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin. Rabbits injected with this conjugate produced antibodies reactive with meperidine which were measured by the ammonium sulfate method. The specificities of these antisera were studied by competitive inhibition of the binding of 100 pmol/ml of 3H-meperidine to antibody by the prior addition of increasing concentrations of various unlabeled compounds. The concentrations in nanomoles per milliliter of various unlabeled opiods required to inhibit 3H-meperidine binding by 50% (I50) were: meperidine, 0.08; O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid, 1.7; methadone, 580; heroin, 1750; codeine, 2600; and morphine, 4200. Several psychopharmacologically active compounds were found to have I50 values comparable to the nonmeperidine opioids: hydroxyzine-HC1, 460; propoxyphene, 4,500; diazepam, 6,500; and cocaine, 10,800. The metabolites of meperidine exhibited the following I50 values: normeperidine, 0.7; meperidinic acid and normeperidinic acid, 210. A radioimmunoassay for meperidine which employs this antiserum was shown to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method of Burns et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 114:289-293, 1955). In this assay only normeperidine and some of the meperidine congeners might be expected to interfere with the measurement of meperidine. The degree of normeperidine interference was shown to be comparable to that present in the existing assay method.", "contents": "The production and characterization of antibodies reactive with meperidine. Meperidinic acid was converted to O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid and covalently attached to bovine serum albumin. Rabbits injected with this conjugate produced antibodies reactive with meperidine which were measured by the ammonium sulfate method. The specificities of these antisera were studied by competitive inhibition of the binding of 100 pmol/ml of 3H-meperidine to antibody by the prior addition of increasing concentrations of various unlabeled compounds. The concentrations in nanomoles per milliliter of various unlabeled opiods required to inhibit 3H-meperidine binding by 50% (I50) were: meperidine, 0.08; O-meperidinyl-glycollic acid, 1.7; methadone, 580; heroin, 1750; codeine, 2600; and morphine, 4200. Several psychopharmacologically active compounds were found to have I50 values comparable to the nonmeperidine opioids: hydroxyzine-HC1, 460; propoxyphene, 4,500; diazepam, 6,500; and cocaine, 10,800. The metabolites of meperidine exhibited the following I50 values: normeperidine, 0.7; meperidinic acid and normeperidinic acid, 210. A radioimmunoassay for meperidine which employs this antiserum was shown to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the spectrophotometric method of Burns et al. (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 114:289-293, 1955). In this assay only normeperidine and some of the meperidine congeners might be expected to interfere with the measurement of meperidine. The degree of normeperidine interference was shown to be comparable to that present in the existing assay method."}
{"id": "PMID:945350", "title": "The effects of morphine and nalorphine-like drugs in the nondependent, morphine-dependent and cyclazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog.", "content": "A series of morphine-like and nalorphine-like drugs were studied in the nondependent, morphine-dependent and cyclazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog. In the nondependent dog, three profiles of activity were found which could be utilized to distinguish between morphine, WIN 35, 197-2 and cyclazocine. Propiram, a prototypic partial agonist of the morphine type, produced morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs and both precipitated and suppressed abstinence in cyclazocine-dependent dogs as was needed to precipitate abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs. WIN 35, 197-2, a strong agonist in the guinea-pig ileum which has been shown to be resistant to antagonism by naloxone, neither precipitated nor suppressed morphine abstinence but suppressed cyclazocine abstinence. In the nondependent dog, it depressed the flexor reflex but not skin twitch reflex. Cyclazocine altered reflex activity much like WIN 35, 197-2 but produced tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis and canine delirum. The morphine and cyclazocine precipitated and withdrawal abstinence syndromes were qualitatively different. Twenty times as much naltrexone was needed to precipitate abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs. Nalorphine both precipitated and suppressed cyclazocine abstinence and appeared to be a partial agonist of the nalorphine-type. Morphine suppressed the cyclazocine abstinence syndrome. Cross-tolerance was not observed in ketocyclazocine-dependent dogs. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that there are strong and partial agonists of the mu and kappa types, and further, that physical dependence on morphine and cyclazocine is mediated through different receptors. WIN 35, 197-2 appears to be a pure strong agonist of the kappa type. Cyclazocine is a mu antagonist and mixed kappa and sigma agonist.", "contents": "The effects of morphine and nalorphine-like drugs in the nondependent, morphine-dependent and cyclazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog. A series of morphine-like and nalorphine-like drugs were studied in the nondependent, morphine-dependent and cyclazocine-dependent chronic spinal dog. In the nondependent dog, three profiles of activity were found which could be utilized to distinguish between morphine, WIN 35, 197-2 and cyclazocine. Propiram, a prototypic partial agonist of the morphine type, produced morphine-like effects in nondependent dogs and both precipitated and suppressed abstinence in cyclazocine-dependent dogs as was needed to precipitate abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs. WIN 35, 197-2, a strong agonist in the guinea-pig ileum which has been shown to be resistant to antagonism by naloxone, neither precipitated nor suppressed morphine abstinence but suppressed cyclazocine abstinence. In the nondependent dog, it depressed the flexor reflex but not skin twitch reflex. Cyclazocine altered reflex activity much like WIN 35, 197-2 but produced tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis and canine delirum. The morphine and cyclazocine precipitated and withdrawal abstinence syndromes were qualitatively different. Twenty times as much naltrexone was needed to precipitate abstinence in morphine-dependent dogs. Nalorphine both precipitated and suppressed cyclazocine abstinence and appeared to be a partial agonist of the nalorphine-type. Morphine suppressed the cyclazocine abstinence syndrome. Cross-tolerance was not observed in ketocyclazocine-dependent dogs. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that there are strong and partial agonists of the mu and kappa types, and further, that physical dependence on morphine and cyclazocine is mediated through different receptors. WIN 35, 197-2 appears to be a pure strong agonist of the kappa type. Cyclazocine is a mu antagonist and mixed kappa and sigma agonist."}
{"id": "PMID:945352", "title": "Changes in spleen histology in response to antigenic stimulation in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina.", "content": "Proliferative and migratory changes of lymphoid cells in the spleen were observed in turtles stimulated with KLH and maintained at 30 degrees C. Small foci of pyroninophilic lymphoblasts were first seen in the white pulp at about day 5. Progressive enlargement of these centers continued and peaked by days 8-12. By days 15-20 the white pulp returned to a normal (unimmunized) state, while the number of pyroninophilic cells, primarily plasma cells, increased markedly in the red pulp. At days 22-25, the number of plasma cells returned to normal levels and the spleen appeared normal for the remainder of the 60 day observation period. These events suggest that at 30 degrees C, the turtle is capable of a strong and prompt proliferative response in the white pulp sheaths, followed by migration and differentiation of lymphoblasts into plasma cells, in the red pulp. Observations of pyroninophilic cells in sinuses, venules and veins of the spleen and a concomitant depletion of cells in red pulp, further suggest a migration from the spleen to other sites. Following a second antigenic challenge, at day 60, no significant histological changes were observed at 30 degrees C. Nor were any changes observed following primary or secondary antigenic challenge, in animals maintained at 10 degrees C. These findings are discussed with regard to immunological memory and low temperature immunosuppression in ectothermic vertebrates.", "contents": "Changes in spleen histology in response to antigenic stimulation in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Proliferative and migratory changes of lymphoid cells in the spleen were observed in turtles stimulated with KLH and maintained at 30 degrees C. Small foci of pyroninophilic lymphoblasts were first seen in the white pulp at about day 5. Progressive enlargement of these centers continued and peaked by days 8-12. By days 15-20 the white pulp returned to a normal (unimmunized) state, while the number of pyroninophilic cells, primarily plasma cells, increased markedly in the red pulp. At days 22-25, the number of plasma cells returned to normal levels and the spleen appeared normal for the remainder of the 60 day observation period. These events suggest that at 30 degrees C, the turtle is capable of a strong and prompt proliferative response in the white pulp sheaths, followed by migration and differentiation of lymphoblasts into plasma cells, in the red pulp. Observations of pyroninophilic cells in sinuses, venules and veins of the spleen and a concomitant depletion of cells in red pulp, further suggest a migration from the spleen to other sites. Following a second antigenic challenge, at day 60, no significant histological changes were observed at 30 degrees C. Nor were any changes observed following primary or secondary antigenic challenge, in animals maintained at 10 degrees C. These findings are discussed with regard to immunological memory and low temperature immunosuppression in ectothermic vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:945353", "title": "Ultrastructural analysis of normal and immunized spleen of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina.", "content": "In the ultrastructural comparison of normal, unimmunized spleens with immunized spleens at key intervals after antigenic stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), we noted cellular and cytological features which reflect the cellular kinetics of the primary immune response, particularly with respect to plasma cell production. Although lymphoblasts and mature plasma cells are present in the white and red pulp, respectively, intermediate stages of the plasma cell line are rarely found in normal spleen. Following antigenic challenge, we found a marked increase in lymphoblasts in the white pulp, most of them containing short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum suggesting initial differentiation toward plasma cells. Following an apparent migration of cells from the white to the red pulp, we found plasma cells in various stages of maturation in the red pulp cords and sinuses. The ultrastructural features of these cells reflect the differentiation of lymphoblasts into mature plasma cells. Both immature and mature plasma cells usually possess dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that they are capable of producing and storing a secretory product, presumably antibody. We also noted a large number of immature macrophages and monocytes in immunized spleens. These cellular events and their cytological characteristics are compared to those described in other vertebrate classes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural analysis of normal and immunized spleen of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. In the ultrastructural comparison of normal, unimmunized spleens with immunized spleens at key intervals after antigenic stimulation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), we noted cellular and cytological features which reflect the cellular kinetics of the primary immune response, particularly with respect to plasma cell production. Although lymphoblasts and mature plasma cells are present in the white and red pulp, respectively, intermediate stages of the plasma cell line are rarely found in normal spleen. Following antigenic challenge, we found a marked increase in lymphoblasts in the white pulp, most of them containing short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum suggesting initial differentiation toward plasma cells. Following an apparent migration of cells from the white to the red pulp, we found plasma cells in various stages of maturation in the red pulp cords and sinuses. The ultrastructural features of these cells reflect the differentiation of lymphoblasts into mature plasma cells. Both immature and mature plasma cells usually possess dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that they are capable of producing and storing a secretory product, presumably antibody. We also noted a large number of immature macrophages and monocytes in immunized spleens. These cellular events and their cytological characteristics are compared to those described in other vertebrate classes."}
{"id": "PMID:945354", "title": "Lactation associated with herpes zoster pectoralis.", "content": "The phenomenon of lactation associated with herpes zoster is unexpected. To our knowledge such an association has been reported only once. A case is reported in whom spontaneous lactation occurred in the ipsilateral breast following herpes zoster. It is believed to have resulted from stimulation of the intercostal nerve endings supplying the overlying skin of the breast.", "contents": "Lactation associated with herpes zoster pectoralis. The phenomenon of lactation associated with herpes zoster is unexpected. To our knowledge such an association has been reported only once. A case is reported in whom spontaneous lactation occurred in the ipsilateral breast following herpes zoster. It is believed to have resulted from stimulation of the intercostal nerve endings supplying the overlying skin of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:945357", "title": "Ectopic ureter passing through the external urethral sphincter: report of a case.", "content": "A rare case of urethral ectopic ureter without urinary incontinence is reported. Urinary continence was preserved because of the ectopic ureter passing through the external sphincter.", "contents": "Ectopic ureter passing through the external urethral sphincter: report of a case. A rare case of urethral ectopic ureter without urinary incontinence is reported. Urinary continence was preserved because of the ectopic ureter passing through the external sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:945358", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal function in a female hermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "A case of a 31-year-old female hermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is reported and some endocrinological studies are presented. After the administration of dexamethasone, the elevated levels of serum testosterone were suppressed, while the lower levels of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were elevated. Since the virilization was too developed to change the sex role, the patient remained as a male subject without cortisol replacement therapy and underwent a plastic operation to construct the penile urethra.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal function in a female hermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A case of a 31-year-old female hermaphrodite with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is reported and some endocrinological studies are presented. After the administration of dexamethasone, the elevated levels of serum testosterone were suppressed, while the lower levels of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were elevated. Since the virilization was too developed to change the sex role, the patient remained as a male subject without cortisol replacement therapy and underwent a plastic operation to construct the penile urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:945359", "title": "Germinal malignancies of the testis: experience, management and prognosis.", "content": "A review of the experience with 134 consecutive patients with germinal cell testicular neoplasia indicates that definitively accurate staging of the malignancy at presentation is the single most important prognostic factor. Nearly two-thirds of the patients with all types of germinal malignancies survived or died of other causes and the highest survival rates were seen among patients with earlier stages of seminoma. In recent years patients with all types of germinal malignancies of the testis have been treated by radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with enhancement of survivals. Patients with seminoma and non-seminomatous tumors exhibited  increased survival rates with node dissection. In 66 consecutive lymphadenectomies the complication rate was less than 14 per cent, with only 1 death related to the operation. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy not only affords therapeutic advantage but also provides an opportunity for accurate surgical staging of disease and allows for rational decision relative to additional treatment, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.", "contents": "Germinal malignancies of the testis: experience, management and prognosis. A review of the experience with 134 consecutive patients with germinal cell testicular neoplasia indicates that definitively accurate staging of the malignancy at presentation is the single most important prognostic factor. Nearly two-thirds of the patients with all types of germinal malignancies survived or died of other causes and the highest survival rates were seen among patients with earlier stages of seminoma. In recent years patients with all types of germinal malignancies of the testis have been treated by radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy with enhancement of survivals. Patients with seminoma and non-seminomatous tumors exhibited  increased survival rates with node dissection. In 66 consecutive lymphadenectomies the complication rate was less than 14 per cent, with only 1 death related to the operation. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy not only affords therapeutic advantage but also provides an opportunity for accurate surgical staging of disease and allows for rational decision relative to additional treatment, radiation therapy or chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:945360", "title": "Solitary leiomyomas arising from the tunica dartos scroti.", "content": "Of 127 patients with primary neoplasms of the scrotal wall 10 had a solitary leiomyoma arising from the tunica dartos. These benign asymptomatic lesions occur in middle-age white men and are often incorrectly diagnosed. Simple surgical excision is curative. The 11th case is described because of the malignant course that followed irradiation. A cell arising from single smooth muscle cells within the corium is proposed as the cell of origin.", "contents": "Solitary leiomyomas arising from the tunica dartos scroti. Of 127 patients with primary neoplasms of the scrotal wall 10 had a solitary leiomyoma arising from the tunica dartos. These benign asymptomatic lesions occur in middle-age white men and are often incorrectly diagnosed. Simple surgical excision is curative. The 11th case is described because of the malignant course that followed irradiation. A cell arising from single smooth muscle cells within the corium is proposed as the cell of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:945361", "title": "Genetic studies on the arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction with special reference to serum free fatty acid level.", "content": "The serious arrhythmias have been regarded as one of the important complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clinical and experimental observations were made of the arrhythmogenecity in acute myocardial infarction in special reference to the high free fatty acidemia (HFFA). The results obtained were as follows: (1) The incidence of arrhythmia in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction, in whom the serum free fatty acid (FFA) value was measured, was 84.0%. (2) The serum FFA values of arrhythmic patients were significantly higher than those of patients without arrhythmia (P less than 0.001). (3) it was also revealed that the serum FFA values of patients with ventricular premature contraction (VPC) were significantly higher than those of non-arrhythmic patients (P less than 0.001). (4) each of the rate of incidence of VPC in total arrhthmic patients and the serum FFA value on the day of attack was significantly higher than that on the following days, respectively. (5) HFFA was experimentally produced in infaracted dog with the coronary ligation by the infusion of Intralipid and heparin and its effect on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was observed. The VFT was markedly decreased promptly after the coronary ligation and a trend of natural recovery of the VFT was seen in a period later than 60 minutes after the coronary ligation. The recovery phase was significantly suppressed by the treatment producing HFFA (P less than 0.01). The deleterious effect of HFFA on the VFT was prevented by the treatment with glucose and insulin solution (GI solution) (P less than 0.02). From these results, it is postulated that HFFA in patients with acute myocardial infarction acts as an arrhythmogenic factor by lowering the VFT and GI solution prevents the occurrence of arrhythmia by lowering the serum FFA value.", "contents": "Genetic studies on the arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction with special reference to serum free fatty acid level. The serious arrhythmias have been regarded as one of the important complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clinical and experimental observations were made of the arrhythmogenecity in acute myocardial infarction in special reference to the high free fatty acidemia (HFFA). The results obtained were as follows: (1) The incidence of arrhythmia in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction, in whom the serum free fatty acid (FFA) value was measured, was 84.0%. (2) The serum FFA values of arrhythmic patients were significantly higher than those of patients without arrhythmia (P less than 0.001). (3) it was also revealed that the serum FFA values of patients with ventricular premature contraction (VPC) were significantly higher than those of non-arrhythmic patients (P less than 0.001). (4) each of the rate of incidence of VPC in total arrhthmic patients and the serum FFA value on the day of attack was significantly higher than that on the following days, respectively. (5) HFFA was experimentally produced in infaracted dog with the coronary ligation by the infusion of Intralipid and heparin and its effect on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was observed. The VFT was markedly decreased promptly after the coronary ligation and a trend of natural recovery of the VFT was seen in a period later than 60 minutes after the coronary ligation. The recovery phase was significantly suppressed by the treatment producing HFFA (P less than 0.01). The deleterious effect of HFFA on the VFT was prevented by the treatment with glucose and insulin solution (GI solution) (P less than 0.02). From these results, it is postulated that HFFA in patients with acute myocardial infarction acts as an arrhythmogenic factor by lowering the VFT and GI solution prevents the occurrence of arrhythmia by lowering the serum FFA value."}
{"id": "PMID:945389", "title": "Flexible structure of immunoglobulin G molecule. Fluorescence depolarization studies on hapten-antihapten antibody interactions using arylnaphthalenesulfonates as the ligands.", "content": "Fluorescence depolarization studies on immunoglobulin G, Fab'2 and Fab' fragments were carried out using isomeric anilinonaphthalenesulfonates and their corresponding rabbit antibody systems, and the values of the relaxation time rho(h) were calculated. From the results it was confirmed that the IgG and Fab'2 fragment have a certain degree of segmental flexibility, and suggested that these divalent antibody molecules have the same order of flexibilities. Furthermore, the rhoh values of the Fab' fragments from each antibody preparation were also determined and conflicting results were obtained with the samples from two different kinds of antibody systems against the isomeric ligands. The results were discussed with special references to the orientation of ligands bound to the antibody combining sites.", "contents": "Flexible structure of immunoglobulin G molecule. Fluorescence depolarization studies on hapten-antihapten antibody interactions using arylnaphthalenesulfonates as the ligands. Fluorescence depolarization studies on immunoglobulin G, Fab'2 and Fab' fragments were carried out using isomeric anilinonaphthalenesulfonates and their corresponding rabbit antibody systems, and the values of the relaxation time rho(h) were calculated. From the results it was confirmed that the IgG and Fab'2 fragment have a certain degree of segmental flexibility, and suggested that these divalent antibody molecules have the same order of flexibilities. Furthermore, the rhoh values of the Fab' fragments from each antibody preparation were also determined and conflicting results were obtained with the samples from two different kinds of antibody systems against the isomeric ligands. The results were discussed with special references to the orientation of ligands bound to the antibody combining sites."}
{"id": "PMID:945404", "title": "[Electrical and contractile activities of the normal canine stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten mongrel dogs equipped with four bipolar electrodes and three waterproof strain gauges were used for experiments. In fasting, mean discharge interval of BER of stomach ranged from 10.8 sec. to 13.7 sec.. Following feeding, discharge interval of BER showed a considerable prolongation ranging from 13% to 37% during the initial 60 minutes, and from 4.4% to 23% during the next 9 hour postprandial period. Propagation velocity of BER was almost constant in each animal, however the velocity showed a tendency to decrease slightly following feeding. The velocity in the corpus, antrum and prepyloric area was 0.4 cm/sec., 1.0 cm/sec. and 1.5 cm/sec., respectively. Irregegular electrical (dysrhythmias) were observed  in the antrum most frequently, although their incidence was less than 2% in total duration during the entire observation period. In postprandial period, the contractile activities of the corpus showed a somewhat monotonic pattern with a steady amplitude. The contractile activities of the antrum and the pyloric sphincter showed a waxing and waning pattern with a varying amplitude. Characteristically, the pyloric sphincter showed an intermittent relaxing phase much more frequently as compared with the antrum.", "contents": "[Electrical and contractile activities of the normal canine stomach (author's transl)]. Ten mongrel dogs equipped with four bipolar electrodes and three waterproof strain gauges were used for experiments. In fasting, mean discharge interval of BER of stomach ranged from 10.8 sec. to 13.7 sec.. Following feeding, discharge interval of BER showed a considerable prolongation ranging from 13% to 37% during the initial 60 minutes, and from 4.4% to 23% during the next 9 hour postprandial period. Propagation velocity of BER was almost constant in each animal, however the velocity showed a tendency to decrease slightly following feeding. The velocity in the corpus, antrum and prepyloric area was 0.4 cm/sec., 1.0 cm/sec. and 1.5 cm/sec., respectively. Irregegular electrical (dysrhythmias) were observed  in the antrum most frequently, although their incidence was less than 2% in total duration during the entire observation period. In postprandial period, the contractile activities of the corpus showed a somewhat monotonic pattern with a steady amplitude. The contractile activities of the antrum and the pyloric sphincter showed a waxing and waning pattern with a varying amplitude. Characteristically, the pyloric sphincter showed an intermittent relaxing phase much more frequently as compared with the antrum."}
{"id": "PMID:945405", "title": "[Effect of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on canine gastric electrical activity (author's transl)].", "content": "Alterations in the electrical activity of the stomach were studied in 40 unanesthetized dogs with intact vagal innervation, with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and with truncal vagotomy (TV) using a chronically implanted unipolar needle electrodes. The basic electrical rhythm (BER) of the normal canine stomach occurred regularly in the frequency of 4.5 to 5.5 cycles per minutes with a waxing and waning of initial and second potentials repeated in every 5 to 6 minutes. After SPV, irregular BER was observed occasionally within a few days postoperatively. After TV, irregularity of BER was more marked and frequent for the first 2 weeks. Subcutaneous administration of bethanechol chloride or histamine decreased the frequency of regular BER and increased the magnitude of second potentials equally in any dog of the control, SPV and TV groups. Similar changes were observed after feeding of the canned meat. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increased the magnitude of antral second potentials in either control or SPV dogs. In contrast, TV dogs revealed repetition of initial potentials shortly after intravenous adminstration of insulin, but failed to show any changes relevant to hypoglycemia.", "contents": "[Effect of selective proximal and truncal vagotomy on canine gastric electrical activity (author's transl)]. Alterations in the electrical activity of the stomach were studied in 40 unanesthetized dogs with intact vagal innervation, with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) and with truncal vagotomy (TV) using a chronically implanted unipolar needle electrodes. The basic electrical rhythm (BER) of the normal canine stomach occurred regularly in the frequency of 4.5 to 5.5 cycles per minutes with a waxing and waning of initial and second potentials repeated in every 5 to 6 minutes. After SPV, irregular BER was observed occasionally within a few days postoperatively. After TV, irregularity of BER was more marked and frequent for the first 2 weeks. Subcutaneous administration of bethanechol chloride or histamine decreased the frequency of regular BER and increased the magnitude of second potentials equally in any dog of the control, SPV and TV groups. Similar changes were observed after feeding of the canned meat. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increased the magnitude of antral second potentials in either control or SPV dogs. In contrast, TV dogs revealed repetition of initial potentials shortly after intravenous adminstration of insulin, but failed to show any changes relevant to hypoglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:945406", "title": "[A photo-optical observation of gallbladder motility in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "A photo-optical observation on gallbladder motility was made with the 16 mm cine-cholangiography. The subjects studied were thirty two mongrel dogs. The gallbladder was exposed by a short upper midline abdominal incision under pentothal anesthesia. Gallbladder bile was aspirated and contrast medium was given into the bladder, through a transhepatic route. The cine-cholangiography was done by an image intensifier at a speed of one frame every 2 to 4 seconds. The cinefilms taken were observed repeatedly by the screen projection at various speeds. The drawings were made by tracing the outline of the image of the gallbladder on each frame and were overlapped. Moreover, a contraction curve was made by the cholecystometry using of film motion analyzer in every case. At the same time bile flow into the duodenum was recorded to study a relationship between the gallbladder contraction and motility of the terminal common bile duct. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In a resting state any contraction of the gallbladder was not seen during 30 minutes, and a peristalsis-like movements of the neck portion was observed. However, there was not a relationship between the contraction curve of the gallbladder and the bile flow into the duodenum. 2. Immediately after giving Caerulein, the contrast medium injected into the gallbladder was rapidly discharged into the common bile duct by a peristalsis-like movement of the neck. The size of the gallbladder was markedly decreased into three fifths of the initial state three minutes after administration. At the same time contrast medium  was continuously discharged into the duodenum. 3. After giving pilocarpine a marked contraction with forceful movement of the neck and body was observed, and the size of the gallbladder was decreased into three quarters ot the initial state. Bile discharge into the duodenum was markedly increased with an active open- and closing movement of the terminal common bile duct.", "contents": "[A photo-optical observation of gallbladder motility in dogs (author's transl)]. A photo-optical observation on gallbladder motility was made with the 16 mm cine-cholangiography. The subjects studied were thirty two mongrel dogs. The gallbladder was exposed by a short upper midline abdominal incision under pentothal anesthesia. Gallbladder bile was aspirated and contrast medium was given into the bladder, through a transhepatic route. The cine-cholangiography was done by an image intensifier at a speed of one frame every 2 to 4 seconds. The cinefilms taken were observed repeatedly by the screen projection at various speeds. The drawings were made by tracing the outline of the image of the gallbladder on each frame and were overlapped. Moreover, a contraction curve was made by the cholecystometry using of film motion analyzer in every case. At the same time bile flow into the duodenum was recorded to study a relationship between the gallbladder contraction and motility of the terminal common bile duct. The results obtained are as follows: 1. In a resting state any contraction of the gallbladder was not seen during 30 minutes, and a peristalsis-like movements of the neck portion was observed. However, there was not a relationship between the contraction curve of the gallbladder and the bile flow into the duodenum. 2. Immediately after giving Caerulein, the contrast medium injected into the gallbladder was rapidly discharged into the common bile duct by a peristalsis-like movement of the neck. The size of the gallbladder was markedly decreased into three fifths of the initial state three minutes after administration. At the same time contrast medium  was continuously discharged into the duodenum. 3. After giving pilocarpine a marked contraction with forceful movement of the neck and body was observed, and the size of the gallbladder was decreased into three quarters ot the initial state. Bile discharge into the duodenum was markedly increased with an active open- and closing movement of the terminal common bile duct."}
{"id": "PMID:945407", "title": "[Effect of a couple of stimulants on the gastric motility (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the stimulants such as antral distention, administration of gastrin and insulin on the gastric motility were investigated in the dogs with innervated antral pouches. The results were as follows:  1. The gastric motility was markedly increased by these stimulants and characteristic motility patterns were recognized in each stimulants. 2. Antral distention stimulated strongly the contraction pressure but not in the frequency of the gastric contractions. 3. Gastrin produced regular and higher frequency contractions and the decrease in contraction pressure of the stomach. 4. Insulin stimulated both of the contraction pressure and the frequency of the gastric contractions. 5. The tests of compound stimulation by each two of these stimuli demonstrated that gastrin constantly produced an increase in frequency and a decrease in contraction pressure and that antral distention always increased the contraction pressure of the stomach.", "contents": "[Effect of a couple of stimulants on the gastric motility (author's transl)]. The effects of the stimulants such as antral distention, administration of gastrin and insulin on the gastric motility were investigated in the dogs with innervated antral pouches. The results were as follows:  1. The gastric motility was markedly increased by these stimulants and characteristic motility patterns were recognized in each stimulants. 2. Antral distention stimulated strongly the contraction pressure but not in the frequency of the gastric contractions. 3. Gastrin produced regular and higher frequency contractions and the decrease in contraction pressure of the stomach. 4. Insulin stimulated both of the contraction pressure and the frequency of the gastric contractions. 5. The tests of compound stimulation by each two of these stimuli demonstrated that gastrin constantly produced an increase in frequency and a decrease in contraction pressure and that antral distention always increased the contraction pressure of the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:945408", "title": "[Electromyographic studies on the effect of transection-anastomosis of goat abomasum (author's transl)].", "content": "The four bipolar electrods were chronically sutured on the serosa of pylorus of four female goasts (29-36 kg in weight): from oral, electrod No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4. Electromyograms of abomasum were recorded before and after transection-end-to-end anastomosis of pylorus (between No. 2 and No. 3 electrods). The results are summarized as follows: 1. Before transection - anastomosis, anti-peristaltic discharge was not found in the pylorus. 2. After the anastomosis, prolonged discharge interval of peristalses and anti-peristaltic discharges occured in the upper part of the anastomosis (No. 1 and 2). 3. In the lower part of the anastomosis (No. 3 and 4), prolonged discharge interval of peristalses occured in all four goats, but anti-peristalic discharges were found in three goats. 4. Propagation velocity of anti-peristalic discharges became more faster than that of normo-peristalses.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies on the effect of transection-anastomosis of goat abomasum (author's transl)]. The four bipolar electrods were chronically sutured on the serosa of pylorus of four female goasts (29-36 kg in weight): from oral, electrod No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4. Electromyograms of abomasum were recorded before and after transection-end-to-end anastomosis of pylorus (between No. 2 and No. 3 electrods). The results are summarized as follows: 1. Before transection - anastomosis, anti-peristaltic discharge was not found in the pylorus. 2. After the anastomosis, prolonged discharge interval of peristalses and anti-peristaltic discharges occured in the upper part of the anastomosis (No. 1 and 2). 3. In the lower part of the anastomosis (No. 3 and 4), prolonged discharge interval of peristalses occured in all four goats, but anti-peristalic discharges were found in three goats. 4. Propagation velocity of anti-peristalic discharges became more faster than that of normo-peristalses."}
{"id": "PMID:945415", "title": "[Primary lymphedema of the lower limbs in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 3 cases of primary lymphedema in childhood. Lymphangiography, introduced by Kinmonth into radiodiagnosis, is essential. Aplasia, hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the lymphatic system can thus be differentiated. Conservative treatment is discussed.", "contents": "[Primary lymphedema of the lower limbs in childhood (author's transl)]. Report on 3 cases of primary lymphedema in childhood. Lymphangiography, introduced by Kinmonth into radiodiagnosis, is essential. Aplasia, hypoplasia and hyperplasia of the lymphatic system can thus be differentiated. Conservative treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945416", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of choanal atresia in the new born (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 8 cases of congenital atresia or severe stenosis of the choanae. In 2 cases early transnasal surgery followed by canulation was necessary. One child died of pleuropneumonia and sepsis following asphyxia on the 10th day, when mouth-breathing had already been established.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of choanal atresia in the new born (author's transl)]. Report on 8 cases of congenital atresia or severe stenosis of the choanae. In 2 cases early transnasal surgery followed by canulation was necessary. One child died of pleuropneumonia and sepsis following asphyxia on the 10th day, when mouth-breathing had already been established."}
{"id": "PMID:945417", "title": "[The phenotype of the trisomy of the short arm of chromosome no. 4. (a new case with t (4p; 11q) (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a 5 year old girl with the caracteristic features of the partial trisomy of the short arm of a chromosome no.4: short stature, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, enophthalmus, bulbous nose, deep set malformed ears, hypertrichosis, brachydactyly, hypoplastic ribs, abnormal EEG, imbecility. Trisomy originated from a reciprocal translocation in the father (46, XY, rcp (4;11) (p 13; q23)). q23)).", "contents": "[The phenotype of the trisomy of the short arm of chromosome no. 4. (a new case with t (4p; 11q) (author's transl)]. Report on a 5 year old girl with the caracteristic features of the partial trisomy of the short arm of a chromosome no.4: short stature, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, enophthalmus, bulbous nose, deep set malformed ears, hypertrichosis, brachydactyly, hypoplastic ribs, abnormal EEG, imbecility. Trisomy originated from a reciprocal translocation in the father (46, XY, rcp (4;11) (p 13; q23)). q23))."}
{"id": "PMID:945418", "title": "[Numerical and structural anomalies of chromosome no. 18 (author's transl)].", "content": "Two newborn babies with trisomy 18 and one with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18 (Syndrome 18p-) were admitted within 3 months to the Westf\u00e4lische Landeskinderklinik Bochum. Under this aspect the clinical appearance of numerical and structural anomalies of chromosome 18 is described. Clinical symptomatiology which is rather typical for Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) so that a diagnosis may be made in many instances even before the result of chromosomal analysis is available is compared with the facts given in the literature. The 83 cases of syndrome 18p- published so far are presented in a table. The absolute frequency compared with conceptional age of the mother gives a 2 peak distribution curve with one maximum between 25 and 29 years and one between 40 and 45 years. Similar patterns indicating two different ways of pathogenesis were described for trisomy 18 and 21. Furthermore patients suffering from syndrome 18p- show an increased incidence of IgA deficiency, which is 1:2 compared to 1:500 to 1:700 in an unselected population.", "contents": "[Numerical and structural anomalies of chromosome no. 18 (author's transl)]. Two newborn babies with trisomy 18 and one with a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18 (Syndrome 18p-) were admitted within 3 months to the Westf\u00e4lische Landeskinderklinik Bochum. Under this aspect the clinical appearance of numerical and structural anomalies of chromosome 18 is described. Clinical symptomatiology which is rather typical for Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) so that a diagnosis may be made in many instances even before the result of chromosomal analysis is available is compared with the facts given in the literature. The 83 cases of syndrome 18p- published so far are presented in a table. The absolute frequency compared with conceptional age of the mother gives a 2 peak distribution curve with one maximum between 25 and 29 years and one between 40 and 45 years. Similar patterns indicating two different ways of pathogenesis were described for trisomy 18 and 21. Furthermore patients suffering from syndrome 18p- show an increased incidence of IgA deficiency, which is 1:2 compared to 1:500 to 1:700 in an unselected population."}
{"id": "PMID:945419", "title": "[Cardiovascular malformations in embryofetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "17 infants and children with embryofetal alcohol syndrome were examined of cardiovascular malformations. In 8 cases heart catheterization revealed malformations, mainly atrial septum defects (in 5 of 8 cases), only in one case a ventricular septum defect, in another case an aplasia of the right pulmonary artery and in one case a mild outflow tract obstruction of the left ventricle. Congenital heart diseases can be expected in nearly 50% of the cases in embryofetal alcohol syndrome.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular malformations in embryofetal alcohol syndrome (author's transl)]. 17 infants and children with embryofetal alcohol syndrome were examined of cardiovascular malformations. In 8 cases heart catheterization revealed malformations, mainly atrial septum defects (in 5 of 8 cases), only in one case a ventricular septum defect, in another case an aplasia of the right pulmonary artery and in one case a mild outflow tract obstruction of the left ventricle. Congenital heart diseases can be expected in nearly 50% of the cases in embryofetal alcohol syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:945420", "title": "[Arteriovenous intracranial and extracranial angiomas in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Five patients with arteriovenous angiomas in the head (2 galea angiomas, 1 mixed form with extracranial and intracranial localization of the arteriovenous fistulas and 2 intracranial arteriovenous fistulas) were described. Four patients were examined as newborns or infants. Oximetric data, intracardial pressure and circulation time were ascertained by the cardiac catheter. Selective carotid angiography was performed in the transfemoral pathway. Two infants were successfully operated.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous intracranial and extracranial angiomas in infants and children (author's transl)]. Five patients with arteriovenous angiomas in the head (2 galea angiomas, 1 mixed form with extracranial and intracranial localization of the arteriovenous fistulas and 2 intracranial arteriovenous fistulas) were described. Four patients were examined as newborns or infants. Oximetric data, intracardial pressure and circulation time were ascertained by the cardiac catheter. Selective carotid angiography was performed in the transfemoral pathway. Two infants were successfully operated."}
{"id": "PMID:945421", "title": "[The syndrome of biliary atresia, typical physiognomy, anomalies of the pulmonary arteries and eventual other malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the various types of hepatic ductular atresias, there is a group of patients with a definable syndrome of malformations: typical physiognomy, malformation of pulmonary arteries, mental retardation and disturbed growth of body and genitals. This syndrome has been defined only in the last two years by Watson et al. (1973) and Allagille et al. (1975). A detailed description of a boy with this combination of malformations is given. Additionally he has aplasia of the right kidney. A second patient out of 4, which we found in our cardiologic department, has hypoblasia of one kidney, too. The prognosis of the liver disease in these patients seems to be better than in other children with biliary atresia.", "contents": "[The syndrome of biliary atresia, typical physiognomy, anomalies of the pulmonary arteries and eventual other malformations (author's transl)]. Among the various types of hepatic ductular atresias, there is a group of patients with a definable syndrome of malformations: typical physiognomy, malformation of pulmonary arteries, mental retardation and disturbed growth of body and genitals. This syndrome has been defined only in the last two years by Watson et al. (1973) and Allagille et al. (1975). A detailed description of a boy with this combination of malformations is given. Additionally he has aplasia of the right kidney. A second patient out of 4, which we found in our cardiologic department, has hypoblasia of one kidney, too. The prognosis of the liver disease in these patients seems to be better than in other children with biliary atresia."}
{"id": "PMID:945422", "title": "[The prognosis of the transitory disturbances of av-conduction following cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 2250 cases with open heart surgery 106 patients were examined because of disturbances of av-conduction in the Department for Cardiology of the Childrens Hospital of the University of G\u00f6ttingen. 38, 7 percent of all av-conduction disturbances have persisted, whereas 61, 3 percent were reversible. Especially the ventricular septal defects, the tetralogy of Fallot and the endocardial cushion defects are discussed. These lesions are predisposed for postsurgical av-disturbances because they are near to the av-conduction tissue. In this paper it has been demonstrated that the av-conduction disturbances, which last for more than one week, have only a little chance to return to sinus rhythm. Those which endure more than four weeks, will persist. The longer the av-conduction disturbances are lasting, the less is the possibility for restitution of sinus rhythm.", "contents": "[The prognosis of the transitory disturbances of av-conduction following cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. Out of 2250 cases with open heart surgery 106 patients were examined because of disturbances of av-conduction in the Department for Cardiology of the Childrens Hospital of the University of G\u00f6ttingen. 38, 7 percent of all av-conduction disturbances have persisted, whereas 61, 3 percent were reversible. Especially the ventricular septal defects, the tetralogy of Fallot and the endocardial cushion defects are discussed. These lesions are predisposed for postsurgical av-disturbances because they are near to the av-conduction tissue. In this paper it has been demonstrated that the av-conduction disturbances, which last for more than one week, have only a little chance to return to sinus rhythm. Those which endure more than four weeks, will persist. The longer the av-conduction disturbances are lasting, the less is the possibility for restitution of sinus rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:945423", "title": "[Multiple rib fractures or rib anomalies? (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Pierre Robin-Syndrome with associated rib gap defects is reported. Rib defects are described still now only in childs with micrognathia. Respiratory embrassement may be caused.", "contents": "[Multiple rib fractures or rib anomalies? (author's transl)]. A case of Pierre Robin-Syndrome with associated rib gap defects is reported. Rib defects are described still now only in childs with micrognathia. Respiratory embrassement may be caused."}
{"id": "PMID:945424", "title": "[Glaucoma operation in the case of an infant with hemophilia A (author's transl)].", "content": "This composition gives an account of the coagulative physiological problems and therapy in the course of glaucoma operation in the case of an eight month old infant with hemophilia A.", "contents": "[Glaucoma operation in the case of an infant with hemophilia A (author's transl)]. This composition gives an account of the coagulative physiological problems and therapy in the course of glaucoma operation in the case of an eight month old infant with hemophilia A."}
{"id": "PMID:945425", "title": "[Submaxillary salivary calculus in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Sialolithiasis of the submaxillary gland is a rare entity in children. At the present time we found 21 documented cases of submaxillary gland sialolithiasis in children reported. A case report of a 7 2/3-year-old female with calculus in Warthon's duct was presented. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of the disease was discussed.", "contents": "[Submaxillary salivary calculus in children (author's transl)]. Sialolithiasis of the submaxillary gland is a rare entity in children. At the present time we found 21 documented cases of submaxillary gland sialolithiasis in children reported. A case report of a 7 2/3-year-old female with calculus in Warthon's duct was presented. Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy of the disease was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945426", "title": "[A casuistic contribution to potter syndrome of dysplasia renofacialis with and without sirenomelia (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of renal agenesis are presented, one of them a sirenomelia and another one discordant twins. Variety of symptoms, twinfindings and pathogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "[A casuistic contribution to potter syndrome of dysplasia renofacialis with and without sirenomelia (author's transl)]. Three cases of renal agenesis are presented, one of them a sirenomelia and another one discordant twins. Variety of symptoms, twinfindings and pathogenesis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945427", "title": "Fire alarms and oestrus in rats.", "content": "Vaginal smear cyclicity was used as a physiological test to compare the response of rats to the new \"silent\" fire alarm developed by the Laboratory Animals Centre with a conventional fire bell. The fire bell had a highly significant effect on the vaginal smear cyclicity whereas the rats exposed to the \"silent\" fire alarm showed no significant changes from the control animals in quiet conditions.", "contents": "Fire alarms and oestrus in rats. Vaginal smear cyclicity was used as a physiological test to compare the response of rats to the new \"silent\" fire alarm developed by the Laboratory Animals Centre with a conventional fire bell. The fire bell had a highly significant effect on the vaginal smear cyclicity whereas the rats exposed to the \"silent\" fire alarm showed no significant changes from the control animals in quiet conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:945428", "title": "Incidence of pup mortality in the rat with particular reference to nesting material, maternal age and parity.", "content": "Mortality and hence the proportion of young weaned was markedly affected by the type of nesting material but not by maternal age or parity. With paper tissues for nesting purposes 476/791 (60%) young were lost compared with 216/1182 (18%) with woodwool. Similar results were obtained in 2 additional series. The proportion of young weaned was also affected by litter size; in general, pup mortality was heavier and took place earlier in the large litters (more than 9 young).", "contents": "Incidence of pup mortality in the rat with particular reference to nesting material, maternal age and parity. Mortality and hence the proportion of young weaned was markedly affected by the type of nesting material but not by maternal age or parity. With paper tissues for nesting purposes 476/791 (60%) young were lost compared with 216/1182 (18%) with woodwool. Similar results were obtained in 2 additional series. The proportion of young weaned was also affected by litter size; in general, pup mortality was heavier and took place earlier in the large litters (more than 9 young)."}
{"id": "PMID:945444", "title": "[Radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases -- indicated still today? (author's transl)].", "content": "The good response of inflammatory diseases to a low dose radiotherapy is well known. Mainly, this fact is based on experiences made in the time before antibacterial chemotherapy area. In this study our results are presented which were obtained by treating 90 patients with radiotherapy in the last years, exlusively. With respect to the end of the treatment a success rate of more than 90% was achieved. This result was compared with literature and with own findings from radiotherapy of patients with degenerative joint diseases. From the viewpoint of radio-protection the radiotherapy should be initiated as early as possible because in these cases better results could be attained at low doses. Especially, the radiotherapy of the following diseases seems to be favourable: parotitis, mastitis, abscess, furuncle, paronychia and panaritium. Besides the complications and risks of the chemotherapy the somatic and genetic radiation injuries are discussed. When radiation therapy is applied skilfully the side effects of a locally and regionally limited therapy may be neglected. It is recommended to extend the indication for radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases -- indicated still today? (author's transl)]. The good response of inflammatory diseases to a low dose radiotherapy is well known. Mainly, this fact is based on experiences made in the time before antibacterial chemotherapy area. In this study our results are presented which were obtained by treating 90 patients with radiotherapy in the last years, exlusively. With respect to the end of the treatment a success rate of more than 90% was achieved. This result was compared with literature and with own findings from radiotherapy of patients with degenerative joint diseases. From the viewpoint of radio-protection the radiotherapy should be initiated as early as possible because in these cases better results could be attained at low doses. Especially, the radiotherapy of the following diseases seems to be favourable: parotitis, mastitis, abscess, furuncle, paronychia and panaritium. Besides the complications and risks of the chemotherapy the somatic and genetic radiation injuries are discussed. When radiation therapy is applied skilfully the side effects of a locally and regionally limited therapy may be neglected. It is recommended to extend the indication for radiotherapy of inflammatory diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:945440", "title": "[A study of the cytochrome composition of microorganisms by their absorption spectra and first derivative spectra].", "content": "The cytochrome composition of Candida mycoderma and Torulopsis candida was studied by means of absorption spectra and spectra of the first derivative which were recorded at the temperature of liquid nitrogen and room temperature. The spectrum of the first derivative provided more information concerning the cytochrome composition than absorption spectra; data obtained with the aid of this spectrum at room temperature corresponded to those provided by means of absorption spectra at low temperatures.", "contents": "[A study of the cytochrome composition of microorganisms by their absorption spectra and first derivative spectra]. The cytochrome composition of Candida mycoderma and Torulopsis candida was studied by means of absorption spectra and spectra of the first derivative which were recorded at the temperature of liquid nitrogen and room temperature. The spectrum of the first derivative provided more information concerning the cytochrome composition than absorption spectra; data obtained with the aid of this spectrum at room temperature corresponded to those provided by means of absorption spectra at low temperatures."}
{"id": "PMID:945441", "title": "[A mathematical model of inhibition of the growth of Candida utilis by heavy metal ions].", "content": "A mathematical model described in this paper, contrary to other models, takes into account transport effects during penetration of the inhibitor into the cell of a micro-organism, and also a possibility of partial inactivation of the inhibitor during formation of complexes. It changes into models of Monod and Monod--Jerusalimsky at extreme values of parameters. Theoretical steady-state concentrations of the biomass in chemostat predicted on the basis of this model coincided with values obtained in experiments with limitation of growth of Candida utilis by silver ions and copper ions.", "contents": "[A mathematical model of inhibition of the growth of Candida utilis by heavy metal ions]. A mathematical model described in this paper, contrary to other models, takes into account transport effects during penetration of the inhibitor into the cell of a micro-organism, and also a possibility of partial inactivation of the inhibitor during formation of complexes. It changes into models of Monod and Monod--Jerusalimsky at extreme values of parameters. Theoretical steady-state concentrations of the biomass in chemostat predicted on the basis of this model coincided with values obtained in experiments with limitation of growth of Candida utilis by silver ions and copper ions."}
{"id": "PMID:945453", "title": "Evaluation and re-evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man. III. Other relevant data and risk assessment.", "content": "Some of the advances in mammalian radiation genetics, human genetics and cytogenetics that were made during the last 2-3 years and that have either a direct bearing on, or that may be potentially useful in, the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man have been examined. Among these are (1) the new data on the incidence of genetic diseases in man; (2) the latest results of the study of mortality rates among children born to survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; (3) new data on the radiation-induction of reciprocal translocations in human spermatogonia; (4) new results from radiation studies with mice on skeletal mutations, autosomal recessive lethals, sex-chromosome losses, translocation induction and recovery etc., and (5) a re-analysis of the earlier data on dose-rate effects for the induction of specific locus mutations in mouse spermatogonia. Using the pertinent new information as a basis, quantitative estimates are presented employing both a direct method of expressing risks in terms of effects per unit dose of irradiation and the indirect doubling-dose method of expressing these as increments over the load of genetic disorders occurring spontaneously in man.", "contents": "Evaluation and re-evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man. III. Other relevant data and risk assessment. Some of the advances in mammalian radiation genetics, human genetics and cytogenetics that were made during the last 2-3 years and that have either a direct bearing on, or that may be potentially useful in, the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man have been examined. Among these are (1) the new data on the incidence of genetic diseases in man; (2) the latest results of the study of mortality rates among children born to survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; (3) new data on the radiation-induction of reciprocal translocations in human spermatogonia; (4) new results from radiation studies with mice on skeletal mutations, autosomal recessive lethals, sex-chromosome losses, translocation induction and recovery etc., and (5) a re-analysis of the earlier data on dose-rate effects for the induction of specific locus mutations in mouse spermatogonia. Using the pertinent new information as a basis, quantitative estimates are presented employing both a direct method of expressing risks in terms of effects per unit dose of irradiation and the indirect doubling-dose method of expressing these as increments over the load of genetic disorders occurring spontaneously in man."}
{"id": "PMID:945454", "title": "Chromosome damage in mouse-human hybrid cells after BUdR treatment and light irradiation.", "content": "Mouse cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine were fused with human cells in the presence of Sendai virus. The cells were then irradiated with blue light. Three days after fusion, the hybrid cell metaphases showed intact human chromosomes and many mouse chromatids with numerous abnormalities, indicating the great potentiality of the technique for genetic analysis and manipulations.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in mouse-human hybrid cells after BUdR treatment and light irradiation. Mouse cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine were fused with human cells in the presence of Sendai virus. The cells were then irradiated with blue light. Three days after fusion, the hybrid cell metaphases showed intact human chromosomes and many mouse chromatids with numerous abnormalities, indicating the great potentiality of the technique for genetic analysis and manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:945459", "title": "Heparin-induced immune thrombocytopenia.", "content": "We studied five patients in whom severe thrombocytopenia developed during intermittent intravenous heparin treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. Platelet aggregation was demonstrated when heparin (0.5 U per milliliter) was incubated with the patients' citrated platelet-rich plasma or with normal platelet-rich plasma in the presence of the patients' serum. Antiplatelet antibody was not detected in the patient globulin fractions prepared from serum collected within one week after heparin withdrawal by use of the platelet factor 3 availability technic. When the studies were repeated with modifications to detect heparin-dependent antiplatelet antibodies, positive results were obtained in four of five patients. The data suggest that a casual relation, mediated by an immune mechanism, existed between heparin therapy and thrombocytopenia, and that this syndrome may occur more often than has previously.", "contents": "Heparin-induced immune thrombocytopenia. We studied five patients in whom severe thrombocytopenia developed during intermittent intravenous heparin treatment of arterial and venous thrombosis. Platelet aggregation was demonstrated when heparin (0.5 U per milliliter) was incubated with the patients' citrated platelet-rich plasma or with normal platelet-rich plasma in the presence of the patients' serum. Antiplatelet antibody was not detected in the patient globulin fractions prepared from serum collected within one week after heparin withdrawal by use of the platelet factor 3 availability technic. When the studies were repeated with modifications to detect heparin-dependent antiplatelet antibodies, positive results were obtained in four of five patients. The data suggest that a casual relation, mediated by an immune mechanism, existed between heparin therapy and thrombocytopenia, and that this syndrome may occur more often than has previously."}
{"id": "PMID:945461", "title": "Adiaspiromycosis in large free living carnivores.", "content": "Adiaspiromycosis was identified in 6 animals in the examination of the lungs of 90 large carnivores. Emmonsia crescens (Chrysosporium parvum var. crescens) was demonstrated as the causative agent in 5 cases of disease-in the badger (Meles meles), the otter (Lutra lutra) and the fox (Vulpes vulpes). E. parva was demonstrated in the remaining case of disease in a fox. The badger is a new, up to the present unknown host of E. crescens. The sporadic occurrence of adiaspiromycosis in the fox and the otter classifies this disease among rare diseases of this animals.", "contents": "Adiaspiromycosis in large free living carnivores. Adiaspiromycosis was identified in 6 animals in the examination of the lungs of 90 large carnivores. Emmonsia crescens (Chrysosporium parvum var. crescens) was demonstrated as the causative agent in 5 cases of disease-in the badger (Meles meles), the otter (Lutra lutra) and the fox (Vulpes vulpes). E. parva was demonstrated in the remaining case of disease in a fox. The badger is a new, up to the present unknown host of E. crescens. The sporadic occurrence of adiaspiromycosis in the fox and the otter classifies this disease among rare diseases of this animals."}
{"id": "PMID:945462", "title": "Effect of carbon source on conidiogenesis in Fonsecaea dermatitidis, agent of chromomycosis.", "content": "Hormiscium dermatitidis Kano is a well known etiological agent of cutaneous and generalized chromomycosis. However, the generic designation of this fungus has long been a much debated question. The results of the present study of the type culture ATCC 28869 indicate that the fungus is polymorphic, producing a Phialophora state in media containing glucose or maltose and a Cladosporium state in media containing galactose or melibiose. Morphologically and developmentally this chromomycotic agent is closely related to Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni and should be classified as Fonsecaes dermatitidis (Kano) Carrion.", "contents": "Effect of carbon source on conidiogenesis in Fonsecaea dermatitidis, agent of chromomycosis. Hormiscium dermatitidis Kano is a well known etiological agent of cutaneous and generalized chromomycosis. However, the generic designation of this fungus has long been a much debated question. The results of the present study of the type culture ATCC 28869 indicate that the fungus is polymorphic, producing a Phialophora state in media containing glucose or maltose and a Cladosporium state in media containing galactose or melibiose. Morphologically and developmentally this chromomycotic agent is closely related to Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Brumpt) Negroni and should be classified as Fonsecaes dermatitidis (Kano) Carrion."}
{"id": "PMID:945463", "title": "Some effects of tentoxin on mature and developing chloroplasts.", "content": "Tentoxin affected chloroplasts of all stages of development; it caused chlorosis of expanded and developing bean and lettuce leaves when introduced through the stem or roots and inhibited greening of etiolated lettuce seedlings. Cotyledons from 6-day-old lettuce seedlings grown in 10 mug/ml tentoxin had 50-68% of the monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride content of healthy tissue whereas the sulfolipid, phosphatidyl-glycerol, -ethanolamine, -choline and -inositol levels were unchanged. Toxin-treated tissue also showed selective increases in C-16 and C-18 saturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Some effects of tentoxin on mature and developing chloroplasts. Tentoxin affected chloroplasts of all stages of development; it caused chlorosis of expanded and developing bean and lettuce leaves when introduced through the stem or roots and inhibited greening of etiolated lettuce seedlings. Cotyledons from 6-day-old lettuce seedlings grown in 10 mug/ml tentoxin had 50-68% of the monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride content of healthy tissue whereas the sulfolipid, phosphatidyl-glycerol, -ethanolamine, -choline and -inositol levels were unchanged. Toxin-treated tissue also showed selective increases in C-16 and C-18 saturated fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:945464", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of experimental adiaspiromycosis.", "content": "Adiaspiromycotic granulomas of mice experimentally inoculated with fungus Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. There morphology, surface structure, and germinating adiaspores isolated from granulomas are described.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of experimental adiaspiromycosis. Adiaspiromycotic granulomas of mice experimentally inoculated with fungus Emmonsia crescens Emmons et Jellison 1960 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. There morphology, surface structure, and germinating adiaspores isolated from granulomas are described."}
{"id": "PMID:945478", "title": "[Neurootological examinations in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The examinations of gaze and optokinetic nystagmus were porformed at bed side before and after craniotomy. Gaze nystagmus were observed regularly in 120 cases who got the intracranial surgical procedures in Nagoya university hospital. Postoperative nystagmus which were not seen before operation appeared in 16 cases of 91 patients with supratentorial lesions and 24 cases of 27 patients with infratentorial lesions. These postoperative nystagmus continued for from 3 days to 21 days. The state of the direction of spontaneous horizontal nystagmus and directional preponderance were examined on 23 cases who were diagnosed as having unilateral lesion. In the cases with supratentorial lesion, the nystagmus appeared to be dominant toward the affected side, while in patients with infratentorial lesion, it had a tendency to be dominant toward the intact side. The mechanism of spontaneous and gaze nystagmus was discussed. The investigation could not conform whether nystagmus in supratentorial lesion was caused due to disturbance of the cerebral cortex or secondary disturbance of the brain stem. The postoperative nystagmus in the infratentorial lesion was possibly caused by the potoperative edema, operative injury, circulatory disturbance, and anoxia. Examinations of the optokinetic nystagmus had been done with hand-made drum at bed side for several weeks until the patients were stabilized. In most of 52 cases, horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were decreased in their frequency after craniotomy and gradually increased again. The similar observations were done in both supra- and infratentorial lesions. The optokinetic directional preponderance was examined on 30 cases diagnosed as having unilateral lesion. Eight supratentorial cases showed the decrease of intact side nystagmus and 2 infratentorial cases showed the decrease of affected side. The change of postoperative transient gaze nystagmus and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were thought to be the functional alteration of the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. The examinations of gaze nystagmus and optokinetic nystagmus were harmless, simple and could be repeated at bed side easily, so these examinations were reliable for the expectation of the postoperative status of the brain stem as well as cerebral hemisphere and the necessity of neurosurgical examination.", "contents": "[Neurootological examinations in neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. The examinations of gaze and optokinetic nystagmus were porformed at bed side before and after craniotomy. Gaze nystagmus were observed regularly in 120 cases who got the intracranial surgical procedures in Nagoya university hospital. Postoperative nystagmus which were not seen before operation appeared in 16 cases of 91 patients with supratentorial lesions and 24 cases of 27 patients with infratentorial lesions. These postoperative nystagmus continued for from 3 days to 21 days. The state of the direction of spontaneous horizontal nystagmus and directional preponderance were examined on 23 cases who were diagnosed as having unilateral lesion. In the cases with supratentorial lesion, the nystagmus appeared to be dominant toward the affected side, while in patients with infratentorial lesion, it had a tendency to be dominant toward the intact side. The mechanism of spontaneous and gaze nystagmus was discussed. The investigation could not conform whether nystagmus in supratentorial lesion was caused due to disturbance of the cerebral cortex or secondary disturbance of the brain stem. The postoperative nystagmus in the infratentorial lesion was possibly caused by the potoperative edema, operative injury, circulatory disturbance, and anoxia. Examinations of the optokinetic nystagmus had been done with hand-made drum at bed side for several weeks until the patients were stabilized. In most of 52 cases, horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were decreased in their frequency after craniotomy and gradually increased again. The similar observations were done in both supra- and infratentorial lesions. The optokinetic directional preponderance was examined on 30 cases diagnosed as having unilateral lesion. Eight supratentorial cases showed the decrease of intact side nystagmus and 2 infratentorial cases showed the decrease of affected side. The change of postoperative transient gaze nystagmus and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus were thought to be the functional alteration of the cerebral hemisphere and the brain stem. The examinations of gaze nystagmus and optokinetic nystagmus were harmless, simple and could be repeated at bed side easily, so these examinations were reliable for the expectation of the postoperative status of the brain stem as well as cerebral hemisphere and the necessity of neurosurgical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:945479", "title": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the sixth report)-on pituitary hormone secretion of acromegalic patients before treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "1) Pituitary hormone secretion of 14 acromegalic patients was studied before treatment. Incidence of hyporeactive response was 0%, 43%, 29%, 71% and 9% in ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH and PRL respectively. 2) Relatively higher incidence of hyporeactive TSH response in TRH test seems to be characteristic in acromegalic patients. 3) Six of 13 acromegalic patients examined on blood PRL level revealed relatively high blood PRL level over 50ng/ml.", "contents": "[Endocrinological evaluation of sellar and suprasellar tumor cases (the sixth report)-on pituitary hormone secretion of acromegalic patients before treatment (author's transl)]. 1) Pituitary hormone secretion of 14 acromegalic patients was studied before treatment. Incidence of hyporeactive response was 0%, 43%, 29%, 71% and 9% in ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH and PRL respectively. 2) Relatively higher incidence of hyporeactive TSH response in TRH test seems to be characteristic in acromegalic patients. 3) Six of 13 acromegalic patients examined on blood PRL level revealed relatively high blood PRL level over 50ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:945480", "title": "[On the phenomena of extravasation of contrast media in cerebral angiogram of the case of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and their clinical significance-analysis of 14 cases (author's transl)]?", "content": "Since Westerburg (1966) reported a case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage who showed extravasation of contrast media on the cerebral angiogram, only 21 cases demonstrated extravasation of contrast media were reported by several authors. The author experienced 14 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage whose cerebral angiogram showed extravasation of contrast media. These 14 cases occupied 21.1% of 58 cases whom cerebral angiographies were performed within 24 hours after the stroke. 6 out of 14 cases were cured by evacuation of the hematoma surgically. These 14 cases were dividied into three types by the shape of extravasation of contrast media as followed: Type I showed widespread leakage of contrast media. Type II showed sash-like leakage of contrast media surrounded by diffuse thin shadow and Type III showed small spotlike leakage of contrast media. These three types indicated the arterial bleeding stage, the stage of accerelated arterial wall permeability and the subsquent venous bleeding respectively. The author concluded that these extravasation of contrast media not only demonstrated the bleeding artery but also indicated the process of the hematoma formation in each case.", "contents": "[On the phenomena of extravasation of contrast media in cerebral angiogram of the case of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and their clinical significance-analysis of 14 cases (author's transl)]? Since Westerburg (1966) reported a case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage who showed extravasation of contrast media on the cerebral angiogram, only 21 cases demonstrated extravasation of contrast media were reported by several authors. The author experienced 14 cases of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage whose cerebral angiogram showed extravasation of contrast media. These 14 cases occupied 21.1% of 58 cases whom cerebral angiographies were performed within 24 hours after the stroke. 6 out of 14 cases were cured by evacuation of the hematoma surgically. These 14 cases were dividied into three types by the shape of extravasation of contrast media as followed: Type I showed widespread leakage of contrast media. Type II showed sash-like leakage of contrast media surrounded by diffuse thin shadow and Type III showed small spotlike leakage of contrast media. These three types indicated the arterial bleeding stage, the stage of accerelated arterial wall permeability and the subsquent venous bleeding respectively. The author concluded that these extravasation of contrast media not only demonstrated the bleeding artery but also indicated the process of the hematoma formation in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:945481", "title": "[Occipital tumor simulating pericranial sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of occipital tumor simulating sinus pericranii was reported. The patient was a 4-year-old girl who suffered from headache and nausea following head injury on midoccipital tumor, but had no remarkable neurological deficit. Her occipital tumor was soft, compressible redish and cyst-like without bruit. Conray cystography of this tumor showed superior sagittal sinus like shadow (Fig. 4). Total removal of the tumor associated with epidural hematoma was performed. Histologically this tumor was confirmed as eosinophilic granuloma. Pathogenesis of this case is following, since patient's tumor was blowed, intratumor-bleeding occurred cosequently and the bleeding flowed into epidural space. So the tumor simulated sinus pericranii (Fig. 5.).", "contents": "[Occipital tumor simulating pericranial sinus (author's transl)]. A case of occipital tumor simulating sinus pericranii was reported. The patient was a 4-year-old girl who suffered from headache and nausea following head injury on midoccipital tumor, but had no remarkable neurological deficit. Her occipital tumor was soft, compressible redish and cyst-like without bruit. Conray cystography of this tumor showed superior sagittal sinus like shadow (Fig. 4). Total removal of the tumor associated with epidural hematoma was performed. Histologically this tumor was confirmed as eosinophilic granuloma. Pathogenesis of this case is following, since patient's tumor was blowed, intratumor-bleeding occurred cosequently and the bleeding flowed into epidural space. So the tumor simulated sinus pericranii (Fig. 5.)."}
{"id": "PMID:945482", "title": "[Paratrigeminal epidermoid originated in the meckel's cave (author's transl)].", "content": "We have reported a case of paratrigeminal epidermoid originated in the Meckel's cave. A 30 years old man was admitted to the department of neurosurgery with chief complaints of continuous right facial pain and numbness of entire right side of the face of three years duration. The positive neurological findings were hypesthesia over the distribution of the right trigeminal nerve, absence of the right corneal reflex and nystagmus on left lateral gaze. Caloric response was absent on the right side, however the audiogram showed normal. Cerebrospinal fluid examination was within normal limit. Electromyography showed giant spike in the right masseter and temporal muscles. Radiogram of the skull revealed a bone-destroying lesion over the medial florr of the right middle fossa involving the apex of the petrous bone (Fig 1). Right carotid angiography showed straightening and forward displacement of C4- C5 portion of the carotid siphon in the lateral view, and vertebral angiography showed displacement of basilar artery to the left side, upward displacement of the right  posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar artery in the frontal view (Fig. 2, 3). At the time of operation, an epidermoid was identified in the Meckel's cave and totally removed microsurgically. Small amount of the tumor extending into the posterior fossa was also removed (Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7). Postoperative course was uneventfull except for an episode of headache and high fever of short duration, suggesting the signs of meningial irritation. Two months postoperativelly patient was relived of facial pain and was discharged with sensory impairment of the right trigeminal nerve distribution. Only 11 cases of paratrigeminal epidermoid, including the cases localized in the Meckel's cave have been reported in the past literatures (Table 1). In this paper we have discussed about the symptomatology and clinical data of paratrigeminal epidermoid and compared with those of trigeminal neurinoma, and meningioma originated in the same region. We would like to emphasize that the importance of differentiating the idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia from the paratrigeminal epidermoid, if the initial symptom of this tumor were tic douloureux. The total removal of epidermoid with capsule is essential treatment following the early diagnosis, however the attempt of total removal is sometimes difficult because of the relationship between the origin, size and extension of this kind of tumor to other important brain structures. And if some of the tumor is left behind at the time of operation, cholesterin meningitis is an important complication.", "contents": "[Paratrigeminal epidermoid originated in the meckel's cave (author's transl)]. We have reported a case of paratrigeminal epidermoid originated in the Meckel's cave. A 30 years old man was admitted to the department of neurosurgery with chief complaints of continuous right facial pain and numbness of entire right side of the face of three years duration. The positive neurological findings were hypesthesia over the distribution of the right trigeminal nerve, absence of the right corneal reflex and nystagmus on left lateral gaze. Caloric response was absent on the right side, however the audiogram showed normal. Cerebrospinal fluid examination was within normal limit. Electromyography showed giant spike in the right masseter and temporal muscles. Radiogram of the skull revealed a bone-destroying lesion over the medial florr of the right middle fossa involving the apex of the petrous bone (Fig 1). Right carotid angiography showed straightening and forward displacement of C4- C5 portion of the carotid siphon in the lateral view, and vertebral angiography showed displacement of basilar artery to the left side, upward displacement of the right  posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar artery in the frontal view (Fig. 2, 3). At the time of operation, an epidermoid was identified in the Meckel's cave and totally removed microsurgically. Small amount of the tumor extending into the posterior fossa was also removed (Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7). Postoperative course was uneventfull except for an episode of headache and high fever of short duration, suggesting the signs of meningial irritation. Two months postoperativelly patient was relived of facial pain and was discharged with sensory impairment of the right trigeminal nerve distribution. Only 11 cases of paratrigeminal epidermoid, including the cases localized in the Meckel's cave have been reported in the past literatures (Table 1). In this paper we have discussed about the symptomatology and clinical data of paratrigeminal epidermoid and compared with those of trigeminal neurinoma, and meningioma originated in the same region. We would like to emphasize that the importance of differentiating the idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia from the paratrigeminal epidermoid, if the initial symptom of this tumor were tic douloureux. The total removal of epidermoid with capsule is essential treatment following the early diagnosis, however the attempt of total removal is sometimes difficult because of the relationship between the origin, size and extension of this kind of tumor to other important brain structures. And if some of the tumor is left behind at the time of operation, cholesterin meningitis is an important complication."}
{"id": "PMID:945483", "title": "[Dura arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa-clinical and angiographical analysis of 6 cases].", "content": "Dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa was infrequently reported in the literatures. We presented 6 cases of dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa with the presentation of typical examples. Up to the end February, 1974, 119 cases of intracranial arteriovenous malformation were experienced in our clinic, in which there were 6 cases of dural arteriovenous malformation. The ages of our series ranged from 41 to 75 years old and 57 years old in average. Tinnitus and headache were two main symptoms which developed in most of the cases. As for the older symptoms, visual disturbance was seen in 4 cases, unilateral pulsating exophthalmos in 1 case and papilledema in 3 cases. There wers two cases which progressive dementia was developed by the cerebral anoxia due to arteriovenous shung. On examination, a pulsatile bruit was audible at the mastoid region in all cases and a thrill could be palpated along the occipital arteries. Many kinds of durl and/or tentorial arteries which were drained directly into the sinuses at the occipital portion as the feeding arteries were visualized angiographically. Moreover, the angiographical patterns of feeding arteries into the sinuses showed dynamic changes after the operation. As for the treatments, many kinds of surgery were carried out for the cases by the combination method of the next 6 ways. 1. ligation of external carotid artery 2. ablation of periosteum from occipital bone 3. occipital and/or suboccipital craniectomy 4. clipping of almost of all feeding arteries at dura mater and tentorium 5. ligation of threocervical trunk 6. ventriculo-atrial shunt or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt From our experiences, the most effective treatment is thought to be a direct closure of intradural arteriovenous shunt near the sinus at the occipital portion in the early stage.", "contents": "[Dura arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa-clinical and angiographical analysis of 6 cases]. Dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa was infrequently reported in the literatures. We presented 6 cases of dural arteriovenous malformation of the posterior fossa with the presentation of typical examples. Up to the end February, 1974, 119 cases of intracranial arteriovenous malformation were experienced in our clinic, in which there were 6 cases of dural arteriovenous malformation. The ages of our series ranged from 41 to 75 years old and 57 years old in average. Tinnitus and headache were two main symptoms which developed in most of the cases. As for the older symptoms, visual disturbance was seen in 4 cases, unilateral pulsating exophthalmos in 1 case and papilledema in 3 cases. There wers two cases which progressive dementia was developed by the cerebral anoxia due to arteriovenous shung. On examination, a pulsatile bruit was audible at the mastoid region in all cases and a thrill could be palpated along the occipital arteries. Many kinds of durl and/or tentorial arteries which were drained directly into the sinuses at the occipital portion as the feeding arteries were visualized angiographically. Moreover, the angiographical patterns of feeding arteries into the sinuses showed dynamic changes after the operation. As for the treatments, many kinds of surgery were carried out for the cases by the combination method of the next 6 ways. 1. ligation of external carotid artery 2. ablation of periosteum from occipital bone 3. occipital and/or suboccipital craniectomy 4. clipping of almost of all feeding arteries at dura mater and tentorium 5. ligation of threocervical trunk 6. ventriculo-atrial shunt or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt From our experiences, the most effective treatment is thought to be a direct closure of intradural arteriovenous shunt near the sinus at the occipital portion in the early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:945484", "title": "[Treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation by surgical excision combined with afferent vessel coagulation-report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation was reported, in whom serial selective spinal angiogram and pantopaque myelogram showed a successful demonstration of intramedullary nidus. A 25-year-old male was admitted with paraparesis, impotence, hypesthesia and hypalgesia in his legs in 1974. He was diagnosed to have a spinal cord arteriovenous malformation of so-called \"glomus type\" with intramedullary nidus by the selective spinal angiogram and pantopaque myelogram. The nidus was fed by the anterior spinal artery through the 8th intercostal artery, from which a major draining vein extended caudally, but there was also some cranial drainage. The arteriovenous malformation was treated by surgical excision combined with afferent vessels coagulation in order to prevent the rupture of the remaining intramedullary nidus. After operation the patient develop a transient analgesia and girdle pain at T9-10 level, but after 42 days he regained full muscle power in his legs and could run by himself, while sensory disturbance remained about the same as before surgery.", "contents": "[Treatment of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation by surgical excision combined with afferent vessel coagulation-report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of spinal cord arteriovenous malformation was reported, in whom serial selective spinal angiogram and pantopaque myelogram showed a successful demonstration of intramedullary nidus. A 25-year-old male was admitted with paraparesis, impotence, hypesthesia and hypalgesia in his legs in 1974. He was diagnosed to have a spinal cord arteriovenous malformation of so-called \"glomus type\" with intramedullary nidus by the selective spinal angiogram and pantopaque myelogram. The nidus was fed by the anterior spinal artery through the 8th intercostal artery, from which a major draining vein extended caudally, but there was also some cranial drainage. The arteriovenous malformation was treated by surgical excision combined with afferent vessels coagulation in order to prevent the rupture of the remaining intramedullary nidus. After operation the patient develop a transient analgesia and girdle pain at T9-10 level, but after 42 days he regained full muscle power in his legs and could run by himself, while sensory disturbance remained about the same as before surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:945489", "title": "Studies with bromocriptine. Part 1. \"On-off\" phenomena.", "content": "A dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine, has been studied in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism complicated by severe \"on-off\" phenomena induced by levodopa. In a \"blind\" self-evaluating within-patient comparison, fluctuations in clinical state still occurred when levodopa (with or without carbidopa) was replaced with bromocriptine, but they were significantly reduced in frequency. The observation that on-off phenomena can be induced by bromocriptine complicates interpretation of these episodes in terms of pharmacokinetics of levodopa. There may be variations in receptor sensitivity or alterations in the influence of unidentified neurophysiologic mechanisms that modulate striatal output.", "contents": "Studies with bromocriptine. Part 1. \"On-off\" phenomena. A dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine, has been studied in patients with idiopathic parkinsonism complicated by severe \"on-off\" phenomena induced by levodopa. In a \"blind\" self-evaluating within-patient comparison, fluctuations in clinical state still occurred when levodopa (with or without carbidopa) was replaced with bromocriptine, but they were significantly reduced in frequency. The observation that on-off phenomena can be induced by bromocriptine complicates interpretation of these episodes in terms of pharmacokinetics of levodopa. There may be variations in receptor sensitivity or alterations in the influence of unidentified neurophysiologic mechanisms that modulate striatal output."}
{"id": "PMID:945490", "title": "Dapsone motor neuropathy--an axonal disease.", "content": "Dapsone produces a potentially reversible toxic neuropathy, with its primary effect on the soma and axons of motor neurons as opposed to myelin. There is very little evidence to suggest involvement of sensory axons in most cases; if present, it would appear minimal. A \"dying back\" of motor axons is postulated to produce the clinical features of primarily distal weakness and wasting. Recovery appears to occur via axon regeneration and peripheral sprouting. The sporadic occurrence of this neuropathy may be due to slow acetylation of dapsone in some patients.", "contents": "Dapsone motor neuropathy--an axonal disease. Dapsone produces a potentially reversible toxic neuropathy, with its primary effect on the soma and axons of motor neurons as opposed to myelin. There is very little evidence to suggest involvement of sensory axons in most cases; if present, it would appear minimal. A \"dying back\" of motor axons is postulated to produce the clinical features of primarily distal weakness and wasting. Recovery appears to occur via axon regeneration and peripheral sprouting. The sporadic occurrence of this neuropathy may be due to slow acetylation of dapsone in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:945491", "title": "Radioisotope scanning in inflammatory muscle disease.", "content": "Fourteen whole-body rectilinear bone scans using technetium 99m-polyphosphate were done in nine patients with well-documented inflammatory myopathy (either polymyositis or dermatomyositis). In all nine patients, the scans showed evidence of increased muscle labeling. Muscle uptake was markedly increased in one patient, moderately increased in two patients, and minimally increased in six patients. The degree of muscle labeling correlated with the severity of the muscle weakness at the time the scan was done. In four patients, who received high-dose corticosteroid treatment, muscle uptake was decreased following therapy. These findings suggest that radioisotope scanning may be useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory muscle diseases.", "contents": "Radioisotope scanning in inflammatory muscle disease. Fourteen whole-body rectilinear bone scans using technetium 99m-polyphosphate were done in nine patients with well-documented inflammatory myopathy (either polymyositis or dermatomyositis). In all nine patients, the scans showed evidence of increased muscle labeling. Muscle uptake was markedly increased in one patient, moderately increased in two patients, and minimally increased in six patients. The degree of muscle labeling correlated with the severity of the muscle weakness at the time the scan was done. In four patients, who received high-dose corticosteroid treatment, muscle uptake was decreased following therapy. These findings suggest that radioisotope scanning may be useful in the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory muscle diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:945492", "title": "The orbicularis oculi reflex in infancy and childhood. Establishment of normal values.", "content": "The orbicularis oculi reflex and direct facial nerve conduction were studied in 38 normal children ranging in age from 1 month to 9 years. Direct facial nerve conduction in all groups was within adult normal values. The early response of the orbicularis oculi reflex obtains normal adult values by age 24 months. Both ipsilateral and contralateral delayed responses are absent under 20 months, are widely variable between 21 and 56 months, and obtain adult normal values beginning at age 6 years. The expression of the orbicularis oculi reflex is an age-related phenomenon presumably reflecting brain stem anatomic and functional maturation.", "contents": "The orbicularis oculi reflex in infancy and childhood. Establishment of normal values. The orbicularis oculi reflex and direct facial nerve conduction were studied in 38 normal children ranging in age from 1 month to 9 years. Direct facial nerve conduction in all groups was within adult normal values. The early response of the orbicularis oculi reflex obtains normal adult values by age 24 months. Both ipsilateral and contralateral delayed responses are absent under 20 months, are widely variable between 21 and 56 months, and obtain adult normal values beginning at age 6 years. The expression of the orbicularis oculi reflex is an age-related phenomenon presumably reflecting brain stem anatomic and functional maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:945493", "title": "\"Ping-pong\" gaze. Periodic alternating gaze deviation.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study of patient with periodic alternating gaze deviation is presented. The patient's eye moved rhythmically and conjugately from one extreme lateral position to the other. A 0.45-cm hemorrhage, found in the midline deep vermis, is thought to have disrupted the neural integrator that holds positions of gaze, resulting in periodic alternating gaze deviation. Three previous cases of periodic alternating gaze deviation are reviewed and illustrate the role of the cerebellum in the control of eye movements.", "contents": "\"Ping-pong\" gaze. Periodic alternating gaze deviation. A clinicopathologic study of patient with periodic alternating gaze deviation is presented. The patient's eye moved rhythmically and conjugately from one extreme lateral position to the other. A 0.45-cm hemorrhage, found in the midline deep vermis, is thought to have disrupted the neural integrator that holds positions of gaze, resulting in periodic alternating gaze deviation. Three previous cases of periodic alternating gaze deviation are reviewed and illustrate the role of the cerebellum in the control of eye movements."}
{"id": "PMID:945494", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of pyridostigmine.", "content": "A simplified gas chromatographic method for measuring quaternary ammonium compounds has been developed and used to measure the serum concentration of pyridostigmine in human beings. Pyridostigmine is present in the serum within 1 hour after oral administration and reaches a peak at 2 hours. Results in several patients suggest that the serum concentration achieved is related to the size of the dose and that there is a relationship between serum concentration and clinical response.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of pyridostigmine. A simplified gas chromatographic method for measuring quaternary ammonium compounds has been developed and used to measure the serum concentration of pyridostigmine in human beings. Pyridostigmine is present in the serum within 1 hour after oral administration and reaches a peak at 2 hours. Results in several patients suggest that the serum concentration achieved is related to the size of the dose and that there is a relationship between serum concentration and clinical response."}
{"id": "PMID:945495", "title": "Radiation-induced cerebrovascular disease in children.", "content": "Radiation-induced internal carotid artery occlusion has not been well recognized previously as a cause of childhood cerebrovascular disease. A child who had received radiation as a neonate for a hemangioma involving the left orbit at the age of 6 years experienced a recurrent right-sided paresis, vascular headaches, and speech difficulties. Angiography showed a hypoplastic left carotid artery with occlusion of both the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Collateral vessels bypassed the occluded-stenotic segments. Review of the literature showed two additional cases of large vessel occlusion in childhood associated with anastomatic telangiectatic vessel developmental following early radiation therapy of facial hemangioma.", "contents": "Radiation-induced cerebrovascular disease in children. Radiation-induced internal carotid artery occlusion has not been well recognized previously as a cause of childhood cerebrovascular disease. A child who had received radiation as a neonate for a hemangioma involving the left orbit at the age of 6 years experienced a recurrent right-sided paresis, vascular headaches, and speech difficulties. Angiography showed a hypoplastic left carotid artery with occlusion of both the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Collateral vessels bypassed the occluded-stenotic segments. Review of the literature showed two additional cases of large vessel occlusion in childhood associated with anastomatic telangiectatic vessel developmental following early radiation therapy of facial hemangioma."}
{"id": "PMID:945496", "title": "Multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. A case report with single fiber electromyography.", "content": "A 34-year-old woman with long-standing multiple sclerosis had a 2-year history and physical signs of myasthenia gravis. The edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test was positive. Repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 3 Hz did not show evidence of myasthenic response; however, a single-fiber electromyography demonstrated evidence of neuromuscular block as seen in myasthenia gravis, which was reversed to normal after intravenously administered edrophonium. The patient improved on anticholinesterase medication. It is suggested that patients with multiple sclerosis who have unusual features such as in the patient reported here should be investigated for the presence of myasthenia gravis to ensure proper treatment.", "contents": "Multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. A case report with single fiber electromyography. A 34-year-old woman with long-standing multiple sclerosis had a 2-year history and physical signs of myasthenia gravis. The edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test was positive. Repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 3 Hz did not show evidence of myasthenic response; however, a single-fiber electromyography demonstrated evidence of neuromuscular block as seen in myasthenia gravis, which was reversed to normal after intravenously administered edrophonium. The patient improved on anticholinesterase medication. It is suggested that patients with multiple sclerosis who have unusual features such as in the patient reported here should be investigated for the presence of myasthenia gravis to ensure proper treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:945497", "title": "Brain stem dysfunction related to cervical manipulation. Report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of brain stem dysfunction associated with cervical manipulation are reported. The patients exhibited a spectrum of neurologic deficits, ranging from minimal to severe. Literature concerning the relationship of neck movement and vertebrobasilar blood flow is reviewed and an explanation for the ischemia leading to dysfunction is proposed.", "contents": "Brain stem dysfunction related to cervical manipulation. Report of three cases. Three cases of brain stem dysfunction associated with cervical manipulation are reported. The patients exhibited a spectrum of neurologic deficits, ranging from minimal to severe. Literature concerning the relationship of neck movement and vertebrobasilar blood flow is reviewed and an explanation for the ischemia leading to dysfunction is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:945498", "title": "Syringomyelia associated with postmeningitic spinal arachnoiditis. Filling of the syrinx through a communication with the subarachnoid space.", "content": "A patient is described who became paraplegic because of postmeningitic spinal arachnoiditis. Twelve years later, upper limb signs appeared. Syringomyelia of an unusal communicating type was demonstrated by air myelography: Air, introduced by lumbar route, filled syrinx up to the level of the first cervical vertebra, through a communication with the subarachnoid space at the thoracic level.", "contents": "Syringomyelia associated with postmeningitic spinal arachnoiditis. Filling of the syrinx through a communication with the subarachnoid space. A patient is described who became paraplegic because of postmeningitic spinal arachnoiditis. Twelve years later, upper limb signs appeared. Syringomyelia of an unusal communicating type was demonstrated by air myelography: Air, introduced by lumbar route, filled syrinx up to the level of the first cervical vertebra, through a communication with the subarachnoid space at the thoracic level."}
{"id": "PMID:945499", "title": "Significance of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in Duchenne dystrophy.", "content": "Study of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes using a quantitative column chromatographic technique showed that there was a significant difference in serum MB isoenzyme activity between patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (42 mU per milliter) and those with other kinds of neuromuscular diseases (8 mU per milliter). In the Duchenne patients, the serum MB isoenzyme activity did not correlate with clinical cardiac disease. Furthermore, skeletal muscle damage produced in the rat by aortic ligation and 5-hydroxytryptamine resulted in significant elevations of plasma MB isoenzyme activty. These studies suggest that the serum MB isoenzyme activity in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is probably arising from skeletal, not cardiac muscle and may reflect a distinct pathogenesis from other kinds of neuromuscular disorders.", "contents": "Significance of creatine phosphokinase isoenzymes in Duchenne dystrophy. Study of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes using a quantitative column chromatographic technique showed that there was a significant difference in serum MB isoenzyme activity between patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (42 mU per milliter) and those with other kinds of neuromuscular diseases (8 mU per milliter). In the Duchenne patients, the serum MB isoenzyme activity did not correlate with clinical cardiac disease. Furthermore, skeletal muscle damage produced in the rat by aortic ligation and 5-hydroxytryptamine resulted in significant elevations of plasma MB isoenzyme activty. These studies suggest that the serum MB isoenzyme activity in the Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is probably arising from skeletal, not cardiac muscle and may reflect a distinct pathogenesis from other kinds of neuromuscular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:945500", "title": "Chronic polyradiculoneuropathy of infancy. A report of three cases with familial incidence.", "content": "Two siblings and a third child exhibited a syndrome of progressive muscular weakness and wasting, closely resembling Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease. Autopsy of one of the siblings and the third child showed nearly total absence of myelin sheaths in the cranial and spinal nerve roots, relative preservation of axons, and normal neurons in the motor cranial nerve nuclei and anterior spinal gray matter. The mother of the siblings had bilateral pes cavus, and the father of the third child had a sensory-motor polyneuropathy dating to childhood, associated with pes cavus and scoliosis. The disorder in these children and in a few similar cases in the literature shares some features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and the hypertrophic neuropathy of Dejerine-Sottas, but it is difficult to classify as either of these familial neuropathies as presently defined. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid protein is a useful finding in distinguishing such children from patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease.", "contents": "Chronic polyradiculoneuropathy of infancy. A report of three cases with familial incidence. Two siblings and a third child exhibited a syndrome of progressive muscular weakness and wasting, closely resembling Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease. Autopsy of one of the siblings and the third child showed nearly total absence of myelin sheaths in the cranial and spinal nerve roots, relative preservation of axons, and normal neurons in the motor cranial nerve nuclei and anterior spinal gray matter. The mother of the siblings had bilateral pes cavus, and the father of the third child had a sensory-motor polyneuropathy dating to childhood, associated with pes cavus and scoliosis. The disorder in these children and in a few similar cases in the literature shares some features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and the hypertrophic neuropathy of Dejerine-Sottas, but it is difficult to classify as either of these familial neuropathies as presently defined. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid protein is a useful finding in distinguishing such children from patients with Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945501", "title": "Acute encephalopathy caused by defective virus infection. I. Studies of Newcastle disease virus infections in newborn and adult mice.", "content": "An acute encephalopathy caused by a defective paramyxovirus infection was studied. Newcastle disease virus (ndv), given intracerebrally, caused neurologic disease and death in mice. Infected newborn mice died by the fourth day after inoculation, and abundant amounts of virus were recovered from their brains. Infected 4-week-old mice died by the eighth day, but only minimal amounts of virus, if any, were recovered. The brains of many moribund 4-week-old mice were histologically normal and contained no NDV antigen on fluorescent antibody staining. No serum antibody to NDV was detected. These features make this infection difficult to distinguish from a metabolic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Acute encephalopathy caused by defective virus infection. I. Studies of Newcastle disease virus infections in newborn and adult mice. An acute encephalopathy caused by a defective paramyxovirus infection was studied. Newcastle disease virus (ndv), given intracerebrally, caused neurologic disease and death in mice. Infected newborn mice died by the fourth day after inoculation, and abundant amounts of virus were recovered from their brains. Infected 4-week-old mice died by the eighth day, but only minimal amounts of virus, if any, were recovered. The brains of many moribund 4-week-old mice were histologically normal and contained no NDV antigen on fluorescent antibody staining. No serum antibody to NDV was detected. These features make this infection difficult to distinguish from a metabolic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:945502", "title": "Myasthenic abduction mystagmus in a patient with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Intravenous edrophonium chloride promptly stopped a sustained high frequency abduction nystagmus, supporting a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in a patient with hyperthyroidism. Myasthenia gravis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any acquired, isolated, and sustained abduction nystagmus, and this possibility should be ruled out by intravenous edrophonium chloride.", "contents": "Myasthenic abduction mystagmus in a patient with hyperthyroidism. Intravenous edrophonium chloride promptly stopped a sustained high frequency abduction nystagmus, supporting a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in a patient with hyperthyroidism. Myasthenia gravis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any acquired, isolated, and sustained abduction nystagmus, and this possibility should be ruled out by intravenous edrophonium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:945503", "title": "False positive serology in cerebrospinal fluid associated with a spinal cord tumor.", "content": "Biologic false positive serology in cerebrospinal fluid has been reported as exceedingly rare. In a patient with a spinal cord tumor and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, the cerebrospinal fluid was reactive to VDRL and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (fta-abs) tests, but became nonreactive with removal of the tumor. This biologic false positive reaction may be related to the elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, as similar false positive reactions have occurred in blood with abnormal or elevated proteins. Cerebrospinal fluid reactive to the VDRL and FTA-ABS tests does not always indicate neurosyphilis.", "contents": "False positive serology in cerebrospinal fluid associated with a spinal cord tumor. Biologic false positive serology in cerebrospinal fluid has been reported as exceedingly rare. In a patient with a spinal cord tumor and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, the cerebrospinal fluid was reactive to VDRL and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (fta-abs) tests, but became nonreactive with removal of the tumor. This biologic false positive reaction may be related to the elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein, as similar false positive reactions have occurred in blood with abnormal or elevated proteins. Cerebrospinal fluid reactive to the VDRL and FTA-ABS tests does not always indicate neurosyphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:945504", "title": "Sustained downgaze deviation. Two cases without structural pretectal lesions.", "content": "Severe conjugate downward eye deviation of several days' duration in a lethargic patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage and of several weeks' duration in a comatose patient with hypoxic encephalopathy occurred in the absence of structural pretectal lesions. Persisting downgaze in a stuporous or comatose patient does not necessarily indicate anatomic pretectal damage.", "contents": "Sustained downgaze deviation. Two cases without structural pretectal lesions. Severe conjugate downward eye deviation of several days' duration in a lethargic patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage and of several weeks' duration in a comatose patient with hypoxic encephalopathy occurred in the absence of structural pretectal lesions. Persisting downgaze in a stuporous or comatose patient does not necessarily indicate anatomic pretectal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:945505", "title": "Herpes simplex neuropathy.", "content": "Atypical facial pain and permanent sensory loss in the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve developed in a patient who had had multiple attacks of herpes simplex neuralgia over a period of 8 years. Intravenous cytosine arabinoside failed to prevent a recurrence of the vasicular eruption, but carbamazepine produced symtomatic pain relief. This case demonstrates that herpes simplex can closely mimic herpes zoster as a cause of postherpetic neuralgia and suggests a possible etiology of atypical facial pain and/or trigeminal sensory neuropaty in some patients.", "contents": "Herpes simplex neuropathy. Atypical facial pain and permanent sensory loss in the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve developed in a patient who had had multiple attacks of herpes simplex neuralgia over a period of 8 years. Intravenous cytosine arabinoside failed to prevent a recurrence of the vasicular eruption, but carbamazepine produced symtomatic pain relief. This case demonstrates that herpes simplex can closely mimic herpes zoster as a cause of postherpetic neuralgia and suggests a possible etiology of atypical facial pain and/or trigeminal sensory neuropaty in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:945507", "title": "A follow-up study of Sydenham's chorea.", "content": "Twenty-five patients convalescing from Sydenham's chorea were contrasted by clinical examination, electroencephalograms, and psychometric and psychologic tests to 15 siblings and 20 matched rheumatic fever controls. A group of 10 postchoreic patients who had two or more signs could be identified. Patients in this group had all the signs classified as moderate or severe, performed less well than other choreic subjects on the Bender gestalt test, and had a higher percentage of abnormal electroencephalograms but not a higher incidence of behavioral disorders. This subgroup could not be predicted from a review of neurologic history or from analysis of the acute episode of chorea. Our data would suggest that uncomplicated Sydenham's chorea is not necessarily a benign self-limited affliction of the central nervous system and that some patients are left with definite, albeit minimal, neurologic residua.", "contents": "A follow-up study of Sydenham's chorea. Twenty-five patients convalescing from Sydenham's chorea were contrasted by clinical examination, electroencephalograms, and psychometric and psychologic tests to 15 siblings and 20 matched rheumatic fever controls. A group of 10 postchoreic patients who had two or more signs could be identified. Patients in this group had all the signs classified as moderate or severe, performed less well than other choreic subjects on the Bender gestalt test, and had a higher percentage of abnormal electroencephalograms but not a higher incidence of behavioral disorders. This subgroup could not be predicted from a review of neurologic history or from analysis of the acute episode of chorea. Our data would suggest that uncomplicated Sydenham's chorea is not necessarily a benign self-limited affliction of the central nervous system and that some patients are left with definite, albeit minimal, neurologic residua."}
{"id": "PMID:945508", "title": "Electrophysiologic evaluations of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Preliminary findings.", "content": "Electric testing was performed in 106 myasthenia gravis patients before and after transcervical thymectomy. Twenty-nine were followed for 3 to 24 months. Results were correlated with thymic pathology, duration of disease, age at operation, and follow-up clinical status. Electric improvement was significantly greater in patients without thymic germinal centers or with only rare to occasional germinal centers, in patients operated on within 1 year after onset of symptoms, and in patients under age 30. Electric improvement immediately after thymectomy heralded later clinical improvement in those patients without germinal centers or with rare to occasional germinal centers. Electric-clinical correlations were excellent in patients with longer follow-up. Serial electric testing provides an objective evaluation of the patients' clinical status post-thymectomy.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic evaluations of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Preliminary findings. Electric testing was performed in 106 myasthenia gravis patients before and after transcervical thymectomy. Twenty-nine were followed for 3 to 24 months. Results were correlated with thymic pathology, duration of disease, age at operation, and follow-up clinical status. Electric improvement was significantly greater in patients without thymic germinal centers or with only rare to occasional germinal centers, in patients operated on within 1 year after onset of symptoms, and in patients under age 30. Electric improvement immediately after thymectomy heralded later clinical improvement in those patients without germinal centers or with rare to occasional germinal centers. Electric-clinical correlations were excellent in patients with longer follow-up. Serial electric testing provides an objective evaluation of the patients' clinical status post-thymectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:945509", "title": "Asymmetry of the lateral (sylvian) fissures in man.", "content": "We compared the courses of right and left lateral (sylvian) fissures by superimposing left lateral and reversed right lateral photographic slide projections and tracing the sulci and fissures of each hemisphere in different colors. A characteristic pattern of divergence of posterior regions of the lateral fissures was noted in 25 of 36 adult brains. After pursuing similar courses, the right lateral fissure angulates sharply upward into the inferior parietal area while the left one continues posteriorly. As a consequence, on the right, there is a smaller parietal operculum, a shorter planum temporale, a higher sylvian point, and compensatory expansion of the inferior parietal region posterior to the lateral fissure.", "contents": "Asymmetry of the lateral (sylvian) fissures in man. We compared the courses of right and left lateral (sylvian) fissures by superimposing left lateral and reversed right lateral photographic slide projections and tracing the sulci and fissures of each hemisphere in different colors. A characteristic pattern of divergence of posterior regions of the lateral fissures was noted in 25 of 36 adult brains. After pursuing similar courses, the right lateral fissure angulates sharply upward into the inferior parietal area while the left one continues posteriorly. As a consequence, on the right, there is a smaller parietal operculum, a shorter planum temporale, a higher sylvian point, and compensatory expansion of the inferior parietal region posterior to the lateral fissure."}
{"id": "PMID:945510", "title": "Electroencephalographic evaluation in Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "The most consistent electroencephalographic finding in 16 cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome was a unilateral reduction of background amplitude in the waking record. Comparable asymmetries were noted in those patients in whom sleep recording also was done. Physiologic responses (to hyperventilation and photic driving) usually were decreased on the involved side. These hemispheric electroencephalographic abnormalities are detectable in infancy even before the characteristic intracranial calification develops. Epileptiform activity, when focal, was limited to the involved hemisphere.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic evaluation in Sturge-Weber syndrome. The most consistent electroencephalographic finding in 16 cases of Sturge-Weber syndrome was a unilateral reduction of background amplitude in the waking record. Comparable asymmetries were noted in those patients in whom sleep recording also was done. Physiologic responses (to hyperventilation and photic driving) usually were decreased on the involved side. These hemispheric electroencephalographic abnormalities are detectable in infancy even before the characteristic intracranial calification develops. Epileptiform activity, when focal, was limited to the involved hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:945511", "title": "Carnitine deficiency of skeletal muscle: report of a treated case.", "content": "We studied a 10-year-old girl with an insidious muscle disease beginning at age 7. Muscle biopsy showed that the majority of type I fibers were vacuolated and contained lipid excess. Carnitine deficiency was found in skeletal muscle. The patient was treated with 3.0 gm L-carnitine per day and with a medium-chain triglyceride diet. She showed a rapid improvement and recovery of strength. A muscle biopsy 8 months later showed a decreased lipid content. Oral carnitine replacement represents an effective treatment for the disease.", "contents": "Carnitine deficiency of skeletal muscle: report of a treated case. We studied a 10-year-old girl with an insidious muscle disease beginning at age 7. Muscle biopsy showed that the majority of type I fibers were vacuolated and contained lipid excess. Carnitine deficiency was found in skeletal muscle. The patient was treated with 3.0 gm L-carnitine per day and with a medium-chain triglyceride diet. She showed a rapid improvement and recovery of strength. A muscle biopsy 8 months later showed a decreased lipid content. Oral carnitine replacement represents an effective treatment for the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945512", "title": "Congenital ophthalmoplegia in oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia-hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome). A clinicopathologic study and review of the literature.", "content": "Two patients with Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome showed paralysis of one or more extraocular eye movements on neurologic examination. At autopsy, a third patient showed unilateral agenesis of trochlear and abducens nerves and corresponding brain stem nuclei. Congenital ophthalmoplegia is not infrequent in Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome and may be due to hypoplasia or agenesis, or both, of extraocular muscles, extraocular nerves, and brain stem nuclei.", "contents": "Congenital ophthalmoplegia in oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia-hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome). A clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Two patients with Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome showed paralysis of one or more extraocular eye movements on neurologic examination. At autopsy, a third patient showed unilateral agenesis of trochlear and abducens nerves and corresponding brain stem nuclei. Congenital ophthalmoplegia is not infrequent in Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome and may be due to hypoplasia or agenesis, or both, of extraocular muscles, extraocular nerves, and brain stem nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:945513", "title": "Measles antibodies as related to HL-A types in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "One hundred thirty-six patients with multiple sclerosis and several control groups were studied for measles antibodies using several different antigens. Measles antibodies were higher in the multiple sclerosis population, but siblings also had higher titers than matched and random controls. The elevation in antibody titers (complement fixation) was found in female multiple sclerosis patients and male patients with HL-A types 3, 7, and W-18. Male patients not carrying these HL-A antigens had, as a group, relatively normal antibody levels. These data confirm a familial factor in elevated measles antibody titers. We suggest that HL-A antigens are linked to one of the factors that determines measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients.", "contents": "Measles antibodies as related to HL-A types in multiple sclerosis. One hundred thirty-six patients with multiple sclerosis and several control groups were studied for measles antibodies using several different antigens. Measles antibodies were higher in the multiple sclerosis population, but siblings also had higher titers than matched and random controls. The elevation in antibody titers (complement fixation) was found in female multiple sclerosis patients and male patients with HL-A types 3, 7, and W-18. Male patients not carrying these HL-A antigens had, as a group, relatively normal antibody levels. These data confirm a familial factor in elevated measles antibody titers. We suggest that HL-A antigens are linked to one of the factors that determines measles antibody titers in multiple sclerosis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:945514", "title": "The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the size of drainage pathways.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways were studied using labeled molecules of different sizes. Following determination of the limiting size, the cerebrospinal fluid pressure was raised above the normal range and changes in transfer were measured. These data show that molecules smaller than the limiting size will transfer at an increased rate in response to elevated pressures. Larger molecules did not demonstrate an increased transfer with raised cerebrospinal fluid pressures, suggesting that the pathways did not enlarge.", "contents": "The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the size of drainage pathways. The cerebrospinal fluid drainage pathways were studied using labeled molecules of different sizes. Following determination of the limiting size, the cerebrospinal fluid pressure was raised above the normal range and changes in transfer were measured. These data show that molecules smaller than the limiting size will transfer at an increased rate in response to elevated pressures. Larger molecules did not demonstrate an increased transfer with raised cerebrospinal fluid pressures, suggesting that the pathways did not enlarge."}
{"id": "PMID:945515", "title": "Collision technique. Physiologic block of nerve impulses in studies of motor nerve conduction velocity.", "content": "Commonly encountered yet not widely appreciated sources of error in the study of motor nerve conduction velocities of the median and ulnar nerves include (1) spread of stimulating current to the nerve not under study, (2) recording a volume conducted potential from distant muscles, and (3) presence of anomalous crossover in the forearm between the median and ulnar nerves. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to block impulses in one nerve without affecting those in the other. This can be achieved simply by collision if a second stimulus is delivered distally to the nerve not being tested.", "contents": "Collision technique. Physiologic block of nerve impulses in studies of motor nerve conduction velocity. Commonly encountered yet not widely appreciated sources of error in the study of motor nerve conduction velocities of the median and ulnar nerves include (1) spread of stimulating current to the nerve not under study, (2) recording a volume conducted potential from distant muscles, and (3) presence of anomalous crossover in the forearm between the median and ulnar nerves. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to block impulses in one nerve without affecting those in the other. This can be achieved simply by collision if a second stimulus is delivered distally to the nerve not being tested."}
{"id": "PMID:945516", "title": "Transient variations in the systolic pulsations in amplitude of intracranial echoes: their artifactual origin.", "content": "Variations in the amplitude of intracranial echoes that synchronize with systole are caused by movement of the reflecting interfaces. These movements result from propagation of the arterial pulse through the brain and vary with the arterial pulse pressure and the distance through the vascular tree for which the pulse propagates before being completely attenuated; this distance varies with the degree of arteriolar dilatation. The interpretation of such systolic fluctuations in echo amplitudes is subject to a number of limitations, and their recording is also subject to artifactual variations, usually resulting from the relative motion of the signal with respect to a fixed gate. Transient variation in the systolic fluctuations of echo amplitudes, as a result of various stimuli, can be recorded by a fixed gate but not simultaneously by a tracking gate. They would therefore appear to be artifactual and not indicative of regional changes in cerebral blood flow, which in any case would cause motion and amplitude changes in interfaces that were not confined to the region involved.", "contents": "Transient variations in the systolic pulsations in amplitude of intracranial echoes: their artifactual origin. Variations in the amplitude of intracranial echoes that synchronize with systole are caused by movement of the reflecting interfaces. These movements result from propagation of the arterial pulse through the brain and vary with the arterial pulse pressure and the distance through the vascular tree for which the pulse propagates before being completely attenuated; this distance varies with the degree of arteriolar dilatation. The interpretation of such systolic fluctuations in echo amplitudes is subject to a number of limitations, and their recording is also subject to artifactual variations, usually resulting from the relative motion of the signal with respect to a fixed gate. Transient variation in the systolic fluctuations of echo amplitudes, as a result of various stimuli, can be recorded by a fixed gate but not simultaneously by a tracking gate. They would therefore appear to be artifactual and not indicative of regional changes in cerebral blood flow, which in any case would cause motion and amplitude changes in interfaces that were not confined to the region involved."}
{"id": "PMID:945517", "title": "Recurrence of thymoma and myasthenia gravis after 19 years. A case report.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis developed in a 51-year-old woman in 1956; she was found to have a thymoma. Complete remission of the myasthenia gravis occurred within 18 months of thymomectomy. In 1975, myasthenia gravis recurred in association with recurrence of the thymoma. Remission of the myasthenic state once more followed the thymomectomy. The asymptomatic period of 18 years is, to our knowledge, the longest reported interval for recurrence of a thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis; 15 years is the longest reported interval for recurrence of a thymoma.", "contents": "Recurrence of thymoma and myasthenia gravis after 19 years. A case report. Myasthenia gravis developed in a 51-year-old woman in 1956; she was found to have a thymoma. Complete remission of the myasthenia gravis occurred within 18 months of thymomectomy. In 1975, myasthenia gravis recurred in association with recurrence of the thymoma. Remission of the myasthenic state once more followed the thymomectomy. The asymptomatic period of 18 years is, to our knowledge, the longest reported interval for recurrence of a thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis; 15 years is the longest reported interval for recurrence of a thymoma."}
{"id": "PMID:945518", "title": "Psychiatric symptoms with initiation of carbidopa-levodopa treatment.", "content": "Two patients who had had no previous psychiatric symptoms became psychotic after their antiparkinsonism medication was changed from levodopa alone to a combination of levodopa and carbidopa, despite adherence to the appropriate and recommended dosage. Psychiatric symptoms disappeared after treatment with levodopa alone was resumed.", "contents": "Psychiatric symptoms with initiation of carbidopa-levodopa treatment. Two patients who had had no previous psychiatric symptoms became psychotic after their antiparkinsonism medication was changed from levodopa alone to a combination of levodopa and carbidopa, despite adherence to the appropriate and recommended dosage. Psychiatric symptoms disappeared after treatment with levodopa alone was resumed."}
{"id": "PMID:945519", "title": "[Experience with the treatment of acute hepatic coma using extracorporeal perfusion of heterologous liver and exchange transfusion].", "content": "Extracorporeal pig liver perfusion was adopted in 2 patients with acute hepatic coma due to fulminant hepatitis. Exchange transfusion was used in a third patient, while a fourth was subjected to both procedures. A marked haematological improvement was noted in all cases. Yet, three patients died without showing any clinical benefit. In the fourth case, coma regressed and gradual improvement to the point of complete recovery was achieved. Liver perfusion and exchange transfusion in the same patient were attended by very different clinical effects, though each procedure produced a comparable improvement at the blood chemistry data. Careful analysis of the data suggests that the difference was attributable to discrepancies between the degree of tissue purification achieved.", "contents": "[Experience with the treatment of acute hepatic coma using extracorporeal perfusion of heterologous liver and exchange transfusion]. Extracorporeal pig liver perfusion was adopted in 2 patients with acute hepatic coma due to fulminant hepatitis. Exchange transfusion was used in a third patient, while a fourth was subjected to both procedures. A marked haematological improvement was noted in all cases. Yet, three patients died without showing any clinical benefit. In the fourth case, coma regressed and gradual improvement to the point of complete recovery was achieved. Liver perfusion and exchange transfusion in the same patient were attended by very different clinical effects, though each procedure produced a comparable improvement at the blood chemistry data. Careful analysis of the data suggests that the difference was attributable to discrepancies between the degree of tissue purification achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:945520", "title": "[Effect of hormones on headaches in women and the associated endometrial patterns].", "content": "Headaches appear to be a reaction to changes in either exogenous levels. We are now investigating serum immunoglobulins in women with menstrual migraine and have found that in 22 women, 6 have low immunoglobulin A levels, all below the normal range, and 5 have high immunoglobulin M levels, above the normal range. The hereditary aspect of migraine may depend on inheriting a particular immune pattern which might cause a special sensitivity to hormone effects on blood vessels. This might account for the suppression of menstrual migraine by cortisone or large doses of progesterone. Deficiency of progesterone is unlikely to be responsible for the premenstrual syndrome as the week following menstruation is usually the time which is most often free from symptoms and at this part of the cycle there are very low levels of progesterone. The most reactive women are also the most sensitive to the side effects of drugs or hormones given to treat migraine, which makes the treatment of migraine difficult.", "contents": "[Effect of hormones on headaches in women and the associated endometrial patterns]. Headaches appear to be a reaction to changes in either exogenous levels. We are now investigating serum immunoglobulins in women with menstrual migraine and have found that in 22 women, 6 have low immunoglobulin A levels, all below the normal range, and 5 have high immunoglobulin M levels, above the normal range. The hereditary aspect of migraine may depend on inheriting a particular immune pattern which might cause a special sensitivity to hormone effects on blood vessels. This might account for the suppression of menstrual migraine by cortisone or large doses of progesterone. Deficiency of progesterone is unlikely to be responsible for the premenstrual syndrome as the week following menstruation is usually the time which is most often free from symptoms and at this part of the cycle there are very low levels of progesterone. The most reactive women are also the most sensitive to the side effects of drugs or hormones given to treat migraine, which makes the treatment of migraine difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:945522", "title": "The effect of danazol in the treatment of chronic cystic mastitis.", "content": "Danazol in a dose of 400 mg daily was administrated to 40 patients with chronic cystic mastitis and resulted in a marded improvement in both objective and subjective symptoms in 87.5% of the patients studied. Three patients showed partial relief of symptoms and 1 patient showed no improvement after 1 month of treatment at which time she withdrew from the study. One patient had a worsening of her condition and was withdrawn from the study after 3.5 months of therapy. Nineteen of the 40 patients in the study had a secondary diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis confirmed histologically, and all these patients showed a marked improvement of symptoms during the Danazol treatment. Patients developed amenorrhea after 3 to 4 months of Danazol therapy, and symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual pelvic pain, and tension abated at the same time. A mild, but well-tolerated weight gain was the major side effect of Danazol administration. No significant changes in the levels of plasma E1, E2, FSH, LH, or progesterone could be demonstrated in specimens drawn from 11 patients before and during the course of Danazol administration.", "contents": "The effect of danazol in the treatment of chronic cystic mastitis. Danazol in a dose of 400 mg daily was administrated to 40 patients with chronic cystic mastitis and resulted in a marded improvement in both objective and subjective symptoms in 87.5% of the patients studied. Three patients showed partial relief of symptoms and 1 patient showed no improvement after 1 month of treatment at which time she withdrew from the study. One patient had a worsening of her condition and was withdrawn from the study after 3.5 months of therapy. Nineteen of the 40 patients in the study had a secondary diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis confirmed histologically, and all these patients showed a marked improvement of symptoms during the Danazol treatment. Patients developed amenorrhea after 3 to 4 months of Danazol therapy, and symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual pelvic pain, and tension abated at the same time. A mild, but well-tolerated weight gain was the major side effect of Danazol administration. No significant changes in the levels of plasma E1, E2, FSH, LH, or progesterone could be demonstrated in specimens drawn from 11 patients before and during the course of Danazol administration."}
{"id": "PMID:945528", "title": "[Variability of the ova of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) with regard to capacity for thermal parthenogenesis and heat resistance. 4. Relationship between the capacity of oocytes from different females for thermal parthenogenesis and heat resistance of ova at the early stage of development and heat resistance of the muscles of these females].", "content": "The reliable positive correlation was established between the variability of unfertilized eggs by their ability of thermal parthenogenesis and the heat resistance of fertilized eggs at the early stages of development. At the same time the ability of oocytes of parthenogenesis correlates negatively with the heat resistance of muscles. The data obtained suggest that the variability of oocytes by their ability of thermal parthenogenesis is partially due to the variability of heat resistance of their proteins.", "contents": "[Variability of the ova of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) with regard to capacity for thermal parthenogenesis and heat resistance. 4. Relationship between the capacity of oocytes from different females for thermal parthenogenesis and heat resistance of ova at the early stage of development and heat resistance of the muscles of these females]. The reliable positive correlation was established between the variability of unfertilized eggs by their ability of thermal parthenogenesis and the heat resistance of fertilized eggs at the early stages of development. At the same time the ability of oocytes of parthenogenesis correlates negatively with the heat resistance of muscles. The data obtained suggest that the variability of oocytes by their ability of thermal parthenogenesis is partially due to the variability of heat resistance of their proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:945529", "title": "[Transplantation of the nuclei of growing oocytes into the enucleated ova of the sturgeon].", "content": "The morphogenetic properties of nuclei (germinal vesicles) in the oocytes at the beginning of rapid growth have been studied by means of their transplantation in the enucleated eggs. Some opertaed eggs proceeded to gastrulation and were fixed at the midgastrula stage. The development of these embryos was provided by the transplanted oocyte nuclei and centrioles; the lampbrush chromosomes changes the character of their activity under the influence of the egg cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Transplantation of the nuclei of growing oocytes into the enucleated ova of the sturgeon]. The morphogenetic properties of nuclei (germinal vesicles) in the oocytes at the beginning of rapid growth have been studied by means of their transplantation in the enucleated eggs. Some opertaed eggs proceeded to gastrulation and were fixed at the midgastrula stage. The development of these embryos was provided by the transplanted oocyte nuclei and centrioles; the lampbrush chromosomes changes the character of their activity under the influence of the egg cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:945530", "title": "[Characteristics of synthesis of mitochondrial proteins during oogenesis in the loach].", "content": "The intensity of incorporation of a labelled precursor in the oocyte mitochondrial proteins in vivo increased at the early stages and decreased at the late stages of oogenesis in much the same way as the intensity of respiration and the concentration of mitochondria in oocytes. The intensity of incorporation of the labelled amino acid in the oocyte mitochondrial proteins in vitro suffered no changes during oogenesis.", "contents": "[Characteristics of synthesis of mitochondrial proteins during oogenesis in the loach]. The intensity of incorporation of a labelled precursor in the oocyte mitochondrial proteins in vivo increased at the early stages and decreased at the late stages of oogenesis in much the same way as the intensity of respiration and the concentration of mitochondria in oocytes. The intensity of incorporation of the labelled amino acid in the oocyte mitochondrial proteins in vitro suffered no changes during oogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:945531", "title": "Punctal occlusion with n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive.", "content": "N-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive can be easily placed in the lid puncta to serve as a temporary method for punctal occlusion. Such a procedure is a useful therapeutic trial in borderline cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca being considered for further permanent punctal occlusion or in patients where a temporary dry eye condition is expected to be resolved in the near future.", "contents": "Punctal occlusion with n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. N-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive can be easily placed in the lid puncta to serve as a temporary method for punctal occlusion. Such a procedure is a useful therapeutic trial in borderline cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca being considered for further permanent punctal occlusion or in patients where a temporary dry eye condition is expected to be resolved in the near future."}
{"id": "PMID:945532", "title": "Labyrinthine anomalies in trisomy 13 mosaicism.", "content": "The temporal bone histopathology of a 2-month-old male with a bilateral cleft palate, cleft lip and polydactylia due to trisomy 13 mosaicism was studied. Anomalies in the ear involved a partial absence of the superior semicircular canal, an abnormally wide lateral semicircular canal, underdeveloped cochlear coils, an abnormally broad modiolus, an undeveloped organ of Corti and an underdeveloped basilar membrane in the basal turn of the cochlea, an unusually wide cochlear aqueduct, and deformed stapedial crura.", "contents": "Labyrinthine anomalies in trisomy 13 mosaicism. The temporal bone histopathology of a 2-month-old male with a bilateral cleft palate, cleft lip and polydactylia due to trisomy 13 mosaicism was studied. Anomalies in the ear involved a partial absence of the superior semicircular canal, an abnormally wide lateral semicircular canal, underdeveloped cochlear coils, an abnormally broad modiolus, an undeveloped organ of Corti and an underdeveloped basilar membrane in the basal turn of the cochlea, an unusually wide cochlear aqueduct, and deformed stapedial crura."}
{"id": "PMID:945533", "title": "Histological appearances and nuclear DNA content of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "Of the 12 cases of verrusous squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx encountered since 1968 at the Department of Otolaryngology of Padua University (including the Verona Section) and the Department of Pathologic Anatomy of the University of Trieste, three are reported, together with an investigation of the nuclear DNA content of the tumour cells. It is suggested that such a study may assit with early detection of verrucous carcinoma. The laryngeal localization of the neoplasm has been evidenced only in some centres. The difficulties in establishing a correct diagnosis for this variant of squamous cell carcinoma are emphasized and the pathomorphological features, as well as the microscopic and macroscopic appearances, are discussed. The prognosis is excellent and the therapy of choice must be only surgical, as radiation has not only proven ineffective, but in some cases has induced anaplasia, leading to a rapid dissemination of the tumour.", "contents": "Histological appearances and nuclear DNA content of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Of the 12 cases of verrusous squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx encountered since 1968 at the Department of Otolaryngology of Padua University (including the Verona Section) and the Department of Pathologic Anatomy of the University of Trieste, three are reported, together with an investigation of the nuclear DNA content of the tumour cells. It is suggested that such a study may assit with early detection of verrucous carcinoma. The laryngeal localization of the neoplasm has been evidenced only in some centres. The difficulties in establishing a correct diagnosis for this variant of squamous cell carcinoma are emphasized and the pathomorphological features, as well as the microscopic and macroscopic appearances, are discussed. The prognosis is excellent and the therapy of choice must be only surgical, as radiation has not only proven ineffective, but in some cases has induced anaplasia, leading to a rapid dissemination of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:945534", "title": "Tunica propria in chronic allergic rhinitis. Electron-microscopic study. I. The nasal blood vessels.", "content": "The fine structure of human nasal blood vessels was studied in 15 chronic allergic patients. The venules showed gaping of the interendothelial junctions and lamination of the basal lamina. The capillaries displayed numerous endothelial cytoplasmic processes. The arteriolar walls showed thinning and destructive changes. A reciprocal relation between the vascular endothelium and its basal lamina was deduced.", "contents": "Tunica propria in chronic allergic rhinitis. Electron-microscopic study. I. The nasal blood vessels. The fine structure of human nasal blood vessels was studied in 15 chronic allergic patients. The venules showed gaping of the interendothelial junctions and lamination of the basal lamina. The capillaries displayed numerous endothelial cytoplasmic processes. The arteriolar walls showed thinning and destructive changes. A reciprocal relation between the vascular endothelium and its basal lamina was deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:945535", "title": "Tunica propria in chronic allergic rhinitis. Electron-microscopic study II. The sero-mucinous glands.", "content": "The fine structure of human nasal sero-mucinous glands was studied in 15 chronic allergic patient. There was total absence of the mucous glands, and proliferation of seroud elements, with hugely dilated lumina containing large numbers of intact zymogen granules, and absence of microvilli. The relation between the goblet cells and the nasal glands was discussed. An interchange between the serous and mucous elements was deduced.", "contents": "Tunica propria in chronic allergic rhinitis. Electron-microscopic study II. The sero-mucinous glands. The fine structure of human nasal sero-mucinous glands was studied in 15 chronic allergic patient. There was total absence of the mucous glands, and proliferation of seroud elements, with hugely dilated lumina containing large numbers of intact zymogen granules, and absence of microvilli. The relation between the goblet cells and the nasal glands was discussed. An interchange between the serous and mucous elements was deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:945543", "title": "Transepithelial potential difference in the proximal tubule of necturus kidney.", "content": "Transepithelial potential difference (p.d.) was measured in the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney in vivo, by means of microelectrodes filled either with a 3M KClion or with a Ringer's solution for amphibians. The average transepithelial p.d., measured with KCl-tips, was: -1.4 +/- 2.4 mV (early convolutions), -0.1 +/- 2.0 mV (middle convolutions) and +0.1 +/- 2.4 mV (straight segment). The corresponding values obtained with Ringer's-filled microelectrodes were -2.3 +/- 1.8 mV, -1.3 +/- 1.1 mV and +0.1 +/- 1.2 mV, respectively. Tip localization into the lumen was ascertained by luminal injection of either oil (KCl electrode measurements) or artificial solutions which produced a measurable shift of transepithelial p.d. (determinations obtained with Ringer's-tips). Transepithelial p.d. in split-drops (mean reabsorptive half time 27.1 +/- 2.5 min) was -1.8 +/- 1.1 mV. The magnitude of transepithelial p.d. is discussed with respect to an equivalent electrical circuit; it is shown that high transepithelial p.d.'s are inconsistent with the known values of relative conductances of cell membranes in series and shunt pathway, respectively.", "contents": "Transepithelial potential difference in the proximal tubule of necturus kidney. Transepithelial potential difference (p.d.) was measured in the proximal tubule of Necturus kidney in vivo, by means of microelectrodes filled either with a 3M KClion or with a Ringer's solution for amphibians. The average transepithelial p.d., measured with KCl-tips, was: -1.4 +/- 2.4 mV (early convolutions), -0.1 +/- 2.0 mV (middle convolutions) and +0.1 +/- 2.4 mV (straight segment). The corresponding values obtained with Ringer's-filled microelectrodes were -2.3 +/- 1.8 mV, -1.3 +/- 1.1 mV and +0.1 +/- 1.2 mV, respectively. Tip localization into the lumen was ascertained by luminal injection of either oil (KCl electrode measurements) or artificial solutions which produced a measurable shift of transepithelial p.d. (determinations obtained with Ringer's-tips). Transepithelial p.d. in split-drops (mean reabsorptive half time 27.1 +/- 2.5 min) was -1.8 +/- 1.1 mV. The magnitude of transepithelial p.d. is discussed with respect to an equivalent electrical circuit; it is shown that high transepithelial p.d.'s are inconsistent with the known values of relative conductances of cell membranes in series and shunt pathway, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:945539", "title": "Correlations of normality and nervousness with cardiovascular functions in pointer dogs.", "content": "Methylphenidate, 0.5 mg/kg, injected intravenously, was used in 10 normal (A line) and 10 genetically nervous (E line) dogs in a blind-design experiments to aid in prediction, from cardiovascular recordings alone, of behavioral normality versus nervousness. The prediction was 75% correct, based on heart rate (HR), form of the electrocardiogram (EKG), pattern of sinus arrhythmia, and pattern of HR response to methylphenidate. Nervous dogs were found to have slower baseline HR's, delayed return of HR to baseline after methylphenidate, greater occurrence of baseline EKG abnormalities and much greater frequency of these after methylphenidate. Degree of nervousness was found to correlate rather highly (1) negatively with baseline HR level, (2) negatively with speed of BP response, and (3) positively with frequency of some of the EKG manifestations. These data, indicative of a relative inertness of physiological functions of nervous pointer dogs compared with normal pointers, are consistent with the behavioral and some of the biochemical findings previously reported.", "contents": "Correlations of normality and nervousness with cardiovascular functions in pointer dogs. Methylphenidate, 0.5 mg/kg, injected intravenously, was used in 10 normal (A line) and 10 genetically nervous (E line) dogs in a blind-design experiments to aid in prediction, from cardiovascular recordings alone, of behavioral normality versus nervousness. The prediction was 75% correct, based on heart rate (HR), form of the electrocardiogram (EKG), pattern of sinus arrhythmia, and pattern of HR response to methylphenidate. Nervous dogs were found to have slower baseline HR's, delayed return of HR to baseline after methylphenidate, greater occurrence of baseline EKG abnormalities and much greater frequency of these after methylphenidate. Degree of nervousness was found to correlate rather highly (1) negatively with baseline HR level, (2) negatively with speed of BP response, and (3) positively with frequency of some of the EKG manifestations. These data, indicative of a relative inertness of physiological functions of nervous pointer dogs compared with normal pointers, are consistent with the behavioral and some of the biochemical findings previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:945544", "title": "Effects of oxytocin on ionic currents underlying rhythmic activity and contraction in uterine smooth muscle.", "content": "The influence of oxytocin on the electrical and mechanical activity of uterine smooth muscle strips was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 1. At a concentration of 0.1 mU/ml, oxytocin caused a slight depolarization of the resting potential and also increased the amplitude of the action potential. The maximal frequency of the rhythmic activity, which can be produced by depolarizing current pulse, is increased by about 20%. 2. Oxytocin increased the peak of the inward current without modification of the reversal potential. This effect is enhanced in a sodium-free solution. With oxytocin the steady-state inactivation of the inward current is not modified and the increase in the current intensity can be related to an increase in the maximal conductance. The amplitude of the outward current is not affected. 3. The first component (phasic-like) of the contractile response obtained for brief depolarizations is increased by oxytocin. This effect may be explained by the increase in the intensity of the inward current. The second component (tonic-like) of the contraction associated with long-lasting depolarizations and obtained in manganese-containing solution is not modified. The increased frequency of the rhythmic activity after oxytocin administration may also result in increased contractility by summation.", "contents": "Effects of oxytocin on ionic currents underlying rhythmic activity and contraction in uterine smooth muscle. The influence of oxytocin on the electrical and mechanical activity of uterine smooth muscle strips was studied under voltage-clamp conditions. 1. At a concentration of 0.1 mU/ml, oxytocin caused a slight depolarization of the resting potential and also increased the amplitude of the action potential. The maximal frequency of the rhythmic activity, which can be produced by depolarizing current pulse, is increased by about 20%. 2. Oxytocin increased the peak of the inward current without modification of the reversal potential. This effect is enhanced in a sodium-free solution. With oxytocin the steady-state inactivation of the inward current is not modified and the increase in the current intensity can be related to an increase in the maximal conductance. The amplitude of the outward current is not affected. 3. The first component (phasic-like) of the contractile response obtained for brief depolarizations is increased by oxytocin. This effect may be explained by the increase in the intensity of the inward current. The second component (tonic-like) of the contraction associated with long-lasting depolarizations and obtained in manganese-containing solution is not modified. The increased frequency of the rhythmic activity after oxytocin administration may also result in increased contractility by summation."}
{"id": "PMID:945545", "title": "Thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones in a hibernator (golden hamster) and a non-hibernator (guinea pig).", "content": "Thermosensitivity of preoptic units was studied at hypothalamic temperatures (Thy) ranging from 8-43 degrees C in golden hamsters in a non-hibernating state as well as in guinea pigs. In golden hamsters 2 types of thermoresponsive preoptic neurones were found: 1. Neurones sensitive to Thy ranging from 10-42 degrees C with an exponential characteristic and very high spontaneous firing rates (29-59 imp/s) at Thy 36-37 degrees C. 2. Neurones with a bell-shaped temperature-firing rate characteristic, a negative temperature coefficient at Thy 40-30 degrees C, a maximal activity at Thy 20-30 degrees C and a positive temperature coefficient (+0.8 to +4 imp/s-degrees C) even at Thy close to 10 degees C. In guinea pigs thermoresponsive preoptic units became inactive or insensitive to thermal stimulation as soon as Thy fell below 30 degrees C. These results suggest that in hibernators central nervous structures involved in temperature regulation are adapted to maintain their function over the wide range of core temperatures which occur during the different phases of hibernation.", "contents": "Thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones in a hibernator (golden hamster) and a non-hibernator (guinea pig). Thermosensitivity of preoptic units was studied at hypothalamic temperatures (Thy) ranging from 8-43 degrees C in golden hamsters in a non-hibernating state as well as in guinea pigs. In golden hamsters 2 types of thermoresponsive preoptic neurones were found: 1. Neurones sensitive to Thy ranging from 10-42 degrees C with an exponential characteristic and very high spontaneous firing rates (29-59 imp/s) at Thy 36-37 degrees C. 2. Neurones with a bell-shaped temperature-firing rate characteristic, a negative temperature coefficient at Thy 40-30 degrees C, a maximal activity at Thy 20-30 degrees C and a positive temperature coefficient (+0.8 to +4 imp/s-degrees C) even at Thy close to 10 degees C. In guinea pigs thermoresponsive preoptic units became inactive or insensitive to thermal stimulation as soon as Thy fell below 30 degrees C. These results suggest that in hibernators central nervous structures involved in temperature regulation are adapted to maintain their function over the wide range of core temperatures which occur during the different phases of hibernation."}
{"id": "PMID:945546", "title": "Cold-adaptive modifications in man induced by repeated short-term cold-exposures and during a 10-day and-night cold-exposure.", "content": "Two types of cold exposures were carried out in humans. A. Fourteen subjects were exposed 4-7 times within 2 weeks to the following conditions: ambient temperature was decreased from 28 degrees C to between plus and minus 5 degrees C; the subjects wore a bathing suit and remained in a resting position during the exposure which lasted for 1h. B. Nine conscripts were studied before and after a 10-day exercise, during which they were exposed to moderately cold conditions during day and night. The exercise did not require increased physical activity. In two thirds of the subjects A, metabolic reactions and shivering threshold were shifted to a lower weighted mean body temperature as well as a lower esophageal temperature (\"hypothermic\" type of adaptation). This modification in the thermoregulatory system was linked with a reduction in thermal discomfort and cold sensation. No change was found in the resting metabolic rate nor was there any indication of the development of non-shivering thermogenesis. Similar modifications were found in 4 of the 9 soldiers (study B). These 4, however, had particularly high shivering thresholds before the 10-day exercise and the values found thereafter were no lower than those found in the remaining five and in the subjects of group A before the cold-exposure regimen.", "contents": "Cold-adaptive modifications in man induced by repeated short-term cold-exposures and during a 10-day and-night cold-exposure. Two types of cold exposures were carried out in humans. A. Fourteen subjects were exposed 4-7 times within 2 weeks to the following conditions: ambient temperature was decreased from 28 degrees C to between plus and minus 5 degrees C; the subjects wore a bathing suit and remained in a resting position during the exposure which lasted for 1h. B. Nine conscripts were studied before and after a 10-day exercise, during which they were exposed to moderately cold conditions during day and night. The exercise did not require increased physical activity. In two thirds of the subjects A, metabolic reactions and shivering threshold were shifted to a lower weighted mean body temperature as well as a lower esophageal temperature (\"hypothermic\" type of adaptation). This modification in the thermoregulatory system was linked with a reduction in thermal discomfort and cold sensation. No change was found in the resting metabolic rate nor was there any indication of the development of non-shivering thermogenesis. Similar modifications were found in 4 of the 9 soldiers (study B). These 4, however, had particularly high shivering thresholds before the 10-day exercise and the values found thereafter were no lower than those found in the remaining five and in the subjects of group A before the cold-exposure regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:945547", "title": "Response pattern of cutaneous postganglionic neurones to the hindlimb on spinal cord heating and cooling in the cat.", "content": "Single postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and hairless skin of the hindleg were investigated on spinal cord heating and spinal cord cooling in chloralose anesthetized cats. 1. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones which were classified as vasoconstrictor neurones were depressed by spinal cord heating and excited by spinal cord cooling. The overall response to spinal cord cooling was smaller than that to spinal cord heating. 2. Postganglionic neurones to the hairless skin, which had most likely sudomotor function, responded initially to spinal cord heating with a few impulses or not at all. As judged by the skin potentials recorded from the hairless skin the sweat glands were also only weakly activated at the beginning of the heat stimuli. 3. Six silent postganglionic neurones, 3 each to the hairy skin and to the hairless skin, were excited during spinal cord heating. The response of these neurones consisted of a dynamic and a static component and started at the beginning of the heating stimuli with latencies of less than 10S. The neurones could not be excited by any other stimuli and were classified as cutaneous vasodilator neurones. 4. Quantitative analysis of 4 spontaneously active postganglionic (vasoconstrictor) neurones and 3 silent postganglionic (vasodilator) neurones revealed that the threshold of the responses of these neurones to spinal cord heating was 40-42 degrees C (on the dorsal spinal cord) and that the response increase was maximal at the highest temperatures tested (43-44 degrees C).\u00bf", "contents": "Response pattern of cutaneous postganglionic neurones to the hindlimb on spinal cord heating and cooling in the cat. Single postganglionic neurones to hairy skin and hairless skin of the hindleg were investigated on spinal cord heating and spinal cord cooling in chloralose anesthetized cats. 1. Spontaneously active postganglionic neurones which were classified as vasoconstrictor neurones were depressed by spinal cord heating and excited by spinal cord cooling. The overall response to spinal cord cooling was smaller than that to spinal cord heating. 2. Postganglionic neurones to the hairless skin, which had most likely sudomotor function, responded initially to spinal cord heating with a few impulses or not at all. As judged by the skin potentials recorded from the hairless skin the sweat glands were also only weakly activated at the beginning of the heat stimuli. 3. Six silent postganglionic neurones, 3 each to the hairy skin and to the hairless skin, were excited during spinal cord heating. The response of these neurones consisted of a dynamic and a static component and started at the beginning of the heating stimuli with latencies of less than 10S. The neurones could not be excited by any other stimuli and were classified as cutaneous vasodilator neurones. 4. Quantitative analysis of 4 spontaneously active postganglionic (vasoconstrictor) neurones and 3 silent postganglionic (vasodilator) neurones revealed that the threshold of the responses of these neurones to spinal cord heating was 40-42 degrees C (on the dorsal spinal cord) and that the response increase was maximal at the highest temperatures tested (43-44 degrees C).\u00bf"}
{"id": "PMID:945548", "title": "Electrophysiological investigations on the projections from the cerebral cortex to the vermal posterior lobe of the cerebellum.", "content": "The following cerebrocortical areas have been electrically stimulated in cats under Nembutal anaesthesia: forelimb and hindlimb areas of the primary sensorimotor cortex, primary and secondary acoustic areas and visual area. Stimulation of these regions evokes in the vermal portion of lobuli VI and VII of the cerebellum potentials at a short latency (2.8-3.5 ms) and at a longer latency (12-22 ms), which have been identified as due to mossy and climbing fibre inputs respectively. Each point of the cerebellar cortex receives usually projections by some and never by all the stimulated cerebrocortical areas. The different cortical regions don't project predominantly to separate parts of the cerebellar cortex, but they project in an apparently random manner with a patchy arrangement. In the anterior lobe we have confirmed the known somatotopy from the primary sensorimotor cortex and we have found no projections from the other cerebrocortical areas.", "contents": "Electrophysiological investigations on the projections from the cerebral cortex to the vermal posterior lobe of the cerebellum. The following cerebrocortical areas have been electrically stimulated in cats under Nembutal anaesthesia: forelimb and hindlimb areas of the primary sensorimotor cortex, primary and secondary acoustic areas and visual area. Stimulation of these regions evokes in the vermal portion of lobuli VI and VII of the cerebellum potentials at a short latency (2.8-3.5 ms) and at a longer latency (12-22 ms), which have been identified as due to mossy and climbing fibre inputs respectively. Each point of the cerebellar cortex receives usually projections by some and never by all the stimulated cerebrocortical areas. The different cortical regions don't project predominantly to separate parts of the cerebellar cortex, but they project in an apparently random manner with a patchy arrangement. In the anterior lobe we have confirmed the known somatotopy from the primary sensorimotor cortex and we have found no projections from the other cerebrocortical areas."}
{"id": "PMID:945549", "title": "Reduction of renal nerve activity by volume expansion in conscious cats.", "content": "In conscious cats with intact or denervated baroreceptors volume expansion of 5-15% of blood volume was performed with dextran and isotonic sodium chloride. Renal sympathetic activity (RSA), electroencephalogram (EEG) blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. RSA was reduced by 25-85% in 10 experiments out of 11 by volume expansion both with dextran and isotonic sodium chloride. Reduction of RSA could not be related to different states of wakefulness as indicated by the EEG, so could only be caused by volume expansion, although no quantitative correlation could be detected. No differences were observed between animals with intact and denervated baroreceptor. In most experiments BP and HR decreased during volume expansion up to -25 mmHg and up to -23 beats/min, respectively. The degree of BP and HR reduction could not be related to the degree of RSA reduction. The results suggest that changes in RSA might be involved in the renal response to volume expansion.", "contents": "Reduction of renal nerve activity by volume expansion in conscious cats. In conscious cats with intact or denervated baroreceptors volume expansion of 5-15% of blood volume was performed with dextran and isotonic sodium chloride. Renal sympathetic activity (RSA), electroencephalogram (EEG) blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. RSA was reduced by 25-85% in 10 experiments out of 11 by volume expansion both with dextran and isotonic sodium chloride. Reduction of RSA could not be related to different states of wakefulness as indicated by the EEG, so could only be caused by volume expansion, although no quantitative correlation could be detected. No differences were observed between animals with intact and denervated baroreceptor. In most experiments BP and HR decreased during volume expansion up to -25 mmHg and up to -23 beats/min, respectively. The degree of BP and HR reduction could not be related to the degree of RSA reduction. The results suggest that changes in RSA might be involved in the renal response to volume expansion."}
{"id": "PMID:945550", "title": "The effect of muscle extracts on the contracture response of skeletal muscle to acetylcholine.", "content": "Preincubation of normal rat soleus muscles in vitro with homogenates prepared from mixed leg muscles which had been denervated 4 days previously resulted in an increase in the contracture response to acetylcholine. After 30 min incubation a 1.5-fold increase was observed. Homogenates of normally innervated muscles did not increase the response. The active principles of the denervated muscles were found to reside in the \"cytosol\" fraction. An approximately 2-fold increase was observed upon incubation with the cytosol for 30 min; incubation for longer periods resulted in a subsequent decrease in the response. The effect of the denervated muscle cytosol was concentration-dependent and heat-labile. Normal muscle cytosol also increased the soleus muscle response to acetylcholine but this fraction was less effective than denervated muscle cytosol. The response of control muscles incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution was found to decrease with time. Commercially obtained phospholipases C and D increased the response of normal soleus muscles approximatley 2-fold. Phospholipase A, lipase, trypsin, collagenase and a bacterial protease had no effect, lysozyme produced a small but consistent increase in the response to acetylcholine.", "contents": "The effect of muscle extracts on the contracture response of skeletal muscle to acetylcholine. Preincubation of normal rat soleus muscles in vitro with homogenates prepared from mixed leg muscles which had been denervated 4 days previously resulted in an increase in the contracture response to acetylcholine. After 30 min incubation a 1.5-fold increase was observed. Homogenates of normally innervated muscles did not increase the response. The active principles of the denervated muscles were found to reside in the \"cytosol\" fraction. An approximately 2-fold increase was observed upon incubation with the cytosol for 30 min; incubation for longer periods resulted in a subsequent decrease in the response. The effect of the denervated muscle cytosol was concentration-dependent and heat-labile. Normal muscle cytosol also increased the soleus muscle response to acetylcholine but this fraction was less effective than denervated muscle cytosol. The response of control muscles incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution was found to decrease with time. Commercially obtained phospholipases C and D increased the response of normal soleus muscles approximatley 2-fold. Phospholipase A, lipase, trypsin, collagenase and a bacterial protease had no effect, lysozyme produced a small but consistent increase in the response to acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:945551", "title": "The baroreceptor reflex and the cardiovascular changes associated with sustained muscular contraction in the cat.", "content": "In decerebrate unanaesthetised cats the cardiovascular effects of raising the pressure in a blind sac preparation of a carotid sinus on one side were examined at rest and during sustained contractions of hind-limb muscles. During a tetanic contraction the absolute value of the blood pressure and heart-rate components of the baroreceptor reflex response were not significantly changed from those at rest. The curve relating heart-rate and mean blood pressure, during carotid sinus distension, was similar at rest and when the muscles of the hind-limb were contracting tetanically, although each value of heart-rate was greater, suggesting a resetting of the baroreceptor reflex. By contrast, in the same experiments, suppression of the baroreceptor reflex changes in heart-rate and blood pressure could be demonstrated during the increases of blood pressure and heart-rate elicited by the afferent discharge from muscles during sustained contraction are buffered to some extent by the baroreceptors, though their inhibitoru effect is incomplete under these conditions.", "contents": "The baroreceptor reflex and the cardiovascular changes associated with sustained muscular contraction in the cat. In decerebrate unanaesthetised cats the cardiovascular effects of raising the pressure in a blind sac preparation of a carotid sinus on one side were examined at rest and during sustained contractions of hind-limb muscles. During a tetanic contraction the absolute value of the blood pressure and heart-rate components of the baroreceptor reflex response were not significantly changed from those at rest. The curve relating heart-rate and mean blood pressure, during carotid sinus distension, was similar at rest and when the muscles of the hind-limb were contracting tetanically, although each value of heart-rate was greater, suggesting a resetting of the baroreceptor reflex. By contrast, in the same experiments, suppression of the baroreceptor reflex changes in heart-rate and blood pressure could be demonstrated during the increases of blood pressure and heart-rate elicited by the afferent discharge from muscles during sustained contraction are buffered to some extent by the baroreceptors, though their inhibitoru effect is incomplete under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:945552", "title": "The effect of a protein-free diet on the renin-angiotensin system in the rat.", "content": "The effects of protein-free diet were studied in the rat. It was shown that the diet led to a decrease in total serum protein, in plasma renin activity, in plasma renin substrate and in blood pressure; and to an increase in haematocrit. A significant linear correlation was found in every combination between the total serum protein, plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate and systolic blood pressure. In contrast to the plasma renin activity, the renin concentration in the kidney of rats on a protein-free diet was found not to be lower that of the control group. The protein-free diet caused a decrease in the pressor response to injected angiotensin II.", "contents": "The effect of a protein-free diet on the renin-angiotensin system in the rat. The effects of protein-free diet were studied in the rat. It was shown that the diet led to a decrease in total serum protein, in plasma renin activity, in plasma renin substrate and in blood pressure; and to an increase in haematocrit. A significant linear correlation was found in every combination between the total serum protein, plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate and systolic blood pressure. In contrast to the plasma renin activity, the renin concentration in the kidney of rats on a protein-free diet was found not to be lower that of the control group. The protein-free diet caused a decrease in the pressor response to injected angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:945553", "title": "In vivo micropuncture PCO2 measurements.", "content": "An electrode is presented which permits in vivo PCO2 measurements using a micropuncture technique. The tip diameter of the electrode is only a few microns, the tip is specially designed for measuring PCO2 in small tissue compartements.", "contents": "In vivo micropuncture PCO2 measurements. An electrode is presented which permits in vivo PCO2 measurements using a micropuncture technique. The tip diameter of the electrode is only a few microns, the tip is specially designed for measuring PCO2 in small tissue compartements."}
{"id": "PMID:945554", "title": "Divalent cations and the action potential of leech Retzius cells.", "content": "The effects of Sr, Ba, Mn, La and Co on the action potential of the leech Retzius cell were examined using intracellular recording techniques. A previous paper showed that these cells could fire Ca-dependent action potentials in Na-free solution provided TEA was present (Kleinhaus and Prichard, 1975). Under the same conditions Sr 1.5--20 mM was capable of substituting as a current carrier. Ba 2--25mM added to normal Ringer prolonged the duration and increased the amplitude of the action potential of the Retzius cell, and supported action potentials without requiring TEA in Na-free solutions. The overshoots of the Sr- and Ba-dependent action potentials varied with a slope of 40 mM and 75 mV, respectively per 10-fold change in divalent cation concentration. Mn and La selectively blocked that portion of the action potential resulting from an inward movement of Ca, Sr or Ba without affecting the Na-dependent depolarization. The actions of Ca 1 mM on Sr-dependent action potentials were compatible with reversible competitive antagonism. In conclusion the findings: 1. support the proposition that outward K current must be blocked in order for divalent cations to dominate the Retzius cell's behavior during excitation. 2. characterize the divalent cation conductance channel as pharmacologically distinct from the Na conductance channel in the Retzius cell and similar to those described in several other excitable membranes. 3. suggest that the current carrying divalent cations probably flow through the same channel.", "contents": "Divalent cations and the action potential of leech Retzius cells. The effects of Sr, Ba, Mn, La and Co on the action potential of the leech Retzius cell were examined using intracellular recording techniques. A previous paper showed that these cells could fire Ca-dependent action potentials in Na-free solution provided TEA was present (Kleinhaus and Prichard, 1975). Under the same conditions Sr 1.5--20 mM was capable of substituting as a current carrier. Ba 2--25mM added to normal Ringer prolonged the duration and increased the amplitude of the action potential of the Retzius cell, and supported action potentials without requiring TEA in Na-free solutions. The overshoots of the Sr- and Ba-dependent action potentials varied with a slope of 40 mM and 75 mV, respectively per 10-fold change in divalent cation concentration. Mn and La selectively blocked that portion of the action potential resulting from an inward movement of Ca, Sr or Ba without affecting the Na-dependent depolarization. The actions of Ca 1 mM on Sr-dependent action potentials were compatible with reversible competitive antagonism. In conclusion the findings: 1. support the proposition that outward K current must be blocked in order for divalent cations to dominate the Retzius cell's behavior during excitation. 2. characterize the divalent cation conductance channel as pharmacologically distinct from the Na conductance channel in the Retzius cell and similar to those described in several other excitable membranes. 3. suggest that the current carrying divalent cations probably flow through the same channel."}
{"id": "PMID:945561", "title": "Influence of some salicylates and sulfonamides on binding by albumin of SPC-703 and tolbutamide.", "content": "Bovine serum albumin has two different binding sites for sulfonylurea. The sites at high affinity can bind up to 2 moles of a new hypoglycemic sulfonylurea SPC-703 (k1=6.8.10(3) M(-1)) or tolbutamide K1=19.3.10(3) M(-1)). The sites of lower affinity can bind 4 mole of SPC-703 (K2=1.6.10(3) M(-1)) or 8 moles of tolbutamide (k2=1.3.10(3) M(-1)). Binding of SPC-703 and tolbutamide was decreased mostly in the presence of sulfadimetoxine, but this sulfonamide increased the concentration of free tolbutamide more than that of SPC-703.", "contents": "Influence of some salicylates and sulfonamides on binding by albumin of SPC-703 and tolbutamide. Bovine serum albumin has two different binding sites for sulfonylurea. The sites at high affinity can bind up to 2 moles of a new hypoglycemic sulfonylurea SPC-703 (k1=6.8.10(3) M(-1)) or tolbutamide K1=19.3.10(3) M(-1)). The sites of lower affinity can bind 4 mole of SPC-703 (K2=1.6.10(3) M(-1)) or 8 moles of tolbutamide (k2=1.3.10(3) M(-1)). Binding of SPC-703 and tolbutamide was decreased mostly in the presence of sulfadimetoxine, but this sulfonamide increased the concentration of free tolbutamide more than that of SPC-703."}
{"id": "PMID:945555", "title": "[A.I. in pigs: influence of boar seminal plasma on breeding efficiency of diluted boar semen (author's transl)].", "content": "Ejaculates from six boars of Danish Landrace were divided into four parts, I, II, III and IV which were treated in the following way: I was diluted 1:4-1:6 with EDTA-diluter, and filled into glass vials (single doses). II was centrifugated at 1800-2000 r.p.m. in 12-15 min.; the centifugate was resuspended in the supernatant and diluted as indicated under I. III and IV were centrifugated at 1800-2000 r.p.m. in 12-15 min. The supernatant was removed by aspiration and the centrifugate diluted with as much EDTA-diluter necessary to produce the same no, of doses of 10 ml as was produced from I and II respectively. The diluted semen was stored at 18-20 degrees C and used on the day of collection. Just before insemination the semen from I, II and III was diluted with IVT-diluter to a final volume of 75 ml. Semen from IV was diluted to the same volume with IVT-diluter with the addition of 50% boar seminal plasma, procured by centrifugation of ejaculates from other boars of the A.I. Centre, and stored at divided by 20 degrees C until use. The results have been set out in Table I. Inseminations with semen from I and II resulted in pregnancy rates of 84,6% and 86,3% and average litter sizes of 10,3 and 10,1 for sows and 9,1 and 9,6 for gilts; inseminations with semen from III and IV resulted in pregnancy rates of 78,9 and 78,2% and average litter sizes of 10,5 and 10,7 for sows and 10,0 and 8,7 for gilts. None of the differences in pregnancy rates between groups were significant. The findings were: 1. By insemination with initially diluted semen without seminal plasma a tendency to a decline in pregnancy rates could be demonstrated. 2. The decline persisted after the addition of 50% boar seminal plasma to the diluter used for the final dilution just before insemination.", "contents": "[A.I. in pigs: influence of boar seminal plasma on breeding efficiency of diluted boar semen (author's transl)]. Ejaculates from six boars of Danish Landrace were divided into four parts, I, II, III and IV which were treated in the following way: I was diluted 1:4-1:6 with EDTA-diluter, and filled into glass vials (single doses). II was centrifugated at 1800-2000 r.p.m. in 12-15 min.; the centifugate was resuspended in the supernatant and diluted as indicated under I. III and IV were centrifugated at 1800-2000 r.p.m. in 12-15 min. The supernatant was removed by aspiration and the centrifugate diluted with as much EDTA-diluter necessary to produce the same no, of doses of 10 ml as was produced from I and II respectively. The diluted semen was stored at 18-20 degrees C and used on the day of collection. Just before insemination the semen from I, II and III was diluted with IVT-diluter to a final volume of 75 ml. Semen from IV was diluted to the same volume with IVT-diluter with the addition of 50% boar seminal plasma, procured by centrifugation of ejaculates from other boars of the A.I. Centre, and stored at divided by 20 degrees C until use. The results have been set out in Table I. Inseminations with semen from I and II resulted in pregnancy rates of 84,6% and 86,3% and average litter sizes of 10,3 and 10,1 for sows and 9,1 and 9,6 for gilts; inseminations with semen from III and IV resulted in pregnancy rates of 78,9 and 78,2% and average litter sizes of 10,5 and 10,7 for sows and 10,0 and 8,7 for gilts. None of the differences in pregnancy rates between groups were significant. The findings were: 1. By insemination with initially diluted semen without seminal plasma a tendency to a decline in pregnancy rates could be demonstrated. 2. The decline persisted after the addition of 50% boar seminal plasma to the diluter used for the final dilution just before insemination."}
{"id": "PMID:945562", "title": "Pharmacological properties of bis-beta-hydroxypropylmalonic acid dilactone derivatives.", "content": "Acute toxicity and the action on CNS (employing behavioural tests) of bis-beta-hydroxypropylmalonic acid dilactone (D1) and its four derivatives (D2--D5) were investigated (Table 1) in mice and rats. The studied compounds showed low toxicity and were sometimes active just from high doses. D1 can be regarded as a sedative--hypnotic compound. In animals, the substituted dilactones induced the symptoms similar to those of tranquilizers.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of bis-beta-hydroxypropylmalonic acid dilactone derivatives. Acute toxicity and the action on CNS (employing behavioural tests) of bis-beta-hydroxypropylmalonic acid dilactone (D1) and its four derivatives (D2--D5) were investigated (Table 1) in mice and rats. The studied compounds showed low toxicity and were sometimes active just from high doses. D1 can be regarded as a sedative--hypnotic compound. In animals, the substituted dilactones induced the symptoms similar to those of tranquilizers."}
{"id": "PMID:945563", "title": "The effect of lithium chloride on the activity of some psychotropic drugs.", "content": "LiCl administered for 4 days enhances amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation, increases amphetamine toxicity in aggregated mice but does not affect amphetamine stereotypy. Administered together with nialamide, LiCl increase locomotor activity of mice and rats. The administration of this compound together with reserpine reverses central effects of its action (hypothermia, decreased motility, enhancement of hexobarbital activity).", "contents": "The effect of lithium chloride on the activity of some psychotropic drugs. LiCl administered for 4 days enhances amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation, increases amphetamine toxicity in aggregated mice but does not affect amphetamine stereotypy. Administered together with nialamide, LiCl increase locomotor activity of mice and rats. The administration of this compound together with reserpine reverses central effects of its action (hypothermia, decreased motility, enhancement of hexobarbital activity)."}
{"id": "PMID:945564", "title": "Frequency of decisions in initial pair contests: effects of sex, observer, and feeding stimulus.", "content": "Information obtained from initial pair contests was not increased by concealing the observer behind one-way glass or by presenting feed to pairs of hungry birds.", "contents": "Frequency of decisions in initial pair contests: effects of sex, observer, and feeding stimulus. Information obtained from initial pair contests was not increased by concealing the observer behind one-way glass or by presenting feed to pairs of hungry birds."}
{"id": "PMID:945565", "title": "Uric acid excretion by the chick as an indicator of dietary protein quality.", "content": "The objective of this investigation was to determine whether uric acid excretion could serve as an indicator of dietary protein quality. In the first study, 15% protein diets were formulated using either whole egg protein, soybean meal, safflower meal or casein, or the latter 3 proteins supplemented with their most limiting amino acid (methionine, lysine and arginine, respectively). Chicks fed diets supplemented with the limiting amino acid grew more rapidly and efficiently and excreted less uric acid. Good agreement was noted between uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as indicators of protein quality. Two studies  were conducted with chicks fed diets containing raw soybean flakes or flakes autoclaved for varying periods of time and fed with or without methionine and lysine supplementation. Similar chick performance, uric acid excretion and PER were noted with chicks fed the soybean flakes which had been autoclaved for 20, 40 or 120 min. Poorer chick performance and PER were noted with chicks fed soybean flakes or flakes autoclaved for 10 min. When the diets were supplemented with methionine and lysine, the negative effects of inadequate heating were partially alleviated. The results indicated that adequate heating and amino acid supplementation of soybean flakes were both essential for maximal chick performance, that the two factors influence the utlization of the protein in different ways and that the two effects were additive.", "contents": "Uric acid excretion by the chick as an indicator of dietary protein quality. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether uric acid excretion could serve as an indicator of dietary protein quality. In the first study, 15% protein diets were formulated using either whole egg protein, soybean meal, safflower meal or casein, or the latter 3 proteins supplemented with their most limiting amino acid (methionine, lysine and arginine, respectively). Chicks fed diets supplemented with the limiting amino acid grew more rapidly and efficiently and excreted less uric acid. Good agreement was noted between uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as indicators of protein quality. Two studies  were conducted with chicks fed diets containing raw soybean flakes or flakes autoclaved for varying periods of time and fed with or without methionine and lysine supplementation. Similar chick performance, uric acid excretion and PER were noted with chicks fed the soybean flakes which had been autoclaved for 20, 40 or 120 min. Poorer chick performance and PER were noted with chicks fed soybean flakes or flakes autoclaved for 10 min. When the diets were supplemented with methionine and lysine, the negative effects of inadequate heating were partially alleviated. The results indicated that adequate heating and amino acid supplementation of soybean flakes were both essential for maximal chick performance, that the two factors influence the utlization of the protein in different ways and that the two effects were additive."}
{"id": "PMID:945566", "title": "Leucine imbalance in corn-soybean meal diets for laying hens.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to study leucine X isoleucine X valine interactions in hens fed low-protein, corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of 0.75% L-leucine to diets containing 10 to 12% protein resulted in less feed intake and lowered production that could be overcome only by the addition of both 0.175% L-isoleucine and 0.35% DL-valine. Hens fed diets containing 16% and 19% protein were unaffected by the addition of as much as 2.25% L-leucine. Reduction of protein by dextrose dilution of high-protein diets resulted in improved performance when compared with regular low-protein diets because of the better amino acid balance in the diluted diets. This response was not correlated with the leucine content of the low-protein diets. It was concluded that the possibility of a leucine X isoleucine X valine interaction impairing the performance of hens fed low-protein corn-soymeal diets is very remote.", "contents": "Leucine imbalance in corn-soybean meal diets for laying hens. Three experiments were conducted to study leucine X isoleucine X valine interactions in hens fed low-protein, corn-soybean meal diets. Addition of 0.75% L-leucine to diets containing 10 to 12% protein resulted in less feed intake and lowered production that could be overcome only by the addition of both 0.175% L-isoleucine and 0.35% DL-valine. Hens fed diets containing 16% and 19% protein were unaffected by the addition of as much as 2.25% L-leucine. Reduction of protein by dextrose dilution of high-protein diets resulted in improved performance when compared with regular low-protein diets because of the better amino acid balance in the diluted diets. This response was not correlated with the leucine content of the low-protein diets. It was concluded that the possibility of a leucine X isoleucine X valine interaction impairing the performance of hens fed low-protein corn-soymeal diets is very remote."}
{"id": "PMID:945567", "title": "Effects of different cereal grains in diets for laying hens on production parameters and liver fat content.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to study the effects of different cereal grains on production criteria and liver fat content. The results of Experiment 1, in which pullets 21 weeks of age were used for a period of 22 weeks indicated that Gaines wheat or triticale (Trailblazer) were equal to corn in supporting egg production, egg weight and body weight, with comparable feed consumption. Henry wheat(a hard red winter class) was slightly, yet significantly (P less than 0.05) inferior to corn for the above criteria. No significant differences were observed among four treatments in wet liver weight and liver fat content. Hens fed the corn diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower carcass fat followed by the hens fed triticale in comparison with those fed Gaines or Henyry wheat. Mortality was very low and not related to dietary treatments. Neither dietary fat nor energy content was related to fat content of liver and carcass of the hens. Body weight and liver fat content were not closely related to each other. Wet liver weight was the only significantly (P less than 0.05) related factor to liver fat content. In the second experiment, in which hens 33 weeks of age were used for an experimental period of 20 weeks, opaque-2 corn was slightly superior to normal corn and triticale was comparable to normal corn in supporting egg production and egg weight. Supplementation of the diets containing the two corns and triticale with lysine failed to improve egg production and egg weight. Hens fed the diets containing either normal corn or opaque-2 corn as the only grain in the diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher liver fat content in comparison with hens fed the diet containing triticale as the only grain. Mortality, however, was much higher among hens fed triticale-containing diets in comparison with groups fed corn-containing diets in spite of the fact that they had significantly lower liver fat content. Regardless of dietary treatments or grains used, the hens that died were diagnosed to have fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Dietary fat content was postively and significantly (P less than 0.05) related to liver fat content. Dietary energy or body weight was not closely related to liver content. Liver fat content and mortality were negatively related to each other. The higher for content did not adversely affect laying performance.", "contents": "Effects of different cereal grains in diets for laying hens on production parameters and liver fat content. Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens to study the effects of different cereal grains on production criteria and liver fat content. The results of Experiment 1, in which pullets 21 weeks of age were used for a period of 22 weeks indicated that Gaines wheat or triticale (Trailblazer) were equal to corn in supporting egg production, egg weight and body weight, with comparable feed consumption. Henry wheat(a hard red winter class) was slightly, yet significantly (P less than 0.05) inferior to corn for the above criteria. No significant differences were observed among four treatments in wet liver weight and liver fat content. Hens fed the corn diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower carcass fat followed by the hens fed triticale in comparison with those fed Gaines or Henyry wheat. Mortality was very low and not related to dietary treatments. Neither dietary fat nor energy content was related to fat content of liver and carcass of the hens. Body weight and liver fat content were not closely related to each other. Wet liver weight was the only significantly (P less than 0.05) related factor to liver fat content. In the second experiment, in which hens 33 weeks of age were used for an experimental period of 20 weeks, opaque-2 corn was slightly superior to normal corn and triticale was comparable to normal corn in supporting egg production and egg weight. Supplementation of the diets containing the two corns and triticale with lysine failed to improve egg production and egg weight. Hens fed the diets containing either normal corn or opaque-2 corn as the only grain in the diet had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher liver fat content in comparison with hens fed the diet containing triticale as the only grain. Mortality, however, was much higher among hens fed triticale-containing diets in comparison with groups fed corn-containing diets in spite of the fact that they had significantly lower liver fat content. Regardless of dietary treatments or grains used, the hens that died were diagnosed to have fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome. Dietary fat content was postively and significantly (P less than 0.05) related to liver fat content. Dietary energy or body weight was not closely related to liver content. Liver fat content and mortality were negatively related to each other. The higher for content did not adversely affect laying performance."}
{"id": "PMID:945568", "title": "Nervousness and hysteria of mature female chickens.", "content": "A type of abnormal nervousness and hysteria, e.g., adding nests and perches to community cages and and hysteria affecting White Leghorn female chickens 35 or more weeks of age was investigated in nine experiments. Experimental flocks in which the malady consistently occurred were housed in large group (community) cages. Limited information was obtained on three cases in commercial flocks housed on the floor. Social pressure resulting from high population density appeared to be primary causative factor, with pain apparently contributing to the final break to hysteria. Claw removal at one day of age prevented hysteria but not nervousness in one experiment. Colored light, feeding added niacin or a mild tranquilizer were not successful preventives. Short term feeding of a high level of niacin, claw trimming and forced molting afforded relief in some cases while a heavy sedative was ineffective as a curative. Modification of the environment to reduce social pressure was successful in preventing nervousness and hysteria, e.g., adding nests and perches to community cages and moving flocks to less crowded housing. Strain differences in tendency to develop hysteria were demonstrated. There were positive indications of physiological changes associated with hysteria.", "contents": "Nervousness and hysteria of mature female chickens. A type of abnormal nervousness and hysteria, e.g., adding nests and perches to community cages and and hysteria affecting White Leghorn female chickens 35 or more weeks of age was investigated in nine experiments. Experimental flocks in which the malady consistently occurred were housed in large group (community) cages. Limited information was obtained on three cases in commercial flocks housed on the floor. Social pressure resulting from high population density appeared to be primary causative factor, with pain apparently contributing to the final break to hysteria. Claw removal at one day of age prevented hysteria but not nervousness in one experiment. Colored light, feeding added niacin or a mild tranquilizer were not successful preventives. Short term feeding of a high level of niacin, claw trimming and forced molting afforded relief in some cases while a heavy sedative was ineffective as a curative. Modification of the environment to reduce social pressure was successful in preventing nervousness and hysteria, e.g., adding nests and perches to community cages and moving flocks to less crowded housing. Strain differences in tendency to develop hysteria were demonstrated. There were positive indications of physiological changes associated with hysteria."}
{"id": "PMID:945569", "title": "Sulfur amino acid requirement and foot pad dermatitis in turkey poults.", "content": "Five experiments were conducted with Large White poults to determine the effect of methionine and other sulfur-containing compounds on the incidence and severity of dermatitis and on growth and feed efficiency to three or four weeks of age. The poults were housed in battery brooders with wire screen floors in four experiments\" and in floor pens with litter in one experiment. Male turkeys were used in four experiments and female turkeys in one experiment. Either a corn-soy diet or a cornstarch-soy diet was used as the basal diet in the various studies. A high incidence of foot-pad dermatitis was observed in poults fed the basal diets unsupplemented with methionine. A high incidence of a dermatitis on the upper part of the beak was also observed in poults maintained in battery brooders but not in floor pens. Adding methionine to the diets significantly lowered the incidence and severity of dermatitis, but cystine and potassium sulfate failed to modify dermatitis. Some foot-pad dermatitis was still observed in poults fed levels of methionine more than adequate to meet the requirements for optimum growth and feed efficiency. The incidence and severity of foot-pad dermatitis generally increased with age during the experiment among poults fed methionine-supplemented diets. Although methionine deficiency is a major  cause of foot-pad dermatitis in poults, other environmental or dietary factors also appeared to be involved in the development of the  condition. The methionine requirement for optimum growth, feed efficiency, and prevention of dermatitis was approximately 0.6% or 2.1 g. per mcal. of metabolizable energy (M.E.). This is higher than the present recommendation of the National Research Council. With corn-soybean meal diets the requirement for total sulfur amino acids is approximately 1.05% or 3.7 g. per mcal. of M.E.", "contents": "Sulfur amino acid requirement and foot pad dermatitis in turkey poults. Five experiments were conducted with Large White poults to determine the effect of methionine and other sulfur-containing compounds on the incidence and severity of dermatitis and on growth and feed efficiency to three or four weeks of age. The poults were housed in battery brooders with wire screen floors in four experiments\" and in floor pens with litter in one experiment. Male turkeys were used in four experiments and female turkeys in one experiment. Either a corn-soy diet or a cornstarch-soy diet was used as the basal diet in the various studies. A high incidence of foot-pad dermatitis was observed in poults fed the basal diets unsupplemented with methionine. A high incidence of a dermatitis on the upper part of the beak was also observed in poults maintained in battery brooders but not in floor pens. Adding methionine to the diets significantly lowered the incidence and severity of dermatitis, but cystine and potassium sulfate failed to modify dermatitis. Some foot-pad dermatitis was still observed in poults fed levels of methionine more than adequate to meet the requirements for optimum growth and feed efficiency. The incidence and severity of foot-pad dermatitis generally increased with age during the experiment among poults fed methionine-supplemented diets. Although methionine deficiency is a major  cause of foot-pad dermatitis in poults, other environmental or dietary factors also appeared to be involved in the development of the  condition. The methionine requirement for optimum growth, feed efficiency, and prevention of dermatitis was approximately 0.6% or 2.1 g. per mcal. of metabolizable energy (M.E.). This is higher than the present recommendation of the National Research Council. With corn-soybean meal diets the requirement for total sulfur amino acids is approximately 1.05% or 3.7 g. per mcal. of M.E."}
{"id": "PMID:945570", "title": "Arginine-lysine relationship in rapeseed meal.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted using White Leghorn male chicks to study the arginine-lysine relationship in rapeseed meal (RSM). Semi-purified diets containing 15% protein either from RSM or soybean meal (SBM) were fed. Arginine supplementation completely reversed the growth depression caused by the addition of lysine to RSM diets. Potassium acetate was only partially effective in alleviating the growth depression caused by supplemental lysine, while polyvinyl pyrrolidone significantly reduced chick performance. Tannic acid addition (1.5%) to SBM diets resulted in a severe growth depression which was partially corrected by the supplementation of arginine in the presence of methionine. Supplementation of these amino acids to RSM had a less drastic effect. It is suggested that a portion of the arginine in rapeseed meal may be required for metabolic processes involved in tannic acid excretion.", "contents": "Arginine-lysine relationship in rapeseed meal. A series of experiments was conducted using White Leghorn male chicks to study the arginine-lysine relationship in rapeseed meal (RSM). Semi-purified diets containing 15% protein either from RSM or soybean meal (SBM) were fed. Arginine supplementation completely reversed the growth depression caused by the addition of lysine to RSM diets. Potassium acetate was only partially effective in alleviating the growth depression caused by supplemental lysine, while polyvinyl pyrrolidone significantly reduced chick performance. Tannic acid addition (1.5%) to SBM diets resulted in a severe growth depression which was partially corrected by the supplementation of arginine in the presence of methionine. Supplementation of these amino acids to RSM had a less drastic effect. It is suggested that a portion of the arginine in rapeseed meal may be required for metabolic processes involved in tannic acid excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:945571", "title": "Comparative responses of White Leghorn and New Hampshire chickens to experimental infections with Histomonas meleagridis and Heterakis gallinarium.", "content": "Experimental infections with Histomonas melegridis and Heterakis gallinarum were produced in young White Leghorn (W.L.) and New Hampshire (N.H.) chickens and Beltsville Small White turkeys (B.S.W.T.). Although the histomonads caused liver lesions and high mortality in B.S.W.T., infections in chickens were not fatal and were confined to the ceca. Cecal involvement in the W.L. was slightly more severe, but also more transitory, than in the N.H. With regard to length, survival, and reproductive capacity, the heterakids thrived best in the W.L. Furthermore, the W.L. had the greatest potential for disseminating Histomonas-bearing heterakid eggs. These findings are similar to those of a previous study with the same breeds of birds but with a different strain of W.L. Thus, the differences in responses according to breed were quite consistent, whereas any difference according to strain was insignificantly by comparison.", "contents": "Comparative responses of White Leghorn and New Hampshire chickens to experimental infections with Histomonas meleagridis and Heterakis gallinarium. Experimental infections with Histomonas melegridis and Heterakis gallinarum were produced in young White Leghorn (W.L.) and New Hampshire (N.H.) chickens and Beltsville Small White turkeys (B.S.W.T.). Although the histomonads caused liver lesions and high mortality in B.S.W.T., infections in chickens were not fatal and were confined to the ceca. Cecal involvement in the W.L. was slightly more severe, but also more transitory, than in the N.H. With regard to length, survival, and reproductive capacity, the heterakids thrived best in the W.L. Furthermore, the W.L. had the greatest potential for disseminating Histomonas-bearing heterakid eggs. These findings are similar to those of a previous study with the same breeds of birds but with a different strain of W.L. Thus, the differences in responses according to breed were quite consistent, whereas any difference according to strain was insignificantly by comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:945572", "title": "The influence of turmeric and curcumin on cholesterol concentration of eggs and tissues.", "content": "An experiment was conducted in order to study the hypocholesteremic effect of tumeric and its coloring principle namely curcumin both in the presence and absence of dietary cholesterol. Laying hens were used as the experimental animals and they were fed the experimental diets for a duration of 8 weeks. The results of the experiment showed that tumeric or various levels of curcumin had no adverse effect on egg production, egg weight and feed to egg ratio. Moreover tumeric or various levels of curcumin both in the presence and absence of dietary cholesterol did not reduce the fat or cholesterol levels of plasma, liver or the egg yolk. An interesting finding from this experiment was that the egg yolk cholesterol levels of cholesterol fed groups sharply increased at the beginning of the experiment, and thereafter they gradually decreased and tended to approach the normal levels at the termination of the experiment. The possible reasons for variation in egg yolk cholesterol levels of cholesterol-fed groups with time is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of turmeric and curcumin on cholesterol concentration of eggs and tissues. An experiment was conducted in order to study the hypocholesteremic effect of tumeric and its coloring principle namely curcumin both in the presence and absence of dietary cholesterol. Laying hens were used as the experimental animals and they were fed the experimental diets for a duration of 8 weeks. The results of the experiment showed that tumeric or various levels of curcumin had no adverse effect on egg production, egg weight and feed to egg ratio. Moreover tumeric or various levels of curcumin both in the presence and absence of dietary cholesterol did not reduce the fat or cholesterol levels of plasma, liver or the egg yolk. An interesting finding from this experiment was that the egg yolk cholesterol levels of cholesterol fed groups sharply increased at the beginning of the experiment, and thereafter they gradually decreased and tended to approach the normal levels at the termination of the experiment. The possible reasons for variation in egg yolk cholesterol levels of cholesterol-fed groups with time is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945573", "title": "An evaluation of the L-methionine activity of the hydroxy analogue of methionine.", "content": "Three product forms of methionine hydroxy analogue were prepared for biological evaluation of their L-methionine activity for broiler strain chickens (Vantress x Arbor Acres). Two samples of the acid of the analogue HA-50, LMA-70 and one sample of a commercial grade (90%) MHA were standarized by gas liquid chromatography to contain a known amount of L-methionine activity as the free analogue acid. Each product form was tested in a separate experiment. The experimental chickens were fed a practical corn-soybean meal basal diet for the first seven days of the test. A semi-purified diet composed primarily of cerelose, isolated soybean protein and soybean meal was used for the remainder of the experimental period. HA-50 and the commercial form of the hydroxy analogue were formulated to contain 50% L-methionine activity. Hence, they were added to the diets at 0.1 and 0.2% and compared to the L-methionine standard which was added to levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15%. LMA-70 was formulated to contain 70% L-methionine activity and was added to the experimental diets at 0.07 and 0.14% and compared to the L-methionine standard at the same levels used in the other experiments. Statistical analysis of four-week data revealed no difference between the biological response of L-methionine and the three forms of the analogue when tested at comparable L-methionine activity levels. The biological of the analogue products was in good agreement with the L-methionine activity determined by gas liquid chromatography.", "contents": "An evaluation of the L-methionine activity of the hydroxy analogue of methionine. Three product forms of methionine hydroxy analogue were prepared for biological evaluation of their L-methionine activity for broiler strain chickens (Vantress x Arbor Acres). Two samples of the acid of the analogue HA-50, LMA-70 and one sample of a commercial grade (90%) MHA were standarized by gas liquid chromatography to contain a known amount of L-methionine activity as the free analogue acid. Each product form was tested in a separate experiment. The experimental chickens were fed a practical corn-soybean meal basal diet for the first seven days of the test. A semi-purified diet composed primarily of cerelose, isolated soybean protein and soybean meal was used for the remainder of the experimental period. HA-50 and the commercial form of the hydroxy analogue were formulated to contain 50% L-methionine activity. Hence, they were added to the diets at 0.1 and 0.2% and compared to the L-methionine standard which was added to levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15%. LMA-70 was formulated to contain 70% L-methionine activity and was added to the experimental diets at 0.07 and 0.14% and compared to the L-methionine standard at the same levels used in the other experiments. Statistical analysis of four-week data revealed no difference between the biological response of L-methionine and the three forms of the analogue when tested at comparable L-methionine activity levels. The biological of the analogue products was in good agreement with the L-methionine activity determined by gas liquid chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:945574", "title": "Fungus-fermented soybeans benefit the life cycle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).", "content": "Feeding quail chicks diets containing soybeans fermented with two cultures of Aspergilli (A. oryzae N.R.R.L. 451 and A. oryzae N.R.R.L. 506) resulted in significantly superior weight gains (p less than 0.05) through a 4-week growth period and confirmed previous observations made with identical cultures in broiler studies. Subsequent hen-day egg production and egg size were changed little by diets containing fermented soybeans. The numerical increases in fertility and hatchability were not significant. Progeny also responded to the fermented soybean diets, some carry-over effects were evident.", "contents": "Fungus-fermented soybeans benefit the life cycle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Feeding quail chicks diets containing soybeans fermented with two cultures of Aspergilli (A. oryzae N.R.R.L. 451 and A. oryzae N.R.R.L. 506) resulted in significantly superior weight gains (p less than 0.05) through a 4-week growth period and confirmed previous observations made with identical cultures in broiler studies. Subsequent hen-day egg production and egg size were changed little by diets containing fermented soybeans. The numerical increases in fertility and hatchability were not significant. Progeny also responded to the fermented soybean diets, some carry-over effects were evident."}
{"id": "PMID:945575", "title": "A comparison of iron bioassay diets.", "content": "Two broiler chick experiments wer conducted to evaluate four basal diets for iron bioassay suitability. The test basal diets, identified according to their principal ingredients and iron content, were: (1) starch-skim milk - 15 p.p.m., (2) degerminated corn-skin milk - 18 p.p.m. (3) degermianted corn-fish meal-isolated soy - 45 p.p.m., and (4) degermianted corn-fish meal-dehulled soy - 59p.p.m. Significant differences between an iron source with known low availability (ferric oxide) and a highly available iron source (ferrous sulfate) were not detected with the degerminated corn-fish meal-isolated soy or the degerminated corn-fish meal-dehulled soy diets. Likewise, there were no significant differences found between supplemental iron levels, 10 and 20 p.p.m. The corn-skim milk and starch-skim milk diets were both found to be satisfactory for iron bioassays. However, the sample size needed to estimate the population mean was almost twice as great for the starch-skim milk fed groups, than was needed for the corn-skim milk fed groups which indicates the corn-skim milk diet obtained greater sensitivity in testing iron sources and levels. Mortality was excessively high in the starch-skim milk fed group. Ferrous sulfate was superior to ferric oxide as a source of iron.", "contents": "A comparison of iron bioassay diets. Two broiler chick experiments wer conducted to evaluate four basal diets for iron bioassay suitability. The test basal diets, identified according to their principal ingredients and iron content, were: (1) starch-skim milk - 15 p.p.m., (2) degerminated corn-skin milk - 18 p.p.m. (3) degermianted corn-fish meal-isolated soy - 45 p.p.m., and (4) degermianted corn-fish meal-dehulled soy - 59p.p.m. Significant differences between an iron source with known low availability (ferric oxide) and a highly available iron source (ferrous sulfate) were not detected with the degerminated corn-fish meal-isolated soy or the degerminated corn-fish meal-dehulled soy diets. Likewise, there were no significant differences found between supplemental iron levels, 10 and 20 p.p.m. The corn-skim milk and starch-skim milk diets were both found to be satisfactory for iron bioassays. However, the sample size needed to estimate the population mean was almost twice as great for the starch-skim milk fed groups, than was needed for the corn-skim milk fed groups which indicates the corn-skim milk diet obtained greater sensitivity in testing iron sources and levels. Mortality was excessively high in the starch-skim milk fed group. Ferrous sulfate was superior to ferric oxide as a source of iron."}
{"id": "PMID:945578", "title": "Chronic administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to pregnant rats: studies of pup behavior and placental transfer.", "content": "Tritiated delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered orally to female rats throughout pregnancy at a dose level of 2 mg/kg/day. Chemical analysis of rat pup tissues indicated an average drug level near 20 ng/gm was attained via placental transfer. Although there was no teratogenicity, the pups showed both transient and relatively permanent behavioral effects. A deficit in acquisition of a passive avoidance response at 21 days of age was observed. This effect was not apparent during retraining and testing at 90 days of age. Rats whose dams had received the drug forced control animals to back out of a push tube in 67% of the tests at 21 days of age and 94% of the tests at 90 days of age.", "contents": "Chronic administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol to pregnant rats: studies of pup behavior and placental transfer. Tritiated delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered orally to female rats throughout pregnancy at a dose level of 2 mg/kg/day. Chemical analysis of rat pup tissues indicated an average drug level near 20 ng/gm was attained via placental transfer. Although there was no teratogenicity, the pups showed both transient and relatively permanent behavioral effects. A deficit in acquisition of a passive avoidance response at 21 days of age was observed. This effect was not apparent during retraining and testing at 90 days of age. Rats whose dams had received the drug forced control animals to back out of a push tube in 67% of the tests at 21 days of age and 94% of the tests at 90 days of age."}
{"id": "PMID:945579", "title": "Dopaminergic involvement in withdrawal hypothermia and thermoregulatory behavior in morphine dependent rats.", "content": "Thermoregulatory behavior was assessed in the rat by measuring the time taken to escape from a radiant heat source. The time to excape and the rise in core temperature accompanying exposure to heat were greater in morphine dependent (1 X 75 mg SC pellet implant for 72 hr) than in control rats. Injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg) into dependent rats produced a withdrawal hypothermia and decreased the time taken to escape from the heat source. Since rats undergoing withdrawal avoided heat at the same time that their core temperature was falling, the hypothermia is most likely due to a downward setting of the central thermostats rather than a direct activation of heat loss pathways. Both the withdrawal hypothermia and the behavioral changes were blocked by pimozide pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg) implicating a dopaminergic mechanism in the downward setting of the thermostats. Administration of naloxone 144 hr after pellet implantation produced similar effects to those in the 72 hr implanted group. Injection of morphine sulfate (4 mg/kg) 144 hr after implantation increased both the core temperature and the time taken to escape from heat suggesting that the effect of morphine in the dependent rat is to produce an upward setting of the thermostats.", "contents": "Dopaminergic involvement in withdrawal hypothermia and thermoregulatory behavior in morphine dependent rats. Thermoregulatory behavior was assessed in the rat by measuring the time taken to escape from a radiant heat source. The time to excape and the rise in core temperature accompanying exposure to heat were greater in morphine dependent (1 X 75 mg SC pellet implant for 72 hr) than in control rats. Injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg) into dependent rats produced a withdrawal hypothermia and decreased the time taken to escape from the heat source. Since rats undergoing withdrawal avoided heat at the same time that their core temperature was falling, the hypothermia is most likely due to a downward setting of the central thermostats rather than a direct activation of heat loss pathways. Both the withdrawal hypothermia and the behavioral changes were blocked by pimozide pretreatment (0.5 mg/kg) implicating a dopaminergic mechanism in the downward setting of the thermostats. Administration of naloxone 144 hr after pellet implantation produced similar effects to those in the 72 hr implanted group. Injection of morphine sulfate (4 mg/kg) 144 hr after implantation increased both the core temperature and the time taken to escape from heat suggesting that the effect of morphine in the dependent rat is to produce an upward setting of the thermostats."}
{"id": "PMID:945580", "title": "Chronic morphine administration: plasma levels and withdrawal syndrome in rats.", "content": "Morphine, administered to Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 65 hr either by the simultaneous implantation of two 75 mg pellets, or by a series of twice daily 20 or 30 mg/kg injections, produced dependence as indicated by the precipitation of the abstinence syndrome with the antagonist, naloxone. Plasma morphine levels, analyzed fluorometrically at various times during the treatment procedures, revealed peak concentrations that were 3 or 4 fold higher for injected animals than the maximum steady-state level established in the pellet-implanted animals. The calculated plasma concentration of the drug over time was not statistically different for the groups. It is noted that although the 2 methods of morphine administration produce a qualitatively identical dependent state, the pellet implantation technique causes greater weight loss and a higher incidence of jumping and wet-dog shakes during withdrawal.", "contents": "Chronic morphine administration: plasma levels and withdrawal syndrome in rats. Morphine, administered to Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 65 hr either by the simultaneous implantation of two 75 mg pellets, or by a series of twice daily 20 or 30 mg/kg injections, produced dependence as indicated by the precipitation of the abstinence syndrome with the antagonist, naloxone. Plasma morphine levels, analyzed fluorometrically at various times during the treatment procedures, revealed peak concentrations that were 3 or 4 fold higher for injected animals than the maximum steady-state level established in the pellet-implanted animals. The calculated plasma concentration of the drug over time was not statistically different for the groups. It is noted that although the 2 methods of morphine administration produce a qualitatively identical dependent state, the pellet implantation technique causes greater weight loss and a higher incidence of jumping and wet-dog shakes during withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:945581", "title": "Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine lowers isolation-induced fighting behavior in male mice.", "content": "Male mice with high isolation-induced fighting tendencies were administered 200 mug 6-OHDA or vehicle intraventricularly and tested for fighting tendency for up to 10 weeks until sacrifice, and assayed for brain NE levels. A strong correlation was found between NE depletion and reduced fighting tendency after 6-OHDA treatment. The depressed fighting by mice with less than 200 ng. NE/g persisted throughout a series of test fights, indicating no recovery in fighting behavior throughout the survival time.", "contents": "Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine lowers isolation-induced fighting behavior in male mice. Male mice with high isolation-induced fighting tendencies were administered 200 mug 6-OHDA or vehicle intraventricularly and tested for fighting tendency for up to 10 weeks until sacrifice, and assayed for brain NE levels. A strong correlation was found between NE depletion and reduced fighting tendency after 6-OHDA treatment. The depressed fighting by mice with less than 200 ng. NE/g persisted throughout a series of test fights, indicating no recovery in fighting behavior throughout the survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:945582", "title": "Stimulus specific effect of scotophobin on mouse plasma corticoids.", "content": "Scotophobin is a peptide previously extracted from brains of rodents shocked in the dark compartment of a white/dark apparatus and identified as the behaviorally active dark avoidance-inducing factor. This study attempted to ascertain whether a  stable synthetic analog of scotophobin induced no adrenocortical stress reaction, a generalized, unconditioned stress reaction, or a stress reaction selectively triggered by the dark compartment of the apparatus. Twenty eight mice were injected IP with the synthetic substance and 28 with placebo. A day later half of each group was placed in the dark compartment and the other half in the light compartment. Fifteen min afterward, the animals were bled, and serum samples were obtained. Plasma corticoid levels were determined by radioassay. Only the animals injected with scotophobin analog and exposed to the dark box had elevated levels. The interaction effect between drug treatment and light or dark environment was highly significant.", "contents": "Stimulus specific effect of scotophobin on mouse plasma corticoids. Scotophobin is a peptide previously extracted from brains of rodents shocked in the dark compartment of a white/dark apparatus and identified as the behaviorally active dark avoidance-inducing factor. This study attempted to ascertain whether a  stable synthetic analog of scotophobin induced no adrenocortical stress reaction, a generalized, unconditioned stress reaction, or a stress reaction selectively triggered by the dark compartment of the apparatus. Twenty eight mice were injected IP with the synthetic substance and 28 with placebo. A day later half of each group was placed in the dark compartment and the other half in the light compartment. Fifteen min afterward, the animals were bled, and serum samples were obtained. Plasma corticoid levels were determined by radioassay. Only the animals injected with scotophobin analog and exposed to the dark box had elevated levels. The interaction effect between drug treatment and light or dark environment was highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:945576", "title": "[Dynamics of prolactin-I125 accumulation in the organs of lactating rats and its subcellular distribution in mammary tissue].", "content": "A study was made of the dynamics of prolactin-I125 accumulation in the kidneys, mammary gland and the liver of lactating rats in the course of 100 min. after the administration of the hormone. Absorption of the labeled prolactin occurred most intensively in the kidneys, where it splits. Iodides served as the principal radioactive product of prolactin-I125 splitting in the urine. The liver displayed no significant prolactin-binding activity. Prolactin-I125 accumulation in the mammary gland occurred at a constant rate. In this tissue labeled prolactin was localized outside the cells -- at first in the lymphatic and intercellular space and then -- in milk. The interval from the time of the hormone accumulation in the tissue to the appearance of radioactive products in milk was about 13 minutes. Prolactin-binding fragments of plasmatic membranes of the mammary gland cells were distributed in fractionation of this tissue by the method of differential centrifugation in the mitochondrial, lysosomal and microsomal fractions.", "contents": "[Dynamics of prolactin-I125 accumulation in the organs of lactating rats and its subcellular distribution in mammary tissue]. A study was made of the dynamics of prolactin-I125 accumulation in the kidneys, mammary gland and the liver of lactating rats in the course of 100 min. after the administration of the hormone. Absorption of the labeled prolactin occurred most intensively in the kidneys, where it splits. Iodides served as the principal radioactive product of prolactin-I125 splitting in the urine. The liver displayed no significant prolactin-binding activity. Prolactin-I125 accumulation in the mammary gland occurred at a constant rate. In this tissue labeled prolactin was localized outside the cells -- at first in the lymphatic and intercellular space and then -- in milk. The interval from the time of the hormone accumulation in the tissue to the appearance of radioactive products in milk was about 13 minutes. Prolactin-binding fragments of plasmatic membranes of the mammary gland cells were distributed in fractionation of this tissue by the method of differential centrifugation in the mitochondrial, lysosomal and microsomal fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:945583", "title": "Tolerance to amphetamine in two species (rat and guinea pig) that metabolize it differently.", "content": "It has been proposed that p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of amphetamine, is responsible for the tolerance that occurs to this drug. To test this idea, the development of tolerance to amphetamine has been examined in two species, the rat and the guinea pig, the former of which produces p-hydroxynorephedrine from amphetamine while the latter does not. In both species, tolerance develops to the anorectic and hyperthermic actions of amphetamine, and similar changes in the pattern of behavioural stimulation are seen.", "contents": "Tolerance to amphetamine in two species (rat and guinea pig) that metabolize it differently. It has been proposed that p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of amphetamine, is responsible for the tolerance that occurs to this drug. To test this idea, the development of tolerance to amphetamine has been examined in two species, the rat and the guinea pig, the former of which produces p-hydroxynorephedrine from amphetamine while the latter does not. In both species, tolerance develops to the anorectic and hyperthermic actions of amphetamine, and similar changes in the pattern of behavioural stimulation are seen."}
{"id": "PMID:945586", "title": "Assessment of the reliability of and the effect of neutral instructions on the symptom ratings on the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire.", "content": "The Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) Form T, was analyzed for split-half and test-retest reliability. Also, an Experimental Group (N = 47)received neutral instructions to determine if knowledge of the purpose of the questionnaire would affect symptom ratings. Results indicated that the MDQ is internally consistent and does have high test-retest reliability. Also, altered instructions did not significantly affect symptom ratings. However, the MDQ, Form T, was not able to differentiate between Ss who were in different menstrual cycle phases when completing the questionnaire. It is suggested that Form T be used instead as originally intended to compare the ratings of different Ss in different cycle phases.", "contents": "Assessment of the reliability of and the effect of neutral instructions on the symptom ratings on the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. The Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) Form T, was analyzed for split-half and test-retest reliability. Also, an Experimental Group (N = 47)received neutral instructions to determine if knowledge of the purpose of the questionnaire would affect symptom ratings. Results indicated that the MDQ is internally consistent and does have high test-retest reliability. Also, altered instructions did not significantly affect symptom ratings. However, the MDQ, Form T, was not able to differentiate between Ss who were in different menstrual cycle phases when completing the questionnaire. It is suggested that Form T be used instead as originally intended to compare the ratings of different Ss in different cycle phases."}
{"id": "PMID:945590", "title": "The release of prostaglandin F2alpha as reflected by 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha in the peripheral circulation during normal luteolysis in heifers.", "content": "Progesterone and the main plasma metabolite of PGF2alpha, 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha, were determined at hourly intervals in the peripheral circulation during luteolysis in two heifers. The prostaglandin release was found to occur during 2-3 days as rapid pulses with a duration of 1-5 hours prior to and during luteolysis, which was indicated by decreasing levels of progesterone.", "contents": "The release of prostaglandin F2alpha as reflected by 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha in the peripheral circulation during normal luteolysis in heifers. Progesterone and the main plasma metabolite of PGF2alpha, 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF2alpha, were determined at hourly intervals in the peripheral circulation during luteolysis in two heifers. The prostaglandin release was found to occur during 2-3 days as rapid pulses with a duration of 1-5 hours prior to and during luteolysis, which was indicated by decreasing levels of progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:945591", "title": "The synchronization of oestrus and subsequent fertility in ewes following treatment with a synthetic prostaglandin analogue (ONO 453).", "content": "ONO 453, a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) is a potent luteolytic agent in cycling ewes when given as a single intramuscular injection. The drug was effective in doses of 2 mg when administered after day 3 of the oestrous cycle. It is well tolerated by ewes, producing no apparent signs of toxicity at 5 mg and only a mild transient increase in the respiratory rate at 10 mg. To synchronise oestrus two dosing regimens were examined; a single i.m. dose of 2 mg administered without reference to the day of the oestrous cycle, and 2 injections of 2 mg administered 7 days apart. With the first method 86.6 per cent of the ewes were in oestrus within 24-50 hours of treatment, with the second, 82 per cent were in oestrus within 30-54 hours. To test the fertility of the oestrus following ONO 453-induced luteolysis, both groups of ewes were run with fertile rams and 86 per cent and 70.8 per cent of those induced by the single or double injection respectively, conceived and lambed.", "contents": "The synchronization of oestrus and subsequent fertility in ewes following treatment with a synthetic prostaglandin analogue (ONO 453). ONO 453, a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) is a potent luteolytic agent in cycling ewes when given as a single intramuscular injection. The drug was effective in doses of 2 mg when administered after day 3 of the oestrous cycle. It is well tolerated by ewes, producing no apparent signs of toxicity at 5 mg and only a mild transient increase in the respiratory rate at 10 mg. To synchronise oestrus two dosing regimens were examined; a single i.m. dose of 2 mg administered without reference to the day of the oestrous cycle, and 2 injections of 2 mg administered 7 days apart. With the first method 86.6 per cent of the ewes were in oestrus within 24-50 hours of treatment, with the second, 82 per cent were in oestrus within 30-54 hours. To test the fertility of the oestrus following ONO 453-induced luteolysis, both groups of ewes were run with fertile rams and 86 per cent and 70.8 per cent of those induced by the single or double injection respectively, conceived and lambed."}
{"id": "PMID:945595", "title": "The experimental production of haemolytic disease of the newborn in calves.", "content": "Haemolytic disease in varying degrees of severity was produced experimentally in 15 newborn calves. Blood group antibodies, incompatible with some of the blood group factors of the calves, were produced in the dams of these calves by inoculation with non-parasitised red blood cells from the sire in most cases. These antibodies were absorbed by the calves from the colostrum. The resultant sensitisation of the calves' red cells produced acute intravascular haemolysis causing haemoglobinuria and anaemia. The principal factor governing the severity of the condition appeared to be the amount of sensitising antibody absorbed by the calf. The finding of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenaemia, a reduction in plasma coagulation factors and the detection of fibrinogen degradation products indicated that disseminated intravascular coagulation occurs in this condition and is the cause of death in the acute cases where a haemorrhagic diathesis, fibrin deposition and oedema of the lungs are the main clinical and post mortem observations.", "contents": "The experimental production of haemolytic disease of the newborn in calves. Haemolytic disease in varying degrees of severity was produced experimentally in 15 newborn calves. Blood group antibodies, incompatible with some of the blood group factors of the calves, were produced in the dams of these calves by inoculation with non-parasitised red blood cells from the sire in most cases. These antibodies were absorbed by the calves from the colostrum. The resultant sensitisation of the calves' red cells produced acute intravascular haemolysis causing haemoglobinuria and anaemia. The principal factor governing the severity of the condition appeared to be the amount of sensitising antibody absorbed by the calf. The finding of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenaemia, a reduction in plasma coagulation factors and the detection of fibrinogen degradation products indicated that disseminated intravascular coagulation occurs in this condition and is the cause of death in the acute cases where a haemorrhagic diathesis, fibrin deposition and oedema of the lungs are the main clinical and post mortem observations."}
{"id": "PMID:945594", "title": "[The study of platelet kinetics with 51Cr labeled platelets (author's transl)].", "content": "After infusion of 51Cr--labeled isologous platelets into one patient with no hematological disease and into four patients with thrombocytopenia, radioactivity was measured from 1 to 8 days. Normal platelets survival was determined as 7 to 8 days in the first patient, whereas the thrombocytopenic patients showed a reduced survival, between 1 to 2 days. The percentage of maximum recovery of transfused platelets was severely reduced in those patients with thrombocytopenia, ranging from 13 to 18%, as compared with the normal 50% found in the first patient. Surface scanning of the spleen, liver and precordium, served as an index for selective platelet sequestration, and it was positive only in case of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Despite the low incorporation to the platelets, 51Cr seems to be a suitable label as well as the method described. The pathological aspects of the platelets survival are discussed.", "contents": "[The study of platelet kinetics with 51Cr labeled platelets (author's transl)]. After infusion of 51Cr--labeled isologous platelets into one patient with no hematological disease and into four patients with thrombocytopenia, radioactivity was measured from 1 to 8 days. Normal platelets survival was determined as 7 to 8 days in the first patient, whereas the thrombocytopenic patients showed a reduced survival, between 1 to 2 days. The percentage of maximum recovery of transfused platelets was severely reduced in those patients with thrombocytopenia, ranging from 13 to 18%, as compared with the normal 50% found in the first patient. Surface scanning of the spleen, liver and precordium, served as an index for selective platelet sequestration, and it was positive only in case of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Despite the low incorporation to the platelets, 51Cr seems to be a suitable label as well as the method described. The pathological aspects of the platelets survival are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945609", "title": "Organochlorine and mercury residues in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus).", "content": "Samples of blubber, liver, kidney and brain, obtained from 10 male, 6 female neonatal, and 4 lactating female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), were analysed for DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and total mercury. Methyl mercury levels in blood were also determined. Biocide deposition was not significantly different in female and male ten day old pups. There were no significant differences in biocide levels in the liver of the 14/+ day old males, but in blubber there were significant differences in dieldrin and DDT. There was no clear relationship between biocide levels in the 6-18 year old lactating adults and their pups. Younger adult seals (6 and 7 years) were found to have higher levels of PCB and sigmaDDT levels in their blubber than did older females (10 and 18 years). Wide intraspecific variation was noted in organochlorine and mercury residue levels. Pups taken in 1973 were found to have lower organochlorine residues than pups taken in the same area in 1971. Preliminary investigation indicates that detectable amounts of organochlorine and mercury residues are capable of crossing the placenta in the harp seal.", "contents": "Organochlorine and mercury residues in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus). Samples of blubber, liver, kidney and brain, obtained from 10 male, 6 female neonatal, and 4 lactating female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), were analysed for DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and total mercury. Methyl mercury levels in blood were also determined. Biocide deposition was not significantly different in female and male ten day old pups. There were no significant differences in biocide levels in the liver of the 14/+ day old males, but in blubber there were significant differences in dieldrin and DDT. There was no clear relationship between biocide levels in the 6-18 year old lactating adults and their pups. Younger adult seals (6 and 7 years) were found to have higher levels of PCB and sigmaDDT levels in their blubber than did older females (10 and 18 years). Wide intraspecific variation was noted in organochlorine and mercury residue levels. Pups taken in 1973 were found to have lower organochlorine residues than pups taken in the same area in 1971. Preliminary investigation indicates that detectable amounts of organochlorine and mercury residues are capable of crossing the placenta in the harp seal."}
{"id": "PMID:945610", "title": "Genetic predisposition and stress-induced hypertension.", "content": "When chronically exposed to an approach-avoidance conflict, rats with a genetic susceptibility to hypertension showed persisten elevations in systolic blood pressure, but rats with a genetic resistance to hypertension did not. Hence, psychic stress is selectively efficacious in producing hypertensive effects depending on genetic predisposition of the animal.", "contents": "Genetic predisposition and stress-induced hypertension. When chronically exposed to an approach-avoidance conflict, rats with a genetic susceptibility to hypertension showed persisten elevations in systolic blood pressure, but rats with a genetic resistance to hypertension did not. Hence, psychic stress is selectively efficacious in producing hypertensive effects depending on genetic predisposition of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:945611", "title": "Thromboxanes: selective biosynthesis and distinct biological properties.", "content": "The prostaglandin endoperoxide ring structure alone does not establish suitability as a substrate for thromboxane synthetase, but the degree of unsaturation and carbon chain length are also essential features. Thus, human platelet microsomes can synthesize thromboxane A2, thromboxane A3, but not thromboxane A1 from their respective endoperoxides. The potent vasoconstrictor property of thromboxanes can be dissociated from its capacity to produce platelet aggregation. Furthermore, thromboxane formation is not an essential process in platelet aggregation. The observations indicate the remarkable structural specificity of both the synthetic enzymes, cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase, as well as the vascular and platelet receptor sites.", "contents": "Thromboxanes: selective biosynthesis and distinct biological properties. The prostaglandin endoperoxide ring structure alone does not establish suitability as a substrate for thromboxane synthetase, but the degree of unsaturation and carbon chain length are also essential features. Thus, human platelet microsomes can synthesize thromboxane A2, thromboxane A3, but not thromboxane A1 from their respective endoperoxides. The potent vasoconstrictor property of thromboxanes can be dissociated from its capacity to produce platelet aggregation. Furthermore, thromboxane formation is not an essential process in platelet aggregation. The observations indicate the remarkable structural specificity of both the synthetic enzymes, cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase, as well as the vascular and platelet receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:945612", "title": "Memory: proline induces retrograde amnesia in chicks.", "content": "Intracerebral injection of L-proline, 1 minute after one-trial avoidance training of chicks, impaired memory 24 hours later. Chicks injected with proline 1 or 4 hours after training and controls injected with L-isoleucine at intervals after training, showed no impairment of memory 24 hours after training. The retrograde impairment of long-term memory induced by proline occurred without the convulsions or electrographic events usually associated with retrograde amnesic treatments.", "contents": "Memory: proline induces retrograde amnesia in chicks. Intracerebral injection of L-proline, 1 minute after one-trial avoidance training of chicks, impaired memory 24 hours later. Chicks injected with proline 1 or 4 hours after training and controls injected with L-isoleucine at intervals after training, showed no impairment of memory 24 hours after training. The retrograde impairment of long-term memory induced by proline occurred without the convulsions or electrographic events usually associated with retrograde amnesic treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:945613", "title": "Copper supplementation in quaking mutant mice: reduced tremors and increased brain copper.", "content": "Mice homozygous for the mutant gene quaking (qk) with a high frequency of axial tremors had a low concentration of copper in the brain. Supplementation during pregnancy and lactation with a high level of dietary copper greatly reduced the frequency of tremors and brought brain copper level to normal in the off-spring. It is suggested that qk affects copper metabolism.", "contents": "Copper supplementation in quaking mutant mice: reduced tremors and increased brain copper. Mice homozygous for the mutant gene quaking (qk) with a high frequency of axial tremors had a low concentration of copper in the brain. Supplementation during pregnancy and lactation with a high level of dietary copper greatly reduced the frequency of tremors and brought brain copper level to normal in the off-spring. It is suggested that qk affects copper metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:945614", "title": "Suceptibility of mice to audiogenic seizures is increased by handling their dams during gestation.", "content": "Fetal mice treated on days 10, 11, and 12 of gestation by injecting the mothers with (i) 50 milligrams of beta-2-thienylalanine, (ii) solvent, or (iii) sham injection had identical frequencies of audiogenic seizures when tested 23 days after birth; these frequencies were significantly higher than those of an unhandled control group. Results of the sham treatment suggest that maternal stress induced by handling, rather than the nature of the substance injected, increased the susceptibility of the offspring to seizures.", "contents": "Suceptibility of mice to audiogenic seizures is increased by handling their dams during gestation. Fetal mice treated on days 10, 11, and 12 of gestation by injecting the mothers with (i) 50 milligrams of beta-2-thienylalanine, (ii) solvent, or (iii) sham injection had identical frequencies of audiogenic seizures when tested 23 days after birth; these frequencies were significantly higher than those of an unhandled control group. Results of the sham treatment suggest that maternal stress induced by handling, rather than the nature of the substance injected, increased the susceptibility of the offspring to seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:945615", "title": "Yolk sac carcinoma.", "content": "Yolk sac carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm which has appeared under a variety of names. It has been reported not only in gonadal sites but also in the mediastinum, pineal body, and sacral areas. The typical histologic appearance of this tumor and the variety of locations are demonstrated by four case reports. A 57-year-old patient with an ovarian tumor is thought to be the oldest patient reported to date.", "contents": "Yolk sac carcinoma. Yolk sac carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm which has appeared under a variety of names. It has been reported not only in gonadal sites but also in the mediastinum, pineal body, and sacral areas. The typical histologic appearance of this tumor and the variety of locations are demonstrated by four case reports. A 57-year-old patient with an ovarian tumor is thought to be the oldest patient reported to date."}
{"id": "PMID:945617", "title": "Protozoan and helminthic infections of the intestines of humans in the inyanga area of Rhodesia.", "content": "A survey of the protozoan and helminth species which infest the intestines of the people in the lnyanga area of Rhodesia has revealed a wide range of species. Of the protozoa, Entamoeba coli was by far the commonest species encountered (45,8%) and of the helminths, hookworms (8,2%) were the most common.", "contents": "Protozoan and helminthic infections of the intestines of humans in the inyanga area of Rhodesia. A survey of the protozoan and helminth species which infest the intestines of the people in the lnyanga area of Rhodesia has revealed a wide range of species. Of the protozoa, Entamoeba coli was by far the commonest species encountered (45,8%) and of the helminths, hookworms (8,2%) were the most common."}
{"id": "PMID:945619", "title": "Foods for infants allergic to cow's milk.", "content": "This article provides a reference guide to commercially available baby foods in South Africa and indicates which of these foods contain cow's milk. This information is of importance in the nutritional management of babies.", "contents": "Foods for infants allergic to cow's milk. This article provides a reference guide to commercially available baby foods in South Africa and indicates which of these foods contain cow's milk. This information is of importance in the nutritional management of babies."}
{"id": "PMID:945621", "title": "[Trials of artificial vaginas for bulls (author's transl)].", "content": "Introduction of short artificial vaginas with smooth plastic inner liners and without any internal pressure reduced the bacterial contamination of bull semen to a very considerable extent. Moreover, semen production increased, partly because of lower semen losses in short artificial vaginas with smooth inner liners which were not under pressure, partly because more intensive sexual preparation of the bulls was required to collect semen with this type of artificial vagina. When adequate sexual preparation of the bulls is practised, all bulls will accept short artificial vaginas with smooth inner liners which are not under pressure. The use of particularly rough rubber inner liners in artificial vaginas for bulls and using long artificial vaginas with internal pressure is not advisable because of unnecessarily high semen losses in the artificial vagina and unnecessary contamination of the crude semen.", "contents": "[Trials of artificial vaginas for bulls (author's transl)]. Introduction of short artificial vaginas with smooth plastic inner liners and without any internal pressure reduced the bacterial contamination of bull semen to a very considerable extent. Moreover, semen production increased, partly because of lower semen losses in short artificial vaginas with smooth inner liners which were not under pressure, partly because more intensive sexual preparation of the bulls was required to collect semen with this type of artificial vagina. When adequate sexual preparation of the bulls is practised, all bulls will accept short artificial vaginas with smooth inner liners which are not under pressure. The use of particularly rough rubber inner liners in artificial vaginas for bulls and using long artificial vaginas with internal pressure is not advisable because of unnecessarily high semen losses in the artificial vagina and unnecessary contamination of the crude semen."}
{"id": "PMID:945623", "title": "The histochemical localization of cholesterol in formalin-fixed and fresh frozen sections.", "content": "The premixed cholesterol reagent (acetic acid, sulphuric acid, ferric chloride and phosphoric acid) employed in a spectrophotometric method for serum cholesterol determinations was applied to frozen sections of various rat and rabbit tissues. The histochemical reaction was compared with the results obtained by the classical Schultz reaction. The same bluish-green color was observed after treatment of formalin-fixed and fresh cryostat sections incubated in 2.5% iron alum at 37 C for 3 days. The premixed cholesterol reagent is stable for years at room temperature if stored in a brown bottle and is thus readily available for routine use.", "contents": "The histochemical localization of cholesterol in formalin-fixed and fresh frozen sections. The premixed cholesterol reagent (acetic acid, sulphuric acid, ferric chloride and phosphoric acid) employed in a spectrophotometric method for serum cholesterol determinations was applied to frozen sections of various rat and rabbit tissues. The histochemical reaction was compared with the results obtained by the classical Schultz reaction. The same bluish-green color was observed after treatment of formalin-fixed and fresh cryostat sections incubated in 2.5% iron alum at 37 C for 3 days. The premixed cholesterol reagent is stable for years at room temperature if stored in a brown bottle and is thus readily available for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:945625", "title": "Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan. III. Production traits in sheep.", "content": "The results of an intensive 15 months' study of 10 flocks of indigenous sheep are recorded. Lambing rates approach 1.5 lambs per ewe per year, but a death rate of 23 per cent and an offtake of 27 per cent, means that flock numbers are probably slightly declining. Twins account for 14 per cent of all births but the death rate of twin lambs is almost twice that of single lambs up to 6 months of age. Increased productivity is therefore more likely to be achieved by improving the survival and growth rates of single lambs than by selection for twinning. The weighted average rate of lightweight gain for all surviving lambs is 82 g per day up to 1 year of age, and is better than that recorded for any other indigenous African sheep. Meat production per kg of breeding female, at 0.253 kg up to 6 months of age of the young, is almost six times the production of cattle under the same management and environmental conditions, but is inferior to that of goats.", "contents": "Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan. III. Production traits in sheep. The results of an intensive 15 months' study of 10 flocks of indigenous sheep are recorded. Lambing rates approach 1.5 lambs per ewe per year, but a death rate of 23 per cent and an offtake of 27 per cent, means that flock numbers are probably slightly declining. Twins account for 14 per cent of all births but the death rate of twin lambs is almost twice that of single lambs up to 6 months of age. Increased productivity is therefore more likely to be achieved by improving the survival and growth rates of single lambs than by selection for twinning. The weighted average rate of lightweight gain for all surviving lambs is 82 g per day up to 1 year of age, and is better than that recorded for any other indigenous African sheep. Meat production per kg of breeding female, at 0.253 kg up to 6 months of age of the young, is almost six times the production of cattle under the same management and environmental conditions, but is inferior to that of goats."}
{"id": "PMID:945626", "title": "Factors affecting the production and composition of Egyptian buffalo milk.", "content": "The data comprise 254 first and 150 second 305-day lactation records of buffaloes and their dams at Mahalet Mousa Experimental Station. These records were used for the evaluation of the effect of various factors upon 305-day milk yield. The average daily milk yield and percentage constituents were measured on 58 lactation records. Samples were taken on the seventh, fourteenth and thirtieth day post-partum and at 30 day intervals throughout the lactation. The parameters studied were: age at first calving, 305-day milk yield and butter fat, protein and total solids contents percentages. Average age at first calving was 42.9 and 40.9 months for heifers and their dams, respectively. Average 305-day milk yield was 1,004.3 kg and 1,552.7 for first and second lactations, respectively. The later age at which buffalo cows produce their first calf, the greater the milk production in first lactation. Buffaloes that calve in summer produce more milk than those which calve in winter months. Average fat, protein and total solids percentages were 6.59, 4.11 and 16.52 respectively, in the first lactation and 6.63, 3.99 and 16.48 respecitvely in the second lactation. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and yields of constituents were high and positive. Those among constituent percentages were positive and moderate. In general, correlations between milk yield and constituents content were negative. Milk yield increased after calving towards a peak ranging between 30 and 90 days for the first and second lactations, respectively. Constituent percentages were high at the beginning, declining thereafter as milk yield increased, followed by a gradual rise till the end of lactation.", "contents": "Factors affecting the production and composition of Egyptian buffalo milk. The data comprise 254 first and 150 second 305-day lactation records of buffaloes and their dams at Mahalet Mousa Experimental Station. These records were used for the evaluation of the effect of various factors upon 305-day milk yield. The average daily milk yield and percentage constituents were measured on 58 lactation records. Samples were taken on the seventh, fourteenth and thirtieth day post-partum and at 30 day intervals throughout the lactation. The parameters studied were: age at first calving, 305-day milk yield and butter fat, protein and total solids contents percentages. Average age at first calving was 42.9 and 40.9 months for heifers and their dams, respectively. Average 305-day milk yield was 1,004.3 kg and 1,552.7 for first and second lactations, respectively. The later age at which buffalo cows produce their first calf, the greater the milk production in first lactation. Buffaloes that calve in summer produce more milk than those which calve in winter months. Average fat, protein and total solids percentages were 6.59, 4.11 and 16.52 respectively, in the first lactation and 6.63, 3.99 and 16.48 respecitvely in the second lactation. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and yields of constituents were high and positive. Those among constituent percentages were positive and moderate. In general, correlations between milk yield and constituents content were negative. Milk yield increased after calving towards a peak ranging between 30 and 90 days for the first and second lactations, respectively. Constituent percentages were high at the beginning, declining thereafter as milk yield increased, followed by a gradual rise till the end of lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:945629", "title": "Naturally occurring and braken-fern-induced bovine urinary bladder tumors. Clinical and morphological characteristics.", "content": "Clinical and morphological characteristics of 139 naturally occurring and 20 braken-fern-induced urinary bladder tumors of cows were studied. Hematuria was prominent and occurred as early as 60 days after braken fern feeding began. Anemia and changes in leukocytes were late manifestations. Papillomas appeared as early as 1 year, whereas invasive carcinomas did not develop until 2.6 years after initiation of feeding. Twenty of 30 cows fed braken fern developed bladder tumors within 5.3 years. None of eight untreated control cows that lived 4 years or six that lived 10 years developed neoplasms. Naturally occurring and fern-induced bladder tumors were epithelial (35%) or mixed epithelial and stromal (55%). Papillomas occurred in 24% and carcinomas in 61% of naturally occurring cases, whereas there were papillomas (40%) and carcinomas (50%) in fern-fed cows. Naturally occurring tumors were metastatic to regional lymph nodes and lung. No metastases were detected in fern-fed cows.", "contents": "Naturally occurring and braken-fern-induced bovine urinary bladder tumors. Clinical and morphological characteristics. Clinical and morphological characteristics of 139 naturally occurring and 20 braken-fern-induced urinary bladder tumors of cows were studied. Hematuria was prominent and occurred as early as 60 days after braken fern feeding began. Anemia and changes in leukocytes were late manifestations. Papillomas appeared as early as 1 year, whereas invasive carcinomas did not develop until 2.6 years after initiation of feeding. Twenty of 30 cows fed braken fern developed bladder tumors within 5.3 years. None of eight untreated control cows that lived 4 years or six that lived 10 years developed neoplasms. Naturally occurring and fern-induced bladder tumors were epithelial (35%) or mixed epithelial and stromal (55%). Papillomas occurred in 24% and carcinomas in 61% of naturally occurring cases, whereas there were papillomas (40%) and carcinomas (50%) in fern-fed cows. Naturally occurring tumors were metastatic to regional lymph nodes and lung. No metastases were detected in fern-fed cows."}
{"id": "PMID:945624", "title": "Adenine metabolism during and after exchange transfusions in newborn infants with CPD-adenine blood.", "content": "CPD-adenine blood (adenine in a final concentration of 0.25 mmol/1) was used in exchange transfusions in four newborn infants. The amount of adenine in one exchange transfusion ranged from 27 to 29 mumol per kg bodyweight. The maximum P-adenine concentration during the exchange transfusions ranged from 4 to 8 mumol/1 but decreased to pretransfusion levels 20 minutes after the exchange transfusions. During a 24-hour period following the exchange transfusions, the total urine excretion of adenine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine corresponded to 0.5 to 1.3 per cent of the given adenine dose calculated on a molar basis. Accumulated data indicate that CPD-adenine blood can be used even in repeated exchange transfusions in newborn infants.", "contents": "Adenine metabolism during and after exchange transfusions in newborn infants with CPD-adenine blood. CPD-adenine blood (adenine in a final concentration of 0.25 mmol/1) was used in exchange transfusions in four newborn infants. The amount of adenine in one exchange transfusion ranged from 27 to 29 mumol per kg bodyweight. The maximum P-adenine concentration during the exchange transfusions ranged from 4 to 8 mumol/1 but decreased to pretransfusion levels 20 minutes after the exchange transfusions. During a 24-hour period following the exchange transfusions, the total urine excretion of adenine and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine corresponded to 0.5 to 1.3 per cent of the given adenine dose calculated on a molar basis. Accumulated data indicate that CPD-adenine blood can be used even in repeated exchange transfusions in newborn infants."}
{"id": "PMID:945630", "title": "The respiratory tract immune system in the pig. I. Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the respiratory tract mucosa.", "content": "The number of cells containing immunoglobulins A, G and M in the respiratory tract mucosa of pigs from birth to maturity was assessed using the immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoglobulin-containing cells first appeared at 6-7 days of age and rose rapidly to reach levels at 3-4 weeks similar to those in the adult. IgA-containing cells predominated at all sites in all age groups, although there were significant proportions of cells containing IgM and IgG. Our findings suggest that IgA is transported into secretions via the mixed mucoserous glands of the nasal and tracheobronchial mucosa, and that this route is also operative for colostral IgA absorbed from the gut in the baby pig.", "contents": "The respiratory tract immune system in the pig. I. Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the respiratory tract mucosa. The number of cells containing immunoglobulins A, G and M in the respiratory tract mucosa of pigs from birth to maturity was assessed using the immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoglobulin-containing cells first appeared at 6-7 days of age and rose rapidly to reach levels at 3-4 weeks similar to those in the adult. IgA-containing cells predominated at all sites in all age groups, although there were significant proportions of cells containing IgM and IgG. Our findings suggest that IgA is transported into secretions via the mixed mucoserous glands of the nasal and tracheobronchial mucosa, and that this route is also operative for colostral IgA absorbed from the gut in the baby pig."}
{"id": "PMID:945631", "title": "The respiratory tract immune system in the pig. II. associated lymphoid tissues.", "content": "The distribution of immunoglobulins A, G and M were assessed in the bronchial lymph node and palantine tonsil of pigs from birth to maturity, using the immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoglobulin-containing cells appeared earlier in the tonsil than in the lymph node; this probably reflects the exposure of the tonsil to environmental antigens. IgG-containing cells predominated after the first 3 weeks of life, but the IgA:IgG ratio was much higher in the tonsil than in the lymph node. Extracellular, reticular staining was visible in the central region of some follicles in addition to a few immunoglobulin-containing cells that resembled large lymphocytes or blast cells.", "contents": "The respiratory tract immune system in the pig. II. associated lymphoid tissues. The distribution of immunoglobulins A, G and M were assessed in the bronchial lymph node and palantine tonsil of pigs from birth to maturity, using the immunoperoxidase technique. Immunoglobulin-containing cells appeared earlier in the tonsil than in the lymph node; this probably reflects the exposure of the tonsil to environmental antigens. IgG-containing cells predominated after the first 3 weeks of life, but the IgA:IgG ratio was much higher in the tonsil than in the lymph node. Extracellular, reticular staining was visible in the central region of some follicles in addition to a few immunoglobulin-containing cells that resembled large lymphocytes or blast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945641", "title": "[Impairment of several forms of lymphocyte and hematopoietic stem cell interaction during tumor growth].", "content": "The effect of the interaction between lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice and stem cells was studied. It was found that in the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to inactivate nonsyngeneic stem cells was not impaired. At the same time, during the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to induce redifferentiation of syngeneic hemopoietic stem cells and to render a stimulating effect on the colony-forming activity of stem cells of the bone marrow is impaired under conditions of a manifested allogenic inhibition.", "contents": "[Impairment of several forms of lymphocyte and hematopoietic stem cell interaction during tumor growth]. The effect of the interaction between lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice and stem cells was studied. It was found that in the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to inactivate nonsyngeneic stem cells was not impaired. At the same time, during the process of tumor growth the property of lymphocytes to induce redifferentiation of syngeneic hemopoietic stem cells and to render a stimulating effect on the colony-forming activity of stem cells of the bone marrow is impaired under conditions of a manifested allogenic inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:945642", "title": "Rare Diego blood group phenotype Di(a+b-), I. Anti-Dib causing hemolytic disease of the newborn.", "content": "Hemolytic disease of the newborn was observed in the third child of a mother whose blood had rare Diego blood group phenotype Di(a+b-). The baby's blood was Di(a+b+) and gave positive direct anti-globulin test. The mother's serum contained anti-Dib antibody active in the anti-globulin method, which was judged to have caused the hemolytic disease of the newborn.", "contents": "Rare Diego blood group phenotype Di(a+b-), I. Anti-Dib causing hemolytic disease of the newborn. Hemolytic disease of the newborn was observed in the third child of a mother whose blood had rare Diego blood group phenotype Di(a+b-). The baby's blood was Di(a+b+) and gave positive direct anti-globulin test. The mother's serum contained anti-Dib antibody active in the anti-globulin method, which was judged to have caused the hemolytic disease of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:945645", "title": "[Late results of surgery in muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis].", "content": "Pre- and postoperative clinical and hemodynamic findings of 35 patients operated for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are presented. One early death and three av-blocks necessitating a permanent pacemaker have to be mentioned as surgical complications. In all cases, an outflow tract obstruction was abolished or greatly diminished and symptoms disappeared or were considerably improved. Two patients died after recurrence of congestive heart failure during the late follow-up. Furthermore, the occurrence of reappearance of different arrhythmias up to 10 years postoperatively are evidence of the progression of the disease despite of surgical treatment. Sudden death has not occurred in a total of 150 patient-years of postoperative follow-up. Thus, the operation abolishes the stenosis and relieves symptoms; on the other hand, it cannot be stated to what degree surgery improves the prognosis.", "contents": "[Late results of surgery in muscular subvalvular aortic stenosis]. Pre- and postoperative clinical and hemodynamic findings of 35 patients operated for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are presented. One early death and three av-blocks necessitating a permanent pacemaker have to be mentioned as surgical complications. In all cases, an outflow tract obstruction was abolished or greatly diminished and symptoms disappeared or were considerably improved. Two patients died after recurrence of congestive heart failure during the late follow-up. Furthermore, the occurrence of reappearance of different arrhythmias up to 10 years postoperatively are evidence of the progression of the disease despite of surgical treatment. Sudden death has not occurred in a total of 150 patient-years of postoperative follow-up. Thus, the operation abolishes the stenosis and relieves symptoms; on the other hand, it cannot be stated to what degree surgery improves the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:945643", "title": "[Use of organ cultures of animal trachea and lung for studying respiratory viruses].", "content": "Organ cultures of the trachea and the lungs of newborn guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, cow and pig embryos supported multiplication of influenza A2 and adenovirus type 3 viruses. Trachea organ cultures were shown to be more sensitive to the viruses under study. Organ cultures of the chicken trachea can be used for diagnosis of respitaroy virus infections.", "contents": "[Use of organ cultures of animal trachea and lung for studying respiratory viruses]. Organ cultures of the trachea and the lungs of newborn guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens, cow and pig embryos supported multiplication of influenza A2 and adenovirus type 3 viruses. Trachea organ cultures were shown to be more sensitive to the viruses under study. Organ cultures of the chicken trachea can be used for diagnosis of respitaroy virus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:945650", "title": "Regulation and metabolic background of polyketide formation. I. Effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and metabolic roles of citrate and malate in fatty acid and polyketide formations.", "content": "The effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate on fatty acid and alternariol syntheses from glucose and acetate in Alternaria alternata were investigated. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose and acetate was inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitrate. The inhibition could partly be removed by the addition of malate or isocitrate. Alternariol synthesis from glucose was also inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitrate. This inhibition was not influenced to the same extent by malate addition as was that of fatty acid synthesis. It is shown that ATP -citrate lyase is essential not only for the production of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA but also for the production of NADPH by supplying malate via oxaloacetate.", "contents": "Regulation and metabolic background of polyketide formation. I. Effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and metabolic roles of citrate and malate in fatty acid and polyketide formations. The effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate on fatty acid and alternariol syntheses from glucose and acetate in Alternaria alternata were investigated. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose and acetate was inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitrate. The inhibition could partly be removed by the addition of malate or isocitrate. Alternariol synthesis from glucose was also inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitrate. This inhibition was not influenced to the same extent by malate addition as was that of fatty acid synthesis. It is shown that ATP -citrate lyase is essential not only for the production of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA but also for the production of NADPH by supplying malate via oxaloacetate."}
{"id": "PMID:945653", "title": "Secondary amenorrhoea and oral contraceptives.", "content": "Eight-seven cases of secondary amenorrhoea of more than 6 months' duration developing after treatment with oral contraceptives (group I) were compared with 227 cases of secondary amenorrhoea not preceded by treatment with combined tablets (group II). The two groups were collected during the same period. The average age of the patients was 4 years higher in group I than in group II. Oligomenorrhoea and previously occurred in 30% of group I and in 46% of group II. Pronounced predisposing factors., such as psychogenic trauma and stress with or without considerable change in body weight, were encountered in 26% in group I and 56% in group II. The incidence of increased urinary output of 17-keto steroids, 17-ketogenic steroids and of hirsutism was slightly higher in group II. The percentage of eosinophilic cells in vaginal scrapings was low in 20% in group I as compared with 46% in group II. Spontaneous return of pituitary-ovarian function occurred in 40% in both groups. Patients recovering spontaneously in group I presented a maximum during the first few months, followed by a steady and fairly uniform decline. Spontaneous recovery in group II was more or less independent of time. It seems reasonable to believe that oral contraceptives did promote or contribute to the development of secondary amenorrhoea in about 50%, representing cases with various predisposing factors. A causal relation between oral contraceptives and secondary amenorrhoea was indicated in the remaining 50% because of perfectly normal ovarian function before treatment and absence of predisposing factors.", "contents": "Secondary amenorrhoea and oral contraceptives. Eight-seven cases of secondary amenorrhoea of more than 6 months' duration developing after treatment with oral contraceptives (group I) were compared with 227 cases of secondary amenorrhoea not preceded by treatment with combined tablets (group II). The two groups were collected during the same period. The average age of the patients was 4 years higher in group I than in group II. Oligomenorrhoea and previously occurred in 30% of group I and in 46% of group II. Pronounced predisposing factors., such as psychogenic trauma and stress with or without considerable change in body weight, were encountered in 26% in group I and 56% in group II. The incidence of increased urinary output of 17-keto steroids, 17-ketogenic steroids and of hirsutism was slightly higher in group II. The percentage of eosinophilic cells in vaginal scrapings was low in 20% in group I as compared with 46% in group II. Spontaneous return of pituitary-ovarian function occurred in 40% in both groups. Patients recovering spontaneously in group I presented a maximum during the first few months, followed by a steady and fairly uniform decline. Spontaneous recovery in group II was more or less independent of time. It seems reasonable to believe that oral contraceptives did promote or contribute to the development of secondary amenorrhoea in about 50%, representing cases with various predisposing factors. A causal relation between oral contraceptives and secondary amenorrhoea was indicated in the remaining 50% because of perfectly normal ovarian function before treatment and absence of predisposing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:945654", "title": "Renal function as a marker of human fetal maturation.", "content": "Sixty clinically well infants of various gestational ages (27 to 40 weeks) were studied from 24-40 hours after birth to evaluate glomerular filtration rate and renal excretion rate of sodium at various stages of fetal maturation. Creatinine clearance was directly related to gestational as (r = 0.643). Fractional sodium excretion was inversely related to gestational age (r = -0.755). The renal functions of small for gestational age infants were similar to those of full-term infants whose birth weights were appropriate for gestational age. The data showed that the glomerular functions of an infant below 32 weeks of gestation were more predominant than the tubular function resulting in a greater fractional sodium excretion rate and higher urinary Na loss in infants of this gestational age, when compared with the more mature infants.", "contents": "Renal function as a marker of human fetal maturation. Sixty clinically well infants of various gestational ages (27 to 40 weeks) were studied from 24-40 hours after birth to evaluate glomerular filtration rate and renal excretion rate of sodium at various stages of fetal maturation. Creatinine clearance was directly related to gestational as (r = 0.643). Fractional sodium excretion was inversely related to gestational age (r = -0.755). The renal functions of small for gestational age infants were similar to those of full-term infants whose birth weights were appropriate for gestational age. The data showed that the glomerular functions of an infant below 32 weeks of gestation were more predominant than the tubular function resulting in a greater fractional sodium excretion rate and higher urinary Na loss in infants of this gestational age, when compared with the more mature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:945655", "title": "Familial hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia. A further family.", "content": "A family of four siblings is reported. While both parents and one sib appear entirely normal, three other sibs give biochemical evidence of impaired potassium conservation, hypomagnesaemia and decreased urinary calcium output. Affected sibs may be symptom free and of either sex. The dominant clinical abnormality, when it does occur, is tetany and may be precipitated by non-specific illness. Sustained management of the hypokalaemia seems desirable.", "contents": "Familial hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia. A further family. A family of four siblings is reported. While both parents and one sib appear entirely normal, three other sibs give biochemical evidence of impaired potassium conservation, hypomagnesaemia and decreased urinary calcium output. Affected sibs may be symptom free and of either sex. The dominant clinical abnormality, when it does occur, is tetany and may be precipitated by non-specific illness. Sustained management of the hypokalaemia seems desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:945656", "title": "Serological interrelationships in avian mycoplasma serotypes.", "content": "A study of 18 standard avian mycoplasma and their antisera employing indirect haemagglutination test revealed distinct relationships among avian mycoplasma serotypes, so that they could be classified into 9 groups.", "contents": "Serological interrelationships in avian mycoplasma serotypes. A study of 18 standard avian mycoplasma and their antisera employing indirect haemagglutination test revealed distinct relationships among avian mycoplasma serotypes, so that they could be classified into 9 groups."}
{"id": "PMID:945657", "title": "Growth of rubella virus in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures maintained with and without calf serum.", "content": "Rubella virus growth was tested in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures, maintained with or without calf serum. In fluid phase of the cultures maintained with 1.5% of heat-inactivated calf serum, the infectious virus titers were much higher than in the system without serum. The differences reached 1.5-2.0 log10 TCID50/ml. Virus multiplication curves also ran different courses. In serum-containing system virus titer increased up to the 9th day post infection, while without serum--only up to 4-5 days. The time of appearance and the type of cytopathic effect were not affected by the absence of serum or by its presence in a concentration of 1.5%.", "contents": "Growth of rubella virus in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures maintained with and without calf serum. Rubella virus growth was tested in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures, maintained with or without calf serum. In fluid phase of the cultures maintained with 1.5% of heat-inactivated calf serum, the infectious virus titers were much higher than in the system without serum. The differences reached 1.5-2.0 log10 TCID50/ml. Virus multiplication curves also ran different courses. In serum-containing system virus titer increased up to the 9th day post infection, while without serum--only up to 4-5 days. The time of appearance and the type of cytopathic effect were not affected by the absence of serum or by its presence in a concentration of 1.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:945663", "title": "Transsphenoidal neurosurgery of intracranial neoplasm.", "content": "Because of the benign, rapid, and nontraumatizing nature of the extracranial transsphenoidal approach to the base of the skull, this procedure is indicated as the method of choice in nearly all cases of surgery for pituitary fossa and parasellar region access. Some of the largest pituitary chromophobe adenomas with voluminous suprasellar expansion have been successfully excised from below, as well as some calcified tumors, craniopharyngiomas, Rathke's pouch cysts, chordomas, chondromas, and meningiomas. At the other extreme, the smallest intrapituitary microadenomas (as little as 3 mm in diameter) were selectively removed under optic magnification with the surgical microscope. This method is now the most appropriate for the treatment of oversecreting pituitary disorders, even with normal-sized sella turcica (acromegaly - Cushing -galactorrhea). Early detection of intrapituitary microadenoma allows achievement of its selective excision with preservation of the normal gland. Thus, the ideal goal can be achieved by immediate biological cure of hyperpituitarism with preservation of other pituitary functions, resulting in normal physiological eupituitarism.", "contents": "Transsphenoidal neurosurgery of intracranial neoplasm. Because of the benign, rapid, and nontraumatizing nature of the extracranial transsphenoidal approach to the base of the skull, this procedure is indicated as the method of choice in nearly all cases of surgery for pituitary fossa and parasellar region access. Some of the largest pituitary chromophobe adenomas with voluminous suprasellar expansion have been successfully excised from below, as well as some calcified tumors, craniopharyngiomas, Rathke's pouch cysts, chordomas, chondromas, and meningiomas. At the other extreme, the smallest intrapituitary microadenomas (as little as 3 mm in diameter) were selectively removed under optic magnification with the surgical microscope. This method is now the most appropriate for the treatment of oversecreting pituitary disorders, even with normal-sized sella turcica (acromegaly - Cushing -galactorrhea). Early detection of intrapituitary microadenoma allows achievement of its selective excision with preservation of the normal gland. Thus, the ideal goal can be achieved by immediate biological cure of hyperpituitarism with preservation of other pituitary functions, resulting in normal physiological eupituitarism."}
{"id": "PMID:945682", "title": "Spectrum of coronary artery disease in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The spectrum of coronary arterial involvement is described in 42 patients with hemodynamically proved idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Of nine patients with significant coronary arterial involvement, six had atheromatous disease and three had coronary arterial anomalies. The hemodynamic and clinical features of patients with coronary arterial involvement did not differ significantly from those of patients with normal coronary arteries. Neither the severity nor the character of the chest pain distinguished those patients with coronary disease. The diagnostic electrocardiographic features of myocardial infarction classically seen in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were not present in the 9 patients with coronary arterial involvement but were found in 8 of the 33 patients with normal coronary arteries. The data demonstrate a significant incidence of coronary arterial involvement in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis after age 45 years.", "contents": "Spectrum of coronary artery disease in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The spectrum of coronary arterial involvement is described in 42 patients with hemodynamically proved idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Of nine patients with significant coronary arterial involvement, six had atheromatous disease and three had coronary arterial anomalies. The hemodynamic and clinical features of patients with coronary arterial involvement did not differ significantly from those of patients with normal coronary arteries. Neither the severity nor the character of the chest pain distinguished those patients with coronary disease. The diagnostic electrocardiographic features of myocardial infarction classically seen in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were not present in the 9 patients with coronary arterial involvement but were found in 8 of the 33 patients with normal coronary arteries. The data demonstrate a significant incidence of coronary arterial involvement in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis after age 45 years."}
{"id": "PMID:945684", "title": "Failure of hyaluronidase to alter the early course of acute myocardial infarction in pigs.", "content": "The effect of hyaluronidase on the early course of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in closed chest anesthetized pigs. One hour after balloon catheter occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, hyaluronidase (500 units/kg body weight) was rapidly infused in 10 animals while 9 received no treatment. The animals were than observed over the next 4 hours. Cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and left atrial pressure were not significantly affected by treatment. Heart rate increased and arterial pressure decreased in each group to a comparable degree of 5 hours, but left atrial pressure and cardiac output were unaffected. Precordial S-T segment mapping revealed no significant difference between the two groups. S-T segments rose to a comparable degree in each group and peaked before 1 hour. Hyaluronidase had no acute effects on the S-T segment map in the first 30 minutes after infusion or during the subsequent return of the map toward control level. Slightly lower S-T segments in the hyaluronidase-treated group at 5 hours was of borderline significance but was attributed to factors other than the drug intervention. Changes in ventricular wall motion were assessed angiographically, and all animals manifested akinetic or dyskinetic segments. A significant reduction in shortening fraction of involved segments was seen after occlusion, but no difference was observed between the two groups at 5 hours. Shortening fraction of the combined anterior and anteropical segments decreased from 66 +/- 10 to 20 +/- 6 percent at 5 hours in the hyaluronidase group (no. = 7) whereas in the control group (no. = 6) it decreased from 68 +/- 6 to 28 +/- 9 percent. Comparable increases in end-diastolic volume were also present at 5 hours in each group. Volumes increased from 80.6 +/- 5.1 to 97.5 +/- 6.4 ml3 at 5 hours (P less than 0.05) in the hyaluronidase-treated group (no. = 10) compared with 86.9 +/- 8.9 to 104.8 +/- 11.0 ml3 (P less than 0.05) in the control group (no. = 8). Hyaluronidase did not alter the early course of acute myocardial infarction in pigs. Species differences may contribute to different results reported to date.", "contents": "Failure of hyaluronidase to alter the early course of acute myocardial infarction in pigs. The effect of hyaluronidase on the early course of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in closed chest anesthetized pigs. One hour after balloon catheter occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, hyaluronidase (500 units/kg body weight) was rapidly infused in 10 animals while 9 received no treatment. The animals were than observed over the next 4 hours. Cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and left atrial pressure were not significantly affected by treatment. Heart rate increased and arterial pressure decreased in each group to a comparable degree of 5 hours, but left atrial pressure and cardiac output were unaffected. Precordial S-T segment mapping revealed no significant difference between the two groups. S-T segments rose to a comparable degree in each group and peaked before 1 hour. Hyaluronidase had no acute effects on the S-T segment map in the first 30 minutes after infusion or during the subsequent return of the map toward control level. Slightly lower S-T segments in the hyaluronidase-treated group at 5 hours was of borderline significance but was attributed to factors other than the drug intervention. Changes in ventricular wall motion were assessed angiographically, and all animals manifested akinetic or dyskinetic segments. A significant reduction in shortening fraction of involved segments was seen after occlusion, but no difference was observed between the two groups at 5 hours. Shortening fraction of the combined anterior and anteropical segments decreased from 66 +/- 10 to 20 +/- 6 percent at 5 hours in the hyaluronidase group (no. = 7) whereas in the control group (no. = 6) it decreased from 68 +/- 6 to 28 +/- 9 percent. Comparable increases in end-diastolic volume were also present at 5 hours in each group. Volumes increased from 80.6 +/- 5.1 to 97.5 +/- 6.4 ml3 at 5 hours (P less than 0.05) in the hyaluronidase-treated group (no. = 10) compared with 86.9 +/- 8.9 to 104.8 +/- 11.0 ml3 (P less than 0.05) in the control group (no. = 8). Hyaluronidase did not alter the early course of acute myocardial infarction in pigs. Species differences may contribute to different results reported to date."}
{"id": "PMID:945685", "title": "Cytological development of yolk sac endoderm and protein-absorptive mesothelium in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus.", "content": "The yolk sac of the little brown bat is unusual in that during the course of gestation both the inner endodermal cells (bordering the yolk sac cavity) and outer mesothelium (facing the exocelom) form simple columnar epithelia which persist throughout gestation. These endodermal cells develop an extensive system of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous lipid droplets and unusual \"giant\" mitochondria. During development the Golgi apparatus changes position from the apical to the basal side of the nucleus, reversing the polarity of the cells. In general, the endodermal cells have cytological features suggestive of synthetic or secretory activity. The mesothelial cells develop an extensive \"absorptive apparatus\" in their apices, while large crystalloid-containing granules become numerous in their basal cytoplasm. The mesothelial cells have large deposits of glycogen, especially during mid-gestation, but few mitochondria and little granular endoplasmic reticulum. Endodermal cells do not absorb exogenous protein (peroxidase) even if it is injected directly into the yolk sac cavity. However, placement of peroxidase either in the exocelom or in the maternal vascular system results in the appearance of this protein in the \"absorptive apparatus\" of mesothelial cells as well as in macrophages in the stroma of the yolk sac. While evidence of absorption was clear, no direct evidence of transport of tracer to fetal blood vascular system was obtained. It is postulated that a major function of the hypertrophied mesothelial cells during gestation is the absorption of proteins and possibly other substances from the exocelomic fluid. The major function of the hypertrophied endodermal cells may be synthesis and secretion of substances into the fetal circulation.", "contents": "Cytological development of yolk sac endoderm and protein-absorptive mesothelium in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. The yolk sac of the little brown bat is unusual in that during the course of gestation both the inner endodermal cells (bordering the yolk sac cavity) and outer mesothelium (facing the exocelom) form simple columnar epithelia which persist throughout gestation. These endodermal cells develop an extensive system of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous lipid droplets and unusual \"giant\" mitochondria. During development the Golgi apparatus changes position from the apical to the basal side of the nucleus, reversing the polarity of the cells. In general, the endodermal cells have cytological features suggestive of synthetic or secretory activity. The mesothelial cells develop an extensive \"absorptive apparatus\" in their apices, while large crystalloid-containing granules become numerous in their basal cytoplasm. The mesothelial cells have large deposits of glycogen, especially during mid-gestation, but few mitochondria and little granular endoplasmic reticulum. Endodermal cells do not absorb exogenous protein (peroxidase) even if it is injected directly into the yolk sac cavity. However, placement of peroxidase either in the exocelom or in the maternal vascular system results in the appearance of this protein in the \"absorptive apparatus\" of mesothelial cells as well as in macrophages in the stroma of the yolk sac. While evidence of absorption was clear, no direct evidence of transport of tracer to fetal blood vascular system was obtained. It is postulated that a major function of the hypertrophied mesothelial cells during gestation is the absorption of proteins and possibly other substances from the exocelomic fluid. The major function of the hypertrophied endodermal cells may be synthesis and secretion of substances into the fetal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:945686", "title": "Electro-acupuncture's influence on the closure mechanism of the female urethra in incontinence.", "content": "The influence of electro-acupuncture on the sphincter of the female urethra was checked on 20 patients with stress incontinence without gross anatomic variation. This was determined by means of simultaneous cysto-urethromethrometry. After 30 minutes of electric stimulation through acupuncture needles which were placed into the skin of the lower legs and lower abdomen, a significant increase in the so-called \"closing pressure\" was found. Seventeen patients even showed positive pressure. In a control group of another 20 patients who, however, did not undergo acupuncture, there were only two cases of slight increase in closing pressure. In addition, a second control group of 20 patients was given a placebo suppository in order to eliminate any psychic factor as far as possible. Significant change of the closing pressure could not be found in any of these cases. Even though the actual working mechanism of electro-acupuncture is not understood, these experiments seem to confirm the assumption of electro-acupuncture's positive influence on the closing mechanism of the female urethra.", "contents": "Electro-acupuncture's influence on the closure mechanism of the female urethra in incontinence. The influence of electro-acupuncture on the sphincter of the female urethra was checked on 20 patients with stress incontinence without gross anatomic variation. This was determined by means of simultaneous cysto-urethromethrometry. After 30 minutes of electric stimulation through acupuncture needles which were placed into the skin of the lower legs and lower abdomen, a significant increase in the so-called \"closing pressure\" was found. Seventeen patients even showed positive pressure. In a control group of another 20 patients who, however, did not undergo acupuncture, there were only two cases of slight increase in closing pressure. In addition, a second control group of 20 patients was given a placebo suppository in order to eliminate any psychic factor as far as possible. Significant change of the closing pressure could not be found in any of these cases. Even though the actual working mechanism of electro-acupuncture is not understood, these experiments seem to confirm the assumption of electro-acupuncture's positive influence on the closing mechanism of the female urethra."}
{"id": "PMID:945681", "title": "Systematic isolation of the genus Alternaria in the atmosphere of the \"Grande Sao Paulo\" area (Brazil).", "content": "The genus Alternaria has been isolated from the atmosphere of several countries and its spores are considered as having a strong allergenic power. The description of the genus isolation with a relative frequency was noted in the following countries: Mexico, the United States of America, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, South Africa, Denmark and Argentina. Many Brazilian authors have pointed out the rare incidence of this genus excluding Faria (5) who recorded in the city of Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, a frequency of 21.1%. Several authors have failed to detect Alternaria sp. spores in the atmosphere of the city of Sao Paulo. As we were studying in our laboratory the airborne fungi of a region called Greater Sao Paulo, where the collections were made in some boroughs of the main city and its neighborhood, we began to make findings of the Alternaria sp. This gave us the opportunity of studying its incidence in that area during a period of one year. We chose 11 areas of this region where we made weekly plate expositions performing 429 trials in all. The technique of collection was the usual one with the exposition of the Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Agar distributed 72 hours before. The collection was made from September 1973 to August 1974. The exposition period was of 5 minutes duration in the open air or in a protected place when it rained. The exposition height was 1 meter from the ground. The identification was made through the colony macroscopic morphology and through the Riddell technique. The Alternaria sp. was isolated in the mentioned area through all the months of the year with its highest frequency in August (35.8%) and its lowest in December 3.7%). The average relative frequency obtained was of 17%. The highest isolation frequency was attained in Winter, the lowest in Spring; in Summer and Autumn, it remained at a medium level. In relation to the studied areas, the Alternaria sp. was isolated in all of them with a minimum frequency of 8.3% in Campos Eliseos and with a maximum frequency of 28.9% in Osasco. The authors would like to emphasize this unusual finding because in the region studied the Alternaria sp. was previously considered absent.", "contents": "Systematic isolation of the genus Alternaria in the atmosphere of the \"Grande Sao Paulo\" area (Brazil). The genus Alternaria has been isolated from the atmosphere of several countries and its spores are considered as having a strong allergenic power. The description of the genus isolation with a relative frequency was noted in the following countries: Mexico, the United States of America, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, South Africa, Denmark and Argentina. Many Brazilian authors have pointed out the rare incidence of this genus excluding Faria (5) who recorded in the city of Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, a frequency of 21.1%. Several authors have failed to detect Alternaria sp. spores in the atmosphere of the city of Sao Paulo. As we were studying in our laboratory the airborne fungi of a region called Greater Sao Paulo, where the collections were made in some boroughs of the main city and its neighborhood, we began to make findings of the Alternaria sp. This gave us the opportunity of studying its incidence in that area during a period of one year. We chose 11 areas of this region where we made weekly plate expositions performing 429 trials in all. The technique of collection was the usual one with the exposition of the Petri dishes containing Sabouraud Agar distributed 72 hours before. The collection was made from September 1973 to August 1974. The exposition period was of 5 minutes duration in the open air or in a protected place when it rained. The exposition height was 1 meter from the ground. The identification was made through the colony macroscopic morphology and through the Riddell technique. The Alternaria sp. was isolated in the mentioned area through all the months of the year with its highest frequency in August (35.8%) and its lowest in December 3.7%). The average relative frequency obtained was of 17%. The highest isolation frequency was attained in Winter, the lowest in Spring; in Summer and Autumn, it remained at a medium level. In relation to the studied areas, the Alternaria sp. was isolated in all of them with a minimum frequency of 8.3% in Campos Eliseos and with a maximum frequency of 28.9% in Osasco. The authors would like to emphasize this unusual finding because in the region studied the Alternaria sp. was previously considered absent."}
{"id": "PMID:945687", "title": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity. Its use in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.", "content": "Platelets contain heparin neutralizing activity, which is released into plasma following aggregation. This material is probably identical to platelet factor 4. We describe a technic to measure heparin neutralizing activity in platelet-poor plasma based on the serial heparin dilution technic of Harada and Zucker. Heparin neutralizing activity was depressed in thrombocytopenia due to immune thrombocytopenia and bone marrow depression, and elevated in thrombocytopenia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by markedly elevated heparin neutralizing activity, while thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders has normal heparin neutralizing activity.", "contents": "Plasma heparin neutralizing activity. Its use in the evaluation of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis. Platelets contain heparin neutralizing activity, which is released into plasma following aggregation. This material is probably identical to platelet factor 4. We describe a technic to measure heparin neutralizing activity in platelet-poor plasma based on the serial heparin dilution technic of Harada and Zucker. Heparin neutralizing activity was depressed in thrombocytopenia due to immune thrombocytopenia and bone marrow depression, and elevated in thrombocytopenia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Secondary thrombocytosis is characterized by markedly elevated heparin neutralizing activity, while thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorders has normal heparin neutralizing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:945688", "title": "Exchange transfusion in the neonate: a controlled study using frozen-stored erythrocytes resuspended in plasma.", "content": "During a nine-month period 43 consecutive infants who needed exchange transfusions for the management of their hyperbilirubinemia randomly received whole blood less than 5 days old (control group) or frozen erythrocytes diluted in plasma (experimental groups). There was no different prior to and after exchange transfusions in total protein, albumin, globulin, immunoglobulins, bilirubin, and hematocrit in the control group versus the experimental group. The efficacies of bilirubin removal, as measured by delta bilirubin, were the same in the two groups. Advantages of exchange transfusion with freeze-preserved erythrocytes suspended in type-specific plasma are discussed.", "contents": "Exchange transfusion in the neonate: a controlled study using frozen-stored erythrocytes resuspended in plasma. During a nine-month period 43 consecutive infants who needed exchange transfusions for the management of their hyperbilirubinemia randomly received whole blood less than 5 days old (control group) or frozen erythrocytes diluted in plasma (experimental groups). There was no different prior to and after exchange transfusions in total protein, albumin, globulin, immunoglobulins, bilirubin, and hematocrit in the control group versus the experimental group. The efficacies of bilirubin removal, as measured by delta bilirubin, were the same in the two groups. Advantages of exchange transfusion with freeze-preserved erythrocytes suspended in type-specific plasma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945689", "title": "Portal vein thrombosis resulting in portal hypertension in adults.", "content": "Attempting to elucidate the best way to treat adult patients with extrahepatic portal vein occlusive thrombosis, the experience with six such patients is analyzed. Portal vein thrombosis rarely occurs in adults but when it does, it frequently results in portal hypertension with its concomitant complications. Five patients had bleeding esophageal varices, two had massive refractory ascites. Their conventional liver function tests were not greatly altered. Thrombocytosis and history of thrombophlebitis were encountered in over half of the patients. Splenoportography is the best method to confirm the diagnosis preoperatively. In none of the six patients a decompressive portal systemic shunt could be performed although, it was attempted in five. Three patients survived. It appears that nonoperative management is the treatment of choice in these patients who can remain well for several years, however, when bleeding recurs gastric devascularization or even resective procedures are acceptable therapeutic alternatives.", "contents": "Portal vein thrombosis resulting in portal hypertension in adults. Attempting to elucidate the best way to treat adult patients with extrahepatic portal vein occlusive thrombosis, the experience with six such patients is analyzed. Portal vein thrombosis rarely occurs in adults but when it does, it frequently results in portal hypertension with its concomitant complications. Five patients had bleeding esophageal varices, two had massive refractory ascites. Their conventional liver function tests were not greatly altered. Thrombocytosis and history of thrombophlebitis were encountered in over half of the patients. Splenoportography is the best method to confirm the diagnosis preoperatively. In none of the six patients a decompressive portal systemic shunt could be performed although, it was attempted in five. Three patients survived. It appears that nonoperative management is the treatment of choice in these patients who can remain well for several years, however, when bleeding recurs gastric devascularization or even resective procedures are acceptable therapeutic alternatives."}
{"id": "PMID:945690", "title": "Choriocarcinoma as a cause of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Three patients with choriocarcinoma had clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism. Diminution in the thyrotoxicosis closely paralleled the fall in human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels. Three patients originally presented to internal medicine units as a problem of hemoptysis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone bioassay activity was demonstrated in the serum of all three patients prior to therapy. Recently evidence has been presented that hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity and that in conditions, such as hydatidiform mole, in which serum hCG levels are grossly elevated this thyrotropic activity can be sufficient to produce hyperthyroidism. Two of our cases supported the concept that hCG was also the substance with thyroid-stimulating activity in patients with choriocarcinoma. The third case left open the possibility that, in addition to the thyroid-stimulating activity of hCG, there may also be the production of a true ectopic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is considered that the development of biochemical and clinical thyrotoxicosis in patients with choriocarcinoma depends upon the duration of the choriocarcinoma and the level of hCG.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma as a cause of thyrotoxicosis. Three patients with choriocarcinoma had clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperthyroidism. Diminution in the thyrotoxicosis closely paralleled the fall in human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) levels. Three patients originally presented to internal medicine units as a problem of hemoptysis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone bioassay activity was demonstrated in the serum of all three patients prior to therapy. Recently evidence has been presented that hCG has intrinsic thyrotropic activity and that in conditions, such as hydatidiform mole, in which serum hCG levels are grossly elevated this thyrotropic activity can be sufficient to produce hyperthyroidism. Two of our cases supported the concept that hCG was also the substance with thyroid-stimulating activity in patients with choriocarcinoma. The third case left open the possibility that, in addition to the thyroid-stimulating activity of hCG, there may also be the production of a true ectopic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is considered that the development of biochemical and clinical thyrotoxicosis in patients with choriocarcinoma depends upon the duration of the choriocarcinoma and the level of hCG."}
{"id": "PMID:945691", "title": "Thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytopathia, nephritis and deafness.", "content": "The association of thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytopathia, nephritis and deafness is rare. Reported here is a new case of this triple association. The clinical course, the nephropathologic findings and the bilateral neurologic hearing loss were similar to those already reported, with a slowly progressive impairment of renal function accompanied by a persistent proteinuria. The platelet diameters were increased. These macroplatelets contained granules of normal structure but with an irregular distribution in the cytoplasm. In other areas the cytoplasm was rich in surface connected system. The survival of these platelets and their contraction were normal. Their aggregation and excretion in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate and thrombin, and the values of platelet factor 3 activity were all decreased. The degranulation defect, also present, was observed in the absence of a decrease in intracellular cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) suggesting a relationship between these two findings.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytopathia, nephritis and deafness. The association of thrombocytopenia, macrothrombocytopathia, nephritis and deafness is rare. Reported here is a new case of this triple association. The clinical course, the nephropathologic findings and the bilateral neurologic hearing loss were similar to those already reported, with a slowly progressive impairment of renal function accompanied by a persistent proteinuria. The platelet diameters were increased. These macroplatelets contained granules of normal structure but with an irregular distribution in the cytoplasm. In other areas the cytoplasm was rich in surface connected system. The survival of these platelets and their contraction were normal. Their aggregation and excretion in response to collagen, adenosine diphosphate and thrombin, and the values of platelet factor 3 activity were all decreased. The degranulation defect, also present, was observed in the absence of a decrease in intracellular cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) suggesting a relationship between these two findings."}
{"id": "PMID:945692", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata infections in patients with cancer. Increasing incidence and relationship to colonization.", "content": "Torulopsis glabrata, an opportunistic pathogen, was found to be the etiologic agent of infections in patients with cancer. This observation prompted a retrospective review to determine the incidence and underlying factors of infection with this organism. This study showed that T. glabrata had been cultured frequently and that the incidence of infection has been progressively increasing. During a 48-month period (9/70-8/74), T. glabrata was cultured from routine surveillance and diagnostic cultures in 167 patients, 27 of whom had either presumed or documented infection. Review of clinical and necropsy records implicated T. glabrata infections as a contributory factor in the death of 14 of the 27 patients. Etiologic diagnosis of infection was established antemortem in only three patients. Pulmonary isolation in pure growth occurred in 24 of the 27 patients. Seventeen of 19 infected patients who had prior routine surveillance cultures were colonized prior to infection. Infection occurred in the setting of far advanced malignancy or leukopenia and followed the use of systemic, broad spectrum antibiotics. T. glabrata is a frequently overlooked opportunistic pathogen which, in the proper setting, appears to be producing increasing numbers of infections.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata infections in patients with cancer. Increasing incidence and relationship to colonization. Torulopsis glabrata, an opportunistic pathogen, was found to be the etiologic agent of infections in patients with cancer. This observation prompted a retrospective review to determine the incidence and underlying factors of infection with this organism. This study showed that T. glabrata had been cultured frequently and that the incidence of infection has been progressively increasing. During a 48-month period (9/70-8/74), T. glabrata was cultured from routine surveillance and diagnostic cultures in 167 patients, 27 of whom had either presumed or documented infection. Review of clinical and necropsy records implicated T. glabrata infections as a contributory factor in the death of 14 of the 27 patients. Etiologic diagnosis of infection was established antemortem in only three patients. Pulmonary isolation in pure growth occurred in 24 of the 27 patients. Seventeen of 19 infected patients who had prior routine surveillance cultures were colonized prior to infection. Infection occurred in the setting of far advanced malignancy or leukopenia and followed the use of systemic, broad spectrum antibiotics. T. glabrata is a frequently overlooked opportunistic pathogen which, in the proper setting, appears to be producing increasing numbers of infections."}
{"id": "PMID:945693", "title": "Electromyographic and pressure studies in the canine bladder.", "content": "The dog is unable to void until funnelling of the bladder neck occurs, even when the bladder is stressed with a large volume and with parasympathomimetic drugs. Nil or very little pressure rise occurs just prior to micturition. Well-coordinated voiding is associated with simultaneous electrical activity in either the upper urethra and bladder neck or these two areas plus the fundus, with predominance of electrical activity (frequency and amplitude) in the bladder neck in both circumstances. In cooordinate electrical activity is seen in bladder fundus, bladder neck, and upper urethra with incoordinate voiding.", "contents": "Electromyographic and pressure studies in the canine bladder. The dog is unable to void until funnelling of the bladder neck occurs, even when the bladder is stressed with a large volume and with parasympathomimetic drugs. Nil or very little pressure rise occurs just prior to micturition. Well-coordinated voiding is associated with simultaneous electrical activity in either the upper urethra and bladder neck or these two areas plus the fundus, with predominance of electrical activity (frequency and amplitude) in the bladder neck in both circumstances. In cooordinate electrical activity is seen in bladder fundus, bladder neck, and upper urethra with incoordinate voiding."}
{"id": "PMID:945694", "title": "Hyaline membrane disease in twins. A 7 year review with a study on zygosity.", "content": "We reviewed 294 pairs of twins born from January, 1966 to December, 1972. In 19 pairs one or both members developed hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Of these, both twins were affected in 12 pairs, twin B alone in six pairs, and twin A alone in one pair. The group affected (19 pairs) had lower gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, increased incidence of monozygotic (MZ) twins, and higher  mortality rate than the group without HMD (275 pairs). MZ twins were more immature than dizygotic (DZ) twins (p less than 0.02). When both twins were affected they had lower gestational age, birth weight, and increased monozygosity than when B alone was affected (p less than 0.05). When twin B alone was affected, he had lower Apgar score than twin A (p less than 0.05). We suggested that (1) HMD occurs in twins because of lung immaturity, as it does in singletons; (2) monozygosity may be a predisposing factor to HMD because of the associated prematurity; and (3) the greater risk of twin B is probably related to birth asphyxia.", "contents": "Hyaline membrane disease in twins. A 7 year review with a study on zygosity. We reviewed 294 pairs of twins born from January, 1966 to December, 1972. In 19 pairs one or both members developed hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Of these, both twins were affected in 12 pairs, twin B alone in six pairs, and twin A alone in one pair. The group affected (19 pairs) had lower gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, increased incidence of monozygotic (MZ) twins, and higher  mortality rate than the group without HMD (275 pairs). MZ twins were more immature than dizygotic (DZ) twins (p less than 0.02). When both twins were affected they had lower gestational age, birth weight, and increased monozygosity than when B alone was affected (p less than 0.05). When twin B alone was affected, he had lower Apgar score than twin A (p less than 0.05). We suggested that (1) HMD occurs in twins because of lung immaturity, as it does in singletons; (2) monozygosity may be a predisposing factor to HMD because of the associated prematurity; and (3) the greater risk of twin B is probably related to birth asphyxia."}
{"id": "PMID:945695", "title": "Severe pre-eclampsia: another great imitator.", "content": "Twenty-eight women with severe pre-eclampsia were misdiagnosed and initially thought to have disorders unrelated to pregnancy. Their chief complaints included failing vision, liver or gallbladder dysfunction, renal failure, hemorrhage, seizures, and heart failure. Laboratory studies usually demonstrated thrombocytopenia and high hematocrit values. The development of these symptoms appears to begin with failure of the primigravida to appropriately increase her blood volume commensurate with the increase in size of her uterus. Expanding the severly pre-eclamptic patient's blood volume with intravenous albumin appears to be an effective and appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Severe pre-eclampsia: another great imitator. Twenty-eight women with severe pre-eclampsia were misdiagnosed and initially thought to have disorders unrelated to pregnancy. Their chief complaints included failing vision, liver or gallbladder dysfunction, renal failure, hemorrhage, seizures, and heart failure. Laboratory studies usually demonstrated thrombocytopenia and high hematocrit values. The development of these symptoms appears to begin with failure of the primigravida to appropriately increase her blood volume commensurate with the increase in size of her uterus. Expanding the severly pre-eclamptic patient's blood volume with intravenous albumin appears to be an effective and appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:945697", "title": "The effect of pan-retinal photo-coagulation on rubeosis iridis.", "content": "Fifteen eyes of 11 patients with rubeosis iridis and angle neovascularization associated with retinal vascular disorders were treated with pan-retinal photocoagulation. In seven of the 15 eyes, the new vessels on the surface of the iris and in the angle regressed after pan-retinal photocoagulation therapy for disk neovascularization; five of the remaining eight eyes that were treated prospectively demonstrated similar involution of the rubeosis iridis. In three of the five preexisting peripheral anterior synechiae regressed and angle structures previously obscured became visible. Three to 36 months after therapy, three eyes developed a few new abnormal iris and angle vessels.", "contents": "The effect of pan-retinal photo-coagulation on rubeosis iridis. Fifteen eyes of 11 patients with rubeosis iridis and angle neovascularization associated with retinal vascular disorders were treated with pan-retinal photocoagulation. In seven of the 15 eyes, the new vessels on the surface of the iris and in the angle regressed after pan-retinal photocoagulation therapy for disk neovascularization; five of the remaining eight eyes that were treated prospectively demonstrated similar involution of the rubeosis iridis. In three of the five preexisting peripheral anterior synechiae regressed and angle structures previously obscured became visible. Three to 36 months after therapy, three eyes developed a few new abnormal iris and angle vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:945698", "title": "Squamous differentiation and basal lamina deposition in endometrial adenoacanthoma.", "content": "Eleven endometrial adenoacenthomas were studied ultrastructurally. Special emphasis was placed on patterns of squamous metaplasia and the appearance of the basal laminae. Tonofibrils, irregular keratohyaline, abundant desmosomes, and foci of frank keratinization were observed. However, the granule population was small, with relatively scanty keratohyaline and no definite membrane coating granules. These features resemble squamous metaplasia observed in various epithelia; experimental models utilizing estrogens also resulted in similar changes. This observation appears pertinent in view of the possible etiologic role played by high estrogen levels in the development of human endometrial carcinoma. Most tumor cell clusters were surrounded by a well-defined basal lamina; focal basal lamina reduplication was also observed. These observations suggest a high level of differentiation in respect to synthetic capabilities and cell surface recognition. They correlate well with the relatively favorable prognosis generally observed in endometrial adenoacanthomas. However, these conclusions are tempered by the finding of occasionally absent or defective basal lamine, indicative of partial dedifferentiation of some neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Squamous differentiation and basal lamina deposition in endometrial adenoacanthoma. Eleven endometrial adenoacenthomas were studied ultrastructurally. Special emphasis was placed on patterns of squamous metaplasia and the appearance of the basal laminae. Tonofibrils, irregular keratohyaline, abundant desmosomes, and foci of frank keratinization were observed. However, the granule population was small, with relatively scanty keratohyaline and no definite membrane coating granules. These features resemble squamous metaplasia observed in various epithelia; experimental models utilizing estrogens also resulted in similar changes. This observation appears pertinent in view of the possible etiologic role played by high estrogen levels in the development of human endometrial carcinoma. Most tumor cell clusters were surrounded by a well-defined basal lamina; focal basal lamina reduplication was also observed. These observations suggest a high level of differentiation in respect to synthetic capabilities and cell surface recognition. They correlate well with the relatively favorable prognosis generally observed in endometrial adenoacanthomas. However, these conclusions are tempered by the finding of occasionally absent or defective basal lamine, indicative of partial dedifferentiation of some neoplastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945699", "title": "Production of intestinal and other tumors by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice. I. A light and transmission electron microscopic study of colonic neoplasms.", "content": "Single or ten weekly subcutaneous injection(s) of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride were administered separately to Swiss mice. The repeated application gave rise mainly to high incidences of tumors in the large intestine. These neoplasms occurred most frequently in the colorectal area and in cecum adjacent to ileum. Light microscopically, these lesions were classified as polypoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Most of the adenocarcinomas were highly invasive, although they metastasized rarely. The fine structure of the malignant cells exhibited features typical of columnar absorptive cells. A distinctive alteration was the disorderly arrangement and abnormal size and shape of the microvilli. In addition, the cells exhibited numerous free ribosomes, little RER, priminent Golgi bodies, and uniformly dispersed nuclear chromatin. Morphologically, the intestinal tumors were similar to those found in man. In addition, the repeated administration of 1, 2-DMH also induced significant incidences of neoplasms in blood vessels, lungs, anus, and kidneys while the single application produced tumors in blood vessels and liver. The main hypotheses attempting to explain the selective induction of large intestinal neoplasms are discussed.", "contents": "Production of intestinal and other tumors by 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice. I. A light and transmission electron microscopic study of colonic neoplasms. Single or ten weekly subcutaneous injection(s) of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride were administered separately to Swiss mice. The repeated application gave rise mainly to high incidences of tumors in the large intestine. These neoplasms occurred most frequently in the colorectal area and in cecum adjacent to ileum. Light microscopically, these lesions were classified as polypoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Most of the adenocarcinomas were highly invasive, although they metastasized rarely. The fine structure of the malignant cells exhibited features typical of columnar absorptive cells. A distinctive alteration was the disorderly arrangement and abnormal size and shape of the microvilli. In addition, the cells exhibited numerous free ribosomes, little RER, priminent Golgi bodies, and uniformly dispersed nuclear chromatin. Morphologically, the intestinal tumors were similar to those found in man. In addition, the repeated administration of 1, 2-DMH also induced significant incidences of neoplasms in blood vessels, lungs, anus, and kidneys while the single application produced tumors in blood vessels and liver. The main hypotheses attempting to explain the selective induction of large intestinal neoplasms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945700", "title": "A twin study of dental dimension. I. Discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery.", "content": "Bilateral tooth measurements in twins are partitioned into three orthogonal contrasts, each associated with one degree of freedom, to estimate three parameters: discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery. The probability levels of the within-pair variance ratios were used to test for significance of these estimates. The results provided strong evidences for the existence of significant genetic determinants of almost all of the individual tooth dimensions, but little or no evidence for a genetic basis of asymmetry. The analysis gave no indication that monozygotic twinning was associated with an increased degree of either fluctuating asymmetry or mirror imagery, when compared to dizygotic twins. The data on monozygotic twins further suggested that for most variables examined, the increment of environmental discordance resulting from the twinning phenomena was greater than the developmental noise that caused asymmetry within individual cotwins.", "contents": "A twin study of dental dimension. I. Discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery. Bilateral tooth measurements in twins are partitioned into three orthogonal contrasts, each associated with one degree of freedom, to estimate three parameters: discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery. The probability levels of the within-pair variance ratios were used to test for significance of these estimates. The results provided strong evidences for the existence of significant genetic determinants of almost all of the individual tooth dimensions, but little or no evidence for a genetic basis of asymmetry. The analysis gave no indication that monozygotic twinning was associated with an increased degree of either fluctuating asymmetry or mirror imagery, when compared to dizygotic twins. The data on monozygotic twins further suggested that for most variables examined, the increment of environmental discordance resulting from the twinning phenomena was greater than the developmental noise that caused asymmetry within individual cotwins."}
{"id": "PMID:945701", "title": "A twin study of dental dimension. II. Independent genetic determinants.", "content": "To demonstrate the presence of independent genetic determinants of multiple correlated tooth dimensions from twin data, a multivariate analysis was performed on the covariance matrices of monozygotic and dizygotic within-pair differences for mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 teeth of the secondary dentition. The results provided strong evidences that the correlation among tooth dimensions is primarily genetic in origin, probably attributable to the pleiotropic action of either independent genes or groups of genes. Among the genetic factors that were identified, one appeared to affect the maxillary teeth in general while a second influenced primarily the anterior mandibular teeth. There was a striking tendency for homologous measurements on the right and left sides to be associated with the same genetic factor. In contrast, genetic determination of the maxillary and mandibular dentition seemed to be independent of each other, and a wider range of genetic factors were found to influence the mandibular than the maxillary teeth, suggesting that a differential degree of evolutionary stability may have been achieved in the teeth of the two jaws.", "contents": "A twin study of dental dimension. II. Independent genetic determinants. To demonstrate the presence of independent genetic determinants of multiple correlated tooth dimensions from twin data, a multivariate analysis was performed on the covariance matrices of monozygotic and dizygotic within-pair differences for mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of 28 teeth of the secondary dentition. The results provided strong evidences that the correlation among tooth dimensions is primarily genetic in origin, probably attributable to the pleiotropic action of either independent genes or groups of genes. Among the genetic factors that were identified, one appeared to affect the maxillary teeth in general while a second influenced primarily the anterior mandibular teeth. There was a striking tendency for homologous measurements on the right and left sides to be associated with the same genetic factor. In contrast, genetic determination of the maxillary and mandibular dentition seemed to be independent of each other, and a wider range of genetic factors were found to influence the mandibular than the maxillary teeth, suggesting that a differential degree of evolutionary stability may have been achieved in the teeth of the two jaws."}
{"id": "PMID:945702", "title": "A case of asymptomatic babesiosis in Georgia.", "content": "An asymptomatic infection with Babesia sp. was diagnosed in an epidemiologic investigation of transfusion-acquired malaria. This is the seventh human piroplasmosis infection that has been reported in the literature.", "contents": "A case of asymptomatic babesiosis in Georgia. An asymptomatic infection with Babesia sp. was diagnosed in an epidemiologic investigation of transfusion-acquired malaria. This is the seventh human piroplasmosis infection that has been reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:945703", "title": "Bites by the night adder (Causus maculatus) and burrowing vipers (genus Atractaspis) in Nigeria.", "content": "Nineteen patients proven to have been bitten by the small African adders Causus maculatus, Atractapis dahomeyensis and A. microlepidota were studied in the Nigerian savanna region. One of the patients bitten by C. maculatus was drowsy, hypotensive and flaccid on admission but recovered without treatment. Mild or moderate local swelling, local lymphadenitis and mild fever were the only other features in this group. None of the patients bitten by Atractaspis had signs of systemic envenoming apart from moderate fever. Local blistering appeared in two cases but did not progress to necrosis. No patient showed any disturbance of blood coagulation, or evidence of spontaneous hemorrhage or of cranial nerve lesions. The small literature on the effects of Causus and Atractaspis venoms in man and in laboratory animals is reviewed. It appears that bites by these species are very unlikely to cause serious ill effects. A few deaths from Atractaspis bites have been reported, but the danger from these species has been exaggerated.", "contents": "Bites by the night adder (Causus maculatus) and burrowing vipers (genus Atractaspis) in Nigeria. Nineteen patients proven to have been bitten by the small African adders Causus maculatus, Atractapis dahomeyensis and A. microlepidota were studied in the Nigerian savanna region. One of the patients bitten by C. maculatus was drowsy, hypotensive and flaccid on admission but recovered without treatment. Mild or moderate local swelling, local lymphadenitis and mild fever were the only other features in this group. None of the patients bitten by Atractaspis had signs of systemic envenoming apart from moderate fever. Local blistering appeared in two cases but did not progress to necrosis. No patient showed any disturbance of blood coagulation, or evidence of spontaneous hemorrhage or of cranial nerve lesions. The small literature on the effects of Causus and Atractaspis venoms in man and in laboratory animals is reviewed. It appears that bites by these species are very unlikely to cause serious ill effects. A few deaths from Atractaspis bites have been reported, but the danger from these species has been exaggerated."}
{"id": "PMID:945704", "title": "Neuroleptanalgesia for intra-ocular surgery: experience in a developing country.", "content": "A technique of neuroleptanalgesia is described for effective and reliable sedation during intra-ocular surgery under local analgesia. The absence of side effects using modified neuroleptanalgesia was of particular value in a situation in a developing country in which large numbers of patients had to be handled in a comparatively short period of time.", "contents": "Neuroleptanalgesia for intra-ocular surgery: experience in a developing country. A technique of neuroleptanalgesia is described for effective and reliable sedation during intra-ocular surgery under local analgesia. The absence of side effects using modified neuroleptanalgesia was of particular value in a situation in a developing country in which large numbers of patients had to be handled in a comparatively short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:945705", "title": "The exfoliating cervico-vaginal surface. II. Scanning electron microscopical studies during the estrous cycle in mice.", "content": "The exfoliating epithelial surface of the ectocervix (pars vaginalis) and the vagina from normal mice was studied by scanning electron microscopy during the four main phases of the ovulatory cycle, and after estrogen administration. At proestrus, the epithelial surface usually presented cobblestone-like structure furnished with thin microvilli; at estrus, large, flat mosaics covered by long, convoluted microrugae; at metestrus, the presenting cellular surfaces were of intermediate size (i.e., between cobblestone and mosaics) having fragmented microrugae; and at diestrus, by mosaics or intermediate structures covered by microvilli. Estrogen administration to intact and oophorectomized animals resulted in flat mosaics and large numbers of loosely attached cells with rolled-up borders which permitted the observation of the basal surface of the cells. In those animals the apical aspect of the cells which lined the lumen showed convoluted microrugae with circular configuration, while the basal aspect of such cells had club-tipped microvilli. The findings were correlated with post-scanning histological examination in all animals.", "contents": "The exfoliating cervico-vaginal surface. II. Scanning electron microscopical studies during the estrous cycle in mice. The exfoliating epithelial surface of the ectocervix (pars vaginalis) and the vagina from normal mice was studied by scanning electron microscopy during the four main phases of the ovulatory cycle, and after estrogen administration. At proestrus, the epithelial surface usually presented cobblestone-like structure furnished with thin microvilli; at estrus, large, flat mosaics covered by long, convoluted microrugae; at metestrus, the presenting cellular surfaces were of intermediate size (i.e., between cobblestone and mosaics) having fragmented microrugae; and at diestrus, by mosaics or intermediate structures covered by microvilli. Estrogen administration to intact and oophorectomized animals resulted in flat mosaics and large numbers of loosely attached cells with rolled-up borders which permitted the observation of the basal surface of the cells. In those animals the apical aspect of the cells which lined the lumen showed convoluted microrugae with circular configuration, while the basal aspect of such cells had club-tipped microvilli. The findings were correlated with post-scanning histological examination in all animals."}
{"id": "PMID:945706", "title": "Viral particles associated with malignant catarrhal fever in deer.", "content": "Viral particles associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and axis deer (Asix axis) are described. Morphologically, the virus resembled the togaviruses and was unlike the herpesvirus which causes wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (snotsiekte).", "contents": "Viral particles associated with malignant catarrhal fever in deer. Viral particles associated with malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and axis deer (Asix axis) are described. Morphologically, the virus resembled the togaviruses and was unlike the herpesvirus which causes wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever (snotsiekte)."}
{"id": "PMID:945708", "title": "Vinyl chloride-associated liver disease.", "content": "Although polyvinyl chloride has been produced from vinyl chlride monomer for more than 40 years, recognition of toxicity among vinyl chloride polymerization workers is more recent. In the mid 1960s, workers involved in cleaning polymerization tanks were found to have acro-osteolysis. In 1974, the same population of workers was found to be at risk for an unusual type of hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcoma of the liver. We describe two cases of vinyl chloride-associated liver injury, one of hepatic fibrosis and one of angiosarcoma. Histologic features of these lesions are similar to the hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcomas resulting from chronic exposure to inorganic arsenicals. Preliminary studies suggest that the toxicity of vinyl chloride may result from formation, during high-dose exposure, of active metabolites by mixed function oxidases of the liver. Epidemiologic studies indicate an increased incidence not only of liver disease, but also of cancers of the brain, lung, and possibly other organs.", "contents": "Vinyl chloride-associated liver disease. Although polyvinyl chloride has been produced from vinyl chlride monomer for more than 40 years, recognition of toxicity among vinyl chloride polymerization workers is more recent. In the mid 1960s, workers involved in cleaning polymerization tanks were found to have acro-osteolysis. In 1974, the same population of workers was found to be at risk for an unusual type of hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcoma of the liver. We describe two cases of vinyl chloride-associated liver injury, one of hepatic fibrosis and one of angiosarcoma. Histologic features of these lesions are similar to the hepatic fibrosis and angiosarcomas resulting from chronic exposure to inorganic arsenicals. Preliminary studies suggest that the toxicity of vinyl chloride may result from formation, during high-dose exposure, of active metabolites by mixed function oxidases of the liver. Epidemiologic studies indicate an increased incidence not only of liver disease, but also of cancers of the brain, lung, and possibly other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:945709", "title": "Choriocarcinoma with hyperthyroidism: probable identity of the thyrotropin with human chorionic gonadotropin.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl developed severe hyperthyroidism secondary to metastatic choriocarcinoma. Her serum contained high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by radioimmunoassay and had a thyroid-stimulating activity different from that of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) or of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) in the McKenzie mouse bio-assay. Gradient ultracentrifugation localized this thyroid stimulator to a narrow zone midway between markers of transferrin and ovalbumin. On gel filtration it emerged just before albumin as a single peak coinciding with the peak for HCG. Her HCG was identical to an authentic sample of HCG in position to gel filtration columns and on gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the thyrotropin of choriocarcinoma is HCG.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma with hyperthyroidism: probable identity of the thyrotropin with human chorionic gonadotropin. A 15-year-old girl developed severe hyperthyroidism secondary to metastatic choriocarcinoma. Her serum contained high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by radioimmunoassay and had a thyroid-stimulating activity different from that of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) or of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) in the McKenzie mouse bio-assay. Gradient ultracentrifugation localized this thyroid stimulator to a narrow zone midway between markers of transferrin and ovalbumin. On gel filtration it emerged just before albumin as a single peak coinciding with the peak for HCG. Her HCG was identical to an authentic sample of HCG in position to gel filtration columns and on gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the thyrotropin of choriocarcinoma is HCG."}
{"id": "PMID:945713", "title": "Susceptibility and resistance of Candida to 5-fluorocytosine in relation to the cell wall ultrastructure.", "content": "Studies on the susceptibility of Candida albicans to 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) demonstrated a high rate of resistance (85%) for serogroup B strains, more frequently isolated in Africa, and a low incidence (<1%) for serogroup A, predominating among Whites (Drouhet et al., 1974). Determination of the electrophoretic mobility of various strains did not provide a correlation between the charged groups of the surface and their phenotype to 5FC and antigenic groups. Adsorption of the surface antigens with a hyperimmune antiserum did not modify the phenotypic expression of Candida to 5FC. Electron microscopy studies revealed that susceptible strains had an additional granular layer dividing the inner stratum into two parts. After trypsin digestion of these strains, the disappearance of this layer was concomitantly associated with the emergence of resistance. Thus, it appears that the cell wall contains a proteinic material, which is located in the interior of the electron-transparent region and acts in the metabolism of 5FC.", "contents": "Susceptibility and resistance of Candida to 5-fluorocytosine in relation to the cell wall ultrastructure. Studies on the susceptibility of Candida albicans to 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) demonstrated a high rate of resistance (85%) for serogroup B strains, more frequently isolated in Africa, and a low incidence (<1%) for serogroup A, predominating among Whites (Drouhet et al., 1974). Determination of the electrophoretic mobility of various strains did not provide a correlation between the charged groups of the surface and their phenotype to 5FC and antigenic groups. Adsorption of the surface antigens with a hyperimmune antiserum did not modify the phenotypic expression of Candida to 5FC. Electron microscopy studies revealed that susceptible strains had an additional granular layer dividing the inner stratum into two parts. After trypsin digestion of these strains, the disappearance of this layer was concomitantly associated with the emergence of resistance. Thus, it appears that the cell wall contains a proteinic material, which is located in the interior of the electron-transparent region and acts in the metabolism of 5FC."}
{"id": "PMID:945714", "title": "Action of the peptide antibiotic leucinostatin.", "content": "Leucinostatin, an antimicrobial and antitumor antibiotic, was found to be cytotoxic to the murine leukemic cell line, L 1210. A complete inhibition of cell growth was achieved with 0.5 mug of the drug per ml. Leucinostatin showed membrane damage against L 1210 cells as well as mouse erythrocytes. L 1210 cells were partially protected from membrane damage by the addition of glucose to the medium. In contrast, no protective effect of glucose was observed with drug-induced hemolysis. The possible involvement of membrane lipid in the mechanism of action of leucinostatin is suggested by its action on liposomes. Liposomes prepared with lecithin, cholesterol, and an amphiphatic molecule, either dicetyl phosphate or stearylamine, were sensitive to leucinostatin and response to the drug was enhanced as the cholesterol level of liposomes was decreased. Changes in the net charge of the membrane did not show significant effects on leucinostatin action. In the presence of the antibiotic, on the other hand, protein synthesis in cells was markedly inhibited under conditions where the uptake of amino acids into an acid-soluble pool was not affected. However, leucinostatin did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in a cell-free system from L 1210 cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis results from the initial interaction of the drug with membrane phospholipid.", "contents": "Action of the peptide antibiotic leucinostatin. Leucinostatin, an antimicrobial and antitumor antibiotic, was found to be cytotoxic to the murine leukemic cell line, L 1210. A complete inhibition of cell growth was achieved with 0.5 mug of the drug per ml. Leucinostatin showed membrane damage against L 1210 cells as well as mouse erythrocytes. L 1210 cells were partially protected from membrane damage by the addition of glucose to the medium. In contrast, no protective effect of glucose was observed with drug-induced hemolysis. The possible involvement of membrane lipid in the mechanism of action of leucinostatin is suggested by its action on liposomes. Liposomes prepared with lecithin, cholesterol, and an amphiphatic molecule, either dicetyl phosphate or stearylamine, were sensitive to leucinostatin and response to the drug was enhanced as the cholesterol level of liposomes was decreased. Changes in the net charge of the membrane did not show significant effects on leucinostatin action. In the presence of the antibiotic, on the other hand, protein synthesis in cells was markedly inhibited under conditions where the uptake of amino acids into an acid-soluble pool was not affected. However, leucinostatin did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in a cell-free system from L 1210 cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of protein synthesis results from the initial interaction of the drug with membrane phospholipid."}
{"id": "PMID:945715", "title": "Antibiotic action of Solanum incanum Linnaeus.", "content": "The fruits of Solanum incanum Linnaeus are extensively used in Kenya for the treatment of cutaneous mycotic infections and other pathological conditions. The therapeutic activity of the berries has been attributed to their content of solanine and related glycoalkaloids, which are saponins and cytostatic poisons. In the present study, however, a simpler more potent antimicrobial substance with a phosphorylated structure similar to the purine adenine was isolated from the berries. The crystals of this compound were effective inhibitors of the growth of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some pathogens of agricultural produce. High concentrations of the substance caused hemolysis of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Antibiotic action of Solanum incanum Linnaeus. The fruits of Solanum incanum Linnaeus are extensively used in Kenya for the treatment of cutaneous mycotic infections and other pathological conditions. The therapeutic activity of the berries has been attributed to their content of solanine and related glycoalkaloids, which are saponins and cytostatic poisons. In the present study, however, a simpler more potent antimicrobial substance with a phosphorylated structure similar to the purine adenine was isolated from the berries. The crystals of this compound were effective inhibitors of the growth of gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some pathogens of agricultural produce. High concentrations of the substance caused hemolysis of erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:945716", "title": "Double-stranded ribonucleic acid in Agaricus bisporus.", "content": "Double-stranded ribonucleic acid present in virus-infected mushrooms of Agaricus bisporus has been resolved through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into six molecular-weight forms. Identification of these six double-stranded ribonucleic acids in mushrooms by this procedure has proven to be a useful and diagnostic method for viral infection in the cultivated mushroom.", "contents": "Double-stranded ribonucleic acid in Agaricus bisporus. Double-stranded ribonucleic acid present in virus-infected mushrooms of Agaricus bisporus has been resolved through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into six molecular-weight forms. Identification of these six double-stranded ribonucleic acids in mushrooms by this procedure has proven to be a useful and diagnostic method for viral infection in the cultivated mushroom."}
{"id": "PMID:945711", "title": "Protection of rats against nippostrongylus brasiliensis with worm antigens by oral administration.", "content": "Different types of antigens collected from adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were used to vaccinate rats against this parasite: somatic worm homogenate, secretory antigens and whole fixed worms. After challenge infection there was a significant reduction of worm number in immunized rats. However, vaccination with secretory antigens only induced a high level of immunity, indicating that protective antigens were probably worm metabolites.", "contents": "Protection of rats against nippostrongylus brasiliensis with worm antigens by oral administration. Different types of antigens collected from adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were used to vaccinate rats against this parasite: somatic worm homogenate, secretory antigens and whole fixed worms. After challenge infection there was a significant reduction of worm number in immunized rats. However, vaccination with secretory antigens only induced a high level of immunity, indicating that protective antigens were probably worm metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:945712", "title": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat: immune response in serum and intestinal secretions.", "content": "The kinetics of local and serum hemagglutinins production was observed following infections of rats with N. brasiliensis. Antibodies which appeared in the gut immediately after parasite localization had occured there 6 days following infection with 3,000 larvae. Serum antibodies were detected on day 18. Parasites were still being expelled at this time from the intestine. When rats were infected with 83 larvae, which is the smallest immunizing dose, local antibodies appeared in the same manner as in the first experiment, serum antibodies appearing only after challenge with 3,000 larvae. Local antibody activity is mainly due to IgA molecules. The presence of parasites and, at the same time, of local antibodies suggests an hypothesis for the mechanism of worm expulsion.", "contents": "Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat: immune response in serum and intestinal secretions. The kinetics of local and serum hemagglutinins production was observed following infections of rats with N. brasiliensis. Antibodies which appeared in the gut immediately after parasite localization had occured there 6 days following infection with 3,000 larvae. Serum antibodies were detected on day 18. Parasites were still being expelled at this time from the intestine. When rats were infected with 83 larvae, which is the smallest immunizing dose, local antibodies appeared in the same manner as in the first experiment, serum antibodies appearing only after challenge with 3,000 larvae. Local antibody activity is mainly due to IgA molecules. The presence of parasites and, at the same time, of local antibodies suggests an hypothesis for the mechanism of worm expulsion."}
{"id": "PMID:945717", "title": "Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: aromatic hydroxylation of isomeric xylenes.", "content": "The ability of 11 microorganisms to convert o-, m-, and p-xylene to monophenolic metabolites was evaluated. Four organisms were found to produce qualitatively identical products to those observed with mammalian systems.", "contents": "Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: aromatic hydroxylation of isomeric xylenes. The ability of 11 microorganisms to convert o-, m-, and p-xylene to monophenolic metabolites was evaluated. Four organisms were found to produce qualitatively identical products to those observed with mammalian systems."}
{"id": "PMID:945718", "title": "Study of Candida ingens grown on the supernatant derived from the anaerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes.", "content": "A pellicle-forming yeast, identified as Candida ingens, was found to grow on substrates derived from the anerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes. The organism used volatile fatty acids C2 to C6 and ammonia nitrogen. It had a preferential uptake of the acids in increasing order of molecular weight, removing 90% of the total titratable volatile acid. The nonwrinkled pellicle had a doubling time of 3.2 h, and the doubling time of the wrinkled pellicle was 4.2 h. Proximate amino acid and nucleic acid analyses suggested that the organism might be acceptable as a source of single cell protein. Its vitamin B group content compared favorably with that of other yeasts. It contained 6% calcium and 7% phosphorus. It could be useful in removing these minerals from effluents as well as in providing them as nutrients in livestock rations.", "contents": "Study of Candida ingens grown on the supernatant derived from the anaerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes. A pellicle-forming yeast, identified as Candida ingens, was found to grow on substrates derived from the anerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes. The organism used volatile fatty acids C2 to C6 and ammonia nitrogen. It had a preferential uptake of the acids in increasing order of molecular weight, removing 90% of the total titratable volatile acid. The nonwrinkled pellicle had a doubling time of 3.2 h, and the doubling time of the wrinkled pellicle was 4.2 h. Proximate amino acid and nucleic acid analyses suggested that the organism might be acceptable as a source of single cell protein. Its vitamin B group content compared favorably with that of other yeasts. It contained 6% calcium and 7% phosphorus. It could be useful in removing these minerals from effluents as well as in providing them as nutrients in livestock rations."}
{"id": "PMID:945719", "title": "Kinetics of humoral responsiveness in severe thermal injury.", "content": "Severe thermal injury has the capacity to increase the rate of generation of antibody-forming cells in mice. The intensity of stimulation appears to be proportional to the extent of injury. The effect has been observed in animals burned within 1 hr before or after sensitization with test antigen(s), and persists up to 14 days after injury. Thereafter, the stimulatory effect wanes, and disappears by the 21st day after burning. Responses to T-cell (thymus derived lymphocytes) dependent antigens (sheep erythrocytes; sheep erythrocytes coupled to TNP) and to antigens not requiring T and B-cell (bone marrow derived lymphocytes) cooperation (DNP-Ficoll) appear to be equally affected by thermal injury. The mechanisms underlying this form of enhanced antibody response are not clear. The data, however, support the possibility that the burn wound may release factor(s) capable of enhancing humoral responsiveness in the injured animal. Such factor(s) do not appear to be endotoxins.", "contents": "Kinetics of humoral responsiveness in severe thermal injury. Severe thermal injury has the capacity to increase the rate of generation of antibody-forming cells in mice. The intensity of stimulation appears to be proportional to the extent of injury. The effect has been observed in animals burned within 1 hr before or after sensitization with test antigen(s), and persists up to 14 days after injury. Thereafter, the stimulatory effect wanes, and disappears by the 21st day after burning. Responses to T-cell (thymus derived lymphocytes) dependent antigens (sheep erythrocytes; sheep erythrocytes coupled to TNP) and to antigens not requiring T and B-cell (bone marrow derived lymphocytes) cooperation (DNP-Ficoll) appear to be equally affected by thermal injury. The mechanisms underlying this form of enhanced antibody response are not clear. The data, however, support the possibility that the burn wound may release factor(s) capable of enhancing humoral responsiveness in the injured animal. Such factor(s) do not appear to be endotoxins."}
{"id": "PMID:945722", "title": "Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members.", "content": "Fifty individuals in nine families had von Hippel-Lindau disease. Nearly all of the morbidity and mortality of the entity is associated with six of its manifestations, each of which can be successfully treated. Retinal angiomatosis, which occurs in more than half of those affected, can produce blindness if not treated. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, which is observed in one third of patients, is the most common source of initial symptoms and caused more than half of the deaths in the series. Medullary and spinal hemangioblastomas occur infrequently. Pheochromocytoma is common in certain families and is usually bilateral. Renal cell carcinoma, which generally arises at a later age, may befall the patient who is successfully treated for the tumors that occurred earlier. However, this tumor can be treated also, if there is early detection.", "contents": "Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members. Fifty individuals in nine families had von Hippel-Lindau disease. Nearly all of the morbidity and mortality of the entity is associated with six of its manifestations, each of which can be successfully treated. Retinal angiomatosis, which occurs in more than half of those affected, can produce blindness if not treated. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma, which is observed in one third of patients, is the most common source of initial symptoms and caused more than half of the deaths in the series. Medullary and spinal hemangioblastomas occur infrequently. Pheochromocytoma is common in certain families and is usually bilateral. Renal cell carcinoma, which generally arises at a later age, may befall the patient who is successfully treated for the tumors that occurred earlier. However, this tumor can be treated also, if there is early detection."}
{"id": "PMID:945720", "title": "[Pre-excitation syndrome in monozygotic twins].", "content": "A family group of seven members is presented, two of which have pre-excitation syndrome. These subjects are identical twin brothers. One of them has the W-P-W syndrome tipe B, and the other has L-G-L syndrome. The latter had an associated atrial-septal defect, and the other twin had no associated cardiovascular lesions. Both underwent electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies, as well as His bundle electrograms. In the case with W-P-W, the diagnosis was made by electrocardiography, and was confirmed by vertocardiography. The His bundle electrogram showed the habitual findings in this type of pre-excitation. The His bundle potential was preceded by the beginning of the delta wave. The patient with W-P-W had episodes of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, some of these with antegrade conduction through the normal pathway, and others with conduction through the anomalous pathway. The other had a L-G-L syndrome, demonstrated by electrocardiography and vectorcardiography. During the register of the His bundle electrogram, he did not present pre-excitation, the tracings in basal conditions as well as during atrial stimulation were normal. The conclusion is that many factors exist which back up the hypothesis that the pre-excitation syndromes occur because of anomalous pathways, and that this type of alteration might have a sex linked genetic basis. This presumption appears to be confirmed by the presence of pre-excitation in identical twin brothers. Other possibilities are also discussed.", "contents": "[Pre-excitation syndrome in monozygotic twins]. A family group of seven members is presented, two of which have pre-excitation syndrome. These subjects are identical twin brothers. One of them has the W-P-W syndrome tipe B, and the other has L-G-L syndrome. The latter had an associated atrial-septal defect, and the other twin had no associated cardiovascular lesions. Both underwent electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic studies, as well as His bundle electrograms. In the case with W-P-W, the diagnosis was made by electrocardiography, and was confirmed by vertocardiography. The His bundle electrogram showed the habitual findings in this type of pre-excitation. The His bundle potential was preceded by the beginning of the delta wave. The patient with W-P-W had episodes of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia, some of these with antegrade conduction through the normal pathway, and others with conduction through the anomalous pathway. The other had a L-G-L syndrome, demonstrated by electrocardiography and vectorcardiography. During the register of the His bundle electrogram, he did not present pre-excitation, the tracings in basal conditions as well as during atrial stimulation were normal. The conclusion is that many factors exist which back up the hypothesis that the pre-excitation syndromes occur because of anomalous pathways, and that this type of alteration might have a sex linked genetic basis. This presumption appears to be confirmed by the presence of pre-excitation in identical twin brothers. Other possibilities are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945723", "title": "The effect of behavioral stimulant doses of amphetamine on blood pressure.", "content": "Blood pressure responses to amphetamine have been studied both in humans and in rats. Blood pressure was monitored in patients who had experienced an adverse behavioral reaction to the drug. All of the patients had self-administereed amphetamine, and later sought medical attention for their adverse reaction. In a series of 14 patients, there was no evidence that amphetamine had evoked a sustained increase in blood pressure. In rats, experiments were conducted in two steps: (1) a determination of the doses of amphetamine that cause behavioral stimulation, and (2) an evaluation of the blood pressure effects of the same dose of amphetamine. In control animals, behavioral stimulant doses of amphetamine exerted only transient effects on blood pressure. In pithed animals, ie, animals devoid of all central mechanisms, amphetamine exerted a sustained effect on blood pressure. It is concluded that the potential ability of amphetamine to evoke sustained cardiovascular responses is damped by the central nervous system of intact animals.", "contents": "The effect of behavioral stimulant doses of amphetamine on blood pressure. Blood pressure responses to amphetamine have been studied both in humans and in rats. Blood pressure was monitored in patients who had experienced an adverse behavioral reaction to the drug. All of the patients had self-administereed amphetamine, and later sought medical attention for their adverse reaction. In a series of 14 patients, there was no evidence that amphetamine had evoked a sustained increase in blood pressure. In rats, experiments were conducted in two steps: (1) a determination of the doses of amphetamine that cause behavioral stimulation, and (2) an evaluation of the blood pressure effects of the same dose of amphetamine. In control animals, behavioral stimulant doses of amphetamine exerted only transient effects on blood pressure. In pithed animals, ie, animals devoid of all central mechanisms, amphetamine exerted a sustained effect on blood pressure. It is concluded that the potential ability of amphetamine to evoke sustained cardiovascular responses is damped by the central nervous system of intact animals."}
{"id": "PMID:945721", "title": "[Electrocardiography, stress and the third pregnancy trimester].", "content": "Twelve patients whose ages ranged between 19 and 36 years, were studied. The gestational ages were between the 35th and the 39th week of pregnancy. The exercise performed was the one proposed by Kemp and Ellested. The analysis of the records comprised the electrocardiographic changes described by Dr. Chavez in his so called \"syndrome of circulatory changes during pregnancy\". Not all the characteristics were found in our cases, although this could be explained by the differences in the gestational age. The most common findings were the ST changes. In nine of our cases, they were more marked and appeared immediately after exercise and this makes us think that it could be due to the double load on the cardiac overload, that the exercise effects upon the cardiac muscle due to pregnancy. We could also advocate sympathetic and parasympathethic mechanisms, since in the final tracing this changes not only disappeared but were in some cases smoller than in the control. Regarding the cardiac rate it was found that it did not increase as shown in Robinson's Table. Nevertheless in eight cases, final tracings did not return to control levels and we could imply an \"excess of heart rate\" which is thought by Sheffield as a warning sign of coronary insufficiency. We will learn more about this after these same patients have had their-follow up studies when they are not pregnant. A larger series of cases is needed in the different trimesters of pregnancy as well as their reevaluation after the hormonal effects of pregnancy are over to ases the significance of this changes as well as their prognostic meaning during labor or as a warning sign of future coronary pathology.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography, stress and the third pregnancy trimester]. Twelve patients whose ages ranged between 19 and 36 years, were studied. The gestational ages were between the 35th and the 39th week of pregnancy. The exercise performed was the one proposed by Kemp and Ellested. The analysis of the records comprised the electrocardiographic changes described by Dr. Chavez in his so called \"syndrome of circulatory changes during pregnancy\". Not all the characteristics were found in our cases, although this could be explained by the differences in the gestational age. The most common findings were the ST changes. In nine of our cases, they were more marked and appeared immediately after exercise and this makes us think that it could be due to the double load on the cardiac overload, that the exercise effects upon the cardiac muscle due to pregnancy. We could also advocate sympathetic and parasympathethic mechanisms, since in the final tracing this changes not only disappeared but were in some cases smoller than in the control. Regarding the cardiac rate it was found that it did not increase as shown in Robinson's Table. Nevertheless in eight cases, final tracings did not return to control levels and we could imply an \"excess of heart rate\" which is thought by Sheffield as a warning sign of coronary insufficiency. We will learn more about this after these same patients have had their-follow up studies when they are not pregnant. A larger series of cases is needed in the different trimesters of pregnancy as well as their reevaluation after the hormonal effects of pregnancy are over to ases the significance of this changes as well as their prognostic meaning during labor or as a warning sign of future coronary pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:945725", "title": "Hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Review and report of five cases.", "content": "Eighty-five cases of hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord are reviewed, including five new ones. While current views of the incidence, histology, and cytogenesis are presented, the main purpose of this article is to call attention to the identifying clinical and radiological characteristics of these spinal tumors. Median age at onset of symptoms was 30 years. The ratio of men to women was 1.1:1. Presenting symptoms were usually radicular pain or posterior column sensory loss or both. The lesions were most often single (79%), intramedullary (60%), and located in the cervical or thoracic spinal cord. There was associated syringomyelia in 67% of intramedullary cases and meningeal varicosities in 48% of all cases. Lindau disease and hemangioblastomas in other central nervous system locations were present in 33% of cases. The characteristic roentgenographic picture is a densely vascular tumor in association with a larger avascular syrinx and meningeal varicosities. Surgery is the only definitive treatment.", "contents": "Hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord. Review and report of five cases. Eighty-five cases of hemangioblastoma of the spinal cord are reviewed, including five new ones. While current views of the incidence, histology, and cytogenesis are presented, the main purpose of this article is to call attention to the identifying clinical and radiological characteristics of these spinal tumors. Median age at onset of symptoms was 30 years. The ratio of men to women was 1.1:1. Presenting symptoms were usually radicular pain or posterior column sensory loss or both. The lesions were most often single (79%), intramedullary (60%), and located in the cervical or thoracic spinal cord. There was associated syringomyelia in 67% of intramedullary cases and meningeal varicosities in 48% of all cases. Lindau disease and hemangioblastomas in other central nervous system locations were present in 33% of cases. The characteristic roentgenographic picture is a densely vascular tumor in association with a larger avascular syrinx and meningeal varicosities. Surgery is the only definitive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:945726", "title": "Effects of laser photocoagulation on adenine nucleotides in rabbit retinas.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to provide a qualitative biochemical assessment of laser effects on retinal metabolism. The adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate ratio and the Atkinson energy charge are considerably increased in laser-treated rabbit retinas compared to the contralateral untreated retinas.", "contents": "Effects of laser photocoagulation on adenine nucleotides in rabbit retinas. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to provide a qualitative biochemical assessment of laser effects on retinal metabolism. The adenosine triphosphate-adenosine diphosphate ratio and the Atkinson energy charge are considerably increased in laser-treated rabbit retinas compared to the contralateral untreated retinas."}
{"id": "PMID:945727", "title": "Coenurus infestation of eye and orbit.", "content": "Histopathologic examination of an eye with severe anterior uveitis and a whitish retrolental tumor in a 43-year-old woman, and of an orbital cystic tumor in a 2-year-old girl, showed the presence of Coenurus, the bladderworm of Multiceps multiceps. The single bladder of Coenurus may contain hundreds of scoleces. intraocular Coenurus is most often located in the subretinal space.", "contents": "Coenurus infestation of eye and orbit. Histopathologic examination of an eye with severe anterior uveitis and a whitish retrolental tumor in a 43-year-old woman, and of an orbital cystic tumor in a 2-year-old girl, showed the presence of Coenurus, the bladderworm of Multiceps multiceps. The single bladder of Coenurus may contain hundreds of scoleces. intraocular Coenurus is most often located in the subretinal space."}
{"id": "PMID:945728", "title": "Intraocular pressure, cup-disc ratio, and steroid responsiveness in retinal detachment.", "content": "A review of the literature failed to indicate whether the high incidence of open angle glaucoma in patients with nontraumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is due to common genetic determinants. The diurnal variation of intraocular pressure, the cup-disc C/D ratio, and the intraocular response to topically applied corticosteroids were studied in 30 subjects with unilateral, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The results indicate that 20% of the subjects were high steroid responders and that 53% had a C/D ratio greater than 0.3. We shall discuss the relationship of these findings to the multifactorial inheritance of open angle glaucoma.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure, cup-disc ratio, and steroid responsiveness in retinal detachment. A review of the literature failed to indicate whether the high incidence of open angle glaucoma in patients with nontraumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is due to common genetic determinants. The diurnal variation of intraocular pressure, the cup-disc C/D ratio, and the intraocular response to topically applied corticosteroids were studied in 30 subjects with unilateral, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The results indicate that 20% of the subjects were high steroid responders and that 53% had a C/D ratio greater than 0.3. We shall discuss the relationship of these findings to the multifactorial inheritance of open angle glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:945730", "title": "Application of a microtiter cell-culture method to characterization of avian adenoviruses.", "content": "A microtiter cell-culture method was developed and used to titrate virus isolates for characterization. Virus dilutions and chicken kidney cell suspensions were dispensed into the wells of disposable microculture plates, with infectivity endpoints being determined microscopically on the fifth or sixth day, or by reading crystal-violet-stained monolayers on day 6. With this method, 37 candidate avian adenoviruses isolated from diagnostic accessions were characterized as avian adenoviruses (AAV). The criteria used for characterization were production of round-cell cytopathic effect, resistance to chloroform treatment, inhibition by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and the presence of an antigen showing identity with a known AAV by precipitation in agar gel. Statistical anlaysis of eight replicate titrations of three AAV indicated that the titration method was highly reproducible. Use of the microculture method for titrations gave substantial savings in indicator cells, media, incubator space, culture dishes, and time.", "contents": "Application of a microtiter cell-culture method to characterization of avian adenoviruses. A microtiter cell-culture method was developed and used to titrate virus isolates for characterization. Virus dilutions and chicken kidney cell suspensions were dispensed into the wells of disposable microculture plates, with infectivity endpoints being determined microscopically on the fifth or sixth day, or by reading crystal-violet-stained monolayers on day 6. With this method, 37 candidate avian adenoviruses isolated from diagnostic accessions were characterized as avian adenoviruses (AAV). The criteria used for characterization were production of round-cell cytopathic effect, resistance to chloroform treatment, inhibition by 5-bromodeoxyuridine, and the presence of an antigen showing identity with a known AAV by precipitation in agar gel. Statistical anlaysis of eight replicate titrations of three AAV indicated that the titration method was highly reproducible. Use of the microculture method for titrations gave substantial savings in indicator cells, media, incubator space, culture dishes, and time."}
{"id": "PMID:945734", "title": "Growth hormone and drug metabolism. Acute effects on nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activity and chromatin.", "content": "Adult male rats, subjected either to sham operation or to hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy were maintained for 10 days before treatment with growth hormone. Results of the acute effects of growth hormone on the rat liver nuclear RNA polymerase I (nucleolar) and II (nucleoplasmic) activities as well as the chromatin template capacity were then studied and compared with the growth-hormone effects on the drug metabolism described in the preceding paper (Wilson & Spelsberg, 1976). 2. Conditions for isolation and storage of nuclei for maintenance of optimal polymerase activities are described. It is verified that the assays for polymerase activities require a DNA template, all four nucleoside triphosphates, and a bivalent cation, and that the acid-insoluble radioactive product represents RNA. Proof is presented that under high-salt conditions DNA-like RNA (polymerase II) is synthesized, and that under low-salt conditions in the presence of alpha-amanitin, rRNA (polymerase I) is synthesized. 3. In the livers of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, growth hormone increases the activity of both RNA polymerase enzymes and the chromatin template capacity within 1h after treatment. The effects last for 12h in the case of polymerase II but for only 6h in the case of polymerase I. Sham-operated rats respond to growth hormone in a manner somewhat similar to that shown by hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats. These results, which demonstrate an enhancement of RNA polymerase I activity in response to growth hormone, support those from other laboratories. 4. Growth-hormone enhancement of the chromatin template capacity in the liver of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats contrasts with previous reports. The growth-hormone-induced de-repression of the chromatin DNA could represent the basis of the growth-hormone-induced enhancement of RNA polymerase II activity in the hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, although some effect of growth-hormone on the polymerase enzymes is still suggested.", "contents": "Growth hormone and drug metabolism. Acute effects on nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activity and chromatin. Adult male rats, subjected either to sham operation or to hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy were maintained for 10 days before treatment with growth hormone. Results of the acute effects of growth hormone on the rat liver nuclear RNA polymerase I (nucleolar) and II (nucleoplasmic) activities as well as the chromatin template capacity were then studied and compared with the growth-hormone effects on the drug metabolism described in the preceding paper (Wilson & Spelsberg, 1976). 2. Conditions for isolation and storage of nuclei for maintenance of optimal polymerase activities are described. It is verified that the assays for polymerase activities require a DNA template, all four nucleoside triphosphates, and a bivalent cation, and that the acid-insoluble radioactive product represents RNA. Proof is presented that under high-salt conditions DNA-like RNA (polymerase II) is synthesized, and that under low-salt conditions in the presence of alpha-amanitin, rRNA (polymerase I) is synthesized. 3. In the livers of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, growth hormone increases the activity of both RNA polymerase enzymes and the chromatin template capacity within 1h after treatment. The effects last for 12h in the case of polymerase II but for only 6h in the case of polymerase I. Sham-operated rats respond to growth hormone in a manner somewhat similar to that shown by hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats. These results, which demonstrate an enhancement of RNA polymerase I activity in response to growth hormone, support those from other laboratories. 4. Growth-hormone enhancement of the chromatin template capacity in the liver of hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats contrasts with previous reports. The growth-hormone-induced de-repression of the chromatin DNA could represent the basis of the growth-hormone-induced enhancement of RNA polymerase II activity in the hypophysectomized/adrenalectomized rats, although some effect of growth-hormone on the polymerase enzymes is still suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:945735", "title": "Studies on human N-acetyl-Beta-d-hexosaminidase C separated from neonatal brain.", "content": "Human brain hexosaminidase C was separated from isoenzymes A and B by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Properties of the enzyme were studied, particularly its isoelectric-focusing profile, pI4.80. These findings indicate that hexosaminidase C is identical with the major residual component of Sandhoff fibroblasts with respect to substrate specificity, pI and activity pH optimum.", "contents": "Studies on human N-acetyl-Beta-d-hexosaminidase C separated from neonatal brain. Human brain hexosaminidase C was separated from isoenzymes A and B by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Properties of the enzyme were studied, particularly its isoelectric-focusing profile, pI4.80. These findings indicate that hexosaminidase C is identical with the major residual component of Sandhoff fibroblasts with respect to substrate specificity, pI and activity pH optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:945736", "title": "The purification of human enterokinase by affinity chromatography and immunoadsorption. Some observations on its molecular characteristics and comparisons with the pig enzyme.", "content": "A method is described for the purification of human enterokinase from accumulated duodenal fluid by affinity chromatography using p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand. Resolution was greatest when glycylglycine was substituted as the spacer arm. Purification was not a one-step procedure, and some contamination, principally by the alpha-glucosidases, remained. Their removal was completed by immunoadsorption using antisera raised to enterokinase-free material containing these enzymes, prepared as a by-product of the purification procedure. The final preparation had an activity of 4260 nmol of trypsin/min per mg and was free of other enzymic activity tested. Amino acid and sugar analyses of the highly purified enzyme indicated an acidic glycoprotein containing 57% sugar (neutral sugars 47%, amino sugars 10%). The apparent mol.wts. and Stokes radii of human and pig enterokinase were 296 000 and 316 000, and 5.65 and 5.78 nm respectively. Two isoenzymes were identified for human enterokinase and three for the pig enzyme. Human enterokinase demonstrated a resistance to reduction of disulphide linkages and to sodium dodecyl sulphate binding, which may be related to the need for it to retain its integrity in the digestive environment of the upper small intestine. Antisera to highly purified pig and human enterokinases specifically inhibited enterokinase activity. Immuno-inhibition of intestinal aminopeptidase, maltase and glucoamylase by homologous antisera was not observed.", "contents": "The purification of human enterokinase by affinity chromatography and immunoadsorption. Some observations on its molecular characteristics and comparisons with the pig enzyme. A method is described for the purification of human enterokinase from accumulated duodenal fluid by affinity chromatography using p-aminobenzamidine as the ligand. Resolution was greatest when glycylglycine was substituted as the spacer arm. Purification was not a one-step procedure, and some contamination, principally by the alpha-glucosidases, remained. Their removal was completed by immunoadsorption using antisera raised to enterokinase-free material containing these enzymes, prepared as a by-product of the purification procedure. The final preparation had an activity of 4260 nmol of trypsin/min per mg and was free of other enzymic activity tested. Amino acid and sugar analyses of the highly purified enzyme indicated an acidic glycoprotein containing 57% sugar (neutral sugars 47%, amino sugars 10%). The apparent mol.wts. and Stokes radii of human and pig enterokinase were 296 000 and 316 000, and 5.65 and 5.78 nm respectively. Two isoenzymes were identified for human enterokinase and three for the pig enzyme. Human enterokinase demonstrated a resistance to reduction of disulphide linkages and to sodium dodecyl sulphate binding, which may be related to the need for it to retain its integrity in the digestive environment of the upper small intestine. Antisera to highly purified pig and human enterokinases specifically inhibited enterokinase activity. Immuno-inhibition of intestinal aminopeptidase, maltase and glucoamylase by homologous antisera was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:945745", "title": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the heme environment in beef liver catalase.", "content": "The effect of high-spin heme iron in beef liver catalase on the longitudinal and transverse proton relaxation rates of the solvent has been used to probe the environment of the paramagnetic center. The longitudinal proton relaxation rates were measured as a function of temperature (5-31 degrees C), frequency (5-100 MHz), and pH. T1p was found to be pH independent in the range 6-11, indicating that no significant difference occurs in the heme surrounding within this pH range. The ligands formate and acetate, which preserve the spin state of the heme iron upon ligation, displace a water molecule from the sixth coordination position. This reaction is pH independent, while the binding measured by optical spectroscopy is pH dependent. The electron methanol and ethanol essentially do not change the proton relaxation rates. The temperature and frequency dependencies indicate that the relaxation times are governed by the electronic relaxation time of the high-spin ferric iron tau s. Tau s, which was found to be frequency independent, could not be determined from the T1p/T2p ratio, but only from the frequency dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rate at low frequencies. The results of the least-squares fit of the data to the theory indicate that there is one iron-bound rapidly exchanging water molecule. For the Fe3+ ion it was determined that tau s = 7 x 10(-11) s.", "contents": "A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the heme environment in beef liver catalase. The effect of high-spin heme iron in beef liver catalase on the longitudinal and transverse proton relaxation rates of the solvent has been used to probe the environment of the paramagnetic center. The longitudinal proton relaxation rates were measured as a function of temperature (5-31 degrees C), frequency (5-100 MHz), and pH. T1p was found to be pH independent in the range 6-11, indicating that no significant difference occurs in the heme surrounding within this pH range. The ligands formate and acetate, which preserve the spin state of the heme iron upon ligation, displace a water molecule from the sixth coordination position. This reaction is pH independent, while the binding measured by optical spectroscopy is pH dependent. The electron methanol and ethanol essentially do not change the proton relaxation rates. The temperature and frequency dependencies indicate that the relaxation times are governed by the electronic relaxation time of the high-spin ferric iron tau s. Tau s, which was found to be frequency independent, could not be determined from the T1p/T2p ratio, but only from the frequency dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rate at low frequencies. The results of the least-squares fit of the data to the theory indicate that there is one iron-bound rapidly exchanging water molecule. For the Fe3+ ion it was determined that tau s = 7 x 10(-11) s."}
{"id": "PMID:945746", "title": "Stereospecificity of lipases. Enzymatic hydrolysis of enantiomeric alkyldiacyl- and dialkylacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase from dialyzed and lyophilized bovine skim milk hydrolyses specifically the ester in position 1 of triacylglycerols and of enantiomeric alkyldiacylglycerols. No such specificity could be observed when enantiomeric dialkylacylglycerols were used as substrates since hydrolysis in positions 1 and 3 occurred at the same rate. Dialkylacylglycerols are, therefore, unsuitable as model substrates for the assay of the stereospecificity of lipases.", "contents": "Stereospecificity of lipases. Enzymatic hydrolysis of enantiomeric alkyldiacyl- and dialkylacylglycerols by lipoprotein lipase. Lipoprotein lipase from dialyzed and lyophilized bovine skim milk hydrolyses specifically the ester in position 1 of triacylglycerols and of enantiomeric alkyldiacylglycerols. No such specificity could be observed when enantiomeric dialkylacylglycerols were used as substrates since hydrolysis in positions 1 and 3 occurred at the same rate. Dialkylacylglycerols are, therefore, unsuitable as model substrates for the assay of the stereospecificity of lipases."}
{"id": "PMID:945747", "title": "Physical properties and chemical compositions of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from Physarum polycephalum have been purified to homogeneity as confirmed by gel filtration chromatography, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. Certain physical and chemical parameters of the malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes reported here include sedimentation, molecular weight and subunit molecular weight. Most unique of the differences between the isoenzymes were the widely separate isoelectric points of 9.83 for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and 6.14 for the supernatant malate dehydrogenase. The amino acid analyses of each form were done revealing the isoenzymes were unquestionably unique proteins differing in the content of ten amino acids.", "contents": "Physical properties and chemical compositions of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Physarum polycephalum. The malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes from Physarum polycephalum have been purified to homogeneity as confirmed by gel filtration chromatography, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. Certain physical and chemical parameters of the malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes reported here include sedimentation, molecular weight and subunit molecular weight. Most unique of the differences between the isoenzymes were the widely separate isoelectric points of 9.83 for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and 6.14 for the supernatant malate dehydrogenase. The amino acid analyses of each form were done revealing the isoenzymes were unquestionably unique proteins differing in the content of ten amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:945748", "title": "Purification of lectins by biospecific affinity chromatography.", "content": "Biospecific adsorbents which can be used for the purification of lectins are easily prepared by a one-step reaction between Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6 B and lectin-specific sugars. This paper reports the immobilization of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and the use of the resulting Sepharose derivatives for the purification of soybean lectin and wheat germ lectin, respectively. The former adsorbent had a maximal capacity of 15 mg of lectin/ml sedimented gel and the yield corresponded to 145 mg of lectin/100 g of soybeans. Similarly, yields of wheat germ lectin corresponding to 65 mg/100 g of wheat germ were obtained on an adsorbent which bound 10 mg of lectin/ml. The purified lectins were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.5.", "contents": "Purification of lectins by biospecific affinity chromatography. Biospecific adsorbents which can be used for the purification of lectins are easily prepared by a one-step reaction between Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6 B and lectin-specific sugars. This paper reports the immobilization of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and the use of the resulting Sepharose derivatives for the purification of soybean lectin and wheat germ lectin, respectively. The former adsorbent had a maximal capacity of 15 mg of lectin/ml sedimented gel and the yield corresponded to 145 mg of lectin/100 g of soybeans. Similarly, yields of wheat germ lectin corresponding to 65 mg/100 g of wheat germ were obtained on an adsorbent which bound 10 mg of lectin/ml. The purified lectins were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.5."}
{"id": "PMID:945749", "title": "Tryptic hydrolysis at asparagine residues in globin chains.", "content": "Commercially available Tos-PheCH2Cl-treated or untreated bovine trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is shown to catalyse minor tryptic hydrolysis at the carboxyl side of asparagine residues in globin chains. This activity is not removed by the purification of enzyme, using CM-cellulose chromatography and subsequent affinity chromatography on trypsin inhibitor columns, neither is it inhibited by Tos-PheCH2Cl treatment of the CM-cellulose purified enzyme. It is suggested that the ability to hydrolyse globin chains at asparagine residues may represent an inherent feature of the trypsin molecule.", "contents": "Tryptic hydrolysis at asparagine residues in globin chains. Commercially available Tos-PheCH2Cl-treated or untreated bovine trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) is shown to catalyse minor tryptic hydrolysis at the carboxyl side of asparagine residues in globin chains. This activity is not removed by the purification of enzyme, using CM-cellulose chromatography and subsequent affinity chromatography on trypsin inhibitor columns, neither is it inhibited by Tos-PheCH2Cl treatment of the CM-cellulose purified enzyme. It is suggested that the ability to hydrolyse globin chains at asparagine residues may represent an inherent feature of the trypsin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:945750", "title": "Laser Raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases are examined for shifts in the structure-sensitive, anomalously polarized bands; these are found, respectively, at 1576, 1567 and 1570 cm-1 in the high-spin resting enzymes: horse radish peroxidase, horse blood catalase, and cytochrome c peroxidase. In compound II of horse radish peroxidase and horse blood catalase, and in the enzyme-substrate complex of cytochrome c peroxidase, this band appears at 1587-1590 cm-1 and indicates the iron atom is now in-plane with the porphyrin ring. Weak Raman scattering found with horse radish peroxidase I is consistant with a porphyrin eta-cation radical formulation.", "contents": "Laser Raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases. Resonance Raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases are examined for shifts in the structure-sensitive, anomalously polarized bands; these are found, respectively, at 1576, 1567 and 1570 cm-1 in the high-spin resting enzymes: horse radish peroxidase, horse blood catalase, and cytochrome c peroxidase. In compound II of horse radish peroxidase and horse blood catalase, and in the enzyme-substrate complex of cytochrome c peroxidase, this band appears at 1587-1590 cm-1 and indicates the iron atom is now in-plane with the porphyrin ring. Weak Raman scattering found with horse radish peroxidase I is consistant with a porphyrin eta-cation radical formulation."}
{"id": "PMID:945751", "title": "Partial purification and some properties of human liver alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "1. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from human liver was solubilized from the homogenate using 0.2% Triton X-100 containing 0.2 M lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate, and the pellet obtained was resolubilized with 20% n-butanol. The procedure resulting in 3842-fold purification included acetone fractionation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite gel chromatography and further concanavalin A/Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. 2. The highly purified enzyme showed one major protein band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6, and exhibited one-seventh of the alkaline p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the hepatic enzyme preparation contains of the alkaline pyrophosphatase activity. 3. The highly purified enzyme was a sialic-acid containing glycoprotein. 4. Sialidase-treated hepatic enzyme clearly presented the phenomenon of delayed mobility, and the delayed enzyme fraction stained more strongly than that of non-treated hepatic alkaline phosphatase. 5. In order to investigate the role of the carbohydrate region(s) of the hepatic alkaline phosphatase molecule on substrate binding, the effect of sialidase treatment on the rate of substrate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase was studied. In the case of hepatic enzyme without sialidase, substrate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity was clearly shown, while in the case of the hepatic enzyme with sialidase, there was hardly any substrate inhibition in the range of 1-8 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate.", "contents": "Partial purification and some properties of human liver alkaline phosphatase. 1. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) from human liver was solubilized from the homogenate using 0.2% Triton X-100 containing 0.2 M lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate, and the pellet obtained was resolubilized with 20% n-butanol. The procedure resulting in 3842-fold purification included acetone fractionation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, hydroxyapatite gel chromatography and further concanavalin A/Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. 2. The highly purified enzyme showed one major protein band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.6, and exhibited one-seventh of the alkaline p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the hepatic enzyme preparation contains of the alkaline pyrophosphatase activity. 3. The highly purified enzyme was a sialic-acid containing glycoprotein. 4. Sialidase-treated hepatic enzyme clearly presented the phenomenon of delayed mobility, and the delayed enzyme fraction stained more strongly than that of non-treated hepatic alkaline phosphatase. 5. In order to investigate the role of the carbohydrate region(s) of the hepatic alkaline phosphatase molecule on substrate binding, the effect of sialidase treatment on the rate of substrate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase was studied. In the case of hepatic enzyme without sialidase, substrate inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity was clearly shown, while in the case of the hepatic enzyme with sialidase, there was hardly any substrate inhibition in the range of 1-8 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:945752", "title": "Cytosol 5'-nucleotidase from chicken liver. Purification and some properties.", "content": "1. 5'-Nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) from the cytosol of chicken liver has been purified 1860-fold with an overall yield of 20% by a combination of precipitation at pH 5.3, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, calcium phosphate gel adsorption, phosphocellulose chromatography and gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. The enzyme has been shown to be highly purified, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This is the first time it has been possible to obtain a purified 5'-nucleotidase from the cytosol of animal tissue. 2. An S20, W of 9.7 S for 5'-nucleotidase was obtained by the use of sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a Stokes radius of 5.1 nm was estimated by gel filtration techniques. From these values and the assumed partial specific volume of 0.725 cm3/g, the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 205 000. One major band, corresponding to a molecular weight of 51 000, was detected after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that the native enzyme was composed of four identical subunits. 3. Some properties of the purified enzyme, including pH optimum Mg2+ dependency and substrate specificity, resembled closely those of the partially purified enzyme from chicken liver acetone powder as reported by Itoh, R., Mitsui, A. and Tsushima, K. (1967) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 146, 151-159.", "contents": "Cytosol 5'-nucleotidase from chicken liver. Purification and some properties. 1. 5'-Nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) from the cytosol of chicken liver has been purified 1860-fold with an overall yield of 20% by a combination of precipitation at pH 5.3, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, calcium phosphate gel adsorption, phosphocellulose chromatography and gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. The enzyme has been shown to be highly purified, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This is the first time it has been possible to obtain a purified 5'-nucleotidase from the cytosol of animal tissue. 2. An S20, W of 9.7 S for 5'-nucleotidase was obtained by the use of sucrose density gradient centrifugation and a Stokes radius of 5.1 nm was estimated by gel filtration techniques. From these values and the assumed partial specific volume of 0.725 cm3/g, the molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated to be 205 000. One major band, corresponding to a molecular weight of 51 000, was detected after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicating that the native enzyme was composed of four identical subunits. 3. Some properties of the purified enzyme, including pH optimum Mg2+ dependency and substrate specificity, resembled closely those of the partially purified enzyme from chicken liver acetone powder as reported by Itoh, R., Mitsui, A. and Tsushima, K. (1967) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 146, 151-159."}
{"id": "PMID:945753", "title": "Solid phase bovine thrombin. Preparation and properties.", "content": "A new solid-phase thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) was prepared through conjugation of the enzyme under mild conditions to a glass support bearing an active ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The immobilized enzyme retained 50 +/- 10% of the specific esterase activity of the parent soluble enzyme. The Km (apparent) for the esterase activity of the immobilized enzyme has a value of 5 mM, identical of the Km value of the parent-soluble enzyme. Only 6 +/- 1% of the specific proteolytic activity was retained and a higher Km (apparent) value of 67 muM was obtained for the insoluble enzyme compared to Km value of 12.5 muM for the parent soluble thrombin. Solid-phase thrombin prepared by the diazocoupling technique was previously reported to retain only 3% of the specific proteolytic activity. The observed loss of specific proteolytic activity can be attributed to steric interference, a change in charge characteristics, or both. Nevertheless, the present method of preparation has the advantages of rapidity and simplicity. It can readily be adapted to use for studying the fate of various complexes of fibrinogen, fibrin and their degradation products. It should also be useful for preparing radiolabeled autologous soluble fibrin for thrombus detection in patients undergoing active thrombosis.", "contents": "Solid phase bovine thrombin. Preparation and properties. A new solid-phase thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) was prepared through conjugation of the enzyme under mild conditions to a glass support bearing an active ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The immobilized enzyme retained 50 +/- 10% of the specific esterase activity of the parent soluble enzyme. The Km (apparent) for the esterase activity of the immobilized enzyme has a value of 5 mM, identical of the Km value of the parent-soluble enzyme. Only 6 +/- 1% of the specific proteolytic activity was retained and a higher Km (apparent) value of 67 muM was obtained for the insoluble enzyme compared to Km value of 12.5 muM for the parent soluble thrombin. Solid-phase thrombin prepared by the diazocoupling technique was previously reported to retain only 3% of the specific proteolytic activity. The observed loss of specific proteolytic activity can be attributed to steric interference, a change in charge characteristics, or both. Nevertheless, the present method of preparation has the advantages of rapidity and simplicity. It can readily be adapted to use for studying the fate of various complexes of fibrinogen, fibrin and their degradation products. It should also be useful for preparing radiolabeled autologous soluble fibrin for thrombus detection in patients undergoing active thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:945756", "title": "Blood pressure survey in a population of newborn infants.", "content": "Systolic blood pressure in the arm was measured in infants at the ages of 4 to 6 days and 5 to 7 weeks by the Doppler ultrasound technique. At the age of 4 to 6 days the mean blood pressure (+/- SE of mean) in 469 sleeping infants was 70-7 +/- 0-3 mm Hg, rising at 5 to 7 weeks to 89-7 +/- 0-9 mm Hg (in 144 infants). In 252 infants awake at 5 to 7 weeks blood pressure was 96-8 +/- 0-6 mm Hg. In 391 infants in whom measurements were made on both occasions blood pressure at 4 to 6 days was significantly related to blood pressure at 5 to 7 weeks. Thus those infants with relatively high blood pressures at 4 to 6 days showed a weak tendency to have relatively high blood pressures at 5 to 7 weeks. In this trend continues with age it would suggest that the tendency to develop hypertension may already be demonstrable at the age of 4 to 6 days.", "contents": "Blood pressure survey in a population of newborn infants. Systolic blood pressure in the arm was measured in infants at the ages of 4 to 6 days and 5 to 7 weeks by the Doppler ultrasound technique. At the age of 4 to 6 days the mean blood pressure (+/- SE of mean) in 469 sleeping infants was 70-7 +/- 0-3 mm Hg, rising at 5 to 7 weeks to 89-7 +/- 0-9 mm Hg (in 144 infants). In 252 infants awake at 5 to 7 weeks blood pressure was 96-8 +/- 0-6 mm Hg. In 391 infants in whom measurements were made on both occasions blood pressure at 4 to 6 days was significantly related to blood pressure at 5 to 7 weeks. Thus those infants with relatively high blood pressures at 4 to 6 days showed a weak tendency to have relatively high blood pressures at 5 to 7 weeks. In this trend continues with age it would suggest that the tendency to develop hypertension may already be demonstrable at the age of 4 to 6 days."}
{"id": "PMID:945757", "title": "L-aspartic acid and urea supplementation of low-protein layer diets.", "content": "1. Urea supplementation of low-protein (125 g/kg) conventional-type diets for layers, whether containing fish meal or not, did not appear advantageous. 2. Supplementation of the low-protein diet with aspartic acid did not affect egg production rate of efficiency. 3. Soyabean meal supplementation of the low-protein diet increased egg weight significantly whereas aspartic acid did not.", "contents": "L-aspartic acid and urea supplementation of low-protein layer diets. 1. Urea supplementation of low-protein (125 g/kg) conventional-type diets for layers, whether containing fish meal or not, did not appear advantageous. 2. Supplementation of the low-protein diet with aspartic acid did not affect egg production rate of efficiency. 3. Soyabean meal supplementation of the low-protein diet increased egg weight significantly whereas aspartic acid did not."}
{"id": "PMID:945758", "title": "Urea and aspartic acid supplementation of low-protein broiler diets.", "content": "1. L-Aspartic acid does not seem useful as a protein surrogate in conventionally formulated low-protein diets for broiler chicks. 2. Urea as a protein substitute does not enhance the value of conventional broiler diets. 3. Urea does not improve broiler diets that have been supplemented with fish meal or crystalline amino acids to satisfy requirements for all indispensable amino acids. 4. Urea is absorbed into the bloodstream, but is not assimilated into body proteins.", "contents": "Urea and aspartic acid supplementation of low-protein broiler diets. 1. L-Aspartic acid does not seem useful as a protein surrogate in conventionally formulated low-protein diets for broiler chicks. 2. Urea as a protein substitute does not enhance the value of conventional broiler diets. 3. Urea does not improve broiler diets that have been supplemented with fish meal or crystalline amino acids to satisfy requirements for all indispensable amino acids. 4. Urea is absorbed into the bloodstream, but is not assimilated into body proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:945759", "title": "Differential egg cannibalism among larvae of Tribolium castaneum as influenced by the antennapedia mutation.", "content": "Egg cannibalism by antennapedia and wide-type larvae of Tribolium castaneum was analyzed for two age groups (14 and 15 days old) with egg densities of 100 and 400. The effects of larval density and egg genotype (+ or ap) were also analyzed. The + larva consumed more eggs than ap larvae at both ages for the egg densities tested. Both strains were more cannibalistic at 14 days, consumed a higher percentage of eggs when egg density was increased among 14-day larvae, and tended to consume slightly more eggs of the opposite genotype when they were provided independently. However, neither strain discriminated between eggs of differing genotype when both were provided simultaneously. Egg cannibalism of the + strain increased when both genotypes of eggs were available. Reciprocal F1 hybrid larvae were similar in cannibalistic ability to the strain which served as a male parent. Larvae from \"F2 recovered\" ap beetles cannibalized fewer eggs than either original strain or the heterozygotes, further implicating the possible pleiotropic effect of the ap mutation on egg cannibalism.", "contents": "Differential egg cannibalism among larvae of Tribolium castaneum as influenced by the antennapedia mutation. Egg cannibalism by antennapedia and wide-type larvae of Tribolium castaneum was analyzed for two age groups (14 and 15 days old) with egg densities of 100 and 400. The effects of larval density and egg genotype (+ or ap) were also analyzed. The + larva consumed more eggs than ap larvae at both ages for the egg densities tested. Both strains were more cannibalistic at 14 days, consumed a higher percentage of eggs when egg density was increased among 14-day larvae, and tended to consume slightly more eggs of the opposite genotype when they were provided independently. However, neither strain discriminated between eggs of differing genotype when both were provided simultaneously. Egg cannibalism of the + strain increased when both genotypes of eggs were available. Reciprocal F1 hybrid larvae were similar in cannibalistic ability to the strain which served as a male parent. Larvae from \"F2 recovered\" ap beetles cannibalized fewer eggs than either original strain or the heterozygotes, further implicating the possible pleiotropic effect of the ap mutation on egg cannibalism."}
{"id": "PMID:945763", "title": "Extinction of the estrogen-induced daily signal for LH release in the rat: a role for the proestrous surge of progesterone.", "content": "The heightened secretion of estrogen on diestrus-2 is required for the release of an ovulatory amount of LH on the following day, proestrus. Though these surges occur once every 4-5 days in cycling rats, the treatment of ovariectomized rats with a single injection of estrogen results in daily proestrus-like surges of LH. The present study was designed to test the possibility that progesterone, secreted on proestrus, prevents the daily expression of LH surges in cycling animals. The administration of estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 mug) to ovariectomized rats resulted in daily surges of LH secretion for 3 consecutive days. These surges were similar in the timing of onset and duration to the preovulatory surge of LH on proestrus. Serum LH concentrations were not increased on either the second or the third day when 5 mg of progesterone was given at 1600 h on the day of the first surge. These data suggest that progesterone blocks the expression of daily LH surges induced by estrogen. To determine whether this relationship obtains during the estrous cycle, groups of rats were treated with sodium pentobarbital (PB) at 1345 h during proestrus. This treatment postponed the proestrous surges of LH and progesterone for 24 h. When the surge of progesterone was simulated in PB-treated rats by the administration of 5 mg of the steroid at 1400 h during proestrus, a preovulatory surge of LH was not detected during either proestrous, estrus,, or diestrus-1. These data, taken together, suggest that estrogen turns on a \"memory center\" for the expression of daily LH surges and that one function of the increased secretion of progesterone on proestrus is to limit the expression of the \"memory center\" to this day.", "contents": "Extinction of the estrogen-induced daily signal for LH release in the rat: a role for the proestrous surge of progesterone. The heightened secretion of estrogen on diestrus-2 is required for the release of an ovulatory amount of LH on the following day, proestrus. Though these surges occur once every 4-5 days in cycling rats, the treatment of ovariectomized rats with a single injection of estrogen results in daily proestrus-like surges of LH. The present study was designed to test the possibility that progesterone, secreted on proestrus, prevents the daily expression of LH surges in cycling animals. The administration of estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 mug) to ovariectomized rats resulted in daily surges of LH secretion for 3 consecutive days. These surges were similar in the timing of onset and duration to the preovulatory surge of LH on proestrus. Serum LH concentrations were not increased on either the second or the third day when 5 mg of progesterone was given at 1600 h on the day of the first surge. These data suggest that progesterone blocks the expression of daily LH surges induced by estrogen. To determine whether this relationship obtains during the estrous cycle, groups of rats were treated with sodium pentobarbital (PB) at 1345 h during proestrus. This treatment postponed the proestrous surges of LH and progesterone for 24 h. When the surge of progesterone was simulated in PB-treated rats by the administration of 5 mg of the steroid at 1400 h during proestrus, a preovulatory surge of LH was not detected during either proestrous, estrus,, or diestrus-1. These data, taken together, suggest that estrogen turns on a \"memory center\" for the expression of daily LH surges and that one function of the increased secretion of progesterone on proestrus is to limit the expression of the \"memory center\" to this day."}
{"id": "PMID:945764", "title": "Temporal changes in activities of enzymes reducing ring-A of progesterone in the fetus and placenta of the rat.", "content": "The development of delta4-5alpha-reductase and 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in rat fetuses and placentas was detected by the production of specific metabolites during in vitro incubation with progesterone. The metabolites, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, were identified by isolation and purification by thin-layer chromatography and reverse isotope dilution, followed by recrystallization of the free compound and a derivative. The delta4-5alpha-reductase and the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are associated with the particulate fraction. However, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a soluble enzyme present in the supernatant fraction of homogenized placentas and fetuses. The activities of these enzymes were greater in the placenta than in the fetus. As pregnancy progresses, the activities increase in the fetus, but diminish in the placenta. Although the placenta secretes only marginal amounts of progesterone, it has a notable capacity to metabolize progesterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites. The fetus has the ability to utilize progesterone as early as day 13, and its potential to convert progesterone into ring-A reduced products increases during gestation.", "contents": "Temporal changes in activities of enzymes reducing ring-A of progesterone in the fetus and placenta of the rat. The development of delta4-5alpha-reductase and 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in rat fetuses and placentas was detected by the production of specific metabolites during in vitro incubation with progesterone. The metabolites, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, and 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one, were identified by isolation and purification by thin-layer chromatography and reverse isotope dilution, followed by recrystallization of the free compound and a derivative. The delta4-5alpha-reductase and the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are associated with the particulate fraction. However, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a soluble enzyme present in the supernatant fraction of homogenized placentas and fetuses. The activities of these enzymes were greater in the placenta than in the fetus. As pregnancy progresses, the activities increase in the fetus, but diminish in the placenta. Although the placenta secretes only marginal amounts of progesterone, it has a notable capacity to metabolize progesterone to 5alpha-reduced metabolites. The fetus has the ability to utilize progesterone as early as day 13, and its potential to convert progesterone into ring-A reduced products increases during gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:945765", "title": "Concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in discrete hypothalamic nuclei during the rat estrous cycle.", "content": "The norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), arcuate nucleus (AN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and median eminence (ME) were measured during the estrous cycle. Nuclei were microdissected and assayed using the catechol-0-methyl transferase enzymatic method. A significant increase in NE was observed between the morning and afternoon of proestrus (P) in the SCN. In contrast, no significant changes in DA were detected in any area on P. No change in NE or DA was found between the morning and afternoon of diestrus 1 (D1). These findings are consistent with NE-containing neurons being involved in the surge of LH on the afternoon of proestrus.", "contents": "Concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in discrete hypothalamic nuclei during the rat estrous cycle. The norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), arcuate nucleus (AN), ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and median eminence (ME) were measured during the estrous cycle. Nuclei were microdissected and assayed using the catechol-0-methyl transferase enzymatic method. A significant increase in NE was observed between the morning and afternoon of proestrus (P) in the SCN. In contrast, no significant changes in DA were detected in any area on P. No change in NE or DA was found between the morning and afternoon of diestrus 1 (D1). These findings are consistent with NE-containing neurons being involved in the surge of LH on the afternoon of proestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:945766", "title": "Hepatic hydroxylation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one in orchiectomized or adrenalectomized rats exposed to a reversed light cycle, constant light, or constant darkness.", "content": "The oxidative metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (DHA)2 by liver microsomes in vitro was studied in sham-operated, castrated, or adrenalectomized rats maintained for 21 days in a normal light cycle, a reverse light cycle, constant light, or constant darkness and killed either at 0600 or 1800 h. Statistical analysis of the data (3-way analysis of variance) indicated the following significant effects: 1) exposure to a reverse light cycle resulted in lower body weights and increased rates of formaation of 7alpha-OH-DHA and 7-oxo-DHA; 2) despite an increase in microsomal protein content, livers from rats in constant light had the lowest rates of formation of all DHA products; 3) rats kept in constant darkness exhibited the highest rates of DHA metabolism; 4) castration decreased the microsomal protein content and the rates of formation of 16alpha-OH-DHA, 7alpha-OH-DHA, and 7-oxo-DHA; 5) adrenalectomized rats exhibited high rates of 7alpha-OH-DHA formation although microsomal protein and liver and body weights decreased; and 6) the formation of 7-oxygenated products of DHA was greater in the rats killed at 1800 than at 0600 h. We conclude that the type of illumination is quantitatively more important in determining the magnitude of DHA metabolism by the adult male rat liver than either the adrenals or the testes.", "contents": "Hepatic hydroxylation of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one in orchiectomized or adrenalectomized rats exposed to a reversed light cycle, constant light, or constant darkness. The oxidative metabolism of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (DHA)2 by liver microsomes in vitro was studied in sham-operated, castrated, or adrenalectomized rats maintained for 21 days in a normal light cycle, a reverse light cycle, constant light, or constant darkness and killed either at 0600 or 1800 h. Statistical analysis of the data (3-way analysis of variance) indicated the following significant effects: 1) exposure to a reverse light cycle resulted in lower body weights and increased rates of formaation of 7alpha-OH-DHA and 7-oxo-DHA; 2) despite an increase in microsomal protein content, livers from rats in constant light had the lowest rates of formation of all DHA products; 3) rats kept in constant darkness exhibited the highest rates of DHA metabolism; 4) castration decreased the microsomal protein content and the rates of formation of 16alpha-OH-DHA, 7alpha-OH-DHA, and 7-oxo-DHA; 5) adrenalectomized rats exhibited high rates of 7alpha-OH-DHA formation although microsomal protein and liver and body weights decreased; and 6) the formation of 7-oxygenated products of DHA was greater in the rats killed at 1800 than at 0600 h. We conclude that the type of illumination is quantitatively more important in determining the magnitude of DHA metabolism by the adult male rat liver than either the adrenals or the testes."}
{"id": "PMID:945777", "title": "A soluble mepartricin complex (SPA-S-222) of potential oral and parenteral utility in fungal and protozoal infections.", "content": "Acute toxicity and absorption data of a soluble complex of mepartricin with sodium laurylsulphate (SPA-S-222) active against C. albicans and T. vaginalis are reported. The results demonstrate an improved bioavailability with respect to the insoluble substance. Preliminary clinical trials proved the good tolerance of the substance and its effectiveness in oral treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis.", "contents": "A soluble mepartricin complex (SPA-S-222) of potential oral and parenteral utility in fungal and protozoal infections. Acute toxicity and absorption data of a soluble complex of mepartricin with sodium laurylsulphate (SPA-S-222) active against C. albicans and T. vaginalis are reported. The results demonstrate an improved bioavailability with respect to the insoluble substance. Preliminary clinical trials proved the good tolerance of the substance and its effectiveness in oral treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis."}
{"id": "PMID:945778", "title": "Norwegian scabies in homozygous twins.", "content": "Norwegian scabies in two female homozygous twins, 12 years of age, was observed. Both children were in good psychosomatical condition. Clinical signs of Norwegian scabies with appearance of verrucous and keratotic papules on the dorsal aspect of hands, elbows and knees appeared after a year of persisting typical scabies in their family. Serum vitamin A concentration was lowered. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed. The long-standing typical scabies is thought to be a promoting factor for manifestation of the latent and hereditary predisposition to keratotic reaction of the skin.", "contents": "Norwegian scabies in homozygous twins. Norwegian scabies in two female homozygous twins, 12 years of age, was observed. Both children were in good psychosomatical condition. Clinical signs of Norwegian scabies with appearance of verrucous and keratotic papules on the dorsal aspect of hands, elbows and knees appeared after a year of persisting typical scabies in their family. Serum vitamin A concentration was lowered. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed. The long-standing typical scabies is thought to be a promoting factor for manifestation of the latent and hereditary predisposition to keratotic reaction of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:945779", "title": "A comparative study of skin tests and determination of the serum level of specific IgE immunoglobulins by means of the radioallergosorbent test in subjects with atopy.", "content": "On 73 patients suspected for atopic diseases, 258 skin tests and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) for specific IgE in serum were carried out. The results of both tests were compared in connection with the clinical picture. A good qualitative positive correlation was found, especially for grass pollen and house dust. False positive results with RAST cannot be excluded. The RAST seems to be a valuable adjunct to extensive allergologic diagnostic investigation, particularly in cases where difficulties can be expected in the performance or the interpretation of skin tests.", "contents": "A comparative study of skin tests and determination of the serum level of specific IgE immunoglobulins by means of the radioallergosorbent test in subjects with atopy. On 73 patients suspected for atopic diseases, 258 skin tests and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) for specific IgE in serum were carried out. The results of both tests were compared in connection with the clinical picture. A good qualitative positive correlation was found, especially for grass pollen and house dust. False positive results with RAST cannot be excluded. The RAST seems to be a valuable adjunct to extensive allergologic diagnostic investigation, particularly in cases where difficulties can be expected in the performance or the interpretation of skin tests."}
{"id": "PMID:945780", "title": "[Report of a case of aplasia of the cervix and discussion of the embryology and clinical significance of the condition (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of aplasia of the uterine cervix and partial atresia of the vagina in a 17 year old woman is reported. A hysterectomy was done and a new vagina created. The literature on the origin of the different parts of the female genital tract is reviewed and discussed. Interpretation of the embryologic origin of the different parts is difficult. The indication for the hysterectomy was prevention of further endometriosis by retrograde menstruation, high probability of infertility because of the lack of the cervix and high probability of ascending infection should a new vagina be connected  directly to the endometrial cavity. The case is presented to generate discussion on the management of cervical aplasia.", "contents": "[Report of a case of aplasia of the cervix and discussion of the embryology and clinical significance of the condition (author's transl)]. A case of aplasia of the uterine cervix and partial atresia of the vagina in a 17 year old woman is reported. A hysterectomy was done and a new vagina created. The literature on the origin of the different parts of the female genital tract is reviewed and discussed. Interpretation of the embryologic origin of the different parts is difficult. The indication for the hysterectomy was prevention of further endometriosis by retrograde menstruation, high probability of infertility because of the lack of the cervix and high probability of ascending infection should a new vagina be connected  directly to the endometrial cavity. The case is presented to generate discussion on the management of cervical aplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:945784", "title": "Hpertrophic subaortic stenosis is not rare in the eighth decade.", "content": "During a five year period, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis was diagnosed in nine patients 70 to 79 years of age and in 26 patients 20 to 66 years of age who were referred to the cardiology division of the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center because of symptomatic heart disease. Only one of the older patients, compared with 19 of the younger ones, was referred with the correct diagnosis. Coronary artery disease with papillary muscle dysfunction was incorrectly diagnosed in four of the older patients. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in all of the 26 younger patients and in five of the nine older ones; diagnosis was based on typical echocardiographic features in the other four patients. Symptoms, physical findings, and electrocardiographic observations were similar in both groups. Aortic valve calcification was found in one younger patient and three older ones. The ratio of women to men was higher in the older group (7:2) than in the younger group (12:14). Coronary artery disease was more frequent in the older patients (three of five, compared with six of 26). Our experience indicates that idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is not rare during the eighth decade. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient with an unexplained appropriate heart murmur, and definitive studies, such as echocardiography, should be done. As with any condition, proper management depends on accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Hpertrophic subaortic stenosis is not rare in the eighth decade. During a five year period, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis was diagnosed in nine patients 70 to 79 years of age and in 26 patients 20 to 66 years of age who were referred to the cardiology division of the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center because of symptomatic heart disease. Only one of the older patients, compared with 19 of the younger ones, was referred with the correct diagnosis. Coronary artery disease with papillary muscle dysfunction was incorrectly diagnosed in four of the older patients. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in all of the 26 younger patients and in five of the nine older ones; diagnosis was based on typical echocardiographic features in the other four patients. Symptoms, physical findings, and electrocardiographic observations were similar in both groups. Aortic valve calcification was found in one younger patient and three older ones. The ratio of women to men was higher in the older group (7:2) than in the younger group (12:14). Coronary artery disease was more frequent in the older patients (three of five, compared with six of 26). Our experience indicates that idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is not rare during the eighth decade. The diagnosis should be considered in any patient with an unexplained appropriate heart murmur, and definitive studies, such as echocardiography, should be done. As with any condition, proper management depends on accurate diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:945789", "title": "Automated utilization review is timely, accurate, efficient.", "content": "Federal utilization review regulations require that hospitals establish admission and extended stay certification processes and conduct medical care evaluation studies. The computerized review system in use at Deaconess Hospital, St. Louis, has satisfied these regulations with minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money while insuring maximum accuracy and timeliness and consistency of reporting.", "contents": "Automated utilization review is timely, accurate, efficient. Federal utilization review regulations require that hospitals establish admission and extended stay certification processes and conduct medical care evaluation studies. The computerized review system in use at Deaconess Hospital, St. Louis, has satisfied these regulations with minimum expenditure of time, effort, and money while insuring maximum accuracy and timeliness and consistency of reporting."}
{"id": "PMID:945792", "title": "Chromosomes in old age: a six year longitudinal study.", "content": "This first longitudinal study on aged subjects confirms previous cross-sectional observations of increasing aneuploidy with advancing age in women but not in men. In this study of 17 aged twins (mean age 89.7 years), 11 women and 6 men, spanning an interval of approximately 6 years between examinations, only women showed a significant increase in hypodiploidy (also hyperdiploidy and monosomy C). This increase in hypodiploidy was not due to a high frequency of chromosome loss in a few subjects but rather was exhibited by most of the subjects. While men showed a loss in G-group chromosomes during this 6-year interval, that loss was not statistically significant. These findings confirm for the first time by means of longitudinal follow-up that women and not men, even in the ninth decade of life, show a significant increase in hypodiploidy.", "contents": "Chromosomes in old age: a six year longitudinal study. This first longitudinal study on aged subjects confirms previous cross-sectional observations of increasing aneuploidy with advancing age in women but not in men. In this study of 17 aged twins (mean age 89.7 years), 11 women and 6 men, spanning an interval of approximately 6 years between examinations, only women showed a significant increase in hypodiploidy (also hyperdiploidy and monosomy C). This increase in hypodiploidy was not due to a high frequency of chromosome loss in a few subjects but rather was exhibited by most of the subjects. While men showed a loss in G-group chromosomes during this 6-year interval, that loss was not statistically significant. These findings confirm for the first time by means of longitudinal follow-up that women and not men, even in the ninth decade of life, show a significant increase in hypodiploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:945793", "title": "Regional mapping of human chromosome 10: assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase to 10q24 leads to qter.", "content": "Segregation analysis of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids involving fibroblasts of a 10/17 translocation carrier as human partner allowed to assign the gene for human soluble GOT to 10q24 leads to qter.", "contents": "Regional mapping of human chromosome 10: assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase to 10q24 leads to qter. Segregation analysis of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids involving fibroblasts of a 10/17 translocation carrier as human partner allowed to assign the gene for human soluble GOT to 10q24 leads to qter."}
{"id": "PMID:945800", "title": "Screening and confirmatory methods for determining lincomycin residues in animal tissues.", "content": "Methods for screening and for confirming residues of lincomycin in animal tissues, both sensitive to 0.1 ppm, are described. In the screening technique, residues are extracted, cleaned up by solvent partition, and detected by microbiological plate assay. In the confirmatory technique, residues are cleaned up on an unfunctionalized macroreticular-type resin column, concentrated, chromatographed on thin layer plates, and detected by bioautography. This system was effective in identifying lincomycin in the presence of 20 other antibiotics and chemicals used in the animal health industry.", "contents": "Screening and confirmatory methods for determining lincomycin residues in animal tissues. Methods for screening and for confirming residues of lincomycin in animal tissues, both sensitive to 0.1 ppm, are described. In the screening technique, residues are extracted, cleaned up by solvent partition, and detected by microbiological plate assay. In the confirmatory technique, residues are cleaned up on an unfunctionalized macroreticular-type resin column, concentrated, chromatographed on thin layer plates, and detected by bioautography. This system was effective in identifying lincomycin in the presence of 20 other antibiotics and chemicals used in the animal health industry."}
{"id": "PMID:945801", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) herbicide residues in corn and soybeans.", "content": "A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N- (methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) residues in green corn and soybeans. Residues are extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The methylene chloride extract is sufficiently clean for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis and for verification by thin layer chromatography. Average recoveries of spiked samples (0.2 ppm) were 69 and 82% for corn and soybeans, respectively. This procedure could be useful for the detection  of the parent compound in these crops soon after field application, but it does not detect metabolites.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) herbicide residues in corn and soybeans. A method has been developed for the extraction and determination of alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N- (methoxymethyl)-acetanilide) residues in green corn and soybeans. Residues are extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The methylene chloride extract is sufficiently clean for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis and for verification by thin layer chromatography. Average recoveries of spiked samples (0.2 ppm) were 69 and 82% for corn and soybeans, respectively. This procedure could be useful for the detection  of the parent compound in these crops soon after field application, but it does not detect metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:945802", "title": "Affinity chromatography of glycosidases. Preparation and properties of affinity column adsorbents.", "content": "A number of adsorbents useful for purifying glycosidases were synthesized and their adsorption and characteristics were examined using partially purified glycosidase mixtures from Takadiastase or soybean. These adsorbents were prepared by coupling di-epsilon-aminocaproyl-p-aminophenyl N-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucosaminide, beta-D-glucoside, beta-D-galactoside or alpha-D-mannoside with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Many glycosidases were adsorbed on the four adsorbents at low ionic strength, and increase of the ionic strength caused the enzymes to be eluted. However, the specificity of the adsorbents, contrary to our expection, was very low. All of these adsorbents adsorbed Taka N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [EC 3.2.1.30], Taka beta-D-glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.21], and Taka beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] at low ionic strength. The order of elution of these three enzymes by a linear gradient of ionic strength was the same in the four adsorbents, the order being beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Soybean glycosidases also showed nearly the same elution pattern, though the ionic strength of the eluate was slightly lower than with Taka glycosidases. Soybean alpha-D-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.24] was also adsorbed on these adsorbents, and was eluted between beta-D-glucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. These adsorption phenomena were not specific as regards the structure of the glycoside moiety, but they were useful for purifying glycosidases, possessing good reproducibility with easy activation and mild operating conditions.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of glycosidases. Preparation and properties of affinity column adsorbents. A number of adsorbents useful for purifying glycosidases were synthesized and their adsorption and characteristics were examined using partially purified glycosidase mixtures from Takadiastase or soybean. These adsorbents were prepared by coupling di-epsilon-aminocaproyl-p-aminophenyl N-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucosaminide, beta-D-glucoside, beta-D-galactoside or alpha-D-mannoside with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. Many glycosidases were adsorbed on the four adsorbents at low ionic strength, and increase of the ionic strength caused the enzymes to be eluted. However, the specificity of the adsorbents, contrary to our expection, was very low. All of these adsorbents adsorbed Taka N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [EC 3.2.1.30], Taka beta-D-glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.21], and Taka beta-D-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23] at low ionic strength. The order of elution of these three enzymes by a linear gradient of ionic strength was the same in the four adsorbents, the order being beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Soybean glycosidases also showed nearly the same elution pattern, though the ionic strength of the eluate was slightly lower than with Taka glycosidases. Soybean alpha-D-mannosidase [EC 3.2.1.24] was also adsorbed on these adsorbents, and was eluted between beta-D-glucosidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. These adsorption phenomena were not specific as regards the structure of the glycoside moiety, but they were useful for purifying glycosidases, possessing good reproducibility with easy activation and mild operating conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:945804", "title": "Osmotic behavior and permeability of osmotically lysed mitochondria.", "content": "Experiments were carried out with water-treated isolated rat liver mitochondria (mitochondria ghosts) previously studied by Caplan and Greenawalt (Caplan, A.I., and J.W. Greenawalt. 1966. J. Cell Biol. 31:455-472) and Vasington and Greenawalt (Vasington, F., and J. Greenawalt. 1968. J. Cell Biol. 39:661-675). The ghosts have permeability properties and osmotic behavior comparable to those of isolated mitochondria. Although they have lost most of their internal contents, they must have resealed. Four properties were found which have not been previously described in systems derived from biological membranes: (a) an osmotic behavior in the virtual absence of internal components. (b) a self-arranging property in the formation of invaginations corresponding in morphology to the cristae. The results suggest that the assembly of the molecular components of the inner membrane is sufficient to specify the morphology. Hence the surface area to volume ratio of the vesicles may specify the presence or absence of cristae-like folds. (c) an increase in the permeability of the membranes to sucrose in the presence of iso-osmotic concentrations of sucrose. (d) an independence of the light transmitted by suspensions of the vesicles from the refractive index of the external medium. This observations run counter to the general previous experience with either mitochondria or liposomes.", "contents": "Osmotic behavior and permeability of osmotically lysed mitochondria. Experiments were carried out with water-treated isolated rat liver mitochondria (mitochondria ghosts) previously studied by Caplan and Greenawalt (Caplan, A.I., and J.W. Greenawalt. 1966. J. Cell Biol. 31:455-472) and Vasington and Greenawalt (Vasington, F., and J. Greenawalt. 1968. J. Cell Biol. 39:661-675). The ghosts have permeability properties and osmotic behavior comparable to those of isolated mitochondria. Although they have lost most of their internal contents, they must have resealed. Four properties were found which have not been previously described in systems derived from biological membranes: (a) an osmotic behavior in the virtual absence of internal components. (b) a self-arranging property in the formation of invaginations corresponding in morphology to the cristae. The results suggest that the assembly of the molecular components of the inner membrane is sufficient to specify the morphology. Hence the surface area to volume ratio of the vesicles may specify the presence or absence of cristae-like folds. (c) an increase in the permeability of the membranes to sucrose in the presence of iso-osmotic concentrations of sucrose. (d) an independence of the light transmitted by suspensions of the vesicles from the refractive index of the external medium. This observations run counter to the general previous experience with either mitochondria or liposomes."}
{"id": "PMID:945805", "title": "Effect of fibroblast growth factor on the division and fusion of bovine myoblasts.", "content": "The effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on the rate of proliferation and fusion of bovine myoblast has been examined. Addition to the cultures of 0.1 mug-1 mug/ml of FGF stimulates the rate of proliferation and delays the fusion of primary cultures of bovine myoblasts cultured in 10% serum. Final cell densities reached in the presence of 0.1 mug/ml of FGF were fivefold higher than in controls; with 1 mug/ml, they were 10-fold higher. Increases in cell density were paralleled by increases in acetylcholine receptor sites as measured by the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. Both fusion and the appearance of acetylcholine receptor sites were delayed in the presence of FGF. Growth hormone, insulin and testosterone, which have been reported to be mitogenic for rat and chick embryo myoblasts, did not have significant effects on DNA synthesis in bovine myoblasts when compared to the FGF. Conversely, FGF did not stimulate the proliferation of chick embryo myoblasts, indicating that it is not active in all vertebrate species.", "contents": "Effect of fibroblast growth factor on the division and fusion of bovine myoblasts. The effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on the rate of proliferation and fusion of bovine myoblast has been examined. Addition to the cultures of 0.1 mug-1 mug/ml of FGF stimulates the rate of proliferation and delays the fusion of primary cultures of bovine myoblasts cultured in 10% serum. Final cell densities reached in the presence of 0.1 mug/ml of FGF were fivefold higher than in controls; with 1 mug/ml, they were 10-fold higher. Increases in cell density were paralleled by increases in acetylcholine receptor sites as measured by the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin. Both fusion and the appearance of acetylcholine receptor sites were delayed in the presence of FGF. Growth hormone, insulin and testosterone, which have been reported to be mitogenic for rat and chick embryo myoblasts, did not have significant effects on DNA synthesis in bovine myoblasts when compared to the FGF. Conversely, FGF did not stimulate the proliferation of chick embryo myoblasts, indicating that it is not active in all vertebrate species."}
{"id": "PMID:945806", "title": "Rings of intermediate (100 A) filament bundles in the perinuclear region of vascular endothelial cells. Their mobilization by colcemid and mitosis.", "content": "Vascular endothelial cells cultured from guinea pig aorta or portal vein contain naturally occurring bundles of 100 A (diameter) filaments that completely encircle the nucleus. These rings are phase lucent and birefringent when examined with the light microscope. Perinuclear bundles of 100 A filaments were also seen in endothelial cells in vivo, indicating that they are a normal cytoplasmic component. These filaments did not decorate with S-1, and were not disrupted by glyceination. With these cells, experiments were designed to answer the following questions: (a) does Colcemid have an effect on these naturally occuring bundles? And (b) do these filaments remain during cell division? Endothelial cells grown in the presence of Colcemid were followed over 24 h. The perinuclear ring coiled into a juxtanuclear cap that consisted of disorganized arrays of 100 A filaments. This \"coiling\" effect was not blocked by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In another experiment, dividing cells were examined. During division the bundle of filaments is passively pulled in half into the daughter cells. These bundles did not disappear during the mitosis when mitotic spindle microtubules assemble. These studies suggest that Colcemid may exert a direct effect on 100 A filaments, independent of microtubules. Since these filaments do not disappear during mitosis, it is possible that in these cells the 100 A filaments and tubulin do not share a common pool of precursor proteins.", "contents": "Rings of intermediate (100 A) filament bundles in the perinuclear region of vascular endothelial cells. Their mobilization by colcemid and mitosis. Vascular endothelial cells cultured from guinea pig aorta or portal vein contain naturally occurring bundles of 100 A (diameter) filaments that completely encircle the nucleus. These rings are phase lucent and birefringent when examined with the light microscope. Perinuclear bundles of 100 A filaments were also seen in endothelial cells in vivo, indicating that they are a normal cytoplasmic component. These filaments did not decorate with S-1, and were not disrupted by glyceination. With these cells, experiments were designed to answer the following questions: (a) does Colcemid have an effect on these naturally occuring bundles? And (b) do these filaments remain during cell division? Endothelial cells grown in the presence of Colcemid were followed over 24 h. The perinuclear ring coiled into a juxtanuclear cap that consisted of disorganized arrays of 100 A filaments. This \"coiling\" effect was not blocked by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. In another experiment, dividing cells were examined. During division the bundle of filaments is passively pulled in half into the daughter cells. These bundles did not disappear during the mitosis when mitotic spindle microtubules assemble. These studies suggest that Colcemid may exert a direct effect on 100 A filaments, independent of microtubules. Since these filaments do not disappear during mitosis, it is possible that in these cells the 100 A filaments and tubulin do not share a common pool of precursor proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:945808", "title": "Spindle-cell tumours and hypoglycaemia.", "content": "The light microscopy and clinical features of two patients with extrapancreatic tumours and hypoglycaemic episodes are described-together with the electron microscopy findings in one patient. The primary tumour of one patient arose within the skull and later metastasized to the liver, while the other patient had a locally recurrent intrathoracic tumour. Neither the intracranial origin nor the ultrastructural features support the concept of a mesothelial origin for these tumours, and they should be referred to as spindle-cell tumours associated with hypoglycaemia. There are ultrastructural similarities between these neoplasms and those of the pancreatic beta cells.", "contents": "Spindle-cell tumours and hypoglycaemia. The light microscopy and clinical features of two patients with extrapancreatic tumours and hypoglycaemic episodes are described-together with the electron microscopy findings in one patient. The primary tumour of one patient arose within the skull and later metastasized to the liver, while the other patient had a locally recurrent intrathoracic tumour. Neither the intracranial origin nor the ultrastructural features support the concept of a mesothelial origin for these tumours, and they should be referred to as spindle-cell tumours associated with hypoglycaemia. There are ultrastructural similarities between these neoplasms and those of the pancreatic beta cells."}
{"id": "PMID:945811", "title": "Stimulus control of self-destructive behavior in a psychotic child.", "content": "This study attemped to isolate some of the stimulus variables that controlled the self-destructive behavior of a psychotic child. In Experiment 1, the child was exposed to several demand and nondemand situations. In Experiment 2, the situation containing demands was modified so that demands now occurred in the context of a positive, ongoing interaction between the child and the adult therapist. The rates of self-destructive behavior underwent several orderly changes: (1) Rates were high in demand situations and low in nondemand and modifieddemand situations; (2) rates decreased sharply when a stimulus correlated with the termination of demands was introduced; and (3) rates of self-destruction typically showed gradual increases within each of those sessions which contained only demands. These results were interpreted as suggesting that (1) self-destruction, under certain circumstances, may be conceptualized as an escape response which is negatively reinforced by the termination of a demand situation and (2) certain modifications of the social environment may provide discriminative stimuli for behaviors other than self-destruction, thereby decreasing this behavior.", "contents": "Stimulus control of self-destructive behavior in a psychotic child. This study attemped to isolate some of the stimulus variables that controlled the self-destructive behavior of a psychotic child. In Experiment 1, the child was exposed to several demand and nondemand situations. In Experiment 2, the situation containing demands was modified so that demands now occurred in the context of a positive, ongoing interaction between the child and the adult therapist. The rates of self-destructive behavior underwent several orderly changes: (1) Rates were high in demand situations and low in nondemand and modifieddemand situations; (2) rates decreased sharply when a stimulus correlated with the termination of demands was introduced; and (3) rates of self-destruction typically showed gradual increases within each of those sessions which contained only demands. These results were interpreted as suggesting that (1) self-destruction, under certain circumstances, may be conceptualized as an escape response which is negatively reinforced by the termination of a demand situation and (2) certain modifications of the social environment may provide discriminative stimuli for behaviors other than self-destruction, thereby decreasing this behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:945812", "title": "Hormone implants for urinary disorders in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Urinary disorders associated with the menopause were studied in 300 postmenopausal women between the ages of 45 and 85; 210 were multiparous and 90 nulliparous. The presenting urinary symptom was dysuria in 60 patients and incontinence in 100 patients. In the latter group, 25 had urgency-incontinence, 45 stress-incontinence, and 30 a combined form. The distal part of the urethra, being of the same embryologic origin as the genital tract, is estrogen-dependent. Hormone replacement in the form of implants resulted in improvement in 70 percent of the patients and thus reduced the need for surgical intervention.", "contents": "Hormone implants for urinary disorders in postmenopausal women. Urinary disorders associated with the menopause were studied in 300 postmenopausal women between the ages of 45 and 85; 210 were multiparous and 90 nulliparous. The presenting urinary symptom was dysuria in 60 patients and incontinence in 100 patients. In the latter group, 25 had urgency-incontinence, 45 stress-incontinence, and 30 a combined form. The distal part of the urethra, being of the same embryologic origin as the genital tract, is estrogen-dependent. Hormone replacement in the form of implants resulted in improvement in 70 percent of the patients and thus reduced the need for surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:945813", "title": "Culmination in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum studied with a scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Myxamoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were allowed to develop on cellulose acetate filters, and specimens taken at various stages of fruiting body formation were prepared for study by scanning electron microscopy. In the immature fruiting body where the mass of pre-spore cells has just been lifted off the substratum by the developing stalk, the pre-spore cells are irregular in shape and are similar in appearance to cells in aggregates at earlier stages of development. As the stalk lengthens, the pre-spore cells gradually separate from one another and become rounded and elongate, but mature spores are not visible until the fruiting body reaches its maximum height. It is concluded that, contrary to previous reports, spore maturation is a slow process and is not completed until the sorus becomes pigmented. The mature stalk is surrounded by a smooth cellulose sheath but this does not envelop the cells of the basal disc, which remain discrete. The fruiting body is enclosed in a slime sheath and this may be important in holding together the mass of spores.", "contents": "Culmination in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum studied with a scanning electron microscope. Myxamoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were allowed to develop on cellulose acetate filters, and specimens taken at various stages of fruiting body formation were prepared for study by scanning electron microscopy. In the immature fruiting body where the mass of pre-spore cells has just been lifted off the substratum by the developing stalk, the pre-spore cells are irregular in shape and are similar in appearance to cells in aggregates at earlier stages of development. As the stalk lengthens, the pre-spore cells gradually separate from one another and become rounded and elongate, but mature spores are not visible until the fruiting body reaches its maximum height. It is concluded that, contrary to previous reports, spore maturation is a slow process and is not completed until the sorus becomes pigmented. The mature stalk is surrounded by a smooth cellulose sheath but this does not envelop the cells of the basal disc, which remain discrete. The fruiting body is enclosed in a slime sheath and this may be important in holding together the mass of spores."}
{"id": "PMID:945815", "title": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a series of 14 pairs of twins: absence of infection in one twin in two pairs.", "content": "Fourteen pairs of twins with congenital toxoplasmosis were observed. In two pairs, one twin was infected and had symptoms of chorioretinitis or encephalomyelitis, while the other had a negative dye test upon repeated examination: this phenomenon has not previously been reported. In three of the other twelve pairs of twins, one of each pair died; two of them had evidence of toxoplasmosis; in the cotwin the diagnosis was based on serologic data. Clincial and biologic follow-up extended from 19 months to 8 years in five pairs. Marked discrepancies in the individual clinical patterns of the two children in each of six sets of twins were observed, with evidence of infection in one twin and subclinical infection in the other. These clinical findings correlated well with serologic data in the children in whom sufficient follow-up was permitted. The clinical pattern of congenital toxoplasmosis in twins is extremely similar in monochorial pregnancies, but discrepancies are almost the rule in bichorial pregnancies. The importance of placental lesions in determining the extent of fetal involvement is well illustrated by studies of toxoplasmosis in twins.", "contents": "Congenital toxoplasmosis in twins: a series of 14 pairs of twins: absence of infection in one twin in two pairs. Fourteen pairs of twins with congenital toxoplasmosis were observed. In two pairs, one twin was infected and had symptoms of chorioretinitis or encephalomyelitis, while the other had a negative dye test upon repeated examination: this phenomenon has not previously been reported. In three of the other twelve pairs of twins, one of each pair died; two of them had evidence of toxoplasmosis; in the cotwin the diagnosis was based on serologic data. Clincial and biologic follow-up extended from 19 months to 8 years in five pairs. Marked discrepancies in the individual clinical patterns of the two children in each of six sets of twins were observed, with evidence of infection in one twin and subclinical infection in the other. These clinical findings correlated well with serologic data in the children in whom sufficient follow-up was permitted. The clinical pattern of congenital toxoplasmosis in twins is extremely similar in monochorial pregnancies, but discrepancies are almost the rule in bichorial pregnancies. The importance of placental lesions in determining the extent of fetal involvement is well illustrated by studies of toxoplasmosis in twins."}
{"id": "PMID:945816", "title": "Jaundice in infants of Greek parentage: the unknown factor may be environmental.", "content": "Studies of infants born in Melbourne, Australia, to parents who migrated from Greece failed to demonstrate an increased incidence or severity of neonatal jaundice. No effect of birthplace of parents within Greece on serum bilirubin levels could be discerned. These findings indicate that the high frequency of severe neonatal jaundice which has been demonstrated throughout Greece, and especially in certain regions of that country, is not carried with those who immigrate. Further studies of this problem in Greece should concentrate on regional environment rather than upon genetic influences.", "contents": "Jaundice in infants of Greek parentage: the unknown factor may be environmental. Studies of infants born in Melbourne, Australia, to parents who migrated from Greece failed to demonstrate an increased incidence or severity of neonatal jaundice. No effect of birthplace of parents within Greece on serum bilirubin levels could be discerned. These findings indicate that the high frequency of severe neonatal jaundice which has been demonstrated throughout Greece, and especially in certain regions of that country, is not carried with those who immigrate. Further studies of this problem in Greece should concentrate on regional environment rather than upon genetic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:945839", "title": "Maturation of the renal response to hypertonic sodium chloride loading in rats: micropuncture and clearance studies.", "content": "1. The ability of maturing rats to excrete a sodium load was studied by micropuncture and clearance procedures. 2. During control conditions, no change of glomerular filtration rate or sodium excretion was observed for the time period of the entire procedure (P greater than 0-20). During the infusion of hypertonic (4%) sodium chloride, fractional sodium excretion was 0-08 +/- 0-01 in rats 21-30 days old and 0-14 +/- 0-01 (P less than 0-01) in adults. However, the depression of proximal tubular water re-absorption was equal in both groups (P greater than 0-20). 3. Proximal glomerulotubular balance for water re-absorption was similar in all groups (P less than 0-20). Since end proximal tubular water excretion and depression of fractional water excretion were the same in all animals, differences of urinary sodium excretion during development are probably due to differences of function of segments beyond the proximal tubule during development. 4. Fractional potassium excretion was reduced in young rats (0-17 +/- 0-04) during hypertonic sodium chloride infusion, compared to adults (0-24 +/- 0-01, P less than 0-05). 5. Passage time of fast green through cortical segments in seconds is prolonged in young rats during control conditions. Similar decreases of passage time were seen in all groups during hypertonic sodium chloride infusion. No segmental differences of passage time were seen during developmental. 6. No difference in the relationship between fractional sodium and water excretion was seen during development of the renal response to hypertonic sodium chloride infusion. Thus, altered sensitivity to sodium chloride osmotic diuresis does not exist during maturation in rats.", "contents": "Maturation of the renal response to hypertonic sodium chloride loading in rats: micropuncture and clearance studies. 1. The ability of maturing rats to excrete a sodium load was studied by micropuncture and clearance procedures. 2. During control conditions, no change of glomerular filtration rate or sodium excretion was observed for the time period of the entire procedure (P greater than 0-20). During the infusion of hypertonic (4%) sodium chloride, fractional sodium excretion was 0-08 +/- 0-01 in rats 21-30 days old and 0-14 +/- 0-01 (P less than 0-01) in adults. However, the depression of proximal tubular water re-absorption was equal in both groups (P greater than 0-20). 3. Proximal glomerulotubular balance for water re-absorption was similar in all groups (P less than 0-20). Since end proximal tubular water excretion and depression of fractional water excretion were the same in all animals, differences of urinary sodium excretion during development are probably due to differences of function of segments beyond the proximal tubule during development. 4. Fractional potassium excretion was reduced in young rats (0-17 +/- 0-04) during hypertonic sodium chloride infusion, compared to adults (0-24 +/- 0-01, P less than 0-05). 5. Passage time of fast green through cortical segments in seconds is prolonged in young rats during control conditions. Similar decreases of passage time were seen in all groups during hypertonic sodium chloride infusion. No segmental differences of passage time were seen during developmental. 6. No difference in the relationship between fractional sodium and water excretion was seen during development of the renal response to hypertonic sodium chloride infusion. Thus, altered sensitivity to sodium chloride osmotic diuresis does not exist during maturation in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:945840", "title": "Vinyl ethers of choline and congeners.", "content": "The vinyl ethers of choline and of its alpha- and beta-methyl homologues were prepared to determine their cholinergic effects and to determine whether a separation of the dual physiologic activity (nicotinic and muscarinic) reported for the vinyl ether of choline could be achieved by this modification. A literature method of vinyl transetherification of amino alcohols has been studied and modified. The ethyl ethers of choline and of alpha- and beta-methylcholine were prepared for comparison with the vinyl ethers. Two independent, unequivocal syntheses of the ethyl ether of beta-methylcholine have been accomplished. This study showed that the two literature methods for synthesis of this compound are equivocal, and, hence, the biological data reported for this compound in the older literature may not be valid. Certain of the ethers showed marked nicotinic or muscarinic activities.", "contents": "Vinyl ethers of choline and congeners. The vinyl ethers of choline and of its alpha- and beta-methyl homologues were prepared to determine their cholinergic effects and to determine whether a separation of the dual physiologic activity (nicotinic and muscarinic) reported for the vinyl ether of choline could be achieved by this modification. A literature method of vinyl transetherification of amino alcohols has been studied and modified. The ethyl ethers of choline and of alpha- and beta-methylcholine were prepared for comparison with the vinyl ethers. Two independent, unequivocal syntheses of the ethyl ether of beta-methylcholine have been accomplished. This study showed that the two literature methods for synthesis of this compound are equivocal, and, hence, the biological data reported for this compound in the older literature may not be valid. Certain of the ethers showed marked nicotinic or muscarinic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:945852", "title": "Cytoplasmic DNA synthesis by cord blood cells of premature and full-term infants: an autoradiographic study.", "content": "Cord blood cells from 8 full-term and 12 premature infants as well as blood leukocytes from 10 adults were incubated with 3H-thymidine and were subsequently exposed to autoradiographic emulsion for prolonged periods of 45 and 90 days. Cytoplasmic label -- which were interpreted as evidence of mitochondrial DNA synthesis -- was found in 1.7 per cent of lymphoid cells from adult blood, in 2.9 per cent and 4.5 per cent of lymphoid cells from full-term and premature infants, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data shows that the number of labelled cells is significantly larger in the blood of premature infants than in adults (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Cytoplasmic DNA synthesis by cord blood cells of premature and full-term infants: an autoradiographic study. Cord blood cells from 8 full-term and 12 premature infants as well as blood leukocytes from 10 adults were incubated with 3H-thymidine and were subsequently exposed to autoradiographic emulsion for prolonged periods of 45 and 90 days. Cytoplasmic label -- which were interpreted as evidence of mitochondrial DNA synthesis -- was found in 1.7 per cent of lymphoid cells from adult blood, in 2.9 per cent and 4.5 per cent of lymphoid cells from full-term and premature infants, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data shows that the number of labelled cells is significantly larger in the blood of premature infants than in adults (p less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:945856", "title": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of vinca alkaloids on the noradrenergic innervation of the vas deferens.", "content": "The effects of Vinca alkaloids on the vas deferens have been examined after in vitro and in vivo administration. In the organ bath, vinblastine (1 X 10-4M for 4 hr) caused an increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline and biochemical, histochemical and ulstrastructural signs of noradrenaline depletion from the nerves supplying the outer longitudinal muscle layer. After intravenous injection of Vinca alkaloids the nerve fibres seemed less affected. It is concluded that the apparent resistance to the drugs in vivo is largely due to low tissue perfusion.", "contents": "The in vitro and in vivo effects of vinca alkaloids on the noradrenergic innervation of the vas deferens. The effects of Vinca alkaloids on the vas deferens have been examined after in vitro and in vivo administration. In the organ bath, vinblastine (1 X 10-4M for 4 hr) caused an increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline and biochemical, histochemical and ulstrastructural signs of noradrenaline depletion from the nerves supplying the outer longitudinal muscle layer. After intravenous injection of Vinca alkaloids the nerve fibres seemed less affected. It is concluded that the apparent resistance to the drugs in vivo is largely due to low tissue perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:945857", "title": "Plasma free tryptophan variation during oestrous cycle of the rat.", "content": "The concentration of plasma free tryptophan was shown to undergo a regular and statistically significant fluctuation through the four phases of the oestrous cycle of the rat. The highest concentration of plasma free tryptophan was observed during oestrus. During metoestrus the concentration of plasma free tryptophan decreased by 25% to the lowest observed level; thereafter it gradually increased during dioestrus and pro-oestrus. The concentration of plasma total tryptophan was found to be unchanged during the oestrous cycle of the rat.", "contents": "Plasma free tryptophan variation during oestrous cycle of the rat. The concentration of plasma free tryptophan was shown to undergo a regular and statistically significant fluctuation through the four phases of the oestrous cycle of the rat. The highest concentration of plasma free tryptophan was observed during oestrus. During metoestrus the concentration of plasma free tryptophan decreased by 25% to the lowest observed level; thereafter it gradually increased during dioestrus and pro-oestrus. The concentration of plasma total tryptophan was found to be unchanged during the oestrous cycle of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:945863", "title": "Cell surface mannosyl transferase activity in the liver of embryonic chick. A mannose containing glycolipid as intermediate in glycoprotein synthesis.", "content": "Trypsin dissociated intact cells of embryonic chick liver catalyze the transfer of mannose from exogenous GDP-mannose to glycoprotein in vitro. In cells of 8 day old embryos a surface bound mannosyltransferase-system forms several mannose containing isoprenoid-lipids in a primary step. One of these compounds serves as a substrate in the highly specific second step of the overall reaction, the transfer of mannose to glycoprotein. The isoprenoic intermediate has been isolated and its effectivity as substrate for the incorporation of mannose into glycoprotein has been examined.", "contents": "Cell surface mannosyl transferase activity in the liver of embryonic chick. A mannose containing glycolipid as intermediate in glycoprotein synthesis. Trypsin dissociated intact cells of embryonic chick liver catalyze the transfer of mannose from exogenous GDP-mannose to glycoprotein in vitro. In cells of 8 day old embryos a surface bound mannosyltransferase-system forms several mannose containing isoprenoid-lipids in a primary step. One of these compounds serves as a substrate in the highly specific second step of the overall reaction, the transfer of mannose to glycoprotein. The isoprenoic intermediate has been isolated and its effectivity as substrate for the incorporation of mannose into glycoprotein has been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:945865", "title": "[Psychological aspects of neonatology: on the development of prematures (author's transl)].", "content": "Reviewing the literature the topics of psychological development of prematurely born infants, psychological problems of the mother of the premature and the impact of early stimulation on prematures are discussed. Finally some theses on the integration of psychological aspects into the concepts of neonatal medicine are formulated.", "contents": "[Psychological aspects of neonatology: on the development of prematures (author's transl)]. Reviewing the literature the topics of psychological development of prematurely born infants, psychological problems of the mother of the premature and the impact of early stimulation on prematures are discussed. Finally some theses on the integration of psychological aspects into the concepts of neonatal medicine are formulated."}
{"id": "PMID:945866", "title": "The cytolytic effect of cobra cardiotoxin on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its inhibition by Ca2+.", "content": "In the presence of cobra cardiotoxin, cellular constituents from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells leak out into the medium. The leakage is detrimental to important cell functions. The rate of cardiotoxininduced cytolysis is dose-dependent and is not affected by cell concentration. Calcium ion inhibits the cytolysis reversibly; addition of calcium ion stops the cytolytic action whereas removal of calcium ion by EDTA abolishes the the inhibitory effect. Among the alkaline earth metals studied, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ inhibit whereas Mg2+ potentiates the cytolysis. Progression of cytolysis requires a continuous presence of cardiotoxin; removal of cardiotoxin molecules by cardiotoxin antiserum completely abolishes the cytolytic activity. The ability of calcium ion to inhibit cardiotoxin-induced cytolysis is probably due to an interference of the binding of cardiotoxin molecules to the cell membrane.", "contents": "The cytolytic effect of cobra cardiotoxin on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its inhibition by Ca2+. In the presence of cobra cardiotoxin, cellular constituents from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells leak out into the medium. The leakage is detrimental to important cell functions. The rate of cardiotoxininduced cytolysis is dose-dependent and is not affected by cell concentration. Calcium ion inhibits the cytolysis reversibly; addition of calcium ion stops the cytolytic action whereas removal of calcium ion by EDTA abolishes the the inhibitory effect. Among the alkaline earth metals studied, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ inhibit whereas Mg2+ potentiates the cytolysis. Progression of cytolysis requires a continuous presence of cardiotoxin; removal of cardiotoxin molecules by cardiotoxin antiserum completely abolishes the cytolytic activity. The ability of calcium ion to inhibit cardiotoxin-induced cytolysis is probably due to an interference of the binding of cardiotoxin molecules to the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:945861", "title": "[The chemical composition of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans cells].", "content": "Amino acid composition of total protein, free intracellular amino acids, reducing substances, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins of the B group, and mineral composition were studied in the cells of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans, strain 8. Protein contained all 11 essential amino acids. The content of these substances was the following: nucleic acids, 1.5%; protein, 30.83+/-0.2%; reducing substances, 35.3+/-0.1%; lipids, 14.03+/-0.36%; ash, 794+/-4 mg%. Among six studied vitamins (B1, B3, B6, PP, B7, B8), the content of inositol was highest (398.2 mcg/g), B3 was not found, and only traces of other vitamins were detected.", "contents": "[The chemical composition of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans cells]. Amino acid composition of total protein, free intracellular amino acids, reducing substances, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins of the B group, and mineral composition were studied in the cells of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans, strain 8. Protein contained all 11 essential amino acids. The content of these substances was the following: nucleic acids, 1.5%; protein, 30.83+/-0.2%; reducing substances, 35.3+/-0.1%; lipids, 14.03+/-0.36%; ash, 794+/-4 mg%. Among six studied vitamins (B1, B3, B6, PP, B7, B8), the content of inositol was highest (398.2 mcg/g), B3 was not found, and only traces of other vitamins were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:945867", "title": "Autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration. A clinical, pathologic, and biochemical study of a new genetic disorder.", "content": "An autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration is present in a family of Portuguese ancestry numbering in excess of 329 persons in eight generations. The illness begins in the second, third, or fourth decade, and progresses for about 15 years with parkinsonian rigidity, spasticity, spastic dysarthria, and abnormalities of eye movement. Neuropathologic findings are severe neuronal loss and astrocytic gliosis in the corpus striatum and substantia nigra, with a moderate neuronal loss in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and nucleus ruber of the midbrain. This is a new genetic entity, distinct from other autosomal dominant neurologic disorders such as nigrospinodentatal degeneration, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, dystonia musculorum deformans, Machado's disease, and Huntington's disease.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration. A clinical, pathologic, and biochemical study of a new genetic disorder. An autosomal dominant striatonigral degeneration is present in a family of Portuguese ancestry numbering in excess of 329 persons in eight generations. The illness begins in the second, third, or fourth decade, and progresses for about 15 years with parkinsonian rigidity, spasticity, spastic dysarthria, and abnormalities of eye movement. Neuropathologic findings are severe neuronal loss and astrocytic gliosis in the corpus striatum and substantia nigra, with a moderate neuronal loss in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and nucleus ruber of the midbrain. This is a new genetic entity, distinct from other autosomal dominant neurologic disorders such as nigrospinodentatal degeneration, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, dystonia musculorum deformans, Machado's disease, and Huntington's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945868", "title": "Phenytoin kinetics in children.", "content": "Previous studies have shown the importance of phenytoin kinetics in the management of adult patients with seizure disorders. The long half-life in adults makes single daily dosing realistic in terms of blood levels and anticonvulsant effectiveness. This report shows a wide range in both half-lives and volumes of distribution of phenytoin in 11 children (ages 6 months to 6 years) with seizure disorders. Ten of these patients have very short phenytoin half-lives (1.2 to 6.7 hours). The data strongly suggest that current recommendations for phenytoin dosage regimens in adults cannot necessarily be used in children. Blood levels must be followed closely in this age group to determine the required dosage and dose interval.", "contents": "Phenytoin kinetics in children. Previous studies have shown the importance of phenytoin kinetics in the management of adult patients with seizure disorders. The long half-life in adults makes single daily dosing realistic in terms of blood levels and anticonvulsant effectiveness. This report shows a wide range in both half-lives and volumes of distribution of phenytoin in 11 children (ages 6 months to 6 years) with seizure disorders. Ten of these patients have very short phenytoin half-lives (1.2 to 6.7 hours). The data strongly suggest that current recommendations for phenytoin dosage regimens in adults cannot necessarily be used in children. Blood levels must be followed closely in this age group to determine the required dosage and dose interval."}
{"id": "PMID:945869", "title": "Muscular dystrophies and motoneuron diseases. A comparative electrophysiologic study.", "content": "Electrophysiologic investigations were carried out in 15 patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, two patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy, and 22 patients with dystrophia myotonica. The results were compared with those obtained in 18 patients who had chronic progressive motoneuron disease and in 39 control subjects. These results were within normal limits in muscular dystrophies, with the exception of dystrophia myotonica, in which a neural disturbance is evident in the majority of patients. The results in motoneuron diseases were as expected for neurogenic disorders, loss of motor axons and compensatory increase of the amplitude of muscle potentials. There is no evidence of motoneuron dysfunction in muscular dystrophies, but in dystrophia myotonica, the muscles and nerves are affected independently by the pleiotropic gene of the disease.", "contents": "Muscular dystrophies and motoneuron diseases. A comparative electrophysiologic study. Electrophysiologic investigations were carried out in 15 patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, two patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy, and 22 patients with dystrophia myotonica. The results were compared with those obtained in 18 patients who had chronic progressive motoneuron disease and in 39 control subjects. These results were within normal limits in muscular dystrophies, with the exception of dystrophia myotonica, in which a neural disturbance is evident in the majority of patients. The results in motoneuron diseases were as expected for neurogenic disorders, loss of motor axons and compensatory increase of the amplitude of muscle potentials. There is no evidence of motoneuron dysfunction in muscular dystrophies, but in dystrophia myotonica, the muscles and nerves are affected independently by the pleiotropic gene of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945870", "title": "Familial progressive bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy. Juvenile onset and late morbidity with ragged-red fibers.", "content": "Six members of a family had a neurologic disease with autosomal dominant transmission and adolescent onset of progressive wasting of predominantly distal axial muscles and muscles innervated by cranial nerves V, VII, X, and XII, leading to severe morbidity in adulthood. Muscle biopsy of the propositus revealed \"ragged-red\" fibers, while electromyography and autopsy material were consisted with a neurogenic disease. The case seemed unique to any clinicogenetic nosology, because it was associated with a cardiac conduction defect, a mitochondrial abnormality in skeletal muscle, and a course, distribution, and degree of weakness that included features of both chronic spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "Familial progressive bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy. Juvenile onset and late morbidity with ragged-red fibers. Six members of a family had a neurologic disease with autosomal dominant transmission and adolescent onset of progressive wasting of predominantly distal axial muscles and muscles innervated by cranial nerves V, VII, X, and XII, leading to severe morbidity in adulthood. Muscle biopsy of the propositus revealed \"ragged-red\" fibers, while electromyography and autopsy material were consisted with a neurogenic disease. The case seemed unique to any clinicogenetic nosology, because it was associated with a cardiac conduction defect, a mitochondrial abnormality in skeletal muscle, and a course, distribution, and degree of weakness that included features of both chronic spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:945871", "title": "Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia in olivopontocerebellar degeneration.", "content": "Autosomal dominant olivopontocerebellar degeneration was diagnosed in a family of Scottish ancestry by clinical examination and autopsy. In addition to having progressive cerebellar ataxia, head titubation, and severe dysarthria, the patients are unable to initiate saccadic eye movements. Slow pursuit movements are normal. Reflex movements of the eyes caused by passive rotation or caloric labyrinthine stimulation are not impaired but are not associated with nystagmus. The phenomenon can be classified as supranuclear pseudo-ophthalmoplegia. It differs from congenital ocular motor apraxia in age at onset and the absence of random eye movements. The anatomic lesion responsible for the defect of saccadic eye movements remains to be established.", "contents": "Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia in olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Autosomal dominant olivopontocerebellar degeneration was diagnosed in a family of Scottish ancestry by clinical examination and autopsy. In addition to having progressive cerebellar ataxia, head titubation, and severe dysarthria, the patients are unable to initiate saccadic eye movements. Slow pursuit movements are normal. Reflex movements of the eyes caused by passive rotation or caloric labyrinthine stimulation are not impaired but are not associated with nystagmus. The phenomenon can be classified as supranuclear pseudo-ophthalmoplegia. It differs from congenital ocular motor apraxia in age at onset and the absence of random eye movements. The anatomic lesion responsible for the defect of saccadic eye movements remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:945862", "title": "[The effect of carbon dioxide gas on the growth of Candida utilis yeasts during continuous cultivation in a chemostat].", "content": "The cells of Candida utilis were cultivated in the conditions of chemostat, and the growth was limited by a nitrogen source. Accumulation in the medium of carbon dioxide inhibited the growth of the microbial population. The growth was now limited not by a source of nitrogen but by an excess of one of the forms of carbon dioxide--hydrocarbonate. This inhibition was reversible and could be eliminated either by intensifying ventilation of the apparatus or by varying pH of the medium within the range optimal for the growth, which changed the ratio between free and hydrocarbonate forms of carbon dioxide in the growth medium.", "contents": "[The effect of carbon dioxide gas on the growth of Candida utilis yeasts during continuous cultivation in a chemostat]. The cells of Candida utilis were cultivated in the conditions of chemostat, and the growth was limited by a nitrogen source. Accumulation in the medium of carbon dioxide inhibited the growth of the microbial population. The growth was now limited not by a source of nitrogen but by an excess of one of the forms of carbon dioxide--hydrocarbonate. This inhibition was reversible and could be eliminated either by intensifying ventilation of the apparatus or by varying pH of the medium within the range optimal for the growth, which changed the ratio between free and hydrocarbonate forms of carbon dioxide in the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:945872", "title": "Sleep abnormalities in patients with brain stem lesions.", "content": "Seven patients with \"locked-in\" syndrome were studied by prolonged polygraphic recordings. Severe alterations in the sleep pattern were observed in five patients who had bilateral extensive pontine lesions resulting in tetraplegia, facial and pseudobulbar paralysis, and absence of conjugate horizontal gaze. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was entirely absent while non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was absent, reduced, or altered. The remaining two patients, both of whom had relative sparing of horizontal gaze and apparently either no or minimal pontine tegmental involvement, showed both REM and NREM sleep with only a minimal alteration in the sleep pattern. The study suggests that, in human beings as in animals, pontine structures near the midline are essential for control of sleep states.", "contents": "Sleep abnormalities in patients with brain stem lesions. Seven patients with \"locked-in\" syndrome were studied by prolonged polygraphic recordings. Severe alterations in the sleep pattern were observed in five patients who had bilateral extensive pontine lesions resulting in tetraplegia, facial and pseudobulbar paralysis, and absence of conjugate horizontal gaze. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was entirely absent while non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was absent, reduced, or altered. The remaining two patients, both of whom had relative sparing of horizontal gaze and apparently either no or minimal pontine tegmental involvement, showed both REM and NREM sleep with only a minimal alteration in the sleep pattern. The study suggests that, in human beings as in animals, pontine structures near the midline are essential for control of sleep states."}
{"id": "PMID:945873", "title": "Clearance of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol from the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The clearance of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) from the cerebrospinal fluid of cats was studied. Both ventriculocisternal and cerebral subarachnoid perfusions demonstrated relatively high clearances that could not be blocked by probenecid. MHPG removal increased proportionally at all concentrations studied, suggesting diffusional clearance from cerebrospinal fluid. Bulk clearance accounted for only one-third of MHPG clearance from brain, and the likely mechanism of MHPG removal from the central nervous system is by diffusion to capillary blood. Differences between amine metabolites removed by mediated transport and diffusion are summarized, and it is suggested that a rapid unblockable diffusional clearance mechanism tends to make lumbar levels of MHPG a poor index of brain norepinephrine metabolism.", "contents": "Clearance of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol from the cerebrospinal fluid. The clearance of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) from the cerebrospinal fluid of cats was studied. Both ventriculocisternal and cerebral subarachnoid perfusions demonstrated relatively high clearances that could not be blocked by probenecid. MHPG removal increased proportionally at all concentrations studied, suggesting diffusional clearance from cerebrospinal fluid. Bulk clearance accounted for only one-third of MHPG clearance from brain, and the likely mechanism of MHPG removal from the central nervous system is by diffusion to capillary blood. Differences between amine metabolites removed by mediated transport and diffusion are summarized, and it is suggested that a rapid unblockable diffusional clearance mechanism tends to make lumbar levels of MHPG a poor index of brain norepinephrine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:945864", "title": "[An analysis of local similarities in the primary structures of protein hormones].", "content": "An analysis of primary structures for local similarities has been performed for a number of protein hormones. The statistical MacLachlan's technique and three matrices of amino acids similarities: in respect to the genetic code (M1), physico-chemical properties (M2), interchangeability of amino acids in homologous proteins (M3) have been used. When comparing prolactin and growth hormones, four zones of high structural similarity have been found. Comparison of beta-subunits of interstitial-cell and thyroid-stimulating hormones has shown two zones of high similarity. Using M3 matrice, non-homogeneity of the self local similarity of structure has been shown for prolactin, growth hormone, beta-lipotropin, proinsulin and parathormone. For the latter three hormones, the high evolutionary conservative regions coincide with the active sites of structure. It is suggested that such regions in the structures of prolactin and growth hormone also provide the active function.", "contents": "[An analysis of local similarities in the primary structures of protein hormones]. An analysis of primary structures for local similarities has been performed for a number of protein hormones. The statistical MacLachlan's technique and three matrices of amino acids similarities: in respect to the genetic code (M1), physico-chemical properties (M2), interchangeability of amino acids in homologous proteins (M3) have been used. When comparing prolactin and growth hormones, four zones of high structural similarity have been found. Comparison of beta-subunits of interstitial-cell and thyroid-stimulating hormones has shown two zones of high similarity. Using M3 matrice, non-homogeneity of the self local similarity of structure has been shown for prolactin, growth hormone, beta-lipotropin, proinsulin and parathormone. For the latter three hormones, the high evolutionary conservative regions coincide with the active sites of structure. It is suggested that such regions in the structures of prolactin and growth hormone also provide the active function."}
{"id": "PMID:945875", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma of the vulva.", "content": "An example of epithelioid sarcoma of the vulva in a 31-year-old female is reported. Treatment consisted of a radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. Bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases were present. Criteria for the diagnosis of this unusual neoplasm are considered, and guidelines are suggested for its treatment.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma of the vulva. An example of epithelioid sarcoma of the vulva in a 31-year-old female is reported. Treatment consisted of a radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy. Bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases were present. Criteria for the diagnosis of this unusual neoplasm are considered, and guidelines are suggested for its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:945876", "title": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, diabetes mellitus, and pregnancy.", "content": "A pregnancy complicated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is described. Treatment consisted of primary ceasarean section, tubal ligation, and splenectomy with good results for mother and infant. Subsequent successful pregnancies may be anticipated if the thrombocytopenia-complicated pregnancy is managed as described.", "contents": "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, diabetes mellitus, and pregnancy. A pregnancy complicated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is described. Treatment consisted of primary ceasarean section, tubal ligation, and splenectomy with good results for mother and infant. Subsequent successful pregnancies may be anticipated if the thrombocytopenia-complicated pregnancy is managed as described."}
{"id": "PMID:945877", "title": "The prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation in one fetus of a twin gestation.", "content": "The prenatal care of twin gestations is primarily concerned with attempts at preventing premature labor and the management of obstetric difficulties. Little data are available prior to delivery, apart from Rh-isoimmunized twin gestations, concerning an individual fetus' well-being in a twin gestation. Ultrasonography has been concerned with the single gestation, and has not been used extensively in the care and evaluation of twin gestations, apart from early diagnosis of the condition. This report involves a twin gestation in which a significant repeated difference in the ultrasonographic fetal biparietal diameter measurements clearly identifies a normal fetus and a fetus with intrauterine growth retardation. The management of this patient could have been more aggressive with the present knowledge available and so resulted in better perinatal outcome.", "contents": "The prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation in one fetus of a twin gestation. The prenatal care of twin gestations is primarily concerned with attempts at preventing premature labor and the management of obstetric difficulties. Little data are available prior to delivery, apart from Rh-isoimmunized twin gestations, concerning an individual fetus' well-being in a twin gestation. Ultrasonography has been concerned with the single gestation, and has not been used extensively in the care and evaluation of twin gestations, apart from early diagnosis of the condition. This report involves a twin gestation in which a significant repeated difference in the ultrasonographic fetal biparietal diameter measurements clearly identifies a normal fetus and a fetus with intrauterine growth retardation. The management of this patient could have been more aggressive with the present knowledge available and so resulted in better perinatal outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:945878", "title": "Primary ovarian pregnancy and the intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "A case is reported of primary ovarian pregnancy in a patient with an intrauterine device (IUD) in place. The diagnostic criteria from history, signs, and symptoms, and the management of this case and 9 other cases reported in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "Primary ovarian pregnancy and the intrauterine contraceptive device. A case is reported of primary ovarian pregnancy in a patient with an intrauterine device (IUD) in place. The diagnostic criteria from history, signs, and symptoms, and the management of this case and 9 other cases reported in the literature are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945879", "title": "Bowel perforation with suprapubic cystostomy Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with small bowel perforation that occurred during suprapubic catheter insertion are described. Insertion of the catheter with a trocar and with transurethral sound, respectively, was responsible for the perforation. These perforations occurred despite preliminary bladder distention. Small bowel injury was slight in both patients, and neither patient required resection. In 1 patient, the ileocutaneous fistula closed spontaneously, and in the other, oversewing the perforation only was necessary; neither patient has known residual complications.", "contents": "Bowel perforation with suprapubic cystostomy Report of two cases. Two patients with small bowel perforation that occurred during suprapubic catheter insertion are described. Insertion of the catheter with a trocar and with transurethral sound, respectively, was responsible for the perforation. These perforations occurred despite preliminary bladder distention. Small bowel injury was slight in both patients, and neither patient required resection. In 1 patient, the ileocutaneous fistula closed spontaneously, and in the other, oversewing the perforation only was necessary; neither patient has known residual complications."}
{"id": "PMID:945880", "title": "Ectopic pancreas in the fallopian tube. Report of a first case.", "content": "A case of ectopic pancreas in the fallopian tube is reported. This small, polypoid, benign tumor was in a fallopian tube contralateral to a ruptured tubal pregnancy. The patient had a tubal ligation performed six years previously. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of isolated ectopic pancreas in a fallopian tube. No explanation is offered for the pathogenesis of this lesion.", "contents": "Ectopic pancreas in the fallopian tube. Report of a first case. A case of ectopic pancreas in the fallopian tube is reported. This small, polypoid, benign tumor was in a fallopian tube contralateral to a ruptured tubal pregnancy. The patient had a tubal ligation performed six years previously. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of isolated ectopic pancreas in a fallopian tube. No explanation is offered for the pathogenesis of this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:945881", "title": "Untoward neonatal effect of intraamniotic administration of methylene blue.", "content": "A case is presented in which significant neonatal morbidity occurred when intraamniotic injection of methylene blue was utilized to diagnose premature rupture of the membranes. Hyperbilirubinemia secondary to hemolysis occurred in the newborn.", "contents": "Untoward neonatal effect of intraamniotic administration of methylene blue. A case is presented in which significant neonatal morbidity occurred when intraamniotic injection of methylene blue was utilized to diagnose premature rupture of the membranes. Hyperbilirubinemia secondary to hemolysis occurred in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:945882", "title": "Term pregnancy in an unattached rudimentary uterine horn.", "content": "A case of pregnancy in an unattached rudimentary uterine horn is presented. The pregnancy carried to term, ruptured without causing shock, resulted in fetal demise, and was discovered 6 weeks later at laparotomy. Some of the factors associated with rudimentary uterine horns are discussed.", "contents": "Term pregnancy in an unattached rudimentary uterine horn. A case of pregnancy in an unattached rudimentary uterine horn is presented. The pregnancy carried to term, ruptured without causing shock, resulted in fetal demise, and was discovered 6 weeks later at laparotomy. Some of the factors associated with rudimentary uterine horns are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945883", "title": "Conservative surgical management of tubal pregnancy.", "content": "In an attempt to maintain optimal fertility in the patient treated for midtubal pregnancy, an investigation of conservative surgical procedure was made. The technic developed utilizes tubal excision, reanastomosis, and a single hydrotubation with Dextran. Tubal patency was maintained without the use of stents that may damage the fimbria. The procedure is compared to other conservative technics and its advantages discused. Thus far 2 patients have undergone this excision and reanastomosis, and both patients successfully established intrauterine gestations within 2 months of returning to normal active coital frequency. Both were in the midtrimester of pregnancy at the time of this report.", "contents": "Conservative surgical management of tubal pregnancy. In an attempt to maintain optimal fertility in the patient treated for midtubal pregnancy, an investigation of conservative surgical procedure was made. The technic developed utilizes tubal excision, reanastomosis, and a single hydrotubation with Dextran. Tubal patency was maintained without the use of stents that may damage the fimbria. The procedure is compared to other conservative technics and its advantages discused. Thus far 2 patients have undergone this excision and reanastomosis, and both patients successfully established intrauterine gestations within 2 months of returning to normal active coital frequency. Both were in the midtrimester of pregnancy at the time of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:945884", "title": "A simplified surgical approach to the incomplete form of testicular feminization.", "content": "A simplified surgical approach to the intersex child with the incomplete form of testicular feminization is presented. The procedure is particularly useful in patients where the gonadal tissue is located in the scrotolabial folds and eliminates the necessity for exploratory laparotomy. Representative drawings of the procedure are shown.", "contents": "A simplified surgical approach to the incomplete form of testicular feminization. A simplified surgical approach to the intersex child with the incomplete form of testicular feminization is presented. The procedure is particularly useful in patients where the gonadal tissue is located in the scrotolabial folds and eliminates the necessity for exploratory laparotomy. Representative drawings of the procedure are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:945885", "title": "Vaginal embryogenesis, estrogens, and adenosis.", "content": "The recent outbreak of vaginal adenocarcinoma and the associated genital tract anomalies in women with histories of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) has generated interest in vaginal embryogenesis and the influence of hormones on the developing genital tract. In this report the embryology of the vagina and the role of sex hormones in normal and abnormal sex duct development are presented and discussed in relation to the DES-induced anomalies. Although the teratogenic activity of DES in humans has been confirmed, the available evidence suggests that the clear cell carcinomas are initiated by endogenous estrogens and not the prenatally administered DES.", "contents": "Vaginal embryogenesis, estrogens, and adenosis. The recent outbreak of vaginal adenocarcinoma and the associated genital tract anomalies in women with histories of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) has generated interest in vaginal embryogenesis and the influence of hormones on the developing genital tract. In this report the embryology of the vagina and the role of sex hormones in normal and abnormal sex duct development are presented and discussed in relation to the DES-induced anomalies. Although the teratogenic activity of DES in humans has been confirmed, the available evidence suggests that the clear cell carcinomas are initiated by endogenous estrogens and not the prenatally administered DES."}
{"id": "PMID:945886", "title": "Effects of hemodialysis on hearing threshold.", "content": "71 chronic renal failure patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were evaluated for the effects of a dialysis event on hearing function. Osmotically active serum constituents were examined for relationship to fluctuating hearing threshold levels. Reliabiliity of hearing levels was found to be better in those patients tested without an intervening dialysis event. Those patients tested before and after hemodialysis demonstrated greater hearing fluctuation than those patients evaluated between dialysis events. This threshold fluctuation was unrelated to serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, K+, Na+, Ca++, or glucose. It was concluded that hearing test reliability in dialyzing renal patients is resonably good, but test results are likely to be more consistent if testing is accomplished a number of hour after a given dialysis event. Contrary to a number of reports in the recent literature, no direct relationship between hearing level fluctuation and fluctuation in individual osmotically active serum constituents appeared to be present.", "contents": "Effects of hemodialysis on hearing threshold. 71 chronic renal failure patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis were evaluated for the effects of a dialysis event on hearing function. Osmotically active serum constituents were examined for relationship to fluctuating hearing threshold levels. Reliabiliity of hearing levels was found to be better in those patients tested without an intervening dialysis event. Those patients tested before and after hemodialysis demonstrated greater hearing fluctuation than those patients evaluated between dialysis events. This threshold fluctuation was unrelated to serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, K+, Na+, Ca++, or glucose. It was concluded that hearing test reliability in dialyzing renal patients is resonably good, but test results are likely to be more consistent if testing is accomplished a number of hour after a given dialysis event. Contrary to a number of reports in the recent literature, no direct relationship between hearing level fluctuation and fluctuation in individual osmotically active serum constituents appeared to be present."}
{"id": "PMID:945887", "title": "The effect of galvanic stimulation on spontaneous nystagmus.", "content": "The question of the point of impact of the electric current in the galvanic vestibular test is not solved. An important feature is that, after destruction of both the vestibular end organs, a galvanic nystagmus can still be provoked. The effect of a direct current on the spontaneous nystagmus following partial or total destruction of the vestibular end organs was investigated. The frequency of the spontaneous nystagmus diminishes when the electric stimulus causes an eye movement in the same direction as the fast phase of the nystagmus, the frequency increases when the polarity of the electric stimulation is reversed. Simultaneous application of torsion-swing and electric stimulation causes a summation of the separate effects. Our findings confirm the conculsions drawn by Ledoux (4, 5) from his findings in frogs.", "contents": "The effect of galvanic stimulation on spontaneous nystagmus. The question of the point of impact of the electric current in the galvanic vestibular test is not solved. An important feature is that, after destruction of both the vestibular end organs, a galvanic nystagmus can still be provoked. The effect of a direct current on the spontaneous nystagmus following partial or total destruction of the vestibular end organs was investigated. The frequency of the spontaneous nystagmus diminishes when the electric stimulus causes an eye movement in the same direction as the fast phase of the nystagmus, the frequency increases when the polarity of the electric stimulation is reversed. Simultaneous application of torsion-swing and electric stimulation causes a summation of the separate effects. Our findings confirm the conculsions drawn by Ledoux (4, 5) from his findings in frogs."}
{"id": "PMID:945888", "title": "The importance of the point of fixation in optokinetic nystagmus.", "content": "The relationship between visual line and target in optokinetic nystagmus was studied by means of the eye-mark camera and film-motion analyser. The eye-mark carmera provides a series of pictures in which the visual field and fixation point of the subject overlap. The visual line is observed as a spot of light on the film. Accurate analysis of films with the analyser produces detailed information on the calibration and movement of the target and visual line. Comparison with the ENG, taken simultaneously, indicates the adequate sensitivity and accuracy of this method. There are five types of relationship between visual line and target in optokinetic nystagmus. In type I, the visual line coincides with the target in the slow component of nystagmus. This type agrees with the conventional considerationation of the slow component of nstagmus. Type II indicates the existence of some servo-mechanism in the target catching action of the eye. In type III, there are three kinds of slow components, one chincides with one edge of the target, one with the other edge and another fixes on some point between the two and follows it. The velocities of these three are equal to that of the target. In type IV the visual line gradually lags behind the target, but the rhythm of the nystagmus coincides with that of the stimulation. In type V, dysrhythmic nystagmus develops and the visual line often jumps over several targets without fixation.", "contents": "The importance of the point of fixation in optokinetic nystagmus. The relationship between visual line and target in optokinetic nystagmus was studied by means of the eye-mark camera and film-motion analyser. The eye-mark carmera provides a series of pictures in which the visual field and fixation point of the subject overlap. The visual line is observed as a spot of light on the film. Accurate analysis of films with the analyser produces detailed information on the calibration and movement of the target and visual line. Comparison with the ENG, taken simultaneously, indicates the adequate sensitivity and accuracy of this method. There are five types of relationship between visual line and target in optokinetic nystagmus. In type I, the visual line coincides with the target in the slow component of nystagmus. This type agrees with the conventional considerationation of the slow component of nstagmus. Type II indicates the existence of some servo-mechanism in the target catching action of the eye. In type III, there are three kinds of slow components, one chincides with one edge of the target, one with the other edge and another fixes on some point between the two and follows it. The velocities of these three are equal to that of the target. In type IV the visual line gradually lags behind the target, but the rhythm of the nystagmus coincides with that of the stimulation. In type V, dysrhythmic nystagmus develops and the visual line often jumps over several targets without fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:945889", "title": "Cryosurgery in vasomotor rhinopathy: experimental histopathology.", "content": "Experimental cryosurgery of the nasal mucosa in normal guinea pigss and in animals with drug-induced vasomotor rhinopathy showed complete closure of the initial ulceration by a temporary atypical epithelium within 2 week. 3-4 weeks after cryotreatment, normal ciliated epithelium covered the whole area. Within 4-5 weeks, the last signs of inflammatory reaction dinappeared. The treatment resulted in a definitive reduction of mucosal thickness, and in a numerically significant loss of vessels and glandular acini. The hintopathological results thus agreed with the clinical objective of the treatment in vasomotor rhinopathy (reduction of the nasal resistance and diminution of rhinorrhea).", "contents": "Cryosurgery in vasomotor rhinopathy: experimental histopathology. Experimental cryosurgery of the nasal mucosa in normal guinea pigss and in animals with drug-induced vasomotor rhinopathy showed complete closure of the initial ulceration by a temporary atypical epithelium within 2 week. 3-4 weeks after cryotreatment, normal ciliated epithelium covered the whole area. Within 4-5 weeks, the last signs of inflammatory reaction dinappeared. The treatment resulted in a definitive reduction of mucosal thickness, and in a numerically significant loss of vessels and glandular acini. The hintopathological results thus agreed with the clinical objective of the treatment in vasomotor rhinopathy (reduction of the nasal resistance and diminution of rhinorrhea)."}
{"id": "PMID:945890", "title": "The allergic nasal mucosa following vidian neurectomy. Electron microsopic study.", "content": "The fine structure of the allergic nasal mucosufollowing vidian neurectomy was studied in 15 patients. The structure of the mucous glands, venules, arterioles and tunical cellular elements returned to normal 1 month after the operation, while that of the epithelium and of the capillaries only 3 months post-operatively. The effect of interrupting the hyperactive cholinergic nerve impulses on the various constituents of the nasal mucosa is described.", "contents": "The allergic nasal mucosa following vidian neurectomy. Electron microsopic study. The fine structure of the allergic nasal mucosufollowing vidian neurectomy was studied in 15 patients. The structure of the mucous glands, venules, arterioles and tunical cellular elements returned to normal 1 month after the operation, while that of the epithelium and of the capillaries only 3 months post-operatively. The effect of interrupting the hyperactive cholinergic nerve impulses on the various constituents of the nasal mucosa is described."}
{"id": "PMID:945891", "title": "Chronic bronchitis. A bronchologic evaluation.", "content": "214 patients with chronic bronchitis were subjected to bronchial studied at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-1973. Bronchoscopy alone gave a frequency of 30% for bronchiectases while the information from bronchography increased this figure to 44%. In addition, 24% of the patients showed bronchographic changes in the form of naked filling or mucus obstrcution. Sputum specimens were less reliable indicators of infection than bronichial aspirates in patients with chronic bronchitis. Tracheobroncho-malacia was found in 50 patients and greatly increased the gravity of the disease.", "contents": "Chronic bronchitis. A bronchologic evaluation. 214 patients with chronic bronchitis were subjected to bronchial studied at P\u00e4iv\u00e4rinne Chest Hospital during the period 1967-1973. Bronchoscopy alone gave a frequency of 30% for bronchiectases while the information from bronchography increased this figure to 44%. In addition, 24% of the patients showed bronchographic changes in the form of naked filling or mucus obstrcution. Sputum specimens were less reliable indicators of infection than bronichial aspirates in patients with chronic bronchitis. Tracheobroncho-malacia was found in 50 patients and greatly increased the gravity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:945892", "title": "Calcium metabolism in newborn animals: the interrelationship of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in newborn rats, foals, lambs, and calves.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium were studied during the early postnatal period in a rodent (rats), in ruminants (lambs and calves), and in foals. Decreases in plasma calcium after birth were observed only in newborn rats and foals. In rats the postnatal fall in plasma calcium level was already evident 1 hr after cesarean section (9.20 mg/100 ml) as opposed to 11.90 mg/100 ml in utero) and reached a nadir within 6 hr (-4.05 mg/100 ml). Newborn foals showed a small decrease in plasma calcium (-0.73/100 ml) 48 hr after birth. In the four species plasma inorganic phosphorus increased in the days after birth; plasma magnesium levels were only slightly affected over the first week of life. In ruminants and in foals, the high plasma calcitonin levels were not always related to plasma calcium, nor with plasma inorganic phosphorus over the first week of life. Newborn calves showed at birth detectable levels of plasma parathyroid hormone, similar to those found in their mothers, with individual values ranging from 0.80-3.50 ng/ml. These results are discussed in light of the well known early neonatal nypocalcemia occurring in normal human newborns.", "contents": "Calcium metabolism in newborn animals: the interrelationship of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in newborn rats, foals, lambs, and calves. The plasma concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and magnesium were studied during the early postnatal period in a rodent (rats), in ruminants (lambs and calves), and in foals. Decreases in plasma calcium after birth were observed only in newborn rats and foals. In rats the postnatal fall in plasma calcium level was already evident 1 hr after cesarean section (9.20 mg/100 ml) as opposed to 11.90 mg/100 ml in utero) and reached a nadir within 6 hr (-4.05 mg/100 ml). Newborn foals showed a small decrease in plasma calcium (-0.73/100 ml) 48 hr after birth. In the four species plasma inorganic phosphorus increased in the days after birth; plasma magnesium levels were only slightly affected over the first week of life. In ruminants and in foals, the high plasma calcitonin levels were not always related to plasma calcium, nor with plasma inorganic phosphorus over the first week of life. Newborn calves showed at birth detectable levels of plasma parathyroid hormone, similar to those found in their mothers, with individual values ranging from 0.80-3.50 ng/ml. These results are discussed in light of the well known early neonatal nypocalcemia occurring in normal human newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:945893", "title": "The mandate project: institutionalizing a system of patient care quality assurance.", "content": "In 1970, prior to present-day requirements for quality assurance programs, a project was undertaken to institute such a program voluntarily in ten hospitals. Five hospitals succeeded in fully implementing the program which was based on the \"Bi-Cycle Process\" and each documented improvements in desired patient care behaviors. Two hospitals partially implemented the process and demonstrated no significant changes in desired patient care behaviors. Two hospitals failed to provide the data upon which assessments could be made and one hospital never got beyond preliminary efforts at instituting the process. The project demonstrates that a voluntary quality assurance program is feasible and has important implications for PSROs and continuing medical education. It also provides evidence that attention to psychosocial factors is essential in the institutionalization of programs designed to produce desired changes in patient care behaviors.", "contents": "The mandate project: institutionalizing a system of patient care quality assurance. In 1970, prior to present-day requirements for quality assurance programs, a project was undertaken to institute such a program voluntarily in ten hospitals. Five hospitals succeeded in fully implementing the program which was based on the \"Bi-Cycle Process\" and each documented improvements in desired patient care behaviors. Two hospitals partially implemented the process and demonstrated no significant changes in desired patient care behaviors. Two hospitals failed to provide the data upon which assessments could be made and one hospital never got beyond preliminary efforts at instituting the process. The project demonstrates that a voluntary quality assurance program is feasible and has important implications for PSROs and continuing medical education. It also provides evidence that attention to psychosocial factors is essential in the institutionalization of programs designed to produce desired changes in patient care behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:945902", "title": "[Twin studies with a differentiated diagnosis of endogenic psychoses - psychosocial influences in certain forms of schizophrenia].", "content": "The examination started from the premise that \"systematic schizophrenias\", which constitute the majority of chronic schizophrenias in \"differentiated diagnostics\", only very rarely have a family history of psychosis. We set out to obtain an explanation of this observation by means of investigation in twins. Surprisingly, these types were not present in identical twins. It seems, therefore, that the severe schizophrenias, which we consider to be similar in character to systemic diseases, are prevented by the influence of an identical twin partner. As, however, the illness did occur in two-egg twins, the favourable influence must be effective during a period of life, when mutual understanding between the twins is already decisive, i.e. during later childhood, probably during puberty. An interaction between individual and environment is probably necessary for normal mental development and also for the maturing of brain systems essential in the adult psyche. In autistic patients there is no interaction, thus schizophrenia may develop. With an identical twin, however, contact is always present: because of similarity in character it is impossible that the partners minds are not mutually accessible. Thus, a satisfactory mental interrelationship is maintained, by which systematic schizophrenia is prevented. For refernces see the end of the following communication.", "contents": "[Twin studies with a differentiated diagnosis of endogenic psychoses - psychosocial influences in certain forms of schizophrenia]. The examination started from the premise that \"systematic schizophrenias\", which constitute the majority of chronic schizophrenias in \"differentiated diagnostics\", only very rarely have a family history of psychosis. We set out to obtain an explanation of this observation by means of investigation in twins. Surprisingly, these types were not present in identical twins. It seems, therefore, that the severe schizophrenias, which we consider to be similar in character to systemic diseases, are prevented by the influence of an identical twin partner. As, however, the illness did occur in two-egg twins, the favourable influence must be effective during a period of life, when mutual understanding between the twins is already decisive, i.e. during later childhood, probably during puberty. An interaction between individual and environment is probably necessary for normal mental development and also for the maturing of brain systems essential in the adult psyche. In autistic patients there is no interaction, thus schizophrenia may develop. With an identical twin, however, contact is always present: because of similarity in character it is impossible that the partners minds are not mutually accessible. Thus, a satisfactory mental interrelationship is maintained, by which systematic schizophrenia is prevented. For refernces see the end of the following communication."}
{"id": "PMID:945903", "title": "[Significance of twin birth for the appearance of cyclic psychoses].", "content": "The motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, is frequently encountered in twins. As this is also true of two-egg twins, similarity of character does not seem to be essential. Therefore the influence must probably become active during early childhood, perhaps even the first year of life. Somatic lesions before and after birth must be taken into consideration, as the weaker twin is at higher risk. On the other hand, a mutual influence between the twins has been suggested by the observation that confusion psychoses, which are closely related to motility psychoses, hardly occurred in twins. Investigations in siblings with motility psychosis and confusion psychosis confirmed the mutual interrelationship. Concerning the former, considerably more siblings were found. Many siblings, as well as twins, seem susceptible to the development of a motility psychosis, however they seem less susceptible to the development of a confusion psychosis. The investigation of siblings could lead to verification of early infancy as a period of influence.", "contents": "[Significance of twin birth for the appearance of cyclic psychoses]. The motility psychosis, one of the cycloid psychoses, is frequently encountered in twins. As this is also true of two-egg twins, similarity of character does not seem to be essential. Therefore the influence must probably become active during early childhood, perhaps even the first year of life. Somatic lesions before and after birth must be taken into consideration, as the weaker twin is at higher risk. On the other hand, a mutual influence between the twins has been suggested by the observation that confusion psychoses, which are closely related to motility psychoses, hardly occurred in twins. Investigations in siblings with motility psychosis and confusion psychosis confirmed the mutual interrelationship. Concerning the former, considerably more siblings were found. Many siblings, as well as twins, seem susceptible to the development of a motility psychosis, however they seem less susceptible to the development of a confusion psychosis. The investigation of siblings could lead to verification of early infancy as a period of influence."}
{"id": "PMID:945904", "title": "[Unusual aspects in the creative pictures of a retarded, ineducable boy].", "content": "Drawings and sculptures of an 11-year-old retarded boy are presented, who was not capable of school education. His low-level of lingual-logic thinking contrasts with his almost age-corresponding capability of optic differentiation. His pictorial creations are impressive in their accurate presentation of animals, which are reminiscent of the artistic figures of paleolithic big game hunters. Parallels with the paleolithic hunting magics as characterized by Mirimanow are obvious. The presentation of men in the form of acting head-feeters might be based on an undifferentiated idea of their own body, of partially disabled children with impaired sensorial recognition.", "contents": "[Unusual aspects in the creative pictures of a retarded, ineducable boy]. Drawings and sculptures of an 11-year-old retarded boy are presented, who was not capable of school education. His low-level of lingual-logic thinking contrasts with his almost age-corresponding capability of optic differentiation. His pictorial creations are impressive in their accurate presentation of animals, which are reminiscent of the artistic figures of paleolithic big game hunters. Parallels with the paleolithic hunting magics as characterized by Mirimanow are obvious. The presentation of men in the form of acting head-feeters might be based on an undifferentiated idea of their own body, of partially disabled children with impaired sensorial recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:945907", "title": "Effect of antihypertensive treatment on urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "In 20 patients with essential hypertension the urinary albumin execretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR),and renal plasma flow (RPF) were examined before and after antihypertensive treatment. Albumin excretion measured by radioimmunoassay was increased before treatment, and there was a significant fall during treatment. In patients responding well to therapy (diastolic pressure below 100 mm Hg), albumin excretion was significantly lower than in patients responding poorly to therapy. There was a positive correlation between albumin excretion before treatment and diastolic pressure during treatment, indicating that the albumin excretion rate may be used to predict the result of antihypertensive treatment. Patients with excretion rates below 25 mug/min generally respond well to the treatment used. No definite changes in GFR and RPF were found during treatment, and there was no correlation between albumin excretion and GFR and RPF. It is suggested that the increased albumin excretion in essential hypertension is due both to functional and morphological alterations in the glomerulus, namely increased glomerular filtration pressure and vascular damage.", "contents": "Effect of antihypertensive treatment on urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow in patients with essential hypertension. In 20 patients with essential hypertension the urinary albumin execretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR),and renal plasma flow (RPF) were examined before and after antihypertensive treatment. Albumin excretion measured by radioimmunoassay was increased before treatment, and there was a significant fall during treatment. In patients responding well to therapy (diastolic pressure below 100 mm Hg), albumin excretion was significantly lower than in patients responding poorly to therapy. There was a positive correlation between albumin excretion before treatment and diastolic pressure during treatment, indicating that the albumin excretion rate may be used to predict the result of antihypertensive treatment. Patients with excretion rates below 25 mug/min generally respond well to the treatment used. No definite changes in GFR and RPF were found during treatment, and there was no correlation between albumin excretion and GFR and RPF. It is suggested that the increased albumin excretion in essential hypertension is due both to functional and morphological alterations in the glomerulus, namely increased glomerular filtration pressure and vascular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:945905", "title": "Diuranal rhythms in 2- and 8-week-old infants: sleep-waking state organization as a function of age and stress.", "content": "Time of day differences in sleep-waking state organization were studied in 2- and 8-week-old infants by means of videotape recordings. Observations were made prior to and following adaptation to standard laboratory conditions previously found to be stressful. Diurnal rhythms occurred for a number of component sleep-waking states under the nonstressful conditions only, and increased with age.", "contents": "Diuranal rhythms in 2- and 8-week-old infants: sleep-waking state organization as a function of age and stress. Time of day differences in sleep-waking state organization were studied in 2- and 8-week-old infants by means of videotape recordings. Observations were made prior to and following adaptation to standard laboratory conditions previously found to be stressful. Diurnal rhythms occurred for a number of component sleep-waking states under the nonstressful conditions only, and increased with age."}
{"id": "PMID:945909", "title": "The functional role of intravascular coagulation renal disease.", "content": "There is evidence of intravascular coagulation in accelerated hypertension and pre-eclamptic toxaemia, in all types of nephritis and in the haemolyticuraemia syndrome. The kidneys have a two-fold defence mechanism, namely mesangial cell phagocytosis and endothelial cell fibrinolytic activity. Intravascular coagulation occurs in all those types of shock that result in acute renal failure: more often than not the primary cause is endotoxinaemia.", "contents": "The functional role of intravascular coagulation renal disease. There is evidence of intravascular coagulation in accelerated hypertension and pre-eclamptic toxaemia, in all types of nephritis and in the haemolyticuraemia syndrome. The kidneys have a two-fold defence mechanism, namely mesangial cell phagocytosis and endothelial cell fibrinolytic activity. Intravascular coagulation occurs in all those types of shock that result in acute renal failure: more often than not the primary cause is endotoxinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:945910", "title": "Gastrointestinal phenomena in childhood typhoid fever.", "content": "Ninety-four children with typhoid fever presented with the primary complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. Fifty-two percent had hepatomegaly and derangements of SGOT and LDH. None developed hepatic decompensation and all had rapid clinical recovery. The abnormal liver function test served no prognostic purpose.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal phenomena in childhood typhoid fever. Ninety-four children with typhoid fever presented with the primary complaints of fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. Fifty-two percent had hepatomegaly and derangements of SGOT and LDH. None developed hepatic decompensation and all had rapid clinical recovery. The abnormal liver function test served no prognostic purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:945911", "title": "The influence of taking uterine biopsies on the concentration of some steroids in the blood and in the uterus, on the ovarian activity, and on the sexual behaviour of the mare.", "content": "It has been shown that stimulation of the uterus of mares by the daily taking of biopsies can result in the occurrence of oestrous symptoms. This is accompanied by some follicular growth and a progesterone content in the blood often higher than 1 ng/ml. The following observations suggest that this progesterone originates in the uterus and not in the ovaries: (1) no active corpora lutea appeared to be present in the ovaries after ovariectomy, (2) ovariectomized mares showed the same oestrous symptoms in similar experiments and even mating took place, (3) in the uterine biopsies the concentration of the compound referred to as \"5.4\", which is assumed to be easily convertible into progesterone, had already increased considerably in the second biopsy, (4) administration of stilboestrol reduced the rise of the progesterone level in the uterine biopsies as well as in the blood. The absence of oestradiol-17 beta in the ovarian follicles and the fact that ovariectomized mares also come into heat suggest that oestrogens cannot be held responsible for the oestrous symptoms in these mares. Our experiments demonstrate that the uterus can be involved in sexual behaviour and the formation of steroids.", "contents": "The influence of taking uterine biopsies on the concentration of some steroids in the blood and in the uterus, on the ovarian activity, and on the sexual behaviour of the mare. It has been shown that stimulation of the uterus of mares by the daily taking of biopsies can result in the occurrence of oestrous symptoms. This is accompanied by some follicular growth and a progesterone content in the blood often higher than 1 ng/ml. The following observations suggest that this progesterone originates in the uterus and not in the ovaries: (1) no active corpora lutea appeared to be present in the ovaries after ovariectomy, (2) ovariectomized mares showed the same oestrous symptoms in similar experiments and even mating took place, (3) in the uterine biopsies the concentration of the compound referred to as \"5.4\", which is assumed to be easily convertible into progesterone, had already increased considerably in the second biopsy, (4) administration of stilboestrol reduced the rise of the progesterone level in the uterine biopsies as well as in the blood. The absence of oestradiol-17 beta in the ovarian follicles and the fact that ovariectomized mares also come into heat suggest that oestrogens cannot be held responsible for the oestrous symptoms in these mares. Our experiments demonstrate that the uterus can be involved in sexual behaviour and the formation of steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:945912", "title": "Ultrastructure of a colonial radiolarian collozoum inerme and a cytochemical determination of the role of its zooxanthellae.", "content": "Collozoum inerme (M\u00fcller) is a colonial Radiolarian containing numerous cells bound in a common gelatinous matrix. The cells do not posses a skeleton as observed in many unicellular Radiolaria, but the cytoplasmic organization is similar. The cells are multinucleate and a complex system of cellular processes containing mitochondria, Golgi, and numerous vacuoles radiate out from the nuclear region. The endoplasm is connected to the ectoplasm across a double membrane boundary by thin cytoplasmic strands called fusules whose structure resemble those in unicellular Radiolaria. The ectoplasm contains a lacy network of vacuoles containing an osmiophilic substance. Rhizopodia emerge from the ectoplasmic sheath. Some are thin and densely granular. Larger diameter rhizopodia, containing less dense cytoplasm, sequester the zooxanthellae which present a typical dinoflagellate fine structure. Some of the zooxanthellae are apparently cultivated since they are sometimes observed dividing and persist in large numbers when colonies are cultivated under illumination for several weeks in the laboratory. However, colonies maintained in the dark have a decline in number of zooxanthellae and light microscopic examination shows they are being drawn into the ectoplasm of the radiolarian cells. Electron microscopic examination of zooxanthellae drawn into the ectoplasm sheath indicates they are digested. C. inerme is a remarkable example of a simple cellular aggregate that has exploited its colonial habit to culture algae and use them as food thus possibly enhancing the viability of the colony.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a colonial radiolarian collozoum inerme and a cytochemical determination of the role of its zooxanthellae. Collozoum inerme (M\u00fcller) is a colonial Radiolarian containing numerous cells bound in a common gelatinous matrix. The cells do not posses a skeleton as observed in many unicellular Radiolaria, but the cytoplasmic organization is similar. The cells are multinucleate and a complex system of cellular processes containing mitochondria, Golgi, and numerous vacuoles radiate out from the nuclear region. The endoplasm is connected to the ectoplasm across a double membrane boundary by thin cytoplasmic strands called fusules whose structure resemble those in unicellular Radiolaria. The ectoplasm contains a lacy network of vacuoles containing an osmiophilic substance. Rhizopodia emerge from the ectoplasmic sheath. Some are thin and densely granular. Larger diameter rhizopodia, containing less dense cytoplasm, sequester the zooxanthellae which present a typical dinoflagellate fine structure. Some of the zooxanthellae are apparently cultivated since they are sometimes observed dividing and persist in large numbers when colonies are cultivated under illumination for several weeks in the laboratory. However, colonies maintained in the dark have a decline in number of zooxanthellae and light microscopic examination shows they are being drawn into the ectoplasm of the radiolarian cells. Electron microscopic examination of zooxanthellae drawn into the ectoplasm sheath indicates they are digested. C. inerme is a remarkable example of a simple cellular aggregate that has exploited its colonial habit to culture algae and use them as food thus possibly enhancing the viability of the colony."}
{"id": "PMID:945913", "title": "Changes in glycerol solubility and amino acid incorporation of a protein possessing the characteristics of tubulin during first cleavage in the sea urchin embryo.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitation of the pool size of a tubulin like protein during synchronized cell division in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. The method involves the use of a thin SDS slab polyacrylamide gel system in which tubulin can be quantitated in the submicrogram range. Employing a microtubule stabilization buffer, the intact tubule fraction was removed and the soluble tubulin pool was quantitated with this gel system. Amino acid incorporation into this protein was also quantitated. The resulting specific activity values and values for the amount of tubulin-like protein present in the pool fraction suggested that the tubulin pool decreases at fertilization and then remains constant through the first cell cycle. Tubulin synthesis, however, steadily increased after fertilization and then decreased dramatically just prior to mitotic apparatus formation. No change in tubulin pool size was observed at the time of peak mitotic appartus formation. These results are discussed in terms of the regulation of microtubule function.", "contents": "Changes in glycerol solubility and amino acid incorporation of a protein possessing the characteristics of tubulin during first cleavage in the sea urchin embryo. A method is described for the quantitation of the pool size of a tubulin like protein during synchronized cell division in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. The method involves the use of a thin SDS slab polyacrylamide gel system in which tubulin can be quantitated in the submicrogram range. Employing a microtubule stabilization buffer, the intact tubule fraction was removed and the soluble tubulin pool was quantitated with this gel system. Amino acid incorporation into this protein was also quantitated. The resulting specific activity values and values for the amount of tubulin-like protein present in the pool fraction suggested that the tubulin pool decreases at fertilization and then remains constant through the first cell cycle. Tubulin synthesis, however, steadily increased after fertilization and then decreased dramatically just prior to mitotic apparatus formation. No change in tubulin pool size was observed at the time of peak mitotic appartus formation. These results are discussed in terms of the regulation of microtubule function."}
{"id": "PMID:945915", "title": "The molting hormones from the embryonated EGG of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (l.).", "content": "26-Hydroxyecdysone is the predominant molting hormone in 24- to 44-hour-old embryonated tobacco hornworm eggs, accounting for approximately 80% of the ecdysones present at this stage of development. This molting hormone was previously shown to be the major ecdysone present in 48- to 64-hour-old embryonated eggs of this insect. During both of these periods of embryonic development in the hornworm 20-hydroxyecdysone is a minor component, in contrast to its presence as the major ecdysone in the hornworm during certain stages of post-embryonic development.", "contents": "The molting hormones from the embryonated EGG of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (l.). 26-Hydroxyecdysone is the predominant molting hormone in 24- to 44-hour-old embryonated tobacco hornworm eggs, accounting for approximately 80% of the ecdysones present at this stage of development. This molting hormone was previously shown to be the major ecdysone present in 48- to 64-hour-old embryonated eggs of this insect. During both of these periods of embryonic development in the hornworm 20-hydroxyecdysone is a minor component, in contrast to its presence as the major ecdysone in the hornworm during certain stages of post-embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:945917", "title": "Some aspects of immunodiagnosis in amebiasis.", "content": "Antigen from axenically and with crithidia monoxenically grown amebae are compared in complement fixation test and indirect hemagglutination test. While similar reactivity was observed in indirect hemagglutination monoxenic antigen yielded extremely higher titers in complement fixation tests. Transient latex agglutinations of severely ill malaria tropica patients proved to be spontaneous in nature. It is recommended that extra latex is added to the test kits to provide for a check of positive sera for spontaneous agglutination. Glutaraldehyde treated and sensitized sheep red cells were stored under different conditions and their reactivity assessed over various periods of time. No loss of reactivity was found to occur under either condition after the respective times of observation, the longest of which lasted 12 months.", "contents": "Some aspects of immunodiagnosis in amebiasis. Antigen from axenically and with crithidia monoxenically grown amebae are compared in complement fixation test and indirect hemagglutination test. While similar reactivity was observed in indirect hemagglutination monoxenic antigen yielded extremely higher titers in complement fixation tests. Transient latex agglutinations of severely ill malaria tropica patients proved to be spontaneous in nature. It is recommended that extra latex is added to the test kits to provide for a check of positive sera for spontaneous agglutination. Glutaraldehyde treated and sensitized sheep red cells were stored under different conditions and their reactivity assessed over various periods of time. No loss of reactivity was found to occur under either condition after the respective times of observation, the longest of which lasted 12 months."}
{"id": "PMID:945918", "title": "A comparison of the acquired resistance to Dipetalonema viteae stimulated in hamsters by trickle versus tertiary infections.", "content": "Two groups of hamsters were hyperinfected with Dipetalonema viteae. Each of the 15 hamsters in the first group received a total of 900 larvae given in three equal doses on days 0, 150 and 250 from the start of the experiment (tertiary-infection group). Each of the 20 hamsters in the second group received a total of 900 larvae given in 18 equal doses (50 larvae per dose) at 14 day intervals. Thus the final dose was given on day 238 from the start of the experiment (trickle-infection group). About half of the hamsters in each group were killed 100 days after the last sensitizing infection and their adult worm burdens and subcutaneous nodules were counted. The tertiary-infection group had a higher average number of adult worms per hamster, but fewer subcutaneous nodules than the trickle infection group. However, when the number of adult worms and subcutaneous nodules were added together, the sums from both groups were similar. The remaining hamsters of the above two groups, along with a group of nine previously uninfected hamsters, were given a challenge infection of 500 larvae per animal. Necropsy data taken 70-80 days after the challenge infection indicated inhibition and/or destruction of developing larval stages in the trickle + challenge-infection group, but no such acquired resistance phenomenon in the tertiary + challenge-infection or challenge-infection groups. While the mechanism remains unknown, it is clear that prior exposure to repeated small infections over an extended period stimulated a protective response to D. viteae in hamsters. This response was not seen in animals given three large infections over a similar time period.", "contents": "A comparison of the acquired resistance to Dipetalonema viteae stimulated in hamsters by trickle versus tertiary infections. Two groups of hamsters were hyperinfected with Dipetalonema viteae. Each of the 15 hamsters in the first group received a total of 900 larvae given in three equal doses on days 0, 150 and 250 from the start of the experiment (tertiary-infection group). Each of the 20 hamsters in the second group received a total of 900 larvae given in 18 equal doses (50 larvae per dose) at 14 day intervals. Thus the final dose was given on day 238 from the start of the experiment (trickle-infection group). About half of the hamsters in each group were killed 100 days after the last sensitizing infection and their adult worm burdens and subcutaneous nodules were counted. The tertiary-infection group had a higher average number of adult worms per hamster, but fewer subcutaneous nodules than the trickle infection group. However, when the number of adult worms and subcutaneous nodules were added together, the sums from both groups were similar. The remaining hamsters of the above two groups, along with a group of nine previously uninfected hamsters, were given a challenge infection of 500 larvae per animal. Necropsy data taken 70-80 days after the challenge infection indicated inhibition and/or destruction of developing larval stages in the trickle + challenge-infection group, but no such acquired resistance phenomenon in the tertiary + challenge-infection or challenge-infection groups. While the mechanism remains unknown, it is clear that prior exposure to repeated small infections over an extended period stimulated a protective response to D. viteae in hamsters. This response was not seen in animals given three large infections over a similar time period."}
{"id": "PMID:945923", "title": "[Mechanisms of oxygen transport across biological membranes].", "content": "Using metallic microelectrodes, intracellular measurements were performed of changes in O2 concentration for spherical oocytes of hens by their replacement from normal (PO2=150 torr) to hyperoxic (to 600 torr) conditions, and vice versa. The curves of O2 influx and efflux were recorded in pulse regime of the working electrode polarization. The character of these curves can be expressed by the following equations: m(t)==c==e=y1t+y0 and m (t) =e-y1t+v0+c, where v1 is determined by the coefficient of cell membrane permeability for O2. Valid differences were shown between values of v1 for oxygen influx and efflux which vanish after the action of cyanides. It is suggested that O2 transport into the cell involves a base component which may be physical diffusion, and an additional component which can be depressed by cyanides.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of oxygen transport across biological membranes]. Using metallic microelectrodes, intracellular measurements were performed of changes in O2 concentration for spherical oocytes of hens by their replacement from normal (PO2=150 torr) to hyperoxic (to 600 torr) conditions, and vice versa. The curves of O2 influx and efflux were recorded in pulse regime of the working electrode polarization. The character of these curves can be expressed by the following equations: m(t)==c==e=y1t+y0 and m (t) =e-y1t+v0+c, where v1 is determined by the coefficient of cell membrane permeability for O2. Valid differences were shown between values of v1 for oxygen influx and efflux which vanish after the action of cyanides. It is suggested that O2 transport into the cell involves a base component which may be physical diffusion, and an additional component which can be depressed by cyanides."}
{"id": "PMID:945920", "title": "[The ionic permeability of cytoplasmic membranes during early carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) embryogenesis].", "content": "Membrane potentials (MP) of the early embiogenesis in Cyprinus carpio L. were studied. It is determined that during cleavage of the egg cell MP increases from 8.3 +/- +/- 2.1 mV (non-cleaving fertilized egg cell) to 47.5 +/- 4.1 mV (stage of the microcellular morula). The influence of sodium ions on MP gradually decreases. On the contrary, the influence of potassium ions grown considerably. Potassium ions play the main part in formation of embrionic cells MP in the carp.", "contents": "[The ionic permeability of cytoplasmic membranes during early carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) embryogenesis]. Membrane potentials (MP) of the early embiogenesis in Cyprinus carpio L. were studied. It is determined that during cleavage of the egg cell MP increases from 8.3 +/- +/- 2.1 mV (non-cleaving fertilized egg cell) to 47.5 +/- 4.1 mV (stage of the microcellular morula). The influence of sodium ions on MP gradually decreases. On the contrary, the influence of potassium ions grown considerably. Potassium ions play the main part in formation of embrionic cells MP in the carp."}
{"id": "PMID:945924", "title": "[Cytophotometric studies of DNA concentration and the interrelationship of different forms of chromatinin cells of different tissues].", "content": "Using cytophotometry, biochemistry, autoradiography and electron microscopy, the evidence was provided that in addition to a non-condensed form of chromatin the liver cell nuclei contain a condensed one which disappears from the nuclei when treated with a nuclear fraction of the liver homogenate. After degradation the DNA related to the condensed chromatin, an \"unscheduled\" DNA synthesis occurs. On the other hand, measurements that involve a single hydrolysis time only, were not shown to give a comprehensive picture of the DNA content or the state of chromatin. The analysis of the results obtained from hydrolysis curves suggests that in some cases the deviation from DNA constancy in the cell nuclei may be seen.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric studies of DNA concentration and the interrelationship of different forms of chromatinin cells of different tissues]. Using cytophotometry, biochemistry, autoradiography and electron microscopy, the evidence was provided that in addition to a non-condensed form of chromatin the liver cell nuclei contain a condensed one which disappears from the nuclei when treated with a nuclear fraction of the liver homogenate. After degradation the DNA related to the condensed chromatin, an \"unscheduled\" DNA synthesis occurs. On the other hand, measurements that involve a single hydrolysis time only, were not shown to give a comprehensive picture of the DNA content or the state of chromatin. The analysis of the results obtained from hydrolysis curves suggests that in some cases the deviation from DNA constancy in the cell nuclei may be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:945927", "title": "Kaposi's sarcoma of scrotum.", "content": "A rare case is presented of Kaposi's sarcoma localized to the scrotum with history, and physical and laboratory findings. Excision of the scrotum with bilateral orchiectomy was performed, with uneventful recovery. Literature is reviewed of Kaposi's sarcoma originating in the male external genitalia.", "contents": "Kaposi's sarcoma of scrotum. A rare case is presented of Kaposi's sarcoma localized to the scrotum with history, and physical and laboratory findings. Excision of the scrotum with bilateral orchiectomy was performed, with uneventful recovery. Literature is reviewed of Kaposi's sarcoma originating in the male external genitalia."}
{"id": "PMID:945931", "title": "[Restoration and acceleration of the development of the capacity for antibody synthesis by the humoral factor of the thymus].", "content": "A fraction stimulating the antibody synthesis to sheep erythrocytes in administration during the neonatal period to mice and partially restoring the antibodygenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats was isolated from a calf thymus extract. Morpho-histochemical studies demonstrated a marked plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of neonatally thymectomized rats under the effect of the thymus extract fraction in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes; however, there occurred no normalization of morphotopographic peculiarities of the splenic tissue, including the thymus-dependent regions. Administration of the extract was also not accompanied by any weight gain of the lymphoid organs, or increase in lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood and the count of splenic cells transforming into blasts under the effect of phytohemagglutinin.", "contents": "[Restoration and acceleration of the development of the capacity for antibody synthesis by the humoral factor of the thymus]. A fraction stimulating the antibody synthesis to sheep erythrocytes in administration during the neonatal period to mice and partially restoring the antibodygenesis in neonatally thymectomized rats was isolated from a calf thymus extract. Morpho-histochemical studies demonstrated a marked plasmocytic reaction in the spleen of neonatally thymectomized rats under the effect of the thymus extract fraction in response to immunization with sheep erythrocytes; however, there occurred no normalization of morphotopographic peculiarities of the splenic tissue, including the thymus-dependent regions. Administration of the extract was also not accompanied by any weight gain of the lymphoid organs, or increase in lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood and the count of splenic cells transforming into blasts under the effect of phytohemagglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:945932", "title": "[The effect of late thymectomy and thymosin on the quantity of antibody forming cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of thymectomy carried out in guinea pigs aged 1 month on the antibody-forming cell (AFC) count (cells forming antibodies against sheep erythrocytes), and also the effect of thymosin on the AFC distribution in the spleen and the lymph nodes of thymectomized animals. It was shown that as a result of thymectomy the AFC content increased in the peripheral lymphoid organs, and, particularly, in the spleen. But under the effect of thymosin the AFC count in the spleen decreased and in the lymph nodes somewhat increased; this permitted one to suggest a normalizing influence of thymosin on the AFC count in the thymectomized animals.", "contents": "[The effect of late thymectomy and thymosin on the quantity of antibody forming cells in the spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs]. A study was made of the effect of thymectomy carried out in guinea pigs aged 1 month on the antibody-forming cell (AFC) count (cells forming antibodies against sheep erythrocytes), and also the effect of thymosin on the AFC distribution in the spleen and the lymph nodes of thymectomized animals. It was shown that as a result of thymectomy the AFC content increased in the peripheral lymphoid organs, and, particularly, in the spleen. But under the effect of thymosin the AFC count in the spleen decreased and in the lymph nodes somewhat increased; this permitted one to suggest a normalizing influence of thymosin on the AFC count in the thymectomized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:945933", "title": "[Typifying foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the pre-Baikal].", "content": "The existence of tick-borne encephalitis foci of several landscape types was revealed in the Prebaikalye. Of particular interest were foci of the forest-steppe type, in which virus strains of the Western serological type circulated along with the Eastern serological type strain of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. It was shown that infection of man was possible not only by transmissive, but also by the almientary route--through cow milk.", "contents": "[Typifying foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the pre-Baikal]. The existence of tick-borne encephalitis foci of several landscape types was revealed in the Prebaikalye. Of particular interest were foci of the forest-steppe type, in which virus strains of the Western serological type circulated along with the Eastern serological type strain of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. It was shown that infection of man was possible not only by transmissive, but also by the almientary route--through cow milk."}
{"id": "PMID:945930", "title": "[Bioelectrical activity of the cortex and several subcortical formations in experimental neurosis].", "content": "Experimental neurosis was achieved in fifteen rabbits (both fixed on a stand and unrestrained) by sudden, drastic enhancement of a pain electrocutaneous stimulation used as reinforcement, at the stage of a stable elaborated avoidance reflex. The experimental neurosis was characterized by a prolonged (one to two months) disturbance of conditioned activity, greater motor restlessness, predominance of the fear type reactions, the animals' reduced weight, higher pulse and respiratory rate. Dynamics of the respiratory rate and brain bioelectrical activity became chaotic. Simultaneously, bioelectrical activity revealed greater similarity of the processes in the cortex and subcortical structures at one and the same moment. Analysis of the electrogram frequency spectra of different brain formations, pointed to an enhancement in all frequency ranges (with the exception of gamma), with a clear predominance of the 6 to 10 c/s band which was most distinctly expressed in the amygdaloid structures.", "contents": "[Bioelectrical activity of the cortex and several subcortical formations in experimental neurosis]. Experimental neurosis was achieved in fifteen rabbits (both fixed on a stand and unrestrained) by sudden, drastic enhancement of a pain electrocutaneous stimulation used as reinforcement, at the stage of a stable elaborated avoidance reflex. The experimental neurosis was characterized by a prolonged (one to two months) disturbance of conditioned activity, greater motor restlessness, predominance of the fear type reactions, the animals' reduced weight, higher pulse and respiratory rate. Dynamics of the respiratory rate and brain bioelectrical activity became chaotic. Simultaneously, bioelectrical activity revealed greater similarity of the processes in the cortex and subcortical structures at one and the same moment. Analysis of the electrogram frequency spectra of different brain formations, pointed to an enhancement in all frequency ranges (with the exception of gamma), with a clear predominance of the 6 to 10 c/s band which was most distinctly expressed in the amygdaloid structures."}
{"id": "PMID:945937", "title": "Investigations into the relationship between phospholipids and brain acetylcholine.", "content": "The effect of a phospholipid mixture extracted from the bovine cerebral cortex and of pure phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on ACh output from the cerebral cortex was investigated in rats anaesthetized with urethane. All the phospholipids were administered after sonication. ACh was determined by bioassay. The following results were obtained: after i.p. administration of 100 mg/kg of the phospholipid mixture a marked increase in ACh output I asting approximately 30 min was observed. The i.v. administration of PS caused a dose-dependent increase in ACh. At the dose of 150 mg/kg a 3-fold increase over the spontaneous ACh output was found. PE was less active than PS and PC showed no effect on ACh output. The possibility that PS and PE might increase ACh output through a mechanism facilitating Ca penetration is discussed.", "contents": "Investigations into the relationship between phospholipids and brain acetylcholine. The effect of a phospholipid mixture extracted from the bovine cerebral cortex and of pure phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on ACh output from the cerebral cortex was investigated in rats anaesthetized with urethane. All the phospholipids were administered after sonication. ACh was determined by bioassay. The following results were obtained: after i.p. administration of 100 mg/kg of the phospholipid mixture a marked increase in ACh output I asting approximately 30 min was observed. The i.v. administration of PS caused a dose-dependent increase in ACh. At the dose of 150 mg/kg a 3-fold increase over the spontaneous ACh output was found. PE was less active than PS and PC showed no effect on ACh output. The possibility that PS and PE might increase ACh output through a mechanism facilitating Ca penetration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:945940", "title": "Fine structure of the testis and epididymis of rats treated with cyproterone acetate.", "content": "Adult male rats were administered the antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, for 4, 8 or 12 weeks, and the histology and fine structure of the testis and several parts of the epididymis were studied. After treatment for 8 or 12 weeks, the testes of treated animals displayed a great reduction in the abundance of late spermatids. Necrotic cells, many of which were identified as cap-phase spermatids, were present in the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cells contained many large lipid droplets and lysosome-like structures with a content of cellular debris, including parts of spermatids. Leydig cells of treated rats were smaller than those of control animals at all the intervals studied. Sperm were absent from the lumen of the middle segment, or caput epididymidis, of severely affected specimens. In the terminal segment, or cauda epididymidis, the microscopic appearance varied in different regions. In the proximal part of the cauda epididymidis, the lumen was usually clear of sperm. The epithelium was tall and the light cells were very large and distended with many dense bodies resembling lysosomes. In contrast, in the distal part of the cauda epididymidis, the lumen was filled with sperm and debris, which appeared to be derived from germ cells. It is suggested that the light cells of the epididymal epithelium may have a role in clearing the lumen in the proximal part of the cauda epididymidis, in which they are particularly large and numerous. The results suggest that in the presence of cyproterone acetate, germ cells develop up to a cap-phase spermatids and then begin to undergo degeneration and death. This alteration may have an important role in the antifertility effect of the drug, but changes in the epididymis may contribute also.", "contents": "Fine structure of the testis and epididymis of rats treated with cyproterone acetate. Adult male rats were administered the antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate, for 4, 8 or 12 weeks, and the histology and fine structure of the testis and several parts of the epididymis were studied. After treatment for 8 or 12 weeks, the testes of treated animals displayed a great reduction in the abundance of late spermatids. Necrotic cells, many of which were identified as cap-phase spermatids, were present in the seminiferous epithelium. Sertoli cells contained many large lipid droplets and lysosome-like structures with a content of cellular debris, including parts of spermatids. Leydig cells of treated rats were smaller than those of control animals at all the intervals studied. Sperm were absent from the lumen of the middle segment, or caput epididymidis, of severely affected specimens. In the terminal segment, or cauda epididymidis, the microscopic appearance varied in different regions. In the proximal part of the cauda epididymidis, the lumen was usually clear of sperm. The epithelium was tall and the light cells were very large and distended with many dense bodies resembling lysosomes. In contrast, in the distal part of the cauda epididymidis, the lumen was filled with sperm and debris, which appeared to be derived from germ cells. It is suggested that the light cells of the epididymal epithelium may have a role in clearing the lumen in the proximal part of the cauda epididymidis, in which they are particularly large and numerous. The results suggest that in the presence of cyproterone acetate, germ cells develop up to a cap-phase spermatids and then begin to undergo degeneration and death. This alteration may have an important role in the antifertility effect of the drug, but changes in the epididymis may contribute also."}
{"id": "PMID:945941", "title": "Observations of the microcirculatory bed in rat mesocecum using differential interference constrast microscopy in vivo and electron microscopy.", "content": "The microvascular bed of the rat mesocecum has been examined in vivo using differential interference (Nomarski) optics and subsequently by electron microscopy. The preferential channel, from terminal arteriole to collecting venule, has been examined. In the terminal arteriolar segment the endothelial layer is covered by a continuous layer of smooth muscle cells which, in turn, are surrounded by adventitia. In the metarteriolar segment the periendothelial cells still resemble smooth muscle cells but the tunica media is discontinuous. In the distal segment periendothelial cells are more scattered and have the appearance of pericytes. There appears to be a continuous transition of the periendothelial cell layer from terminal arteriole to distal segment. Nerve endings were seeen in both the terminal arteriolar and metarteriolar segments. During contraction smooth muscle cells, oriented circumferentially, shorten and thicken. Endothelial cells appear anchored by myoendothelial junctions. Endothelial cells have filaments which show increased banding during vasoconstriction, suggesting that such cells may contract. Capillary offshoots leave the preferential channel, usually at right angles. Smooth muscle cells are oriented to form a sphincter and there are many myoendothelial junctions at the branch point. Within a short distance the capillary branch loses its periendothelial coat.", "contents": "Observations of the microcirculatory bed in rat mesocecum using differential interference constrast microscopy in vivo and electron microscopy. The microvascular bed of the rat mesocecum has been examined in vivo using differential interference (Nomarski) optics and subsequently by electron microscopy. The preferential channel, from terminal arteriole to collecting venule, has been examined. In the terminal arteriolar segment the endothelial layer is covered by a continuous layer of smooth muscle cells which, in turn, are surrounded by adventitia. In the metarteriolar segment the periendothelial cells still resemble smooth muscle cells but the tunica media is discontinuous. In the distal segment periendothelial cells are more scattered and have the appearance of pericytes. There appears to be a continuous transition of the periendothelial cell layer from terminal arteriole to distal segment. Nerve endings were seeen in both the terminal arteriolar and metarteriolar segments. During contraction smooth muscle cells, oriented circumferentially, shorten and thicken. Endothelial cells appear anchored by myoendothelial junctions. Endothelial cells have filaments which show increased banding during vasoconstriction, suggesting that such cells may contract. Capillary offshoots leave the preferential channel, usually at right angles. Smooth muscle cells are oriented to form a sphincter and there are many myoendothelial junctions at the branch point. Within a short distance the capillary branch loses its periendothelial coat."}
{"id": "PMID:945942", "title": "Evaluation of a multitest microtechnique for yeast identification.", "content": "A new, multitest, microtechnique system, API 20C (Analytab Products Inc. Clinical Yeast System), was evaluated by comparing it to the U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) standard techniques for the identification of yeast. Forty-four yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens were tested by fermentation and assimilation. Six fermentation carbohydrates and ten assimilation carbohydrates were compared. API results were read after incubation of 24 and 48 hours while the standard CDC system was read after 48 hours and 14 days when needed. One hundred per cent agreement in identification was found between the two systems in the strains studied. Growth in the presence of actidione was tested by the API strip only and gave unreliable results with nine per cent of the strains tested. The API 20 Clinical Yeast System provides a reliable and rapid approach to yeast identification enabling the clinical laboratory to completely identify a yeast organism in 48 hours instead of the usual four to 14 days. A cost comparison showed the API system to be significantly more economical than the conventional method of identification.", "contents": "Evaluation of a multitest microtechnique for yeast identification. A new, multitest, microtechnique system, API 20C (Analytab Products Inc. Clinical Yeast System), was evaluated by comparing it to the U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) standard techniques for the identification of yeast. Forty-four yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens were tested by fermentation and assimilation. Six fermentation carbohydrates and ten assimilation carbohydrates were compared. API results were read after incubation of 24 and 48 hours while the standard CDC system was read after 48 hours and 14 days when needed. One hundred per cent agreement in identification was found between the two systems in the strains studied. Growth in the presence of actidione was tested by the API strip only and gave unreliable results with nine per cent of the strains tested. The API 20 Clinical Yeast System provides a reliable and rapid approach to yeast identification enabling the clinical laboratory to completely identify a yeast organism in 48 hours instead of the usual four to 14 days. A cost comparison showed the API system to be significantly more economical than the conventional method of identification."}
{"id": "PMID:945943", "title": "PSRO: current status of the professional standards review organization program.", "content": "Since Public Law 92-603 was enacted in October 1972 considerable progress has been made in the establishment of Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) for the purpose of determining the necessity, appropriateness, and quality of medical care provided beneficiaries of the major programs authorized in the Social Security Act. Sixty-five conditional PSROs are implementing review in acute care hospitals in their geographic area, and 55 planning groups are developing plans to qualify for conditional PSRO designation. The PSRO hospital review system is based on three interrelated review mechanisms. These are concurrent review, which includes admission certification, and continued stay review through discharge; medical care evaluation studies; and analysis of hospital, practitioner, and patient profiles. This article describes the review system in some detail and the potential opportunities the PSRO program offers to occupational therapists.", "contents": "PSRO: current status of the professional standards review organization program. Since Public Law 92-603 was enacted in October 1972 considerable progress has been made in the establishment of Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) for the purpose of determining the necessity, appropriateness, and quality of medical care provided beneficiaries of the major programs authorized in the Social Security Act. Sixty-five conditional PSROs are implementing review in acute care hospitals in their geographic area, and 55 planning groups are developing plans to qualify for conditional PSRO designation. The PSRO hospital review system is based on three interrelated review mechanisms. These are concurrent review, which includes admission certification, and continued stay review through discharge; medical care evaluation studies; and analysis of hospital, practitioner, and patient profiles. This article describes the review system in some detail and the potential opportunities the PSRO program offers to occupational therapists."}
{"id": "PMID:945944", "title": "Twins with academic learning problems: antecedent characteristics.", "content": "Developmental histories of 46 children experiencing academic difficulties, all of whom had participated since birth in a longitudinal study of twins, were compared with a matched control group of twins. Genetic influences on the liability for academic difficulties are suggested, since identical pairs were more likely than fraternal pairs to be concordant both for academic difficulties and for preschool behavioral characteristics specific to the index group.", "contents": "Twins with academic learning problems: antecedent characteristics. Developmental histories of 46 children experiencing academic difficulties, all of whom had participated since birth in a longitudinal study of twins, were compared with a matched control group of twins. Genetic influences on the liability for academic difficulties are suggested, since identical pairs were more likely than fraternal pairs to be concordant both for academic difficulties and for preschool behavioral characteristics specific to the index group."}
{"id": "PMID:945949", "title": "Influence of pancuronium of potassium efflux produced by succinycholine.", "content": "Serum potassium (K+) levels were measured after thiopental, succinylcholine, pancuronium, and pretreatment with pancuronium prior to succinylcholine, in 100 patients divided into 4 groups of 25 patients each. Significant increases in serum K+ were found after succinylcholine (1 mg/kg). Administration of pancuronium in small doses (20 mug/kg) prior to succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) was effective not only in complete prevention of serum K+ elevation but also produced consistent decrease in serum K+ concentration below control values. Both thiopental and pancuronium produced moderate fall in serum K+ levels. Our observations indicate that pretreatment with pancuronium may play a beneficial role in patients at risk from succinylcholine hyperkalemia.", "contents": "Influence of pancuronium of potassium efflux produced by succinycholine. Serum potassium (K+) levels were measured after thiopental, succinylcholine, pancuronium, and pretreatment with pancuronium prior to succinylcholine, in 100 patients divided into 4 groups of 25 patients each. Significant increases in serum K+ were found after succinylcholine (1 mg/kg). Administration of pancuronium in small doses (20 mug/kg) prior to succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) was effective not only in complete prevention of serum K+ elevation but also produced consistent decrease in serum K+ concentration below control values. Both thiopental and pancuronium produced moderate fall in serum K+ levels. Our observations indicate that pretreatment with pancuronium may play a beneficial role in patients at risk from succinylcholine hyperkalemia."}
{"id": "PMID:945950", "title": "Respiratory distress with left aortic arch, right descending aorta, and right ligamentum arteriosum: a case report.", "content": "A 7-year-old girl manifested the rare anomaly of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with left aortic arch, right descending aorta, and right ligamentum arteriosum. After open-heart surgery to correct the VSD, symptoms of tracheal obstruction on spontaneous breathing developed, due to tracheal compression by the right ligamentum arteriosum. The compressed segment of the trachea was found to be thin and unstable following division of the ligamentum. Positive-pressure breathing and continuous positive airway pressure breathing effectively splinted the patient's airway during the postoperative period, with recovery of the patient.", "contents": "Respiratory distress with left aortic arch, right descending aorta, and right ligamentum arteriosum: a case report. A 7-year-old girl manifested the rare anomaly of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) with left aortic arch, right descending aorta, and right ligamentum arteriosum. After open-heart surgery to correct the VSD, symptoms of tracheal obstruction on spontaneous breathing developed, due to tracheal compression by the right ligamentum arteriosum. The compressed segment of the trachea was found to be thin and unstable following division of the ligamentum. Positive-pressure breathing and continuous positive airway pressure breathing effectively splinted the patient's airway during the postoperative period, with recovery of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:945951", "title": "Influence of pancuronium or d-tubocurarine on circulatory responses during thiamylal-N2O-halothane anesthesia.", "content": "Circulatory responses after thiamylal (4 mg/kg) and pancuronium (0.08 mg/kg, 20 patients) or d-tubocurarine (dTc, 0.5 mg/kg, 20 patients) followed by tracheal intubation and nitrous oxide-halothane administration were measured. Three minutes after thiamylal, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly only in patients receiving dTc. Heart rate (HR) was increased 12 bpm in both groups. The magnitude of reduction in MAP and CI was similar and the HR was not greatly different between groups after 5 minutes of N2O-halothane administration. MAP and CI were better maintained following thiamylal in patients receiving pancuronium as compared with dTc. However, circulatory responses during early anesthetic maintenance were not influenced by the choice of neuromuscular blocker.", "contents": "Influence of pancuronium or d-tubocurarine on circulatory responses during thiamylal-N2O-halothane anesthesia. Circulatory responses after thiamylal (4 mg/kg) and pancuronium (0.08 mg/kg, 20 patients) or d-tubocurarine (dTc, 0.5 mg/kg, 20 patients) followed by tracheal intubation and nitrous oxide-halothane administration were measured. Three minutes after thiamylal, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly only in patients receiving dTc. Heart rate (HR) was increased 12 bpm in both groups. The magnitude of reduction in MAP and CI was similar and the HR was not greatly different between groups after 5 minutes of N2O-halothane administration. MAP and CI were better maintained following thiamylal in patients receiving pancuronium as compared with dTc. However, circulatory responses during early anesthetic maintenance were not influenced by the choice of neuromuscular blocker."}
{"id": "PMID:945952", "title": "Spinal anesthesia: bupivacaine versus tetracaine.", "content": "The clinical effects of equal hyperbaric doses of bupivacaine HCl and tetracaine HCl were studied and compared in 99 adult men undergoing spinal anesthesia for similar surgical procedures. The spinal anesthetic agents were used in random order in various dosages. Comparisons were made of (1) amount of anesthetic agent used, (2) elapsed time for onset of analgesia, (3) elapsed time for obtaining maximum anesthesia, (4) cephalad dermatome level of anesthesia, (5) incidence of motor blockade, and (6) duration of anesthesia. Results with the 2 drugs in equal dose, volume, and specific gravity were almost identical. However, tetracaine provided a motor block in a significantly greater number of patients than did pubivacaine (100 versus 42%, rho less than 0.001) when both drugs were used at the 9.75-mg dose level.", "contents": "Spinal anesthesia: bupivacaine versus tetracaine. The clinical effects of equal hyperbaric doses of bupivacaine HCl and tetracaine HCl were studied and compared in 99 adult men undergoing spinal anesthesia for similar surgical procedures. The spinal anesthetic agents were used in random order in various dosages. Comparisons were made of (1) amount of anesthetic agent used, (2) elapsed time for onset of analgesia, (3) elapsed time for obtaining maximum anesthesia, (4) cephalad dermatome level of anesthesia, (5) incidence of motor blockade, and (6) duration of anesthesia. Results with the 2 drugs in equal dose, volume, and specific gravity were almost identical. However, tetracaine provided a motor block in a significantly greater number of patients than did pubivacaine (100 versus 42%, rho less than 0.001) when both drugs were used at the 9.75-mg dose level."}
{"id": "PMID:945953", "title": "Neuromuscular blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on fast- and slow-contracting muscles of the cat.", "content": "The neuromuscular-blocking effects of neomycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin were examined in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. These antibiotics were more effective in reducing indirectly stimulated contractions of the gastrocnemius muscle than of the ipsilateral soleus muscle in adult cats. Respiratory-depressant effects of these antibiotics were more closely associated temporally with effects on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch. Neomycin was a more potent neuromuscular blocking agent in kittens greater than 7 weeks old than in kittens less than 6 weeks old. Calcium ions were more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on gastrocnemius than on soleus twitch; however, neostigmine was more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch. These data indicate a difference in responsiveness of fast- and slow-twitch muscles (fast greater than slow) to the neuromuscular-blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and suggest that this may be related to a difference in the predominance of pre- and postjunctional inhibitory actions of these agents in the 2 muscle types.", "contents": "Neuromuscular blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on fast- and slow-contracting muscles of the cat. The neuromuscular-blocking effects of neomycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin were examined in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. These antibiotics were more effective in reducing indirectly stimulated contractions of the gastrocnemius muscle than of the ipsilateral soleus muscle in adult cats. Respiratory-depressant effects of these antibiotics were more closely associated temporally with effects on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch. Neomycin was a more potent neuromuscular blocking agent in kittens greater than 7 weeks old than in kittens less than 6 weeks old. Calcium ions were more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on gastrocnemius than on soleus twitch; however, neostigmine was more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch. These data indicate a difference in responsiveness of fast- and slow-twitch muscles (fast greater than slow) to the neuromuscular-blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and suggest that this may be related to a difference in the predominance of pre- and postjunctional inhibitory actions of these agents in the 2 muscle types."}
{"id": "PMID:945954", "title": "\"Acupuncture anesthesia\"--a clinical study.", "content": "Forty-two patients who were to undergo plastic surgical procedures were asked whether they would accept acupuncture as a substitute for local anesthesia. Eight patients agreed to acupuncture; one of these had 2 operative procedures with acupuncture. Five of the 9 procedures were successful; the remaining 4 required conversion to local anesthesia. After interviewing the patients, we felt that the success of \"acupuncture anesthesia\" was largely dependent on patient motivation, and that a patient may experience pain during surgical procedures without any change in facial expression or vital signs. We concluded that \"acupuncture anesthesia\" is of little value in our patient population at present. Its results are unpredictable; therefore, we anticipate that patient acceptance will be small.", "contents": "\"Acupuncture anesthesia\"--a clinical study. Forty-two patients who were to undergo plastic surgical procedures were asked whether they would accept acupuncture as a substitute for local anesthesia. Eight patients agreed to acupuncture; one of these had 2 operative procedures with acupuncture. Five of the 9 procedures were successful; the remaining 4 required conversion to local anesthesia. After interviewing the patients, we felt that the success of \"acupuncture anesthesia\" was largely dependent on patient motivation, and that a patient may experience pain during surgical procedures without any change in facial expression or vital signs. We concluded that \"acupuncture anesthesia\" is of little value in our patient population at present. Its results are unpredictable; therefore, we anticipate that patient acceptance will be small."}
{"id": "PMID:945955", "title": "Perioperative awareness and recall.", "content": "This study was designed to introduce a relevant stimulus at successive time intervals during the entire anesthetic period, including the pre- and postanesthetic periods. Using galvanic skin responses, the authors were able to recognize a plane of light anesthesia and arousal, at which time it is considered that sensory input might be perceived. Presenting to the patient a stimulus of some relevance, but one not likely to be psychically traumatic, they investigated the correlation between the ability to maintain an attention span and to recall in the postoperative period. No recall was obtained during the intraoperative period, the first occurrence of recall being in the immediate postanesthetic period and the incidence of recall increasing with increasing time intervals after the end of anesthesia. The authors conclude, however, that since intraoperative awareness without recall is a possibility, care should be taken to avoid emotionally disturbing auditory stimuli throughout the anesthetic procedure.", "contents": "Perioperative awareness and recall. This study was designed to introduce a relevant stimulus at successive time intervals during the entire anesthetic period, including the pre- and postanesthetic periods. Using galvanic skin responses, the authors were able to recognize a plane of light anesthesia and arousal, at which time it is considered that sensory input might be perceived. Presenting to the patient a stimulus of some relevance, but one not likely to be psychically traumatic, they investigated the correlation between the ability to maintain an attention span and to recall in the postoperative period. No recall was obtained during the intraoperative period, the first occurrence of recall being in the immediate postanesthetic period and the incidence of recall increasing with increasing time intervals after the end of anesthesia. The authors conclude, however, that since intraoperative awareness without recall is a possibility, care should be taken to avoid emotionally disturbing auditory stimuli throughout the anesthetic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:945956", "title": "Intraoperative awakening for early recognition of possible neurologic sequelae during Harrington-rod spinal fusion.", "content": "To permit early recognition of possible cord trauma due to spinal fusion with Harrington-rod instrumentation, 42 patients were awakened introperatively for testing voluntary motor function of the limbs. N2O-O2-curare and morphine were used for anesthesia in all patients. In 5 patients, who refused IV induction, halothane was given for induction only. Only 1 patient had any complaint referrable to being awakened intraoperatively. The awakening caused no displacement of Harrington rods in any patient. No neurologic sequelae were found.", "contents": "Intraoperative awakening for early recognition of possible neurologic sequelae during Harrington-rod spinal fusion. To permit early recognition of possible cord trauma due to spinal fusion with Harrington-rod instrumentation, 42 patients were awakened introperatively for testing voluntary motor function of the limbs. N2O-O2-curare and morphine were used for anesthesia in all patients. In 5 patients, who refused IV induction, halothane was given for induction only. Only 1 patient had any complaint referrable to being awakened intraoperatively. The awakening caused no displacement of Harrington rods in any patient. No neurologic sequelae were found."}
{"id": "PMID:945958", "title": "Post-thoracotomy intercostal block: comparison of its effects on pulmonary function with those of intramuscular meperidine.", "content": "Study of 34 patients who had undergone thoracotomy revealed that the group given intercostal nerve block analgesia had a significantly smaller decline in vital capacity after operation than did the group given narcotic analgesia only. The postoperative increase in arterial CO2 tension of the nerve block group also was significantly smaller than that of the narcotic group. The study suggests that intercostal nerve block for post-thoracotomy analgesia offers some advantage in preserving effort-dependent pulmonary function when compared with postoperative narcotic analgesia.", "contents": "Post-thoracotomy intercostal block: comparison of its effects on pulmonary function with those of intramuscular meperidine. Study of 34 patients who had undergone thoracotomy revealed that the group given intercostal nerve block analgesia had a significantly smaller decline in vital capacity after operation than did the group given narcotic analgesia only. The postoperative increase in arterial CO2 tension of the nerve block group also was significantly smaller than that of the narcotic group. The study suggests that intercostal nerve block for post-thoracotomy analgesia offers some advantage in preserving effort-dependent pulmonary function when compared with postoperative narcotic analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:945959", "title": "Changes in blood chemistries following prolonged enflurane anesthesia.", "content": "Blood chemistries revealed minimal or no injury to the kidney or liver in 12 young healthy male volunteers subject to 9.6 MAC hours of enflurane anesthesia without surgical stress. The results were similar to those previously obtained with halothane, isoflurane, fluroxene, and diethy ether.", "contents": "Changes in blood chemistries following prolonged enflurane anesthesia. Blood chemistries revealed minimal or no injury to the kidney or liver in 12 young healthy male volunteers subject to 9.6 MAC hours of enflurane anesthesia without surgical stress. The results were similar to those previously obtained with halothane, isoflurane, fluroxene, and diethy ether."}
{"id": "PMID:945961", "title": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of isoproterenol before and after artificial heart implantation.", "content": "Quantitation of peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of isoproterenol (0.002 mg/kg) was attempted in a new pharmacologic animal model, the unanesthetized calf, before and after replacement of its natural heart with a pneumatically driven artificial heart (AH). Isoproterenol significantly increased (rho less then 0.01) cardiac output and pulmonary shunt and decreased aortic blood pressure before and after AH replacment. Elevation of cardiac output and pulmonary shunt was greater (rho less than 0.05) and depression of aortic pressure less (rho less than 0.05) before AH replacement than after. Isoproterenol did not change pulmonary artery (PA) or right atrial (RA) blood pressures before AH implantation but did reduce (rho less than 0.05) PA diastolic and mean pressures and increase mean RA pressures after. Systemic vascular resistance was significantly (rho less than 0.01) reduced by isoproterenol before and after AH implantation. Heart rate, 02 uptake, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were all markedly increased before AH implantation but unchanged after. These findings demonstrate that approximately half the increase in output and pulmonary shunt and all changes in 02 uptake and respiratory dynamics after administration of isoproterenol are related to cardiac effects of the drug. Our data also suggest that the unanesthetized bovine before and after AH replacement is a unique model for study of the differential pharmacology of drugs with respiratory, cardiac, and peripheral vascular effects.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of isoproterenol before and after artificial heart implantation. Quantitation of peripheral vascular versus direct cardiac effects of isoproterenol (0.002 mg/kg) was attempted in a new pharmacologic animal model, the unanesthetized calf, before and after replacement of its natural heart with a pneumatically driven artificial heart (AH). Isoproterenol significantly increased (rho less then 0.01) cardiac output and pulmonary shunt and decreased aortic blood pressure before and after AH replacment. Elevation of cardiac output and pulmonary shunt was greater (rho less than 0.05) and depression of aortic pressure less (rho less than 0.05) before AH replacement than after. Isoproterenol did not change pulmonary artery (PA) or right atrial (RA) blood pressures before AH implantation but did reduce (rho less than 0.05) PA diastolic and mean pressures and increase mean RA pressures after. Systemic vascular resistance was significantly (rho less than 0.01) reduced by isoproterenol before and after AH implantation. Heart rate, 02 uptake, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were all markedly increased before AH implantation but unchanged after. These findings demonstrate that approximately half the increase in output and pulmonary shunt and all changes in 02 uptake and respiratory dynamics after administration of isoproterenol are related to cardiac effects of the drug. Our data also suggest that the unanesthetized bovine before and after AH replacement is a unique model for study of the differential pharmacology of drugs with respiratory, cardiac, and peripheral vascular effects."}
{"id": "PMID:945960", "title": "Spinal anesthesia for lumbar disc surgery: review of 576 operations.", "content": "Neurologic complications accompanying spinal anesthesia were examined in 576 lumbar disc operations on 507 patients. The single serious complication did not seem attributable to the choice of anesthetic method. Minor neurologic complications, with the exception of spinal headache, could be explained by surgical manipulation. The authors conclude that spinal anesthesia is safe for surgical operations on the laterally herniated lumbar disc.", "contents": "Spinal anesthesia for lumbar disc surgery: review of 576 operations. Neurologic complications accompanying spinal anesthesia were examined in 576 lumbar disc operations on 507 patients. The single serious complication did not seem attributable to the choice of anesthetic method. Minor neurologic complications, with the exception of spinal headache, could be explained by surgical manipulation. The authors conclude that spinal anesthesia is safe for surgical operations on the laterally herniated lumbar disc."}
{"id": "PMID:945962", "title": "A dosage nomogram for sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension under anesthesia.", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to produce deliberate hypotension in 30 selected patients, 9 to 78 years of age, for total hip replacement under halothane-N2O-O2 anesthesia. Hypotension was induced in the first 13 patients by infusing a 0.01% (100 mug/ml) solution of nitroprusside (NP) in 5% dextrose. Blood pressure was diminished to a level just producing a dry surgical field. Preliminary data demonstrated that the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) achieving this condition was 65 torr (p less than 0.01) and that the minute dosage of NP (mug/min) required to consistently reduce MAP to 65 torr could not be predicted on the basis of body weight. However, the age/weight ratio (yr/kg) of each patient, plotted against the known minute dosage of NP given during anesthesia, produced a highly significant dose-response curve (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8226). The preliminary dose-response curve was examined in a double-blind study on an additional 17 patients. The curve derived from the prospective study did not differ from that of the preliminary study. In addition, the combined data from the retrospective and prospective studies (30 patients) gave a better statistical fit than did those from the preliminary study alone (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8939). The nomogram provides an additional margin of safety in the use of this potent, fast-acting drug. SNP has been found predictable and effective in reducing surgical blood loss in selected patients undergoing total hip replacement.", "contents": "A dosage nomogram for sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension under anesthesia. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to produce deliberate hypotension in 30 selected patients, 9 to 78 years of age, for total hip replacement under halothane-N2O-O2 anesthesia. Hypotension was induced in the first 13 patients by infusing a 0.01% (100 mug/ml) solution of nitroprusside (NP) in 5% dextrose. Blood pressure was diminished to a level just producing a dry surgical field. Preliminary data demonstrated that the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) achieving this condition was 65 torr (p less than 0.01) and that the minute dosage of NP (mug/min) required to consistently reduce MAP to 65 torr could not be predicted on the basis of body weight. However, the age/weight ratio (yr/kg) of each patient, plotted against the known minute dosage of NP given during anesthesia, produced a highly significant dose-response curve (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8226). The preliminary dose-response curve was examined in a double-blind study on an additional 17 patients. The curve derived from the prospective study did not differ from that of the preliminary study. In addition, the combined data from the retrospective and prospective studies (30 patients) gave a better statistical fit than did those from the preliminary study alone (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8939). The nomogram provides an additional margin of safety in the use of this potent, fast-acting drug. SNP has been found predictable and effective in reducing surgical blood loss in selected patients undergoing total hip replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:945973", "title": "Serum neutralizing antibody after rabies postexposure prophylaxis.", "content": "One hundred seventy-seven persons submitted specimens for serum neutralizing antibody titer detreminations 30 to 90 days after starting postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Ninety-two percent of those who received duck embryo vaccine alone developed adequate antibody titers. However, 23% of those who received equine antirabies serum plus duck embryo vaccine failed to develop an adequate antibody titer; one of these inadequate responders subsequently died of rabies. Factors that increased the risk of a poor antibody response included the receipt of steroids during the course of postexposure prophylaxis, and the use of more than 55 lu/kg of equine antirabies serum. Many persons receiving postexposure rabies prophylaxis fail to develop adequate humoral immunity and may have an increased risk of developing rabies. We suggest that persons receiving postexposure rabies prophylaxis should have serum neutralizing antibody determinations 30 to 40 days after starting treatment.", "contents": "Serum neutralizing antibody after rabies postexposure prophylaxis. One hundred seventy-seven persons submitted specimens for serum neutralizing antibody titer detreminations 30 to 90 days after starting postexposure rabies prophylaxis. Ninety-two percent of those who received duck embryo vaccine alone developed adequate antibody titers. However, 23% of those who received equine antirabies serum plus duck embryo vaccine failed to develop an adequate antibody titer; one of these inadequate responders subsequently died of rabies. Factors that increased the risk of a poor antibody response included the receipt of steroids during the course of postexposure prophylaxis, and the use of more than 55 lu/kg of equine antirabies serum. Many persons receiving postexposure rabies prophylaxis fail to develop adequate humoral immunity and may have an increased risk of developing rabies. We suggest that persons receiving postexposure rabies prophylaxis should have serum neutralizing antibody determinations 30 to 40 days after starting treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:945975", "title": "Effect of norleucine on mycelial fragmentation in Cephalosporium acremonium.", "content": "DL-Norleucine, which is known to replace methionine for stimulation of cephalosporin C formation, also mimics methionine's effect on arthrospore formation. Thus, hyphal fragmentation, like antibiotic biosynthesis, is divorced from a sulfur donation role.", "contents": "Effect of norleucine on mycelial fragmentation in Cephalosporium acremonium. DL-Norleucine, which is known to replace methionine for stimulation of cephalosporin C formation, also mimics methionine's effect on arthrospore formation. Thus, hyphal fragmentation, like antibiotic biosynthesis, is divorced from a sulfur donation role."}
{"id": "PMID:945971", "title": "Treating acute heroin and methadone toxicity.", "content": "Acute heroin and methadone overdose reactions are seen with increasing frequency in E.R.s servicing middle-class white suburbia. The authors give step-by-step procedures for the management of this life-threatening medical emergency.", "contents": "Treating acute heroin and methadone toxicity. Acute heroin and methadone overdose reactions are seen with increasing frequency in E.R.s servicing middle-class white suburbia. The authors give step-by-step procedures for the management of this life-threatening medical emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:945977", "title": "[Scanning electron-microscopic findings in orthoergically damaged skin surfaces of hairless mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanic-chemically defined irritation of the skin surface of hairless mice regularly leads to macroscopically sub-visible changes of the horny layer. Scanning electron-microscopic analysis reveals extended regular horny layer dehiscences, as well as deeper dehiscence or trench formations in the area of irritation, as compared to normal skin. The damaged horny layer sample, presented respectively, depends-to a degree-upon type, intensity and duration of irritation. Hairless mice proved to be best suited at test animals for informative studies concerning cutaneous resistance to stress.", "contents": "[Scanning electron-microscopic findings in orthoergically damaged skin surfaces of hairless mice (author's transl)]. Mechanic-chemically defined irritation of the skin surface of hairless mice regularly leads to macroscopically sub-visible changes of the horny layer. Scanning electron-microscopic analysis reveals extended regular horny layer dehiscences, as well as deeper dehiscence or trench formations in the area of irritation, as compared to normal skin. The damaged horny layer sample, presented respectively, depends-to a degree-upon type, intensity and duration of irritation. Hairless mice proved to be best suited at test animals for informative studies concerning cutaneous resistance to stress."}
{"id": "PMID:945976", "title": "Fatty change in the brain in perinatal and unexpected death.", "content": "The presence of fat-laden cells in the cerebrospinal fluid is usually associated with a fatty change found particularly in the area of the tapetum in the postnatal infant. In a series of 307 child deaths the presence of fatty change in this area of the brain was age-related, decreased with age, and was rarely present over the age of 4 years. It was particularly common in stillborns and in children dying with respiratory distress, but was rare in children dying from acute surgical conditions or from acute infections. It was found in one-half of a series of 41 infants found unexpectedly dead and in whom no adequate cause of death was found. The most likely cause of this fatty change is thought to be chronic hypoxia.", "contents": "Fatty change in the brain in perinatal and unexpected death. The presence of fat-laden cells in the cerebrospinal fluid is usually associated with a fatty change found particularly in the area of the tapetum in the postnatal infant. In a series of 307 child deaths the presence of fatty change in this area of the brain was age-related, decreased with age, and was rarely present over the age of 4 years. It was particularly common in stillborns and in children dying with respiratory distress, but was rare in children dying from acute surgical conditions or from acute infections. It was found in one-half of a series of 41 infants found unexpectedly dead and in whom no adequate cause of death was found. The most likely cause of this fatty change is thought to be chronic hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:945978", "title": "The impact of national health insurance on the tasks and practice of psychiatry.", "content": "Psychiatry, like all professions, is strongly affected by changes in societal expectations and economic forces. Changes in professional priorities and patterns of patient care will undoubtedly be brought about by national health insurance. Two major types of national health insurance have been proposed: comprehensive health insurance and catastrophic insurance. We do not anticipate major impact on psychiatric tasks from some form of catastrophic insurance. Comprehensive health insurance would shape and change psychiatric practice. An examination of psychiatric tasks provides a framework for anticipating alterations in practice. We identify four major task areas in psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) reparative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. These tasks would be differentially influenced. Psychiatry's medical tasks will be stressed, while funding for many reparative tasks may be limited. The care of the severely ill patient may be fragmented because of problems in integrating medical and rehabilitative services.", "contents": "The impact of national health insurance on the tasks and practice of psychiatry. Psychiatry, like all professions, is strongly affected by changes in societal expectations and economic forces. Changes in professional priorities and patterns of patient care will undoubtedly be brought about by national health insurance. Two major types of national health insurance have been proposed: comprehensive health insurance and catastrophic insurance. We do not anticipate major impact on psychiatric tasks from some form of catastrophic insurance. Comprehensive health insurance would shape and change psychiatric practice. An examination of psychiatric tasks provides a framework for anticipating alterations in practice. We identify four major task areas in psychiatry: (1) medical tasks, (2) reparative tasks, (3) social control tasks, and (4) humanistic tasks. These tasks would be differentially influenced. Psychiatry's medical tasks will be stressed, while funding for many reparative tasks may be limited. The care of the severely ill patient may be fragmented because of problems in integrating medical and rehabilitative services."}
{"id": "PMID:945972", "title": "[Primary cardiac tumors in childhood: Three case reports in early infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of primary cardiac tumors in early infancy are reported: 1) An intrapericardial teratoma which manifested as neonatal respiratory distress, cardiac enlargement and normal electrocardiogram. Diagnosis was not made during life. 2) A fibroma was diagnosed because of the presence of a greatly enlarged heart associated to ventricular tachycardia. Angiocardiography showed the tumor localized in left ventricle. Extirpation was attempted but resulted impossible. 3) A rhabdomyoma simulating severe pulmonic stenosis. Multiple tumors were detected by angiocardiography; only some of which could be extirpated. Histopathological examination was carried out on all the patients and a complete post-mortem examination on two of them. An extensive revision of the three types of tumors is described.", "contents": "[Primary cardiac tumors in childhood: Three case reports in early infancy (author's transl)]. Three cases of primary cardiac tumors in early infancy are reported: 1) An intrapericardial teratoma which manifested as neonatal respiratory distress, cardiac enlargement and normal electrocardiogram. Diagnosis was not made during life. 2) A fibroma was diagnosed because of the presence of a greatly enlarged heart associated to ventricular tachycardia. Angiocardiography showed the tumor localized in left ventricle. Extirpation was attempted but resulted impossible. 3) A rhabdomyoma simulating severe pulmonic stenosis. Multiple tumors were detected by angiocardiography; only some of which could be extirpated. Histopathological examination was carried out on all the patients and a complete post-mortem examination on two of them. An extensive revision of the three types of tumors is described."}
{"id": "PMID:945979", "title": "Herniation of the singular nerve into the round window niche.", "content": "We report two cases of herniation of the singular nerve into the round window niche and one case of bony dehiscence without herniation between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla. It is believed that the middle ear and the inner ear are completely separate. However, in the temporal bone of a 10- to 15-week-old human fetus, a communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla is observed. Later, the mesenchymal tissue in the communication is replaced by cartilage from near the posterior canal ampulla. If the communication does not fill with cartilage, ossification is not able to begin behind the posterior canal crista. When there is bony dehiscence behind the crista, the singular nerve fibers are easily pressed out by ossified endosteal bone and herniated into the round window niche.", "contents": "Herniation of the singular nerve into the round window niche. We report two cases of herniation of the singular nerve into the round window niche and one case of bony dehiscence without herniation between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla. It is believed that the middle ear and the inner ear are completely separate. However, in the temporal bone of a 10- to 15-week-old human fetus, a communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla is observed. Later, the mesenchymal tissue in the communication is replaced by cartilage from near the posterior canal ampulla. If the communication does not fill with cartilage, ossification is not able to begin behind the posterior canal crista. When there is bony dehiscence behind the crista, the singular nerve fibers are easily pressed out by ossified endosteal bone and herniated into the round window niche."}
{"id": "PMID:945980", "title": "Sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Report of a case.", "content": "Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) occurred in a hamster handler, produced a \"flu\"-like illness, and caused unilateral sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage. Unilateral sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage caused by LCM virus have not been previously described in the literature.", "contents": "Sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Report of a case. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) occurred in a hamster handler, produced a \"flu\"-like illness, and caused unilateral sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage. Unilateral sensorineural deafness and labyrinth damage caused by LCM virus have not been previously described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:945982", "title": "Systematic examination of the red eye.", "content": "The major causes of 'Red Eye' are discussed and the importance of accuracy of diagnosis to recognise and treat potentially sight affecting conditions stressed. Referral when necessary is important, and the article ends with a working list of reasons for referral.", "contents": "Systematic examination of the red eye. The major causes of 'Red Eye' are discussed and the importance of accuracy of diagnosis to recognise and treat potentially sight affecting conditions stressed. Referral when necessary is important, and the article ends with a working list of reasons for referral."}
{"id": "PMID:945983", "title": "Respiration-dependent efflux of magnesium ions from heart mitochondria.", "content": "Energy-linked respiration causes a net movement of Mg2+ between rat heart mitochondria and the ambient medium. When the extramitochondrial concontration of Mg2+ is less that about 2.5 mM the net movement of Mg2+ constitutes an efflux, whereas a net influx of Mg2+ occurs when the external concentration of Mg2+ is greater than this. Both the efflux and the influx are induced to only a very small degree by externally added ATP. Evidence suggests that Pi may be required for the respiration-induced efflux of Mg2+.", "contents": "Respiration-dependent efflux of magnesium ions from heart mitochondria. Energy-linked respiration causes a net movement of Mg2+ between rat heart mitochondria and the ambient medium. When the extramitochondrial concontration of Mg2+ is less that about 2.5 mM the net movement of Mg2+ constitutes an efflux, whereas a net influx of Mg2+ occurs when the external concentration of Mg2+ is greater than this. Both the efflux and the influx are induced to only a very small degree by externally added ATP. Evidence suggests that Pi may be required for the respiration-induced efflux of Mg2+."}
{"id": "PMID:945981", "title": "General practitioner prescribing at first attendance for diseases.", "content": "Prescriptions written during first attendances of patients in the second quarter of the Australian GP Morbidity and Prescribing Survey (April-June, 1973), have been recorded and the results analysed. In the quarter, April-June, 1973, 186 general practitioners recorded data on all patients in a random week. The total number of attendances was 30,713.", "contents": "General practitioner prescribing at first attendance for diseases. Prescriptions written during first attendances of patients in the second quarter of the Australian GP Morbidity and Prescribing Survey (April-June, 1973), have been recorded and the results analysed. In the quarter, April-June, 1973, 186 general practitioners recorded data on all patients in a random week. The total number of attendances was 30,713."}
{"id": "PMID:945990", "title": "Mycotic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case with two mycotic aneurysms in the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, presumably secondary to a transient bacteremia from pneumonia. The strikingly rapid development of the aneurysms was demonstrated by angiography. Painful total ophthalmoplegia and extophthalmos were the main clinical features.", "contents": "Mycotic aneurysms of the internal carotid artery. Case report. The authors report a case with two mycotic aneurysms in the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, presumably secondary to a transient bacteremia from pneumonia. The strikingly rapid development of the aneurysms was demonstrated by angiography. Painful total ophthalmoplegia and extophthalmos were the main clinical features."}
{"id": "PMID:945988", "title": "Plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits fed low fat, low cholesterol diets: effects of dietary proteins, carbohydrates and fibre from different sources.", "content": "Rabbits become hypercholesterolemic when transferred from commercial feed to a low fat, cholesterol-free semisynthetic diet. The role of different dietary components in mediating this effect was investigated by varying the composition of the semisynthetic diet and of the commerical feed. Addition of alfalfa to the semisynthetic diet prevented the normal hypercholesterolemic response, but other plant products, including several with high fibre content, were ineffective. Increasing the content of powdered cellulose appeared to enhance the response. A commercially formulated diet in which the alfalfa and soybean meal components were replaced by ground corn and oats did not produce a significant elevation of plasma cholesterol. Substitution of different sugars or starches for the dextrose in the semisynthetic diet gave variable results, but of those tested, only potato starch prevented the hypercholesterolemia. The type of protein used in the semisynthetic diet had a marked influence on the level of plasma cholesterol. Semisynthetic diets containing proteins from animal sources gave higher plasma cholesterol levels than those containing proteins from plant sources. Very low levels were obtained with a low choline semisynthetic diet containing soy protein isolate, and supplementation with choline and methionine only raised the level to that normally obtained with commercial feed. Replacement of the salt mixture in the semisynthetic diet by one specially recommended for rabbits made no significant difference to the hypercholesterolemic response. Prevention of coprophagy did not significantly affect plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits on either commerical or semisynthetic diets. Growth performance was generally better on commercial feed than on semisynthetic diets but there was no direct correlation between weight gain and level of plasma cholesterol in rabbits on the different semisynthetic diets.", "contents": "Plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits fed low fat, low cholesterol diets: effects of dietary proteins, carbohydrates and fibre from different sources. Rabbits become hypercholesterolemic when transferred from commercial feed to a low fat, cholesterol-free semisynthetic diet. The role of different dietary components in mediating this effect was investigated by varying the composition of the semisynthetic diet and of the commerical feed. Addition of alfalfa to the semisynthetic diet prevented the normal hypercholesterolemic response, but other plant products, including several with high fibre content, were ineffective. Increasing the content of powdered cellulose appeared to enhance the response. A commercially formulated diet in which the alfalfa and soybean meal components were replaced by ground corn and oats did not produce a significant elevation of plasma cholesterol. Substitution of different sugars or starches for the dextrose in the semisynthetic diet gave variable results, but of those tested, only potato starch prevented the hypercholesterolemia. The type of protein used in the semisynthetic diet had a marked influence on the level of plasma cholesterol. Semisynthetic diets containing proteins from animal sources gave higher plasma cholesterol levels than those containing proteins from plant sources. Very low levels were obtained with a low choline semisynthetic diet containing soy protein isolate, and supplementation with choline and methionine only raised the level to that normally obtained with commercial feed. Replacement of the salt mixture in the semisynthetic diet by one specially recommended for rabbits made no significant difference to the hypercholesterolemic response. Prevention of coprophagy did not significantly affect plasma cholesterol levels in rabbits on either commerical or semisynthetic diets. Growth performance was generally better on commercial feed than on semisynthetic diets but there was no direct correlation between weight gain and level of plasma cholesterol in rabbits on the different semisynthetic diets."}
{"id": "PMID:945989", "title": "Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone differences between arteriosclerotic breeder vs nonarteriosclerotic virgin rats.", "content": "The circulating levels of the major adrenal steroids, corticosterone (Cmpd. B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and aldosterone were compared in male and female, arteriosclerotic, breeder and non-arteriosclerotic virgin, Sprague--Dawley rats under resting conditions, i.e., quiescence, and after exposure to a mild stress, i.e., movement from one room to another just prior to autopsy. Under resting conditions, the arteriosclerotic animals had significantly greater circulating levels of Cmpd. B, DOC and aldosterone than the non-arteriosclerotic animals. Both the arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic animals were able to respond adequately to the mild stress stimulus. However, the female breeder rats which manifest the most severe aortic sclerosis, showed the greatest increase in Cmpd. B and aldosterone in response to the mild stress. Although no statistically significant differences could be found between female breeders with grossly visible aortic sclerosis of clear, minimal, moderate, or severe degree, it was apparent that adrenal steroid responsiveness becomes progressively compromised with increasing severity of arteriosclerosis, e.g., unusually high or low levels of Cmpd. B and aldosterone under both quiescent and mild stress conditions. It is suggested that there may be some connection between abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal function in repeatedly-bred and the pathogenesis of their naturally-occurring ateriosclerosis.", "contents": "Aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone differences between arteriosclerotic breeder vs nonarteriosclerotic virgin rats. The circulating levels of the major adrenal steroids, corticosterone (Cmpd. B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and aldosterone were compared in male and female, arteriosclerotic, breeder and non-arteriosclerotic virgin, Sprague--Dawley rats under resting conditions, i.e., quiescence, and after exposure to a mild stress, i.e., movement from one room to another just prior to autopsy. Under resting conditions, the arteriosclerotic animals had significantly greater circulating levels of Cmpd. B, DOC and aldosterone than the non-arteriosclerotic animals. Both the arteriosclerotic and non-arteriosclerotic animals were able to respond adequately to the mild stress stimulus. However, the female breeder rats which manifest the most severe aortic sclerosis, showed the greatest increase in Cmpd. B and aldosterone in response to the mild stress. Although no statistically significant differences could be found between female breeders with grossly visible aortic sclerosis of clear, minimal, moderate, or severe degree, it was apparent that adrenal steroid responsiveness becomes progressively compromised with increasing severity of arteriosclerosis, e.g., unusually high or low levels of Cmpd. B and aldosterone under both quiescent and mild stress conditions. It is suggested that there may be some connection between abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-gonadal function in repeatedly-bred and the pathogenesis of their naturally-occurring ateriosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:945997", "title": "Booster vaccination with further live attenuated measles vaccine.", "content": "Revaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine was evaluated in a large group of children to determine (1) if protective antibody to measles infection could be augmented and (2) after what interval will the revaccination yield optimal results. The rate of decline in measles hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody was observed to be directly related to the time interval since the previous vaccination, and individuals with declining titers became increasingly responsive to revaccination with a maximal response approximately four to six years after previous vaccination. Six-month follow-up studies demonstrated sustained elevations in measles HI antibody titers. Measles-neutralizing antibody showed less tendency to sustain a titer increase with revaccination. The observations suggest that revaccination with live, further attenuated measles vaccine is safe and may augment immunity.", "contents": "Booster vaccination with further live attenuated measles vaccine. Revaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine was evaluated in a large group of children to determine (1) if protective antibody to measles infection could be augmented and (2) after what interval will the revaccination yield optimal results. The rate of decline in measles hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody was observed to be directly related to the time interval since the previous vaccination, and individuals with declining titers became increasingly responsive to revaccination with a maximal response approximately four to six years after previous vaccination. Six-month follow-up studies demonstrated sustained elevations in measles HI antibody titers. Measles-neutralizing antibody showed less tendency to sustain a titer increase with revaccination. The observations suggest that revaccination with live, further attenuated measles vaccine is safe and may augment immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:945998", "title": "Botulism in Alaska, 1947 through 1974. Early detection of cases and investigation of outbreaks as a means of reducing mortality.", "content": "Since 1947, there have been 21 outbreaks of botulism in Alaska, involving 46 people with 13 deaths (28% fatality). In the last six months of 1974, there were four outbreaks. With one exception to date, type E toxin was involved in all outbreaks for which laboratory confirmation has been obtained, and in all instances, Eskimo and Indian foods were the source. Clinical signs and symptoms of nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, diplopia, dilated pupils, and dry throat occurred with great frequency, forming a diagnostic pentad. We recommend that treatment include close medical supervision, supportive care, and the use of antitoxin, cathartics, and possibly, penicillin. The source of an outbreak must be determined to prevent further cases. Only prompt recognition, therapy and epidemiologic investigation can reduce the death toll from botulism.", "contents": "Botulism in Alaska, 1947 through 1974. Early detection of cases and investigation of outbreaks as a means of reducing mortality. Since 1947, there have been 21 outbreaks of botulism in Alaska, involving 46 people with 13 deaths (28% fatality). In the last six months of 1974, there were four outbreaks. With one exception to date, type E toxin was involved in all outbreaks for which laboratory confirmation has been obtained, and in all instances, Eskimo and Indian foods were the source. Clinical signs and symptoms of nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, diplopia, dilated pupils, and dry throat occurred with great frequency, forming a diagnostic pentad. We recommend that treatment include close medical supervision, supportive care, and the use of antitoxin, cathartics, and possibly, penicillin. The source of an outbreak must be determined to prevent further cases. Only prompt recognition, therapy and epidemiologic investigation can reduce the death toll from botulism."}
{"id": "PMID:945999", "title": "Arrhythmias during acute pericarditis. A prospective study of 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients were examined to ascertain the incidence of clinically significant arrhythmias during acute pericarditis. Only seven arrhythmias, all atrial, occurred, and these only in patients with heart disease. It appears that the vulnerability of the sinus node to being engulfed by subepicardial extension of the inflammatory process is insufficient by itself to provoke arrhythmias in the absence of disease of the myocardium, valves, or coronary arteries.", "contents": "Arrhythmias during acute pericarditis. A prospective study of 100 consecutive cases. One hundred consecutive patients were examined to ascertain the incidence of clinically significant arrhythmias during acute pericarditis. Only seven arrhythmias, all atrial, occurred, and these only in patients with heart disease. It appears that the vulnerability of the sinus node to being engulfed by subepicardial extension of the inflammatory process is insufficient by itself to provoke arrhythmias in the absence of disease of the myocardium, valves, or coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:946000", "title": "Serologic therapy of tetanus in the United States, 1965-1971.", "content": "To study the influence of tetanus antitoxins on the outcome of human tatanus, we analyzed data on 545 cases reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1965 through 1971. Patients treated with antitoxin had a significantly lower case-fatality ratio than untreated patients, and the effect of serotherapy was not modified significantly by the age or race of the subjects. Antitoxin of equine origin and human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) were equally effective. The data on the effect of different doses of TIG suggest that 500 units may be as effective as the currently recommended therapeutic dose of 3,000 to 10,000 units. The importance of possible bias introduced by unmeasured factors such as quality of supportive therapy could not be determined, but confounding by 11 recorded potentially confounding factors was minimal.", "contents": "Serologic therapy of tetanus in the United States, 1965-1971. To study the influence of tetanus antitoxins on the outcome of human tatanus, we analyzed data on 545 cases reported to the Center for Disease Control from 1965 through 1971. Patients treated with antitoxin had a significantly lower case-fatality ratio than untreated patients, and the effect of serotherapy was not modified significantly by the age or race of the subjects. Antitoxin of equine origin and human tetanus immune globulin (TIG) were equally effective. The data on the effect of different doses of TIG suggest that 500 units may be as effective as the currently recommended therapeutic dose of 3,000 to 10,000 units. The importance of possible bias introduced by unmeasured factors such as quality of supportive therapy could not be determined, but confounding by 11 recorded potentially confounding factors was minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:946002", "title": "Efficacy of selected diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "Direct urethral and cervical smears for gonorrhea in women are useful because of their high specificity. Male rectal smears are less efficacious. Direct tests for candidiasis and trichomoniasis are also specific, but less sensitive than generally thought. Most tests exhibit only moderate month-to-month variability. No association between infection with trichomonads and gonococci was demonstrated. The gonococcal tests all perform best under conditions of high prevalence, such as those that obtain in venereal disease clinics in the United States.", "contents": "Efficacy of selected diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted diseases. Direct urethral and cervical smears for gonorrhea in women are useful because of their high specificity. Male rectal smears are less efficacious. Direct tests for candidiasis and trichomoniasis are also specific, but less sensitive than generally thought. Most tests exhibit only moderate month-to-month variability. No association between infection with trichomonads and gonococci was demonstrated. The gonococcal tests all perform best under conditions of high prevalence, such as those that obtain in venereal disease clinics in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:946003", "title": "Problems with balloon-tipped stylet pacemaker catheters.", "content": "Balloon-tipped stylet pacemaker catheters have two intraluminal stylet-related limitations that warrant extreme caution in their use. The first limitation involves manipulation of the stylet inside the catheter and appears to be a consequence of the angulation made by the catheter in the right atrium; the second limitation is a complication involving actual in vivo fracture of the stylet and is presumably related to tapering of the stylet at a point of stress in the right atrium. Although these pacemaker catheters have distinct advantages, the problem arising from their use cannot be ignored. Until modification can be made to resolve these problems, this catheter must be used with extreme caution.", "contents": "Problems with balloon-tipped stylet pacemaker catheters. Balloon-tipped stylet pacemaker catheters have two intraluminal stylet-related limitations that warrant extreme caution in their use. The first limitation involves manipulation of the stylet inside the catheter and appears to be a consequence of the angulation made by the catheter in the right atrium; the second limitation is a complication involving actual in vivo fracture of the stylet and is presumably related to tapering of the stylet at a point of stress in the right atrium. Although these pacemaker catheters have distinct advantages, the problem arising from their use cannot be ignored. Until modification can be made to resolve these problems, this catheter must be used with extreme caution."}
{"id": "PMID:946004", "title": "Lymphogranuloma venereum. Outbreak in a university community.", "content": "One aspect of the current epidemic of venereal diseases is the spread of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Formerly confined to the lower echelons of society, it now affects more affluent classes as well. A cluster of four cases was seen in a small college town. Serial LGV complement fixation tests, the most valuable diagnostic tool, may reveal many more cases than reported previously. Early treatment is important. We recommend therapy for all persons sexually exposed to LGV who have any LGV complement fixation test anomaly, whether or not clinical signs develop.", "contents": "Lymphogranuloma venereum. Outbreak in a university community. One aspect of the current epidemic of venereal diseases is the spread of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Formerly confined to the lower echelons of society, it now affects more affluent classes as well. A cluster of four cases was seen in a small college town. Serial LGV complement fixation tests, the most valuable diagnostic tool, may reveal many more cases than reported previously. Early treatment is important. We recommend therapy for all persons sexually exposed to LGV who have any LGV complement fixation test anomaly, whether or not clinical signs develop."}
{"id": "PMID:946022", "title": "Calcifediol in chronic renal insufficiency. Skeletal response.", "content": "Quantitative histology of thin, nondecalcified sections was performed on sequential bone biopsy specimens from five patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis and treated with calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) for periods of three to nine months. With increase of intestinal absorption of calcium and decline of circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, the bones of each patient exhibited striking histological improvement. The group as a whole showed statistically significant decreases in osteoclast number and in the percentages of osteoid surface covered by active osteoblasts. Marrow fibrosis was either eliminated or strikingly decreased in each patient. Osteoid volume significantly declined in four of five patients. In patients with osteitis fibrosa as the predominant histological lesion, calcifediol therapy resulted in decreased calcification front activity. Increased activity was the result when osteomalacia predominated.", "contents": "Calcifediol in chronic renal insufficiency. Skeletal response. Quantitative histology of thin, nondecalcified sections was performed on sequential bone biopsy specimens from five patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis and treated with calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) for periods of three to nine months. With increase of intestinal absorption of calcium and decline of circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase, the bones of each patient exhibited striking histological improvement. The group as a whole showed statistically significant decreases in osteoclast number and in the percentages of osteoid surface covered by active osteoblasts. Marrow fibrosis was either eliminated or strikingly decreased in each patient. Osteoid volume significantly declined in four of five patients. In patients with osteitis fibrosa as the predominant histological lesion, calcifediol therapy resulted in decreased calcification front activity. Increased activity was the result when osteomalacia predominated."}
{"id": "PMID:946024", "title": "Psoriasis day care centers.", "content": "With the rapidly mounting cost of medical care in hospitals, physicians must seek alternative forms of therapy for illnesses that could conceivably be treated by less confining methods. One appraoch to this problem is the Psoriasis Day Care Center, where psoriasis patients with extensive disease are treated during the day and allowed to return home at night. The advantages include reduced cost, accessibility for more patients, and superior therapeutic results. This day care center concept could be equally applicable to other diseases now routinely treated by complete hospitalization.", "contents": "Psoriasis day care centers. With the rapidly mounting cost of medical care in hospitals, physicians must seek alternative forms of therapy for illnesses that could conceivably be treated by less confining methods. One appraoch to this problem is the Psoriasis Day Care Center, where psoriasis patients with extensive disease are treated during the day and allowed to return home at night. The advantages include reduced cost, accessibility for more patients, and superior therapeutic results. This day care center concept could be equally applicable to other diseases now routinely treated by complete hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:946025", "title": "Measles and rubella eradication in Alaska.", "content": "The Alaska Department of Health and Social Services has instituted a special surveillance program to investigate every suspected case of measles and rubella. Clinical and epidemiologic information is obtained, and serologic testing is performed to confirm all tentative diagnoses. In 1974, forty-one cases were investigated, and none were confirmed as measles or rubella. This record is attributed to high immunization levels and rapid epidemiologic follow-up of all suspected cases. We believe that this program can be easily instituted in other states, particularly those with a limited number of reported cases.", "contents": "Measles and rubella eradication in Alaska. The Alaska Department of Health and Social Services has instituted a special surveillance program to investigate every suspected case of measles and rubella. Clinical and epidemiologic information is obtained, and serologic testing is performed to confirm all tentative diagnoses. In 1974, forty-one cases were investigated, and none were confirmed as measles or rubella. This record is attributed to high immunization levels and rapid epidemiologic follow-up of all suspected cases. We believe that this program can be easily instituted in other states, particularly those with a limited number of reported cases."}
{"id": "PMID:946026", "title": "Subtotal colectomy for refractory pseudomembranous enterocolitis.", "content": "Pseudomembranous enterocolitis resulting from therapy with antibiotics such as clindamycin and lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate does not always respond to drug and vigorous medical support. We describe two seriously ill patients who recovered after subtotal colectomy with ileostomy.", "contents": "Subtotal colectomy for refractory pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Pseudomembranous enterocolitis resulting from therapy with antibiotics such as clindamycin and lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate does not always respond to drug and vigorous medical support. We describe two seriously ill patients who recovered after subtotal colectomy with ileostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:946043", "title": "Ambulatory surgery in a university setting.", "content": "Establishment of an ambulatory anesthesia and surgery program in a university teaching hospital presents difficulties. A successful program of this nature, the \"Day Op program,\" was begun at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital in December 1972. Through December 1974, of all surgery performed in our operating rooms, 2,590 cases, (17%) were Day Op cases. Various types of anesthesia were used, and a high percentage of endotracheal intubations were performed. The hospital admission rate was 1.54%. Many difficulties were encountered, and much satisfaction was obtained, in the management of the program. The Day Op room has proved to be a major part of the success of the program.", "contents": "Ambulatory surgery in a university setting. Establishment of an ambulatory anesthesia and surgery program in a university teaching hospital presents difficulties. A successful program of this nature, the \"Day Op program,\" was begun at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital in December 1972. Through December 1974, of all surgery performed in our operating rooms, 2,590 cases, (17%) were Day Op cases. Various types of anesthesia were used, and a high percentage of endotracheal intubations were performed. The hospital admission rate was 1.54%. Many difficulties were encountered, and much satisfaction was obtained, in the management of the program. The Day Op room has proved to be a major part of the success of the program."}
{"id": "PMID:946044", "title": "Electrical malfunction at endoscopy. Possible cause of arrhythmia and death.", "content": "Gastroscopy-associated electrical shock occurred in two cases, with one death. An ACMI Wappler transformer-powered Hirschowitz flexible fiber-gastroscope was used. Ideally, endoscopes should not contain electrically conductive material or metals that might corrode. Electrical systems used at endoscopy should conform to the existing standards for \"electrically sensitive patient\" localtions, and should be subject to the routine maintenance procedure prescribed for equipment in such locations by the National Fire Protection Agency.", "contents": "Electrical malfunction at endoscopy. Possible cause of arrhythmia and death. Gastroscopy-associated electrical shock occurred in two cases, with one death. An ACMI Wappler transformer-powered Hirschowitz flexible fiber-gastroscope was used. Ideally, endoscopes should not contain electrically conductive material or metals that might corrode. Electrical systems used at endoscopy should conform to the existing standards for \"electrically sensitive patient\" localtions, and should be subject to the routine maintenance procedure prescribed for equipment in such locations by the National Fire Protection Agency."}
{"id": "PMID:946045", "title": "Side effects of diazoxide.", "content": "Diazoxide given for hypertensive crises caused severe complications in two patients. Hypotension, anginal syndrome, cerebral ischemia, and right hemiplegia developed in one patient, and myocardial infarction in the other.", "contents": "Side effects of diazoxide. Diazoxide given for hypertensive crises caused severe complications in two patients. Hypotension, anginal syndrome, cerebral ischemia, and right hemiplegia developed in one patient, and myocardial infarction in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:946053", "title": "USAN assigned to radioactive pharmaceutical.", "content": "The United States Adopted Names (USAN) applicable to radioactive pharmaceuticals are composed of the names of the basic compound serving as the carrier for the radioactivity, the symbol for the radioactive isotope, and the atomic weight (since several radioactive isotopes of a given element may be in use--see listing under iodine). The following listing of nonproprietary names (shown in boldface type) is arranged in alphabetical order according to the English name of the radioactive element. The isotopes of hydrogen are listed under their specific names, deuterium and tritium. Radioactive pharmaceuticals are often supplied by the manufacturers under a designation equivalent to the adopted nonproprietary name and are listed as such; specific trademarks are given in brackets when they exist. Basic information relative to these lists was given in the editorial that accompanied the first such listing.", "contents": "USAN assigned to radioactive pharmaceutical. The United States Adopted Names (USAN) applicable to radioactive pharmaceuticals are composed of the names of the basic compound serving as the carrier for the radioactivity, the symbol for the radioactive isotope, and the atomic weight (since several radioactive isotopes of a given element may be in use--see listing under iodine). The following listing of nonproprietary names (shown in boldface type) is arranged in alphabetical order according to the English name of the radioactive element. The isotopes of hydrogen are listed under their specific names, deuterium and tritium. Radioactive pharmaceuticals are often supplied by the manufacturers under a designation equivalent to the adopted nonproprietary name and are listed as such; specific trademarks are given in brackets when they exist. Basic information relative to these lists was given in the editorial that accompanied the first such listing."}
{"id": "PMID:946058", "title": "Incomplete Reiter's syndrome: discriminating features and HL-A W27 in diagnosis.", "content": "Reiter's syndrome (nonspecific urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis) may present with arthritis alone. There are, however, other discriminating clinical features that contribute to diagnosis. Additionally, the presence of HL-A W27 provides a new diagnostic aid. Thirteen patients were studied and support the validity of the concept of incomplete Reiter's syndrome. Peripheral arthritis was the presenting complaint in all, and none had urethritis or conjunctivitis. The majority were young white men. The arthritis was oligoarticular and asymmetric with lower extremity involvement predominantly. Heel pain was a prominent symptom in 10, with periostitis of other sites in 5, and \"sausage digits\" in 8. Mucocutaneous lesions occurred in 1 and significant weight loss in 6. Only 2 had sacro-illiitis. Chronicity has characterized the course in 12. HL-A W27 was present in 12 of 13. Additional data suggest that Reiter's syndrome may be one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis in young men.", "contents": "Incomplete Reiter's syndrome: discriminating features and HL-A W27 in diagnosis. Reiter's syndrome (nonspecific urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis) may present with arthritis alone. There are, however, other discriminating clinical features that contribute to diagnosis. Additionally, the presence of HL-A W27 provides a new diagnostic aid. Thirteen patients were studied and support the validity of the concept of incomplete Reiter's syndrome. Peripheral arthritis was the presenting complaint in all, and none had urethritis or conjunctivitis. The majority were young white men. The arthritis was oligoarticular and asymmetric with lower extremity involvement predominantly. Heel pain was a prominent symptom in 10, with periostitis of other sites in 5, and \"sausage digits\" in 8. Mucocutaneous lesions occurred in 1 and significant weight loss in 6. Only 2 had sacro-illiitis. Chronicity has characterized the course in 12. HL-A W27 was present in 12 of 13. Additional data suggest that Reiter's syndrome may be one of the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis in young men."}
{"id": "PMID:946059", "title": "Recurrent hyperthyroidism after thyroidectomy.", "content": "For 53 patients with toxic recurrent goiter (TRG), the interval between thyroidectomy and recurrent hyperthyroidism range from six months to 50 years (average, 12.4 +/- 11.9 years). Recurrent hyperthyroidism may occur in older patients for whom cardiac decompensation may be the initial manifestation. Reports on surgically treated hyperthyroid patients may underestimate the incidence of TRG unless follow-up is extended for many years.", "contents": "Recurrent hyperthyroidism after thyroidectomy. For 53 patients with toxic recurrent goiter (TRG), the interval between thyroidectomy and recurrent hyperthyroidism range from six months to 50 years (average, 12.4 +/- 11.9 years). Recurrent hyperthyroidism may occur in older patients for whom cardiac decompensation may be the initial manifestation. Reports on surgically treated hyperthyroid patients may underestimate the incidence of TRG unless follow-up is extended for many years."}
{"id": "PMID:946060", "title": "Poststapedectomy otitis media and meningitis.", "content": "A patient developed acute otitis media, labyrinthitis, and meningitis 16 months after a stapedectomy operation, and 14 similar cases have been collected from the literature. Poststapedectomy otitis media carries an increased risk of labyrinthitis and meningitis and requires prompt antibiotic therapy and regular observation until cured. Should labyrinthitis occur, with or without meningitis, fistula repair must be undertaken as soon as the infection is eliminated. All stapedectomy patients require regular supervision, and must report for urgent treatment if symptoms of otitis media or perilymph fistula occur. Stapedectomy techniques should not employ sharp bevelled prostheses, and autogenous tissue grafts are probably superior to an absorbable gelatin sponge in protecting the inner ear. Eustachian tube problems and recurring or chronic upper-respiratory tract infections can predispose to middle ear infection and are thus contraindications to stapedectomy.", "contents": "Poststapedectomy otitis media and meningitis. A patient developed acute otitis media, labyrinthitis, and meningitis 16 months after a stapedectomy operation, and 14 similar cases have been collected from the literature. Poststapedectomy otitis media carries an increased risk of labyrinthitis and meningitis and requires prompt antibiotic therapy and regular observation until cured. Should labyrinthitis occur, with or without meningitis, fistula repair must be undertaken as soon as the infection is eliminated. All stapedectomy patients require regular supervision, and must report for urgent treatment if symptoms of otitis media or perilymph fistula occur. Stapedectomy techniques should not employ sharp bevelled prostheses, and autogenous tissue grafts are probably superior to an absorbable gelatin sponge in protecting the inner ear. Eustachian tube problems and recurring or chronic upper-respiratory tract infections can predispose to middle ear infection and are thus contraindications to stapedectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:946062", "title": "Simultaneous high-pressure liquid-chromatographic determination of some anticonvulsants in serum.", "content": "We describe procedures for simultaneously determining some anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, primidone, ethosuximide, methsuximide, carbamazepine) in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The drugs, together with an internal standard, phenacetin, are adsorbed from serum onto charcoal and eluted from it with organic solvent. The eluate is analyzed isocratically on a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (17/83 by volume). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 195 nm, and quantities estimated from their peak areas as compared with those of extracted standards. Results are reproducible to about 6%. Sensitivities, for 0.5-ml serum samples, of 0.1 mg/liter for all the drugs analyzed except ethosuximide (0.5 mg/liter) are attained routinely. Correlation of results with gas chromatography was 0.912 for phenobarbital, 0.982 for diphenylhydantoin, 0.886 for primidone, and 0.966 for ethosuximide. Amobarbital and secobarbital interfere with the analysis; chlordiazepoxide, methaqualone, salicylate, diazepam, and oxazepam do not. Including extraction, analysis time for a single sample is 20 min.", "contents": "Simultaneous high-pressure liquid-chromatographic determination of some anticonvulsants in serum. We describe procedures for simultaneously determining some anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, primidone, ethosuximide, methsuximide, carbamazepine) in serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The drugs, together with an internal standard, phenacetin, are adsorbed from serum onto charcoal and eluted from it with organic solvent. The eluate is analyzed isocratically on a reverse-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (17/83 by volume). The eluted drugs are detected by their absorption at 195 nm, and quantities estimated from their peak areas as compared with those of extracted standards. Results are reproducible to about 6%. Sensitivities, for 0.5-ml serum samples, of 0.1 mg/liter for all the drugs analyzed except ethosuximide (0.5 mg/liter) are attained routinely. Correlation of results with gas chromatography was 0.912 for phenobarbital, 0.982 for diphenylhydantoin, 0.886 for primidone, and 0.966 for ethosuximide. Amobarbital and secobarbital interfere with the analysis; chlordiazepoxide, methaqualone, salicylate, diazepam, and oxazepam do not. Including extraction, analysis time for a single sample is 20 min."}
{"id": "PMID:946082", "title": "Rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin level in fire fighters.", "content": "The analysis of expired breath with a portable electrochemical cell after carbon monoxide exposure provides a practical field method for the rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin. A fire fighter can collect and analyze his own breath sample for CO, an operation that requires 1 1/2 minutes. This simple technique has the accuracy necessary to determine compliance with the regulations governing occupational exposure to CO.", "contents": "Rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin level in fire fighters. The analysis of expired breath with a portable electrochemical cell after carbon monoxide exposure provides a practical field method for the rapid estimation of carboxyhemoglobin. A fire fighter can collect and analyze his own breath sample for CO, an operation that requires 1 1/2 minutes. This simple technique has the accuracy necessary to determine compliance with the regulations governing occupational exposure to CO."}
{"id": "PMID:946083", "title": "Polyvinyl chloride toxicity in fires. Hydrogen chloride toxicity in fire fighters.", "content": "Polyvinyl chloride, of all the plastic polymers, has been implicated primarily in causing the most serious problem in fire fighting today because it releases hydrogen chloride gas when burning. One hundred seventy fire fighters who experienced symptoms from its toxicity have been studied from 1970 to 1975. One died.", "contents": "Polyvinyl chloride toxicity in fires. Hydrogen chloride toxicity in fire fighters. Polyvinyl chloride, of all the plastic polymers, has been implicated primarily in causing the most serious problem in fire fighting today because it releases hydrogen chloride gas when burning. One hundred seventy fire fighters who experienced symptoms from its toxicity have been studied from 1970 to 1975. One died."}
{"id": "PMID:946084", "title": "Paint-remover hazard.", "content": "The in-home use of paint removers containing methylene chloride results in the absorption of this solvent, which is metabolized to carbon monoxide. Exposure for two to three hours can result in the elevation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) to levels that stress the cardiovascular system. The metabolic formation of COHb continues following the paint-remover exposure, doubling the duration of the cardiovascular stress produced by a comparable COHb level after exposure to CO. Patients with diseased cardiovascular systems may not be able to tolerate this unexpected stress.", "contents": "Paint-remover hazard. The in-home use of paint removers containing methylene chloride results in the absorption of this solvent, which is metabolized to carbon monoxide. Exposure for two to three hours can result in the elevation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) to levels that stress the cardiovascular system. The metabolic formation of COHb continues following the paint-remover exposure, doubling the duration of the cardiovascular stress produced by a comparable COHb level after exposure to CO. Patients with diseased cardiovascular systems may not be able to tolerate this unexpected stress."}
{"id": "PMID:946097", "title": "Medical school admissions, specialty selection, and distribution of physicians.", "content": "This review of the University of Missouri-Columbia medical graduates, with similar data from two other studies, supports the thesis that hometown size and speciality choice are interrelated predictors of the community in which physicians practice. Physicians with nonmetropolitan backgrounds were two to three times as likely to select nonmetropolitan practice as physicians with urban backgrounds. Physicians entering family medicine were almost three times as likely to select nonmetropolitan practice as physicians in other primary-care specialities. Presence of both predictors (nonmetropolitan background and selection of family medicine) resulted in two thirds selecting nonmetropolitan practice. However, selection of family medicine by graduates with urban backgrounds or selection of other specialties by graduates with nonmetropolitan backgrounds did not appreciably increase the likelihood of nonmetropolitan practice. These data have implications for medical school admissions policy and curriculum.", "contents": "Medical school admissions, specialty selection, and distribution of physicians. This review of the University of Missouri-Columbia medical graduates, with similar data from two other studies, supports the thesis that hometown size and speciality choice are interrelated predictors of the community in which physicians practice. Physicians with nonmetropolitan backgrounds were two to three times as likely to select nonmetropolitan practice as physicians with urban backgrounds. Physicians entering family medicine were almost three times as likely to select nonmetropolitan practice as physicians in other primary-care specialities. Presence of both predictors (nonmetropolitan background and selection of family medicine) resulted in two thirds selecting nonmetropolitan practice. However, selection of family medicine by graduates with urban backgrounds or selection of other specialties by graduates with nonmetropolitan backgrounds did not appreciably increase the likelihood of nonmetropolitan practice. These data have implications for medical school admissions policy and curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:946098", "title": "Spinal epidural hematoma.", "content": "A diagnosis of acute, cervical, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was made in two patients by combining clinical signs and myelographic findings. If surgical decompression can be accomplished early, the results are favorable.", "contents": "Spinal epidural hematoma. A diagnosis of acute, cervical, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was made in two patients by combining clinical signs and myelographic findings. If surgical decompression can be accomplished early, the results are favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:946099", "title": "Hematin treatment of acute porphyria. Early remission of an almost fatal relapse.", "content": "Intravenous infusions of hematin in a young woman with acute porphyria in profound relapse was followed within 48 hours by remission of symptoms and rapid recovery. From a state of severe central and peripheral nervous-system involvement, the patient recovered so completely that she was able to leave the hospital in less than a month, with only a residual weakness of her arms. Serial studies of serum and urinary levles of porphyrin precursors and serum level of hematin provided highly important information about the effect of hematin on acute porphyria.", "contents": "Hematin treatment of acute porphyria. Early remission of an almost fatal relapse. Intravenous infusions of hematin in a young woman with acute porphyria in profound relapse was followed within 48 hours by remission of symptoms and rapid recovery. From a state of severe central and peripheral nervous-system involvement, the patient recovered so completely that she was able to leave the hospital in less than a month, with only a residual weakness of her arms. Serial studies of serum and urinary levles of porphyrin precursors and serum level of hematin provided highly important information about the effect of hematin on acute porphyria."}
{"id": "PMID:946100", "title": "Coombs-positive hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "content": "Two children presenting typical clinical features of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome had a positive direct Coombs test that remained positive throughout the illness. It is probable that an upper respiratory tract infection precipitated an antigen-antibody reaction that caused the autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune-complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Coombs-positive hemolytic uremic syndrome. Two children presenting typical clinical features of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome had a positive direct Coombs test that remained positive throughout the illness. It is probable that an upper respiratory tract infection precipitated an antigen-antibody reaction that caused the autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune-complex glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:946118", "title": "Respiratory tract illness in meat wrappers.", "content": "A questionnaire survey was done in 152 Houston supermarkets to assess the prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms in meat wrappers exposed to the thermal decomposition fumes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film wrap and in two supermarket control groups (checkers and meat cutters). Meat wrappers had increased respiratory tract symptoms; 12% of meat wrappers who smoked (vs 6% and 2% of controls) and 5% of meat wrappers who did not smoke (vs 0% and 0% of controls) had multiple respiratory tract symptoms. It is probable that a large number of meat wrappers have mild symptoms with some progressing to more severe respiratory impairment or clinical asthma.", "contents": "Respiratory tract illness in meat wrappers. A questionnaire survey was done in 152 Houston supermarkets to assess the prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms in meat wrappers exposed to the thermal decomposition fumes of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film wrap and in two supermarket control groups (checkers and meat cutters). Meat wrappers had increased respiratory tract symptoms; 12% of meat wrappers who smoked (vs 6% and 2% of controls) and 5% of meat wrappers who did not smoke (vs 0% and 0% of controls) had multiple respiratory tract symptoms. It is probable that a large number of meat wrappers have mild symptoms with some progressing to more severe respiratory impairment or clinical asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:946119", "title": "Diabetes insipidus in hypoxemic encephalopathy.", "content": "Diabetes insipidus developed in two patients who experienced severe hypoxemia as a consequence of drug-induced respiratory failure. Post-mortem examination revealed generalized cerebral edema, encephalomalacia, and a profound and diffuse loss of neurons. Hypoxemia-induced diabetes insipidus may indicate that the patient is suffering from severe brain damage.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus in hypoxemic encephalopathy. Diabetes insipidus developed in two patients who experienced severe hypoxemia as a consequence of drug-induced respiratory failure. Post-mortem examination revealed generalized cerebral edema, encephalomalacia, and a profound and diffuse loss of neurons. Hypoxemia-induced diabetes insipidus may indicate that the patient is suffering from severe brain damage."}
{"id": "PMID:946131", "title": "Evidence for defective skeletal mineralization in low-birthweight infants: the absorption of calcium and fat.", "content": "Using serial metabolic balance techniques, the absorption and retention of calcium and the absorption of fat have beem measured over the first 30 to 70 days of life in 11 preterm and 2 full-term light-for-dates infants. They were fed either full-cream cow's milk, half-skimmed cow's milk, the proprietary filled milk S.M.A., or breast milk. The values for calcium intake, absorption and retention were compared with the rate of accumulation of calcium by the fetus in utero, which was calculated from published data on the chemical composition of fetal bodies. Infants fed breast milk had an absolute dietary deficiency of calcium. Those fed other milks ingested sufficient but they did not absorb enough. Though calcium absorption increased with increasing postnatal age, intrauterine rates of calcium retention were never achieved on any of the milks. The average retention of calcium by preterm infants as a percentage of intrauterine accumulation was, for cow's milk 38%, for S.M.A. 27%, and for breast milk 17%. The full-term light-for- dates infants absorbed and retained more calcium than the preterm infants; it was on average 52% of the amount accumulated by the human fetus for an equivalent weight gain. The average absorption of fat by preterm infants was, from the cow's milk preparations 55%, from S.M.A. 61%, and from breast milk 84%. The light-for-dates infants absorbed on average 87% of the breast milk fat. There was no evidence that the amount of calcium absorbed was materially influenced by fat malabsorption. The principal determinants of the amount of calcium absorbed were the length of gestation and postnatal age of the infant.", "contents": "Evidence for defective skeletal mineralization in low-birthweight infants: the absorption of calcium and fat. Using serial metabolic balance techniques, the absorption and retention of calcium and the absorption of fat have beem measured over the first 30 to 70 days of life in 11 preterm and 2 full-term light-for-dates infants. They were fed either full-cream cow's milk, half-skimmed cow's milk, the proprietary filled milk S.M.A., or breast milk. The values for calcium intake, absorption and retention were compared with the rate of accumulation of calcium by the fetus in utero, which was calculated from published data on the chemical composition of fetal bodies. Infants fed breast milk had an absolute dietary deficiency of calcium. Those fed other milks ingested sufficient but they did not absorb enough. Though calcium absorption increased with increasing postnatal age, intrauterine rates of calcium retention were never achieved on any of the milks. The average retention of calcium by preterm infants as a percentage of intrauterine accumulation was, for cow's milk 38%, for S.M.A. 27%, and for breast milk 17%. The full-term light-for- dates infants absorbed and retained more calcium than the preterm infants; it was on average 52% of the amount accumulated by the human fetus for an equivalent weight gain. The average absorption of fat by preterm infants was, from the cow's milk preparations 55%, from S.M.A. 61%, and from breast milk 84%. The light-for-dates infants absorbed on average 87% of the breast milk fat. There was no evidence that the amount of calcium absorbed was materially influenced by fat malabsorption. The principal determinants of the amount of calcium absorbed were the length of gestation and postnatal age of the infant."}
{"id": "PMID:946132", "title": "Plasma and dietary phytosterols in children.", "content": "Plasma phytosterol (plant sterol) levels were studied in 26 infants on various commercial formulas, in 36 infants on breast or cow's milk formulas, in 101 normal and 22 hypercholesterolemic children on a free diet, and in 32 hypercholesterolemic children on a low-cholesterol diet. Commercial formulas, poor in animal fats and enriched with vegetable oils, and low-cholesterol, phytosterol-rich diets generally elevated total plasma phytosterol levels in infants and hypercholesterolemic children from normal mean levels of 2 mg/100 ml to about 9 mg/100 ml. The implications of long-term three- to five-fold elevations of the plasma phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol) in infancy and childhood are unknown. Watchful prospective analysis of plasma phytosterol levels may be useful, particularly in regards to otherwise unanticipated long-term effects of cholesterol-poor, phytosterol rich diets.", "contents": "Plasma and dietary phytosterols in children. Plasma phytosterol (plant sterol) levels were studied in 26 infants on various commercial formulas, in 36 infants on breast or cow's milk formulas, in 101 normal and 22 hypercholesterolemic children on a free diet, and in 32 hypercholesterolemic children on a low-cholesterol diet. Commercial formulas, poor in animal fats and enriched with vegetable oils, and low-cholesterol, phytosterol-rich diets generally elevated total plasma phytosterol levels in infants and hypercholesterolemic children from normal mean levels of 2 mg/100 ml to about 9 mg/100 ml. The implications of long-term three- to five-fold elevations of the plasma phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol) in infancy and childhood are unknown. Watchful prospective analysis of plasma phytosterol levels may be useful, particularly in regards to otherwise unanticipated long-term effects of cholesterol-poor, phytosterol rich diets."}
{"id": "PMID:946135", "title": "Antral-ethmoidal decompression in Graves' disease. Five-year experience.", "content": "The orbital manifestations of Graves' disease frequently constitute the major and distressing portion of the morbidity in this poorly understood process. Patients with optic neuropathy, exposure keratopathy or disfiguring proptosis may be aided considerably by decompression to permit swollen orbital contents to move into the maxillary and ethmoid sinus cavities. Experience with 38 patients treated over a five-year period indicates that antral-ethmoidal decompression is a logical, successful form of therapy and generally free of serious complications. it may provide benefit earlier in the course of Graves' exophthalmopathy than has been accepted in the past.", "contents": "Antral-ethmoidal decompression in Graves' disease. Five-year experience. The orbital manifestations of Graves' disease frequently constitute the major and distressing portion of the morbidity in this poorly understood process. Patients with optic neuropathy, exposure keratopathy or disfiguring proptosis may be aided considerably by decompression to permit swollen orbital contents to move into the maxillary and ethmoid sinus cavities. Experience with 38 patients treated over a five-year period indicates that antral-ethmoidal decompression is a logical, successful form of therapy and generally free of serious complications. it may provide benefit earlier in the course of Graves' exophthalmopathy than has been accepted in the past."}
{"id": "PMID:946136", "title": "Ehanced biliary thyroxine excretion in rats treated with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile.", "content": "Normal rats were treated with pregnenolone- 16alpha - carbonitrile (PCN) 10 mg/100 g by stomach tube twice daily for 3 days. In these animals the biliary excretion of intravenously injected 125I-thyroxine (T4) was enhanced and the bile: plasma 125I ratio (B/P ratio) and the biliary clearance rate of plasma 125I-T4 was increased. Normal rats were treated with PCN for 3 days and homozygous Gunn rats for 13 days. In both groups PCN enhanced the bile flow and elevated the B/P ratios and the biliary clearance rate of plasma T4 following ip injection of 125I-T4 17 h previously. PCN-treatment had no effect on the fractions of biliary 125I present as T4-glucuronide, T4 and I- in either the normal or Gunn rats. Treatment with PCN for 10 days produced goitres in normal and Gunn rats and in normal rats elevated the serum TSH (bioassay) levels and the 17 h thyroid 131I uptake as well as the serum PB125I concentrations, without affecting stable PBI concentrations. These data indicated increased pituitary TSH release in response to increased peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone; enhanced hormonal release from the thyroid kept pace with the accelerated peripheral loss.", "contents": "Ehanced biliary thyroxine excretion in rats treated with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile. Normal rats were treated with pregnenolone- 16alpha - carbonitrile (PCN) 10 mg/100 g by stomach tube twice daily for 3 days. In these animals the biliary excretion of intravenously injected 125I-thyroxine (T4) was enhanced and the bile: plasma 125I ratio (B/P ratio) and the biliary clearance rate of plasma 125I-T4 was increased. Normal rats were treated with PCN for 3 days and homozygous Gunn rats for 13 days. In both groups PCN enhanced the bile flow and elevated the B/P ratios and the biliary clearance rate of plasma T4 following ip injection of 125I-T4 17 h previously. PCN-treatment had no effect on the fractions of biliary 125I present as T4-glucuronide, T4 and I- in either the normal or Gunn rats. Treatment with PCN for 10 days produced goitres in normal and Gunn rats and in normal rats elevated the serum TSH (bioassay) levels and the 17 h thyroid 131I uptake as well as the serum PB125I concentrations, without affecting stable PBI concentrations. These data indicated increased pituitary TSH release in response to increased peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone; enhanced hormonal release from the thyroid kept pace with the accelerated peripheral loss."}
{"id": "PMID:946137", "title": "Aldosterone secretion during high sodium cerebrospinal fluid perfusion of the brain ventricles.", "content": "Conscious sheep with permanent indwelling cannulae in the lateral ventricles and the cisterna magna were Na depleted and then perfused for 9 h with an artificial CSF solution. There were 3 experimental groups: Group I (n=5) received perfusion with aritifical CSF containing NA 170 MEq./1, Group II (n=7) received perfusion with artificial CSF containing Na 145 mEq./1, Group III (n=7) received no perfusion. In Group I the blood aldosterone level fell from 26.4 +/- 7.4 to 8.6 +/- 2.3 ng/100 ml by 9 h after perfusion. There was no significant change in plasma [Na] or [K], blood angiotensin II or plasma renin concentration. Blood cortisol and corticosterone levels rose. There was also a fall in post-perfusion. Group III showed no significant change in blood aldosterone concentration. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the fall in aldosterone levels during 170 mEq./l Na perfusion could not be accounted for by changes, either alone or together, of ACTH as evidenced by alteration in blood cortisol or corticosterone, or by change of plasma [Na], [K] or renin concentrations. This data supports the hypothesis of an additional factor which may be of CNS origin being involved in the control of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Aldosterone secretion during high sodium cerebrospinal fluid perfusion of the brain ventricles. Conscious sheep with permanent indwelling cannulae in the lateral ventricles and the cisterna magna were Na depleted and then perfused for 9 h with an artificial CSF solution. There were 3 experimental groups: Group I (n=5) received perfusion with aritifical CSF containing NA 170 MEq./1, Group II (n=7) received perfusion with artificial CSF containing Na 145 mEq./1, Group III (n=7) received no perfusion. In Group I the blood aldosterone level fell from 26.4 +/- 7.4 to 8.6 +/- 2.3 ng/100 ml by 9 h after perfusion. There was no significant change in plasma [Na] or [K], blood angiotensin II or plasma renin concentration. Blood cortisol and corticosterone levels rose. There was also a fall in post-perfusion. Group III showed no significant change in blood aldosterone concentration. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the fall in aldosterone levels during 170 mEq./l Na perfusion could not be accounted for by changes, either alone or together, of ACTH as evidenced by alteration in blood cortisol or corticosterone, or by change of plasma [Na], [K] or renin concentrations. This data supports the hypothesis of an additional factor which may be of CNS origin being involved in the control of aldosterone secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:946138", "title": "The effect of intra-uterine contraceptive devices on the oestrogen-induced incorporation of [3H-5]uridine into RNA by the rat uterus.", "content": "A length of copper or stainless steel wire or of silk thread suture was inserted as an intra-uterine device (IUD) for 3 days in the right uterine horn of ovariectomized virgin female rats. The left horn served as a control. The control rats were ovariectomized but had no IUD inserted. The in vitro incorporation of [3H-5]uridine into uterine RNA was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.005) in copper-bearing horns compared to control horns, while silk and steel devices had no inhibitory effect, thus indicating an effect of intra-uterine copper on oestradiol-induced uterine metabolism. The insertion of an intra-uterine device had no significant effect on uterine wet weight, DNA content or on the uptake of [3H-5]uridine into the nucleotide pool.", "contents": "The effect of intra-uterine contraceptive devices on the oestrogen-induced incorporation of [3H-5]uridine into RNA by the rat uterus. A length of copper or stainless steel wire or of silk thread suture was inserted as an intra-uterine device (IUD) for 3 days in the right uterine horn of ovariectomized virgin female rats. The left horn served as a control. The control rats were ovariectomized but had no IUD inserted. The in vitro incorporation of [3H-5]uridine into uterine RNA was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.005) in copper-bearing horns compared to control horns, while silk and steel devices had no inhibitory effect, thus indicating an effect of intra-uterine copper on oestradiol-induced uterine metabolism. The insertion of an intra-uterine device had no significant effect on uterine wet weight, DNA content or on the uptake of [3H-5]uridine into the nucleotide pool."}
{"id": "PMID:946139", "title": "Body weight regulation in female rats following neonatal testosterone.", "content": "Neonatal testosterone treatment of female rats led to an increase in body weight and skeletal growth and produced evidence of altered ovarian function over a 76 day period following treatment. Bilateral ovariectomy performed eleven weeks after neonatal treatment increased the rate of body weight gain of both testosterone propionate- and oil-treated groups, but no differences in the increased rates of weight gain were evident between groups over a five week post-ovex observation period. Subsequently, long-term oestrogen replacement therapy, via subcutaneous Silastic implants, produced equal reductions in the rates of body weight gain and somatic growth of both early testosterone- and oil-treated ovariectomized groups. In spite of the marked effects of these manipulations on body weight and skeletal growth, no significant differences were noted in the Lee Index of obesity between androgenized and the appropriate non-androgenized control rats at any interval of the experimental period. These results indicate that neither ovarian hormones nor an altered sensitivity to oestrogen of body weight regulatory mechanisms are important in the increased body weight that follows perinatal testosterone treatment. Additionally, the present data add support to previous work which has suggested that a general increase of somatic growth rather than \"obesity\" provides the major contribution to the elevated body weights of androgenized female rats.", "contents": "Body weight regulation in female rats following neonatal testosterone. Neonatal testosterone treatment of female rats led to an increase in body weight and skeletal growth and produced evidence of altered ovarian function over a 76 day period following treatment. Bilateral ovariectomy performed eleven weeks after neonatal treatment increased the rate of body weight gain of both testosterone propionate- and oil-treated groups, but no differences in the increased rates of weight gain were evident between groups over a five week post-ovex observation period. Subsequently, long-term oestrogen replacement therapy, via subcutaneous Silastic implants, produced equal reductions in the rates of body weight gain and somatic growth of both early testosterone- and oil-treated ovariectomized groups. In spite of the marked effects of these manipulations on body weight and skeletal growth, no significant differences were noted in the Lee Index of obesity between androgenized and the appropriate non-androgenized control rats at any interval of the experimental period. These results indicate that neither ovarian hormones nor an altered sensitivity to oestrogen of body weight regulatory mechanisms are important in the increased body weight that follows perinatal testosterone treatment. Additionally, the present data add support to previous work which has suggested that a general increase of somatic growth rather than \"obesity\" provides the major contribution to the elevated body weights of androgenized female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:946140", "title": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity and sulphaton activity in serum extracts of normal subjects, acromegalics and pituitary dwarfs.", "content": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) is a term used for a variety of substances in serum, excluding insulin, which promote glucose uptake of adipose tissue and diaphragm in vitro. NSILA-S is a peptide with a molecular weight of 7000 which is soluble in acid ethanol and which has been purified on a large scale from human serum. This study describes a simple chromatographic one step procedure by which NSILA-S can be extracted and quantitatively measured in individual sera. Using Sephadex G-75 equilibrated with 1 M acetic acid, NSILA-S was detected only in one peak containing small molecular peptides. NSILA-S obtained with this one step chromatographic procedure exerted all the effects of purified NSILA-S including sulphation activity on the rat cartilage. All chromatographic fractions with NSILA-S also had sulphation activity. Both, NSILA-S and sulphation activity were increased in acromegalics and decreased in pituitary dwarfs. It is suggested that one molecule in serum is responsible for both activities which are, at least in part, under the control of growth hormone.", "contents": "Non-suppressible insulin-like activity and sulphaton activity in serum extracts of normal subjects, acromegalics and pituitary dwarfs. Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA) is a term used for a variety of substances in serum, excluding insulin, which promote glucose uptake of adipose tissue and diaphragm in vitro. NSILA-S is a peptide with a molecular weight of 7000 which is soluble in acid ethanol and which has been purified on a large scale from human serum. This study describes a simple chromatographic one step procedure by which NSILA-S can be extracted and quantitatively measured in individual sera. Using Sephadex G-75 equilibrated with 1 M acetic acid, NSILA-S was detected only in one peak containing small molecular peptides. NSILA-S obtained with this one step chromatographic procedure exerted all the effects of purified NSILA-S including sulphation activity on the rat cartilage. All chromatographic fractions with NSILA-S also had sulphation activity. Both, NSILA-S and sulphation activity were increased in acromegalics and decreased in pituitary dwarfs. It is suggested that one molecule in serum is responsible for both activities which are, at least in part, under the control of growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:946141", "title": "Second antibody chemically linked to cellulose for the separation of bound and free hormone: an improvement over soluble second antibody in gonadotrophin radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Coupling the second antibody to a solid pase (DASP) was found to be a definite improvement over the classical technique of soluble second antibody (DA) separation of bound and free hormone in the radioimmunoassays of gonadotrophins in plasma or in serum. The duration (2.5 to 7.5 min) and the pH (10.5 to 12.5) of the cyanogen bromide activation of microcristalline cellulose did not affect the coupling capacity or the immunoreactivity of the second antibody, nor did it augment aspecific adsorption of free gonadotrophin on the cellulose matrix. Precision of duplicates was comparable for both methods but the accuracy and the detection limit of the solid phase system were higher due to a better separation of bound and free hormone, to the lower blank value and to the absence of aspecific interference of protein concentration. Cost was lower since much less second antibody was needed in the solid phase system than in the soluble system and since the experimental procedures were simplified by the absence of prozoning effect and the solid nature of the cellulose matrix.", "contents": "Second antibody chemically linked to cellulose for the separation of bound and free hormone: an improvement over soluble second antibody in gonadotrophin radioimmunoassay. Coupling the second antibody to a solid pase (DASP) was found to be a definite improvement over the classical technique of soluble second antibody (DA) separation of bound and free hormone in the radioimmunoassays of gonadotrophins in plasma or in serum. The duration (2.5 to 7.5 min) and the pH (10.5 to 12.5) of the cyanogen bromide activation of microcristalline cellulose did not affect the coupling capacity or the immunoreactivity of the second antibody, nor did it augment aspecific adsorption of free gonadotrophin on the cellulose matrix. Precision of duplicates was comparable for both methods but the accuracy and the detection limit of the solid phase system were higher due to a better separation of bound and free hormone, to the lower blank value and to the absence of aspecific interference of protein concentration. Cost was lower since much less second antibody was needed in the solid phase system than in the soluble system and since the experimental procedures were simplified by the absence of prozoning effect and the solid nature of the cellulose matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:946142", "title": "Application of a radioligand receptor assay for determination of luteinizing hormone in human serum.", "content": "A sensitive, specific and economic radioligand receptor assay is described for measurement of LH in human serum (RRA-LH). By means of ethanol fractionation of (NH4)2SO4-precipitation serum can be prepared for LH-quantitation and tested in the RRA-LH without interference of a non-specific inhibiting substance present in untreated serum from various human sources. Treatment of serum with 8% ethanol separates non-specific inhibiting substances from LH, the latter remaining in the supernatant at this ethanol concentration. The criteria of specificity are examined. The results of experiments designed to produce evidence for or against specificity suggest specificity of the RRA-LH. Recoveries, as estimated by administration of [125I]hLH and unlabelled hLH to untreated serum samples are shown to be between 80 and 95% for the thanol fractionation procedure and between 65 and 75% for the (NH4)2SO4-precipitation method. The ethanol fractionation procedure is preferred for routine serum-LH determination because of its simplicity, speed and higher recoveries. Ethanol-treated sera from post-menopausal women show, on average, higher RRA-LH concentrations than ethanol-treated sera from young women. RRA-LH values are consistently higher than LH-values found by radioimmunoassay (RIA-LH). The LH-concentrations in sera from two menstrual cycles and from two LH-releasing hormone tests are measured by RRA-LH and RIA-LH. Similarities and discrepancies of the LH-profiles found by the two assay systems are described.", "contents": "Application of a radioligand receptor assay for determination of luteinizing hormone in human serum. A sensitive, specific and economic radioligand receptor assay is described for measurement of LH in human serum (RRA-LH). By means of ethanol fractionation of (NH4)2SO4-precipitation serum can be prepared for LH-quantitation and tested in the RRA-LH without interference of a non-specific inhibiting substance present in untreated serum from various human sources. Treatment of serum with 8% ethanol separates non-specific inhibiting substances from LH, the latter remaining in the supernatant at this ethanol concentration. The criteria of specificity are examined. The results of experiments designed to produce evidence for or against specificity suggest specificity of the RRA-LH. Recoveries, as estimated by administration of [125I]hLH and unlabelled hLH to untreated serum samples are shown to be between 80 and 95% for the thanol fractionation procedure and between 65 and 75% for the (NH4)2SO4-precipitation method. The ethanol fractionation procedure is preferred for routine serum-LH determination because of its simplicity, speed and higher recoveries. Ethanol-treated sera from post-menopausal women show, on average, higher RRA-LH concentrations than ethanol-treated sera from young women. RRA-LH values are consistently higher than LH-values found by radioimmunoassay (RIA-LH). The LH-concentrations in sera from two menstrual cycles and from two LH-releasing hormone tests are measured by RRA-LH and RIA-LH. Similarities and discrepancies of the LH-profiles found by the two assay systems are described."}
{"id": "PMID:946143", "title": "The interaction of growth hormone, somatomedin and oestrogen in patients with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Baseline somatomedin activity in seven of eight patients with Turner's syndrome was found to be within normal limits. Somatomedin activity readily suppressed with oestrogen administration. The overall mean serum somatomedin activity during oestrogen therapy (0.87 U/ml, SD 0.15) was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than the mean of the control serum somatomedin activities (1.09 U/ml, SD 0.24). During oestrogen therapy, suggestive elevations of fasting growth hormone levels were noted in five of eight patients. The data indicate that oestrogenic suppression of serum somatomedin was not due to decreased growth hormone secretion and suggest the existence of a negative feedback link between somatomedin and growth hormone.", "contents": "The interaction of growth hormone, somatomedin and oestrogen in patients with Turner's syndrome. Baseline somatomedin activity in seven of eight patients with Turner's syndrome was found to be within normal limits. Somatomedin activity readily suppressed with oestrogen administration. The overall mean serum somatomedin activity during oestrogen therapy (0.87 U/ml, SD 0.15) was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) than the mean of the control serum somatomedin activities (1.09 U/ml, SD 0.24). During oestrogen therapy, suggestive elevations of fasting growth hormone levels were noted in five of eight patients. The data indicate that oestrogenic suppression of serum somatomedin was not due to decreased growth hormone secretion and suggest the existence of a negative feedback link between somatomedin and growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:946144", "title": "Infusions of hFSH and hLH in normal men. I. Kinetics of human follicle stimulating hormone.", "content": "Serial serum assays of immunoreactive FSH before, during and after a 4 h intravenous infusion of human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) in five healthy men revealed two disappearance rate constants with corresponding mean half-lives of 2.9 and 50.6 h. The mean distribution spaces calculated for the fast and slow component were 4.36 1 and 75.9 1 respectively. The average value for the metabolic clearance rate was 17.2 ml/min and for the endogenous production rate 50.9 mU/min. Two of the subjects had human luteinizing hormone (hLH) added in the infusions without the FSH kinetics changing.", "contents": "Infusions of hFSH and hLH in normal men. I. Kinetics of human follicle stimulating hormone. Serial serum assays of immunoreactive FSH before, during and after a 4 h intravenous infusion of human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) in five healthy men revealed two disappearance rate constants with corresponding mean half-lives of 2.9 and 50.6 h. The mean distribution spaces calculated for the fast and slow component were 4.36 1 and 75.9 1 respectively. The average value for the metabolic clearance rate was 17.2 ml/min and for the endogenous production rate 50.9 mU/min. Two of the subjects had human luteinizing hormone (hLH) added in the infusions without the FSH kinetics changing."}
{"id": "PMID:946145", "title": "Infusions of hFSH and hLH in normal men. II. Serum testosterone response to infused hLH and hFSH.", "content": "Standardized 4 h intravenous infusions of human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) and/or human luteinizing hormone (hLH) were given either separately or combined to 7 normal male volunteers. The infusions raised the serum gonadotrophin levels at least 10 (FSH) and 18 (LH) times above the basal ones. Serum testosterone (T) levels were measured serially before, during and after the infusions and, in 4 subjects, during a corresponding period of another normal day. During a normal or basal 24 h period fluctuations were seen and also a circadian rhythm with lower levels in the evening. The infusion of hFSH alone (3 subjects) did not alter the serum T levels. The infusion of hLH alone in 2 subjects raised serum T levels by 17% and 55% over those of the basal day. The combined FSH/LH infusion caused a significant rise (35-68%) in 4 subjects and greater rise in 2 of them than after infusion of the hLH alone. The serum T responses were gradual, reaching a maximum 7-8 h after the end of the infusion.", "contents": "Infusions of hFSH and hLH in normal men. II. Serum testosterone response to infused hLH and hFSH. Standardized 4 h intravenous infusions of human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) and/or human luteinizing hormone (hLH) were given either separately or combined to 7 normal male volunteers. The infusions raised the serum gonadotrophin levels at least 10 (FSH) and 18 (LH) times above the basal ones. Serum testosterone (T) levels were measured serially before, during and after the infusions and, in 4 subjects, during a corresponding period of another normal day. During a normal or basal 24 h period fluctuations were seen and also a circadian rhythm with lower levels in the evening. The infusion of hFSH alone (3 subjects) did not alter the serum T levels. The infusion of hLH alone in 2 subjects raised serum T levels by 17% and 55% over those of the basal day. The combined FSH/LH infusion caused a significant rise (35-68%) in 4 subjects and greater rise in 2 of them than after infusion of the hLH alone. The serum T responses were gradual, reaching a maximum 7-8 h after the end of the infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:946146", "title": "Effect of alpha-MSH on plasma levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and cortisol during the corpus luteum phase of the menstrual cycle.", "content": "In healthy women (21-28 years) the influence of synthetic alpha-MSH upon the peripheral plasms levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and cortisol was determined during the corpus luteum phase of the menstrual cycle. As controls 3 women were given 6 intravenous infusions of 250 ml NaCl; 4 women received a total of 18 intravenous infusions of 5-20 mg alpha-MSH from 9.00 to 11.00 a.m. on the 5th and 7th hyperthermic day of the menstrual cycle. The blood levels of the hormones were usually followed for 24 h, and in two cases for 48 h. During and after the control as well as the experimental infusions with 5-20 mg alpha-MSH, no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and progesterone were found. The cortisol concentrations, however, showed on the average a 2-fold increase over the initial values during the infusion of 5 mg and 10 mg alpha-MSH. During the control infusions they were not enhanced. One experiment was conducted with 20 mg alpha-MSH. The increase in the plasma cortisol levels following alpha-MSH administration generally seemed to be dose dependent, but statistically no significant differences regarding the increase in cortisol level could be detected between the 5 mg and 10 mg doses.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-MSH on plasma levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and cortisol during the corpus luteum phase of the menstrual cycle. In healthy women (21-28 years) the influence of synthetic alpha-MSH upon the peripheral plasms levels of LH, FSH, progesterone and cortisol was determined during the corpus luteum phase of the menstrual cycle. As controls 3 women were given 6 intravenous infusions of 250 ml NaCl; 4 women received a total of 18 intravenous infusions of 5-20 mg alpha-MSH from 9.00 to 11.00 a.m. on the 5th and 7th hyperthermic day of the menstrual cycle. The blood levels of the hormones were usually followed for 24 h, and in two cases for 48 h. During and after the control as well as the experimental infusions with 5-20 mg alpha-MSH, no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and progesterone were found. The cortisol concentrations, however, showed on the average a 2-fold increase over the initial values during the infusion of 5 mg and 10 mg alpha-MSH. During the control infusions they were not enhanced. One experiment was conducted with 20 mg alpha-MSH. The increase in the plasma cortisol levels following alpha-MSH administration generally seemed to be dose dependent, but statistically no significant differences regarding the increase in cortisol level could be detected between the 5 mg and 10 mg doses."}
{"id": "PMID:946147", "title": "Iodothyronine content of human thyroid albumin.", "content": "Stable thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)1) have been demonstrated in pure albumin isolated from normal human thyroid tissue iodinated in vivo. Five samples of albumin were separated from other thyroid proteins by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. After pronase hydrolysis, the content of Thyroid hormones was measured chemically (T4 + T3) as well as by competitive radioactive measurement (T4) and radioimmunoassay (T3). The purity of the albumin and validity of these measurements were confirmed by different techniques. The synthesis of thyroid hormones is not therefore a property unique to Tg and may occur in albumin. However the amount of iodothyronines in the albumin (average 0.004 residue per molecule) is much less than that found in Tg (0.5 residue per molecule). In the albumin as in Tg the number of hormone residues per molecule is proportional to the number of atoms of iodine. At an equivalent iodine concentration, the albumin seems capable of forming the thyroid hormones as well as Tg. The difference between these two proteins, in their capacity to synthesize thyroid hormones, seems to depend on their capacity for iodination. This difference of iodination does not seem to be linked with the number of tyrosyl residues, but might be related to the position of these residues.", "contents": "Iodothyronine content of human thyroid albumin. Stable thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)1) have been demonstrated in pure albumin isolated from normal human thyroid tissue iodinated in vivo. Five samples of albumin were separated from other thyroid proteins by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. After pronase hydrolysis, the content of Thyroid hormones was measured chemically (T4 + T3) as well as by competitive radioactive measurement (T4) and radioimmunoassay (T3). The purity of the albumin and validity of these measurements were confirmed by different techniques. The synthesis of thyroid hormones is not therefore a property unique to Tg and may occur in albumin. However the amount of iodothyronines in the albumin (average 0.004 residue per molecule) is much less than that found in Tg (0.5 residue per molecule). In the albumin as in Tg the number of hormone residues per molecule is proportional to the number of atoms of iodine. At an equivalent iodine concentration, the albumin seems capable of forming the thyroid hormones as well as Tg. The difference between these two proteins, in their capacity to synthesize thyroid hormones, seems to depend on their capacity for iodination. This difference of iodination does not seem to be linked with the number of tyrosyl residues, but might be related to the position of these residues."}
{"id": "PMID:946148", "title": "Pre-operative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue by parathyroid scintigraphy.", "content": "In 22 patients who underwent surgery suspected of primary hyperparathyroidism, the surgical findings were compared with the results obtained by pre-operative parathyroid scanning and biochemical screening. Thirteen of 15 parathyroid adenomas were localized by pre-operative scanning, but in five of them a false positive focus was also described. The technique was less useful in primary hyperplasia. Comparable results were reported by other investigators. In both instances the best results were obtained in patients with high parathyroid activity as measured by plasma calcium, plasma alkaline phosphatase and tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (TRP). Parathyroid scintigraphy was especially helpful in the presence of ectopic adenomas and in patients who had undergone previous parathyroid surgery. Unfortunately, the possibility of false positive results makes it unreliable for the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Pre-operative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue by parathyroid scintigraphy. In 22 patients who underwent surgery suspected of primary hyperparathyroidism, the surgical findings were compared with the results obtained by pre-operative parathyroid scanning and biochemical screening. Thirteen of 15 parathyroid adenomas were localized by pre-operative scanning, but in five of them a false positive focus was also described. The technique was less useful in primary hyperplasia. Comparable results were reported by other investigators. In both instances the best results were obtained in patients with high parathyroid activity as measured by plasma calcium, plasma alkaline phosphatase and tubular reabsorption of phosphorus (TRP). Parathyroid scintigraphy was especially helpful in the presence of ectopic adenomas and in patients who had undergone previous parathyroid surgery. Unfortunately, the possibility of false positive results makes it unreliable for the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:946149", "title": "Free cortisol in obesity; effect of fasting.", "content": "Plasma and urinary corticosteroids were measured in 13 obese subjects before and after high and low protein diets, and after fasting. During isocaloric high and low protein diets, urinary 17-oxogenic steroids and to a lesser extent urinary free cortisol excretion rose and fell in parallel with protein intake. Plasma unbound cortisol levels were not much changed by high or low protein intake. However, during 7 to 11 days total fasting, there was a highly significant rise in plasma unbound cortisol at 24.00. A smaller rise occurred at 09.00. The overall effect was a considerable diminution of the day-night variation of plasma unbound coritsol levels during fasting, and a rise in prevailing unbound cortisol levels and urinary free cortisol excretion. In 3 subjects tested these changes were reversed immediately by glucose re-feeding.", "contents": "Free cortisol in obesity; effect of fasting. Plasma and urinary corticosteroids were measured in 13 obese subjects before and after high and low protein diets, and after fasting. During isocaloric high and low protein diets, urinary 17-oxogenic steroids and to a lesser extent urinary free cortisol excretion rose and fell in parallel with protein intake. Plasma unbound cortisol levels were not much changed by high or low protein intake. However, during 7 to 11 days total fasting, there was a highly significant rise in plasma unbound cortisol at 24.00. A smaller rise occurred at 09.00. The overall effect was a considerable diminution of the day-night variation of plasma unbound coritsol levels during fasting, and a rise in prevailing unbound cortisol levels and urinary free cortisol excretion. In 3 subjects tested these changes were reversed immediately by glucose re-feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:946150", "title": "In vitro modification of rat adrenal zona fasciculata/reticularis function by the zona glomerulosa.", "content": "Following earlier findings, the possibility that the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex may modify inner zone function was investigated. In a series of in vitro experiments designed to test this hypothesis it was found that: 1. Inner zone preparations gave significantly more steroid than either glomerulosa tissue incubated alone, or (for the first 40 min of a two hour incubation), an equivalent amount of whole adrenal tissue. Whole tissue yields were greater than glomerulosa alone only at the 120 min point. At no time did the whole tissue output approach the total anticipated by addition of separate inner zone and glomerulosa yields. 2. In 20 min incubations, inner zone steriod output generally could be depressed by the addition of a glomerulosa preincubation medium (PIM), or a steroid extract of a  glomerulosa PIM, or by the addition of 100 ng aldosterone. Inner zone PIM had less effect. 3. Higher concentrations of aldosterone gave increased inhibition of inner zone corticosteroid production. The results indicated that only a part of the total corticosterone output was aldosterone sensitive in this way. 4. More specific analysis of the steroids showed that yields of corticosterone from endogenous precursors were depressed by aldosterone, but deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone were not. In the same incubations the presence of aldosterone had no effect on the formation of these three products from [3H]pregnenolone. In total the results suggest that the presence of the glomerulosa may affect inner zone function by inhibiting the secretion of corticosterone formed from endogenous precursors. It is possible that aldosterone is the agent of this effect.", "contents": "In vitro modification of rat adrenal zona fasciculata/reticularis function by the zona glomerulosa. Following earlier findings, the possibility that the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex may modify inner zone function was investigated. In a series of in vitro experiments designed to test this hypothesis it was found that: 1. Inner zone preparations gave significantly more steroid than either glomerulosa tissue incubated alone, or (for the first 40 min of a two hour incubation), an equivalent amount of whole adrenal tissue. Whole tissue yields were greater than glomerulosa alone only at the 120 min point. At no time did the whole tissue output approach the total anticipated by addition of separate inner zone and glomerulosa yields. 2. In 20 min incubations, inner zone steriod output generally could be depressed by the addition of a glomerulosa preincubation medium (PIM), or a steroid extract of a  glomerulosa PIM, or by the addition of 100 ng aldosterone. Inner zone PIM had less effect. 3. Higher concentrations of aldosterone gave increased inhibition of inner zone corticosteroid production. The results indicated that only a part of the total corticosterone output was aldosterone sensitive in this way. 4. More specific analysis of the steroids showed that yields of corticosterone from endogenous precursors were depressed by aldosterone, but deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone were not. In the same incubations the presence of aldosterone had no effect on the formation of these three products from [3H]pregnenolone. In total the results suggest that the presence of the glomerulosa may affect inner zone function by inhibiting the secretion of corticosterone formed from endogenous precursors. It is possible that aldosterone is the agent of this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:946151", "title": "Plasma concentration of oestradiol-17beta in premature thelarche and in different types of sexual precocity.", "content": "Plasma Oe2 concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in patients with premature thelarche, with precocious puberty and in 29 normal controls. The mean plasma Oe2 was 1.5 pg/ml (0-7.2) in normal prepubertal girls, 23.8 +/- 17.8 (SD) in pubertal girls, 50.2 (+/- 19.4) in the follicular phase, and 94.2 (+/- 19.5) in the luteal phase of normal adult females. Ten girls with premature thelarche had a mean of 7.7 +/- 6.6 pg/ml. Three of them showed higher values than the other 7, suggesting that in these cases, elevated levels of plasma Oe2 might have played a role in the development of breast tissue. Ten untreated girls with idiopathic precocious sexual development had a mean of 51.6 +/- 42.9 pg/ml while 6 patients treated with 150 mg per week of medroxyprogesterone acetate had a mean of 11.4 +/- 2.5 pg/ml. Two patients with Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism and sexual precocity had plasma Oe2 of 144 and 31.5 which fell to 24.7 and 8 pg/ml, respectively, after thyroid replacement. One girl with a granulosa cell tumour had a basal value of 304 pg/ml and a concentration of 27 pg/ml after surgery.", "contents": "Plasma concentration of oestradiol-17beta in premature thelarche and in different types of sexual precocity. Plasma Oe2 concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay in patients with premature thelarche, with precocious puberty and in 29 normal controls. The mean plasma Oe2 was 1.5 pg/ml (0-7.2) in normal prepubertal girls, 23.8 +/- 17.8 (SD) in pubertal girls, 50.2 (+/- 19.4) in the follicular phase, and 94.2 (+/- 19.5) in the luteal phase of normal adult females. Ten girls with premature thelarche had a mean of 7.7 +/- 6.6 pg/ml. Three of them showed higher values than the other 7, suggesting that in these cases, elevated levels of plasma Oe2 might have played a role in the development of breast tissue. Ten untreated girls with idiopathic precocious sexual development had a mean of 51.6 +/- 42.9 pg/ml while 6 patients treated with 150 mg per week of medroxyprogesterone acetate had a mean of 11.4 +/- 2.5 pg/ml. Two patients with Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism and sexual precocity had plasma Oe2 of 144 and 31.5 which fell to 24.7 and 8 pg/ml, respectively, after thyroid replacement. One girl with a granulosa cell tumour had a basal value of 304 pg/ml and a concentration of 27 pg/ml after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:946152", "title": "Dissociation between LH-induced aerobic glycolysis and oocyte maturation in cultured Graafian follicles of the rat.", "content": "Luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 5 mug/ml) stimulated aerobic glycolysis in cultured Graafian follicles explanted from pro-oestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge: lactate accumulation in the medium was 70% above control levels during 6 h incubations. Iodoacetate (2.5 x 10(-5) M) prevented this effect, without impairing the ability of LH to induce resumption of oocytic meiosis. Enrichment of the medium with pyruvate (3.3 x 10(-4) M) or lactate (2.5 x 10(-2) M) did not in itself cause ovum maturation. The results do not support the hypothesis that termination of meiotic arrest by LH is due to stimulation of glycolytic activity in the follicle cells, resulting in increased availability of an energy source readily urilizable by the oocyte.", "contents": "Dissociation between LH-induced aerobic glycolysis and oocyte maturation in cultured Graafian follicles of the rat. Luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S18; 5 mug/ml) stimulated aerobic glycolysis in cultured Graafian follicles explanted from pro-oestrous rats before the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge: lactate accumulation in the medium was 70% above control levels during 6 h incubations. Iodoacetate (2.5 x 10(-5) M) prevented this effect, without impairing the ability of LH to induce resumption of oocytic meiosis. Enrichment of the medium with pyruvate (3.3 x 10(-4) M) or lactate (2.5 x 10(-2) M) did not in itself cause ovum maturation. The results do not support the hypothesis that termination of meiotic arrest by LH is due to stimulation of glycolytic activity in the follicle cells, resulting in increased availability of an energy source readily urilizable by the oocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:946153", "title": "Bovine plasma oestrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids during dexamethasone induced parturition.", "content": "Plasma samples were collected from jugular, uterine and utero-ovarian veins during glucocorticoid induced parturition. Plasma oestrogens, corticosteroids and progesterone were determined by competitive protein binding methods. Corticosteroids and progesterone began to decline within 8 to 10 h following DXMS treatment. Corticoids were only temporarily suppressed, while progesterone fell to minimum levels and remained low through calving. At this stage of gestation (270 days) peripheral plasma progesterone was primarily of ovarian origin. Pre-treatment with HCG appeared to support progesterone production by the CL despite DXMS treatment in 2 of 6 cows. These 2 cows failed to calve within the expected 96 h after DXMS. Plasma oestrogens did not show significant increased until 24 h after DXMS treatment. Cows which responded to DXMS treatment (calved) had significantly higher oestrogen levels than those which did not respond. It was concluded that oestrogens probably play a permissive rather than an initiating role in parturition.", "contents": "Bovine plasma oestrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids during dexamethasone induced parturition. Plasma samples were collected from jugular, uterine and utero-ovarian veins during glucocorticoid induced parturition. Plasma oestrogens, corticosteroids and progesterone were determined by competitive protein binding methods. Corticosteroids and progesterone began to decline within 8 to 10 h following DXMS treatment. Corticoids were only temporarily suppressed, while progesterone fell to minimum levels and remained low through calving. At this stage of gestation (270 days) peripheral plasma progesterone was primarily of ovarian origin. Pre-treatment with HCG appeared to support progesterone production by the CL despite DXMS treatment in 2 of 6 cows. These 2 cows failed to calve within the expected 96 h after DXMS. Plasma oestrogens did not show significant increased until 24 h after DXMS treatment. Cows which responded to DXMS treatment (calved) had significantly higher oestrogen levels than those which did not respond. It was concluded that oestrogens probably play a permissive rather than an initiating role in parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:946154", "title": "Effect of some synandrogens and antiandrogens on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the cultured rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The actions of prolactin, insulin and cortisol on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the cultured rat ventral prostate were examined in conditions in thich they have been demonstrated to act synergistically with testosterone on the macromolecule synthesis of the prostate. On the other hand oestradiol, progesterone and cyproterone were tested similarly in conditions where they have been shown to be effective antiandrogens. The metabolism of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone was found to be extremely rapid and approximately 70% of the radioactive steroids in the tissue was dihydrotestosterone from 5 min onwards, but only insignificant amounts of dihydrotestosterone were found in the culture medium during the first hour. Physiological concentrations of the synandrogens did not alter the metabolism of testosterone or the accumulation of the steroids into the tissue. Oestradiol, progesterone and unlabelled testosterone in a 500-fold concentration markedly reduced th e conversion of tritiated testosterone to dihydrotestosterone while cyproterone and dihydrotestosterone had no effect. The possible role of other hormones in the alteration of testosterone metabolism in the target organs as the mechanism of synandrogenic or antiandrogenic action is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of some synandrogens and antiandrogens on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the cultured rat ventral prostate. The actions of prolactin, insulin and cortisol on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in the cultured rat ventral prostate were examined in conditions in thich they have been demonstrated to act synergistically with testosterone on the macromolecule synthesis of the prostate. On the other hand oestradiol, progesterone and cyproterone were tested similarly in conditions where they have been shown to be effective antiandrogens. The metabolism of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone was found to be extremely rapid and approximately 70% of the radioactive steroids in the tissue was dihydrotestosterone from 5 min onwards, but only insignificant amounts of dihydrotestosterone were found in the culture medium during the first hour. Physiological concentrations of the synandrogens did not alter the metabolism of testosterone or the accumulation of the steroids into the tissue. Oestradiol, progesterone and unlabelled testosterone in a 500-fold concentration markedly reduced th e conversion of tritiated testosterone to dihydrotestosterone while cyproterone and dihydrotestosterone had no effect. The possible role of other hormones in the alteration of testosterone metabolism in the target organs as the mechanism of synandrogenic or antiandrogenic action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946155", "title": "Plasma steroid and protein hormone concentrations in patients with prostatic carcinoma, before and during oestrogen therapy.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, androstenedione, oestradiol-17beta, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were not significantly different in patients with prostatic cancer, with benign prostatic hyperplasia or in patients without prostatic disease. Plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly lower in the patients with benign disease than those with prostatic carcinoma. Endocrine therapy in the form of stilboestrol administration significantly decreased plasma levels of testosterone, oestradiol-17beta, FSH and LH within 7 days of the treatment. After 7 days therapy prolactin levels increased significantly in all patients studied. Changes in growth hormone concentrations were more varied in response to stilboestrol, being elevated in several patients and remaining unchanged in others. Treatment of a few prostatic carcinoma patients who were receiving stilboestrol therapy with CB154, an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, brought an immediate decrease in prolactin  levels which was was sustained. Plasma testosterone, androstenedione and growth hormone were unchanged in these patients but a significant decrease in plasma oestradiol-17beta was noted in two patients during CB154 administration.", "contents": "Plasma steroid and protein hormone concentrations in patients with prostatic carcinoma, before and during oestrogen therapy. Plasma testosterone, androstenedione, oestradiol-17beta, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were not significantly different in patients with prostatic cancer, with benign prostatic hyperplasia or in patients without prostatic disease. Plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly lower in the patients with benign disease than those with prostatic carcinoma. Endocrine therapy in the form of stilboestrol administration significantly decreased plasma levels of testosterone, oestradiol-17beta, FSH and LH within 7 days of the treatment. After 7 days therapy prolactin levels increased significantly in all patients studied. Changes in growth hormone concentrations were more varied in response to stilboestrol, being elevated in several patients and remaining unchanged in others. Treatment of a few prostatic carcinoma patients who were receiving stilboestrol therapy with CB154, an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, brought an immediate decrease in prolactin  levels which was was sustained. Plasma testosterone, androstenedione and growth hormone were unchanged in these patients but a significant decrease in plasma oestradiol-17beta was noted in two patients during CB154 administration."}
{"id": "PMID:946156", "title": "Food allergy: the 10 common offenders.", "content": "The 10 chief offenders among food allergens are cow's milk, chocolate and cola (the kola nut family), corn, eggs, the pea family (chiefly peanut, which is not a nut), citrus fruits, tomato, wheat and other small grains, cinnamon and artificial food colors. Food allergy results in a remarkable variety of clinical syndromes. Diagnois rests on an elimination and challenge process. Treatment is avoidance. Desensitization does not work.", "contents": "Food allergy: the 10 common offenders. The 10 chief offenders among food allergens are cow's milk, chocolate and cola (the kola nut family), corn, eggs, the pea family (chiefly peanut, which is not a nut), citrus fruits, tomato, wheat and other small grains, cinnamon and artificial food colors. Food allergy results in a remarkable variety of clinical syndromes. Diagnois rests on an elimination and challenge process. Treatment is avoidance. Desensitization does not work."}
{"id": "PMID:946157", "title": "Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children.", "content": "Inability to absorb lactose due to low intestinal lactase is common in many population groups. This study is the first to compare lactose tolerance in 282 Mexican-American (MA) children and 51 Anglo-American (AA) children 2 to 14 years of age with the dietary intake of selected nutrients found in milk. A lactose tolerance test and a 24-hr dietary recall were obtained for each child. Gastrointestinal symptoms were carefully recorded for a 24-hr period following the lactose load. Overall prevalence of lactose malabsorption was 37% in MA children and 8% in AA children, and it increased with age. Number of symptoms occurring in lactose malabsorbers of both ethnic groups also increased with age. Mean protein intake exceeded Recommended Dietary Allowances at all ages for both ethnic groups. Mean consumption of vitamin A, calcium, and energy was below the Recommended Dietary Allowance for MA children. There were no differences in calories, nutrient, or milk intakes between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers, but AA children drank more milk than MA children. Fifteen percent of lactose-absorbing MA, 23% of malabsorbing MA, but no AA children reported having symptoms after drinking milk. There was a significantly greater incidence of lactose intolerance in MA as compared to AA children. This suggests that Mexican-Americans share in the high incidence of primary lactose intolerance characteristic of the majority of the orld's peoples.", "contents": "Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children. Inability to absorb lactose due to low intestinal lactase is common in many population groups. This study is the first to compare lactose tolerance in 282 Mexican-American (MA) children and 51 Anglo-American (AA) children 2 to 14 years of age with the dietary intake of selected nutrients found in milk. A lactose tolerance test and a 24-hr dietary recall were obtained for each child. Gastrointestinal symptoms were carefully recorded for a 24-hr period following the lactose load. Overall prevalence of lactose malabsorption was 37% in MA children and 8% in AA children, and it increased with age. Number of symptoms occurring in lactose malabsorbers of both ethnic groups also increased with age. Mean protein intake exceeded Recommended Dietary Allowances at all ages for both ethnic groups. Mean consumption of vitamin A, calcium, and energy was below the Recommended Dietary Allowance for MA children. There were no differences in calories, nutrient, or milk intakes between lactose absorbers and malabsorbers, but AA children drank more milk than MA children. Fifteen percent of lactose-absorbing MA, 23% of malabsorbing MA, but no AA children reported having symptoms after drinking milk. There was a significantly greater incidence of lactose intolerance in MA as compared to AA children. This suggests that Mexican-Americans share in the high incidence of primary lactose intolerance characteristic of the majority of the orld's peoples."}
{"id": "PMID:946158", "title": "An organotypic in vitro model system for studying pulmonary surfactant production by type II alveolar pneumonocytes.", "content": "This report describes an in vitro model system in which monodisperse fetal rat lung cells reorganize to form alveolar-like structures when cultured on a gelatin sponge matrix. The alveolar-like structures are composed of cells that have morphologic characteristics like those of the type II alveolar pneumonocytes of intact lung. These morphologic characteristics include lightly stained nuclei, microvilli on the apical surface, and osmiophilic lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm. The presence of osmiophilic lamellar bodies and tubular myelin in the lumen of the alveolar-like structures suggests that the cells in these structures are producing pulmonary surfactant. The formation and long-term maintenance of these alveolar-like structures provide a unique in vitro model system for studies of the synthesis, storage, and secretion of pulmonary surfactant.", "contents": "An organotypic in vitro model system for studying pulmonary surfactant production by type II alveolar pneumonocytes. This report describes an in vitro model system in which monodisperse fetal rat lung cells reorganize to form alveolar-like structures when cultured on a gelatin sponge matrix. The alveolar-like structures are composed of cells that have morphologic characteristics like those of the type II alveolar pneumonocytes of intact lung. These morphologic characteristics include lightly stained nuclei, microvilli on the apical surface, and osmiophilic lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm. The presence of osmiophilic lamellar bodies and tubular myelin in the lumen of the alveolar-like structures suggests that the cells in these structures are producing pulmonary surfactant. The formation and long-term maintenance of these alveolar-like structures provide a unique in vitro model system for studies of the synthesis, storage, and secretion of pulmonary surfactant."}
{"id": "PMID:946159", "title": "Disseminated pulmonary blastomycosis in an immunosuppressed patient. Diagnosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "content": "A 73-year-old man with malignant lymphoma who was undergoing treatment with systemic chemotherapy presented with an acute, febrile illness associated with cough and sputum production. The patient developed bilateral, diffuse, pulmonary interstitial infiltrates with rapidly progressive respiratory insufficiency. The diagnosis was made by demonstrating Blastomyces dermatitidis in bronchial brush and transbronchial lung biopsy specimens obtained through fiberoptic bronchoscopy.", "contents": "Disseminated pulmonary blastomycosis in an immunosuppressed patient. Diagnosis by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A 73-year-old man with malignant lymphoma who was undergoing treatment with systemic chemotherapy presented with an acute, febrile illness associated with cough and sputum production. The patient developed bilateral, diffuse, pulmonary interstitial infiltrates with rapidly progressive respiratory insufficiency. The diagnosis was made by demonstrating Blastomyces dermatitidis in bronchial brush and transbronchial lung biopsy specimens obtained through fiberoptic bronchoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:946160", "title": "Immunoelectron microscopic and immunochemical demonstrations of serum proteins in the alveolar lining material of the rat lung.", "content": "By means of antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase, autologous albumin and IgG were visualized in electron microscopy on the alveolar epithelial surface of the rat lung, as a continuous cell coat, as free granular deposits, or associated with tubular myelin figures. These 2 proteins were detected by immunochemistry in alveolar washing. After ultracentrifugation of alveolar washing, they were still found in the phospholipid-rich precipitate fraction by immunization of rabbits and by immunoelectron microscopy. Thus, albumin and IgG appeared as normal alveolar components in the rat lung; fibrinogen was not found under normal conditions.", "contents": "Immunoelectron microscopic and immunochemical demonstrations of serum proteins in the alveolar lining material of the rat lung. By means of antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase, autologous albumin and IgG were visualized in electron microscopy on the alveolar epithelial surface of the rat lung, as a continuous cell coat, as free granular deposits, or associated with tubular myelin figures. These 2 proteins were detected by immunochemistry in alveolar washing. After ultracentrifugation of alveolar washing, they were still found in the phospholipid-rich precipitate fraction by immunization of rabbits and by immunoelectron microscopy. Thus, albumin and IgG appeared as normal alveolar components in the rat lung; fibrinogen was not found under normal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:946161", "title": "Estimation of surfactant lecithin in amniotic fluid and prediction of respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The quantitative and qualitative analyses of lecithin in the human amniotic fluid in relation to the antenatal prediction of developing respiratory distress syndrome were described. Surfactant lecithin (disaturated and/or dipalmitoyl lecithin) was estimated for the first time in 42 amniotic fluid specimens of 21-42 weeks gestation. Surfactant lecithin was present in considerable amounts in specimens obtained near or at term except in the ones associated with infants who subsequently developed respiratory distress syndrome. One infant developed typical respiratory distress syndrome despite the normal total lecithin concentration of amniotic fluid at birth. The fatty acid analysis, however, revealed that the surfactant lecithin concentration was extremely low, showing a great discrepancy between total lecithin and surfactant lecithin concentrations. Thus the estimation of disaturated and/or dipalmitoyl lecithin in the amniotic fluid seems to be the most precise sign of a potential risk of respiratory distress syndrome.", "contents": "Estimation of surfactant lecithin in amniotic fluid and prediction of respiratory distress syndrome. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of lecithin in the human amniotic fluid in relation to the antenatal prediction of developing respiratory distress syndrome were described. Surfactant lecithin (disaturated and/or dipalmitoyl lecithin) was estimated for the first time in 42 amniotic fluid specimens of 21-42 weeks gestation. Surfactant lecithin was present in considerable amounts in specimens obtained near or at term except in the ones associated with infants who subsequently developed respiratory distress syndrome. One infant developed typical respiratory distress syndrome despite the normal total lecithin concentration of amniotic fluid at birth. The fatty acid analysis, however, revealed that the surfactant lecithin concentration was extremely low, showing a great discrepancy between total lecithin and surfactant lecithin concentrations. Thus the estimation of disaturated and/or dipalmitoyl lecithin in the amniotic fluid seems to be the most precise sign of a potential risk of respiratory distress syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:946162", "title": "Thyrotoxicosis induced by iodine contamination of food--a common unrecognised condition?", "content": "The incidence of thyrotoxicosis in northern Tasmania rose significantly in 1964, two years before an epidemic of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis was precipitated by the addition of iodate to bread to prevent goitre. Each time older patients accounted for most of the increase. The 1964 increase was probably iodine-induced as the use of iodophor disinfectants on dairy farms, which causes iodine residues in milk, began in 1963 and a fall in the prevalence of goitre in young children suggested an increase in dietary iodine at about that time. A further small increase in thyrotoxicosis in 1971 may also have been iodine-induced as it followed an extension of the use of iodophors. Dietary iodine is rising substantially in many places because of high iodine levels in milk and the use of iodine compounds in automated bread making, and this may be causing unsuspected iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Dietary iodine should be monitored regularly and clinicans alerted to any rise. Contamination of common foods with iodine should be more strictly controlled.", "contents": "Thyrotoxicosis induced by iodine contamination of food--a common unrecognised condition? The incidence of thyrotoxicosis in northern Tasmania rose significantly in 1964, two years before an epidemic of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis was precipitated by the addition of iodate to bread to prevent goitre. Each time older patients accounted for most of the increase. The 1964 increase was probably iodine-induced as the use of iodophor disinfectants on dairy farms, which causes iodine residues in milk, began in 1963 and a fall in the prevalence of goitre in young children suggested an increase in dietary iodine at about that time. A further small increase in thyrotoxicosis in 1971 may also have been iodine-induced as it followed an extension of the use of iodophors. Dietary iodine is rising substantially in many places because of high iodine levels in milk and the use of iodine compounds in automated bread making, and this may be causing unsuspected iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. Dietary iodine should be monitored regularly and clinicans alerted to any rise. Contamination of common foods with iodine should be more strictly controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:946163", "title": "Retinopathy of prematurity and retinal detachment.", "content": "A group of 39 patients with retinopathy of prematurity or retrolental fibroplasia have been evaluated. Nine of these were prematures at the time of their examination and showed severe bilateral disease. One eye in each patient was treated with the other eye serving as a control using either Xenon photocoagulation or cryocoagulation. It will take many years to observe the effect of this form of therapy but initial changes suggest alterations in the amount of retinal traction and in the appearance of blood vessels at the posterior pole in some of the treated patients. Thirty older patients have been assessed and of these, 18 eyes developed retinal detachments. Of the 16 operated upon, 87% had successful scleral buckling surgery. Three additional patients had similar retinal findings to retrolental fibroplasia but no history of prematurity or oxygen therapy. These patients were not included in this study. Retinopathy of prematurity is much less common now that it was 2 decades ago, but still represents a significant cause of ocular morbidity and blindness.", "contents": "Retinopathy of prematurity and retinal detachment. A group of 39 patients with retinopathy of prematurity or retrolental fibroplasia have been evaluated. Nine of these were prematures at the time of their examination and showed severe bilateral disease. One eye in each patient was treated with the other eye serving as a control using either Xenon photocoagulation or cryocoagulation. It will take many years to observe the effect of this form of therapy but initial changes suggest alterations in the amount of retinal traction and in the appearance of blood vessels at the posterior pole in some of the treated patients. Thirty older patients have been assessed and of these, 18 eyes developed retinal detachments. Of the 16 operated upon, 87% had successful scleral buckling surgery. Three additional patients had similar retinal findings to retrolental fibroplasia but no history of prematurity or oxygen therapy. These patients were not included in this study. Retinopathy of prematurity is much less common now that it was 2 decades ago, but still represents a significant cause of ocular morbidity and blindness."}
{"id": "PMID:946164", "title": "Cell membrane sialoglycopeptides of corticoid-sensitive and -resistant lymphosarcoma P1798.", "content": "Cells of corticoid-sensitive (CS) and corticoid-resistant (CR) lymphosarcoma P1798 were labeled in vivo with either [14C]- or [3H]fucose before and after treatment with 9-alpha-fluoroprednisolone (9-FP). Labeled glycopeptides, derived from isolated, Pronase-digested cell membranes of both tumors were separated by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10 by a double-label technique. Elution profiles of CS and CR fractions showed significant differences in early eluting material. Desialylation of glycopeptides by neuraminidase lowered the molecular weight of both CS and CR fractions, and altered 3H:14C ratios indicated that CS and CR sialoglycopeptides are different. 9-FP treatment for 7 hr increased the density of isolated P1798-CS and -CR cell membranes. All CS and CR glycopeptides from treated tumors eluted faster than did those of untreated preparations. Both CS and CR sialoglycopeptides were altered, although differences in CS and CR profiles persisted. Histochemical investigations indicated that negative charge, present on surfaces of untreated CS cells, is lost between 6 and 8 hr after exposure in vivo to 9-FP. CR cells had no or few anionic sites on their surfaces before and after steroid administration. We demonstrated that glycopeptides of both CS and CR tumors contain sialic acid, although only CS cells carry a surface-exposed negative charge that is lost after 9-FP treatment. Glucocorticoids alter both P1798-CS and -CR sialoglycopeptides, but the consistent differences between their chromatographic patterns suggest that steroid-induced changes in cell membranes of the two tumors are not identical. Cell death or survival of glucocorticoid-treated P1798 cells may, therefore, be influenced by specific structural characteristics involving cell surface sialoglycoproteins.", "contents": "Cell membrane sialoglycopeptides of corticoid-sensitive and -resistant lymphosarcoma P1798. Cells of corticoid-sensitive (CS) and corticoid-resistant (CR) lymphosarcoma P1798 were labeled in vivo with either [14C]- or [3H]fucose before and after treatment with 9-alpha-fluoroprednisolone (9-FP). Labeled glycopeptides, derived from isolated, Pronase-digested cell membranes of both tumors were separated by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10 by a double-label technique. Elution profiles of CS and CR fractions showed significant differences in early eluting material. Desialylation of glycopeptides by neuraminidase lowered the molecular weight of both CS and CR fractions, and altered 3H:14C ratios indicated that CS and CR sialoglycopeptides are different. 9-FP treatment for 7 hr increased the density of isolated P1798-CS and -CR cell membranes. All CS and CR glycopeptides from treated tumors eluted faster than did those of untreated preparations. Both CS and CR sialoglycopeptides were altered, although differences in CS and CR profiles persisted. Histochemical investigations indicated that negative charge, present on surfaces of untreated CS cells, is lost between 6 and 8 hr after exposure in vivo to 9-FP. CR cells had no or few anionic sites on their surfaces before and after steroid administration. We demonstrated that glycopeptides of both CS and CR tumors contain sialic acid, although only CS cells carry a surface-exposed negative charge that is lost after 9-FP treatment. Glucocorticoids alter both P1798-CS and -CR sialoglycopeptides, but the consistent differences between their chromatographic patterns suggest that steroid-induced changes in cell membranes of the two tumors are not identical. Cell death or survival of glucocorticoid-treated P1798 cells may, therefore, be influenced by specific structural characteristics involving cell surface sialoglycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:946165", "title": "Structure of the nongranulated cells in the hypophyseal rostral pars distalis of cyclostomes and actinopterygians.", "content": "The structure of the nongranulated cells in the sea lamprey adenohypophysis and similar cells of the rostral pars distalis in a number of actinopterygian fishes was examined with the aim of determining the role(s) of these cells in pituitary function. A number of possible roles are proposed for the nongranulated cells. In salmonids and Amia calva the cells may be involved in the active movement of material into or from the follicle lumina. The structure of the nongranulated cells in in vitro cultured and in in vivo transplanted trout rostral pars distalis also suggests a phagocytotic role for these cell. In teleosts with a non-follicular rostral pars distalis the nongranulated cells and in the subsequent dispersal of the hormone (and/or carrier substance) into the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "Structure of the nongranulated cells in the hypophyseal rostral pars distalis of cyclostomes and actinopterygians. The structure of the nongranulated cells in the sea lamprey adenohypophysis and similar cells of the rostral pars distalis in a number of actinopterygian fishes was examined with the aim of determining the role(s) of these cells in pituitary function. A number of possible roles are proposed for the nongranulated cells. In salmonids and Amia calva the cells may be involved in the active movement of material into or from the follicle lumina. The structure of the nongranulated cells in in vitro cultured and in in vivo transplanted trout rostral pars distalis also suggests a phagocytotic role for these cell. In teleosts with a non-follicular rostral pars distalis the nongranulated cells and in the subsequent dispersal of the hormone (and/or carrier substance) into the peripheral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:946166", "title": "Spectrophotometric studies on the binding with polynucleotides of 4,4'-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone).", "content": "4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) (DDUG), an agent very effective against several animal leukemias and tumors, was found, spectrophotometrically, to interact in a biphasic manner with several natural, native and heat-denatured, and synthetic DNAs. The spectrum of DDUG was shifted towards the visible region with a hypochromic shift reaching a maximum hypochromicity at 316 mmu at a 1 : 1 molar ratio of DDUG to DNA nucleotide. Increasing molarity of DNA nucleotide resulted in a further shift towards the visible end, but with hyperchromicity rather than hypochromicity, and reaching its peak at 323 mmu. The interaction with yeast RNA was much weaker than that with DNA. 4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea (DDU) did not show any interaction with DNA; its monoguanylhydrazone (DDUM) showed only a hypochromic interaction. In contrast to DDUG, methylglyoxal-bis( guanylhydrazone (CH3-G), an aliphatic bisguanylhydrazone with antileukemic properties, showed only a hypochromic interaction with DNA at low ionic strength. Unlike DDUG, CH3-G was a very weak inhibitor of the DNA polymerase reaction. The hypochromic shift of the DDUG spectrum with DNA was abolished in the presence of 15 mM sodium citrate or 500 mM NaCl but not in the presence of 150 mM NaCl or 100 mM sodium acetate. The hyperchromic shift was abolished in the presence of 8 M urea. From the results obtained with different DNAs, RNA, synthetic polynucleotides and nucleotides, it appears that the total shift of the DDUG spectrum in the presence of intact DNA can not be ascribed to interaction with a single base although a greater shift occurred in the presence of G-C rich DNA.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric studies on the binding with polynucleotides of 4,4'-diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone). 4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea-bis(guanylhydrazone) (DDUG), an agent very effective against several animal leukemias and tumors, was found, spectrophotometrically, to interact in a biphasic manner with several natural, native and heat-denatured, and synthetic DNAs. The spectrum of DDUG was shifted towards the visible region with a hypochromic shift reaching a maximum hypochromicity at 316 mmu at a 1 : 1 molar ratio of DDUG to DNA nucleotide. Increasing molarity of DNA nucleotide resulted in a further shift towards the visible end, but with hyperchromicity rather than hypochromicity, and reaching its peak at 323 mmu. The interaction with yeast RNA was much weaker than that with DNA. 4,4'-Diacetyldiphenylurea (DDU) did not show any interaction with DNA; its monoguanylhydrazone (DDUM) showed only a hypochromic interaction. In contrast to DDUG, methylglyoxal-bis( guanylhydrazone (CH3-G), an aliphatic bisguanylhydrazone with antileukemic properties, showed only a hypochromic interaction with DNA at low ionic strength. Unlike DDUG, CH3-G was a very weak inhibitor of the DNA polymerase reaction. The hypochromic shift of the DDUG spectrum with DNA was abolished in the presence of 15 mM sodium citrate or 500 mM NaCl but not in the presence of 150 mM NaCl or 100 mM sodium acetate. The hyperchromic shift was abolished in the presence of 8 M urea. From the results obtained with different DNAs, RNA, synthetic polynucleotides and nucleotides, it appears that the total shift of the DDUG spectrum in the presence of intact DNA can not be ascribed to interaction with a single base although a greater shift occurred in the presence of G-C rich DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:946168", "title": "Prolactin and delayed pseudopregnancy in the rat.", "content": "In (RXU)F1 hybrid rats delayed pseudopregnancy was induced in three different ways: 1) by removal of all recent corporl lutea on day 2 of pseudopregnancy, 2) by removal of the in situ ovaries from ovarian graft-bearing animals on day 0 of pseudopregnancy, 3) by administration of 1 mg of ergocornine hydrogenmaleinate (ECO) on day 1 of pseudopregnancy. These procedures ended pseudopregnancy and in 50-60% of the animals a delayed pseudopregnancy with a duration of 6-15 days was observed after the experimental cycle. After sterile copulation two daily prolactin peaks were observed. Removal of the ovaries in situ (from ovarian graft-bearing animals) or of recently formed corpora lutea (from non-grafted animals) caused the disappearance of the prolactin peak at 19.00 h, without affecting the occurrence of the 03.00 h peak. The administration of ECO caused the disappearance of both prolactin peaks. Until the day of estrus prior to delayed pseudopregnancy there were no differences in prolactin concentrations at 03.00 or 19.00 h between animals which became delayed pseudopregnant and those which remained cyclic. In the latter animals the 03.00 h surges decreased slowly in the luteectomized and the ovariectomized animals and were no longer present 7-9 days after copulation. In animals becoming delayed pseudopregnant both prolactin peaks were present from day 0  of delayed pseudopregnancy onwards. Progesterone cencentrations during delayed pseudopregnancy were relatively low when delayed pseudopregnancy had a duration of 6-9 days. When delayed pseudopregnancy lasted 10 days or more normal progesterone values were found.", "contents": "Prolactin and delayed pseudopregnancy in the rat. In (RXU)F1 hybrid rats delayed pseudopregnancy was induced in three different ways: 1) by removal of all recent corporl lutea on day 2 of pseudopregnancy, 2) by removal of the in situ ovaries from ovarian graft-bearing animals on day 0 of pseudopregnancy, 3) by administration of 1 mg of ergocornine hydrogenmaleinate (ECO) on day 1 of pseudopregnancy. These procedures ended pseudopregnancy and in 50-60% of the animals a delayed pseudopregnancy with a duration of 6-15 days was observed after the experimental cycle. After sterile copulation two daily prolactin peaks were observed. Removal of the ovaries in situ (from ovarian graft-bearing animals) or of recently formed corpora lutea (from non-grafted animals) caused the disappearance of the prolactin peak at 19.00 h, without affecting the occurrence of the 03.00 h peak. The administration of ECO caused the disappearance of both prolactin peaks. Until the day of estrus prior to delayed pseudopregnancy there were no differences in prolactin concentrations at 03.00 or 19.00 h between animals which became delayed pseudopregnant and those which remained cyclic. In the latter animals the 03.00 h surges decreased slowly in the luteectomized and the ovariectomized animals and were no longer present 7-9 days after copulation. In animals becoming delayed pseudopregnant both prolactin peaks were present from day 0  of delayed pseudopregnancy onwards. Progesterone cencentrations during delayed pseudopregnancy were relatively low when delayed pseudopregnancy had a duration of 6-9 days. When delayed pseudopregnancy lasted 10 days or more normal progesterone values were found."}
{"id": "PMID:946169", "title": "Effects of castration, testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin on specific prolactin-binding activity in ventral prostate of male rats.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-labeled ovine prolactin (PRL) was found to bind specifically to particulate membrane fractions of rat ventral prostate. Unlabeled PRL readily displaced the labeled PRL, whereas ovine GH, LH, FSH, or TSH showed no such competition. Castration reduced the binding of 125I-labeled PRL to about 1/6 of that in intact rats, and injections of testosterone propionate (TP) increased PRL binding to values as great or greater than those in intact controls. Injections of TP into intact immature and mature rats also increased PRL binding. In vitro binding of labeled PRL was inhibited in prostatic tissue removed from intact immature rats 2 h after injecting unlabeled PRL, but not in ventral prostates from rats killed 26 or 74 h after injecting unlabeled prolactin. PRL injected together with TP in castrated rats produced no greater increase in prolactin binding than TP alone, while estrogen appeared to decrease PRL binding beyond that produced by castration alone.", "contents": "Effects of castration, testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin on specific prolactin-binding activity in ventral prostate of male rats. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-labeled ovine prolactin (PRL) was found to bind specifically to particulate membrane fractions of rat ventral prostate. Unlabeled PRL readily displaced the labeled PRL, whereas ovine GH, LH, FSH, or TSH showed no such competition. Castration reduced the binding of 125I-labeled PRL to about 1/6 of that in intact rats, and injections of testosterone propionate (TP) increased PRL binding to values as great or greater than those in intact controls. Injections of TP into intact immature and mature rats also increased PRL binding. In vitro binding of labeled PRL was inhibited in prostatic tissue removed from intact immature rats 2 h after injecting unlabeled PRL, but not in ventral prostates from rats killed 26 or 74 h after injecting unlabeled prolactin. PRL injected together with TP in castrated rats produced no greater increase in prolactin binding than TP alone, while estrogen appeared to decrease PRL binding beyond that produced by castration alone."}
{"id": "PMID:946170", "title": "Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas.", "content": "The karyotypes of cells from 10 Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsies, eight cell lines established from BL and nine cell lines from non-BL sources were studied by chromosome banding techniques. With the exception of the BL-derived cell lines BJAB, GC-BJAB, Maku and U-8691 all biopsies and lines of Burkitt origin contained an extra band at the distal region of the long arm of one chromosome 14. An extra band on chromosome 14 was also found in cells of one non-BL biopsy, in cells from a lymphosarcoma-derived cell line and in a long-established cell line derived from the pleural exudate of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A distal region at the long arm of one chromosome 8 was missing in all metaphase figures of good technical quality in the same material. The size, morphology and stain-ability of the missing region corresponded fairly well to the extra region at chromosome 14. We therefore suggest that the chromosome 14 marker represents a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14,t (8q-; 14q+). The translocation was present neither in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of five Burkitt patients nor in five lymphoblastoid cell lines of non-BL origin. Trisomy 7 was found in two of the 10 BL biopsies, in two BL-derived cell lines, in one non-BL biopsy, in two lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines and in one cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Burkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. The karyotypes of cells from 10 Burkitt lymphoma (BL) biopsies, eight cell lines established from BL and nine cell lines from non-BL sources were studied by chromosome banding techniques. With the exception of the BL-derived cell lines BJAB, GC-BJAB, Maku and U-8691 all biopsies and lines of Burkitt origin contained an extra band at the distal region of the long arm of one chromosome 14. An extra band on chromosome 14 was also found in cells of one non-BL biopsy, in cells from a lymphosarcoma-derived cell line and in a long-established cell line derived from the pleural exudate of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A distal region at the long arm of one chromosome 8 was missing in all metaphase figures of good technical quality in the same material. The size, morphology and stain-ability of the missing region corresponded fairly well to the extra region at chromosome 14. We therefore suggest that the chromosome 14 marker represents a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14,t (8q-; 14q+). The translocation was present neither in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of five Burkitt patients nor in five lymphoblastoid cell lines of non-BL origin. Trisomy 7 was found in two of the 10 BL biopsies, in two BL-derived cell lines, in one non-BL biopsy, in two lymphosarcoma-derived cell lines and in one cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946171", "title": "Stabilizing mechanisms of the loaded and unloaded knee joint.", "content": "Knee specimens were placed in an apparatus which imposed cyclic anterior-posterior or rotatory forces, with various compressive loads applied to the joint. Force-displacement graphs or torque-rotation graphs were automatically plotted, giving the laxity under various conditions. The ligaments, capsule, and menisci provided joint stability under no-load conditions. However, under compressive loads, the conformity of the condylar surfaces was an important factor in stabilizing the knee. The mechanism proposed was the uphill movement of the femur as the femur and the tibia were displaced or twisted relative to one another.", "contents": "Stabilizing mechanisms of the loaded and unloaded knee joint. Knee specimens were placed in an apparatus which imposed cyclic anterior-posterior or rotatory forces, with various compressive loads applied to the joint. Force-displacement graphs or torque-rotation graphs were automatically plotted, giving the laxity under various conditions. The ligaments, capsule, and menisci provided joint stability under no-load conditions. However, under compressive loads, the conformity of the condylar surfaces was an important factor in stabilizing the knee. The mechanism proposed was the uphill movement of the femur as the femur and the tibia were displaced or twisted relative to one another."}
{"id": "PMID:946172", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. V. Unhydrogenated fats and oils.", "content": "This paper summarizes representative values for the fatty acid composition of unprocessed vegetable fats, vegetable oils, and animal fats. The data for these unprocessed fats and oils are identical with those of the processed, but unhydrogenated fats and oils. Calculations to convert the fatty acid methyl ester data to grams fatty acid per 100 gm. food are discussed, and the converted data are presented in tabular form. Climatic and cultivar effects on the fatty acid composition of some of these oils are reviewed.", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. V. Unhydrogenated fats and oils. This paper summarizes representative values for the fatty acid composition of unprocessed vegetable fats, vegetable oils, and animal fats. The data for these unprocessed fats and oils are identical with those of the processed, but unhydrogenated fats and oils. Calculations to convert the fatty acid methyl ester data to grams fatty acid per 100 gm. food are discussed, and the converted data are presented in tabular form. Climatic and cultivar effects on the fatty acid composition of some of these oils are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:946174", "title": "Plasma free amino acids of children consuming a diet with uneven distribution of protein relative to energy.", "content": "Adequate N retention and growth have been demonstrated in children consuming diets in which the total daily protein is fed in a single meal, energy intake being spread over a 14 hour period. To elucidate how adequate protein nutriture continues when protein is not consumed in parallel to energy, plasma free amino acids were measured in 11 children fed a casein-modified cow's milk based diet providing all protein (6.4% of calories) in one feeding, while energy was evenly distributed among five feedings. Children were fed at 0800 hours, 1200 hours, 1500 hours (protein-containing meal), 1900 hours, and 2200 hours. Fasting plasma aminograms were determined in all 11 children. During a long-term growth study with the diet, six children had additional determinations 3 and 4 hours after the first feeding on the same day on which the fasting sample was obtained; samples prior to and 3 and 4 hours after the 1500 hour feeding were obtained on a different day. In a seventh child, all six samples were obtained on a single day. Fasting values for total amino acids (TAA), total essential amino acids (TEAA) and TEAA/TAA, Val, Ile and Pro were elevated in most cases, a pattern seen in children fed high protein diets. The 1100 hour and 1200 hour samples showed a marked decrease in TAA, TEAA and TEAA/TAA. A further drop at 1500 hour produced a pattern characteristic of protein deficiency. Following the protein containing meal, TAA increased 50-100%, TEAA 100-200%, with disproportionate increases in Leu, Ile, Val and Pro. The persistence of this pattern in some cases up to 17 hours suggested that EAA were available for protein synthesis when additional energy was subsequently consumed. An aminogram characteristic of protein deficiency was seen only 18-20 hours after the last protein intake.", "contents": "Plasma free amino acids of children consuming a diet with uneven distribution of protein relative to energy. Adequate N retention and growth have been demonstrated in children consuming diets in which the total daily protein is fed in a single meal, energy intake being spread over a 14 hour period. To elucidate how adequate protein nutriture continues when protein is not consumed in parallel to energy, plasma free amino acids were measured in 11 children fed a casein-modified cow's milk based diet providing all protein (6.4% of calories) in one feeding, while energy was evenly distributed among five feedings. Children were fed at 0800 hours, 1200 hours, 1500 hours (protein-containing meal), 1900 hours, and 2200 hours. Fasting plasma aminograms were determined in all 11 children. During a long-term growth study with the diet, six children had additional determinations 3 and 4 hours after the first feeding on the same day on which the fasting sample was obtained; samples prior to and 3 and 4 hours after the 1500 hour feeding were obtained on a different day. In a seventh child, all six samples were obtained on a single day. Fasting values for total amino acids (TAA), total essential amino acids (TEAA) and TEAA/TAA, Val, Ile and Pro were elevated in most cases, a pattern seen in children fed high protein diets. The 1100 hour and 1200 hour samples showed a marked decrease in TAA, TEAA and TEAA/TAA. A further drop at 1500 hour produced a pattern characteristic of protein deficiency. Following the protein containing meal, TAA increased 50-100%, TEAA 100-200%, with disproportionate increases in Leu, Ile, Val and Pro. The persistence of this pattern in some cases up to 17 hours suggested that EAA were available for protein synthesis when additional energy was subsequently consumed. An aminogram characteristic of protein deficiency was seen only 18-20 hours after the last protein intake."}
{"id": "PMID:946183", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in asymptomatic blood donors.", "content": "Seventy-two volunteer blood donors who had hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBS) were studied and compared with 115 carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Anti-BHS-positive donors gave a history of greater possible exposure to hepatitis B virus, there was a lower male-female ratio, and they had a much lower frequency of abnormal hepatic function test results. Those who were positive by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), which indicated a high titer of antibody (greater than 1:2,000 as measured by passive hemagglutination assay [PHA], also had an ethnic origin similar to that of the donor panel, ie, predominantly Canadian and northern European. The HBSAg carriers, on the other hand, had a high frequency of origin from Mediterranean and Far Eastern countries. Low-antibody-titer (positive PHA but negative CIEP) donors had ethnic origins that more closely approximated those of HBSAg carriers.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in asymptomatic blood donors. Seventy-two volunteer blood donors who had hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBS) were studied and compared with 115 carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg). Anti-BHS-positive donors gave a history of greater possible exposure to hepatitis B virus, there was a lower male-female ratio, and they had a much lower frequency of abnormal hepatic function test results. Those who were positive by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), which indicated a high titer of antibody (greater than 1:2,000 as measured by passive hemagglutination assay [PHA], also had an ethnic origin similar to that of the donor panel, ie, predominantly Canadian and northern European. The HBSAg carriers, on the other hand, had a high frequency of origin from Mediterranean and Far Eastern countries. Low-antibody-titer (positive PHA but negative CIEP) donors had ethnic origins that more closely approximated those of HBSAg carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:946184", "title": "Late intensification therapy for acute leukemia in remission. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy.", "content": "Nineteen patients in continous complete remission of acute leukemia for at least one year received late intensification therapy, after which they received no further chemotherapy, but most received BCG immunotherapy. Five patients have relapsed. The 14 patients still in remission have been followed up for at least 60 weeks after late intensification, with a median time of 98 weeks. The length of complete remission subsequent to a comparable time was 44 weeks for a reference control group and 24 weeks for a matched control group. These results support this type of approach for long-term control of acute leukemia in adults.", "contents": "Late intensification therapy for acute leukemia in remission. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Nineteen patients in continous complete remission of acute leukemia for at least one year received late intensification therapy, after which they received no further chemotherapy, but most received BCG immunotherapy. Five patients have relapsed. The 14 patients still in remission have been followed up for at least 60 weeks after late intensification, with a median time of 98 weeks. The length of complete remission subsequent to a comparable time was 44 weeks for a reference control group and 24 weeks for a matched control group. These results support this type of approach for long-term control of acute leukemia in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:946185", "title": "Medical ethics teaching. Report of a National Medical School Survey.", "content": "Medical ethics teaching was surveyed at American medical schools. Of 107 schools that responded, 97 indicated some kind of medical ethics teaching. This included, however, 19 schools where teaching was only by discussion of ethical issues in courses not primarily identified as ethics courses. Fifty-six institutions (up from 17 in 1972) reported that they conducted special conferences, lectures, or seminars on issues in medical ethics. Specific medical ethics electives were offered in 47 schools; some kind of required course existed at six institutions. The number of faculties with major commitments to medical ethics teaching increased approximately 50% (from 19 to 31). Several schools now have departments or interdepartmental teaching programs with formal structure and permanent staff.", "contents": "Medical ethics teaching. Report of a National Medical School Survey. Medical ethics teaching was surveyed at American medical schools. Of 107 schools that responded, 97 indicated some kind of medical ethics teaching. This included, however, 19 schools where teaching was only by discussion of ethical issues in courses not primarily identified as ethics courses. Fifty-six institutions (up from 17 in 1972) reported that they conducted special conferences, lectures, or seminars on issues in medical ethics. Specific medical ethics electives were offered in 47 schools; some kind of required course existed at six institutions. The number of faculties with major commitments to medical ethics teaching increased approximately 50% (from 19 to 31). Several schools now have departments or interdepartmental teaching programs with formal structure and permanent staff."}
{"id": "PMID:946186", "title": "Halothane abuse in hospital personnel.", "content": "Deaths assoicated with halothane abuse have occurred in employees in three different hospitals. The medical profession should be aware of the potential for abuse in this anesthetic drug.", "contents": "Halothane abuse in hospital personnel. Deaths assoicated with halothane abuse have occurred in employees in three different hospitals. The medical profession should be aware of the potential for abuse in this anesthetic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:946208", "title": "Narcotic dependency in pregnancy. Methadone maintenance compared to use of street drugs.", "content": "The course of pregnancy and delivery in 28 women under closely supervised methadone maintenance (group 1) was compared with that of 57 women using heroin or methadone under less controlled circumstances (group 2) and with that of 30 women free of mood-altering medications (group 3). Women in group 1 had the lowest incidence of coexisting medical problems (p=.025), with an incidence of fetal distress not statistically different from that of women in group 3. Infants born to women group 2 had the highest fetal distress (p less than.05), with four congenital defects, one stillbirth, and one neonatal death. Symptoms characteristic of narcotic withdrawal occurred with similar frequency in group 1 and 2 infants, appearing earlier in children whose mothers were users of heroin. These findings indicate that maintenance of the pregnant addict under closely supervised methadone therapy is compatible with an uneventful pregnancy and birth of a healthy infant whose withdrawal symptoms in the neonatal period are readily controllable.", "contents": "Narcotic dependency in pregnancy. Methadone maintenance compared to use of street drugs. The course of pregnancy and delivery in 28 women under closely supervised methadone maintenance (group 1) was compared with that of 57 women using heroin or methadone under less controlled circumstances (group 2) and with that of 30 women free of mood-altering medications (group 3). Women in group 1 had the lowest incidence of coexisting medical problems (p=.025), with an incidence of fetal distress not statistically different from that of women in group 3. Infants born to women group 2 had the highest fetal distress (p less than.05), with four congenital defects, one stillbirth, and one neonatal death. Symptoms characteristic of narcotic withdrawal occurred with similar frequency in group 1 and 2 infants, appearing earlier in children whose mothers were users of heroin. These findings indicate that maintenance of the pregnant addict under closely supervised methadone therapy is compatible with an uneventful pregnancy and birth of a healthy infant whose withdrawal symptoms in the neonatal period are readily controllable."}
{"id": "PMID:946210", "title": "Nontraumatic myositis ossificans in healthy individuals.", "content": "Myositis ossificans has been subclassified into three categories: traumatic, progressive, or those cases associated with neuromuscular and chronic disease. Four cases of myositis ossificans occurred in otherwise healthy individuals without any history of trauma. These four patients illustrate a fourth and distinct subclassification of the disease.", "contents": "Nontraumatic myositis ossificans in healthy individuals. Myositis ossificans has been subclassified into three categories: traumatic, progressive, or those cases associated with neuromuscular and chronic disease. Four cases of myositis ossificans occurred in otherwise healthy individuals without any history of trauma. These four patients illustrate a fourth and distinct subclassification of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946209", "title": "Problems associated with rabies preexposure prophylaxis.", "content": "With the rabies vaccine presently available for preexposure prophylaxis, 20% of all individuals do not have seroconversion following routine immunizations, and 5% are allergic to this vaccine. Two experimental rabies vaccines of cell culture origin offering greater purity and potency were evaluated by means of a double-blind experiment. Thirty-one volunteers who did not have seroconversion or who were allergic to duck embryo rabies vaccine received rabies vaccine produced in either human diploid cell culture (WI-38), or hamster kidney-cell culture. All volunteers had seroconversion within 14 days of receiving a single injection of other experimental vaccine. Clinical side effects were only minor.", "contents": "Problems associated with rabies preexposure prophylaxis. With the rabies vaccine presently available for preexposure prophylaxis, 20% of all individuals do not have seroconversion following routine immunizations, and 5% are allergic to this vaccine. Two experimental rabies vaccines of cell culture origin offering greater purity and potency were evaluated by means of a double-blind experiment. Thirty-one volunteers who did not have seroconversion or who were allergic to duck embryo rabies vaccine received rabies vaccine produced in either human diploid cell culture (WI-38), or hamster kidney-cell culture. All volunteers had seroconversion within 14 days of receiving a single injection of other experimental vaccine. Clinical side effects were only minor."}
{"id": "PMID:946211", "title": "A new simple exophthalmometer. Comparison with existing instruments.", "content": "We describe a new exophthalmometer that is less costly than the Hertel type, has greater accuracy and reliability than the Luedde type, and is simple and easy to use.", "contents": "A new simple exophthalmometer. Comparison with existing instruments. We describe a new exophthalmometer that is less costly than the Hertel type, has greater accuracy and reliability than the Luedde type, and is simple and easy to use."}
{"id": "PMID:946212", "title": "Sipple syndrome and pregnancy.", "content": "Sipple syndrome is an unusual entity during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the second case report of a pregnant patient with signs of Sipple syndrome. During pregnancy, this syndrome may present unusual complications, which require informed physician expertise for appropriate management. Our patient had a strong family history for Sipple syndrome, which is considered to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant. Thus, other family members, including the patient's offspring must be assessed frequently during their lifetime for any of the developing manifestations of this entity. Genetic counseling should be included in the management of all patients with Sipple syndrome.", "contents": "Sipple syndrome and pregnancy. Sipple syndrome is an unusual entity during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the second case report of a pregnant patient with signs of Sipple syndrome. During pregnancy, this syndrome may present unusual complications, which require informed physician expertise for appropriate management. Our patient had a strong family history for Sipple syndrome, which is considered to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant. Thus, other family members, including the patient's offspring must be assessed frequently during their lifetime for any of the developing manifestations of this entity. Genetic counseling should be included in the management of all patients with Sipple syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:946213", "title": "Plantar pressure measurements. Rational shoe-wear in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Objective measurements of forefoot plantar pressures were taken on 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Harris mat footprint test and the Brand slipper sock test were used to assess both compressive shearing forces. The Harris mat footprint test is a static used when the patient is unshod. The Brand slipper sock test is a dynamic test used while the shoe is worn. An experimental sandal was designed and used for the treatment of symptomatic forefoot callosities. The Harris mat footprint test results improved dramatically after the patients had worn an experimental sandal for six months. The Brand slipper sock test results showed marked diminution in the pressure profile while the patients wore the experimental sandal. All of the patients improved in their functional abilities while wearing the experimental sandal.", "contents": "Plantar pressure measurements. Rational shoe-wear in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Objective measurements of forefoot plantar pressures were taken on 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Harris mat footprint test and the Brand slipper sock test were used to assess both compressive shearing forces. The Harris mat footprint test is a static used when the patient is unshod. The Brand slipper sock test is a dynamic test used while the shoe is worn. An experimental sandal was designed and used for the treatment of symptomatic forefoot callosities. The Harris mat footprint test results improved dramatically after the patients had worn an experimental sandal for six months. The Brand slipper sock test results showed marked diminution in the pressure profile while the patients wore the experimental sandal. All of the patients improved in their functional abilities while wearing the experimental sandal."}
{"id": "PMID:946230", "title": "Platelet aggregation as a sign of septicemia in thermal injury. A prospective study.", "content": "Serial measurements of coagulation activity, platelet counts, and platelet aggregation were done in patients with full-thickness burns involving 25% or more of body surface area to detect specific changes that might correlate with the onset of septicemia. Mean and maximal values for prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, activities of factor V and factor VIII, and concentrations of fibrinogen and fibrinogen-related antigens observed in the presence of bacterial septicemia did not differ significantly from those observed in the absence of septicemia. Mean platelet counts were significantly less with sepsis, but values in individual subjects were not indicative of the presence of septicemia. By contrast, platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen always became severely abnormal with the onset of septicemia but not in the absence of sepsis.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation as a sign of septicemia in thermal injury. A prospective study. Serial measurements of coagulation activity, platelet counts, and platelet aggregation were done in patients with full-thickness burns involving 25% or more of body surface area to detect specific changes that might correlate with the onset of septicemia. Mean and maximal values for prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, activities of factor V and factor VIII, and concentrations of fibrinogen and fibrinogen-related antigens observed in the presence of bacterial septicemia did not differ significantly from those observed in the absence of septicemia. Mean platelet counts were significantly less with sepsis, but values in individual subjects were not indicative of the presence of septicemia. By contrast, platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen always became severely abnormal with the onset of septicemia but not in the absence of sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:946231", "title": "Thyroid scintigram. Sensitivity with sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m and gamma camera with pinhole collimator.", "content": "To evaluate the reliability of thyroid scintigraphy in the diagnosis of nodular growth, scintigrams of patients who later underwent thyroidectomy were reviewed and correlated with pathologic findings. The scintigrams were all obtained with a 5-mm single-hole collimator-equipped gamma-scintillation camera after intravenous injection of 5 millicuries of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m. In the group of 92 patients, six of whom had two histologically different lesions, 149 nodules were identified pathologically. There were 26 nodules 2 to 5 mm in diameter, of which 22 were benign and four were malignant. None of the 22 benign nodules were delineated scintigraphically. Superior image quality and resolution, low radiation dose, technical simplicity, and speed make 99mTc pinhole-camera scintigraphy the best procedure available for routine thyroid imaging.", "contents": "Thyroid scintigram. Sensitivity with sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m and gamma camera with pinhole collimator. To evaluate the reliability of thyroid scintigraphy in the diagnosis of nodular growth, scintigrams of patients who later underwent thyroidectomy were reviewed and correlated with pathologic findings. The scintigrams were all obtained with a 5-mm single-hole collimator-equipped gamma-scintillation camera after intravenous injection of 5 millicuries of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m. In the group of 92 patients, six of whom had two histologically different lesions, 149 nodules were identified pathologically. There were 26 nodules 2 to 5 mm in diameter, of which 22 were benign and four were malignant. None of the 22 benign nodules were delineated scintigraphically. Superior image quality and resolution, low radiation dose, technical simplicity, and speed make 99mTc pinhole-camera scintigraphy the best procedure available for routine thyroid imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:946232", "title": "Heartburn. The role of radiology.", "content": "There is currently controversy as to the importance of the radiologic demonstration of a hiatal hernia, reflux, or both as the explanation of heartburn. It is clear, however, that clinical-radiologic correlation requires additional observations such as the straightness of the potential path for reflux, the presence of a contractile esophagogastric region, the degree of extrinsic compression of the cuff of the stomach within the hiatus, the size of the hernia, and the peristaltic activity of the body of the esophagus. Vigorous or water-swallowing maneuvers to demonstrate reflux are unreliable in individual cases. Of importance is the concept that the so-called patulous cardia, or effaced abdominal esophagus or widened or absent \"submerged segment,\" is a variety of sliding hiatal hernia that is often neglected radiologically but may be of considerable clinical significance.", "contents": "Heartburn. The role of radiology. There is currently controversy as to the importance of the radiologic demonstration of a hiatal hernia, reflux, or both as the explanation of heartburn. It is clear, however, that clinical-radiologic correlation requires additional observations such as the straightness of the potential path for reflux, the presence of a contractile esophagogastric region, the degree of extrinsic compression of the cuff of the stomach within the hiatus, the size of the hernia, and the peristaltic activity of the body of the esophagus. Vigorous or water-swallowing maneuvers to demonstrate reflux are unreliable in individual cases. Of importance is the concept that the so-called patulous cardia, or effaced abdominal esophagus or widened or absent \"submerged segment,\" is a variety of sliding hiatal hernia that is often neglected radiologically but may be of considerable clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:946249", "title": "Oral contraceptive patient information. A questionnaire study of attitudes, knowledge, and preferred information sources.", "content": "A questionnaire was designed to assess attitudes, knowledge, and views and sources of drug information on oral contraceptives, with particular attention to the role of the patient-oriented package insert. An analysis of 828 completed questionnaires shows that many women are apprehensive about the safety of oral contraceptives. The impact of the patient-oriented oral contraceptive insert on the women surveyed appears to be positive. The present labeling is read and found useful by most oral-contraceptive users. Patients were variably informed about the correct use and side effects discussed in current labeling, suggesting a need for improved transmission of important drug information. Patients preferred information from health professionals and printed sources over media sources. Balanced label information about risks of oral contraceptives should be made available to improve the likelihood of sound risk-benefit judgments.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive patient information. A questionnaire study of attitudes, knowledge, and preferred information sources. A questionnaire was designed to assess attitudes, knowledge, and views and sources of drug information on oral contraceptives, with particular attention to the role of the patient-oriented package insert. An analysis of 828 completed questionnaires shows that many women are apprehensive about the safety of oral contraceptives. The impact of the patient-oriented oral contraceptive insert on the women surveyed appears to be positive. The present labeling is read and found useful by most oral-contraceptive users. Patients were variably informed about the correct use and side effects discussed in current labeling, suggesting a need for improved transmission of important drug information. Patients preferred information from health professionals and printed sources over media sources. Balanced label information about risks of oral contraceptives should be made available to improve the likelihood of sound risk-benefit judgments."}
{"id": "PMID:946250", "title": "Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma.", "content": "Sixty-seven episodes of acute asthma were treated in an emergency room. The characteristics of the attacks and subsequent course were then analyzed to determine criteria that could be used for an early decision in regard to the need for hospitalization. Attacks that were not successfully treated in the emergency room were most often characterized by very severe obstruction and a poor response to an initial injection of epinphrine. It is suggested that severely obstructed patients (peak flow less than 16% of predicted) whose peak flow remains less than 60 liters/min, or who exhibit a less than 16% improvement following 0.3 ml epinephrine, be promptly admitted.", "contents": "Rapid prediction of need for hospitalization in acute asthma. Sixty-seven episodes of acute asthma were treated in an emergency room. The characteristics of the attacks and subsequent course were then analyzed to determine criteria that could be used for an early decision in regard to the need for hospitalization. Attacks that were not successfully treated in the emergency room were most often characterized by very severe obstruction and a poor response to an initial injection of epinphrine. It is suggested that severely obstructed patients (peak flow less than 16% of predicted) whose peak flow remains less than 60 liters/min, or who exhibit a less than 16% improvement following 0.3 ml epinephrine, be promptly admitted."}
{"id": "PMID:946251", "title": "Acute yellow phosphorus poisoning. \"Smoking stool syndrome\".", "content": "Three cases of acute phosphorus poisoning are reported. The source of this poison was a rodenticide, which may be in more common use presently because of the increasing resistance of rodents to warfarin derivatives. The safest method of managing poisoning from this highly toxic substance is prevention. Two of the patients had a history of previous medicine overdose.", "contents": "Acute yellow phosphorus poisoning. \"Smoking stool syndrome\". Three cases of acute phosphorus poisoning are reported. The source of this poison was a rodenticide, which may be in more common use presently because of the increasing resistance of rodents to warfarin derivatives. The safest method of managing poisoning from this highly toxic substance is prevention. Two of the patients had a history of previous medicine overdose."}
{"id": "PMID:946252", "title": "Charcot arthropathy secondary to amyloid neuropathy.", "content": "Neuropathic (Charcot) ankle joints developed in a 50-year-old patient with end-stage renal disease from primary, nonfamilial amyloidosis. Sensory neuropathy in the legs had been noted three years before the onset of uremia and had porgressed. Sural nerve, but not synovial biopsy specimen, showed amyloid in and around arteriolar walls by light and electron microscopy. Since Charcot joints are only rarely associated with amyloid neuropathy, it is possible that uremic neuritis, or prolonged survival by dialysis, contributed to progression of the neuropathy, allowing subsequent joint degeneration.", "contents": "Charcot arthropathy secondary to amyloid neuropathy. Neuropathic (Charcot) ankle joints developed in a 50-year-old patient with end-stage renal disease from primary, nonfamilial amyloidosis. Sensory neuropathy in the legs had been noted three years before the onset of uremia and had porgressed. Sural nerve, but not synovial biopsy specimen, showed amyloid in and around arteriolar walls by light and electron microscopy. Since Charcot joints are only rarely associated with amyloid neuropathy, it is possible that uremic neuritis, or prolonged survival by dialysis, contributed to progression of the neuropathy, allowing subsequent joint degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:946253", "title": "Hemodialysis in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia.", "content": "Severe hypercalcemia is a life-threatening problem that requires prompt therapy. With the exception of diuresis, most forms of therapy are either ineffective, slow in action, or have major serious disadvantages. In some instances diuresis is relatively ineffective. As shown in this case report, hemodialysis with a dialysate low in calcium is rapidly effective in such instances and should be considered for patients with severe hypercalcemia while they are being prepared for surgery or while diagnostic studies are being performed.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in the treatment of severe hypercalcemia. Severe hypercalcemia is a life-threatening problem that requires prompt therapy. With the exception of diuresis, most forms of therapy are either ineffective, slow in action, or have major serious disadvantages. In some instances diuresis is relatively ineffective. As shown in this case report, hemodialysis with a dialysate low in calcium is rapidly effective in such instances and should be considered for patients with severe hypercalcemia while they are being prepared for surgery or while diagnostic studies are being performed."}
{"id": "PMID:946254", "title": "Subacute constrictive uremic pericarditis. Survival after pericardiectomy.", "content": "Uremic pericarditis progressed to subacute constriction despite intensive medical treatment in two patients with concomitant metabolic stress of surgery and infection. Total pericardiectomy was successful and should be done as soon as medical measures fail to resolve the pericarditis.", "contents": "Subacute constrictive uremic pericarditis. Survival after pericardiectomy. Uremic pericarditis progressed to subacute constriction despite intensive medical treatment in two patients with concomitant metabolic stress of surgery and infection. Total pericardiectomy was successful and should be done as soon as medical measures fail to resolve the pericarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:946271", "title": "Phenformin and lactic acidosis.", "content": "All patients admitted with severe lactic acidosis to a university teaching hospital during a 17-month period were taking phenformin hydrochloride. Serum phenformin concentration was measured in one patient and found to be four to nine times the usual therapeutic concentration. Prerenal azotemia was present at the time of admission in all but one of these patients, but renal function was normal at the time of discharge in those patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis who survived. Phenformin-associated lactic acidosis accounted for 7% of the episodes of metabolic acidosis and 27% of deaths due to metabolic acidosis in diabetics.", "contents": "Phenformin and lactic acidosis. All patients admitted with severe lactic acidosis to a university teaching hospital during a 17-month period were taking phenformin hydrochloride. Serum phenformin concentration was measured in one patient and found to be four to nine times the usual therapeutic concentration. Prerenal azotemia was present at the time of admission in all but one of these patients, but renal function was normal at the time of discharge in those patients with phenformin-associated lactic acidosis who survived. Phenformin-associated lactic acidosis accounted for 7% of the episodes of metabolic acidosis and 27% of deaths due to metabolic acidosis in diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:946273", "title": "Systemic mastocytosis associated with presence of rheumatoid factor.", "content": "We encountered a case of systemic mast cell disease associated with rheumatoid factor; to our knowledge, this has not been reported in the literature. Rheumatoid arthritis as an unrelated second disease cannot be excluded, but there is support for a relation between joint symptoms, rheumatoid factor, and the mast cell disease.", "contents": "Systemic mastocytosis associated with presence of rheumatoid factor. We encountered a case of systemic mast cell disease associated with rheumatoid factor; to our knowledge, this has not been reported in the literature. Rheumatoid arthritis as an unrelated second disease cannot be excluded, but there is support for a relation between joint symptoms, rheumatoid factor, and the mast cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946291", "title": "Neuroblastoma in father and son.", "content": "A growing literature supports the concept that some cases of neuroblastoma are hereditary. To this we add the first known case, to our knowledge, of neuroblastoma in a parent and child. Various factors, such as the remarkable tendency for this tumor to regress spontaneously, as well as its frequent fatal outcome, have reduced the number of observed familial cases. It is important that siblings and progeny of patients with neuroblastoma be examined to detect possible subclinical neuroblastoma.", "contents": "Neuroblastoma in father and son. A growing literature supports the concept that some cases of neuroblastoma are hereditary. To this we add the first known case, to our knowledge, of neuroblastoma in a parent and child. Various factors, such as the remarkable tendency for this tumor to regress spontaneously, as well as its frequent fatal outcome, have reduced the number of observed familial cases. It is important that siblings and progeny of patients with neuroblastoma be examined to detect possible subclinical neuroblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:946292", "title": "Respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease. Management in a respiratory intensive care unit.", "content": "Patients with neuromuscular disease frequently experience acute respiratory failure. Most require endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation because of paralysis and inability to maintain adequate spontaneous respiration. The prognosis is usually excellent if ventilatory management is successful.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in neuromuscular disease. Management in a respiratory intensive care unit. Patients with neuromuscular disease frequently experience acute respiratory failure. Most require endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation because of paralysis and inability to maintain adequate spontaneous respiration. The prognosis is usually excellent if ventilatory management is successful."}
{"id": "PMID:946294", "title": "Leukopenia after postmastectomy irradiation.", "content": "Significant peripheral white blood cell depression was noted in 75% of postmastectomy patients receiving chest wall and nodal irradiation and in 50% of patients receiving only peripheral nodal irradiation. Leukopenia was documented for as long as 36 months following therapy. With the current trend to earlier institution of chemotherapy, the routine use of postoperative irradiation must be reevaluated.", "contents": "Leukopenia after postmastectomy irradiation. Significant peripheral white blood cell depression was noted in 75% of postmastectomy patients receiving chest wall and nodal irradiation and in 50% of patients receiving only peripheral nodal irradiation. Leukopenia was documented for as long as 36 months following therapy. With the current trend to earlier institution of chemotherapy, the routine use of postoperative irradiation must be reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:946307", "title": "Cardiovascular risk and use of estrogens or estrogen-progestagen combinations. Stanford three-community study.", "content": "Cardiovascular risk factors were assess in 986 women residing in three northern California communities. Women who reported current use of oral contraceptives had higher plasma triglyceride levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with women not using these agents, after adjusting for age and for the greater relative leannes of oral contraceptive users. Similar increases, albeit of lesser magnitude, were observed in women who used pure estrogens. Mexican-American women appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of estrogens, perhaps as a consequence of their greater degree of obesity.", "contents": "Cardiovascular risk and use of estrogens or estrogen-progestagen combinations. Stanford three-community study. Cardiovascular risk factors were assess in 986 women residing in three northern California communities. Women who reported current use of oral contraceptives had higher plasma triglyceride levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with women not using these agents, after adjusting for age and for the greater relative leannes of oral contraceptive users. Similar increases, albeit of lesser magnitude, were observed in women who used pure estrogens. Mexican-American women appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of estrogens, perhaps as a consequence of their greater degree of obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:946308", "title": "The role of the intermediate cardiac care unit.", "content": "After the introduction of a 22-bed, monitored intermediate cardiac care unit (ICCU), cardiac care unit admissions increased by 15.7%. A further increase in patient admissions of 37% was permitted by direct admissions to the ICCU from the emergency room. The duration of the hospital stay of patients with acute myocardial infarct was shortened by three days. The success rate of cardiac resuscitation improved, and potentially serious arrhythmias were treated more promptly. Hospital costs were substantially reduced by the use of a convalescent unit for patients whose ICCU stay was uncomplicated. Concentration of cardiac patients and specialized staff and equipment permitted more efficient care.", "contents": "The role of the intermediate cardiac care unit. After the introduction of a 22-bed, monitored intermediate cardiac care unit (ICCU), cardiac care unit admissions increased by 15.7%. A further increase in patient admissions of 37% was permitted by direct admissions to the ICCU from the emergency room. The duration of the hospital stay of patients with acute myocardial infarct was shortened by three days. The success rate of cardiac resuscitation improved, and potentially serious arrhythmias were treated more promptly. Hospital costs were substantially reduced by the use of a convalescent unit for patients whose ICCU stay was uncomplicated. Concentration of cardiac patients and specialized staff and equipment permitted more efficient care."}
{"id": "PMID:946309", "title": "Selective coronary arteriography. Risk in a community hospital.", "content": "Over a 33-month period, selective coronary arteriography was performed in 627 consecutive patients in a 385-bed, non-university-affiliated community hospital. Mortality was 0.16% (one death); there was also one nonfatal myocardial infarction. No deaths or myocardial infarctions occurred in the last 369 consecutive patients in this series when routine systemic heparinization was introduced. Substantially greater risk of mortality (2.6%) and nonfatal myocardial infarction (2.6%) was encountered in an earlier series of 78 consecutive patients for whom a different protocol was used. It included extensive exercise hemodynamic studies with the use of percutaneous arterial angiographic catheters, without systemic heparinization. This indicates that coronary arteriography can be carried out with acceptable risk in a community hospital. Protocols should be designed to minimize the time that catheters are in the arterial system. Systemic heparinization may reduce the risk of procedure-related death and myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Selective coronary arteriography. Risk in a community hospital. Over a 33-month period, selective coronary arteriography was performed in 627 consecutive patients in a 385-bed, non-university-affiliated community hospital. Mortality was 0.16% (one death); there was also one nonfatal myocardial infarction. No deaths or myocardial infarctions occurred in the last 369 consecutive patients in this series when routine systemic heparinization was introduced. Substantially greater risk of mortality (2.6%) and nonfatal myocardial infarction (2.6%) was encountered in an earlier series of 78 consecutive patients for whom a different protocol was used. It included extensive exercise hemodynamic studies with the use of percutaneous arterial angiographic catheters, without systemic heparinization. This indicates that coronary arteriography can be carried out with acceptable risk in a community hospital. Protocols should be designed to minimize the time that catheters are in the arterial system. Systemic heparinization may reduce the risk of procedure-related death and myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:946312", "title": "Variant angina pectoris. Pain and arrhythmias controlled after postoperative myocardial infarction.", "content": "A 30-year-old man with variant angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias had an angiographically demonstrable 60% obstructive lesion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery that was observed to progress to 100% during spasm. Control of pain and arrhythmia by pharmacologic means was unsuccessful. Aortocoronary saphenous vein-internal mammary coronary bypass was associated with an anteroseptal wall myocardial infarction and relief from both angina pectoris and arrhythmias. It is suggested that infarction of the ischemic myocardium played a role in the successful management of this case.", "contents": "Variant angina pectoris. Pain and arrhythmias controlled after postoperative myocardial infarction. A 30-year-old man with variant angina pectoris and ventricular arrhythmias had an angiographically demonstrable 60% obstructive lesion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery that was observed to progress to 100% during spasm. Control of pain and arrhythmia by pharmacologic means was unsuccessful. Aortocoronary saphenous vein-internal mammary coronary bypass was associated with an anteroseptal wall myocardial infarction and relief from both angina pectoris and arrhythmias. It is suggested that infarction of the ischemic myocardium played a role in the successful management of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:946313", "title": "Death from myocardial infarction after exercise test with normal result.", "content": "Death from acute myocardial infarction immediately followed a submaximal exercise test with a normal result in a 56-year-old man. Hemorrhage into an intimal atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed, intraluminal clot formation was the cause of coronary artery occlusion. It is probable that the exercise precipitated  an intramural capillary rupture and intimal hemorrhage or caused further hemorrhage into a preexisting intimal hematoma. The resulting luminal narrowing and intimal rupture with superimposed clot formation caused coronary artery occlusion.", "contents": "Death from myocardial infarction after exercise test with normal result. Death from acute myocardial infarction immediately followed a submaximal exercise test with a normal result in a 56-year-old man. Hemorrhage into an intimal atherosclerotic plaque with superimposed, intraluminal clot formation was the cause of coronary artery occlusion. It is probable that the exercise precipitated  an intramural capillary rupture and intimal hemorrhage or caused further hemorrhage into a preexisting intimal hematoma. The resulting luminal narrowing and intimal rupture with superimposed clot formation caused coronary artery occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:946314", "title": "Amelioration of insulin lipoatrophy by dexamethasone injection.", "content": "Widespread subcutaneous lipoatrophy occurred in a 47-year-old woman after subcutaneous injections of isophane insulin suspension for five months. Subsequent systemic treatment with a dexamethasone (0.08 mg/day) insulin mixture injected subcutaneously into the depressed areas resulted in an impressive return of subcutaneous tissue after eight months of continuous therapy.", "contents": "Amelioration of insulin lipoatrophy by dexamethasone injection. Widespread subcutaneous lipoatrophy occurred in a 47-year-old woman after subcutaneous injections of isophane insulin suspension for five months. Subsequent systemic treatment with a dexamethasone (0.08 mg/day) insulin mixture injected subcutaneously into the depressed areas resulted in an impressive return of subcutaneous tissue after eight months of continuous therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946325", "title": "Release of protein and cations from the lens in the presence of different antigen-antibody interactions.", "content": "Rabbit lenses exposed to unrelated Ag/Ab interactions and to heterologous anti-lens and anti-uveo-retinal antibodies show alterations of their permeability with loss of Rb+ followed by efflux of macromolecular intracellular constituents; these phenomena take place also without complement when the ratio of the unrelated Ag/ab is in Ag excess, while complement is strictly required for the action of anti-tissue antibodies. The possible role of these findings as regards the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and the self-maintenance of recurrent uveitis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Release of protein and cations from the lens in the presence of different antigen-antibody interactions. Rabbit lenses exposed to unrelated Ag/Ab interactions and to heterologous anti-lens and anti-uveo-retinal antibodies show alterations of their permeability with loss of Rb+ followed by efflux of macromolecular intracellular constituents; these phenomena take place also without complement when the ratio of the unrelated Ag/ab is in Ag excess, while complement is strictly required for the action of anti-tissue antibodies. The possible role of these findings as regards the pathogenesis of complicated cataracts in uveitis and the self-maintenance of recurrent uveitis is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946326", "title": "Antecedent events in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "To identify antecedent events contributing to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we studied 25 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in whom we tabulated the incidence of factors previously associated with motor neuron disease and compared the incidences with those found in 25 hospitalized patients and 25 normal people. More amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients reported exposure to lead and mercury, participation in athletics, and consumption of large quantities of milk. Exposure to lead and mercury, athletic participation, and milk ingestion are possible risk factors that may predispose to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "contents": "Antecedent events in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. To identify antecedent events contributing to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we studied 25 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in whom we tabulated the incidence of factors previously associated with motor neuron disease and compared the incidences with those found in 25 hospitalized patients and 25 normal people. More amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients reported exposure to lead and mercury, participation in athletics, and consumption of large quantities of milk. Exposure to lead and mercury, athletic participation, and milk ingestion are possible risk factors that may predispose to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:946330", "title": "Computed tomography in Graves' ophthalmopathy.", "content": "The CT scan with the 160 x 160 matrix demonstrated both the normal orbital anatomy and the abnormal orbital anatomy of Graves' ophthalmopathy in great detail. In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the cardinal pathologic feature of extraocular muscle enlargement was accurately reflected on the CT scan and was a distinctive, diagnostically reliable finding. Enlargement of the medial and lateral rectus muscles and of the apex of the muscle cone were the most consistent findings. The severity of the CT scan abnormalities correlated well with clinical severity. Because muscle cone abnormality was observed characteristically in those patients with sight loss, we suggest that pressure by the extraocular muscles on the optic nerve may contribute to visual acuity loss in this disease.", "contents": "Computed tomography in Graves' ophthalmopathy. The CT scan with the 160 x 160 matrix demonstrated both the normal orbital anatomy and the abnormal orbital anatomy of Graves' ophthalmopathy in great detail. In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the cardinal pathologic feature of extraocular muscle enlargement was accurately reflected on the CT scan and was a distinctive, diagnostically reliable finding. Enlargement of the medial and lateral rectus muscles and of the apex of the muscle cone were the most consistent findings. The severity of the CT scan abnormalities correlated well with clinical severity. Because muscle cone abnormality was observed characteristically in those patients with sight loss, we suggest that pressure by the extraocular muscles on the optic nerve may contribute to visual acuity loss in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946332", "title": "Food antibodies in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease - relationship to jejunal morphology.", "content": "Serum antibodies to a variety of dietary proteins were investigated in 26 patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD, 14 untreated and 17 treated with a gluten-free diet) and 38 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) with varying small bowel abnormalities. The incidence of one or more positive tests was highest in untreated ACD (73.4%) and DH with subtotal villous atrophy (57.4%). This incidence fell with morphological improvement, being 56.4% in treated ACD patients with partial villous atrophy (PVA), and 33.4% in DH with PVA, and 0% in DH with normal biopsies. The height of the serum antibody titre also fell with morphological improvement. These results show that there is an abnormally high incidence of dietary antibodies in patients with DH, and this correlates with the degree of small bowel damage.", "contents": "Food antibodies in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease - relationship to jejunal morphology. Serum antibodies to a variety of dietary proteins were investigated in 26 patients with adult coeliac disease (ACD, 14 untreated and 17 treated with a gluten-free diet) and 38 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) with varying small bowel abnormalities. The incidence of one or more positive tests was highest in untreated ACD (73.4%) and DH with subtotal villous atrophy (57.4%). This incidence fell with morphological improvement, being 56.4% in treated ACD patients with partial villous atrophy (PVA), and 33.4% in DH with PVA, and 0% in DH with normal biopsies. The height of the serum antibody titre also fell with morphological improvement. These results show that there is an abnormally high incidence of dietary antibodies in patients with DH, and this correlates with the degree of small bowel damage."}
{"id": "PMID:946333", "title": "Diffuse lymphosarcomatous infiltration in the central nervous system.", "content": "Massive lymphosarcomatous infiltration, confirmed at autopsy, occurred in a 46-year-old man with neurological signs rapidly progressing to total paralysis of peripheral as well as cranial nerves. These signs set in at a time when the malignant systemic disease seemed to be otherwise in remission, and indeed they gave rise to great differential diagnostic difficulties.", "contents": "Diffuse lymphosarcomatous infiltration in the central nervous system. Massive lymphosarcomatous infiltration, confirmed at autopsy, occurred in a 46-year-old man with neurological signs rapidly progressing to total paralysis of peripheral as well as cranial nerves. These signs set in at a time when the malignant systemic disease seemed to be otherwise in remission, and indeed they gave rise to great differential diagnostic difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:946334", "title": "Carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri in pregnancy.", "content": "After reviewing the charts of patients at the Tulane Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Charity Hospital between the years 1950 and 1970, 25 patients were noted to have carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri associated with pregnancy. Twenty-two patients had positive Papanicolaou smears. Subsequently, 20 patients had conization of the cervix uteri to exclude an invasive lesion. Vaginal delivery was accomplished in 17 of the patients. After complete re-evaluation, definite treatment was done six to eight weeks post partum, and there were no recurrences or deaths from the disease.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri in pregnancy. After reviewing the charts of patients at the Tulane Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Charity Hospital between the years 1950 and 1970, 25 patients were noted to have carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri associated with pregnancy. Twenty-two patients had positive Papanicolaou smears. Subsequently, 20 patients had conization of the cervix uteri to exclude an invasive lesion. Vaginal delivery was accomplished in 17 of the patients. After complete re-evaluation, definite treatment was done six to eight weeks post partum, and there were no recurrences or deaths from the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946335", "title": "Genetic counseling. An evaluation of public health genetic clinics.", "content": "The geographic distribution of County Health Department clinic facilities in the state of California has made it readily possible to establish a regionalized program for genetic counseling services, using public health nurses as a major source of case-finding. From both consumer and health professional standpoints, regionalized satellite genetic counseling clinics have been successful, and in particular, the effectiveness of public health nurses in identifying clinical genetic problems is readily apparent.Long-term follow-up reinforcement of genetic counseling appears to be an important conclusion from these studies. It is our suggestion that reinforcement of counseling would best be accomplished through the health team member (physician, nurse and so forth) following the patient or family rather than through the consulting geneticist.", "contents": "Genetic counseling. An evaluation of public health genetic clinics. The geographic distribution of County Health Department clinic facilities in the state of California has made it readily possible to establish a regionalized program for genetic counseling services, using public health nurses as a major source of case-finding. From both consumer and health professional standpoints, regionalized satellite genetic counseling clinics have been successful, and in particular, the effectiveness of public health nurses in identifying clinical genetic problems is readily apparent.Long-term follow-up reinforcement of genetic counseling appears to be an important conclusion from these studies. It is our suggestion that reinforcement of counseling would best be accomplished through the health team member (physician, nurse and so forth) following the patient or family rather than through the consulting geneticist."}
{"id": "PMID:946337", "title": "Growth hormone and somatomedin behaviour in the newborn.", "content": "Human growth hormone (HGH) and somatomedin (Sm) concentrations have been studied in a group of newborns. Plasma HGH values were 41.17 +/- 24.26 (SD) ng/ml (14.00-90.00 ng/ml) and the Sm value was 0.59 +/- 0.43 (SD) U/ml (0.18-1.8 U/ml); the difference between these values and the ones observed in normal adults (2.45 +/- 2.53 (SD) ng/ml and 1.16 +/- 0.28 (SD) U/ml respectively) were statistically significant. While growth hormone values were higher than in normal adult controls, somatomedin was significantly decreased. It is possible that the dissociation between human growth hormone and somatomedin in newborn could reflect a reduced biosynthesis of the somatomedin-generating system and consequently a lack of a feed-back control on GH exerted by somatomedin.", "contents": "Growth hormone and somatomedin behaviour in the newborn. Human growth hormone (HGH) and somatomedin (Sm) concentrations have been studied in a group of newborns. Plasma HGH values were 41.17 +/- 24.26 (SD) ng/ml (14.00-90.00 ng/ml) and the Sm value was 0.59 +/- 0.43 (SD) U/ml (0.18-1.8 U/ml); the difference between these values and the ones observed in normal adults (2.45 +/- 2.53 (SD) ng/ml and 1.16 +/- 0.28 (SD) U/ml respectively) were statistically significant. While growth hormone values were higher than in normal adult controls, somatomedin was significantly decreased. It is possible that the dissociation between human growth hormone and somatomedin in newborn could reflect a reduced biosynthesis of the somatomedin-generating system and consequently a lack of a feed-back control on GH exerted by somatomedin."}
{"id": "PMID:946338", "title": "Inhibition of mid-cycle gonadotrophin release in healthy women by pimozide and fusaric acid.", "content": "The effects of pimozide, a drug blocking dopamine receptors, and fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, on mid-cycle release of FSH and LH were studied in 8 healthy women 20-25 years of age. None had used contraceptive drugs for the preceding 10 months. From the menstrual history and serum LH determinations during the normal cycle, mid-cycle gonadotrophin bursts were predicted for the following three cycles. Two days before and after the expected gonadotrophin surge were regarded as sufficient for the drug tests. Pimozide (initially 2 mg, then 1 mg/day) and fusaric acid (600 mg/day) were administered in a randomized cross-over study. The mid-cycle LH values were reduced from the control level of 56 +/- 10 mIU/ml (mean +/- SE) to 22 +/- 4 mIU/ml by pimozide (P less than 0.001) and to 17 +/- 5 mIU/ml by fusaric acid (P less than 0.001). The serum FSH level was 9 +/- 2 mIU/ml on the day of the LH surge and did not change significantly during treatment with either drug. The LH and FSH responses to synthetic LRF (100 mug iv) were not changed by pimozide or fusaric acid. The rise of basal temperature associated with ovulation was not affected by the drugs. These results suggest that suprapituitary noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of mid-cycle gonadotrophin secretion in women.", "contents": "Inhibition of mid-cycle gonadotrophin release in healthy women by pimozide and fusaric acid. The effects of pimozide, a drug blocking dopamine receptors, and fusaric acid, an inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, on mid-cycle release of FSH and LH were studied in 8 healthy women 20-25 years of age. None had used contraceptive drugs for the preceding 10 months. From the menstrual history and serum LH determinations during the normal cycle, mid-cycle gonadotrophin bursts were predicted for the following three cycles. Two days before and after the expected gonadotrophin surge were regarded as sufficient for the drug tests. Pimozide (initially 2 mg, then 1 mg/day) and fusaric acid (600 mg/day) were administered in a randomized cross-over study. The mid-cycle LH values were reduced from the control level of 56 +/- 10 mIU/ml (mean +/- SE) to 22 +/- 4 mIU/ml by pimozide (P less than 0.001) and to 17 +/- 5 mIU/ml by fusaric acid (P less than 0.001). The serum FSH level was 9 +/- 2 mIU/ml on the day of the LH surge and did not change significantly during treatment with either drug. The LH and FSH responses to synthetic LRF (100 mug iv) were not changed by pimozide or fusaric acid. The rise of basal temperature associated with ovulation was not affected by the drugs. These results suggest that suprapituitary noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of mid-cycle gonadotrophin secretion in women."}
{"id": "PMID:946339", "title": "Heterologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone and its application during the oestrous cycle in cattle.", "content": "A specific heterologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH) has been developed using guinea pig antiserum to ovine FSH with radio-iondinated ovine FSH. Slight cross-reactions with bovine TSH and LH could be eliminated by adding bovine TSH and LH to each tube during the assay. The labelling method with lactoperoxidase turned out to be more useful than the chloramine-T method. Inhibition curves obtained with male and female bovine plasma were parallel to those obtained with the bovine standard preparation. Exogeneous bFSH could be quantitatively recovered from 200 mul of plasma or serum with a mean of 101.7 +/- 7.7%. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was less than or equal to 6%. The inter-assay CV was 13.5%. Sensitivity was 70 ng/ml NIH-FSH-B1. Mean plasma concentrations of FSH (NIH-FSH-B1) during the oestrous cycle were 303 +/- 101 ng/ml. When plasma samples were collected in 6 h intervals from 17 oestrous cycles from 13 regularly cycling heifers and cows, a significant FSH peak occurred just before and during oestrus and coincided with the preovulatory LH peak. Further FSH elevations could be measured on day 4, 8 and 12 after ovulation and 5 and 3 days before ovulation and showed a rhythmic pattern of four day intervals approximately.", "contents": "Heterologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone and its application during the oestrous cycle in cattle. A specific heterologous radioimmunoassay for bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH) has been developed using guinea pig antiserum to ovine FSH with radio-iondinated ovine FSH. Slight cross-reactions with bovine TSH and LH could be eliminated by adding bovine TSH and LH to each tube during the assay. The labelling method with lactoperoxidase turned out to be more useful than the chloramine-T method. Inhibition curves obtained with male and female bovine plasma were parallel to those obtained with the bovine standard preparation. Exogeneous bFSH could be quantitatively recovered from 200 mul of plasma or serum with a mean of 101.7 +/- 7.7%. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was less than or equal to 6%. The inter-assay CV was 13.5%. Sensitivity was 70 ng/ml NIH-FSH-B1. Mean plasma concentrations of FSH (NIH-FSH-B1) during the oestrous cycle were 303 +/- 101 ng/ml. When plasma samples were collected in 6 h intervals from 17 oestrous cycles from 13 regularly cycling heifers and cows, a significant FSH peak occurred just before and during oestrus and coincided with the preovulatory LH peak. Further FSH elevations could be measured on day 4, 8 and 12 after ovulation and 5 and 3 days before ovulation and showed a rhythmic pattern of four day intervals approximately."}
{"id": "PMID:946340", "title": "In vivo activation of synthetic hormonogens of lysine vasopressin: Na-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vassopressin in the cat.", "content": "The urine and plasma levels of vasopressin-like immunological activity and of antidiuretic activity were examined following injection of Na-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vasopressin (triglycylvassopressin, TGLVP) in 3 cats. The plasma levels of immunoreactive material were initially high, and fell rapidly. The levels of antidiuretic activity showed considerable variation; the overall pattern was strikingly different from that demonstrated by radioimmunoassay, and all 3 animals showed a rise in plasma antidiuretic activity in the early part of the experiment. Following injection of lysine vasopressin (LVP) the pattern of disappearance of both biological and immunological activity was similar. The total amount of immunoreactive material found in the urine was greater than the amount of antidiuretically active material. These results clearly demonstrate that the antidiuretic activity of TGLVP is mainly due to its conversion to LVP in vivo.", "contents": "In vivo activation of synthetic hormonogens of lysine vasopressin: Na-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vassopressin in the cat. The urine and plasma levels of vasopressin-like immunological activity and of antidiuretic activity were examined following injection of Na-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vasopressin (triglycylvassopressin, TGLVP) in 3 cats. The plasma levels of immunoreactive material were initially high, and fell rapidly. The levels of antidiuretic activity showed considerable variation; the overall pattern was strikingly different from that demonstrated by radioimmunoassay, and all 3 animals showed a rise in plasma antidiuretic activity in the early part of the experiment. Following injection of lysine vasopressin (LVP) the pattern of disappearance of both biological and immunological activity was similar. The total amount of immunoreactive material found in the urine was greater than the amount of antidiuretically active material. These results clearly demonstrate that the antidiuretic activity of TGLVP is mainly due to its conversion to LVP in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:946341", "title": "The degree of bone mineralization in hyperthyroidism estimated from the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio in bone.", "content": "The proportion between mineral and collagen in bone tissue, \"the degree of mineralization\", can be evaluated from the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro ratio), determined in bone biopsies. The ratio was measured in 27 unselected hyperthyroid patients. No significant correlation was found between the P/Hypro ratio and the age of the patient, the duration of the disease or the value of serum thyroxine. The mean value of the P/Hypro ratio for the group studied was not significantly different from the normal mean. The results of the study indicate a normal degree of mineralization in the bone of patients with hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "The degree of bone mineralization in hyperthyroidism estimated from the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio in bone. The proportion between mineral and collagen in bone tissue, \"the degree of mineralization\", can be evaluated from the phosphorus to hydroxyproline ratio (P/Hypro ratio), determined in bone biopsies. The ratio was measured in 27 unselected hyperthyroid patients. No significant correlation was found between the P/Hypro ratio and the age of the patient, the duration of the disease or the value of serum thyroxine. The mean value of the P/Hypro ratio for the group studied was not significantly different from the normal mean. The results of the study indicate a normal degree of mineralization in the bone of patients with hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:946342", "title": "Rapid simultaneous radioimmunoassay for the measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted human serum.", "content": "A rapid simultaneous radioimmunoassay for the measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted human serum is described. The method requires 25 mul serum. Approximately 150 human sera can be tested for triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in one day by one technical assistant. The triiodothyronine levels in peripheral venous blood in euthyroid subjects and in patients with various thyroid diseases are as follows: euthyroid (50) 115 +/- 22 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml, hypothyroid (20) 33 +/- 35 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml and hyperthyroid (20) 411 +/- 142 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml. The corresponding levels for thyroxine are: 6.9 +/- 1.3, 2.0 +/- 1.4 and 21.4 +/- 5.2 mug/100 ml. The levels of triiodothyronine in the thyroid venous blood are higher (P less than 0.05) than in the peripheral venous blood. The levels of thyroxine in the thyroid venous blood was not significantly higher than in peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "Rapid simultaneous radioimmunoassay for the measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted human serum. A rapid simultaneous radioimmunoassay for the measurement of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in unextracted human serum is described. The method requires 25 mul serum. Approximately 150 human sera can be tested for triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in one day by one technical assistant. The triiodothyronine levels in peripheral venous blood in euthyroid subjects and in patients with various thyroid diseases are as follows: euthyroid (50) 115 +/- 22 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml, hypothyroid (20) 33 +/- 35 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml and hyperthyroid (20) 411 +/- 142 (mean +/- SD) ng/100 ml. The corresponding levels for thyroxine are: 6.9 +/- 1.3, 2.0 +/- 1.4 and 21.4 +/- 5.2 mug/100 ml. The levels of triiodothyronine in the thyroid venous blood are higher (P less than 0.05) than in the peripheral venous blood. The levels of thyroxine in the thyroid venous blood was not significantly higher than in peripheral venous blood."}
{"id": "PMID:946343", "title": "Inhibition of thyroglobulin biosynthesis and degradation by excess iodide. Synergism with lithium.", "content": "Lithium and excess iodide inhibit the release of thyroid hormone from preformed stores. We thus tested the hypothesis that this was due to an inhibition of thyroglobulin breakdown. Rats were pre-treated with propyl-thiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks in order to deplete their thyroids of thyroglobulin. While the PTU was continued, lithium chloride (0.25 mEq./100 g weight) or potassium iodide (3 mg per rat) were injected every 12 h for d days. Thereafter the thyroglobulin content in thyroid gland homogenates was measured. PTU pre-treatment lowered the thyroglobulin content from 4.21 to 0.22 mg/100 mg gland. Lithium caused a marked re-accumulation of thyroglobulin to 0.60 mg/100 mg within 3 days. While iodide alone had only a borderline effect, it markedly potentiated the action of lithium and a combination of the two drugs increased the thyroglobulin content to 1.04 mg/100 mg. Thyroxine was injected into similarly pre-treated animals to suppress secretion of thyrotrophic hormone. This markedly inhibited the proteolysis of thyroglobulin and 1.3 mg/100 mg gland accumulated after 3 days. Excess iodide, given in addition to thyroxine, decreased the amount of thyroglobulin accumulated to 0.75 mg/100 mg gland. To study whether this could be explained by an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroglobulin biosynthesis, thyroid glands from animals treated with excess iodide were incubated in vitro in the presence of 0.2 mM iodide for 3 h. Iodide decreased the incorporation of radioactive leucine into total thyroidal protein and into thyroglobulin by 25 and 35% respectively. Iodide did not inhibit protein synthesis in the kidney, liver or muscle tissue. Thus, large doses of iodide selectively inhibit thyroglobulin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyroglobulin biosynthesis and degradation by excess iodide. Synergism with lithium. Lithium and excess iodide inhibit the release of thyroid hormone from preformed stores. We thus tested the hypothesis that this was due to an inhibition of thyroglobulin breakdown. Rats were pre-treated with propyl-thiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks in order to deplete their thyroids of thyroglobulin. While the PTU was continued, lithium chloride (0.25 mEq./100 g weight) or potassium iodide (3 mg per rat) were injected every 12 h for d days. Thereafter the thyroglobulin content in thyroid gland homogenates was measured. PTU pre-treatment lowered the thyroglobulin content from 4.21 to 0.22 mg/100 mg gland. Lithium caused a marked re-accumulation of thyroglobulin to 0.60 mg/100 mg within 3 days. While iodide alone had only a borderline effect, it markedly potentiated the action of lithium and a combination of the two drugs increased the thyroglobulin content to 1.04 mg/100 mg. Thyroxine was injected into similarly pre-treated animals to suppress secretion of thyrotrophic hormone. This markedly inhibited the proteolysis of thyroglobulin and 1.3 mg/100 mg gland accumulated after 3 days. Excess iodide, given in addition to thyroxine, decreased the amount of thyroglobulin accumulated to 0.75 mg/100 mg gland. To study whether this could be explained by an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroglobulin biosynthesis, thyroid glands from animals treated with excess iodide were incubated in vitro in the presence of 0.2 mM iodide for 3 h. Iodide decreased the incorporation of radioactive leucine into total thyroidal protein and into thyroglobulin by 25 and 35% respectively. Iodide did not inhibit protein synthesis in the kidney, liver or muscle tissue. Thus, large doses of iodide selectively inhibit thyroglobulin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:946344", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on basal and glucose induced insulin release in five patients with hyperinsulinaemia.", "content": "Somatostatin in a dose of 490 mug over 90 min inhibited basal insulin release in one subject with hyperplasia of the pancreatic islets and in two with benign insulin secreting adenomas. These three subjects also showed a marked insulin response to glucose infusion. No inhibitory effect of somatostatin was observed in two patients with benign insulinomas who demonstrated only a minor response to glucose. In the patient with islet hyperplasia and in one of the adenoma patients, who had an exaggerated insulin response to glucose (maximal response 10-30 times the basal insulin value), somatostatin also suppressed glucose induced insulin release. Our data suggest a beneficial therapeutic effect of somatostatin in patients with spontaneous hyperinsulinism with a pronounced insulin response to glucose.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on basal and glucose induced insulin release in five patients with hyperinsulinaemia. Somatostatin in a dose of 490 mug over 90 min inhibited basal insulin release in one subject with hyperplasia of the pancreatic islets and in two with benign insulin secreting adenomas. These three subjects also showed a marked insulin response to glucose infusion. No inhibitory effect of somatostatin was observed in two patients with benign insulinomas who demonstrated only a minor response to glucose. In the patient with islet hyperplasia and in one of the adenoma patients, who had an exaggerated insulin response to glucose (maximal response 10-30 times the basal insulin value), somatostatin also suppressed glucose induced insulin release. Our data suggest a beneficial therapeutic effect of somatostatin in patients with spontaneous hyperinsulinism with a pronounced insulin response to glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:946345", "title": "Ultramorphometric studies of the adrenal cortex of adult rats after neonatal administration of sex steroids.", "content": "The outer zona fasciculata of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks old, was studied by means of ultramorphometry. Four males and 4 females each received 1250 mug of testosterone proprionate (TP) or 300 mug oestradiol benzoate (OeB) on the second day of life. Four males and 4 females in oestrus or dioestrus served as controls. The controls showed both sex and cyclic differences: in comparison to the males, females displayed a finely dispersed lipoid pattern; enlargement of the nucleus and an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) indicated an increased stimulation of the cortex during oestrus. Neonatal administration of TP in females causes a distinct enlargement of cells with an increase in the volumes of nucleus, mitochondria, liposomes, SER and liposomes. The mitochondria and liposomes show a small-dispersed pattern of distribution. All these function-specific morphometric parameters point to an increased activity of the individual cell. The changes are less pronounced after OeB than after TP. In the male, neonatal administration of sex steroids results in an alteration of the sizes of the mitochondria and liposomes. The liposomes are distributed finely dispersed. At the same time there is an increase in the lipoid content. According to these parameters, fasciculata cells fulfil the morphological conditions that are a prerequisite for an elevated functional reaction. This change is more marked following OeB than TP. Sex dimorphism is preserved following neonatal application of sex steroids since the alterations are much more pronounced in females than in males.", "contents": "Ultramorphometric studies of the adrenal cortex of adult rats after neonatal administration of sex steroids. The outer zona fasciculata of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks old, was studied by means of ultramorphometry. Four males and 4 females each received 1250 mug of testosterone proprionate (TP) or 300 mug oestradiol benzoate (OeB) on the second day of life. Four males and 4 females in oestrus or dioestrus served as controls. The controls showed both sex and cyclic differences: in comparison to the males, females displayed a finely dispersed lipoid pattern; enlargement of the nucleus and an increase in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) indicated an increased stimulation of the cortex during oestrus. Neonatal administration of TP in females causes a distinct enlargement of cells with an increase in the volumes of nucleus, mitochondria, liposomes, SER and liposomes. The mitochondria and liposomes show a small-dispersed pattern of distribution. All these function-specific morphometric parameters point to an increased activity of the individual cell. The changes are less pronounced after OeB than after TP. In the male, neonatal administration of sex steroids results in an alteration of the sizes of the mitochondria and liposomes. The liposomes are distributed finely dispersed. At the same time there is an increase in the lipoid content. According to these parameters, fasciculata cells fulfil the morphological conditions that are a prerequisite for an elevated functional reaction. This change is more marked following OeB than TP. Sex dimorphism is preserved following neonatal application of sex steroids since the alterations are much more pronounced in females than in males."}
{"id": "PMID:946346", "title": "Sialic acid and sialidase activity in human endometrial tissue, uterine fluid and plasma under different conditions of uterine dysfunction.", "content": "Sialic acid content in endometrial tissue and sialidase activity in the endometrium, uterine fluid and plasma has been measured in normal and in conditions of uterine dysfunctions. It has been observed that an antagonistic effect exists between endometrial sialidase and sialic acid content, but in all the cases of uterine dysfunctions, the sialidase activity in uterine fluid and plasma decreases, whereas it increases during pregnancy.", "contents": "Sialic acid and sialidase activity in human endometrial tissue, uterine fluid and plasma under different conditions of uterine dysfunction. Sialic acid content in endometrial tissue and sialidase activity in the endometrium, uterine fluid and plasma has been measured in normal and in conditions of uterine dysfunctions. It has been observed that an antagonistic effect exists between endometrial sialidase and sialic acid content, but in all the cases of uterine dysfunctions, the sialidase activity in uterine fluid and plasma decreases, whereas it increases during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:946347", "title": "RNA metabolism in chick oviduct during oestrogen stimulation.", "content": "The amount and the labelling of RNA were studied in chick oviduct after secondary stimulation of pre-treated chicks with oestrogen. The weight of the oviduct increases over 2 fold in 20 h of oestrogen action using a dose of 1 mg. During the hormonal treatment the amount of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA increases about 3 and 1.5 fold, respectively. The amount of poly(A) containing RNA increases somewhat less than that of RNA lacking poly(A). The proportion of poly(A) containing species of the total cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA decreases from 5.8% to 4.4% and from 7.8% to 6.3%, respectively. Hydroxyurea largely prevents the effect of oestrogen in increasing the amount of RNA. Incorporation of [3H]uridine in RNA in vitro is stimulated about 2.5 fold in cytoplasmic RNA lacking poly(A) and only 1.2 fold in RNA containing poly(A) in 20 h of oestrogen action. In nuclear RNA the labelling of the two species is stimulated about 1.7 fold. Hydroxyurea fails to interfere with the oestrogen-induced stimulation in the labelling of RNA. Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA containing poly(A) is distributed in a peak of about 20 S in agarose-acrylamide gels.", "contents": "RNA metabolism in chick oviduct during oestrogen stimulation. The amount and the labelling of RNA were studied in chick oviduct after secondary stimulation of pre-treated chicks with oestrogen. The weight of the oviduct increases over 2 fold in 20 h of oestrogen action using a dose of 1 mg. During the hormonal treatment the amount of cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA increases about 3 and 1.5 fold, respectively. The amount of poly(A) containing RNA increases somewhat less than that of RNA lacking poly(A). The proportion of poly(A) containing species of the total cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA decreases from 5.8% to 4.4% and from 7.8% to 6.3%, respectively. Hydroxyurea largely prevents the effect of oestrogen in increasing the amount of RNA. Incorporation of [3H]uridine in RNA in vitro is stimulated about 2.5 fold in cytoplasmic RNA lacking poly(A) and only 1.2 fold in RNA containing poly(A) in 20 h of oestrogen action. In nuclear RNA the labelling of the two species is stimulated about 1.7 fold. Hydroxyurea fails to interfere with the oestrogen-induced stimulation in the labelling of RNA. Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA containing poly(A) is distributed in a peak of about 20 S in agarose-acrylamide gels."}
{"id": "PMID:946348", "title": "Translation of avidin mRNA from chick oviduct in the oestrous mouse uterus.", "content": "Oestrogen-primed immature chicks were injected with 5.0 mg of progesterone. Twenty hours after progesterone avidin mRNA was isolated and purified by a method including an antibody precipitation of the avidin polysomes, phenol extraction and nitrocellulase trapping. A water solution of mRNA (1 mug) with [14C]amino acids was instilled into the uterine horn of oestrous or dioestrous mice. Saline and [14C]amino acids were injected into the opposite control uterine horn. Avidin was assayed by an antibody method. A clear-cut avidin synthesis was found in the oestrous uterus, whereas the dioestrous showed only a slight avidin synthesis. This suggest that there are no absolute species-specific factors required at the translational level of uterine protein synthesis and that the mammalian uterus can translate foreign hormone-specific proteins at a rate dependent on the endogenous protein synthesis.", "contents": "Translation of avidin mRNA from chick oviduct in the oestrous mouse uterus. Oestrogen-primed immature chicks were injected with 5.0 mg of progesterone. Twenty hours after progesterone avidin mRNA was isolated and purified by a method including an antibody precipitation of the avidin polysomes, phenol extraction and nitrocellulase trapping. A water solution of mRNA (1 mug) with [14C]amino acids was instilled into the uterine horn of oestrous or dioestrous mice. Saline and [14C]amino acids were injected into the opposite control uterine horn. Avidin was assayed by an antibody method. A clear-cut avidin synthesis was found in the oestrous uterus, whereas the dioestrous showed only a slight avidin synthesis. This suggest that there are no absolute species-specific factors required at the translational level of uterine protein synthesis and that the mammalian uterus can translate foreign hormone-specific proteins at a rate dependent on the endogenous protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:946349", "title": "Differences in urinary excretion of steroid 21-deoxyketols by women pregnant with a normal or an anencephalic foetus.", "content": "During late pregnancy the urinary excretion of steroid 21-deoxyketols, which contain the CH3-CO-C(OH)less than side chain, was 1.16 +/- 0.50 mg/24 h (mean +/- SD n = 9). The mean excretion of these metabolites in 8 pregnancies with an anencephalic foetus showed a significant reduction (P less than 0.01, t-test) to 0.42 +/- 0.18 mg/24 h. Six untreated non-pregnant women and 7 taking oral contraceptives which contain oestrogen had steroid 21-deoxyketol excretions of 0.26 +/- 0.09 mg/24 h and 0.19 +/- 0.09 mg/24 h respectively. These results imply that the adrenal of the normal foetus makes a contribution to the secretion of those steroids which are ultimately excreted by the mother as 21-deoxyketols.", "contents": "Differences in urinary excretion of steroid 21-deoxyketols by women pregnant with a normal or an anencephalic foetus. During late pregnancy the urinary excretion of steroid 21-deoxyketols, which contain the CH3-CO-C(OH)less than side chain, was 1.16 +/- 0.50 mg/24 h (mean +/- SD n = 9). The mean excretion of these metabolites in 8 pregnancies with an anencephalic foetus showed a significant reduction (P less than 0.01, t-test) to 0.42 +/- 0.18 mg/24 h. Six untreated non-pregnant women and 7 taking oral contraceptives which contain oestrogen had steroid 21-deoxyketol excretions of 0.26 +/- 0.09 mg/24 h and 0.19 +/- 0.09 mg/24 h respectively. These results imply that the adrenal of the normal foetus makes a contribution to the secretion of those steroids which are ultimately excreted by the mother as 21-deoxyketols."}
{"id": "PMID:946350", "title": "Comparison of the methods for measuring human chorionic gonadotrophin after hydatidiform mole.", "content": "Six patients who had hydatidiform mole and who subsequently developed clinical choriocarcinomas were studied. Serial plasma samples were assayed for HCG content by (i) haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI test), (ii) a non-specitic radioimmunoassay and (iii) a specific radioimmunoassay developed against the beta-sub unit of HCG. When levels of HCG were high all three assays gave results which parallelled each other. However, the radioimmunoassays were able to detect the presence of HCG several weeks after the HI test became negative. Luteinizing hormone cross-reacted in the non-specific radioimmunoassay of HCG and may lead to false positive results. The present study indicated that it is important to employ the radioimmunoassay against the beta-sub unit of HCG to permit a specific assessment of HCG activity and thereby provide a reliable monitoring of patients following hydatidiform mole or with choriocarcinoma.", "contents": "Comparison of the methods for measuring human chorionic gonadotrophin after hydatidiform mole. Six patients who had hydatidiform mole and who subsequently developed clinical choriocarcinomas were studied. Serial plasma samples were assayed for HCG content by (i) haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI test), (ii) a non-specitic radioimmunoassay and (iii) a specific radioimmunoassay developed against the beta-sub unit of HCG. When levels of HCG were high all three assays gave results which parallelled each other. However, the radioimmunoassays were able to detect the presence of HCG several weeks after the HI test became negative. Luteinizing hormone cross-reacted in the non-specific radioimmunoassay of HCG and may lead to false positive results. The present study indicated that it is important to employ the radioimmunoassay against the beta-sub unit of HCG to permit a specific assessment of HCG activity and thereby provide a reliable monitoring of patients following hydatidiform mole or with choriocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:946351", "title": "Diurnal testosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in peripheral plasma of young post-pubertal bulls. A study by frequent sampling.", "content": "Testerone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were measured in the peripheral plasma of 6 young post-pubertal bulls of 1 year of age, by separate radioimmunoassays. Samples were collected every hour for 25 h at the beginning of each of four seasons. On a separate occasion blood samples were collected from one bull every 10 min for 2 h. As a result of the study, testosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone appeared to be secreted episodically. These two steroid peaks showed good correlation. Each 24 h period showed its own characteristic pattern of pulsatile changes. Episodic secretion seems to be progressive rather than rapid and short lived. No real circadian rhythm was observed but at about 10.00 a.m. a trough in these steroid secretions occurred. This was followed by an increase in peripheral plasma concentration. These troughs occurred at all seasons after the morning feed and while semen was being collected in the performance test station.", "contents": "Diurnal testosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in peripheral plasma of young post-pubertal bulls. A study by frequent sampling. Testerone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were measured in the peripheral plasma of 6 young post-pubertal bulls of 1 year of age, by separate radioimmunoassays. Samples were collected every hour for 25 h at the beginning of each of four seasons. On a separate occasion blood samples were collected from one bull every 10 min for 2 h. As a result of the study, testosterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone appeared to be secreted episodically. These two steroid peaks showed good correlation. Each 24 h period showed its own characteristic pattern of pulsatile changes. Episodic secretion seems to be progressive rather than rapid and short lived. No real circadian rhythm was observed but at about 10.00 a.m. a trough in these steroid secretions occurred. This was followed by an increase in peripheral plasma concentration. These troughs occurred at all seasons after the morning feed and while semen was being collected in the performance test station."}
{"id": "PMID:946352", "title": "Effect of synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) on circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in young post-pubertal bulls.", "content": "The reproducibility of LH and testosterone responses after Gn-RH treatment in young post-pubertal bulls was tested. Ten bulls were injected im (250 mug) twice with an interval of 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 21/2 h and then on the second occasion, every hour. LH increases very rapidly and reaches an initial peak by 30 min after Gn-RH injection. This increase over basal level was 25 to 30-fold. After a plateau of high levels lasting 40 to 50 min, a second peak of LH concentration occurs. LH then decreases and returns to basal levels by 6 to 7 h after treatment. The increase of plasma testosterone was more prolonged and of smaller magnitude than that of LH: 3 to 4-fold. There was a large and significant variation between bulls; but with LH, a given individual responded in a consistent manner on the two separate occasions. It is concluded that LH response to Gn-RH treatment might be useful and should be tested as a diagnostic value for clinical or breeding purposes. The testosterone response does not seem to be as valuable and reliable as that of LH.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) on circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in young post-pubertal bulls. The reproducibility of LH and testosterone responses after Gn-RH treatment in young post-pubertal bulls was tested. Ten bulls were injected im (250 mug) twice with an interval of 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 21/2 h and then on the second occasion, every hour. LH increases very rapidly and reaches an initial peak by 30 min after Gn-RH injection. This increase over basal level was 25 to 30-fold. After a plateau of high levels lasting 40 to 50 min, a second peak of LH concentration occurs. LH then decreases and returns to basal levels by 6 to 7 h after treatment. The increase of plasma testosterone was more prolonged and of smaller magnitude than that of LH: 3 to 4-fold. There was a large and significant variation between bulls; but with LH, a given individual responded in a consistent manner on the two separate occasions. It is concluded that LH response to Gn-RH treatment might be useful and should be tested as a diagnostic value for clinical or breeding purposes. The testosterone response does not seem to be as valuable and reliable as that of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:946353", "title": "The effects of castration on body composition, adipose tissue cellularity and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adult male rats.", "content": "Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals.", "contents": "The effects of castration on body composition, adipose tissue cellularity and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adult male rats. Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:946354", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of oestrone in plasma. A comparison of different methods with respect to the relation between assay specificity, sample purification and antibody specificity.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for oestrone (Oe1) in plasma was developed using an ether extraction, a partition between NaOH and light petroleum, and a TLC as sample purification and an antiserum cross-reacting with Oe2 for the final assay (Method A1). The reliability criteria are given in detail. In order to simplify this method a highly specific antiserum was developed by using Oe1-3-hemisuccinate-BSA as an antigen. Using this antiserum for the final assay but omitting the TLC (Method B) the Oe1 concentration in male plasma was 76% overestimated (Method B compared with Method A1). In pregnancy plasma Oe1 could specifically be determined after a simple ether extraction (Method C). It was concluded that the use of a highly specific antiserum (as determined by cross-reaction studies) for the final assay does not necessarily imply that a chromatographic sample purification can be omitted without loss in assay specificity. This appears to be true mainly in cases where the steroid concentration of the sample is low. Normal values of Oe1 from 80 healthy adult males were ascertained by Method A1. Age group I (22-61 years, n = 48) ranged from 1.22-5.60 ng/100 ml, median 2.81; age group II (67-90 years, n = 32) from 1.55-6.40, 100 median 3.41. The small increase of Oe1 with age was highly significant.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of oestrone in plasma. A comparison of different methods with respect to the relation between assay specificity, sample purification and antibody specificity. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for oestrone (Oe1) in plasma was developed using an ether extraction, a partition between NaOH and light petroleum, and a TLC as sample purification and an antiserum cross-reacting with Oe2 for the final assay (Method A1). The reliability criteria are given in detail. In order to simplify this method a highly specific antiserum was developed by using Oe1-3-hemisuccinate-BSA as an antigen. Using this antiserum for the final assay but omitting the TLC (Method B) the Oe1 concentration in male plasma was 76% overestimated (Method B compared with Method A1). In pregnancy plasma Oe1 could specifically be determined after a simple ether extraction (Method C). It was concluded that the use of a highly specific antiserum (as determined by cross-reaction studies) for the final assay does not necessarily imply that a chromatographic sample purification can be omitted without loss in assay specificity. This appears to be true mainly in cases where the steroid concentration of the sample is low. Normal values of Oe1 from 80 healthy adult males were ascertained by Method A1. Age group I (22-61 years, n = 48) ranged from 1.22-5.60 ng/100 ml, median 2.81; age group II (67-90 years, n = 32) from 1.55-6.40, 100 median 3.41. The small increase of Oe1 with age was highly significant."}
{"id": "PMID:946356", "title": "Melanotropic drugs and retinal functions. I. Effects of quinine and chloroquine on the sheep ERG.", "content": "The present work is the first in a series of investigations on the effects of melanotropic drugs on retinal function. Teh changes in the conventional ERG of the dark-adapted, intact sheep eye were studied after iv administrations of quinine and chloroquine. Both drugs influenced the ERG in principally the same way. Small doses changed only the c-wave amplitude which began to oscillate after a delay of about 1 hour. Larger doses had an immediate effect on both the b- and c-waves. The b-wave amplitude dropped and the c-wave showed an initial peak followed by oscillatory changes about 1 h later. These late changes were similar to those observed after administration of small doses of the drugs. The present results indicate that small doses of quinine and chlorquine have a delayed effect on the pigment epithelial cells, while larger doses exert a more immediate and general retinotoxic effect.", "contents": "Melanotropic drugs and retinal functions. I. Effects of quinine and chloroquine on the sheep ERG. The present work is the first in a series of investigations on the effects of melanotropic drugs on retinal function. Teh changes in the conventional ERG of the dark-adapted, intact sheep eye were studied after iv administrations of quinine and chloroquine. Both drugs influenced the ERG in principally the same way. Small doses changed only the c-wave amplitude which began to oscillate after a delay of about 1 hour. Larger doses had an immediate effect on both the b- and c-waves. The b-wave amplitude dropped and the c-wave showed an initial peak followed by oscillatory changes about 1 h later. These late changes were similar to those observed after administration of small doses of the drugs. The present results indicate that small doses of quinine and chlorquine have a delayed effect on the pigment epithelial cells, while larger doses exert a more immediate and general retinotoxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:946357", "title": "Melanotropic drugs and retinal functions. II. Effects of phenothiazine and rifampicin on the sheep ERG.", "content": "The acute effects of chlorpromazine, promethazine and rifampicin on the a-, b- and c-waves of the conventional electroretinogram (ERG) were studied in sheep. Iv administration of chlorpromazine and promethazine resulted in a b-wave amplitude decrease and an initial c-wave amplitude decrease, followed by cyclic amplitude changes resembling damped oscillations. Iv injections of rifampicin, however, resulted in cyclic changes of the c-wave amplitude without initial concomitant b-wave changes. The results of the present study indicate that rifampicin has a selective influence on the pigment epithelial cells, while chlorpromazine and promethazine seem to have more generalized retinal effects on both the neuroretina and the pigment epithelial cells.", "contents": "Melanotropic drugs and retinal functions. II. Effects of phenothiazine and rifampicin on the sheep ERG. The acute effects of chlorpromazine, promethazine and rifampicin on the a-, b- and c-waves of the conventional electroretinogram (ERG) were studied in sheep. Iv administration of chlorpromazine and promethazine resulted in a b-wave amplitude decrease and an initial c-wave amplitude decrease, followed by cyclic amplitude changes resembling damped oscillations. Iv injections of rifampicin, however, resulted in cyclic changes of the c-wave amplitude without initial concomitant b-wave changes. The results of the present study indicate that rifampicin has a selective influence on the pigment epithelial cells, while chlorpromazine and promethazine seem to have more generalized retinal effects on both the neuroretina and the pigment epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:946358", "title": "Blood-aqueous barrier in newborn and young rabbits. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Distribution of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the ciliary body of newborn and young (2 weeks old) rabbits was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction product was localized in all animals in the lumen of the blood vessels, in the perivascular area, in the surrounding connective tissue stroma and also in the epithelial cell layers. The peroxidase penetrated through the intercellular junctions of the pigmented cells to the intercellular space between the apical membranes of the two epithelial cell layers. In young rabbits peroxidase penetrated between the apical intercellular clefts of the non-pigmented cells in small quantities only, whereas in the newborn animals the clefts were filled with peroxidase. This reflects differences in the blood-aqueous barrier mechanism between the two studied groups and is evidently due to developmental stages of the eyes.", "contents": "Blood-aqueous barrier in newborn and young rabbits. An electron microscopic study. Distribution of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the ciliary body of newborn and young (2 weeks old) rabbits was studied with the electron microscope. The reaction product was localized in all animals in the lumen of the blood vessels, in the perivascular area, in the surrounding connective tissue stroma and also in the epithelial cell layers. The peroxidase penetrated through the intercellular junctions of the pigmented cells to the intercellular space between the apical membranes of the two epithelial cell layers. In young rabbits peroxidase penetrated between the apical intercellular clefts of the non-pigmented cells in small quantities only, whereas in the newborn animals the clefts were filled with peroxidase. This reflects differences in the blood-aqueous barrier mechanism between the two studied groups and is evidently due to developmental stages of the eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:946359", "title": "Resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses.", "content": "The resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses was studied in a material derived from a population survey and consisting of 1042 unique individuals forming 365 nuclear families and 1333 pairs divided into groups with different sex-composition and type of connection. Persons in whom glaucoma was suspected were excluded. The general level of resemblance in the present study was similar to that in previous studies. Differences between groups with different sex-composition conformed to a pattern expected from environmental effects. The resemblance between husbands and their wives was highly significant and of the same order of magnitude as that in relatives sharing a common genetic background. We concluded that a common environment contributes materially to the resemblance between tometer readings on relatives. The possibility of a cumulative environmental effect was suggested by an increase in resemblance with age.", "contents": "Resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses. The resemblance between tonometer readings on relatives and spouses was studied in a material derived from a population survey and consisting of 1042 unique individuals forming 365 nuclear families and 1333 pairs divided into groups with different sex-composition and type of connection. Persons in whom glaucoma was suspected were excluded. The general level of resemblance in the present study was similar to that in previous studies. Differences between groups with different sex-composition conformed to a pattern expected from environmental effects. The resemblance between husbands and their wives was highly significant and of the same order of magnitude as that in relatives sharing a common genetic background. We concluded that a common environment contributes materially to the resemblance between tometer readings on relatives. The possibility of a cumulative environmental effect was suggested by an increase in resemblance with age."}
{"id": "PMID:946360", "title": "The \"Knapp-Ronne\" type of malignant melanoma of the choroid. A haemangioma-like melanoma with a typical clinical picture. So-called \"preretinal malignant choroidal melanoma\".", "content": "Five cases of a rare type of malignant melanoma of the choroid with a typical clinical and histopathological picture are reported. This tumour is characterized by it location near the optic disk,its early growth through the retina, its structure with bloodless and blood-filled cavernous spaces, and its manifestation by a massive haemorrhage into the vitreous. \"Historical\" cases are mentioned, showing that this rare tumour, occurring in about 1:250 of malignant melanomas of the choroid, has a Scandinavian tradition. The clinical and histopathological details are discussed.", "contents": "The \"Knapp-Ronne\" type of malignant melanoma of the choroid. A haemangioma-like melanoma with a typical clinical picture. So-called \"preretinal malignant choroidal melanoma\". Five cases of a rare type of malignant melanoma of the choroid with a typical clinical and histopathological picture are reported. This tumour is characterized by it location near the optic disk,its early growth through the retina, its structure with bloodless and blood-filled cavernous spaces, and its manifestation by a massive haemorrhage into the vitreous. \"Historical\" cases are mentioned, showing that this rare tumour, occurring in about 1:250 of malignant melanomas of the choroid, has a Scandinavian tradition. The clinical and histopathological details are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946361", "title": "Chorio-retinal resection of a neoplasm from the human eye.", "content": "An epithelioma was removed from the iris and ciliary body of a six-year-old girl by a partial irido-cyclectomy. Three months later recurrence of the tumour was seen in the equatorial zone of the fundus. Three weeks after application of transscleral cryotherapy around the neoplasm, a chorio-retinal resection of the tumour area in the fundus was performed. The postoperative healing was satisfactory. Re-examination 16 months later revealed a healthy eye. The results indicate that a circumscribed tumour can successfully be resected from the fundus.", "contents": "Chorio-retinal resection of a neoplasm from the human eye. An epithelioma was removed from the iris and ciliary body of a six-year-old girl by a partial irido-cyclectomy. Three months later recurrence of the tumour was seen in the equatorial zone of the fundus. Three weeks after application of transscleral cryotherapy around the neoplasm, a chorio-retinal resection of the tumour area in the fundus was performed. The postoperative healing was satisfactory. Re-examination 16 months later revealed a healthy eye. The results indicate that a circumscribed tumour can successfully be resected from the fundus."}
{"id": "PMID:946362", "title": "Prognosis of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. 2. Accounting for and predicting final visual acuity in surgically reattached cases.", "content": "Multiple linear regression-analysis of variance was used to define relationships between final visual acuity and several parameters in 31 patients with reattached primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Older patient age, preoperative macular detachment, clinically visible macular lesions, greater detachment duration and extent, and higher subretinal fluid butyrylcholinesterase activity were all inversely related to final acuity. The relationship of each parameter to final acuity, in conjunction with and apart from all the other parameters, was defined. Collectively the parameters accounted for 85% of the variation about the mean of the clinically observed finally acuities. The parameters could be weighted to give a generally, reasonably accurate prediction of final acuity at the time of surgery. The findings are consistent with a pathophysiological sequence involving alterations in the choroidal circulation and the blood-ocular barrier of the posterior segment.", "contents": "Prognosis of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. 2. Accounting for and predicting final visual acuity in surgically reattached cases. Multiple linear regression-analysis of variance was used to define relationships between final visual acuity and several parameters in 31 patients with reattached primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Older patient age, preoperative macular detachment, clinically visible macular lesions, greater detachment duration and extent, and higher subretinal fluid butyrylcholinesterase activity were all inversely related to final acuity. The relationship of each parameter to final acuity, in conjunction with and apart from all the other parameters, was defined. Collectively the parameters accounted for 85% of the variation about the mean of the clinically observed finally acuities. The parameters could be weighted to give a generally, reasonably accurate prediction of final acuity at the time of surgery. The findings are consistent with a pathophysiological sequence involving alterations in the choroidal circulation and the blood-ocular barrier of the posterior segment."}
{"id": "PMID:946363", "title": "Sympathetic nerves to the rat cornea.", "content": "The adrenergic innervation of the rat cornea was investigated by using the formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) technique. The fluorescent nerves were observed mainly in the corneal stroma. Either cervical sympathectomy or pre-treatment with reserpine completely abolished the fluorescence of the adrenergic nerves of the cornea. After a stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, no adrenergic fibres were visible in the cornea and the number of the fluorescent iridic nerves was also reduced to a marked extent. On the other hand, ciliary ganglionectomy seemed to have no effect on the adrenergic fibres of the cornea. When the rats had been pre-treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nialamide, and noradrenaline, not only was there an increase in the intensity of the specific fluorescence, but also in the number of adrenergic nerves in the cornea. The epithelium was also shown to contain adrenergic nerves by administering high doses of nialamide combined with noradrenaline, both intravenously as well as topically on the cornea, under the protection of propranolol. It may be concluded that the rat cornea receives its adrenergic innervation along the posterior ciliary nerves. The short ciliary nerves do not appear to carry sympathetic nerves to the cornea.", "contents": "Sympathetic nerves to the rat cornea. The adrenergic innervation of the rat cornea was investigated by using the formaldehyde induced fluorescence (FIF) technique. The fluorescent nerves were observed mainly in the corneal stroma. Either cervical sympathectomy or pre-treatment with reserpine completely abolished the fluorescence of the adrenergic nerves of the cornea. After a stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, no adrenergic fibres were visible in the cornea and the number of the fluorescent iridic nerves was also reduced to a marked extent. On the other hand, ciliary ganglionectomy seemed to have no effect on the adrenergic fibres of the cornea. When the rats had been pre-treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nialamide, and noradrenaline, not only was there an increase in the intensity of the specific fluorescence, but also in the number of adrenergic nerves in the cornea. The epithelium was also shown to contain adrenergic nerves by administering high doses of nialamide combined with noradrenaline, both intravenously as well as topically on the cornea, under the protection of propranolol. It may be concluded that the rat cornea receives its adrenergic innervation along the posterior ciliary nerves. The short ciliary nerves do not appear to carry sympathetic nerves to the cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:946364", "title": "Effects of denervations on the acetylcholinesterase-containing and fluorescent nerves of the rat iris.", "content": "The thiocholine method for the demonstration of AChE-containing fibres and the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique for the visualization of adrenergic fibres were employed to study the innervation of the albino rat iris. The following denervations were performed in order to verify the origins of different nerve types: (1) extirpation of the ciliary ganglion, (2) extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion, (3) stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and (4) all possible combinations of the above-mentioned procedures. The denervations disclosed three main types of AChE-containing nerves in the iris: (1) nerve fibres degenerating after ciliary ganglionectomy, (2) thick nerve bundles in the dilator region disappearing after trigeminal neurotomy, and (3) fibres remaining intact after any type of denervation. Cervical sympathectomy had no effect on AChE-positive fibres. Under electron microscope AChE activity could be seen in the axolemma both in unmyelinated and in myelinated fibres. All fluorescent fibres vanished after ipsilateral cervical sympathectomy. Most of these fibres also disappeared after trigeminal neurotomy and the remaining fibres degenerated after subsequent ciliary ganglionectomy. On the basis of the present findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Most AChE-containing fibres of the rat iris originate in the ciliary ganglion. (2) The majority of the myelinated sensory fibres of the rat iris also contain AChE. (3) There is no AChE in the adrenergic fibres of the rat iris. (4) All adrenergic fibres of the rat iris originate in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, and (5) these fibres enter the iris along with both the long and short ciliary nerves.", "contents": "Effects of denervations on the acetylcholinesterase-containing and fluorescent nerves of the rat iris. The thiocholine method for the demonstration of AChE-containing fibres and the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique for the visualization of adrenergic fibres were employed to study the innervation of the albino rat iris. The following denervations were performed in order to verify the origins of different nerve types: (1) extirpation of the ciliary ganglion, (2) extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion, (3) stereotactic coagulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and (4) all possible combinations of the above-mentioned procedures. The denervations disclosed three main types of AChE-containing nerves in the iris: (1) nerve fibres degenerating after ciliary ganglionectomy, (2) thick nerve bundles in the dilator region disappearing after trigeminal neurotomy, and (3) fibres remaining intact after any type of denervation. Cervical sympathectomy had no effect on AChE-positive fibres. Under electron microscope AChE activity could be seen in the axolemma both in unmyelinated and in myelinated fibres. All fluorescent fibres vanished after ipsilateral cervical sympathectomy. Most of these fibres also disappeared after trigeminal neurotomy and the remaining fibres degenerated after subsequent ciliary ganglionectomy. On the basis of the present findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Most AChE-containing fibres of the rat iris originate in the ciliary ganglion. (2) The majority of the myelinated sensory fibres of the rat iris also contain AChE. (3) There is no AChE in the adrenergic fibres of the rat iris. (4) All adrenergic fibres of the rat iris originate in the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion, and (5) these fibres enter the iris along with both the long and short ciliary nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:946365", "title": "The nature of capsular inclusions in lenticular chalcosis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of lenticular chalcosis has been studied where the accidentally implanted brass fragment had been removed 2 years prior to extraction of the lens. Characteristic capsular inclusions were found which did not contain copper. The inclusions probably consisted of a lipoid material.", "contents": "The nature of capsular inclusions in lenticular chalcosis. Report of a case. A case of lenticular chalcosis has been studied where the accidentally implanted brass fragment had been removed 2 years prior to extraction of the lens. Characteristic capsular inclusions were found which did not contain copper. The inclusions probably consisted of a lipoid material."}
{"id": "PMID:946382", "title": "Relationship of lactose intolerance to milk intolerance in young children.", "content": "The prevalence of lactose intolerance as revealed by the standard lactose tolerance test was compared with the occurrence of intolerance to graded amounts of milk in 69 black and 30 white children. Of the black children studied, 11% of those 4 to 5 years old, 50% of those 6 to 7 years old, and 72% of those 8 to 9 years old were found to be lactose-intolerant, yet no child was intolerant to 240 ml of milk. Symptom responses to greater amounts of milk did not suggest that the frequency of primary lactose intolerance might be a reason for limiting existing milk programs for young children. No significant differences were found between the milk intakes of black lactose-tolerant and black lactose-intolerant children, nor between milk intakes of 6- and 7-year-old black and white children in Boston. However, 8- to 9-year-old black children drank significantly less milk than 8- to 9-year-old white children did. The blood glucose response at 0, 20, and 45 min after the ingestion of 2 g lactose/kg (maximum 50 g) was unreliable as an indicator of an individual's symptomatic response to lactose.", "contents": "Relationship of lactose intolerance to milk intolerance in young children. The prevalence of lactose intolerance as revealed by the standard lactose tolerance test was compared with the occurrence of intolerance to graded amounts of milk in 69 black and 30 white children. Of the black children studied, 11% of those 4 to 5 years old, 50% of those 6 to 7 years old, and 72% of those 8 to 9 years old were found to be lactose-intolerant, yet no child was intolerant to 240 ml of milk. Symptom responses to greater amounts of milk did not suggest that the frequency of primary lactose intolerance might be a reason for limiting existing milk programs for young children. No significant differences were found between the milk intakes of black lactose-tolerant and black lactose-intolerant children, nor between milk intakes of 6- and 7-year-old black and white children in Boston. However, 8- to 9-year-old black children drank significantly less milk than 8- to 9-year-old white children did. The blood glucose response at 0, 20, and 45 min after the ingestion of 2 g lactose/kg (maximum 50 g) was unreliable as an indicator of an individual's symptomatic response to lactose."}
{"id": "PMID:946383", "title": "Congenital graves disease. Four familial cases with long-term follow-up and perspective.", "content": "Congenital Graves disease has been described as a transient disorder in which the mother has or has had hyperthyroidism. Experience with four affected children to ages 5 to 9 years and a review of published cases led us to conclude that long-acting thyroid stimulator (half-life, six days) is not the cause of the disease. This disease occurs in infants from families with a high incidence of Graves disease, and, in many, hyperthyroidism persists for months or years. The pathogenesis of Graves disease is unknown, and the simplistic maternal-to-fetal humoral theory is not a suitable explanation for congenital Graves disease. If Graves disease is considered in the larger perspective than the maternal-fetal unit, a pattern of inheritance is apparent, ie, an autosomal-dominant trait with a predilection for the female individual.", "contents": "Congenital graves disease. Four familial cases with long-term follow-up and perspective. Congenital Graves disease has been described as a transient disorder in which the mother has or has had hyperthyroidism. Experience with four affected children to ages 5 to 9 years and a review of published cases led us to conclude that long-acting thyroid stimulator (half-life, six days) is not the cause of the disease. This disease occurs in infants from families with a high incidence of Graves disease, and, in many, hyperthyroidism persists for months or years. The pathogenesis of Graves disease is unknown, and the simplistic maternal-to-fetal humoral theory is not a suitable explanation for congenital Graves disease. If Graves disease is considered in the larger perspective than the maternal-fetal unit, a pattern of inheritance is apparent, ie, an autosomal-dominant trait with a predilection for the female individual."}
{"id": "PMID:946384", "title": "Ultrasonic examination of the thyroid gland. Possibilities and limitations.", "content": "In 440 patients with various thyroid disorders scintiphotography and ultrasonography were carried out. For ultrasonic examination both the A-mode and B-mode display technics were employed, included in the study were 324 patients with hypofunctioning solitary nodules; a histopathologic diagnosis could be obtained in 151 of these. The method proved to be especially valuable for differentiating between solid and cystic nodules. This is of practical importance because completely cystic nodules are nearly always benign and may be treated by thin needle puncture with aspiration of the cyst fluid. In addition, ultrasonography is of some value in making a better functional classification of nodules, better estimating the size of the thyroid and in the follow-up of patients with various thyroid disorders who are under treatment or untreated. Differentiating between benign and malignant solid nodules was not possible with the technic used. The examination can be safely carried out in pregnancy. The limitations of the technic are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrasonic examination of the thyroid gland. Possibilities and limitations. In 440 patients with various thyroid disorders scintiphotography and ultrasonography were carried out. For ultrasonic examination both the A-mode and B-mode display technics were employed, included in the study were 324 patients with hypofunctioning solitary nodules; a histopathologic diagnosis could be obtained in 151 of these. The method proved to be especially valuable for differentiating between solid and cystic nodules. This is of practical importance because completely cystic nodules are nearly always benign and may be treated by thin needle puncture with aspiration of the cyst fluid. In addition, ultrasonography is of some value in making a better functional classification of nodules, better estimating the size of the thyroid and in the follow-up of patients with various thyroid disorders who are under treatment or untreated. Differentiating between benign and malignant solid nodules was not possible with the technic used. The examination can be safely carried out in pregnancy. The limitations of the technic are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946387", "title": "Minimal hepatic changes in rats fed alcohol and a high casein diet.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether prolonged ingestion of alcohol in combination with a nutritious diet can produce hepatic cirrhosis in the rat. Male Wistar-strain rats were fed a high protein liquid diet in which alcohol comprised 35.5% of total calories. Rats maintained on this diet for 19 months had normal growth. There was no evidence of cirrhosis after 19 months. Histological examination showed no hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, or increased connective tissue. Ultrastructural study showed no substantial changes, except for occasional mitochondrial enlargement in cells containing increased lipid. Biochemical analyses at 19 months showed moderate increase in hepatic triglyceride levels and slight increase in hepatic collagen content in the experimental groups.", "contents": "Minimal hepatic changes in rats fed alcohol and a high casein diet. This study was designed to determine whether prolonged ingestion of alcohol in combination with a nutritious diet can produce hepatic cirrhosis in the rat. Male Wistar-strain rats were fed a high protein liquid diet in which alcohol comprised 35.5% of total calories. Rats maintained on this diet for 19 months had normal growth. There was no evidence of cirrhosis after 19 months. Histological examination showed no hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, or increased connective tissue. Ultrastructural study showed no substantial changes, except for occasional mitochondrial enlargement in cells containing increased lipid. Biochemical analyses at 19 months showed moderate increase in hepatic triglyceride levels and slight increase in hepatic collagen content in the experimental groups."}
{"id": "PMID:946388", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and lobar pneumonia. Fine structure of the liver.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes appeared in liver biopsy specimens from eight patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency who developed jaundice during the course of lobar pneumonia. The observed changed indicate that the hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice that develop in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with lobar pneumonia are caused partly by hemolysis and partly by intrahepatic cholestasis. The cholestasis may be caused by a genetic predisposition in enzyme-deficient individuals; the hemolysis may be induced by pulmonary infection in individuals with an enzyme deficiency.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and lobar pneumonia. Fine structure of the liver. Ultrastructural changes appeared in liver biopsy specimens from eight patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency who developed jaundice during the course of lobar pneumonia. The observed changed indicate that the hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice that develop in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with lobar pneumonia are caused partly by hemolysis and partly by intrahepatic cholestasis. The cholestasis may be caused by a genetic predisposition in enzyme-deficient individuals; the hemolysis may be induced by pulmonary infection in individuals with an enzyme deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:946389", "title": "Hepatic infarction. A clinicopathologic study of seven cases.", "content": "Five of the seven cases of hepatic infarction that compose this study were encountered in a series of 442 consecutive autopsies, giving an incidence of one in 88 autopsies. The clinical and laboratory features were suggestive of hepatocellular dysfunction, although in only three cases was the diagnosis considered prior to death. Morphologically, in four of the seven patients, the infarcts were regarded as massive or of submassive proportions and were directly responsible for the patients' death. The majority of infarcts were of recent origin, with the estimated ages ranging from 18 to 72 hours. One was of about two weeks' duration and was the only example in this series associated with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Hepatic infarction. A clinicopathologic study of seven cases. Five of the seven cases of hepatic infarction that compose this study were encountered in a series of 442 consecutive autopsies, giving an incidence of one in 88 autopsies. The clinical and laboratory features were suggestive of hepatocellular dysfunction, although in only three cases was the diagnosis considered prior to death. Morphologically, in four of the seven patients, the infarcts were regarded as massive or of submassive proportions and were directly responsible for the patients' death. The majority of infarcts were of recent origin, with the estimated ages ranging from 18 to 72 hours. One was of about two weeks' duration and was the only example in this series associated with cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:946390", "title": "Articular cartilage of diabetic Chinese hamsters.", "content": "Investigations were carried out in order to determine whether animals with spontaneous diabetes are prone to develop skeletal lesions comparable to those found in diabetic human subjects. The present report deals with the ultrastructure of the cartilage of the hip joint of diabetic Chinese hamsters and nondiabetic control animals. In the diabetic animals, chondrocytes of the femoral head showed atrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum, bizarre mitodhoncria, and huge lipid inclusions, which are changes suggestive of disturbed function.", "contents": "Articular cartilage of diabetic Chinese hamsters. Investigations were carried out in order to determine whether animals with spontaneous diabetes are prone to develop skeletal lesions comparable to those found in diabetic human subjects. The present report deals with the ultrastructure of the cartilage of the hip joint of diabetic Chinese hamsters and nondiabetic control animals. In the diabetic animals, chondrocytes of the femoral head showed atrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum, bizarre mitodhoncria, and huge lipid inclusions, which are changes suggestive of disturbed function."}
{"id": "PMID:946385", "title": "The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases.", "content": "The clinical and pathological findings in a group of 260 homosexual men comprising 10% of a private proctologic practice are reviewed. A clinical pattern of anorectal and colon diseases encountered with unusual frequency in these homosexual patients is termed the gay bowel syndrome. The clinical diagnoses in decreasing order of frequency include condyloma acuminata, hemorrhoids, nonspecific proctitis, anal fistula, perirectal abscess, anal fissure, amebiasis, benign polyps, viral hepatitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, anorectal trauma and foreign bodies, shigellosis, rectal ulcers and lymphogranuloma venereum. 60 anorectal and sigmoid biopsies from 51 patients failed to disclose evidence of specific infection other than condyloma acuminata. Of 21 patients with biopsy diagnosis of nonspecific proctitis, 8 had a specific infection which was detected by other means,--5 cases of shigellosis and one case each of gonorrheal proctitis, amebiasis and lymphogranuloma venereum. In evaluating proctologic problems in the gay male, all of the known sexually transmitted diseases should be considered. Shigellosis, amebiasis and viral hepatitis should be included. Microbiological evaluation is essential. Concurrent infections with 2 or more pathogens should be anticipated. Chlamydia trachomatis, an important cause of nonspecific urethritis in the general population, is high on the list of possible causes of the nonspecific proctitis present in 31 of the 260 patients.", "contents": "The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases. The clinical and pathological findings in a group of 260 homosexual men comprising 10% of a private proctologic practice are reviewed. A clinical pattern of anorectal and colon diseases encountered with unusual frequency in these homosexual patients is termed the gay bowel syndrome. The clinical diagnoses in decreasing order of frequency include condyloma acuminata, hemorrhoids, nonspecific proctitis, anal fistula, perirectal abscess, anal fissure, amebiasis, benign polyps, viral hepatitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, anorectal trauma and foreign bodies, shigellosis, rectal ulcers and lymphogranuloma venereum. 60 anorectal and sigmoid biopsies from 51 patients failed to disclose evidence of specific infection other than condyloma acuminata. Of 21 patients with biopsy diagnosis of nonspecific proctitis, 8 had a specific infection which was detected by other means,--5 cases of shigellosis and one case each of gonorrheal proctitis, amebiasis and lymphogranuloma venereum. In evaluating proctologic problems in the gay male, all of the known sexually transmitted diseases should be considered. Shigellosis, amebiasis and viral hepatitis should be included. Microbiological evaluation is essential. Concurrent infections with 2 or more pathogens should be anticipated. Chlamydia trachomatis, an important cause of nonspecific urethritis in the general population, is high on the list of possible causes of the nonspecific proctitis present in 31 of the 260 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:946391", "title": "Postmortem delineation of infarcted myocardium. Coronary perfusion with nitro blue tetrazolium.", "content": "Perfusion of hearts with nitro blue tetrazolium resulted in gross formazan staining of intact myocardium, while infarcted zones and scars were unstained or were poorly stained. Subsequent perfusion with 3.7% formaldehyde solution provided a rigid specimen with well-preserved anatomical structures and landmarks suitable for detailed correlation of three-dimensional infarct distribution with clinical data. Specimens are particularly amenable to further gross dissection of mapping of lesions from interval slices, or both.", "contents": "Postmortem delineation of infarcted myocardium. Coronary perfusion with nitro blue tetrazolium. Perfusion of hearts with nitro blue tetrazolium resulted in gross formazan staining of intact myocardium, while infarcted zones and scars were unstained or were poorly stained. Subsequent perfusion with 3.7% formaldehyde solution provided a rigid specimen with well-preserved anatomical structures and landmarks suitable for detailed correlation of three-dimensional infarct distribution with clinical data. Specimens are particularly amenable to further gross dissection of mapping of lesions from interval slices, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:946392", "title": "Microsomal enzyme inducers and hypervitaminosis A in rats.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) completely prevented the osseous lesions produced by vitamin A overdosage, whereas pretreatment with phenobarbital or with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) provided only partial prophylaxis. These microsomal enzyme inducers also decreased vitamin A concentration in the liver and seemed to protect against hypervitaminosis A by enhancing the metabolism of the vitamin. Electron microscopy of the liver showed large, vitamin A-storing perisinusoidal cells. The number, size, and lipid content of these cells were decreased in rats treated simultaneously with vitamin A and PCN, but not in rats pretreated with phenobarbital or phenytoin. Vitamin A, given alone, produced moderate accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in hepatocytes, without accelerating microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity; phenobarbital, phenytoin, and PCN also elicited SER accumulation, particularly when administered with vitamin A.", "contents": "Microsomal enzyme inducers and hypervitaminosis A in rats. Pretreatment of rats with pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) completely prevented the osseous lesions produced by vitamin A overdosage, whereas pretreatment with phenobarbital or with phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) provided only partial prophylaxis. These microsomal enzyme inducers also decreased vitamin A concentration in the liver and seemed to protect against hypervitaminosis A by enhancing the metabolism of the vitamin. Electron microscopy of the liver showed large, vitamin A-storing perisinusoidal cells. The number, size, and lipid content of these cells were decreased in rats treated simultaneously with vitamin A and PCN, but not in rats pretreated with phenobarbital or phenytoin. Vitamin A, given alone, produced moderate accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in hepatocytes, without accelerating microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity; phenobarbital, phenytoin, and PCN also elicited SER accumulation, particularly when administered with vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:946393", "title": "Primary causes of perinatal mortality. Autopsy study of 100 cases.", "content": "Many previous reports on perinatal mortality mix primary and secondary causes of death, exclude such important causes as necrotizing enterocolitis and intrauterine growth retardation, and do not break down causes of extrinsic perinatal hypoxia. To avoid these criticisms, a slight modification was made of the list of causes of death used by the Perinatal Mortality Committee of Quebec Province, Canada. The methodology and results of 100 consecutive autopsies are described. Respiratory distress syndrome (31%), congenital anomalies (28%), and extrinsic perinatal hypoxia (17%) were the three commonest causes. Maternal, placental, or labor and delivery problems were associated with about half the cases of extrinsic perinatal hypoxia. In one case of unexplained death, sudden infant death syndrome may be considered as a possibility.", "contents": "Primary causes of perinatal mortality. Autopsy study of 100 cases. Many previous reports on perinatal mortality mix primary and secondary causes of death, exclude such important causes as necrotizing enterocolitis and intrauterine growth retardation, and do not break down causes of extrinsic perinatal hypoxia. To avoid these criticisms, a slight modification was made of the list of causes of death used by the Perinatal Mortality Committee of Quebec Province, Canada. The methodology and results of 100 consecutive autopsies are described. Respiratory distress syndrome (31%), congenital anomalies (28%), and extrinsic perinatal hypoxia (17%) were the three commonest causes. Maternal, placental, or labor and delivery problems were associated with about half the cases of extrinsic perinatal hypoxia. In one case of unexplained death, sudden infant death syndrome may be considered as a possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:946395", "title": "Lack of amyloidosis and renal disease in A strain mice.", "content": "Amyloid deposition in two sublines of the A strain mouse, a reputedly reliable murine model of spontaneous amyloidosis, was reevaluated using combined green polarization birefringence after Congo red staining and a fibrillar ultrastructure for amyloid identification. Both sublines were found to be devoid of amyloid at an age when the A strain mouse had been reported to have a high incidence of papillonephritis, amyloidosis, and death. This finding indicates a need for reassessment of this and other traditional models of spontaneous amyloidosis.", "contents": "Lack of amyloidosis and renal disease in A strain mice. Amyloid deposition in two sublines of the A strain mouse, a reputedly reliable murine model of spontaneous amyloidosis, was reevaluated using combined green polarization birefringence after Congo red staining and a fibrillar ultrastructure for amyloid identification. Both sublines were found to be devoid of amyloid at an age when the A strain mouse had been reported to have a high incidence of papillonephritis, amyloidosis, and death. This finding indicates a need for reassessment of this and other traditional models of spontaneous amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:946396", "title": "Cartilage in hemophilic arthropathy. Ultrastructural and microanalytical studies.", "content": "The presence of iron in articular cartilage was investigated in five human and two canine cases of factor VIII-deficiency hemophilic arthropathy. The lesions were mild in three cases. Advanced destruction of the cartilage was present in four cases, in one of which sufficient cartilage was preserved to permit recognition of hemosiderin in chondrocytes. The Fe was present in the form of siderosomes and ferritin granules free in the cytoplasm. Iron and phosphorus were demonstrated in the siderosomes by energy dispersion analysis of x-rays; but no Fe was identified by this means or by light or transmission electron microscopy in chondrocytes from the three subjects in an early stage of the disease or in the matrix from any of the seven subjects. The findings lend no support to the hypothesis that salt formation or chelation of Fe ions by matrix proteoglycans is responsible for destruction of cartilage in hemophilic or other chronic hemarthroses. A second, nonferruginous, bilirubin-like pigment (hematoidin) was present in the matrix at the surface of the cartilage in two specimens.", "contents": "Cartilage in hemophilic arthropathy. Ultrastructural and microanalytical studies. The presence of iron in articular cartilage was investigated in five human and two canine cases of factor VIII-deficiency hemophilic arthropathy. The lesions were mild in three cases. Advanced destruction of the cartilage was present in four cases, in one of which sufficient cartilage was preserved to permit recognition of hemosiderin in chondrocytes. The Fe was present in the form of siderosomes and ferritin granules free in the cytoplasm. Iron and phosphorus were demonstrated in the siderosomes by energy dispersion analysis of x-rays; but no Fe was identified by this means or by light or transmission electron microscopy in chondrocytes from the three subjects in an early stage of the disease or in the matrix from any of the seven subjects. The findings lend no support to the hypothesis that salt formation or chelation of Fe ions by matrix proteoglycans is responsible for destruction of cartilage in hemophilic or other chronic hemarthroses. A second, nonferruginous, bilirubin-like pigment (hematoidin) was present in the matrix at the surface of the cartilage in two specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:946397", "title": "Arterial cell renewal after experimentally induced thrombosis.", "content": "Thrombosis was experimentally induced in one common carotid artery in 40 rats. One hour to 180 days afterward, the cell renewal in the arterial wall was studied by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. An increased number of labeled cells were observed, especially in the early developmental phase of the thrombosis and mainly in the tunica media. These findings seem to accord best with the hypothesis that the thrombi are mainly organized by smooth muscle cells from the tunica media, which are partly dedifferentiated toward fibroblast-like cells.", "contents": "Arterial cell renewal after experimentally induced thrombosis. Thrombosis was experimentally induced in one common carotid artery in 40 rats. One hour to 180 days afterward, the cell renewal in the arterial wall was studied by tritiated thymidine autoradiography. An increased number of labeled cells were observed, especially in the early developmental phase of the thrombosis and mainly in the tunica media. These findings seem to accord best with the hypothesis that the thrombi are mainly organized by smooth muscle cells from the tunica media, which are partly dedifferentiated toward fibroblast-like cells."}
{"id": "PMID:946398", "title": "Spontaneous calcific emboli from calcific mitral annulus fibrosus.", "content": "Clinically important complications resulting from calcific mitral annulus fibrosus (CMAF) are unusual. They include mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and complete heart block. In one patient with massive CMAF associated with multiple systemic calcific emboli originating from the mitral valve, the emboli were the cause of multiple brain infarcts and a clinical course of unexplained neurological deterioration. We believe that this is the first report of such a complication occurring with CMAF.", "contents": "Spontaneous calcific emboli from calcific mitral annulus fibrosus. Clinically important complications resulting from calcific mitral annulus fibrosus (CMAF) are unusual. They include mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, and complete heart block. In one patient with massive CMAF associated with multiple systemic calcific emboli originating from the mitral valve, the emboli were the cause of multiple brain infarcts and a clinical course of unexplained neurological deterioration. We believe that this is the first report of such a complication occurring with CMAF."}
{"id": "PMID:946399", "title": "Acute cholecystitis and persistent liver necrosis in mice provoked by isothiocyanate.", "content": "Two known cholangiotoxic agents, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and p-phenylenediisothiocyanate (PDT), were administered in single doses to mice to study their effects on the gallbladder. Both compounds caused maximal bile duct necrosis and periportal hepatocytic necrosis at 24 hours. In contrast, the gallbladders were edematous but not necrotic at 24 hours after treatment. At 48 hours, and in some animals up to four days, severe cholecystitis was present, while bile ducts revealed progressive regeneration. The delay in the onset of gallbladder lesions was assumed to be the result of the toxic agent concentration in gallbladder bile after hepatic bile secretion was suppressed for 24 hours. The lesions provoked by PDT were similar to those induced by ANIT, except for a hemorrhagic component.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis and persistent liver necrosis in mice provoked by isothiocyanate. Two known cholangiotoxic agents, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and p-phenylenediisothiocyanate (PDT), were administered in single doses to mice to study their effects on the gallbladder. Both compounds caused maximal bile duct necrosis and periportal hepatocytic necrosis at 24 hours. In contrast, the gallbladders were edematous but not necrotic at 24 hours after treatment. At 48 hours, and in some animals up to four days, severe cholecystitis was present, while bile ducts revealed progressive regeneration. The delay in the onset of gallbladder lesions was assumed to be the result of the toxic agent concentration in gallbladder bile after hepatic bile secretion was suppressed for 24 hours. The lesions provoked by PDT were similar to those induced by ANIT, except for a hemorrhagic component."}
{"id": "PMID:946400", "title": "Methyldopa-induced liver injury. Rapid progression to fatal postnecrotic cirrhosis.", "content": "A 55-year-old woman developed symptoms suggestive of hepatitis 12 weeks after first receiving methyldopa for hypertension. Liver biopsy showed chronic aggressive hepatitis with subacute hepatic necrosis. Methyldopa was discontinued, but after exhibiting transient clinical improvement, the patient's condition progressively deteriorated until she died of hepatic failure, in spite of therapy with massive doses of corticosteroids and other nonspecific measures. During the terminal stage, a considerable decrease in the size of the liver was observed. At autopsy, the liver was found to be small, shrunken, and scarred; histological sections demonstrated postnecrotic cirrhosis. Such a rapid and relentless progression of methyldopa-induced liver injury is undoubtedly rare, but it may be prevented by careful supervision of patients who exhibit liver function abnormalities early in the course of therapy.", "contents": "Methyldopa-induced liver injury. Rapid progression to fatal postnecrotic cirrhosis. A 55-year-old woman developed symptoms suggestive of hepatitis 12 weeks after first receiving methyldopa for hypertension. Liver biopsy showed chronic aggressive hepatitis with subacute hepatic necrosis. Methyldopa was discontinued, but after exhibiting transient clinical improvement, the patient's condition progressively deteriorated until she died of hepatic failure, in spite of therapy with massive doses of corticosteroids and other nonspecific measures. During the terminal stage, a considerable decrease in the size of the liver was observed. At autopsy, the liver was found to be small, shrunken, and scarred; histological sections demonstrated postnecrotic cirrhosis. Such a rapid and relentless progression of methyldopa-induced liver injury is undoubtedly rare, but it may be prevented by careful supervision of patients who exhibit liver function abnormalities early in the course of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946401", "title": "Pulmonary yellow hyaline membrane disease. New variant in premature infants with intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "Two premature female infants with a new variant of pulmonary hyaline membrane disease had both received assisted ventilation with high oxygen concentrations. Postmortem examination showed straw-yellow hyaline membranes lining the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Pneumonocytes and macrophages also contained straw-yellow pigments in the cytoplasm. These yellow membranes and pigments in pneumonocytes and in macrophages stained positively for bile and negatively for iron. Both infants had severe intrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestasis and pulmonary changes due to oxygen toxicity are believed to be the main features leading to this curious entity.", "contents": "Pulmonary yellow hyaline membrane disease. New variant in premature infants with intrahepatic cholestasis. Two premature female infants with a new variant of pulmonary hyaline membrane disease had both received assisted ventilation with high oxygen concentrations. Postmortem examination showed straw-yellow hyaline membranes lining the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Pneumonocytes and macrophages also contained straw-yellow pigments in the cytoplasm. These yellow membranes and pigments in pneumonocytes and in macrophages stained positively for bile and negatively for iron. Both infants had severe intrahepatic cholestasis. Cholestasis and pulmonary changes due to oxygen toxicity are believed to be the main features leading to this curious entity."}
{"id": "PMID:946402", "title": "Epithelial and surfactant changes in influenzal pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Pulmonary epithelial cell destruction in mice infected with PR8-A influenza virus has been studied with light and electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry, and correlated with pulmonary surfactant activity. All epithelial cell types were infected by the virus, resulting in destruction, pneumonitis, and atelectasis by seven to ten days. Pulmonary surfactant activity decreased progressively following onset of infection, and was minimal by seven to ten days. Before types 1 and 2 alveolar pneumocytes regenerated, the regenerating bronchial cells grew peripherally into some of the denuded alveolar ducts and alveoli to form epithelial nodules. Eventually the types 1 and 2 pneumocytes regenerated to cover the alveolar surfaces that were not invaded by bronchial epithelium. This regeneration was associated with increased surfactant activity in the postinfluenzal lesions, suggesting that the type 2 pneumocytes are a source of surfactant.", "contents": "Epithelial and surfactant changes in influenzal pulmonary lesions. Pulmonary epithelial cell destruction in mice infected with PR8-A influenza virus has been studied with light and electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry, and correlated with pulmonary surfactant activity. All epithelial cell types were infected by the virus, resulting in destruction, pneumonitis, and atelectasis by seven to ten days. Pulmonary surfactant activity decreased progressively following onset of infection, and was minimal by seven to ten days. Before types 1 and 2 alveolar pneumocytes regenerated, the regenerating bronchial cells grew peripherally into some of the denuded alveolar ducts and alveoli to form epithelial nodules. Eventually the types 1 and 2 pneumocytes regenerated to cover the alveolar surfaces that were not invaded by bronchial epithelium. This regeneration was associated with increased surfactant activity in the postinfluenzal lesions, suggesting that the type 2 pneumocytes are a source of surfactant."}
{"id": "PMID:946403", "title": "Toxic effects of hydroperoxide injections on rat lung. A light microscopical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Intravenous administration of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLH) uniformly resulted in extensive damage to septal wall components of the rat lung; the severity of these changes paralleled the administered dosage. The target cell of injury appeared to be the capillary endothelial cell. Destructive changes within the plasma membrane suggested that the major toxic effect of MLH was directed against membranous structures. Ultrastructural analysis showed that these effects were more severe in the vitamin E-deficient animals. Secondary changes were characterized by interstitial and alveolar edema, and degenerative changes within alveolar pneumocytes. Reparative proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes first became evident in animals that survived two days. These observations provide an insight into the susceptibility and sequential damage to pulmonary tissue by hydroperoxides and serve as a guide for investigations of the toxic effects of other oxidants on lung.", "contents": "Toxic effects of hydroperoxide injections on rat lung. A light microscopical and ultrastructural study. Intravenous administration of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLH) uniformly resulted in extensive damage to septal wall components of the rat lung; the severity of these changes paralleled the administered dosage. The target cell of injury appeared to be the capillary endothelial cell. Destructive changes within the plasma membrane suggested that the major toxic effect of MLH was directed against membranous structures. Ultrastructural analysis showed that these effects were more severe in the vitamin E-deficient animals. Secondary changes were characterized by interstitial and alveolar edema, and degenerative changes within alveolar pneumocytes. Reparative proliferation of type 2 pneumocytes first became evident in animals that survived two days. These observations provide an insight into the susceptibility and sequential damage to pulmonary tissue by hydroperoxides and serve as a guide for investigations of the toxic effects of other oxidants on lung."}
{"id": "PMID:946404", "title": "The excretion and distribution of inorganic mercury in the rat as influenced by several chelating agents.", "content": "Among 15 chelating agents tested, sodium-2,3-dimercaptopropane 1 sulfonate (DMPS), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), sodium-mercaptoethyliminodiacetate (MEIDA), and D-penicillamine (PA) exerted an influence on the excretion of Hg and its distribution in the organs. The excretion pattern however, is different for these compounds, and, from the practical point of view, a favourable effect is exhibited only by DMPS which enhances the urinary excretion rate and lowers the Hg-concentration in all organs.", "contents": "The excretion and distribution of inorganic mercury in the rat as influenced by several chelating agents. Among 15 chelating agents tested, sodium-2,3-dimercaptopropane 1 sulfonate (DMPS), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), sodium-mercaptoethyliminodiacetate (MEIDA), and D-penicillamine (PA) exerted an influence on the excretion of Hg and its distribution in the organs. The excretion pattern however, is different for these compounds, and, from the practical point of view, a favourable effect is exhibited only by DMPS which enhances the urinary excretion rate and lowers the Hg-concentration in all organs."}
{"id": "PMID:946405", "title": "The kinetics of methylmercury administered repeatedly to rats.", "content": "Female rats (65-75 days old) were given orally 0.84 or 3.36 mg Hg/kg as methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) 5 times a week for 13 and 3 weeks, respectively. The proportion of inorganic to total mercury remained as low as 6% in whole animal though it increased to above 40% in the kidneys. Differences in organ half times and the negative correlation with time for blood to liver, brain and kidney mercury ratios indicated more than one compartment for MeHg+. Brain had 26 days half time with a 32% final equilibrium concentration in relation to the body concentrations. Brain concentrations of mercury reported on rats dosed repeatedly with MeHg+ agreed with these values which justifies their use when experiments are planned to give a certain brain MeHg+ concentration. Half time for the whole body was 34 days but patholgical changes-weight loss, tubular damage, slow gastrointestinal passage-disturbed the accumulation curves in the higher dose group. Blood to kidney ratio and uptake of MeHg+ by kidneys also changed significantly.", "contents": "The kinetics of methylmercury administered repeatedly to rats. Female rats (65-75 days old) were given orally 0.84 or 3.36 mg Hg/kg as methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) 5 times a week for 13 and 3 weeks, respectively. The proportion of inorganic to total mercury remained as low as 6% in whole animal though it increased to above 40% in the kidneys. Differences in organ half times and the negative correlation with time for blood to liver, brain and kidney mercury ratios indicated more than one compartment for MeHg+. Brain had 26 days half time with a 32% final equilibrium concentration in relation to the body concentrations. Brain concentrations of mercury reported on rats dosed repeatedly with MeHg+ agreed with these values which justifies their use when experiments are planned to give a certain brain MeHg+ concentration. Half time for the whole body was 34 days but patholgical changes-weight loss, tubular damage, slow gastrointestinal passage-disturbed the accumulation curves in the higher dose group. Blood to kidney ratio and uptake of MeHg+ by kidneys also changed significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:946406", "title": "Effect of pregnancy on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in rabbits and rats.", "content": "In Dutch-belted rabbits, pregnancy caused several-fold decrease of in vitro hepatic microsomal aminopyrine, benzphetamine, and hexobarbital biotransformations. In pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, various kinds of expressing the in vitro rates of hexobarbital biotransformation (per mg of microsomal protein, g of liver, 100 g of body weight) indicated unchanged or slightly elevated microsomal enzyme activity. In vivo, the course of hexobarbital blood levels after i.p. hexobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg, indicated that the fate of hexobarbital was not primarily determined by the small changes of microsomal enzyme activity but, rather, by changed hexobarbital distribution. Different ways of expressing in vitro rates of aniline biotransformation showed decreased or unchanged enzyme activity during pregnancy and in vivo experiments indicated that these changes did not affect aniline metabolism in living rats. The results pointed out marked species differences in the effect of pregnancy on drug metabolism. Interpretation of in vitro biotransformation data for living animals suggested that with different substrates, microsomal enzyme activity and distribution, respectively, may exert different effects playing either significant or apparently minor role in drug disposition.", "contents": "Effect of pregnancy on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in rabbits and rats. In Dutch-belted rabbits, pregnancy caused several-fold decrease of in vitro hepatic microsomal aminopyrine, benzphetamine, and hexobarbital biotransformations. In pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, various kinds of expressing the in vitro rates of hexobarbital biotransformation (per mg of microsomal protein, g of liver, 100 g of body weight) indicated unchanged or slightly elevated microsomal enzyme activity. In vivo, the course of hexobarbital blood levels after i.p. hexobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg, indicated that the fate of hexobarbital was not primarily determined by the small changes of microsomal enzyme activity but, rather, by changed hexobarbital distribution. Different ways of expressing in vitro rates of aniline biotransformation showed decreased or unchanged enzyme activity during pregnancy and in vivo experiments indicated that these changes did not affect aniline metabolism in living rats. The results pointed out marked species differences in the effect of pregnancy on drug metabolism. Interpretation of in vitro biotransformation data for living animals suggested that with different substrates, microsomal enzyme activity and distribution, respectively, may exert different effects playing either significant or apparently minor role in drug disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:946407", "title": "Acute cardiovascular toxicity of thallium (I) ions.", "content": "The acute cardiovascular toxicity of thallium (I)-ions was studied in anesthetized rats and also in some isolated preparations. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, intravenously applied Tl2SO4 (range 3 to 100 mg/kg) caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. In spontaneously beating guinea pig isolated atria, thallium (I)-ions (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in frequency, which was not influenced by atropine, cocaine, or by considerable changes in the potassium concentration of the medium. A direct influence of Tl+ on the sinus node is presumed. Thallium decreases contractile force probably as a result of its negative chronotropic properties, since the amplitude of contraction remained uninfluenced in electrically driven atria. Thallium (I)-ions were readily taken up by the guinea pig isolated atria. At a bath concentration of 5 times 10(-5) M Tl+ a tissue/medium ratio of approximately 45 was achieved. Probably, an exchange against cellular potassium takes place. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by Tl+ was demonstrated both in isolated aortic strips (rabbit) and in the isolated perfused rabbit ear preparation. Both the vascular smooth muscle relaxation and the decrease in heart rate would explain the acute hypotensive effect of thallium.", "contents": "Acute cardiovascular toxicity of thallium (I) ions. The acute cardiovascular toxicity of thallium (I)-ions was studied in anesthetized rats and also in some isolated preparations. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, intravenously applied Tl2SO4 (range 3 to 100 mg/kg) caused a significant, dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. In spontaneously beating guinea pig isolated atria, thallium (I)-ions (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) caused a concentration-dependent decrease in frequency, which was not influenced by atropine, cocaine, or by considerable changes in the potassium concentration of the medium. A direct influence of Tl+ on the sinus node is presumed. Thallium decreases contractile force probably as a result of its negative chronotropic properties, since the amplitude of contraction remained uninfluenced in electrically driven atria. Thallium (I)-ions were readily taken up by the guinea pig isolated atria. At a bath concentration of 5 times 10(-5) M Tl+ a tissue/medium ratio of approximately 45 was achieved. Probably, an exchange against cellular potassium takes place. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by Tl+ was demonstrated both in isolated aortic strips (rabbit) and in the isolated perfused rabbit ear preparation. Both the vascular smooth muscle relaxation and the decrease in heart rate would explain the acute hypotensive effect of thallium."}
{"id": "PMID:946408", "title": "Teratology study of two isoglutamine derivatives.", "content": "The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of N-phthalyl isoglutamine (2), a metabolite of thalidomide, and of \"K-2004-1c\", 2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido)-glutaric acid 1-amide (4), the main metabolite of the test compound \"K-2004\" (proposed generic name: biglumide), a nonteratogenic congener of thalidomide, have been investigated in mice and rats. Whereas 2 proved to be highly teratogenic and embryotoxic, 4 showed none of these activities in the dose range from 50 to 400 mg/kg.", "contents": "Teratology study of two isoglutamine derivatives. The embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of N-phthalyl isoglutamine (2), a metabolite of thalidomide, and of \"K-2004-1c\", 2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-endo-3-endo-dicarboximido)-glutaric acid 1-amide (4), the main metabolite of the test compound \"K-2004\" (proposed generic name: biglumide), a nonteratogenic congener of thalidomide, have been investigated in mice and rats. Whereas 2 proved to be highly teratogenic and embryotoxic, 4 showed none of these activities in the dose range from 50 to 400 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:946410", "title": "The syndrome of ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects and cleft lip and palate: an autosomal dominant condition.", "content": "Seven patients from four families are reported who had an inherited condition of which the main features were ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects and cleft lip and palate. The ectodermal defects were partial or complete hair loss, absent or dystrophic nails, pointed widely spaced teeth and partial anhidrosis. Associated anomalies included lacrimal duct atresia, supernumerary nipples, syndactyly and auricular deformities. The inheritance of this abnormality was consistent with that of an autosomal dominant trait. The relationship between this and similar syndromes is discussed.", "contents": "The syndrome of ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects and cleft lip and palate: an autosomal dominant condition. Seven patients from four families are reported who had an inherited condition of which the main features were ankyloblepharon, ectodermal defects and cleft lip and palate. The ectodermal defects were partial or complete hair loss, absent or dystrophic nails, pointed widely spaced teeth and partial anhidrosis. Associated anomalies included lacrimal duct atresia, supernumerary nipples, syndactyly and auricular deformities. The inheritance of this abnormality was consistent with that of an autosomal dominant trait. The relationship between this and similar syndromes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946411", "title": "Erythrocyte vitamin B12 activity in healthy Indian lactovegetarians.", "content": "Plasma and erythrocyte vitamin B12 was measured in apparently healthy Indian lactovegetarians and compared with the healthy non-vegetarians from the same population. Comparison of the mean values for routine haematological parameters revealed no significant difference in various dietetic groups. The plasma vitamin B12 levels were distinctly lower in the lactovegetarians than in the non-vegetarians. However, the mean erythrocyte vitamin B12 levels in different dietetic groups showed no significant difference.", "contents": "Erythrocyte vitamin B12 activity in healthy Indian lactovegetarians. Plasma and erythrocyte vitamin B12 was measured in apparently healthy Indian lactovegetarians and compared with the healthy non-vegetarians from the same population. Comparison of the mean values for routine haematological parameters revealed no significant difference in various dietetic groups. The plasma vitamin B12 levels were distinctly lower in the lactovegetarians than in the non-vegetarians. However, the mean erythrocyte vitamin B12 levels in different dietetic groups showed no significant difference."}
{"id": "PMID:946415", "title": "Bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: implications for staging and therapy.", "content": "We evaluated the incidence of bone marrow involvement in 121 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who were seen prior to the institution of definitive therapy. Involvement of the marrow was found to be dependent on both histologic type and the extent of extramedullary disease. It was observed most frequently in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (60%), but was not observed in 36 patients of all histologic types whose clinical evaluation and/or laparotomy revealed disease in stage I or II. Among 56 patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma in stage III or IV exclusive of marrow involvement, disease was observed in the marrow in 40 patients, or 71%. These observations, together with the results of previously reported therapeutic trials, suggest that staging laparotomy and total nodal radiotherapy alone may be of limited value in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma when clinical evidence of stage III or IV disease is present.", "contents": "Bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: implications for staging and therapy. We evaluated the incidence of bone marrow involvement in 121 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who were seen prior to the institution of definitive therapy. Involvement of the marrow was found to be dependent on both histologic type and the extent of extramedullary disease. It was observed most frequently in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (60%), but was not observed in 36 patients of all histologic types whose clinical evaluation and/or laparotomy revealed disease in stage I or II. Among 56 patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma in stage III or IV exclusive of marrow involvement, disease was observed in the marrow in 40 patients, or 71%. These observations, together with the results of previously reported therapeutic trials, suggest that staging laparotomy and total nodal radiotherapy alone may be of limited value in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma when clinical evidence of stage III or IV disease is present."}
{"id": "PMID:946416", "title": "The effect of prolactin on kidney structure of the euryhaline teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus during adaptation to fresh water.", "content": "The effect of injections of ovine prolactin on kidney structure was examined in the first 10 days following transfer of seawater sticklebacks to fresh water. In hormone injected animals as well as in controls the glomeruli increase slightly in size after transfer. The podocytes intensify the secretion of mucopolysaccharides, which is indicative of increased turnover of the components of the glomerular basal lamina. The nuclei of the podocytes become enlarged, while those of the juxtaglomerular cells decrease in size. These changes are related to the well known rise of the glomerular filtration rate following transfer to fresh water. Structural indications that prolactin is involved in the control of glomerular filtration were not found. The epithelial cells of the three nephronic segments and of the ureter become considerably better developed after transfer to fresh water. Cell height, nuclear and mitochondrial volume, and surface of the membranes of the basal labyrinth increase in all tubular epithelia, although not to the  same extent. Increases are moderate in the first proximal segment, but increasingly higher for the second proximal segment, collecting duct and the ureter. Especially the growth of membrane surface of the basal labyrinth, site of ion transport mechanisms, is impressive. In controls, values characteristic for freshwater fishes are reached in 6 to 9 days for all parameters for cellular development. Prolactin injections greatly stimulate growth rates in all tubular epithelia: freshwater values are reached within 3 days. No further increase was found, however.", "contents": "The effect of prolactin on kidney structure of the euryhaline teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus during adaptation to fresh water. The effect of injections of ovine prolactin on kidney structure was examined in the first 10 days following transfer of seawater sticklebacks to fresh water. In hormone injected animals as well as in controls the glomeruli increase slightly in size after transfer. The podocytes intensify the secretion of mucopolysaccharides, which is indicative of increased turnover of the components of the glomerular basal lamina. The nuclei of the podocytes become enlarged, while those of the juxtaglomerular cells decrease in size. These changes are related to the well known rise of the glomerular filtration rate following transfer to fresh water. Structural indications that prolactin is involved in the control of glomerular filtration were not found. The epithelial cells of the three nephronic segments and of the ureter become considerably better developed after transfer to fresh water. Cell height, nuclear and mitochondrial volume, and surface of the membranes of the basal labyrinth increase in all tubular epithelia, although not to the  same extent. Increases are moderate in the first proximal segment, but increasingly higher for the second proximal segment, collecting duct and the ureter. Especially the growth of membrane surface of the basal labyrinth, site of ion transport mechanisms, is impressive. In controls, values characteristic for freshwater fishes are reached in 6 to 9 days for all parameters for cellular development. Prolactin injections greatly stimulate growth rates in all tubular epithelia: freshwater values are reached within 3 days. No further increase was found, however."}
{"id": "PMID:946428", "title": "Cartilage fibrillation on the lateral tibial plateau in Liverpool necropsies.", "content": "A study has been made of the state at necropsy of the hyaline articular cartilage of the left tibial plateaux, with particular reference to the lateral plateau, in 47 adult white Europeans (24 men; 23 women) aged 21-88 years. The surface morphology and topographical distribution of the lesions is described for the bare area of the lateral plateau and its meniscus-covered segments, and quantitative point-counting data are presented for the amount, according to age, of overt fibrillation on the bare area. A variety of cartilage lesions was encountered: macroscopically apparent ' parallel linear' minimal fibrillation; other patterns of minimal fibrillation; 'ravines'; overt fibrillation; localized incomplete defects of the cartilage; and full-thickness cartilage loss with bone exposure. Sites of superficial fraying and splitting of the hyaline articular cartilage are a normal finding on adult human tibial plateaux. Especially in younger adults, such sites are often accompanied by large areas of cartilage surface which are still intact. On the lateral plateau, the bare area and the meniscus-covered posterior segment are more susceptible to overt fibrillation than are the meniscus-covered lateral and anterior segments. In contrast to the findings in other synovial joints, the peripheral rim of the upper tibial cartilage sheet is not particularly susceptible to overt fibrillation. Tangential extension of the changes on the lateral plateau leads to widespread involvement of the bare area and the meniscus-covered posterior segment in older subjects. However, vertical progression of the changes, sufficient to give full-thickness cartilage loss with tibio-femoral bone exposure, was seen in only a minority of persons aged over 80 years.", "contents": "Cartilage fibrillation on the lateral tibial plateau in Liverpool necropsies. A study has been made of the state at necropsy of the hyaline articular cartilage of the left tibial plateaux, with particular reference to the lateral plateau, in 47 adult white Europeans (24 men; 23 women) aged 21-88 years. The surface morphology and topographical distribution of the lesions is described for the bare area of the lateral plateau and its meniscus-covered segments, and quantitative point-counting data are presented for the amount, according to age, of overt fibrillation on the bare area. A variety of cartilage lesions was encountered: macroscopically apparent ' parallel linear' minimal fibrillation; other patterns of minimal fibrillation; 'ravines'; overt fibrillation; localized incomplete defects of the cartilage; and full-thickness cartilage loss with bone exposure. Sites of superficial fraying and splitting of the hyaline articular cartilage are a normal finding on adult human tibial plateaux. Especially in younger adults, such sites are often accompanied by large areas of cartilage surface which are still intact. On the lateral plateau, the bare area and the meniscus-covered posterior segment are more susceptible to overt fibrillation than are the meniscus-covered lateral and anterior segments. In contrast to the findings in other synovial joints, the peripheral rim of the upper tibial cartilage sheet is not particularly susceptible to overt fibrillation. Tangential extension of the changes on the lateral plateau leads to widespread involvement of the bare area and the meniscus-covered posterior segment in older subjects. However, vertical progression of the changes, sufficient to give full-thickness cartilage loss with tibio-femoral bone exposure, was seen in only a minority of persons aged over 80 years."}
{"id": "PMID:946431", "title": "Relation between prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion in post-partum lactating rats.", "content": "In post-partum lactating rats, sucking by the young was associated with high prolactin release and maintenance of lactation but severe inhibition of LH and FSH release and suspension of oestrous cycles. Shortly after the pups were removed on day 22 post partum LH and FSH release returned to normal and oestrous cycles resumed. Twice-daily injections of ergocornine methanesulphonate (ERG) into mothers beginning at 5 or 7 days post partum, resulted in sustained inhibition of prolactin release and diminished mild secretion. By frequent exchange of pups between control and ERG-treated mothers, it was possible to maintain vigorous sucking and almost normal pup growth despite low serum prolactin levels and diminished lactation. In these rats, serum levels of LH remained low during 11 or more days of treatment with ERG, but serum FSH was consistently higher than in untreated control mothers. After 11 or more days of ERG treatment, most rats showed a return to normal LH and FSH release and resumption of oestrous cycles. These results suggest (a) that the sucking stimulus rather than high prolactin levels in the circulation is mainly responsible for inhibition of LH and FSH release during the first 11 days post partum, (b) that the sucking stimulus acts to increase prolactin and inhibit LH release by separate hypothalamic mechanisms, and (c) that administration of ERG results in diminished prolactin release and lactation, and in increased release of FSH and subsequently of LH with earlier resumption of oestrous cycles.", "contents": "Relation between prolactin and gonadotrophin secretion in post-partum lactating rats. In post-partum lactating rats, sucking by the young was associated with high prolactin release and maintenance of lactation but severe inhibition of LH and FSH release and suspension of oestrous cycles. Shortly after the pups were removed on day 22 post partum LH and FSH release returned to normal and oestrous cycles resumed. Twice-daily injections of ergocornine methanesulphonate (ERG) into mothers beginning at 5 or 7 days post partum, resulted in sustained inhibition of prolactin release and diminished mild secretion. By frequent exchange of pups between control and ERG-treated mothers, it was possible to maintain vigorous sucking and almost normal pup growth despite low serum prolactin levels and diminished lactation. In these rats, serum levels of LH remained low during 11 or more days of treatment with ERG, but serum FSH was consistently higher than in untreated control mothers. After 11 or more days of ERG treatment, most rats showed a return to normal LH and FSH release and resumption of oestrous cycles. These results suggest (a) that the sucking stimulus rather than high prolactin levels in the circulation is mainly responsible for inhibition of LH and FSH release during the first 11 days post partum, (b) that the sucking stimulus acts to increase prolactin and inhibit LH release by separate hypothalamic mechanisms, and (c) that administration of ERG results in diminished prolactin release and lactation, and in increased release of FSH and subsequently of LH with earlier resumption of oestrous cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:946432", "title": "[A critical study of arteriography of tumours of soft tissue of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "We feel that arteriography occupies at the present time an indispensable and irreplaceable role in the pre-therapeutic assessment of a soft tissue tumour of the extremities. It obviously cannot provide a definite diagnosis in all cases with regard to the benign or malignant nature of the lesion. However careful analysis of the various features of the images obtained, leading to a radiological classification of the tumour into one of three groups (LEVIN, WATSON and BALTAXE), makes possible, in groups I and III, to predict the nature with a high probability of accuracy. Only in type II (35% of our cases) is it impossible to make such a deduction. The value of arteriography is not limited to diagnosis. It also provides information on the extent and arterial supply of the tumour which are essential to the surgeon and which cannot be supplied by any other investigation.", "contents": "[A critical study of arteriography of tumours of soft tissue of the extremities (author's transl)]. We feel that arteriography occupies at the present time an indispensable and irreplaceable role in the pre-therapeutic assessment of a soft tissue tumour of the extremities. It obviously cannot provide a definite diagnosis in all cases with regard to the benign or malignant nature of the lesion. However careful analysis of the various features of the images obtained, leading to a radiological classification of the tumour into one of three groups (LEVIN, WATSON and BALTAXE), makes possible, in groups I and III, to predict the nature with a high probability of accuracy. Only in type II (35% of our cases) is it impossible to make such a deduction. The value of arteriography is not limited to diagnosis. It also provides information on the extent and arterial supply of the tumour which are essential to the surgeon and which cannot be supplied by any other investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:946433", "title": "Amniotic fluid and fetal maturity.", "content": "The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid is a method of predicting fetal lung maturity. The L/H ratios in certain high risk pregnancies are poorly correlated with the shake test. The L/S ratios in drug addiction methadone pregnancies and diabetic pregnancies do not have a high degree of correlation with normal L/S ratios after 36 weeks of gestation and are often low.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid and fetal maturity. The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid is a method of predicting fetal lung maturity. The L/H ratios in certain high risk pregnancies are poorly correlated with the shake test. The L/S ratios in drug addiction methadone pregnancies and diabetic pregnancies do not have a high degree of correlation with normal L/S ratios after 36 weeks of gestation and are often low."}
{"id": "PMID:946434", "title": "Registry of experimental cancers of the National Cancer Institute.", "content": "This report describes the organization and functions of the Registry of Experimental Cancers and gives the chronology of events that led to its establishment. Currently 21,500 accessions have been coded; the vast majority are spontaneous and induced cancers, chiefly of rodents, and also a wide variety of nonneoplastic diseases. Accessions are accepted from contributors working in laboratories in this country and abroad. The material is available for study by responsible scientists, and a limited number of study sets is available for loan on request.", "contents": "Registry of experimental cancers of the National Cancer Institute. This report describes the organization and functions of the Registry of Experimental Cancers and gives the chronology of events that led to its establishment. Currently 21,500 accessions have been coded; the vast majority are spontaneous and induced cancers, chiefly of rodents, and also a wide variety of nonneoplastic diseases. Accessions are accepted from contributors working in laboratories in this country and abroad. The material is available for study by responsible scientists, and a limited number of study sets is available for loan on request."}
{"id": "PMID:946444", "title": "Fetal alcohol syndrome. Experience with 41 patients.", "content": "Forty-one patients with the fetal alcohol syndrome, including 11 whose cases were previously reported, were studied. These children have a pattern of defects including prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, small head size with mental subnormality, and facial abnormalities allowing for recognition of the disorder in infancy. The same pattern of abnormalities has been independently reported from France in a series of 127 offspring of chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol syndrome. Experience with 41 patients. Forty-one patients with the fetal alcohol syndrome, including 11 whose cases were previously reported, were studied. These children have a pattern of defects including prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, small head size with mental subnormality, and facial abnormalities allowing for recognition of the disorder in infancy. The same pattern of abnormalities has been independently reported from France in a series of 127 offspring of chronic alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:946445", "title": "Industrial hypertension control program in a rural state.", "content": "Many problems remain in attempting to improve the detection and management of hypertension in the United States. This study applied a previously established model community hypertension program to a wide geographic area in a rural state. In 47 industries in 18 communities, 15,689 subjects were screened for the presence of hypertension. Eight hundred five subjects were found to have an elevated blood pressure on three separate occasions and were classified for further management. Follow-up showed that 76% visited their physicians within six months, and of these 81% were being observed. Sixty-seven percent of the subjects who saw their physicians were receiving antihypertensive drug therapy. The cost of finding each subject with an elevated blood pressure was $80 and of identifying a subject who received drug therapy, $160.", "contents": "Industrial hypertension control program in a rural state. Many problems remain in attempting to improve the detection and management of hypertension in the United States. This study applied a previously established model community hypertension program to a wide geographic area in a rural state. In 47 industries in 18 communities, 15,689 subjects were screened for the presence of hypertension. Eight hundred five subjects were found to have an elevated blood pressure on three separate occasions and were classified for further management. Follow-up showed that 76% visited their physicians within six months, and of these 81% were being observed. Sixty-seven percent of the subjects who saw their physicians were receiving antihypertensive drug therapy. The cost of finding each subject with an elevated blood pressure was $80 and of identifying a subject who received drug therapy, $160."}
{"id": "PMID:946446", "title": "Single subcutaneous injection of iothalamate sodium I 125 to measure glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "The renal clearance of iothalamate sodium I 125, identical to that of inulin, permits measurement of glomerular filtration rate with a single injection in varying degrees of renal failure.", "contents": "Single subcutaneous injection of iothalamate sodium I 125 to measure glomerular filtration rate. The renal clearance of iothalamate sodium I 125, identical to that of inulin, permits measurement of glomerular filtration rate with a single injection in varying degrees of renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:946447", "title": "Diagnosis of Meckel diverticulum by sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan.", "content": "Meckel diverticulum was diagnosed preoperatively as the cause of recurrent rectal bleeding in a 2-year-old child by means of a sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan. Although false-negative scans have been reported to occur in approximately 50% of all cases of Meckel diverticulum, the procedure should be considered in any case of unexplained, painless rectal bleeding, especially in pediatric patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis of Meckel diverticulum by sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan. Meckel diverticulum was diagnosed preoperatively as the cause of recurrent rectal bleeding in a 2-year-old child by means of a sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan. Although false-negative scans have been reported to occur in approximately 50% of all cases of Meckel diverticulum, the procedure should be considered in any case of unexplained, painless rectal bleeding, especially in pediatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:946465", "title": "Adjunct hospital emergency toxicology service. A model for a metropolitan area.", "content": "A feasibility demonstration with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer system (GC/MS) was initiated to provide a 24-hour (seven days/week) adjunct emergency toxicology service to the hospitals in the tricounty area comprising Metropolitan Detroit. During June 1, 1974, to April 1, 1975, more than 85 different drugs and other agents were identified in the body fluids of approximately 1,000 victims of accidental or deliberate poisonings. At least one toxic substance was identified in 57% of the cases, and the presence of two or more drugs was established in one of five (19%) of the victims. This study indicates that a centrally located GC/MS/computer system can provide an effective adjunct emergency toxicology service for an entire metropolitan community and thereby provide guidelines for a prompt and rational therapy.", "contents": "Adjunct hospital emergency toxicology service. A model for a metropolitan area. A feasibility demonstration with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/computer system (GC/MS) was initiated to provide a 24-hour (seven days/week) adjunct emergency toxicology service to the hospitals in the tricounty area comprising Metropolitan Detroit. During June 1, 1974, to April 1, 1975, more than 85 different drugs and other agents were identified in the body fluids of approximately 1,000 victims of accidental or deliberate poisonings. At least one toxic substance was identified in 57% of the cases, and the presence of two or more drugs was established in one of five (19%) of the victims. This study indicates that a centrally located GC/MS/computer system can provide an effective adjunct emergency toxicology service for an entire metropolitan community and thereby provide guidelines for a prompt and rational therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946466", "title": "Cervical analgesic discography. A new test for the definitive diagnosis of the painful-disk syndrome.", "content": "The cervical discogenic (painful-disk) syndrome consists of scapular pain radiating into the head, shoulder, and upper arm, often associated with paresthesias but without neurologic deficit. Plain roentgenograms or myelograms are normal or show degenerative changes. Positive-contrast discography has been useful but is subject to a high percentage of false-positive results roentgenographically and nonspecific pain patterns clinically. Analgesic discography more precisely confirms the diagnosis and more accurately locates the pain-producing disk. Injection of a local anesthetic into a painful disk produces transient symptomatic relief and full neck mobility. Its use during a two-year period in 71 consecutive discogenic patients followed by anterior cervical fusion resulted in a 93% excellent or good recovery rate. Analgesic discography is the most effective test for diagnosis and location in the painful-disk syndrome.", "contents": "Cervical analgesic discography. A new test for the definitive diagnosis of the painful-disk syndrome. The cervical discogenic (painful-disk) syndrome consists of scapular pain radiating into the head, shoulder, and upper arm, often associated with paresthesias but without neurologic deficit. Plain roentgenograms or myelograms are normal or show degenerative changes. Positive-contrast discography has been useful but is subject to a high percentage of false-positive results roentgenographically and nonspecific pain patterns clinically. Analgesic discography more precisely confirms the diagnosis and more accurately locates the pain-producing disk. Injection of a local anesthetic into a painful disk produces transient symptomatic relief and full neck mobility. Its use during a two-year period in 71 consecutive discogenic patients followed by anterior cervical fusion resulted in a 93% excellent or good recovery rate. Analgesic discography is the most effective test for diagnosis and location in the painful-disk syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:946485", "title": "Intrauterine devices and acute pelvic inflammatory disease.", "content": "One of the most serious problems among women using the intrauterine device (IUD) has been pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Subjects for the present investigation were chosen from 15- to 44-year-old women seeking emergency medical attention at a large city hospital. Febrile and afebrile patients with PID and appropriate controls were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire concerning their demographic, reproductive, and contraceptive histories. Results showed a significantly higher proportion of IUD users among febrile cases of PID (38%) than among controls (11%). This implies that febrile PID is five times as likely to develop in an IUD user as in a nonuser.", "contents": "Intrauterine devices and acute pelvic inflammatory disease. One of the most serious problems among women using the intrauterine device (IUD) has been pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Subjects for the present investigation were chosen from 15- to 44-year-old women seeking emergency medical attention at a large city hospital. Febrile and afebrile patients with PID and appropriate controls were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire concerning their demographic, reproductive, and contraceptive histories. Results showed a significantly higher proportion of IUD users among febrile cases of PID (38%) than among controls (11%). This implies that febrile PID is five times as likely to develop in an IUD user as in a nonuser."}
{"id": "PMID:946486", "title": "Bacteriuria localization and response to single-dose therapy in women.", "content": "One hundred women with bacteriuria had the infection localized by the \"bladder-washout\" technique. Thirty-six of the 39 with infection confined to the bladder were cured with a single intramuscular injection of 500 mg of kanamycin sulfate, whereas 47 of the 65 patients with infection originating from their upper tract relapsed almost immediately. None of the seven patients with abnormal pyelograms and associated upper tract infection was cured with kanamycin. These results suport the hypothesis that bladder infections in women can be readily cured with a very short course of therapy. Women who relapse after a single injection of kanamycin almost always have renal infection.", "contents": "Bacteriuria localization and response to single-dose therapy in women. One hundred women with bacteriuria had the infection localized by the \"bladder-washout\" technique. Thirty-six of the 39 with infection confined to the bladder were cured with a single intramuscular injection of 500 mg of kanamycin sulfate, whereas 47 of the 65 patients with infection originating from their upper tract relapsed almost immediately. None of the seven patients with abnormal pyelograms and associated upper tract infection was cured with kanamycin. These results suport the hypothesis that bladder infections in women can be readily cured with a very short course of therapy. Women who relapse after a single injection of kanamycin almost always have renal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:946487", "title": "Acute enteritis associated with reovirus-like agents.", "content": "In Atlanta, from January to April 1975, reovirus-like agents (RLAs) were detected by a simplified electron-microscopic technique in the stools of 16 of 29 children with acute enteritis. Complement fixation tests with purified RLA antigens demonstrated antibody titer rises in seven children with RLA in their stools and in two mothers (one symptomatic) from whom acute and convalescent sera were available. Complement fixation tests performed on 207 individuals of varying ages and 60 laboratory workers indicated a high frequency of past infection with RLA, the highest frequency being in children 6 months to 4 years of age. These results corroborate the high rate of RLA detection in the stools of children with acute enteritis in other parts of the world and suggest that such infections can also occur in adults.", "contents": "Acute enteritis associated with reovirus-like agents. In Atlanta, from January to April 1975, reovirus-like agents (RLAs) were detected by a simplified electron-microscopic technique in the stools of 16 of 29 children with acute enteritis. Complement fixation tests with purified RLA antigens demonstrated antibody titer rises in seven children with RLA in their stools and in two mothers (one symptomatic) from whom acute and convalescent sera were available. Complement fixation tests performed on 207 individuals of varying ages and 60 laboratory workers indicated a high frequency of past infection with RLA, the highest frequency being in children 6 months to 4 years of age. These results corroborate the high rate of RLA detection in the stools of children with acute enteritis in other parts of the world and suggest that such infections can also occur in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:946488", "title": "Pharmacokinetics in clinical practice. I. Concepts.", "content": "Important concepts of pharmacokinetics, such as the biologic half-life, clearance, and bioavailability of drugs, can be utilized to describe and predict the time course of drug concentrations in plasma as a function of dose and frequency of drug administration. In quantitative terms, they can serve to characterize the individuality of the patient, including the effects of disease, with respect to drug absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics in clinical practice. I. Concepts. Important concepts of pharmacokinetics, such as the biologic half-life, clearance, and bioavailability of drugs, can be utilized to describe and predict the time course of drug concentrations in plasma as a function of dose and frequency of drug administration. In quantitative terms, they can serve to characterize the individuality of the patient, including the effects of disease, with respect to drug absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:946490", "title": "Scurvy and hemarthrosis.", "content": "Scurvy developed in a 56-year-old man with poor dietary intake and was associated with knee hemarthroses and synovial thickening. The synovial membrane showed interstitial hemorrhage and many large fibroblasts but little collagen and some disarray of vascular basement membrane. Hemarthroses and all knee symptoms completely resolved on a normal diet. To our knowledge, these are the first electron-microscopic studies of synovial membrane in human scurvy, and our findings support a defect in collagen synthesis as a factor in etiology.", "contents": "Scurvy and hemarthrosis. Scurvy developed in a 56-year-old man with poor dietary intake and was associated with knee hemarthroses and synovial thickening. The synovial membrane showed interstitial hemorrhage and many large fibroblasts but little collagen and some disarray of vascular basement membrane. Hemarthroses and all knee symptoms completely resolved on a normal diet. To our knowledge, these are the first electron-microscopic studies of synovial membrane in human scurvy, and our findings support a defect in collagen synthesis as a factor in etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:946507", "title": "Prevention of venous thrombosis with small, subcutaneous doses of heparin.", "content": "The effect of low-dose heparin prophylaxis on venous thrombosis and bleeding after major elective surgery was studied in a prospective controlled study of 820 patients. The total incidence of venous thrombosis detected with leg-scanning using fibrinogen labeled with radioactive iodine (125I) was reduced from 16.0% in the control group to 4.2% in treated patients. More important, the incidence of popliteal or femoral vein thrombosis was reduced from 2.9% to 1.0%. Prophylaxis resulted in a slight increase in bleeding-minor wound hematoma, mean volume of blood transfused, and a post-operative hematocrit fall in treated patients. However, increased bleeding was clinically minor, and prophylaxis was well tolerated.", "contents": "Prevention of venous thrombosis with small, subcutaneous doses of heparin. The effect of low-dose heparin prophylaxis on venous thrombosis and bleeding after major elective surgery was studied in a prospective controlled study of 820 patients. The total incidence of venous thrombosis detected with leg-scanning using fibrinogen labeled with radioactive iodine (125I) was reduced from 16.0% in the control group to 4.2% in treated patients. More important, the incidence of popliteal or femoral vein thrombosis was reduced from 2.9% to 1.0%. Prophylaxis resulted in a slight increase in bleeding-minor wound hematoma, mean volume of blood transfused, and a post-operative hematocrit fall in treated patients. However, increased bleeding was clinically minor, and prophylaxis was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:946508", "title": "Clinical experience with theophylline. Relarionships between dosage, serum concentration, and toxicity.", "content": "Relationships between theophylline dosage, serum theophylline concentration, and theophylline toxicity were evaluated retrospectively in 47 hospitalized adults. The amount of theophylline administered daily varied more than sixfold, from 6 to 38 mg/kg. The serum theophylline concentrations, however, varied 24-fold from 2 to 49 mug/ml. The relationship between daily dosage and serum concentration was unpredictable in an individual patient. Fourteen patients (30%) had a toxic reaction to theophylline. Toxic symptoms, which were not always gastrointestinal, occurred commonly with serum concentrations over 25 mug/ml but were not noted with concentrations below 15 mug/ml. High serum theophylline concentrations and a toxic reaction developed just as often with the oral route as when the drug was given intravenously. In six patients, measurement of serum theophylline concentration disclosed subtherapeutic concentrations. Serum theophylline determination appears to be important clinically in guiding effective and safe usage of theophylline.", "contents": "Clinical experience with theophylline. Relarionships between dosage, serum concentration, and toxicity. Relationships between theophylline dosage, serum theophylline concentration, and theophylline toxicity were evaluated retrospectively in 47 hospitalized adults. The amount of theophylline administered daily varied more than sixfold, from 6 to 38 mg/kg. The serum theophylline concentrations, however, varied 24-fold from 2 to 49 mug/ml. The relationship between daily dosage and serum concentration was unpredictable in an individual patient. Fourteen patients (30%) had a toxic reaction to theophylline. Toxic symptoms, which were not always gastrointestinal, occurred commonly with serum concentrations over 25 mug/ml but were not noted with concentrations below 15 mug/ml. High serum theophylline concentrations and a toxic reaction developed just as often with the oral route as when the drug was given intravenously. In six patients, measurement of serum theophylline concentration disclosed subtherapeutic concentrations. Serum theophylline determination appears to be important clinically in guiding effective and safe usage of theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:946509", "title": "Pharmacokinetics in clinical practice. 2. Applications.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic concepts introduced and defined in a preceding article are now applied to the management of drug therapy for the individual patient. The factors that affect the time course of drug concentrations in plasma produced by repetitive administration include the dosing rate, total clearance, biologic half-life, and systemic availability of the drug. A clinical pharmacokinetics service can monitor drug concentrations in biologic fluids, design individualized drug-dosing regimens, and carry out pharmacokinetic diagnostic work-ups to help determine the reasons for a patient's unusual response to drug therapy.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics in clinical practice. 2. Applications. The pharmacokinetic concepts introduced and defined in a preceding article are now applied to the management of drug therapy for the individual patient. The factors that affect the time course of drug concentrations in plasma produced by repetitive administration include the dosing rate, total clearance, biologic half-life, and systemic availability of the drug. A clinical pharmacokinetics service can monitor drug concentrations in biologic fluids, design individualized drug-dosing regimens, and carry out pharmacokinetic diagnostic work-ups to help determine the reasons for a patient's unusual response to drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946511", "title": "Reduction of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity with mannitol.", "content": "Amphotericin B in combination with mannitol was given to a patient who had mucocutaneous candidiasis and moderate renal insufficiency. Previously, amphotericin B alone had induced an abrupt increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, but when mannitol was given concurrently there was no worsening of renal function. Thus, amphotericin B with mannitol appears to offer a less nephrotoxic but equally candicidal therapeutic regimen in the renal compromised patient requiring parenteral candicidal therapy.", "contents": "Reduction of amphotericin B nephrotoxicity with mannitol. Amphotericin B in combination with mannitol was given to a patient who had mucocutaneous candidiasis and moderate renal insufficiency. Previously, amphotericin B alone had induced an abrupt increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, but when mannitol was given concurrently there was no worsening of renal function. Thus, amphotericin B with mannitol appears to offer a less nephrotoxic but equally candicidal therapeutic regimen in the renal compromised patient requiring parenteral candicidal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946512", "title": "Lymphedema tarda.", "content": "The clinical recognition and evaluation of congenital lymphedema of the lower extremities with abrupt onset in a 51-year-old man are reviewed. A rational, systematic approach is outlined and exemplifies the use of an interdisciplinary effort to achieve accurate diagnosis through readily available diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Lymphedema tarda. The clinical recognition and evaluation of congenital lymphedema of the lower extremities with abrupt onset in a 51-year-old man are reviewed. A rational, systematic approach is outlined and exemplifies the use of an interdisciplinary effort to achieve accurate diagnosis through readily available diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:946536", "title": "The serious suicide attempt. Five-year follow-up study of 886 patients.", "content": "A five-year follow-up study was undertaken of a previously reported 1968 cohort of 886 people who had attempted suicide. The working hypothesis that those who had seriously attempted suicide (21%) would have a higher suicide rate on long-term follow-up was confirmed. During the five-year follow-up period, a total of 34 suicides were found, which represented 3.84% of the total number at risk. Of those who had seriously attempted suicide, 12 (6.45%) of 186 succeeded later; of the other (nonserious or less serious) attempters, 22 (3.1%) of 700 succeeded. The serious-attempter suicide rate was 2.1 times that of the others, and this difference was statistically significant (P less than .05). In addition, patients who made attempts that were judged serious on medical but not on psychiatric grounds were found to have a suicide rate significantly higher (P less than .05) than patients who had made suicide attempts that were not a serious medical threat.", "contents": "The serious suicide attempt. Five-year follow-up study of 886 patients. A five-year follow-up study was undertaken of a previously reported 1968 cohort of 886 people who had attempted suicide. The working hypothesis that those who had seriously attempted suicide (21%) would have a higher suicide rate on long-term follow-up was confirmed. During the five-year follow-up period, a total of 34 suicides were found, which represented 3.84% of the total number at risk. Of those who had seriously attempted suicide, 12 (6.45%) of 186 succeeded later; of the other (nonserious or less serious) attempters, 22 (3.1%) of 700 succeeded. The serious-attempter suicide rate was 2.1 times that of the others, and this difference was statistically significant (P less than .05). In addition, patients who made attempts that were judged serious on medical but not on psychiatric grounds were found to have a suicide rate significantly higher (P less than .05) than patients who had made suicide attempts that were not a serious medical threat."}
{"id": "PMID:946537", "title": "Intravenous aminophylline dosage. Use of serum theophylline measurement for guidance.", "content": "A practical method for monitoring serum theophylline concentrations has been used to investigate intravenous aminophylline dosage requirements. Initial serum theophylline concentrations were found to vary widely and correlate poorly with drug history. Aminophylline loading doses determined from these values more frequently resulted in drug concentrations in the therapeutic range (10 mug to 20 mug/ml) than when therapy was given without knowledge of serum theophylline concentrations. Continuous intravenous aminophylline therapy administered in a standardized dosage (0.9 mg/kg/hr in adults and 1.0 mg/kg/hr in children) produced variable and often excessive serum concentrations. This resulted from variable drug clearance rates, which in adults averaged 0.64 +/- 0.38 ml/kg/min (mean +/- SD), only half that previously reported. These observations suggest that it is not possible to achieve optimal therapeutic aminophylline dosage without monitoring serum theophylline concentrations.", "contents": "Intravenous aminophylline dosage. Use of serum theophylline measurement for guidance. A practical method for monitoring serum theophylline concentrations has been used to investigate intravenous aminophylline dosage requirements. Initial serum theophylline concentrations were found to vary widely and correlate poorly with drug history. Aminophylline loading doses determined from these values more frequently resulted in drug concentrations in the therapeutic range (10 mug to 20 mug/ml) than when therapy was given without knowledge of serum theophylline concentrations. Continuous intravenous aminophylline therapy administered in a standardized dosage (0.9 mg/kg/hr in adults and 1.0 mg/kg/hr in children) produced variable and often excessive serum concentrations. This resulted from variable drug clearance rates, which in adults averaged 0.64 +/- 0.38 ml/kg/min (mean +/- SD), only half that previously reported. These observations suggest that it is not possible to achieve optimal therapeutic aminophylline dosage without monitoring serum theophylline concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:946539", "title": "Myasthenia gravis associated with wasp sting.", "content": "A clinical picture indistinguishable fro, but not therefore identical with, myasthenia gravis (ocular form) developed within 24 hours of a wasp sting. Because of the close temporal association of events, operative mechanisms may be either an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to some components of wasp venom or a direct toxic effect of these substances on acetylcholine synthesis, release, or degradation. Theoretical considerations from the literature and the lack of immunologic abnormalities in the patient suggest that the latter may be correct. Unique host conditions must have been present at the time of the sting, implying latent or subclinical myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis associated with wasp sting. A clinical picture indistinguishable fro, but not therefore identical with, myasthenia gravis (ocular form) developed within 24 hours of a wasp sting. Because of the close temporal association of events, operative mechanisms may be either an immediate hypersensitivity reaction to some components of wasp venom or a direct toxic effect of these substances on acetylcholine synthesis, release, or degradation. Theoretical considerations from the literature and the lack of immunologic abnormalities in the patient suggest that the latter may be correct. Unique host conditions must have been present at the time of the sting, implying latent or subclinical myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:946540", "title": "Aspergillus oryzae meningitis.", "content": "In a patient with only meningitis, a septate hypha was seen in a Langhans giant cell, and the rarely pathogenic Aspergillus oryzae was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid. Serologic results confirmed the diagnosis. The patient responded to therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine.", "contents": "Aspergillus oryzae meningitis. In a patient with only meningitis, a septate hypha was seen in a Langhans giant cell, and the rarely pathogenic Aspergillus oryzae was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid. Serologic results confirmed the diagnosis. The patient responded to therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:946551", "title": "[Distribution of probon in various organs in acute poisoning].", "content": "Toxicological analysis of a Hungarian analgetics - Probon - of new chemical structure was carried out in experiment. A new technique was developed for quantitative analysis of the drug and its main metabolits in biological material. Distribution of Probon in various organs, grade of the metabolization in acute intoxication was also studied.", "contents": "[Distribution of probon in various organs in acute poisoning]. Toxicological analysis of a Hungarian analgetics - Probon - of new chemical structure was carried out in experiment. A new technique was developed for quantitative analysis of the drug and its main metabolits in biological material. Distribution of Probon in various organs, grade of the metabolization in acute intoxication was also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:946556", "title": "An inhibitor of macrophage chemotaxis produced by neoplasms.", "content": "The accumulation of macrophages at neoplastic sites may be an important event in immunologically mediated tumor killing. The implantation of syngeneic neoplasms in mice, however, was found to depress the animal's ability to localize macrophages at inflammatory sites. A low-molecular-weight (6,000 to 10,000) factor released by growing neoplasms that inhibits the accumulation of macrophages in vivo and chemotactic responsiveness in vitro was identified. The factor is active in the inhibition of macrophages and is ineffectual at retarding the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Neoplastic cells may thus abrogate immunosurveillance by releasing products that prevent potentially tumoricidal macrophages from accumulating at sites of developing malignancies.", "contents": "An inhibitor of macrophage chemotaxis produced by neoplasms. The accumulation of macrophages at neoplastic sites may be an important event in immunologically mediated tumor killing. The implantation of syngeneic neoplasms in mice, however, was found to depress the animal's ability to localize macrophages at inflammatory sites. A low-molecular-weight (6,000 to 10,000) factor released by growing neoplasms that inhibits the accumulation of macrophages in vivo and chemotactic responsiveness in vitro was identified. The factor is active in the inhibition of macrophages and is ineffectual at retarding the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Neoplastic cells may thus abrogate immunosurveillance by releasing products that prevent potentially tumoricidal macrophages from accumulating at sites of developing malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:946558", "title": "Enzootic leucosis in a flock of sheep in Rhodesia.", "content": "Fourteen cases of lymphosarcoma occurred in a small experimental flock of sheep in Rhodesia. There appeared to be horizontal spread and the ages of the affected animals varied from one to more than 10 years. Thirteen of the cases so far diagnosed were leucaemic with a high lymphocyte count. Eleven of the sheep demonstrated multicentric lesions and two alimentary mesenteric; the remaining animal is still alive. Transmission attempts in four neonates resulted in one showing a high white cell count after 25 months. Electron microscope studies failed to demonstrate C-type virus-like particles. This appears to be the first recorded example of an outbreak of lymphosarcoma in a flock of sheep in Southern Africa and the descriptive term \"enzootic leucosis\" has been adopted.", "contents": "Enzootic leucosis in a flock of sheep in Rhodesia. Fourteen cases of lymphosarcoma occurred in a small experimental flock of sheep in Rhodesia. There appeared to be horizontal spread and the ages of the affected animals varied from one to more than 10 years. Thirteen of the cases so far diagnosed were leucaemic with a high lymphocyte count. Eleven of the sheep demonstrated multicentric lesions and two alimentary mesenteric; the remaining animal is still alive. Transmission attempts in four neonates resulted in one showing a high white cell count after 25 months. Electron microscope studies failed to demonstrate C-type virus-like particles. This appears to be the first recorded example of an outbreak of lymphosarcoma in a flock of sheep in Southern Africa and the descriptive term \"enzootic leucosis\" has been adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:946559", "title": "Inconsistency of the tibia test for estimating growth hormone in crude pituitary extracts.", "content": "The complement fixation immunoassay (CFIA) was used for quantitating growth hormone (GH) in crude anterior pituitary extracts from rats subjected to thyroidectomy with or without cortisol and exogenous GH administration. The results obtained from this study were compared with pertinent bioassay (tibia test) results or correlated with the pituitary acidophil cell counts. Whereas it has been reported that pituitary GH levels are normal by the tibia test at 2 weeks after thyroidectomy, the highly specific CFIA method showed an actual 87% decrement which correlated well with the reduction in acidophilis. In addition, the apparently normal content of GH after cortisol administration to thyroidectomized rats, as measured by the tibia test, was contradictory to the very low acidophil population and to the marked reduction in pituitary GH content as measured by the CFIA. Furthermore, theoretical tibia responses illustrate the inconsistency of the bioassay in different experimental conditions. If, as previously suggested, the content of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the crude pituitary extracts renders the bioassay of GH a dubious procedure, then the superiority  of immunoassay is obvious.", "contents": "Inconsistency of the tibia test for estimating growth hormone in crude pituitary extracts. The complement fixation immunoassay (CFIA) was used for quantitating growth hormone (GH) in crude anterior pituitary extracts from rats subjected to thyroidectomy with or without cortisol and exogenous GH administration. The results obtained from this study were compared with pertinent bioassay (tibia test) results or correlated with the pituitary acidophil cell counts. Whereas it has been reported that pituitary GH levels are normal by the tibia test at 2 weeks after thyroidectomy, the highly specific CFIA method showed an actual 87% decrement which correlated well with the reduction in acidophilis. In addition, the apparently normal content of GH after cortisol administration to thyroidectomized rats, as measured by the tibia test, was contradictory to the very low acidophil population and to the marked reduction in pituitary GH content as measured by the CFIA. Furthermore, theoretical tibia responses illustrate the inconsistency of the bioassay in different experimental conditions. If, as previously suggested, the content of thyrotrophin (TSH) in the crude pituitary extracts renders the bioassay of GH a dubious procedure, then the superiority  of immunoassay is obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:946560", "title": "Acid phosphatase activity in the rat neurohypophysis during increased levels of gonadothrophic hormones, in diabetes insipidus (Bratteboro strain) and after water loading.", "content": "The acid phos phatase activity of the rat neurohypophysis was measured during increased gonadotrophic hormone levels, in diabetes insipidus (DI) (Brattleboro strain) and after water loading, i.e. conditions that interfere with the function of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS). In addition determination of tissue protein, lipid and DNA and of water metabolism were performed. Neurohypophyseal acid phosphatase activity expressed on a dry weight basis increased under all conditions. For gonadectomized females, Brattleboro rats and water loaded males an increased water metabolism was observed. The increased acid phosphatase activity is interpreted as being related to disposal of release residues during stimulation of the HNS (increased gonadotrophic hormone levels and DI) and to disposal of neurosecretory material during inhibition (water loading).", "contents": "Acid phosphatase activity in the rat neurohypophysis during increased levels of gonadothrophic hormones, in diabetes insipidus (Bratteboro strain) and after water loading. The acid phos phatase activity of the rat neurohypophysis was measured during increased gonadotrophic hormone levels, in diabetes insipidus (DI) (Brattleboro strain) and after water loading, i.e. conditions that interfere with the function of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS). In addition determination of tissue protein, lipid and DNA and of water metabolism were performed. Neurohypophyseal acid phosphatase activity expressed on a dry weight basis increased under all conditions. For gonadectomized females, Brattleboro rats and water loaded males an increased water metabolism was observed. The increased acid phosphatase activity is interpreted as being related to disposal of release residues during stimulation of the HNS (increased gonadotrophic hormone levels and DI) and to disposal of neurosecretory material during inhibition (water loading)."}
{"id": "PMID:946561", "title": "The diurnal variation in renal iodide excretion rate in rabbits.", "content": "The diurnal variation in renal iodide excretion rate was determined in unrestrained female rabbits by means of either a conventional clearance technique or a continuous monitoring of the whole body disappearance of iv injected 125I-iodide using an implanted Geiger-Muller detector. A distinct diurnal rhythm was detected in the disappearance rate of 125I-iodide. A slow disappearance rate occurred from 12 p.m. to 6 a.m. (darkness from 5 p.m. to 5 a.m.). The values of iodide excretion rate obtained by both methods were consistent like in humans with an excretion fraction of 0.3 for iodide in rabbits. In rabbits weighing 3-4 kg the renal iodide excretion rates were 5-7 ml/min during the rapid phase and 3-4 ml/min during the slow phase.", "contents": "The diurnal variation in renal iodide excretion rate in rabbits. The diurnal variation in renal iodide excretion rate was determined in unrestrained female rabbits by means of either a conventional clearance technique or a continuous monitoring of the whole body disappearance of iv injected 125I-iodide using an implanted Geiger-Muller detector. A distinct diurnal rhythm was detected in the disappearance rate of 125I-iodide. A slow disappearance rate occurred from 12 p.m. to 6 a.m. (darkness from 5 p.m. to 5 a.m.). The values of iodide excretion rate obtained by both methods were consistent like in humans with an excretion fraction of 0.3 for iodide in rabbits. In rabbits weighing 3-4 kg the renal iodide excretion rates were 5-7 ml/min during the rapid phase and 3-4 ml/min during the slow phase."}
{"id": "PMID:946562", "title": "Association between subcellular proliferating membranes and mitochondria in dog thyroid follicular cells induced by synthetic double-stranded RNA administration.", "content": "The administration of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(rI:rC)], an interferon inducer and antitumour agent, induced proliferating intracellular membranes as well as a characteristic association between those membranes and mitochondria. The membrane-mitochondrion association was most often observed in small mitochondria lying close to the basal cell membrane. Although the meaning of this differential response is not known, these findings might be explained by an actual biogenesis of the mitochondria from subcellular membranes induced by poly (rI:rC), either directly or secondary to its toxic effects.", "contents": "Association between subcellular proliferating membranes and mitochondria in dog thyroid follicular cells induced by synthetic double-stranded RNA administration. The administration of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(rI:rC)], an interferon inducer and antitumour agent, induced proliferating intracellular membranes as well as a characteristic association between those membranes and mitochondria. The membrane-mitochondrion association was most often observed in small mitochondria lying close to the basal cell membrane. Although the meaning of this differential response is not known, these findings might be explained by an actual biogenesis of the mitochondria from subcellular membranes induced by poly (rI:rC), either directly or secondary to its toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:946563", "title": "Diminished sensitivity of the insulin response to glucose following growth hormone influsion in man.", "content": "The acute effect of growth hormone (GH) administration on the dose-kinetics of glucose-stimulated insulin release was investigated in eight healthy, non-obese male subjects. The glucose-insulin dose-response relationship in these subjects was established by performing glucose infusions at three different dose levels. In a second series of experiments, the glucose infusions were preceded by a 30 min infusion of GH (40 mug/kg body weight), terminated 60 min before administration of glucose. GH induced small but significant reductions in the basal levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin. The glucose tolerance (k-value) was diminished after GH at all glucose doses. Both the initial late phases of insulin response to glucose were impaired following GH treatment. This effect was most pronounced when the intermediary glucose dose (eliciting a blood glucose level around 300 mg/100 ml) was used. Thus, the insulinogenic index (whole period of stimulation) was reduced by GH to 88.9 +/- 7.6, 60.4 +/- 7.1 and 74.3 +/- 11.0% of the respective controls when the smallest, the intermediate, and the largest glucose loads, respectively, were given. The blood glucose-plasma insulin dose-response curves were shifted to the right of the control ones when glucose infusion was preceded by GH. These findings suggest that GH diminishes the sensitivity of the islet for the insulin releasing action of glucose. Some possible mechanisms by which GH may modify insulin release are discussed.", "contents": "Diminished sensitivity of the insulin response to glucose following growth hormone influsion in man. The acute effect of growth hormone (GH) administration on the dose-kinetics of glucose-stimulated insulin release was investigated in eight healthy, non-obese male subjects. The glucose-insulin dose-response relationship in these subjects was established by performing glucose infusions at three different dose levels. In a second series of experiments, the glucose infusions were preceded by a 30 min infusion of GH (40 mug/kg body weight), terminated 60 min before administration of glucose. GH induced small but significant reductions in the basal levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin. The glucose tolerance (k-value) was diminished after GH at all glucose doses. Both the initial late phases of insulin response to glucose were impaired following GH treatment. This effect was most pronounced when the intermediary glucose dose (eliciting a blood glucose level around 300 mg/100 ml) was used. Thus, the insulinogenic index (whole period of stimulation) was reduced by GH to 88.9 +/- 7.6, 60.4 +/- 7.1 and 74.3 +/- 11.0% of the respective controls when the smallest, the intermediate, and the largest glucose loads, respectively, were given. The blood glucose-plasma insulin dose-response curves were shifted to the right of the control ones when glucose infusion was preceded by GH. These findings suggest that GH diminishes the sensitivity of the islet for the insulin releasing action of glucose. Some possible mechanisms by which GH may modify insulin release are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946564", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of somatostatin action on insulin release in man. II. Comparison of the effects of somatostatin on insulin release induced by glucose, glucagon and tolbutamide.", "content": "Somatostatin in as small a dose as 70 mug given over a period of 90 min to seven healthy subjects inhibited insulin release induced by glucose (500 mg/kg as a bolus + 20 mg/kg/min). This inhibition seemed to be of competitive nature since the effect was nearly overcome when the glucose dose was raised considerably. Somatostatin in nine subjects also inhibited insulin release induced by glucagon and tolbutamide, and this inhibition was of the same order of magnitude as that of glucose induced insulin release. Since all these insulinogogues enhance of the accumulation of cyclic AMP in the beta-cells, it is suggested that the edenylate cyclase-cylic AMP system might be involved in the action of somatostatin. Somatostatin did not seem to interfere with the glycogenolytic effect of glucagon on the liver.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of somatostatin action on insulin release in man. II. Comparison of the effects of somatostatin on insulin release induced by glucose, glucagon and tolbutamide. Somatostatin in as small a dose as 70 mug given over a period of 90 min to seven healthy subjects inhibited insulin release induced by glucose (500 mg/kg as a bolus + 20 mg/kg/min). This inhibition seemed to be of competitive nature since the effect was nearly overcome when the glucose dose was raised considerably. Somatostatin in nine subjects also inhibited insulin release induced by glucagon and tolbutamide, and this inhibition was of the same order of magnitude as that of glucose induced insulin release. Since all these insulinogogues enhance of the accumulation of cyclic AMP in the beta-cells, it is suggested that the edenylate cyclase-cylic AMP system might be involved in the action of somatostatin. Somatostatin did not seem to interfere with the glycogenolytic effect of glucagon on the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:946565", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of somatostatin action on insulin release. III. Effect of somatostatin on arginine induced release of insulin and glucagon in man and perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "In man, 3 mug per kg per 90 min of linear somatostatin significantly inhibited basal as well as arginine induced insulin and glucagon release. One mug per kg per 90 min of somatostatin significantly inhibited basal insulin release but not basal glucagon release or arginine induced insulin and glucagon release. In the perfused rat pancreas, as little as one ng per ml of perfusate of somatostatin significantly inhibited argine induced insulin but not glucagon release, while 10 ng per ml of somatostatin by more than 50 per cent reduced the effect of arginine on insulin and glucagon release. Thus, linear somatostatin seemed to be a slightly more potent inhibitor of insulin than of glucagon release in man and in the perfused rat pancreas.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of somatostatin action on insulin release. III. Effect of somatostatin on arginine induced release of insulin and glucagon in man and perfused rat pancreas. In man, 3 mug per kg per 90 min of linear somatostatin significantly inhibited basal as well as arginine induced insulin and glucagon release. One mug per kg per 90 min of somatostatin significantly inhibited basal insulin release but not basal glucagon release or arginine induced insulin and glucagon release. In the perfused rat pancreas, as little as one ng per ml of perfusate of somatostatin significantly inhibited argine induced insulin but not glucagon release, while 10 ng per ml of somatostatin by more than 50 per cent reduced the effect of arginine on insulin and glucagon release. Thus, linear somatostatin seemed to be a slightly more potent inhibitor of insulin than of glucagon release in man and in the perfused rat pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:946566", "title": "Multicomponent gas chromatographic analysis of urinary steroids excreted by an infant with a defect in aldosterone biosynthesis.", "content": "The urinary steroids excreted by an infant with a salt-wasting syndrome due to a suspected defect in the 18-oxidation of corticosterone have been analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone was low (3.5 mug/24 h) whilst the excretion of 3alpha,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone) and other corticosterone metabolites was high (total about 2 mg/24 h). The excretion of cortisol metabolites was apparently normal for age (total about 2 mg/24 h) but 3alpha,11beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allo-tetrahydrocortisol) rather than tetrahydrocortisone, was the major component of the group. The excretion of an 18-hydroxycorticosterone metabolite 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione (18-hydroxytetrahydroCompound A) was higher than normal for infants of this age (between 50 and 200 mug/24 h), suggesting that the defect was in 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase rather than 1,-hydroxylase. In addition, 18-hydroxytetrahydrocorticosterone, another metabolite of 18-hydroxycorticosterone was tentatively identified and it was found that the rate of excretion of this compound was of similar magnitude to 18-hydroxytetrahydroCompound A. The salt balance of the infant has been sucessfully controlled by salt administration (77 mEq./24 h) and treatment with Fludrocortisone (0.5 mg/day).", "contents": "Multicomponent gas chromatographic analysis of urinary steroids excreted by an infant with a defect in aldosterone biosynthesis. The urinary steroids excreted by an infant with a salt-wasting syndrome due to a suspected defect in the 18-oxidation of corticosterone have been analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The excretion of tetrahydroaldosterone was low (3.5 mug/24 h) whilst the excretion of 3alpha,11beta,21-trihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone) and other corticosterone metabolites was high (total about 2 mg/24 h). The excretion of cortisol metabolites was apparently normal for age (total about 2 mg/24 h) but 3alpha,11beta,17alpha,21-tetrahydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allo-tetrahydrocortisol) rather than tetrahydrocortisone, was the major component of the group. The excretion of an 18-hydroxycorticosterone metabolite 3alpha,18,21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11,20-dione (18-hydroxytetrahydroCompound A) was higher than normal for infants of this age (between 50 and 200 mug/24 h), suggesting that the defect was in 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase rather than 1,-hydroxylase. In addition, 18-hydroxytetrahydrocorticosterone, another metabolite of 18-hydroxycorticosterone was tentatively identified and it was found that the rate of excretion of this compound was of similar magnitude to 18-hydroxytetrahydroCompound A. The salt balance of the infant has been sucessfully controlled by salt administration (77 mEq./24 h) and treatment with Fludrocortisone (0.5 mg/day)."}
{"id": "PMID:946567", "title": "Effect of metyrapone on cortisol binding capacity in plasma.", "content": "Metyrapone was added in vivo to six different samples of normal plasma (0.1 mg/ml plasma) and administered orally (30 mg/kg) to 5 adrenalectomized patients. An increased ratio free, non protein-bound cortisol: total cortisol in plasma was demonstrated after metyrapone in all six in vitro studies and in 4 of the 5 adrenalectomized patients. These findings may explain the accelerating effect of metyrapone on cortisol metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of metyrapone on cortisol binding capacity in plasma. Metyrapone was added in vivo to six different samples of normal plasma (0.1 mg/ml plasma) and administered orally (30 mg/kg) to 5 adrenalectomized patients. An increased ratio free, non protein-bound cortisol: total cortisol in plasma was demonstrated after metyrapone in all six in vitro studies and in 4 of the 5 adrenalectomized patients. These findings may explain the accelerating effect of metyrapone on cortisol metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:946568", "title": "Decarboxylation of ornithine and adenosymethionine in rat ovary during pregnancy.", "content": "The activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.50) fluctuate markedly in rat ovary during the normal oestrous cycle. Ovarian ornithine and adenosylmethionine decarboxylases also showed profound changes during pregnancy of the rat. Both enzyme activities were remarkably low in the ovary through the first 11 days of pregnancy, but sharply increased at the time the placenta is formed in the rat. The enzyme activities remained elevated almost until term. It appears that the stimulated of polyamine synthesis in rat ovary, as reflected by the enhanced decarboxylation of ornithine and adenosylmethionine, is associated with the growth of the ovarian tissue rather than the secretory function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy.", "contents": "Decarboxylation of ornithine and adenosymethionine in rat ovary during pregnancy. The activities of L-ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.50) fluctuate markedly in rat ovary during the normal oestrous cycle. Ovarian ornithine and adenosylmethionine decarboxylases also showed profound changes during pregnancy of the rat. Both enzyme activities were remarkably low in the ovary through the first 11 days of pregnancy, but sharply increased at the time the placenta is formed in the rat. The enzyme activities remained elevated almost until term. It appears that the stimulated of polyamine synthesis in rat ovary, as reflected by the enhanced decarboxylation of ornithine and adenosylmethionine, is associated with the growth of the ovarian tissue rather than the secretory function of the corpus luteum during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:946569", "title": "Relationship between oestrogen, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine in delayed implantation in the mouse.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant mice ovariectomized on day 3 (23.00-2330 h) with progesterone (1 mg/day/mouse, from day 4 through 11 post coitum (p.c.)) and oestrogen (single injection of 0.05 mug on day 8 p.c.) induced implantation in all the animals. Implantation was inhibited in animals following three subcutaneous injections of indomethacin given on the morning and afternoon of day 8 and the morning of day 9 p.c. A single injection of histamine on day 8 p.c. partially compensated the effect of indomethacin. A complete reversal of the antifertility effect of indomethacin was achieved following intraperitoneal administration of histamine (2 mug at noon of day 8 p.c.) and PGF2alpha (20 mug on the morning and afternoon of day 8 p.c.). This study suggests that in the mouse uterus indomethacin impairs the physiological changes which are required for the decidual cell formation and implantation. It is likely that an injection of oestradiol in the progesterone treated ovariectomized mice triggers the release of PGF2alpha and histamine and that these compounds are involved in the chain of events leading to implantation of blastocysts.", "contents": "Relationship between oestrogen, prostaglandin F2alpha and histamine in delayed implantation in the mouse. Treatment of pregnant mice ovariectomized on day 3 (23.00-2330 h) with progesterone (1 mg/day/mouse, from day 4 through 11 post coitum (p.c.)) and oestrogen (single injection of 0.05 mug on day 8 p.c.) induced implantation in all the animals. Implantation was inhibited in animals following three subcutaneous injections of indomethacin given on the morning and afternoon of day 8 and the morning of day 9 p.c. A single injection of histamine on day 8 p.c. partially compensated the effect of indomethacin. A complete reversal of the antifertility effect of indomethacin was achieved following intraperitoneal administration of histamine (2 mug at noon of day 8 p.c.) and PGF2alpha (20 mug on the morning and afternoon of day 8 p.c.). This study suggests that in the mouse uterus indomethacin impairs the physiological changes which are required for the decidual cell formation and implantation. It is likely that an injection of oestradiol in the progesterone treated ovariectomized mice triggers the release of PGF2alpha and histamine and that these compounds are involved in the chain of events leading to implantation of blastocysts."}
{"id": "PMID:946570", "title": "The ontogenesis of human foetal hormones. II. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).", "content": "The content and concentrations of immunoreactive LH (LER-960) and FSH (LER-869) were determined in 79 human foetal pituitary glands from 68 days of gestation to term, and in the pituitary glands of 3 anencephalic infants, 10 infants and children 2 weeks to 7 years of age, and 4 adults. In addition, the concentration of immunoreactive serum LH, FSH, LH-HCG, and HCG was determined in 48 foetuses and 6 anencephalic infants. The mean content of LH in the pituitary glands of the female foetuses increased sharply from 88.2 +/- 44.2 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 4983.8 +/- 1128.4 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. In the male foetuses, the mean content of pituitary LH rose from levels of 21.0 +/- 11.6 ng to peak levels of 114.5 +/- 57.1 ng at 20 to 24 weeks of gestation. The concentration of LH in the pituitary glands of the children was comparable to that of foetuses at mid-gestation. The mean content of FSH in pituitary glands of female foetuses rose from 7.4 +/- 5.2 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 4788.6 +/- 1460.7 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. In the male foetuses the pituitary content rose from 1.8 +/- 0.7 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 14.5 +/- 69.1 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. The differences in pituitary content of LH and FSH between the male and female foetuses were highly significant from 15 to 29 weeks of gestation. The correlation of the incremental changes in the pituitary content of LH and FSH with gestational age was significant (P less than 0.02). Immunoreactive serum FSH was detected as early as 84 days of gestation at a concentration of 11.0 ng/ml (LER-869). Serum FSH rose to peak levels (18.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) at 20 to 25 weeks in a range comparable to that of castrate adults. A decrease was noted by 30 to 34 weeks to levels of 1.7 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, comparable to that in cord samples at term (1.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). A significant negative correlation with gestational age was shown after the mid-gestational period (P less than 0.01). Immunoreactive LH, measured by a specific LH assay, was unaffected by levels of HCG present in the foetus. Immunoreactive LH was present in high concentrations by 99 days of gestation (21.5 ng/ml LER-960). Peak levels were attained by 100 to 180 days of gestation with a decrease at them to less than 1.0 ng/ml. A significant negative correlation was noted between serum LH and gestational age. Serum HCG quantified in a betaHCG radioimmunoassay decreased from the relatively high levels in foetuses at 90 to 120 days gestational age to term. The mean concentration in umbilical cord sera was 268.5 +/- 161 mIU/ml in contrast to 5400 +/- 200 mIU/ml in maternal plasma at term. ...", "contents": "The ontogenesis of human foetal hormones. II. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The content and concentrations of immunoreactive LH (LER-960) and FSH (LER-869) were determined in 79 human foetal pituitary glands from 68 days of gestation to term, and in the pituitary glands of 3 anencephalic infants, 10 infants and children 2 weeks to 7 years of age, and 4 adults. In addition, the concentration of immunoreactive serum LH, FSH, LH-HCG, and HCG was determined in 48 foetuses and 6 anencephalic infants. The mean content of LH in the pituitary glands of the female foetuses increased sharply from 88.2 +/- 44.2 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 4983.8 +/- 1128.4 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. In the male foetuses, the mean content of pituitary LH rose from levels of 21.0 +/- 11.6 ng to peak levels of 114.5 +/- 57.1 ng at 20 to 24 weeks of gestation. The concentration of LH in the pituitary glands of the children was comparable to that of foetuses at mid-gestation. The mean content of FSH in pituitary glands of female foetuses rose from 7.4 +/- 5.2 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 4788.6 +/- 1460.7 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. In the male foetuses the pituitary content rose from 1.8 +/- 0.7 ng at 10 to 14 weeks to 14.5 +/- 69.1 ng at 25 to 29 weeks of gestation. The differences in pituitary content of LH and FSH between the male and female foetuses were highly significant from 15 to 29 weeks of gestation. The correlation of the incremental changes in the pituitary content of LH and FSH with gestational age was significant (P less than 0.02). Immunoreactive serum FSH was detected as early as 84 days of gestation at a concentration of 11.0 ng/ml (LER-869). Serum FSH rose to peak levels (18.2 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) at 20 to 25 weeks in a range comparable to that of castrate adults. A decrease was noted by 30 to 34 weeks to levels of 1.7 +/- 0.05 ng/ml, comparable to that in cord samples at term (1.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). A significant negative correlation with gestational age was shown after the mid-gestational period (P less than 0.01). Immunoreactive LH, measured by a specific LH assay, was unaffected by levels of HCG present in the foetus. Immunoreactive LH was present in high concentrations by 99 days of gestation (21.5 ng/ml LER-960). Peak levels were attained by 100 to 180 days of gestation with a decrease at them to less than 1.0 ng/ml. A significant negative correlation was noted between serum LH and gestational age. Serum HCG quantified in a betaHCG radioimmunoassay decreased from the relatively high levels in foetuses at 90 to 120 days gestational age to term. The mean concentration in umbilical cord sera was 268.5 +/- 161 mIU/ml in contrast to 5400 +/- 200 mIU/ml in maternal plasma at term. ..."}
{"id": "PMID:946571", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration, specific IgE, IgG and IgM before, during, and after penicillin treatment without adverse reaction. A follow-up study.", "content": "This in vitro follow-up study of the penicillin-induced immune  response by a well-tolerated regimen was conducted with an association of four tests: lymphocyte transformation test; leucocyte migration test; passive anaphylaxis on monkey lung tissue; and passive hemagglutination. It showed (1) that previously sensitized subjects (including IgE) tolerated the treatment by pencillin. (2) That the treatment induced either a transient positive conversion of previously negative tests or a negative conversion of previously positive tests. These in vitro findings are in accordance with previously established concepts based upon cutaneous tests and must be taken into consideration when interpretating in vitro diagnosis of penicillin allergy.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation, leucocyte migration, specific IgE, IgG and IgM before, during, and after penicillin treatment without adverse reaction. A follow-up study. This in vitro follow-up study of the penicillin-induced immune  response by a well-tolerated regimen was conducted with an association of four tests: lymphocyte transformation test; leucocyte migration test; passive anaphylaxis on monkey lung tissue; and passive hemagglutination. It showed (1) that previously sensitized subjects (including IgE) tolerated the treatment by pencillin. (2) That the treatment induced either a transient positive conversion of previously negative tests or a negative conversion of previously positive tests. These in vitro findings are in accordance with previously established concepts based upon cutaneous tests and must be taken into consideration when interpretating in vitro diagnosis of penicillin allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:946572", "title": "Rapid extraction of grass pollen allergens and separation of their active fractions.", "content": "The immediate effects of nasal provocation tests with dry grass pollen, correlated with recent botanical evidence of almost instant release of allergens from the pollen wall, suggested that prolonged extraction of pollens was unnecessary and perhaps undesirable. It has now been shown that all the active allergens from undefatted dry grass pollens of the 12 major British species are extracted completely in 15 min. Gel chromatography of such rapid extracts has shown clear-cut separation of active from inactive material, as confirmed by skin and nasal provocation testing. It is probable that active fractions thus obtained contain the only pollen allergens of importance to clinical allergy. Further purification may produce specific allergens useful for the accurate standardisation of vaccines.", "contents": "Rapid extraction of grass pollen allergens and separation of their active fractions. The immediate effects of nasal provocation tests with dry grass pollen, correlated with recent botanical evidence of almost instant release of allergens from the pollen wall, suggested that prolonged extraction of pollens was unnecessary and perhaps undesirable. It has now been shown that all the active allergens from undefatted dry grass pollens of the 12 major British species are extracted completely in 15 min. Gel chromatography of such rapid extracts has shown clear-cut separation of active from inactive material, as confirmed by skin and nasal provocation testing. It is probable that active fractions thus obtained contain the only pollen allergens of importance to clinical allergy. Further purification may produce specific allergens useful for the accurate standardisation of vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:946573", "title": "D. pteronyssinus-tyrosine adsorbate: biological and clinical properties.", "content": "Adsorption of D. pteronyssinus on tyrosine gives a depot formulation with retained immunogenicity. Preliminary clinical evaluation of this material showed improvement in the majority of allergic subjects after receipt of the initial six doses, improvement being continued during subsequent maintenance therapy.", "contents": "D. pteronyssinus-tyrosine adsorbate: biological and clinical properties. Adsorption of D. pteronyssinus on tyrosine gives a depot formulation with retained immunogenicity. Preliminary clinical evaluation of this material showed improvement in the majority of allergic subjects after receipt of the initial six doses, improvement being continued during subsequent maintenance therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946574", "title": "[Frequency and correlative relation of diagnostic criteria in animal dander allergy].", "content": "355 out-patients with signs of bronchial asthma were studied with special reference to animal dander sensitization. Case histories allowed the clinical diagnosis of an allergy to animal dander in 75 patients (21.1%). Skin testing is a useful means, as large reactions appear in most cases of animal dander allergy (60.7% are greater than or equal to + + + -reactions). Skin reactions, however, often are \"false positive\" or \"false negative\". Therefore, bronchial provocation tests are necessary if the case history is doubtful and/or the skin reaction is less than a + + + -reaction. There is a positive correlation between skin reaction and bronchial provocation test. No negative inhalation tests were seen when the skin reaction was greater than + + +. However, a positive inhalation test can be correlated with a negative or weakly positive skin test. The probability of common structural properties of different mammalian dander allergens is discussed. Avoidance of exposure to the animal is recommended as the therapy of choice.", "contents": "[Frequency and correlative relation of diagnostic criteria in animal dander allergy]. 355 out-patients with signs of bronchial asthma were studied with special reference to animal dander sensitization. Case histories allowed the clinical diagnosis of an allergy to animal dander in 75 patients (21.1%). Skin testing is a useful means, as large reactions appear in most cases of animal dander allergy (60.7% are greater than or equal to + + + -reactions). Skin reactions, however, often are \"false positive\" or \"false negative\". Therefore, bronchial provocation tests are necessary if the case history is doubtful and/or the skin reaction is less than a + + + -reaction. There is a positive correlation between skin reaction and bronchial provocation test. No negative inhalation tests were seen when the skin reaction was greater than + + +. However, a positive inhalation test can be correlated with a negative or weakly positive skin test. The probability of common structural properties of different mammalian dander allergens is discussed. Avoidance of exposure to the animal is recommended as the therapy of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:946575", "title": "Precipitating antibodies against Micropolyspora phaeni in sera from mushroom workers.", "content": "A new method for determining precipitating antibodies in allergic alveolitis is presented. The principle used is immunoelectrophoresis, either as a counterelectrophoresis or as a crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. Twenty-two mushroom workers without anamnestic signs of allergic alveolitis and 15 control persons were investigated. Twelve mushroom workers (55%) had precipitating antibodies as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and nine of these persons had antibodies demonstrated with counterelectrophoresis. Thus, the sensitivity seems greater in the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, but we find that the simpler counterelectrophoresis is an excellent screening procedure in patients suspected of allergic alveolitis. In the controls only one person had precipitating antibodies, though the antigen tested for Micropolyspora phaeni exists ubiquitously. It seems probable from this study that the antigenic load is important, although it is remarkable that no mushroom worker with precipitating antibodies against M. phaeni had ever experienced symptoms compatible with allergic alveolitis.", "contents": "Precipitating antibodies against Micropolyspora phaeni in sera from mushroom workers. A new method for determining precipitating antibodies in allergic alveolitis is presented. The principle used is immunoelectrophoresis, either as a counterelectrophoresis or as a crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. Twenty-two mushroom workers without anamnestic signs of allergic alveolitis and 15 control persons were investigated. Twelve mushroom workers (55%) had precipitating antibodies as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and nine of these persons had antibodies demonstrated with counterelectrophoresis. Thus, the sensitivity seems greater in the crossed immunoelectrophoresis, but we find that the simpler counterelectrophoresis is an excellent screening procedure in patients suspected of allergic alveolitis. In the controls only one person had precipitating antibodies, though the antigen tested for Micropolyspora phaeni exists ubiquitously. It seems probable from this study that the antigenic load is important, although it is remarkable that no mushroom worker with precipitating antibodies against M. phaeni had ever experienced symptoms compatible with allergic alveolitis."}
{"id": "PMID:946576", "title": "Prick- and radioallergsorbent tests (RAST) to Alcalase in a population not exposed to enzyme detergents.", "content": "A total of 301 persons in a population unexposed to enzyme detergents (Rumania) were prick-tested with Alcalase, and RASTs were performed on their sera. The material consisted of three groups, one atopic, the second non atopic, and the third healthy. In the first two groups the percentage of positive prick-test reactions amounted to 6 and 5% respectively. Only one positive RAST was found (second group). In the third group no positive prick-tests were found and no positive RASTs. The majority of the positive prick-tests were considered non specific, and no correlation was found between results of prick-tests and RASTs in this material of non exposed individuals.", "contents": "Prick- and radioallergsorbent tests (RAST) to Alcalase in a population not exposed to enzyme detergents. A total of 301 persons in a population unexposed to enzyme detergents (Rumania) were prick-tested with Alcalase, and RASTs were performed on their sera. The material consisted of three groups, one atopic, the second non atopic, and the third healthy. In the first two groups the percentage of positive prick-test reactions amounted to 6 and 5% respectively. Only one positive RAST was found (second group). In the third group no positive prick-tests were found and no positive RASTs. The majority of the positive prick-tests were considered non specific, and no correlation was found between results of prick-tests and RASTs in this material of non exposed individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:946577", "title": "A new technique for measurements of the urethra pressure profile.", "content": "A new standardized technique for continuous recording of the urethral pressure profile simultaneously with intravesical pressure has been developed. The pressures were recorded using two micr-transducers enclosed in a thin Dacron catheter. The catheter moved with a constant speed through the urethra with the aid of a specially designed instrument. This instrument is described. Twenty-five healthy women were examined. The patients were divided into two groups: (A) 10 postmenopausal women, and (B) 15 fertile women. The results of the recordings showed that the functional length and the absolute length of the urethra could be reproduced with an error of less than 1 mm. The maximal pressure amplitude was significantly less in group A.", "contents": "A new technique for measurements of the urethra pressure profile. A new standardized technique for continuous recording of the urethral pressure profile simultaneously with intravesical pressure has been developed. The pressures were recorded using two micr-transducers enclosed in a thin Dacron catheter. The catheter moved with a constant speed through the urethra with the aid of a specially designed instrument. This instrument is described. Twenty-five healthy women were examined. The patients were divided into two groups: (A) 10 postmenopausal women, and (B) 15 fertile women. The results of the recordings showed that the functional length and the absolute length of the urethra could be reproduced with an error of less than 1 mm. The maximal pressure amplitude was significantly less in group A."}
{"id": "PMID:946578", "title": "Nuclear size classes in the follicular epithelium of lymphoid thyroiditis.", "content": "Nuclear size classes of the type originally described by Jacobj were studied in the follicular epithelium of biopsy smears from lymphoid thyroiditis. Thus, a great number of large nuclei in size classes distinct from the bulk of fairly identically sized nuclei could be clearly distinguished. By cytophotometric measurement of Feulgen-DNA, these large nuclei were found to correspond closely to nuclei in separate DNA-content-classes and they were therefore called HDC-nuclei (High DNA-quantity Class nuclei). Such nuclei proved to be more common in lymphoid thyroiditis than in normal thyroids and non-toxic goitres without lymphoid thyroiditis. Among lymphoid goitres, the percentage of HDC-nuclei was positively correlated with the age of the patients. In the present paper, the relationship between Askanazy cells and HDC-nuclei is also discussed.", "contents": "Nuclear size classes in the follicular epithelium of lymphoid thyroiditis. Nuclear size classes of the type originally described by Jacobj were studied in the follicular epithelium of biopsy smears from lymphoid thyroiditis. Thus, a great number of large nuclei in size classes distinct from the bulk of fairly identically sized nuclei could be clearly distinguished. By cytophotometric measurement of Feulgen-DNA, these large nuclei were found to correspond closely to nuclei in separate DNA-content-classes and they were therefore called HDC-nuclei (High DNA-quantity Class nuclei). Such nuclei proved to be more common in lymphoid thyroiditis than in normal thyroids and non-toxic goitres without lymphoid thyroiditis. Among lymphoid goitres, the percentage of HDC-nuclei was positively correlated with the age of the patients. In the present paper, the relationship between Askanazy cells and HDC-nuclei is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946580", "title": "A comparison of two glucocorticoid regimens for acceleration of fetal lung maturation in premature labor.", "content": "This study compares fetal corticoid response from conventional dose (12.0 mg) intramuscular betamethasone to large dose (1,000 mg) intravenous cortisol administered to women in premature labor for acceleration of fetal lung maturity. To compare these two regimens, 14 women selected at random were treated in groups of seven with either cortisol or betamethasone. Peripheral levels of unconjugated estriol were measured by specific radioimmunoassay prior to the cortisol dose and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hours following the dose. The rate of corticoid delivery to the fetal hypothalamic-adrenal axis was estimated by the per cent suppression of unconjugated estriol at each post-treatment interval. Least-squares regression lines fitted (P less than 0.01) for each regimen were compared for time saved (delta t) when cortisol was used. Mean delta t (1, 4, 8, and 12 hours) was 9.0 +/- 0.2 S.E.M. hours. It is concluded that: (1) Intravenous cortisol delivers a fetal corticoid effect that is significantly more rapid in onset and more profound in magnitude than does intramuscular betamethasone and that (2) the cortisol regimen is probably better suited to the acceleration of fetal lung maturation in premature labor when time is short and rapid action is essential.", "contents": "A comparison of two glucocorticoid regimens for acceleration of fetal lung maturation in premature labor. This study compares fetal corticoid response from conventional dose (12.0 mg) intramuscular betamethasone to large dose (1,000 mg) intravenous cortisol administered to women in premature labor for acceleration of fetal lung maturity. To compare these two regimens, 14 women selected at random were treated in groups of seven with either cortisol or betamethasone. Peripheral levels of unconjugated estriol were measured by specific radioimmunoassay prior to the cortisol dose and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 hours following the dose. The rate of corticoid delivery to the fetal hypothalamic-adrenal axis was estimated by the per cent suppression of unconjugated estriol at each post-treatment interval. Least-squares regression lines fitted (P less than 0.01) for each regimen were compared for time saved (delta t) when cortisol was used. Mean delta t (1, 4, 8, and 12 hours) was 9.0 +/- 0.2 S.E.M. hours. It is concluded that: (1) Intravenous cortisol delivers a fetal corticoid effect that is significantly more rapid in onset and more profound in magnitude than does intramuscular betamethasone and that (2) the cortisol regimen is probably better suited to the acceleration of fetal lung maturation in premature labor when time is short and rapid action is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:946581", "title": "The inhibition of pulmonary maturation in the fetal rabbit by maternal treatment with phenobarbital.", "content": "Phenobarbital was administered to pregnant rabbits, 7 to 10 days before the delivery of their fetuses at 27 to 30 days of gestation. There were no differences in body weight or wet or dry lung weights between control animals and phenobarbital-treated pups at similar gestational ages. The phospholipid content (PLC) of the alevolar wash was lower in the phenobarbital-treated group, but there was no difference in the lung tissue PLC between the treated and control groups. Phenobarbital-treated pups had higher opening pressures and fewer lamellar bodies than the control animals. These data suggest that phenobarbital may have an inhibitory effect on surfactant production and/or release.", "contents": "The inhibition of pulmonary maturation in the fetal rabbit by maternal treatment with phenobarbital. Phenobarbital was administered to pregnant rabbits, 7 to 10 days before the delivery of their fetuses at 27 to 30 days of gestation. There were no differences in body weight or wet or dry lung weights between control animals and phenobarbital-treated pups at similar gestational ages. The phospholipid content (PLC) of the alevolar wash was lower in the phenobarbital-treated group, but there was no difference in the lung tissue PLC between the treated and control groups. Phenobarbital-treated pups had higher opening pressures and fewer lamellar bodies than the control animals. These data suggest that phenobarbital may have an inhibitory effect on surfactant production and/or release."}
{"id": "PMID:946582", "title": "The relationship between premature rupture of the membranes and the respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "The records of 212 patients of 36 weeks' gestational age or less were reviewed to study the relationship between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). PRM greater than 16 hours resulted in a statistically significant decrease of RDS in neonates of 32 weeks' gestational age  or less but not in the group from 32 to 36 weeks' gestational age. However, survival was significantly improved with PRM greater than 16 hours in the latter group but not in the former. A possible explanation for this observation is offered. Black patients had a higher over-all infant mortality rate than white patients, and, although the incidence of RDS is similar in both races, it may be a more lethal condition in black patients. There was no significant difference noted between female and male infants. Sepsis was responsible for only seven deaths in this series, and three of those cases could not be etiologically related to prolonged PRM.", "contents": "The relationship between premature rupture of the membranes and the respiratory distress syndrome. The records of 212 patients of 36 weeks' gestational age or less were reviewed to study the relationship between premature rupture of the membranes (PRM) and the development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). PRM greater than 16 hours resulted in a statistically significant decrease of RDS in neonates of 32 weeks' gestational age  or less but not in the group from 32 to 36 weeks' gestational age. However, survival was significantly improved with PRM greater than 16 hours in the latter group but not in the former. A possible explanation for this observation is offered. Black patients had a higher over-all infant mortality rate than white patients, and, although the incidence of RDS is similar in both races, it may be a more lethal condition in black patients. There was no significant difference noted between female and male infants. Sepsis was responsible for only seven deaths in this series, and three of those cases could not be etiologically related to prolonged PRM."}
{"id": "PMID:946583", "title": "Total throidectomy in the management of Graves' disease. A review of 282 cases.", "content": "Antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, and surgery, either alone or in various combination, are used in the management of Graves' disease. If surgery is selected as the treatment of choice for Graves' disease than nothing less than total thyroidectomy should be performed.", "contents": "Total throidectomy in the management of Graves' disease. A review of 282 cases. Antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, and surgery, either alone or in various combination, are used in the management of Graves' disease. If surgery is selected as the treatment of choice for Graves' disease than nothing less than total thyroidectomy should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:946584", "title": "The effect of various forms of milk on gastric-acid secretion. Studies in patients with duodenal ulcer and normal subjects.", "content": "Milk is commonly recommended as therapy for patients with peptic ulcer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various forms of milk and 0.15 M NaCl (control) on gastric-acid secretion in five patients with duodenal ulcer during a period of remission and in five normal subjects. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in acid secretion in both groups was produced by 240 ml of whole, low-fat, and nonfat milk. The acid secretory responses to milk were equivalent to approximately 20% to 35% of maximal betazole - or pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. Gastric-acid secretion produced a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in acid secretion in the patients with duodenal ulcer but not in the normal subjects. Because milk contains both protein and calcium, and each are stimulants of gastric-acid secretion, there is reason to question its frequent ingestion by patients with peptic ulcer.", "contents": "The effect of various forms of milk on gastric-acid secretion. Studies in patients with duodenal ulcer and normal subjects. Milk is commonly recommended as therapy for patients with peptic ulcer. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various forms of milk and 0.15 M NaCl (control) on gastric-acid secretion in five patients with duodenal ulcer during a period of remission and in five normal subjects. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in acid secretion in both groups was produced by 240 ml of whole, low-fat, and nonfat milk. The acid secretory responses to milk were equivalent to approximately 20% to 35% of maximal betazole - or pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. Gastric-acid secretion produced a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in acid secretion in the patients with duodenal ulcer but not in the normal subjects. Because milk contains both protein and calcium, and each are stimulants of gastric-acid secretion, there is reason to question its frequent ingestion by patients with peptic ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:946587", "title": "Penetration, permeation, and resorption of 8-methoxypsoralen. Comperative in vitro and in vivo studies after topical application of four standard preparations.", "content": "The penetration, permeation, and resorption of radioactively labelled 8-Methoxypsoralen was investigated in human skin. Siultaneously, the effects to time and ointment carrier on the penetration kinetics were ascertained. The carriers tested were: vaseline, aqueous wool-wax alcohol ointment, aqueous hydrophilic ointment and polyethylene glycol ointment. The absolute concentrations of 8-Methoxypsoralen were estimated in the horny layer, epidermis and dermis. With the most advantageous carrier, aqueous wool-wax alcohol ointment, 4-6X10(-5) M and 10(-5) M were attained in the epidermis and dermis, respectively. Moreover, it was shown that the substance penetrates rapidly (10 min) into the epidermis and dermis and the high concentrations reached constant over a period of 16 h. Only with a formulation of aqueous wool-wax alcohols is any accumulation at all achieved in the deeper areas of the horny layer. A uniform decrease in drug concentration with increasing depth of the horny layer is found with the other 3 vehicles, whereby slight variations in concentrations pertain from carrier to carrier. 4 h after local application, 8-Methoxypsoralen can be detected in the urine. Regardless of the ointment base employed, 8-Methoxypsoralen is no longer detectable in the urine 40 h after application. In comparison to the oral therapy, the same magnitude of percutaneous resorption into the central compartment is to be derived from the data, if half the body surface is treated locally.", "contents": "Penetration, permeation, and resorption of 8-methoxypsoralen. Comperative in vitro and in vivo studies after topical application of four standard preparations. The penetration, permeation, and resorption of radioactively labelled 8-Methoxypsoralen was investigated in human skin. Siultaneously, the effects to time and ointment carrier on the penetration kinetics were ascertained. The carriers tested were: vaseline, aqueous wool-wax alcohol ointment, aqueous hydrophilic ointment and polyethylene glycol ointment. The absolute concentrations of 8-Methoxypsoralen were estimated in the horny layer, epidermis and dermis. With the most advantageous carrier, aqueous wool-wax alcohol ointment, 4-6X10(-5) M and 10(-5) M were attained in the epidermis and dermis, respectively. Moreover, it was shown that the substance penetrates rapidly (10 min) into the epidermis and dermis and the high concentrations reached constant over a period of 16 h. Only with a formulation of aqueous wool-wax alcohols is any accumulation at all achieved in the deeper areas of the horny layer. A uniform decrease in drug concentration with increasing depth of the horny layer is found with the other 3 vehicles, whereby slight variations in concentrations pertain from carrier to carrier. 4 h after local application, 8-Methoxypsoralen can be detected in the urine. Regardless of the ointment base employed, 8-Methoxypsoralen is no longer detectable in the urine 40 h after application. In comparison to the oral therapy, the same magnitude of percutaneous resorption into the central compartment is to be derived from the data, if half the body surface is treated locally."}
{"id": "PMID:946588", "title": "Osteoporosis of the slender smoker. Vertebral compression fractures and loss of metacarpal cortex in relation to postmenopausal cigarette smoking and lack of obesity.", "content": "A group of thirty-eight women under age 70 who sustained vertebral compression fractures during minor trauma included more postmenopausal smokers than a group of 34 similar women with fractures resulting from major trauma and more than a group of 572 other women. Advanced idiopathic osteoporosis occurring before age 65 was found rarely among nonsmokers. The percent cortical area at the second metacarpal midpoint was measured in 103 white women aged 40 to 49 years, and 208 white women aged 60 to 69 years. In the younger group, no quantitative differences were demonstrated between bones of the obese and the nonobese or between smokers and nonsmokers. In contrast, among the older group, postmenopausal smokers exhibited much more bone loss than did nonsmokers (P less than .001), and nonobese women demonstrated much more bone loss than did obese women, this difference being most striking among smokers.", "contents": "Osteoporosis of the slender smoker. Vertebral compression fractures and loss of metacarpal cortex in relation to postmenopausal cigarette smoking and lack of obesity. A group of thirty-eight women under age 70 who sustained vertebral compression fractures during minor trauma included more postmenopausal smokers than a group of 34 similar women with fractures resulting from major trauma and more than a group of 572 other women. Advanced idiopathic osteoporosis occurring before age 65 was found rarely among nonsmokers. The percent cortical area at the second metacarpal midpoint was measured in 103 white women aged 40 to 49 years, and 208 white women aged 60 to 69 years. In the younger group, no quantitative differences were demonstrated between bones of the obese and the nonobese or between smokers and nonsmokers. In contrast, among the older group, postmenopausal smokers exhibited much more bone loss than did nonsmokers (P less than .001), and nonobese women demonstrated much more bone loss than did obese women, this difference being most striking among smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:946591", "title": "A phase I study of cytembena.", "content": "Twenty-two patients were given progressively increasing doses of Cytembena to determine toxicity patterns and to establish a dosage which produces definite but clinically tolerable toxicity when the drug is given by intravenous injections in a 5-day intensive course. Toxicity consisted primarily of nausea, vomiting, arm pain, and transiently decreased renal function. At higher doses, an \"autonomic-storm\" phenomenon was observed consisting of hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperperistalsis, frequent explosive defecation, facial flushing and paresthesias, and chest pain with accompanying ischemic EKG changes. There was no evidence of mucocutaneous, hepatic, or hematologic toxic effects. Toxicity was dose-related, first being recognized at a daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and becoming clinically intolerable at a daily dose of 475 mg/m2. No permanent damage was observed in any of the organ systems monitored. An acceptable treatment regimen for most patients is 400 mg/m2/day for 5 days. Patient discomfort can be reduced by dividing each day's dose into two intravenous injections given at an interval of at least 6 hours. Coronary artery disease and impaired renal function should be contraindications to Cytembena therapy, and caution should be employed in the patients with significant impairment of liver function. Two of 22 patients, both with far-advanced carcinoma and previous chemotherapy failures, showed a favorable objective response to Cytembena therapy. Phase II studies to assess the magnitude of the drug's antineoplastic activity seem warranted.", "contents": "A phase I study of cytembena. Twenty-two patients were given progressively increasing doses of Cytembena to determine toxicity patterns and to establish a dosage which produces definite but clinically tolerable toxicity when the drug is given by intravenous injections in a 5-day intensive course. Toxicity consisted primarily of nausea, vomiting, arm pain, and transiently decreased renal function. At higher doses, an \"autonomic-storm\" phenomenon was observed consisting of hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperperistalsis, frequent explosive defecation, facial flushing and paresthesias, and chest pain with accompanying ischemic EKG changes. There was no evidence of mucocutaneous, hepatic, or hematologic toxic effects. Toxicity was dose-related, first being recognized at a daily dose of 300 mg/m2 and becoming clinically intolerable at a daily dose of 475 mg/m2. No permanent damage was observed in any of the organ systems monitored. An acceptable treatment regimen for most patients is 400 mg/m2/day for 5 days. Patient discomfort can be reduced by dividing each day's dose into two intravenous injections given at an interval of at least 6 hours. Coronary artery disease and impaired renal function should be contraindications to Cytembena therapy, and caution should be employed in the patients with significant impairment of liver function. Two of 22 patients, both with far-advanced carcinoma and previous chemotherapy failures, showed a favorable objective response to Cytembena therapy. Phase II studies to assess the magnitude of the drug's antineoplastic activity seem warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:946592", "title": "Lymphosarcoma. A comparison of extended to conservative chemotherapy.", "content": "Sixty-three patients with Stage III and IV lymphocytic lymphoma were randomized for induction treatment between a single course of nitrogen mustard and a 14-day course of prednisone (conservative therapy) or sequential rotation of BCNU, nitrogen mustard and cytoxan with intermittent vincristine and prednisone for 6 months (extended therapy). Maintenance therapy by an oral alkylating agent (cytoxan or chlorambucil) with or without prednisone was given. Complete remission occurred in 75% of the conservative and 77% of the extended therapy group. The median duration of remission was similar, and greater than 27 months in both groups, and there was no difference in survival. At 1 year 80% of patients with no prior chemotherapy were in remission vs. 47% of patients with prior chemotherapy (p less than .01). No significant advantage for extended chemotherapy was found. The addition of vincristine was not helpful in induction and prednisone during maintenance did not improve the duration of remission or survival.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma. A comparison of extended to conservative chemotherapy. Sixty-three patients with Stage III and IV lymphocytic lymphoma were randomized for induction treatment between a single course of nitrogen mustard and a 14-day course of prednisone (conservative therapy) or sequential rotation of BCNU, nitrogen mustard and cytoxan with intermittent vincristine and prednisone for 6 months (extended therapy). Maintenance therapy by an oral alkylating agent (cytoxan or chlorambucil) with or without prednisone was given. Complete remission occurred in 75% of the conservative and 77% of the extended therapy group. The median duration of remission was similar, and greater than 27 months in both groups, and there was no difference in survival. At 1 year 80% of patients with no prior chemotherapy were in remission vs. 47% of patients with prior chemotherapy (p less than .01). No significant advantage for extended chemotherapy was found. The addition of vincristine was not helpful in induction and prednisone during maintenance did not improve the duration of remission or survival."}
{"id": "PMID:946593", "title": "Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A patient who developed paraplegia following the intrathecal instillation of methotrexate is discribed. The ten previously reported cases of this unusual complication are reviewed. The following factors appear to predispose to the development of this complication: abnormal cerebrospinal dynamics related to the presence of central nervous system leukemia, and epidural cerebrospinal leakage; elevated cerebrospinal fluid methothexate concentration related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and to inappropriately high methotrexate doses based on body surface area calculations in older children and adults; the presence of neurotoxic preservatives in commercially available methotrexate preparations and diluents; and the use of methotrexate diluents of unphysiologic pH, ionic content and osmolarity. The role of methotrexate contaminants, local folate deficiency, and cranial irradiation in the pathogenesis of intrathecal methotrexate toxicity is unclear. The incidence of neurotoxicity may be reduced by employing lower doses of methotrexate in the presence of central nervous system leukemia, in older children and adults, and in the presence of epidural leakage. Only preservative-free methotrexate in Elliott's B Solution at a concentration of not more than 1 mg/ml should be used for intrathecal administration. Periodic monitoring of cerebruspinal fluid methotrexate levels may be predictive of the development of serious neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate: report of a case and review of the literature. A patient who developed paraplegia following the intrathecal instillation of methotrexate is discribed. The ten previously reported cases of this unusual complication are reviewed. The following factors appear to predispose to the development of this complication: abnormal cerebrospinal dynamics related to the presence of central nervous system leukemia, and epidural cerebrospinal leakage; elevated cerebrospinal fluid methothexate concentration related to abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and to inappropriately high methotrexate doses based on body surface area calculations in older children and adults; the presence of neurotoxic preservatives in commercially available methotrexate preparations and diluents; and the use of methotrexate diluents of unphysiologic pH, ionic content and osmolarity. The role of methotrexate contaminants, local folate deficiency, and cranial irradiation in the pathogenesis of intrathecal methotrexate toxicity is unclear. The incidence of neurotoxicity may be reduced by employing lower doses of methotrexate in the presence of central nervous system leukemia, in older children and adults, and in the presence of epidural leakage. Only preservative-free methotrexate in Elliott's B Solution at a concentration of not more than 1 mg/ml should be used for intrathecal administration. Periodic monitoring of cerebruspinal fluid methotrexate levels may be predictive of the development of serious neurotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:946594", "title": "Oral cancer in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India: a prevalence and followup study.", "content": "In Gujarat, India, 57,518 industrial workers over 35 years old were examined for oral lesions. At a two-year interval, 43,654 workers were re-examined. Biopsies were taken from 13,223 lesions. In the initial examination, 29 oral cancers were diagnosed, representing a prevalence rate of 50/100,000. After two years, 22 new oral cancers were diagnosed, representing an incidence rate of 25/100,000 per year. Over 90% were squamous carcinomas, with the majority of lesions occurring in the oropharynx and tongue. All patients who developed squamous carcinomas had tobacco habits, while 85% of the entire study population had oral habits in some form. Their most common habits were smoking tobacco alone or in combination with chewing \"pan\"/\"supari.\" Of the carcinomas that developed during  a two-year interval, 62% appeared in previously normal appearing mucosa. Leukoplakia was the only oral lesion that proved to be precancerous, with a transformation rate of 0.13% in a two-year interval.", "contents": "Oral cancer in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India: a prevalence and followup study. In Gujarat, India, 57,518 industrial workers over 35 years old were examined for oral lesions. At a two-year interval, 43,654 workers were re-examined. Biopsies were taken from 13,223 lesions. In the initial examination, 29 oral cancers were diagnosed, representing a prevalence rate of 50/100,000. After two years, 22 new oral cancers were diagnosed, representing an incidence rate of 25/100,000 per year. Over 90% were squamous carcinomas, with the majority of lesions occurring in the oropharynx and tongue. All patients who developed squamous carcinomas had tobacco habits, while 85% of the entire study population had oral habits in some form. Their most common habits were smoking tobacco alone or in combination with chewing \"pan\"/\"supari.\" Of the carcinomas that developed during  a two-year interval, 62% appeared in previously normal appearing mucosa. Leukoplakia was the only oral lesion that proved to be precancerous, with a transformation rate of 0.13% in a two-year interval."}
{"id": "PMID:946595", "title": "Enhancement of the antitumor activity of arabinofuranosyladenine of 2'-deoxycoformycin.", "content": "The 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, a tumor cell line very sensitive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), and 6C3HED/ara-A, a line resistant to ara-A, were studied. Both were responsive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). Two lines of cells. L1210 and L1210/ara-C, are both resistant to ara-A and have very high levels of the deaminase that inactivates ara-A. When an effective inhibitor of the deaminase, 2'-deoxycoformycin, was combined with ara-A in the treatment of mice bearing L1210 or L1210/ara-C tumors, both became responsive to ara-A. Studies are reported on the extent of effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin at several dose levels and the duration of its effect in tumor cells and normal tissues. Single doses produce essentially complete inhibition of the deaminase, and little recovery was seen before 24 hr. However, DNA synthesis in normal tissues recovered more quickly. It is suggested that ara-A and ara-C, the former as a new derivative (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate) and possibly combined with 2'-deoxycoformycin, be regarded as potentially alternative drugs for the treatment of neoplasms.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antitumor activity of arabinofuranosyladenine of 2'-deoxycoformycin. The 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, a tumor cell line very sensitive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), and 6C3HED/ara-A, a line resistant to ara-A, were studied. Both were responsive to 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). Two lines of cells. L1210 and L1210/ara-C, are both resistant to ara-A and have very high levels of the deaminase that inactivates ara-A. When an effective inhibitor of the deaminase, 2'-deoxycoformycin, was combined with ara-A in the treatment of mice bearing L1210 or L1210/ara-C tumors, both became responsive to ara-A. Studies are reported on the extent of effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin at several dose levels and the duration of its effect in tumor cells and normal tissues. Single doses produce essentially complete inhibition of the deaminase, and little recovery was seen before 24 hr. However, DNA synthesis in normal tissues recovered more quickly. It is suggested that ara-A and ara-C, the former as a new derivative (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate) and possibly combined with 2'-deoxycoformycin, be regarded as potentially alternative drugs for the treatment of neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:946598", "title": "Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines.", "content": "All tetracycline derivatives are bacteriostatics and their concentration in serum should not fall during the therapy below the generally accepted minimum therapeutic concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 mug/ml. Tetracyclines have a high affinity to form chelates with polyvalent metallic cations such as Fe+++, Fe++, Al+++, Mg++ and Ca++. Many of these tetracycline-metal complexes are either insoluble or otherwise poorly absorbable from the gastro-intestinal tract. Milk and other dairy products, antacids containing polyvalent cations, as well as various iron salts ingested simultaneously with tetracycline derivatives, might interfere with their absorption by 50 to 90% or even more. The severity of interaction depends both on the nature of the tetracycline derivative and of the cation, on the doses used, on pharmaceutical factors, and on time schedules in dosing. An interval of 3 hours between the ingestion of tetracyclines and cations prevents the interaction. The pharmacokinetic interactions in absorption of tetracyclines likely to be clinically significant in cases where the infecting pathogens are moderately resistant to tetracyclines and relatively high serum concentrations are needed for proper bacteriostasis.", "contents": "Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines. All tetracycline derivatives are bacteriostatics and their concentration in serum should not fall during the therapy below the generally accepted minimum therapeutic concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 mug/ml. Tetracyclines have a high affinity to form chelates with polyvalent metallic cations such as Fe+++, Fe++, Al+++, Mg++ and Ca++. Many of these tetracycline-metal complexes are either insoluble or otherwise poorly absorbable from the gastro-intestinal tract. Milk and other dairy products, antacids containing polyvalent cations, as well as various iron salts ingested simultaneously with tetracycline derivatives, might interfere with their absorption by 50 to 90% or even more. The severity of interaction depends both on the nature of the tetracycline derivative and of the cation, on the doses used, on pharmaceutical factors, and on time schedules in dosing. An interval of 3 hours between the ingestion of tetracyclines and cations prevents the interaction. The pharmacokinetic interactions in absorption of tetracyclines likely to be clinically significant in cases where the infecting pathogens are moderately resistant to tetracyclines and relatively high serum concentrations are needed for proper bacteriostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:946603", "title": "Transient hypothyroidism after delivery in autoimmune thyroiditis.", "content": "The spontaneous occurrence of, and recovery from primary hypothyroidism were observed after delivery in 6 women with autoimmune thyroiditis. Diffuse goiter was noticed 1-3 months after delivery. The blood thyroid hormone level was found to be lowest at 3-6 months post-partum, with a thyroxine iodine value of 1.0 +/- 0.6 mug/dl (mean +/- SD) (normal 3.0-7.2), triiodithyronine value of 77 +/- 11 ng/dl (normal 90-190) and T3 resin sponge uptake of 21 +/- 2.8% (normal 24-37). During this period the serum level of thyrotropin was increased to 307 +/- 235 muU/ml (normal less than 8) and 131I thyroid uptake in 24 hours was more than 60%. Then 6-9 months after delivery, the enlarged thyroid gland decreased in size, and the values in thyroid function tests returned to the normal range without any treatment. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were positive in 3 cases. Anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were positive in all cases with titers of 1:10(4)-4:10(9), and titers were highest during the period of hypothyroidism and decreased thereafter. We suggest that these transient changes might be induced by pregnancy and delivery during the course of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Transient hypothyroidism after delivery in autoimmune thyroiditis. The spontaneous occurrence of, and recovery from primary hypothyroidism were observed after delivery in 6 women with autoimmune thyroiditis. Diffuse goiter was noticed 1-3 months after delivery. The blood thyroid hormone level was found to be lowest at 3-6 months post-partum, with a thyroxine iodine value of 1.0 +/- 0.6 mug/dl (mean +/- SD) (normal 3.0-7.2), triiodithyronine value of 77 +/- 11 ng/dl (normal 90-190) and T3 resin sponge uptake of 21 +/- 2.8% (normal 24-37). During this period the serum level of thyrotropin was increased to 307 +/- 235 muU/ml (normal less than 8) and 131I thyroid uptake in 24 hours was more than 60%. Then 6-9 months after delivery, the enlarged thyroid gland decreased in size, and the values in thyroid function tests returned to the normal range without any treatment. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were positive in 3 cases. Anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies were positive in all cases with titers of 1:10(4)-4:10(9), and titers were highest during the period of hypothyroidism and decreased thereafter. We suggest that these transient changes might be induced by pregnancy and delivery during the course of autoimmune thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:946604", "title": "Human thyroid adenyl cyclase-stimulating activity in immunoglobulin G of patients with Graves' disease.", "content": "We have studied the characteristics of the stimulation of adenyl cyclase (AC) activity in human thyroid plasma membranes by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and by immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the sera of patients with Graves' disease. AC activity was measured as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) generated by membranes in a 10 minute incubation. IgG from two patients with Graves' disease possessed particularly potent human thyroid AC-stimulating activity; the dose-response curves with these IgGs were essentially parallel to those obtained with TSH. As little as 30 mug of the IgG of one patient with Graves' disease or 8 muU of TSH caused significant AC stimulation. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the data suggested similarity in the site of action of both TSH and human thyroid adenyl cyclase stimulator (HTACS) in Graves' IgG. Submaximal doses of HTACS and TSH had additive effects on AC stimulation, but a large dose of a Graves' IgG with potent AC stimulating activity did not enhance AC stimulation by a maximal dose of TSH. The effect of HTACS on AC was slower in onset and longer in duration than an equipotent dose of TSH. HTACS was detectable in IgGs of 9 of 15 untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients; its concentration, however, did not correlate significantly with tests of thyroid function, nor with long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) activity. In another 11 treated patients with Graves' disease, selected for the presence of LATS, HTACS and LATS were significantly correlated. We observed no inhibition of LATS activity in a Graves' IgG chosen for such testing because of its high titer of HTACS and no detectable LATS. However, an inhibitor of HTACS was detected in 2 of 4 IgGs; one of these two IgGs also inhibited AC stimulation by TSH. 1) Some Graves' disease IgGs contain a human thyroid AC stimulator (HTACS), probably different from LATS. 2) HTACS may act via a common pathway with TSH; it differs from TSH, however, in having a slower onset and a greater effect during more prolonged incubation with plasma membranes. 3) There is also an inhibitor of HTACS activity in some Graves' disease IgGs.", "contents": "Human thyroid adenyl cyclase-stimulating activity in immunoglobulin G of patients with Graves' disease. We have studied the characteristics of the stimulation of adenyl cyclase (AC) activity in human thyroid plasma membranes by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and by immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the sera of patients with Graves' disease. AC activity was measured as adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) generated by membranes in a 10 minute incubation. IgG from two patients with Graves' disease possessed particularly potent human thyroid AC-stimulating activity; the dose-response curves with these IgGs were essentially parallel to those obtained with TSH. As little as 30 mug of the IgG of one patient with Graves' disease or 8 muU of TSH caused significant AC stimulation. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the data suggested similarity in the site of action of both TSH and human thyroid adenyl cyclase stimulator (HTACS) in Graves' IgG. Submaximal doses of HTACS and TSH had additive effects on AC stimulation, but a large dose of a Graves' IgG with potent AC stimulating activity did not enhance AC stimulation by a maximal dose of TSH. The effect of HTACS on AC was slower in onset and longer in duration than an equipotent dose of TSH. HTACS was detectable in IgGs of 9 of 15 untreated hyperthyroid Graves' disease patients; its concentration, however, did not correlate significantly with tests of thyroid function, nor with long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) activity. In another 11 treated patients with Graves' disease, selected for the presence of LATS, HTACS and LATS were significantly correlated. We observed no inhibition of LATS activity in a Graves' IgG chosen for such testing because of its high titer of HTACS and no detectable LATS. However, an inhibitor of HTACS was detected in 2 of 4 IgGs; one of these two IgGs also inhibited AC stimulation by TSH. 1) Some Graves' disease IgGs contain a human thyroid AC stimulator (HTACS), probably different from LATS. 2) HTACS may act via a common pathway with TSH; it differs from TSH, however, in having a slower onset and a greater effect during more prolonged incubation with plasma membranes. 3) There is also an inhibitor of HTACS activity in some Graves' disease IgGs."}
{"id": "PMID:946605", "title": "Separation and partial characterization of surface-active fractions from mouse and rat lung homogenates. Identification of a possible marker system for pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to identify a \"marker system\" for pulmonary surfactant. A density gradient centrifugation procedure was developed to concentrate the surface-active material in mouse and rat lung homogenates. These fractions contained morphologic variants of surfactant such as lamellar bodies and tubular myelin. Lipid and protein analyses were consistent with other techniques indicating that these preparations were surface active. A comparison of the nonspecific esterases in these and other surfact-active preparations (i.e., pulmonary lavage fluid and isolated type II cells) allowed the identification of certain surfactant-associated esterases which are distinguishable electrophoretically and cytochemically from the other pulmonary esterases and which, therefore, may be used as \"markers\" for surfactant. Possible uses for these enzyme markers in studies of (a) the sites of synthesis and routes of clearance of surfactant and (b) the assessment of variations in surface activity due to either diseases such as the respiratory distress syndrome or to experimental manipulation are discussed.", "contents": "Separation and partial characterization of surface-active fractions from mouse and rat lung homogenates. Identification of a possible marker system for pulmonary surfactant. The purpose of this study was to identify a \"marker system\" for pulmonary surfactant. A density gradient centrifugation procedure was developed to concentrate the surface-active material in mouse and rat lung homogenates. These fractions contained morphologic variants of surfactant such as lamellar bodies and tubular myelin. Lipid and protein analyses were consistent with other techniques indicating that these preparations were surface active. A comparison of the nonspecific esterases in these and other surfact-active preparations (i.e., pulmonary lavage fluid and isolated type II cells) allowed the identification of certain surfactant-associated esterases which are distinguishable electrophoretically and cytochemically from the other pulmonary esterases and which, therefore, may be used as \"markers\" for surfactant. Possible uses for these enzyme markers in studies of (a) the sites of synthesis and routes of clearance of surfactant and (b) the assessment of variations in surface activity due to either diseases such as the respiratory distress syndrome or to experimental manipulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946622", "title": "Hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) program, 1973 through 1975.", "content": "During 1973 through 1975, more than 1 million persons were screened in the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) program at 1,171 sites. While those screened were not from defined populations, findings paralleled those of recent surveys of US population samples. First, CHEC confirmed the scope of the problem of elevated blood pressure in the United States. Of those screened, 247 of 1,000 had a diastolic reading of 90 mm Hg or higher; 116 of 1,000 had a reading of 95 mm Hg or greater. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure rose with age up to age 50 years, was higher in blacks than in whites, and was higher in men than in women. Second, CHEC data confirmed the challenge of undetected, untreated, and uncontrolled hypertension. Previously undetected hypertension was present in 27.7% of hypertensive people, detected but untreated in 10.7%, and treated but uncontrolled in 16.7%--totaling 55.1%.", "contents": "Hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) program, 1973 through 1975. During 1973 through 1975, more than 1 million persons were screened in the nationwide Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic (CHEC) program at 1,171 sites. While those screened were not from defined populations, findings paralleled those of recent surveys of US population samples. First, CHEC confirmed the scope of the problem of elevated blood pressure in the United States. Of those screened, 247 of 1,000 had a diastolic reading of 90 mm Hg or higher; 116 of 1,000 had a reading of 95 mm Hg or greater. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure rose with age up to age 50 years, was higher in blacks than in whites, and was higher in men than in women. Second, CHEC data confirmed the challenge of undetected, untreated, and uncontrolled hypertension. Previously undetected hypertension was present in 27.7% of hypertensive people, detected but untreated in 10.7%, and treated but uncontrolled in 16.7%--totaling 55.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:946623", "title": "Heavy-particle therapy in acromegaly and Cushing disease.", "content": "A total of 349 patients with pituitary tumors, including acromegaly, Cushing disease, Nelson syndrome, prolactin-secreting adenoma, and chromophobe adenoma, have been treated with heavy-particle radiation during the past 17 years. The incidence of side effects has been low. Only 30 patients, 8.6%, have died, most of preexisting cardiovascular complications. Heavy particle therapy provides a form of treatment with no mortality and extremely low morbidity, and its use in treating pituitary disorders has resulted in dramatic improvement in the signs and symptoms of patients with acromegaly and Cushing disease.", "contents": "Heavy-particle therapy in acromegaly and Cushing disease. A total of 349 patients with pituitary tumors, including acromegaly, Cushing disease, Nelson syndrome, prolactin-secreting adenoma, and chromophobe adenoma, have been treated with heavy-particle radiation during the past 17 years. The incidence of side effects has been low. Only 30 patients, 8.6%, have died, most of preexisting cardiovascular complications. Heavy particle therapy provides a form of treatment with no mortality and extremely low morbidity, and its use in treating pituitary disorders has resulted in dramatic improvement in the signs and symptoms of patients with acromegaly and Cushing disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946624", "title": "Training in advanced cardiac life support.", "content": "The nationally recognized training and certification program in Advanced Cardiac Life Support consists of lecture material and a new concept in training and testing for the practical skills of Advanced Cardiac Life Support. The course content follows closely the concepts of advanced life support as explained in the standards on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care.", "contents": "Training in advanced cardiac life support. The nationally recognized training and certification program in Advanced Cardiac Life Support consists of lecture material and a new concept in training and testing for the practical skills of Advanced Cardiac Life Support. The course content follows closely the concepts of advanced life support as explained in the standards on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care."}
{"id": "PMID:946625", "title": "Awareness of pediatric hypertension. Measuring blood pressure.", "content": "Surveys of patients at three pediatric teaching hospitals showed a low percentage of blood pressure recordings by the examining physician in the walk-in or emergency clinics. The frequency of blood pressure measurement was higher among inpatients, especially on medical services. A recommendation for obtaining blood pressure measurements is made on three bases: 1. many patients use these ambulatory services as their major source of care, 2. many conditions for which care is sought and many therapeutic agents are associated with hypertension, and 3. unless measurements of blood pressure become customary during training, it is likely that blood pressure recording may not be included as part of routine physical examinations.", "contents": "Awareness of pediatric hypertension. Measuring blood pressure. Surveys of patients at three pediatric teaching hospitals showed a low percentage of blood pressure recordings by the examining physician in the walk-in or emergency clinics. The frequency of blood pressure measurement was higher among inpatients, especially on medical services. A recommendation for obtaining blood pressure measurements is made on three bases: 1. many patients use these ambulatory services as their major source of care, 2. many conditions for which care is sought and many therapeutic agents are associated with hypertension, and 3. unless measurements of blood pressure become customary during training, it is likely that blood pressure recording may not be included as part of routine physical examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:946645", "title": "Trace elements in sickle cell disease.", "content": "Trace elements in 84 adult patients (38 men and 46 women) with sickle cell disease (SCD) were reflected in clinical and biochemical data. Height was retarded in six men and five women. Eighty percent of the SCD patients in this sample were below the 50th percentile from the normal mean for weight. Twenty-eight men showed a lack of facial and body hair, and five additional subjects showed only scanty facial hair. Whereas zinc in plasma, red blood cells, and hair was decreased, the excretion of zinc in urine was increased in SCD patients as compared to the controls. We believe that one of the mechanisms accounting for zinc deficiency in SCD may be hyperzincuria and that growth retardation and hypogonadism in men so commonly seen in SCD may be related to zinc deficiency.", "contents": "Trace elements in sickle cell disease. Trace elements in 84 adult patients (38 men and 46 women) with sickle cell disease (SCD) were reflected in clinical and biochemical data. Height was retarded in six men and five women. Eighty percent of the SCD patients in this sample were below the 50th percentile from the normal mean for weight. Twenty-eight men showed a lack of facial and body hair, and five additional subjects showed only scanty facial hair. Whereas zinc in plasma, red blood cells, and hair was decreased, the excretion of zinc in urine was increased in SCD patients as compared to the controls. We believe that one of the mechanisms accounting for zinc deficiency in SCD may be hyperzincuria and that growth retardation and hypogonadism in men so commonly seen in SCD may be related to zinc deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:946646", "title": "Nitroprusside therapy. Treatment of hypertensive patients with recurrent resting chest pain, ST-segment elevation, and ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "Five hypertensive patients with acute myocardial infarction and persistent postinfarction hypertension who experienced severe and recurrent resting chest pain, ST elevations, and severe ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional treatment with bed rest, sedation, oxygen inhalation, nitrates, and antiarrhythmic agents received sodium nitroprusside by continuous intravenous infusion, titrated to reduce systolic blood pressure to 100 to 110 mm Hg. Treatment resulted in noticeable improvement in symptoms, reduction in ST elevations, and abolition of ventricular arrhythmias in all five patients. In four patients, cessation of nitroprusside infusion after 48 hours resulted in prompt recurrence of hypertension, chest pain, ST-segment elevations, and ventricular arrhythmias. These were all rapidly reversed following reinstitution of the nitroprusside therapy for seven to eight days, strongly suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship. Nitroprusside infusion in these patients suggests a potentially important use for such therapy in this clinical setting.", "contents": "Nitroprusside therapy. Treatment of hypertensive patients with recurrent resting chest pain, ST-segment elevation, and ventricular arrhythmias. Five hypertensive patients with acute myocardial infarction and persistent postinfarction hypertension who experienced severe and recurrent resting chest pain, ST elevations, and severe ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional treatment with bed rest, sedation, oxygen inhalation, nitrates, and antiarrhythmic agents received sodium nitroprusside by continuous intravenous infusion, titrated to reduce systolic blood pressure to 100 to 110 mm Hg. Treatment resulted in noticeable improvement in symptoms, reduction in ST elevations, and abolition of ventricular arrhythmias in all five patients. In four patients, cessation of nitroprusside infusion after 48 hours resulted in prompt recurrence of hypertension, chest pain, ST-segment elevations, and ventricular arrhythmias. These were all rapidly reversed following reinstitution of the nitroprusside therapy for seven to eight days, strongly suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship. Nitroprusside infusion in these patients suggests a potentially important use for such therapy in this clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:946648", "title": "Cholecystostomy hazard in acute cholangitis.", "content": "Four patients with acute cholangitis were seen, all of whom died following cholecystostomy or cholecystoduodenostomy. The diagnosis of cholangitis is frequently missed in elderly patients with jaundice and sepsis. Cholecystostomy, in the face of cholangitis without documentation of patency of the cystic duct, is uniformly fatal. Diagnosis of cholangitis should be confirmed and immediately followed by adequate common duct drainage. Finally, immediate reoperation, rather than antibiotic manipulation, is advised to establish common duct drainage in those patients who do not respond to cholecystostomy within 24 hours.", "contents": "Cholecystostomy hazard in acute cholangitis. Four patients with acute cholangitis were seen, all of whom died following cholecystostomy or cholecystoduodenostomy. The diagnosis of cholangitis is frequently missed in elderly patients with jaundice and sepsis. Cholecystostomy, in the face of cholangitis without documentation of patency of the cystic duct, is uniformly fatal. Diagnosis of cholangitis should be confirmed and immediately followed by adequate common duct drainage. Finally, immediate reoperation, rather than antibiotic manipulation, is advised to establish common duct drainage in those patients who do not respond to cholecystostomy within 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:946658", "title": "Clinical spectrum of pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Five cases of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) provided the opportunity for observation of clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features, and evaluation of potential modes of therapy. Although PMC may occur postoperatively or concomitantly with staphylococcal infection, if most frequently occurs following the administration of a variety of antibiotics. Patients with this disorder often have chronic, debilitating diseases. The clinical course may vary from a self-limited diarrheal illness to a fatal process. Onset with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever is characteristic. Barium enema contrast findings are nonspecific. Proctoscopy usually permits an accurate diagnosis. In the typical case, multiple elevated nodules formed by cream-colored plaques of pseudomembrane are scattered about the inflamed mucosa. Biopsy of these nodular lesions will confirm the diagnosis. Therapy must be individualized.", "contents": "Clinical spectrum of pseudomembranous colitis. Five cases of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) provided the opportunity for observation of clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features, and evaluation of potential modes of therapy. Although PMC may occur postoperatively or concomitantly with staphylococcal infection, if most frequently occurs following the administration of a variety of antibiotics. Patients with this disorder often have chronic, debilitating diseases. The clinical course may vary from a self-limited diarrheal illness to a fatal process. Onset with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever is characteristic. Barium enema contrast findings are nonspecific. Proctoscopy usually permits an accurate diagnosis. In the typical case, multiple elevated nodules formed by cream-colored plaques of pseudomembrane are scattered about the inflamed mucosa. Biopsy of these nodular lesions will confirm the diagnosis. Therapy must be individualized."}
{"id": "PMID:946659", "title": "Secundum atrial septal defect. Nonoperative closure during cardiac catheterization.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl had clinical and cardiac catheterization findings compatible with a secundum atrial septal defect. During cardiac catheterization, the atrial septal defect was sized and closed using a transvenous umbrella technique.", "contents": "Secundum atrial septal defect. Nonoperative closure during cardiac catheterization. A 17-year-old girl had clinical and cardiac catheterization findings compatible with a secundum atrial septal defect. During cardiac catheterization, the atrial septal defect was sized and closed using a transvenous umbrella technique."}
{"id": "PMID:946664", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid heart disease and granulomatous aortitis.", "content": "Aortic insufficiency and aortitis are frequent complications of ankylosing spondylitis but are considered rare in rheumatoid arthritis. A 49-year-old woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis had the cardiovascular changes common to both diseases. At autopsy, the heart and aorta showed granulomatous ane fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis, \"core\" granulomas in the aortic valve cusps and mitral valve leaflets, and coronary arteritis. These are considered to be classical changes of rheumatoid carditis. In addition, there were mesoaortitis with obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum and fibrosis of the aortic cusps with separation of the commissures. These are considered to be changes of ankylosing spondylitis. This case, therefore, represents a mixed form of cardiovascular involvement within the spectrum of the rheumatoid diseases.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid heart disease and granulomatous aortitis. Aortic insufficiency and aortitis are frequent complications of ankylosing spondylitis but are considered rare in rheumatoid arthritis. A 49-year-old woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis had the cardiovascular changes common to both diseases. At autopsy, the heart and aorta showed granulomatous ane fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis, \"core\" granulomas in the aortic valve cusps and mitral valve leaflets, and coronary arteritis. These are considered to be classical changes of rheumatoid carditis. In addition, there were mesoaortitis with obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum and fibrosis of the aortic cusps with separation of the commissures. These are considered to be changes of ankylosing spondylitis. This case, therefore, represents a mixed form of cardiovascular involvement within the spectrum of the rheumatoid diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:946665", "title": "Early debridement in pit viper bites.", "content": "From my observations of snakebite over the last 22 years and the studies I have done, several things are important: (1) Pit viper envenomation is a surgical emergency as is any disease in which gangrene of human tissue occurs. (2) Severe pit viper envenomation causes complex problems similar to those seen in Gram-negative septicemia, and they require complex methods of treatment. (3) Early surgical inspection of the snakebite wound is as essential as early appendectomy in appendicitis. Its results are as gratifying. (4) Present knowledge of anesthesia, coagulation problems, infections and antibiotics, blood gas changes, electrolytes and fluid therapy, and other advances in the surgical field allow the physician to treat severe pit viper envenomation by scientific means rather than by hocus-pocus. (5) Crippling from pit viper envenomation is caused by too little treatment, too much first aid, or both.", "contents": "Early debridement in pit viper bites. From my observations of snakebite over the last 22 years and the studies I have done, several things are important: (1) Pit viper envenomation is a surgical emergency as is any disease in which gangrene of human tissue occurs. (2) Severe pit viper envenomation causes complex problems similar to those seen in Gram-negative septicemia, and they require complex methods of treatment. (3) Early surgical inspection of the snakebite wound is as essential as early appendectomy in appendicitis. Its results are as gratifying. (4) Present knowledge of anesthesia, coagulation problems, infections and antibiotics, blood gas changes, electrolytes and fluid therapy, and other advances in the surgical field allow the physician to treat severe pit viper envenomation by scientific means rather than by hocus-pocus. (5) Crippling from pit viper envenomation is caused by too little treatment, too much first aid, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:946666", "title": "Tubulointerstitial and glomerular nephritis associated with rifampin. Report of a case.", "content": "In a patient with tuberculosis and acute renal failure related to administration of therapeutic rifampin, treatment was discontinued for five weeks. It was reinstituted three weeks later. Unlike other patients previously described, the expected adverse renal reaction occurred only gradually and without symptoms, although tubular and glomerular disease developed. Also unique was a striking deposition of immunoglobulin about the tubules. This finding, in association with interstitial nephritis and tubular glycosuria, is similar to an experimental autologous renal disease mediated by antibody to tubular basement membrane.", "contents": "Tubulointerstitial and glomerular nephritis associated with rifampin. Report of a case. In a patient with tuberculosis and acute renal failure related to administration of therapeutic rifampin, treatment was discontinued for five weeks. It was reinstituted three weeks later. Unlike other patients previously described, the expected adverse renal reaction occurred only gradually and without symptoms, although tubular and glomerular disease developed. Also unique was a striking deposition of immunoglobulin about the tubules. This finding, in association with interstitial nephritis and tubular glycosuria, is similar to an experimental autologous renal disease mediated by antibody to tubular basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:946674", "title": "Splenectomy or radiation and splenectomy for hypersplenism in lymphosarcoma.", "content": "This is a retrospective study of 14 patients with lymphosarcoma with hypersplenism. Eight patients received radiation to the spleen followed by splenectomy for recurrence of hypersplenism. Six patients underwent primary splenectomy for hypersplenism. Radiation decreases the size of the spleen but recurrence of hypersplenism is seen in an average of 8 mo. Splenectomy in these cases improves the hematological picture. Average postsplenectomy survival is 27.6 mo. Splenectomy alone in hypersplenism also improves the hematological picture. Postsplenectomy survival in this group is 13 mo. One case of primary lymphosarcoma of the spleen is reported.", "contents": "Splenectomy or radiation and splenectomy for hypersplenism in lymphosarcoma. This is a retrospective study of 14 patients with lymphosarcoma with hypersplenism. Eight patients received radiation to the spleen followed by splenectomy for recurrence of hypersplenism. Six patients underwent primary splenectomy for hypersplenism. Radiation decreases the size of the spleen but recurrence of hypersplenism is seen in an average of 8 mo. Splenectomy in these cases improves the hematological picture. Average postsplenectomy survival is 27.6 mo. Splenectomy alone in hypersplenism also improves the hematological picture. Postsplenectomy survival in this group is 13 mo. One case of primary lymphosarcoma of the spleen is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:946675", "title": "Solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysms. Pathogenesis and surgical treatment.", "content": "The case of a solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysm in a patient with congenital heart disease and secondary pulmonary hypertension is presented. The aneurysm appeared following an episode of bacterial endocarditis and was probably mycotic in origin. Resection was prompted by a recent increase in size. A successful aneurysmectomy was performed. Lobectomy was the procedure employed in seven other reported cases treated surgically. A brief review of the literature emphasizes the necessity for resection whenever the diagnosis is made to prevent a fatal outcome due to rupture. A classification of pulmonary artery aneurysms based on their etiology is proposed, together with a possible explanation for the pathogenesis of peripheral aneurysms of nonspecific etiology.", "contents": "Solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysms. Pathogenesis and surgical treatment. The case of a solitary peripheral pulmonary artery aneurysm in a patient with congenital heart disease and secondary pulmonary hypertension is presented. The aneurysm appeared following an episode of bacterial endocarditis and was probably mycotic in origin. Resection was prompted by a recent increase in size. A successful aneurysmectomy was performed. Lobectomy was the procedure employed in seven other reported cases treated surgically. A brief review of the literature emphasizes the necessity for resection whenever the diagnosis is made to prevent a fatal outcome due to rupture. A classification of pulmonary artery aneurysms based on their etiology is proposed, together with a possible explanation for the pathogenesis of peripheral aneurysms of nonspecific etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:946676", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer.", "content": "The question of a possible association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer was evaluated in (1) an autopsy series and (2) a follow-up of a cohort of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at the Mayo Clinic. In the autopsy study, 174 subjects with histologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were matched with a control group. There was no significant difference in the frequency of a history of breast cancer in the two groups. In the cohort of Olmsted County residents with a clinical or histologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis for whom there was a substantial period of follow-up, no excess frequency of breast cancer was note. These results contrast with those of a recent study reporting that Japanese women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were a high risk group for breast cancer.", "contents": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer. The question of a possible association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer was evaluated in (1) an autopsy series and (2) a follow-up of a cohort of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at the Mayo Clinic. In the autopsy study, 174 subjects with histologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis were matched with a control group. There was no significant difference in the frequency of a history of breast cancer in the two groups. In the cohort of Olmsted County residents with a clinical or histologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis for whom there was a substantial period of follow-up, no excess frequency of breast cancer was note. These results contrast with those of a recent study reporting that Japanese women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were a high risk group for breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:946677", "title": "The common infectious diseases in Australia. A report from the australian general practitioner morbidity and prescribing survey.", "content": "A study of the common infectious diseases occurring in Australia during 1969 to 1973 showing the total patient-doctor contact for these diseases, the contact rate per episode and the estimated annual new cases seen is presented. In addition, the frequency by age-group and comments made on annual variations, sex differences (where applicable) and the treatment ordered by a large panel of general practitioners are shown.", "contents": "The common infectious diseases in Australia. A report from the australian general practitioner morbidity and prescribing survey. A study of the common infectious diseases occurring in Australia during 1969 to 1973 showing the total patient-doctor contact for these diseases, the contact rate per episode and the estimated annual new cases seen is presented. In addition, the frequency by age-group and comments made on annual variations, sex differences (where applicable) and the treatment ordered by a large panel of general practitioners are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:946679", "title": "Eye disorders: Using ultrasound in ophthalmologi\u00e7 diagnosis.", "content": "Ultrasonography (echography) is a valuable diagnostic modality in ophthalmology. Its use in the detection and differentiation of intraocular and orbital diseases is expanding. B-scan provides cross-sectional display of diseased tissues and is valuable in detecting unsuspected disease. Quantitative A-scan is capable of demonstrating the internal texture of lesions, and this capacity coupled with the physician's familiarity with the histologic appearance of certain intraocular lesions often can lead to an accurate tissue diagnosis or can identify a group of possible diagnoses.", "contents": "Eye disorders: Using ultrasound in ophthalmologi\u00e7 diagnosis. Ultrasonography (echography) is a valuable diagnostic modality in ophthalmology. Its use in the detection and differentiation of intraocular and orbital diseases is expanding. B-scan provides cross-sectional display of diseased tissues and is valuable in detecting unsuspected disease. Quantitative A-scan is capable of demonstrating the internal texture of lesions, and this capacity coupled with the physician's familiarity with the histologic appearance of certain intraocular lesions often can lead to an accurate tissue diagnosis or can identify a group of possible diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:946692", "title": "Coronary arteries in children up to the age of ten years II. Intimal thickening and its role in atherosclerotic involvement.", "content": "The frequency, histologic feature and topographic distribution of the first foci of intimal thickening were investigated in the coronary arteries of 40 fetuses, 40 neonates and 90 children up to the age of ten years. Particular hemodynamic and mechanical stresses seem to be involved in the precocious development of these isolated foci of intimal thickening which appeared in the early fetal life as well as in their progressive extension and fusion which give rise to diffuse thickened intima. After birth the stressed areas with thickened intima might evolve toward fibrosis and the \"protected\" ones toward degenerative and necrotic processes. These processes were detected in approximately 8% of the 5-10 year-old children and appeared before the development of fatty streaks or other forms of lipid accumulation.", "contents": "Coronary arteries in children up to the age of ten years II. Intimal thickening and its role in atherosclerotic involvement. The frequency, histologic feature and topographic distribution of the first foci of intimal thickening were investigated in the coronary arteries of 40 fetuses, 40 neonates and 90 children up to the age of ten years. Particular hemodynamic and mechanical stresses seem to be involved in the precocious development of these isolated foci of intimal thickening which appeared in the early fetal life as well as in their progressive extension and fusion which give rise to diffuse thickened intima. After birth the stressed areas with thickened intima might evolve toward fibrosis and the \"protected\" ones toward degenerative and necrotic processes. These processes were detected in approximately 8% of the 5-10 year-old children and appeared before the development of fatty streaks or other forms of lipid accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:946693", "title": "Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in a group of 5,000 middle aged men in urban environment.", "content": "The results obtained at entry in the subjects included in a pilot study (Institute of Internal Medicine, Bucharest) for the detection and prevention of coronary heart disease and hypertension, are presented. These data are the prevalences of the risk factors of coronary heart disease (high serum cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, overweight, diabetes, nonspecific minor ECG signs, family history), as well as the prevalences of the various forms of coronary heart disease. The study of the frequency distribution of biologic parameters likely to become risk factors showed that in middle aged subjects the upper limit of the normal should be lowered from the 95th percentile to the 76th one.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease and its risk factors in a group of 5,000 middle aged men in urban environment. The results obtained at entry in the subjects included in a pilot study (Institute of Internal Medicine, Bucharest) for the detection and prevention of coronary heart disease and hypertension, are presented. These data are the prevalences of the risk factors of coronary heart disease (high serum cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, overweight, diabetes, nonspecific minor ECG signs, family history), as well as the prevalences of the various forms of coronary heart disease. The study of the frequency distribution of biologic parameters likely to become risk factors showed that in middle aged subjects the upper limit of the normal should be lowered from the 95th percentile to the 76th one."}
{"id": "PMID:946691", "title": "Long-term study of the risk factors in atherosclerosis.", "content": "A study of the risk factors in atherosclerosis carried out in 595 subjects over a period of 10 years showed an increased prevalence of arterial hypertension, of high serum cholesterol values and of overweight in 1970 as compared to 1960. This rise was significant for all the parameters studied and was particularly evident in serum cholesterol values and overweight, beginning with the 21 to 30 age decade. The frequency of subjects with risk factors increased with age. During the period of study there occurred certain changes within the population such as an increase in the total consumption of calories and in the lipid contents of the food, as well as of the cultural level of the population. The authors show that the increase in the number of subjects with risk factors and the natural history of the various diseases or disturbances depend on the changes of living conditions and of environment.", "contents": "Long-term study of the risk factors in atherosclerosis. A study of the risk factors in atherosclerosis carried out in 595 subjects over a period of 10 years showed an increased prevalence of arterial hypertension, of high serum cholesterol values and of overweight in 1970 as compared to 1960. This rise was significant for all the parameters studied and was particularly evident in serum cholesterol values and overweight, beginning with the 21 to 30 age decade. The frequency of subjects with risk factors increased with age. During the period of study there occurred certain changes within the population such as an increase in the total consumption of calories and in the lipid contents of the food, as well as of the cultural level of the population. The authors show that the increase in the number of subjects with risk factors and the natural history of the various diseases or disturbances depend on the changes of living conditions and of environment."}
{"id": "PMID:946699", "title": "[An investigation into the presence of staphylococci in farm milk (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred bulk milk samples drawn from milk collected in cans, which came from cows at stable at 40 farms in the Food Inspection District Utrecht, were examined for Staphylococcus aureus, by means of Baird-Parker's medium. Cultures obtained were phage typed with international, bovine, and additional Dutch phage series. About 60% of the isolated strains were found to be of human origin and about 20% of bovine origin. Isolated strains appeared to be farm specific. Approximately 70% of the farms supplied bulk milk containing 0.08-1.3X10(4) coagulase and DNAse positive staphylococci/ml. The conclusion is inescapable that this type of bulk milk still represents a latent hazard for human health.", "contents": "[An investigation into the presence of staphylococci in farm milk (author's transl)]. Two hundred bulk milk samples drawn from milk collected in cans, which came from cows at stable at 40 farms in the Food Inspection District Utrecht, were examined for Staphylococcus aureus, by means of Baird-Parker's medium. Cultures obtained were phage typed with international, bovine, and additional Dutch phage series. About 60% of the isolated strains were found to be of human origin and about 20% of bovine origin. Isolated strains appeared to be farm specific. Approximately 70% of the farms supplied bulk milk containing 0.08-1.3X10(4) coagulase and DNAse positive staphylococci/ml. The conclusion is inescapable that this type of bulk milk still represents a latent hazard for human health."}
{"id": "PMID:946695", "title": "Serum fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen and protamine sulfate test in patients with septic abortion and acute renal failure.", "content": "Decreased platelet count and platelet adhesiveness as well as increased values of the protamine sulfate test were found in 26 patients with septic abortion (9 of them anuric). Serum fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen (FR-antigen) values, detected in 13 patients (7 of them anuric) were greatly increased although euglobulin lysis time was rather prolonged (more than 400 min). Less increased FR-antigen values were noted in 15 cirrhotic patients with enhanced fibrinolytic activity in the circulating blood (euglobulin lysis time less than 120 min). These findings suggest that an important increase of FR-antigen in serum is likely to indicate a local fibrinolytic response to an initial coagulation event. Since platelet count and adhesiveness as well as FR-antigen and protamine sulfate test were similarly changed in patients with septic abortion who developed acute renal failure and in those who did not, it seems that the above mentioned parameters are not predictive for the evolution of thrombotic deposits and for possible renal complications following an episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Serum fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen and protamine sulfate test in patients with septic abortion and acute renal failure. Decreased platelet count and platelet adhesiveness as well as increased values of the protamine sulfate test were found in 26 patients with septic abortion (9 of them anuric). Serum fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen (FR-antigen) values, detected in 13 patients (7 of them anuric) were greatly increased although euglobulin lysis time was rather prolonged (more than 400 min). Less increased FR-antigen values were noted in 15 cirrhotic patients with enhanced fibrinolytic activity in the circulating blood (euglobulin lysis time less than 120 min). These findings suggest that an important increase of FR-antigen in serum is likely to indicate a local fibrinolytic response to an initial coagulation event. Since platelet count and adhesiveness as well as FR-antigen and protamine sulfate test were similarly changed in patients with septic abortion who developed acute renal failure and in those who did not, it seems that the above mentioned parameters are not predictive for the evolution of thrombotic deposits and for possible renal complications following an episode of disseminated intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:946694", "title": "Absorption studies in patients with parasitic infestation of the small intestine, before and after treatment.", "content": "Forty adult patients having intestinal infestation with giardia or with parasitic associations, such as giardia-strongiloides, giardia-taenia solium, were subjected to morphological explorations, iron and vitamin B12 absorption tests, steatorrhea assay and serological tests, before treatment as well as six months and one year after eradication of the infection. On admittance, jejunal morphological lesions were noted only in 15 cases especially in associated infestation, iron depletion in six patients, vitamin B12 malabsorption in five patients and steatorrhea only in two cases. After the lapse of six months and one year, respectively, all the tests ranged within normal values, and the jejunal morphological aspect improved significantly indicating the pathogenetic role of intestinal parasites in the development of selective malabsorption.", "contents": "Absorption studies in patients with parasitic infestation of the small intestine, before and after treatment. Forty adult patients having intestinal infestation with giardia or with parasitic associations, such as giardia-strongiloides, giardia-taenia solium, were subjected to morphological explorations, iron and vitamin B12 absorption tests, steatorrhea assay and serological tests, before treatment as well as six months and one year after eradication of the infection. On admittance, jejunal morphological lesions were noted only in 15 cases especially in associated infestation, iron depletion in six patients, vitamin B12 malabsorption in five patients and steatorrhea only in two cases. After the lapse of six months and one year, respectively, all the tests ranged within normal values, and the jejunal morphological aspect improved significantly indicating the pathogenetic role of intestinal parasites in the development of selective malabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:946696", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II. Radioautographic, ultrastructural and cytogenetical study in two familial cases.", "content": "The case of two sisters is reported in whom morphological (multinucleated erythroblasts in the bone marrow) and serological (positive Ham test, negative sucrose and water-sugar tests) characteristics of a congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II were found. Radioautographic, cytogenetic and electron microscope studies confirmed the presence of an inefficient erythropoiesis and of a membrane defect, common in this disease. The finding of a nil LAP score has never been reported so far.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II. Radioautographic, ultrastructural and cytogenetical study in two familial cases. The case of two sisters is reported in whom morphological (multinucleated erythroblasts in the bone marrow) and serological (positive Ham test, negative sucrose and water-sugar tests) characteristics of a congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II were found. Radioautographic, cytogenetic and electron microscope studies confirmed the presence of an inefficient erythropoiesis and of a membrane defect, common in this disease. The finding of a nil LAP score has never been reported so far."}
{"id": "PMID:946697", "title": "New devices: the McDermott spirometer.", "content": "The assessment of a new bellows spirometer against a water spirograph showed: slight alinearity, minimal overestimation of FVC (1.7%) and underestimation of FEV 1-0 (2.9%) as well as of the ratio FEV 1-0/FVC (4.8%). The main advantages of the instrument are: lightness, easy operation, ruggedness and low cost; it seems mainly indicated for use in large scale field surveys.", "contents": "New devices: the McDermott spirometer. The assessment of a new bellows spirometer against a water spirograph showed: slight alinearity, minimal overestimation of FVC (1.7%) and underestimation of FEV 1-0 (2.9%) as well as of the ratio FEV 1-0/FVC (4.8%). The main advantages of the instrument are: lightness, easy operation, ruggedness and low cost; it seems mainly indicated for use in large scale field surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:946698", "title": "Serum pseudocholinesterase activity during experimental fattening.", "content": "The exact role of serum pseudocholinesterase (PSCE) is not known. Its main role probably consists in the degradation of butyril-choline, an intermediate of lipid metabolism. Decreased values have been described in liver cirrhosis as an index of diminished proteosynthetic function. An increased activity of this enzyme was reported in obesity, diabetes mellitus, nephrosis, hyperthyroidism and in hyperlipemic subjects without obesity. A significant correlation was found between serum cholesterol, triglycerides and PSCE, as an expression of lipid metabolism. In view of assessing the possible change of this enzyme during fattening, the authors investigated PSCE activity during fattening in pigs (the same breed). The results indicate a statistically significant increase of PSCE during fattening, from 30.4 +/- 1.7 to 43.6 +/- 1.7 (p less than 0.001). These results together with those reported in a previous paper concerning blood lipids and cholesterol, show a positive correlation between these parameters and PSCE during fattening in pigs, which might be due to an adaptative increase of the hepatic synthesis of this enzyme in response to the increased lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Serum pseudocholinesterase activity during experimental fattening. The exact role of serum pseudocholinesterase (PSCE) is not known. Its main role probably consists in the degradation of butyril-choline, an intermediate of lipid metabolism. Decreased values have been described in liver cirrhosis as an index of diminished proteosynthetic function. An increased activity of this enzyme was reported in obesity, diabetes mellitus, nephrosis, hyperthyroidism and in hyperlipemic subjects without obesity. A significant correlation was found between serum cholesterol, triglycerides and PSCE, as an expression of lipid metabolism. In view of assessing the possible change of this enzyme during fattening, the authors investigated PSCE activity during fattening in pigs (the same breed). The results indicate a statistically significant increase of PSCE during fattening, from 30.4 +/- 1.7 to 43.6 +/- 1.7 (p less than 0.001). These results together with those reported in a previous paper concerning blood lipids and cholesterol, show a positive correlation between these parameters and PSCE during fattening in pigs, which might be due to an adaptative increase of the hepatic synthesis of this enzyme in response to the increased lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:946704", "title": "[Biomechanic examination of prenatal lung maturity. Testing of amniotic fluid specimens and lung homogenates on Wilhelmy's scale].", "content": "In all traditional methods of determining fetal lung maturity the content of phospholipids in the amniotic fluid is used as parameter. The function of the other parts of the surfactant is not taken into account. The dynamic surface tension measurements using the Wilhelmy balance simulate the interplay of the whole biological system. We have tested 76 specimens of amniotic fluid and 17 lung extracts from 25 weeks' gestation onwards using the biomechanical procedure. In addition, the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid was determined. There was a correspondence between the values of the amniotic fluid and the lung measured in the same week of pregnancy. The results of the surface tension measurements show a good correlation with the standard method. The following are the advantages of the Wilhelmy balance: results show a small range of dispersion, procedure can be easily learned and carried out quickly and simply.", "contents": "[Biomechanic examination of prenatal lung maturity. Testing of amniotic fluid specimens and lung homogenates on Wilhelmy's scale]. In all traditional methods of determining fetal lung maturity the content of phospholipids in the amniotic fluid is used as parameter. The function of the other parts of the surfactant is not taken into account. The dynamic surface tension measurements using the Wilhelmy balance simulate the interplay of the whole biological system. We have tested 76 specimens of amniotic fluid and 17 lung extracts from 25 weeks' gestation onwards using the biomechanical procedure. In addition, the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid was determined. There was a correspondence between the values of the amniotic fluid and the lung measured in the same week of pregnancy. The results of the surface tension measurements show a good correlation with the standard method. The following are the advantages of the Wilhelmy balance: results show a small range of dispersion, procedure can be easily learned and carried out quickly and simply."}
{"id": "PMID:946705", "title": "[Experiences with a new antiphlogistic and analgetic drug (\"Eumotol\") in orthopaedic and accident surgery patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The Bumadizon-Ca (\"Eumotol\") which does not contain any hormones or steroid bodies was applicated in 130 orthopaedic and accident surgical patients as an antiphologistic an analgesic drug. In over 90 percent of these cases we could state a good antiphologistic and following analgesic effect. Even when applicated for longer terms there were no allergic, toxic or some what disturbing secondary effects. The compatibility of this drug proved generally to be good. In five cases only with gastritis and peptic ulcer we had to stop the application.\"Eumotol\" is strictly forbidden to be applicated in patients with hypersensitivity against pyrzol bodies and in cases of leukopenia. When a decreased function of kidneys and liver is evident the drug should be only given under certain precantionary measures.", "contents": "[Experiences with a new antiphlogistic and analgetic drug (\"Eumotol\") in orthopaedic and accident surgery patients (author's transl)]. The Bumadizon-Ca (\"Eumotol\") which does not contain any hormones or steroid bodies was applicated in 130 orthopaedic and accident surgical patients as an antiphologistic an analgesic drug. In over 90 percent of these cases we could state a good antiphologistic and following analgesic effect. Even when applicated for longer terms there were no allergic, toxic or some what disturbing secondary effects. The compatibility of this drug proved generally to be good. In five cases only with gastritis and peptic ulcer we had to stop the application.\"Eumotol\" is strictly forbidden to be applicated in patients with hypersensitivity against pyrzol bodies and in cases of leukopenia. When a decreased function of kidneys and liver is evident the drug should be only given under certain precantionary measures."}
{"id": "PMID:946707", "title": "[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 1. Method of sensory evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper described a method for the evaluation of sensory changes in the quality of dried foods, which have been stored under extreme conditions. The applied method is based on the 5 point DLG-scale, the structure of this scale has been adapted to the requirements of a methematical-statistical evaluation. In addition standard samples are provided as reference during the test.", "contents": "[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 1. Method of sensory evaluation (author's transl)]. This paper described a method for the evaluation of sensory changes in the quality of dried foods, which have been stored under extreme conditions. The applied method is based on the 5 point DLG-scale, the structure of this scale has been adapted to the requirements of a methematical-statistical evaluation. In addition standard samples are provided as reference during the test."}
{"id": "PMID:946708", "title": "[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 2. Sensory changes (author's transl)].", "content": "The sensory quality of dried infant foods is decreasing steadily during the storage under extreme conditions. Odor and taste are influenced to a higher degree than colour and consistency. A package with a high permeability for oxygen and water vapor has an unfavourable effect on the storability. The composition of the investigated products has no influence on the sensory estimation, but a significant influence on the storage behavior.", "contents": "[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 2. Sensory changes (author's transl)]. The sensory quality of dried infant foods is decreasing steadily during the storage under extreme conditions. Odor and taste are influenced to a higher degree than colour and consistency. A package with a high permeability for oxygen and water vapor has an unfavourable effect on the storability. The composition of the investigated products has no influence on the sensory estimation, but a significant influence on the storage behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:946709", "title": "The effect of cyproterone acetate on the adrenal of the male hamster.", "content": "Administration for different doses of cyproterone acetate (CPA) to male hamsters for 5 weeks slows down the growth of the adrenals and the increase in body weight. This effect is still present 4 weeks after cessation of CPA treatment, though some recovery can be seen. Histological and histometrical evaluations confirm an atrophy of the adrenal, particularly in the zona fasciculata and in higher doses also in the zona reticularis. After operative castration it is the zona reticularis which shows the most marked atrophic changes. It is therefore concluded, that CPA possesses besides its anti-androgenic properties an inhibiting corticoid-like effect on the adreno-pituitary feed-back mechanism.", "contents": "The effect of cyproterone acetate on the adrenal of the male hamster. Administration for different doses of cyproterone acetate (CPA) to male hamsters for 5 weeks slows down the growth of the adrenals and the increase in body weight. This effect is still present 4 weeks after cessation of CPA treatment, though some recovery can be seen. Histological and histometrical evaluations confirm an atrophy of the adrenal, particularly in the zona fasciculata and in higher doses also in the zona reticularis. After operative castration it is the zona reticularis which shows the most marked atrophic changes. It is therefore concluded, that CPA possesses besides its anti-androgenic properties an inhibiting corticoid-like effect on the adreno-pituitary feed-back mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:946717", "title": "Specific binding sites for L-triiodothyronine in rat liver and kidney cytosol.", "content": "Binding of 125I-labelled triiodothyronine (T3) to rat liver and kidney cytosol was examined. In both organs a very similar binding protein was detected. The apparent equilibrium association constants amounted to 4.8 X 10(7) M-1 for the liver protein and to 1.8 X 10(7) M-1 for the kidney protein. In the two organs a high capacity for T3 binding was observed: maximal binding capacities of respectively 4.3 and 33.2 pmol per mg total cytosol protein. Displacement studies using thyroid hormone analogues showed that the binding exhibited similar specificity.", "contents": "Specific binding sites for L-triiodothyronine in rat liver and kidney cytosol. Binding of 125I-labelled triiodothyronine (T3) to rat liver and kidney cytosol was examined. In both organs a very similar binding protein was detected. The apparent equilibrium association constants amounted to 4.8 X 10(7) M-1 for the liver protein and to 1.8 X 10(7) M-1 for the kidney protein. In the two organs a high capacity for T3 binding was observed: maximal binding capacities of respectively 4.3 and 33.2 pmol per mg total cytosol protein. Displacement studies using thyroid hormone analogues showed that the binding exhibited similar specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:946718", "title": "A familial syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, degenerative liver disease, endocrine dysfunction and hearing defect. I. Ophthalmological findings.", "content": "Seven patients, 6 females and one male, with progressive cone dystrophy are reported. One patient developed amaurosis in one eye and fere amaurosis in the other. The least affected patient (13 years of age) had fairly good central cone vision, but a rod response only outside the central area. Attenuated retinal vessels, disc pallor and general atrophic appearance without pigmentation were typical findings. Six of the patients originated from 2 sibships. Increasing impairment of vision during pregnancy was seen in two patients. Pathological glucose tolerance, diabetes, liver disease, endocrinological disturbances, and hearing defects were recorded. Thus, this cone dystrophy appears to be part of a disease affecting several organs. The familial occurrence suggests that this disorder is inherited.", "contents": "A familial syndrome of progressive cone dystrophy, degenerative liver disease, endocrine dysfunction and hearing defect. I. Ophthalmological findings. Seven patients, 6 females and one male, with progressive cone dystrophy are reported. One patient developed amaurosis in one eye and fere amaurosis in the other. The least affected patient (13 years of age) had fairly good central cone vision, but a rod response only outside the central area. Attenuated retinal vessels, disc pallor and general atrophic appearance without pigmentation were typical findings. Six of the patients originated from 2 sibships. Increasing impairment of vision during pregnancy was seen in two patients. Pathological glucose tolerance, diabetes, liver disease, endocrinological disturbances, and hearing defects were recorded. Thus, this cone dystrophy appears to be part of a disease affecting several organs. The familial occurrence suggests that this disorder is inherited."}
{"id": "PMID:946719", "title": "Electrophysiological and anatomical effects of cetylpyridinium chloride on the rabbit cornea.", "content": "The effects of cetylpyridinium chloride on the trans-corneal potential difference and the surface anatomy of the cornea have been examined. Concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride from 0.21 mM to 2 mM were used for either 1 or 2 minute exposure times on the in vitro and in vivo cornea for the electrophysiology studies. The potential difference of the in vitro cornea showed a concentration and exposure-time dependent decrease, the in vivo cornea shows a qualitatively similar behaviour although quantitatively less. The fall in potential difference is preceeded by a hyperpolarization. The scanning electromicroscopy reveals a loss of microvilli and microplicae as well as surface pitting, with some exposure of cells underlying the superficial epithelium. These changes occur in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on the cornea is to enhance the permeability of the superficial cells by destroying the cell membranes and causing lysis of the cells.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and anatomical effects of cetylpyridinium chloride on the rabbit cornea. The effects of cetylpyridinium chloride on the trans-corneal potential difference and the surface anatomy of the cornea have been examined. Concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride from 0.21 mM to 2 mM were used for either 1 or 2 minute exposure times on the in vitro and in vivo cornea for the electrophysiology studies. The potential difference of the in vitro cornea showed a concentration and exposure-time dependent decrease, the in vivo cornea shows a qualitatively similar behaviour although quantitatively less. The fall in potential difference is preceeded by a hyperpolarization. The scanning electromicroscopy reveals a loss of microvilli and microplicae as well as surface pitting, with some exposure of cells underlying the superficial epithelium. These changes occur in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on the cornea is to enhance the permeability of the superficial cells by destroying the cell membranes and causing lysis of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:946720", "title": "Diagnostic value of the water-drinking test in early detection of simple glaucoma.", "content": "A series of 64 patients (119 eyes) subjected 10 years previously to water provocative tests on a suspicion of simple glaucoma were followed up. At that time the intraocular tension exceeded 20 mmHg, but there were no optic disc changes and no visual field defects. The follow-up examination comprised ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, gonioscopy, intraocular tension, and perimetry. Setting a rise of 8 mmHg as the lower limit, the water provocative test ten years previously had been positive in 31 eyes. Nine of these developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment (29 per cent). The test had been negative in 88 eyes. Of these, 21 (24 per cent) developed glaucomatous visual field defects. The water-drinking test was negative in 70 per cent of the eyes which subsequently developed visual field defects and negative in 75 per cent of those in which no defects developed. Thus the test was neither of diagnostic nor of prognostic value. All the eyes with a positive test which later developed visual field defects had been treated, whereas 57 per cent of the eyes with a negative test which subsequently developed visual field defects had received no treatment. This indicated that a negative water-drinking test gave a false security. It is shown that an alteration of the lower limit of a tension rise does not render the water provocative test any more useful.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of the water-drinking test in early detection of simple glaucoma. A series of 64 patients (119 eyes) subjected 10 years previously to water provocative tests on a suspicion of simple glaucoma were followed up. At that time the intraocular tension exceeded 20 mmHg, but there were no optic disc changes and no visual field defects. The follow-up examination comprised ophthalmoscopy, visual acuity, gonioscopy, intraocular tension, and perimetry. Setting a rise of 8 mmHg as the lower limit, the water provocative test ten years previously had been positive in 31 eyes. Nine of these developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment (29 per cent). The test had been negative in 88 eyes. Of these, 21 (24 per cent) developed glaucomatous visual field defects. The water-drinking test was negative in 70 per cent of the eyes which subsequently developed visual field defects and negative in 75 per cent of those in which no defects developed. Thus the test was neither of diagnostic nor of prognostic value. All the eyes with a positive test which later developed visual field defects had been treated, whereas 57 per cent of the eyes with a negative test which subsequently developed visual field defects had received no treatment. This indicated that a negative water-drinking test gave a false security. It is shown that an alteration of the lower limit of a tension rise does not render the water provocative test any more useful."}
{"id": "PMID:946721", "title": "A portable hemianopsia tester.", "content": "A pocket-size static perimeter provided with four test lights, one for each quadrant of the visual field, has been constructed and applied to 190 visual fields in 97 patients. The main advantage of the instrument is its ability to disclose hemianopic defects in bedridden and certain sick patients unable to co-operate with other methods, including the confromtation test. This was performed in 12 fields in 7 patients.", "contents": "A portable hemianopsia tester. A pocket-size static perimeter provided with four test lights, one for each quadrant of the visual field, has been constructed and applied to 190 visual fields in 97 patients. The main advantage of the instrument is its ability to disclose hemianopic defects in bedridden and certain sick patients unable to co-operate with other methods, including the confromtation test. This was performed in 12 fields in 7 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:946723", "title": "Lens thickness and angle-closure glaucoma. A comparative oculometric study in South African Negroes and Danes.", "content": "A group of Negro patients without ocular disease (\"normal\" group), a group of Negroes with angle closure glaucoma and a normal Danish population are compared in terms of anterior chamber depth, less thickness, vitreous body length and axial length of the globe. It is noted that the normal black population has a significantly thinner lens than the black population with angle closure glaucoma and the normal Danish population. The latter groups have a lens thickness which is similar. This finding is discussed in relation to the lower incidence of acute closure attacks in the black population. Attacks of angle closure in this populatin are generally of the chronic type.", "contents": "Lens thickness and angle-closure glaucoma. A comparative oculometric study in South African Negroes and Danes. A group of Negro patients without ocular disease (\"normal\" group), a group of Negroes with angle closure glaucoma and a normal Danish population are compared in terms of anterior chamber depth, less thickness, vitreous body length and axial length of the globe. It is noted that the normal black population has a significantly thinner lens than the black population with angle closure glaucoma and the normal Danish population. The latter groups have a lens thickness which is similar. This finding is discussed in relation to the lower incidence of acute closure attacks in the black population. Attacks of angle closure in this populatin are generally of the chronic type."}
{"id": "PMID:946724", "title": "Demonstration of the hemiopic border in the normal person.", "content": "The hemiopic border is the vertical line in the visual field separating the two halves which represent each cerebral hemisphere. This border, which becomes clinically manifest in the hemiopias, may be demonstrated in the normal person either (1) by covering an eye with the palm of the hand while facing the sun with the eyes closed, or (2) by fixing a near point and observing the background while the two eyes are dissociated by red and green glasses, or (3) by two-object perimetry, in which an inhibition may be observed along the vertical median through the fixation point.", "contents": "Demonstration of the hemiopic border in the normal person. The hemiopic border is the vertical line in the visual field separating the two halves which represent each cerebral hemisphere. This border, which becomes clinically manifest in the hemiopias, may be demonstrated in the normal person either (1) by covering an eye with the palm of the hand while facing the sun with the eyes closed, or (2) by fixing a near point and observing the background while the two eyes are dissociated by red and green glasses, or (3) by two-object perimetry, in which an inhibition may be observed along the vertical median through the fixation point."}
{"id": "PMID:946725", "title": "Blood circulating changes in the eye and limbs with relation to pregnancy and female sex hormones.", "content": "Alterations in corneal indentation pulse (CIP) amplitudes and pulse volume recordings (PVR) on the limbs were demonstrated in pregnant women, indicating that significant changes occur in the peripheral blood circulation during pregnancy. The PVR measured at week 30-36 of gestation demonstrated a significant increase when recorded on the forearm and index finger. In the eye an increase in CIP amplitudes was found early in pregnancy. From week 20 on, however, a steady decrease occurred, until the CIP amplitudes at term averaged about 1/3 of the values from normal, non-pregnant women. Similar changes, although less pronounced, were demonstrated in the ocular blood circulation during oral contraceptive treatment and, to some extent, during menstruation. Intake of gestagens and diaethyl-stilboestrol did not alter the CIP amplitudes.", "contents": "Blood circulating changes in the eye and limbs with relation to pregnancy and female sex hormones. Alterations in corneal indentation pulse (CIP) amplitudes and pulse volume recordings (PVR) on the limbs were demonstrated in pregnant women, indicating that significant changes occur in the peripheral blood circulation during pregnancy. The PVR measured at week 30-36 of gestation demonstrated a significant increase when recorded on the forearm and index finger. In the eye an increase in CIP amplitudes was found early in pregnancy. From week 20 on, however, a steady decrease occurred, until the CIP amplitudes at term averaged about 1/3 of the values from normal, non-pregnant women. Similar changes, although less pronounced, were demonstrated in the ocular blood circulation during oral contraceptive treatment and, to some extent, during menstruation. Intake of gestagens and diaethyl-stilboestrol did not alter the CIP amplitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:946726", "title": "Visual functions after perinatal macular haemorrhage.", "content": "Perinatal macular haemorrhage has been suggested as being a cause of amblyopia and strabismus. 39 of 48 children with macular haemorrhage after birth were examined at the age of 5 years. The study comprised visual acuity with E-test types and cycloplegic refraction. Binocular function was evaluated by cover test, and 4d-prism test. Fixation was studied by an ophthalmoscope with a central dark star. Sensory function was estimated by Schober test and Worth 4-dot-test. The observations gave no support to the existence of organic amblyopia or strabismus following perinatal macular haemmorrhage.", "contents": "Visual functions after perinatal macular haemorrhage. Perinatal macular haemorrhage has been suggested as being a cause of amblyopia and strabismus. 39 of 48 children with macular haemorrhage after birth were examined at the age of 5 years. The study comprised visual acuity with E-test types and cycloplegic refraction. Binocular function was evaluated by cover test, and 4d-prism test. Fixation was studied by an ophthalmoscope with a central dark star. Sensory function was estimated by Schober test and Worth 4-dot-test. The observations gave no support to the existence of organic amblyopia or strabismus following perinatal macular haemmorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:946727", "title": "Orbital phlebography. Technique and clinical applications.", "content": "The technique for orbital phlebography is described and the phlebographic anatomy of the orbit and the skull base presented. The possibilities and limitations of phlebography in the diagnosis of different intraorbital and ophthalmoneurological disorders is discussed and illustrated out of personal experiences from 200 cases.", "contents": "Orbital phlebography. Technique and clinical applications. The technique for orbital phlebography is described and the phlebographic anatomy of the orbit and the skull base presented. The possibilities and limitations of phlebography in the diagnosis of different intraorbital and ophthalmoneurological disorders is discussed and illustrated out of personal experiences from 200 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:946728", "title": "Traumatic hyphaema treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid.", "content": "During the year 1975 (Jan. 1st-Dec. 31st) 72 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Arhus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. Secondary haemorrhage occurred in one case. This incidence of secondary haemorrhage (1.4%) seems to be the lowest on record. A group of patients from the period 1965-1968, treated identically with the exception of the tranexamic acid, were selected for comparison. This group of 135 patients included 9 cases (6.7%) with a secondary haemorrhage. The difference between these two groups is statistically significant (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Traumatic hyphaema treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. During the year 1975 (Jan. 1st-Dec. 31st) 72 patients, consecutively admitted to the eye department of Arhus Kommunehospital with traumatic hyphaema, were treated with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. Secondary haemorrhage occurred in one case. This incidence of secondary haemorrhage (1.4%) seems to be the lowest on record. A group of patients from the period 1965-1968, treated identically with the exception of the tranexamic acid, were selected for comparison. This group of 135 patients included 9 cases (6.7%) with a secondary haemorrhage. The difference between these two groups is statistically significant (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:946738", "title": "Greater bile acid excretion with soy bean than with cow milk in infants.", "content": "The excretion of fecal sterols and bile acids was measured in five infants from the 1st week of life to 2 or 3 months of age as the composition of their diet was changed from cow milk to soy bean milk. Bile acid excretion, adjusted for body weight, was initially lower during the 1st than during the 3rd week, when it reached adult values. The average excretion of bile acids was 6.8 mg/kg per day with soy bean milk and 3.6 mg/kg per day with cow milk. Net sterol excretion (total sterol output minus cholesterol intake) was also twice as high with soy bean milk and probably reflected enhancement of cholesterol re-excretion as well as of synthesis since the cholesterol content of soy beans is nil. However, net sterol excretion remained higher with soy bean than with cow milk even when egg yolk cholesterol was added to the soy bean milk. It is concluded that the substitution of soy bean milk for cow milk, which lowered the plasma cholesterol in all infants (even in the presence of dietary cholesterol) leads to an increase in bile acids and probably also in cholesterol excretion in young infants.", "contents": "Greater bile acid excretion with soy bean than with cow milk in infants. The excretion of fecal sterols and bile acids was measured in five infants from the 1st week of life to 2 or 3 months of age as the composition of their diet was changed from cow milk to soy bean milk. Bile acid excretion, adjusted for body weight, was initially lower during the 1st than during the 3rd week, when it reached adult values. The average excretion of bile acids was 6.8 mg/kg per day with soy bean milk and 3.6 mg/kg per day with cow milk. Net sterol excretion (total sterol output minus cholesterol intake) was also twice as high with soy bean milk and probably reflected enhancement of cholesterol re-excretion as well as of synthesis since the cholesterol content of soy beans is nil. However, net sterol excretion remained higher with soy bean than with cow milk even when egg yolk cholesterol was added to the soy bean milk. It is concluded that the substitution of soy bean milk for cow milk, which lowered the plasma cholesterol in all infants (even in the presence of dietary cholesterol) leads to an increase in bile acids and probably also in cholesterol excretion in young infants."}
{"id": "PMID:946739", "title": "Oral treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate.", "content": "In a 7-year-old boy with acrodermatitis enteropathica, oral administration of zinc sulfate brought about complete relief of symptoms and signs, with clearing of the skin lesions, arrest of diarrhea, and growth of new hair. Considering the dramatic results obtained, we believe that oral treatment with zinc sulfate is an innocuous, inexpensive, and very effective medication for acrodermatitis enteropathica, which can replace the previously used and toxic diiodohydroxyquin-like drugs.", "contents": "Oral treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate. In a 7-year-old boy with acrodermatitis enteropathica, oral administration of zinc sulfate brought about complete relief of symptoms and signs, with clearing of the skin lesions, arrest of diarrhea, and growth of new hair. Considering the dramatic results obtained, we believe that oral treatment with zinc sulfate is an innocuous, inexpensive, and very effective medication for acrodermatitis enteropathica, which can replace the previously used and toxic diiodohydroxyquin-like drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:946741", "title": "Erythropoietin production in the rat: additive role of kidney and liver.", "content": "Erythropoietin (Ep) levels were evaluated in serum of neonate, weanling, or adult rats subjected to 1) sham operation, nephrectomy, and/or subtotal hepatectomy and 2) a standard bout of hypoxia (0.45 atm air/6 h, starting 1 h after the operation). Ep activity was quantitated by means of strictly controlled assays in exhypoxic polycythemic mice. The sum of Ep titers in the serum of nephrectomized or hepatectomized rats was compared to Ep levels in sham-operated animals of corresponding age levels, with the exception of 1-wk-old rats: it is relevance that no significant difference is apparent between these Ep production curves. Thus, evidence is presented indicating for the first time that Ep derives from two functionally distinct and additive sources, i.e., the kidney and the liver. Liver Ep, although prevalent in neonatal animals, is obscured in the weanling adult rat by both gradual initiation of massive renal Ep production and progressive decrease of hepatic Ep activity.", "contents": "Erythropoietin production in the rat: additive role of kidney and liver. Erythropoietin (Ep) levels were evaluated in serum of neonate, weanling, or adult rats subjected to 1) sham operation, nephrectomy, and/or subtotal hepatectomy and 2) a standard bout of hypoxia (0.45 atm air/6 h, starting 1 h after the operation). Ep activity was quantitated by means of strictly controlled assays in exhypoxic polycythemic mice. The sum of Ep titers in the serum of nephrectomized or hepatectomized rats was compared to Ep levels in sham-operated animals of corresponding age levels, with the exception of 1-wk-old rats: it is relevance that no significant difference is apparent between these Ep production curves. Thus, evidence is presented indicating for the first time that Ep derives from two functionally distinct and additive sources, i.e., the kidney and the liver. Liver Ep, although prevalent in neonatal animals, is obscured in the weanling adult rat by both gradual initiation of massive renal Ep production and progressive decrease of hepatic Ep activity."}
{"id": "PMID:946745", "title": "Keratoconus associated with retrolental fibroplasia.", "content": "Three adult male patients with keratoconus associated with severe bilateral retrolental fibroplasia were studied. Two of these presented with acute corneal hydrops. The association may be of some interest in determining the etiology of keratoconus.", "contents": "Keratoconus associated with retrolental fibroplasia. Three adult male patients with keratoconus associated with severe bilateral retrolental fibroplasia were studied. Two of these presented with acute corneal hydrops. The association may be of some interest in determining the etiology of keratoconus."}
{"id": "PMID:946746", "title": "Autoimmune factors associated with anaemia in acute Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon infections of rodents.", "content": "Eperythrozoon coccoides and Haemobartonella muris produced in mice and rats respectively, essentially the same disease, characterized by anaemia, splenomegaly and in severe cases, haemoglobinuria with death. In both infections anaemia was associated with phagocytosis of erythrocytes by monocytes of the spleen, and with the presence of cold-active haema-glutinin for trypsinized red cells (CAH). An antigen similar to the serum antigen (SA) associated with acute malaria and babesiosis was also found in the blood of the anaemic animals. One or two days later antibody to SA (ABSA) was detected and for several days thereafter, both SA and ABSA could be detected in plasma samples. Anaemia crisis with haemoglobinuria was better correlated with the appearance of ABSA than  with the presence of CAH. It is suggested that CAH, and complexes of SA and ABSA could have acted as anaemia factors and were in part causal in the sequestration or haemolysis of erythrocytes during acute infection.", "contents": "Autoimmune factors associated with anaemia in acute Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon infections of rodents. Eperythrozoon coccoides and Haemobartonella muris produced in mice and rats respectively, essentially the same disease, characterized by anaemia, splenomegaly and in severe cases, haemoglobinuria with death. In both infections anaemia was associated with phagocytosis of erythrocytes by monocytes of the spleen, and with the presence of cold-active haema-glutinin for trypsinized red cells (CAH). An antigen similar to the serum antigen (SA) associated with acute malaria and babesiosis was also found in the blood of the anaemic animals. One or two days later antibody to SA (ABSA) was detected and for several days thereafter, both SA and ABSA could be detected in plasma samples. Anaemia crisis with haemoglobinuria was better correlated with the appearance of ABSA than  with the presence of CAH. It is suggested that CAH, and complexes of SA and ABSA could have acted as anaemia factors and were in part causal in the sequestration or haemolysis of erythrocytes during acute infection."}
{"id": "PMID:946740", "title": "Massive colchicine overdose: a report on the toxicity.", "content": "A case of an overdose of colchicine for suicidal purposes is presented. The main complications observed involved the hematopoietic, the gastrointestinal, the respiratory and the central nervous system. Heinz bodies were noticed in the red blood cells, a finding which had not been previously documented in patients with colchicine overdose. Despite intensive management the patient died on the thirteenth hospital day of central nervous system complications.", "contents": "Massive colchicine overdose: a report on the toxicity. A case of an overdose of colchicine for suicidal purposes is presented. The main complications observed involved the hematopoietic, the gastrointestinal, the respiratory and the central nervous system. Heinz bodies were noticed in the red blood cells, a finding which had not been previously documented in patients with colchicine overdose. Despite intensive management the patient died on the thirteenth hospital day of central nervous system complications."}
{"id": "PMID:946747", "title": "Effect of long term use of oral contraceptives on glucose tolerance.", "content": "The effect of long term use of oral contraceptives on glucose tolerance was studied in 133 women. Oral contraceptives were taken for a period between 3 and 12 years. 25 women without any hormone treatment served as a control group. The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has indicated no pathological decrease of glucose tolerance, measured by k. The glucose tolerance test was performed on all subjects (0.33 Gm. of glucose per kg bodyweight). In one subject we diagnosticated a clinical diabetes. Two patients had a subclinical diabetes. After 10 years of treatment a significant decline was noted in k, also in women with family history of diabetes or a past obstetrics history. Several doubtfully pathological k-values were recorded in women more than 40 years of age. No significant relation could be established between parity and the developement of an abnormal glucose metabolism, while taking the drugs. The effect upon glucose tolerance is not related to the type of oral contraceptive. The evidence is not sufficient to warrant the elimination of oral contraceptives. In is suggested that at least in diabetes suspects, repeated controls of glucose tolerance be carried out during long term cyclic use of oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Effect of long term use of oral contraceptives on glucose tolerance. The effect of long term use of oral contraceptives on glucose tolerance was studied in 133 women. Oral contraceptives were taken for a period between 3 and 12 years. 25 women without any hormone treatment served as a control group. The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has indicated no pathological decrease of glucose tolerance, measured by k. The glucose tolerance test was performed on all subjects (0.33 Gm. of glucose per kg bodyweight). In one subject we diagnosticated a clinical diabetes. Two patients had a subclinical diabetes. After 10 years of treatment a significant decline was noted in k, also in women with family history of diabetes or a past obstetrics history. Several doubtfully pathological k-values were recorded in women more than 40 years of age. No significant relation could be established between parity and the developement of an abnormal glucose metabolism, while taking the drugs. The effect upon glucose tolerance is not related to the type of oral contraceptive. The evidence is not sufficient to warrant the elimination of oral contraceptives. In is suggested that at least in diabetes suspects, repeated controls of glucose tolerance be carried out during long term cyclic use of oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:946748", "title": "[Regionally different activity of enzymes within placentones of human term-placentas. Histochemical and biochemical investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short summarizing review earlier histological and first histochemical investigations on the functional morphology of placentones results of histochemical and biochemical studies about thirteen enzymes are presented. Histochemical and biochemical investigations demonstrate that the placental villi situated in the centers of the circulation-units show enzyme-patterns which only differ quantitatively not qualitatively from those of the villi situated in the periphery. Specific acitivity is found to be weaker in the central villi. The results confirm our former histological investigations which gave evidence that the villi situated in the centers of placentones were relatively immature compared to those of the periphereal areas. The centers of the placentones therefore are to be considered for regions of regeneration and growth whilst in the periphery placental metabolism and maternofetal exchange takes place.", "contents": "[Regionally different activity of enzymes within placentones of human term-placentas. Histochemical and biochemical investigations (author's transl)]. After a short summarizing review earlier histological and first histochemical investigations on the functional morphology of placentones results of histochemical and biochemical studies about thirteen enzymes are presented. Histochemical and biochemical investigations demonstrate that the placental villi situated in the centers of the circulation-units show enzyme-patterns which only differ quantitatively not qualitatively from those of the villi situated in the periphery. Specific acitivity is found to be weaker in the central villi. The results confirm our former histological investigations which gave evidence that the villi situated in the centers of placentones were relatively immature compared to those of the periphereal areas. The centers of the placentones therefore are to be considered for regions of regeneration and growth whilst in the periphery placental metabolism and maternofetal exchange takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:946749", "title": "[Children's development after placental dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "Katamnestic neurological and electroencephalographic studies were performed on a group of 6 to 11 year old children who had been born in the years of 1960 to 1966 with the signs of placental dysfunction. Of a total of 288 children (2,8% of the deliveries at the department of obstetrics & gynecology of the Cologne university) 177 were  analized katamnestically and 152 uncerwent a clinical examination. For comparison a group of 384 children were studied who had been born in the same years spontaneously from vertex presentation after a maximum duration of labour of 16 hours. At the time of delivery these children were mature and eutrophic. 133 children of this group were studied katamnestically and 114 underwent clinical examination. The katamnestic studies showed that the group with symptoms of placental dysfunction differed in their development from the control group: these children learned later to sit, to walk, to speak, to dress without help, and to control urination. No differences were found in the ability to write and to read or in their results at school. However a larger percentage of the control group was found to attend a higher educational institution. No differences were found in the incidence of disease or behavioral abnormalities. Sleeping problems and lact concentration were more often observed in the group of children with symptoms of placental dysfunction. The general clinical examination showed no differences between the two groups. The applied different tests to examine grow movements were performed less perfect in a higher percentage by the children born with signs of placental dysfunction. Even greater differences were found in testing the voluntery skilled movements. The electroencephalogram of children of both groups showed a normal basic activity, a distinct blocking effect and a significant activation upon  hyperventilation. An abnormal and pathological EEG was however significantly more often found in children born with symptoms of placental dysfunction. The results of the examination of the individual children and the combination of these results in the groups of symptoms showed that children with signs of placental dysfunction demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of symptoms. It was furthermore obvious that these symptoms were not singular but part of a complex disturbance which was manifested in the obstetrical characteristics as well as in the katamnesis and in the clinical examination. Thus, these studies have demonstrated a higher rate of morbidity in children with placental dysfunction in addition to the known high perinatal mortality. This points the necessity of an early prepartual diagnosis in particular in pregnancies with predisposition, in order to reduce not only the perinatal mortality but also to avoid the described complications in children born after placental dysfunction.", "contents": "[Children's development after placental dysfunction (author's transl)]. Katamnestic neurological and electroencephalographic studies were performed on a group of 6 to 11 year old children who had been born in the years of 1960 to 1966 with the signs of placental dysfunction. Of a total of 288 children (2,8% of the deliveries at the department of obstetrics & gynecology of the Cologne university) 177 were  analized katamnestically and 152 uncerwent a clinical examination. For comparison a group of 384 children were studied who had been born in the same years spontaneously from vertex presentation after a maximum duration of labour of 16 hours. At the time of delivery these children were mature and eutrophic. 133 children of this group were studied katamnestically and 114 underwent clinical examination. The katamnestic studies showed that the group with symptoms of placental dysfunction differed in their development from the control group: these children learned later to sit, to walk, to speak, to dress without help, and to control urination. No differences were found in the ability to write and to read or in their results at school. However a larger percentage of the control group was found to attend a higher educational institution. No differences were found in the incidence of disease or behavioral abnormalities. Sleeping problems and lact concentration were more often observed in the group of children with symptoms of placental dysfunction. The general clinical examination showed no differences between the two groups. The applied different tests to examine grow movements were performed less perfect in a higher percentage by the children born with signs of placental dysfunction. Even greater differences were found in testing the voluntery skilled movements. The electroencephalogram of children of both groups showed a normal basic activity, a distinct blocking effect and a significant activation upon  hyperventilation. An abnormal and pathological EEG was however significantly more often found in children born with symptoms of placental dysfunction. The results of the examination of the individual children and the combination of these results in the groups of symptoms showed that children with signs of placental dysfunction demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of symptoms. It was furthermore obvious that these symptoms were not singular but part of a complex disturbance which was manifested in the obstetrical characteristics as well as in the katamnesis and in the clinical examination. Thus, these studies have demonstrated a higher rate of morbidity in children with placental dysfunction in addition to the known high perinatal mortality. This points the necessity of an early prepartual diagnosis in particular in pregnancies with predisposition, in order to reduce not only the perinatal mortality but also to avoid the described complications in children born after placental dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:946752", "title": "Helical structure of human native collagen.", "content": "A \"fibroleiomyoma\" of the lung obtained from a 40-year-old man as a surgical specimen was studied with both the light and the electron microscope. The unusual collagen in this tumor displayed a filamentous helical structure. The filaments measured 50 Angstroms across. Most of the fibrils did not show periodicity. Some, however, showed periodicity of about 700 A. Those with periodicity were smaller in diameter than the fibrils without periodicity. These observations suggest a helical structure of native collagen and may also represent weak cross-linking of tropocollagen in this tumor. This is the first report of collagen showing a helical filamentous structure from human material.", "contents": "Helical structure of human native collagen. A \"fibroleiomyoma\" of the lung obtained from a 40-year-old man as a surgical specimen was studied with both the light and the electron microscope. The unusual collagen in this tumor displayed a filamentous helical structure. The filaments measured 50 Angstroms across. Most of the fibrils did not show periodicity. Some, however, showed periodicity of about 700 A. Those with periodicity were smaller in diameter than the fibrils without periodicity. These observations suggest a helical structure of native collagen and may also represent weak cross-linking of tropocollagen in this tumor. This is the first report of collagen showing a helical filamentous structure from human material."}
{"id": "PMID:946751", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis and medullary myelinolysis.", "content": "Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare, acute, and uniformly fatal demyelinative process that involves the pons almost exclusively. Three cases diagnosed at autopsy illustrate the characteristic clinical course and pathologic features of CPM. A unique extrapontine location of a similar process is noted in the medulla of a 6-year-old girl. The term \"medullary myelinolysis\" is a descriptive designation for demyelination that occurs predominantly in this area. The clinical and pathologic features of CPM are reviewed in detail, together with a brief review of theories of metabolic, nutritional, vascular, and endogenous and exogenous toxic factors that act either singly or in concert in the cause and pathogenesis of CPM.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis and medullary myelinolysis. Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare, acute, and uniformly fatal demyelinative process that involves the pons almost exclusively. Three cases diagnosed at autopsy illustrate the characteristic clinical course and pathologic features of CPM. A unique extrapontine location of a similar process is noted in the medulla of a 6-year-old girl. The term \"medullary myelinolysis\" is a descriptive designation for demyelination that occurs predominantly in this area. The clinical and pathologic features of CPM are reviewed in detail, together with a brief review of theories of metabolic, nutritional, vascular, and endogenous and exogenous toxic factors that act either singly or in concert in the cause and pathogenesis of CPM."}
{"id": "PMID:946753", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence of myofibroblasts in circumscribed fibromatosis.", "content": "The myofibroblast, which exhibits ultrastructural features of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, is the predominant cell type in the granulation tissue of healing wounds. Similar cells were identified in an ultrastructural study of a case of circumscribed fibromatosis. Myofibroblasts have been described in several apparently unrelated conditions, suggesting that the acquisition of smooth muscle-like features is one of a limited number of ways in which fibroblasts may react to abnormal stimuli.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence of myofibroblasts in circumscribed fibromatosis. The myofibroblast, which exhibits ultrastructural features of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, is the predominant cell type in the granulation tissue of healing wounds. Similar cells were identified in an ultrastructural study of a case of circumscribed fibromatosis. Myofibroblasts have been described in several apparently unrelated conditions, suggesting that the acquisition of smooth muscle-like features is one of a limited number of ways in which fibroblasts may react to abnormal stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:946755", "title": "Granular cell tumors of the heart.", "content": "In a study of granular cell tumors arising in the hearts of three patients, no evidence was found, either histologically or ultrastructurally, to support the hypothesis that these tumors are derived from striated muscle or cardiac muscle. The anatomic location of the tumors in all three cases suggests that granular cell tumors are derived from Schwann cells or from the same precursor cell as the Schwann cell.", "contents": "Granular cell tumors of the heart. In a study of granular cell tumors arising in the hearts of three patients, no evidence was found, either histologically or ultrastructurally, to support the hypothesis that these tumors are derived from striated muscle or cardiac muscle. The anatomic location of the tumors in all three cases suggests that granular cell tumors are derived from Schwann cells or from the same precursor cell as the Schwann cell."}
{"id": "PMID:946756", "title": "Severe combined immunodeficiency with thymic mast cell hyperplasia.", "content": "The autopsy finding on an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency was marked thymic mast cell hyperplasia. The clinical immune status showed a deficit in T (thymus derived) lymphocytes and low immunoglobulin levels. The autopsy showed the histologic pattern designated thymic alymphoplasia and a marked lack of development of the reticuloendothelial organs. The mast cell hyperplasia may be the result of an antigenic stimulus early in embryonic life and/or the result of mast cell differentiation at the expense of normal thymic lymphoid development caused by a genetic defect.", "contents": "Severe combined immunodeficiency with thymic mast cell hyperplasia. The autopsy finding on an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency was marked thymic mast cell hyperplasia. The clinical immune status showed a deficit in T (thymus derived) lymphocytes and low immunoglobulin levels. The autopsy showed the histologic pattern designated thymic alymphoplasia and a marked lack of development of the reticuloendothelial organs. The mast cell hyperplasia may be the result of an antigenic stimulus early in embryonic life and/or the result of mast cell differentiation at the expense of normal thymic lymphoid development caused by a genetic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:946750", "title": "[Gynecological aspects of retroperitoneal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Current literature was reviewed for gynecological aspects of retroperitoneal diseases. Taking into account the original histological findings retroperitoneal diseases were divided into the following groups from a gynecological point of view: 1. Malignant and benign primary retroperitoneal tumors 2. retroperitoneal organs 3. malignant and benign tumors of retroperitoneal organs 4. retroperitoneal gynecological structures 5. retroperitoneal metastases 6. other retroperitoneal diseases.", "contents": "[Gynecological aspects of retroperitoneal diseases (author's transl)]. Current literature was reviewed for gynecological aspects of retroperitoneal diseases. Taking into account the original histological findings retroperitoneal diseases were divided into the following groups from a gynecological point of view: 1. Malignant and benign primary retroperitoneal tumors 2. retroperitoneal organs 3. malignant and benign tumors of retroperitoneal organs 4. retroperitoneal gynecological structures 5. retroperitoneal metastases 6. other retroperitoneal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:946757", "title": "A spindle cell varient of thymic carcinoid tumor. A clinical, histologic, and fine structural study with emphasis on its distinction from spindle cell thymoma.", "content": "We describe the clinical, histologic, and fine structural features of two thymic carcinoid tumors that had a major spindle cell component, and present the reason for classifying our two cases as variants of thymic carcinoid tumors. These tumors pursued an aggressive clinical course, demonstrated histologic features such as vascular invasion and mitotic activity, ultrastructurally contained numerous dense-core granules, and lacked prominent tonofilaments and well-formed desmosomes. Radiotherapy, even for apparently encapsulated cases, may be indicated for this aggressive mediastinal neoplasm, which can be clearly separated from the thymoma by clinical, histologic, and fine structural criteria.", "contents": "A spindle cell varient of thymic carcinoid tumor. A clinical, histologic, and fine structural study with emphasis on its distinction from spindle cell thymoma. We describe the clinical, histologic, and fine structural features of two thymic carcinoid tumors that had a major spindle cell component, and present the reason for classifying our two cases as variants of thymic carcinoid tumors. These tumors pursued an aggressive clinical course, demonstrated histologic features such as vascular invasion and mitotic activity, ultrastructurally contained numerous dense-core granules, and lacked prominent tonofilaments and well-formed desmosomes. Radiotherapy, even for apparently encapsulated cases, may be indicated for this aggressive mediastinal neoplasm, which can be clearly separated from the thymoma by clinical, histologic, and fine structural criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:946758", "title": "Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. An ultrastructural and histochemical study.", "content": "In a patient with a goblet cell carcinoid tumor of the appendix, light and electron microscopical studies demonstrated mucinous material and enterochromaffin granules within the same cell. Transitions between cells containing primarily mucin and cells containing numerous argentaffin granules were observed. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the tumor cells contain biogenic amines.", "contents": "Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. An ultrastructural and histochemical study. In a patient with a goblet cell carcinoid tumor of the appendix, light and electron microscopical studies demonstrated mucinous material and enterochromaffin granules within the same cell. Transitions between cells containing primarily mucin and cells containing numerous argentaffin granules were observed. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the tumor cells contain biogenic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:946759", "title": "Isoproterenol, endotoxin shock, and the generalized shwartzman reaction.", "content": "Adult hybrid albino rabbits were divided into seven groups. Three groups were given two respective intravenous doses of 10 mug, 25 mug, or 100 mug of endotoxin at an interval of 24 hours. Three other groups were given endotoxin as above, and, in addition, were given 0.5 mg of isoproterenol hydrochloride (Isuprel) by subcutaneous injections at eight-hour intervals beginning at the time of the first injection of endotoxin. A single group was given isoproterenol only. The animals were observed for clinical signs of shock beginning at the time of the first injection of endotoxin. The mortality during the course of the experiment was noted. At the time of death, the animals were studied grossly, and sections were taken for light microscopy. Results showed no meaningful enhancement of endotoxin toxicity as manifested by shock, generalized Shwartzman reaction, or mortality.", "contents": "Isoproterenol, endotoxin shock, and the generalized shwartzman reaction. Adult hybrid albino rabbits were divided into seven groups. Three groups were given two respective intravenous doses of 10 mug, 25 mug, or 100 mug of endotoxin at an interval of 24 hours. Three other groups were given endotoxin as above, and, in addition, were given 0.5 mg of isoproterenol hydrochloride (Isuprel) by subcutaneous injections at eight-hour intervals beginning at the time of the first injection of endotoxin. A single group was given isoproterenol only. The animals were observed for clinical signs of shock beginning at the time of the first injection of endotoxin. The mortality during the course of the experiment was noted. At the time of death, the animals were studied grossly, and sections were taken for light microscopy. Results showed no meaningful enhancement of endotoxin toxicity as manifested by shock, generalized Shwartzman reaction, or mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:946760", "title": "Experimental meningococcal septicemia. Effect of heparin therapy.", "content": "The pathogenesis of experimental meningococcal septicemia and the efficacy of heparin sodium therapy were evaluated by inoculating rabbits intraperitoneally with type B meningococci in mucin. Half the rabbits died, and the respiratory distress and circulatory failure that occurred during the terminal phase of the disease were associated with diffuse pulmonary capillary and venular thrombosis and with renal glomerular fibrin deposition. Platelet and leukocyte counts and plasma fibrinogen levels decreased in all rabbits, and prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were prolonged. Pretreatment with heparin sodium diminished intravascular fibrin deposition but failed to prevent the pulmonary microthrombi and did not either reduce the mortality or improve the survival time. We conclude that death in meningococcal septicemia is due to widespread thrombosis of the pulmonary microcirculation. The disease is complicated by diffuse intravascular coagulation, which can be controlled with heparin sodium but which is not immediately life-threatening.", "contents": "Experimental meningococcal septicemia. Effect of heparin therapy. The pathogenesis of experimental meningococcal septicemia and the efficacy of heparin sodium therapy were evaluated by inoculating rabbits intraperitoneally with type B meningococci in mucin. Half the rabbits died, and the respiratory distress and circulatory failure that occurred during the terminal phase of the disease were associated with diffuse pulmonary capillary and venular thrombosis and with renal glomerular fibrin deposition. Platelet and leukocyte counts and plasma fibrinogen levels decreased in all rabbits, and prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were prolonged. Pretreatment with heparin sodium diminished intravascular fibrin deposition but failed to prevent the pulmonary microthrombi and did not either reduce the mortality or improve the survival time. We conclude that death in meningococcal septicemia is due to widespread thrombosis of the pulmonary microcirculation. The disease is complicated by diffuse intravascular coagulation, which can be controlled with heparin sodium but which is not immediately life-threatening."}
{"id": "PMID:946761", "title": "Gastrointestinal effects of acute ferrous sulfate poisoning in rats.", "content": "Ferrous sulfate administered intragastrically to rats produced two types of intestinal lesions: corrosive injury to the stomach and upper part of the small intestine, and ileal infarcts associated with venous thrombosis in some animals given fatal doses. Iron was deposited at the interface of viable and necrotic mucosa and in blood vessels of all layers. By means of electron microscopy the iron deposits were located in the basement membrane of the vessels. Fatal doses were always associated with intestinal injury, although the time of death suggests that death was caused by absorption of iron rather than by the local injury.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal effects of acute ferrous sulfate poisoning in rats. Ferrous sulfate administered intragastrically to rats produced two types of intestinal lesions: corrosive injury to the stomach and upper part of the small intestine, and ileal infarcts associated with venous thrombosis in some animals given fatal doses. Iron was deposited at the interface of viable and necrotic mucosa and in blood vessels of all layers. By means of electron microscopy the iron deposits were located in the basement membrane of the vessels. Fatal doses were always associated with intestinal injury, although the time of death suggests that death was caused by absorption of iron rather than by the local injury."}
{"id": "PMID:946762", "title": "Rectal suction biopsy in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease in infants.", "content": "Our experience with 47 rectal suction biopsies performed in infants up to six months of age indicates that this is a simple and effective method for the exclusion of Hirschsprung disease. It requires the recognition of immature ganglion cells in neural units as equivalent to mature ganglion cells. Absence of these immature neural units in an adequate sample is highly suggestive of Hirschsprung disease.", "contents": "Rectal suction biopsy in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease in infants. Our experience with 47 rectal suction biopsies performed in infants up to six months of age indicates that this is a simple and effective method for the exclusion of Hirschsprung disease. It requires the recognition of immature ganglion cells in neural units as equivalent to mature ganglion cells. Absence of these immature neural units in an adequate sample is highly suggestive of Hirschsprung disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946763", "title": "Fine structure of pancreas in cortisone-treated guinea pigs and rabbits.", "content": "Twenty-eight male rabbits and 28 male guinea pigs received daily intramuscular injections of cortisone acetate for four to 31 days (rabbits, 5 mg/kg; guinea pigs, 10 mg/animal). Moderate hyperglycemia ensued. Insulin concentrations of the pancreatic tissue varied but were higher in cortisone-treated animals than in untreated controls. In rabbits, degranulation of beta cells, hyperplasia of islets, and proliferation of ductular structures were the major light microscopic findings. Ultrastructural studies suggested that beta cell neogenesis took place mainly within pre-existing islets but probably also within ductular structures. Mixed (acinar-islet) cells were not identified. In guinea pigs, ductular proliferation was not noted, and beta cell neogenesis appeared to take place exclusively within preexisting islets and islet cell nests. In both species, cells of several types contained glycogen deposits.", "contents": "Fine structure of pancreas in cortisone-treated guinea pigs and rabbits. Twenty-eight male rabbits and 28 male guinea pigs received daily intramuscular injections of cortisone acetate for four to 31 days (rabbits, 5 mg/kg; guinea pigs, 10 mg/animal). Moderate hyperglycemia ensued. Insulin concentrations of the pancreatic tissue varied but were higher in cortisone-treated animals than in untreated controls. In rabbits, degranulation of beta cells, hyperplasia of islets, and proliferation of ductular structures were the major light microscopic findings. Ultrastructural studies suggested that beta cell neogenesis took place mainly within pre-existing islets but probably also within ductular structures. Mixed (acinar-islet) cells were not identified. In guinea pigs, ductular proliferation was not noted, and beta cell neogenesis appeared to take place exclusively within preexisting islets and islet cell nests. In both species, cells of several types contained glycogen deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:946767", "title": "Congenital complete tracheal rings. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual congenital tracheal anomaly is described. Complete (closed) tracheal rings, occupying the entire length of the trachea, have seldom been reported. Most affected patients succumb to respiratory infections in early infancy. Diagnosis of this anomaly is difficult during life, but radiographic and endoscopic examinations may be revealing. There is no known definitive treatment, although the airway may be managed long enough for body growth to relieve the obstruction. This rare anomaly should be considered in those cases of intermittent respiratory obstruction that are not associated with other more common causes of stridor.", "contents": "Congenital complete tracheal rings. Report of a case. An unusual congenital tracheal anomaly is described. Complete (closed) tracheal rings, occupying the entire length of the trachea, have seldom been reported. Most affected patients succumb to respiratory infections in early infancy. Diagnosis of this anomaly is difficult during life, but radiographic and endoscopic examinations may be revealing. There is no known definitive treatment, although the airway may be managed long enough for body growth to relieve the obstruction. This rare anomaly should be considered in those cases of intermittent respiratory obstruction that are not associated with other more common causes of stridor."}
{"id": "PMID:946770", "title": "The hydrophobic adsorption of charged molecules to bilayer membranes: a test of the applicability of the stern equation.", "content": "To describe the hydrophobic adsorption of charged molecules to bilayer membranes, one must recognize that the adsorption produces a change in the electrostatic potential at the surface of the membrane. The surface potential produced by the adsorption of the charged molecules can be described most simply by the Gouy equation from the theory of the diffuse double layer. This potential will tend to lower the concentration of the adsorbing ions in the aqueous phase immediately adjacent to the membrane, a phenomenon which can be described by the Boltzmann relation. The number of adsorbed ions is, in turn, a function of the aqueous concentration of these ions at the membrane solution interface and can be described, in the simplest case, by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. If the ions are regarded as point charges, the combination of the Gouy, Boltzmann, and Langmuir relations may be considered a simplified Stern equation. To test experimentally the applicability of this equation, one should measure both the charge density and surface potential as a function of the concentration of adsorbing molecules in the bulk aqueous phases. Direct, accurate measurements of one of these parameters, the number of moles of 2, 6-toluidinylnaphthalenesulfonate ions bound to vesicles formed from phosphatidylcholine, are available in the literature (Huang, C., and Charlton, J.P. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 735). We estimated the change in the surface potential in two independent ways; by means of conductance measurements with \"probe\" molecules on planar black lipid membranes and by means of electrophoresis measurements on multilaminar unsonicated vesicles. The two estimates agreed with one another and all of the data could be adequately described by the Stern equation, assuming, at 25 degrees C, a dissociation constant of 2 X 10(-4) M and a maximum number of binding sites of 1/70 A2.", "contents": "The hydrophobic adsorption of charged molecules to bilayer membranes: a test of the applicability of the stern equation. To describe the hydrophobic adsorption of charged molecules to bilayer membranes, one must recognize that the adsorption produces a change in the electrostatic potential at the surface of the membrane. The surface potential produced by the adsorption of the charged molecules can be described most simply by the Gouy equation from the theory of the diffuse double layer. This potential will tend to lower the concentration of the adsorbing ions in the aqueous phase immediately adjacent to the membrane, a phenomenon which can be described by the Boltzmann relation. The number of adsorbed ions is, in turn, a function of the aqueous concentration of these ions at the membrane solution interface and can be described, in the simplest case, by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. If the ions are regarded as point charges, the combination of the Gouy, Boltzmann, and Langmuir relations may be considered a simplified Stern equation. To test experimentally the applicability of this equation, one should measure both the charge density and surface potential as a function of the concentration of adsorbing molecules in the bulk aqueous phases. Direct, accurate measurements of one of these parameters, the number of moles of 2, 6-toluidinylnaphthalenesulfonate ions bound to vesicles formed from phosphatidylcholine, are available in the literature (Huang, C., and Charlton, J.P. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 735). We estimated the change in the surface potential in two independent ways; by means of conductance measurements with \"probe\" molecules on planar black lipid membranes and by means of electrophoresis measurements on multilaminar unsonicated vesicles. The two estimates agreed with one another and all of the data could be adequately described by the Stern equation, assuming, at 25 degrees C, a dissociation constant of 2 X 10(-4) M and a maximum number of binding sites of 1/70 A2."}
{"id": "PMID:946771", "title": "Uptake of 36Cl-toxaphene in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis.", "content": "The toxicity syndrome of toxaphene to G. affinis was divided into 5 stages, and the residue level at each stage was determined. By the time fish were exhibiting the first toxicity response (stage 2), 90.3% of the mean fatal residue level had been sorbed. Regression analysis indicated that sorption of toxaphene is a linear function with respect to time. Excretion was not observed following an 8 hour exposure to 2ppm toxaphene. Metabolic alteration of toxaphene during the experiments appeared to be minimal. Differences in individual mortality appeared to be due to differences in uptake rather than differences in ability to tolerate particular body loads of toxaphene.", "contents": "Uptake of 36Cl-toxaphene in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis. The toxicity syndrome of toxaphene to G. affinis was divided into 5 stages, and the residue level at each stage was determined. By the time fish were exhibiting the first toxicity response (stage 2), 90.3% of the mean fatal residue level had been sorbed. Regression analysis indicated that sorption of toxaphene is a linear function with respect to time. Excretion was not observed following an 8 hour exposure to 2ppm toxaphene. Metabolic alteration of toxaphene during the experiments appeared to be minimal. Differences in individual mortality appeared to be due to differences in uptake rather than differences in ability to tolerate particular body loads of toxaphene."}
{"id": "PMID:946779", "title": "Education at school about sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "Although sex education in West German schools started officically in 1968, a survey of 700 children aged 14 to 15 years showed that they understood more about birth control than about sexually transmitted disease (STD). This contrasts with the rising incidence of gonorrhoea and falling birth rate. There is a general lack of published information of STD and it is proposed that an international body like the IUVDT should be formed to promote the spread of information.", "contents": "Education at school about sexually transmitted diseases. Although sex education in West German schools started officically in 1968, a survey of 700 children aged 14 to 15 years showed that they understood more about birth control than about sexually transmitted disease (STD). This contrasts with the rising incidence of gonorrhoea and falling birth rate. There is a general lack of published information of STD and it is proposed that an international body like the IUVDT should be formed to promote the spread of information."}
{"id": "PMID:946781", "title": "The situation in Eastern Europe.", "content": "The administrative structure for the management of patients with sexually transmitted disease is described. The association of dermatology and venerology had psychological advantages for patients attending a combined clinic, but because it was considered that the future development of venereology might suffer an Institute of Venereology has been founded in Poland. The functions of this Institute are described and the organization of undergraduate and postgraduate medical training is outlined.", "contents": "The situation in Eastern Europe. The administrative structure for the management of patients with sexually transmitted disease is described. The association of dermatology and venerology had psychological advantages for patients attending a combined clinic, but because it was considered that the future development of venereology might suffer an Institute of Venereology has been founded in Poland. The functions of this Institute are described and the organization of undergraduate and postgraduate medical training is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:946782", "title": "The situation in Scandinavia.", "content": "The history of legislation controlling the treatment of venereal infections and undergraduate and postgraduate training in venereology is outlined. Arrangements for research into these infections and the advantages of centralized facilities for serum antibody tests are described. Syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid, and lymphogranuloma venereum are notifiable. One present problem is the difficulty of collecting information on non-gonococcal urethritis. There is a high incidence of infection in Greenland and further research should be undertaken there.", "contents": "The situation in Scandinavia. The history of legislation controlling the treatment of venereal infections and undergraduate and postgraduate training in venereology is outlined. Arrangements for research into these infections and the advantages of centralized facilities for serum antibody tests are described. Syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid, and lymphogranuloma venereum are notifiable. One present problem is the difficulty of collecting information on non-gonococcal urethritis. There is a high incidence of infection in Greenland and further research should be undertaken there."}
{"id": "PMID:946783", "title": "Role of the medical auxiliary in the control of sexually transmitted disease in a developing country.", "content": "Venereal diseases are becoming a major health problem in many developing countries where the greater part of primary medical care is undertaken by medical auxiliaries. Under these circumstances, the medical auxiliary has an important role to play in the control of these diseases but he can only do this with adequate training, support, and supervision from the professional doctors and specialists. In this paper, the role of the medical auxiliary is outlined and a case is also made for a specially-trained cadre for venereal disease work in busy urban clinics in developing countries.", "contents": "Role of the medical auxiliary in the control of sexually transmitted disease in a developing country. Venereal diseases are becoming a major health problem in many developing countries where the greater part of primary medical care is undertaken by medical auxiliaries. Under these circumstances, the medical auxiliary has an important role to play in the control of these diseases but he can only do this with adequate training, support, and supervision from the professional doctors and specialists. In this paper, the role of the medical auxiliary is outlined and a case is also made for a specially-trained cadre for venereal disease work in busy urban clinics in developing countries."}
{"id": "PMID:946785", "title": "Venereal disease among immigrant workers in Vienna.", "content": "Official physical examinations of migrant workers upon immigration are required before work permits are issued. The screening of 74,983 applicants during 1972 to 1974 revealed sera reactive to serological tests for syphilis in 0-8 per cent. (range 0-5 to 1-1 per cent.) of all persons concerned and fifteen cases of early syphilis. The incidence of recent infections among immigrants is lower than that reported among the inhabitants of Vienna. General statistics on the spread of venereal diseases among immigrant workers are not available after they start work. Some evidence is provided by those who had to be traced for compulsory examination because they had defaulted from treatment or follow-up, because they were suspected of clandestine prostitution, or because they were reported to be sources of infection. 257 (60-6 per cent.) of 414 individuals who were wanted for reasons of syphilis control could be located and eighteen (7 per cent.) of those who were examined had early infectious lesions.", "contents": "Venereal disease among immigrant workers in Vienna. Official physical examinations of migrant workers upon immigration are required before work permits are issued. The screening of 74,983 applicants during 1972 to 1974 revealed sera reactive to serological tests for syphilis in 0-8 per cent. (range 0-5 to 1-1 per cent.) of all persons concerned and fifteen cases of early syphilis. The incidence of recent infections among immigrants is lower than that reported among the inhabitants of Vienna. General statistics on the spread of venereal diseases among immigrant workers are not available after they start work. Some evidence is provided by those who had to be traced for compulsory examination because they had defaulted from treatment or follow-up, because they were suspected of clandestine prostitution, or because they were reported to be sources of infection. 257 (60-6 per cent.) of 414 individuals who were wanted for reasons of syphilis control could be located and eighteen (7 per cent.) of those who were examined had early infectious lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:946784", "title": "Reappraisal of the problem of British mariners and sexually transmitted infection.", "content": "A detailed appraisal of the British seafarer and his way of life is described and the prevailing management of sexually transmitted disease in the seafarer is outlined. It is shown that the available statistics on the incidence of sexually transmitted disease among seafarers are inadequate. Management at sea and ashore remains generally unsatisfactory. Suggestions are made to improve the management of venereal disease in foreign ports and a simple method is described of managing sexually transmitted disease at sea with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.", "contents": "Reappraisal of the problem of British mariners and sexually transmitted infection. A detailed appraisal of the British seafarer and his way of life is described and the prevailing management of sexually transmitted disease in the seafarer is outlined. It is shown that the available statistics on the incidence of sexually transmitted disease among seafarers are inadequate. Management at sea and ashore remains generally unsatisfactory. Suggestions are made to improve the management of venereal disease in foreign ports and a simple method is described of managing sexually transmitted disease at sea with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole."}
{"id": "PMID:946786", "title": "Exchange of contact information between East Germany and other countries about persons infected with VD or at risk of infection.", "content": "26 per cent. of all contacts exchanged in both directions between East Germany and Poland in 1973, concerned people infected with STD. This high rate of efficiency obtained by the present methods of contact tracing justifies further cooperative epidemiological work in the field of STD, especially in view of the increasing industrial and economic cooperation and tourism between the two countries which is expected in the future.", "contents": "Exchange of contact information between East Germany and other countries about persons infected with VD or at risk of infection. 26 per cent. of all contacts exchanged in both directions between East Germany and Poland in 1973, concerned people infected with STD. This high rate of efficiency obtained by the present methods of contact tracing justifies further cooperative epidemiological work in the field of STD, especially in view of the increasing industrial and economic cooperation and tourism between the two countries which is expected in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:946787", "title": "VD education in developing countries. A comparison with developed countries.", "content": "No new method of control of the sexually transmitted diseases is imminent. Reliance has to be placed on existing methods including health education. Health education has a double role, being a primary method in its own right, and--of equal or greater importance--being involved in the enforcement of all of the other tried methods. A comparison is made of the situation in countries with a developed or an underdeveloped venereal disease control service, in respect of organization, statistical reporting, the various agencies treating venereal disease, clinic and diagnostic facilities, personnel concerned in venereal disease management, and other aspects. The vicious circle inherent in developing countries is outlined. A lack of awareness of the extent of the problem and the presence of other serious competing diseases lead to a low budget, thence to poor diagnostic and treatment facilities, and to few cases being seen in the official clinics and hospitals. Thus relatively small numbers of cases are reported and there is consequently a continuing lack of awareness of the problem. A method of cutting through such a circle is suggested, and the importance of health education activities during this period is emphasized.", "contents": "VD education in developing countries. A comparison with developed countries. No new method of control of the sexually transmitted diseases is imminent. Reliance has to be placed on existing methods including health education. Health education has a double role, being a primary method in its own right, and--of equal or greater importance--being involved in the enforcement of all of the other tried methods. A comparison is made of the situation in countries with a developed or an underdeveloped venereal disease control service, in respect of organization, statistical reporting, the various agencies treating venereal disease, clinic and diagnostic facilities, personnel concerned in venereal disease management, and other aspects. The vicious circle inherent in developing countries is outlined. A lack of awareness of the extent of the problem and the presence of other serious competing diseases lead to a low budget, thence to poor diagnostic and treatment facilities, and to few cases being seen in the official clinics and hospitals. Thus relatively small numbers of cases are reported and there is consequently a continuing lack of awareness of the problem. A method of cutting through such a circle is suggested, and the importance of health education activities during this period is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:946789", "title": "Education of physicians in the sexually transmitted diseases in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Undergraduate and postgraduate training in sexually transmitted diseases and genitourinary medicine in the UK is described. The course for overseas postgraduate students is briefly described. It is noted that once funds are available it has been agreed to establish a professorial chair of venereology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. This will be a major advance and is the most desirable goal to aim at in the encouragement of education in STD for the next few years.", "contents": "Education of physicians in the sexually transmitted diseases in the United Kingdom. Undergraduate and postgraduate training in sexually transmitted diseases and genitourinary medicine in the UK is described. The course for overseas postgraduate students is briefly described. It is noted that once funds are available it has been agreed to establish a professorial chair of venereology at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. This will be a major advance and is the most desirable goal to aim at in the encouragement of education in STD for the next few years."}
{"id": "PMID:946794", "title": "Laboratory-associated infections: summary and analysis of 3921 cases.", "content": "Instances of overt laboratory-associated infection recorded in published reports and additional cases disclosed by questionnaires and personal communications have been tabulated. Of a total of 3921 cases, 2465 occurred in the United States and 164 were fatal. Only 64% of the cases were reported in the literature. Analysis of the available information revealed that only 18% of the infections were due to known accidents; 42% were caused by bacteria; 27% by viruses; 15% by rickettsiae; 9% by fungi; 3% by chlamydiae; and 3% by parasites. It may be significant that fewer infections have been recorded in the past decade than in any of the four preceding decades. Possible reasons for this apparent decrease are discussed.", "contents": "Laboratory-associated infections: summary and analysis of 3921 cases. Instances of overt laboratory-associated infection recorded in published reports and additional cases disclosed by questionnaires and personal communications have been tabulated. Of a total of 3921 cases, 2465 occurred in the United States and 164 were fatal. Only 64% of the cases were reported in the literature. Analysis of the available information revealed that only 18% of the infections were due to known accidents; 42% were caused by bacteria; 27% by viruses; 15% by rickettsiae; 9% by fungi; 3% by chlamydiae; and 3% by parasites. It may be significant that fewer infections have been recorded in the past decade than in any of the four preceding decades. Possible reasons for this apparent decrease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946795", "title": "Determination of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in spinach, eggs, fish, and milk by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD), a waste product formed in the manufacture of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene, has been found in fish from the lower Mississippi River basin. The AOAC official method for organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty and nonfatty foods has been modified for the determination of HCBD residues in selected food commodities. Acetonitrile extracts of nonfatty foods, or the combined acetonitrile extracts obtained in acetonitrile-petroleum ether partitioning of fat isolated from fatty foods, are diluted with water and extracted with petroleum ether. The petroleum ether extracts are chromatographed on Florisil and HCBD is eluted with petroleum ether. The elute is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. Average recoveries of HCBD from fortified samples of fatty and nonfatty foods were greater than 90% in the interlaboratory trials of the method.", "contents": "Determination of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in spinach, eggs, fish, and milk by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD), a waste product formed in the manufacture of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene, has been found in fish from the lower Mississippi River basin. The AOAC official method for organochlorine pesticide residues in fatty and nonfatty foods has been modified for the determination of HCBD residues in selected food commodities. Acetonitrile extracts of nonfatty foods, or the combined acetonitrile extracts obtained in acetonitrile-petroleum ether partitioning of fat isolated from fatty foods, are diluted with water and extracted with petroleum ether. The petroleum ether extracts are chromatographed on Florisil and HCBD is eluted with petroleum ether. The elute is analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. Average recoveries of HCBD from fortified samples of fatty and nonfatty foods were greater than 90% in the interlaboratory trials of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:946796", "title": "Toward reducing behavior problems in autistic children.", "content": "A historical perspective was presented, attempting to trace how some clinical concepts and working assumptions, effective in the past, had drifted out of relationship with social changes, and were now considered by many as being myths. These included the assumption that developmental deviations such as autism were primarily normal responses to family stress and that autism primarily involved the child's social withdrawal from a hostile environment. In this paper some relationships between such myth beliefs and parental difficulties in managing their autistic child were identified. Specific management difficulties were distinguished from general ones. The latter manifest themselves in parental confusion, inappropriate expectations, and social role diffusion. Suggestions were made for helping parental management through changing treatment structures from traditional procedures.", "contents": "Toward reducing behavior problems in autistic children. A historical perspective was presented, attempting to trace how some clinical concepts and working assumptions, effective in the past, had drifted out of relationship with social changes, and were now considered by many as being myths. These included the assumption that developmental deviations such as autism were primarily normal responses to family stress and that autism primarily involved the child's social withdrawal from a hostile environment. In this paper some relationships between such myth beliefs and parental difficulties in managing their autistic child were identified. Specific management difficulties were distinguished from general ones. The latter manifest themselves in parental confusion, inappropriate expectations, and social role diffusion. Suggestions were made for helping parental management through changing treatment structures from traditional procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:946797", "title": "Educational strategies for the autistic child.", "content": "This paper includes some of the latest discussions regarding educational programming for autistic children. Until the last decade, special educators have not been either effective or optimistic regarding the prognosis for such children. Recent educational developments with such techniques as behavior modification, the behaviorally engineered classroom, and early identification of the condition have caused increased interest in the possible contributions of educators to the puzzling syndrome. The various alternative treatment possibilities will be presented together with an evaluation of the effectiveness of such programs to date.", "contents": "Educational strategies for the autistic child. This paper includes some of the latest discussions regarding educational programming for autistic children. Until the last decade, special educators have not been either effective or optimistic regarding the prognosis for such children. Recent educational developments with such techniques as behavior modification, the behaviorally engineered classroom, and early identification of the condition have caused increased interest in the possible contributions of educators to the puzzling syndrome. The various alternative treatment possibilities will be presented together with an evaluation of the effectiveness of such programs to date."}
{"id": "PMID:946798", "title": "Psychodynamic and behavior modification approaches to the treatment of infantile autism empirical similarities.", "content": "In the treatment of infantile autism, behaviorists emphasize directed behavioral change while psychodynamic therapists tend to focus attention on the worker-child relationship. A review of the literature suggests that both of these aspects of intervention are important, and that both play a role in virtually all therapeutic efforts. The similarities in methods of intervention found in the work of investigators of very different theoretical persuasion raise the possibility that most treatment methods owe more to empirical clinical experience than to their presumed derivation from a theoretical model. This thesis is further examined with respect to a 50-year-old case history by Lightmer Witmer, and the work of the present writer with an 11-year-old autistic boy.", "contents": "Psychodynamic and behavior modification approaches to the treatment of infantile autism empirical similarities. In the treatment of infantile autism, behaviorists emphasize directed behavioral change while psychodynamic therapists tend to focus attention on the worker-child relationship. A review of the literature suggests that both of these aspects of intervention are important, and that both play a role in virtually all therapeutic efforts. The similarities in methods of intervention found in the work of investigators of very different theoretical persuasion raise the possibility that most treatment methods owe more to empirical clinical experience than to their presumed derivation from a theoretical model. This thesis is further examined with respect to a 50-year-old case history by Lightmer Witmer, and the work of the present writer with an 11-year-old autistic boy."}
{"id": "PMID:946799", "title": "Acquisition of American sign language by a noncommunicating autistic child.", "content": "Experiments in the perception and language abilities of autistic children indicate that the children have auditory-visual association problems. These findings, combined with the findings that autistic communication is primarily gestural, led to the teaching of elements of American Sign Language to a 5-year-old nonverbal autistic boy. Results after 20 hours of training indicate that the child did acquire signs, that increasing signing led to increasing vocal speech, and that the child has rudimentary English syntax. The use of Ameslan signs spontaneously generalized to other situations and the training resulted in increased social interaction.", "contents": "Acquisition of American sign language by a noncommunicating autistic child. Experiments in the perception and language abilities of autistic children indicate that the children have auditory-visual association problems. These findings, combined with the findings that autistic communication is primarily gestural, led to the teaching of elements of American Sign Language to a 5-year-old nonverbal autistic boy. Results after 20 hours of training indicate that the child did acquire signs, that increasing signing led to increasing vocal speech, and that the child has rudimentary English syntax. The use of Ameslan signs spontaneously generalized to other situations and the training resulted in increased social interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:946800", "title": "A pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings.", "content": "This case study describes in detail two autistic siblings who were mentioned in Rimland's analysis of checklists for psychotic children, as the only pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings (Rimland, 1971). One of the children, a nonverbal girl, now 13 years old, who developed epileptic seizures at age 41/2, shows all symptoms of early infantile autism even today. Her brother, now 24 years old, however, does not fit any of the known psychopathological patterns of childhood. The boy showed all symptoms of early infantile autism, but also some of the main characteristics of childhood schizophrenia and austic psychopathy. It is suggested that we are dealing perhaps with an unusual mixed type falling within a broad category of genetically determined types of autistic disorders.", "contents": "A pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings. This case study describes in detail two autistic siblings who were mentioned in Rimland's analysis of checklists for psychotic children, as the only pair of classically early infantile autistic siblings (Rimland, 1971). One of the children, a nonverbal girl, now 13 years old, who developed epileptic seizures at age 41/2, shows all symptoms of early infantile autism even today. Her brother, now 24 years old, however, does not fit any of the known psychopathological patterns of childhood. The boy showed all symptoms of early infantile autism, but also some of the main characteristics of childhood schizophrenia and austic psychopathy. It is suggested that we are dealing perhaps with an unusual mixed type falling within a broad category of genetically determined types of autistic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:946801", "title": "Folie \u00e1 deux in a child.", "content": "Folie a deux is the transference of delusional ideas and behaviors from one person to another with whom there has been a close association. Its occurence in children has been rarely described in the literature, which was reviewed for case reports, diagnostic criteria, and etiological theories. A detailed case history of a 10-year-old girl who had delusions of special powers and delusions of persecution as well as hypochondriacal and hysterical symptoms is presented as an example of folie a deux between child and parent. This girl had developed a symbiotic incestuous relationship with her stepfather, a paranoid schizophrenic patient. Six criteria for making the diagnosis of folie a deux in a child were applied to the case studied. General and specific aspects of treating this disorder were discussed.", "contents": "Folie \u00e1 deux in a child. Folie a deux is the transference of delusional ideas and behaviors from one person to another with whom there has been a close association. Its occurence in children has been rarely described in the literature, which was reviewed for case reports, diagnostic criteria, and etiological theories. A detailed case history of a 10-year-old girl who had delusions of special powers and delusions of persecution as well as hypochondriacal and hysterical symptoms is presented as an example of folie a deux between child and parent. This girl had developed a symbiotic incestuous relationship with her stepfather, a paranoid schizophrenic patient. Six criteria for making the diagnosis of folie a deux in a child were applied to the case studied. General and specific aspects of treating this disorder were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946804", "title": "Effect of psychrotrophic bacteria from raw milk on milk proteins and stability of milk proteins to ultrahigh temperature treatment.", "content": "The effects of psychrotroph growth in raw milk on proteins of mils and on the response of milk proteins to heat treatments with ultrahigh temperature were studied. Ten gram-negative psychrotrophs isolated from raw milk readily attacked raw milk proteins. Kappa- and beta-casein were most susceptible although some of the isolates also attacked the whey proteins. Detectable proteolysis did not require large psychrotroph populations. A 10 to 20% decrease in kappa-casein during 2 days at 5 C accompanied growth of one isolate to a population of only 10,000/ml. Growth of psychrotrophs in raw milk predisposed the proteins to deleterious effects of ultrahigh temperature treatments. Ultrahigh temperature treatment by direct steam injection had little effect on raw milk caseins and decreased alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin by 21% and 34%, respectively. Milk that had undergone proteolysis exhibited decreased detectable kappa-, beta-, and alphas-caseins and increased loss of beta-lactoglobulin as a result of ultrahigh temperature treatment. Milk suffering extensive kappa-casein degradation coagulated during ultrahigh temperature treatment. Coagulation during or shortly after heating increased with severity of heat treatment and size of psychrotroph population.", "contents": "Effect of psychrotrophic bacteria from raw milk on milk proteins and stability of milk proteins to ultrahigh temperature treatment. The effects of psychrotroph growth in raw milk on proteins of mils and on the response of milk proteins to heat treatments with ultrahigh temperature were studied. Ten gram-negative psychrotrophs isolated from raw milk readily attacked raw milk proteins. Kappa- and beta-casein were most susceptible although some of the isolates also attacked the whey proteins. Detectable proteolysis did not require large psychrotroph populations. A 10 to 20% decrease in kappa-casein during 2 days at 5 C accompanied growth of one isolate to a population of only 10,000/ml. Growth of psychrotrophs in raw milk predisposed the proteins to deleterious effects of ultrahigh temperature treatments. Ultrahigh temperature treatment by direct steam injection had little effect on raw milk caseins and decreased alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin by 21% and 34%, respectively. Milk that had undergone proteolysis exhibited decreased detectable kappa-, beta-, and alphas-caseins and increased loss of beta-lactoglobulin as a result of ultrahigh temperature treatment. Milk suffering extensive kappa-casein degradation coagulated during ultrahigh temperature treatment. Coagulation during or shortly after heating increased with severity of heat treatment and size of psychrotroph population."}
{"id": "PMID:946805", "title": "Influence of type and amount of grain on digestibility of rations containing cottonseed hulls.", "content": "Twelve rations formulated from barley, corn, soy bean mill feed, or wheat and cottonseed hulls were fed to three sheep per ration to measure the influence of type and amount of grain on digestibility of the proximate constituents and cellulose. Each ration was fed at 2% body weight and with grain 20, 40, and 60% of dry matter. Net energy values for maintenance, gain, and milk production were calculated from the digestion coefficients. Dry matter digestibility for rations containing barley, corn, soybean mill feed, and wheat averaged over the three percents of grain were 63.1, 62.5, 60.0, and 61.5%, and 58.9, 61.6, and 64.0% for low, medium, and high grain. Digestibility of dry matter for soy bean-mill-feed rations was less than rations containing the other grains. Digestibility of crude fiber was lowest for wheat, followed by corn, barley, and soy bean mill feed in ascending order. Calculated net energy values usually increased lineraly with increasing grain for each type of grain with the exception of wheat. Wheat was least acceptable for ruminants.", "contents": "Influence of type and amount of grain on digestibility of rations containing cottonseed hulls. Twelve rations formulated from barley, corn, soy bean mill feed, or wheat and cottonseed hulls were fed to three sheep per ration to measure the influence of type and amount of grain on digestibility of the proximate constituents and cellulose. Each ration was fed at 2% body weight and with grain 20, 40, and 60% of dry matter. Net energy values for maintenance, gain, and milk production were calculated from the digestion coefficients. Dry matter digestibility for rations containing barley, corn, soybean mill feed, and wheat averaged over the three percents of grain were 63.1, 62.5, 60.0, and 61.5%, and 58.9, 61.6, and 64.0% for low, medium, and high grain. Digestibility of dry matter for soy bean-mill-feed rations was less than rations containing the other grains. Digestibility of crude fiber was lowest for wheat, followed by corn, barley, and soy bean mill feed in ascending order. Calculated net energy values usually increased lineraly with increasing grain for each type of grain with the exception of wheat. Wheat was least acceptable for ruminants."}
{"id": "PMID:946810", "title": "Increased iodine uptake by obese strain thyroid glands transplanted to normal chick embryos.", "content": "The Obese strain (OS) of chickens spontaneously develops autoimmune thyroiditis. Since a defect or abnormality of the thyroid gland may be involved in this disease experiments were performed to compare the iodine uptake of OS with normal thyroid glands. To minimize the interaction of the OS immune system with the thyroid gland during these studies, thyroids were removed from 16-day-old embryos and transferred to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 9-day-old normal White Leghorn (NWL) embryos. NWL thyroid glands were transferred to the same CAM. Six days later the 20-hr 131I uptake of the transplants was determined. Twenty OS thyroid lobes had a mean 131I uptake of 2960 +/- 740 cpm, whereas the NWL thyroids incorporated significantly less iodine (890 +/- 160 cpm; p less than 0.025). These results, along with a previous report suggest that an abnormality of the thyroid gland might be an important factor in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis.", "contents": "Increased iodine uptake by obese strain thyroid glands transplanted to normal chick embryos. The Obese strain (OS) of chickens spontaneously develops autoimmune thyroiditis. Since a defect or abnormality of the thyroid gland may be involved in this disease experiments were performed to compare the iodine uptake of OS with normal thyroid glands. To minimize the interaction of the OS immune system with the thyroid gland during these studies, thyroids were removed from 16-day-old embryos and transferred to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 9-day-old normal White Leghorn (NWL) embryos. NWL thyroid glands were transferred to the same CAM. Six days later the 20-hr 131I uptake of the transplants was determined. Twenty OS thyroid lobes had a mean 131I uptake of 2960 +/- 740 cpm, whereas the NWL thyroids incorporated significantly less iodine (890 +/- 160 cpm; p less than 0.025). These results, along with a previous report suggest that an abnormality of the thyroid gland might be an important factor in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:946811", "title": "The relative paucity of IgE in human milk.", "content": "The levels of IgE were determined in paired samples of serum and milk when whey obtained 3 to 8 days of postpartum, from 16 human lactating mothers who had reported a history of allergy to a variety of common allergens. Two assay procedures were employed to measure total IgE, a double-antibody assay and a commercially available solid phase assay (RIST). In addition, each sample of serum and whey was tested for specific IgE antibodies to a variety of allergens by the RAST test. The levels of total serum IgE were between 30 and 2300 I.U./ml and relatively good agreement was observed for both the double-antibody and RIST methods. In contrast, total IgE levels in milk whey were either undetectable (less than 3.0 I.U./ml in 14 of 16 subjects) or very low when analyzed by the double-antibody method, but were very high (400 to 1650 I.U./ml when analyzed by the RIST method. However, IgE added to milk whey could be measured by the double-antibody procedure indicating that the low levels detected in milk were not a fault of the double-antibody assay. It was assumed that the RIST test was subject to nonspecific interference by factors in milk whey which caused the determination of high, but incorrect, levels of IgE. Specific IgE antibodies were detected in the serum of 10 of 16 subjects but were not present in milk whey. A comparison of the whey/serum ratios of albumin, IgA, and IgE suggested that little, if any, IgE is selectively synthesized or secreted in the mammary gland.", "contents": "The relative paucity of IgE in human milk. The levels of IgE were determined in paired samples of serum and milk when whey obtained 3 to 8 days of postpartum, from 16 human lactating mothers who had reported a history of allergy to a variety of common allergens. Two assay procedures were employed to measure total IgE, a double-antibody assay and a commercially available solid phase assay (RIST). In addition, each sample of serum and whey was tested for specific IgE antibodies to a variety of allergens by the RAST test. The levels of total serum IgE were between 30 and 2300 I.U./ml and relatively good agreement was observed for both the double-antibody and RIST methods. In contrast, total IgE levels in milk whey were either undetectable (less than 3.0 I.U./ml in 14 of 16 subjects) or very low when analyzed by the double-antibody method, but were very high (400 to 1650 I.U./ml when analyzed by the RIST method. However, IgE added to milk whey could be measured by the double-antibody procedure indicating that the low levels detected in milk were not a fault of the double-antibody assay. It was assumed that the RIST test was subject to nonspecific interference by factors in milk whey which caused the determination of high, but incorrect, levels of IgE. Specific IgE antibodies were detected in the serum of 10 of 16 subjects but were not present in milk whey. A comparison of the whey/serum ratios of albumin, IgA, and IgE suggested that little, if any, IgE is selectively synthesized or secreted in the mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:946812", "title": "The effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the release of pulmonary surface active material.", "content": "The secretion of phosphatidylcholine was studied by incubating hamster lung slices which had been prelabeled by the in vivo administration of 14C-labeled choline. The release of 14C-labeled phospholipid into the medium continued for 2 hr. The specific activity of phosphatidylcholine in the medium was one-third that found in the tissue, and the fatty acid composition of the released phosphatidylcholine corresponded to that of surfactant. The prior injection of colchicine resulted in a 60% inhibition of phosphatidylcholine release into the incubation medium. A similar effect was obtained when vinblastine was administered. Colchicine demonstrated no inhibiting effect on the release of protein from lung slices which had been prelabeled by the administration of 14C-labeled leucine. The possible function of the microtubular system in the secretion of surface active components is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the release of pulmonary surface active material. The secretion of phosphatidylcholine was studied by incubating hamster lung slices which had been prelabeled by the in vivo administration of 14C-labeled choline. The release of 14C-labeled phospholipid into the medium continued for 2 hr. The specific activity of phosphatidylcholine in the medium was one-third that found in the tissue, and the fatty acid composition of the released phosphatidylcholine corresponded to that of surfactant. The prior injection of colchicine resulted in a 60% inhibition of phosphatidylcholine release into the incubation medium. A similar effect was obtained when vinblastine was administered. Colchicine demonstrated no inhibiting effect on the release of protein from lung slices which had been prelabeled by the administration of 14C-labeled leucine. The possible function of the microtubular system in the secretion of surface active components is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946813", "title": "The immediate postimplantation development of tetraploid mouse blastocysts.", "content": "The development during and immediately after the implantation period of 143 tetraploid blastocysts was studied both in vitro and in vivo; 58-7% in vitro and 38-8% in vivo were found to exhibit the changes associated with the early implanting blastocyst, i.e. giant cell transformation of the trophoblast and induction of the decidual cell reaction in the uterus. Of these 38-7% in vitro and 19-4% in vivo showed evidence of inner cell mass function during this time but only two in each system could be claimed as showing normal development. Examination of the developing blastocyst leads to the conclusion that lack of cell numbers in the inner cell mass is the most likely reason for the poor development of tetraploid embryos and suggests that the minimum number of ICM cells required to fulfil its role in embryogenesis is between four and eight.", "contents": "The immediate postimplantation development of tetraploid mouse blastocysts. The development during and immediately after the implantation period of 143 tetraploid blastocysts was studied both in vitro and in vivo; 58-7% in vitro and 38-8% in vivo were found to exhibit the changes associated with the early implanting blastocyst, i.e. giant cell transformation of the trophoblast and induction of the decidual cell reaction in the uterus. Of these 38-7% in vitro and 19-4% in vivo showed evidence of inner cell mass function during this time but only two in each system could be claimed as showing normal development. Examination of the developing blastocyst leads to the conclusion that lack of cell numbers in the inner cell mass is the most likely reason for the poor development of tetraploid embryos and suggests that the minimum number of ICM cells required to fulfil its role in embryogenesis is between four and eight."}
{"id": "PMID:946809", "title": "Identical genetic basis for lymphosarcoma and hemolytic anemia in the rabbit.", "content": "Tests for identity of ha (hemolytic anemia) and ls (lymphosarcoma) in the rabbit show that they are both allelic and identical by descent and that the two different conditions result from interaction of these genes with the host genotype. Hemolytic anemia is the primary cause of death in compound heterozygotes (ha/ls) with increasing lympho-proliferative disease with age. Ages at death of histologically confirmed affected rabbits range from 5 days to 22.5  monts with an average of 10.5 months. The symbol ha will now be used to represent the gene for either disorder.", "contents": "Identical genetic basis for lymphosarcoma and hemolytic anemia in the rabbit. Tests for identity of ha (hemolytic anemia) and ls (lymphosarcoma) in the rabbit show that they are both allelic and identical by descent and that the two different conditions result from interaction of these genes with the host genotype. Hemolytic anemia is the primary cause of death in compound heterozygotes (ha/ls) with increasing lympho-proliferative disease with age. Ages at death of histologically confirmed affected rabbits range from 5 days to 22.5  monts with an average of 10.5 months. The symbol ha will now be used to represent the gene for either disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:946814", "title": "The effect of short-term labelling in (3H) thymidine on the viability of mouse blastomeres: alone and in combination with unlabelled blastomeres.", "content": "A method of labelling 8-cell-stage mouse blastomeres with [3H]thymidine is described, which allows them to be followed to the late blastocyst stage and is compatible with normal postimplantation development. However, the [3H]thymidine does affect the postimplantation vigour of the cells when placed in competition with unlabelled cells in blastomere aggregates. This suggests that caution should be used in interpreting results using [3H]thymidine as a label for early mammalian cells.", "contents": "The effect of short-term labelling in (3H) thymidine on the viability of mouse blastomeres: alone and in combination with unlabelled blastomeres. A method of labelling 8-cell-stage mouse blastomeres with [3H]thymidine is described, which allows them to be followed to the late blastocyst stage and is compatible with normal postimplantation development. However, the [3H]thymidine does affect the postimplantation vigour of the cells when placed in competition with unlabelled cells in blastomere aggregates. This suggests that caution should be used in interpreting results using [3H]thymidine as a label for early mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:946817", "title": "Pharmacological evidence for the central serotonergic effects of monomethoxyamphetamines.", "content": "The effects of three monomethoxyamphetamines, dl-para-methoxyamphetamine (dl-PMA), dl-meta-methoxyamphetamine (dl-MMA) and dl-ortho-methyoxyamphetamine (dl-OMA), and d-amphetamine (d-A) on the myoclonic twitch activity (MTA) of PMA, MMA and d-A were found to increase the MTA but OMA was ineffective. The increased MTA induced by d-A was not influenced by the blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor by methysergide or inhibition of 5-HT synthesis by para chlorophenylalamine (PCPA) but was reduced by haloperidol which blocked the dopamine receptor. On the other hand, the increased MTA produced by PMA was not influenced by haloperidol but was reduced by methysergide and PCPA. The increased MTA induced by MMA was not effectively blocked by either PCPA or haloperidol but was blocked by the combination of both PCPA and haloperidol. The results indicate that whereas the increased MTA produced by d-A is not dependent on the availability of 5-HT, PMA exerts by a release of 5-HT and that the MMA effect is due to a release of both 5-HT and dopamine. High doses of PMA and MMA increased the locomotor activity arevious biochemical findings that PMA releases 5-HT in brain tissue and suggests that PMA exerts its pharmacological effects by releasing 5-HT.", "contents": "Pharmacological evidence for the central serotonergic effects of monomethoxyamphetamines. The effects of three monomethoxyamphetamines, dl-para-methoxyamphetamine (dl-PMA), dl-meta-methoxyamphetamine (dl-MMA) and dl-ortho-methyoxyamphetamine (dl-OMA), and d-amphetamine (d-A) on the myoclonic twitch activity (MTA) of PMA, MMA and d-A were found to increase the MTA but OMA was ineffective. The increased MTA induced by d-A was not influenced by the blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor by methysergide or inhibition of 5-HT synthesis by para chlorophenylalamine (PCPA) but was reduced by haloperidol which blocked the dopamine receptor. On the other hand, the increased MTA produced by PMA was not influenced by haloperidol but was reduced by methysergide and PCPA. The increased MTA induced by MMA was not effectively blocked by either PCPA or haloperidol but was blocked by the combination of both PCPA and haloperidol. The results indicate that whereas the increased MTA produced by d-A is not dependent on the availability of 5-HT, PMA exerts by a release of 5-HT and that the MMA effect is due to a release of both 5-HT and dopamine. High doses of PMA and MMA increased the locomotor activity arevious biochemical findings that PMA releases 5-HT in brain tissue and suggests that PMA exerts its pharmacological effects by releasing 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:946818", "title": "Comparative effects of niridazole on spermatogenesis and reproductive capacity in the mouse, rat and Japanese quail.", "content": "Niridazole is an effective schistosomicidal compound which, at lower dose levels, affects schistosome gonads. Its antifertility and possible mutagenic effects after various courses of oral treatment were compared in mice, rats and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In all three species the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis was particularly affected. In mice the highest dose rate (five daily doses of 100 mg/kg) produced sterility during the 4th week. Rats were more susceptible, the compound producing prolonged and, in some animals, permanent sterility against which HCG treatment offered no protection. In quail only a brief phase of sterility occurred. Niridazole appears to be non-mutagenic since dominant lethal mutations were not produced in dose-response studies. Minimal changes in testis histology occurred in the mouse, but in rats severe damage persisted even in animals which had recovered their fertility.", "contents": "Comparative effects of niridazole on spermatogenesis and reproductive capacity in the mouse, rat and Japanese quail. Niridazole is an effective schistosomicidal compound which, at lower dose levels, affects schistosome gonads. Its antifertility and possible mutagenic effects after various courses of oral treatment were compared in mice, rats and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In all three species the meiotic stage of spermatogenesis was particularly affected. In mice the highest dose rate (five daily doses of 100 mg/kg) produced sterility during the 4th week. Rats were more susceptible, the compound producing prolonged and, in some animals, permanent sterility against which HCG treatment offered no protection. In quail only a brief phase of sterility occurred. Niridazole appears to be non-mutagenic since dominant lethal mutations were not produced in dose-response studies. Minimal changes in testis histology occurred in the mouse, but in rats severe damage persisted even in animals which had recovered their fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:946820", "title": "Correction of stereological parameters from biased samples on nucleated particle phases. I. Nuclear volume fraction.", "content": "Stereologists are aware that the experimental evaluation of component volume fractions and surface-to-volume ratios are subject to systematic errors whenever the requirements for cell identification impose the necessity for component-biased sectioning. Mathematical corrections of biased volume proportion data have recently been published; these corrections assume that the components under analysis are spherical, and that the nucleated particle phase is monodispersed. In this report, general methods for obtaining corrections of biased nuclear volume fraction data are set out for polydispersed phases of nucleated particles, in terms of the relevant shapes and joint size distribution of nucleus and cell; the scope and limitations of these methods are thereby discussed. Explicit corrections of an immediate applicability are obtained, together with their standard errors, for monodispersed phases where nucleus and cell are two dissimilar biaxial ellipsoids (spheroids). When nucleus and cell are two concentric and similar convex bodies of a certain class--to which triaxial ellipsoids belong--the corrections are shown to be very simple. The corrections for the spheroid-spheroid systems are easily accessible with the aid of a small programmable calculator, whereas those for the sphere-spheroid models are directly obtainable from two nomograms.", "contents": "Correction of stereological parameters from biased samples on nucleated particle phases. I. Nuclear volume fraction. Stereologists are aware that the experimental evaluation of component volume fractions and surface-to-volume ratios are subject to systematic errors whenever the requirements for cell identification impose the necessity for component-biased sectioning. Mathematical corrections of biased volume proportion data have recently been published; these corrections assume that the components under analysis are spherical, and that the nucleated particle phase is monodispersed. In this report, general methods for obtaining corrections of biased nuclear volume fraction data are set out for polydispersed phases of nucleated particles, in terms of the relevant shapes and joint size distribution of nucleus and cell; the scope and limitations of these methods are thereby discussed. Explicit corrections of an immediate applicability are obtained, together with their standard errors, for monodispersed phases where nucleus and cell are two dissimilar biaxial ellipsoids (spheroids). When nucleus and cell are two concentric and similar convex bodies of a certain class--to which triaxial ellipsoids belong--the corrections are shown to be very simple. The corrections for the spheroid-spheroid systems are easily accessible with the aid of a small programmable calculator, whereas those for the sphere-spheroid models are directly obtainable from two nomograms."}
{"id": "PMID:946821", "title": "Correction of stereological parameters from biased samples on nucleated particle phases. II. Specific surface area.", "content": "General formulations for correcting component-biased S/V estimates on polydispersed phases of nucleated particles are set out. Direct application of these corrections to monodispersed phases where nucleus and cell are spheroids, yield explicit corrections. As a rule, the corrected specific surface area of the containing bodies equals the product of the nuclear-biased estimate times a correction coefficient, which is bigger than one, and depends upon the shape of the components and the relative volume of nucleus-in-cell. Reference curves which allow a rapid obtention of the correction factor, are provided. Simple formulae for correcting biased surface density and surface-to-volume ratio estimates other than the specific surface area, are also given, together with the standard errors of the corrected parameters.", "contents": "Correction of stereological parameters from biased samples on nucleated particle phases. II. Specific surface area. General formulations for correcting component-biased S/V estimates on polydispersed phases of nucleated particles are set out. Direct application of these corrections to monodispersed phases where nucleus and cell are spheroids, yield explicit corrections. As a rule, the corrected specific surface area of the containing bodies equals the product of the nuclear-biased estimate times a correction coefficient, which is bigger than one, and depends upon the shape of the components and the relative volume of nucleus-in-cell. Reference curves which allow a rapid obtention of the correction factor, are provided. Simple formulae for correcting biased surface density and surface-to-volume ratio estimates other than the specific surface area, are also given, together with the standard errors of the corrected parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:946822", "title": "Compensator transducer increases ease, accuracy, and rapidity of measuring changes in specimen birefringence with polarization microscopy.", "content": "An instrument has been designed to improve substantially the efficiency and convenience of measuring specimen birefringence retardation (BR) with a conventional Brace-K\u00f6hler compensator. The design is based on the precise transduction of the angular position of the compensator's Vernier dial to an easily visible red-illuminated display on a digital voltmeter. The instrument display is accurate to within 0.1 degrees over a range of +/-25 degrees in the compensator vernier dial position which is similar to the precision obtainable with an ordinary vernier and the Brace-K\u00f6hler method of measuring BR of biological specimens. For convenience in data reduction the display can also be read directly in nanometre units, with a similar precision for specimen BR in the range of 5 nm or less which is typical of birefringent fine structures in living cells.", "contents": "Compensator transducer increases ease, accuracy, and rapidity of measuring changes in specimen birefringence with polarization microscopy. An instrument has been designed to improve substantially the efficiency and convenience of measuring specimen birefringence retardation (BR) with a conventional Brace-K\u00f6hler compensator. The design is based on the precise transduction of the angular position of the compensator's Vernier dial to an easily visible red-illuminated display on a digital voltmeter. The instrument display is accurate to within 0.1 degrees over a range of +/-25 degrees in the compensator vernier dial position which is similar to the precision obtainable with an ordinary vernier and the Brace-K\u00f6hler method of measuring BR of biological specimens. For convenience in data reduction the display can also be read directly in nanometre units, with a similar precision for specimen BR in the range of 5 nm or less which is typical of birefringent fine structures in living cells."}
{"id": "PMID:946823", "title": "Potential hazards of uranium and its compounds in electron microscopy: a brief review.", "content": "Uranium and its compounds are radioactive and highly toxic. Although well documented in the specialized literature the potential hazards are little known among microscopists. Labelling of these compounds does not indicate potential hazards sufficiently.", "contents": "Potential hazards of uranium and its compounds in electron microscopy: a brief review. Uranium and its compounds are radioactive and highly toxic. Although well documented in the specialized literature the potential hazards are little known among microscopists. Labelling of these compounds does not indicate potential hazards sufficiently."}
{"id": "PMID:946825", "title": "Analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs using the hypothetical grain analysis method.", "content": "Cross-fire between adjacent labelled sources can often introduce problems in the analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs. A general method is described which makes allowance for this cross-fire and is then applied to the analysis of autoradiographs of 3H-proline in the accessory olfactory bulb of the mouse. It is shown how the method allows estimates to be made of the radioactivity of the various cell types and the accuracy of these estimates and the errors in obtaining them are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs using the hypothetical grain analysis method. Cross-fire between adjacent labelled sources can often introduce problems in the analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs. A general method is described which makes allowance for this cross-fire and is then applied to the analysis of autoradiographs of 3H-proline in the accessory olfactory bulb of the mouse. It is shown how the method allows estimates to be made of the radioactivity of the various cell types and the accuracy of these estimates and the errors in obtaining them are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946826", "title": "EM autoradiography of non-sectioned biological material.", "content": "Methods of EM autoradiography suitable for the study of non-sectioned biological material deposited on a support film from suspension are described. The methods, which include modified procedures for specimen support and emulsion preparation, may also have advantages for the study of any specimen where physical separation of specimen and emulsion is desirable. In a study of the growth of 125I-labelled collagen fibrils reconstituted from solution in vitro, these procedures have allowed the production of EM autoradiographs which show a high resolution and are free from stress artefacts and chemography.", "contents": "EM autoradiography of non-sectioned biological material. Methods of EM autoradiography suitable for the study of non-sectioned biological material deposited on a support film from suspension are described. The methods, which include modified procedures for specimen support and emulsion preparation, may also have advantages for the study of any specimen where physical separation of specimen and emulsion is desirable. In a study of the growth of 125I-labelled collagen fibrils reconstituted from solution in vitro, these procedures have allowed the production of EM autoradiographs which show a high resolution and are free from stress artefacts and chemography."}
{"id": "PMID:946827", "title": "The use of direct deposition electron microscope autoradiography in studies of protein transport.", "content": "The use of direct deposition autoradiography in studies of the localization of proteins labelled with radio-iodine or tritium in the epithelia of fetal, suckling, and adult animals is described. Using a single marker in the first place, rabbit IgG and bovine IgG have been seen both in the vacuolar apparatus and also free in the cytoplasm of endodermal cells of the rabbit yolk-sac splanchnopleur. This has been confirmed in those cells using a combination of bovine IgG marked with tritium and rabbit IgG marked with 125I, presented simultaneously to the cells. Both proteins are present, apparently equally, attached to the brush border and distributed through the cytoplasm, as well as within vacuoles. Selection does not take place before or during entry to the cell, as has been suggested by quantitative results which have been reported elsewhere. It is hoped that the use of two markers together will permit localization of the selective process. In the adult rat gut, both isotopes have been demonstrated entering and within and leaving the ileal cell, confirming quantitative results reported elsewhere.", "contents": "The use of direct deposition electron microscope autoradiography in studies of protein transport. The use of direct deposition autoradiography in studies of the localization of proteins labelled with radio-iodine or tritium in the epithelia of fetal, suckling, and adult animals is described. Using a single marker in the first place, rabbit IgG and bovine IgG have been seen both in the vacuolar apparatus and also free in the cytoplasm of endodermal cells of the rabbit yolk-sac splanchnopleur. This has been confirmed in those cells using a combination of bovine IgG marked with tritium and rabbit IgG marked with 125I, presented simultaneously to the cells. Both proteins are present, apparently equally, attached to the brush border and distributed through the cytoplasm, as well as within vacuoles. Selection does not take place before or during entry to the cell, as has been suggested by quantitative results which have been reported elsewhere. It is hoped that the use of two markers together will permit localization of the selective process. In the adult rat gut, both isotopes have been demonstrated entering and within and leaving the ileal cell, confirming quantitative results reported elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:946828", "title": "High-resolution autoradiography of 3H-ouabain binding in salt transporting epithelia.", "content": "The distribution of salt transporting sites in epithelia is a problem of special interest to electrolyte metabolism. Autoradiography of freeze-dried plastic embedded tissue was used to localize 3H-ouabain in rabbit small intestine and renal medulla and gills of killifish. Resolution approaching theoretical limits for tritium at the light microscope level was achieved. The results of several tests are presented which demonstrate the resolution of the method and the specificity of the observed ouabain binding patterns. A large uptake of ouabain was found along the basolateral membranes of the enterocyte, thick ascending tubules and chloride cells (fish gill).", "contents": "High-resolution autoradiography of 3H-ouabain binding in salt transporting epithelia. The distribution of salt transporting sites in epithelia is a problem of special interest to electrolyte metabolism. Autoradiography of freeze-dried plastic embedded tissue was used to localize 3H-ouabain in rabbit small intestine and renal medulla and gills of killifish. Resolution approaching theoretical limits for tritium at the light microscope level was achieved. The results of several tests are presented which demonstrate the resolution of the method and the specificity of the observed ouabain binding patterns. A large uptake of ouabain was found along the basolateral membranes of the enterocyte, thick ascending tubules and chloride cells (fish gill)."}
{"id": "PMID:946829", "title": "Autoradiographic studies of DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Using long exposures of stripping film autoradiographs before processing, mixtures of weakly and strongly labelled nuclei were seen in different areas of the mouse spleen. Previous results (Harris et al., 1973) led to the conclusion that many cells, not in division cycle, were labelling with (3H) thymidine and that this process was important for the development of specific antibody-producing cells following stimulation with an antigen such as sheep red cells (SRC). The present data are an analysis of the (3H) thymidine labelling kinetics in the spleens of mice reared in conventional or germ-free conditions. The labelling seen in the 24 h following an injection of (3H) thymidine could best be interpreted on the basis of synthesis of unstable DNA. The changes in the pattern, and distribution of labelled nuclei as well as the intensity of their labelling was not compatible with cell division only, but was also the result of movement of labelled material between the lymphoid cells of the organ. Germ-free mice were followed for 24 days following a single injection of (3H) thymidine. The rate of uptake of label into the spleen was much slower than has been found previously in mice reared in conventional conditions. When SRC were injected 2 h after giving (3H) thymidine the labelling of lymphoid cells in the spleen and blood was quite different to controls given (3H) thymidine alone. Detailed analysis indicated that turnover of labelled material, presumably DNA, as well as cells was involved. This turnover of DNA could be considered to be metabolic in the sense that renewal, increase in amount, loss, and transfer to other cells were involved. These, and other studies, in vivo (Harris & Olsen, 1973) and in vitro (Harris et al. 1975) indicate that such processes, involving DNA, are highly relevant to the development of antibody-producing capacity by cells responding to antigenic challenge.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies of DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissues. Using long exposures of stripping film autoradiographs before processing, mixtures of weakly and strongly labelled nuclei were seen in different areas of the mouse spleen. Previous results (Harris et al., 1973) led to the conclusion that many cells, not in division cycle, were labelling with (3H) thymidine and that this process was important for the development of specific antibody-producing cells following stimulation with an antigen such as sheep red cells (SRC). The present data are an analysis of the (3H) thymidine labelling kinetics in the spleens of mice reared in conventional or germ-free conditions. The labelling seen in the 24 h following an injection of (3H) thymidine could best be interpreted on the basis of synthesis of unstable DNA. The changes in the pattern, and distribution of labelled nuclei as well as the intensity of their labelling was not compatible with cell division only, but was also the result of movement of labelled material between the lymphoid cells of the organ. Germ-free mice were followed for 24 days following a single injection of (3H) thymidine. The rate of uptake of label into the spleen was much slower than has been found previously in mice reared in conventional conditions. When SRC were injected 2 h after giving (3H) thymidine the labelling of lymphoid cells in the spleen and blood was quite different to controls given (3H) thymidine alone. Detailed analysis indicated that turnover of labelled material, presumably DNA, as well as cells was involved. This turnover of DNA could be considered to be metabolic in the sense that renewal, increase in amount, loss, and transfer to other cells were involved. These, and other studies, in vivo (Harris & Olsen, 1973) and in vitro (Harris et al. 1975) indicate that such processes, involving DNA, are highly relevant to the development of antibody-producing capacity by cells responding to antigenic challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:946830", "title": "Molecular hybridization of RNA and DNA in situ\" visualization at the electron microscope level.", "content": "Electron microscopic visualization of molecular hybrids formed in situ is feasible at the present time. It can be accomplished by two alternative approaches. In one, the in situ hybridization is carried out on ultrathin sections of target embedded in glycol methacrylate. In the other, whole cells are used for hybridization and they are subsequently prepared for electron microscopy. The choice of the method to be adopted depends on the type of target tissue. When there is a choice, the second approach seems preferable. Some of the important technical steps in the hybridization procedure, such as DNA denaturation in ultrathin sections, have been discussed and attention has been drawn to practical problems that may arise during the preparatory steps. Our light microscope experiments demonstrate that preparations made after glutaraldehyde fixation have a lower hybridization efficiency than those fixed with 3 : 1 methanol-acetic acid. Attempts are therefore being made to explore the possibility of using methanol-acetic acid for electron microscope in situ hybridization. First results of straight-forward fixation show that the preservation of nuclear structure may be fairly satisfactory for the purpose. However, the cumultative effects of subsequent treatments in the procedure still remain to be examined. For electron microscope autoradiograph (EM ARG) of hybridized preparations, the most suitable emulsion at present appears to be Ilford L4. Various factors conductive to optimum resolution consistent with maximum efficiency in this emulsion have been pointed out. Practical problems that may arise in autoradiographs of hybridized preparations such as background and variation of grain density in adjacent sections have also been considered.", "contents": "Molecular hybridization of RNA and DNA in situ\" visualization at the electron microscope level. Electron microscopic visualization of molecular hybrids formed in situ is feasible at the present time. It can be accomplished by two alternative approaches. In one, the in situ hybridization is carried out on ultrathin sections of target embedded in glycol methacrylate. In the other, whole cells are used for hybridization and they are subsequently prepared for electron microscopy. The choice of the method to be adopted depends on the type of target tissue. When there is a choice, the second approach seems preferable. Some of the important technical steps in the hybridization procedure, such as DNA denaturation in ultrathin sections, have been discussed and attention has been drawn to practical problems that may arise during the preparatory steps. Our light microscope experiments demonstrate that preparations made after glutaraldehyde fixation have a lower hybridization efficiency than those fixed with 3 : 1 methanol-acetic acid. Attempts are therefore being made to explore the possibility of using methanol-acetic acid for electron microscope in situ hybridization. First results of straight-forward fixation show that the preservation of nuclear structure may be fairly satisfactory for the purpose. However, the cumultative effects of subsequent treatments in the procedure still remain to be examined. For electron microscope autoradiograph (EM ARG) of hybridized preparations, the most suitable emulsion at present appears to be Ilford L4. Various factors conductive to optimum resolution consistent with maximum efficiency in this emulsion have been pointed out. Practical problems that may arise in autoradiographs of hybridized preparations such as background and variation of grain density in adjacent sections have also been considered."}
{"id": "PMID:946831", "title": "Hyperactivity and faster replicating property of the two arms of the male X of Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "The two arms of the X chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura have different phylogenetic origin, the XL being homologous to the X and the XR homologous to the 3L of D. melanogaster. The replicative and transcriptive activities of the two arms have been examined in order to understand how such phylogenetically different components of the X contribute toward the chromosomal basis of dosage compensation. The 3H-uridine labelled autoradiograms of the polytene chromosomes of larval salivary glands reveal that the intensity of labelling in the XL and XR of the male is not significantly different from that in the two arms of the female, respectively. The number of grains on the two arms plotted against the grain number on an autosome follows a linear regression, and neither slope in the male is significantly different from its counterpart in the female. The 3H-thymidine autoradiograms show that in all phases of replication, viz. initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X chromosome in the male are advanced by one step in the cycle. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X of D. pseudoobscura, are hyperactive and faster replicating in the male. Such a situation might arise due to a primary signal coming from autosomally located regulators controlling the super-operon structure of the X chromosomal genes.", "contents": "Hyperactivity and faster replicating property of the two arms of the male X of Drosophila pseudoobscura. The two arms of the X chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura have different phylogenetic origin, the XL being homologous to the X and the XR homologous to the 3L of D. melanogaster. The replicative and transcriptive activities of the two arms have been examined in order to understand how such phylogenetically different components of the X contribute toward the chromosomal basis of dosage compensation. The 3H-uridine labelled autoradiograms of the polytene chromosomes of larval salivary glands reveal that the intensity of labelling in the XL and XR of the male is not significantly different from that in the two arms of the female, respectively. The number of grains on the two arms plotted against the grain number on an autosome follows a linear regression, and neither slope in the male is significantly different from its counterpart in the female. The 3H-thymidine autoradiograms show that in all phases of replication, viz. initial, middle and terminal, both arms of the X chromosome in the male are advanced by one step in the cycle. Results, therefore, suggest that both arms of the X of D. pseudoobscura, are hyperactive and faster replicating in the male. Such a situation might arise due to a primary signal coming from autosomally located regulators controlling the super-operon structure of the X chromosomal genes."}
{"id": "PMID:946832", "title": "Cell proliferation in the prostate complex of the castrate mouse.", "content": "Cell proliferation during 100 h of continuous androgen challenge was studied in the seminal vesicle and coagulating gland of Balb/c mice castrated 3 days or 14 days prior to the first daily injection of 250 mug testosterone propionate. Continuous labelling with [3H] thymidine indicated that the seminal vesicle was almost totally responsive to androgen, as early as 3 days after castration, whereas the androgen sensitivity of the coagulating gland increased from 30% at 3 days after castration to 85% at 14 days after castration. In both tissues the magnitude of the proliferative reaction could be related to the extent of cell loss prior to stimulation. The duration of the pre-replicative phase in the response of the seminal vesicle to androgen was 20-25 h both at 3 and 14 days after castration. In the coagulating gland the pre-replicative phase was 40 h at 3 days after castration and 20 h at 14 days after castration. The maximum uptake of [7alpha-3H] testosterone administered to mice 3 days after castration was significantly greater (P less than 0-01) in the seminal vesicle compared to the coagulating gland. At 14 days the seminal vesicle and coagulating gland exhibited a similar capacity for uptake. The in vivo metabolism of [7alpha-3H] testosterone was studied by thin layer chromatography 30 min and 120 min after administration. A high proportion of the radioactivity extracted from all the tissues was associated with highly polar steroids. At 3 days after castration, the seminal vesicle, 2 h after administration of radioactive testosterone, retained a much higher proportion of radioactivity associated with dihydrotestosterone than did the coagulating gland. The localization of steroid in mice 3 days after castration was studied by dry-mount autoradiography at intervals up to 2 h after the injection of [1,2,6,7(n)-3H]-testosterone. A heavier deposition of silver grains was observed over autoradiographs of the seminal vesicle. In the seminal vesicle the grains were primarily located over nuclear areas whereas in the coagulating gland the grains were diffusely distributed over both nuclear areas and over cytoplasmic areas.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in the prostate complex of the castrate mouse. Cell proliferation during 100 h of continuous androgen challenge was studied in the seminal vesicle and coagulating gland of Balb/c mice castrated 3 days or 14 days prior to the first daily injection of 250 mug testosterone propionate. Continuous labelling with [3H] thymidine indicated that the seminal vesicle was almost totally responsive to androgen, as early as 3 days after castration, whereas the androgen sensitivity of the coagulating gland increased from 30% at 3 days after castration to 85% at 14 days after castration. In both tissues the magnitude of the proliferative reaction could be related to the extent of cell loss prior to stimulation. The duration of the pre-replicative phase in the response of the seminal vesicle to androgen was 20-25 h both at 3 and 14 days after castration. In the coagulating gland the pre-replicative phase was 40 h at 3 days after castration and 20 h at 14 days after castration. The maximum uptake of [7alpha-3H] testosterone administered to mice 3 days after castration was significantly greater (P less than 0-01) in the seminal vesicle compared to the coagulating gland. At 14 days the seminal vesicle and coagulating gland exhibited a similar capacity for uptake. The in vivo metabolism of [7alpha-3H] testosterone was studied by thin layer chromatography 30 min and 120 min after administration. A high proportion of the radioactivity extracted from all the tissues was associated with highly polar steroids. At 3 days after castration, the seminal vesicle, 2 h after administration of radioactive testosterone, retained a much higher proportion of radioactivity associated with dihydrotestosterone than did the coagulating gland. The localization of steroid in mice 3 days after castration was studied by dry-mount autoradiography at intervals up to 2 h after the injection of [1,2,6,7(n)-3H]-testosterone. A heavier deposition of silver grains was observed over autoradiographs of the seminal vesicle. In the seminal vesicle the grains were primarily located over nuclear areas whereas in the coagulating gland the grains were diffusely distributed over both nuclear areas and over cytoplasmic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:946833", "title": "Proliferative characteristics of epithelial cells in the pregnant rat uterus.", "content": "In the pregnant rat, killed at about mid gestation and 1 h after injection of tritiated thymidine, 40% of the cells in the epithelium lining the uterine lumen at the implantation site were labelled. Between implantation sites fewer than 20% of the surface epithelial cells were labelled. A series of rats was given tritiated thymidine on day 12 of pregnancy and killed at intervals in the next 30 h. A percentage labelled mitoses analysis of the epithelium between implantation sites (interconceptual) and within the implantation site (conceptual) showed that cells in either region spent 7 h in DNA synthesis and 1-5 h in the G2 + 1/2 MITOSIS PHASES. The epithelial cells in the conceptual region spent 1-5 h in the G1 + 1/2 MITOSIS PHASES WHEREAS CELLS IN INTERCONCEPTual regions spent at least 11-5 h in these phases. The average cycle times of cells in conceptual regions was 10 h: in interconceptual regions minimum cycle time was 20 h and the average appeared to be considerably longer. The grain count of the epithelial cells in the conceptual region was rapidly reduced during the 30 h after injection of tritiated thymidine suggesting successive rounds of cell division. In contrast the grain count distribution of cells in interconceptual regions changed only slowly during this time. The percentage of labelled epithelial cells was determined in the animals killed up to 30 h after injection of tritiated thymidine. In both conceptual and interconceptual regions these percentages increased initially as labelled cells produced labelled progeny. In the conceptual region the increase was not maintained after 7 h as cells initially in G1 divided to give unlabelled progeny. In the interconceptual region the increase in the percentage of labelled cells continued for 14 h; thereafter the percentage did not significantly alter. The interpretation of these results is discussed in relation to the differences in the kinetic characteristics of the epithelial cells in the two regions and in relation to the morphology of the epithelium lining the uterus during pregnancy.", "contents": "Proliferative characteristics of epithelial cells in the pregnant rat uterus. In the pregnant rat, killed at about mid gestation and 1 h after injection of tritiated thymidine, 40% of the cells in the epithelium lining the uterine lumen at the implantation site were labelled. Between implantation sites fewer than 20% of the surface epithelial cells were labelled. A series of rats was given tritiated thymidine on day 12 of pregnancy and killed at intervals in the next 30 h. A percentage labelled mitoses analysis of the epithelium between implantation sites (interconceptual) and within the implantation site (conceptual) showed that cells in either region spent 7 h in DNA synthesis and 1-5 h in the G2 + 1/2 MITOSIS PHASES. The epithelial cells in the conceptual region spent 1-5 h in the G1 + 1/2 MITOSIS PHASES WHEREAS CELLS IN INTERCONCEPTual regions spent at least 11-5 h in these phases. The average cycle times of cells in conceptual regions was 10 h: in interconceptual regions minimum cycle time was 20 h and the average appeared to be considerably longer. The grain count of the epithelial cells in the conceptual region was rapidly reduced during the 30 h after injection of tritiated thymidine suggesting successive rounds of cell division. In contrast the grain count distribution of cells in interconceptual regions changed only slowly during this time. The percentage of labelled epithelial cells was determined in the animals killed up to 30 h after injection of tritiated thymidine. In both conceptual and interconceptual regions these percentages increased initially as labelled cells produced labelled progeny. In the conceptual region the increase was not maintained after 7 h as cells initially in G1 divided to give unlabelled progeny. In the interconceptual region the increase in the percentage of labelled cells continued for 14 h; thereafter the percentage did not significantly alter. The interpretation of these results is discussed in relation to the differences in the kinetic characteristics of the epithelial cells in the two regions and in relation to the morphology of the epithelium lining the uterus during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:946834", "title": "A practical approach for lateral meniscectomy.", "content": "A variant surgical approach to the lateral meniscus is described in an effort to overcome the difficulties encountered in the region of the anterior horn of this meniscus. The knee is braced in 90 degrees of flexion and the incision is made from the lower lateral side of the patella, extending down and back for 4-5 cm.", "contents": "A practical approach for lateral meniscectomy. A variant surgical approach to the lateral meniscus is described in an effort to overcome the difficulties encountered in the region of the anterior horn of this meniscus. The knee is braced in 90 degrees of flexion and the incision is made from the lower lateral side of the patella, extending down and back for 4-5 cm."}
{"id": "PMID:946844", "title": "Rubella immunization. Persistence of antibody four years after a large-scale field trial.", "content": "A long-term comparative field trial of three live, attenuated rubella vaccines (HPV-77 DE-5, HPV-77 DK-12, and Cendehill) was initiated in 1969 on the islands of Kauai and Hawaii in the state of Hawaii. Rubella hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests on prevaccination serum specimens from 7,931 children in the two study areas indicated an overall susceptibility to rubella of nearly 70%. The rates of seroconversion of 5,153 seronegative subjects to HPV-77 DE-5, HPV-77 DK-12, and Cendehill vaccine were 97.5%, 99.9%, and 99.8%, respectively. Over the subsequent four-year follow-up period, during which time natural exposure to rubella was minimal, the percent decline of geometric mean titers did not vary substantially among the three vaccine groups and measured about twofold for all three. A total of only 28 vaccines (0.7%) who seroconverted to one of the vaccines in 1969 lost all measurable antibody by 1974. Measurable antibody persisted in more than 98% of all vaccinees over the four-year period. Reinfection, thought possibly to be an important factor in maintaining titers, did not occur frequently in the study population and could not be related to outbreaks of disease.", "contents": "Rubella immunization. Persistence of antibody four years after a large-scale field trial. A long-term comparative field trial of three live, attenuated rubella vaccines (HPV-77 DE-5, HPV-77 DK-12, and Cendehill) was initiated in 1969 on the islands of Kauai and Hawaii in the state of Hawaii. Rubella hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests on prevaccination serum specimens from 7,931 children in the two study areas indicated an overall susceptibility to rubella of nearly 70%. The rates of seroconversion of 5,153 seronegative subjects to HPV-77 DE-5, HPV-77 DK-12, and Cendehill vaccine were 97.5%, 99.9%, and 99.8%, respectively. Over the subsequent four-year follow-up period, during which time natural exposure to rubella was minimal, the percent decline of geometric mean titers did not vary substantially among the three vaccine groups and measured about twofold for all three. A total of only 28 vaccines (0.7%) who seroconverted to one of the vaccines in 1969 lost all measurable antibody by 1974. Measurable antibody persisted in more than 98% of all vaccinees over the four-year period. Reinfection, thought possibly to be an important factor in maintaining titers, did not occur frequently in the study population and could not be related to outbreaks of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:946846", "title": "Bilaterally small kidneys in shock.", "content": "Three cases of \"shock kidneys\" were demonstrated by excretory urography. A dense, prolonged nephrogram and decreased excretion of the contrast material during the hypotensive episode were seen. In addition, our cases show bilaterally small kidneys without evidence of underlying chronic renal disease, which we consider to be a normal physiologic response.", "contents": "Bilaterally small kidneys in shock. Three cases of \"shock kidneys\" were demonstrated by excretory urography. A dense, prolonged nephrogram and decreased excretion of the contrast material during the hypotensive episode were seen. In addition, our cases show bilaterally small kidneys without evidence of underlying chronic renal disease, which we consider to be a normal physiologic response."}
{"id": "PMID:946847", "title": "Thrombocytopenia associated with long-term levodopa therapy.", "content": "A 63-year-old man had severe thrombocytopenia after long-term levodopa therapy. Serologic studies and clinical features indicate that the thrombocytopenia was due to an autoimmune process, presumably similar to that induced by the chemically similar drug methyldopa. Direct allergy to levodopa was ruled out by controlled challenge of the patient receiving levodopa. Combined levodopa-prednisone therapy was then instituted, with good clinical response and no recurrence of thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia associated with long-term levodopa therapy. A 63-year-old man had severe thrombocytopenia after long-term levodopa therapy. Serologic studies and clinical features indicate that the thrombocytopenia was due to an autoimmune process, presumably similar to that induced by the chemically similar drug methyldopa. Direct allergy to levodopa was ruled out by controlled challenge of the patient receiving levodopa. Combined levodopa-prednisone therapy was then instituted, with good clinical response and no recurrence of thrombocytopenia."}
{"id": "PMID:946863", "title": "Family practitioners' knowledge about treatment of depressive illness.", "content": "Since nonpsychiatrists, particularly family practitioners, treat a large proportion of patients with depressive illness, their knowledge in this area should be assessed. An audience of 227 family practitioners at a postgraduate symposium were examined on basic principles of treatment of depressive illness, particularly the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Their responses were compared to a group of 17 university psychiatrists. The results showed that the family practitioners knew the right treatment for endogenous depression but tended to prescribe inadequate doses of tricyclics and gave too short a therapeutic trial as compared to psychiatrists. Both the psychiatrists and family practitioners tended to discontinue medications about three to six months after improvement, which is considered a somewhat short treatment span but not inappropriate. Family practitioners need to become better informed about tricyclic dosages and therapeutic trials.", "contents": "Family practitioners' knowledge about treatment of depressive illness. Since nonpsychiatrists, particularly family practitioners, treat a large proportion of patients with depressive illness, their knowledge in this area should be assessed. An audience of 227 family practitioners at a postgraduate symposium were examined on basic principles of treatment of depressive illness, particularly the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Their responses were compared to a group of 17 university psychiatrists. The results showed that the family practitioners knew the right treatment for endogenous depression but tended to prescribe inadequate doses of tricyclics and gave too short a therapeutic trial as compared to psychiatrists. Both the psychiatrists and family practitioners tended to discontinue medications about three to six months after improvement, which is considered a somewhat short treatment span but not inappropriate. Family practitioners need to become better informed about tricyclic dosages and therapeutic trials."}
{"id": "PMID:946864", "title": "Successful detoxification from methadone maintenance. Follow-up study of 38 patients.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients were successfully detoxified from maintenance with methadone hydrochloride. Contrary to results of most previous studies, a substantial number of individuals were found to have remained  drug-free, employed, and uninvolved with the criminal justice system since detoxification. Almost half of those who returned to drug use have become reinvolved in treatment. Escalated alcohol use occurred during and following methadone maintenance.", "contents": "Successful detoxification from methadone maintenance. Follow-up study of 38 patients. Thirty-eight patients were successfully detoxified from maintenance with methadone hydrochloride. Contrary to results of most previous studies, a substantial number of individuals were found to have remained  drug-free, employed, and uninvolved with the criminal justice system since detoxification. Almost half of those who returned to drug use have become reinvolved in treatment. Escalated alcohol use occurred during and following methadone maintenance."}
{"id": "PMID:946865", "title": "Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. IX. Transient ischemic attacks in the carotid territory.", "content": "This prospective analysis of 79 patients with transient carotid ischemic attacks (TIAs) showed that only 15% of them subsequently had strokes causing serious disability or death. They were followed up from one to nine years. All had arteriography  during initial evaluation. Most of the patients who suffered strokes had at least one additional risk factor for stroke, such as hypertension or a cardiac problem. Today it is probably impossible to collect data on the natural history of untreated TIAs, inasmuch as virtually all patients are receiving either specific medical or surgical therapy.", "contents": "Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. IX. Transient ischemic attacks in the carotid territory. This prospective analysis of 79 patients with transient carotid ischemic attacks (TIAs) showed that only 15% of them subsequently had strokes causing serious disability or death. They were followed up from one to nine years. All had arteriography  during initial evaluation. Most of the patients who suffered strokes had at least one additional risk factor for stroke, such as hypertension or a cardiac problem. Today it is probably impossible to collect data on the natural history of untreated TIAs, inasmuch as virtually all patients are receiving either specific medical or surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:946866", "title": "Aluminum \"pop tops\". A hazard to child health.", "content": "In a 3 1/2- year period, seven children have been treated for complications of ingestion or aspiration of pull tabs from aluminum beverage cans. One child died from a fistula between the esophagus and a branch of the aortic arch, and two children suffered esophageal perforation with local abscess formation. Since aluminum absorbs x-rays poorly, the pull tabs cannot be seen in frontal projection if they overlie vertebral bodies. Any toddler with unexplained alteration of feeding habits or persistent respiratory symptoms requires evaluation for an aspirated or ingested foreign body.", "contents": "Aluminum \"pop tops\". A hazard to child health. In a 3 1/2- year period, seven children have been treated for complications of ingestion or aspiration of pull tabs from aluminum beverage cans. One child died from a fistula between the esophagus and a branch of the aortic arch, and two children suffered esophageal perforation with local abscess formation. Since aluminum absorbs x-rays poorly, the pull tabs cannot be seen in frontal projection if they overlie vertebral bodies. Any toddler with unexplained alteration of feeding habits or persistent respiratory symptoms requires evaluation for an aspirated or ingested foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:946867", "title": "The Accelerated Medical Program and the Liberal Arts at Boston University.", "content": "Since September 1961, fifteen classes have matriculated in Boston University's Six- Year College of Liberal Arts--Medical Education Combined Degree Program. The  applicant pool is approximately three to four times larger now than in the earlier years, with classes averaging 50 students. Academic qualifications (high-school class rank and Scholastic Aptitude Test and College Board Achievement Test results) of the entering  classes have been at a consistently high level. Fifty percent or more of the graduates receive the BA degree with honors; 10% or more receive the MD degree with honors. The degree of flexibility in  the liberal arts component of the program has increased and currently exceeds that of the traditional four-year premedical curriculum. These data, together with additional information concerning postgraduate professional activities, indicate that the combined accelerated program has been successful.", "contents": "The Accelerated Medical Program and the Liberal Arts at Boston University. Since September 1961, fifteen classes have matriculated in Boston University's Six- Year College of Liberal Arts--Medical Education Combined Degree Program. The  applicant pool is approximately three to four times larger now than in the earlier years, with classes averaging 50 students. Academic qualifications (high-school class rank and Scholastic Aptitude Test and College Board Achievement Test results) of the entering  classes have been at a consistently high level. Fifty percent or more of the graduates receive the BA degree with honors; 10% or more receive the MD degree with honors. The degree of flexibility in  the liberal arts component of the program has increased and currently exceeds that of the traditional four-year premedical curriculum. These data, together with additional information concerning postgraduate professional activities, indicate that the combined accelerated program has been successful."}
{"id": "PMID:946868", "title": "HLA-B27 antigen in women with ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Twenty-three (85.2%) of 27 female patients with ankylosing spondylitis were positive for HLA-B27 antigen, including 15 of 18 white women (83.3%) and eight of nine black women (88.9%). Ankylosing spondylitis in women appears to have the same high association with HLA-B27 antigen as that reported in predominantly male studies (88% to 96%). Determination of this antigen may be useful in the evaluation of female patients suspected of having ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "HLA-B27 antigen in women with ankylosing spondylitis. Twenty-three (85.2%) of 27 female patients with ankylosing spondylitis were positive for HLA-B27 antigen, including 15 of 18 white women (83.3%) and eight of nine black women (88.9%). Ankylosing spondylitis in women appears to have the same high association with HLA-B27 antigen as that reported in predominantly male studies (88% to 96%). Determination of this antigen may be useful in the evaluation of female patients suspected of having ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:946869", "title": "Alopecia in crash dieters.", "content": "Nine patients experienced profuse hair loss two of five months after starting a vigourous weight reduction program resulting in weight loss of 11.7 to 24.75 kg. Telogen counts of 25% to 50% were observed. Regrowth of hair occurred within several months. Three patients had experienced hair loss closely following a successful weight reduction program on several occasions. Rigorous caloric restriction with subsequent inadequate energy supply of the hair matrix is thought to be the cause for the precipitation of the telogen effluvium of the crash dieter.", "contents": "Alopecia in crash dieters. Nine patients experienced profuse hair loss two of five months after starting a vigourous weight reduction program resulting in weight loss of 11.7 to 24.75 kg. Telogen counts of 25% to 50% were observed. Regrowth of hair occurred within several months. Three patients had experienced hair loss closely following a successful weight reduction program on several occasions. Rigorous caloric restriction with subsequent inadequate energy supply of the hair matrix is thought to be the cause for the precipitation of the telogen effluvium of the crash dieter."}
{"id": "PMID:946870", "title": "Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in orange juice.", "content": "Several orange juice preparations were analyzed for biologically active and inactive ascorbic acid derivatives --L-ascorbic acid , dehydro-L-ascorbic acid, and inactive 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid. Fresh orange juice contained from 4 to 7 mg/100 ml of inactive ascorbic acid. In contrast, pasteurized orange juice contained from 15 to 30 mg/100 ml of inactive ascorbic acid (up to 400% more than fresh orange juice). Samples of fresh orange juice contained as much as 100% more active ascorbic acid than samples of pasteurized orange juice. There is great variability in prepared orange juice derivatives with a substantial decrease in bioavailability of active ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Bioavailability of ascorbic acid in orange juice. Several orange juice preparations were analyzed for biologically active and inactive ascorbic acid derivatives --L-ascorbic acid , dehydro-L-ascorbic acid, and inactive 2,3-diketo-L-gulonic acid. Fresh orange juice contained from 4 to 7 mg/100 ml of inactive ascorbic acid. In contrast, pasteurized orange juice contained from 15 to 30 mg/100 ml of inactive ascorbic acid (up to 400% more than fresh orange juice). Samples of fresh orange juice contained as much as 100% more active ascorbic acid than samples of pasteurized orange juice. There is great variability in prepared orange juice derivatives with a substantial decrease in bioavailability of active ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:946884", "title": "Rushing the net and retinal detachment.", "content": "With the growth in popularity of tennis has come an increase in ocular injuries due to tennis balls. This report describes ten patients who sustained ocular confusion from high-speed tennis balls. Seven of the patients required either retinal surgery, laser photocoagulation, or both. Early detection of regional damage is essential, but of greater importance is prevention. For that reason, we advise use of some sort of ocular protection device for high-risk individuals.", "contents": "Rushing the net and retinal detachment. With the growth in popularity of tennis has come an increase in ocular injuries due to tennis balls. This report describes ten patients who sustained ocular confusion from high-speed tennis balls. Seven of the patients required either retinal surgery, laser photocoagulation, or both. Early detection of regional damage is essential, but of greater importance is prevention. For that reason, we advise use of some sort of ocular protection device for high-risk individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:946885", "title": "Abnormal Q waves in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Incidence and clinical significance.", "content": "Between January 1970 and January 1975 the diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was entertained in 44 patients. Thirty-one (70%) of these patients had negative sigma-deflections (Q waves) on one or more electrocardiographic leads, thereby simulating a pattern of myocardial infarction (Mi). Fifteen patients (34%) were initially referred with an erroneous diagnosis of Mi based on the presence of Q waves. In nine of these 15 patients, the referring diagnosis was Mi plus ventricular preexcitation; in six, the diagnosis of ventricular preexcitation was overlooked entirely. The incidence of misdiagnosis (34%) was exactly the same as that reportly by Wolff and White approximately 30 years ago. Erroneous diagnosis of Mi can be virtually eliminated by normalizing the QRS complex by premature stimulation of the atrium during the effective refractory period of the accessory pathway.", "contents": "Abnormal Q waves in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Incidence and clinical significance. Between January 1970 and January 1975 the diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was entertained in 44 patients. Thirty-one (70%) of these patients had negative sigma-deflections (Q waves) on one or more electrocardiographic leads, thereby simulating a pattern of myocardial infarction (Mi). Fifteen patients (34%) were initially referred with an erroneous diagnosis of Mi based on the presence of Q waves. In nine of these 15 patients, the referring diagnosis was Mi plus ventricular preexcitation; in six, the diagnosis of ventricular preexcitation was overlooked entirely. The incidence of misdiagnosis (34%) was exactly the same as that reportly by Wolff and White approximately 30 years ago. Erroneous diagnosis of Mi can be virtually eliminated by normalizing the QRS complex by premature stimulation of the atrium during the effective refractory period of the accessory pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:946886", "title": "Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. X. Internal carotid artery occlusion.", "content": "One cannot now predict with accuracy the degree of deficit that may be anticipated following a carotid occlusion even when the condition of the opposite artery is known. When symptoms and signs occur, they are most likely related to the hemisphere or eye on the side of the occlusion. In patients with carotid occlusion, a higher rate of severe complications and mortality was encountered following arteriography than in the general study population. Among randomized patients with a carotid occlusion and a contralateral carotid stenosis, 63% of medically treated patients were alive at the end of a 66-month follow-up, whereas only 34% of surgically treated patients were still living. Surgical mortality was extremely high in patients with a carotid occlusion. Sixty-seven percent mortality occurred in patients undergoing surgery within one week of a cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. X. Internal carotid artery occlusion. One cannot now predict with accuracy the degree of deficit that may be anticipated following a carotid occlusion even when the condition of the opposite artery is known. When symptoms and signs occur, they are most likely related to the hemisphere or eye on the side of the occlusion. In patients with carotid occlusion, a higher rate of severe complications and mortality was encountered following arteriography than in the general study population. Among randomized patients with a carotid occlusion and a contralateral carotid stenosis, 63% of medically treated patients were alive at the end of a 66-month follow-up, whereas only 34% of surgically treated patients were still living. Surgical mortality was extremely high in patients with a carotid occlusion. Sixty-seven percent mortality occurred in patients undergoing surgery within one week of a cerebral infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:946888", "title": "Tubuloreticular inclusions in neonatal lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Numerous tubuloreticular structures were seen on electron microscopic examination of involved and uninvolved skin of a neonate with lupus erythematosus. The patient had characteristic lupus skin lesions at birth that worsened for three months, and then gradually subsided. Their course was associated with systemic illness. Skin biopsy specimen was diagnostic. Direct immunogluorescence of the skin showed no abnormalities. Abnormal serological findings were noted in the mother, who had no overt clinical disease. The significance of these virus-like structures in lupus erythematosus is emphasized by the present case.", "contents": "Tubuloreticular inclusions in neonatal lupus erythematosus. Numerous tubuloreticular structures were seen on electron microscopic examination of involved and uninvolved skin of a neonate with lupus erythematosus. The patient had characteristic lupus skin lesions at birth that worsened for three months, and then gradually subsided. Their course was associated with systemic illness. Skin biopsy specimen was diagnostic. Direct immunogluorescence of the skin showed no abnormalities. Abnormal serological findings were noted in the mother, who had no overt clinical disease. The significance of these virus-like structures in lupus erythematosus is emphasized by the present case."}
{"id": "PMID:946889", "title": "Twelve-year \"cure\" of lung cancer with metastasis to the brain.", "content": "In managing lung cancer with metastasis to the brain, the clinician must decide whether to treat the primary lesion, the metastasis, neither, or both. A patient enjoying a useful survival of five years or more following treatment may be regarded as apparently cured. This patient was functioning normally twelve years after surgical treatment of the brain and lung lesions. Lung cancer with metastasis to the brain is not always a hopeless situation; occasionally a patient will derive great benefit from treatment.", "contents": "Twelve-year \"cure\" of lung cancer with metastasis to the brain. In managing lung cancer with metastasis to the brain, the clinician must decide whether to treat the primary lesion, the metastasis, neither, or both. A patient enjoying a useful survival of five years or more following treatment may be regarded as apparently cured. This patient was functioning normally twelve years after surgical treatment of the brain and lung lesions. Lung cancer with metastasis to the brain is not always a hopeless situation; occasionally a patient will derive great benefit from treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:946890", "title": "Gravlee jet irrigator. Efficacy in diagnosis of endometrial neoplasia.", "content": "The Gravlee jet irrigator was used in 556 women with abnormal uterine bleeding. The irrigator failed to demonstrated endometrial adenocarcinoma in 14 of 25 patients. In ten of these 14, the specimens were found to be unsatisfactory. Twenty-six percent (16 of 61) of those patients with unsatisfactory specimens had a proliferative endometrial lesion. The false-negative rate in diagnosing endometrial cancer with an adequate specimen was 27% (4 of 15). Forty-eight of 61 cases of hyperplastic endometrial lesions were not diagnosed by means of jet irrigation. The irrigation failed to detect premalignant endometrial lesions and was not sufficiently reliable to exclude endometrial carcinoma when a satisfactory negative specimen was obtained.", "contents": "Gravlee jet irrigator. Efficacy in diagnosis of endometrial neoplasia. The Gravlee jet irrigator was used in 556 women with abnormal uterine bleeding. The irrigator failed to demonstrated endometrial adenocarcinoma in 14 of 25 patients. In ten of these 14, the specimens were found to be unsatisfactory. Twenty-six percent (16 of 61) of those patients with unsatisfactory specimens had a proliferative endometrial lesion. The false-negative rate in diagnosing endometrial cancer with an adequate specimen was 27% (4 of 15). Forty-eight of 61 cases of hyperplastic endometrial lesions were not diagnosed by means of jet irrigation. The irrigation failed to detect premalignant endometrial lesions and was not sufficiently reliable to exclude endometrial carcinoma when a satisfactory negative specimen was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:946895", "title": "Treatment of Candida endocarditis and arteritis.", "content": "A patient suffering from Candida endocarditis presented with a gangrenous foot. In addition to arterial embolism, occult mycotic aneurysms were found by arteriography. Clinical cure was achieved with a combination of chemotherapy and valvular d\u00e9bridement, but viable Candida persisted in an easily removable embolus. Occult peripheral vascular lesions may be a continuing source of Candida sepsis in some patients.", "contents": "Treatment of Candida endocarditis and arteritis. A patient suffering from Candida endocarditis presented with a gangrenous foot. In addition to arterial embolism, occult mycotic aneurysms were found by arteriography. Clinical cure was achieved with a combination of chemotherapy and valvular d\u00e9bridement, but viable Candida persisted in an easily removable embolus. Occult peripheral vascular lesions may be a continuing source of Candida sepsis in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:946897", "title": "Lymphosarcoma of bowel in childhood.", "content": "A report of nine cases of lymphosarcoma of the bowel in childhood is presented, together with a review of the literature. Until recently, the prognosis of this condition has been poor,but it is hoped that modern treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and multiple cytotoxic drugs given in high dosage over a two-year period will result in improved results.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma of bowel in childhood. A report of nine cases of lymphosarcoma of the bowel in childhood is presented, together with a review of the literature. Until recently, the prognosis of this condition has been poor,but it is hoped that modern treatment with surgery, radiotherapy and multiple cytotoxic drugs given in high dosage over a two-year period will result in improved results."}
{"id": "PMID:946898", "title": "Iron fortification of milk powder.", "content": "The bioavailability of an iron-fortified full cream milk preparation was studied and found to be effective for supplementation of the diet with iron. It consequently could be of value in the prophylaxis against iron deficiency and serve as an additional source of dietary protein.", "contents": "Iron fortification of milk powder. The bioavailability of an iron-fortified full cream milk preparation was studied and found to be effective for supplementation of the diet with iron. It consequently could be of value in the prophylaxis against iron deficiency and serve as an additional source of dietary protein."}
{"id": "PMID:946900", "title": "[Peripheral arterial aneurysm of the brain occurring after brain abscess extirpation and healing spontaneously-report of a case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "In 33 year-old man an aneurysm of a pheripheral branch of the right middle cerebral artery was disclosed by angiography 8 days after extirpation of a parietotemporal brain abscess. The aneurysm was absent in the preoperative angiogram. Since the site of the aneutysm coincided with the operative field, it is sure that the etiology of the aneurysm was related to operative trauma and/or arteritis. Although inflammatory or mycotic factor could not be excluded from its etiology, it seems reasonable that traumatic factor was major one. The aneurysm was found to have disappeared eventually in the angiogram made on 372th postoperative day. Traumatic aneurysms arising from peripheral branches of the intracranial arteries are very rare. The first case was reported by Krauland in 1949. We collected 32 such cases from the literature. Of the 33 cases including the present one, 5 are iatrogenic. In more than half of the 33 cases, aneurysms were formed within 14 days following head injury. Posttraumatic delayed hemorrhage was found in 15 cases, the hemorrhage occurring within one month following injury in 12 cases. Of 31 cases with known prognosis, 11 died, 6 of them dying of delayed hemorrhage. Aneurysm operation was performed in 21 cases and 15 of them survived. In the present case, aneurysm luckily healed spontaneously. There are two cases including the present one, of spontaneous healing in the 33 cases. We believe surgical treatment is one of choice whenever possible.", "contents": "[Peripheral arterial aneurysm of the brain occurring after brain abscess extirpation and healing spontaneously-report of a case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. In 33 year-old man an aneurysm of a pheripheral branch of the right middle cerebral artery was disclosed by angiography 8 days after extirpation of a parietotemporal brain abscess. The aneurysm was absent in the preoperative angiogram. Since the site of the aneutysm coincided with the operative field, it is sure that the etiology of the aneurysm was related to operative trauma and/or arteritis. Although inflammatory or mycotic factor could not be excluded from its etiology, it seems reasonable that traumatic factor was major one. The aneurysm was found to have disappeared eventually in the angiogram made on 372th postoperative day. Traumatic aneurysms arising from peripheral branches of the intracranial arteries are very rare. The first case was reported by Krauland in 1949. We collected 32 such cases from the literature. Of the 33 cases including the present one, 5 are iatrogenic. In more than half of the 33 cases, aneurysms were formed within 14 days following head injury. Posttraumatic delayed hemorrhage was found in 15 cases, the hemorrhage occurring within one month following injury in 12 cases. Of 31 cases with known prognosis, 11 died, 6 of them dying of delayed hemorrhage. Aneurysm operation was performed in 21 cases and 15 of them survived. In the present case, aneurysm luckily healed spontaneously. There are two cases including the present one, of spontaneous healing in the 33 cases. We believe surgical treatment is one of choice whenever possible."}
{"id": "PMID:946902", "title": "The chronically reserpinized rat as a possible animal model for cystic fibrosis. IV. The protein composition of pulmonary lavage fluid.", "content": "Lung lavage samples obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) had significantly higher levels of total protein per ml lavage fluid (0.49 vs. 0.30 mg/ml). A significant increase in the absolute and relative amounts of a low molecular weight glycoprotein (15,000 mol wt) was noted in lavage specimens from CF patients. Reserpine-treated rats also showed a significant increase in the total protein recovered in the lung lavage fluid with a 233% increase in the absolute and relative amounts of a low molecular weight glycoprotein (15,000 mol wt). Thus, reserpine induced changes in the secretions of the lung of the rat which are similar to those observed in samples obtained from the lung of CF patients.", "contents": "The chronically reserpinized rat as a possible animal model for cystic fibrosis. IV. The protein composition of pulmonary lavage fluid. Lung lavage samples obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) had significantly higher levels of total protein per ml lavage fluid (0.49 vs. 0.30 mg/ml). A significant increase in the absolute and relative amounts of a low molecular weight glycoprotein (15,000 mol wt) was noted in lavage specimens from CF patients. Reserpine-treated rats also showed a significant increase in the total protein recovered in the lung lavage fluid with a 233% increase in the absolute and relative amounts of a low molecular weight glycoprotein (15,000 mol wt). Thus, reserpine induced changes in the secretions of the lung of the rat which are similar to those observed in samples obtained from the lung of CF patients."}
{"id": "PMID:946903", "title": "Changes in the sensitivity to hypoxia and glucose deprivation in the isolated perfused rabbit heart during perinatal development.", "content": "The isometric contraction of the isolated rabbit myocardium was measured from 24 days post coitum (dpc) to young adulthood. Tension per gram of heart as developed by the isolated perfused hearts remained constant during late foetal life but increased during the first postnatal week. Sensitivity to hypoxia rapidly increased during foetal life from 26 to 28 days post coitum. In young foetal hearts (up to 28 days post coitum), contraction continued for several hours in the absence of glucose. In contrast, from 28 days post coitum onwards foetal hearts became increasingly dependent on external glucose to maintain their contractility. This change was concomitant with a decrease in myocardial glycogen content. Intracellular electrical activity recorded in the absence of glucose showed that during hypoxia in the foetus at term were reduced, whereas normal activity continued in the same hypoxic glucose-free medium in hearts from foetuses 26 days post coitum. The relative role of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism is discussed and the importance of glycogenolytic metabolism in young isolated foetal hearts is pointed out.", "contents": "Changes in the sensitivity to hypoxia and glucose deprivation in the isolated perfused rabbit heart during perinatal development. The isometric contraction of the isolated rabbit myocardium was measured from 24 days post coitum (dpc) to young adulthood. Tension per gram of heart as developed by the isolated perfused hearts remained constant during late foetal life but increased during the first postnatal week. Sensitivity to hypoxia rapidly increased during foetal life from 26 to 28 days post coitum. In young foetal hearts (up to 28 days post coitum), contraction continued for several hours in the absence of glucose. In contrast, from 28 days post coitum onwards foetal hearts became increasingly dependent on external glucose to maintain their contractility. This change was concomitant with a decrease in myocardial glycogen content. Intracellular electrical activity recorded in the absence of glucose showed that during hypoxia in the foetus at term were reduced, whereas normal activity continued in the same hypoxic glucose-free medium in hearts from foetuses 26 days post coitum. The relative role of glycolysis and oxidative metabolism is discussed and the importance of glycogenolytic metabolism in young isolated foetal hearts is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:946912", "title": "Alveolar stability and phospolipid content in normal pig lungs and in pig lungs with Mycoplasma pneumonia.", "content": "In pig lungs with enzootic pneumonia (a mycoplasma infection) a considerably higher phospholipid content was measured than in normal lungs, in spite of a reduced surfactant function in these lungs.", "contents": "Alveolar stability and phospolipid content in normal pig lungs and in pig lungs with Mycoplasma pneumonia. In pig lungs with enzootic pneumonia (a mycoplasma infection) a considerably higher phospholipid content was measured than in normal lungs, in spite of a reduced surfactant function in these lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:946913", "title": "Acute aortic regurgitation and abscess of sinus of Valsalva due to fulminating ulcerative endocarditis.  Report of three fatal cases in children.", "content": "Acute aortic regurgitation due to ulcerative endocarditis developed in 3 children aged 10, 6, and 7 years, respectively. All had congenital aortic valve lesions. Intractable congestive heart failure ensued about 2 weeks, 1 week, and a few days, respectively, after onset of infection. Two patients were operated on in the acute stage, and in both, perivalvular spread of the infection was found with abscess formation of the right sinus of Valsalva perforating through the interventricular septum to the right ventricle; valve replacement and repair were performed, but both patients died. The correct diagnosis was missed in the third patient, who was thought to have myocarditis and who died one week after onset of infection: at autopsy a perforation of a bicuspid aortic valve and an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva were found.", "contents": "Acute aortic regurgitation and abscess of sinus of Valsalva due to fulminating ulcerative endocarditis.  Report of three fatal cases in children. Acute aortic regurgitation due to ulcerative endocarditis developed in 3 children aged 10, 6, and 7 years, respectively. All had congenital aortic valve lesions. Intractable congestive heart failure ensued about 2 weeks, 1 week, and a few days, respectively, after onset of infection. Two patients were operated on in the acute stage, and in both, perivalvular spread of the infection was found with abscess formation of the right sinus of Valsalva perforating through the interventricular septum to the right ventricle; valve replacement and repair were performed, but both patients died. The correct diagnosis was missed in the third patient, who was thought to have myocarditis and who died one week after onset of infection: at autopsy a perforation of a bicuspid aortic valve and an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva were found."}
{"id": "PMID:946914", "title": "Gametogenesis in planktonic foraminifera.", "content": "Gametogenesis in Globigerinella aequilateralis and Globigerinoides sacculifer in culture is preceded by sinking of the organism and loss of its spines. Hundreds of thousands of flagellated gametes, about 5 micrometers in diameter, are produced within the parent shell and released within a period of 13 hours.", "contents": "Gametogenesis in planktonic foraminifera. Gametogenesis in Globigerinella aequilateralis and Globigerinoides sacculifer in culture is preceded by sinking of the organism and loss of its spines. Hundreds of thousands of flagellated gametes, about 5 micrometers in diameter, are produced within the parent shell and released within a period of 13 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:946919", "title": "Response independent habituation of territorial aggression in the three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus).", "content": "Territorial sticklebacks were habituated to a male conspecific confined to a clear glass tube in a two stage experiment. In the first stage, one group was allowed complete access to a stimulus tube containing a live, male conspecific  and the number of bites directed at the stimulus was recorded. A second group was prevented from biting at the stimulus fish by placing a glass barrier between the territorial resident and stimulus tube. A third group was treated the same as the second but without a stimulus fish present. During the second stage of the experiment, which followed a 15 min rest, all groups were allowed access to the stimulus tube and confined conspecific. A typical habituation curve resulted across both sessions for the first group. The second group, which was characterized by very infrequent attempts to bite during state 1, showed behavior during stage 2 identical to that of group 1. During the second stage, the third group demonstrated typical initial habituation behavior (parallel to that of group 1 during the first stage). These results are interpreted as evidence that habituation proceeds as a function of exposure to a stimulus and is independent of whether or not a response is made.", "contents": "Response independent habituation of territorial aggression in the three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus). Territorial sticklebacks were habituated to a male conspecific confined to a clear glass tube in a two stage experiment. In the first stage, one group was allowed complete access to a stimulus tube containing a live, male conspecific  and the number of bites directed at the stimulus was recorded. A second group was prevented from biting at the stimulus fish by placing a glass barrier between the territorial resident and stimulus tube. A third group was treated the same as the second but without a stimulus fish present. During the second stage of the experiment, which followed a 15 min rest, all groups were allowed access to the stimulus tube and confined conspecific. A typical habituation curve resulted across both sessions for the first group. The second group, which was characterized by very infrequent attempts to bite during state 1, showed behavior during stage 2 identical to that of group 1. During the second stage, the third group demonstrated typical initial habituation behavior (parallel to that of group 1 during the first stage). These results are interpreted as evidence that habituation proceeds as a function of exposure to a stimulus and is independent of whether or not a response is made."}
{"id": "PMID:946920", "title": "[Tests for anthropozoonoses in sera of farmers in eastern-Austria. I. Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of human disease and the evidence of antibodies in domestic- and wild animal-sera, human sera were tested for various anthropozoonoses in three districts of the so called \"Seewinkel\" (Eastern-Austria). Positive reactions were found for listeriosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, Q-fever, rickettsiae of the RMSF-group \"Stamm B\", mycoplasmosis, TBE-(FSME-), Sindbis-, West Nil-VIRUS. These results are indicators for the occurrence of the pathogens and are supported by the positive results already found at serological tests of domestic and wild animals.", "contents": "[Tests for anthropozoonoses in sera of farmers in eastern-Austria. I. Communication (author's transl)]. Because of human disease and the evidence of antibodies in domestic- and wild animal-sera, human sera were tested for various anthropozoonoses in three districts of the so called \"Seewinkel\" (Eastern-Austria). Positive reactions were found for listeriosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, Q-fever, rickettsiae of the RMSF-group \"Stamm B\", mycoplasmosis, TBE-(FSME-), Sindbis-, West Nil-VIRUS. These results are indicators for the occurrence of the pathogens and are supported by the positive results already found at serological tests of domestic and wild animals."}
{"id": "PMID:946921", "title": "Synergistic effects of oestrogen and brain stimulation on precocious sexual maturation in the female rat.", "content": "Precocious activation of the pituitary-gonadal axis was induced in immature rats by unilateral electrochemical stimulation of the basal hypothalamus on day 23 of life. In response to this brain stimulus, about 50% of animals ovulated prematurely on either day 27 (96 h after stimulation) or on day 28 (120 h after stimulation), whereas less advanced stages of sexual development (increased ovarian and uterine weights, growth of ovarian follicles) were noted in the others. The combination of the brain stimulus with a single injection of 0.25 mug oestradiol benzoate on day 23 induced ovulation in 15% of rats already on day 26 (72 h after stimulation). When injected alone, this dose of oestradiol benzoate did not induce ovulation, but led to a rapid and sustained increase in the LH/FSH ratio (assessed by radioimmunoassays) in both the anterior pituitary gland and in plasma. Lower priming doses (0.05 mug and 0.125 mug) led to progressively fewer animals ovulating on day 26, but left the number ovulating on day 27 largely unaffected. In contrast, a higher dose (0.5 mug) gave an early response in 15% of the population, but severely reduced the number ovulating in a 10 day follow up period. It is concluded, in agreement with Hohlweg's early concept regarding the feedback effect of oestrogen in immature female rats, that steroid-priming facilitates the ovulatory response to brain stimulation by shifting pituitary gonadotropin output in favour of LH.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of oestrogen and brain stimulation on precocious sexual maturation in the female rat. Precocious activation of the pituitary-gonadal axis was induced in immature rats by unilateral electrochemical stimulation of the basal hypothalamus on day 23 of life. In response to this brain stimulus, about 50% of animals ovulated prematurely on either day 27 (96 h after stimulation) or on day 28 (120 h after stimulation), whereas less advanced stages of sexual development (increased ovarian and uterine weights, growth of ovarian follicles) were noted in the others. The combination of the brain stimulus with a single injection of 0.25 mug oestradiol benzoate on day 23 induced ovulation in 15% of rats already on day 26 (72 h after stimulation). When injected alone, this dose of oestradiol benzoate did not induce ovulation, but led to a rapid and sustained increase in the LH/FSH ratio (assessed by radioimmunoassays) in both the anterior pituitary gland and in plasma. Lower priming doses (0.05 mug and 0.125 mug) led to progressively fewer animals ovulating on day 26, but left the number ovulating on day 27 largely unaffected. In contrast, a higher dose (0.5 mug) gave an early response in 15% of the population, but severely reduced the number ovulating in a 10 day follow up period. It is concluded, in agreement with Hohlweg's early concept regarding the feedback effect of oestrogen in immature female rats, that steroid-priming facilitates the ovulatory response to brain stimulation by shifting pituitary gonadotropin output in favour of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:946922", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of potassium iodide on thyroid protein biosynthesis.", "content": "Potassium iodide (KI) has been shown to have an antigoitrogenic action and to inhibit in vivo thyroid protein biosynthesis. Beef thyroid slices were used to clarify further the mechanism of action of KI. Incubations were performed in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB) buffer under 95%O2 and 5% CO2. KI caused a slight decrease in the uptake of [3H]eucine by the tissue. When labelled leucine incorporation into protein was measured it was found that 10(-6) M KI caused a marked inhibition. Increasing concentrations of KI up to 10(-3) M did not further increase this inhibition. This effect of KI was reduced by simultaneous addition of 0.5 mM KClO4 or 1 mM methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI). In several experiments it was found that equimolar amounts of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) were more potent than KI in inhibiting thyroid protein biosynthesis. In double plabelled studies KI decreased [3H]leucine incorporation into thyroid soluble proteins and into immunoprecipitable thyroglobulin (T4) while it did not modify that of [14C]galactosamine. When tissue specificity was examined, KI failed to alter [3H]leucine incorporation into proteins either in the liver or in the submaxillary gland. The present results indicate that intracellular KI is necessary to exert its effect on protein synthesis, and that this effect is mediated through a organic form of iodine, probably iodothyronines. This action of KI is specific for the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of potassium iodide on thyroid protein biosynthesis. Potassium iodide (KI) has been shown to have an antigoitrogenic action and to inhibit in vivo thyroid protein biosynthesis. Beef thyroid slices were used to clarify further the mechanism of action of KI. Incubations were performed in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate (KRB) buffer under 95%O2 and 5% CO2. KI caused a slight decrease in the uptake of [3H]eucine by the tissue. When labelled leucine incorporation into protein was measured it was found that 10(-6) M KI caused a marked inhibition. Increasing concentrations of KI up to 10(-3) M did not further increase this inhibition. This effect of KI was reduced by simultaneous addition of 0.5 mM KClO4 or 1 mM methylmercaptoimidazole (MMI). In several experiments it was found that equimolar amounts of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) were more potent than KI in inhibiting thyroid protein biosynthesis. In double plabelled studies KI decreased [3H]leucine incorporation into thyroid soluble proteins and into immunoprecipitable thyroglobulin (T4) while it did not modify that of [14C]galactosamine. When tissue specificity was examined, KI failed to alter [3H]leucine incorporation into proteins either in the liver or in the submaxillary gland. The present results indicate that intracellular KI is necessary to exert its effect on protein synthesis, and that this effect is mediated through a organic form of iodine, probably iodothyronines. This action of KI is specific for the thyroid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:946923", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of serotonin by rat adrenal tissue in vitro.", "content": "After incubation of separate zones of rat adrenals with radioactively labelled serotonin--at concentrations at which the amine had been previously shown to stimulate aldosterone biosynthesis--the tissue radioactivity was several times higher in the capsular (\"zona glomerulosa\") than in the decapsulated portions of the glands. High doses of unlabelled serotonin diminished the accumulation of radioactivity, but only when added simultaneously with the tracer. In the course of the incubation, radioactive 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid, i.e. the deaminated metabolite of serotonin, rapidly appeared in the medium. Most of the radioactive material accumulated by the adrenal was recovered in the cytosol fraction and was no longer identical with serotonin, but consisted mainly of 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid and another, unidentified metabolite. Unaltered serotonin was found in capsular adrenal tissue extracts only when a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (nialamide) has been added to the incubation medium. Rapid uptake and metabolism thus appeared to be the predominant features of the interaction of incubated adrenal tissue with serotonin. These events may have obscured the possible binding of very small amounts of serotonin to receptor sites. The observed accumulation of radioactivity in adrenal tissue was mainly due to delayed outflow of intracellulary formed metabolite, since 5-hydroxy-3indoleacetic acid was neither taken up by incubated adreanls nor bound by adrenal cytosol. No evidence of serotonin storage in the zona glomerulosa was found in these studies.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of serotonin by rat adrenal tissue in vitro. After incubation of separate zones of rat adrenals with radioactively labelled serotonin--at concentrations at which the amine had been previously shown to stimulate aldosterone biosynthesis--the tissue radioactivity was several times higher in the capsular (\"zona glomerulosa\") than in the decapsulated portions of the glands. High doses of unlabelled serotonin diminished the accumulation of radioactivity, but only when added simultaneously with the tracer. In the course of the incubation, radioactive 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid, i.e. the deaminated metabolite of serotonin, rapidly appeared in the medium. Most of the radioactive material accumulated by the adrenal was recovered in the cytosol fraction and was no longer identical with serotonin, but consisted mainly of 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid and another, unidentified metabolite. Unaltered serotonin was found in capsular adrenal tissue extracts only when a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (nialamide) has been added to the incubation medium. Rapid uptake and metabolism thus appeared to be the predominant features of the interaction of incubated adrenal tissue with serotonin. These events may have obscured the possible binding of very small amounts of serotonin to receptor sites. The observed accumulation of radioactivity in adrenal tissue was mainly due to delayed outflow of intracellulary formed metabolite, since 5-hydroxy-3indoleacetic acid was neither taken up by incubated adreanls nor bound by adrenal cytosol. No evidence of serotonin storage in the zona glomerulosa was found in these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:946924", "title": "Ovarian enzymatic divergence in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome excreting urinary pregnanetriolone.", "content": "When ovarian mitochondria from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11beta-hydroxylated metabolites were obtained. The mitochondria, prepared from pooled, frozen, polycystic ovarian tissue of 5 patients, converted [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta, 11beta, 17alpha--trihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (yield 0.065%) and to 3beta, 17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (0.22%), while [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was converted to 21-deoxycortisol (0.1%). Incubation of mitochondria, prepared from 4 pooled samples of frozen, normal ovarian tissue, yielded no evidence of 11beta-hydroxylation of either of the substrates. Mitochondria obtained from fresh, polycystic ovarian tissue of a single patient with POS converted [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (2.1%) and [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to 21-deoxycortisol (0.1%). When the same mitochondrial preparation was incubated simultaneously with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]11-deoxycortisol, it converted 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (1.9%), but no 11beta-hydroxylated derivatives of 11-deoxycortisol were found. These results demonstrate that ovaries of patients with POS contain an 11beta-hydroxylase active towards C-21-deoxysteroids but inert to C-21-hydroxysteroids such as 11-deoxycortisol.", "contents": "Ovarian enzymatic divergence in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome excreting urinary pregnanetriolone. When ovarian mitochondria from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (POS) were incubated with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]-17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11beta-hydroxylated metabolites were obtained. The mitochondria, prepared from pooled, frozen, polycystic ovarian tissue of 5 patients, converted [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta, 11beta, 17alpha--trihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (yield 0.065%) and to 3beta, 17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (0.22%), while [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was converted to 21-deoxycortisol (0.1%). Incubation of mitochondria, prepared from 4 pooled samples of frozen, normal ovarian tissue, yielded no evidence of 11beta-hydroxylation of either of the substrates. Mitochondria obtained from fresh, polycystic ovarian tissue of a single patient with POS converted [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (2.1%) and [4-14C]17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to 21-deoxycortisol (0.1%). When the same mitochondrial preparation was incubated simultaneously with [7-3H]17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and [4-14C]11-deoxycortisol, it converted 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone to 3beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnene-11,20-dione (1.9%), but no 11beta-hydroxylated derivatives of 11-deoxycortisol were found. These results demonstrate that ovaries of patients with POS contain an 11beta-hydroxylase active towards C-21-deoxysteroids but inert to C-21-hydroxysteroids such as 11-deoxycortisol."}
{"id": "PMID:946925", "title": "Dihydrotestosterone in human ovarian venous plasma.", "content": "Androstenedione (delta), oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) concentrations have been measured by radioimmunoassay in ovarian and peripheral venous blood from 15 women in the luteal phase of the cycle. The ovarian blood samples were obtained during surgical intervention from 15 ovaries containing the corpus luteum and from 5 contralateral ovaries. The mean concentration of DHT in ovarian venous blood was not higher than that found in the cubital vein. However in some cases with high concentrations of testosterone in ovarian venous blood, a small but significant DHT gradient was found.", "contents": "Dihydrotestosterone in human ovarian venous plasma. Androstenedione (delta), oestradiol-17beta (Oe2), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) concentrations have been measured by radioimmunoassay in ovarian and peripheral venous blood from 15 women in the luteal phase of the cycle. The ovarian blood samples were obtained during surgical intervention from 15 ovaries containing the corpus luteum and from 5 contralateral ovaries. The mean concentration of DHT in ovarian venous blood was not higher than that found in the cubital vein. However in some cases with high concentrations of testosterone in ovarian venous blood, a small but significant DHT gradient was found."}
{"id": "PMID:946926", "title": "Hormonal mechanisms involved in the control of oestrous cycle duration by the odour of urine in the rat.", "content": "The mechanisms involved in the reduced cycle duration following exposure to the odour of urine were studied in natural and experimental 5-day cyclic female Wistar rats. A decrease in the rate of ovarian progesterone secretion from the morning of dioestrus I to that of dioestrus II was observed in females whose cycle duration was reduced from 5 to 4 days following exposure to the odour of rat urine. No decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion occurred in females maintaining a 5-day cyclicity despite exposure to this odour. An increase in follicular growth was noted in females with cycle duration reduced from 5 to 4 days, when compared with those maintaining a 5-day rhythm. As a result of exposure to the odour of urine no reduced cycle duration occurred in females with cycles lengthened from 4 to 5 days as a result of progesterone injection on dioestrus I of 4-day cycles. Hence the decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion, induced by exposure to the odour of urine, is considered to cause a speeding up in follicular growth, thereby reducing oestrous cycle duration in 5-day cyclic rats.", "contents": "Hormonal mechanisms involved in the control of oestrous cycle duration by the odour of urine in the rat. The mechanisms involved in the reduced cycle duration following exposure to the odour of urine were studied in natural and experimental 5-day cyclic female Wistar rats. A decrease in the rate of ovarian progesterone secretion from the morning of dioestrus I to that of dioestrus II was observed in females whose cycle duration was reduced from 5 to 4 days following exposure to the odour of rat urine. No decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion occurred in females maintaining a 5-day cyclicity despite exposure to this odour. An increase in follicular growth was noted in females with cycle duration reduced from 5 to 4 days, when compared with those maintaining a 5-day rhythm. As a result of exposure to the odour of urine no reduced cycle duration occurred in females with cycles lengthened from 4 to 5 days as a result of progesterone injection on dioestrus I of 4-day cycles. Hence the decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion, induced by exposure to the odour of urine, is considered to cause a speeding up in follicular growth, thereby reducing oestrous cycle duration in 5-day cyclic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:946927", "title": "Serial measurement of arterial plasma progesterone levels throughout gestation and parturition in individual rats.", "content": "Daily blood samples were taken from 6, chronically cannulated, fully conscious rats to measure plasma progesterone levels throughout gestation. Progesterone levels in individual rats fluctuated by up to 28 ng/ml per day, but tended to be consistently higher or lower than the group mean. The accuracy of predicting progesterone levels in individual rats from previous values was examined. Progesterone levels on day 7 of gestation were negatively correlated with foetal weights near term. There was little indication that high progesterone levels at any stage of gestation lead to increased foetal or placental weights. Progesterone levels on day 17 were positively correlated with the number of corpura lutea but there was little relationship between progesterone and either the number or total mass of the placentas. Serial blood samples taken from a second group of 6 rats at 2 hourly intervals showed that the time between the major fall in progesterone levels to below 12 ng/ml and the onset of parturition was relatively constant (varying by only 8 h) despite a 29 h range in the total length of gestation.", "contents": "Serial measurement of arterial plasma progesterone levels throughout gestation and parturition in individual rats. Daily blood samples were taken from 6, chronically cannulated, fully conscious rats to measure plasma progesterone levels throughout gestation. Progesterone levels in individual rats fluctuated by up to 28 ng/ml per day, but tended to be consistently higher or lower than the group mean. The accuracy of predicting progesterone levels in individual rats from previous values was examined. Progesterone levels on day 7 of gestation were negatively correlated with foetal weights near term. There was little indication that high progesterone levels at any stage of gestation lead to increased foetal or placental weights. Progesterone levels on day 17 were positively correlated with the number of corpura lutea but there was little relationship between progesterone and either the number or total mass of the placentas. Serial blood samples taken from a second group of 6 rats at 2 hourly intervals showed that the time between the major fall in progesterone levels to below 12 ng/ml and the onset of parturition was relatively constant (varying by only 8 h) despite a 29 h range in the total length of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:946928", "title": "Serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and testosterone changes with age in man.", "content": "Serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) were measured in 98 normal adult men aged between 20-80 years, separating T and DHT by thin layer chromatography and using a sensitive and reliable radio-immunoassay. In three age groups between 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80, the means +/- SEM for serum DHT were 84 +/- 4, 79 +/- 3 and 67 +/- 3 (ng/100 ml) respectively. The corresponding values for testosterone were 559 +/- 25, 491 +/- 25 and 475 +/- 28 (ng/100 ml). A significant decrease was observed in the DHT level of the 60-80 years age group compared to either the 20-40 (P less than 0.01) or the 40-60 (P less than 0.02) age groups. There was a moderate decline in the testosterone level of the 60-80 years age group compared to 20-40 years (P less than 0.05) but there were no significant changes in the testosterone levels between other groups.", "contents": "Serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and testosterone changes with age in man. Serum 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) were measured in 98 normal adult men aged between 20-80 years, separating T and DHT by thin layer chromatography and using a sensitive and reliable radio-immunoassay. In three age groups between 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80, the means +/- SEM for serum DHT were 84 +/- 4, 79 +/- 3 and 67 +/- 3 (ng/100 ml) respectively. The corresponding values for testosterone were 559 +/- 25, 491 +/- 25 and 475 +/- 28 (ng/100 ml). A significant decrease was observed in the DHT level of the 60-80 years age group compared to either the 20-40 (P less than 0.01) or the 40-60 (P less than 0.02) age groups. There was a moderate decline in the testosterone level of the 60-80 years age group compared to 20-40 years (P less than 0.05) but there were no significant changes in the testosterone levels between other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:946929", "title": "Heterotypic antibodies in Liberian sera causing anomalous reactions when using a commercial haemagglutination test for hepatitis-B surface antigen.", "content": "Agglutinins reacting with normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes were the probable cause of false positive reactions given by 51 of 214 Liberian sera when using a commercial passive-haemagglutination test for hepatitis-B surface antigen. Absorption showed these agglutinins to be identical to those described earlier in Nigerian sera. Rheumatoid factor and anti-sheep-serum antibodies although present in 12 and five per cent respectively of all sera were not responsible for any false positive reactions. The practical conclusion is that such tests, based on sheep erythrocytes are unsuitable for screening this population.", "contents": "Heterotypic antibodies in Liberian sera causing anomalous reactions when using a commercial haemagglutination test for hepatitis-B surface antigen. Agglutinins reacting with normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes were the probable cause of false positive reactions given by 51 of 214 Liberian sera when using a commercial passive-haemagglutination test for hepatitis-B surface antigen. Absorption showed these agglutinins to be identical to those described earlier in Nigerian sera. Rheumatoid factor and anti-sheep-serum antibodies although present in 12 and five per cent respectively of all sera were not responsible for any false positive reactions. The practical conclusion is that such tests, based on sheep erythrocytes are unsuitable for screening this population."}
{"id": "PMID:946932", "title": "Motor and secretory effects of nerves on the parotid gland of rat.", "content": "The influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves on the parotid gland of the rat was investigated. It was found that both divisions of the autonomic nerves evoke secretion and probably also motor effects in this gland. Secretion elicited on sympathetic stimulation was mediated both via alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, while motor effects were mediated via alpha-adrenoceptors. On stimulation of the autonomic nerves a lower duct pressure was reached in the parotid than in the submaxillary gland, and on sympathetic nerve stimulation the flow of saliva always started later from the parotid than the submaxillary gland. These findings are discussed in the view of the different arrangement of the myoepithelial cells in the 2 glands.", "contents": "Motor and secretory effects of nerves on the parotid gland of rat. The influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves on the parotid gland of the rat was investigated. It was found that both divisions of the autonomic nerves evoke secretion and probably also motor effects in this gland. Secretion elicited on sympathetic stimulation was mediated both via alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors, while motor effects were mediated via alpha-adrenoceptors. On stimulation of the autonomic nerves a lower duct pressure was reached in the parotid than in the submaxillary gland, and on sympathetic nerve stimulation the flow of saliva always started later from the parotid than the submaxillary gland. These findings are discussed in the view of the different arrangement of the myoepithelial cells in the 2 glands."}
{"id": "PMID:946930", "title": "Effect of noradrenaline on the content, synthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine in the brain.", "content": "ACh synthesis and content in the cerebral cortex and brain stem as well as the activity of choline acetylase (AcCh) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in brain homogenates were determined after NA administration both in vivo and in in vitro. In in vivo experiments NA was injected intraperitoneally or into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Intraperitoneal injection of NA caused a significant fall of ACh content in the cerebral cortex. AchE activity was inhibited after intraventricular NA injection and in in vitro investigations, in which NA was added into the incubation medium. ACh synthesis and AcCh activity showed no abnormalities after NA administration in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of noradrenaline on the content, synthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine in the brain. ACh synthesis and content in the cerebral cortex and brain stem as well as the activity of choline acetylase (AcCh) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in brain homogenates were determined after NA administration both in vivo and in in vitro. In in vivo experiments NA was injected intraperitoneally or into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Intraperitoneal injection of NA caused a significant fall of ACh content in the cerebral cortex. AchE activity was inhibited after intraventricular NA injection and in in vitro investigations, in which NA was added into the incubation medium. ACh synthesis and AcCh activity showed no abnormalities after NA administration in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:946933", "title": "Arthrography of the knee. II. Isolated and combined lesions.", "content": "The findings in 1 349 abnormal cases out of 2 836 arhtrographies of the knee have been evaluated statistically. Isolated and combined lesions of menisci, medial collateral and cruciate ligaments have been compared. Type and degree of the individual lesion change with increased complexity of combined injuries. A sequential grading for some lesions has been established. A dominant direction of rupture was found differing in themedial and lateral meniscus. Vertical ruptures anf ruptures of the posterior part of the medial meniscus were positively correlated to more complex injuries.", "contents": "Arthrography of the knee. II. Isolated and combined lesions. The findings in 1 349 abnormal cases out of 2 836 arhtrographies of the knee have been evaluated statistically. Isolated and combined lesions of menisci, medial collateral and cruciate ligaments have been compared. Type and degree of the individual lesion change with increased complexity of combined injuries. A sequential grading for some lesions has been established. A dominant direction of rupture was found differing in themedial and lateral meniscus. Vertical ruptures anf ruptures of the posterior part of the medial meniscus were positively correlated to more complex injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:946931", "title": "Role of catecholamines in release of gonadotrophic hormones in the rabbit.", "content": "Role of catecholamines (CA) in transmission of neurohormone releasing gonadotrophin (GnHR) from the hypothalamus to hypophysis was estimated on the basis of the hypothalamic catecholaminergic system blockade with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and intraventricular infusions of CA in the rabbit. 6-OHDA administered intraventricularly in doses 200-500 mug caused temporary blockade of ovulation. Intraventricular infusion of noradrenaline (NA) induced ovulation in 50% of animals tested, whereas dopamine (DA) and adrenaline (A), induced ovulation only in very few cases. It seems, that catecholaminergic system participates in transmission of neurohormones to the hypophysis, and NA plays the most important role in this process.", "contents": "Role of catecholamines in release of gonadotrophic hormones in the rabbit. Role of catecholamines (CA) in transmission of neurohormone releasing gonadotrophin (GnHR) from the hypothalamus to hypophysis was estimated on the basis of the hypothalamic catecholaminergic system blockade with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and intraventricular infusions of CA in the rabbit. 6-OHDA administered intraventricularly in doses 200-500 mug caused temporary blockade of ovulation. Intraventricular infusion of noradrenaline (NA) induced ovulation in 50% of animals tested, whereas dopamine (DA) and adrenaline (A), induced ovulation only in very few cases. It seems, that catecholaminergic system participates in transmission of neurohormones to the hypophysis, and NA plays the most important role in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:946934", "title": "The pathology of americium 241.", "content": "Male CBA-mice were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of 241Am-citrate (16, 8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.04 muCi/kg). The two highest doses were highly destructive of the haematopoietic tissues, testes and bone tissue. The highest frequency of induced tumours of the skeleton and haematopoietic tissue was found in the 8 muCi group. In the liver, adrenal glands, kidney and heart degenerative lesions were found mainly in the higher dose groups. In the lower dose groups degenerative lesions seemed to appear earlier and at a higher frequency than in the control group.", "contents": "The pathology of americium 241. Male CBA-mice were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of 241Am-citrate (16, 8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.04 muCi/kg). The two highest doses were highly destructive of the haematopoietic tissues, testes and bone tissue. The highest frequency of induced tumours of the skeleton and haematopoietic tissue was found in the 8 muCi group. In the liver, adrenal glands, kidney and heart degenerative lesions were found mainly in the higher dose groups. In the lower dose groups degenerative lesions seemed to appear earlier and at a higher frequency than in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:946936", "title": "The size-distribution and protease content airborne particles in textile mill cardrooms.", "content": "The concentration of 1.-4 mum airborne particles and the protease content of the airborne dust measured in the cardrooms of ten cotton mills were found to correlate with byssinosis prevalence. Airborne proteases were found in abundance also in wool mills where byssinosis does not occur.", "contents": "The size-distribution and protease content airborne particles in textile mill cardrooms. The concentration of 1.-4 mum airborne particles and the protease content of the airborne dust measured in the cardrooms of ten cotton mills were found to correlate with byssinosis prevalence. Airborne proteases were found in abundance also in wool mills where byssinosis does not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:946937", "title": "Symptom response to lactose-reduced milk in lactose-intolerant adults.", "content": "The possible usefulness of low-lactose milk for those lactose-intolerant subjects who develop symptoms from milk consumption was investigated. In the first part of the study, 16 intolerant subjects (blood glucose rise less than 25 mg/100 ml) received low-lactose skim milk containing 15 g lactose (2.5 cups) and 7.5 g lactose (2.5 cups), regular skim milk containing 30 g lactose (2.5 cups), and all three milks plus a small breakfast. The low lactose milks produced significantly fewer symptoms. The food given with the milk had no significant effect on symptomatic response. The second group of 17 subjects received 25 g lactose in water (250 ml), skim milk (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml); 10 g lactose in lactose-reduced skim (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml); and a placebo (250 ml). There was a significant positive relationship between amount of lactose consumed and symptom response. The form in which the lactose was administered (e.g., whole versus skim milk) was not significantly related to symptoms. It is concluded that in a symptomatic subjects a significantly greater quantity of low-lactose milk than regular milks can be consumed.", "contents": "Symptom response to lactose-reduced milk in lactose-intolerant adults. The possible usefulness of low-lactose milk for those lactose-intolerant subjects who develop symptoms from milk consumption was investigated. In the first part of the study, 16 intolerant subjects (blood glucose rise less than 25 mg/100 ml) received low-lactose skim milk containing 15 g lactose (2.5 cups) and 7.5 g lactose (2.5 cups), regular skim milk containing 30 g lactose (2.5 cups), and all three milks plus a small breakfast. The low lactose milks produced significantly fewer symptoms. The food given with the milk had no significant effect on symptomatic response. The second group of 17 subjects received 25 g lactose in water (250 ml), skim milk (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml); 10 g lactose in lactose-reduced skim (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml) and whole milk (500 ml); and a placebo (250 ml). There was a significant positive relationship between amount of lactose consumed and symptom response. The form in which the lactose was administered (e.g., whole versus skim milk) was not significantly related to symptoms. It is concluded that in a symptomatic subjects a significantly greater quantity of low-lactose milk than regular milks can be consumed."}
{"id": "PMID:946938", "title": "Veneral infections in three ethnic groups in Sacramento.", "content": "Blacks treated in Sacramento County (CA) Clinics were most likely to have gonorrhea. Chicanos were slightly more likely to have nonspecific urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases, and Whites were most likely to be uninfected. Whites tended to name greater numbers of different sexual partners, but differences among the three groups were not statistically significant. Black men more frequently reported to clinics with genitourinary symptoms and delayed significantly longer before seeking treatment. Future research should assess the relative contributions of sexual and health behaviors to the distributions of different sexually transmitted diseases in different groups.", "contents": "Veneral infections in three ethnic groups in Sacramento. Blacks treated in Sacramento County (CA) Clinics were most likely to have gonorrhea. Chicanos were slightly more likely to have nonspecific urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases, and Whites were most likely to be uninfected. Whites tended to name greater numbers of different sexual partners, but differences among the three groups were not statistically significant. Black men more frequently reported to clinics with genitourinary symptoms and delayed significantly longer before seeking treatment. Future research should assess the relative contributions of sexual and health behaviors to the distributions of different sexually transmitted diseases in different groups."}
{"id": "PMID:946939", "title": "[Toxicity and antitumor activity of the antibiotic rubomycin and dipin in combination with diuretics (diacarb)].", "content": "Rubomycin or dipin in combination with diacarb had higher toxicity and antitumor activity as compared to administration of the cytostatic agents alone to mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma, strain L10-1. The chemotherapeutic indices of the combinations did not differ or were somewhat lower as compared to the same indices of the cytostatic agents used alone.", "contents": "[Toxicity and antitumor activity of the antibiotic rubomycin and dipin in combination with diuretics (diacarb)]. Rubomycin or dipin in combination with diacarb had higher toxicity and antitumor activity as compared to administration of the cytostatic agents alone to mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma, strain L10-1. The chemotherapeutic indices of the combinations did not differ or were somewhat lower as compared to the same indices of the cytostatic agents used alone."}
{"id": "PMID:946941", "title": "Hyperthyroidism in Graves disease. Current trends in management and diagnosis.", "content": "The radioimmunoassay for T3 is now widely available and is a useful diagnostic tool for hyperthyroidism, especially in T3-thyrotoxicosis. It is an essential tool in the management of hyperthyroidism that persists after treatment with normal T4 serum levels or, in euthyroid cases, with low T4 serum levels. In these conditions, it reflects the metabolic state more accurately than serum levels of T4. A promising new test is the response of radioimmunoassayable TSH to protirelin (TRH) administration. An absent response indicates pituitary suppression and thyroid autonomy as seen in frank hyperthyroidism or euthyroid Graves disease, treated or untreated. It is safer and quicker than the conventional T3 suppression test of thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and may replace it at least partly in the future.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism in Graves disease. Current trends in management and diagnosis. The radioimmunoassay for T3 is now widely available and is a useful diagnostic tool for hyperthyroidism, especially in T3-thyrotoxicosis. It is an essential tool in the management of hyperthyroidism that persists after treatment with normal T4 serum levels or, in euthyroid cases, with low T4 serum levels. In these conditions, it reflects the metabolic state more accurately than serum levels of T4. A promising new test is the response of radioimmunoassayable TSH to protirelin (TRH) administration. An absent response indicates pituitary suppression and thyroid autonomy as seen in frank hyperthyroidism or euthyroid Graves disease, treated or untreated. It is safer and quicker than the conventional T3 suppression test of thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and may replace it at least partly in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:946942", "title": "The solubility of collagen of the uterine cervix during pregnancy and labour.", "content": "The solubility of collagen during pregnancy and labour was studied in tissue specimens of the uterine cervix of 48 women in childbearing age. In the course of pregnancy the fractions of collagen which are soluble in 0.175 M acetic acid at +5 degrees C and in 8 M urea at  +40 degrees C increased continuously in relation to the total collagen content and dry weight. The highest values were found during labour at full cervical dilatation and also immediately post partum. The results show that for the dilatation of the cervical canal during labour biochemical changes must take place not only in the ground substance, but also in the collagenfibres.", "contents": "The solubility of collagen of the uterine cervix during pregnancy and labour. The solubility of collagen during pregnancy and labour was studied in tissue specimens of the uterine cervix of 48 women in childbearing age. In the course of pregnancy the fractions of collagen which are soluble in 0.175 M acetic acid at +5 degrees C and in 8 M urea at  +40 degrees C increased continuously in relation to the total collagen content and dry weight. The highest values were found during labour at full cervical dilatation and also immediately post partum. The results show that for the dilatation of the cervical canal during labour biochemical changes must take place not only in the ground substance, but also in the collagenfibres."}
{"id": "PMID:946943", "title": "[Pattern of gonadotropins and ovarian steroids during the menstrual cycle in adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial determinations of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in plasma and of total gonadotropins, total estrogens and pregnanediol in urine were performed in 10 adolescent girls between 15 and 19 years of age. Two types of menstrual cycles could be distinguished. The first type is characterized by a nearly normal pattern of FSH, while a preovulatory rise of estradiol-17 beta and an LH-peak is still missing. Only few days prior to menstrual bleeding a small rise of estradiol and progesterone in plasma as well as of estrogens and pregnanediol in urine can be seen, being equivalent to a short luteinization of the follicle without ovulation taking place. The second type already shows all criteria of a regular ovulatory cycle. However the plasma level of LH, estradiol and progesterone and the excretion of estrogens and pregnanediol are still below the average values of control cycles of adult women. On the basis of the hormonal pattern and a shortened luteal phase, a relative insufficiency of this type of cycles is still evident. These studies demonstrate, that the cyclic ovarian function postmenarchial develops gradually and that the onset of ovulation is a marked step in this development. This process of maturition, which is due to the gradual development of the positive feedback of estrogens on the release of LH by the pituitary gland, allows to distinguish in adolescence between cycles before and after maturition of the feed-back mechanism in the ANS.", "contents": "[Pattern of gonadotropins and ovarian steroids during the menstrual cycle in adolescence (author's transl)]. Serial determinations of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in plasma and of total gonadotropins, total estrogens and pregnanediol in urine were performed in 10 adolescent girls between 15 and 19 years of age. Two types of menstrual cycles could be distinguished. The first type is characterized by a nearly normal pattern of FSH, while a preovulatory rise of estradiol-17 beta and an LH-peak is still missing. Only few days prior to menstrual bleeding a small rise of estradiol and progesterone in plasma as well as of estrogens and pregnanediol in urine can be seen, being equivalent to a short luteinization of the follicle without ovulation taking place. The second type already shows all criteria of a regular ovulatory cycle. However the plasma level of LH, estradiol and progesterone and the excretion of estrogens and pregnanediol are still below the average values of control cycles of adult women. On the basis of the hormonal pattern and a shortened luteal phase, a relative insufficiency of this type of cycles is still evident. These studies demonstrate, that the cyclic ovarian function postmenarchial develops gradually and that the onset of ovulation is a marked step in this development. This process of maturition, which is due to the gradual development of the positive feedback of estrogens on the release of LH by the pituitary gland, allows to distinguish in adolescence between cycles before and after maturition of the feed-back mechanism in the ANS."}
{"id": "PMID:946944", "title": "The natural duration of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "On the basis of patients from Hungary, as well as literary data, the authors endeavour to determine time course averages for cervical carcinoma. They are of the opinion that a women with typical cervical carcinoma enters the in situ stage at the age of 32.8 years and dies of it at the age of 62.51 years.", "contents": "The natural duration of cervical carcinoma. On the basis of patients from Hungary, as well as literary data, the authors endeavour to determine time course averages for cervical carcinoma. They are of the opinion that a women with typical cervical carcinoma enters the in situ stage at the age of 32.8 years and dies of it at the age of 62.51 years."}
{"id": "PMID:946945", "title": "[On the correlation between standard variables of mother and newborn child (author's transl)].", "content": "In a previous study on the relations existing between infant weight, placental weight and maternal weight and height a strong positive correlation was found between infant and placental weight as well as a positive correlation between maternal weight before birth and infant and placental weight respectively. This could be confirmed in this extended study on 438 cases, in which also other variables, in particular the maternal weight increase during pregnancy, were investigated. Where as in the previous study it was suggested, that maternal weight acts via placental weight on infant weight, the findings of this study imply, that there is also a direct influence of maternal on infant weight. Taking maternal weight before pregnancy and immediately before birth (uncorrected and corrected for placental and fetal weight) separately, the correlation between maternal weight before pregnancy showed a stronger relation to infant weight than the corrected maternal weight increase during pregnancy.", "contents": "[On the correlation between standard variables of mother and newborn child (author's transl)]. In a previous study on the relations existing between infant weight, placental weight and maternal weight and height a strong positive correlation was found between infant and placental weight as well as a positive correlation between maternal weight before birth and infant and placental weight respectively. This could be confirmed in this extended study on 438 cases, in which also other variables, in particular the maternal weight increase during pregnancy, were investigated. Where as in the previous study it was suggested, that maternal weight acts via placental weight on infant weight, the findings of this study imply, that there is also a direct influence of maternal on infant weight. Taking maternal weight before pregnancy and immediately before birth (uncorrected and corrected for placental and fetal weight) separately, the correlation between maternal weight before pregnancy showed a stronger relation to infant weight than the corrected maternal weight increase during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:946946", "title": "[Fissured \"single\" umbilical artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The finding of a single umbilical artery 10 cm above the placenta is no prove of its singularity in all the course. This observation indicates that a solitary umbilical artery is neither a main pathogenetic fact nor an evident morphologic pattern concerning fundamental disorders in placentation and fetal development.", "contents": "[Fissured \"single\" umbilical artery (author's transl)]. The finding of a single umbilical artery 10 cm above the placenta is no prove of its singularity in all the course. This observation indicates that a solitary umbilical artery is neither a main pathogenetic fact nor an evident morphologic pattern concerning fundamental disorders in placentation and fetal development."}
{"id": "PMID:946948", "title": "A 10-year study of homosexually transmitted infection.", "content": "A 10-year survey is presented of male cases of homosexually acquired infection seen between 1962 and 1971 at Charing Cross Hospital (West London Branch). Tables showing the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and other conditions in homosexual and heterosexual males and in females are considered. Tables of other relevant data are also presented. The reasons underlying the changes illustrated, including the Act legalizing homosexual practices between consenting adult males, which became effective in 1968, are discussed. Certain pathological conditions apparently connected with homosexual practices, such as serum hepatitis, local rectal disease, and mucous colitis, are included and also some relevant manifestations of herpes genitalis and genitral warts. Homosexually acquired infection in prisoners is described. Some of the psychiatric effects of homosexuality on clinic patients and also their fears of treatment at clinics are considered, as well as the behavioral differences in response to infection between exclusively homosexuals, bi-sexuals, and married homosexuals.", "contents": "A 10-year study of homosexually transmitted infection. A 10-year survey is presented of male cases of homosexually acquired infection seen between 1962 and 1971 at Charing Cross Hospital (West London Branch). Tables showing the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and other conditions in homosexual and heterosexual males and in females are considered. Tables of other relevant data are also presented. The reasons underlying the changes illustrated, including the Act legalizing homosexual practices between consenting adult males, which became effective in 1968, are discussed. Certain pathological conditions apparently connected with homosexual practices, such as serum hepatitis, local rectal disease, and mucous colitis, are included and also some relevant manifestations of herpes genitalis and genitral warts. Homosexually acquired infection in prisoners is described. Some of the psychiatric effects of homosexuality on clinic patients and also their fears of treatment at clinics are considered, as well as the behavioral differences in response to infection between exclusively homosexuals, bi-sexuals, and married homosexuals."}
{"id": "PMID:946951", "title": "Ultrastructural modifications of renal cells in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) after castration.", "content": "The mechanisms of cellular autophagy have been studied in the renal epithelium of male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) following castration. Two main types of alteration are described at the level of the proximal tubule cells. At first, the formation of endoplasmic reticulum whorls is observed, followed immediately by the secretion of lacunar progranules and by nucleolar modifications. These alterations lead to a progressive decrease of the glandular activity of the cells. The other main effect of castration is a general involution of the secretory granules still present in the cells. The involutive processes which lead to the complete destruction of the secretory material and, sometimes, of entire proximal cells, are described. In the collecting tubules, a marked and rapid decrease in glandular activity occurs, followed by disappearance of the mucous secretions. Small dense granules, supposedly lysosomes, are present. The processes described also appear to be characteristic of the normal involution of the renal cells occurring at the end of the breeding period. The findings strongly suggest that the male sex hormone may exert a double control on the renal cells in the stickleback, at both the cytoplasmic and nucleolar levels.", "contents": "Ultrastructural modifications of renal cells in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) after castration. The mechanisms of cellular autophagy have been studied in the renal epithelium of male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) following castration. Two main types of alteration are described at the level of the proximal tubule cells. At first, the formation of endoplasmic reticulum whorls is observed, followed immediately by the secretion of lacunar progranules and by nucleolar modifications. These alterations lead to a progressive decrease of the glandular activity of the cells. The other main effect of castration is a general involution of the secretory granules still present in the cells. The involutive processes which lead to the complete destruction of the secretory material and, sometimes, of entire proximal cells, are described. In the collecting tubules, a marked and rapid decrease in glandular activity occurs, followed by disappearance of the mucous secretions. Small dense granules, supposedly lysosomes, are present. The processes described also appear to be characteristic of the normal involution of the renal cells occurring at the end of the breeding period. The findings strongly suggest that the male sex hormone may exert a double control on the renal cells in the stickleback, at both the cytoplasmic and nucleolar levels."}
{"id": "PMID:946953", "title": "Monitoring drug concentrations in a case of combined overdosage with primidone and methsuximide.", "content": "We describe a case of fatal overdosage with primidone and methsuximide. During the early phase of the patient's hospital course we found concentrations of methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, and primidone in serum that far exceeded the usual therapeutic concentrations, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Determination of N-desmethylmethsuximide in peritoneal fluid demonstrated concentrations comparable to those in serum. This led to the therapeutic decision to manage the patient by dialysis. Subsequently, serum samples collected during the course of hospitalization were analyzed quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography for methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, primidone, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. Selected serum specimens were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and N-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-2-phenylsuccinimide, a metabolite of methsuximide not previously described in human serum, was identified by analysis of its mass spectrum.", "contents": "Monitoring drug concentrations in a case of combined overdosage with primidone and methsuximide. We describe a case of fatal overdosage with primidone and methsuximide. During the early phase of the patient's hospital course we found concentrations of methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, and primidone in serum that far exceeded the usual therapeutic concentrations, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Determination of N-desmethylmethsuximide in peritoneal fluid demonstrated concentrations comparable to those in serum. This led to the therapeutic decision to manage the patient by dialysis. Subsequently, serum samples collected during the course of hospitalization were analyzed quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography for methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, primidone, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. Selected serum specimens were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and N-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-2-phenylsuccinimide, a metabolite of methsuximide not previously described in human serum, was identified by analysis of its mass spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:946954", "title": "Amniotic fluid lipid profiles: a rapid gas chromatographic method.", "content": "The lipid extract of amniotic fluid has been analysed for the important fatty acids derived mainly from the lecithin component of lung surfactant. Using gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, these fatty acids have been identified. A positive correlation between certain lipid profiles and lack of lung surfactant with its associated respiratory problems for the newborn infant has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid lipid profiles: a rapid gas chromatographic method. The lipid extract of amniotic fluid has been analysed for the important fatty acids derived mainly from the lecithin component of lung surfactant. Using gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, these fatty acids have been identified. A positive correlation between certain lipid profiles and lack of lung surfactant with its associated respiratory problems for the newborn infant has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:946955", "title": "[Milk intolerance, lactose intolerance and lactase deficiency in partial resection of the stomach].", "content": "Of 40 patients with a partial gastrectomy (Billroth-II) 10 developed a milk intolerance and 11 had a lactase deficiency, the latter in 4 cases appearing together with a decrease in other disaccharidases. Only 2 of the 11 lactase-deficient patients complained of milk intolerance. The Ethanol lactose tolerance test (ELTT) was performed in 21 patients and was found to be abnormal in 6. Whereas cases of abnormal ELTT usually (4 of 6 cases) showed a lactase deficiency, only 2 patients with milk intolerance showed an abnormal ELTT and lactase deficiency. Milk intolerance can therefore only exceptionally be explained by lactase deficiency, and lack of lactase in the upper jejunum usually does not produce intolerance symptoms. Moreover, in comparable determinations from the afferent and efferent jejunal loop no differences in enzyme activities could be observed.", "contents": "[Milk intolerance, lactose intolerance and lactase deficiency in partial resection of the stomach]. Of 40 patients with a partial gastrectomy (Billroth-II) 10 developed a milk intolerance and 11 had a lactase deficiency, the latter in 4 cases appearing together with a decrease in other disaccharidases. Only 2 of the 11 lactase-deficient patients complained of milk intolerance. The Ethanol lactose tolerance test (ELTT) was performed in 21 patients and was found to be abnormal in 6. Whereas cases of abnormal ELTT usually (4 of 6 cases) showed a lactase deficiency, only 2 patients with milk intolerance showed an abnormal ELTT and lactase deficiency. Milk intolerance can therefore only exceptionally be explained by lactase deficiency, and lack of lactase in the upper jejunum usually does not produce intolerance symptoms. Moreover, in comparable determinations from the afferent and efferent jejunal loop no differences in enzyme activities could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:946956", "title": "[False radioimmuno-assay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the presence of hormone-binding autoantibodies in serum (author's transl)].", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in a 14-year-old girl with primary hypothyroidism and nodular goitre as a result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis gave falsely low values due to the presence of hormone-binding antibodies. Such antibodies occur in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. Their presence requires special methods for determining these hormones.", "contents": "[False radioimmuno-assay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the presence of hormone-binding autoantibodies in serum (author's transl)]. Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in a 14-year-old girl with primary hypothyroidism and nodular goitre as a result of Hashimoto's thyroiditis gave falsely low values due to the presence of hormone-binding antibodies. Such antibodies occur in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma. Their presence requires special methods for determining these hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:946957", "title": "Prolactin: the initial luteotropic stimulus of pseudopregnancy in the rat.", "content": "The luteotropic stimuli necessary to transform the corpus luteum of the estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of psuedopregnancy on the morning of diestrus-2 (Day 2), as reflected by a dramatic divergence in progesterone secretion, were studied (Day 1 was taken as the first day of diestrus of pseudopregnancy). The requirement of prolactin (PRL) as a luteotropic stimulus was determined by inhibiting the diurnal and nocturnal PRL surges that occur immediately before and during the divergence in progesterone. Following cervical stimulation, 1 mg of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (EC) was injected at 1100 and 2300 h on Day 1 (lights on 0600-1800 h), and the animals were decapitated at 2-4 h intervals from 1100 h on Day 1 to 1700 h on Day 2. In the control animals, the PRL surges on Day 1 and Day 2 were associated with an increase in progesterone secretion on Day 2. However, the regimen of EC treatment resulted in an inhibition of PRL surges, prolactin remaining at baseline values from 1100 h on Day 1 to 1700 h on Day 2. The inhibition of PRL secretion was associated with a fall in progesterone concentration to reach baseline values by 1700h on Day 2. Furthermore, a group of animals similarly treated with EC returned to vaginal estrus 2 days later. LH concentrations did not differ in control and EC-treated animals. The effect of EC on corpus luteum function could be completely reversed by the simultaneous administration of PRL. In addition, if PRL was administered at 1100 h and 2300 h on diestrus-1 of the estrous cycle, in an attempt to mimic the surges os pseudopregnancy, regression of the corpora lutea did not occur. Progesterone levels increased to reach values comparable to those observed in pseudopregnancy on diestrus-2. The role of LH was studied by administering a dose of LH antiserum at 110 and 2300 h on Day 1 of pseudopregnancy. This treatment failed to inhibit the increase in progesterone observed on Day 2. These results demonstrate that the surges of plasma PRL initiated by cervical stimulation are responsible for transforming a corpus luteum of the estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy, as reflected by an increase in progesterone secretion of Day 2. LH seems to have a minor role in maintaining corpus luteum function beyond that observed during the estrous cycle.", "contents": "Prolactin: the initial luteotropic stimulus of pseudopregnancy in the rat. The luteotropic stimuli necessary to transform the corpus luteum of the estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of psuedopregnancy on the morning of diestrus-2 (Day 2), as reflected by a dramatic divergence in progesterone secretion, were studied (Day 1 was taken as the first day of diestrus of pseudopregnancy). The requirement of prolactin (PRL) as a luteotropic stimulus was determined by inhibiting the diurnal and nocturnal PRL surges that occur immediately before and during the divergence in progesterone. Following cervical stimulation, 1 mg of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (EC) was injected at 1100 and 2300 h on Day 1 (lights on 0600-1800 h), and the animals were decapitated at 2-4 h intervals from 1100 h on Day 1 to 1700 h on Day 2. In the control animals, the PRL surges on Day 1 and Day 2 were associated with an increase in progesterone secretion on Day 2. However, the regimen of EC treatment resulted in an inhibition of PRL surges, prolactin remaining at baseline values from 1100 h on Day 1 to 1700 h on Day 2. The inhibition of PRL secretion was associated with a fall in progesterone concentration to reach baseline values by 1700h on Day 2. Furthermore, a group of animals similarly treated with EC returned to vaginal estrus 2 days later. LH concentrations did not differ in control and EC-treated animals. The effect of EC on corpus luteum function could be completely reversed by the simultaneous administration of PRL. In addition, if PRL was administered at 1100 h and 2300 h on diestrus-1 of the estrous cycle, in an attempt to mimic the surges os pseudopregnancy, regression of the corpora lutea did not occur. Progesterone levels increased to reach values comparable to those observed in pseudopregnancy on diestrus-2. The role of LH was studied by administering a dose of LH antiserum at 110 and 2300 h on Day 1 of pseudopregnancy. This treatment failed to inhibit the increase in progesterone observed on Day 2. These results demonstrate that the surges of plasma PRL initiated by cervical stimulation are responsible for transforming a corpus luteum of the estrous cycle into a corpus luteum of pseudopregnancy, as reflected by an increase in progesterone secretion of Day 2. LH seems to have a minor role in maintaining corpus luteum function beyond that observed during the estrous cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:946959", "title": "Elevated plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels in infertile males with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Little attention has been given the existence of male infertility in hyperthyroidism and the mechanisms adversely affecting spermatogenesis therein. The chance presentation of three young thyrotoxic men within a short period of time allowed us to document the common findings in all three of reversibly impaired semen quality. The unexpected finding of elevated testosterone and gonadotropin levels in each case, with return of these values to normal on attaining euthyroidism, and the finding of maturation arrest in one patient prior to treatment of his thyrotoxicosis, allow some considerations of the altered physiology and spermatogenic defect and suggest a need for further attention to this disorder.", "contents": "Elevated plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels in infertile males with hyperthyroidism. Little attention has been given the existence of male infertility in hyperthyroidism and the mechanisms adversely affecting spermatogenesis therein. The chance presentation of three young thyrotoxic men within a short period of time allowed us to document the common findings in all three of reversibly impaired semen quality. The unexpected finding of elevated testosterone and gonadotropin levels in each case, with return of these values to normal on attaining euthyroidism, and the finding of maturation arrest in one patient prior to treatment of his thyrotoxicosis, allow some considerations of the altered physiology and spermatogenic defect and suggest a need for further attention to this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:946961", "title": "Gastric emptying rate measurement in man. A double isotope scanning technique for simultaneous study of liquid and solid components of a meal.", "content": "A sequential scintiscanning method was used to study gastric emptying in a total of 46 patients given a meal of cornflakes, sugar and milk containing radioactive markers of the solid and liquid components. In control and duodenal ulcer patients, liquid emptying was faster than solid emptying and could be represented as a monoexponential process, but  solid emptying followed a different pattern, better represented as linear emptying with time. However, in patients who had undergone Billroth II gastrectomy there was no evidence of differential emptying of the two markers. In addition, rapid emptying of both markers occurred in the gastrectomy patients during the first 10 min after meal ingestion but did not occur in control or duodenal ulcer patients. The observations illustrate the limitations of using liquid meals to identify the effects of gastric surgery on emptying. Measurements of early emptying and of solid-liquid differentiation are necessary for full definition of gastric emptying after ingestion of a mixed solid and liquid meal.", "contents": "Gastric emptying rate measurement in man. A double isotope scanning technique for simultaneous study of liquid and solid components of a meal. A sequential scintiscanning method was used to study gastric emptying in a total of 46 patients given a meal of cornflakes, sugar and milk containing radioactive markers of the solid and liquid components. In control and duodenal ulcer patients, liquid emptying was faster than solid emptying and could be represented as a monoexponential process, but  solid emptying followed a different pattern, better represented as linear emptying with time. However, in patients who had undergone Billroth II gastrectomy there was no evidence of differential emptying of the two markers. In addition, rapid emptying of both markers occurred in the gastrectomy patients during the first 10 min after meal ingestion but did not occur in control or duodenal ulcer patients. The observations illustrate the limitations of using liquid meals to identify the effects of gastric surgery on emptying. Measurements of early emptying and of solid-liquid differentiation are necessary for full definition of gastric emptying after ingestion of a mixed solid and liquid meal."}
{"id": "PMID:946964", "title": "Formation of homocytotropic antibodies with penicilloyl specificity in the rabbit.", "content": "The formation of homocytotropic antibodies (IgE) as determined by immunochemical characteristics against penicilloyl in rabbits was shown. The production of such antibodies to azidocilloyl-human serum albumin (AzO10-HSA) in alum was found optimal using 1 mg of antigen in the tested range of 0.01-8 mg. At the lowest dose (0.01 mg) only haemagglutinating but no IgE antibodies were formed. Immunization with azidocilloyl-bovine gamma-globulin (AzO9-BGG) resulted in a slower increase in antibody levels than was caused by AzO10-HSA. Univalent benzylpenicilloyl-epsilon-aminocaproate or ampicillin given together with the antigen upon immunization decreased the levels of penicllloyl specific IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies, but induced the formation of IgE antibodies against the carrier molecule. Further, the administration of penicilloyl specific IgG antibodies diminished formation of both IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies, but no antibodies specific for the carrier were formed. The usefulness of this animal model for the experimental study of penicillin allergy is discussed.", "contents": "Formation of homocytotropic antibodies with penicilloyl specificity in the rabbit. The formation of homocytotropic antibodies (IgE) as determined by immunochemical characteristics against penicilloyl in rabbits was shown. The production of such antibodies to azidocilloyl-human serum albumin (AzO10-HSA) in alum was found optimal using 1 mg of antigen in the tested range of 0.01-8 mg. At the lowest dose (0.01 mg) only haemagglutinating but no IgE antibodies were formed. Immunization with azidocilloyl-bovine gamma-globulin (AzO9-BGG) resulted in a slower increase in antibody levels than was caused by AzO10-HSA. Univalent benzylpenicilloyl-epsilon-aminocaproate or ampicillin given together with the antigen upon immunization decreased the levels of penicllloyl specific IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies, but induced the formation of IgE antibodies against the carrier molecule. Further, the administration of penicilloyl specific IgG antibodies diminished formation of both IgE and haemagglutinating antibodies, but no antibodies specific for the carrier were formed. The usefulness of this animal model for the experimental study of penicillin allergy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:946965", "title": "Study of the mechanism of Corynebacterium parvum anti-tumour activity. I. Protective effect on the growth of two syngeneic tumours.", "content": "The protective effect of C. parvum against two different tumours - a lymphosarcoma and a mammary carcinoma - has been demonstrated. In the case of lymphosarcoma, a significant protective effect was obtained when both C. parvum and tumor cells were injected IV. In contrast in C3H mice the best protection was obtained when both C. parvum and mammary carcinoma cells were injected IP. Thus both C. parvum and tumour cells must be inoculated by the same route which, however, varies for different tumours. A very small dose of C. parvum still inhibited the growth of the two tumours. Splenectomy performed before C. parvum treatment did not interfere with the anti-tumour activity of C. parvum on the tumours. However, when splenectomy was performed after  C. parvum injection, the protective ffect of C. parvum still persisted against XVII lymphosarcoma but not against C3H carcinoma.", "contents": "Study of the mechanism of Corynebacterium parvum anti-tumour activity. I. Protective effect on the growth of two syngeneic tumours. The protective effect of C. parvum against two different tumours - a lymphosarcoma and a mammary carcinoma - has been demonstrated. In the case of lymphosarcoma, a significant protective effect was obtained when both C. parvum and tumor cells were injected IV. In contrast in C3H mice the best protection was obtained when both C. parvum and mammary carcinoma cells were injected IP. Thus both C. parvum and tumour cells must be inoculated by the same route which, however, varies for different tumours. A very small dose of C. parvum still inhibited the growth of the two tumours. Splenectomy performed before C. parvum treatment did not interfere with the anti-tumour activity of C. parvum on the tumours. However, when splenectomy was performed after  C. parvum injection, the protective ffect of C. parvum still persisted against XVII lymphosarcoma but not against C3H carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:946966", "title": "Chemotherapy of psoriasis: ten years of experience.", "content": "The hunt for an effective, easier to administer, more acceptable therapeutic modality for extensive chronic psoriasis continues. The chemotherapy of psoriasis is reviewed in 246 patients from 1964 to 1974 treated with methotrexate, 92 patients from 1971 to 1974 with hydroxyurea, and 36 patients from 1972 to 1974 with azaribine. Currently, the available chemotherapy agents are the least palatable and desirable form of treatment. Methotrexate continues to be the most predictable, effective and least expensive. The use of photochemotherapy may prove to be more effective, less toxic, and more practical until a more specific and effective etiologically directed form of therapy becomes available.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of psoriasis: ten years of experience. The hunt for an effective, easier to administer, more acceptable therapeutic modality for extensive chronic psoriasis continues. The chemotherapy of psoriasis is reviewed in 246 patients from 1964 to 1974 treated with methotrexate, 92 patients from 1971 to 1974 with hydroxyurea, and 36 patients from 1972 to 1974 with azaribine. Currently, the available chemotherapy agents are the least palatable and desirable form of treatment. Methotrexate continues to be the most predictable, effective and least expensive. The use of photochemotherapy may prove to be more effective, less toxic, and more practical until a more specific and effective etiologically directed form of therapy becomes available."}
{"id": "PMID:946967", "title": "Juvenile retinal detachment.", "content": "We feel that the management of juvenile retinal detachment can best be improved by earlier diagnosis. School vision-screening tests should be encouraged, and long-term followup of patients with high myopia, aphakia, and retrolental fibroplasia should be practiced. The peripheral retina should be examined in all traumatized eyes since delayed detachment is the rule. When retinal breaks are found in high-risk eyes, in our opinion, prophylactic treatment is indicated.", "contents": "Juvenile retinal detachment. We feel that the management of juvenile retinal detachment can best be improved by earlier diagnosis. School vision-screening tests should be encouraged, and long-term followup of patients with high myopia, aphakia, and retrolental fibroplasia should be practiced. The peripheral retina should be examined in all traumatized eyes since delayed detachment is the rule. When retinal breaks are found in high-risk eyes, in our opinion, prophylactic treatment is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:946969", "title": "Stiffness and laxity of the knee--the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study.", "content": "Thirty-five normal cadaver knees were tested manually in six positions of the knee using apparatus designed to measure the moment-rotation responses for both varus-valgus angulation and torsion of the tibia, as well as the force-displacement responses for anterior-posterior movement of the tibia. The responses of all knees to all modes of loading were non-linear, reflecting increasing stiffness. With the knee at full extension, stiffness was maximum and laxity was minimum. Hence, it was in this position that changes in stability (laxity and stiffness) were best demonstrated when ligament structures were sectioned. Differences in laxity were observed between right and left knees of intact paired specimens. Torsional laxity and internal rotation stiffness were most affected by sectioning the medial collateral ligament, while external rotation stiffness was only affected by division of both the lateral collateral ligament and the posterior capsule. Varus-valgus laxity was relatively unaffected by removal of the menisci or section of the cruciate ligaments but increased greatly when either collateral ligament was cut. The medial collateral ligament was the main contributor to valgus stiffness, whereas the lateral collateral ligament had no measurable effect on varus stiffness. Anterior-posterior stability was affected to some extent by virtually every sectioning procedure. Isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament produced the greatest increase in anterior-posterior laxity at full extension and section of the posterior cruciate, the greatest increase at 90 degrees of flexion. Large increases in anterior-posterior laxity were also observed when the medial collateral ligament and posterior capsule were sectioned in combination.", "contents": "Stiffness and laxity of the knee--the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study. Thirty-five normal cadaver knees were tested manually in six positions of the knee using apparatus designed to measure the moment-rotation responses for both varus-valgus angulation and torsion of the tibia, as well as the force-displacement responses for anterior-posterior movement of the tibia. The responses of all knees to all modes of loading were non-linear, reflecting increasing stiffness. With the knee at full extension, stiffness was maximum and laxity was minimum. Hence, it was in this position that changes in stability (laxity and stiffness) were best demonstrated when ligament structures were sectioned. Differences in laxity were observed between right and left knees of intact paired specimens. Torsional laxity and internal rotation stiffness were most affected by sectioning the medial collateral ligament, while external rotation stiffness was only affected by division of both the lateral collateral ligament and the posterior capsule. Varus-valgus laxity was relatively unaffected by removal of the menisci or section of the cruciate ligaments but increased greatly when either collateral ligament was cut. The medial collateral ligament was the main contributor to valgus stiffness, whereas the lateral collateral ligament had no measurable effect on varus stiffness. Anterior-posterior stability was affected to some extent by virtually every sectioning procedure. Isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament produced the greatest increase in anterior-posterior laxity at full extension and section of the posterior cruciate, the greatest increase at 90 degrees of flexion. Large increases in anterior-posterior laxity were also observed when the medial collateral ligament and posterior capsule were sectioned in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:946970", "title": "Mechanical changes in the knee after meniscectomy.", "content": "A compression testing machine was used to transmit increasing loads at various strain rates across twelve canine and twelve human cadaver knees. The specimens were originally evaluated with both menisci intact and the same tests were repeated with one meniscus removed and then with both menisci removed. This investigation showed that the menisci perform a load-transmitting and energy-absorbing function in the knee joint. The stress acting across the joint increased significantly after meniscectomy. The intact meniscus was deformed during compressive loading rather than being passively pushed away, thus demonstrating the presence of hoop stresses within the meniscus.", "contents": "Mechanical changes in the knee after meniscectomy. A compression testing machine was used to transmit increasing loads at various strain rates across twelve canine and twelve human cadaver knees. The specimens were originally evaluated with both menisci intact and the same tests were repeated with one meniscus removed and then with both menisci removed. This investigation showed that the menisci perform a load-transmitting and energy-absorbing function in the knee joint. The stress acting across the joint increased significantly after meniscectomy. The intact meniscus was deformed during compressive loading rather than being passively pushed away, thus demonstrating the presence of hoop stresses within the meniscus."}
{"id": "PMID:946971", "title": "Column switching techniques in the liquid chromatographic analysis of organochlorine pesticides in milk.", "content": "A system is described for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. Sample clean-up, separation of pesticides from milk fat and quantification of both fat and pesticides are carried out on-column using column switching and backflushing techniques. The combination of liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection results in a detection limit of approximately 0.1 ppm pesticide in milk fat.", "contents": "Column switching techniques in the liquid chromatographic analysis of organochlorine pesticides in milk. A system is described for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. Sample clean-up, separation of pesticides from milk fat and quantification of both fat and pesticides are carried out on-column using column switching and backflushing techniques. The combination of liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection results in a detection limit of approximately 0.1 ppm pesticide in milk fat."}
{"id": "PMID:946972", "title": "An alternative method for inactivating heteroagglutinins in human sera applicable to rubella haemagglutination inhibition testing at low dilutions.", "content": "Serum agglutinins of chick and pigeon cells are predominantly immunoglobulin M and can be inactivated by 2 mercaptoethanol. 2 Mercaptoethanol is more effective than strong suspensions of red cells in removing the agglutinins of indicator cells from sera being prepared for HAI tests. In rubella HAI tests from a dilution of 1 to 10 dilute 2 mercaptoethanol offer a convenient method of removing agglutinins, and, at higher concentration, allow dilutions of sera from 1 in 2-5 to be tested without significant interference by heteroagglutinins. HAI titres are comparable when red cell absorbed and 2 mercaptoethanol treated sera are tested in parallel.", "contents": "An alternative method for inactivating heteroagglutinins in human sera applicable to rubella haemagglutination inhibition testing at low dilutions. Serum agglutinins of chick and pigeon cells are predominantly immunoglobulin M and can be inactivated by 2 mercaptoethanol. 2 Mercaptoethanol is more effective than strong suspensions of red cells in removing the agglutinins of indicator cells from sera being prepared for HAI tests. In rubella HAI tests from a dilution of 1 to 10 dilute 2 mercaptoethanol offer a convenient method of removing agglutinins, and, at higher concentration, allow dilutions of sera from 1 in 2-5 to be tested without significant interference by heteroagglutinins. HAI titres are comparable when red cell absorbed and 2 mercaptoethanol treated sera are tested in parallel."}
{"id": "PMID:946973", "title": "Safety and efficacy of \"Alice\" influenza virus vaccine in normal healthy adults.", "content": "A live influenza virus candidate vaccine, \"Alice\" strain, was evaluated in normal healthy adults. It proved to be safe, with minimal clinical reactions. Thirteen of 21 volunteers (61.9%) with pre-existing titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of less than or equal to 1:4 and three of nine (33.3%) with initial titers of 1:8-1:16 had four-fold increases in titers of serum antibody. A second dose of vaccine did not increase the frequency or the magnitude of the serum antibody response. Nasal neutralizing antibody responses occurred in six of 18 subjects tested (38.8%). The vaccine virus appeared to produce its effect by replication since vaccine virus was recovered from six of 17 subjects (35%), administration of a vaccine inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation did not produce a response, a 1:10 dilution of virus infected two of five subjects, and a 1:100 dilution infected none of six subjects. The virus was not transmitted to the antibody-negative controls who were confined with infected volunteers. Challenge of 20 volunteers and 26 control subjects with wild-type influenza A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) virus revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of infection and illness among subjects who responded to \"Alice\" vaccine compared with the frequency among unvaccinated controls.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of \"Alice\" influenza virus vaccine in normal healthy adults. A live influenza virus candidate vaccine, \"Alice\" strain, was evaluated in normal healthy adults. It proved to be safe, with minimal clinical reactions. Thirteen of 21 volunteers (61.9%) with pre-existing titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody of less than or equal to 1:4 and three of nine (33.3%) with initial titers of 1:8-1:16 had four-fold increases in titers of serum antibody. A second dose of vaccine did not increase the frequency or the magnitude of the serum antibody response. Nasal neutralizing antibody responses occurred in six of 18 subjects tested (38.8%). The vaccine virus appeared to produce its effect by replication since vaccine virus was recovered from six of 17 subjects (35%), administration of a vaccine inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation did not produce a response, a 1:10 dilution of virus infected two of five subjects, and a 1:100 dilution infected none of six subjects. The virus was not transmitted to the antibody-negative controls who were confined with infected volunteers. Challenge of 20 volunteers and 26 control subjects with wild-type influenza A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) virus revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of infection and illness among subjects who responded to \"Alice\" vaccine compared with the frequency among unvaccinated controls."}
{"id": "PMID:946974", "title": "Evidence for lipid synthesis by the dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway in rabbit lung subcellular fractions.", "content": "Lipid synthesis by the lung requires a 3-carbon skeleton that can be provided by sn-glycerol-3-phosphate derived from glycolysis. This study investigated whether acylation of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate can serve as an alternate pathway for lung lipid synthesis. Rabbit lung microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were incubated with radiolabelled sn-glycerol-3-P and/or dihydroxyacetone-P. Palmitoyl CoA was used as acyl donor. The lipid fraction was subsequently isolated and radioactive incorporation was determined. Glycerol-3-P and dihydroxyacetone-P were both incorporated into the lipid fraction when each substrate was present alone. During incubation in the presence of equimolar concentrations of both substrates dihydroxyacetone-P accounted for 41 per cent of the total incorporation. These results show that acylation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a potential alternate to the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway for lung lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Evidence for lipid synthesis by the dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway in rabbit lung subcellular fractions. Lipid synthesis by the lung requires a 3-carbon skeleton that can be provided by sn-glycerol-3-phosphate derived from glycolysis. This study investigated whether acylation of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate can serve as an alternate pathway for lung lipid synthesis. Rabbit lung microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were incubated with radiolabelled sn-glycerol-3-P and/or dihydroxyacetone-P. Palmitoyl CoA was used as acyl donor. The lipid fraction was subsequently isolated and radioactive incorporation was determined. Glycerol-3-P and dihydroxyacetone-P were both incorporated into the lipid fraction when each substrate was present alone. During incubation in the presence of equimolar concentrations of both substrates dihydroxyacetone-P accounted for 41 per cent of the total incorporation. These results show that acylation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a potential alternate to the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway for lung lipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:946975", "title": "Effect of phloretin on the permeability of thin lipid membranes.", "content": "Phloretin dramatically increases cation conductances and decreases anion conductances of membranes treated with ion carriers (nonactin, valinomycin, carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone [CCCP], and Hg(C6F5)2) or lipophilic ions (tetraphenylarsonium [tphAs+] and tetraphenylborate [TPhB-]). For example, on phosphatidylethanolamine membranes, 10(-4) M phloretin increases K+ -nonactin and TPhAs+ conductances and decreases CCCP- and TPhB- conductances 10(3)-fold; on lecithin: cholesterol membranes, it increases K+-nonactin conductance 10(5)-fold and decreases CCCP- conductance 10(3)-fold. Similar effects are obtained with p- and m-nitrophenol at 10(-2) M. These effects are produced by the un-ionized form of phloretin and the nitrophenols. We believe that phloretin, which possesses a large dipole moment, adsorbs and orients at the membrane surface to introduce a dipole potential of opposite polarity to the preexisting positive one, thus increasing the partition coefficient of cations into the membrane interior and decreasing the partition coefficient of anions. (Phloretin may also increase the fluidity of cholesterol-containing membranes; this is manifested by its two- to three-fold increase in nonelectrolyte permeability and its asymmetrical effect on cation and anion conductances in cholesterol-containing membranes.) It is possible that pholoretin's inhibition of chloride, urea, and glucose transport in biological membranes results from the effects of these intense intrafacial dipole fields on the translocator(s) of these molecules.", "contents": "Effect of phloretin on the permeability of thin lipid membranes. Phloretin dramatically increases cation conductances and decreases anion conductances of membranes treated with ion carriers (nonactin, valinomycin, carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone [CCCP], and Hg(C6F5)2) or lipophilic ions (tetraphenylarsonium [tphAs+] and tetraphenylborate [TPhB-]). For example, on phosphatidylethanolamine membranes, 10(-4) M phloretin increases K+ -nonactin and TPhAs+ conductances and decreases CCCP- and TPhB- conductances 10(3)-fold; on lecithin: cholesterol membranes, it increases K+-nonactin conductance 10(5)-fold and decreases CCCP- conductance 10(3)-fold. Similar effects are obtained with p- and m-nitrophenol at 10(-2) M. These effects are produced by the un-ionized form of phloretin and the nitrophenols. We believe that phloretin, which possesses a large dipole moment, adsorbs and orients at the membrane surface to introduce a dipole potential of opposite polarity to the preexisting positive one, thus increasing the partition coefficient of cations into the membrane interior and decreasing the partition coefficient of anions. (Phloretin may also increase the fluidity of cholesterol-containing membranes; this is manifested by its two- to three-fold increase in nonelectrolyte permeability and its asymmetrical effect on cation and anion conductances in cholesterol-containing membranes.) It is possible that pholoretin's inhibition of chloride, urea, and glucose transport in biological membranes results from the effects of these intense intrafacial dipole fields on the translocator(s) of these molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:946987", "title": "Chemoprophylaxis for patients with colorectal cancer. Prospective study with five-year follow-up.", "content": "The effectiveness of a short-term fluorouracil chemopophylaxis regimen commencing four to six weeks after \"curative\" surgery was evaluated in a homogeneous group of 213 patients with colorectal cancer. In stage III disease (Dukes class C), five-year survival with no evidence of disease (NED) was 24.3% when treated by surgery alone but was 57.5% when a prophylactic regimen of fluorouracil was added (P less than .01), an increase of 33.2%. In stage II disease (Dukes class B), five-year NED survival was raised from 58.5% to 81.6%, an increase of 23.1% (P less than .02). More striking are the one-, two-, and three-year NED survivals in stage III. The one-, two-m and three-year NED survivals for the chemoprophylaxis group are 100%, 95%, and 75%, respectively, in contrast to 70.7%, 48.8%, and 34.1% in the group with surgery alone. The present data indicate that fluorouracil chemoprophylaxis offers a significant improvement of five-year cure rate of patients with stage II and III disease, an overall increase of 28.1% (P less than .01).", "contents": "Chemoprophylaxis for patients with colorectal cancer. Prospective study with five-year follow-up. The effectiveness of a short-term fluorouracil chemopophylaxis regimen commencing four to six weeks after \"curative\" surgery was evaluated in a homogeneous group of 213 patients with colorectal cancer. In stage III disease (Dukes class C), five-year survival with no evidence of disease (NED) was 24.3% when treated by surgery alone but was 57.5% when a prophylactic regimen of fluorouracil was added (P less than .01), an increase of 33.2%. In stage II disease (Dukes class B), five-year NED survival was raised from 58.5% to 81.6%, an increase of 23.1% (P less than .02). More striking are the one-, two-, and three-year NED survivals in stage III. The one-, two-m and three-year NED survivals for the chemoprophylaxis group are 100%, 95%, and 75%, respectively, in contrast to 70.7%, 48.8%, and 34.1% in the group with surgery alone. The present data indicate that fluorouracil chemoprophylaxis offers a significant improvement of five-year cure rate of patients with stage II and III disease, an overall increase of 28.1% (P less than .01)."}
{"id": "PMID:946988", "title": "Hepatitis A and B in the family unit. Nonparenteral transmission by asymptomatic children.", "content": "Investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis A among members of an adoption organization implicated recently arrived Vietnamese orphans as the source of infection. A serologic study disclosed a 27% prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among Vietnamese orphans and a 23.1% (6 of 26) prevalence of hepatitis B antibody among American children of adopting families. Five of the six antibody-positive American children were in families with HBsAg-positive orphans. Thus,healthy orphans from high hepatitis incidence areas may transmit hepatitis B, as well as hepatitis A, in the family unit.", "contents": "Hepatitis A and B in the family unit. Nonparenteral transmission by asymptomatic children. Investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis A among members of an adoption organization implicated recently arrived Vietnamese orphans as the source of infection. A serologic study disclosed a 27% prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among Vietnamese orphans and a 23.1% (6 of 26) prevalence of hepatitis B antibody among American children of adopting families. Five of the six antibody-positive American children were in families with HBsAg-positive orphans. Thus,healthy orphans from high hepatitis incidence areas may transmit hepatitis B, as well as hepatitis A, in the family unit."}
{"id": "PMID:946989", "title": "Abdominal manifestations of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary manifestations of acute pulmonary embolism are well known. However, abdominal manifestations of thromboembolic disease are less well appreciated. We recently encountered three patients with pulmonary emboli who also had complications of abdominal signs and symptoms. Two patients initially had abdominal complaints that obscured the diagnosis. In the other patient, symptoms and signs developed that were indistinguishable from an acute surgical condition of the abdomen after the diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism was established. Abdominal manifestations alone may be the presenting features of pulmonary embolism or may complicate the clinical course.", "contents": "Abdominal manifestations of pulmonary embolism. The cardiopulmonary manifestations of acute pulmonary embolism are well known. However, abdominal manifestations of thromboembolic disease are less well appreciated. We recently encountered three patients with pulmonary emboli who also had complications of abdominal signs and symptoms. Two patients initially had abdominal complaints that obscured the diagnosis. In the other patient, symptoms and signs developed that were indistinguishable from an acute surgical condition of the abdomen after the diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism was established. Abdominal manifestations alone may be the presenting features of pulmonary embolism or may complicate the clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:946990", "title": "Reversible renal failure following bilateral renal artery occlusive disease. Clinical features, pathology, and the role of surgical revascularization.", "content": "Three patients with severe hypertension and rapidly progressive oliguric renal failure who required dialysis were found by aortography to have bilateral renal artery occlusion or stenosis. Each had peripheral arteriosclerosis or an abdominal bruit. Following renal artery reconstructive surgery, all three patients recovered nearly normal renal function in 3 to 12 weeks, though mild hypertension persisted in two patients. The common findings of a normal-sized kidney with collateral blood flow and nearly normal histological features were predictive of recovery of renal function. Prolonged postoperative oliguria in two patients may have been due to increased preglomerular vascular resistance mediated by the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Reversible renal failure following bilateral renal artery occlusive disease. Clinical features, pathology, and the role of surgical revascularization. Three patients with severe hypertension and rapidly progressive oliguric renal failure who required dialysis were found by aortography to have bilateral renal artery occlusion or stenosis. Each had peripheral arteriosclerosis or an abdominal bruit. Following renal artery reconstructive surgery, all three patients recovered nearly normal renal function in 3 to 12 weeks, though mild hypertension persisted in two patients. The common findings of a normal-sized kidney with collateral blood flow and nearly normal histological features were predictive of recovery of renal function. Prolonged postoperative oliguria in two patients may have been due to increased preglomerular vascular resistance mediated by the renin-angiotensin system."}
{"id": "PMID:946993", "title": "Aortic insufficiency. A result of intermittent migration of aortic valve prosthesis poppet.", "content": "A bizarre mechanism of aortic valve incompetence was observed when the occluder of a Braunwald-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis decreased in diameter, volume, and weight, and from time to time fell into the left ventricle. The patient's symptoms were palpitation, coughing, chocking sensations, and fright. An operation disclosed a small, smooth ball with disrupted cloth on all the struts. The residual torn mesh was removed, and the ball was replaced.", "contents": "Aortic insufficiency. A result of intermittent migration of aortic valve prosthesis poppet. A bizarre mechanism of aortic valve incompetence was observed when the occluder of a Braunwald-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis decreased in diameter, volume, and weight, and from time to time fell into the left ventricle. The patient's symptoms were palpitation, coughing, chocking sensations, and fright. An operation disclosed a small, smooth ball with disrupted cloth on all the struts. The residual torn mesh was removed, and the ball was replaced."}
{"id": "PMID:946994", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy. Diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules and lymph nodes.", "content": "Needle aspiration biopsies were performed on 130 patients with lymphadenopathy or subcutaneous nodules. Within this group, there were 88 malignant specimens, with 84 interpreted as positive and four as suspicious. There were no false-positive findings in benign-lesion speciemens. The method is rapid, inexpensive, and relatively atraumatic and can be utilized in lieu of ordinary surgical excision.", "contents": "Needle aspiration biopsy. Diagnosis of subcutaneous nodules and lymph nodes. Needle aspiration biopsies were performed on 130 patients with lymphadenopathy or subcutaneous nodules. Within this group, there were 88 malignant specimens, with 84 interpreted as positive and four as suspicious. There were no false-positive findings in benign-lesion speciemens. The method is rapid, inexpensive, and relatively atraumatic and can be utilized in lieu of ordinary surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:946995", "title": "Benign hemoglobinuria following transfusion of accidentally frozen blood.", "content": "A patient was transfused with a unit of red blood cells that had been frozen accidentally prior to transfusion. Although he had received approximately 60 gm of free hemoglobin intravenously, the patient's only clinical reaction was massive hemoglobinuria. The benign clinical response, in the presence of massive hemoglobinuria, is attributed to the absence of immunologic imcompatibility and, thus, failure to activate vasoactive mediators and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The case illustrates revised concepts of the pathophysiology of acute renal failure associated with hemolytic blood transfusion reactions.", "contents": "Benign hemoglobinuria following transfusion of accidentally frozen blood. A patient was transfused with a unit of red blood cells that had been frozen accidentally prior to transfusion. Although he had received approximately 60 gm of free hemoglobin intravenously, the patient's only clinical reaction was massive hemoglobinuria. The benign clinical response, in the presence of massive hemoglobinuria, is attributed to the absence of immunologic imcompatibility and, thus, failure to activate vasoactive mediators and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The case illustrates revised concepts of the pathophysiology of acute renal failure associated with hemolytic blood transfusion reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:947010", "title": "Gaining and losing weight in athletics.", "content": "Participants in many sports, such as wrestling, gymnastics, and light-weight crew, attempt to reduce body weight to achieve a maximum ratio of muscle strength to body weight. Such weight reduction should result only from reduction in excess body fat. In most instances, weight reduction should be achieved at a rate of no more than 1 kg a week, through a modest reduction in diet and a moderate increase in exercise. More rapid weight reduction by starvation and dehydration compromises strength and endurance. Athletes attempting to gain weight should increase weight as muscle mass, not fat. Muscle mass is increased only through muscle work supported by an appropriate increase in food intake. No food, vitamin, drug, or hormone will increase muscle mass. It is recommended that the high caloric diet required to support muscle growth from increased work should be low in animal fats and cholesterol.", "contents": "Gaining and losing weight in athletics. Participants in many sports, such as wrestling, gymnastics, and light-weight crew, attempt to reduce body weight to achieve a maximum ratio of muscle strength to body weight. Such weight reduction should result only from reduction in excess body fat. In most instances, weight reduction should be achieved at a rate of no more than 1 kg a week, through a modest reduction in diet and a moderate increase in exercise. More rapid weight reduction by starvation and dehydration compromises strength and endurance. Athletes attempting to gain weight should increase weight as muscle mass, not fat. Muscle mass is increased only through muscle work supported by an appropriate increase in food intake. No food, vitamin, drug, or hormone will increase muscle mass. It is recommended that the high caloric diet required to support muscle growth from increased work should be low in animal fats and cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:947011", "title": "Susceptibility of women athletes to injury. Myths vs reality.", "content": "To separate fact from fiction regarding the susceptibility of women athletes to injury, three surveys were conducted. The initial data were collected from the athletic departments of collegiate institutions, and the final material was assembled from certified athletic trainers at these institutions, plus an extensive computer search of applicable publications. The collected statistical data were tabulated, and a written commentary was evaluated by the authors. It was established that injuries sustained by female athletes, aside from those related to different biological structures, were essentially no different than those of men, nor are well-trained women athletes more prone to injury. Ankle and knee injuries are most frequent, and women sustain many contusions, sprains, and shin splints. It is anticipated that the overall number of injuries will decrease as better coaches and trainers become available to women athletes.", "contents": "Susceptibility of women athletes to injury. Myths vs reality. To separate fact from fiction regarding the susceptibility of women athletes to injury, three surveys were conducted. The initial data were collected from the athletic departments of collegiate institutions, and the final material was assembled from certified athletic trainers at these institutions, plus an extensive computer search of applicable publications. The collected statistical data were tabulated, and a written commentary was evaluated by the authors. It was established that injuries sustained by female athletes, aside from those related to different biological structures, were essentially no different than those of men, nor are well-trained women athletes more prone to injury. Ankle and knee injuries are most frequent, and women sustain many contusions, sprains, and shin splints. It is anticipated that the overall number of injuries will decrease as better coaches and trainers become available to women athletes."}
{"id": "PMID:947012", "title": "Physical fitness levels vs selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study.", "content": "Several studies show significant correlations of blood variables, weight, abnormal electrocardiograms, and blood pressure with the incidence of coronary heart disease, but the quantification of fitness and its correlation with coronary heart disease is more difficult. In this study, approximately 3,000 men, average age of 44.6 years, were examined for blood and lipid profile, pulmonary function, percent body fat determination, and Balke maximal performance treadmill stress testing with multilead ECG monitoring. Five age-adjusted cardiorespiratory fitness categories were determined from treadmill times. A consistent inverse relationship among physical fitness categories and resting heart rate, body weight, percent body fat, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure, was observed. Forced vital capacity was directly related to levels of fitness. These results, although cross-sectional, imply that physical fitness is related to lower coronary risk factors.", "contents": "Physical fitness levels vs selected coronary risk factors. A cross-sectional study. Several studies show significant correlations of blood variables, weight, abnormal electrocardiograms, and blood pressure with the incidence of coronary heart disease, but the quantification of fitness and its correlation with coronary heart disease is more difficult. In this study, approximately 3,000 men, average age of 44.6 years, were examined for blood and lipid profile, pulmonary function, percent body fat determination, and Balke maximal performance treadmill stress testing with multilead ECG monitoring. Five age-adjusted cardiorespiratory fitness categories were determined from treadmill times. A consistent inverse relationship among physical fitness categories and resting heart rate, body weight, percent body fat, serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, glucose, and systolic blood pressure, was observed. Forced vital capacity was directly related to levels of fitness. These results, although cross-sectional, imply that physical fitness is related to lower coronary risk factors."}
{"id": "PMID:947028", "title": "Bypass enteropathy. Intestinal and systemic manifestations following small-bowel bypass.", "content": "Many manifestations following jejunoileal bypass are due to chronic inflammation of the excluded bowel rather than short bowel malabsorption. Diarrhea, abdominal distention, and gas-fluid levels were common diagnostic features of \"bypass enteropathy.\" Exploration showed the bypassed bowel to be dilated, with serosal inflammation and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. The bypassed loops contained a fecal flora and the mucosa demonstrated nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes. Exudative protein losses were noted. Systemic complications of bypass enteropathy were similar to other inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Improvement following treatment with metronidazole or after dismantling of the bypass suggested that bacterial byproducts originating in the excluded bowel were causally related.", "contents": "Bypass enteropathy. Intestinal and systemic manifestations following small-bowel bypass. Many manifestations following jejunoileal bypass are due to chronic inflammation of the excluded bowel rather than short bowel malabsorption. Diarrhea, abdominal distention, and gas-fluid levels were common diagnostic features of \"bypass enteropathy.\" Exploration showed the bypassed bowel to be dilated, with serosal inflammation and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. The bypassed loops contained a fecal flora and the mucosa demonstrated nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes. Exudative protein losses were noted. Systemic complications of bypass enteropathy were similar to other inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Improvement following treatment with metronidazole or after dismantling of the bypass suggested that bacterial byproducts originating in the excluded bowel were causally related."}
{"id": "PMID:947029", "title": "Pharmacokinetic approach to the clinical use of lidocaine intravenously.", "content": "The time course of lidocaine plasma concentrations following various modes of administration were predicted by computer. Initiating therapy with a single intravenous bolus dose was unsatisfactory; plasma levels during the first hour were potentially toxic after a 200-mg bolus and subtherapeutic after a 50- to 100-mg bolus. After two bolus doses of 100 mg, separated by 20 to 30 minutes, or a rapid loading infusion over 15 to 60 minutes, therapeutic concentrations were achieved and maintained. Pharmacokinetic principles can be of value in devising rational approaches to lidocaine dosage.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic approach to the clinical use of lidocaine intravenously. The time course of lidocaine plasma concentrations following various modes of administration were predicted by computer. Initiating therapy with a single intravenous bolus dose was unsatisfactory; plasma levels during the first hour were potentially toxic after a 200-mg bolus and subtherapeutic after a 50- to 100-mg bolus. After two bolus doses of 100 mg, separated by 20 to 30 minutes, or a rapid loading infusion over 15 to 60 minutes, therapeutic concentrations were achieved and maintained. Pharmacokinetic principles can be of value in devising rational approaches to lidocaine dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:947030", "title": "Bilateral primary breast cancer.", "content": "Primary carcinoma of breast was treated in 967 patients from 1962 through 1972. Thirty-five of these patients had a second primary tumor of which 50% were discovered simultaneously. A family history for cancer was recorded in 26% of the patients with bilateral cancer. Patients found their tumor more often than the physician except in the simultaneous cases where the physician was more successful. Pathological examination showed 10% of the tumors were comedo, lobular carcinoma in situ, papillary, or tubular cancers. In the metachronous group, 50% of the axillae were involved on both sides. In the simultaneous cases the axilla was less frequently involved. Mammography, biopsies of the second breast, and prophylactic mastectomy in certain high-risk patients should improve survival rates.", "contents": "Bilateral primary breast cancer. Primary carcinoma of breast was treated in 967 patients from 1962 through 1972. Thirty-five of these patients had a second primary tumor of which 50% were discovered simultaneously. A family history for cancer was recorded in 26% of the patients with bilateral cancer. Patients found their tumor more often than the physician except in the simultaneous cases where the physician was more successful. Pathological examination showed 10% of the tumors were comedo, lobular carcinoma in situ, papillary, or tubular cancers. In the metachronous group, 50% of the axillae were involved on both sides. In the simultaneous cases the axilla was less frequently involved. Mammography, biopsies of the second breast, and prophylactic mastectomy in certain high-risk patients should improve survival rates."}
{"id": "PMID:947033", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with a protein-losing enteropathy.", "content": "Anasarca with pronounced hypoalbuminemia developed in a young woman 15 months after the onset of a mild, arthralgic type of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without evidence of active nephritis. Investigation indicated a gastrointestinal rather than a renal site for protein loss. A full clinical remission was achieved with low-dose corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus with a protein-losing enteropathy. Anasarca with pronounced hypoalbuminemia developed in a young woman 15 months after the onset of a mild, arthralgic type of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without evidence of active nephritis. Investigation indicated a gastrointestinal rather than a renal site for protein loss. A full clinical remission was achieved with low-dose corticosteroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:947034", "title": "Lysis of donor RBC during plateletpheresis with a blood processor.", "content": "Erythrocytes of a normal volunteer blood donor were grossly hemolyzed during plateletpheresis with the use of a continuous-flow centrifuge. Extensive studies of the donor's red blood cells (RBC) showed no abnormalities. Bank blood was then processed in the centrifuge in a manner identical to the prescribed in vivo plateletpheresis. Gross hemolysis consistently resulted when the tubing on the downstream side of the blood pump was partially obstructed by a twist. This experience calls for caution when assembling the harness of an extracorporeal circuit employing a pump. The tubing should be inspected to ensure the absence of obstructions.", "contents": "Lysis of donor RBC during plateletpheresis with a blood processor. Erythrocytes of a normal volunteer blood donor were grossly hemolyzed during plateletpheresis with the use of a continuous-flow centrifuge. Extensive studies of the donor's red blood cells (RBC) showed no abnormalities. Bank blood was then processed in the centrifuge in a manner identical to the prescribed in vivo plateletpheresis. Gross hemolysis consistently resulted when the tubing on the downstream side of the blood pump was partially obstructed by a twist. This experience calls for caution when assembling the harness of an extracorporeal circuit employing a pump. The tubing should be inspected to ensure the absence of obstructions."}
{"id": "PMID:947051", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in reproductive loss.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were performed on 57 families with pregnancy wastage (eg, two or more spontaneous abortions or stillbirths). Chromosomal abnormalities were ascertained in 17 couples, through offspring with congenital malformations. Seven families had children with neural tube defects, and five families also had a previous child with Down syndrome. One mother had mosaic Turner syndrome; two additional mothers and one father had balanced chromosome translocations. These findings indicate that chromosome analyses should be performed on every couple with repeated miscarriages or malformed children, and subsequent pregnancies at risk should be monitored by amniocentesis.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in reproductive loss. Cytogenetic studies were performed on 57 families with pregnancy wastage (eg, two or more spontaneous abortions or stillbirths). Chromosomal abnormalities were ascertained in 17 couples, through offspring with congenital malformations. Seven families had children with neural tube defects, and five families also had a previous child with Down syndrome. One mother had mosaic Turner syndrome; two additional mothers and one father had balanced chromosome translocations. These findings indicate that chromosome analyses should be performed on every couple with repeated miscarriages or malformed children, and subsequent pregnancies at risk should be monitored by amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947052", "title": "Genetic screening: whose responsibility?", "content": "Genetic screening offers the possibility of reducing the suffering due to genetic defects. For the foreseeable future, genetic screening by lay or governmental organizations can do only a small part of the job needed. Hence, the major responsibility falls on the personal physician. A careful family history is the best single genetic screening device. Discussing genetic risks with patients requires careful attention to the patient's difficulties in understanding the concept of probability, his psychological defense reactions, and differences in individual values. For complex cases, help is available in your region.", "contents": "Genetic screening: whose responsibility? Genetic screening offers the possibility of reducing the suffering due to genetic defects. For the foreseeable future, genetic screening by lay or governmental organizations can do only a small part of the job needed. Hence, the major responsibility falls on the personal physician. A careful family history is the best single genetic screening device. Discussing genetic risks with patients requires careful attention to the patient's difficulties in understanding the concept of probability, his psychological defense reactions, and differences in individual values. For complex cases, help is available in your region."}
{"id": "PMID:947054", "title": "Medical injury information. A preparation for analysis and implementation of prevention programs.", "content": "The purpose of this communication is to offer the medical community an analytic design for a system to gather data about patients' injuries found in malpractice litigation. The goal of this system is to determine the causes of these injuries. The information to be gained will be of substantial benefit for the development of injury-preventive programs within the health care field.", "contents": "Medical injury information. A preparation for analysis and implementation of prevention programs. The purpose of this communication is to offer the medical community an analytic design for a system to gather data about patients' injuries found in malpractice litigation. The goal of this system is to determine the causes of these injuries. The information to be gained will be of substantial benefit for the development of injury-preventive programs within the health care field."}
{"id": "PMID:947059", "title": "Heparin as an antithrombotic agent. Low-dose prophylaxis.", "content": "Presently available data indicate that low-dose heparin prophylaxis will significantly diminish massive postoperative pulmonary emboli in patients more than 40 years of age subjected to major elective abdominothoracic surgery. The schedule is 5,000 USP units of heparin sodium subcutaneously, beginning two hours before surgery and continued every 12 hours (10,000 units/day) until the patient is discharged. Patients receiving this therapy should have a preoperative screening that includes a hematocrit reading, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and a platelet count. They should also not be receiving aspirin or other platelet antiaggregating agents for five days prior to surgery. The efficacy of this regimen is complemented by the fact that it is well tolerated by the patient, free of side effects, requires no laboratory monitoring, and produces minimal intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. This low-dose regimen has not proved effective in open prostatectomy or major orthopedic surgery. Data are not available concerning the drug's safety in spinal or epidural anesthesia, nor is it recommended for eye or brain surgery or in patients with an active thrombotic process. Other data are suggestive but still inconclusive that the regimen may reduce the incidence of postoperative acute myocardial infarction. In non-surgical patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and receiving a low-dose heparin regimen, the findings reflect a significant decrease in deep venous thrombosis, though no observations are yet available concerning reductions in pulmonary emboli, mural thrombi, or systemic emboli.", "contents": "Heparin as an antithrombotic agent. Low-dose prophylaxis. Presently available data indicate that low-dose heparin prophylaxis will significantly diminish massive postoperative pulmonary emboli in patients more than 40 years of age subjected to major elective abdominothoracic surgery. The schedule is 5,000 USP units of heparin sodium subcutaneously, beginning two hours before surgery and continued every 12 hours (10,000 units/day) until the patient is discharged. Patients receiving this therapy should have a preoperative screening that includes a hematocrit reading, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and a platelet count. They should also not be receiving aspirin or other platelet antiaggregating agents for five days prior to surgery. The efficacy of this regimen is complemented by the fact that it is well tolerated by the patient, free of side effects, requires no laboratory monitoring, and produces minimal intraoperative or postoperative bleeding. This low-dose regimen has not proved effective in open prostatectomy or major orthopedic surgery. Data are not available concerning the drug's safety in spinal or epidural anesthesia, nor is it recommended for eye or brain surgery or in patients with an active thrombotic process. Other data are suggestive but still inconclusive that the regimen may reduce the incidence of postoperative acute myocardial infarction. In non-surgical patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and receiving a low-dose heparin regimen, the findings reflect a significant decrease in deep venous thrombosis, though no observations are yet available concerning reductions in pulmonary emboli, mural thrombi, or systemic emboli."}
{"id": "PMID:947060", "title": "Barium enema examination in acute appendicitis.", "content": "The barium enema examination is a safe technique for the prompt and accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Properly performed and correctly interpreted, the examination can serve as a valuable tool for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute appendicitis when this is not possible by clinical and laboratory procedures.", "contents": "Barium enema examination in acute appendicitis. The barium enema examination is a safe technique for the prompt and accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Properly performed and correctly interpreted, the examination can serve as a valuable tool for the diagnosis or exclusion of acute appendicitis when this is not possible by clinical and laboratory procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:947067", "title": "Herbal intoxication. Psychoactive effects from herbal cigarettes, tea, and capsules.", "content": "Herbal preparations, designed to be smoked or ingested for \"health and happiness\", are promoted as legal hallucinogens, euphoriants, and marihuana substitutes. A total of 25 psychoactive substances have been identified in these products, and a number of intoxications have resulted from their short- or long-term use. Physicians should be alerted to the nature of these effects when taking drug histories, and their possible role in the causation of medical complaints should be considered.", "contents": "Herbal intoxication. Psychoactive effects from herbal cigarettes, tea, and capsules. Herbal preparations, designed to be smoked or ingested for \"health and happiness\", are promoted as legal hallucinogens, euphoriants, and marihuana substitutes. A total of 25 psychoactive substances have been identified in these products, and a number of intoxications have resulted from their short- or long-term use. Physicians should be alerted to the nature of these effects when taking drug histories, and their possible role in the causation of medical complaints should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:947069", "title": "A kindred with hemoglobin Lepore.", "content": "Four members from three generations of a family of Italian descent were found to have hemoglobin (Hb) Lepore trait. The four affected members were only slightly anemic, yet had definite hypochromic and microcytic red blood cells (RBC). Electrophoresis of hemoglobin demonstrated an abnormal non-sickling hemoglobin of 11% to 14% concentration that migrated like Hb S at alkaline pH. Amino acid analysis confirmed the identity of the abnormal component as Hb Lepore; the non-alpha chain was a fused delta-beta-chain with a crossover between residues 87 and 116. Hemoglobin Lepore trait should be considered in any patients with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with beta-thalassemia trait and with a 10% to 15% concentration of an abnormal nonsickling hemoglobin that migrates like Hb S.", "contents": "A kindred with hemoglobin Lepore. Four members from three generations of a family of Italian descent were found to have hemoglobin (Hb) Lepore trait. The four affected members were only slightly anemic, yet had definite hypochromic and microcytic red blood cells (RBC). Electrophoresis of hemoglobin demonstrated an abnormal non-sickling hemoglobin of 11% to 14% concentration that migrated like Hb S at alkaline pH. Amino acid analysis confirmed the identity of the abnormal component as Hb Lepore; the non-alpha chain was a fused delta-beta-chain with a crossover between residues 87 and 116. Hemoglobin Lepore trait should be considered in any patients with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with beta-thalassemia trait and with a 10% to 15% concentration of an abnormal nonsickling hemoglobin that migrates like Hb S."}
{"id": "PMID:947070", "title": "Mutilating lawn mower injuries in children.", "content": "Serious injuries from riding power mowers were sustained by 18 children. Eleven children were passangers on the mower and fell into its path. The injuries required an extensive number of hospitalizations and reconstructive procedures. Fifteen patients suffered considerable residual deformities. Operating riding power mowers in the vicinity of children must be actively discouraged.", "contents": "Mutilating lawn mower injuries in children. Serious injuries from riding power mowers were sustained by 18 children. Eleven children were passangers on the mower and fell into its path. The injuries required an extensive number of hospitalizations and reconstructive procedures. Fifteen patients suffered considerable residual deformities. Operating riding power mowers in the vicinity of children must be actively discouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:947077", "title": "Studies of factors influencing alveolar lining layer formation in lung homogenate: further isolation and identification of interfering materials.", "content": "Materials which inhibit the formation of stable alveolar lining layer by lung surfactant were investigated with the pig lung homogenate. The inhibitory activity was assessed by the bubble stability test on the bubbles formed by mechanical agitation of a mixture of surface active fraction from lung homogenate and inhibitory materials. The most active inhibitory material was identified as free cholesterol. Free fatty acids had a remarkable inhibitory activity. By modified Wilhelmy balance, it was demonstrated that the addition of free cholesterol to the surface active fraction delayed the formation of the stable surface membrane and at a larger dosage it inhibited the lowering the surface tension at the minimum surface area. The significance of this phenomenon in pathological lungs was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Studies of factors influencing alveolar lining layer formation in lung homogenate: further isolation and identification of interfering materials. Materials which inhibit the formation of stable alveolar lining layer by lung surfactant were investigated with the pig lung homogenate. The inhibitory activity was assessed by the bubble stability test on the bubbles formed by mechanical agitation of a mixture of surface active fraction from lung homogenate and inhibitory materials. The most active inhibitory material was identified as free cholesterol. Free fatty acids had a remarkable inhibitory activity. By modified Wilhelmy balance, it was demonstrated that the addition of free cholesterol to the surface active fraction delayed the formation of the stable surface membrane and at a larger dosage it inhibited the lowering the surface tension at the minimum surface area. The significance of this phenomenon in pathological lungs was briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947081", "title": "Spontaneous development of autoimmune thyroiditis in neonatally thymectomized mice.", "content": "An experimental mouse model of autoimmune thyroiditis induced by neonatal thymectomy (between 2 and 4 days of age) is described. Thymectomy within 24 hours after birth or thymectomy after 5 days of age failed to induce the disease. This type of thyroiditis occurred spontaneously a few months after the operation, lasted until approximately 12 months of age, and appeared to subside with aging. Hybrid mice of (C3H/He X 129)F1 are so far the most susceptible to neonatal thymectomy and the incidence in females (25 per cent) is significantly higher than that in males (6 per cent). Mice with thyroid lesions usually had circulating antibodies to mouse thyroid extract. Histologically, lymphocytes and plasma cells were the main cellular types of infiltrates and lymphoid follicles were seen in some cases. Interestingly, adenoma-like nodular hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium was observed in several thymectomized mice, with or without lymphoid infiltration. Besides those observed in the thyroid gland, lymphoid infiltrations were often observed in such organs as the ovary, the stomach, and the coagulating gland of thymectomized mice. These characteristics are compared with those of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and with those of its other animal models, and possible mechanisms which may be involved in the present disease are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous development of autoimmune thyroiditis in neonatally thymectomized mice. An experimental mouse model of autoimmune thyroiditis induced by neonatal thymectomy (between 2 and 4 days of age) is described. Thymectomy within 24 hours after birth or thymectomy after 5 days of age failed to induce the disease. This type of thyroiditis occurred spontaneously a few months after the operation, lasted until approximately 12 months of age, and appeared to subside with aging. Hybrid mice of (C3H/He X 129)F1 are so far the most susceptible to neonatal thymectomy and the incidence in females (25 per cent) is significantly higher than that in males (6 per cent). Mice with thyroid lesions usually had circulating antibodies to mouse thyroid extract. Histologically, lymphocytes and plasma cells were the main cellular types of infiltrates and lymphoid follicles were seen in some cases. Interestingly, adenoma-like nodular hyperplasia of thyroid epithelium was observed in several thymectomized mice, with or without lymphoid infiltration. Besides those observed in the thyroid gland, lymphoid infiltrations were often observed in such organs as the ovary, the stomach, and the coagulating gland of thymectomized mice. These characteristics are compared with those of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and with those of its other animal models, and possible mechanisms which may be involved in the present disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947088", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Cytembena in chronic renal impairment.", "content": "Renal excretion of Cytembena in subjects with a normal renal function amounted on the average to 7.8% of the given dose during 15 hours following a single intravenous administration of 200 mg of this cytostatic drug. In patients with an impaired renal function there was a further decrease in the urinary Cytembena excretion and this in direct relation to the decrease in endogenous creatinine clearance rate. The decline in renal Cytembena clearance is slower than that of glomerular filtration rate due, probably, to a lowered tubular reabsorption of Cytembena in residual nephrons. This change in tubular resorption of Cytembena is related to a decrease of the fractional reabsorption of sodium in residual nephrons. Serum Cytembena concentrations proved to be significantly lower in patients with impaired renal functions than in subjects with normal renal functions. This peculiarity of the pharmacokinetics of Cytembena is discussed from the aspect of a possible increase of its distribution volume in consequence of an increased concentration of the diffusible component.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of Cytembena in chronic renal impairment. Renal excretion of Cytembena in subjects with a normal renal function amounted on the average to 7.8% of the given dose during 15 hours following a single intravenous administration of 200 mg of this cytostatic drug. In patients with an impaired renal function there was a further decrease in the urinary Cytembena excretion and this in direct relation to the decrease in endogenous creatinine clearance rate. The decline in renal Cytembena clearance is slower than that of glomerular filtration rate due, probably, to a lowered tubular reabsorption of Cytembena in residual nephrons. This change in tubular resorption of Cytembena is related to a decrease of the fractional reabsorption of sodium in residual nephrons. Serum Cytembena concentrations proved to be significantly lower in patients with impaired renal functions than in subjects with normal renal functions. This peculiarity of the pharmacokinetics of Cytembena is discussed from the aspect of a possible increase of its distribution volume in consequence of an increased concentration of the diffusible component."}
{"id": "PMID:947089", "title": "A safe method of amniocentesis for lecithin/sphingomyelin determination in late pregnancy using ultrasound.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive amniocenteses for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) determination in late pregnancy are reviewed. These procedures were performed under ultrasonic control before induction of labor or elective cesarean section in a prospective study to determine a safe method for aminocentesis. Complications included 3 failures, 14 blood-stained samples, 2 cases of labor occuring within 24 hours after amniocentesis, and 1 maternal abdominal wall hematoma. There was no cases of perinatal morbidity or mortality. It is proposed that this is a safe method of abdominal amniocentesis for L/S determination in late pregnancy.", "contents": "A safe method of amniocentesis for lecithin/sphingomyelin determination in late pregnancy using ultrasound. Two hundred consecutive amniocenteses for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) determination in late pregnancy are reviewed. These procedures were performed under ultrasonic control before induction of labor or elective cesarean section in a prospective study to determine a safe method for aminocentesis. Complications included 3 failures, 14 blood-stained samples, 2 cases of labor occuring within 24 hours after amniocentesis, and 1 maternal abdominal wall hematoma. There was no cases of perinatal morbidity or mortality. It is proposed that this is a safe method of abdominal amniocentesis for L/S determination in late pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:947085", "title": "Mechanism of the teratogenic effect of thalidomide.", "content": "The mechanism of the teratogenic effect of thalidomide is unknown. The hypothesis that this drug acts on the sensory nerves of the embryo was derived from radiological observations of two series of thalidomide-deformed children. Supplementary evidence was found in neurological, embryological and other literature, to support the hypothesis of embryonic neuropathy. The concept can be extended to include visceral as well as skeletal deformities. Evidence for and against the hypothesis is presented, and its application to a broad spectrum of congenital deformities provides an explanation of a number of previously unrelated facts. Areas for further research are suggested.", "contents": "Mechanism of the teratogenic effect of thalidomide. The mechanism of the teratogenic effect of thalidomide is unknown. The hypothesis that this drug acts on the sensory nerves of the embryo was derived from radiological observations of two series of thalidomide-deformed children. Supplementary evidence was found in neurological, embryological and other literature, to support the hypothesis of embryonic neuropathy. The concept can be extended to include visceral as well as skeletal deformities. Evidence for and against the hypothesis is presented, and its application to a broad spectrum of congenital deformities provides an explanation of a number of previously unrelated facts. Areas for further research are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:947092", "title": "Fractionation studies on a factor in linseed meal protecting against selenosis in chicks.", "content": "Growth rate of Single Combe White Leghorn cockerels fed a casein-gelatin-glucose diet was significantly depressed at two weeks when 10 p.p.m. or more selenium was added to the diet. When 20% linseed meal was included in the diet, growth was not reduced with 10 p.p.m. selenium and only slightly reduced with 20 p.p.m. selenium. Including 20% soybean meal failed to modify the toxicity. Levels of 5 and 10% linseed meal were less effective in counteracting selenosis than was 20%. Fractionation studies showed that a protective factor in linseed meal was extracted by methanol and ethanol and was not destroyed by autoclaving. Ashing the ethanol extract destroyed its activity. The factor was readily extracted by chlorform:methanol (2:1) but less effectively by acetone and diethyl ether. Washed chloroform:methanol extract was inactive but the washings contained the factor. Concentrates of the factor were active at less than 1% of the dry matter of the diet. The results of these studies show that linseed meal contains a heat stable, organic, polar factor that modified selenium toxicity in the chick.", "contents": "Fractionation studies on a factor in linseed meal protecting against selenosis in chicks. Growth rate of Single Combe White Leghorn cockerels fed a casein-gelatin-glucose diet was significantly depressed at two weeks when 10 p.p.m. or more selenium was added to the diet. When 20% linseed meal was included in the diet, growth was not reduced with 10 p.p.m. selenium and only slightly reduced with 20 p.p.m. selenium. Including 20% soybean meal failed to modify the toxicity. Levels of 5 and 10% linseed meal were less effective in counteracting selenosis than was 20%. Fractionation studies showed that a protective factor in linseed meal was extracted by methanol and ethanol and was not destroyed by autoclaving. Ashing the ethanol extract destroyed its activity. The factor was readily extracted by chlorform:methanol (2:1) but less effectively by acetone and diethyl ether. Washed chloroform:methanol extract was inactive but the washings contained the factor. Concentrates of the factor were active at less than 1% of the dry matter of the diet. The results of these studies show that linseed meal contains a heat stable, organic, polar factor that modified selenium toxicity in the chick."}
{"id": "PMID:947093", "title": "Suitability of the C57 black mouse as an experimental animal for the study of skeletal changes due to ageing, with special reference to osteo-arthrosis and its response to tribenoside.", "content": "Histological studies in male C57 black mice revealed a high incidence (39-61%) of osteo-arthrotic changes in the knee joint from about the 17th month of life. In animals of the same strain aged 15 1/2 months the incidence was only 19%. The incidence of gonarthroses in 16-month-old female mice was considerably lower (4%). In male mice aged 17-20 months, the oral administration of tribenoside in doses of 500 and 1,200 mg/kg weekly led to a significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in the overall arthrotic involvement. A possible relation between the effect of tribenoside and other anti-inflammatory agents on osteo-arthroses in the mouse and their influence on mucopolysaccharide metabolism in connective tissue is discussed. The incidence of the formation of gaps in the epiphyseal growth zones and of osteoporosis of the femur and tibia in the same strain increases distinctly with advancing age. Except in animals treated with the highest dosage tested, in which there was a significant decrease in the development of osteoporosis, tribenoside in the range of doses used had no influence on these skeletal changes.", "contents": "Suitability of the C57 black mouse as an experimental animal for the study of skeletal changes due to ageing, with special reference to osteo-arthrosis and its response to tribenoside. Histological studies in male C57 black mice revealed a high incidence (39-61%) of osteo-arthrotic changes in the knee joint from about the 17th month of life. In animals of the same strain aged 15 1/2 months the incidence was only 19%. The incidence of gonarthroses in 16-month-old female mice was considerably lower (4%). In male mice aged 17-20 months, the oral administration of tribenoside in doses of 500 and 1,200 mg/kg weekly led to a significant (p less than 0.05) reduction in the overall arthrotic involvement. A possible relation between the effect of tribenoside and other anti-inflammatory agents on osteo-arthroses in the mouse and their influence on mucopolysaccharide metabolism in connective tissue is discussed. The incidence of the formation of gaps in the epiphyseal growth zones and of osteoporosis of the femur and tibia in the same strain increases distinctly with advancing age. Except in animals treated with the highest dosage tested, in which there was a significant decrease in the development of osteoporosis, tribenoside in the range of doses used had no influence on these skeletal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:947095", "title": "Saturation kinetics and choleretic effects of iodoxamate and iodipamide.", "content": "The biliary excretion and choleretic effects of iodoxamate (Cholevue) and iodipamide (Cholografin) were compared in unanesthetized dogs with biliary fistulas in order to assess the potential of the two contrast agents for use in intravenous cholangiography. For any equimolar infusion rate, more iodoxamate was secreted in the bile than iodipamide was the same. At the constant basal bile flow maintained in these studies, there was no difference in the maximum biliary concentration of the two compounds. With the presently recommended doses, it is unlikely that iodoxamate will offer a striking improvement over iodipamide for intravenous cholangiography in patients with normal liver function.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics and choleretic effects of iodoxamate and iodipamide. The biliary excretion and choleretic effects of iodoxamate (Cholevue) and iodipamide (Cholografin) were compared in unanesthetized dogs with biliary fistulas in order to assess the potential of the two contrast agents for use in intravenous cholangiography. For any equimolar infusion rate, more iodoxamate was secreted in the bile than iodipamide was the same. At the constant basal bile flow maintained in these studies, there was no difference in the maximum biliary concentration of the two compounds. With the presently recommended doses, it is unlikely that iodoxamate will offer a striking improvement over iodipamide for intravenous cholangiography in patients with normal liver function."}
{"id": "PMID:947096", "title": "Computed tomography of spinal cord after lumbar intrathecal introduction of metrizamide (computer-assisted myelography).", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic and cervical spine was carried out after lumbar intrathecal introduction of a water-soluble radiographic contrast medium (metrizamide). By choice, no head-down position of the patient was used to facilitate craniad movement of the contrast medium; rather, advantage was taken of the normal CSF flow. This technique, referred to as computer-assisted myelography (CAM), permits the demonstration of the metrizamide-containing subarachnoidal spaces surrounding the thoracic and cervical cord. Some examples of the diagnostic possibilities of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of spinal cord after lumbar intrathecal introduction of metrizamide (computer-assisted myelography). Computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic and cervical spine was carried out after lumbar intrathecal introduction of a water-soluble radiographic contrast medium (metrizamide). By choice, no head-down position of the patient was used to facilitate craniad movement of the contrast medium; rather, advantage was taken of the normal CSF flow. This technique, referred to as computer-assisted myelography (CAM), permits the demonstration of the metrizamide-containing subarachnoidal spaces surrounding the thoracic and cervical cord. Some examples of the diagnostic possibilities of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947099", "title": "Differences in the in vitro response of lymphocytes from leukotic and normal cattle to concanavalin A.", "content": "The response of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from cattle affected with bovine leukosis and from animals free of detectable leukosis to the nonspecific mitogen Concanavalin A ws determined by the measurement of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The stimulatory effect of the mitogen was significantly decreased in leukotic lymphocytes in comparison with normal lymphocytes. This depression was dependent on the severity of the disease. Leukotic lymphocytes showed high basal levels of spontaneous thymidine uptake possibly due to their low maturity. It is suggested that leukotic lymphocytes are not stimulated by Concanavalin A because of their B cell characteristics. A residual cell population of normal reacting lymphocytes--enriched by nylon wool column fractionation--is probably responsible for the remaining but weak in vitro reaction of leukotic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Differences in the in vitro response of lymphocytes from leukotic and normal cattle to concanavalin A. The response of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from cattle affected with bovine leukosis and from animals free of detectable leukosis to the nonspecific mitogen Concanavalin A ws determined by the measurement of 3H-thymidine incorporation. The stimulatory effect of the mitogen was significantly decreased in leukotic lymphocytes in comparison with normal lymphocytes. This depression was dependent on the severity of the disease. Leukotic lymphocytes showed high basal levels of spontaneous thymidine uptake possibly due to their low maturity. It is suggested that leukotic lymphocytes are not stimulated by Concanavalin A because of their B cell characteristics. A residual cell population of normal reacting lymphocytes--enriched by nylon wool column fractionation--is probably responsible for the remaining but weak in vitro reaction of leukotic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:947100", "title": "Dynamic surface tension properties of mixed lecithin-cholesterol films related to the respiratory mechanics.", "content": "A bubble method was used to record dynamic area/surface tension diagrams of mixed lecithin-cholesterol films prepared at different weight ratios. The lecithin/cholesterol weight ratios were: 1:2, 1:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 12:1. The minimum surface tension is about 20 dyn/cm for all weight ratios at amplitudes of 75, 25, 12.5, 6 and 3% area oscillation. The maximum surface tension depends on both the amplitude of area oscillation and the lecithin/cholesterol weight ratio. The maximum surface tension increases with increasing amplitude. At the amplitudes 25, 12.5, 6 and 3% the maximum surface tension is significant higher at the weight ratios 1:2 and 1:1 compared to the other ratios. In addition, equilibrium surface tensions during interruptions of the oscillation at maximum and minimum area were recorded. The equilibrium surface tension increases with increasing amplitude up to 25% area oscillation. A static hysteresis seems to remain. Some consequences regarding the pulmonary respiratory mechanics are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic surface tension properties of mixed lecithin-cholesterol films related to the respiratory mechanics. A bubble method was used to record dynamic area/surface tension diagrams of mixed lecithin-cholesterol films prepared at different weight ratios. The lecithin/cholesterol weight ratios were: 1:2, 1:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 12:1. The minimum surface tension is about 20 dyn/cm for all weight ratios at amplitudes of 75, 25, 12.5, 6 and 3% area oscillation. The maximum surface tension depends on both the amplitude of area oscillation and the lecithin/cholesterol weight ratio. The maximum surface tension increases with increasing amplitude. At the amplitudes 25, 12.5, 6 and 3% the maximum surface tension is significant higher at the weight ratios 1:2 and 1:1 compared to the other ratios. In addition, equilibrium surface tensions during interruptions of the oscillation at maximum and minimum area were recorded. The equilibrium surface tension increases with increasing amplitude up to 25% area oscillation. A static hysteresis seems to remain. Some consequences regarding the pulmonary respiratory mechanics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947101", "title": "Ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm.", "content": "A right flank mass, in a patient with fever of unknown origin, pain, and superiorly displaced right kidney on excretory urogram, was explored through a subcostal incision. Finding of a retroperitoneal abscess was anticipated; instead of a ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm was encountered. An awareness that entities such as this may exist is imperative in the differential diagnosis of flank  masses. Treatment through a flank incision presents an elusive if not impossible feat. Because of the gravity of the underlying disease, misdiagnosis almost always results in death.", "contents": "Ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm. A right flank mass, in a patient with fever of unknown origin, pain, and superiorly displaced right kidney on excretory urogram, was explored through a subcostal incision. Finding of a retroperitoneal abscess was anticipated; instead of a ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm was encountered. An awareness that entities such as this may exist is imperative in the differential diagnosis of flank  masses. Treatment through a flank incision presents an elusive if not impossible feat. Because of the gravity of the underlying disease, misdiagnosis almost always results in death."}
{"id": "PMID:947102", "title": "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to malignant lymphoma.", "content": "Two cases are presented of bilateral ureteral obstruction and uremia due to pressure from nodes involved in disseminated lymphoma. Their successful managment is reported.", "contents": "Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to malignant lymphoma. Two cases are presented of bilateral ureteral obstruction and uremia due to pressure from nodes involved in disseminated lymphoma. Their successful managment is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:947105", "title": "Experiments on placental circulation and transplacental transfer in exteriorized foetuses in hypoxia and after asphyxia in guinea pigs.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on near term pregnant guinea pigs. Cesarean section was performed and by exteriorization of the foetuses the placental stage of labor was simulated. In one group of foetuses, chosen at random, we induced hypoxia, and in an another series of experiments asphyxia, each group with its own control. The results of acid-base values, experimental antipyrine transplacental transfer studies and the survival rate of foetuses, showed that it is advantageous for the newborn animal if we preserve the placental function in such conditions immediately post partum. Further study is necessary to determine to what degree and under what conditions our experimental observations are applicable to human perinatology.", "contents": "Experiments on placental circulation and transplacental transfer in exteriorized foetuses in hypoxia and after asphyxia in guinea pigs. Experiments were carried out on near term pregnant guinea pigs. Cesarean section was performed and by exteriorization of the foetuses the placental stage of labor was simulated. In one group of foetuses, chosen at random, we induced hypoxia, and in an another series of experiments asphyxia, each group with its own control. The results of acid-base values, experimental antipyrine transplacental transfer studies and the survival rate of foetuses, showed that it is advantageous for the newborn animal if we preserve the placental function in such conditions immediately post partum. Further study is necessary to determine to what degree and under what conditions our experimental observations are applicable to human perinatology."}
{"id": "PMID:947103", "title": "Computerized axial transverse tomography in the diagnosis of orbital tumors.", "content": "CT scanning demonstrated orbital tumors in 15 patients with progressive unilateral proptosis in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery or biopsy. The CT scan was the only abnormal study in 13 patients. In two patients, standard roentgenogram studies and CT scan were both abnormal, but the CT scan was of greatest value in identifying the tumor. Orbital structures are clearly demonstrated when scans are performed at lower level than those used in standard cerebral studies. The large fat content of the orbit is of low density and appears dark on the cathoderay tube. The tumors were of higher densities and appeared as white homogenous or speckled masses against the dark background. Surgical findings confirmed the accuracy of CT scanning in determining the tumor size and location. A new 160X160 grid provides remarkable resolution of orbital structures such as the optic nerve and extraocular muscles. Moreover, it is now possible to visualize ten consecutive ventral to dorsal slices of orbital tissue providing greater detail of orbital pathology. CT scanning will probably be an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of orbital tumors.", "contents": "Computerized axial transverse tomography in the diagnosis of orbital tumors. CT scanning demonstrated orbital tumors in 15 patients with progressive unilateral proptosis in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by surgery or biopsy. The CT scan was the only abnormal study in 13 patients. In two patients, standard roentgenogram studies and CT scan were both abnormal, but the CT scan was of greatest value in identifying the tumor. Orbital structures are clearly demonstrated when scans are performed at lower level than those used in standard cerebral studies. The large fat content of the orbit is of low density and appears dark on the cathoderay tube. The tumors were of higher densities and appeared as white homogenous or speckled masses against the dark background. Surgical findings confirmed the accuracy of CT scanning in determining the tumor size and location. A new 160X160 grid provides remarkable resolution of orbital structures such as the optic nerve and extraocular muscles. Moreover, it is now possible to visualize ten consecutive ventral to dorsal slices of orbital tissue providing greater detail of orbital pathology. CT scanning will probably be an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of orbital tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:947120", "title": "Somatomedin A in human serum, determined by radioreceptor assay.", "content": "Somatomedin A was determined by radioreceptor assay in serum from patients with various disorders. The mean values of somatomedin A in serum from 20 adult subjects, 21 patients with acromegaly, and 17 patients with hypopituitary dwarfism were 1.08 +/- 0.08, 3.02 +/- 0.33 and 0.44 +/- 0.03 U/ml, respectively. In children below 2 years of age, low levels were found (mean 0.40 +/- 0.04 U/ml). Normal levels were found in patients with Turner's syndrome and primary hypothyroidism, increased levels in uraemic patients, and decreased levels in Laron dwarfs.", "contents": "Somatomedin A in human serum, determined by radioreceptor assay. Somatomedin A was determined by radioreceptor assay in serum from patients with various disorders. The mean values of somatomedin A in serum from 20 adult subjects, 21 patients with acromegaly, and 17 patients with hypopituitary dwarfism were 1.08 +/- 0.08, 3.02 +/- 0.33 and 0.44 +/- 0.03 U/ml, respectively. In children below 2 years of age, low levels were found (mean 0.40 +/- 0.04 U/ml). Normal levels were found in patients with Turner's syndrome and primary hypothyroidism, increased levels in uraemic patients, and decreased levels in Laron dwarfs."}
{"id": "PMID:947121", "title": "Studies on the postponed growth hormone secretion following the infusion of somatostatin.", "content": "It is well known and also confirmed in this study that somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting factor, GHIF) prevents the noctural GH secretion, as long as the peptide is infused. Following the infusion a rapid rise in GH levels is seen in sleeping subjects with peak values of 26.8 +/- 9.7 ng/ml compared to 31.7 +/- 4.7 ng/ml (+/- SEM) in control nights. Delayed GH peaks were seen even in the absence of slow wave sleep. No postponed GH rise was observed when subjects fell asleep again. These data demonstrate that the postponed nocturnal GH peak does not represent a rebound phenomenon to a previous trigger mechanism but is acutely sleep induced.", "contents": "Studies on the postponed growth hormone secretion following the infusion of somatostatin. It is well known and also confirmed in this study that somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting factor, GHIF) prevents the noctural GH secretion, as long as the peptide is infused. Following the infusion a rapid rise in GH levels is seen in sleeping subjects with peak values of 26.8 +/- 9.7 ng/ml compared to 31.7 +/- 4.7 ng/ml (+/- SEM) in control nights. Delayed GH peaks were seen even in the absence of slow wave sleep. No postponed GH rise was observed when subjects fell asleep again. These data demonstrate that the postponed nocturnal GH peak does not represent a rebound phenomenon to a previous trigger mechanism but is acutely sleep induced."}
{"id": "PMID:947122", "title": "Comparative immunological studies between canine prolactin and prolactin from other species.", "content": "Canine pituitary extracts contained material which was capable of inhibiting the binding between antisera to different prolactins and labelled non-canine prolactins. Maximum inhibition of binding was observed in the system consisting of antisera to ovine prolactin and labelled rat prolactin. This system was used to investigate the immunological activity of canine pituitary extracts and partially purified fractions. A rabbit antiserum which was raised against a canine pituitary extract and had significant immunological activity in the above system, together with labelled rat prolactin, was used to develop an assay capable of detecting material in canine pituitary extracts. This material gave parallel dose-response curves to a canine prolactin-rich fraction, D864C and purified ovine and bovine prolactin.", "contents": "Comparative immunological studies between canine prolactin and prolactin from other species. Canine pituitary extracts contained material which was capable of inhibiting the binding between antisera to different prolactins and labelled non-canine prolactins. Maximum inhibition of binding was observed in the system consisting of antisera to ovine prolactin and labelled rat prolactin. This system was used to investigate the immunological activity of canine pituitary extracts and partially purified fractions. A rabbit antiserum which was raised against a canine pituitary extract and had significant immunological activity in the above system, together with labelled rat prolactin, was used to develop an assay capable of detecting material in canine pituitary extracts. This material gave parallel dose-response curves to a canine prolactin-rich fraction, D864C and purified ovine and bovine prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:947123", "title": "Whisky: a new provacative test for calcitonin secretion.", "content": "Oral whisky is a potent stimulus of calcitonin secretion. Peak increments of immunoreactive calcitonin are observed within 15 min after the ingestion of 50 ml of whisky; the magnitude of the response is similar to that observed during a four-hour calcium infusion. This procedure has several advantages over standard methods of stimulating calcitonin release in patients at risk of developing medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and this is shown by a study in a large family with familial chromaffinomatosis.", "contents": "Whisky: a new provacative test for calcitonin secretion. Oral whisky is a potent stimulus of calcitonin secretion. Peak increments of immunoreactive calcitonin are observed within 15 min after the ingestion of 50 ml of whisky; the magnitude of the response is similar to that observed during a four-hour calcium infusion. This procedure has several advantages over standard methods of stimulating calcitonin release in patients at risk of developing medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and this is shown by a study in a large family with familial chromaffinomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947124", "title": "Reciprocal effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine on their deiodination by rat tissues in vitro.", "content": "The reciprocal effects of loading doses of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) on the deiodination of their 125iodine-labelled isotopes by rat muscle and liver homogenates were studied. In 21 experiments muscle homogenates deiodinated a mean 45.0% of a tracer dose of [125I]T4 and 18.0% of [125I]T3. On addition of graded amounts of nonradioactive T4 or T3 the percentual deiodination of both labelled hormones progressively declined. This effect was significantly greater in homogenates incubated with non-radioactive T4, thus reflecting a stronger affinity of this hormone for muscle deiodinating sites. This correlate with the greater displacment of [125I]T3 as revealed by the percentage of recovered labelled hormone. In 18 experiments liver homogenates deiodinated a mean 14.6% of a tracer amount of [125I]T4 and 8.5% of [125I]T3. The addition of a T4- or a T3-load was followed by a smaller decrease in percentual deiodination of both labelled hormones as compared to muscle homogenates. Unlike the effects observed in muscle, the breakdown of [125I]T4 and [125I]T3 by liver homogenates was equally affected by similar amounts of stable T4 or T3. It is concluded that in the present in vitro system T4 and T3 share cellular sites of deiodination in rat muscle and liver and that, at least in muscle, which constitutes over one-half of the rat body weight T4 appears to be preferentially deiodinated.", "contents": "Reciprocal effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine on their deiodination by rat tissues in vitro. The reciprocal effects of loading doses of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) on the deiodination of their 125iodine-labelled isotopes by rat muscle and liver homogenates were studied. In 21 experiments muscle homogenates deiodinated a mean 45.0% of a tracer dose of [125I]T4 and 18.0% of [125I]T3. On addition of graded amounts of nonradioactive T4 or T3 the percentual deiodination of both labelled hormones progressively declined. This effect was significantly greater in homogenates incubated with non-radioactive T4, thus reflecting a stronger affinity of this hormone for muscle deiodinating sites. This correlate with the greater displacment of [125I]T3 as revealed by the percentage of recovered labelled hormone. In 18 experiments liver homogenates deiodinated a mean 14.6% of a tracer amount of [125I]T4 and 8.5% of [125I]T3. The addition of a T4- or a T3-load was followed by a smaller decrease in percentual deiodination of both labelled hormones as compared to muscle homogenates. Unlike the effects observed in muscle, the breakdown of [125I]T4 and [125I]T3 by liver homogenates was equally affected by similar amounts of stable T4 or T3. It is concluded that in the present in vitro system T4 and T3 share cellular sites of deiodination in rat muscle and liver and that, at least in muscle, which constitutes over one-half of the rat body weight T4 appears to be preferentially deiodinated."}
{"id": "PMID:947125", "title": "Thyroid iodine uptake, thyroid iodine secretion and plasma TSH levels in male rats during the day and night.", "content": "Experiments were performed to assess whether the diurnal changes in thyroid 131I metabolism are paralleled by variations in endogenous iodine. The uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland was determined by a double isotope technique. The T/S iodine ratio and the rate of 131I and 127I secretion from the thyroid gland were determined in rats fed LID during 20 days. The accumulation of iodine by the thyroid gland was prevented by CK1O4 and organic iodine formation was blocked by PTU. The absolute uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland was twice as high during the night than during the day. The thyroid/serum iodide ratios were highest during the night. The rate of release of 131I and 127I from the thyroid gland was augmented in the afternoon. The concentration of TSH in the plasma, measured by radioimmunoassay, was elevated in the afternoon as compared to other times during the day and night. The close association between the diurnal changes in thyroid iodine secretion and plasma TSH concentrations suggest that TSH may be responsible for the differences in iodine secretion observed during the day and night. On the other hand, the intake of iodine in the diet and the urinary clearance of iodine showed diurnal rhythms; the highest values occurred during the night. In addition, about twice as much iodine was available to the thyroid gland at night than during the day. These factors might also contribute to the diurnal variations observed in thyroid iodine metabolism.", "contents": "Thyroid iodine uptake, thyroid iodine secretion and plasma TSH levels in male rats during the day and night. Experiments were performed to assess whether the diurnal changes in thyroid 131I metabolism are paralleled by variations in endogenous iodine. The uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland was determined by a double isotope technique. The T/S iodine ratio and the rate of 131I and 127I secretion from the thyroid gland were determined in rats fed LID during 20 days. The accumulation of iodine by the thyroid gland was prevented by CK1O4 and organic iodine formation was blocked by PTU. The absolute uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland was twice as high during the night than during the day. The thyroid/serum iodide ratios were highest during the night. The rate of release of 131I and 127I from the thyroid gland was augmented in the afternoon. The concentration of TSH in the plasma, measured by radioimmunoassay, was elevated in the afternoon as compared to other times during the day and night. The close association between the diurnal changes in thyroid iodine secretion and plasma TSH concentrations suggest that TSH may be responsible for the differences in iodine secretion observed during the day and night. On the other hand, the intake of iodine in the diet and the urinary clearance of iodine showed diurnal rhythms; the highest values occurred during the night. In addition, about twice as much iodine was available to the thyroid gland at night than during the day. These factors might also contribute to the diurnal variations observed in thyroid iodine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:947126", "title": "The serotonin retaining effect of lithium in the rat thyroid.", "content": "The hypothesis of a lithium induced serotonin retention in the rat thyroid has been tested. It has been found that the thyroid in rats treated with lithium contains double the amount of serotonin compared with glands from untreated animals. The ability of TSH to stimulate serotonin release is inhibited by lithium. The ability of serotonin to stimulate thyroid hormone secretion in vitro is documented. The inhibitory action of lithium on both TSH and serotonin stimulation of hormone release is documented. The serotonin retaining effect of lithium as part of the goitrogenic effect of this ion is discussed.", "contents": "The serotonin retaining effect of lithium in the rat thyroid. The hypothesis of a lithium induced serotonin retention in the rat thyroid has been tested. It has been found that the thyroid in rats treated with lithium contains double the amount of serotonin compared with glands from untreated animals. The ability of TSH to stimulate serotonin release is inhibited by lithium. The ability of serotonin to stimulate thyroid hormone secretion in vitro is documented. The inhibitory action of lithium on both TSH and serotonin stimulation of hormone release is documented. The serotonin retaining effect of lithium as part of the goitrogenic effect of this ion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947127", "title": "Thyroid peroxidase activity in iodine deficient rats.", "content": "The evolution of peroxidase activity was followed during the course of iodine deficiency in the rat. The enzymatic activity was determined in vitro by oxidation of iodide or by iodination of bovine serum albumin using a peroxide-generating system. An inverse relationship between the stable iodine content in the gland and the peroxidase activity is observed; this relation is not linear and the highest increase is found when the iodine content in the gland is below 5 mug per thyroid gland, at 35 days of the treatment. In animals maintained on a low iodine diet, a triphasic effect on enzymatic activity is observed: early (10 and 20 days) and late (70 and 80 days) effects when the increase in peroxidase activity is 3 times higher than the increase in weight, DNA and total protein content; and an intermediar effect (between 20 and 70 days) when the peroxidase activity says approximately at the same level. In any case, the enzymatic activity increases to a greater extent than do thyroid weight, and total protein and DNA content, suggesting that high cellular activity is due to a specific enzyme induction comparable to that we obtained recently in human sporadic goitre.", "contents": "Thyroid peroxidase activity in iodine deficient rats. The evolution of peroxidase activity was followed during the course of iodine deficiency in the rat. The enzymatic activity was determined in vitro by oxidation of iodide or by iodination of bovine serum albumin using a peroxide-generating system. An inverse relationship between the stable iodine content in the gland and the peroxidase activity is observed; this relation is not linear and the highest increase is found when the iodine content in the gland is below 5 mug per thyroid gland, at 35 days of the treatment. In animals maintained on a low iodine diet, a triphasic effect on enzymatic activity is observed: early (10 and 20 days) and late (70 and 80 days) effects when the increase in peroxidase activity is 3 times higher than the increase in weight, DNA and total protein content; and an intermediar effect (between 20 and 70 days) when the peroxidase activity says approximately at the same level. In any case, the enzymatic activity increases to a greater extent than do thyroid weight, and total protein and DNA content, suggesting that high cellular activity is due to a specific enzyme induction comparable to that we obtained recently in human sporadic goitre."}
{"id": "PMID:947128", "title": "Plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in pregnant sheep I: diurnal variations in mid- and late pregnancy.", "content": "Two or three foetal lambs regularly result in a varying degree of carbohydrate shortage in mother ewes in late pregnancy. We have investigated the correlation between plasma insulin, growth hormone and energy substrate concentrations in ewes 8 and 1 weeks before lambing. Plasma growth hormone was fairly constant (2-3 ng/ml) throughout the 24-h cycle 8 weeks before parturition. Seven weeks later higher average levels and increased diurnal fluctuations were observed in 3 out of 4 multiparous ewes. The average post-absorptive insulin levels were reduced by 50 per cent during the same interval. Simultaneously decreased post-absorptive sugar and increased acetoacetate levels were observed. It is concluded that the hormonal adaptations to the increasing carbohydrate deficit in late pregnancy, especially among multiparous ewes, include: a) reduced post-absorptive plasma insulin levels, b) reduced insulin responses to feeding, and c) increased levels of growth hormone in the plasma.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in pregnant sheep I: diurnal variations in mid- and late pregnancy. Two or three foetal lambs regularly result in a varying degree of carbohydrate shortage in mother ewes in late pregnancy. We have investigated the correlation between plasma insulin, growth hormone and energy substrate concentrations in ewes 8 and 1 weeks before lambing. Plasma growth hormone was fairly constant (2-3 ng/ml) throughout the 24-h cycle 8 weeks before parturition. Seven weeks later higher average levels and increased diurnal fluctuations were observed in 3 out of 4 multiparous ewes. The average post-absorptive insulin levels were reduced by 50 per cent during the same interval. Simultaneously decreased post-absorptive sugar and increased acetoacetate levels were observed. It is concluded that the hormonal adaptations to the increasing carbohydrate deficit in late pregnancy, especially among multiparous ewes, include: a) reduced post-absorptive plasma insulin levels, b) reduced insulin responses to feeding, and c) increased levels of growth hormone in the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:947129", "title": "Plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in pregnant sheep II: post-absorptive levels in mid- and late pregnancy.", "content": "The pregnant ewe compensates the reduced carbohydrate availability in late pregnancy by increased fat combustion. The purpose of the present study was to examine the adaptation of plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin levels to this change in energy substrate metabolism. Two groups of ewes were bled in the post-absorptive state at different stages of pregnancy. One group (7 animals) was fed adequately throughout pregnancy, while the other received a maintenance ration for non-pregnant sheep (28 animals). Plasma GH increased from averages from 2-3 to 8-14 ng/ml during the last month before lambing. Shearing of the wool combined with a cold stress resulted in a clearly detectable peak in plasma GH in the underfed sheep. No significant difference in plasms GH attributable to differences in diet could be detected in late pregnancy. Plasma insulin decreased steadily the last 5 weeks towards lambing, most in mothers with 3 lambs. Plasma free fatty levels (FFA) increased the last 2 months of pregnancy, most in the underfed sheep. GH and FFA were positively correlated (r= 0.50 and 0.30 in the two groups). It is concluded that the adaptation of the maternal metabolism to reduced carbohydrate - and eventually energy-availability in late pregnancy included lowering of insulin and enhancement of plasms GH levels. These adaptations were detectable under the present conditions the last 5-6 weeks before term.", "contents": "Plasma insulin and growth hormone concentrations in pregnant sheep II: post-absorptive levels in mid- and late pregnancy. The pregnant ewe compensates the reduced carbohydrate availability in late pregnancy by increased fat combustion. The purpose of the present study was to examine the adaptation of plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin levels to this change in energy substrate metabolism. Two groups of ewes were bled in the post-absorptive state at different stages of pregnancy. One group (7 animals) was fed adequately throughout pregnancy, while the other received a maintenance ration for non-pregnant sheep (28 animals). Plasma GH increased from averages from 2-3 to 8-14 ng/ml during the last month before lambing. Shearing of the wool combined with a cold stress resulted in a clearly detectable peak in plasma GH in the underfed sheep. No significant difference in plasms GH attributable to differences in diet could be detected in late pregnancy. Plasma insulin decreased steadily the last 5 weeks towards lambing, most in mothers with 3 lambs. Plasma free fatty levels (FFA) increased the last 2 months of pregnancy, most in the underfed sheep. GH and FFA were positively correlated (r= 0.50 and 0.30 in the two groups). It is concluded that the adaptation of the maternal metabolism to reduced carbohydrate - and eventually energy-availability in late pregnancy included lowering of insulin and enhancement of plasms GH levels. These adaptations were detectable under the present conditions the last 5-6 weeks before term."}
{"id": "PMID:947130", "title": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. 2. Levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone and the assessment of their value for ovulation prediction.", "content": "Plasma levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone were assayed daily in 15 normally menstruating women during a complete menstrual cycle. In order to ascertain the normalcy of the cycles studied, LH, progesterone and oestradiol were also determined daily. The pattern of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was very similar to that of progesterone. The levels found during the proliferative phase (around 240 pg/ml) increased significantly on the day of the LH-surge and reached values of approximately 3.7 ng/ml at the peak period of luteal activity. The plasma levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the proliferative phase were around 380 pg/ml. The first significant increase occurred one day before the LH-surge and was followed by a sharp peak (approximately 1.5 ng/ml) which coincided with the LH peak. A significant decrease occurred after this peak, which reached a nadir two days after the LH-surge. This was followed by a second rise with a rather broad peak (about 1.8 ng/ml) around the 5th to 7th days after the LH-surge. The levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone did not show any cyclic variation: from all figures a geometric mean value of 1.62 ng/ml was calulated with tolerance limits at 0.241 and 10.8 ng/ml. Individual day-to-day changes in steroid levels were assessed with regard to their potential for the early identification of the day of the LH-surge. A 17-hydroxyprogesterone value of 1.0 ng/ml, or more, was seen for the first time in the cycle on the day of the LH peak in 13 cycles and a progesterone + 17-hydroxyprogesterone level of at least 1.8 ng/ml in 14 of the 15 cycles studies. These data seem to warrant a study of the predictive value of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone assays in a much larger population.", "contents": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. 2. Levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone and the assessment of their value for ovulation prediction. Plasma levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone were assayed daily in 15 normally menstruating women during a complete menstrual cycle. In order to ascertain the normalcy of the cycles studied, LH, progesterone and oestradiol were also determined daily. The pattern of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone was very similar to that of progesterone. The levels found during the proliferative phase (around 240 pg/ml) increased significantly on the day of the LH-surge and reached values of approximately 3.7 ng/ml at the peak period of luteal activity. The plasma levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the proliferative phase were around 380 pg/ml. The first significant increase occurred one day before the LH-surge and was followed by a sharp peak (approximately 1.5 ng/ml) which coincided with the LH peak. A significant decrease occurred after this peak, which reached a nadir two days after the LH-surge. This was followed by a second rise with a rather broad peak (about 1.8 ng/ml) around the 5th to 7th days after the LH-surge. The levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone did not show any cyclic variation: from all figures a geometric mean value of 1.62 ng/ml was calulated with tolerance limits at 0.241 and 10.8 ng/ml. Individual day-to-day changes in steroid levels were assessed with regard to their potential for the early identification of the day of the LH-surge. A 17-hydroxyprogesterone value of 1.0 ng/ml, or more, was seen for the first time in the cycle on the day of the LH peak in 13 cycles and a progesterone + 17-hydroxyprogesterone level of at least 1.8 ng/ml in 14 of the 15 cycles studies. These data seem to warrant a study of the predictive value of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone assays in a much larger population."}
{"id": "PMID:947131", "title": "The normal development of the ovary in childhood.", "content": "The development of the ovary during childhood has been evaluated in 52 organs obtained from autopsy of children who died in accidents or after a brief acute disease. The ovaries at all ages showed follicle growth. 93% of the organs were actively growing ovaries containing healthy and degenerating follicles in progressive stages of development with and without follicle fluid. Three ovaries showed follicle growth up to pre-antral stages. None of the 52 ovaries were quiescent in which follicle development was not in progress. It is therefore argued that the normal ovary in childhood shows follicle growth at all ages. The number and size of antral follicles increases after the age of 6 years coinciding with the progressive increase in FSH and oestrogen output in childhood.", "contents": "The normal development of the ovary in childhood. The development of the ovary during childhood has been evaluated in 52 organs obtained from autopsy of children who died in accidents or after a brief acute disease. The ovaries at all ages showed follicle growth. 93% of the organs were actively growing ovaries containing healthy and degenerating follicles in progressive stages of development with and without follicle fluid. Three ovaries showed follicle growth up to pre-antral stages. None of the 52 ovaries were quiescent in which follicle development was not in progress. It is therefore argued that the normal ovary in childhood shows follicle growth at all ages. The number and size of antral follicles increases after the age of 6 years coinciding with the progressive increase in FSH and oestrogen output in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:947132", "title": "Permeability of ovarian follicles to electron-dense macromolecules.", "content": "Ferritin (m.w. 500 000) perfused into the ovarian arteries of sheep permeated the theca interna and was also found in the membrana granulosa of both non-atretic and atretic Graafian follicles. Colloidal gold (m. w. 1 000 000) similarly perfused, was found in the theca interna but not in the granulosa. The results are discussed in terms of the blood-follicle barrier.", "contents": "Permeability of ovarian follicles to electron-dense macromolecules. Ferritin (m.w. 500 000) perfused into the ovarian arteries of sheep permeated the theca interna and was also found in the membrana granulosa of both non-atretic and atretic Graafian follicles. Colloidal gold (m. w. 1 000 000) similarly perfused, was found in the theca interna but not in the granulosa. The results are discussed in terms of the blood-follicle barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:947133", "title": "Testosterone production by isolated rabbit follicles in the presence of luteinizing hormone and inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes.", "content": "Rabbit ovarian follicles were incubated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and various inhibitors of steroidogenesis in order to determine what enzymes were necessary for testosterone production. Incubations were carried out in minimum Eagle's medium: normal rabbit serum: 95:5 with medium being changed every 15 min and stored at -15 degrees C until assayed for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Inhibitors and LH were added at different times after the start of the incubations. Of the inhibitors tested only SU 10603, an inhibitor of the 17alpha-hydroxylase enzyme completely prevented the testosterone response to LH while aminoglutethimide (inhibitor of 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol dehydrogenase) and U 30870 (inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) only showed partial inhibition. These results suggest that cholesterol is an obligatory intermediate for the production of testosterone by rabbit ovarian follicles and that normal LH stimulated endocrine function can resume after treatment with inhibitors. The results are also in agreement with previous data using inhibitors of protein synthesis in the presence of LH.", "contents": "Testosterone production by isolated rabbit follicles in the presence of luteinizing hormone and inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes. Rabbit ovarian follicles were incubated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and various inhibitors of steroidogenesis in order to determine what enzymes were necessary for testosterone production. Incubations were carried out in minimum Eagle's medium: normal rabbit serum: 95:5 with medium being changed every 15 min and stored at -15 degrees C until assayed for testosterone by radioimmunoassay. Inhibitors and LH were added at different times after the start of the incubations. Of the inhibitors tested only SU 10603, an inhibitor of the 17alpha-hydroxylase enzyme completely prevented the testosterone response to LH while aminoglutethimide (inhibitor of 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol dehydrogenase) and U 30870 (inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) only showed partial inhibition. These results suggest that cholesterol is an obligatory intermediate for the production of testosterone by rabbit ovarian follicles and that normal LH stimulated endocrine function can resume after treatment with inhibitors. The results are also in agreement with previous data using inhibitors of protein synthesis in the presence of LH."}
{"id": "PMID:947134", "title": "Effects of testosterone propionate treatment of neonatally ovariectomized rats on growth and subsequent responsiveness to oestrogen.", "content": "There was no significant difference in body weight between neonatally ovariectomized (OvX) rats whether given oil treatment or 90 mug testosterone propionate (TP) on day 3, when examined up to 23 weeks of age. When these two animals were injected with oestradiol benzoate (3 mug/day for 2 weeks), the neonatally OvX TP treated rats showed a significantly smaller depression in body weight than did the control neonatally OxX rats. Measurement of food intake also showed that TP treated rats responded significantly less to the depressant effects of oestrogen than did the controls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ovary does restrain body weight in TP rats but that androgen treatment in the neonatal period may not have a specific effect on growth but may alter the sensitivity of growth regulating processes to the inhibitory effects of oestrogen.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone propionate treatment of neonatally ovariectomized rats on growth and subsequent responsiveness to oestrogen. There was no significant difference in body weight between neonatally ovariectomized (OvX) rats whether given oil treatment or 90 mug testosterone propionate (TP) on day 3, when examined up to 23 weeks of age. When these two animals were injected with oestradiol benzoate (3 mug/day for 2 weeks), the neonatally OvX TP treated rats showed a significantly smaller depression in body weight than did the control neonatally OxX rats. Measurement of food intake also showed that TP treated rats responded significantly less to the depressant effects of oestrogen than did the controls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the ovary does restrain body weight in TP rats but that androgen treatment in the neonatal period may not have a specific effect on growth but may alter the sensitivity of growth regulating processes to the inhibitory effects of oestrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:947135", "title": "Studies on the conversion of oestradiol linked to a cytostatic agent (Estracyt) in various rat tissues.", "content": "Estracyt, a compound of nitrogen-mustard linked to oestradiol phosphate, is used in the treatment of human prostatic cancer. The metabolism of this compound has been studied in different tissues of the rat both in vivo and in vitro. The phosphate group in position 17 of the oestradiol moiety is rapidly split off from the compound. An oestrone-cytostatic compound was extractable from the liver half an hour after the injection of Estracyt. In addition the in vitro results showed that only the liver was able to convert the oestradiol-cytostatic compound to an oestrone-cytostatic one. When animals were killed 24 h after a 3-day period of Estracyt treatment, the dominating metabolite in the ventral prostate was an oestronecytostatic compound, but traces of free oestrone could also be demonstrated. No such compound, however, was found in liver, diaphragm or blood at this time. It is concluded that in vivo an oestrone-cytostatic compound seems to be preferentially retained in the ventral prostate after Estracyt injection whilst the metabolic conversion of the oestradiol-cytostatic compound into an oestrone-cytostatic one possibly occurs in the liver.", "contents": "Studies on the conversion of oestradiol linked to a cytostatic agent (Estracyt) in various rat tissues. Estracyt, a compound of nitrogen-mustard linked to oestradiol phosphate, is used in the treatment of human prostatic cancer. The metabolism of this compound has been studied in different tissues of the rat both in vivo and in vitro. The phosphate group in position 17 of the oestradiol moiety is rapidly split off from the compound. An oestrone-cytostatic compound was extractable from the liver half an hour after the injection of Estracyt. In addition the in vitro results showed that only the liver was able to convert the oestradiol-cytostatic compound to an oestrone-cytostatic one. When animals were killed 24 h after a 3-day period of Estracyt treatment, the dominating metabolite in the ventral prostate was an oestronecytostatic compound, but traces of free oestrone could also be demonstrated. No such compound, however, was found in liver, diaphragm or blood at this time. It is concluded that in vivo an oestrone-cytostatic compound seems to be preferentially retained in the ventral prostate after Estracyt injection whilst the metabolic conversion of the oestradiol-cytostatic compound into an oestrone-cytostatic one possibly occurs in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:947136", "title": "Lymphokines and thrombosis. II. Procoagulant activity produced by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (con-A).", "content": "Human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A produce a coagulant activity which decreases the clotting time as expressed through the recalcification time of citrated plasma, the partial thromboplastin time, the thrombin clotting time of citrated plasma and the thrombin clotting time of fibrinogen solutions. The culture supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A also have a direct coagulant effect on human fibrinogen solution. They decrease the lag period of recalcification time of citrated plasma but do not modify the duration of polymerization as measured with a spectrophotometric method.", "contents": "Lymphokines and thrombosis. II. Procoagulant activity produced by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (con-A). Human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A produce a coagulant activity which decreases the clotting time as expressed through the recalcification time of citrated plasma, the partial thromboplastin time, the thrombin clotting time of citrated plasma and the thrombin clotting time of fibrinogen solutions. The culture supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A also have a direct coagulant effect on human fibrinogen solution. They decrease the lag period of recalcification time of citrated plasma but do not modify the duration of polymerization as measured with a spectrophotometric method."}
{"id": "PMID:947137", "title": "A prospective study on some immunological changes occurring in the first year of grass pollen desensitization.", "content": "Some immunological parameters were followed up during the first year of grass pollen desensitization in 15 patients. The skin reactions with grass pollen extract in a series of tenfold dilutions were diminished in all patients during treatment. In nearly all patients a distinct increase in blocking antibody titre was seen. Serum reagin titres as measured by RAST remained constant or decreased somewhat during desensitization. No significant correlations between all three parameters could be demonstrated.", "contents": "A prospective study on some immunological changes occurring in the first year of grass pollen desensitization. Some immunological parameters were followed up during the first year of grass pollen desensitization in 15 patients. The skin reactions with grass pollen extract in a series of tenfold dilutions were diminished in all patients during treatment. In nearly all patients a distinct increase in blocking antibody titre was seen. Serum reagin titres as measured by RAST remained constant or decreased somewhat during desensitization. No significant correlations between all three parameters could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947138", "title": "Comparison between the direct capillary tube leucocyte migration technique (LMCT) and the direct agarose leucocyte migration technique (LMAT) as indicators of tumour-directed cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) in patients with renal carcinoma.", "content": "A comparison was made between the direct capillary tube leucocyte migration technique (LMCT) and the direct agarose leucocyte migration technique (LMAT) using crude homogenates of tumour tissue as antigen in patients with renal carcinoma. A state of specifically altered reactivity of leucocytes from patients with renal carcinoma as compared with normal control persons towards allogeneic hypernephroma extracts could be detected in the LMCT but not in the LMAT. The reactivity in the LMCT was manifest at protein concentrations of 300 and 400 mug/ml. The study indicates that in contrast to the LMCT, the LMAT cannot be used for detection of TCMH towards allogeneic hypernephroma tissue extracts in patients with renal carcinoma.", "contents": "Comparison between the direct capillary tube leucocyte migration technique (LMCT) and the direct agarose leucocyte migration technique (LMAT) as indicators of tumour-directed cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) in patients with renal carcinoma. A comparison was made between the direct capillary tube leucocyte migration technique (LMCT) and the direct agarose leucocyte migration technique (LMAT) using crude homogenates of tumour tissue as antigen in patients with renal carcinoma. A state of specifically altered reactivity of leucocytes from patients with renal carcinoma as compared with normal control persons towards allogeneic hypernephroma extracts could be detected in the LMCT but not in the LMAT. The reactivity in the LMCT was manifest at protein concentrations of 300 and 400 mug/ml. The study indicates that in contrast to the LMCT, the LMAT cannot be used for detection of TCMH towards allogeneic hypernephroma tissue extracts in patients with renal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:947139", "title": "Asthma mortality in Sweden among children and adolescents during the period 1952-1972.", "content": "Asthma mortality in Sweden during the period of 1952-1972 in the age-group of 1-24 years, comprising a total of 183 cases, has been studied. As compared with the 1950's, there is a conspicuous increase in the number of deaths during the greater part of the sixties, reaching a maximum in 1967. Since then the mortality has shown a marked decrease. Further, a trend towards an averagely higher age at death has been ascertained in the latter part of the investigation period. The factors underlying the conspicuous variations in mortality rate were discussed. It was emphasized that the abuse of sympathomimetics in pressurized aerosols could not be accepted as the one and only cause. In all probability, the increase in the mortality during the 1960's can be attributed to a number of factors.", "contents": "Asthma mortality in Sweden among children and adolescents during the period 1952-1972. Asthma mortality in Sweden during the period of 1952-1972 in the age-group of 1-24 years, comprising a total of 183 cases, has been studied. As compared with the 1950's, there is a conspicuous increase in the number of deaths during the greater part of the sixties, reaching a maximum in 1967. Since then the mortality has shown a marked decrease. Further, a trend towards an averagely higher age at death has been ascertained in the latter part of the investigation period. The factors underlying the conspicuous variations in mortality rate were discussed. It was emphasized that the abuse of sympathomimetics in pressurized aerosols could not be accepted as the one and only cause. In all probability, the increase in the mortality during the 1960's can be attributed to a number of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:947140", "title": "Urticaria from alcoholic beverages.", "content": "Three cases of urticaria/angioneurotic oedema produced by alcoholic beverages are presented. In two of them, the causative agent was probably yeasts in wines. An intracutaneous test with Candida, a conjunctival provocation test with Candida, and peroral challenge tests with wines were positive in both cases. The symptoms disappeared when the patients went on a low-yeast diet. In the third case, ethanol itself and acetic acid apparently were the factors underlying urticaria. Peroral challenge tests with ethanol, brandy and acetic acid were positive, but those with acetaldehyde remained negative. The patient has been asymptomatic after giving up alcoholic drinks alone.", "contents": "Urticaria from alcoholic beverages. Three cases of urticaria/angioneurotic oedema produced by alcoholic beverages are presented. In two of them, the causative agent was probably yeasts in wines. An intracutaneous test with Candida, a conjunctival provocation test with Candida, and peroral challenge tests with wines were positive in both cases. The symptoms disappeared when the patients went on a low-yeast diet. In the third case, ethanol itself and acetic acid apparently were the factors underlying urticaria. Peroral challenge tests with ethanol, brandy and acetic acid were positive, but those with acetaldehyde remained negative. The patient has been asymptomatic after giving up alcoholic drinks alone."}
{"id": "PMID:947141", "title": "Platelets in rat anaphylaxis.", "content": "The number of circulating platelets dropped abruptly in the early phase of severe anaphylactic shock (AS) of the rat and could be inhibited by Persantin but not by heparin pretreatment. The results strongly suggest that an aggregating agent, perhaps \"platelet aggregating factor\", formed or released during anaphylaxis is responsible for the decrease of platelet number. The organ distribution of 51Cr labelled platelets showed that in AS the aggregated platelets were removed from the circulation mostly by the spleen and part of them were trapped in the lung and the small intestine. The remaining platelets retained their functional integrity. The loss of circulating platelets is manifested by the prolongation of rat tail bleeding time and is one of the factors participating in the haemostatic disturbances during anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Platelets in rat anaphylaxis. The number of circulating platelets dropped abruptly in the early phase of severe anaphylactic shock (AS) of the rat and could be inhibited by Persantin but not by heparin pretreatment. The results strongly suggest that an aggregating agent, perhaps \"platelet aggregating factor\", formed or released during anaphylaxis is responsible for the decrease of platelet number. The organ distribution of 51Cr labelled platelets showed that in AS the aggregated platelets were removed from the circulation mostly by the spleen and part of them were trapped in the lung and the small intestine. The remaining platelets retained their functional integrity. The loss of circulating platelets is manifested by the prolongation of rat tail bleeding time and is one of the factors participating in the haemostatic disturbances during anaphylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:947142", "title": "Lymphokines and thrombosis. I. Thrombocyte aggregating activity released by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A.", "content": "Supernatants from Con-A stimulated human lymphocytes containing leucocyte migration inhibitory activity were measured for thrombocyte aggregation activity and for influence on thrombocyte rich plasma clot retraction and whole blood clot retraction. The lymphocyte released activity of the supernatants produced thrombocyte aggregation and an acceleration of clot retraction. The activity resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min and was inactivated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. The active substance seems to have a molecular weight above 10,000 daltons. The findings suggest that thrombotic processes associated with cell-mediated (type IV) immune inflammation could be due, at least partially, to lymphokine effects on thrombocytes.", "contents": "Lymphokines and thrombosis. I. Thrombocyte aggregating activity released by human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin-A. Supernatants from Con-A stimulated human lymphocytes containing leucocyte migration inhibitory activity were measured for thrombocyte aggregation activity and for influence on thrombocyte rich plasma clot retraction and whole blood clot retraction. The lymphocyte released activity of the supernatants produced thrombocyte aggregation and an acceleration of clot retraction. The activity resisted heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min and was inactivated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. The active substance seems to have a molecular weight above 10,000 daltons. The findings suggest that thrombotic processes associated with cell-mediated (type IV) immune inflammation could be due, at least partially, to lymphokine effects on thrombocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:947143", "title": "Utilization of a low-lactose milk.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if a milk containing prehydrolyzed lactose, yet affording full nutritional benefits, could be ingested by a milk intolerant (MI) population without the symptoms of lactose intolerance. MI was defined by the failure of serum glucose to rise greater than 20 mg/100 ml after ingestion of 50 gm of lactose as well as by subjective and objective symptoms and signs after consumption of both 12.5 gm of lactose in water and 250 ml of skim milk. Lactose tolerance (LT) was evidenced by both lack of symptoms and a concomitant rise in serum glucose of greater than 20 mg/100 ml after ingestion of 50 gm lactose in water. A series of four, two hr tolerance tests were given to 12 MI patients and 12 LT controls. The following solutions were employed: 12.5 gm lactose, 250 ml skim milk. 250 ml low-lactose skim milk, and 6 gm glucose plus 6 gm galactose. In the MI group, significant differences were apparent between the tolerance test utilizing skim milk and that using low-lactose skim milk; no such differences were observed in the LT group. These observations indicate that in the MI population the lactose in skim milk was poorly absorbed or tolerated, but after hydrolysis the low-lactose skim milk was well tolerated. A MI individual then, appears able to absorb the monosaccharides of the prehydrolyzed milk and can, furthermore, tolerate the low-lactose skim milk without suffering from symptoms normally associated with lactose intolerance.", "contents": "Utilization of a low-lactose milk. This study was undertaken to determine if a milk containing prehydrolyzed lactose, yet affording full nutritional benefits, could be ingested by a milk intolerant (MI) population without the symptoms of lactose intolerance. MI was defined by the failure of serum glucose to rise greater than 20 mg/100 ml after ingestion of 50 gm of lactose as well as by subjective and objective symptoms and signs after consumption of both 12.5 gm of lactose in water and 250 ml of skim milk. Lactose tolerance (LT) was evidenced by both lack of symptoms and a concomitant rise in serum glucose of greater than 20 mg/100 ml after ingestion of 50 gm lactose in water. A series of four, two hr tolerance tests were given to 12 MI patients and 12 LT controls. The following solutions were employed: 12.5 gm lactose, 250 ml skim milk. 250 ml low-lactose skim milk, and 6 gm glucose plus 6 gm galactose. In the MI group, significant differences were apparent between the tolerance test utilizing skim milk and that using low-lactose skim milk; no such differences were observed in the LT group. These observations indicate that in the MI population the lactose in skim milk was poorly absorbed or tolerated, but after hydrolysis the low-lactose skim milk was well tolerated. A MI individual then, appears able to absorb the monosaccharides of the prehydrolyzed milk and can, furthermore, tolerate the low-lactose skim milk without suffering from symptoms normally associated with lactose intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:947145", "title": "Comparative trial of influenza vaccines. I. Immunogenicity of whole virus and split product vaccines in man.", "content": "Groups of about 100 persons aged 6 to 88 years were given 1 of 6 commercially prepared whole virus or split-product bivalent (A/England-B/Mass) influenza vaccines and 6 weeks later were given 1 of 5 monovalent (B/Hong Kong) vaccines. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers in serum specimens taken 6 and 12 weeks after inoculation were compared to those obtained before immunization. Overall antibody responses in all groups were adequate, yielding HI titers that are associated with relatively good levels of protection from infection. No differences were noted among the vaccines in their ability to boost pre-existing antibody. The tributyl phosphate (TBP) split-product vaccine, however, induced significantly lower homologous seroconversion and geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) to A/England and heterologous antibody titers to A/Aichi in persons without pre-existing antibody than did equivalent whole virus vaccines. Both the TBP and the ether-treated monovalent B/Hong Kong vaccines also induced lower heterologous GMT's to B/Mass in initially seronegative individuals. These data agree with previous observations that the primary response to influenza and other viral vaccines prepared from disrupted virions results in lower levels of antibody than does that to equivalent whole virus preparations. Studies are underway to determine whether the lesser immune response induced by these vaccines in seronegative persons is the result of smaller amounts of antigen in such preparations or because the antigen may be processed less efficiently by humoral or cellular immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Comparative trial of influenza vaccines. I. Immunogenicity of whole virus and split product vaccines in man. Groups of about 100 persons aged 6 to 88 years were given 1 of 6 commercially prepared whole virus or split-product bivalent (A/England-B/Mass) influenza vaccines and 6 weeks later were given 1 of 5 monovalent (B/Hong Kong) vaccines. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers in serum specimens taken 6 and 12 weeks after inoculation were compared to those obtained before immunization. Overall antibody responses in all groups were adequate, yielding HI titers that are associated with relatively good levels of protection from infection. No differences were noted among the vaccines in their ability to boost pre-existing antibody. The tributyl phosphate (TBP) split-product vaccine, however, induced significantly lower homologous seroconversion and geometric mean antibody titers (GMT) to A/England and heterologous antibody titers to A/Aichi in persons without pre-existing antibody than did equivalent whole virus vaccines. Both the TBP and the ether-treated monovalent B/Hong Kong vaccines also induced lower heterologous GMT's to B/Mass in initially seronegative individuals. These data agree with previous observations that the primary response to influenza and other viral vaccines prepared from disrupted virions results in lower levels of antibody than does that to equivalent whole virus preparations. Studies are underway to determine whether the lesser immune response induced by these vaccines in seronegative persons is the result of smaller amounts of antigen in such preparations or because the antigen may be processed less efficiently by humoral or cellular immune mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:947147", "title": "Screening large numbers of compounds in a model based on mortality of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infected mice.", "content": "A test system has been developed to evaluate the trypanosomicidal activity of large numbers of candidate drugs. Based on mortality of mice with blood induced Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections, it serves as a primary screen or as a secondary and confirmatory test for active compounds. Over 5,500 selected compounds have been tested; more than 6% were active.", "contents": "Screening large numbers of compounds in a model based on mortality of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infected mice. A test system has been developed to evaluate the trypanosomicidal activity of large numbers of candidate drugs. Based on mortality of mice with blood induced Trypanosoma rhodesiense infections, it serves as a primary screen or as a secondary and confirmatory test for active compounds. Over 5,500 selected compounds have been tested; more than 6% were active."}
{"id": "PMID:947148", "title": "Lymphosarcoma in a rabbit.", "content": "Generalized lymphosarcoma was observed in a 7-month-old New Zealand White rabbit. Numerous grayish white nodules were found in the kidney and liver. The mucosal surface of the stomach was hemorrhagic and ulcerated. Virus-like particles were observed in neoplastic tissue from the kidney on electron microscopic examination. Significance of the presence of virus-like particles was not determined.", "contents": "Lymphosarcoma in a rabbit. Generalized lymphosarcoma was observed in a 7-month-old New Zealand White rabbit. Numerous grayish white nodules were found in the kidney and liver. The mucosal surface of the stomach was hemorrhagic and ulcerated. Virus-like particles were observed in neoplastic tissue from the kidney on electron microscopic examination. Significance of the presence of virus-like particles was not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:947151", "title": "Systemic chemotherapy for psoriasis: a national survey.", "content": "A questionnaire that was mailed to 510 randomly selected dermatologists in the United States surveyed their use of three systemic chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of psoriasis during the two-year period of 1973 to 1974. Methotrexate was used by 52% of the surveyed dermatologists, while hydroxyurea and azaribine were used by 10% and 2%, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the dermatologists who used methotrexate treated ten or fewer psoriatic patients with this drug. Multiple dose therapy with methotrexate divided over a period of 36 hours each week was the preferred schedule of 66% of the dermatologists. Liver biopsy specimens and creatinine clearance tests were obtained for only 17% and 35% of patients, respectively, prior to initiating methotrexate therapy. The estimated number of dermatologist-treated psoriatics nationwide receiving methotrexate is 25,000.", "contents": "Systemic chemotherapy for psoriasis: a national survey. A questionnaire that was mailed to 510 randomly selected dermatologists in the United States surveyed their use of three systemic chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of psoriasis during the two-year period of 1973 to 1974. Methotrexate was used by 52% of the surveyed dermatologists, while hydroxyurea and azaribine were used by 10% and 2%, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the dermatologists who used methotrexate treated ten or fewer psoriatic patients with this drug. Multiple dose therapy with methotrexate divided over a period of 36 hours each week was the preferred schedule of 66% of the dermatologists. Liver biopsy specimens and creatinine clearance tests were obtained for only 17% and 35% of patients, respectively, prior to initiating methotrexate therapy. The estimated number of dermatologist-treated psoriatics nationwide receiving methotrexate is 25,000."}
{"id": "PMID:947152", "title": "Cows' milk allergy in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius.", "content": "A girl with the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius had severe diarrhoea and dehydration relieved by withdrawal of cows' milk and aggravated by its reintroduction on three occasions. Deterioration in gastrointestinal symptoms was associated with haematological relapse with thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, anaemia, and eosinophilia. There appeared to be a correlation between milk exposure and the haematological and gastrointestinal disturbances. Supporting evidence from published reports for such a correlation is reviewed. Cows' milk protein intolerance may be a factor in precipitating haematological relapse in susceptible infants with radius aplasia. Early withdrawal of cow's milk protein should be tried in thrombocytopenia with absent radius, especially in cases with prominent gastrointestinal upset.", "contents": "Cows' milk allergy in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius. A girl with the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius had severe diarrhoea and dehydration relieved by withdrawal of cows' milk and aggravated by its reintroduction on three occasions. Deterioration in gastrointestinal symptoms was associated with haematological relapse with thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, anaemia, and eosinophilia. There appeared to be a correlation between milk exposure and the haematological and gastrointestinal disturbances. Supporting evidence from published reports for such a correlation is reviewed. Cows' milk protein intolerance may be a factor in precipitating haematological relapse in susceptible infants with radius aplasia. Early withdrawal of cow's milk protein should be tried in thrombocytopenia with absent radius, especially in cases with prominent gastrointestinal upset."}
{"id": "PMID:947153", "title": "Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations in plasma during first week of life and their relation to type of milk feed.", "content": "Serial changes in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, and total proteins have been investigated in 138 healthy, term Caucasian infants. Blood samples were obtained for each infant from cord blood and on day 1 and day 6. The infants were studied in three groups according to whether they were breast fed, received 'Ostermilk No. 1' or 'Cow and Gate V' formulas. Levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, and total proteins did not differ between the groups at birth or on day 1. By day 6 calcium levels were higher and phosphorus levels lower in the breast-fed infants compared with either of the artificially-fed groups. Phosphorus levels were lower in the V Formula group compared with the Ostermilk group but the mean calcium levels of these two groups did not differ significantly. However, only 2-8% of the V Formula group developed hypocalcaemia compared with 18-2% of the Ostermilk group. The only infant developing clinical tetany belonged to the group fed Ostermilk. Evidence is also given which suggests that those infants with low calcium levels on day 1 who were fed the high-solute milk tended to show a fall in calcium by day 6. This did not apply to the two other groups. It is concluded that the use of adapted cows' milk preparations for infant feeding should lead to a reduction in the incidence of neonatal tetany.", "contents": "Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations in plasma during first week of life and their relation to type of milk feed. Serial changes in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, and total proteins have been investigated in 138 healthy, term Caucasian infants. Blood samples were obtained for each infant from cord blood and on day 1 and day 6. The infants were studied in three groups according to whether they were breast fed, received 'Ostermilk No. 1' or 'Cow and Gate V' formulas. Levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, and total proteins did not differ between the groups at birth or on day 1. By day 6 calcium levels were higher and phosphorus levels lower in the breast-fed infants compared with either of the artificially-fed groups. Phosphorus levels were lower in the V Formula group compared with the Ostermilk group but the mean calcium levels of these two groups did not differ significantly. However, only 2-8% of the V Formula group developed hypocalcaemia compared with 18-2% of the Ostermilk group. The only infant developing clinical tetany belonged to the group fed Ostermilk. Evidence is also given which suggests that those infants with low calcium levels on day 1 who were fed the high-solute milk tended to show a fall in calcium by day 6. This did not apply to the two other groups. It is concluded that the use of adapted cows' milk preparations for infant feeding should lead to a reduction in the incidence of neonatal tetany."}
{"id": "PMID:947154", "title": "Agenesis of the trachea: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Immediately after birth, a full-term infant was noted to be in severe respiratory distress and died approximately five hours later, despite resuscitative efforts. Postmortem examination revealed agenesis of the trachea with a 1-mm fistula joining the esophagus and the main stem bronchi at the carina. The right kidney, ureter, Fallopian tube, and cornu of the uterus were also absent. The 25 previously reported cases of agenesis of the trachea are summarized, with special emphasis on associated abnormalities.", "contents": "Agenesis of the trachea: report of a case and review of the literature. Immediately after birth, a full-term infant was noted to be in severe respiratory distress and died approximately five hours later, despite resuscitative efforts. Postmortem examination revealed agenesis of the trachea with a 1-mm fistula joining the esophagus and the main stem bronchi at the carina. The right kidney, ureter, Fallopian tube, and cornu of the uterus were also absent. The 25 previously reported cases of agenesis of the trachea are summarized, with special emphasis on associated abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:947155", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Mycoplasma-infected tracheal rings.", "content": "Sequential changes visualized by scanning electron microscopy are described in hamster tracheal ring cultures exposed to 10(5) colony-forming units/ml of Clyde strain M-129 Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Loss of cilia, elevation of cell borders, and clumping of microvilli were induced within six hours after incubation of the rings in media containing mycoplasmas and in sterile used media. This finding lends support to the theory that the toxicity of Mycoplasma infection is partially attributable to alterations in the growth medium or elaboration of a toxic substance by the organisms. Mycoplasmas were observed attaching to tracheal ring surfaces eight hours after infection. With increasing periods of incubation, cell death and alterations occurred in tracheal surface structure that might be confused with the organisms.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Mycoplasma-infected tracheal rings. Sequential changes visualized by scanning electron microscopy are described in hamster tracheal ring cultures exposed to 10(5) colony-forming units/ml of Clyde strain M-129 Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Loss of cilia, elevation of cell borders, and clumping of microvilli were induced within six hours after incubation of the rings in media containing mycoplasmas and in sterile used media. This finding lends support to the theory that the toxicity of Mycoplasma infection is partially attributable to alterations in the growth medium or elaboration of a toxic substance by the organisms. Mycoplasmas were observed attaching to tracheal ring surfaces eight hours after infection. With increasing periods of incubation, cell death and alterations occurred in tracheal surface structure that might be confused with the organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:947156", "title": "Pathological features of the placenta in fetal death.", "content": "Few studies of the histopathological features of the placenta in cases of fetal death are available. We will describe the placental findings from 24 midtrimester spontaneous abortions and 54 stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation. In almost 100% of midtrimester abortions and in 48% of the placentas from stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation, chorioamnionitis, deciduitis, and/or villitis were present. Because of this very high percentage of lesions, which suggests an infectious causation, it is mandatory that studies be performed that might identify pathogens. One third of the stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation were associated with maternal complications (diabetes, preeclampsia, and urinary tract infection), in addition to placental fetal vasculopathy, ischemia, infarcts, and chorangiosis (villous capillary hyperplasia). We emphasize the use of the placenta for the recognition of maternal diabetes.", "contents": "Pathological features of the placenta in fetal death. Few studies of the histopathological features of the placenta in cases of fetal death are available. We will describe the placental findings from 24 midtrimester spontaneous abortions and 54 stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation. In almost 100% of midtrimester abortions and in 48% of the placentas from stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation, chorioamnionitis, deciduitis, and/or villitis were present. Because of this very high percentage of lesions, which suggests an infectious causation, it is mandatory that studies be performed that might identify pathogens. One third of the stillborn infants of more than 28 weeks' gestation were associated with maternal complications (diabetes, preeclampsia, and urinary tract infection), in addition to placental fetal vasculopathy, ischemia, infarcts, and chorangiosis (villous capillary hyperplasia). We emphasize the use of the placenta for the recognition of maternal diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:947157", "title": "Regression of advanced atherosclerosis in swine.", "content": "Advanced complicated atherosclerosis was produced in the abdominal aorta of swine by a combination of mechanical injury and high-cholesterol, high-fat diet for four months. After removal of the high-cholesterol diet and placing the animal on swine mash for 14 months, there was a significant (P less than .005) decrease in size of lesions with remodeling of the intima toward a smooth surface. Sudanophilia had virtually disappeared and atheromas were almost absent in the regression group, as were thrombosis and hemorrhage in plaques. Cell proliferation, as judged by the number of labeled cells in autoradiography, was less pronounced in this group. There was no decrease in the numbers of segments showing calcification; however, the size of the calcified areas was smaller in the regression group than in the base line. The data suggest that advanced atherosclerosis is susceptible to regression on removal of the atherosclerotic stimulus.", "contents": "Regression of advanced atherosclerosis in swine. Advanced complicated atherosclerosis was produced in the abdominal aorta of swine by a combination of mechanical injury and high-cholesterol, high-fat diet for four months. After removal of the high-cholesterol diet and placing the animal on swine mash for 14 months, there was a significant (P less than .005) decrease in size of lesions with remodeling of the intima toward a smooth surface. Sudanophilia had virtually disappeared and atheromas were almost absent in the regression group, as were thrombosis and hemorrhage in plaques. Cell proliferation, as judged by the number of labeled cells in autoradiography, was less pronounced in this group. There was no decrease in the numbers of segments showing calcification; however, the size of the calcified areas was smaller in the regression group than in the base line. The data suggest that advanced atherosclerosis is susceptible to regression on removal of the atherosclerotic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:947158", "title": "Regression of advanced atherosclerosis in swine: chemical studies.", "content": "Advanced complicated atherosclerosis was produced in the abdominal aortas of swine by a combination of mechanical injury and of a four-month high-cholesterol, high-fat diet. After discontinuation of the atherogenic diet, the animals were given swine mash for 14 months; subsequent chemical studies showed that regression of lesions had occurred, as delineated by decreased levels of DNA and DNA synthesis, total and esterified cholesterol, and phospholipid but no change in the levels of free cholesterol and triglycerides. The rate of DNA synthesis, but not that of total protein synthesis, had decreased. Collagen content had increased. By all criteria studied, the regressed lesions did not differ greatly from the abdominal aortic tissue of animals that had received only a mash diet for 18 months after mechanical injury. These findings, if extrapolated to man, would make the prognosis for possible regression of atherosclerosis under strictly controlled dietary regimens excellent.", "contents": "Regression of advanced atherosclerosis in swine: chemical studies. Advanced complicated atherosclerosis was produced in the abdominal aortas of swine by a combination of mechanical injury and of a four-month high-cholesterol, high-fat diet. After discontinuation of the atherogenic diet, the animals were given swine mash for 14 months; subsequent chemical studies showed that regression of lesions had occurred, as delineated by decreased levels of DNA and DNA synthesis, total and esterified cholesterol, and phospholipid but no change in the levels of free cholesterol and triglycerides. The rate of DNA synthesis, but not that of total protein synthesis, had decreased. Collagen content had increased. By all criteria studied, the regressed lesions did not differ greatly from the abdominal aortic tissue of animals that had received only a mash diet for 18 months after mechanical injury. These findings, if extrapolated to man, would make the prognosis for possible regression of atherosclerosis under strictly controlled dietary regimens excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:947159", "title": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder with intraepithelial spread in an adult.", "content": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in adults is exceedingly rare. Reported cases have been of the embryonal botryoid type, as seen in children. We will describe a case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in the urinary bladder of an adult. In this case, we noted striking intraepidermal migration of tumor cells, resembling the epidermotropic growth characteristic of tumor cells in Paget disease of the breast. The pathological features of this apparently unique case form the subject of this report.", "contents": "Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder with intraepithelial spread in an adult. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in adults is exceedingly rare. Reported cases have been of the embryonal botryoid type, as seen in children. We will describe a case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in the urinary bladder of an adult. In this case, we noted striking intraepidermal migration of tumor cells, resembling the epidermotropic growth characteristic of tumor cells in Paget disease of the breast. The pathological features of this apparently unique case form the subject of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:947161", "title": "[Histochemiscal characteristics of lipids in different forms of goiter].", "content": "Histochemical studies were carried out of the content and localization of neutral and acid lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, phospholipids, free fatty acids and soaps in various forms of goiter (96 of the thyroid glands removed during during the operation in connection with goiter). It was shown that thyreo-toxic strumas were characterized by a very small amount of neutral lipids in the apical part of thyreocytes and some small amount in the stroma. The greatest amount of lipids (predominantly acid ones, free fatty acids and soaps) were identified in euthyroid macro-microfollicular strumas which were characterized by cystic degeneration of the glandular parenchyma and by a marked process of desquamation of the follicular epithelium. Histochemically, the desquamated Kulesh-Lauer's cells were found to contain moderate and insignificant amounts of neutral lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, with the help of the reaction with Nile bleu sulphate a great amount of acid lipids was identified, by Fischer's method--a great amount of free fatty acids. The results obtained also showed that Ashkinazi's cells were free from lipids. C-cells, which hardly identifiable in thyreotoxic colloid-parenchymatous strumas, were found to be rich in phospholipids, whereas in other cellular elements of the thyroid gland they were not detected, which in the authors' opinion, may serve as a histochemical test of C-cells.", "contents": "[Histochemiscal characteristics of lipids in different forms of goiter]. Histochemical studies were carried out of the content and localization of neutral and acid lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, phospholipids, free fatty acids and soaps in various forms of goiter (96 of the thyroid glands removed during during the operation in connection with goiter). It was shown that thyreo-toxic strumas were characterized by a very small amount of neutral lipids in the apical part of thyreocytes and some small amount in the stroma. The greatest amount of lipids (predominantly acid ones, free fatty acids and soaps) were identified in euthyroid macro-microfollicular strumas which were characterized by cystic degeneration of the glandular parenchyma and by a marked process of desquamation of the follicular epithelium. Histochemically, the desquamated Kulesh-Lauer's cells were found to contain moderate and insignificant amounts of neutral lipids, cholesterol and its ethers, with the help of the reaction with Nile bleu sulphate a great amount of acid lipids was identified, by Fischer's method--a great amount of free fatty acids. The results obtained also showed that Ashkinazi's cells were free from lipids. C-cells, which hardly identifiable in thyreotoxic colloid-parenchymatous strumas, were found to be rich in phospholipids, whereas in other cellular elements of the thyroid gland they were not detected, which in the authors' opinion, may serve as a histochemical test of C-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:947162", "title": "Fluorescein angiographic findings in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.", "content": "We describe the fluorescein angiograms in four cases of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. The vascular nature of the temporal retinal masses is confirmed. Primary abnormalities within the peripheral retinal circulation are demonstrated. We stress the similarity between familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and retrolental fibroplasia.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiographic findings in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. We describe the fluorescein angiograms in four cases of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. The vascular nature of the temporal retinal masses is confirmed. Primary abnormalities within the peripheral retinal circulation are demonstrated. We stress the similarity between familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and retrolental fibroplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:947163", "title": "[Rotatory instability of the knee joint in cases of previously treated \"Unhappy Triad\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined injury of the ligaments and capsular structures of the knee joint always causes rotatory instability as the sum of all or some a.m. injuries (Slocum; Nicholas). This has to be taken into account in the operative treatment. We have followed 14 patients with old \"unhappy triad\" injuries who had been operated upon with the question in mind whether the usual procedures with reefing of the ligaments or plastic replacements including meniscectomies, but without paying attention to the lax posterior capsule could correct the typical anteromedial rotatory instability. The results showed that this was true only in about half the cases. The remaining patients continued to complain about instability in the operated knee joint. Objectively, the pre-operatively positive rotatory drawer sign remained unchanged. Therefore we conclude that the anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee joint can be improved by the procedure devised by Slocum and Nicholas.", "contents": "[Rotatory instability of the knee joint in cases of previously treated \"Unhappy Triad\" (author's transl)]. The combined injury of the ligaments and capsular structures of the knee joint always causes rotatory instability as the sum of all or some a.m. injuries (Slocum; Nicholas). This has to be taken into account in the operative treatment. We have followed 14 patients with old \"unhappy triad\" injuries who had been operated upon with the question in mind whether the usual procedures with reefing of the ligaments or plastic replacements including meniscectomies, but without paying attention to the lax posterior capsule could correct the typical anteromedial rotatory instability. The results showed that this was true only in about half the cases. The remaining patients continued to complain about instability in the operated knee joint. Objectively, the pre-operatively positive rotatory drawer sign remained unchanged. Therefore we conclude that the anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee joint can be improved by the procedure devised by Slocum and Nicholas."}
{"id": "PMID:947164", "title": "[Estimation of protein binding by means of the HMO-LCAO-method (author's transl)].", "content": "Calculating the protein binding of six drug series the value sigma/sigma net charge/Mol turned out to be characteristic if the effects of substitutents were considered. Single- and multiple-substituted compounds were calculated in separate groups. For aliphatic-substituted compounds a classification resulted from the length of the substituted chain and from characteristic atoms. Substitution in 3- or 4-position made no significant differences. As an additional value sigma SAP/Mol may be applied to aromatic-substituted compounds.", "contents": "[Estimation of protein binding by means of the HMO-LCAO-method (author's transl)]. Calculating the protein binding of six drug series the value sigma/sigma net charge/Mol turned out to be characteristic if the effects of substitutents were considered. Single- and multiple-substituted compounds were calculated in separate groups. For aliphatic-substituted compounds a classification resulted from the length of the substituted chain and from characteristic atoms. Substitution in 3- or 4-position made no significant differences. As an additional value sigma SAP/Mol may be applied to aromatic-substituted compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:947165", "title": "Kallikrein and renal enzyme excretion in rats.", "content": "Using the model of renal enzyme excretion in rats it was investigated whether a chemically defined kininogenase (kallikrein) exerts shock-inducing activity. Following i.p. injections of kallikrein in doses of 1000 or 7000 KU/kg body weight, an increase in urinary AP- and LAP-activities was encountered as well as an increase in creatinine excretion. These effects were attributable to increased diuresis and could not be related to any anaphylactoid activity (elicitation of vascular shock) of the injected enzyme preparation. According to these experimental results, kallikrein may not be considered as anaphylactoid drug, at least not in the rat.", "contents": "Kallikrein and renal enzyme excretion in rats. Using the model of renal enzyme excretion in rats it was investigated whether a chemically defined kininogenase (kallikrein) exerts shock-inducing activity. Following i.p. injections of kallikrein in doses of 1000 or 7000 KU/kg body weight, an increase in urinary AP- and LAP-activities was encountered as well as an increase in creatinine excretion. These effects were attributable to increased diuresis and could not be related to any anaphylactoid activity (elicitation of vascular shock) of the injected enzyme preparation. According to these experimental results, kallikrein may not be considered as anaphylactoid drug, at least not in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:947166", "title": "Specificity of ethacrynic acid as a sulfhydryl reagent.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid is not an absolutely specific SH-reagent. It reacts rapidly and reversibly with cysteine, imidazole, histidine, and lysine. The reaction products increase with increasing pH. LDH is rapidly and reversibly inhibited by ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "Specificity of ethacrynic acid as a sulfhydryl reagent. Ethacrynic acid is not an absolutely specific SH-reagent. It reacts rapidly and reversibly with cysteine, imidazole, histidine, and lysine. The reaction products increase with increasing pH. LDH is rapidly and reversibly inhibited by ethacrynic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:947167", "title": "Development of an agar-diffusion method for the assay of quaternary ammonium germicides.", "content": "Five quaternary ammonium germicides (QAGs) were tested for their adsorption by agar. This was found to be in the following ascending order: alkylbenzylmethyl-ammonium chloride, alkyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetylpyrimidinium chloride and cetylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride. An inverse relationship was established between the extent of agar binding of the QAGs and their inhibition zones. In an attempt to develop a sensitive cup-plate assaying technique suitable for QAGs, important factors affecting the agar-diffusion of QAGs were investigated. These included the influence of various polysorbates, buffer ions, agars and test organisms. Furthermore, the effect of the pH and/or the concentration of the selected polysorbate and the buffer were studied. The best medium developed for the sensitive agar-diffusion assay of QAGs was nutrient agar-Tris (0.05 M, pH 8) provided that distilled water and polysorbate 20 (0.5%) were used as diluents for the mixed alkyl and the pure cetyl QAGs, respectively.", "contents": "Development of an agar-diffusion method for the assay of quaternary ammonium germicides. Five quaternary ammonium germicides (QAGs) were tested for their adsorption by agar. This was found to be in the following ascending order: alkylbenzylmethyl-ammonium chloride, alkyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetylpyrimidinium chloride and cetylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride. An inverse relationship was established between the extent of agar binding of the QAGs and their inhibition zones. In an attempt to develop a sensitive cup-plate assaying technique suitable for QAGs, important factors affecting the agar-diffusion of QAGs were investigated. These included the influence of various polysorbates, buffer ions, agars and test organisms. Furthermore, the effect of the pH and/or the concentration of the selected polysorbate and the buffer were studied. The best medium developed for the sensitive agar-diffusion assay of QAGs was nutrient agar-Tris (0.05 M, pH 8) provided that distilled water and polysorbate 20 (0.5%) were used as diluents for the mixed alkyl and the pure cetyl QAGs, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:947168", "title": "[MASCA-Model of biochemical-pharmacological drug research/part 7: Computing scheme for the MASCA-model (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper a computing scheme is given which allows a coupling between the multivariate bio-assay and the multivariate structure-activity relationship (MASCA-model).", "contents": "[MASCA-Model of biochemical-pharmacological drug research/part 7: Computing scheme for the MASCA-model (author's transl)]. In this paper a computing scheme is given which allows a coupling between the multivariate bio-assay and the multivariate structure-activity relationship (MASCA-model)."}
{"id": "PMID:947169", "title": "[On the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol on mitochondrial protein synthesis as a possible cause of its selective toxic side effects (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibition of protein synthesis by tetracycline and chloramphenicol in mitochondria isolated from rat liver or rabbit bone marrow was investigated in vitro. It could be demonstrated that there is but little difference between the inhibitory effect of both substances in regard to mitochondria protein synthesis. Therefore, a selective interference of chloramphenicol with bone marrow mitochondria cannot be concluded. In in vitro tests the concentrations required for inhibiting the mitochondria protein synthesis are comparable to those found in blood levels measured under usual therapeutic conditions. It can be assumed that in the living organism the mitochondria are protected against tetracycline or chloramphenicol interference. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that due to the increase in the substrate concentration (phenylalanine), the expected inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis does not occur. There may be an inhibition of influx of the antibiotic by competition with substrate for transport through mitochondrial membrane. The reason for myelotoxicity of chloramphenicol is not an increased sensitivity of mitochondrial ribosomes located in the bone marrow to chloramphenicol. But the existence of special conditions for chloramphenicol influx into mitochondria of bone marrow must be concluded.", "contents": "[On the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol on mitochondrial protein synthesis as a possible cause of its selective toxic side effects (author's transl)]. The inhibition of protein synthesis by tetracycline and chloramphenicol in mitochondria isolated from rat liver or rabbit bone marrow was investigated in vitro. It could be demonstrated that there is but little difference between the inhibitory effect of both substances in regard to mitochondria protein synthesis. Therefore, a selective interference of chloramphenicol with bone marrow mitochondria cannot be concluded. In in vitro tests the concentrations required for inhibiting the mitochondria protein synthesis are comparable to those found in blood levels measured under usual therapeutic conditions. It can be assumed that in the living organism the mitochondria are protected against tetracycline or chloramphenicol interference. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that due to the increase in the substrate concentration (phenylalanine), the expected inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis does not occur. There may be an inhibition of influx of the antibiotic by competition with substrate for transport through mitochondrial membrane. The reason for myelotoxicity of chloramphenicol is not an increased sensitivity of mitochondrial ribosomes located in the bone marrow to chloramphenicol. But the existence of special conditions for chloramphenicol influx into mitochondria of bone marrow must be concluded."}
{"id": "PMID:947170", "title": "Sensory effects of capsaicin congeners. Part II: Importance of chemical structure and pungency in desensitizing activity of capsaicin-type compounds.", "content": "The characteristic insensitivity of sensory nerve endings to chemically induced pain brought about by capsaicin could be reproduced on the rat's eye by pungent vanillylamides, homovanilloyl-alkylamides and piperine, while homovanilloyl-cycloalkylamides, -azacycloalkylamides, - alkylesters, -alkyl-homovanillylamides, undecenoyl-3-aminopropranololand zingerone were practically ineffective in this respect. Desensitizing potency was not parallel with the stimulating effect of the compounds, e.g. the strongly pungent homovanilloyl-octylester failed to desensitize the receptors, while the less pungent homovanilloyl-dodecylamide proved to be a more potent desensitizing agent than capsaicin itself. It is concluded that the inverse position of the acylamide linkage does not modify, while its replacement by an esteric group completely abolishes the desensitizing activity. In contrast to the stimulating effect, in desensitizing action the presence of an alkyl chain is essential and its optimal length corresponds to 10-12 C atoms. On the basis of these results the possible molecular interactions at the site of action are discussed.", "contents": "Sensory effects of capsaicin congeners. Part II: Importance of chemical structure and pungency in desensitizing activity of capsaicin-type compounds. The characteristic insensitivity of sensory nerve endings to chemically induced pain brought about by capsaicin could be reproduced on the rat's eye by pungent vanillylamides, homovanilloyl-alkylamides and piperine, while homovanilloyl-cycloalkylamides, -azacycloalkylamides, - alkylesters, -alkyl-homovanillylamides, undecenoyl-3-aminopropranololand zingerone were practically ineffective in this respect. Desensitizing potency was not parallel with the stimulating effect of the compounds, e.g. the strongly pungent homovanilloyl-octylester failed to desensitize the receptors, while the less pungent homovanilloyl-dodecylamide proved to be a more potent desensitizing agent than capsaicin itself. It is concluded that the inverse position of the acylamide linkage does not modify, while its replacement by an esteric group completely abolishes the desensitizing activity. In contrast to the stimulating effect, in desensitizing action the presence of an alkyl chain is essential and its optimal length corresponds to 10-12 C atoms. On the basis of these results the possible molecular interactions at the site of action are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947171", "title": "A new apparatus for measuring diameter changes of the rat paw and tibiotarsal joint.", "content": "A new apparatus for the study of hind-limb inflammation in the rat is described. It measures with high precision the diameters of the hind paws and tibiotarsal joints at anatomically well defined reference points. Inflammation induced by subplantar carrageenin injection and by inoculation of adjuvant in the tail is accompanied by readily detectable and pronounced increases in diameters. Results obtained with this rapid and simple method are reliable and the method offers practical advantages over volume measurements.", "contents": "A new apparatus for measuring diameter changes of the rat paw and tibiotarsal joint. A new apparatus for the study of hind-limb inflammation in the rat is described. It measures with high precision the diameters of the hind paws and tibiotarsal joints at anatomically well defined reference points. Inflammation induced by subplantar carrageenin injection and by inoculation of adjuvant in the tail is accompanied by readily detectable and pronounced increases in diameters. Results obtained with this rapid and simple method are reliable and the method offers practical advantages over volume measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:947172", "title": "Increased incidence of adjuvant arthritis in Wistar rats.", "content": "The moderate incidence of arthritis in Wistar rats after inoculation of a suspension of Mycobacterium butyricum in oil increased to nearly 100% by two modifications. Inoculation with  4 week- as compared to 1 week-cultured. M. butyricum raised the incidence from 34 to 63%. Inoculation of this more arthritogenic material into the F1-descendants of M. butyricum sensitive parents raised the incidence of 96%. Also the severity of the arthritis in rats selected in that manner was higher than in non-selected rats. Treatment of arthritic rats of either source with phenylbutazone resulted in a comparable dose-related reduction of the diameters of the hind-limbs. Mating of rats with various degrees of arthritic response showed that sensitivity transmission to the F1-descendants was optimal with the most sensitive parents. Although the exact nature of the transmission has not been defined, the uniform and higher sensitivity of thus selected rats is of great value for quantitative pharmacological studies.", "contents": "Increased incidence of adjuvant arthritis in Wistar rats. The moderate incidence of arthritis in Wistar rats after inoculation of a suspension of Mycobacterium butyricum in oil increased to nearly 100% by two modifications. Inoculation with  4 week- as compared to 1 week-cultured. M. butyricum raised the incidence from 34 to 63%. Inoculation of this more arthritogenic material into the F1-descendants of M. butyricum sensitive parents raised the incidence of 96%. Also the severity of the arthritis in rats selected in that manner was higher than in non-selected rats. Treatment of arthritic rats of either source with phenylbutazone resulted in a comparable dose-related reduction of the diameters of the hind-limbs. Mating of rats with various degrees of arthritic response showed that sensitivity transmission to the F1-descendants was optimal with the most sensitive parents. Although the exact nature of the transmission has not been defined, the uniform and higher sensitivity of thus selected rats is of great value for quantitative pharmacological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:947173", "title": "A new inflammation model.", "content": "The UV-edema in the hairless mouse is a suitable inflammation model as the degree of edema can be quantified - the degree of edema being a function of the irradiation time. The UV-edema may also be employed in the testing of antiphlogistics using oral administration as well as cutaneous application.", "contents": "A new inflammation model. The UV-edema in the hairless mouse is a suitable inflammation model as the degree of edema can be quantified - the degree of edema being a function of the irradiation time. The UV-edema may also be employed in the testing of antiphlogistics using oral administration as well as cutaneous application."}
{"id": "PMID:947175", "title": "[The influence of haloperidol on the blood pressure lowering effect of theophylline in the dog (author's transl].", "content": "Theophylline in a dose of 12 mg/kg i.v. causes a slight decrease in arterial pressure. This acute dose was not influenced by pretreatment with a dopaminergic receptor inhibitor (haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg i.v.). The chronotropic action of theophylline remained also unchanged.", "contents": "[The influence of haloperidol on the blood pressure lowering effect of theophylline in the dog (author's transl]. Theophylline in a dose of 12 mg/kg i.v. causes a slight decrease in arterial pressure. This acute dose was not influenced by pretreatment with a dopaminergic receptor inhibitor (haloperidol 0.2 mg/kg i.v.). The chronotropic action of theophylline remained also unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:947176", "title": "Inhibition of lactation in rabbits by 2-Br-alpha-Ergokryptine-mesilate (CB154).", "content": "The lactating rabbit responds to single injections of the inhibitor of prolactin secretion 2-Br-alpha-ergokryptine-mesilate (CB 154) by a reversible reduction in milk yield, which is dose-dependent. Inhibition of galactopoiesis by CB 154 is also observed in rats, dogs, pigs and in woman, but not in goats and cattle. This points to a difference in prolactin dependence of galactopoiesis in the two groups.", "contents": "Inhibition of lactation in rabbits by 2-Br-alpha-Ergokryptine-mesilate (CB154). The lactating rabbit responds to single injections of the inhibitor of prolactin secretion 2-Br-alpha-ergokryptine-mesilate (CB 154) by a reversible reduction in milk yield, which is dose-dependent. Inhibition of galactopoiesis by CB 154 is also observed in rats, dogs, pigs and in woman, but not in goats and cattle. This points to a difference in prolactin dependence of galactopoiesis in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:947177", "title": "[The effect of clotrimazole on the pathogen of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii].", "content": "By means of a toxoplasma infection in the mouse it was tested whether the antimycotic agent bis-phenyl-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-imidazolyl-methane (clotrimazol, Canesten\u00bf) is also effective against the asexual stages of replication of T. gondii as they occur in man. Canesten did not influence the forms of the proliferative phase of replication of T. gondii (trophozoites, pseudocysts = tachyzoites) either in vivo in infected mice or in vitro in the tissue culture.", "contents": "[The effect of clotrimazole on the pathogen of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii]. By means of a toxoplasma infection in the mouse it was tested whether the antimycotic agent bis-phenyl-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-imidazolyl-methane (clotrimazol, Canesten\u00bf) is also effective against the asexual stages of replication of T. gondii as they occur in man. Canesten did not influence the forms of the proliferative phase of replication of T. gondii (trophozoites, pseudocysts = tachyzoites) either in vivo in infected mice or in vitro in the tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:947178", "title": "The effect of solasodine on the body temperature.", "content": "The action of solasodine, the steroid-structure alcaloid of Solanum laciniatum Ait., was studied on normal and pyretic body temperature of rats and mice. In rats a single dosage of 3 mg/kg depressed by an average of --1.5+/-0.3 degrees C the normal temperature for 24 h. With larger dosages or longer treatment the effect could not be intensified and tolerance was also not observed. In mice the temperature decrease was even more explicit, --2.0+/-0.2 degrees C lasting 48 h. The effect was reproducible by repeated treatment. In mice fever provoked by a suspension of killed bacteria, Pyrago\u00bf, or by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) could be counteracted with 1 mmole/kg solasodine. Body temperature depressed with solasodine was not raised by Pyrago but became higher after administration of DNP, in part of the animals even comparable to normal initial averages. Following solasodine treatment the body temperature of normothermic rats and mice decreased to subnormal values. Pyrexia produced either with centrally acting Pyrago or with the peripherally acting DNP was depressed with small solasodine dosages. Previous administration of the alcaloid counteracted Pyrago effect but could not inhibit the development of DNP action. These data are pertaining to the possible central effect of solasodine.", "contents": "The effect of solasodine on the body temperature. The action of solasodine, the steroid-structure alcaloid of Solanum laciniatum Ait., was studied on normal and pyretic body temperature of rats and mice. In rats a single dosage of 3 mg/kg depressed by an average of --1.5+/-0.3 degrees C the normal temperature for 24 h. With larger dosages or longer treatment the effect could not be intensified and tolerance was also not observed. In mice the temperature decrease was even more explicit, --2.0+/-0.2 degrees C lasting 48 h. The effect was reproducible by repeated treatment. In mice fever provoked by a suspension of killed bacteria, Pyrago\u00bf, or by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) could be counteracted with 1 mmole/kg solasodine. Body temperature depressed with solasodine was not raised by Pyrago but became higher after administration of DNP, in part of the animals even comparable to normal initial averages. Following solasodine treatment the body temperature of normothermic rats and mice decreased to subnormal values. Pyrexia produced either with centrally acting Pyrago or with the peripherally acting DNP was depressed with small solasodine dosages. Previous administration of the alcaloid counteracted Pyrago effect but could not inhibit the development of DNP action. These data are pertaining to the possible central effect of solasodine."}
{"id": "PMID:947179", "title": "[The effect of cytostatic therapy with vincristin sulphate on disaccarchidases of rat intestinal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "This report shows that appropriate doses of vincristin sulphate may decrease disaccharidase activities of intestinal mucosa. With the higher doses of the cytostatic drug, the drastic drop of enzyme activities is associated with morphological alterations of the mucosa; disacchardiase activities remain depressed at least for a couple of days even after full morphological restoration of the mucosa. Studies in man should reveal whether similar intestinal lesions occur due to therapeutic doses of vincristin sulphate.", "contents": "[The effect of cytostatic therapy with vincristin sulphate on disaccarchidases of rat intestinal mucosa (author's transl)]. This report shows that appropriate doses of vincristin sulphate may decrease disaccharidase activities of intestinal mucosa. With the higher doses of the cytostatic drug, the drastic drop of enzyme activities is associated with morphological alterations of the mucosa; disacchardiase activities remain depressed at least for a couple of days even after full morphological restoration of the mucosa. Studies in man should reveal whether similar intestinal lesions occur due to therapeutic doses of vincristin sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:947180", "title": "Role of histidine-decarboxylase inhibitors on gastric acid secretion in the rat.", "content": "The comparison between DL-alpha-(hydrazino)-beta-4(5)imidazolyl-propionic acid (alpha-HH) and DL-gamma-N(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl)-alpha-hydrazino-butyric acid (AIS 48), a new inhibitor of histidine-decarboxylase shows that both compounds inhibit enzyme activity in vitro and lower gastric histamine content and acid secretion in vivo. The potency of AIS 48 is of the same order as that of alpha-HH while its toxicity is lower. Although AIS 48 is not a selective histidine-decarboxylase inhibitor, it does not affect tissue cathecholamine levels.", "contents": "Role of histidine-decarboxylase inhibitors on gastric acid secretion in the rat. The comparison between DL-alpha-(hydrazino)-beta-4(5)imidazolyl-propionic acid (alpha-HH) and DL-gamma-N(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolyl)-alpha-hydrazino-butyric acid (AIS 48), a new inhibitor of histidine-decarboxylase shows that both compounds inhibit enzyme activity in vitro and lower gastric histamine content and acid secretion in vivo. The potency of AIS 48 is of the same order as that of alpha-HH while its toxicity is lower. Although AIS 48 is not a selective histidine-decarboxylase inhibitor, it does not affect tissue cathecholamine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:947181", "title": "[Disturbances in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism of the whole liver, mitochondria and microsomes in acute thioacetamide poisoning and the influcence of silymarin].", "content": "In the whole liver of rats, pretreated with 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, 24 h after i.p. application of 300 mg thioacetamide/kg body weight, an increase of total lipids, triglycerides and phospholipids is observed, in the mitochondrial fraction phospholipid concentrations are decreased. At the same time, phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidyl-ethanolamine ratio is diminished in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction. After administration of [l-14C]-palmitate, in comparison with non-intoxicated animals, a statistically significant reduction of specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine could be observed in microsomal and mitochondrial fraction; specific radioactivities of total lipids, total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline trend to diminution in the whole liver and in subcellular fractions. By prophylactic i.p. application of silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt (400 mg/kg body weight), dissolved in 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, there is a normalization of altered microsomal phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio as well as an enhancement of diminished mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine concentration, while the reduction of specific radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine is partially abolished in the mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "[Disturbances in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism of the whole liver, mitochondria and microsomes in acute thioacetamide poisoning and the influcence of silymarin]. In the whole liver of rats, pretreated with 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, 24 h after i.p. application of 300 mg thioacetamide/kg body weight, an increase of total lipids, triglycerides and phospholipids is observed, in the mitochondrial fraction phospholipid concentrations are decreased. At the same time, phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidyl-ethanolamine ratio is diminished in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction. After administration of [l-14C]-palmitate, in comparison with non-intoxicated animals, a statistically significant reduction of specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine could be observed in microsomal and mitochondrial fraction; specific radioactivities of total lipids, total phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline trend to diminution in the whole liver and in subcellular fractions. By prophylactic i.p. application of silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt (400 mg/kg body weight), dissolved in 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, there is a normalization of altered microsomal phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio as well as an enhancement of diminished mitochondrial phosphatidylcholine concentration, while the reduction of specific radioactivities of phosphatidylethanolamine is partially abolished in the mitochondrial fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:947182", "title": "Liver protection by silymarin: in vitro effect on dissociated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The liver-protective effects of silymarin have been investigated in isolated hepatocytes suspended in vitro in sucrose solutions of graded hypotonicity. Cells preincubated with the drug at the concentration of 10(-4) M were found to be entirely resistant or relatively little affected when exposed to hypotonic solutions which have a lethal effect on a considerable proportion of the control liver cells, as shown by the determination in the cell preparations (1) of the proportion trypan blue-positive (broken) cells, (2) of the protein synthesizing capacity. The protection was reduced but not abolished upon removal of the drug and cell washing. A smaller effect was observed with a drug concentration of 10(-5) M. At 10(-6) M the effect was no longer detectable. Chlorpromazine, a drug which belongs to the group of the so called \"unspecific membrane stabilizers\", was without effect in this test.", "contents": "Liver protection by silymarin: in vitro effect on dissociated rat hepatocytes. The liver-protective effects of silymarin have been investigated in isolated hepatocytes suspended in vitro in sucrose solutions of graded hypotonicity. Cells preincubated with the drug at the concentration of 10(-4) M were found to be entirely resistant or relatively little affected when exposed to hypotonic solutions which have a lethal effect on a considerable proportion of the control liver cells, as shown by the determination in the cell preparations (1) of the proportion trypan blue-positive (broken) cells, (2) of the protein synthesizing capacity. The protection was reduced but not abolished upon removal of the drug and cell washing. A smaller effect was observed with a drug concentration of 10(-5) M. At 10(-6) M the effect was no longer detectable. Chlorpromazine, a drug which belongs to the group of the so called \"unspecific membrane stabilizers\", was without effect in this test."}
{"id": "PMID:947184", "title": "Effect of pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile on the rat liver.", "content": "In female rats, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile [PCN (a known microsomal enzyme inducer)] augmented liver weight and significantly increased hepatic protein, total lipid, phospholipid and ATP concentrations. These changes were correlated with hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme induction. PCN did not alter body weight, or water, ash, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the liver, but caused a mild reduction of hepatic glycogen.", "contents": "Effect of pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile on the rat liver. In female rats, pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile [PCN (a known microsomal enzyme inducer)] augmented liver weight and significantly increased hepatic protein, total lipid, phospholipid and ATP concentrations. These changes were correlated with hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme induction. PCN did not alter body weight, or water, ash, triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the liver, but caused a mild reduction of hepatic glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:947185", "title": "[Direct Quantitative Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatograms by Measuring Remission and Fluorescence (author's transl)].", "content": "A highly specific method for the estimation of free serotonin in urine is described. The technique is based on the separation of the serotonin from urine by an ion exchange resin, acetylation of the separated serotonin with subsequent extraction into an organic solvent followed by a thin-layer chromatographic separation. After t.l.c. the plates are sprayed with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT), whereupon serotonin forms intense fluorescent spots, which can be measured directly. The reproducibily of this method is about +/- 7%.", "contents": "[Direct Quantitative Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatograms by Measuring Remission and Fluorescence (author's transl)]. A highly specific method for the estimation of free serotonin in urine is described. The technique is based on the separation of the serotonin from urine by an ion exchange resin, acetylation of the separated serotonin with subsequent extraction into an organic solvent followed by a thin-layer chromatographic separation. After t.l.c. the plates are sprayed with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT), whereupon serotonin forms intense fluorescent spots, which can be measured directly. The reproducibily of this method is about +/- 7%."}
{"id": "PMID:947186", "title": "Topical anesthesia and topical toxicity of bupivacaine combined with hydroxypolyethoxydodecane.", "content": "The biological effects of adding hydroxypolyethoxydodecane (HPED) to N-butylpipecolic acid 2,6-xyiidide (bupivacaine) has been studied in animals and in man. The topical toxicity of bupivacaine was somewhat aggravated by HPED 0.25-1.0%, and the topical anesthetic effect was strongly potentiated both in animals and in man. It was concluded that HPED increased the absorption of bupivacaine after topical application. It was also found that D(+)-bupivacaine was more potent as a topical anesthetic than L(-)-bupivacaine.", "contents": "Topical anesthesia and topical toxicity of bupivacaine combined with hydroxypolyethoxydodecane. The biological effects of adding hydroxypolyethoxydodecane (HPED) to N-butylpipecolic acid 2,6-xyiidide (bupivacaine) has been studied in animals and in man. The topical toxicity of bupivacaine was somewhat aggravated by HPED 0.25-1.0%, and the topical anesthetic effect was strongly potentiated both in animals and in man. It was concluded that HPED increased the absorption of bupivacaine after topical application. It was also found that D(+)-bupivacaine was more potent as a topical anesthetic than L(-)-bupivacaine."}
{"id": "PMID:947187", "title": "Urinary metabolites of amixetrine in man and in the dog.", "content": "The urinary metabolites of N-(2-phenyl-2-isoamyloxy) ethyl-pyrrolidine-hydrochloride (amixetrine) studied in man and in the dog demonstrated a comparable mode of transformation of the drugs for both species. The principal metabolites of amixetrine isolated from urine and purified with the aid of chromatographic techniques were identified by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Untransformed amixetrine and (1,2-phenyl-1-hydroxy)ethylpyrrolidine were found in small quantities. In man, as in the dog, the principal metabolite coming from an omega-1-oxidation of the isoamyl chain corresponded to 2-phenyl-2-butoxy-(3-methyl-3-ol)ethyl-pyrrolidine.", "contents": "Urinary metabolites of amixetrine in man and in the dog. The urinary metabolites of N-(2-phenyl-2-isoamyloxy) ethyl-pyrrolidine-hydrochloride (amixetrine) studied in man and in the dog demonstrated a comparable mode of transformation of the drugs for both species. The principal metabolites of amixetrine isolated from urine and purified with the aid of chromatographic techniques were identified by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. Untransformed amixetrine and (1,2-phenyl-1-hydroxy)ethylpyrrolidine were found in small quantities. In man, as in the dog, the principal metabolite coming from an omega-1-oxidation of the isoamyl chain corresponded to 2-phenyl-2-butoxy-(3-methyl-3-ol)ethyl-pyrrolidine."}
{"id": "PMID:947188", "title": "The effect of oxyfedrine on the phases of the cardiac cycle of normal persons.", "content": "With non-invasive techniques we have studied the effects of oxyfedrine given i.v. in a dose of 8 mg on the systolic phase of cardiac cycle in 10 cardiologically healthy persons. We have found a strongly positive inotropic result and an augmentation of the stroke volume.", "contents": "The effect of oxyfedrine on the phases of the cardiac cycle of normal persons. With non-invasive techniques we have studied the effects of oxyfedrine given i.v. in a dose of 8 mg on the systolic phase of cardiac cycle in 10 cardiologically healthy persons. We have found a strongly positive inotropic result and an augmentation of the stroke volume."}
{"id": "PMID:947189", "title": "[Clinical questions on bioavailability and proff of efficacy (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems referring to bioavailability may be considered as follows: up to now extact informations on bioavailability as to the determined substances to meet the requirements of therapy are not obtainable. Obvious is the lack of precise investigations about what kind of bioavailability is desirable in respect to rate of rise of the drug, its course of time and its quantity under consideration for the different groups of disease. For this reason and excluding special cases, only common suggestions can be given at present. Difficulties are also presented by the entitled demand for the proof of efficiency. Test of new substances in man are confined to compromises either on the significance of the tests or the security of the patient.", "contents": "[Clinical questions on bioavailability and proff of efficacy (author's transl)]. The problems referring to bioavailability may be considered as follows: up to now extact informations on bioavailability as to the determined substances to meet the requirements of therapy are not obtainable. Obvious is the lack of precise investigations about what kind of bioavailability is desirable in respect to rate of rise of the drug, its course of time and its quantity under consideration for the different groups of disease. For this reason and excluding special cases, only common suggestions can be given at present. Difficulties are also presented by the entitled demand for the proof of efficiency. Test of new substances in man are confined to compromises either on the significance of the tests or the security of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:947190", "title": "An overview of the analysis and interpretation of bioavailability studies in man.", "content": "Bioavailability is defined and types of bioavailability studies are classified. The point is made that the validity or interpretation of comparative bioavailability data does not rest on any correlation between pharmacological or clinical response and blood levels of the drug. Equations used to assess the \"first pass\" effect, absolute absorption efficiency and relative absorption efficiencies are given. Methods for assessing intrinsic and relative rates of absorption are discussed. Various pitfalls in bioavailability assessment and some of the problems in interpreting bioavailability data are discussed.", "contents": "An overview of the analysis and interpretation of bioavailability studies in man. Bioavailability is defined and types of bioavailability studies are classified. The point is made that the validity or interpretation of comparative bioavailability data does not rest on any correlation between pharmacological or clinical response and blood levels of the drug. Equations used to assess the \"first pass\" effect, absolute absorption efficiency and relative absorption efficiencies are given. Methods for assessing intrinsic and relative rates of absorption are discussed. Various pitfalls in bioavailability assessment and some of the problems in interpreting bioavailability data are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947191", "title": "[The role of biopharmaceutical parameters in drug development (author's transl)].", "content": "The biopharmaceutical factors, which influence the interaction between dosage form and drug activity, extend from the mode of application, through chemical and physical properties of the active constituent, to the final product, including the excipients and manufacturing processes involved. In recent years, important strides have been made in this field, which improve drug safety. This has consequently influenced and enlarged the present scope of pharmaceutical technology drug research.", "contents": "[The role of biopharmaceutical parameters in drug development (author's transl)]. The biopharmaceutical factors, which influence the interaction between dosage form and drug activity, extend from the mode of application, through chemical and physical properties of the active constituent, to the final product, including the excipients and manufacturing processes involved. In recent years, important strides have been made in this field, which improve drug safety. This has consequently influenced and enlarged the present scope of pharmaceutical technology drug research."}
{"id": "PMID:947192", "title": "[Clinical problems of optimum bioavailability, in particular in cytostatic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical application of cytostatic drugs requires knowledge of their biochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics as well as their action at the cellular level within the generation cycle. The principles apply to tumor cells as well as to normal, rapidly proliferating tissues. The intensive research on cancer treatment all over the world is leading to a rapid accumulation of experimental data about the action of single cytostatic drugs in tissue culture and on transplantable animal tumor systems, especially in rodents. Clinical chemotherapy in human malignancies today preferentially uses combinations of different cytostatics. Inumerable combinations of drugs are available, especially if variations in respect to drug dose and intervals of drug application are taken into consideration. The experimental basis for such combinations of drugs and drug interactions is scanty. Using the pyrimidine analog cytosine arabinoside and the two antibiotics daunorubicin and doxyrubicin (adriamycin) as examples, it is demonstrated that information on the pharmacolinetic behaviour of cytostatic drugs is a prerequisite for their success in clinical application, but is on its own insufficient to predict the tumor response.", "contents": "[Clinical problems of optimum bioavailability, in particular in cytostatic therapy (author's transl)]. The clinical application of cytostatic drugs requires knowledge of their biochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics as well as their action at the cellular level within the generation cycle. The principles apply to tumor cells as well as to normal, rapidly proliferating tissues. The intensive research on cancer treatment all over the world is leading to a rapid accumulation of experimental data about the action of single cytostatic drugs in tissue culture and on transplantable animal tumor systems, especially in rodents. Clinical chemotherapy in human malignancies today preferentially uses combinations of different cytostatics. Inumerable combinations of drugs are available, especially if variations in respect to drug dose and intervals of drug application are taken into consideration. The experimental basis for such combinations of drugs and drug interactions is scanty. Using the pyrimidine analog cytosine arabinoside and the two antibiotics daunorubicin and doxyrubicin (adriamycin) as examples, it is demonstrated that information on the pharmacolinetic behaviour of cytostatic drugs is a prerequisite for their success in clinical application, but is on its own insufficient to predict the tumor response."}
{"id": "PMID:947193", "title": "[Therapeutic equivalence and inequivalence of chemically identical substances using cardiac glycosides for an example (author's transpl)].", "content": "The problem of therapeutic equivalence or inequivalence cannot be solved by \"ignoring facts and proclaiming opinions\". The entire problem is multifarious and is not even clearly arranged although heart glycosides have been used for 200 years in the therapy of cardiac insufficiency. It comprises the physico-chemical properties of the drugs, its preparation and its pharmacolinetic behaviour in the organism. Therapeutic equivalence or inequivalence can primarily only be evaluated in connection with the disease and the symptoms of disease, respectively. Thus, manufacturers, pharmacists and physicians likewise are confronted with the problem. The differences in bioavailability of the individual cardiac glycosides show the necessity for: 1. The number of fixed combinations of heart glycosides should be limited in the interest of drug safety. 2. Only such drugs should be approved whose quantitative and qualitative equivalence has been demonstrated with regard to the monoglycoside. 3. When prescribing digoxin derivatives one should not only observe the bioavailability but take also into account the chemical stability and the pharmacolinetic behaviour.", "contents": "[Therapeutic equivalence and inequivalence of chemically identical substances using cardiac glycosides for an example (author's transpl)]. The problem of therapeutic equivalence or inequivalence cannot be solved by \"ignoring facts and proclaiming opinions\". The entire problem is multifarious and is not even clearly arranged although heart glycosides have been used for 200 years in the therapy of cardiac insufficiency. It comprises the physico-chemical properties of the drugs, its preparation and its pharmacolinetic behaviour in the organism. Therapeutic equivalence or inequivalence can primarily only be evaluated in connection with the disease and the symptoms of disease, respectively. Thus, manufacturers, pharmacists and physicians likewise are confronted with the problem. The differences in bioavailability of the individual cardiac glycosides show the necessity for: 1. The number of fixed combinations of heart glycosides should be limited in the interest of drug safety. 2. Only such drugs should be approved whose quantitative and qualitative equivalence has been demonstrated with regard to the monoglycoside. 3. When prescribing digoxin derivatives one should not only observe the bioavailability but take also into account the chemical stability and the pharmacolinetic behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:947194", "title": "Importance of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics in clinical medicine.", "content": "Despite the paucity of biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic data for many old drugs, these areas of scientific research have demonstrated an immense value in clinical medicine, and can be expected to expand man's knowledge of drug action and the influence of physiological function of drug disposition. Illustrated in this report are four major areas where biopharmaceutics and pharmaco-kinetics have contributed significantly to the field of medicine. Foremost among these contributions are: 1. the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence of new drugs and generic marketed drugs, respectively; 2. the pharmacolinetic characterization of new drugs and new drug delivery systems; 3. adjustment of dosing regimen; 4. assessment of kinetic profile of drugs in diseases state and dose adjustment thereof. Patient-drug pharmacokinetic profile designed to avoid toxicity is illustrated.", "contents": "Importance of biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics in clinical medicine. Despite the paucity of biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic data for many old drugs, these areas of scientific research have demonstrated an immense value in clinical medicine, and can be expected to expand man's knowledge of drug action and the influence of physiological function of drug disposition. Illustrated in this report are four major areas where biopharmaceutics and pharmaco-kinetics have contributed significantly to the field of medicine. Foremost among these contributions are: 1. the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence of new drugs and generic marketed drugs, respectively; 2. the pharmacolinetic characterization of new drugs and new drug delivery systems; 3. adjustment of dosing regimen; 4. assessment of kinetic profile of drugs in diseases state and dose adjustment thereof. Patient-drug pharmacokinetic profile designed to avoid toxicity is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947195", "title": "[Bioavailability, proof of efficacy and their consequences for drug legislation (author's transl)].", "content": "Drugs should be effective for the indicatons stated, they should not involve risks which would not be justified in relation to their benefit and they should be of the necessary quality. It is the objective of drug legislation to warrant these requirements in its area of jurisdiction. It has become a necessity to revise current legislation; it is going to be replaced by a new law. A corresponding bill is being considered by Parliament at present. The present and the future legal situation with regards to proof and safeguarding of the bioavailability of pharmacologically active substances and the necessary prerequisites and rules for the procedure of clinical testing of drugs to prove their efficacy and safety is described.", "contents": "[Bioavailability, proof of efficacy and their consequences for drug legislation (author's transl)]. Drugs should be effective for the indicatons stated, they should not involve risks which would not be justified in relation to their benefit and they should be of the necessary quality. It is the objective of drug legislation to warrant these requirements in its area of jurisdiction. It has become a necessity to revise current legislation; it is going to be replaced by a new law. A corresponding bill is being considered by Parliament at present. The present and the future legal situation with regards to proof and safeguarding of the bioavailability of pharmacologically active substances and the necessary prerequisites and rules for the procedure of clinical testing of drugs to prove their efficacy and safety is described."}
{"id": "PMID:947196", "title": "Dry polyacrylamide batch method for determining the binding of various compounds by plasma proteins.", "content": "A new modification of the gel diffusion method has been developed using dry polyacrylamide gel. The theoretical background is explained and the mathematical formulas are presented. The properties of the gel are studied, concerning the absorbing capacities and changes in ion equilibria. As a model compound the freely diffusible calcium is assayed and the result obtained (52.4 +/- 2.9%) agrees well with the results from previous methods by other authors. The accuracy of the method is discussed and the theoretical explanation to the sensitivity in determinations is calculated.", "contents": "Dry polyacrylamide batch method for determining the binding of various compounds by plasma proteins. A new modification of the gel diffusion method has been developed using dry polyacrylamide gel. The theoretical background is explained and the mathematical formulas are presented. The properties of the gel are studied, concerning the absorbing capacities and changes in ion equilibria. As a model compound the freely diffusible calcium is assayed and the result obtained (52.4 +/- 2.9%) agrees well with the results from previous methods by other authors. The accuracy of the method is discussed and the theoretical explanation to the sensitivity in determinations is calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:947197", "title": "[The effect of pemolin on the mitotic activity of Vicia faba L (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of diverse concentrations of 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidone (PIO, pemolin, Tradon) on the mitotic activity in lateral roots of Vicia faba L. was studied by aerated and non-aerated hydrocultivation with and without mineral nutrition, respectively. With optimal conditions (aerated nutrient solution) weak PIO-concentrations, most significantly 10(-6) g/ml, effected a marked increase of the mitotic index. Contrarily, strong PIO-concentrations (10(-4) and 3 X 10(-4) g/ml = saturated solution) significantly decreased the mitotic index though simultaneously preserving the mitotic activity in long-term experiments, when on account of nutrient deficiency it had already collapsed in weak PIO-concentrations and the controls. The activating effect of weak PIO-concentrations compared with the controls is more significant in stress situations (nutrient deficiency, O2-deficiency) than under optimal conditions. Furthermore a slight acceleration of mid-mitotic phases (metaphase--anaphase) recognized by a marked decrease in percentage of these phases, can be stated with weak PIO-concentrations, again particularly so with 10(-6) g/ml. In total, dependent on concentration, pemolin presumably may either activate or suppress cell metabolism and particularly the mitotic cycle. The exact site of action of the substance is still unknown.", "contents": "[The effect of pemolin on the mitotic activity of Vicia faba L (author's transl)]. The effect of diverse concentrations of 5-phenyl-2-imino-4-oxazolidone (PIO, pemolin, Tradon) on the mitotic activity in lateral roots of Vicia faba L. was studied by aerated and non-aerated hydrocultivation with and without mineral nutrition, respectively. With optimal conditions (aerated nutrient solution) weak PIO-concentrations, most significantly 10(-6) g/ml, effected a marked increase of the mitotic index. Contrarily, strong PIO-concentrations (10(-4) and 3 X 10(-4) g/ml = saturated solution) significantly decreased the mitotic index though simultaneously preserving the mitotic activity in long-term experiments, when on account of nutrient deficiency it had already collapsed in weak PIO-concentrations and the controls. The activating effect of weak PIO-concentrations compared with the controls is more significant in stress situations (nutrient deficiency, O2-deficiency) than under optimal conditions. Furthermore a slight acceleration of mid-mitotic phases (metaphase--anaphase) recognized by a marked decrease in percentage of these phases, can be stated with weak PIO-concentrations, again particularly so with 10(-6) g/ml. In total, dependent on concentration, pemolin presumably may either activate or suppress cell metabolism and particularly the mitotic cycle. The exact site of action of the substance is still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:947198", "title": "[The effect of pentobarbital sodium on mouse fibroblasts in vitro].", "content": "In mouse fibroblasts grown during a period of 48 h in a medium containing between 0.3 and 4.8 mMoles of sodium pentobarbital, there appeared diminished replication, some stathmokinesia, and plain toxicity. In further cells of this kind, taken from fetuses which had been treated with sodium pentobarbital via the dam, cell multiplication, lethality, and mitotic rate did not differ from those of control cells.", "contents": "[The effect of pentobarbital sodium on mouse fibroblasts in vitro]. In mouse fibroblasts grown during a period of 48 h in a medium containing between 0.3 and 4.8 mMoles of sodium pentobarbital, there appeared diminished replication, some stathmokinesia, and plain toxicity. In further cells of this kind, taken from fetuses which had been treated with sodium pentobarbital via the dam, cell multiplication, lethality, and mitotic rate did not differ from those of control cells."}
{"id": "PMID:947199", "title": "[Regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of the heart by carbocromen (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of 3-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-methyl-7-(carbethoxy-methoxy)-2-oxo-1,2-chromene-hydrochloride (carbocromen, Intensain) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of the heart was investigated. Carbocromen inhibits the incorporation of 14C-palmitate in heart slices of the rat. The degree of inhibition is dose-dependent and can reach a maximum of 30%. However, the relative concentrations of the various lipid components do not vary significantly. In the heart tissue of the mouse carbocromen increases the uptake of 14C-3-O-methyl-D-glucose by about 30% which might be due to an increased influx of glucose into the heart. The metabolic degradation of 14C-palmitate to 14CO2 decreases up to 40% in the presence of carbocromen with a parallel reduction in oxygen consumption.", "contents": "[Regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of the heart by carbocromen (author's transl)]. The influence of 3-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-methyl-7-(carbethoxy-methoxy)-2-oxo-1,2-chromene-hydrochloride (carbocromen, Intensain) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of the heart was investigated. Carbocromen inhibits the incorporation of 14C-palmitate in heart slices of the rat. The degree of inhibition is dose-dependent and can reach a maximum of 30%. However, the relative concentrations of the various lipid components do not vary significantly. In the heart tissue of the mouse carbocromen increases the uptake of 14C-3-O-methyl-D-glucose by about 30% which might be due to an increased influx of glucose into the heart. The metabolic degradation of 14C-palmitate to 14CO2 decreases up to 40% in the presence of carbocromen with a parallel reduction in oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:947200", "title": "[Studies on inhibition of platelet aggregation by carbocromen (author's transl)].", "content": "3-(2-Diethylaminoethyl)4-methyl-7-(carbethoxy-methoxy)-2-oxo-1,2-chromene-hydrochloride (carbocromen; Intensa\u00efn) shows dose dependent platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in vitro according to the methods of Born (following ADP, epinephrine and collagen) and of Breddin (platelet agglutination test--PAT--, adhesively). The effect was found to be more pronounced than that of acetylsalicylic acid. Furthermore, in vivo carbocromen inhibited the increased spontaneous platelet aggregation in man.", "contents": "[Studies on inhibition of platelet aggregation by carbocromen (author's transl)]. 3-(2-Diethylaminoethyl)4-methyl-7-(carbethoxy-methoxy)-2-oxo-1,2-chromene-hydrochloride (carbocromen; Intensa\u00efn) shows dose dependent platelet aggregation inhibitory activity in vitro according to the methods of Born (following ADP, epinephrine and collagen) and of Breddin (platelet agglutination test--PAT--, adhesively). The effect was found to be more pronounced than that of acetylsalicylic acid. Furthermore, in vivo carbocromen inhibited the increased spontaneous platelet aggregation in man."}
{"id": "PMID:947201", "title": "[The pharmacokinetics of 14C-zolimidine in rats].", "content": "The blood levels and urinary and fecal excretion of 14C-zolimidine [2-(p-methylsulfonyl)-imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-2-14Ci1 were studied following oral and intravenous application. The elimination from the blood after i.v. administration can be described by a 3-compartment model. Male rats eliminate the radioactivity more rapidly than do females. Although radioactivity is detectable for several days in the blood an accumulation of the drug or its metabolites can be excluded on the basis of the calculated values. 14C-Zolimidine is rapidly absorbed in rats after oral administration of 10 mg/kg and reaches peak blood levels within 45 to 60 min. In the first phase the elimination is rapid but trace activity can be measured for several days. Based on the amount of urinary excretion the rate of absorption is estimated to between 80 and 90%. Biliary excretion amounted to about 15% of the i.v. administered dose. It is assumed that the difference of 25% between fecal and biliary excretion is sequestered through the gastrointestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[The pharmacokinetics of 14C-zolimidine in rats]. The blood levels and urinary and fecal excretion of 14C-zolimidine [2-(p-methylsulfonyl)-imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine-2-14Ci1 were studied following oral and intravenous application. The elimination from the blood after i.v. administration can be described by a 3-compartment model. Male rats eliminate the radioactivity more rapidly than do females. Although radioactivity is detectable for several days in the blood an accumulation of the drug or its metabolites can be excluded on the basis of the calculated values. 14C-Zolimidine is rapidly absorbed in rats after oral administration of 10 mg/kg and reaches peak blood levels within 45 to 60 min. In the first phase the elimination is rapid but trace activity can be measured for several days. Based on the amount of urinary excretion the rate of absorption is estimated to between 80 and 90%. Biliary excretion amounted to about 15% of the i.v. administered dose. It is assumed that the difference of 25% between fecal and biliary excretion is sequestered through the gastrointestinal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:947202", "title": "[Autoradiographic and scintillationspectrographic studies of 14C-zolimidine in rats after i.v. and oral application (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative distribution of radioactivity after i.v. (5 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg/kg) application of 14C-Zolimidine [2-(p-methyl-sulfonylphenyl)-imidazo-(1,2-a)-pyridine-2-14C] was examined in male rats by whole-body autoradiography and scintillation fluid spectrometry. 14C-Activity was remarkably concentrated in the stomach of i.v. treated animals, probably as a result of secretion from the pyloric and/or fundic part of the mucous membrane. 14C-Zolimidine also accumulated in the aortic vascular walls, the adrenal gland, and in the excretory organs, liver, kidney, and intestine, after both routes of drug administration. Much less radioactivity could be measured in brain and spinal cord. The estimation of nearly 80% gastrointestinal absorption of 14C-zolimidine and the suggestion of one or more metabolites were in accordance with previously reported results. The elimination of radioactivity from brain occurred more rapidly than from other organs. No striking results were found in the reproductive organs of the rats.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic and scintillationspectrographic studies of 14C-zolimidine in rats after i.v. and oral application (author's transl)]. The relative distribution of radioactivity after i.v. (5 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg/kg) application of 14C-Zolimidine [2-(p-methyl-sulfonylphenyl)-imidazo-(1,2-a)-pyridine-2-14C] was examined in male rats by whole-body autoradiography and scintillation fluid spectrometry. 14C-Activity was remarkably concentrated in the stomach of i.v. treated animals, probably as a result of secretion from the pyloric and/or fundic part of the mucous membrane. 14C-Zolimidine also accumulated in the aortic vascular walls, the adrenal gland, and in the excretory organs, liver, kidney, and intestine, after both routes of drug administration. Much less radioactivity could be measured in brain and spinal cord. The estimation of nearly 80% gastrointestinal absorption of 14C-zolimidine and the suggestion of one or more metabolites were in accordance with previously reported results. The elimination of radioactivity from brain occurred more rapidly than from other organs. No striking results were found in the reproductive organs of the rats."}
{"id": "PMID:947203", "title": "[New findings on the efficacy and mode of action of the horse chestnut saponin escin].", "content": "In order to complete previous results of the efficacy of the horse chestnut saponin escin, its activity was tested on two further models of inflammation: the rat serous peritonitis provoked by i.p. injection of formalin solution, and the rat serous pleurisy provoked by intrapleural injection of Evans Blue/carrageenan. The results showed escin to be an anti-exudative substance with regard to its exudation inhibitory effect determined by the reduction of exudative fluid. As to peritonitis the diminution of protein permeation into the abdominal cavity was determined: with increasing doses escin tended to prevent more efficiently the diffusion of small molecules than the permeation of large molecules. The hypothesis that escin has an effect on the vascular walls in the sense of a \"sealing\" effect on the capillaries was tested on the following model: the permeability of the plasma-lymph barrier of the hind leg of the rabbit was enhanced by injection of bradykinin. Escin antagonised the bradykinin effect dose-dependently determined by the depression of the raised lymph-flow by about 70%.", "contents": "[New findings on the efficacy and mode of action of the horse chestnut saponin escin]. In order to complete previous results of the efficacy of the horse chestnut saponin escin, its activity was tested on two further models of inflammation: the rat serous peritonitis provoked by i.p. injection of formalin solution, and the rat serous pleurisy provoked by intrapleural injection of Evans Blue/carrageenan. The results showed escin to be an anti-exudative substance with regard to its exudation inhibitory effect determined by the reduction of exudative fluid. As to peritonitis the diminution of protein permeation into the abdominal cavity was determined: with increasing doses escin tended to prevent more efficiently the diffusion of small molecules than the permeation of large molecules. The hypothesis that escin has an effect on the vascular walls in the sense of a \"sealing\" effect on the capillaries was tested on the following model: the permeability of the plasma-lymph barrier of the hind leg of the rabbit was enhanced by injection of bradykinin. Escin antagonised the bradykinin effect dose-dependently determined by the depression of the raised lymph-flow by about 70%."}
{"id": "PMID:947204", "title": "[The effect of silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt and silybin-dihemisuccinate on (1-14C)-acetate incorporation in rat liver lipids (author's transl)].", "content": "60 min after i.v. application of 140.5 mg silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt/kg body weight dissolved in 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, and 30 min after i.p. administration [1-14C]-acetate, compared to rats treated with solvent only, a statistically significant increase of specific radioactivities in total lipids, triglycerides, total phospholipids as well as in the phosphatidylcholine fraction and a decrease of specific activities in the free cholesterol fraction of the liver can be determined. 70 min after i.p. application of 140.5 mg silybin-dihemisuccinate/kg body weight dissolved in phosphate buffer, and 10 min after i.v. administration of [1-14C]-acetate in comparison with rats treated with solvent only, a statistically significant enhancement of specific activities of total liver lipids, free hepatic cholesterol, liver triglycerides, total liver phospholipids, and the hepatic fraction of phosphatidyl ethanolamine can be measured. Silybin also produces an increased specific radioactivity of the serum triglyceride fraction.", "contents": "[The effect of silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt and silybin-dihemisuccinate on (1-14C)-acetate incorporation in rat liver lipids (author's transl)]. 60 min after i.v. application of 140.5 mg silymarin-N-methylglucamine salt/kg body weight dissolved in 4% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution, and 30 min after i.p. administration [1-14C]-acetate, compared to rats treated with solvent only, a statistically significant increase of specific radioactivities in total lipids, triglycerides, total phospholipids as well as in the phosphatidylcholine fraction and a decrease of specific activities in the free cholesterol fraction of the liver can be determined. 70 min after i.p. application of 140.5 mg silybin-dihemisuccinate/kg body weight dissolved in phosphate buffer, and 10 min after i.v. administration of [1-14C]-acetate in comparison with rats treated with solvent only, a statistically significant enhancement of specific activities of total liver lipids, free hepatic cholesterol, liver triglycerides, total liver phospholipids, and the hepatic fraction of phosphatidyl ethanolamine can be measured. Silybin also produces an increased specific radioactivity of the serum triglyceride fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:947205", "title": "A comparison between the influence of pindolol and propranolol on the response of plasma potassium to catecholamines.", "content": "The influence of propranolol (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) and of D,L-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-indol-hydrochloride (pindolol, LB 46) (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) on the responses of plasma potassium levels of anaesthetized dogs to slow i.v. infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline (5 mug/kg-min-1) was studied. Adrenaline and noradrenaline infusions regularly evoked a dual response (hyperkaliemia followed by hypokaliemia), whereas isoprenaline caused either similar effects or only a decrease of plasma potassium. Propranolol abolished the hypokaliemic phase of the responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline; the lower dose used had no effect on the primary increase in plasma potassium, but the dose of 1.0 mg/kg modified this part of the response, which was reduced and became less steep. Pindolol antagonized in a dose dependent way the hypokaliemic phase of the responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline, but did not interfere with the early rise in plasma potassium, thus being more specific than propranolol. It is concluded that the secondary decrease in plasma potassium is due to an activation of beta-receptors, whereas the initial increase is caused by alpha-receptor stimulation. Propranolol shows, in the 1.0 mg/kg dose, some alpha-blocking activity, thus contrasting with pindolol, which is devoid of this effect and therefore appears to be especially suitable for tentative characterization of adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "A comparison between the influence of pindolol and propranolol on the response of plasma potassium to catecholamines. The influence of propranolol (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) and of D,L-4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino-propoxy)-indol-hydrochloride (pindolol, LB 46) (0.10, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) on the responses of plasma potassium levels of anaesthetized dogs to slow i.v. infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline (5 mug/kg-min-1) was studied. Adrenaline and noradrenaline infusions regularly evoked a dual response (hyperkaliemia followed by hypokaliemia), whereas isoprenaline caused either similar effects or only a decrease of plasma potassium. Propranolol abolished the hypokaliemic phase of the responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline; the lower dose used had no effect on the primary increase in plasma potassium, but the dose of 1.0 mg/kg modified this part of the response, which was reduced and became less steep. Pindolol antagonized in a dose dependent way the hypokaliemic phase of the responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline, but did not interfere with the early rise in plasma potassium, thus being more specific than propranolol. It is concluded that the secondary decrease in plasma potassium is due to an activation of beta-receptors, whereas the initial increase is caused by alpha-receptor stimulation. Propranolol shows, in the 1.0 mg/kg dose, some alpha-blocking activity, thus contrasting with pindolol, which is devoid of this effect and therefore appears to be especially suitable for tentative characterization of adrenergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:947206", "title": "Metabolic effects of bunaftine, a new antiarrhythmic agent: comparison with quinidine, ajmaline, procainamide, xylocaine and propranolol.", "content": "The effects of bunaftine (Meregon), quinidine, ajmaline, procainamide, xylocaine and propranolol have been investigated on glycolysis and oxygen consumption of rabbit heart and on the metabolic rate of trained rats. Quinidine, bunaftine and ajmaline stimulated glycolysis, procainamide was inactive while xylocaine and propranolol inhibited it. Myocardial oxygen consumption was reduced by quinidine and bunaftine only at high concentrations. However quinidine at 1-10(5) g/ml showed stimulating effect. Ajmaline and procainamide were inactive; xylocaine had a weak stimulating effect at 1-10(-6), propranolol had a stimulating effect at 3-10(-5) and 1-10(6) while it had an inhibiting effect at 1-10(-4) and 5-10(-3). With the exception of xylocaine and propranolol, which inhibited metabolic rate of trained animals, all the other drugs were inactive. In view of these findings, the mechanism of action of anti-arrhythmic drugs is discussed and it is suggested that the metabolic changes they induce are to be considered as secondary or toxic effects, the main site of action being the myocardial cell membrane.", "contents": "Metabolic effects of bunaftine, a new antiarrhythmic agent: comparison with quinidine, ajmaline, procainamide, xylocaine and propranolol. The effects of bunaftine (Meregon), quinidine, ajmaline, procainamide, xylocaine and propranolol have been investigated on glycolysis and oxygen consumption of rabbit heart and on the metabolic rate of trained rats. Quinidine, bunaftine and ajmaline stimulated glycolysis, procainamide was inactive while xylocaine and propranolol inhibited it. Myocardial oxygen consumption was reduced by quinidine and bunaftine only at high concentrations. However quinidine at 1-10(5) g/ml showed stimulating effect. Ajmaline and procainamide were inactive; xylocaine had a weak stimulating effect at 1-10(-6), propranolol had a stimulating effect at 3-10(-5) and 1-10(6) while it had an inhibiting effect at 1-10(-4) and 5-10(-3). With the exception of xylocaine and propranolol, which inhibited metabolic rate of trained animals, all the other drugs were inactive. In view of these findings, the mechanism of action of anti-arrhythmic drugs is discussed and it is suggested that the metabolic changes they induce are to be considered as secondary or toxic effects, the main site of action being the myocardial cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:947207", "title": "[Disaccharidases of the small-intestinal mucosa of the rat under therapy with ifosfamide (author's transl)].", "content": "In rats, treatment with 3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(2-chloroethyl-amino)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide (ifosfamide; Asta Z 4942) results in a decrease of intestinal disaccharidase activities concomitant with morphological alterations of the mucosa. Even after morphological restoration of the tissue, enzyme activities remain reduced for a couple of days. Examinations of patients treated with ifosfamide will show whether there are comparable effects also in man which may lead to malabsorption of disaccharidases.", "contents": "[Disaccharidases of the small-intestinal mucosa of the rat under therapy with ifosfamide (author's transl)]. In rats, treatment with 3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(2-chloroethyl-amino)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide (ifosfamide; Asta Z 4942) results in a decrease of intestinal disaccharidase activities concomitant with morphological alterations of the mucosa. Even after morphological restoration of the tissue, enzyme activities remain reduced for a couple of days. Examinations of patients treated with ifosfamide will show whether there are comparable effects also in man which may lead to malabsorption of disaccharidases."}
{"id": "PMID:947208", "title": "Magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone following enteral administration of Br-, Cl- and Mg++ in the form of different compounds and combinations.", "content": "In accordance with the results achieved in previous experiments the intestinal absorption of magnesium and its uptake into bone of rats were significantly improved when MgCl2 or mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrochloride (Mg asp. HCl) were used instead of mono-magnesium-di-l-aspartate (Mg asp.). Treatment with mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrobromide (Mg asp. HBr) resulted in remarkably elevated magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone. Since the animals were strongly sedated at the same time, we had to differentiate the influence of anesthesia from unspecific distress and specific actions of bromide and chloride, e.g. on intestinal uptake and/or renal excretion of Mg. Experiments in which the narcotic effect of bromide was reduced to moderate sedation by additional treatment with chloride would appear to suggest that both specific and unspecific mechanisms were involved. In additional experiments it was shown that the effects of Mg asp. plus KBr or Mg asp. plus KCl or CaCl2 were similar to those of the corresponding magnesium aspartate hydrohalogenides.", "contents": "Magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone following enteral administration of Br-, Cl- and Mg++ in the form of different compounds and combinations. In accordance with the results achieved in previous experiments the intestinal absorption of magnesium and its uptake into bone of rats were significantly improved when MgCl2 or mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrochloride (Mg asp. HCl) were used instead of mono-magnesium-di-l-aspartate (Mg asp.). Treatment with mono-magnesium-mono-aspartate-hydrobromide (Mg asp. HBr) resulted in remarkably elevated magnesium concentrations in plasma and bone. Since the animals were strongly sedated at the same time, we had to differentiate the influence of anesthesia from unspecific distress and specific actions of bromide and chloride, e.g. on intestinal uptake and/or renal excretion of Mg. Experiments in which the narcotic effect of bromide was reduced to moderate sedation by additional treatment with chloride would appear to suggest that both specific and unspecific mechanisms were involved. In additional experiments it was shown that the effects of Mg asp. plus KBr or Mg asp. plus KCl or CaCl2 were similar to those of the corresponding magnesium aspartate hydrohalogenides."}
{"id": "PMID:947209", "title": "[Comparative pharmacological effects of dl-amphetaminil and dl-amphetamine in the rat].", "content": "The present investigation shows that amphetamine and amphetaminil produce identical pharmacological effects (increase in motility and body temperature, anorexia, stereotypic behaviour). There was neither a qualitative difference under \"open field\" conditions nor a difference in the capacity of modifying the reserpine induced syndrome. In isomolar doses amphetamine was somewhat more effective. Almost the same amounts of amphetamine were found in blood and brain following amphetamine or amphetaminil administration, with exception of somewhat higher peak levels after amphetamine. These results favor the hypothesis that amphetaminil effects are produced by the amphetamine molecule.", "contents": "[Comparative pharmacological effects of dl-amphetaminil and dl-amphetamine in the rat]. The present investigation shows that amphetamine and amphetaminil produce identical pharmacological effects (increase in motility and body temperature, anorexia, stereotypic behaviour). There was neither a qualitative difference under \"open field\" conditions nor a difference in the capacity of modifying the reserpine induced syndrome. In isomolar doses amphetamine was somewhat more effective. Almost the same amounts of amphetamine were found in blood and brain following amphetamine or amphetaminil administration, with exception of somewhat higher peak levels after amphetamine. These results favor the hypothesis that amphetaminil effects are produced by the amphetamine molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:947210", "title": "[Preliminary report on an unexpected effect of an extract from Dryopteris filix mas (author's transl)].", "content": "In male mice and rats, one drop of an extract from Dryopteris filix mas, administered orally pure or suspended in sunflower-seed oil, caused a spectacular enlargement of the penis. This unexpected effect cannot be explained so far and will have to be elucidated by further experiments.", "contents": "[Preliminary report on an unexpected effect of an extract from Dryopteris filix mas (author's transl)]. In male mice and rats, one drop of an extract from Dryopteris filix mas, administered orally pure or suspended in sunflower-seed oil, caused a spectacular enlargement of the penis. This unexpected effect cannot be explained so far and will have to be elucidated by further experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:947211", "title": "[Metabolism of methiothepin in the rat, dog and man].", "content": "Report is given on a metabolic investigation with non-radioactive and 14C-labelled methiothepin(1-[10',11'-dihydro-8'-(methylthio)-dibenzo mean value of b,f thiepin-10'yl]-4-methyl-piperazine) in rat, dog, and man. After i.p. and oral administration of the drug to the rat, the metabolites of methiothepin were excreted fecally. In the same species, a considerable biliary secretion of the compounds has been demonstrated. In dog and in man, excreted metabolites have been found both in urine and feces after oral application of the drug. The biotransformation of methiothepin within the species investigated proceeds via hydroxylation, sulfoxidation, O-methylation, N-demethylation, N-oxidation and formation of conjugates. The large number of metabolites is due to the various sites of action within the molecule, that are accessible to in vivo oxidation. Of a large number of isolated positionally isomeric compounds, merely the basal structures could be clarified. Possibly the mode of biotransformation to which methiothepin is subjected in the organism, proves determinant for the way of excretion. In the rat, all metabolites are hydroxylated and reach the intestinal tract as conjugates with the bile. In dog and man, however, non-hydroxylated, sulfoxidized metabolites were likewise found, which were excreted mainly renally in both species.", "contents": "[Metabolism of methiothepin in the rat, dog and man]. Report is given on a metabolic investigation with non-radioactive and 14C-labelled methiothepin(1-[10',11'-dihydro-8'-(methylthio)-dibenzo mean value of b,f thiepin-10'yl]-4-methyl-piperazine) in rat, dog, and man. After i.p. and oral administration of the drug to the rat, the metabolites of methiothepin were excreted fecally. In the same species, a considerable biliary secretion of the compounds has been demonstrated. In dog and in man, excreted metabolites have been found both in urine and feces after oral application of the drug. The biotransformation of methiothepin within the species investigated proceeds via hydroxylation, sulfoxidation, O-methylation, N-demethylation, N-oxidation and formation of conjugates. The large number of metabolites is due to the various sites of action within the molecule, that are accessible to in vivo oxidation. Of a large number of isolated positionally isomeric compounds, merely the basal structures could be clarified. Possibly the mode of biotransformation to which methiothepin is subjected in the organism, proves determinant for the way of excretion. In the rat, all metabolites are hydroxylated and reach the intestinal tract as conjugates with the bile. In dog and man, however, non-hydroxylated, sulfoxidized metabolites were likewise found, which were excreted mainly renally in both species."}
{"id": "PMID:947212", "title": "Plasma concentrations during repeated intravenous and oral methyl-proscillaridin application in man.", "content": "The aim of this study was to establish data on the plasma levels of the glycoside derivative methyl-proscillaridin (MP) following repeated intravenous and oral doses. The study was carried out on healthy male volunteers. Each received 0.5 mg of MP daily at 8 a.m. for 7 days. 6 volunteers received the drug i.v., 6 p.o. as tablets and 5 p.o. as elixir. Plasma glycoside concentrations were measured utilizing a 86Rb-erythrocyte assay. The mean plasma concentrations on the 6th and 7th days of application were: 752.9 (Sx = 303.5) pg/ml for the i.v. route, 432.9 (Sx = 115.5) pg/ml for the tablets and 473.1 (Sx = 321.5) pg/ml for the elixir. The mean ratio between plasma concentrations with tablets and i.v. injection averaged 63%. It is concluded that the therapeutic activity of oral MP is about 60 to 70% that of the i.v. application.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations during repeated intravenous and oral methyl-proscillaridin application in man. The aim of this study was to establish data on the plasma levels of the glycoside derivative methyl-proscillaridin (MP) following repeated intravenous and oral doses. The study was carried out on healthy male volunteers. Each received 0.5 mg of MP daily at 8 a.m. for 7 days. 6 volunteers received the drug i.v., 6 p.o. as tablets and 5 p.o. as elixir. Plasma glycoside concentrations were measured utilizing a 86Rb-erythrocyte assay. The mean plasma concentrations on the 6th and 7th days of application were: 752.9 (Sx = 303.5) pg/ml for the i.v. route, 432.9 (Sx = 115.5) pg/ml for the tablets and 473.1 (Sx = 321.5) pg/ml for the elixir. The mean ratio between plasma concentrations with tablets and i.v. injection averaged 63%. It is concluded that the therapeutic activity of oral MP is about 60 to 70% that of the i.v. application."}
{"id": "PMID:947213", "title": "Metabolism, kinetics and metabolic activity of the beta-cytotropic antidiabetic 4-(5-isobutylpyrimidinyl-2)-sulphamylphenylacetic acid-3-chloro-6-methoxyanilide sodium (glydanile sodium) in man after oral and intravenous administration.", "content": "The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of [3H]-labelled 4-(5-isobutylpyrimidinyl-2)-sulphamylphenylacetic acid-3-chloro-6-methoxyanilide sodium ([3H]-glydanile sodium) were investigated in three diabetics and six healthy volunteers after oral and i.v. administration. In the healthy volunteers the level of compound in plasma was correlated to insulin concentration and free fatty acids in plasma or serum, both after oral and i.v. administration of glydanile sodium. After oral administration of 10 mg I13H]-glydanile sodium, maximum [3H] concentration in plasma is found after 2--4 h. The concentration corresponds to 60-90 mug/100 ml when calculated as mug glydanile sodium in plasma. Glydanile is metabolized rapidly. The four metabolites which have been isolated and identified represent more than 95% of total radioactivity in urine. The main metabolite occurring in plasma and urine is the tertiary isobutyl alcohol of glydanile (metabolite I). This metabolite still possesses about 30% of the hypoglycaemic activity of the original compound. The initial half-life of unchanged glydanile after i.v. injection is about 30-40 min. In human plasma more than 99% of the glydanile present is in the protein-bound form. After oral administration, about 20% of radioactivity is eliminated with urine and about 80% with faeces. After i.v. injection, about 70% of radioactivity is eliminated with urine and about 30% with faeces. After oral administration, only about 30% of the compound given was absorbed under these experimental conditions. It may be possible to improve the poor absorption demonstrated in these trials by making the drug available in another, suitable, oral dosage form. Glydanile is eliminated rapidly via urine and faeces after oral and i.v. administration, which means that no accumulation, involving the danger of hypoglycaemic reactions, need be expected. Plasma insulin is increased by a glydanile concentration of 10-20 mug/100 ml plasma.", "contents": "Metabolism, kinetics and metabolic activity of the beta-cytotropic antidiabetic 4-(5-isobutylpyrimidinyl-2)-sulphamylphenylacetic acid-3-chloro-6-methoxyanilide sodium (glydanile sodium) in man after oral and intravenous administration. The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of [3H]-labelled 4-(5-isobutylpyrimidinyl-2)-sulphamylphenylacetic acid-3-chloro-6-methoxyanilide sodium ([3H]-glydanile sodium) were investigated in three diabetics and six healthy volunteers after oral and i.v. administration. In the healthy volunteers the level of compound in plasma was correlated to insulin concentration and free fatty acids in plasma or serum, both after oral and i.v. administration of glydanile sodium. After oral administration of 10 mg I13H]-glydanile sodium, maximum [3H] concentration in plasma is found after 2--4 h. The concentration corresponds to 60-90 mug/100 ml when calculated as mug glydanile sodium in plasma. Glydanile is metabolized rapidly. The four metabolites which have been isolated and identified represent more than 95% of total radioactivity in urine. The main metabolite occurring in plasma and urine is the tertiary isobutyl alcohol of glydanile (metabolite I). This metabolite still possesses about 30% of the hypoglycaemic activity of the original compound. The initial half-life of unchanged glydanile after i.v. injection is about 30-40 min. In human plasma more than 99% of the glydanile present is in the protein-bound form. After oral administration, about 20% of radioactivity is eliminated with urine and about 80% with faeces. After i.v. injection, about 70% of radioactivity is eliminated with urine and about 30% with faeces. After oral administration, only about 30% of the compound given was absorbed under these experimental conditions. It may be possible to improve the poor absorption demonstrated in these trials by making the drug available in another, suitable, oral dosage form. Glydanile is eliminated rapidly via urine and faeces after oral and i.v. administration, which means that no accumulation, involving the danger of hypoglycaemic reactions, need be expected. Plasma insulin is increased by a glydanile concentration of 10-20 mug/100 ml plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:947216", "title": "Effect of aflatoxin B and rubratoxin B on bacteriophage and rabbit cornea cells.", "content": "Rabbit cornea cells exhibited a sensitivity to 1 mug aflatoxin B1 and 5 mug rubratoxin B per ml of growth medium. No changes were observed in the bacteriophages tested in the presence of 25 mug aflatoxin B1 or 100 mug rubratoxin B per ml of medium by the plaque-forming unit method or single-step growth curves.", "contents": "Effect of aflatoxin B and rubratoxin B on bacteriophage and rabbit cornea cells. Rabbit cornea cells exhibited a sensitivity to 1 mug aflatoxin B1 and 5 mug rubratoxin B per ml of growth medium. No changes were observed in the bacteriophages tested in the presence of 25 mug aflatoxin B1 or 100 mug rubratoxin B per ml of medium by the plaque-forming unit method or single-step growth curves."}
{"id": "PMID:947219", "title": "A sensitive assay for proteases using a clot timer apparatus.", "content": "This report describes the adaptation of milk coagulation by proteases into a quantitative and sensitive assay for these enzymes. The procedure involves the use of a clot timer to determine the precise phase of the coagulation which occurs when buffered milk and a protease interact.", "contents": "A sensitive assay for proteases using a clot timer apparatus. This report describes the adaptation of milk coagulation by proteases into a quantitative and sensitive assay for these enzymes. The procedure involves the use of a clot timer to determine the precise phase of the coagulation which occurs when buffered milk and a protease interact."}
{"id": "PMID:947224", "title": "A method for preparing absolute standards for quantitative calibration and measurement of section thickness with X-ray microanalysis of biological ultrathin specimens in EMMA.", "content": "Specimen thickness is determined using X-ray microanalysis in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Specimens of evaporated metal films and standards comprising fixed concentrations of element (such as potassium) in organic media are used to determine elemental concentrations of endogenous elements in embedding resin, from which section thickness can also be determined. The method finally depends only on the single measurement of X-ray emission of such an element in the specimen. Calibration of the X-ray detector over the energy range with mineral salts enables the standard to be used for the quantitative analysis of any element under investigation.", "contents": "A method for preparing absolute standards for quantitative calibration and measurement of section thickness with X-ray microanalysis of biological ultrathin specimens in EMMA. Specimen thickness is determined using X-ray microanalysis in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Specimens of evaporated metal films and standards comprising fixed concentrations of element (such as potassium) in organic media are used to determine elemental concentrations of endogenous elements in embedding resin, from which section thickness can also be determined. The method finally depends only on the single measurement of X-ray emission of such an element in the specimen. Calibration of the X-ray detector over the energy range with mineral salts enables the standard to be used for the quantitative analysis of any element under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:947225", "title": "Hypobaric helium atmospheres for light and electron microscopy of mammalian cells.", "content": "The development of electron microscope environmental/hydration chambers (EMC's) for the examination of living biological specimens has necessitated a search for a suitable gaseous environment that is compatible with both electron imaging and cell survival. Helium has a lower electron scattering cross section than air. The effects of hydrated helium and hydrated air atmospheres in an EMC at pressures 50-200 Torr were examined with a JEM 200 transmission electron microscope operated at 200 kV and 22 degrees C. Results showed that whereas 200 Torr of air reduced beam transmission by more than 90% under these conditions, 200 Torr of moist helium only reduced beam transmission by 30%. The effects of sub-atmospheric or hypobaric helium atmospheres on human white blood cells attached to glass coverslips were investigated by phase-contrast light microscopy in a simulated EMC or light microscope environmental chamber (LMC) at ...37 degrees C. gross morphological changes were observed in cells held at pressures of 300 Torr of moist helium for exposure times of 15 min. At pressures below 300 Torr, morphological changes occurred more rapidly as the pressure was reduced. At the lowest pressures tested (60 and 80 Torr) 50% of the cell populations died within 6-7 min. The development of morphological changes produced by hypobaric stress followed a characteristic pattern. The filopodia, or microvilli attaching the cells to the substrate, became withdrawn, with only occasional retraction fibers remaining. Blends appeared around the cell surface and increased in size as hypobaric exposures progressed. Vacuoles, or cler spherical regions, appeared within the cytoplasm and the overall shape of the cells became circular. The cells became flatter during circularization, showing an apparent 2-2-5 X increase in size as they respread on the substrate...", "contents": "Hypobaric helium atmospheres for light and electron microscopy of mammalian cells. The development of electron microscope environmental/hydration chambers (EMC's) for the examination of living biological specimens has necessitated a search for a suitable gaseous environment that is compatible with both electron imaging and cell survival. Helium has a lower electron scattering cross section than air. The effects of hydrated helium and hydrated air atmospheres in an EMC at pressures 50-200 Torr were examined with a JEM 200 transmission electron microscope operated at 200 kV and 22 degrees C. Results showed that whereas 200 Torr of air reduced beam transmission by more than 90% under these conditions, 200 Torr of moist helium only reduced beam transmission by 30%. The effects of sub-atmospheric or hypobaric helium atmospheres on human white blood cells attached to glass coverslips were investigated by phase-contrast light microscopy in a simulated EMC or light microscope environmental chamber (LMC) at ...37 degrees C. gross morphological changes were observed in cells held at pressures of 300 Torr of moist helium for exposure times of 15 min. At pressures below 300 Torr, morphological changes occurred more rapidly as the pressure was reduced. At the lowest pressures tested (60 and 80 Torr) 50% of the cell populations died within 6-7 min. The development of morphological changes produced by hypobaric stress followed a characteristic pattern. The filopodia, or microvilli attaching the cells to the substrate, became withdrawn, with only occasional retraction fibers remaining. Blends appeared around the cell surface and increased in size as hypobaric exposures progressed. Vacuoles, or cler spherical regions, appeared within the cytoplasm and the overall shape of the cells became circular. The cells became flatter during circularization, showing an apparent 2-2-5 X increase in size as they respread on the substrate..."}
{"id": "PMID:947226", "title": "A simple method to measure resolution on micrographs.", "content": "A method for rapid measurement of the resolution of a microscope by finding the smallest distance between pairs of points that appear on two successive micrographs is described. The method based on the visualization of moire pattern gives the same result as other tests with a precision sufficient for routine checks. Neither a special instrument nor time consuming training are required.", "contents": "A simple method to measure resolution on micrographs. A method for rapid measurement of the resolution of a microscope by finding the smallest distance between pairs of points that appear on two successive micrographs is described. The method based on the visualization of moire pattern gives the same result as other tests with a precision sufficient for routine checks. Neither a special instrument nor time consuming training are required."}
{"id": "PMID:947227", "title": "A simple electrode for metallic replication.", "content": "A simple resistive heating electrode has been designed for use in metallic replication procedures. The electrodes are relatively small, reliable, adaptable to most vacuum systems, and are compatible with ultra-high vacuums. They are easily aligned, have good electrical conductivity and ajustable tensions. Using these electrodes with full wave rectified a.c., we found reduced specimen heating, lower background granularity, and improved resolution compared to commercially available designs.", "contents": "A simple electrode for metallic replication. A simple resistive heating electrode has been designed for use in metallic replication procedures. The electrodes are relatively small, reliable, adaptable to most vacuum systems, and are compatible with ultra-high vacuums. They are easily aligned, have good electrical conductivity and ajustable tensions. Using these electrodes with full wave rectified a.c., we found reduced specimen heating, lower background granularity, and improved resolution compared to commercially available designs."}
{"id": "PMID:947223", "title": "The application of phenoxybenzamine in open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "The effects of vasodilator therapy upon organ blood flow, beta-glucuronidase activity in plasma and pulmonary surfactant were evaluated before and during cardiopulmonary bypass. Alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine increased the organ blood flow in the heart, brain, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and liver, whereas it decreased the organ blood flow in the kidney, spleen, and lung. These changes were extremely similar to those observed at hemorrhagic shock. With 2 mg/kg of POB the organ blood flow tended to approach to control levels. The increase of beta-glucuronidase activity at hemorrhagic shock was considerably inhibited after intravenous drip of 2 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine. We examined the changes of pulmonary surfactant biochemically. Pulmonary surfactant was decreased in endotoxin shock and similar changes were observed in cardiopulmonary bypass when perfusion time was extended to 3 hours. The decrease of pulmonary surfactant after bypass was inhibited by application of POB. From these results, we supposed that the circulatory dynamics during cardiopulmonary bypass might be similar to that of shock and the application of POB in cardiopulmonary bypass might be useful. We applied POB clinically and had good results.", "contents": "The application of phenoxybenzamine in open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. The effects of vasodilator therapy upon organ blood flow, beta-glucuronidase activity in plasma and pulmonary surfactant were evaluated before and during cardiopulmonary bypass. Alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine increased the organ blood flow in the heart, brain, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and liver, whereas it decreased the organ blood flow in the kidney, spleen, and lung. These changes were extremely similar to those observed at hemorrhagic shock. With 2 mg/kg of POB the organ blood flow tended to approach to control levels. The increase of beta-glucuronidase activity at hemorrhagic shock was considerably inhibited after intravenous drip of 2 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine. We examined the changes of pulmonary surfactant biochemically. Pulmonary surfactant was decreased in endotoxin shock and similar changes were observed in cardiopulmonary bypass when perfusion time was extended to 3 hours. The decrease of pulmonary surfactant after bypass was inhibited by application of POB. From these results, we supposed that the circulatory dynamics during cardiopulmonary bypass might be similar to that of shock and the application of POB in cardiopulmonary bypass might be useful. We applied POB clinically and had good results."}
{"id": "PMID:947222", "title": "Intrathecal tolerance of metrizamide in chloralose anesthetized cats.", "content": "The water soluble radiopaque medium, metrizamide (Amipaque) was introduced into the lumbar subarachnoid space in chloralose anesthetized cats at a standard volume of 0.35 cc/kg in concentrations of 300 mgI/cc to 500 mgI/cc during EMG recording. These animals did not differ from controls which received cerebrospinal fluid under otherwise identical conditions; both groups usually showed some mild and occasional muscle fasciculations or mild spasms. Treatment with metrizamide appeared to be a less deleterious procedure than that using hyperosmotic sucrose (1.32 M) as judged from EMG records. In contrast, equivalent amounts of neglumine iothalamate produced frank convulsions in 7 of 15 cases and a range of hyperirritability in the remaining 8.", "contents": "Intrathecal tolerance of metrizamide in chloralose anesthetized cats. The water soluble radiopaque medium, metrizamide (Amipaque) was introduced into the lumbar subarachnoid space in chloralose anesthetized cats at a standard volume of 0.35 cc/kg in concentrations of 300 mgI/cc to 500 mgI/cc during EMG recording. These animals did not differ from controls which received cerebrospinal fluid under otherwise identical conditions; both groups usually showed some mild and occasional muscle fasciculations or mild spasms. Treatment with metrizamide appeared to be a less deleterious procedure than that using hyperosmotic sucrose (1.32 M) as judged from EMG records. In contrast, equivalent amounts of neglumine iothalamate produced frank convulsions in 7 of 15 cases and a range of hyperirritability in the remaining 8."}
{"id": "PMID:947237", "title": "Mixed venous oxygen tension and hyperlactatemia. Survival in severe cardiopulmonary disease.", "content": "Mixed venous oxygen tension (PVo2), cardiac output (Q), and arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) were measured in 20 patients with severe cardiac or pulmonary disease or both to determine which of these variables would best predict hyperlactatemia and survival. There was no correlation between Pao2 and either hyperlactatemia or survival, possibly because all oxygen tensions were greater than 40 mm Hg. There was a good correlation between Q and both hyperlactatemia and survival, and a slightly better correlation between PVo2 and both hyperlactatemia and survival. Mixed venous oxygen tension, a reflection of both Pao2 and Q, was a better predictor of hyperlactatemia and death than either arterial Pao2 or Q alone. It is also more easily measured and, therefore, more clinically useful than either Q, as a predictor of anaerobiosis and survival, or blood lactate concentration, as a predictor of survival. A mixed venous oxygen tension below 28 mm Hg was usually associated with hyperlactatemia and was always associated with death.", "contents": "Mixed venous oxygen tension and hyperlactatemia. Survival in severe cardiopulmonary disease. Mixed venous oxygen tension (PVo2), cardiac output (Q), and arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) were measured in 20 patients with severe cardiac or pulmonary disease or both to determine which of these variables would best predict hyperlactatemia and survival. There was no correlation between Pao2 and either hyperlactatemia or survival, possibly because all oxygen tensions were greater than 40 mm Hg. There was a good correlation between Q and both hyperlactatemia and survival, and a slightly better correlation between PVo2 and both hyperlactatemia and survival. Mixed venous oxygen tension, a reflection of both Pao2 and Q, was a better predictor of hyperlactatemia and death than either arterial Pao2 or Q alone. It is also more easily measured and, therefore, more clinically useful than either Q, as a predictor of anaerobiosis and survival, or blood lactate concentration, as a predictor of survival. A mixed venous oxygen tension below 28 mm Hg was usually associated with hyperlactatemia and was always associated with death."}
{"id": "PMID:947238", "title": "Adverse drug reactions and death. A review of 827 cases.", "content": "A study of 827 cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in which autopsies were done was carried out to determine the relative frequency of drugs that caused adverse reactions, their sites of action, and the variety of pathologic processes induced by them. Because a variety of nondrug factors played critical roles in generating many of the ADRs, these 827 cases were divided into seven groups. Only one of these groups (25% of the total) met the criteria of ADRs in the usual definitional sense and were also lethal. The validity of the diagnoses of both the ADRs and the basic diseases being treated was strengthened by the addition of morphologic findings to the data base and by the use of an analytic algorithm that was specifically developed for and directed to the evaluation of ADRs.", "contents": "Adverse drug reactions and death. A review of 827 cases. A study of 827 cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in which autopsies were done was carried out to determine the relative frequency of drugs that caused adverse reactions, their sites of action, and the variety of pathologic processes induced by them. Because a variety of nondrug factors played critical roles in generating many of the ADRs, these 827 cases were divided into seven groups. Only one of these groups (25% of the total) met the criteria of ADRs in the usual definitional sense and were also lethal. The validity of the diagnoses of both the ADRs and the basic diseases being treated was strengthened by the addition of morphologic findings to the data base and by the use of an analytic algorithm that was specifically developed for and directed to the evaluation of ADRs."}
{"id": "PMID:947239", "title": "The FENa test. Use in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure.", "content": "The FENa test, a determination of the excreted fraction of the filtered sodium, was performed in patients in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure. Patients with prerenal azotemia had an FENa of less than 1, and patients with acute tubular necrosis had an FENa of more than 3 (P less than .001). This simple test clearly differentiates between these two conditions and, thus, is of considerable clinical value.", "contents": "The FENa test. Use in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. The FENa test, a determination of the excreted fraction of the filtered sodium, was performed in patients in the oliguric phase of acute renal failure. Patients with prerenal azotemia had an FENa of less than 1, and patients with acute tubular necrosis had an FENa of more than 3 (P less than .001). This simple test clearly differentiates between these two conditions and, thus, is of considerable clinical value."}
{"id": "PMID:947240", "title": "Familial risk and cancer control.", "content": "An intensive study of the family history of cancer in 4,515 patients screened consecutively by a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit showed, after age correction, that cancer had developed in 8.9% of the probands when there was one cancer in a single first-degree relative, 16.2% had cancer with two family members affected, and 27.4% had cancer when three or more family members had been affected. This constituted a significant correlation between family and personal histories of cancer in these patients. Extrapolation to the United States population with cancer-control implications are given.", "contents": "Familial risk and cancer control. An intensive study of the family history of cancer in 4,515 patients screened consecutively by a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit showed, after age correction, that cancer had developed in 8.9% of the probands when there was one cancer in a single first-degree relative, 16.2% had cancer with two family members affected, and 27.4% had cancer when three or more family members had been affected. This constituted a significant correlation between family and personal histories of cancer in these patients. Extrapolation to the United States population with cancer-control implications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:947264", "title": "Rubella vaccine in postpubertal women. Experience in Western Washington State.", "content": "Nearly two thousand nonimmune, postpubertal females given rubella vaccine in western Washington state in 1970 to 1974 were followed up for acute reactions, inadvertent pregnancy onset, and (776 women) seroresponse. Low-level prevaccination immunity appears to explain most of the apparent vaccine failure (11.6%). The 27 vaccine-complicated pregnancies identified resulted in 17 apparently normal infants (nine from nonimmune mothers). The remaining ten were terminated by abortion (four in nonimmune women), but no abortus yielded rubella virus. Frequency of post-vaccination complaints (largely joint-related) varied with age (higher in those over 25 years), with vaccine (higher after HPV-77-DE-5 than after Cendehill strain virus), with stage of menstrual cycle when vaccine was given, and with method of contraception.", "contents": "Rubella vaccine in postpubertal women. Experience in Western Washington State. Nearly two thousand nonimmune, postpubertal females given rubella vaccine in western Washington state in 1970 to 1974 were followed up for acute reactions, inadvertent pregnancy onset, and (776 women) seroresponse. Low-level prevaccination immunity appears to explain most of the apparent vaccine failure (11.6%). The 27 vaccine-complicated pregnancies identified resulted in 17 apparently normal infants (nine from nonimmune mothers). The remaining ten were terminated by abortion (four in nonimmune women), but no abortus yielded rubella virus. Frequency of post-vaccination complaints (largely joint-related) varied with age (higher in those over 25 years), with vaccine (higher after HPV-77-DE-5 than after Cendehill strain virus), with stage of menstrual cycle when vaccine was given, and with method of contraception."}
{"id": "PMID:947265", "title": "The Charlottesville Blood-Pressure Survey. Value of repeated blood-pressure measurements.", "content": "The population of a community of 29,608 adults was screened door-to-door for elevated blood pressure. Of 12,371 adults screened, 20% were classified as hypertensive. After repeated blood-pressure measurement, however, there were only 9% with sustained hypertension, while 11% had labile hypertension. Sixty percent of the cases of sustained hypertension had been either undiagnosed, untreated, or inadequately treated. Eighty-two percent who initially were unaware of hypertension had labile hypertension after repeated blood-pressure measurement, and 18% were unaware of having, sustained hypertension. Labile hypertension was most prevalent in the young and decreased with age. In contrast, sustained hypertension was least prevalent in the young and increased with age. Labile hypertension was most prevalent in white men, and sustained hypertension was more prevalent in blacks than in whites. Labile hypertension represents a large segment (52%) of the population initially identified as having hypertension in a home blood-pressure survey.", "contents": "The Charlottesville Blood-Pressure Survey. Value of repeated blood-pressure measurements. The population of a community of 29,608 adults was screened door-to-door for elevated blood pressure. Of 12,371 adults screened, 20% were classified as hypertensive. After repeated blood-pressure measurement, however, there were only 9% with sustained hypertension, while 11% had labile hypertension. Sixty percent of the cases of sustained hypertension had been either undiagnosed, untreated, or inadequately treated. Eighty-two percent who initially were unaware of hypertension had labile hypertension after repeated blood-pressure measurement, and 18% were unaware of having, sustained hypertension. Labile hypertension was most prevalent in the young and decreased with age. In contrast, sustained hypertension was least prevalent in the young and increased with age. Labile hypertension was most prevalent in white men, and sustained hypertension was more prevalent in blacks than in whites. Labile hypertension represents a large segment (52%) of the population initially identified as having hypertension in a home blood-pressure survey."}
{"id": "PMID:947266", "title": "Physical examination. Frequently observed errors.", "content": "A method allowing for direct observation of intern and resident physicians while interviewing and examining patients has been in use on our medical wards for the last five years. A large number of errors in the performance of the medical examination by young physicians were noted and a classification of these errors into those of technique, omission, detection, interpretation, and recording was made. An approach to detection and correction of each of these kinds of errors is presented, as well as a discussion of possible reasons for the occurrence of these errors in physician performance.", "contents": "Physical examination. Frequently observed errors. A method allowing for direct observation of intern and resident physicians while interviewing and examining patients has been in use on our medical wards for the last five years. A large number of errors in the performance of the medical examination by young physicians were noted and a classification of these errors into those of technique, omission, detection, interpretation, and recording was made. An approach to detection and correction of each of these kinds of errors is presented, as well as a discussion of possible reasons for the occurrence of these errors in physician performance."}
{"id": "PMID:947268", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans in the United States.", "content": "Four cases of erythema chronicum migrans occurred within a one-month period in southeastern Connecticut. The syndrome may include advancing erythematous rash stemming from an apparent insect bite, hyperesthesias, myalgias, malaise, fever, lymphadenopathy, and, rarely, meningitis. Treatment with penicillin, the tetracycline, or, in our experience, erythromycin usually results in prompt resolution.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans in the United States. Four cases of erythema chronicum migrans occurred within a one-month period in southeastern Connecticut. The syndrome may include advancing erythematous rash stemming from an apparent insect bite, hyperesthesias, myalgias, malaise, fever, lymphadenopathy, and, rarely, meningitis. Treatment with penicillin, the tetracycline, or, in our experience, erythromycin usually results in prompt resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:947272", "title": "Comparison of serum cholesterol in children fed high, moderate, or low cholesterol milk diets during neonatal period.", "content": "The long-term effects of milk diets in infancy on the blood serum cholesterol concentrations were studied in 97 school children 7-12 yr of age. Detailed histories were available for these children with respect to their diets during infancy. The major criterion for inclusion in the study was milk (human milk, cow's milk, or commercial formula) as the exclusive source of diet  cholesterol during the first 3 mo of life. Fasting blood cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in these 97 school children, and the current diets of 29 of the 97 were evaluated for daily cholesterol intake. A 7-day diet diary was recorded, the food intake was measured and analyzed for nutrients, and validity of the diets was verified by determination of urinary nitrogen excretion. Results of the study showed that the school children fed a low cholesterol formula during infancy had a mean serum cholesterol value 7-12 yr later that was lower than the mean values of the groups fed greater amounts of cholesterol in infancy. Analysis of current diets of 29 of the 97 school children showed that their current dietary intake of cholesterol was low. Dietary intake of cholesterol did not have a noticeable effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the 29 children.", "contents": "Comparison of serum cholesterol in children fed high, moderate, or low cholesterol milk diets during neonatal period. The long-term effects of milk diets in infancy on the blood serum cholesterol concentrations were studied in 97 school children 7-12 yr of age. Detailed histories were available for these children with respect to their diets during infancy. The major criterion for inclusion in the study was milk (human milk, cow's milk, or commercial formula) as the exclusive source of diet  cholesterol during the first 3 mo of life. Fasting blood cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in these 97 school children, and the current diets of 29 of the 97 were evaluated for daily cholesterol intake. A 7-day diet diary was recorded, the food intake was measured and analyzed for nutrients, and validity of the diets was verified by determination of urinary nitrogen excretion. Results of the study showed that the school children fed a low cholesterol formula during infancy had a mean serum cholesterol value 7-12 yr later that was lower than the mean values of the groups fed greater amounts of cholesterol in infancy. Analysis of current diets of 29 of the 97 school children showed that their current dietary intake of cholesterol was low. Dietary intake of cholesterol did not have a noticeable effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the 29 children."}
{"id": "PMID:947274", "title": "[Bacteriological aspects of preparation, storage and transport of milk formulas (author's transl)].", "content": "1. It was shown that special apparatus for cleaning milkbottles makes additional desinfection unnecessary with regard to bacteriological and hygienic aspects. -- 2. Milk-bottles should be processed centrally for safety reasons. Special basket-containers facilitate a more economic washing process, transport and storage of the bottles. -- 3. Physiologically optimal milk formulas, as available today, should be prepared and filled into bottles in the ward where they are needed, immediately before use, to guarantee bacteriologically optimal conditions. -- 4. With appropriate organization within a clinic it should be possible to store special dietary formulas which have been prepared centrally, not in the wards, over the required time without the risk of bacterial contamination. The need for regular and systemic bacteriological checks is emphasized.", "contents": "[Bacteriological aspects of preparation, storage and transport of milk formulas (author's transl)]. 1. It was shown that special apparatus for cleaning milkbottles makes additional desinfection unnecessary with regard to bacteriological and hygienic aspects. -- 2. Milk-bottles should be processed centrally for safety reasons. Special basket-containers facilitate a more economic washing process, transport and storage of the bottles. -- 3. Physiologically optimal milk formulas, as available today, should be prepared and filled into bottles in the ward where they are needed, immediately before use, to guarantee bacteriologically optimal conditions. -- 4. With appropriate organization within a clinic it should be possible to store special dietary formulas which have been prepared centrally, not in the wards, over the required time without the risk of bacterial contamination. The need for regular and systemic bacteriological checks is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:947275", "title": "Assessment of fetal pulmonic maturity by measurement of the surface tension of amniotic fluid lipid extract.", "content": "Fetal pulmonic maturity is currently predicted by the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio which utilizes the changes with increased gestation in the lecithin component of amniotic fluid surfactant. The surface tension lowering property of lipids extracted from the amniotic fluid of 45 patients was measured directly. The surface tension (gamma) of various aliquots of the amniotic fluid lipid extract was measured by a modification of the Wilhelmy plate method. At 80 gamma of the extract, a gamma of 67 dynes/cm or less indicated pulmonic maturity, while a gamma of greater than 67 dynes/cm suggested immaturity, provided that the gamma at 200 gamma was greater than 56 dynes/cm. The fluid was termed transitional if the gamma was greater than 67 dynes/cm at 80 gama, but less than 56 dynes/cm at 200 gamma. A comparison was made with the L/S ratio; there were no false positive values and only 13.6% false negative surface tension values. Addition of blood to amniotic fluid, mature and immature, yielded the same results as with the L/S ratio. Two infants with respiratory distress syndrome had both immature L/S ratios and surface tension results. Results indicate that the surface tension of the amniotic fluid lipid extracts is a reliable and rapid means of antenatally predicting fetal pulmonic maturity.", "contents": "Assessment of fetal pulmonic maturity by measurement of the surface tension of amniotic fluid lipid extract. Fetal pulmonic maturity is currently predicted by the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio which utilizes the changes with increased gestation in the lecithin component of amniotic fluid surfactant. The surface tension lowering property of lipids extracted from the amniotic fluid of 45 patients was measured directly. The surface tension (gamma) of various aliquots of the amniotic fluid lipid extract was measured by a modification of the Wilhelmy plate method. At 80 gamma of the extract, a gamma of 67 dynes/cm or less indicated pulmonic maturity, while a gamma of greater than 67 dynes/cm suggested immaturity, provided that the gamma at 200 gamma was greater than 56 dynes/cm. The fluid was termed transitional if the gamma was greater than 67 dynes/cm at 80 gama, but less than 56 dynes/cm at 200 gamma. A comparison was made with the L/S ratio; there were no false positive values and only 13.6% false negative surface tension values. Addition of blood to amniotic fluid, mature and immature, yielded the same results as with the L/S ratio. Two infants with respiratory distress syndrome had both immature L/S ratios and surface tension results. Results indicate that the surface tension of the amniotic fluid lipid extracts is a reliable and rapid means of antenatally predicting fetal pulmonic maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:947276", "title": "[Clinical experiences with noxiptilin].", "content": "Noxiptilin (Elronon) proved to be a good bipolar thymoleptic agent in the clinical test at 3 special clinics. Its stimulating effect on the psychomotor function is more pronounced than its sedative action. Therefore, in cases with the anxious, agitated depressive syndrome the additional therapy with a neuroleptic agent or a sedative tranquilizer may be favourable. N. is well tolerated even at a higher age. The side effects are the same as those of other known thymoleptics.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with noxiptilin]. Noxiptilin (Elronon) proved to be a good bipolar thymoleptic agent in the clinical test at 3 special clinics. Its stimulating effect on the psychomotor function is more pronounced than its sedative action. Therefore, in cases with the anxious, agitated depressive syndrome the additional therapy with a neuroleptic agent or a sedative tranquilizer may be favourable. N. is well tolerated even at a higher age. The side effects are the same as those of other known thymoleptics."}
{"id": "PMID:947279", "title": "Differences of the effects of testosterone propionate on the production of LH and FSH.", "content": "The effects of testosterone propionate (1 mg/day) on the synthesis and circulating levels of FSH and LH were studied in normal adult male rats. The pituitary and serum gonadotrophins were measured by double antibody radioimmunoassay. The de novo synthesis of gonadotrophins was assessed by the rate of in vitro incorporation of [3H]leucine into the immunoprecipitable FSH and LH. After 4 days of treatment with testosterone propionate the circulating LH levels dropped significantly, while FSH remained unchanged. Pituitary LH content and concentration declined significantly after 1 day, and incorporation of [3H]leucine into the immunoprecipitable LH became undetectable 4 days after initiation of treatment. Pituitary FSH content and concentration showed a significant increase after the 4th day of treatment. A slight tendency towards increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into FSH was observed throughout the treatment period, although it was statistically not significant. The data provide direct evidence for a differential effect of TP on FSH and LH production by the pituitary and show that the decrease in the pituitary and plasma levels of LH in testosterone treated rats is due to the decrease in LH synthesis.", "contents": "Differences of the effects of testosterone propionate on the production of LH and FSH. The effects of testosterone propionate (1 mg/day) on the synthesis and circulating levels of FSH and LH were studied in normal adult male rats. The pituitary and serum gonadotrophins were measured by double antibody radioimmunoassay. The de novo synthesis of gonadotrophins was assessed by the rate of in vitro incorporation of [3H]leucine into the immunoprecipitable FSH and LH. After 4 days of treatment with testosterone propionate the circulating LH levels dropped significantly, while FSH remained unchanged. Pituitary LH content and concentration declined significantly after 1 day, and incorporation of [3H]leucine into the immunoprecipitable LH became undetectable 4 days after initiation of treatment. Pituitary FSH content and concentration showed a significant increase after the 4th day of treatment. A slight tendency towards increased incorporation of [3H]leucine into FSH was observed throughout the treatment period, although it was statistically not significant. The data provide direct evidence for a differential effect of TP on FSH and LH production by the pituitary and show that the decrease in the pituitary and plasma levels of LH in testosterone treated rats is due to the decrease in LH synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947280", "title": "Isolation of canine prolactin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of prolactin obtained from canine pituitary extract was studied with the aid of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Using a preparative gel electrophoretic system the immunoreactive material was purified on a quantitative scale which was then used to develop a homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin. The radioimmunoassay system was able to detect prolactin in the plasma of dogs after the administration of agents which would be expected to affect prolactin secretion.", "contents": "Isolation of canine prolactin by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic mobility of prolactin obtained from canine pituitary extract was studied with the aid of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Using a preparative gel electrophoretic system the immunoreactive material was purified on a quantitative scale which was then used to develop a homologous radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin. The radioimmunoassay system was able to detect prolactin in the plasma of dogs after the administration of agents which would be expected to affect prolactin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:947281", "title": "Changes in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the induced paralytic attack of thyrotroxic periodic paralysis.", "content": "Changes in serum electrolytes, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone induced by glucose and insulin (GI) infusion were serially investigated in seven patients with periodic thyrotoxic paralysis. An attack which developed into complete quadriplegia was induced within 90 min after the beginning of the GI infusion in four out of seven patients. Only a slight paralysis of the legs was produced in another two patients and induction of an attack did not materialize in one. In four patients with complete quadriplegia, the mean values of serum sodium and potassium concentrations, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone slightly decreased immediately after the beginning of the GI infusion. Induction of a paralytic attack was not accompanied by any significant changes in serum sodium concentration, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone either 15 min before or after the onset of attack, while the serum potassium concentration progressively decreased, and an increase in plasma aldosterone associated with an increase of haematocrit and plasma renin activity reached a peak level at the stage of complete quadriplegia. On the other hand, in the three patients in whom an infusion produced slight or no paralysis of the legs, changes in the serum sodium concentration, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were insignificant and the serum potassium concentration was slightly but insignificantly decreased. These results suggest that hyperaldosteronism may not be a trigger for the induced paralytic attack but a phenomenon secondary to volume depletion and a change in potassium homoeostasis induced by GI infusion.", "contents": "Changes in plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the induced paralytic attack of thyrotroxic periodic paralysis. Changes in serum electrolytes, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone induced by glucose and insulin (GI) infusion were serially investigated in seven patients with periodic thyrotoxic paralysis. An attack which developed into complete quadriplegia was induced within 90 min after the beginning of the GI infusion in four out of seven patients. Only a slight paralysis of the legs was produced in another two patients and induction of an attack did not materialize in one. In four patients with complete quadriplegia, the mean values of serum sodium and potassium concentrations, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone slightly decreased immediately after the beginning of the GI infusion. Induction of a paralytic attack was not accompanied by any significant changes in serum sodium concentration, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone either 15 min before or after the onset of attack, while the serum potassium concentration progressively decreased, and an increase in plasma aldosterone associated with an increase of haematocrit and plasma renin activity reached a peak level at the stage of complete quadriplegia. On the other hand, in the three patients in whom an infusion produced slight or no paralysis of the legs, changes in the serum sodium concentration, haematocrit, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were insignificant and the serum potassium concentration was slightly but insignificantly decreased. These results suggest that hyperaldosteronism may not be a trigger for the induced paralytic attack but a phenomenon secondary to volume depletion and a change in potassium homoeostasis induced by GI infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:947282", "title": "Studies on proteolytic activity and function of the thyroid gland in rats administered excess iodide.", "content": "Thyroid auto-proteolytic activity in rats increased significantly only after several weeks of treatment with 1 mg iodide per day. Iodide added in vitro did not activate thyroid auto-proteolysis, nor was inhibition observed. Thyroid proteolytic activity was also tested using 131I-labelled heat-inactivated thyroid homogenate from control rats as substrate. Significantly increased proteolytic activity was again demonstrated in thyroid glands from rats on excess iodide for several weeks. The increased proteolytic activity is therefore probably not due to a decreased proteolytic resistance of thyroglobulin in the iodide-treated rats. Increased synthesis or decreased degradation of thyroid proteolytic enzymes is a more likely explanation for this phenomenon. These findings are at variance with those of some previous studies showing decreased proteolytic activity in thyroid glands from rats administered excess iodide. Since the rats remained euthyroid the increased auto-proteolysis, which occurred quite late, was considered an unexpected finding and it is at present not certain whether this is related to the successful adaptation. Treatment with iodide did not alter the thyroid and hypophyseal weight or histology. Serum free thyroxine level and thyrotropin concentration were also unaffected by excess iodide. The adaptation of the imtact rat thyroid to prolonged and excess iodide intake seems to occur without the assistance of an altered thyrotrophin secretion.", "contents": "Studies on proteolytic activity and function of the thyroid gland in rats administered excess iodide. Thyroid auto-proteolytic activity in rats increased significantly only after several weeks of treatment with 1 mg iodide per day. Iodide added in vitro did not activate thyroid auto-proteolysis, nor was inhibition observed. Thyroid proteolytic activity was also tested using 131I-labelled heat-inactivated thyroid homogenate from control rats as substrate. Significantly increased proteolytic activity was again demonstrated in thyroid glands from rats on excess iodide for several weeks. The increased proteolytic activity is therefore probably not due to a decreased proteolytic resistance of thyroglobulin in the iodide-treated rats. Increased synthesis or decreased degradation of thyroid proteolytic enzymes is a more likely explanation for this phenomenon. These findings are at variance with those of some previous studies showing decreased proteolytic activity in thyroid glands from rats administered excess iodide. Since the rats remained euthyroid the increased auto-proteolysis, which occurred quite late, was considered an unexpected finding and it is at present not certain whether this is related to the successful adaptation. Treatment with iodide did not alter the thyroid and hypophyseal weight or histology. Serum free thyroxine level and thyrotropin concentration were also unaffected by excess iodide. The adaptation of the imtact rat thyroid to prolonged and excess iodide intake seems to occur without the assistance of an altered thyrotrophin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:947283", "title": "The deiodination of thyroxine in hyperthyroid rats as determined by renal clearance of iodide.", "content": "Other investigators have reported that whole body clearance of thyroxine (T4) is increased in hyperthyroid rats isotopically equilibrated with radioactive T4, using the 24 h post-injection serum T4 concentration in the clearance calculation. Data from this laboratory indicate that serum T4 concentration is lowest at this point yielding falsely high clearance values, particularly when high doses of T4 are injected. To investigate this problem further, two types of experiments were performed. First, rats were equilibrated with [125I]T4, 5 or 20 mug/day, and the urinary clearance of iodide derived from T4 (deiodinative clearance) was measured from 0-7 and 7-24 h after a T4 injection, using the T4 concentration in serum obtained at the midpoint of each urine collection period. Urine was then collected from the ureters for several 1 h periods during the 4th to 8th h following T4 injection, calculating clearances using the midpoint plasma T4 concentration. Second, normal rats were given a single dose of [125I]T4, 5 or 55 mug/rat, and deiodinative clearance was determined during the subsequent 0-7 and 7-24 h periods. The first experiment indicated that deiodinative clearance was significantly enhanced in rats equilibrated with the large dose of T4 under all conditions studied. In contrast, the clearance in normal rats given a single large dose of T4 was not significantly different from that of normal rats given a small dose of T4. These results support the view that T4 clearance is increased in hyperthyroidism, due in part to an increase in the deiodination of T4.", "contents": "The deiodination of thyroxine in hyperthyroid rats as determined by renal clearance of iodide. Other investigators have reported that whole body clearance of thyroxine (T4) is increased in hyperthyroid rats isotopically equilibrated with radioactive T4, using the 24 h post-injection serum T4 concentration in the clearance calculation. Data from this laboratory indicate that serum T4 concentration is lowest at this point yielding falsely high clearance values, particularly when high doses of T4 are injected. To investigate this problem further, two types of experiments were performed. First, rats were equilibrated with [125I]T4, 5 or 20 mug/day, and the urinary clearance of iodide derived from T4 (deiodinative clearance) was measured from 0-7 and 7-24 h after a T4 injection, using the T4 concentration in serum obtained at the midpoint of each urine collection period. Urine was then collected from the ureters for several 1 h periods during the 4th to 8th h following T4 injection, calculating clearances using the midpoint plasma T4 concentration. Second, normal rats were given a single dose of [125I]T4, 5 or 55 mug/rat, and deiodinative clearance was determined during the subsequent 0-7 and 7-24 h periods. The first experiment indicated that deiodinative clearance was significantly enhanced in rats equilibrated with the large dose of T4 under all conditions studied. In contrast, the clearance in normal rats given a single large dose of T4 was not significantly different from that of normal rats given a small dose of T4. These results support the view that T4 clearance is increased in hyperthyroidism, due in part to an increase in the deiodination of T4."}
{"id": "PMID:947284", "title": "Adrenaline in the human pancreas.", "content": "The present study describes the results of examinations of the noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in the human pancreas as well as in a number of other organs. Tissue specimens were obtained at post-mortem examination. Adrenaline was present in small amounts in the cardiovascular system, the liver and the spleen in comparison with the noradrenaline concentration. The pancreas, especially the body of the pancreas, contained, however, considerable amounts of adrenaline. The average adrenaline concentration was approximately 20 times higher in the pancreas than in the other organs examined. The greatest concentration of adrenaline was found in the posterior and superior parts of the body of the pancreas. There was no relationship between the cause of death in the human subjects and the adrenaline concentration in the pancreas and large amounts of adrenaline were also found in tissue specimens of pancreas obtained from long-term diabetic patients. Adrenaline was present in the pancreas of the rat, dog and rabbit but in small amounts in comparison with the noradrenaline concentration.", "contents": "Adrenaline in the human pancreas. The present study describes the results of examinations of the noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in the human pancreas as well as in a number of other organs. Tissue specimens were obtained at post-mortem examination. Adrenaline was present in small amounts in the cardiovascular system, the liver and the spleen in comparison with the noradrenaline concentration. The pancreas, especially the body of the pancreas, contained, however, considerable amounts of adrenaline. The average adrenaline concentration was approximately 20 times higher in the pancreas than in the other organs examined. The greatest concentration of adrenaline was found in the posterior and superior parts of the body of the pancreas. There was no relationship between the cause of death in the human subjects and the adrenaline concentration in the pancreas and large amounts of adrenaline were also found in tissue specimens of pancreas obtained from long-term diabetic patients. Adrenaline was present in the pancreas of the rat, dog and rabbit but in small amounts in comparison with the noradrenaline concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:947285", "title": "Growth hormone, insulin and sugar in the blood plasma of bulls. Interrelated diurnal variations.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) of eight young, sexually mature, pedigree bulls, observed at hourly intervals, varied during the day in a manner indicating intermittent secretion in peaks or bursts. The diurnal GH averages were about 10 ng/ml. GH averages for 2-3 h intervals showed minima following or during the periods of morning and afternoon feeding. A third minimum occurred between 10 and 12 p.m. Peak activity, estimated by the frequency of GH values greater than 10 ng/ml was significantly reduced during two of these low-GH-periods (afternoon and late night). The minima in GH followed after (morning) or coincided with (afternoon) maxima in plasma insulin (two materials, GH/insulin, 11 a. m.-10 p.m.: r=-0.31 and -3.34, P less than 0.01). This means that the two hormones behaved after food intake much in the same ways as in man in spite of the fact that plasma sugar decreased after feeding (GH/sugar, 11 a.m.-10 p.m.: r=0.27, two materials combined, P less than 0.001). The possibility of GH involvement in the hour-to-hour metabolic homoeostasis of the animals is discussed.", "contents": "Growth hormone, insulin and sugar in the blood plasma of bulls. Interrelated diurnal variations. Plasma growth hormone (GH) of eight young, sexually mature, pedigree bulls, observed at hourly intervals, varied during the day in a manner indicating intermittent secretion in peaks or bursts. The diurnal GH averages were about 10 ng/ml. GH averages for 2-3 h intervals showed minima following or during the periods of morning and afternoon feeding. A third minimum occurred between 10 and 12 p.m. Peak activity, estimated by the frequency of GH values greater than 10 ng/ml was significantly reduced during two of these low-GH-periods (afternoon and late night). The minima in GH followed after (morning) or coincided with (afternoon) maxima in plasma insulin (two materials, GH/insulin, 11 a. m.-10 p.m.: r=-0.31 and -3.34, P less than 0.01). This means that the two hormones behaved after food intake much in the same ways as in man in spite of the fact that plasma sugar decreased after feeding (GH/sugar, 11 a.m.-10 p.m.: r=0.27, two materials combined, P less than 0.001). The possibility of GH involvement in the hour-to-hour metabolic homoeostasis of the animals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947286", "title": "Growth hormone related to insulin and sugar in nocturnal blood plasma of lactating cows.", "content": "Nocturnal blood plasma samples from about 190 indoor-fed cows at varying stages of the lactation cycle showed wide variations in the concentrations of sugar (43-88 mg/100 ml) and acetoacetate (0.12-8.7 mg/100 ml). Plasma immunoreactive insulin decreased and acetoacetate increased with decreasing sugar. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was significantly correlated to insulin (r=-0.24, P less than 0.001) and to sugar (r=-0.15, P less than 0.05), but not to acetoacetate (r=+0.13). Since the plasma level of GH in bovines is known to vary widely from hour to hour, individual cows are poorly represented by single determinations of the hormone. However, in accordance with the results from the correlation tests, different GH averages, about 11 and 9 ng/ml, were found for groups of animals with plasma sugar respectively below and above 70 mg/100 ml. By subgrouping according to insulin levels within sugar ranges, categories could be singled out with GH averages as different as 12.7 ng/ml (low sugar-low insulin) and 8.3 ng/ml (high sugar-high insulin). The findings are consistent with the view that GH is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in bovines. But no support has been provided for the hypothesis of GH hypersecretion as a cause of ketosis in cows.", "contents": "Growth hormone related to insulin and sugar in nocturnal blood plasma of lactating cows. Nocturnal blood plasma samples from about 190 indoor-fed cows at varying stages of the lactation cycle showed wide variations in the concentrations of sugar (43-88 mg/100 ml) and acetoacetate (0.12-8.7 mg/100 ml). Plasma immunoreactive insulin decreased and acetoacetate increased with decreasing sugar. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was significantly correlated to insulin (r=-0.24, P less than 0.001) and to sugar (r=-0.15, P less than 0.05), but not to acetoacetate (r=+0.13). Since the plasma level of GH in bovines is known to vary widely from hour to hour, individual cows are poorly represented by single determinations of the hormone. However, in accordance with the results from the correlation tests, different GH averages, about 11 and 9 ng/ml, were found for groups of animals with plasma sugar respectively below and above 70 mg/100 ml. By subgrouping according to insulin levels within sugar ranges, categories could be singled out with GH averages as different as 12.7 ng/ml (low sugar-low insulin) and 8.3 ng/ml (high sugar-high insulin). The findings are consistent with the view that GH is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in bovines. But no support has been provided for the hypothesis of GH hypersecretion as a cause of ketosis in cows."}
{"id": "PMID:947287", "title": "Effect of an ovulatory dose of luteinizing hormone on the concentration of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone in the rabbit ovarian follicles.", "content": "This study was done to determine the effect of an ovulatory dose of LH on the concentration of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone in the follicular tissue and in follicular fluid of ovaries of sexually mature female rabbits. Eight animals were sacrificed without treatment while others (4 to a group) were sacrificed at 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after administration of LH (50 mug). In each animal follicles from both ovaries were pooled and the follicular tissue was separated from the fluid. Determination of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone was done by radioimmunoassay separately in the follicular tissue and in fluid. One hour after LH treatment oestrogen levels were found elevated, as compared to the control, in the fluid but not in the tissue. Thereafter oestrogen levels declined and reached levels much below control at times nearing ovulation. On the other hand, progesterone levels were elevated over the control in both the tissue and fluid at 1 and 3 h. The tissue progesterone levels were, however, below control at and after 6 h. The sustained high concentrations of tissue progesterone in the earlier period after LH stimulation could play a role in the chain of events leading to follicular rupture.", "contents": "Effect of an ovulatory dose of luteinizing hormone on the concentration of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone in the rabbit ovarian follicles. This study was done to determine the effect of an ovulatory dose of LH on the concentration of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone in the follicular tissue and in follicular fluid of ovaries of sexually mature female rabbits. Eight animals were sacrificed without treatment while others (4 to a group) were sacrificed at 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after administration of LH (50 mug). In each animal follicles from both ovaries were pooled and the follicular tissue was separated from the fluid. Determination of oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone was done by radioimmunoassay separately in the follicular tissue and in fluid. One hour after LH treatment oestrogen levels were found elevated, as compared to the control, in the fluid but not in the tissue. Thereafter oestrogen levels declined and reached levels much below control at times nearing ovulation. On the other hand, progesterone levels were elevated over the control in both the tissue and fluid at 1 and 3 h. The tissue progesterone levels were, however, below control at and after 6 h. The sustained high concentrations of tissue progesterone in the earlier period after LH stimulation could play a role in the chain of events leading to follicular rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:947288", "title": "Studies of human chorionic gonadotrophin in steroid-primed hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "The uptake of [125I]HCG was studied in the ovaries of intact and hypophysectomized (Hypox) Sprague-Dawley rats. The [125I]HCG localized specifically in the ovary of the intact rat, and to a lesser extent, in the ovary of the hypox rat. The concentration of HCG in all other tissues and organs of either sex was negligible. However, the localization of [125I]HCG in the hypox rat was enhanced by the presence of exogenous steroids. The greatest increase in HCG uptake was observed in the rats primed with androgen; while a lesser enhancement was demonstrated in the oestrogen treated rats. Comparison of the ovary-to-body weight ratios revealed that a greater amount of HCG localized in the androgen-primed rats than in the oestrogen treated animals even though the ovaries of the former were smaller. These findings suggest that the hypox rat ovary primed with androgen could provide a highly sensitive animal model for further studies of the HCG cell receptor site in animals free of pituitary influence.", "contents": "Studies of human chorionic gonadotrophin in steroid-primed hypophysectomized rats. The uptake of [125I]HCG was studied in the ovaries of intact and hypophysectomized (Hypox) Sprague-Dawley rats. The [125I]HCG localized specifically in the ovary of the intact rat, and to a lesser extent, in the ovary of the hypox rat. The concentration of HCG in all other tissues and organs of either sex was negligible. However, the localization of [125I]HCG in the hypox rat was enhanced by the presence of exogenous steroids. The greatest increase in HCG uptake was observed in the rats primed with androgen; while a lesser enhancement was demonstrated in the oestrogen treated rats. Comparison of the ovary-to-body weight ratios revealed that a greater amount of HCG localized in the androgen-primed rats than in the oestrogen treated animals even though the ovaries of the former were smaller. These findings suggest that the hypox rat ovary primed with androgen could provide a highly sensitive animal model for further studies of the HCG cell receptor site in animals free of pituitary influence."}
{"id": "PMID:947289", "title": "Transformation of (1,2-3H)aldosterone in the foetal and placental compartments of the guinea pig.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro transformation of labelled d-aldosterone (11beta, 21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al) was studied in the foetal tissues and placenta of guinea pig (35-45 days of gestation). The principal metabolite found in all of these tissues was tetrahydroaldosterone (3alpha, 18,21-trihydroxy-20-oxo-5beta-pregnan-18-al). A large transformation into this metabolite was found in foetal liver (67-68%) and in the placenta (69-82%). Incubation of [3H]- or [14C]aldosterone with the isolated placenta also showed a large conversion to the tetrahydroderivative suggesting that the reductase(s) of ring A of aldosterone is present in this tissue. Most of the unmetabolized aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone was found in the unconjugated fraction. Very little of the radioactive material was present in the polar steroids extracted with n-butanol. Aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone were liberated from this fraction after enzymatic hydrolysis (beta-glucuronidase and sulphatase) or by solvolysis, suggesting that part of these conjugates is present in the foetal compartment as sulphate esters and glucuronides. Moreover, in this fraction a polar, unconjugated aldosterone metabolite with the characteristics of an acidic compound was detected.", "contents": "Transformation of (1,2-3H)aldosterone in the foetal and placental compartments of the guinea pig. In vivo and in vitro transformation of labelled d-aldosterone (11beta, 21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al) was studied in the foetal tissues and placenta of guinea pig (35-45 days of gestation). The principal metabolite found in all of these tissues was tetrahydroaldosterone (3alpha, 18,21-trihydroxy-20-oxo-5beta-pregnan-18-al). A large transformation into this metabolite was found in foetal liver (67-68%) and in the placenta (69-82%). Incubation of [3H]- or [14C]aldosterone with the isolated placenta also showed a large conversion to the tetrahydroderivative suggesting that the reductase(s) of ring A of aldosterone is present in this tissue. Most of the unmetabolized aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone was found in the unconjugated fraction. Very little of the radioactive material was present in the polar steroids extracted with n-butanol. Aldosterone and tetrahydroaldosterone were liberated from this fraction after enzymatic hydrolysis (beta-glucuronidase and sulphatase) or by solvolysis, suggesting that part of these conjugates is present in the foetal compartment as sulphate esters and glucuronides. Moreover, in this fraction a polar, unconjugated aldosterone metabolite with the characteristics of an acidic compound was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:947290", "title": "Urinary testosterone glucuronide and sulphate in newborns and young infants.", "content": "Urinary testosterone glucuronide and sulphate was determined separately by gas chromatography in 39 newborns and young infants (34 males and 5 females). In all cases, testosterone sulphate was higher than glucuronide. Boys excreted more of both conjugates (sulphate 6.7, glucuronide 2.2 mug/24 h) than girls (1.1 and 0.7 mug/24 h, respectively). Boys older than 3 weeks had higher values than boys younger than 2 weeks. The levels correlated positively with chronological age, negatively with the gestational age and not at all with the bilirubin levels. It is concluded that testosterone is excreted preferentially as the sulphate in the newborn period and that the high sulphokinase activity in foetal and neonatal testes is more likely responsible for this phenomenon than an impaired glucuronizing capacity of the liver.", "contents": "Urinary testosterone glucuronide and sulphate in newborns and young infants. Urinary testosterone glucuronide and sulphate was determined separately by gas chromatography in 39 newborns and young infants (34 males and 5 females). In all cases, testosterone sulphate was higher than glucuronide. Boys excreted more of both conjugates (sulphate 6.7, glucuronide 2.2 mug/24 h) than girls (1.1 and 0.7 mug/24 h, respectively). Boys older than 3 weeks had higher values than boys younger than 2 weeks. The levels correlated positively with chronological age, negatively with the gestational age and not at all with the bilirubin levels. It is concluded that testosterone is excreted preferentially as the sulphate in the newborn period and that the high sulphokinase activity in foetal and neonatal testes is more likely responsible for this phenomenon than an impaired glucuronizing capacity of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:947291", "title": "Disappearance of (14,15-3H)d,1-norgestrel from plasma and its distribution in the reproductive tract of women.", "content": "After an iv injection of [14,15-3H]d,1-norgestrel into 7 women, its disappearance from the plasma and its distribution in the reproductive organs has been investigated. It was found that initially norgestrel disappeared rapidly from the plasma with a half-life of 38.8 min followed by a slower disappearance with a half-life of 45.18 h. The disappearance curve has been analysed on the basis of a biexponential curve representing a two compartmental model. The low metabolic clearance rate of 458.5 1/24 h indicated a more prolonged persistance of norgestrel in the body. Uptake of norgestrel and its metabolites was very high in the endometrium, myometrium, cervix. Fallopian tube, ovary and body fat. Compared to the myometrium, more norgestrel as such was concentrated in the endometrium at 30 min and 12 h after injection of [14,15-3H]d,1-norgestrel. The myometrium on the other hand contained higher amounts of norgestrel at 5 min. The significance and the possible role of localization of norgestrel at multiple sites in the reproductive tract and its contraceptive action are discussed.", "contents": "Disappearance of (14,15-3H)d,1-norgestrel from plasma and its distribution in the reproductive tract of women. After an iv injection of [14,15-3H]d,1-norgestrel into 7 women, its disappearance from the plasma and its distribution in the reproductive organs has been investigated. It was found that initially norgestrel disappeared rapidly from the plasma with a half-life of 38.8 min followed by a slower disappearance with a half-life of 45.18 h. The disappearance curve has been analysed on the basis of a biexponential curve representing a two compartmental model. The low metabolic clearance rate of 458.5 1/24 h indicated a more prolonged persistance of norgestrel in the body. Uptake of norgestrel and its metabolites was very high in the endometrium, myometrium, cervix. Fallopian tube, ovary and body fat. Compared to the myometrium, more norgestrel as such was concentrated in the endometrium at 30 min and 12 h after injection of [14,15-3H]d,1-norgestrel. The myometrium on the other hand contained higher amounts of norgestrel at 5 min. The significance and the possible role of localization of norgestrel at multiple sites in the reproductive tract and its contraceptive action are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947303", "title": "Myasthenia gravis. Current concepts.", "content": "The prevalent theory of the past two decades, that the defect in myasthenia gravis (MG) is the packaging of achetylcholine (Ach) into smaller quantal units, has recently been revised. The current theory is based on (1) electron microscopical studies of motor end plates in patients with MG; (2) radioisotope study with alpha-bungarotoxin of postsynaptic membrane Ach receptor (Ach R) sites; (3) sensitization of rabbits with the use of purified Ach R from the electric eel, inducing experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG); (4) detection of antibodies to the Ach R in patients with MG by radioimmunoassay; and (5) apparent induction of MG in mice by passive transfer of immunoglobulin from patients with MG. Thus, the emphasis on pathogenesis of MG is now placed on an autoimmune process involving Ach R in the subsynaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis. Current concepts. The prevalent theory of the past two decades, that the defect in myasthenia gravis (MG) is the packaging of achetylcholine (Ach) into smaller quantal units, has recently been revised. The current theory is based on (1) electron microscopical studies of motor end plates in patients with MG; (2) radioisotope study with alpha-bungarotoxin of postsynaptic membrane Ach receptor (Ach R) sites; (3) sensitization of rabbits with the use of purified Ach R from the electric eel, inducing experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG); (4) detection of antibodies to the Ach R in patients with MG by radioimmunoassay; and (5) apparent induction of MG in mice by passive transfer of immunoglobulin from patients with MG. Thus, the emphasis on pathogenesis of MG is now placed on an autoimmune process involving Ach R in the subsynaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:947304", "title": "Changes in hepatic nuclei induced by acetamide and thioacetamide.", "content": "Rat liver nuclei were examined following intoxication with thioacetamide or acetamide. A prompt increase in nuclear size occurred with the administration of either agent. The acetamide-related change was evanescent and, by 16 hours, the nuclei did not differ from controls. Thioacetamide produced an acute enlargement during the first eight hours and a second, more prolonged increase during the next 24 hours. The enlargement noted by microscopy was also detectable in isolated nuclei by flow spectrometry. Chemical determinations on isolated nuclei appear to sample the same size population seen in situ. An increase in RNA content of thioacetamide-treated nuclei occurred during the late phase. The temporal sequence of physical and chemical change suggests that the initial increase in nuclear volume is not the result of retained macromolecular formation but may involve intracellular water and electrolyte shifts.", "contents": "Changes in hepatic nuclei induced by acetamide and thioacetamide. Rat liver nuclei were examined following intoxication with thioacetamide or acetamide. A prompt increase in nuclear size occurred with the administration of either agent. The acetamide-related change was evanescent and, by 16 hours, the nuclei did not differ from controls. Thioacetamide produced an acute enlargement during the first eight hours and a second, more prolonged increase during the next 24 hours. The enlargement noted by microscopy was also detectable in isolated nuclei by flow spectrometry. Chemical determinations on isolated nuclei appear to sample the same size population seen in situ. An increase in RNA content of thioacetamide-treated nuclei occurred during the late phase. The temporal sequence of physical and chemical change suggests that the initial increase in nuclear volume is not the result of retained macromolecular formation but may involve intracellular water and electrolyte shifts."}
{"id": "PMID:947305", "title": "Peliosis hepatis in a child.", "content": "Peliosis hepatis, which has previously only been reported in adults, occurred in a chronically ill 11-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis. As in cases in adults, chronic illness, long-term anabolic steroid therapy, and right ventricular congestive failure may well have been the causative factors in this case. Histologically, the phlebectatic and parenchymal types, which were presumed to be separate, were found conjointly in this case. This is compatible with its origin from severe right ventricular congestive failure. The rarity of peliosis, however, indicates that one or more as yet unknown factors might be operative in its development.", "contents": "Peliosis hepatis in a child. Peliosis hepatis, which has previously only been reported in adults, occurred in a chronically ill 11-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis. As in cases in adults, chronic illness, long-term anabolic steroid therapy, and right ventricular congestive failure may well have been the causative factors in this case. Histologically, the phlebectatic and parenchymal types, which were presumed to be separate, were found conjointly in this case. This is compatible with its origin from severe right ventricular congestive failure. The rarity of peliosis, however, indicates that one or more as yet unknown factors might be operative in its development."}
{"id": "PMID:947306", "title": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia.", "content": "Papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a peculiar benign intravascular process that bears a remarkable resemblance to a hemangiosarcoma. In 44 cases of this lesion studied from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the process manifested as a small tumor-like lesion that occurred most frequently in the subcutis of the fingers (14 cases), the head and neck region (ten), and the trunk (seven). Microscopically, the tuft-like or papillary proliferation of endothelial cells was nearly always intimately associated with a thrombus and seemed to represent a peculiar variant of an organizing process. Features that aided in recognition and differential diagnosis from a hemangio-sarcoma included the intraluminal location of the lesion, the absence of tissue necrosis, and the intimate association of the proliferated tuft-like structures with thrombotic material. Follow-up information obtained in 31 cases indicated a benign clinical course despite the sarcoma-like microscopic appearance of this condition.", "contents": "Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a peculiar benign intravascular process that bears a remarkable resemblance to a hemangiosarcoma. In 44 cases of this lesion studied from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the process manifested as a small tumor-like lesion that occurred most frequently in the subcutis of the fingers (14 cases), the head and neck region (ten), and the trunk (seven). Microscopically, the tuft-like or papillary proliferation of endothelial cells was nearly always intimately associated with a thrombus and seemed to represent a peculiar variant of an organizing process. Features that aided in recognition and differential diagnosis from a hemangio-sarcoma included the intraluminal location of the lesion, the absence of tissue necrosis, and the intimate association of the proliferated tuft-like structures with thrombotic material. Follow-up information obtained in 31 cases indicated a benign clinical course despite the sarcoma-like microscopic appearance of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:947309", "title": "Studies on the toxicology of hexachlorobenzene. II. Identification and determination of metabolites.", "content": "Female rats were dosed intraperitoneally with 14C-hexaxhlorobenzene. The drug was administered on 2 or 3 occasions. The total doses amounted to 260 and 390 mg/kg 14C-hexachlorobenzene, respectively. Urine and feces from the animals were collected over a period of 4 weeks after the first injection. Both excreta and some tissues of the animals were examined for their content of radioactivity and for hexachlorobenzene and its metabolites. Gas chromatography, isotope dilution analysis, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify the metabolites of hexachlorobenzene. In urine pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorohydroquinone, and pentachlorothiophenol were present as major metabolites. One of the isomers of tetrachlorothiophenol was present as a minor metabolite. In the feces pentachlorophenol and pentachlorothiophenol only were identified. At the end of the experiment, carbon-14 excreted with urine and feces amounted to 7% and 27%, respectively, of the radioactivity administered. More than 90% of carbon-14 excreted in urine was contained in the major metabolites. In the feces about 30% of the excreted radioactivity was bound to metabolites and about 70% was contained in the unchanged drug, while in the tissues of the animals only pentachlorophenol was detected in measurable amounts, accounting for 10% of label in blood and less than 0.1% of carbon-14 determined in body fat. Total radioactivity contained in the metabolites detected in the animal body and in the excreta at the end of the experiment accounted for about 16% of the administered radioactivity.", "contents": "Studies on the toxicology of hexachlorobenzene. II. Identification and determination of metabolites. Female rats were dosed intraperitoneally with 14C-hexaxhlorobenzene. The drug was administered on 2 or 3 occasions. The total doses amounted to 260 and 390 mg/kg 14C-hexachlorobenzene, respectively. Urine and feces from the animals were collected over a period of 4 weeks after the first injection. Both excreta and some tissues of the animals were examined for their content of radioactivity and for hexachlorobenzene and its metabolites. Gas chromatography, isotope dilution analysis, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify the metabolites of hexachlorobenzene. In urine pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorohydroquinone, and pentachlorothiophenol were present as major metabolites. One of the isomers of tetrachlorothiophenol was present as a minor metabolite. In the feces pentachlorophenol and pentachlorothiophenol only were identified. At the end of the experiment, carbon-14 excreted with urine and feces amounted to 7% and 27%, respectively, of the radioactivity administered. More than 90% of carbon-14 excreted in urine was contained in the major metabolites. In the feces about 30% of the excreted radioactivity was bound to metabolites and about 70% was contained in the unchanged drug, while in the tissues of the animals only pentachlorophenol was detected in measurable amounts, accounting for 10% of label in blood and less than 0.1% of carbon-14 determined in body fat. Total radioactivity contained in the metabolites detected in the animal body and in the excreta at the end of the experiment accounted for about 16% of the administered radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:947310", "title": "Prevention by steroids of cerium hepatotoxicity.", "content": "In female rats, the lethality and hepatotoxicity of cerous chloride (CeCl3) were significantly altered by pretreatment with steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile \"PCN\", dexamethasone, spironolactone, phenobarbital) that stimulate hepatic drug-metabolizine enzyme activity and by estradiol. PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone considerably decreased hepatic triglycerides, but the latter steroid also greatly sensitized the animals to CeCl3 lethality. Spironolactone and phenobarbital similarly lowered the triglyceride level but not significantly. Light and electron microscopy indicated that the hepatocytic damage elicited by CeCl3 was decreased significantly by PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone. The steroids may have altered the distribution and binding of the metal to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) thus protecting these membranes against the effect of cerium.", "contents": "Prevention by steroids of cerium hepatotoxicity. In female rats, the lethality and hepatotoxicity of cerous chloride (CeCl3) were significantly altered by pretreatment with steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile \"PCN\", dexamethasone, spironolactone, phenobarbital) that stimulate hepatic drug-metabolizine enzyme activity and by estradiol. PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone considerably decreased hepatic triglycerides, but the latter steroid also greatly sensitized the animals to CeCl3 lethality. Spironolactone and phenobarbital similarly lowered the triglyceride level but not significantly. Light and electron microscopy indicated that the hepatocytic damage elicited by CeCl3 was decreased significantly by PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone. The steroids may have altered the distribution and binding of the metal to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) thus protecting these membranes against the effect of cerium."}
{"id": "PMID:947311", "title": "delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: effect on macromolecular synthesis in human and other mammalian cells.", "content": "The principal psychoactive component of marihuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. This compound at 10(-5) molar concentration in the medium of human cell cultures appeared to inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by 50, 40, and 30% respectively, as measured by incorporation of radioactive precursors into acid-insoluble cell fractions in human diploid fibroblasts, human neuroblastoma cells, and mouse neuroblastoma cells. While delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited semiconservative DNA synthesis, it had no effect on DNA repair synthesis in human cells as assayed by the photolysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA during repair after ultraviolet radiation damage. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol also had no effect on rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks induced by gamma-rays. The nonspecificity of the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis by delta-9-THC suggested a possible interference with uptake of radioactive precursors. However, experimentation has shown that this depression of macromolecular synthesis cannot be accounted for by reduced transport of radioactive precursors into the cell because the rate of transport of these precursors into the cell is essentially the same in the presence or absence of delta-9-THC. Pool sizes of macromolecular precursors as measured radioisotopically (3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, 14C-leucine) appear to be reduced about 50%, and this reduced pool size could fully account for the reduced macromolecular synthesis seen in the presence of delta-9-THC. We do not know what causes this apparent reduction of pool sizes in the presence of delta-9-THC.", "contents": "delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: effect on macromolecular synthesis in human and other mammalian cells. The principal psychoactive component of marihuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. This compound at 10(-5) molar concentration in the medium of human cell cultures appeared to inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis by 50, 40, and 30% respectively, as measured by incorporation of radioactive precursors into acid-insoluble cell fractions in human diploid fibroblasts, human neuroblastoma cells, and mouse neuroblastoma cells. While delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited semiconservative DNA synthesis, it had no effect on DNA repair synthesis in human cells as assayed by the photolysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA during repair after ultraviolet radiation damage. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol also had no effect on rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks induced by gamma-rays. The nonspecificity of the inhibition of macromolecular synthesis by delta-9-THC suggested a possible interference with uptake of radioactive precursors. However, experimentation has shown that this depression of macromolecular synthesis cannot be accounted for by reduced transport of radioactive precursors into the cell because the rate of transport of these precursors into the cell is essentially the same in the presence or absence of delta-9-THC. Pool sizes of macromolecular precursors as measured radioisotopically (3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine, 14C-leucine) appear to be reduced about 50%, and this reduced pool size could fully account for the reduced macromolecular synthesis seen in the presence of delta-9-THC. We do not know what causes this apparent reduction of pool sizes in the presence of delta-9-THC."}
{"id": "PMID:947312", "title": "Quinine-N-oxide--a urinary component after the consumption of quinine beverages.", "content": "After the consumption of quinine-containing beverages, quinine-N-oxide could be identified in the urine mass spectrometrically. Consequently in the analysis of physiological fluids for drugs not only the drugs themselves must be considered but also their metabolites.", "contents": "Quinine-N-oxide--a urinary component after the consumption of quinine beverages. After the consumption of quinine-containing beverages, quinine-N-oxide could be identified in the urine mass spectrometrically. Consequently in the analysis of physiological fluids for drugs not only the drugs themselves must be considered but also their metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:947313", "title": "[Hexachlorobenzene content in the whole blood of children (author's transl)].", "content": "In the spring of 1975, samples of whole blood of 98 male and 96 female children from Upper Bavaria, of 1-18 years of age, were examined for hexachlorbenzene (HCB) by gas chromatographic methods. All blood samples contained HCB ranging in concentration from 2,6 to 77,9 ppb. The HCB concentration shows a positive, hyperbolic correlation with age, tending toward a limiting value of 22 ppb for boys and 17 ppb for girls. The rate of increase in HCB concentration is inversely proportional to the square of the age. The concentration profile suggests that a substantial amount of HCB apparently starts to show up 9-10 months after birth (environmental effects?). No change in HBC concentration could be found in those children with infectious diseases. Furthermore, regional differences could not be detected, although the impression was that the HCB content was higher in children from rural areas than in children from urban areas.", "contents": "[Hexachlorobenzene content in the whole blood of children (author's transl)]. In the spring of 1975, samples of whole blood of 98 male and 96 female children from Upper Bavaria, of 1-18 years of age, were examined for hexachlorbenzene (HCB) by gas chromatographic methods. All blood samples contained HCB ranging in concentration from 2,6 to 77,9 ppb. The HCB concentration shows a positive, hyperbolic correlation with age, tending toward a limiting value of 22 ppb for boys and 17 ppb for girls. The rate of increase in HCB concentration is inversely proportional to the square of the age. The concentration profile suggests that a substantial amount of HCB apparently starts to show up 9-10 months after birth (environmental effects?). No change in HBC concentration could be found in those children with infectious diseases. Furthermore, regional differences could not be detected, although the impression was that the HCB content was higher in children from rural areas than in children from urban areas."}
{"id": "PMID:947314", "title": "Acute toxicity of bicyclic phosphorus esters.", "content": "The acute toxicity of 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo (2.2.2) octane-1-oxide and 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo (2.2.2) octane has been determined by different routes of application in various species of animals. The compounds stimulate the activity of the central nervous system and are highly toxic. They showed no toxic cumulative effects. The presence of the bicyclic phosphate ester in the combustion products of specific rigid polyurethane foams is discussed. The question is raised whether there may be an additional hazard caused by this combustion product in a real fire situation.", "contents": "Acute toxicity of bicyclic phosphorus esters. The acute toxicity of 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo (2.2.2) octane-1-oxide and 4-ethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo (2.2.2) octane has been determined by different routes of application in various species of animals. The compounds stimulate the activity of the central nervous system and are highly toxic. They showed no toxic cumulative effects. The presence of the bicyclic phosphate ester in the combustion products of specific rigid polyurethane foams is discussed. The question is raised whether there may be an additional hazard caused by this combustion product in a real fire situation."}
{"id": "PMID:947315", "title": "Radioactivity in urine and feces of mink (Mustela vison) treated with [14C] aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Excretion of radioactivity by mink (Mustela vison) during 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of two different amounts of aflatoxin B1 was studied. Male mink that received a single dose of 25 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 89.5% of administered radioactivity (56.8% via feces, 32.7% via urine); whereas female mink excreted an average of 85% (63.6% via feces, 21.4% via urine) of administered radioactivity during the 7-day period. Male and female mink given 150 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 76.9-80.1% of administered radioactivity during the 7 days that followed treatment with toxin. These mink excreted somewhat more of the administered radioactivity in their urine than did the mink that received the lower dose of aflatoxin (37.2 vs. 32.7% for males and 32.7 vs. 21.4% for females). Regardless of sex and dosage of toxin, most of the radioactivity ultimately excreted either through feces or urine appeared in the first 24 h after toxin was administered to mink.", "contents": "Radioactivity in urine and feces of mink (Mustela vison) treated with [14C] aflatoxin B1. Excretion of radioactivity by mink (Mustela vison) during 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of two different amounts of aflatoxin B1 was studied. Male mink that received a single dose of 25 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 89.5% of administered radioactivity (56.8% via feces, 32.7% via urine); whereas female mink excreted an average of 85% (63.6% via feces, 21.4% via urine) of administered radioactivity during the 7-day period. Male and female mink given 150 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 76.9-80.1% of administered radioactivity during the 7 days that followed treatment with toxin. These mink excreted somewhat more of the administered radioactivity in their urine than did the mink that received the lower dose of aflatoxin (37.2 vs. 32.7% for males and 32.7 vs. 21.4% for females). Regardless of sex and dosage of toxin, most of the radioactivity ultimately excreted either through feces or urine appeared in the first 24 h after toxin was administered to mink."}
{"id": "PMID:947316", "title": "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of azinphos-methyl in rats.", "content": "Azinphos-methyl was evaluated for its subchronic inhalation toxicity. The exposure of rats to concentrations of 0.195, 1.24, and 4.72 mg/m3, respectively, for 12 weeks, 6 hrs daily, 5 times weekly, resulted in effects only in those animals which inhaled aerosols of the highest concentration. This group showed a significant depression of the cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocytes. The males of this group had a lower body weight gain. The results are in agreement with the established maximum allowable concentration of 0.2 mg/m3.", "contents": "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of azinphos-methyl in rats. Azinphos-methyl was evaluated for its subchronic inhalation toxicity. The exposure of rats to concentrations of 0.195, 1.24, and 4.72 mg/m3, respectively, for 12 weeks, 6 hrs daily, 5 times weekly, resulted in effects only in those animals which inhaled aerosols of the highest concentration. This group showed a significant depression of the cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocytes. The males of this group had a lower body weight gain. The results are in agreement with the established maximum allowable concentration of 0.2 mg/m3."}
{"id": "PMID:947317", "title": "The subacute and chronic toxicity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, in the rat.", "content": "Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was given to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in drinking water in dosages of approximately 10, 20, and 45 mg/kg/day for 1 year. The surfactant was well tolerated at the two lowest dose levels. At the highest dose level a reduction in body weight was observed. In males the body weight remained reduced throughout the study, but in females the body weight was reduced only during the first 2 months of the study. It was found that food conversion was less efficient in male rats during the first 7 weeks of the study. No compound-related gross pathologic changes were seen on autopsy and no microscopic alterations were found in the wall of stomach and small intestine of treated animals.", "contents": "The subacute and chronic toxicity of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, in the rat. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, was given to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in drinking water in dosages of approximately 10, 20, and 45 mg/kg/day for 1 year. The surfactant was well tolerated at the two lowest dose levels. At the highest dose level a reduction in body weight was observed. In males the body weight remained reduced throughout the study, but in females the body weight was reduced only during the first 2 months of the study. It was found that food conversion was less efficient in male rats during the first 7 weeks of the study. No compound-related gross pathologic changes were seen on autopsy and no microscopic alterations were found in the wall of stomach and small intestine of treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:947318", "title": "Treatment of experimental imipramine and desipramine poisoning in the rat.", "content": "The influence of orally administered activated charcoal on organ concentrations of parenteral imipramine and desipramine was investigated. Ancillary distribution experiments indicated that the gastroenteral cycle of these substances might be more important than the enterohepatic cycle. Nevertheless the effectiveness of repeated activated charcoal dosage in lowering antidepressant concentrations of visceral organs is unpredictable. This is interpreted as a consequence of predominant binding of these drugs in the tissues, in contrast to drugs like acetosal and the barbiturates, which are distributed more evenly in the body water. The conclusion is, that activated charcoal has only limited value as an anitdotal adsorbent in imipramine or desipramine poisoning.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental imipramine and desipramine poisoning in the rat. The influence of orally administered activated charcoal on organ concentrations of parenteral imipramine and desipramine was investigated. Ancillary distribution experiments indicated that the gastroenteral cycle of these substances might be more important than the enterohepatic cycle. Nevertheless the effectiveness of repeated activated charcoal dosage in lowering antidepressant concentrations of visceral organs is unpredictable. This is interpreted as a consequence of predominant binding of these drugs in the tissues, in contrast to drugs like acetosal and the barbiturates, which are distributed more evenly in the body water. The conclusion is, that activated charcoal has only limited value as an anitdotal adsorbent in imipramine or desipramine poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:947319", "title": "Fungal aneurysms of intracranial vessels.", "content": "Intracranial fungal aneurysms arise from major cerebral arteries. Fungi directly invade vessel walls from the luminal surface (fungal emboli) or from the adventitia (fungal meningitis). The vasa vasorum are free of fungi. Aneurysmal rupture is common with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of the surrounding brain. Aspergillus is the usual causative agent; its sources are nasal sinusitis or endocarditis.", "contents": "Fungal aneurysms of intracranial vessels. Intracranial fungal aneurysms arise from major cerebral arteries. Fungi directly invade vessel walls from the luminal surface (fungal emboli) or from the adventitia (fungal meningitis). The vasa vasorum are free of fungi. Aneurysmal rupture is common with extensive hemorrhagic necrosis of the surrounding brain. Aspergillus is the usual causative agent; its sources are nasal sinusitis or endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:947320", "title": "[On the development of oral preparations of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123) (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the broad range of activities in pharmaceutical research, the technological development and analytical evaluation of a new drug formulation represent only one step. The pharmaceutical development of three oral formulations of a combination product containing N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in a 5:1 ratio (investigational drug CN 3123; Nevin; Supristol), which was based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the 2 active substances, is presented. The various chemical and physical tests conducted with the drug formulations are described. The pharmaceutical or in-vitro availabilities (dissolution rate) of the active ingredients were determined by way of release-rate profiles, both of the active ingredients alone and in their final formulations. Also presented are the results of plasma level determinations following oral administration of film-coated tablets and a suspension. Finally, preliminary results of extensive stability tests with the three drug formulations are discussed.", "contents": "[On the development of oral preparations of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123) (author's transl)]. Within the broad range of activities in pharmaceutical research, the technological development and analytical evaluation of a new drug formulation represent only one step. The pharmaceutical development of three oral formulations of a combination product containing N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in a 5:1 ratio (investigational drug CN 3123; Nevin; Supristol), which was based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the 2 active substances, is presented. The various chemical and physical tests conducted with the drug formulations are described. The pharmaceutical or in-vitro availabilities (dissolution rate) of the active ingredients were determined by way of release-rate profiles, both of the active ingredients alone and in their final formulations. Also presented are the results of plasma level determinations following oral administration of film-coated tablets and a suspension. Finally, preliminary results of extensive stability tests with the three drug formulations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947321", "title": "[Antimicrobial action of the combined preparation sulfamoxole/trimethoprim in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of different methods were used to test the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim). 1. The minimum bacteriostatic inhibitory concentratiions of the sulfamoxole/trimethoprim combination (5 + 1) (CN 3123; Nevin; Supristol) were determined for 131 gram-positive and gram-negative strains of bacteria. More than 88% of the strains tested were found to be highly sensitive to the combination (M1C 0.1-3.75 mug/ml). 2. Comparative studies with the combinations sulfamoxole/trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim revealed no relevant differences of the M1C-values. 3. The synergistic effects of sulfamoxole and trimethoprim can be demonstrated with the aid of the agar dilution and agar diffusion tests using various types of bacteria and different ratios of sulfamoxole and trimethoprim. 4. Results obtained by studies on growth kinetics also demonstrate the synergistic and potentiating effect of combining sulfamoxole with trimethoprim and bactericidal properties are achieved.", "contents": "[Antimicrobial action of the combined preparation sulfamoxole/trimethoprim in vitro (author's transl)]. A number of different methods were used to test the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim). 1. The minimum bacteriostatic inhibitory concentratiions of the sulfamoxole/trimethoprim combination (5 + 1) (CN 3123; Nevin; Supristol) were determined for 131 gram-positive and gram-negative strains of bacteria. More than 88% of the strains tested were found to be highly sensitive to the combination (M1C 0.1-3.75 mug/ml). 2. Comparative studies with the combinations sulfamoxole/trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim revealed no relevant differences of the M1C-values. 3. The synergistic effects of sulfamoxole and trimethoprim can be demonstrated with the aid of the agar dilution and agar diffusion tests using various types of bacteria and different ratios of sulfamoxole and trimethoprim. 4. Results obtained by studies on growth kinetics also demonstrate the synergistic and potentiating effect of combining sulfamoxole with trimethoprim and bactericidal properties are achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:947322", "title": "[Experimental studies on the effect of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim on the Toxoplasma infection of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Albino mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii (virulent strain BK) were treated for 20 days with a combination of N1-[4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl]-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in the ratio of 5:1 (trial preparation CN 3123; Nevin, Supristol). By the suitable dosage the mortality rate could be reduced considerably. In contrast to the untreated controls no antibodies were formed. No cysts could be detected in the brains of treated animals. Compared with the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamoxole showed a slightly better effect.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the effect of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim on the Toxoplasma infection of the mouse (author's transl)]. Albino mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii (virulent strain BK) were treated for 20 days with a combination of N1-[4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl]-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in the ratio of 5:1 (trial preparation CN 3123; Nevin, Supristol). By the suitable dosage the mortality rate could be reduced considerably. In contrast to the untreated controls no antibodies were formed. No cysts could be detected in the brains of treated animals. Compared with the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole the combination of trimethoprim/sulfamoxole showed a slightly better effect."}
{"id": "PMID:947323", "title": "[Pharmacological investigations with the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, a new broadspectrum chemotherapeutic agent (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations were conducted with the combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) in a dose ratio of 5:1, with respect to pharmacological activity and possible side effects. The effects obtained with the combination CN 3123 were compared with those of the single substances. In a dose range comparable to that as used in clinical treatment, there were no effects on cardiovascular or respiratory functions, on functions of autonomic and central nervous system, on contractility of smooth muscles and on data of clinical chemistry such as urine and electrolyte excretion, blood sugar, blood coagulation and liver function tests. Doses which are 5 to 10 times higher than the initial dose or 10 to 20 times higher than the maintenance dose used in man caused an increase of urine and sodium excretion without influencing potassium and chloride output. There were no signs of sedation as alteration of motility or EEG patterns, but in mice and rats there was an increase in both duration and depth of anaesthesia caused by barbiturates or ether. Only in a dose range 30 to 40 times higher than the initial dose for man there were some slight alterations with respect to cardiovascular system and liver function tests. In vitro, with high concentrations of CN 3123 there was a weak, unspecific spasmolytic effect on the isolated ureter and an increase in the refractory period of the guinea pig atrium. There were no hints that the side effects seen with separate administration of high or very high doses of sulfamoxole or trimethoprim were increased or poteniated by their simultaneous administration. Slight side effects in animals were only observed with doses exceeding the tenfold of the doses for therapeutic use in men. Therefore, the therapeutic range of CN 3123 seems to be more than adequate.", "contents": "[Pharmacological investigations with the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, a new broadspectrum chemotherapeutic agent (author's transl)]. Investigations were conducted with the combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) in a dose ratio of 5:1, with respect to pharmacological activity and possible side effects. The effects obtained with the combination CN 3123 were compared with those of the single substances. In a dose range comparable to that as used in clinical treatment, there were no effects on cardiovascular or respiratory functions, on functions of autonomic and central nervous system, on contractility of smooth muscles and on data of clinical chemistry such as urine and electrolyte excretion, blood sugar, blood coagulation and liver function tests. Doses which are 5 to 10 times higher than the initial dose or 10 to 20 times higher than the maintenance dose used in man caused an increase of urine and sodium excretion without influencing potassium and chloride output. There were no signs of sedation as alteration of motility or EEG patterns, but in mice and rats there was an increase in both duration and depth of anaesthesia caused by barbiturates or ether. Only in a dose range 30 to 40 times higher than the initial dose for man there were some slight alterations with respect to cardiovascular system and liver function tests. In vitro, with high concentrations of CN 3123 there was a weak, unspecific spasmolytic effect on the isolated ureter and an increase in the refractory period of the guinea pig atrium. There were no hints that the side effects seen with separate administration of high or very high doses of sulfamoxole or trimethoprim were increased or poteniated by their simultaneous administration. Slight side effects in animals were only observed with doses exceeding the tenfold of the doses for therapeutic use in men. Therefore, the therapeutic range of CN 3123 seems to be more than adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:947324", "title": "[Toxicological investigations of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, a new broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemotherapeutically effective 5:1 combination N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) was investigated to determine any evidence of toxicological potentiation or new toxic signs. It was found that CN 3123 had a very low acute toxicity when administered orally to mice, rats and dogs (oral LD50: mouse greater than 12 000 mg/kg; rat greater than 14 000 mg/kg; dog greater than 1000 mg/kg body weight). The combination was also tolerated by rats and dogs in repeated doses administered over a period of 4 or 26 weeks, that greatly exceeded the therapeutic dose. The only change observed occurred in the thyroid, which in all doses administered exhibited a dose-related increase in weight accompanied by histological changes indicating an activation of thyroid function and a hypersecretion of basophilic thyrotropic cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Six weeks after discontinuation of treatment this condition showed a tendency to reversibility or had already returned to normal. In dogs there was a dose-related increase in iodine uptake by the thyroid and a decrease in serum thyroxine over a period of 6 months under the highest dosage of CN 3123 administered. Whereas the thyroid changes observed under the combination could be reproduced with sulfamoxole, no effect on thyroid weight was observed in rats and dogs in the subacute toxicity phase of a comparative investigation with trimethoprim. Moreover, trimethoprim did not increase the effect of sulfamoxole on the thyroid gland. The effect of sulfamoxole on the thyroid is discussed in detail with a review of the literature. It can be characterized as species-specific for sulfonamides in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs but not in monkeys or in man and appears to be caused by the inhibition of the organic binding of iodine in the thyroid, whereby the predisposing factors must vary considerably from species to species. The thyroid hypertrophy observed is due to the activation of the regulatory cycle via the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The following systemic changes occurred after 600 mg CN 3123/kg, a lethal-toxic dosage and the highest administered in the study: reduced body weight, decreased food consumption leading to cachexia, slightly increased SGPT and alkaline phosphatase, slight thrombocyte depression, enlargement and increased fatty degeneration of the liver, occurrence of necrotic areas in the liver, hemosiderin accumulation in Kupffer's cells, and an increase of reticular cells in the spleen. The acute toxicity of CN 3123 and all major functional and histological changes under repeated administration were due exclusively to sulfamoxole. The combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim gives no indication of toxicological potentiation or new toxic signs.", "contents": "[Toxicological investigations of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim, a new broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic (author's transl)]. The chemotherapeutically effective 5:1 combination N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) was investigated to determine any evidence of toxicological potentiation or new toxic signs. It was found that CN 3123 had a very low acute toxicity when administered orally to mice, rats and dogs (oral LD50: mouse greater than 12 000 mg/kg; rat greater than 14 000 mg/kg; dog greater than 1000 mg/kg body weight). The combination was also tolerated by rats and dogs in repeated doses administered over a period of 4 or 26 weeks, that greatly exceeded the therapeutic dose. The only change observed occurred in the thyroid, which in all doses administered exhibited a dose-related increase in weight accompanied by histological changes indicating an activation of thyroid function and a hypersecretion of basophilic thyrotropic cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary. Six weeks after discontinuation of treatment this condition showed a tendency to reversibility or had already returned to normal. In dogs there was a dose-related increase in iodine uptake by the thyroid and a decrease in serum thyroxine over a period of 6 months under the highest dosage of CN 3123 administered. Whereas the thyroid changes observed under the combination could be reproduced with sulfamoxole, no effect on thyroid weight was observed in rats and dogs in the subacute toxicity phase of a comparative investigation with trimethoprim. Moreover, trimethoprim did not increase the effect of sulfamoxole on the thyroid gland. The effect of sulfamoxole on the thyroid is discussed in detail with a review of the literature. It can be characterized as species-specific for sulfonamides in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs but not in monkeys or in man and appears to be caused by the inhibition of the organic binding of iodine in the thyroid, whereby the predisposing factors must vary considerably from species to species. The thyroid hypertrophy observed is due to the activation of the regulatory cycle via the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The following systemic changes occurred after 600 mg CN 3123/kg, a lethal-toxic dosage and the highest administered in the study: reduced body weight, decreased food consumption leading to cachexia, slightly increased SGPT and alkaline phosphatase, slight thrombocyte depression, enlargement and increased fatty degeneration of the liver, occurrence of necrotic areas in the liver, hemosiderin accumulation in Kupffer's cells, and an increase of reticular cells in the spleen. The acute toxicity of CN 3123 and all major functional and histological changes under repeated administration were due exclusively to sulfamoxole. The combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim gives no indication of toxicological potentiation or new toxic signs."}
{"id": "PMID:947325", "title": "[Investigations on the effect of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim on fertility and fetal development in rats and rabbits (author's tranls)].", "content": "The chemotherapeutically active combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in a dose ratio of 5:1 (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) was investigated, with respect to teratogenicity, effects on fertility and reproduction and influence on peri- and post-natal development. Experiments with the combination and partly with the single substances were done on Sprague-Dawly and Wistar rats and on rabbits (New Zealand White). With regard to the known effects of trimethoprim in this field--fetal malformations typical of those caused by folic acid antagonists--it was to clarify whether or not potentiation phenomena or new toxic effects occur with the combination. The results were as follows: 1. CN 3123 is teratogenically and fetotoxically active when given in very high doses to pregnant rats and rabbits during the critical phase of organogenesis (day 8-15 of pregnancy in rats, day 8-14 in rabbits). There were malformations, decrease in the number of pups and an increase in the number of absorption sites. Litter size and litter weight were reduced. The malformations observed were cleft palates, rarely cleft lips, micrognathies and shortening of limbs. Doses up to 180 mg/kg CN 3123, corresponding to more than tenfold the daily maintenance dose in man, were without any effects on all parameters observed. Toxic effects were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose level of 420 mg/kg and in Wistar rats with 600 mg/kg, corresponding to the effects seen following 100 mg/kg of trimethoprim alone. Sulfamoxole in the corresponding dose of 500 mg/kg caused no embryotoxic effects in the rat. In rabbits 600 mg/kg CN 3123 induced no malformations but increased fetal loss. Therefore it can be concluded, that the teratogenic and fetotoxic effects seen with high doses of CN 3123 are due to the amount of trimethoprim in the combination. The observed effects with the combination are quantitatively related to those seen with trimethoprim. 2. CN 3123 in high doses which are teratogenic also provoked a reduction of growth of the animals. Food consumption and weight gain were reduced in dams with 420 and 600 mg/kg CN 3123. In this dose range the pup weights and the weight gain of the offspring of dams with continued dosing during lactation were also reduced. Variation rate including retardations was increased. The depressing effect of CN 3123 in high doses on food consumption and weight gain is known from long-term toxicological studies previously described [7]. 3. CN 3123 even with high doses has no effects on the fertility of male and female rats. The number of corpora lutea and implantations and also the pregnancy rate were unaffected when either the female or the male rats used for mating had been treated. There was also no influence on mating activity of the male animals treated. 4. According to the results of the fertility study with treatment of the male rats for a period of ten weeks or more there were no signs of mutagenic effects due to CN 3123.", "contents": "[Investigations on the effect of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim on fertility and fetal development in rats and rabbits (author's tranls)]. The chemotherapeutically active combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) in a dose ratio of 5:1 (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) was investigated, with respect to teratogenicity, effects on fertility and reproduction and influence on peri- and post-natal development. Experiments with the combination and partly with the single substances were done on Sprague-Dawly and Wistar rats and on rabbits (New Zealand White). With regard to the known effects of trimethoprim in this field--fetal malformations typical of those caused by folic acid antagonists--it was to clarify whether or not potentiation phenomena or new toxic effects occur with the combination. The results were as follows: 1. CN 3123 is teratogenically and fetotoxically active when given in very high doses to pregnant rats and rabbits during the critical phase of organogenesis (day 8-15 of pregnancy in rats, day 8-14 in rabbits). There were malformations, decrease in the number of pups and an increase in the number of absorption sites. Litter size and litter weight were reduced. The malformations observed were cleft palates, rarely cleft lips, micrognathies and shortening of limbs. Doses up to 180 mg/kg CN 3123, corresponding to more than tenfold the daily maintenance dose in man, were without any effects on all parameters observed. Toxic effects were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose level of 420 mg/kg and in Wistar rats with 600 mg/kg, corresponding to the effects seen following 100 mg/kg of trimethoprim alone. Sulfamoxole in the corresponding dose of 500 mg/kg caused no embryotoxic effects in the rat. In rabbits 600 mg/kg CN 3123 induced no malformations but increased fetal loss. Therefore it can be concluded, that the teratogenic and fetotoxic effects seen with high doses of CN 3123 are due to the amount of trimethoprim in the combination. The observed effects with the combination are quantitatively related to those seen with trimethoprim. 2. CN 3123 in high doses which are teratogenic also provoked a reduction of growth of the animals. Food consumption and weight gain were reduced in dams with 420 and 600 mg/kg CN 3123. In this dose range the pup weights and the weight gain of the offspring of dams with continued dosing during lactation were also reduced. Variation rate including retardations was increased. The depressing effect of CN 3123 in high doses on food consumption and weight gain is known from long-term toxicological studies previously described [7]. 3. CN 3123 even with high doses has no effects on the fertility of male and female rats. The number of corpora lutea and implantations and also the pregnancy rate were unaffected when either the female or the male rats used for mating had been treated. There was also no influence on mating activity of the male animals treated. 4. According to the results of the fertility study with treatment of the male rats for a period of ten weeks or more there were no signs of mutagenic effects due to CN 3123."}
{"id": "PMID:947326", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic studies with the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim in animals and men (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the 5:1 combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (thrimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) corresponds to the well known data of the single substances. Investigations on blood level, concentration in plasma water and excretion via urine and bile were done on experimental animals and with therapeutic dosage (single and repeated administration) on men. There were no alterations of the kinetics of the single substances due to drug interaction during simultaneous administration, neither qualitatively nor quantitatively. The dosage schedule elaborated is as follows: dosage interval=12 h, ratio initial dose: maintenance dose=2:1. For adults this regimen with a maintenance dose of 400 mg sulfamoxole and 80 mg trimethoprim results in a steady state of the minimal concentrations immediately before the following dose. These minimal concentrations in plasma water exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations determined in vitro for most pathogens by several times.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic studies with the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim in animals and men (author's transl)]. The pharmacokinetics of the 5:1 combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (thrimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) corresponds to the well known data of the single substances. Investigations on blood level, concentration in plasma water and excretion via urine and bile were done on experimental animals and with therapeutic dosage (single and repeated administration) on men. There were no alterations of the kinetics of the single substances due to drug interaction during simultaneous administration, neither qualitatively nor quantitatively. The dosage schedule elaborated is as follows: dosage interval=12 h, ratio initial dose: maintenance dose=2:1. For adults this regimen with a maintenance dose of 400 mg sulfamoxole and 80 mg trimethoprim results in a steady state of the minimal concentrations immediately before the following dose. These minimal concentrations in plasma water exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations determined in vitro for most pathogens by several times."}
{"id": "PMID:947327", "title": "[Studies on the antibacterial activity of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123) (author's transl)].", "content": "After giving a survey on the situation of antibiotic resistance in the region of Northern Bavaria during 1973/74 and comparing the activity of a sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) trimethoprim (TMP) combination to other commonly used antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, the results of tests with the new combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide) (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) at a ratio of 5:1 (CN 3123; Nevin, Supristol) are compared to those of tests with TMP/SMZ. This was done by correlating the inhibition zone diameters and, on the other hand, by referring to a great number of sensitivity evaluations in routine diagnostic tests. According to the size of the inhibition zone, CN 3123 showed a somewhat greater activity on Enterococcus (fecal streptococci), Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes, whereas the TPM/SMZ combination had apparently a stronger antibacterial effect in vitro against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Achromobacter-group. Analysis of sensitivity readings from routine diagnosis demonstrated accordance of CN 3123 with TMP/SMZ in 92.6% (first series) and 94.2% (second series), respectively. These results should be considered critically in view of the manifold factors which influence sensitivity tests in the agar diffusion method.", "contents": "[Studies on the antibacterial activity of the combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123) (author's transl)]. After giving a survey on the situation of antibiotic resistance in the region of Northern Bavaria during 1973/74 and comparing the activity of a sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) trimethoprim (TMP) combination to other commonly used antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents, the results of tests with the new combination of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide) (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) at a ratio of 5:1 (CN 3123; Nevin, Supristol) are compared to those of tests with TMP/SMZ. This was done by correlating the inhibition zone diameters and, on the other hand, by referring to a great number of sensitivity evaluations in routine diagnostic tests. According to the size of the inhibition zone, CN 3123 showed a somewhat greater activity on Enterococcus (fecal streptococci), Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes, whereas the TPM/SMZ combination had apparently a stronger antibacterial effect in vitro against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and the Achromobacter-group. Analysis of sensitivity readings from routine diagnosis demonstrated accordance of CN 3123 with TMP/SMZ in 92.6% (first series) and 94.2% (second series), respectively. These results should be considered critically in view of the manifold factors which influence sensitivity tests in the agar diffusion method."}
{"id": "PMID:947328", "title": "[Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123). 2. Results of a multicenter clinical trial of CN 3123 in infections of the kidneys and urinary tract].", "content": "During the clinical trial of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) results from 925 treated cases of bacterial infections of the urinary organs were documented. The analysis revealed the following conclusions: 1. On the basis of all the assessable cases, there was no clinical effect in less than 10% of patients and no bacteriological effect in only 13% of patients. The therapeutic response was clinically good in 76% and bacteriologically good in 68% of the patients. The rest of the patients showed a fair clinical response, that is to say they showed a definite improvement in the clinical picture, or some bacteriological response, i.e. a definite reduction in the organism counts or, in mixed infections, not all the strains of pathogen were eradicated. 2. There was a higher success rate in acute urinary tract infections which had not previously been treated than in chronic or previously treated cases. 3. The therapeutic results in the principal indications were as follows: Pyelonephritis: 73.9% good and 16.5% fair effect clinically; 63.6% good and 21.6% some effect bacteriologically. Pyelitis: 81.1% good and 18.9% fair effect clinically; 70.4% good and 25.9% some effect bacteriologically. Cystitis: 81.3% good and 8.6% fair effect clinically; 68.9% good and 17.6% some effect bacteriologically. Postoperative urinary tract infections: 98% good effect clinically and bacteriologically. Infections of the urinary organs (not specified in more detail): 71.8% good and 16.1% fair effect clinically; 65.0% good and 18.8% some effect bacteriologically.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprim (CN 3123). 2. Results of a multicenter clinical trial of CN 3123 in infections of the kidneys and urinary tract]. During the clinical trial of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Nevin, Supristol) results from 925 treated cases of bacterial infections of the urinary organs were documented. The analysis revealed the following conclusions: 1. On the basis of all the assessable cases, there was no clinical effect in less than 10% of patients and no bacteriological effect in only 13% of patients. The therapeutic response was clinically good in 76% and bacteriologically good in 68% of the patients. The rest of the patients showed a fair clinical response, that is to say they showed a definite improvement in the clinical picture, or some bacteriological response, i.e. a definite reduction in the organism counts or, in mixed infections, not all the strains of pathogen were eradicated. 2. There was a higher success rate in acute urinary tract infections which had not previously been treated than in chronic or previously treated cases. 3. The therapeutic results in the principal indications were as follows: Pyelonephritis: 73.9% good and 16.5% fair effect clinically; 63.6% good and 21.6% some effect bacteriologically. Pyelitis: 81.1% good and 18.9% fair effect clinically; 70.4% good and 25.9% some effect bacteriologically. Cystitis: 81.3% good and 8.6% fair effect clinically; 68.9% good and 17.6% some effect bacteriologically. Postoperative urinary tract infections: 98% good effect clinically and bacteriologically. Infections of the urinary organs (not specified in more detail): 71.8% good and 16.1% fair effect clinically; 65.0% good and 18.8% some effect bacteriologically."}
{"id": "PMID:947331", "title": "Observations on autoregulation in skeletal muscle: the effects of arterial hypoxia.", "content": "Autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle, as manifested by steady-state resistance changes, has been shown to be present in the low range of perfusion pressure but has been demonstrated by some observers to be lacking at higher perfusion pressures. Transient responses have often been neglected or observed only qualitatively in analyses of autoregulation. The present study was undertaken (1) to determine the relative importance of steady-state and transient responses in flow in demonstrating autoregulation of blood flow over a broad range of perfusion pressures, (2) to establish a means of quantitating autoregulation, and (3) to observe the effect of hypoxia on autoregulation. In isolated, perfused canine gracilis muscle, perfusion pressure was increased and subsequently returned to baseline (9.7 +/- 0.13 kPa [73 +/- 1 mmHg]) during perfusion with normally oxygenated blood (PO2 = 9.3-13.3 kPa [70-100 mmHg]), and mildly (PO2 = 6.1-9.2 kPa [46-69 mmHg]), moderately (PO2 = 4.5-6.0 kPa [34-45 mmHg]), or severely (PO2 = 2.7-4.4kPa [20-33 mmHg]) hypoxic blood. Consistent with other studies canine gracilis muscle was often found to possess passive vascular responses when only steady-state parameters were considered. However, quantitation of the transient response in flow with step increases in perfusion pressure demonstrated substantial transient responses under conditions of normal oxygenation, and progressive attenuation of flow transients with increasing hypoxia.", "contents": "Observations on autoregulation in skeletal muscle: the effects of arterial hypoxia. Autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle, as manifested by steady-state resistance changes, has been shown to be present in the low range of perfusion pressure but has been demonstrated by some observers to be lacking at higher perfusion pressures. Transient responses have often been neglected or observed only qualitatively in analyses of autoregulation. The present study was undertaken (1) to determine the relative importance of steady-state and transient responses in flow in demonstrating autoregulation of blood flow over a broad range of perfusion pressures, (2) to establish a means of quantitating autoregulation, and (3) to observe the effect of hypoxia on autoregulation. In isolated, perfused canine gracilis muscle, perfusion pressure was increased and subsequently returned to baseline (9.7 +/- 0.13 kPa [73 +/- 1 mmHg]) during perfusion with normally oxygenated blood (PO2 = 9.3-13.3 kPa [70-100 mmHg]), and mildly (PO2 = 6.1-9.2 kPa [46-69 mmHg]), moderately (PO2 = 4.5-6.0 kPa [34-45 mmHg]), or severely (PO2 = 2.7-4.4kPa [20-33 mmHg]) hypoxic blood. Consistent with other studies canine gracilis muscle was often found to possess passive vascular responses when only steady-state parameters were considered. However, quantitation of the transient response in flow with step increases in perfusion pressure demonstrated substantial transient responses under conditions of normal oxygenation, and progressive attenuation of flow transients with increasing hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:947332", "title": "Effects of dichloroacetate on myocardial substrate extraction, epicardial ST-segment elevation, and ventricular blood flow following coronary occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Glucose metabolism in the healthy heart is stimulated by dichloroacetate (DCA). The possibility has been examined in dogs that DCA, by increasing glucose utilization, might limit the severity of acute myocardial ischaemic injury. Intravenous administration of DCA reduced the degree of epicardial ST-segment elevation induced by subsequent coronary occlusion, both under basal conditions and during isoprenaline infusion. A similar result was obtained when DCA was given during an established coronary occlusion. This effect could not be explained by changes in mean aortic blood pressure, heart rate, or regional myocardial blood flow as measured by radioactive microspheres. Measurements in arterial and coronary sinus blood demonstrated an increase in the extraction of glucose and a decrease in that of FFA by the heart. Glucose extraction also tended to be increased in the ischaemic zone, as shown by the differences in the concentrations of these substrates between arterial blood and blood obtained from the local vein draining that zone. Lactate release by the ischaemic zone was markedly reduced.", "contents": "Effects of dichloroacetate on myocardial substrate extraction, epicardial ST-segment elevation, and ventricular blood flow following coronary occlusion in dogs. Glucose metabolism in the healthy heart is stimulated by dichloroacetate (DCA). The possibility has been examined in dogs that DCA, by increasing glucose utilization, might limit the severity of acute myocardial ischaemic injury. Intravenous administration of DCA reduced the degree of epicardial ST-segment elevation induced by subsequent coronary occlusion, both under basal conditions and during isoprenaline infusion. A similar result was obtained when DCA was given during an established coronary occlusion. This effect could not be explained by changes in mean aortic blood pressure, heart rate, or regional myocardial blood flow as measured by radioactive microspheres. Measurements in arterial and coronary sinus blood demonstrated an increase in the extraction of glucose and a decrease in that of FFA by the heart. Glucose extraction also tended to be increased in the ischaemic zone, as shown by the differences in the concentrations of these substrates between arterial blood and blood obtained from the local vein draining that zone. Lactate release by the ischaemic zone was markedly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:947333", "title": "Effects of hypertension on the static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta.", "content": "The contributions of the relative radius, relative wall thickness, incremental strain, incremental elastic modulus, and medial scleroprotein content to the static elastic properties of the rat aortic wall have been examined in three groups of rats. Controls, rats made hypertensive at four weeks of age, and rats whose blood pressure was lowered after 6 weeks hypertension, were studied. The results show evidence of adaptive changes in the aorta of hypertensive animals, and that irreversible alterations in the mechanical properties of the wall may be induced by a brief period of hypertension. A direct relationship between aortic medial scleroprotein content and the elastic properties of the wall is demonstrated.", "contents": "Effects of hypertension on the static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta. The contributions of the relative radius, relative wall thickness, incremental strain, incremental elastic modulus, and medial scleroprotein content to the static elastic properties of the rat aortic wall have been examined in three groups of rats. Controls, rats made hypertensive at four weeks of age, and rats whose blood pressure was lowered after 6 weeks hypertension, were studied. The results show evidence of adaptive changes in the aorta of hypertensive animals, and that irreversible alterations in the mechanical properties of the wall may be induced by a brief period of hypertension. A direct relationship between aortic medial scleroprotein content and the elastic properties of the wall is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947334", "title": "Time course of changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold in myocardial infarction: characteristics of acute and slow occlusion with respect to the collateral vessels of the heart.", "content": "The time course of the changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was determined in 28 dogs by means of electrical stimulation, triggered from the R wave, with DC square wave pulse series (of 140 ms duration) inserted into the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. After acute coronary occlusion there was a sudden decrease in the VFT followed by a slow increase such that 30 min after the ligation pre-occlusion values of VFT were reached. The magnitude of the decrease in VFT depended upon the collateral blood supply. There were no other changes in VFT during the remaining course of the experiment. Following slow coronary occlusion the first arrhythmic phase was not detectable. Any decreases in VFT that occurred were smaller and of shorter duration than those occurring after acute occlusion and were independent of the extent of the collateral blood supply.", "contents": "Time course of changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold in myocardial infarction: characteristics of acute and slow occlusion with respect to the collateral vessels of the heart. The time course of the changes in ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was determined in 28 dogs by means of electrical stimulation, triggered from the R wave, with DC square wave pulse series (of 140 ms duration) inserted into the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. After acute coronary occlusion there was a sudden decrease in the VFT followed by a slow increase such that 30 min after the ligation pre-occlusion values of VFT were reached. The magnitude of the decrease in VFT depended upon the collateral blood supply. There were no other changes in VFT during the remaining course of the experiment. Following slow coronary occlusion the first arrhythmic phase was not detectable. Any decreases in VFT that occurred were smaller and of shorter duration than those occurring after acute occlusion and were independent of the extent of the collateral blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:947335", "title": "Alterations of the Frank orthogonal scalar leads induced by anaphylactic shock in the rabbit.", "content": "The anaphylactic shock of the rabbit is characterized by an acute right ventricular overload, accompanied by severe alterations of cardiac electrogenesis. During shock, the mean QRS vector, as measured from the algebraic sum of the Q, R, and S deflections on the three leads, shifts to the right, inferiorly and anteriorly. An injury current quickly appears. The TQ vector points away from the right ventricle. A progressive depolarization on the right ventricular wall is displayed by suction electrodes and the suppression of right ventricular hypertension by a cross circulation produces an almost immediate disappearance of the injury current. The geneses of these electrical alterations are briefly discussed. The possibility of an anaphylactic reaction at the level of the coronary arterial wall, previously mentioned in the literature, seems unlikely. The role of the haemodynamic changes and of the increased right ventricular blood pool is thought to be predominant.", "contents": "Alterations of the Frank orthogonal scalar leads induced by anaphylactic shock in the rabbit. The anaphylactic shock of the rabbit is characterized by an acute right ventricular overload, accompanied by severe alterations of cardiac electrogenesis. During shock, the mean QRS vector, as measured from the algebraic sum of the Q, R, and S deflections on the three leads, shifts to the right, inferiorly and anteriorly. An injury current quickly appears. The TQ vector points away from the right ventricle. A progressive depolarization on the right ventricular wall is displayed by suction electrodes and the suppression of right ventricular hypertension by a cross circulation produces an almost immediate disappearance of the injury current. The geneses of these electrical alterations are briefly discussed. The possibility of an anaphylactic reaction at the level of the coronary arterial wall, previously mentioned in the literature, seems unlikely. The role of the haemodynamic changes and of the increased right ventricular blood pool is thought to be predominant."}
{"id": "PMID:947336", "title": "Influence of myocardial mechanical activity and coronary blood flow on myocardial digoxin uptake.", "content": "The myocardial content of digoxin 60 min after intravenous administration in open-chest dogs correlated with heart rate controlled in individual dogs between 64 and 215 beats/min. In other dogs, increasing right ventricular mechanical work by constriction of the pulmonary artery resulted in greater right ventricular digoxin uptake. Increase in myocardial blood flow per se could not explain these findings since, in further dogs, increasing regional myocardial blood flow by adenosine infusion did not much affect digoxin uptake. Active uptake of cardiac glycosides is probably influenced by myocardial mechanical and metabolic activity.", "contents": "Influence of myocardial mechanical activity and coronary blood flow on myocardial digoxin uptake. The myocardial content of digoxin 60 min after intravenous administration in open-chest dogs correlated with heart rate controlled in individual dogs between 64 and 215 beats/min. In other dogs, increasing right ventricular mechanical work by constriction of the pulmonary artery resulted in greater right ventricular digoxin uptake. Increase in myocardial blood flow per se could not explain these findings since, in further dogs, increasing regional myocardial blood flow by adenosine infusion did not much affect digoxin uptake. Active uptake of cardiac glycosides is probably influenced by myocardial mechanical and metabolic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947337", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output and its distribution with microspheres in the rat.", "content": "The radioactive microsphere method was used to estimate simultaneoulsy the cardiac output and its distribution in the same rat by the use of an arterial reference sample obtained during microsphere distribution. Sufficient microspheres were injected so that all counted samples contained more than 400 spheres. No haemodynamic changes occurred during microsphere injection. The results for cardiac output of 253 +/- 11 ml/min per kg body weight agree with published estimates utilizing other techniques. The distribution of cardiac output also agrees with most published reports. This method should allow the rat to be conveniently used for certain haemodynamic studies when cardiac output and organ blood flow are necessary.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of cardiac output and its distribution with microspheres in the rat. The radioactive microsphere method was used to estimate simultaneoulsy the cardiac output and its distribution in the same rat by the use of an arterial reference sample obtained during microsphere distribution. Sufficient microspheres were injected so that all counted samples contained more than 400 spheres. No haemodynamic changes occurred during microsphere injection. The results for cardiac output of 253 +/- 11 ml/min per kg body weight agree with published estimates utilizing other techniques. The distribution of cardiac output also agrees with most published reports. This method should allow the rat to be conveniently used for certain haemodynamic studies when cardiac output and organ blood flow are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:947338", "title": "Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in dogs using a catheter semiconductor radiation detector.", "content": "Simultaneous total left coronary and regional myocardial blood flow were measured by injecting 85Kr into the left coronary artery and recording its clearance using a precordial gamma detector and a catheter tip beta detector (CASRAD) placed directly on selected regions of the myocardium. There were no significant differences between total left coronary (175 ml-100 g-1/min) measured by the precordial gamma detection and regional myocardial blood flow (183 ml-100 g-1/min) determined in the area of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by the beta detector in five open chest dogs. After ligation of the LAD regional clearance of 85Kr ceased in the area of myocardium distal to the ligation while total coronary blood flow decreased only slightly from 152 to 126 ml-100 g-1/min. Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow by CASRAD may be of value in determining the extent of myocardial ischaemia in experimental animals and assessing the effect of therapeutic interventions.", "contents": "Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow in dogs using a catheter semiconductor radiation detector. Simultaneous total left coronary and regional myocardial blood flow were measured by injecting 85Kr into the left coronary artery and recording its clearance using a precordial gamma detector and a catheter tip beta detector (CASRAD) placed directly on selected regions of the myocardium. There were no significant differences between total left coronary (175 ml-100 g-1/min) measured by the precordial gamma detection and regional myocardial blood flow (183 ml-100 g-1/min) determined in the area of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by the beta detector in five open chest dogs. After ligation of the LAD regional clearance of 85Kr ceased in the area of myocardium distal to the ligation while total coronary blood flow decreased only slightly from 152 to 126 ml-100 g-1/min. Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow by CASRAD may be of value in determining the extent of myocardial ischaemia in experimental animals and assessing the effect of therapeutic interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:947339", "title": "[Education in health sciences and medical care: analysis of their interrelations].", "content": "The article analyzes the systems of training and using manpower. It also points up the varied and complicated aspects of the interaction of the two systems. The author claims that the data he provides make it possible to analyze them in depth and to map out operational approaches and feasible action lines. He makes interesting suggestions about the points to be taken into account in designing a strategy for health manpower planning.", "contents": "[Education in health sciences and medical care: analysis of their interrelations]. The article analyzes the systems of training and using manpower. It also points up the varied and complicated aspects of the interaction of the two systems. The author claims that the data he provides make it possible to analyze them in depth and to map out operational approaches and feasible action lines. He makes interesting suggestions about the points to be taken into account in designing a strategy for health manpower planning."}
{"id": "PMID:947340", "title": "[Method for analyzing and estimating human resources for maternal and child care programs].", "content": "This report described the version of the Human Resources Analysis and Estimation Method (MAERH) that was specially devised for analyzing maternal and child health and family planning personnel (the MAERH/AMI/1 version). The general features of the method are presented and its ability to analyze health programs and to estimate the human resources needed is emphasized. In addition, the operation and use of the method, its advantages and short-comings, as well as its development and possible adaptation to wider-ranging or more specific problems are described. Finally, the results obtained in the maternal and child health area of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, are presented to exemplify the use of the method.", "contents": "[Method for analyzing and estimating human resources for maternal and child care programs]. This report described the version of the Human Resources Analysis and Estimation Method (MAERH) that was specially devised for analyzing maternal and child health and family planning personnel (the MAERH/AMI/1 version). The general features of the method are presented and its ability to analyze health programs and to estimate the human resources needed is emphasized. In addition, the operation and use of the method, its advantages and short-comings, as well as its development and possible adaptation to wider-ranging or more specific problems are described. Finally, the results obtained in the maternal and child health area of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, are presented to exemplify the use of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:947341", "title": "[Distribution of physicians in Costa Rica].", "content": "This article provides detailed information on the location of medical practitioners of Costa Rica by rural and urban area and by province, further broken down by medical specialty and place of practice. The data were obtained from a survey made from 1967 through 1975. The authors emphasize the apparent close correlation between the development of health institutions, the characteristics of the health care given the population, and the level of economic development of a country.", "contents": "[Distribution of physicians in Costa Rica]. This article provides detailed information on the location of medical practitioners of Costa Rica by rural and urban area and by province, further broken down by medical specialty and place of practice. The data were obtained from a survey made from 1967 through 1975. The authors emphasize the apparent close correlation between the development of health institutions, the characteristics of the health care given the population, and the level of economic development of a country."}
{"id": "PMID:947342", "title": "[Community health technical personnel].", "content": "In this article the author describes his experience in training community health officers at the Community Health School of the State of Mexico. She presents her views on the training of this type of personnel to work in the rural areas of developing countries; described the fundamental characteristics of their training and the methods used; and indicates the difficulties encountered by the first graduates of the above-mentioned School when they took up their duties.", "contents": "[Community health technical personnel]. In this article the author describes his experience in training community health officers at the Community Health School of the State of Mexico. She presents her views on the training of this type of personnel to work in the rural areas of developing countries; described the fundamental characteristics of their training and the methods used; and indicates the difficulties encountered by the first graduates of the above-mentioned School when they took up their duties."}
{"id": "PMID:947347", "title": "Blood fibrinolytic activity during major surgery in unsupplemented glucocorticoid-treated patients.", "content": "Blood clot lysis time (BLT) and plasma cortisol concentration were measured during major abdominal surgery in 15 unsupplemented glucocorticoid-treated patients. Eight patients showed an impaired cortisol response and seven patients had normal cortisol concentrations when compared with the cortisol response of 23 control patients with normal pituitary-adrenal function. There was no statistically significant difference between variations of BLT in the group of patients with impaired cortisol response and patients with normal cortisol concentrations. It is concluded that stress-induced activation of blood fibrinolysis is coincidental with, but independent of, adrenocortical activity.", "contents": "Blood fibrinolytic activity during major surgery in unsupplemented glucocorticoid-treated patients. Blood clot lysis time (BLT) and plasma cortisol concentration were measured during major abdominal surgery in 15 unsupplemented glucocorticoid-treated patients. Eight patients showed an impaired cortisol response and seven patients had normal cortisol concentrations when compared with the cortisol response of 23 control patients with normal pituitary-adrenal function. There was no statistically significant difference between variations of BLT in the group of patients with impaired cortisol response and patients with normal cortisol concentrations. It is concluded that stress-induced activation of blood fibrinolysis is coincidental with, but independent of, adrenocortical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947358", "title": "Energy transfer in photosynthesis.", "content": "A theoretical model is presented to account for the physical mechanism of energy transfer from antenna molecules to the reaction centers in photosynthesis. The energy transfer is described by a generalized transport equation or \"master equation\". The solution of this equation for the proposed model gives a relationship between the antennae interaction energy and the transfer rate. The results are shown to be in agreement with inter-antenna transfer rates calculated from experimental fluorescence lifetimes. Previous theories were based either on the F\u00f6rster mechanism, which is valid for very small interaction energies, or an exciton model valid for very large interactions, but experimental results seemed to indicate that the actual situation was intermediate between these two. The F\u00f6rster theory and the exciton model are limiting cases of the master equation.", "contents": "Energy transfer in photosynthesis. A theoretical model is presented to account for the physical mechanism of energy transfer from antenna molecules to the reaction centers in photosynthesis. The energy transfer is described by a generalized transport equation or \"master equation\". The solution of this equation for the proposed model gives a relationship between the antennae interaction energy and the transfer rate. The results are shown to be in agreement with inter-antenna transfer rates calculated from experimental fluorescence lifetimes. Previous theories were based either on the F\u00f6rster mechanism, which is valid for very small interaction energies, or an exciton model valid for very large interactions, but experimental results seemed to indicate that the actual situation was intermediate between these two. The F\u00f6rster theory and the exciton model are limiting cases of the master equation."}
{"id": "PMID:947359", "title": "Spectral properties of system I-deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Possible occurrence of uphill energy transfer.", "content": "Chlamydomonas reinhardi mutants lacking the P-700-chlorophyll alpha-protein complex CPl, lack as well the long wavelength forms of chlorophyll Ca 691 and Ca 704 normally present in the absorption spectrum at -196 degrees C. These mutants do not display the 715 nm peak in the fluorescence emission spectrum at -196 degrees C. Studies of the System II action spectrum of one such mutant show an increase in the optical cross-section of the System II centers around 685 nm. This is interpreted as an energy transfer from pigment System I to pigment System II occurring in the mutant.", "contents": "Spectral properties of system I-deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Possible occurrence of uphill energy transfer. Chlamydomonas reinhardi mutants lacking the P-700-chlorophyll alpha-protein complex CPl, lack as well the long wavelength forms of chlorophyll Ca 691 and Ca 704 normally present in the absorption spectrum at -196 degrees C. These mutants do not display the 715 nm peak in the fluorescence emission spectrum at -196 degrees C. Studies of the System II action spectrum of one such mutant show an increase in the optical cross-section of the System II centers around 685 nm. This is interpreted as an energy transfer from pigment System I to pigment System II occurring in the mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:947360", "title": "Iodination of chloroplasts. I. Properties of iodinated chloroplasts.", "content": "Spinach chloroplasts exposed to iodide can be washed free of the bulk of the iodide. In the presence of lactoperoxidase and H2O2, iodide can be introduced into chloroplasts in high amounts and in non diffusible forms. The resultant particles, which have been named iodochloroplasts, extrude their iodide upon stimulation by light. The form and the amount of extruded iodide bears a definite relationship to the amount of incident light. A flash of marginally effective light is additive to the next such flash even after a lapse of 10 min of darkness. These and other properties of iodochloroplasts may make them of great use in the study of intermediate reactions of photosynthesis.", "contents": "Iodination of chloroplasts. I. Properties of iodinated chloroplasts. Spinach chloroplasts exposed to iodide can be washed free of the bulk of the iodide. In the presence of lactoperoxidase and H2O2, iodide can be introduced into chloroplasts in high amounts and in non diffusible forms. The resultant particles, which have been named iodochloroplasts, extrude their iodide upon stimulation by light. The form and the amount of extruded iodide bears a definite relationship to the amount of incident light. A flash of marginally effective light is additive to the next such flash even after a lapse of 10 min of darkness. These and other properties of iodochloroplasts may make them of great use in the study of intermediate reactions of photosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947361", "title": "Inhibition by ammonium chloride of the oxygen yield of photosynthesis.", "content": "Flash O2 yield experiments are described in spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella after addition of NH4Cl. (1) The damping of the sequence is increased by NH4Cl. (2) The turnover times are accelerated but the reaction during which O2 is released (S3bv leads to S4 leads to S0) is slowed. (3) We observed between the end of the turnover kinetic and the beginning of deactivation a latency time tl during which the S2 and S3 states are perfectly stable. In the presence of NH4Cl, this latency time for S2 is shortened, diminishing from 1 s to less than 12 ms; whereas it is lengthened for S3 (up to 4 s, 5 s). (4) After this latency time, two phases are clearly distinguished in the S2 deactivation: the beginning of the deactivation is abrupt, varying like the square root of the time, i.e. as is characteristic of a diffusive process. During the second phase, S2 is stabilized. Our experiment shows that S2 deactivation is monitored by the release of some product F after the latency time from one particular locus, so that nearby Photosystem II reaction centers are rapidly deactivated by diffusion of the product, whereas centers far from this locus are very slowly deactivated. These results are qualitatively complementary to the luminescence experiments of Velthuys (Biochim. Biophys, Acta (1975) 396, 392-401) except for the latency time which is invisible in the Velthuys results. We propose a modified model in which the binding of NH3 on states S2 and S3 occurs during deactivation.", "contents": "Inhibition by ammonium chloride of the oxygen yield of photosynthesis. Flash O2 yield experiments are described in spinach chloroplasts and Chlorella after addition of NH4Cl. (1) The damping of the sequence is increased by NH4Cl. (2) The turnover times are accelerated but the reaction during which O2 is released (S3bv leads to S4 leads to S0) is slowed. (3) We observed between the end of the turnover kinetic and the beginning of deactivation a latency time tl during which the S2 and S3 states are perfectly stable. In the presence of NH4Cl, this latency time for S2 is shortened, diminishing from 1 s to less than 12 ms; whereas it is lengthened for S3 (up to 4 s, 5 s). (4) After this latency time, two phases are clearly distinguished in the S2 deactivation: the beginning of the deactivation is abrupt, varying like the square root of the time, i.e. as is characteristic of a diffusive process. During the second phase, S2 is stabilized. Our experiment shows that S2 deactivation is monitored by the release of some product F after the latency time from one particular locus, so that nearby Photosystem II reaction centers are rapidly deactivated by diffusion of the product, whereas centers far from this locus are very slowly deactivated. These results are qualitatively complementary to the luminescence experiments of Velthuys (Biochim. Biophys, Acta (1975) 396, 392-401) except for the latency time which is invisible in the Velthuys results. We propose a modified model in which the binding of NH3 on states S2 and S3 occurs during deactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:947362", "title": "The I-D fluorescence transient. An indicator of rapid energy distribution changes in photosynthesis.", "content": "The I-D transient in the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve (kautsky effect) is investigated in the view of recently discovered rapid changes in energy distribution between the two photosystems (Schreiber, U. and Vidaver, W., FEBS Lett., in the press). Fluorescence induction curves differ appreciably depending on whether measured at lambda less than 690 nm, originating in pigment system II, or at lambda greater than 715 nm, which is in part from pigment system I. The differences occur as well in the rapid part of the induction curve (O-I-D-P) as in the slower P-S decay. Most significant changes in energy distribution are indicated in the region of the I-D dip, being induced by appropriate preillumination. The effect is studied by (a) comparing the individual fluorescence time courses at lambda less than 690 nm and lambda greather than 715, (b) plotting F less than 690 vs. F greater than 715 and (c) recording time courses of F less than 690/F greater than 715 ratios. In (a) the I and D characteristics are delayed at F greater than 715 relative to F less than 690, which is accompanied by periods close to I and D, where the two emissions follow inverse courses. In (b) the I-D dip corresponds to a loop. And in (c) it is shown that a rapid ratio decay, reflecting increasing excitation of System I pigments, is initiated before the I-D dip. These data indicate that the I-D transient is caused by a rapid switch of energy distribution in favor of System I and resulting stimulation of Q reoxidation via the electron transport chain. It is suggested that as with the slow fluorescence transients the rapid also can be understood as a composite of two different changes, (1) direct changes resulting from a switch in energy distribution, which are inverse for F less than 690 and F greater than 715, and (2) indirect changes due to stimulated Q reduction or Q oxidation, which are parallel for both emissions. The rapid ratio decay, correlated to I-D, persists and is even stimulated in the presence of electron transport inhibitors. This and the speed of the phenomenon make it improbable that the rapid energy distribution changes are affected by an ion flux-induced mechanism. It is proposed that the electrical field across the thylakoid membrane is involved in the energy switch mechanism.", "contents": "The I-D fluorescence transient. An indicator of rapid energy distribution changes in photosynthesis. The I-D transient in the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve (kautsky effect) is investigated in the view of recently discovered rapid changes in energy distribution between the two photosystems (Schreiber, U. and Vidaver, W., FEBS Lett., in the press). Fluorescence induction curves differ appreciably depending on whether measured at lambda less than 690 nm, originating in pigment system II, or at lambda greater than 715 nm, which is in part from pigment system I. The differences occur as well in the rapid part of the induction curve (O-I-D-P) as in the slower P-S decay. Most significant changes in energy distribution are indicated in the region of the I-D dip, being induced by appropriate preillumination. The effect is studied by (a) comparing the individual fluorescence time courses at lambda less than 690 nm and lambda greather than 715, (b) plotting F less than 690 vs. F greater than 715 and (c) recording time courses of F less than 690/F greater than 715 ratios. In (a) the I and D characteristics are delayed at F greater than 715 relative to F less than 690, which is accompanied by periods close to I and D, where the two emissions follow inverse courses. In (b) the I-D dip corresponds to a loop. And in (c) it is shown that a rapid ratio decay, reflecting increasing excitation of System I pigments, is initiated before the I-D dip. These data indicate that the I-D transient is caused by a rapid switch of energy distribution in favor of System I and resulting stimulation of Q reoxidation via the electron transport chain. It is suggested that as with the slow fluorescence transients the rapid also can be understood as a composite of two different changes, (1) direct changes resulting from a switch in energy distribution, which are inverse for F less than 690 and F greater than 715, and (2) indirect changes due to stimulated Q reduction or Q oxidation, which are parallel for both emissions. The rapid ratio decay, correlated to I-D, persists and is even stimulated in the presence of electron transport inhibitors. This and the speed of the phenomenon make it improbable that the rapid energy distribution changes are affected by an ion flux-induced mechanism. It is proposed that the electrical field across the thylakoid membrane is involved in the energy switch mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:947363", "title": "Characterization of the oxygen probe pyrenebutyric acid in rabbit heart mitochondria.", "content": "The fluorescence of pyrenebutyric acid is quenched by oxygen and the quenching is a linear function of the oxygen concentration. In addition, pyrenebutyric acid has been shown to be readily taken up by the cell with a partition coefficient of approx. 200. Results are presented on the effect of pyrenebutyric acid on oxidative metabolism in rabbit heart mitochondria. 1. Pyrenebutyric acid is readily taken up by heart mitochondria: 0.843 +/- 0.087 nmol pyrenebutyric acid taken up by Mr/mg dried weight. 2. Pyrenebutyric acid does not alter the steady-state redox levels (State 1, 2, 4 or 5) of any member of the respiratory chain. 3. Pyrenebutyric acid does not alter the response of cytochrome b, cytochrome c or NADH in the State 4-3-4 transition induced by the addition of ADP. Thus pyrenebutyric acid would appear to be non-toxic to oxidative metabolism.", "contents": "Characterization of the oxygen probe pyrenebutyric acid in rabbit heart mitochondria. The fluorescence of pyrenebutyric acid is quenched by oxygen and the quenching is a linear function of the oxygen concentration. In addition, pyrenebutyric acid has been shown to be readily taken up by the cell with a partition coefficient of approx. 200. Results are presented on the effect of pyrenebutyric acid on oxidative metabolism in rabbit heart mitochondria. 1. Pyrenebutyric acid is readily taken up by heart mitochondria: 0.843 +/- 0.087 nmol pyrenebutyric acid taken up by Mr/mg dried weight. 2. Pyrenebutyric acid does not alter the steady-state redox levels (State 1, 2, 4 or 5) of any member of the respiratory chain. 3. Pyrenebutyric acid does not alter the response of cytochrome b, cytochrome c or NADH in the State 4-3-4 transition induced by the addition of ADP. Thus pyrenebutyric acid would appear to be non-toxic to oxidative metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:947364", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by hydrophilic metal chelators. Determination of dehydrogenase topography.", "content": "The topography of the inner mitochondrial membrane was investigated using inhibitors of electron transport on preparations of beef heart mitochondria and electron transport particles of opposite orientation. Reductions of juglone, ferricyanide, indophenol, coenzyme Q, duroquinone, and cytochrome c by NADH are inhibited to different extents on both sides of the membrane by the impermeant hydrophilic chelators bathophenanthroline sulfonate and orthophenanthroline. The extent of inhibition for each acceptor increased in the order given. At least two chelator-sensitive sites are present on each membrane face between the flavoprotein and coenzyme Q and a chelator-sensitive site is present on the matrix face between the sites of coenzyme Q and duroquinone interaction. Duroquinol oxidation in mitochondria only is stimulated by bathophenanthroline sulfonate. Juglone reduction is stimulated in electron transport particles (only) by p-hydroxymercuribenzenesulfonate, but after mercurial treatment, juglone reduction in both particles and mitochondria is more sensitive to bathophenanthroline sulfonate. Succinate dehydrogenase components are inhibited by hydrophilic orthophenanthroline or bathophenanthroline sulfonate in mitochondria only. Electron flow between the dehydrogenases of succinate and NADH occurs via a chelator-sensitive site located on the matrix face of the membrane. Inter-complex electron flow is prevented by rotenone or thenoyltrifluoroacetone. The lack of succinate-indophenol reductase inhibition by bathophenanthroline sulfonate in the presence of rotenone or thenoyltrifluoroacetone indicates that the rotenone-sensitive site may be located on the matrix face and demonstrates that electrons flow between the NADH and succinate dehydrogenases via a hydrophilic chelator and rotenone-thenoyltrifluoroacetone-sensitive site on the matrix face of the membrane. Inhibiton by hydrophilic chelators only in mitochondria indicates that succinate dehydrogenase as well as NADH dehydrogenase has a transmembranous orientation.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by hydrophilic metal chelators. Determination of dehydrogenase topography. The topography of the inner mitochondrial membrane was investigated using inhibitors of electron transport on preparations of beef heart mitochondria and electron transport particles of opposite orientation. Reductions of juglone, ferricyanide, indophenol, coenzyme Q, duroquinone, and cytochrome c by NADH are inhibited to different extents on both sides of the membrane by the impermeant hydrophilic chelators bathophenanthroline sulfonate and orthophenanthroline. The extent of inhibition for each acceptor increased in the order given. At least two chelator-sensitive sites are present on each membrane face between the flavoprotein and coenzyme Q and a chelator-sensitive site is present on the matrix face between the sites of coenzyme Q and duroquinone interaction. Duroquinol oxidation in mitochondria only is stimulated by bathophenanthroline sulfonate. Juglone reduction is stimulated in electron transport particles (only) by p-hydroxymercuribenzenesulfonate, but after mercurial treatment, juglone reduction in both particles and mitochondria is more sensitive to bathophenanthroline sulfonate. Succinate dehydrogenase components are inhibited by hydrophilic orthophenanthroline or bathophenanthroline sulfonate in mitochondria only. Electron flow between the dehydrogenases of succinate and NADH occurs via a chelator-sensitive site located on the matrix face of the membrane. Inter-complex electron flow is prevented by rotenone or thenoyltrifluoroacetone. The lack of succinate-indophenol reductase inhibition by bathophenanthroline sulfonate in the presence of rotenone or thenoyltrifluoroacetone indicates that the rotenone-sensitive site may be located on the matrix face and demonstrates that electrons flow between the NADH and succinate dehydrogenases via a hydrophilic chelator and rotenone-thenoyltrifluoroacetone-sensitive site on the matrix face of the membrane. Inhibiton by hydrophilic chelators only in mitochondria indicates that succinate dehydrogenase as well as NADH dehydrogenase has a transmembranous orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:947365", "title": "The effect of mono- and divalent cations on the quantum yields for electron transport in chloroplasts.", "content": "We have previously shown (Gross, E.L. and Hess, S.C. (1973) Arch. Biochem. Biophys 159, 832-836) that low concentrations of monovalent cations (3-10 mM) caused changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence indicative of a transfer of excitation energy from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. These effects were reversed by divalent cations or higher concentrations of monovalent cations. In this study, we have examined the effects of cations on the relative quantum yields for Photosystem II (dichlorophenolindophenol reduction) and Photosystem I (diphenylcarbazone disproportionation) with the following results. (1) Low concentrations of monovalent cations decreased the quantum yield for dichlorophenolindophenol reduction and increased that for diphenylcarbazone disproportionation. These results confirm that cations promote excitation energy transfer to Photosystem I. (2) Higher concentrations of monovalent cations (30-100 mM) had no effect on electron transport. Therefore, the increases in chlorophyll a fluorescence observed at these concentrations may be due to a decrease in the rate constant for radiationless decay. (3) In the absence of Tricine, divalent cations also promote energy transfer from the light harvesting pigments to Photosystem I. However, a direct inhibition of Photosystem I and divalent cations can reverse the Tricine effects.m II photochemistry cannot be rules out. (4) Tricine biases the system in favor of Photosystem I and divalent cations can reverse the Tricine effects.", "contents": "The effect of mono- and divalent cations on the quantum yields for electron transport in chloroplasts. We have previously shown (Gross, E.L. and Hess, S.C. (1973) Arch. Biochem. Biophys 159, 832-836) that low concentrations of monovalent cations (3-10 mM) caused changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence indicative of a transfer of excitation energy from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. These effects were reversed by divalent cations or higher concentrations of monovalent cations. In this study, we have examined the effects of cations on the relative quantum yields for Photosystem II (dichlorophenolindophenol reduction) and Photosystem I (diphenylcarbazone disproportionation) with the following results. (1) Low concentrations of monovalent cations decreased the quantum yield for dichlorophenolindophenol reduction and increased that for diphenylcarbazone disproportionation. These results confirm that cations promote excitation energy transfer to Photosystem I. (2) Higher concentrations of monovalent cations (30-100 mM) had no effect on electron transport. Therefore, the increases in chlorophyll a fluorescence observed at these concentrations may be due to a decrease in the rate constant for radiationless decay. (3) In the absence of Tricine, divalent cations also promote energy transfer from the light harvesting pigments to Photosystem I. However, a direct inhibition of Photosystem I and divalent cations can reverse the Tricine effects.m II photochemistry cannot be rules out. (4) Tricine biases the system in favor of Photosystem I and divalent cations can reverse the Tricine effects."}
{"id": "PMID:947366", "title": "[Polysensory interaction in the cat posterior ventrolateral thalamic nucleus].", "content": "The neurone activity was studied in the posterior ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in acute experiments on unanesthetized cats. About 20% of the neurons studied proved to react to the visual and somatosensory stimulation. By the character of reaction to these stimuli the polymodal neurons could be divided into three groups. In elaboration of the active defense reflex to visual electric skin stimulation there were recorded in the mentioned nucleus the rhythm assimilation reaction with the action of the flickering light and its depression in case a biologically significant stimulus was presented against this background. After section of the optic tract and separation of the hemispheres to the cerebellar level the rhythm assimilation reaction and its depression were revealed in the posterior ventro-lateral nucleus of the thalamus at the side of the section of the optic tract. This fact indicated that the leading canal of the entrance of visual afferentation to this nucleus passed through the stem reticular formation.", "contents": "[Polysensory interaction in the cat posterior ventrolateral thalamic nucleus]. The neurone activity was studied in the posterior ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in acute experiments on unanesthetized cats. About 20% of the neurons studied proved to react to the visual and somatosensory stimulation. By the character of reaction to these stimuli the polymodal neurons could be divided into three groups. In elaboration of the active defense reflex to visual electric skin stimulation there were recorded in the mentioned nucleus the rhythm assimilation reaction with the action of the flickering light and its depression in case a biologically significant stimulus was presented against this background. After section of the optic tract and separation of the hemispheres to the cerebellar level the rhythm assimilation reaction and its depression were revealed in the posterior ventro-lateral nucleus of the thalamus at the side of the section of the optic tract. This fact indicated that the leading canal of the entrance of visual afferentation to this nucleus passed through the stem reticular formation."}
{"id": "PMID:947367", "title": "[Automatic activity of pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular valves of the rabbit heart].", "content": "The microelectrode technique applied revealed an automatic activity of the pacemaker cells with slow diastolic depolarization in the cusps of the atrioventricular valves obtained from 34 rabbit hearts. Electrophysiological characteristics of the action potentials of these cells were investigated. Inhibitors of slow sodium-calcium canal (Mn++, Co++, and Mg++ ions) proved to eliminate the automatic activity of the pacemaker cells. When the content of potassium ions was elevated in the perfusion solution, no suppression occurred. It is suggested that the automatic activity of the pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular values depended mainly on the functioning of the slow sodium-calcium canal.", "contents": "[Automatic activity of pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular valves of the rabbit heart]. The microelectrode technique applied revealed an automatic activity of the pacemaker cells with slow diastolic depolarization in the cusps of the atrioventricular valves obtained from 34 rabbit hearts. Electrophysiological characteristics of the action potentials of these cells were investigated. Inhibitors of slow sodium-calcium canal (Mn++, Co++, and Mg++ ions) proved to eliminate the automatic activity of the pacemaker cells. When the content of potassium ions was elevated in the perfusion solution, no suppression occurred. It is suggested that the automatic activity of the pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular values depended mainly on the functioning of the slow sodium-calcium canal."}
{"id": "PMID:947368", "title": "[Effect of angiotensin II on hemodynamics during systemic and portal administration].", "content": "The authors studied changes in the general hemodynamics in healthy nonanesthetized dogs in infusion of 27/ng/kg/min of angiotensin II into the superior vena cava and the portal vein. Portal infusion of the peptide produced a less pronounced pressor effect. Elevation of arterial pressure in systemic infusion of angiotension occurred on account of increase in the peripheral vascular resistance with decrease of minute circulation volume. In portal infusion of the preparation elevation of arterial pressure was mainly due to increase of the minute circulation volume. Differences in hemodynamic reactions could not be attributed only to the peptide metabolization in the liver. It is possible that depressor agents entered the blood from the liver in portal angiotensin II infusion.", "contents": "[Effect of angiotensin II on hemodynamics during systemic and portal administration]. The authors studied changes in the general hemodynamics in healthy nonanesthetized dogs in infusion of 27/ng/kg/min of angiotensin II into the superior vena cava and the portal vein. Portal infusion of the peptide produced a less pronounced pressor effect. Elevation of arterial pressure in systemic infusion of angiotension occurred on account of increase in the peripheral vascular resistance with decrease of minute circulation volume. In portal infusion of the preparation elevation of arterial pressure was mainly due to increase of the minute circulation volume. Differences in hemodynamic reactions could not be attributed only to the peptide metabolization in the liver. It is possible that depressor agents entered the blood from the liver in portal angiotensin II infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:947369", "title": "[Functional state of the spleen in conditions of craniocerebral hypothermia].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on dogs. With the fall of body temperature from 36 to 24 degrees C the circulation volume of the spleen decreased from 53.9 +/- 1.94 to 17.9 +/- 0.84 ml/100 g/min, and the arterio-venous difference by oxyhemoglobin - from 19.5 +/- 0.58 to 3.3 +/- 0.23%. Marked body overcooling completely depressed the capacity of the spleen to extract low-resistant erythrocytes from the circulation. A fall of body temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C was accompanied by reduction of the splenic area to 92.6 +/- 2.6%; subsequent chilling led to the accumulation of blood in the pulp with increase of the organ area to 108.7 +/- 4.82%.", "contents": "[Functional state of the spleen in conditions of craniocerebral hypothermia]. Experiments were conducted on dogs. With the fall of body temperature from 36 to 24 degrees C the circulation volume of the spleen decreased from 53.9 +/- 1.94 to 17.9 +/- 0.84 ml/100 g/min, and the arterio-venous difference by oxyhemoglobin - from 19.5 +/- 0.58 to 3.3 +/- 0.23%. Marked body overcooling completely depressed the capacity of the spleen to extract low-resistant erythrocytes from the circulation. A fall of body temperature from 36 to 30 degrees C was accompanied by reduction of the splenic area to 92.6 +/- 2.6%; subsequent chilling led to the accumulation of blood in the pulp with increase of the organ area to 108.7 +/- 4.82%."}
{"id": "PMID:947370", "title": "[Characteristics of electroencephalographic changes in hypotensive and hypertensive reactions caused by hypothalamic stimulation].", "content": "Electrical activity changes of the cortical and subcortical formations in the hypo- and hypertensive vascular reactions induced by hypothalamus electrical stimulation before and after introduction of monoaminohydroxydase inhibitor, vetrasine, were studied in experiments on urethane-anesthetized rabbits. Hypertensive reaction completely blocked by vetrasine were, while hypotensive hypothalamic reactions remained unchanged. These findings are interpreted of the basis of differences in the neurochemical mechanism of the pressor and depressor hypothalamic reactions.", "contents": "[Characteristics of electroencephalographic changes in hypotensive and hypertensive reactions caused by hypothalamic stimulation]. Electrical activity changes of the cortical and subcortical formations in the hypo- and hypertensive vascular reactions induced by hypothalamus electrical stimulation before and after introduction of monoaminohydroxydase inhibitor, vetrasine, were studied in experiments on urethane-anesthetized rabbits. Hypertensive reaction completely blocked by vetrasine were, while hypotensive hypothalamic reactions remained unchanged. These findings are interpreted of the basis of differences in the neurochemical mechanism of the pressor and depressor hypothalamic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:947371", "title": "[Effect of high-voltage condenser discharge on the optical properties of from myocardium].", "content": "A high voltage condenser discharge provoked a sharp increase in the intensity of a flux of flat-polarized light passing through a strip of the from cardiac muscle. This could point to changes in the optic properties of the tissue caused by conformative changes of the membrane proteins.", "contents": "[Effect of high-voltage condenser discharge on the optical properties of from myocardium]. A high voltage condenser discharge provoked a sharp increase in the intensity of a flux of flat-polarized light passing through a strip of the from cardiac muscle. This could point to changes in the optic properties of the tissue caused by conformative changes of the membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:947372", "title": "[Incorporation of thymidine-H3 into the DNP of rat tissues following a single injection of DNA].", "content": "The injection of a homologous DNA to rats caused an increased incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNP of the bone marrow, the spleen, the thymus, and the intestinal mucosa 24 hours after the administration. This effect was not revealed on the 3d day.", "contents": "[Incorporation of thymidine-H3 into the DNP of rat tissues following a single injection of DNA]. The injection of a homologous DNA to rats caused an increased incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNP of the bone marrow, the spleen, the thymus, and the intestinal mucosa 24 hours after the administration. This effect was not revealed on the 3d day."}
{"id": "PMID:947373", "title": "[Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue ribosomes].", "content": "Electron-microscopic and chemical analysis of the fraction of RNP-particles, samples of the muscle tissue of the posterior limb of rat and of the human musculus rectus abdominis was carried out for the purpose of characterizing ribosomes of the skeletomuscular tissue. RNP-particle fraction proved to contain functionally-active mono- and poly ribosomes. Two RNA fractions-- RNA1 and RAN11 were isolated. RNA1 proved to represent a set of ribosomic RNA with sedimentation coefficients 26-28S, 16-18S and 4-5S. RNA11 contained no ribosomal RNA, and by its nucleotide composition was affiliated to the nucleotide compostion of rat DNA. The structural organization of ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the muscular fibers corresponded to the pictures observed in the RNP-particle fraction. Polyribosomes are determined in the regions of physiological regeneration of myofibrillae and represent complexes consisting of 5 and more monoribosomes arranged in the form of beads. Ribosomes-like particles proved to escape through the nuclear menbrane; this fact, along with the data of chemical analysis pointed to the periodic passage of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of hte muscle fiber.", "contents": "[Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue ribosomes]. Electron-microscopic and chemical analysis of the fraction of RNP-particles, samples of the muscle tissue of the posterior limb of rat and of the human musculus rectus abdominis was carried out for the purpose of characterizing ribosomes of the skeletomuscular tissue. RNP-particle fraction proved to contain functionally-active mono- and poly ribosomes. Two RNA fractions-- RNA1 and RAN11 were isolated. RNA1 proved to represent a set of ribosomic RNA with sedimentation coefficients 26-28S, 16-18S and 4-5S. RNA11 contained no ribosomal RNA, and by its nucleotide composition was affiliated to the nucleotide compostion of rat DNA. The structural organization of ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the muscular fibers corresponded to the pictures observed in the RNP-particle fraction. Polyribosomes are determined in the regions of physiological regeneration of myofibrillae and represent complexes consisting of 5 and more monoribosomes arranged in the form of beads. Ribosomes-like particles proved to escape through the nuclear menbrane; this fact, along with the data of chemical analysis pointed to the periodic passage of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of hte muscle fiber."}
{"id": "PMID:947374", "title": "[Effect of succinic semialdehyde on nitrogen metabolism of animal brain tissue during hypoxia].", "content": "In examining the content of free ammonia, glutamine and some free amino acid s in the brain tissue of mice under normal conditions, in hypoxia and under the effect of succinic acidsemialdehyde, in hypoxia there was revealed a marked increase in comparison with the normal conditions) of the content of free ammonia, and alpha-alanine, a reduction of glutamine; there was also a slight elevation in the content of gamma aminobutyric acid and no changes in glutamic and asparagic acid content. In case of pretreatment with succinic acid semialdehyde the content of free ammonia, glutamine and alpha-alanine in hypoxia approached the normal value. One of the possible mechanisms of the antihypoxic effect of succinic acid semialdehyde was transformation of this compound as a results of which there occurred synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamine leading to detoxication of free ammonia accumulating in the brain tissue in hypoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of succinic semialdehyde on nitrogen metabolism of animal brain tissue during hypoxia]. In examining the content of free ammonia, glutamine and some free amino acid s in the brain tissue of mice under normal conditions, in hypoxia and under the effect of succinic acidsemialdehyde, in hypoxia there was revealed a marked increase in comparison with the normal conditions) of the content of free ammonia, and alpha-alanine, a reduction of glutamine; there was also a slight elevation in the content of gamma aminobutyric acid and no changes in glutamic and asparagic acid content. In case of pretreatment with succinic acid semialdehyde the content of free ammonia, glutamine and alpha-alanine in hypoxia approached the normal value. One of the possible mechanisms of the antihypoxic effect of succinic acid semialdehyde was transformation of this compound as a results of which there occurred synthesis of glutamic acid and glutamine leading to detoxication of free ammonia accumulating in the brain tissue in hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:947375", "title": "[Effect of carbon tetrachloride on RNA metabolism in rat liver].", "content": "The effect of chronic CCl4 treatment on both the liver RNA content and 3H-uridine incorporation was studied. Comparison of morphologic and biochemical parameters allowed to define two successive stages of toxic process resulting in septal fibrosis. The most significant changes in the rat liver rapid RNA turnover were observed during the first 3 months of the toxic agent action. The metabolic disturbances were also manifest in both decreased RNA content and changes of nuclear-cytoplasmic interrelationships in the damage liver tissue.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon tetrachloride on RNA metabolism in rat liver]. The effect of chronic CCl4 treatment on both the liver RNA content and 3H-uridine incorporation was studied. Comparison of morphologic and biochemical parameters allowed to define two successive stages of toxic process resulting in septal fibrosis. The most significant changes in the rat liver rapid RNA turnover were observed during the first 3 months of the toxic agent action. The metabolic disturbances were also manifest in both decreased RNA content and changes of nuclear-cytoplasmic interrelationships in the damage liver tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:947376", "title": "[Relation between oxidation and phosphorylation in gastric mucosa mitochondria].", "content": "The authors studied the state of cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the gastric mucosa at various phases of its function. Stimulation of secretion with histamine led to a distinct increase in the rate of mitochondrial respiration in the gastric mucosa against the background of a marked fall of the conjugation coefficient level, including P/O. The mentioned changes in the energy conjugation of mitochondria of the parietal cells preceeded activation of HCl secretion.", "contents": "[Relation between oxidation and phosphorylation in gastric mucosa mitochondria]. The authors studied the state of cell respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of the gastric mucosa at various phases of its function. Stimulation of secretion with histamine led to a distinct increase in the rate of mitochondrial respiration in the gastric mucosa against the background of a marked fall of the conjugation coefficient level, including P/O. The mentioned changes in the energy conjugation of mitochondria of the parietal cells preceeded activation of HCl secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:947377", "title": "[Effect of psychostimulants on the relearning by rats of the avoidance direction in a U-shaped labyrinth].", "content": "The capacity of rats to relearning the direction of the avoidance in a U-shaped maxe was determined. Four traning sessions--each time in a new direction (to the right, or to the left) of running were conducted. D, 1-amphetamine given in low and medium doses (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) shortened the latent response periods and failed to influence the relearning of the animals. A high dose of the drug (5 mg/kg) led to reduction of the latency of the responses, but at the same time inhibited the reconstruction of the avoidance habit; this distinctly correlated with the intensification of space preference. Caffine (25 and 50 mg/kg) failed to influence the relearning of rats.", "contents": "[Effect of psychostimulants on the relearning by rats of the avoidance direction in a U-shaped labyrinth]. The capacity of rats to relearning the direction of the avoidance in a U-shaped maxe was determined. Four traning sessions--each time in a new direction (to the right, or to the left) of running were conducted. D, 1-amphetamine given in low and medium doses (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) shortened the latent response periods and failed to influence the relearning of the animals. A high dose of the drug (5 mg/kg) led to reduction of the latency of the responses, but at the same time inhibited the reconstruction of the avoidance habit; this distinctly correlated with the intensification of space preference. Caffine (25 and 50 mg/kg) failed to influence the relearning of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:947378", "title": "[Choleragen and neuraminidase production by Vibrio in vitro].", "content": "In vitro studies demonstrated a high degree of the rank correlation between the synthesis of cholera exotoxin and neuraminidase by cholera vibrios (V. cholerae 569B). The appearance of these biochemically-active materials proved to depend on the growth phase of the microbial population. A possibility of cooperation between them in the pathogenesis of cholera is suggested.", "contents": "[Choleragen and neuraminidase production by Vibrio in vitro]. In vitro studies demonstrated a high degree of the rank correlation between the synthesis of cholera exotoxin and neuraminidase by cholera vibrios (V. cholerae 569B). The appearance of these biochemically-active materials proved to depend on the growth phase of the microbial population. A possibility of cooperation between them in the pathogenesis of cholera is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:947379", "title": "[Effect of ethirazol and parmidine ofn the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits which received cholesterol in food for 3-4 months showed an inhibitory effect of ethirazol (bis-methylamide-1-ethyl-pyrazol-3,4-bicarbonic acid) and parmidine (piridinolcarbamate, 2,6-bis-hydroxymethylpiridine bis-n-methylcarbamate) on the development of experimental atherosclerosis: there proved to be a reduction of accumulation of total cholesterol in the aorta and of its atherosclerotic affection. At the same time the blood serum cholesterol, triglycerids and phospholipid content was not significantly changed by these drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of ethirazol and parmidine ofn the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits]. Experiments on rabbits which received cholesterol in food for 3-4 months showed an inhibitory effect of ethirazol (bis-methylamide-1-ethyl-pyrazol-3,4-bicarbonic acid) and parmidine (piridinolcarbamate, 2,6-bis-hydroxymethylpiridine bis-n-methylcarbamate) on the development of experimental atherosclerosis: there proved to be a reduction of accumulation of total cholesterol in the aorta and of its atherosclerotic affection. At the same time the blood serum cholesterol, triglycerids and phospholipid content was not significantly changed by these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:947380", "title": "[Model of a chronic Vibrio cholerae carrier based on gnotobiotic rats].", "content": "Germ-free monoflora (contaminated with nonpathogenic spore-bearing bacillus) and common albino rats (OFA) were infected with V. cholera El Tor, of Ogava and Inaba serological types (6 milliard microbial cells per 1.5 ml of physiological solution per rat). Approximately one week after the infection the number of vibrios reached hundreds of millions per 1 g of feces and persisted at this level for over 100 days (observation period). Newborn rats were infected by natural way from adult vibrio carriers and also became vibrio-carriers. The number of vibrios excretedby the animals which were germ-free and monoflora before the infection was approximately the same. Cholera vibrios perished completely in the enteric tract and were never revealed in the feces of common (control) rats.", "contents": "[Model of a chronic Vibrio cholerae carrier based on gnotobiotic rats]. Germ-free monoflora (contaminated with nonpathogenic spore-bearing bacillus) and common albino rats (OFA) were infected with V. cholera El Tor, of Ogava and Inaba serological types (6 milliard microbial cells per 1.5 ml of physiological solution per rat). Approximately one week after the infection the number of vibrios reached hundreds of millions per 1 g of feces and persisted at this level for over 100 days (observation period). Newborn rats were infected by natural way from adult vibrio carriers and also became vibrio-carriers. The number of vibrios excretedby the animals which were germ-free and monoflora before the infection was approximately the same. Cholera vibrios perished completely in the enteric tract and were never revealed in the feces of common (control) rats."}
{"id": "PMID:947381", "title": "[Study of the virustatic action of rimantadine based on a phage-bacterium model].", "content": "The action of rimantadin on the lambda phages was studied. The maximal inhibitory effect on the compound was observed on the 1st-6th minutes after the infection. There was no such effect on the T-4 and lambda phage replication. According to the data of incorporation of the radioactive precursors into the phage DNA,  RNA,  and proteins, and the manifestation of the rimantadin action on phage replication it was supposed that the inhibitory effect of rimantadin was determined by its influence on the RNA-polymerases, preponderantly on the phage RNA-polymerase.", "contents": "[Study of the virustatic action of rimantadine based on a phage-bacterium model]. The action of rimantadin on the lambda phages was studied. The maximal inhibitory effect on the compound was observed on the 1st-6th minutes after the infection. There was no such effect on the T-4 and lambda phage replication. According to the data of incorporation of the radioactive precursors into the phage DNA,  RNA,  and proteins, and the manifestation of the rimantadin action on phage replication it was supposed that the inhibitory effect of rimantadin was determined by its influence on the RNA-polymerases, preponderantly on the phage RNA-polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:947382", "title": "[Role of leukocyte disintegration products in increasing macrophage resistance to the causative agent of orinthosis].", "content": "The dymanics of formation of macrophagal granulomas in the liver of albino mice was studied after intravenous infection with the causative agent of ornithosis. In formation of granulomas macrophages underwent the stage of reutilization of the leukocyte disintergration and became resistant to the causative agent of ornithosis. Together with the leukocyte remants histones and cation proteins could penetrate into the macrophages cytoplasm; these displayed a high antironithosis activity in vitro. An increase of macrophage resistance to the causative agent after reutilization of the products of leukocyte disintegration apparently sreved as one of the mechanisms of resistance formation in the foci of inflammation in ornithosis.", "contents": "[Role of leukocyte disintegration products in increasing macrophage resistance to the causative agent of orinthosis]. The dymanics of formation of macrophagal granulomas in the liver of albino mice was studied after intravenous infection with the causative agent of ornithosis. In formation of granulomas macrophages underwent the stage of reutilization of the leukocyte disintergration and became resistant to the causative agent of ornithosis. Together with the leukocyte remants histones and cation proteins could penetrate into the macrophages cytoplasm; these displayed a high antironithosis activity in vitro. An increase of macrophage resistance to the causative agent after reutilization of the products of leukocyte disintegration apparently sreved as one of the mechanisms of resistance formation in the foci of inflammation in ornithosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947383", "title": "[Effect of sarcolysin and asalin on the incorporation of thymidine-H3 in the DNA of sarcoma 45 and tissues of tumor-bearing rats].", "content": "A comparison was made of the action of sarcolysin and asalin on the synthesis of DNA in sarcoma 45, the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and liver of tumour-bearing rats depending of the time of administration of the preparation. There was seen a direct relationship between the selectivity of sarcolysin and asalin action with a different bearer structure and the capacity of these perparations to depress DNA synthesis in the tumour and in normal tissues.", "contents": "[Effect of sarcolysin and asalin on the incorporation of thymidine-H3 in the DNA of sarcoma 45 and tissues of tumor-bearing rats]. A comparison was made of the action of sarcolysin and asalin on the synthesis of DNA in sarcoma 45, the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and liver of tumour-bearing rats depending of the time of administration of the preparation. There was seen a direct relationship between the selectivity of sarcolysin and asalin action with a different bearer structure and the capacity of these perparations to depress DNA synthesis in the tumour and in normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:947384", "title": "[Diurnal periodicity of mitotic activity, DNA synthesis and duration of mitosis in mouse bone marrow cells].", "content": "A clear diurnal rythm of the mitotic activity and DNA synthesis was observed in the cells of myeloid and erythroid series of mouse bone marrow, maximum number of mitoses and DNA-synthesising cells coincided in time and occurred during day and night hours minimum--during morning and evening hours. A rise in the mititic activity was due to the increase in the number of dividing cells but not to the increase in duration of mitosis.", "contents": "[Diurnal periodicity of mitotic activity, DNA synthesis and duration of mitosis in mouse bone marrow cells]. A clear diurnal rythm of the mitotic activity and DNA synthesis was observed in the cells of myeloid and erythroid series of mouse bone marrow, maximum number of mitoses and DNA-synthesising cells coincided in time and occurred during day and night hours minimum--during morning and evening hours. A rise in the mititic activity was due to the increase in the number of dividing cells but not to the increase in duration of mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947385", "title": "[Effect of encephalectomy on the corticosterone content of rat fetal adrenals].", "content": "Changes in the functional state of the hypophysial-adrenal system after the removal of the hypothalamus (encephalectomy in utero) were studied in rat fetuses. The hormonal activity of the adrenal glands was evaluated by the direct fluorimetric determination of corticosterone in this organ. Removal of the hypothalamus in 18.5--19.5-day fetuses brought about a significant decrease of corticosterone in the adrenal glands. Injection of the hypothalamus homogenate to fetuses immediately after the encephalectomy prevented this decrease. The results obtained supported the existence of functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the hypophysial-adrenal system in rat fetuses.", "contents": "[Effect of encephalectomy on the corticosterone content of rat fetal adrenals]. Changes in the functional state of the hypophysial-adrenal system after the removal of the hypothalamus (encephalectomy in utero) were studied in rat fetuses. The hormonal activity of the adrenal glands was evaluated by the direct fluorimetric determination of corticosterone in this organ. Removal of the hypothalamus in 18.5--19.5-day fetuses brought about a significant decrease of corticosterone in the adrenal glands. Injection of the hypothalamus homogenate to fetuses immediately after the encephalectomy prevented this decrease. The results obtained supported the existence of functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the hypophysial-adrenal system in rat fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:947386", "title": "[Functional morphology of the vascular portion of the pancreas transport system].", "content": "The vascular part of the pancreas transport system is represented by capillary bed, pericapillary space and intercellular clefts. On the surface of the acinar cells and of the fibroblasts there are cytoplasmic plates facing the pericapillary space and the intercellular clefts. The vascular part of the pancreas transport system provides delivery of the products to the acinar cells, transport of the hormones, destructed cell structures and partly of digestive enzymes to the capillaries of the pancreas.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of the vascular portion of the pancreas transport system]. The vascular part of the pancreas transport system is represented by capillary bed, pericapillary space and intercellular clefts. On the surface of the acinar cells and of the fibroblasts there are cytoplasmic plates facing the pericapillary space and the intercellular clefts. The vascular part of the pancreas transport system provides delivery of the products to the acinar cells, transport of the hormones, destructed cell structures and partly of digestive enzymes to the capillaries of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:947387", "title": "[Damage to and regeneration of the kidney epithelium following crushing of the soft tissues of the extremities].", "content": "Dynamics of the cellular composition in the proximal thin, thick areas of the loop, distal portions and collective tubules of the kidney was studied in rabbits after crush of the soft tissues of the limb. Planimetric method was applied to determination of the area of the nuclear epithelium of the proximal, distal portions and the collective tubules. A relationship was revealed between the injury of the epithelium of the nephrons and the collective tubules and its restoration, and also an intensification of mitotic activity, elevation of the relative number of pathological mitoses, and increase of the mean size of the cell nuclei.", "contents": "[Damage to and regeneration of the kidney epithelium following crushing of the soft tissues of the extremities]. Dynamics of the cellular composition in the proximal thin, thick areas of the loop, distal portions and collective tubules of the kidney was studied in rabbits after crush of the soft tissues of the limb. Planimetric method was applied to determination of the area of the nuclear epithelium of the proximal, distal portions and the collective tubules. A relationship was revealed between the injury of the epithelium of the nephrons and the collective tubules and its restoration, and also an intensification of mitotic activity, elevation of the relative number of pathological mitoses, and increase of the mean size of the cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:947388", "title": "[Application of scanning electron microscopy to studying the architectonics of the fibrous framework of the walls of large vessels].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the architectonics of the connective tissue fiber framework in the walls of large arteries. Preliminary treatment of the vascular samples with proteolytic enzymes (protorysin, trypsin) offered a possibility of determining peculiarities attending distribution and interrelations of collagen and elastic fibers in different strata of the vascular wall.", "contents": "[Application of scanning electron microscopy to studying the architectonics of the fibrous framework of the walls of large vessels]. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the architectonics of the connective tissue fiber framework in the walls of large arteries. Preliminary treatment of the vascular samples with proteolytic enzymes (protorysin, trypsin) offered a possibility of determining peculiarities attending distribution and interrelations of collagen and elastic fibers in different strata of the vascular wall."}
{"id": "PMID:947389", "title": "[Cytological organization of the hepatic ligament in rats].", "content": "A method of integration frequencies of distribution of classes of hepatocytes, DNA-synthesising cells and mitoses along the hepatic balk was applied to the study of the cytological organization of the balk in rats of different age. Distribution of subpopulations of hepatocytes in the hepatic balk displayed distinct features of space organization: most of mitoses and of the DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes were localized at the beginning of the balk, the first nuclear class prevailed at the beginning and the end of the balk, and the second class--in the middle of the balk. The results presented served as an additional confirmation of the presence of self-renewal processes in the liver of adult rats.", "contents": "[Cytological organization of the hepatic ligament in rats]. A method of integration frequencies of distribution of classes of hepatocytes, DNA-synthesising cells and mitoses along the hepatic balk was applied to the study of the cytological organization of the balk in rats of different age. Distribution of subpopulations of hepatocytes in the hepatic balk displayed distinct features of space organization: most of mitoses and of the DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes were localized at the beginning of the balk, the first nuclear class prevailed at the beginning and the end of the balk, and the second class--in the middle of the balk. The results presented served as an additional confirmation of the presence of self-renewal processes in the liver of adult rats."}
{"id": "PMID:947390", "title": "[Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenal mucosa].", "content": "Enterochromaffine cells (ECC) of the rat duodenal mucosa were revealed by Falk-Hillarp's fluorescent-histochemical method, by Masson-Hamperl's method and by diazoreaction with fast red. ECC were arranged among the cells of the surface epithelium of the crypts and villi. These cells were of bottle shape in the villi and of triangular form--in the crypts. The number of ECC found by the mentioned methods in the crypts and the villi varied: by Falk-Hillarp's method--210.4 +/- 0.02, by Masson-Hamperl's method--182.5 +/- 0.05, and by the diazomethod--73.7 +/- 0.02.", "contents": "[Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenal mucosa]. Enterochromaffine cells (ECC) of the rat duodenal mucosa were revealed by Falk-Hillarp's fluorescent-histochemical method, by Masson-Hamperl's method and by diazoreaction with fast red. ECC were arranged among the cells of the surface epithelium of the crypts and villi. These cells were of bottle shape in the villi and of triangular form--in the crypts. The number of ECC found by the mentioned methods in the crypts and the villi varied: by Falk-Hillarp's method--210.4 +/- 0.02, by Masson-Hamperl's method--182.5 +/- 0.05, and by the diazomethod--73.7 +/- 0.02."}
{"id": "PMID:947391", "title": "[Effect of the periodic action of potassium bichromate of the state of the renal parenchyma and lethality of white mice].", "content": "A study was made of the state of the tubular apparatus in 360 albino mice given repeated subcutaneous injections of potassium bichromate with intervals of 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. A more frequent action of the pathogenic agent proved to lead to a lesser lethality of the animals and produce a lesser toxic effect on the renal tubulers.", "contents": "[Effect of the periodic action of potassium bichromate of the state of the renal parenchyma and lethality of white mice]. A study was made of the state of the tubular apparatus in 360 albino mice given repeated subcutaneous injections of potassium bichromate with intervals of 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. A more frequent action of the pathogenic agent proved to lead to a lesser lethality of the animals and produce a lesser toxic effect on the renal tubulers."}
{"id": "PMID:947392", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of hematopoietic elements in laboratory animals].", "content": "Distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases, L-naph-thylacetateesterase, peroxidase, lipids and glycogen was studied in the blood cells and bone marrow of mongrel albino rats and guinea-pigs by means of cytochemical methods. The intensity of reactions was assessed by Karlow's method. Cytoenzymatic characteristics of the hemopoietic elements and the character of changes in their metabolism during cell differentiation and maturation were ascertained. Quantitative species differences in the content of chemical substances in the blood and bone marrow cells of rats and guinea-pigs were revealed.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of hematopoietic elements in laboratory animals]. Distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases, L-naph-thylacetateesterase, peroxidase, lipids and glycogen was studied in the blood cells and bone marrow of mongrel albino rats and guinea-pigs by means of cytochemical methods. The intensity of reactions was assessed by Karlow's method. Cytoenzymatic characteristics of the hemopoietic elements and the character of changes in their metabolism during cell differentiation and maturation were ascertained. Quantitative species differences in the content of chemical substances in the blood and bone marrow cells of rats and guinea-pigs were revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:947393", "title": "[Cell precursors of fibroblasts detected by cloning in vitro hematopoietic organ crlls of normal and irradiated mice].", "content": "Fibroblast colonies (clones) are formed in monolayer cultures of the bone marrow, spleen and thymus cells from adult mice, the colony-forming efficiency (per 105 cells) was 2.2, 0.2 and 0.16, respectively. About 50% of the bone marrow CFU-F were destroyed immediately after the total body irradiation with 150r; the following 6 days the number of CFU-F decreased to 10% of the normal value. The normal level of the CUF-F concentration was reached in the bone marrow on the 25th postirradiation day.", "contents": "[Cell precursors of fibroblasts detected by cloning in vitro hematopoietic organ crlls of normal and irradiated mice]. Fibroblast colonies (clones) are formed in monolayer cultures of the bone marrow, spleen and thymus cells from adult mice, the colony-forming efficiency (per 105 cells) was 2.2, 0.2 and 0.16, respectively. About 50% of the bone marrow CFU-F were destroyed immediately after the total body irradiation with 150r; the following 6 days the number of CFU-F decreased to 10% of the normal value. The normal level of the CUF-F concentration was reached in the bone marrow on the 25th postirradiation day."}
{"id": "PMID:947394", "title": "[Lymph node and spleen morphology in gnotobiotic rats].", "content": "The lymph nodes, the spleen and the adrenal cortex were studied in 12 gnotobiotic and 12 control Wistar rats by routine histological and histochemical methods. It was shown that the absence of normal microbial flora suppressed the development of zone B of the lymphocytes in the lymph nodes; it was accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the adrenal cortex and of the lipid inclusions in its cells, but had no influence on the lymph follicles of the spleen. A conclusion was drawn that inhibition of lymphopoiesis in the lymph nodes occurred as a result of absence of a direct microbial stimulation and was mediated via the hormonal factors; this failed to influence the lymphopoiesis of the spleen maintained by stimulation within the organ itself.", "contents": "[Lymph node and spleen morphology in gnotobiotic rats]. The lymph nodes, the spleen and the adrenal cortex were studied in 12 gnotobiotic and 12 control Wistar rats by routine histological and histochemical methods. It was shown that the absence of normal microbial flora suppressed the development of zone B of the lymphocytes in the lymph nodes; it was accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the adrenal cortex and of the lipid inclusions in its cells, but had no influence on the lymph follicles of the spleen. A conclusion was drawn that inhibition of lymphopoiesis in the lymph nodes occurred as a result of absence of a direct microbial stimulation and was mediated via the hormonal factors; this failed to influence the lymphopoiesis of the spleen maintained by stimulation within the organ itself."}
{"id": "PMID:947395", "title": "[Effect of quercitrin on structural changes in the large and small intestines in experimental enterocolitis].", "content": "Sensitization of rats with the homologous antigen of the large intestine with Freund's stimulant caused marked immunomorphological shift in the large intestine of rats with the phenomena of enteritis in the small intestine. Oral administration of quercitrin in doses of 25 and 100mg/kg for 10 days promoted decline of focal lymphohistiomonocytic infiltrations, of eosinophilic in the mucosa and of scleroti changes in the large intestine. At the same time restoration of structural disturbances occurred in the small intestine. The influence of quercitrin on the morphological changes in the epithelium of the large and small intestine mucosa were insignificant. It is believed that the therapeutic action of quercitrin could be caused by restoration of local circulation deranged in animal sensitization.", "contents": "[Effect of quercitrin on structural changes in the large and small intestines in experimental enterocolitis]. Sensitization of rats with the homologous antigen of the large intestine with Freund's stimulant caused marked immunomorphological shift in the large intestine of rats with the phenomena of enteritis in the small intestine. Oral administration of quercitrin in doses of 25 and 100mg/kg for 10 days promoted decline of focal lymphohistiomonocytic infiltrations, of eosinophilic in the mucosa and of scleroti changes in the large intestine. At the same time restoration of structural disturbances occurred in the small intestine. The influence of quercitrin on the morphological changes in the epithelium of the large and small intestine mucosa were insignificant. It is believed that the therapeutic action of quercitrin could be caused by restoration of local circulation deranged in animal sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:947396", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the duodenal mucosa in rats under stress].", "content": "Electron microscopy study of the duodenal mucosa of rats after a 24-hour restrain stress was conducted in a special apparatus. Moderate changes of enterocytes chiefly consisting of focal destruction of mitochondrial cristae and increase in the number of lysosomes were revealed. These results correlate with the previously published data on histochemical study of the same objects. The changes of the  goblet cells and of the blood vessels are described.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the duodenal mucosa in rats under stress]. Electron microscopy study of the duodenal mucosa of rats after a 24-hour restrain stress was conducted in a special apparatus. Moderate changes of enterocytes chiefly consisting of focal destruction of mitochondrial cristae and increase in the number of lysosomes were revealed. These results correlate with the previously published data on histochemical study of the same objects. The changes of the  goblet cells and of the blood vessels are described."}
{"id": "PMID:947397", "title": "[Changes in the morphology of jejunal mucosa in conditions of bilateral subdiaphramatic vagotomy].", "content": "Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy led in rats to the development of a complex of structural and ultrastructural changes in the jejunum mucosa and of principal cell forms of its epithrlium--enterocytes and goblet cells. At early periods after the operation (1.7 of a day) morphological changes of a destructive character prevailed, while at late periods (60, 120 days) compensatory reconstructions were mainly observed.", "contents": "[Changes in the morphology of jejunal mucosa in conditions of bilateral subdiaphramatic vagotomy]. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy led in rats to the development of a complex of structural and ultrastructural changes in the jejunum mucosa and of principal cell forms of its epithrlium--enterocytes and goblet cells. At early periods after the operation (1.7 of a day) morphological changes of a destructive character prevailed, while at late periods (60, 120 days) compensatory reconstructions were mainly observed."}
{"id": "PMID:947398", "title": "[Cultivation of human peripheral blood leukocytes on agar gel].", "content": "It was shown by the modified method of agar cultures that in the peripheral blood of a healthy man, aged from 4 days to 40 years. The number of cell precursors of granulocytes and macrophages (CFU-C) varied from 0.05 to 6.38 in adults and from 0.2 to 2.9 in children per 105 nuclear cells. CFU-C content in the patients with infectious mononucleosis and acute leukemia was 0.5--14 and 0--0.3 per 105 nuclear cells, respectively.", "contents": "[Cultivation of human peripheral blood leukocytes on agar gel]. It was shown by the modified method of agar cultures that in the peripheral blood of a healthy man, aged from 4 days to 40 years. The number of cell precursors of granulocytes and macrophages (CFU-C) varied from 0.05 to 6.38 in adults and from 0.2 to 2.9 in children per 105 nuclear cells. CFU-C content in the patients with infectious mononucleosis and acute leukemia was 0.5--14 and 0--0.3 per 105 nuclear cells, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:947399", "title": "Evaluation of the role of in vivo proteolysis (fibrinogenolysis) in prolonging the thrombin time of human umbilical cord fibrinogen.", "content": "These studies have been directed at evaluating the role played by proteolysis (fibrinogenolysis) in vivo in prolonging the thrombin time of human umbilical cord (\"fetal\") fibrinogen. The aggregation rate of cord fibrin compared with that from adult plasma is always delayed when the reaction is carried out under conditions of relatively high ionic strength (e.g., 0.29); this difference is not apparent at relatively low ionic strength (e.g., 0.09). In addition, as assessed by turbidimetric techniques, the maximum absorbance attained by cord fibrin is considerably less than that attained by adult fibrin. Coagulable fibrinogen catabolites (i.e., fraction I-5) are present in cord plasma and, like their counterparts from adult plasma, lack various portions of the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain. However, their presence in plasma does not explain the behavioral differences between cord and adult fibrin. Moreover, differences revealed by turbidimetric comparison of cord and adult fibrin from plasma fraction I-2 persist in fibrin from fraction I-5; it therefore appears that the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain does not contain the structure(s) accounting for the unique behavior of \"fetal\" fibrinogen.", "contents": "Evaluation of the role of in vivo proteolysis (fibrinogenolysis) in prolonging the thrombin time of human umbilical cord fibrinogen. These studies have been directed at evaluating the role played by proteolysis (fibrinogenolysis) in vivo in prolonging the thrombin time of human umbilical cord (\"fetal\") fibrinogen. The aggregation rate of cord fibrin compared with that from adult plasma is always delayed when the reaction is carried out under conditions of relatively high ionic strength (e.g., 0.29); this difference is not apparent at relatively low ionic strength (e.g., 0.09). In addition, as assessed by turbidimetric techniques, the maximum absorbance attained by cord fibrin is considerably less than that attained by adult fibrin. Coagulable fibrinogen catabolites (i.e., fraction I-5) are present in cord plasma and, like their counterparts from adult plasma, lack various portions of the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain. However, their presence in plasma does not explain the behavioral differences between cord and adult fibrin. Moreover, differences revealed by turbidimetric comparison of cord and adult fibrin from plasma fraction I-2 persist in fibrin from fraction I-5; it therefore appears that the COOH-terminal region of the A alpha chain does not contain the structure(s) accounting for the unique behavior of \"fetal\" fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:947400", "title": "Effect of heterologous antibody on human platelets.", "content": "The effect of heterologous anti-human platelet antibody on human platelet function was examined in the presence and absence of whole plasma as an in vitro model for antibody-induced immune damage to cells. Heterologous IgG anti-human platelet antibody mediated platelet aggregation and released serotonin from both platelets in plasma and from platelets isolated by gel filtration and increased the availability of platelet acid phosphatase in a dose-response fashion. Anti-platelet antibody failed to release beta-glucuronidase (lysosomal enzyme marker) or cause lactic dehydrogenase loss (cytolysis). The effect of the antiplatelet antibody on platelets proceeded in the absence of complement. The active molecule in the anti-platelet antiserum was isolated in the IgG fraction and all three indicators of platelet injury were mediated by purified monomeric IgG. Thrombin was not required for the antibody-mediated effects, as three thrombin inhibitors failed to block the reaction. EDTA was an effective inhibitor, suggesting a cation requirement; however, as little as 38 muM calcium was sufficient for effective platelet aggregation and release. The inability of acetylsalicylic acid to inhibit the effect of the antiplatelet antibody suggests that heterologous antibody (IgG) induced platelet alteration proceeds by a different mechanism than that mediated by ADP and epinephrine and does not involve endogenous platelet prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of heterologous antibody on human platelets. The effect of heterologous anti-human platelet antibody on human platelet function was examined in the presence and absence of whole plasma as an in vitro model for antibody-induced immune damage to cells. Heterologous IgG anti-human platelet antibody mediated platelet aggregation and released serotonin from both platelets in plasma and from platelets isolated by gel filtration and increased the availability of platelet acid phosphatase in a dose-response fashion. Anti-platelet antibody failed to release beta-glucuronidase (lysosomal enzyme marker) or cause lactic dehydrogenase loss (cytolysis). The effect of the antiplatelet antibody on platelets proceeded in the absence of complement. The active molecule in the anti-platelet antiserum was isolated in the IgG fraction and all three indicators of platelet injury were mediated by purified monomeric IgG. Thrombin was not required for the antibody-mediated effects, as three thrombin inhibitors failed to block the reaction. EDTA was an effective inhibitor, suggesting a cation requirement; however, as little as 38 muM calcium was sufficient for effective platelet aggregation and release. The inability of acetylsalicylic acid to inhibit the effect of the antiplatelet antibody suggests that heterologous antibody (IgG) induced platelet alteration proceeds by a different mechanism than that mediated by ADP and epinephrine and does not involve endogenous platelet prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947401", "title": "Separation of megakaryocytes from mouse bone marrow by density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "The density profile of mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes, as determined by discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation, was characterized by a single density population (1.088 to 1.119 g/ml) with a peak density of 1.10 g/ml and a maximum enrichment of 15.5. This single population comprised both mature and immature megakaryocytes. The density profile of small, acetylcholinesterase-positive cells, a class of potential megakaryocyte precursors, was almost identical to that of morphologically recognizable megakaryocytes.", "contents": "Separation of megakaryocytes from mouse bone marrow by density gradient centrifugation. The density profile of mouse bone marrow megakaryocytes, as determined by discontinuous albumin density gradient centrifugation, was characterized by a single density population (1.088 to 1.119 g/ml) with a peak density of 1.10 g/ml and a maximum enrichment of 15.5. This single population comprised both mature and immature megakaryocytes. The density profile of small, acetylcholinesterase-positive cells, a class of potential megakaryocyte precursors, was almost identical to that of morphologically recognizable megakaryocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:947402", "title": "Identification of monocytes in suspensions of mononuclear cells.", "content": "A new histochemical technique for morphological studies of mononuclear cells and granulocytes, based on fluorescent staining with methyl green, pyronine Y, and stilbene-isothiocyanato disulfonic acid (MPS stain) is described. The method was applied to mononuclear cells isolated from the blood of normal human subjects by Ficoll-Isopaque density centrifugation. Three cell populations were distinguished, mainly on the basis of differences in morphology and cytochemistry, utilizing the MPS stain. One of the cell types had many of the morphological characteristics of the monocyte. This technique, augmented by lysosomal content and endocytosis capacity studies, revealed contimination of the cell suspension with a larger percentage of monocytes than has usually been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Identification of monocytes in suspensions of mononuclear cells. A new histochemical technique for morphological studies of mononuclear cells and granulocytes, based on fluorescent staining with methyl green, pyronine Y, and stilbene-isothiocyanato disulfonic acid (MPS stain) is described. The method was applied to mononuclear cells isolated from the blood of normal human subjects by Ficoll-Isopaque density centrifugation. Three cell populations were distinguished, mainly on the basis of differences in morphology and cytochemistry, utilizing the MPS stain. One of the cell types had many of the morphological characteristics of the monocyte. This technique, augmented by lysosomal content and endocytosis capacity studies, revealed contimination of the cell suspension with a larger percentage of monocytes than has usually been reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:947403", "title": "Degranulation and abnormal bactericidal function of granulocytes procured by reversible adhesion to nylon wool.", "content": "Granylocyte bactericidal capacity, chemotaxis, hexose monophosphate shung activity (before and after phagocytic stimulus), and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and enzyme content were examined in cells obtained by filtration leukaphresis (FL) and continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC). A decrease in the bactericidal efficiency of FL-produced cells compared to that of both normal and CFC-procured granulocytes was found; the decrease was 17% with a cell-to-bacteria ratio of 5:1, and 55% with a 1:1 ratio. Moreover, FL-acquired cells were often vacuolated and consistently contained less acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase than did normal granulocytes. When normal cells were incubated for 1-2 hr with nylon wool, 30% of the total acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase was released, with no evidence of cell death, thus suggesting degranulation. Similar results were obtained with glass, cotton, or polysulfone plastic fibers. Electron microscopic and peroxidase cytochemical studies of the adherence of normal granulocytes to nylon fibers were also carried out. After 30 min of incubation, cell-to-fiber attachment and cellular aggregation had occurred, although the cells per se appeared normal. After 60 and 120 min, other changes became apparent: (1) a decrease in the amount of cytoplasmic granules; (2) large, intracytoplasmic vaculoles; and (3) extracellular peroxidase on fiber surfaces. We conclude that granulocytes obtained by adherence to nylon fibers show both morphological and biochemical evidence of degranulation and diminished bactericidal capacity, and that these abnormalities may be causally related to decreased granulocyte survival in transfusion recipients.", "contents": "Degranulation and abnormal bactericidal function of granulocytes procured by reversible adhesion to nylon wool. Granylocyte bactericidal capacity, chemotaxis, hexose monophosphate shung activity (before and after phagocytic stimulus), and quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and enzyme content were examined in cells obtained by filtration leukaphresis (FL) and continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC). A decrease in the bactericidal efficiency of FL-produced cells compared to that of both normal and CFC-procured granulocytes was found; the decrease was 17% with a cell-to-bacteria ratio of 5:1, and 55% with a 1:1 ratio. Moreover, FL-acquired cells were often vacuolated and consistently contained less acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase than did normal granulocytes. When normal cells were incubated for 1-2 hr with nylon wool, 30% of the total acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase was released, with no evidence of cell death, thus suggesting degranulation. Similar results were obtained with glass, cotton, or polysulfone plastic fibers. Electron microscopic and peroxidase cytochemical studies of the adherence of normal granulocytes to nylon fibers were also carried out. After 30 min of incubation, cell-to-fiber attachment and cellular aggregation had occurred, although the cells per se appeared normal. After 60 and 120 min, other changes became apparent: (1) a decrease in the amount of cytoplasmic granules; (2) large, intracytoplasmic vaculoles; and (3) extracellular peroxidase on fiber surfaces. We conclude that granulocytes obtained by adherence to nylon fibers show both morphological and biochemical evidence of degranulation and diminished bactericidal capacity, and that these abnormalities may be causally related to decreased granulocyte survival in transfusion recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:947404", "title": "Familial deficiency of glutathione reductase in human blood cells.", "content": "A virtually complete absence of glutathione reductase activity was found in the erythrocytes of all three children (one male, two females) from a consanguineous marriage. Intermediate values were found in the erythrocytes of both parents. The enzyme activity could not be restored either by addition of FAD in vitro or by administration of riboflavin in vivo. The amount of reduced glutathione in the erythrocytes was normal in each case. Severely diminished glutathione stability during incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine was observed in the erythrocytes of the siblings, as well as intermediate stability in the parents' red cells. Clinically, this deficiency was manifested by hemolytic crises after eating fava beans in the eldest daughter (patient), and possibly by cataracts in her own and in her brother's eyes. Very low activities of glutathione reductase were also found in the leukocytes of this family: 13%-15% of normal values for the children and 64%-66% for the parents. Moreover, the same deficiency was found in the purified white blood cells of the propositus: 8% of normal values in the polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, 4% in the lymphocytes, and 15% in the monocytes, together with 11% in the platelets. Finally, we found an abnormal oxygen consumption of the propositus' PMNs after phagocytosis of zymosan particles, suggesting that the glutathione reductase reaction was involved in the bactericidal capacity of these cells.", "contents": "Familial deficiency of glutathione reductase in human blood cells. A virtually complete absence of glutathione reductase activity was found in the erythrocytes of all three children (one male, two females) from a consanguineous marriage. Intermediate values were found in the erythrocytes of both parents. The enzyme activity could not be restored either by addition of FAD in vitro or by administration of riboflavin in vivo. The amount of reduced glutathione in the erythrocytes was normal in each case. Severely diminished glutathione stability during incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine was observed in the erythrocytes of the siblings, as well as intermediate stability in the parents' red cells. Clinically, this deficiency was manifested by hemolytic crises after eating fava beans in the eldest daughter (patient), and possibly by cataracts in her own and in her brother's eyes. Very low activities of glutathione reductase were also found in the leukocytes of this family: 13%-15% of normal values for the children and 64%-66% for the parents. Moreover, the same deficiency was found in the purified white blood cells of the propositus: 8% of normal values in the polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, 4% in the lymphocytes, and 15% in the monocytes, together with 11% in the platelets. Finally, we found an abnormal oxygen consumption of the propositus' PMNs after phagocytosis of zymosan particles, suggesting that the glutathione reductase reaction was involved in the bactericidal capacity of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:947406", "title": "Role of copper in mitochondrial iron metabolism.", "content": "Heme synthesis by copper-deficient cells was investigated to elucidate the nature of the defect in intracellular iron metabolism. Iron uptake from transferrin by copper-deficient reticulocytes was 52% of normal, and the rate of heme synthesis was 33% of normal. Hepatic mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient animals were deficient in cytochrome oxidase activity and failed to synthesize heme from ferric iron (Fe III) and protoporphyrin at the normal rate. The rate of heme synthesis correlated with the cytochrome oxidase activity. Heme synthesis from Fe(III) and protoporphyrin by normal mitochondria was enhanced by succinate and inhibited by malonate, antimycin A, azide, and cyanide. It is proposed that an intact electron transport system is required for the reduction of Fe(III), thereby providing a pool of ferrous iron (Fe II) for protoheme and heme a synthesis.", "contents": "Role of copper in mitochondrial iron metabolism. Heme synthesis by copper-deficient cells was investigated to elucidate the nature of the defect in intracellular iron metabolism. Iron uptake from transferrin by copper-deficient reticulocytes was 52% of normal, and the rate of heme synthesis was 33% of normal. Hepatic mitochondria isolated from copper-deficient animals were deficient in cytochrome oxidase activity and failed to synthesize heme from ferric iron (Fe III) and protoporphyrin at the normal rate. The rate of heme synthesis correlated with the cytochrome oxidase activity. Heme synthesis from Fe(III) and protoporphyrin by normal mitochondria was enhanced by succinate and inhibited by malonate, antimycin A, azide, and cyanide. It is proposed that an intact electron transport system is required for the reduction of Fe(III), thereby providing a pool of ferrous iron (Fe II) for protoheme and heme a synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947407", "title": "Evidence that functional subunits of antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) are linked by noncovalent bonds.", "content": "Partially purified human antihemophilic factor (AHF, factor VIII), when treated with high concentrations of salt, has been shown to dissociate into two components: one, of relatively low molecular weight, possesses procoagulant activity, and the other, of higher molecular weight, forms precipitates with heterologous antiserum against AHF and supports ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. The ease of separation suggests that the two components in the native state might be held together by noncovalent bonds. Earlier observations do not exclude the possibility that the subunits may be covalently bonded in nature but might be severed by plasma proteolytic enzymes during laboratory manipulation. The issue was examined by preparing partially purified AHF from fresh human plasma in the presence of protease inhibitors, including benzamidine, soybean trypsin inhibitor, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, heparin, and hirudin. Under these conditons, gel filtration in the presence of 0.25 M calcium chloride and 0.001 M benzamidine resulted in its separation into two components, having properties identical to those separated in the absence of these protease inhibitors. The inhibitor mixture blocked generation and action of streptokinase- and kaolin-activated plasmin from plasma, and protected both plasma AHF and partially purified AHF from the action of thrombin. Surface-induced activation of PTA (factor XI) was partially inhibited, and that of Christmas factor (factor IX) was completely inhibited. This observation provides further evidence that in the native state the high- and low-molecular-weight components of preparations of antihemophilic factor are held together by noncovalent bonds.", "contents": "Evidence that functional subunits of antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) are linked by noncovalent bonds. Partially purified human antihemophilic factor (AHF, factor VIII), when treated with high concentrations of salt, has been shown to dissociate into two components: one, of relatively low molecular weight, possesses procoagulant activity, and the other, of higher molecular weight, forms precipitates with heterologous antiserum against AHF and supports ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. The ease of separation suggests that the two components in the native state might be held together by noncovalent bonds. Earlier observations do not exclude the possibility that the subunits may be covalently bonded in nature but might be severed by plasma proteolytic enzymes during laboratory manipulation. The issue was examined by preparing partially purified AHF from fresh human plasma in the presence of protease inhibitors, including benzamidine, soybean trypsin inhibitor, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, heparin, and hirudin. Under these conditons, gel filtration in the presence of 0.25 M calcium chloride and 0.001 M benzamidine resulted in its separation into two components, having properties identical to those separated in the absence of these protease inhibitors. The inhibitor mixture blocked generation and action of streptokinase- and kaolin-activated plasmin from plasma, and protected both plasma AHF and partially purified AHF from the action of thrombin. Surface-induced activation of PTA (factor XI) was partially inhibited, and that of Christmas factor (factor IX) was completely inhibited. This observation provides further evidence that in the native state the high- and low-molecular-weight components of preparations of antihemophilic factor are held together by noncovalent bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:947408", "title": "Immunosuppressive therapy of Factor VIII inhibitors.", "content": "Immunosuppressive therapy was used in seven hemophiliac and three nonhemophiliac patients with factor VIII inhibiors. Permanent disappearance of the inhibitor occurred in three hemophiliac and two nonhemophiliac patients following treatment with cyclophosphamide and factor VIII. Critical factors influencing the response to therapy may include both the titer and duration of the inhibitor and the degree of intervening factor VIII exposure prior to immunosuppressive therapy. Two severe hemophiliacs with low titer inhibitors that disappeared without specific therapy are also reported.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive therapy of Factor VIII inhibitors. Immunosuppressive therapy was used in seven hemophiliac and three nonhemophiliac patients with factor VIII inhibiors. Permanent disappearance of the inhibitor occurred in three hemophiliac and two nonhemophiliac patients following treatment with cyclophosphamide and factor VIII. Critical factors influencing the response to therapy may include both the titer and duration of the inhibitor and the degree of intervening factor VIII exposure prior to immunosuppressive therapy. Two severe hemophiliacs with low titer inhibitors that disappeared without specific therapy are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:947409", "title": "Modification by temperature of the response of isolated aorta to stimulatory agents and transmural stimulation.", "content": "Contractile responses of helically-cut strips of the rabbit aorta to drugs, ions and transmural electrical stimulation were compared at different temperatures of the bathing medium, the response at 37 degrees C being taken as control. The dose-response curve of norepinephrine was moved to the right and downward by lowering the temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C and by raising temperature to 40 degrees C. Responses to transmural neural stimulation at frequencies of 5 and 20/sec were attenuated at 25 degrees C, the attenuation being greater in the response at the lower frequency. Concentrations of exogenous norepinephrine needed to produce the same magnitude of contraction as that with transmural stimulation were markedly increased by lowering the temperature to 25 degrees C. Contractile responses to norepinephrine (2 X 10(-6) M), histamine (2 X 10(-5) M) and angiotensin II (10(-7) M) were attenuated by 32-44% at 25 degrees C, whereas the responses to K+ (25 mM) and Ba++ (2 mM) were dependent on temperatures between 25 and 37 degrees C and were attenuated by 69 and 92%, respectively, at 25 degrees C. Contractures induced by Ca++ in K+-depolarized preparations exposed to Ca++-free media and also by Ba++ in preparations exposed to Ca++-free media varied directly by raising temperatures. Interference with the influx of divalent cations, such as Ca++ and Ba++, may be involved in the cold inhibition of aortic contractility.", "contents": "Modification by temperature of the response of isolated aorta to stimulatory agents and transmural stimulation. Contractile responses of helically-cut strips of the rabbit aorta to drugs, ions and transmural electrical stimulation were compared at different temperatures of the bathing medium, the response at 37 degrees C being taken as control. The dose-response curve of norepinephrine was moved to the right and downward by lowering the temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C and by raising temperature to 40 degrees C. Responses to transmural neural stimulation at frequencies of 5 and 20/sec were attenuated at 25 degrees C, the attenuation being greater in the response at the lower frequency. Concentrations of exogenous norepinephrine needed to produce the same magnitude of contraction as that with transmural stimulation were markedly increased by lowering the temperature to 25 degrees C. Contractile responses to norepinephrine (2 X 10(-6) M), histamine (2 X 10(-5) M) and angiotensin II (10(-7) M) were attenuated by 32-44% at 25 degrees C, whereas the responses to K+ (25 mM) and Ba++ (2 mM) were dependent on temperatures between 25 and 37 degrees C and were attenuated by 69 and 92%, respectively, at 25 degrees C. Contractures induced by Ca++ in K+-depolarized preparations exposed to Ca++-free media and also by Ba++ in preparations exposed to Ca++-free media varied directly by raising temperatures. Interference with the influx of divalent cations, such as Ca++ and Ba++, may be involved in the cold inhibition of aortic contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:947410", "title": "Skeletal muscle vascular volume changes with increased venous pressure.", "content": "Dog gracilis muscles were removed, enclosed in a plethysmograph and perfused at constant inflow pressure or constant inflow. Circulating blood volumes were measured by the constant infusion technique using RBC-51Cr or albumin-131I. Control venous pressure averaged 3 mm Hg and elevations (delta PV) over the range of 5-40 mm Hg were produced. Volume changes were determined during and following delta PV by plethysmography and by changes in total muscle radioactivity. Changes in total (amount of blood in the tissue), active (circulating), and mobilized vascular volumes were calculated. Active vascular volumes and total vascular volumes increased with venous pressure increments up to 25 mm Hg and then plateaued. Active vascular volumes (indicators) increased by amounts significantly greater than the increases in total vascular volume (plethysmography). Volume changes in the constant flow groups were double those in the constant pressure groups. The mobilized active vascular volume (active vascular volume change minus total vascular volume change) consists of a volume of blood contained in vessels unattainable by the indicators during the control period but which were made available to the indicator by the delta PV. Mobilized vascular volume averaged 45% of the active vascular volume change. With venous pressure elevation there was an increase in the RBC-51Cr volume to albumin-131I volume ratio. This suggests a redistribution of red cells with respect to plasma, possibly resulting from reduced plasma skimming.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle vascular volume changes with increased venous pressure. Dog gracilis muscles were removed, enclosed in a plethysmograph and perfused at constant inflow pressure or constant inflow. Circulating blood volumes were measured by the constant infusion technique using RBC-51Cr or albumin-131I. Control venous pressure averaged 3 mm Hg and elevations (delta PV) over the range of 5-40 mm Hg were produced. Volume changes were determined during and following delta PV by plethysmography and by changes in total muscle radioactivity. Changes in total (amount of blood in the tissue), active (circulating), and mobilized vascular volumes were calculated. Active vascular volumes and total vascular volumes increased with venous pressure increments up to 25 mm Hg and then plateaued. Active vascular volumes (indicators) increased by amounts significantly greater than the increases in total vascular volume (plethysmography). Volume changes in the constant flow groups were double those in the constant pressure groups. The mobilized active vascular volume (active vascular volume change minus total vascular volume change) consists of a volume of blood contained in vessels unattainable by the indicators during the control period but which were made available to the indicator by the delta PV. Mobilized vascular volume averaged 45% of the active vascular volume change. With venous pressure elevation there was an increase in the RBC-51Cr volume to albumin-131I volume ratio. This suggests a redistribution of red cells with respect to plasma, possibly resulting from reduced plasma skimming."}
{"id": "PMID:947411", "title": "Responsiveness of isolated dog veins to bradykinin and other bioactive peptides: distribution of sensitivity to bradykinin and possible correlation with genesis of the venous system.", "content": "Contractile responses of isolated dog veins to bradykinin were studied. Responses to norepinephrine were taken as standards. According to their sensitivity to bradykinin, the veins obtained from 14 sites of the venous system were divided into two groups, while all the veins were almost uniform in their sensitivity to norepinephrine. One group has high sensitivity to bradykinin and the other has low sensitivity. The former includes the pulmonary, hepatic, splenic, and portal veins, the anterior vena cava, and the upper and the middle divisions of the posterior vena cava. The latter includes the external jugular, cephalic, azygos, femoral, and saphenous veins, and the lower division of the posterior vena cava. The responses of the renal vein were intermediate. A striking correlation was noted between the distribution of bradykinin sensitivity and the genesis of the venous system. Five bioactive peptides other than bradykinin were also studied. Only angiotensin induced contraction in some preparation, but, as a whole, caerulein, eledoisin-related peptide, oxytocin and vasopressin rarely showed contractile activity.", "contents": "Responsiveness of isolated dog veins to bradykinin and other bioactive peptides: distribution of sensitivity to bradykinin and possible correlation with genesis of the venous system. Contractile responses of isolated dog veins to bradykinin were studied. Responses to norepinephrine were taken as standards. According to their sensitivity to bradykinin, the veins obtained from 14 sites of the venous system were divided into two groups, while all the veins were almost uniform in their sensitivity to norepinephrine. One group has high sensitivity to bradykinin and the other has low sensitivity. The former includes the pulmonary, hepatic, splenic, and portal veins, the anterior vena cava, and the upper and the middle divisions of the posterior vena cava. The latter includes the external jugular, cephalic, azygos, femoral, and saphenous veins, and the lower division of the posterior vena cava. The responses of the renal vein were intermediate. A striking correlation was noted between the distribution of bradykinin sensitivity and the genesis of the venous system. Five bioactive peptides other than bradykinin were also studied. Only angiotensin induced contraction in some preparation, but, as a whole, caerulein, eledoisin-related peptide, oxytocin and vasopressin rarely showed contractile activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947417", "title": "Space phobia: syndrome or agoraphobic variant?", "content": "Four elderly women had intense fears of falling when there was no visible support at hand or on seeing space cues while driving. Two patients had cervical spondylosis. The mean age at onset of the fear was 54--thirty years later than that for agoraphobia. Fear of public places and of heights was not prominent, nor was depersonalisation or depression. These \"space phobias\" might be a hitherto unrecognised syndrome or an unusual variant of agoraphobia. The visuospatial reflexes involved might illuminate the pathogenesis of certain fears.", "contents": "Space phobia: syndrome or agoraphobic variant? Four elderly women had intense fears of falling when there was no visible support at hand or on seeing space cues while driving. Two patients had cervical spondylosis. The mean age at onset of the fear was 54--thirty years later than that for agoraphobia. Fear of public places and of heights was not prominent, nor was depersonalisation or depression. These \"space phobias\" might be a hitherto unrecognised syndrome or an unusual variant of agoraphobia. The visuospatial reflexes involved might illuminate the pathogenesis of certain fears."}
{"id": "PMID:947418", "title": "Detection of renal anomalies by abdominal palpation in newborn infants.", "content": "In a new technique of palpation for renal anomalies in the newborn one hand supports the infant while the fingers of the other hand support the loin and the thumb explores the abdomen. In a series of 11 000 otherwise normal newborn children superficial palpation detected 11 renal anomalies, and deep palpation led to the discovery of another 42 anomalies. One of two other series in which palpation was performed bimanually gave a similar incidence of renal anomalies (0-5%). Early discovery of an asymptomatic anomaly enables early treatment of the complications that are often found in patients with congenital renal anomalies detected in later life.", "contents": "Detection of renal anomalies by abdominal palpation in newborn infants. In a new technique of palpation for renal anomalies in the newborn one hand supports the infant while the fingers of the other hand support the loin and the thumb explores the abdomen. In a series of 11 000 otherwise normal newborn children superficial palpation detected 11 renal anomalies, and deep palpation led to the discovery of another 42 anomalies. One of two other series in which palpation was performed bimanually gave a similar incidence of renal anomalies (0-5%). Early discovery of an asymptomatic anomaly enables early treatment of the complications that are often found in patients with congenital renal anomalies detected in later life."}
{"id": "PMID:947419", "title": "Sensitisation to Hodgkin's disease spleen tissue in patients with malignant lymphoma: follow-up study.", "content": "The leucocyte migration responses of patients with malignant lymphoma to an unidentified factor in Hodgkin's spleen tissue were serially studied and related to clinical progress. Initial sensitisation responses did not correlate with presenting histological or clinical status or with subsequent clinical progress. Enhancement of responses after treatment, however, was associated with good clinical progress. In patients who relapsed, sensitisation to spleen factor diminished, whereas responses were preserved at one year in those in maintained remission. Sensitisation to the splenic factor may be a useful index of response to treatment in patients with malignant lymphoma; diminishing sensitisation may indicate relapse.", "contents": "Sensitisation to Hodgkin's disease spleen tissue in patients with malignant lymphoma: follow-up study. The leucocyte migration responses of patients with malignant lymphoma to an unidentified factor in Hodgkin's spleen tissue were serially studied and related to clinical progress. Initial sensitisation responses did not correlate with presenting histological or clinical status or with subsequent clinical progress. Enhancement of responses after treatment, however, was associated with good clinical progress. In patients who relapsed, sensitisation to spleen factor diminished, whereas responses were preserved at one year in those in maintained remission. Sensitisation to the splenic factor may be a useful index of response to treatment in patients with malignant lymphoma; diminishing sensitisation may indicate relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:947420", "title": "Closed mitral valvotomy.", "content": "The results of closed mitral valvotomy operations in 359 patients operated on from August 1957 to October 1974 were assessed at July 1975. About 60% of the patients were in good health. These results suggest that there is still a place for closed mitral valvotomy in carefully selected cases.", "contents": "Closed mitral valvotomy. The results of closed mitral valvotomy operations in 359 patients operated on from August 1957 to October 1974 were assessed at July 1975. About 60% of the patients were in good health. These results suggest that there is still a place for closed mitral valvotomy in carefully selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:947421", "title": "The Isis Centre: a counselling service within the National Health Service.", "content": "A new centre has been established to provide readily accessible counselling, consultation, and mental health information. People may refer themselves or are recommended to attend by general practitioners or other agencies. The counsellors have varied backgrounds in paramedical or counselling services, and they are supported by psychiatrists. Of a sample of 100 clients, four were referred to one of the team's psychiatrists and 33 visited the centre only once. The centre's staff aim to adopt a flexible approach to the client and his problems, and formal psychiatric categories have not been found useful. Provision is made for people who want to solve their problems by discussion rather than medication and those for whom the existing psychiatric services may have little time to spare. Consequently, the approach adopted by the Isis Centre, whereby many people benefit from psychotherapy yet the psychiatrist deals directly with only a few selected cases, contributes towards meeting the great need for psychiatric services and using the psychiatrist's skills more effectively.", "contents": "The Isis Centre: a counselling service within the National Health Service. A new centre has been established to provide readily accessible counselling, consultation, and mental health information. People may refer themselves or are recommended to attend by general practitioners or other agencies. The counsellors have varied backgrounds in paramedical or counselling services, and they are supported by psychiatrists. Of a sample of 100 clients, four were referred to one of the team's psychiatrists and 33 visited the centre only once. The centre's staff aim to adopt a flexible approach to the client and his problems, and formal psychiatric categories have not been found useful. Provision is made for people who want to solve their problems by discussion rather than medication and those for whom the existing psychiatric services may have little time to spare. Consequently, the approach adopted by the Isis Centre, whereby many people benefit from psychotherapy yet the psychiatrist deals directly with only a few selected cases, contributes towards meeting the great need for psychiatric services and using the psychiatrist's skills more effectively."}
{"id": "PMID:947442", "title": "Treatment of diabetic coma with small intravenous insulin boluses.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of small intravenous boluses of insulin in treating diabetic decompensation was tested in 23 patients presenting in either a ketoacidotic or a nonketotic diabetic coma. In addition to the usual ionic and fluid replacement, the patients received hourly intravenous injections of insulin 5 IU. This dose lowered blood glucose levels in all but two patients. In the patients who responded the percentage decrease in glycaemia was similar whatever the initial glucose concentration and averaged (+/-SE of mean) 50+/-3% in five hours. Close monitoring of insulin and glucose concentrations after intravenous insulin in three patients showed that despite the short half life of insulin the effect of the intravenous bolus lasted for about 60 minutes. The overall clinical effectiveness of this type of treatment is comparable to that of the other low-dose regimens. Owing to its simplicity, this technique of insulin administration seems most suitable for the routine treatment of diabetic coma.", "contents": "Treatment of diabetic coma with small intravenous insulin boluses. The clinical efficacy of small intravenous boluses of insulin in treating diabetic decompensation was tested in 23 patients presenting in either a ketoacidotic or a nonketotic diabetic coma. In addition to the usual ionic and fluid replacement, the patients received hourly intravenous injections of insulin 5 IU. This dose lowered blood glucose levels in all but two patients. In the patients who responded the percentage decrease in glycaemia was similar whatever the initial glucose concentration and averaged (+/-SE of mean) 50+/-3% in five hours. Close monitoring of insulin and glucose concentrations after intravenous insulin in three patients showed that despite the short half life of insulin the effect of the intravenous bolus lasted for about 60 minutes. The overall clinical effectiveness of this type of treatment is comparable to that of the other low-dose regimens. Owing to its simplicity, this technique of insulin administration seems most suitable for the routine treatment of diabetic coma."}
{"id": "PMID:947443", "title": "Acute responsiveness to calcitonin in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The acute effect of porcine calcitonin was tested in 17 patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. In normal adults calcitonin has no effect on plasma calcium or phosphate levels, but in nine patients both concentrations were substantially reduced after calcitonin. This hypocalcaemic and hypophosphataemic effect was a function of the initial plasma phosphate level but was unrelated to the initial plasma calcium level. Plasma hydroxyproline levels were not significantly different in the two groups an were unaffected by calcitonin. In 11 patients fasting plasma calcitonin levels were undetectable with an assay sensitive to 0-1 mug/1. Calcitonin seems to have an acute effect in chronic renal failure which may not operate by arresting bone resorption but is dependent on the plasma phosphate concentration.", "contents": "Acute responsiveness to calcitonin in chronic renal failure. The acute effect of porcine calcitonin was tested in 17 patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. In normal adults calcitonin has no effect on plasma calcium or phosphate levels, but in nine patients both concentrations were substantially reduced after calcitonin. This hypocalcaemic and hypophosphataemic effect was a function of the initial plasma phosphate level but was unrelated to the initial plasma calcium level. Plasma hydroxyproline levels were not significantly different in the two groups an were unaffected by calcitonin. In 11 patients fasting plasma calcitonin levels were undetectable with an assay sensitive to 0-1 mug/1. Calcitonin seems to have an acute effect in chronic renal failure which may not operate by arresting bone resorption but is dependent on the plasma phosphate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:947444", "title": "Significance of low body weight in ovulatory dysfunction after stopping oral contraceptives.", "content": "In a group of patients who developed ovulatory dysfunction on stopping oral contraception the mean body weight of those with previosly regular cycles was significantly lower than that of women who had had ovulatory dysfunction beforeoral contraception and also that of a control group. Women of low body weight may be at particular risk of developing post-pill amenorrhoea even when there is no history pointing to ovulatory dysfunction. This should be considered when selecting a form of contraception in such women.", "contents": "Significance of low body weight in ovulatory dysfunction after stopping oral contraceptives. In a group of patients who developed ovulatory dysfunction on stopping oral contraception the mean body weight of those with previosly regular cycles was significantly lower than that of women who had had ovulatory dysfunction beforeoral contraception and also that of a control group. Women of low body weight may be at particular risk of developing post-pill amenorrhoea even when there is no history pointing to ovulatory dysfunction. This should be considered when selecting a form of contraception in such women."}
{"id": "PMID:947448", "title": "Ambulance ride: fixed or floating stretcher?", "content": "The alternatives of a purpose-bult ambulance and a specially designed stretcher suspension system were considered and the features of the latter assessed by subjective and objective tests. The results showed a significant improvement in the quality of the ride offered to the patient.", "contents": "Ambulance ride: fixed or floating stretcher? The alternatives of a purpose-bult ambulance and a specially designed stretcher suspension system were considered and the features of the latter assessed by subjective and objective tests. The results showed a significant improvement in the quality of the ride offered to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:947450", "title": "Child health clincs and inverse care laws: evidence from longitudinal study of 1878 pre-school children.", "content": "In a longitudinal study it was intended that 1878 children should receive periodic developmental examinations from the age of 6 weeks to 3 years. The children were divided into those with a high or low  risk of developmental problems. Although clinic attendance rate of 85-89% were achieved in the catchment area 100% coverage was difficult because of population mobility and non-attendance at clinics. Children in families who moved away from the area were more difficult to trace and thus more likely to miss developmental examinations. This was a greater problem in the high-risk group. Altogether 683 home developmental examinations were carried out on 269 children who did not attend clinics. Thirty-five per cent of these children were in the high-risk group compared with 22% in the study population, and significantly more had developmental problems. Thus one possible way of reaching and helping such children is though home developmental examinations.", "contents": "Child health clincs and inverse care laws: evidence from longitudinal study of 1878 pre-school children. In a longitudinal study it was intended that 1878 children should receive periodic developmental examinations from the age of 6 weeks to 3 years. The children were divided into those with a high or low  risk of developmental problems. Although clinic attendance rate of 85-89% were achieved in the catchment area 100% coverage was difficult because of population mobility and non-attendance at clinics. Children in families who moved away from the area were more difficult to trace and thus more likely to miss developmental examinations. This was a greater problem in the high-risk group. Altogether 683 home developmental examinations were carried out on 269 children who did not attend clinics. Thirty-five per cent of these children were in the high-risk group compared with 22% in the study population, and significantly more had developmental problems. Thus one possible way of reaching and helping such children is though home developmental examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:947466", "title": "Surface specializations of neurites in embryonic mouse spinal cord.", "content": "Focal surface specializations occur upon axons, axon growth cone filopodia and, somewhat less frequently, upon dendrites as well as dendritic growth cones in embryonic mouse spinal cord. These surface specializations are observed during the early synaptogenic period (embryonic days 12-16) when the axons of the marginal zone are forming synaptic junctions with motor neuron dendrites growing into their domain. At relatively low electron microscopic magnifications, the specializations appear as discrete patches of electron-dense material located just outside the plasma membrane. Higher resolution and an optimum section plane reveal the following ultrastructural characteristics of these specializations. There is a narrow (approximately 5 nm) less dense layer between the outer surface of the plasms membrane and the thicker (approximately 11.5-15 nm) electron-dense, distal layer of the specializations. The dense layer contains spherical profiles (approximately 10-15 nm in diameter) which have relatively clear centers and non-laminar, opaque perimeters. The surface specializations are commonly associated with an accumulation of dense, fibrillar cytoplasmic material that undercoats the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrance directly opposite to the external specializations. Furthermore, some of these surface specializations appear to be forming or merging with the cleft material of protosynaptic junctions and primitive puncta adhaerentia-like contacts. We have also examined the pattern of concanavalin A-peroxidase staining on the cell surfaces in embryonic spinal cord. At embryonic day 13, the earliest stage examined in the concanavalin A-peroxidase experiments, there is already an ubiquitous staining around all the cellular processes in the marginal zone as well as around the perikarya and processes of cells located in the intermediate and ventricular zones. No selective enhancement of neurite surfaces occurred which might have correlated with the surface specializations described above. Finally, the possibility is discussed that the neurite surface specializations might play some role in intercellular recognition phenomena leading to the formation of synaptic junctions and puncta adhaerentia.", "contents": "Surface specializations of neurites in embryonic mouse spinal cord. Focal surface specializations occur upon axons, axon growth cone filopodia and, somewhat less frequently, upon dendrites as well as dendritic growth cones in embryonic mouse spinal cord. These surface specializations are observed during the early synaptogenic period (embryonic days 12-16) when the axons of the marginal zone are forming synaptic junctions with motor neuron dendrites growing into their domain. At relatively low electron microscopic magnifications, the specializations appear as discrete patches of electron-dense material located just outside the plasma membrane. Higher resolution and an optimum section plane reveal the following ultrastructural characteristics of these specializations. There is a narrow (approximately 5 nm) less dense layer between the outer surface of the plasms membrane and the thicker (approximately 11.5-15 nm) electron-dense, distal layer of the specializations. The dense layer contains spherical profiles (approximately 10-15 nm in diameter) which have relatively clear centers and non-laminar, opaque perimeters. The surface specializations are commonly associated with an accumulation of dense, fibrillar cytoplasmic material that undercoats the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrance directly opposite to the external specializations. Furthermore, some of these surface specializations appear to be forming or merging with the cleft material of protosynaptic junctions and primitive puncta adhaerentia-like contacts. We have also examined the pattern of concanavalin A-peroxidase staining on the cell surfaces in embryonic spinal cord. At embryonic day 13, the earliest stage examined in the concanavalin A-peroxidase experiments, there is already an ubiquitous staining around all the cellular processes in the marginal zone as well as around the perikarya and processes of cells located in the intermediate and ventricular zones. No selective enhancement of neurite surfaces occurred which might have correlated with the surface specializations described above. Finally, the possibility is discussed that the neurite surface specializations might play some role in intercellular recognition phenomena leading to the formation of synaptic junctions and puncta adhaerentia."}
{"id": "PMID:947467", "title": "Long-term and short-term plasticity in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of the rat hippocampal slice.", "content": "Subregions of the rat hippocampal slice were investigated in relation to (a) the presence of long-term potentiation and (b) responsiveness to low-frequency stimulation. Long-term potentiation was observed in CA1, CA3 and dentate. The effect occasionally lasted up to 6 h, developed gradually, and depended upon repeated low-frequency tetani for maximal effect. To low-frequency monosynaptic stimulation, areas CA3 and CA1 exhibit response facilitation whereas the dentate gyrus exhibits response depression. Reponsiveness in all areas was influenced by stimulus frequency. Recovery was rapid in all areas.", "contents": "Long-term and short-term plasticity in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of the rat hippocampal slice. Subregions of the rat hippocampal slice were investigated in relation to (a) the presence of long-term potentiation and (b) responsiveness to low-frequency stimulation. Long-term potentiation was observed in CA1, CA3 and dentate. The effect occasionally lasted up to 6 h, developed gradually, and depended upon repeated low-frequency tetani for maximal effect. To low-frequency monosynaptic stimulation, areas CA3 and CA1 exhibit response facilitation whereas the dentate gyrus exhibits response depression. Reponsiveness in all areas was influenced by stimulus frequency. Recovery was rapid in all areas."}
{"id": "PMID:947468", "title": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by disaccharides.", "content": "The gustatory responses from the chorda tympani nerve of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, were treated with 13 disaccharides. Sucrose was the most stimulatory sugar. The ability of fructosyl glycosides to stimulate may depend upon the linkage between fructose and the glycoside. Disaccharides possessing 1 leads to 3, 1 leads to 4, or 1 leads to 6 linkages were poor stimuli compared to sucrose which has a 1 leads to 2 linkage. Glucopyranosyl disaccharides with an alpha-linkage were better stimuli than the beta-anomers, while galactopyranosyl disaccharides possessing a beta-linkage were better than their alpha-amoners.", "contents": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by disaccharides. The gustatory responses from the chorda tympani nerve of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, were treated with 13 disaccharides. Sucrose was the most stimulatory sugar. The ability of fructosyl glycosides to stimulate may depend upon the linkage between fructose and the glycoside. Disaccharides possessing 1 leads to 3, 1 leads to 4, or 1 leads to 6 linkages were poor stimuli compared to sucrose which has a 1 leads to 2 linkage. Glucopyranosyl disaccharides with an alpha-linkage were better stimuli than the beta-anomers, while galactopyranosyl disaccharides possessing a beta-linkage were better than their alpha-amoners."}
{"id": "PMID:947469", "title": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by monosaccharides.", "content": "The gustatory responses of the Mongolian gerbil were tested with a large number of monosaccharides. Electrophysiological methods were used to record from the chorda tympani nerve. Methyl glycosides which have structural features in common with sucrose are the most effective monosaccharides for eliciting a neural response. Among the monosaccharides tested, efficacy appears to be highest in D-pyranosides having equatorial substituents at the C-2 and C-4 positions and axial substituents at the C-1 position. A C-5 hydroxymethyl group is not required. Similarities in the structural requirements for taste response in the fly and gerbil are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by monosaccharides. The gustatory responses of the Mongolian gerbil were tested with a large number of monosaccharides. Electrophysiological methods were used to record from the chorda tympani nerve. Methyl glycosides which have structural features in common with sucrose are the most effective monosaccharides for eliciting a neural response. Among the monosaccharides tested, efficacy appears to be highest in D-pyranosides having equatorial substituents at the C-2 and C-4 positions and axial substituents at the C-1 position. A C-5 hydroxymethyl group is not required. Similarities in the structural requirements for taste response in the fly and gerbil are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947470", "title": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by polyols.", "content": "The gustatory responses of the Mongolian gerbil were tested with 12 sugar alcohols. The electrophysiological effectiveness of the linear polyols as gustatory stimulants increased as the length of the carbon chain increased from 2 to 5. Six and 7 carbon acyclic polyols were no more effective than the pentitols. By comparison myoinositol, a cyclic polyol, was more effective in evoking a response. Responses to mixtures of D-sorbitol and sucrose suggest that these sugars compete for a common receptor site. A sucrose receptor site and a model of it is proposed.", "contents": "Stimulation of the gerbil's gustatory receptors by polyols. The gustatory responses of the Mongolian gerbil were tested with 12 sugar alcohols. The electrophysiological effectiveness of the linear polyols as gustatory stimulants increased as the length of the carbon chain increased from 2 to 5. Six and 7 carbon acyclic polyols were no more effective than the pentitols. By comparison myoinositol, a cyclic polyol, was more effective in evoking a response. Responses to mixtures of D-sorbitol and sucrose suggest that these sugars compete for a common receptor site. A sucrose receptor site and a model of it is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:947471", "title": "The effect of two anesthetic agents on norepinephrine and dopamine in discrete brain nuclei, fiber tracts, and terminal regions of the rat.", "content": "Catecholaminergic neurons have been implicated in the mechanism of general anesthesia, but previous attempts at measuring changes in adrenergic neuron function during anesthesia have been limited by techniques to whole brain. Microdissection techniques and sensitive radioisotopic-enzymatic assays were used to measure levels of catecholamines in 20 different nuclei, fiber tracts or nerve terminal regions in brains of rats anesthetized for 90-105 min with 1% halothane or 18% cyclopropane. These two anesthetics were chosen because of their diverse effects on the electroencephalogram and on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Of the areas examined, significant increases in norepinephrine content with both anesthetic agents were found only in the nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus and central gray catecholamine areas. Only in the nucleus accumbens was the dopamine level increased by both anesthetics; cyclopropane, but not halothane anesthesia, also increased the dopamine content of the caudate nucleus, while halothane, but not cyclopropane anesthesia, significantly decreased the dopamine level of the ventral nucleus of the thalamus. Changes in levels of transmitters do not distinguish cause from effect of anesthesia, and further experiments are needed to delineate what role, if any, the specific areas play in muscle relaxation, analgesia, sleep or anesthesia. This study shows that a drug can affect one nucleus or region without significantly affecting other regions that contain the same transmitter substance, and that changes in transmitter levels can occur selectively in different regions of brain even if the nerve endings are derived from contiguous cell bodies.", "contents": "The effect of two anesthetic agents on norepinephrine and dopamine in discrete brain nuclei, fiber tracts, and terminal regions of the rat. Catecholaminergic neurons have been implicated in the mechanism of general anesthesia, but previous attempts at measuring changes in adrenergic neuron function during anesthesia have been limited by techniques to whole brain. Microdissection techniques and sensitive radioisotopic-enzymatic assays were used to measure levels of catecholamines in 20 different nuclei, fiber tracts or nerve terminal regions in brains of rats anesthetized for 90-105 min with 1% halothane or 18% cyclopropane. These two anesthetics were chosen because of their diverse effects on the electroencephalogram and on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Of the areas examined, significant increases in norepinephrine content with both anesthetic agents were found only in the nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus and central gray catecholamine areas. Only in the nucleus accumbens was the dopamine level increased by both anesthetics; cyclopropane, but not halothane anesthesia, also increased the dopamine content of the caudate nucleus, while halothane, but not cyclopropane anesthesia, significantly decreased the dopamine level of the ventral nucleus of the thalamus. Changes in levels of transmitters do not distinguish cause from effect of anesthesia, and further experiments are needed to delineate what role, if any, the specific areas play in muscle relaxation, analgesia, sleep or anesthesia. This study shows that a drug can affect one nucleus or region without significantly affecting other regions that contain the same transmitter substance, and that changes in transmitter levels can occur selectively in different regions of brain even if the nerve endings are derived from contiguous cell bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:947472", "title": "Biochemical changes in unilateral brain injury in the rat: A possible role of free fatty acid accumulation.", "content": "Cerebral energy metabolism was investigated in rats with the unilateral brain injury produced by the combination of left carotid artery ligation and systemic exposure to hypoxia. ATP and phosphocreatine levels in the left hemisphere were progressively reduced after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. The reduction of high-energy phosphate levels was accompained by an increase in sodium content and a decrease in potassium content. Mitochondria isolated from the damaged hemisphere showed a defect in ATP formation and oxygen uptake with a reduced ATP/O ratio. A large amount of free fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids) accumulated in the injured hemisphere. The addition of unsaturated fatty acids (including oleic and arachidonic acids) to mitochondrial preparations caused an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation similar to that observed in mitochodria isolated from the damaged hemisphere.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in unilateral brain injury in the rat: A possible role of free fatty acid accumulation. Cerebral energy metabolism was investigated in rats with the unilateral brain injury produced by the combination of left carotid artery ligation and systemic exposure to hypoxia. ATP and phosphocreatine levels in the left hemisphere were progressively reduced after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. The reduction of high-energy phosphate levels was accompained by an increase in sodium content and a decrease in potassium content. Mitochondria isolated from the damaged hemisphere showed a defect in ATP formation and oxygen uptake with a reduced ATP/O ratio. A large amount of free fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids) accumulated in the injured hemisphere. The addition of unsaturated fatty acids (including oleic and arachidonic acids) to mitochondrial preparations caused an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation similar to that observed in mitochodria isolated from the damaged hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:947473", "title": "Strength-duration analysis of the organization of reinforcement pathways in the medial forebrain bundle of rats.", "content": "Strength-duration curves were determined for electrical self-stimulation of the brain in rats implanted with lateral hypothalamic electrodes. The rats self-stimulated in different behavioral situations which required them to make different responses, and the parameters of the strength-duration curves determined in each situation were compared. The comparisons suggested that two distinct groups of neurons were involved in the mediation of brain stimulation reinforcement of the bar pressing response, and that one of these groups was primarily involved in mediating the reinforcement of an alley running response, while the other group primarily mediated the reinforcement of a responses suggested that the nature of the response a rat is response a rat is required to perform determines the exact combination of neurons from the two groups which participate in mediating the brain stimulation reinforcement of the task. The possible functional significance of these two neuron groups was discussed.", "contents": "Strength-duration analysis of the organization of reinforcement pathways in the medial forebrain bundle of rats. Strength-duration curves were determined for electrical self-stimulation of the brain in rats implanted with lateral hypothalamic electrodes. The rats self-stimulated in different behavioral situations which required them to make different responses, and the parameters of the strength-duration curves determined in each situation were compared. The comparisons suggested that two distinct groups of neurons were involved in the mediation of brain stimulation reinforcement of the bar pressing response, and that one of these groups was primarily involved in mediating the reinforcement of an alley running response, while the other group primarily mediated the reinforcement of a responses suggested that the nature of the response a rat is response a rat is required to perform determines the exact combination of neurons from the two groups which participate in mediating the brain stimulation reinforcement of the task. The possible functional significance of these two neuron groups was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947479", "title": "The growth of the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat.", "content": "The growth of Purkinje cell dendritic trees in the cerebellum of the rat was studied over the first 50 days of life, using the technique of network analysis and the Golgi-Cox impregnation method. Our findings showed that a growth spurt occurred from the 10th to 30th day post partum (pp) and involved the production of a massive number of branches of fairly constant length. Growth of the tree occurred firstly in the lateral domain, so that by 15 days pp most trees were of adult width. Thereafter, increases in height occurred until 30 days pp. Associated with this change in direction of growth, from the mainly transverse to the vertical plane, was a deviation from the normal random pattern of branching of the tree, but this was reestablished when reorientation was complete, and growth in the vertical plane underway. The lengths of proximal segments increased once they had become established, but distal branches probably maintained a constant length. The above results, together with changes in segment length, trichotomy, branching probability, and growth cone morphology during development have been discussed in relation to current concepts of dendritic growth.", "contents": "The growth of the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat. The growth of Purkinje cell dendritic trees in the cerebellum of the rat was studied over the first 50 days of life, using the technique of network analysis and the Golgi-Cox impregnation method. Our findings showed that a growth spurt occurred from the 10th to 30th day post partum (pp) and involved the production of a massive number of branches of fairly constant length. Growth of the tree occurred firstly in the lateral domain, so that by 15 days pp most trees were of adult width. Thereafter, increases in height occurred until 30 days pp. Associated with this change in direction of growth, from the mainly transverse to the vertical plane, was a deviation from the normal random pattern of branching of the tree, but this was reestablished when reorientation was complete, and growth in the vertical plane underway. The lengths of proximal segments increased once they had become established, but distal branches probably maintained a constant length. The above results, together with changes in segment length, trichotomy, branching probability, and growth cone morphology during development have been discussed in relation to current concepts of dendritic growth."}
{"id": "PMID:947480", "title": "Cholinesterase activity and choline uptake in intact nerve cell cultures.", "content": "Choline uptake and ecto-cholinesterase activities have been measured in intact astroblast and neuroblast cultures. The data show that choline uptake is dependent upon the ionic composition of the culture medium and is sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. However, the high concentrations of the inhibitors necessary for the inhibition of the uptake and some thermodynamic properties qould suggest a facilitated transport rather than an active uphill process. Preincubation of the cultures with various inhibitors of cholinesterases shows no direct parallelism between inhibition of choline high affinity uptake (apparent Km approximately equal to 10-6 M) and inhibition of ecto-acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7).", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity and choline uptake in intact nerve cell cultures. Choline uptake and ecto-cholinesterase activities have been measured in intact astroblast and neuroblast cultures. The data show that choline uptake is dependent upon the ionic composition of the culture medium and is sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. However, the high concentrations of the inhibitors necessary for the inhibition of the uptake and some thermodynamic properties qould suggest a facilitated transport rather than an active uphill process. Preincubation of the cultures with various inhibitors of cholinesterases shows no direct parallelism between inhibition of choline high affinity uptake (apparent Km approximately equal to 10-6 M) and inhibition of ecto-acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7)."}
{"id": "PMID:947492", "title": "An aberrant crossed visual corticotectal pathway in albino rats.", "content": "This study investigates the dynamic nature of the developing corticotectal pathway arising in the visual cortex. Special attention is given to the interaction occurring between the corticotectal pathways of each side of the brain and between corticotectal and retinotectal terminations. Normally the visual cortex of rats projects only to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. If one visual cortex is removed at birth, the remaining visual cortex subsequently shows a bilateral projection to the superior colliculus. The aberrant corticotectal pathway is heavier if the cortical ablation is accompanied by eye removal at birth but eye enucleation alone is not a sufficient stimulus for production of a crossed corticotectal projection. The aberrant crossed pathway shows a topographic order which appears to correspond to that of the normal ipsilateral corticotectal pathway. The pathway differs from the aberrant projections from the retina in that lesions done as late as 20 days postnatal still result in an aberrant crossed corticotectal pathway. This is similar to the aberrant crossed cortical projections from sensorimotor cortex. The pathway would appear to arise as a result of lack of competition from corticotectal axons normally present contralaterally or from attraction of denervated corticotectal sites. While denervated retinotectal sites stimulate sprouting of the corticotectal axons once in the deafferented colliculus, they do not stimulate crossing of the corticotectal projection.", "contents": "An aberrant crossed visual corticotectal pathway in albino rats. This study investigates the dynamic nature of the developing corticotectal pathway arising in the visual cortex. Special attention is given to the interaction occurring between the corticotectal pathways of each side of the brain and between corticotectal and retinotectal terminations. Normally the visual cortex of rats projects only to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. If one visual cortex is removed at birth, the remaining visual cortex subsequently shows a bilateral projection to the superior colliculus. The aberrant corticotectal pathway is heavier if the cortical ablation is accompanied by eye removal at birth but eye enucleation alone is not a sufficient stimulus for production of a crossed corticotectal projection. The aberrant crossed pathway shows a topographic order which appears to correspond to that of the normal ipsilateral corticotectal pathway. The pathway differs from the aberrant projections from the retina in that lesions done as late as 20 days postnatal still result in an aberrant crossed corticotectal pathway. This is similar to the aberrant crossed cortical projections from sensorimotor cortex. The pathway would appear to arise as a result of lack of competition from corticotectal axons normally present contralaterally or from attraction of denervated corticotectal sites. While denervated retinotectal sites stimulate sprouting of the corticotectal axons once in the deafferented colliculus, they do not stimulate crossing of the corticotectal projection."}
{"id": "PMID:947493", "title": "The role of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the production of circadian rhythm.", "content": "(1) Action potentials were recorded from single neurons in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus in urethane anesthetized male rat. The rate of firing ranged from less than 1 to over 10/sec but was generally 4-8/sec, and it varied from one cell to another in the same animal. (2) Repetitive stimulation of optic nerve or light acting on the eye augmented the activity of approximately half of the the suprachiasmatic neurons examined (67 out of 159 cells) while 37 neurons (23%) showed clear inhibition by the same stimuli. (3) Stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei strongly inhibited the electrical activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. Light or optic nerve stimulation also inhibited activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. (4) The rate of discharge of suprachiasmatic nuclei showed, at times, some short duration oscillations occurring every 3-5 min, but at other times the same neuron showed a steady low frequency of firing. (5) Projection of optic nerves to the suprachiasmatic nuclei was demonstrated by anterograde migration of horseradish peroxidase placed in the vitreous body. (6) It was suggested that light excites certain groups of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei which exert inhibitory action on cervical sympathetic nerve. This, in turn, caused a reduction in norepinephrine release by nerve fibers innervating the pineal and a reduction in pineal enzyme production. Thus, neurons in these nuclei contribute to the suppression of pineal enzyme production produced by light.", "contents": "The role of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the production of circadian rhythm. (1) Action potentials were recorded from single neurons in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus in urethane anesthetized male rat. The rate of firing ranged from less than 1 to over 10/sec but was generally 4-8/sec, and it varied from one cell to another in the same animal. (2) Repetitive stimulation of optic nerve or light acting on the eye augmented the activity of approximately half of the the suprachiasmatic neurons examined (67 out of 159 cells) while 37 neurons (23%) showed clear inhibition by the same stimuli. (3) Stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei strongly inhibited the electrical activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. Light or optic nerve stimulation also inhibited activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. (4) The rate of discharge of suprachiasmatic nuclei showed, at times, some short duration oscillations occurring every 3-5 min, but at other times the same neuron showed a steady low frequency of firing. (5) Projection of optic nerves to the suprachiasmatic nuclei was demonstrated by anterograde migration of horseradish peroxidase placed in the vitreous body. (6) It was suggested that light excites certain groups of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei which exert inhibitory action on cervical sympathetic nerve. This, in turn, caused a reduction in norepinephrine release by nerve fibers innervating the pineal and a reduction in pineal enzyme production. Thus, neurons in these nuclei contribute to the suppression of pineal enzyme production produced by light."}
{"id": "PMID:947494", "title": "Transfer characteristics of first and second order lateral canal vestibular neurons in gerbil.", "content": "Discharge patterns of first and second order vestibular neurons responding to angular acceleration in the plane of the lateral canals were studied in gerbil. The resting discharge activity of each cell was used to characterize the neuron by measureing the coefficient of variation and coefficient of skewness of the interspike interval distributions. Sinusoidal angular oscillations ranging in frequency from 0.0125 to 5.0 Hz were delivered by a velocity controlled rate-table. A PDP-12 minicomputer system was used on-line to display period and post-stimulus histograms of discriminated single unit activity. Off-line Fourier analysis of the period histograms was used to determine the phase of cell response to sinusoidal accelerations, while the average level and amplitude were determined by a least squares fitting algorithm applied over the fraction of the stimulus period where the cell discharged. First order neurons were found to have high discharge rates (average = 61.7 imp./sec) and bidirectional responses to rotation, and were of two groups called regular and irregular according to their resting discharge patterns. Second order neurons, located mainly in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, had low or even zero resting discharge rates (average = 17.8) resulting in more uni-directional responses and were of a single population. For frequencies less than 10 Hz, the Bode plots of the regular first order neurons are similar to that of a first order system with a time constant of about 2 sec as predicted by the torsion pendulum theory for cupula movement. The irregular first order neurons show an increasing gain above 0.5 Hz and a large phase lead relative to angular velocity above 1.0 Hz suggestive of a fractional power transfer function. The second order neurons show the phase and gain characteristics of the regular first order neurons being in phase with angular velocity above 1.0 Hz.", "contents": "Transfer characteristics of first and second order lateral canal vestibular neurons in gerbil. Discharge patterns of first and second order vestibular neurons responding to angular acceleration in the plane of the lateral canals were studied in gerbil. The resting discharge activity of each cell was used to characterize the neuron by measureing the coefficient of variation and coefficient of skewness of the interspike interval distributions. Sinusoidal angular oscillations ranging in frequency from 0.0125 to 5.0 Hz were delivered by a velocity controlled rate-table. A PDP-12 minicomputer system was used on-line to display period and post-stimulus histograms of discriminated single unit activity. Off-line Fourier analysis of the period histograms was used to determine the phase of cell response to sinusoidal accelerations, while the average level and amplitude were determined by a least squares fitting algorithm applied over the fraction of the stimulus period where the cell discharged. First order neurons were found to have high discharge rates (average = 61.7 imp./sec) and bidirectional responses to rotation, and were of two groups called regular and irregular according to their resting discharge patterns. Second order neurons, located mainly in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, had low or even zero resting discharge rates (average = 17.8) resulting in more uni-directional responses and were of a single population. For frequencies less than 10 Hz, the Bode plots of the regular first order neurons are similar to that of a first order system with a time constant of about 2 sec as predicted by the torsion pendulum theory for cupula movement. The irregular first order neurons show an increasing gain above 0.5 Hz and a large phase lead relative to angular velocity above 1.0 Hz suggestive of a fractional power transfer function. The second order neurons show the phase and gain characteristics of the regular first order neurons being in phase with angular velocity above 1.0 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:947495", "title": "Characteristicas and response differences to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine, D-amphetamine and acetylcholine on neurons in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of the cat.", "content": "Midcollicular decerebrate cats, with their cerebellum removes, were tested with controlled acceleratory motion in order to identify neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) which responded to a motion stimulus. Five-barredled micropipettes were used to record single neuron activity and to apply norepinephrine (NE), d-amphetamine and acetylcholine (ACh). These agents were  studied on spontaneously firing cells which responded to a motion stimulus and others which were in the MVN were inhibited by NE and d-amphetamine but were unaffected by iontophoresis of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine or the beta-antagonists, MJ-1999 or propranolol. In the LVN a majority of the cells tested were excited by NE and d-amphetamine. NE excitation in the LVN was antagonized by phentolamine but not by MJ-1999 or propranolo. Cats pretreated with reserpine to deplete brain catechlamines showed typical responses to NE BUT IONTOPHORESIS OF D-AMPHETAMINE WAS WITHOUT EFFECT. Unlike the differential sensitivity observed for NE, ACh excited most cells in both the MVN and LVN. NE and ACh produced similar responsed on vestibular neurons modulated by motion and those not responsive to motion. These observations suggest that NE-containing terminals are in close proximity to the vestibular neurons which were tested and further implicate both NE and ACh as neurotransmitters in afferent pathways to the vestibular nuclei.", "contents": "Characteristicas and response differences to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine, D-amphetamine and acetylcholine on neurons in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of the cat. Midcollicular decerebrate cats, with their cerebellum removes, were tested with controlled acceleratory motion in order to identify neurons in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) which responded to a motion stimulus. Five-barredled micropipettes were used to record single neuron activity and to apply norepinephrine (NE), d-amphetamine and acetylcholine (ACh). These agents were  studied on spontaneously firing cells which responded to a motion stimulus and others which were in the MVN were inhibited by NE and d-amphetamine but were unaffected by iontophoresis of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine or the beta-antagonists, MJ-1999 or propranolol. In the LVN a majority of the cells tested were excited by NE and d-amphetamine. NE excitation in the LVN was antagonized by phentolamine but not by MJ-1999 or propranolo. Cats pretreated with reserpine to deplete brain catechlamines showed typical responses to NE BUT IONTOPHORESIS OF D-AMPHETAMINE WAS WITHOUT EFFECT. Unlike the differential sensitivity observed for NE, ACh excited most cells in both the MVN and LVN. NE and ACh produced similar responsed on vestibular neurons modulated by motion and those not responsive to motion. These observations suggest that NE-containing terminals are in close proximity to the vestibular neurons which were tested and further implicate both NE and ACh as neurotransmitters in afferent pathways to the vestibular nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:947497", "title": "Systems of measurement: their development and use in medicine.", "content": "A brief historical review of customary measurements, the resultant chaos and the desirability for a simplified unified measurement system is discussed. The basic units of the International System of Units are described and defined, along with their application in Medicine.", "contents": "Systems of measurement: their development and use in medicine. A brief historical review of customary measurements, the resultant chaos and the desirability for a simplified unified measurement system is discussed. The basic units of the International System of Units are described and defined, along with their application in Medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:947498", "title": "Cardiac arrests in the operating room-Part I. (1965-1974).", "content": "A ten-year review of the incidence of cardiac arrest in the operating suite at the St. Boniface General Hospital has been presented. Seventy cardiac arrest occurred during this period, and 29 were permanently resuscitated for a survival rate of 41.4 per cent. This rate compares favourably with the published experince of other centres. It does not, however, reflect an improvement over the survival rates published prior to 1960, a point in time when direct cardiac compression for the management of these cases was virtually abandoned in favor of external cardiac compression. To improve survival, a plea is made for return to early use of thoracotomy and direct cardiac compression in the treatment of cardiac arrest in the operating room. To accomplish this end all surgeons and anaesthetists should become familiar not only with the techniques required for these procedures, but also with the prevention and management of any associated complications.", "contents": "Cardiac arrests in the operating room-Part I. (1965-1974). A ten-year review of the incidence of cardiac arrest in the operating suite at the St. Boniface General Hospital has been presented. Seventy cardiac arrest occurred during this period, and 29 were permanently resuscitated for a survival rate of 41.4 per cent. This rate compares favourably with the published experince of other centres. It does not, however, reflect an improvement over the survival rates published prior to 1960, a point in time when direct cardiac compression for the management of these cases was virtually abandoned in favor of external cardiac compression. To improve survival, a plea is made for return to early use of thoracotomy and direct cardiac compression in the treatment of cardiac arrest in the operating room. To accomplish this end all surgeons and anaesthetists should become familiar not only with the techniques required for these procedures, but also with the prevention and management of any associated complications."}
{"id": "PMID:947499", "title": "Recovery of ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after thiopentone, morphine and fentanyl in man.", "content": "Ventilatory responses to CO2 (delta VI/delta PCO2) were measured half, one, two and four hours after infusions of thiopentone, morphine, fentanyl and saline in healthy men in order to test the idea that variation in clinical recovery and control of breathing after anaesthetic drugs are associated with interindividual differences in control measurements of delta VI/delta PCO2. Ventilatory response to CO2 was profoundly reduced one half hour after each drug, in contrast to the observation during air breathing that ventilation and end tidal PCO2 had returned to within 10 per cent of control. Mean delta VI/delta PCO2 increased progressively at one, two, and four hours, returning to near control after thiopentone, but remaining less than 80 per cent of control four hours after morphine and fentanyl. From the regression equations of each ventilatory response, ventilation at PCO2 of 58 and 70 mmHg (VI58 and VI70) were computed to estimate displacement of the response curves by the drugs. Following thiopentone there was no significant change of V158. In contrast ther was a highly siginificant fall of VI58 one half hour after fentanyl (p less than 0.01), with progressive return towards control at one, two, and four hours; similar changes were observed after morphine. For each drug, changes of VI70 were substantially greater than corresponding changes of V158. At all times during these recovery measurements, subjects were conscious and co-operative and, by traditional clinical criteria, were judged to have recovered from the effects of the drugs. Differences between high and low responding subjects were assessed by plotting control measurements against values obtained half and one hour after drugs. No systematic differences were found. These findings suggest that delta VI/delta PCO2 is a sensitive indicator of central nervous activity, but do not support the concepts that individuals with low delta VI/delta PCO2 might be more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant effects of anaesthetic drugs, or that low delta VI/delta PCO2 might be associated with delayed return of spontaneous breathing after general anaesthesia. Plasma thiopentone levels at half, one, and four hours were highly reproducible, in contrast to the wide variation of delta VI/delta PCO2 among subjects in this study. These findings together support the notion that wide variation in clinical recovery from anaesthesia may have a primary physiological basis in addition to variation caused by interindividual differences in drug dosage, biotransformation and excretion.", "contents": "Recovery of ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after thiopentone, morphine and fentanyl in man. Ventilatory responses to CO2 (delta VI/delta PCO2) were measured half, one, two and four hours after infusions of thiopentone, morphine, fentanyl and saline in healthy men in order to test the idea that variation in clinical recovery and control of breathing after anaesthetic drugs are associated with interindividual differences in control measurements of delta VI/delta PCO2. Ventilatory response to CO2 was profoundly reduced one half hour after each drug, in contrast to the observation during air breathing that ventilation and end tidal PCO2 had returned to within 10 per cent of control. Mean delta VI/delta PCO2 increased progressively at one, two, and four hours, returning to near control after thiopentone, but remaining less than 80 per cent of control four hours after morphine and fentanyl. From the regression equations of each ventilatory response, ventilation at PCO2 of 58 and 70 mmHg (VI58 and VI70) were computed to estimate displacement of the response curves by the drugs. Following thiopentone there was no significant change of V158. In contrast ther was a highly siginificant fall of VI58 one half hour after fentanyl (p less than 0.01), with progressive return towards control at one, two, and four hours; similar changes were observed after morphine. For each drug, changes of VI70 were substantially greater than corresponding changes of V158. At all times during these recovery measurements, subjects were conscious and co-operative and, by traditional clinical criteria, were judged to have recovered from the effects of the drugs. Differences between high and low responding subjects were assessed by plotting control measurements against values obtained half and one hour after drugs. No systematic differences were found. These findings suggest that delta VI/delta PCO2 is a sensitive indicator of central nervous activity, but do not support the concepts that individuals with low delta VI/delta PCO2 might be more susceptible to the ventilatory depressant effects of anaesthetic drugs, or that low delta VI/delta PCO2 might be associated with delayed return of spontaneous breathing after general anaesthesia. Plasma thiopentone levels at half, one, and four hours were highly reproducible, in contrast to the wide variation of delta VI/delta PCO2 among subjects in this study. These findings together support the notion that wide variation in clinical recovery from anaesthesia may have a primary physiological basis in addition to variation caused by interindividual differences in drug dosage, biotransformation and excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:947500", "title": "Changes in plasma potassium and calcium levels and in the electrocardiogram after a single dose of succinylcholine preceded by d-tubocurarine.", "content": "One hundred and eighteen patients undergoing surgical procedures not requiring immediate tracheal intubation, nor producing visceral reflexes, were pretreated with d-tubocurarine 6 mg, three minutes before the administration of a bolus of succinylcholine (2 mg/kg). Electrocardiographic changes, venous and arterial plasma potassium and calcium levels, CPK changes (12 patients) and appearance of myoglobinuria (35 patients) were followed. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine did not change the overall incidence and pattern of arrhythmias; it did, however, prevent increases in plasma potassium in 90.4 per cent of the patients, mean plasma potassium values remaining below pre-induction levels. The CPK level changed in only one of 12 patients (from 10 to 21 I.U., the normal range being 0 to 34 I.U.). No myoglobinuria was detected in any of the patients tested. A rapid but short-lasting change in the K+/Ca++ ratio did not seem to influence the occurrence of arrhythmias. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine is effective in preventing or decreasing fasciculations, plasma potassium and CPK changes and myoglobinuria described after the intravenous administration of succinylcholine. The already useful role of succinylcholine in our armamentarium can be made safer by pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "Changes in plasma potassium and calcium levels and in the electrocardiogram after a single dose of succinylcholine preceded by d-tubocurarine. One hundred and eighteen patients undergoing surgical procedures not requiring immediate tracheal intubation, nor producing visceral reflexes, were pretreated with d-tubocurarine 6 mg, three minutes before the administration of a bolus of succinylcholine (2 mg/kg). Electrocardiographic changes, venous and arterial plasma potassium and calcium levels, CPK changes (12 patients) and appearance of myoglobinuria (35 patients) were followed. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine did not change the overall incidence and pattern of arrhythmias; it did, however, prevent increases in plasma potassium in 90.4 per cent of the patients, mean plasma potassium values remaining below pre-induction levels. The CPK level changed in only one of 12 patients (from 10 to 21 I.U., the normal range being 0 to 34 I.U.). No myoglobinuria was detected in any of the patients tested. A rapid but short-lasting change in the K+/Ca++ ratio did not seem to influence the occurrence of arrhythmias. Pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine is effective in preventing or decreasing fasciculations, plasma potassium and CPK changes and myoglobinuria described after the intravenous administration of succinylcholine. The already useful role of succinylcholine in our armamentarium can be made safer by pretreatment with a small dose of d-tubocurarine."}
{"id": "PMID:947501", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of diazepam and of diazepam and pancuronium during fentanyl and oxygen anaesthesia.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of diazepam 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg and diazepam with pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg after fentanyl 0.5 mg/kg were determined in thirteen dogs premedicated with atropine. Fentanyl produced significant reductions in heart rate, cardiac ouptut and arterial blood pressure. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg of diazepam after fentanyl did not significantly alter stroke volume, arterial blood pressure or peripheral vascular resistance but did increase heart rate and cardiac output. Additional diazepam did not further change the heart rate, but did reduce stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance. Administration of pancuronium after fentanyl and diazepam produced marked elevations in heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. There was no difference in mean heart rate and cardiac output when values prior to fentanyl and those obtained three minutes following pancuronium were compared. These data demonstrate that large doses of fentanyl decrease heart rate, cardiac these changes can be partially reversed with diazepam 0.5 mg/kg and completely antagonized with pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of diazepam and of diazepam and pancuronium during fentanyl and oxygen anaesthesia. The cardiovascular effects of diazepam 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg and diazepam with pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg after fentanyl 0.5 mg/kg were determined in thirteen dogs premedicated with atropine. Fentanyl produced significant reductions in heart rate, cardiac ouptut and arterial blood pressure. Administration of 0.5 mg/kg of diazepam after fentanyl did not significantly alter stroke volume, arterial blood pressure or peripheral vascular resistance but did increase heart rate and cardiac output. Additional diazepam did not further change the heart rate, but did reduce stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance. Administration of pancuronium after fentanyl and diazepam produced marked elevations in heart rate, cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. There was no difference in mean heart rate and cardiac output when values prior to fentanyl and those obtained three minutes following pancuronium were compared. These data demonstrate that large doses of fentanyl decrease heart rate, cardiac these changes can be partially reversed with diazepam 0.5 mg/kg and completely antagonized with pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:947502", "title": "Pulmonary resistance and methods of humidification in acute pulmonary failure.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic nebulization on airway resistance in respiratory failure, ten patients requiring mechanical ventilation for acute pulmonary failure were each ventilated with two humidification systems, one producing inspired air saturated with vapour at 35 degrees C, the other nebulizing water droplets ultrasonically. There was no statistically significant difference in pulmonary resistance at inspiratory flow rates of 40, 60, AND 80 1/min. A separate comparison between humidifiers in those patients with the highest resistances did not reveal any difference in response to method of humidification. In contrast to studies in other contexts, these data fail to show any significant difference, from the standpoint of effects on resistance, in the use of ultrasonic mist humidification during mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary resistance and methods of humidification in acute pulmonary failure. In order to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic nebulization on airway resistance in respiratory failure, ten patients requiring mechanical ventilation for acute pulmonary failure were each ventilated with two humidification systems, one producing inspired air saturated with vapour at 35 degrees C, the other nebulizing water droplets ultrasonically. There was no statistically significant difference in pulmonary resistance at inspiratory flow rates of 40, 60, AND 80 1/min. A separate comparison between humidifiers in those patients with the highest resistances did not reveal any difference in response to method of humidification. In contrast to studies in other contexts, these data fail to show any significant difference, from the standpoint of effects on resistance, in the use of ultrasonic mist humidification during mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:947503", "title": "Anaesthesia for separation of conjoined twins.", "content": "We have presented the anaesthetic technique used during the separation of two female pygopagus conjoined twins. The twins were three months old and weighed 9.2 kilograms on the day of the operation. The main problem during the operation was to evaluate blood volume lost by each patient and a close monitoring of all cardiovascular parameters was necessary to attain this aim. The little pygopagus recuperated well and left the hospital at six months old.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for separation of conjoined twins. We have presented the anaesthetic technique used during the separation of two female pygopagus conjoined twins. The twins were three months old and weighed 9.2 kilograms on the day of the operation. The main problem during the operation was to evaluate blood volume lost by each patient and a close monitoring of all cardiovascular parameters was necessary to attain this aim. The little pygopagus recuperated well and left the hospital at six months old."}
{"id": "PMID:947504", "title": "Spontaneous breathing with the Bain circuit at low flow rates: a case report.", "content": "A clinical case is presented which suggests that spontaneous respiration with the Bain circuit at low flow rates is associated with rebreathing. Controlled ventilation is advised when the Bain circuit is used.", "contents": "Spontaneous breathing with the Bain circuit at low flow rates: a case report. A clinical case is presented which suggests that spontaneous respiration with the Bain circuit at low flow rates is associated with rebreathing. Controlled ventilation is advised when the Bain circuit is used."}
{"id": "PMID:947505", "title": "An unusual complication after stellate ganglion block by the paratracheal approach: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented of repeated stellate ganglion block using the paratracheal approach at the level of C6 and using the low dose method. Subarachnoid spread of local anaesthetic resulted in total spinal block below the level of C4. The potential hazards of this techinque of stellate ganglion block and methods of avoiding them are discussed, together with the possible mechanism in this case.", "contents": "An unusual complication after stellate ganglion block by the paratracheal approach: a case report. A case is presented of repeated stellate ganglion block using the paratracheal approach at the level of C6 and using the low dose method. Subarachnoid spread of local anaesthetic resulted in total spinal block below the level of C4. The potential hazards of this techinque of stellate ganglion block and methods of avoiding them are discussed, together with the possible mechanism in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:947506", "title": "Paraplegia following transurethral surgery.", "content": "We have presented a case of paraplegia following spinal anaesthesia administered for a transurethral prostatic resection. Further investigation revealed a metastatic peridural compressive lesion at the level of T4. We have discussed some of the contributory factors involved, chiefly the lumbar puncture (perimedullary vascular engorgement, alterations in C.S.F. dynamics) and the possible role of intra-operative water intoxication (swelling of spinal cord cells).", "contents": "Paraplegia following transurethral surgery. We have presented a case of paraplegia following spinal anaesthesia administered for a transurethral prostatic resection. Further investigation revealed a metastatic peridural compressive lesion at the level of T4. We have discussed some of the contributory factors involved, chiefly the lumbar puncture (perimedullary vascular engorgement, alterations in C.S.F. dynamics) and the possible role of intra-operative water intoxication (swelling of spinal cord cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:947508", "title": "Bone metastases from breast cancer at the time or radical mastectomy as detected by bone scan. Eight-year follow-up.", "content": "Sixty-four women with Stage II breast cancer who had Sr85 bone scans at the time of radical mastectomy were followed for 8 years in a prospective study. Those women with positive scans had a slight, but statistically significant, increased incidence of metastic disease, particularly for metastases to bone.However, 40% of those women with positive bone scans and negative roentgenograms survived 8 years without evidence of any metastatic disease. Therefore, it has not been shown at this time that bone scans should be obtained in order to exclude bone metastasis before regional therapy for breast cancer is instituted. Also, a significant percentage of women with negative bone scans developed both bone and soft tissue metastases. As many as 30% of asymptomatic women with a history of breast cancer and positive bone scans and negative bone roentgenograms may still harbor disease in bone after 8 years.", "contents": "Bone metastases from breast cancer at the time or radical mastectomy as detected by bone scan. Eight-year follow-up. Sixty-four women with Stage II breast cancer who had Sr85 bone scans at the time of radical mastectomy were followed for 8 years in a prospective study. Those women with positive scans had a slight, but statistically significant, increased incidence of metastic disease, particularly for metastases to bone.However, 40% of those women with positive bone scans and negative roentgenograms survived 8 years without evidence of any metastatic disease. Therefore, it has not been shown at this time that bone scans should be obtained in order to exclude bone metastasis before regional therapy for breast cancer is instituted. Also, a significant percentage of women with negative bone scans developed both bone and soft tissue metastases. As many as 30% of asymptomatic women with a history of breast cancer and positive bone scans and negative bone roentgenograms may still harbor disease in bone after 8 years."}
{"id": "PMID:947509", "title": "Observations following Corynebacterium parvum administration to patients with advanced malignancy. a phase I study.", "content": "There has been increasing interest regarding the use of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) with other modalities in the management of primary cancer. Due to the paucity of specific information available relative to CP toxicity, a Phase I study was carried out in patients with advanced disease. The purpose of the investigation was not to evaluate the effect of CP on tumor growth. from 273 injections of CP in 40 patients it was observed that following intravenous (i.v.) infusion of CP: a) a febrile response and chills of considerable severity occured in almost all patients and did not appreciably diminish in intensity following repetitive administrations; b) nausea, vomiting, headache, and confusion were not infrequent; c) a \"flu-like\" syndrome lasting 24 to 48 hours occurred following almost all courses of CP; d) blood pressure elevations occurred on occasion and were related  to the severity of other-side-effects; hyper- or hypo- tension was not a problem; e) ther were no anaphalactic reactions. Pretreatment with a single administration of 100 mg of hydrocortisone prior to CP infusion markedly and in some instances dramatically diminished the toxicity and made acceptable the use of i.v. CP on an outpatient basis. The use of i.v. CP in patients with cerebral metasteses may be hazardous. Subcutaneously administered CP resulted  in a significant number of undesirable local reactions. Evaluation of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response, immunoglobulins, complement, and E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells during CP administration failed to demonstrate significant change from injection values. Results were similar whether hydrocortisone pretreatment was or was not employed. From the standpoint of toxicity it now seems appropriate to use i.v. CP, particularly following pretreatment with hydrocortisone, in a controlled clinical trial to evaluate its therapeutic effectiveness in the management of primary cancer.", "contents": "Observations following Corynebacterium parvum administration to patients with advanced malignancy. a phase I study. There has been increasing interest regarding the use of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) with other modalities in the management of primary cancer. Due to the paucity of specific information available relative to CP toxicity, a Phase I study was carried out in patients with advanced disease. The purpose of the investigation was not to evaluate the effect of CP on tumor growth. from 273 injections of CP in 40 patients it was observed that following intravenous (i.v.) infusion of CP: a) a febrile response and chills of considerable severity occured in almost all patients and did not appreciably diminish in intensity following repetitive administrations; b) nausea, vomiting, headache, and confusion were not infrequent; c) a \"flu-like\" syndrome lasting 24 to 48 hours occurred following almost all courses of CP; d) blood pressure elevations occurred on occasion and were related  to the severity of other-side-effects; hyper- or hypo- tension was not a problem; e) ther were no anaphalactic reactions. Pretreatment with a single administration of 100 mg of hydrocortisone prior to CP infusion markedly and in some instances dramatically diminished the toxicity and made acceptable the use of i.v. CP on an outpatient basis. The use of i.v. CP in patients with cerebral metasteses may be hazardous. Subcutaneously administered CP resulted  in a significant number of undesirable local reactions. Evaluation of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response, immunoglobulins, complement, and E- and EAC-rosette-forming cells during CP administration failed to demonstrate significant change from injection values. Results were similar whether hydrocortisone pretreatment was or was not employed. From the standpoint of toxicity it now seems appropriate to use i.v. CP, particularly following pretreatment with hydrocortisone, in a controlled clinical trial to evaluate its therapeutic effectiveness in the management of primary cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:947510", "title": "Combination chemotherapy and adriamycin in patients with advanced breast cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "In January, 1972, the Southwest Oncology Group initiated two randomized studies for patients with advanced breast cancer. The study for patients with prior chemotherapy showed a 33% response rate with adriamycin. The study for patients without previous chemotherapy consisted of three treatment regimens; a weekly repeated combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone; these same five drugs given in courses of 5 days repeated every 4 weeks; and adriamycin as a single agent every 3 weeks. For the 283 evaluable patients, the response rates were: weekly combination 63/106 (59%); intermittent combination 39/98 (40%); and adriamycin 31/79 (39%). The median duration of response was 8 months for weekly combination, 10 months for intermittent therapy and only 4 months for adriamycin. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity with all three regimens. The weekly combination is the most effective therapy for patients with advanced disease. Extensive trails of combinations that include adriamycin are underway.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy and adriamycin in patients with advanced breast cancer. A Southwest Oncology Group study. In January, 1972, the Southwest Oncology Group initiated two randomized studies for patients with advanced breast cancer. The study for patients with prior chemotherapy showed a 33% response rate with adriamycin. The study for patients without previous chemotherapy consisted of three treatment regimens; a weekly repeated combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, and prednisone; these same five drugs given in courses of 5 days repeated every 4 weeks; and adriamycin as a single agent every 3 weeks. For the 283 evaluable patients, the response rates were: weekly combination 63/106 (59%); intermittent combination 39/98 (40%); and adriamycin 31/79 (39%). The median duration of response was 8 months for weekly combination, 10 months for intermittent therapy and only 4 months for adriamycin. Leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity with all three regimens. The weekly combination is the most effective therapy for patients with advanced disease. Extensive trails of combinations that include adriamycin are underway."}
{"id": "PMID:947511", "title": "Immune evaluation with skin testing. A study of testicular, prostatic, and bladder neoplasms.", "content": "Fifty patients with testicular carcinoma, 45 with prostatic neoplasm, 84 with bladder carcinoma, and 13 with benign bladder papilloma were evaluated for skin reactivity to DNCB and other intradermal antigens. Correlation between pathologic staging and skin-test reactivity was sought. Reaction to DNCB among patients with testis tumors was more significantly depressed by chemotherapy than by the extent of retroperitoneal or distant metastatic disease indicating that skin testing as a means of following the course of disease or of predicting survival may be limited by alterations caused by chemotherapy. DNCB reactivity did not correlate with the prognosis for the different stages of disease, but follow-up studies of individual patient survival are needed for substantiation. Depression of DNCB reactivity exists among patients with prostatic carcinoma whether the disease is localized or widely metastatic. Only lengthy follow-up will determine if there is any correlation of reactivity with survival in individual patients. DNCB reactivity among patients with bladder tumors shows progressive reduction with increasing stage disease and lends support to the evidence suggesting immune deficiency in patients with bladder neoplasm.", "contents": "Immune evaluation with skin testing. A study of testicular, prostatic, and bladder neoplasms. Fifty patients with testicular carcinoma, 45 with prostatic neoplasm, 84 with bladder carcinoma, and 13 with benign bladder papilloma were evaluated for skin reactivity to DNCB and other intradermal antigens. Correlation between pathologic staging and skin-test reactivity was sought. Reaction to DNCB among patients with testis tumors was more significantly depressed by chemotherapy than by the extent of retroperitoneal or distant metastatic disease indicating that skin testing as a means of following the course of disease or of predicting survival may be limited by alterations caused by chemotherapy. DNCB reactivity did not correlate with the prognosis for the different stages of disease, but follow-up studies of individual patient survival are needed for substantiation. Depression of DNCB reactivity exists among patients with prostatic carcinoma whether the disease is localized or widely metastatic. Only lengthy follow-up will determine if there is any correlation of reactivity with survival in individual patients. DNCB reactivity among patients with bladder tumors shows progressive reduction with increasing stage disease and lends support to the evidence suggesting immune deficiency in patients with bladder neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:947512", "title": "Ultrastructure of the esthesioneuroblastoma.", "content": "A tumor in the anatomic location and with the light microscopic appearance of an esthesioneuroblastoma was examined with the electron microscope. Secretory-type granules, cytoplasmic fibrils, and microtubules similar to those described in neuroblastomas were found in many of the tumor cells, which supports an origin from the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. Similar organelles were found in three other nasal tumors considered to be esthesioneuroblastomas, but their detail was obscured because they were examined after being initially processed in paraffin.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the esthesioneuroblastoma. A tumor in the anatomic location and with the light microscopic appearance of an esthesioneuroblastoma was examined with the electron microscope. Secretory-type granules, cytoplasmic fibrils, and microtubules similar to those described in neuroblastomas were found in many of the tumor cells, which supports an origin from the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. Similar organelles were found in three other nasal tumors considered to be esthesioneuroblastomas, but their detail was obscured because they were examined after being initially processed in paraffin."}
{"id": "PMID:947513", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of tubular carcinoma and sclerosing adenosis of the breast.", "content": "The innocuous histologic appearance of tubular carcinoma of the breast and its superficial histologic resemblance to sclerosing adenosis will occasionally present diagnostic problems. A comparative ultrastructural analysis of two tubular carcinomas and three cases of sclerosing adenosis was made that showed definite differences in the pattern of myoepithelial cell differentiation and basal lamina deposition in these two entities. Prominent myoepithelial cells and basal lamina reduplication were both conspicuous features of sclerosing adenosis that appeared to be absent in tubular carcinoma. Intracytoplasmic \"pseudocysts\" were frequently found in sclerosing adenosis, but not in tubular carcinoma. Conversely, intracytoplasmic lumina and incomplete tubular structures were present in tubular carcinoma and seemingly absent in sclerosing adenosis. Such basic ultrastructural differences may help to differentiate these two mammary lesions when diagnostic problems occur at the conventional light microscopic level.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of tubular carcinoma and sclerosing adenosis of the breast. The innocuous histologic appearance of tubular carcinoma of the breast and its superficial histologic resemblance to sclerosing adenosis will occasionally present diagnostic problems. A comparative ultrastructural analysis of two tubular carcinomas and three cases of sclerosing adenosis was made that showed definite differences in the pattern of myoepithelial cell differentiation and basal lamina deposition in these two entities. Prominent myoepithelial cells and basal lamina reduplication were both conspicuous features of sclerosing adenosis that appeared to be absent in tubular carcinoma. Intracytoplasmic \"pseudocysts\" were frequently found in sclerosing adenosis, but not in tubular carcinoma. Conversely, intracytoplasmic lumina and incomplete tubular structures were present in tubular carcinoma and seemingly absent in sclerosing adenosis. Such basic ultrastructural differences may help to differentiate these two mammary lesions when diagnostic problems occur at the conventional light microscopic level."}
{"id": "PMID:947514", "title": "Melanoma. Tumor angiogenesis and human neoplasia.", "content": "Transparent hamster-cheek-pouch chambers were used to document angiogenesis induced by implants of human malignant melanoma. Capillary proliferation was observed with direct implantation of melanoma fragments and with tumor implants place on microporous membrane filters. The pattern of capillary neovascularization was recorded and correlated with clinical and histopathologic parameters.", "contents": "Melanoma. Tumor angiogenesis and human neoplasia. Transparent hamster-cheek-pouch chambers were used to document angiogenesis induced by implants of human malignant melanoma. Capillary proliferation was observed with direct implantation of melanoma fragments and with tumor implants place on microporous membrane filters. The pattern of capillary neovascularization was recorded and correlated with clinical and histopathologic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:947515", "title": "Monomorphic adenomas of salivary glands. Trabecular-tubular, canalicular, and basaloid variants.", "content": "Eleven cases of monomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands are interpreted as variants of pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) that lack chondroid or myxomatous components. Nine of these tumors were in the parotid gland and two were on the hard palate. Monomorphic adenomas are usually encapsulated and frequently are partially cystic. Their histologic pattern may be confused with that of adenoid cystic carcinoma, but they grow in an expansile fashion and usually are monolobular. Histologically, they may be divided into trabecular-tubular, canalicular, and basaloid variants. Morphologically, they bear a resemblance to basaloid sweat-gland tumors (eccrine spiradenoma and cylindroma).", "contents": "Monomorphic adenomas of salivary glands. Trabecular-tubular, canalicular, and basaloid variants. Eleven cases of monomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands are interpreted as variants of pleomorphic adenomas (mixed tumors) that lack chondroid or myxomatous components. Nine of these tumors were in the parotid gland and two were on the hard palate. Monomorphic adenomas are usually encapsulated and frequently are partially cystic. Their histologic pattern may be confused with that of adenoid cystic carcinoma, but they grow in an expansile fashion and usually are monolobular. Histologically, they may be divided into trabecular-tubular, canalicular, and basaloid variants. Morphologically, they bear a resemblance to basaloid sweat-gland tumors (eccrine spiradenoma and cylindroma)."}
{"id": "PMID:947516", "title": "Urinary amino acid excretion in acute leukemia.", "content": "Urinary amino acid excretion was determined in 31 leukemic patients and 29 normal individuals by rapid gas chromatographic analysis of 16 amino acids as their N-acetyl-n-propyl esters. The leukemic patients were concurrently undergoing, or had recently completed, chemotherapy. It was found that aspartic acid, threonine, and serine were of significance in distinguishing between patients \"on\" therapy and those \"off\" therapy. Patients with advanced disease have the greatest aminoaciduria, although both the normal and leukemic populations have wide individual ranges. Within both populations, men excrete a greater variety and quantity of amino acids than women. It is concluded that analysis of urinary amino acids represents a history of complex metabolic events, which is potentially useful for evaluating patient response to chemotherapy in leukemia.", "contents": "Urinary amino acid excretion in acute leukemia. Urinary amino acid excretion was determined in 31 leukemic patients and 29 normal individuals by rapid gas chromatographic analysis of 16 amino acids as their N-acetyl-n-propyl esters. The leukemic patients were concurrently undergoing, or had recently completed, chemotherapy. It was found that aspartic acid, threonine, and serine were of significance in distinguishing between patients \"on\" therapy and those \"off\" therapy. Patients with advanced disease have the greatest aminoaciduria, although both the normal and leukemic populations have wide individual ranges. Within both populations, men excrete a greater variety and quantity of amino acids than women. It is concluded that analysis of urinary amino acids represents a history of complex metabolic events, which is potentially useful for evaluating patient response to chemotherapy in leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:947517", "title": "The clinical usefulness of serum copper determinations in Hodgkin's disease. A retrospective study of 241 patients from 1963-1973.", "content": "Serum copper determinations were routinely performed in 141 men and 100 women with histologically verified Hodgkin's disease, admitted to the Radium Centre for Jutland over a 10-year-period from January 1, 1963, to January 1, 1973. The previously described variations in serum copper with the activity of the disease, increasing with progression and decreasing with improvement, were amply substantiated. Furthermore, the present study showed that the serum copper value at the first admission, before treatment, is statistically significantly correlated to the stage of the disease and consequently probably to the amount of tumor tissue. In men there was also a statistically significant correlation of se Cu to the histologic grade of the bioptic material (classification according to Lukes 1966). In women the correlation was blurred by the effect on serum copper of estrogen, mainly from contraceptive pills and pregnancy. The serum copper is regularly reduced to within normal limits at complete remission; thus, it is proposed that this parameter be included in the criteria for complete remission.", "contents": "The clinical usefulness of serum copper determinations in Hodgkin's disease. A retrospective study of 241 patients from 1963-1973. Serum copper determinations were routinely performed in 141 men and 100 women with histologically verified Hodgkin's disease, admitted to the Radium Centre for Jutland over a 10-year-period from January 1, 1963, to January 1, 1973. The previously described variations in serum copper with the activity of the disease, increasing with progression and decreasing with improvement, were amply substantiated. Furthermore, the present study showed that the serum copper value at the first admission, before treatment, is statistically significantly correlated to the stage of the disease and consequently probably to the amount of tumor tissue. In men there was also a statistically significant correlation of se Cu to the histologic grade of the bioptic material (classification according to Lukes 1966). In women the correlation was blurred by the effect on serum copper of estrogen, mainly from contraceptive pills and pregnancy. The serum copper is regularly reduced to within normal limits at complete remission; thus, it is proposed that this parameter be included in the criteria for complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:947518", "title": "Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Its morphologic characteristics and prognostic correlations.", "content": "A type of gastric carcinoma was specified under the designation carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Grossly, this carcinoma was characterized by clear circumscription, usually with a central ulceration. A histologic feature distinguishing this carcinoma was the presence of a nondesmoplastic stroma infiltrated uniformly with an abundance of lymphocytes and plasma cells throughout the entire area of the tumor. Sparse population of less pleomorphic cancer cell nests of thin trabecular, microalveolar, or primitive tubular pattern widely separated by the intervening stroma was another feature peculiar to this tumor. Carcinoma of this type was found in 4% of a total of 1041 cases of gastric carcinoma removed surgically. A high survival rate was noted among the patients undergoing surgery for this carcinoma. A proposal was made on the separate classification of this tumor from common gastric carcinomas.", "contents": "Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Its morphologic characteristics and prognostic correlations. A type of gastric carcinoma was specified under the designation carcinoma with lymphoid stroma. Grossly, this carcinoma was characterized by clear circumscription, usually with a central ulceration. A histologic feature distinguishing this carcinoma was the presence of a nondesmoplastic stroma infiltrated uniformly with an abundance of lymphocytes and plasma cells throughout the entire area of the tumor. Sparse population of less pleomorphic cancer cell nests of thin trabecular, microalveolar, or primitive tubular pattern widely separated by the intervening stroma was another feature peculiar to this tumor. Carcinoma of this type was found in 4% of a total of 1041 cases of gastric carcinoma removed surgically. A high survival rate was noted among the patients undergoing surgery for this carcinoma. A proposal was made on the separate classification of this tumor from common gastric carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:947519", "title": "Perspectives on the use of microspectrophotometry in the diagnosis of pretumorous processes and malignant tumors.", "content": "Comparative microspectrophotometric study of the nuclear Feulgen DNA content in pretumorous processes and cancers (larynx, endometrium, large intestine, and stomach) has made it possible to formulate an exponential law of DNA accumulation in cell populations in proliferating and malignant tissue. The dynamics of changes in the \"index of DNA accumulation\" can be used as an objective quantitative diagnostic test. A scale of malignant transformation was proposed with which the degree of probability of malignancy in pretumorous processes could be estimated. The data obtained allowed the author to propose a hypothesis of DNA superproduction as the basic cause of progressive neoplastic growth.", "contents": "Perspectives on the use of microspectrophotometry in the diagnosis of pretumorous processes and malignant tumors. Comparative microspectrophotometric study of the nuclear Feulgen DNA content in pretumorous processes and cancers (larynx, endometrium, large intestine, and stomach) has made it possible to formulate an exponential law of DNA accumulation in cell populations in proliferating and malignant tissue. The dynamics of changes in the \"index of DNA accumulation\" can be used as an objective quantitative diagnostic test. A scale of malignant transformation was proposed with which the degree of probability of malignancy in pretumorous processes could be estimated. The data obtained allowed the author to propose a hypothesis of DNA superproduction as the basic cause of progressive neoplastic growth."}
{"id": "PMID:947520", "title": "Lymphoma of the thyroid. An unusual clinical course in a patient possessing a 14/21 translocation.", "content": "The unusual course of a lymphoma in a woman with a chromosome abnormality is reported. When aged 30 years, the right lobe of her thyroid gland was found to be infiltrated by a follicular lymphoma. Two years later, poorly differentiated diffuse lymphoctic lymphoma recurred locally, grew rapidly, and infiltrated the adjoining muscles. It was treated by widefield irradiation of the upper trunk and neck, and disappeared completely. The patient remained sympton-free for 22 years. Unequivocal Hodgkin's disease then developed in a left cervical lymph node; the patient received radiotherapy. Eighteen months later the right inguinal nodes were infiltrated by similar tumor and further treatment was given. Massive abdominal involvement followed and the patient died 28 years after developing the thyroid lymphoma. The tumor at necropsy was pleomorphic and contained Reed-Sternberg cells. The significance of the constitutional chromosome abnormality, a Robertsonian translocation of the No. 14 chromosome, is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphoma of the thyroid. An unusual clinical course in a patient possessing a 14/21 translocation. The unusual course of a lymphoma in a woman with a chromosome abnormality is reported. When aged 30 years, the right lobe of her thyroid gland was found to be infiltrated by a follicular lymphoma. Two years later, poorly differentiated diffuse lymphoctic lymphoma recurred locally, grew rapidly, and infiltrated the adjoining muscles. It was treated by widefield irradiation of the upper trunk and neck, and disappeared completely. The patient remained sympton-free for 22 years. Unequivocal Hodgkin's disease then developed in a left cervical lymph node; the patient received radiotherapy. Eighteen months later the right inguinal nodes were infiltrated by similar tumor and further treatment was given. Massive abdominal involvement followed and the patient died 28 years after developing the thyroid lymphoma. The tumor at necropsy was pleomorphic and contained Reed-Sternberg cells. The significance of the constitutional chromosome abnormality, a Robertsonian translocation of the No. 14 chromosome, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947521", "title": "Prospective evaluation of periodic breast examination programs.", "content": "A mathematical model is developed to obtain prospective estimates of average tumor sizes and the expected proportion of positive regional lymph node cases for periodic breast cancer examination programs. Semiannual, annual, and biannual programs, with or without mammography, are evaluated and compared with results from the National Breast Poject. Calculations indicate that a semiannual clinical-mammographic program can be expected to result in about 37% fewer positive node cases than those observed in the National Breast Project and substantially small tumors. The expected reduction in positive node cases from a similar annual program is about 30%, and from a biannual program, even without mammography, about 20%. Calculations also indicate the important role of diligent patient self-examination in such programs, especially for the detection of fast-growing tumors.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation of periodic breast examination programs. A mathematical model is developed to obtain prospective estimates of average tumor sizes and the expected proportion of positive regional lymph node cases for periodic breast cancer examination programs. Semiannual, annual, and biannual programs, with or without mammography, are evaluated and compared with results from the National Breast Poject. Calculations indicate that a semiannual clinical-mammographic program can be expected to result in about 37% fewer positive node cases than those observed in the National Breast Project and substantially small tumors. The expected reduction in positive node cases from a similar annual program is about 30%, and from a biannual program, even without mammography, about 20%. Calculations also indicate the important role of diligent patient self-examination in such programs, especially for the detection of fast-growing tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:947522", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on the radiosensitivity of normal and malignant cells in mice.", "content": "The effect of systemic hyperthermia on the in vivo radiation response of normal and malignant mouse cells was evaluated. X-irradiation of L1210 cells and Ehrlich ascites cells at body temperatures above 41 degrees C resulted in strongly enhanced tumor cell death. The magnitude of this thermal effect increased with increasing temperatures. Hypoxic tumor cells were particularly sensitive to combined heat-radiation treatment. L1210 leukemia cells did not become resistant to the sensitizing effects of hyperthermia even after repeated heat exposures over several transplant generations.  The sensitizing action of hyperthermia varied with different heating strategies. Heating before or during irradiation did not materially alter the radiation response of tumor cells. Maximal potentiation of radiation damage was achieved only when the tumorous mice were subjected to at least 20 minutes heat incubation after irradiation. LD studies on ICR mice revealed that moderate hyperthermia (41.5 degrees C) does not alter  the radiation response of normal body tissues. These findings indicate that it is possible to devise hyperthermic treatment regimens that drastically enhance radiation-induced tumor cell death in vivo without reducing the radioresistance of normal tissues.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on the radiosensitivity of normal and malignant cells in mice. The effect of systemic hyperthermia on the in vivo radiation response of normal and malignant mouse cells was evaluated. X-irradiation of L1210 cells and Ehrlich ascites cells at body temperatures above 41 degrees C resulted in strongly enhanced tumor cell death. The magnitude of this thermal effect increased with increasing temperatures. Hypoxic tumor cells were particularly sensitive to combined heat-radiation treatment. L1210 leukemia cells did not become resistant to the sensitizing effects of hyperthermia even after repeated heat exposures over several transplant generations.  The sensitizing action of hyperthermia varied with different heating strategies. Heating before or during irradiation did not materially alter the radiation response of tumor cells. Maximal potentiation of radiation damage was achieved only when the tumorous mice were subjected to at least 20 minutes heat incubation after irradiation. LD studies on ICR mice revealed that moderate hyperthermia (41.5 degrees C) does not alter  the radiation response of normal body tissues. These findings indicate that it is possible to devise hyperthermic treatment regimens that drastically enhance radiation-induced tumor cell death in vivo without reducing the radioresistance of normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:947523", "title": "Survival and complications of radiotherapy following involved and extended field therapy of Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II. A collaborative study.", "content": "A collaborative trial with random assignment to involved field or extended field radiotherapy for localized Hodgkin's disease was begun in 1967. Case accession was completed in 1973, with 224 eligible patients assigned to involved field and 243 to extended field. With a median follow-up time of 27 months no significant survival difference is found between involved and extended field regimens for the total patient group or for most subgroups defined by age, sex, histology, stage, class, and use of laparotomy for staging. A single exception is an improved survival in the involved field group for female patients. Survival free of distant extension shows a similar lack of treatment effect, but survival free of any extension, local or distant, shows a significant benefit from extended field treatment. Complications of radiotherapy are significantly increased following extended field treatment. Survival following local extension is similar to survival following periods free of any extension.", "contents": "Survival and complications of radiotherapy following involved and extended field therapy of Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II. A collaborative study. A collaborative trial with random assignment to involved field or extended field radiotherapy for localized Hodgkin's disease was begun in 1967. Case accession was completed in 1973, with 224 eligible patients assigned to involved field and 243 to extended field. With a median follow-up time of 27 months no significant survival difference is found between involved and extended field regimens for the total patient group or for most subgroups defined by age, sex, histology, stage, class, and use of laparotomy for staging. A single exception is an improved survival in the involved field group for female patients. Survival free of distant extension shows a similar lack of treatment effect, but survival free of any extension, local or distant, shows a significant benefit from extended field treatment. Complications of radiotherapy are significantly increased following extended field treatment. Survival following local extension is similar to survival following periods free of any extension."}
{"id": "PMID:947524", "title": "Fibroelastic hamartoma (fibroma) of the heart.", "content": "Approximately 70 cardiac fibromas (fibroelastic hamartomas) have been reported in the literature and at least 15 have been successfully excised. However there is no well-documented ultrastructural study of these lesions. A successfully excised cardiac fibroma (FEH) was studied by light and elctron microscopy. The tumor was composed mainly of fibroblasts admixed with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. No muscle fibers were demonstrated in the central region of the tumor either by light or electron microscopy. Mast cells were occasionally present. The lack of encapsulation enabled fibroblasts with collagen and elastic fibers to extend between groups of myocardial fibers at the periphery of the tumor. Within these myocardial fibers ultrastructural changes were limited to the mitochondria and myofibrillar structure.", "contents": "Fibroelastic hamartoma (fibroma) of the heart. Approximately 70 cardiac fibromas (fibroelastic hamartomas) have been reported in the literature and at least 15 have been successfully excised. However there is no well-documented ultrastructural study of these lesions. A successfully excised cardiac fibroma (FEH) was studied by light and elctron microscopy. The tumor was composed mainly of fibroblasts admixed with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. No muscle fibers were demonstrated in the central region of the tumor either by light or electron microscopy. Mast cells were occasionally present. The lack of encapsulation enabled fibroblasts with collagen and elastic fibers to extend between groups of myocardial fibers at the periphery of the tumor. Within these myocardial fibers ultrastructural changes were limited to the mitochondria and myofibrillar structure."}
{"id": "PMID:947525", "title": "Morbidity and mortality among recipients of blood from preleukemic and prelymphomatous donors.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to test the admittedly speculative hypothesis that a factor involved in the etiology of human lymphatic and hematopoietic neoplasms may be transmitted by blood transfusion prior to the clinical onset of illness in the donor. One hundred and five New York State residents, who received blood from donors who subsequently developed neoplasms of the lymphatic or hematopoietic tissues, were identified and followed for an average period of 7.05 years. No recipient was found to have developed a leukemia or lymphoma following receipt of blood from a preleukemic or prelymphomatous donor. The results of this study should be considered priliminary because the small size of the recipient group might mask even a large increase in risk among the recipients.", "contents": "Morbidity and mortality among recipients of blood from preleukemic and prelymphomatous donors. The present investigation was designed to test the admittedly speculative hypothesis that a factor involved in the etiology of human lymphatic and hematopoietic neoplasms may be transmitted by blood transfusion prior to the clinical onset of illness in the donor. One hundred and five New York State residents, who received blood from donors who subsequently developed neoplasms of the lymphatic or hematopoietic tissues, were identified and followed for an average period of 7.05 years. No recipient was found to have developed a leukemia or lymphoma following receipt of blood from a preleukemic or prelymphomatous donor. The results of this study should be considered priliminary because the small size of the recipient group might mask even a large increase in risk among the recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:947526", "title": "Modes of invasion of cancer of the larynx. A statistical, histological, and radioclinical analysis of 120 cases.", "content": "A statistical comparison between histologic and radioclinical data was performed on a series of 120 cases of total laryngectomies in order to study the modes of invasion of laryngeal cancer and to quantify the differences of results as evaluated by pathological and by clinical examinations. The first part of this study deals with the spread of cancer depending on its site of origin; the second part examines spread regardless of the primary location of the laryngeal tumor. The comparative results show that it was difficult to determine the deep invasion of structures such as the preepiglottic space and the cartilages from the radioclinical examination, especially in cases of cancer developed on a laryngocele. This study emphasizes the importance of the histological examination of laryngeal specimens as described here in order to codify the modes of invasion and, as a result, to help the otorhinolarynglologist in the choice of the best treatment.", "contents": "Modes of invasion of cancer of the larynx. A statistical, histological, and radioclinical analysis of 120 cases. A statistical comparison between histologic and radioclinical data was performed on a series of 120 cases of total laryngectomies in order to study the modes of invasion of laryngeal cancer and to quantify the differences of results as evaluated by pathological and by clinical examinations. The first part of this study deals with the spread of cancer depending on its site of origin; the second part examines spread regardless of the primary location of the laryngeal tumor. The comparative results show that it was difficult to determine the deep invasion of structures such as the preepiglottic space and the cartilages from the radioclinical examination, especially in cases of cancer developed on a laryngocele. This study emphasizes the importance of the histological examination of laryngeal specimens as described here in order to codify the modes of invasion and, as a result, to help the otorhinolarynglologist in the choice of the best treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:947527", "title": "Ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck. Benign or malignant?", "content": "This is a report of ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck, associated with a nodular colloid goiter, which recurred at least three times, beginning at age 24 years, in a woman in 12 years. The ectopic tissue appeared histologically benign and was identical to that found in the thyroid gland. Scintiscans of the neck and thyroid suppression tests showed that the tissue was initially unsuppressible and presumably autonomous in its function. Our conclusion is that the most reasonable explanation for this phenomenon is the intraoperative transmission of thyroid cells, probably benign and autonomous in function, to other sites in the neck.", "contents": "Ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck. Benign or malignant? This is a report of ectopic thyroid tissue in the neck, associated with a nodular colloid goiter, which recurred at least three times, beginning at age 24 years, in a woman in 12 years. The ectopic tissue appeared histologically benign and was identical to that found in the thyroid gland. Scintiscans of the neck and thyroid suppression tests showed that the tissue was initially unsuppressible and presumably autonomous in its function. Our conclusion is that the most reasonable explanation for this phenomenon is the intraoperative transmission of thyroid cells, probably benign and autonomous in function, to other sites in the neck."}
{"id": "PMID:947528", "title": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Diagnostic problems.", "content": "Light microscopy is usually considered sufficient for the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). As stromal amyloid is not always present and the tumor may exhibit great variation in growth pattern, light microscopy alone, however, may lead to misinterpretations. Of 1670 thyroid carcinomas registered durging a 15-year period in Norway, 42 were originally interpreted as MCT. The slides were reviewed and the diagnosis maintained in 33 cases only. Twenty-four additional cases were found by reviewing histopathologic slides from neoplasms originally registered as other types of thyroid tumors. Of 57 cases of MCT, stromal amyloid was demonstrated in 43. Calcitonin measurements and electron microscopy, even on formalin-fixed material, were valuable aids in establishing the correct diagnosis, though none of these methods are unequivocal. Different aspects of the problems concerning the diagnosis of MCT are discussed through the detailed presentation of five patients.", "contents": "Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Diagnostic problems. Light microscopy is usually considered sufficient for the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). As stromal amyloid is not always present and the tumor may exhibit great variation in growth pattern, light microscopy alone, however, may lead to misinterpretations. Of 1670 thyroid carcinomas registered durging a 15-year period in Norway, 42 were originally interpreted as MCT. The slides were reviewed and the diagnosis maintained in 33 cases only. Twenty-four additional cases were found by reviewing histopathologic slides from neoplasms originally registered as other types of thyroid tumors. Of 57 cases of MCT, stromal amyloid was demonstrated in 43. Calcitonin measurements and electron microscopy, even on formalin-fixed material, were valuable aids in establishing the correct diagnosis, though none of these methods are unequivocal. Different aspects of the problems concerning the diagnosis of MCT are discussed through the detailed presentation of five patients."}
{"id": "PMID:947529", "title": "Abdominoperineal resection following anterior resection.", "content": "A series of 11 patients undergoing abdoninoperineal resection for \"suture line recurrence\" following anterior resection is presented. Five-year survival is 10%. Technically, the procedure is difficult and major problems are encountered, including large blood loss and ureteral complications. These patients had an inadequate distal margin of resection at the time of anterior resection. The survival of this group of patients underscores the importance of making the correct judgment about anterior or abdominoperineal resection at the time of the initial presentation of the patient. The phrase \"suture line recurrence\" is a misnomer; all of these patients had advanced pelvic malignancy. If the adequacy of the distal margin is questionable or a distal margin of 5 cm cannot be obtained safely at the time of anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection should be performed, as the opportunity for cure of a recurrence should this rule be compromised is limited.", "contents": "Abdominoperineal resection following anterior resection. A series of 11 patients undergoing abdoninoperineal resection for \"suture line recurrence\" following anterior resection is presented. Five-year survival is 10%. Technically, the procedure is difficult and major problems are encountered, including large blood loss and ureteral complications. These patients had an inadequate distal margin of resection at the time of anterior resection. The survival of this group of patients underscores the importance of making the correct judgment about anterior or abdominoperineal resection at the time of the initial presentation of the patient. The phrase \"suture line recurrence\" is a misnomer; all of these patients had advanced pelvic malignancy. If the adequacy of the distal margin is questionable or a distal margin of 5 cm cannot be obtained safely at the time of anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection should be performed, as the opportunity for cure of a recurrence should this rule be compromised is limited."}
{"id": "PMID:947530", "title": "College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality.", "content": "Data are presented on mortality from neoplasms as determined from death certificates in a cohort of 8393 college men, according to athletic status in college. Major athletes (lettermen) died significantly more often from neoplasms than nonathletes. Mean age at death from neoplasms (underlying cause) was significantly lower in major athletes than in both minor athletes and nonathletes. After matching major athletes with nonathletes of comparable body size (height and weight), differences in proportional mortality and mean age at death from neoplasms persisted, although not statistically significant for the smaller samples. Correlation coefficients (Pearson r) and partial r's between weight in college and age at death from neoplasms were negative but of low magnitude. Some possible explanations for the differences between major athletes and nonathletes are discussed.", "contents": "College athletics, body size, and cancer mortality. Data are presented on mortality from neoplasms as determined from death certificates in a cohort of 8393 college men, according to athletic status in college. Major athletes (lettermen) died significantly more often from neoplasms than nonathletes. Mean age at death from neoplasms (underlying cause) was significantly lower in major athletes than in both minor athletes and nonathletes. After matching major athletes with nonathletes of comparable body size (height and weight), differences in proportional mortality and mean age at death from neoplasms persisted, although not statistically significant for the smaller samples. Correlation coefficients (Pearson r) and partial r's between weight in college and age at death from neoplasms were negative but of low magnitude. Some possible explanations for the differences between major athletes and nonathletes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947531", "title": "The effect of measuring error on the results of therapeutic trials in advanced cancer.", "content": "In this study, 16 experienced oncologists each measured 12 simulated tumor masses employing their usual clinical methods. Unknown to the oncologists, two pairs of these tumors were identical in size. This permitted a total of 64 measurement comparisons of the same investigator measuring the same size mass and 1920 comparisons of different investigators measuring the same size mass. If a 50% reduction in the product of perpendicular diameters is accepted as a criterion, the objective response rate due to measuring error alone was 7.8% by the same investigator and 6.8% by different investigators. If a 25% reduction criterion is used, the respective \"placebo\" response rates were 19% and 25%. In the clinical setting it is recommended that the 50% reduction criterion be employed and that the investigator should anticipate an objective response rate of 5 to 10% due to human error in tumor measurement.", "contents": "The effect of measuring error on the results of therapeutic trials in advanced cancer. In this study, 16 experienced oncologists each measured 12 simulated tumor masses employing their usual clinical methods. Unknown to the oncologists, two pairs of these tumors were identical in size. This permitted a total of 64 measurement comparisons of the same investigator measuring the same size mass and 1920 comparisons of different investigators measuring the same size mass. If a 50% reduction in the product of perpendicular diameters is accepted as a criterion, the objective response rate due to measuring error alone was 7.8% by the same investigator and 6.8% by different investigators. If a 25% reduction criterion is used, the respective \"placebo\" response rates were 19% and 25%. In the clinical setting it is recommended that the 50% reduction criterion be employed and that the investigator should anticipate an objective response rate of 5 to 10% due to human error in tumor measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:947533", "title": "Combinaed chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone (CVPP) for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. An alternative program to MOPP.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone (CVPP). Complete remissions were obtained in 74% of patients. Response rates were similar for previously untreated and previously extensively irradiated patients. Fifty-six percent of patients older than 50 and 50% of patients with bone marrow involvement responded. All patients with mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease responded compared with 74% of patients with nodular sclerosis. At the  present time the median duration of complete remission is 27+ months. However, of the responders, 75% (21 of 28) remain in continous complete remission for 14+ to 49+ months. Only five patients have relapsed but two have died from apparent sepsis without evidence of recurrent disease. The complete remission rate for CVPP is comparable of that for MOPP, CVPP is an easily administered, well-tolerated alternative to MOPP chemotherapy for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Combinaed chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone (CVPP) for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease. An alternative program to MOPP. Thirty-eight patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease were treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone (CVPP). Complete remissions were obtained in 74% of patients. Response rates were similar for previously untreated and previously extensively irradiated patients. Fifty-six percent of patients older than 50 and 50% of patients with bone marrow involvement responded. All patients with mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease responded compared with 74% of patients with nodular sclerosis. At the  present time the median duration of complete remission is 27+ months. However, of the responders, 75% (21 of 28) remain in continous complete remission for 14+ to 49+ months. Only five patients have relapsed but two have died from apparent sepsis without evidence of recurrent disease. The complete remission rate for CVPP is comparable of that for MOPP, CVPP is an easily administered, well-tolerated alternative to MOPP chemotherapy for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947534", "title": "Further clinical studies with megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "A previous study showed activity of megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer; as a result the study was expanded. Of 101 patients treated with this compound, 26 (26%) met our criteria of improvement. The drug was well tolerated and produced no toxicity and, as opposed to androgens and estrogens, no endocrine effects were observed. Prior hormonal or cytotoxic compounds, including alkylating agents, did not appear to reduce the subsequent responsiveness to this potent progestational compound. We now include it, often as the initial hormonal trial in postmenopausal patients, in our sequential treatment of disseminated breast cancer because of its favorable therapeutic ratio.", "contents": "Further clinical studies with megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer. A previous study showed activity of megestrol acetate in advanced breast cancer; as a result the study was expanded. Of 101 patients treated with this compound, 26 (26%) met our criteria of improvement. The drug was well tolerated and produced no toxicity and, as opposed to androgens and estrogens, no endocrine effects were observed. Prior hormonal or cytotoxic compounds, including alkylating agents, did not appear to reduce the subsequent responsiveness to this potent progestational compound. We now include it, often as the initial hormonal trial in postmenopausal patients, in our sequential treatment of disseminated breast cancer because of its favorable therapeutic ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:947535", "title": "Repeat lymphography in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Repeat lymphography was performed in 37 children less than 16 years  old with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease. The repeat studies had the same lymphatic cannulation success rates as the first lymphogram; one patient had a bilaterally unsuccessful repeat study, which left 36 for analysis. Both first and repeat lymphograms were negative in 33% of children, whereas a negative lymphogram became positive for tumor in 39%. The remaining 28% had a positive first lymphogram, with an equal incidence of positive and negative repeat studies. Reactive hyperplasia was seen in 16.7%, and post-therapeutic lymph node alteration in 22%, of all cases. Of the 22 children studied for routine opacification or because of suspected but unproved relapse, 10 (45%) had positve repeat studies. The repeat lymphogram in these patients was of utmost importance in initiating therapy. Nine of 14 patients studied for documented clinical relapse had positive repeat studies.", "contents": "Repeat lymphography in children with Hodgkin's disease. Repeat lymphography was performed in 37 children less than 16 years  old with histologically proven Hodgkin's disease. The repeat studies had the same lymphatic cannulation success rates as the first lymphogram; one patient had a bilaterally unsuccessful repeat study, which left 36 for analysis. Both first and repeat lymphograms were negative in 33% of children, whereas a negative lymphogram became positive for tumor in 39%. The remaining 28% had a positive first lymphogram, with an equal incidence of positive and negative repeat studies. Reactive hyperplasia was seen in 16.7%, and post-therapeutic lymph node alteration in 22%, of all cases. Of the 22 children studied for routine opacification or because of suspected but unproved relapse, 10 (45%) had positve repeat studies. The repeat lymphogram in these patients was of utmost importance in initiating therapy. Nine of 14 patients studied for documented clinical relapse had positive repeat studies."}
{"id": "PMID:947536", "title": "Relation of certain infrared bands to conformational changes of cellulose and cellulose oligosaccharides.", "content": "The i.r. spectra of D-glucose and cellulose oligosaccharides up to cellopentaose have been compared with those of cellulose at various temperatures between that of liguid nitrogen and approximately 250 degrees. Significant changes in frequency and intensity of the bands at approximately 3400 cm -1 were observed. The a 1372 cm -1/a2900 cm -1 ratio for each carbohydrate studied decreased gradually as the temperature was increased above ambient. The change of the band intensities at 1429 and 893 cm -1 with temperature was also investigated. The observed spectral changes are assumed to be associated with changes of hydrogen bonding.", "contents": "Relation of certain infrared bands to conformational changes of cellulose and cellulose oligosaccharides. The i.r. spectra of D-glucose and cellulose oligosaccharides up to cellopentaose have been compared with those of cellulose at various temperatures between that of liguid nitrogen and approximately 250 degrees. Significant changes in frequency and intensity of the bands at approximately 3400 cm -1 were observed. The a 1372 cm -1/a2900 cm -1 ratio for each carbohydrate studied decreased gradually as the temperature was increased above ambient. The change of the band intensities at 1429 and 893 cm -1 with temperature was also investigated. The observed spectral changes are assumed to be associated with changes of hydrogen bonding."}
{"id": "PMID:947537", "title": "An endo-(1 lead to 6) -beta-D-glucanase from Mucor hiemalis.", "content": "An endo-(1 lead to 6)-beta-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1), isolated from the culture filtrate of Mucor hiemalis, was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration. The homogeneity of the enzyme was confirmed by disc electrophoresis. The enzyme had a wide range of temperature and pH stability, high substrate specificity, and an action pattern of the endo-type.", "contents": "An endo-(1 lead to 6) -beta-D-glucanase from Mucor hiemalis. An endo-(1 lead to 6)-beta-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1), isolated from the culture filtrate of Mucor hiemalis, was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration. The homogeneity of the enzyme was confirmed by disc electrophoresis. The enzyme had a wide range of temperature and pH stability, high substrate specificity, and an action pattern of the endo-type."}
{"id": "PMID:947538", "title": "Methylation and acetolysis of extracellular D-mannans from yeast.", "content": "Methylation-fragmentation analyses were conducted on a series of extra-cellular, yeast alpha-D-linked mannans representing six different structural types. D-Mannans of low degree of branching were produced by Hansenula capsulata strains and by species related to H. holstii, The former consisted primarily of (1 leads to 2)- and (1 leads to 6)-linked D-mannosyl residues; the latter, of (1 leads to 2)- and (1 leads to 3)-linked D-mannosyl residues. Although the remaining structural types were highly branched, each gave distinct methylation-patterns indicative of (1 leads to 6)-linked backbones to which are appended non-(1 leads to 6)-linked side-chains. Acetolysis studies were correlated with the methylation analyses, and the correlation demonstrated that each branched polymer possesses side chains of heterogeneous length.", "contents": "Methylation and acetolysis of extracellular D-mannans from yeast. Methylation-fragmentation analyses were conducted on a series of extra-cellular, yeast alpha-D-linked mannans representing six different structural types. D-Mannans of low degree of branching were produced by Hansenula capsulata strains and by species related to H. holstii, The former consisted primarily of (1 leads to 2)- and (1 leads to 6)-linked D-mannosyl residues; the latter, of (1 leads to 2)- and (1 leads to 3)-linked D-mannosyl residues. Although the remaining structural types were highly branched, each gave distinct methylation-patterns indicative of (1 leads to 6)-linked backbones to which are appended non-(1 leads to 6)-linked side-chains. Acetolysis studies were correlated with the methylation analyses, and the correlation demonstrated that each branched polymer possesses side chains of heterogeneous length."}
{"id": "PMID:947539", "title": "alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl fluoride as a D-glucopyranosyl donor for a glycosyltransferase complex from Streptococcus mutans FA1.", "content": "alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride can serve as the D-glucopyranosyl donor for the glycosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans. The products of the reaction are a D-glucan of high molecular weight and fluoride ion. The rate of reaction was measured by an electrode specific for the fluoride ion. The reaction was inhibited by the substrate at concentrations greater than 30 mM, but was not affected by fluoride ion. There was little inhibition of the reaction by a series of monosaccharides, except for 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannitol, and 3-deoxy-D-ribo-hexose. Maltose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and D-fructose all stimulated the release of fluoride from alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride.", "contents": "alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl fluoride as a D-glucopyranosyl donor for a glycosyltransferase complex from Streptococcus mutans FA1. alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride can serve as the D-glucopyranosyl donor for the glycosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans. The products of the reaction are a D-glucan of high molecular weight and fluoride ion. The rate of reaction was measured by an electrode specific for the fluoride ion. The reaction was inhibited by the substrate at concentrations greater than 30 mM, but was not affected by fluoride ion. There was little inhibition of the reaction by a series of monosaccharides, except for 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannitol, and 3-deoxy-D-ribo-hexose. Maltose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and D-fructose all stimulated the release of fluoride from alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:947540", "title": "Purification of malted-barley endo-beta-D-glucanases by ion-exchange chromatography: some properties of an endo-barley-beta-D-glucanase.", "content": "Two endo-beta-D-glucanases which act, respectively, on (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucans and barley beta-D-glucan have been isolated from malted barley, and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The latter enzyme is highly specific for barley beta-D-glucan, and has no action on either (1 leads to 3)- or (1 leads to 4)-beta-D-glucans. It will also act on dyed barley-beta-D-glucan. Certain group-specific reagents inhibit the endo-barley-beta-D-glucanase and the endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase to similar extents.", "contents": "Purification of malted-barley endo-beta-D-glucanases by ion-exchange chromatography: some properties of an endo-barley-beta-D-glucanase. Two endo-beta-D-glucanases which act, respectively, on (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucans and barley beta-D-glucan have been isolated from malted barley, and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The latter enzyme is highly specific for barley beta-D-glucan, and has no action on either (1 leads to 3)- or (1 leads to 4)-beta-D-glucans. It will also act on dyed barley-beta-D-glucan. Certain group-specific reagents inhibit the endo-barley-beta-D-glucanase and the endo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase to similar extents."}
{"id": "PMID:947544", "title": "Absence of messenger RNA and gene DNA for beta-globin chains in hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin.", "content": "The relative amounts of alpha-amd beta-globin mRNA and globin gene DNA were measured in reticulocyte RNA and lymphocyte DNA of an individual with homozygous hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin whose red blood cells contain 100% fetal hemoglobin (hb F: alpha2gamma2.) Molecular hybridization assays used as probes full-length DNA copies of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA. The results of these hybridization assays demonstrated the expected amounts of alpha-globin mRNA and gene DNA, but absence of beta-globin mRNA and absence of beta-globin gene DNA. In the individual studied, hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is associated with total deletion of the beta-globin structural gene.", "contents": "Absence of messenger RNA and gene DNA for beta-globin chains in hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. The relative amounts of alpha-amd beta-globin mRNA and globin gene DNA were measured in reticulocyte RNA and lymphocyte DNA of an individual with homozygous hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin whose red blood cells contain 100% fetal hemoglobin (hb F: alpha2gamma2.) Molecular hybridization assays used as probes full-length DNA copies of human alpha- and beta-globin messenger RNA. The results of these hybridization assays demonstrated the expected amounts of alpha-globin mRNA and gene DNA, but absence of beta-globin mRNA and absence of beta-globin gene DNA. In the individual studied, hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is associated with total deletion of the beta-globin structural gene."}
{"id": "PMID:947545", "title": "The blocked and methylated 5' terminal sequence of a specific cellular messenger: the mRNA for silk fibroin of Bombyx mori.", "content": "The messenger RNA for silf fibroin, laveled with 32PO4 and methyl-3H L-methionine, was purified to near homogeneity from the posterior silk gland of the sildworm Bombyx mori, and the sequence of a methylated, RNAase T2-resistant structure was determined. This sequence is similar structurally to 5' terminal blocked and methylated sequences found on the total populations of polyadenylated eucaryotic cellular and certain viral mRNAs. The RNAase T2-resistant oligomer from fibroin mRNA was cleaved by nucleases P1 into three components: a blocked and methylated sequence containing three phosphates; a 2'-0-methyl UMP residue (pUm), and an unmethylated CMP (pC). The blocked and methylated sequence comigrated in three chromatographic systems with the blocked and methylated terminus of silkworm cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus mRNA, which has the structure m7GpppAm. The fibroin mRNA cap was cleaved by nucleotide pyrophosphatase to yeild 7-methyl GMP Tpm7G) and 2'-0-methyl AMP (pAm). This sequence also appeared to be terminally located, with the m7G joined by a 5'-5' pyrophosphate linkage to the Am. It was concluded that the 5' terminal sequence of fibroin mRNA molecules is m7G(5')ppp(5')AmpUmpCp. The regulation of expression of the highly specialized gene for fibroin is discussed in light of this finding.", "contents": "The blocked and methylated 5' terminal sequence of a specific cellular messenger: the mRNA for silk fibroin of Bombyx mori. The messenger RNA for silf fibroin, laveled with 32PO4 and methyl-3H L-methionine, was purified to near homogeneity from the posterior silk gland of the sildworm Bombyx mori, and the sequence of a methylated, RNAase T2-resistant structure was determined. This sequence is similar structurally to 5' terminal blocked and methylated sequences found on the total populations of polyadenylated eucaryotic cellular and certain viral mRNAs. The RNAase T2-resistant oligomer from fibroin mRNA was cleaved by nucleases P1 into three components: a blocked and methylated sequence containing three phosphates; a 2'-0-methyl UMP residue (pUm), and an unmethylated CMP (pC). The blocked and methylated sequence comigrated in three chromatographic systems with the blocked and methylated terminus of silkworm cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus mRNA, which has the structure m7GpppAm. The fibroin mRNA cap was cleaved by nucleotide pyrophosphatase to yeild 7-methyl GMP Tpm7G) and 2'-0-methyl AMP (pAm). This sequence also appeared to be terminally located, with the m7G joined by a 5'-5' pyrophosphate linkage to the Am. It was concluded that the 5' terminal sequence of fibroin mRNA molecules is m7G(5')ppp(5')AmpUmpCp. The regulation of expression of the highly specialized gene for fibroin is discussed in light of this finding."}
{"id": "PMID:947546", "title": "Yeast suppressors of UAA and UAG nonsense codons work efficiently in vitro via tRNA.", "content": "A cell-free protein-synthesizing system, containing an S-100 fraction from yeast, ribosomal subunits from Krebs ascites cells, and ribosome initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes, translates yeast, adenovirus, and rabbit globin messenger RNAs and the RNA from bacteriophage Qbeta. An amber mutation in the Qbeta synthetase gene is suppressed in vitro if the S-100 fraction s from yeast strains carrying amber suppressor mutations. Suppressor SUP6-2 gives 16% suppression, and the recessive lethal suppressor RL-1 gives 50% suppression. Extracts from strain FM6, which has the ochre suppressor SUP4-1, give a longer protein product from the normal synthetase gene at Qbeta with an efficiency of 63%. This implies that UAA is the terminator for the synthetase gene, and that synthesis of this read through protein can be used as an assay for ochre suppression. Suppression in each of these cases is mediated by tRNA, since pufified tRNA is the only fraction from suppressing strains that is required in an otherwise nonsuppressing cell-free system.", "contents": "Yeast suppressors of UAA and UAG nonsense codons work efficiently in vitro via tRNA. A cell-free protein-synthesizing system, containing an S-100 fraction from yeast, ribosomal subunits from Krebs ascites cells, and ribosome initiation factors from rabbit reticulocytes, translates yeast, adenovirus, and rabbit globin messenger RNAs and the RNA from bacteriophage Qbeta. An amber mutation in the Qbeta synthetase gene is suppressed in vitro if the S-100 fraction s from yeast strains carrying amber suppressor mutations. Suppressor SUP6-2 gives 16% suppression, and the recessive lethal suppressor RL-1 gives 50% suppression. Extracts from strain FM6, which has the ochre suppressor SUP4-1, give a longer protein product from the normal synthetase gene at Qbeta with an efficiency of 63%. This implies that UAA is the terminator for the synthetase gene, and that synthesis of this read through protein can be used as an assay for ochre suppression. Suppression in each of these cases is mediated by tRNA, since pufified tRNA is the only fraction from suppressing strains that is required in an otherwise nonsuppressing cell-free system."}
{"id": "PMID:947547", "title": "Elevated dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNA levels in methotrexate-resistant BHK cells.", "content": "Polysomal RNA from cultured sublines of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells directed protein synthesis in an in vitro system derived from wheat germ extract. One product of the in vitro synthesis was dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), as confirmed by methotrexate-substituted Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the proteins labeled with 35S-methionine. The DHFR synthesized in vitro comigrates in the gel with authentic BHK DHFR, indicating that the molecular weights and structures  of the in vivo and in vitro enzymes are probably the same. Polysomal RNA obtained from the methotrexate-resistant BHK subline (A5), which possesses some 140 times higher DHFR levels than the methotrexate-sensitive parents subline (B1), directed the synthesis of approximately 70 times more DHFR per unit of total in vitro synthesized protein than did B1 polysomal RNA. Assuming then that the rates of translation of A5 and B1 DHFR mRNAs in the wheat germ cell-free system are the same, our results show that a major part of the high DHFR levels observed in A5 cells is due to the presence of elevated quantities of DHFR mRNA.", "contents": "Elevated dihydrofolate reductase messenger RNA levels in methotrexate-resistant BHK cells. Polysomal RNA from cultured sublines of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells directed protein synthesis in an in vitro system derived from wheat germ extract. One product of the in vitro synthesis was dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), as confirmed by methotrexate-substituted Sepharose affinity chromatography followed by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the proteins labeled with 35S-methionine. The DHFR synthesized in vitro comigrates in the gel with authentic BHK DHFR, indicating that the molecular weights and structures  of the in vivo and in vitro enzymes are probably the same. Polysomal RNA obtained from the methotrexate-resistant BHK subline (A5), which possesses some 140 times higher DHFR levels than the methotrexate-sensitive parents subline (B1), directed the synthesis of approximately 70 times more DHFR per unit of total in vitro synthesized protein than did B1 polysomal RNA. Assuming then that the rates of translation of A5 and B1 DHFR mRNAs in the wheat germ cell-free system are the same, our results show that a major part of the high DHFR levels observed in A5 cells is due to the presence of elevated quantities of DHFR mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:947548", "title": "Effects of protease treatment on growth, morphology, adhesion, and cell surface proteins of secondary chick embryo fibroblasts.", "content": "Several proteolytic enzymes have been studied with regard to their ability to induce DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in resting chick embryo fibroblasts. Of the enzymes examined, thrombin, bromelin, and trypsin exhibit potent mitogenic activity, elastase has significant but less marked activity, whereas thermolysin, papain, and alpha-protease are inactive. The enzymes were also tested for their ability to induce morphological change or to remove two iodinatable proteins of 250,000 and 205,000 daltons. Although the larger protein is removed by some but not all of the proteases examined, every protease tested removed the smaller cell surface proteins; however, loss of the smaller protein does correlate with the reduction of both cytoplasmic spreading and cell-cell interactions observed after protease treatment. A secondary, later event of migration of cells into clumps is observed in those instances when protease treatment did not result in a loss of the 250k protein. Arole for each of these proteins in the processes of cellular adhesion is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of protease treatment on growth, morphology, adhesion, and cell surface proteins of secondary chick embryo fibroblasts. Several proteolytic enzymes have been studied with regard to their ability to induce DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in resting chick embryo fibroblasts. Of the enzymes examined, thrombin, bromelin, and trypsin exhibit potent mitogenic activity, elastase has significant but less marked activity, whereas thermolysin, papain, and alpha-protease are inactive. The enzymes were also tested for their ability to induce morphological change or to remove two iodinatable proteins of 250,000 and 205,000 daltons. Although the larger protein is removed by some but not all of the proteases examined, every protease tested removed the smaller cell surface proteins; however, loss of the smaller protein does correlate with the reduction of both cytoplasmic spreading and cell-cell interactions observed after protease treatment. A secondary, later event of migration of cells into clumps is observed in those instances when protease treatment did not result in a loss of the 250k protein. Arole for each of these proteins in the processes of cellular adhesion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947549", "title": "Feminization of hepatic S metabolism in male rats with a transplanted (MtT/F4).", "content": "After transplantation of MtT/F4 pituitary tumor cells to male rats of the Fisher strain, the masculine type of hepatic steroid metabolism was changed into a feminine pattern of enzyme activities. Liver metabolism of steroid hormones in female rats was relatively unaffected following transplantation of pituitary tumor cells. Futhermore, extract from MtT/F4 tumors and \"autonomous\" pituitary tissue increased the 5alpha-reductase activity of hepatoma cells in the culture (HTC cells) at subsaturation concentrations of the substrate 4-androstene-3, 17-dione by decreasing the apparent Km of the enzyme. It is concluded that the pituitary tumor (in accord with the secretion from an \"autonomous\" pituitary gland) secretes \"feminotropin,\" a novel hypophyseal principle that probably is an important regulator of hepatic steriod metabolism. It is suggested that pituitary tumor tissue of the MtT/F4 type could be used as source of feminotropin in purification studies.", "contents": "Feminization of hepatic S metabolism in male rats with a transplanted (MtT/F4). After transplantation of MtT/F4 pituitary tumor cells to male rats of the Fisher strain, the masculine type of hepatic steroid metabolism was changed into a feminine pattern of enzyme activities. Liver metabolism of steroid hormones in female rats was relatively unaffected following transplantation of pituitary tumor cells. Futhermore, extract from MtT/F4 tumors and \"autonomous\" pituitary tissue increased the 5alpha-reductase activity of hepatoma cells in the culture (HTC cells) at subsaturation concentrations of the substrate 4-androstene-3, 17-dione by decreasing the apparent Km of the enzyme. It is concluded that the pituitary tumor (in accord with the secretion from an \"autonomous\" pituitary gland) secretes \"feminotropin,\" a novel hypophyseal principle that probably is an important regulator of hepatic steriod metabolism. It is suggested that pituitary tumor tissue of the MtT/F4 type could be used as source of feminotropin in purification studies."}
{"id": "PMID:947550", "title": "A unique pattern of integrated viral genes in hamster cells transformed by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12.", "content": "We have analyzed the viral DNA sequences persisting in HE C19, a clonal line of hamster embryo cells transformed in vitro by human adenovirus 12 (Ad 12), a member of highly oncogenic group A. Saturation-hybridization of in vitro labeled Ad 12 DNA (2-4 x 10(8) cpm/mug) with HE C19 DNA showed that 93-100% of viral DNA sequences are present in the transformed cell. Reassociation of Ad 12 32P-DNA in the presence of HE C19 DNA detected 8 viral genome equivalents per diploid quantity of cell DNA. REannealing each of the six Ad 12 EcoRl restriction DNA fragments with HE C19 DNA indicated that the sequences of each fragment are present in near equimolar quantities, 8-10.5 copies per cell. HE C19 DNA \"networks\" were prepared and shown to contain the same viral DNA sequences and in the same amounts as present in unfractionated transformed cell DNA; these data provide the first direct evidence that human adenovirus genes are covalently linked to cellular DNA. The presence of most, if not all, of the viral genes was demonstrated also in the Ad 12 hamster tumor cell line, HT-2. The pattern of integrated viral genes in these nonpermissive hamster cells transformed by Ad 12 is different from that described for cells transformed by group C and B human adenoviruses and for SV40.", "contents": "A unique pattern of integrated viral genes in hamster cells transformed by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12. We have analyzed the viral DNA sequences persisting in HE C19, a clonal line of hamster embryo cells transformed in vitro by human adenovirus 12 (Ad 12), a member of highly oncogenic group A. Saturation-hybridization of in vitro labeled Ad 12 DNA (2-4 x 10(8) cpm/mug) with HE C19 DNA showed that 93-100% of viral DNA sequences are present in the transformed cell. Reassociation of Ad 12 32P-DNA in the presence of HE C19 DNA detected 8 viral genome equivalents per diploid quantity of cell DNA. REannealing each of the six Ad 12 EcoRl restriction DNA fragments with HE C19 DNA indicated that the sequences of each fragment are present in near equimolar quantities, 8-10.5 copies per cell. HE C19 DNA \"networks\" were prepared and shown to contain the same viral DNA sequences and in the same amounts as present in unfractionated transformed cell DNA; these data provide the first direct evidence that human adenovirus genes are covalently linked to cellular DNA. The presence of most, if not all, of the viral genes was demonstrated also in the Ad 12 hamster tumor cell line, HT-2. The pattern of integrated viral genes in these nonpermissive hamster cells transformed by Ad 12 is different from that described for cells transformed by group C and B human adenoviruses and for SV40."}
{"id": "PMID:947551", "title": "Amino acid starvation affects the initiation frequency of nucleolar RNA polymerase.", "content": "The synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA in mouse ascites nucleoli derived from cells starved for amino acids is compared with the activity of nucleoli from control cells cultivated in the presence of all amino acids. It is shown that deprivation of a single essential amino acid from the culture medium results in a drastic decrease of the RNA-forming capacity of the isolated nucleoli by a factor of 2-3. This switchoff in rRNA synthesis is a very fast process. Half-maximal inactivation occurs after only 30 min. Addition of amino acids to starved cells leads to a rapid recovery, which is reflected by a sharp increase in the RNA polymerase activity of the isolated nucleoli. Studies on the molecular mechanism of this amino acid-mediated control of rRNA synthesis indicate that this effect is not caused by different growth rates of the RNA chains, but rather by an altered initiation frequency of the RNA polymerase in vivo. Whereas in nucleoli derived from cells grown in full medium almost all the polymerase is tightly bound in a transcriptional complex, a high amount of \"free\" polymerase which becomes active after addition of exogenous template is present in nucleoli from starved cells.", "contents": "Amino acid starvation affects the initiation frequency of nucleolar RNA polymerase. The synthesis of ribosomal precursor RNA in mouse ascites nucleoli derived from cells starved for amino acids is compared with the activity of nucleoli from control cells cultivated in the presence of all amino acids. It is shown that deprivation of a single essential amino acid from the culture medium results in a drastic decrease of the RNA-forming capacity of the isolated nucleoli by a factor of 2-3. This switchoff in rRNA synthesis is a very fast process. Half-maximal inactivation occurs after only 30 min. Addition of amino acids to starved cells leads to a rapid recovery, which is reflected by a sharp increase in the RNA polymerase activity of the isolated nucleoli. Studies on the molecular mechanism of this amino acid-mediated control of rRNA synthesis indicate that this effect is not caused by different growth rates of the RNA chains, but rather by an altered initiation frequency of the RNA polymerase in vivo. Whereas in nucleoli derived from cells grown in full medium almost all the polymerase is tightly bound in a transcriptional complex, a high amount of \"free\" polymerase which becomes active after addition of exogenous template is present in nucleoli from starved cells."}
{"id": "PMID:947552", "title": "Control of nucleolar RNA synthesis by the intracellular pool sizes of ATP and GTP.", "content": "The influence of amino acid starvation on both the pool sizes of nucleoside triphosphates and the rRNA synthetic capacity of Ehrlich ascites cells was studied. The results indicate that under shiftdown conditions, an immediate shrinkage of the cellular ATP and GTP levels occurs. Concomitant with this, protein and rRNA syntheisis are markedly inhibited. If the pool sizes of purine nucleaside triphosphates are expanded by adding adenosine or guanosine to cells cultured in histidine-free medium, the nucleolar RNA synthesis is fully restored, while protein synthesis remains inhibited. The results suggest that the rate of pre-rRNA transcription may be controlled by the actual nucleoside triphosphate levels of the cells rather than by short-lived protein(s), as has been previously postulated.", "contents": "Control of nucleolar RNA synthesis by the intracellular pool sizes of ATP and GTP. The influence of amino acid starvation on both the pool sizes of nucleoside triphosphates and the rRNA synthetic capacity of Ehrlich ascites cells was studied. The results indicate that under shiftdown conditions, an immediate shrinkage of the cellular ATP and GTP levels occurs. Concomitant with this, protein and rRNA syntheisis are markedly inhibited. If the pool sizes of purine nucleaside triphosphates are expanded by adding adenosine or guanosine to cells cultured in histidine-free medium, the nucleolar RNA synthesis is fully restored, while protein synthesis remains inhibited. The results suggest that the rate of pre-rRNA transcription may be controlled by the actual nucleoside triphosphate levels of the cells rather than by short-lived protein(s), as has been previously postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:947567", "title": "Platelet aggregation in partially obstructed vessels and its elimination with aspirin.", "content": "In 35 open chest anesthetized dogs coronary and aortic blood flow were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters while aortic and distal coronary blood pressure and an epicardial ECG were recorded. A fixed amount of stenosis (60-80%) was produced in the coronary artery by an externally applied plastic cylinder. In 24 of the 35 dogs the coronary blood flow showed cyclical reductions to near zero, with a sudden spontaneous return to near control levels. During reduced flow the epicardial ECG showed ST-segment depression suggestive of ischemia, and ventricular premature beats were often noted. Six animals died acutely during episodes of reduced flow. After 35 mg/kg of aspirin were given intravenously the cyclical reductions in coronary blood flow were abolished and the in vitro platelet aggregations were reduced from a control of 62.1 +/- 15 units (Born technique) to an average of 23.7 +/- 12 units. Histologic sections of the narrowed coronary artery obtained when coronary flow was reduced show an amorphous mass in the lumen which was thought to be a platelet aggregate. Perhaps a similar process of platelet aggregation occurs in the stenosed coronary arteries in man, producing acute coronary obstruction, ischemia, and sudden death.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation in partially obstructed vessels and its elimination with aspirin. In 35 open chest anesthetized dogs coronary and aortic blood flow were measured with electromagnetic flowmeters while aortic and distal coronary blood pressure and an epicardial ECG were recorded. A fixed amount of stenosis (60-80%) was produced in the coronary artery by an externally applied plastic cylinder. In 24 of the 35 dogs the coronary blood flow showed cyclical reductions to near zero, with a sudden spontaneous return to near control levels. During reduced flow the epicardial ECG showed ST-segment depression suggestive of ischemia, and ventricular premature beats were often noted. Six animals died acutely during episodes of reduced flow. After 35 mg/kg of aspirin were given intravenously the cyclical reductions in coronary blood flow were abolished and the in vitro platelet aggregations were reduced from a control of 62.1 +/- 15 units (Born technique) to an average of 23.7 +/- 12 units. Histologic sections of the narrowed coronary artery obtained when coronary flow was reduced show an amorphous mass in the lumen which was thought to be a platelet aggregate. Perhaps a similar process of platelet aggregation occurs in the stenosed coronary arteries in man, producing acute coronary obstruction, ischemia, and sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:947568", "title": "False positive diagnostic tests and coronary angiographic findings in 105 presumably healthy males.", "content": "Among 2014 presumably healthy males aged 40-59 years coronary heart disease (CHD) was suggested in 115 in the presence of one or more of the following criteria: 1) a WHO-questionnaire on angina pectoris positive on interview, 2) typical angina during a near maximal bicycle exercise test, 3) a positive exercise ECG during and/or post exercise, 4) a Minnesota Code 1.1 on a resting ECG. Diagnostic coronary angiography was offered to all 115 CHD-suspect cases. Six refused angiography and four others were excluded. Of the remaining 105, thirty-six had less than 50% obstruction of any major coronary artery (34.3%). Eighteen (17.1%) had single, 25 (23.8%) had double and 26 (24.8%) had triple vessel disease. In 62 of the 69 with pathologic angiograms at least one obstruction greater than or equal to 75% was found. Eighty percent of the cases with proven CHD were greater than or equal to 50 years. All CHD-suggestive criteria had approximately the same diagnostic performance regardless of age, i.e., approximately one false positive/two true positives. Except for one retroperitoneal hematoma no complications to angiography occurred.", "contents": "False positive diagnostic tests and coronary angiographic findings in 105 presumably healthy males. Among 2014 presumably healthy males aged 40-59 years coronary heart disease (CHD) was suggested in 115 in the presence of one or more of the following criteria: 1) a WHO-questionnaire on angina pectoris positive on interview, 2) typical angina during a near maximal bicycle exercise test, 3) a positive exercise ECG during and/or post exercise, 4) a Minnesota Code 1.1 on a resting ECG. Diagnostic coronary angiography was offered to all 115 CHD-suspect cases. Six refused angiography and four others were excluded. Of the remaining 105, thirty-six had less than 50% obstruction of any major coronary artery (34.3%). Eighteen (17.1%) had single, 25 (23.8%) had double and 26 (24.8%) had triple vessel disease. In 62 of the 69 with pathologic angiograms at least one obstruction greater than or equal to 75% was found. Eighty percent of the cases with proven CHD were greater than or equal to 50 years. All CHD-suggestive criteria had approximately the same diagnostic performance regardless of age, i.e., approximately one false positive/two true positives. Except for one retroperitoneal hematoma no complications to angiography occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:947569", "title": "Differences in muscle blood flow in upper and lower extremities of patients after correction of coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "Using the method 133Xe clearance we investigated blood flow and calculated vascular resistances simultaneously in the muscles of the upper and lower extremities in 58 patients following successful surgical correction of aortic coarctation carried out at age 11.5 (+/- 2.9) years. The interval from operation to investigation was 11.5 (+/- 4.5) years. Resting and maximal ischemic exercise blood flows in the upper extremity were decreased and the duration of maximal blood flow was shortened. Values recorded from the lower extremities did not differ from normal controls. The difference between upper and lower extremities was statistically significant. Vascular resistance during maximal blood flow was higher in the upper extremities than in the lower. Differences between upper and lower extremities did not change after vasodilation elicited by amyl nitrite. The degree of differences was not dependent upon the age at operation, the age of the patients at investigation, or on the time interval between operation and investigation.", "contents": "Differences in muscle blood flow in upper and lower extremities of patients after correction of coarctation of the aorta. Using the method 133Xe clearance we investigated blood flow and calculated vascular resistances simultaneously in the muscles of the upper and lower extremities in 58 patients following successful surgical correction of aortic coarctation carried out at age 11.5 (+/- 2.9) years. The interval from operation to investigation was 11.5 (+/- 4.5) years. Resting and maximal ischemic exercise blood flows in the upper extremity were decreased and the duration of maximal blood flow was shortened. Values recorded from the lower extremities did not differ from normal controls. The difference between upper and lower extremities was statistically significant. Vascular resistance during maximal blood flow was higher in the upper extremities than in the lower. Differences between upper and lower extremities did not change after vasodilation elicited by amyl nitrite. The degree of differences was not dependent upon the age at operation, the age of the patients at investigation, or on the time interval between operation and investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:947570", "title": "Pathogenesis of paradoxical hypertension after coarctation resection.", "content": "The pathogenesis of paradoxical hypertension after resection of coarctation of the aorta was investigated by comparing the course of seven children undergoing repair of coarctation with five acyanotic children undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery. During the first 24 hours after surgery, all coarctation patients demonstrated a rise in systolic blood pressure (35 +/- 15.5 mm Hg; P less than 0.001), a significant depression in cold pressor test response, and only a slight elevation in plasma renin activity. In the next 24-72 hours, coarctation patients developed a rise in diastolic blood pressure (26.8 +/- 10.6 mm Hg; P less than 0.001), plasma renin activity (22.9 +/- 10.2/ml/hr; P less than 0.001) and fluid retention. By contrast, control patients had no significant postoperative changes. Abdominal pain occurred in five coarctation patients during the period of maximal plasma renin activity. The data suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for the initial phase of hypertension after coarctation resection and that the renin angiotension system plays a major role in the second phase of hypertension and in the pathogenesis of mesenteric arteritis.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of paradoxical hypertension after coarctation resection. The pathogenesis of paradoxical hypertension after resection of coarctation of the aorta was investigated by comparing the course of seven children undergoing repair of coarctation with five acyanotic children undergoing elective cardiovascular surgery. During the first 24 hours after surgery, all coarctation patients demonstrated a rise in systolic blood pressure (35 +/- 15.5 mm Hg; P less than 0.001), a significant depression in cold pressor test response, and only a slight elevation in plasma renin activity. In the next 24-72 hours, coarctation patients developed a rise in diastolic blood pressure (26.8 +/- 10.6 mm Hg; P less than 0.001), plasma renin activity (22.9 +/- 10.2/ml/hr; P less than 0.001) and fluid retention. By contrast, control patients had no significant postoperative changes. Abdominal pain occurred in five coarctation patients during the period of maximal plasma renin activity. The data suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for the initial phase of hypertension after coarctation resection and that the renin angiotension system plays a major role in the second phase of hypertension and in the pathogenesis of mesenteric arteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:947571", "title": "Quantitative measurement of left ventricular volumes in man from radiopaque epicardial markers.", "content": "The distances between three or four radiopaque markers located on the left ventricular epicardial surface at the apex and in the region of the minor axes in 22 subjects showed close correlations with left ventricular chamber radii, length, volume and wall thickness determined from biplane angiograms over the range of stroke volume. The markers were previously placed during heart surgery. Regression equations relating the distances between epicardial markers and chamber volumes were used to predict volumes for other beats. There was close agreement of end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes as determined by the angiographic and epicardial marker methods for premature atrial contraction beats and post premature contraction beats, and in studies performed during rest and exercise. Time-volume curves determined by the epicardial marker and angiographic methods were similar. It is concluded that epicardial marker measurements can be used to quantitate beat-to-beat left ventricular chamber volume and dimension changes.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of left ventricular volumes in man from radiopaque epicardial markers. The distances between three or four radiopaque markers located on the left ventricular epicardial surface at the apex and in the region of the minor axes in 22 subjects showed close correlations with left ventricular chamber radii, length, volume and wall thickness determined from biplane angiograms over the range of stroke volume. The markers were previously placed during heart surgery. Regression equations relating the distances between epicardial markers and chamber volumes were used to predict volumes for other beats. There was close agreement of end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes as determined by the angiographic and epicardial marker methods for premature atrial contraction beats and post premature contraction beats, and in studies performed during rest and exercise. Time-volume curves determined by the epicardial marker and angiographic methods were similar. It is concluded that epicardial marker measurements can be used to quantitate beat-to-beat left ventricular chamber volume and dimension changes."}
{"id": "PMID:947572", "title": "Potential role of QT interval prolongation in sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that a genetically transmitted cardiac abnormality is involved in the genesis of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with SIDS were studied by electrocardiography. Prolongation of the QT interval was present in at least one member of 11 (26%) sets of parents. In families in which QT interval prolongation was found in a parent, prolonged QT interval was also present in 39% of the siblings of infants with SIDS, suggesting an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. In addition, an infant with \"near-miss\" SIDS showed marked prolongation of the QT interval. Thus, our data suggest that prolonged QT interval may play a role in a considerable proportion of sudden and unexpected infant deaths. However, definitive confirmation of the relation between QT interval prolongation and SIDS will require large prospective investigations.", "contents": "Potential role of QT interval prolongation in sudden infant death syndrome. To investigate the possibility that a genetically transmitted cardiac abnormality is involved in the genesis of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with SIDS were studied by electrocardiography. Prolongation of the QT interval was present in at least one member of 11 (26%) sets of parents. In families in which QT interval prolongation was found in a parent, prolonged QT interval was also present in 39% of the siblings of infants with SIDS, suggesting an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. In addition, an infant with \"near-miss\" SIDS showed marked prolongation of the QT interval. Thus, our data suggest that prolonged QT interval may play a role in a considerable proportion of sudden and unexpected infant deaths. However, definitive confirmation of the relation between QT interval prolongation and SIDS will require large prospective investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:947573", "title": "Analysis of secondary pauses following termination of rapid atrial pacing in man.", "content": "The first ten cycles following cessation of atrial pacing were evaluated in 44 control subjects (mean age 52.9 +/- 14.88 yr) and 39 patients (mean age 62.9 +/- 15.41 yr) suspected of having sinus node dysfunction (SND). The maximal cycle length for each postpacing cycle following several pacing periods in each control subject was determined, and was normalized by dividing it by the subject's mean spontaneous control cycle length (SCL). Using the control group, a normalized maximal post-pacing response pattern (mean and SD) was derived. For each SND patient, a composite SD for each post-pacing cycle was calculated by adding the patient's SCL variance to the variance determined for each post-pacing cycle in the control group. Two composite SD above the mean value for each post-pacing cycle was selected as the upper limit of the normal recovery response and used to identify abnormal post-pacing responses in the 39 SND patients. Abnormally prolonged cycle lengths subsequent to the first escape cycle (secondary pauses) were found in 16/39 (41.0%) patients, of whom 11/39 (28.2%) had a prolonged SNRTmax. Of importance, 11/12 (91;7%) patients with documented SA block or sinus pauses prior to electrophysiologic study, demonstrated secondary pauses, while only 7/12 (58.3%) had a prolonged SNRTmax. Criteria are derived for the identification of secondary pauses during the postpacing period, and a close association between secondary pauses and the presence of spontaneous SA block or sinus pauses prior to electrophysiologic study is demonstrated.", "contents": "Analysis of secondary pauses following termination of rapid atrial pacing in man. The first ten cycles following cessation of atrial pacing were evaluated in 44 control subjects (mean age 52.9 +/- 14.88 yr) and 39 patients (mean age 62.9 +/- 15.41 yr) suspected of having sinus node dysfunction (SND). The maximal cycle length for each postpacing cycle following several pacing periods in each control subject was determined, and was normalized by dividing it by the subject's mean spontaneous control cycle length (SCL). Using the control group, a normalized maximal post-pacing response pattern (mean and SD) was derived. For each SND patient, a composite SD for each post-pacing cycle was calculated by adding the patient's SCL variance to the variance determined for each post-pacing cycle in the control group. Two composite SD above the mean value for each post-pacing cycle was selected as the upper limit of the normal recovery response and used to identify abnormal post-pacing responses in the 39 SND patients. Abnormally prolonged cycle lengths subsequent to the first escape cycle (secondary pauses) were found in 16/39 (41.0%) patients, of whom 11/39 (28.2%) had a prolonged SNRTmax. Of importance, 11/12 (91;7%) patients with documented SA block or sinus pauses prior to electrophysiologic study, demonstrated secondary pauses, while only 7/12 (58.3%) had a prolonged SNRTmax. Criteria are derived for the identification of secondary pauses during the postpacing period, and a close association between secondary pauses and the presence of spontaneous SA block or sinus pauses prior to electrophysiologic study is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947574", "title": "Electrophysiologic effects of propranolol on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction.", "content": "The electrophysiologic effects of intravenously administered propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) on three parameters of sinus node function were examined in ten symptomatic patients with sinus node dysfunction. The patients ranged in age from 26 to 79 years. Symptoms ranged from fatigue to frank syncope. Sinoatrial (SA) block and sinus pauses were observed in one patient; sinus pauses alone were observed in three patients. Five (5/10) patients had intraatrial block; three (3/10) patients had atrioventricular block; four (4/10) patients had an intraventricular conduction disturbance. At the time of electrophysiologic study, two patients had a control spontaneous sinus cycle length that exceeded 1000 msec. Following propranolol, the mean spontaneous cycle length increased by 17.4% (924 to 1085 msec, P less than 0.005) and spontaneous second degree SA block reappeared in the one patient. The maximum escape cycle ranged from 116% to 229% of the prepacing spontaneous cycle length and was considered to be prolonged in two of ten patients. Propranolol had no significant effect on the maximum escape cycle/prepacing cycle length X 100 (%). The estimated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was determined in seven patients and ranged in value from 120 to 238 mes. Propranolol increased the mean value of the estimated SACT from 179 to 213 msec, P less than 0.025. Propranolol may cause marked bradyarrhythmias in some patients with sinus node dysfunction, and should be used with caution in these patients.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic effects of propranolol on sinus node function in patients with sinus node dysfunction. The electrophysiologic effects of intravenously administered propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) on three parameters of sinus node function were examined in ten symptomatic patients with sinus node dysfunction. The patients ranged in age from 26 to 79 years. Symptoms ranged from fatigue to frank syncope. Sinoatrial (SA) block and sinus pauses were observed in one patient; sinus pauses alone were observed in three patients. Five (5/10) patients had intraatrial block; three (3/10) patients had atrioventricular block; four (4/10) patients had an intraventricular conduction disturbance. At the time of electrophysiologic study, two patients had a control spontaneous sinus cycle length that exceeded 1000 msec. Following propranolol, the mean spontaneous cycle length increased by 17.4% (924 to 1085 msec, P less than 0.005) and spontaneous second degree SA block reappeared in the one patient. The maximum escape cycle ranged from 116% to 229% of the prepacing spontaneous cycle length and was considered to be prolonged in two of ten patients. Propranolol had no significant effect on the maximum escape cycle/prepacing cycle length X 100 (%). The estimated sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was determined in seven patients and ranged in value from 120 to 238 mes. Propranolol increased the mean value of the estimated SACT from 179 to 213 msec, P less than 0.025. Propranolol may cause marked bradyarrhythmias in some patients with sinus node dysfunction, and should be used with caution in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:947575", "title": "The conduction system in double outlet right ventricle with subpulmonic ventricular septal defect and related hearts (the Taussig-Bing group).", "content": "The Taussig-Bind group of hearts is that group in which the aorta emerges completely from the right ventricle, unrelated to the position of the ventricular septal defect (VSD), while the pulmonary trunk emerges at varying degrees from the right ventricle related to the location of the VSD. Several types of surgical procedures involve the VSD in these hearts. The conduction systems in six of these hearts were therefore studied. The atrioventricular (A-V) bundle lies in the inferior (posterior) wall of the defect on the left side beneath the summit of the ventricular septum. In some cases, the bundle may be proximal to the defect, thus lying intramuscularly, and only the right and left bundle branches are related to the defect. The pattern od development of the atrioventricular (A-V) node, bundle and bundle branches is related primarily to the development of the endocardial cushions and posterior ventricular septum, and not to that of the absorption of the bulbus.", "contents": "The conduction system in double outlet right ventricle with subpulmonic ventricular septal defect and related hearts (the Taussig-Bing group). The Taussig-Bind group of hearts is that group in which the aorta emerges completely from the right ventricle, unrelated to the position of the ventricular septal defect (VSD), while the pulmonary trunk emerges at varying degrees from the right ventricle related to the location of the VSD. Several types of surgical procedures involve the VSD in these hearts. The conduction systems in six of these hearts were therefore studied. The atrioventricular (A-V) bundle lies in the inferior (posterior) wall of the defect on the left side beneath the summit of the ventricular septum. In some cases, the bundle may be proximal to the defect, thus lying intramuscularly, and only the right and left bundle branches are related to the defect. The pattern od development of the atrioventricular (A-V) node, bundle and bundle branches is related primarily to the development of the endocardial cushions and posterior ventricular septum, and not to that of the absorption of the bulbus."}
{"id": "PMID:947576", "title": "Nitroprusside after open-heart surgery.", "content": "The effects of intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside were studied in 11 children immediately after open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease. The patients were selected because, following bypass, their cardiac index was below 2,0 L/min/m2 and their systemic vascular resistance exceeded 30 units. In order to eliminate the effects of preload, mean left atrial pressure was maintained at a constant level by blood transfusion. During infusion of nitroprusside the mean decrease of mean arterial pressure was 18.6%, of systemic vascular resistance was 53.7%, and the increase in cardiac index was 76.9%. All children recovered.", "contents": "Nitroprusside after open-heart surgery. The effects of intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside were studied in 11 children immediately after open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease. The patients were selected because, following bypass, their cardiac index was below 2,0 L/min/m2 and their systemic vascular resistance exceeded 30 units. In order to eliminate the effects of preload, mean left atrial pressure was maintained at a constant level by blood transfusion. During infusion of nitroprusside the mean decrease of mean arterial pressure was 18.6%, of systemic vascular resistance was 53.7%, and the increase in cardiac index was 76.9%. All children recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:947577", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of vasodilator agents in dogs with experimental ventricular septal defects.", "content": "The ratio of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance (Rp/Rs) largely determines the amount of left-to-right shunting and pulmonary to systemic flow rat (Qp/Qs) in the presence of a large isolated ventricular septal defect. The possibility that pharmacologic reduction of systemic vascular resistance with alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade or beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation would increase the ratio Rp/Rs, and therefore reduce the ratio Qp/Qs, was studied in dogs in which ventricular septal defects had been surgically created. Administration of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine caused a 42% reduction in Rs and no reduction in Rp. Qs was unchanged and Qp declined by 24% and the ratio Qp/Qs fell by 32%. Infusion of the beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant isoproterenol also reduced Qp/Qs. However, this was accomplished as a result of an increase in Qs and at the expense of an increase in heart rate. As a decline in the ratio Qp/Qs has been shown to be beneficial to patients with large left-to-right shunts, pharmacologic reduction of systemic vascular resistance may prove to be helpful in treating congestive heart failure in those patients with large left-to-right shunts at the ventricular level who are refractory to the usual decongestive measures.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of vasodilator agents in dogs with experimental ventricular septal defects. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance (Rp/Rs) largely determines the amount of left-to-right shunting and pulmonary to systemic flow rat (Qp/Qs) in the presence of a large isolated ventricular septal defect. The possibility that pharmacologic reduction of systemic vascular resistance with alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade or beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation would increase the ratio Rp/Rs, and therefore reduce the ratio Qp/Qs, was studied in dogs in which ventricular septal defects had been surgically created. Administration of phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine caused a 42% reduction in Rs and no reduction in Rp. Qs was unchanged and Qp declined by 24% and the ratio Qp/Qs fell by 32%. Infusion of the beta-adrenergic receptor stimulant isoproterenol also reduced Qp/Qs. However, this was accomplished as a result of an increase in Qs and at the expense of an increase in heart rate. As a decline in the ratio Qp/Qs has been shown to be beneficial to patients with large left-to-right shunts, pharmacologic reduction of systemic vascular resistance may prove to be helpful in treating congestive heart failure in those patients with large left-to-right shunts at the ventricular level who are refractory to the usual decongestive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:947578", "title": "Impaired forearm oxygen consumption during static exercise in patients with congestive heart failure.", "content": "In this study, the effects of forearm static exercise were determined on local blood flow and oxygen consumption in 15 normal individuals (NL) and their responses were compared with ten patients in congestive heart failure (CHF). Forearm blood flow was determined by a plethysmographic technique before and during 15% of maximum voluntary contraction of the forearm. Regional arterial and venous oxygen contents were sampled and forearm oxygen consumption calculated by the Fick principle. At rest, forearm blood flow was less in patients with heart failure than in normal individuals;  however, this was compensated for by an increased oxygen extraction, thus maintaining forearm oxygen consumption at a normal level. In contrast, during static exercise, forearm blood flow failed to rise normally with heart failure (NL 9.31; CHF 4.35 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.001) and the increased oxygen extraction was not sufficient to maintain a normal forearm oxygen consumption (NL .82; CHF .44 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.01). Therefore, patients with congestive heart failure demonstrate regional circulatory and metabolic abnormalities during static exercise that are comparable to those present during dynamic exercise. Because of a limited ability of their skeletal muscle resistance vessels to respond to dilator stimuli, they have an attenuation of their exercise hyperemia which leads to an earlier shift to anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Impaired forearm oxygen consumption during static exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. In this study, the effects of forearm static exercise were determined on local blood flow and oxygen consumption in 15 normal individuals (NL) and their responses were compared with ten patients in congestive heart failure (CHF). Forearm blood flow was determined by a plethysmographic technique before and during 15% of maximum voluntary contraction of the forearm. Regional arterial and venous oxygen contents were sampled and forearm oxygen consumption calculated by the Fick principle. At rest, forearm blood flow was less in patients with heart failure than in normal individuals;  however, this was compensated for by an increased oxygen extraction, thus maintaining forearm oxygen consumption at a normal level. In contrast, during static exercise, forearm blood flow failed to rise normally with heart failure (NL 9.31; CHF 4.35 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.001) and the increased oxygen extraction was not sufficient to maintain a normal forearm oxygen consumption (NL .82; CHF .44 ml/min-100 ml, P less than 0.01). Therefore, patients with congestive heart failure demonstrate regional circulatory and metabolic abnormalities during static exercise that are comparable to those present during dynamic exercise. Because of a limited ability of their skeletal muscle resistance vessels to respond to dilator stimuli, they have an attenuation of their exercise hyperemia which leads to an earlier shift to anaerobic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:947579", "title": "Mitral valve area in combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation.", "content": "Eight patients with mixed mitral stenosis and regurgitation underwent hemodynamic and angiographic study prior to mitral valve replacement. The stenotic orifice of the mitral valve was calculated employing the total left ventricular stroke volume by cineangiography as the numerator of the Gorlin Formula. Excellent agreement with the measured orifice of the mitral valve was obtained using a value of 37.9 (0.85 X 44.5) for the constant in the Gorlin formula as recommended by Cohen and Gorlin. Recalculation of this constant independently by our data yielded a value that was almost identical. Regurgitant flows and orifice sizes were calculated for each patient using the same constant as for calculation of the stenotic orifices.", "contents": "Mitral valve area in combined mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Eight patients with mixed mitral stenosis and regurgitation underwent hemodynamic and angiographic study prior to mitral valve replacement. The stenotic orifice of the mitral valve was calculated employing the total left ventricular stroke volume by cineangiography as the numerator of the Gorlin Formula. Excellent agreement with the measured orifice of the mitral valve was obtained using a value of 37.9 (0.85 X 44.5) for the constant in the Gorlin formula as recommended by Cohen and Gorlin. Recalculation of this constant independently by our data yielded a value that was almost identical. Regurgitant flows and orifice sizes were calculated for each patient using the same constant as for calculation of the stenotic orifices."}
{"id": "PMID:947580", "title": "Retrograde coronary artery flow in aortic valve disease.", "content": "Retrograde coronary artery flow was observed angiographically in 43 patients with aortic stenosis and/or regurgitation. In the 24 patients with pure or predominant aortic stenosis, retrograde flow was seen in all 24 during end-systole. In the eight patients with pure aortic regurgitation, retrograde flow was seen mainly during end-diastole (6/8). Among the 11 patients with stenosis and regurgitation, retrograde flow was both end-systolic and enddiastolic. Dominant left coronary arteries were seen in 13 patients; 13 showed retrograde flow in the dominant arteries. Dominant right coronary arteries were seen in 25 patients: all 25 showed retrograde flow equally in the right and left coronary. Five of the 43 patients could not be evaluated for dominance because of coronary artery occlusions. The severity of retrograde flow did not correlate with usual clinical, hemodynamic or tension-stress parameters: angina, electrocardiographic abnormality, end-diastolic pressure or volume, end-systolic pressure or volume, ejection fraction, severity of aortic regurgitation, peak or mean valve gradient, aortic valve area, myocardial tension and stress calculations, or DPTI:SPTI. In summary, retrograde coronary artery flow was seen in all 43 patients with severe aortic valve disease. The time in the cardiac cycle when retrograde flow occurred was related to the type of valve disease. Retrograde flow was seen mainly in the coronary arteries supplying the left ventricle and may result from increased regional myocardial stresses.", "contents": "Retrograde coronary artery flow in aortic valve disease. Retrograde coronary artery flow was observed angiographically in 43 patients with aortic stenosis and/or regurgitation. In the 24 patients with pure or predominant aortic stenosis, retrograde flow was seen in all 24 during end-systole. In the eight patients with pure aortic regurgitation, retrograde flow was seen mainly during end-diastole (6/8). Among the 11 patients with stenosis and regurgitation, retrograde flow was both end-systolic and enddiastolic. Dominant left coronary arteries were seen in 13 patients; 13 showed retrograde flow in the dominant arteries. Dominant right coronary arteries were seen in 25 patients: all 25 showed retrograde flow equally in the right and left coronary. Five of the 43 patients could not be evaluated for dominance because of coronary artery occlusions. The severity of retrograde flow did not correlate with usual clinical, hemodynamic or tension-stress parameters: angina, electrocardiographic abnormality, end-diastolic pressure or volume, end-systolic pressure or volume, ejection fraction, severity of aortic regurgitation, peak or mean valve gradient, aortic valve area, myocardial tension and stress calculations, or DPTI:SPTI. In summary, retrograde coronary artery flow was seen in all 43 patients with severe aortic valve disease. The time in the cardiac cycle when retrograde flow occurred was related to the type of valve disease. Retrograde flow was seen mainly in the coronary arteries supplying the left ventricle and may result from increased regional myocardial stresses."}
{"id": "PMID:947581", "title": "Echocardiography of cardiac valves in pericardial effusion.", "content": "Nine adult patients with large pericardial effusions (PE) demonstrated echocardiographic motion abnormalites of cardiac valves in systole. In four cases (Group 1), the abnormal findings consisted of prominent systolic anterior movements of the mitral valve resembling those seen in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In Group 2(five cases), typical mitral valve prolapse patterns with large posterior midsystolic displacements well below the C point were observed. Additional abnormalities in Group 2 included tricuspid valve prolapse patterns (four cases), early systolic movement of the aortic valve toward closure (three cases), midsystolic notching of the pulmonary valve (two cases) and abnormal or attenuated motion of the aortic root in all patients. Marked decrease or resolution of PE resulted in complete disappearance of all the observed abnormalities. These findings appeared to be related to large fluid collections behind the left atrium and abnormal movement of the heart in the pericardial space. In the presence of PE, therefore, the echocardiographic observation of abnormal valve motion may not be clinically significant.", "contents": "Echocardiography of cardiac valves in pericardial effusion. Nine adult patients with large pericardial effusions (PE) demonstrated echocardiographic motion abnormalites of cardiac valves in systole. In four cases (Group 1), the abnormal findings consisted of prominent systolic anterior movements of the mitral valve resembling those seen in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In Group 2(five cases), typical mitral valve prolapse patterns with large posterior midsystolic displacements well below the C point were observed. Additional abnormalities in Group 2 included tricuspid valve prolapse patterns (four cases), early systolic movement of the aortic valve toward closure (three cases), midsystolic notching of the pulmonary valve (two cases) and abnormal or attenuated motion of the aortic root in all patients. Marked decrease or resolution of PE resulted in complete disappearance of all the observed abnormalities. These findings appeared to be related to large fluid collections behind the left atrium and abnormal movement of the heart in the pericardial space. In the presence of PE, therefore, the echocardiographic observation of abnormal valve motion may not be clinically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:947582", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of the level of cardiac compensation in valvular heart disease.", "content": "The level of cardiac compensation in valvular disease was studied by relating echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization measurements. Three groups -- compensated, intermediately compensated, and decompensated -- were defined according to the left ventricular angiographic pattern and cardiac output. The echocardiographic ejection indices, percent left ventricular minor diameter shortening, ejection fraction, and fiber shortening rate were significantly higher than normal in compensated mitral regurgitation, lower then normal in compensated aortic stenosis, and within normal limits in compensated aortic insufficiency. In the decomposed state these indices were depressed. Intermediate compensation was best recognized by combining several echocardiographic variables into an echocardiographic score based on multivariate discriminant function analysis. Thus, the compensated volume overload states (aortic and mitral regurgitation) and pressure overload state (aortic stenosis) have separate sets of \"normal\" echocardiographic values; low ejection indices characterize the decompensated group, while recognition of intermediate compensation requires analysis of multiple echocardiographic variables.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of the level of cardiac compensation in valvular heart disease. The level of cardiac compensation in valvular disease was studied by relating echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization measurements. Three groups -- compensated, intermediately compensated, and decompensated -- were defined according to the left ventricular angiographic pattern and cardiac output. The echocardiographic ejection indices, percent left ventricular minor diameter shortening, ejection fraction, and fiber shortening rate were significantly higher than normal in compensated mitral regurgitation, lower then normal in compensated aortic stenosis, and within normal limits in compensated aortic insufficiency. In the decomposed state these indices were depressed. Intermediate compensation was best recognized by combining several echocardiographic variables into an echocardiographic score based on multivariate discriminant function analysis. Thus, the compensated volume overload states (aortic and mitral regurgitation) and pressure overload state (aortic stenosis) have separate sets of \"normal\" echocardiographic values; low ejection indices characterize the decompensated group, while recognition of intermediate compensation requires analysis of multiple echocardiographic variables."}
{"id": "PMID:947583", "title": "Coronary atherosclerosis in subjects with mitral stenosis.", "content": "The coronary arteries were examined in 60 specimens from patients with mitral stenosis. In three, localized obstruction was nonatherosclerotic in nature (in one, arterial dysplasia; in two, embolic). In 18 of the remaining 57 cases (31.5%), significantly obstructive atherosclerosis in one or more segments of the coronary arterial system was found. This represented 46% of the males and 27% of the females. The incidence of involvement of three or more arteries by significantly obstructive atherosclerosis was 39%, while in a cited series of subjects with angina pectoris three or more vessels were involved in 79% of the cases. It may be concluded that, on the average, the distribution of lesions in patients with mitral stenosis and significant coronary atherosclerosis is less wide than in subjects with clinical coronary disease.", "contents": "Coronary atherosclerosis in subjects with mitral stenosis. The coronary arteries were examined in 60 specimens from patients with mitral stenosis. In three, localized obstruction was nonatherosclerotic in nature (in one, arterial dysplasia; in two, embolic). In 18 of the remaining 57 cases (31.5%), significantly obstructive atherosclerosis in one or more segments of the coronary arterial system was found. This represented 46% of the males and 27% of the females. The incidence of involvement of three or more arteries by significantly obstructive atherosclerosis was 39%, while in a cited series of subjects with angina pectoris three or more vessels were involved in 79% of the cases. It may be concluded that, on the average, the distribution of lesions in patients with mitral stenosis and significant coronary atherosclerosis is less wide than in subjects with clinical coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947589", "title": "Studies on porphyrin biosynthesis in lead-intoxicated rabbits.", "content": "The present report deals with studies on porphyrins and porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase of red cells and urinary porphyrins from lead-intoxicated rabbits. It was shown that the free erythrocyte porphyrins are mixture of protoporphyrin 9, the main component, and minor proportions of Coproporphyrin, Uroporphyrin III and Phyriaporphyrin. Analysis of the urinary porphyrins deomonstrates the presence of Coproporphyrins III as the major component, together with 15-20% of other porphyrins: 10-14% 5-COOH, 1-2% 6-COOH, 2-3% 7-COOH porphyrin and 1-2% Uroporphyrin III. We have not been able to detect an increase of Uroporphyrin I. Assays of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase activity in hemolysate supernatant using Uroporphyrinogen III and Phyriaporphyrinogen (Phyria'gen) III as substrates, showed the existence of a slight decrease of both decarboxylase activities, being more affected during the second stage, the Phyria'gen decarboxylation. A possible regulation mechanism responsible for the porphyrin picture is discussed.", "contents": "Studies on porphyrin biosynthesis in lead-intoxicated rabbits. The present report deals with studies on porphyrins and porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase of red cells and urinary porphyrins from lead-intoxicated rabbits. It was shown that the free erythrocyte porphyrins are mixture of protoporphyrin 9, the main component, and minor proportions of Coproporphyrin, Uroporphyrin III and Phyriaporphyrin. Analysis of the urinary porphyrins deomonstrates the presence of Coproporphyrins III as the major component, together with 15-20% of other porphyrins: 10-14% 5-COOH, 1-2% 6-COOH, 2-3% 7-COOH porphyrin and 1-2% Uroporphyrin III. We have not been able to detect an increase of Uroporphyrin I. Assays of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase activity in hemolysate supernatant using Uroporphyrinogen III and Phyriaporphyrinogen (Phyria'gen) III as substrates, showed the existence of a slight decrease of both decarboxylase activities, being more affected during the second stage, the Phyria'gen decarboxylation. A possible regulation mechanism responsible for the porphyrin picture is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947590", "title": "Quantitative determination of granulocytic amino acids in healthy men and women.", "content": "The concentration of the amino acids has been determined in granulocytes from healthy men and women by chromatographic analysis on ion-exchanging resins. Except taurine, ornithine and aspartic acid, the concentrations of all the amino acids are greater in the cells isolated from women. The most variable amino acids are alanine, valine, metionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine. Taurine represents 50% of the pool determined from men, whereas for women it represents only 25%.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of granulocytic amino acids in healthy men and women. The concentration of the amino acids has been determined in granulocytes from healthy men and women by chromatographic analysis on ion-exchanging resins. Except taurine, ornithine and aspartic acid, the concentrations of all the amino acids are greater in the cells isolated from women. The most variable amino acids are alanine, valine, metionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine and histidine. Taurine represents 50% of the pool determined from men, whereas for women it represents only 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:947591", "title": "Solid-phase, magnetic particle radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay system has been developed based on the use of antibodies covalently linked to polymer-coated iron oxide (EnzacrylR). An electro-magnet is employed both to mix the particles during incubation (by switching the field on and off) and to separate the antibody-bound and free fractions. This obviates the need for vertical rotation and for the time-consuming, multiple centrifugations required with conventional solid phase procedures. The system is universally applicable and methods have been established for the assay of thyroxine, human placental lactogen and digoxin. The thyroxine assay was employed as a model and it was shown that the results obtained for serum samples correlated closely with those using a routine liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The applicability of employing a second antibody linked to the iron oxide particles was also studied.", "contents": "Solid-phase, magnetic particle radioimmunoassay. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay system has been developed based on the use of antibodies covalently linked to polymer-coated iron oxide (EnzacrylR). An electro-magnet is employed both to mix the particles during incubation (by switching the field on and off) and to separate the antibody-bound and free fractions. This obviates the need for vertical rotation and for the time-consuming, multiple centrifugations required with conventional solid phase procedures. The system is universally applicable and methods have been established for the assay of thyroxine, human placental lactogen and digoxin. The thyroxine assay was employed as a model and it was shown that the results obtained for serum samples correlated closely with those using a routine liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The applicability of employing a second antibody linked to the iron oxide particles was also studied."}
{"id": "PMID:947592", "title": "The relationship between erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and erythrocyte copper levels in normal subjects and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A quantitative assay for erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity using the xanthine-xanthine oxidase-nitro blue tetrazolium system which is applicable to clinical material is described. The in-batch precision of the method is 3.5% and the between-batch precision is 8.8%. Employing this assay, erthrocyte superoxide dismutase activities were measured in 50 normal subjects and in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was no significant correlatiion between superoxide dismutase activity and erthrocyte copper concentration. Erythrocyte copper was lower in female rheumatoid patients than in normals. This difference was not accompanied by a difference in superoxide dismutase activity.", "contents": "The relationship between erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and erythrocyte copper levels in normal subjects and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A quantitative assay for erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity using the xanthine-xanthine oxidase-nitro blue tetrazolium system which is applicable to clinical material is described. The in-batch precision of the method is 3.5% and the between-batch precision is 8.8%. Employing this assay, erthrocyte superoxide dismutase activities were measured in 50 normal subjects and in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There was no significant correlatiion between superoxide dismutase activity and erthrocyte copper concentration. Erythrocyte copper was lower in female rheumatoid patients than in normals. This difference was not accompanied by a difference in superoxide dismutase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947593", "title": "A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for the micro determination of carbamazepine in blood.", "content": "An ultraviolet spectrophotometric procedure for the micro determination of carbamazepine in blood is described which is based on the original 9-methyl-acridine method proposed by Beyer, K.H. and Klinge, K. (1969) (Arzneim-Forsch. 19, 1759--1760). Carbamazepine is extracted from blood with dichloromethane, which is then washed with alkali and acid. An aliquot of the extractant is evaporated to dryness and the residue heated briefly with hydrochloric acid at 150 degrees C. Following removal of non-specific interference with n-heptane, the absorbance of the acid catalysed rearrangement product (9-methylacridine) is determined at 258 nm. The resulting procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive and specific. It requires 100-200 mul sample for a single estimation and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml. It is concluded that the method is suitable for routine clinical use.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for the micro determination of carbamazepine in blood. An ultraviolet spectrophotometric procedure for the micro determination of carbamazepine in blood is described which is based on the original 9-methyl-acridine method proposed by Beyer, K.H. and Klinge, K. (1969) (Arzneim-Forsch. 19, 1759--1760). Carbamazepine is extracted from blood with dichloromethane, which is then washed with alkali and acid. An aliquot of the extractant is evaporated to dryness and the residue heated briefly with hydrochloric acid at 150 degrees C. Following removal of non-specific interference with n-heptane, the absorbance of the acid catalysed rearrangement product (9-methylacridine) is determined at 258 nm. The resulting procedure is rapid, reliable, sensitive and specific. It requires 100-200 mul sample for a single estimation and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml. It is concluded that the method is suitable for routine clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:947594", "title": "A rapid spectrophotometric procedure for the simultaneous micro determination of carbamazepine and 5, 5-diphenyl-hydantoin in blood.", "content": "Carbamazepine and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin are simultaneously extracted from 100-200 mul blood with 1,2-dichloroethane. 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is removed by a one-step wash into alkali. The dichloroethane is further washed with acid and then evaporated to dryness. 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is determined in the alkali washing by a benzophenone procedure; carbamazepine is determined in the dried residue by the 9-methylacridine procedure earlier described. The combined method is rapid, reliable and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml for each drug.", "contents": "A rapid spectrophotometric procedure for the simultaneous micro determination of carbamazepine and 5, 5-diphenyl-hydantoin in blood. Carbamazepine and 5,5-diphenylhydantoin are simultaneously extracted from 100-200 mul blood with 1,2-dichloroethane. 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is removed by a one-step wash into alkali. The dichloroethane is further washed with acid and then evaporated to dryness. 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin is determined in the alkali washing by a benzophenone procedure; carbamazepine is determined in the dried residue by the 9-methylacridine procedure earlier described. The combined method is rapid, reliable and has a detection threshold of less than 0.1 mg/100 ml for each drug."}
{"id": "PMID:947595", "title": "Resting muscle levels and the influence of exercise on serum amino acid-arylpeptidase activity in man.", "content": "Activities of amino acid arylamidases in skeletal muscle and serum of healthy male subjects were investigated using various substrates (Ala-, Leu-, Phe- and S-benxylcysteine-4-nitroanilides). At rest, there is no agreement between muscle and serum activity patterns. After physical exercise, the serum increase of Ala-, Leu- and Phe-AP activities is closely correleated to their respective activities in resting muscles. Since there is no relationship of the postexercise increase of amino acid arylpeptidase activitiy and exercise-induced intrasvascular haemolysis, it appears highly probable that the origin of the serum activity increase after physical work is skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Resting muscle levels and the influence of exercise on serum amino acid-arylpeptidase activity in man. Activities of amino acid arylamidases in skeletal muscle and serum of healthy male subjects were investigated using various substrates (Ala-, Leu-, Phe- and S-benxylcysteine-4-nitroanilides). At rest, there is no agreement between muscle and serum activity patterns. After physical exercise, the serum increase of Ala-, Leu- and Phe-AP activities is closely correleated to their respective activities in resting muscles. Since there is no relationship of the postexercise increase of amino acid arylpeptidase activitiy and exercise-induced intrasvascular haemolysis, it appears highly probable that the origin of the serum activity increase after physical work is skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:947596", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma glutamine elevation by anticonvulsant drugs: a potential diagnostic and therapeutic trap.", "content": "Administration of phenobarbitone or primidone can produce an elevation of glutamine and ornithine concentrations, together with a reduction of urea concentrations, in the fasting plasma and CSF of some infants, and in the CSF of some older epileptic patients. These two anticonvulsant drugs may interfere with the metabolic conversion of ammonia to urea, possibly by enzyme inhibition at the step of carbomoyl phosphate synthesis. The elevation of glutamine in plasma and CSF can mimic values found in some hyperammonemias. Recognition of this drug reaction can prevent erroneous diagnoses of genetically-determined urea cycle disorders and subsequent inappropriate therapy.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma glutamine elevation by anticonvulsant drugs: a potential diagnostic and therapeutic trap. Administration of phenobarbitone or primidone can produce an elevation of glutamine and ornithine concentrations, together with a reduction of urea concentrations, in the fasting plasma and CSF of some infants, and in the CSF of some older epileptic patients. These two anticonvulsant drugs may interfere with the metabolic conversion of ammonia to urea, possibly by enzyme inhibition at the step of carbomoyl phosphate synthesis. The elevation of glutamine in plasma and CSF can mimic values found in some hyperammonemias. Recognition of this drug reaction can prevent erroneous diagnoses of genetically-determined urea cycle disorders and subsequent inappropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:947597", "title": "[A modification of Laurell's one-dimension electrophoresis using polyvalent antisera (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the Laurell method is described which makes it possible to measure very small amounts of proteins. The use of the intermediate gel technique allows the simultaneous determination of two or more proteins by one-dimension electrophoresis. The method is useful for differentiation of organ-specific proteins from serum proteins, for identification of identical and not-identical antibodies in antisera and for checking protein products and antisera for their purity.", "contents": "[A modification of Laurell's one-dimension electrophoresis using polyvalent antisera (author's transl)]. A modification of the Laurell method is described which makes it possible to measure very small amounts of proteins. The use of the intermediate gel technique allows the simultaneous determination of two or more proteins by one-dimension electrophoresis. The method is useful for differentiation of organ-specific proteins from serum proteins, for identification of identical and not-identical antibodies in antisera and for checking protein products and antisera for their purity."}
{"id": "PMID:947598", "title": "Quantitative determination of unconjugated pterins in urine by gas chromatography/mass fragmentography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic/mass fragmentographic method is described which permits the determination of unconjugated pterins in urine. After the addition of 6,7-dimethylpterin as an internal standard, the acidified urine samples are purified by liquid chromatography on Dowex-50 and Dowex-1 columns. The pterins are then converted to their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives and the base peaks of biopterin (m/e 409), neopterin (m/e 409) and 6,7-dimethylpterin (m/e 320) are determined. The method is sensitive and specific and permits the processing of large numbers of samples. By means of this method, the urinary excretion of biopterin and neopterin from 9 healthy subjects has been determined.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of unconjugated pterins in urine by gas chromatography/mass fragmentography. A gas chromatographic/mass fragmentographic method is described which permits the determination of unconjugated pterins in urine. After the addition of 6,7-dimethylpterin as an internal standard, the acidified urine samples are purified by liquid chromatography on Dowex-50 and Dowex-1 columns. The pterins are then converted to their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives and the base peaks of biopterin (m/e 409), neopterin (m/e 409) and 6,7-dimethylpterin (m/e 320) are determined. The method is sensitive and specific and permits the processing of large numbers of samples. By means of this method, the urinary excretion of biopterin and neopterin from 9 healthy subjects has been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:947599", "title": "Lipid composition of bile in morbid obesity before and after jejunoileal bypass surgery.", "content": "Bile cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acids, individual bile acids, and fatty acid compositions of bile neutral lipids and phospholipids were analyzed before, at one month and at six months following jejunoileal bypass surgery in a series of morbidly obese patients. Preoperative mole percentages of cholesterol and lithogenic indices were high, indicating that biles were supersaturated with cholesterol and outside the micellar solubility zone when plotted on triangular coordinates. At the one month post-operative period percentages of cholesterol and lithogenic indices were significantly increased as compared to the pre-operative state. At six months post-operatively these values had decreased to approximately the pre-operative levels. No changes were observed in percentages of lithocholic acid, but deoxycholic acid decreased to markedly low levels at one month and remained low at the six month post-operative interval. Relative proportions of cholic acid increased, and the ratio of cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid was significantly increased at both post-operative intervals. No significant changes were noted in bile neutral lipid or phospholipid fatty acid composition, indicating that no depletion of essential fatty acids had occurred.", "contents": "Lipid composition of bile in morbid obesity before and after jejunoileal bypass surgery. Bile cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acids, individual bile acids, and fatty acid compositions of bile neutral lipids and phospholipids were analyzed before, at one month and at six months following jejunoileal bypass surgery in a series of morbidly obese patients. Preoperative mole percentages of cholesterol and lithogenic indices were high, indicating that biles were supersaturated with cholesterol and outside the micellar solubility zone when plotted on triangular coordinates. At the one month post-operative period percentages of cholesterol and lithogenic indices were significantly increased as compared to the pre-operative state. At six months post-operatively these values had decreased to approximately the pre-operative levels. No changes were observed in percentages of lithocholic acid, but deoxycholic acid decreased to markedly low levels at one month and remained low at the six month post-operative interval. Relative proportions of cholic acid increased, and the ratio of cholic to chenodeoxycholic acid was significantly increased at both post-operative intervals. No significant changes were noted in bile neutral lipid or phospholipid fatty acid composition, indicating that no depletion of essential fatty acids had occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:947600", "title": "A modified ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of theophylline in serum in the presence of barbiturates.", "content": "Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is the most commonly used technique for the determination of theophylline levels for therapeutic monitoring. Common interferences in most methods are barbiturates and xanthines. A modified method which eliminates interferences from barbiturates and most xanthines is presented. Theophylline is extracted from serum with chloroform/isopropanol at pH 7.4 back extracted into dilute hydrochloric acid and then the solution is made alkaline with sodium hydroxide. Barbiturate interferences are eliminated. Interference from caffeine, uric acid, 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline, xanthine, and hypoxanthine are not observed. Theobromine, and the metabolite 3-methylxanthine interfere. Interference is not observed from quinidine, diazepam, salicylate, glutethimide, methylprylon, propranolol, methaqualone, dilatin and ethchlorvynol. Sulfanilamide, procainamide and chlordiazepoxide interfere.", "contents": "A modified ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of theophylline in serum in the presence of barbiturates. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is the most commonly used technique for the determination of theophylline levels for therapeutic monitoring. Common interferences in most methods are barbiturates and xanthines. A modified method which eliminates interferences from barbiturates and most xanthines is presented. Theophylline is extracted from serum with chloroform/isopropanol at pH 7.4 back extracted into dilute hydrochloric acid and then the solution is made alkaline with sodium hydroxide. Barbiturate interferences are eliminated. Interference from caffeine, uric acid, 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)theophylline, xanthine, and hypoxanthine are not observed. Theobromine, and the metabolite 3-methylxanthine interfere. Interference is not observed from quinidine, diazepam, salicylate, glutethimide, methylprylon, propranolol, methaqualone, dilatin and ethchlorvynol. Sulfanilamide, procainamide and chlordiazepoxide interfere."}
{"id": "PMID:947601", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, R-T3) in unextracted human serum.", "content": "Highly specific antibodies against 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, R-T3) have been produced in rabbits. The crossreaction with T4 is about 0.05%. A radioimmunoassay for R-T3 in unextracted serum was developed. ANS is used for blocking the binding of tracer and endogenous R-T3 to TBG. The sensitivity to the assay is 0.06 ng/ml plasma. The mean normal R-T3 concentration is 0.20 ng/ml. Thyrotoxic patients show elevated levels; in most hypothyroid patients R-T3 concentrations are below the detection limit.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, R-T3) in unextracted human serum. Highly specific antibodies against 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, R-T3) have been produced in rabbits. The crossreaction with T4 is about 0.05%. A radioimmunoassay for R-T3 in unextracted serum was developed. ANS is used for blocking the binding of tracer and endogenous R-T3 to TBG. The sensitivity to the assay is 0.06 ng/ml plasma. The mean normal R-T3 concentration is 0.20 ng/ml. Thyrotoxic patients show elevated levels; in most hypothyroid patients R-T3 concentrations are below the detection limit."}
{"id": "PMID:947602", "title": "The use of electrolyte measurements in the detection of cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Six tests recommended for use in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) have been compared in the same subjects. The tests were carried out on 165 normal persons, 64 known cases of CF, their 67 parents and 18 sibs. The tests measured sodium in fingernails by activation, sodium in saliva and chloride in saliva and in thermal and pilocarpine-induced sweat by means of ion-specific electrodes, and chloride in pilocarpine-sweat by the standard titrimetric method. The tests ranged in complexity from simple screening methods to individual clinical procedures. None of the simpler tests matched the standard pilocarpine method in diagnostic efficiency, whether they were used singly or in combination.", "contents": "The use of electrolyte measurements in the detection of cystic fibrosis. Six tests recommended for use in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) have been compared in the same subjects. The tests were carried out on 165 normal persons, 64 known cases of CF, their 67 parents and 18 sibs. The tests measured sodium in fingernails by activation, sodium in saliva and chloride in saliva and in thermal and pilocarpine-induced sweat by means of ion-specific electrodes, and chloride in pilocarpine-sweat by the standard titrimetric method. The tests ranged in complexity from simple screening methods to individual clinical procedures. None of the simpler tests matched the standard pilocarpine method in diagnostic efficiency, whether they were used singly or in combination."}
{"id": "PMID:947603", "title": "The simultaneous determination of lidocaine and procainamide in serum by use of high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "This report describes an accurate, sensitive rapid procedure for the determination of lidocaine and procainamide at therapeutic concentrations in serum. The drugs and an added internal standard (procaine) are extracted from serum using charcoal adsorption. The analysis is carried out by high pressure liquid chromatography on a reverse-phase column using buffered aqueous acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Chromatography is complete in 10 min. C.V. values of 10% and 6% for concentrations of 1 mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively, are attainable routinely. Total analysis time is 15 min.", "contents": "The simultaneous determination of lidocaine and procainamide in serum by use of high pressure liquid chromatography. This report describes an accurate, sensitive rapid procedure for the determination of lidocaine and procainamide at therapeutic concentrations in serum. The drugs and an added internal standard (procaine) are extracted from serum using charcoal adsorption. The analysis is carried out by high pressure liquid chromatography on a reverse-phase column using buffered aqueous acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Chromatography is complete in 10 min. C.V. values of 10% and 6% for concentrations of 1 mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively, are attainable routinely. Total analysis time is 15 min."}
{"id": "PMID:947610", "title": "Ganglioside pattern and neuraminic acid content of human gastric and colonic carcinoma.", "content": "Twenty-five human gastric and 11 human colonic adenocarcinomas were analysed for their ganglioside pattern and for their content of lipid-bound and protein-bound neuraminic acid. In most carcinomas the content of both lipid-bound and protein-bound neuraminic acid was increased by an average of four- and two-fold, respectively. The ganglioside pattern of all the carcinomas resembled that of normal tissue. In six gastric carcinomas the content of lipid-bound neuraminic acid and the ratio of lipid-bound neuraminic acid to protein-bound neuraminic acid (L/P ratio) were lower than those of normal gastric mucosa. These carcinomas were significantly larger than the rest of the tumours.", "contents": "Ganglioside pattern and neuraminic acid content of human gastric and colonic carcinoma. Twenty-five human gastric and 11 human colonic adenocarcinomas were analysed for their ganglioside pattern and for their content of lipid-bound and protein-bound neuraminic acid. In most carcinomas the content of both lipid-bound and protein-bound neuraminic acid was increased by an average of four- and two-fold, respectively. The ganglioside pattern of all the carcinomas resembled that of normal tissue. In six gastric carcinomas the content of lipid-bound neuraminic acid and the ratio of lipid-bound neuraminic acid to protein-bound neuraminic acid (L/P ratio) were lower than those of normal gastric mucosa. These carcinomas were significantly larger than the rest of the tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:947611", "title": "The spectrophotometric determination of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity.", "content": "A simple spectrophotometric method for uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in erythrocytes is described. Results obtained on intermittent acute porphyria patients and carriers are similar to the results obtained with fluorimetric methods. Reproducibility, relationship between enzyme activity and enzyme concentration, and effect of time on enzymatic activity are described.", "contents": "The spectrophotometric determination of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity. A simple spectrophotometric method for uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in erythrocytes is described. Results obtained on intermittent acute porphyria patients and carriers are similar to the results obtained with fluorimetric methods. Reproducibility, relationship between enzyme activity and enzyme concentration, and effect of time on enzymatic activity are described."}
{"id": "PMID:947612", "title": "Limits of the estimate of serum folate-binding protein by radioassay.", "content": "Various factors that influence the measurement of serum folic acid-binding protein (FABP) by radioassay were examined. Varying the protein concentration and the composition of the charcoal suspension can increase or reduce the value of the blank, i.e. the estimate of FABP. Moreover, it was found that the value of the FABP depends on the quantity of folic acid in the incubation medium. Reproducible results can only be obtained with rigorously defined conditions of concentration of the different reactants.", "contents": "Limits of the estimate of serum folate-binding protein by radioassay. Various factors that influence the measurement of serum folic acid-binding protein (FABP) by radioassay were examined. Varying the protein concentration and the composition of the charcoal suspension can increase or reduce the value of the blank, i.e. the estimate of FABP. Moreover, it was found that the value of the FABP depends on the quantity of folic acid in the incubation medium. Reproducible results can only be obtained with rigorously defined conditions of concentration of the different reactants."}
{"id": "PMID:947613", "title": "Zinc and copper in human semen.", "content": "Investigations have been performed on the possible effect of zinc and copper on the fertility of man. Semen was obtained from 67 men and the zinc concentration was found to be decreasing with a drop of the activity of the semen. Copper was found in semen in microgram amounts which do not change with the activity of the semen. Results suggest that the zinc concentration may serve as evidence in the evaluation of semen activity.", "contents": "Zinc and copper in human semen. Investigations have been performed on the possible effect of zinc and copper on the fertility of man. Semen was obtained from 67 men and the zinc concentration was found to be decreasing with a drop of the activity of the semen. Copper was found in semen in microgram amounts which do not change with the activity of the semen. Results suggest that the zinc concentration may serve as evidence in the evaluation of semen activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947615", "title": "Comparison between human 125I-labelled TSH labelled with lactoperoxidase or chloramine-T; advantages in the use of enzymically labelled antigen in a radioimmunoassay for human TSH.", "content": "1. Human thyroid stimulating hormone (human TSH) was iodinated by both chloramine-T and lactoperoxidase methods. 2. Human 125I-labelled TSH prepared by the enzymic method showed less damage on storage, an increased shelf-life, and improved binding at different antiserum dilutions. 3. A comparison of the values of the bound counts on the addition of human TSH, expressed as a percentage of the zero standard bound counts (B/BO values) in the standard curves, demonstrated that lactoperoxidase-labelled human TSH gave increased sensitivity.", "contents": "Comparison between human 125I-labelled TSH labelled with lactoperoxidase or chloramine-T; advantages in the use of enzymically labelled antigen in a radioimmunoassay for human TSH. 1. Human thyroid stimulating hormone (human TSH) was iodinated by both chloramine-T and lactoperoxidase methods. 2. Human 125I-labelled TSH prepared by the enzymic method showed less damage on storage, an increased shelf-life, and improved binding at different antiserum dilutions. 3. A comparison of the values of the bound counts on the addition of human TSH, expressed as a percentage of the zero standard bound counts (B/BO values) in the standard curves, demonstrated that lactoperoxidase-labelled human TSH gave increased sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:947616", "title": "Quality control in haemoglobinometry with special reference to the stability of haemiglobincyanide reference solutions.", "content": "In haemoglobinometry grave errors are still being made even though an internationally accepted standardized method is available for the determination of the haemoglobin content of blood. Up to the present only haemiglobincyanide reference solutions have been available on a wide scale to check the measuring stage of the standardized haemiglobincyanide method. These reference solutions are shown to remain stable, under proper storage conditions, for more than 10 years. Concentrated haemoglobin solutions have become available recently, offering the possibility to control the dilution and conversion steps of the haemiglobincyanide method. Such a solution is shown to remain stable, under proper storage conditions, for at least a year. Using both haemiglobincyanide reference solutions and concentrated haemoglobin solutions, as well as having the possibility of checking the cyanide content of the reagent used, an acceptable intra-laboratory control program may now be set up.", "contents": "Quality control in haemoglobinometry with special reference to the stability of haemiglobincyanide reference solutions. In haemoglobinometry grave errors are still being made even though an internationally accepted standardized method is available for the determination of the haemoglobin content of blood. Up to the present only haemiglobincyanide reference solutions have been available on a wide scale to check the measuring stage of the standardized haemiglobincyanide method. These reference solutions are shown to remain stable, under proper storage conditions, for more than 10 years. Concentrated haemoglobin solutions have become available recently, offering the possibility to control the dilution and conversion steps of the haemiglobincyanide method. Such a solution is shown to remain stable, under proper storage conditions, for at least a year. Using both haemiglobincyanide reference solutions and concentrated haemoglobin solutions, as well as having the possibility of checking the cyanide content of the reagent used, an acceptable intra-laboratory control program may now be set up."}
{"id": "PMID:947617", "title": "The occurrence and identification of o-hydroxyhippuric acid (salicyluric acid) in the urine of sick children.", "content": "O-Hydroxyhippuric acid has been identified in the urine of a number of sick children who were not receiving salicylate-containing drugs. Characterisation was effected by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An association between gastro-intestinal dysfunction and the excretion of o-hydroxyhippuric acid was observed in approximately 50% of the patients who excreted this substance.", "contents": "The occurrence and identification of o-hydroxyhippuric acid (salicyluric acid) in the urine of sick children. O-Hydroxyhippuric acid has been identified in the urine of a number of sick children who were not receiving salicylate-containing drugs. Characterisation was effected by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An association between gastro-intestinal dysfunction and the excretion of o-hydroxyhippuric acid was observed in approximately 50% of the patients who excreted this substance."}
{"id": "PMID:947618", "title": "Biological and analytical variation of commonly determined blood constituents in healthy blood donors.", "content": "The relative contributions of analytical error and non-systematic biological variation to the reference range for 19 commonly-determined blood chemistry values have been estimated during the course of studying 1000 healthy blood donors. Estimates of non-systematic biological variations are arrived at by determining the variation found in donors matched for factors known to affect blood chemistry such as age and sex, and deducting the within-batch analytical error which applied. Comparison of the within-batch and between-batch analytical precision with the biological variation showed that the percentage increases in the normal range attributable to between-batch analytical error varies between 1 and 29%. This contribution is particularly large in the case of the electrolytes and amounts to no less than 29% in the case of calcium. Apart from well-known relationships a remarkable lack of correlation between the concentration of the different constituents in health is demonstrated.", "contents": "Biological and analytical variation of commonly determined blood constituents in healthy blood donors. The relative contributions of analytical error and non-systematic biological variation to the reference range for 19 commonly-determined blood chemistry values have been estimated during the course of studying 1000 healthy blood donors. Estimates of non-systematic biological variations are arrived at by determining the variation found in donors matched for factors known to affect blood chemistry such as age and sex, and deducting the within-batch analytical error which applied. Comparison of the within-batch and between-batch analytical precision with the biological variation showed that the percentage increases in the normal range attributable to between-batch analytical error varies between 1 and 29%. This contribution is particularly large in the case of the electrolytes and amounts to no less than 29% in the case of calcium. Apart from well-known relationships a remarkable lack of correlation between the concentration of the different constituents in health is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947622", "title": "A method for the estimation of 2-phenylethylamine in human urine by gas chromatography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic procedure with flame ionisation detection has been developed to measure 2-phenylethylamine in human urine as the trifluoroacetyl derivative. The amine is purified by an ether extraction procedure and derivatised with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Quantification is obtained by comparing the peak height with that for an internal standard added to the urine before extraction. The normal 24-h excretion value for 2-phenylethylamine in human urine is found to be 6.8 +/- 2.9 mug (mean +/- S.D.).", "contents": "A method for the estimation of 2-phenylethylamine in human urine by gas chromatography. A gas chromatographic procedure with flame ionisation detection has been developed to measure 2-phenylethylamine in human urine as the trifluoroacetyl derivative. The amine is purified by an ether extraction procedure and derivatised with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Quantification is obtained by comparing the peak height with that for an internal standard added to the urine before extraction. The normal 24-h excretion value for 2-phenylethylamine in human urine is found to be 6.8 +/- 2.9 mug (mean +/- S.D.)."}
{"id": "PMID:947623", "title": "A simple and rapid thyroxine radioimmunoassy (T4-RIA) in unextracted human serum; a comparison of T4-RIA and T4 displacement assay, T4(D), in normal and pathologic sera.", "content": "A simple, rapid and accurate thyroxine radioimmunoassay (T4-RIA) in unextracted serum or plasma has been described, and for comparison T4 determinations have also been made by a T4(D) procedure using Abbott Tetrasorb kits. T4-RIA procedure basically involved denaturation of serum to dissociate T4-protein bond, and T4 released was allowed to react with [125I]T4-labeled T4 antiserum elicited by immunizing rabbits against bovine thyroglobulin. The displaced unbound [125I]T4 was rapidly taken up by an anionic resin sponge within 15 min and this sponge [125I]T4 uptake was linearly related to T4 present in standards or serum. The denaturation of serum effected by trichloroacetic acid-sodium hydroxide permitted virtually 100% T4 extraction recovery in normal, pregnancy, hypo- and hyperthyroid sera whereas 72.9-87.6% T4 recovery from normal serum (and with large individual differences) was noted with lower alcohols in T4(D) procedure. Cumbersome and/or tedious steps such as pre-extraction, centrifugation, time consuming bound and unbound hormone separation procedures, etc. are obviated in T4-RIA and the entire assay can be completed in the same tube in approximately an hour. These attributes along with increased sensitivity and specificity and the need for only microamounts of test sera (25-50 mul) in T4-RIA offer distinct advantages over T4(D) procedures, and in simplicity excel even other T4-RIAs. T4-RIA values in physiological and pathological states were highly correlated (r = 0.97) with T4(D) measurements and no differences between these two techniques were found. The reported discrepancies between T4-RIA and T4(D) measurements in human sera and some of the reasons for attributing these inconsistencies to probable methodological errors and variations are discussed.", "contents": "A simple and rapid thyroxine radioimmunoassy (T4-RIA) in unextracted human serum; a comparison of T4-RIA and T4 displacement assay, T4(D), in normal and pathologic sera. A simple, rapid and accurate thyroxine radioimmunoassay (T4-RIA) in unextracted serum or plasma has been described, and for comparison T4 determinations have also been made by a T4(D) procedure using Abbott Tetrasorb kits. T4-RIA procedure basically involved denaturation of serum to dissociate T4-protein bond, and T4 released was allowed to react with [125I]T4-labeled T4 antiserum elicited by immunizing rabbits against bovine thyroglobulin. The displaced unbound [125I]T4 was rapidly taken up by an anionic resin sponge within 15 min and this sponge [125I]T4 uptake was linearly related to T4 present in standards or serum. The denaturation of serum effected by trichloroacetic acid-sodium hydroxide permitted virtually 100% T4 extraction recovery in normal, pregnancy, hypo- and hyperthyroid sera whereas 72.9-87.6% T4 recovery from normal serum (and with large individual differences) was noted with lower alcohols in T4(D) procedure. Cumbersome and/or tedious steps such as pre-extraction, centrifugation, time consuming bound and unbound hormone separation procedures, etc. are obviated in T4-RIA and the entire assay can be completed in the same tube in approximately an hour. These attributes along with increased sensitivity and specificity and the need for only microamounts of test sera (25-50 mul) in T4-RIA offer distinct advantages over T4(D) procedures, and in simplicity excel even other T4-RIAs. T4-RIA values in physiological and pathological states were highly correlated (r = 0.97) with T4(D) measurements and no differences between these two techniques were found. The reported discrepancies between T4-RIA and T4(D) measurements in human sera and some of the reasons for attributing these inconsistencies to probable methodological errors and variations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947625", "title": "A simple and sensitive assay of total serum bile acids.", "content": "A simple and sensitive method was developed for the quantification of serum total 3alpha-hydroxy bile acids. 0.1 ml of serum was mixed with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloric acid buffer and heated at 67 degrees C for 30 min. To the solution were added 3alpha-hydroxysteroid : oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.50; 3alpha-HSD), NAD, diaphorase (EC 1.6.4.3) and resazurin. The mixture was incubated at 20 degrees C for 1 h. The resultant fluorescence of resorfin was measured at 580 nm with the excitation at 560 nm. The blank value was obtained after the same treatment of another 0.1 ml of the same serum without 3alpha-HSD. A linear relationship was obtained between the amount of bile acids and the fluorescence intensities in the range of 1 to 150 mumol/1. The recovery of bile acids added to the serum was 81.4 +/- 2.5 (S.D.)% for cholate, chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate. The bile acid content in the serum was 48.8 mumol/1 with a standard deviation of +/- 0.42 and a coefficient of variation of +/- 0.87% in 10 replicate determinations. The mean bile acid content of normal fasting male sera was 8.0 mumol/1 (3.6-12.6 mumol/1, n = 12) and of female sera 6.8 mumol/1 (3.2-12.7 mumol/1, n = 13).", "contents": "A simple and sensitive assay of total serum bile acids. A simple and sensitive method was developed for the quantification of serum total 3alpha-hydroxy bile acids. 0.1 ml of serum was mixed with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloric acid buffer and heated at 67 degrees C for 30 min. To the solution were added 3alpha-hydroxysteroid : oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.50; 3alpha-HSD), NAD, diaphorase (EC 1.6.4.3) and resazurin. The mixture was incubated at 20 degrees C for 1 h. The resultant fluorescence of resorfin was measured at 580 nm with the excitation at 560 nm. The blank value was obtained after the same treatment of another 0.1 ml of the same serum without 3alpha-HSD. A linear relationship was obtained between the amount of bile acids and the fluorescence intensities in the range of 1 to 150 mumol/1. The recovery of bile acids added to the serum was 81.4 +/- 2.5 (S.D.)% for cholate, chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate. The bile acid content in the serum was 48.8 mumol/1 with a standard deviation of +/- 0.42 and a coefficient of variation of +/- 0.87% in 10 replicate determinations. The mean bile acid content of normal fasting male sera was 8.0 mumol/1 (3.6-12.6 mumol/1, n = 12) and of female sera 6.8 mumol/1 (3.2-12.7 mumol/1, n = 13)."}
{"id": "PMID:947626", "title": "A simple radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol without chromatography.", "content": "A simple method to assay 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma without chromatography is described. The method includes ammonium sulphate precipitation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol bound to plasma-transport globulins as a purification step, extraction with toluene and saturation analysis utilizing human osteomalacic plasma for competitive protein-binding assay. The criteria of reliability of the method are reported.", "contents": "A simple radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol without chromatography. A simple method to assay 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in human plasma without chromatography is described. The method includes ammonium sulphate precipitation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol bound to plasma-transport globulins as a purification step, extraction with toluene and saturation analysis utilizing human osteomalacic plasma for competitive protein-binding assay. The criteria of reliability of the method are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:947628", "title": "A routine assay procedure for monoamine oxidase and its application to human blood platelets.", "content": "In the radiometric assay procedure for monoamine oxidase separation of the reaction products by ion-exchange column chromatography was optimized. A device was constructed that allowed the separation of 48 samples at the same time. This device can be applied for a great variety of analytical methods. With a 0.1 mM substrate concentration in the incubation mixture, reaction products could be determined with a reproducibility of 2-5%, where the standard deviation depends on the substrate. Using beta-phenylethylamine as substrate 20 mug of platelet protein was sufficient for monoamine oxidase activity determinations. The dependence of human blood platelet monoamine oxidase on age and sex were studied using the method.", "contents": "A routine assay procedure for monoamine oxidase and its application to human blood platelets. In the radiometric assay procedure for monoamine oxidase separation of the reaction products by ion-exchange column chromatography was optimized. A device was constructed that allowed the separation of 48 samples at the same time. This device can be applied for a great variety of analytical methods. With a 0.1 mM substrate concentration in the incubation mixture, reaction products could be determined with a reproducibility of 2-5%, where the standard deviation depends on the substrate. Using beta-phenylethylamine as substrate 20 mug of platelet protein was sufficient for monoamine oxidase activity determinations. The dependence of human blood platelet monoamine oxidase on age and sex were studied using the method."}
{"id": "PMID:947629", "title": "A method for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase assay and the separation of its isozymes by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.", "content": "A simplified radioactive assay for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12) using a small DEAE-cellulose column for the identification of the endproduct (uridine diphosphate galactose) is described. The enzyme activities in red blood cell hemolysates of normal subjects are in the range of 24 to 33 (average 30.3) mumol UDPgalactose produced per g hemoglobin per h and in fibroblasts 0.39 and 1.39 (average 0.71) nmol per mg protein per min. Furthermore, different isozymes of red blood cell galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase were separated on DEAE-cellulose columns. In the case of a normal genotype, most of the enzyme activity is eluted at the earlier fractions with the low molar phosphate buffer, whereas the Duarte variant appeared at later fractions with higher molar phosphate buffer.", "contents": "A method for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase assay and the separation of its isozymes by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. A simplified radioactive assay for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12) using a small DEAE-cellulose column for the identification of the endproduct (uridine diphosphate galactose) is described. The enzyme activities in red blood cell hemolysates of normal subjects are in the range of 24 to 33 (average 30.3) mumol UDPgalactose produced per g hemoglobin per h and in fibroblasts 0.39 and 1.39 (average 0.71) nmol per mg protein per min. Furthermore, different isozymes of red blood cell galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase were separated on DEAE-cellulose columns. In the case of a normal genotype, most of the enzyme activity is eluted at the earlier fractions with the low molar phosphate buffer, whereas the Duarte variant appeared at later fractions with higher molar phosphate buffer."}
{"id": "PMID:947631", "title": "Electrophoretic modifications of three enzymes in extracts of human and bovine lens. Posttranslational \"aging\" of lens enzymes.", "content": "Electrophoretic modifications have been found in extracts from human and bovine lenses for three enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and nucleoside phosphorylase. Increased anodic mobility is observed in all cases. It is more pronounced than in red cell lysates, also more evident in lenses from adult than from young animals. These results give evidence of posttranslational \"aging\" of enzyme molecules in lenses.", "contents": "Electrophoretic modifications of three enzymes in extracts of human and bovine lens. Posttranslational \"aging\" of lens enzymes. Electrophoretic modifications have been found in extracts from human and bovine lenses for three enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and nucleoside phosphorylase. Increased anodic mobility is observed in all cases. It is more pronounced than in red cell lysates, also more evident in lenses from adult than from young animals. These results give evidence of posttranslational \"aging\" of enzyme molecules in lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:947632", "title": "Determination of zinc in fingernails by non-flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "The determination of Zn in fingernails directly using the graphite furnace presented certain difficulties due to the anomalous behavior of the analyte in the furnace. The appearance of two peaks which were due to Zn and not to any background interference was noted. The Zn value obtained by adding the area of these two peaks compared fairly well with Zn levels determined by wet ashing and subsequent determination either in the furnace or flame. Wet ashed samples gave only a single peak. It was possible to produce a model of the phenomenon with various Zn salts in a non aqueous matrix. Under these conditions ZnSO4 and ZnO gave a discretely different peak from ZnC12 or metallic Zn. Several tissues such as serum, whole blood, cuticle, and hair were examined for multiple peak formation. Direct determination of Zn in fingernails with the graphite furnace is possible for certain applications such as the determination of Zn levels of white spots in fingernails. For this purpose it is possible to use a sample size as small as 20 mug using the 2138 Zn line. This allows one to run several determinations on a single white spot. However, where sample size is not a limitation, wet ash digestion prior to determination in the furnace is probably the preferred procedure.", "contents": "Determination of zinc in fingernails by non-flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The determination of Zn in fingernails directly using the graphite furnace presented certain difficulties due to the anomalous behavior of the analyte in the furnace. The appearance of two peaks which were due to Zn and not to any background interference was noted. The Zn value obtained by adding the area of these two peaks compared fairly well with Zn levels determined by wet ashing and subsequent determination either in the furnace or flame. Wet ashed samples gave only a single peak. It was possible to produce a model of the phenomenon with various Zn salts in a non aqueous matrix. Under these conditions ZnSO4 and ZnO gave a discretely different peak from ZnC12 or metallic Zn. Several tissues such as serum, whole blood, cuticle, and hair were examined for multiple peak formation. Direct determination of Zn in fingernails with the graphite furnace is possible for certain applications such as the determination of Zn levels of white spots in fingernails. For this purpose it is possible to use a sample size as small as 20 mug using the 2138 Zn line. This allows one to run several determinations on a single white spot. However, where sample size is not a limitation, wet ash digestion prior to determination in the furnace is probably the preferred procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:947633", "title": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, combined with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria.", "content": "1. A baby with severe metabolic acidosis was found to excrete abnormal amounts of 3-methylcrotonic acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in urine. 2. Several other abnormal constitutents appear to be products of side-reactions and include 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylglutaric acid. 3. The profile of acids in urine indicates a blockage in the sixth step of leucine catabolism, the cleavage of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to acetoacetic acid and acetyl-CoA.", "contents": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, combined with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. 1. A baby with severe metabolic acidosis was found to excrete abnormal amounts of 3-methylcrotonic acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in urine. 2. Several other abnormal constitutents appear to be products of side-reactions and include 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid and 3-methylglutaric acid. 3. The profile of acids in urine indicates a blockage in the sixth step of leucine catabolism, the cleavage of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA to acetoacetic acid and acetyl-CoA."}
{"id": "PMID:947634", "title": "Identification of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic serum.", "content": "An unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance found in uremic sera but not found in normal sera was isolated by gel-filtration through Sephadex G-75 followed by high voltage paper electrophoresis (pH 3.5), and identified as beta-aminoisobutyric acid using paper chromatography and automated amino acid analyzer. The quantitative determination of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in serum revealed that the level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic sera was much higher than that of normal sera. Gas chromatographic determination of the enantiomorphs of beta-aminoisobutyric acid showed that uremic sera contain R- and S-isomers of the amino acid, but with the R-isomer as the dominating form.", "contents": "Identification of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic serum. An unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance found in uremic sera but not found in normal sera was isolated by gel-filtration through Sephadex G-75 followed by high voltage paper electrophoresis (pH 3.5), and identified as beta-aminoisobutyric acid using paper chromatography and automated amino acid analyzer. The quantitative determination of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in serum revealed that the level of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in uremic sera was much higher than that of normal sera. Gas chromatographic determination of the enantiomorphs of beta-aminoisobutyric acid showed that uremic sera contain R- and S-isomers of the amino acid, but with the R-isomer as the dominating form."}
{"id": "PMID:947635", "title": "Suberylglycine excretion in the urine from a patient with dicarboxylic aciduria.", "content": "Suberylglycine (HOOC(CH2)6CONHCH2COOH) was found in the urine from a patient with C6-C10-omega-dicarboxylic aciduria and unexplained episodes of lethargy and unconsciousness. The total excretion of adipic, suberic and sebacic acid ranged from 0.77 to 1.3 mg/mg creatinine after episodes of acute attack of the disease. Suberylglycine, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, was repeatedly found in the urine samples. The amount of this conjugate ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/mg creatinine. The precursors of the dicarboxylic acids are suggested to be long chain monocarboxylic acids, oxidized through omega- and beta-oxidation to adipic, suberic and sebacic acid. Suberylglycine is subsequently formed by glycine-N-acylase catalyzed conjugation.", "contents": "Suberylglycine excretion in the urine from a patient with dicarboxylic aciduria. Suberylglycine (HOOC(CH2)6CONHCH2COOH) was found in the urine from a patient with C6-C10-omega-dicarboxylic aciduria and unexplained episodes of lethargy and unconsciousness. The total excretion of adipic, suberic and sebacic acid ranged from 0.77 to 1.3 mg/mg creatinine after episodes of acute attack of the disease. Suberylglycine, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, was repeatedly found in the urine samples. The amount of this conjugate ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/mg creatinine. The precursors of the dicarboxylic acids are suggested to be long chain monocarboxylic acids, oxidized through omega- and beta-oxidation to adipic, suberic and sebacic acid. Suberylglycine is subsequently formed by glycine-N-acylase catalyzed conjugation."}
{"id": "PMID:947636", "title": "Factors involved in the determination of triglycerides in serum: an international study.", "content": "Ten laboratories analysed five different specimens in duplicate on ten separate occasions by one, or several, of five common triglyceride methods. Simple statistical data are presented and, as far as possible, these are interpreted in the light of the methods used and the results of chemical analyses of the materials. Great variability was found between the results of the participating laboratories. The major factor involved seems to be the material specific nature of the methods under study. At least one method in common use is contraindicated.", "contents": "Factors involved in the determination of triglycerides in serum: an international study. Ten laboratories analysed five different specimens in duplicate on ten separate occasions by one, or several, of five common triglyceride methods. Simple statistical data are presented and, as far as possible, these are interpreted in the light of the methods used and the results of chemical analyses of the materials. Great variability was found between the results of the participating laboratories. The major factor involved seems to be the material specific nature of the methods under study. At least one method in common use is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:947637", "title": "Phosphatidylcholine content and fatty acid composition of tracheal and gastric liquids from premature and full-term newborn infants.", "content": "The phosphatidylcholine content and fatty acid composition of tracheal and gastric liquids from newborn full-term and premature (30-36 weeks) infants were studied. Phosphatidylcholine accounted for about 70% of the total phospholipids in both liquids from the full-term infants but only 55-57% of those from the prematures. There was a significant correlation between tracheal and gastric liquids in the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine. There were significant differences in fatty acid composition between the full-term and premature liquids. These differenences were most apparent in the gastric liquid. It is suggested that phospholipid or fatty acid analysis of tracheal or gastric liquids from newborn infants can be used in the assessment of pulmonary maturity.", "contents": "Phosphatidylcholine content and fatty acid composition of tracheal and gastric liquids from premature and full-term newborn infants. The phosphatidylcholine content and fatty acid composition of tracheal and gastric liquids from newborn full-term and premature (30-36 weeks) infants were studied. Phosphatidylcholine accounted for about 70% of the total phospholipids in both liquids from the full-term infants but only 55-57% of those from the prematures. There was a significant correlation between tracheal and gastric liquids in the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine. There were significant differences in fatty acid composition between the full-term and premature liquids. These differenences were most apparent in the gastric liquid. It is suggested that phospholipid or fatty acid analysis of tracheal or gastric liquids from newborn infants can be used in the assessment of pulmonary maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:947638", "title": "Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a noradrenalin-secreting pheochromocytoma.", "content": "Circulating dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was studied in a case of a hypertensive patient bearing a pheochromocytoma. The tumour secreted noradrenalin. The enzyme activity was found to decrease gradually after removal of the tumour, and to reach a stable value, in correlation with the decrease of urinary catecholamines. It is concluded that some pheochromocytoma tumours are able to secrete dopamine beta-hydroxylase.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a noradrenalin-secreting pheochromocytoma. Circulating dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was studied in a case of a hypertensive patient bearing a pheochromocytoma. The tumour secreted noradrenalin. The enzyme activity was found to decrease gradually after removal of the tumour, and to reach a stable value, in correlation with the decrease of urinary catecholamines. It is concluded that some pheochromocytoma tumours are able to secrete dopamine beta-hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:947639", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of serum in cystic fibrosis: failure to distinguish between homozygote and heterozygote sera.", "content": "Thin-layer isoelectric focusing was performed on samples of sera from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, siblings and obligate heterozygotes (parents), and children without cystic fibrosis (controls). The protein band with an isoelectric point of pH 5.48, previously reported to be absent in homozygote cystic fibrosis sera, was found to have a pI of 5.25. It was present in approximately one-half of the homozygote and heterozygote sera tested, and absent from 18 percent of control sera. The presence of this band is not therefore a reliable marker for the normal gene, and cannot be used to identify the heterozygous carrier for cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of serum in cystic fibrosis: failure to distinguish between homozygote and heterozygote sera. Thin-layer isoelectric focusing was performed on samples of sera from patients with Cystic Fibrosis, siblings and obligate heterozygotes (parents), and children without cystic fibrosis (controls). The protein band with an isoelectric point of pH 5.48, previously reported to be absent in homozygote cystic fibrosis sera, was found to have a pI of 5.25. It was present in approximately one-half of the homozygote and heterozygote sera tested, and absent from 18 percent of control sera. The presence of this band is not therefore a reliable marker for the normal gene, and cannot be used to identify the heterozygous carrier for cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947641", "title": "Selective inhibition of lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "The influence of synovial fluid from four patients with Reiter's syndrome on lymphocyte responsiveness was studied. On synovial fluid was found which specifically depressed the responsiveness of lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's syndrome to the non-specific mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The ratio of the responsiveness of lymphocytes cultured in the presence of foetal calf serum (FCS), compared to those incubated in the Reiter's synovial fluid, was used as a measure of the depression induced by the Reiter's synovial fluid. The mean ratio for eight normals stimulated with PHA was 0-70 (range 0-35-0-96), while for eight patients with Reiter's syndrome, it was 0-13 (range 0-07-0-19). Similar studies done with concanavalin A (con A) showed no difference between lymphocytes from normals (0-73) or patients with Reiter's syndrome (0-67). Chromatography of the Reiter's synovial fluid on a Sepharose 4-B column resulted in the separation of three major fractions, one of which exhibited the inhibitory activity. When this active fraction was absorbed with Reiter's lymphocytes, a loss of the inhibitory activity of the fraction was seen. A similar absorption with normal lymphocytes had no effect. These studies demonstrate that a factor present in the synovial fluid of a patient with Reiter's syndrome reacted specifically with lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's disease and not with lymphocytes from normals. The interaction of this factor with lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's syndrome inhibited the responsiveness of these lymphocytes to PHA but not to con A.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin in patients with Reiter's syndrome. The influence of synovial fluid from four patients with Reiter's syndrome on lymphocyte responsiveness was studied. On synovial fluid was found which specifically depressed the responsiveness of lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's syndrome to the non-specific mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The ratio of the responsiveness of lymphocytes cultured in the presence of foetal calf serum (FCS), compared to those incubated in the Reiter's synovial fluid, was used as a measure of the depression induced by the Reiter's synovial fluid. The mean ratio for eight normals stimulated with PHA was 0-70 (range 0-35-0-96), while for eight patients with Reiter's syndrome, it was 0-13 (range 0-07-0-19). Similar studies done with concanavalin A (con A) showed no difference between lymphocytes from normals (0-73) or patients with Reiter's syndrome (0-67). Chromatography of the Reiter's synovial fluid on a Sepharose 4-B column resulted in the separation of three major fractions, one of which exhibited the inhibitory activity. When this active fraction was absorbed with Reiter's lymphocytes, a loss of the inhibitory activity of the fraction was seen. A similar absorption with normal lymphocytes had no effect. These studies demonstrate that a factor present in the synovial fluid of a patient with Reiter's syndrome reacted specifically with lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's disease and not with lymphocytes from normals. The interaction of this factor with lymphocytes from patients with Reiter's syndrome inhibited the responsiveness of these lymphocytes to PHA but not to con A."}
{"id": "PMID:947642", "title": "Reconstitution of defective cellular immunity with foetal thymus and dialysable transfer factor. Long-term studies in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "content": "Extensive studies of a 9-year-old boy with recurrent pulmonary infections and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disclosed a severe defect in cell-mediated immunity but normal humoral immune responses. These immunological defects were not improved by initial treatment with transfer factor. After receiving a foetal thymus transplant the patient developed positive delayed-type skin tests, could be sensitized with chlorodinitrobenzene, and showed progressive improvement of in vitro lymphocyte functions including spontaneous formation of rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and positive responses to phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A and allogeneic leucocytes. Moreover, lymph node cellularity increased, especially in the thymus-dependent zones. Though the in vitro responses persisted for over 1 year, skin tests became unreactive at 38 weeks. However, in contrast to the pre-transplant experience transfer factor was now effective in inducing positive skin tests. These studies provide a chronological account of the effect of the thymus on expression of lymphocyte-mediated immune responses in man and suggest that thymus-derived cells are required for acquisition of transfer factor-induced cellular immunity.", "contents": "Reconstitution of defective cellular immunity with foetal thymus and dialysable transfer factor. Long-term studies in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Extensive studies of a 9-year-old boy with recurrent pulmonary infections and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disclosed a severe defect in cell-mediated immunity but normal humoral immune responses. These immunological defects were not improved by initial treatment with transfer factor. After receiving a foetal thymus transplant the patient developed positive delayed-type skin tests, could be sensitized with chlorodinitrobenzene, and showed progressive improvement of in vitro lymphocyte functions including spontaneous formation of rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and positive responses to phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A and allogeneic leucocytes. Moreover, lymph node cellularity increased, especially in the thymus-dependent zones. Though the in vitro responses persisted for over 1 year, skin tests became unreactive at 38 weeks. However, in contrast to the pre-transplant experience transfer factor was now effective in inducing positive skin tests. These studies provide a chronological account of the effect of the thymus on expression of lymphocyte-mediated immune responses in man and suggest that thymus-derived cells are required for acquisition of transfer factor-induced cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:947643", "title": "Transient appearance of oligoclonal immunoglobulins and measles virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in a case of acute measles encephalitis.", "content": "Acute measles encephalitis with severe sequelae in a 25-year-old man was studied. A transient appearance of oligoclonal IgG in cerebrospinal fluid and of intrathecally produced measles antibodies was found during 2 months after the onset of the disease. On the basis of this finding of local hyperimmunization it is proposed that in the case studied the measles virus infection may have been directly responsible for the disease process in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Transient appearance of oligoclonal immunoglobulins and measles virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in a case of acute measles encephalitis. Acute measles encephalitis with severe sequelae in a 25-year-old man was studied. A transient appearance of oligoclonal IgG in cerebrospinal fluid and of intrathecally produced measles antibodies was found during 2 months after the onset of the disease. On the basis of this finding of local hyperimmunization it is proposed that in the case studied the measles virus infection may have been directly responsible for the disease process in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:947644", "title": "Detection of receptors for immunoglobulin on human placenta by EA rosette formation.", "content": "Direct evidence for the existence of Fc receptors on the surface of first trimester and term human placental cells has been obtained by the use of an antibody-coated red cell (EA) rosette assay. The modification of a Ficoll density gradient separation procedure for placental cell population in conjunction with dye uptake experiments, cytocentrifuge preparations and cytological analysis has enabled an identification of the rosette-forming cells in the mature placenta as predominantly, if not entirely, syncytiotrophoblastic. The significance of these findings, together with those demonstrating the presence of cell-surface Fc receptors on the chorionic membrane, are considered in relation to the transmission of immunoglobulin from mother to foetus and to the protection of the foetus as an intra-uterine allograft.", "contents": "Detection of receptors for immunoglobulin on human placenta by EA rosette formation. Direct evidence for the existence of Fc receptors on the surface of first trimester and term human placental cells has been obtained by the use of an antibody-coated red cell (EA) rosette assay. The modification of a Ficoll density gradient separation procedure for placental cell population in conjunction with dye uptake experiments, cytocentrifuge preparations and cytological analysis has enabled an identification of the rosette-forming cells in the mature placenta as predominantly, if not entirely, syncytiotrophoblastic. The significance of these findings, together with those demonstrating the presence of cell-surface Fc receptors on the chorionic membrane, are considered in relation to the transmission of immunoglobulin from mother to foetus and to the protection of the foetus as an intra-uterine allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:947645", "title": "Cell-mediated anti-embryo cytotoxicity in human pregnancy.", "content": "The microcytotoxicity assay has been used to study human maternal cell-mediated immunity against foetal lung cells derived from foetal autopsies and amnion cells from full-term deliveries. Cytotoxicity against semi-allogeneic foetal lung cells but not against adult skin fibroblasts was detected in fourteen cases. No cytotoxicity was detected in six mothers tested during the first 15 weeks of gestation whereas 58% of mothers in the 15-17 weeks of gestation (twelve cases) and 88% with more advanced pregnancies (eight cases) were specifically cytotoxic. Cross-reactions against allogeneic foetal lung cells were mainly produced by effector cells from patients with 16-17-week-old pregnancies. No cytotoxicity was detected against semi-allogeneic amnion cells by effector cells from mothers after full-term deliveries. Cytotoxicity was blocked by autologous post-abortum sera in two out of seven cases. The effect of autologous post-abortum sera on non-cytotoxic effector cells was nonspecifically arming in four out of ten cases.", "contents": "Cell-mediated anti-embryo cytotoxicity in human pregnancy. The microcytotoxicity assay has been used to study human maternal cell-mediated immunity against foetal lung cells derived from foetal autopsies and amnion cells from full-term deliveries. Cytotoxicity against semi-allogeneic foetal lung cells but not against adult skin fibroblasts was detected in fourteen cases. No cytotoxicity was detected in six mothers tested during the first 15 weeks of gestation whereas 58% of mothers in the 15-17 weeks of gestation (twelve cases) and 88% with more advanced pregnancies (eight cases) were specifically cytotoxic. Cross-reactions against allogeneic foetal lung cells were mainly produced by effector cells from patients with 16-17-week-old pregnancies. No cytotoxicity was detected against semi-allogeneic amnion cells by effector cells from mothers after full-term deliveries. Cytotoxicity was blocked by autologous post-abortum sera in two out of seven cases. The effect of autologous post-abortum sera on non-cytotoxic effector cells was nonspecifically arming in four out of ten cases."}
{"id": "PMID:947646", "title": "Specific blastogenesis and lymphokine production in DNCB-sensitive human leucocyte cultures stimulated with soluble and particulate DNP-containing antigens.", "content": "A soluble hapten (dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBSO3)) and particulate antigens consisting of DNCB, DNFB or DNBSO3 complexed with erythrocytes, all induce a specific blastogenic response and lymphokine production in leucocyte cultures from human subjects topically sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). While low concentrations (50-100 mug/ml) of DNBSO3 could be left in human leucocyte cultures the entire 4 or 5 days of culture and result in reasonable levels of blastogenesis, it was found that consistently higher degrees of blast transformation resulted when DNCB-sensitive leucocytes were exposed to high concentrations of DNBSO3 (500 mug/ml) for a short period (2 hr). Cell-free supernatants from DNCB-sensitive leucocyte cultures harvested after 48 hr induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in secondary target leucocyte cultures from subjects not sensitized to DNCB. Such a blastogenic factor or lymphokine appeared to stimulate even in the absence of any residual antigen, since DNCB complexed to erythrocytes was removed by simple filtration through a 0-45 mum Millipore filter. In contrast to DNCB complexes, the antigenic activity of DNBSO3 complexed with erythrocytes was not removed by such filtration. Thus, several DNP-containing haptens (DNCB, DNFB, DNBSO3) induce specific lymphocyte transformation and lymphokine production when exposed in several different manners to leucocytes from humans sensitized to DNCB. The ability to use either a particulate or soluble stimulant in vitro offers a versatile system for studying cell-mediated immunity in humans with a broad range of potential applicability in both investigate and clinical medicine.", "contents": "Specific blastogenesis and lymphokine production in DNCB-sensitive human leucocyte cultures stimulated with soluble and particulate DNP-containing antigens. A soluble hapten (dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBSO3)) and particulate antigens consisting of DNCB, DNFB or DNBSO3 complexed with erythrocytes, all induce a specific blastogenic response and lymphokine production in leucocyte cultures from human subjects topically sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). While low concentrations (50-100 mug/ml) of DNBSO3 could be left in human leucocyte cultures the entire 4 or 5 days of culture and result in reasonable levels of blastogenesis, it was found that consistently higher degrees of blast transformation resulted when DNCB-sensitive leucocytes were exposed to high concentrations of DNBSO3 (500 mug/ml) for a short period (2 hr). Cell-free supernatants from DNCB-sensitive leucocyte cultures harvested after 48 hr induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis in secondary target leucocyte cultures from subjects not sensitized to DNCB. Such a blastogenic factor or lymphokine appeared to stimulate even in the absence of any residual antigen, since DNCB complexed to erythrocytes was removed by simple filtration through a 0-45 mum Millipore filter. In contrast to DNCB complexes, the antigenic activity of DNBSO3 complexed with erythrocytes was not removed by such filtration. Thus, several DNP-containing haptens (DNCB, DNFB, DNBSO3) induce specific lymphocyte transformation and lymphokine production when exposed in several different manners to leucocytes from humans sensitized to DNCB. The ability to use either a particulate or soluble stimulant in vitro offers a versatile system for studying cell-mediated immunity in humans with a broad range of potential applicability in both investigate and clinical medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:947647", "title": "Primary immune response to Helix pomatia haemocyanin in malignant melanoma. Relationship between 19S and 7S antibody response and in vitro lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The primary immune response to Helix pamatia haemocyanin (HPH) was investigated in sixty-one patients with various clinical signs of malignant melanoma and compared to that of controls. Anti-HPH antibody response was only found abnormal in patients with widespread disease and visceral metastases, apparent from decreased 7S and increased 19S antibody levels. In vitro HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation, in contrast, was not only decreased in this late stage, but also in part of the patients in the beginning of the disease and was then correlated with subsequent tumour recurrence within 6 months. Generally, patients with positive lymphocyte transformation showed significantly higher 7S anti-HPH titres (mean 3-3 +/- 2-4 than patients without (1-7 +/- 1-6). In contrast to the lymphocyte transformation reaction, anti-HPH antibody response was not correlated with subsequent tumour recurrence. The same phenomenon of decreased 7S and increased 19S antibody response as in the melanoma patients with far advanced disease was observed to a less extent in controls with ageing. Anamnestic antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and serum IgG and IgA levels were found normal. Elevated serum IgM levels were more frequently observed in patients with localized (19/31) and disseminated disease (11/29) than in controls (2/31). These results suggest that melanoma patients develop impaired T-lymphocyte functions in final stages with visceral metastases. A previous study showed that minor defects in lymphocyte function in an early stage as measured by HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation have predictive value for subsequent tumour recurrence.", "contents": "Primary immune response to Helix pomatia haemocyanin in malignant melanoma. Relationship between 19S and 7S antibody response and in vitro lymphocyte transformation. The primary immune response to Helix pamatia haemocyanin (HPH) was investigated in sixty-one patients with various clinical signs of malignant melanoma and compared to that of controls. Anti-HPH antibody response was only found abnormal in patients with widespread disease and visceral metastases, apparent from decreased 7S and increased 19S antibody levels. In vitro HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation, in contrast, was not only decreased in this late stage, but also in part of the patients in the beginning of the disease and was then correlated with subsequent tumour recurrence within 6 months. Generally, patients with positive lymphocyte transformation showed significantly higher 7S anti-HPH titres (mean 3-3 +/- 2-4 than patients without (1-7 +/- 1-6). In contrast to the lymphocyte transformation reaction, anti-HPH antibody response was not correlated with subsequent tumour recurrence. The same phenomenon of decreased 7S and increased 19S antibody response as in the melanoma patients with far advanced disease was observed to a less extent in controls with ageing. Anamnestic antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and serum IgG and IgA levels were found normal. Elevated serum IgM levels were more frequently observed in patients with localized (19/31) and disseminated disease (11/29) than in controls (2/31). These results suggest that melanoma patients develop impaired T-lymphocyte functions in final stages with visceral metastases. A previous study showed that minor defects in lymphocyte function in an early stage as measured by HPH-induced lymphocyte transformation have predictive value for subsequent tumour recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:947648", "title": "The effect of amino acid restricted diets on the clearance of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone in mice.", "content": "Impaired overall phagocytic function, as measured by clearance of radio-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone from the blood (KPVP), has been demonstrated in mice whose dietary intake of the essential amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan was reduced to less than a quarter of that in a standard diet which supported optimal growth. This was associated with loss in weight of body, liver, spleen and thymus and an increase in the phagocytic index, alphaPVP.", "contents": "The effect of amino acid restricted diets on the clearance of 125I-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone in mice. Impaired overall phagocytic function, as measured by clearance of radio-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone from the blood (KPVP), has been demonstrated in mice whose dietary intake of the essential amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan was reduced to less than a quarter of that in a standard diet which supported optimal growth. This was associated with loss in weight of body, liver, spleen and thymus and an increase in the phagocytic index, alphaPVP."}
{"id": "PMID:947650", "title": "Plasma binding and the affinity of propranolol for a beta receptor in man.", "content": "The effects of plasma drug binding on the relationship between propranolol concentration and the antagonism of isoproterenol tachycardia have been investigated in 8 normal subjects and 8 hypertensive patients. During chronic intravenous infusion of propranolol giving a narrow range of total plasma concentrations (22.5 to 50 ng/ml), there was, at best, a poor correlation with effects. On the other hand, there was excellent correlation between efficacy and free drug concentration, which fitted the predictions of the receptor theory of competitive antagonism. The true affinity constant for the binding of propranolol to its receptor can be calculated in terms of free drug concentration (KAfree) and was found to vary 2-fold compared to the affinity constant in terms of total plasma concentration (KAtotal) which varied 4-fold, the greater variation being due to plasma binding differences. Compared to normal subjects, KAfree and KAtotal were smaller in hypertensive subjects, implying lesser sensitivity to the drug, and plasma propranolol binding was greater. There was no difference in KAfree between high- and low-renin essential hypertensives, but KAtotal was smaller in the high-renin group due to increased plasma binding which did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the effect of propranolol on heart rate is a predictable function of free drug concentration in man and that the contribution of individual variation in receptor sensitivity to differences in oral dosage requirement is minor compared to that of variations in bioavailability.", "contents": "Plasma binding and the affinity of propranolol for a beta receptor in man. The effects of plasma drug binding on the relationship between propranolol concentration and the antagonism of isoproterenol tachycardia have been investigated in 8 normal subjects and 8 hypertensive patients. During chronic intravenous infusion of propranolol giving a narrow range of total plasma concentrations (22.5 to 50 ng/ml), there was, at best, a poor correlation with effects. On the other hand, there was excellent correlation between efficacy and free drug concentration, which fitted the predictions of the receptor theory of competitive antagonism. The true affinity constant for the binding of propranolol to its receptor can be calculated in terms of free drug concentration (KAfree) and was found to vary 2-fold compared to the affinity constant in terms of total plasma concentration (KAtotal) which varied 4-fold, the greater variation being due to plasma binding differences. Compared to normal subjects, KAfree and KAtotal were smaller in hypertensive subjects, implying lesser sensitivity to the drug, and plasma propranolol binding was greater. There was no difference in KAfree between high- and low-renin essential hypertensives, but KAtotal was smaller in the high-renin group due to increased plasma binding which did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the effect of propranolol on heart rate is a predictable function of free drug concentration in man and that the contribution of individual variation in receptor sensitivity to differences in oral dosage requirement is minor compared to that of variations in bioavailability."}
{"id": "PMID:947651", "title": "Studies on digitalis. VII. Influence of nephrotic syndrome on protein binding, pharmacokinetics, and renal excretion of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites.", "content": "Serum protein binding of digitoxin was lower (p less than 0.05) in 7 patients with nephrotic syndrome (96.2%, SD 1.4) than in 51 control patients (97.3%, SD 0.5). Urine protein binding of digitoxin was 60.1% in the 6 nephrotic patients in whom it was determined. Simultaneous serum and urine measurements of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites were performed in 5 patients after a single intravenous dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin. A modified 86Rb method was used. Mean T/2 of serum elimation was 4.8 days and 8.1 days in 5 control subjects (p less than 0.05). Serum concentrations 24 hr after the dose were lower in the nephrotic group (p less than 0.0025). The urine concentration T/2 with a mean value of 5.0 days was not significantly different from controls (7.2 days). The cumulative renal exeretion was higher in the nephrotic group (23.2% of dose) than in controls (15.8%) for 8 days. The excretion during one serum T/2 was the same in the two groups. Increased renal excretion thus explains the shortened serum T/2 in nephrotic patients. Preliminary data on the metabolic pattern of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites in serum and urine suggested that drug metabolism may be changed in patients with nephrotic syndrome. As renal excretion is enhanced, patients with nephrotic syndrome will require higher doses of digitoxin. They should be maintained at lower than usual serum levels of total drug due apparent increased volume of distribution and hypoalbuminemia with consequent increased free drug fraction.", "contents": "Studies on digitalis. VII. Influence of nephrotic syndrome on protein binding, pharmacokinetics, and renal excretion of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites. Serum protein binding of digitoxin was lower (p less than 0.05) in 7 patients with nephrotic syndrome (96.2%, SD 1.4) than in 51 control patients (97.3%, SD 0.5). Urine protein binding of digitoxin was 60.1% in the 6 nephrotic patients in whom it was determined. Simultaneous serum and urine measurements of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites were performed in 5 patients after a single intravenous dose of 0.6 mg digitoxin. A modified 86Rb method was used. Mean T/2 of serum elimation was 4.8 days and 8.1 days in 5 control subjects (p less than 0.05). Serum concentrations 24 hr after the dose were lower in the nephrotic group (p less than 0.0025). The urine concentration T/2 with a mean value of 5.0 days was not significantly different from controls (7.2 days). The cumulative renal exeretion was higher in the nephrotic group (23.2% of dose) than in controls (15.8%) for 8 days. The excretion during one serum T/2 was the same in the two groups. Increased renal excretion thus explains the shortened serum T/2 in nephrotic patients. Preliminary data on the metabolic pattern of digitoxin and cardioactive metabolites in serum and urine suggested that drug metabolism may be changed in patients with nephrotic syndrome. As renal excretion is enhanced, patients with nephrotic syndrome will require higher doses of digitoxin. They should be maintained at lower than usual serum levels of total drug due apparent increased volume of distribution and hypoalbuminemia with consequent increased free drug fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:947652", "title": "Effect of diazepam on ventilatory responses.", "content": "To investigate the effects of diazepam on ventilatroy control, hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses were studied in 8 normal subjects before and after 10 mg of intramuscular diazepam. There was no significant change in either resting minute ventilation or resting end-tidal CO2 tension, but depression of hypoxic ventilatory response was observed 15 (60% of control) and 30 min (53% of control) after diazepam (p less than 0.05). No significant depression of hypercapnic ventilatory response was noted 70 to 130 min after diazepam. In view of the depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by diazepam in normal subjects, adverse responses along these lines should be considered in patients with impaired ventilatory function, such as chronic airways obstruction, and in those encountering acute hypoxemia.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on ventilatory responses. To investigate the effects of diazepam on ventilatroy control, hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses were studied in 8 normal subjects before and after 10 mg of intramuscular diazepam. There was no significant change in either resting minute ventilation or resting end-tidal CO2 tension, but depression of hypoxic ventilatory response was observed 15 (60% of control) and 30 min (53% of control) after diazepam (p less than 0.05). No significant depression of hypercapnic ventilatory response was noted 70 to 130 min after diazepam. In view of the depression of hypoxic ventilatory response by diazepam in normal subjects, adverse responses along these lines should be considered in patients with impaired ventilatory function, such as chronic airways obstruction, and in those encountering acute hypoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:947653", "title": "Subjective and physiologic effects of morphine, pentobarbital, and meprobamate.", "content": "These studies extend previous observations on the effects of pentobarbital on subjective states and postrotational nystagmus in postaddict subjects. Pentobarbital (150 mg) induced a degree of liking and an elevation of the morphine-benzedrine group (MBG) scale score equivalent to 24 mg of morphine. The effects of pentobarbital and meprobamate on postrotational nystagmus were studied using electro-oculography. Both drugs increased the frequency and prolonged the duration of postrotational nystagmus in a dose-related manner. Meprobamate was about 1/15 as potent as pentobarbital in enhancing postrotational nystagmus and producing signs of sedation.", "contents": "Subjective and physiologic effects of morphine, pentobarbital, and meprobamate. These studies extend previous observations on the effects of pentobarbital on subjective states and postrotational nystagmus in postaddict subjects. Pentobarbital (150 mg) induced a degree of liking and an elevation of the morphine-benzedrine group (MBG) scale score equivalent to 24 mg of morphine. The effects of pentobarbital and meprobamate on postrotational nystagmus were studied using electro-oculography. Both drugs increased the frequency and prolonged the duration of postrotational nystagmus in a dose-related manner. Meprobamate was about 1/15 as potent as pentobarbital in enhancing postrotational nystagmus and producing signs of sedation."}
{"id": "PMID:947654", "title": "Antipyrine: radioimmunoassay in plasma and saliva following administration of a high dose and a low dose.", "content": "A simple and senstitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the determination of antipyrine levels in plasma and saliva of man. Antiserum to antipyrine was obtained from rabbits immunized with an immunogen prepared by covalently coupling N-(4-antipyrinyl)-succinamic acid to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The radioimmunoassay can detect antipyrine levels as low as 10 ng/ml of plasma or saliva, using a 0.1-ml sample. This contrasts with the sensitivity of a commonly used spectrophotometric method that can measure about 4,000 ng/ml using a 2-ml plasma sample. Agreement between the radioimmunoassay and spectrophotometric assay of antipyrine was excellent for plasma (r = 0.98) and salvia (r =0.97) when samples were analyzed from 6 subjects receiving 18 mg/kg of antipyrine. The correlation between plasma and saliva antipyrine half-lives using the radioimmunoassay and an 18 mg/kg dose of antipyrine was r = 0.90 (p less than 0.005). After a dose of 1.8 mg/kg of antipyrine, the drug disappeared monoexponentially from plasma and saliva for at least 51 hr, and the correlation between plasma half-life and saliva half-life was r = 0.97 (p less than 0.001) in the 6 subjects. Excellent agreement was also observed between half-lives after the high and low doses of antipyrine (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001 for plasma and r = 0.98, p less than 0.001 for saliva).", "contents": "Antipyrine: radioimmunoassay in plasma and saliva following administration of a high dose and a low dose. A simple and senstitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the determination of antipyrine levels in plasma and saliva of man. Antiserum to antipyrine was obtained from rabbits immunized with an immunogen prepared by covalently coupling N-(4-antipyrinyl)-succinamic acid to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The radioimmunoassay can detect antipyrine levels as low as 10 ng/ml of plasma or saliva, using a 0.1-ml sample. This contrasts with the sensitivity of a commonly used spectrophotometric method that can measure about 4,000 ng/ml using a 2-ml plasma sample. Agreement between the radioimmunoassay and spectrophotometric assay of antipyrine was excellent for plasma (r = 0.98) and salvia (r =0.97) when samples were analyzed from 6 subjects receiving 18 mg/kg of antipyrine. The correlation between plasma and saliva antipyrine half-lives using the radioimmunoassay and an 18 mg/kg dose of antipyrine was r = 0.90 (p less than 0.005). After a dose of 1.8 mg/kg of antipyrine, the drug disappeared monoexponentially from plasma and saliva for at least 51 hr, and the correlation between plasma half-life and saliva half-life was r = 0.97 (p less than 0.001) in the 6 subjects. Excellent agreement was also observed between half-lives after the high and low doses of antipyrine (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001 for plasma and r = 0.98, p less than 0.001 for saliva)."}
{"id": "PMID:947655", "title": "Enzyme induction by oral testosterone.", "content": "Six normal male volunteers ingested a dose of 400 mg free testosterone daily as tablets over 21 days. By the end of treatment intravenous antipyrine half-life had decreased significantly from 8.0 +/- 2.7 to 5.7 +/- 2.6 hr. The subjects eliminated testosterone from serum more rapidly on the twenty-first day of testosterone ingestion than on the first day. Serum albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin, alanine-amino-transferase, and alkaline phosphatases were unchanged during the experiment. It is concluded that oral testosterone treatment induces the hepatic drug-metabolizing system including that of testosterone.", "contents": "Enzyme induction by oral testosterone. Six normal male volunteers ingested a dose of 400 mg free testosterone daily as tablets over 21 days. By the end of treatment intravenous antipyrine half-life had decreased significantly from 8.0 +/- 2.7 to 5.7 +/- 2.6 hr. The subjects eliminated testosterone from serum more rapidly on the twenty-first day of testosterone ingestion than on the first day. Serum albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin, alanine-amino-transferase, and alkaline phosphatases were unchanged during the experiment. It is concluded that oral testosterone treatment induces the hepatic drug-metabolizing system including that of testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:947671", "title": "Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and intermittent claudication, and distribution of risk factors among middle-aged men in Moscow and Berlin.", "content": "The initial examinations of prospective epidemiological studies of the same kind performed in random samples of 50-54 years old men from Moscow and Berlin showed the following prevalence rates (each first figure for Moscow, second for Berlin): ischaemic heart disease 14.4/13.6%, arterial hypertension 18.0/19.0%, intermittent claudication 6.9/3.4%, cigarette smoking 46.5/51.4%, overweight 22.9/21.9%, impaired glucose tolerance 36.6/42.5%. Hypercholesterolaemia (24.6/8.1%) was not comparable because different determination methods were used. In both population samples almost a half of IHD and 1/3-1/2 of hypertension cases were newly detected only by the study examinations. More than 80% of the 50-54 years old men showed the presence of one or more risk factors. The following significant relationships between disease groups and risk factors were found: for IHD, with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for hypertension, with overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for intermittent claudication, with cigarette smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only). These comparative studies demonstrate the benefit and need of further common research and efforts for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.", "contents": "Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and intermittent claudication, and distribution of risk factors among middle-aged men in Moscow and Berlin. The initial examinations of prospective epidemiological studies of the same kind performed in random samples of 50-54 years old men from Moscow and Berlin showed the following prevalence rates (each first figure for Moscow, second for Berlin): ischaemic heart disease 14.4/13.6%, arterial hypertension 18.0/19.0%, intermittent claudication 6.9/3.4%, cigarette smoking 46.5/51.4%, overweight 22.9/21.9%, impaired glucose tolerance 36.6/42.5%. Hypercholesterolaemia (24.6/8.1%) was not comparable because different determination methods were used. In both population samples almost a half of IHD and 1/3-1/2 of hypertension cases were newly detected only by the study examinations. More than 80% of the 50-54 years old men showed the presence of one or more risk factors. The following significant relationships between disease groups and risk factors were found: for IHD, with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for hypertension, with overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for intermittent claudication, with cigarette smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only). These comparative studies demonstrate the benefit and need of further common research and efforts for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:947672", "title": "Problems in prevention of ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The relevance is discussed of the presence of risk factors and their combinations for the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in a male urban population. The increasing number of risk factors leads to an increase both in the prevalence and in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Hypercholesterolaemia, elevated blood pressure, and tobacco smoking have to be considered the most relevant risk factors. Simultaneous presence of 2-3 of these factors was detected in 36% of the men examined. The authors point out the importance of starting a preventive intervention programme in the Czechoslovak population.", "contents": "Problems in prevention of ischaemic heart disease. The relevance is discussed of the presence of risk factors and their combinations for the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in a male urban population. The increasing number of risk factors leads to an increase both in the prevalence and in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Hypercholesterolaemia, elevated blood pressure, and tobacco smoking have to be considered the most relevant risk factors. Simultaneous presence of 2-3 of these factors was detected in 36% of the men examined. The authors point out the importance of starting a preventive intervention programme in the Czechoslovak population."}
{"id": "PMID:947673", "title": "Incidence of ischaemic heart disease and prognostic importance of risk factors in agricultural and industrial populations.", "content": "A longitudinal epidemiological study of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in men aged 40-59 years showed that the five-year incidence of the manifest form was 7.8% in agricultural workers and 9.7% in industrial employees. The corresponding incidence of the latent form was 9.0% and 12.2%, respectively. The differences in the incidence of both forms between the population samples studied was at the border of statistical significance. The importance of risk factors was evaluated on the basis of the score represented by the difference between the respective five-year incidence of IHD in subjects with and without the risk factors concerned. The highest relative scores were found with systolic and diastolic hypertension, positive family history and obesity. For prognostic purposes, the total relative risk, represented by the sum of the scores of the risk factors proved to be useful. Autopsies confirmed that a total relative risk exceeding 40% was a sensitive indicator of morphological substrate of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Incidence of ischaemic heart disease and prognostic importance of risk factors in agricultural and industrial populations. A longitudinal epidemiological study of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in men aged 40-59 years showed that the five-year incidence of the manifest form was 7.8% in agricultural workers and 9.7% in industrial employees. The corresponding incidence of the latent form was 9.0% and 12.2%, respectively. The differences in the incidence of both forms between the population samples studied was at the border of statistical significance. The importance of risk factors was evaluated on the basis of the score represented by the difference between the respective five-year incidence of IHD in subjects with and without the risk factors concerned. The highest relative scores were found with systolic and diastolic hypertension, positive family history and obesity. For prognostic purposes, the total relative risk, represented by the sum of the scores of the risk factors proved to be useful. Autopsies confirmed that a total relative risk exceeding 40% was a sensitive indicator of morphological substrate of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947674", "title": "The problem of unstable angina pectoris: myocardial infarction register data from Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR.", "content": "Prodromal symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and clinical course of unstable angina pectoris were studied in 405 patients with AMI and 165 patients with unstable angina, respectively. The latter group consisted of patients admitted to a coronary care department. The study showed that 81.2% of patients with AMI had had a number of symptoms during the 28-day period preceding the onset of AMI. Neither the patients nor the physicians had given proper and timely attention to them. The hospitalization of patients with unstable angina was, in some cases, effective in preventing development of AMI or in eliminating life-threatening complications of AMI. This resulted in a decline of the AMI mortality.", "contents": "The problem of unstable angina pectoris: myocardial infarction register data from Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. Prodromal symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and clinical course of unstable angina pectoris were studied in 405 patients with AMI and 165 patients with unstable angina, respectively. The latter group consisted of patients admitted to a coronary care department. The study showed that 81.2% of patients with AMI had had a number of symptoms during the 28-day period preceding the onset of AMI. Neither the patients nor the physicians had given proper and timely attention to them. The hospitalization of patients with unstable angina was, in some cases, effective in preventing development of AMI or in eliminating life-threatening complications of AMI. This resulted in a decline of the AMI mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:947675", "title": "Population study of the early phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death.", "content": "A two-year population study in the district of Prague 4 (population 190 000) showed that patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI] came to the hospital with a considerable delay (median 10.25 hours), whose substantial part was caused by the patient's lingering in calling for medical aid (a half of them called as late as within 3 hours since the appearance of symptoms). On the other hand, out of 226 cases of sudden death caused by ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 92% of the victims died as early as within the first hour. Within the first hour, 27% of all patients with coronary attacks in the community died, and as a few as 2% only were hospitalized within this period. No prevention of sudden coronary death is possible for the time being. Nevertheless, an attempt can be made at least to reduce the risk of early death in the following two ways. The public shoudl be avised of the gravity of characteristic symptoms of AMI, danger in the case of delay, and necessity of prompt medical aid. Because a majority of victims of sudden death have positive histories of IHD, and most deaths occur in the patients' homes in the presence of their family members, these next relatives of patients with manifest IHD should be trained in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.", "contents": "Population study of the early phase of acute myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death. A two-year population study in the district of Prague 4 (population 190 000) showed that patients with acute myocardial infarction [AMI] came to the hospital with a considerable delay (median 10.25 hours), whose substantial part was caused by the patient's lingering in calling for medical aid (a half of them called as late as within 3 hours since the appearance of symptoms). On the other hand, out of 226 cases of sudden death caused by ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 92% of the victims died as early as within the first hour. Within the first hour, 27% of all patients with coronary attacks in the community died, and as a few as 2% only were hospitalized within this period. No prevention of sudden coronary death is possible for the time being. Nevertheless, an attempt can be made at least to reduce the risk of early death in the following two ways. The public shoudl be avised of the gravity of characteristic symptoms of AMI, danger in the case of delay, and necessity of prompt medical aid. Because a majority of victims of sudden death have positive histories of IHD, and most deaths occur in the patients' homes in the presence of their family members, these next relatives of patients with manifest IHD should be trained in the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:947676", "title": "Present state of cardiovascular community control programme in the Czech Socialist Republic.", "content": "The high incidence, great import, and long duration of cardiovascular diseases are reflected in high demands placed on the health services. Experience shows that utilization of the results of research in general practice is lagging behind. The application of any improvement in the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention in health care waits several years for its accomplishment. In order to improve this situation, the Ministry of Health of the CSR constituted, in line with WHO recommendations, a Department for Cardiovascular Diseases Control. The Department has worked out a programme of prevention and control of the major cardiovascular diseases, in particular, ischaemic heart disease, systemic hypertension and its complications, rheumatic heart disease, congenital cardiac and vascular defects, and cor pulmonale. New diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive procedures are first tried out in so-called model areas and are only after this introduced into the national health care of people suffering from or endangered by cardiovascular diseases. In parallel, organizational measures necessary for comprehensive care are implemented. The authors report on the experience gained so far with the realization of the programme of care of people suffering  from IHD and acute myocardial infarction. They emphasize the importance of continual schooling of medical personnel and of health education of the entire population. They describe the implementation on a national scale of postgraduate cardiological courses intended especially for first-line doctors.", "contents": "Present state of cardiovascular community control programme in the Czech Socialist Republic. The high incidence, great import, and long duration of cardiovascular diseases are reflected in high demands placed on the health services. Experience shows that utilization of the results of research in general practice is lagging behind. The application of any improvement in the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention in health care waits several years for its accomplishment. In order to improve this situation, the Ministry of Health of the CSR constituted, in line with WHO recommendations, a Department for Cardiovascular Diseases Control. The Department has worked out a programme of prevention and control of the major cardiovascular diseases, in particular, ischaemic heart disease, systemic hypertension and its complications, rheumatic heart disease, congenital cardiac and vascular defects, and cor pulmonale. New diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive procedures are first tried out in so-called model areas and are only after this introduced into the national health care of people suffering from or endangered by cardiovascular diseases. In parallel, organizational measures necessary for comprehensive care are implemented. The authors report on the experience gained so far with the realization of the programme of care of people suffering  from IHD and acute myocardial infarction. They emphasize the importance of continual schooling of medical personnel and of health education of the entire population. They describe the implementation on a national scale of postgraduate cardiological courses intended especially for first-line doctors."}
{"id": "PMID:947677", "title": "Foot blood-flow at isometric handgrip contraction in patients with an ischaemic disease of the lower extremities and in control subjects.", "content": "At isometric contraction of forearm muscles, the mean systemic pressure and the foot blood flow are statistically significantly increased. These changes are encountered both in controls and in patients with an ischaemic disease of the lower extremities.", "contents": "Foot blood-flow at isometric handgrip contraction in patients with an ischaemic disease of the lower extremities and in control subjects. At isometric contraction of forearm muscles, the mean systemic pressure and the foot blood flow are statistically significantly increased. These changes are encountered both in controls and in patients with an ischaemic disease of the lower extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:947679", "title": "Community cardiovascular disease control programmes.", "content": "A comprehensive approach to the control of cardiovascular diseases on community level is a new venture. There is not yet enough experience in any country with this approach. However, the attempts to develop new approaches are fully justified, since the present stress on hospital care and treatment of the patients has only little changed the incidence of cardiovascular diseases among our populations.", "contents": "Community cardiovascular disease control programmes. A comprehensive approach to the control of cardiovascular diseases on community level is a new venture. There is not yet enough experience in any country with this approach. However, the attempts to develop new approaches are fully justified, since the present stress on hospital care and treatment of the patients has only little changed the incidence of cardiovascular diseases among our populations."}
{"id": "PMID:947680", "title": "Community control of cardiovascular diseases. The pro and cons.", "content": "The need for an effective control of cardiovascular diseases is evident. Possibilities to achieve this both in the curative and the preventive field are restricted mainly due to the insufficient knowledge of their etiopathogenesis. Although the cause is not known, the discovery to risk factors provides a sound evidence for prevention. Attempts to reverse elevated risk factor levels are all directed towards a more healthy way of life. Group oriented prevention is one of the most frequently applied approaches to test the hypothesis of preventability. While it offers many advantages, the delayed timing of the intervention and the restricted coverage limits the possibility of inference from its results. The community approach implies acting on the whole population by changing their behaviour towards a more healthy way of life. Apart from the beneficial \"side effects\" on other chronic diseases, their outcome in the pilot areas may be inferred to the total population. The final proof of any scientific evidence from the public health point of view is, after all, its applicability and effectiveness in real life situation.", "contents": "Community control of cardiovascular diseases. The pro and cons. The need for an effective control of cardiovascular diseases is evident. Possibilities to achieve this both in the curative and the preventive field are restricted mainly due to the insufficient knowledge of their etiopathogenesis. Although the cause is not known, the discovery to risk factors provides a sound evidence for prevention. Attempts to reverse elevated risk factor levels are all directed towards a more healthy way of life. Group oriented prevention is one of the most frequently applied approaches to test the hypothesis of preventability. While it offers many advantages, the delayed timing of the intervention and the restricted coverage limits the possibility of inference from its results. The community approach implies acting on the whole population by changing their behaviour towards a more healthy way of life. Apart from the beneficial \"side effects\" on other chronic diseases, their outcome in the pilot areas may be inferred to the total population. The final proof of any scientific evidence from the public health point of view is, after all, its applicability and effectiveness in real life situation."}
{"id": "PMID:947685", "title": "Dose-related dilatation of airways after inhalation of metaproterenol sulfate.", "content": "Studies concerning the ability of an inhaled beta2-agonist to produce dose-related bronchodilatation are conflicting. In five asthmatic, five bronchitic, and five normal subjects, specific airway conductance (Gaw/VL), flow-volume curves, and single-breath nitrogen washout were recorded after noncummulative inhalation of 0.65 mg, 1.30 mg, 1.95 mg, and, in some subjects, 2.60 mg of metaproterenol sulfate. Bronchodilatation appeared to be dose-related and was best assessed by using Gaw/VL; in all but one subject with chronic bronchitis, there was a significant linear relationship between log dose and precent change in Gaw/VL. Measurements of flow rate could demonstrate significant log dose-responses in eight subjects, maximum midexpiratory flow being the most sensitive measurement of flow rate, followed in order by forced expiratory volume in one second, flow at 50 percent of forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow rate, and flow at 75 percent of forced vital capacity. No log dose-respone curve could be observed by using the single-breath nitrogen-washout technique. This demonstration of significant log dose-responses to inhaled metaproterenol is consistent with the response to drugs acting upon receptors and suggests that patients may benefit from increasing doses of bronchodilators.", "contents": "Dose-related dilatation of airways after inhalation of metaproterenol sulfate. Studies concerning the ability of an inhaled beta2-agonist to produce dose-related bronchodilatation are conflicting. In five asthmatic, five bronchitic, and five normal subjects, specific airway conductance (Gaw/VL), flow-volume curves, and single-breath nitrogen washout were recorded after noncummulative inhalation of 0.65 mg, 1.30 mg, 1.95 mg, and, in some subjects, 2.60 mg of metaproterenol sulfate. Bronchodilatation appeared to be dose-related and was best assessed by using Gaw/VL; in all but one subject with chronic bronchitis, there was a significant linear relationship between log dose and precent change in Gaw/VL. Measurements of flow rate could demonstrate significant log dose-responses in eight subjects, maximum midexpiratory flow being the most sensitive measurement of flow rate, followed in order by forced expiratory volume in one second, flow at 50 percent of forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow rate, and flow at 75 percent of forced vital capacity. No log dose-respone curve could be observed by using the single-breath nitrogen-washout technique. This demonstration of significant log dose-responses to inhaled metaproterenol is consistent with the response to drugs acting upon receptors and suggests that patients may benefit from increasing doses of bronchodilators."}
{"id": "PMID:947686", "title": "Evaluation of the sensitivity of commercially available digoxin radioimmunoassay kits.", "content": "We have evaluated the technical minimum detection limits of 12 different commercially available kits and the practical minimum detection limits of 11 kits used for the determination of the serum digoxin level by radioimmunoassay. The poor technical ability of many of the kits to distinguish between digoxin levels of 0.1 ng/ml intervals between 0 and 0.5 ng/ml and, additionally, the detection of a digoxin level up to 0.3 ng/ml with some of the kits in glycoside-free sera impose a practical working minimum detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml for the majority of these kits. We, therefore, recommend caution with interpreting or evaluating serum digoxin levels below 0.5 ng/ml.", "contents": "Evaluation of the sensitivity of commercially available digoxin radioimmunoassay kits. We have evaluated the technical minimum detection limits of 12 different commercially available kits and the practical minimum detection limits of 11 kits used for the determination of the serum digoxin level by radioimmunoassay. The poor technical ability of many of the kits to distinguish between digoxin levels of 0.1 ng/ml intervals between 0 and 0.5 ng/ml and, additionally, the detection of a digoxin level up to 0.3 ng/ml with some of the kits in glycoside-free sera impose a practical working minimum detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml for the majority of these kits. We, therefore, recommend caution with interpreting or evaluating serum digoxin levels below 0.5 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:947687", "title": "Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic confirmation of suspected caged mitral valve malfunction.", "content": "Seven patients studied by echocardiography with and without simultaneous phonocardiography for suspected malfunction of a caged mitral valve  prosthesis are presented. In case 1, with inaudible prosthetic clicks, thrombosis of the cage and immobility of the ball were suggested by echocardiographic studies and confirmed at surgery. In case 2, simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies demonstrated wide and variable intervals between the aortic second sound the the opening click and also \"sticking\" of the ball. In case 3 a thrombus prevented full motion of the ball to the apex of the cage, which was seen on the echocardiogram, while in case 4, with a thrombus within the ventricle and prosthesis, the prosthetic opening click was present intermittently and was associated with only subtle echocardiographic changes. In case 5, echocardiographic studies demonstrated abnormal rocking of the cage secondary to severe prosthetic dehiscence. In case 6, dul prosthetic clicks were to be secondary to a low cardiac-output state. In case 7, with multiple valve prostheses, simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies allowed identification of individual valve sounds and abnormal timing of valve opening. Based on these studies, we believe that echocardiography and simultaneous phonocardiography can yield very useful information in the evaluation of patients with suspected malfunction of a caged mitral valve prosthesis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and phonocardiographic confirmation of suspected caged mitral valve malfunction. Seven patients studied by echocardiography with and without simultaneous phonocardiography for suspected malfunction of a caged mitral valve  prosthesis are presented. In case 1, with inaudible prosthetic clicks, thrombosis of the cage and immobility of the ball were suggested by echocardiographic studies and confirmed at surgery. In case 2, simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies demonstrated wide and variable intervals between the aortic second sound the the opening click and also \"sticking\" of the ball. In case 3 a thrombus prevented full motion of the ball to the apex of the cage, which was seen on the echocardiogram, while in case 4, with a thrombus within the ventricle and prosthesis, the prosthetic opening click was present intermittently and was associated with only subtle echocardiographic changes. In case 5, echocardiographic studies demonstrated abnormal rocking of the cage secondary to severe prosthetic dehiscence. In case 6, dul prosthetic clicks were to be secondary to a low cardiac-output state. In case 7, with multiple valve prostheses, simultaneous echocardiographic and phonocardiographic studies allowed identification of individual valve sounds and abnormal timing of valve opening. Based on these studies, we believe that echocardiography and simultaneous phonocardiography can yield very useful information in the evaluation of patients with suspected malfunction of a caged mitral valve prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947688", "title": "A consideration of the differences between a Janeway's lesion and an Osler's node in infectious endocarditis.", "content": "Janeway's lesions and Osler's nodes are regarded as excellent clues to the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis; however, very few physicians have actually witnessed these findings, and there is some confusion in distingushing between the two. This article concerns a patient with infectious endocarditis due to Diplococcus pneumoniae, who had tender vesicular lesions thought to be Osler's nodes and a nontender erythematous nodule on the foot compatible with a Janeway's lesion. The original comments by William Osler and Edward Janeway are presented, and the literature following their descriptions is reviewed. It is concluded that the only essential diagnostic difference between the two is the tenderness that is associated with an Osler's node but not with a Janeway's lesion.", "contents": "A consideration of the differences between a Janeway's lesion and an Osler's node in infectious endocarditis. Janeway's lesions and Osler's nodes are regarded as excellent clues to the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis; however, very few physicians have actually witnessed these findings, and there is some confusion in distingushing between the two. This article concerns a patient with infectious endocarditis due to Diplococcus pneumoniae, who had tender vesicular lesions thought to be Osler's nodes and a nontender erythematous nodule on the foot compatible with a Janeway's lesion. The original comments by William Osler and Edward Janeway are presented, and the literature following their descriptions is reviewed. It is concluded that the only essential diagnostic difference between the two is the tenderness that is associated with an Osler's node but not with a Janeway's lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:947689", "title": "Evaluation of two spirometers: a comparative study of the Stead-Wells and the vitalograph spirometers.", "content": "The characterisitcs and performance of the Vitalograph dry spirometer were studied, and a direct comparison was made with the Stead-Wells spirometer, as recommended by the Committees on Environmental Health and Respiratory Physiology of the American College of Chest Physicians. The Vitalograph calibrates well against the Stead-Wells spirometer for measurements of vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second in normal subjects and in patients with various pulmonary conditions. Both spirometers failed to satisfy the committees' recommendations for resistance and inertia, the Stead-Wells showing the better values. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the Vitalograph is very suitable for the routine assessment of ventilatory function in the laboratory or in population surveys. Its light weight, portability, and robustness give it an added advantage.", "contents": "Evaluation of two spirometers: a comparative study of the Stead-Wells and the vitalograph spirometers. The characterisitcs and performance of the Vitalograph dry spirometer were studied, and a direct comparison was made with the Stead-Wells spirometer, as recommended by the Committees on Environmental Health and Respiratory Physiology of the American College of Chest Physicians. The Vitalograph calibrates well against the Stead-Wells spirometer for measurements of vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second in normal subjects and in patients with various pulmonary conditions. Both spirometers failed to satisfy the committees' recommendations for resistance and inertia, the Stead-Wells showing the better values. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the Vitalograph is very suitable for the routine assessment of ventilatory function in the laboratory or in population surveys. Its light weight, portability, and robustness give it an added advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:947690", "title": "Effects of ouabain on early ventricular relaxation in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of the administration of ouabain on the peak negative left ventriculat (LV) dP/dt were studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Prior to administration of ouabain, negative LV dP/at was lower than previously reported for patients without coronary arterial disease. One hour after administration of ouabain, significant (P less than 0.05) increases in peak positive LV dP/dt and maximal velocity of contractile-element shortening and decreases in LV diastolic pressure were present. These changes were associated with small and insignificant increases in negative LV dP/dt. Early LV relaxation rate is impaired in patients with acute myocardial infarction; however, the reduction in LV diastolic pressures which occurs after administration of ouabain does not appear to be due to an increase in the rate of early LV relaxation but rather is probably related to improved contractility.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain on early ventricular relaxation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The effects of the administration of ouabain on the peak negative left ventriculat (LV) dP/dt were studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Prior to administration of ouabain, negative LV dP/at was lower than previously reported for patients without coronary arterial disease. One hour after administration of ouabain, significant (P less than 0.05) increases in peak positive LV dP/dt and maximal velocity of contractile-element shortening and decreases in LV diastolic pressure were present. These changes were associated with small and insignificant increases in negative LV dP/dt. Early LV relaxation rate is impaired in patients with acute myocardial infarction; however, the reduction in LV diastolic pressures which occurs after administration of ouabain does not appear to be due to an increase in the rate of early LV relaxation but rather is probably related to improved contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:947691", "title": "The heritable syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval, syncope, and sudden death. Electron microscopic observation.", "content": "A family with the heritable syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval is reported. Three members died suddenly. Six had a prolonged Q-T interval. One had syncopal episodes for four years but has had no syncope since therapy with propranolol was initiated two years ago. The inheritance appears to be autosomal dominant. There was no evidence of hearing defects. Histologic and electron microscopic studies were performed on cardiac tissue from one patient. This is the first report of electron microscopic studies, and the findings suggest a possible defect of calcium metabolism in the myofiber.", "contents": "The heritable syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval, syncope, and sudden death. Electron microscopic observation. A family with the heritable syndrome of prolonged Q-T interval is reported. Three members died suddenly. Six had a prolonged Q-T interval. One had syncopal episodes for four years but has had no syncope since therapy with propranolol was initiated two years ago. The inheritance appears to be autosomal dominant. There was no evidence of hearing defects. Histologic and electron microscopic studies were performed on cardiac tissue from one patient. This is the first report of electron microscopic studies, and the findings suggest a possible defect of calcium metabolism in the myofiber."}
{"id": "PMID:947697", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis after cardiac catheterization.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis is a rare complication of cardiac catheterization. We present the history of a patient who developed fatal, acute bacterial endocarditis following diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The implications regarding antibiotic prophylaxis and catheterization technique are discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis after cardiac catheterization. Bacterial endocarditis is a rare complication of cardiac catheterization. We present the history of a patient who developed fatal, acute bacterial endocarditis following diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The implications regarding antibiotic prophylaxis and catheterization technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947698", "title": "Mediastinal thymic cyst after open heart surgery.", "content": "A benign thymic cyst seen six years after valvular heart surgery is described, and the question of the possible role of previous surgical trauma in the development of the cyst is raised.", "contents": "Mediastinal thymic cyst after open heart surgery. A benign thymic cyst seen six years after valvular heart surgery is described, and the question of the possible role of previous surgical trauma in the development of the cyst is raised."}
{"id": "PMID:947699", "title": "The efficacy of trapezoidal wave forms for ventricular defibrillation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trapezoidal wave form for ventricular difibrillation. Overall efficacy showed the trapezoidal waveform to be effective for defibrillation, including patients weighing over 100 kg (220 lb). We concluded that (1) the trapezoidal waveform is an effective defibrillatory pulse and (2) the trapezoidal waveform offers pulse characteristics less deleterious than other established waveforms.", "contents": "The efficacy of trapezoidal wave forms for ventricular defibrillation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a trapezoidal wave form for ventricular difibrillation. Overall efficacy showed the trapezoidal waveform to be effective for defibrillation, including patients weighing over 100 kg (220 lb). We concluded that (1) the trapezoidal waveform is an effective defibrillatory pulse and (2) the trapezoidal waveform offers pulse characteristics less deleterious than other established waveforms."}
{"id": "PMID:947700", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in a patient with Candida endocarditis of the aortic valve.", "content": "The echocardiographic appearance of fungal endocarditis of the aortic valve is described in a patient who subsequently died from this disease. In addition, the progressive growth of the vegetation on serial echocardiograms was recorded, and premature closure of the mitral valve was absent, notwithstanding perforation of two aortic cusps.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in a patient with Candida endocarditis of the aortic valve. The echocardiographic appearance of fungal endocarditis of the aortic valve is described in a patient who subsequently died from this disease. In addition, the progressive growth of the vegetation on serial echocardiograms was recorded, and premature closure of the mitral valve was absent, notwithstanding perforation of two aortic cusps."}
{"id": "PMID:947701", "title": "Echocardiographic oscillating flap in aortic root dissecting aneurysm.", "content": "A patient had a history, physical findings, and chest x-ray film suggesting type I aortic dissection. This diagnosis could not be confirmed angiographically. Echocardiographic studies predicted both the presence of dissection and the anatomic findings at surgery. A regularly oscillating echo corresponding to the intimal flap was found in the false lumen. This is suggested as a new echocardiographic finding in dissecting aneurysm.", "contents": "Echocardiographic oscillating flap in aortic root dissecting aneurysm. A patient had a history, physical findings, and chest x-ray film suggesting type I aortic dissection. This diagnosis could not be confirmed angiographically. Echocardiographic studies predicted both the presence of dissection and the anatomic findings at surgery. A regularly oscillating echo corresponding to the intimal flap was found in the false lumen. This is suggested as a new echocardiographic finding in dissecting aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:947702", "title": "Mediastinal lipomatosis in simple obesity.", "content": "A case of superior mediastinal widening due to unusual amounts of fat accumulations is reported in a patient with simple obesity, not associated with iatrogenic or primary Cushing's syndrome. The radiographic features included a smooth bilateral widening of the superior mediastinum, relative lucency, no definable mass in the lateral view, and no pressure effects on the trachea. Such mediastinal lipomatosis is a benign condition and may be related to general obesity. although rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly in obese individuals.", "contents": "Mediastinal lipomatosis in simple obesity. A case of superior mediastinal widening due to unusual amounts of fat accumulations is reported in a patient with simple obesity, not associated with iatrogenic or primary Cushing's syndrome. The radiographic features included a smooth bilateral widening of the superior mediastinum, relative lucency, no definable mass in the lateral view, and no pressure effects on the trachea. Such mediastinal lipomatosis is a benign condition and may be related to general obesity. although rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly in obese individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:947703", "title": "Ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus of Valsalva into right atrium. Associated atrioventricular block presumable caused by aneurysmal compression of His bundle.", "content": "We have seen a case of rupture of an aneurysm of the noncoronary sinus into the right atrium. Surgery revealed an aneurysmal mass the size of the tip of an index finger extending through the inter-atrial septum down to just above the tricuspid valvular ostium. An electrocardiogram showed first-degree atrioventricular block, while the His bundle electrogram demonstrated the presence of disturbances in the intra-atrial as well as His bundle conduction. The disturbance in His bundle conduction was interpreted as being due to compression of the His bundle by the aneurysm.", "contents": "Ruptured aneurysm of aortic sinus of Valsalva into right atrium. Associated atrioventricular block presumable caused by aneurysmal compression of His bundle. We have seen a case of rupture of an aneurysm of the noncoronary sinus into the right atrium. Surgery revealed an aneurysmal mass the size of the tip of an index finger extending through the inter-atrial septum down to just above the tricuspid valvular ostium. An electrocardiogram showed first-degree atrioventricular block, while the His bundle electrogram demonstrated the presence of disturbances in the intra-atrial as well as His bundle conduction. The disturbance in His bundle conduction was interpreted as being due to compression of the His bundle by the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:947710", "title": "Correlation of in vitro resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline with in vivo use.", "content": "Susceptibility of 983 isolates of Staphyloccus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline was determined in vitro. Minocycline was shown to be more active than doxycycline, which in turn was shown to be slightly more active than tetracycline. 77% of the isolates which were resistant to tetracycline were also resistant to doxycycline, whereas only 4% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were resistant to minocycline. The in vivo use of tetracycline correlated with increased in vitro resistance of S. aureus to tetracycline and doxycycline. A correlation between use of tetracycline and in vitro resistance to minocycline was not demonstrated.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline with in vivo use. Susceptibility of 983 isolates of Staphyloccus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline was determined in vitro. Minocycline was shown to be more active than doxycycline, which in turn was shown to be slightly more active than tetracycline. 77% of the isolates which were resistant to tetracycline were also resistant to doxycycline, whereas only 4% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were resistant to minocycline. The in vivo use of tetracycline correlated with increased in vitro resistance of S. aureus to tetracycline and doxycycline. A correlation between use of tetracycline and in vitro resistance to minocycline was not demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:947711", "title": "In vitro and in vivo activity of 3-(1-methyl 1-5-nitro-2-imidazolylmethylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone against Pasteurella.", "content": "Furazolidone was more active than 3-(1-methyl)-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl-methylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone (MABN) against a series of 34 isolates of Pasteurella and 11 of Yersinia (formerly designated Pasteurella). However, the nitroimidazole was superior to furazolidone by both subcutaneous and oral routes against a series of mouse infections incited by strains of Pasteurella. It also was superior to furazolidone and sulfaquinoxaline when administered in the diet against two Pasteurella strains in a fowl cholera model infection in chickens. The good in vitro activity of MABN plus its low toxicity suggest its further study as an agent for fowl cholera and the shipping fever complex of cattle.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo activity of 3-(1-methyl 1-5-nitro-2-imidazolylmethylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone against Pasteurella. Furazolidone was more active than 3-(1-methyl)-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl-methylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone (MABN) against a series of 34 isolates of Pasteurella and 11 of Yersinia (formerly designated Pasteurella). However, the nitroimidazole was superior to furazolidone by both subcutaneous and oral routes against a series of mouse infections incited by strains of Pasteurella. It also was superior to furazolidone and sulfaquinoxaline when administered in the diet against two Pasteurella strains in a fowl cholera model infection in chickens. The good in vitro activity of MABN plus its low toxicity suggest its further study as an agent for fowl cholera and the shipping fever complex of cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:947712", "title": "Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections with cephalexin (Ceporexine) orally administered at 12-hourly intervals.", "content": "19 patients with chronic urinary tract infections were treated, after culture and sensitivity testing, with cephalexin (Ceporexine) 1 g twice daily for 10 days. All patients were free from bacteria after 2 days treatment and 18 after the treatment was finished. After 30 days, 7 had a recurrence of the urinary tract infection. The result shows that cephalexin given twice a day in the dosage of 1 g has as good an effect in the treatment of urinary tract infections as when the dosage is given 4 times a day.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic urinary tract infections with cephalexin (Ceporexine) orally administered at 12-hourly intervals. 19 patients with chronic urinary tract infections were treated, after culture and sensitivity testing, with cephalexin (Ceporexine) 1 g twice daily for 10 days. All patients were free from bacteria after 2 days treatment and 18 after the treatment was finished. After 30 days, 7 had a recurrence of the urinary tract infection. The result shows that cephalexin given twice a day in the dosage of 1 g has as good an effect in the treatment of urinary tract infections as when the dosage is given 4 times a day."}
{"id": "PMID:947724", "title": "[Myocardosis - myocardia - cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Cardiomyopathy\", a term formerly used for heart muscle disease of unknown aetiology, is at present applied to all myocardial diseases other than coronary-heart disease. This definition includes many different forms of metabolic disorders of heart muscle. Four manifestations of metabolic myocardial disease, differing in their aetiology and pathogenesis are distinguished: (1) \"transport\" myocardosis, (2) \"arthrocytotic\" myocardosis, (3) myocardia, and (4) idiopathic cardiomyopathy. They are differentiated by combined morphological and quantitative mineral examination. \"Transport\" myocardosis is the most common form and its particular aetiology can be further specified. Cause of death in patients with metabolic disorders often remains undiscovered even at autopsy. Combination of histological and quantitative mineral analysis of myocardium can further define the particular form.", "contents": "[Myocardosis - myocardia - cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. \"Cardiomyopathy\", a term formerly used for heart muscle disease of unknown aetiology, is at present applied to all myocardial diseases other than coronary-heart disease. This definition includes many different forms of metabolic disorders of heart muscle. Four manifestations of metabolic myocardial disease, differing in their aetiology and pathogenesis are distinguished: (1) \"transport\" myocardosis, (2) \"arthrocytotic\" myocardosis, (3) myocardia, and (4) idiopathic cardiomyopathy. They are differentiated by combined morphological and quantitative mineral examination. \"Transport\" myocardosis is the most common form and its particular aetiology can be further specified. Cause of death in patients with metabolic disorders often remains undiscovered even at autopsy. Combination of histological and quantitative mineral analysis of myocardium can further define the particular form."}
{"id": "PMID:947725", "title": "[Plasminogen estimation as a routine test (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple method for the routine determination of plasminogen using the coagulation time is described. 0.2 ml of plasminogen reagent and 0.1 ml of sample plasma, prediluted 1:200, are incubated for 3 minutes at 37 degrees C. 0.05 ml of diluted test thrombin are then added and the coagulation time is measured. It is converted into percent of normal using a standard curve. The test correlates with an immunological method in healthy probands (r = 0.96). Initial measurements in 160 patients show that knowledge of the plasminogen titre may also be of interest outside the problems of haemostasis.", "contents": "[Plasminogen estimation as a routine test (author's transl)]. A simple method for the routine determination of plasminogen using the coagulation time is described. 0.2 ml of plasminogen reagent and 0.1 ml of sample plasma, prediluted 1:200, are incubated for 3 minutes at 37 degrees C. 0.05 ml of diluted test thrombin are then added and the coagulation time is measured. It is converted into percent of normal using a standard curve. The test correlates with an immunological method in healthy probands (r = 0.96). Initial measurements in 160 patients show that knowledge of the plasminogen titre may also be of interest outside the problems of haemostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:947726", "title": "[Cholestatic jaundice after azathioprine treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe cholestatic jaundice occurred in two patients receiving prednisolone and azathioprine, one for chronic progressive hepatitis, the other for Wegener's granulomatosis. Reversible abnormal liver function, involving both elimination and synthesis, was in the foreground clinically. Signs of parenchymal-cell damage were only moderately severe. When azathioprine had been discontinued all previously abnormal values returned to normal within six to eight weeks. Azathioprine is an indirect optional hepatotoxin. If given over long periods there should be regular controls of blood count and liver functions.", "contents": "[Cholestatic jaundice after azathioprine treatment (author's transl)]. Severe cholestatic jaundice occurred in two patients receiving prednisolone and azathioprine, one for chronic progressive hepatitis, the other for Wegener's granulomatosis. Reversible abnormal liver function, involving both elimination and synthesis, was in the foreground clinically. Signs of parenchymal-cell damage were only moderately severe. When azathioprine had been discontinued all previously abnormal values returned to normal within six to eight weeks. Azathioprine is an indirect optional hepatotoxin. If given over long periods there should be regular controls of blood count and liver functions."}
{"id": "PMID:947733", "title": "[Oral contraceptives, hypertension and nephrosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Five personal cases and many reports in the literature demonstrate the not rare development of hypertension after oral contraceptives or an increase of an existing hypertension. In addition, the drug may also cause vascular changes in the kidneys with development of benign or malignant nephrosclerosis, similar to the increased risk of thrombo-embolic complications of the venous-arterial system. It is, therefore, necessary to check the blood pressure of women on oral contraceptive and, if hypertension exists or develops, discontinue these drugs.", "contents": "[Oral contraceptives, hypertension and nephrosclerosis (author's transl)]. Five personal cases and many reports in the literature demonstrate the not rare development of hypertension after oral contraceptives or an increase of an existing hypertension. In addition, the drug may also cause vascular changes in the kidneys with development of benign or malignant nephrosclerosis, similar to the increased risk of thrombo-embolic complications of the venous-arterial system. It is, therefore, necessary to check the blood pressure of women on oral contraceptive and, if hypertension exists or develops, discontinue these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:947734", "title": "[Treatment of haemophilia with factor VIII inhibitor by giving isoagglutinin-free factor VIII concentrate (author's transl)].", "content": "Two nine-year-old boys with haemophilia A and circulating inhibitor against factor VIII were given large doses of commercial AHG concentrates to control bleeding. But the isoagglutinins in the AHG concentrates caused haemolysis in both patients. When AHF (Immuno) from AB donors - a cryoprecipate without isoagglutinins - was used no further inhibitor activity was detectable, previously observed anaphylactoid reactions no longer occurred and usual doses of AHG were now sufficient to control bleeding.", "contents": "[Treatment of haemophilia with factor VIII inhibitor by giving isoagglutinin-free factor VIII concentrate (author's transl)]. Two nine-year-old boys with haemophilia A and circulating inhibitor against factor VIII were given large doses of commercial AHG concentrates to control bleeding. But the isoagglutinins in the AHG concentrates caused haemolysis in both patients. When AHF (Immuno) from AB donors - a cryoprecipate without isoagglutinins - was used no further inhibitor activity was detectable, previously observed anaphylactoid reactions no longer occurred and usual doses of AHG were now sufficient to control bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:947735", "title": "[Serial biopsies in healthy carriers of hepatitis Bs antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "Serial biopsies were taken over four to five years from 15 healthy hepatitis-Bs antigen-positive persons with normal biochemical findings (\"healthy carriers\"). The antigen persisted throughout, but the histological picture did not worsen in any way: there was certainly no sign of chronic progressive liver disease.", "contents": "[Serial biopsies in healthy carriers of hepatitis Bs antigen (author's transl)]. Serial biopsies were taken over four to five years from 15 healthy hepatitis-Bs antigen-positive persons with normal biochemical findings (\"healthy carriers\"). The antigen persisted throughout, but the histological picture did not worsen in any way: there was certainly no sign of chronic progressive liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947739", "title": "Carbenoxolone sodium: its role in ulcer healing.", "content": "In summary, carbenoxolone is a useful drug in accelerating short-term ulcer healing during ambulatory treatments. Provided treatment is responsibly controlled the adverse effects should not present frequent or severe problems; however, there is a clear need for an analogue which is substantially side-effect free.", "contents": "Carbenoxolone sodium: its role in ulcer healing. In summary, carbenoxolone is a useful drug in accelerating short-term ulcer healing during ambulatory treatments. Provided treatment is responsibly controlled the adverse effects should not present frequent or severe problems; however, there is a clear need for an analogue which is substantially side-effect free."}
{"id": "PMID:947745", "title": "A comparison of EEG seizure patterns recorded with surface and depth electrodes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.", "content": "Surface and depth EEG seizure patterns were compared in 34 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in whom depth EEG electrodes had been chronically implanted in order to localize epileptogenic sites with a view to surgery. EEG records accompanied by clinical seizures, auras, no behavioral changes, as well as records for which no behavioral observations had been made, were judged with respect to the manner in which seizure activity originating unilaterally in the depth of one of the temporal lobes spread to the surface. For each EEG record, the onset of seizure activity in depth was classified as being focal or regional in form, and seizure activity was judged as: (1) not spreading to the surface, (2) spreading bilaterally and synchronously to the surface, (3) spreading initially to the surface ipsilateral to the depth site(s) in which the electrographic seizure first appeared, or (4) spreading initially to the surface contralateral to the depth site(s) in which the seizure activity initially occurred. EEG seizure activity was found to be less likely to propagate to the surface for those records that were either unaccompanied by behavior changes or accompanied only by auras than for those records accompanied by clinical seizures. In records accompanied by clinical seizures, seizure activity commonly propagated to the surface in a bilateral and synchronous fashion and was also found to spread initially to the ipsilateral but not to the contralateral surface. Anatomical and electrophysiological data accounting for the occurrence of ipsilateral spread were discussed. Diagnostic usefulness of surface recordings during clinical seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy was discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of EEG seizure patterns recorded with surface and depth electrodes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Surface and depth EEG seizure patterns were compared in 34 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in whom depth EEG electrodes had been chronically implanted in order to localize epileptogenic sites with a view to surgery. EEG records accompanied by clinical seizures, auras, no behavioral changes, as well as records for which no behavioral observations had been made, were judged with respect to the manner in which seizure activity originating unilaterally in the depth of one of the temporal lobes spread to the surface. For each EEG record, the onset of seizure activity in depth was classified as being focal or regional in form, and seizure activity was judged as: (1) not spreading to the surface, (2) spreading bilaterally and synchronously to the surface, (3) spreading initially to the surface ipsilateral to the depth site(s) in which the electrographic seizure first appeared, or (4) spreading initially to the surface contralateral to the depth site(s) in which the seizure activity initially occurred. EEG seizure activity was found to be less likely to propagate to the surface for those records that were either unaccompanied by behavior changes or accompanied only by auras than for those records accompanied by clinical seizures. In records accompanied by clinical seizures, seizure activity commonly propagated to the surface in a bilateral and synchronous fashion and was also found to spread initially to the ipsilateral but not to the contralateral surface. Anatomical and electrophysiological data accounting for the occurrence of ipsilateral spread were discussed. Diagnostic usefulness of surface recordings during clinical seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947746", "title": "Rolandic spikes in children with and without epilepsy. (20 subjects polygraphically studied during sleep).", "content": "The authors polygraphically studied the nocturnal sleep of 20 neurologically normal children with typical centrotemporal spikes. The children were divided into two groups: (A) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes and benign epilepsy; and (B) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes without epilepsy. The mean age when the average period of sleep record was performed was the same for the two groups, 8.5 years. The cyclic organization of sleep and the percentages of the different stages were normal in all 20 subjects. The number of spikes was counted in all the subjects during wakefulness and during different stages of sleep. All subjects of both groups showed an important increase in the frequency of spikes going from drowsiness until slow sleep; on the other hand, the activity remained high during REM sleep only for subjects of Group A. Other differences between the two groups concerned the appearnce during sleep of generalized spike waves and independent Rolandic spikes. The authors conclude with the affirmation that the polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in children with Rolandic spikes can be an additional parameter for differential diagnosis between children with and those without epilepsy.", "contents": "Rolandic spikes in children with and without epilepsy. (20 subjects polygraphically studied during sleep). The authors polygraphically studied the nocturnal sleep of 20 neurologically normal children with typical centrotemporal spikes. The children were divided into two groups: (A) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes and benign epilepsy; and (B) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes without epilepsy. The mean age when the average period of sleep record was performed was the same for the two groups, 8.5 years. The cyclic organization of sleep and the percentages of the different stages were normal in all 20 subjects. The number of spikes was counted in all the subjects during wakefulness and during different stages of sleep. All subjects of both groups showed an important increase in the frequency of spikes going from drowsiness until slow sleep; on the other hand, the activity remained high during REM sleep only for subjects of Group A. Other differences between the two groups concerned the appearnce during sleep of generalized spike waves and independent Rolandic spikes. The authors conclude with the affirmation that the polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in children with Rolandic spikes can be an additional parameter for differential diagnosis between children with and those without epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:947747", "title": "Effects of acute cerebellectomy on maximal electroshock seizures and anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam in the rat.", "content": "Rats were cerebellectomized 72-96 hr prior to evaluation (1) during maximum electroshock seizures and (2) for their capacity to respond to pentylenetetrazol-induced clonic seizures. Cerebellectomized rats failed to exhibit tonic hindlimb extension, an endpoint characteristic of maximal electroshock seizures. The dose of pentylenetetrazol required to produce clonic seizures or death was not different in cerebellectomized and sham-operated controls. The anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam, when assessed as a pentylenetetrazol antagonist, was not influenced by removal of the cerebellum. These data indicate that whereas cerebellar influences may suppress seizure activity which is largely focal, seizures of more diffuse origin are not markedly influenced by cerebellar activity. It is, therefore, essential that the role of the cerebellum in suppressing seizures be characterized for each kind of experimentally induced seizure process.", "contents": "Effects of acute cerebellectomy on maximal electroshock seizures and anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam in the rat. Rats were cerebellectomized 72-96 hr prior to evaluation (1) during maximum electroshock seizures and (2) for their capacity to respond to pentylenetetrazol-induced clonic seizures. Cerebellectomized rats failed to exhibit tonic hindlimb extension, an endpoint characteristic of maximal electroshock seizures. The dose of pentylenetetrazol required to produce clonic seizures or death was not different in cerebellectomized and sham-operated controls. The anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam, when assessed as a pentylenetetrazol antagonist, was not influenced by removal of the cerebellum. These data indicate that whereas cerebellar influences may suppress seizure activity which is largely focal, seizures of more diffuse origin are not markedly influenced by cerebellar activity. It is, therefore, essential that the role of the cerebellum in suppressing seizures be characterized for each kind of experimentally induced seizure process."}
{"id": "PMID:947748", "title": "Kindling-related changes in afterdischarge \"thresholds\".", "content": "Amygdaloid stimulations were applied to rats at gradually increasing current intensities once every 60 sec until and afterdischarge (AD) was recorded through the stimulation electrode. These initial AD \"thresholds\" (x = 75 muA) were reduced over a 4-day period by a series of 12 subthreshold stimulations. In contrast, stimulations administered on the same regimen but at a higher intensity (400 muA) had raised the AD threshold. The decreases in the AD threshold were relatively permanent, whereas the elevated thresholds were subsequently reduced to control levels by a series of subthreshold stimulations or by a 7-day stimulation-free period. Two days following the completion of Experiment 1, all of the rats were injected with a low dose of pentylenetetrazol. The incidence of pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic symptoms was much higher in the experimental animals than in the control subjects previously subjected only to the threshold estimation procedure.", "contents": "Kindling-related changes in afterdischarge \"thresholds\". Amygdaloid stimulations were applied to rats at gradually increasing current intensities once every 60 sec until and afterdischarge (AD) was recorded through the stimulation electrode. These initial AD \"thresholds\" (x = 75 muA) were reduced over a 4-day period by a series of 12 subthreshold stimulations. In contrast, stimulations administered on the same regimen but at a higher intensity (400 muA) had raised the AD threshold. The decreases in the AD threshold were relatively permanent, whereas the elevated thresholds were subsequently reduced to control levels by a series of subthreshold stimulations or by a 7-day stimulation-free period. Two days following the completion of Experiment 1, all of the rats were injected with a low dose of pentylenetetrazol. The incidence of pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic symptoms was much higher in the experimental animals than in the control subjects previously subjected only to the threshold estimation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:947750", "title": "Studies on chromatin. Free DNA in sheared chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin which has been hydrodynamically sheared in a low-ionic-strength buffer lacking divalent cations (I = 0.0005 M) contains a heterogeneous set of deoxyribonucleoprotein particles but no molecules of free DNA. The main finding is that a transference of sheared chromatin to 1--2 mM MgCl2 or to 0.1--0.2 M NaCl results in appearance of completely free DNA molecules. A salt-induced rearrangement of DNA-bound histones but not a partial loss of them is responsible for the observed phenomenon. Formation of free DNA molecules is accompanied by aggregation of the majority of remaining deoxyribonucleoprotein particles. The percentage of free DNA molecules in the chromatin which was sheared to an average DNA length of about 400 base pairs is increased from zero in the initial sample to 8-9% in 1 mM MgCl2 and further to approximately 25% of the total DNA in 0.15 M NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2. Free DNA molecules in the sheared chromatin are observed not only upon isopycnic banding of formaldehyde-fixed deoxyribonucleoproteins in CsCl gradients but also in non-ionic metrizamide gradients with either fixed or unfixed deoxyribonucleoprotein samples. The process of free DNA formation is a reversible one; its direction and the equilibrium state depend in particular on the ionic conditions of the medium.", "contents": "Studies on chromatin. Free DNA in sheared chromatin. Chromatin which has been hydrodynamically sheared in a low-ionic-strength buffer lacking divalent cations (I = 0.0005 M) contains a heterogeneous set of deoxyribonucleoprotein particles but no molecules of free DNA. The main finding is that a transference of sheared chromatin to 1--2 mM MgCl2 or to 0.1--0.2 M NaCl results in appearance of completely free DNA molecules. A salt-induced rearrangement of DNA-bound histones but not a partial loss of them is responsible for the observed phenomenon. Formation of free DNA molecules is accompanied by aggregation of the majority of remaining deoxyribonucleoprotein particles. The percentage of free DNA molecules in the chromatin which was sheared to an average DNA length of about 400 base pairs is increased from zero in the initial sample to 8-9% in 1 mM MgCl2 and further to approximately 25% of the total DNA in 0.15 M NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2. Free DNA molecules in the sheared chromatin are observed not only upon isopycnic banding of formaldehyde-fixed deoxyribonucleoproteins in CsCl gradients but also in non-ionic metrizamide gradients with either fixed or unfixed deoxyribonucleoprotein samples. The process of free DNA formation is a reversible one; its direction and the equilibrium state depend in particular on the ionic conditions of the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:947751", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase C from Xenopus laevis ovaries. Ability to transcribe intact double-stranded DNA.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase C, partially purified from Xenopus laevis ovaries, has been resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography in two forms, eluting at 0.2 M and 0.3 M ammonium sulfate, respectively. Both are sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (200 mug/ml). Their ionic strength dependence and divalent cation requirements are indistinguishable. Quantitatively, RNA polymerase C represents the major form of RNA polymerase activity solubilized from the ovaries. Both RNA polymerases C are able to transcribe efficiently either high-molecular-weight Xenopus DNA or intact adenovirus DNA, as compared to nicked DNA. In contrast, RNA polymerase A has little activity on an intact DNA template. The salt dependence of the RNA polymerases C activity is different on the two kinds of template. Nicked DNA is efficiently transcribed up to a salt concentration of 100 mM ammonium sulfate. On intact DNA, optimal transcription is obtained at 40 mM ammonium sulfate and is inhibited by higher salt concentrations.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase C from Xenopus laevis ovaries. Ability to transcribe intact double-stranded DNA. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase C, partially purified from Xenopus laevis ovaries, has been resolved by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography in two forms, eluting at 0.2 M and 0.3 M ammonium sulfate, respectively. Both are sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin (200 mug/ml). Their ionic strength dependence and divalent cation requirements are indistinguishable. Quantitatively, RNA polymerase C represents the major form of RNA polymerase activity solubilized from the ovaries. Both RNA polymerases C are able to transcribe efficiently either high-molecular-weight Xenopus DNA or intact adenovirus DNA, as compared to nicked DNA. In contrast, RNA polymerase A has little activity on an intact DNA template. The salt dependence of the RNA polymerases C activity is different on the two kinds of template. Nicked DNA is efficiently transcribed up to a salt concentration of 100 mM ammonium sulfate. On intact DNA, optimal transcription is obtained at 40 mM ammonium sulfate and is inhibited by higher salt concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:947752", "title": "The purification and characterisation of the human-serum binding protein for the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (transcalciferin). Identity with group-specific component.", "content": "The binding protein for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been isolated from human serum by monitoring the recovery of 3H-labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. After a 500-fold purification a pure protein was obtained as judged from the constant specific activity (ratio of absorbance versus radioactivity) on agarose and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and on the presence of a single band on both cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified protein was measured by gel filtration on agarose (56000), Sephadex G-75 (58000) and dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (56000). On sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation a sedimentation coefficient of 4.1 S was found. The isoelectric point was 4.89 S on isoelectric focusing. The stability of the protein at 60 degrees C was enhanced by the presence of excess 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. On tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis the purified binding protein was found to be identical to the one present in whole serum. The activity of the isolated protein was demonstrated by a Ka at 4 degrees C of 1.2 X 10(10) l-mol-1. A binding capacity of 0.8 binding site/molecule was measured on a Sephadex G-25 column. During immunological studies with this protein it became evident that the binding protein is identical with another serum protein known as group-specific component (Gc). In analogy to other serum binding proteins we propose to call this group-specific component/25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-binding protein transcalciferin.", "contents": "The purification and characterisation of the human-serum binding protein for the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (transcalciferin). Identity with group-specific component. The binding protein for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been isolated from human serum by monitoring the recovery of 3H-labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. After a 500-fold purification a pure protein was obtained as judged from the constant specific activity (ratio of absorbance versus radioactivity) on agarose and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and on the presence of a single band on both cellulose acetate and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified protein was measured by gel filtration on agarose (56000), Sephadex G-75 (58000) and dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (56000). On sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation a sedimentation coefficient of 4.1 S was found. The isoelectric point was 4.89 S on isoelectric focusing. The stability of the protein at 60 degrees C was enhanced by the presence of excess 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. On tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis the purified binding protein was found to be identical to the one present in whole serum. The activity of the isolated protein was demonstrated by a Ka at 4 degrees C of 1.2 X 10(10) l-mol-1. A binding capacity of 0.8 binding site/molecule was measured on a Sephadex G-25 column. During immunological studies with this protein it became evident that the binding protein is identical with another serum protein known as group-specific component (Gc). In analogy to other serum binding proteins we propose to call this group-specific component/25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-binding protein transcalciferin."}
{"id": "PMID:947753", "title": "The specificity requirements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme.", "content": "A series of bacterial cell wall glycopeptides of low  molecular weight and cell wall nucleotide precursors have been tested for their inhibitory action on the digestion by T4 lysozyme of a radioactively labeled linear uncrosslinked peptidoglycan. The disaccharide-peptides GlcNAc-MurNAc-l-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm) (C5) and GlcNAc-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm-D-Ala) (C6) as well as the monosaccharide-peptide MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm) were found to be good competitive inhibitors (with similar Ki values) whereas the disaccharide-pentapeptide GlcNAcMurNAc-L-Ala-DGlu-Gly-L-Lys-D-Ala was a poor inhibitor. T4 lysozyme did not catalyse transglycosylation reactions from Escherichia coli B peptidoglycan to the disaccharide-peptide C6. No changes were seen in the circular dichroism spectra (200-250 nm) or fluorescence emmission spectra upon binding of the good inhibitors. The results obtained indicate that T4 lysozyme has a small active site capable of recognizing a unit consisting of MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm).", "contents": "The specificity requirements of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. A series of bacterial cell wall glycopeptides of low  molecular weight and cell wall nucleotide precursors have been tested for their inhibitory action on the digestion by T4 lysozyme of a radioactively labeled linear uncrosslinked peptidoglycan. The disaccharide-peptides GlcNAc-MurNAc-l-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm) (C5) and GlcNAc-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm-D-Ala) (C6) as well as the monosaccharide-peptide MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm) were found to be good competitive inhibitors (with similar Ki values) whereas the disaccharide-pentapeptide GlcNAcMurNAc-L-Ala-DGlu-Gly-L-Lys-D-Ala was a poor inhibitor. T4 lysozyme did not catalyse transglycosylation reactions from Escherichia coli B peptidoglycan to the disaccharide-peptide C6. No changes were seen in the circular dichroism spectra (200-250 nm) or fluorescence emmission spectra upon binding of the good inhibitors. The results obtained indicate that T4 lysozyme has a small active site capable of recognizing a unit consisting of MurNAc-L-Ala-D-Glu(A2pm)."}
{"id": "PMID:947754", "title": "Immunochemical isolation and characterization of vitellogenin mRNA from liver of estradiol-treated chicks.", "content": "Vitellogenin mRNA was purified through three steps. A heavy polysome fraction was obtained by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, vitellogenin polysomes were immunoprecipitated with affinity-chromatography-purified anti-lipovitellin IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG, the enriched mRNA was isolated on a poly(U)-Sepharose column. As judged by its specific activity in a reticulocyte lysate system, vitellogenin mRNA has been enriched a 1000-fold with a recovery of 30%. On 99% formamide 3.4% polyacrylamide gels vitellogenin mRNA has an Mr of 2.4-2.5 X 10(6) and codes for a peptide of Mr 240000, which under our incubation conditions is partially degraded to smaller peptides.", "contents": "Immunochemical isolation and characterization of vitellogenin mRNA from liver of estradiol-treated chicks. Vitellogenin mRNA was purified through three steps. A heavy polysome fraction was obtained by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, vitellogenin polysomes were immunoprecipitated with affinity-chromatography-purified anti-lipovitellin IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG, the enriched mRNA was isolated on a poly(U)-Sepharose column. As judged by its specific activity in a reticulocyte lysate system, vitellogenin mRNA has been enriched a 1000-fold with a recovery of 30%. On 99% formamide 3.4% polyacrylamide gels vitellogenin mRNA has an Mr of 2.4-2.5 X 10(6) and codes for a peptide of Mr 240000, which under our incubation conditions is partially degraded to smaller peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:947755", "title": "Preferential stimulation of the plant mRNA synthesis by gibberellic acid.", "content": "1. Treatment of the etiolated maize seedlings with the plant hormone, gibberellic acid results in a significant enhancement of heavy polyribosome formation. 2. This is accompanied by highly increased incorporation of the labelled RNA precursors into RNA engaged in the polyribosomal complex, as well as by an increased rate of protein synthesis in vivo. 3. Determination of the specific radioactivity of particular RNA classes isolated from polyribosomes reveals that gibberellic acid stimulates mostly the synthesis of the rapidly labelled, non-ribosomal RNA fraction. 4. A considerable amount of this rapidly labelled RNA fraction, whose synthesis is preferentially stimulated by exogenous gibberellic acid contains poly(A) sequences, as shown by affinity chromatography on oligo (dT)-cellulose indicating that phytohormone causes an increased transcription of mRNA in etiolated maize seedlings. 5. When [3H]adenosine served as the RNA precursor it was found that the ratio between the heteropolymeric and polyadenylic parts of the poly(A)-RNA chain markedly changed under gibberellin treatment, suggesting that, in addition to an increased rate of mRNA synthesis, the plant hormone also affects the process of post-transcriptional polyadenylation of the newly made mRNA precursors. Possible extension of the polyadenylate segment in the presence of gibberellin may account for a longer functional half-life of the mRNA synthesized in plants treated with the phytohormone, and may explain significantly enhanced heavy polyribosome formation, as well as a higher efficiency of protein synthesis in plants treated with gibberellic acid.", "contents": "Preferential stimulation of the plant mRNA synthesis by gibberellic acid. 1. Treatment of the etiolated maize seedlings with the plant hormone, gibberellic acid results in a significant enhancement of heavy polyribosome formation. 2. This is accompanied by highly increased incorporation of the labelled RNA precursors into RNA engaged in the polyribosomal complex, as well as by an increased rate of protein synthesis in vivo. 3. Determination of the specific radioactivity of particular RNA classes isolated from polyribosomes reveals that gibberellic acid stimulates mostly the synthesis of the rapidly labelled, non-ribosomal RNA fraction. 4. A considerable amount of this rapidly labelled RNA fraction, whose synthesis is preferentially stimulated by exogenous gibberellic acid contains poly(A) sequences, as shown by affinity chromatography on oligo (dT)-cellulose indicating that phytohormone causes an increased transcription of mRNA in etiolated maize seedlings. 5. When [3H]adenosine served as the RNA precursor it was found that the ratio between the heteropolymeric and polyadenylic parts of the poly(A)-RNA chain markedly changed under gibberellin treatment, suggesting that, in addition to an increased rate of mRNA synthesis, the plant hormone also affects the process of post-transcriptional polyadenylation of the newly made mRNA precursors. Possible extension of the polyadenylate segment in the presence of gibberellin may account for a longer functional half-life of the mRNA synthesized in plants treated with the phytohormone, and may explain significantly enhanced heavy polyribosome formation, as well as a higher efficiency of protein synthesis in plants treated with gibberellic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:947756", "title": "Functional relationships between a reticulocyte polypeptide-chain-initiation factor (IF-MP) and the translational inhibitor involved in regulation of protein synthesis by haemin.", "content": "The rate of initiation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates is regulated by a translational inhibitor protein which is activated in the absence of added haemin. The effects of this inhibitor on amino acid incorporation are overcome by the protein synthesis initiation factor IF-MP which binds Met-tRNAf in a ternary complex with GTP and which can transfer this complex to small ribosomal subunits. Addition of this factor to haemin-deficient lysates prevents loss of polysomes and regenerates polysomes from 80-S single ribosomes, thus confirming an effect at the level of polypeptide initiation. The ability of the initiation factor to overcome the effects of various concentrations of the translational inhibitor suggests that the inhibitor inactivates the factor catalytically rather than stoichiometrically. In a system in vitro consisting of salt-washed 40-S ribosomal subunits, initiator Met-tRNAf and GTP, the initiation factor IF-MP transfers Met-tRNAf to the subunits in the absence of any other factor or mRNA. Equilibrium buoyant density gradient analysis in CsCl shows that formaldehyde-fixed subunits carrying Met-tRNAf bound under these conditions have a buoyant density approximately 0.02 g/cm3 lower than the bulk of salt-washed subunits, suggesting that approximately 100000 daltons of additional protein are associated with these subunits. This is in marked contrast to the amounts of protein bound to subunits incubated with Met-tRNAf and GTP in the presence of a crude ribosomal salt-wash fraction. The translational inhibitor has no effect on formation of the ternary complex IF-MP-Met-tRNAf-GTP but does impair the factor-catalysed transfer of Met-tRNAf to washed subunits. The possible mechanisms of action of the inhibitor on polypeptide chain initiation are reviewed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Functional relationships between a reticulocyte polypeptide-chain-initiation factor (IF-MP) and the translational inhibitor involved in regulation of protein synthesis by haemin. The rate of initiation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates is regulated by a translational inhibitor protein which is activated in the absence of added haemin. The effects of this inhibitor on amino acid incorporation are overcome by the protein synthesis initiation factor IF-MP which binds Met-tRNAf in a ternary complex with GTP and which can transfer this complex to small ribosomal subunits. Addition of this factor to haemin-deficient lysates prevents loss of polysomes and regenerates polysomes from 80-S single ribosomes, thus confirming an effect at the level of polypeptide initiation. The ability of the initiation factor to overcome the effects of various concentrations of the translational inhibitor suggests that the inhibitor inactivates the factor catalytically rather than stoichiometrically. In a system in vitro consisting of salt-washed 40-S ribosomal subunits, initiator Met-tRNAf and GTP, the initiation factor IF-MP transfers Met-tRNAf to the subunits in the absence of any other factor or mRNA. Equilibrium buoyant density gradient analysis in CsCl shows that formaldehyde-fixed subunits carrying Met-tRNAf bound under these conditions have a buoyant density approximately 0.02 g/cm3 lower than the bulk of salt-washed subunits, suggesting that approximately 100000 daltons of additional protein are associated with these subunits. This is in marked contrast to the amounts of protein bound to subunits incubated with Met-tRNAf and GTP in the presence of a crude ribosomal salt-wash fraction. The translational inhibitor has no effect on formation of the ternary complex IF-MP-Met-tRNAf-GTP but does impair the factor-catalysed transfer of Met-tRNAf to washed subunits. The possible mechanisms of action of the inhibitor on polypeptide chain initiation are reviewed in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:947757", "title": "Critical review of the use of carotid bovine grafts for hemodialysis.", "content": "Review of experience at the Mayo Clinic with carotid bovine grafts in patients who undergo hemodialysis with a follow-up of of as long as 28 months revealed that the graft provides vascular access for hemodialysis when other vascular access sources have been exhausted. The graft is particularly helpful in the diabetic patient whose peripheral arteries have inadequate flow. The location in the thigh seems to be preferable to the forearm location. Clean puncture technique is important because infections usually mean graft loss and possibly severe complications, for example, hemorrhage or septicemia.", "contents": "Critical review of the use of carotid bovine grafts for hemodialysis. Review of experience at the Mayo Clinic with carotid bovine grafts in patients who undergo hemodialysis with a follow-up of of as long as 28 months revealed that the graft provides vascular access for hemodialysis when other vascular access sources have been exhausted. The graft is particularly helpful in the diabetic patient whose peripheral arteries have inadequate flow. The location in the thigh seems to be preferable to the forearm location. Clean puncture technique is important because infections usually mean graft loss and possibly severe complications, for example, hemorrhage or septicemia."}
{"id": "PMID:947758", "title": "Effects of stroma-free haemoglobin solution on the blood-clotting system in dogs.", "content": "The effect of transfusions of 500 ml of 5-6% stroma-free haemoglobin solutions on the blood-clotting system of dogs was studied. Slight lowering of the fibrinogen level and of the activity of clotting factors V, VII, VIII, IX and X was observed, together with some prolongation of the thrombin time. In vitro investigations indicate that prolongation of the thrombin time may depend on disturbed polymerization of fibrin monomers. After transfusion of stroma-free haemoglobin preparation, no signs of haemorrhagic diathesis were observed.", "contents": "Effects of stroma-free haemoglobin solution on the blood-clotting system in dogs. The effect of transfusions of 500 ml of 5-6% stroma-free haemoglobin solutions on the blood-clotting system of dogs was studied. Slight lowering of the fibrinogen level and of the activity of clotting factors V, VII, VIII, IX and X was observed, together with some prolongation of the thrombin time. In vitro investigations indicate that prolongation of the thrombin time may depend on disturbed polymerization of fibrin monomers. After transfusion of stroma-free haemoglobin preparation, no signs of haemorrhagic diathesis were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:947759", "title": "Effects of tham, isoprenaline and propranolol on blood flow and vascular resistances of the liver after in- and outflow occlusion. Relation with the splanchnic shock.", "content": "The responsibility of the portal and the hepatic artery circulations during shock states has been established by studying the effects of a 15-min occlusion of two of the following blood vessels on 23 dogs: inferior vena cava below the diaphragm, portal vein and hepatic artery. Intrahepatic vascular resistances were computed from blood pressure records in these vessels and transhepatic blood flow studies using the 133Xe clearance method. The animals were treated with THAM, plasmagel, isoprenaline, and propranolol. The tolerance of the occlusion is significantly improved when the animals are treated with the association of the four drugs. The portal and the systemic arterial blood pressures return to normal more promptly. Sinusoid and peribiliary resistances are remarkably stable if compared to the changes occurring in the control animals. The well-known benefit of THAM is improved by the apparently paradoxical association of isoprenaline and propranolol. In fact, at the doses which have been used, they counterbalance their mutual disadvantages. Finally, the analysis of the hepatic blood flow rates and vascular resistances suggests that the splanchnic shock has two components: hepatic and visceral.", "contents": "Effects of tham, isoprenaline and propranolol on blood flow and vascular resistances of the liver after in- and outflow occlusion. Relation with the splanchnic shock. The responsibility of the portal and the hepatic artery circulations during shock states has been established by studying the effects of a 15-min occlusion of two of the following blood vessels on 23 dogs: inferior vena cava below the diaphragm, portal vein and hepatic artery. Intrahepatic vascular resistances were computed from blood pressure records in these vessels and transhepatic blood flow studies using the 133Xe clearance method. The animals were treated with THAM, plasmagel, isoprenaline, and propranolol. The tolerance of the occlusion is significantly improved when the animals are treated with the association of the four drugs. The portal and the systemic arterial blood pressures return to normal more promptly. Sinusoid and peribiliary resistances are remarkably stable if compared to the changes occurring in the control animals. The well-known benefit of THAM is improved by the apparently paradoxical association of isoprenaline and propranolol. In fact, at the doses which have been used, they counterbalance their mutual disadvantages. Finally, the analysis of the hepatic blood flow rates and vascular resistances suggests that the splanchnic shock has two components: hepatic and visceral."}
{"id": "PMID:947760", "title": "Effect of fasting on mucosal blood flow in antrum and corpus of the stomach.", "content": "Gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat was determined by the indicator fractionation technique 86RbCl. Antral and corpus flow rates were determined after increasing periods of fasting, and the effect of vagotomy was assessed. The physiological stimulus of food in the stomach markedly increased antral as well as corpus blood flow, and after vagotomy lower flow rates were recorded in all parts of the stomach. With progressive starvation, the antral:corpus flow ratio decreased. The findings suggest that the antrum plays an active role in response to a physiological stimulus and may, as has been suggested by others, contribute to the control of parietal cell blood flow and secretion.", "contents": "Effect of fasting on mucosal blood flow in antrum and corpus of the stomach. Gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat was determined by the indicator fractionation technique 86RbCl. Antral and corpus flow rates were determined after increasing periods of fasting, and the effect of vagotomy was assessed. The physiological stimulus of food in the stomach markedly increased antral as well as corpus blood flow, and after vagotomy lower flow rates were recorded in all parts of the stomach. With progressive starvation, the antral:corpus flow ratio decreased. The findings suggest that the antrum plays an active role in response to a physiological stimulus and may, as has been suggested by others, contribute to the control of parietal cell blood flow and secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:947778", "title": "Synthesis of 1-hydroxy and 1-acyloxypyrrolidin-2-ones.", "content": "A series of 1-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones (v) has been prepared by reduction of gamma-nitrocarboxylic acid esters with Zn dust in the presence of ammonium chloride. Acylation of compounds (v) gave the corresponding 1-acyloxypyrrolidin-2-ones (VI). None of the synthesized compounds showed any significant antiflammatory activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-hydroxy and 1-acyloxypyrrolidin-2-ones. A series of 1-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-ones (v) has been prepared by reduction of gamma-nitrocarboxylic acid esters with Zn dust in the presence of ammonium chloride. Acylation of compounds (v) gave the corresponding 1-acyloxypyrrolidin-2-ones (VI). None of the synthesized compounds showed any significant antiflammatory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947779", "title": "[Research on substances with psychotropic activity. IV. Synthesis of 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazin-1,1-dioxide by thermal cyclization of N-(2-desylsolfonylphenyl) glycine].", "content": "Treatment of the ethyl ester of N-benzoyl-N-(2-benzylsolfonylphenyl)glycine with potassium in benzene gave, by rearrangement, N-(2-desylsolfonylphenyl)glycine, which via thermal intramolecular cyclization and simultaneous decarboxylation gave 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazin-1,1-dioxide. The structure of the latter compound was confirmed chemically by oxidising the known 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine with hydrogen peroxide in formic acid and by I;R. and N.M,R; spectral data.", "contents": "[Research on substances with psychotropic activity. IV. Synthesis of 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazin-1,1-dioxide by thermal cyclization of N-(2-desylsolfonylphenyl) glycine]. Treatment of the ethyl ester of N-benzoyl-N-(2-benzylsolfonylphenyl)glycine with potassium in benzene gave, by rearrangement, N-(2-desylsolfonylphenyl)glycine, which via thermal intramolecular cyclization and simultaneous decarboxylation gave 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazin-1,1-dioxide. The structure of the latter compound was confirmed chemically by oxidising the known 2,3-diphenyl-4-methyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine with hydrogen peroxide in formic acid and by I;R. and N.M,R; spectral data."}
{"id": "PMID:947780", "title": "Circular dichroism studies of imide derivatives of amines.", "content": "Circular dichroism curves have been measured for phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives of a number of amines having a general formula R--CH(NH2)--R' (in which R and R' are alkyl-, aryl- or cyclohexyl-groups) and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine. We conclude that the determination of absolute configuration of amines examined can be made on the basis of C.D. curves of their phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives, referring to that portion of the curve relating to the imide chromophore absorption.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies of imide derivatives of amines. Circular dichroism curves have been measured for phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives of a number of amines having a general formula R--CH(NH2)--R' (in which R and R' are alkyl-, aryl- or cyclohexyl-groups) and of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthylamine. We conclude that the determination of absolute configuration of amines examined can be made on the basis of C.D. curves of their phthaloyl-, maleyl- and itaconyl-derivatives, referring to that portion of the curve relating to the imide chromophore absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:947781", "title": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. V. 4-alkyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrro1/2,1-c/ /1,2,4/benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxide and their bz-substituted derivatives].", "content": "The preparation of some 4-alkyl derivatives of 2,3,3a,4--tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxode and bz-substituted derivatives by the action of alkyl iodides on the LiAlH4 reduction products of the corresponding 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxide is described. It was found that some of the substances synthesized exist in polymorphous forms and it was possible to isolate these.", "contents": "[Heteropolycyclic systems. V. 4-alkyl-2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrro1/2,1-c/ /1,2,4/benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxide and their bz-substituted derivatives]. The preparation of some 4-alkyl derivatives of 2,3,3a,4--tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxode and bz-substituted derivatives by the action of alkyl iodides on the LiAlH4 reduction products of the corresponding 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,2,4)benzothiadiazin-5,5-dioxide is described. It was found that some of the substances synthesized exist in polymorphous forms and it was possible to isolate these."}
{"id": "PMID:947782", "title": "[Research on monoamine oxidase inhibitors: synthesis of N-alkyl and N-aralkyl substituted ethylsyringoylhydrazides].", "content": "In continuation of previous work on compounds with anti-MAO activity, some alkyl and aralkyl-hydrazides of ethylsyringic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxybenzoic acid) were synthesized. Pharmacological examination showed that branching of the alkyl radical on the beta nitrogen to the carbonyl group increases anti-MAO activity which appears to be linked with the molecular dimensions of the alkyl group.", "contents": "[Research on monoamine oxidase inhibitors: synthesis of N-alkyl and N-aralkyl substituted ethylsyringoylhydrazides]. In continuation of previous work on compounds with anti-MAO activity, some alkyl and aralkyl-hydrazides of ethylsyringic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-ethoxybenzoic acid) were synthesized. Pharmacological examination showed that branching of the alkyl radical on the beta nitrogen to the carbonyl group increases anti-MAO activity which appears to be linked with the molecular dimensions of the alkyl group."}
{"id": "PMID:947783", "title": "Alkaloids and procyanidins of an Uncaria sp. from Peru.", "content": "The alkaloid and procyanidin composition of Uncaria sp. from eastern Peru, used in folk medicine was studied. Five alkaloids have been separated and identified as pteropodine, speciophylline, isopteropodine, uncarine F and isomytraphylline, all belonging to the oxindole group characteristic of the Rubiaceae. Moreover (--) epicatechin and four dimeric procyanidins A1, B1, B2 and B4 have been shown to constitute the polyphenolic fraction of the plant extract.", "contents": "Alkaloids and procyanidins of an Uncaria sp. from Peru. The alkaloid and procyanidin composition of Uncaria sp. from eastern Peru, used in folk medicine was studied. Five alkaloids have been separated and identified as pteropodine, speciophylline, isopteropodine, uncarine F and isomytraphylline, all belonging to the oxindole group characteristic of the Rubiaceae. Moreover (--) epicatechin and four dimeric procyanidins A1, B1, B2 and B4 have been shown to constitute the polyphenolic fraction of the plant extract."}
{"id": "PMID:947784", "title": "Diamides of cyclobutane-1,1-dicarbocylic acid. II.", "content": "A group of nine diamides of cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid has been prepared and examined for general depressant and analgesic activity. Several showed activity in both respects but with little overlap. Several compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant and myorelaxant activity. No activity was found.", "contents": "Diamides of cyclobutane-1,1-dicarbocylic acid. II. A group of nine diamides of cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid has been prepared and examined for general depressant and analgesic activity. Several showed activity in both respects but with little overlap. Several compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant and myorelaxant activity. No activity was found."}
{"id": "PMID:947787", "title": "The theory of neutral and weakly selected genes.", "content": "The controversy over whether a major fraction of evolutionary allele substitutions and protein polymorphisms in natural populations is due to random drift of neutral mutations remains unresolved; but the discussion has led to extensions of population genetic theory, particularly in stochastic models. The work of Maruyama in seeking quantities that are not strongly dependent on assumptions about population structure is particularly discussed. Under some circumstances, and perhaps quite generally, the probability of eventual fixation of a mutant gene, the total number of heterozygotes in which the gene is involved before its fixation or less, and the total number of heterozygotes during the time the gene has a specified frequency in the entire population have this desirable property. Whether there are many mutants that are so nearly neutral as to be unaffected by selective forces or not, it is clear that there are many loci at which selection is very weak and some of the evolutionary consequences of this are discussed briefly.", "contents": "The theory of neutral and weakly selected genes. The controversy over whether a major fraction of evolutionary allele substitutions and protein polymorphisms in natural populations is due to random drift of neutral mutations remains unresolved; but the discussion has led to extensions of population genetic theory, particularly in stochastic models. The work of Maruyama in seeking quantities that are not strongly dependent on assumptions about population structure is particularly discussed. Under some circumstances, and perhaps quite generally, the probability of eventual fixation of a mutant gene, the total number of heterozygotes in which the gene is involved before its fixation or less, and the total number of heterozygotes during the time the gene has a specified frequency in the entire population have this desirable property. Whether there are many mutants that are so nearly neutral as to be unaffected by selective forces or not, it is clear that there are many loci at which selection is very weak and some of the evolutionary consequences of this are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:947791", "title": "The evolution of function in enzymes.", "content": "The evolution of function appears to have proceeded from a primordial catalyst with little specificity to a highly specific one. As specificity increased, the need to exclude water created a need for flexibility, and flexibility in time led to regulation through induced conformational changes. Induced conformational changes in multisubunit proteins then produced cooperativity. Each of these properties is subject ot fine tuning by modification of the protein structure. The function of the enzyme is itself tuned to high efficiency by the evolution of these interrelated functions.", "contents": "The evolution of function in enzymes. The evolution of function appears to have proceeded from a primordial catalyst with little specificity to a highly specific one. As specificity increased, the need to exclude water created a need for flexibility, and flexibility in time led to regulation through induced conformational changes. Induced conformational changes in multisubunit proteins then produced cooperativity. Each of these properties is subject ot fine tuning by modification of the protein structure. The function of the enzyme is itself tuned to high efficiency by the evolution of these interrelated functions."}
{"id": "PMID:947792", "title": "Origin of periodic proteins.", "content": "Certain proteins, of which collagen is the best known example, have an approximately periodic sequence of amino acids. Evidence is available that the nucleic acid templates of at least some of these proteins have a large amount of internal self-complementarity. It is difficult to explain the origin of such proteins from nonperiodic proteins by accumulation of single amino acid replacements. A saltatory origin is suggested; the process would be a repetitive replication of a small nucleic acid segment. Internal self-complementarity occurs because the repeating segment incorporates sequences from both strands of DNA. The same process could produce RNA with a large amount of internal self-complementarity; tRNA may be an example.", "contents": "Origin of periodic proteins. Certain proteins, of which collagen is the best known example, have an approximately periodic sequence of amino acids. Evidence is available that the nucleic acid templates of at least some of these proteins have a large amount of internal self-complementarity. It is difficult to explain the origin of such proteins from nonperiodic proteins by accumulation of single amino acid replacements. A saltatory origin is suggested; the process would be a repetitive replication of a small nucleic acid segment. Internal self-complementarity occurs because the repeating segment incorporates sequences from both strands of DNA. The same process could produce RNA with a large amount of internal self-complementarity; tRNA may be an example."}
{"id": "PMID:947793", "title": "Structural origins of mammalian albumin.", "content": "The amino acid sequence and disulfide bridges of bovine serum albumin reveal nine double loops formed by the bridges. The pattern and size of loops and connecting segments between loops indicate that a basic repeating unit (domain) consists of \"large double loop-short connecting segment-small double loop-long connecting segment-large double loop-connecting segment between \"domains\" and repeats exactly three times. Thus, albumin arose by duplication of the primordial single domain gene, followed some time later by a half-gene duplication to give the ancestor of the present triple domain structure. These duplications are estimated to have occurred about 700 million years ago, based on the differences between domain (75 to 82%), the difference between bovine and human albumins (20%),and reported time estimates for globin and immunoglobulin evolution. Still farther back in time, the single domain arose by triplication of a gene of a primordial subdomain of about 77 amino acid residues, consisting of one large double loop with a segment on each end. The structure resulting from this triplication consisted of three large loops and three long connecting segments. Later, a gene deletion for part of a connecting segment and part of the middle large loop occurred to produce the large-small-large loop pattern. A proposed three dimensional structure for the \"subdomain\" shows spatial and sequence similarity with the G-H helical regions of myoglobin or hemoglobin, suggesting that it arose by duplication and separation of a gene for a C-terminal segment of a primitive globin. The CYS residues were introduced as an adaptive, convergent evolutionary event after separation from globin, but before duplication of the subdomain gene.", "contents": "Structural origins of mammalian albumin. The amino acid sequence and disulfide bridges of bovine serum albumin reveal nine double loops formed by the bridges. The pattern and size of loops and connecting segments between loops indicate that a basic repeating unit (domain) consists of \"large double loop-short connecting segment-small double loop-long connecting segment-large double loop-connecting segment between \"domains\" and repeats exactly three times. Thus, albumin arose by duplication of the primordial single domain gene, followed some time later by a half-gene duplication to give the ancestor of the present triple domain structure. These duplications are estimated to have occurred about 700 million years ago, based on the differences between domain (75 to 82%), the difference between bovine and human albumins (20%),and reported time estimates for globin and immunoglobulin evolution. Still farther back in time, the single domain arose by triplication of a gene of a primordial subdomain of about 77 amino acid residues, consisting of one large double loop with a segment on each end. The structure resulting from this triplication consisted of three large loops and three long connecting segments. Later, a gene deletion for part of a connecting segment and part of the middle large loop occurred to produce the large-small-large loop pattern. A proposed three dimensional structure for the \"subdomain\" shows spatial and sequence similarity with the G-H helical regions of myoglobin or hemoglobin, suggesting that it arose by duplication and separation of a gene for a C-terminal segment of a primitive globin. The CYS residues were introduced as an adaptive, convergent evolutionary event after separation from globin, but before duplication of the subdomain gene."}
{"id": "PMID:947794", "title": "The evolution of vertebrate fibrinogen.", "content": "The origins of the vertebrate fibrinogen molecule and its constituents chains have been considered, first by examining certain features of the molecule as it exists in a primitive vertebrate (the lamprey), and then by comparing the amino acid sequences of certain portions of the three nonidentical chains as they exist in the human molecule. Although the lamprey protein is distinctly homologous to mammalian fibrinogens, at the present stage of characterization its three nonidentical chains appear to be even more different one from another than are the three mammalian chain types. On the other hand, certain sequence resemblances in the three human chains clearly indicate a common ancestry for the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chains. It is concluded that the ancient fibrinogen molecule was composed of all identical chains and that its differentiation into three chain types occurred long before the divergence of lampreys and higher vertebrates.", "contents": "The evolution of vertebrate fibrinogen. The origins of the vertebrate fibrinogen molecule and its constituents chains have been considered, first by examining certain features of the molecule as it exists in a primitive vertebrate (the lamprey), and then by comparing the amino acid sequences of certain portions of the three nonidentical chains as they exist in the human molecule. Although the lamprey protein is distinctly homologous to mammalian fibrinogens, at the present stage of characterization its three nonidentical chains appear to be even more different one from another than are the three mammalian chain types. On the other hand, certain sequence resemblances in the three human chains clearly indicate a common ancestry for the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chains. It is concluded that the ancient fibrinogen molecule was composed of all identical chains and that its differentiation into three chain types occurred long before the divergence of lampreys and higher vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:947795", "title": "The evolution of genes in the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "The mammalian major histocompatibility system (MHS) includes genes determining the structure of the classical major transplantation antigens (H-2K and H-2D), the I region-associated (Ia) antigens, and genes determining the structure level or both of the first four components of complement. In addition, the I region incudes a series of genes determining specific immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens - the Ir genes. The available evidence indicates that the K, D, and I gene products are cell surface glycoproteins that are structurally and perhaps functionally related. The multiple genes in this complex region apparently arose by a process of tandem gene duplication. There is some reason to believe that the murine MHS may have originated from genes in the T/t complex - a \"supergene\" near the centromere of the 17th mouse chromosome determining a series of steps in early embryonic development. Other evidence has led to the postulate that genes in the MHS have given rise to immunoglobulin structural genes by a process of translocation and further gene duplication. While these evolutionary relationships are speculative, it seems clear that the MHS determines a series of cell surface proteins that are intimately involved in cellular recognition and interaction, and in regulation of immune responsiveness by a new, nonimmunoglobulin recognition system.", "contents": "The evolution of genes in the major histocompatibility complex. The mammalian major histocompatibility system (MHS) includes genes determining the structure of the classical major transplantation antigens (H-2K and H-2D), the I region-associated (Ia) antigens, and genes determining the structure level or both of the first four components of complement. In addition, the I region incudes a series of genes determining specific immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens - the Ir genes. The available evidence indicates that the K, D, and I gene products are cell surface glycoproteins that are structurally and perhaps functionally related. The multiple genes in this complex region apparently arose by a process of tandem gene duplication. There is some reason to believe that the murine MHS may have originated from genes in the T/t complex - a \"supergene\" near the centromere of the 17th mouse chromosome determining a series of steps in early embryonic development. Other evidence has led to the postulate that genes in the MHS have given rise to immunoglobulin structural genes by a process of translocation and further gene duplication. While these evolutionary relationships are speculative, it seems clear that the MHS determines a series of cell surface proteins that are intimately involved in cellular recognition and interaction, and in regulation of immune responsiveness by a new, nonimmunoglobulin recognition system."}
{"id": "PMID:947796", "title": "Transition from the polikilotherm to the homeotherm: possible role of sodium transport and thyroid hormone.", "content": "The evolutionary transition from poikilothermy to homeothermy required the recruitment of complex mechanisms that provided both higher rates of heat production and regulation of heat loss in the presence of wide variations in ambient temperature. Two pathways that have been considered to be contributors to the transition to homeothermy are thyroid-regulated thermogenesis and nonshivering thermogenesis in the adaptation to cold. These pathways may yield higher rates of heat production in homeotherms by two processes that need not be mutually exclusive: a) hydrolysis of ATP and consequent generation of the Pi acceptor--ADP, or b) decreased coupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. A significant fraction of both thyroid and catecholamine thermogenesis has been ascribed to enhanced energy expenditure in active transmembrane Na+ transport (i.e., the Na+ pump). By extension these findings implicate the Na+ pump as a heat source in the evolution of the homeotherms. The thermogenic response to thyroid hormone is both rapid and profound in homeotherms (mammals), and more slowly evident and probably lesser in magnitude in poikilotherms (amphibia and reptiles). One crucial pathway in the evolution to homeothermy may be nonshivering thermogenesis in response to cold. In mice, most of the elevated rate of oxygen consumption of liver and skeletal muscle elicited by cold exposure is ouabain-sensitive. Thus, the Na+ pump appears to be an important heat source in the transition to homeothermy. The underlying biochemical mechanisms that mediate the contribution of the Na+ pump to heat production, including responsiveness to thyroid hormone and catecholamines, however, may not be unique to the homeotherms.", "contents": "Transition from the polikilotherm to the homeotherm: possible role of sodium transport and thyroid hormone. The evolutionary transition from poikilothermy to homeothermy required the recruitment of complex mechanisms that provided both higher rates of heat production and regulation of heat loss in the presence of wide variations in ambient temperature. Two pathways that have been considered to be contributors to the transition to homeothermy are thyroid-regulated thermogenesis and nonshivering thermogenesis in the adaptation to cold. These pathways may yield higher rates of heat production in homeotherms by two processes that need not be mutually exclusive: a) hydrolysis of ATP and consequent generation of the Pi acceptor--ADP, or b) decreased coupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. A significant fraction of both thyroid and catecholamine thermogenesis has been ascribed to enhanced energy expenditure in active transmembrane Na+ transport (i.e., the Na+ pump). By extension these findings implicate the Na+ pump as a heat source in the evolution of the homeotherms. The thermogenic response to thyroid hormone is both rapid and profound in homeotherms (mammals), and more slowly evident and probably lesser in magnitude in poikilotherms (amphibia and reptiles). One crucial pathway in the evolution to homeothermy may be nonshivering thermogenesis in response to cold. In mice, most of the elevated rate of oxygen consumption of liver and skeletal muscle elicited by cold exposure is ouabain-sensitive. Thus, the Na+ pump appears to be an important heat source in the transition to homeothermy. The underlying biochemical mechanisms that mediate the contribution of the Na+ pump to heat production, including responsiveness to thyroid hormone and catecholamines, however, may not be unique to the homeotherms."}
{"id": "PMID:947831", "title": "Mineral Nutrition of Aspergillus niger for citric acid production.", "content": "The mineral requirements of a strain of Aspergillus niger for the production of citric acid in a synthetic medium were studied. It was observed that K2HPO4 and MgSO4. 7 H2O were required at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.02% respectively. The optimum level of each of the trace elements Fe, Mn and Zn was 1.0 mug/ml. NaC1 and CaC12 at lower concentrations had no effect on citric acid production. Trace elements, Cu, Co and Mo, had an adverse effect on the production of citric acid while Ni and V were without effect.", "contents": "Mineral Nutrition of Aspergillus niger for citric acid production. The mineral requirements of a strain of Aspergillus niger for the production of citric acid in a synthetic medium were studied. It was observed that K2HPO4 and MgSO4. 7 H2O were required at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.02% respectively. The optimum level of each of the trace elements Fe, Mn and Zn was 1.0 mug/ml. NaC1 and CaC12 at lower concentrations had no effect on citric acid production. Trace elements, Cu, Co and Mo, had an adverse effect on the production of citric acid while Ni and V were without effect."}
{"id": "PMID:947832", "title": "Steroid derivatives. LXXIX. Microbial 15 beta-hydroxylation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-16-methylene derivatives of the pregnane series by the action of Cunninghamella blakesleeana.", "content": "Hydroxylation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-6-chloro-16-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (Chlorosuperlutin, I) by Cunninghamella blakesleeana yielded a 15 beta-hydroxyderivative II. Analogous transformation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-16-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (Superlutin, IV) included a hydroxylation in position 15 beta and probably also in 11 beta with a concomitant reduction of the 6,7-double bond.", "contents": "Steroid derivatives. LXXIX. Microbial 15 beta-hydroxylation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-16-methylene derivatives of the pregnane series by the action of Cunninghamella blakesleeana. Hydroxylation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-6-chloro-16-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (Chlorosuperlutin, I) by Cunninghamella blakesleeana yielded a 15 beta-hydroxyderivative II. Analogous transformation of 17 alpha-acetoxy-16-methylene-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione (Superlutin, IV) included a hydroxylation in position 15 beta and probably also in 11 beta with a concomitant reduction of the 6,7-double bond."}
{"id": "PMID:947835", "title": "Physiological characteristics of chemostatically grown Citrobacter freundii as a function of the specific growth rate and type of nutrient limitation.", "content": "Citrobacter freundii was grown aerobically in a chemostat on a mineral medium with galactose or glucose as carbon and energy sources under limitation by carbon or nitrogen source respectively. At various specific growth rates ranging from 7 to 95% mumax the culture in steady state was analysed and growth yield, specific metabolic rate of substrate utilization, intracellular concentration of pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP and energy charge were determined and plotted as functions of dilution rate. In all four types of experiments the physiological state of cells remained practically independent of dilution rate up to D=0.6 mumax, and at a given specific growth rate nearly independent on mumax and type of limitation. At approximately D=0.6 mumax, which is close to the maximum output dilution rate Dm, the physiological state of the cells changed: growth yields decreased and intr cellular pyruvate and adenylates concentrations increased. Consequently, in a given medium two dilution rates exist at which growth rate dx/dt is the same but the physiology of the population is quite different.", "contents": "Physiological characteristics of chemostatically grown Citrobacter freundii as a function of the specific growth rate and type of nutrient limitation. Citrobacter freundii was grown aerobically in a chemostat on a mineral medium with galactose or glucose as carbon and energy sources under limitation by carbon or nitrogen source respectively. At various specific growth rates ranging from 7 to 95% mumax the culture in steady state was analysed and growth yield, specific metabolic rate of substrate utilization, intracellular concentration of pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP and energy charge were determined and plotted as functions of dilution rate. In all four types of experiments the physiological state of cells remained practically independent of dilution rate up to D=0.6 mumax, and at a given specific growth rate nearly independent on mumax and type of limitation. At approximately D=0.6 mumax, which is close to the maximum output dilution rate Dm, the physiological state of the cells changed: growth yields decreased and intr cellular pyruvate and adenylates concentrations increased. Consequently, in a given medium two dilution rates exist at which growth rate dx/dt is the same but the physiology of the population is quite different."}
{"id": "PMID:947836", "title": "Amidase activity of some bacteria.", "content": "The amidase activity of bacteria possessing a high nitrilase activity was found to display the same spectrum although the bacteria may belong to different taxonomic groups, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacteriun. The spectrum of amidase activity, although very broad, is more restricted than that of nitrilase activity. Internal amides as well as vinyl-bound amides are not hydrolyzed.", "contents": "Amidase activity of some bacteria. The amidase activity of bacteria possessing a high nitrilase activity was found to display the same spectrum although the bacteria may belong to different taxonomic groups, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacteriun. The spectrum of amidase activity, although very broad, is more restricted than that of nitrilase activity. Internal amides as well as vinyl-bound amides are not hydrolyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:947839", "title": "Some paradoxical effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on protein turnover in cultured human cells.", "content": "Low concentrations of cycloheximide, sufficient to block net protein synthesis in growing normal and cancer cells, had no effect on protein turnover, i.e. either the incorporation of labeled amino acids from media lacking other amino acids essential for growth, or the loss to the medium of amino acids from prelabeled cells. At the concentrations that blocked growth, the rate of amino acid incorporation from complete medium was reduced to the \"turnover level\" i.e. the rate of incorporation seen in amino acid-deficient media. Protein turnover was inhibited only at higher concentrations of the inhibitor. Qualitatively similar results have been obtained with puromycin, anisomycin, emetin and tylocerebrine.", "contents": "Some paradoxical effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on protein turnover in cultured human cells. Low concentrations of cycloheximide, sufficient to block net protein synthesis in growing normal and cancer cells, had no effect on protein turnover, i.e. either the incorporation of labeled amino acids from media lacking other amino acids essential for growth, or the loss to the medium of amino acids from prelabeled cells. At the concentrations that blocked growth, the rate of amino acid incorporation from complete medium was reduced to the \"turnover level\" i.e. the rate of incorporation seen in amino acid-deficient media. Protein turnover was inhibited only at higher concentrations of the inhibitor. Qualitatively similar results have been obtained with puromycin, anisomycin, emetin and tylocerebrine."}
{"id": "PMID:947840", "title": "Synchronization of some human cell strains by serum and calcium starvation.", "content": "A technique was investigated for producing parasynchronous growth of some established, aneuploid human cell strains. Removal of both serum and calcium from exponentially growing monolayer cells tended to inhibit their growth. After 20 hr, a high percentage of the cell population was arrested in or near mitosis. Readdition of serum and calcium caused parasynchronous growth of the cells of three human strains studied. All three strains incorporated tritiated thymidine maximally 10 to 15 hr after serum and calcium were added, and cell numbers increased rapidly 17 to 25 hr after the growth medium was reconstituted. Population-doubling ranged from 80% to 100% of the theoretical. The yield of parasynchronous cells is high with this technique and may produce a significant amount of nontemporally distorted biological material upon which direct biochemical analysis can be performed at various times within the generation cycle.", "contents": "Synchronization of some human cell strains by serum and calcium starvation. A technique was investigated for producing parasynchronous growth of some established, aneuploid human cell strains. Removal of both serum and calcium from exponentially growing monolayer cells tended to inhibit their growth. After 20 hr, a high percentage of the cell population was arrested in or near mitosis. Readdition of serum and calcium caused parasynchronous growth of the cells of three human strains studied. All three strains incorporated tritiated thymidine maximally 10 to 15 hr after serum and calcium were added, and cell numbers increased rapidly 17 to 25 hr after the growth medium was reconstituted. Population-doubling ranged from 80% to 100% of the theoretical. The yield of parasynchronous cells is high with this technique and may produce a significant amount of nontemporally distorted biological material upon which direct biochemical analysis can be performed at various times within the generation cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:947841", "title": "Inactivation of the biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ganglioside Gt1.", "content": "Biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, such as its hemolytic activity and lethal activity, were inhibited by neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, of which GT1 ganglioside was the most inhibitory. Neuraminidase-resistant gangliosides did not affect the activities of the hemolysin. Results showed that horse erythrocytes, which are resistant to the hemolysin, do not contain the neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides GT1 and GD1a. Therefore, we propose that neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, and especially GT1 ganglioside, may be the receptor sites on the membranes for the thermostable direct hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus.", "contents": "Inactivation of the biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ganglioside Gt1. Biological activities of the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, such as its hemolytic activity and lethal activity, were inhibited by neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, of which GT1 ganglioside was the most inhibitory. Neuraminidase-resistant gangliosides did not affect the activities of the hemolysin. Results showed that horse erythrocytes, which are resistant to the hemolysin, do not contain the neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides GT1 and GD1a. Therefore, we propose that neuraminidase-sensitive gangliosides, and especially GT1 ganglioside, may be the receptor sites on the membranes for the thermostable direct hemolysin of V. parahaemolyticus."}
{"id": "PMID:947842", "title": "Regulation and extracellular glucosyltransferase production and the relationship between extracellular and cell-associated activities in Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The regulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase production in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 has been studied using a chemically defined medium. Most of the glucosyltransferase activity produced by cells grown in the chemically defined medium was extracellular, in contrast with the distribution between cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase activity when cells were grown in complex medium. The production of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity coincided with the logarithmic growth phase, and further accumulation ceased when glucose was exhausted from the medium. Accumulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was inhibited immediately by chloramphenicol and rifamycin, added either at the beginning of growth or during mid-logarithmic growth. Low concentrations of chloramphenicol inhibited both cellular protein synthesis and the accumulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity to the same extent, indicating a close coupling between glucosyltransferase synthesis and secretion. Experiments using cell lysates showed that no intracellular accumulation of glucosyltransferase activity occurred in the presence of the inhibitors and that the intracellular activity is very low relative to the cell-surface activity. The utilization of cells depleted of cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity indicated that most of the cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity does not act as a precursor for the extracellular enzyme. Sugar analogue inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis did not have any specific effects on the synthesis or secretion of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity.", "contents": "Regulation and extracellular glucosyltransferase production and the relationship between extracellular and cell-associated activities in Streptococcus mutans. The regulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase production in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 has been studied using a chemically defined medium. Most of the glucosyltransferase activity produced by cells grown in the chemically defined medium was extracellular, in contrast with the distribution between cell-associated and extracellular glucosyltransferase activity when cells were grown in complex medium. The production of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity coincided with the logarithmic growth phase, and further accumulation ceased when glucose was exhausted from the medium. Accumulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity was inhibited immediately by chloramphenicol and rifamycin, added either at the beginning of growth or during mid-logarithmic growth. Low concentrations of chloramphenicol inhibited both cellular protein synthesis and the accumulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity to the same extent, indicating a close coupling between glucosyltransferase synthesis and secretion. Experiments using cell lysates showed that no intracellular accumulation of glucosyltransferase activity occurred in the presence of the inhibitors and that the intracellular activity is very low relative to the cell-surface activity. The utilization of cells depleted of cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity indicated that most of the cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity does not act as a precursor for the extracellular enzyme. Sugar analogue inhibitors of glycoprotein synthesis did not have any specific effects on the synthesis or secretion of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947843", "title": "In vitro activity of guinea pig transfer factor released into plasma.", "content": "Plasma fractions and plasma dialysate from 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- and tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs that had been treated with either antilymphocytic serum or normal control serum were analyzed for their ability to transfer lymphocyte transformation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and macrophage migration inhibition, as well as delayed hypersensitivity in vivo. Antilymphocytic serum caused rapid release of material, which has characteristics of transfer factor, into the plasma. It was dialyzable, migrated electrophoretically with the alpha globulins and albumin, possessed a 280/260 (nm) optical density ratio of 0.7, and caused in vitro lymphocyte transformation in the presence of the specific antigen. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis antibodies were also present in the plasma of sensitive animals, but they were isolated in electrophoretic or dialysis fractions separate from those containing transfer activity.", "contents": "In vitro activity of guinea pig transfer factor released into plasma. Plasma fractions and plasma dialysate from 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- and tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs that had been treated with either antilymphocytic serum or normal control serum were analyzed for their ability to transfer lymphocyte transformation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and macrophage migration inhibition, as well as delayed hypersensitivity in vivo. Antilymphocytic serum caused rapid release of material, which has characteristics of transfer factor, into the plasma. It was dialyzable, migrated electrophoretically with the alpha globulins and albumin, possessed a 280/260 (nm) optical density ratio of 0.7, and caused in vitro lymphocyte transformation in the presence of the specific antigen. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis antibodies were also present in the plasma of sensitive animals, but they were isolated in electrophoretic or dialysis fractions separate from those containing transfer activity."}
{"id": "PMID:947844", "title": "Isolation of Brucella melitensis phage of broad biotype and species specificity.", "content": "A Brucella melitensis phage was isolated. Stocks of phage were established which produced early large plaques. The phage host range included all smooth Brucella species.", "contents": "Isolation of Brucella melitensis phage of broad biotype and species specificity. A Brucella melitensis phage was isolated. Stocks of phage were established which produced early large plaques. The phage host range included all smooth Brucella species."}
{"id": "PMID:947845", "title": "Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis and chemiluminescence by amphotericin B.", "content": "The effect of the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluocytosine, miconazole, griseofulvin, and nystatin on the chemotactic responsiveness of human neutrophils was studied. Amphotericin B in a concentration of 2 mug/ml inhibited chemotatic responsiveness, and in a concentration of 5 mug/ml it also inhibited chemiluminescence. The inhibition of chemotaxis could be reversed by washing the cells. The other antifungal drugs did not inhibit chemotaxis even in concentrations much higher than those obtained in human serum during treatment.", "contents": "Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis and chemiluminescence by amphotericin B. The effect of the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluocytosine, miconazole, griseofulvin, and nystatin on the chemotactic responsiveness of human neutrophils was studied. Amphotericin B in a concentration of 2 mug/ml inhibited chemotatic responsiveness, and in a concentration of 5 mug/ml it also inhibited chemiluminescence. The inhibition of chemotaxis could be reversed by washing the cells. The other antifungal drugs did not inhibit chemotaxis even in concentrations much higher than those obtained in human serum during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:947846", "title": "Is the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease similar to that juvenile recurrent pyelonephritis? A study of lipid A antibody titers in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and acute enteritis.", "content": "In 18 patients with Crohn's disease, 28 patients with ulcerative colitis, 24 patients with enteritis and in 68 healthy adults lipid A antibody titers were determined by the passive hemolysis test. In addition, 0 antibody titers to polyvalent E. coli, Klebisella, Proteus, and Ps. aeruginosa antigens were measured by indirect hemagglutination. The patients with Crohn's disease showed a statistically significant elevation of the lipid A antibody titers compared with each of the three other groups investigated. The 0 antibody titers for the four polyvalent antigens were also higher in the patients with Crohn's disease than in the other groups. The results indicate that Enterobacteriaceae are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Thus long-term treatment with wide spectrum antibiotics seems to be justified. The determination of lipid A antibody titers may be a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Is the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease similar to that juvenile recurrent pyelonephritis? A study of lipid A antibody titers in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and acute enteritis. In 18 patients with Crohn's disease, 28 patients with ulcerative colitis, 24 patients with enteritis and in 68 healthy adults lipid A antibody titers were determined by the passive hemolysis test. In addition, 0 antibody titers to polyvalent E. coli, Klebisella, Proteus, and Ps. aeruginosa antigens were measured by indirect hemagglutination. The patients with Crohn's disease showed a statistically significant elevation of the lipid A antibody titers compared with each of the three other groups investigated. The 0 antibody titers for the four polyvalent antigens were also higher in the patients with Crohn's disease than in the other groups. The results indicate that Enterobacteriaceae are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Thus long-term treatment with wide spectrum antibiotics seems to be justified. The determination of lipid A antibody titers may be a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:947847", "title": "Septicaemia and meningitis with campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis.", "content": "Two cases of infection with Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis are reported. In a 46-year-old farmer the development of septicaemic campylobacteriosis with acute gastroenterocolitis was favoured by malnutrition due to chronic alcoholism. After treatment with erythromycin the patient recovered completely. The second patient, a 40-year-old worker with meningitis, recovered after combined streptomycin-erytro-mycin therapy. In both patients antibodies against homologous and reference strains of Campylobycter fetus subspecies intestinalis, serotype 1 (Mitscherlich) were demonstrated in titres ranging from 1:16 to 1:64 by type the complement-fixation test.", "contents": "Septicaemia and meningitis with campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis. Two cases of infection with Campylobacter fetus subspecies intestinalis are reported. In a 46-year-old farmer the development of septicaemic campylobacteriosis with acute gastroenterocolitis was favoured by malnutrition due to chronic alcoholism. After treatment with erythromycin the patient recovered completely. The second patient, a 40-year-old worker with meningitis, recovered after combined streptomycin-erytro-mycin therapy. In both patients antibodies against homologous and reference strains of Campylobycter fetus subspecies intestinalis, serotype 1 (Mitscherlich) were demonstrated in titres ranging from 1:16 to 1:64 by type the complement-fixation test."}
{"id": "PMID:947848", "title": "The long-term outcome of hepatitis B.", "content": "Among 466 hospitalized patients with serologically verified acute hepatitis B, 440 individuals (94.4%) could be followed up until normalization of liver function had occured, or for at least one year. In 90.2% of the patients followed-up liver function including galactose tolerance) returned to normal within four months after onset of illness. Chronic persistent hepatitis B surface antigen (HB Ag) for at least one year in 14 patients (50%). Liver biopsy was performed in consistent with CPH in all cases. Histological signs of chronic aggressive hepatitis developed in 15 patients  (3.4%) and persistence of HB Ag was observed in 11 of these patients (73%). No histological follow-up was performed in patients with normal liver function within four months after onset of illness. Cprticosteroid treatment in 56 patients with prolonged symptoms did not seem to predispose to persistence of HbsaG in the serum.", "contents": "The long-term outcome of hepatitis B. Among 466 hospitalized patients with serologically verified acute hepatitis B, 440 individuals (94.4%) could be followed up until normalization of liver function had occured, or for at least one year. In 90.2% of the patients followed-up liver function including galactose tolerance) returned to normal within four months after onset of illness. Chronic persistent hepatitis B surface antigen (HB Ag) for at least one year in 14 patients (50%). Liver biopsy was performed in consistent with CPH in all cases. Histological signs of chronic aggressive hepatitis developed in 15 patients  (3.4%) and persistence of HB Ag was observed in 11 of these patients (73%). No histological follow-up was performed in patients with normal liver function within four months after onset of illness. Cprticosteroid treatment in 56 patients with prolonged symptoms did not seem to predispose to persistence of HbsaG in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:947849", "title": "[A new influenza subunit vaccine: reactogenicity and antigenicity in comparison to split and whole virus vaccines (author's transl)].", "content": "The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new influenza subunit vaccine essentially containing only haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was studied in man. The vaccine was compared to commercially available vaccines, an adjuvant containing tween-ether split vaccine (800 IU per dose), and a fluid whole-virus vaccine (2100 IU per dose). Two dosages (700 and 2100 IU) of the fluid subunit vaccine were compared. All vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the WHO for the 1975/76 season. In a double-blind study 399 volunteers were randomly selected to receive one of the four vaccines. The volunteers were examined for side-effects 24 and 48 hr after vaccination. Antibodies inhibiting haemagglutination were determined prior to and four weeks after vaccination. The sudunit vaccine at 700 IU per dose caused significantly fewer local side effects than the comparable split vaccine, and resulted in significantly higher antibody titers against both influenza A strains. A comparison of the subunit and whole virus vaccines containing high dosages (2100 IU) showed striking differences in reactogenicity. Subunit vaccine was very well tolerated. whereas whole virus vaccine caused systemic reactions, including fever and headache, in 15% of the volunteers. No significant reactogenicity was seen with a high dosage of subunit vaccine (2100 IU) although this is a three-fold increase on the currently used European dosage. Antibody titers were significantly enhanced however.", "contents": "[A new influenza subunit vaccine: reactogenicity and antigenicity in comparison to split and whole virus vaccines (author's transl)]. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new influenza subunit vaccine essentially containing only haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was studied in man. The vaccine was compared to commercially available vaccines, an adjuvant containing tween-ether split vaccine (800 IU per dose), and a fluid whole-virus vaccine (2100 IU per dose). Two dosages (700 and 2100 IU) of the fluid subunit vaccine were compared. All vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the WHO for the 1975/76 season. In a double-blind study 399 volunteers were randomly selected to receive one of the four vaccines. The volunteers were examined for side-effects 24 and 48 hr after vaccination. Antibodies inhibiting haemagglutination were determined prior to and four weeks after vaccination. The sudunit vaccine at 700 IU per dose caused significantly fewer local side effects than the comparable split vaccine, and resulted in significantly higher antibody titers against both influenza A strains. A comparison of the subunit and whole virus vaccines containing high dosages (2100 IU) showed striking differences in reactogenicity. Subunit vaccine was very well tolerated. whereas whole virus vaccine caused systemic reactions, including fever and headache, in 15% of the volunteers. No significant reactogenicity was seen with a high dosage of subunit vaccine (2100 IU) although this is a three-fold increase on the currently used European dosage. Antibody titers were significantly enhanced however."}
{"id": "PMID:947850", "title": "[Humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions in chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The humoral and cell mediated immune response was investigated in 90 patients suffering from chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis. In 10-20% of the patients the serum IgG and IgM was increased, in 5-10% the levels were decreased. The values were compared with those of a control group of 35 normal healthy volunteers. Of 55 patients with staphylococcal infection only 25 had a positive antistaphylolysin titer. Eleven out of 25 patients with staphylococcal osteomyelitis showed a positive in vitro lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with alpha-staphylolysin (mean transformation rate 5.4 equal to or less than 0.9). The phytohemagglutinin and the pokeweed-mitogen response were normal. A comparison of the immunological reactivity of the patients and the clinical severity of the disease showed that patients with established delayed-type hypersensitivity phenomena suffered a significantly worse clinical course of the disease.", "contents": "[Humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions in chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. The humoral and cell mediated immune response was investigated in 90 patients suffering from chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis. In 10-20% of the patients the serum IgG and IgM was increased, in 5-10% the levels were decreased. The values were compared with those of a control group of 35 normal healthy volunteers. Of 55 patients with staphylococcal infection only 25 had a positive antistaphylolysin titer. Eleven out of 25 patients with staphylococcal osteomyelitis showed a positive in vitro lymphocyte transformation after stimulation with alpha-staphylolysin (mean transformation rate 5.4 equal to or less than 0.9). The phytohemagglutinin and the pokeweed-mitogen response were normal. A comparison of the immunological reactivity of the patients and the clinical severity of the disease showed that patients with established delayed-type hypersensitivity phenomena suffered a significantly worse clinical course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947851", "title": "A cell line (SCABER) derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder.", "content": "An established cell line derived from a documented squamous cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder is described. The cultured cells retained the characteristic morphology of the tumor of origin for 40 in vitro passages. Numerous desmosomes were found between cultured cells. Chromosome analysis showed hypotetraploidy with no obvious modal number, while distinctive marker chromosomes and a male karyotype were present.", "contents": "A cell line (SCABER) derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the human urinary bladder. An established cell line derived from a documented squamous cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder is described. The cultured cells retained the characteristic morphology of the tumor of origin for 40 in vitro passages. Numerous desmosomes were found between cultured cells. Chromosome analysis showed hypotetraploidy with no obvious modal number, while distinctive marker chromosomes and a male karyotype were present."}
{"id": "PMID:947852", "title": "The induction of immunity against tumor cell transplantation with a complex of tumor cell surface substance and a serum component found in the tumor-regressor animals.", "content": "Immunity against transplantation of MM2 cells, an ascites cell line of mouse mammary carcinoma, was induced in syngeneic C3H/He mice by intraperitoneal injection of a complex formed between a MM2-specific surface component isolated from the cells and a serum factor found in the serum from MM2-regressor and MM2-bearing mice. The induced immunity was transferable to other mice with the spleen cells or with the serum from the immunized animals. This cell surface component was not immunogenic by itself. A new immunogenicity was induced in the protein moiety of this substance when the serum factor was bound to the polysaccharide-containing part of the molecule. On the basis of these results, a biphasic mechanism for the induction of the humoral immunity against tumor antigens was proposed. The first phase takes place in tumor-bearing animals and gives rise to the serum factor. The second phase, which is blocked in tumor-bearing animals, consists of the induction of the humoral immunity by the complex in tumor-free animals.", "contents": "The induction of immunity against tumor cell transplantation with a complex of tumor cell surface substance and a serum component found in the tumor-regressor animals. Immunity against transplantation of MM2 cells, an ascites cell line of mouse mammary carcinoma, was induced in syngeneic C3H/He mice by intraperitoneal injection of a complex formed between a MM2-specific surface component isolated from the cells and a serum factor found in the serum from MM2-regressor and MM2-bearing mice. The induced immunity was transferable to other mice with the spleen cells or with the serum from the immunized animals. This cell surface component was not immunogenic by itself. A new immunogenicity was induced in the protein moiety of this substance when the serum factor was bound to the polysaccharide-containing part of the molecule. On the basis of these results, a biphasic mechanism for the induction of the humoral immunity against tumor antigens was proposed. The first phase takes place in tumor-bearing animals and gives rise to the serum factor. The second phase, which is blocked in tumor-bearing animals, consists of the induction of the humoral immunity by the complex in tumor-free animals."}
{"id": "PMID:947853", "title": "Humoral reactions in syngeneic hosts against tumor cell surface incomplete saccharide moieties.", "content": "Components on the surface of MM2 ascites mammary carcinoma cells induce agglutination factors in the serum of syngeneic host C3H/He mice, and bind the factors in vitro. These components have been classified into three groups: MM2-specific substances, mammary tumor virus (MTV)-associated substances and tumor-associated embryonic materials. The substances contained saccharide moieties and their terminal sugar residues were essential for the binding of the serum factors. These terminal saccharides were exposed during cell proliferation,but masked in stationary cells, at least partly, due to elongation of the saccahride moieits. The terminal structures of these polysaccharide moities of growing and stationary cells were studied by semiquantitative tumor cell agglutination using the agglutinating activities against MM2 cells of MM2-regressor serum and of FMA/R- and Ehrlich-regressor sera which had partial cross-agglutination activities. Agglutination by phytohemagglutinins, inhibition of the agglutination by saccharides or with isolated cell surface components and treatment of the cells with glycosidases were also used for this purpose.", "contents": "Humoral reactions in syngeneic hosts against tumor cell surface incomplete saccharide moieties. Components on the surface of MM2 ascites mammary carcinoma cells induce agglutination factors in the serum of syngeneic host C3H/He mice, and bind the factors in vitro. These components have been classified into three groups: MM2-specific substances, mammary tumor virus (MTV)-associated substances and tumor-associated embryonic materials. The substances contained saccharide moieties and their terminal sugar residues were essential for the binding of the serum factors. These terminal saccharides were exposed during cell proliferation,but masked in stationary cells, at least partly, due to elongation of the saccahride moieits. The terminal structures of these polysaccharide moities of growing and stationary cells were studied by semiquantitative tumor cell agglutination using the agglutinating activities against MM2 cells of MM2-regressor serum and of FMA/R- and Ehrlich-regressor sera which had partial cross-agglutination activities. Agglutination by phytohemagglutinins, inhibition of the agglutination by saccharides or with isolated cell surface components and treatment of the cells with glycosidases were also used for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:947854", "title": "Specific sensitization of lymphocytes to tumor antigens by co-cultivation with peritoneal cells exposed to such antigens.", "content": "Peritoneal cells from BALB/c mice were seeded into 50-mm plastic Petri dishes and exposed either to antigen extracts prepared from individual BALB/c sarcomas having unique tumor-specific antigens, to similar extracts prepared from 14- to 18-day-old mouse embryos, or to culture medium only. Lymphoid cells from BALB/c lymph nodes were than added to the peritoneal cells. Following 4-5 days of co-cultivation, the lymphoid cells were harvested and tested in a 30 h microcytotoxicity assay for reactivity against tumor cells carrying the respective sensitizing antigens as well as against control cells which consisted of either tumor cells lacking the sensitizing antigens or normal skin fibroblasts. By this approach sensitization to individually unique tumor antigens, as well as to antigens shared by mouse embryos and mouse sarcoma cells, was achieved.", "contents": "Specific sensitization of lymphocytes to tumor antigens by co-cultivation with peritoneal cells exposed to such antigens. Peritoneal cells from BALB/c mice were seeded into 50-mm plastic Petri dishes and exposed either to antigen extracts prepared from individual BALB/c sarcomas having unique tumor-specific antigens, to similar extracts prepared from 14- to 18-day-old mouse embryos, or to culture medium only. Lymphoid cells from BALB/c lymph nodes were than added to the peritoneal cells. Following 4-5 days of co-cultivation, the lymphoid cells were harvested and tested in a 30 h microcytotoxicity assay for reactivity against tumor cells carrying the respective sensitizing antigens as well as against control cells which consisted of either tumor cells lacking the sensitizing antigens or normal skin fibroblasts. By this approach sensitization to individually unique tumor antigens, as well as to antigens shared by mouse embryos and mouse sarcoma cells, was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:947855", "title": "Stimulation of transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in mice by specific immune ahd by normal serum.", "content": "Serum from Bl x C3H mice carrying syngeneic, progressively growing, highly immunogenic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced tumors when admixed with the specific tumor and inoculated into immunologically crippled syngeneic recipients, stimulated growth as compared with serum from control normal mice. It appears that this acceleration of tumor growth is an immune effect since it is not present when a non-immunogenic (spontaneous tissue culture) tumor is used; and the active factor can be absorbed from the serum by the specific tumor but not by an immunologically unrelated tumor. Normal serum per se also stimulated tumor growth, but to a smaller extent.", "contents": "Stimulation of transplanted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in mice by specific immune ahd by normal serum. Serum from Bl x C3H mice carrying syngeneic, progressively growing, highly immunogenic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced tumors when admixed with the specific tumor and inoculated into immunologically crippled syngeneic recipients, stimulated growth as compared with serum from control normal mice. It appears that this acceleration of tumor growth is an immune effect since it is not present when a non-immunogenic (spontaneous tissue culture) tumor is used; and the active factor can be absorbed from the serum by the specific tumor but not by an immunologically unrelated tumor. Normal serum per se also stimulated tumor growth, but to a smaller extent."}
{"id": "PMID:947857", "title": "The involvement of a diol-epoxide in the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene in human bronchial mucosa and in mouse skin.", "content": "DNA has been isolated from human bronchial segments that have been treated in short-term organ culture with 3H-labelled benzo (a) pyrene. DNA has also been isolated from mouse skin treated with 3H-labelled samples of benzo (a) pyrene, with the related radioactive 4,5-, 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and with 3H-3-hydroxybenzo (a) pyrene. Sephadex LH20 column chromatography of hydrolysates of these DNA samples showed that the hydrocarbondeoxyribonucleoside products formed in benzo (a)-pyrene-treated human bronchial mucosa and mouse skin are indistinguishable from those that are formed when 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a) pyrene 9,10-oxide reacts with DNA in solution. These same hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were also found in hydrolysates of DNA from mouse skin treated with 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a)-pyrene but products of this type were not detected in hydrolysates of DNA following treatment of mouse skin either with the 4,5- or 9,10-dihydrodiols or with 3-hydroxybenzo (a) pyrene. This results show that the metabolic activation of benzo (a) pyrene to a diolepoxide, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a) pyrene 9,10-oxide, which reacts with DNA, is the same in human bronchial mucosa, a tissue in which this hydrocarbon is suspected of being carcinogenic, as it is in mouse skin and in hamster embryo cells, two situations in which benzo(a)pyrene is known to induce malignancy.", "contents": "The involvement of a diol-epoxide in the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene in human bronchial mucosa and in mouse skin. DNA has been isolated from human bronchial segments that have been treated in short-term organ culture with 3H-labelled benzo (a) pyrene. DNA has also been isolated from mouse skin treated with 3H-labelled samples of benzo (a) pyrene, with the related radioactive 4,5-, 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and with 3H-3-hydroxybenzo (a) pyrene. Sephadex LH20 column chromatography of hydrolysates of these DNA samples showed that the hydrocarbondeoxyribonucleoside products formed in benzo (a)-pyrene-treated human bronchial mucosa and mouse skin are indistinguishable from those that are formed when 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a) pyrene 9,10-oxide reacts with DNA in solution. These same hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside products were also found in hydrolysates of DNA from mouse skin treated with 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a)-pyrene but products of this type were not detected in hydrolysates of DNA following treatment of mouse skin either with the 4,5- or 9,10-dihydrodiols or with 3-hydroxybenzo (a) pyrene. This results show that the metabolic activation of benzo (a) pyrene to a diolepoxide, 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo (a) pyrene 9,10-oxide, which reacts with DNA, is the same in human bronchial mucosa, a tissue in which this hydrocarbon is suspected of being carcinogenic, as it is in mouse skin and in hamster embryo cells, two situations in which benzo(a)pyrene is known to induce malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:947858", "title": "Tumor bound immunoglobulins: the relationship between the in vivo coating of tumor cells by potentially cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies, and the expression of immune complex receptors.", "content": "In this study we investigated the relationship between binding of anti-tumor antibodies by polyoma-virus-induced SEYF- a tumor cells and the expression of immune-complex receptors on these cells. It was shown that in vivo propagated cells became progressively coated with IgG. The increase in the IgG coating of SEYF-a cells, occurring during the second week of propagation, was directly correlated with an increase in the coating of cells with potentially cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies. The activity of these antibodies was demonstrated by cell lysis following addition of exogenous complement. Cell populations propagated in vivo for longer periods (3 weeks or more) became less sensitive to exogenous complement although their IgG coating remained high, and although higher titers of anti-tumor antibodies could be eluted from them. This indicated that antibodies coating young tumor cell populations have the capacity to activate complement whereas those coating older tumor cell populations are incapable of complement activation. Previous findings that SEYF-a cell populations are able to bind unrelated immune complexes were confirmed in the present study. We also found that the capacity of these populations to bind such unrelated complexes decreased with propagation time in vivo. The involvement of anti-tumor antibodies in this phenomenon was indicated by the finding that such antibodies inhibited binding of unrelated immune complexes by young cells but not by old cells. Furthermore, treatments causing dissociation of Ig from the cell surface restored, to some extent, the capacity of anti-tumor antibodies to inhibit immune complex binding by old SEYF-a populations.", "contents": "Tumor bound immunoglobulins: the relationship between the in vivo coating of tumor cells by potentially cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies, and the expression of immune complex receptors. In this study we investigated the relationship between binding of anti-tumor antibodies by polyoma-virus-induced SEYF- a tumor cells and the expression of immune-complex receptors on these cells. It was shown that in vivo propagated cells became progressively coated with IgG. The increase in the IgG coating of SEYF-a cells, occurring during the second week of propagation, was directly correlated with an increase in the coating of cells with potentially cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies. The activity of these antibodies was demonstrated by cell lysis following addition of exogenous complement. Cell populations propagated in vivo for longer periods (3 weeks or more) became less sensitive to exogenous complement although their IgG coating remained high, and although higher titers of anti-tumor antibodies could be eluted from them. This indicated that antibodies coating young tumor cell populations have the capacity to activate complement whereas those coating older tumor cell populations are incapable of complement activation. Previous findings that SEYF-a cell populations are able to bind unrelated immune complexes were confirmed in the present study. We also found that the capacity of these populations to bind such unrelated complexes decreased with propagation time in vivo. The involvement of anti-tumor antibodies in this phenomenon was indicated by the finding that such antibodies inhibited binding of unrelated immune complexes by young cells but not by old cells. Furthermore, treatments causing dissociation of Ig from the cell surface restored, to some extent, the capacity of anti-tumor antibodies to inhibit immune complex binding by old SEYF-a populations."}
{"id": "PMID:947860", "title": "Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the detection of anti-tumour immunity. II. Monocyte reacts with tumour antigen via cytophilic anti-tumour antibody.", "content": "The peripheral blood monocyte is the reactive cell in the tube LAI assay. The monocyte loses its properties of adherence to glass upon exposure to specific antigen. Two different experiments to determine if lymphocytes, when they reacted with tumour, released mediators that were responsible for inhibiting monocyte glass adherence, gave negative results. The mechanism wherby the specific tumour antigen appeared to be recognized was the binding of cytophilic IgG antitumour antibody to receptors on the cell surface of the monocyte. The results of the experiments indicate that normal peripheral blood monocytes could be made specifically reactive (\"armed\") to the tumour extract by incubating normal peripheral blood leukocytes with serum from a reactive cancer patient. IgG isolated from \"arming\" sera was shown to have the capacity to sensitize normal leukocytes. Patients with breast cancer or malignant melanoma with limited tumour burdens had free cytophilic anti-tumour antibody in their serum, whereas the serum of patients with large tumour burdens (metastatic cancer), whose leukocytes did not react in the tube LAI assay, did not \"arm\".", "contents": "Tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the detection of anti-tumour immunity. II. Monocyte reacts with tumour antigen via cytophilic anti-tumour antibody. The peripheral blood monocyte is the reactive cell in the tube LAI assay. The monocyte loses its properties of adherence to glass upon exposure to specific antigen. Two different experiments to determine if lymphocytes, when they reacted with tumour, released mediators that were responsible for inhibiting monocyte glass adherence, gave negative results. The mechanism wherby the specific tumour antigen appeared to be recognized was the binding of cytophilic IgG antitumour antibody to receptors on the cell surface of the monocyte. The results of the experiments indicate that normal peripheral blood monocytes could be made specifically reactive (\"armed\") to the tumour extract by incubating normal peripheral blood leukocytes with serum from a reactive cancer patient. IgG isolated from \"arming\" sera was shown to have the capacity to sensitize normal leukocytes. Patients with breast cancer or malignant melanoma with limited tumour burdens had free cytophilic anti-tumour antibody in their serum, whereas the serum of patients with large tumour burdens (metastatic cancer), whose leukocytes did not react in the tube LAI assay, did not \"arm\"."}
{"id": "PMID:947861", "title": "Serum dependence of expression of the transformed phenotype: experiments with subline of mouse L fibroblasts adapted to growth in serum-free medium.", "content": "Characteristics of LSF cells grown in serum-containing and serum-free medium were compared. LSF is a subline of the L-strain of mouse transformed fibroblasts adapted to continuous growth is serum-free medium. Proliferation of LSF cells in monolayer on solid substratum was almost similar in serum-containing and in serum-free media. However, several other characters were found to be altered by the addition of serum to the serum-free medium: ability of cells to form colonies in semi-solid medium increased considerably; agglutinability of cells by Concanavalin A increased; uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by the cells increased considerably; ability of cells to metabolize benzo (a) pyrene was inhibited; cell morphology was altered and, in particular, the cells became less spread on the substratum and density of microvilli on the cell surface increased. All these changes induced by serum were reversed by transfer of the cells back into serum-free medium. Thus, addition of serum increased the expression of a number of cellular traits characteristic of transformed phenotype, while in serum-free medium partial phenotypic reversion of transformation was observed. A possible role of serum in the expression of the transformed phenotype is discussed. It is pointed out that cell lines adapted to growth in serum-free medium provide an experimental system convenient for analysis of the effects of different serum components on the cell phenotype.", "contents": "Serum dependence of expression of the transformed phenotype: experiments with subline of mouse L fibroblasts adapted to growth in serum-free medium. Characteristics of LSF cells grown in serum-containing and serum-free medium were compared. LSF is a subline of the L-strain of mouse transformed fibroblasts adapted to continuous growth is serum-free medium. Proliferation of LSF cells in monolayer on solid substratum was almost similar in serum-containing and in serum-free media. However, several other characters were found to be altered by the addition of serum to the serum-free medium: ability of cells to form colonies in semi-solid medium increased considerably; agglutinability of cells by Concanavalin A increased; uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by the cells increased considerably; ability of cells to metabolize benzo (a) pyrene was inhibited; cell morphology was altered and, in particular, the cells became less spread on the substratum and density of microvilli on the cell surface increased. All these changes induced by serum were reversed by transfer of the cells back into serum-free medium. Thus, addition of serum increased the expression of a number of cellular traits characteristic of transformed phenotype, while in serum-free medium partial phenotypic reversion of transformation was observed. A possible role of serum in the expression of the transformed phenotype is discussed. It is pointed out that cell lines adapted to growth in serum-free medium provide an experimental system convenient for analysis of the effects of different serum components on the cell phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:947865", "title": "[Value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of malignant tumors of the urogenital tract].", "content": "Both in a control group and in 154 patients with malignant tumors of the urogenital tract in the serum- and urinary levels of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been ascertained by a radioimmunoassay. Serum-CEA-values lay above normal range in 71%, and urinary CEA-levels exceeded it in 46%. Only in the case of the carcinoma of the bladder a correlation was found between the CEA-curves and the clinical findings following tumor therapy. Up to the present, the CEA-test cannot be recommended as a universal screening method, but may be useful means for diagnostics and case controls, above all, with regard to the carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "[Value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of malignant tumors of the urogenital tract]. Both in a control group and in 154 patients with malignant tumors of the urogenital tract in the serum- and urinary levels of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been ascertained by a radioimmunoassay. Serum-CEA-values lay above normal range in 71%, and urinary CEA-levels exceeded it in 46%. Only in the case of the carcinoma of the bladder a correlation was found between the CEA-curves and the clinical findings following tumor therapy. Up to the present, the CEA-test cannot be recommended as a universal screening method, but may be useful means for diagnostics and case controls, above all, with regard to the carcinoma of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:947869", "title": "[Preoperative irradiation in hypernephroid carcinoma].", "content": "Since 1967 we have been using preoperative radiation therapy for hypernephroma as proposed by RICHES. Radiation therapy, to include the para-aortic lymph nodes, is given in 250 rad increments 4 times weekly to a total dose of 3000 rads. After an interval of 3 weeks following the radiation therapy, we are performing the radical nephrectomy. 100 patients were treated by this method in the years 1967-1975: 32 patients were in stage I, 7 in stage II, 50 in stage III and 11 patients in stage IV. In 26 patients more than 5 years have passed since the beginning of the treatment: 46% od these survived. The survival for 3 years is 63, for 1 year after the surgery 80%. The surgical mortality rate is 2%. The object od the preoperative treatment is: 1. Devitalization of growing cells in the periphery of the tumor, thus preventing metastases and local recurrence. 2. Decreasing the size of the tumor and thereby facilitating surgery. In one-third of the cases there is radiologically demonstrable decrease in the size of the tumor mass, probably secondary to obliteration of the dilated veins in the capsule. The delay of six weeks has had no adverse effect on the outcome of the disease.", "contents": "[Preoperative irradiation in hypernephroid carcinoma]. Since 1967 we have been using preoperative radiation therapy for hypernephroma as proposed by RICHES. Radiation therapy, to include the para-aortic lymph nodes, is given in 250 rad increments 4 times weekly to a total dose of 3000 rads. After an interval of 3 weeks following the radiation therapy, we are performing the radical nephrectomy. 100 patients were treated by this method in the years 1967-1975: 32 patients were in stage I, 7 in stage II, 50 in stage III and 11 patients in stage IV. In 26 patients more than 5 years have passed since the beginning of the treatment: 46% od these survived. The survival for 3 years is 63, for 1 year after the surgery 80%. The surgical mortality rate is 2%. The object od the preoperative treatment is: 1. Devitalization of growing cells in the periphery of the tumor, thus preventing metastases and local recurrence. 2. Decreasing the size of the tumor and thereby facilitating surgery. In one-third of the cases there is radiologically demonstrable decrease in the size of the tumor mass, probably secondary to obliteration of the dilated veins in the capsule. The delay of six weeks has had no adverse effect on the outcome of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947872", "title": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis].", "content": "Based on literature and own case the entity of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reviewed. In particular are discussed the difficulties of the preoperative diagnostic procedures and the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis]. Based on literature and own case the entity of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reviewed. In particular are discussed the difficulties of the preoperative diagnostic procedures and the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947886", "title": "Inheritance of nocardiophage phi EC in matings of nocardial lysogens.", "content": "Lysogens of Nocardia erythropolis were mated with nonlysogenic strains to study the inheritance of the phi EC prophage. Crosses between lysogenic strains of the Mat-Ce mating type and nonlysogenic Mat-cE strains produced Mat-cE lysogens at a recovery rate of 17%, whereas recombination frequencies between chromosomal traits were about 2.3 x 10(-5). Crosses of lysogenic Mat-cE mating types with nonlysogenic Mat-Ce produced Mat-Ce lysogens at a recovery rate of 19%, whereas recombinants for chromosomal traits were recovered at only 1.8 x 10(-5). Crosses of homologous mating types, lysogenic Mat-Ce with nonlysogenic Mat-Ce or lysogenic Mat-cE with nonlysogenic Mat-cE, failed to transfer the prophage. It was concluded that the phi EC prophage exists as a plasmid and can be transferred at high frequencies with patterns of transfer controlled like typical nocardial fertility. Evidence that the prophage may also exist as an integrated element was observed from recombination analyses.", "contents": "Inheritance of nocardiophage phi EC in matings of nocardial lysogens. Lysogens of Nocardia erythropolis were mated with nonlysogenic strains to study the inheritance of the phi EC prophage. Crosses between lysogenic strains of the Mat-Ce mating type and nonlysogenic Mat-cE strains produced Mat-cE lysogens at a recovery rate of 17%, whereas recombination frequencies between chromosomal traits were about 2.3 x 10(-5). Crosses of lysogenic Mat-cE mating types with nonlysogenic Mat-Ce produced Mat-Ce lysogens at a recovery rate of 19%, whereas recombinants for chromosomal traits were recovered at only 1.8 x 10(-5). Crosses of homologous mating types, lysogenic Mat-Ce with nonlysogenic Mat-Ce or lysogenic Mat-cE with nonlysogenic Mat-cE, failed to transfer the prophage. It was concluded that the phi EC prophage exists as a plasmid and can be transferred at high frequencies with patterns of transfer controlled like typical nocardial fertility. Evidence that the prophage may also exist as an integrated element was observed from recombination analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:947887", "title": "Compartmentation and control of arginine metabolism in Neurospora.", "content": "The fate of [14-C]arginine derived from the medium or from biosynthesis has been examined in Neurospora growing in arginine-supplemented medium. In both cases the label enters the cytosol, where it is used efficiently for both protein synthesis and catabolism before mixing with the majority of the endogenous [12C]arginine pool. Both metabolic processes appear to use the same cytosolic arginine pool. It is calculated that the nonorganellar cytoplasm contains approximately 20% of the intracellular arginine pool when the cells are growing in arginine-supplemented medium. The results suggest that compartmentation of arginine is a significant factor in controlling arginine metabolism in Neurospora. The significance of these results for studies of amino acid metabolism in other eukaryotic systems is discussed.", "contents": "Compartmentation and control of arginine metabolism in Neurospora. The fate of [14-C]arginine derived from the medium or from biosynthesis has been examined in Neurospora growing in arginine-supplemented medium. In both cases the label enters the cytosol, where it is used efficiently for both protein synthesis and catabolism before mixing with the majority of the endogenous [12C]arginine pool. Both metabolic processes appear to use the same cytosolic arginine pool. It is calculated that the nonorganellar cytoplasm contains approximately 20% of the intracellular arginine pool when the cells are growing in arginine-supplemented medium. The results suggest that compartmentation of arginine is a significant factor in controlling arginine metabolism in Neurospora. The significance of these results for studies of amino acid metabolism in other eukaryotic systems is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947888", "title": "Purification and properties of nitroalkane-oxidizing enzyme from Hansenula mrakii.", "content": "A nitroalkane-oxidizing enzyme was purified about 1,300-fold from a cell extract of Hansenula mrakii grown in a medium containing nitroethane as the sole nitrogen source by ammonium sulfate fractionation, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-150 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to be homogeneous upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 274, 370, 415, and 440 nm and a shoulder at 470 nm. Balance studies showed that 2 mol of 2-nitropropane is converted into an equimolar amount of acetone and nitrite with the consumption of 1 mol of oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is not formed in the enzyme reaction. In addition to 2-nitropropane, 1-nitropropane and nitroethane are oxidatively dentrified by the enzyme, but nitromethane is inert to the enzyme. The nitroalkanes are not oxidized under anaerobic conditions.", "contents": "Purification and properties of nitroalkane-oxidizing enzyme from Hansenula mrakii. A nitroalkane-oxidizing enzyme was purified about 1,300-fold from a cell extract of Hansenula mrakii grown in a medium containing nitroethane as the sole nitrogen source by ammonium sulfate fractionation, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-150 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to be homogeneous upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 274, 370, 415, and 440 nm and a shoulder at 470 nm. Balance studies showed that 2 mol of 2-nitropropane is converted into an equimolar amount of acetone and nitrite with the consumption of 1 mol of oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is not formed in the enzyme reaction. In addition to 2-nitropropane, 1-nitropropane and nitroethane are oxidatively dentrified by the enzyme, but nitromethane is inert to the enzyme. The nitroalkanes are not oxidized under anaerobic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:947889", "title": "Volatile factor involved in the dimorphism of Mucor racemosus.", "content": "Both hyphal and yeastlike development of Mucor racemosus and M. rouxii were demonstrated under 100% N2. Under standardized conditions in yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, the morphology depended on the N2 flow rate and not on the glucose concentration. The effect was related to the rate of flushing of the atmosphere over the culture medium. The results indicate that a volatile compound produced by Mucor is involved in morphogenesis.", "contents": "Volatile factor involved in the dimorphism of Mucor racemosus. Both hyphal and yeastlike development of Mucor racemosus and M. rouxii were demonstrated under 100% N2. Under standardized conditions in yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, the morphology depended on the N2 flow rate and not on the glucose concentration. The effect was related to the rate of flushing of the atmosphere over the culture medium. The results indicate that a volatile compound produced by Mucor is involved in morphogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:947890", "title": "Molecular and catalytic properties of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic extreme halophile Ectothiorhodospira halophila.", "content": "D-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase has been purified from the photosynthetic extreme halophile Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Despite a growth requirement for almost saturating sodium chloride in the medium, both crude and homogeneous preparations of RuBP carboxylase obtained from this organism were inhibited by salts. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses showed the enzyme to be large (molecular weight: 601,000). The protein was composed of two types of polypeptide chains of 56,000 and of 18,000 daltons. The small subunit appeared to be considerably larger than the small subunit obtained from the RuBP carboxylase isolated from Chromatium, an organism related to E. halophila. Amino acid analyses of hydrolysates of both E. halophilia and Chromatium RuBP carboxylases were very similar. Initial velocity experiments showed that the E. halophila RuBP carboxylase had a Km for ribulose diphosphate of 0.07 mM and a Km for HCO3- of 10 mM. Moreover, 6-phospho-D-gluconate was found to markedly inhibit the E. halophila carboxylase; a Ki for phosphogluconate of 0.14 mM was determined.", "contents": "Molecular and catalytic properties of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from the photosynthetic extreme halophile Ectothiorhodospira halophila. D-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase has been purified from the photosynthetic extreme halophile Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Despite a growth requirement for almost saturating sodium chloride in the medium, both crude and homogeneous preparations of RuBP carboxylase obtained from this organism were inhibited by salts. Sedimentation equilibrium analyses showed the enzyme to be large (molecular weight: 601,000). The protein was composed of two types of polypeptide chains of 56,000 and of 18,000 daltons. The small subunit appeared to be considerably larger than the small subunit obtained from the RuBP carboxylase isolated from Chromatium, an organism related to E. halophila. Amino acid analyses of hydrolysates of both E. halophilia and Chromatium RuBP carboxylases were very similar. Initial velocity experiments showed that the E. halophila RuBP carboxylase had a Km for ribulose diphosphate of 0.07 mM and a Km for HCO3- of 10 mM. Moreover, 6-phospho-D-gluconate was found to markedly inhibit the E. halophila carboxylase; a Ki for phosphogluconate of 0.14 mM was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:947891", "title": "Structure of Caulobacter deoxyribonucleic acid.", "content": "The deoxyribonucleic acid of the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus contains a component that renatures with rapid, unimolecular kinetics. This component was present in both swarmer and stalked cells and exhibited the sensitivity to endonuclease S1 expected for hairpin loops. Double-stranded side branches between 100 and 600 nucleotide pairs in length were visible in electron micrographs of rapidly reassociating deoxyribonucleic acid isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography. No extrachromosomal elements were found in spite of systematic attempts to detect their presence. These results indicate that the rapidly reassociating fraction derives from inverted repeat sequences within the chromosome and not from cross-links or plasmids. We estimate that there are approximately 350 inverted repeat regions per Caulobacter genome. The kinetic complexity of Caulobacter deoxyribonucleic acid, however, is no greater than that of other bacteria.", "contents": "Structure of Caulobacter deoxyribonucleic acid. The deoxyribonucleic acid of the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus contains a component that renatures with rapid, unimolecular kinetics. This component was present in both swarmer and stalked cells and exhibited the sensitivity to endonuclease S1 expected for hairpin loops. Double-stranded side branches between 100 and 600 nucleotide pairs in length were visible in electron micrographs of rapidly reassociating deoxyribonucleic acid isolated by hydroxyapatite chromatography. No extrachromosomal elements were found in spite of systematic attempts to detect their presence. These results indicate that the rapidly reassociating fraction derives from inverted repeat sequences within the chromosome and not from cross-links or plasmids. We estimate that there are approximately 350 inverted repeat regions per Caulobacter genome. The kinetic complexity of Caulobacter deoxyribonucleic acid, however, is no greater than that of other bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:947892", "title": "Uptake and metabolism of gangliosides in transformed mouse fibroblasts. Relationship of ganglioside structure to choleragen response.", "content": "NCTC 2071 cells, transformed mouse fibroblasts, when grown in chemically defined medium, are deficient in gangliosides and do not respond to choleragen. The cells lack two biosynthetic enzymes, CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase and UDP-galactose:GM2 (GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) galactosyltransferase, which are required for ganglioside synthesis. Following uptake of ganglioside GM1 (Gal-GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) from the medium, the cells respond to choleragen; however, they remain unresponsive following uptake of gangliosides GM2 (approximately 6 X 10(6) molecules/cell) and GM3 (AcNeu-Gal-Glc-ceramide) (approximately 2 X 10(6) molecules/cell). A response was observed when the cells had bound approximately 2 X 10(7) molecules of GM2/cell. After binding GD1a (AcNeu-Gal-GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc ceramide) (approximately 2 X 10(5) molecules/cell), cells exhibit some response to the toxin which can be attributed to enzymatic conversion of GD1a to GM1. A second line of NCTC 2071 cells which have 2.5 X 10(7) molecules of endogenous GM2/cell is slightly responsive to choleragen; adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels rise 150%. However, when these cells have bound 4.4 X 10(4) molecules of GM1 per cell, cyclic AMP levels rise 7-fold following toxin treatment. GM1, which becomes functionally integrated into the cells, appears to be the natural receptor for choleragen and is 50 to 1000 times more effective than other gangliosides in eliciting a choleragen response.", "contents": "Uptake and metabolism of gangliosides in transformed mouse fibroblasts. Relationship of ganglioside structure to choleragen response. NCTC 2071 cells, transformed mouse fibroblasts, when grown in chemically defined medium, are deficient in gangliosides and do not respond to choleragen. The cells lack two biosynthetic enzymes, CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase and UDP-galactose:GM2 (GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) galactosyltransferase, which are required for ganglioside synthesis. Following uptake of ganglioside GM1 (Gal-GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) from the medium, the cells respond to choleragen; however, they remain unresponsive following uptake of gangliosides GM2 (approximately 6 X 10(6) molecules/cell) and GM3 (AcNeu-Gal-Glc-ceramide) (approximately 2 X 10(6) molecules/cell). A response was observed when the cells had bound approximately 2 X 10(7) molecules of GM2/cell. After binding GD1a (AcNeu-Gal-GalNAc-[AcNeu]-Gal-Glc ceramide) (approximately 2 X 10(5) molecules/cell), cells exhibit some response to the toxin which can be attributed to enzymatic conversion of GD1a to GM1. A second line of NCTC 2071 cells which have 2.5 X 10(7) molecules of endogenous GM2/cell is slightly responsive to choleragen; adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels rise 150%. However, when these cells have bound 4.4 X 10(4) molecules of GM1 per cell, cyclic AMP levels rise 7-fold following toxin treatment. GM1, which becomes functionally integrated into the cells, appears to be the natural receptor for choleragen and is 50 to 1000 times more effective than other gangliosides in eliciting a choleragen response."}
{"id": "PMID:947893", "title": "A study on the autoactivation of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase.", "content": "Under conditions favoring its autocatalytic reaction, phosphorylase kinase may be activated and phosphorylated in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonate (Mes) buffer to a much higher level than in beta-glycerophosphate buffer. The fact that the reaction is autocatalytic is supported by several observations: (a) the progress curve of the reaction exhibits a pronounced lag phase, (b) the reaction is strongly inhibited by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetate, which inhibits phosphorylase kinase, (c) the pH profile of the reaction resembles that of the phosphorylase b to a reaction as catalyzed by nonactivated phosphorylase kinase, and (d) the reaction is not significantly affected by adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) nor by the heat-stable protein inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. When fully autoactivated, phosphorylase kinase possesses an activity that is 100% higher than that of the protein kinase-activated form. The results suggest that autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase may be an important regulatory mechanism. The autocatalytic reaction involves phosphorylation of the two larger subunits of phosphorylase kinase, i.e. subunits A and B, with a combined total of 7 to 9 phosphates incorporated per mol of enzyme. Although the cAMP-dependent protein kinase also catalyzes the phosphorylation of subunits A and B, the two mechanisms of phosphorylation appear to involve different sites. Prior phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase by the protein kinase has little effect on the level of autophosphorylation. Thus activation of phosphorylase kinase may be brought about by phosphorylation of the enzyme at different sites.", "contents": "A study on the autoactivation of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase. Under conditions favoring its autocatalytic reaction, phosphorylase kinase may be activated and phosphorylated in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonate (Mes) buffer to a much higher level than in beta-glycerophosphate buffer. The fact that the reaction is autocatalytic is supported by several observations: (a) the progress curve of the reaction exhibits a pronounced lag phase, (b) the reaction is strongly inhibited by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetate, which inhibits phosphorylase kinase, (c) the pH profile of the reaction resembles that of the phosphorylase b to a reaction as catalyzed by nonactivated phosphorylase kinase, and (d) the reaction is not significantly affected by adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) nor by the heat-stable protein inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinases. When fully autoactivated, phosphorylase kinase possesses an activity that is 100% higher than that of the protein kinase-activated form. The results suggest that autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase may be an important regulatory mechanism. The autocatalytic reaction involves phosphorylation of the two larger subunits of phosphorylase kinase, i.e. subunits A and B, with a combined total of 7 to 9 phosphates incorporated per mol of enzyme. Although the cAMP-dependent protein kinase also catalyzes the phosphorylation of subunits A and B, the two mechanisms of phosphorylation appear to involve different sites. Prior phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase by the protein kinase has little effect on the level of autophosphorylation. Thus activation of phosphorylase kinase may be brought about by phosphorylation of the enzyme at different sites."}
{"id": "PMID:947894", "title": "Triacylglycerol synthesis in isolated fat cells. Studies on the microsomal diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity using ethanol-dispersed diacylglycerols.", "content": "The acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) activity of isolated fat cells was predominantly (89%) localized to the microsomal subcellular fraction by assays based on the conversion of 1,2-[3H]diacyl-sn-glycerol to triacylglycerol using 1 to 4 mug of protein. A complementary assay based on the conversion of [3H]palmitoyl-CoA to triacylglycerol was developed. These methods, 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than those previously employed, were used to characterize the microsomal activity. The choice of dispersing agent for addition of diacylglycerol to the reaction mixture was crucial. Addition of diacylglycerol in ethanol resulted in the highest diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity of the methods tested. Tween 20, which has previously been employed as the dispersing agent, severely inhibited the activity. A broad pH optimum from 7.4 to 8.0 was noted and several salts stimulated the activity more than 2-fold. The activity was unstable at temperatures of 28 degrees and above. Dependences on acyl-CoAs containing 6 to 18 carbon atoms were investigated using bacterial diacylglycerol. Acetyl- and butyryl-CoA were not substrates. Highest diacylglycerol acyltransferase activities were observed with decanoyl-CoA and lower activities were noted with longer and shorter saturated chains. Maximal activity with oleoyl-CoA was only 34% of that seen with stearoyl-CoA. No simple relationship between the critical micellar concentrations of the acyl-CoAs employed and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was observed. The dependences on diacylglycerols containing fatty acids 6 to 18 carbon atoms in length were investigated with [3H]palmitoyl-CoA. While all the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols tested were substrates, diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was highest with 1,2-dioleoylglycerol. Maximum activity with the bacterial diacylglycerol was 86% that with 1,2-dioleoylglycerol. The diacylglycerol concentrations required for half-maximal velocity were 20 to 40 muM for long chain diacylglycerols and 2 to 3 muM for short chain diacylglycerols; these were 75- to 750-fold lower than previously reported. Microsomal diacylglycerol acyltransferase specific activities from isolated cells around 50 nmol/min/mg, 10- to 50-fold higher than previously reported from adipose tissue, were typical using dioleoylglycerol and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase specific activities were 17-fold higher in microsomes from isolated fat cells than any other tissue examined. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase appears to have specificity with respect to acyl-CoAs and diacylglycerols, but a definitive interpretation is limited by the lack of data on the physical properties of these substrates in solution under the conditions employed.", "contents": "Triacylglycerol synthesis in isolated fat cells. Studies on the microsomal diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity using ethanol-dispersed diacylglycerols. The acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) activity of isolated fat cells was predominantly (89%) localized to the microsomal subcellular fraction by assays based on the conversion of 1,2-[3H]diacyl-sn-glycerol to triacylglycerol using 1 to 4 mug of protein. A complementary assay based on the conversion of [3H]palmitoyl-CoA to triacylglycerol was developed. These methods, 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than those previously employed, were used to characterize the microsomal activity. The choice of dispersing agent for addition of diacylglycerol to the reaction mixture was crucial. Addition of diacylglycerol in ethanol resulted in the highest diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity of the methods tested. Tween 20, which has previously been employed as the dispersing agent, severely inhibited the activity. A broad pH optimum from 7.4 to 8.0 was noted and several salts stimulated the activity more than 2-fold. The activity was unstable at temperatures of 28 degrees and above. Dependences on acyl-CoAs containing 6 to 18 carbon atoms were investigated using bacterial diacylglycerol. Acetyl- and butyryl-CoA were not substrates. Highest diacylglycerol acyltransferase activities were observed with decanoyl-CoA and lower activities were noted with longer and shorter saturated chains. Maximal activity with oleoyl-CoA was only 34% of that seen with stearoyl-CoA. No simple relationship between the critical micellar concentrations of the acyl-CoAs employed and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was observed. The dependences on diacylglycerols containing fatty acids 6 to 18 carbon atoms in length were investigated with [3H]palmitoyl-CoA. While all the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols tested were substrates, diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was highest with 1,2-dioleoylglycerol. Maximum activity with the bacterial diacylglycerol was 86% that with 1,2-dioleoylglycerol. The diacylglycerol concentrations required for half-maximal velocity were 20 to 40 muM for long chain diacylglycerols and 2 to 3 muM for short chain diacylglycerols; these were 75- to 750-fold lower than previously reported. Microsomal diacylglycerol acyltransferase specific activities from isolated cells around 50 nmol/min/mg, 10- to 50-fold higher than previously reported from adipose tissue, were typical using dioleoylglycerol and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase specific activities were 17-fold higher in microsomes from isolated fat cells than any other tissue examined. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase appears to have specificity with respect to acyl-CoAs and diacylglycerols, but a definitive interpretation is limited by the lack of data on the physical properties of these substrates in solution under the conditions employed."}
{"id": "PMID:947895", "title": "Human correxonuclease. Purification and properties of a DNA repair exonuclease from placenta.", "content": "An exonuclease, which hydrolyzes single-stranded DNA, has been purified from human placenta. It initiates hydrolysis at both the 3' and 5' termini of such DNA with equal facility, yielding 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides averaging 4 nucleotides in length. These oligonucleotides are released from both termini at equal rates with the same size distribution. Although not detectably active against intact native DNA, this enzyme can initiate hydrolysis at single-stranded breaks, creating a gap 30 to 40 nucleotides long. If a pyrimidine dimer is adjacent to this break, the enzyme, by virtue of its action at internal phosphodiester bonds, can excise such dimers. We refer to this exonuclease as human correxonuclease because of its excision capability.", "contents": "Human correxonuclease. Purification and properties of a DNA repair exonuclease from placenta. An exonuclease, which hydrolyzes single-stranded DNA, has been purified from human placenta. It initiates hydrolysis at both the 3' and 5' termini of such DNA with equal facility, yielding 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides averaging 4 nucleotides in length. These oligonucleotides are released from both termini at equal rates with the same size distribution. Although not detectably active against intact native DNA, this enzyme can initiate hydrolysis at single-stranded breaks, creating a gap 30 to 40 nucleotides long. If a pyrimidine dimer is adjacent to this break, the enzyme, by virtue of its action at internal phosphodiester bonds, can excise such dimers. We refer to this exonuclease as human correxonuclease because of its excision capability."}
{"id": "PMID:947896", "title": "A respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell line with a defect in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase.", "content": "We have recently described a Chinese hamster cell line with a greatly reduced rate of respiration. In this report we conclude that the defects is in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (NADH oxidase), the first part of the electron transport chain. The conclusion is based on the following observations. (a) In this and in the earlier report we determined that the relevant enzymes of the Krebs cycle are present and active. (b) Oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria is normal when driven by succinate and alpha-glycerolphosphate. (c) Difference spectra between reduced and oxidized forms indicate that all cytochromes are present and functional. (d) In contrast, substrates such as malate, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and isocitrate which generate NADH do not stimulate oxygen consumption in mutant mitochondria. (e) A direct assay of the rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase in Lubrol-treated mitochondria from mutant cells revealed less than one-tenth of the activity when compared with wild type mitochondria. (f) The treatment of wild type cells with rotenone, a specific inhibitor of NADH-CoQ reductase, yielded an exact phenocopy of the mutant by several criteria. This is the first report of a respiration-deficient mammalian cell mutant in tissue culture.", "contents": "A respiration-deficient Chinese hamster cell line with a defect in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase. We have recently described a Chinese hamster cell line with a greatly reduced rate of respiration. In this report we conclude that the defects is in NADH-coenzyme Q reductase (NADH oxidase), the first part of the electron transport chain. The conclusion is based on the following observations. (a) In this and in the earlier report we determined that the relevant enzymes of the Krebs cycle are present and active. (b) Oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria is normal when driven by succinate and alpha-glycerolphosphate. (c) Difference spectra between reduced and oxidized forms indicate that all cytochromes are present and functional. (d) In contrast, substrates such as malate, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and isocitrate which generate NADH do not stimulate oxygen consumption in mutant mitochondria. (e) A direct assay of the rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase in Lubrol-treated mitochondria from mutant cells revealed less than one-tenth of the activity when compared with wild type mitochondria. (f) The treatment of wild type cells with rotenone, a specific inhibitor of NADH-CoQ reductase, yielded an exact phenocopy of the mutant by several criteria. This is the first report of a respiration-deficient mammalian cell mutant in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:947897", "title": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. I. The catalysis of reoxidation of reduced bovine serum albumin by glutathione and a disulfide interchange enzyme.", "content": "We have used an immunochemical approach to study the refolding of bovine serum albumin. Using antibody as a probe for return of native structure, we have been able to demonstrate the regeneration of native structure at several sites on the surface of the molecule. Using this technique, we have shown that the rate of refolding of reduced bovine serum albumin catalyzed by either glutathione or rat liver disulfide interchange enzyme is greater than the rate of air reoxidation of albumin. The half-regeneration times for albumin, however, are substantially greater than those obtained with smaller proteins that have fewer disulfide bonds. We have also demonstrated that the reoxidized monomers isolated at the end of the refolding process are immunologically identical to native monomers. In addition, the tryptophan fluorescence emission maxima were the same as that of the native monomers.", "contents": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. I. The catalysis of reoxidation of reduced bovine serum albumin by glutathione and a disulfide interchange enzyme. We have used an immunochemical approach to study the refolding of bovine serum albumin. Using antibody as a probe for return of native structure, we have been able to demonstrate the regeneration of native structure at several sites on the surface of the molecule. Using this technique, we have shown that the rate of refolding of reduced bovine serum albumin catalyzed by either glutathione or rat liver disulfide interchange enzyme is greater than the rate of air reoxidation of albumin. The half-regeneration times for albumin, however, are substantially greater than those obtained with smaller proteins that have fewer disulfide bonds. We have also demonstrated that the reoxidized monomers isolated at the end of the refolding process are immunologically identical to native monomers. In addition, the tryptophan fluorescence emission maxima were the same as that of the native monomers."}
{"id": "PMID:947898", "title": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. II. Evidence for the independent refolding of the domains of the molecule.", "content": "Antiserum to bovine serum albumin were used as a probe for native structure to study the process of refolding of denatured bovine serum albumin. Different antigenically active fragments that represent domains and subdomains of the molecule were isolated. Restricted populations of antibody to albumin were obtained by fractionating antisera to the native intact molecule on immunoadsorbents bearing these fragments. The restricted antibody populations were then used to probe the surface of the molecule during the refolding process. Some regions of the molecule refolded more rapidly than other regions. Isolated domains of albumin also refolded to native antigenic structure demonstrating that the entire polypeptide chain was not necessary for reformation of native structure. However, there does seem to be some interdomain influence on the rate of refolding of a particular domain within the intact protein.", "contents": "Antibody as an immunological probe for studying the refolding of bovine serum albumin. II. Evidence for the independent refolding of the domains of the molecule. Antiserum to bovine serum albumin were used as a probe for native structure to study the process of refolding of denatured bovine serum albumin. Different antigenically active fragments that represent domains and subdomains of the molecule were isolated. Restricted populations of antibody to albumin were obtained by fractionating antisera to the native intact molecule on immunoadsorbents bearing these fragments. The restricted antibody populations were then used to probe the surface of the molecule during the refolding process. Some regions of the molecule refolded more rapidly than other regions. Isolated domains of albumin also refolded to native antigenic structure demonstrating that the entire polypeptide chain was not necessary for reformation of native structure. However, there does seem to be some interdomain influence on the rate of refolding of a particular domain within the intact protein."}
{"id": "PMID:947899", "title": "Formation of hybrid concanavalin A molecules by subunit exchange.", "content": "Mixing of native concanavalin A (Con A) and its dimeric succinylated derivative (succinyl-Con A) in glycine-HCl buffer, pH 4.5, resulted in the formation of a new chemical species that could be separated as a unique fraction by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or by gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this new component, which contained the subunits (Mr= 26,000) of native Con A and its succinyl derivative in equimolar amounts, was 50,000 at both pH 5 and pH 7. These data suggest that subunit exchange between 2 chemically distinct Con A molecules yields a hybrid molecule consisting of one protomer of native Con A and one protomer of succinyl-Con A. Similar exchange reactions and hybrid molecules were also observed after mixing acetyl-Con A and succinyl-Con A. These procedures provide several new chemical variants of the Con A molecule that may be useful for the analysis of lectin-cell surface interactions.", "contents": "Formation of hybrid concanavalin A molecules by subunit exchange. Mixing of native concanavalin A (Con A) and its dimeric succinylated derivative (succinyl-Con A) in glycine-HCl buffer, pH 4.5, resulted in the formation of a new chemical species that could be separated as a unique fraction by DEAE-cellulose chromatography or by gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this new component, which contained the subunits (Mr= 26,000) of native Con A and its succinyl derivative in equimolar amounts, was 50,000 at both pH 5 and pH 7. These data suggest that subunit exchange between 2 chemically distinct Con A molecules yields a hybrid molecule consisting of one protomer of native Con A and one protomer of succinyl-Con A. Similar exchange reactions and hybrid molecules were also observed after mixing acetyl-Con A and succinyl-Con A. These procedures provide several new chemical variants of the Con A molecule that may be useful for the analysis of lectin-cell surface interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:947900", "title": "Interaction of porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide with dispersed pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig. Binding of radioiodinated peptide.", "content": "We have used 125I-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to study the kinetics, stoichiometry, and chemical specificity with which the labeled peptide binds to dispersed acinar cells prepared from guinea pig pancreas. Binding of 125I-VIP to pancreatic acinar cells was moderately rapid, reversible, specific, saturable, and depended on incubation temperature. Deterioration of 125I-VIP incubated with pancreatic acinar cells at 37 degrees was reflected in a decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity and in the amount of tracer which could bind to fresh acinar cells. On the other hand, 125I-VIP bound to pancreatic acinar cells appeared to be protected from deterioration. VIP and secretin but not glucagon or COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin inhibited binding of 125I-VIP to pancreatic acinar cells. The dose-response curve for inhibition of 125I-VIP binding by VIP or secretin was biphasic and suggested that pancreatic acinar cells have two classes of binding sites: (a) a relatively small number of sites with a high affinity for VIP and a low affinity for secretin, and (b) a relatively large number of sites with a low affinity for VIP and a high affinity for secretin. The difference between the relative affinities of VIP and secretin for the high affinity VIP binding sites appears to be primarily attributable to the NH2-terminal portions of these molecules since synthetic COOH-terminal fragments VIP 14-28, VIP 15-28, and secretin 14-27 were equipotent in inhibiting 125I-VIP binding. On the other hand, secretin 5-27, [6-tyrosine] secretin and native secretin were equipotent in inhibiting binding of 125I-VIP to its high affinity site, and these three peptides were 5 times more potent than secretin 14-27 but 10,000 times less potent than native VIP.", "contents": "Interaction of porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide with dispersed pancreatic acinar cells from the guinea pig. Binding of radioiodinated peptide. We have used 125I-labeled vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to study the kinetics, stoichiometry, and chemical specificity with which the labeled peptide binds to dispersed acinar cells prepared from guinea pig pancreas. Binding of 125I-VIP to pancreatic acinar cells was moderately rapid, reversible, specific, saturable, and depended on incubation temperature. Deterioration of 125I-VIP incubated with pancreatic acinar cells at 37 degrees was reflected in a decrease in acid-precipitable radioactivity and in the amount of tracer which could bind to fresh acinar cells. On the other hand, 125I-VIP bound to pancreatic acinar cells appeared to be protected from deterioration. VIP and secretin but not glucagon or COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin inhibited binding of 125I-VIP to pancreatic acinar cells. The dose-response curve for inhibition of 125I-VIP binding by VIP or secretin was biphasic and suggested that pancreatic acinar cells have two classes of binding sites: (a) a relatively small number of sites with a high affinity for VIP and a low affinity for secretin, and (b) a relatively large number of sites with a low affinity for VIP and a high affinity for secretin. The difference between the relative affinities of VIP and secretin for the high affinity VIP binding sites appears to be primarily attributable to the NH2-terminal portions of these molecules since synthetic COOH-terminal fragments VIP 14-28, VIP 15-28, and secretin 14-27 were equipotent in inhibiting 125I-VIP binding. On the other hand, secretin 5-27, [6-tyrosine] secretin and native secretin were equipotent in inhibiting binding of 125I-VIP to its high affinity site, and these three peptides were 5 times more potent than secretin 14-27 but 10,000 times less potent than native VIP."}
{"id": "PMID:947901", "title": "Separation, purification, and properties of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from the liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated mice.", "content": "Four distinct cytochrome  P-450 fractions (A1, A2, C1, and C2) have been separated and purified from the liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated hybrid mice (B6D2F1/J). Fractions A2 and C2 were highly purified with specific contents of 16.5 and 17.5 nmol of cytochrome P-450/mg of protein, respectively, based on their amino acid compositions. The major hemeprotein bands of A2 and C2 have different minimum molecular weights (50,000 and 56,000, respectively) on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. All four fractions with respect to their spectral and catalytic properties, thereby demonstrating that mouse liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated hybrid mice contain at least four forms of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Separation, purification, and properties of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 from the liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated mice. Four distinct cytochrome  P-450 fractions (A1, A2, C1, and C2) have been separated and purified from the liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated hybrid mice (B6D2F1/J). Fractions A2 and C2 were highly purified with specific contents of 16.5 and 17.5 nmol of cytochrome P-450/mg of protein, respectively, based on their amino acid compositions. The major hemeprotein bands of A2 and C2 have different minimum molecular weights (50,000 and 56,000, respectively) on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. All four fractions with respect to their spectral and catalytic properties, thereby demonstrating that mouse liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated hybrid mice contain at least four forms of cytochrome P-450."}
{"id": "PMID:947902", "title": "The isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. The purification and characterization of the 40 S ribosomal subunit proteins S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S13, S23/S24, S27, and S28.", "content": "The proteins of the small subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into five groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5 (Collatz, E., Lin, A., St\u00f6ffler, G., Tsurugi, K., and Wool, I.G., (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1808-1816). From the several groups, 12 proteins (S2,S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S13, S23/S24, S27, and S28) wereisolated by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, by chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex, and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-75. The amount of protein obtained varied from 1 to 9 mg depending on the number of steps required for the preparation; several proteins had no detectable contamination and the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyazrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined.", "contents": "The isolation of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins. The purification and characterization of the 40 S ribosomal subunit proteins S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S13, S23/S24, S27, and S28. The proteins of the small subunit of rat liver ribosomes were separated into five groups by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with LiCl at pH 6.5 (Collatz, E., Lin, A., St\u00f6ffler, G., Tsurugi, K., and Wool, I.G., (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1808-1816). From the several groups, 12 proteins (S2,S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S13, S23/S24, S27, and S28) wereisolated by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, by chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex, and by gel filtration through Sephadex G-75. The amount of protein obtained varied from 1 to 9 mg depending on the number of steps required for the preparation; several proteins had no detectable contamination and the impurities in the others were no greater than 9%. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyazrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate; the amino acid composition was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:947903", "title": "Characterization of mannose-labeled glycopeptides from human diploid cells and their growth-dependent alterations.", "content": "Mannose-labeled glycopeptides were prepared from human diploid fibroblasts harvested by brief pronase digestion. Combined use of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and D converted most of the mannose-label into arrays of oligosaccharides. They were separated by paper chromatography and were characterized by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, by affinity column chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, and by successive digestion with alpha-mannosidase and beta-mannosidase. The results indicated that mannose residues existed as clusters of various sizes, which we refer to as \"oligomannosyl cores\". The large oligomannosyl cores (approximately 7 to 8 mannosyl residues) were predominant in the glycopeptides from growing cells and were preferentially associated with neutral glycopeptides, similar to Unit A glycopeptides of thyroglobulin (mannose-N-acetylglucosamine unit). In glycopeptides from nongrowing cells, the ratio of the large oligomannosyl cores decreased, accompanying the increase of a small oligommanosyl core consisting of 3 mannosyl residues. The small core was preferentially associated with acidic glycopeptides.", "contents": "Characterization of mannose-labeled glycopeptides from human diploid cells and their growth-dependent alterations. Mannose-labeled glycopeptides were prepared from human diploid fibroblasts harvested by brief pronase digestion. Combined use of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H and D converted most of the mannose-label into arrays of oligosaccharides. They were separated by paper chromatography and were characterized by Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, by affinity column chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, and by successive digestion with alpha-mannosidase and beta-mannosidase. The results indicated that mannose residues existed as clusters of various sizes, which we refer to as \"oligomannosyl cores\". The large oligomannosyl cores (approximately 7 to 8 mannosyl residues) were predominant in the glycopeptides from growing cells and were preferentially associated with neutral glycopeptides, similar to Unit A glycopeptides of thyroglobulin (mannose-N-acetylglucosamine unit). In glycopeptides from nongrowing cells, the ratio of the large oligomannosyl cores decreased, accompanying the increase of a small oligommanosyl core consisting of 3 mannosyl residues. The small core was preferentially associated with acidic glycopeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:947904", "title": "Regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and other purine nucleotides.", "content": "Guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), GTP, and other purine nucleotides selectively decrease the binding affinity of the beta-adrenergic receptors of frog erythrocyte membranes for beta-adrenergic agonists but not antagonists. Shifts in binding affinity were assessed by determining the ability of unlabeled ligands to compete with (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol for the membrane-bound receptors. The magnitude of the\"right\" shift in the binding displacement curve for any of 13 ligands tested was directly related to the intrinsic activity (maximal stimulatory capacity) of that agent for stimulation of the frog erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase. Thus, Gpp(NH)p-induced shifts in binding affinity were greatest for full agonists such as isoproterenol, intermediate for partial agonists such as soterenol, and no shifts were observed for antagonists such as propranolol. Shifts in binding affinity were observed only in preparations where agonist binding to the receptors leads to \"coupling\" of the receptors with adenylate cyclase. In solubilized preparations where the beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase are functionally \"uncoupled\", Gpp(NH)p did not cause right shifts in agonist receptor binding displacement curves. In particulate preparations the Km of Gpp(NH)p for stimulation of adenylate cyclase was identical with that for its effect on beta-adrenergic agonist binding affinity, 1 to 2 muM. Moreover, the ability of several other nucleotides to cause shifts in receptor binding affinity directly paralleled their previously determined affinities for the nucleotide regulatory sites on adenylate cyclase. Gpp(NH)p also shifted agonist dose-response curves for stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but to the left. As with the effects on the receptor binding curves, the effects of Gpp(NH)p on the \"apparent affinities\" of agonists for enzyme stimulation were directly related to their intrinsic activities. Gpp(NH)p also markedly increased the intrinsic activity of partial agonists. These results appear to indicate that conformational alterations in adenylate cyclase caused by occupation of nucleotide regulatory sites by Gpp(NH)p are capable of inducing alterations in the beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptor alterations are induced only when the receptors are \"coupled\" to the enzyme by virtue of agonist binding. The nucleotide-altered conformation of the beta-adrenergic receptors is characterized by decreased binding affinity for agonist but increased functional efficacy in stimulating the enzyme.", "contents": "Regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate and other purine nucleotides. Guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), GTP, and other purine nucleotides selectively decrease the binding affinity of the beta-adrenergic receptors of frog erythrocyte membranes for beta-adrenergic agonists but not antagonists. Shifts in binding affinity were assessed by determining the ability of unlabeled ligands to compete with (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol for the membrane-bound receptors. The magnitude of the\"right\" shift in the binding displacement curve for any of 13 ligands tested was directly related to the intrinsic activity (maximal stimulatory capacity) of that agent for stimulation of the frog erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase. Thus, Gpp(NH)p-induced shifts in binding affinity were greatest for full agonists such as isoproterenol, intermediate for partial agonists such as soterenol, and no shifts were observed for antagonists such as propranolol. Shifts in binding affinity were observed only in preparations where agonist binding to the receptors leads to \"coupling\" of the receptors with adenylate cyclase. In solubilized preparations where the beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase are functionally \"uncoupled\", Gpp(NH)p did not cause right shifts in agonist receptor binding displacement curves. In particulate preparations the Km of Gpp(NH)p for stimulation of adenylate cyclase was identical with that for its effect on beta-adrenergic agonist binding affinity, 1 to 2 muM. Moreover, the ability of several other nucleotides to cause shifts in receptor binding affinity directly paralleled their previously determined affinities for the nucleotide regulatory sites on adenylate cyclase. Gpp(NH)p also shifted agonist dose-response curves for stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but to the left. As with the effects on the receptor binding curves, the effects of Gpp(NH)p on the \"apparent affinities\" of agonists for enzyme stimulation were directly related to their intrinsic activities. Gpp(NH)p also markedly increased the intrinsic activity of partial agonists. These results appear to indicate that conformational alterations in adenylate cyclase caused by occupation of nucleotide regulatory sites by Gpp(NH)p are capable of inducing alterations in the beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptor alterations are induced only when the receptors are \"coupled\" to the enzyme by virtue of agonist binding. The nucleotide-altered conformation of the beta-adrenergic receptors is characterized by decreased binding affinity for agonist but increased functional efficacy in stimulating the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:947905", "title": "Effects of estrogen on gene expression in chick oviduct. The role of chromatin proteins in regulating transcription of the ovalbumin gene.", "content": "Histones, extractable non-histone proteins, and a tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complex were fractionated from chromatins which were isolated from estrogen-stimulated and hormone-withdrawn chick oviducts. Reconstitution of homologous constituents was performed and RNA was transcribed from these reconstituted chromatins using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. DNA complementary to ovalbumin mRNA was then used as a hybridization probe to estimate the concentration of ovalbumin messenger RNA sequences in these in vitro transcripts. Our results demonstrated that 0.011% of the in vitro RNA transcripts produced from reconstituted estrogen-stimulated chromatin was ovalbumin mRNA sequences as compared to 0.0015% obtained for reconstituted hormone-withdrawn chromatin. Thus, the ratio of ovalbumin mRNA sequences in the in vitro transcripts of reconstituted stimulated and withdrawn chromatins was 8 to 1, identical with the value obtained from native estrogen-stimulated and hormone-withdrawn chromatins. Furthermore, the number of initiation sites for RNA synthesis on reconstituted and native chromatins are indistinguishable. Thus, the specificity of transcription of isolated chromatins appears to be conserved upon dissociation and fractionation of the chromatin proteins followed by reconstitution of these constituents to DNA. The effect of chromatin proteins on gene expression was further examined by reconstituting components from different development stages. Reconstitution of extractable non-histone proteins from estrogen-stimulated chromatins to tightly bound non-histone protein. DNA complexes from hormone-withdrawn chromatins resulted in the synthesis of a substantial amount of ovalbumin mRNA sequences. Conversely, when extractable non-histone proteins from withdrawn chromatins were reconstituted to tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complexes from estrogen-stimulated chromatins, very low levels of mRNAov sequences were detected. In contrast, interchange of the histones and tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complexes from hormone-withdrawn and estrogen-stimulated chromatins during reconstitution did not affect the level of mRNAOV sequences produced. Therefore, the extractable non-histone proteins of chromatin appear to be extremely important in regulating specific gene expression.", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on gene expression in chick oviduct. The role of chromatin proteins in regulating transcription of the ovalbumin gene. Histones, extractable non-histone proteins, and a tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complex were fractionated from chromatins which were isolated from estrogen-stimulated and hormone-withdrawn chick oviducts. Reconstitution of homologous constituents was performed and RNA was transcribed from these reconstituted chromatins using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. DNA complementary to ovalbumin mRNA was then used as a hybridization probe to estimate the concentration of ovalbumin messenger RNA sequences in these in vitro transcripts. Our results demonstrated that 0.011% of the in vitro RNA transcripts produced from reconstituted estrogen-stimulated chromatin was ovalbumin mRNA sequences as compared to 0.0015% obtained for reconstituted hormone-withdrawn chromatin. Thus, the ratio of ovalbumin mRNA sequences in the in vitro transcripts of reconstituted stimulated and withdrawn chromatins was 8 to 1, identical with the value obtained from native estrogen-stimulated and hormone-withdrawn chromatins. Furthermore, the number of initiation sites for RNA synthesis on reconstituted and native chromatins are indistinguishable. Thus, the specificity of transcription of isolated chromatins appears to be conserved upon dissociation and fractionation of the chromatin proteins followed by reconstitution of these constituents to DNA. The effect of chromatin proteins on gene expression was further examined by reconstituting components from different development stages. Reconstitution of extractable non-histone proteins from estrogen-stimulated chromatins to tightly bound non-histone protein. DNA complexes from hormone-withdrawn chromatins resulted in the synthesis of a substantial amount of ovalbumin mRNA sequences. Conversely, when extractable non-histone proteins from withdrawn chromatins were reconstituted to tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complexes from estrogen-stimulated chromatins, very low levels of mRNAov sequences were detected. In contrast, interchange of the histones and tightly bound non-histone protein DNA complexes from hormone-withdrawn and estrogen-stimulated chromatins during reconstitution did not affect the level of mRNAOV sequences produced. Therefore, the extractable non-histone proteins of chromatin appear to be extremely important in regulating specific gene expression."}
{"id": "PMID:947906", "title": "Carboxamidomethyl esters as reactive substrates for alpha-chymotrypsin. Orientational effects of hydrogen-bonding interactions.", "content": "Effects of hydrogen-bonding interactions of amide groups on reactivity of esters to alpha-chymotrypsin were studied. Of the methyl esters studied, only that from acetyl-L-phenylalanine has k3 rate-limiting. In methyl beta-phenylpropionates an alpha-acetamido substituent increased k2 greater than 550 times, k3 approximately 5 times; an alpha-acetylclycyloxy substituent increased k2 approximately 2 times, k3 approximately 6 times, both in comparison with the alpha-acetoxy esters. Essentially all carboxamidomethyl esters studied have k3 rate-limiting; reactivity to hydroxide is only 4 times that of methyl esters. In alpha-substituted beta-phenylpropionates, carboxamido-methyl esters show k2 values greater than 110 times greater than 280 times, greater than 26 times, and 7 times the k2 values of the methyl esters for the alpha substituents, acetoxy, acetylglycyloxy, hydroxy, and hydrogen, respectively. In esters of alpha-acetamido acids, carboxamidomethyl esters show k2 values 44 times, greater than 110 times, greater than 12 times, and approximately 33 times the k2 values of the methyl esters of glycine, alanine, leucine, and phenylalanine, respectively. Cyanomethyl esters also had k3 rate-limiting. Hydrogen-bonding to the enzyme of either an alpha-acetamido group or a carboxamidomethyl group combined with bonding of the beta-aryl group, orients the hydrolyzing groups properly, increasing k2. Hydrogen-bonding of both alpha-acetamido and carboxamido-methyl groups is effective to a lesser degree. The amide group appears to have small effects on Ks as hydrogen bonding is balanced by desolvation. It is proposed that desolvation during bonding increases k2 and Ks.", "contents": "Carboxamidomethyl esters as reactive substrates for alpha-chymotrypsin. Orientational effects of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Effects of hydrogen-bonding interactions of amide groups on reactivity of esters to alpha-chymotrypsin were studied. Of the methyl esters studied, only that from acetyl-L-phenylalanine has k3 rate-limiting. In methyl beta-phenylpropionates an alpha-acetamido substituent increased k2 greater than 550 times, k3 approximately 5 times; an alpha-acetylclycyloxy substituent increased k2 approximately 2 times, k3 approximately 6 times, both in comparison with the alpha-acetoxy esters. Essentially all carboxamidomethyl esters studied have k3 rate-limiting; reactivity to hydroxide is only 4 times that of methyl esters. In alpha-substituted beta-phenylpropionates, carboxamido-methyl esters show k2 values greater than 110 times greater than 280 times, greater than 26 times, and 7 times the k2 values of the methyl esters for the alpha substituents, acetoxy, acetylglycyloxy, hydroxy, and hydrogen, respectively. In esters of alpha-acetamido acids, carboxamidomethyl esters show k2 values 44 times, greater than 110 times, greater than 12 times, and approximately 33 times the k2 values of the methyl esters of glycine, alanine, leucine, and phenylalanine, respectively. Cyanomethyl esters also had k3 rate-limiting. Hydrogen-bonding to the enzyme of either an alpha-acetamido group or a carboxamidomethyl group combined with bonding of the beta-aryl group, orients the hydrolyzing groups properly, increasing k2. Hydrogen-bonding of both alpha-acetamido and carboxamido-methyl groups is effective to a lesser degree. The amide group appears to have small effects on Ks as hydrogen bonding is balanced by desolvation. It is proposed that desolvation during bonding increases k2 and Ks."}
{"id": "PMID:947907", "title": "Organization of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath. Pyridoxal phosphate and salicylaldehyde as probes of myelin structure.", "content": "Pyridoxal phosphate and salicylaldehyde were used as protein-labeling probes to study the organization of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath of the cat dorsal column. Both reagents react with protein amino groups to form Schiff's bases which can be reduced with NaB3H4. The relatively membrane-impermeant pyridoxal phosphate labels all proteins of the intact myelin except basic protein. This major protein of myelin is labeled only after loss of membrane integrity. The relatively membrane-permeant probe, salicylaldehyde, was then used to establish that the basic protein is truly located on the cytoplasmic side of the myelin bilayer, and not merely sequestered within the multiple lamellar structure of the sheath. All proteins in the intact myelin are readily labeled by this reagent, with the label distribution pattern identical to that of disrupted myelin fragments. These data suggest a model for myelin structure in which the basic protein is the only major protein component located exclusively on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (the major period zone of the sheath), with the other major proteins disposed wholly, or in part, in the extracellular half of the membrane bilayer (the intraperiod zone). All proteins, although asymmetrically disposed with respect to membrane sidedness, appear to be randomly distributed throughout the lamellae which comprise the sheath.", "contents": "Organization of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath. Pyridoxal phosphate and salicylaldehyde as probes of myelin structure. Pyridoxal phosphate and salicylaldehyde were used as protein-labeling probes to study the organization of membrane proteins in the intact myelin sheath of the cat dorsal column. Both reagents react with protein amino groups to form Schiff's bases which can be reduced with NaB3H4. The relatively membrane-impermeant pyridoxal phosphate labels all proteins of the intact myelin except basic protein. This major protein of myelin is labeled only after loss of membrane integrity. The relatively membrane-permeant probe, salicylaldehyde, was then used to establish that the basic protein is truly located on the cytoplasmic side of the myelin bilayer, and not merely sequestered within the multiple lamellar structure of the sheath. All proteins in the intact myelin are readily labeled by this reagent, with the label distribution pattern identical to that of disrupted myelin fragments. These data suggest a model for myelin structure in which the basic protein is the only major protein component located exclusively on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (the major period zone of the sheath), with the other major proteins disposed wholly, or in part, in the extracellular half of the membrane bilayer (the intraperiod zone). All proteins, although asymmetrically disposed with respect to membrane sidedness, appear to be randomly distributed throughout the lamellae which comprise the sheath."}
{"id": "PMID:947908", "title": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase from glial tumor cells by calcium and a calcium-binding protein.", "content": "A biphasic response to changes in Ca2+ concentration was observed for basal and norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of C-6 glioma cells. The enzyme was stimulated approximately 40% by low concentrations of free Ca2+ (less than or equal to 1 muM) and inhibited to successively greater extents as free Ca2+ concentrations were increased to approximately 100 muM. Ca2+ did not alter the concentration of norepinephrine required for enzyme activation. Homogenates of C-6 cells were separated into particulate and supernatant fractions by centrifugation at 27,000 X g for 20 min. The particulate fraction contained nearly all of the adenylate cyclase activity. This activity was stimulated approximately 40% by the addition of untreated supernatant fraction, by boiled or dialyzed supernatant fraction, and by a homogenous Ca2+-binding protein (calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) prepared from brain. Addition of either the supernatant fraction or CDR lowered the Ca2+ concentration required for maximal stimulation of the adenylate cyclase. The factor in the supernatant fraction which activated the particulate enzyme was subsequently identified in acrylamide gel electrophoretic studies to be CDR. The amount of CDR required for maximal activation of the enzyme was found to be lowered as the Ca2+ concentration in the assay was increased. High amounts of added CDR (100 to 1000 ng) were inhibitory. Use of the monionic detergent, Lubrol PX, to prepare dispersed adenylate cyclase from the particulate fraction resulted in large losses of activity. The resultant preparation of enzyme contained some CDR which could not be removed by chromatography of the preparation on anion exchange columns. Addition of homogeneous CDR to the assay activated the enzyme several-fold at low Ca2+ concentrations. At higher Ca2+ concentrations the enzyme was activated fully by the CDR endogenous to the preparation and added Ca2+. CDR was inhibitory.", "contents": "Regulation of adenylate cyclase from glial tumor cells by calcium and a calcium-binding protein. A biphasic response to changes in Ca2+ concentration was observed for basal and norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of C-6 glioma cells. The enzyme was stimulated approximately 40% by low concentrations of free Ca2+ (less than or equal to 1 muM) and inhibited to successively greater extents as free Ca2+ concentrations were increased to approximately 100 muM. Ca2+ did not alter the concentration of norepinephrine required for enzyme activation. Homogenates of C-6 cells were separated into particulate and supernatant fractions by centrifugation at 27,000 X g for 20 min. The particulate fraction contained nearly all of the adenylate cyclase activity. This activity was stimulated approximately 40% by the addition of untreated supernatant fraction, by boiled or dialyzed supernatant fraction, and by a homogenous Ca2+-binding protein (calcium-dependent regulator (CDR) prepared from brain. Addition of either the supernatant fraction or CDR lowered the Ca2+ concentration required for maximal stimulation of the adenylate cyclase. The factor in the supernatant fraction which activated the particulate enzyme was subsequently identified in acrylamide gel electrophoretic studies to be CDR. The amount of CDR required for maximal activation of the enzyme was found to be lowered as the Ca2+ concentration in the assay was increased. High amounts of added CDR (100 to 1000 ng) were inhibitory. Use of the monionic detergent, Lubrol PX, to prepare dispersed adenylate cyclase from the particulate fraction resulted in large losses of activity. The resultant preparation of enzyme contained some CDR which could not be removed by chromatography of the preparation on anion exchange columns. Addition of homogeneous CDR to the assay activated the enzyme several-fold at low Ca2+ concentrations. At higher Ca2+ concentrations the enzyme was activated fully by the CDR endogenous to the preparation and added Ca2+. CDR was inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:947909", "title": "Titration of the carboxyhemoglobin tetramer-dimer equilibrium by inositol hexaphosphate.", "content": "The results of a series of light scattering experiments of the reaction of inositol hexaphosphate (at pH 7.0) over 6 orders of magnitude of concentration (10(-8) to 10(-2) M) with carboxyhemoglobin indicates that there is a shift in the tetramer-dimer equilibrium towards the tetramer, reaching a maximum effect at 0.1 mM inositol hexaphosphate. Raising the phosphate concentration beyond this latter value promotes dissociation to dimers. However, in this range some of the dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin was undoubtedly due to the increase in ionic strength from the inositol hexaphosphate ion. If the effect of ionic strength is allowed for by classical Debye-H\u00fcckel theory, one- and possibly two-phosphate binding sites per dimer can be detected. (Approximate association constant is 8000 M-1 for a single site at 0.1 ionic strength). The location of such sites is considered to lie near the dissociable plane of the hemoglobin tetramer and possibly to include half of the residues that bind inositol hexaphosphate in the tetramer.", "contents": "Titration of the carboxyhemoglobin tetramer-dimer equilibrium by inositol hexaphosphate. The results of a series of light scattering experiments of the reaction of inositol hexaphosphate (at pH 7.0) over 6 orders of magnitude of concentration (10(-8) to 10(-2) M) with carboxyhemoglobin indicates that there is a shift in the tetramer-dimer equilibrium towards the tetramer, reaching a maximum effect at 0.1 mM inositol hexaphosphate. Raising the phosphate concentration beyond this latter value promotes dissociation to dimers. However, in this range some of the dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin was undoubtedly due to the increase in ionic strength from the inositol hexaphosphate ion. If the effect of ionic strength is allowed for by classical Debye-H\u00fcckel theory, one- and possibly two-phosphate binding sites per dimer can be detected. (Approximate association constant is 8000 M-1 for a single site at 0.1 ionic strength). The location of such sites is considered to lie near the dissociable plane of the hemoglobin tetramer and possibly to include half of the residues that bind inositol hexaphosphate in the tetramer."}
{"id": "PMID:947910", "title": "Crystallization and preliminary crystal data of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas ovalis.", "content": "Large single crystals of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas ovalis were prepared from 50% saturated ammonium sulfate solution, at pH 4.5, on gentle evaporation of the solvent at 4 degrees. The crystals were monoclinic, space group P2, with unit cell dimensions a = 81.9 A, b = 49.0 A, c = 61.0 A, and  beta = 106 degrees. Considerations of cell volume and protein molecular weight indicated 1 molecule of superoxide dismutase in the assymmetric unit, the smallest number reported so far for superoxide dismutases.", "contents": "Crystallization and preliminary crystal data of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas ovalis. Large single crystals of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas ovalis were prepared from 50% saturated ammonium sulfate solution, at pH 4.5, on gentle evaporation of the solvent at 4 degrees. The crystals were monoclinic, space group P2, with unit cell dimensions a = 81.9 A, b = 49.0 A, c = 61.0 A, and  beta = 106 degrees. Considerations of cell volume and protein molecular weight indicated 1 molecule of superoxide dismutase in the assymmetric unit, the smallest number reported so far for superoxide dismutases."}
{"id": "PMID:947911", "title": "Bone ingrowth into dynamically loaded porous-coated intramedullary nails.", "content": "Research to determine whether porous-coated Vitallium intramedullary rods could be used to bridge segmental defects in long bones was performed using rabbit tibias as a suitable model for human bone growth. One-centimeter segments of the midshaft of tibias of mature rabbits were removed surgically and replaced with equal-sized segments of Silastic tubing to maintain leg length. A coated rod was inserted through the proximal tibial segment, through the tubing, and into the distal bone segment. The legs were taken out of plaster at 3 weeks, and x-rays were taken periodically until sacrifice. At sacrifice, 30 weeks postoperatively, the mechanical properties of both tibias from each rabbit were measured destructively in a torsional testing machine. The load at failure of the tibia with the segmental defect averaged 90% of the contralateral control tibia. Rod pullout data and electron-probe x-ray micro-analysis indicated that a substantial rod-endosteal bone bond existed due to ingrowth into the porous coating. The torsional data may have been somewhat obscured by the presence of bony callus which grew over the Silastic tubing and bridged the segmental defect exosteally in every case.", "contents": "Bone ingrowth into dynamically loaded porous-coated intramedullary nails. Research to determine whether porous-coated Vitallium intramedullary rods could be used to bridge segmental defects in long bones was performed using rabbit tibias as a suitable model for human bone growth. One-centimeter segments of the midshaft of tibias of mature rabbits were removed surgically and replaced with equal-sized segments of Silastic tubing to maintain leg length. A coated rod was inserted through the proximal tibial segment, through the tubing, and into the distal bone segment. The legs were taken out of plaster at 3 weeks, and x-rays were taken periodically until sacrifice. At sacrifice, 30 weeks postoperatively, the mechanical properties of both tibias from each rabbit were measured destructively in a torsional testing machine. The load at failure of the tibia with the segmental defect averaged 90% of the contralateral control tibia. Rod pullout data and electron-probe x-ray micro-analysis indicated that a substantial rod-endosteal bone bond existed due to ingrowth into the porous coating. The torsional data may have been somewhat obscured by the presence of bony callus which grew over the Silastic tubing and bridged the segmental defect exosteally in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:947912", "title": "Animal studies on bone ingrowth kinetics of ceramic material under dynamic stress.", "content": "Two of the primary problems of implants in use today result from the materials used in their construction (metal and polyethylene) and from the necessary additional fixation with bone cement. In order to alleviate these well known difficulties, we studied ceramic material (99.7% Al2O3 with 0.25% MgO) which exhibits several advantages in these areas, but has a diminished bending strength. To take advantage of the ceramic material, we tested a cement-free implantation which should allow unhindered growth of bone tissue to or into the material. In particular, the interface relationship under load bearing was investigated. The course of the tissue differentiation and ingrowth on the surface of the ceramic implants under dynamic stress, was studied by a specifically disegned distance-spacer. These were tested on the femur of foxhounds and sheep, as well as by use of temporary immobilization. Histological investigations in intervals of 4 weeks showed the course of the development of the interface tissue. After removal of the binding materials, the behavior of the implant support is studied in 4-week intervals with free load bearing. Radiological and histological development studies are shown. The results we obtained implicate the use of ceremic impants. But the application in humans still seems to be problematic, as there is a need for designs which are loaded by pressure only.", "contents": "Animal studies on bone ingrowth kinetics of ceramic material under dynamic stress. Two of the primary problems of implants in use today result from the materials used in their construction (metal and polyethylene) and from the necessary additional fixation with bone cement. In order to alleviate these well known difficulties, we studied ceramic material (99.7% Al2O3 with 0.25% MgO) which exhibits several advantages in these areas, but has a diminished bending strength. To take advantage of the ceramic material, we tested a cement-free implantation which should allow unhindered growth of bone tissue to or into the material. In particular, the interface relationship under load bearing was investigated. The course of the tissue differentiation and ingrowth on the surface of the ceramic implants under dynamic stress, was studied by a specifically disegned distance-spacer. These were tested on the femur of foxhounds and sheep, as well as by use of temporary immobilization. Histological investigations in intervals of 4 weeks showed the course of the development of the interface tissue. After removal of the binding materials, the behavior of the implant support is studied in 4-week intervals with free load bearing. Radiological and histological development studies are shown. The results we obtained implicate the use of ceremic impants. But the application in humans still seems to be problematic, as there is a need for designs which are loaded by pressure only."}
{"id": "PMID:947913", "title": "Chemical and mechanical behavior of bioglass-coated alumina.", "content": "This work has shown that it is possible to produce a bioglass-coated, high-strength, fully dense alumina implant system with a variable surface reactivity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this system will bond with bone. These two factors, plus the inherent strength of the dense alumina, make this system an attractive candidate as a new prosthetic material.", "contents": "Chemical and mechanical behavior of bioglass-coated alumina. This work has shown that it is possible to produce a bioglass-coated, high-strength, fully dense alumina implant system with a variable surface reactivity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that this system will bond with bone. These two factors, plus the inherent strength of the dense alumina, make this system an attractive candidate as a new prosthetic material."}
{"id": "PMID:947914", "title": "Evaluation of a bioglass-coated Al2O3 total hip prosthesis in sheep.", "content": "A bioglass-coated fully dense alumina total hip was evaluated in sheep without using polymer bone \"cement.\" After 3 months following surgery, both the acetabular cup and femoral stem component were firmly attached to bone. Histologic and radiographic analysis of the bone-implant interface showed regions of woven and even lamellar bone formation where high load transmission occurred. In regions of low loading or poor fit, a pseudosynovial fibrous lining was present.", "contents": "Evaluation of a bioglass-coated Al2O3 total hip prosthesis in sheep. A bioglass-coated fully dense alumina total hip was evaluated in sheep without using polymer bone \"cement.\" After 3 months following surgery, both the acetabular cup and femoral stem component were firmly attached to bone. Histologic and radiographic analysis of the bone-implant interface showed regions of woven and even lamellar bone formation where high load transmission occurred. In regions of low loading or poor fit, a pseudosynovial fibrous lining was present."}
{"id": "PMID:947915", "title": "Biomechanically induced tissue reactions after Al2O3-ceramic hip joint replacement. Experimental and early clinical results.", "content": "A biomechanical concept of interface maturation around cement-free implanted alumina-ceramic hip endoprostheses in sheep is explained. Provided there is rigid primary stability of the implant within the bone bed, hard tissue formation along the support areas of the implant is mainly dependent on implant shape and main  local stress direction. Three subsequent phases of interface maturation can be distinguished, finally resulting in firm fixation of the implant by mechanical interlocking of supporting bone and ceramic. A new composite alumina-metal hip endoprosthesis for partial cement-free implantation (cup) is presented. The technique, postoperative care, and encouraging early results in 5 patients are demonstrated. A new ceramic femoral component for cement free implantation is proposed.", "contents": "Biomechanically induced tissue reactions after Al2O3-ceramic hip joint replacement. Experimental and early clinical results. A biomechanical concept of interface maturation around cement-free implanted alumina-ceramic hip endoprostheses in sheep is explained. Provided there is rigid primary stability of the implant within the bone bed, hard tissue formation along the support areas of the implant is mainly dependent on implant shape and main  local stress direction. Three subsequent phases of interface maturation can be distinguished, finally resulting in firm fixation of the implant by mechanical interlocking of supporting bone and ceramic. A new composite alumina-metal hip endoprosthesis for partial cement-free implantation (cup) is presented. The technique, postoperative care, and encouraging early results in 5 patients are demonstrated. A new ceramic femoral component for cement free implantation is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:947916", "title": "Prefabricated silicone subdermal mandibular implants: observations and problems related to their application.", "content": "Success in the use of custom-fabricated Silastic implants in patients with facial contour defects led us to utilize this method in reconstructing mandibular defects. However, mandibular reconstruction with alloplastic material is quite difficult because of the presence of continous stress and motion in that region. The evolution in the use in the use of the mandibular implant from the commercially available one to the K-wire reinforced, prefabricated, silicone implant was largely dependent on the availability of silicone and the ultimate result obtained. In the past few years, about 30 subdermal implants were inserted. Some of those implants were placed immediately into patients undergoing resection for tumor. The implant was prefabricated prior to surgery from x-ray measurements of the anticipated segment to be resected; it was then used to reconstruct the defect prior to the final closure of the operative wound. Other implants were manufactured 6-18 months after resection for tumor or for deformity as a result of trauma. The implants were used to reconstruct the facial defects and to correct the funtional abnormality, such as drooling or deviation of the affected side by the unstable mandibular segment. Patients with severe congenital malformation have soft tissue deficiency in association with their bony malformation. Therefore, implants in such conditions were doomed to failure. Patient selection is the key to successful implantation.", "contents": "Prefabricated silicone subdermal mandibular implants: observations and problems related to their application. Success in the use of custom-fabricated Silastic implants in patients with facial contour defects led us to utilize this method in reconstructing mandibular defects. However, mandibular reconstruction with alloplastic material is quite difficult because of the presence of continous stress and motion in that region. The evolution in the use in the use of the mandibular implant from the commercially available one to the K-wire reinforced, prefabricated, silicone implant was largely dependent on the availability of silicone and the ultimate result obtained. In the past few years, about 30 subdermal implants were inserted. Some of those implants were placed immediately into patients undergoing resection for tumor. The implant was prefabricated prior to surgery from x-ray measurements of the anticipated segment to be resected; it was then used to reconstruct the defect prior to the final closure of the operative wound. Other implants were manufactured 6-18 months after resection for tumor or for deformity as a result of trauma. The implants were used to reconstruct the facial defects and to correct the funtional abnormality, such as drooling or deviation of the affected side by the unstable mandibular segment. Patients with severe congenital malformation have soft tissue deficiency in association with their bony malformation. Therefore, implants in such conditions were doomed to failure. Patient selection is the key to successful implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:947917", "title": "Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone.", "content": "Cylindrical specimens of bovine subchondral trabecular bone were tested to uniaxial compressive strain levels of 75% to study energy absorption during pore collapse. Stress-strain curves were characterized by macroscopic yield at about 8% strain followed by a significant horizontal pore collapse regime. Energy absorption occurred largely in this postyield regime. Yield strength and energy absorption capacity were found to increase linearly with specimen apparent density. Microstructural analysis of the deformed specimens verfied that the mechanism for energy absorption was primarily fracture and buckling of trabeculae. The results suggest that during fracture, the collapse of trabecular bone (and the consequent absorption of energy) serves to attenuate stresses transmitted through the skeleton and thus protect vital structures such as the brain.", "contents": "Postyield behavior of subchondral trabecular bone. Cylindrical specimens of bovine subchondral trabecular bone were tested to uniaxial compressive strain levels of 75% to study energy absorption during pore collapse. Stress-strain curves were characterized by macroscopic yield at about 8% strain followed by a significant horizontal pore collapse regime. Energy absorption occurred largely in this postyield regime. Yield strength and energy absorption capacity were found to increase linearly with specimen apparent density. Microstructural analysis of the deformed specimens verfied that the mechanism for energy absorption was primarily fracture and buckling of trabeculae. The results suggest that during fracture, the collapse of trabecular bone (and the consequent absorption of energy) serves to attenuate stresses transmitted through the skeleton and thus protect vital structures such as the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:947918", "title": "Biocompatibility studies on surgical-grade titanium-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloys.", "content": "An animal model system for the investigation of the influence of in vivo-produced metallic corrosion products upon tissues has been developed. Externally applied electrical stimulation produces the corrosion over a short period of time, and a poststimulation  period is allowed for tissue stabilization. Tissue reaction adjacent to the metallic alloys shows fibrous tissue capsules and metallic corrosion product contamination. These preliminary studies show that this animal model and methodology may provide a technique for investigating long-term tissue biomaterial interactions and the influence of iron (316L), cobalt (Vitallium), and titanium (Tivanium) alloy corrosion products upon the susceptibility of tissues to various biocompatibility challenges.", "contents": "Biocompatibility studies on surgical-grade titanium-, cobalt-, and iron-base alloys. An animal model system for the investigation of the influence of in vivo-produced metallic corrosion products upon tissues has been developed. Externally applied electrical stimulation produces the corrosion over a short period of time, and a poststimulation  period is allowed for tissue stabilization. Tissue reaction adjacent to the metallic alloys shows fibrous tissue capsules and metallic corrosion product contamination. These preliminary studies show that this animal model and methodology may provide a technique for investigating long-term tissue biomaterial interactions and the influence of iron (316L), cobalt (Vitallium), and titanium (Tivanium) alloy corrosion products upon the susceptibility of tissues to various biocompatibility challenges."}
{"id": "PMID:947919", "title": "A simple in vitro screening test for blood compatibility of materials.", "content": "An in vitro closed-cell kinetic blood-coagulation test was developed and used to evaluate the blood compatibility of materials. The test compares the clotformation rate on a test surface to that of a control material, Silastic. This method avoids anticoagulants, blood flow variations, and the exposure to air and other foreign surfaces. Eight pairs of cells are sequentially evaluated as to the weight of thrombus formed, the amount of unclotted blood, and the reduction in platelet count of the blood exposed to both the test materials and the control. These data are used to calculate a relative index whereby materials can be rated quantitatively as to the rate of clot formation on their surface. The order of decreasing clot formation on one group of materials studied was as follows: biolized (Imai et al., Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, 17, 6, 1973) poly (ether urethane), segmented polyurethane, formaldehyde-treated pericardium, Hydron, glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium, biolized natural rubber, Hexsyn, heparinized natural rubber, Silastic, and natural rubber. Urethane and aldehyde-treated natural tissue had a lower percentage of red thrombus formation. These results generally correlate with in vivo observations.", "contents": "A simple in vitro screening test for blood compatibility of materials. An in vitro closed-cell kinetic blood-coagulation test was developed and used to evaluate the blood compatibility of materials. The test compares the clotformation rate on a test surface to that of a control material, Silastic. This method avoids anticoagulants, blood flow variations, and the exposure to air and other foreign surfaces. Eight pairs of cells are sequentially evaluated as to the weight of thrombus formed, the amount of unclotted blood, and the reduction in platelet count of the blood exposed to both the test materials and the control. These data are used to calculate a relative index whereby materials can be rated quantitatively as to the rate of clot formation on their surface. The order of decreasing clot formation on one group of materials studied was as follows: biolized (Imai et al., Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Int. Organs, 17, 6, 1973) poly (ether urethane), segmented polyurethane, formaldehyde-treated pericardium, Hydron, glutaraldehyde-treated pericardium, biolized natural rubber, Hexsyn, heparinized natural rubber, Silastic, and natural rubber. Urethane and aldehyde-treated natural tissue had a lower percentage of red thrombus formation. These results generally correlate with in vivo observations."}
{"id": "PMID:947920", "title": "Design and biomechanical evaluation of a cementable endosteal blade implant.", "content": "A cementable endosteal blade implant has been developed and evaluated. Inherent in the design are the following factors: minimization of stress concentrators, ease of implantation, and high resistance to loosening. Other potential advantages of this design as compared with conventional endosteal blade implants include reduced hazards of postoperative infection and reduced likelihood of metallic corrosion. Six conventional endosteal implants and six cementable implants were installed in steer mandibles using standard dental surgical techniques and Simplex-brand methyl methacrylate bone cement. They were loaded in uniaxial compresstion at a loading rate of 0.0122 in./min. the stiffness (S), deformation at 900-lb load (D900), proportional limil (PL), and load at 0.04 in. deformation (L0.04) were calculated for each test. The cementable design showed a twofold increase in stiffness, only 17% of the deformation at 900lb, more than twice the proportional limit, and at least twice the load at 0.04 in. deformation when compared with similar values for the conventional endosteal implants. This study reveals that, in addition to being unstable in bone, conventional endosteal implants are also unstable when used with acrylic bone cement. The new design should eliminate most of the problems associated with endosteal blade implantation.", "contents": "Design and biomechanical evaluation of a cementable endosteal blade implant. A cementable endosteal blade implant has been developed and evaluated. Inherent in the design are the following factors: minimization of stress concentrators, ease of implantation, and high resistance to loosening. Other potential advantages of this design as compared with conventional endosteal blade implants include reduced hazards of postoperative infection and reduced likelihood of metallic corrosion. Six conventional endosteal implants and six cementable implants were installed in steer mandibles using standard dental surgical techniques and Simplex-brand methyl methacrylate bone cement. They were loaded in uniaxial compresstion at a loading rate of 0.0122 in./min. the stiffness (S), deformation at 900-lb load (D900), proportional limil (PL), and load at 0.04 in. deformation (L0.04) were calculated for each test. The cementable design showed a twofold increase in stiffness, only 17% of the deformation at 900lb, more than twice the proportional limit, and at least twice the load at 0.04 in. deformation when compared with similar values for the conventional endosteal implants. This study reveals that, in addition to being unstable in bone, conventional endosteal implants are also unstable when used with acrylic bone cement. The new design should eliminate most of the problems associated with endosteal blade implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:947921", "title": "Bone growth into porous high-density polyethylene.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to delineate the process by which bone comes to fill the pores of porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) implants. PHDPE (450 mu pore size) pellets 4 mm in diameter and 1 cm long were implanted into the femurs of dogs. A bone biopsy procedure was utilized to obtain PHDPE pellets implanted for periods of 3 days through 8 weeks. A one-year biopsy specimen taken from the PHDPE coating on the stem of a canine total-hip prosthesis was also studied. The results demonstrated that significant amounts of bone formed within the PHDPE pellets as early as 14 days after implantation. Bone was identified throughout the specimens after 4 weeks. After 6 weeks, the tissue in hematopoietic marrow. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized  in conjunction with light microscopy and microradiography to study the ultrastructural features of the bone ingrowth process.", "contents": "Bone growth into porous high-density polyethylene. The purpose of this study was to delineate the process by which bone comes to fill the pores of porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) implants. PHDPE (450 mu pore size) pellets 4 mm in diameter and 1 cm long were implanted into the femurs of dogs. A bone biopsy procedure was utilized to obtain PHDPE pellets implanted for periods of 3 days through 8 weeks. A one-year biopsy specimen taken from the PHDPE coating on the stem of a canine total-hip prosthesis was also studied. The results demonstrated that significant amounts of bone formed within the PHDPE pellets as early as 14 days after implantation. Bone was identified throughout the specimens after 4 weeks. After 6 weeks, the tissue in hematopoietic marrow. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized  in conjunction with light microscopy and microradiography to study the ultrastructural features of the bone ingrowth process."}
{"id": "PMID:947922", "title": "Structure and function of the human patella: the role of cancellous bone.", "content": "Total joint and other prosthesis often require the removal and replacement of considerable quantities of cancellous bone, and often are anchored in place by grouting into cancellous bone. Thus, a possible source of failure or loosening of many types of prostheses may be rooted in the lack of understanding of the structure, properties, and function of this material. In addition, as we have pointed out before, cancellous bone may play an important biomechanical role in the etiology of joint degeneration. With these considerations in mind, the architecture of the cancellous bone in the human patella was studied by serial sectioning and microradiography, using an improved technique developed in our  laboratory. Volumes of cancellous bone with apparently different functional roles were identified. Stereological techniques were used to quantify the structural characteristics and geometrical relationships throughout the patella. These results led to a structural model for the cancellous bone of the patella, and a comprehensive picture of the internal architecture. The distribution of mechanical compliance and yield stress was also measured, as a function of location and orientation, by a specially constructed microcompression testing machine. The measurements reflected the distribution of trabecular architecture, and both the properties and architecture reflected the gross biomechanical function of the patella. Furthermore, a true structure-function relationship was derived. Patellar contact area studies were performed on fresh cadavers and mapped for various angles of flexion. The variation in contact areas and the spatial variations in stiffness are discussed relative to the biomechanics and clinical aspects of the patella.", "contents": "Structure and function of the human patella: the role of cancellous bone. Total joint and other prosthesis often require the removal and replacement of considerable quantities of cancellous bone, and often are anchored in place by grouting into cancellous bone. Thus, a possible source of failure or loosening of many types of prostheses may be rooted in the lack of understanding of the structure, properties, and function of this material. In addition, as we have pointed out before, cancellous bone may play an important biomechanical role in the etiology of joint degeneration. With these considerations in mind, the architecture of the cancellous bone in the human patella was studied by serial sectioning and microradiography, using an improved technique developed in our  laboratory. Volumes of cancellous bone with apparently different functional roles were identified. Stereological techniques were used to quantify the structural characteristics and geometrical relationships throughout the patella. These results led to a structural model for the cancellous bone of the patella, and a comprehensive picture of the internal architecture. The distribution of mechanical compliance and yield stress was also measured, as a function of location and orientation, by a specially constructed microcompression testing machine. The measurements reflected the distribution of trabecular architecture, and both the properties and architecture reflected the gross biomechanical function of the patella. Furthermore, a true structure-function relationship was derived. Patellar contact area studies were performed on fresh cadavers and mapped for various angles of flexion. The variation in contact areas and the spatial variations in stiffness are discussed relative to the biomechanics and clinical aspects of the patella."}
{"id": "PMID:947923", "title": "Interaction effects among cortical bone, cancellous bone, and periodontal membrane of natural teeth and implants.", "content": "Following the initial successes of Goldberg and Gershkoff (Dental Digest, 5, 11, 1947) with the placement of subperiosteal implants, interest in all types of implants emerged. As an aid to the evaluation of various designs and materials without resorting to clinical testing, finite element analyses are being conducted by a number of researchers to determine the stress system induced in bone. The present study investigates the effects of variation in the thicknesses of the periodontal membrane and cortical bone and of the model boundary on the stresses developed around a natural tooth or a tooth-shaped implant. The results show that strong effects due to the variation in these parameters can be expected. As a consequence, the problem of the analysis of any single implant must consider additional factors. These can influence overall implant design and may eventually help to explain what could appear as anomalies in clinical test results.", "contents": "Interaction effects among cortical bone, cancellous bone, and periodontal membrane of natural teeth and implants. Following the initial successes of Goldberg and Gershkoff (Dental Digest, 5, 11, 1947) with the placement of subperiosteal implants, interest in all types of implants emerged. As an aid to the evaluation of various designs and materials without resorting to clinical testing, finite element analyses are being conducted by a number of researchers to determine the stress system induced in bone. The present study investigates the effects of variation in the thicknesses of the periodontal membrane and cortical bone and of the model boundary on the stresses developed around a natural tooth or a tooth-shaped implant. The results show that strong effects due to the variation in these parameters can be expected. As a consequence, the problem of the analysis of any single implant must consider additional factors. These can influence overall implant design and may eventually help to explain what could appear as anomalies in clinical test results."}
{"id": "PMID:947924", "title": "Poly(methyl methacrylate)--aqueous phase blends: in situ curing porous materials.", "content": "A potential implant material has been developed which combines the advantages of curing in situ and an open porous structure. This paper deals with synthesis and characterization of the material, which is a modification of the well-known acrylic bone cements. Some early results of animal experiments are mentioned.", "contents": "Poly(methyl methacrylate)--aqueous phase blends: in situ curing porous materials. A potential implant material has been developed which combines the advantages of curing in situ and an open porous structure. This paper deals with synthesis and characterization of the material, which is a modification of the well-known acrylic bone cements. Some early results of animal experiments are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:947925", "title": "The fracture mechanics of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to apply the techniques of fracture mechanics to a study of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone.  Small cracks parallel to the long axis of the bone were initiated in standardized specimens of bovine bone. Crack growth was achieved by cyclically loading these specimens. The rate of crack growth was determined from measurements of crack length versus cycles of loading. The stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack was calculated from knowledge of the applied load, the crack length, and the specimen geometry. A strong correlation was found between the experimentally determined crack growth rate and the applied stress intensity. The relationship takes the form of a power law similar to that for other materials. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy revealed that crack propagation occurred by initiation of subcritical cracks ahead of the main crack.", "contents": "The fracture mechanics of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone. The purpose of this investigation was to apply the techniques of fracture mechanics to a study of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone.  Small cracks parallel to the long axis of the bone were initiated in standardized specimens of bovine bone. Crack growth was achieved by cyclically loading these specimens. The rate of crack growth was determined from measurements of crack length versus cycles of loading. The stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack was calculated from knowledge of the applied load, the crack length, and the specimen geometry. A strong correlation was found between the experimentally determined crack growth rate and the applied stress intensity. The relationship takes the form of a power law similar to that for other materials. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy revealed that crack propagation occurred by initiation of subcritical cracks ahead of the main crack."}
{"id": "PMID:947929", "title": "Effect of fluoxymesterone on the pituitary-gonadal axis: the role of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin.", "content": "Four normal men and two agonadal men were given the oral synthetic androgen, fluoxymesterone (9alpha-fluoro-11beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-methyl-4-androstene-3-one) for three days. Plasma testosterone (T), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and LH were measured every 30 minutes on a control day and on the first day of treatment. Testosterone and LH were measured every six hours on the last day of treatment. During the first 24 hours of treatment the number of LH secretory episodes per day decreased from 10.5+/-2.5 (SD) to 6.2+/-2.9 (SD) (P less than 0.01), mean 24 hour LH decreased from 12.6+/-3.5 (SD) mlU/ml to 9.3+/-3.7 (SD) mlU/ml (P less than 0.01), and mean 17-OHP decreased from 2.33+/-1.4 (SD) ng/ml to 1.18+/-0.39 (SD) ng/ml (P less than 0.01) in all normal subjects. T was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) from 464.5+/-76.4 (SD) ng/100 ml to 294.2+/-99.5 (SD) ng/100 ml. By the third day of treatment, LH had decreased further in four, and T in three of four normals. The number of LH spikes and the mean LH levels did not decrease in the agonadal patients. In vitro, using equilibrium dialysis, fluoxymesterone displaced T from plasma binding proteins with an apparent K=1.0 x 10(8) and 1.9 x 10(7) in female and male plasma, respectively, at 22 C; and 5.2 x 10(7) and 8.0 x 10(6) at 37 C. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a 500-fold molar excess of fluoxymesterone decreased the peak of TeBG-bound T by 45% (P less than 0.01). The in vitro data are consistent with the possibility that, in vivo, the displacement of T from TeBG by fluoxymesterone may play a role in the suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis by synthetic oral androgens in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of fluoxymesterone on the pituitary-gonadal axis: the role of testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin. Four normal men and two agonadal men were given the oral synthetic androgen, fluoxymesterone (9alpha-fluoro-11beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-17alpha-methyl-4-androstene-3-one) for three days. Plasma testosterone (T), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and LH were measured every 30 minutes on a control day and on the first day of treatment. Testosterone and LH were measured every six hours on the last day of treatment. During the first 24 hours of treatment the number of LH secretory episodes per day decreased from 10.5+/-2.5 (SD) to 6.2+/-2.9 (SD) (P less than 0.01), mean 24 hour LH decreased from 12.6+/-3.5 (SD) mlU/ml to 9.3+/-3.7 (SD) mlU/ml (P less than 0.01), and mean 17-OHP decreased from 2.33+/-1.4 (SD) ng/ml to 1.18+/-0.39 (SD) ng/ml (P less than 0.01) in all normal subjects. T was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) from 464.5+/-76.4 (SD) ng/100 ml to 294.2+/-99.5 (SD) ng/100 ml. By the third day of treatment, LH had decreased further in four, and T in three of four normals. The number of LH spikes and the mean LH levels did not decrease in the agonadal patients. In vitro, using equilibrium dialysis, fluoxymesterone displaced T from plasma binding proteins with an apparent K=1.0 x 10(8) and 1.9 x 10(7) in female and male plasma, respectively, at 22 C; and 5.2 x 10(7) and 8.0 x 10(6) at 37 C. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a 500-fold molar excess of fluoxymesterone decreased the peak of TeBG-bound T by 45% (P less than 0.01). The in vitro data are consistent with the possibility that, in vivo, the displacement of T from TeBG by fluoxymesterone may play a role in the suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis by synthetic oral androgens in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:947930", "title": "Changes in serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotropin during treatment with thyroxine in severe primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "Studies were performed on 40 patients with severe primary hypothyroidism, during treatment with varying doses of T4. Therapy was initiated with 50 mug/day and was continued for at least 2 months. Subsequent repeated increases of 25 mug/day were continued for at least 2 months until the serum TSH level was less than 10 muU/ml. Measurements of serum T4 and T3, RT3U, and serum TSH were carried out at monthly intervals. TRH tests were performed after TSH levels of less than 10 muU/ml had been attained and the dose of T4 had been maintained for at least 2 months. In most of the samples obtained during treatment with various doses of T4 (50-175 mug/day), serum T4 concentrations were within the normal range, even when patients were receiving only 50 mug/day of T4; however, approximately 60% of the samples had subnormal T3 concentrations. Fifty per cent of the samples had elevated TSH concentrations despite normal T4 levels, while only 7% of the samples with normal T3, as well as T4, levels had slightly elevated TSH concentrations. Similar relationships were observed between serum TSH and free T4 indices and free T3 indices. Among patients with serum TSH levels of less than 10 muU/ml, none showed subnormal T4 concentrations, while subnormal T3 concentrations were found in some of them. Hyper-response to TRH was noted in patients with subnormal T3 levels, and normal responses were observed in patients with normal T3 and T4 concentrations. These data indicate that, during the treatment of hypothyroidism with T4, 1) normal basal TSH correlates better with normal serum T4 and T3 than with normal T4 alone, 2) the response of TSH to TRH is supranormal in patients with subnormal T3 levels, in spite of normal basal TSH and T4, and 3) the calculated maintenance dose of T4, which is associated with a normal TRH response, is 2.08 mug/day/kg of body weight.", "contents": "Changes in serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyrotropin during treatment with thyroxine in severe primary hypothyroidism. Studies were performed on 40 patients with severe primary hypothyroidism, during treatment with varying doses of T4. Therapy was initiated with 50 mug/day and was continued for at least 2 months. Subsequent repeated increases of 25 mug/day were continued for at least 2 months until the serum TSH level was less than 10 muU/ml. Measurements of serum T4 and T3, RT3U, and serum TSH were carried out at monthly intervals. TRH tests were performed after TSH levels of less than 10 muU/ml had been attained and the dose of T4 had been maintained for at least 2 months. In most of the samples obtained during treatment with various doses of T4 (50-175 mug/day), serum T4 concentrations were within the normal range, even when patients were receiving only 50 mug/day of T4; however, approximately 60% of the samples had subnormal T3 concentrations. Fifty per cent of the samples had elevated TSH concentrations despite normal T4 levels, while only 7% of the samples with normal T3, as well as T4, levels had slightly elevated TSH concentrations. Similar relationships were observed between serum TSH and free T4 indices and free T3 indices. Among patients with serum TSH levels of less than 10 muU/ml, none showed subnormal T4 concentrations, while subnormal T3 concentrations were found in some of them. Hyper-response to TRH was noted in patients with subnormal T3 levels, and normal responses were observed in patients with normal T3 and T4 concentrations. These data indicate that, during the treatment of hypothyroidism with T4, 1) normal basal TSH correlates better with normal serum T4 and T3 than with normal T4 alone, 2) the response of TSH to TRH is supranormal in patients with subnormal T3 levels, in spite of normal basal TSH and T4, and 3) the calculated maintenance dose of T4, which is associated with a normal TRH response, is 2.08 mug/day/kg of body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:947931", "title": "Circadian rhythm and effect of posture on plasma aldosterone concentration in primary aldosteronism.", "content": "The effect of circadian rhythm and alterations in posture on plasma aldosterone concentration was studied in 13 patients with primary aldosteronism (six adenoma, five idiopathic hyperplasia, two carcinoma) to define the regulatory mechanism in each of these pathologic subtypes. Blood samples for aldosterone, cortisol, renin, and potassium concentrations were obtained every 4 h during prolonged recumbency (32 h) and upright posture (16 h). During recumbency, aldosterone and cortisol followed a normal circadian pattern in patients with adenoma and hyperplasia, with peak values at 0400-0800 h and the nadir at 1600-2400 h. Normalized aldosterone and cortisol values correlated significantly in both groups (adenoma r=+0.66, P less than 0.001; hyperplasia r=+0.42, P less than 0.01). With upright posture, aldosterone levels declined parallel to the normal circadian fall in cortisol in patients with adenoma (r=+0.68, P less than 0.001); whereas aldosterone levels increased in patients with hyperplasia parallel to small increments in renin (r=+0.65, P less than 0.001) and potassium (r=+0.64, P less than 0.001). During the administration of dexamethasone, aldosterone no longer correlated with cortisol in patients with adenoma but continued to correlate with renin during upright studies in patients with hyperplasia (r=+0.77, P less than 0.01). Aldosterone circadian rhythm was abnormal in patients with carcinoma and no effect of posture was noted. Unilateral adrenalectomy restored the normal postural relationship in four patients with adenoma. These studies suggest that aldosterone secretion is under continuous ACTH control regardless of posture in patients with adenoma, whereas persistent adrenal responsiveness to small increments in renin and/or potassium mediate the postural increase in plasma aldosterone in patients with hyperplasia. True adrenal autonomy occurs only in patients with adrenal carcinoma and when ACTH is suppressed in those with adenoma.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm and effect of posture on plasma aldosterone concentration in primary aldosteronism. The effect of circadian rhythm and alterations in posture on plasma aldosterone concentration was studied in 13 patients with primary aldosteronism (six adenoma, five idiopathic hyperplasia, two carcinoma) to define the regulatory mechanism in each of these pathologic subtypes. Blood samples for aldosterone, cortisol, renin, and potassium concentrations were obtained every 4 h during prolonged recumbency (32 h) and upright posture (16 h). During recumbency, aldosterone and cortisol followed a normal circadian pattern in patients with adenoma and hyperplasia, with peak values at 0400-0800 h and the nadir at 1600-2400 h. Normalized aldosterone and cortisol values correlated significantly in both groups (adenoma r=+0.66, P less than 0.001; hyperplasia r=+0.42, P less than 0.01). With upright posture, aldosterone levels declined parallel to the normal circadian fall in cortisol in patients with adenoma (r=+0.68, P less than 0.001); whereas aldosterone levels increased in patients with hyperplasia parallel to small increments in renin (r=+0.65, P less than 0.001) and potassium (r=+0.64, P less than 0.001). During the administration of dexamethasone, aldosterone no longer correlated with cortisol in patients with adenoma but continued to correlate with renin during upright studies in patients with hyperplasia (r=+0.77, P less than 0.01). Aldosterone circadian rhythm was abnormal in patients with carcinoma and no effect of posture was noted. Unilateral adrenalectomy restored the normal postural relationship in four patients with adenoma. These studies suggest that aldosterone secretion is under continuous ACTH control regardless of posture in patients with adenoma, whereas persistent adrenal responsiveness to small increments in renin and/or potassium mediate the postural increase in plasma aldosterone in patients with hyperplasia. True adrenal autonomy occurs only in patients with adrenal carcinoma and when ACTH is suppressed in those with adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:947932", "title": "Pituitary function in pseudocyesis.", "content": "Neuroendocrine assessments were made in a 16-year-old girl with pseudocyesis of 38 weeks duration. Basal levels of pituitary LH and PRL, but not of FSH, were markedly elevated and the pulsatile pattern of LH and PRL appears to be exaggerated compared with those found in normal cycling women. Growth hormone levels were normal, with an appropriate increase after arginine infusion and l-dopa. The increased luteotropic action resulting from increased plasma LH and the lactogenic action of increased plasma PRL were associated with the presence of luteal function and galactorrhea. The dominant role of psychic mechanism(s) in causing hypersecretions of LH and PRL is suggested by the almost immediate fall in the serum concentrations and the rapid resolution of abdominal distention after the diagnosis was revealed to the patient.", "contents": "Pituitary function in pseudocyesis. Neuroendocrine assessments were made in a 16-year-old girl with pseudocyesis of 38 weeks duration. Basal levels of pituitary LH and PRL, but not of FSH, were markedly elevated and the pulsatile pattern of LH and PRL appears to be exaggerated compared with those found in normal cycling women. Growth hormone levels were normal, with an appropriate increase after arginine infusion and l-dopa. The increased luteotropic action resulting from increased plasma LH and the lactogenic action of increased plasma PRL were associated with the presence of luteal function and galactorrhea. The dominant role of psychic mechanism(s) in causing hypersecretions of LH and PRL is suggested by the almost immediate fall in the serum concentrations and the rapid resolution of abdominal distention after the diagnosis was revealed to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:947933", "title": "Effect of antithyroid agents 6-propyl-2-thiouracil and 1-mehtyl-2-mercaptoimidazole on human thyroid iodine peroxidase.", "content": "The mechanism of inhibition of human thyroid iodide peroxidase (TPO) by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI) used in the therapy of hyperthyroid patients was studied in vitro. The inhibition of TPO by MMI was not restored either by dialysis or by dilution, but the inhibition by PTU was restored by both treatments. PTU interacted directly with the product of TPO action (oxidized iodide) in the reaction mixture without significantly affecting TPO activity. MMI interacted directly with TPO and inhibited enzyme activity, rather than interacting with the product (oxidized iodide). The inhibition was irreversible with MMI, but reversible with PTU. The concentrations of PTU and MMI producing 50% inhibition of TPO were 2 x 10-6m and 8 x 10-7m, respectively, 2-Mercaptoimidazole inhibited TPO reversibly but 1-methylimidazole and imidazole did not. Both the methyl and mercaptoresidues in MMI moiety are thought to be essential to its irreversible inhibition of TPO. The in vivo effect of MMI and PTU on TPO activity was also studied. TPO activities in the thyroid homogenate of rats to which MMI (2 mg per rat) or PTU (10 mg per rat) had been administered intraperitoneally were determined before and after dialysis  against buffer. TPO activity in the PTU treated thyroid homogenate was significantly lower than that in the control before dialysis, but the activity was restored to the control value after dialysis. On the contrary, TPO activity in the MMI treated thyroid homogenate was significantly lower than that in the control and was not affected by dialysis. These data may explain why MMI is a more potent inhibitor of iodination than PTU and may fit the clinical results observed when hyperthyroid patients are treated with these agents.", "contents": "Effect of antithyroid agents 6-propyl-2-thiouracil and 1-mehtyl-2-mercaptoimidazole on human thyroid iodine peroxidase. The mechanism of inhibition of human thyroid iodide peroxidase (TPO) by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI) used in the therapy of hyperthyroid patients was studied in vitro. The inhibition of TPO by MMI was not restored either by dialysis or by dilution, but the inhibition by PTU was restored by both treatments. PTU interacted directly with the product of TPO action (oxidized iodide) in the reaction mixture without significantly affecting TPO activity. MMI interacted directly with TPO and inhibited enzyme activity, rather than interacting with the product (oxidized iodide). The inhibition was irreversible with MMI, but reversible with PTU. The concentrations of PTU and MMI producing 50% inhibition of TPO were 2 x 10-6m and 8 x 10-7m, respectively, 2-Mercaptoimidazole inhibited TPO reversibly but 1-methylimidazole and imidazole did not. Both the methyl and mercaptoresidues in MMI moiety are thought to be essential to its irreversible inhibition of TPO. The in vivo effect of MMI and PTU on TPO activity was also studied. TPO activities in the thyroid homogenate of rats to which MMI (2 mg per rat) or PTU (10 mg per rat) had been administered intraperitoneally were determined before and after dialysis  against buffer. TPO activity in the PTU treated thyroid homogenate was significantly lower than that in the control before dialysis, but the activity was restored to the control value after dialysis. On the contrary, TPO activity in the MMI treated thyroid homogenate was significantly lower than that in the control and was not affected by dialysis. These data may explain why MMI is a more potent inhibitor of iodination than PTU and may fit the clinical results observed when hyperthyroid patients are treated with these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:947934", "title": "Integrated concentrations of luteinizing hormone and puberty.", "content": "Integrated serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone have been compared among 30-minute collections from 10 boys (6-18 years old) and 5 girls (5-11 years old). This study suggests that perpubertal as well as pubertal boys have greater mean integrated concentrations of LH during sleep than during waking. One of two pubertal girls had greater concentrations of LH during sleep, while three prepubertal girls did not.", "contents": "Integrated concentrations of luteinizing hormone and puberty. Integrated serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone have been compared among 30-minute collections from 10 boys (6-18 years old) and 5 girls (5-11 years old). This study suggests that perpubertal as well as pubertal boys have greater mean integrated concentrations of LH during sleep than during waking. One of two pubertal girls had greater concentrations of LH during sleep, while three prepubertal girls did not."}
{"id": "PMID:947935", "title": "Secretory activity of isolated thyroid adenomas.", "content": "The catabolic phase of thyroid secretion --thyroglubulin (Tg) uptake and hydrolysis, release of hormones--has been investigated in vitro, by incubating thyroid slices with 0.1% labelled Tg, in cases of isolated adenomas. Twenty-two specimens were examined: 11 cold follicular adenomas, 5 hot nodules from euthyroid patients, 2 untreated toxic adenomas, and 4 pretreated toxic adenomas. The results were compared with those obtained in 11 specimens of normal tissue. Tg pinocytosis (the amount of Tg taken up by the slices per mg of tissue) was severely impaired in all the non-toxic nodules, cold or hot, i.e., whatever the in vivo activity of the thyroid iodide pump. In toxic adenomas, every step of the catabolic hormonogenesis was activated: high pinocytotic activity, increased Tg hydrolysis, and the discharge of hormonal products; in pretreated cases, the whole process was slowed down. Enzymic activity of the acid hydrolases, beta-galactosidase and cathepsin, was elevated in all the nodules so far investigated, particularly in the toxic adenomas.", "contents": "Secretory activity of isolated thyroid adenomas. The catabolic phase of thyroid secretion --thyroglubulin (Tg) uptake and hydrolysis, release of hormones--has been investigated in vitro, by incubating thyroid slices with 0.1% labelled Tg, in cases of isolated adenomas. Twenty-two specimens were examined: 11 cold follicular adenomas, 5 hot nodules from euthyroid patients, 2 untreated toxic adenomas, and 4 pretreated toxic adenomas. The results were compared with those obtained in 11 specimens of normal tissue. Tg pinocytosis (the amount of Tg taken up by the slices per mg of tissue) was severely impaired in all the non-toxic nodules, cold or hot, i.e., whatever the in vivo activity of the thyroid iodide pump. In toxic adenomas, every step of the catabolic hormonogenesis was activated: high pinocytotic activity, increased Tg hydrolysis, and the discharge of hormonal products; in pretreated cases, the whole process was slowed down. Enzymic activity of the acid hydrolases, beta-galactosidase and cathepsin, was elevated in all the nodules so far investigated, particularly in the toxic adenomas."}
{"id": "PMID:947936", "title": "The effects of insulin on urinary urea and ammonia production.", "content": "15N-labelled glycine, ammonium chloride, and L-aspartic acid were infused intravenously into a series of non-diabetic adults at a constant rate for 4 to 8 hours. Midway during the infusion, a pulse of 8-10 units of regular insulin was injected as a pulse or infused at a constant rate for the remainder of the 15N infusion period. Frequent urine specimens were collected during the infusion period. The 15N enrichment of the urinary urea, ammonia, and amino acids increased smoothly with time until the insulin was given. The pulse of insuline caused a downturn on the N enrichment. We concluded from this that a) the effect of a pulse of insulin on human urea and ammonia metabolism lasted for about one hour; and b) insulin affected glutamine distribution in the plasma.", "contents": "The effects of insulin on urinary urea and ammonia production. 15N-labelled glycine, ammonium chloride, and L-aspartic acid were infused intravenously into a series of non-diabetic adults at a constant rate for 4 to 8 hours. Midway during the infusion, a pulse of 8-10 units of regular insulin was injected as a pulse or infused at a constant rate for the remainder of the 15N infusion period. Frequent urine specimens were collected during the infusion period. The 15N enrichment of the urinary urea, ammonia, and amino acids increased smoothly with time until the insulin was given. The pulse of insuline caused a downturn on the N enrichment. We concluded from this that a) the effect of a pulse of insulin on human urea and ammonia metabolism lasted for about one hour; and b) insulin affected glutamine distribution in the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:947937", "title": "The role of 19-hydroxy-delta4-androstene-3,17-dione in the conversion of circulating delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione to estrone.", "content": "A mixture of 4-14C-delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione and 6,7-3 H-19-hydroxy-delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione was intravenously injected into three women, and the 3H/14C ratios in urinary 19-hydroxyandrostenedione and urinary estrogens were determined. The ratios of 3H/14C in the estrogens were similar to those of the dose, while the ratios in urinary 19-hydroxyandrostenedione were mcuh higher than those of the dose. The fractional conversions of androstenedione to estrone and of 19-hydroxyandrostenedione to estrone are therefore similar. However, little, if any, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione produced during aromatization enters the circulation and mixes with injected 19-hydroxyandrostenedione.", "contents": "The role of 19-hydroxy-delta4-androstene-3,17-dione in the conversion of circulating delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione to estrone. A mixture of 4-14C-delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione and 6,7-3 H-19-hydroxy-delta4-androstene-3, 17-dione was intravenously injected into three women, and the 3H/14C ratios in urinary 19-hydroxyandrostenedione and urinary estrogens were determined. The ratios of 3H/14C in the estrogens were similar to those of the dose, while the ratios in urinary 19-hydroxyandrostenedione were mcuh higher than those of the dose. The fractional conversions of androstenedione to estrone and of 19-hydroxyandrostenedione to estrone are therefore similar. However, little, if any, 19-hydroxyandrostenedione produced during aromatization enters the circulation and mixes with injected 19-hydroxyandrostenedione."}
{"id": "PMID:947938", "title": "Prolactin and testosterone: independent circulating levels in hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic amenorrhea. The effect of prolactin suppression by bromocriptine.", "content": "In order to elucidate the pituitary regulation of the female testosterone secretion, we studied by radioimmunoassay the circulating prolactin (PRL) and testosterone-dihydrotestosterone (T-dT) levels in 12 hyperprolactinemic and 12 normoprolactinemic patients with secondary amenorrhea. After the basal levels had been recorded, each patient was given bromocriptine for two weeks, 2.5 mg twice daily, and repeat estimations of the PRL and T-dT levels were done. We found no significant difference in the basal T-dT levels between normoprolactinemic and hyperprolactinemic patients, and no significant correlation between the PRL and T-dT levels in either group. Although the PRL levels of the hyperprolactinemic patients were greatly suppressed by bromocriptine, the T-dT levels showed no systematic change. In normoprolactinemic patients, the T-dT concentrations were somewhat lower during bromocriptine treatment, but the difference from basal levels was not statistically significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). Our results suggest that in patients with secondary amenorrhea PRL does not interfere directly with T-dT secretion, or vice versa.", "contents": "Prolactin and testosterone: independent circulating levels in hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic amenorrhea. The effect of prolactin suppression by bromocriptine. In order to elucidate the pituitary regulation of the female testosterone secretion, we studied by radioimmunoassay the circulating prolactin (PRL) and testosterone-dihydrotestosterone (T-dT) levels in 12 hyperprolactinemic and 12 normoprolactinemic patients with secondary amenorrhea. After the basal levels had been recorded, each patient was given bromocriptine for two weeks, 2.5 mg twice daily, and repeat estimations of the PRL and T-dT levels were done. We found no significant difference in the basal T-dT levels between normoprolactinemic and hyperprolactinemic patients, and no significant correlation between the PRL and T-dT levels in either group. Although the PRL levels of the hyperprolactinemic patients were greatly suppressed by bromocriptine, the T-dT levels showed no systematic change. In normoprolactinemic patients, the T-dT concentrations were somewhat lower during bromocriptine treatment, but the difference from basal levels was not statistically significant (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). Our results suggest that in patients with secondary amenorrhea PRL does not interfere directly with T-dT secretion, or vice versa."}
{"id": "PMID:947939", "title": "Effect of norepinephrine infusion on plasma vasopressin levels in normal human subjects.", "content": "Norepinephrine was continuously infused for 30 minutes at a rate of 0.2 and 0.3 mug/kg/min into 3 normal human subjects, and plasma vasopressin levels, plasma osmolality, hematocrit value, blood pressure, and heart rate were determined simultaneously. In norepinephrine infusion, an elevation of mean blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate was seen, and the degree of these changes was greater with the infusion at a rate of 0.3 mug/kg/min. Plasma vasopressin levels were suppressed by the infusion, and a dose-response relationship was recognized between the infusion at rates of 0.2 mug/kg/min and 0.3 mug/kg/min, while plasma osmolality did not change, and the hematocrit value rose slightly. These results suggest that norepinephrine-induced water diuresis is related to the suppression of the vasopressin release.", "contents": "Effect of norepinephrine infusion on plasma vasopressin levels in normal human subjects. Norepinephrine was continuously infused for 30 minutes at a rate of 0.2 and 0.3 mug/kg/min into 3 normal human subjects, and plasma vasopressin levels, plasma osmolality, hematocrit value, blood pressure, and heart rate were determined simultaneously. In norepinephrine infusion, an elevation of mean blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate was seen, and the degree of these changes was greater with the infusion at a rate of 0.3 mug/kg/min. Plasma vasopressin levels were suppressed by the infusion, and a dose-response relationship was recognized between the infusion at rates of 0.2 mug/kg/min and 0.3 mug/kg/min, while plasma osmolality did not change, and the hematocrit value rose slightly. These results suggest that norepinephrine-induced water diuresis is related to the suppression of the vasopressin release."}
{"id": "PMID:947940", "title": "Insulin binding to monocytes and total mononuclear leukocytes from normal and diabetic patients.", "content": "Isolated circulating mononuclear leukocyte preparations were obtained from 19 normal and 11 adult diabetic patients. No differences in monocyte, T cell, or B cell content were found when preparations from the two study groups were compared. The amount of insulin bound to cells from the diabetic patients was found to be decreased regardless of the cell type to which the data were normalized. This indicates that the previously reported decrease in the ability of mononuclear cells of diabetic patients to bind insulin was not a result of differences in mononuclear cell subpopulation.", "contents": "Insulin binding to monocytes and total mononuclear leukocytes from normal and diabetic patients. Isolated circulating mononuclear leukocyte preparations were obtained from 19 normal and 11 adult diabetic patients. No differences in monocyte, T cell, or B cell content were found when preparations from the two study groups were compared. The amount of insulin bound to cells from the diabetic patients was found to be decreased regardless of the cell type to which the data were normalized. This indicates that the previously reported decrease in the ability of mononuclear cells of diabetic patients to bind insulin was not a result of differences in mononuclear cell subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:947942", "title": "Effect of carbidopa on prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol secretion in man.", "content": "Serum prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol levels were examined in normal volunteers following administration of carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. 24-hour urinary tryptamine levels dropped markedly indicating that inhibition of decarboxylase was effective. Prolactin levels rose while growth hormone and cortisol remained unchanged. Since the tuberoinfundibular dopamine nerve terminals lie outside the blood brain barrier, this study suggests that these neurons are involved in prolactin but not in growth hormone or cortisol regulation. Findings are compatible with two alternate hypotheses--either that dopamine is a physiologic prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) or that tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons regulate the release of PIF.", "contents": "Effect of carbidopa on prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol secretion in man. Serum prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol levels were examined in normal volunteers following administration of carbidopa, a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. 24-hour urinary tryptamine levels dropped markedly indicating that inhibition of decarboxylase was effective. Prolactin levels rose while growth hormone and cortisol remained unchanged. Since the tuberoinfundibular dopamine nerve terminals lie outside the blood brain barrier, this study suggests that these neurons are involved in prolactin but not in growth hormone or cortisol regulation. Findings are compatible with two alternate hypotheses--either that dopamine is a physiologic prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) or that tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons regulate the release of PIF."}
{"id": "PMID:947943", "title": "Actions of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) on the renin aldosterone system.", "content": "Administration of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH, somatostatin), as a 90 minute infusion (10 mug/min), to 3 healthy young men under conditons of active renin secretion acheived by pretreatment with furosemide (80 mg daily for 5 days), caused a mean 30% fall in plasma renin activity, which returned to basal levels immediately after stopping the GH-RIH infusion. Plasma aldosterone levels were not affected during the course of this experiment.", "contents": "Actions of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) on the renin aldosterone system. Administration of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH, somatostatin), as a 90 minute infusion (10 mug/min), to 3 healthy young men under conditons of active renin secretion acheived by pretreatment with furosemide (80 mg daily for 5 days), caused a mean 30% fall in plasma renin activity, which returned to basal levels immediately after stopping the GH-RIH infusion. Plasma aldosterone levels were not affected during the course of this experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:947944", "title": "Uptake of 131I-19-iodocholesterol by an adrenal cortical carcinoma and its metastases.", "content": "A case of a positive 131-I-19-iodocholesterol scan caused by a cortisol secreting adrenal carcinoma and its hepatic metastases is reported.", "contents": "Uptake of 131I-19-iodocholesterol by an adrenal cortical carcinoma and its metastases. A case of a positive 131-I-19-iodocholesterol scan caused by a cortisol secreting adrenal carcinoma and its hepatic metastases is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:947945", "title": "Plasma cortisol and cortisone in pregnancies with normal and anencephalic fetuses.", "content": "Plasma cortisol (F), cortisone (E), and progesterone (P), were measured in the umbilical vein (UV), umiblical artery (UA), and maternal peripheral vein (MPV) of 17 normal patients, and of 8 patients carying anencephalic fetuses. The plasma F in MPV of patients undergoing vaginal delivery after labor of spontaneous onset was significantly higher than that of patients delivered by elective cesarean section, whereas the plasma F concentrations in the UA or UV of the 2 groups were not statistically different from each other. The anencephalic fetuses had UA plasma F and E concentrations which were significantly lower than those of normal fetuses, suggesting that a main portion of UA cortisol and cortisone originates in the fetal adrenal. The UV and MPV plasma F and E concentrations of patients carrying anencephalic fetuses did not differ, however, from those of normal patients, suggesting that these UV corticoids are derived mainly from maternal sources. The amniotic fluid cortisol levels of the patients carying anencephalic fetuses were lower than those observed in the normal pregnancies, suggesting that amniotic fluid cortisol is derived mainly from fetal sources.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol and cortisone in pregnancies with normal and anencephalic fetuses. Plasma cortisol (F), cortisone (E), and progesterone (P), were measured in the umbilical vein (UV), umiblical artery (UA), and maternal peripheral vein (MPV) of 17 normal patients, and of 8 patients carying anencephalic fetuses. The plasma F in MPV of patients undergoing vaginal delivery after labor of spontaneous onset was significantly higher than that of patients delivered by elective cesarean section, whereas the plasma F concentrations in the UA or UV of the 2 groups were not statistically different from each other. The anencephalic fetuses had UA plasma F and E concentrations which were significantly lower than those of normal fetuses, suggesting that a main portion of UA cortisol and cortisone originates in the fetal adrenal. The UV and MPV plasma F and E concentrations of patients carrying anencephalic fetuses did not differ, however, from those of normal patients, suggesting that these UV corticoids are derived mainly from maternal sources. The amniotic fluid cortisol levels of the patients carying anencephalic fetuses were lower than those observed in the normal pregnancies, suggesting that amniotic fluid cortisol is derived mainly from fetal sources."}
{"id": "PMID:947946", "title": "Diagnosis and nomenclature of the disorders of the terminal portion of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway.", "content": "The abnormal steroid pattern in an inborn error in aldosterone biosynthesis consists of overproduction of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone. The normal values for the excretory ratio of the major urniary metabolites of these two steroids are presented to provide a basis for the diagnosis of abnormalities in their ratio. The production of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone is remarkably constant over a large range of absolute values, except in the disorder involving the terminal portion of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway for which the term corticosterone methyl oxidase defect, Type 2, is suggested.", "contents": "Diagnosis and nomenclature of the disorders of the terminal portion of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway. The abnormal steroid pattern in an inborn error in aldosterone biosynthesis consists of overproduction of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone. The normal values for the excretory ratio of the major urniary metabolites of these two steroids are presented to provide a basis for the diagnosis of abnormalities in their ratio. The production of glomerulosa zone 18-hydroxycorticosterone relative to aldosterone is remarkably constant over a large range of absolute values, except in the disorder involving the terminal portion of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway for which the term corticosterone methyl oxidase defect, Type 2, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:947947", "title": "Reversible changes of the muscle cell in experimental phosphorus deficiency.", "content": "Both animal and human studies suggest that either phosphorus depletion or hypophosphatemia might have an adverse effect on muscle function and composition. Recently a possible deleterious effect was noted in patients with chronic alcoholism. In this unexplained disease, a variety of toxic and nutritional disturbances could affect the muscle cell, thus obscuring the precise role of phosphorus. Accordingly, we examined eight conditioned dogs for the possibility that phosphorus deficiency per se might induce an abnormally low resting transmembrane electrical potential difference (Em) and alter the composition of the muscle cell. Eight conditioned dogs were fed a synthetic phosphorus-deficient but otherwise nutritionally adequate diet plus aluminum carbonate gel for a 28-day period followed by the same diet with phosphorus supplementation for an additional 28 days. Sequential measurements of Em and muscle composition were made at 0 and 28 days during depletion and again after phosphorus repletion. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (mg/100 ml) fell from 4.2 +/- 0.6 on day 0 t0 1.7 +/- 0.1 on day 28. Total muscle phosphorus content (mmol/100 g fat-free dry wt [FFDW]) fell from 28.5 +/- 1.8 on day 0 to 22.4 +/- 2.1 on day 28. During phosphorus depletion, average Em (-mV) fell from 92.6 +/- 4.2 to 77.9 +/- 4.1 mV (P less than 0.001). Muscle Na+ and Cl- content (meq/100 g FFDW) rose respectively from 11.8 +/- 3.2 to 17.2 +/- 2.8 (P less than 0.01) and from 8.4 +/- 1.4 to 12.7 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.001). Total muscle water content rose from 331 +/- 12 to 353 +/- 20 g/100 FFDW (P less than 0.05). A slight, but nevertheless, significant drop in muscle potassium content, 43.7 +/- 2.0-39.7 +/- 2.2 meq/100 g FFDW (P less than 0.05) was also noted. After 4 wk of phosphorus repletion, all of these measurements returned toward control values. We conclude that moderate phosphorus depletion can induce reversible changes in skeletal muscle composition and transmembrane potential in the dog, and it apparently occurs independently of profound hypophosphatemia.", "contents": "Reversible changes of the muscle cell in experimental phosphorus deficiency. Both animal and human studies suggest that either phosphorus depletion or hypophosphatemia might have an adverse effect on muscle function and composition. Recently a possible deleterious effect was noted in patients with chronic alcoholism. In this unexplained disease, a variety of toxic and nutritional disturbances could affect the muscle cell, thus obscuring the precise role of phosphorus. Accordingly, we examined eight conditioned dogs for the possibility that phosphorus deficiency per se might induce an abnormally low resting transmembrane electrical potential difference (Em) and alter the composition of the muscle cell. Eight conditioned dogs were fed a synthetic phosphorus-deficient but otherwise nutritionally adequate diet plus aluminum carbonate gel for a 28-day period followed by the same diet with phosphorus supplementation for an additional 28 days. Sequential measurements of Em and muscle composition were made at 0 and 28 days during depletion and again after phosphorus repletion. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (mg/100 ml) fell from 4.2 +/- 0.6 on day 0 t0 1.7 +/- 0.1 on day 28. Total muscle phosphorus content (mmol/100 g fat-free dry wt [FFDW]) fell from 28.5 +/- 1.8 on day 0 to 22.4 +/- 2.1 on day 28. During phosphorus depletion, average Em (-mV) fell from 92.6 +/- 4.2 to 77.9 +/- 4.1 mV (P less than 0.001). Muscle Na+ and Cl- content (meq/100 g FFDW) rose respectively from 11.8 +/- 3.2 to 17.2 +/- 2.8 (P less than 0.01) and from 8.4 +/- 1.4 to 12.7 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.001). Total muscle water content rose from 331 +/- 12 to 353 +/- 20 g/100 FFDW (P less than 0.05). A slight, but nevertheless, significant drop in muscle potassium content, 43.7 +/- 2.0-39.7 +/- 2.2 meq/100 g FFDW (P less than 0.05) was also noted. After 4 wk of phosphorus repletion, all of these measurements returned toward control values. We conclude that moderate phosphorus depletion can induce reversible changes in skeletal muscle composition and transmembrane potential in the dog, and it apparently occurs independently of profound hypophosphatemia."}
{"id": "PMID:947948", "title": "Purine nucleoside metabolism in the erythrocytes of patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Deficiency of erythrocytic and lymphocytic adenosine deaminase (ADA) occurs in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). SCID with ADA deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. ADA is markedly reduced or undetectable in affected patients (homozygotes), and approximately one-half normal levels are found in individuals heterozygous for ADA deficiency. The metabolism of purine nucleosides was studied in erythrocytes from normal individuals, four ADA-deficiency patients, and two heterozygous individuals. ADA deficiency in intake erythrocytes was confirmed by a very sensitive ammonia-liberation technique. Erythrocytic ADA activity in three heterozygous individuals (0.07,0.08, and 0.14 mumolar units/ml of packed cells) was between that of the four normal controls (0.20-0.37 mumol/ml) and the ADA-deficient patients (no activity). In vitro, adenosine was incorporated principally into IMP in the heterozygous and normal individuals but into the adenosine nucleotides in the ADa-deficient patients. Coformycin (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6,7,8-trihydroimidazo[4,5-4] [1,3] diazepin-8 (R)-ol), a potent inhibitor of ADA, made possible incorporation of adenosine nucleotides in the ADA-deficient patients...", "contents": "Purine nucleoside metabolism in the erythrocytes of patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency. Deficiency of erythrocytic and lymphocytic adenosine deaminase (ADA) occurs in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). SCID with ADA deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. ADA is markedly reduced or undetectable in affected patients (homozygotes), and approximately one-half normal levels are found in individuals heterozygous for ADA deficiency. The metabolism of purine nucleosides was studied in erythrocytes from normal individuals, four ADA-deficiency patients, and two heterozygous individuals. ADA deficiency in intake erythrocytes was confirmed by a very sensitive ammonia-liberation technique. Erythrocytic ADA activity in three heterozygous individuals (0.07,0.08, and 0.14 mumolar units/ml of packed cells) was between that of the four normal controls (0.20-0.37 mumol/ml) and the ADA-deficient patients (no activity). In vitro, adenosine was incorporated principally into IMP in the heterozygous and normal individuals but into the adenosine nucleotides in the ADa-deficient patients. Coformycin (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6,7,8-trihydroimidazo[4,5-4] [1,3] diazepin-8 (R)-ol), a potent inhibitor of ADA, made possible incorporation of adenosine nucleotides in the ADA-deficient patients..."}
{"id": "PMID:947949", "title": "The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. A possible role for methionine metabolism.", "content": "Homocystinuria, an abnormality of methionine metabolism is associated with severe vascular disease in infancy and childhood. Homocysteine is formed during the metabolism of methionine and accumulations of this and of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide in the plasma indicate a partial block in the methionine degradation pathway. Methionine metabolism was investigated in 25 patients aged under 50 with angiographically proved coronary artery disease and in 22 control patients, of whom 17 had normal coronary arteries at angiography and 5 were healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast, venous blood was drawn before and 4 h after oral L-methionine, 100 mg/kg. Plasma methionine levels at 4 h were not different in the two groups, but there were significant differences in the levels of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide. This was detected in 5 of 22 in the noncoronary group and in higher concentration in 17 of 25 coronary patients (P less than 0-01). Age, weight, height, body-mass index, glucose tolerance, fasting serum urate, and triglycerides were not different, but serum cholesterol was higher in the coronary patients (P lessthan 0.01). These results suggest a reduced ability to metabolise homocysteine in some patients with premature coronary artery disease when this pathway is stressed.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. A possible role for methionine metabolism. Homocystinuria, an abnormality of methionine metabolism is associated with severe vascular disease in infancy and childhood. Homocysteine is formed during the metabolism of methionine and accumulations of this and of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide in the plasma indicate a partial block in the methionine degradation pathway. Methionine metabolism was investigated in 25 patients aged under 50 with angiographically proved coronary artery disease and in 22 control patients, of whom 17 had normal coronary arteries at angiography and 5 were healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast, venous blood was drawn before and 4 h after oral L-methionine, 100 mg/kg. Plasma methionine levels at 4 h were not different in the two groups, but there were significant differences in the levels of cysteine-homocysteine mixed disulfide. This was detected in 5 of 22 in the noncoronary group and in higher concentration in 17 of 25 coronary patients (P less than 0-01). Age, weight, height, body-mass index, glucose tolerance, fasting serum urate, and triglycerides were not different, but serum cholesterol was higher in the coronary patients (P lessthan 0.01). These results suggest a reduced ability to metabolise homocysteine in some patients with premature coronary artery disease when this pathway is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:947950", "title": "Insulin release is glucose anomeric specific in the human.", "content": "The alpha-glucose anomer produces a greater insulin release than beta-glucose in various animal models. These glucose anomers were dissolved rapidly and administered intravenously to human volunteers at a high dose (0.5 g/kg) over a 3-min period or a low dose (3.5 g) over a 20-s period. Blood samples were obtained at frequent time intervals for measurement of whole blood glucose (ferricyanide), plasma glucose (beta-glucose oxidase) and serum immunoreactive insulin. The high-dose infusion test showed no differences between the anomers of either blood glucose or serum insulin levels. However, at the lower dose, the alpha-glucose anomer stimulated a significantly greater insulin release than did beta-glucose. It is concluded that the alpha-glucose anomer stimulates a greater insulin release than the beta-glucose anomer in human subjects at low but not at high doses intravenously and that this response is not apparently related to approximations of the degree of mutarotation. These results suggest that a steric specific glucose receptor site exists on the beta-cell as a rapid insulin release trigger, although the alpha-anomer does not exclusively produce this stimulation.", "contents": "Insulin release is glucose anomeric specific in the human. The alpha-glucose anomer produces a greater insulin release than beta-glucose in various animal models. These glucose anomers were dissolved rapidly and administered intravenously to human volunteers at a high dose (0.5 g/kg) over a 3-min period or a low dose (3.5 g) over a 20-s period. Blood samples were obtained at frequent time intervals for measurement of whole blood glucose (ferricyanide), plasma glucose (beta-glucose oxidase) and serum immunoreactive insulin. The high-dose infusion test showed no differences between the anomers of either blood glucose or serum insulin levels. However, at the lower dose, the alpha-glucose anomer stimulated a significantly greater insulin release than did beta-glucose. It is concluded that the alpha-glucose anomer stimulates a greater insulin release than the beta-glucose anomer in human subjects at low but not at high doses intravenously and that this response is not apparently related to approximations of the degree of mutarotation. These results suggest that a steric specific glucose receptor site exists on the beta-cell as a rapid insulin release trigger, although the alpha-anomer does not exclusively produce this stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:947951", "title": "Inhibition of insulin degradation by nonsuppressible insulin-like activity.", "content": "Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity, provided by three sources, was evaluated for its effect on the proteolytic degradation of insulin utilizing insulin protease obtained from rat liver homogenate as well as liver cell membranes. All three preparations of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity were found to be competitive inhibitors of insulin degradation. In addition human plasma was fractionated yielding an acetone precipitate which was found to have nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and to be a competitive inhibitor of insulin protease.", "contents": "Inhibition of insulin degradation by nonsuppressible insulin-like activity. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity, provided by three sources, was evaluated for its effect on the proteolytic degradation of insulin utilizing insulin protease obtained from rat liver homogenate as well as liver cell membranes. All three preparations of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity were found to be competitive inhibitors of insulin degradation. In addition human plasma was fractionated yielding an acetone precipitate which was found to have nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and to be a competitive inhibitor of insulin protease."}
{"id": "PMID:947952", "title": "The induction of augmented granulocyte adherence by inflammation. Mediation by a plasma factor.", "content": "The adherence of granylocytes to surfaces, measured in vitro in nylon fiber columns, is inhibited by in vivo administration of anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, the effect of inflammation itself was assessed in blood from patients with acute inflammatory diseases. Mean adherence in these patients was twice normal (56.4 +/- 5.6% vs. 29.4 +/- 5.2%); their plasma contained a factor that augmented adherence of normal cells to 47.5 +/- 5.6% whereas the patient's cells showed a normal level of adherence (34.0 +/- 6.8%) when resuspended in normal plasma. Although exudate fluid from exprimental inflammation also contained the augmenting factor, cells from the exudate maintained their high level of adherence after washing and suspension in normal plasma. The augmenting factor detected in plasma from patients with inflammation was not present in serum and was inactivated by heating plasma to 56 degrees C for 30 min; restoration of augmenting activity was accomplished by addition of 20% guinea pig serum to the heat-treated plasma. Because the guinea pig serum itself did not increase adherence when added to normal plasma, it appears that the augmenting factor is heat-stable, but requires a heat-labile cofactor like complement. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of inflammatory plasma showed adherence-augmenting activity in the majority of fractions, with peak activity in the fractions corresponding to approximate molecular wts of 30,000, 160,000 and 400,000.", "contents": "The induction of augmented granulocyte adherence by inflammation. Mediation by a plasma factor. The adherence of granylocytes to surfaces, measured in vitro in nylon fiber columns, is inhibited by in vivo administration of anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, the effect of inflammation itself was assessed in blood from patients with acute inflammatory diseases. Mean adherence in these patients was twice normal (56.4 +/- 5.6% vs. 29.4 +/- 5.2%); their plasma contained a factor that augmented adherence of normal cells to 47.5 +/- 5.6% whereas the patient's cells showed a normal level of adherence (34.0 +/- 6.8%) when resuspended in normal plasma. Although exudate fluid from exprimental inflammation also contained the augmenting factor, cells from the exudate maintained their high level of adherence after washing and suspension in normal plasma. The augmenting factor detected in plasma from patients with inflammation was not present in serum and was inactivated by heating plasma to 56 degrees C for 30 min; restoration of augmenting activity was accomplished by addition of 20% guinea pig serum to the heat-treated plasma. Because the guinea pig serum itself did not increase adherence when added to normal plasma, it appears that the augmenting factor is heat-stable, but requires a heat-labile cofactor like complement. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of inflammatory plasma showed adherence-augmenting activity in the majority of fractions, with peak activity in the fractions corresponding to approximate molecular wts of 30,000, 160,000 and 400,000."}
{"id": "PMID:947953", "title": "Effect of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on proximal water and sodium reabsorption.", "content": "The renal responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in saline-expanded rats. The left kidney was partially denervated by crushing the left greater splanchnic nerve. Then the distal portion of the nerve was stimulated with square wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration, voltage twice threshold, and 1 or 2 Hz frequency while monitoring the compound action potential. Fibers with conduction speeds of 13-17 m-s-1 and of 0.7-1 m-s-1 were identified. Only stimulation of the latter appeared to produce changes in renal Na and water excretion. Whole kidney and individual nephron studies were performed alternating control and nerve stimulation periods. Nerve stimulation produced approximately a 25% reduction of the left kidney urine volume and sodium excretion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged. Right kidney Na and water excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow remained constant. In the left kidney, during nerve stimulation, the tubular fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratio increased significantly in the late proximal tubule. We conclude that the antidiuresis and antinatriuresis seen during sympathetic nerve stimulation were caused by increased sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule, probably mediated by the stimulation of slowly conducting unmyelinated fibers. These responses appeared to be unrelated to systemic or intrarenal hemodynamic changes.", "contents": "Effect of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on proximal water and sodium reabsorption. The renal responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation were studied in saline-expanded rats. The left kidney was partially denervated by crushing the left greater splanchnic nerve. Then the distal portion of the nerve was stimulated with square wave pulses of 0.5 ms duration, voltage twice threshold, and 1 or 2 Hz frequency while monitoring the compound action potential. Fibers with conduction speeds of 13-17 m-s-1 and of 0.7-1 m-s-1 were identified. Only stimulation of the latter appeared to produce changes in renal Na and water excretion. Whole kidney and individual nephron studies were performed alternating control and nerve stimulation periods. Nerve stimulation produced approximately a 25% reduction of the left kidney urine volume and sodium excretion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow remained unchanged. Right kidney Na and water excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow remained constant. In the left kidney, during nerve stimulation, the tubular fluid to plasma inulin concentration ratio increased significantly in the late proximal tubule. We conclude that the antidiuresis and antinatriuresis seen during sympathetic nerve stimulation were caused by increased sodium and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule, probably mediated by the stimulation of slowly conducting unmyelinated fibers. These responses appeared to be unrelated to systemic or intrarenal hemodynamic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:947954", "title": "Intrinsic differences in various segments of the proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "Until recently it has not been possible to compare directly the function of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. The present studies, using in vitro microperfusion, were designed to examine whether functional differences exist between proximal convoluted tubule segments of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. Electrophysiological studies showed that major differences exist between the relative chloride and sodium permeabilities of these segments. In the 1st mm of the superficial proximal convoluted tubule, the permeability to sodium was greater than that to chloride, whereas in the 2nd mm of the superficial proximal convoluted tubule and all later segments, the permeability to chloride was greater than that to sodium. The juxtamedullary proximal convoluted tubule was found to differ from the superficial proximal convoluted tubule in two respects: first, the relative permeabilities to chloride and sodium did not differ in the various segments of the juxtamedullary proximal convoluted tubule; second, the permeability to sodium was greater than to chloride throughout. When perfused with a solution lacking glucose and amino acids, the superficial and juxtamedullary convolutions exhibited the same transepithelial potential change, a reversible decrease to less than -- 1 mV. It thus appears that in both convolutions there exists electrogenic sodium transport coupled to the transport of these organic solutes. This differs from pars recta of both of these nephrons, which have been shown to exhibit electrogenic sodium transport independent of organic solutes. However, when perfused with a solution lacking glucose and amino acids but also containing high chloride and low bicarbonate concentrations, the superficial convolution developed a significantly more positive potential than the juxtamedullary. This difference reflects greater relative chloride permeability in the superficial proximal convolution. These studies show that intrinsic functional differences exist between proximal convoluted tubules obtained from the superficial and juxtamedullary nephron populations.", "contents": "Intrinsic differences in various segments of the proximal convoluted tubule. Until recently it has not been possible to compare directly the function of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. The present studies, using in vitro microperfusion, were designed to examine whether functional differences exist between proximal convoluted tubule segments of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons. Electrophysiological studies showed that major differences exist between the relative chloride and sodium permeabilities of these segments. In the 1st mm of the superficial proximal convoluted tubule, the permeability to sodium was greater than that to chloride, whereas in the 2nd mm of the superficial proximal convoluted tubule and all later segments, the permeability to chloride was greater than that to sodium. The juxtamedullary proximal convoluted tubule was found to differ from the superficial proximal convoluted tubule in two respects: first, the relative permeabilities to chloride and sodium did not differ in the various segments of the juxtamedullary proximal convoluted tubule; second, the permeability to sodium was greater than to chloride throughout. When perfused with a solution lacking glucose and amino acids, the superficial and juxtamedullary convolutions exhibited the same transepithelial potential change, a reversible decrease to less than -- 1 mV. It thus appears that in both convolutions there exists electrogenic sodium transport coupled to the transport of these organic solutes. This differs from pars recta of both of these nephrons, which have been shown to exhibit electrogenic sodium transport independent of organic solutes. However, when perfused with a solution lacking glucose and amino acids but also containing high chloride and low bicarbonate concentrations, the superficial convolution developed a significantly more positive potential than the juxtamedullary. This difference reflects greater relative chloride permeability in the superficial proximal convolution. These studies show that intrinsic functional differences exist between proximal convoluted tubules obtained from the superficial and juxtamedullary nephron populations."}
{"id": "PMID:947955", "title": "Human bone marrow lymphocytes. Cytotoxic effector cells in the bone marrow of normal individuals.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the capability of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of normal individuals to mediate nonspecific killer cell functions in assays of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocyte target cells. Relatively pure mononuclear cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow aspirates in 30 normal volunteers by sucrose gradient centrifugations and from the peripheral blood of the same individuals by Hypaque-Ficoll density centrifugations. At an effector: target ratio of 10:1, the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood was 78.8 +/- 1.3%, while that of bone marrow was not significantly less at 66 +/- 9% (P greater than 0.1). At low effector:target ratios, the ADCC of bone marrow was negligible, while at higher effector:target ratios (20:1) bone marrow ADCC was 69 +/- 3.7%, which was comparable to that of peripheral blood. The lymphocytes themselves in the mononuclear cell suspensions of both peripheral blood and bone marrow were capable of cytotoxicity activity since depletion of monocytes from the suspensions by adherence to rayon wool and G-10 Sephadex columns did not remove the cytotoxic activity. Blocking of the Fc receptor on the effector cells by the addition of aggregated gamma globulin to the cultures suppressed the ADCC but not the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity of both peripheral blood and bone marrow, indicating that ADCC is dependent on an Fc receptor on the effector cell in both compartments. These studies demonstrate that the bone marrow of normal humans contains populations of lymphoid cells which have highly efficient killer cell capacities. It is uncertain what portion of these cells arise in the bone marrow and what portion enter the bone marrow parenchyma as part of the recirculating lymphocyte pool. These findings have relevance in the clearer understanding of the killer cell potential of grafted human marrow, as well as the bone marrow sequestration of functionally capable lymphocyte subpopulations in disease states and during chemotherapy.", "contents": "Human bone marrow lymphocytes. Cytotoxic effector cells in the bone marrow of normal individuals. This study was undertaken to determine the capability of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of normal individuals to mediate nonspecific killer cell functions in assays of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocyte target cells. Relatively pure mononuclear cell suspensions were obtained from bone marrow aspirates in 30 normal volunteers by sucrose gradient centrifugations and from the peripheral blood of the same individuals by Hypaque-Ficoll density centrifugations. At an effector: target ratio of 10:1, the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity of peripheral blood was 78.8 +/- 1.3%, while that of bone marrow was not significantly less at 66 +/- 9% (P greater than 0.1). At low effector:target ratios, the ADCC of bone marrow was negligible, while at higher effector:target ratios (20:1) bone marrow ADCC was 69 +/- 3.7%, which was comparable to that of peripheral blood. The lymphocytes themselves in the mononuclear cell suspensions of both peripheral blood and bone marrow were capable of cytotoxicity activity since depletion of monocytes from the suspensions by adherence to rayon wool and G-10 Sephadex columns did not remove the cytotoxic activity. Blocking of the Fc receptor on the effector cells by the addition of aggregated gamma globulin to the cultures suppressed the ADCC but not the PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity of both peripheral blood and bone marrow, indicating that ADCC is dependent on an Fc receptor on the effector cell in both compartments. These studies demonstrate that the bone marrow of normal humans contains populations of lymphoid cells which have highly efficient killer cell capacities. It is uncertain what portion of these cells arise in the bone marrow and what portion enter the bone marrow parenchyma as part of the recirculating lymphocyte pool. These findings have relevance in the clearer understanding of the killer cell potential of grafted human marrow, as well as the bone marrow sequestration of functionally capable lymphocyte subpopulations in disease states and during chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:947956", "title": "The relationship of structure and function in human Hageman factor. The association of enzymatic and binding activities with separate regions of the molecule.", "content": "Three regions of the human Hageman factor molecule termed the c, d, and e regions have been defined. Division of the molecule into these three regions is based on the analysis of fragments obtained by enzymatic cleavage during fluid-phase activation. The three regions have the following properties: (a) the c region has a mol wt of 40,000, has the capacity to bind to negatively charged surfaces, and does not have detectable enzymatic activity; (b) the e region possess a mol wt of 28,000 has enzymatic activity, and does not bind to negatively charged surfaces; (c) the d region has a mol wt of 12,000, is located between the c and e fragments but has not been detected as a freely existing polypeptide, and can bind firmly to negatively charged surfaces. The preparation of antibodies specific for the c and e regions is described as well as their use in defining the electrophoretic characteristics of the cde, cd, de, c, and e polypeptide fragments of Hageman factor. Evidence is given showing that the e region, but not the c or d, is released from a negatively charged surface when bound Hageman factor is exposed to proteolytic enzymes or whole plasma and that when this occurs in the presence of normal plasma, the e fragment becomes bound to C1 esterase inhibitor.", "contents": "The relationship of structure and function in human Hageman factor. The association of enzymatic and binding activities with separate regions of the molecule. Three regions of the human Hageman factor molecule termed the c, d, and e regions have been defined. Division of the molecule into these three regions is based on the analysis of fragments obtained by enzymatic cleavage during fluid-phase activation. The three regions have the following properties: (a) the c region has a mol wt of 40,000, has the capacity to bind to negatively charged surfaces, and does not have detectable enzymatic activity; (b) the e region possess a mol wt of 28,000 has enzymatic activity, and does not bind to negatively charged surfaces; (c) the d region has a mol wt of 12,000, is located between the c and e fragments but has not been detected as a freely existing polypeptide, and can bind firmly to negatively charged surfaces. The preparation of antibodies specific for the c and e regions is described as well as their use in defining the electrophoretic characteristics of the cde, cd, de, c, and e polypeptide fragments of Hageman factor. Evidence is given showing that the e region, but not the c or d, is released from a negatively charged surface when bound Hageman factor is exposed to proteolytic enzymes or whole plasma and that when this occurs in the presence of normal plasma, the e fragment becomes bound to C1 esterase inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:947957", "title": "Jejunal and ileal absorption in patients with chronic renal disease. Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Calcium absorption in 30-cm segments of small intestine was measured by constant perfusion of test solutions containing different concentrations of calcium gluconate. In both the jejunum and ileum, calcium absorption rates increased progressively as luminal calcium concentration was increased stepwise between 1 and 20 mM. Although calcium transport was not saturable within these limits, unidirectional flux ratios of calcium (47Ca) suggest that calcium absorption is active in both the jejunum and ileum. Calcium absorption in patients with chronic renal disease was markedly depressed in both regions of the small intestine. This was due to decreased flux out of the lumen; flux in the reverse direction was normal. Flux ratios in the renal disease patients showed no evidence for active calcium transport. Treatment of these patients for 1 wk within 2 mug/day of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-(OH)-D3] restored net calcium absorption and unidirectional calcium flux out of the lumen to normal values in the jejunum; in the ileum, 1alpha-(OH)-D3 increased calcium absorption 60-83% of normal at the various luminal calcium concentrations. 1alpha(OH)-D3 had no effect on unidirectional calcium flux into the lumen or on xylose and electrolyte absorption in either area of the small intestine.", "contents": "Jejunal and ileal absorption in patients with chronic renal disease. Effect of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Calcium absorption in 30-cm segments of small intestine was measured by constant perfusion of test solutions containing different concentrations of calcium gluconate. In both the jejunum and ileum, calcium absorption rates increased progressively as luminal calcium concentration was increased stepwise between 1 and 20 mM. Although calcium transport was not saturable within these limits, unidirectional flux ratios of calcium (47Ca) suggest that calcium absorption is active in both the jejunum and ileum. Calcium absorption in patients with chronic renal disease was markedly depressed in both regions of the small intestine. This was due to decreased flux out of the lumen; flux in the reverse direction was normal. Flux ratios in the renal disease patients showed no evidence for active calcium transport. Treatment of these patients for 1 wk within 2 mug/day of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-(OH)-D3] restored net calcium absorption and unidirectional calcium flux out of the lumen to normal values in the jejunum; in the ileum, 1alpha-(OH)-D3 increased calcium absorption 60-83% of normal at the various luminal calcium concentrations. 1alpha(OH)-D3 had no effect on unidirectional calcium flux into the lumen or on xylose and electrolyte absorption in either area of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:947958", "title": "Influence of dietary phosphorus on renal phosphate reabsorption in the parathyroidectomized rat.", "content": "Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reabsorption was studied during Pi infusion, after acute or chronic thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX), in rats stabilized on a high-phosphorus (1% P) or a low-phosphorus (0.02% P) diet. After acute TPTX, there were no consistent differences in Pi reabsorption between the high- and low-phosphorus dietary groups. After chronic TPTX, the rats stabilized on the low-phosphorus diet exhibited nearly complete Pi reabsorption at every plasma Pi level, while the animals receiving the high-phosphorus diet manifested a marked phosphaturic response to Pi infusion. In addition, Pi reabsorption was significantly increased in the chronic TPTX low-phosphorus rats which achieved the highest filtered Pi loads, while their urine remained essentially phosphate-free. Dietary phosphorus-dependent alterations in Pi reabsorption may play a significant role in establishing the rate of Pi excretion per nephron under certain circumstances and should be considered in the interpretation of studies investigating renal Pi handling. The ability of phosphorus-depleted animals to maintain a phosphate-free urine during Pi loading would favor the rapid repletion of body phosphorus stores.", "contents": "Influence of dietary phosphorus on renal phosphate reabsorption in the parathyroidectomized rat. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) reabsorption was studied during Pi infusion, after acute or chronic thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX), in rats stabilized on a high-phosphorus (1% P) or a low-phosphorus (0.02% P) diet. After acute TPTX, there were no consistent differences in Pi reabsorption between the high- and low-phosphorus dietary groups. After chronic TPTX, the rats stabilized on the low-phosphorus diet exhibited nearly complete Pi reabsorption at every plasma Pi level, while the animals receiving the high-phosphorus diet manifested a marked phosphaturic response to Pi infusion. In addition, Pi reabsorption was significantly increased in the chronic TPTX low-phosphorus rats which achieved the highest filtered Pi loads, while their urine remained essentially phosphate-free. Dietary phosphorus-dependent alterations in Pi reabsorption may play a significant role in establishing the rate of Pi excretion per nephron under certain circumstances and should be considered in the interpretation of studies investigating renal Pi handling. The ability of phosphorus-depleted animals to maintain a phosphate-free urine during Pi loading would favor the rapid repletion of body phosphorus stores."}
{"id": "PMID:947959", "title": "Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by elevated venous pressure.", "content": "A study was carried out to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the intestinal secretion produced by venous pressure elevation. In dogs, measurements were made of the rate and composition of small intestinal secretion, rate of flow and composition of intestinal lymph, plasma composition, and mucosal water content, all in response to elevations of intestinal venous pressure. Venous pressure elevations above a threshold value of 30-35 cm H2O produce secretion at a rate of approximately proportional to the value of the pressure minus the threshold value. Above the threshold value, there were large increases in the rates of lymph flow and net sustained transcapillary filtration. These rates were also roughly proportional to the incremental venous pressure. It is concluded that intestinal secretion produced by elevated venous pressure is almost surely secretory filtration, a passive process with the driving force for secretion an increase in mucosal tissue fluid pressures to values of only some 4-6 cm H2O. The increased tissue fluid pressure not only provides the driving force but also produces an increase in the hydraulic permeability of the epithelium without which the driving force would be ineffective. The transepithelial channels are large enough to permit insulin to pass freely and even plasma protein to pass in large amounts, and hence are most probably intercellular. Secretory filtration probably represents a general pathophysiological response of transporting epithelia to elevated tissue fluid pressure. It is proposed that the threshold value for secretion and associated changes is explained by dilution of the tissue fluid protein colloid osmotic pressure in a small subepithelial, juxtacapillary compartment.", "contents": "Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by elevated venous pressure. A study was carried out to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the intestinal secretion produced by venous pressure elevation. In dogs, measurements were made of the rate and composition of small intestinal secretion, rate of flow and composition of intestinal lymph, plasma composition, and mucosal water content, all in response to elevations of intestinal venous pressure. Venous pressure elevations above a threshold value of 30-35 cm H2O produce secretion at a rate of approximately proportional to the value of the pressure minus the threshold value. Above the threshold value, there were large increases in the rates of lymph flow and net sustained transcapillary filtration. These rates were also roughly proportional to the incremental venous pressure. It is concluded that intestinal secretion produced by elevated venous pressure is almost surely secretory filtration, a passive process with the driving force for secretion an increase in mucosal tissue fluid pressures to values of only some 4-6 cm H2O. The increased tissue fluid pressure not only provides the driving force but also produces an increase in the hydraulic permeability of the epithelium without which the driving force would be ineffective. The transepithelial channels are large enough to permit insulin to pass freely and even plasma protein to pass in large amounts, and hence are most probably intercellular. Secretory filtration probably represents a general pathophysiological response of transporting epithelia to elevated tissue fluid pressure. It is proposed that the threshold value for secretion and associated changes is explained by dilution of the tissue fluid protein colloid osmotic pressure in a small subepithelial, juxtacapillary compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:947960", "title": "The effect of changes in perfusion pressure on uteroplacental blood flow in the pregnant rabbit.", "content": "The effect of perfusion pressure on uteroplacental blood flow was determined in pregnant rabbits utilizing the radioactive microsphere method. Control mean arterial pressure, 93 mm Hg +/- 2.6 SEM, was raised by carotid ligation to 109 +/- 4.1 mm Hg and then reduced with antihypertensive drugs to 74 +/- 1.3 mm Hg. Over this range of pressure there was no significant change in cardiac output, 605 +/- 36, 523 +/- 37, and 540 +/- 39 ml/min; or uteroplacental blood flow, 30 +/- 3.2, 27 +/- 5.2, and 29 +/- 4.5 ml/min, respectively. When prostaglandin synthesis was inhibited with either indomethacin or meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), uterine vascular resistance was higher but maintenance of uteroplacental flow occurred over a perfusion pressure of 89 +/- 6.7-115 +/- 9.3 mm Hg. With more severe hypotension induced with trimethaphan, control arterial pressure fell from 92 +/- 2.4 to 39 +/- 0.9 mm Hg, cardiac output fell from 514 +/- 17 to 407 +/- 22 ml/min (P less than 0.025) and uteroplacental blood flow fell from 6.1 +/- 0.9 to 2.5 +/- 0.9% of cardiac output (P less than 0.05), which represented an absolute fall from 32.4 +/- 5 to 10.6 +/- 3 ml/min (P less than 0.025). There was no significant change in renal blood flow expressed as percentage of cardiac output, 14.9 +/- 2 and 13 +/- 1.5%, or in absolute flow, 75 +/- 7.7 and 54 +/- 7 ml/min with trimethaphan-induced hypotension. These studies indicate that uteroplacental blood flow is maintained relatively constant over a range of perfusion pressure of 60-140 mm Hg in both normal and prostaglandin-inhibited pregnant rabbits. However, with reduction in pressure to 36-42 mm Hg, uteroplacental blood flow falls, expressed as a percentage of cardiac output and in absolute flow.", "contents": "The effect of changes in perfusion pressure on uteroplacental blood flow in the pregnant rabbit. The effect of perfusion pressure on uteroplacental blood flow was determined in pregnant rabbits utilizing the radioactive microsphere method. Control mean arterial pressure, 93 mm Hg +/- 2.6 SEM, was raised by carotid ligation to 109 +/- 4.1 mm Hg and then reduced with antihypertensive drugs to 74 +/- 1.3 mm Hg. Over this range of pressure there was no significant change in cardiac output, 605 +/- 36, 523 +/- 37, and 540 +/- 39 ml/min; or uteroplacental blood flow, 30 +/- 3.2, 27 +/- 5.2, and 29 +/- 4.5 ml/min, respectively. When prostaglandin synthesis was inhibited with either indomethacin or meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), uterine vascular resistance was higher but maintenance of uteroplacental flow occurred over a perfusion pressure of 89 +/- 6.7-115 +/- 9.3 mm Hg. With more severe hypotension induced with trimethaphan, control arterial pressure fell from 92 +/- 2.4 to 39 +/- 0.9 mm Hg, cardiac output fell from 514 +/- 17 to 407 +/- 22 ml/min (P less than 0.025) and uteroplacental blood flow fell from 6.1 +/- 0.9 to 2.5 +/- 0.9% of cardiac output (P less than 0.05), which represented an absolute fall from 32.4 +/- 5 to 10.6 +/- 3 ml/min (P less than 0.025). There was no significant change in renal blood flow expressed as percentage of cardiac output, 14.9 +/- 2 and 13 +/- 1.5%, or in absolute flow, 75 +/- 7.7 and 54 +/- 7 ml/min with trimethaphan-induced hypotension. These studies indicate that uteroplacental blood flow is maintained relatively constant over a range of perfusion pressure of 60-140 mm Hg in both normal and prostaglandin-inhibited pregnant rabbits. However, with reduction in pressure to 36-42 mm Hg, uteroplacental blood flow falls, expressed as a percentage of cardiac output and in absolute flow."}
{"id": "PMID:947961", "title": "Leukocyte-platelet interaction. Release of hydrogen peroxide by granulocytes as a modulator of platelet reactions.", "content": "Because of the many potent biological capabilities of the blood granulocytes, and their contact with platelets in various physiologic and pathologic states, a possible interaction between granulocytes and platelets was investigated. Platelets were purified by gel filtration and via a dialysis membrane were separated from suspensions of autologous granulocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation and resuspended in modified Tyrode's buffer. After 20 min at 37 degrees C platelet aggregation was shown to be diminished by such exposure, as compared to the aggregation of platelets incubated with dialysates of buffer only. When granulocytes were stimulated by the addition of 1.1-muM latex spheres as target particles for phagocytes, the dialysate of these cells exhibited greatly enhanced platelet-inhibitory properties. The addition of catalase to the platelets abolished the effect of exposing these cells to the dialysate of resting granulocytes and markedly inhibited the effect of exposing the platelets to the dialysate of phagocytosing granulocytes. Catalase treated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole had no platelet-protective capacity. Purified suspensions of lymphocytes released no platelet-inhibitory principle under these experimental conditions. Hydrogen peroxide in the dialysate of granulocytes was measured directly with an assay involving an H2O2-induced decrease in the fluorescence of scopoletin catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. The dialysate of phagocytosing granulocytes contained 0.86 +/- 0.55 nmol H2O2/2.5 X 10(7) granulocytes when sampled at 20 min. By an alternate measurement technique in which scopoletin and horseradish peroxidase were present in the dialysate from time zero, the mean amount of H2O2 in the dialysate reached 4.0 +/- 1.3 nmol/2.5 x 10(7) granulocytes at 20 min. This discrepancy suggested the consumption of H2O2, possibly mediated by the granulocytes themselves. This possibility was investigated by the addition of exogenous H2O2 to the test system. Both granulocytes and platelets enhanced the disappearance of H2O2 from the dialysate, and the amount consumed was proportional to the amount of H2O2 added to the system. Glucose oxidase at 12 M U/ml plus glucose in excess resulted in the production of H2O2 at a rate and final amount comparable to that produced by phagocytosing granulocytes. This mixture, when substituted for phagocytosing granulocytes in the standard dialysis membrane experiment, induced an inhibition of platelet aggregation similar to that caused by the granulocytes. The observation that the release of H2O2 by the blood granulocyte influences platelet function suggests a potential role for the granulocyte in the regulation of hemostasis or thrombosis.", "contents": "Leukocyte-platelet interaction. Release of hydrogen peroxide by granulocytes as a modulator of platelet reactions. Because of the many potent biological capabilities of the blood granulocytes, and their contact with platelets in various physiologic and pathologic states, a possible interaction between granulocytes and platelets was investigated. Platelets were purified by gel filtration and via a dialysis membrane were separated from suspensions of autologous granulocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation and resuspended in modified Tyrode's buffer. After 20 min at 37 degrees C platelet aggregation was shown to be diminished by such exposure, as compared to the aggregation of platelets incubated with dialysates of buffer only. When granulocytes were stimulated by the addition of 1.1-muM latex spheres as target particles for phagocytes, the dialysate of these cells exhibited greatly enhanced platelet-inhibitory properties. The addition of catalase to the platelets abolished the effect of exposing these cells to the dialysate of resting granulocytes and markedly inhibited the effect of exposing the platelets to the dialysate of phagocytosing granulocytes. Catalase treated with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole had no platelet-protective capacity. Purified suspensions of lymphocytes released no platelet-inhibitory principle under these experimental conditions. Hydrogen peroxide in the dialysate of granulocytes was measured directly with an assay involving an H2O2-induced decrease in the fluorescence of scopoletin catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. The dialysate of phagocytosing granulocytes contained 0.86 +/- 0.55 nmol H2O2/2.5 X 10(7) granulocytes when sampled at 20 min. By an alternate measurement technique in which scopoletin and horseradish peroxidase were present in the dialysate from time zero, the mean amount of H2O2 in the dialysate reached 4.0 +/- 1.3 nmol/2.5 x 10(7) granulocytes at 20 min. This discrepancy suggested the consumption of H2O2, possibly mediated by the granulocytes themselves. This possibility was investigated by the addition of exogenous H2O2 to the test system. Both granulocytes and platelets enhanced the disappearance of H2O2 from the dialysate, and the amount consumed was proportional to the amount of H2O2 added to the system. Glucose oxidase at 12 M U/ml plus glucose in excess resulted in the production of H2O2 at a rate and final amount comparable to that produced by phagocytosing granulocytes. This mixture, when substituted for phagocytosing granulocytes in the standard dialysis membrane experiment, induced an inhibition of platelet aggregation similar to that caused by the granulocytes. The observation that the release of H2O2 by the blood granulocyte influences platelet function suggests a potential role for the granulocyte in the regulation of hemostasis or thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:947962", "title": "Mechanism of the ventilatory response to carbon monoxide.", "content": "The effects of carbon monoxide on ventilation were studied in unanesthetized goats. Responses to single breaths of 10-25% CO in O2, which rapidly raised carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) from 5 to 60%, were considered to reflect peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated reflexes whereas responses to continuous inhalation of 1% CO in O2, which slowly raised COHb from 0 to 60%, were considered to reflect both peripheral chemoreceptor and nonperipheral chemoreceptor mechanisms. In each of six goats, single breaths of CO failed to elicit any immediate ventilatory response. However, slow buildup of carboxyhemoglobinemia in the same animals always elicited ventilatory stimulation (from a mean of 7.43 to 16.02 liter/min, P less than 0.001) beginning 5-6 min after onset of 1% CO in O2 inhalation when COHb saturation reached 50-60%. In eight studies of six animals HCO3- concentration fell (from 21.3 to 15.8 meq/liter; P less than 0.001) and lactate concentration rose (from 2.5 to 4.2 meq/liter; P less than 0.05) in the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid during the CO-induced hyperpnea. Additional studies ruled out ventilatory stimulation from left heart failure or enhanced chemo-sensitivity to carbon dioxide. Although the delayed hyperpnea was associated with a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to CO, blockade of these circulatory effects with propranolol (2 mg/kg) failed to abolish the delayed hyperpnea; however, the propranolol did unmask an element of ventilatory depression which preceded the hyperpnea. Conclusions were: (a) hyperventilation in response to CO inhalation is not mediated by the carotid bodies; (b) the delayed hyperpnea in response to CO inhalation is primarily due to brain-cerebrospinal fluid acidosis; (c) mobilization of body CO2 stores due to the circulatory response to CO may obscure an initial depression of ventilation by CO.", "contents": "Mechanism of the ventilatory response to carbon monoxide. The effects of carbon monoxide on ventilation were studied in unanesthetized goats. Responses to single breaths of 10-25% CO in O2, which rapidly raised carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) from 5 to 60%, were considered to reflect peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated reflexes whereas responses to continuous inhalation of 1% CO in O2, which slowly raised COHb from 0 to 60%, were considered to reflect both peripheral chemoreceptor and nonperipheral chemoreceptor mechanisms. In each of six goats, single breaths of CO failed to elicit any immediate ventilatory response. However, slow buildup of carboxyhemoglobinemia in the same animals always elicited ventilatory stimulation (from a mean of 7.43 to 16.02 liter/min, P less than 0.001) beginning 5-6 min after onset of 1% CO in O2 inhalation when COHb saturation reached 50-60%. In eight studies of six animals HCO3- concentration fell (from 21.3 to 15.8 meq/liter; P less than 0.001) and lactate concentration rose (from 2.5 to 4.2 meq/liter; P less than 0.05) in the cisternal cerebrospinal fluid during the CO-induced hyperpnea. Additional studies ruled out ventilatory stimulation from left heart failure or enhanced chemo-sensitivity to carbon dioxide. Although the delayed hyperpnea was associated with a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to CO, blockade of these circulatory effects with propranolol (2 mg/kg) failed to abolish the delayed hyperpnea; however, the propranolol did unmask an element of ventilatory depression which preceded the hyperpnea. Conclusions were: (a) hyperventilation in response to CO inhalation is not mediated by the carotid bodies; (b) the delayed hyperpnea in response to CO inhalation is primarily due to brain-cerebrospinal fluid acidosis; (c) mobilization of body CO2 stores due to the circulatory response to CO may obscure an initial depression of ventilation by CO."}
{"id": "PMID:947963", "title": "Effect of protein ingestion on splanchnic and leg metabolism in normal man and in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The inter-organ flux of substrates after a protein-rich meal was studied in seven healthy subjects and in eight patients, with diabetes mellitus. Arterial concentrations as well as leg and splanchnic exchange of amino acids, carbohydrate substrates, free fatty acids (FFA), and ketone bodies were examined in the basal state and for 3 h after the ingestion of lean beef (3 g/kg body wt). Insulin was withheld for 24 h before the study in the diabetic patients. In the normal subjects, after protein ingestion, there was a large amino acid release from the splanchnic bed predominantly involving the branched chain amino acids. Valine, isoleucine, and leucine accounted together for more than half of total splanchnic amino acid output. Large increments were seen in the arterial concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (100-200%) and to a smaller extent for other amino acids. Leg exchange of most amino acids reverted from a basal net outut to a net uptake after protein feeding which was most marked for the branched chain amino acids. The latter accounted for more than half of total peripheral amino acid uptake...", "contents": "Effect of protein ingestion on splanchnic and leg metabolism in normal man and in patients with diabetes mellitus. The inter-organ flux of substrates after a protein-rich meal was studied in seven healthy subjects and in eight patients, with diabetes mellitus. Arterial concentrations as well as leg and splanchnic exchange of amino acids, carbohydrate substrates, free fatty acids (FFA), and ketone bodies were examined in the basal state and for 3 h after the ingestion of lean beef (3 g/kg body wt). Insulin was withheld for 24 h before the study in the diabetic patients. In the normal subjects, after protein ingestion, there was a large amino acid release from the splanchnic bed predominantly involving the branched chain amino acids. Valine, isoleucine, and leucine accounted together for more than half of total splanchnic amino acid output. Large increments were seen in the arterial concentrations of the branched chain amino acids (100-200%) and to a smaller extent for other amino acids. Leg exchange of most amino acids reverted from a basal net outut to a net uptake after protein feeding which was most marked for the branched chain amino acids. The latter accounted for more than half of total peripheral amino acid uptake..."}
{"id": "PMID:947964", "title": "Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjects.", "content": "Creatinine excretion was studied in eight healthy males who collected 54 to 97 24-hour urine specimens. Significant differences among subjects in mean creatinine excretion were only partly explained by differences in body weight and surface area. Considerable daily within-subject variation in creatinine excretion during normal activity was found. Standard deviations were from 10.5 to 14.4 per cent of the mean, and ranges varied from 50 to 79 per cent of the mean. Day-to-day variation appeared to be time dependent rather than entirely random, and could not be explained by unreliability of the assay technique or by incomplete collections. Creatinine excretion values were normally distributed in seven of eight subjects. Individual variation from day to day limits the value of urinary creatinine excretion as an index of the completeness of 24-hour urine collections.", "contents": "Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjects. Creatinine excretion was studied in eight healthy males who collected 54 to 97 24-hour urine specimens. Significant differences among subjects in mean creatinine excretion were only partly explained by differences in body weight and surface area. Considerable daily within-subject variation in creatinine excretion during normal activity was found. Standard deviations were from 10.5 to 14.4 per cent of the mean, and ranges varied from 50 to 79 per cent of the mean. Day-to-day variation appeared to be time dependent rather than entirely random, and could not be explained by unreliability of the assay technique or by incomplete collections. Creatinine excretion values were normally distributed in seven of eight subjects. Individual variation from day to day limits the value of urinary creatinine excretion as an index of the completeness of 24-hour urine collections."}
{"id": "PMID:947965", "title": "Renal clearance of theophylline in man.", "content": "The renal clearance of theophylline was determined in 12 experiments with six healthy human adult volunteers and was found to decrease from 8.50+/-2.20 to 276.+/-1.13 ml/min/m2 during 8 hours after oral administration of a single dose of theophylline, 200 mg/m2. There was a strong and highly statistically significant positive correlation between the renal clearance of theophylline and the urine flow rate for each subject, but there was no consistent correlation between renal clearance and plasma concentrations of theophylline.", "contents": "Renal clearance of theophylline in man. The renal clearance of theophylline was determined in 12 experiments with six healthy human adult volunteers and was found to decrease from 8.50+/-2.20 to 276.+/-1.13 ml/min/m2 during 8 hours after oral administration of a single dose of theophylline, 200 mg/m2. There was a strong and highly statistically significant positive correlation between the renal clearance of theophylline and the urine flow rate for each subject, but there was no consistent correlation between renal clearance and plasma concentrations of theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:947966", "title": "Relationship of sulfamethazine disposition kinetics to acetylator phenotype in man. A preliminary study.", "content": "The relationship between sulfamethazine disposition kinetics and acetylation phenotype was studied in man. Sulfamethazine pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the administration of the drug as an oral suspension. When the half-life, acetylation rate constant, or per cent available dose excreted in the urine as acetylsulfamethazine of each subject was plotted on frequency distribution histograms, bimodal distribution patterns were observed. However, when acetylation clearance values were plotted in the same manner, an apparent trimodal pattern was seen. The failure to identify the presumed homozygous rapid acetylator using the commonly employed indices of drug metabolism, i.e., half-life, metabolic rate constant, or per cent of the dose metabolized, was attributed to a significant increase in the apparent volume of distribution of this genotype, as well as the low renal clearance of sulfamethazine found in all genotypes. This preliminary study points out the value of using metabolic clearance as an index of drug metabolizing capacity and suggests its application to further pharmacogenetic studies.", "contents": "Relationship of sulfamethazine disposition kinetics to acetylator phenotype in man. A preliminary study. The relationship between sulfamethazine disposition kinetics and acetylation phenotype was studied in man. Sulfamethazine pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the administration of the drug as an oral suspension. When the half-life, acetylation rate constant, or per cent available dose excreted in the urine as acetylsulfamethazine of each subject was plotted on frequency distribution histograms, bimodal distribution patterns were observed. However, when acetylation clearance values were plotted in the same manner, an apparent trimodal pattern was seen. The failure to identify the presumed homozygous rapid acetylator using the commonly employed indices of drug metabolism, i.e., half-life, metabolic rate constant, or per cent of the dose metabolized, was attributed to a significant increase in the apparent volume of distribution of this genotype, as well as the low renal clearance of sulfamethazine found in all genotypes. This preliminary study points out the value of using metabolic clearance as an index of drug metabolizing capacity and suggests its application to further pharmacogenetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:947967", "title": "Plasma protein binding of diazepam and tolbutamide in chronic alcoholics.", "content": "The increased incidence of drowsiness in hypoalbuminemic patients administered diazepam and more rapid clearance of tolbutamide in cirrhotics may be due to changes in plasma protein binding. The binding of diazepam and tolbutamide was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 37degreesC over a total drug concentration range of 1 to 10 mug/ml and 50 to 300 mug/ml, respectively, in plasma from 21 normal and 14 alcoholic subjects. At 1 mug/ml, diazepam plasma protein binding (+/- S.D.) was 98.5+/-0.4 per cent in normals and 97.8+/-1.2 per cent in alcoholics; at 100 mug/ml, tolbutamide binding was 97.8+/-0.3 per cent in normals and 95.1+/-4.2 per cent in alcoholics. For both agents at all concentrations, the binding to plasma from alcoholics was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01-less than 0.02). The extent of binding of both drugs was dependent on the albumin concentration. These findings suggest that important changes in pharmacologic effect, distribution, and clearance of diazepam and tolbutamide can be anticipated in alcoholics with hypoalbuminemia.", "contents": "Plasma protein binding of diazepam and tolbutamide in chronic alcoholics. The increased incidence of drowsiness in hypoalbuminemic patients administered diazepam and more rapid clearance of tolbutamide in cirrhotics may be due to changes in plasma protein binding. The binding of diazepam and tolbutamide was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 37degreesC over a total drug concentration range of 1 to 10 mug/ml and 50 to 300 mug/ml, respectively, in plasma from 21 normal and 14 alcoholic subjects. At 1 mug/ml, diazepam plasma protein binding (+/- S.D.) was 98.5+/-0.4 per cent in normals and 97.8+/-1.2 per cent in alcoholics; at 100 mug/ml, tolbutamide binding was 97.8+/-0.3 per cent in normals and 95.1+/-4.2 per cent in alcoholics. For both agents at all concentrations, the binding to plasma from alcoholics was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01-less than 0.02). The extent of binding of both drugs was dependent on the albumin concentration. These findings suggest that important changes in pharmacologic effect, distribution, and clearance of diazepam and tolbutamide can be anticipated in alcoholics with hypoalbuminemia."}
{"id": "PMID:947968", "title": "A long-term study of low-dose aerosolized terbutaline sulfate.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new lowdose terbutaline sulfate aerosol (375 micrograms) over a six-week period. The question of drug tolerance was also evaluated. Twenty-four ambulant patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a component of reversible airway disease was evaluated. The patients were tested at two-week intervals during a six-week period. The patients abstained from all bronchodilatory medications for at least 10 hours prior to the time of evaluation. The evaluation consisted of baseline FEV1 and MMEFR determinations, ECG, CBC, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests. After the terbutaline was administered, a rhythm strip and pulmonary function tests were repeated at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Throughout the six-week study there was a statistically significant increase in FEV1 and MMEFR, (P less than 0.001). No change was noted in the systolic blood pressures; however, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly. No drug tolerance, paradoxical bronchospasm, subjective side effects, no abnormal laboratory results were noted during the study period.", "contents": "A long-term study of low-dose aerosolized terbutaline sulfate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new lowdose terbutaline sulfate aerosol (375 micrograms) over a six-week period. The question of drug tolerance was also evaluated. Twenty-four ambulant patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a component of reversible airway disease was evaluated. The patients were tested at two-week intervals during a six-week period. The patients abstained from all bronchodilatory medications for at least 10 hours prior to the time of evaluation. The evaluation consisted of baseline FEV1 and MMEFR determinations, ECG, CBC, urinalysis, and renal and liver function tests. After the terbutaline was administered, a rhythm strip and pulmonary function tests were repeated at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Throughout the six-week study there was a statistically significant increase in FEV1 and MMEFR, (P less than 0.001). No change was noted in the systolic blood pressures; however, heart rate and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly. No drug tolerance, paradoxical bronchospasm, subjective side effects, no abnormal laboratory results were noted during the study period."}
{"id": "PMID:947969", "title": "Oral terbutaline sulfate--amelioration of exercise-induced bronchospasm.", "content": "Bronchospasm can be induced in asthmatics when exercised according to a multistage branching treadmill protocol that allows them to achieve 80 per cent of their age-predicted maximal heart rate. This present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of oral terbutaline sulfate in ameliorating exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ten asthmatics were exercised, and FEV1.0 and MMEFR were assessed while standing, using a Jones Pulmonar II waterless spirometer at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after exercise. Three hours before exercise, the subjects received no medication, oral placebo, or 5 mg terbutaline sulfate orally. At all time intervals after exercise, the pulmonary function of the group pretreated with oral terbutaline was superior when compared to the no-medication group (P less than 0.01) and to the placebo-treated group (P less than 0.05). Oral terbutaline appeared to normalize the exercise tolerance of the asthmatics and restore physiologic pulmonary airway conductance by the parameters of FEV1.0 and MMEFR.", "contents": "Oral terbutaline sulfate--amelioration of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Bronchospasm can be induced in asthmatics when exercised according to a multistage branching treadmill protocol that allows them to achieve 80 per cent of their age-predicted maximal heart rate. This present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of oral terbutaline sulfate in ameliorating exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ten asthmatics were exercised, and FEV1.0 and MMEFR were assessed while standing, using a Jones Pulmonar II waterless spirometer at 5, 15, and 30 minutes after exercise. Three hours before exercise, the subjects received no medication, oral placebo, or 5 mg terbutaline sulfate orally. At all time intervals after exercise, the pulmonary function of the group pretreated with oral terbutaline was superior when compared to the no-medication group (P less than 0.01) and to the placebo-treated group (P less than 0.05). Oral terbutaline appeared to normalize the exercise tolerance of the asthmatics and restore physiologic pulmonary airway conductance by the parameters of FEV1.0 and MMEFR."}
{"id": "PMID:947970", "title": "Therapeutic efficacy of a new anhydrous theophylline dosage form.", "content": "A clinical study was performed on 41 asthmatic patients. After complete physical and spirometric examinations, they received capsules containing 200 mg anhydrous theophylline per capsule t.i.d. for three weeks. All other antiasthmatic medications were omitted during this study. The results showed that these capsules (Elixophyllin Capsules) produced statistically significant improvement in wheezing, dyspnea, global clinical assessment, vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume at 1 second. Side effects, which were generally mild and transient, were those usually reported for theophylline and were observed in 11 of the 41 patients. One patient dropped out of the study because of extreme nausea. It was concluded that theophylline as a single entity can provide significant improvement in asthmatic patients at a total daily dose of 600 mg.", "contents": "Therapeutic efficacy of a new anhydrous theophylline dosage form. A clinical study was performed on 41 asthmatic patients. After complete physical and spirometric examinations, they received capsules containing 200 mg anhydrous theophylline per capsule t.i.d. for three weeks. All other antiasthmatic medications were omitted during this study. The results showed that these capsules (Elixophyllin Capsules) produced statistically significant improvement in wheezing, dyspnea, global clinical assessment, vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume at 1 second. Side effects, which were generally mild and transient, were those usually reported for theophylline and were observed in 11 of the 41 patients. One patient dropped out of the study because of extreme nausea. It was concluded that theophylline as a single entity can provide significant improvement in asthmatic patients at a total daily dose of 600 mg."}
{"id": "PMID:947973", "title": "Immunologic comparison of phospholipases A present in Hymenoptera insect venoms.", "content": "A comparative study was made of the effect of anti-bee venom phospholipase A2 serum and anti-bald face hornet venom serum on the activity of phospholipase A2 present in yellow hornet, yellow jacket, bald face hornet, and honeybee venoms. Activity of phospholipase A2 present in the venoms was measured titrimetrically using egg yolk dispersion as the substrate. Antiserum against pure bee venom phospholipase A2 activity completely suppressed bee venom phospholipase A2 activity but failed to inhibit phospholipase A2 activity in yellow jacket, yellow hornet, and bald face hornet venoms. Anti-bald face hornet venom serum suppressed the activity of phospholipase A2 present in the four insect venoms with the inhibitory effect decreasing in the order: bald face hornet greater than yellow hornet greater than yellow jacket greater than honeybee. A combination of immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion techniques gave indication of common antigenic sites in a component of yellow hornet venom and a component of bald face hornet venom. The results suggest that IgG antibodies against pure bee venom phospholipase A2 may not give any protection against the reaction(s) due to the phospholipase A2 in yellow hornet, yellow jacket, and bald face hornet venoms, while antibodies against bald face hornet venom phospholipase A2 may give some cross-protection.", "contents": "Immunologic comparison of phospholipases A present in Hymenoptera insect venoms. A comparative study was made of the effect of anti-bee venom phospholipase A2 serum and anti-bald face hornet venom serum on the activity of phospholipase A2 present in yellow hornet, yellow jacket, bald face hornet, and honeybee venoms. Activity of phospholipase A2 present in the venoms was measured titrimetrically using egg yolk dispersion as the substrate. Antiserum against pure bee venom phospholipase A2 activity completely suppressed bee venom phospholipase A2 activity but failed to inhibit phospholipase A2 activity in yellow jacket, yellow hornet, and bald face hornet venoms. Anti-bald face hornet venom serum suppressed the activity of phospholipase A2 present in the four insect venoms with the inhibitory effect decreasing in the order: bald face hornet greater than yellow hornet greater than yellow jacket greater than honeybee. A combination of immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion techniques gave indication of common antigenic sites in a component of yellow hornet venom and a component of bald face hornet venom. The results suggest that IgG antibodies against pure bee venom phospholipase A2 may not give any protection against the reaction(s) due to the phospholipase A2 in yellow hornet, yellow jacket, and bald face hornet venoms, while antibodies against bald face hornet venom phospholipase A2 may give some cross-protection."}
{"id": "PMID:947974", "title": "Imported fire ant hypersensitivity. Studies of human reactions to fire ant venom.", "content": "It is now apparent that venom and venom components of the Hymenoptera superfamilies of Apida (honeybee) and Vespida (wasps, yellow jackets, and hornets) are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions. Stings from fire ants (superfamily Formicidae, family Myrmicinae) have also been recognized as causes of systemic reactions in man. Fire ant venom is unique in its composition, consisting mainly of alkaloids in aqueous suspension with only trace amounts of protein. This study compares the skin reactivity of fire ant venom and synthesized alkaloid components with the whole body extract (WBE) of fire ants and other Hymenoptera. The venom as well as the WBE of fire ants was found useful for skin test diagnosis of sensitive individuals. There appear to be cross-reactive or shared antigens between fire ant venom, WBE, and WBE of other Hymenoptera. Successful passive transfer of skin reactivity to nonsensitive individuals was accomplished with sera from sensitive individuals. Loss of this passive transfer by heating sera at 56 degrees C for 4 hr is evidence in favor of IgE mediating the positive skin test to the venom.", "contents": "Imported fire ant hypersensitivity. Studies of human reactions to fire ant venom. It is now apparent that venom and venom components of the Hymenoptera superfamilies of Apida (honeybee) and Vespida (wasps, yellow jackets, and hornets) are becoming increasingly important in the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions. Stings from fire ants (superfamily Formicidae, family Myrmicinae) have also been recognized as causes of systemic reactions in man. Fire ant venom is unique in its composition, consisting mainly of alkaloids in aqueous suspension with only trace amounts of protein. This study compares the skin reactivity of fire ant venom and synthesized alkaloid components with the whole body extract (WBE) of fire ants and other Hymenoptera. The venom as well as the WBE of fire ants was found useful for skin test diagnosis of sensitive individuals. There appear to be cross-reactive or shared antigens between fire ant venom, WBE, and WBE of other Hymenoptera. Successful passive transfer of skin reactivity to nonsensitive individuals was accomplished with sera from sensitive individuals. Loss of this passive transfer by heating sera at 56 degrees C for 4 hr is evidence in favor of IgE mediating the positive skin test to the venom."}
{"id": "PMID:947975", "title": "The effect of cholinergic agents on a canine model of allergic asthma.", "content": "Pharmacologic agents capable of influencing the activity of the cholinergic nervous system were evaluated for possible effects on a canine model of allergic asthma. Dogs with an active cutaneous sensitivity to an antigen (Ag) prepared from Ascaris suum were subjected to repeated aerosol Ag provocations at 2-wk intervals. Ag-induced increases in pulmonary resistance (Rp) and decreases in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were obtained in the presence and absence of drugs. The intravenous administration of atropine or chlorisondamine before, or atropine after, Ag-provocation, in most cases did not result in a significant reduction in Rp increases; however, in some animals an attenuation of the Rp increase was apparent. Aerosol administration of atropine or physostigmine prior to Ag provocation was without effect on Rp increases. None of the agents studied appeared to effect Ag-induced decrease in Cdyn. Similarly, intravenous atropine produced a slight antagonism of exogenous histamine-induced increases in Rp and decreases in Cdyn. These results suggest that the cholinergic nervous system is neither a prominent nor a consistent factor in Ag-induced increases in Rp in dogs.", "contents": "The effect of cholinergic agents on a canine model of allergic asthma. Pharmacologic agents capable of influencing the activity of the cholinergic nervous system were evaluated for possible effects on a canine model of allergic asthma. Dogs with an active cutaneous sensitivity to an antigen (Ag) prepared from Ascaris suum were subjected to repeated aerosol Ag provocations at 2-wk intervals. Ag-induced increases in pulmonary resistance (Rp) and decreases in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were obtained in the presence and absence of drugs. The intravenous administration of atropine or chlorisondamine before, or atropine after, Ag-provocation, in most cases did not result in a significant reduction in Rp increases; however, in some animals an attenuation of the Rp increase was apparent. Aerosol administration of atropine or physostigmine prior to Ag provocation was without effect on Rp increases. None of the agents studied appeared to effect Ag-induced decrease in Cdyn. Similarly, intravenous atropine produced a slight antagonism of exogenous histamine-induced increases in Rp and decreases in Cdyn. These results suggest that the cholinergic nervous system is neither a prominent nor a consistent factor in Ag-induced increases in Rp in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:947976", "title": "Analysis of the potency of extracts of June grass pollen by their inhibitory capacities in the radioallergosorbent test.", "content": "The potencies of 11 commercial extracts of June grass pollen were analyzed by skin test end point titrations and compared to potencies as determined in vitro (1) by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), (2) by Group I antigen content, and (3) by protein nitrogen units (PNU). RAST potencies were determined by the capacity of the extract to inhibit the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase allergen, and they were expressed as the quantity of extract required for 50% inhibition of binding. Potencies determined by skin testing in 8 patients were significantly related among the various patients in 19 of 27 comparisons and showed differences of up to 95,000-fold in the strengths of the extracts. Estimation of potencies by RAST inhibition showed approximately a 100-fold difference among the extracts and in 5 of 8 cases these were significantly related to potencies measured by skin tests. Similarly, PNU determinations and Group I determinations were also significantly related to potencies by skin test titration in 5 of 8 and in 4 of 8 comparisons, respectively. Comparison of the geometric mean skin test potencies with RAST, PNU, and Group I potencies revealed that all were significantly related to skin test potencies although the correlation of RAST and skin potency was the highest. The results indicate that measurement of potency by RAST inhibition compares favorably with other in vitro measurements of potency. These results are compared with those of a prior study with extracts of short ragweed, and the reasons for the differences between the results in the two studies are discussed.", "contents": "Analysis of the potency of extracts of June grass pollen by their inhibitory capacities in the radioallergosorbent test. The potencies of 11 commercial extracts of June grass pollen were analyzed by skin test end point titrations and compared to potencies as determined in vitro (1) by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), (2) by Group I antigen content, and (3) by protein nitrogen units (PNU). RAST potencies were determined by the capacity of the extract to inhibit the binding of IgE antibody to solid-phase allergen, and they were expressed as the quantity of extract required for 50% inhibition of binding. Potencies determined by skin testing in 8 patients were significantly related among the various patients in 19 of 27 comparisons and showed differences of up to 95,000-fold in the strengths of the extracts. Estimation of potencies by RAST inhibition showed approximately a 100-fold difference among the extracts and in 5 of 8 cases these were significantly related to potencies measured by skin tests. Similarly, PNU determinations and Group I determinations were also significantly related to potencies by skin test titration in 5 of 8 and in 4 of 8 comparisons, respectively. Comparison of the geometric mean skin test potencies with RAST, PNU, and Group I potencies revealed that all were significantly related to skin test potencies although the correlation of RAST and skin potency was the highest. The results indicate that measurement of potency by RAST inhibition compares favorably with other in vitro measurements of potency. These results are compared with those of a prior study with extracts of short ragweed, and the reasons for the differences between the results in the two studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:947977", "title": "The stability of short ragweed pollen extract as measured by skin test and antigen E.", "content": "A short ragweed pollen extract stored at 4 degrees C was shown to retain its skin reactivity for 18 mo, although 60% of the antigen E was lost. When stored at higher temperatures, the extracts had a markedly reduced skin reactivity for some individuals, but retained full reactivity in others even though the antigen E was markedly diminished. Thus, some ragweed-sensitive individuals are very sensitive to antigen E, which is heat-labile, but some have a major sensitivity to other allergens, which are heat-stable. During the 18-mo course of this study, skin test reactions to a similar extract did not show significant variability.", "contents": "The stability of short ragweed pollen extract as measured by skin test and antigen E. A short ragweed pollen extract stored at 4 degrees C was shown to retain its skin reactivity for 18 mo, although 60% of the antigen E was lost. When stored at higher temperatures, the extracts had a markedly reduced skin reactivity for some individuals, but retained full reactivity in others even though the antigen E was markedly diminished. Thus, some ragweed-sensitive individuals are very sensitive to antigen E, which is heat-labile, but some have a major sensitivity to other allergens, which are heat-stable. During the 18-mo course of this study, skin test reactions to a similar extract did not show significant variability."}
{"id": "PMID:947978", "title": "Factors which influence late cutaneous allergic responses.", "content": "Increased doses of ragweed antigen E, grass pollen extract, and the IgG of sheep antiserum to human IgE (anti-IgE) were injected in intracutaneous tests in humans. With increasing doses of reactants, in individual subjects, there were the expected increases in the sizes of early wheal-and-flare responses; moreover, there was an associated increase in the magnitude and the frequency of late cutaneous allergic responses (LCAR). LCAR were shown to be a usual sequel to allergic reactions of sufficient intensity. In persons with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, cutaneous responses to Aspergillus fumigatus allergen were compared with responses to other allergens and to anti-IgE; in relation to early wheal-and-flare responses, the corresponding LCAR induced by A. fumigatus were approximately the same size as those induced by the other reactants. Skin reactions induced by the prick test method and by intracutaneous injection were compared; for early responses of given sizes, there were apparently equal tendencies to proceed to LCAR in reactions to allergen in the two types of administration. In one subject, anti-IgE-induced responses in the skin of a forearm with sensory denervation were compared with responses in the other normally innervated forearm. At the denervated site was the expected absence of the early flare but no apparent reduction in LCAR. Similarly, local anesthesia immediately prior to anti-IgE eliminated the flare of the early response but did not prevent the occurrence of a LCAR.", "contents": "Factors which influence late cutaneous allergic responses. Increased doses of ragweed antigen E, grass pollen extract, and the IgG of sheep antiserum to human IgE (anti-IgE) were injected in intracutaneous tests in humans. With increasing doses of reactants, in individual subjects, there were the expected increases in the sizes of early wheal-and-flare responses; moreover, there was an associated increase in the magnitude and the frequency of late cutaneous allergic responses (LCAR). LCAR were shown to be a usual sequel to allergic reactions of sufficient intensity. In persons with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, cutaneous responses to Aspergillus fumigatus allergen were compared with responses to other allergens and to anti-IgE; in relation to early wheal-and-flare responses, the corresponding LCAR induced by A. fumigatus were approximately the same size as those induced by the other reactants. Skin reactions induced by the prick test method and by intracutaneous injection were compared; for early responses of given sizes, there were apparently equal tendencies to proceed to LCAR in reactions to allergen in the two types of administration. In one subject, anti-IgE-induced responses in the skin of a forearm with sensory denervation were compared with responses in the other normally innervated forearm. At the denervated site was the expected absence of the early flare but no apparent reduction in LCAR. Similarly, local anesthesia immediately prior to anti-IgE eliminated the flare of the early response but did not prevent the occurrence of a LCAR."}
{"id": "PMID:947979", "title": "Passive transfer of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis with lymphoid cells in the rabbit.", "content": "Although precipitating antibody is associated with human hypersensitivity pneumonitis, there is evidence that cell-mediated hypersensitivity may be involved in disease pathogenesis. In this study, interstitial, and peribronchial lesions were produced by respiratory challenge of rabbits passively sensitized with ovalbumin-sensitive lymph node cells. Ovalbumin sensitivity of donor rabbits and lymph node cells was demonstrated by skin testing, migration inhibition factor (MIF) production using alveolar wash cells as migrating cells, and lymphocyte stimulation. Passive cell transfer was accomplished by intraperitoneal injection with all lymph node cells obtained from one donor transferred to one recipient. Recipients were challenged by aerosol or intratracheal injection of antigen immediately or 24 hr after passive sensitization and were killed 48 hr after challenge. Lesions in rabbits passively sensitized by lymph node cells and challenged with antigen by intratracheal inoculation consisted of focal pneumonitis with intra-alveolar edema and infiltrates of mononuclear cells in alveoli and alveoli septa. Aerosol challenge of passively sensitized animals produced similar changes, but peribronchial tissue containing macrophages and germinal centers was prominent in this group. Antiovalbumin serum recipients challenged by intratracheal injection demonstrated only mild peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltrates, without pneumonitis. Control animals receiving lymph node cells only or challenge only demonstrated no changes in lung histology.", "contents": "Passive transfer of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis with lymphoid cells in the rabbit. Although precipitating antibody is associated with human hypersensitivity pneumonitis, there is evidence that cell-mediated hypersensitivity may be involved in disease pathogenesis. In this study, interstitial, and peribronchial lesions were produced by respiratory challenge of rabbits passively sensitized with ovalbumin-sensitive lymph node cells. Ovalbumin sensitivity of donor rabbits and lymph node cells was demonstrated by skin testing, migration inhibition factor (MIF) production using alveolar wash cells as migrating cells, and lymphocyte stimulation. Passive cell transfer was accomplished by intraperitoneal injection with all lymph node cells obtained from one donor transferred to one recipient. Recipients were challenged by aerosol or intratracheal injection of antigen immediately or 24 hr after passive sensitization and were killed 48 hr after challenge. Lesions in rabbits passively sensitized by lymph node cells and challenged with antigen by intratracheal inoculation consisted of focal pneumonitis with intra-alveolar edema and infiltrates of mononuclear cells in alveoli and alveoli septa. Aerosol challenge of passively sensitized animals produced similar changes, but peribronchial tissue containing macrophages and germinal centers was prominent in this group. Antiovalbumin serum recipients challenged by intratracheal injection demonstrated only mild peribronchial mononuclear cell infiltrates, without pneumonitis. Control animals receiving lymph node cells only or challenge only demonstrated no changes in lung histology."}
{"id": "PMID:947980", "title": "Intranasal immunization with attenuated live influenza vaccine in asthma.", "content": "Attenuated live intranasal influenza vaccine (\"Alice\") was given to 20 asthmatics and 9 control subjects. Pulmonary function were performed before and after, with emphasis on tests of small airways function (using flow volume curves with air and a helium-oxygen mixture). In subjects with a low influenza A antibody titer, there was a 4-fold rise in titer to the vaccine, whereas those subjects with a high titer showed no rise. There were no significant changes in pulmonary function in any parameters measured, and no significant symptoms were reported. We have concluded from this study that \"Alice\" appears safe for use in asthma and was capable of producing an antibody titer rise in persons with low titers.", "contents": "Intranasal immunization with attenuated live influenza vaccine in asthma. Attenuated live intranasal influenza vaccine (\"Alice\") was given to 20 asthmatics and 9 control subjects. Pulmonary function were performed before and after, with emphasis on tests of small airways function (using flow volume curves with air and a helium-oxygen mixture). In subjects with a low influenza A antibody titer, there was a 4-fold rise in titer to the vaccine, whereas those subjects with a high titer showed no rise. There were no significant changes in pulmonary function in any parameters measured, and no significant symptoms were reported. We have concluded from this study that \"Alice\" appears safe for use in asthma and was capable of producing an antibody titer rise in persons with low titers."}
{"id": "PMID:947981", "title": "Clinical and bronchial provocation studies in patients with meatwrappers' asthma.", "content": "Reactive airway disease has been meatwrappers employing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft wrap film and thermally activated price labels. Sixty-nine percent of 96 meatwrappers responding to a mail survey had work-related respiratory, mucous membrane, or systemic complaints. Smokers developed more pronounced symptoms than nonsmokers. Work-simulated bronchial provocation tests were carried out in 14 symptomatic meatwrappers. Following a 3-hr exposure to polyvinyl chloride fumes, 3 of 11 workers developed a mean decrease of 25% in FEV, and 7 of 11 workers developed a mean decrease of 13 mm Hg in their PaO2. Following a 30-sec to 20-min exposure to price label adhesive fumes, 9 of13 workers developed a mean decrease of 49% in FEV1 and 12 of 13 developed a mean decrease of 20 mm Hg in their PaO2. Though a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more components in PVC or price label adhesive emissions is suspected, the precise pathogenesis of this syndrome remains unknown. The entire spectrum of meatwrappers' syndrome must be interpreted as a complex response to both PVC and price label adhesive fume exposure.", "contents": "Clinical and bronchial provocation studies in patients with meatwrappers' asthma. Reactive airway disease has been meatwrappers employing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft wrap film and thermally activated price labels. Sixty-nine percent of 96 meatwrappers responding to a mail survey had work-related respiratory, mucous membrane, or systemic complaints. Smokers developed more pronounced symptoms than nonsmokers. Work-simulated bronchial provocation tests were carried out in 14 symptomatic meatwrappers. Following a 3-hr exposure to polyvinyl chloride fumes, 3 of 11 workers developed a mean decrease of 25% in FEV, and 7 of 11 workers developed a mean decrease of 13 mm Hg in their PaO2. Following a 30-sec to 20-min exposure to price label adhesive fumes, 9 of13 workers developed a mean decrease of 49% in FEV1 and 12 of 13 developed a mean decrease of 20 mm Hg in their PaO2. Though a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more components in PVC or price label adhesive emissions is suspected, the precise pathogenesis of this syndrome remains unknown. The entire spectrum of meatwrappers' syndrome must be interpreted as a complex response to both PVC and price label adhesive fume exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:947982", "title": "The cholinergic nervous system and immediate hypersensitivity. 1. Eccrine sweat responses in allergic patients.", "content": "The cholinergically innervated human eccrine sweat gland is a readily available organ permitting the assessment in allergic patients of cholinergic reactivity with few or no adrenergic influences. The sweat responses of four matched groups (male allergic, female allergic, male control, and female control) to intradermal Mecholyl from 0.1 mug to 100 mug was compared; the 45 male and 45 female allergic patients demonstrated statistically significant increases in sweat responses to essentially all concentrations of Mecholyl examined. No difference in the sweat responses of patients with allergic rhinitis alone was compared with patients with both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma was noted. Five patients with intrinsic asthma most closely resembled the allergic groups in their responses and 8 patients with vasomotor rhinitis sweated at or below the control groups. The increased sensitivity of allergic patients to cholinergic stimulation as measured by eccrine sweat responses suggest that this hyperresponsiveness may be one of the underlying defects in allergic disease.", "contents": "The cholinergic nervous system and immediate hypersensitivity. 1. Eccrine sweat responses in allergic patients. The cholinergically innervated human eccrine sweat gland is a readily available organ permitting the assessment in allergic patients of cholinergic reactivity with few or no adrenergic influences. The sweat responses of four matched groups (male allergic, female allergic, male control, and female control) to intradermal Mecholyl from 0.1 mug to 100 mug was compared; the 45 male and 45 female allergic patients demonstrated statistically significant increases in sweat responses to essentially all concentrations of Mecholyl examined. No difference in the sweat responses of patients with allergic rhinitis alone was compared with patients with both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma was noted. Five patients with intrinsic asthma most closely resembled the allergic groups in their responses and 8 patients with vasomotor rhinitis sweated at or below the control groups. The increased sensitivity of allergic patients to cholinergic stimulation as measured by eccrine sweat responses suggest that this hyperresponsiveness may be one of the underlying defects in allergic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:947983", "title": "Risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis. A 7-year follow-up study of college students.", "content": "Nine hundred three former college freshmen were followed 7 yr after entering college by means of a detailed allergy questionnaire. Original data collected from the students as freshmen, including a history of atopy and allergy skin test results, were evaluated in relation to the frequency of developing new allergies. During the 7-yr follow-up period, new cases of hay fever occurred in 12.6%, nonseasonal allergic rhinitis in 4.8%, and new asthma in 2.5%. The risks of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis are both significantly associated with a prior positive allergy skin test. The risk of developing asthma, not hay fever, is significantly associated with a prior history of atopy. The association of positive allergy skin tests with the development of new cases of allergy remains significant throughout the 7-yr follow-up period. However, individuals who had all negative skin tests developed significantly fewer new cases of clinical allergy during the first 3 yr of follow-up; in the next 4 yr of the 7-yr follow-up, increased numbers of individuals with negative scratch tests developed new cases of allergy. Thus, negative skin tests proved of less prognostic value during the last 4-yr period of this 7-yr study, although significant differences still are apparent between the positive and negative reactor groups.", "contents": "Risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis. A 7-year follow-up study of college students. Nine hundred three former college freshmen were followed 7 yr after entering college by means of a detailed allergy questionnaire. Original data collected from the students as freshmen, including a history of atopy and allergy skin test results, were evaluated in relation to the frequency of developing new allergies. During the 7-yr follow-up period, new cases of hay fever occurred in 12.6%, nonseasonal allergic rhinitis in 4.8%, and new asthma in 2.5%. The risks of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis are both significantly associated with a prior positive allergy skin test. The risk of developing asthma, not hay fever, is significantly associated with a prior history of atopy. The association of positive allergy skin tests with the development of new cases of allergy remains significant throughout the 7-yr follow-up period. However, individuals who had all negative skin tests developed significantly fewer new cases of clinical allergy during the first 3 yr of follow-up; in the next 4 yr of the 7-yr follow-up, increased numbers of individuals with negative scratch tests developed new cases of allergy. Thus, negative skin tests proved of less prognostic value during the last 4-yr period of this 7-yr study, although significant differences still are apparent between the positive and negative reactor groups."}
{"id": "PMID:947984", "title": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. VIII. Finfish.", "content": "Recent (since 1960) data on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of fish were surveyed as part of the continuing USDA program to provide information on the nutrient composition of foods. Tabulated values of total lipid and fatty acids in finfish are presented. The most prominent fatty acids occurring in finfish are palmitic (C16:0), C18:1 (in some species C20:1 and C22:1), and the highly polyunsaturated C20:5 and C22:6. The general nutritional value of finfish is discussed. Two measures of polyunsaturation are presented for some commercially important domestic finfish: the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) and the relative degree of polyunsaturation (PI).", "contents": "Comprehensive evaluation of fatty acids in foods. VIII. Finfish. Recent (since 1960) data on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of fish were surveyed as part of the continuing USDA program to provide information on the nutrient composition of foods. Tabulated values of total lipid and fatty acids in finfish are presented. The most prominent fatty acids occurring in finfish are palmitic (C16:0), C18:1 (in some species C20:1 and C22:1), and the highly polyunsaturated C20:5 and C22:6. The general nutritional value of finfish is discussed. Two measures of polyunsaturation are presented for some commercially important domestic finfish: the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) and the relative degree of polyunsaturation (PI)."}
{"id": "PMID:947985", "title": "Nutritional beliefs and practices in primigravid Mexican-American women.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-one young Mexican-American women were interviewed and assessed nutritionally at their first obstetrical visit in a city-county hospital. About half had an intake of less than the recommended allowance for one or more nutrients or were frankly anemic, as judged by hemoglobin levels. The majority demonstrated little accurate information concerning foods as sources of nutrients. Considerable confusion was shown in their answers to questions concerning newborn birth weight, diet, and maternal weight gain. The fundamentals of prenatal education regarding nutrition for these patients must begin with foods and their relative values, emphasize the dependence of the fetus on maternal diet, and clarify the relationship of weight gain to obstetrical health. Ideally, such an educational effort should begin in early childhood.", "contents": "Nutritional beliefs and practices in primigravid Mexican-American women. One hundred and thirty-one young Mexican-American women were interviewed and assessed nutritionally at their first obstetrical visit in a city-county hospital. About half had an intake of less than the recommended allowance for one or more nutrients or were frankly anemic, as judged by hemoglobin levels. The majority demonstrated little accurate information concerning foods as sources of nutrients. Considerable confusion was shown in their answers to questions concerning newborn birth weight, diet, and maternal weight gain. The fundamentals of prenatal education regarding nutrition for these patients must begin with foods and their relative values, emphasize the dependence of the fetus on maternal diet, and clarify the relationship of weight gain to obstetrical health. Ideally, such an educational effort should begin in early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:947992", "title": "Melanoblast-tissue interactions and the development of pigment pattern in Xenopus larvae.", "content": "The melanophores of larval Xenopus laevis are disparately distributed on the hypomere in that the upper region (UHT) is densely pigmented, the median region (MHT) is moderately pigmented, and the lower region (LHT) is unpigmented. The roles of the melanoblasts and their tissue environment in determining the melanophore pattern was investigated by heterotopic transplantation of hypomeric tissues, culture of neural crest explants in vesicles derived from hypomeric tissues and radioactive marking of neural crest cells. Somite-situated grafts of UHT, MHT and LHT were found to possess melanophore densities similar to those exhibited by such hypomeric tissues when in their normal situation. The number and distribution of trunk melanophores in 'crestless' second host larvae bearing grafts of UHT, MHT and LHT transferred from the somites of primary host embryos indicated that (a) many melanoblasts entered all transplants during neural crest migration in the primary host: subsequently, a small number of melanoblasts were lost from transplants of UHT, a greater number from transplants of MHT and almost all from transplants of LHT; (b) almost all melanoblasts migrated out from transplants of MHT and LHT and entered the tissues of the 'crestless' host, whereas a considerable number of melanoblasts remained in the transplant when it was formed from UHT. Grafts of UHT placed mid-ventrally in the hypomere failed to exhibit melanophores. Vesicles of (a) UHT + MHT and (b) LHT containing neural crest tissue possessed similar numbers of melanophores. Vesicles of LHT differed from those of UHT + MHT in that melanophores were densely aggregated in the implanted neural tissues. Following radioactive marking of neural crest cells labelled nuclei were found on the dorsal ridges of the somites, the surfaces of the neural tube and notochord and in the mesoderm of the upper hypomere and the fin, but were absent from the lateral surfaces of the somites. These results showed that the melanophore pattern in larval Xenopus depended upon melanoblast-tissue interactions, which influenced the migration, rather than the differentiation, proliferation or destruction, of melanoblasts and suggested that tissue selection by migrating melanoblasts enabled these cells to distribute themselves in embryonic tissues in accordance with a hierarchy of melanoblast-tissue affinities. Melanoblast-tissue affinities appeared to be related to the adhesiveness of mesodermal cells: melanoblast extensibility appeared to facilitate exploration of the surrounding tissues. The formation of pigment pattern in larval Xenopus appeared to depend upon the interaction between the melanoblast population pressure and melanoblast-tissue affinities. The present results and those of other workers on amphibian pigmentation were used to construct a model capable of accounting for species-specific differences in larval amphibian pigment patterns, in terms of interactions between species-specific differences in melanoblast-tissue affinities and melanoblast population pressure.", "contents": "Melanoblast-tissue interactions and the development of pigment pattern in Xenopus larvae. The melanophores of larval Xenopus laevis are disparately distributed on the hypomere in that the upper region (UHT) is densely pigmented, the median region (MHT) is moderately pigmented, and the lower region (LHT) is unpigmented. The roles of the melanoblasts and their tissue environment in determining the melanophore pattern was investigated by heterotopic transplantation of hypomeric tissues, culture of neural crest explants in vesicles derived from hypomeric tissues and radioactive marking of neural crest cells. Somite-situated grafts of UHT, MHT and LHT were found to possess melanophore densities similar to those exhibited by such hypomeric tissues when in their normal situation. The number and distribution of trunk melanophores in 'crestless' second host larvae bearing grafts of UHT, MHT and LHT transferred from the somites of primary host embryos indicated that (a) many melanoblasts entered all transplants during neural crest migration in the primary host: subsequently, a small number of melanoblasts were lost from transplants of UHT, a greater number from transplants of MHT and almost all from transplants of LHT; (b) almost all melanoblasts migrated out from transplants of MHT and LHT and entered the tissues of the 'crestless' host, whereas a considerable number of melanoblasts remained in the transplant when it was formed from UHT. Grafts of UHT placed mid-ventrally in the hypomere failed to exhibit melanophores. Vesicles of (a) UHT + MHT and (b) LHT containing neural crest tissue possessed similar numbers of melanophores. Vesicles of LHT differed from those of UHT + MHT in that melanophores were densely aggregated in the implanted neural tissues. Following radioactive marking of neural crest cells labelled nuclei were found on the dorsal ridges of the somites, the surfaces of the neural tube and notochord and in the mesoderm of the upper hypomere and the fin, but were absent from the lateral surfaces of the somites. These results showed that the melanophore pattern in larval Xenopus depended upon melanoblast-tissue interactions, which influenced the migration, rather than the differentiation, proliferation or destruction, of melanoblasts and suggested that tissue selection by migrating melanoblasts enabled these cells to distribute themselves in embryonic tissues in accordance with a hierarchy of melanoblast-tissue affinities. Melanoblast-tissue affinities appeared to be related to the adhesiveness of mesodermal cells: melanoblast extensibility appeared to facilitate exploration of the surrounding tissues. The formation of pigment pattern in larval Xenopus appeared to depend upon the interaction between the melanoblast population pressure and melanoblast-tissue affinities. The present results and those of other workers on amphibian pigmentation were used to construct a model capable of accounting for species-specific differences in larval amphibian pigment patterns, in terms of interactions between species-specific differences in melanoblast-tissue affinities and melanoblast population pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:947993", "title": "Foetal and placental ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat--effect of maternal undernutrition.", "content": "The activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase and the accumulation of nucleic acids were examined in the rat foetus and placenta during normal development and during maternal undernutrition. Maternal undernutrition resulted in a reduced rate of increase in weight of both the foetus and placenta towards the end of gestation. In the placenta the failure to increase in weight was accompanied by a failure of DNA to increase. In the foetus the amount of DNA failed to increase over a short period and then made a compensatory response to return to a normal amount by the end of gestation. Undernutrition failed to affect RNA in either the foetus or placenta. These results differ from those obtained during maternal protein deficiency. The activity of foetal and placental ornithine decarboxylase was normal during much of gestation in the undernourished group. However, at the same time as the compensatory increase in foetal DNA, there was a marked increase in enzyme activity in both tissues. It is suggested that a single compensatory stimulus is responsible for the changes in both ornithine decarboxylase and DNA.", "contents": "Foetal and placental ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat--effect of maternal undernutrition. The activity of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase and the accumulation of nucleic acids were examined in the rat foetus and placenta during normal development and during maternal undernutrition. Maternal undernutrition resulted in a reduced rate of increase in weight of both the foetus and placenta towards the end of gestation. In the placenta the failure to increase in weight was accompanied by a failure of DNA to increase. In the foetus the amount of DNA failed to increase over a short period and then made a compensatory response to return to a normal amount by the end of gestation. Undernutrition failed to affect RNA in either the foetus or placenta. These results differ from those obtained during maternal protein deficiency. The activity of foetal and placental ornithine decarboxylase was normal during much of gestation in the undernourished group. However, at the same time as the compensatory increase in foetal DNA, there was a marked increase in enzyme activity in both tissues. It is suggested that a single compensatory stimulus is responsible for the changes in both ornithine decarboxylase and DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:947994", "title": "The mechanism of chick blastoderm expansion.", "content": "At the time of laying, the domestic fowl blastoderm measures 4 mm across. After 4 days' incubation, the extra-embryonic yolk-sac tissues have expanded to encompass the whole yolk mass. This expansion involves the migration over the inner surface of the vitelline membrane of a specialized band of 'edge cells' at the blastoderm periphery. As they move, they pull out the blastoderm behind them, setting up a considerable tension. Expansion also involves cell proliferation and changes in cell shape. This paper attempts to show how locomotion, tension, proliferation and changes in cell shape all contribute to the orderly process of expansion. As a simplification, only the extra-embryonic epiblast is considered here. The findings are: 1. Expansion does not occur at a constant rate, but starts slowly, rises to a peak (over 500 mum/h) at around 3 days, and then slows as coverage of the yolk mass nears completion. 2. During the first day of incubation, edge-cell migration produces a tension in the blastoderm. This rises to peak at 20-24 h, then declines. This tension may be due to an imbalance between expansion by migration and expansion by proliferation. 3. Migration of edge cells can be affected by tension in the blastoderm, i.e. very high tension may hold them back. However, the tension level normally found in the blastoderm seems not to do so. The low rate of expansion in the first day is therefore not due to the high level of tension. It may instead be due to changes in edge-cell organization. 4. Proliferation occurs throughout the extra-embryonic epiblast during the expansion period. It is not restricted to the blastoderm periphery. After the yolk has been covered, the epiblast continues to grow, with proliferation restricted largely to band just distal to the advancing edge of the area vasculosa. 5. Cell shape and arrangement change considerably during expansion. The epiblast of the unincubated embryo is a monolayer of tall cells. During expansion, these become considerably flattened so that each contributes a larger amount to yolk-sac surface area.", "contents": "The mechanism of chick blastoderm expansion. At the time of laying, the domestic fowl blastoderm measures 4 mm across. After 4 days' incubation, the extra-embryonic yolk-sac tissues have expanded to encompass the whole yolk mass. This expansion involves the migration over the inner surface of the vitelline membrane of a specialized band of 'edge cells' at the blastoderm periphery. As they move, they pull out the blastoderm behind them, setting up a considerable tension. Expansion also involves cell proliferation and changes in cell shape. This paper attempts to show how locomotion, tension, proliferation and changes in cell shape all contribute to the orderly process of expansion. As a simplification, only the extra-embryonic epiblast is considered here. The findings are: 1. Expansion does not occur at a constant rate, but starts slowly, rises to a peak (over 500 mum/h) at around 3 days, and then slows as coverage of the yolk mass nears completion. 2. During the first day of incubation, edge-cell migration produces a tension in the blastoderm. This rises to peak at 20-24 h, then declines. This tension may be due to an imbalance between expansion by migration and expansion by proliferation. 3. Migration of edge cells can be affected by tension in the blastoderm, i.e. very high tension may hold them back. However, the tension level normally found in the blastoderm seems not to do so. The low rate of expansion in the first day is therefore not due to the high level of tension. It may instead be due to changes in edge-cell organization. 4. Proliferation occurs throughout the extra-embryonic epiblast during the expansion period. It is not restricted to the blastoderm periphery. After the yolk has been covered, the epiblast continues to grow, with proliferation restricted largely to band just distal to the advancing edge of the area vasculosa. 5. Cell shape and arrangement change considerably during expansion. The epiblast of the unincubated embryo is a monolayer of tall cells. During expansion, these become considerably flattened so that each contributes a larger amount to yolk-sac surface area."}
{"id": "PMID:947995", "title": "The use of 'normal' and 'transformed' gynandromorphs in mapping the primordial germ cells and the gonadal mesoderm in Drosophila.", "content": "The primordial germ cells and the gonadal mesoderm were mapped in the Drosophila embryo by analyzing the patterns of mosaicism in 'normal' and 'transformed' gynandromorphs. Relative to the adult cuticular markers the germ cells map as the posterior most structure, which coincides with their known location in the blastoderm embryo. These data support the hypothesis that the gynandromorph map reflects the real position of the primordia in the embryo. Since after the blastoderm stage the primordial germ cells migrate anteriorly these data also indicate that the map in fact corresponds to the blastoderm stage and not to a later stage of development. The genital disc maps at a single median primordium anterior and ventral to the germ cells, the gonadal mesoderm is located anterior to the genital disc and also forms a single median primordium on the ventral side of the embryo. The primordia for the genital disc and the gonadal mesoderm are unusually large in size, which presumably reflects some indeterminacy of the cell lineage leading to an 'expansion' of the map.", "contents": "The use of 'normal' and 'transformed' gynandromorphs in mapping the primordial germ cells and the gonadal mesoderm in Drosophila. The primordial germ cells and the gonadal mesoderm were mapped in the Drosophila embryo by analyzing the patterns of mosaicism in 'normal' and 'transformed' gynandromorphs. Relative to the adult cuticular markers the germ cells map as the posterior most structure, which coincides with their known location in the blastoderm embryo. These data support the hypothesis that the gynandromorph map reflects the real position of the primordia in the embryo. Since after the blastoderm stage the primordial germ cells migrate anteriorly these data also indicate that the map in fact corresponds to the blastoderm stage and not to a later stage of development. The genital disc maps at a single median primordium anterior and ventral to the germ cells, the gonadal mesoderm is located anterior to the genital disc and also forms a single median primordium on the ventral side of the embryo. The primordia for the genital disc and the gonadal mesoderm are unusually large in size, which presumably reflects some indeterminacy of the cell lineage leading to an 'expansion' of the map."}
{"id": "PMID:947996", "title": "Stage-sensitivity and dose-response curve of u.v. effect on germ cell formation in embryos of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Ultraviolet light (u.v.) irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of Xenopus laevis eggs resulted in the elimination of primordial germ cells in tadpoles. Quantitative studies were performed on this phenomenon. The stage sensitivity to u.v. inactivation of germ cell formation was obtained for the early developmental stages ranging from immediately after fertilization to small-cell blastula. It was found that u.v. irradiation at the stage immediately after fertilization was more injurious than irradiation at the beginning of the first cleavage. After deciding optimal conditions for this u.v. irradiation experiment, a dose-response curve of the phenomenon was obtained. It showed a good agreement with the theoretical expectation, which the authors had previously presented.", "contents": "Stage-sensitivity and dose-response curve of u.v. effect on germ cell formation in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Ultraviolet light (u.v.) irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of Xenopus laevis eggs resulted in the elimination of primordial germ cells in tadpoles. Quantitative studies were performed on this phenomenon. The stage sensitivity to u.v. inactivation of germ cell formation was obtained for the early developmental stages ranging from immediately after fertilization to small-cell blastula. It was found that u.v. irradiation at the stage immediately after fertilization was more injurious than irradiation at the beginning of the first cleavage. After deciding optimal conditions for this u.v. irradiation experiment, a dose-response curve of the phenomenon was obtained. It showed a good agreement with the theoretical expectation, which the authors had previously presented."}
{"id": "PMID:947997", "title": "[Quantitative aspects of the colonization of the gonads by germ cells in the quail embryo (Coturnix coturnix japonical)].", "content": "A quantitative analysis made on quail embryos coming from 13 isolated parent-couples reveals some significative variations of a genetic origin, between some of the offspring studied: the differences observed concern both the quantitative importance of the colonization of gonads by germ cells and the asymmetrical distribution of PGGs (primordial germ cells) between the two genital ridges. The chronological study of the colonization in the quail shows, as in both the duck and the chick, two periods of rapid and regular increase of the number of gonadic PGC, at stages from 13 to 18 and from 24 to 30 of Hamburger & Hamilton. The distribution of germ cells between the two genital ridges is, at the beginning of the colonization, not very asymmetrical. Between stages 18 and 24 the asymmetry increases and remains stable so that the mean value of D% (percentage of the number of PGC contained in the right gonad) from that moment on is equal to 29-34%. This value is specific for the quail embryo.", "contents": "[Quantitative aspects of the colonization of the gonads by germ cells in the quail embryo (Coturnix coturnix japonical)]. A quantitative analysis made on quail embryos coming from 13 isolated parent-couples reveals some significative variations of a genetic origin, between some of the offspring studied: the differences observed concern both the quantitative importance of the colonization of gonads by germ cells and the asymmetrical distribution of PGGs (primordial germ cells) between the two genital ridges. The chronological study of the colonization in the quail shows, as in both the duck and the chick, two periods of rapid and regular increase of the number of gonadic PGC, at stages from 13 to 18 and from 24 to 30 of Hamburger & Hamilton. The distribution of germ cells between the two genital ridges is, at the beginning of the colonization, not very asymmetrical. Between stages 18 and 24 the asymmetry increases and remains stable so that the mean value of D% (percentage of the number of PGC contained in the right gonad) from that moment on is equal to 29-34%. This value is specific for the quail embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:947998", "title": "[Morphogenesis of the chick embryo foot as studied by Janus green B-induced malformations].", "content": "Janus green was injected into the amniotic sac of 6-5-day-old chick embryos at a single dose of 8-5 or 15 mug; the dye causes respectively 55 and 82% malformations of the feet. Toe are affected by partial or total soft tissue syndactyly, hypophalangy and infrequently by hyperphalangy. Lateral toes are more severely and more frequently affected by syndactyly and hypophalangy than medium ones. Hyperphalangy is found exclusively in toes I and II and causes the formation of one excess phalanx at most. Syndactylous toes are joined by an overdeveloped digital membrane. Hypophalangic toes have a truncated (non-pointed) distal tip. Two phalanges are lacking at most. These malformations are due to two distinct phases of the Janus green action. The first one, which is early and fast, inhibits interdigital programmed cell death, causing in term the non-regression of the interdigital membranes and thus syndactyly. The second one, which is late and slow, blocks the apical growth; this leads to hypophalangy.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of the chick embryo foot as studied by Janus green B-induced malformations]. Janus green was injected into the amniotic sac of 6-5-day-old chick embryos at a single dose of 8-5 or 15 mug; the dye causes respectively 55 and 82% malformations of the feet. Toe are affected by partial or total soft tissue syndactyly, hypophalangy and infrequently by hyperphalangy. Lateral toes are more severely and more frequently affected by syndactyly and hypophalangy than medium ones. Hyperphalangy is found exclusively in toes I and II and causes the formation of one excess phalanx at most. Syndactylous toes are joined by an overdeveloped digital membrane. Hypophalangic toes have a truncated (non-pointed) distal tip. Two phalanges are lacking at most. These malformations are due to two distinct phases of the Janus green action. The first one, which is early and fast, inhibits interdigital programmed cell death, causing in term the non-regression of the interdigital membranes and thus syndactyly. The second one, which is late and slow, blocks the apical growth; this leads to hypophalangy."}
{"id": "PMID:947999", "title": "Calcium transport in intact human erthrocytes.", "content": "Intact human erythrocytes can be readily loaded with calcium by incubation in hypersomotic media at alkaline pH. Erythrocyte calcium content increases from 15-20 to 120-150 nmol/g hemoglobin after incubation for 2 h at 20 degree C in a 400 mosmol/kg, pH 7.8 solution containing 100 mM sodium chloride, 90 mM tetramethylammonium chloride, 1 mM potassium chloride, and 10 mM calcium chloride. Calcium uptake is a time-dependent process that is associated with an augmented efflux of potassium. The ATP content in these cells remains at more than 60% of normal and is not affected by calcium. Calcium uptake is influenced by the cationic composition of the external media. The response to potassium is diphasic. With increasing potassium concentrations, the net accumulation of calcium initially increases, becoming maximal at 1 mM potassium, then diminishes, falling below basal levels at concentrations above 3 mM potassium. Ouabain inhibits the stimulatory effect of low concentrations of potassium. The inhibitory effects of higher concentrations of potassium are ouabain insensitive and independent of the external calcium concentration. Sodium also inhibits calcium uptake but this inhibition can be modified by altering the external concentration of calcium. The effux of calcium from loaded erythrocytes is not significantly altered by changes in osmolality, medium ion composition, or ouabain. It is concluded that hypertonicity increases the net uptake of calcium by increasing the influx of calcium and that some part of the sodium potassium transport system is involved in this influx process.", "contents": "Calcium transport in intact human erthrocytes. Intact human erythrocytes can be readily loaded with calcium by incubation in hypersomotic media at alkaline pH. Erythrocyte calcium content increases from 15-20 to 120-150 nmol/g hemoglobin after incubation for 2 h at 20 degree C in a 400 mosmol/kg, pH 7.8 solution containing 100 mM sodium chloride, 90 mM tetramethylammonium chloride, 1 mM potassium chloride, and 10 mM calcium chloride. Calcium uptake is a time-dependent process that is associated with an augmented efflux of potassium. The ATP content in these cells remains at more than 60% of normal and is not affected by calcium. Calcium uptake is influenced by the cationic composition of the external media. The response to potassium is diphasic. With increasing potassium concentrations, the net accumulation of calcium initially increases, becoming maximal at 1 mM potassium, then diminishes, falling below basal levels at concentrations above 3 mM potassium. Ouabain inhibits the stimulatory effect of low concentrations of potassium. The inhibitory effects of higher concentrations of potassium are ouabain insensitive and independent of the external calcium concentration. Sodium also inhibits calcium uptake but this inhibition can be modified by altering the external concentration of calcium. The effux of calcium from loaded erythrocytes is not significantly altered by changes in osmolality, medium ion composition, or ouabain. It is concluded that hypertonicity increases the net uptake of calcium by increasing the influx of calcium and that some part of the sodium potassium transport system is involved in this influx process."}
{"id": "PMID:948000", "title": "Spectral relations of cone pigments in goldfish.", "content": "Dark-adapted retinal cones of goldfish were measured microspectrophotometrically. The three types of spectra so obtained were subjected to a new method of data analysis. In order of types blue (B), green (G), and red (R), the best estimates for  lambdamax were 453, 533, and 620 nm; for main band half width, 6,700, 4,700, and 3,900 cm-1. The extinction spectra of 11-cis 3,4-dehydroretinal and those of the three goldfish pigments were progressively fitted with Gaussian curves starting at the low-energy end of their spectra. The sum of the oscillator strengths of the first three Gaussian components throughout the four spectra were found to have nearly equal magnitudes. Functional relationships that connect the Gaussian parameters were obtained by curve-fitting, enabling partial absorption spectra to be generated for any lambdamax. The generated curves predicted the half width and peak extinction of porphyropsin-type absorption spectra more accurately than previously existing nomograms or hypothesis. The epsilonmax values thus obtained were 28,500, 32,000, and 35,700 liter/mole cm for the B-, G-, and R-type goldfish pigments; these were found to be consistent with the experimental determinations of +/- 10% estimated accuracy.", "contents": "Spectral relations of cone pigments in goldfish. Dark-adapted retinal cones of goldfish were measured microspectrophotometrically. The three types of spectra so obtained were subjected to a new method of data analysis. In order of types blue (B), green (G), and red (R), the best estimates for  lambdamax were 453, 533, and 620 nm; for main band half width, 6,700, 4,700, and 3,900 cm-1. The extinction spectra of 11-cis 3,4-dehydroretinal and those of the three goldfish pigments were progressively fitted with Gaussian curves starting at the low-energy end of their spectra. The sum of the oscillator strengths of the first three Gaussian components throughout the four spectra were found to have nearly equal magnitudes. Functional relationships that connect the Gaussian parameters were obtained by curve-fitting, enabling partial absorption spectra to be generated for any lambdamax. The generated curves predicted the half width and peak extinction of porphyropsin-type absorption spectra more accurately than previously existing nomograms or hypothesis. The epsilonmax values thus obtained were 28,500, 32,000, and 35,700 liter/mole cm for the B-, G-, and R-type goldfish pigments; these were found to be consistent with the experimental determinations of +/- 10% estimated accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:948001", "title": "Binding of tetrodotoxin to squid nerve fibers. Two kinds of receptors?", "content": "The effect of tetrodotoxin on the sodium currents of the squid (Doryteuthis plei and Sepioteuthis sepiodea) giant axons was studied under potential control conditions. The axons were immersed in artificial seawater at 21 degrees C and pH 7.5. When the effect of the toxin is studied in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50 nM the Eadie-Haldane plot is not a straight line and indicates that there are two populations of sodium channels open during activity. 19.0 +/- 4.7% of the channels are accociated to receptors with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.11 +/- 0.05 nM and 84.0 +/- 4.1% of the channels are related to receptors having an affinity constant of 4.90 +/- 0.49 nM (nine nerves).", "contents": "Binding of tetrodotoxin to squid nerve fibers. Two kinds of receptors? The effect of tetrodotoxin on the sodium currents of the squid (Doryteuthis plei and Sepioteuthis sepiodea) giant axons was studied under potential control conditions. The axons were immersed in artificial seawater at 21 degrees C and pH 7.5. When the effect of the toxin is studied in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50 nM the Eadie-Haldane plot is not a straight line and indicates that there are two populations of sodium channels open during activity. 19.0 +/- 4.7% of the channels are accociated to receptors with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.11 +/- 0.05 nM and 84.0 +/- 4.1% of the channels are related to receptors having an affinity constant of 4.90 +/- 0.49 nM (nine nerves)."}
{"id": "PMID:948002", "title": "Intermittent meningitic reaction with severe basophilia and eosinophilia in CNS leukaemia.", "content": "Light- and electron-microscope studies were performed on CSF cells from a patient with CNS leukaemia presenting with an intermittent meningitic reaction. Numerous fully matured basophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes with excess glycogen content accompained undifferentiated leukaemic blast cells in the CSF. Such a CSF cell reaction has not been previously reported. It is suggested that this isolated CSF reaction represents a special type of immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered by an abnormal leukaemic giant cell clone, and mitigated by the accompanying eosinophilic granulocytes.", "contents": "Intermittent meningitic reaction with severe basophilia and eosinophilia in CNS leukaemia. Light- and electron-microscope studies were performed on CSF cells from a patient with CNS leukaemia presenting with an intermittent meningitic reaction. Numerous fully matured basophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes with excess glycogen content accompained undifferentiated leukaemic blast cells in the CSF. Such a CSF cell reaction has not been previously reported. It is suggested that this isolated CSF reaction represents a special type of immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered by an abnormal leukaemic giant cell clone, and mitigated by the accompanying eosinophilic granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:948003", "title": "[Golgi-Cox study of the distribution of dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex of the kitten. Part 1. The first 15 days of the postnatal period].", "content": "In order to study quantitatively the development of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurones, the suprasylvian cortex of kittens (1 to 15 days of age) was fixed and embedded by the Golgi-Cox (Sholl) method. The spines seen at different cortical levels were counted to establish their distribution along apical and basal dendrites. Disposition of spine contacts varied during the first month of post-natal cortical development. three periods were established in relation to the morphological growth of neurones. The first period(days 6 to 9), showed better defined layers and differentiation of spines in areas of maximal density. The third period (days 10 to 15) was defined by a remarkable enlargment of cellular processes, neural stratification and spinal distribution comparable to that of adult animals, although with a smaller number of spines. It is concluded that the organization of dendritic spines is closely related to neuronal development, coinciding with the initiation of cortical afferent systems.", "contents": "[Golgi-Cox study of the distribution of dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex of the kitten. Part 1. The first 15 days of the postnatal period]. In order to study quantitatively the development of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurones, the suprasylvian cortex of kittens (1 to 15 days of age) was fixed and embedded by the Golgi-Cox (Sholl) method. The spines seen at different cortical levels were counted to establish their distribution along apical and basal dendrites. Disposition of spine contacts varied during the first month of post-natal cortical development. three periods were established in relation to the morphological growth of neurones. The first period(days 6 to 9), showed better defined layers and differentiation of spines in areas of maximal density. The third period (days 10 to 15) was defined by a remarkable enlargment of cellular processes, neural stratification and spinal distribution comparable to that of adult animals, although with a smaller number of spines. It is concluded that the organization of dendritic spines is closely related to neuronal development, coinciding with the initiation of cortical afferent systems."}
{"id": "PMID:948004", "title": "A method for estimating the refractory period of motor fibers in the human peripheral nerve.", "content": "A simple method has been devised to measure the refractory period of motor fibers in man. With paired shocks of just maximal intensity, the second response of the pair was first elicited at an interstimulus interval of 1.00+/-0.20 msec (mean +/- SD in 24 ulnar nerves). With longer intervals there was progressive return of excitability until it recovered completely at 2.88+/-0.72 msec. When paired shocks of 50% supramaximal intensity were used, return of the second response was faster, beginning at 0.77+/-0.18 msec and achieving full recovery at 2.03+/-0.57 msec. The inpulse was conducted at a slower speed than normal, if transmitted at all, during the relative refractory period.", "contents": "A method for estimating the refractory period of motor fibers in the human peripheral nerve. A simple method has been devised to measure the refractory period of motor fibers in man. With paired shocks of just maximal intensity, the second response of the pair was first elicited at an interstimulus interval of 1.00+/-0.20 msec (mean +/- SD in 24 ulnar nerves). With longer intervals there was progressive return of excitability until it recovered completely at 2.88+/-0.72 msec. When paired shocks of 50% supramaximal intensity were used, return of the second response was faster, beginning at 0.77+/-0.18 msec and achieving full recovery at 2.03+/-0.57 msec. The inpulse was conducted at a slower speed than normal, if transmitted at all, during the relative refractory period."}
{"id": "PMID:948005", "title": "Postcritical-period reversal of effects of monocular deprivation on striate cortex cells in the cat.", "content": "1. The possibility that effects of monocular deprivation on cat striate cortex could be reversed after the developmental critical period by removal of the normal eye was investigated. In addition, the time course of any postcriticalperiod reversal was studied. Single-unit recording was conducted in the striate cortex of kittens anesthetized with nitrous oxide.2. Six control kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-8 mo old (group MD). In agreement with previous investigators, from 0-10% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye in these kittens.3. Eleven kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-5 mo old, at which time the normal eye was enucleated. In five of these (group MD-DE-immediate), recording was conducted in striate cortex on the day of the enucleation. In these animals, 29-39% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In four kittens (group MD-DE-3 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for an additional 3 mo before recording was conducted. In these animals, 17-45% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In two kittens (group MD-DE greater than 12 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for 14-15 mo after the normal eye was enucleated. In these kittens, 26-40% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. Thus, removal of the normal eye after the critical period in monocularly drprived kittens results in a rapid increase in the percent of striate cortex cells that can be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye, and there is no further increase in responsiveness over a period of more than a year.4. The receptive-field properties of the cells which responded to the deprived eye following enucleation of the normal eye were usually abnormal; 61% of them had nonspecific receptive fields, 39% of the responsive cells were direction selective, and only 12% were both direction and orientation selective.5. The increase in responsive cells was observed in the striate cortex of both hemispheres. However, the increase was greater in the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye. The responsive cells tended to occur in clusters of two to four adjacent cells separated by regions containing nonresponsive cells. These clusters were not related to the horizontal cortical layers; however, they may be related to the ocular dominance columns in striate cortex.6. Several mechanisms were considered for the present findings, including neuronal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity, and release from inhibition. It was suggested that the increased responsiveness to the deprived eye was probably not the result of rapid sprouting in the 4- to 5-mo-old kittens. If this is so, then the results indicate that functional connections from the deprived layers of the DLG to the striate cortex remain following rearing with monocular deprivation...", "contents": "Postcritical-period reversal of effects of monocular deprivation on striate cortex cells in the cat. 1. The possibility that effects of monocular deprivation on cat striate cortex could be reversed after the developmental critical period by removal of the normal eye was investigated. In addition, the time course of any postcriticalperiod reversal was studied. Single-unit recording was conducted in the striate cortex of kittens anesthetized with nitrous oxide.2. Six control kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-8 mo old (group MD). In agreement with previous investigators, from 0-10% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye in these kittens.3. Eleven kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-5 mo old, at which time the normal eye was enucleated. In five of these (group MD-DE-immediate), recording was conducted in striate cortex on the day of the enucleation. In these animals, 29-39% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In four kittens (group MD-DE-3 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for an additional 3 mo before recording was conducted. In these animals, 17-45% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In two kittens (group MD-DE greater than 12 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for 14-15 mo after the normal eye was enucleated. In these kittens, 26-40% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. Thus, removal of the normal eye after the critical period in monocularly drprived kittens results in a rapid increase in the percent of striate cortex cells that can be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye, and there is no further increase in responsiveness over a period of more than a year.4. The receptive-field properties of the cells which responded to the deprived eye following enucleation of the normal eye were usually abnormal; 61% of them had nonspecific receptive fields, 39% of the responsive cells were direction selective, and only 12% were both direction and orientation selective.5. The increase in responsive cells was observed in the striate cortex of both hemispheres. However, the increase was greater in the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye. The responsive cells tended to occur in clusters of two to four adjacent cells separated by regions containing nonresponsive cells. These clusters were not related to the horizontal cortical layers; however, they may be related to the ocular dominance columns in striate cortex.6. Several mechanisms were considered for the present findings, including neuronal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity, and release from inhibition. It was suggested that the increased responsiveness to the deprived eye was probably not the result of rapid sprouting in the 4- to 5-mo-old kittens. If this is so, then the results indicate that functional connections from the deprived layers of the DLG to the striate cortex remain following rearing with monocular deprivation..."}
{"id": "PMID:948006", "title": "Receptive-field characteristics of neurons in cat striate cortex: Changes with visual field eccentricity.", "content": "1. Receptive-field properties of 214 neurons from cat striate cortex were studied with particular emphasis on:  a) classification, b) field size, c) orientation selectivity, d) direction selectivity, e) speed selectivity, and f) ocular dominance. We studied receptive fields located throughtout the visual field, including the monocular segment, to determine how receptivefield properties changed with eccentricity in the visual field.2. We classified 98 cells as \"simple,\" 80 as \"complex,\" 21 as \"hypercomplex,\" and 15 in other categories. The proportion of complex cells relative to simple cells increased monotonically with receptive-field eccenticity.3. Direction selectivity and preferred orientation did not measurably change with eccentricity. Through most of the binocular segment, this was also true for ocular dominance; however, at the edge of the binocular segment, there were more fields dominated by the contralateral eye.4. Cells had larger receptive fields, less orientation selectivity, and higher preferred speeds with increasing eccentricity. However, these changes were considerably more pronounced for complex than for simple cells.5. These data suggest that simple and complex cells analyze different aspects of a visual stimulus, and we provide a hypothesis which suggests that simple cells analyze input typically from one (or a few) geniculate neurons, while complex cells receive input from a larger region of geniculate neurons. On average, this region is invariant with eccentricity and, due to a changing magnification factor, complex fields increase in size with eccentricity much more than do simple cells. For complex cells, computations of this geniculate region transformed to cortical space provide a cortical extent equal to the spread of pyramidal cell basal dendrites.", "contents": "Receptive-field characteristics of neurons in cat striate cortex: Changes with visual field eccentricity. 1. Receptive-field properties of 214 neurons from cat striate cortex were studied with particular emphasis on:  a) classification, b) field size, c) orientation selectivity, d) direction selectivity, e) speed selectivity, and f) ocular dominance. We studied receptive fields located throughtout the visual field, including the monocular segment, to determine how receptivefield properties changed with eccentricity in the visual field.2. We classified 98 cells as \"simple,\" 80 as \"complex,\" 21 as \"hypercomplex,\" and 15 in other categories. The proportion of complex cells relative to simple cells increased monotonically with receptive-field eccenticity.3. Direction selectivity and preferred orientation did not measurably change with eccentricity. Through most of the binocular segment, this was also true for ocular dominance; however, at the edge of the binocular segment, there were more fields dominated by the contralateral eye.4. Cells had larger receptive fields, less orientation selectivity, and higher preferred speeds with increasing eccentricity. However, these changes were considerably more pronounced for complex than for simple cells.5. These data suggest that simple and complex cells analyze different aspects of a visual stimulus, and we provide a hypothesis which suggests that simple cells analyze input typically from one (or a few) geniculate neurons, while complex cells receive input from a larger region of geniculate neurons. On average, this region is invariant with eccentricity and, due to a changing magnification factor, complex fields increase in size with eccentricity much more than do simple cells. For complex cells, computations of this geniculate region transformed to cortical space provide a cortical extent equal to the spread of pyramidal cell basal dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:948007", "title": "Changes in responses of medial pontomedullary reticular neurons during repetitive cutaneous, vestibular, cortical, and tectal stimulation.", "content": "1. In cats anesthetized with chloralose, responses of medial pontomedullary reticular neurons to stimulation of the body surface, vestibular nerves, superior colliculi, pericruciate cortices, cerebral peduncles, and spinal cord were studied at different stimulus rates. Raising the rate from 1/10 s to between 1/4 s and 2/s caused a significant decrement or increment in the response of most neurons tested. Response decrement typically began near the beginning of the higher frequency stimulus sequence and increased throughout the sequence. Response increment usually began somewhat later, rose to a peak, and then declined. Recovery from response decrement or increment usually occurred within 30-60 s at a 1/10 s stimulus rate.2. Measurements of response latency and of changes occurring in the initial and longer latency portions of responses indicated that all components of a response typically decreased or increased in parallel. Background spontaneous activity did not change during response decrements, but sometimes increased during response increment.3. Where changes could be detected, response decrement usually developed more rapidly when a sequence of repetitive stimulation was repeated.4. Response decrement was most pronounced at the highest stimulation rates and lowest stimulus intensities. Response increment was usually maximal at a stimulus rate of 1/s: at lower rates less increment occurred; at higher rates responses began to exhibit decrement.5. Response changes varied with the type of stimulus applied. Response decrements predominated when the body surface, vestibular nerves, or ipsilateral superior colliculus were stimulated. Approximately equal amounts of response increment and decrement were produced by repetitive stimulation of the cerebral peduncles and contralateral superior colliculus. Stimulation of the surface of the pericruciate cortex or of the spinal cord usually produced a long-lasting response increment.6. Generalization of response decrement and increment was observed in cases where trains of stimuli at a rate of 2/s applied to one point produced changes in the response to stimulation of another point which was tested once per 10 s and where single-shock stimulation of the first point was without effect on the test response. Generalization of response decrement occurred most often when two nearby points were stimulated. Generalization of response increment appeared to spread widely between distant cutaneous points and stimuli of different kinds.7. The response decrement and increment observed in medial pontomedullary reticular neurons displayed most of the parametric features of behavioral habituation and sensitization (8, 33) and therefore appear to represent neural analogs of these latter phenomena. The properties of response decrement suggest that it may occur to a large extent within afferent pathways leading to medial reticular neurons...", "contents": "Changes in responses of medial pontomedullary reticular neurons during repetitive cutaneous, vestibular, cortical, and tectal stimulation. 1. In cats anesthetized with chloralose, responses of medial pontomedullary reticular neurons to stimulation of the body surface, vestibular nerves, superior colliculi, pericruciate cortices, cerebral peduncles, and spinal cord were studied at different stimulus rates. Raising the rate from 1/10 s to between 1/4 s and 2/s caused a significant decrement or increment in the response of most neurons tested. Response decrement typically began near the beginning of the higher frequency stimulus sequence and increased throughout the sequence. Response increment usually began somewhat later, rose to a peak, and then declined. Recovery from response decrement or increment usually occurred within 30-60 s at a 1/10 s stimulus rate.2. Measurements of response latency and of changes occurring in the initial and longer latency portions of responses indicated that all components of a response typically decreased or increased in parallel. Background spontaneous activity did not change during response decrements, but sometimes increased during response increment.3. Where changes could be detected, response decrement usually developed more rapidly when a sequence of repetitive stimulation was repeated.4. Response decrement was most pronounced at the highest stimulation rates and lowest stimulus intensities. Response increment was usually maximal at a stimulus rate of 1/s: at lower rates less increment occurred; at higher rates responses began to exhibit decrement.5. Response changes varied with the type of stimulus applied. Response decrements predominated when the body surface, vestibular nerves, or ipsilateral superior colliculus were stimulated. Approximately equal amounts of response increment and decrement were produced by repetitive stimulation of the cerebral peduncles and contralateral superior colliculus. Stimulation of the surface of the pericruciate cortex or of the spinal cord usually produced a long-lasting response increment.6. Generalization of response decrement and increment was observed in cases where trains of stimuli at a rate of 2/s applied to one point produced changes in the response to stimulation of another point which was tested once per 10 s and where single-shock stimulation of the first point was without effect on the test response. Generalization of response decrement occurred most often when two nearby points were stimulated. Generalization of response increment appeared to spread widely between distant cutaneous points and stimuli of different kinds.7. The response decrement and increment observed in medial pontomedullary reticular neurons displayed most of the parametric features of behavioral habituation and sensitization (8, 33) and therefore appear to represent neural analogs of these latter phenomena. The properties of response decrement suggest that it may occur to a large extent within afferent pathways leading to medial reticular neurons..."}
{"id": "PMID:948008", "title": "Dynamic response and transfer characteristics of joint neurons in somatosensory thalamus of the cat.", "content": "1. The dynamic response of neurons sensitive to knee joint rotation in the cat somatosensory thalamus was studied during sinusoidal variation of joint angle. The input sine waves were applied with a precise voltage-controlled, electromechanical actuator. The average rate of discharge of a single cell was considered as the output parameter. Describing functions of the sensory system were extracted by correlation and spectral analysis techniques. The effects of anesthetic, bias angle, and excursion angle were investigated. Discrete and swept sinusoidal waveforms between 0.1 and 7.0 Hz were used as inputs.2. The majority of joint cells in the thalamus were rapidly adapting and had frequency-response curves that were characterized as highpass filters. Although the major features of the response curves for individual cells were very similar, they could not all be fit with a single transfer function. The describing function of all the rapidly adapting cells averaged together was well fit by a transfer function that could be termed velocity sensitive in the bandwidth between 0.1 and 6.5 Hz. Most of these phasic cells showed a phase-locking tendency, particularly at high frequencies.3. The dynamics of the response for the rapidly adapting cells was relatively independent of anesthetic, bias angle, and excursion angle. Threshold and saturation effects were exhibited by some cells for very small (less than 1 degree) and large (greater than 10 degrees) input amplitudes, respectively. In addition a few (17%) showed a bidirectional response, i.e., responded at both flexion and extension of the limb. The anesthetic had a strong effect in depressing the spontaneous discharge of the cells and seemed to change the character of the tonic response by introducing a bursting component.4. The transfer characteristic of the thalamic cells was found to be a single-pole low-pass filter plus a time delay. The optimized value for the filter was found to have a corner frequency of 6.0 Hz with a time delay of 6 ms.5. Of the knee joint sensitive cells, 17% were slowly adapting or tonic, and more tonic cells were found in the unanesthetized animals. Only one tonic cell was studied in detail, and its dynamic characteristics were similar to that of the slowly adapting  joint receptors at low frequencies. In this respect the rapidly adapting and slowly adapting joint cells in the thalamus have strikingly different frequency-response curves, the former curves have a much steeper slope in the magnitude.6. The functional implications of these results and of other recent findings in relation to the probable role of joint receptors in mediating proprioception are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic response and transfer characteristics of joint neurons in somatosensory thalamus of the cat. 1. The dynamic response of neurons sensitive to knee joint rotation in the cat somatosensory thalamus was studied during sinusoidal variation of joint angle. The input sine waves were applied with a precise voltage-controlled, electromechanical actuator. The average rate of discharge of a single cell was considered as the output parameter. Describing functions of the sensory system were extracted by correlation and spectral analysis techniques. The effects of anesthetic, bias angle, and excursion angle were investigated. Discrete and swept sinusoidal waveforms between 0.1 and 7.0 Hz were used as inputs.2. The majority of joint cells in the thalamus were rapidly adapting and had frequency-response curves that were characterized as highpass filters. Although the major features of the response curves for individual cells were very similar, they could not all be fit with a single transfer function. The describing function of all the rapidly adapting cells averaged together was well fit by a transfer function that could be termed velocity sensitive in the bandwidth between 0.1 and 6.5 Hz. Most of these phasic cells showed a phase-locking tendency, particularly at high frequencies.3. The dynamics of the response for the rapidly adapting cells was relatively independent of anesthetic, bias angle, and excursion angle. Threshold and saturation effects were exhibited by some cells for very small (less than 1 degree) and large (greater than 10 degrees) input amplitudes, respectively. In addition a few (17%) showed a bidirectional response, i.e., responded at both flexion and extension of the limb. The anesthetic had a strong effect in depressing the spontaneous discharge of the cells and seemed to change the character of the tonic response by introducing a bursting component.4. The transfer characteristic of the thalamic cells was found to be a single-pole low-pass filter plus a time delay. The optimized value for the filter was found to have a corner frequency of 6.0 Hz with a time delay of 6 ms.5. Of the knee joint sensitive cells, 17% were slowly adapting or tonic, and more tonic cells were found in the unanesthetized animals. Only one tonic cell was studied in detail, and its dynamic characteristics were similar to that of the slowly adapting  joint receptors at low frequencies. In this respect the rapidly adapting and slowly adapting joint cells in the thalamus have strikingly different frequency-response curves, the former curves have a much steeper slope in the magnitude.6. The functional implications of these results and of other recent findings in relation to the probable role of joint receptors in mediating proprioception are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948009", "title": "Receptive-field properties and neuronal connectivity in striate and parastriate cortex of contour-deprived cats.", "content": "An attempt was made to relate the alterations of cortical receptive fields as they result from binocular visual deprivation to changes in afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of the striate and parastriate cortex. The experiments were performed in cats aged at least 1 jr with their eyelids sutured closed from birth. The results of the receptive-field analysis in A17 confirmed the reduction of light-responsive cells, the occasional incongruity of receptive-field properties in the two eyes, and to some extent also the loss of orientation and direction selectivity as reported previously. Other properties common to numerous deprived receptive fields were the lack of sharp inhibitory sidebands and the sometimes exceedingly large size of the receptive fields. Qualitatively as well as quantitatively, similar alterations were observed in area 18. A rather high percentage of cells in both areas had, however, preserved at least some orientation preference, and a few receptive fields had tuning properties comparable to those in normal cats. The ability of area 18 cells in normal cats to respond to much higher stimulus velocities than area 17 cells was not influenced by deprivation. The results obtained with electrical stimulation suggest two main deprivation effects: 1) A marked decrease in the safety factor of retinothalamic and thalamocortical transmission. 2) A clear decrease in efficiency of intracortical inhibition. But the electrical stimulation data also show that none of the basic principles of afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connectivity is lost or changed by deprivation. The conduction velocities in the subcortical afferents and the differentiation of the afferents to areas 17 and 18 into slow- and fast-conducting projection systems remain unaltered. Intrinsic excitatory connections remain functional; this is also true for the disynaptic inhibitory pathways activated preferentially by the fast-conducting thalamocortical projection. The laminar distribution of cells with monosynaptic versus polsynaptic excitatory connections is similar to that in normal cats. Neurons with corticofugal axons remain functionally connected and show the same connectivity pattern as those in normal cats. The nonspecific activation system from the mesencephalic reticular formation also remains functioning both at the thalamic and the cortical level. We conclude from these and several other observations that most, if not all, afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of areas 17 and 18 are specified from birth and depend only little on visual experience. This predetermined structural plan, however, allows for some freedom in the domain of orientation tuning, binocular correspondence, and retinotopy which is specified only when visual experience is possible.", "contents": "Receptive-field properties and neuronal connectivity in striate and parastriate cortex of contour-deprived cats. An attempt was made to relate the alterations of cortical receptive fields as they result from binocular visual deprivation to changes in afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of the striate and parastriate cortex. The experiments were performed in cats aged at least 1 jr with their eyelids sutured closed from birth. The results of the receptive-field analysis in A17 confirmed the reduction of light-responsive cells, the occasional incongruity of receptive-field properties in the two eyes, and to some extent also the loss of orientation and direction selectivity as reported previously. Other properties common to numerous deprived receptive fields were the lack of sharp inhibitory sidebands and the sometimes exceedingly large size of the receptive fields. Qualitatively as well as quantitatively, similar alterations were observed in area 18. A rather high percentage of cells in both areas had, however, preserved at least some orientation preference, and a few receptive fields had tuning properties comparable to those in normal cats. The ability of area 18 cells in normal cats to respond to much higher stimulus velocities than area 17 cells was not influenced by deprivation. The results obtained with electrical stimulation suggest two main deprivation effects: 1) A marked decrease in the safety factor of retinothalamic and thalamocortical transmission. 2) A clear decrease in efficiency of intracortical inhibition. But the electrical stimulation data also show that none of the basic principles of afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connectivity is lost or changed by deprivation. The conduction velocities in the subcortical afferents and the differentiation of the afferents to areas 17 and 18 into slow- and fast-conducting projection systems remain unaltered. Intrinsic excitatory connections remain functional; this is also true for the disynaptic inhibitory pathways activated preferentially by the fast-conducting thalamocortical projection. The laminar distribution of cells with monosynaptic versus polsynaptic excitatory connections is similar to that in normal cats. Neurons with corticofugal axons remain functionally connected and show the same connectivity pattern as those in normal cats. The nonspecific activation system from the mesencephalic reticular formation also remains functioning both at the thalamic and the cortical level. We conclude from these and several other observations that most, if not all, afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of areas 17 and 18 are specified from birth and depend only little on visual experience. This predetermined structural plan, however, allows for some freedom in the domain of orientation tuning, binocular correspondence, and retinotopy which is specified only when visual experience is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:948010", "title": "Analysis of afferent responses from isolated semicircular canal of the guitarfish using rotational acceleration white-noise inputs. I. Correlation of response dynamics with receptor innervation.", "content": "The small-signal linear characteristics of afferent responses from the isolated semicircular canal were described by the use of white-noise rotational acceleration inputs. The results, based on cross-correlation analysis, showed a striking and systematic variation in linear system impulse response characteristics from afferents which innervated different regions of the receptor. Afferents from centrally located nerve bundles innervating the crest region of the crista exhibited an initial maximum response amplitude followed by a rapid decay. In contrast, afferents from extreme rostral and caudal nerve bundles innervating the crista slopes exhibited an initial rise up to a low-amplitude maximum followed by a slower decay. These results imply that the afferents innervating a single canal do not merely carry redundant information concerning current head acceleration, but could be considered an ensemble of specific classes of filters that are tuned individually to specific classes of head movements. On the basis of these considerations, a new hypothesis of matched filter detection was proposed as relevant to information processing and dynamic control in central vestibular pathways.", "contents": "Analysis of afferent responses from isolated semicircular canal of the guitarfish using rotational acceleration white-noise inputs. I. Correlation of response dynamics with receptor innervation. The small-signal linear characteristics of afferent responses from the isolated semicircular canal were described by the use of white-noise rotational acceleration inputs. The results, based on cross-correlation analysis, showed a striking and systematic variation in linear system impulse response characteristics from afferents which innervated different regions of the receptor. Afferents from centrally located nerve bundles innervating the crest region of the crista exhibited an initial maximum response amplitude followed by a rapid decay. In contrast, afferents from extreme rostral and caudal nerve bundles innervating the crista slopes exhibited an initial rise up to a low-amplitude maximum followed by a slower decay. These results imply that the afferents innervating a single canal do not merely carry redundant information concerning current head acceleration, but could be considered an ensemble of specific classes of filters that are tuned individually to specific classes of head movements. On the basis of these considerations, a new hypothesis of matched filter detection was proposed as relevant to information processing and dynamic control in central vestibular pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:948011", "title": "Analysis of afferent responses from isolated semicircular canal of the guitarfish using rotational acceleration white-noise inputs. II. Estimation of linear system parameters and gain and phase spectra.", "content": "Quantitative estimates were computed for exponential coefficients and rate constants contributing to afferent unit impulse responses obtained from bundles innervating specific regions of the semicircular canal. The grouping of these estimates into specific response classes provided quantitative correlations with specific anatomical regions of innervation of the crista. Linear system gain and phase spectra were computed also, by applying Fourier transformations to unit impulse responses, for purposes of comparison with previous studies employing frequency domain analyses. Responses fitted by third-order linear system equations were specific to afferents innervating the crest and transition regions of the crista; whereas those fitted by overdamped, second-order equations were specific to afferents innervating the slopes and transition crista regions. It was concluded that strictly mechanical models of the transduction process are inadequate to account for the diverse and spatially distributed classes of observed responses and, moreover, structural features such as different hair cell types or efferent innervation effects could be excluded as inoperative in this preparation. The alternative hypothesis was suggested that certain of the observed subcomponents could be direct  reflections of the initial mechanical stimulus, but that other subcomponents were reflections of more complex filtering mechanisms operating at the cellular or synaptic levels.", "contents": "Analysis of afferent responses from isolated semicircular canal of the guitarfish using rotational acceleration white-noise inputs. II. Estimation of linear system parameters and gain and phase spectra. Quantitative estimates were computed for exponential coefficients and rate constants contributing to afferent unit impulse responses obtained from bundles innervating specific regions of the semicircular canal. The grouping of these estimates into specific response classes provided quantitative correlations with specific anatomical regions of innervation of the crista. Linear system gain and phase spectra were computed also, by applying Fourier transformations to unit impulse responses, for purposes of comparison with previous studies employing frequency domain analyses. Responses fitted by third-order linear system equations were specific to afferents innervating the crest and transition regions of the crista; whereas those fitted by overdamped, second-order equations were specific to afferents innervating the slopes and transition crista regions. It was concluded that strictly mechanical models of the transduction process are inadequate to account for the diverse and spatially distributed classes of observed responses and, moreover, structural features such as different hair cell types or efferent innervation effects could be excluded as inoperative in this preparation. The alternative hypothesis was suggested that certain of the observed subcomponents could be direct  reflections of the initial mechanical stimulus, but that other subcomponents were reflections of more complex filtering mechanisms operating at the cellular or synaptic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:948012", "title": "Neurosurgical materials and devices. Report on regulatory agencies and advisory groups.", "content": "The current status of voluntary consensus standards writing procedures in neurosurgery and the current progress of government efforts to regulate materials and devices are described. A survey of the national and international standards writing bodies is presented, along with an introduction to related organizations and agencies and nomenclature. The intent of this review is to provide the neurosurgeon with a reference source regarding past and present neurosurgical activities in the materials and devices field. When President Ford signed the 1976 Medical Device Amendments on May 28, 1976, the Food and Drug Administration assumed direct legal authority to control medical devices and potentially assumed the power to regulate those professionals using them.", "contents": "Neurosurgical materials and devices. Report on regulatory agencies and advisory groups. The current status of voluntary consensus standards writing procedures in neurosurgery and the current progress of government efforts to regulate materials and devices are described. A survey of the national and international standards writing bodies is presented, along with an introduction to related organizations and agencies and nomenclature. The intent of this review is to provide the neurosurgeon with a reference source regarding past and present neurosurgical activities in the materials and devices field. When President Ford signed the 1976 Medical Device Amendments on May 28, 1976, the Food and Drug Administration assumed direct legal authority to control medical devices and potentially assumed the power to regulate those professionals using them."}
{"id": "PMID:948013", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior cerebral-anterior communicating-recurrent artery complex.", "content": "The microvascular relationships important to surgery of aneurysms in the anterior communicating region were defined in 50 cadaver brains. The recurrent artery of Heubner was frequently exposed before the A-1 segment in defining the neck on anterior cerebral aneurysms because it commonly courses anterior to A-1. It arose from the A-2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in 78% and most commonly terminated in the area of the anterior perforated substance, and lateral to it in the Sylvian fissure. The anterior communicating artery (ACoA) frequently gave rise to perforating arteries which terminated in the superior surface of the optic chiasm and above the chiasm in the anterior hypothalamus. This finding contrasts with previous reports that no perforating branches arise from the communicating artery. The proximal half of the A=1 segment was a richer source of perforating arteries than the distal half. The A-1 branches most commonly terminated in the anterior perforated substance, the optic chiasm, and the region of the optic tract. The ACoA increased in size as the difference in the diameter between the right and left A-1 segments increased. Frequent variants such as double or triple ACoA's, triple A-2 segments, and duplication of the A-1 segments were encountered. The clinical consequences of occlusion of the recurrent artery and of the perforators from the ACoA and medial and lateral segment of A-1 are reviewed.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior cerebral-anterior communicating-recurrent artery complex. The microvascular relationships important to surgery of aneurysms in the anterior communicating region were defined in 50 cadaver brains. The recurrent artery of Heubner was frequently exposed before the A-1 segment in defining the neck on anterior cerebral aneurysms because it commonly courses anterior to A-1. It arose from the A-2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in 78% and most commonly terminated in the area of the anterior perforated substance, and lateral to it in the Sylvian fissure. The anterior communicating artery (ACoA) frequently gave rise to perforating arteries which terminated in the superior surface of the optic chiasm and above the chiasm in the anterior hypothalamus. This finding contrasts with previous reports that no perforating branches arise from the communicating artery. The proximal half of the A=1 segment was a richer source of perforating arteries than the distal half. The A-1 branches most commonly terminated in the anterior perforated substance, the optic chiasm, and the region of the optic tract. The ACoA increased in size as the difference in the diameter between the right and left A-1 segments increased. Frequent variants such as double or triple ACoA's, triple A-2 segments, and duplication of the A-1 segments were encountered. The clinical consequences of occlusion of the recurrent artery and of the perforators from the ACoA and medial and lateral segment of A-1 are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:948014", "title": "Ependymomas and ependymoblastomas in children.", "content": "The authors analyze histologically verified cases of ependymoma and ependymoblastoma (malignant ependymoma) occurring in children in Connecticut from 1935 to 1973. Of the 488 central nervous system tumors diagnosed in that period, 44 (9%) of the 467 intracranial neoplasms and five (24%) of the 21 intraspinal tumors were of ependymal origin. An increase in the incidence of ependymomas was noted since the mid-1950's. The mean ages at diagnosis of ependymomas and ependymoblastomas were 5.6 and 5.0 years respectively. The male to female ratio was 0.6:1 for ependymomas and 1.7:1 for ependymoblastomas. Epencymomas were found above and below the tentorium with similar frequency; however, viturally all of the epencymoblastomas occurred supratentorially. Presenting symptoms and physical findings were reviewed. A significant difference (p less than 0.05) was noted in the seizure rates of supratentorial ependymomas (9%) and ependymoblastomas (38%). A significantly increased survival (p less than 0.05) was associated with supratentorial ependymal neoplasms relative to infratentorial from 42 months following diagnosis onward. Contrary tp the reports of no clinical difference between ependymomas and ependymoblastomas, children with supratentorial ependymomas were noted to have a significantly longer survival (p less than 0.05) than those with similarly situated ependymoblastomas, with the difference noted from 18 months following diagnosis onward. The children treated by operation and irradiation had a significantly greater survival (p less than 0.05) than those treated by other methods; furthermore, with this treatment, longer survivals were noted in the ependymoma patients as compared to those with epencymoblastomas. This difference became significant (p less than 0.05) at 27 months after diagnosis. Operative mortality decreased from 40% to 17% in the last decade of the study as compared to the previous decade. Steroid therapy may have contributed to this decreased operative mortality, but it had no statistically significant effect on length of survival. The clinical course of intracranial ependymal neoplasms in adults and children was compared and appeared to be essentially the same.", "contents": "Ependymomas and ependymoblastomas in children. The authors analyze histologically verified cases of ependymoma and ependymoblastoma (malignant ependymoma) occurring in children in Connecticut from 1935 to 1973. Of the 488 central nervous system tumors diagnosed in that period, 44 (9%) of the 467 intracranial neoplasms and five (24%) of the 21 intraspinal tumors were of ependymal origin. An increase in the incidence of ependymomas was noted since the mid-1950's. The mean ages at diagnosis of ependymomas and ependymoblastomas were 5.6 and 5.0 years respectively. The male to female ratio was 0.6:1 for ependymomas and 1.7:1 for ependymoblastomas. Epencymomas were found above and below the tentorium with similar frequency; however, viturally all of the epencymoblastomas occurred supratentorially. Presenting symptoms and physical findings were reviewed. A significant difference (p less than 0.05) was noted in the seizure rates of supratentorial ependymomas (9%) and ependymoblastomas (38%). A significantly increased survival (p less than 0.05) was associated with supratentorial ependymal neoplasms relative to infratentorial from 42 months following diagnosis onward. Contrary tp the reports of no clinical difference between ependymomas and ependymoblastomas, children with supratentorial ependymomas were noted to have a significantly longer survival (p less than 0.05) than those with similarly situated ependymoblastomas, with the difference noted from 18 months following diagnosis onward. The children treated by operation and irradiation had a significantly greater survival (p less than 0.05) than those treated by other methods; furthermore, with this treatment, longer survivals were noted in the ependymoma patients as compared to those with epencymoblastomas. This difference became significant (p less than 0.05) at 27 months after diagnosis. Operative mortality decreased from 40% to 17% in the last decade of the study as compared to the previous decade. Steroid therapy may have contributed to this decreased operative mortality, but it had no statistically significant effect on length of survival. The clinical course of intracranial ependymal neoplasms in adults and children was compared and appeared to be essentially the same."}
{"id": "PMID:948015", "title": "Cerebral circulation after head injury. Part 2: The effects of traumatic brain edema.", "content": "The authors have assessed the effects of subacute traumatic brain edema (BE) on cerebral circulation and metabolism, and on clinical outcome. Fifty-five severely injured, comatose, young patients who survived for more than 24 hours were studied on 78 occasions within 30 days of injury. After hematomas had been surgically evacuated, BE was diagnosed by radiological evidence of brain swelling, demonstrated by cerebral angiograms and ventriculograms. At identical levels of carbon dioxide pressure, intracranial pressure was significantly elevated in the Edema Group to twice the value in the No Edema Group (27.1 vs 14.1 torr). There were, however, no significant differences in cerebral perfusion pressure cerebral blood flow, resistance to blood flow, cerebral metabolic oxygen rate, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid acid-base, lactate, K+ or Na+ concentrations, or in clinical outcome. It is concluded that this type of subacute traumatic BE, which is significantly associated with surgical lesions, is not of major hemodynamic or clinical significance in intensively treated patients, and does not cause cerebral ischemia. Patient outcome is determined more by the severity of the initial diffuse cortical and subcortical injury than by the presence or absence of subacute BE.", "contents": "Cerebral circulation after head injury. Part 2: The effects of traumatic brain edema. The authors have assessed the effects of subacute traumatic brain edema (BE) on cerebral circulation and metabolism, and on clinical outcome. Fifty-five severely injured, comatose, young patients who survived for more than 24 hours were studied on 78 occasions within 30 days of injury. After hematomas had been surgically evacuated, BE was diagnosed by radiological evidence of brain swelling, demonstrated by cerebral angiograms and ventriculograms. At identical levels of carbon dioxide pressure, intracranial pressure was significantly elevated in the Edema Group to twice the value in the No Edema Group (27.1 vs 14.1 torr). There were, however, no significant differences in cerebral perfusion pressure cerebral blood flow, resistance to blood flow, cerebral metabolic oxygen rate, ventricular cerebrospinal fluid acid-base, lactate, K+ or Na+ concentrations, or in clinical outcome. It is concluded that this type of subacute traumatic BE, which is significantly associated with surgical lesions, is not of major hemodynamic or clinical significance in intensively treated patients, and does not cause cerebral ischemia. Patient outcome is determined more by the severity of the initial diffuse cortical and subcortical injury than by the presence or absence of subacute BE."}
{"id": "PMID:948016", "title": "Decadron in the treatment of cerebral abscess. An experimental study.", "content": "Forty rabbits were inoculated with Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus to produce cerebral abscesses. One-third of the rabbits received no treatment and served as controls. One-third received dexamethasone (Decadron) plus an appropriate antibiotic. One-third received only the appropriate antibiotic in the same dosage. The animals were sacrificed 10 days after inoculation and the brains examined. In the control group, an abscess at the stage of granulation tissue encapsulation containing the inoculated organisms was found. The surrounding brain showed a marked inflammatory response. In the Decadron plus antibiotic group, necrotic lesions were found containing the inoculated organisms and surrounded by relatively normal brain. In the group treated with antibiotic alone, healed glial scars were found in relatively normal brain. Our findings are discussed with reference to the medical literature regarding the influence of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response and the efficacy of antibiotics when this response is suppressed.", "contents": "Decadron in the treatment of cerebral abscess. An experimental study. Forty rabbits were inoculated with Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus to produce cerebral abscesses. One-third of the rabbits received no treatment and served as controls. One-third received dexamethasone (Decadron) plus an appropriate antibiotic. One-third received only the appropriate antibiotic in the same dosage. The animals were sacrificed 10 days after inoculation and the brains examined. In the control group, an abscess at the stage of granulation tissue encapsulation containing the inoculated organisms was found. The surrounding brain showed a marked inflammatory response. In the Decadron plus antibiotic group, necrotic lesions were found containing the inoculated organisms and surrounded by relatively normal brain. In the group treated with antibiotic alone, healed glial scars were found in relatively normal brain. Our findings are discussed with reference to the medical literature regarding the influence of glucocorticoids on the inflammatory response and the efficacy of antibiotics when this response is suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:948017", "title": "Control of shunt infection. Report of 150 consecutive cases.", "content": "The author analyzes 150 consecutive ventriculovenous, ventriculoperitoneal, and lumboperitoneal shunt procedures with particular attention to shunt colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was one primary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis early in the series, and in two other cases, the organism was felt to be a secondary invader. In those procedures involving either primary placement or revision of a ventriculovenous shunt, there was not a single infection. The operative protocol that has virtually eliminated Staphylococcus epidermidis is outlined.", "contents": "Control of shunt infection. Report of 150 consecutive cases. The author analyzes 150 consecutive ventriculovenous, ventriculoperitoneal, and lumboperitoneal shunt procedures with particular attention to shunt colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was one primary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis early in the series, and in two other cases, the organism was felt to be a secondary invader. In those procedures involving either primary placement or revision of a ventriculovenous shunt, there was not a single infection. The operative protocol that has virtually eliminated Staphylococcus epidermidis is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:948018", "title": "Mesencephalic spur (beaking deformity of the tectum) in Arnold-Chiari malformation.", "content": "The beaking deformity of the tectum, referred to in this paper as the mesencephalic spur, is regularly present in the Type II variety of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in varying degrees of severity. When the mesencephalic spur is related to associated myelomeningocele, it was found that the more extensive the myelomeningocele, and the older the affected children, the more prominent was the mesencephalic spur.", "contents": "Mesencephalic spur (beaking deformity of the tectum) in Arnold-Chiari malformation. The beaking deformity of the tectum, referred to in this paper as the mesencephalic spur, is regularly present in the Type II variety of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in varying degrees of severity. When the mesencephalic spur is related to associated myelomeningocele, it was found that the more extensive the myelomeningocele, and the older the affected children, the more prominent was the mesencephalic spur."}
{"id": "PMID:948022", "title": "Giant intracranial aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome. Case report.", "content": "The authors describe a giant intracranial internal carotid aneurysm in a patient with Marfan's syndrome. Treatment consisted of internal carotid ligation with subsequent thrombosis of the lesion. The patient's course was complicated by carotid arterial dissection and possible laminar thrombosis within the aneurysm increasing the size of the lesion. Three clinical syndromes, Marfan's, Ehlers-Danlos, and pseudoxanthoma esasticum, are discussed. The literature is reviewed with reference to the hazards of treatment of vascular pathology in patients with these connective tissue disorders.", "contents": "Giant intracranial aneurysm associated with Marfan's syndrome. Case report. The authors describe a giant intracranial internal carotid aneurysm in a patient with Marfan's syndrome. Treatment consisted of internal carotid ligation with subsequent thrombosis of the lesion. The patient's course was complicated by carotid arterial dissection and possible laminar thrombosis within the aneurysm increasing the size of the lesion. Three clinical syndromes, Marfan's, Ehlers-Danlos, and pseudoxanthoma esasticum, are discussed. The literature is reviewed with reference to the hazards of treatment of vascular pathology in patients with these connective tissue disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:948024", "title": "A comparison of the abilities of chlorpromazine and molindone to interact adversely with guanethidine.", "content": "Chlorpromazine and molindone were tested for their abilities to impair conditioned avoidance behavior of rats. Chlorpromazine was effective within the dose range of 0.3 to 7.0 mg/kg (ID50approximately 2.0 mg/kg); molindone was effective within the range of 0.3 to 5.0 mg/kg (ID50 approximately 0.6 mg/kg). Behaviorally relevant doses of chlorpromazine and molindone were then tested for their effects on blood pressure and on adrenergic mechanisms. When given intravenously to anesthetized, hypertensive animals, both drugs (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant but transient vasodepression. When given intraperitoneally to anesthetized or to conscious hypertensive rats, the drugs did not produce significant effects on blood pressure. Both drugs (1.0 mg/kg) blocked responses to an alpha agonist (methoxamine), but chlorpromazine was significantly more potent than molindone. In addition, chlorpromazine produced a dose-dependent (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) inhibition of 3H-l-norepinephrine uptake into heart, but molindone at the same doses produced no inhibition of uptake. In related experiments, it was found that guanethidine (50 mg/kg) was an effective agent for lowering blood pressure of hypertensive rats. When chlorpromazine (3-10 mg/kg) was administered concomitantly with guanethidine, the blood pressure lowering properties of guanethidine were diminished or abolished. When molindone (1-10 mg/kg) was administered concomitantly with guanethidine, there was no loss of blood pressure control. It is concluded that molindone is an important drug, because it is an antipsychotic agent that does not interact adversely with guanethidine.", "contents": "A comparison of the abilities of chlorpromazine and molindone to interact adversely with guanethidine. Chlorpromazine and molindone were tested for their abilities to impair conditioned avoidance behavior of rats. Chlorpromazine was effective within the dose range of 0.3 to 7.0 mg/kg (ID50approximately 2.0 mg/kg); molindone was effective within the range of 0.3 to 5.0 mg/kg (ID50 approximately 0.6 mg/kg). Behaviorally relevant doses of chlorpromazine and molindone were then tested for their effects on blood pressure and on adrenergic mechanisms. When given intravenously to anesthetized, hypertensive animals, both drugs (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant but transient vasodepression. When given intraperitoneally to anesthetized or to conscious hypertensive rats, the drugs did not produce significant effects on blood pressure. Both drugs (1.0 mg/kg) blocked responses to an alpha agonist (methoxamine), but chlorpromazine was significantly more potent than molindone. In addition, chlorpromazine produced a dose-dependent (1.0-10.0 mg/kg) inhibition of 3H-l-norepinephrine uptake into heart, but molindone at the same doses produced no inhibition of uptake. In related experiments, it was found that guanethidine (50 mg/kg) was an effective agent for lowering blood pressure of hypertensive rats. When chlorpromazine (3-10 mg/kg) was administered concomitantly with guanethidine, the blood pressure lowering properties of guanethidine were diminished or abolished. When molindone (1-10 mg/kg) was administered concomitantly with guanethidine, there was no loss of blood pressure control. It is concluded that molindone is an important drug, because it is an antipsychotic agent that does not interact adversely with guanethidine."}
{"id": "PMID:948025", "title": "Stimulatory effect of vegetables on intestinal drug metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The intestinal metabolism of hexobarbital, phenacetin, 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo [a] pyrene in vitro was increased in rats fed either dried Brussels sprouts or dried cabbage in a nutritionally complete semisynthetic diet as compared to rats fed only the semisynthetic diet. Pretreatment of rats with several indoles present in Brussels sprouts and cabbage also stimulated intestinal drug metabolism, but the effect was smaller than when dried Brussels sprouts or dried cabbage was fed. The results obtained suggest a need for studies in man to determine whether vegetables and other dietary constituents can stimulate the intestinal metabolism of drugs and thereby alter their biological effects.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of vegetables on intestinal drug metabolism in the rat. The intestinal metabolism of hexobarbital, phenacetin, 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo [a] pyrene in vitro was increased in rats fed either dried Brussels sprouts or dried cabbage in a nutritionally complete semisynthetic diet as compared to rats fed only the semisynthetic diet. Pretreatment of rats with several indoles present in Brussels sprouts and cabbage also stimulated intestinal drug metabolism, but the effect was smaller than when dried Brussels sprouts or dried cabbage was fed. The results obtained suggest a need for studies in man to determine whether vegetables and other dietary constituents can stimulate the intestinal metabolism of drugs and thereby alter their biological effects."}
{"id": "PMID:948026", "title": "Effect of route of administration on competitive drug biotransformation interaction: salicylamide-ascorbic acid interaction in rats.", "content": "The effect of route of administration on competitive drug biotransformation interactions was explored with respect to the interaction between salicylamide and ascorbic acid. Previous studies in man have shown that this interaction involves competition for available sulfate and consequent inhibition of drug sulfate formation. Adult rats received salicylamide (100 mg/kg i.v. or 500 mg/kg orally) alone or with ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg i.v. or orally). Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of salicylamide, salicylamide glucuronide and salicylamide sulfate were determined as a function of time. With i.v. salicylamide, i.v. ascorbic acid caused a modest decrease of salicylamide sulfate formation and thereby of salicylamide body clearance. Orally administered vitamin had a somewhat more pronounced effect. The vitamin had no effect on the apparent volume of distribution of salicylamide and on the renal clearances of its conjugates. With orally administered salicylamide, oral ascorbic acid caused a very pronounced decrease of salicylamide sulfate formation and salicylamide body clearance, whereas intravenous vitamin had little or no effect. These observations are consistent with the assumption that the magnitude of competitive drug biotransformation interactions, being a function of concentration, is most pronounced when the interactants are co-administered orally, due to their high concentrations in the intestinal wall and liver during the first pass.", "contents": "Effect of route of administration on competitive drug biotransformation interaction: salicylamide-ascorbic acid interaction in rats. The effect of route of administration on competitive drug biotransformation interactions was explored with respect to the interaction between salicylamide and ascorbic acid. Previous studies in man have shown that this interaction involves competition for available sulfate and consequent inhibition of drug sulfate formation. Adult rats received salicylamide (100 mg/kg i.v. or 500 mg/kg orally) alone or with ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg i.v. or orally). Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of salicylamide, salicylamide glucuronide and salicylamide sulfate were determined as a function of time. With i.v. salicylamide, i.v. ascorbic acid caused a modest decrease of salicylamide sulfate formation and thereby of salicylamide body clearance. Orally administered vitamin had a somewhat more pronounced effect. The vitamin had no effect on the apparent volume of distribution of salicylamide and on the renal clearances of its conjugates. With orally administered salicylamide, oral ascorbic acid caused a very pronounced decrease of salicylamide sulfate formation and salicylamide body clearance, whereas intravenous vitamin had little or no effect. These observations are consistent with the assumption that the magnitude of competitive drug biotransformation interactions, being a function of concentration, is most pronounced when the interactants are co-administered orally, due to their high concentrations in the intestinal wall and liver during the first pass."}
{"id": "PMID:948027", "title": "Ascorbic acid and hepatic drug metabolism.", "content": "Previous in vivo studies indicate that hepatic microsomal drug metabolism decreases in ascorbic acid deficiency and is augmented when high supplements of the vitamin are given to guinea pigs. Kinetic studies with O-demethylase indicate no significant change in the apparent Km of p-nitroanisole in normal, ascorbic acid-deficient animals, or in animals given high supplements of ascorbic acid. The decrease in drug metabolism activity caused by ascorbic acid deficiency is not due to increased lipid peroxidation, nor was phosphatidyl choline significantly altered quantitatively or qualitatively in microsomes from ascorbic acid-deficient animals. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 prepared from ascorbic acid-deficient livers is less stable to sonication, dialysis and treatment with metal chelators. The decrease in cytochrome P-450 and O-demethylase activity associated with dialysis could be prevented by the addition of ascorbic acid. The molar ratio of microsomal ascorbic acid to cytochrome P-450 (plus P-420) is in the order of 2:1. This ratio is maintained during ascorbic acid deficiency in liver and adrenal tissue, during dialysis, on storage and with a partial purification of the cytochrome, which suggests a close association between ascorbic acid and the cytochrome. In addition, ascorbic acid protects cytochrome P-450 and aniline hydroxy lase activity from inhibition by ferrous iron chelators such as alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl. The chelator binds to cytochrome P-450 and prevents formation of the reduced cytochrome P-450-CO spectrum; it in turn gives a reduced spectrum with the cytochrome at 450 nm. These studies suggest that there is an interaction between ascorbic acid and cytochrome P-450 involving the reduced form of the heme iron.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and hepatic drug metabolism. Previous in vivo studies indicate that hepatic microsomal drug metabolism decreases in ascorbic acid deficiency and is augmented when high supplements of the vitamin are given to guinea pigs. Kinetic studies with O-demethylase indicate no significant change in the apparent Km of p-nitroanisole in normal, ascorbic acid-deficient animals, or in animals given high supplements of ascorbic acid. The decrease in drug metabolism activity caused by ascorbic acid deficiency is not due to increased lipid peroxidation, nor was phosphatidyl choline significantly altered quantitatively or qualitatively in microsomes from ascorbic acid-deficient animals. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 prepared from ascorbic acid-deficient livers is less stable to sonication, dialysis and treatment with metal chelators. The decrease in cytochrome P-450 and O-demethylase activity associated with dialysis could be prevented by the addition of ascorbic acid. The molar ratio of microsomal ascorbic acid to cytochrome P-450 (plus P-420) is in the order of 2:1. This ratio is maintained during ascorbic acid deficiency in liver and adrenal tissue, during dialysis, on storage and with a partial purification of the cytochrome, which suggests a close association between ascorbic acid and the cytochrome. In addition, ascorbic acid protects cytochrome P-450 and aniline hydroxy lase activity from inhibition by ferrous iron chelators such as alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl. The chelator binds to cytochrome P-450 and prevents formation of the reduced cytochrome P-450-CO spectrum; it in turn gives a reduced spectrum with the cytochrome at 450 nm. These studies suggest that there is an interaction between ascorbic acid and cytochrome P-450 involving the reduced form of the heme iron."}
{"id": "PMID:948028", "title": "Effects of desipramine treatment on the biliary, fecal and urinary excretion of methadone in the rat.", "content": "The effects of desipramine (DMI) given i.p. 1 hour before administration of 14C-methadone (5 mg/kg s.c.) on the excretion of methadone in bile, feces and urine were studied. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted 52% of administered 14C into bile within 4 hours, 60% of the excretion as 2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 30% as water-soluble metabolite (WSM). The percentages of 14C excreted within 48 hours into the feces and urine of rats without biliary fistula were 60.6 and 17.4%, respectively. The excretion of 14C in feces consisted mostly of EDDP. Urinary excretion consisted of unchanged methadone, EDDP and WSM in the first 12 hours and consisted mostly of WSM thereafter. DMI treatment increased biliary flow but decreased the biliary excretion of 14C, mainly by a decrease in WSM. The fecal output was greatly decreased by DMI, thus decreasing fecal excretion of 14C in the first 12 hours. DMI treatment markedly decreased urinary volume but did not change the urine pH. The decreased urinary excretion of WSM in DMI-treated rats during the first 12-hour urine sample accounted for most of the decreased elimination of 14C. It is suggested that DMI-induced inhibition of methadone metabolism in the liver is a major factor responsible for the observed decreases in the biliary and urinary excretion of WSM...", "contents": "Effects of desipramine treatment on the biliary, fecal and urinary excretion of methadone in the rat. The effects of desipramine (DMI) given i.p. 1 hour before administration of 14C-methadone (5 mg/kg s.c.) on the excretion of methadone in bile, feces and urine were studied. Rats with cannulated bile ducts excreted 52% of administered 14C into bile within 4 hours, 60% of the excretion as 2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 30% as water-soluble metabolite (WSM). The percentages of 14C excreted within 48 hours into the feces and urine of rats without biliary fistula were 60.6 and 17.4%, respectively. The excretion of 14C in feces consisted mostly of EDDP. Urinary excretion consisted of unchanged methadone, EDDP and WSM in the first 12 hours and consisted mostly of WSM thereafter. DMI treatment increased biliary flow but decreased the biliary excretion of 14C, mainly by a decrease in WSM. The fecal output was greatly decreased by DMI, thus decreasing fecal excretion of 14C in the first 12 hours. DMI treatment markedly decreased urinary volume but did not change the urine pH. The decreased urinary excretion of WSM in DMI-treated rats during the first 12-hour urine sample accounted for most of the decreased elimination of 14C. It is suggested that DMI-induced inhibition of methadone metabolism in the liver is a major factor responsible for the observed decreases in the biliary and urinary excretion of WSM..."}
{"id": "PMID:948029", "title": "A comparative study of the analgesic and respiratory effects of N-allylnorcodeine (nalodeine), nalorphine, codeine and morphine.", "content": "In this comparative study, the abdominal constriction test was used to determine analgesia in mice, and the body plethysmograph was used to study respiratory effects of nalodeine, nalorphine, naloxone, codeine, morphine and various agonist-antagonist combinations in rats. The analgesia dose-response curves for the surrogate pairs, nalodeine-nalorphine and codeine-morphine, were parallel but had significantly different slopes. Naloxone was a more potent antagonist of morphine and codeine than of nalorphine and nalodeine. In antagonizing morphine and codeine analgesia, naloxone was the most potent antagonist, nalorphine had a biphasic effect with decreasing activity at higher doses and nalodeine was not an antagonist. Moderate doses of nalorphrine depressed minute volume largely by their effect on tidal volume, but high doses stimulated respiratory rate and therefore had less effect on minute volume. Nalodeine depressed minute volume by depressing tidal volume, since all doses initially stimulated and then variably affected respiratory rate. Metabolic rate was not increased by either drug short of convulsant doses. Nalodeine depresses the ventilatory response to CO2 and weakly antagonizes the respiratory depressant actions of morphine.", "contents": "A comparative study of the analgesic and respiratory effects of N-allylnorcodeine (nalodeine), nalorphine, codeine and morphine. In this comparative study, the abdominal constriction test was used to determine analgesia in mice, and the body plethysmograph was used to study respiratory effects of nalodeine, nalorphine, naloxone, codeine, morphine and various agonist-antagonist combinations in rats. The analgesia dose-response curves for the surrogate pairs, nalodeine-nalorphine and codeine-morphine, were parallel but had significantly different slopes. Naloxone was a more potent antagonist of morphine and codeine than of nalorphine and nalodeine. In antagonizing morphine and codeine analgesia, naloxone was the most potent antagonist, nalorphine had a biphasic effect with decreasing activity at higher doses and nalodeine was not an antagonist. Moderate doses of nalorphrine depressed minute volume largely by their effect on tidal volume, but high doses stimulated respiratory rate and therefore had less effect on minute volume. Nalodeine depressed minute volume by depressing tidal volume, since all doses initially stimulated and then variably affected respiratory rate. Metabolic rate was not increased by either drug short of convulsant doses. Nalodeine depresses the ventilatory response to CO2 and weakly antagonizes the respiratory depressant actions of morphine."}
{"id": "PMID:948030", "title": "Acute reductions in serum testosterone levels by narcotics in the male rat: stereospecificity, blockade by naloxone and tolerance.", "content": "The effects of a single injection of morphine (20 mg/kg) on serum testosterone levels were examined in the male rat. Within 2 hours after the morphine injection, testosterone levels were significantly lower than control levels. The decline in testosterone levels reached a maximum 4 hours after the administration of morphine, at which time testosterone levels were reduced by more than 85% with respect to controls. The ability of a large number of narcotics to depress serum testosterone levels, 4 hours after their administration, was also examined. All narcotics depressed testosterone levels significantly and their potency relative to morphine was comparable to that observed in several other preparations, such as the guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens. The testosterone-depleting effects of the narcotics appear to represent specific narcotic effects since the (-)-isomers of the narcotics were considerably more potent than the (+)-isomers, naloxone competitively inhibited the effects of morphine on testosterone levels and tolerance developed to the testosterone-depleting effects of these drugs. Acute treatment with morphine also lowered serum luteinizing hormone levels, and this reduction preceded the fall in testosterone levels by 1 to 2 hours.", "contents": "Acute reductions in serum testosterone levels by narcotics in the male rat: stereospecificity, blockade by naloxone and tolerance. The effects of a single injection of morphine (20 mg/kg) on serum testosterone levels were examined in the male rat. Within 2 hours after the morphine injection, testosterone levels were significantly lower than control levels. The decline in testosterone levels reached a maximum 4 hours after the administration of morphine, at which time testosterone levels were reduced by more than 85% with respect to controls. The ability of a large number of narcotics to depress serum testosterone levels, 4 hours after their administration, was also examined. All narcotics depressed testosterone levels significantly and their potency relative to morphine was comparable to that observed in several other preparations, such as the guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens. The testosterone-depleting effects of the narcotics appear to represent specific narcotic effects since the (-)-isomers of the narcotics were considerably more potent than the (+)-isomers, naloxone competitively inhibited the effects of morphine on testosterone levels and tolerance developed to the testosterone-depleting effects of these drugs. Acute treatment with morphine also lowered serum luteinizing hormone levels, and this reduction preceded the fall in testosterone levels by 1 to 2 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:948031", "title": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on venoconstrictor responses to bradykinin.", "content": "The interrelationship between prostaglandins (PGs) and bradykinin (BK) was studied in isolated canine saphenous veins. The hypothesis that PGs mediate the venoconstrictor effect of bradykinin was evaluated by determining the influence of low concentrations of indomethacin (Indo) (1 muM) or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (ETA) (3 muM), two inhibitors of PG synthesis, on cumulative concentration-response curves for BK or norepinephrine (NE). In the tissue bath, responses to BK improved with time while responses to NE did not vary. When strips were least responsive to BK, Indo and ETA enhanced these responses. When strips were most responsive to BK, neither inhibitor enhanced the responses. Neither Indo nor ETA altered responses to NE. Phentolamine (10(-8) M) did not alter responses to BK. These data suggest that endogenous PGs act to attenuate, rather than mediate, the venoconstrictor response to BK. Progressive enhancement of responses to BK of untreated saphenous vein strips is associated with a decreased ability of inhibitors of PG synthesis to enhance those responses also. Thus, there may be a time-related decrease in the ability of this preparation to synthesize PGs. From the present results, it cannot be determined whether saphenous veins in vivo are highly responsive or relatively unresponsive to the peptide. However, these data do suggest that PGs are a determinant of venous responsiveness to BK.", "contents": "Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on venoconstrictor responses to bradykinin. The interrelationship between prostaglandins (PGs) and bradykinin (BK) was studied in isolated canine saphenous veins. The hypothesis that PGs mediate the venoconstrictor effect of bradykinin was evaluated by determining the influence of low concentrations of indomethacin (Indo) (1 muM) or eicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraynoic acid (ETA) (3 muM), two inhibitors of PG synthesis, on cumulative concentration-response curves for BK or norepinephrine (NE). In the tissue bath, responses to BK improved with time while responses to NE did not vary. When strips were least responsive to BK, Indo and ETA enhanced these responses. When strips were most responsive to BK, neither inhibitor enhanced the responses. Neither Indo nor ETA altered responses to NE. Phentolamine (10(-8) M) did not alter responses to BK. These data suggest that endogenous PGs act to attenuate, rather than mediate, the venoconstrictor response to BK. Progressive enhancement of responses to BK of untreated saphenous vein strips is associated with a decreased ability of inhibitors of PG synthesis to enhance those responses also. Thus, there may be a time-related decrease in the ability of this preparation to synthesize PGs. From the present results, it cannot be determined whether saphenous veins in vivo are highly responsive or relatively unresponsive to the peptide. However, these data do suggest that PGs are a determinant of venous responsiveness to BK."}
{"id": "PMID:948032", "title": "Effect of alpha and beta adrenergic blockade on oxygen transport in rat skeletal muscle and brain.", "content": "The effects of phenoxybenzamine HCl and propranolol HCl, 2 mg/kg, on tissue oxygen tension (PO2), perfusion and small vessel blood content of the cerebral cortex and biceps brachii muscle of anesthetized rats were determined. Perfusion and PO2 were measured polarographically and small vessel blood content was measured with 59Fe-siderophilin-labeled blood. Under control conditions PO2, perfusion and small vessel blood content averaged 15.1 mm Hg., 15.6 ml/min/100 g and 0.91 ml/100 g in brain and 15.6 mm Hg, 13.1 ml/min/100 g and 1.63 ml/100 g in muscle. After phenoxybenzamine adminstration, there was a significant increase in muscle perfusion (17.4%) and decrease in cortical PO2 (9.2%). No other factors changed significantly. Propranolol caused no significant changes in any of the above factors. Arteriolar resistance in skeletal muscle decreased after phenoxybenzamine. Small vessel blood content measurements (an estimate of open capillary density) indicate no effects on precapillary sphincters with either agent. Since some changes in metabolism were indicated with these agents, regional oxygen consumption was calculated from this data.", "contents": "Effect of alpha and beta adrenergic blockade on oxygen transport in rat skeletal muscle and brain. The effects of phenoxybenzamine HCl and propranolol HCl, 2 mg/kg, on tissue oxygen tension (PO2), perfusion and small vessel blood content of the cerebral cortex and biceps brachii muscle of anesthetized rats were determined. Perfusion and PO2 were measured polarographically and small vessel blood content was measured with 59Fe-siderophilin-labeled blood. Under control conditions PO2, perfusion and small vessel blood content averaged 15.1 mm Hg., 15.6 ml/min/100 g and 0.91 ml/100 g in brain and 15.6 mm Hg, 13.1 ml/min/100 g and 1.63 ml/100 g in muscle. After phenoxybenzamine adminstration, there was a significant increase in muscle perfusion (17.4%) and decrease in cortical PO2 (9.2%). No other factors changed significantly. Propranolol caused no significant changes in any of the above factors. Arteriolar resistance in skeletal muscle decreased after phenoxybenzamine. Small vessel blood content measurements (an estimate of open capillary density) indicate no effects on precapillary sphincters with either agent. Since some changes in metabolism were indicated with these agents, regional oxygen consumption was calculated from this data."}
{"id": "PMID:948033", "title": "The isolated supported canine heart: a model for the evaluation of drug effects on regional myocardial blood flow.", "content": "The effect of independently varying heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, coronary blood flow or coronary artery perfusion pressure on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow was determined in the isolated supported dog heart preparation by use of radioactive microspheres. The distribution of radioactivity was expressed as the epicardial/endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo). At a constant coronary blood flow, increases in heart rate (111-250 beats/min) or decreases in coronary artery perfusion pressure (100-46 mm Hg) resulted in an elevation of epi/endo (0.64 to 1.12 and 0.71 to 1.41, respectively). Increasing coronary artery perfusion pressure (40-130 mm Hg) and coronary blood flow from low values resulted in a decreased epi/endo (1.28 to 0.76). The absolute level of coronary blood flow had no direct effect on epi/endo but acted through changes in coronary artery perfusion pressure. The major physiological determinants of intramyocardial blood flow distribution in the isolated dog heart are coronary artery perfusion pressure and heart rate, whereas left ventricular systolic pressure and coronary blood flow are of minor importance. An equation was developed relating the mean epi/endo of the left ventricle to hemodynamic factors studied, and a highly significant correlation was found between predicted and experimental ratios. These results indicate the potential usefulness of this model for predicting epicardial-endocardial blood flow ratios based upon drug-induced changes in hemodynamic parameters.", "contents": "The isolated supported canine heart: a model for the evaluation of drug effects on regional myocardial blood flow. The effect of independently varying heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, coronary blood flow or coronary artery perfusion pressure on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow was determined in the isolated supported dog heart preparation by use of radioactive microspheres. The distribution of radioactivity was expressed as the epicardial/endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo). At a constant coronary blood flow, increases in heart rate (111-250 beats/min) or decreases in coronary artery perfusion pressure (100-46 mm Hg) resulted in an elevation of epi/endo (0.64 to 1.12 and 0.71 to 1.41, respectively). Increasing coronary artery perfusion pressure (40-130 mm Hg) and coronary blood flow from low values resulted in a decreased epi/endo (1.28 to 0.76). The absolute level of coronary blood flow had no direct effect on epi/endo but acted through changes in coronary artery perfusion pressure. The major physiological determinants of intramyocardial blood flow distribution in the isolated dog heart are coronary artery perfusion pressure and heart rate, whereas left ventricular systolic pressure and coronary blood flow are of minor importance. An equation was developed relating the mean epi/endo of the left ventricle to hemodynamic factors studied, and a highly significant correlation was found between predicted and experimental ratios. These results indicate the potential usefulness of this model for predicting epicardial-endocardial blood flow ratios based upon drug-induced changes in hemodynamic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:948034", "title": "Effect of propranolol on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption.", "content": "The present investigation was designed to determine the effect of propranolol on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption (MVO2) in the isolated supported dog heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. The transmural distribution of blood flow, determined by the radioactive microsphere technique, was expressed as the epicardial/endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo). Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) produced a significant decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractile force and an increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure due to an increase in coronary vascular resistance. These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by significant decreases in epi/endo (increased endocardial perfusion) and MVO2. Reduction of perfusion pressure to control by a decrease in total coronary blood flow produced no further change in epi/endo or MVO2. However, increasing heart rate to control increased epi/endo to predrug levels. Contractile force and MVO2 remained reduced below control. Norepinephrine infusion (1 mug/min intracoronary) produced a significant increase in heart rate and contractile force and decrease in perfusion pressure. These changes were accompanied by an increase in epi/endo and MVO2. Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the response to norepinephrine. Propranolol may produce beneficial effects in angina pectoris by a decrease in epi/endo (via a reduction in heart rate) and MVO2 and by beta adrenergic blockade of the deleterious effects of catecholamines.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. The present investigation was designed to determine the effect of propranolol on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption (MVO2) in the isolated supported dog heart preparation perfused at a constant coronary blood flow. The transmural distribution of blood flow, determined by the radioactive microsphere technique, was expressed as the epicardial/endocardial blood flow ratio (epi/endo). Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) produced a significant decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractile force and an increase in coronary artery perfusion pressure due to an increase in coronary vascular resistance. These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by significant decreases in epi/endo (increased endocardial perfusion) and MVO2. Reduction of perfusion pressure to control by a decrease in total coronary blood flow produced no further change in epi/endo or MVO2. However, increasing heart rate to control increased epi/endo to predrug levels. Contractile force and MVO2 remained reduced below control. Norepinephrine infusion (1 mug/min intracoronary) produced a significant increase in heart rate and contractile force and decrease in perfusion pressure. These changes were accompanied by an increase in epi/endo and MVO2. Propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the response to norepinephrine. Propranolol may produce beneficial effects in angina pectoris by a decrease in epi/endo (via a reduction in heart rate) and MVO2 and by beta adrenergic blockade of the deleterious effects of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:948035", "title": "Effects of calcium antagonist, 6-(N, N-diethylamino) hexyl-3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoate, on digitalis-induced arrhythmias and cardiac contractions.", "content": "6-(N, N-Diethylamino) hexyl-3, 4, 5-trimethylbenzoate (TMB-6) and lidocaine were equipotent (1 mg/kg) in the conversion of ectopic rhythms to normal rhythms in digoxin-toxic dogs. However, TMB-6 had fewer side effects on heart rates and dp/dt than lidocaine. TMB-6 inhibited the contractile force of electrically stimulated dog and guinea-pig atria and ventricles at concentrations ranging from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 1.7 X 10(-4) M. Elevation of extracellular Ca++ concentrations from 2.7 to 5.4 mM produced a significant increase in the ID50 of TMB-6 in atria (from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 5.0 X 10(-5) M in dogs and from 7.2 X 10(-5) to 1.0 X 10(-4) M in guinea pigs). TMB-6 (7.3 X 10(-5) to 2.4 X 10(-4) M) depressed the amplitude of Ca++-dependent action potentials in depolarized dog cardiac Purkinje fibers. These results are discussed with regard to the antagonism of TMB-6 on Ca++ availability in the myocardium which leads to the conversion of cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of calcium antagonist, 6-(N, N-diethylamino) hexyl-3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoate, on digitalis-induced arrhythmias and cardiac contractions. 6-(N, N-Diethylamino) hexyl-3, 4, 5-trimethylbenzoate (TMB-6) and lidocaine were equipotent (1 mg/kg) in the conversion of ectopic rhythms to normal rhythms in digoxin-toxic dogs. However, TMB-6 had fewer side effects on heart rates and dp/dt than lidocaine. TMB-6 inhibited the contractile force of electrically stimulated dog and guinea-pig atria and ventricles at concentrations ranging from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 1.7 X 10(-4) M. Elevation of extracellular Ca++ concentrations from 2.7 to 5.4 mM produced a significant increase in the ID50 of TMB-6 in atria (from 2.5 X 10(-5) to 5.0 X 10(-5) M in dogs and from 7.2 X 10(-5) to 1.0 X 10(-4) M in guinea pigs). TMB-6 (7.3 X 10(-5) to 2.4 X 10(-4) M) depressed the amplitude of Ca++-dependent action potentials in depolarized dog cardiac Purkinje fibers. These results are discussed with regard to the antagonism of TMB-6 on Ca++ availability in the myocardium which leads to the conversion of cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:948036", "title": "Organ specificity of angiotensin II and Des-aspartyl angiotensin II in the conscious rat.", "content": "Des-Asp angiotensin II (des-Asp AII) is a naturally occurring heptapeptide metabolite of angiotensin II (AII) which is formed by the enzymatic action of aminopeptidase A. Angiotensin II and des-Asp AII were infused into unanesthetized rats while direct mean arterial pressure, serum aldosterone and serum corticosterone were measured. Both AII and des-Asp AII caused a dose-related increase in serum aldosterone with a significant increase occurring with a dose as low as 1 ng/min. This effect was blocked by pretreatment with 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II, a competitive inhibitor of AII; however, the inhibitor was more effective in blocking the effects of AII (101%) than of des-Asp AII (82%). Both angiotensins induced a dose-related increase in serum corticosterone and mean arterial pressure. Des-Asp AII was however only 1/10 as potent as AII in elevating mean arterial pressure. 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII was also  effective in inhibiting the pressor effects of AII and des-Asp AII. These data illustrate a high degree of organ specificity or selectivity for des-Asp AII and a low specificity for AII. Aminopeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidase were identified in the adrenal cortex and medulla in large amounts. Des-Asp AII may thus be formed from AII locally in the adrenal gland prior to exerting its action at that site.", "contents": "Organ specificity of angiotensin II and Des-aspartyl angiotensin II in the conscious rat. Des-Asp angiotensin II (des-Asp AII) is a naturally occurring heptapeptide metabolite of angiotensin II (AII) which is formed by the enzymatic action of aminopeptidase A. Angiotensin II and des-Asp AII were infused into unanesthetized rats while direct mean arterial pressure, serum aldosterone and serum corticosterone were measured. Both AII and des-Asp AII caused a dose-related increase in serum aldosterone with a significant increase occurring with a dose as low as 1 ng/min. This effect was blocked by pretreatment with 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II, a competitive inhibitor of AII; however, the inhibitor was more effective in blocking the effects of AII (101%) than of des-Asp AII (82%). Both angiotensins induced a dose-related increase in serum corticosterone and mean arterial pressure. Des-Asp AII was however only 1/10 as potent as AII in elevating mean arterial pressure. 1-Sar-8-Ala-AII was also  effective in inhibiting the pressor effects of AII and des-Asp AII. These data illustrate a high degree of organ specificity or selectivity for des-Asp AII and a low specificity for AII. Aminopeptidase A and leucine aminopeptidase were identified in the adrenal cortex and medulla in large amounts. Des-Asp AII may thus be formed from AII locally in the adrenal gland prior to exerting its action at that site."}
{"id": "PMID:948037", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on renal function in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs.", "content": "The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and excretion of sodium and potassium were studied in the anesthetized dog. Indomethacin, 2.5 mg/kg i.v., decreased renal blood flow but increased aortic pressure and calculated renal vascular resistance. Glomerular filtration rate was not influenced by the synthetase inhibitor. Sodium excretion was decreased and para-aminohippurate extraction was increased after administration of indomethacin. Transient decreases in urine flow and potassium excretion were observed; however, both parameters returned to control value 75 minutes after administration of indomethacin. The early decrease in urine flow rate correlated closely with the decrease in sodium excretion. These data suggest that in the anesthetized dog, endogenous prostaglandins may serve to maintain renal blood flow but not glomerular filtration rate. Under the conditions of the present experiments, sodium excretion and to a lesser extent potassium excretion have been suggested as being dependent on prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on renal function in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and excretion of sodium and potassium were studied in the anesthetized dog. Indomethacin, 2.5 mg/kg i.v., decreased renal blood flow but increased aortic pressure and calculated renal vascular resistance. Glomerular filtration rate was not influenced by the synthetase inhibitor. Sodium excretion was decreased and para-aminohippurate extraction was increased after administration of indomethacin. Transient decreases in urine flow and potassium excretion were observed; however, both parameters returned to control value 75 minutes after administration of indomethacin. The early decrease in urine flow rate correlated closely with the decrease in sodium excretion. These data suggest that in the anesthetized dog, endogenous prostaglandins may serve to maintain renal blood flow but not glomerular filtration rate. Under the conditions of the present experiments, sodium excretion and to a lesser extent potassium excretion have been suggested as being dependent on prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:948038", "title": "Effects of anti-inflammatory agents and some other drugs on prostaglandin biotransport.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of drugs on prostaglandin biotransport were studied by measuring the concentrative accumulation of 3H by rabbit choroid plexuses, segments of anterior uvea and kidney cortex slices after incubation in tissue culture medium containing 3H-prostaglandin F2 alpha. After 10 minutes of incubation in the absence of an inhibitor, the choroid plexus showed a tissue/medium 3H accumulation ratio of 14 +/- 0.7; after 30 minutes of incubation, the anterior uvea and the kidney cortex slices showed accumulation ratios of 6.4 +/- 0.5 and 5.6 +/- 0.1, respectively. The I50 values for inhibition of 3H accumulation by indomethacin were 10, 8 and 12 muM for the three tissues, respectively. Some related drugs-oxyphenbutazone, D-naproxen, l-naproxen, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone and pirprofen-were also found to be effective inhibitors of 3H accumulation (I50 for anterior uvea, 6-28 muM) whereas aspirin, dexamethasone phosphate and penicillin had an inhibitory effect only at much higher concentrations (I50 0.1-2.0 mM). Papaverine, fursemide and probenecid were approximately as effective as the anti-inflammatory organic acids (I50 0.01-0.1 mM), whereas bromcresol green was at least 10-fold more effective. Diphenhydramine and the nonacidic prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, phenelzine and paracetamol, showed little (I50 greater than 1 mM) or no inhibitory effect. The inhibition of this transport system by some drugs, most notably nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory organic acids, and consequent alterations in the distribution and disposition of prostaglandins must be taken into account in the development of new anti-inflammatory agents and in the interpretation of the mechansim of action and side effects of such drugs.", "contents": "Effects of anti-inflammatory agents and some other drugs on prostaglandin biotransport. The inhibitory effects of drugs on prostaglandin biotransport were studied by measuring the concentrative accumulation of 3H by rabbit choroid plexuses, segments of anterior uvea and kidney cortex slices after incubation in tissue culture medium containing 3H-prostaglandin F2 alpha. After 10 minutes of incubation in the absence of an inhibitor, the choroid plexus showed a tissue/medium 3H accumulation ratio of 14 +/- 0.7; after 30 minutes of incubation, the anterior uvea and the kidney cortex slices showed accumulation ratios of 6.4 +/- 0.5 and 5.6 +/- 0.1, respectively. The I50 values for inhibition of 3H accumulation by indomethacin were 10, 8 and 12 muM for the three tissues, respectively. Some related drugs-oxyphenbutazone, D-naproxen, l-naproxen, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone and pirprofen-were also found to be effective inhibitors of 3H accumulation (I50 for anterior uvea, 6-28 muM) whereas aspirin, dexamethasone phosphate and penicillin had an inhibitory effect only at much higher concentrations (I50 0.1-2.0 mM). Papaverine, fursemide and probenecid were approximately as effective as the anti-inflammatory organic acids (I50 0.01-0.1 mM), whereas bromcresol green was at least 10-fold more effective. Diphenhydramine and the nonacidic prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, phenelzine and paracetamol, showed little (I50 greater than 1 mM) or no inhibitory effect. The inhibition of this transport system by some drugs, most notably nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory organic acids, and consequent alterations in the distribution and disposition of prostaglandins must be taken into account in the development of new anti-inflammatory agents and in the interpretation of the mechansim of action and side effects of such drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:948039", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins A2, E2 and F2 alpha on erythropoietin production.", "content": "The erythropoietic effects of the renal prostaglandins were investigated in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and in isolated perfused dog kidneys. Prostaglandins A2 and E2 in a dose range of 100 to 800 mug/kg b.wt. were found to produce a dose-related increase in radioactive iron incorporation in red cells. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was devoid of an erythropoietic effect in polycythemic mice. In that PGE2 is the principal renal prostaglandin, PGE2 (0.5 mug/min) or saline was infused into isolated perfused dog kidneys that had been programmed by prior exposure to hypoxia (0.42 atm) for 4 hours. PGE2-infused kidneys during 5 hours of perfusion with blood from nonhypoxic donor dogs produced significant increases in perfusate titers of erythropoietin when compared with that of saline infusion controls at the same time intervals. These data suggest an involvement of the renal prostaglandin PGE2 in erythropoietin production by the kidney.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins A2, E2 and F2 alpha on erythropoietin production. The erythropoietic effects of the renal prostaglandins were investigated in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and in isolated perfused dog kidneys. Prostaglandins A2 and E2 in a dose range of 100 to 800 mug/kg b.wt. were found to produce a dose-related increase in radioactive iron incorporation in red cells. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was devoid of an erythropoietic effect in polycythemic mice. In that PGE2 is the principal renal prostaglandin, PGE2 (0.5 mug/min) or saline was infused into isolated perfused dog kidneys that had been programmed by prior exposure to hypoxia (0.42 atm) for 4 hours. PGE2-infused kidneys during 5 hours of perfusion with blood from nonhypoxic donor dogs produced significant increases in perfusate titers of erythropoietin when compared with that of saline infusion controls at the same time intervals. These data suggest an involvement of the renal prostaglandin PGE2 in erythropoietin production by the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:948040", "title": "A computer program for parallel line bioassays.", "content": "PARLIN is a program for the statistical analysis of biological assays that are either completely randomized, or in randomized blocks, in which the regression on log dose is linear with a constant variance per response. An earlier program (McArthur et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 153: 573-580, 1966) has been completely rewritten, improved and extended in its facilities. PARLIN, written in FORTRAN IV, will handle up to 99 test preparations, up to 100 doses in all, and up to 50 responses per dose. It is designed with special attention to simplicity for routine use, versatility of facilities and output immediately available for all forms of reporting results. A wide choice of transformations of response is available. The output reproduces the data for verification and tabulates potency estimates with limits at probabilities .95, .99; optional output includes an analysis of variance, information on validity, values of residuals and a rough plot of the dose-response relation.", "contents": "A computer program for parallel line bioassays. PARLIN is a program for the statistical analysis of biological assays that are either completely randomized, or in randomized blocks, in which the regression on log dose is linear with a constant variance per response. An earlier program (McArthur et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 153: 573-580, 1966) has been completely rewritten, improved and extended in its facilities. PARLIN, written in FORTRAN IV, will handle up to 99 test preparations, up to 100 doses in all, and up to 50 responses per dose. It is designed with special attention to simplicity for routine use, versatility of facilities and output immediately available for all forms of reporting results. A wide choice of transformations of response is available. The output reproduces the data for verification and tabulates potency estimates with limits at probabilities .95, .99; optional output includes an analysis of variance, information on validity, values of residuals and a rough plot of the dose-response relation."}
{"id": "PMID:948043", "title": "Endogenous prostaglandins as local regulators of blood flow in man: effect of indomethacin on reactive and functional hyperaemia.", "content": "1. The contribution of endogenously formed prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) to the development of reactive and functional hyperaemia was studied in the human forearm. 2. Forearm blood flow was recorded using venous occlusion plethysmography. The concentration of prostaglandin E-like substances (PLS) in the venous effluent from the muscle was analysed using bio-assay. For inhibition of PG biosynthesis, indomethacin (1-25 mg/kg body weight) was administered. 3. Following 5 min of arterial occlusion, a marked hyperaemia developed during the next 150 sec. Indomethacin, while not affecting the resting arterial blood flow, significantly decreased the peak level as well as the duration of the hyperaemia. The total reactive hyperaemia was 25 ml./100 ml. tissue before, and 13 ml./100 ml. tissue after administration of indomethacin. 4. During sustained isometric forearm contraction, and following isometric and dynamic forearm muscle activity, a moderate hyperaemia was observed. This was significantly diminished when indomethacin had been administered, although not to the same extent as the reactive hyperaemia. The total hyperaemia in the absence and presence of indomethacin was 113 and 77 ml./100 ml. tissue, respectively, in connexion with isometric contraction and 206 and 120 ml./100 ml. tissue, respectively, following dynamic work. 5. The venous concentration of PLS was very low at rest. A significantly increased concentration was observed after ischaemia. This increased release of PLS was entirely suppressed by indomethacin. With the present assay method, muscular activity elicited no detectable change in the venous concentration of PLS. 6. It is concluded that reactive hyperaemia depends to a considerable extent on an intact PGE synthesis. It is furthermore suggested that endogenous PGE may contribute to the functional hyperaemia that appears during and after muscle activity.", "contents": "Endogenous prostaglandins as local regulators of blood flow in man: effect of indomethacin on reactive and functional hyperaemia. 1. The contribution of endogenously formed prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) to the development of reactive and functional hyperaemia was studied in the human forearm. 2. Forearm blood flow was recorded using venous occlusion plethysmography. The concentration of prostaglandin E-like substances (PLS) in the venous effluent from the muscle was analysed using bio-assay. For inhibition of PG biosynthesis, indomethacin (1-25 mg/kg body weight) was administered. 3. Following 5 min of arterial occlusion, a marked hyperaemia developed during the next 150 sec. Indomethacin, while not affecting the resting arterial blood flow, significantly decreased the peak level as well as the duration of the hyperaemia. The total reactive hyperaemia was 25 ml./100 ml. tissue before, and 13 ml./100 ml. tissue after administration of indomethacin. 4. During sustained isometric forearm contraction, and following isometric and dynamic forearm muscle activity, a moderate hyperaemia was observed. This was significantly diminished when indomethacin had been administered, although not to the same extent as the reactive hyperaemia. The total hyperaemia in the absence and presence of indomethacin was 113 and 77 ml./100 ml. tissue, respectively, in connexion with isometric contraction and 206 and 120 ml./100 ml. tissue, respectively, following dynamic work. 5. The venous concentration of PLS was very low at rest. A significantly increased concentration was observed after ischaemia. This increased release of PLS was entirely suppressed by indomethacin. With the present assay method, muscular activity elicited no detectable change in the venous concentration of PLS. 6. It is concluded that reactive hyperaemia depends to a considerable extent on an intact PGE synthesis. It is furthermore suggested that endogenous PGE may contribute to the functional hyperaemia that appears during and after muscle activity."}
{"id": "PMID:948046", "title": "The regulation of cellular volume in renal cortical slices incubated in hyposmotic medium.", "content": "1. Changes in water and ion contents of renal cortical slices from rat, rabbit and guinea-pig incubated in medium of a half normal osmolarity were followed over 60 min incubation at 25 degrees C.2. Metabolizing slices gained water and lost sodium and chloride but not potassium. These changes reflected in part changes in cellular composition, and were complete within 5 min. A new steady-state was then maintained for a further 55 min.3. Slices initially incubated for 60 min with ouabain, also lost sodium and chloride when transferred to the hyposmotic medium but did not, in the first minutes, lose any further potassium. Ouabain, in concentrations sufficient to produce maximal inhibition of the Na-K ATPase, did not cause additional cellular swelling in the hyposmotic medium.4. The results offer no support for the claim that cellular volume in metabolizing renal cortical cells exposed to hyposmotic media is regulated by loss of cellular potassium. They suggest that under such conditions the regulation of volume involves the same ouabain-insensitive mechanism as is seen in cells incubated in isosmotic medium.", "contents": "The regulation of cellular volume in renal cortical slices incubated in hyposmotic medium. 1. Changes in water and ion contents of renal cortical slices from rat, rabbit and guinea-pig incubated in medium of a half normal osmolarity were followed over 60 min incubation at 25 degrees C.2. Metabolizing slices gained water and lost sodium and chloride but not potassium. These changes reflected in part changes in cellular composition, and were complete within 5 min. A new steady-state was then maintained for a further 55 min.3. Slices initially incubated for 60 min with ouabain, also lost sodium and chloride when transferred to the hyposmotic medium but did not, in the first minutes, lose any further potassium. Ouabain, in concentrations sufficient to produce maximal inhibition of the Na-K ATPase, did not cause additional cellular swelling in the hyposmotic medium.4. The results offer no support for the claim that cellular volume in metabolizing renal cortical cells exposed to hyposmotic media is regulated by loss of cellular potassium. They suggest that under such conditions the regulation of volume involves the same ouabain-insensitive mechanism as is seen in cells incubated in isosmotic medium."}
{"id": "PMID:948048", "title": "Kittens reared in a unidirectional environment: evidence for a critical period.", "content": "1. Kittens were reared in the dark from birth except for a period each day when they were put inside a stationary transparent cylinder, around which a drum with vertical black and white stripes on the inside, rotated in one direction. After the end of the period of exposure, we recorded a sample of single cells from their visual cortices, and analysed each cell for direction and orientation sensitivity and other properties. 2. Two kittens were placed inside the drum, rotating rightward, for 2 hr each seekday from 3 1/2 to 7 weeks of age. A greater proportion of the directionally sensitive cells in their cortices showed a preference for rightward movement. 3. Six other kittens were placed inside the drug for 1 hr each weekday from 2 to 12 weeks of age with the drum rotating leftward up to a particular changeover age, then rightward until 12 weeks. The changeover point occurred at 21, 26, 28, 33, 35 and 51 days for different kittens. A changeover earlier than 4 weeks of age led to a preponderance of cells preferring rightward movement. A changeover later than 5 weeks of age led to a preponderance of cells preferring leftward movement. Comparison of these results with others on monocular deprivation suggests that the peak of the critical period for directional deprivation may occur earlier than the peak of the critical period for monocular deprivation. 4. None of the samples of cells showed a preponderance of cells specific for vertical orientations. It is unclear whether this negative effect resulted from the presence of some horizontal contours during exposure, or some more fundamental cause.", "contents": "Kittens reared in a unidirectional environment: evidence for a critical period. 1. Kittens were reared in the dark from birth except for a period each day when they were put inside a stationary transparent cylinder, around which a drum with vertical black and white stripes on the inside, rotated in one direction. After the end of the period of exposure, we recorded a sample of single cells from their visual cortices, and analysed each cell for direction and orientation sensitivity and other properties. 2. Two kittens were placed inside the drum, rotating rightward, for 2 hr each seekday from 3 1/2 to 7 weeks of age. A greater proportion of the directionally sensitive cells in their cortices showed a preference for rightward movement. 3. Six other kittens were placed inside the drug for 1 hr each weekday from 2 to 12 weeks of age with the drum rotating leftward up to a particular changeover age, then rightward until 12 weeks. The changeover point occurred at 21, 26, 28, 33, 35 and 51 days for different kittens. A changeover earlier than 4 weeks of age led to a preponderance of cells preferring rightward movement. A changeover later than 5 weeks of age led to a preponderance of cells preferring leftward movement. Comparison of these results with others on monocular deprivation suggests that the peak of the critical period for directional deprivation may occur earlier than the peak of the critical period for monocular deprivation. 4. None of the samples of cells showed a preponderance of cells specific for vertical orientations. It is unclear whether this negative effect resulted from the presence of some horizontal contours during exposure, or some more fundamental cause."}
{"id": "PMID:948050", "title": "Spontaneous activity in denervated mouse diaphragm muscle.", "content": "Intracellular electrodes were used to study the discrete depolarizations which trigger fibrillation potentials in chronically denervated mouse diaphragm muscles. Provided that the muscles were perfused on both sides spontaneous activity was maintained in vitro. 2. Discrete spontaneous depolarizations, present only in the centre of the muscle, were recorded from the third day of denervation reaching a maximum in prevalence 9-12 days after sectioning the nerve. These potentials had random occurrence and nearly constant amplitude and frequency within a fibre, dependence of amplitude and frequency on membrane potential, and low temperature dependence. 3. The spontaneous activity was enhanced and could be initiated in previously quiescent fibres by lowering the external Ca concentration. The activity was reduced by increasing external Ca and was abolished at 15mM-[Ca] 0. Tetrodotoxin (10-(7)M) blocked spontaneous activity. 4. The spontaneous activity was enhanced by the catecholamines isoprenaline and adrenaline (0.5-10 mug/ml.). This effect of isoprenaline was accompanied by an increase in the rate of rise and the amount of overshoot of the action potential. 5. Ouabain (10-(6)-10-(4)M) of K+-free solutions reversibly blocked spontaneous activity. Ouabain (10-(4)M) reduced the rate of rise and the amount of overshoot of the action potential. 6. Detubulation of muscle fibres with glycerol of the presence of hypertonic solutions abolished spontaneous activity which could not be restarted by reducing Ca or by the addition of isoprenaline. 7. The results support the suggestion that the spontaneous discrete depolarizations which give rise to fibrillation potentials in denervated muscle result from regenerative sodium conductance increases within the transverse tubular system of the muscle fibres. Catecholamines and ouabain could affect this activity either directly, through an action on membrane excitability, or indirectly via the Na+-K+ pump.", "contents": "Spontaneous activity in denervated mouse diaphragm muscle. Intracellular electrodes were used to study the discrete depolarizations which trigger fibrillation potentials in chronically denervated mouse diaphragm muscles. Provided that the muscles were perfused on both sides spontaneous activity was maintained in vitro. 2. Discrete spontaneous depolarizations, present only in the centre of the muscle, were recorded from the third day of denervation reaching a maximum in prevalence 9-12 days after sectioning the nerve. These potentials had random occurrence and nearly constant amplitude and frequency within a fibre, dependence of amplitude and frequency on membrane potential, and low temperature dependence. 3. The spontaneous activity was enhanced and could be initiated in previously quiescent fibres by lowering the external Ca concentration. The activity was reduced by increasing external Ca and was abolished at 15mM-[Ca] 0. Tetrodotoxin (10-(7)M) blocked spontaneous activity. 4. The spontaneous activity was enhanced by the catecholamines isoprenaline and adrenaline (0.5-10 mug/ml.). This effect of isoprenaline was accompanied by an increase in the rate of rise and the amount of overshoot of the action potential. 5. Ouabain (10-(6)-10-(4)M) of K+-free solutions reversibly blocked spontaneous activity. Ouabain (10-(4)M) reduced the rate of rise and the amount of overshoot of the action potential. 6. Detubulation of muscle fibres with glycerol of the presence of hypertonic solutions abolished spontaneous activity which could not be restarted by reducing Ca or by the addition of isoprenaline. 7. The results support the suggestion that the spontaneous discrete depolarizations which give rise to fibrillation potentials in denervated muscle result from regenerative sodium conductance increases within the transverse tubular system of the muscle fibres. Catecholamines and ouabain could affect this activity either directly, through an action on membrane excitability, or indirectly via the Na+-K+ pump."}
{"id": "PMID:948055", "title": "The distribution of blood flow between individual muscles and non-muscular tissues in the hind limb of the young ox (Bos taurus): values at thermoneurality and during exposuer to cold.", "content": "1. The radioactive microspheres method was used to measure the distribution of blood flow in the hind leg in conscious young steers exposed to thermoneutral and moderately cold environments. Simultaneous measurement of total leg blood flow allowed calculation of blood flow (ml. 100 g tissue-1 min-1) to individual muscles and the major non-muscular tissues in the leg. 2. In the thermoneutral environment, leg blood flow was distributed approximately according to tissue weight, so that about 65% went to muscle and the remainder to bone, skin, connective tissue and fat; 1-7-11-5% of the injected dose of microspheres was found in the lungs, indicating the presence of functioning arteriovenous anastomoses in the leg. 3. During cold exposure leg blood flow increased two-and-a-half fold and 91% of this increase was due to increased blood flow in muscle. This was accompanied by substantial decreases in both total and capillary blood flow in leg skin in three of the four animals. 4. Values for resting tissue blood flow to the six largest individual leg muscles were compared, as well as that for tissue blood flow to the remaining leg muscle. Blood flow in the three large upper thigh muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) was about half that in muscles in the rest of the leg. 5. Cold exposure caused a threefold increase in total leg muscle blood flow, but the only individual muscles to respond substantially in all four animals were the vastus lateralis and the rectus femoris. Comparison of results from individual animals suggested a relation between total leg blood flow and the number of muscles (apart from vastus lateralis and rectus femoris) involved in shivering. Leg adipose tissue blood flow also increased significantly in the cold.", "contents": "The distribution of blood flow between individual muscles and non-muscular tissues in the hind limb of the young ox (Bos taurus): values at thermoneurality and during exposuer to cold. 1. The radioactive microspheres method was used to measure the distribution of blood flow in the hind leg in conscious young steers exposed to thermoneutral and moderately cold environments. Simultaneous measurement of total leg blood flow allowed calculation of blood flow (ml. 100 g tissue-1 min-1) to individual muscles and the major non-muscular tissues in the leg. 2. In the thermoneutral environment, leg blood flow was distributed approximately according to tissue weight, so that about 65% went to muscle and the remainder to bone, skin, connective tissue and fat; 1-7-11-5% of the injected dose of microspheres was found in the lungs, indicating the presence of functioning arteriovenous anastomoses in the leg. 3. During cold exposure leg blood flow increased two-and-a-half fold and 91% of this increase was due to increased blood flow in muscle. This was accompanied by substantial decreases in both total and capillary blood flow in leg skin in three of the four animals. 4. Values for resting tissue blood flow to the six largest individual leg muscles were compared, as well as that for tissue blood flow to the remaining leg muscle. Blood flow in the three large upper thigh muscles (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) was about half that in muscles in the rest of the leg. 5. Cold exposure caused a threefold increase in total leg muscle blood flow, but the only individual muscles to respond substantially in all four animals were the vastus lateralis and the rectus femoris. Comparison of results from individual animals suggested a relation between total leg blood flow and the number of muscles (apart from vastus lateralis and rectus femoris) involved in shivering. Leg adipose tissue blood flow also increased significantly in the cold."}
{"id": "PMID:948058", "title": "Measurement of potassium and chloride ion concentrations in the cupulae of the lateral lines of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. Potential measurements were made with double barrel ion selective electrodes from the cupulae of lateral line organs in the aquatic toad Xenopus laevis. 2. A positive endocupular potential (ECP) of 15-50 mV was recorded within the cupula, immediately above the hair cells. 3. Increases in the Cl- and K+ potentials were recorded when the ion selective electrodes touched the cupula. Cupular Cl- and K+ varied between 35 and 70 mM and 24 and 100 mM respectively. This variation existed between, rather than within, different animals. 4. Subcutaneous injections of 0-4 ml. 2 mM ouabain greatly reduced the ECP and cupular K+, whereas 0-4 ml. of Xenopus Ringer had no effect. 5. Changing the bath Cl- a hundredfold had no effect on the ECP. It was concluded that the ECP was produced by an electrogenic K+ pump which maintained high K+ levels within the cupula.", "contents": "Measurement of potassium and chloride ion concentrations in the cupulae of the lateral lines of Xenopus laevis. 1. Potential measurements were made with double barrel ion selective electrodes from the cupulae of lateral line organs in the aquatic toad Xenopus laevis. 2. A positive endocupular potential (ECP) of 15-50 mV was recorded within the cupula, immediately above the hair cells. 3. Increases in the Cl- and K+ potentials were recorded when the ion selective electrodes touched the cupula. Cupular Cl- and K+ varied between 35 and 70 mM and 24 and 100 mM respectively. This variation existed between, rather than within, different animals. 4. Subcutaneous injections of 0-4 ml. 2 mM ouabain greatly reduced the ECP and cupular K+, whereas 0-4 ml. of Xenopus Ringer had no effect. 5. Changing the bath Cl- a hundredfold had no effect on the ECP. It was concluded that the ECP was produced by an electrogenic K+ pump which maintained high K+ levels within the cupula."}
{"id": "PMID:948076", "title": "Inhibition by efferent nerve fibres: action on hair cells and afferent synaptic transmission in the lateral line canal organ of the burbot Lota lota.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were made from morphologically identified hair cells in the lateral line canal organs of the burbot Lota lota. 2. I.p.s.p.s were recorded from hair cells when the efferent fibres were excited by electrical stimulation of the lateral line nerve. The i.p.s.p.s were abolished when the fish was injected with immobilizing concentration of Flaxedil which is known to block the efferent synapses. 3. The i.p.s.p.s are accompanied by a decrease in the resistance of the hair cell membrane and an increase in the intracellular receptor potential. 4. Spontaneous and mechanically evoked e.p.s.p.s which were recorded intracellularly from the post-synaptic afferent nerve terminals were reduced in amplitude for the duration of the i.p.s.p.", "contents": "Inhibition by efferent nerve fibres: action on hair cells and afferent synaptic transmission in the lateral line canal organ of the burbot Lota lota. 1. Intracellular recordings were made from morphologically identified hair cells in the lateral line canal organs of the burbot Lota lota. 2. I.p.s.p.s were recorded from hair cells when the efferent fibres were excited by electrical stimulation of the lateral line nerve. The i.p.s.p.s were abolished when the fish was injected with immobilizing concentration of Flaxedil which is known to block the efferent synapses. 3. The i.p.s.p.s are accompanied by a decrease in the resistance of the hair cell membrane and an increase in the intracellular receptor potential. 4. Spontaneous and mechanically evoked e.p.s.p.s which were recorded intracellularly from the post-synaptic afferent nerve terminals were reduced in amplitude for the duration of the i.p.s.p."}
{"id": "PMID:948092", "title": "Evaluation of the quality of hospital care for major trauma.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of trauma care in five hospitals was undertaken. Eight hundred twenty-three charts met criteria for major trauma. A panel of surgeons reviewing 237 selected charts found the quality of care unacceptable in 16%. Unacceptability rates between hospitals ranged from 7 to 58%. Injury severity score rather than length of stay appears to be a better method for selecting patients at greater risk for poor care.", "contents": "Evaluation of the quality of hospital care for major trauma. A retrospective analysis of trauma care in five hospitals was undertaken. Eight hundred twenty-three charts met criteria for major trauma. A panel of surgeons reviewing 237 selected charts found the quality of care unacceptable in 16%. Unacceptability rates between hospitals ranged from 7 to 58%. Injury severity score rather than length of stay appears to be a better method for selecting patients at greater risk for poor care."}
{"id": "PMID:948093", "title": "A time-management study of 25 patients with penetrating wounds of the chest and abdomen.", "content": "The present study prospectively reviewed the time management aspects of 25 patients with penetrating wounds of the chest or abdomen. Each diagnostic procedure or treatment carried out on each patient was recorded to the nearest minute after his arrival in the emergency department. This generated median elapsed times for procedures which could be compared (4+ minutes for starting an IV, 9 minutes for insertion of CVP, 31 minutes for insertion of a chest tube). Two of the 25 patients died; 20 were admitted of whom 8 required immediate surgery. Some preocedures carried out in the accident room were done indiscriminately and for questionable reasons. The tendency was to do as much as possible to \"cover\" the patient. Some redundancy in the acutely ill patient is desirable but the overtreatment in some cases may have reflected inexperience of some of the physicians. Delay in using radiography and defects in professional coverage appeared to be the most serious errors. Independent monitoring of the functioning of the accident room appears to be an affective means of self-evaluation.", "contents": "A time-management study of 25 patients with penetrating wounds of the chest and abdomen. The present study prospectively reviewed the time management aspects of 25 patients with penetrating wounds of the chest or abdomen. Each diagnostic procedure or treatment carried out on each patient was recorded to the nearest minute after his arrival in the emergency department. This generated median elapsed times for procedures which could be compared (4+ minutes for starting an IV, 9 minutes for insertion of CVP, 31 minutes for insertion of a chest tube). Two of the 25 patients died; 20 were admitted of whom 8 required immediate surgery. Some preocedures carried out in the accident room were done indiscriminately and for questionable reasons. The tendency was to do as much as possible to \"cover\" the patient. Some redundancy in the acutely ill patient is desirable but the overtreatment in some cases may have reflected inexperience of some of the physicians. Delay in using radiography and defects in professional coverage appeared to be the most serious errors. Independent monitoring of the functioning of the accident room appears to be an affective means of self-evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:948094", "title": "Rupture of the diaphragm caused by blunt trauma.", "content": "Our experience with 27 patients who sustained traumatic laceration of the diaphragm caused by blunt forces is described. Automobile accident were the most frequent cause of rupture and young adult males the most vulnerable. The left hemidiaphragm is most frequently injured, but with sufficient force significant tears in the right hemidiaphragm will occur. Most of these patients sustained injury to multiple organ systems. The preoperative diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is based on a high index of suspicion, close and continued observation of the patient, and correct interpretation of roentgenograms of the chest. The mortality rate is high, owing to the magnitude of the injuries.", "contents": "Rupture of the diaphragm caused by blunt trauma. Our experience with 27 patients who sustained traumatic laceration of the diaphragm caused by blunt forces is described. Automobile accident were the most frequent cause of rupture and young adult males the most vulnerable. The left hemidiaphragm is most frequently injured, but with sufficient force significant tears in the right hemidiaphragm will occur. Most of these patients sustained injury to multiple organ systems. The preoperative diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is based on a high index of suspicion, close and continued observation of the patient, and correct interpretation of roentgenograms of the chest. The mortality rate is high, owing to the magnitude of the injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:948095", "title": "The inadequacy of peritoneal lavage in diagnosing acute diaphragmatic rupture.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients with acute diaphragmatic rupture secondary to blunt trauma have been reviewed. Peritoneal lavage is diagnostically inexact in patients with diaphragmatic rupture. One-fourth of the patients had falsely negative peritoneal lavages during their initial evaluation. All four patients without associated intra-abdominal injuries had falsely negative peritoneal lavages, as did four of 30 patients (13%) with significantly associated intra-abdominal injuries. We conclude from these data that: 1) peritoneal lavage is falsely negative in patients with isolated diaphragmatic rupture; 2) positive peritoneal lavage in patients with diaphragmatic rupture results from associated intra-abdominal injuries; and 3) peritoneal lavage may be falsely negative despite significant intra-abdominal injuries; because of herniation of injured organ(s) into the thoracic cavity, thus bleeding is excluded from the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "The inadequacy of peritoneal lavage in diagnosing acute diaphragmatic rupture. Thirty-eight patients with acute diaphragmatic rupture secondary to blunt trauma have been reviewed. Peritoneal lavage is diagnostically inexact in patients with diaphragmatic rupture. One-fourth of the patients had falsely negative peritoneal lavages during their initial evaluation. All four patients without associated intra-abdominal injuries had falsely negative peritoneal lavages, as did four of 30 patients (13%) with significantly associated intra-abdominal injuries. We conclude from these data that: 1) peritoneal lavage is falsely negative in patients with isolated diaphragmatic rupture; 2) positive peritoneal lavage in patients with diaphragmatic rupture results from associated intra-abdominal injuries; and 3) peritoneal lavage may be falsely negative despite significant intra-abdominal injuries; because of herniation of injured organ(s) into the thoracic cavity, thus bleeding is excluded from the peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:948096", "title": "Pulmonary function in patients with multiple trauma and associated severe head injury.", "content": "1) Sodium and water balance and pulmonary function studies were obtained in five patients with multiple injuries, including pulmonary contusion, plus severe intracranial trauma. All patients received dexamethasone, 4-6 every 6 hours during the 72-hour study period after injury. 2) Results were compared with those from 14 previously reported patients without head injury; none had received corticosteroids. 3) Study patients with head injury achieved negative water balance and almost-zero sodium balance within 72 hours of injury be excreting a high-volume, low-sodium urine. Despite elevated alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients and low-normal pulmonary compliance initially, there was progressive improvement and no patient developed post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. 4) The data suggest that the \"negative\" effects of major intracranial trauma on the kidney, heart, and lung are cancelled by dexamethasone, or that corticosteroids protect pulmonary function in the patient with multiple injuries and prevent post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, perhaps through their effect on the kidney leading to rapid restoration of sodium and water balance.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in patients with multiple trauma and associated severe head injury. 1) Sodium and water balance and pulmonary function studies were obtained in five patients with multiple injuries, including pulmonary contusion, plus severe intracranial trauma. All patients received dexamethasone, 4-6 every 6 hours during the 72-hour study period after injury. 2) Results were compared with those from 14 previously reported patients without head injury; none had received corticosteroids. 3) Study patients with head injury achieved negative water balance and almost-zero sodium balance within 72 hours of injury be excreting a high-volume, low-sodium urine. Despite elevated alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients and low-normal pulmonary compliance initially, there was progressive improvement and no patient developed post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency. 4) The data suggest that the \"negative\" effects of major intracranial trauma on the kidney, heart, and lung are cancelled by dexamethasone, or that corticosteroids protect pulmonary function in the patient with multiple injuries and prevent post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, perhaps through their effect on the kidney leading to rapid restoration of sodium and water balance."}
{"id": "PMID:948098", "title": "Violent injuries to the upper ureter.", "content": "Frequently traumatic injury to the renal pelvis or upper ureter is overshadowed by multiple associated injuries. The diagnosis may be particularly difficult, due to the lack of hematuria and absence of pathognomonic findings. All too frequently the delayed manifestations of urinary wound drainage, retroperitoneal mass, or urinary ascites and sepsis first draw attention to the ureteral injury. A review of the problem and our experience with 16 such injuries is presented. As with other infrequent injuries the single and most important diagnostic factor is the prepared mind of the examiner. We feel all patients who have penetrating abdominal trauma, have fractured lumbar processes, or are involved in accidents where deceleration or extension occur should have infusion pyelography even in the absence of hematuria.", "contents": "Violent injuries to the upper ureter. Frequently traumatic injury to the renal pelvis or upper ureter is overshadowed by multiple associated injuries. The diagnosis may be particularly difficult, due to the lack of hematuria and absence of pathognomonic findings. All too frequently the delayed manifestations of urinary wound drainage, retroperitoneal mass, or urinary ascites and sepsis first draw attention to the ureteral injury. A review of the problem and our experience with 16 such injuries is presented. As with other infrequent injuries the single and most important diagnostic factor is the prepared mind of the examiner. We feel all patients who have penetrating abdominal trauma, have fractured lumbar processes, or are involved in accidents where deceleration or extension occur should have infusion pyelography even in the absence of hematuria."}
{"id": "PMID:948099", "title": "Gunshot wounds to the ureter.", "content": "Since our last review 17 more patients have been treated for ureteral gunshot injuries. In six cases the upper ureter, in two the middle, and in nine cases the lower ureter was involved. Associated visceral injuries were numerous with the small intestine the most commonly injured. In over 50% of the injuries to the lower ureter, the iliac vein was injured. In three patients the ureter was the only major structure involved. There was no hospital mortality. Optimal surgical repair done by generous resection, primary end-to-end anastomosis and stenting and drainage via a proximal ureteral T-tube gave excellent results and no longterm complications in a population subject to careful short and longterm followup. While an uncommon injury, the principles of effective repair are clear and must be applied in the face of serious associated disorders to continue these satisfactory results.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds to the ureter. Since our last review 17 more patients have been treated for ureteral gunshot injuries. In six cases the upper ureter, in two the middle, and in nine cases the lower ureter was involved. Associated visceral injuries were numerous with the small intestine the most commonly injured. In over 50% of the injuries to the lower ureter, the iliac vein was injured. In three patients the ureter was the only major structure involved. There was no hospital mortality. Optimal surgical repair done by generous resection, primary end-to-end anastomosis and stenting and drainage via a proximal ureteral T-tube gave excellent results and no longterm complications in a population subject to careful short and longterm followup. While an uncommon injury, the principles of effective repair are clear and must be applied in the face of serious associated disorders to continue these satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:948100", "title": "Phenoxybenzamine-a mediator of blood oxygen affinity.", "content": "Studies of the effect of phenoxybenzamine on oxygen transport have been concentrated on flow and resistance changes. Previous studies have ignored the possible effects of phenoxybenzamine on the ability of red blood cells to offload oxygen itself. After an initial inhibitory effect phenoxybenzamine greatly enhances the ability of the red cell to offload oxygen under conditions seen at the tissue level. The disparity between P50std and organic phosphate changes found in this and other studies warrants extreme caution to be used in interpreting results where P50 itself is not measured.", "contents": "Phenoxybenzamine-a mediator of blood oxygen affinity. Studies of the effect of phenoxybenzamine on oxygen transport have been concentrated on flow and resistance changes. Previous studies have ignored the possible effects of phenoxybenzamine on the ability of red blood cells to offload oxygen itself. After an initial inhibitory effect phenoxybenzamine greatly enhances the ability of the red cell to offload oxygen under conditions seen at the tissue level. The disparity between P50std and organic phosphate changes found in this and other studies warrants extreme caution to be used in interpreting results where P50 itself is not measured."}
{"id": "PMID:948110", "title": "Sinus node recovery time and abnormal postpacing phase in the aged patients with sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "The sinus node function was evaluated by rapid atrial pacing in 35 aged patients (mean age 78.2 years) including 10 aged controls, 12 cases with various degrees of AV block, 6 with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (BTS), and 7 with sinus bradyarrhythmia (SB). AV block was further divided into A-H block (7 cases) and H-V block (5 cases) by His bundle electrogram which was simultaneously recorded with 3 leads of surface electrocardiogram. Sinus node recovery time (SRT) was measured and its maximum value (SRTmax) was selected from SRTs obtained after pacing with various rates and durations in each patient. SRTmax was also expressed as percentage of the control P-P interval (%SRTmax). For patients in whom the study was repeated 3 to 8 months later, %SRTmax was reproducible in 9 of 14 instances. Prolongation of SRT was not always observed as the rate and/or duration of pacing was increased. SRTmax and %SRTmax were 1,363 +/- 188 msec and 147 +/- 19% (mean +/- SD), respectively, for aged controls, 1,597 +/- 442 msec and 156 +/- 31% for patients with AV block, 2,087 +/- 1,315 msec and 203 +/- 132% for those with BTS, and 3,069 +/- 1,287 msec and 247 +/- 115% for those with SB. SRTmax exceeding the range for aged controls was noted in 4 of 7 cases (57%) with A-H block, 2 of 6 (33%) with BTS, and 5 of 7 (71%) with SB; normal SRT was not infrequently observed in patients with sick sinus syndrome, especially in those with BTS. Analysis of 10 consecutive atrial cycles following cessation of pacing revealed that in 8 cases the first P-P interval (SRT) was followed by longer ones in some occasions (secondary suppression). It was observed almost exclusively in patients with sick sinus syndrome. The possibility of this phenomenon to reflect another feature of sinus node abnormality was discussed.", "contents": "Sinus node recovery time and abnormal postpacing phase in the aged patients with sick sinus syndrome. The sinus node function was evaluated by rapid atrial pacing in 35 aged patients (mean age 78.2 years) including 10 aged controls, 12 cases with various degrees of AV block, 6 with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (BTS), and 7 with sinus bradyarrhythmia (SB). AV block was further divided into A-H block (7 cases) and H-V block (5 cases) by His bundle electrogram which was simultaneously recorded with 3 leads of surface electrocardiogram. Sinus node recovery time (SRT) was measured and its maximum value (SRTmax) was selected from SRTs obtained after pacing with various rates and durations in each patient. SRTmax was also expressed as percentage of the control P-P interval (%SRTmax). For patients in whom the study was repeated 3 to 8 months later, %SRTmax was reproducible in 9 of 14 instances. Prolongation of SRT was not always observed as the rate and/or duration of pacing was increased. SRTmax and %SRTmax were 1,363 +/- 188 msec and 147 +/- 19% (mean +/- SD), respectively, for aged controls, 1,597 +/- 442 msec and 156 +/- 31% for patients with AV block, 2,087 +/- 1,315 msec and 203 +/- 132% for those with BTS, and 3,069 +/- 1,287 msec and 247 +/- 115% for those with SB. SRTmax exceeding the range for aged controls was noted in 4 of 7 cases (57%) with A-H block, 2 of 6 (33%) with BTS, and 5 of 7 (71%) with SB; normal SRT was not infrequently observed in patients with sick sinus syndrome, especially in those with BTS. Analysis of 10 consecutive atrial cycles following cessation of pacing revealed that in 8 cases the first P-P interval (SRT) was followed by longer ones in some occasions (secondary suppression). It was observed almost exclusively in patients with sick sinus syndrome. The possibility of this phenomenon to reflect another feature of sinus node abnormality was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948111", "title": "The phase of supernormal excitation in relation to the strength of subthreshold stimuli.", "content": "The presence of supernormal excitation was confirmed repeatedly in all 10 cases following cardiac surgery. By the stimulation of minimum subthreshold impulses capable of originating ventricular responses, the supernormal excitation was limited only at the descending limb of T wave. The duration lasted only 0.02 sec at the minimum subthreshold stimuli. But the higher subthreshold stimuli produced the longer duration of supernormal excitation phase. The duration of the excitation phase prolonged towards the following R wave, hardly extending towards the preceding R wave, with the increase of subthreshold stimuli.", "contents": "The phase of supernormal excitation in relation to the strength of subthreshold stimuli. The presence of supernormal excitation was confirmed repeatedly in all 10 cases following cardiac surgery. By the stimulation of minimum subthreshold impulses capable of originating ventricular responses, the supernormal excitation was limited only at the descending limb of T wave. The duration lasted only 0.02 sec at the minimum subthreshold stimuli. But the higher subthreshold stimuli produced the longer duration of supernormal excitation phase. The duration of the excitation phase prolonged towards the following R wave, hardly extending towards the preceding R wave, with the increase of subthreshold stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:948112", "title": "Pathological studies of the animals replaced totally with the artificial heart. Part II Concerning liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and general discussion.", "content": "Twenty-eight goats with an artificial heart (AH) were studied pathologically. Being continued from the previous report, the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys were taken up in this paper and finally, general discussion was done to get our ideas in shape concerning the pathophysiological status of the goat. Central necrosis of the liver was always observed in the goats which survived for over 140 hours. This finding seemed to be caused mainly by circulatory insufficiency of the portal vein at the latter half of the survival time. Microscopic findings of degeneration, necrosis, and edema were commonly observed at the walls of gastrointestinal tracts, when goats showed poor apetite, mucous feces and constipation. But these problems have been improved by application of a new control method to regulate the output of AH system within a goat's physiological range since October 1974. The lesions seen in the kidneys are classified into 5 groups. The most important findings of them are lower nephron nephrosis and cortical necrosis, both of which indicate the occurrence of long standing vasoconstriction of proximal renal arteries. By means of microangiographic method and others, thrombi were detected frequently in the kidneys. The vascular walls, where thrombi were attached to, were often damaged. Therefore, these thrombi were thought to be formed in the local vessels in situ through renal circulatory insufficiency. The renal pathological lesions have been also improved and severe renal failure from which the previous goats could not escape, has been lessened since the application of a new AH control method. As a whole, the main pathophysiological status of the animals replaced by the AH are thought conclusively to be peripheral circulatory insufficiency. This would be caused by abnormal hemodynamics, so that, the essential clinical etiology is thought to be AH function itself.", "contents": "Pathological studies of the animals replaced totally with the artificial heart. Part II Concerning liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and general discussion. Twenty-eight goats with an artificial heart (AH) were studied pathologically. Being continued from the previous report, the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys were taken up in this paper and finally, general discussion was done to get our ideas in shape concerning the pathophysiological status of the goat. Central necrosis of the liver was always observed in the goats which survived for over 140 hours. This finding seemed to be caused mainly by circulatory insufficiency of the portal vein at the latter half of the survival time. Microscopic findings of degeneration, necrosis, and edema were commonly observed at the walls of gastrointestinal tracts, when goats showed poor apetite, mucous feces and constipation. But these problems have been improved by application of a new control method to regulate the output of AH system within a goat's physiological range since October 1974. The lesions seen in the kidneys are classified into 5 groups. The most important findings of them are lower nephron nephrosis and cortical necrosis, both of which indicate the occurrence of long standing vasoconstriction of proximal renal arteries. By means of microangiographic method and others, thrombi were detected frequently in the kidneys. The vascular walls, where thrombi were attached to, were often damaged. Therefore, these thrombi were thought to be formed in the local vessels in situ through renal circulatory insufficiency. The renal pathological lesions have been also improved and severe renal failure from which the previous goats could not escape, has been lessened since the application of a new AH control method. As a whole, the main pathophysiological status of the animals replaced by the AH are thought conclusively to be peripheral circulatory insufficiency. This would be caused by abnormal hemodynamics, so that, the essential clinical etiology is thought to be AH function itself."}
{"id": "PMID:948142", "title": "Non-infected false aneurysm of the ascending aorta eight years after aortic valve surgery.", "content": "In this report, the development of false aneurysm of the ascending aorta 8 years following the repair of congenital aortic stenosis is described. A 14-year-old male patient was found to have congenital aortic stenosis in 1966 after medical check-up and subsequently operated upon. In the postoperative period, he was complicated by remittent fever of 1 month's duration, which was finally controlled by antibiotics. Arterial blood cultures taken on a few occasions were negative. Eight years and 5 months after surgery, he was noticed to have a mediastinal mass around the base of the heart and the presence of false aneurysm was confirmed by aortography. Aneurysmectomy was carried out almost 9 years after the previous operation, and it was found that aneurysm was arising from the suture line of the aortotomy with communication to the aorta at the bottom of the aneurysm. Postoperatively, patient's recovery was uneventful and was discharged on the 23rd postoperative day. Etiology, timing of operation and techniques utilizing hypothermia and/or circulatory arrest are discussed.", "contents": "Non-infected false aneurysm of the ascending aorta eight years after aortic valve surgery. In this report, the development of false aneurysm of the ascending aorta 8 years following the repair of congenital aortic stenosis is described. A 14-year-old male patient was found to have congenital aortic stenosis in 1966 after medical check-up and subsequently operated upon. In the postoperative period, he was complicated by remittent fever of 1 month's duration, which was finally controlled by antibiotics. Arterial blood cultures taken on a few occasions were negative. Eight years and 5 months after surgery, he was noticed to have a mediastinal mass around the base of the heart and the presence of false aneurysm was confirmed by aortography. Aneurysmectomy was carried out almost 9 years after the previous operation, and it was found that aneurysm was arising from the suture line of the aortotomy with communication to the aorta at the bottom of the aneurysm. Postoperatively, patient's recovery was uneventful and was discharged on the 23rd postoperative day. Etiology, timing of operation and techniques utilizing hypothermia and/or circulatory arrest are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948143", "title": "Microorganism capable of decomposing N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Enzyme(s) capable of decomposing N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid prepared from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209 P was obtained from the culture supernatant of a gram-negative, rod-shaped, spore-forming soil bacterium. Properties of the bacterium were very similar to those of Bacillus circulans.", "contents": "Microorganism capable of decomposing N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid of Staphylococcus aureus. Enzyme(s) capable of decomposing N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid prepared from the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209 P was obtained from the culture supernatant of a gram-negative, rod-shaped, spore-forming soil bacterium. Properties of the bacterium were very similar to those of Bacillus circulans."}
{"id": "PMID:948144", "title": "Application of the macrophage migration inhibition test to screen patients with early cancer and obtain prognostic determinations of cancer treatment.", "content": "A modified direct method of the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMIT) was attempted on a large number of patients with malignant or benign tumors. Results of the MMIT in almost all patients with benign tumors were negative except for those with hydatidiform moles, dermoid cysts and viral benign tumors such as verruca plana which were positive. The number of cases determined as false positives were exceptionally few. Conversely, about the half of the patients with malignant tumors were positive. The majority of negative cancer patients were confirmed pathologically to be advanced cases and, therefore, were postulated to have been immunologically unresponsive. The remaining false negative patients were diagnosed to be very early cases with their malignant foci too small to be effective antigenic stimuli. The MMIT was also performed postoperatively on some of the patients using autologous antigens, which had been preserved by freezing, for examination of changes in the per cent migration index. The results led the authors to conclude that postoperative repetitions of the test permitted them to tell that cancer cells had been completely eradicated or that a relapse might occur in the near future. Examinations of cross reactivity between tumor antigens revealed that such reactivity exists between cancer antigens and antigens originating in hydatidiform moles and that there is also a very strong cross reactivity between allogeneic cancer antigens regardless of differences in the organs of origin. This fact suggests that the present test is effective for the screening of preoperative patients with early cancer.", "contents": "Application of the macrophage migration inhibition test to screen patients with early cancer and obtain prognostic determinations of cancer treatment. A modified direct method of the macrophage migration inhibition test (MMIT) was attempted on a large number of patients with malignant or benign tumors. Results of the MMIT in almost all patients with benign tumors were negative except for those with hydatidiform moles, dermoid cysts and viral benign tumors such as verruca plana which were positive. The number of cases determined as false positives were exceptionally few. Conversely, about the half of the patients with malignant tumors were positive. The majority of negative cancer patients were confirmed pathologically to be advanced cases and, therefore, were postulated to have been immunologically unresponsive. The remaining false negative patients were diagnosed to be very early cases with their malignant foci too small to be effective antigenic stimuli. The MMIT was also performed postoperatively on some of the patients using autologous antigens, which had been preserved by freezing, for examination of changes in the per cent migration index. The results led the authors to conclude that postoperative repetitions of the test permitted them to tell that cancer cells had been completely eradicated or that a relapse might occur in the near future. Examinations of cross reactivity between tumor antigens revealed that such reactivity exists between cancer antigens and antigens originating in hydatidiform moles and that there is also a very strong cross reactivity between allogeneic cancer antigens regardless of differences in the organs of origin. This fact suggests that the present test is effective for the screening of preoperative patients with early cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:948145", "title": "Relationship between the molecular size of poly I-poly C and its biological activity.", "content": "Seven polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I-poly C) preparations, ranging from 4.2 S to 21.2 S, prepared from various sizes of polyinosinate and polycytidylate, were examined for toxicity and interferon-inducing activity in mice. The increase in size of poly I-poly C was accompanied by increases both in the maximal amount of interferon produced and in the length of persistence of a high level of interferon in plasma. Toxicity of poly I-poly C was proportional to the molecular size within the range of 8 S to 16 S. The amount of interferon induced by 1/5 LD50 of poly I-poly C depended on the size of the inducer, being increasingly lower with progressively smaller sizes. Next, activities of poly I-poly C in culture cells were examined. The resistance-inducing activity of poly I-poly C in primary chick embryo cells (CEC) increased with the size of the inducer (4.2 S to 11.6 S), whereas the activity in L cells was not so markedly dependent upon its molecular size as in CEC. In the presence of calf serum during induction of resistance the activity was lowered. The activities of preparations with small molecular sizes were affected by calf serum more markedly than those of large molecular sizes. The interferon-inducing activity in RK13 was not appreciably influenced by the size of poly I-poly C, especially in the presence of DEAE-dextran, while the activity in L cells was markedly dependent upon the size of the inducer. These results suggest that the influence of the molecular size of poly I-poly C upon the resistance-inducing and interferon-inducing activities varies among different kinds of cells, and alters in the presence of serum or DEAE-dextran.", "contents": "Relationship between the molecular size of poly I-poly C and its biological activity. Seven polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I-poly C) preparations, ranging from 4.2 S to 21.2 S, prepared from various sizes of polyinosinate and polycytidylate, were examined for toxicity and interferon-inducing activity in mice. The increase in size of poly I-poly C was accompanied by increases both in the maximal amount of interferon produced and in the length of persistence of a high level of interferon in plasma. Toxicity of poly I-poly C was proportional to the molecular size within the range of 8 S to 16 S. The amount of interferon induced by 1/5 LD50 of poly I-poly C depended on the size of the inducer, being increasingly lower with progressively smaller sizes. Next, activities of poly I-poly C in culture cells were examined. The resistance-inducing activity of poly I-poly C in primary chick embryo cells (CEC) increased with the size of the inducer (4.2 S to 11.6 S), whereas the activity in L cells was not so markedly dependent upon its molecular size as in CEC. In the presence of calf serum during induction of resistance the activity was lowered. The activities of preparations with small molecular sizes were affected by calf serum more markedly than those of large molecular sizes. The interferon-inducing activity in RK13 was not appreciably influenced by the size of poly I-poly C, especially in the presence of DEAE-dextran, while the activity in L cells was markedly dependent upon the size of the inducer. These results suggest that the influence of the molecular size of poly I-poly C upon the resistance-inducing and interferon-inducing activities varies among different kinds of cells, and alters in the presence of serum or DEAE-dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:948146", "title": "Ultrastructure and chemical analysis of the cell wall of Pythium debaryanum.", "content": "The ultrastructure and component polysaccharides of the cell wall of Pythium debaryanum IFO-5919 were investigated. From results obtained by means of acid, alkali, Schweitzer reagent and beta-1, 3-glucanase treatments and electron microscopy, it was concluded that 1) the acid-extracted fraction was a 1,3-linked branched glucan, 2) the alkali-extranded fraction was a mixture of 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,3,6-linked highly branched two glucans, 3) the Schweitzer reagent-extracted fraction was a beta-1, 4-linked glucan, 4) the cell wall was constructed from two types of cullulosic microfibrils, as a frame and as a finer network, and amorphous beta-1, 3-glucan including beta-1, 6-linkage, 5) cellulosic microfibrils were covered by matrix material consisting of a mixture of amorphous beta-1, 3-linked and beta-1, 6-linked branching glucans.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and chemical analysis of the cell wall of Pythium debaryanum. The ultrastructure and component polysaccharides of the cell wall of Pythium debaryanum IFO-5919 were investigated. From results obtained by means of acid, alkali, Schweitzer reagent and beta-1, 3-glucanase treatments and electron microscopy, it was concluded that 1) the acid-extracted fraction was a 1,3-linked branched glucan, 2) the alkali-extranded fraction was a mixture of 1,3-, 1,6-, and 1,3,6-linked highly branched two glucans, 3) the Schweitzer reagent-extracted fraction was a beta-1, 4-linked glucan, 4) the cell wall was constructed from two types of cullulosic microfibrils, as a frame and as a finer network, and amorphous beta-1, 3-glucan including beta-1, 6-linkage, 5) cellulosic microfibrils were covered by matrix material consisting of a mixture of amorphous beta-1, 3-linked and beta-1, 6-linked branching glucans."}
{"id": "PMID:948147", "title": "Accessory atrioventricular conduction syndromes: a review.", "content": "The index of suspicion for accessory atrioventricular conduction pathways must be high in patients with paroxysmal tachycardias in order to avoid overlooking subtle delta waves or short PR intervals. The existence of many different types of accessory AV conduction syndromes can make therapy difficult. Understanding the physiology of each patient's tachycardia can make successful management more rapid, and empiric therapy should not be pursued indefinitely if early drug regimens are unsuccessful. Electrophysiologic study may elucidate the mechanism of the tachycardia and simplify the selection of an ideal drug regimen.", "contents": "Accessory atrioventricular conduction syndromes: a review. The index of suspicion for accessory atrioventricular conduction pathways must be high in patients with paroxysmal tachycardias in order to avoid overlooking subtle delta waves or short PR intervals. The existence of many different types of accessory AV conduction syndromes can make therapy difficult. Understanding the physiology of each patient's tachycardia can make successful management more rapid, and empiric therapy should not be pursued indefinitely if early drug regimens are unsuccessful. Electrophysiologic study may elucidate the mechanism of the tachycardia and simplify the selection of an ideal drug regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:948148", "title": "Return of fertility in a patient with cyclophosphamide-induced azoospermia.", "content": "A case of cyclophosphamide-induced azoospermia, followed three years later by the birth of a normal child to the patient's wife, is described. Genetic marker studies were carried out and strongly support identification of the patient as the true biologic father.", "contents": "Return of fertility in a patient with cyclophosphamide-induced azoospermia. A case of cyclophosphamide-induced azoospermia, followed three years later by the birth of a normal child to the patient's wife, is described. Genetic marker studies were carried out and strongly support identification of the patient as the true biologic father."}
{"id": "PMID:948149", "title": "Medication prescribing on a university medical service-the incidence of drug combinations with potential adverse interactions.", "content": "The medication prescribing practices on a University medical service were reviewed for a two year period. 103,484 medication orders were analyzed for 6,864 patient admissions. Forty drugs account for 64% of all medication orders. One hundred drugs account for 86% of all medication orders. During the two year period the incidence of prescribing specific drug combinations with potential adverse interactions varied from three to one hundred seventeen instances among the combinations examined. Review of a sample of those patients receiving the combination of spironolactone and oral potassium chloride showed that 52% developed hyperkalemia. These results suggest that when physicians prescribe drug combinations with potentially adverse interactions they may not always institute appropriate surveillance to prevent adverse consequences. A trial of automated monitoring of medication orders with appropriate physician feedback has begun as a result of these findings.", "contents": "Medication prescribing on a university medical service-the incidence of drug combinations with potential adverse interactions. The medication prescribing practices on a University medical service were reviewed for a two year period. 103,484 medication orders were analyzed for 6,864 patient admissions. Forty drugs account for 64% of all medication orders. One hundred drugs account for 86% of all medication orders. During the two year period the incidence of prescribing specific drug combinations with potential adverse interactions varied from three to one hundred seventeen instances among the combinations examined. Review of a sample of those patients receiving the combination of spironolactone and oral potassium chloride showed that 52% developed hyperkalemia. These results suggest that when physicians prescribe drug combinations with potentially adverse interactions they may not always institute appropriate surveillance to prevent adverse consequences. A trial of automated monitoring of medication orders with appropriate physician feedback has begun as a result of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:948194", "title": "The metastatic potential of metastases: a case report.", "content": "Confirmation of the potential for metastases to metastasize in humans, especially those patients with a well controlled primary, should alter present approaches to patients with malignant disease and isolated recurrences. Reported herein is a case clearly demonstrating the metastatic potential of metastases.", "contents": "The metastatic potential of metastases: a case report. Confirmation of the potential for metastases to metastasize in humans, especially those patients with a well controlled primary, should alter present approaches to patients with malignant disease and isolated recurrences. Reported herein is a case clearly demonstrating the metastatic potential of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:948195", "title": "Immediate postmastectomy reconstruction.", "content": "The role of reconstruction in the management of patients with problems related to breast cancer is of increasing importance. Immediate reconstruction is particularly applicable in those situations where prophylactic mastectomy is performed. High-risk groups who warrant such prophylactic mastectomy and reconstruction include those with florid cyst disease, a strong family history of breast cancer, the finding of lobular carcinoma in situ, multiple previous biopsies, and those who have severe and progressive mastodynia. In those with smaller amounts of breast tissue, reconstruction is based on a double layer tissue over a graft, one layer consisting of pectoral muscle and the other of breast skin. In those with more abundant breast tissue, the two layers placed over the graft are both derived from skin flaps, the inner layer a free, denuded dermal graft from the inferior flap and the second layer, the superior breast skin flap itself.", "contents": "Immediate postmastectomy reconstruction. The role of reconstruction in the management of patients with problems related to breast cancer is of increasing importance. Immediate reconstruction is particularly applicable in those situations where prophylactic mastectomy is performed. High-risk groups who warrant such prophylactic mastectomy and reconstruction include those with florid cyst disease, a strong family history of breast cancer, the finding of lobular carcinoma in situ, multiple previous biopsies, and those who have severe and progressive mastodynia. In those with smaller amounts of breast tissue, reconstruction is based on a double layer tissue over a graft, one layer consisting of pectoral muscle and the other of breast skin. In those with more abundant breast tissue, the two layers placed over the graft are both derived from skin flaps, the inner layer a free, denuded dermal graft from the inferior flap and the second layer, the superior breast skin flap itself."}
{"id": "PMID:948196", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the Urinary Bladder: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of hemangiopericytoma arising in the urinary bladder is presented. Initial symptoms included hematuria and frequency of urination. Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor of pericyte origin which occurs primarily in several organs and can be benign or malignant. Reports in the literature of genitourinary system involvement are reviewed. It is concluded that genitourinary tumors of this type should be considered malignant and treated aggressively.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the Urinary Bladder: a case report and review of the literature. A case of hemangiopericytoma arising in the urinary bladder is presented. Initial symptoms included hematuria and frequency of urination. Hemangiopericytoma is a vascular tumor of pericyte origin which occurs primarily in several organs and can be benign or malignant. Reports in the literature of genitourinary system involvement are reviewed. It is concluded that genitourinary tumors of this type should be considered malignant and treated aggressively."}
{"id": "PMID:948197", "title": "Carcinoma distantly metastatic at diagnosis: improvement in survival, 1945-1974.", "content": "Survival rates for 3,842 Kansas and Missouri patients with carcinoma metastatic at diagnosis who were registered between the years 1945 and 1974 were examined. While there was no improvement in survival comparing the 1945-1954 and 1955-1964 decades, there was significant recent improvement in survival when the 1,805 patients diagnosed from 1945 to 1964 were compared to 2,037 patients diagnosed from 1965 to 1974. It was concluded that even in this particularly unfavorable presentation of cancer, there has been definite improvement in survival in the past decade.", "contents": "Carcinoma distantly metastatic at diagnosis: improvement in survival, 1945-1974. Survival rates for 3,842 Kansas and Missouri patients with carcinoma metastatic at diagnosis who were registered between the years 1945 and 1974 were examined. While there was no improvement in survival comparing the 1945-1954 and 1955-1964 decades, there was significant recent improvement in survival when the 1,805 patients diagnosed from 1945 to 1964 were compared to 2,037 patients diagnosed from 1965 to 1974. It was concluded that even in this particularly unfavorable presentation of cancer, there has been definite improvement in survival in the past decade."}
{"id": "PMID:948198", "title": "Blood coagulation studies during six day heparinless venoarterial bypass in sheep.", "content": "Heparinless venoarterial bypass (HL-VAB) was carried out in 16 sheep for 6 days, by means of a closed circuit tubing coated with nonthrombogenic polyurethane-polyvinyl-graphite (PPG) and a roller pump. Nine experiments were completed uneventfully. Seven sheep died during bypass. The causes of death were pneumonia (2), caseous granulomatous lung abscess (3) or abdominal abscess (1), and thromboembolism (1). The last complication was caused by inadverten trauma to the PPG coating at the time of tubing connection. In the animals in which HL-VAB was uneventful, no significant changes were noted in the hematologic studies including white blood counts, platelet counts, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, Factors V and VIII, and free plasma hemoglobin levels. Inconsistant changes in the above parmeters were noted in the animals which died of complications. In conclusion, prolonged HL-VAB has no adverse effects on blood coagulation mechanism.", "contents": "Blood coagulation studies during six day heparinless venoarterial bypass in sheep. Heparinless venoarterial bypass (HL-VAB) was carried out in 16 sheep for 6 days, by means of a closed circuit tubing coated with nonthrombogenic polyurethane-polyvinyl-graphite (PPG) and a roller pump. Nine experiments were completed uneventfully. Seven sheep died during bypass. The causes of death were pneumonia (2), caseous granulomatous lung abscess (3) or abdominal abscess (1), and thromboembolism (1). The last complication was caused by inadverten trauma to the PPG coating at the time of tubing connection. In the animals in which HL-VAB was uneventful, no significant changes were noted in the hematologic studies including white blood counts, platelet counts, hematocrit, plasma fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time, thrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, Factors V and VIII, and free plasma hemoglobin levels. Inconsistant changes in the above parmeters were noted in the animals which died of complications. In conclusion, prolonged HL-VAB has no adverse effects on blood coagulation mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:948199", "title": "Technical aspects of reed fistula speech rehabilitation following pharyngolaryngectomy.", "content": "The reed fistula method is under development as a method of voice restoration in patients who have undergone larynogopharyngectomy. Introducing extrinsic sound into the pharynx involves a series of biomedical engineering problems. The approaches to solution of these problems are covered in the present article.", "contents": "Technical aspects of reed fistula speech rehabilitation following pharyngolaryngectomy. The reed fistula method is under development as a method of voice restoration in patients who have undergone larynogopharyngectomy. Introducing extrinsic sound into the pharynx involves a series of biomedical engineering problems. The approaches to solution of these problems are covered in the present article."}
{"id": "PMID:948200", "title": "Multiple colorectal carcinoma and barium enema perforation.", "content": "A patient with simultaneous metachronous carcinoma and polyps of the large bowel is presented. The importance of carcinoma as a predisposing cause to perforation during barium enema is stressed. In view of the considerable incidence of recurrent large bowel tumors, careful routine follow-up studies should be undertaken and extreme caution exercised during the barium enema.", "contents": "Multiple colorectal carcinoma and barium enema perforation. A patient with simultaneous metachronous carcinoma and polyps of the large bowel is presented. The importance of carcinoma as a predisposing cause to perforation during barium enema is stressed. In view of the considerable incidence of recurrent large bowel tumors, careful routine follow-up studies should be undertaken and extreme caution exercised during the barium enema."}
{"id": "PMID:948201", "title": "A new classification of generalized carcinoma of the breast based on response to therapy.", "content": "Classifications of generalized carcinoma of the breast were based up to now on factors of definitely proven prognostic significance. These classifications are very useful in defining prognosis, but they help only to a limited extent in selecting treatment. We are proposing a new classification of three groups for generalized carcinoma of the breast according to objective response to therapy: to (a) responders, (b) nonresponders, and (c) patients with static disease. It is pointed out that in some cases there is discrepancy between prognosis and response to therapy, as some patients with \"poor prognosis\" respond dramatically to treatment while others with \"good prognosis\" do not respond to any type of treatment and treatment is actually harmful. It is also pointed out that our classification has a dynamic meaning, as a patient can switch from one group to another. The proposed classification might be of more help in deciding the therapeutic management.", "contents": "A new classification of generalized carcinoma of the breast based on response to therapy. Classifications of generalized carcinoma of the breast were based up to now on factors of definitely proven prognostic significance. These classifications are very useful in defining prognosis, but they help only to a limited extent in selecting treatment. We are proposing a new classification of three groups for generalized carcinoma of the breast according to objective response to therapy: to (a) responders, (b) nonresponders, and (c) patients with static disease. It is pointed out that in some cases there is discrepancy between prognosis and response to therapy, as some patients with \"poor prognosis\" respond dramatically to treatment while others with \"good prognosis\" do not respond to any type of treatment and treatment is actually harmful. It is also pointed out that our classification has a dynamic meaning, as a patient can switch from one group to another. The proposed classification might be of more help in deciding the therapeutic management."}
{"id": "PMID:948202", "title": "Diffusion chamber hematopoiesis in marrow and spleen cells from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A).", "content": "Preleukemic and terminal phase marrow cells from RLV-A-infected mice placed within diffusion chambers and implanted into normal mice, maintained elevated levels of both erythroid and myeloid precursor cells, whereas normal control marrow cells grown within diffusion chambers in normal hosts did not. Splenic tissue from preleukemic and terminal mice when placed as a cellular suspension into diffusion chambers and implanted into normal recipients also maintained high erythroblast numbers. However, while some transient growth of myeloid precursor elements occurred in preleukemic spleen cultures, terminal spleen cultures displayed essentially no granulocytic precursor cell growth. In control spleen cultures, erythropoiesis and granulocytic precursor cell numbers were reduced to nondetectable levels after 4 days of culture.", "contents": "Diffusion chamber hematopoiesis in marrow and spleen cells from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A). Preleukemic and terminal phase marrow cells from RLV-A-infected mice placed within diffusion chambers and implanted into normal mice, maintained elevated levels of both erythroid and myeloid precursor cells, whereas normal control marrow cells grown within diffusion chambers in normal hosts did not. Splenic tissue from preleukemic and terminal mice when placed as a cellular suspension into diffusion chambers and implanted into normal recipients also maintained high erythroblast numbers. However, while some transient growth of myeloid precursor elements occurred in preleukemic spleen cultures, terminal spleen cultures displayed essentially no granulocytic precursor cell growth. In control spleen cultures, erythropoiesis and granulocytic precursor cell numbers were reduced to nondetectable levels after 4 days of culture."}
{"id": "PMID:948203", "title": "Hemodialysis in patients with carcinoma.", "content": "All patients who underwent hemodialysis as part of their treatment for cancer at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1965 to 1974 were retrospectively studied to determine the value of hemodialysis in cancer patients. Approximately 25% (8 cases) lived 5 weeks or longer in spite of advanced renal failure and carcinoma with no severe complications. The longest survivor is still alive after ten years.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in patients with carcinoma. All patients who underwent hemodialysis as part of their treatment for cancer at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1965 to 1974 were retrospectively studied to determine the value of hemodialysis in cancer patients. Approximately 25% (8 cases) lived 5 weeks or longer in spite of advanced renal failure and carcinoma with no severe complications. The longest survivor is still alive after ten years."}
{"id": "PMID:948204", "title": "Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "Thirty-three children with histologically proved Hodgkin's disease underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy and biopsy of lumbar lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow. In 13 patients (39%) the lesion of spleen and/or splenic hilar lymph nodes was diagnosed. The involvement of spleen was mostly found in patients with mixed cellularity type, in the presence of systemic symptoms (\"B\"), and in the biological stage \"b.\" Involvement of the liver was found in 1 patient, of the hepatic hilar lymph nodes in 3 patients, and of the bone marrow in 4 patients. The lymphographic and histologic data as regards lumbar lymph nodes coincided in 65% of cases. After operation the stage of the disease was changed in 48% patients. The early and late complications were not numerous.", "contents": "Exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease in children. Thirty-three children with histologically proved Hodgkin's disease underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy and biopsy of lumbar lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow. In 13 patients (39%) the lesion of spleen and/or splenic hilar lymph nodes was diagnosed. The involvement of spleen was mostly found in patients with mixed cellularity type, in the presence of systemic symptoms (\"B\"), and in the biological stage \"b.\" Involvement of the liver was found in 1 patient, of the hepatic hilar lymph nodes in 3 patients, and of the bone marrow in 4 patients. The lymphographic and histologic data as regards lumbar lymph nodes coincided in 65% of cases. After operation the stage of the disease was changed in 48% patients. The early and late complications were not numerous."}
{"id": "PMID:948205", "title": "Neuraminidase immunotherapy: serum potentiation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity related to immunoglobulin levels.", "content": "Seven patients completed couses of immunotherapy using neuraminidase-altered autochthonous cells. Their response to therapy was monitored by a cytotoxicity assay using 3H-proline-tagged tumor cells from the patient's own cultured tumor in a strictly autologous system. Serum effects were measured by exposing the tumor target cells to serum to see whether this impeded (blocked) or augmented (potentiated) lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Three of the seven patients developed increasing degrees of serum blocking effect and all died within six months of completing therapy. Four of the seven showed rapidly decreasing blocking and three eventual potentiation. Three patients are living, improved, and free of evidence of tumor. There was an increase in average serum immunoglobulins in patients developing potentiation, and a decrease in those showing blocking. In any immunotherapy program attention must be given to in vitro monitoring studies, and such studies should include attention to the serum factors influencing host response.", "contents": "Neuraminidase immunotherapy: serum potentiation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity related to immunoglobulin levels. Seven patients completed couses of immunotherapy using neuraminidase-altered autochthonous cells. Their response to therapy was monitored by a cytotoxicity assay using 3H-proline-tagged tumor cells from the patient's own cultured tumor in a strictly autologous system. Serum effects were measured by exposing the tumor target cells to serum to see whether this impeded (blocked) or augmented (potentiated) lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Three of the seven patients developed increasing degrees of serum blocking effect and all died within six months of completing therapy. Four of the seven showed rapidly decreasing blocking and three eventual potentiation. Three patients are living, improved, and free of evidence of tumor. There was an increase in average serum immunoglobulins in patients developing potentiation, and a decrease in those showing blocking. In any immunotherapy program attention must be given to in vitro monitoring studies, and such studies should include attention to the serum factors influencing host response."}
{"id": "PMID:948206", "title": "Monograph on \"Lithoglyphopsis\" aperta, the snail host of Mekong River schistosomiasis.", "content": "We discuss the morphology, histology, ecology, distribution, systematics, and evolutionary relationships of \"Lithoglyphopsis\" aperta Temcharoen, the snail host of Mekong River Schistosoma sp., and part of a vast, complex, endemic hydrobid fauna consisting of 11 genera and over 80 species. \"L\" aperta is a member of the Hydrobiidae (as broadly outlined by Fretter & Graham, 1962), subfamily Triculinae (as defined by Davis, 1968b). \"L\" aperta cannot be assigned to Ltihoglyphopsis because its shell and radula differ from those of the type-species, L. modesta (Gredler) from China, and because L. modesta is apparently more closely allied to other Mekong River genera in these traits. The female reproductive system of \"L.\" aperta is similar to that of Tricula burchi Davis, a species from NW Thailand outside the Mekong River drainage. It is not possible to assign aperta to a named genus until the morphologies of numerous other hydrobiid taxa in the Mekong River are unknown. \"L.\" aperta is typically hydrobiid in grade of morphological organization, in the nervous digestive, ctenidial and male reproductive systems. Differences from other hydrobiid taxa are in the female reproductive system and micromorphological features of the digestive tract. \"L.\" aperta and species of Tricula from Thailand have a female reproduction system where sperm enter at the posterior end of the mantle cavity and travel to the bursa copulatrix via a spermathecal duct. These and related traits are the basis for the subfamily Triculinae. Hydrobiid taxa from Europe (Hydrobiinae s.s.) belong in a different phyletic line, where sperm enter the female reproductive system at the anterior end of the mantle cavity and travel via a ciliated groove in the palial oviduct to the bursa copulatrix. \"L.\" aperta, as well as taxa of the Pomatiopsinae (e.g. Oncomelania, Pomatiopsis), differ from most known mesogastropods in lacking a hypobranchial gland. \"L.\" aperta, other triculines, pomatiopsines and hydrobiines, as well as taxa studied in the Bithyniidae, Truncatellidae and Assimineidae differ from other mesogastropods, e.g. Viviparidae, Pleuroceridae, Littorinidae, etc., in that the salivary glands are dorsal to the nerve ring i.e. do not pass through the nerve ring. \"L.\" aperta lives on solid substrata, particularly wood, shells and leaves in the Mekong River from Khemarat, Thailand, to the Cambodian border, 200 river miles downstream. The range probably extends another 100 river miles downstream to Kratie, Cambodia. It is an \"r\"-selected species by having a high density-independent mortality and using much of its resources for reproduction. The species is a colonizer in a river with severe annual floods. Females live less than 12 months; they apparently lay eggs in late January or February and die. In early March neither adults nor young can be collected. By mid or late March young suddenly flourish. The new generation does not mature until late May or June, after the beginning of the rainy season...", "contents": "Monograph on \"Lithoglyphopsis\" aperta, the snail host of Mekong River schistosomiasis. We discuss the morphology, histology, ecology, distribution, systematics, and evolutionary relationships of \"Lithoglyphopsis\" aperta Temcharoen, the snail host of Mekong River Schistosoma sp., and part of a vast, complex, endemic hydrobid fauna consisting of 11 genera and over 80 species. \"L\" aperta is a member of the Hydrobiidae (as broadly outlined by Fretter & Graham, 1962), subfamily Triculinae (as defined by Davis, 1968b). \"L\" aperta cannot be assigned to Ltihoglyphopsis because its shell and radula differ from those of the type-species, L. modesta (Gredler) from China, and because L. modesta is apparently more closely allied to other Mekong River genera in these traits. The female reproductive system of \"L.\" aperta is similar to that of Tricula burchi Davis, a species from NW Thailand outside the Mekong River drainage. It is not possible to assign aperta to a named genus until the morphologies of numerous other hydrobiid taxa in the Mekong River are unknown. \"L.\" aperta is typically hydrobiid in grade of morphological organization, in the nervous digestive, ctenidial and male reproductive systems. Differences from other hydrobiid taxa are in the female reproductive system and micromorphological features of the digestive tract. \"L.\" aperta and species of Tricula from Thailand have a female reproduction system where sperm enter at the posterior end of the mantle cavity and travel to the bursa copulatrix via a spermathecal duct. These and related traits are the basis for the subfamily Triculinae. Hydrobiid taxa from Europe (Hydrobiinae s.s.) belong in a different phyletic line, where sperm enter the female reproductive system at the anterior end of the mantle cavity and travel via a ciliated groove in the palial oviduct to the bursa copulatrix. \"L.\" aperta, as well as taxa of the Pomatiopsinae (e.g. Oncomelania, Pomatiopsis), differ from most known mesogastropods in lacking a hypobranchial gland. \"L.\" aperta, other triculines, pomatiopsines and hydrobiines, as well as taxa studied in the Bithyniidae, Truncatellidae and Assimineidae differ from other mesogastropods, e.g. Viviparidae, Pleuroceridae, Littorinidae, etc., in that the salivary glands are dorsal to the nerve ring i.e. do not pass through the nerve ring. \"L.\" aperta lives on solid substrata, particularly wood, shells and leaves in the Mekong River from Khemarat, Thailand, to the Cambodian border, 200 river miles downstream. The range probably extends another 100 river miles downstream to Kratie, Cambodia. It is an \"r\"-selected species by having a high density-independent mortality and using much of its resources for reproduction. The species is a colonizer in a river with severe annual floods. Females live less than 12 months; they apparently lay eggs in late January or February and die. In early March neither adults nor young can be collected. By mid or late March young suddenly flourish. The new generation does not mature until late May or June, after the beginning of the rainy season..."}
{"id": "PMID:948207", "title": "A natural population of Helisoma duryi in Brazil.", "content": "A well established natural population of Helisoma duryi (Wetherby) was recently found in central Brazil, where it was introduced probably with aquatic plants conveyed by aquarists. A morphological description based on the observation of 10 specimens is presented, involving the shell, cephalopodal mass, mantle organs, reproductive system and buccal apparatus.", "contents": "A natural population of Helisoma duryi in Brazil. A well established natural population of Helisoma duryi (Wetherby) was recently found in central Brazil, where it was introduced probably with aquatic plants conveyed by aquarists. A morphological description based on the observation of 10 specimens is presented, involving the shell, cephalopodal mass, mantle organs, reproductive system and buccal apparatus."}
{"id": "PMID:948208", "title": "The karyotype of Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail vector of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Karyotyping was done on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes obtained from the embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata. The 18 chromosome pairs were identified and classified into 6 groups. The diploid cell has 10 pairs of metacentric, 4 pairs of submetacentric, 2 pairs of acrocentric and 2 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. The pair number 8 with secondary constriction can be used as a marker in genetic experiments.", "contents": "The karyotype of Biomphalaria glabrata, the snail vector of Schistosoma mansoni. Karyotyping was done on the mitotic metaphase chromosomes obtained from the embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata. The 18 chromosome pairs were identified and classified into 6 groups. The diploid cell has 10 pairs of metacentric, 4 pairs of submetacentric, 2 pairs of acrocentric and 2 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. The pair number 8 with secondary constriction can be used as a marker in genetic experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:948238", "title": "Alkaloids and coumarins of Thamnosma montana.", "content": "From the turpentine broom, Thamnosma montana, four alkaloids and three coumarins were isolated and characterized. Skimmianine (5), N-methyl-acridone (4) and 5-(3'-methyl-2',3'-dihydroxybutanyl)-8-methoxypsoralen (1) were obtained previously from T. montana. Robustine (2) is reported from a Thamnosma species for the first time and acridone (6), thamnosmonin (9), and thamontanin (14) are reported from a natural source for the first time. Evidence for the structures of the new isolates is presented.", "contents": "Alkaloids and coumarins of Thamnosma montana. From the turpentine broom, Thamnosma montana, four alkaloids and three coumarins were isolated and characterized. Skimmianine (5), N-methyl-acridone (4) and 5-(3'-methyl-2',3'-dihydroxybutanyl)-8-methoxypsoralen (1) were obtained previously from T. montana. Robustine (2) is reported from a Thamnosma species for the first time and acridone (6), thamnosmonin (9), and thamontanin (14) are reported from a natural source for the first time. Evidence for the structures of the new isolates is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:948236", "title": "Indicine-N-oxide: the antitumor principle of Heliotropium indicum.", "content": "Extracts of Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae) showed significant activity in several experimental tumor systems. The active principle is isolated and shown to be the N-oxide of the alkaloid, indicine, previously isolated from this plant. Supporting structural data and anti-tumor data are provided.", "contents": "Indicine-N-oxide: the antitumor principle of Heliotropium indicum. Extracts of Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae) showed significant activity in several experimental tumor systems. The active principle is isolated and shown to be the N-oxide of the alkaloid, indicine, previously isolated from this plant. Supporting structural data and anti-tumor data are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:948237", "title": "Antineoplastic agents. 41. The beetle Allomyrina dichotomus.", "content": "The Asian beetle Allomyrina dichotomus L. has been found to contain an antineoplastic agent. The substance responsible for this biological activity was located primarily in the beetle's legs and isolation guided by bioassay led to its characterization as a protein of at least 106 amino acid units. The protein was found to inhibit(64% at 3 mg/kg) growth of Walker intramuscular carcinosarcoma 256 in rats and was marginally active against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents. 41. The beetle Allomyrina dichotomus. The Asian beetle Allomyrina dichotomus L. has been found to contain an antineoplastic agent. The substance responsible for this biological activity was located primarily in the beetle's legs and isolation guided by bioassay led to its characterization as a protein of at least 106 amino acid units. The protein was found to inhibit(64% at 3 mg/kg) growth of Walker intramuscular carcinosarcoma 256 in rats and was marginally active against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:948245", "title": "Lipid composition of rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "In the course of our study on the lipids of the rat sciatic nerve, the analysis of the neutral lipids allowed us to detect and characterize cholesteryl esters present at a relatively high level (5%). Among the phospholipids, ethanolamine phosphoglyceride is the most abundant fraction and contains neraly all the plasmalogens (20% of total lipid phosphorus). The glycolipids consist of five different fractions; the cerebrosides with hydroxy fatty acids account for 38% of total glycolipids. Monogalactosyl diglyceride represents 7% of total glycolipids.", "contents": "Lipid composition of rat sciatic nerve. In the course of our study on the lipids of the rat sciatic nerve, the analysis of the neutral lipids allowed us to detect and characterize cholesteryl esters present at a relatively high level (5%). Among the phospholipids, ethanolamine phosphoglyceride is the most abundant fraction and contains neraly all the plasmalogens (20% of total lipid phosphorus). The glycolipids consist of five different fractions; the cerebrosides with hydroxy fatty acids account for 38% of total glycolipids. Monogalactosyl diglyceride represents 7% of total glycolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:948244", "title": "Utilization of L-serine in the in vivo biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids by rat liver.", "content": "The incorporation of L-serine-U-14C, L-serine-3-14C, and D,L-serine-1-14-C into the glycerophospholipids of rat liver in vivo was determined over a period of 3 min to 13 hr following intravenous injection. The radioactivity from these serines was transferred to variable extent into the glycerol, fatty acid, and nitrogenous base parts of all the glycerophospholipids and neutral lipids. The half-lives and turnover rates of phosphatidylserine calculated from the precursor-product specific activity curves obtained with L-serine-U-14C were 14 min and 0.28  mumol/min/liver, respectively. The half-lives and turnover rates of phosphatidylserine as measured from the decay data of lipid serine from all markers averaged, respectively, 8.2 hr and 0.0008 mumol/min/liver. The discrepancy between these turnover rates was attributed to an understimation of degradation of phosphatidylserine due to its continued biosynthesis and/or an extensive reutilization of L-serine. By monitoring the formation of radioactive lipid ethanolamine, it was found that phosphatidylserine was decarboxylated at one-half the rate of lipid serine biosynthesis. It is suggested that as much as one-half of total phosphatidylserine may be degraded by other mechanisms, such as base exchange with choline, ethanolamine, and serine, as already demonstrated in vitro by other workers. The time course and nature of labeling of phosphatidylcholine was consistent with an extensive conversion of radioactive L-serine to 1-carbon fragments and a rapid methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Utilization of L-serine in the in vivo biosynthesis of glycerophospholipids by rat liver. The incorporation of L-serine-U-14C, L-serine-3-14C, and D,L-serine-1-14-C into the glycerophospholipids of rat liver in vivo was determined over a period of 3 min to 13 hr following intravenous injection. The radioactivity from these serines was transferred to variable extent into the glycerol, fatty acid, and nitrogenous base parts of all the glycerophospholipids and neutral lipids. The half-lives and turnover rates of phosphatidylserine calculated from the precursor-product specific activity curves obtained with L-serine-U-14C were 14 min and 0.28  mumol/min/liver, respectively. The half-lives and turnover rates of phosphatidylserine as measured from the decay data of lipid serine from all markers averaged, respectively, 8.2 hr and 0.0008 mumol/min/liver. The discrepancy between these turnover rates was attributed to an understimation of degradation of phosphatidylserine due to its continued biosynthesis and/or an extensive reutilization of L-serine. By monitoring the formation of radioactive lipid ethanolamine, it was found that phosphatidylserine was decarboxylated at one-half the rate of lipid serine biosynthesis. It is suggested that as much as one-half of total phosphatidylserine may be degraded by other mechanisms, such as base exchange with choline, ethanolamine, and serine, as already demonstrated in vitro by other workers. The time course and nature of labeling of phosphatidylcholine was consistent with an extensive conversion of radioactive L-serine to 1-carbon fragments and a rapid methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:948246", "title": "Quantitation of phosphatidyl N-methyl-and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol in rat liver.", "content": "The contents of phosphatidyl N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were determined in the liver of rats injected with (Me-C14) methionine. Total phospholipids were extracted from aliquots of the liver and fractionated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography after addition of carrier phosphatidyl-N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol. The radioactivity present in the two phosphatide spots was determined and used to calculate total disintegrations per min/100 g  body wt. The remainder of the livers was pooled, and total phospholipids were isolated and subjected to acid hydrolysis. N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were purified by thin layer chromatography, and their specific activity was determined after quantitation by gas liquid chromatography and radioactivity measurement. The liver contents of phosphatidyl N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were determined by dividing disintegrations per min/100 g body wt by the specific activity of N-methyl- or N,N-dimethylaminoethanol.", "contents": "Quantitation of phosphatidyl N-methyl-and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol in rat liver. The contents of phosphatidyl N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were determined in the liver of rats injected with (Me-C14) methionine. Total phospholipids were extracted from aliquots of the liver and fractionated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography after addition of carrier phosphatidyl-N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol. The radioactivity present in the two phosphatide spots was determined and used to calculate total disintegrations per min/100 g  body wt. The remainder of the livers was pooled, and total phospholipids were isolated and subjected to acid hydrolysis. N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were purified by thin layer chromatography, and their specific activity was determined after quantitation by gas liquid chromatography and radioactivity measurement. The liver contents of phosphatidyl N-methyl- and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol were determined by dividing disintegrations per min/100 g body wt by the specific activity of N-methyl- or N,N-dimethylaminoethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:948247", "title": "Protective effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in alcohol-induced lipemia.", "content": "Oral administration of l g of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) before the ingestion of whiskey and a fatty meal markedly reduced the elevation of serum triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol in man. In rats receiving an ethanol and corn oil mixture, HMG also inhibited the increase in postprandial serum and liver lipids. A comparative study of HMG and nicotinic acid in rats showed that, therapeutically, 50 mg MHG/kg body weitht is equivalent to 200 mg nicotinic acid/kg body weight in offering almost total protection against lipemic effects of ethanol.", "contents": "Protective effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid in alcohol-induced lipemia. Oral administration of l g of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) before the ingestion of whiskey and a fatty meal markedly reduced the elevation of serum triglycerides, beta-lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol in man. In rats receiving an ethanol and corn oil mixture, HMG also inhibited the increase in postprandial serum and liver lipids. A comparative study of HMG and nicotinic acid in rats showed that, therapeutically, 50 mg MHG/kg body weitht is equivalent to 200 mg nicotinic acid/kg body weight in offering almost total protection against lipemic effects of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:948248", "title": "Sensitive fluorometric method for tissue tocopherol analysis.", "content": "A sensitive, highly reproducible method for tissue tocopherol analysis that combines saponification in the presence of large nmount of ascorbic acid to remove interfering substances, extraction fo the nonsponifiable lipids with hexane, and fluorometric measurement of the tocopherol is presented. The nonsaponifiable lipids phase contained only one fluorochrome in the 290 am excitation and 330 nm emission range, and it was identified as tocopherol by thin layer and column chromatography. Column chromatography of the hexane extract of a saponified, 14C-tocopherolspiked microsomal fraction showed that no measurable oxidation to tocopherylquinone had occurred. The flurometric method for tocopherol analysis was applied to homogenates and subcellular fractions from rat liver, kidney, lung, and heart and red blood cells. The heavy mitochondrial and microsomal fractions had the highest subcellular concentrations of tocopherol.", "contents": "Sensitive fluorometric method for tissue tocopherol analysis. A sensitive, highly reproducible method for tissue tocopherol analysis that combines saponification in the presence of large nmount of ascorbic acid to remove interfering substances, extraction fo the nonsponifiable lipids with hexane, and fluorometric measurement of the tocopherol is presented. The nonsaponifiable lipids phase contained only one fluorochrome in the 290 am excitation and 330 nm emission range, and it was identified as tocopherol by thin layer and column chromatography. Column chromatography of the hexane extract of a saponified, 14C-tocopherolspiked microsomal fraction showed that no measurable oxidation to tocopherylquinone had occurred. The flurometric method for tocopherol analysis was applied to homogenates and subcellular fractions from rat liver, kidney, lung, and heart and red blood cells. The heavy mitochondrial and microsomal fractions had the highest subcellular concentrations of tocopherol."}
{"id": "PMID:948249", "title": "Low and moderate concentrations of lysobisphosphatidic acid in brain and liver of patients affected by some storage diseases.", "content": "The relative amount of lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), known also as bis(monoacylglycerly)phosphate, among the total phospholipids was analyzed in post mortem samples of brain and liver of patients affected by four storage diseases. In spite of the extensive accumulation of storage lysosomes, none of the samples revealed a highly evelated LBPA content comparable to that found in the liver in Niemann-Pick disease and in the liver in lipidosis induced by 4,4'-diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol. We conclude that, although LBPA is often present in high concentration in lysosomes of many types of cells, it is not always a major component of these organelles.", "contents": "Low and moderate concentrations of lysobisphosphatidic acid in brain and liver of patients affected by some storage diseases. The relative amount of lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), known also as bis(monoacylglycerly)phosphate, among the total phospholipids was analyzed in post mortem samples of brain and liver of patients affected by four storage diseases. In spite of the extensive accumulation of storage lysosomes, none of the samples revealed a highly evelated LBPA content comparable to that found in the liver in Niemann-Pick disease and in the liver in lipidosis induced by 4,4'-diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol. We conclude that, although LBPA is often present in high concentration in lysosomes of many types of cells, it is not always a major component of these organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:948250", "title": "Cardiopathogenicity of rapeseed oils and oil blends differing in erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed semipurifed diets containing 20% fat for 25 weeks. Ten different oils or oil blends were employed, including rapessed oils, simulated rapeseed-type oils, and modified rapeseed-type oils. Safflower, soybean, and hydrogenated coconut oils served as control oils. Histopathological examination of the cardiac tissue was conducted at the end of the study and an incidenceseverity rating assigned to the lesions induced by each fat. Oils containing high levels of erucic acid (26-30%) induced the most severe cardiac necrosis, irrespective of the source of erucic acid (rapeseed oil or nasturtium oil). Increasing the linoleic: :linolenic acid ratio of the high erucic oils to that of soybean oil failed to reduce necrosis, but the absence of linolenic acid from a high erucic acid oil blend resulted in a markedly reduced lesion incidenceseverity rating, comparable to those obtained for low erucic acid rapessed oil and soybean oil which were similar. Lowest lesion incidence was obtained with safflower oil and hydrogenated coconut oil. We have postulated that linolenic acid plays a role in the etiology of cardiac necrosis observed when rats are fed diets containing low erucic acid rapeseed oils.", "contents": "Cardiopathogenicity of rapeseed oils and oil blends differing in erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content. Male Wistar rats were fed semipurifed diets containing 20% fat for 25 weeks. Ten different oils or oil blends were employed, including rapessed oils, simulated rapeseed-type oils, and modified rapeseed-type oils. Safflower, soybean, and hydrogenated coconut oils served as control oils. Histopathological examination of the cardiac tissue was conducted at the end of the study and an incidenceseverity rating assigned to the lesions induced by each fat. Oils containing high levels of erucic acid (26-30%) induced the most severe cardiac necrosis, irrespective of the source of erucic acid (rapeseed oil or nasturtium oil). Increasing the linoleic: :linolenic acid ratio of the high erucic oils to that of soybean oil failed to reduce necrosis, but the absence of linolenic acid from a high erucic acid oil blend resulted in a markedly reduced lesion incidenceseverity rating, comparable to those obtained for low erucic acid rapessed oil and soybean oil which were similar. Lowest lesion incidence was obtained with safflower oil and hydrogenated coconut oil. We have postulated that linolenic acid plays a role in the etiology of cardiac necrosis observed when rats are fed diets containing low erucic acid rapeseed oils."}
{"id": "PMID:948251", "title": "Study of bound phospholipase activities of fungal mycelia using an organic solvent system.", "content": "It has been possible to demonstrate and characterize high phospholipase activities in mycelia of Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor javanicus by use of a system in which substrates were dissolved in diisopropyl ether. Such activities were associated with bound enzymes and would have been difficult to detect using aqueous assay systems. In both cases, phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis was by phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32) activity followed by the action of lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5). Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) activity was also detected. The methods used appear to be of general applicability for the detection and study of insoluble phospholipases.", "contents": "Study of bound phospholipase activities of fungal mycelia using an organic solvent system. It has been possible to demonstrate and characterize high phospholipase activities in mycelia of Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor javanicus by use of a system in which substrates were dissolved in diisopropyl ether. Such activities were associated with bound enzymes and would have been difficult to detect using aqueous assay systems. In both cases, phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis was by phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32) activity followed by the action of lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5). Phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) activity was also detected. The methods used appear to be of general applicability for the detection and study of insoluble phospholipases."}
{"id": "PMID:948252", "title": "Lipid metabolism of the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides: 2-polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism.", "content": "The fate of labeled linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and higher homologs of alpha-linolenic acid administered to the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, was investigated. It was found that the clam incorporated the acids dissolved in sea water and converted 18:2 (n-6) into 20:2 (n-6) and 18:3 (n-3) into 18:4 (n-3) and 20:3 (n-3). The addition of casein hydrolysate to the sea water increased the desaturation capacity of the calm and allowed the conversion of 18:2 (n-6) into 18:3 (n-6) to be demonstrated. An enhanced desaturation of 18:3 (n-3) into 18:4 (n-3) was also demonstrated. After 12 hr admininistration of the acid, no radioactivity was found in arachidonic, 20:5 (n-3), or 22:6 (n-3). Feeding the clams a culture of Phaeodactylun tricornutum previously incubated with 1-14C-alph-linolenic acid demonstrated that all the homologs of the alpha-linolenic series were found in the clam without any important changes. Six hour administration of labled linolenic acid resulted in the incorporation of the acid into diglycerides and phospholipids.", "contents": "Lipid metabolism of the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides: 2-polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. The fate of labeled linoleic, alpha-linolenic, and higher homologs of alpha-linolenic acid administered to the yellow clam, Mesodesma mactroides, was investigated. It was found that the clam incorporated the acids dissolved in sea water and converted 18:2 (n-6) into 20:2 (n-6) and 18:3 (n-3) into 18:4 (n-3) and 20:3 (n-3). The addition of casein hydrolysate to the sea water increased the desaturation capacity of the calm and allowed the conversion of 18:2 (n-6) into 18:3 (n-6) to be demonstrated. An enhanced desaturation of 18:3 (n-3) into 18:4 (n-3) was also demonstrated. After 12 hr admininistration of the acid, no radioactivity was found in arachidonic, 20:5 (n-3), or 22:6 (n-3). Feeding the clams a culture of Phaeodactylun tricornutum previously incubated with 1-14C-alph-linolenic acid demonstrated that all the homologs of the alpha-linolenic series were found in the clam without any important changes. Six hour administration of labled linolenic acid resulted in the incorporation of the acid into diglycerides and phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:948254", "title": "Effect of cholesterol and cholestyramine feeding and of fasting on sterol synthesis in the liver, lleum, and lung of the guinea pig.", "content": "The effects of feeding diest containing either cholesterol (0.24% w/w) or cholestyramine (2.5% w/w) and of fasting on sterol synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung of both male and female guinea pigs have been studied by measuring the incorporation by tissue slices of 14C-labeled acetate into total digitoninpredipitable sterols. Cholesterol feeding significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) sterol synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung of the males and in the ileum of females. Cholestyramine feeding stimulated the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis 13-fold but did not significantly affect sterologenesis in the ileum. Sterol synthesis in the lung was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) but to a much lesser extent than in the liver. Fatty acid synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung was not significantly affected by either cholesterol or cholestyramine feeding. In guinea pigs fasted for 24 hr, sterol synthesis was inhibited in all three tissues, the most pronounced effect occurring in the liver. Only in the lung was fatty acid synthesis significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) by  fasting. Cholesterol feeding resulted in increased concentrations of cholesterol in the plasma and liver. Cholestyramine feeding reduced plasma cholesterol concentration by 81% in females and by 64% in males. However, it did not significantly change the tissue cholesterol concentrations. Fasting resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in plasma cholesterol concentration but did not effect the concentration of cholesterol in the tissues. It was concluded that in the normal guinea pig, the feedback inhibition produced by both cholesterol and also possibly by bile acids suppresses sterol synthesis in the liver to very low rates compared to those in the small intestine, where sterologenesis is not only less sensitive to the cholesterol negative feedback system than that in the liver, but also is not subject to regulation by the bile acid negative feedback system.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol and cholestyramine feeding and of fasting on sterol synthesis in the liver, lleum, and lung of the guinea pig. The effects of feeding diest containing either cholesterol (0.24% w/w) or cholestyramine (2.5% w/w) and of fasting on sterol synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung of both male and female guinea pigs have been studied by measuring the incorporation by tissue slices of 14C-labeled acetate into total digitoninpredipitable sterols. Cholesterol feeding significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) sterol synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung of the males and in the ileum of females. Cholestyramine feeding stimulated the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis 13-fold but did not significantly affect sterologenesis in the ileum. Sterol synthesis in the lung was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) but to a much lesser extent than in the liver. Fatty acid synthesis in the liver, ileum, and lung was not significantly affected by either cholesterol or cholestyramine feeding. In guinea pigs fasted for 24 hr, sterol synthesis was inhibited in all three tissues, the most pronounced effect occurring in the liver. Only in the lung was fatty acid synthesis significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) by  fasting. Cholesterol feeding resulted in increased concentrations of cholesterol in the plasma and liver. Cholestyramine feeding reduced plasma cholesterol concentration by 81% in females and by 64% in males. However, it did not significantly change the tissue cholesterol concentrations. Fasting resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in plasma cholesterol concentration but did not effect the concentration of cholesterol in the tissues. It was concluded that in the normal guinea pig, the feedback inhibition produced by both cholesterol and also possibly by bile acids suppresses sterol synthesis in the liver to very low rates compared to those in the small intestine, where sterologenesis is not only less sensitive to the cholesterol negative feedback system than that in the liver, but also is not subject to regulation by the bile acid negative feedback system."}
{"id": "PMID:948255", "title": "Oleic and vaccenic acid levels in lipid clases of tumors.", "content": "The isomeric octadecenoate composition of triglyceride, phosphatidyicholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine classes from a variety of rat and mouse tumors was examined. Phosphatidylethanolamine from the tumors contained a higher percentage of octadecenoate than reported for many normal tissues. The octadecenoate fractions of the three lipid classes from various tumors consisted of ca. 75% or greater oleate, with vaccenate making up the balance. These data indicate that the loss of lipid class specificity for isomeric octadecenoates reported in hepatomas (Lipids 10:746, 1975, and Lipids 9:987, 1974) also occurs in other tumors.", "contents": "Oleic and vaccenic acid levels in lipid clases of tumors. The isomeric octadecenoate composition of triglyceride, phosphatidyicholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine classes from a variety of rat and mouse tumors was examined. Phosphatidylethanolamine from the tumors contained a higher percentage of octadecenoate than reported for many normal tissues. The octadecenoate fractions of the three lipid classes from various tumors consisted of ca. 75% or greater oleate, with vaccenate making up the balance. These data indicate that the loss of lipid class specificity for isomeric octadecenoates reported in hepatomas (Lipids 10:746, 1975, and Lipids 9:987, 1974) also occurs in other tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:948283", "title": "Aortoduodenal fistula.", "content": "A primary aortoduodenal fistula is usually associated with an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm, and a secondary fistula with a leaking anastomotic aortic suture line. Two examples of each are reported. The typical features of a primary fistula are haematemesis or melaena, pain, and a pulsatile abdominal mass; the features of a secondary fistula are haematemesis and melaena with a past history of aortic resection. The initial haemorrhage is rarely fatal: a lag period allows urgent laparotomy. The fistula is diagnosed by dissection of the fourth part of the duodenum from the aorta. The treatment is closure of the duodenum, and resection of an aneurysm if present. Reconstruction is by a graft anastomosed to the aorta proximal to the fistula, if the area is clean, or by an extra anatomical bypass, if the area is heavily contaminated.", "contents": "Aortoduodenal fistula. A primary aortoduodenal fistula is usually associated with an atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm, and a secondary fistula with a leaking anastomotic aortic suture line. Two examples of each are reported. The typical features of a primary fistula are haematemesis or melaena, pain, and a pulsatile abdominal mass; the features of a secondary fistula are haematemesis and melaena with a past history of aortic resection. The initial haemorrhage is rarely fatal: a lag period allows urgent laparotomy. The fistula is diagnosed by dissection of the fourth part of the duodenum from the aorta. The treatment is closure of the duodenum, and resection of an aneurysm if present. Reconstruction is by a graft anastomosed to the aorta proximal to the fistula, if the area is clean, or by an extra anatomical bypass, if the area is heavily contaminated."}
{"id": "PMID:948284", "title": "Rupture of the bowel due to road trauma: the emergence of the \"seat belt syndrome\".", "content": "Seat belts have proved to be life saving for drivers and passengers involved in motor-car collisions. The number of severe head, face and trunk injuries has been significantly reduced. However, the wearing of belts has been responsible for an increased incidence of bowel rupture, in itself a potentially lethal injury if not diagnosed and treated early. There is still much to be done in improving seat belt design.", "contents": "Rupture of the bowel due to road trauma: the emergence of the \"seat belt syndrome\". Seat belts have proved to be life saving for drivers and passengers involved in motor-car collisions. The number of severe head, face and trunk injuries has been significantly reduced. However, the wearing of belts has been responsible for an increased incidence of bowel rupture, in itself a potentially lethal injury if not diagnosed and treated early. There is still much to be done in improving seat belt design."}
{"id": "PMID:948285", "title": "The management of breast cysts by aspiration.", "content": "A review is given of 75 patients presenting with breast cysts treated by aspiration. The patients have been followed for an average of four years and in no case has a carcinoma been detected. The technique is considered to be safe provided the guidelines laid down by the writers are followed.", "contents": "The management of breast cysts by aspiration. A review is given of 75 patients presenting with breast cysts treated by aspiration. The patients have been followed for an average of four years and in no case has a carcinoma been detected. The technique is considered to be safe provided the guidelines laid down by the writers are followed."}
{"id": "PMID:948286", "title": "Leiomyoma of the common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice.", "content": "The second reported case of leiomyoma of the common bile duct is described. It was treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy. The patient was well 28 months later.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice. The second reported case of leiomyoma of the common bile duct is described. It was treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy. The patient was well 28 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:948290", "title": "A need for more psychophysiological research in australia.", "content": "Western communities are becoming increasingly more interested in altered states of consciousness such as hypnosis, meditation and other states associated with certain \"brain wave\" patterns. In the United States of America especially, psychophysiological research is beginning to lead to an understanding of some of the basic mechanisms underlying certain mental phenomena and their therapeutic uses. In Australia, on the other hand, experimental investigations in this area are negligible. It is important to begin intensive psychophysiological research now.", "contents": "A need for more psychophysiological research in australia. Western communities are becoming increasingly more interested in altered states of consciousness such as hypnosis, meditation and other states associated with certain \"brain wave\" patterns. In the United States of America especially, psychophysiological research is beginning to lead to an understanding of some of the basic mechanisms underlying certain mental phenomena and their therapeutic uses. In Australia, on the other hand, experimental investigations in this area are negligible. It is important to begin intensive psychophysiological research now."}
{"id": "PMID:948349", "title": "Affinity chromatography of tetanus toxin, tetanus toxoid, and botulinum A toxin on synaptosomes, and differentiation of their acceptors.", "content": "125I-labelled tetanus toxin and 125I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin are known to be specifically bound to brain synapotosomes. In order to discriminate between active toxin and inactive admixtures present in the starting material or arising during iodination, synaptosome columns were prepared using bromacetylcellulose and/or kieselgur (Celite) as carriers. Both types of columns absorb the toxins from low ionic strength medium and release them if the pH and ionic strength are raised. Botulinum toxin was eluted with lower ionic strength than tetanus toxin, and could be freed from nontoxic admixtures. Analysis by affinity chromatography disclosed partially toxoided tetanus toxin in both labelled and unlabelled toxin samples. High concentrations of formaldehyde (0.5%) destroyed both toxicity and affinity to the synaptosomes of tetanus toxin. Low concentrations of formaldehyde  (0.05%) yielded a derivative of low toxicity which was still however less firmly, bound to synaptosomes. Tetanus and botulinum toxin differ by their acceptors. Whereas unlabelled botulinum toxin is unable to compete with labelled tetanus toxin, unlabelled tetanus toxin slightly competes with botulinum toxin. Both labelled toxins display anomalous binding behavior in that they cannot be displaced completely even with a large excess of unlabelled toxin.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of tetanus toxin, tetanus toxoid, and botulinum A toxin on synaptosomes, and differentiation of their acceptors. 125I-labelled tetanus toxin and 125I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin are known to be specifically bound to brain synapotosomes. In order to discriminate between active toxin and inactive admixtures present in the starting material or arising during iodination, synaptosome columns were prepared using bromacetylcellulose and/or kieselgur (Celite) as carriers. Both types of columns absorb the toxins from low ionic strength medium and release them if the pH and ionic strength are raised. Botulinum toxin was eluted with lower ionic strength than tetanus toxin, and could be freed from nontoxic admixtures. Analysis by affinity chromatography disclosed partially toxoided tetanus toxin in both labelled and unlabelled toxin samples. High concentrations of formaldehyde (0.5%) destroyed both toxicity and affinity to the synaptosomes of tetanus toxin. Low concentrations of formaldehyde  (0.05%) yielded a derivative of low toxicity which was still however less firmly, bound to synaptosomes. Tetanus and botulinum toxin differ by their acceptors. Whereas unlabelled botulinum toxin is unable to compete with labelled tetanus toxin, unlabelled tetanus toxin slightly competes with botulinum toxin. Both labelled toxins display anomalous binding behavior in that they cannot be displaced completely even with a large excess of unlabelled toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:948350", "title": "Interaction of hexafluorenium with human plasma cholinesterase in comparison with hexamethonium.", "content": "1. The influence of the 2 alkane-bis-onium compounds hexafluorenium (HF1) and hexamethonium (C6) on human plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was studied with respect to the type of inhibition. 2. HF1 and C6 are reversible inhibitors of ChE. The inhibitory potency of HF1 (pI50 = 6.96; Ki = 2.4 x 10(-9)) is about 40 000-fold higher than that of C6 (pI50 = 2.4; Ki = 6.7 x 10(-2)). 3. The kinetic analysis displayed a competitive (C6) and a non-competitive (hf1) mechanism of action. 4. The inhibition of ChE by C6 is induced by a binding of C6 to the anionic site of the active center thus impairing the primary formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. HF1, however, is most probably bound to anionic side receptors in the vicinity of the active center; by that a conformational change of the enzyme protein is induced impairing the acylation step of the esteratic site.", "contents": "Interaction of hexafluorenium with human plasma cholinesterase in comparison with hexamethonium. 1. The influence of the 2 alkane-bis-onium compounds hexafluorenium (HF1) and hexamethonium (C6) on human plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was studied with respect to the type of inhibition. 2. HF1 and C6 are reversible inhibitors of ChE. The inhibitory potency of HF1 (pI50 = 6.96; Ki = 2.4 x 10(-9)) is about 40 000-fold higher than that of C6 (pI50 = 2.4; Ki = 6.7 x 10(-2)). 3. The kinetic analysis displayed a competitive (C6) and a non-competitive (hf1) mechanism of action. 4. The inhibition of ChE by C6 is induced by a binding of C6 to the anionic site of the active center thus impairing the primary formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. HF1, however, is most probably bound to anionic side receptors in the vicinity of the active center; by that a conformational change of the enzyme protein is induced impairing the acylation step of the esteratic site."}
{"id": "PMID:948351", "title": "Lethality of tyrosine in mice: its potentiation by decarboxylase inhibitors and reversal byascorbic acid.", "content": "High doses of tyrosine were found to be lethal in mice. The lethality was potentiated by decarboxylase inhibitors which acted by elevating tissues tyrosine levels when given together with large amounts of tyrosine. The lethality of either tyrosine or tyrosine given in combination with decarboxylase inhibitors was found to be correlated with the elevation of tyrosine levels in liver. This toxicity does not appear to involve either tyramine or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid formation. Ascorbic acid pretreatment afforded a marked protection against tyrosine toxicity. This compound was found to prevent the elevation of tissue tyrosine levels by stimulating p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase, increasing the urinary excretion and inhibiting the gastrointestinal absorption of tyrosine.", "contents": "Lethality of tyrosine in mice: its potentiation by decarboxylase inhibitors and reversal byascorbic acid. High doses of tyrosine were found to be lethal in mice. The lethality was potentiated by decarboxylase inhibitors which acted by elevating tissues tyrosine levels when given together with large amounts of tyrosine. The lethality of either tyrosine or tyrosine given in combination with decarboxylase inhibitors was found to be correlated with the elevation of tyrosine levels in liver. This toxicity does not appear to involve either tyramine or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid formation. Ascorbic acid pretreatment afforded a marked protection against tyrosine toxicity. This compound was found to prevent the elevation of tissue tyrosine levels by stimulating p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase, increasing the urinary excretion and inhibiting the gastrointestinal absorption of tyrosine."}
{"id": "PMID:948352", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of droperidol in different cardiac tissues.", "content": "The effect of droperidol in concentrations between 0.05 and 5 mg/I was evaluated on different electrophysiological variables in auricular preparations of the guinea-pig, papillary muscles of dog and cat, Purkinje fibres of the dog, cow and sheep. At low concentration (0.25 to 0.5mg/I) droperidol decreased pacemaker activity and prolonged the effective refractroy period. The inhibition of pacemaker activity was not accompanied by a reduction in the rate of early diastolic depolarization, but was related to an  inhibition of the depolarization process during late diastole. At high concentrations (5mg/I) resting potential, action potential amplitude, (dV/dt)max and conduction velocity were reduced. Reduction of dV/dt during the upstroke was more pronounced at lower membrane potentials, the inactivation curve was shifted to more negative membrane potentials. The action potential was lengthened or shortened, the effect being dependent on the frequency, dose, exposure time and animal species. Droperidol had no deleterious effect on Ca-mediated action potentials. The antiarrhythmic activity of droperidol in therapeutic concentrations (0.25 and 0.5mg/I) can be explained by the reduction of pacemaker activity and the lengthening of the effective refractory period. In terms of changes in ion conductance most effects can be explained by a reduction in Na conductance. No simple explanation can be offered for the complex changes in action potential duration.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of droperidol in different cardiac tissues. The effect of droperidol in concentrations between 0.05 and 5 mg/I was evaluated on different electrophysiological variables in auricular preparations of the guinea-pig, papillary muscles of dog and cat, Purkinje fibres of the dog, cow and sheep. At low concentration (0.25 to 0.5mg/I) droperidol decreased pacemaker activity and prolonged the effective refractroy period. The inhibition of pacemaker activity was not accompanied by a reduction in the rate of early diastolic depolarization, but was related to an  inhibition of the depolarization process during late diastole. At high concentrations (5mg/I) resting potential, action potential amplitude, (dV/dt)max and conduction velocity were reduced. Reduction of dV/dt during the upstroke was more pronounced at lower membrane potentials, the inactivation curve was shifted to more negative membrane potentials. The action potential was lengthened or shortened, the effect being dependent on the frequency, dose, exposure time and animal species. Droperidol had no deleterious effect on Ca-mediated action potentials. The antiarrhythmic activity of droperidol in therapeutic concentrations (0.25 and 0.5mg/I) can be explained by the reduction of pacemaker activity and the lengthening of the effective refractory period. In terms of changes in ion conductance most effects can be explained by a reduction in Na conductance. No simple explanation can be offered for the complex changes in action potential duration."}
{"id": "PMID:948353", "title": "Effects of calcium and phosphate on catecholamines, ATP and dopamine beta-hydroxylase of chromaffin medullary granules.", "content": "Isolated bovine chromaffin granules lost their catecholamines to a significantly higher degree when incubated in isotonic sucrose-buffer of pH 7.4 containing 10 and 25 mM sodium phosphate, respectively, than during incubatation in sucrose with 4 mM sodium phosphate. 2. In 4mM sodium phosphate-sucrose, CaCl(2) in  a final concentration of 1 and 2 mM, respectively, produced only traces of an amorphous precipitate of calcium phosphate which increased the efflux of catecholamines only to a small degree. The same concentrations of CaCl(2) in 10 and 25 mM sodium phosphate containing sucrose solutions caused larger amounts of calcium phosphate precipitate and simultaneously a very high efflux of catecholamines. Small amounts of exogenous ATP (1 mM) and MgCl(2) (0.3 mM) effectively antagonized the efflux of catecholamines from the granules evolked by calcium phosphate...", "contents": "Effects of calcium and phosphate on catecholamines, ATP and dopamine beta-hydroxylase of chromaffin medullary granules. Isolated bovine chromaffin granules lost their catecholamines to a significantly higher degree when incubated in isotonic sucrose-buffer of pH 7.4 containing 10 and 25 mM sodium phosphate, respectively, than during incubatation in sucrose with 4 mM sodium phosphate. 2. In 4mM sodium phosphate-sucrose, CaCl(2) in  a final concentration of 1 and 2 mM, respectively, produced only traces of an amorphous precipitate of calcium phosphate which increased the efflux of catecholamines only to a small degree. The same concentrations of CaCl(2) in 10 and 25 mM sodium phosphate containing sucrose solutions caused larger amounts of calcium phosphate precipitate and simultaneously a very high efflux of catecholamines. Small amounts of exogenous ATP (1 mM) and MgCl(2) (0.3 mM) effectively antagonized the efflux of catecholamines from the granules evolked by calcium phosphate..."}
{"id": "PMID:948354", "title": "The effect of pretreatment with reserpine on the diastolic potential of guinea-pig atrial cells.", "content": "It has previously been suggested that the reserpine-induced nonspecific increase in sensitivity of the guinea-pig heart to the chronotropic effect od drugs occurs as a result of an alteration in the electrophysiological properties of the cell membrane. The results obtained in the present study provide support for this suggestion. The diastolic potential of atrial cells of perfused hearts obtained from guinea pigs treated with rerpine (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days was significantly less than control. This treatment schedule of reserpine results in a significant increase in the sensitivity of perfoused hearts to the chronotropic effects of drugs...", "contents": "The effect of pretreatment with reserpine on the diastolic potential of guinea-pig atrial cells. It has previously been suggested that the reserpine-induced nonspecific increase in sensitivity of the guinea-pig heart to the chronotropic effect od drugs occurs as a result of an alteration in the electrophysiological properties of the cell membrane. The results obtained in the present study provide support for this suggestion. The diastolic potential of atrial cells of perfused hearts obtained from guinea pigs treated with rerpine (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 7 days was significantly less than control. This treatment schedule of reserpine results in a significant increase in the sensitivity of perfoused hearts to the chronotropic effects of drugs..."}
{"id": "PMID:948360", "title": "Pneumocephalus following mastoid surgery: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous pneumocephalus following mastoid surgery are presented. In both cases a fistula from the mastoid ended blindly in an area of cerebritis without any definite abscess formation. Etiological factors are discussed with congenital dural defects suspected as the precipitating factor.", "contents": "Pneumocephalus following mastoid surgery: a report of two cases. Two cases of spontaneous pneumocephalus following mastoid surgery are presented. In both cases a fistula from the mastoid ended blindly in an area of cerebritis without any definite abscess formation. Etiological factors are discussed with congenital dural defects suspected as the precipitating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:948361", "title": "Proptosis secondary to pneumocele of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "The third known case of a pneumocele of the maxillary sinus is reported. Radiographic findings included hyperlucency of a maxillary sinus with generalized expansion of its borders. Bone dehiscence was also visible with tomography. The present case emphasizes a gradual onset of clinical signs and manifested primarily by proptosis. Possible mechanisms in the production of this deformity are discussed.", "contents": "Proptosis secondary to pneumocele of the maxillary sinus. The third known case of a pneumocele of the maxillary sinus is reported. Radiographic findings included hyperlucency of a maxillary sinus with generalized expansion of its borders. Bone dehiscence was also visible with tomography. The present case emphasizes a gradual onset of clinical signs and manifested primarily by proptosis. Possible mechanisms in the production of this deformity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948364", "title": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the vertebral artery.", "content": "Arteriovenous fistulas of the vertebral artery are uncommon. Trauma, arterial erosion by abscess and congenital weakness of the arterial wall are the most frequent cause of these fistulas. Few of them have been reported following percutaneous puncture of the vertebral artery. Two such cases, as well as an exceptionnel false traumatic aneurysm of the V4 segment of the vertebral artery in front of a fracture of the occipital bone, are described here. The latter patient also has a malformation of the craniovertebral joint.", "contents": "Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the vertebral artery. Arteriovenous fistulas of the vertebral artery are uncommon. Trauma, arterial erosion by abscess and congenital weakness of the arterial wall are the most frequent cause of these fistulas. Few of them have been reported following percutaneous puncture of the vertebral artery. Two such cases, as well as an exceptionnel false traumatic aneurysm of the V4 segment of the vertebral artery in front of a fracture of the occipital bone, are described here. The latter patient also has a malformation of the craniovertebral joint."}
{"id": "PMID:948365", "title": "A radioanatomical study of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.", "content": "A radioanatomical study of the plexus of the 4th ventricle has shown it to be clearly visible in about 35% of the lateral vertebral angiograms. With tumors of the posterior fossa the plexus is often not recognizable, perhaps because it is compressed. If filled, better information about the localization of tumors can be obtained.", "contents": "A radioanatomical study of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. A radioanatomical study of the plexus of the 4th ventricle has shown it to be clearly visible in about 35% of the lateral vertebral angiograms. With tumors of the posterior fossa the plexus is often not recognizable, perhaps because it is compressed. If filled, better information about the localization of tumors can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:948366", "title": "Angiography of incomplete lobulation of the cerebellar virmis with small fourth ventricle associated with callosal hypoplasia.", "content": "A case of imcomplete lobulation of the cerebellar vermis with a high insertion of tentorium, associated with a hypoplastic corpus callosum and a small fourth ventricle is presented. The pneumographic and angiographic findings of these malformations are correlated.", "contents": "Angiography of incomplete lobulation of the cerebellar virmis with small fourth ventricle associated with callosal hypoplasia. A case of imcomplete lobulation of the cerebellar vermis with a high insertion of tentorium, associated with a hypoplastic corpus callosum and a small fourth ventricle is presented. The pneumographic and angiographic findings of these malformations are correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:948368", "title": "Management of pregnancy-induced hypertension in the nullipara.", "content": "Three hundred and forty-six nulliparous women with pregnancy-induced hypertension prior to term were monitored in a high-risk pregnancy unit while awaiting fetal maturity. Management included ambulation as desired, regular hospital diet without salf restriction, blood pressure measured 4 times daily, weight and urine protein determined 3 times each week, creatinine clearance determined weekly, and serial sonography to monitor fetal growth. Sedation and antihypertensive agents were not prescribed. Delivery was delayed until term unless hypertension persisted or recurred following an initial salutary response. Factors other than hypertension that contributed to the decision to effect delivery were 1) rapid weight gain, 2) decreasing creatinine clearance, 3) appearance of significant proteinuria, 4) suspected fetal growth retardation, and 5) the development of severe headache or scotomata. With this method of management the perinatal mortality rate was 9/1000. Only 5 infants developed the respiratory distress syndrome and all survived. There were 26 women who left the unit against medical advice. Severe hypertension subsequently developed in 7 of these women and 4 of their fetuses were stillborn. The perinatal mortality rate among this group of patients was 154/1000. It is concluded that the nulliparous patient with pregnancy-induced hypertension prior to term can be safely managed by hospitalization and close observation as a viable alternative to prompt delivery.", "contents": "Management of pregnancy-induced hypertension in the nullipara. Three hundred and forty-six nulliparous women with pregnancy-induced hypertension prior to term were monitored in a high-risk pregnancy unit while awaiting fetal maturity. Management included ambulation as desired, regular hospital diet without salf restriction, blood pressure measured 4 times daily, weight and urine protein determined 3 times each week, creatinine clearance determined weekly, and serial sonography to monitor fetal growth. Sedation and antihypertensive agents were not prescribed. Delivery was delayed until term unless hypertension persisted or recurred following an initial salutary response. Factors other than hypertension that contributed to the decision to effect delivery were 1) rapid weight gain, 2) decreasing creatinine clearance, 3) appearance of significant proteinuria, 4) suspected fetal growth retardation, and 5) the development of severe headache or scotomata. With this method of management the perinatal mortality rate was 9/1000. Only 5 infants developed the respiratory distress syndrome and all survived. There were 26 women who left the unit against medical advice. Severe hypertension subsequently developed in 7 of these women and 4 of their fetuses were stillborn. The perinatal mortality rate among this group of patients was 154/1000. It is concluded that the nulliparous patient with pregnancy-induced hypertension prior to term can be safely managed by hospitalization and close observation as a viable alternative to prompt delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:948369", "title": "Improved glucose control in nonhospitalized pregnant diabetic patients.", "content": "Methods for management of diabetic pregnancy in the outpatient setting require strict glucose control. To assess the effect of diet and injection of short and intermediate acting insulin on glucose, diabetic patients tested their urine daily for glucose and had biweekly serum glucose tests. A brief metabolic ward study in 9 diabetic patients during the third trimester yielded hourly glucose determinations. These results defined the range of serum glucose over a 24-hour period. Glucose data on 6 normal third trimester women also came from hourly glucose values. Glucose results of normal and diabetic subjects were similar. A 16th subject with diabetic eye, renal, and foot complications is included as a case report to illustrate management technics. Infants of the diabetic women had no perinatal mortality, morbidity, or macrosomia and thus differ from an earlier study where glucose was not strictly controlled. The data suggest hospitalization can be short and low perinatal morbidity and mortality are possible with this outpatient method of management of the pregnant diabetic patient.", "contents": "Improved glucose control in nonhospitalized pregnant diabetic patients. Methods for management of diabetic pregnancy in the outpatient setting require strict glucose control. To assess the effect of diet and injection of short and intermediate acting insulin on glucose, diabetic patients tested their urine daily for glucose and had biweekly serum glucose tests. A brief metabolic ward study in 9 diabetic patients during the third trimester yielded hourly glucose determinations. These results defined the range of serum glucose over a 24-hour period. Glucose data on 6 normal third trimester women also came from hourly glucose values. Glucose results of normal and diabetic subjects were similar. A 16th subject with diabetic eye, renal, and foot complications is included as a case report to illustrate management technics. Infants of the diabetic women had no perinatal mortality, morbidity, or macrosomia and thus differ from an earlier study where glucose was not strictly controlled. The data suggest hospitalization can be short and low perinatal morbidity and mortality are possible with this outpatient method of management of the pregnant diabetic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:948370", "title": "Placental changes in gestational diabetes. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "A light microscopic, an electron microscopic, and a ultrahistochemical study have been made of seven placentas from women with mild and excellently controlled chemical gestational diabetes. Only one placenta showed no significant abnormality; the remainder showed, to a varying degree, changes in the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, trophoblastic basement membrane, and fetal vessels. These abnormalities were identical to and in some cases as severe as those found in placentas from women with longstanding, moderately controlled, overt diabetes mellitus. These findings indicate that control of hyperglycemia only partially prevents the development of placental abnormalities which must be due to some other constituent factor of the diabetic state.", "contents": "Placental changes in gestational diabetes. An ultrastructural study. A light microscopic, an electron microscopic, and a ultrahistochemical study have been made of seven placentas from women with mild and excellently controlled chemical gestational diabetes. Only one placenta showed no significant abnormality; the remainder showed, to a varying degree, changes in the syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, trophoblastic basement membrane, and fetal vessels. These abnormalities were identical to and in some cases as severe as those found in placentas from women with longstanding, moderately controlled, overt diabetes mellitus. These findings indicate that control of hyperglycemia only partially prevents the development of placental abnormalities which must be due to some other constituent factor of the diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:948371", "title": "X-ray pelvimetry of the pregnant adolescent. Pelvic size and the frequency of contraction.", "content": "Pelvic dimensions by x-ray of 282 pregnant adolescents and 181 adult women were compared to ascertain if the pelvis of the adolescent was smaller and contracted with greater frequency. The majority of 10 pelvic dimensions for black and white adolescents were significantly smaller or contracted with significantly greater frequency. The pattern of signifcant differences suggests that the adolescent pelvis has yet to mature fully by age 16. As a consequence of physiologic events during puberty, described by several authors, the adolescent pelvis grows at an accelerated rate and typically changes from an anthropoid to a gynecoid configuration. Caution must be taken in applying these results since pelvic size is not synonymous with obstetric outcome.", "contents": "X-ray pelvimetry of the pregnant adolescent. Pelvic size and the frequency of contraction. Pelvic dimensions by x-ray of 282 pregnant adolescents and 181 adult women were compared to ascertain if the pelvis of the adolescent was smaller and contracted with greater frequency. The majority of 10 pelvic dimensions for black and white adolescents were significantly smaller or contracted with significantly greater frequency. The pattern of signifcant differences suggests that the adolescent pelvis has yet to mature fully by age 16. As a consequence of physiologic events during puberty, described by several authors, the adolescent pelvis grows at an accelerated rate and typically changes from an anthropoid to a gynecoid configuration. Caution must be taken in applying these results since pelvic size is not synonymous with obstetric outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:948372", "title": "A computerized fetal monitoring system.", "content": "A computerized fetal monitoring system has been developed at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. It utilizes unmodified fetal monitors feeding fetal heart rate and uterine pressure data into a minicomputer. The overall accuracy on internal monitoring is 91%. The concept of on-line computer analysis of fetal monitoring records has met with clinical acceptance and is utilized for all patients in labor at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.", "contents": "A computerized fetal monitoring system. A computerized fetal monitoring system has been developed at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. It utilizes unmodified fetal monitors feeding fetal heart rate and uterine pressure data into a minicomputer. The overall accuracy on internal monitoring is 91%. The concept of on-line computer analysis of fetal monitoring records has met with clinical acceptance and is utilized for all patients in labor at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center."}
{"id": "PMID:948373", "title": "Electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during cesarean section under balanced anesthesia.", "content": "The influence of balanced anesthesia (BA) on fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction (UC) patterns was evaluated in pregnant women undergoing emergency cesarean section. The results showed that during operative delivery under BA there was a significant decrease in the beat-to-beat variability of the FHR, most probably due to the anesthetic agent. There was a decrease in uterine contractility expressed by the significant decreases in the peak pressure as well as in the duration of the uterine contractions. Periodic changes in the FHR as decelerations and acclerations disappeared or improved mostly due to the decrease of uterine contractility.", "contents": "Electronic monitoring of the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during cesarean section under balanced anesthesia. The influence of balanced anesthesia (BA) on fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine contraction (UC) patterns was evaluated in pregnant women undergoing emergency cesarean section. The results showed that during operative delivery under BA there was a significant decrease in the beat-to-beat variability of the FHR, most probably due to the anesthetic agent. There was a decrease in uterine contractility expressed by the significant decreases in the peak pressure as well as in the duration of the uterine contractions. Periodic changes in the FHR as decelerations and acclerations disappeared or improved mostly due to the decrease of uterine contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:948374", "title": "hCS regulation during pregnancy.", "content": "In order to define the homeostatic mechanisms which affect the secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), we have determinated its plasma levels by a radioimmunoassay method in normal, prediabetic, and chemically diabetic pregnant women in basal conditions and after stimuli. Oral glucose failed to modify hCS plasma levels as also did continuous intravenous glucose infusion. Rapid acute intravenous glucose decreased them, suggesting that only sudden changes in maternal plasma glucose can exert a regulatory effect on hCS secretion. In travenous arginine increased hCS levels, new evidence of the great similarity of structure and function between growth hormone and hCS.", "contents": "hCS regulation during pregnancy. In order to define the homeostatic mechanisms which affect the secretion of human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), we have determinated its plasma levels by a radioimmunoassay method in normal, prediabetic, and chemically diabetic pregnant women in basal conditions and after stimuli. Oral glucose failed to modify hCS plasma levels as also did continuous intravenous glucose infusion. Rapid acute intravenous glucose decreased them, suggesting that only sudden changes in maternal plasma glucose can exert a regulatory effect on hCS secretion. In travenous arginine increased hCS levels, new evidence of the great similarity of structure and function between growth hormone and hCS."}
{"id": "PMID:948375", "title": "The association of maternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies with obstetric complications.", "content": "The immunologic relation between mother and fetus has become of interest to those concerned with reproductive physiology. One method to assay this type of relation is to determine the immunologic response to HLA antigens expressed by the fetus which are of paternal origin. Although 20 to 50% of multiparous women develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies during pregnancy, the effect of these antibodies on gestation or the fetus has not been established. In a prospective study, 23 patients at the time of spontaneous abortion had negative cytotoxic antibodies. Of 129 obstetric patients followed with antibody screening over a 6 to 7 month period until delivery, 28 developed positive lymphocytotoxic antibodies (22%). These 28 patients with cytotoxic antibodies delivered male infants by a ratio of 4 to 3, and 11 patients (39.3%) had complications during the gestation. The responsiveness to the paternal histocompatibility antigens is valuable information for furthering the understanding of the fetal-maternal relation.", "contents": "The association of maternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies with obstetric complications. The immunologic relation between mother and fetus has become of interest to those concerned with reproductive physiology. One method to assay this type of relation is to determine the immunologic response to HLA antigens expressed by the fetus which are of paternal origin. Although 20 to 50% of multiparous women develop lymphocytotoxic antibodies during pregnancy, the effect of these antibodies on gestation or the fetus has not been established. In a prospective study, 23 patients at the time of spontaneous abortion had negative cytotoxic antibodies. Of 129 obstetric patients followed with antibody screening over a 6 to 7 month period until delivery, 28 developed positive lymphocytotoxic antibodies (22%). These 28 patients with cytotoxic antibodies delivered male infants by a ratio of 4 to 3, and 11 patients (39.3%) had complications during the gestation. The responsiveness to the paternal histocompatibility antigens is valuable information for furthering the understanding of the fetal-maternal relation."}
{"id": "PMID:948376", "title": "Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in ovarian malignancy.", "content": "The survival rate for patients with all stages of ovarian cancer has not improved over the past quarter of a century. A review of 100 consecutive patients treated for ovarian cancer was undertaken to evaluate preoperative and intraoperative measures. The study revealed that one-third of patients has only physical examination, other than routine preoperative tests, prior to laparotomy, and that 11% did not have a pelvic examination. Eighty-three percent of the incisions were inadequate for evaluation of the upper abdomen for sites of other primary malignancies that could metastasize to the ovary and mimic ovavian cancer, or for evaluating known sites of metastasis from ovarian cancer such as the diaphragm, liver, and upper aortic lymph nodes. Specifically, the aortic nodes were not described in 92% of reports, the diaphragm in 84%, the stomach in 76%, the pancreas in 76%, the colon in 70%, and the liver in 59%. The ovary was not resected or biopsied for histologic confirmation in one-third of the cases. It is proposed that the efficacious use of adjuvant therapy for women with ovarian cancer must be preceded by careful preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of all women with presumed ovarian malignancy.", "contents": "Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation in ovarian malignancy. The survival rate for patients with all stages of ovarian cancer has not improved over the past quarter of a century. A review of 100 consecutive patients treated for ovarian cancer was undertaken to evaluate preoperative and intraoperative measures. The study revealed that one-third of patients has only physical examination, other than routine preoperative tests, prior to laparotomy, and that 11% did not have a pelvic examination. Eighty-three percent of the incisions were inadequate for evaluation of the upper abdomen for sites of other primary malignancies that could metastasize to the ovary and mimic ovavian cancer, or for evaluating known sites of metastasis from ovarian cancer such as the diaphragm, liver, and upper aortic lymph nodes. Specifically, the aortic nodes were not described in 92% of reports, the diaphragm in 84%, the stomach in 76%, the pancreas in 76%, the colon in 70%, and the liver in 59%. The ovary was not resected or biopsied for histologic confirmation in one-third of the cases. It is proposed that the efficacious use of adjuvant therapy for women with ovarian cancer must be preceded by careful preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of all women with presumed ovarian malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:948377", "title": "Comparison of continuation rates of intrauterine devices.", "content": "The validation of reports of the performance of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) is fraught with confounding factors such as different protocols, populations, and clinic environments. Two-year life table continuation rates from a comparative study of the Lippes loop, TCu-200, and Dalkon shield are reported from a single clinic in which 1626 insertions were performed by two obstetrician/gynecologists. The difference between the highest and lowest parity-standardized continuation rates for the three devices was only 3.7 percentage points after 2 years of use. The TCu-200 and Dalkon shield yielded significantly lower expulson rates than the Lippes loop. The more recently developed IUDs do not appear to have higher continuation rates than the Lippes loop.", "contents": "Comparison of continuation rates of intrauterine devices. The validation of reports of the performance of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) is fraught with confounding factors such as different protocols, populations, and clinic environments. Two-year life table continuation rates from a comparative study of the Lippes loop, TCu-200, and Dalkon shield are reported from a single clinic in which 1626 insertions were performed by two obstetrician/gynecologists. The difference between the highest and lowest parity-standardized continuation rates for the three devices was only 3.7 percentage points after 2 years of use. The TCu-200 and Dalkon shield yielded significantly lower expulson rates than the Lippes loop. The more recently developed IUDs do not appear to have higher continuation rates than the Lippes loop."}
{"id": "PMID:948378", "title": "Actinomycosis of the female genital tract.", "content": "Four cases of actinomycosis involving the uterus and adnexal structures are reported. In 2 cases the infection was transmitted from a ruptured appendix. Ascending actinomycosis involving the endometrium and resulting in adnexal abscesses was associated with the use of an IUD in 2 patients. This infection should be suspected in any patient who develops a pelvic abscess with an IUD in place. Culture and histologic examination of tissue removed with the IUD may be a means of early diagnosis. The nature of these infections became apparent only after serious complications developed. Each patient required several surgical procedures. The diagnosis remained unsuspected until repeated laboratory examinations detected the fungus. The difficulty encountered identifying Actinomyces israeli indicates the infection is often undetected. Gallium scans were helpful in localizing occult abscesses in 2 patients.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the female genital tract. Four cases of actinomycosis involving the uterus and adnexal structures are reported. In 2 cases the infection was transmitted from a ruptured appendix. Ascending actinomycosis involving the endometrium and resulting in adnexal abscesses was associated with the use of an IUD in 2 patients. This infection should be suspected in any patient who develops a pelvic abscess with an IUD in place. Culture and histologic examination of tissue removed with the IUD may be a means of early diagnosis. The nature of these infections became apparent only after serious complications developed. Each patient required several surgical procedures. The diagnosis remained unsuspected until repeated laboratory examinations detected the fungus. The difficulty encountered identifying Actinomyces israeli indicates the infection is often undetected. Gallium scans were helpful in localizing occult abscesses in 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:948379", "title": "Cyclic changes of cervical mucus enzymes related to the time of ovulation II. Amino peptidase and esterase.", "content": "The enzymes amino peptidase and esterase were identified in human cervical mucus. Their concentration was serially determined during a menstrual cycle in 5 normal ovulatory women and correlated with the time of ovulation as monitored by the basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estradiol (E2). The activity of both enzymes decreased at midcycle just before the LH surge and began to rise after ovulation. The preovulatory decline in enzyme activity was significant for esterase but not for amino peptidase. The site of production and functional significance of these enzymes are not at present identified.", "contents": "Cyclic changes of cervical mucus enzymes related to the time of ovulation II. Amino peptidase and esterase. The enzymes amino peptidase and esterase were identified in human cervical mucus. Their concentration was serially determined during a menstrual cycle in 5 normal ovulatory women and correlated with the time of ovulation as monitored by the basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estradiol (E2). The activity of both enzymes decreased at midcycle just before the LH surge and began to rise after ovulation. The preovulatory decline in enzyme activity was significant for esterase but not for amino peptidase. The site of production and functional significance of these enzymes are not at present identified."}
{"id": "PMID:948380", "title": "Fracture healing in estrogen-treated and castrated rats.", "content": "The healing of a midfibular fracture was studied in mature rats. The strength of the healing fracture was determined by a constant speed-driven tensiometer which measured the force required to separate the healing callus. The breaking strength of the healing experimental fracture was ascertained in control, estrogen-treated, and oophorectomized animals. The fracture strength was not significantly different in any of these groups.", "contents": "Fracture healing in estrogen-treated and castrated rats. The healing of a midfibular fracture was studied in mature rats. The strength of the healing fracture was determined by a constant speed-driven tensiometer which measured the force required to separate the healing callus. The breaking strength of the healing experimental fracture was ascertained in control, estrogen-treated, and oophorectomized animals. The fracture strength was not significantly different in any of these groups."}
{"id": "PMID:948381", "title": "Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in saline-induced abortion.", "content": "Our previous studies suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may be a sequel to saline-induced abortion. A hypothetical mechanism for the DIC is that hypertonic saline produces cellular disruption in the products of conception with the release of thromboplastic substances into the amniotic fluid. These substances, in turn, diffuse through the damaged membranes into the maternal circulation. To examine this hypothesis we obtained samples of amniotic fluid (AF) from 5 patients just prior to and at 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours after intraamniotic instillation of hypertonic saline. The procoagulant and thromboplastic properties of the various AF specimens were quantitated using the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and activated clotting time (ACT) as in vitro test systems. The results indicate that a change in the procoagulant and/or thromboplastic activity of AF following saline instillation is not afactor in the pathophysiology of DIC associated with saline abortion.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in saline-induced abortion. Our previous studies suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may be a sequel to saline-induced abortion. A hypothetical mechanism for the DIC is that hypertonic saline produces cellular disruption in the products of conception with the release of thromboplastic substances into the amniotic fluid. These substances, in turn, diffuse through the damaged membranes into the maternal circulation. To examine this hypothesis we obtained samples of amniotic fluid (AF) from 5 patients just prior to and at 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours after intraamniotic instillation of hypertonic saline. The procoagulant and thromboplastic properties of the various AF specimens were quantitated using the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and activated clotting time (ACT) as in vitro test systems. The results indicate that a change in the procoagulant and/or thromboplastic activity of AF following saline instillation is not afactor in the pathophysiology of DIC associated with saline abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:948382", "title": "Pure gonadal dysgenesis with nonmosaic XY sex chromosomes.", "content": "A person with pure gonadal dysgenesis (XY) is described in whom peripheral leukocytes, skin, fascia, and both gonads were subjected to chromosomal analysis, confirming a lack of mosaicism. Previous case reports and the developmental and genetic basis for such an anomaly are reviewed.", "contents": "Pure gonadal dysgenesis with nonmosaic XY sex chromosomes. A person with pure gonadal dysgenesis (XY) is described in whom peripheral leukocytes, skin, fascia, and both gonads were subjected to chromosomal analysis, confirming a lack of mosaicism. Previous case reports and the developmental and genetic basis for such an anomaly are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:948383", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of nonobstetric disease during pregnancy.", "content": "The use of ultrasound in obstetrics is well established; however, its use in nonobstetric disease during pregnancy has not been emphasized. A diagnostic work-up during pregnancy is complicated by the fact that many of the usual tests require radiation to the fetus. This paper presents 3 cases in which ultrasonic scanning contributed to the diagnosis of nonobstetric disease during pregnancy. Postitive findings included enlarged edematous pancreas, gallstones, and splenomegaly. In 1 case, the finding of a normal gallbladder was helpful. When usual diagnostic procedures such as oral cholecystogram, retrograde endoscopic pancreatography, and nuclear medicine scans are perhaps contraindicated during pregnancy, the ultrasound scan is the diagnostic test of choice.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of nonobstetric disease during pregnancy. The use of ultrasound in obstetrics is well established; however, its use in nonobstetric disease during pregnancy has not been emphasized. A diagnostic work-up during pregnancy is complicated by the fact that many of the usual tests require radiation to the fetus. This paper presents 3 cases in which ultrasonic scanning contributed to the diagnosis of nonobstetric disease during pregnancy. Postitive findings included enlarged edematous pancreas, gallstones, and splenomegaly. In 1 case, the finding of a normal gallbladder was helpful. When usual diagnostic procedures such as oral cholecystogram, retrograde endoscopic pancreatography, and nuclear medicine scans are perhaps contraindicated during pregnancy, the ultrasound scan is the diagnostic test of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:948384", "title": "Occult pregnancy. A pilot study.", "content": "As used herin, the term \"occult pregnancy\" is defined as a pregnancy which aborts so early that no clincial suspicion of its existence arises except perhaps that there has been a few days' delay in the onset of an otherwise normal menstrual period. Sixteen Clomid-induced ovulatory cycles as evidenced by biphasic temperature charts with hyperthermic phases of 12 days or more were studied. Of these, 10 had serum luteinizing hormone values in the late luteal phase normal for that part of the cycle (6-16 mIU/ml) and six, or 37.5% showed values sufficiently elevated (more than three standard deviations) to indicate a cross reaction with human chorionic gonadotropin and hence the presence of an otherwise unsuspected pregnancy. All had clinically normal menstrual periods 12 hours to 6 days later. The clinical significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Occult pregnancy. A pilot study. As used herin, the term \"occult pregnancy\" is defined as a pregnancy which aborts so early that no clincial suspicion of its existence arises except perhaps that there has been a few days' delay in the onset of an otherwise normal menstrual period. Sixteen Clomid-induced ovulatory cycles as evidenced by biphasic temperature charts with hyperthermic phases of 12 days or more were studied. Of these, 10 had serum luteinizing hormone values in the late luteal phase normal for that part of the cycle (6-16 mIU/ml) and six, or 37.5% showed values sufficiently elevated (more than three standard deviations) to indicate a cross reaction with human chorionic gonadotropin and hence the presence of an otherwise unsuspected pregnancy. All had clinically normal menstrual periods 12 hours to 6 days later. The clinical significance of this finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948385", "title": "An unusual foreign body in the pelvic cavity after laparotomy.", "content": "An unusual case of a glass bottle remaining in the pelvic peritoneal cavity for 6 years after laparotomy is reported, and the prevention of such occurrences is emphasized.", "contents": "An unusual foreign body in the pelvic cavity after laparotomy. An unusual case of a glass bottle remaining in the pelvic peritoneal cavity for 6 years after laparotomy is reported, and the prevention of such occurrences is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:948540", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis. Two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance.", "content": "Two patients with central pontine myelinolysis are described. Both were middle aged women presenting with a history of protracted vomiting and drowsiness. Hyponatraemia (serum sodium 96 to 100 mmol/L) was a feature in both patients. No underlying malignancy, alcoholism, malnutrition or other serious disease was identified. Correction of electrolyte abnormalities was accompanied by deterioration in level of consciousness and development of a neurological syndrome characterized by quadriparesis, dysphasia and mutism. Death followed and histopathological examination confirmed classical myelinolysis in the central pons and extensive similar, though not identical, lesions in the cerebral hemispheres in both cases. The pathophysiological basis of the lesions is likely to be a special metabolic susceptibility of oligodendroglial cells in areas where neurones, glial cells and myelin sheaths lie in close proximity to one another.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis. Two cases with associated electrolyte disturbance. Two patients with central pontine myelinolysis are described. Both were middle aged women presenting with a history of protracted vomiting and drowsiness. Hyponatraemia (serum sodium 96 to 100 mmol/L) was a feature in both patients. No underlying malignancy, alcoholism, malnutrition or other serious disease was identified. Correction of electrolyte abnormalities was accompanied by deterioration in level of consciousness and development of a neurological syndrome characterized by quadriparesis, dysphasia and mutism. Death followed and histopathological examination confirmed classical myelinolysis in the central pons and extensive similar, though not identical, lesions in the cerebral hemispheres in both cases. The pathophysiological basis of the lesions is likely to be a special metabolic susceptibility of oligodendroglial cells in areas where neurones, glial cells and myelin sheaths lie in close proximity to one another."}
{"id": "PMID:948541", "title": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia and Fanconi syndrome of adult onset with dominant inheritance. Possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Adult-onset osteomalacia with multiple renal tubular defects and generalized aminoaciduria is uncommon, and where familial it is characteristically an autosomal recessive disorder. This paper describes a kindred in which the syndrome has appeared in four successive generations, apparently inherited in a dominant manner, and possibly associated with diabetes mellitus. The proposita had hypophosphataemia, renal glycosuria, proteinuria and generalized aminoaciduria, and at the age of 22 developed symptoms of osteomalacia which responded to treatment with oral phosphate. Her father had been similarly affected: renal glycosuria was first noted when he was 24, and 12 years later he developed diabetes mellitus from which he died. One sister, aged 31, has renal glycosuria, aminoaciduria and hypophosphataemia without bone disease. In the three preceding generations at least seven other individuals had crippling bone disease and profound muscle weakness of early adult onset; in four, preterminal polydipsia was recorded, and others had renal glycosuria or diabetes mellitus. Three of the five children in the latest generation have slight proteinuria but not other detectable abnormality. The possible association between these renal tubular defects and diabetes mellitus is discussed.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia and Fanconi syndrome of adult onset with dominant inheritance. Possible relationship with diabetes mellitus. Adult-onset osteomalacia with multiple renal tubular defects and generalized aminoaciduria is uncommon, and where familial it is characteristically an autosomal recessive disorder. This paper describes a kindred in which the syndrome has appeared in four successive generations, apparently inherited in a dominant manner, and possibly associated with diabetes mellitus. The proposita had hypophosphataemia, renal glycosuria, proteinuria and generalized aminoaciduria, and at the age of 22 developed symptoms of osteomalacia which responded to treatment with oral phosphate. Her father had been similarly affected: renal glycosuria was first noted when he was 24, and 12 years later he developed diabetes mellitus from which he died. One sister, aged 31, has renal glycosuria, aminoaciduria and hypophosphataemia without bone disease. In the three preceding generations at least seven other individuals had crippling bone disease and profound muscle weakness of early adult onset; in four, preterminal polydipsia was recorded, and others had renal glycosuria or diabetes mellitus. Three of the five children in the latest generation have slight proteinuria but not other detectable abnormality. The possible association between these renal tubular defects and diabetes mellitus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948542", "title": "Renal abnormalities and vascular complications in primary hyperaldosteronism. Evidence on tertiary hyperaldosteronism.", "content": "The frequency of underlying renal or renal artery disease, and the incidence of vascular complications were reviewed in a series of 136 cases of primary hyperaldosteronism. This was in order to investigate the possible existence of 'tertiary' hyperaldosteronism, and to examine the commonly held view that primary hyperaldosteronism is a relatively benign form of hypertension. Ten cases (7-4 per cent) had evidence of renal artery stenosis and eleven (8-1 per cent) parenchymatous renal disease. In comparison with the reported frequency in large general series of hypertensives, these data show no evidence of an excess of underlying renal disease. It is unlikely, therefore, that autonomous aldosterone secreting adenomata occur commonly as a consequence of prolonged secondary hyperaldosteronism. Four cases (2-9 per cent) had evidence of the malignant-phase of hypertension, and over a mean observation time of 5-9 years, 31 cases (22-8 per cent) developed 39 vascular complications. It appears, therefore, that vascular complications are not rare in primary hyperaldosteronism, and early and effective treatment is thus necessary.", "contents": "Renal abnormalities and vascular complications in primary hyperaldosteronism. Evidence on tertiary hyperaldosteronism. The frequency of underlying renal or renal artery disease, and the incidence of vascular complications were reviewed in a series of 136 cases of primary hyperaldosteronism. This was in order to investigate the possible existence of 'tertiary' hyperaldosteronism, and to examine the commonly held view that primary hyperaldosteronism is a relatively benign form of hypertension. Ten cases (7-4 per cent) had evidence of renal artery stenosis and eleven (8-1 per cent) parenchymatous renal disease. In comparison with the reported frequency in large general series of hypertensives, these data show no evidence of an excess of underlying renal disease. It is unlikely, therefore, that autonomous aldosterone secreting adenomata occur commonly as a consequence of prolonged secondary hyperaldosteronism. Four cases (2-9 per cent) had evidence of the malignant-phase of hypertension, and over a mean observation time of 5-9 years, 31 cases (22-8 per cent) developed 39 vascular complications. It appears, therefore, that vascular complications are not rare in primary hyperaldosteronism, and early and effective treatment is thus necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:948543", "title": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "We describe three patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone in whom there was evidence of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia or rickets. Two of the patients had polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and osteomalacia. The third was a child with fibrous dysplasia of the facial and cranial bones and rickets. In all cases the manifestations of osteomalacia or rickets were controlled with large doses of vitamin D. In the child the rickets and hypophosphataemia ceased when most of the bone affected by fibrous dysplasia was surgically resected. Previously reported cases of the association between fibrous dysplasia and hypophosphataemic osteomalacia are reviewed. We suggest that these cases are analogous to the syndrome of 'tumour rickets' where hypophosphataemia appears to be due to the presence of a mesenchymal tumour and regresses when the tumour is removed.", "contents": "Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in fibrous dysplasia. We describe three patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone in whom there was evidence of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia or rickets. Two of the patients had polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and osteomalacia. The third was a child with fibrous dysplasia of the facial and cranial bones and rickets. In all cases the manifestations of osteomalacia or rickets were controlled with large doses of vitamin D. In the child the rickets and hypophosphataemia ceased when most of the bone affected by fibrous dysplasia was surgically resected. Previously reported cases of the association between fibrous dysplasia and hypophosphataemic osteomalacia are reviewed. We suggest that these cases are analogous to the syndrome of 'tumour rickets' where hypophosphataemia appears to be due to the presence of a mesenchymal tumour and regresses when the tumour is removed."}
{"id": "PMID:948544", "title": "Serum ionized calcium in nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Serum ionized calcium was measured in 12 patients with nephrotic syndrome and 14 nephrotic patients during clinical remission. All subjects had normal creatinine clearance and were not receiving treatment at the time of study. The mean serum ionized calcium values of the two groups of patients, 1-08 +/- 0-10 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate and 1-21 +/- 0-10 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate respectively, are significantly lower than the normal mean (1-28 +/- 0-06 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate). The mean values of the patients in remission is, however, significantly higher (P less than 0-005) than that of the patients with manifest nephrotic syndrome. Elevated serum complexed calcium, and high serum protein-bound calcium in relation to serum albumin, were encountered, being more apparent in patients with overt nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Serum ionized calcium in nephrotic syndrome. Serum ionized calcium was measured in 12 patients with nephrotic syndrome and 14 nephrotic patients during clinical remission. All subjects had normal creatinine clearance and were not receiving treatment at the time of study. The mean serum ionized calcium values of the two groups of patients, 1-08 +/- 0-10 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate and 1-21 +/- 0-10 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate respectively, are significantly lower than the normal mean (1-28 +/- 0-06 (SD) mmol/l ultrafiltrate). The mean values of the patients in remission is, however, significantly higher (P less than 0-005) than that of the patients with manifest nephrotic syndrome. Elevated serum complexed calcium, and high serum protein-bound calcium in relation to serum albumin, were encountered, being more apparent in patients with overt nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:948545", "title": "The clinical aspects of mesothelioma.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-seven cases of mesothelioma accepted by a panel of pathologists have been used to construct a clinical picture of the disease. The cases analysed  died between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 1969 and consisted of 267 pleural, 37 peritoneal, and 23 cases which could have arisen in either site. Two hundred and sixty-eight were in men and 59 in women and the disease appeared to be the same in women as in men. The mean age at death was 59-37 (+/- SD 9-89) years but ranged from 29 to 88 years. The mode of onset was insidious in all but a few cases and the mean interval before reaching the hospital was 3-39 (+/- SD 4-64) months for pleural and 3-08 (+/- SD 3-22) for peritoneal cases. Patients usually noticed a dull non pleuritic pain first but suffered some breathlessness, lassitude and weight loss by the time they reached hospital. On examination there was little evidence of disease apart from the signs of pleural effusion or thickening or ascites. Clubbing and signs of asbestosis were rare except in the peritoneal cases who more frequently gave an occupational history of heavy exposure and showed the radiological consequences of this. At the time when these patients were investigated diagnostic procedures were unrewarding and many patients were only diagnosed in retrospect. The prognosis was somewhat better for patients shown to have mainly epithelial cell tumours, 17-89 (+/- SD 18-26) months, predominantly spindle cell lesions surviving on the average only 7-98 (+/- SD 8-55) months and mixed tumours 11-3 months. The criteria for the early clinical diagnosis are described with a view of facilitating the search for effective treatment.", "contents": "The clinical aspects of mesothelioma. Three hundred and twenty-seven cases of mesothelioma accepted by a panel of pathologists have been used to construct a clinical picture of the disease. The cases analysed  died between 1 January 1960 and 31 December 1969 and consisted of 267 pleural, 37 peritoneal, and 23 cases which could have arisen in either site. Two hundred and sixty-eight were in men and 59 in women and the disease appeared to be the same in women as in men. The mean age at death was 59-37 (+/- SD 9-89) years but ranged from 29 to 88 years. The mode of onset was insidious in all but a few cases and the mean interval before reaching the hospital was 3-39 (+/- SD 4-64) months for pleural and 3-08 (+/- SD 3-22) for peritoneal cases. Patients usually noticed a dull non pleuritic pain first but suffered some breathlessness, lassitude and weight loss by the time they reached hospital. On examination there was little evidence of disease apart from the signs of pleural effusion or thickening or ascites. Clubbing and signs of asbestosis were rare except in the peritoneal cases who more frequently gave an occupational history of heavy exposure and showed the radiological consequences of this. At the time when these patients were investigated diagnostic procedures were unrewarding and many patients were only diagnosed in retrospect. The prognosis was somewhat better for patients shown to have mainly epithelial cell tumours, 17-89 (+/- SD 18-26) months, predominantly spindle cell lesions surviving on the average only 7-98 (+/- SD 8-55) months and mixed tumours 11-3 months. The criteria for the early clinical diagnosis are described with a view of facilitating the search for effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:948546", "title": "Variables discriminating between cryptogenic glomerular lesions in adults with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "A univariate analysis of individual clinical and biochemical values of adult patients with cryptogenic nephrotic syndrome has shown that significant differences exist between patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis, 'minimal change' nephritis and membranous nephropathy. For any given adult patient with the condition, the most likely clinical diagnosis is proliferative disease and the next, minimal change. These two diagnoses together account for most cases. The best clinical discriminants between them are the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol concentration. If the systolic pressure is greater than 145 mm Hg proliferative disease is more likely, but if the cholesterol is greater than 530 mgm/100ml, a minimal change lesion is more likely. A scattergram for combining these variables in clinical practice is given, showing a zone of uncertainty where renal biopsy would be indicated. Although single variables do not permit discrimination between membranous nephropathy and the other two groups, it is suggested that analytical techniques where combinations of variables are used may be helpful, and should be developed.", "contents": "Variables discriminating between cryptogenic glomerular lesions in adults with the nephrotic syndrome. A univariate analysis of individual clinical and biochemical values of adult patients with cryptogenic nephrotic syndrome has shown that significant differences exist between patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis, 'minimal change' nephritis and membranous nephropathy. For any given adult patient with the condition, the most likely clinical diagnosis is proliferative disease and the next, minimal change. These two diagnoses together account for most cases. The best clinical discriminants between them are the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol concentration. If the systolic pressure is greater than 145 mm Hg proliferative disease is more likely, but if the cholesterol is greater than 530 mgm/100ml, a minimal change lesion is more likely. A scattergram for combining these variables in clinical practice is given, showing a zone of uncertainty where renal biopsy would be indicated. Although single variables do not permit discrimination between membranous nephropathy and the other two groups, it is suggested that analytical techniques where combinations of variables are used may be helpful, and should be developed."}
{"id": "PMID:948547", "title": "Potassium supplements in patients receiving long-term diuretics for oedema.", "content": "Plasma, blood cell, and total body potassium levels were measured serially in 21 patients receiving long-term diuretics for the treatment of cardiac oedema and the results compared with similar measurements in 10 control subjects. Initially, all diuretic recipients received potassium chloride supplements. However, in 17 of the 21 subjects these were discontinued and measurements of potassium status were repeated regularly thereafter. No significant fall in the measured indicators of potassium status were observed in the patients in whom potassium was withdrawn; however, in one subject with persistent cardiac failure who presented with hypokalaemia this was not corrected even after intensive potassium supplementation. It is concluded that for those taking a normal diet who are free of any major gastro-intestinal disorder, routine potassium supplementation is unnecessary, and might indeed occasionally prove harmful.", "contents": "Potassium supplements in patients receiving long-term diuretics for oedema. Plasma, blood cell, and total body potassium levels were measured serially in 21 patients receiving long-term diuretics for the treatment of cardiac oedema and the results compared with similar measurements in 10 control subjects. Initially, all diuretic recipients received potassium chloride supplements. However, in 17 of the 21 subjects these were discontinued and measurements of potassium status were repeated regularly thereafter. No significant fall in the measured indicators of potassium status were observed in the patients in whom potassium was withdrawn; however, in one subject with persistent cardiac failure who presented with hypokalaemia this was not corrected even after intensive potassium supplementation. It is concluded that for those taking a normal diet who are free of any major gastro-intestinal disorder, routine potassium supplementation is unnecessary, and might indeed occasionally prove harmful."}
{"id": "PMID:948548", "title": "Recessive inheritance of diabetes: the syndrome of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness.", "content": "A few rare syndromes have been delineated in which diabetes mellitus is inherited in association with other conditions. This paper describes five patients, including four siblings in one family, who have diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness (the DIDMOAD syndrome). The parents of both families are normal but are first cousins. All the patients have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a typical juvenile-onset. The onset of diabetes insipidus was insidious and the symptoms could easily have been ascribed to poor control of diabetes mellitus. The importance of diagnosing diabetes insipidus is that all these patients had dilatation of the urinary tract varying from mild hydroureter to severe hydronephrosis and this improved with treatment of the diabetes insipidus. It is suggested that patients with diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy should have regular screening tests for diabetes insipidus since it is likely that they represent cases of the full syndrome with incomplete clinical expression. The occurrence of this rare syndrome in four siblings of unaffected parents indicates that the syndrome is due to a recessive gene, but the pathogenesis is unknown.", "contents": "Recessive inheritance of diabetes: the syndrome of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness. A few rare syndromes have been delineated in which diabetes mellitus is inherited in association with other conditions. This paper describes five patients, including four siblings in one family, who have diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness (the DIDMOAD syndrome). The parents of both families are normal but are first cousins. All the patients have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with a typical juvenile-onset. The onset of diabetes insipidus was insidious and the symptoms could easily have been ascribed to poor control of diabetes mellitus. The importance of diagnosing diabetes insipidus is that all these patients had dilatation of the urinary tract varying from mild hydroureter to severe hydronephrosis and this improved with treatment of the diabetes insipidus. It is suggested that patients with diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy should have regular screening tests for diabetes insipidus since it is likely that they represent cases of the full syndrome with incomplete clinical expression. The occurrence of this rare syndrome in four siblings of unaffected parents indicates that the syndrome is due to a recessive gene, but the pathogenesis is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:948563", "title": "Radiology of carcinoid tumours of the small intestine.", "content": "Carcinoid tumors of the small intestine are particularly known in the literature for their hormonal activity and for the carcinoid syndrome caused by the serotonin they produce. The radiological symptoms are based, not only on changes caused by the tumour itself but also on changes induced by hormonal products in the intestinal wall and mesentery. The classical excentric intramural defect in the contrast column is therefore often accompanied by swollen mucosal folds, swelling of the intestinal wall and evidence of mesenteric retraction.", "contents": "Radiology of carcinoid tumours of the small intestine. Carcinoid tumors of the small intestine are particularly known in the literature for their hormonal activity and for the carcinoid syndrome caused by the serotonin they produce. The radiological symptoms are based, not only on changes caused by the tumour itself but also on changes induced by hormonal products in the intestinal wall and mesentery. The classical excentric intramural defect in the contrast column is therefore often accompanied by swollen mucosal folds, swelling of the intestinal wall and evidence of mesenteric retraction."}
{"id": "PMID:948564", "title": "Diagnostic radiology in fundoplication according to Nissen.", "content": "Radiological examination of oesophagus and stomach after fundoplication with hiatoplasty for hiatal hernia reveals unmistakable evidence of this intervention, and this indicates a good result. After relapse of the hiatal hernia, with or without reflux, the fundoplication is no longer recognizable, apart from a distinct demarcation of the oesophageogastric junction in some cases. The criteria for evaluation in the case of relapse are the same as those for preoperative evaluation.", "contents": "Diagnostic radiology in fundoplication according to Nissen. Radiological examination of oesophagus and stomach after fundoplication with hiatoplasty for hiatal hernia reveals unmistakable evidence of this intervention, and this indicates a good result. After relapse of the hiatal hernia, with or without reflux, the fundoplication is no longer recognizable, apart from a distinct demarcation of the oesophageogastric junction in some cases. The criteria for evaluation in the case of relapse are the same as those for preoperative evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:948565", "title": "Lipogranulomatosis of the mesentery.", "content": "This paper describes a 21-year-old man with lipogranulomatosis of the mesentery. This condition is characterized by a non-specific inflammatory process of the adipose tissue in the radix mesenterii. So far as could be established, this is the first patient in whom vascular anomalies and displacement of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes have been described. However, these changes are hardly specific so that definite conformation of the diagnosis must be obtained by a biopsy. The aetiology is unknown. There is no established therapy for this benign, self-limiting disease.", "contents": "Lipogranulomatosis of the mesentery. This paper describes a 21-year-old man with lipogranulomatosis of the mesentery. This condition is characterized by a non-specific inflammatory process of the adipose tissue in the radix mesenterii. So far as could be established, this is the first patient in whom vascular anomalies and displacement of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes have been described. However, these changes are hardly specific so that definite conformation of the diagnosis must be obtained by a biopsy. The aetiology is unknown. There is no established therapy for this benign, self-limiting disease."}
{"id": "PMID:948566", "title": "Enteroclysis in coeliac disease.", "content": "48 patients with biopsy-proven coeliac disease are examined by means of intestinal intubation (enteroclysis). The radiological findings are discussed and these signs seems to be more specific for coeliac disease than the results of a conventional barium study of the small intestine.", "contents": "Enteroclysis in coeliac disease. 48 patients with biopsy-proven coeliac disease are examined by means of intestinal intubation (enteroclysis). The radiological findings are discussed and these signs seems to be more specific for coeliac disease than the results of a conventional barium study of the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:948567", "title": "Radiological examination of the colon.", "content": "In view of the diagnostic limitations of Welin's double-contrast method, which provides no total filling images or mucosal images, a description is given of a so-called universal method of investigation by which a diversity of diseases can be demonstrated. An essential feature of this method is the use of a barium sulphate suspension with experimentally established specific gravity and viscosity. This particular contrast medium has the advantage of permitting of total-filling exposures for assessment of contours and mucosal exposures for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases and double-contrast method. The specific gravity at a given tube voltage also makes it possible to diagnose polyps after total filling.", "contents": "Radiological examination of the colon. In view of the diagnostic limitations of Welin's double-contrast method, which provides no total filling images or mucosal images, a description is given of a so-called universal method of investigation by which a diversity of diseases can be demonstrated. An essential feature of this method is the use of a barium sulphate suspension with experimentally established specific gravity and viscosity. This particular contrast medium has the advantage of permitting of total-filling exposures for assessment of contours and mucosal exposures for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases and double-contrast method. The specific gravity at a given tube voltage also makes it possible to diagnose polyps after total filling."}
{"id": "PMID:948568", "title": "The immunologic system, immunologic deficiency disorders and lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to review our current concept of the systems that subserve immunological functions. It concerns specifically the immunodeficiency diseases probably due to a B cell immunodeficiency. An attempt is made to classify those diseases clinically as well as roentgenologically. At last using the enteroclysis technique some examples of immunodeficiency syndromes are shown with special emphasis on developing a malignant disease.", "contents": "The immunologic system, immunologic deficiency disorders and lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine. The purpose of this paper is to review our current concept of the systems that subserve immunological functions. It concerns specifically the immunodeficiency diseases probably due to a B cell immunodeficiency. An attempt is made to classify those diseases clinically as well as roentgenologically. At last using the enteroclysis technique some examples of immunodeficiency syndromes are shown with special emphasis on developing a malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:948569", "title": "Transpleural vascularization of pulmonary arteries in fibrous mediastinitis. Report of a case.", "content": "Idiopathic granulomatous and fibrous mediastinitis is an uncommon disease, the manifestation of which depends upon the organs involved. In a case of a Moroccan the rather unique complication of pulmonary artery obstruction on one side resulted in the development of functional important anastomoses between the bronchial and pulmonary arteries and also between the intercostal and pulmonary arteries by way of transpleural vascularization as is clearly demonstrated by bronchial and intercostal arteriography.", "contents": "Transpleural vascularization of pulmonary arteries in fibrous mediastinitis. Report of a case. Idiopathic granulomatous and fibrous mediastinitis is an uncommon disease, the manifestation of which depends upon the organs involved. In a case of a Moroccan the rather unique complication of pulmonary artery obstruction on one side resulted in the development of functional important anastomoses between the bronchial and pulmonary arteries and also between the intercostal and pulmonary arteries by way of transpleural vascularization as is clearly demonstrated by bronchial and intercostal arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:948570", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "This paper describes the case of a patient who combined severe pulmonary haemorrhages with symptoms of nephritis. These severe progressive changes led to a fatal issue. Clinical and postmortem findings led to the diagnosis 'lung purpura with nephritis', which is known in the literature as Goodpasture's syndrome.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome. This paper describes the case of a patient who combined severe pulmonary haemorrhages with symptoms of nephritis. These severe progressive changes led to a fatal issue. Clinical and postmortem findings led to the diagnosis 'lung purpura with nephritis', which is known in the literature as Goodpasture's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:948571", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Angiographic observations made in one case at an interval of six years.", "content": "In a woman aged 67, comprehensive angiographic examination revealed an extensive renal process which had led to thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. At exploratory surgery the process seemed inoperable. The angiographic study was repeated after an asymptomatic period of 6 years and disclosed shrinking of the kidney involved. Revision of the microscopic findings altered the initial diagnosis of renal carcinoma in favour of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The observation is of interest by virtue of the characteristic angiographic findings, extension of the process to the venous system, and angiographic evidence that spontaneous regression is possible.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Angiographic observations made in one case at an interval of six years. In a woman aged 67, comprehensive angiographic examination revealed an extensive renal process which had led to thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. At exploratory surgery the process seemed inoperable. The angiographic study was repeated after an asymptomatic period of 6 years and disclosed shrinking of the kidney involved. Revision of the microscopic findings altered the initial diagnosis of renal carcinoma in favour of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The observation is of interest by virtue of the characteristic angiographic findings, extension of the process to the venous system, and angiographic evidence that spontaneous regression is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:948572", "title": "Angiography of pheochromocytomas.", "content": "In 24 patients with a pheochromocytoma, angiography revealed a multiple localization in 20%, extra-adrenal localization in 20%, and insufficient information supplied by aortography in 25%. On the basis of this experience, several proposals are advanced for optimal execution of the vascular study, including retrograde phlebography of apparently normal adrenal glands and application of the subtraction technique.", "contents": "Angiography of pheochromocytomas. In 24 patients with a pheochromocytoma, angiography revealed a multiple localization in 20%, extra-adrenal localization in 20%, and insufficient information supplied by aortography in 25%. On the basis of this experience, several proposals are advanced for optimal execution of the vascular study, including retrograde phlebography of apparently normal adrenal glands and application of the subtraction technique."}
{"id": "PMID:948573", "title": "Roentgen diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta.", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the aorta is a frequent (10-15%) cause of death in automobile accidents. 10-20% of patients with this rupture live some hours to days before dying, and yet can be saved if the diagnosis is made in time. As clinical signs may be slight or absent the diagnosis must be made by the radiologist, who has three main tasks, namely (1) to detect the signs of the rupture on the plain film; (2) to perform angiography to prove the suspicion or to make a differential diagnosis; (3) to make angiography easily accessible without loss of time.", "contents": "Roentgen diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the aorta. Traumatic rupture of the aorta is a frequent (10-15%) cause of death in automobile accidents. 10-20% of patients with this rupture live some hours to days before dying, and yet can be saved if the diagnosis is made in time. As clinical signs may be slight or absent the diagnosis must be made by the radiologist, who has three main tasks, namely (1) to detect the signs of the rupture on the plain film; (2) to perform angiography to prove the suspicion or to make a differential diagnosis; (3) to make angiography easily accessible without loss of time."}
{"id": "PMID:948574", "title": "The thanatophoric dwarf. A report on two cases.", "content": "Two cases of thanatophoric dwarfism are presented. At external physical examination this anomaly is not readily distinguishable from achondroplasia and other forms of congenital disproportionate dwarfism. Radiologically, however, characteristic skeletal changes are demonstrable. The diagnosis can be made in utero. The clinical course is invariably fatal. The hereditary aspects, of importance for genetic counseling of parents, are still unexplained. The patients discussed show the typical thanatophoric skeletal changes in combination with a form of synostosis, i.e. bilateral radioulnar synostosis in one case, and synostosis of the coronal sutures and the lambdoid suture in the other. Emphasis is placed on the importance of radiological examination in cases of unexplained hydramnion and perinatal death.", "contents": "The thanatophoric dwarf. A report on two cases. Two cases of thanatophoric dwarfism are presented. At external physical examination this anomaly is not readily distinguishable from achondroplasia and other forms of congenital disproportionate dwarfism. Radiologically, however, characteristic skeletal changes are demonstrable. The diagnosis can be made in utero. The clinical course is invariably fatal. The hereditary aspects, of importance for genetic counseling of parents, are still unexplained. The patients discussed show the typical thanatophoric skeletal changes in combination with a form of synostosis, i.e. bilateral radioulnar synostosis in one case, and synostosis of the coronal sutures and the lambdoid suture in the other. Emphasis is placed on the importance of radiological examination in cases of unexplained hydramnion and perinatal death."}
{"id": "PMID:948575", "title": "Radiological findings in a case of type II fucosidosis. A case report.", "content": "This paper describes radiological characteristics of the skeleton in a patient suffering from type II fucosidosis. The early symptom of anterior beaking of the vertebral bodies, in combination with mental retardation and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, can suggest the possibility of type II fucosidosis.", "contents": "Radiological findings in a case of type II fucosidosis. A case report. This paper describes radiological characteristics of the skeleton in a patient suffering from type II fucosidosis. The early symptom of anterior beaking of the vertebral bodies, in combination with mental retardation and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, can suggest the possibility of type II fucosidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:948576", "title": "Bone changes in presellar meningioma.", "content": "Earlier recognition of presellar meningiomas may be achieved by looking for intracranial hyperplasia of the sphenoid sinus with additional hyperostosis as well as for the better known signs.", "contents": "Bone changes in presellar meningioma. Earlier recognition of presellar meningiomas may be achieved by looking for intracranial hyperplasia of the sphenoid sinus with additional hyperostosis as well as for the better known signs."}
{"id": "PMID:948577", "title": "Sinus pericranii.", "content": "A 3-year-old patient with a sinus pericranii is described. A sinus pericranii should be differentiated from, in particular, hydromeningoencephalocele. In the diagnosis of sinus pericranii a brain scintiscan is an important but little known aid.", "contents": "Sinus pericranii. A 3-year-old patient with a sinus pericranii is described. A sinus pericranii should be differentiated from, in particular, hydromeningoencephalocele. In the diagnosis of sinus pericranii a brain scintiscan is an important but little known aid."}
{"id": "PMID:948578", "title": "Gallbladder localization fo 131I-19-iodocholesterol; a pitfall in adrenal imaging.", "content": "Gallbladder concentration of 131I-iodocholesterol was observed in a patient studied for localization of adrenal activity. Misinterpretation of gallbladder activity as right adrenal function is possible if a lateral view is not obtained. The exposure of gallbladder mucosa may occasionally be far higher than the remainder of the biliary tract.", "contents": "Gallbladder localization fo 131I-19-iodocholesterol; a pitfall in adrenal imaging. Gallbladder concentration of 131I-iodocholesterol was observed in a patient studied for localization of adrenal activity. Misinterpretation of gallbladder activity as right adrenal function is possible if a lateral view is not obtained. The exposure of gallbladder mucosa may occasionally be far higher than the remainder of the biliary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:948579", "title": "Negligible and non-negligible risks in radiodiagnostic examination of patients.", "content": "Ionizing radiation is regarded as a health hazard, but one is prepared to neglect this factor on the basis of certain motives. In 1975, KNOX published an analysis of these motives, none of which proved tenable. He concluded that a situation which in daily usage is described as safe, is one which entails risks considered to be negligible so that no safety measures are taken. It can be empirically established that in various health-endangering situations a health hazard of less than 1 X 10(-5) is being neglected. This article studies the risk factors to the individual patient in radiodiagnostic examinations involving low, medium and high radiation exposures. The estimates show that radiohygenic measures on behalf of the patient are advisable.", "contents": "Negligible and non-negligible risks in radiodiagnostic examination of patients. Ionizing radiation is regarded as a health hazard, but one is prepared to neglect this factor on the basis of certain motives. In 1975, KNOX published an analysis of these motives, none of which proved tenable. He concluded that a situation which in daily usage is described as safe, is one which entails risks considered to be negligible so that no safety measures are taken. It can be empirically established that in various health-endangering situations a health hazard of less than 1 X 10(-5) is being neglected. This article studies the risk factors to the individual patient in radiodiagnostic examinations involving low, medium and high radiation exposures. The estimates show that radiohygenic measures on behalf of the patient are advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:948580", "title": "Less radiation, better images.", "content": "It is explained in this paper that the use of fast film-screen combinations, despite their greater intrinsic unsharpness, can lead to much better image quality in the case of involuntary movements of the organs to be visualized. It is also demonstrated that in such cases the use of a large focus with high ratings can be preferable. Also discussed is the possible value of the modern intensifying screens, in which compounds of the group of the so-called 'rare earths' are contained in the luminescent layer.", "contents": "Less radiation, better images. It is explained in this paper that the use of fast film-screen combinations, despite their greater intrinsic unsharpness, can lead to much better image quality in the case of involuntary movements of the organs to be visualized. It is also demonstrated that in such cases the use of a large focus with high ratings can be preferable. Also discussed is the possible value of the modern intensifying screens, in which compounds of the group of the so-called 'rare earths' are contained in the luminescent layer."}
{"id": "PMID:948581", "title": "A teaching file, using 10 X 10 cm format copies.", "content": "A teaching file is of paramount importance for a teaching department. It should be easily accessible and readily available. Considerations of costs and available space influence the choice of film size for the copies. We have chosen for 10 X 10 cm copies, because the majority can be viewed by individuals on normal lightboxes, while for larger audiences various ways of projection are feasible. The possibility, offered by the Delcomat copying apparatus, of making copies of interesting parts of the original film in varying degrees of reduction in size, enhances the practicability of the method.", "contents": "A teaching file, using 10 X 10 cm format copies. A teaching file is of paramount importance for a teaching department. It should be easily accessible and readily available. Considerations of costs and available space influence the choice of film size for the copies. We have chosen for 10 X 10 cm copies, because the majority can be viewed by individuals on normal lightboxes, while for larger audiences various ways of projection are feasible. The possibility, offered by the Delcomat copying apparatus, of making copies of interesting parts of the original film in varying degrees of reduction in size, enhances the practicability of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:948582", "title": "Gastric erosions: radiological and endoscopic aspects.", "content": "Varioliform gastric erosion is a common lesion which can be reliably diagnosed radiologically. The diagnosis was established in 27 (1.7%) of 1,600 detailed radiological examinations made in 1975. There was a good correlation with gastroscopic findings.", "contents": "Gastric erosions: radiological and endoscopic aspects. Varioliform gastric erosion is a common lesion which can be reliably diagnosed radiologically. The diagnosis was established in 27 (1.7%) of 1,600 detailed radiological examinations made in 1975. There was a good correlation with gastroscopic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:948583", "title": "The relative effects of selective intra-arterial and intravenous vasopressin infusion.", "content": "The relative effects of selective intra-arterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin were evaluated in 16 normotesive dogs. One group was infused via the left gastric artery, one was infused via a peripheral vein, and a control group was not infused. Flow to the stomach and bowel was reduced by an average of 73% and 45%, respectively. There was no significant difference between selective intra-arterial and intravenous infusions with regard to their effects on visceral flow or their systemic parameters. Control animals demonstrated only minor variations from base-line flow.", "contents": "The relative effects of selective intra-arterial and intravenous vasopressin infusion. The relative effects of selective intra-arterial and intravenous infusions of vasopressin were evaluated in 16 normotesive dogs. One group was infused via the left gastric artery, one was infused via a peripheral vein, and a control group was not infused. Flow to the stomach and bowel was reduced by an average of 73% and 45%, respectively. There was no significant difference between selective intra-arterial and intravenous infusions with regard to their effects on visceral flow or their systemic parameters. Control animals demonstrated only minor variations from base-line flow."}
{"id": "PMID:948584", "title": "Transcatheter occlusion of abdominal tumors.", "content": "Radiological and clinical experience with transcatheter intravascular occlusion of abdominal and pelvic tumors in 55 patients is presented. Major indications include control of hemorrhage, palliation of local tumor symptoms, and preoperative management of facilitate surgery. Methods of occlusion included embolization (clot, subcutaneous tissue, and Gelfoam), introduction of a stainless steel coil into larger vessels, and balloon catheters. Hemorrhage was controlled in 8 of 12 patients with bleeding gastrointestinal and pelvic tumors. Experience in 36 patients with hypernephroma is discussed. Initial observations are presented, including occlusion of the hepatic artery for dearterialization of primary and secondary neoplasms and of the splenic artery for hypersplenism.", "contents": "Transcatheter occlusion of abdominal tumors. Radiological and clinical experience with transcatheter intravascular occlusion of abdominal and pelvic tumors in 55 patients is presented. Major indications include control of hemorrhage, palliation of local tumor symptoms, and preoperative management of facilitate surgery. Methods of occlusion included embolization (clot, subcutaneous tissue, and Gelfoam), introduction of a stainless steel coil into larger vessels, and balloon catheters. Hemorrhage was controlled in 8 of 12 patients with bleeding gastrointestinal and pelvic tumors. Experience in 36 patients with hypernephroma is discussed. Initial observations are presented, including occlusion of the hepatic artery for dearterialization of primary and secondary neoplasms and of the splenic artery for hypersplenism."}
{"id": "PMID:948585", "title": "Acute cardiac herniation following pneumonectomy.", "content": "Pneumonectomy with partial pericardiectomy may result in herniation of the heart through the pericardial defect, leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. Awareness of this grave potential complication and familarity with its clinical and roentgenographic features should permit prompt diagnosis and facilitate lifesaving repeat thoracotomy.", "contents": "Acute cardiac herniation following pneumonectomy. Pneumonectomy with partial pericardiectomy may result in herniation of the heart through the pericardial defect, leading to cardiovascular collapse and death. Awareness of this grave potential complication and familarity with its clinical and roentgenographic features should permit prompt diagnosis and facilitate lifesaving repeat thoracotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:948586", "title": "Balloon catheter with a calibrated leak. A new system for superselective angiography and occlusive catheter therapy.", "content": "Problems with the use of the diagnostic angiography catheter as a therapeutic tool relate to difficulty in placing the catheter precisely in the desired area and controlling the infusion of the occluding agent. The author describes a soft microcatheter which has been developed to overcome these problems. The catheter ends in a balloon tip and thus can be flow-directed. To overcome the traditional difficulties of flow-guided catheters and the need for a double lumen, a calibrated leak in the balloon allows distal fluid delivery while the balloon remains inflated.", "contents": "Balloon catheter with a calibrated leak. A new system for superselective angiography and occlusive catheter therapy. Problems with the use of the diagnostic angiography catheter as a therapeutic tool relate to difficulty in placing the catheter precisely in the desired area and controlling the infusion of the occluding agent. The author describes a soft microcatheter which has been developed to overcome these problems. The catheter ends in a balloon tip and thus can be flow-directed. To overcome the traditional difficulties of flow-guided catheters and the need for a double lumen, a calibrated leak in the balloon allows distal fluid delivery while the balloon remains inflated."}
{"id": "PMID:948587", "title": "Bulbous splenic vein as a cause of renal pseudotumor.", "content": "A number renal and suprarenal pseudotumors have been described during the past two decades, paralleling the development of selective visceral angiography. An apparent left upper pole renal mass in a 71-year-old hypertensive man was found to ba a bulbous portion of the splenic vein during angiography. The anatomical basis of this renal pseudotumor is discussed.", "contents": "Bulbous splenic vein as a cause of renal pseudotumor. A number renal and suprarenal pseudotumors have been described during the past two decades, paralleling the development of selective visceral angiography. An apparent left upper pole renal mass in a 71-year-old hypertensive man was found to ba a bulbous portion of the splenic vein during angiography. The anatomical basis of this renal pseudotumor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948588", "title": "Comparison of ejection fraction calculated by nine different volume calculation methods.", "content": "Single plane right anterior oblinque ventriculography was performed on 25 patients with normal left ventricular contraction and on 25 with left ventricular akinesia or dyskinesia. The value of the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was calculated by 9 different methods, including a new one utilizing the mathematical model of a cone. All methods tested were appropriate for inter-group comparisons of EF. For inter-individual comparisons, however, only those methods described by Davila, Chapman, Dodge, Beranek, and our new method, are appropriate.", "contents": "Comparison of ejection fraction calculated by nine different volume calculation methods. Single plane right anterior oblinque ventriculography was performed on 25 patients with normal left ventricular contraction and on 25 with left ventricular akinesia or dyskinesia. The value of the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was calculated by 9 different methods, including a new one utilizing the mathematical model of a cone. All methods tested were appropriate for inter-group comparisons of EF. For inter-individual comparisons, however, only those methods described by Davila, Chapman, Dodge, Beranek, and our new method, are appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:948589", "title": "A new method for percutaneous nephrostomy.", "content": "A new method of percutaneous nephrostomy using techniques to place a No. 12 French balloon catheter in the renal collecting system is described. Case reports demonstrate tumor palliation and temporary drainage to improve the very ill prior to definitive surgery. A translumbar aortogram catheter is placed lateral to paraspinous muscles and Dotter vascular dilators are used to allow insertion of the large balloon catheter.", "contents": "A new method for percutaneous nephrostomy. A new method of percutaneous nephrostomy using techniques to place a No. 12 French balloon catheter in the renal collecting system is described. Case reports demonstrate tumor palliation and temporary drainage to improve the very ill prior to definitive surgery. A translumbar aortogram catheter is placed lateral to paraspinous muscles and Dotter vascular dilators are used to allow insertion of the large balloon catheter."}
{"id": "PMID:948590", "title": "Unilateral iliac horn (central Posterior iliac process). Case report.", "content": "An anomaly of the pelvis consisting of a unilateral iliac horn is presented. It appeared as an isolated bony malformation which was not associated with signs, symptoms, or stigmata of hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia.", "contents": "Unilateral iliac horn (central Posterior iliac process). Case report. An anomaly of the pelvis consisting of a unilateral iliac horn is presented. It appeared as an isolated bony malformation which was not associated with signs, symptoms, or stigmata of hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:948591", "title": "Serial long-term phlebography after documented lower leg thrombosis.", "content": "Representative phlebograms from a series of 38 patients (86 phlebograms) followed up from 2 weeks to 6 years after the initial thrombotic episode are presented. The veins cleared earliest and most completely in patients with thrombosis, limited to the calf. Totally occluded veins cleared more slowly and less completely than non- or partially occluded veins. Post-thrombotic restoration of normal venous and valvular structures was commonly seen. The authors describe a phlebographic pattern which corresponds to previously documented pathological material, illustrating intimal thickening as a sequel to organization of thrombi onto the walls of the veins.", "contents": "Serial long-term phlebography after documented lower leg thrombosis. Representative phlebograms from a series of 38 patients (86 phlebograms) followed up from 2 weeks to 6 years after the initial thrombotic episode are presented. The veins cleared earliest and most completely in patients with thrombosis, limited to the calf. Totally occluded veins cleared more slowly and less completely than non- or partially occluded veins. Post-thrombotic restoration of normal venous and valvular structures was commonly seen. The authors describe a phlebographic pattern which corresponds to previously documented pathological material, illustrating intimal thickening as a sequel to organization of thrombi onto the walls of the veins."}
{"id": "PMID:948592", "title": "Adductor avulsive injuries near the symphisis pubis.", "content": "Avulsion injuries occurring near the symphisis pubis are related to the sites of origin of the adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis muscles. Young athletes complain of pain near the symphisis which is increased by active adduction of the limb against resistance. Radiographic findings, similar to those found in infection and neoplasms, are mixed bone destruction and sclerosis on one side of the symphisis, frequently extending inferior pubic ramus.", "contents": "Adductor avulsive injuries near the symphisis pubis. Avulsion injuries occurring near the symphisis pubis are related to the sites of origin of the adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis muscles. Young athletes complain of pain near the symphisis which is increased by active adduction of the limb against resistance. Radiographic findings, similar to those found in infection and neoplasms, are mixed bone destruction and sclerosis on one side of the symphisis, frequently extending inferior pubic ramus."}
{"id": "PMID:948593", "title": "The appendix of the ventricle of the larynx.", "content": "A review of 100 consecutive laryngograms showed visualization of the appendix of the laryngeal ventricle in 40% of cases. This high incidence of visulization is related to thorough anesthesia, repeated performance of phonation and the reverse \"E\" maneuver as well as awareness of the anatomical structure. The appendix of the laryngeal ventricle courses superiorly between the laryngeal vestibule and the thyroid cartilage which differentiates this normal structure from ulcerations and fistulous tracts of laryngeal tumors.", "contents": "The appendix of the ventricle of the larynx. A review of 100 consecutive laryngograms showed visualization of the appendix of the laryngeal ventricle in 40% of cases. This high incidence of visulization is related to thorough anesthesia, repeated performance of phonation and the reverse \"E\" maneuver as well as awareness of the anatomical structure. The appendix of the laryngeal ventricle courses superiorly between the laryngeal vestibule and the thyroid cartilage which differentiates this normal structure from ulcerations and fistulous tracts of laryngeal tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:948594", "title": "A computerized exposure system.", "content": "An application of computer technology to radiographic technique formulation and selection was developed. By proper monitoring and organizing of the immense number of variables associated with technique formulation, through computer program control, the resultant program can readily calculate a complete technique exposure system for virtually all standard radiographic generators in any number of diagnostic radiology installations. This results in significant saving of film cost and time in the preparation and continued maintenance of an exposure system, less exposure to the patient as a result of fewer repeat radiographs, and uniform film quality.", "contents": "A computerized exposure system. An application of computer technology to radiographic technique formulation and selection was developed. By proper monitoring and organizing of the immense number of variables associated with technique formulation, through computer program control, the resultant program can readily calculate a complete technique exposure system for virtually all standard radiographic generators in any number of diagnostic radiology installations. This results in significant saving of film cost and time in the preparation and continued maintenance of an exposure system, less exposure to the patient as a result of fewer repeat radiographs, and uniform film quality."}
{"id": "PMID:948595", "title": "Radiologic-pathologic correlation from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Lymphangiomyomatosis.", "content": "The radiologic patterns caused by interstitial lung disease evoke a long list of differential diagnostic possibilities. Though the problem may at first seem insoluble, subdivision into conditions that spare the pulmonary architecture, as opposed to those that lead to an end-stage \"honeycomb lung\", and consideration of the clinical findings will frequently narrow down the list. Occasionally, key associated findings such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and systemic involvement of many organs will help rule out inappropriate diagnoses. Lymphangiomyomatosis is a rare cause of \"honeycomb lung\" that may result in a very specific combination of radiologic and clinical findings.", "contents": "Radiologic-pathologic correlation from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Lymphangiomyomatosis. The radiologic patterns caused by interstitial lung disease evoke a long list of differential diagnostic possibilities. Though the problem may at first seem insoluble, subdivision into conditions that spare the pulmonary architecture, as opposed to those that lead to an end-stage \"honeycomb lung\", and consideration of the clinical findings will frequently narrow down the list. Occasionally, key associated findings such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and systemic involvement of many organs will help rule out inappropriate diagnoses. Lymphangiomyomatosis is a rare cause of \"honeycomb lung\" that may result in a very specific combination of radiologic and clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:948596", "title": "Growing intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Cerebral angiography is the best means by which an intracranial aneurysm can be demonstrated and studied in vivo. In 16 cases clinical deterioration paralleled a variable degree of enlargement of the aneurysms. In all patients the aneurysms were irregular and/or bior multilocular. Possible factors causing aneurysmal enlargement are discussed.", "contents": "Growing intracranial aneurysms. Cerebral angiography is the best means by which an intracranial aneurysm can be demonstrated and studied in vivo. In 16 cases clinical deterioration paralleled a variable degree of enlargement of the aneurysms. In all patients the aneurysms were irregular and/or bior multilocular. Possible factors causing aneurysmal enlargement are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948597", "title": "Chronic hypertrophic polypoid rhinosinusitis.", "content": "Chronic hypertrophic polypoid rhinosinusitis is a condition in which the mucous membrane lining the nose and paranasal sinuses becomes markedly hypertrophied, and nasal polyps become evident. Superimposed infection is common. Bony erosion, sometimes marked, may also result. Because of the alterations in bone, the condition may be mistaken for other more serious lesions.", "contents": "Chronic hypertrophic polypoid rhinosinusitis. Chronic hypertrophic polypoid rhinosinusitis is a condition in which the mucous membrane lining the nose and paranasal sinuses becomes markedly hypertrophied, and nasal polyps become evident. Superimposed infection is common. Bony erosion, sometimes marked, may also result. Because of the alterations in bone, the condition may be mistaken for other more serious lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:948598", "title": "Pseudo-metastases in the liver: a presentation of the Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "Angiographic and scintigraphic findings closely mimicked vascular liver metastases in a young woman whose Budd-Chiari syndrome is probably the result of oral contraceptive use. Histological proof should be obtained before the diagnosis of hepatic neoplasm is accepted in patients with this syndrome.", "contents": "Pseudo-metastases in the liver: a presentation of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Angiographic and scintigraphic findings closely mimicked vascular liver metastases in a young woman whose Budd-Chiari syndrome is probably the result of oral contraceptive use. Histological proof should be obtained before the diagnosis of hepatic neoplasm is accepted in patients with this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:948599", "title": "The role of 133Xe ventilation studies in the scintigraphic detection of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "The angiographic, scintigraphic, and clinical data of 40 patients were reviewed in order to define the role of 133Xe ventilation studies in the radionuclide detection of pulmonary embolism. Two independent observers interpreted the perfusion images, and several weeks later reinterpreted them in conjunction with 133Xe ventilation studies. Overall diagnostic accuracy was significantly improved (p less than 0.05) when the xenon studies were included. The combined studies were slightly more sensitive and significantly more specific (p less than 0.05) for pulmonary embolism than the perfusion images alone.", "contents": "The role of 133Xe ventilation studies in the scintigraphic detection of pulmonary embolism. The angiographic, scintigraphic, and clinical data of 40 patients were reviewed in order to define the role of 133Xe ventilation studies in the radionuclide detection of pulmonary embolism. Two independent observers interpreted the perfusion images, and several weeks later reinterpreted them in conjunction with 133Xe ventilation studies. Overall diagnostic accuracy was significantly improved (p less than 0.05) when the xenon studies were included. The combined studies were slightly more sensitive and significantly more specific (p less than 0.05) for pulmonary embolism than the perfusion images alone."}
{"id": "PMID:948600", "title": "Heterogeneity in the campomelic syndromes. Long-and short-bone varieties.", "content": "Analysis of 9 cases of bilateral bent limbs (campomelia) and dwarfism, as well as a review of the literature, indicate that campomelic syndrome appears to be a well-defined distinct disorder which the authors call long-limbed campomelic syndrome. Other neonates with congenital bent-limbed dwarfism can be classified as having short-limbed campomelic syndrome, and among these at least two distinct forms have been delineated--the craniosynostotic and the normocephalic form. Congenital bent bones also occur in a variety of generalized disorders of ossification that must be distinguished from these well-defined types of campomelic dwarfism.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the campomelic syndromes. Long-and short-bone varieties. Analysis of 9 cases of bilateral bent limbs (campomelia) and dwarfism, as well as a review of the literature, indicate that campomelic syndrome appears to be a well-defined distinct disorder which the authors call long-limbed campomelic syndrome. Other neonates with congenital bent-limbed dwarfism can be classified as having short-limbed campomelic syndrome, and among these at least two distinct forms have been delineated--the craniosynostotic and the normocephalic form. Congenital bent bones also occur in a variety of generalized disorders of ossification that must be distinguished from these well-defined types of campomelic dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:948601", "title": "Gray-scale ultrasonic properties of the normal and inflamed pancreas.", "content": "Eighty-seven examinations of the pancreas in 52 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis and 31 examinations in 31 normal subjects were reviewed. Demonstration of the portal and splenic veins served as a guidepost to the pancreas. The normal pancreas was indistinguishable from the surrounding tissues in a substantial minority of examinations, and the ultrasonic characteristics of the normal pancreas were quite variable. Acute pancreatitis was found to be characterized by swelling, loss of internal echoes, and loss of distinction between the pancreas and splenic vein. In 50% of patients with chronic inactive pancreatitis, the pancreas could not be identified. Ultrasound should precede endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography whenever a pseudocyst might be present.", "contents": "Gray-scale ultrasonic properties of the normal and inflamed pancreas. Eighty-seven examinations of the pancreas in 52 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis and 31 examinations in 31 normal subjects were reviewed. Demonstration of the portal and splenic veins served as a guidepost to the pancreas. The normal pancreas was indistinguishable from the surrounding tissues in a substantial minority of examinations, and the ultrasonic characteristics of the normal pancreas were quite variable. Acute pancreatitis was found to be characterized by swelling, loss of internal echoes, and loss of distinction between the pancreas and splenic vein. In 50% of patients with chronic inactive pancreatitis, the pancreas could not be identified. Ultrasound should precede endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography whenever a pseudocyst might be present."}
{"id": "PMID:948602", "title": "Estimation of fetal dose to patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray procedures.", "content": "The estimation of fetal dose incurred by patients undergoing various radiologic procedures can be very perplexing. The problem is especially critical for women who do not know that they are pregnant at the time of x-ray exposure. A desciption is offered of efforts to quantitate the fetal dose by after-the-fact calculations. Such conservatively employed calculations may be essential for a clinical decision regarding therapeutic abortion.", "contents": "Estimation of fetal dose to patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray procedures. The estimation of fetal dose incurred by patients undergoing various radiologic procedures can be very perplexing. The problem is especially critical for women who do not know that they are pregnant at the time of x-ray exposure. A desciption is offered of efforts to quantitate the fetal dose by after-the-fact calculations. Such conservatively employed calculations may be essential for a clinical decision regarding therapeutic abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:948603", "title": "Application of tissue-air ratios for patient dosage in diagnostic radiology.", "content": "A method for calculating organ dose form radiographic procedures which utilizes the concept of tissue-air ratio (TAR) is described. TAR's were measured for 70-120 kVp x-rays filtered by a total of 2.5 and 3.5 mm Al under conditions which simulate those in radiography. The output of the x-ray tube tube, in terms of mR/mAs at 40 inches (101.6 cm) was also measured, and these are compared with previously published data. A step-by-step procedure for calculating organ dose is described and an example given to illustrate the magnitude of the dose delivered by a typical radiographic procedure.", "contents": "Application of tissue-air ratios for patient dosage in diagnostic radiology. A method for calculating organ dose form radiographic procedures which utilizes the concept of tissue-air ratio (TAR) is described. TAR's were measured for 70-120 kVp x-rays filtered by a total of 2.5 and 3.5 mm Al under conditions which simulate those in radiography. The output of the x-ray tube tube, in terms of mR/mAs at 40 inches (101.6 cm) was also measured, and these are compared with previously published data. A step-by-step procedure for calculating organ dose is described and an example given to illustrate the magnitude of the dose delivered by a typical radiographic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:948604", "title": "Reduction of scatter in diagnostic radiology by means of a scanning multiple slit assembly.", "content": "Evidence is presented that an array of long, narrow beam-defining slits scanning a patient coupled with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient will substantially reduce scatter in diagnostic radiology. Scatter/primary ratios and the distribution of scatter in the plane of the image detector have been measured as a function of slit width and slot depth for a long, narrow beam-defining geometry. Using these data, calculations for the scatter/primary ratio incident on the image detector are made for a multiple slit assembly and compared with conventional grids. An improvement in contrast is obtained with little or no increase in patient exposure. Design considerations for the construction of such an array and data trends are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction of scatter in diagnostic radiology by means of a scanning multiple slit assembly. Evidence is presented that an array of long, narrow beam-defining slits scanning a patient coupled with scatter-eliminating slots beneath the patient will substantially reduce scatter in diagnostic radiology. Scatter/primary ratios and the distribution of scatter in the plane of the image detector have been measured as a function of slit width and slot depth for a long, narrow beam-defining geometry. Using these data, calculations for the scatter/primary ratio incident on the image detector are made for a multiple slit assembly and compared with conventional grids. An improvement in contrast is obtained with little or no increase in patient exposure. Design considerations for the construction of such an array and data trends are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948605", "title": "Repair of sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage by rat embryos exposed to gamma rays or helium lons.", "content": "Embryonic survival was examined in rats exposed to a 24-hour split-dose regimen of gamma rays or extended-Bragg-peak (EBP) helium ions on the fifth and sixth days of gestation. The data indicate that EBP helium ions, which are known to have a single-dose relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.0, exhibit a split-dose RBE of 1.5 with respect to embryo killing. Using an experimental rat embryo system, delayed implantation, it was also noted that the embryocidal damage induced by EBP helium ions contains a smaller potentially lethal component than that induced by gamma rays.", "contents": "Repair of sublethal and potentially lethal radiation damage by rat embryos exposed to gamma rays or helium lons. Embryonic survival was examined in rats exposed to a 24-hour split-dose regimen of gamma rays or extended-Bragg-peak (EBP) helium ions on the fifth and sixth days of gestation. The data indicate that EBP helium ions, which are known to have a single-dose relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.0, exhibit a split-dose RBE of 1.5 with respect to embryo killing. Using an experimental rat embryo system, delayed implantation, it was also noted that the embryocidal damage induced by EBP helium ions contains a smaller potentially lethal component than that induced by gamma rays."}
{"id": "PMID:948607", "title": "Investigations of moving-slit radiography.", "content": "The technique of moving-slit radiography for reduction of scattered radiation was investigated using a prototype moving-slit radiographic apparatus. Slit widths of 1-2 cm, when used in conjuction with an 8: 1 grid, were found to improve radiographic contrast by a factor of 2 in studies employing physical as well as anatomic phantoms. Use of the moving-slit technique at elevated kVp's was found to provide radiographic contrast as good as or better than that obtained in conventional low-kVp full-field techniques, but with a substantial reduction of patient exposure (factor of 2-4). Considerations in the design of an optimal multislit apparatus are discussed. Excessive tube loading is shown not to be a factor in such a system.", "contents": "Investigations of moving-slit radiography. The technique of moving-slit radiography for reduction of scattered radiation was investigated using a prototype moving-slit radiographic apparatus. Slit widths of 1-2 cm, when used in conjuction with an 8: 1 grid, were found to improve radiographic contrast by a factor of 2 in studies employing physical as well as anatomic phantoms. Use of the moving-slit technique at elevated kVp's was found to provide radiographic contrast as good as or better than that obtained in conventional low-kVp full-field techniques, but with a substantial reduction of patient exposure (factor of 2-4). Considerations in the design of an optimal multislit apparatus are discussed. Excessive tube loading is shown not to be a factor in such a system."}
{"id": "PMID:948606", "title": "Single dose fast neutron RBE for pulmonary and esophageal damage in mice.", "content": "Mice whose thoraxes were exposed to cyclotron neutrons or x rays died from esophagus damage 10 to 70 days after exposure, and from pulmonary damage 70 days to 6 months after exposure. The single exposure RBE for esophagus lethality was 1.9 at at a neutron dose of 1,475 rads and 1.6 for pulmonary lethality at a neutron dose of 950 rads. The significance of these values for neutron radiotherapy of the thorax is discussed.", "contents": "Single dose fast neutron RBE for pulmonary and esophageal damage in mice. Mice whose thoraxes were exposed to cyclotron neutrons or x rays died from esophagus damage 10 to 70 days after exposure, and from pulmonary damage 70 days to 6 months after exposure. The single exposure RBE for esophagus lethality was 1.9 at at a neutron dose of 1,475 rads and 1.6 for pulmonary lethality at a neutron dose of 950 rads. The significance of these values for neutron radiotherapy of the thorax is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948608", "title": "A method to absorb scattered radiation without attenuation of the primary beam.", "content": "A method is presented for improving image quality by decreasing the scattered radiation. Two pairs of lead plates, one above and one below the patient, move in arcs with a common pivot point, the focal spot of the x-ray tube. The lower plates are separated by a 1-cm slot. The upper plates are also separated by a slot, the edges of which lie on common radii from the focal spot. The image is formed by moving the slots so that the X-ray beam emerging from the object sweeps across the film with a uniform speed during the exposure.", "contents": "A method to absorb scattered radiation without attenuation of the primary beam. A method is presented for improving image quality by decreasing the scattered radiation. Two pairs of lead plates, one above and one below the patient, move in arcs with a common pivot point, the focal spot of the x-ray tube. The lower plates are separated by a 1-cm slot. The upper plates are also separated by a slot, the edges of which lie on common radii from the focal spot. The image is formed by moving the slots so that the X-ray beam emerging from the object sweeps across the film with a uniform speed during the exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:948609", "title": "One-view mammographic screening?", "content": "Repeated mammographic exposures of asymptomatic women in the screening situation has raised questions regarding possible risks. Obtaining only one view, regardless of imaging technique, would approximately halve the exposure. While retrospective analysis indicates further investigation is warranted, one-view mammographic screening is not yet recommended. The lateral view, including the chest wall, would reduce exposure by approximatley 44% but little savings in technologist time could be anticipated.", "contents": "One-view mammographic screening? Repeated mammographic exposures of asymptomatic women in the screening situation has raised questions regarding possible risks. Obtaining only one view, regardless of imaging technique, would approximately halve the exposure. While retrospective analysis indicates further investigation is warranted, one-view mammographic screening is not yet recommended. The lateral view, including the chest wall, would reduce exposure by approximatley 44% but little savings in technologist time could be anticipated."}
{"id": "PMID:948610", "title": "A new photon scattering method for bone mineral density measurements.", "content": "A new technique for the determination of bone mineral density, based on the detection of both coherently and Compton scattered photons in a narrow beam geometry, is described. Initial results show that this method delivers an accuracy of less than 2% when varying quantities of materials surround the measuring site.", "contents": "A new photon scattering method for bone mineral density measurements. A new technique for the determination of bone mineral density, based on the detection of both coherently and Compton scattered photons in a narrow beam geometry, is described. Initial results show that this method delivers an accuracy of less than 2% when varying quantities of materials surround the measuring site."}
{"id": "PMID:948611", "title": "Use of tissue culture to examine neurotoxicity of contrast media.", "content": "The effect of small concentrations of diatrizoate, ioglycamate, and iopanoate salts on cultured sympathetic ganglia was studied. Biliary contrast media in clinical blood concentrations caused severe degeneration of cultured neurons, but similar concentrations of diatrizoate caused no effect. This technique may be used to measure the direct neurotoxicity or general cytotoxicity of contrast media.", "contents": "Use of tissue culture to examine neurotoxicity of contrast media. The effect of small concentrations of diatrizoate, ioglycamate, and iopanoate salts on cultured sympathetic ganglia was studied. Biliary contrast media in clinical blood concentrations caused severe degeneration of cultured neurons, but similar concentrations of diatrizoate caused no effect. This technique may be used to measure the direct neurotoxicity or general cytotoxicity of contrast media."}
{"id": "PMID:948612", "title": "A head-holder for radionuclide dacryocystography.", "content": "Proper patient immobilization, essential for good-quality radionuclide studies of the lacrimal system, is achieved with a head-holder which is adjustable in both vertical and horizontal directions.", "contents": "A head-holder for radionuclide dacryocystography. Proper patient immobilization, essential for good-quality radionuclide studies of the lacrimal system, is achieved with a head-holder which is adjustable in both vertical and horizontal directions."}
{"id": "PMID:948613", "title": "External localization of solitary bone lesion for biopsy.", "content": "Exact localization of osseous lesions demonstrated by bone scanning with 99mTc-phosphorus compounds can be difficult. A simpler localizing procedure using two 99mTc markers and an Anger camera is described.", "contents": "External localization of solitary bone lesion for biopsy. Exact localization of osseous lesions demonstrated by bone scanning with 99mTc-phosphorus compounds can be difficult. A simpler localizing procedure using two 99mTc markers and an Anger camera is described."}
{"id": "PMID:948614", "title": "The myelography needle: a new cannula for aspiration.", "content": "Painless recovery of radiopaque substances after positive contrast myelography is often difficult, especially if the initial spinal tap is not made precisely in the midline. The author has designed a cannula for aspiration which has performed favorably in clinical tests and which will soon be available commercially.", "contents": "The myelography needle: a new cannula for aspiration. Painless recovery of radiopaque substances after positive contrast myelography is often difficult, especially if the initial spinal tap is not made precisely in the midline. The author has designed a cannula for aspiration which has performed favorably in clinical tests and which will soon be available commercially."}
{"id": "PMID:948615", "title": "Workshop on late effects of irradiation to the head and neck in infancy and childhood.", "content": "A summary statement for the Workshop on Late Effects of Irradiation to the Head and Neck in Infancy and Childhood is presented. The Workshop, conducted by the National Cancer Institute with the cooperation of several other organizations, was convened to determine the present status of knowledge about thyroid disease related to irradiation of the head and neck and to develop guidelines with respect to detection, diagnosis, treatment, and followup. It was decided that surgical exploration should be considered for all palpable thyroid nodules, particularly those that are firm and clearly demarcated and appear as a \"cold\" area on the scan. Persons at risk because of prior irradiation to the head or neck should have regular reexaminations every one to two years.", "contents": "Workshop on late effects of irradiation to the head and neck in infancy and childhood. A summary statement for the Workshop on Late Effects of Irradiation to the Head and Neck in Infancy and Childhood is presented. The Workshop, conducted by the National Cancer Institute with the cooperation of several other organizations, was convened to determine the present status of knowledge about thyroid disease related to irradiation of the head and neck and to develop guidelines with respect to detection, diagnosis, treatment, and followup. It was decided that surgical exploration should be considered for all palpable thyroid nodules, particularly those that are firm and clearly demarcated and appear as a \"cold\" area on the scan. Persons at risk because of prior irradiation to the head or neck should have regular reexaminations every one to two years."}
{"id": "PMID:948616", "title": "Reading and continuing education in radiology.", "content": "The medical journal acts as a primary vehicle for continuing medical education. A question-and-answer format within the journal will allow for formal recognition of the attentive reader.", "contents": "Reading and continuing education in radiology. The medical journal acts as a primary vehicle for continuing medical education. A question-and-answer format within the journal will allow for formal recognition of the attentive reader."}
{"id": "PMID:948617", "title": "Things are as they are, not as they should be.", "content": "As more departments of oncology are established in the United States, some radiologists are voicing concern about the possible loss of identity and administrative freedom in these centers. A realistic assessment of this question must involve the advantages to the patient, the teaching potential to medical students, and the recruitment of bright students. Collaboration with other specialists need not result in the total loss of professional and administrative independence.", "contents": "Things are as they are, not as they should be. As more departments of oncology are established in the United States, some radiologists are voicing concern about the possible loss of identity and administrative freedom in these centers. A realistic assessment of this question must involve the advantages to the patient, the teaching potential to medical students, and the recruitment of bright students. Collaboration with other specialists need not result in the total loss of professional and administrative independence."}
{"id": "PMID:948618", "title": "Human breast tumour-induced osteolysis and prostaglandins.", "content": "Osteolysis effected in vitro by breast carcinomas can be inhibited by aspirin. Some prostaglandins stimulate in vitro bone resorption. Our results indicate that whilst osteolytically active PGE and PGF are released by the carcinomas in most cases, some other osteolytic principle is released as well.", "contents": "Human breast tumour-induced osteolysis and prostaglandins. Osteolysis effected in vitro by breast carcinomas can be inhibited by aspirin. Some prostaglandins stimulate in vitro bone resorption. Our results indicate that whilst osteolytically active PGE and PGF are released by the carcinomas in most cases, some other osteolytic principle is released as well."}
{"id": "PMID:948620", "title": "The effect of angiotensin II and indomethacin on immunoreactive prostaglandin \"A\" levels in man.", "content": "The effect of angiotensin II on peripheral levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin A2 (IR-PGA) was determined in 17 normal male volunteers. IR-PGA rose from 338 +/-65 (SE) pg/ml to 635+/-142 in response to pressor infusions of angiotensin II (p less than 0.05 on paired analysis). This increase was not observed when indomethacin, 75 mg p.o., was given to 8 patients two hours prior to a repeat infusion. Five patients of the original group were placed on a low sodium diet (10-20 mEg). The response to angiotensin was now exaggerated (278+/-52 pg/ml to 916+/-284). These five patients were kept on a low sodium intake and given indomethacin 50 mg p.o. g 6 hourly for 4 days. There was no significant rise with angiotensin infusion (106+/-31 pg/ml to 120+/-70). Pressor infusions of angiotensin II raise peripheral levels of IR-PGA, and this response is exaggerated by a low sodium diet and blocked by either acute or chronic indomethacin administration. This data supports the concept that vasodilatory prostaglandins may be released by endogenous angiotensin and thus provide a dynamic antagonism to the renin angiotensin system in man.", "contents": "The effect of angiotensin II and indomethacin on immunoreactive prostaglandin \"A\" levels in man. The effect of angiotensin II on peripheral levels of immunoreactive prostaglandin A2 (IR-PGA) was determined in 17 normal male volunteers. IR-PGA rose from 338 +/-65 (SE) pg/ml to 635+/-142 in response to pressor infusions of angiotensin II (p less than 0.05 on paired analysis). This increase was not observed when indomethacin, 75 mg p.o., was given to 8 patients two hours prior to a repeat infusion. Five patients of the original group were placed on a low sodium diet (10-20 mEg). The response to angiotensin was now exaggerated (278+/-52 pg/ml to 916+/-284). These five patients were kept on a low sodium intake and given indomethacin 50 mg p.o. g 6 hourly for 4 days. There was no significant rise with angiotensin infusion (106+/-31 pg/ml to 120+/-70). Pressor infusions of angiotensin II raise peripheral levels of IR-PGA, and this response is exaggerated by a low sodium diet and blocked by either acute or chronic indomethacin administration. This data supports the concept that vasodilatory prostaglandins may be released by endogenous angiotensin and thus provide a dynamic antagonism to the renin angiotensin system in man."}
{"id": "PMID:948621", "title": "Assay of prostaglandin-like substances in faeces and their measurement in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A method is described for extracting and measuring prostaglandin-like substances from faeces. Bioassay has shown virtual absence of activity in stools from normal people (8 subjects) but raised levels in stools from patients with active ulcerative colitis (16 observations on 6 patients). The relevance of these observations to the mode of action of sulphasalazine is discussed and suggestions for possible applications of this method to other problems made.", "contents": "Assay of prostaglandin-like substances in faeces and their measurement in ulcerative colitis. A method is described for extracting and measuring prostaglandin-like substances from faeces. Bioassay has shown virtual absence of activity in stools from normal people (8 subjects) but raised levels in stools from patients with active ulcerative colitis (16 observations on 6 patients). The relevance of these observations to the mode of action of sulphasalazine is discussed and suggestions for possible applications of this method to other problems made."}
{"id": "PMID:948622", "title": "Pentobarbital anesthesia: lack of effect on venous prostaglandins in dogs.", "content": "Venous prostaglandins A, E, and F were determined by radioimmunoassay in 10 dogs before and one hour after administration of sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/Kg, iv). In the conscious state, PGA was 0.34 + 0.04 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), PGE 0.20 + 0.01 ng/ml, and PGF 0.25 + 0.03 ng/ml. During pentobarbital anesthesia, these levels were unchanged (p greater than 0.05). Thus, pentobarbital anesthesia had no effect on peripheral venous prostaglandin levels.", "contents": "Pentobarbital anesthesia: lack of effect on venous prostaglandins in dogs. Venous prostaglandins A, E, and F were determined by radioimmunoassay in 10 dogs before and one hour after administration of sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/Kg, iv). In the conscious state, PGA was 0.34 + 0.04 ng/ml (mean +/- SE), PGE 0.20 + 0.01 ng/ml, and PGF 0.25 + 0.03 ng/ml. During pentobarbital anesthesia, these levels were unchanged (p greater than 0.05). Thus, pentobarbital anesthesia had no effect on peripheral venous prostaglandin levels."}
{"id": "PMID:948623", "title": "Ethacrynic acid induced release of prostaglandin E to increase renal blood flow.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid administered to anesthetized dogs was found to increase the level of prostaglandin E as determined by radioimmunoassay in renal venous blood at the time when renal blood flow was increased by this agent. No change was found in the renal venous level of prostaglandin F. When ethacrynic acid was administered after treatment with indomethacin, which blocks the increase in renal blood flow induced by the natriuretic agent, no increase in the renal venous level of prostaglandin E was seen. Thus, the dilation of the renal vasculature would appear to be caused by a stimulation of synthesis and release of prostaglandin E by ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "Ethacrynic acid induced release of prostaglandin E to increase renal blood flow. Ethacrynic acid administered to anesthetized dogs was found to increase the level of prostaglandin E as determined by radioimmunoassay in renal venous blood at the time when renal blood flow was increased by this agent. No change was found in the renal venous level of prostaglandin F. When ethacrynic acid was administered after treatment with indomethacin, which blocks the increase in renal blood flow induced by the natriuretic agent, no increase in the renal venous level of prostaglandin E was seen. Thus, the dilation of the renal vasculature would appear to be caused by a stimulation of synthesis and release of prostaglandin E by ethacrynic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:948624", "title": "Central mediated pressor effect by prostaglandins in the rat.", "content": "Extremely small concentrations (1 ng/kg/min) of prostaglandins E1, A1, and A2 elevated arterial blood pressure in the rat when infused into the carotid artery. Similar infusions into the femoral vein failed to demonstrate a pressor response. Higher concentrations of the same prostaglandins infused into the femoral vein resulted in a significant depression of blood pressure.", "contents": "Central mediated pressor effect by prostaglandins in the rat. Extremely small concentrations (1 ng/kg/min) of prostaglandins E1, A1, and A2 elevated arterial blood pressure in the rat when infused into the carotid artery. Similar infusions into the femoral vein failed to demonstrate a pressor response. Higher concentrations of the same prostaglandins infused into the femoral vein resulted in a significant depression of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:948626", "title": "Increased blood LH and testosterone after administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in bulls.", "content": "Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of changes in blood luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in bulls given prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Episodic surges of LH and testosterone occurred in tandem, apparently at random intervals, on the average once during the 8-hr period after bulls were given saline. In contrast, after sc injection of 20 mg PGF2alpha, blood serum testosterone increased synchronously to a peak within 90 minutes four-fold greater than pre-injection values, and the testosterone surges were prolonged about three-fold compared to those in controls. Each of the PGF2alpha-induced surges of testosterone was preceded by a surge of blood serum LH which persisted for about 45 minutes and peaked at about 3 ng/ml. In a second experiment, PGF2alpha was infused (iv, 0.2 mg/min) for 20 hr; blood plasma testosterone increased from 7.0+/-0.6 to 16.0+/-1.5 ng/ml within 2.5 hr and remained near this peak for 10 hr. Then testosterone gradually declined to about 9 ng/ml at the conclusion of the 20-hr infusion. These changes in testosterone were paralleled by similar changes in blood plasma LH, although LH declined 3 hr earlier than testosterone. Random episodic peaks of blood plasma LH and testosterone typical of untreated bulls resumed within 8 hr after conclusion of PGF2alpha infusion. In both experiments, the surge of testosterone after PGF2alpha was preceded by increased blood LH. We conclude that increased LH after administration of PGF2alpha probably caused the increased testosterone. However the mechanisms of these actions of PGF2alpha remain to be determined.", "contents": "Increased blood LH and testosterone after administration of prostaglandin F2alpha in bulls. Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of changes in blood luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in bulls given prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Episodic surges of LH and testosterone occurred in tandem, apparently at random intervals, on the average once during the 8-hr period after bulls were given saline. In contrast, after sc injection of 20 mg PGF2alpha, blood serum testosterone increased synchronously to a peak within 90 minutes four-fold greater than pre-injection values, and the testosterone surges were prolonged about three-fold compared to those in controls. Each of the PGF2alpha-induced surges of testosterone was preceded by a surge of blood serum LH which persisted for about 45 minutes and peaked at about 3 ng/ml. In a second experiment, PGF2alpha was infused (iv, 0.2 mg/min) for 20 hr; blood plasma testosterone increased from 7.0+/-0.6 to 16.0+/-1.5 ng/ml within 2.5 hr and remained near this peak for 10 hr. Then testosterone gradually declined to about 9 ng/ml at the conclusion of the 20-hr infusion. These changes in testosterone were paralleled by similar changes in blood plasma LH, although LH declined 3 hr earlier than testosterone. Random episodic peaks of blood plasma LH and testosterone typical of untreated bulls resumed within 8 hr after conclusion of PGF2alpha infusion. In both experiments, the surge of testosterone after PGF2alpha was preceded by increased blood LH. We conclude that increased LH after administration of PGF2alpha probably caused the increased testosterone. However the mechanisms of these actions of PGF2alpha remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:948627", "title": "The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs containing the (hydroxycyclooctylidene)methyl ring system.", "content": "The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs incorporating the (2-hydroxycyclooctylidene)methyl moiety in place of the natural C13-C20 sidechain has been accomplished via copper-assisted conjugate addition of the (cyclooctylidene)methyllithium 5 to the cyclopentenone intermediates 7 and 10.", "contents": "The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs containing the (hydroxycyclooctylidene)methyl ring system. The synthesis of prostaglandin analogs incorporating the (2-hydroxycyclooctylidene)methyl moiety in place of the natural C13-C20 sidechain has been accomplished via copper-assisted conjugate addition of the (cyclooctylidene)methyllithium 5 to the cyclopentenone intermediates 7 and 10."}
{"id": "PMID:948628", "title": "Structure-activity relationships in a series of 11-deoxy prostaglandins.", "content": "A series of 11-deoxy prostaglandin derivatives and some naturally occurring prostaglandins have been investigated in the anaesthetized artificially respired guinea-pig for their effect on blood pressure, bronchial resistance (overflow pressure at constant volume), tracheal segment pressure, and on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle. The compounds were administered intravenously. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha produced responses that were qualitatively similar to those in the literature. Prostaglandin A2 (100 mug) was a bronchoconstrictor, although it decreased tracheal segment pressure and blood pressure. Prostaglandin B2 (100 mug) caused double elevations in blood pressure, tracheal segment pressure and bronchial resistance. The intensity of bronchoconstriction produced by PGB2 was of the same order as with PGF2alpha. A number of structure-activity relationships were found. 11-Deoxygenation lowered the biological activity of the natural prostaglandins PGE1 and PGF1alpha. The vasodepressor and bronchodilator responses of 11-deoxy PGE1 were converted to vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor by epimerisation at C-15. Introduction of a methyl group at C-15 of 11-deoxy PGF1alpha both increased and prolonged vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor activity. At C-9 both the keto and beta-hydroxy group imparted vasodepressor and bronchodilator activity, while the alpha-hydroxy led to vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor activity. Extension of the omega sidechain by two methylene groups radically reduced the activity of 11-deoxy PGF1alpha and its derivatives. These experiments indicate that steric differences in the prostaglandin structures studied can result in diametrically opposed profiles of biological activity. Further, small variations in the prostaglandin molecule can lead to differences in potency and/or profile of activity in the guinea-pig.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships in a series of 11-deoxy prostaglandins. A series of 11-deoxy prostaglandin derivatives and some naturally occurring prostaglandins have been investigated in the anaesthetized artificially respired guinea-pig for their effect on blood pressure, bronchial resistance (overflow pressure at constant volume), tracheal segment pressure, and on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle. The compounds were administered intravenously. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha produced responses that were qualitatively similar to those in the literature. Prostaglandin A2 (100 mug) was a bronchoconstrictor, although it decreased tracheal segment pressure and blood pressure. Prostaglandin B2 (100 mug) caused double elevations in blood pressure, tracheal segment pressure and bronchial resistance. The intensity of bronchoconstriction produced by PGB2 was of the same order as with PGF2alpha. A number of structure-activity relationships were found. 11-Deoxygenation lowered the biological activity of the natural prostaglandins PGE1 and PGF1alpha. The vasodepressor and bronchodilator responses of 11-deoxy PGE1 were converted to vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor by epimerisation at C-15. Introduction of a methyl group at C-15 of 11-deoxy PGF1alpha both increased and prolonged vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor activity. At C-9 both the keto and beta-hydroxy group imparted vasodepressor and bronchodilator activity, while the alpha-hydroxy led to vasopressor and bronchoconstrictor activity. Extension of the omega sidechain by two methylene groups radically reduced the activity of 11-deoxy PGF1alpha and its derivatives. These experiments indicate that steric differences in the prostaglandin structures studied can result in diametrically opposed profiles of biological activity. Further, small variations in the prostaglandin molecule can lead to differences in potency and/or profile of activity in the guinea-pig."}
{"id": "PMID:948643", "title": "[Cultural conflicts in the management of hydrographic watersheds in the Central American isthmus].", "content": "Productivity of natural ecosystems in watersheds in the Central American Isthmus is being seriously endangered by the disproportionate increase in population, which hampers an adequate development of water and agricultural resources. The logical consequences of the lack of planning in the use of these resources are rapid degradation of the soil and high levels of environmental pollution. Among the human activities which destroy the natural ecological balance are slash burning, overgrazing and farming on lands not suited for this purpose. These activities form part of the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the region and are associated with systems of land occupancy and distribution, and with inefficient practices, such as tenant farming and share cropping. Recent apprehensions by nature-loving groups and the general public are pressing for more realistic conservation and legislative policies, and for the creation of more dynamic government agencies that would not only actively participate in the planning and utilization of natural resources, but also in the technical studies of watersheds that after the socio-cultural aspects of the central American region.", "contents": "[Cultural conflicts in the management of hydrographic watersheds in the Central American isthmus]. Productivity of natural ecosystems in watersheds in the Central American Isthmus is being seriously endangered by the disproportionate increase in population, which hampers an adequate development of water and agricultural resources. The logical consequences of the lack of planning in the use of these resources are rapid degradation of the soil and high levels of environmental pollution. Among the human activities which destroy the natural ecological balance are slash burning, overgrazing and farming on lands not suited for this purpose. These activities form part of the socio-economic and cultural aspects of the region and are associated with systems of land occupancy and distribution, and with inefficient practices, such as tenant farming and share cropping. Recent apprehensions by nature-loving groups and the general public are pressing for more realistic conservation and legislative policies, and for the creation of more dynamic government agencies that would not only actively participate in the planning and utilization of natural resources, but also in the technical studies of watersheds that after the socio-cultural aspects of the central American region."}
{"id": "PMID:948644", "title": "[Quality of the water and public health in the Central American isthmus].", "content": "As of December 1970 the population of the Central American Isthmus was 16,436,723; 6,225,447 (37.9%) urban and 10,210,946 (62.1%) rural. Of the urban population, 63.3%, or 3,964,611 had water in the home, while 2,283,836 (36.7% had no adequate water supply. The problem is even worse in the rural population where only 732,150 inhabitants (7.17%) had water in the home; the rest, 9,500,000 were using water from contaminated rivers, streams, wells, etc. These low percentages do not meet the standards proposed at Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1961 of providing drinking water to 70% of the urban population and to 50% of those of rural areas. Nor do the very low figures for sanitary disposal of wastes meet these standards (31.4% in urban areas and 19.5% in rural areas). As a logical consequence, water-bourne morbility in the Central American Isthmus is very high. The rates per 100,000 inhabitants are 0.4 to 18.8 for typhoid fever; 0.7 to 13.0 for paratyphoid fever; 0.5 to 786.2 for bacillary dysentery; and 17.9 to 555.6 for amebiasis. Although it would be hard to evaluate the benefits of sanitary water and waste disposal systems, the damage caused by water-bourne illnesses is well known, especially their effect on the individual human being since they sap his energy, lower his life expectancy and productivity, and thus indirectly affect the national economy. It is a well known fact that the cost of optimum water supply and waste disposal systems will more than amply be paid for by the savings in medication and lost time through illness.", "contents": "[Quality of the water and public health in the Central American isthmus]. As of December 1970 the population of the Central American Isthmus was 16,436,723; 6,225,447 (37.9%) urban and 10,210,946 (62.1%) rural. Of the urban population, 63.3%, or 3,964,611 had water in the home, while 2,283,836 (36.7% had no adequate water supply. The problem is even worse in the rural population where only 732,150 inhabitants (7.17%) had water in the home; the rest, 9,500,000 were using water from contaminated rivers, streams, wells, etc. These low percentages do not meet the standards proposed at Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1961 of providing drinking water to 70% of the urban population and to 50% of those of rural areas. Nor do the very low figures for sanitary disposal of wastes meet these standards (31.4% in urban areas and 19.5% in rural areas). As a logical consequence, water-bourne morbility in the Central American Isthmus is very high. The rates per 100,000 inhabitants are 0.4 to 18.8 for typhoid fever; 0.7 to 13.0 for paratyphoid fever; 0.5 to 786.2 for bacillary dysentery; and 17.9 to 555.6 for amebiasis. Although it would be hard to evaluate the benefits of sanitary water and waste disposal systems, the damage caused by water-bourne illnesses is well known, especially their effect on the individual human being since they sap his energy, lower his life expectancy and productivity, and thus indirectly affect the national economy. It is a well known fact that the cost of optimum water supply and waste disposal systems will more than amply be paid for by the savings in medication and lost time through illness."}
{"id": "PMID:948645", "title": "[Effect of urbanization on the future of agricultural development in Costa Rica].", "content": "The future agricultural development of Central America must be based of studies of land capacity in order to assure a sustained yield of the environment. The industrial development of the region, as well as the construction of the highways and rural roads must be carefully planned as a means of environmental conservation. New towns, housing developments, recreational facilities and highways should be planned to the effect that they occupy non-productive lands and thus minimize the modern trend of covering the best agricultural soils with concrete jungles. In recent years the price of agricultural lands has shown a tremendous rise, due mainly to the demand of land for urbanization. This situation has induced many farmers to abandon their lands, therefore, a selective land taxation system is suggested to encourage the cultivation of these suburban areas.", "contents": "[Effect of urbanization on the future of agricultural development in Costa Rica]. The future agricultural development of Central America must be based of studies of land capacity in order to assure a sustained yield of the environment. The industrial development of the region, as well as the construction of the highways and rural roads must be carefully planned as a means of environmental conservation. New towns, housing developments, recreational facilities and highways should be planned to the effect that they occupy non-productive lands and thus minimize the modern trend of covering the best agricultural soils with concrete jungles. In recent years the price of agricultural lands has shown a tremendous rise, due mainly to the demand of land for urbanization. This situation has induced many farmers to abandon their lands, therefore, a selective land taxation system is suggested to encourage the cultivation of these suburban areas."}
{"id": "PMID:948646", "title": "Cultural diversity in central America and Panama: its relationship to conservation and planning.", "content": "The most frequently overlooked aspect of conservation of natural resources and economic development is human cultural diversity. However, conservation and development of natural resources are basically human-oriented endeavors and all conservation and developmental efforts ought to start with a clear understanding of the varied needs of the people. In addition, cultural diversity is a natural resource that ought to be protected along with all the more commonly recognized resources of the ecosystems of which humans form an integral part. Cultural diversity in a large measure is an ecological phenomenon because such diversity includes variations in the ways different people perceive and utilize the environments in which they live. Thus, cultural diversity, in large measure, equates with ecological diversity. It has been well established that a high degree of ecological diversity (including taxonomic, niche, biogeochemical and other measures of diversity) is a necessary attribute of humid tropical ecosystems if such ecosystems are to remain viable over long periods of time. The current land-use trends in Central America and Panama are leading toward ever larger areas being devoted to monocultural use with sharply reduced ecological diversity that poses great dangers for the near and long terms. In addition, the resultant removal of people from rural areas results in growing social, economic and political problems, that are not being successfully met by developing nations. Not only is there a growing wastage of human resources, a weakening of the social structures, and an increasing and dangerous dependence upon monocultures oriented toward export markets, but the ecological diversity of the previous existing land-use systems are being lost. This kind of diversity is probably no less valuable to the ecological health of a nation's agriculture, forestry, and general resource utilization than is the genetic diversity of \"primitive\" crop plant varieties which biologists now recognize and increasingly seek to preserve as \"modern\" crop plant varieties become ever more simple genetically and hence ever more vulnerable to disease and other perturbations.", "contents": "Cultural diversity in central America and Panama: its relationship to conservation and planning. The most frequently overlooked aspect of conservation of natural resources and economic development is human cultural diversity. However, conservation and development of natural resources are basically human-oriented endeavors and all conservation and developmental efforts ought to start with a clear understanding of the varied needs of the people. In addition, cultural diversity is a natural resource that ought to be protected along with all the more commonly recognized resources of the ecosystems of which humans form an integral part. Cultural diversity in a large measure is an ecological phenomenon because such diversity includes variations in the ways different people perceive and utilize the environments in which they live. Thus, cultural diversity, in large measure, equates with ecological diversity. It has been well established that a high degree of ecological diversity (including taxonomic, niche, biogeochemical and other measures of diversity) is a necessary attribute of humid tropical ecosystems if such ecosystems are to remain viable over long periods of time. The current land-use trends in Central America and Panama are leading toward ever larger areas being devoted to monocultural use with sharply reduced ecological diversity that poses great dangers for the near and long terms. In addition, the resultant removal of people from rural areas results in growing social, economic and political problems, that are not being successfully met by developing nations. Not only is there a growing wastage of human resources, a weakening of the social structures, and an increasing and dangerous dependence upon monocultures oriented toward export markets, but the ecological diversity of the previous existing land-use systems are being lost. This kind of diversity is probably no less valuable to the ecological health of a nation's agriculture, forestry, and general resource utilization than is the genetic diversity of \"primitive\" crop plant varieties which biologists now recognize and increasingly seek to preserve as \"modern\" crop plant varieties become ever more simple genetically and hence ever more vulnerable to disease and other perturbations."}
{"id": "PMID:948647", "title": "[Agricultural systems in the Central American isthmus].", "content": "The main agricultural systems in the Central American area for both local food consumption and export crops are monocultures, multiple cultures, associated cultures and their combinations. The efficiency of these systems depends on the utilization of the resources and technology available to the different strata of producers, and on the ecological conditions of the tropics. The need for more ecologically oriented research, with special emphasis on the small farmer and his economic and social status, is clearly evident.", "contents": "[Agricultural systems in the Central American isthmus]. The main agricultural systems in the Central American area for both local food consumption and export crops are monocultures, multiple cultures, associated cultures and their combinations. The efficiency of these systems depends on the utilization of the resources and technology available to the different strata of producers, and on the ecological conditions of the tropics. The need for more ecologically oriented research, with special emphasis on the small farmer and his economic and social status, is clearly evident."}
{"id": "PMID:948648", "title": "[Pesticides in the tropical agricultural economy systems: Evaluation of present knowledge of the problem].", "content": "Man is an integral part of the ecosystem and any action of his against the environment has an effect against man himself. An Agro-ecosystem is a unit composed of the total complex of organisms in an area under cultivation, plus the totality of the physical environmental conditions and the modifications introduced by man, who manages the agro-ecosystem for his own benefit. The use of pesticides has been necessary for the agricultural development of some tropical areas. Unfortunately, the inadequate use of this input has caused many problems for himself. These include destruction of natural resources; intoxications; pesticide residues in water and foods; secondary pest outbreaks; increase in illnesses transmitted by certain arthropods; loss of foreign exchange; unemployment; malnutrition; disability; high infant mortality and poverty. A better use of agro-ecosystem management techniques can lead to a rational sustained utilization of land resources. Chemical pesticides can be considered as one of the factors in pest management, and not necessarily the only one available.", "contents": "[Pesticides in the tropical agricultural economy systems: Evaluation of present knowledge of the problem]. Man is an integral part of the ecosystem and any action of his against the environment has an effect against man himself. An Agro-ecosystem is a unit composed of the total complex of organisms in an area under cultivation, plus the totality of the physical environmental conditions and the modifications introduced by man, who manages the agro-ecosystem for his own benefit. The use of pesticides has been necessary for the agricultural development of some tropical areas. Unfortunately, the inadequate use of this input has caused many problems for himself. These include destruction of natural resources; intoxications; pesticide residues in water and foods; secondary pest outbreaks; increase in illnesses transmitted by certain arthropods; loss of foreign exchange; unemployment; malnutrition; disability; high infant mortality and poverty. A better use of agro-ecosystem management techniques can lead to a rational sustained utilization of land resources. Chemical pesticides can be considered as one of the factors in pest management, and not necessarily the only one available."}
{"id": "PMID:948649", "title": "Soil conservation in Central America and Panama: current problems.", "content": "Soil conservation measures in Central America go back to the Maya civilization, in which terracing was employed. After the Spanish conquest, plowing, livestock raising, and the succession of social and political changes all contributed to accelerate erosion. Through the past few decades, awareness of the need for soil conservation has again increased; El Salvador and Costa Rica began efforts in that direction in 1943. For sometime, the use of machinery and chemical fertilizers has masked the loss of topsoil, but under recent increases in population pressures, soil conservation measures are gaining in importance. Important agents of erosion in the tropics are heavy seasonal rains at high elevations, alternating with long dry seasons; wind erosion; and landslides after saturation of the soil during prolonged rains. Modern machinery often hastens soil removal, as do also overgrazing, deforestation and vertical crop rows. Under the present energy crisis, human labor is becoming again a significant element in crop production, and soil conservation becomes thereby more feasible and more important.", "contents": "Soil conservation in Central America and Panama: current problems. Soil conservation measures in Central America go back to the Maya civilization, in which terracing was employed. After the Spanish conquest, plowing, livestock raising, and the succession of social and political changes all contributed to accelerate erosion. Through the past few decades, awareness of the need for soil conservation has again increased; El Salvador and Costa Rica began efforts in that direction in 1943. For sometime, the use of machinery and chemical fertilizers has masked the loss of topsoil, but under recent increases in population pressures, soil conservation measures are gaining in importance. Important agents of erosion in the tropics are heavy seasonal rains at high elevations, alternating with long dry seasons; wind erosion; and landslides after saturation of the soil during prolonged rains. Modern machinery often hastens soil removal, as do also overgrazing, deforestation and vertical crop rows. Under the present energy crisis, human labor is becoming again a significant element in crop production, and soil conservation becomes thereby more feasible and more important."}
{"id": "PMID:948650", "title": "Ecological aspects of water impoundment in the tropics.", "content": "Recognition of the potentially harmful effects of water development in the tropics had led to increasing efforts to assess the environmental impact of such projects prior to construction. Decisions regarding the development or non-development of water resources must be based on sound investigation of both the long-and short-term effects of reservoir construction and operation. The environmental effects of water impoundment vary greatly with the characteristics of the region as well as the type of reservoir to be constructed (area and depth of reservoir, ratio of water inflow to storage). Of major concern are the reduction of reservoir capacity as sediments accumulate behind the dam and the loss of these sediments to downstream agriculture and fisheries. The potential impact of altered flow regimes, siltation, reduction in beach formation and nutrient enrichment at the mouths of rivers, and the possibility of saltwater encroachment should receive careful stdy. A thorough description of the plants and animals to be affected by inundation should be made to determine the possible loss of rare or key organisms as well as the potential development of \"nuisance species\". Included in this survey should be a detailed study of existing fish and the potential for commercial fishery development in the proposed reservoir. Consideration should be given to vegetation removal in the reservoir basin prior to inundation, since decaying vegetation can result in deoxygenation, formation of hydrogen sulfide, possible development of suitable habitats for undesirable species and snagging of fish nets. Sanitation and land use practices as well as erosion in the watershed surrounding the reservoir must be controlled to prevent accelerated eutrophication caused by increased nutrient loading. Inundation in tropical areas can have serious sociological and human health implications including the increase of diseases, e.g., malaria, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and dysentery, and the probable resettlement and alteration of land use practices. Census information and surveys concerning land use, housing and health standards and the social and economic structure of the community to be affected must be evaluated in order to anticipate and avoid potential problems. The archaeologic, historic, scenic and recreational value of the site to be inundated must also be considered. Studies of the EL Caj\u00f3n site on the Sula River in Honduras and the Purari River Project in Papua, New Guinea, are utilized as examples in this report.", "contents": "Ecological aspects of water impoundment in the tropics. Recognition of the potentially harmful effects of water development in the tropics had led to increasing efforts to assess the environmental impact of such projects prior to construction. Decisions regarding the development or non-development of water resources must be based on sound investigation of both the long-and short-term effects of reservoir construction and operation. The environmental effects of water impoundment vary greatly with the characteristics of the region as well as the type of reservoir to be constructed (area and depth of reservoir, ratio of water inflow to storage). Of major concern are the reduction of reservoir capacity as sediments accumulate behind the dam and the loss of these sediments to downstream agriculture and fisheries. The potential impact of altered flow regimes, siltation, reduction in beach formation and nutrient enrichment at the mouths of rivers, and the possibility of saltwater encroachment should receive careful stdy. A thorough description of the plants and animals to be affected by inundation should be made to determine the possible loss of rare or key organisms as well as the potential development of \"nuisance species\". Included in this survey should be a detailed study of existing fish and the potential for commercial fishery development in the proposed reservoir. Consideration should be given to vegetation removal in the reservoir basin prior to inundation, since decaying vegetation can result in deoxygenation, formation of hydrogen sulfide, possible development of suitable habitats for undesirable species and snagging of fish nets. Sanitation and land use practices as well as erosion in the watershed surrounding the reservoir must be controlled to prevent accelerated eutrophication caused by increased nutrient loading. Inundation in tropical areas can have serious sociological and human health implications including the increase of diseases, e.g., malaria, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and dysentery, and the probable resettlement and alteration of land use practices. Census information and surveys concerning land use, housing and health standards and the social and economic structure of the community to be affected must be evaluated in order to anticipate and avoid potential problems. The archaeologic, historic, scenic and recreational value of the site to be inundated must also be considered. Studies of the EL Caj\u00f3n site on the Sula River in Honduras and the Purari River Project in Papua, New Guinea, are utilized as examples in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:948718", "title": "Incomplete ureteral duplication. Electromyographic and manometric investigation.", "content": "Studies were made peroperatively in a patient with incomplete ureteral duplication. Bipolar extracellular EMG-leads were taken from both pelvices, both ureteral segments and from the common ureter. Simultaneously pressure measurements were made in the pelvices. Function of the two pelvi-ureteral units were shown to be autonomous. Simultaneous action potentials and pressure waves were observed in each pelvis. Not every pelvic impulse was transmitted to the corresponding ureter, but when transmission did occur, the conduction rate was constant. Impulses from both ureteral branches were conducted distally to the common ureteral trunk, but impulses from the dilated segment had not the same quality (amplitude) as those from the non-dilated segment. Antiperistalsis was not observed. There was a measurable pressure difference between the two segments.", "contents": "Incomplete ureteral duplication. Electromyographic and manometric investigation. Studies were made peroperatively in a patient with incomplete ureteral duplication. Bipolar extracellular EMG-leads were taken from both pelvices, both ureteral segments and from the common ureter. Simultaneously pressure measurements were made in the pelvices. Function of the two pelvi-ureteral units were shown to be autonomous. Simultaneous action potentials and pressure waves were observed in each pelvis. Not every pelvic impulse was transmitted to the corresponding ureter, but when transmission did occur, the conduction rate was constant. Impulses from both ureteral branches were conducted distally to the common ureteral trunk, but impulses from the dilated segment had not the same quality (amplitude) as those from the non-dilated segment. Antiperistalsis was not observed. There was a measurable pressure difference between the two segments."}
{"id": "PMID:948717", "title": "Peroperative irrigation of the vas deferens during vasectomy.", "content": "In 59 consecutive vasectomies for the purpose of sterilization, one-half, chosen by random numbers, received an irrigation of the vas deferens with 40 ml of sterile water on each side. Afterwards, the men sent in every fourth ejaculation, until two consecutive samples were without spermatozoa. The postoperative sperm samples were examined microscopically without knowing whether the man belonged to the treated group or the control group. The irrigation procedure did not shorten the time needed to reach azoospermia.", "contents": "Peroperative irrigation of the vas deferens during vasectomy. In 59 consecutive vasectomies for the purpose of sterilization, one-half, chosen by random numbers, received an irrigation of the vas deferens with 40 ml of sterile water on each side. Afterwards, the men sent in every fourth ejaculation, until two consecutive samples were without spermatozoa. The postoperative sperm samples were examined microscopically without knowing whether the man belonged to the treated group or the control group. The irrigation procedure did not shorten the time needed to reach azoospermia."}
{"id": "PMID:948719", "title": "The collateral blood flow and hippuran clearance of the rabbit kidney after occlusion of the renal artery.", "content": "The collateral blood flow to the rabbit kidney was determined by two methods: (1) measurement of the venous flow after clamping of the renal artery and (2) Hippuran clearance of the clamped kidney. The collateral blood flow was found to be 0.012 ml/min/g kidney equivalent to 0.2% of the entire blood flow to the rabbit kidney. Compared with collateral blood flow in other mammals (as humans and dogs) with a collateral flow of 6.2% of the normal flow, the collateral blood flow in the rabbit is very modest. The cranial ureteric artery contributes more than 90% of the entire blood flow, while capsular perforants, important in other mammals, play no role in the supply of the rabbit kidney. Only 50% of the collateral blood flow passes the tubular system. Flow to the medulla calculated from Hippuran clearance was 35% greater than flow to the cortical part of the kidney. The subcapsular cortical tubuli were able to absorb Hippuran from the peritoneal fluid and surrounding tissues after the kidney was dissected free from its surroundings and all vessels severed. Absorption corresponded to an arbitrary serum flow of 0.0002 ml/min/g.", "contents": "The collateral blood flow and hippuran clearance of the rabbit kidney after occlusion of the renal artery. The collateral blood flow to the rabbit kidney was determined by two methods: (1) measurement of the venous flow after clamping of the renal artery and (2) Hippuran clearance of the clamped kidney. The collateral blood flow was found to be 0.012 ml/min/g kidney equivalent to 0.2% of the entire blood flow to the rabbit kidney. Compared with collateral blood flow in other mammals (as humans and dogs) with a collateral flow of 6.2% of the normal flow, the collateral blood flow in the rabbit is very modest. The cranial ureteric artery contributes more than 90% of the entire blood flow, while capsular perforants, important in other mammals, play no role in the supply of the rabbit kidney. Only 50% of the collateral blood flow passes the tubular system. Flow to the medulla calculated from Hippuran clearance was 35% greater than flow to the cortical part of the kidney. The subcapsular cortical tubuli were able to absorb Hippuran from the peritoneal fluid and surrounding tissues after the kidney was dissected free from its surroundings and all vessels severed. Absorption corresponded to an arbitrary serum flow of 0.0002 ml/min/g."}
{"id": "PMID:948720", "title": "The uptake of hippuran in kidney slices employed as a viability test.", "content": "125J Hippuran uptake in slices from rabbit kidneys was measured in kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia alone as well as by warm ischaemia combined with 24 hours of cold ischaemia. The Hippuran uptake was calculated as the ratio between radioactivity in the slices and the activity in the incubation medium as a slice/medium ratio (S/M). S/M was unchanged after 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 1 hour of warm ischaemia, while in kidneys exposed to 2 hours of warm ischaemia a 15% decrease in S/M ratio compared with control values was noted. A 53% decrease was observed after 3 hours of warm ischaemia and 73% and 91% after 4 and 5 hours respectively. Twenty-four hours of cold ischaemia alone did not alter the Hippuran uptake, but prolonging this with 15 minutes of warm ischaemia precipitated a significant fall (25%) in S/M. This value remained constant during the first hour of warm ischaemia, but a fall of 64% was observed after 2 hours of warm and 24 hours of cold ischaemia. These findings were in agreement with experiments on kidneys damaged by arterial occlusion and recirculated. Two hours of warm ischaemia was the maximal damage the kidneys could endure and still regain normal function. After simple preservation methods with Collins solution for 24 hours, 1 additional hour of warm ischaemia was the maximal ischaemic damage the kidney was able to withstand. Hippuran uptake in kidney slices appears to be well correlated to the kidneys' ability to regain normal function after ischaemic damage.", "contents": "The uptake of hippuran in kidney slices employed as a viability test. 125J Hippuran uptake in slices from rabbit kidneys was measured in kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia alone as well as by warm ischaemia combined with 24 hours of cold ischaemia. The Hippuran uptake was calculated as the ratio between radioactivity in the slices and the activity in the incubation medium as a slice/medium ratio (S/M). S/M was unchanged after 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 1 hour of warm ischaemia, while in kidneys exposed to 2 hours of warm ischaemia a 15% decrease in S/M ratio compared with control values was noted. A 53% decrease was observed after 3 hours of warm ischaemia and 73% and 91% after 4 and 5 hours respectively. Twenty-four hours of cold ischaemia alone did not alter the Hippuran uptake, but prolonging this with 15 minutes of warm ischaemia precipitated a significant fall (25%) in S/M. This value remained constant during the first hour of warm ischaemia, but a fall of 64% was observed after 2 hours of warm and 24 hours of cold ischaemia. These findings were in agreement with experiments on kidneys damaged by arterial occlusion and recirculated. Two hours of warm ischaemia was the maximal damage the kidneys could endure and still regain normal function. After simple preservation methods with Collins solution for 24 hours, 1 additional hour of warm ischaemia was the maximal ischaemic damage the kidney was able to withstand. Hippuran uptake in kidney slices appears to be well correlated to the kidneys' ability to regain normal function after ischaemic damage."}
{"id": "PMID:948721", "title": "Residual kidney function after unilateral nephrectomy. Pre- and postoperative estimation by renography and clearance measurements.", "content": "The residual kidney function was predicted from preoperative renography and determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 57 patients undergoing unilateral nephrectomy for cancer, postrenal obstruction or renovascular hypertension. Postoperative GFR measurements were carried out 6-36 months after the operation. In eleven patients where the kidney removed had no function, no significant difference was found between pre- and postoperative GFR values. In 46 patients where the kidney removed had some function, the preoperative estimate was a little too high in only two patients. In this group, the postoperative GFR on an average amounted to 42% above the preoperatively predicted value. We conclude that the combination of 51Cr-EDTA clearance and renography is a reliable, non-invasive method for determination of the minimum residual kidney function before unilateral nephrectomy is carried out.", "contents": "Residual kidney function after unilateral nephrectomy. Pre- and postoperative estimation by renography and clearance measurements. The residual kidney function was predicted from preoperative renography and determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 57 patients undergoing unilateral nephrectomy for cancer, postrenal obstruction or renovascular hypertension. Postoperative GFR measurements were carried out 6-36 months after the operation. In eleven patients where the kidney removed had no function, no significant difference was found between pre- and postoperative GFR values. In 46 patients where the kidney removed had some function, the preoperative estimate was a little too high in only two patients. In this group, the postoperative GFR on an average amounted to 42% above the preoperatively predicted value. We conclude that the combination of 51Cr-EDTA clearance and renography is a reliable, non-invasive method for determination of the minimum residual kidney function before unilateral nephrectomy is carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:948722", "title": "Kidney function and compensatory growth of the kidney in living kidney donors.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative kidney size and kidney function were studied in 46 living kidney donors aged 20-74 years. Kidney size was measured by planimetry and by estimation of a renal index. Kidney function was assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance and serum creatinine. Planimetry was superior to the renal index for expressing changes in renal size. Compensatory renal hypertrophy took place in donors up to the age of 74, but the greatest changes in renal size were observed in donors of under 40. Total renal function decreased postoperatively to about 77% of the initial level; this change in renal function was inversely correlated with age, but in all subjects studied the function remained within normal limits.", "contents": "Kidney function and compensatory growth of the kidney in living kidney donors. Pre- and postoperative kidney size and kidney function were studied in 46 living kidney donors aged 20-74 years. Kidney size was measured by planimetry and by estimation of a renal index. Kidney function was assessed by endogenous creatinine clearance and serum creatinine. Planimetry was superior to the renal index for expressing changes in renal size. Compensatory renal hypertrophy took place in donors up to the age of 74, but the greatest changes in renal size were observed in donors of under 40. Total renal function decreased postoperatively to about 77% of the initial level; this change in renal function was inversely correlated with age, but in all subjects studied the function remained within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:948723", "title": "Experience with one-stage bilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "Eight patients with uremia were treated by one-stage transperitoneal bilateral nephrectomy prior to transplantation. Four of the patients had refractory hypertension with high peripheral renin activity which was unresponsive to drug treatment and vigorous hemodialysis. All obtained a normal blood pressure after operation. Two patients were nephrectomised to combat chronic infection, whilst one of the two remaining patients suffered from huge polycystic kidneys and the other had suspected Goodpasture syndrome. There were no deaths and the only complications observed were one instance of hyperkalemia necessitating acute hemodialysis and one instance of prolonged ileus. Our indications for doing the operation prior to transplantation have been very restricted, but when the operation becomes necessary, it is a safe procedure.", "contents": "Experience with one-stage bilateral nephrectomy. Eight patients with uremia were treated by one-stage transperitoneal bilateral nephrectomy prior to transplantation. Four of the patients had refractory hypertension with high peripheral renin activity which was unresponsive to drug treatment and vigorous hemodialysis. All obtained a normal blood pressure after operation. Two patients were nephrectomised to combat chronic infection, whilst one of the two remaining patients suffered from huge polycystic kidneys and the other had suspected Goodpasture syndrome. There were no deaths and the only complications observed were one instance of hyperkalemia necessitating acute hemodialysis and one instance of prolonged ileus. Our indications for doing the operation prior to transplantation have been very restricted, but when the operation becomes necessary, it is a safe procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:948724", "title": "Urolithiasis. A study of its frequency.", "content": "Considering the general impression of an increased number of patients with acute renal colic, the frequencies of roentgenologically verified ureteral and kidney calculi in a Swedish urban district have been studied for the periods 1953-55 and 1968-70. In a material of 986 outpatients (793 men and 193 women) we have proved an increase in incidence for upper urinary tract calculi in men from 2.2 to 3.3 0/00 (p less than 0.001) and in women from 0.5 to 0.8 0/00 (0.01 less than p less than 0.05). For the material as a whole, we have found a 50% increase (from 1.3 to 2.0 0/00; p less than 0.001) of acute urolithiasis between the periods studied. Some implications of the results in connection with primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed.", "contents": "Urolithiasis. A study of its frequency. Considering the general impression of an increased number of patients with acute renal colic, the frequencies of roentgenologically verified ureteral and kidney calculi in a Swedish urban district have been studied for the periods 1953-55 and 1968-70. In a material of 986 outpatients (793 men and 193 women) we have proved an increase in incidence for upper urinary tract calculi in men from 2.2 to 3.3 0/00 (p less than 0.001) and in women from 0.5 to 0.8 0/00 (0.01 less than p less than 0.05). For the material as a whole, we have found a 50% increase (from 1.3 to 2.0 0/00; p less than 0.001) of acute urolithiasis between the periods studied. Some implications of the results in connection with primary hyperparathyroidism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948725", "title": "Bone mineral density in patients with urolithiasis. A preliminary report.", "content": "The bone mineral density (g/cm3) of the distal cancellous radius was determined in a consecutive series of 21 women and 54 men with urolithiasis with the Americium-241 gamma ray attenuation method. Bone mineral density was statistically significantly lower in both sexes compared with coeval healthy subjects. Further study is needed to examine the relationship between the bone mineral density and disturbances in calcium metabolism in patients with renal stone disease.", "contents": "Bone mineral density in patients with urolithiasis. A preliminary report. The bone mineral density (g/cm3) of the distal cancellous radius was determined in a consecutive series of 21 women and 54 men with urolithiasis with the Americium-241 gamma ray attenuation method. Bone mineral density was statistically significantly lower in both sexes compared with coeval healthy subjects. Further study is needed to examine the relationship between the bone mineral density and disturbances in calcium metabolism in patients with renal stone disease."}
{"id": "PMID:948726", "title": "Multiple bilateral renal angiomyolipoma. Case report.", "content": "Multiple bilateral angiomyolipoma in patients without tuberous sclerosis is a rare benign tumour. A case history is presented, and the available literature reviewed against this background. Problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. In this type of tumour, any surgical intervention should be as conservative as possible. Patients without tuberous sclerosis, in whom multiple bilateral angiomyolipoma is diagnosed, should be followed-up neurologically for up to two years after diagnosis, with a view to possible development of tuberous sclerosis.", "contents": "Multiple bilateral renal angiomyolipoma. Case report. Multiple bilateral angiomyolipoma in patients without tuberous sclerosis is a rare benign tumour. A case history is presented, and the available literature reviewed against this background. Problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. In this type of tumour, any surgical intervention should be as conservative as possible. Patients without tuberous sclerosis, in whom multiple bilateral angiomyolipoma is diagnosed, should be followed-up neurologically for up to two years after diagnosis, with a view to possible development of tuberous sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:948727", "title": "Renal angiomyolipoma (hamartoma). Profuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage caused by benign kidney tumour.", "content": "A case of renal angiomyolipoma in a 38-year-old female is reported. The chief symptoms were abdominal pain and hypovolemia caused by massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. A brief survey is given of the pathology, symptomatology, and the diagnostic possibilities with special reference to the radiologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Renal angiomyolipoma (hamartoma). Profuse retroperitoneal hemorrhage caused by benign kidney tumour. A case of renal angiomyolipoma in a 38-year-old female is reported. The chief symptoms were abdominal pain and hypovolemia caused by massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. A brief survey is given of the pathology, symptomatology, and the diagnostic possibilities with special reference to the radiologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:948728", "title": "Haemorrhage due to renal angiomatosis. Case report.", "content": "Severe haemorrhage after an uncomplicated pyelolithotomy in a young women was found to be caused by multiple, unilateral haemangiomas. The diagnosis was made at angiography prior to the subsequent nephrectomy.", "contents": "Haemorrhage due to renal angiomatosis. Case report. Severe haemorrhage after an uncomplicated pyelolithotomy in a young women was found to be caused by multiple, unilateral haemangiomas. The diagnosis was made at angiography prior to the subsequent nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:948729", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the kidney.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the kidney have been presented where no underlying disease process could be identified. In one, evacuation and drainage of the haematoma alone affected a cure. It is suggested that operation is practically always necessary to solve the clinical problem. The proper treatment seems to be nephrectomy or evacuation and drainage of the haematoma.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the kidney. Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the kidney have been presented where no underlying disease process could be identified. In one, evacuation and drainage of the haematoma alone affected a cure. It is suggested that operation is practically always necessary to solve the clinical problem. The proper treatment seems to be nephrectomy or evacuation and drainage of the haematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:948731", "title": "Halving a horizontal segment: a study on hemisphere-damaged patients with cerebral focal lesions.", "content": "The aim of this study was to point out a hemisphere asymmetry in focal brain-damaged patients and a hand asymmetry in normals on halving binocularly a horizontal line. 50 left hemisphere and 53 right hemisphere patients (both subdivided by presence/absence of visual field defect) and 50 controls (divided by the hand they used to carry out the task) were employed. 4 differently long segments made up the test material and the error scores with respect to the geometric midpoint were worked out by means of parametric statistical procedures. It turned out that: (i) healthy subjects committed a mean leftward displacement, regardless of the hand they used. All the same, only the halving error committed by the right hand is significant keeping as reference the geometric midpoint of the segment; (ii) left and right hemisphere-damaged patients committed halving errors, that are opposite in direction, leftward for the former and rightward for the latter; (iii) the behaviour of right patients with visual field defects is the only to be significantly different from that of the corresponding controls. Our findings point to prevailing importance of the right hemisphere mainly of its posterior areas, in the halving task.", "contents": "Halving a horizontal segment: a study on hemisphere-damaged patients with cerebral focal lesions. The aim of this study was to point out a hemisphere asymmetry in focal brain-damaged patients and a hand asymmetry in normals on halving binocularly a horizontal line. 50 left hemisphere and 53 right hemisphere patients (both subdivided by presence/absence of visual field defect) and 50 controls (divided by the hand they used to carry out the task) were employed. 4 differently long segments made up the test material and the error scores with respect to the geometric midpoint were worked out by means of parametric statistical procedures. It turned out that: (i) healthy subjects committed a mean leftward displacement, regardless of the hand they used. All the same, only the halving error committed by the right hand is significant keeping as reference the geometric midpoint of the segment; (ii) left and right hemisphere-damaged patients committed halving errors, that are opposite in direction, leftward for the former and rightward for the latter; (iii) the behaviour of right patients with visual field defects is the only to be significantly different from that of the corresponding controls. Our findings point to prevailing importance of the right hemisphere mainly of its posterior areas, in the halving task."}
{"id": "PMID:948732", "title": "Semantic field in aphasia: an experimental investigation on comprehension of the relations of class and property.", "content": "A multiple choice test was devised in order to assess some aspects of the aphasic's semantic field; patient's task was to match a given picture with one out of three alternatives: one of them was linked by a class relationship, one was linked by a property relationship and the last was an unrelated item. Results clearly show that Broca's aphasics make their choice according to class criteria whereas Wernicke's and controls make their choice according to property criteria. Results are discussed in the light of Jakobson linguistic hypothesis which postulates that Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia are subdued by a contiguity and similarity disorder.", "contents": "Semantic field in aphasia: an experimental investigation on comprehension of the relations of class and property. A multiple choice test was devised in order to assess some aspects of the aphasic's semantic field; patient's task was to match a given picture with one out of three alternatives: one of them was linked by a class relationship, one was linked by a property relationship and the last was an unrelated item. Results clearly show that Broca's aphasics make their choice according to class criteria whereas Wernicke's and controls make their choice according to property criteria. Results are discussed in the light of Jakobson linguistic hypothesis which postulates that Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia are subdued by a contiguity and similarity disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:948733", "title": "[Digital agnosia and lesions of the parietal lobe].", "content": "130 patients with focal brain damage have been submitted to non-verbal finger identification tasks. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: -when bilateral finger agnosia is studied with non-verbal tasks, no difference can be shown between right and left parietal lesions; -in left brain damaged patients the bilateral form of finger agnosia is generally due to large lesions involving the parietal lobe; -in right brain damaged patients the unilateral form of finger agnosia is almost always due to lesions centered on the parietal region.", "contents": "[Digital agnosia and lesions of the parietal lobe]. 130 patients with focal brain damage have been submitted to non-verbal finger identification tasks. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: -when bilateral finger agnosia is studied with non-verbal tasks, no difference can be shown between right and left parietal lesions; -in left brain damaged patients the bilateral form of finger agnosia is generally due to large lesions involving the parietal lobe; -in right brain damaged patients the unilateral form of finger agnosia is almost always due to lesions centered on the parietal region."}
{"id": "PMID:948734", "title": "Granulomatous mycoses of the central nervous system.", "content": "A clinical and pathological description of five cases of granulomatous mycoses of the C.N.S. is reported. Four had an intracranial and one a spinal localization. In all patients the clinical pattern was of tumoral type, while the disease evolution was favourable only in one case. From a histipatholic point of view the preliminary diagnosis was of granulomatous process. The fungi organisms were identified only by means of combined stain methods. Beside the pathogenetic problems the Authors outline some histological methods useful for diagnostic purposes when a culture procedure for fungi is lacking.", "contents": "Granulomatous mycoses of the central nervous system. A clinical and pathological description of five cases of granulomatous mycoses of the C.N.S. is reported. Four had an intracranial and one a spinal localization. In all patients the clinical pattern was of tumoral type, while the disease evolution was favourable only in one case. From a histipatholic point of view the preliminary diagnosis was of granulomatous process. The fungi organisms were identified only by means of combined stain methods. Beside the pathogenetic problems the Authors outline some histological methods useful for diagnostic purposes when a culture procedure for fungi is lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:948735", "title": "[Amnestic episodes in migraine. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of transient global amnesia (ictus amn\u00e9sique)].", "content": "In comparison with 27 similar cases, sampled from literature, 4 observations of amnesic episodes in migraine are presented and discussed. These disturbances known as so-called \"Migranedammerattacken\" seem to be identical with transient global amnesia in all respects. In most of cases, they occur as migraine-precursors or - equivalents. Headache, vegetative und neurological symptoms are frequent but not necessary companions. It is proposed to look for migraine disposition in all cases of transient global amnesia. Perhaps, this approach might be of some use to understand their enigmatic pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Amnestic episodes in migraine. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of transient global amnesia (ictus amn\u00e9sique)]. In comparison with 27 similar cases, sampled from literature, 4 observations of amnesic episodes in migraine are presented and discussed. These disturbances known as so-called \"Migranedammerattacken\" seem to be identical with transient global amnesia in all respects. In most of cases, they occur as migraine-precursors or - equivalents. Headache, vegetative und neurological symptoms are frequent but not necessary companions. It is proposed to look for migraine disposition in all cases of transient global amnesia. Perhaps, this approach might be of some use to understand their enigmatic pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:948736", "title": "[The \"residual syndrome\" in alcoholics after 5 years' abstinence].", "content": "Residual deficiency of brain performance in chronic alcoholics after a 5-year abstinency. Brain performance of a group of 43 chronic alcoholics abstinent since 5 years was tested. Some aspects of higher intellectual performance were found to be reduced as compared to a control population. The performance was also better than that of a group of chronic alcoholics abstinent for only one year. The residual deficiency of performance could be interpreted as a \"functional psychosyndrome\", resulting from chronic sensory deprivation on the base of the alcoholism.", "contents": "[The \"residual syndrome\" in alcoholics after 5 years' abstinence]. Residual deficiency of brain performance in chronic alcoholics after a 5-year abstinency. Brain performance of a group of 43 chronic alcoholics abstinent since 5 years was tested. Some aspects of higher intellectual performance were found to be reduced as compared to a control population. The performance was also better than that of a group of chronic alcoholics abstinent for only one year. The residual deficiency of performance could be interpreted as a \"functional psychosyndrome\", resulting from chronic sensory deprivation on the base of the alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:948737", "title": "[Contribution to the study of suicide prevention. Study of a group of 372 subjects from 28 to 35 years after attempted suicide].", "content": "The authors have treated the subsequent lives of 372 suicide attempters and have made a new follow-up study 28 to 35 years after the suicide attempt. They reveal a general excess deathrate in this sample of medical, surgical and psychiatric clinic patients, and a considerable excess deathrate by suicide as compared with the population as a whole. These two types of excess deathrate persist throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions on suicide prevention are drawn from the results. After describing the three main groups of dead, deceased by suicide, and living subjects, the authors compare those deceased by suicide with those deceased from other causes, and those deceased by suicide with subjects of the other two groups in search of possible group characteristics of potential predictive value. The results of this analysis are somewhat disappointing; discussion of the research leads to criticism of the contradictory results obtained by previous studies in this field. Analysis of subjects still alive at the close of the follow-up period shows that their psychopathological evolution is relatively favourable, with the exception of a group of patients identifiable by a set of distinctive negative factors.", "contents": "[Contribution to the study of suicide prevention. Study of a group of 372 subjects from 28 to 35 years after attempted suicide]. The authors have treated the subsequent lives of 372 suicide attempters and have made a new follow-up study 28 to 35 years after the suicide attempt. They reveal a general excess deathrate in this sample of medical, surgical and psychiatric clinic patients, and a considerable excess deathrate by suicide as compared with the population as a whole. These two types of excess deathrate persist throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions on suicide prevention are drawn from the results. After describing the three main groups of dead, deceased by suicide, and living subjects, the authors compare those deceased by suicide with those deceased from other causes, and those deceased by suicide with subjects of the other two groups in search of possible group characteristics of potential predictive value. The results of this analysis are somewhat disappointing; discussion of the research leads to criticism of the contradictory results obtained by previous studies in this field. Analysis of subjects still alive at the close of the follow-up period shows that their psychopathological evolution is relatively favourable, with the exception of a group of patients identifiable by a set of distinctive negative factors."}
{"id": "PMID:948738", "title": "[Paranoid-hallucinatory psychoses in acromegaly].", "content": "Paranoid halluzinatory psychoses associated with acromegaly occur rarely. This paper presents three own observations and at the same time gives a revue of cases reported in the literature. Based on these observations it is attempted to characterize structure and cause of these psychoses and to correlate the psychopathology with the development and severity of the somatic disease. The discussion of the psychopathology includes the problem of differentiation between somatic determined psychoses and endogenous disorders, i.e. schizophrenic and manic depressive illness. It also considers factors such as personality structure and situation of life.", "contents": "[Paranoid-hallucinatory psychoses in acromegaly]. Paranoid halluzinatory psychoses associated with acromegaly occur rarely. This paper presents three own observations and at the same time gives a revue of cases reported in the literature. Based on these observations it is attempted to characterize structure and cause of these psychoses and to correlate the psychopathology with the development and severity of the somatic disease. The discussion of the psychopathology includes the problem of differentiation between somatic determined psychoses and endogenous disorders, i.e. schizophrenic and manic depressive illness. It also considers factors such as personality structure and situation of life."}
{"id": "PMID:948739", "title": "Ventilatory and heart rate adjustments during submaximal and maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with chronic obstructive lung disease were exercised stepwise up to maximal work load. V02 at maximal work load showed a slightly significant correlation to FEV1, while a closer association with VC as well as Ve and Vt was noted. In most patients Vt during maximal exercise was around 50% of VC, while no such limit was present when Vt was related to FEV1. These patterns were independent of the clinical type of obstructive lung disease. At 300 kpm/min (50 W) Vt/VC% as well as heart rate was negatively correlated to V02 max, but not to FEV1. No significant relationship was seen between V02 or Ve at this exercise level and V02 max, as well as FEV1. The ventilatory pattern during exercise seemed to reflect the patients' ventilatory strain more adequately than pre-exercise FEV1. The negative relationship between heart rate during moderate exercise and V02 max might further reflect this strain.", "contents": "Ventilatory and heart rate adjustments during submaximal and maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thirty-four patients with chronic obstructive lung disease were exercised stepwise up to maximal work load. V02 at maximal work load showed a slightly significant correlation to FEV1, while a closer association with VC as well as Ve and Vt was noted. In most patients Vt during maximal exercise was around 50% of VC, while no such limit was present when Vt was related to FEV1. These patterns were independent of the clinical type of obstructive lung disease. At 300 kpm/min (50 W) Vt/VC% as well as heart rate was negatively correlated to V02 max, but not to FEV1. No significant relationship was seen between V02 or Ve at this exercise level and V02 max, as well as FEV1. The ventilatory pattern during exercise seemed to reflect the patients' ventilatory strain more adequately than pre-exercise FEV1. The negative relationship between heart rate during moderate exercise and V02 max might further reflect this strain."}
{"id": "PMID:948741", "title": "Neurons selective for orientation and binocular disparity in the visual Wulst of the barn owl (Tyto alba).", "content": "The visual response properties of single neurons in the owl's visual Wulst suggest that this forebrain structure is an analog of the mammalian visual cortex. Features in common with the cat and the monkey visual cortex include a precise topographic organization, a high degree of binocular interaction, and selectivity for orientation, direction of movement, and binocular disparity of straight-line contours.", "contents": "Neurons selective for orientation and binocular disparity in the visual Wulst of the barn owl (Tyto alba). The visual response properties of single neurons in the owl's visual Wulst suggest that this forebrain structure is an analog of the mammalian visual cortex. Features in common with the cat and the monkey visual cortex include a precise topographic organization, a high degree of binocular interaction, and selectivity for orientation, direction of movement, and binocular disparity of straight-line contours."}
{"id": "PMID:948742", "title": "Multiplication of a human parasite (Leishmania donovani) in phagolysosomes of hamster macrophages in vitro.", "content": "Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis, was grown in hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro. By electron microscopy, using a lysosomal marker, these parasitic protozoa were seen to multiply within host cell phagolysosomes. The survival mechanism of this intracellular parasite is based apparently upon resistance to macrophage lysosomal enzymic digestion.", "contents": "Multiplication of a human parasite (Leishmania donovani) in phagolysosomes of hamster macrophages in vitro. Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of human visceral leishmaniasis, was grown in hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro. By electron microscopy, using a lysosomal marker, these parasitic protozoa were seen to multiply within host cell phagolysosomes. The survival mechanism of this intracellular parasite is based apparently upon resistance to macrophage lysosomal enzymic digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:948743", "title": "Bioconcentration of xenobiotics in trout bile: a proposed monitoring aid for some waterborne chemicals.", "content": "A technique is proposed for the monitoring of certain xenobiotic pollutants in suspect aquatic enviornments by fish bile analysis. Bile removed from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to nine different radioactive compounds in vivo contained concentrations of radioactivity greater than those in the surrounding water. Bile-to-water radioactivity ratios as high as 10,000: 1 were found after 24-hour exposures. The results of these experiments suggest that analysis of bile of wild or caged fish from a suspect site may be useful as a qualitative monitoring aid for certain types of xenobiotics in water.", "contents": "Bioconcentration of xenobiotics in trout bile: a proposed monitoring aid for some waterborne chemicals. A technique is proposed for the monitoring of certain xenobiotic pollutants in suspect aquatic enviornments by fish bile analysis. Bile removed from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to nine different radioactive compounds in vivo contained concentrations of radioactivity greater than those in the surrounding water. Bile-to-water radioactivity ratios as high as 10,000: 1 were found after 24-hour exposures. The results of these experiments suggest that analysis of bile of wild or caged fish from a suspect site may be useful as a qualitative monitoring aid for certain types of xenobiotics in water."}
{"id": "PMID:948744", "title": "(3H)morphine localization in myenteric plexus.", "content": "Preferential binding of 3H-labeled morphine to satellite cells, but not to large neurons in the myenteric plexus, is demonstrated autoradiographically. Microfluorometric spectra of the plexus show nerve fibers that contain norepinephrine and impinge on satellite cells. Cells containing serotonin occur occasionally on longitudinal muscle outside the myenteric plexus.", "contents": "(3H)morphine localization in myenteric plexus. Preferential binding of 3H-labeled morphine to satellite cells, but not to large neurons in the myenteric plexus, is demonstrated autoradiographically. Microfluorometric spectra of the plexus show nerve fibers that contain norepinephrine and impinge on satellite cells. Cells containing serotonin occur occasionally on longitudinal muscle outside the myenteric plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:948745", "title": "Recongition and sexual selection in Drosophila: classification, quantification, and identification.", "content": "Drosophila pseudoobscura females show a positive bias toward mating with males whose proportion in the population is low. They can perform this discrimination even when three strains of males are present. The olfactory recognition required for this discrimination entails a hierarchically ordered recognition system and a natural unit of olfactory strength.", "contents": "Recongition and sexual selection in Drosophila: classification, quantification, and identification. Drosophila pseudoobscura females show a positive bias toward mating with males whose proportion in the population is low. They can perform this discrimination even when three strains of males are present. The olfactory recognition required for this discrimination entails a hierarchically ordered recognition system and a natural unit of olfactory strength."}
{"id": "PMID:948746", "title": "Dufour's gland: source of sex pheromone in a hymenopterous parasitoid.", "content": "Females of Apanteles melanoscelus and Apanteles liparidis produce a sex pheromone in Dufour's gland of their reproductive system. Males of both species exhibit premating behavior when in contact with filter paper smears of the gland of their respective females.", "contents": "Dufour's gland: source of sex pheromone in a hymenopterous parasitoid. Females of Apanteles melanoscelus and Apanteles liparidis produce a sex pheromone in Dufour's gland of their reproductive system. Males of both species exhibit premating behavior when in contact with filter paper smears of the gland of their respective females."}
{"id": "PMID:948747", "title": "Electric signals and schooling behavior in a weakly electric fish, Marcusenius cyprinoides L. (Mormyriformes).", "content": "Field recordings of electric organ discharges and catches of Marcusenius cyprinoides showed that these electric fish form groups and move about in schools. The role electric organ discharges in group cohesion was investigated by comparing interactions in groups of intact and operated, electrically silent fish. The absence of electric organ dischares reduced locomotor activity and resulted in the disappearance of two behaviors: parallel lineup and single file swimming. Electric signals are considered part of a schooling mechanism that aids the fish in maintaining group cohesion in their turbid enviornment and during migration at night.", "contents": "Electric signals and schooling behavior in a weakly electric fish, Marcusenius cyprinoides L. (Mormyriformes). Field recordings of electric organ discharges and catches of Marcusenius cyprinoides showed that these electric fish form groups and move about in schools. The role electric organ discharges in group cohesion was investigated by comparing interactions in groups of intact and operated, electrically silent fish. The absence of electric organ dischares reduced locomotor activity and resulted in the disappearance of two behaviors: parallel lineup and single file swimming. Electric signals are considered part of a schooling mechanism that aids the fish in maintaining group cohesion in their turbid enviornment and during migration at night."}
{"id": "PMID:948748", "title": "Orientation anisotropy: incidence and magnitude in Caucasian and Chinese subjects.", "content": "Cutoff spatial frequencies for sine-wave gratings were measured at four orientations for 100 Caucasian and 24 Chinese subjects, all of whom were raised in carpentered enviornments. For the Caucasian subjects, average acuity for horizontal and vertical gratings was superior to that for obliques by about one-quarter of an octive. However, about 10 percent of subjects showed an anisotropy of about one-eight of an ovtave. The carpentered enviornment explanation of orientation anisotropy cannot, in its present form, account for the wide variety of response patterns obtained, nor the differences between Chinese and Caucasian subjects.", "contents": "Orientation anisotropy: incidence and magnitude in Caucasian and Chinese subjects. Cutoff spatial frequencies for sine-wave gratings were measured at four orientations for 100 Caucasian and 24 Chinese subjects, all of whom were raised in carpentered enviornments. For the Caucasian subjects, average acuity for horizontal and vertical gratings was superior to that for obliques by about one-quarter of an octive. However, about 10 percent of subjects showed an anisotropy of about one-eight of an ovtave. The carpentered enviornment explanation of orientation anisotropy cannot, in its present form, account for the wide variety of response patterns obtained, nor the differences between Chinese and Caucasian subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:948749", "title": "Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation.", "content": "Ten percent digestion of isolated nuclei by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I preferentially removes globin DNA sequences from nuclei obtained from chick red blood cells but not from nuclei obtained from fibroblasts, from brain, or from a population of red blood cell precursors. Moreover, the nontranscribed ovalbumin sequences in nuclei isolated from red blood cells and fibroblasts are retained after mild deoxyribonuclease I digestion. This suggests that active genes are preferentially digested by deoxyribonuclease I. In contrast, treatment of red cell nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease results in no preferential digestion of active globin genes. When the 11S monomers obtained after staphylococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei are then digested with deoxyribonuclease I, the active globin genes are again preferentially digested. The results indicate that active genes are probably associated with histones in a subunit conformation in which the associated DNA is particularly sensitive to digestion by deoxyribonuclease I.", "contents": "Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation. Ten percent digestion of isolated nuclei by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I preferentially removes globin DNA sequences from nuclei obtained from chick red blood cells but not from nuclei obtained from fibroblasts, from brain, or from a population of red blood cell precursors. Moreover, the nontranscribed ovalbumin sequences in nuclei isolated from red blood cells and fibroblasts are retained after mild deoxyribonuclease I digestion. This suggests that active genes are preferentially digested by deoxyribonuclease I. In contrast, treatment of red cell nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease results in no preferential digestion of active globin genes. When the 11S monomers obtained after staphylococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei are then digested with deoxyribonuclease I, the active globin genes are again preferentially digested. The results indicate that active genes are probably associated with histones in a subunit conformation in which the associated DNA is particularly sensitive to digestion by deoxyribonuclease I."}
{"id": "PMID:948750", "title": "Binding of (14C) parathion in soil: a reassessment of pesticide persistence.", "content": "A steady decrease of extractable [14C] parathion residues in soils over a 1-month incubation period was accompanied by an increase of unextractable, bound 14C-labeled residues, resulting finally in total recoveries of extracted plus bound residues of 80 to 87 percent of the applied radiocarbon. Soils containing bound residues were nontoxic to fruit flies. Binding of 14C-labeled residues was related to the activity of soil microorganisms; soil sterilization resulted in a reduction of binding by 58 to 84 percent. Under flooded (anaerobic) conditions, the binding of compounds labeled with 14C doubled, and parathion was reduced to aminoparathion. Reinoculation of sterilized flooded soil fully reinstated the binding capacity. [14C] Aminoparathion was preferentially bound to soil, since its binding within 2 hours was 30 times greater than that of [14C] parathion. Because of the existence of formerly \"unseen,\" unextractable residues, the concept of \"persistent\" and \"nonpersistent\" pesticide residues might have to be reconsidered.", "contents": "Binding of (14C) parathion in soil: a reassessment of pesticide persistence. A steady decrease of extractable [14C] parathion residues in soils over a 1-month incubation period was accompanied by an increase of unextractable, bound 14C-labeled residues, resulting finally in total recoveries of extracted plus bound residues of 80 to 87 percent of the applied radiocarbon. Soils containing bound residues were nontoxic to fruit flies. Binding of 14C-labeled residues was related to the activity of soil microorganisms; soil sterilization resulted in a reduction of binding by 58 to 84 percent. Under flooded (anaerobic) conditions, the binding of compounds labeled with 14C doubled, and parathion was reduced to aminoparathion. Reinoculation of sterilized flooded soil fully reinstated the binding capacity. [14C] Aminoparathion was preferentially bound to soil, since its binding within 2 hours was 30 times greater than that of [14C] parathion. Because of the existence of formerly \"unseen,\" unextractable residues, the concept of \"persistent\" and \"nonpersistent\" pesticide residues might have to be reconsidered."}
{"id": "PMID:948751", "title": "Cholesterogenesis: derepression in extrahepatic tissues with 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine.", "content": "Administration of 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine decreased serum cholesterol levels in the rat to less than 5 milligrams per deciliter. Coincident with this change, there was a 2.1 - to 16.0-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis in seven extrahepatic tissues. This suggests that cholesterol carried in serum lipoproteins plays a major role in regulating sterol synthesis in many extrahepatic tissues.", "contents": "Cholesterogenesis: derepression in extrahepatic tissues with 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine. Administration of 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine decreased serum cholesterol levels in the rat to less than 5 milligrams per deciliter. Coincident with this change, there was a 2.1 - to 16.0-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis in seven extrahepatic tissues. This suggests that cholesterol carried in serum lipoproteins plays a major role in regulating sterol synthesis in many extrahepatic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:948752", "title": "Calcium influx requirement for human neutrophil chemotaxis: inhibition by lanthanum chloride.", "content": "Calcium fluxes of human neutrophils measured in the presence of chemotactically active serum showed a marked stimulation of calcium-45 uptake from the media. Chemotactically inactive serum did not cause an influx of calcium. The magnitude of the calcium influx due to activated serum is sufficient to trigger contractile systems previously described in muscle cells. Lanthanum chloride inhibited the chemotactic response of human neutrophils to activated serum. Lanthanum in concentrations that suppressed chemotaxis also inhibited the calcium influx caused by activated serum. Lanthanum in concentrations that suppressed chemotaxis also inhibited the calcium influx caused by activated serum. The data support a direct role of calcium influx in chemotaxis of neutrophils.", "contents": "Calcium influx requirement for human neutrophil chemotaxis: inhibition by lanthanum chloride. Calcium fluxes of human neutrophils measured in the presence of chemotactically active serum showed a marked stimulation of calcium-45 uptake from the media. Chemotactically inactive serum did not cause an influx of calcium. The magnitude of the calcium influx due to activated serum is sufficient to trigger contractile systems previously described in muscle cells. Lanthanum chloride inhibited the chemotactic response of human neutrophils to activated serum. Lanthanum in concentrations that suppressed chemotaxis also inhibited the calcium influx caused by activated serum. Lanthanum in concentrations that suppressed chemotaxis also inhibited the calcium influx caused by activated serum. The data support a direct role of calcium influx in chemotaxis of neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:948753", "title": "Cytochrome P-450 induction by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in primary cultures of hepatocytes.", "content": "The characteristic hepatocellular changes resulting from phenobarbital administration in vivo, namely an increase in the levels of cytochrome P-450 and proliferation of membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, have been demonstrated in primary cultures of nonreplicating hepatocytes on floating collagen membranes. Addition of methylcholanthrene to the medium resulted in an increase in cytochrome P-448 within 48 hours, whereas the phenobarbital induction of P-450 required 5 days. These results demonstrate that responses induced in adult liver cells in vivo by phenobarbital can be reporoduced in cultured hepatocytes, contrary to previous reports.", "contents": "Cytochrome P-450 induction by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in primary cultures of hepatocytes. The characteristic hepatocellular changes resulting from phenobarbital administration in vivo, namely an increase in the levels of cytochrome P-450 and proliferation of membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, have been demonstrated in primary cultures of nonreplicating hepatocytes on floating collagen membranes. Addition of methylcholanthrene to the medium resulted in an increase in cytochrome P-448 within 48 hours, whereas the phenobarbital induction of P-450 required 5 days. These results demonstrate that responses induced in adult liver cells in vivo by phenobarbital can be reporoduced in cultured hepatocytes, contrary to previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:948754", "title": "Acetylcholine hot spots: development on myotubes cultured from aneural limb buds.", "content": "The hypothesis that neural induction plays a role in the development of acetylcholine hot spots (high-sensitivity regions) was tested by electrophysiological mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine sensitivity of myotubes derived from aneural hindlimb buds of chick embryos. Hot spots were found. Therefore, hot spot development is not dependent on prior contact with nerve processes.", "contents": "Acetylcholine hot spots: development on myotubes cultured from aneural limb buds. The hypothesis that neural induction plays a role in the development of acetylcholine hot spots (high-sensitivity regions) was tested by electrophysiological mapping of the distribution of acetylcholine sensitivity of myotubes derived from aneural hindlimb buds of chick embryos. Hot spots were found. Therefore, hot spot development is not dependent on prior contact with nerve processes."}
{"id": "PMID:948756", "title": "Black widow spider venom: effect of purified toxin on lipid bilayer membranes.", "content": "A purified toxin (the B5 fraction) from black widow spider venom added to the solution on one side of a lipid bilayer membrane interacts irreversibly with the membrane to produce a continuous, linear rise of membrane conductance with time. Conductances greater than 10(-4) reciprocal ohm per square centimeter can eventually be attained without any loss of membrane stability. Membranes treated with toxin are ideally selective for alkali cations over anions and are substantially permeable to calcium ion. These effects of the toxin result from the formation of permanent channels in the membrane of uniform conductance, 3.6 X 10(-10) reciprocal ohm (in 0.1 molar potassium chloride), that remain open almost all the time. Both the divalent cation permeability and the smaller conductances at low pH of toxin-treated membranes suggest that there is negative charge (possibly from carboxyl groups) associated with the channels. We discuss the possible relation of the action of this toxin on lipid bilayer membranes to its ability to stimulate massive transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction and to produce profound morphological changes on tissue cultured neurons.", "contents": "Black widow spider venom: effect of purified toxin on lipid bilayer membranes. A purified toxin (the B5 fraction) from black widow spider venom added to the solution on one side of a lipid bilayer membrane interacts irreversibly with the membrane to produce a continuous, linear rise of membrane conductance with time. Conductances greater than 10(-4) reciprocal ohm per square centimeter can eventually be attained without any loss of membrane stability. Membranes treated with toxin are ideally selective for alkali cations over anions and are substantially permeable to calcium ion. These effects of the toxin result from the formation of permanent channels in the membrane of uniform conductance, 3.6 X 10(-10) reciprocal ohm (in 0.1 molar potassium chloride), that remain open almost all the time. Both the divalent cation permeability and the smaller conductances at low pH of toxin-treated membranes suggest that there is negative charge (possibly from carboxyl groups) associated with the channels. We discuss the possible relation of the action of this toxin on lipid bilayer membranes to its ability to stimulate massive transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction and to produce profound morphological changes on tissue cultured neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:948757", "title": "Modulation of C3b hemolytic activity by a plasma protein distinct from C3b inactivator.", "content": "A human plasma protein binds to cell-bound C3b, the major cleavage product of the third component of complement. Consequent upon this binding, C3b no longer functions in either the classical or alternative pathways. This C3b inhibitory activity is a property of a protein previously designated beta 1H on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility.", "contents": "Modulation of C3b hemolytic activity by a plasma protein distinct from C3b inactivator. A human plasma protein binds to cell-bound C3b, the major cleavage product of the third component of complement. Consequent upon this binding, C3b no longer functions in either the classical or alternative pathways. This C3b inhibitory activity is a property of a protein previously designated beta 1H on the basis of its electrophoretic mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:948758", "title": "Sialic acid: effect of removal on calcium exchangeability of cultured heart cells.", "content": "Specific removal of sialic acid from cultured heart cells with purified neuraminidase increases cellular calcium exchangeability. Potassium exchange is unaffected or slightly decreased. Sialic acid removal also permits lanthanum, normally restricted to the cellular surface, to enter the cells and displace more than 80 percent of cellular calcium. The results indicate a specific role of cellular surface components in the control of calcium exchangeability in the heart.", "contents": "Sialic acid: effect of removal on calcium exchangeability of cultured heart cells. Specific removal of sialic acid from cultured heart cells with purified neuraminidase increases cellular calcium exchangeability. Potassium exchange is unaffected or slightly decreased. Sialic acid removal also permits lanthanum, normally restricted to the cellular surface, to enter the cells and displace more than 80 percent of cellular calcium. The results indicate a specific role of cellular surface components in the control of calcium exchangeability in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:948759", "title": "Cortisol stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by rat parathyroid glands in organ culture.", "content": "Addition of cortisol (10(-6) to 10(-8) M) and related glucocorticoid congeners to cultures of rat parathyroid glands stimulated dose-related increases in parathyroid hormone secretion; the addition of deoxycorticosterone or cortexolone was without effect. Cortexolone, however, inhibited the stimulatory activity of cortisol when both were added to the culture medium. This direct stimulatory effect of cortisol on parathyroid gland secretion may account in part for the increased concentration of parathyroid hormone in the serum of cortisol-treated animals.", "contents": "Cortisol stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by rat parathyroid glands in organ culture. Addition of cortisol (10(-6) to 10(-8) M) and related glucocorticoid congeners to cultures of rat parathyroid glands stimulated dose-related increases in parathyroid hormone secretion; the addition of deoxycorticosterone or cortexolone was without effect. Cortexolone, however, inhibited the stimulatory activity of cortisol when both were added to the culture medium. This direct stimulatory effect of cortisol on parathyroid gland secretion may account in part for the increased concentration of parathyroid hormone in the serum of cortisol-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:948760", "title": "Monoamine changes in the brain of cats during slow-wave sleep.", "content": "We have found that the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine increases in the hippocampus and that the metabolism of dopamine decreases in the striatum and thalamus during slow-wave sleep, and we suggest that these changes are related to this stage of sleep. We have also found that the concentration of dopamine increases in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep, and suggest that this may be related to the subsequent appearance of paradoxical sleep. These data raise new questions on the hippocampal role in the sleep-wakefulness cycle.", "contents": "Monoamine changes in the brain of cats during slow-wave sleep. We have found that the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine increases in the hippocampus and that the metabolism of dopamine decreases in the striatum and thalamus during slow-wave sleep, and we suggest that these changes are related to this stage of sleep. We have also found that the concentration of dopamine increases in the hippocampus during slow-wave sleep, and suggest that this may be related to the subsequent appearance of paradoxical sleep. These data raise new questions on the hippocampal role in the sleep-wakefulness cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:948762", "title": "Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields.", "content": "We have described a formal model for pattern regulation in epimorphic fields in which positional information is specified in terms of polar coordinates in two dimensions. We propose that cells within epimorphic fields behave according to two simple rules, the shortest intercalation rule and the complete circle rule, for both of which there is direct experimental evidence. It is possible to understand a large number of different behaviors of epimorphic fields as a straight-forward consequence of these two rules, and the model therefore provides a context in which to view many of the results of experimental embryology. Although we have confined our discussion to cockroach legs, the imaginal disks of Drosophila, and regenerating and developing amphibian limbs, the fact that the model can explain regulative behavior in such evolutionarily diverse animals suggests that it may have general applicability to epimorphic fields. The predictions which the model makes should make it possible to assess its applicability to other developing systems, and to investigate the cellular mechanisms involved.", "contents": "Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields. We have described a formal model for pattern regulation in epimorphic fields in which positional information is specified in terms of polar coordinates in two dimensions. We propose that cells within epimorphic fields behave according to two simple rules, the shortest intercalation rule and the complete circle rule, for both of which there is direct experimental evidence. It is possible to understand a large number of different behaviors of epimorphic fields as a straight-forward consequence of these two rules, and the model therefore provides a context in which to view many of the results of experimental embryology. Although we have confined our discussion to cockroach legs, the imaginal disks of Drosophila, and regenerating and developing amphibian limbs, the fact that the model can explain regulative behavior in such evolutionarily diverse animals suggests that it may have general applicability to epimorphic fields. The predictions which the model makes should make it possible to assess its applicability to other developing systems, and to investigate the cellular mechanisms involved."}
{"id": "PMID:948912", "title": "[Biochemical basis of aging].", "content": "1. Biological ageing means change of structure and function with the beginning of the autonomy of a human being up to the death of the individual. 2. Already early in the first third of life begin changes caused by ageing, which in concurrence with developmental processes increasingly predominate. 3. Thus the total biological functional capacity of an organism decreases, which we called \"vitability\". 4. Ageing processes do not only occur on post-mitotic cells, but also on intermitotic cells regular changes caused by ageing are to be established.", "contents": "[Biochemical basis of aging]. 1. Biological ageing means change of structure and function with the beginning of the autonomy of a human being up to the death of the individual. 2. Already early in the first third of life begin changes caused by ageing, which in concurrence with developmental processes increasingly predominate. 3. Thus the total biological functional capacity of an organism decreases, which we called \"vitability\". 4. Ageing processes do not only occur on post-mitotic cells, but also on intermitotic cells regular changes caused by ageing are to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:948913", "title": "[Methodological problems in the determination of biological age].", "content": "It is reported on a new method of the establishment of the biological age. The test battery designed comprises 12 parameters, from which a so-called biological index can be calculated which on its part serves as basis for the establishment of biological age. The realisability of the methods is demonstrated by examinations carried out on 340 healthy persons. The method developed for the geriatric practice is regarded as supplementation of the general medical examination and for the clarification of certain, above all gerontologically orientated questions.", "contents": "[Methodological problems in the determination of biological age]. It is reported on a new method of the establishment of the biological age. The test battery designed comprises 12 parameters, from which a so-called biological index can be calculated which on its part serves as basis for the establishment of biological age. The realisability of the methods is demonstrated by examinations carried out on 340 healthy persons. The method developed for the geriatric practice is regarded as supplementation of the general medical examination and for the clarification of certain, above all gerontologically orientated questions."}
{"id": "PMID:948914", "title": "[Aging and resorption].", "content": "The enteral absorption in dependence of age has been tested by D-xylose. From the additional investigation of the D-xylose reaction in the blood plasma one can detect statistically ascertained age relation in comparison between young and old healthy test persons. Though in old age the absorption process is retarded a sufficient absorption at a longer time at diminished speed of passage of the ingesta in old age.", "contents": "[Aging and resorption]. The enteral absorption in dependence of age has been tested by D-xylose. From the additional investigation of the D-xylose reaction in the blood plasma one can detect statistically ascertained age relation in comparison between young and old healthy test persons. Though in old age the absorption process is retarded a sufficient absorption at a longer time at diminished speed of passage of the ingesta in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:948915", "title": "[Problems of food absorption with reference to age and obesity].", "content": "In 1,000 obese persons and 250 persons with normal weight detailed nutrition anamneses concerning the average daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, cholesterol, saturated and repeatedly unsaturated fatty acids were made. Obese persons took less food than persons with normal weight--findings which are to be explained by the different habits of eating in the dynamic (the hyperalimentation takes place above all here) and in the static phase of obesity. There were no age tendencies in women, whereas in men, beginning with the 4th decade of life, all the nutrients were taken in a smaller quantity than in adolescence.", "contents": "[Problems of food absorption with reference to age and obesity]. In 1,000 obese persons and 250 persons with normal weight detailed nutrition anamneses concerning the average daily intake of calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, cholesterol, saturated and repeatedly unsaturated fatty acids were made. Obese persons took less food than persons with normal weight--findings which are to be explained by the different habits of eating in the dynamic (the hyperalimentation takes place above all here) and in the static phase of obesity. There were no age tendencies in women, whereas in men, beginning with the 4th decade of life, all the nutrients were taken in a smaller quantity than in adolescence."}
{"id": "PMID:948916", "title": "[Sexual behavior in higher age].", "content": "Apart from other factors the sexual behaviour of man and woman depends also on age. Like other physiological conditions the sexual function underlies changes according to age, representing themselves in slowed down sexual  reaction, diminished intensity of orgasm and ejaculation as well as decreased libido. In general the sexual activity of both sexes is diminishing after the 50th year of life, simultaneously showing that the sexual function in man more easily becomes disturbed--not so in woman.", "contents": "[Sexual behavior in higher age]. Apart from other factors the sexual behaviour of man and woman depends also on age. Like other physiological conditions the sexual function underlies changes according to age, representing themselves in slowed down sexual  reaction, diminished intensity of orgasm and ejaculation as well as decreased libido. In general the sexual activity of both sexes is diminishing after the 50th year of life, simultaneously showing that the sexual function in man more easily becomes disturbed--not so in woman."}
{"id": "PMID:948917", "title": "[The care of the senior citizen from a social-hygienic viewpoint].", "content": "From the point of view of social hygiene is shown, in what way social conditions are given and sued in the GDR to take influence on the state of health up to old age. As main factors of work dwelling and social or cultural care are considered. Resuming his treatise the author confirms that not yet all sources are used to solve the problems regarded. References to law-materials and other principles are given to support physicians in treating and guiding older people and to enable authorities not belonging to health service to fulfill the adequate tasks.", "contents": "[The care of the senior citizen from a social-hygienic viewpoint]. From the point of view of social hygiene is shown, in what way social conditions are given and sued in the GDR to take influence on the state of health up to old age. As main factors of work dwelling and social or cultural care are considered. Resuming his treatise the author confirms that not yet all sources are used to solve the problems regarded. References to law-materials and other principles are given to support physicians in treating and guiding older people and to enable authorities not belonging to health service to fulfill the adequate tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:948918", "title": "[The securing of adequate working possibilities for the older worker as a specific work-hygienic task].", "content": "It is an important problem for all institutions of work-safety and Public Health in enterprises to secure an adequate shaping of labour for elderly workers by means of work-studies and deducing staffs. The peculiar attitude in adaptation by aged people makes necessary to take into consideration specific formative principles as are here described and proved. With the help of a model is shown in which way work-studies on places of employment of aged women are used for rationalisation.", "contents": "[The securing of adequate working possibilities for the older worker as a specific work-hygienic task]. It is an important problem for all institutions of work-safety and Public Health in enterprises to secure an adequate shaping of labour for elderly workers by means of work-studies and deducing staffs. The peculiar attitude in adaptation by aged people makes necessary to take into consideration specific formative principles as are here described and proved. With the help of a model is shown in which way work-studies on places of employment of aged women are used for rationalisation."}
{"id": "PMID:948922", "title": "[The relations between aging and disease].", "content": "In a survey concerning the relations between ageing and disease the peculiarities of a nosology referred to old age are discussed. From the point of view of clinical gerontology the compilation contains problems of the determination of the normal value, the demarcation of orthological and pathological changes caused by ageing, of the morbidity, the symptomatology and the therapy. The paper sketches the modern state of knowledge and refers to the continuation of clinical gerontology, the special task of which should last not least consist of the formation of a diagnostic and therapeutic standard adequate to age.", "contents": "[The relations between aging and disease]. In a survey concerning the relations between ageing and disease the peculiarities of a nosology referred to old age are discussed. From the point of view of clinical gerontology the compilation contains problems of the determination of the normal value, the demarcation of orthological and pathological changes caused by ageing, of the morbidity, the symptomatology and the therapy. The paper sketches the modern state of knowledge and refers to the continuation of clinical gerontology, the special task of which should last not least consist of the formation of a diagnostic and therapeutic standard adequate to age."}
{"id": "PMID:948923", "title": "[The human life cycle from a theoretical viewpoint].", "content": "In the view of theoretical considerations the human course of life is regarded as a generalized motion. It is made an attempt to define terms, such as chronological age, biological age and ageing. In the model of ageing irreversible alterations affecting the organism are described by a complex variable, called vitality, which represents the state of systems. The rate of vitality dV/dt and the biomorphosis of systems are equivalent terms.", "contents": "[The human life cycle from a theoretical viewpoint]. In the view of theoretical considerations the human course of life is regarded as a generalized motion. It is made an attempt to define terms, such as chronological age, biological age and ageing. In the model of ageing irreversible alterations affecting the organism are described by a complex variable, called vitality, which represents the state of systems. The rate of vitality dV/dt and the biomorphosis of systems are equivalent terms."}
{"id": "PMID:948924", "title": "[Growth and aging of connective tissue].", "content": "The organs and organ systems of neonates usually show a differently advanced development of connective tissue. This must be considered when determining the change caused by ageing in specific connective tissue structures, especially if it is desired to establish relations between structure, function and time. In those organs which assume important functions during or immediately after birth the connective tissue components are more highly developed than in those which, after birth, are not subject to full functional strains. This particular phenomenon has been demonstrated by specific examples.", "contents": "[Growth and aging of connective tissue]. The organs and organ systems of neonates usually show a differently advanced development of connective tissue. This must be considered when determining the change caused by ageing in specific connective tissue structures, especially if it is desired to establish relations between structure, function and time. In those organs which assume important functions during or immediately after birth the connective tissue components are more highly developed than in those which, after birth, are not subject to full functional strains. This particular phenomenon has been demonstrated by specific examples."}
{"id": "PMID:948925", "title": "[Morphological age changes of the heart and blood vessels--contribution to the asynchronous aging of human organs and tissues].", "content": "The weight of the heart increases in men and women very rapidly up to the 20th year and after this time grows slowly up to the 90th year. Only after the 90th year there is a decrease of the heart weight. Thickness and length of the heart muscle cells are changing analogous. The capillaries likewise multiply during the first and second decade very quickly and do not diminish in advanced age. We do not find a \"withered condition of the top\" of the capillary tree and a thickening of the basement membrane. Lipofuscin already appears in heart muscle cells of 7-year-old children; its amount raises continuously. The interstitial connective tissue increases only during the first decade of life. In advanced age a part of the collagenous fibres degenerates. The fibrous framework of the cardiac valves is developing to a solid and stable organ during the first and second decade. After the 50th year the collagenous and elastic fibres show symptoms of degeneration. The different ageing of the blood vessels is demonstrated by the arteries of the iris.", "contents": "[Morphological age changes of the heart and blood vessels--contribution to the asynchronous aging of human organs and tissues]. The weight of the heart increases in men and women very rapidly up to the 20th year and after this time grows slowly up to the 90th year. Only after the 90th year there is a decrease of the heart weight. Thickness and length of the heart muscle cells are changing analogous. The capillaries likewise multiply during the first and second decade very quickly and do not diminish in advanced age. We do not find a \"withered condition of the top\" of the capillary tree and a thickening of the basement membrane. Lipofuscin already appears in heart muscle cells of 7-year-old children; its amount raises continuously. The interstitial connective tissue increases only during the first decade of life. In advanced age a part of the collagenous fibres degenerates. The fibrous framework of the cardiac valves is developing to a solid and stable organ during the first and second decade. After the 50th year the collagenous and elastic fibres show symptoms of degeneration. The different ageing of the blood vessels is demonstrated by the arteries of the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:948947", "title": "[Pathogenicity of K. ozaenae for mice and chick embryos].", "content": "The authors tested the virulence of K. ozaenae--its old museum strains, the freshly isolated ones and those passaged on meat-peptone agar; experiments were carried out on mice and chick embryos. To mice the culture was administered intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intranasally, and to embryos--into the allantoic cavity and on the chorioallantoic membrane. Irrespective of the method of administration, the freshly isolated strains were highly virulent both for mice and for chick embryos. The virulence of such strains decreased in the process of passaging on the nutrient medium. Old museum strains were of low virulence for albino mice and avirulent for chick embryos. In comparing the virulent and avirulent strains there were found no differences in the antigenic structure and toxicity of the Boiven complex, cytoplasm, membrane, capsular polysaccharide or whole virulent and avirulent bacteria killed by heating.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of K. ozaenae for mice and chick embryos]. The authors tested the virulence of K. ozaenae--its old museum strains, the freshly isolated ones and those passaged on meat-peptone agar; experiments were carried out on mice and chick embryos. To mice the culture was administered intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intranasally, and to embryos--into the allantoic cavity and on the chorioallantoic membrane. Irrespective of the method of administration, the freshly isolated strains were highly virulent both for mice and for chick embryos. The virulence of such strains decreased in the process of passaging on the nutrient medium. Old museum strains were of low virulence for albino mice and avirulent for chick embryos. In comparing the virulent and avirulent strains there were found no differences in the antigenic structure and toxicity of the Boiven complex, cytoplasm, membrane, capsular polysaccharide or whole virulent and avirulent bacteria killed by heating."}
{"id": "PMID:948948", "title": "[Epidemiological evaluation of the effectiveness of the obligatory isolation of whooping cough patients in schools].", "content": "Analysis of observations carried out under practical conditions (165 patients with pertussis from 48 foci) and the results of controlled epidemiological trial on the discontinuance of compulsory isolation of pertussis patients at schools (12 classes, 402 children) showed that isolation of the patients failed to stop the spread of infection in the focus. This was attributed to incomplete detection of the patients and their late isolation in conditions of wide incidence of mild forms and formes frustes of pertussis. When patients suffering from pertussis were left at school, there occurred no increase in the spread of the infection in the focus, in duration or severity of the disease and no increase of the period of discharge of the causative agent. However, the number of days of the patient's absence from school was greatly reduced. Taking into consideration the absence of an attack-like cough in patients with formes frustes, short duration and preponderance of the attacks at night in patients with a mild form of pertussis, no disturbances in the general condition of the child, and also no indications to the treatment, schoolchildren should be isolated by clinical indications only (pyrexia, marked catarrhal phenomena, frequent attack-like cough, complications, concomitant diseases); they can be admitted to school as soon as the mentioned signs subsided irrespective of the time lapse from the onset of the disease.", "contents": "[Epidemiological evaluation of the effectiveness of the obligatory isolation of whooping cough patients in schools]. Analysis of observations carried out under practical conditions (165 patients with pertussis from 48 foci) and the results of controlled epidemiological trial on the discontinuance of compulsory isolation of pertussis patients at schools (12 classes, 402 children) showed that isolation of the patients failed to stop the spread of infection in the focus. This was attributed to incomplete detection of the patients and their late isolation in conditions of wide incidence of mild forms and formes frustes of pertussis. When patients suffering from pertussis were left at school, there occurred no increase in the spread of the infection in the focus, in duration or severity of the disease and no increase of the period of discharge of the causative agent. However, the number of days of the patient's absence from school was greatly reduced. Taking into consideration the absence of an attack-like cough in patients with formes frustes, short duration and preponderance of the attacks at night in patients with a mild form of pertussis, no disturbances in the general condition of the child, and also no indications to the treatment, schoolchildren should be isolated by clinical indications only (pyrexia, marked catarrhal phenomena, frequent attack-like cough, complications, concomitant diseases); they can be admitted to school as soon as the mentioned signs subsided irrespective of the time lapse from the onset of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:948949", "title": "[Insecticidal properties of sumitrin].", "content": "The study of insecticidal properties of sumitrin demonstrated that in contact action it was a highly effective insecticide; in topical application LD50 for domestic flies, bedbugs and cockroaches was 0.47, 1.25 and 3.26 mug/g, respectively. Sumitrin possessed high action selectivity for insects and low toxicity for warm-blooded animals (LD50 for albino mice greater than 7500 mg/kg). In the form of aerosols sumitrin and its mixtures with DDVF were less active than compositions on the neopinamine base.", "contents": "[Insecticidal properties of sumitrin]. The study of insecticidal properties of sumitrin demonstrated that in contact action it was a highly effective insecticide; in topical application LD50 for domestic flies, bedbugs and cockroaches was 0.47, 1.25 and 3.26 mug/g, respectively. Sumitrin possessed high action selectivity for insects and low toxicity for warm-blooded animals (LD50 for albino mice greater than 7500 mg/kg). In the form of aerosols sumitrin and its mixtures with DDVF were less active than compositions on the neopinamine base."}
{"id": "PMID:948950", "title": "[Study of the epidemiology of Far East scarlatiniform fever in the Maritime Territory. II. Contamination of environmental objects by the pseudotuberculosis microbe in foci of scarlatiniform fever].", "content": "External environment of vegetable storehouses and catering establishements in the foci of far-eastern scarlatina-like in the Primorsk territory was found to be considerably contaminated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Epidemiological role of vegetable storehouses in the preservation of pseudotuberculosis microbe in the foci was demonstrated. In one case Y. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from soil.", "contents": "[Study of the epidemiology of Far East scarlatiniform fever in the Maritime Territory. II. Contamination of environmental objects by the pseudotuberculosis microbe in foci of scarlatiniform fever]. External environment of vegetable storehouses and catering establishements in the foci of far-eastern scarlatina-like in the Primorsk territory was found to be considerably contaminated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Epidemiological role of vegetable storehouses in the preservation of pseudotuberculosis microbe in the foci was demonstrated. In one case Y. pseudotuberculosis was isolated from soil."}
{"id": "PMID:948955", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the kinetics of smallpox vaccine interaction with alveolar macrophages when administered intratracheally].", "content": "Electron microscopy was applied to the study of the dynamics of endocytosis of smallpox vaccine by alveolar macrophages in intratracheal immunization of guinea pigs; 5 to 15 minutes after administration of smallpox vaccine the viruses were absorbed on the macrophage surface, penetrated into the cells by invagination and vesiculation. A possibility of adaption of smallpox virus in the alveolar macrophages 12 hours after the vaccination was confirmed documentally.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the kinetics of smallpox vaccine interaction with alveolar macrophages when administered intratracheally]. Electron microscopy was applied to the study of the dynamics of endocytosis of smallpox vaccine by alveolar macrophages in intratracheal immunization of guinea pigs; 5 to 15 minutes after administration of smallpox vaccine the viruses were absorbed on the macrophage surface, penetrated into the cells by invagination and vesiculation. A possibility of adaption of smallpox virus in the alveolar macrophages 12 hours after the vaccination was confirmed documentally."}
{"id": "PMID:948956", "title": "[Use of the thrombocyte aggregation test for detecting immune complexes circulating in the serum of cholera patients].", "content": "It was shown that the blood sera of patients suffering from cholera and of persons who had sustained the disease contained specific antibodies in titres below the diagnostic level (according to the indirect hemagglutination test) caused platelet aggregation, most pronounced during the first week of the infectious process. In the presence of a specific cholera antigen the phenomenon of platelet aggregation was considerably enhanced; the indices reached the maximum when the experiment was conducted with the blood sera of those who had sustained the disease.", "contents": "[Use of the thrombocyte aggregation test for detecting immune complexes circulating in the serum of cholera patients]. It was shown that the blood sera of patients suffering from cholera and of persons who had sustained the disease contained specific antibodies in titres below the diagnostic level (according to the indirect hemagglutination test) caused platelet aggregation, most pronounced during the first week of the infectious process. In the presence of a specific cholera antigen the phenomenon of platelet aggregation was considerably enhanced; the indices reached the maximum when the experiment was conducted with the blood sera of those who had sustained the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:948957", "title": "[Effect of antipurine antibodies on the immunodepressive activity of 6-mercaptopurine].", "content": "In repeated injections of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) covalently bound with protein (6-MP-P) antibodies binding 6-MP appeared in rabbits. In such animals free 6-MP produced a lesser immunodepressive and toxic action. Injection to mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SE) of rabbit serum containing antibodies against 6-MP not only failed to lead to reduction of the immunodepressive action of this cytostatic, but, on the contrary, intensified the inhibition of antibody formation to the SE. Injection to mice of 6-MP bound with rabbit antiserum in vitro also enhanced its immunodepressive activity. Evidently own antibodies neutralized 6-MP, whereas foreign ones, serving as an antigen, apparently caused its accumulation in the macrophagal lymphocytic complex.", "contents": "[Effect of antipurine antibodies on the immunodepressive activity of 6-mercaptopurine]. In repeated injections of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) covalently bound with protein (6-MP-P) antibodies binding 6-MP appeared in rabbits. In such animals free 6-MP produced a lesser immunodepressive and toxic action. Injection to mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes (SE) of rabbit serum containing antibodies against 6-MP not only failed to lead to reduction of the immunodepressive action of this cytostatic, but, on the contrary, intensified the inhibition of antibody formation to the SE. Injection to mice of 6-MP bound with rabbit antiserum in vitro also enhanced its immunodepressive activity. Evidently own antibodies neutralized 6-MP, whereas foreign ones, serving as an antigen, apparently caused its accumulation in the macrophagal lymphocytic complex."}
{"id": "PMID:948958", "title": "[Inhibitor participation in the regulation of serum RNAse activity in the formation of immunity against influenza].", "content": "It was shown that parenteral administration of lead ions caused in the blood serum of albino mice a significant decrease in the amount of the bound RNA-ase 1 inhibitor and a simultaneous increase in the activity of this enzyme. Consequently, this inhibitor served as a regulator of the serum RNA-ase 1 activity. A considerable increase in the amount of the bound and free RNA-ase 1 inhibitor was noted in the serum in the process of triple immunization of persons with live influenza vaccine; this was accompanied by a significant reduction of the free RNA-ase 1 activity. This indicated that along with other mechanisms the inhibitor apparently participated in the processes of formation of immunity against influenza.", "contents": "[Inhibitor participation in the regulation of serum RNAse activity in the formation of immunity against influenza]. It was shown that parenteral administration of lead ions caused in the blood serum of albino mice a significant decrease in the amount of the bound RNA-ase 1 inhibitor and a simultaneous increase in the activity of this enzyme. Consequently, this inhibitor served as a regulator of the serum RNA-ase 1 activity. A considerable increase in the amount of the bound and free RNA-ase 1 inhibitor was noted in the serum in the process of triple immunization of persons with live influenza vaccine; this was accompanied by a significant reduction of the free RNA-ase 1 activity. This indicated that along with other mechanisms the inhibitor apparently participated in the processes of formation of immunity against influenza."}
{"id": "PMID:948959", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae of organ cultures of the trachea and lungs of certain animals].", "content": "A possibility was shown of cultivation of M. pneumoniae in the organ cultures of the trachea and the lungs of a pig embryo. 5-7-day guinea pigs, and 3-5-day chicks. The lung and tracheal explants of chicks possessed the greatest sensitivity to M. pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the nasopharyngeal smears and washings from the bronchi obtained in bronchoscopy of patients suffering from chronic pneumonia, with the use of organ culture of chick trachea. Explains of chick trachea could serve as a medium for the isolation of M. pneumoniae from the patients.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the sensitivity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae of organ cultures of the trachea and lungs of certain animals]. A possibility was shown of cultivation of M. pneumoniae in the organ cultures of the trachea and the lungs of a pig embryo. 5-7-day guinea pigs, and 3-5-day chicks. The lung and tracheal explants of chicks possessed the greatest sensitivity to M. pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae strains were isolated from the nasopharyngeal smears and washings from the bronchi obtained in bronchoscopy of patients suffering from chronic pneumonia, with the use of organ culture of chick trachea. Explains of chick trachea could serve as a medium for the isolation of M. pneumoniae from the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:948960", "title": "[Identification of serological group 0128:K67 Escherichia].", "content": "The authors present the results of studies of etiology of acute group intestinal diseases in neonates from whom escherichia of serological group 0128ac:K67 possessing the following characteristics were isolated: of the same (with the H12 antigen) serological and enzymatic type (nonfermenting sucrose and raffinose, fermenting dulcit and sorbit the first 24 hours, and slowly fermenting ramnose). All the cultures isolated were resistant to the majority of antibiotics used at present, and were only weakly sensitive to erythromycin. Difficulties (agglutination of live cultures with production sera in the absence of low agglutinability of heated cultures) in serological typing of the cultures were due to different partial O-antigen composition of the cultures isolated and of the production strain used in the preparation of commercial sera of the given serological group (0128ab:K67). Because circulation of escherichia of serological 0128ac variant was revealed in the USSR there occurred a necessity of their identification in practical laboratories; for this purpose organization of industrial production of the corresponding serum is necessary.", "contents": "[Identification of serological group 0128:K67 Escherichia]. The authors present the results of studies of etiology of acute group intestinal diseases in neonates from whom escherichia of serological group 0128ac:K67 possessing the following characteristics were isolated: of the same (with the H12 antigen) serological and enzymatic type (nonfermenting sucrose and raffinose, fermenting dulcit and sorbit the first 24 hours, and slowly fermenting ramnose). All the cultures isolated were resistant to the majority of antibiotics used at present, and were only weakly sensitive to erythromycin. Difficulties (agglutination of live cultures with production sera in the absence of low agglutinability of heated cultures) in serological typing of the cultures were due to different partial O-antigen composition of the cultures isolated and of the production strain used in the preparation of commercial sera of the given serological group (0128ab:K67). Because circulation of escherichia of serological 0128ac variant was revealed in the USSR there occurred a necessity of their identification in practical laboratories; for this purpose organization of industrial production of the corresponding serum is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:948961", "title": "[Molecular parameters of the sensitization of tannined erythrocytes with human IgG].", "content": "A study was made of the molecular binding parameters during the sensitization of human IgG with tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes, depending on the concentration of the reacting components. The total amount of IgG molecules stably bound by all erythrocytes increased with the elevation of erythrocyte and IgG concentration. About 1.7 million IgG molecules were stably fixed on one erythrocyte under conditions providing the maximum binding. However, the level of hemosensitization approaching the maximum was provided by binding 400,000--600,000 IgG molecules by one erythrocyte. Apparently the level of specific IgG sensitization was determined not only by the amount of protein molecules stably bound by one erythrocyte, but also by the character of space position of the IgG molecules on the erythrocyte surface.", "contents": "[Molecular parameters of the sensitization of tannined erythrocytes with human IgG]. A study was made of the molecular binding parameters during the sensitization of human IgG with tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes, depending on the concentration of the reacting components. The total amount of IgG molecules stably bound by all erythrocytes increased with the elevation of erythrocyte and IgG concentration. About 1.7 million IgG molecules were stably fixed on one erythrocyte under conditions providing the maximum binding. However, the level of hemosensitization approaching the maximum was provided by binding 400,000--600,000 IgG molecules by one erythrocyte. Apparently the level of specific IgG sensitization was determined not only by the amount of protein molecules stably bound by one erythrocyte, but also by the character of space position of the IgG molecules on the erythrocyte surface."}
{"id": "PMID:948962", "title": "[Polyvalent diagnostic cholera phage].", "content": "A polyvalent diagnostic bacteriophage for rapid identification (in 6-10 hours) of cholera vibrio of both biotypes has been constructed of virulent E1 Tor phages and recommended for laboratory practice. Polyvalent diagnostic bacteriophage is strictly specific, inactive against the nonagglutinating vibrios, microbes of enteric group and those closely affiliated.", "contents": "[Polyvalent diagnostic cholera phage]. A polyvalent diagnostic bacteriophage for rapid identification (in 6-10 hours) of cholera vibrio of both biotypes has been constructed of virulent E1 Tor phages and recommended for laboratory practice. Polyvalent diagnostic bacteriophage is strictly specific, inactive against the nonagglutinating vibrios, microbes of enteric group and those closely affiliated."}
{"id": "PMID:948963", "title": "[Study of the fractional makeup of diagnostic nutrient media for isolating Vibrio cholerae].", "content": "A study was made of the fractional composition of peptones used for preparation of solid nutrient media. It was shown that the best growth of the vibrio on these media was obtained with the use of highly split peptones. Examination of fractional composition of peptone by gel-filtration and fractionation with various precipitants is recommended for rational working out of nutrient media for cultivation of cholera vibrio.", "contents": "[Study of the fractional makeup of diagnostic nutrient media for isolating Vibrio cholerae]. A study was made of the fractional composition of peptones used for preparation of solid nutrient media. It was shown that the best growth of the vibrio on these media was obtained with the use of highly split peptones. Examination of fractional composition of peptone by gel-filtration and fractionation with various precipitants is recommended for rational working out of nutrient media for cultivation of cholera vibrio."}
{"id": "PMID:948964", "title": "Purification of alkaline phosphatase of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was purified by a procedure involving cell disruption, DNAase treatment, ethanol precipitation, gel filtration, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity was increased 1250-fold as compared to the activity of cell free extract. The total recovery was 30%. Various modifications of the growth conditions had slight or no effect on the yield of enzyme.", "contents": "Purification of alkaline phosphatase of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) of the halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii was purified by a procedure involving cell disruption, DNAase treatment, ethanol precipitation, gel filtration, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity was increased 1250-fold as compared to the activity of cell free extract. The total recovery was 30%. Various modifications of the growth conditions had slight or no effect on the yield of enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:948975", "title": "Quantification of vestibular dysrhythmia.", "content": "Quantification of dysrhythmia in a nystagmus response has hitherto not been seriously attempted, possibly because the nystagmus response does not easily lend itself to description in mathematical or physical terms. Ideally the nystagmus response consists of a sequence of triangles. Each such triangle is determined by four qualities, i.e. the velocities and the durations of the fast and slow components. Thus, without serious loss of information it is possible to represent a nystagmus reaction by four sequences of values, one for each of the four above mentioned qualities. From each such sequence we have extracted relevant information and presented it in graphical form. It may be assumed that each of the four nystagmus qualitiees reflects the activity within separate 'neuronal systems'. Each of these four systems is then informed upon by three parameters for each nystagmus quality, i.e. by its mean, by its variation coefficient and by its sequential variation coefficient. It is claimed that these three diagrams contain nystagmus information not earlier considered.", "contents": "Quantification of vestibular dysrhythmia. Quantification of dysrhythmia in a nystagmus response has hitherto not been seriously attempted, possibly because the nystagmus response does not easily lend itself to description in mathematical or physical terms. Ideally the nystagmus response consists of a sequence of triangles. Each such triangle is determined by four qualities, i.e. the velocities and the durations of the fast and slow components. Thus, without serious loss of information it is possible to represent a nystagmus reaction by four sequences of values, one for each of the four above mentioned qualities. From each such sequence we have extracted relevant information and presented it in graphical form. It may be assumed that each of the four nystagmus qualitiees reflects the activity within separate 'neuronal systems'. Each of these four systems is then informed upon by three parameters for each nystagmus quality, i.e. by its mean, by its variation coefficient and by its sequential variation coefficient. It is claimed that these three diagrams contain nystagmus information not earlier considered."}
{"id": "PMID:948976", "title": "Endonasal venular permeability in rats exposed to the cold.", "content": "Sixteen rats were killed 22 hrs after being injected with a dose of 4 mCi(198)Au mixed with 16 mg of inert colloidal gold/100g body wt. The anterior nasal mucosa of the septum and turbinates in 10 rats which were injected and kept in a temperature of 5-7 degrees C showed mean radioactive counts 2-3 times higher than those recorded in the same areas in 6 control rats kept in ordinary room temperature (22 degrees C). In all sixteen rats the highest counts were obtained in the RES organs, namely the liver, spleen, adrenals and the bone marrow, in descending order. Other tissues revealed no significant radioactivity except for minor counts in the lungs and kidneys. The importance of these findings regarding the localisation of granulomatous diseases and vasculitis in the nose is discussed.", "contents": "Endonasal venular permeability in rats exposed to the cold. Sixteen rats were killed 22 hrs after being injected with a dose of 4 mCi(198)Au mixed with 16 mg of inert colloidal gold/100g body wt. The anterior nasal mucosa of the septum and turbinates in 10 rats which were injected and kept in a temperature of 5-7 degrees C showed mean radioactive counts 2-3 times higher than those recorded in the same areas in 6 control rats kept in ordinary room temperature (22 degrees C). In all sixteen rats the highest counts were obtained in the RES organs, namely the liver, spleen, adrenals and the bone marrow, in descending order. Other tissues revealed no significant radioactivity except for minor counts in the lungs and kidneys. The importance of these findings regarding the localisation of granulomatous diseases and vasculitis in the nose is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:948977", "title": "[Postnatal growth of nasal septum].", "content": "Up to now little is known about the anatomy and histology and especially about the germinative zones of the growing nasal septum. We totally removed 18 septa of children between 0 and 10 years immediately after death. After photographical documentation these septa were studied histologically and microadiographically. It was found that at birth the connection between the cartilaginous septum and vomer only consists of a small and very loose layer of connective tissues. During the first year of life several ossification areas appear between vomer and cartilage in the dorsal part of the septum. An enchondral ossification zone at the rostrum sphenoidale was regularly seen in the neonatal septum, but disappears soon after birth. The development of the perpendicular plate starts from multiple ossification centersregularlytobefoundinthedorso-cranialpartoftheneonatalseptum. The perpendicular plate is the fastest growing part of the septum and even in the tenth year of life still shows an enchondral ossification zone around its border. The shape and the size ofthe septum changes most during the first six years; subsequently septal growth slows down markedly. As the enchondral ossification zone resembles an epiphysis cartilage, it is assumed thatlesions in this area may lead to growth disturbances of the inner and outer nose. It is therefore emphasized that, rgarding rhinoplasty in children, this ossification zone should be preserved by the surgeon.", "contents": "[Postnatal growth of nasal septum]. Up to now little is known about the anatomy and histology and especially about the germinative zones of the growing nasal septum. We totally removed 18 septa of children between 0 and 10 years immediately after death. After photographical documentation these septa were studied histologically and microadiographically. It was found that at birth the connection between the cartilaginous septum and vomer only consists of a small and very loose layer of connective tissues. During the first year of life several ossification areas appear between vomer and cartilage in the dorsal part of the septum. An enchondral ossification zone at the rostrum sphenoidale was regularly seen in the neonatal septum, but disappears soon after birth. The development of the perpendicular plate starts from multiple ossification centersregularlytobefoundinthedorso-cranialpartoftheneonatalseptum. The perpendicular plate is the fastest growing part of the septum and even in the tenth year of life still shows an enchondral ossification zone around its border. The shape and the size ofthe septum changes most during the first six years; subsequently septal growth slows down markedly. As the enchondral ossification zone resembles an epiphysis cartilage, it is assumed thatlesions in this area may lead to growth disturbances of the inner and outer nose. It is therefore emphasized that, rgarding rhinoplasty in children, this ossification zone should be preserved by the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:948978", "title": "Cervical thymic cysts.", "content": "A review of cervical thymus cysts and a case report are presented. This benign lesion was, as in most cases previously reported, situated laterally on the neck, deep to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and thus simulating a common branchial cyst preoperative.y. But unlike the latter most cases of cervical thymus cysts are recognised during childhood. They are believed to develop in remmants of thymic tissue which have failed to descend from the third branchial pouch into the mediastinum in the 6th to 8th week of embryonic life.", "contents": "Cervical thymic cysts. A review of cervical thymus cysts and a case report are presented. This benign lesion was, as in most cases previously reported, situated laterally on the neck, deep to the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and thus simulating a common branchial cyst preoperative.y. But unlike the latter most cases of cervical thymus cysts are recognised during childhood. They are believed to develop in remmants of thymic tissue which have failed to descend from the third branchial pouch into the mediastinum in the 6th to 8th week of embryonic life."}
{"id": "PMID:948979", "title": "A new method for strengthening palatal closure defects of the hard palate.", "content": "Closure of minor defects in the hard palate can be done with local flaps. There is often a risk of perforation of the reconstructed area. In the case reported this complication was obvious due to a large, thin, flap-covered area. In strengthening the reconstruction fascia lata and Surgicel was used. The postoperative result was excellent and the rehabilitation of the patient was without complications.", "contents": "A new method for strengthening palatal closure defects of the hard palate. Closure of minor defects in the hard palate can be done with local flaps. There is often a risk of perforation of the reconstructed area. In the case reported this complication was obvious due to a large, thin, flap-covered area. In strengthening the reconstruction fascia lata and Surgicel was used. The postoperative result was excellent and the rehabilitation of the patient was without complications."}
{"id": "PMID:948981", "title": "Holographic vibration analysis of the ossicular chain.", "content": "The mechanics of movement of the ossicular chain has been investigated on human temporal bone preparations by means of time average holography. The malleus and incus moved like a lever around an axis, which position was somewhat dependent upon frequency. Simulation of contraction of the muscles of the middle ear gave as result a change in the pattern of movement of the ossicular chain. The position of the rotatory axis was changed, and the amplitudes of vibration were reduced. This should be a protecting mechanism.", "contents": "Holographic vibration analysis of the ossicular chain. The mechanics of movement of the ossicular chain has been investigated on human temporal bone preparations by means of time average holography. The malleus and incus moved like a lever around an axis, which position was somewhat dependent upon frequency. Simulation of contraction of the muscles of the middle ear gave as result a change in the pattern of movement of the ossicular chain. The position of the rotatory axis was changed, and the amplitudes of vibration were reduced. This should be a protecting mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:948982", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of IgE in middle ear effusions.", "content": "Fifty-six sample pairs of middle ear effusions and sera obtained from patients with otitis media with effusion were investigated for The IgE antibody activity against mites, using radioallergosorbent test (RAST) which was recently developed as an in vitro allergy test. The IgE concentrations were also determined by radioimmunosorbent test (RIST). Results showed that the IgE antibody activity against this allergen was found in 5 middle ear effusions and 3 sera. Four of 5 patients with the positive RAST test had nasal allergy or signs suggesting allergy. Theree were two middle ear effusions which seemed to be an allergic fluid. However, findings in the present study do not suggest that middle ear effusions result from the direct allergic reaction induced by mites in the mucous membrane lining the middle ear cavity.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of IgE in middle ear effusions. Fifty-six sample pairs of middle ear effusions and sera obtained from patients with otitis media with effusion were investigated for The IgE antibody activity against mites, using radioallergosorbent test (RAST) which was recently developed as an in vitro allergy test. The IgE concentrations were also determined by radioimmunosorbent test (RIST). Results showed that the IgE antibody activity against this allergen was found in 5 middle ear effusions and 3 sera. Four of 5 patients with the positive RAST test had nasal allergy or signs suggesting allergy. Theree were two middle ear effusions which seemed to be an allergic fluid. However, findings in the present study do not suggest that middle ear effusions result from the direct allergic reaction induced by mites in the mucous membrane lining the middle ear cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:948984", "title": "Efferent nerve fibers associated with the outermost supporting cells of the organ of Corti in the guinea pig.", "content": "In whold-mount preparations of the organ of Corti nerve fibers are sometimes seen peripheral to the third-row outer hair cells where they appear to wander among the Hensen cells. These fibers were studied in the guinea pig by both light and electron microscopy. In the upper second, third and fourth cochlear turns nerve fibers were seen between and on the peripheral side of the third-row Deiters cells as well as in the floor of the outer tunnel space. They were not found in the intercellular spaces between the Hensen cells. These nerve fibers are continuous with the spiral efferent fibers beneath the outer hair cells. Also their ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics indicate that they are efferent neural elements. This identification was confirmed by the finding that they degenerate following interruption of the olivo-cochlear bundle in the brain stem.", "contents": "Efferent nerve fibers associated with the outermost supporting cells of the organ of Corti in the guinea pig. In whold-mount preparations of the organ of Corti nerve fibers are sometimes seen peripheral to the third-row outer hair cells where they appear to wander among the Hensen cells. These fibers were studied in the guinea pig by both light and electron microscopy. In the upper second, third and fourth cochlear turns nerve fibers were seen between and on the peripheral side of the third-row Deiters cells as well as in the floor of the outer tunnel space. They were not found in the intercellular spaces between the Hensen cells. These nerve fibers are continuous with the spiral efferent fibers beneath the outer hair cells. Also their ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics indicate that they are efferent neural elements. This identification was confirmed by the finding that they degenerate following interruption of the olivo-cochlear bundle in the brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:948983", "title": "Hair cell loss as a function of age in the normal cochlea of the guinea pig.", "content": "The surface specimen technique was used to study both spiral organs of 28 normal guinea pigs of four age groups: less than 24 hours, 6 weeks, 3 months and 1 year. Damaged hair cells were recorded for the whole of each spiral organ on cochleograms. The mean percentage number of outer hair cells damaged per age group was found to increase as a power function of age. In the animals aged less than 24 hours the mean percentage of damaged outer hair cells was 0.45%; in the 6-week animals, 1.85%; in the 3-month animals, 3.19%; and in the 1-year animals, 6.82%. At all ages outer hair cell loss was maximal in the third row, and towards the apex of the cochlea. Inner hair cell loss was very slight, with a maximum of 9 damaged inner hair cells per cochlea.", "contents": "Hair cell loss as a function of age in the normal cochlea of the guinea pig. The surface specimen technique was used to study both spiral organs of 28 normal guinea pigs of four age groups: less than 24 hours, 6 weeks, 3 months and 1 year. Damaged hair cells were recorded for the whole of each spiral organ on cochleograms. The mean percentage number of outer hair cells damaged per age group was found to increase as a power function of age. In the animals aged less than 24 hours the mean percentage of damaged outer hair cells was 0.45%; in the 6-week animals, 1.85%; in the 3-month animals, 3.19%; and in the 1-year animals, 6.82%. At all ages outer hair cell loss was maximal in the third row, and towards the apex of the cochlea. Inner hair cell loss was very slight, with a maximum of 9 damaged inner hair cells per cochlea."}
{"id": "PMID:948986", "title": "Intercellular junctions in the organ of Corti as revealed by freeze fracturing.", "content": "The junctions between the cells of the organ of Corti have been investigated with the freeze-fracture method in the chinchilla inner ear. Numerous gap junctions have been found among all the supporting cells, particularly at the level of their basal part. This means that the supporting cells have their cytoplasm electrotonically and metabolically coupled. Gap junctions were not observed between supporting and sensory cells nor between sensory cells and nerve endings. At this level the transmission should be chemically mediated.", "contents": "Intercellular junctions in the organ of Corti as revealed by freeze fracturing. The junctions between the cells of the organ of Corti have been investigated with the freeze-fracture method in the chinchilla inner ear. Numerous gap junctions have been found among all the supporting cells, particularly at the level of their basal part. This means that the supporting cells have their cytoplasm electrotonically and metabolically coupled. Gap junctions were not observed between supporting and sensory cells nor between sensory cells and nerve endings. At this level the transmission should be chemically mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:948985", "title": "Histo-physiological relationships in the deaf white cat auditory system.", "content": "An investigation is underway in deaf white cats in order to clear up some problems about the timing of cochlear degeneration, the relationships between physiological and histological findings, and the consequential state of central auditory pathways. The first results reported here show that degeneration of sensory structures was much more advanced than physiological results lead us to believe. The possibility of direct fibre stimulation is discussed. Although degeneration of nervous structures was delayed compared with sensory ones, some early abnormalities in myelination were found. In the adult, completely deaf for years, the electrical stimulation of cochlear nuclei evoked normal-looking field responses at the cortical level. Thus some degree of auditory pathway functional integrity appeared even long after they were disconnected from receptors.", "contents": "Histo-physiological relationships in the deaf white cat auditory system. An investigation is underway in deaf white cats in order to clear up some problems about the timing of cochlear degeneration, the relationships between physiological and histological findings, and the consequential state of central auditory pathways. The first results reported here show that degeneration of sensory structures was much more advanced than physiological results lead us to believe. The possibility of direct fibre stimulation is discussed. Although degeneration of nervous structures was delayed compared with sensory ones, some early abnormalities in myelination were found. In the adult, completely deaf for years, the electrical stimulation of cochlear nuclei evoked normal-looking field responses at the cortical level. Thus some degree of auditory pathway functional integrity appeared even long after they were disconnected from receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:948987", "title": "The cytochochleogram in atoxyl-treated guinea pigs.", "content": "The earliest atoxyl induced changes in the cochlea appeared in the upper and medial parts of the 4th coil, whence the changes spread progressively downwards towards the round window, the extent of the changes depending on the amount of atoxyl administered and the duration of the treatment. The inner hair cells were more resistant to the effects of atoxyl than the outer hair cells which were affected first. The sensory cells in the 2nd and 3rd rows appeared more sensitive than the outer hair cells in the first row.", "contents": "The cytochochleogram in atoxyl-treated guinea pigs. The earliest atoxyl induced changes in the cochlea appeared in the upper and medial parts of the 4th coil, whence the changes spread progressively downwards towards the round window, the extent of the changes depending on the amount of atoxyl administered and the duration of the treatment. The inner hair cells were more resistant to the effects of atoxyl than the outer hair cells which were affected first. The sensory cells in the 2nd and 3rd rows appeared more sensitive than the outer hair cells in the first row."}
{"id": "PMID:948988", "title": "Neural damage in the guinea pig cochlea after noise exposure. A light microscopic study.", "content": "Neural damage produced by exposure to 8 kHz octave-band noise was studied by light microscopy in guinea pigs. Abnormal nerve endings were found beneath both inner and outer hair cells within 24 hours after exposure at either 118 or 120 dB SPL. In areas where the organ of Corti was destroyed degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers was seen immediately after 24-hour exposures. Nerve degeneration secondary to hair cell loss was observed. However, degeneration of myelinated fibers occurred in some cases without significant hair cell loss. At survival times as long as two months nerve fibers coursing near capillaries were still present in extensively damaged areas. In three animals nerve fibers which had apparently regenerated into regions where the  sensory epithelium was destroyed were found distal to the habenula perforata. Evdence of regenerative activity was also noted in the osseous spiral lamina.", "contents": "Neural damage in the guinea pig cochlea after noise exposure. A light microscopic study. Neural damage produced by exposure to 8 kHz octave-band noise was studied by light microscopy in guinea pigs. Abnormal nerve endings were found beneath both inner and outer hair cells within 24 hours after exposure at either 118 or 120 dB SPL. In areas where the organ of Corti was destroyed degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers was seen immediately after 24-hour exposures. Nerve degeneration secondary to hair cell loss was observed. However, degeneration of myelinated fibers occurred in some cases without significant hair cell loss. At survival times as long as two months nerve fibers coursing near capillaries were still present in extensively damaged areas. In three animals nerve fibers which had apparently regenerated into regions where the  sensory epithelium was destroyed were found distal to the habenula perforata. Evdence of regenerative activity was also noted in the osseous spiral lamina."}
{"id": "PMID:948989", "title": "[New animal experiments on aerobic and anareobic inner ear metabolism].", "content": "The inner-ear function is bound up with a permanent oxygen supply. The evidence of it are the patterns of the LDH subunits in inner-ear of eight species. The inner-ear energy turnover of glycolysis post-mortem was demonstrated at those species possessing glycogen storages. The MP2 are alterated by perfusion of glucose or iodoacetic acid. During oxygen respiration the MP are not decreased by iodoacetic acid.", "contents": "[New animal experiments on aerobic and anareobic inner ear metabolism]. The inner-ear function is bound up with a permanent oxygen supply. The evidence of it are the patterns of the LDH subunits in inner-ear of eight species. The inner-ear energy turnover of glycolysis post-mortem was demonstrated at those species possessing glycogen storages. The MP2 are alterated by perfusion of glucose or iodoacetic acid. During oxygen respiration the MP are not decreased by iodoacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:948999", "title": "The role of cholinergic excitation in the formation of histamine within the rat gastric mucosa.", "content": "In the absence of the antrum, central vagal excitation and distension of the stomach accelerated the rate of formation of gastric mucosal histamine. The effect of vagus stimulation was abolished by truncal vagotomy or atropine whereas that of distension by atropine. After truncal vagotomy, distension was still effective in accelerating the formation of the amine. Furthermore, mucosal histamine formation in the fasting state was reduced by truncal vagotomy and atropine injection.", "contents": "The role of cholinergic excitation in the formation of histamine within the rat gastric mucosa. In the absence of the antrum, central vagal excitation and distension of the stomach accelerated the rate of formation of gastric mucosal histamine. The effect of vagus stimulation was abolished by truncal vagotomy or atropine whereas that of distension by atropine. After truncal vagotomy, distension was still effective in accelerating the formation of the amine. Furthermore, mucosal histamine formation in the fasting state was reduced by truncal vagotomy and atropine injection."}
{"id": "PMID:949000", "title": "Effect of physical training on LDH activity and LDH isozyme pattern in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isozyme pattern were studied in muscle biopsies obtained from m. vastus lateralis after 1) \"aerobic\" training performed as interval and extreme distance running, respectively (3 subjects); and 2) \"anaerobic\" training for two months, carried out as repeated maximal bursts of approximately 1 min running (6 subjects). After the \"anaerobic training\" no changes in LDH properties could be detected, although running performance improved. The extreme distance running resulted in a decrease in total LDH activity and an increase in relative activity of the heart specific isozymes. A relationship was also shown between the relative activity of these isozymes and the training distance covered. The relatively more aerobic prevailing during distance running as compared to \"anaerobic training\" were proposed to decrease muscle specific subunits and/or increase synthesis of heart specific subunits in both muscle fiber types. This suggestion was supported by isozyme analysis of lyophilized and dissected single muscle fibres.", "contents": "Effect of physical training on LDH activity and LDH isozyme pattern in human skeletal muscle. Total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isozyme pattern were studied in muscle biopsies obtained from m. vastus lateralis after 1) \"aerobic\" training performed as interval and extreme distance running, respectively (3 subjects); and 2) \"anaerobic\" training for two months, carried out as repeated maximal bursts of approximately 1 min running (6 subjects). After the \"anaerobic training\" no changes in LDH properties could be detected, although running performance improved. The extreme distance running resulted in a decrease in total LDH activity and an increase in relative activity of the heart specific isozymes. A relationship was also shown between the relative activity of these isozymes and the training distance covered. The relatively more aerobic prevailing during distance running as compared to \"anaerobic training\" were proposed to decrease muscle specific subunits and/or increase synthesis of heart specific subunits in both muscle fiber types. This suggestion was supported by isozyme analysis of lyophilized and dissected single muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:949001", "title": "Effects of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on myocardial excitation.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs electrocardiogram and monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded from the right atrium and the right ventricle by intracardiac suction electrode technique. The animals were subjected, by means of ventilation with CO2 and hyperventilation, to periods of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, respectively. Pronounced respiratory acidosis induced an increased sympathetic activity followed by a decrease in heart rate and prolongation of the A-V conduction time whereas the shape and duration of the atrial and ventricular MAPs remained unaltered. Arterial hypoxia in combination with pronounced respiratory acidosis did not influence the MAP durations. Respiratory alkalosis resulted in an increased sympathetic influence on the heart activity whereas the shape and duration of the atrial and the ventricular MAPs remained unaffected. During pronounced hyperventilation with increasing central venous pressure an increased parasympathetic influence on the heart activity with decrease in the heart rate, prolongation of the A-V conduction time and shortening of the atrial MAP duration was recorded.", "contents": "Effects of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on myocardial excitation. In anesthetized dogs electrocardiogram and monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded from the right atrium and the right ventricle by intracardiac suction electrode technique. The animals were subjected, by means of ventilation with CO2 and hyperventilation, to periods of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, respectively. Pronounced respiratory acidosis induced an increased sympathetic activity followed by a decrease in heart rate and prolongation of the A-V conduction time whereas the shape and duration of the atrial and ventricular MAPs remained unaltered. Arterial hypoxia in combination with pronounced respiratory acidosis did not influence the MAP durations. Respiratory alkalosis resulted in an increased sympathetic influence on the heart activity whereas the shape and duration of the atrial and the ventricular MAPs remained unaffected. During pronounced hyperventilation with increasing central venous pressure an increased parasympathetic influence on the heart activity with decrease in the heart rate, prolongation of the A-V conduction time and shortening of the atrial MAP duration was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:949002", "title": "Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on net transvascular movement of fluid in canine adipose tissue.", "content": "Net transvascular movement of fluid has been studied in the isolated, autoperfused subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dog, during and after sympathetic nerve stimulation (1-15 Hz) and during infusion of 50% glucose i.a. Net fluid movement was calculated as the difference between change in tissue volume and change in blood volume. Tissue volume was measured by plethysmography and blood volume by external monitoring of circulating 131I-albumin. No net fluid movement of statistical significance was found during or after nerve stimulation except during the first minute of stimulation at 15 Hz when a small net absorption (p less than 0.05) was obtained. In contrast, infusion of glucose at 25-75 mOsm/kg H2O produced a dose-dependent net absorption lasting several minutes, amounting maximally to 0.30 ml x min-1 x 100 g-1. The absence of prolonged net absorption in subcutaneous adipose tissue during nerve stimulation as well as the absence of net filtration after stimulation may be explained by an essentially unaltered mean hydrostatic capillary pressure. The results indicate that adipose tissue does not contribute to the fluid homeostasis of the body via sympathetic resetting of the pre-postcapillary resistance ratio. Thus, mobilisation of fluid from the interstitial space in adipose tissue into the blood does not seem to occur by nerve activity.", "contents": "Effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on net transvascular movement of fluid in canine adipose tissue. Net transvascular movement of fluid has been studied in the isolated, autoperfused subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dog, during and after sympathetic nerve stimulation (1-15 Hz) and during infusion of 50% glucose i.a. Net fluid movement was calculated as the difference between change in tissue volume and change in blood volume. Tissue volume was measured by plethysmography and blood volume by external monitoring of circulating 131I-albumin. No net fluid movement of statistical significance was found during or after nerve stimulation except during the first minute of stimulation at 15 Hz when a small net absorption (p less than 0.05) was obtained. In contrast, infusion of glucose at 25-75 mOsm/kg H2O produced a dose-dependent net absorption lasting several minutes, amounting maximally to 0.30 ml x min-1 x 100 g-1. The absence of prolonged net absorption in subcutaneous adipose tissue during nerve stimulation as well as the absence of net filtration after stimulation may be explained by an essentially unaltered mean hydrostatic capillary pressure. The results indicate that adipose tissue does not contribute to the fluid homeostasis of the body via sympathetic resetting of the pre-postcapillary resistance ratio. Thus, mobilisation of fluid from the interstitial space in adipose tissue into the blood does not seem to occur by nerve activity."}
{"id": "PMID:949003", "title": "Excitability changes of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism tested by electrical stimulation in nucleus parabrachialis in the cat.", "content": "The time course of the excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism with and without phasic vagal stretch receptor feedback has been studied in cats under light pentobarbitone anesthesia by electrical stimulation in the rostral pons using brief tetanic stimulation (300 Hz for 0.2 s). The threshold strength required just to elicit inspiratory \"off-switch\" was high early in inspiration and fell steeply with time. The threshold curves were steeper with than without phasic vagal feedback, and the difference reflects the phasic vagal contribution to the excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" the absence of phasic vagal vagal feedback the time course of this threshold curve usually corresponded closely to that of the \"integrated\" phrenic activity at all PCO2 levels and body temperatures tested indicating that the \"integrated\" phrenic activity can be used as an index of the centrally generated inspiratory activity. In response to a rise in PCO2 both the rate of change of excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism and its initial threshold level was increased. Changes in body temperature caused no change in the initial threshold but produced marked changes in the rate of rise of the \"off-switch\" excitability; Following an \"augmented breath\" the inspiratory \"off-switch\" threshold was markedly reduced", "contents": "Excitability changes of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism tested by electrical stimulation in nucleus parabrachialis in the cat. The time course of the excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism with and without phasic vagal stretch receptor feedback has been studied in cats under light pentobarbitone anesthesia by electrical stimulation in the rostral pons using brief tetanic stimulation (300 Hz for 0.2 s). The threshold strength required just to elicit inspiratory \"off-switch\" was high early in inspiration and fell steeply with time. The threshold curves were steeper with than without phasic vagal feedback, and the difference reflects the phasic vagal contribution to the excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" the absence of phasic vagal vagal feedback the time course of this threshold curve usually corresponded closely to that of the \"integrated\" phrenic activity at all PCO2 levels and body temperatures tested indicating that the \"integrated\" phrenic activity can be used as an index of the centrally generated inspiratory activity. In response to a rise in PCO2 both the rate of change of excitability of the inspiratory \"off-switch\" mechanism and its initial threshold level was increased. Changes in body temperature caused no change in the initial threshold but produced marked changes in the rate of rise of the \"off-switch\" excitability; Following an \"augmented breath\" the inspiratory \"off-switch\" threshold was markedly reduced"}
{"id": "PMID:949004", "title": "Effect of the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide on carbachol- and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in the Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion was measured in swimming codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. Intramuscular injection of histamine (15.6 mug/kg-h) or carbachol (5 mug/kg-h) stimulated the secretion of acid, carbachol in addition caused a marked decrease in drinking rate of the fishes. Administration of 10 mumol/kg-h metiamide completely prevented the acid secretion induced by both drugs. The carbachol effect on the drinking rate, interpreted to mirror contraction of the stomach following stimulation of muscarinic receptors, was not affected by metiamide.", "contents": "Effect of the H2-receptor antagonist metiamide on carbachol- and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in the Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua. Gastric acid secretion was measured in swimming codfish surgically equipped with a catheter draining the stomach. Intramuscular injection of histamine (15.6 mug/kg-h) or carbachol (5 mug/kg-h) stimulated the secretion of acid, carbachol in addition caused a marked decrease in drinking rate of the fishes. Administration of 10 mumol/kg-h metiamide completely prevented the acid secretion induced by both drugs. The carbachol effect on the drinking rate, interpreted to mirror contraction of the stomach following stimulation of muscarinic receptors, was not affected by metiamide."}
{"id": "PMID:949005", "title": "Influence of altered CSF solute composition on parotid salivary secretion in goats.", "content": "Infusions of hypertonic NaCl solution into the CSF of the lateral cerebral ventricle of the goat caused a marked reduction in parotid salivary flow concomitant with a rise in salivary [Na+]. Corresponding infusions of iso- or hypertonic glucose and glycerol solutions affected salivary secretion in the opposite direction. The possibility is discussed that a periventricular sodium-sensitive mechanism, which is of importance in the central control of fluid balance, also may participate in the regulation of parotid secretion in the goat. This interpretation of the results is to some extent obscured by the observation of a high incidence of intermittent rumination during the intraventricular infusions of glucose and glycerol solution.", "contents": "Influence of altered CSF solute composition on parotid salivary secretion in goats. Infusions of hypertonic NaCl solution into the CSF of the lateral cerebral ventricle of the goat caused a marked reduction in parotid salivary flow concomitant with a rise in salivary [Na+]. Corresponding infusions of iso- or hypertonic glucose and glycerol solutions affected salivary secretion in the opposite direction. The possibility is discussed that a periventricular sodium-sensitive mechanism, which is of importance in the central control of fluid balance, also may participate in the regulation of parotid secretion in the goat. This interpretation of the results is to some extent obscured by the observation of a high incidence of intermittent rumination during the intraventricular infusions of glucose and glycerol solution."}
{"id": "PMID:949006", "title": "K+ transport in isolated rat liver cells stimulated by glucagon and insulin in vitro.", "content": "Unidirectional K+ fluxes were measured in suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells incubated with 42K+ in vitro. By tracer exchange analysis fluxes in both directions were estimated to 8-9 10(-12) mol/cm2. Glucagon in concentrations above 2 x 10(-8) M increased both influx and efflux to 160% of control values. Insulin increased influx by 12-14%, whereas efflux was apparently unaffected. Using an extracellular marker 51Cr EDTA, intracellular level of some ions was estimated in isolated liver cells: K+ = 172 mmol/kg water, Na+ = 25 mmol/kg water, Cl = 53 mmol/kg water. Cellular water content: 60%. Incubation with insulin for 1 h increased the intracellular concentration of K+ 1.7 mmol/kg water. The results indicate that glucoagon increased primarily the K+-permeability of the cell membrane, while insulin stimulates active K+ transport into the cell.", "contents": "K+ transport in isolated rat liver cells stimulated by glucagon and insulin in vitro. Unidirectional K+ fluxes were measured in suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells incubated with 42K+ in vitro. By tracer exchange analysis fluxes in both directions were estimated to 8-9 10(-12) mol/cm2. Glucagon in concentrations above 2 x 10(-8) M increased both influx and efflux to 160% of control values. Insulin increased influx by 12-14%, whereas efflux was apparently unaffected. Using an extracellular marker 51Cr EDTA, intracellular level of some ions was estimated in isolated liver cells: K+ = 172 mmol/kg water, Na+ = 25 mmol/kg water, Cl = 53 mmol/kg water. Cellular water content: 60%. Incubation with insulin for 1 h increased the intracellular concentration of K+ 1.7 mmol/kg water. The results indicate that glucoagon increased primarily the K+-permeability of the cell membrane, while insulin stimulates active K+ transport into the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:949007", "title": "Active transport of 3H-bretylium in the rat vas deferens in vitro.", "content": "The uptake and efflux of 3H-bretylium in slices of the rat vas deferens were examined. The uptake of bretylium was temperature, Na+ and Cl- dependent, sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine but insensitive to reserpine. The uptake was inhibited by desipramine, (+)-amphetamine, imipramine methiodide and cocaine, whereas the local anaesthetics millicaine and lidocaine were poor inhibitors. The spontaneous efflux was very slow at 0 degrees C and slow at 37 degrees. Desipramine accelerated the efflux probably by inhibiting the re-uptake of bretylium. (+)-Amphetamine, low external Na+, high external K+ and ouabain caused a pronounced increase in the efflux at 37 degrees C but was almost without effect at 0 degrees C. The efflux evoked by (+)-amphetamine, low Na+ and ouabain was inhibited by desipramine, imipramine methiodide and cocaine, whereas millicaine and lidocaine had very poor effects. The increase of bretylium efflux by hypertonic K+ was only slightly inhibited by desipramine and partially antagonized by omission of Ca2+ in the medium. The results obtained indicate that bretylium was taken up in noradrenergic neurones by the noradrenaline transport mechanism and that the efflux of bretylium produced by (+)-amphetamine, low external Na+, low external Cl- and by ouabain occurred by the same transport mechanism as the uptake but now working in the outward direction whereas the efflux induced by high K+ seemed to occur mainly with another mechanism.", "contents": "Active transport of 3H-bretylium in the rat vas deferens in vitro. The uptake and efflux of 3H-bretylium in slices of the rat vas deferens were examined. The uptake of bretylium was temperature, Na+ and Cl- dependent, sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine but insensitive to reserpine. The uptake was inhibited by desipramine, (+)-amphetamine, imipramine methiodide and cocaine, whereas the local anaesthetics millicaine and lidocaine were poor inhibitors. The spontaneous efflux was very slow at 0 degrees C and slow at 37 degrees. Desipramine accelerated the efflux probably by inhibiting the re-uptake of bretylium. (+)-Amphetamine, low external Na+, high external K+ and ouabain caused a pronounced increase in the efflux at 37 degrees C but was almost without effect at 0 degrees C. The efflux evoked by (+)-amphetamine, low Na+ and ouabain was inhibited by desipramine, imipramine methiodide and cocaine, whereas millicaine and lidocaine had very poor effects. The increase of bretylium efflux by hypertonic K+ was only slightly inhibited by desipramine and partially antagonized by omission of Ca2+ in the medium. The results obtained indicate that bretylium was taken up in noradrenergic neurones by the noradrenaline transport mechanism and that the efflux of bretylium produced by (+)-amphetamine, low external Na+, low external Cl- and by ouabain occurred by the same transport mechanism as the uptake but now working in the outward direction whereas the efflux induced by high K+ seemed to occur mainly with another mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:949008", "title": "Hemodynamic consequences of resistance vessel rarification and of changes in smooth muscle sensitivity.", "content": "Alterations in resistance vessel design in form of an increased wall/lumen ratio appears to markedly influence the resistance control in primary hypertension (Folkow et al. 1973). The raised resistance has also been suggested to be a consequence of a rarification of resistence vessels or/and to an increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. Thus two series paired experiments were performed on matched normotensive rats, utilizing the responses of their hindquarter vascular beds during constant flow perfusion. In the first series, the precapillary resistance vessels section was first \"rarified\" by graded microplugging, thereby raising resistance at maximal dilatation about 50 per cent. Then the vascular responses to noradrenaline were studied to characterize the dose-response or \"resistance curves\". In the second series the vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline of one of the hindquarters was changed by infusion of phentolamine. The resistance responses were then recorded and the ensuing \"resistance curves\" compared. --These changes of resistance vascular architecture and vascular smooth muscle sensitivity, respectively, led to mutually different characters of the \"resistance curves\". Both of these differ, however, in virtually all important respects from those curves characterizing vascular beds of spontaneously or renal hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Hemodynamic consequences of resistance vessel rarification and of changes in smooth muscle sensitivity. Alterations in resistance vessel design in form of an increased wall/lumen ratio appears to markedly influence the resistance control in primary hypertension (Folkow et al. 1973). The raised resistance has also been suggested to be a consequence of a rarification of resistence vessels or/and to an increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. Thus two series paired experiments were performed on matched normotensive rats, utilizing the responses of their hindquarter vascular beds during constant flow perfusion. In the first series, the precapillary resistance vessels section was first \"rarified\" by graded microplugging, thereby raising resistance at maximal dilatation about 50 per cent. Then the vascular responses to noradrenaline were studied to characterize the dose-response or \"resistance curves\". In the second series the vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline of one of the hindquarters was changed by infusion of phentolamine. The resistance responses were then recorded and the ensuing \"resistance curves\" compared. --These changes of resistance vascular architecture and vascular smooth muscle sensitivity, respectively, led to mutually different characters of the \"resistance curves\". Both of these differ, however, in virtually all important respects from those curves characterizing vascular beds of spontaneously or renal hypertensive rats."}
{"id": "PMID:949009", "title": "Renal cortical blood redistribution after bumetanide related to heterogenicity of cortical prostaglandin metabolism in dogs.", "content": "Bumetanide is shown to increase renal blood flow and to augment the proportion of the cortical blood flow to middle cortex. This redistribution still takes place even when renal blood flow is maintained constant by renal artery clamping. Indomethacin pretreatment inhibits the increase of renal blood flow as well as the cortical blood redistribution. In vitro examinations of canine kidney tissue slices suggest that outer cortex and papillar are sites of prostaglandin synthesis. No differences in prostaglandin E degradation are observed within the cortex. This suggests a relative autonomy for prostaglandins in the outer cortex, whilst inner cortical areas are dependent on medullary/papillary prostaglandin E supply. The renal hemodynamic effect of bumetanide is therefore thought to be a result of a stimulation of mainly medullary/papillary prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Renal cortical blood redistribution after bumetanide related to heterogenicity of cortical prostaglandin metabolism in dogs. Bumetanide is shown to increase renal blood flow and to augment the proportion of the cortical blood flow to middle cortex. This redistribution still takes place even when renal blood flow is maintained constant by renal artery clamping. Indomethacin pretreatment inhibits the increase of renal blood flow as well as the cortical blood redistribution. In vitro examinations of canine kidney tissue slices suggest that outer cortex and papillar are sites of prostaglandin synthesis. No differences in prostaglandin E degradation are observed within the cortex. This suggests a relative autonomy for prostaglandins in the outer cortex, whilst inner cortical areas are dependent on medullary/papillary prostaglandin E supply. The renal hemodynamic effect of bumetanide is therefore thought to be a result of a stimulation of mainly medullary/papillary prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949020", "title": "Heart rate and blood pressure responses during sexual activity in normal males.", "content": "In order to properly advise cardiac patients in the regulation of their sexual activity, more basic physiologic information is needed concerning the cardiovascular effects of sexual intercourse. This study examined the effects of the male's position during sexual intercourse on heart rate and blood pressure responses. Eight men, 24 to 40 years of age, were studied in the privacy of the bedroom during sexual activity with their wives. The ECG was monitored continuously by portable tape recorder and the arm blood pressure (BP) was measured intermittently with an automatically inflated cuff and ultrasonic detector device controlled by the subject. A total of 35 episodes of sexual intercourse were monitored; 16 were with the male-on-top (MOT) and 19 were in the male-on-bottom (MOB) position. The mean maximal heart rate (HR) for MOT at orgasm was 114 compared to 117 in the MOB position, representing 61 per cent of predicted maximal HR for men in the 20 to 29 age group. Mean BP at orgasm in the MOT was 163/81 and 161/77 in the MOB position. The differences in mean HR, BP, and pressure rate product (PRP) were not statistically significant with regard to position at rest intromission, orgasm, or during the recovery period. This study indicates no difference in the heart rate and BP responses of the male during sexual intercourse in two different positions. There is, therefore, no physiologic basis for advising cardiac patients to utilize the MOB position during sexual intercourse.", "contents": "Heart rate and blood pressure responses during sexual activity in normal males. In order to properly advise cardiac patients in the regulation of their sexual activity, more basic physiologic information is needed concerning the cardiovascular effects of sexual intercourse. This study examined the effects of the male's position during sexual intercourse on heart rate and blood pressure responses. Eight men, 24 to 40 years of age, were studied in the privacy of the bedroom during sexual activity with their wives. The ECG was monitored continuously by portable tape recorder and the arm blood pressure (BP) was measured intermittently with an automatically inflated cuff and ultrasonic detector device controlled by the subject. A total of 35 episodes of sexual intercourse were monitored; 16 were with the male-on-top (MOT) and 19 were in the male-on-bottom (MOB) position. The mean maximal heart rate (HR) for MOT at orgasm was 114 compared to 117 in the MOB position, representing 61 per cent of predicted maximal HR for men in the 20 to 29 age group. Mean BP at orgasm in the MOT was 163/81 and 161/77 in the MOB position. The differences in mean HR, BP, and pressure rate product (PRP) were not statistically significant with regard to position at rest intromission, orgasm, or during the recovery period. This study indicates no difference in the heart rate and BP responses of the male during sexual intercourse in two different positions. There is, therefore, no physiologic basis for advising cardiac patients to utilize the MOB position during sexual intercourse."}
{"id": "PMID:949022", "title": "Effects of treadmill exercise on the timing of the heart and arterial sounds, and the slope of the brachial arterial pulse wave.", "content": "An indirect, noninvasive method of sphygmorecording was used to study the effect of exercise on a number of cardiac parameters, including heart rate, blood pressure, the timing of the heart and Korotkoff arterial sounds, and the slope (dP/DT) of the brachial arterial pressure wave. The QKd interval is a sensitive and reliable indicator of the cardiovascular response to exercise stress, and can be used to follow the rate of return to basal levels. Changes in the QKd can occur even in the presence of fixed heart rate. These studies provide a baseline for analysis of patients with cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Effects of treadmill exercise on the timing of the heart and arterial sounds, and the slope of the brachial arterial pulse wave. An indirect, noninvasive method of sphygmorecording was used to study the effect of exercise on a number of cardiac parameters, including heart rate, blood pressure, the timing of the heart and Korotkoff arterial sounds, and the slope (dP/DT) of the brachial arterial pressure wave. The QKd interval is a sensitive and reliable indicator of the cardiovascular response to exercise stress, and can be used to follow the rate of return to basal levels. Changes in the QKd can occur even in the presence of fixed heart rate. These studies provide a baseline for analysis of patients with cardiovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949023", "title": "Observations on the A2 England influenza epidemic: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "A clinicopathological study of the 1972-1973 A2 England influenza epidemic is presented. In fatal cases early necrosis of myofibrils was present in those patients who died within 24 hours of the onset of the influenza symptoms. At 5 days gross changes were present. These were largely resolved by the eighteenth day of illness. In 42 patients treated at home, transient ECG changes were found in 18 cases. These included ST-segment deviation, T-wave inversion, flattening of the T wave, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, nodal rhythm, and atrial fibrillation. Permanent changes were observed in one patient and in an additional patient admitted to hospital with permanent A-V block.", "contents": "Observations on the A2 England influenza epidemic: a clinicopathological study. A clinicopathological study of the 1972-1973 A2 England influenza epidemic is presented. In fatal cases early necrosis of myofibrils was present in those patients who died within 24 hours of the onset of the influenza symptoms. At 5 days gross changes were present. These were largely resolved by the eighteenth day of illness. In 42 patients treated at home, transient ECG changes were found in 18 cases. These included ST-segment deviation, T-wave inversion, flattening of the T wave, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, nodal rhythm, and atrial fibrillation. Permanent changes were observed in one patient and in an additional patient admitted to hospital with permanent A-V block."}
{"id": "PMID:949024", "title": "P wave terminal force and persisting ST elevations in chronic ischemic heart disease. Prediciton of left ventricular motility and diastolic pressure.", "content": "In 80 male patients with coronary heart disease P terminal force in V (V Ptf) was correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the findings by left ventricular angiography (ejection fraction (EF) and signs of aneurysm). The correlation between V Ptf and LVEDP was statistically significant (r= - 0.56, n= 80, p less than 0.001). Abnormal V Ptf ( less than -0.03 mm. second) used to detect LVEDP greater than 12 mm. Hg gave sensitivity 59 per cent (22 of 37) and specificity 88 per cent (5 of 43 false positive). The mean V Ptf in 26 patients with aneurysm and/or EF Less than 50 per cent (dyskinesia group) was -0.058 mm. second in contrast to -0.021 in patients with EF greater than 50 per cent (p less than 0.001). Abnormal V Ptf was a more sensitive parameter in separating the dyskinesia group from the others than abnormal ST elevations (sensitivity 73 vs. 54 per cent, respectively); but less specific (83 vs. 98 per cent). In this respect the specificity of V Ptf increases inversely proportionally to the V Ptf value. Both of these electrocardiographic parameters may be useful in the primary selection of patients suited for surgical treatment of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "P wave terminal force and persisting ST elevations in chronic ischemic heart disease. Prediciton of left ventricular motility and diastolic pressure. In 80 male patients with coronary heart disease P terminal force in V (V Ptf) was correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the findings by left ventricular angiography (ejection fraction (EF) and signs of aneurysm). The correlation between V Ptf and LVEDP was statistically significant (r= - 0.56, n= 80, p less than 0.001). Abnormal V Ptf ( less than -0.03 mm. second) used to detect LVEDP greater than 12 mm. Hg gave sensitivity 59 per cent (22 of 37) and specificity 88 per cent (5 of 43 false positive). The mean V Ptf in 26 patients with aneurysm and/or EF Less than 50 per cent (dyskinesia group) was -0.058 mm. second in contrast to -0.021 in patients with EF greater than 50 per cent (p less than 0.001). Abnormal V Ptf was a more sensitive parameter in separating the dyskinesia group from the others than abnormal ST elevations (sensitivity 73 vs. 54 per cent, respectively); but less specific (83 vs. 98 per cent). In this respect the specificity of V Ptf increases inversely proportionally to the V Ptf value. Both of these electrocardiographic parameters may be useful in the primary selection of patients suited for surgical treatment of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949025", "title": "The natural history of small atrial septal defects; long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with a small ASD of the secundum type were followed clinically for 5 to 21 years (mean 11.6 years); no evidence of deterioration was found. In 26 of these cases recatheterization was carried out with a mean follow-up period of 9.8 years. No significant changes were found in most patients; in four patients, however, the left-to-right shunt had increased significantly. Our recommendations are that we will continue to advise surgery in patients with large ASD's, whereas we still do not recommend surgery in patients with small ASD's; the latter patients should be followed for longer periods to ensure that no deterioration occurs. The decision as to whether an ASD should be regarded as large or small in our opinion not only should be based on a chosen limit of pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, but clinical factors such as diastolic flow murmurs, ECG changes, the heart size, and the pulmonary vascular markings should also be taken into consideration.", "contents": "The natural history of small atrial septal defects; long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations. Thirty-nine patients with a small ASD of the secundum type were followed clinically for 5 to 21 years (mean 11.6 years); no evidence of deterioration was found. In 26 of these cases recatheterization was carried out with a mean follow-up period of 9.8 years. No significant changes were found in most patients; in four patients, however, the left-to-right shunt had increased significantly. Our recommendations are that we will continue to advise surgery in patients with large ASD's, whereas we still do not recommend surgery in patients with small ASD's; the latter patients should be followed for longer periods to ensure that no deterioration occurs. The decision as to whether an ASD should be regarded as large or small in our opinion not only should be based on a chosen limit of pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, but clinical factors such as diastolic flow murmurs, ECG changes, the heart size, and the pulmonary vascular markings should also be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:949026", "title": "Antiarrhythmic activity of potassium canrenoate in man.", "content": "The efficacy of potassium canrenoate in suppressing frequent ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular bigeminal and trigeminal rhythms thought to be due to digitalis overdose was studied in seven men and five women (average age, 54.5 years). A mean dose of 525 mg. (1.31 mEq.) of potassium canrenoate administered intravenously effectively suppressed the ventricular rhythm disturbances in eight of the 12 patients for from several minutes to 4 hours. The mean serum digoxin level determined in seven patients was greater than 2.3 ng. per milliliter. The ability of potassium canrenoate to counteract digitalis intoxication suggests that the molecule of canrenoate is unique in the clinical setting since it shows both diuretic and antiarrhythmic properties.", "contents": "Antiarrhythmic activity of potassium canrenoate in man. The efficacy of potassium canrenoate in suppressing frequent ventricular premature depolarizations and ventricular bigeminal and trigeminal rhythms thought to be due to digitalis overdose was studied in seven men and five women (average age, 54.5 years). A mean dose of 525 mg. (1.31 mEq.) of potassium canrenoate administered intravenously effectively suppressed the ventricular rhythm disturbances in eight of the 12 patients for from several minutes to 4 hours. The mean serum digoxin level determined in seven patients was greater than 2.3 ng. per milliliter. The ability of potassium canrenoate to counteract digitalis intoxication suggests that the molecule of canrenoate is unique in the clinical setting since it shows both diuretic and antiarrhythmic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:949027", "title": "Effects of hypercapnea and of hypercapnea in combination with hypoxia on midbrain-induced cardiac dysrhythmias.", "content": "Stimulation of the midbrain during acute combined arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea produces serious cardiac dysrhythmias which are not evoked when stimulation is elicited either with normal arterial blood gas tensions or with isolated mild hypercapnea. The cardiac dysrhythmias are mediated by both enhanced sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent discharge. The results support the concept that increased autonomic activity in combination with acute arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea contribute significantly to the exhibition of serious cardiac rhythm disturbances. Acute hypoxia appears to be the major determinant of such dysrhythmias.", "contents": "Effects of hypercapnea and of hypercapnea in combination with hypoxia on midbrain-induced cardiac dysrhythmias. Stimulation of the midbrain during acute combined arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea produces serious cardiac dysrhythmias which are not evoked when stimulation is elicited either with normal arterial blood gas tensions or with isolated mild hypercapnea. The cardiac dysrhythmias are mediated by both enhanced sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent discharge. The results support the concept that increased autonomic activity in combination with acute arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea contribute significantly to the exhibition of serious cardiac rhythm disturbances. Acute hypoxia appears to be the major determinant of such dysrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:949028", "title": "Real-time observation of cardiac movement and structures in congenital and acquired heart diseases employing high-speed ultrasonocardiotomography.", "content": "Echocardiography has proved useful for cardiac diagnosis during the past several years; however, the conventional one-dimensional ultrasound pulse echo method cannot easily visualize the anatomical relationships of the various cardiac structures. To overcome the limitation, the authors attempted a real-time observation of cardiac structures and introduced high-speed ultrasonocardiotomography with a Sonolayergraph Model SSL-51H (Toshiba) having a logarithmic amplifier. Thirty sector images are produced per second by a mechanically operated, single flat or 75 mm. focus transducer measuring 10 mm. in diameter.  The angle of a sector image composed of about 120 scanning lines is arbitrarily changeable from null to 65 degrees. The fast succession of images produced enables clear observation of the movement of cardiac structures in real time. Study of 230 patients by means of the proposed system suggests that it is advantageous as a quick method to provide two-dimensional echocardiograms for cardiac diagnosis and assessment, especially in noninvasive diagnosis.", "contents": "Real-time observation of cardiac movement and structures in congenital and acquired heart diseases employing high-speed ultrasonocardiotomography. Echocardiography has proved useful for cardiac diagnosis during the past several years; however, the conventional one-dimensional ultrasound pulse echo method cannot easily visualize the anatomical relationships of the various cardiac structures. To overcome the limitation, the authors attempted a real-time observation of cardiac structures and introduced high-speed ultrasonocardiotomography with a Sonolayergraph Model SSL-51H (Toshiba) having a logarithmic amplifier. Thirty sector images are produced per second by a mechanically operated, single flat or 75 mm. focus transducer measuring 10 mm. in diameter.  The angle of a sector image composed of about 120 scanning lines is arbitrarily changeable from null to 65 degrees. The fast succession of images produced enables clear observation of the movement of cardiac structures in real time. Study of 230 patients by means of the proposed system suggests that it is advantageous as a quick method to provide two-dimensional echocardiograms for cardiac diagnosis and assessment, especially in noninvasive diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:949029", "title": "Localization by autoradiography of tritiated isoproterenol in \"infarct-like\" lesions of rat myocardium.", "content": "A number of physiopathogenic mechanisms have been outlined to explain the \"infarct-like\" lesions produced by isoproterenol (ISP) in the hearts of various animals: Excess of oxygen consumption and inotropic effect, coronary vasoconstriction, deleterious action on glucose and lipid metabolism, direct cardiotoxic effect, platelet aggregation in the small cardiac vessels and formation of microclots, excessive mobilization of fatty acids, fluid and electrolytic imbalances, loss of high-energy intracellular coupling, and inadequate activation of the \"calcium pump.\" For this reason, localization of the tritiated ISP in the normal myocardial fibers and in the induced lesions was studied. The first control group (G-1), consisted of 40 Wistar rats, weighing from 180 to 200 grams; they were injected intraperitoneally with ISP sulfate (10 mg. per kilogram) and were killed under ether anesthesia after periods of 5, 30, and 120 minutes, and 12 and 24 hours. A similar group (G-2) was injected intraperitoneally with an equal dose of ISP plus 5 muCi of tritiated ISP sulfate (3H). In this group animals were killed at the same periods as above. In rats treated with ISP-3H an abundant amount of the labeled drug was observed on the sarcolemma surface and a smaller quantity was noted inside the myocardial fibers. This observation was noted in the autoradiographs obtained 5 minutes after the injection and persisted in all subsequent observation times. In those animals which were killed 5 and 30 minutes after injection, the deposit was noted in \"grooves\" along the edge of the sarcolemma, strongly suggesting a primary action on the cellular membrane. These findings and the peculiar topography suggest that (1) myocardial necrosis induced by ISP is probably due to an increased activation of the \"calcium pump\"; the early presence of contracture bands and the positivity of the ischemia test further emphasize this statement; (2) the ISP effect is rapid; (3) the morphologic alterations are similar to those recently described as \"coagulation myocytolysis\" and present in human infarctions or following sudden death.", "contents": "Localization by autoradiography of tritiated isoproterenol in \"infarct-like\" lesions of rat myocardium. A number of physiopathogenic mechanisms have been outlined to explain the \"infarct-like\" lesions produced by isoproterenol (ISP) in the hearts of various animals: Excess of oxygen consumption and inotropic effect, coronary vasoconstriction, deleterious action on glucose and lipid metabolism, direct cardiotoxic effect, platelet aggregation in the small cardiac vessels and formation of microclots, excessive mobilization of fatty acids, fluid and electrolytic imbalances, loss of high-energy intracellular coupling, and inadequate activation of the \"calcium pump.\" For this reason, localization of the tritiated ISP in the normal myocardial fibers and in the induced lesions was studied. The first control group (G-1), consisted of 40 Wistar rats, weighing from 180 to 200 grams; they were injected intraperitoneally with ISP sulfate (10 mg. per kilogram) and were killed under ether anesthesia after periods of 5, 30, and 120 minutes, and 12 and 24 hours. A similar group (G-2) was injected intraperitoneally with an equal dose of ISP plus 5 muCi of tritiated ISP sulfate (3H). In this group animals were killed at the same periods as above. In rats treated with ISP-3H an abundant amount of the labeled drug was observed on the sarcolemma surface and a smaller quantity was noted inside the myocardial fibers. This observation was noted in the autoradiographs obtained 5 minutes after the injection and persisted in all subsequent observation times. In those animals which were killed 5 and 30 minutes after injection, the deposit was noted in \"grooves\" along the edge of the sarcolemma, strongly suggesting a primary action on the cellular membrane. These findings and the peculiar topography suggest that (1) myocardial necrosis induced by ISP is probably due to an increased activation of the \"calcium pump\"; the early presence of contracture bands and the positivity of the ischemia test further emphasize this statement; (2) the ISP effect is rapid; (3) the morphologic alterations are similar to those recently described as \"coagulation myocytolysis\" and present in human infarctions or following sudden death."}
{"id": "PMID:949030", "title": "Conduction disturbances of the bundle branches produced by lesions in the nonbranching portion of His bundle.", "content": "The present experiments were conducted on isolated dog hearts to demonstrate that conduction disturbances can be induced in the bundle branches by transection of about 50 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the His bundle on the right or left side. The His bundle, the posterior and anterior divisions of left bundle, and the right bundle were exposed by careful dissection, and microelectrode techniques were used to record action potentials from the three bundle branches. Pacing stimuli were applied to the nonbranching portion of His bundle proximal and then distal to the site of transection to study the effect of such lesions on impulse conduction to the bundle branches. It was demonstrated that conduction to the bundle branches was not affected by such lesions in the His bundle at pacing rates slower than 100 per minute; however, conduction disturbances were rate-dependent and manifested at faster pacing rates. In nine out of all 16 experiments, partial or complete block occurred in all three bundle branches regardless of the side of the lesion. In the remaining seven experiments, they were observed in the bundle branch on the same side as the lesion. It was assumed that conduction disturbances of the bilateral bundle branches resulted from decremental conduction in the uncut portion of His at the level of lesion, and those of the ipsilateral branch from the functional failure of transverse crossover connections between the longitudinal His bundle fibers. The results indicate that localized lesions in the nonbranching portion of His bundle can indeed produce the pattern of bundle branch block under certain conditions.", "contents": "Conduction disturbances of the bundle branches produced by lesions in the nonbranching portion of His bundle. The present experiments were conducted on isolated dog hearts to demonstrate that conduction disturbances can be induced in the bundle branches by transection of about 50 per cent of the cross-sectional area of the His bundle on the right or left side. The His bundle, the posterior and anterior divisions of left bundle, and the right bundle were exposed by careful dissection, and microelectrode techniques were used to record action potentials from the three bundle branches. Pacing stimuli were applied to the nonbranching portion of His bundle proximal and then distal to the site of transection to study the effect of such lesions on impulse conduction to the bundle branches. It was demonstrated that conduction to the bundle branches was not affected by such lesions in the His bundle at pacing rates slower than 100 per minute; however, conduction disturbances were rate-dependent and manifested at faster pacing rates. In nine out of all 16 experiments, partial or complete block occurred in all three bundle branches regardless of the side of the lesion. In the remaining seven experiments, they were observed in the bundle branch on the same side as the lesion. It was assumed that conduction disturbances of the bilateral bundle branches resulted from decremental conduction in the uncut portion of His at the level of lesion, and those of the ipsilateral branch from the functional failure of transverse crossover connections between the longitudinal His bundle fibers. The results indicate that localized lesions in the nonbranching portion of His bundle can indeed produce the pattern of bundle branch block under certain conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:949032", "title": "Phentolamine.", "content": "The clinical uses of phentolamine have widened since its introduction as an anti-hypertensive agent. The vasodilating action of the drug as well as its postive inotropic effects have led to its use in treating congestive heart failure. Recently, phentolamine has been use by several groups to improve left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. There appears to be great promise for the use of phentolamine in this clinical setting. The drug given intravenously or orally can suppress ventricular premature beats and supraventricular premature beats. However, the experience of phentolamine as an antiarrhythmic agent is still limited. Similarly, the relief of angina pectoris by phentolamine requires confirmation by additional clinical studies. Phentolamine can be used as a provocative test in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Since it does not produce cardiac arrhythmias, it may be safer than isoproterenol. The comparative effectiveness of phentolamine and isoproterenol in diagnosing I.H.S.S. is unknown. Phentolamine has been advocated for several years as a beneficial agent for the treatment of shock. The experience is still limited to a few groups who have reported favorable results. Phentolamine has been used as a bronchodilator and a pulmonary artery dilator. The preliminary reports appear favorable. However, continused investigation is warranted. A sensitive measurement of the blood levels of phentolamine is not available. When this is accomplished, further insight into the metabolism of this drug will be forthcoming.", "contents": "Phentolamine. The clinical uses of phentolamine have widened since its introduction as an anti-hypertensive agent. The vasodilating action of the drug as well as its postive inotropic effects have led to its use in treating congestive heart failure. Recently, phentolamine has been use by several groups to improve left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. There appears to be great promise for the use of phentolamine in this clinical setting. The drug given intravenously or orally can suppress ventricular premature beats and supraventricular premature beats. However, the experience of phentolamine as an antiarrhythmic agent is still limited. Similarly, the relief of angina pectoris by phentolamine requires confirmation by additional clinical studies. Phentolamine can be used as a provocative test in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Since it does not produce cardiac arrhythmias, it may be safer than isoproterenol. The comparative effectiveness of phentolamine and isoproterenol in diagnosing I.H.S.S. is unknown. Phentolamine has been advocated for several years as a beneficial agent for the treatment of shock. The experience is still limited to a few groups who have reported favorable results. Phentolamine has been used as a bronchodilator and a pulmonary artery dilator. The preliminary reports appear favorable. However, continused investigation is warranted. A sensitive measurement of the blood levels of phentolamine is not available. When this is accomplished, further insight into the metabolism of this drug will be forthcoming."}
{"id": "PMID:949038", "title": "Adrenal medullary disease in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: pheochromocytoma and its precursors.", "content": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN-type 2), designates the syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and occasional parathyroid hyperplasia. The thyroid carcinoma, which is usually bilateral and multicentric, is preceded by multifocal C-cell hyperplasia. The adrenal gland manifests pheochromocytoma, which is frequently bilateral and multicentric, and may be malignant. To test the hypothesis that diffuse adrenal medullary hyperplasia is a precursor of pheochromocytoma in this syndrome, we studied the adrenal glands of 19 patients who had MEN-type 2. The findings in the adrenal medulla in these 19 patients were: synchronous bilateral pheochromocytoma in 9 (metastatic in 3); asynchronous bilateral pheochromocytoma in 1 (metastatic); unilateral pheochromocytoma with contralateral diffuse and nodular hyperplasia in 2; unilateral pheochromocytoma with contralateral diffuse hyperplasia in 2; unilateral pheochromocytoma in 1; bilateral nodular hyperplasia in 1; bilateral diffuse hyperplasia in 1; and no abnormality in 2. This spectrum of adrenal medullary pathology suggests that diffuse and nodular medullary hyperplasia are precursors of pheochromocytoma in MEN-type 2.", "contents": "Adrenal medullary disease in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2: pheochromocytoma and its precursors. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN-type 2), designates the syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and occasional parathyroid hyperplasia. The thyroid carcinoma, which is usually bilateral and multicentric, is preceded by multifocal C-cell hyperplasia. The adrenal gland manifests pheochromocytoma, which is frequently bilateral and multicentric, and may be malignant. To test the hypothesis that diffuse adrenal medullary hyperplasia is a precursor of pheochromocytoma in this syndrome, we studied the adrenal glands of 19 patients who had MEN-type 2. The findings in the adrenal medulla in these 19 patients were: synchronous bilateral pheochromocytoma in 9 (metastatic in 3); asynchronous bilateral pheochromocytoma in 1 (metastatic); unilateral pheochromocytoma with contralateral diffuse and nodular hyperplasia in 2; unilateral pheochromocytoma with contralateral diffuse hyperplasia in 2; unilateral pheochromocytoma in 1; bilateral nodular hyperplasia in 1; bilateral diffuse hyperplasia in 1; and no abnormality in 2. This spectrum of adrenal medullary pathology suggests that diffuse and nodular medullary hyperplasia are precursors of pheochromocytoma in MEN-type 2."}
{"id": "PMID:949039", "title": "A regional quality control program in microbiology. I. Administrative aspects.", "content": "Conventional proficiency testing programs in microbiology using recognizable materials yield limited information. To assess overall laboratory competence in the handling of routine clinical material, other methods are needed. This report describes the use of \"blind,\" simulated clinical specimens in a regional quality control program. Details of the administration, including technics, costs, logistics, and limitations, are presented.", "contents": "A regional quality control program in microbiology. I. Administrative aspects. Conventional proficiency testing programs in microbiology using recognizable materials yield limited information. To assess overall laboratory competence in the handling of routine clinical material, other methods are needed. This report describes the use of \"blind,\" simulated clinical specimens in a regional quality control program. Details of the administration, including technics, costs, logistics, and limitations, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:949040", "title": "A column chromatographic method for the combined analysis of creatine kinase-MB (CPK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase 1,2 (LDH 1,2) isoenzymes.", "content": "A column chromatographic method for the simultaneous single-eluate isolation of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 has been evaluated. The method is rapid in that the entire isolation is completed in less than an hour and subsequent analysis can be performed using presently available spectrophotometric methods and reagents without the need for electrophoresis equipment. In addition, since the isoenzymes are directly isolated, quantitation of enzymatic activity can be performed with precision. This technic permits detection of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 in samples with normal values of total CPK and LDH utilizing a routine laboratory spectrophotometer. The sensitivities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 95% for LDH 1,2 and 100% for CPK-MB. The specificities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 86% for LDH 1,2 and 96% for CPK-MB.", "contents": "A column chromatographic method for the combined analysis of creatine kinase-MB (CPK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase 1,2 (LDH 1,2) isoenzymes. A column chromatographic method for the simultaneous single-eluate isolation of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 has been evaluated. The method is rapid in that the entire isolation is completed in less than an hour and subsequent analysis can be performed using presently available spectrophotometric methods and reagents without the need for electrophoresis equipment. In addition, since the isoenzymes are directly isolated, quantitation of enzymatic activity can be performed with precision. This technic permits detection of CPK-MB and LDH 1,2 in samples with normal values of total CPK and LDH utilizing a routine laboratory spectrophotometer. The sensitivities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 95% for LDH 1,2 and 100% for CPK-MB. The specificities for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are 86% for LDH 1,2 and 96% for CPK-MB."}
{"id": "PMID:949041", "title": "A study of the nature of \"hairy\" cells, with emphasis on enzymatic markers.", "content": "Studies of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells from three patients with hairy-cell leukemia were performed. Two of the three patients had well-organized cytoplasmic, ribosome-lamellar inclusions in their leukemic cells. Blast transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes seemed to fall within normal ranges when the findings were related to the absolute numbers of lymphocytes. The enzymatic markers demonstrated in hairy cells-strong acid phosphatase activity in endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, marked alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction, and weak beta-glucuronidase activity-as well as their phagocytosis of latex particles, indicate a common origin with monocytes or histiocytes. No decisive results were obtained by immunofluorescence. Evaluation of the significance of the formation by hairy cells of mouse erythrocyte rosettes, as well as the presence of the typical hair-like projections, may require additional knowledge concerning the membrane of these cells.", "contents": "A study of the nature of \"hairy\" cells, with emphasis on enzymatic markers. Studies of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells from three patients with hairy-cell leukemia were performed. Two of the three patients had well-organized cytoplasmic, ribosome-lamellar inclusions in their leukemic cells. Blast transformation and 3H-thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes seemed to fall within normal ranges when the findings were related to the absolute numbers of lymphocytes. The enzymatic markers demonstrated in hairy cells-strong acid phosphatase activity in endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, marked alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction, and weak beta-glucuronidase activity-as well as their phagocytosis of latex particles, indicate a common origin with monocytes or histiocytes. No decisive results were obtained by immunofluorescence. Evaluation of the significance of the formation by hairy cells of mouse erythrocyte rosettes, as well as the presence of the typical hair-like projections, may require additional knowledge concerning the membrane of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949042", "title": "Normal hematocrits in preadolescent children.", "content": "Hematocrits were studied in 471 children aged 11, 12, or 13 years who resided in an affluent suburb of Pittsburgh. It was found that different microhematocrit machines gave slightly different results, so all values were corrected to a reading that would have been obtained using a Wintrobe hematocrit tube. A true Gaussian curve was obtained, suggesting that these children are a valid source of \"normal\" values. Mean hematocrit was 43%, with 95% confidence limits of 39 to 47%, and was the same for boys and girls. These are slightly higher values than usually are accepted as normal for this age group, and for the girls, values are comparable to those of women. A group of 220 black children of the same age who participated in a sickle-cell screening program had comparable mean hematocrits, but the distribution curve was skewed, suggesting that a small but significant number were anemic.", "contents": "Normal hematocrits in preadolescent children. Hematocrits were studied in 471 children aged 11, 12, or 13 years who resided in an affluent suburb of Pittsburgh. It was found that different microhematocrit machines gave slightly different results, so all values were corrected to a reading that would have been obtained using a Wintrobe hematocrit tube. A true Gaussian curve was obtained, suggesting that these children are a valid source of \"normal\" values. Mean hematocrit was 43%, with 95% confidence limits of 39 to 47%, and was the same for boys and girls. These are slightly higher values than usually are accepted as normal for this age group, and for the girls, values are comparable to those of women. A group of 220 black children of the same age who participated in a sickle-cell screening program had comparable mean hematocrits, but the distribution curve was skewed, suggesting that a small but significant number were anemic."}
{"id": "PMID:949043", "title": "Hemoglobin QIndia, alpha 64 (E13) Asp replaced by His, and beta-thalassemia in a Canadian family.", "content": "Cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.4 showed a hemoglobin variant with the mobility of hemoglobin S in a Canadian family. Sequence analysis revealed that histidine was substituted for aspartic acid at position 64 in the alpha-chain. This variant was found in association with a beta-thalassemia trait condition.", "contents": "Hemoglobin QIndia, alpha 64 (E13) Asp replaced by His, and beta-thalassemia in a Canadian family. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.4 showed a hemoglobin variant with the mobility of hemoglobin S in a Canadian family. Sequence analysis revealed that histidine was substituted for aspartic acid at position 64 in the alpha-chain. This variant was found in association with a beta-thalassemia trait condition."}
{"id": "PMID:949044", "title": "Hemoglobin Bethesda, beta 145 (HC2) Tyr replaced by His, in a Canadian family.", "content": "A hemoglobin mutant with the mobility of hemoglobin (Hb) A on alkaline cellulose acetate or starch gel electrophoresis and mobility between Hb A and Hb S on citrate agar electrophoresis was detected in a patient with erythrocytosis. Structural analysis shows a substitution of histidine by tyrosine at position 145 in the beta-chain.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Bethesda, beta 145 (HC2) Tyr replaced by His, in a Canadian family. A hemoglobin mutant with the mobility of hemoglobin (Hb) A on alkaline cellulose acetate or starch gel electrophoresis and mobility between Hb A and Hb S on citrate agar electrophoresis was detected in a patient with erythrocytosis. Structural analysis shows a substitution of histidine by tyrosine at position 145 in the beta-chain."}
{"id": "PMID:949045", "title": "Hemoglobin Jackson, alpha 127 (H10) Lys replaced by Asn.", "content": "A new hemoglobin mutant was detected as a fast-moving variant on cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.4. The mutation is in the alpha-chain at position 127, where lysine is substituted by asparagine. This is an external residue, and mutation at this site does not lead to any altered physiologic function of the hemoglobin.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Jackson, alpha 127 (H10) Lys replaced by Asn. A new hemoglobin mutant was detected as a fast-moving variant on cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 8.4. The mutation is in the alpha-chain at position 127, where lysine is substituted by asparagine. This is an external residue, and mutation at this site does not lead to any altered physiologic function of the hemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:949046", "title": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon.", "content": "\"Pseudo-obstruction of the colon\" refers to a condition in which physical and radiological findings identical to those associated with mechanical obstruction of the large bowel are found but in which no organic cause for the colonic distention is present. These cases may involve progressive proximal large bowel dilatation to the point of cecal perforation or necrosis. We have collected eight cases of our own which will be presented. The various etiologic factors reported in the literature will be discussed and analyzed and we will offer an anatomicophysiologic explanation of a possible mechanism, based on sympathetic-parasympathetic neurostimulatory imbalance.", "contents": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon. \"Pseudo-obstruction of the colon\" refers to a condition in which physical and radiological findings identical to those associated with mechanical obstruction of the large bowel are found but in which no organic cause for the colonic distention is present. These cases may involve progressive proximal large bowel dilatation to the point of cecal perforation or necrosis. We have collected eight cases of our own which will be presented. The various etiologic factors reported in the literature will be discussed and analyzed and we will offer an anatomicophysiologic explanation of a possible mechanism, based on sympathetic-parasympathetic neurostimulatory imbalance."}
{"id": "PMID:949047", "title": "A new endoscopic classification of Chronic Esophagitis.", "content": "Based on our experience of 97 cases of chronic esophagitis diagnosed endoscopically and histologically by guided biopsies, a new macroscopial classification is suggested as follows: Type I: Erosive-ulcerative form; Type II: Granulative form;; Type III: Barrett-type ulcers; Type IV: Esophagogastric or marginal ulcerations; Type V: Stenosing form. Type I (44.2%) and Type IV (26.7%) are commonly seen. Type II (15.4%) and Type V (11.3%) are healing stages of peptic esophagitis. Type III (2.4%) is rare. The above described classification is clearly correlated with the clinical symptoms of the disease.", "contents": "A new endoscopic classification of Chronic Esophagitis. Based on our experience of 97 cases of chronic esophagitis diagnosed endoscopically and histologically by guided biopsies, a new macroscopial classification is suggested as follows: Type I: Erosive-ulcerative form; Type II: Granulative form;; Type III: Barrett-type ulcers; Type IV: Esophagogastric or marginal ulcerations; Type V: Stenosing form. Type I (44.2%) and Type IV (26.7%) are commonly seen. Type II (15.4%) and Type V (11.3%) are healing stages of peptic esophagitis. Type III (2.4%) is rare. The above described classification is clearly correlated with the clinical symptoms of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949048", "title": "Endoscopic identification of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach.", "content": "Correlation between esophagoscopic findings of the lower esophagus and cardia and the extent of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach was studied in 67 patients operated upon for adenocarcinoma involving the cardia. Of 44 patients with such endoscopic signs as a mass, with or without ulceration, mucosal elevation or thickened folds in the lower esophagus, 43 had carcinomatous invasion over 1 cm. from the esophagogastric mucosal junction. On the other hand, only two of 23 patients without those endoscopic signs had esophageal involvement more than 1 cm. above the junction line. When the cardial orifice was stenotic or asymmetrically open, minimal esophageal involvement was noted in 10 patients. No tumorous invasion to the esophagus was seen in 13 patients with symmetrically open cardia. It seems appropriate to state that when endoscopic examination reveals signs suggestive of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach, thoracotomy should be performed to attain radical operation. This is so except for those with minimal carcinomatous involvement of the lower esophagus.", "contents": "Endoscopic identification of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach. Correlation between esophagoscopic findings of the lower esophagus and cardia and the extent of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach was studied in 67 patients operated upon for adenocarcinoma involving the cardia. Of 44 patients with such endoscopic signs as a mass, with or without ulceration, mucosal elevation or thickened folds in the lower esophagus, 43 had carcinomatous invasion over 1 cm. from the esophagogastric mucosal junction. On the other hand, only two of 23 patients without those endoscopic signs had esophageal involvement more than 1 cm. above the junction line. When the cardial orifice was stenotic or asymmetrically open, minimal esophageal involvement was noted in 10 patients. No tumorous invasion to the esophagus was seen in 13 patients with symmetrically open cardia. It seems appropriate to state that when endoscopic examination reveals signs suggestive of esophageal involvement by carcinoma of the stomach, thoracotomy should be performed to attain radical operation. This is so except for those with minimal carcinomatous involvement of the lower esophagus."}
{"id": "PMID:949049", "title": "Total gastrectomy: twenty years' experience.", "content": "The management and treatment of patients with gastric cancer is all encompassing. It includes preoperative care, operative resection postoperative sympathetic encouragement with therapeutic and nutritional guidance. This has been the experience with 62 human beings afflicted with malignant disease of the stomach. The end result has been that approximately 50% of these patients survived five years or more. This is a comparative favorable percentage when considering cancer elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. What is more enlightening is that the patients were comfortable and able to enjoy a pleasant personal diet during the five or more years following surgery. This salubrious state is attributed to the preservation of a small segment of stomach which enabled the intrinsic factor in the gastric mucosa to participate in and contribute to the normal hemopoietic physiological process.", "contents": "Total gastrectomy: twenty years' experience. The management and treatment of patients with gastric cancer is all encompassing. It includes preoperative care, operative resection postoperative sympathetic encouragement with therapeutic and nutritional guidance. This has been the experience with 62 human beings afflicted with malignant disease of the stomach. The end result has been that approximately 50% of these patients survived five years or more. This is a comparative favorable percentage when considering cancer elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. What is more enlightening is that the patients were comfortable and able to enjoy a pleasant personal diet during the five or more years following surgery. This salubrious state is attributed to the preservation of a small segment of stomach which enabled the intrinsic factor in the gastric mucosa to participate in and contribute to the normal hemopoietic physiological process."}
{"id": "PMID:949051", "title": "Reserpine-induced dissociation of canine pancreatic secretion.", "content": "In five dogs, provided with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas (Thomas' cannula), the effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion of an intravenous continuous perfusion of gastrin (Eurorga, hog gastrin I-II, 6 mug./kg./hr.) and secretin (GIH, 0.5 C.U./kg.hr.) was studied before and after 48 hours of reserpine treatment (0.1 mg./kg./24 hr.). When compared with the pretreated plateau levels, reserpine induced a significant pancreatic secretion dissociation, a depressive of the alkaline and a rising of the protein component. The former phenomenon suggests a participation of a catecholamines in the secretin-elicited pancreatic electrolyte secretion. The latter, an enhanced sensitivity of intranpancreatic and/or acinar cells of the \"pancreon\" to gastrin stimulation.", "contents": "Reserpine-induced dissociation of canine pancreatic secretion. In five dogs, provided with chronic pancreatic and gastric fistulas (Thomas' cannula), the effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion of an intravenous continuous perfusion of gastrin (Eurorga, hog gastrin I-II, 6 mug./kg./hr.) and secretin (GIH, 0.5 C.U./kg.hr.) was studied before and after 48 hours of reserpine treatment (0.1 mg./kg./24 hr.). When compared with the pretreated plateau levels, reserpine induced a significant pancreatic secretion dissociation, a depressive of the alkaline and a rising of the protein component. The former phenomenon suggests a participation of a catecholamines in the secretin-elicited pancreatic electrolyte secretion. The latter, an enhanced sensitivity of intranpancreatic and/or acinar cells of the \"pancreon\" to gastrin stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:949053", "title": "Tuberculosis of the esophagus.", "content": "A case of tuberculosis of the esophagus is presented in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient, complaining of dysphagia, had esophagoscopic examination which showed a submucosal tumor with central ulceration. Tissue biopsy, under direct vision from the tumor mass, confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The patient has been asymptomatic under treatment. Both esophageal and pulmonary lesions are largely improved.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the esophagus. A case of tuberculosis of the esophagus is presented in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient, complaining of dysphagia, had esophagoscopic examination which showed a submucosal tumor with central ulceration. Tissue biopsy, under direct vision from the tumor mass, confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The patient has been asymptomatic under treatment. Both esophageal and pulmonary lesions are largely improved."}
{"id": "PMID:949054", "title": "Simultaneous perforation of a gastric and a duodenal ulcer.", "content": "This is a case report of simultaneous perforation of a gastric and duodenal ulcer. Perusal of the literature shows the rarity of this occurrence. Consideration is given to the difficulty of handling such a case in the presence of severe generalized peritonitis and the precarious condition of the patient.", "contents": "Simultaneous perforation of a gastric and a duodenal ulcer. This is a case report of simultaneous perforation of a gastric and duodenal ulcer. Perusal of the literature shows the rarity of this occurrence. Consideration is given to the difficulty of handling such a case in the presence of severe generalized peritonitis and the precarious condition of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:949055", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the infant.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can safely be performed in the infant, using the standard adult cannulating instrument. Children must be examined under general anesthesia and care must be taken to insure adequate pressure of injection to fill the proximal branches of the intrahepatic radicals.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the infant. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can safely be performed in the infant, using the standard adult cannulating instrument. Children must be examined under general anesthesia and care must be taken to insure adequate pressure of injection to fill the proximal branches of the intrahepatic radicals."}
{"id": "PMID:949061", "title": "Stability of injectable medications after reconstitution.", "content": "The stability of injectable medications after reconstitution is presented. The following information about each drug is given in tabular format: drug to be reconstituted and size of package; recommended route(s) of administration; recommended diluent, quantity to be used and resultant concentration; stability after initial dilution; and stability after further dilution; and stability of frozen antibiotics.", "contents": "Stability of injectable medications after reconstitution. The stability of injectable medications after reconstitution is presented. The following information about each drug is given in tabular format: drug to be reconstituted and size of package; recommended route(s) of administration; recommended diluent, quantity to be used and resultant concentration; stability after initial dilution; and stability after further dilution; and stability of frozen antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:949062", "title": "Drug-related hospital admissions.", "content": "The association between hospital admissions and drug-related problems was studied in 216 patients. All patients admitted to a general 100-bed ward in a large teaching hospital over a two-month period were interviewed by the pharmacist to determine (1) prescription and nonprescription drugs regularly administered by the patient, (2) method of administration, (3) patients' compliance with prescribed therapy, and (4) signs and symptoms of adverse drug reactions. Fifty-nine (27.3%) patients were found to have a drug-related problem associated with their hospital admission. Twenty-four patients (11.1%) had an adverse drug reaction associated with their hospital admission; in only 17 (7.9%) of the patients did the adverse reaction cause the hospital admission. Adverse drug reactions and noncompliance (10.5%) appeared to be the principal factors in hospital admission. To a lesser extent, inadequate therapy, improper or erroneous drug use and drug overdose were found to be associated with hospital admissions. As to mechanism of drug reaction, a drug side effect was involved in most cases. While hospital pharmacists have traditionally concentrated on improving inpatient distribution services, this study indicates a need for the improvement of drug monitoring and education services available to patients in outpatient settings.", "contents": "Drug-related hospital admissions. The association between hospital admissions and drug-related problems was studied in 216 patients. All patients admitted to a general 100-bed ward in a large teaching hospital over a two-month period were interviewed by the pharmacist to determine (1) prescription and nonprescription drugs regularly administered by the patient, (2) method of administration, (3) patients' compliance with prescribed therapy, and (4) signs and symptoms of adverse drug reactions. Fifty-nine (27.3%) patients were found to have a drug-related problem associated with their hospital admission. Twenty-four patients (11.1%) had an adverse drug reaction associated with their hospital admission; in only 17 (7.9%) of the patients did the adverse reaction cause the hospital admission. Adverse drug reactions and noncompliance (10.5%) appeared to be the principal factors in hospital admission. To a lesser extent, inadequate therapy, improper or erroneous drug use and drug overdose were found to be associated with hospital admissions. As to mechanism of drug reaction, a drug side effect was involved in most cases. While hospital pharmacists have traditionally concentrated on improving inpatient distribution services, this study indicates a need for the improvement of drug monitoring and education services available to patients in outpatient settings."}
{"id": "PMID:949063", "title": "Pharmacy, pharmaceutics and modern drug delivery.", "content": "Recent developments in the area of drug delivery are reviewed. Controlled delivery of drug substances (including controlled-release oral products, the Folkman-Long silastic device and membrane-medicated delivery systems) are discussed. The prodrug approach is illustrated by discussion of the esterification of epinephrine and the production of the dihydro form of 2-PAM (pro-2-PAM). It is suggested that the pharmacist study the release pattern of drug devices and the pharmaceutics of prodrugs in order to maintain his responsibility as the expert on drugs.", "contents": "Pharmacy, pharmaceutics and modern drug delivery. Recent developments in the area of drug delivery are reviewed. Controlled delivery of drug substances (including controlled-release oral products, the Folkman-Long silastic device and membrane-medicated delivery systems) are discussed. The prodrug approach is illustrated by discussion of the esterification of epinephrine and the production of the dihydro form of 2-PAM (pro-2-PAM). It is suggested that the pharmacist study the release pattern of drug devices and the pharmaceutics of prodrugs in order to maintain his responsibility as the expert on drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:949064", "title": "Comparison of commercial pyrogen testing laboratories.", "content": "The pyrogen test results of four laboratories were compared to determine if any inconsistencies existed. Samples submitted for pyrogen testing were of two types: (1) radiopharmaceuticals which had been allowed to decay to negligible activity or mock radiopharmaceuticals prepared with saline instead of pertechnetate, and (2) positive controls of bacterial endotoxin. The drugs used in the eight-rabbit tests included 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, 99mTc-human serum albumin, 99mTc-sulfur colloid, saline and iodinated fibrinogen. Laboratory A showed a 52% failure rate for the testing of 36 preparations. Samples identical to those not passed by laboratory A were passed by laboratories B, C and D. It is recommended that all users of pyrogen testing laboratories periodically submit samples of known apyrogenicity for testing.", "contents": "Comparison of commercial pyrogen testing laboratories. The pyrogen test results of four laboratories were compared to determine if any inconsistencies existed. Samples submitted for pyrogen testing were of two types: (1) radiopharmaceuticals which had been allowed to decay to negligible activity or mock radiopharmaceuticals prepared with saline instead of pertechnetate, and (2) positive controls of bacterial endotoxin. The drugs used in the eight-rabbit tests included 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin, 99mTc-human serum albumin, 99mTc-sulfur colloid, saline and iodinated fibrinogen. Laboratory A showed a 52% failure rate for the testing of 36 preparations. Samples identical to those not passed by laboratory A were passed by laboratories B, C and D. It is recommended that all users of pyrogen testing laboratories periodically submit samples of known apyrogenicity for testing."}
{"id": "PMID:949065", "title": "Legal implications of preparing and dispensing drugs under conditions not in a product's official labeling.", "content": "The legal issues surrounding the potential liability of a pharmacist for dispensing or preparing drugs under conditions not contained in the official labeling of a product are examined. Although the specific issue of liability of a pharmacist for preparing a drug in a nonapproved manner or dispensing a drug for a nonapproved use has not been adjudicated, based on evolving legal principles it appears that the pharmacist will be held responsible for the drugs so prepared or dispensed. Preparation of a drug which is adulterated under the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act appears to be negligent, although its precise effect will be dependent upon state law. Liability for dispensing for nonapproved uses may be minimized if the pharmacist, in the exercise of sound professional judgment, concludes that the use is rational, safe and reasonable.", "contents": "Legal implications of preparing and dispensing drugs under conditions not in a product's official labeling. The legal issues surrounding the potential liability of a pharmacist for dispensing or preparing drugs under conditions not contained in the official labeling of a product are examined. Although the specific issue of liability of a pharmacist for preparing a drug in a nonapproved manner or dispensing a drug for a nonapproved use has not been adjudicated, based on evolving legal principles it appears that the pharmacist will be held responsible for the drugs so prepared or dispensed. Preparation of a drug which is adulterated under the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act appears to be negligent, although its precise effect will be dependent upon state law. Liability for dispensing for nonapproved uses may be minimized if the pharmacist, in the exercise of sound professional judgment, concludes that the use is rational, safe and reasonable."}
{"id": "PMID:949066", "title": "Drug information services on a subscription basis.", "content": "A hospital-based drug information service (DIS) which provides services to five hospitals and a local pharmaceutical association on a subscription basis is described. The two methods of subscription are (1) a monthly fee based on hospital bed size, and (2) a fee per question. The fee based on hospital bed size allows unlimited DIS use and provides a guaranteed income. The fee per question is suitable for private practitioners and those hospitals requiring less frequent DIS use. The pharmaceutical association is billed a flat monthly rate which is paid out of membership dues. The DIS staffing, work load, reference sources, budget and mode of operation are discussed.", "contents": "Drug information services on a subscription basis. A hospital-based drug information service (DIS) which provides services to five hospitals and a local pharmaceutical association on a subscription basis is described. The two methods of subscription are (1) a monthly fee based on hospital bed size, and (2) a fee per question. The fee based on hospital bed size allows unlimited DIS use and provides a guaranteed income. The fee per question is suitable for private practitioners and those hospitals requiring less frequent DIS use. The pharmaceutical association is billed a flat monthly rate which is paid out of membership dues. The DIS staffing, work load, reference sources, budget and mode of operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949067", "title": "Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.", "content": "The etiology, diagnosis and management of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus (LIDI) is discussed, including the presentation of a case report. It is suggested that lithium provokes LIDI by decreasing the responsive ness of the kidney to the antidiuretic hormone. Lithium-induced polyuria may be managed by concomitant treatment with a thiazide diuretic or discontinuation of the lithium. Caution must be employed, however, when using thiazides with lithium as these diuretics decrease renal clearance of lithium.", "contents": "Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The etiology, diagnosis and management of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus (LIDI) is discussed, including the presentation of a case report. It is suggested that lithium provokes LIDI by decreasing the responsive ness of the kidney to the antidiuretic hormone. Lithium-induced polyuria may be managed by concomitant treatment with a thiazide diuretic or discontinuation of the lithium. Caution must be employed, however, when using thiazides with lithium as these diuretics decrease renal clearance of lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:949068", "title": "Optic disk neovascularization associated with chronic uveitis.", "content": "Disk neovascularization associated with chronic uvetitis occurred in five patients. The uveitis was most frequently diagnosed as chronic cyclitis, with a marked inflammatory cell response in the vitreous body. Using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy with the Goldmann contact lens, perimetry, and fluorescein angiography and angioscopy, we found no areas of vascular occlusion or nonperfusion. Inflammation probably produced chemical mediators capable of traveling to the optic disk and inducing neovascular proliferation, in the absence of retinal vascular occlusion.", "contents": "Optic disk neovascularization associated with chronic uveitis. Disk neovascularization associated with chronic uvetitis occurred in five patients. The uveitis was most frequently diagnosed as chronic cyclitis, with a marked inflammatory cell response in the vitreous body. Using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy with the Goldmann contact lens, perimetry, and fluorescein angiography and angioscopy, we found no areas of vascular occlusion or nonperfusion. Inflammation probably produced chemical mediators capable of traveling to the optic disk and inducing neovascular proliferation, in the absence of retinal vascular occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:949069", "title": "Optic neuropathy due to brain abscess.", "content": "A 26-year-old man went blind as part of a multifocal central nervous system disease. Bilateral optic nerve head pallor developed four weeks later. There had been no papilledema. In this setting, the appearance of optic atrophy without preceding papilledema in part led to the clinical diagnosis of severe disseminated encephalomyelitis. At autopsy multiple brain abscesses were found, including an area of inflammation within the chiasm.", "contents": "Optic neuropathy due to brain abscess. A 26-year-old man went blind as part of a multifocal central nervous system disease. Bilateral optic nerve head pallor developed four weeks later. There had been no papilledema. In this setting, the appearance of optic atrophy without preceding papilledema in part led to the clinical diagnosis of severe disseminated encephalomyelitis. At autopsy multiple brain abscesses were found, including an area of inflammation within the chiasm."}
{"id": "PMID:949070", "title": "Choroidal leiomyoma of vascular origin.", "content": "A 57-year-old man had a clinically suspected malignant melanoma in his left eye. On microscopic study, the enucleated eye harbored an unusual choroidal tumor that had extended extraocularly. This tumor had been variously interpreted microscopically as an angiosarcoma, an atpical angioma, a glioma, or a neurilemoma. Electron microscopic examination of deparaffinized tissue established the smooth muscle nature of the tumor cells as well as the presence of numerous pericytes associated with conspicuous vascular channels. This unique myogenous tumor of the choroid probably had a vascular origin.", "contents": "Choroidal leiomyoma of vascular origin. A 57-year-old man had a clinically suspected malignant melanoma in his left eye. On microscopic study, the enucleated eye harbored an unusual choroidal tumor that had extended extraocularly. This tumor had been variously interpreted microscopically as an angiosarcoma, an atpical angioma, a glioma, or a neurilemoma. Electron microscopic examination of deparaffinized tissue established the smooth muscle nature of the tumor cells as well as the presence of numerous pericytes associated with conspicuous vascular channels. This unique myogenous tumor of the choroid probably had a vascular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:949071", "title": "Time and dose for optimum radioactive phosphorus uptake measurement in rabbit uveal melanoma.", "content": "Radioactive phosphorus uptake (32P) testing was performed on implanted uveal melanomas in the rabbit to determine how the percentage uptake value was affected by the dose of 32P and by the interval of time between 32P administration and 32P counting. There was no difference in percentage uptake comparing doses of 50, 100, and 200 muCi/kg, but these were relatively high doses. There was no difference in the mean percentage uptake value at two, five, or nine days after 32P administration. The range of percentage uptake values widened with successive days.", "contents": "Time and dose for optimum radioactive phosphorus uptake measurement in rabbit uveal melanoma. Radioactive phosphorus uptake (32P) testing was performed on implanted uveal melanomas in the rabbit to determine how the percentage uptake value was affected by the dose of 32P and by the interval of time between 32P administration and 32P counting. There was no difference in percentage uptake comparing doses of 50, 100, and 200 muCi/kg, but these were relatively high doses. There was no difference in the mean percentage uptake value at two, five, or nine days after 32P administration. The range of percentage uptake values widened with successive days."}
{"id": "PMID:949072", "title": "Vitreous hemorrhages and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn.", "content": "Of 164 consecutive newborns seen in consultations, three babies had either a preretinal or a vitreous hemorrhage,  a rare occurrence. Two of these babies had a mild form of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The hemorrhages cleared within a few months after birth. Each of the three babies was premature, had a respiratory distress syndrome, and was born to a primiparous mother. The possibility of a coagulation defect causing intraocular hemorrhage in newborns should be considered along with the tranditional mechanical theories.", "contents": "Vitreous hemorrhages and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the newborn. Of 164 consecutive newborns seen in consultations, three babies had either a preretinal or a vitreous hemorrhage,  a rare occurrence. Two of these babies had a mild form of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The hemorrhages cleared within a few months after birth. Each of the three babies was premature, had a respiratory distress syndrome, and was born to a primiparous mother. The possibility of a coagulation defect causing intraocular hemorrhage in newborns should be considered along with the tranditional mechanical theories."}
{"id": "PMID:949073", "title": "Hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "A 9-year-old boy had a unilateral ocular lesion characterized by a broadly elevated mass at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. The mass showed hyperpigmented borders, overlying retinal constracture, retinal vessel tortuosity, and vitreous condensations. Electrophysiologic testing revealed an abnormal electrooculogram.", "contents": "Hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium. A 9-year-old boy had a unilateral ocular lesion characterized by a broadly elevated mass at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. The mass showed hyperpigmented borders, overlying retinal constracture, retinal vessel tortuosity, and vitreous condensations. Electrophysiologic testing revealed an abnormal electrooculogram."}
{"id": "PMID:949074", "title": "Occlusive retinal vascular disease and deafness.", "content": "An 8-year-old white girl with a history of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting developed a progressive hearing loss, bilateral retinal arteriolar narrowing in each eye, vasoproliferation, and subsequent intravitreal hemorrhage. An attempt at peripheral retinal ablation with cryotherapy in the left eye resulted in retinal detachment. Spontaneous retinal detachment occurred in the right eye and was successfully repaired. Repeated intermittent hemorrhages occurred despite intraocular diathermy. Three years after onset, visual acuity was R.E.: 6/21 (20/66) and L.E.: light perception. She remains totally deaf. A 20-year-old white woman developed severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with poorly functioning labyrinths, followed by midperipheral retinal arteriolar occlusions and vasoproliferation on the optic nerve head. Progressive retinal neovascularization was followed by rubeosis iridis and repeated episodes of intravitreal bleeding. Six years after onset, visula acuity was R.E.: hand motions, and L.E.: 6/3 (20/100). She remains totally deaf. Both patients were of normal gestation, development, and mentality, without evidence of other systemic disease. The cause of this disease was not found.", "contents": "Occlusive retinal vascular disease and deafness. An 8-year-old white girl with a history of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting developed a progressive hearing loss, bilateral retinal arteriolar narrowing in each eye, vasoproliferation, and subsequent intravitreal hemorrhage. An attempt at peripheral retinal ablation with cryotherapy in the left eye resulted in retinal detachment. Spontaneous retinal detachment occurred in the right eye and was successfully repaired. Repeated intermittent hemorrhages occurred despite intraocular diathermy. Three years after onset, visual acuity was R.E.: 6/21 (20/66) and L.E.: light perception. She remains totally deaf. A 20-year-old white woman developed severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss with poorly functioning labyrinths, followed by midperipheral retinal arteriolar occlusions and vasoproliferation on the optic nerve head. Progressive retinal neovascularization was followed by rubeosis iridis and repeated episodes of intravitreal bleeding. Six years after onset, visula acuity was R.E.: hand motions, and L.E.: 6/3 (20/100). She remains totally deaf. Both patients were of normal gestation, development, and mentality, without evidence of other systemic disease. The cause of this disease was not found."}
{"id": "PMID:949075", "title": "Visual loss and perioptic vascular malformations in the eye and orbit.", "content": "Three patients with monocular visual symptoms had intraocular vascular malformations, presumably congenital, in the affected eye. Special radiographic techniques (magnification of the orbit with subtraction of overlying bone during carotid arteriography) were necessary to demonstrate the orbital perioptic vascular malformations that were responsible for the visual symptoms.", "contents": "Visual loss and perioptic vascular malformations in the eye and orbit. Three patients with monocular visual symptoms had intraocular vascular malformations, presumably congenital, in the affected eye. Special radiographic techniques (magnification of the orbit with subtraction of overlying bone during carotid arteriography) were necessary to demonstrate the orbital perioptic vascular malformations that were responsible for the visual symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:949076", "title": "Detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole.", "content": "Multiple vitelliform cysts of the retina, a disorder of unknown cause in which there are multiple detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole, occurred in five patients. In four patients all lesions were located outside the parafoveal area while one patient showed bilateral foveal elevations associated with more eccentric detachments. Several patients showed slow resolution of some of the detachments with mild disturbances of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole. Multiple vitelliform cysts of the retina, a disorder of unknown cause in which there are multiple detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium at the posterior pole, occurred in five patients. In four patients all lesions were located outside the parafoveal area while one patient showed bilateral foveal elevations associated with more eccentric detachments. Several patients showed slow resolution of some of the detachments with mild disturbances of the pigment epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:949077", "title": "Choroidal neovascular membrane in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy.", "content": "The right eye of a 9-year-old white boy with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy had an intact egg-yolk lesion and a retinal pigment epithelial defect superiorly, suggesting an early pseudohypopyon stage. The disruptive phase of the left eye showed subretinal hemorrhages, a \"signet ring,\" and a subretinal neovascular membrane.", "contents": "Choroidal neovascular membrane in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. The right eye of a 9-year-old white boy with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy had an intact egg-yolk lesion and a retinal pigment epithelial defect superiorly, suggesting an early pseudohypopyon stage. The disruptive phase of the left eye showed subretinal hemorrhages, a \"signet ring,\" and a subretinal neovascular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:949078", "title": "Vitelliform dystrophy in a 64-year-old man.", "content": "A 64-year-old white man had many large bilateral vitelliform-like lesions. A normal electroretinogram, abnormal elector-oculogram, and a pattern of blocked choroidal fluorescence were obtained. The yellowish appearance of the lesions progressed to absorption of yellow material and mottling with maintenance of relatively good visual acuity.", "contents": "Vitelliform dystrophy in a 64-year-old man. A 64-year-old white man had many large bilateral vitelliform-like lesions. A normal electroretinogram, abnormal elector-oculogram, and a pattern of blocked choroidal fluorescence were obtained. The yellowish appearance of the lesions progressed to absorption of yellow material and mottling with maintenance of relatively good visual acuity."}
{"id": "PMID:949079", "title": "Primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea.", "content": "A case of primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea in a 13-year-old boy was confirmed by histopathologic examination of material obtained by penetrating keratoplasty. Elevated subepithelial nodules of amyloid were present centrally. Extensive nonelevated subepithelial amyloid deposition was present in areas where either clinically gray, nonelevated subepithelial opacities or apparently normal cornea was present. Nonelevated subepithelial corneal deposits clinically similar to amyloid deposits in the proband were present in two siblings. The genetic pattern of the corneal amyloid deposits in this family appears to be autosomal recessive. Cataracts were present in two of the three affected members. Aspirated lens material from two of the affected members did not contain amyloid.", "contents": "Primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea. A case of primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea in a 13-year-old boy was confirmed by histopathologic examination of material obtained by penetrating keratoplasty. Elevated subepithelial nodules of amyloid were present centrally. Extensive nonelevated subepithelial amyloid deposition was present in areas where either clinically gray, nonelevated subepithelial opacities or apparently normal cornea was present. Nonelevated subepithelial corneal deposits clinically similar to amyloid deposits in the proband were present in two siblings. The genetic pattern of the corneal amyloid deposits in this family appears to be autosomal recessive. Cataracts were present in two of the three affected members. Aspirated lens material from two of the affected members did not contain amyloid."}
{"id": "PMID:949080", "title": "Complications of chronic cyclitis.", "content": "Follow-up examinations, ranging from four to more than 20 years, were performed on 100 patients with chronic cyclitis whose ages at onset were from 4 to 58 years. Cataracts were found in 42% of eyes and macular disease secondary to macular edema in 28% of eyes. Band keratopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinoschisis, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and vessels leaving the disk margin were also noted. The complications resulting in decreased vision in chronic cyclitis were macular edema in active cases and macular degenerative changes in the late inactive stages. Of all eyes with final visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or less, 74% had permanent, late macular changes secondary to earlier cystoid macular edema. Vitreous opacities or cells, or both, caused decreased visual acuity in the early active stages of chronic cyclitis but were not major factors in the ultimate visual prognosis in the late inactive stages. At the final examination, vitreous opacities caused a visual loss in only 9% of the eyes that had visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or less. It was difficult to determine whether corticosteroids caused cataract formation and glaucoma.", "contents": "Complications of chronic cyclitis. Follow-up examinations, ranging from four to more than 20 years, were performed on 100 patients with chronic cyclitis whose ages at onset were from 4 to 58 years. Cataracts were found in 42% of eyes and macular disease secondary to macular edema in 28% of eyes. Band keratopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinoschisis, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and vessels leaving the disk margin were also noted. The complications resulting in decreased vision in chronic cyclitis were macular edema in active cases and macular degenerative changes in the late inactive stages. Of all eyes with final visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or less, 74% had permanent, late macular changes secondary to earlier cystoid macular edema. Vitreous opacities or cells, or both, caused decreased visual acuity in the early active stages of chronic cyclitis but were not major factors in the ultimate visual prognosis in the late inactive stages. At the final examination, vitreous opacities caused a visual loss in only 9% of the eyes that had visual acuity of 6/12 (20/40) or less. It was difficult to determine whether corticosteroids caused cataract formation and glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:949081", "title": "The nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome.", "content": "The nystagmus compensation syndrome identified in 12 to 247 consecutive patients with congenital esotropia had these characteristic features: onset of esotropia in early infancy, pseudoparalysis of both abducens nerves, head turn toward the side of the fixating eye, absence fo nystagmus with the fixating eye in adduction, and appearance of a manifest jerky nystagmus as the fixating eye moved into primary position and abduction. The nystagmus may be actively neutralized by convergence innervation, the esotropia being caused by sustained convergence and secondary changes in the medial rectus muscles. The differential diagnosis includes crossed fixation and bilateral sixth nerve paralysis.", "contents": "The nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome. The nystagmus compensation syndrome identified in 12 to 247 consecutive patients with congenital esotropia had these characteristic features: onset of esotropia in early infancy, pseudoparalysis of both abducens nerves, head turn toward the side of the fixating eye, absence fo nystagmus with the fixating eye in adduction, and appearance of a manifest jerky nystagmus as the fixating eye moved into primary position and abduction. The nystagmus may be actively neutralized by convergence innervation, the esotropia being caused by sustained convergence and secondary changes in the medial rectus muscles. The differential diagnosis includes crossed fixation and bilateral sixth nerve paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:949082", "title": "Mangement of infantile esotropia.", "content": "We evaluated the management of infantile esotropia-constant, alternating esotropia before 6 months of age-in 34 children. Planned one-state surgery for satisfactory mechanical alignment was highly predicatable (79 to 84%), and was obtained at any age. Stable bifoveal motor fusion was also obtained but was more frequent with alignment before 2 years of age. The use of postsurgical spectacle orthoptics (minus lenses or prisms, or both) increased the incidence of bifoveal fusion. Surgery alone resulted in bifoveal fusion in 6% of the cases, whereas an overall incidence of 33% bifoveal fusion resulted after the use of postsurgical spectacle orthoptics by some patients. Of those receiving postsurgical spectacle orthoptics, 53% obtained bifoveal fusion. This study demonstrated a correlation between the incidence of secondary A patterns (after surgery for V esotropia) and the amount of horizontal muscle surgery done in combination with bilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomies.", "contents": "Mangement of infantile esotropia. We evaluated the management of infantile esotropia-constant, alternating esotropia before 6 months of age-in 34 children. Planned one-state surgery for satisfactory mechanical alignment was highly predicatable (79 to 84%), and was obtained at any age. Stable bifoveal motor fusion was also obtained but was more frequent with alignment before 2 years of age. The use of postsurgical spectacle orthoptics (minus lenses or prisms, or both) increased the incidence of bifoveal fusion. Surgery alone resulted in bifoveal fusion in 6% of the cases, whereas an overall incidence of 33% bifoveal fusion resulted after the use of postsurgical spectacle orthoptics by some patients. Of those receiving postsurgical spectacle orthoptics, 53% obtained bifoveal fusion. This study demonstrated a correlation between the incidence of secondary A patterns (after surgery for V esotropia) and the amount of horizontal muscle surgery done in combination with bilateral inferior oblique muscle myectomies."}
{"id": "PMID:949083", "title": "Synthetic absorbable suture for strabismus surgery.", "content": "Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), a synthetic absorbable braided suture in 5-0 or 6-0 size, was satisfactory for recession and resection of extraocular muscles. It produced an acute allergic reaction in only one of 89 cases (1.5%) as compared to a 19% reaction when collagen suture of like size was used. Polyglactin 910 suture, when left partially exposed, may be irritating and can cause excessive reaction when used at the conjunctival limbus.", "contents": "Synthetic absorbable suture for strabismus surgery. Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl), a synthetic absorbable braided suture in 5-0 or 6-0 size, was satisfactory for recession and resection of extraocular muscles. It produced an acute allergic reaction in only one of 89 cases (1.5%) as compared to a 19% reaction when collagen suture of like size was used. Polyglactin 910 suture, when left partially exposed, may be irritating and can cause excessive reaction when used at the conjunctival limbus."}
{"id": "PMID:949084", "title": "Electron microscopic study of extraocular muscles in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "The extraocular muscles of two middle-aged men with ophthalmoplegia secondary to myotonic dystrophy were studied by electron microscopy. The main change was disorganization in the arrangement of myofibrils rather than degeneration of the cells. Diseased muscle cells contained randomly distributed, short and irregular myofibrils and individual myofilaments. The cytologic appearance of these muscle cells was similar to that of developing muscle cells. The pathogenesis of the myopathy in myotonic dystrophy may be related to myofibrillogenesis and its maintenance.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of extraocular muscles in myotonic dystrophy. The extraocular muscles of two middle-aged men with ophthalmoplegia secondary to myotonic dystrophy were studied by electron microscopy. The main change was disorganization in the arrangement of myofibrils rather than degeneration of the cells. Diseased muscle cells contained randomly distributed, short and irregular myofibrils and individual myofilaments. The cytologic appearance of these muscle cells was similar to that of developing muscle cells. The pathogenesis of the myopathy in myotonic dystrophy may be related to myofibrillogenesis and its maintenance."}
{"id": "PMID:949085", "title": "Experimental inhibition of prostaglandin-like inflammatory response after cryotherapy.", "content": "To determine the effect of aspirin as an inhibitor of the prostaglandin-induced inflammatory reaction that follows cryotherapy, 12 rabbits were pretreated with aspirin and 12 were controls. The aspirin-pretreated animals showed less inflammatory reaction after cryotherapy and significantly less protein in the aqueous humor than did the control animals (P less than .01). We believe that the conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, and the increase in protein concentrations in the aqueous humor that follow cryotherapy, are prostaglandin-related, because pretreatment with aspirin inhibited these phenomena.", "contents": "Experimental inhibition of prostaglandin-like inflammatory response after cryotherapy. To determine the effect of aspirin as an inhibitor of the prostaglandin-induced inflammatory reaction that follows cryotherapy, 12 rabbits were pretreated with aspirin and 12 were controls. The aspirin-pretreated animals showed less inflammatory reaction after cryotherapy and significantly less protein in the aqueous humor than did the control animals (P less than .01). We believe that the conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, and the increase in protein concentrations in the aqueous humor that follow cryotherapy, are prostaglandin-related, because pretreatment with aspirin inhibited these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:949086", "title": "Miniature dark adaptometer using tritium as a light source.", "content": "A miniature dark adaptometer to measure monophasic rod function, used with disposable masks, permitted 11 measurements to be taken in 1 1/2 hours. The light source, tritium-phosphoric sulfide gas, had a known brightness decay rate incorporated in the calibration table which is provided with the instrument.", "contents": "Miniature dark adaptometer using tritium as a light source. A miniature dark adaptometer to measure monophasic rod function, used with disposable masks, permitted 11 measurements to be taken in 1 1/2 hours. The light source, tritium-phosphoric sulfide gas, had a known brightness decay rate incorporated in the calibration table which is provided with the instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:949087", "title": "Incidence of photophobia in peripheral and sector iridectomy.", "content": "Fifth patients had bilateral intracapsular cataract extractions with a peripheral iridectomy in one eye and a sector iridectomy in the opposite eye. There was no difference in photophobia between the two eyes in 78% of patients. Twelve percent of the patients had greater photophobia in the eye with the peripheral iridectomy, and 10% had greater photophobia in the eye with the sector iridectomy.", "contents": "Incidence of photophobia in peripheral and sector iridectomy. Fifth patients had bilateral intracapsular cataract extractions with a peripheral iridectomy in one eye and a sector iridectomy in the opposite eye. There was no difference in photophobia between the two eyes in 78% of patients. Twelve percent of the patients had greater photophobia in the eye with the peripheral iridectomy, and 10% had greater photophobia in the eye with the sector iridectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:949088", "title": "Contact lens remover adherent to cornea.", "content": "A patient inadvertently applied a contact lens remover to her cornea and the remover adhered, causing pain but no serious sequelae. The device was slid from the cornea to the conjunctiva before successful removal.", "contents": "Contact lens remover adherent to cornea. A patient inadvertently applied a contact lens remover to her cornea and the remover adhered, causing pain but no serious sequelae. The device was slid from the cornea to the conjunctiva before successful removal."}
{"id": "PMID:949100", "title": "[Effect of high dosages of fentanyl and piritramide upon haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (author's transl)].", "content": "High dosages of narcotic analgesics are frequently utilized as the sole anaesthetic agents for patients requiring open-heart surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high dosages of fentanyl and piritramide upon the cardiovascular system. In anaesthetized dogs (N2O:O2=2:1; 0.5 vol% halothane) 0.03 mg/kg fentanyl (=8) and 1.5 mg/kg piritramide (n=8) respectively were given intravenously as a bolus. After the administration of fentanyl there was a slight decrease in blood pressure (10%). The hypotension was the result of a decrease in cardiac output (thermodilution technique) by 13% due to bradycardia. Total peripheral resistance and myocardial contractility remained unaffected. Similar effects were only found late after injection of piritramide, since there was an initial cardiovascular response to piritramide characterized by a marked fall in blood pressure (29%). The major cause of arterial hypotension was peripheral vasodilatation. Load data and the decrease in max dp/dt however indicated also a slight myocardial depression. The altered haemodynamics led to a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption with both narcotics, which was nearly paralleled by a reduction in coronary blood flow. The narrowing of arteriovenous oxygen difference of the heart proved coronary dilatatory properties of fentanyl and especially of piritramide. This study indicated that high dosages of fentanyl have advantages in comparison to high dosages of piritramide. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of high dosages of fentanyl and piritramide upon haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (author's transl)]. High dosages of narcotic analgesics are frequently utilized as the sole anaesthetic agents for patients requiring open-heart surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high dosages of fentanyl and piritramide upon the cardiovascular system. In anaesthetized dogs (N2O:O2=2:1; 0.5 vol% halothane) 0.03 mg/kg fentanyl (=8) and 1.5 mg/kg piritramide (n=8) respectively were given intravenously as a bolus. After the administration of fentanyl there was a slight decrease in blood pressure (10%). The hypotension was the result of a decrease in cardiac output (thermodilution technique) by 13% due to bradycardia. Total peripheral resistance and myocardial contractility remained unaffected. Similar effects were only found late after injection of piritramide, since there was an initial cardiovascular response to piritramide characterized by a marked fall in blood pressure (29%). The major cause of arterial hypotension was peripheral vasodilatation. Load data and the decrease in max dp/dt however indicated also a slight myocardial depression. The altered haemodynamics led to a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption with both narcotics, which was nearly paralleled by a reduction in coronary blood flow. The narrowing of arteriovenous oxygen difference of the heart proved coronary dilatatory properties of fentanyl and especially of piritramide. This study indicated that high dosages of fentanyl have advantages in comparison to high dosages of piritramide. The clinical implications of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949095", "title": "The occupational therapist on a geriatric rehabilitation team.", "content": "This article describes a rehabilitation services team at a skilled nursing facility. The objectives were to explore what occupational therapy can offer nursing home residents and to provide a model in the delivery of rehabilitation services to the institutionalized elderly. Emphasis is placed upon program structure and rationale, staff interrelationships, and the role of the occupational therapist on the team.", "contents": "The occupational therapist on a geriatric rehabilitation team. This article describes a rehabilitation services team at a skilled nursing facility. The objectives were to explore what occupational therapy can offer nursing home residents and to provide a model in the delivery of rehabilitation services to the institutionalized elderly. Emphasis is placed upon program structure and rationale, staff interrelationships, and the role of the occupational therapist on the team."}
{"id": "PMID:949101", "title": "Neonatal blood pressures.", "content": "Arterial blood pressures were taken by the Doppler ultrasound method in 134 unselected mature neonates (birthweights 2,600-3,900 grams) who were managed in the same manner after birth. Blood pressures were measured at 3-5, 10 and 30 minutes of life and, if indicated, intermittently during the next 24-48 h. Left and right arm pressures were identical or differed by only 1-2 mm Hg. Lower than normal blood pressures were found in 4 groups of infants: those born by cesarean section, those recovering from intrauterine asphyxia, those exposed to maternal anti-hypertensive therapy, and those whose mothers received thiopental within four minutes of delivery. Return of the low pressures to within the normal range was fastest following thiopental induction in the absence of fetal asphyxia and slowest after antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "Neonatal blood pressures. Arterial blood pressures were taken by the Doppler ultrasound method in 134 unselected mature neonates (birthweights 2,600-3,900 grams) who were managed in the same manner after birth. Blood pressures were measured at 3-5, 10 and 30 minutes of life and, if indicated, intermittently during the next 24-48 h. Left and right arm pressures were identical or differed by only 1-2 mm Hg. Lower than normal blood pressures were found in 4 groups of infants: those born by cesarean section, those recovering from intrauterine asphyxia, those exposed to maternal anti-hypertensive therapy, and those whose mothers received thiopental within four minutes of delivery. Return of the low pressures to within the normal range was fastest following thiopental induction in the absence of fetal asphyxia and slowest after antihypertensive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:949097", "title": "Teaching stroke patients to dial the telephone.", "content": "Two purposes of this study were to determine what percentage of adults who had had cerebrovascular accidents were able to dial and recall telephone numbers, and whether or not the device, the Dial-a-Phone, was an effective instrument to use to teach these patients to dial the telephone. Results indicated that of 73 patients tested, 42 were unable to dial on the pretest. The Dial-a-Phone was effective in teaching 36 of the 42 patients in the mean time of 4.8 minutes of instruction. Right hemiplegics experienced no more difficulties than left hemiplegics. Those who learn to dial the telephone could use this ability as a life-saving skill, as motivation to improve development of communication skills, and as encouragement for functional independence.", "contents": "Teaching stroke patients to dial the telephone. Two purposes of this study were to determine what percentage of adults who had had cerebrovascular accidents were able to dial and recall telephone numbers, and whether or not the device, the Dial-a-Phone, was an effective instrument to use to teach these patients to dial the telephone. Results indicated that of 73 patients tested, 42 were unable to dial on the pretest. The Dial-a-Phone was effective in teaching 36 of the 42 patients in the mean time of 4.8 minutes of instruction. Right hemiplegics experienced no more difficulties than left hemiplegics. Those who learn to dial the telephone could use this ability as a life-saving skill, as motivation to improve development of communication skills, and as encouragement for functional independence."}
{"id": "PMID:949102", "title": "[Effect of enflurane (ethrane) on intracranial pressure in comparison with halothane (author's transl)].", "content": "Enflurane (Ethrane) was given before operation to 13 neurosurgical patients. 11 of them received halothane for comparison of effects on intracranial pressure (ventricular catheter), blood pressure and central venous pressure during controlled ventilation. Neuroleptanalgesia was used as basic anaesthesia. The results showed that enflurane, when initial pressure levels were between 0-20 mm Hg, had better properties with regard to intracranial pressure than halothane. The intracranial pressure of 6 patients under enflurane rose. Of the remaining patients pressure did not change or even fell. Under halothane, given in a comparable doses, there was always a marked increase of intracranial pressure. If intracranial pressure of one patient under enflurane rose, then the increase by halothane always was more pronounced. The results from 1 patient had to be excluded because of spontaneously occurring plateau waves. Blood pressure was lowered by both agents while central venous pressure remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of enflurane (ethrane) on intracranial pressure in comparison with halothane (author's transl)]. Enflurane (Ethrane) was given before operation to 13 neurosurgical patients. 11 of them received halothane for comparison of effects on intracranial pressure (ventricular catheter), blood pressure and central venous pressure during controlled ventilation. Neuroleptanalgesia was used as basic anaesthesia. The results showed that enflurane, when initial pressure levels were between 0-20 mm Hg, had better properties with regard to intracranial pressure than halothane. The intracranial pressure of 6 patients under enflurane rose. Of the remaining patients pressure did not change or even fell. Under halothane, given in a comparable doses, there was always a marked increase of intracranial pressure. If intracranial pressure of one patient under enflurane rose, then the increase by halothane always was more pronounced. The results from 1 patient had to be excluded because of spontaneously occurring plateau waves. Blood pressure was lowered by both agents while central venous pressure remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:949103", "title": "[The effect of halothane and enflurane as well as of propanidid and ketamin on the aortic baroreceptor discharge of decerebrated cats (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of halothane, enflurane, propanidid and ketamine on the sensitivity of the aortic baroreceptors and its quantitative relationship with arterial pressure were studied in decerebrated cats. Receptor response curves (single baroreceptor fibres of the depressor nerve) were constructed by plotting the average discharge rate (spikes/sec) against the aortic mean pressure and the effect of the anaesthetics on them was analysed. The blood pressure was changed over wide ranges by inflating a balloon placed in the thoracic part of the descending aorta through a femoral artery. Receptor sensitivity increased with halothane and enflurane, yet it decreased with propanidid. It remained uneffected duringanesthesia with ketamine. Thus, different anesthetics act differently on the afferent impulse traffic of baroreceptors. The possible role of these effects on blood pressure control during anaesthesia is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of halothane and enflurane as well as of propanidid and ketamin on the aortic baroreceptor discharge of decerebrated cats (author's transl)]. The effect of halothane, enflurane, propanidid and ketamine on the sensitivity of the aortic baroreceptors and its quantitative relationship with arterial pressure were studied in decerebrated cats. Receptor response curves (single baroreceptor fibres of the depressor nerve) were constructed by plotting the average discharge rate (spikes/sec) against the aortic mean pressure and the effect of the anaesthetics on them was analysed. The blood pressure was changed over wide ranges by inflating a balloon placed in the thoracic part of the descending aorta through a femoral artery. Receptor sensitivity increased with halothane and enflurane, yet it decreased with propanidid. It remained uneffected duringanesthesia with ketamine. Thus, different anesthetics act differently on the afferent impulse traffic of baroreceptors. The possible role of these effects on blood pressure control during anaesthesia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949104", "title": "Mediastinal displacement to the sound side following pneumonectomy. A case report.", "content": "Following pneumonectomy, it is usual to see a degree of mediastinal displacement in the direction of the empty cavity. In the present case however, the displacement was towards the sound side. Description and management of this situation is presented.", "contents": "Mediastinal displacement to the sound side following pneumonectomy. A case report. Following pneumonectomy, it is usual to see a degree of mediastinal displacement in the direction of the empty cavity. In the present case however, the displacement was towards the sound side. Description and management of this situation is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:949094", "title": "The occupational therapist and terminal illness: Learning to cope with death.", "content": "Working with terminally ill clients is legtimately within the scope of occupational therapy. Yet two students attempting to define and learn a role in this area discovered that few therapists reported they were treating dying people. Findings from a review of the literature and in talking with therapists and dying people suggested that an occupational therapy role in this area was not clearly nor attractively defined. In addition, no suggestions were found to show how one learns such a role. This paper reports the conclusions arrived at by these students and their instructor. Using the occupational performance frame of reference, they propose a unique occupational therapy role for assisting a dying client to relinquish his occupational roles. In addition, functions of listening to, accepting, and understanding the feelings of the dying person, his family, and the staff caring for him are described. The paper concludes with examples of specific experiences for learning this role and functions based upon the premise that people must come to terms with their own feelings about death and dying before they can work effectively with a terminally ill client.", "contents": "The occupational therapist and terminal illness: Learning to cope with death. Working with terminally ill clients is legtimately within the scope of occupational therapy. Yet two students attempting to define and learn a role in this area discovered that few therapists reported they were treating dying people. Findings from a review of the literature and in talking with therapists and dying people suggested that an occupational therapy role in this area was not clearly nor attractively defined. In addition, no suggestions were found to show how one learns such a role. This paper reports the conclusions arrived at by these students and their instructor. Using the occupational performance frame of reference, they propose a unique occupational therapy role for assisting a dying client to relinquish his occupational roles. In addition, functions of listening to, accepting, and understanding the feelings of the dying person, his family, and the staff caring for him are described. The paper concludes with examples of specific experiences for learning this role and functions based upon the premise that people must come to terms with their own feelings about death and dying before they can work effectively with a terminally ill client."}
{"id": "PMID:949096", "title": "Voice terminal may offer opportunities for employment to the disabled.", "content": "A rapidly growing information industry based on the combined technologies of the digital computer and telecommunications offers unique opportunities for employment of the physically handicapped. In the studies reported here, the use of voice control was investigated as an alternative to mechanical control for two quadriplegic clients too severely disabled to successfully operate a typewriter keyboard. Using a recently developed voice terminal, the clients were able to type finished copy and program a remotely located computer entirely by voice control. The voice terminal is presently in production. An evaluation of the vocational potential of the voice terminal is currently being conducted by the Rehabilitation Services Administration, DHEW.", "contents": "Voice terminal may offer opportunities for employment to the disabled. A rapidly growing information industry based on the combined technologies of the digital computer and telecommunications offers unique opportunities for employment of the physically handicapped. In the studies reported here, the use of voice control was investigated as an alternative to mechanical control for two quadriplegic clients too severely disabled to successfully operate a typewriter keyboard. Using a recently developed voice terminal, the clients were able to type finished copy and program a remotely located computer entirely by voice control. The voice terminal is presently in production. An evaluation of the vocational potential of the voice terminal is currently being conducted by the Rehabilitation Services Administration, DHEW."}
{"id": "PMID:949105", "title": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion in gynecology and surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of intraoperative autotransfusion (AT) is being used to date only in a few individual clinics. Since there is a clinically safe and economical AT-apparatus available the routine application of this rational blood replacement method is easy to perform. The authors have used this technique altogether in 111 patients, applying the Bentley-ATS-machine in the last 69 cases. In a previous series of 42 cases AT was used for ruptured ectopic pregnancy, in the series of 69 surgical cases for hemothorax or intraabdominal hemorrhages of mainly traumatic origin. The most frequent indications for AT in emergency surgical operations were ruptures of spleen and liver, and in elective surgery for portocaval shunt. Altogether 247 litres of blood have been retransfused with an AT-volume per patient ranging from 0,5 to 15 litres. For anticoagulation generally ACD was used, only in vascular surgery was heparin preferred. Methodical complications have not been seen. Technique, indications, consequences and possible complications of AT are described. The main advantages of autologous intraoperative transfusion are the immediate availability of blood, the absence of the risk of hepatitis and of incompatibility reactions, reduction of pressure on the blood banks and lower transfusion costs. The authors therefore believe that the possibility of intraoperative AT should exist at every surgical and gynecological clinic.", "contents": "[Intraoperative autotransfusion in gynecology and surgery (author's transl)]. The technique of intraoperative autotransfusion (AT) is being used to date only in a few individual clinics. Since there is a clinically safe and economical AT-apparatus available the routine application of this rational blood replacement method is easy to perform. The authors have used this technique altogether in 111 patients, applying the Bentley-ATS-machine in the last 69 cases. In a previous series of 42 cases AT was used for ruptured ectopic pregnancy, in the series of 69 surgical cases for hemothorax or intraabdominal hemorrhages of mainly traumatic origin. The most frequent indications for AT in emergency surgical operations were ruptures of spleen and liver, and in elective surgery for portocaval shunt. Altogether 247 litres of blood have been retransfused with an AT-volume per patient ranging from 0,5 to 15 litres. For anticoagulation generally ACD was used, only in vascular surgery was heparin preferred. Methodical complications have not been seen. Technique, indications, consequences and possible complications of AT are described. The main advantages of autologous intraoperative transfusion are the immediate availability of blood, the absence of the risk of hepatitis and of incompatibility reactions, reduction of pressure on the blood banks and lower transfusion costs. The authors therefore believe that the possibility of intraoperative AT should exist at every surgical and gynecological clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:949106", "title": "[Regional block for reduction of a dislocated shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a simple method for blockade of the nerve supply to all the shoulder muscles using a single injection. The advantages and possible complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Regional block for reduction of a dislocated shoulder (author's transl)]. The authors describe a simple method for blockade of the nerve supply to all the shoulder muscles using a single injection. The advantages and possible complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949107", "title": "[Morphokinetic reactions in the adrenal gland of the albino rat after anaesthesia with inactin (author's transl)].", "content": "A marked decrease in the nuclear size in the adrenal medulla and a slight increase in the nuclear volume of the zona glomerulosa was found in the Inactin anaesthetized Wistar rat. The nuclear volumes in the zona fasciculata did not show any alteration. The influence on the activity of the cells in the adrenal medulla is supposed to be due to a depression in the central nervous system by Inactin. The slight activation of the zona glomerulosa is attributed to stimulation of the renin-angiotensine-system by an Inactin induced change in renal function. A failing dose dependent effect is taken as a sign of compatibility of the administered drug.", "contents": "[Morphokinetic reactions in the adrenal gland of the albino rat after anaesthesia with inactin (author's transl)]. A marked decrease in the nuclear size in the adrenal medulla and a slight increase in the nuclear volume of the zona glomerulosa was found in the Inactin anaesthetized Wistar rat. The nuclear volumes in the zona fasciculata did not show any alteration. The influence on the activity of the cells in the adrenal medulla is supposed to be due to a depression in the central nervous system by Inactin. The slight activation of the zona glomerulosa is attributed to stimulation of the renin-angiotensine-system by an Inactin induced change in renal function. A failing dose dependent effect is taken as a sign of compatibility of the administered drug."}
{"id": "PMID:949108", "title": "[Experiences with continuous infusions of etomidate in cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypnotic agent etomidate was added by infusion to a fentanyl-N2O-O2-anaesthesia for patients (n=15) requiring open heart surgery. The purpose of this procedure was to avoid awareness during operation (mean duration 187 min). The average amount of etomidate infused was 2.55 mg/kg, which seemed to be an overdose. The fentanyl consumption was slightly reduced as compared with a control group. No patients complained of awareness. The anaesthetic method studied is not thought to be superior to a high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Experiences with continuous infusions of etomidate in cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. The hypnotic agent etomidate was added by infusion to a fentanyl-N2O-O2-anaesthesia for patients (n=15) requiring open heart surgery. The purpose of this procedure was to avoid awareness during operation (mean duration 187 min). The average amount of etomidate infused was 2.55 mg/kg, which seemed to be an overdose. The fentanyl consumption was slightly reduced as compared with a control group. No patients complained of awareness. The anaesthetic method studied is not thought to be superior to a high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:949109", "title": "[Measurement of bronchopulmonary elastance and airway resistance: comparison between common methods and automatic continuous measurement by the system AUPREM (author's transl)].", "content": "The system AUPREM is a new measurement device, which allows continuous measurement of the mechanical properties of the lung and bronchial system. Pulmonary elastance and airway resistance can be measured continuously even in extremly debilitated or unconscious patients. Transpulmonary pressure change, airflow and tidal volume are used as input. From these values airway resistance and pulmonary elastance are calculated. Comparative measurements in a group of healthy subjects and in a group of patients with pathological resistance and elastance values revealed that there was no significant correlation between the system AUPREM and the commonly used methods bodyplethysmography and elastance measurement by oesophageal balloon. However, the differences are in a low order of magnitude.", "contents": "[Measurement of bronchopulmonary elastance and airway resistance: comparison between common methods and automatic continuous measurement by the system AUPREM (author's transl)]. The system AUPREM is a new measurement device, which allows continuous measurement of the mechanical properties of the lung and bronchial system. Pulmonary elastance and airway resistance can be measured continuously even in extremly debilitated or unconscious patients. Transpulmonary pressure change, airflow and tidal volume are used as input. From these values airway resistance and pulmonary elastance are calculated. Comparative measurements in a group of healthy subjects and in a group of patients with pathological resistance and elastance values revealed that there was no significant correlation between the system AUPREM and the commonly used methods bodyplethysmography and elastance measurement by oesophageal balloon. However, the differences are in a low order of magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:949110", "title": "[Rapid intravenous injection of streptokinase in a high initial dose for therapy of a fulminant pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "As a result of the case described the administration of streptokinase in a high initial dosage of about 750,000-1,000,000 U within a few minutes appears to be effective in serious lethal pulmonary embolism. In spite of hypoxic cardiac arrest a 35-year-old female patient was reanimated successfully 20 minutes after the occurrence of pulmonary embolism on the 10th day after caesarian section. The development indicated that the high dosage of streptokinase led to lysis of the embolus and thus to perfusion of the lungs. In spite of complications haemothorax 4,000 ml, uterine haemorrhage the fibrinolytic and later the anticoagulante therapy was continued until lysis of the embolus was assumed as judged by the condition of the patient. To prevent a renewed cardiac arrest a temporary pacemaker was applied. The patient survived without evidence of a cerebral lesion. This paper wants to advocate the administration of streptokinase in \"exorbitant\" dosage in hopeless cases of serious pulmonary embolism of which a high percentage die. It is essential that the injection be made within a few minutes and must not be extended over the normally recommended period of time.", "contents": "[Rapid intravenous injection of streptokinase in a high initial dose for therapy of a fulminant pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. As a result of the case described the administration of streptokinase in a high initial dosage of about 750,000-1,000,000 U within a few minutes appears to be effective in serious lethal pulmonary embolism. In spite of hypoxic cardiac arrest a 35-year-old female patient was reanimated successfully 20 minutes after the occurrence of pulmonary embolism on the 10th day after caesarian section. The development indicated that the high dosage of streptokinase led to lysis of the embolus and thus to perfusion of the lungs. In spite of complications haemothorax 4,000 ml, uterine haemorrhage the fibrinolytic and later the anticoagulante therapy was continued until lysis of the embolus was assumed as judged by the condition of the patient. To prevent a renewed cardiac arrest a temporary pacemaker was applied. The patient survived without evidence of a cerebral lesion. This paper wants to advocate the administration of streptokinase in \"exorbitant\" dosage in hopeless cases of serious pulmonary embolism of which a high percentage die. It is essential that the injection be made within a few minutes and must not be extended over the normally recommended period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:949111", "title": "[Blood-oxygen analyzer boa 802 (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with a new blood oxygen analyzer (BOA 802, Dr\u00e4ger-Bio Marine) are reported. In the range up to 100 mm Hg data about 6 mm Hg to high were found compared with the AVL Gas Check. In the range between 100-300 mm Hg there was an increasing difference between values measured with the BOA 802 and a conventional oxygen electrode, however this does not seem to be of clinical relevance.", "contents": "[Blood-oxygen analyzer boa 802 (author's transl)]. Experiences with a new blood oxygen analyzer (BOA 802, Dr\u00e4ger-Bio Marine) are reported. In the range up to 100 mm Hg data about 6 mm Hg to high were found compared with the AVL Gas Check. In the range between 100-300 mm Hg there was an increasing difference between values measured with the BOA 802 and a conventional oxygen electrode, however this does not seem to be of clinical relevance."}
{"id": "PMID:949112", "title": "Angiography of equine metacarpus and phalanges: alterations with medial palmar artery and medial palmar digital artery ligation.", "content": "Vascular supply of the equine forelimb was partially disrupted by ligation of the medial palmar and medial palmar digital arteries. Vascular architecture was evaluated before and after ligation by angiography. It was apparent from the present study that existing collaterals or newly formed collaterals, or both, were sufficient to maintain limb viability.", "contents": "Angiography of equine metacarpus and phalanges: alterations with medial palmar artery and medial palmar digital artery ligation. Vascular supply of the equine forelimb was partially disrupted by ligation of the medial palmar and medial palmar digital arteries. Vascular architecture was evaluated before and after ligation by angiography. It was apparent from the present study that existing collaterals or newly formed collaterals, or both, were sufficient to maintain limb viability."}
{"id": "PMID:949113", "title": "Virologic studies on cattle with naturally occurring and experimentally induced malignant catarrhal fever.", "content": "Malignant catarrhal fever is an important disease of cattle and certain wild ruminants. It occurs in sporadic and epizootic forms in Colorado cattle. Specimens from 15 cattle with naturally occurring malignant catarrhal fever and 5 cattle with induced disease were examined for cell-free and cell-associated viruses. Enteroviruses were isolated from leukocytes of 2 cattle with field cases of the disease. A herpesvirus with characteristics of the \"Movar\"-type, isolated from the spleen of another steer with a field case could be propagated optimally in bovine fetal spleen cells. A cell-associated virus, forming polykaryons, was isolated in adrenal and thyroid cells from 3 cattle with experimentally induced malignant catarrhal fever. It was cultured from leukocytes, ependymal tissue, spleen, lymph node, kidney and thyroid and adrenal glands of affected cattle and remained cell-associated in 48 subsequent passages. It was inactivated by freezing and thawing and by treatment with ultrasound; its polykaryon-forming activity was inhibited by 25 mug of 5 fluoro-2' deoxyuridine/ml. This viral agent replicated in bovine fetal adrenal, thyroid, and spleen cells, but not in primary kidney cells or in MDBK, HeLa, or L cells. A representative isolate was identified electronmicroscopically as an enveloped virus, 120 to 150 nm in diameter. Structural analysis indicated that it had properties of the bovine syncytial viruses. Attempts to induce MCF in cattle with 1 of the isolates failed. A parvovirus was isolated from the jejunal lymph node of calf 72-P-293, which had the experimentally induced disease and was also infected with the syncytial virus.", "contents": "Virologic studies on cattle with naturally occurring and experimentally induced malignant catarrhal fever. Malignant catarrhal fever is an important disease of cattle and certain wild ruminants. It occurs in sporadic and epizootic forms in Colorado cattle. Specimens from 15 cattle with naturally occurring malignant catarrhal fever and 5 cattle with induced disease were examined for cell-free and cell-associated viruses. Enteroviruses were isolated from leukocytes of 2 cattle with field cases of the disease. A herpesvirus with characteristics of the \"Movar\"-type, isolated from the spleen of another steer with a field case could be propagated optimally in bovine fetal spleen cells. A cell-associated virus, forming polykaryons, was isolated in adrenal and thyroid cells from 3 cattle with experimentally induced malignant catarrhal fever. It was cultured from leukocytes, ependymal tissue, spleen, lymph node, kidney and thyroid and adrenal glands of affected cattle and remained cell-associated in 48 subsequent passages. It was inactivated by freezing and thawing and by treatment with ultrasound; its polykaryon-forming activity was inhibited by 25 mug of 5 fluoro-2' deoxyuridine/ml. This viral agent replicated in bovine fetal adrenal, thyroid, and spleen cells, but not in primary kidney cells or in MDBK, HeLa, or L cells. A representative isolate was identified electronmicroscopically as an enveloped virus, 120 to 150 nm in diameter. Structural analysis indicated that it had properties of the bovine syncytial viruses. Attempts to induce MCF in cattle with 1 of the isolates failed. A parvovirus was isolated from the jejunal lymph node of calf 72-P-293, which had the experimentally induced disease and was also infected with the syncytial virus."}
{"id": "PMID:949114", "title": "Experimentally induced bovine abortion with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp bovis.", "content": "Two pregnant cows aborted 11 and 18 days after Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp bovis was inoculated into the amniotic fluids. The placentas were retained. The fetuses (approx 100 and 150 days of age) were decomposed; M agalactiae subsp bovis was recovered from several tissues of the fetuses, the placentas, and fetal fluids. The same organism was given by intraperitoneal injection to 2 other pregnant (130 and 180 days, respectively) cows. At necropsy of the latter 36 days later, placentitis was severe; M agalactiae subsp bovis was recovered from the placentas of both cows and from the fetus of 1 cow. Control cows given sterile mycoplasma cultural medium by intraamnion or intraperitoneal injection did not abort and were not infected. When first recovered from the bovine placenta and fetus, M agalactiae subsp bovis grew slowly in liquid medium and assumed bizarre colonial morphology on solidified medium. Colonies were small (0.1 to 0.5 mm) and dark and lacked halos, but they reacted specifically in the direct fluorescent antibody test with equine M agalactiae subsp bovis antiserum. After 1 or 2 subcultures, the isolates grew at a normal rate and displayed their usual colonial morphology.", "contents": "Experimentally induced bovine abortion with Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp bovis. Two pregnant cows aborted 11 and 18 days after Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp bovis was inoculated into the amniotic fluids. The placentas were retained. The fetuses (approx 100 and 150 days of age) were decomposed; M agalactiae subsp bovis was recovered from several tissues of the fetuses, the placentas, and fetal fluids. The same organism was given by intraperitoneal injection to 2 other pregnant (130 and 180 days, respectively) cows. At necropsy of the latter 36 days later, placentitis was severe; M agalactiae subsp bovis was recovered from the placentas of both cows and from the fetus of 1 cow. Control cows given sterile mycoplasma cultural medium by intraamnion or intraperitoneal injection did not abort and were not infected. When first recovered from the bovine placenta and fetus, M agalactiae subsp bovis grew slowly in liquid medium and assumed bizarre colonial morphology on solidified medium. Colonies were small (0.1 to 0.5 mm) and dark and lacked halos, but they reacted specifically in the direct fluorescent antibody test with equine M agalactiae subsp bovis antiserum. After 1 or 2 subcultures, the isolates grew at a normal rate and displayed their usual colonial morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:949115", "title": "Conversion of chronic staphylococcal mastitis to acute gangrenous mastitis after neutropenia in blood and bone marrow produced by an equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum.", "content": "A stock strain of Staphylococcus aureus of mastitis origin, characterized by alpha-, beta-, and delta-toxins, was used to produce chronic mastitis of 20 to 300 days' duration in 6 lactating mammary quarters of 4 cows. Early acute Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis was produced in 1 additional mammary quarter of 1 cow. Equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum (EABLS) was administered to all cows by continuous intravascular drip for 12 to 32 hours. Neutropenia in blood and partial depletion of neutrophil reserve in bone marrow were produced. Chronic subclinical staphylococcal mastitis in 2 quarters of 1 cow changed to gangrenous mastitis by the 40th hour after EABLS administration and led to death of the cow. The disappearance of neutrophil leukocytes from the milk was followed by uninhibited multiplication of S aureus. Probably, staphylococcal leukocidins accelerated the destruction of neutrophils in the milk as S aureus multiplication became intensified. In another quarter of the same cow that was infected with Str agalactiae, neutrophil leukocytes were present in milk as long as 3 days after their disappearance from blood and bone marrow. This may give some indication of the extravascular life-span of the neutrophil in the udder in mastitis. The 2nd cow died at the 16th hour from the start of EABLS administration and at a time when gangrenous mastitis was in the initial stages of development. The S aureus-infected quarters of the 2 remaining cows did not become gangrenous. Administration of EABLS to these 2 cows did not significantly reduce the numbers of neutrophil leukocytes entering the milk of the 3 S aureus-infected quarters. It is concluded that continuous diapedesis of neutrophil leukocytes into the milk in chronic staphylococcal mastitis protects the gland against the development of gangrenous mastitis in the presence of a strain of S aureus capable of alpha-toxin production.", "contents": "Conversion of chronic staphylococcal mastitis to acute gangrenous mastitis after neutropenia in blood and bone marrow produced by an equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum. A stock strain of Staphylococcus aureus of mastitis origin, characterized by alpha-, beta-, and delta-toxins, was used to produce chronic mastitis of 20 to 300 days' duration in 6 lactating mammary quarters of 4 cows. Early acute Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis was produced in 1 additional mammary quarter of 1 cow. Equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum (EABLS) was administered to all cows by continuous intravascular drip for 12 to 32 hours. Neutropenia in blood and partial depletion of neutrophil reserve in bone marrow were produced. Chronic subclinical staphylococcal mastitis in 2 quarters of 1 cow changed to gangrenous mastitis by the 40th hour after EABLS administration and led to death of the cow. The disappearance of neutrophil leukocytes from the milk was followed by uninhibited multiplication of S aureus. Probably, staphylococcal leukocidins accelerated the destruction of neutrophils in the milk as S aureus multiplication became intensified. In another quarter of the same cow that was infected with Str agalactiae, neutrophil leukocytes were present in milk as long as 3 days after their disappearance from blood and bone marrow. This may give some indication of the extravascular life-span of the neutrophil in the udder in mastitis. The 2nd cow died at the 16th hour from the start of EABLS administration and at a time when gangrenous mastitis was in the initial stages of development. The S aureus-infected quarters of the 2 remaining cows did not become gangrenous. Administration of EABLS to these 2 cows did not significantly reduce the numbers of neutrophil leukocytes entering the milk of the 3 S aureus-infected quarters. It is concluded that continuous diapedesis of neutrophil leukocytes into the milk in chronic staphylococcal mastitis protects the gland against the development of gangrenous mastitis in the presence of a strain of S aureus capable of alpha-toxin production."}
{"id": "PMID:949116", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activities in intestinal mucosa from calves infected with Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis.", "content": "Thirty calves 12 weeks of age raised under essentially parasite-free conditions were used to determine the effects of Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis (in single and combination infections) on mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities at 8 locations in the small intestine. In experiment 1, 5 calves infected with C punctata 3 weeks previously had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were greatest in the 2 locations of the intestine closest to the pylorus. Infected calves had a mean of 44,356 C punctata adults present. In experiment 2, 5 calves infected with E bovis 2 weeks previously had significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were present in the caudal half of the intestine. Numerous 1st-generation E bovis schizonts were present in the caudal third of the intestine. In experiment 3, 5 calves infected with C punctata and E bovis of the same durations as in experiments 1 and 2 had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities in the cranial half of the intestine compared with those in the controls. These reductions were much larger than in either of the monospecific infections (experiments 1 and 2). A mean of 31,968 adult C punctata were recovered from the infected calves, and numerous E bovis schizonts were observed in the caudal third of the intestine.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activities in intestinal mucosa from calves infected with Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis. Thirty calves 12 weeks of age raised under essentially parasite-free conditions were used to determine the effects of Cooperia punctata and Eimeria bovis (in single and combination infections) on mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities at 8 locations in the small intestine. In experiment 1, 5 calves infected with C punctata 3 weeks previously had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were greatest in the 2 locations of the intestine closest to the pylorus. Infected calves had a mean of 44,356 C punctata adults present. In experiment 2, 5 calves infected with E bovis 2 weeks previously had significant (P less than 0.05) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities compared with those in 5 noninfected control calves. These reductions were present in the caudal half of the intestine. Numerous 1st-generation E bovis schizonts were present in the caudal third of the intestine. In experiment 3, 5 calves infected with C punctata and E bovis of the same durations as in experiments 1 and 2 had highly significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in mucosal alkaline phosphatase activities in the cranial half of the intestine compared with those in the controls. These reductions were much larger than in either of the monospecific infections (experiments 1 and 2). A mean of 31,968 adult C punctata were recovered from the infected calves, and numerous E bovis schizonts were observed in the caudal third of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:949117", "title": "Influence of a progestogen on carbohydrate histochemical and histologic features of the ampulla of the bovine uterine tube.", "content": "In the present experiment, study was made of the effects of melengestrol acetate given to heifers (0.5 mg for 14 days, starting at day 15 of the estrous cycle) on carbohydrate histochemical and histologic features of the ampulla of the uterine tube (oviduct). Melengestrol acetate-treated animals had significantly (P less than 0.5) fewer fertilized ova at 3 days after mating (50%) as compared with control animals (100%). Estrussynchronization treatment with melengestrol acetate reduced the amount of cytoplasmic and nuclear extrusions from the secretory cells of the uterine tubular ampulla, but did not alter the amount or types of mucosubstances within these cells.", "contents": "Influence of a progestogen on carbohydrate histochemical and histologic features of the ampulla of the bovine uterine tube. In the present experiment, study was made of the effects of melengestrol acetate given to heifers (0.5 mg for 14 days, starting at day 15 of the estrous cycle) on carbohydrate histochemical and histologic features of the ampulla of the uterine tube (oviduct). Melengestrol acetate-treated animals had significantly (P less than 0.5) fewer fertilized ova at 3 days after mating (50%) as compared with control animals (100%). Estrussynchronization treatment with melengestrol acetate reduced the amount of cytoplasmic and nuclear extrusions from the secretory cells of the uterine tubular ampulla, but did not alter the amount or types of mucosubstances within these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949118", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of pigs with selenium-vitamin E deficiency.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies were made of lesions which developed in skeletal muscles of 24 of 38 young growing pigs fed a semisynthetic diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E for 13 to 59 days. The major alterations in injured fibers progressed from hyaline degeneration, with subsequent macrophagic invasion and phagocytosis of disrupted sarcoplasm, to muscle fiber regeneration by myoblastic proliferation, fusion, and differentiation into fibers with mature myofibrils. The earliest electron microscopic alterations were myofibrillar lysis and disruption, with thick filaments persisting longest. Disruption of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membranes occurred in fibers with myofibrillar alterations. The basal lamina of the sarcolemma remained after destruction of the enclosed sarcoplasm and served as a scaffold for subsequent regeneration. Stages of regeneration included myoblastic proliferation, fusion into cords and myotubes, and, finally, fibrillogenesis to restore contractile material. The sequence of structural alterations in skeletal muscles of these affected pigs was discussed in terms of present theories of the biochemical role of these nutrients in maintaining cellular integrity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle of pigs with selenium-vitamin E deficiency. Light and electron microscopic studies were made of lesions which developed in skeletal muscles of 24 of 38 young growing pigs fed a semisynthetic diet deficient in selenium and vitamin E for 13 to 59 days. The major alterations in injured fibers progressed from hyaline degeneration, with subsequent macrophagic invasion and phagocytosis of disrupted sarcoplasm, to muscle fiber regeneration by myoblastic proliferation, fusion, and differentiation into fibers with mature myofibrils. The earliest electron microscopic alterations were myofibrillar lysis and disruption, with thick filaments persisting longest. Disruption of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membranes occurred in fibers with myofibrillar alterations. The basal lamina of the sarcolemma remained after destruction of the enclosed sarcoplasm and served as a scaffold for subsequent regeneration. Stages of regeneration included myoblastic proliferation, fusion into cords and myotubes, and, finally, fibrillogenesis to restore contractile material. The sequence of structural alterations in skeletal muscles of these affected pigs was discussed in terms of present theories of the biochemical role of these nutrients in maintaining cellular integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:949119", "title": "Effect of experimentally induced hyperketonemia on glucose metabolism of ovine brain in vivo.", "content": "The effect of high concentrations of circulating acetoacetate on the uptake and utilization of glucose-U-14C was investigated in brain of fed and 7-day fasted sheep. Uniformly 14C-labeled glucose and nonlabeled acetoacetate were infused via the jugular vein while blood samples were being taken from the carotid artery and dorsal sagittal sinus. Samples were analyzed for CO2 and its specific activity, glucose and its specific activity, ketone bodies, lactic acid, plasma-free fatty acids, and plasma-immunoreactive insulin. During 1 hour of infusion of 5 mM of acetoacetate/kg/hour, there was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in blood glucose concentration and a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the uptake of glucose by the brain. Significant (P less than 0.001) arteriovenous differences across the brain in ketone body concentration were observed in both fed and fasted sheep. Also, a significant increase in plasma-immunoreactive insulin and lactate and a decrease in plasma-free fatty acids were observed. These results indicate that hyperketonemia induced hypoglycemia and reduced the uptake of glucose. It also increased the uptake of ketone bodies and increased lactate production by the ovine brain.", "contents": "Effect of experimentally induced hyperketonemia on glucose metabolism of ovine brain in vivo. The effect of high concentrations of circulating acetoacetate on the uptake and utilization of glucose-U-14C was investigated in brain of fed and 7-day fasted sheep. Uniformly 14C-labeled glucose and nonlabeled acetoacetate were infused via the jugular vein while blood samples were being taken from the carotid artery and dorsal sagittal sinus. Samples were analyzed for CO2 and its specific activity, glucose and its specific activity, ketone bodies, lactic acid, plasma-free fatty acids, and plasma-immunoreactive insulin. During 1 hour of infusion of 5 mM of acetoacetate/kg/hour, there was a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in blood glucose concentration and a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the uptake of glucose by the brain. Significant (P less than 0.001) arteriovenous differences across the brain in ketone body concentration were observed in both fed and fasted sheep. Also, a significant increase in plasma-immunoreactive insulin and lactate and a decrease in plasma-free fatty acids were observed. These results indicate that hyperketonemia induced hypoglycemia and reduced the uptake of glucose. It also increased the uptake of ketone bodies and increased lactate production by the ovine brain."}
{"id": "PMID:949120", "title": "Evaluation of selected compounds for estrus control in the bitch.", "content": "Steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds were evaluated for estrus inhibition in the bitch. Mibolerone, an anabolic steroid, was effective and appeared to be safe. The remaining compounds lacked efficacy or had extensive side effects, or both.", "contents": "Evaluation of selected compounds for estrus control in the bitch. Steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds were evaluated for estrus inhibition in the bitch. Mibolerone, an anabolic steroid, was effective and appeared to be safe. The remaining compounds lacked efficacy or had extensive side effects, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:949121", "title": "Effects of melengestrol acetate on reproduction in the Beagle bitch.", "content": "Melengestrol acetate orally given to bitches at dose levels of 200 mug or more each day effectively inhibited estrous activity for a treatment period of 243 days and a lapsed period of more than 400 days from the preceding estrous period. The 100-mug dose of the drug, given orally once a day, starting immediately after the bitches were bred or late in gestation, had no effect on conception, pregnancy, or parturition. Gestation was prolonged in bitches given melengestrol acetate starting 1 day after breeding. Drug-polymeric implants blocked reproductive activity, and the progestogen induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia.", "contents": "Effects of melengestrol acetate on reproduction in the Beagle bitch. Melengestrol acetate orally given to bitches at dose levels of 200 mug or more each day effectively inhibited estrous activity for a treatment period of 243 days and a lapsed period of more than 400 days from the preceding estrous period. The 100-mug dose of the drug, given orally once a day, starting immediately after the bitches were bred or late in gestation, had no effect on conception, pregnancy, or parturition. Gestation was prolonged in bitches given melengestrol acetate starting 1 day after breeding. Drug-polymeric implants blocked reproductive activity, and the progestogen induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:949122", "title": "Effect of staphylococcal alpha-toxin pancreatitis on glucose tolerance in the dog.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis was experimentally produced in dogs to study the effect of the disease on glucose tolerance. The k value (glucose disappearance coefficient measured in percentage decrease of glucose/min) calculated from the high-dose intravenous glucose-tolerance test was used to evaluate the glucose tolerance of each dog. Thirty dogs were allotted to 3 groups of 10 dogs each as follows: group I--nonsurgical control dogs; group II--surgical control dogs; and group III--pancreatitis-affected dogs. To increase their susceptibility to diabetes, 50% partial pancreatectomies and ductal catheterizations were performed on group II and III dogs. Saline solution was infused into the ductal systems of group II dogs, and staphylococcal alphatoxin was infused into the ductal systems of group III dogs to produce pancreatitis. The results indicated that (1) high-dose intravenous glucose-tolerance test was an effective tool for determining decreased glucose tolerance in dogs; (2) glucose tolerance of group III dogs was markedly decreased compared with that of group I and II dogs; (3) staphylococcal alpha-toxin produced signs of moderately severe pancreatitis; and (4) 50% partial pancreatectomy and saline solution infusion produced clinical and clinicopathologic signs of mild pancreatitis. To determine if a simplified k value (calculated using 2 or 3 blood samples) could closely approximate the standard k value (calculated using 6 blood samples), simplified k values were derived from the 5- and 60-minute blood sample values. These values closely approximated the standard k values, indicating the simplified value may be used in the clinical situation. The standard k value, however, is preferred for investigative work.", "contents": "Effect of staphylococcal alpha-toxin pancreatitis on glucose tolerance in the dog. Acute pancreatitis was experimentally produced in dogs to study the effect of the disease on glucose tolerance. The k value (glucose disappearance coefficient measured in percentage decrease of glucose/min) calculated from the high-dose intravenous glucose-tolerance test was used to evaluate the glucose tolerance of each dog. Thirty dogs were allotted to 3 groups of 10 dogs each as follows: group I--nonsurgical control dogs; group II--surgical control dogs; and group III--pancreatitis-affected dogs. To increase their susceptibility to diabetes, 50% partial pancreatectomies and ductal catheterizations were performed on group II and III dogs. Saline solution was infused into the ductal systems of group II dogs, and staphylococcal alphatoxin was infused into the ductal systems of group III dogs to produce pancreatitis. The results indicated that (1) high-dose intravenous glucose-tolerance test was an effective tool for determining decreased glucose tolerance in dogs; (2) glucose tolerance of group III dogs was markedly decreased compared with that of group I and II dogs; (3) staphylococcal alpha-toxin produced signs of moderately severe pancreatitis; and (4) 50% partial pancreatectomy and saline solution infusion produced clinical and clinicopathologic signs of mild pancreatitis. To determine if a simplified k value (calculated using 2 or 3 blood samples) could closely approximate the standard k value (calculated using 6 blood samples), simplified k values were derived from the 5- and 60-minute blood sample values. These values closely approximated the standard k values, indicating the simplified value may be used in the clinical situation. The standard k value, however, is preferred for investigative work."}
{"id": "PMID:949123", "title": "Left ventricular diastolic stiffness in dogs with congestive cardiomyopathy and volume overload.", "content": "Mean functional diastolic stiffness, an estimate of the left ventricular resistance to filling during diastole, was measured in 10 normal dogs, 7 dogs with diseases causing volume overload (patent ductus arteriosus and primary mitral valve insufficiency), and 4 dogs with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. It was measured as the increase in pressure during diastole (deltaP), divided by the corresponding increase in volume (deltaV). The pressure was measured at cardiac catheterization, and the volume was derived by a cineangiocardiographic method. There was no increase in diastolic stiffness of the hearts with volume overload compared with the normal hearts, but those with cardiomyopathy had a large increase, although the end-diastolic volumes in cardiomyopathy were generally less than in volume overload.", "contents": "Left ventricular diastolic stiffness in dogs with congestive cardiomyopathy and volume overload. Mean functional diastolic stiffness, an estimate of the left ventricular resistance to filling during diastole, was measured in 10 normal dogs, 7 dogs with diseases causing volume overload (patent ductus arteriosus and primary mitral valve insufficiency), and 4 dogs with idiopathic congestive cardiomyopathy. It was measured as the increase in pressure during diastole (deltaP), divided by the corresponding increase in volume (deltaV). The pressure was measured at cardiac catheterization, and the volume was derived by a cineangiocardiographic method. There was no increase in diastolic stiffness of the hearts with volume overload compared with the normal hearts, but those with cardiomyopathy had a large increase, although the end-diastolic volumes in cardiomyopathy were generally less than in volume overload."}
{"id": "PMID:949124", "title": "Efficacy of different feeding levels of monensin in the control of coccidiosis in broilers.", "content": "The feed level of monensin which gave maximal protection from coccidial infection in broilers reared in floor pens depended on the severity of the coccidial exposure and the criteria of infection studied. With indirect seeding of pens with coccidia (light coccidial exposure), 40 ppm was as efficacious as 100 ppm in improving weight gain, lesion score, and feed conversion. Statistical analysis with direct seeding (seeder birds; severe coccidial exposure) showed that feed levels of 84 and 102 ppm gave maximal improvement of weight gain and 4-week feed conversion, respectively. Further increasing the monensin level from 100 to 121 ppm did not improve weight gain and feed conversion at 8 weeks. Conversely, the relationship of plasma pigmentation and total lesion scores to monensin feed levels indicated that increasing the dosage of monensin from 100 to 121 ppm improved the performance of the broilers on the basis of these 2 infection indicators.", "contents": "Efficacy of different feeding levels of monensin in the control of coccidiosis in broilers. The feed level of monensin which gave maximal protection from coccidial infection in broilers reared in floor pens depended on the severity of the coccidial exposure and the criteria of infection studied. With indirect seeding of pens with coccidia (light coccidial exposure), 40 ppm was as efficacious as 100 ppm in improving weight gain, lesion score, and feed conversion. Statistical analysis with direct seeding (seeder birds; severe coccidial exposure) showed that feed levels of 84 and 102 ppm gave maximal improvement of weight gain and 4-week feed conversion, respectively. Further increasing the monensin level from 100 to 121 ppm did not improve weight gain and feed conversion at 8 weeks. Conversely, the relationship of plasma pigmentation and total lesion scores to monensin feed levels indicated that increasing the dosage of monensin from 100 to 121 ppm improved the performance of the broilers on the basis of these 2 infection indicators."}
{"id": "PMID:949125", "title": "Feline urological syndrome: associations with some time, space, and individual patient factors.", "content": "In the Veterinary Medical Data Program, 4,111 cases of the feline urological syndrome (FUS) were identified from the abstracted records for the period March, 1964, through December, 1973. Associations between FUS and some relevant factors were evaluated by a relative risk technique, referring to the characteristics of the population of all cats seen at the 13 contributing veterinary colleges. Significant differences existed in the rates of FUS for these institutions, whereas the seasonal variations in general were similar for all institutions and years, showing a peak in March and a decrease in July-August. There was an increase in the frequency of the FUS diagnosis over the 10-year period. Persian cats showed increased risk, and Siamese cats decreased risk relative to the other breeds, and castrated males and spayed females were found to have excess risk when compared with their respective unaltered sex category; interaction from age affected the degree but not the direction of these associations. The age factor per se had risks peaking at 2 to 6 years. Finally, heavy cats showed significantly higher risk of FUS than did less heavy cats.", "contents": "Feline urological syndrome: associations with some time, space, and individual patient factors. In the Veterinary Medical Data Program, 4,111 cases of the feline urological syndrome (FUS) were identified from the abstracted records for the period March, 1964, through December, 1973. Associations between FUS and some relevant factors were evaluated by a relative risk technique, referring to the characteristics of the population of all cats seen at the 13 contributing veterinary colleges. Significant differences existed in the rates of FUS for these institutions, whereas the seasonal variations in general were similar for all institutions and years, showing a peak in March and a decrease in July-August. There was an increase in the frequency of the FUS diagnosis over the 10-year period. Persian cats showed increased risk, and Siamese cats decreased risk relative to the other breeds, and castrated males and spayed females were found to have excess risk when compared with their respective unaltered sex category; interaction from age affected the degree but not the direction of these associations. The age factor per se had risks peaking at 2 to 6 years. Finally, heavy cats showed significantly higher risk of FUS than did less heavy cats."}
{"id": "PMID:949126", "title": "Scleral contact lens electrodes for electroretinography in domesticated animals.", "content": "Contact lens electrodes are necessary to produce a high quality electroretinogram. Comparison of the electroretinogram recorded with the contact lens electrode and a needle electrode showed a great difference. Contact lens electrodes showed a 50 percent or greater amplitude and less artifacts. This report details the procedure for construction of the contact lens electrodes for domestic animals.", "contents": "Scleral contact lens electrodes for electroretinography in domesticated animals. Contact lens electrodes are necessary to produce a high quality electroretinogram. Comparison of the electroretinogram recorded with the contact lens electrode and a needle electrode showed a great difference. Contact lens electrodes showed a 50 percent or greater amplitude and less artifacts. This report details the procedure for construction of the contact lens electrodes for domestic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:949127", "title": "Survival of Anaplasma marginale in Aedes albopictus cells.", "content": "Bovine red blood cells infected with Anaplasma marginale were introduced into cell line cultures from the mosquito Aedes albopictus. The cultured mosquito cells phagocytized both infected and uninfected red blood cells. The parasite remained viable, as determined by calf inoculations, for 21 days.", "contents": "Survival of Anaplasma marginale in Aedes albopictus cells. Bovine red blood cells infected with Anaplasma marginale were introduced into cell line cultures from the mosquito Aedes albopictus. The cultured mosquito cells phagocytized both infected and uninfected red blood cells. The parasite remained viable, as determined by calf inoculations, for 21 days."}
{"id": "PMID:949128", "title": "Effect of temperature on survival of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus.", "content": "One percent or more unembryonated eggs of Haemonchus contortus survived in sheep fecal pellets less than 0.5 hour at -95 C, 2 hours at -28 C, 1 hour at -10 C, 4 days at 4 C, and 1 hour at 45 C. One percent or more embryonated eggs survived 1 hour at -95 and -28C, 12 hours at -10 C, 64 days at 4 C, and 12 hours at 45 C. Over half the unembryonated and embryonated eggs survived only 1 and 4 days, respectively, at 4 C. One percent or more 1st-stage larvae did not survive 0.5 hour at -95 C but did survive 0.5 hour at -28 C, 8 hours at -10 C, 16 days at 4 C, and 1 hour at 45 C. Less than 1% of 2nd-stage larvae survived up to 2 days at -95 C; all were dead by 4 days. Second-stage larvae survived 32 days at -28 C, 8 days at -10 C, 64 days at 4 C, and 2 hours at 45 C. One percent or more 3rd-stage larvae survived 256 days at -95 C, 16 days at -28 C, 32 days at -10 C, more than 256 days at 4 C, 128 days at 20 C, 64 days at 25 and 35 C, and 4 days at 45 C. Thus, the increasing order of survival was unembryonated eggs, 2nd-stage larvae, 1st-stage larvae, embryonated eggs, and 3rd-stage larvae.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on survival of free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus. One percent or more unembryonated eggs of Haemonchus contortus survived in sheep fecal pellets less than 0.5 hour at -95 C, 2 hours at -28 C, 1 hour at -10 C, 4 days at 4 C, and 1 hour at 45 C. One percent or more embryonated eggs survived 1 hour at -95 and -28C, 12 hours at -10 C, 64 days at 4 C, and 12 hours at 45 C. Over half the unembryonated and embryonated eggs survived only 1 and 4 days, respectively, at 4 C. One percent or more 1st-stage larvae did not survive 0.5 hour at -95 C but did survive 0.5 hour at -28 C, 8 hours at -10 C, 16 days at 4 C, and 1 hour at 45 C. Less than 1% of 2nd-stage larvae survived up to 2 days at -95 C; all were dead by 4 days. Second-stage larvae survived 32 days at -28 C, 8 days at -10 C, 64 days at 4 C, and 2 hours at 45 C. One percent or more 3rd-stage larvae survived 256 days at -95 C, 16 days at -28 C, 32 days at -10 C, more than 256 days at 4 C, 128 days at 20 C, 64 days at 25 and 35 C, and 4 days at 45 C. Thus, the increasing order of survival was unembryonated eggs, 2nd-stage larvae, 1st-stage larvae, embryonated eggs, and 3rd-stage larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:949130", "title": "Embryological considerations of thyroid surgery: developmental anatomy of the thyroid, parathyroids and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.", "content": "The surgeon planning a thyroidectomy must be prepared to find variations in three important structures in the neck. He must be prepared to find ectopic thyroid nodules above, below or lateral to the normally located thyroid gland. Any unattached nodule should be considered malignant until proved otherwise. He must identify and preserve parathyroid glands that may not lie in the typical location. He must be prepared to encounter recurrent laryngeal nerves that do not recur. The surgeon who remembers the embryology of the structures in the neck may occasionally be astonished, but never surprised.", "contents": "Embryological considerations of thyroid surgery: developmental anatomy of the thyroid, parathyroids and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The surgeon planning a thyroidectomy must be prepared to find variations in three important structures in the neck. He must be prepared to find ectopic thyroid nodules above, below or lateral to the normally located thyroid gland. Any unattached nodule should be considered malignant until proved otherwise. He must identify and preserve parathyroid glands that may not lie in the typical location. He must be prepared to encounter recurrent laryngeal nerves that do not recur. The surgeon who remembers the embryology of the structures in the neck may occasionally be astonished, but never surprised."}
{"id": "PMID:949131", "title": "The recurrent laryngeal nerve.", "content": "Nonrecurrence and variations in the ascending course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves make it essential to identify the nerve to avoid injury to it during thyroidectomy. We believe that visual identification of the nerve without undue handling is all that is necessary. The recurrent nerve is no more delicate than other similar nerves. Unilateral injury to the recurrent nerve may result in temporary hoarseness which will improve with time. Some restriction of the airway during exertion may be present. Bilateral injury to the recurrent nerves may produce initially a loss of voice without airway constriction. Later the voice may return, accompanied by serious respiratory embarrassment on exertion.", "contents": "The recurrent laryngeal nerve. Nonrecurrence and variations in the ascending course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves make it essential to identify the nerve to avoid injury to it during thyroidectomy. We believe that visual identification of the nerve without undue handling is all that is necessary. The recurrent nerve is no more delicate than other similar nerves. Unilateral injury to the recurrent nerve may result in temporary hoarseness which will improve with time. Some restriction of the airway during exertion may be present. Bilateral injury to the recurrent nerves may produce initially a loss of voice without airway constriction. Later the voice may return, accompanied by serious respiratory embarrassment on exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:949132", "title": "The superior laryngeal nerve.", "content": "Injury to the internal (sensory) branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy is unlikely. Signs of injury are loss of sensation in the upper larynx, resulting in choking and aspiration of swallowed fluids. Injury to the external (motor) branch of the superior laryngeal nerve produces no problem of respiration, but may result in changes in the quality of the voice or even voicelessness. Injury to the external branch can be avoided if the anatomical variations are kept in mind during ligation of upper pole vessels.", "contents": "The superior laryngeal nerve. Injury to the internal (sensory) branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy is unlikely. Signs of injury are loss of sensation in the upper larynx, resulting in choking and aspiration of swallowed fluids. Injury to the external (motor) branch of the superior laryngeal nerve produces no problem of respiration, but may result in changes in the quality of the voice or even voicelessness. Injury to the external branch can be avoided if the anatomical variations are kept in mind during ligation of upper pole vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:949137", "title": "Technique of parathyroidectomy.", "content": "The goal of the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is ablation of the proper amount of hyperfunctioning tissue. This paper presents our operative technique based on an experience in the treatment of 190 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The technique is based on a complete knowledge of the anatomy of the normal parathyroid gland as well as the pathology in primary hyperparthyroidism. We also propose a systematic and methodical search for possible abnormal locations incorporating a thorough knowledge of the specific embryology.", "contents": "Technique of parathyroidectomy. The goal of the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism is ablation of the proper amount of hyperfunctioning tissue. This paper presents our operative technique based on an experience in the treatment of 190 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The technique is based on a complete knowledge of the anatomy of the normal parathyroid gland as well as the pathology in primary hyperparthyroidism. We also propose a systematic and methodical search for possible abnormal locations incorporating a thorough knowledge of the specific embryology."}
{"id": "PMID:949138", "title": "Complications associated with carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "A discussion of some of the complications associated with carotid endarterectomy is presented. Accurate knowledge of anatomy is essential in preventing injury to nerves, blood vessels and other regional anatomical structures. Complications following carotid artery operation may be severe and must be avoided if possible. Indications for carotid endarterectomy are still controversial. The final decision for or against operation rests on the judgment of the vascular surgeon.", "contents": "Complications associated with carotid endarterectomy. A discussion of some of the complications associated with carotid endarterectomy is presented. Accurate knowledge of anatomy is essential in preventing injury to nerves, blood vessels and other regional anatomical structures. Complications following carotid artery operation may be severe and must be avoided if possible. Indications for carotid endarterectomy are still controversial. The final decision for or against operation rests on the judgment of the vascular surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:949141", "title": "A fresh look at the intrinsic muscles of the back.", "content": "The surgical anatomy of the intrinsic muscles of the back is easy to remember if the approach is systematic. There is a plan to the arrangement which can be easily learned. Without such a plan, the area will always remain a \"no-man's land\" for physicians and surgeons, even those who deal with many back problems.", "contents": "A fresh look at the intrinsic muscles of the back. The surgical anatomy of the intrinsic muscles of the back is easy to remember if the approach is systematic. There is a plan to the arrangement which can be easily learned. Without such a plan, the area will always remain a \"no-man's land\" for physicians and surgeons, even those who deal with many back problems."}
{"id": "PMID:949142", "title": "Functional anatomy of the eyelids as related to reconstruction.", "content": "Current information of eyelid anatomy and function is reviewed. This is a basis for an approach to repair of wounds and defects of the lacrimal system, medial canthal region and eyelids.", "contents": "Functional anatomy of the eyelids as related to reconstruction. Current information of eyelid anatomy and function is reviewed. This is a basis for an approach to repair of wounds and defects of the lacrimal system, medial canthal region and eyelids."}
{"id": "PMID:949143", "title": "Vascular basis for a compound flap of the finger incorporating a bone graft.", "content": "A defect of soft tissue and bone is closed by a primary arterialized flap. The flap was constructed to include a vascularized bone graft. The vascular anatomy of the hand permitting creation of this flap is reviewed.", "contents": "Vascular basis for a compound flap of the finger incorporating a bone graft. A defect of soft tissue and bone is closed by a primary arterialized flap. The flap was constructed to include a vascularized bone graft. The vascular anatomy of the hand permitting creation of this flap is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:949149", "title": "An implanted electronic laryngeal prosthesis.", "content": "The authors present a preliminary progress report on their investigations dealing with the development of an implanted electronic laryngeal prosthesis system. Their initial observations indicate success in the design and fabrication of the implantable, retropharyngeal transducer and secondary induction coil elements. The surgical procedure for implantation is described, and the complications encountered during the first thirteen procedures are reported. These complications included five seromas, one postoperative abscess, one partial wound breakdown secondary to animal-inflicited traumn, and two anesthetic deaths at the time of follow-up radiographic procedures. Additional observations are presented regarding the acoustical output of the transducer in air and after implantation. Projections are made concerning the use of this laryngeal prosthesis system in human patients for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "contents": "An implanted electronic laryngeal prosthesis. The authors present a preliminary progress report on their investigations dealing with the development of an implanted electronic laryngeal prosthesis system. Their initial observations indicate success in the design and fabrication of the implantable, retropharyngeal transducer and secondary induction coil elements. The surgical procedure for implantation is described, and the complications encountered during the first thirteen procedures are reported. These complications included five seromas, one postoperative abscess, one partial wound breakdown secondary to animal-inflicited traumn, and two anesthetic deaths at the time of follow-up radiographic procedures. Additional observations are presented regarding the acoustical output of the transducer in air and after implantation. Projections are made concerning the use of this laryngeal prosthesis system in human patients for vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:949150", "title": "Etiology of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis: a review of 389 cases.", "content": "The etiology of 389 cases of partial or complete bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis has been determined and classified. One hundred and forty-nine were infants and children 12 years of age and under; 240 were adults, age 13 and older. In the infants and children the paralyses were congenital in 82 cases, of which 43 were associated with other congenital anomalies, and 39 were without associated anomalies. Fifty-nine cases were considered acquired, most being secondary to underlying congenital anomalies, particularly the associated findings of meningomyelocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus. Eight cases of paralysis in this age group were of undetermined etiology. Of the 240 adult cases of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. 138 followed thyroidectomy. Fifty-two cases were associated with various neurologic disorders, including poliomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular accident, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neoplasms and other miscellaneous neurologic conditions. Sixteen cases were due to malignant neoplasms of the neck and mediastinum. The remaining 34 cases constitute a miscellaneous group which includes foreign bodies, bilateral neck dissection, infection, congenital lesions, trauma, and idiopathic paralyses. The characteristic symptoms of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis include normal or near normal phonation with inspiratory stridor which may progress to complete respiratory obstruction. These symptoms are due to the stationary but flaccid midline position of the vocal cords which places them in a phonating position, where they both obstruct the airway and produce a faily clear voice or cry. This paradoxical combination of symptoms was frequently found to be responsible for a failure or delay in diagnosis.", "contents": "Etiology of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis: a review of 389 cases. The etiology of 389 cases of partial or complete bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis has been determined and classified. One hundred and forty-nine were infants and children 12 years of age and under; 240 were adults, age 13 and older. In the infants and children the paralyses were congenital in 82 cases, of which 43 were associated with other congenital anomalies, and 39 were without associated anomalies. Fifty-nine cases were considered acquired, most being secondary to underlying congenital anomalies, particularly the associated findings of meningomyelocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus. Eight cases of paralysis in this age group were of undetermined etiology. Of the 240 adult cases of bilateral vocal cord paralysis. 138 followed thyroidectomy. Fifty-two cases were associated with various neurologic disorders, including poliomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular accident, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neoplasms and other miscellaneous neurologic conditions. Sixteen cases were due to malignant neoplasms of the neck and mediastinum. The remaining 34 cases constitute a miscellaneous group which includes foreign bodies, bilateral neck dissection, infection, congenital lesions, trauma, and idiopathic paralyses. The characteristic symptoms of bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis include normal or near normal phonation with inspiratory stridor which may progress to complete respiratory obstruction. These symptoms are due to the stationary but flaccid midline position of the vocal cords which places them in a phonating position, where they both obstruct the airway and produce a faily clear voice or cry. This paradoxical combination of symptoms was frequently found to be responsible for a failure or delay in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:949151", "title": "Experience with vocal cord injection.", "content": "For 14 years investigators accredited by the FDA have been injecting a Teflon - glycerin mixture into lateral-lying, paralyzed vocal cords. This paper represents a summary of the work of this author, including successes, failures, and complications; it is the largest reported series, plus that of accredited investigators. The method described is exceptionally useful; it has restored voices, laughter, the ability to strain, and has prevented aspiration. A new surgical technique involving the injection of sterile glycerin into comparable vocal cords in acute new situation is also described. This is done by direct or indirect laryngoscopy, and has been used to eliminate some tracheotomy surgery by virtue of the immediately improved cough effectiveness.", "contents": "Experience with vocal cord injection. For 14 years investigators accredited by the FDA have been injecting a Teflon - glycerin mixture into lateral-lying, paralyzed vocal cords. This paper represents a summary of the work of this author, including successes, failures, and complications; it is the largest reported series, plus that of accredited investigators. The method described is exceptionally useful; it has restored voices, laughter, the ability to strain, and has prevented aspiration. A new surgical technique involving the injection of sterile glycerin into comparable vocal cords in acute new situation is also described. This is done by direct or indirect laryngoscopy, and has been used to eliminate some tracheotomy surgery by virtue of the immediately improved cough effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:949152", "title": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve section for spastic dysphonia.", "content": "Spastic dysphonia is a severe vocal disability in which a person speaks with excessively adducted vocal cords. The resulting weak phonation sounds tight, as if he were being strangled, and has also been descrived as laryngeal stutter. It is often accompanied by face and neck grimaces. In the past it has been regarded as psychoneurotic in orgin and treated with speech therapy and psychotherapy with disappointing results. Because of laboratory and clinical observation that recurrent nerve paralysis retracts the involved vocal cord from the midline, it was proposed that deliberate section of the recurrent nerve would improve the vocal quality of patients with spastic dysphonia. In 34 patients the recurrent nerve was sectioned after Xylocaine temporary paralysis showed significant improvement in vocal quality. Several patients have been advised against this operation because of the type of voice they developed with one vocal cord temporarily paralyzed. With nerve section plus postoperative speech therapy, approximately half of the patients have returned close to a \"normal\" but soft phonatory voice. The rest had varying degrees of improvement, but all, so far, have been pleased with the improvement in ease and quality of phonation and reduction or elimination of face and neck grimaces. Two men have a breathy component in their phonatroy voices, and one woman has variable pitch.", "contents": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve section for spastic dysphonia. Spastic dysphonia is a severe vocal disability in which a person speaks with excessively adducted vocal cords. The resulting weak phonation sounds tight, as if he were being strangled, and has also been descrived as laryngeal stutter. It is often accompanied by face and neck grimaces. In the past it has been regarded as psychoneurotic in orgin and treated with speech therapy and psychotherapy with disappointing results. Because of laboratory and clinical observation that recurrent nerve paralysis retracts the involved vocal cord from the midline, it was proposed that deliberate section of the recurrent nerve would improve the vocal quality of patients with spastic dysphonia. In 34 patients the recurrent nerve was sectioned after Xylocaine temporary paralysis showed significant improvement in vocal quality. Several patients have been advised against this operation because of the type of voice they developed with one vocal cord temporarily paralyzed. With nerve section plus postoperative speech therapy, approximately half of the patients have returned close to a \"normal\" but soft phonatory voice. The rest had varying degrees of improvement, but all, so far, have been pleased with the improvement in ease and quality of phonation and reduction or elimination of face and neck grimaces. Two men have a breathy component in their phonatroy voices, and one woman has variable pitch."}
{"id": "PMID:949153", "title": "Fiber components of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the cat.", "content": "Experimental neuroanatomical methods were employed in 21 adult cats to determine 1) the number and size of myelinated motor and sensory fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and 2) the fiber components originating in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and retrofacial nucleus (RFN) of the brain stem. Intracranial transection of the X and XI cranial nerves and selective destruction of the NA or RFN were the experimental lesions inflicted in order to obtain the following results. About 55% (312) of the right RLN  (565 fibers) is composed of myelinated motor nerve fibers which measure 4 mu - 9 mu in diameter. Nine percent come from the RFN and are smaller (4-6 mu) than the 46% which emanate from the NA and measure 6-9 mu in diameter. The remaining 45% of the RLN is made up of sensory neurons which can be divided into three groups. 1) The largest numerical group (32%) is very small in caliber (1-3 mu) and supplies extralaryngeal regions (trachea, esophagus). 2) The intermediate size fiber group (4-9 mu) comprises 11% of the RLN and probably supplies the subglottic mucosa. 3) The smallest group (2%) of sensory fibers is the largest in diameter (10-15 mu) and may represent either the innervation of muscle spindles or afferents from the superior laryngeal nerve coursing down into the chest.", "contents": "Fiber components of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in the cat. Experimental neuroanatomical methods were employed in 21 adult cats to determine 1) the number and size of myelinated motor and sensory fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and 2) the fiber components originating in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and retrofacial nucleus (RFN) of the brain stem. Intracranial transection of the X and XI cranial nerves and selective destruction of the NA or RFN were the experimental lesions inflicted in order to obtain the following results. About 55% (312) of the right RLN  (565 fibers) is composed of myelinated motor nerve fibers which measure 4 mu - 9 mu in diameter. Nine percent come from the RFN and are smaller (4-6 mu) than the 46% which emanate from the NA and measure 6-9 mu in diameter. The remaining 45% of the RLN is made up of sensory neurons which can be divided into three groups. 1) The largest numerical group (32%) is very small in caliber (1-3 mu) and supplies extralaryngeal regions (trachea, esophagus). 2) The intermediate size fiber group (4-9 mu) comprises 11% of the RLN and probably supplies the subglottic mucosa. 3) The smallest group (2%) of sensory fibers is the largest in diameter (10-15 mu) and may represent either the innervation of muscle spindles or afferents from the superior laryngeal nerve coursing down into the chest."}
{"id": "PMID:949154", "title": "Otolaryngological manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "content": "The important otolaryngological manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), which heretofore have not been described in otolaryngological and other specialty journals, are reviewed. Thirty-seven patients with AMC were studied. Nine of these patients with neurogenic AMC, had otolaryngological manifestations. Six of these had Pierre Robin-like syndromes. Seven patients had severe dysphagia and aspiration pneumonitis. Five patients had voice changes, and three of these required tracheotomy to relieve laryngeal obstruction and prevent aspiration. Two of these patients were aphonic and had laryngeal paralysis. Three of the nine patients who had laryngeal examination showed supraglottic narrowing similar to laryngomalacia. Six patients with otolaryngological problems were autopsied, and two had pharyngeal biopsies. The histological examination demonstrated normal laryngeal and pharyngeal musculature. The cricoarytenoid joints were found normal in all the larynges examined. Central nervous system dysfunction rather than simple muscle weakness, caused the dysphagia and respiratroy difficulties in patients with neurogenic AMC. Dysphagia with aspiration was the single most important cause of death in approximately 20% of patients with AMC. A tracheotomy and feeding gastrostomy appears essential for successful management of the otolaryngological complications of AMC.", "contents": "Otolaryngological manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. The important otolaryngological manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), which heretofore have not been described in otolaryngological and other specialty journals, are reviewed. Thirty-seven patients with AMC were studied. Nine of these patients with neurogenic AMC, had otolaryngological manifestations. Six of these had Pierre Robin-like syndromes. Seven patients had severe dysphagia and aspiration pneumonitis. Five patients had voice changes, and three of these required tracheotomy to relieve laryngeal obstruction and prevent aspiration. Two of these patients were aphonic and had laryngeal paralysis. Three of the nine patients who had laryngeal examination showed supraglottic narrowing similar to laryngomalacia. Six patients with otolaryngological problems were autopsied, and two had pharyngeal biopsies. The histological examination demonstrated normal laryngeal and pharyngeal musculature. The cricoarytenoid joints were found normal in all the larynges examined. Central nervous system dysfunction rather than simple muscle weakness, caused the dysphagia and respiratroy difficulties in patients with neurogenic AMC. Dysphagia with aspiration was the single most important cause of death in approximately 20% of patients with AMC. A tracheotomy and feeding gastrostomy appears essential for successful management of the otolaryngological complications of AMC."}
{"id": "PMID:949155", "title": "Congenital laryngeal defects in the adult.", "content": "Two types of congenital laryngeal defects in the adult are presented. The first case is a patient with a laryngeal cleft who became symptomatic at 42 years of age. Dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness and aspiration progressed in severity until surgery was necessary at the age of 48 years. The second case presented is a 21-year-old male with nonfusion of the thyroid laminae. He was asymptomatic except for persistence of a high-pitched voice after puberty. The case histories and radiographic studies are reviewed, emphasizing that the diagnosis of these defects was more difficult than their management. The surgical repair is described and illustrated. Briefly, this involved repair of the laryngeal cleft using techniques similar to those of a hernoiorrhaphy. The nonfusion of the thyroid laminae and resultant defective anterior glottis was repaired using bipedicled muscle flaps and a silicone keel.", "contents": "Congenital laryngeal defects in the adult. Two types of congenital laryngeal defects in the adult are presented. The first case is a patient with a laryngeal cleft who became symptomatic at 42 years of age. Dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness and aspiration progressed in severity until surgery was necessary at the age of 48 years. The second case presented is a 21-year-old male with nonfusion of the thyroid laminae. He was asymptomatic except for persistence of a high-pitched voice after puberty. The case histories and radiographic studies are reviewed, emphasizing that the diagnosis of these defects was more difficult than their management. The surgical repair is described and illustrated. Briefly, this involved repair of the laryngeal cleft using techniques similar to those of a hernoiorrhaphy. The nonfusion of the thyroid laminae and resultant defective anterior glottis was repaired using bipedicled muscle flaps and a silicone keel."}
{"id": "PMID:949156", "title": "Granular cell tumors of the larynx.", "content": "Granular cell tumors of the larynx are relatively uncommon, always benign, and most commonly located in the posterior portion of the larynx. They are easily identified and should be differentiated from other lesions. A possible problem in the differential diagnosis is the presence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which overlies the granular cell tumor and which may mimic squamous cell carcinoma. Careful histopathologic differentiation is important because the laryngeal granular cell lesion should be managed conservatively, with transoral local excision usually being adequate. The histogenesis of these lesions remains in doubt, with a neural or epithelial derivation being the most likely possibility.", "contents": "Granular cell tumors of the larynx. Granular cell tumors of the larynx are relatively uncommon, always benign, and most commonly located in the posterior portion of the larynx. They are easily identified and should be differentiated from other lesions. A possible problem in the differential diagnosis is the presence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which overlies the granular cell tumor and which may mimic squamous cell carcinoma. Careful histopathologic differentiation is important because the laryngeal granular cell lesion should be managed conservatively, with transoral local excision usually being adequate. The histogenesis of these lesions remains in doubt, with a neural or epithelial derivation being the most likely possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:949157", "title": "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: management with the CO2 laser.", "content": "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is most common in childhood but it affects all age groups; it represents a diathesis of the aerodigestive tract so that lesions amy develop at various sites - the nares, lips, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, approximately one-third of patients for one year or more; since relapses amy occasionally occur 2 to 20 years later, cure can never be assumed. At the present time, management is directed towards total ablation of all visble papilloma consistent with preservation of the airway and voice; reduction of the tumor burden to minimal proportions is thought to allow the maximum opportunity for remission. As the host-papilloma relationship is unraveled, it may be possible in the future to provoke an immune response so that remissions can be predicted and produced consistently.", "contents": "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: management with the CO2 laser. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is most common in childhood but it affects all age groups; it represents a diathesis of the aerodigestive tract so that lesions amy develop at various sites - the nares, lips, pharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, approximately one-third of patients for one year or more; since relapses amy occasionally occur 2 to 20 years later, cure can never be assumed. At the present time, management is directed towards total ablation of all visble papilloma consistent with preservation of the airway and voice; reduction of the tumor burden to minimal proportions is thought to allow the maximum opportunity for remission. As the host-papilloma relationship is unraveled, it may be possible in the future to provoke an immune response so that remissions can be predicted and produced consistently."}
{"id": "PMID:949158", "title": "Dinitrochlorobenzene skin sensitization and peripheral lymphocyte count: predictors of survival in head and neck cancer.", "content": "Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is a simple chemical useful to evaluate both afferent (sensitizing) and efferent (reacting) limbs of the delayed, cell-mediated immune system. This system invokes the small lymphocyte (T cell) and is apparently part of the host defense against cancer. Severnty-two patients with new primary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx, hypopharynx and oropharynx were sensitized to DNCB by contact application, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tested. The T cells were also assessed in this study by lymphocyte count. All patients were treated for cure. Ninety-one percent of DNCB reactors were alive and tumor-free at two years. Forty-five percent of negative reactors had recurrent tumor and died of carcinoma. Cases grouped by site among glottic, supraglottic and inferior hypopharynx showed identical results. Lymphocyte counts showed a trend in the same direction. On statistical analysis, all differrences were significant. Eighty-five percent of recurrent tumors occurred in patients who were nonresponders. The present data suggest DNCB reactivity is helpful in predicting outcome after surgery, or combined radiation and surgery, for mucosal squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.", "contents": "Dinitrochlorobenzene skin sensitization and peripheral lymphocyte count: predictors of survival in head and neck cancer. Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is a simple chemical useful to evaluate both afferent (sensitizing) and efferent (reacting) limbs of the delayed, cell-mediated immune system. This system invokes the small lymphocyte (T cell) and is apparently part of the host defense against cancer. Severnty-two patients with new primary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx, hypopharynx and oropharynx were sensitized to DNCB by contact application, and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tested. The T cells were also assessed in this study by lymphocyte count. All patients were treated for cure. Ninety-one percent of DNCB reactors were alive and tumor-free at two years. Forty-five percent of negative reactors had recurrent tumor and died of carcinoma. Cases grouped by site among glottic, supraglottic and inferior hypopharynx showed identical results. Lymphocyte counts showed a trend in the same direction. On statistical analysis, all differrences were significant. Eighty-five percent of recurrent tumors occurred in patients who were nonresponders. The present data suggest DNCB reactivity is helpful in predicting outcome after surgery, or combined radiation and surgery, for mucosal squamous carcinoma of the head and neck."}
{"id": "PMID:949160", "title": "Laryngeal suspension and epiglottic flap in laryngopharyngeal trauma.", "content": "Physicans treating laryngeal trauma are still looking for ways to improve results. Severe disruption of the supporting structures between hyoid and trachea may allow stretching and narrowing of the laryngeal lumen during the healing period. This can easily be prevented by placing wires across the disrupted zone. In addition, loss of the epithelial lining of the larynx is a serious cause of stenosis. By dissecting out the epiglottic cartilage, one can create a sizeable, useful flap of mucous membrane based in the vallecula to use in relining of the anterior larynx.", "contents": "Laryngeal suspension and epiglottic flap in laryngopharyngeal trauma. Physicans treating laryngeal trauma are still looking for ways to improve results. Severe disruption of the supporting structures between hyoid and trachea may allow stretching and narrowing of the laryngeal lumen during the healing period. This can easily be prevented by placing wires across the disrupted zone. In addition, loss of the epithelial lining of the larynx is a serious cause of stenosis. By dissecting out the epiglottic cartilage, one can create a sizeable, useful flap of mucous membrane based in the vallecula to use in relining of the anterior larynx."}
{"id": "PMID:949159", "title": "Osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy: an analysis of 250 operations.", "content": "The operative approach and findings of 250 osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy operations performed from 1956 through 1972 at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary are reviewed. Indications for surgery were symptomatic and/or complicated disease of the frontal sinus, including primary chronic sinusitis and osteoma or trauma with or without associated infection. Immediate postoperative complications were minor. Follow-up of at least three years was obtained in 83% of the patients, and 93% of these have no significant symptoms to date. A distressing problem of persistent postoperative frontal pain is discussed in detail. Revision surgery has been performed in 6% of patients due to recurrent frontal sinus infection. The reasons for failure are anlyzed, and recommendations are made to minimize the possibility of recurrence.", "contents": "Osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy: an analysis of 250 operations. The operative approach and findings of 250 osteoplastic frontal sinusotomy operations performed from 1956 through 1972 at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary are reviewed. Indications for surgery were symptomatic and/or complicated disease of the frontal sinus, including primary chronic sinusitis and osteoma or trauma with or without associated infection. Immediate postoperative complications were minor. Follow-up of at least three years was obtained in 83% of the patients, and 93% of these have no significant symptoms to date. A distressing problem of persistent postoperative frontal pain is discussed in detail. Revision surgery has been performed in 6% of patients due to recurrent frontal sinus infection. The reasons for failure are anlyzed, and recommendations are made to minimize the possibility of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:949161", "title": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx management by radiotherapy and surgery.", "content": "Verrucous carcinoma is an unusual and distinct variant of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and accounts for approximately 1 to 2% of all primary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. There has been considerable controversy regarding the role of radiotherapy in the managment of these tumors as they are said to be radioresistant, and in a number of instances \"anaplastic transformation\" has apparently occurred following such therapy. We have reviewed 18 patients with verrucous carcinoma of the larynx in which eight received surgical therapy alone, eight received radiotherapy alone, and two received combined therapy. We conclude that radiotherapy and surgery are equally effective in eradicating the disease. \"Anaplastic transformation\" of these tumors represents a small but nevertheless real risk following radiotherapy. Accordingly, our current therapeutic policy is to treat by surgical excision those smaller tumors which can be removed by conservation laryngectomy procedures, reserving radiotherapy for those large tumors which would require total laryngectomy if treated surgically.", "contents": "Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx management by radiotherapy and surgery. Verrucous carcinoma is an unusual and distinct variant of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and accounts for approximately 1 to 2% of all primary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. There has been considerable controversy regarding the role of radiotherapy in the managment of these tumors as they are said to be radioresistant, and in a number of instances \"anaplastic transformation\" has apparently occurred following such therapy. We have reviewed 18 patients with verrucous carcinoma of the larynx in which eight received surgical therapy alone, eight received radiotherapy alone, and two received combined therapy. We conclude that radiotherapy and surgery are equally effective in eradicating the disease. \"Anaplastic transformation\" of these tumors represents a small but nevertheless real risk following radiotherapy. Accordingly, our current therapeutic policy is to treat by surgical excision those smaller tumors which can be removed by conservation laryngectomy procedures, reserving radiotherapy for those large tumors which would require total laryngectomy if treated surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:949171", "title": "Activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim against Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP), alone and in three combinations, 20:1, 1:1, and 1:20, were determined on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test (DST) and Mueller-Hinton (MH) agars containing lysed blood for various inocula of 91 strains of Bacteroides fragilis from the U.S.A. and U.K. MICs of SMX were high with large inocula and higher on MH than DST, but results for TMP were less affected by these two factors. True SMX resistance was rare: 10 U.S.A. strains previously reported as resistant appeared to be susceptible. Maximum potentiation of MICs was observed when SMX and TMP were combined in ratios close to those of the ratios of their MICs, that is, SMX/TMP 20:1 for large inocula and the reverse for small inocula for determinations on DST and usually 20:1 for all inoculum sizes on MH. These observations explain some of the discrepancies in reports, but defer the problem of potential usefulness of the drugs in the treatment of infection with anaerobes to future study.", "contents": "Activity of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim against Bacteroides fragilis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP), alone and in three combinations, 20:1, 1:1, and 1:20, were determined on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test (DST) and Mueller-Hinton (MH) agars containing lysed blood for various inocula of 91 strains of Bacteroides fragilis from the U.S.A. and U.K. MICs of SMX were high with large inocula and higher on MH than DST, but results for TMP were less affected by these two factors. True SMX resistance was rare: 10 U.S.A. strains previously reported as resistant appeared to be susceptible. Maximum potentiation of MICs was observed when SMX and TMP were combined in ratios close to those of the ratios of their MICs, that is, SMX/TMP 20:1 for large inocula and the reverse for small inocula for determinations on DST and usually 20:1 for all inoculum sizes on MH. These observations explain some of the discrepancies in reports, but defer the problem of potential usefulness of the drugs in the treatment of infection with anaerobes to future study."}
{"id": "PMID:949172", "title": "Cefuroxime: human pharmacokinetics..", "content": "Single doses of cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin, were given to 44 normal male subjects. Doses of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 g were given intramuscularly to 33 volunteers. Mean peak serum concentrations of 14.8, 25.7, 34.6, and 40.0 mug/ml were assayed at 29 to 45 min, and measurable levels were present 8 h after the 0.5-g and higher doses. Single intravenous bolus doses of 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 g were given to nine volunteers, and mean levels of 39, 66, and 99 mug/ml were assayed at 3 min. The antibiotic has a mean ultimate serum half-life of 70 min, a mean serum protein binding of 33%, a metabolic stability of greater than 95%, an apparent distribution volume of 11.1 to 15.8 liters/1.73 m(2) depending on dose, and a mean urinary recovery of at least 95% for all parenteral doses. The cefuroxime/creatinine clearance ratios for all volunteers indicated that 43 to 54% of the antibiotic is secreted through the kidney tubules, and this was confirmed in some volunteers who received probenecid simultaneously. The injections by both routes were well tolerated, and the slight pain experienced after intramuscular injection disappeared within a few minutes. Physical and laboratory investigations in the volunteers showed that administration of cefuroxime had had no adverse effects. There was no evidence of absorption after oral administration.", "contents": "Cefuroxime: human pharmacokinetics.. Single doses of cefuroxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin, were given to 44 normal male subjects. Doses of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 g were given intramuscularly to 33 volunteers. Mean peak serum concentrations of 14.8, 25.7, 34.6, and 40.0 mug/ml were assayed at 29 to 45 min, and measurable levels were present 8 h after the 0.5-g and higher doses. Single intravenous bolus doses of 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 g were given to nine volunteers, and mean levels of 39, 66, and 99 mug/ml were assayed at 3 min. The antibiotic has a mean ultimate serum half-life of 70 min, a mean serum protein binding of 33%, a metabolic stability of greater than 95%, an apparent distribution volume of 11.1 to 15.8 liters/1.73 m(2) depending on dose, and a mean urinary recovery of at least 95% for all parenteral doses. The cefuroxime/creatinine clearance ratios for all volunteers indicated that 43 to 54% of the antibiotic is secreted through the kidney tubules, and this was confirmed in some volunteers who received probenecid simultaneously. The injections by both routes were well tolerated, and the slight pain experienced after intramuscular injection disappeared within a few minutes. Physical and laboratory investigations in the volunteers showed that administration of cefuroxime had had no adverse effects. There was no evidence of absorption after oral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:949173", "title": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis dependent on exogenous triphosphates in nystatin-treated cells of of Kluyveromyces latis.", "content": "Kluyveromyces lactis cells treated with nystatin became permeable to ribonucleoside triphosphates. Although not viable, nystatin-treated cells were capable of sustaining ribonucleic acid synthesis. The system depended on the presence of divalent ions and the four nucleoside triphosphates, and was strongly stimulated by ammonium sulfate. The system utilized endogenous deoxyribonucleic acid as template. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid was associated with the cells and probably occurred internally.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis dependent on exogenous triphosphates in nystatin-treated cells of of Kluyveromyces latis. Kluyveromyces lactis cells treated with nystatin became permeable to ribonucleoside triphosphates. Although not viable, nystatin-treated cells were capable of sustaining ribonucleic acid synthesis. The system depended on the presence of divalent ions and the four nucleoside triphosphates, and was strongly stimulated by ammonium sulfate. The system utilized endogenous deoxyribonucleic acid as template. Synthesis of ribonucleic acid was associated with the cells and probably occurred internally."}
{"id": "PMID:949174", "title": "Active immobilized antibiotics based on metal hydroxides.", "content": "The water-insoluble hydroxides of zirconium (IV), titanium (IV), titanium (III), iron (II), vanadium (III), and tin (II) have been used to prepare insoluble derivatives of a cyclic peptide antibiotic by a facile chelation process. Testing of the antibacterial activities of the products against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria showed that in the majority of cases the water-insoluble antibiotics remained active against those bacteria susceptible to the parent antibiotic. The power of the assay system has been extended by the novel use of colored organisms to aid determinations where the growth of normal organisms could not be distinguished from the appearance of the supporting material. Insoluble derivatives of neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and chloramphenicol were prepared by chelation with zirconium hydroxide, and these derivatives similarly reflected the antibacterial activities of the parent compounds. Several of the metal hydroxides themselves possess antibacterial activity due to complex formation with the bacteria. However, the use of selected metal hydroxides can afford a simple, inexpensive, and inert matrix for antibiotic immobilization, resulting in an antibacterial product that may possess slow-release properties. The mechanisms by which the metal hydroxide-antibiotic association-dissociation may occur are discussed.", "contents": "Active immobilized antibiotics based on metal hydroxides. The water-insoluble hydroxides of zirconium (IV), titanium (IV), titanium (III), iron (II), vanadium (III), and tin (II) have been used to prepare insoluble derivatives of a cyclic peptide antibiotic by a facile chelation process. Testing of the antibacterial activities of the products against two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria showed that in the majority of cases the water-insoluble antibiotics remained active against those bacteria susceptible to the parent antibiotic. The power of the assay system has been extended by the novel use of colored organisms to aid determinations where the growth of normal organisms could not be distinguished from the appearance of the supporting material. Insoluble derivatives of neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, ampicillin, penicillin G, and chloramphenicol were prepared by chelation with zirconium hydroxide, and these derivatives similarly reflected the antibacterial activities of the parent compounds. Several of the metal hydroxides themselves possess antibacterial activity due to complex formation with the bacteria. However, the use of selected metal hydroxides can afford a simple, inexpensive, and inert matrix for antibiotic immobilization, resulting in an antibacterial product that may possess slow-release properties. The mechanisms by which the metal hydroxide-antibiotic association-dissociation may occur are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949175", "title": "Antibacterial activity of selected beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of four beta-lactam antibiotics (cefatrizine [BL-S640], cefamandole, cefoxitin, and carbenicillin) and three aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin) was determined against 197 strains of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty strains were found to be gentamicin-sensitive, and 117 were found to be gentamicin-resistant. Carbenicillin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against gentamicin-sensitive Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. Cefoxitin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against the remaining gentamicin-sensitive and -resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Providencia stuartii and indole-positive Proteus spp. Cefatrizine exhibited little activity against the organisms studied. Cefamandole was less active than cefoxitin and carbenicillin. Amikacin was the most effective agent in vitro. With the exception of S. marcescens, cefoxitin appeared to be the next most promising agent in vitro against gentamicin- and cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of selected beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The in vitro antibacterial activity of four beta-lactam antibiotics (cefatrizine [BL-S640], cefamandole, cefoxitin, and carbenicillin) and three aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin) was determined against 197 strains of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty strains were found to be gentamicin-sensitive, and 117 were found to be gentamicin-resistant. Carbenicillin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against gentamicin-sensitive Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. Cefoxitin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against the remaining gentamicin-sensitive and -resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Providencia stuartii and indole-positive Proteus spp. Cefatrizine exhibited little activity against the organisms studied. Cefamandole was less active than cefoxitin and carbenicillin. Amikacin was the most effective agent in vitro. With the exception of S. marcescens, cefoxitin appeared to be the next most promising agent in vitro against gentamicin- and cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae."}
{"id": "PMID:949176", "title": "Mecillinam, a novel penicillanic acid derivative with unusual activity against gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "The in vitro activity of mecillinam, a 6 beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative, was investigated. Mecillinam is not active against most gram-positive coccal or bacilliary forms. Many members of the Enterobacteriaceae are inhibited, with 86% of Escherichia coli, 71% of Klebsiella, 62% of Enterobacter, 75% of Salmonella, 69% of Shigella, and 70% of Citrobacter inhibited by 6.3 mug/ml. Indole-positive Proteus and Serratia were generally resistant as are Pseudomonas strains. Although mecillinam is hydrolyzed by gram-negative beta-lactamases, the compound inhibits beta-lactamase-producing organisms, particularly E. coli. The conductivity of medium used to determine minimal inhibitory concentration and inoculum size produce markedly different values. In medium of high conductivity, 10 mS, mecillinam is inactive against many strains of bacteria. In all media there is a great difference between the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal levels.", "contents": "Mecillinam, a novel penicillanic acid derivative with unusual activity against gram-negative bacteria. The in vitro activity of mecillinam, a 6 beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative, was investigated. Mecillinam is not active against most gram-positive coccal or bacilliary forms. Many members of the Enterobacteriaceae are inhibited, with 86% of Escherichia coli, 71% of Klebsiella, 62% of Enterobacter, 75% of Salmonella, 69% of Shigella, and 70% of Citrobacter inhibited by 6.3 mug/ml. Indole-positive Proteus and Serratia were generally resistant as are Pseudomonas strains. Although mecillinam is hydrolyzed by gram-negative beta-lactamases, the compound inhibits beta-lactamase-producing organisms, particularly E. coli. The conductivity of medium used to determine minimal inhibitory concentration and inoculum size produce markedly different values. In medium of high conductivity, 10 mS, mecillinam is inactive against many strains of bacteria. In all media there is a great difference between the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:949177", "title": "Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new oral cephalosporin: serum levels and urinary recovery in humans after oral or intramuscular administration--comparative study with cephalexin and cefazolin.", "content": "Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was administered in a 0.5-g dose either orally or intramuscularly to volunteers in a crossover study. After oral administration, the average peak serum levels were 5.6 and 22.1 mug/ml for cefatrizine and cephalexin, respectively. The serum half-life of cefatrizine appeared to be more extended than that of cephalexin. Urinary recovery of cefatrizine (35%) was approximately half that of cephalexin (68%) after oral administration. After intramuscular injection of 0.5 g, the average peak serum level of cefatrizine (12.0 mug/ml) was approximately one-fourth that of cefazolin (44.0 mug/ml). The serum half-life after intramuscular injection was 86 min for cefatrizine and 118 min for cefazolin. Urinary recovery was 45% of the intramuscularly administered dose, as compared with cefazolin, which was 74%.", "contents": "Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new oral cephalosporin: serum levels and urinary recovery in humans after oral or intramuscular administration--comparative study with cephalexin and cefazolin. Cefatrizine (SK&F 60771), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was administered in a 0.5-g dose either orally or intramuscularly to volunteers in a crossover study. After oral administration, the average peak serum levels were 5.6 and 22.1 mug/ml for cefatrizine and cephalexin, respectively. The serum half-life of cefatrizine appeared to be more extended than that of cephalexin. Urinary recovery of cefatrizine (35%) was approximately half that of cephalexin (68%) after oral administration. After intramuscular injection of 0.5 g, the average peak serum level of cefatrizine (12.0 mug/ml) was approximately one-fourth that of cefazolin (44.0 mug/ml). The serum half-life after intramuscular injection was 86 min for cefatrizine and 118 min for cefazolin. Urinary recovery was 45% of the intramuscularly administered dose, as compared with cefazolin, which was 74%."}
{"id": "PMID:949178", "title": "Comparison of direct and standardized disk diffusion susceptibility testing of urine cultures.", "content": "A comparison between direct and standardized disk diffusion tests was made on a total of 300 urine specimens containing >/=10(5) organisms/ml. Of these, 246 represented pure cultures and 54 represented mixed cultures. The number of major discrepancies per organism tested in pure culture was 18 (7.3%) and in mixed cultures it was 23 (42.6%). The percentage of major discrepancies per total number of antimicrobial drug comparisons made was 1.4%. Although this procedure may be of value in selected cases with pure cultures of organisms present in quantities >/=10(5)/ml, its use on a routine basis is not recommended.", "contents": "Comparison of direct and standardized disk diffusion susceptibility testing of urine cultures. A comparison between direct and standardized disk diffusion tests was made on a total of 300 urine specimens containing >/=10(5) organisms/ml. Of these, 246 represented pure cultures and 54 represented mixed cultures. The number of major discrepancies per organism tested in pure culture was 18 (7.3%) and in mixed cultures it was 23 (42.6%). The percentage of major discrepancies per total number of antimicrobial drug comparisons made was 1.4%. Although this procedure may be of value in selected cases with pure cultures of organisms present in quantities >/=10(5)/ml, its use on a routine basis is not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:949179", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of cephalosporin-gentamicin combinations in rats.", "content": "TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITY THAT CEPHALOSPORINS AUGMENT THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF GENTAMICIN, GROUPS OF RATS WERE GIVEN FOUR HOURLY SUBCUTANEOUS DOSES OF: gentamicin (5 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephalothin (100 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephaloridine (50 mg/kg), or saline diluent for 15 days. Periodic measurements were made of urine volume, urine osmolality, urine protein excretion and lysosomal enzymuria, as well as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and drug concentrations in renal cortex and medulla. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Enzymuria and proteinuria increased early in the course of all treatment groups, whereas urine osmolality declined. No distinct patterns of these variables were discernable among the groups. Gentamicin alone, gentamicin plus cephalothin, and gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg) caused the same significant fall in glomerular filtrate rate from control values by day 15 (P < 0.05). Gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg) and gentamicin plus cephaloridine failed to cause a decline in glomerular filtration rate compared with controls (P > 0.05). Gentamicin concentrations in renal cortex were 5 to 10 times higher than those in medulla in all groups. Cephaloridine and cefazolin (50 mg/kg) also displayed a gradient pattern in renal cortex, whereas cephalothin and cefazolin (20 mg/kg) did not. Cytosegrosomes with myeloid figures were characteristic ultra-structural changes seen in all groups; however, they tended to be smaller with less numerous myeloid bodies in the groups receiving gentamicin plus cephalothin, cefazolin (50 mg/kg), or cephaloridine. Cephalosporins did not augment gentamicin toxicity. High doses of cefazolin and cephaloridine protected kidneys from gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The protection may involve intracellular drug interaction within the renal cortex.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of cephalosporin-gentamicin combinations in rats. TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITY THAT CEPHALOSPORINS AUGMENT THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF GENTAMICIN, GROUPS OF RATS WERE GIVEN FOUR HOURLY SUBCUTANEOUS DOSES OF: gentamicin (5 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephalothin (100 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephaloridine (50 mg/kg), or saline diluent for 15 days. Periodic measurements were made of urine volume, urine osmolality, urine protein excretion and lysosomal enzymuria, as well as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and drug concentrations in renal cortex and medulla. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Enzymuria and proteinuria increased early in the course of all treatment groups, whereas urine osmolality declined. No distinct patterns of these variables were discernable among the groups. Gentamicin alone, gentamicin plus cephalothin, and gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg) caused the same significant fall in glomerular filtrate rate from control values by day 15 (P < 0.05). Gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg) and gentamicin plus cephaloridine failed to cause a decline in glomerular filtration rate compared with controls (P > 0.05). Gentamicin concentrations in renal cortex were 5 to 10 times higher than those in medulla in all groups. Cephaloridine and cefazolin (50 mg/kg) also displayed a gradient pattern in renal cortex, whereas cephalothin and cefazolin (20 mg/kg) did not. Cytosegrosomes with myeloid figures were characteristic ultra-structural changes seen in all groups; however, they tended to be smaller with less numerous myeloid bodies in the groups receiving gentamicin plus cephalothin, cefazolin (50 mg/kg), or cephaloridine. Cephalosporins did not augment gentamicin toxicity. High doses of cefazolin and cephaloridine protected kidneys from gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The protection may involve intracellular drug interaction within the renal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:949180", "title": "Enhanced toxicity for mice of combinations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and vincristine.", "content": "Sublethal doses of vincristine (VNC) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered simultaneously to adult male mice resulted in markedly enhanced mortality. All of 10 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested, 4 of 7 strains of Bacteroides, and 6 of 10 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were able to substitute for purified LPS in enhancing mortality in VNC-treated mice. Inoculation of mice with each of 10 strains of Pseudomonas, each of 7 strains of Bacteroides, and about half of the 10 strains of Listeria tested elicited increased resistance to the lethal action of purified LPS. The patterns of responses of mice receiving a lethal combination of 2 mg of LPS/kg and 1 mg of VNC/kg resembled those of mice receiving a lethal dose of 10 mg of VNC/kg alone or 15 mg of LPS/kg alone with respect to (i) serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity, (ii) hematocrit values, and (iii) thrombocytopenia. The patterns of responses of mice receiving a lethal combination of LPS and VNC resembled those of mice receiving a lethal dose of LPS alone with respect to (i) hypothermia, (ii) retention of sulfobromophthalein, (iii) fibrinogen level, (iv) prothrombin activity, (v) blood urea nitrogen levels, and (vi) time of death. These data are consistent with the proposition that the combination of VNC and LPS produces a fatal renal failure. Histological studies confirmed that there was extensive renal damage in mice treated with lethal doses of LPS alone or a lethal combination of LPS and VNC.", "contents": "Enhanced toxicity for mice of combinations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and vincristine. Sublethal doses of vincristine (VNC) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered simultaneously to adult male mice resulted in markedly enhanced mortality. All of 10 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested, 4 of 7 strains of Bacteroides, and 6 of 10 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were able to substitute for purified LPS in enhancing mortality in VNC-treated mice. Inoculation of mice with each of 10 strains of Pseudomonas, each of 7 strains of Bacteroides, and about half of the 10 strains of Listeria tested elicited increased resistance to the lethal action of purified LPS. The patterns of responses of mice receiving a lethal combination of 2 mg of LPS/kg and 1 mg of VNC/kg resembled those of mice receiving a lethal dose of 10 mg of VNC/kg alone or 15 mg of LPS/kg alone with respect to (i) serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity, (ii) hematocrit values, and (iii) thrombocytopenia. The patterns of responses of mice receiving a lethal combination of LPS and VNC resembled those of mice receiving a lethal dose of LPS alone with respect to (i) hypothermia, (ii) retention of sulfobromophthalein, (iii) fibrinogen level, (iv) prothrombin activity, (v) blood urea nitrogen levels, and (vi) time of death. These data are consistent with the proposition that the combination of VNC and LPS produces a fatal renal failure. Histological studies confirmed that there was extensive renal damage in mice treated with lethal doses of LPS alone or a lethal combination of LPS and VNC."}
{"id": "PMID:949181", "title": "Stable antibiotic sensitivity disks.", "content": "Two methods of preparing sensitivity disks were compared for their effect on disk stability at 25 and 37 C. One method consisted of applying a solution of the antibiotic to blank disks by the conventional procedure; the second method consisted of applying the antibiotic to the disks as a suspension of crystals. Of the four beta-lactam antibiotics that were studied, disks made with suspended crystals were substantially more stable than corresponding disks made by the conventional method. The increased stability is related to the greater chemical stability of the antibiotics in the crystalline versus the amorphous state.", "contents": "Stable antibiotic sensitivity disks. Two methods of preparing sensitivity disks were compared for their effect on disk stability at 25 and 37 C. One method consisted of applying a solution of the antibiotic to blank disks by the conventional procedure; the second method consisted of applying the antibiotic to the disks as a suspension of crystals. Of the four beta-lactam antibiotics that were studied, disks made with suspended crystals were substantially more stable than corresponding disks made by the conventional method. The increased stability is related to the greater chemical stability of the antibiotics in the crystalline versus the amorphous state."}
{"id": "PMID:949182", "title": "Activity of cefamandole and other cephalosporins against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The activity of cefamandole was comparable to that of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephaloridine against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Diplococcus pneumoniae. In contrast, cefamandole was considerably more active than cephalothin, cefazolin, or cephaloridine against gram-negative facultative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, the most striking disparities being noted with indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter. Bacteroides fragilis was more susceptible to cefoxitin than to cefamandole or cefazolin (median minimal inhibitory concentration, approximately 8, 32, and 32 mug/ml, respectively); cephalothin exhibited still less activity against this species. The majority of other anaerobes were inhibited by relatively low concentrations of all four cephalosporins. The results indicate a potentially valuable role for cefamandole against facultative gram-negative bacilli, including H. influenzae, but no exceptional activity against anaerobes.", "contents": "Activity of cefamandole and other cephalosporins against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The activity of cefamandole was comparable to that of cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephaloridine against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Diplococcus pneumoniae. In contrast, cefamandole was considerably more active than cephalothin, cefazolin, or cephaloridine against gram-negative facultative bacilli, including Haemophilus influenzae, the most striking disparities being noted with indole-positive Proteus and Enterobacter. Bacteroides fragilis was more susceptible to cefoxitin than to cefamandole or cefazolin (median minimal inhibitory concentration, approximately 8, 32, and 32 mug/ml, respectively); cephalothin exhibited still less activity against this species. The majority of other anaerobes were inhibited by relatively low concentrations of all four cephalosporins. The results indicate a potentially valuable role for cefamandole against facultative gram-negative bacilli, including H. influenzae, but no exceptional activity against anaerobes."}
{"id": "PMID:949183", "title": "Effect of semisynthetic penicillins on the Limulus lysate test.", "content": "Semisynthetic penicillins in concentrations greater than 1.0% (wt/vol) were found to inhibit the limulus lysate assay for endotoxin.", "contents": "Effect of semisynthetic penicillins on the Limulus lysate test. Semisynthetic penicillins in concentrations greater than 1.0% (wt/vol) were found to inhibit the limulus lysate assay for endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:949184", "title": "In vitro susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to josamycin.", "content": "A total of 132 strains of anaerobic bacteria were tested for susceptibility to josamycin, using a broth dilution technique. All strains of Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Bacteroides fragilis were inhibited by 2 mug or less per ml. Seventy percent of these susceptible strains were also killed by 2 mug or less of josamycin per ml. However, 2 of 12 Clostridium species and 6 of 10 Fusobacterium species had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 mug or more per ml.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to josamycin. A total of 132 strains of anaerobic bacteria were tested for susceptibility to josamycin, using a broth dilution technique. All strains of Peptococcus species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Bacteroides fragilis were inhibited by 2 mug or less per ml. Seventy percent of these susceptible strains were also killed by 2 mug or less of josamycin per ml. However, 2 of 12 Clostridium species and 6 of 10 Fusobacterium species had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 mug or more per ml."}
{"id": "PMID:949185", "title": "Direct method to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of rapidly growing blood pathogens.", "content": "Standardized direct disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing on monomicrobial blood cultures is compared with the Food and Drug Administration method. The direct method yields acceptable data and may conserve 24 h in reporting results.", "contents": "Direct method to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of rapidly growing blood pathogens. Standardized direct disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing on monomicrobial blood cultures is compared with the Food and Drug Administration method. The direct method yields acceptable data and may conserve 24 h in reporting results."}
{"id": "PMID:949186", "title": "Abrupt propranolol withdrawal and myocardial contractility. A study of effects in normal man.", "content": "Acute coronary artery syndromes, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction, have been desribed after the abrupt withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents. One possible mechanism is a hyperinotropic state resulting from a rebound hypersensitivity to endogenous catecholamines. Propranolol hydrochloride was administered to 21 healthy subjects for 15 days. Systolic time intervals and 24-hour urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were measured serially before, during, and after administration. Serial serum propranolol levels were measured during and after administration. Inhibition of exercise-induced tachycardia by propranolol was established before and during drug administration.", "contents": "Abrupt propranolol withdrawal and myocardial contractility. A study of effects in normal man. Acute coronary artery syndromes, including unstable angina and myocardial infarction, have been desribed after the abrupt withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents. One possible mechanism is a hyperinotropic state resulting from a rebound hypersensitivity to endogenous catecholamines. Propranolol hydrochloride was administered to 21 healthy subjects for 15 days. Systolic time intervals and 24-hour urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were measured serially before, during, and after administration. Serial serum propranolol levels were measured during and after administration. Inhibition of exercise-induced tachycardia by propranolol was established before and during drug administration."}
{"id": "PMID:949187", "title": "Gastrointestinal side effects associated with clinidamycin. 1,000 consecutive patients.", "content": "The incidience and parameters associated with diarrhea related to clindamycin usage were studied in a population of both inpatients and outpatients. Diarrhea occurred in 66 (6.6%) of the 1,000 patients. In three of them, substantial morbidity was associated with the diarrhea. Of the multiple parameters that were evaluated, significant association with diarrhea was found only for age (patients over the age of 20 years) (P less than .01) and sex (females) (P less than .005). Interestingly, dose, duration, and route of administration showed no significant relationship to diarrhea (P greater than .05).", "contents": "Gastrointestinal side effects associated with clinidamycin. 1,000 consecutive patients. The incidience and parameters associated with diarrhea related to clindamycin usage were studied in a population of both inpatients and outpatients. Diarrhea occurred in 66 (6.6%) of the 1,000 patients. In three of them, substantial morbidity was associated with the diarrhea. Of the multiple parameters that were evaluated, significant association with diarrhea was found only for age (patients over the age of 20 years) (P less than .01) and sex (females) (P less than .005). Interestingly, dose, duration, and route of administration showed no significant relationship to diarrhea (P greater than .05)."}
{"id": "PMID:949188", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and anemia.", "content": "The frequency of anemia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism is uncertain. When anemia does occur, its mechanisms are obscure. Two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and moderate normochromic, normocytic, reticulocytopenic anemia were studied in detail. Both had results of ferrokinetic studies that were consistent with the anemia of chronic disease; one had low serum iron concentrations and reduced normoblastic iron incorporation. Anemia in both patients resolved after parathyroidectomy. Clinical records of 100 nonuremic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed and three other anemic patients were found. The cause of anemia in two of these individuals was bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal system, and the third had folate deficiency attributable to chronic alchoholism.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and anemia. The frequency of anemia associated with primary hyperparathyroidism is uncertain. When anemia does occur, its mechanisms are obscure. Two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and moderate normochromic, normocytic, reticulocytopenic anemia were studied in detail. Both had results of ferrokinetic studies that were consistent with the anemia of chronic disease; one had low serum iron concentrations and reduced normoblastic iron incorporation. Anemia in both patients resolved after parathyroidectomy. Clinical records of 100 nonuremic patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed and three other anemic patients were found. The cause of anemia in two of these individuals was bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal system, and the third had folate deficiency attributable to chronic alchoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:949189", "title": "Early detection and prevention of colon cancer. The role of colonscopy.", "content": "The incidence of and mortality associated with colon cancer has not decreased during the past 25 years despite several innovations in therapy. Earlier detection and prevention by polypectomy though the sigmoidoscope and colonoscope have been suggested as one alternative offering improvement. The polyp-cancer sequence is controversial, but recent evidence indicates that polyps with a papillary component have a substantial potential for becoming malignant. Forty-four polyps were resected from 26 patients. Nineteen polyps from 14 patients had papillary features of \"in-situ\" carcinoma. Thus, colonoscopic polypectomy may play an important role not only in early detection but also in the prevention of colon cancer.", "contents": "Early detection and prevention of colon cancer. The role of colonscopy. The incidence of and mortality associated with colon cancer has not decreased during the past 25 years despite several innovations in therapy. Earlier detection and prevention by polypectomy though the sigmoidoscope and colonoscope have been suggested as one alternative offering improvement. The polyp-cancer sequence is controversial, but recent evidence indicates that polyps with a papillary component have a substantial potential for becoming malignant. Forty-four polyps were resected from 26 patients. Nineteen polyps from 14 patients had papillary features of \"in-situ\" carcinoma. Thus, colonoscopic polypectomy may play an important role not only in early detection but also in the prevention of colon cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:949190", "title": "Teaching of primary care in an internal medicine residency program.", "content": "A teaching module in ambulatory internal medicine has been added to a residency program in a large referral hospital. The effort was directed to structure a program of instruction reflecting common problems seen by primary care internists. Patients were screened by supervising staff to make the rotation an efficient learning experience. Experienced nurse clinicians were used to monitor patients with stabilized medical problems, thus freeing the housestaff for problems more suited to their level of training. The nurses also served as role models with which the housestaff could interact and provide continuity and accessibility of care to patients being followed up by transient physicians-in-training. Various teaching conferences based on traditional inpatient models were conducted. Self-assessment and peer review techniques were structured around monthly conferences in which medical records were assessed by each participant.", "contents": "Teaching of primary care in an internal medicine residency program. A teaching module in ambulatory internal medicine has been added to a residency program in a large referral hospital. The effort was directed to structure a program of instruction reflecting common problems seen by primary care internists. Patients were screened by supervising staff to make the rotation an efficient learning experience. Experienced nurse clinicians were used to monitor patients with stabilized medical problems, thus freeing the housestaff for problems more suited to their level of training. The nurses also served as role models with which the housestaff could interact and provide continuity and accessibility of care to patients being followed up by transient physicians-in-training. Various teaching conferences based on traditional inpatient models were conducted. Self-assessment and peer review techniques were structured around monthly conferences in which medical records were assessed by each participant."}
{"id": "PMID:949191", "title": "A nurse clinician's role in the management of hypertension.", "content": "The nurse has assumed more responsibility for patients with hypertension, not only in their education, but also in their follow-up. In this study the physician was aware of each patient's progress through conference with the nurse clinician. In addition, the nurse clinician consulted the physician about any problems or questions that arose. The nurse also served an educational role by informing patients about their disease and the side effects of the medications being used in their therapy. Since the physician was aware of the progress of these patients, his time was freed for other purposes. The nurse clinician's role in the management of hypertension was beneficial not only to the patient, but also to the physician.", "contents": "A nurse clinician's role in the management of hypertension. The nurse has assumed more responsibility for patients with hypertension, not only in their education, but also in their follow-up. In this study the physician was aware of each patient's progress through conference with the nurse clinician. In addition, the nurse clinician consulted the physician about any problems or questions that arose. The nurse also served an educational role by informing patients about their disease and the side effects of the medications being used in their therapy. Since the physician was aware of the progress of these patients, his time was freed for other purposes. The nurse clinician's role in the management of hypertension was beneficial not only to the patient, but also to the physician."}
{"id": "PMID:949193", "title": "Prognosis for recovery of function in acute renal failure. Value of the renal image obtained using iodohippurate sodium I 131.", "content": "Twenty-four survivors of acute, nonobstructive, nonnephritic renal failure had a renal scan using iodohippurate sodium I 131 performed early in the acute illness. Scans were judged according to whether the renal images were prominent, faint, or absent during the first 30 minutes after intravenous injection of 100 to 250 microcuries of iodohippurate sodium I 131. All ten patients with prominent renal images attained life-sustaining renal function with an average postrecovery creatinine clearance of 80 ml/min. Of the seven patients with faint renal images, six recovered life-sustaining renal function (average creatinine clearance of 39 ml/min), and one required chronic hemodialysis. Seven patients had no renal image initially; four recovered life-sustaining renal function with an average creatinine clearance of 25 ml/min; three required chronic hemodialysis. We conclude that, for patients with acute renal failure, the appearance of the renal image obtained using this substance is an important indicator of renal viability and of the likelihood for functional recovery.", "contents": "Prognosis for recovery of function in acute renal failure. Value of the renal image obtained using iodohippurate sodium I 131. Twenty-four survivors of acute, nonobstructive, nonnephritic renal failure had a renal scan using iodohippurate sodium I 131 performed early in the acute illness. Scans were judged according to whether the renal images were prominent, faint, or absent during the first 30 minutes after intravenous injection of 100 to 250 microcuries of iodohippurate sodium I 131. All ten patients with prominent renal images attained life-sustaining renal function with an average postrecovery creatinine clearance of 80 ml/min. Of the seven patients with faint renal images, six recovered life-sustaining renal function (average creatinine clearance of 39 ml/min), and one required chronic hemodialysis. Seven patients had no renal image initially; four recovered life-sustaining renal function with an average creatinine clearance of 25 ml/min; three required chronic hemodialysis. We conclude that, for patients with acute renal failure, the appearance of the renal image obtained using this substance is an important indicator of renal viability and of the likelihood for functional recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:949194", "title": "Gastritis, duodenitis, and bleeding duodenal ulcer following mefenamic acid therapy.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman developed hematemesis and melena two weeks after starting mefenamic acid therapy for osteoarthritis of the spine. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, arteriography, and a laparotomy revealed antral gastritis, duodenitis, and an acute bleeding ulcer in the third portion of the duodenum. Although mefenamic acid has many of the pharmacologic and physicochemical properties of aspirin and produces gastrointestinal ulceration in animals when administered in large doses, the English literature reveals only one case of gastric ulceration and a single instance of upper-gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage associated with its use. This case warns that mefenamic acid may cause serious gastric and duodenal inflammation and ulceration more commonly than is presently suspected.", "contents": "Gastritis, duodenitis, and bleeding duodenal ulcer following mefenamic acid therapy. A 46-year-old woman developed hematemesis and melena two weeks after starting mefenamic acid therapy for osteoarthritis of the spine. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, arteriography, and a laparotomy revealed antral gastritis, duodenitis, and an acute bleeding ulcer in the third portion of the duodenum. Although mefenamic acid has many of the pharmacologic and physicochemical properties of aspirin and produces gastrointestinal ulceration in animals when administered in large doses, the English literature reveals only one case of gastric ulceration and a single instance of upper-gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage associated with its use. This case warns that mefenamic acid may cause serious gastric and duodenal inflammation and ulceration more commonly than is presently suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:949195", "title": "Somogyi effect in patient with hypopituitarism.", "content": "A patient with diabetes mellitus and hypopituitarism developed the Somogyi effect that was characterized by insulin-induced hypoglycemia and rebound insulin-resistant hypoglycemia. This compensatory insulin-resistant hyperglycemia has generally been ascribed to the release of anterior hypophyseal hormones; however, our findings suggest that factors other than anterior hypophyseal hormones are involved.", "contents": "Somogyi effect in patient with hypopituitarism. A patient with diabetes mellitus and hypopituitarism developed the Somogyi effect that was characterized by insulin-induced hypoglycemia and rebound insulin-resistant hypoglycemia. This compensatory insulin-resistant hyperglycemia has generally been ascribed to the release of anterior hypophyseal hormones; however, our findings suggest that factors other than anterior hypophyseal hormones are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:949196", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations in Beh\u00e7et syndrome. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Beh\u00e7et syndrome in association with pulmonary abnormalities is rare. We described a patient with Beh\u00e7et syndrome who had pulmonary involvement. A review of the literature disclosed 12 similar cases. Thrombophlebitis, superior vena cava obstruction, and hemoptysis are characteristic clinical features of patients with Beh\u00e7et syndrome and pulmonary infiltrates. Once diffuse pulmonary infiltration and massive hemoptysis appear, the prognosis is poor; death from pulmonary exsanguination is likely to occur. Treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone, in addition to blood transfusions, may be beneficial.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations in Beh\u00e7et syndrome. Case report and review of the literature. Beh\u00e7et syndrome in association with pulmonary abnormalities is rare. We described a patient with Beh\u00e7et syndrome who had pulmonary involvement. A review of the literature disclosed 12 similar cases. Thrombophlebitis, superior vena cava obstruction, and hemoptysis are characteristic clinical features of patients with Beh\u00e7et syndrome and pulmonary infiltrates. Once diffuse pulmonary infiltration and massive hemoptysis appear, the prognosis is poor; death from pulmonary exsanguination is likely to occur. Treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone, in addition to blood transfusions, may be beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:949197", "title": "[Temporal cochlear changes evoked by prolonged exposure to low intensity noise. Electrophysiological study in guinea pigs].", "content": "Behavioral temporal threshold shifts (TTS) have been shown in the chinchilla, to be correlated with cochlear microphonic (CM) and whole-nerve action potential (AP) losses in the sensitivity as well as in maximum voltage. The Guinea-pig's ear differs significantly both anatomically and physiologically from the chinchilla's; as a result, it does not seem to be as susceptible to TTS at non-injurious noise levels, except at those frequency bands were middle-ear impedance and other factors are more favorable. At times varying from 2 hrs to 48 hrs after termination of noise exposures of 48 hrs duration to an octave-band of noise (7-14 KHz) with a sound-pressure level of 95 dB, the CM from the first three cochlear turns as well as the whole-nerve AP were measured in Guinea pigs. Losses in sensitivity as well as in maximum voltage were  found in the CM recorded from the first turn. CM recovered gradually with time, reaching normal levels at about 40 hrs after termination of noise exposures. The AP +showed similar losses. Microscopic examination of the organ of Corti showed no loss of hair cells.", "contents": "[Temporal cochlear changes evoked by prolonged exposure to low intensity noise. Electrophysiological study in guinea pigs]. Behavioral temporal threshold shifts (TTS) have been shown in the chinchilla, to be correlated with cochlear microphonic (CM) and whole-nerve action potential (AP) losses in the sensitivity as well as in maximum voltage. The Guinea-pig's ear differs significantly both anatomically and physiologically from the chinchilla's; as a result, it does not seem to be as susceptible to TTS at non-injurious noise levels, except at those frequency bands were middle-ear impedance and other factors are more favorable. At times varying from 2 hrs to 48 hrs after termination of noise exposures of 48 hrs duration to an octave-band of noise (7-14 KHz) with a sound-pressure level of 95 dB, the CM from the first three cochlear turns as well as the whole-nerve AP were measured in Guinea pigs. Losses in sensitivity as well as in maximum voltage were  found in the CM recorded from the first turn. CM recovered gradually with time, reaching normal levels at about 40 hrs after termination of noise exposures. The AP +showed similar losses. Microscopic examination of the organ of Corti showed no loss of hair cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949198", "title": "[Determination of fructose, proteins, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminase in the seminal plasma of vasectomized patients].", "content": "Measurement of concentrations of fructose, proteins, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases in seminal plasma were performed in a group of 20 normal males, 30 to 40 years old, subjected to vasectomy. There were no statistically significant differences among the values obtained before and 6 months after the vasectomy. In consecuence it is concluded that bilateral occlusion of the vas deferens do not modify the androgenic function of the testis, and that certain enzymes like glutamic oxalacetic and pyruvic transminases are not incorporated to the semen by the testis but rather by the prostate and/or by the seminal vesicles.", "contents": "[Determination of fructose, proteins, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminase in the seminal plasma of vasectomized patients]. Measurement of concentrations of fructose, proteins, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases in seminal plasma were performed in a group of 20 normal males, 30 to 40 years old, subjected to vasectomy. There were no statistically significant differences among the values obtained before and 6 months after the vasectomy. In consecuence it is concluded that bilateral occlusion of the vas deferens do not modify the androgenic function of the testis, and that certain enzymes like glutamic oxalacetic and pyruvic transminases are not incorporated to the semen by the testis but rather by the prostate and/or by the seminal vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:949199", "title": "[Diffusible blood calcium in children with advanced protein energy malnutrition].", "content": "A previous study had shown that in children with third degree protein-energy malnutrition, ultrafilterable or diffusible serum calcium concentrations remain normal, while the protein-bound fraction is low in those with hypoalbuminemia, accounting for over-all hypocalcemia. In order to retest those findings, a new series consisting of 20 small marasmic infants and 16 children with kwashiorkor was studied, using a membrane ultrafiltration procedure. Fifteen eutrophic children served as controls. At time of their admission into hospital, both groups of patients showed hypocalcemia, more so the cases of kwashiorkor. Diffusible calcium was normal, while the protein-bound moiety was significantly decreased in children with kwashiorkor. Upon recovery, protein-bound as well as total calcium concentrations returned to normal values.", "contents": "[Diffusible blood calcium in children with advanced protein energy malnutrition]. A previous study had shown that in children with third degree protein-energy malnutrition, ultrafilterable or diffusible serum calcium concentrations remain normal, while the protein-bound fraction is low in those with hypoalbuminemia, accounting for over-all hypocalcemia. In order to retest those findings, a new series consisting of 20 small marasmic infants and 16 children with kwashiorkor was studied, using a membrane ultrafiltration procedure. Fifteen eutrophic children served as controls. At time of their admission into hospital, both groups of patients showed hypocalcemia, more so the cases of kwashiorkor. Diffusible calcium was normal, while the protein-bound moiety was significantly decreased in children with kwashiorkor. Upon recovery, protein-bound as well as total calcium concentrations returned to normal values."}
{"id": "PMID:949200", "title": "[Secretion of prolactin in normal anencephalic newborn infants].", "content": "Serum prolactin (PRL) was measured by radioimmunoassay in pregnant women at term and in newborns. In 38 newborns of gestational age 39--40 weeks, concentration of PRL in umbilical venous blood was 280.8 +/- 11.2 ng/ml; in maternal venous blood, concentration of PRL was 347.0 +/- 20.1 ng/ml. In the newborn it was found a significant difference in PRL values between both sexes (p less than 0.05), being higher in males than in females (290.0 +/- 14.6 vs. 260.0 +/- 17.1 ng/ml). In three anencephalic infants, PRL ranged from 92.6 to 369.0 ng/ml; 400 mug of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administered as bolus injection evoked a rise in PRL in two out of the three, while synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) elicited no response of FSH secretion. These observations in the fetus and anencephalic infants confirm that the fetus produces high levels of PRL and that this function is independent of any hypothalamic control. The high levels of gestational estrogens seem to be the direct stimulus on the lactotropes to induce synthesis and secretion of PRL. The role of PRL during gestation has not been elucidated.", "contents": "[Secretion of prolactin in normal anencephalic newborn infants]. Serum prolactin (PRL) was measured by radioimmunoassay in pregnant women at term and in newborns. In 38 newborns of gestational age 39--40 weeks, concentration of PRL in umbilical venous blood was 280.8 +/- 11.2 ng/ml; in maternal venous blood, concentration of PRL was 347.0 +/- 20.1 ng/ml. In the newborn it was found a significant difference in PRL values between both sexes (p less than 0.05), being higher in males than in females (290.0 +/- 14.6 vs. 260.0 +/- 17.1 ng/ml). In three anencephalic infants, PRL ranged from 92.6 to 369.0 ng/ml; 400 mug of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administered as bolus injection evoked a rise in PRL in two out of the three, while synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) elicited no response of FSH secretion. These observations in the fetus and anencephalic infants confirm that the fetus produces high levels of PRL and that this function is independent of any hypothalamic control. The high levels of gestational estrogens seem to be the direct stimulus on the lactotropes to induce synthesis and secretion of PRL. The role of PRL during gestation has not been elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:949201", "title": "[Glomerular filtration rate in newborn infants].", "content": "Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was studied in twelve newborns by means of a single inulin injection. Five of them were of 34 to 35 weeks of gestation (preterm group); the other seven were born between 38 to 41 weeks of pregnancy (term group). Age at time of study varied between three to nine days; weights were normal for gestational age and there was no history of abnormal pregnancy. Inulin was determined according to Schriner's technic and GFR was obtained by Sapirstein's method. GFR was 1.48 +/- 0.70 ml/min in the preterm and 2.40 +/- 0.53 ml/min in the term group less than0.05). However, when body surface was taken into consideration, in the former GFR was 17.28 +/- 8.06 ml/min/1.73 m2 and in the term group 20.64 +/- 4.46 ml/min/1.73 m2; in this way, no significant difference was shown.", "contents": "[Glomerular filtration rate in newborn infants]. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was studied in twelve newborns by means of a single inulin injection. Five of them were of 34 to 35 weeks of gestation (preterm group); the other seven were born between 38 to 41 weeks of pregnancy (term group). Age at time of study varied between three to nine days; weights were normal for gestational age and there was no history of abnormal pregnancy. Inulin was determined according to Schriner's technic and GFR was obtained by Sapirstein's method. GFR was 1.48 +/- 0.70 ml/min in the preterm and 2.40 +/- 0.53 ml/min in the term group less than0.05). However, when body surface was taken into consideration, in the former GFR was 17.28 +/- 8.06 ml/min/1.73 m2 and in the term group 20.64 +/- 4.46 ml/min/1.73 m2; in this way, no significant difference was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:949202", "title": "[Late amaurotic familial idiocy with curvilinear bodies and finger prints. Report of a case studied using electron microscopy].", "content": "A case of late amaurotic family idiocy of \"curvilinear bodies\" and \"finger prints\" is presented. The patient was a .7 year-old non-Jewish boy with convulsions and mental deterioration. A male sibling died at age 12 with a similar picture and a younger brother is starting also with the same symptoms. Biopsy of the brain disclosed a PAS, Sudan black and oil red O positive granular material in the cytoplasm of a large population of cortical neurons. An electron microscopy study disclosed that the stored lipid was composed of masses of so-called \"curvilinear bodies\" and \"finger prints\". The same material was found within the cytoplasm of a ganglion cell as well as in endothelial cells of mucosa of the rectum obtained by biopsy. This new variety of amaurotic family idiocy does not occur in Jewish people and the stored lipid is not a ganglioside. It is emphasized that rectal biopsies, as well as the electronmicroscope are useful tools for a more precise diagnosis of the form of storage disease.", "contents": "[Late amaurotic familial idiocy with curvilinear bodies and finger prints. Report of a case studied using electron microscopy]. A case of late amaurotic family idiocy of \"curvilinear bodies\" and \"finger prints\" is presented. The patient was a .7 year-old non-Jewish boy with convulsions and mental deterioration. A male sibling died at age 12 with a similar picture and a younger brother is starting also with the same symptoms. Biopsy of the brain disclosed a PAS, Sudan black and oil red O positive granular material in the cytoplasm of a large population of cortical neurons. An electron microscopy study disclosed that the stored lipid was composed of masses of so-called \"curvilinear bodies\" and \"finger prints\". The same material was found within the cytoplasm of a ganglion cell as well as in endothelial cells of mucosa of the rectum obtained by biopsy. This new variety of amaurotic family idiocy does not occur in Jewish people and the stored lipid is not a ganglioside. It is emphasized that rectal biopsies, as well as the electronmicroscope are useful tools for a more precise diagnosis of the form of storage disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949203", "title": "Studies in Central America and Panama.", "content": "Nutrition during pregnancy is recognized as of great importance in public health, not only for the woman herself, but also for the impact that it may have on the present and future of the born child. The pregnant state represents additional nutritional needs which have been estimated by expert groups, in a nutrient-independent manner. The percent increase in nutrient specific recommendations due to pregnancy varies with each nutrient. This would mean that the recommended dietary \"pattern\" for the pregnant women differs markedly from that of the non-pregnant woman, but this matter needs further study and careful consideration. In areas like Central America and Panama, where malnutrition is prevalent, pregnant women suffer from the same nutritional deficits as the general population. The main nutritional deficits are calories, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, iron and folates. In some instances like in the case of iron and calories, the deficit seems greater in the pregnant women than in the population at large. The studies give evidence that the new born children of malnourished mothers reflect in some aspects the biochemical changes found in the pregnant women.", "contents": "Studies in Central America and Panama. Nutrition during pregnancy is recognized as of great importance in public health, not only for the woman herself, but also for the impact that it may have on the present and future of the born child. The pregnant state represents additional nutritional needs which have been estimated by expert groups, in a nutrient-independent manner. The percent increase in nutrient specific recommendations due to pregnancy varies with each nutrient. This would mean that the recommended dietary \"pattern\" for the pregnant women differs markedly from that of the non-pregnant woman, but this matter needs further study and careful consideration. In areas like Central America and Panama, where malnutrition is prevalent, pregnant women suffer from the same nutritional deficits as the general population. The main nutritional deficits are calories, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, iron and folates. In some instances like in the case of iron and calories, the deficit seems greater in the pregnant women than in the population at large. The studies give evidence that the new born children of malnourished mothers reflect in some aspects the biochemical changes found in the pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:949204", "title": "Systems analysis in nutrition and health planning: approximate model relating birth weight and age to risk of deficient growth.", "content": "This paper summarizes the initial phase of an effort to develop semiquantitative methods for nutrition and health planning. The general approach is to utilize the methods of systems analysis and operations research where appropriate, but the emphasis is on developing a simplified, approximate analysis that government planning groups could conveniently apply in evaluating various potential programs for attaining specific nutrition and health objectives, while satisfying certain constraints (e.g., budget, facilities, personnel). An essential element of the analysis is a model that provides an approximate description of malnutrition (inadequate growth, as indicated by weight for age) and mortality in terms of those variables that can be affected by intervention programs. We have concentrated initially on using the results of two INCAP longitudinal studies to develop models relating the incidence of malnutrition (second and third degree on the Gomez scale) to age and previous growth, including birth weight. The two studies cover rural Guatemalan communities with considerable variability in ethnic, socioeconomic, and ecological conditions. Because they are tentative, the resulting models are discussed only qualitatively and not quantitatively. The models may serve as baselines to estimate the consequences of potential programs aimed at different target groups, such as pregnant women and children whose weights at birth or thereafter fall below prescribed levels. The possible benefits of using models of this nature in nutrition and health planning are discussed.", "contents": "Systems analysis in nutrition and health planning: approximate model relating birth weight and age to risk of deficient growth. This paper summarizes the initial phase of an effort to develop semiquantitative methods for nutrition and health planning. The general approach is to utilize the methods of systems analysis and operations research where appropriate, but the emphasis is on developing a simplified, approximate analysis that government planning groups could conveniently apply in evaluating various potential programs for attaining specific nutrition and health objectives, while satisfying certain constraints (e.g., budget, facilities, personnel). An essential element of the analysis is a model that provides an approximate description of malnutrition (inadequate growth, as indicated by weight for age) and mortality in terms of those variables that can be affected by intervention programs. We have concentrated initially on using the results of two INCAP longitudinal studies to develop models relating the incidence of malnutrition (second and third degree on the Gomez scale) to age and previous growth, including birth weight. The two studies cover rural Guatemalan communities with considerable variability in ethnic, socioeconomic, and ecological conditions. Because they are tentative, the resulting models are discussed only qualitatively and not quantitatively. The models may serve as baselines to estimate the consequences of potential programs aimed at different target groups, such as pregnant women and children whose weights at birth or thereafter fall below prescribed levels. The possible benefits of using models of this nature in nutrition and health planning are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949205", "title": "[Coffee hulls and pulp. XII. Effect of storage of coffee pulp on its nutritive value for calves].", "content": "Coffee pulp, dehydrated and stored for 7, 13 and 17 months or ensiled for 4, 10 and 14 months, was studied in calves with a rapid growing rate. Storage of dehydrated coffee pulp did not affect its chemical composition, but ensiling reduced crude fiber and increased its nitrogen free extract content after 10 and 14 months. Three growth trials were carried out with Holstein calves averaging 95 kg in the first and second trials, and 130 kg in the third. Eighteen calves were used in the first trial and 24 in each of the other two. In each trial the animals were divided into three equal groups and randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: control, which contained 48% cottonseed hulls, and the other two, with 30% dehydrated coffee pulp or 30% ensiled coffee pulp. Basically, the difference between trials consisted in the time of storage or ensiling of coffee pulp. In all trials, weight gains of calves fed coffee pulp (1.00, 0.90 and 0.98 kg/day, and 1.06, 0.94 and 1.08 kg/day, respectively) were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than the weight gains induced by the control ration (1.21, 1.08 and 1.19 kg/day). Feed intake was also lower, but feed conversion ratio was higher for those rations containing coffee pulp. Calf performance was better with ensiled than with deydrated coffee pulp, particularly in the third trial, where the differences in weight gains were significantly higher (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that storage time does not change nutritive value of coffee pulp; and the ensiling is an adequate process for storing pulp during coffee harvesting, and, possibly also, for improving its nutritive value.", "contents": "[Coffee hulls and pulp. XII. Effect of storage of coffee pulp on its nutritive value for calves]. Coffee pulp, dehydrated and stored for 7, 13 and 17 months or ensiled for 4, 10 and 14 months, was studied in calves with a rapid growing rate. Storage of dehydrated coffee pulp did not affect its chemical composition, but ensiling reduced crude fiber and increased its nitrogen free extract content after 10 and 14 months. Three growth trials were carried out with Holstein calves averaging 95 kg in the first and second trials, and 130 kg in the third. Eighteen calves were used in the first trial and 24 in each of the other two. In each trial the animals were divided into three equal groups and randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: control, which contained 48% cottonseed hulls, and the other two, with 30% dehydrated coffee pulp or 30% ensiled coffee pulp. Basically, the difference between trials consisted in the time of storage or ensiling of coffee pulp. In all trials, weight gains of calves fed coffee pulp (1.00, 0.90 and 0.98 kg/day, and 1.06, 0.94 and 1.08 kg/day, respectively) were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than the weight gains induced by the control ration (1.21, 1.08 and 1.19 kg/day). Feed intake was also lower, but feed conversion ratio was higher for those rations containing coffee pulp. Calf performance was better with ensiled than with deydrated coffee pulp, particularly in the third trial, where the differences in weight gains were significantly higher (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that storage time does not change nutritive value of coffee pulp; and the ensiling is an adequate process for storing pulp during coffee harvesting, and, possibly also, for improving its nutritive value."}
{"id": "PMID:949223", "title": "Sexual excitement.", "content": "Sexual excitement depends on a scenario the person to be aroused has been writing since childhood. The story is an adventure, an autobiography disguised as fiction, in which the hero/heroine hides crucial intrapsychic conflicts, mysteries, screen memories of actual traumatic events and the resolution of these elements into a happy ending, best celebrated by orgasm. The function of the fantasy is to take these painful experiences and convert them to pleasure-triumph. In order to sharpen excitement-the vibration between the fear of original traumas repeating and the hope of a pleasurable conclusion this time-one introduces into the story elements of risk (approximations of the trauma) meant to prevent boredom and safety factors (sub-limnal signals to the storyteller that the risk are not truly dangerous). Sexual fantasy can be studied by means of a person's daydreams (including those chosen in magazines, books, plays, television, movies, and outright pornography), masturbatory behavior, object choice, foreplay, techniques of intercourse, or postcoital behavior.", "contents": "Sexual excitement. Sexual excitement depends on a scenario the person to be aroused has been writing since childhood. The story is an adventure, an autobiography disguised as fiction, in which the hero/heroine hides crucial intrapsychic conflicts, mysteries, screen memories of actual traumatic events and the resolution of these elements into a happy ending, best celebrated by orgasm. The function of the fantasy is to take these painful experiences and convert them to pleasure-triumph. In order to sharpen excitement-the vibration between the fear of original traumas repeating and the hope of a pleasurable conclusion this time-one introduces into the story elements of risk (approximations of the trauma) meant to prevent boredom and safety factors (sub-limnal signals to the storyteller that the risk are not truly dangerous). Sexual fantasy can be studied by means of a person's daydreams (including those chosen in magazines, books, plays, television, movies, and outright pornography), masturbatory behavior, object choice, foreplay, techniques of intercourse, or postcoital behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:949224", "title": "The social climate of alcoholism treatment programs.", "content": "The social climate of four residential alcoholism treatment programs was assessed with the Community-Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES). The programs differed in terms of their treatment orientations (aversion-conditioning, milieu therapy) and the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients admitted. Results showed that (1) COPES profiles distinguished between the four alcoholism programs in ways that were consistent with their respective treatment orientations; (2) the type of patient admitted to these programs did not systematically affect their treatment environment; and (3) changes occurring within an alcoholism program resulted in corresponding changes in relevant dimensions of the treatment environment. We also discuss the practical utility of the COPES for assessing alcoholism programs.", "contents": "The social climate of alcoholism treatment programs. The social climate of four residential alcoholism treatment programs was assessed with the Community-Oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES). The programs differed in terms of their treatment orientations (aversion-conditioning, milieu therapy) and the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients admitted. Results showed that (1) COPES profiles distinguished between the four alcoholism programs in ways that were consistent with their respective treatment orientations; (2) the type of patient admitted to these programs did not systematically affect their treatment environment; and (3) changes occurring within an alcoholism program resulted in corresponding changes in relevant dimensions of the treatment environment. We also discuss the practical utility of the COPES for assessing alcoholism programs."}
{"id": "PMID:949219", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease in children. Stage IV. Treatment and results].", "content": "Without prior treatment, 13 children with stage IV Hodgkin's disease have received a multiple drug therapy (MOPP). Of these patients, 7 have experienced a complete remission; 3 a partial remission, completed in two cases by radiotherapy on the site of the residual disease, and the third by another combination chemotherapy. Out of the 10 children living as of July 1st 1975, 8 are still on first remission. Tolerance for the treatment has been good. The evolution of the disease and problems of treatment are also discussed.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease in children. Stage IV. Treatment and results]. Without prior treatment, 13 children with stage IV Hodgkin's disease have received a multiple drug therapy (MOPP). Of these patients, 7 have experienced a complete remission; 3 a partial remission, completed in two cases by radiotherapy on the site of the residual disease, and the third by another combination chemotherapy. Out of the 10 children living as of July 1st 1975, 8 are still on first remission. Tolerance for the treatment has been good. The evolution of the disease and problems of treatment are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949225", "title": "Nonabstinent drinking goals in the treatment of alcoholism. A clinical typology.", "content": "Traditional views in the field of alcoholism have been that alcoholics must achieve and maintain abstinence from alcohol in order to be rehabilitated. In turn, abstinence has been used as the sole or primary criterion of successful treatment. However, abstinence is not necessarily correlated with improvement in other areas of overall adjustment, such as emotional, interpersonal, vocational, and physical health. The recent advent of nonabstinent alcoholism treatment programs, in addition to other clinical data, suggests the need for more specific definitions of nonabstinence, attenuated drinking, controlled drinking, and normal thinking.", "contents": "Nonabstinent drinking goals in the treatment of alcoholism. A clinical typology. Traditional views in the field of alcoholism have been that alcoholics must achieve and maintain abstinence from alcohol in order to be rehabilitated. In turn, abstinence has been used as the sole or primary criterion of successful treatment. However, abstinence is not necessarily correlated with improvement in other areas of overall adjustment, such as emotional, interpersonal, vocational, and physical health. The recent advent of nonabstinent alcoholism treatment programs, in addition to other clinical data, suggests the need for more specific definitions of nonabstinence, attenuated drinking, controlled drinking, and normal thinking."}
{"id": "PMID:949220", "title": "[Treatment of non hodgkinian malignant lymphomas in children].", "content": "Non Hodgkin Lymphomas are in children nostly diffuse and non or poorly differentiated. The exact frontiers with ALL are difficult to assess. With old classical treatments, the chances of cure were limited to localized tumors (stage I). The present indications of combined intensive chemotherapies, of neuromeningeal prophylaxis, and radiotherpy are analyzed. Preliminary results in 51 children treated first in 1973-1974 are presented. The rate of complete remission is 82%. Actuarial survival rate is 57% at 30 months. The aim and the limitations of treatment protocol are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of non hodgkinian malignant lymphomas in children]. Non Hodgkin Lymphomas are in children nostly diffuse and non or poorly differentiated. The exact frontiers with ALL are difficult to assess. With old classical treatments, the chances of cure were limited to localized tumors (stage I). The present indications of combined intensive chemotherapies, of neuromeningeal prophylaxis, and radiotherpy are analyzed. Preliminary results in 51 children treated first in 1973-1974 are presented. The rate of complete remission is 82%. Actuarial survival rate is 57% at 30 months. The aim and the limitations of treatment protocol are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949226", "title": "Prediction of chronicity in psychiatric patients.", "content": "In order to determine the best combination of variables for predicting which patients would be released from state mental hospitals and which would be retained, the 1,500 patients examined in the course of a cross-sectional survey of the residental population of Texas state mental hospitals in 1966 were followed up in 1971. Eighteen variables were selected for discriminant analysis, comparing the patients nerver released from the hospital with those known to be current extrainstitutional residents. The stepwise program selected four variables: (1) length of prior stay; (2) relatives' attitudes toward release; (3) social adequacy; and (4) conceptual disorganization. Applying this model to the study groups, 79% were correctly classified with regard to their in hospitals/not in hospital status, suggesting that early identification of chronicity in future studies is feasible.", "contents": "Prediction of chronicity in psychiatric patients. In order to determine the best combination of variables for predicting which patients would be released from state mental hospitals and which would be retained, the 1,500 patients examined in the course of a cross-sectional survey of the residental population of Texas state mental hospitals in 1966 were followed up in 1971. Eighteen variables were selected for discriminant analysis, comparing the patients nerver released from the hospital with those known to be current extrainstitutional residents. The stepwise program selected four variables: (1) length of prior stay; (2) relatives' attitudes toward release; (3) social adequacy; and (4) conceptual disorganization. Applying this model to the study groups, 79% were correctly classified with regard to their in hospitals/not in hospital status, suggesting that early identification of chronicity in future studies is feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:949227", "title": "Personal and social factors associated with the remission of psychiatric symptoms.", "content": "Most studies of \"spontaneous remission\" involve samples of untreated psychiatric patients. This selection process limits the generalizability of findings to the population of persons with neurotic disturbances. This report concerns a community sample of people with neurotic disorders. Fifty subjects were followed up for five years, using both clinical and quantitative techniques. Almost half lost their symptoms during this time. Various sociodemographic factors, personality assets, and liabilities contribute to the process through which such remissions occur.", "contents": "Personal and social factors associated with the remission of psychiatric symptoms. Most studies of \"spontaneous remission\" involve samples of untreated psychiatric patients. This selection process limits the generalizability of findings to the population of persons with neurotic disturbances. This report concerns a community sample of people with neurotic disorders. Fifty subjects were followed up for five years, using both clinical and quantitative techniques. Almost half lost their symptoms during this time. Various sociodemographic factors, personality assets, and liabilities contribute to the process through which such remissions occur."}
{"id": "PMID:949221", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy of neuroblastoma. 1st results in 40 children with metastatic form].", "content": "40 PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC NEUROBLASTOMA HAVE BEEN Treated by a sequential multichemotherapy made of vincristine, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Results of pre-treated complementary investigations are reported and discussed. Criterias are proposed to distinguish four evolutive types and their appreciation is done after three months. The chemotherapy used has no pronounced haematological toxicity, but one varicella and two interstitial pneumonias ended with death. Nearly 2/3 of these streated tumors are drug-responders : 15 complete apparent remissions which are lasting in 11 patients since four to eighteen months; and 13 good partial remissions. One third of the patients are drug-non responders. Actuarial survival of the whole group is 67% at 12 months.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy of neuroblastoma. 1st results in 40 children with metastatic form]. 40 PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC NEUROBLASTOMA HAVE BEEN Treated by a sequential multichemotherapy made of vincristine, adriamycin and cyclophosphamide. Results of pre-treated complementary investigations are reported and discussed. Criterias are proposed to distinguish four evolutive types and their appreciation is done after three months. The chemotherapy used has no pronounced haematological toxicity, but one varicella and two interstitial pneumonias ended with death. Nearly 2/3 of these streated tumors are drug-responders : 15 complete apparent remissions which are lasting in 11 patients since four to eighteen months; and 13 good partial remissions. One third of the patients are drug-non responders. Actuarial survival of the whole group is 67% at 12 months."}
{"id": "PMID:949228", "title": "Prognosis in schizophrenia. A ten-year follow-up of first admissions.", "content": "Eighty-eight of 92 first admission schizophrenics from 1963, being an incidence by first admission cohort, were followed up between 1974 and 1975. Fifty-eight percent were reported as showing no social or intellectural deficit, and only 8% were unremitting institutionalized, with 51% being considered as having normal economic productivity, and 69% with a good or fair social adjustment. Despite difficulties in comparison, birth, marriage, and divorce rates appear to be not very different from those for the general population, although the percentage of married patients is lower. Deaths would seem greater than expected. Possible reasons for the improved prognosis in schizophrenia are considered to be short initial hospitalization, almost universal use of phenothiazines, use of developing community services (social and psychiatric), and generally good econimic conditions.", "contents": "Prognosis in schizophrenia. A ten-year follow-up of first admissions. Eighty-eight of 92 first admission schizophrenics from 1963, being an incidence by first admission cohort, were followed up between 1974 and 1975. Fifty-eight percent were reported as showing no social or intellectural deficit, and only 8% were unremitting institutionalized, with 51% being considered as having normal economic productivity, and 69% with a good or fair social adjustment. Despite difficulties in comparison, birth, marriage, and divorce rates appear to be not very different from those for the general population, although the percentage of married patients is lower. Deaths would seem greater than expected. Possible reasons for the improved prognosis in schizophrenia are considered to be short initial hospitalization, almost universal use of phenothiazines, use of developing community services (social and psychiatric), and generally good econimic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:949222", "title": "[Evolution of methods of chemotherapy in solid tumors in the children].", "content": "First, chemotherapy was used to reduce metastatic tumours. Then, instead of a limited number of antimitotic agents, it permited to increase both the number of complete remissions and the survival ratio, mostly in embryonal tumours and lymphomas. The essential purpose of chemotherapy is to kill occult metastases. Combination chemotherapy using many agents with differing modes of action took place of monochemotherapy. In sophisticated schedules, drugs are given intermittently, to synchronizing treatment with the tumour doubling time and the recovery of normal rapidly dividing tissues. Unhappily, its use remains empiric, according to uncertainty about tumoral cell kinetic and modes of drugs action. Immediate toxicity of aggressive schedules prescribe to realize them in specialized pediatric centres. At last, in the future, it will not be enough to cure infantile cancer, but to allow children to live with less sequelae than to day.", "contents": "[Evolution of methods of chemotherapy in solid tumors in the children]. First, chemotherapy was used to reduce metastatic tumours. Then, instead of a limited number of antimitotic agents, it permited to increase both the number of complete remissions and the survival ratio, mostly in embryonal tumours and lymphomas. The essential purpose of chemotherapy is to kill occult metastases. Combination chemotherapy using many agents with differing modes of action took place of monochemotherapy. In sophisticated schedules, drugs are given intermittently, to synchronizing treatment with the tumour doubling time and the recovery of normal rapidly dividing tissues. Unhappily, its use remains empiric, according to uncertainty about tumoral cell kinetic and modes of drugs action. Immediate toxicity of aggressive schedules prescribe to realize them in specialized pediatric centres. At last, in the future, it will not be enough to cure infantile cancer, but to allow children to live with less sequelae than to day."}
{"id": "PMID:949229", "title": "Therapeutic outcome as rated by patients, therapists, and judges.", "content": "The views of patients, therapists, and research judges were compared as to the degree of success attained in 22 cases of long-term psychotherapy and 15 cases of psychoanalysis. Across all cases, there was a tendency for therapists to overrate their success, as compared to the other two sources; this, together with a tendency of therapists to overlook or misperceive patients' dissatisfaction with treatment outcome, suggested that the failure to recognize and deal with the patient's negative feelings was a factor in a substantial number of unsuccessful treatments. The research judges rated the psychoanalytic cases as successful with much less frequency than either patients or treating analysts; the disparity seemed partly due to differing frames of reference, but may also have relected the participants' needs to feel that their efforts had been worthwhile.", "contents": "Therapeutic outcome as rated by patients, therapists, and judges. The views of patients, therapists, and research judges were compared as to the degree of success attained in 22 cases of long-term psychotherapy and 15 cases of psychoanalysis. Across all cases, there was a tendency for therapists to overrate their success, as compared to the other two sources; this, together with a tendency of therapists to overlook or misperceive patients' dissatisfaction with treatment outcome, suggested that the failure to recognize and deal with the patient's negative feelings was a factor in a substantial number of unsuccessful treatments. The research judges rated the psychoanalytic cases as successful with much less frequency than either patients or treating analysts; the disparity seemed partly due to differing frames of reference, but may also have relected the participants' needs to feel that their efforts had been worthwhile."}
{"id": "PMID:949230", "title": "The Capgras phenomenon.", "content": "The underlying diagnosis of Capgras delusion is not found to be exclusively paranoid schizophrenia, nor is the sex exclusively female, as once was believed. Organic factors play a predominant role in many patients, and 41% of the cases are males. The age at diagnosis in those considered to be schizophrenic is older than is usually expected.", "contents": "The Capgras phenomenon. The underlying diagnosis of Capgras delusion is not found to be exclusively paranoid schizophrenia, nor is the sex exclusively female, as once was believed. Organic factors play a predominant role in many patients, and 41% of the cases are males. The age at diagnosis in those considered to be schizophrenic is older than is usually expected."}
{"id": "PMID:949231", "title": "A neuropsychological study of polydrug users.", "content": "The long-term neuropsychological effects of persistent nonmedical drug use are still unknown. In this study, 22 young men, all extensive \"polydrug\" users, were examined while free from drugs for an average of 60 days by means of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Their performance was compared to that of age-education-sex-matched neurologically intact medical patients and a similarly matched group of neurologically impaired patients. Blind independent ratings of test protocols by two experienced clinicians judged 41% to 64% of the drug users, 11% to 26% of the medical patients, and 84% to 89% of the neurologic patients to be impaired. Interpretation of these results suggests that in some individuals, heavy \"polydrug\" use may be associated with neuropsychological dysfunction, which persists at least an average of two months beyond cessation of drug use.", "contents": "A neuropsychological study of polydrug users. The long-term neuropsychological effects of persistent nonmedical drug use are still unknown. In this study, 22 young men, all extensive \"polydrug\" users, were examined while free from drugs for an average of 60 days by means of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Their performance was compared to that of age-education-sex-matched neurologically intact medical patients and a similarly matched group of neurologically impaired patients. Blind independent ratings of test protocols by two experienced clinicians judged 41% to 64% of the drug users, 11% to 26% of the medical patients, and 84% to 89% of the neurologic patients to be impaired. Interpretation of these results suggests that in some individuals, heavy \"polydrug\" use may be associated with neuropsychological dysfunction, which persists at least an average of two months beyond cessation of drug use."}
{"id": "PMID:949232", "title": "Cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine administration in humans.", "content": "Nine volunteer subjects were tested with intravenously administered cocaine hydrochloride in doses ranging from 4 to 32 mg, as well as 10 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Measures of cardiovascular and subjective effects were made. Generally parallel dose-effect functions were obtained for heart rate, blood pressure, Addiction Research Center Inventory scores, Profile of Mood Scales, and subject ratings. A substantial effect on each of these variables was recorded after 8 mg of cocaine. The increase continued and peaked at approximately 16 mg after which it usually leveled off. Ten milligrams of dextroamphetamine generally had an effect comparable to 8 to 16 mg of cocaine.", "contents": "Cardiovascular and subjective effects of intravenous cocaine administration in humans. Nine volunteer subjects were tested with intravenously administered cocaine hydrochloride in doses ranging from 4 to 32 mg, as well as 10 mg of dextroamphetamine sulfate. Measures of cardiovascular and subjective effects were made. Generally parallel dose-effect functions were obtained for heart rate, blood pressure, Addiction Research Center Inventory scores, Profile of Mood Scales, and subject ratings. A substantial effect on each of these variables was recorded after 8 mg of cocaine. The increase continued and peaked at approximately 16 mg after which it usually leveled off. Ten milligrams of dextroamphetamine generally had an effect comparable to 8 to 16 mg of cocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:949234", "title": "Traumatic common peroneal nerve palsy: a retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 26 consecutive cases of traumatic common peroneal nerve palsy seen during a four-year period in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York Medical College was carried out. Fifteen were complete lesions, nine were incomplete lesions, and there were two cases of neurapraxia. Among the factors studied were etiology, age, sex, associated injuries, electrodiagnostic findings, and prognosis for recovery. The ultimate functional status of the patients was evaluated up to three years following injury. Of the patients, 19.2% recovered fully, and 26.9% showed partial recovery. The maximum time of recovery was achieved in 15.5 months in complete lesions and 9.5 months in incomplete lesions. The relationship of peronneal nerve injury to fractures of the femur is emphasized. The indications for medical, surgical and rehabilitative management are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic common peroneal nerve palsy: a retrospective study. A retrospective analysis of 26 consecutive cases of traumatic common peroneal nerve palsy seen during a four-year period in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York Medical College was carried out. Fifteen were complete lesions, nine were incomplete lesions, and there were two cases of neurapraxia. Among the factors studied were etiology, age, sex, associated injuries, electrodiagnostic findings, and prognosis for recovery. The ultimate functional status of the patients was evaluated up to three years following injury. Of the patients, 19.2% recovered fully, and 26.9% showed partial recovery. The maximum time of recovery was achieved in 15.5 months in complete lesions and 9.5 months in incomplete lesions. The relationship of peronneal nerve injury to fractures of the femur is emphasized. The indications for medical, surgical and rehabilitative management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949236", "title": "Mobile velocity-controlled respirometer: description and performance capabilities.", "content": "An apparatus modeled after the Scram respirometer designed by Corcoran is described in terms of design, specifications and performance capabilities. The results with the use of this apparatus in a study of 14 able-bodied adults of five controlled walking speeds are compared to those of a similar study previously reported by Corcoran and Brengelmann. Oxygen consumption (ml O2/kg body wt/min) increases proportionately to the square of the velocity of walking. Results of the two investigations are parallel, although the present report demonstrates a greater male-female difference at all speeds. Uses and limitations of the apparatus are considered.", "contents": "Mobile velocity-controlled respirometer: description and performance capabilities. An apparatus modeled after the Scram respirometer designed by Corcoran is described in terms of design, specifications and performance capabilities. The results with the use of this apparatus in a study of 14 able-bodied adults of five controlled walking speeds are compared to those of a similar study previously reported by Corcoran and Brengelmann. Oxygen consumption (ml O2/kg body wt/min) increases proportionately to the square of the velocity of walking. Results of the two investigations are parallel, although the present report demonstrates a greater male-female difference at all speeds. Uses and limitations of the apparatus are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:949237", "title": "Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome.", "content": "Much confusion and disagreement exists regarding the classification and characteristics of inherited disorders manifesting neurogenic muscular atrophy. Many authors consider Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome (CMTS) and Roussy Levy syndrome (RLS) forme fruste or variants of Friedreich's ataxia (FA). Familial kyphoscoliosis has often been described in FA and RLS but not with CMTS. The purpose of this paper is to present detailed clinical and laboratory findings in a family with three cases of Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis and CMTS in three generations. In all cases Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis was associated with pes cavus, markedly diminished vibratory and position sensation in the lower extremities, absent deep tendon reflexes and muscular atrophy, predominantly of the distal muscles. Fine rhythmic tremor of outstretched hands and positive Romberg sign were present in one case only. Serum creating phosphokinase was elevated in two cases. Motor nerve conduction studies revealed impaired function in the median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves. Sensory nerve conduction wal also impaired in median and ulnar nerves. There was evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in one case only. The nosology and relationship between CMTS, RLS and FA are discussed.", "contents": "Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. Much confusion and disagreement exists regarding the classification and characteristics of inherited disorders manifesting neurogenic muscular atrophy. Many authors consider Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome (CMTS) and Roussy Levy syndrome (RLS) forme fruste or variants of Friedreich's ataxia (FA). Familial kyphoscoliosis has often been described in FA and RLS but not with CMTS. The purpose of this paper is to present detailed clinical and laboratory findings in a family with three cases of Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis and CMTS in three generations. In all cases Scheuermann's kyphoscoliosis was associated with pes cavus, markedly diminished vibratory and position sensation in the lower extremities, absent deep tendon reflexes and muscular atrophy, predominantly of the distal muscles. Fine rhythmic tremor of outstretched hands and positive Romberg sign were present in one case only. Serum creating phosphokinase was elevated in two cases. Motor nerve conduction studies revealed impaired function in the median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves. Sensory nerve conduction wal also impaired in median and ulnar nerves. There was evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in one case only. The nosology and relationship between CMTS, RLS and FA are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949241", "title": "Tibial compartment syndromes in burn patients. A report of four cases.", "content": "Anterior and posterior motor compartment syndrome have been observed in four burn patients. Recognition was difficult because of multiple concurrent problems, including burns and thrombophlebitis of the involved extremities. Early fasciotomy was performed in one case, with good return of function. Muscle necrosis occurred in two patients in whom diagnosis was delayed. Electromyography is of benefit in confirming the diagnosis and providing follow-up management. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of this syndrome in patients with overlying burns.", "contents": "Tibial compartment syndromes in burn patients. A report of four cases. Anterior and posterior motor compartment syndrome have been observed in four burn patients. Recognition was difficult because of multiple concurrent problems, including burns and thrombophlebitis of the involved extremities. Early fasciotomy was performed in one case, with good return of function. Muscle necrosis occurred in two patients in whom diagnosis was delayed. Electromyography is of benefit in confirming the diagnosis and providing follow-up management. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of this syndrome in patients with overlying burns."}
{"id": "PMID:949242", "title": "Acute blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in children.", "content": "Two patients had acute rupture of the diaphragm from blunt trauma. One was a 10 1/2-month-old infant, the youngest yet reported with this condition to our knowledge. He required emergency repair because of increasing encroachment on respiratory function by the hernial contents during the early hours of observation. The second patient, a ten-year-old boy with an associated fractured femur, underwent successful repair of a diaphragmatic laceration that included the pericardium. In this case the approach via the abdomen, used to rule out associated intraperitoneal injuries, actually facilitated the repair, particularly that of the diaphragmatic pericardium.", "contents": "Acute blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm in children. Two patients had acute rupture of the diaphragm from blunt trauma. One was a 10 1/2-month-old infant, the youngest yet reported with this condition to our knowledge. He required emergency repair because of increasing encroachment on respiratory function by the hernial contents during the early hours of observation. The second patient, a ten-year-old boy with an associated fractured femur, underwent successful repair of a diaphragmatic laceration that included the pericardium. In this case the approach via the abdomen, used to rule out associated intraperitoneal injuries, actually facilitated the repair, particularly that of the diaphragmatic pericardium."}
{"id": "PMID:949243", "title": "Pancreatitis and severe metabolic abnormalities due to phenformin therapy.", "content": "Two elderly diabetic patients with abdominal pain were demonstrated to have complications of phenformin hydrochloride therapy. The first developed severe lactic acidosis treated with sodium bicarbonate given intravenously and followed by rebound alkalosis. The second showed severe acidosis (specimens for lactate determination were unfortunately unsatisfactory for analysis) and similar alkalotic rebound after therapy. She then developed severe pancreatitis, proved at operation, no cause for which other than phenformin was apparent. Poor renal and hepatic function predispose to these conditions by increasing serum phenformin levels and by decreasing urinary excretion of its metabolites. The acidosis should be treated judiciously with sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously. A rebound alkalosis, ensuring as the accumulated lactate is metabolized, is best treated by potassium chloride and ammonium chloride given intravenously. The mechanism by which phenformin causes pancreatitis is unknown, but termination of therapy causes cessation of the pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and severe metabolic abnormalities due to phenformin therapy. Two elderly diabetic patients with abdominal pain were demonstrated to have complications of phenformin hydrochloride therapy. The first developed severe lactic acidosis treated with sodium bicarbonate given intravenously and followed by rebound alkalosis. The second showed severe acidosis (specimens for lactate determination were unfortunately unsatisfactory for analysis) and similar alkalotic rebound after therapy. She then developed severe pancreatitis, proved at operation, no cause for which other than phenformin was apparent. Poor renal and hepatic function predispose to these conditions by increasing serum phenformin levels and by decreasing urinary excretion of its metabolites. The acidosis should be treated judiciously with sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously. A rebound alkalosis, ensuring as the accumulated lactate is metabolized, is best treated by potassium chloride and ammonium chloride given intravenously. The mechanism by which phenformin causes pancreatitis is unknown, but termination of therapy causes cessation of the pancreatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:949244", "title": "Transient bile duct obstruction. Response of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the rat.", "content": "The immediate evolution of changes in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels during and after brief temporary occlusion (12 hours or less) of the main bile duct was studied in the rat. Transient obstruction of the main bile duct of more than one hour was characterized by a simultaneous increase in serum levels of both bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. The time required for return to normal values was less for bilirubin than the duration of a brief obstruction and was more prolonged for alkaline phosphatase than the duration of obstruction. In obstruction of four or more hours, it was rare to find an isolated elevation of serum bilirubin; this occurred when the control value for alkaline phosphatase levels was low and their relative increase was obscured. Thus, an isolated increase in the serum bilirubin level is infrequently compatible with obstruction of the bile duct, even when transient and of brief duration. Conversely, isolated elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase levels in an acute abdominal syndrome may indicate relieved biliary obstruction.", "contents": "Transient bile duct obstruction. Response of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the rat. The immediate evolution of changes in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels during and after brief temporary occlusion (12 hours or less) of the main bile duct was studied in the rat. Transient obstruction of the main bile duct of more than one hour was characterized by a simultaneous increase in serum levels of both bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. The time required for return to normal values was less for bilirubin than the duration of a brief obstruction and was more prolonged for alkaline phosphatase than the duration of obstruction. In obstruction of four or more hours, it was rare to find an isolated elevation of serum bilirubin; this occurred when the control value for alkaline phosphatase levels was low and their relative increase was obscured. Thus, an isolated increase in the serum bilirubin level is infrequently compatible with obstruction of the bile duct, even when transient and of brief duration. Conversely, isolated elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase levels in an acute abdominal syndrome may indicate relieved biliary obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:949245", "title": "Thrombosis in a cavernous left-sided inferior vena cava. An unusual abdominal mass.", "content": "A 19-year-old man had an abdominal mass and swelling of the left thigh. The presumptive diagnosis was lymphoma. On exploration the mass proved to be a thrombosed multiloculated \"cavernous transformation\" of a venous structure, presumably the inferior vena cava, which on postoperative cavogram was shown to be otherwise absent. The venous system of the left lower extremity showed phlebographic evidence of old thrombosis, but that of the right lower extremity was normal. The patient did well without further treatment, despite some residual swelling of the left thigh. To our knowledge, this precise combination of inferior vena cava anomalies has not been encountered before; certainly not presenting as a mass.", "contents": "Thrombosis in a cavernous left-sided inferior vena cava. An unusual abdominal mass. A 19-year-old man had an abdominal mass and swelling of the left thigh. The presumptive diagnosis was lymphoma. On exploration the mass proved to be a thrombosed multiloculated \"cavernous transformation\" of a venous structure, presumably the inferior vena cava, which on postoperative cavogram was shown to be otherwise absent. The venous system of the left lower extremity showed phlebographic evidence of old thrombosis, but that of the right lower extremity was normal. The patient did well without further treatment, despite some residual swelling of the left thigh. To our knowledge, this precise combination of inferior vena cava anomalies has not been encountered before; certainly not presenting as a mass."}
{"id": "PMID:949246", "title": "Cogan syndrome associated with mesenteric vascular insufficiency.", "content": "Nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and deafness was first described as a distinct entity by Cogan in 1945. For years thereafter, it was believed to involve only the ocular and aural systems. It is gradually becoming apparent that the syndrome can also include other organ systems by affecting their blood supply. A patient with diagnosed Cogan syndrome subsequently developed mesenteric vascular insufficiency that was surgically corrected. This report lends more support to the belief that nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis with deafness is only one manifestation of a more generalized vascular disease.", "contents": "Cogan syndrome associated with mesenteric vascular insufficiency. Nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and deafness was first described as a distinct entity by Cogan in 1945. For years thereafter, it was believed to involve only the ocular and aural systems. It is gradually becoming apparent that the syndrome can also include other organ systems by affecting their blood supply. A patient with diagnosed Cogan syndrome subsequently developed mesenteric vascular insufficiency that was surgically corrected. This report lends more support to the belief that nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis with deafness is only one manifestation of a more generalized vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949247", "title": "Ultrasonic flow detection for localization of splenic and renal veins.", "content": "The selective splenorenal shunt is currently recommended as an alternative procedure to portocaval shunting. However, this operation is technically more difficult, particularly the localization of the renal vein in patients with thickened retroperitoneal tissues. The Doppler flow detector has helped us identify the splenic and renal veins, and we suggest the intraoperative use of this instrument in situations where difficulty is encountered.", "contents": "Ultrasonic flow detection for localization of splenic and renal veins. The selective splenorenal shunt is currently recommended as an alternative procedure to portocaval shunting. However, this operation is technically more difficult, particularly the localization of the renal vein in patients with thickened retroperitoneal tissues. The Doppler flow detector has helped us identify the splenic and renal veins, and we suggest the intraoperative use of this instrument in situations where difficulty is encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:949248", "title": "A simple method for deep ligatures.", "content": "The Kocher forceps can be used to facilitate ligature of a vessel deep in the surgical field.", "contents": "A simple method for deep ligatures. The Kocher forceps can be used to facilitate ligature of a vessel deep in the surgical field."}
{"id": "PMID:949249", "title": "Superior thyroid artery cannulation for monitoring carotid artery operation.", "content": "Superior thyroid artery cannulation during carotid endarterectomy and coupling the cannula to a three-way stopcock with an anaeroid manometer allows the surgical team in the operating field to monitor mean pressures and to draw blood samples for gas analysis from the common, the internal, or the external carotid artery. The technique has been applied in 118 patients without related complications.", "contents": "Superior thyroid artery cannulation for monitoring carotid artery operation. Superior thyroid artery cannulation during carotid endarterectomy and coupling the cannula to a three-way stopcock with an anaeroid manometer allows the surgical team in the operating field to monitor mean pressures and to draw blood samples for gas analysis from the common, the internal, or the external carotid artery. The technique has been applied in 118 patients without related complications."}
{"id": "PMID:949250", "title": "Use of disposable Velcro sleeves on gastrointestinal clamps and forceps.", "content": "Observed need for an atraumatic manner of holding and occluding stomach and intestine led to the development of a Velcro sleeve applied to various modified gastrointestinal clamps and forceps. The sleeve was found to hold more securely with minimal coaptation than previously used instruments, and to hold more atraumatically with heavy coaptation.", "contents": "Use of disposable Velcro sleeves on gastrointestinal clamps and forceps. Observed need for an atraumatic manner of holding and occluding stomach and intestine led to the development of a Velcro sleeve applied to various modified gastrointestinal clamps and forceps. The sleeve was found to hold more securely with minimal coaptation than previously used instruments, and to hold more atraumatically with heavy coaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:949251", "title": "Salvage after anastomotic leak in Crohn disease. Utilization of a new, simple diverting ileostomy.", "content": "It may be possible to manage an anastomotic leak following resection for Crohn disease by drainage, suture, and proximal loop ileostomy. This report describes success with a simple diverting ileostomy.", "contents": "Salvage after anastomotic leak in Crohn disease. Utilization of a new, simple diverting ileostomy. It may be possible to manage an anastomotic leak following resection for Crohn disease by drainage, suture, and proximal loop ileostomy. This report describes success with a simple diverting ileostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:949254", "title": "How to control the blood glucose level in the surgical diabetic patient.", "content": "This report is a sequel to \"Why Control Blood Glucose Levels?\" (Arch Surg 111:229, 1976), which linked complications of diabetes mellitus to poor control. Hyperglycemia, increased gluconeogenesis, nitrogen wasting, and increased ketogenesis occur in the perioperative period, partly as a result of contrainvents are aggravated in the diabetic. Zones of levels of blood glucose control are charted, as well as the corresponding insulin needs for each of these zones. Intermediate insulins should provide basic coverage; regular insulin is recommended only as a supplement. Several blood glucose determinations per day are necessary to maintain control. The hazards of dependence on urine testing and the \"sliding scale\" for control are among a number of caveats discussed.", "contents": "How to control the blood glucose level in the surgical diabetic patient. This report is a sequel to \"Why Control Blood Glucose Levels?\" (Arch Surg 111:229, 1976), which linked complications of diabetes mellitus to poor control. Hyperglycemia, increased gluconeogenesis, nitrogen wasting, and increased ketogenesis occur in the perioperative period, partly as a result of contrainvents are aggravated in the diabetic. Zones of levels of blood glucose control are charted, as well as the corresponding insulin needs for each of these zones. Intermediate insulins should provide basic coverage; regular insulin is recommended only as a supplement. Several blood glucose determinations per day are necessary to maintain control. The hazards of dependence on urine testing and the \"sliding scale\" for control are among a number of caveats discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949255", "title": "The excluded small-bowel segment. A source of complications after small-bowel bypass.", "content": "Two cases of obstruction of the bypassed small intestine after jejunoileal shunt for obesity are presented. These cases illustrate the possible failure of radiologic visualization of the obstructed bowel since no gas traverses this bowel, as well as two of the possible causes-internal herniation and volvulus. A third cause, intussusception of the blind loop into the colon, has been reported. Obstruction of the bypassed bowel demands surgical intervention and could lead to perforation and peritonitis if untreated. Its prevention involves the closure of all mesenteric defects at the original operation. Surgeons should be aware of the possibility of these conditions in any patient who has had a small-bowel bypass operation.", "contents": "The excluded small-bowel segment. A source of complications after small-bowel bypass. Two cases of obstruction of the bypassed small intestine after jejunoileal shunt for obesity are presented. These cases illustrate the possible failure of radiologic visualization of the obstructed bowel since no gas traverses this bowel, as well as two of the possible causes-internal herniation and volvulus. A third cause, intussusception of the blind loop into the colon, has been reported. Obstruction of the bypassed bowel demands surgical intervention and could lead to perforation and peritonitis if untreated. Its prevention involves the closure of all mesenteric defects at the original operation. Surgeons should be aware of the possibility of these conditions in any patient who has had a small-bowel bypass operation."}
{"id": "PMID:949256", "title": "Duodenojejunostomy in gastric operations for postbulbar duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In two cases, two different techniques of duodenojejunostomy were employed as an alternative to an insecure closure of the \"difficult duodenal stump.\" The arrangements are either duodenojejunostomy Roux-en-Y or isoperistaltic jejunal interposition. A single-layered suture line is employed. The ampulla of Vater is visualized during the construction of these anastomoses. In addition to obviating a tenuous stump closure, this technique has the theoretical advantage of providing internal drainage.", "contents": "Duodenojejunostomy in gastric operations for postbulbar duodenal ulcer. In two cases, two different techniques of duodenojejunostomy were employed as an alternative to an insecure closure of the \"difficult duodenal stump.\" The arrangements are either duodenojejunostomy Roux-en-Y or isoperistaltic jejunal interposition. A single-layered suture line is employed. The ampulla of Vater is visualized during the construction of these anastomoses. In addition to obviating a tenuous stump closure, this technique has the theoretical advantage of providing internal drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:949257", "title": "Perfusion therapy for extremity melanoma.", "content": "Because of their initial appearance on extremities, malignant melanomas lend themselves to isolated chemotherapeutic perfusions. Perfusion is attractive because one can deliver effective cytotoxic drugs without systemic toxicity. We are reviewing 20 patients treated between 1960 and 1973 with isolated perfusion. Melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard) was the drug of choice. Eleven of the 20 patients had previous surgical treatment. Three of the 11 patients are still alive from 27 to 72 months postperfusion. Eight died after an average survival time of 33 months. Of the seven patients who underwent perfusion as primary therapy, four patients are alive from 25 to 76 months postperfusion, and three died after an average survival time of 34 months. There is direct correlation between stages and levels of melanoma, and perfusion and prolonged survival time.", "contents": "Perfusion therapy for extremity melanoma. Because of their initial appearance on extremities, malignant melanomas lend themselves to isolated chemotherapeutic perfusions. Perfusion is attractive because one can deliver effective cytotoxic drugs without systemic toxicity. We are reviewing 20 patients treated between 1960 and 1973 with isolated perfusion. Melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard) was the drug of choice. Eleven of the 20 patients had previous surgical treatment. Three of the 11 patients are still alive from 27 to 72 months postperfusion. Eight died after an average survival time of 33 months. Of the seven patients who underwent perfusion as primary therapy, four patients are alive from 25 to 76 months postperfusion, and three died after an average survival time of 34 months. There is direct correlation between stages and levels of melanoma, and perfusion and prolonged survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:949258", "title": "Surgical treatment of mal perforans.", "content": "Mal perforans is a chronic foot ulcer commonly found in diabetics with neuropathy. Although it will often respond to conservative measures, recurrence is frequent and brings with it the risk of spreading infection and serious destruction of tissues. Surgical treatment of seven patients, based on excision of the distal metatarsal bone (five patients), or excision of the distal metatarsal and amputation of the first toe (two patients), gave satisfactory results and is indicated to achieve long-term healing. A special shoe, designed to remove pressure from the healing areas as well as from potential new pressure points, was used in the last four patients.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of mal perforans. Mal perforans is a chronic foot ulcer commonly found in diabetics with neuropathy. Although it will often respond to conservative measures, recurrence is frequent and brings with it the risk of spreading infection and serious destruction of tissues. Surgical treatment of seven patients, based on excision of the distal metatarsal bone (five patients), or excision of the distal metatarsal and amputation of the first toe (two patients), gave satisfactory results and is indicated to achieve long-term healing. A special shoe, designed to remove pressure from the healing areas as well as from potential new pressure points, was used in the last four patients."}
{"id": "PMID:949259", "title": "Urologic complications following abdominoperineal resection of the rectum.", "content": "Perusal of the records of 111 consecutive patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for malignant diseases of the rectum or anal canal for postoperative urologic complications revealed that the urethra had been injured in two patients, the bladder in none, and the ureter in five. In only two of these last five patients was the late result of treatment of the ureteric injury satisfactory. The late result of treatment of the two urethra injuries was good. All the patients had been treated with an indwelling catheter for at least ten days after the operation. About one third of the patients still had disturbances of micturition two weeks after the operation, but only one required a permanent indwelling catheter.", "contents": "Urologic complications following abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Perusal of the records of 111 consecutive patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for malignant diseases of the rectum or anal canal for postoperative urologic complications revealed that the urethra had been injured in two patients, the bladder in none, and the ureter in five. In only two of these last five patients was the late result of treatment of the ureteric injury satisfactory. The late result of treatment of the two urethra injuries was good. All the patients had been treated with an indwelling catheter for at least ten days after the operation. About one third of the patients still had disturbances of micturition two weeks after the operation, but only one required a permanent indwelling catheter."}
{"id": "PMID:949260", "title": "Left colon gangrene after acute inferior mesenteric artery occlusion.", "content": "We report here an experience with five patients, aged 58 to 70, suffering gangrene of the left colon after spontaneous inferior mesenteric artery occlusion. All cases were the result of arteriosclerosis; in two, small aortic aneurysms were present and might have been responsible for emboli to the inferior mesenteric artery. The dead bowel was resected in all patients; three patients survived. No primary anastomoses were done and they are not recommended. Because ligation of the patent inferior mesenteric artery has been done so often without ill effects during aortic surgery, the collateral circulation to the left colon can be considered excellent. Gangrene is therefore rare and requires major interference with collateral circulation by emboli or arteriosclerotic occlusion. The clinical symptoms and signs may be confusing.", "contents": "Left colon gangrene after acute inferior mesenteric artery occlusion. We report here an experience with five patients, aged 58 to 70, suffering gangrene of the left colon after spontaneous inferior mesenteric artery occlusion. All cases were the result of arteriosclerosis; in two, small aortic aneurysms were present and might have been responsible for emboli to the inferior mesenteric artery. The dead bowel was resected in all patients; three patients survived. No primary anastomoses were done and they are not recommended. Because ligation of the patent inferior mesenteric artery has been done so often without ill effects during aortic surgery, the collateral circulation to the left colon can be considered excellent. Gangrene is therefore rare and requires major interference with collateral circulation by emboli or arteriosclerotic occlusion. The clinical symptoms and signs may be confusing."}
{"id": "PMID:949261", "title": "Vertebral artery bypass.", "content": "The origin of the vertebral artery is a frequent site for the development of stenosing lesions. The flow deficit caused by the stenosis of one vertebral artery is normally compensated for by intracranial anastomosis between the carotid and basilar arteries or by the opposite vertebral artery. A number of patients, however, have inadequate intracranial anastomosis and hypoplasia or stenosis of the opposite vertebral artery, and symptoms of brain ischemia develop. We describe here four cases in which a new technique, a subclavian vertebral artery autogenous vein bypass graft, was used to deal with the diseased segment of the vertebral artery. Transient postoperative problems included lymphocele and Horner syndrome. All four bypasses were patent at the time of angiography one week postoperatively. All four patients were relieved of symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency.", "contents": "Vertebral artery bypass. The origin of the vertebral artery is a frequent site for the development of stenosing lesions. The flow deficit caused by the stenosis of one vertebral artery is normally compensated for by intracranial anastomosis between the carotid and basilar arteries or by the opposite vertebral artery. A number of patients, however, have inadequate intracranial anastomosis and hypoplasia or stenosis of the opposite vertebral artery, and symptoms of brain ischemia develop. We describe here four cases in which a new technique, a subclavian vertebral artery autogenous vein bypass graft, was used to deal with the diseased segment of the vertebral artery. Transient postoperative problems included lymphocele and Horner syndrome. All four bypasses were patent at the time of angiography one week postoperatively. All four patients were relieved of symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:949262", "title": "Drug-induced colitis as a surgical disease.", "content": "Colitis has been reported after parenteral administration of penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and, most recently, lincomycin and its analogue, clindamycin. An incidence of diarrhea and accompanying proctocolitis as high as 20% with or without pseudomembrane formation has been noted. In most cases, withdrawal of the drug, supportive measures, and administration of corticosteroids have resulted in reversal of the colonic disease. In the past year, however, it has become apparent that there is a substantial mortality (as high as 38%) associated with the conservative management of this entity. We have used subtotal colectomy as a life-sparing procedure, and we report here its application in two specific instances, along with the clinical course, roentgenographic findings, and laboratory data. We believe drug-induced colitis is increasing in frequency and severity and is of importance to the surgeon.", "contents": "Drug-induced colitis as a surgical disease. Colitis has been reported after parenteral administration of penicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and, most recently, lincomycin and its analogue, clindamycin. An incidence of diarrhea and accompanying proctocolitis as high as 20% with or without pseudomembrane formation has been noted. In most cases, withdrawal of the drug, supportive measures, and administration of corticosteroids have resulted in reversal of the colonic disease. In the past year, however, it has become apparent that there is a substantial mortality (as high as 38%) associated with the conservative management of this entity. We have used subtotal colectomy as a life-sparing procedure, and we report here its application in two specific instances, along with the clinical course, roentgenographic findings, and laboratory data. We believe drug-induced colitis is increasing in frequency and severity and is of importance to the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:949263", "title": "Five-year survival following cryosurgery for oral cancer.", "content": "In the years 1964 through 1970, sixty selected patients with oral cancer were treated by freezing in situ with the intent to cure the disease. Early results demonstrated the suitability of the method for high-surgical-risk patients and showed that the technique permitted avoidance of bone-sacrificing operations. Five-year survival statistics show that cryosurgery was most successfully used on small to moderate-sized cancers without cervical lymphadenopathy. The results justify continued use of cryosurgery in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Five-year survival following cryosurgery for oral cancer. In the years 1964 through 1970, sixty selected patients with oral cancer were treated by freezing in situ with the intent to cure the disease. Early results demonstrated the suitability of the method for high-surgical-risk patients and showed that the technique permitted avoidance of bone-sacrificing operations. Five-year survival statistics show that cryosurgery was most successfully used on small to moderate-sized cancers without cervical lymphadenopathy. The results justify continued use of cryosurgery in carefully selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:949264", "title": "Peptide treatment of postgastrectomy obstruction.", "content": "Seventeen patients with symptoms of acute or chronic postgastrectomy obstruction of a life-threatening nature have been treated with a peptide substance that is isolated from the bovine neurohypophysis (coherin) and has a regularizing effect on the electromotor performance of the small intestine of the dog and man. All patients treated in this study were relieved of their obstructive symptoms. After weight gain began, the majority of patients with acute obstruction were able to discontinue coherin therapy. Five patients with chronic obstruction have required prolonged treatment with coherin to maintain normal alimentary function.", "contents": "Peptide treatment of postgastrectomy obstruction. Seventeen patients with symptoms of acute or chronic postgastrectomy obstruction of a life-threatening nature have been treated with a peptide substance that is isolated from the bovine neurohypophysis (coherin) and has a regularizing effect on the electromotor performance of the small intestine of the dog and man. All patients treated in this study were relieved of their obstructive symptoms. After weight gain began, the majority of patients with acute obstruction were able to discontinue coherin therapy. Five patients with chronic obstruction have required prolonged treatment with coherin to maintain normal alimentary function."}
{"id": "PMID:949266", "title": "Prognostic factors in glaucomatous visual field loss.", "content": "A retrospective review was conducted of 31 patients with bilateral elevations of intraocular pressure and unilateral glaucomatous visual field loss. Nine (29%) of the fellow eyes developed visual field loss during a three- to seven-year follow-up period. Of the 13 fellow eyes that had an initial intraocular pressure greater than 26 mm Hg, eight (62%) developed visual field loss, as opposed to one (6%) of the 18 eyes that had lower intraocular pressures. Of the 11 fellow eyes whose intraocular pressures exceeded 24 mm Hg, either treated or untreated, on more than 50% of the measurements, seven (64%) lost visual field, whereas in the 20 eyes whose intraocular pressures were lower, only two )10%) lost visual field.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in glaucomatous visual field loss. A retrospective review was conducted of 31 patients with bilateral elevations of intraocular pressure and unilateral glaucomatous visual field loss. Nine (29%) of the fellow eyes developed visual field loss during a three- to seven-year follow-up period. Of the 13 fellow eyes that had an initial intraocular pressure greater than 26 mm Hg, eight (62%) developed visual field loss, as opposed to one (6%) of the 18 eyes that had lower intraocular pressures. Of the 11 fellow eyes whose intraocular pressures exceeded 24 mm Hg, either treated or untreated, on more than 50% of the measurements, seven (64%) lost visual field, whereas in the 20 eyes whose intraocular pressures were lower, only two )10%) lost visual field."}
{"id": "PMID:949267", "title": "Retinal lesions in tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "Retinal lesions in 116 patients with tuberous sclerosis included three types: the relatively flat, semitransparent, non-calcified tumors; the more commonly described nodular, calcified tumors; and a third lesion that possessed features of the other two. Other less definite pigmented and plaque-like lesions also were seen. The evolution of a relatively flat, noncalcified lesion into an elevated nodular, apparently calcified lesion during an interval of two decades was photographically recorded.", "contents": "Retinal lesions in tuberous sclerosis. Retinal lesions in 116 patients with tuberous sclerosis included three types: the relatively flat, semitransparent, non-calcified tumors; the more commonly described nodular, calcified tumors; and a third lesion that possessed features of the other two. Other less definite pigmented and plaque-like lesions also were seen. The evolution of a relatively flat, noncalcified lesion into an elevated nodular, apparently calcified lesion during an interval of two decades was photographically recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:949268", "title": "Oculomotor palsy following dental anesthesia.", "content": "Paralysis of the right third and fourth cranial nerves, lasting for about six weeks, occurred in a patient following the injection of procaine hydrochloride in the area of the right superior alveolar artery. Ocular complications of dental anesthesia are rare and are probably caused by intra-arterial injection of anesthetic that reaches the orbit via an anastomosis between the middle meningeal and ophthalmic arteries. Such complications include transient oculomotor palsies and permanent or transient loss of vision.", "contents": "Oculomotor palsy following dental anesthesia. Paralysis of the right third and fourth cranial nerves, lasting for about six weeks, occurred in a patient following the injection of procaine hydrochloride in the area of the right superior alveolar artery. Ocular complications of dental anesthesia are rare and are probably caused by intra-arterial injection of anesthetic that reaches the orbit via an anastomosis between the middle meningeal and ophthalmic arteries. Such complications include transient oculomotor palsies and permanent or transient loss of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:949269", "title": "Unilateral afferent pupillary defects in asymmetric glaucoma.", "content": "Unilateral relative afferent pupillary defects are associated with unilateral prechiasmal lesions affecting the retinomesencephalic pathway. Five patients with unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma and relative afferent pupillary defects are presented. The lack of descriptions of relative afferent pupillary defects in unilateral glaucoma may be explained by the frequency with which these patients are treated with miotics, the association of trauma, and the presence of anatomic alterations of the iris. It is important to distinguish unilateral afferent pupillary defects in glaucoma from those associated with other neuro-ophthalmic disorders that require more invasive diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Unilateral afferent pupillary defects in asymmetric glaucoma. Unilateral relative afferent pupillary defects are associated with unilateral prechiasmal lesions affecting the retinomesencephalic pathway. Five patients with unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma and relative afferent pupillary defects are presented. The lack of descriptions of relative afferent pupillary defects in unilateral glaucoma may be explained by the frequency with which these patients are treated with miotics, the association of trauma, and the presence of anatomic alterations of the iris. It is important to distinguish unilateral afferent pupillary defects in glaucoma from those associated with other neuro-ophthalmic disorders that require more invasive diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:949270", "title": "Lid taping in the preoperative management of tearing or asthenopia.", "content": "We will describe the use of tape as an aid in the preoperative management of tearing due to horizontal lid laxity or ectropion and of \"tired eyes\" due to dermatochalasis, drooping brows, or ptosis.", "contents": "Lid taping in the preoperative management of tearing or asthenopia. We will describe the use of tape as an aid in the preoperative management of tearing due to horizontal lid laxity or ectropion and of \"tired eyes\" due to dermatochalasis, drooping brows, or ptosis."}
{"id": "PMID:949271", "title": "Effect of the intraocular lens on intraocular pressure.", "content": "In the Miami Intraocular Lens Collaborative Study, 17 patients with glaucoma had a Copeland lens implanted at the time of cataract extraction. Seven additional glaucoma patients received a Binkhorst lens. Lens implantation did not adversely affect intraocular pressure or control of glaucoma, except in one patient who developed central retinal artery occlusion with rubeosis 1 1/2 years postoperatively and in one patient who had the lens removed because of iritis with uncontrolled glaucoma. Of 606 eyes that did not have glaucoma before cataract extraction and Copeland lens implant, many had transient postoperative pressure rise. Twenty-six (4.3%) developed prolonged pressure elevation. Nineteen patients were maintained on long-term medical therapy. The other seven were patients with iritis and glaucoma who had the implanted lens removed, including one who later had glaucoma surgery and one whose eye was later enucleated.", "contents": "Effect of the intraocular lens on intraocular pressure. In the Miami Intraocular Lens Collaborative Study, 17 patients with glaucoma had a Copeland lens implanted at the time of cataract extraction. Seven additional glaucoma patients received a Binkhorst lens. Lens implantation did not adversely affect intraocular pressure or control of glaucoma, except in one patient who developed central retinal artery occlusion with rubeosis 1 1/2 years postoperatively and in one patient who had the lens removed because of iritis with uncontrolled glaucoma. Of 606 eyes that did not have glaucoma before cataract extraction and Copeland lens implant, many had transient postoperative pressure rise. Twenty-six (4.3%) developed prolonged pressure elevation. Nineteen patients were maintained on long-term medical therapy. The other seven were patients with iritis and glaucoma who had the implanted lens removed, including one who later had glaucoma surgery and one whose eye was later enucleated."}
{"id": "PMID:949272", "title": "Hemorrhagic detachment of the peripheral retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "Six patients had hemorrhagic detachment of the peripheral retinal pigment epithelium. Abnormal neovascular nets in older individuals, under the retinal pigment epithelium and originating from the choriocapillaris, may well be the cause of such hemorrhagic detachments. This lesion must be differentiated from choroidal tumors, choroidal detachment, and uveal effusion.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic detachment of the peripheral retinal pigment epithelium. Six patients had hemorrhagic detachment of the peripheral retinal pigment epithelium. Abnormal neovascular nets in older individuals, under the retinal pigment epithelium and originating from the choriocapillaris, may well be the cause of such hemorrhagic detachments. This lesion must be differentiated from choroidal tumors, choroidal detachment, and uveal effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:949273", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the skin metastatic to the eye. Frequency in autopsy series.", "content": "Results of histopathologic examination of the eyes of 15 consecutive patients with metastatic malignant melanoma arising in the skin demonstrated evidence of intraocular metastasis in five patients. The metastases were microscopic, epithelioid, minimally pigmented, and occurred in both the choroid and the retina. All patients were asymptomatic. Those patients with ocular metastases all had primary malignant neoplasms of the superficial, spreading variety and associated central nervous system metastases.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the skin metastatic to the eye. Frequency in autopsy series. Results of histopathologic examination of the eyes of 15 consecutive patients with metastatic malignant melanoma arising in the skin demonstrated evidence of intraocular metastasis in five patients. The metastases were microscopic, epithelioid, minimally pigmented, and occurred in both the choroid and the retina. All patients were asymptomatic. Those patients with ocular metastases all had primary malignant neoplasms of the superficial, spreading variety and associated central nervous system metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:949274", "title": "Essential iris atrophy. Report of a case.", "content": "The clinicopathologic findings in an eye from a 40-year-old man with essential iris atrophy are reported. Noteworthy is the proliferation of corneal endothelium and a laying down of a new Descemet (cuticular) membrane over the trabecular meshwork and in areas of anterior peripheral synechiae formation over the pseudoangle. The histologic characteristics favor a vascular cause for the condition, but the evidence is circumstantial.", "contents": "Essential iris atrophy. Report of a case. The clinicopathologic findings in an eye from a 40-year-old man with essential iris atrophy are reported. Noteworthy is the proliferation of corneal endothelium and a laying down of a new Descemet (cuticular) membrane over the trabecular meshwork and in areas of anterior peripheral synechiae formation over the pseudoangle. The histologic characteristics favor a vascular cause for the condition, but the evidence is circumstantial."}
{"id": "PMID:949275", "title": "Flammability of disposable surgical drapes.", "content": "We discuss the high degree of flammability of disposable surgical drapes. The results of two separate tests and corresponding photographs are presented to verify the flammability. We stress the importance of the flame spread rate.", "contents": "Flammability of disposable surgical drapes. We discuss the high degree of flammability of disposable surgical drapes. The results of two separate tests and corresponding photographs are presented to verify the flammability. We stress the importance of the flame spread rate."}
{"id": "PMID:949276", "title": "Microsurgical approach to intraorbital tumors. Technique and instrumentation.", "content": "We believe that, with the modified Kr\u00f6nlein lateral orbitotomy microsurgical approach, most orbital tumors can be successfully removed with reduced morbidity and complications, compared with the frontotemporal craniotomy or the standard Kr\u00f6nlein lateral orbitotomy. The cosmetic result is quite satisfactory, and the hospital stay should be brief. The use of the operating microscope and the specifically designed and modified instruments for retraction and dissection in the orbit, combined with the efficiency of the self-irrigating bipolar coagulating forceps, add a new dimension to the safety and efficiency of orbital surgery.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to intraorbital tumors. Technique and instrumentation. We believe that, with the modified Kr\u00f6nlein lateral orbitotomy microsurgical approach, most orbital tumors can be successfully removed with reduced morbidity and complications, compared with the frontotemporal craniotomy or the standard Kr\u00f6nlein lateral orbitotomy. The cosmetic result is quite satisfactory, and the hospital stay should be brief. The use of the operating microscope and the specifically designed and modified instruments for retraction and dissection in the orbit, combined with the efficiency of the self-irrigating bipolar coagulating forceps, add a new dimension to the safety and efficiency of orbital surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:949277", "title": "Retinal tears 180 degrees and greater. Management with vitrectomy and intravitreal gas.", "content": "A new technique for the treatment of giant retinal dialysis of 180 degrees or more has been devised. After the lens and vitreous have been removed via the pars plana, the patient is rotated into a prone position on a special operating table. The retina is unfolded by filling the eye completely with gas and is held in place by gas. The patient is then brought back into the normal supine position, and a scleral encircling procedure is added. The initial success rate of reattachment is 12 out of 14 cases. Afterward, many eyes develop massive periretinal proliferation. After six months or more of follow-up, the retina remained attached in six of 14 cases.", "contents": "Retinal tears 180 degrees and greater. Management with vitrectomy and intravitreal gas. A new technique for the treatment of giant retinal dialysis of 180 degrees or more has been devised. After the lens and vitreous have been removed via the pars plana, the patient is rotated into a prone position on a special operating table. The retina is unfolded by filling the eye completely with gas and is held in place by gas. The patient is then brought back into the normal supine position, and a scleral encircling procedure is added. The initial success rate of reattachment is 12 out of 14 cases. Afterward, many eyes develop massive periretinal proliferation. After six months or more of follow-up, the retina remained attached in six of 14 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:949278", "title": "Cilioretinal arteries. A study based on review of stereo fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographic findings.", "content": "The incidence of cilioretinal arteries in 2,000 eyes of 1,000 consecutive patients was determined by review of stereo color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographs. One or more cilioretinal arteries were present in 49.5% of all patients or in 32.1% of the eyes. The arteries occurred bilaterally in 14.6% and contributed to some portion of the macular circulation in 18.7% of the patients. A great deal of variability of size, number, and distribution of cilioretinal vessels was observed. Prior studies that were based on direct visualization of the fundus have reported cilioretinal arteries in 7% to 29.6% of patients examined. Careful review of stereo fundus photographs and early phase fluorescein angiographs aided in the observation of these vessels that might otherwise have been unrecognized. We believe the method of review accounts for the high incidence of cilioretinal arteries in our series.", "contents": "Cilioretinal arteries. A study based on review of stereo fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographic findings. The incidence of cilioretinal arteries in 2,000 eyes of 1,000 consecutive patients was determined by review of stereo color fundus photographs and fluorescein angiographs. One or more cilioretinal arteries were present in 49.5% of all patients or in 32.1% of the eyes. The arteries occurred bilaterally in 14.6% and contributed to some portion of the macular circulation in 18.7% of the patients. A great deal of variability of size, number, and distribution of cilioretinal vessels was observed. Prior studies that were based on direct visualization of the fundus have reported cilioretinal arteries in 7% to 29.6% of patients examined. Careful review of stereo fundus photographs and early phase fluorescein angiographs aided in the observation of these vessels that might otherwise have been unrecognized. We believe the method of review accounts for the high incidence of cilioretinal arteries in our series."}
{"id": "PMID:949279", "title": "Treatment of vaccinial keratitis with vidarabine.", "content": "Vaccinial epithelial keratitis was produced in rabbits. When the therapeutic effect of vidarabine on the experimentally-induced disease was evaluated and compared to the effect of idoxuridine, vidarabine was found to be highly effective, substantially more effective than idoxuridine, and nontoxic to the eye.", "contents": "Treatment of vaccinial keratitis with vidarabine. Vaccinial epithelial keratitis was produced in rabbits. When the therapeutic effect of vidarabine on the experimentally-induced disease was evaluated and compared to the effect of idoxuridine, vidarabine was found to be highly effective, substantially more effective than idoxuridine, and nontoxic to the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:949280", "title": "Light damage in the developing rat retina.", "content": "The effect of bright light on the retinas of developing albino rats was studied electron microscopically. The newly formed outer-segment lamellar membranes of newborn rats raised in continuous bright light appear to be less sensitive to the damaging effects of light, compared to those of rats raised under normal light conditions for at least two weeks. It seems to take about two days before the membranes show damage from continuous exposure to fluorescent lamps. The same brightness damages the adult outer segments within a few hours. Despite the severe damage to the outer segments, the rest of the retina develops normally for one month, and then the photoreceptor cells undergo degeneration. The retinas that have been exposed to bright light for two weeks after birth show considerable damage, but these retinas regenerate in six months.", "contents": "Light damage in the developing rat retina. The effect of bright light on the retinas of developing albino rats was studied electron microscopically. The newly formed outer-segment lamellar membranes of newborn rats raised in continuous bright light appear to be less sensitive to the damaging effects of light, compared to those of rats raised under normal light conditions for at least two weeks. It seems to take about two days before the membranes show damage from continuous exposure to fluorescent lamps. The same brightness damages the adult outer segments within a few hours. Despite the severe damage to the outer segments, the rest of the retina develops normally for one month, and then the photoreceptor cells undergo degeneration. The retinas that have been exposed to bright light for two weeks after birth show considerable damage, but these retinas regenerate in six months."}
{"id": "PMID:949281", "title": "Kinetics of topically administered prednisolone acetate. Optimal concentration for treatment of inflammatory keratitis.", "content": "Two types of quantitative measurements were made in rabbit corneas. First, the level that varying concentrations of topically administered prednisolone acetate attained in the cornea and aqueous humor was determined. Then, the ability of varying concentrations of this corticosteroid to suppress corneal inflammation was ascertained. The maximum dose-response curve for anti-inflammatory effect in the cornea was achieved by the 1.0% concentration, the highest concentration commercially available. Higher concentrations permitted greater quantities of the drug to gain access to the cornea and aqueous humor but produced no measurable increment in anti-inflammatory effect. These experimental observations suggest that concentrations of prednisolone acetate higher than 1.0% have an increased potential for toxicity without offering additional therapeutic benefit.", "contents": "Kinetics of topically administered prednisolone acetate. Optimal concentration for treatment of inflammatory keratitis. Two types of quantitative measurements were made in rabbit corneas. First, the level that varying concentrations of topically administered prednisolone acetate attained in the cornea and aqueous humor was determined. Then, the ability of varying concentrations of this corticosteroid to suppress corneal inflammation was ascertained. The maximum dose-response curve for anti-inflammatory effect in the cornea was achieved by the 1.0% concentration, the highest concentration commercially available. Higher concentrations permitted greater quantities of the drug to gain access to the cornea and aqueous humor but produced no measurable increment in anti-inflammatory effect. These experimental observations suggest that concentrations of prednisolone acetate higher than 1.0% have an increased potential for toxicity without offering additional therapeutic benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:949282", "title": "A do-it-yourself fixation device for the ophthalmologist's office.", "content": "A visual fixation device that is useful for maintaining subject gaze in one direction during ophthalmologic examinations has been devised. The unit can be constructed from a few inexpensive electronic components.", "contents": "A do-it-yourself fixation device for the ophthalmologist's office. A visual fixation device that is useful for maintaining subject gaze in one direction during ophthalmologic examinations has been devised. The unit can be constructed from a few inexpensive electronic components."}
{"id": "PMID:949283", "title": "Synchronous bilateral fluorescein angiography. A new technique.", "content": "Simultaneous angiography of both eyes allows the synchronous measurement of the arm-retina-time and the retinal circulation time in each eye. The dye-filling pattern of retinal arteries, choroid, disc, and cilioretinal vessels can be compared. A new method of simultaneous fluorescein angiography of both eyes, using two fundus cameras, is demonstrated. Each camera is operated by a separate power unit, thereby providing sufficient light energy for one picture every 0.6 second. The fluorescein is injected by means of an automatic injector in order to create a compact dye bolus. Simultaneous angiograms of a healthy patient and of a patient with unilateral carotid occlusion are shown.", "contents": "Synchronous bilateral fluorescein angiography. A new technique. Simultaneous angiography of both eyes allows the synchronous measurement of the arm-retina-time and the retinal circulation time in each eye. The dye-filling pattern of retinal arteries, choroid, disc, and cilioretinal vessels can be compared. A new method of simultaneous fluorescein angiography of both eyes, using two fundus cameras, is demonstrated. Each camera is operated by a separate power unit, thereby providing sufficient light energy for one picture every 0.6 second. The fluorescein is injected by means of an automatic injector in order to create a compact dye bolus. Simultaneous angiograms of a healthy patient and of a patient with unilateral carotid occlusion are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:949285", "title": "Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and pit of optic disc.", "content": "A 59-year-old woman had an unusual association of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and optic pit with macular pathologic features in the same eye. A general ophthalmic and electrophysiologic investigation characterized the patient's condition functionally, without defining the basic defect responsible for this peculiar association. While an exact explanation of this occurrence cannot be given at this time, the possibility of coincidence or abiotrophy with developmental defects can be suggested as its intimate mechanism.", "contents": "Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and pit of optic disc. A 59-year-old woman had an unusual association of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and optic pit with macular pathologic features in the same eye. A general ophthalmic and electrophysiologic investigation characterized the patient's condition functionally, without defining the basic defect responsible for this peculiar association. While an exact explanation of this occurrence cannot be given at this time, the possibility of coincidence or abiotrophy with developmental defects can be suggested as its intimate mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:949288", "title": "[Ventrale derotations-spondylodesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Results about 26 cases operated with the new developed \"Ventrale Derotations-Spondylodesis\". The first results with this new method are better than the results of the Harrington and the Dwyer method as it allows the operative derotation and lordosation. The risk of the operation put in relation to the distraction method by Harrington seems less. The importance of the operation one can't put into relation to the rather simple postoperative treatment. The results of the first 19 cases give the impression that the advantages of the Ventral Derotations-Spondylodesis make this method prefer to other instruments in the operative treatment of scoliosis.", "contents": "[Ventrale derotations-spondylodesis (author's transl)]. Results about 26 cases operated with the new developed \"Ventrale Derotations-Spondylodesis\". The first results with this new method are better than the results of the Harrington and the Dwyer method as it allows the operative derotation and lordosation. The risk of the operation put in relation to the distraction method by Harrington seems less. The importance of the operation one can't put into relation to the rather simple postoperative treatment. The results of the first 19 cases give the impression that the advantages of the Ventral Derotations-Spondylodesis make this method prefer to other instruments in the operative treatment of scoliosis."}
{"id": "PMID:949289", "title": "[A new hip milling machine for preparation of the hip acetabulum for total hip prothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The problemes of the exact preparation of the hip acetabulum for implantation of total hip prothesis have caused the development of several milling machines. Two sorts of construction predominate. Their disadvantages, especially the fact, that there is now mechanism, while is able to carry of the milled tissue, gave rise to construct a new milling machine. In cooperation with engineers of the branch mechanical engineering a new model was developed. The characteristic features are described and explained by pictures. The milling basket will be fastened on the ground plate by a quick fastener. In this way we get a hemisphere cavity, which is able to absorb all the milled tissue without any residue. A grasp will be connected with the drive shaft and guarantee an exact and rightangeled direction. The clinical tests have shown, that the new milling machine with the grasp especially is qualified for use in the osteoporotic senil bone too.", "contents": "[A new hip milling machine for preparation of the hip acetabulum for total hip prothesis (author's transl)]. The problemes of the exact preparation of the hip acetabulum for implantation of total hip prothesis have caused the development of several milling machines. Two sorts of construction predominate. Their disadvantages, especially the fact, that there is now mechanism, while is able to carry of the milled tissue, gave rise to construct a new milling machine. In cooperation with engineers of the branch mechanical engineering a new model was developed. The characteristic features are described and explained by pictures. The milling basket will be fastened on the ground plate by a quick fastener. In this way we get a hemisphere cavity, which is able to absorb all the milled tissue without any residue. A grasp will be connected with the drive shaft and guarantee an exact and rightangeled direction. The clinical tests have shown, that the new milling machine with the grasp especially is qualified for use in the osteoporotic senil bone too."}
{"id": "PMID:949290", "title": "[Fractures of the femural shaft following trepanation of the corticalis and how to avoid it. At the same time an article on changing hip endoprothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of trepanation of the corticalis is investigated in 2 cases of femoral shaft fractures following a lateral trepanation of the femur, which can very often not be avoided in performing a necessary change of the hip prothesis. It can be demonstrated that because of the stress on the femur and its mechanical characteristics (material distribution, density distribution, breaking strength, \"structure\" strength and the histological structure), a lateral trepanation of the femoral corticalis is weakening the bone in its mechanically most stressed part whereas an anterior fenestration is mechanically much better. Considering the distribution of the strain in differently formed notches with rapid increase of strain with local rigidity in a pointed notch a mechanically much better rounding of the notch is suggested.", "contents": "[Fractures of the femural shaft following trepanation of the corticalis and how to avoid it. At the same time an article on changing hip endoprothesis (author's transl)]. The problem of trepanation of the corticalis is investigated in 2 cases of femoral shaft fractures following a lateral trepanation of the femur, which can very often not be avoided in performing a necessary change of the hip prothesis. It can be demonstrated that because of the stress on the femur and its mechanical characteristics (material distribution, density distribution, breaking strength, \"structure\" strength and the histological structure), a lateral trepanation of the femoral corticalis is weakening the bone in its mechanically most stressed part whereas an anterior fenestration is mechanically much better. Considering the distribution of the strain in differently formed notches with rapid increase of strain with local rigidity in a pointed notch a mechanically much better rounding of the notch is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:949291", "title": "[Experience and results with the Loeffler operation for osteoarthritis of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "A follow-up in 1975 of a group of patients that had previously been checked in 1972 after Loeffler's operation gave the following results: 1972: 40 patients where examined; of these, 90% where satisfied with the operation. 1975: 29 of the above group where re-examined; of these, 72.5% where satisfied with the operation, i.e. approximately 3 out of 4. From these result it follows that, in selected cases, there are favourable indications for the use of Loeffler's operation. Thus, modern medical practice should not forgo the use of operative methods which, at a minimum of risk to the patient, yield a considerable and long lasting positive result.", "contents": "[Experience and results with the Loeffler operation for osteoarthritis of the knee joint (author's transl)]. A follow-up in 1975 of a group of patients that had previously been checked in 1972 after Loeffler's operation gave the following results: 1972: 40 patients where examined; of these, 90% where satisfied with the operation. 1975: 29 of the above group where re-examined; of these, 72.5% where satisfied with the operation, i.e. approximately 3 out of 4. From these result it follows that, in selected cases, there are favourable indications for the use of Loeffler's operation. Thus, modern medical practice should not forgo the use of operative methods which, at a minimum of risk to the patient, yield a considerable and long lasting positive result."}
{"id": "PMID:949292", "title": "[Tabic arthropathy from an orthopedic view-point (author's transl)].", "content": "28 patients, who were suffering of tabique alterations of joints, the time between infection and the first localisations and therapy are discussed. The differential diagnosis, as far as it is interesting the orthopadien physican, is explained.", "contents": "[Tabic arthropathy from an orthopedic view-point (author's transl)]. 28 patients, who were suffering of tabique alterations of joints, the time between infection and the first localisations and therapy are discussed. The differential diagnosis, as far as it is interesting the orthopadien physican, is explained."}
{"id": "PMID:949293", "title": "[Experience with operative leg lengthening (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on 175 cases of leg lengthening operations for leg equalisation by means of Wagners and Andersons procedure. None of the occuring complications prevented the operation being successful. So the methods offer an useful alternative to shortening osteotomies and epiphysiodesis.", "contents": "[Experience with operative leg lengthening (author's transl)]. The author reports on 175 cases of leg lengthening operations for leg equalisation by means of Wagners and Andersons procedure. None of the occuring complications prevented the operation being successful. So the methods offer an useful alternative to shortening osteotomies and epiphysiodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949294", "title": "[The indication for intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur based on late results (author's transl)].", "content": "57 intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur were performed in 43 patients during childhood. A statement about late radiographic results is made, based upon follow-up examination after cessation of growth of the upper end of the femur. Attention was given to the development of the CCD-angle, the AC-angle, the CE-angle as well as the development of antetorsion. Further-more the evaluation included the development of the caput-epiphyseal angle as well as the development deformities of the caput femoris. The data presented show that satisfactory results can be obtained through Bernbeck's method and also through the presently used derotation-varisation-osteotomy involving wedge removal. However, the results show that the correction of CCD-angle and antetorsion alone frequently is not sufficient. Thus the acetabulum deserve greater consideration is discussing intertrochanteric osteotomy in childhood.", "contents": "[The indication for intertrochanteric osteotomy of the femur based on late results (author's transl)]. 57 intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur were performed in 43 patients during childhood. A statement about late radiographic results is made, based upon follow-up examination after cessation of growth of the upper end of the femur. Attention was given to the development of the CCD-angle, the AC-angle, the CE-angle as well as the development of antetorsion. Further-more the evaluation included the development of the caput-epiphyseal angle as well as the development deformities of the caput femoris. The data presented show that satisfactory results can be obtained through Bernbeck's method and also through the presently used derotation-varisation-osteotomy involving wedge removal. However, the results show that the correction of CCD-angle and antetorsion alone frequently is not sufficient. Thus the acetabulum deserve greater consideration is discussing intertrochanteric osteotomy in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:949295", "title": "Blood viscosity in man following decompression: correlations wiht hematocrit and venous gas emboli.", "content": "Whole blood viscosities were measured in U.S. Navy personnel before and after chamber compressions to 5 ATA (132FSW) and 7.4 ATA (210 FSW) by a new method described here. Bubble scores as a quantitative measure of venous gas emboli were determined during decompression and for 30 min thereafter. Hematocrit was measured both before and after each dive. There were five cases of decompression sickness in the two groups. No significant changes in whole blood viscosity, or hematocrit, were noted either in the group that was affected by decompression sickness or in all of the subjects taken as a group. No correlations between total bubble score and changes in viscosity or hematocrit could be made. These results imply that no major changes in viscosity occur in the usual forms of decompression sickness encountered in human beings.", "contents": "Blood viscosity in man following decompression: correlations wiht hematocrit and venous gas emboli. Whole blood viscosities were measured in U.S. Navy personnel before and after chamber compressions to 5 ATA (132FSW) and 7.4 ATA (210 FSW) by a new method described here. Bubble scores as a quantitative measure of venous gas emboli were determined during decompression and for 30 min thereafter. Hematocrit was measured both before and after each dive. There were five cases of decompression sickness in the two groups. No significant changes in whole blood viscosity, or hematocrit, were noted either in the group that was affected by decompression sickness or in all of the subjects taken as a group. No correlations between total bubble score and changes in viscosity or hematocrit could be made. These results imply that no major changes in viscosity occur in the usual forms of decompression sickness encountered in human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:949296", "title": "Effect of ethyl alcohol on lonic calcium and prolactin in man.", "content": "Earlier animal studies suggested that there might be physiologically significant changes in serum calcium following administration of ethyl alcohol. Ionized and total calcium were measured in five normal male subjects following the oral ingestion of 200cm3 of 50% ethyl alcohol. Although blood alcohols reached intoxication levels in all subjects, no significant change in ionized calcium or total calcium occurred. It is unlikely that alcohol contributes to the risks of hypocalcemia or hyperventilation and anxiety in individuals performing in adverse environments, although there is little question it contributes to other risks. Even though two-fold elevations in plasma prolactin have been described in men with chronic alcoholism, no significant changes in plasma prolactin occurred during acute alcohol ingestion. Awareness of the significant increase in plasma osmolality, which has been demonstrated with alcohol, is important to avoid inappropriate therapy, since individuals performing in adverse environments are at risk of becoming dehydrated.", "contents": "Effect of ethyl alcohol on lonic calcium and prolactin in man. Earlier animal studies suggested that there might be physiologically significant changes in serum calcium following administration of ethyl alcohol. Ionized and total calcium were measured in five normal male subjects following the oral ingestion of 200cm3 of 50% ethyl alcohol. Although blood alcohols reached intoxication levels in all subjects, no significant change in ionized calcium or total calcium occurred. It is unlikely that alcohol contributes to the risks of hypocalcemia or hyperventilation and anxiety in individuals performing in adverse environments, although there is little question it contributes to other risks. Even though two-fold elevations in plasma prolactin have been described in men with chronic alcoholism, no significant changes in plasma prolactin occurred during acute alcohol ingestion. Awareness of the significant increase in plasma osmolality, which has been demonstrated with alcohol, is important to avoid inappropriate therapy, since individuals performing in adverse environments are at risk of becoming dehydrated."}
{"id": "PMID:949297", "title": "Hearing under stress: IV. a speech delivery communication system for utilization in high ambient noise environments.", "content": "Many communication systems have been devised to improve the individual's ability to receive speech information in the presence of ambient noise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a speech delivery system which combined a high degree of ambient noise attenuation with the ear's own natural amplification phenomenon--the occlusion effect. It was demonstrated that occlusion of the auditory system at the level of the external auditory meatus, in conjuction with bone-conducted speech stimuli presented at the mastoid, was most effective in providing high speech discrimination ability with significant attenuation of ambient noise.", "contents": "Hearing under stress: IV. a speech delivery communication system for utilization in high ambient noise environments. Many communication systems have been devised to improve the individual's ability to receive speech information in the presence of ambient noise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a speech delivery system which combined a high degree of ambient noise attenuation with the ear's own natural amplification phenomenon--the occlusion effect. It was demonstrated that occlusion of the auditory system at the level of the external auditory meatus, in conjuction with bone-conducted speech stimuli presented at the mastoid, was most effective in providing high speech discrimination ability with significant attenuation of ambient noise."}
{"id": "PMID:949298", "title": "Effect of space flight factors on the mammal: experimental-morphological study.", "content": "On the basis of a morphological examination of 27 rats that made a space flight and were sacrificed on the 1st-2nd and 26-27th days postflight, it has been shown that the 22-d space flight has produced no significant changes in the structural organization of vital organs of the animals. However, a space flight exposure is not indifferent for animals and leads to the development of morphologically visible changes in individual organs and systems (musculo-skeletal system, hemopoietic organs, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, renal juxtaglomerular system). The detected changes are reversible, nonspecific, and develop in animals exposed to ground-based hypokinetic and other stress experiments.", "contents": "Effect of space flight factors on the mammal: experimental-morphological study. On the basis of a morphological examination of 27 rats that made a space flight and were sacrificed on the 1st-2nd and 26-27th days postflight, it has been shown that the 22-d space flight has produced no significant changes in the structural organization of vital organs of the animals. However, a space flight exposure is not indifferent for animals and leads to the development of morphologically visible changes in individual organs and systems (musculo-skeletal system, hemopoietic organs, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, renal juxtaglomerular system). The detected changes are reversible, nonspecific, and develop in animals exposed to ground-based hypokinetic and other stress experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:949299", "title": "Performance of isolated rat hearts perfused with helium- or nitrogen-containing, gas-saturated solutions.", "content": "Effects of helium on the isolated perfused rat heart were studied employing the Langendorff technique. The perfusate consisted of Krebs-Henseleit solution saturated with one of three gas mixtures: 1) 95% O2-5% CO2, 2) 50% O2-45% He-5% CO2, and 3) 50% o2-45% N2-5% CO2. Contractile indices measured revealed the performance of hearts with the helium mixture to be equivalent to those perfused with the 95% O2-5% CO2 mixture. Those perfused with the nitrogen gas mixture exhibited contractile activity lower than that in the other two groups. It was concluded that helium exerts a direct effect on the coronary vasculature of the isolated rat heart by reducing its resistance to flow. A greater oxygen delivery to hearts perfused with the He-saturated solution compared to the N2-perfused hearts may account for the difference in performance.", "contents": "Performance of isolated rat hearts perfused with helium- or nitrogen-containing, gas-saturated solutions. Effects of helium on the isolated perfused rat heart were studied employing the Langendorff technique. The perfusate consisted of Krebs-Henseleit solution saturated with one of three gas mixtures: 1) 95% O2-5% CO2, 2) 50% O2-45% He-5% CO2, and 3) 50% o2-45% N2-5% CO2. Contractile indices measured revealed the performance of hearts with the helium mixture to be equivalent to those perfused with the 95% O2-5% CO2 mixture. Those perfused with the nitrogen gas mixture exhibited contractile activity lower than that in the other two groups. It was concluded that helium exerts a direct effect on the coronary vasculature of the isolated rat heart by reducing its resistance to flow. A greater oxygen delivery to hearts perfused with the He-saturated solution compared to the N2-perfused hearts may account for the difference in performance."}
{"id": "PMID:949300", "title": "Hypergravity effects on normal and avulsed developing avian radii.", "content": "Rhode Island Red female chicks were subjected to complete closed fracture of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching. The animals were allowed to heal for 1 week at either earth gravity or 2 G hypergravity state with control and estrogen-injected groups. Intact and fractured radial length, weight, average epiphysial-diaphysial diameters, and length, width, and weight of healing fracture callus were measured. Daily 2000 IU estrogen administration for 7 d increased intact radial length. Estrogen augments the effects of the 2-G state by inhibiting growth and depleting the mass of both intact and fractured radii and by decreasing the average distal epiphysial diameter of fractured bones. Animals exposed to the hypergravity state without hormonal treatment showed decreased fractured radial length, weight, and smaller proximal epiphysial diameters. The measurable parameters of the fracture callus (width, length, and weight) were depressed by the hypergravity state regardless of whether the animal was untreated or supplemented with estrogen.", "contents": "Hypergravity effects on normal and avulsed developing avian radii. Rhode Island Red female chicks were subjected to complete closed fracture of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching. The animals were allowed to heal for 1 week at either earth gravity or 2 G hypergravity state with control and estrogen-injected groups. Intact and fractured radial length, weight, average epiphysial-diaphysial diameters, and length, width, and weight of healing fracture callus were measured. Daily 2000 IU estrogen administration for 7 d increased intact radial length. Estrogen augments the effects of the 2-G state by inhibiting growth and depleting the mass of both intact and fractured radii and by decreasing the average distal epiphysial diameter of fractured bones. Animals exposed to the hypergravity state without hormonal treatment showed decreased fractured radial length, weight, and smaller proximal epiphysial diameters. The measurable parameters of the fracture callus (width, length, and weight) were depressed by the hypergravity state regardless of whether the animal was untreated or supplemented with estrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:949301", "title": "Accumulative effects of 2 weeks' exposure to a 2-G hypergravity state and estrogen treatment upon intact and fractured radii of young female birds.", "content": "Female birds were subjected to closed fractured of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching and allowed to heal for 14 d. The animals were maintained at either earth gravity or a 2-G hypergravity state with control and 2000 and 4000 IU Estrone-(estrogen) injected groups. Intact and fractured radii were measured for length, weight, average epiphysial-diaphysial diameters, and length, width and weight of fracture callus. Animals receiving 2000 IU estrogen treatment showed decreased intact and fractured bone weight, as well as smaller diaphysial diameters. Fractured, but not intact, bone length was decreased by the two estrogen levels without affecting the callus parameters. Bone weight and average epiphysial diameters of both intact and fractured radii were decreased by the hypergravity state. Intact bone diaphysis and fractured bone length were similarly affected. Large, 4000 IU, estrogen levels potentiated the hypergravity state and reduced distal epiphysial diameter of intact radii.", "contents": "Accumulative effects of 2 weeks' exposure to a 2-G hypergravity state and estrogen treatment upon intact and fractured radii of young female birds. Female birds were subjected to closed fractured of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching and allowed to heal for 14 d. The animals were maintained at either earth gravity or a 2-G hypergravity state with control and 2000 and 4000 IU Estrone-(estrogen) injected groups. Intact and fractured radii were measured for length, weight, average epiphysial-diaphysial diameters, and length, width and weight of fracture callus. Animals receiving 2000 IU estrogen treatment showed decreased intact and fractured bone weight, as well as smaller diaphysial diameters. Fractured, but not intact, bone length was decreased by the two estrogen levels without affecting the callus parameters. Bone weight and average epiphysial diameters of both intact and fractured radii were decreased by the hypergravity state. Intact bone diaphysis and fractured bone length were similarly affected. Large, 4000 IU, estrogen levels potentiated the hypergravity state and reduced distal epiphysial diameter of intact radii."}
{"id": "PMID:949302", "title": "Oxygen microelectrode response to oxygen pressures up to 15 ATA.", "content": "Polarographic measurements of oxygen at high pressures were made at 21-22 degrees C with open-type Wood's metal microelectrodes with tip diameter about 5 mu. Although the sensitivity of the individual electrodes ranged from 3.1 x 10(-10) to 8.8 x 10(-12) amps/mm Hg of O2, the oxygen current was always a straight line function of Po2 from 21% O2 at ambient pressure (Po2 = 160 mm Hg) to 100% O2 at 200 psig (Po2 = 11,102 mm Hg). Compression to 200 psig with 100% nitrogen produced no significant change in microelectrode current, showing that the microelectrodes are insensitive to pressure alone.", "contents": "Oxygen microelectrode response to oxygen pressures up to 15 ATA. Polarographic measurements of oxygen at high pressures were made at 21-22 degrees C with open-type Wood's metal microelectrodes with tip diameter about 5 mu. Although the sensitivity of the individual electrodes ranged from 3.1 x 10(-10) to 8.8 x 10(-12) amps/mm Hg of O2, the oxygen current was always a straight line function of Po2 from 21% O2 at ambient pressure (Po2 = 160 mm Hg) to 100% O2 at 200 psig (Po2 = 11,102 mm Hg). Compression to 200 psig with 100% nitrogen produced no significant change in microelectrode current, showing that the microelectrodes are insensitive to pressure alone."}
{"id": "PMID:949303", "title": "LDH isoenzymes of skeletal muscles of rats after space flight and hypokinesia.", "content": "Carbohydrate metabolism of the red-soleus and mixed-plantaris muscles of rats was studied during their exposure to weightlessness and hypokinesia. With respect to the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH, it was shown that the red and mixed muscles reacted differently to the 22-d orbital flight and hypokinetic exposure. The greatest changes of the LDH spectrum in the soleus muscle were found on the 15th hypokinetic day. These changes were similar to the changes in the soleus muscle of flight rats. The most significant changes of the LDH spectrum in the plantaris muscle were detected on the 60th hypokinetic day. No differences were found in the LDH spectrum of the plantaris muscle between the flight and control animals. Our study gives evidence that disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism play a major role in atrophic and dystrophic developments in skeletal muscles during a reduced functional load on them.", "contents": "LDH isoenzymes of skeletal muscles of rats after space flight and hypokinesia. Carbohydrate metabolism of the red-soleus and mixed-plantaris muscles of rats was studied during their exposure to weightlessness and hypokinesia. With respect to the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH, it was shown that the red and mixed muscles reacted differently to the 22-d orbital flight and hypokinetic exposure. The greatest changes of the LDH spectrum in the soleus muscle were found on the 15th hypokinetic day. These changes were similar to the changes in the soleus muscle of flight rats. The most significant changes of the LDH spectrum in the plantaris muscle were detected on the 60th hypokinetic day. No differences were found in the LDH spectrum of the plantaris muscle between the flight and control animals. Our study gives evidence that disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism play a major role in atrophic and dystrophic developments in skeletal muscles during a reduced functional load on them."}
{"id": "PMID:949304", "title": "Metabolic and hormonal mechanisms of mineral metabolic adaptation to induced hypokinetics in rats.", "content": "During simulated hypokinetics, many biological functions have a tendency to stabilize at different levels with the passing of time. In this experiment, hypokinetic exposure was induced in albino rats by the suspension method for 5 weeks. A new plateau in urinary K+ excretion was attained during the third week, after a transient decrease during the first week. Since the formation of this steady plateau is considered a manifestation of the adaptation of this function, the hypokinetic exposure period was divided into a prestabilized phase and a stabilized phase. To ascertain the biochemical mechanisms of this adaptation process, the effects of aldosterone and anti-aldosterone substances (e.g., tetracycline) on K+ and Na+ excretion patterns in each phase were investigated. Decreasing aldosterone activity in the prestabilized phase and increasing activity in the stabilized phase are recognized as one of the main factors in the renal adaptation process to hypokinetics.", "contents": "Metabolic and hormonal mechanisms of mineral metabolic adaptation to induced hypokinetics in rats. During simulated hypokinetics, many biological functions have a tendency to stabilize at different levels with the passing of time. In this experiment, hypokinetic exposure was induced in albino rats by the suspension method for 5 weeks. A new plateau in urinary K+ excretion was attained during the third week, after a transient decrease during the first week. Since the formation of this steady plateau is considered a manifestation of the adaptation of this function, the hypokinetic exposure period was divided into a prestabilized phase and a stabilized phase. To ascertain the biochemical mechanisms of this adaptation process, the effects of aldosterone and anti-aldosterone substances (e.g., tetracycline) on K+ and Na+ excretion patterns in each phase were investigated. Decreasing aldosterone activity in the prestabilized phase and increasing activity in the stabilized phase are recognized as one of the main factors in the renal adaptation process to hypokinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:949305", "title": "Morphological manifestations of functional changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and kidneys of rats after space flight.", "content": "Morphological examination of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory systen and kidneys of rats flown for 22 d and sacrificed 2 and 27 d postflight was carried out. By histological and histochemical methods, indications of increased activities of the hypothalamicpituitary neurosecretory system and the juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys were found. The changes were reversible and by the 27th postflight day returned to the normal. It is suggested that the changes in the above systems may be produced not only by flight effects but also by readaptation of animals to 1 g.", "contents": "Morphological manifestations of functional changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system and kidneys of rats after space flight. Morphological examination of the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory systen and kidneys of rats flown for 22 d and sacrificed 2 and 27 d postflight was carried out. By histological and histochemical methods, indications of increased activities of the hypothalamicpituitary neurosecretory system and the juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys were found. The changes were reversible and by the 27th postflight day returned to the normal. It is suggested that the changes in the above systems may be produced not only by flight effects but also by readaptation of animals to 1 g."}
{"id": "PMID:949306", "title": "Comparison of the subjective intensity of sinusoidal, multifrequency, and random whole-body vibration.", "content": "An intensity matching technique was used in two experiments to test the independent component method for evaluating complex vibration environments, recommended by current vibration standards; In the first experiment, seated subjects adjusted the intensity of a 25 Hz sinusoid to match the subjective intensity of 11, 17, 40, and 63 Hz simusoids, presented either singly or in combinations of two, three, or four frequencies. In the second experiment, 25 Hz was again used to match the subjective intensity of third octave bands of random vibration with center frequencies of 16, 20, 25, 31;5, and 40 Hz, presented either singly or in combinations of two, three, or four bands. The results showed that the acceleration of the matching response increased significantly as the number of sinusoids or third-octave bands in the stimulus increased; These findings indicate that the independent component evaluation method will underestimate the severity of complex vibration environments, and suggest that their perceived intensities may be more accurately reflected by the weighting technique included in the standards as an alternative evaluation method.", "contents": "Comparison of the subjective intensity of sinusoidal, multifrequency, and random whole-body vibration. An intensity matching technique was used in two experiments to test the independent component method for evaluating complex vibration environments, recommended by current vibration standards; In the first experiment, seated subjects adjusted the intensity of a 25 Hz sinusoid to match the subjective intensity of 11, 17, 40, and 63 Hz simusoids, presented either singly or in combinations of two, three, or four frequencies. In the second experiment, 25 Hz was again used to match the subjective intensity of third octave bands of random vibration with center frequencies of 16, 20, 25, 31;5, and 40 Hz, presented either singly or in combinations of two, three, or four bands. The results showed that the acceleration of the matching response increased significantly as the number of sinusoids or third-octave bands in the stimulus increased; These findings indicate that the independent component evaluation method will underestimate the severity of complex vibration environments, and suggest that their perceived intensities may be more accurately reflected by the weighting technique included in the standards as an alternative evaluation method."}
{"id": "PMID:949307", "title": "Hematologic changes in man during decompression: relations to overt decompression sickness and bubble scores.", "content": "In order to determine whether asymtomatic gas phase separation causes hematologic abnormalities, studies were carried out following two dive series, one to 210 feet of sea water (FSW) for 50 min and the other to 132 FSW for 30 min. Studies included white and red cell count, red cell indices, platelet count, ESR, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, and X, clot retraction, platelet aggregation and adhesion, euglobulin lysis time, and platelet factor III. Changes were seen in platelet and white cell count, prothrombin time and partial thrombo-plastin time. White cell count was the only variable which correlated with total bubble score. The results are presented and implications of the findings discussed.", "contents": "Hematologic changes in man during decompression: relations to overt decompression sickness and bubble scores. In order to determine whether asymtomatic gas phase separation causes hematologic abnormalities, studies were carried out following two dive series, one to 210 feet of sea water (FSW) for 50 min and the other to 132 FSW for 30 min. Studies included white and red cell count, red cell indices, platelet count, ESR, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII, and X, clot retraction, platelet aggregation and adhesion, euglobulin lysis time, and platelet factor III. Changes were seen in platelet and white cell count, prothrombin time and partial thrombo-plastin time. White cell count was the only variable which correlated with total bubble score. The results are presented and implications of the findings discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949308", "title": "What EEG criteria for diving fitness?", "content": "The authors have tried to consider EEG criteria applicable to fitness for diving. In a study of 90 professional divers, 37 (41%) displayed patterns susceptible of being interpreted as falling outside of strict normalcy. These patterns have sometimes been considered incompatible with diving, or even pathological by some authors. Considering the fact that these subjects were in good health, the value of these EEG signs is discussed in comparison with the literature. A general guideline is proposed placing subjects in three groups: fit, unfit, and questionable. In the last case, a final decision is taken in each individual case in agreement with the other medical examinations and based on the type of diving considered. Some explicit EEG criteria of definitive or temporary fitness and unfitness are proposed.", "contents": "What EEG criteria for diving fitness? The authors have tried to consider EEG criteria applicable to fitness for diving. In a study of 90 professional divers, 37 (41%) displayed patterns susceptible of being interpreted as falling outside of strict normalcy. These patterns have sometimes been considered incompatible with diving, or even pathological by some authors. Considering the fact that these subjects were in good health, the value of these EEG signs is discussed in comparison with the literature. A general guideline is proposed placing subjects in three groups: fit, unfit, and questionable. In the last case, a final decision is taken in each individual case in agreement with the other medical examinations and based on the type of diving considered. Some explicit EEG criteria of definitive or temporary fitness and unfitness are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:949309", "title": "Sopite syndrome: a sometimes sole manifestation of motion sickness.", "content": "Drowsiness is one of the cardinal symptoms of motion sickness; therefore, a symptom-complex centering around \"drowsiness\" has been identified which, for convenience, has been termed the sopite syndrome. Generally, the symptoms characterizing this syndrome are interwoven with other symptoms but under two circumstances the sopite syndrome comprises the main or sole overt manifestation of motion sickness. One circumstance is that in which the intensity of the eliciting stimuli is closely matched to a person's susceptibility, and the sopite syndrome is evoked either before other symptoms of motion sickness appear or in their absence. The second circumstance occurs during prolonged exposure in a motion environment when adaptation results in the disappearance of motion sickness symptoms, except for responses characterizing the sopite syndrome. Typical symptoms of the syndrome are: 1) yawning, 2) drowsiness, 3) disinclination for work, either physical or mental, and 4) lack of participation in group activities. Phenomena derived from an analysis of the symptomatology of the sopite syndrome are qualitatively similar but may differ quantitatively from abstractions derived in other motion sickness responses. One example is the sometimes unique time course of the sopite syndrome. This implies that the immediate eliciting mechanisms not only differ from those involved in evoking other symptoms, but, also, that they must represent first order responses. Diagnosis is difficult unless the syndrome under discussion is kept in mind. Prevention poses a greater problem than treatment.", "contents": "Sopite syndrome: a sometimes sole manifestation of motion sickness. Drowsiness is one of the cardinal symptoms of motion sickness; therefore, a symptom-complex centering around \"drowsiness\" has been identified which, for convenience, has been termed the sopite syndrome. Generally, the symptoms characterizing this syndrome are interwoven with other symptoms but under two circumstances the sopite syndrome comprises the main or sole overt manifestation of motion sickness. One circumstance is that in which the intensity of the eliciting stimuli is closely matched to a person's susceptibility, and the sopite syndrome is evoked either before other symptoms of motion sickness appear or in their absence. The second circumstance occurs during prolonged exposure in a motion environment when adaptation results in the disappearance of motion sickness symptoms, except for responses characterizing the sopite syndrome. Typical symptoms of the syndrome are: 1) yawning, 2) drowsiness, 3) disinclination for work, either physical or mental, and 4) lack of participation in group activities. Phenomena derived from an analysis of the symptomatology of the sopite syndrome are qualitatively similar but may differ quantitatively from abstractions derived in other motion sickness responses. One example is the sometimes unique time course of the sopite syndrome. This implies that the immediate eliciting mechanisms not only differ from those involved in evoking other symptoms, but, also, that they must represent first order responses. Diagnosis is difficult unless the syndrome under discussion is kept in mind. Prevention poses a greater problem than treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:949310", "title": "Serum uric acid, cholesterol, and psychological moods throughout stressful naval training.", "content": "Navy recruits, all 51 volunteers for a preliminary underwater demolition team (UDT) training program, were followed through 4 weeks of training; 27 men passed and 24 failed the training course. Serum uric acid and serum cholesterol levels, as well as psychological moods data were collected on all volunteers at the start of training and at the end of each of the four training weeks. Men who passed training were compared to those who failed. In addition, these same measures were carried out with a control group of 66 naval recruits. Pre-UDT trainees who passed the program demonstrated high levels of positive moods, early peaks in serum uric acid level, and stable serum cholesterol levels throughout training. These findings supported previous work with successful UDT trainees. Pre-UDT trainees who failed the program demonstrated intermediate levels of positive moods, a midtraining period peak in serum uric acid, and a significant rise in serum cholesterol during the final 2 weeks of the course. The serum cholesterol rise seen during a period shortly prior to failure substantiates previous findings. A comparison group showed low levels of positive moods, an initial peak in serum uric acid, and stable serum cholesterol levels. Two mood scales had siginificant correlations with serum uric acid for only men who passed training. A motivation scale, given at the start of training, correlated with serum uric acid levels for men who failed training.", "contents": "Serum uric acid, cholesterol, and psychological moods throughout stressful naval training. Navy recruits, all 51 volunteers for a preliminary underwater demolition team (UDT) training program, were followed through 4 weeks of training; 27 men passed and 24 failed the training course. Serum uric acid and serum cholesterol levels, as well as psychological moods data were collected on all volunteers at the start of training and at the end of each of the four training weeks. Men who passed training were compared to those who failed. In addition, these same measures were carried out with a control group of 66 naval recruits. Pre-UDT trainees who passed the program demonstrated high levels of positive moods, early peaks in serum uric acid level, and stable serum cholesterol levels throughout training. These findings supported previous work with successful UDT trainees. Pre-UDT trainees who failed the program demonstrated intermediate levels of positive moods, a midtraining period peak in serum uric acid, and a significant rise in serum cholesterol during the final 2 weeks of the course. The serum cholesterol rise seen during a period shortly prior to failure substantiates previous findings. A comparison group showed low levels of positive moods, an initial peak in serum uric acid, and stable serum cholesterol levels. Two mood scales had siginificant correlations with serum uric acid for only men who passed training. A motivation scale, given at the start of training, correlated with serum uric acid levels for men who failed training."}
{"id": "PMID:949311", "title": "Sex ratio in offspring of pilots: a contribution to stress research.", "content": "An old rumor - lately substantiated by statistical examinations from England - to the effect that pilots of high-performance military aircraft are \"girl-fathers\", could be reduced to absurdity through a comprehensive questionnaire investigation in the German Federal Armed Forces. Spermiogenesis does not seem to be disturbed by professional-specific influences (Radar radiation, G-forces etc.), as implied by the questionnaire findings. In times of high flying and personal stress (first 1000 flying hours) military jet pilots are even \"boy-fathers\". As soon as flying becomes a routine matter (after the 1000th flying hour) and thus less stressful, jet and helicopter pilots even become \"girl-fathers\". The pilots of military transport aircraft show no deviation from the control group of the male population of the Federal Republic of Germany with respect to the sex ratio of children procreated by them. The intention of this somewhat curious study was established by considerations that pilots would be entitled to protection and/or compensation for damages incurred in cases where their procreative capacity had been detrimentally affected by activities in the line of duty.", "contents": "Sex ratio in offspring of pilots: a contribution to stress research. An old rumor - lately substantiated by statistical examinations from England - to the effect that pilots of high-performance military aircraft are \"girl-fathers\", could be reduced to absurdity through a comprehensive questionnaire investigation in the German Federal Armed Forces. Spermiogenesis does not seem to be disturbed by professional-specific influences (Radar radiation, G-forces etc.), as implied by the questionnaire findings. In times of high flying and personal stress (first 1000 flying hours) military jet pilots are even \"boy-fathers\". As soon as flying becomes a routine matter (after the 1000th flying hour) and thus less stressful, jet and helicopter pilots even become \"girl-fathers\". The pilots of military transport aircraft show no deviation from the control group of the male population of the Federal Republic of Germany with respect to the sex ratio of children procreated by them. The intention of this somewhat curious study was established by considerations that pilots would be entitled to protection and/or compensation for damages incurred in cases where their procreative capacity had been detrimentally affected by activities in the line of duty."}
{"id": "PMID:949312", "title": "A Z-axis recumbent rotating device for use in parabolic flight.", "content": "A prototype apparatus for exposing persons to rotation about their Z-axis in parabolic flight is described. Although it resembles Earth-horizontal axis devices, added features are its strength and portability, and the fiber glass \"couch\" with adjustable elements providing support and restraint. Even under ground-based conditions, this device provides unique opportunities for investigations involving not only canalicular and macular mechanoreceptors, but also touch, pressure, and kinesthetic receptor systems.", "contents": "A Z-axis recumbent rotating device for use in parabolic flight. A prototype apparatus for exposing persons to rotation about their Z-axis in parabolic flight is described. Although it resembles Earth-horizontal axis devices, added features are its strength and portability, and the fiber glass \"couch\" with adjustable elements providing support and restraint. Even under ground-based conditions, this device provides unique opportunities for investigations involving not only canalicular and macular mechanoreceptors, but also touch, pressure, and kinesthetic receptor systems."}
{"id": "PMID:949313", "title": "The isolation and characterization of bilirubin diglucuronide, the major bilirubin conjugate in dog and human bile.", "content": "The chemical structure of the major conjugate of bilirubin was unequivocally elucidated by structural analysis. The conjugated bilirubins were first separated from the lipid components of human duodenal aspirates or dog gall-bladder bile, and then resolved by t.l.c. into a series of tetrapyrroles. The major tetrapyrrole was then converted into its more stable dipyrrolic azo derivative for further analysis. The conjugated moiety of the azopigment was characterized after methanolysis with sodium methoxide. This reaction yields two types of product, those soluble in water and those soluble in organic solvents. The organic-soluble fraction was shown by t.l.c. and mass spectrometry to contain the methyl esters of the dipyrrolic azo derivatives of bilirubin. The water-soluble materials were analysed by enzymic procedures, t.l.c., n.m.r. spectrometry and combined g.l.c. and mass spectrometry. This analysis showed that the only water-soluble product resulting from the methanolysis was glucuronic acid. The structure was identical with that of pure standards, on both mass spectrometry and n.m.r. spectroscopy. No contaminating moieties were found. Quantitative measurement indicated that the glucuronic acid had been released in a 1:1 molar ratio with the resulting methyl esters of the dipyrrolic azo derivatives of bilirubin. This unequivocally establishes bilirubin diglucuronide as the major pigment present in bile. Past problems with identification of bilirubin diglucuronide were shown to originate from procedures which resulted in incomplete separation and isolation of the azopigments of the conjugated bilirubins, owing to contamination by biliary lipids.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of bilirubin diglucuronide, the major bilirubin conjugate in dog and human bile. The chemical structure of the major conjugate of bilirubin was unequivocally elucidated by structural analysis. The conjugated bilirubins were first separated from the lipid components of human duodenal aspirates or dog gall-bladder bile, and then resolved by t.l.c. into a series of tetrapyrroles. The major tetrapyrrole was then converted into its more stable dipyrrolic azo derivative for further analysis. The conjugated moiety of the azopigment was characterized after methanolysis with sodium methoxide. This reaction yields two types of product, those soluble in water and those soluble in organic solvents. The organic-soluble fraction was shown by t.l.c. and mass spectrometry to contain the methyl esters of the dipyrrolic azo derivatives of bilirubin. The water-soluble materials were analysed by enzymic procedures, t.l.c., n.m.r. spectrometry and combined g.l.c. and mass spectrometry. This analysis showed that the only water-soluble product resulting from the methanolysis was glucuronic acid. The structure was identical with that of pure standards, on both mass spectrometry and n.m.r. spectroscopy. No contaminating moieties were found. Quantitative measurement indicated that the glucuronic acid had been released in a 1:1 molar ratio with the resulting methyl esters of the dipyrrolic azo derivatives of bilirubin. This unequivocally establishes bilirubin diglucuronide as the major pigment present in bile. Past problems with identification of bilirubin diglucuronide were shown to originate from procedures which resulted in incomplete separation and isolation of the azopigments of the conjugated bilirubins, owing to contamination by biliary lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:949314", "title": "Is a Schiff base involved in the mechanism of the delta4-3-oxo steroid 5alpha- or 5beta-reductases from mammalian liver?", "content": "The saturation of the delta4-double bond of delta4-3-oxo steroids by the mammalian 5alpha- or 5beta-reductases is by an enzyme mechanism that does not involve a Schiff-base intermediate.", "contents": "Is a Schiff base involved in the mechanism of the delta4-3-oxo steroid 5alpha- or 5beta-reductases from mammalian liver? The saturation of the delta4-double bond of delta4-3-oxo steroids by the mammalian 5alpha- or 5beta-reductases is by an enzyme mechanism that does not involve a Schiff-base intermediate."}
{"id": "PMID:949315", "title": "A low-molecular-weight protein from rat liver that resembles ligandin in its binding properties.", "content": "A protein of S20,W 1.6S and mol.wt. 14000, which binds covalently a metabolite of the aminoazodye carcinogen NN-dimethyl-4-amino-3'-methylazobenzene, was isolated from rat liver cytosol from both carcinogen-treated and normal rats. The protein binds non-covalently palmitoyl-CoA, fatty acids, bilirubin, sex steroids and their sulphates, bile acids and salts, bromosulphophthalein, diethylstilboestrol and 20-methylcholanthrene with a wide range of affinities. The protein is isolated as three components with isoelectric points of 5.0, 5.9 and 7.6 by a method involving isoelectric focusing. All three components have closely similar amino acid analyses, tryptic-peptide 'maps' and u.v. spectra. Each single component redistributes into all three on further electrophoresis. However, the three forms differ in their binding characteristics, the form of pI 7.6 having much the highest affinity for compounds bound non-covalently. The protein was identified immunologically in rat liver, small intestine, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, myocardium and testis. The protein was compared with other hepatic binding-protein preparations of similar molecular weight.", "contents": "A low-molecular-weight protein from rat liver that resembles ligandin in its binding properties. A protein of S20,W 1.6S and mol.wt. 14000, which binds covalently a metabolite of the aminoazodye carcinogen NN-dimethyl-4-amino-3'-methylazobenzene, was isolated from rat liver cytosol from both carcinogen-treated and normal rats. The protein binds non-covalently palmitoyl-CoA, fatty acids, bilirubin, sex steroids and their sulphates, bile acids and salts, bromosulphophthalein, diethylstilboestrol and 20-methylcholanthrene with a wide range of affinities. The protein is isolated as three components with isoelectric points of 5.0, 5.9 and 7.6 by a method involving isoelectric focusing. All three components have closely similar amino acid analyses, tryptic-peptide 'maps' and u.v. spectra. Each single component redistributes into all three on further electrophoresis. However, the three forms differ in their binding characteristics, the form of pI 7.6 having much the highest affinity for compounds bound non-covalently. The protein was identified immunologically in rat liver, small intestine, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, myocardium and testis. The protein was compared with other hepatic binding-protein preparations of similar molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:949316", "title": "Lipids associated with bovine kidney glomerular basement membranes.", "content": "1. After incubation of bovine glomeruli with D-[U-14C]glucose, about 21% of the total radioactivity is found in lipid extracts of glomerular basement membranes. 2. The concentration of lipids in glomerular basement membranes (4.3% of dry wt.) is lower than in the residual glomerular particles (10.8% of dry wt.). The concentrations of neutral lipids (13.9%), phospholipids (46.7%) and cholesterol (37.9%) in the total lipid extract of the glomerular basement membranes, however, differ from those in the residual glomerular particles (15.6, 54.0 and 30.9% respectively). Though residual glomerular particles show a higher lipid content, the radioactivity in this fraction only amounts to 38% of that found in the glomerular basement membranes. 3. The specific radioactivity of total glomerular basement-membrane lipids (12 600 d.p.m./mg) is about 4 times as high as that of the glomerular basement membranes. The specific radioactivities of the individual lipid components, however, differ. The highest values are found for phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerols. The largest proportion of the radioactivity is found in the glycerol of the glycerides. The radioactivity in the fatty acids is much less and does not differ significantly in the various classes of lipids. 4. G.1.c. of methyl esters of the fatty acids does not reveal a clear difference between the fatty acid compositions of glomerular basement membranes and residual glomerular particles. 5. Treatment of glomerular basement-membrane preparations with ultrasound, the generally used procedure for glomerular basement-membrane preparations, drastically decreases the lipid content of glomerular basement membranes. 6. It is concluded that lipids are associated with the basement membranes. Further, the comparatively high radioactive labelling suggests that glomerular basement-membrane lipids may be an interesting class of substances for further pathological studies.", "contents": "Lipids associated with bovine kidney glomerular basement membranes. 1. After incubation of bovine glomeruli with D-[U-14C]glucose, about 21% of the total radioactivity is found in lipid extracts of glomerular basement membranes. 2. The concentration of lipids in glomerular basement membranes (4.3% of dry wt.) is lower than in the residual glomerular particles (10.8% of dry wt.). The concentrations of neutral lipids (13.9%), phospholipids (46.7%) and cholesterol (37.9%) in the total lipid extract of the glomerular basement membranes, however, differ from those in the residual glomerular particles (15.6, 54.0 and 30.9% respectively). Though residual glomerular particles show a higher lipid content, the radioactivity in this fraction only amounts to 38% of that found in the glomerular basement membranes. 3. The specific radioactivity of total glomerular basement-membrane lipids (12 600 d.p.m./mg) is about 4 times as high as that of the glomerular basement membranes. The specific radioactivities of the individual lipid components, however, differ. The highest values are found for phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerols. The largest proportion of the radioactivity is found in the glycerol of the glycerides. The radioactivity in the fatty acids is much less and does not differ significantly in the various classes of lipids. 4. G.1.c. of methyl esters of the fatty acids does not reveal a clear difference between the fatty acid compositions of glomerular basement membranes and residual glomerular particles. 5. Treatment of glomerular basement-membrane preparations with ultrasound, the generally used procedure for glomerular basement-membrane preparations, drastically decreases the lipid content of glomerular basement membranes. 6. It is concluded that lipids are associated with the basement membranes. Further, the comparatively high radioactive labelling suggests that glomerular basement-membrane lipids may be an interesting class of substances for further pathological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:949317", "title": "Study of poly-L-lysine conformations in aqueous methanol solution by using polarized Raman techniques.", "content": "Raman polarization measurements of the amide I band are reported in ionized poly-L-lysine dissolved in aqueous methanol. The observed changes with methanol concentration, attributed to changes in coil conformation and to the helix-coil transition, represent a novel method of measuring polymer conformation. Polarization measurements as a function of temperature yield values of the energy differences between rotational isomeric states in the coil. deltaH, of 8.8 +/- 0.7, 10.4 +/- 1.1 and 10.8 +/- 1.5 kJ/mol at methanol concentrations (v/v) of 85, 80 and 70% respectively. The stabilization energy of the helix is estimated at 9.3 kJ/mol.", "contents": "Study of poly-L-lysine conformations in aqueous methanol solution by using polarized Raman techniques. Raman polarization measurements of the amide I band are reported in ionized poly-L-lysine dissolved in aqueous methanol. The observed changes with methanol concentration, attributed to changes in coil conformation and to the helix-coil transition, represent a novel method of measuring polymer conformation. Polarization measurements as a function of temperature yield values of the energy differences between rotational isomeric states in the coil. deltaH, of 8.8 +/- 0.7, 10.4 +/- 1.1 and 10.8 +/- 1.5 kJ/mol at methanol concentrations (v/v) of 85, 80 and 70% respectively. The stabilization energy of the helix is estimated at 9.3 kJ/mol."}
{"id": "PMID:949318", "title": "Chymotrypsins from the deer (Cervidae) family. Isolation, partial characterization and primary-structure studies of chymotrypsins A and B from both moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus) pancreas.", "content": "1. An anionic and a cationic chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were isolated from the pancreas glands of the moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus). The A and B chymotrypsins from each species were purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, affinity chromatography on 4-phenylbutylamine-Sepharose and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose. 2. The molecular weight and pH optimum of each chymotrypsin were similar to those of the corresponding ox A and B chymotrypsins. 3. The substrate specificities of the chymotrypsins were investigated by digestion of glucagon and the oxidized B chain of insulin. The primary specificity of each chymotrypsin for aromatic amino acid residues was further established by determining the Km and kcat for the hydrolysis of a number of synthetic amino acid ester substrates. 4. The amino acid composition and total number of residues of moose and elk chymotrypsin A were similar to those of ox chymotrypsin A. An even greater similarity was observed among the B chymotrypsins of the three species. 5. The A chymotrypsins of moose and elk were fragmented to their constituent 'A', 'B' and 'C' polypeptide chains by succinylation (3-carboxypropionylation), reduction and alkylation of the native enzymes. In each case, the two major chains ('B' and 'C') were separated and isolated. By comparison of the amino acid compositions of moose, elk and oxy 'B' and 'C' chains, a greater difference was observed among the three A chymotrypsins than was suggested by the amino acid compositions of the native enzymes alone. 6. Peptides were isolated from the disulphide bridge and active-site regions of the A and B chymotrypsins of moose and elk by diagonal peptide-'mapping' techniques. From the amino acid compositions of the isolated peptides (assuming maximum homology) and from a comparison of diagonal peptide 'maps', there was established a high degree of primary-structure identity among the mooae, elk and ox chymotrypsins. Tentative sequences were deduced for the peptides isolated by diagonal peptide 'mapping'. 7. Details of the isolation procedures of the moose and elk chymotrypsins A and B and the amino acid analyses of some peptides obtained by diagonal peptide 'mapping' have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50064 (27 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5.", "contents": "Chymotrypsins from the deer (Cervidae) family. Isolation, partial characterization and primary-structure studies of chymotrypsins A and B from both moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus) pancreas. 1. An anionic and a cationic chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were isolated from the pancreas glands of the moose (Alces alces) and elk (Cervus elaphus). The A and B chymotrypsins from each species were purified to homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, affinity chromatography on 4-phenylbutylamine-Sepharose and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose. 2. The molecular weight and pH optimum of each chymotrypsin were similar to those of the corresponding ox A and B chymotrypsins. 3. The substrate specificities of the chymotrypsins were investigated by digestion of glucagon and the oxidized B chain of insulin. The primary specificity of each chymotrypsin for aromatic amino acid residues was further established by determining the Km and kcat for the hydrolysis of a number of synthetic amino acid ester substrates. 4. The amino acid composition and total number of residues of moose and elk chymotrypsin A were similar to those of ox chymotrypsin A. An even greater similarity was observed among the B chymotrypsins of the three species. 5. The A chymotrypsins of moose and elk were fragmented to their constituent 'A', 'B' and 'C' polypeptide chains by succinylation (3-carboxypropionylation), reduction and alkylation of the native enzymes. In each case, the two major chains ('B' and 'C') were separated and isolated. By comparison of the amino acid compositions of moose, elk and oxy 'B' and 'C' chains, a greater difference was observed among the three A chymotrypsins than was suggested by the amino acid compositions of the native enzymes alone. 6. Peptides were isolated from the disulphide bridge and active-site regions of the A and B chymotrypsins of moose and elk by diagonal peptide-'mapping' techniques. From the amino acid compositions of the isolated peptides (assuming maximum homology) and from a comparison of diagonal peptide 'maps', there was established a high degree of primary-structure identity among the mooae, elk and ox chymotrypsins. Tentative sequences were deduced for the peptides isolated by diagonal peptide 'mapping'. 7. Details of the isolation procedures of the moose and elk chymotrypsins A and B and the amino acid analyses of some peptides obtained by diagonal peptide 'mapping' have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50064 (27 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1976) 153, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:949319", "title": "A new method for deriving steady-state rate equations suitable for manual or computer use.", "content": "A schematic method for the derivation of steady-state enzyme rate equations by using the Wang algebra is described. The method is simple, easy to learn and offers a substantial decrease in analytical effort over previously published algorithms. Being essentially an algebraic procedure the method can be readily computerized. Computer programs in BASIC and ALGOL languages have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50065 (19 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1976). 153, 5.", "contents": "A new method for deriving steady-state rate equations suitable for manual or computer use. A schematic method for the derivation of steady-state enzyme rate equations by using the Wang algebra is described. The method is simple, easy to learn and offers a substantial decrease in analytical effort over previously published algorithms. Being essentially an algebraic procedure the method can be readily computerized. Computer programs in BASIC and ALGOL languages have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50065 (19 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1976). 153, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:949320", "title": "A method for the purification of milligram quantities of stable human phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "A method for processing 3 litres of human plasma for the purification of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase is described. The method involves (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, citric acid treatment, and DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. At this stage the enzyme preparation is purified approx. 8000-fold. This preparation appears to be free of lipoproteins as determined by immunoelectrophoresis against anti-human serum and is minimally contaminated with albumin (less than 30 mug/mg of enzyme protein) as determined by immunodiffusion. The activity of the enzyme was stable for 4 days, but most of its activity was lost after 20 days On electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel, a fast-moving band with enzyme activity and a slow-moving band with no enzyme activity was observed. A faint band of albumin was also present. Extracts of enzymically active bands cut from ten gels and then pooled and extracted with 0.15 M-NaC1/4mM-sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, showed a single band on re-electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel.", "contents": "A method for the purification of milligram quantities of stable human phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase. A method for processing 3 litres of human plasma for the purification of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol acyltransferase is described. The method involves (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, citric acid treatment, and DEAE-cellulose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. At this stage the enzyme preparation is purified approx. 8000-fold. This preparation appears to be free of lipoproteins as determined by immunoelectrophoresis against anti-human serum and is minimally contaminated with albumin (less than 30 mug/mg of enzyme protein) as determined by immunodiffusion. The activity of the enzyme was stable for 4 days, but most of its activity was lost after 20 days On electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel, a fast-moving band with enzyme activity and a slow-moving band with no enzyme activity was observed. A faint band of albumin was also present. Extracts of enzymically active bands cut from ten gels and then pooled and extracted with 0.15 M-NaC1/4mM-sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, showed a single band on re-electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel."}
{"id": "PMID:949321", "title": "Molecular forms and activities of glycosidases in cultures of amniotic-fluid cells.", "content": "Ion-exchange chromatography of gel filtration demonstrated the presence of different molecular forms of nine lysosomal enzymes in cultured amniotic-fluid cells. The patterns of molecular forms were similar to those known from skin fibroblasts and liver tissue. During cultivation total enzyme activities fluctuated with the number of passages, without any consistent trend of increase or decrease, and without correlation to the dominating cell type in the culture.", "contents": "Molecular forms and activities of glycosidases in cultures of amniotic-fluid cells. Ion-exchange chromatography of gel filtration demonstrated the presence of different molecular forms of nine lysosomal enzymes in cultured amniotic-fluid cells. The patterns of molecular forms were similar to those known from skin fibroblasts and liver tissue. During cultivation total enzyme activities fluctuated with the number of passages, without any consistent trend of increase or decrease, and without correlation to the dominating cell type in the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:949322", "title": "The determination of methionine in proteins by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Intact methionine residues in proteins were rapidly and precisely determined by measuring methyl thiocyanate released during the reaction with CNBr and separated by g.l.c. Conditions for the reaction and for chromatography on columns of Porapak P-S are described. The recovery of methyl thiocyanate from several methionine derivatives and analogues were examined. Carbamoylmethionine was adopted as a stable primary standard and ethyl thiocyanate as internal standard. The measured methionine content of several isolated proteins was close to the theoretical value indicated by previous work and the results for these and a range of food proteins agreed well with results obtained by ion-exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation. Since CNBr does not react with methionine sulphoxide and a preliminary hydrolysis is not required, the method discriminates between methionine and any methionine sulphoxide that may be present. It could be useful in studies on the nutritional availability of methionine in processed foods.", "contents": "The determination of methionine in proteins by gas-liquid chromatography. Intact methionine residues in proteins were rapidly and precisely determined by measuring methyl thiocyanate released during the reaction with CNBr and separated by g.l.c. Conditions for the reaction and for chromatography on columns of Porapak P-S are described. The recovery of methyl thiocyanate from several methionine derivatives and analogues were examined. Carbamoylmethionine was adopted as a stable primary standard and ethyl thiocyanate as internal standard. The measured methionine content of several isolated proteins was close to the theoretical value indicated by previous work and the results for these and a range of food proteins agreed well with results obtained by ion-exchange chromatography after performic acid oxidation. Since CNBr does not react with methionine sulphoxide and a preliminary hydrolysis is not required, the method discriminates between methionine and any methionine sulphoxide that may be present. It could be useful in studies on the nutritional availability of methionine in processed foods."}
{"id": "PMID:949323", "title": "Mode of interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase--transpeptidase from Streptomyces R39.", "content": "The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R39 is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics according to the same general scheme of reaction as the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61. However, the values for the kinetic constants involved in the reaction are very different for the two enzymes and provide an explanation for the observation that the R39 enzyme is more sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics than the R61 enzyme. Further, particular beta-lactams influence the kinetic constants to different extents depending on the source of the enzyme, so that a physical basis for the spectrum of antibiotic activity against particular enzyme systems is provided.", "contents": "Mode of interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase--transpeptidase from Streptomyces R39. The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R39 is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics according to the same general scheme of reaction as the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61. However, the values for the kinetic constants involved in the reaction are very different for the two enzymes and provide an explanation for the observation that the R39 enzyme is more sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics than the R61 enzyme. Further, particular beta-lactams influence the kinetic constants to different extents depending on the source of the enzyme, so that a physical basis for the spectrum of antibiotic activity against particular enzyme systems is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:949324", "title": "Isolation of (copper, zinc-) thioneins from pig liver.", "content": "The copper-binding proteins with mol. wt. of approx. 12000 in the cytosol of pig liver have been identified as copper-thioneins. They contain variable amounts of zinc, with approx. 10% total metal in the protein. The molar cysteine/metal ratio is approx. 2:1.", "contents": "Isolation of (copper, zinc-) thioneins from pig liver. The copper-binding proteins with mol. wt. of approx. 12000 in the cytosol of pig liver have been identified as copper-thioneins. They contain variable amounts of zinc, with approx. 10% total metal in the protein. The molar cysteine/metal ratio is approx. 2:1."}
{"id": "PMID:949325", "title": "The nature of the 5'-linked 5' nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of rabbit globin messenger ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes as estimated by periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid has two oxidizable end groups per molecule of mol. wt. 220000. When the mRNA is subjected to stepwise degradation by beta-elimination, only one oxidizable end-group is found. This indicates that one of the 2',3' hydroxyl end-groups is linked through the normal 3'--5' phosphodiester bond, but that the other is linked in such a way that after stepwise degradation no new 2',3 hydroxyl group is revealed. This structure could be a 5'-linked 5'-phospho di- or tri-ester. On digestion with ribonuclease the isoniazid-labelled RNA produced oligonucleotide hydrazones consistent with a poly(A) sequence at the 3' end plus fragments that are not found after stepwise degradation. These fragments have a charge of --6 and --8 from pancreatic ribonuclease or --7 from ribonuclease T1 digestion. These charges are changed to --3.4 and --4.1 after pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease T2 and alkaline phosphatase digestion. methyl-3H-labelled-poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from late erythroid cells contain a methyl-labelled fragment resistant to endonuclease and phosphodiesterase II digestion. After digestion with phosphodiesterase I this fragment produces methyl-3 H-labelled nucleotides with the electrophoretic mobility of pm7G and pAm. It is concluded that globin mRNA has the 5' sequences m7G(5')ppp'AmpYpGp ... and m7G(5')pppAmpApGpYp.", "contents": "The nature of the 5'-linked 5' nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of rabbit globin messenger ribonucleic acid. Poly(A)-containing messenger RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes as estimated by periodate oxidation and condensation with [3H]isoniazid has two oxidizable end groups per molecule of mol. wt. 220000. When the mRNA is subjected to stepwise degradation by beta-elimination, only one oxidizable end-group is found. This indicates that one of the 2',3' hydroxyl end-groups is linked through the normal 3'--5' phosphodiester bond, but that the other is linked in such a way that after stepwise degradation no new 2',3 hydroxyl group is revealed. This structure could be a 5'-linked 5'-phospho di- or tri-ester. On digestion with ribonuclease the isoniazid-labelled RNA produced oligonucleotide hydrazones consistent with a poly(A) sequence at the 3' end plus fragments that are not found after stepwise degradation. These fragments have a charge of --6 and --8 from pancreatic ribonuclease or --7 from ribonuclease T1 digestion. These charges are changed to --3.4 and --4.1 after pancreatic ribonuclease, ribonuclease T2 and alkaline phosphatase digestion. methyl-3H-labelled-poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from late erythroid cells contain a methyl-labelled fragment resistant to endonuclease and phosphodiesterase II digestion. After digestion with phosphodiesterase I this fragment produces methyl-3 H-labelled nucleotides with the electrophoretic mobility of pm7G and pAm. It is concluded that globin mRNA has the 5' sequences m7G(5')ppp'AmpYpGp ... and m7G(5')pppAmpApGpYp."}
{"id": "PMID:949326", "title": "Kinetic and spectral properties of rabbit brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.", "content": "Purification and 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) from rabbit brain is described. The method was used as a routine to give between 5 and 10mg of pure enzyme from 750 g of rabbit brain. The enzyme is a dimer made up of subunits each with a mol. wt. of 58000. An absorption spectrum of the freshly prepared enzyme shows peaks at 415 and 330 nm. Treatment of the enzyme with the substrate 4-amino-butyrate or glutamate produces a decrease in the 415 nm and an increase in the 330 nm peak. This conversion, which is attributed to an aldimine into ketimine step in the reaction, is sufficiently slow when 4-aminobutyrate is the substrate to allow it to be followed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. A first-order rate constant was determined for this step (12s-1) and compared with the turnover number for the enzyme derived by steady-state methods (9.5S-1). The first-order rate constant when glutamate was used as substrate was estimated to be approx. 30s-1.", "contents": "Kinetic and spectral properties of rabbit brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Purification and 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) from rabbit brain is described. The method was used as a routine to give between 5 and 10mg of pure enzyme from 750 g of rabbit brain. The enzyme is a dimer made up of subunits each with a mol. wt. of 58000. An absorption spectrum of the freshly prepared enzyme shows peaks at 415 and 330 nm. Treatment of the enzyme with the substrate 4-amino-butyrate or glutamate produces a decrease in the 415 nm and an increase in the 330 nm peak. This conversion, which is attributed to an aldimine into ketimine step in the reaction, is sufficiently slow when 4-aminobutyrate is the substrate to allow it to be followed by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. A first-order rate constant was determined for this step (12s-1) and compared with the turnover number for the enzyme derived by steady-state methods (9.5S-1). The first-order rate constant when glutamate was used as substrate was estimated to be approx. 30s-1."}
{"id": "PMID:949327", "title": "Affinity purification and some molecular properties of human liver alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase from human liver was purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure included solubilization with butanol, fractionation with acetone, and chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex. Purity was established by standard and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the protein was determined to be 4.0. Sephadex-gel filtration gave a mol.wt. of 146000, although a higher value was obtained in the presence of 100mM-NaC1. The subunit mol.wt. 76700, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in two enzyme-activity bands on isoelectric-focused gels with isoelectric points of 6.6 and 6.8. The desialylated enzyme gave only one protein band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with a subunit molecular weight indistinguishable from that of the non-neuraminidase-treated protein. The desialylated enzyme was more readily denatured by sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of mercaptoethanol than was the native enzyme.", "contents": "Affinity purification and some molecular properties of human liver alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase from human liver was purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure included solubilization with butanol, fractionation with acetone, and chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex. Purity was established by standard and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point of the protein was determined to be 4.0. Sephadex-gel filtration gave a mol.wt. of 146000, although a higher value was obtained in the presence of 100mM-NaC1. The subunit mol.wt. 76700, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in two enzyme-activity bands on isoelectric-focused gels with isoelectric points of 6.6 and 6.8. The desialylated enzyme gave only one protein band on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with a subunit molecular weight indistinguishable from that of the non-neuraminidase-treated protein. The desialylated enzyme was more readily denatured by sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of mercaptoethanol than was the native enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:949328", "title": "Ligand-apomyoglobin interactions. Configurational adaptability of the haem-binding site.", "content": "1. The interaction of the haem-binding region of apomyoglobin with different ligands was examined by ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry, to study unspecific features of protein-ligand interactions such as they occur in, for example, serum albumin binding. 2. Apomyoglobin, in contrast with metmyoglobin, binds at pH 7, with a high affinity, one molecule of Bromophenol Blue, bilirubin and protoporphyrin IX, two molecules of n-dodecanoate and n-decyl sulphate and four molecules of n-dodecyl sulphate and n-tetradecyl sulphate. 3. The number of high-affinity sites and/or association constants for the alkyl sulphates are enhanced by an increase of hydrocarbon length, indicating hydrophobic interactions with the protein. 4. Measurements of the temperature-dependence of the association constants of the high-affinity sites imply that the binding processes are largely entropy-driven. 5. Binding studies in the presence of two ligands show that bilirubin plus Bromophenol Blue and dodecanoate plus Bromophenol Blue can be simultaneously bound by apomyoglobin, but with decreased affinities. By contrast, the apomyoglobin-protoporphyrin IX complex does not react with Bromophenol Blue. 6. Optical-rotatory-dispersion measurements show that the laevorotation of apomyoglobin is increased towards that of metmyglobin in the presence of haemin and protoporphyrin IX. Small changes in the optical-rotatory-dispersion spectrum of apomyoglobin are observed in the presence of the other ligands. 7. It is concluded that the binding sites on apomyoglobin probably do not pre-exist but appear to be moulded from predominantly non-polar amino acid residues by reaction with hydrophobic ligands. 8. Comparison with data in the literature indicates that apomyoglobin on a weight basis has a larger hydrophobic area avaialble for binding of ligands than has human serum albumin. On the other hand, the association constants of serum for the ligands used in this study are generally somewhat larger than those of apomyoglobin.", "contents": "Ligand-apomyoglobin interactions. Configurational adaptability of the haem-binding site. 1. The interaction of the haem-binding region of apomyoglobin with different ligands was examined by ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and spectrophotometry, to study unspecific features of protein-ligand interactions such as they occur in, for example, serum albumin binding. 2. Apomyoglobin, in contrast with metmyoglobin, binds at pH 7, with a high affinity, one molecule of Bromophenol Blue, bilirubin and protoporphyrin IX, two molecules of n-dodecanoate and n-decyl sulphate and four molecules of n-dodecyl sulphate and n-tetradecyl sulphate. 3. The number of high-affinity sites and/or association constants for the alkyl sulphates are enhanced by an increase of hydrocarbon length, indicating hydrophobic interactions with the protein. 4. Measurements of the temperature-dependence of the association constants of the high-affinity sites imply that the binding processes are largely entropy-driven. 5. Binding studies in the presence of two ligands show that bilirubin plus Bromophenol Blue and dodecanoate plus Bromophenol Blue can be simultaneously bound by apomyoglobin, but with decreased affinities. By contrast, the apomyoglobin-protoporphyrin IX complex does not react with Bromophenol Blue. 6. Optical-rotatory-dispersion measurements show that the laevorotation of apomyoglobin is increased towards that of metmyglobin in the presence of haemin and protoporphyrin IX. Small changes in the optical-rotatory-dispersion spectrum of apomyoglobin are observed in the presence of the other ligands. 7. It is concluded that the binding sites on apomyoglobin probably do not pre-exist but appear to be moulded from predominantly non-polar amino acid residues by reaction with hydrophobic ligands. 8. Comparison with data in the literature indicates that apomyoglobin on a weight basis has a larger hydrophobic area avaialble for binding of ligands than has human serum albumin. On the other hand, the association constants of serum for the ligands used in this study are generally somewhat larger than those of apomyoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:949329", "title": "Abnormal carbohydrate composition of the major penetrating membrane protein of En(a-) human erythrocytes.", "content": "The major penetrating membrane glycoprotein (band 3) was isolated from En(a-) and normal human erythrocytes. The two proteins differed only in carbohydrate composition. Band 3 from En(a-) erythrocytes contained greater amounts of galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. The loss of the sialoglycoprotein sialotetrasaccharides in the En(a-) cell is not compensated by the appearance of these units in band 3 of En(a-) erythrocytes.", "contents": "Abnormal carbohydrate composition of the major penetrating membrane protein of En(a-) human erythrocytes. The major penetrating membrane glycoprotein (band 3) was isolated from En(a-) and normal human erythrocytes. The two proteins differed only in carbohydrate composition. Band 3 from En(a-) erythrocytes contained greater amounts of galactose and N-acetyl-glucosamine. The loss of the sialoglycoprotein sialotetrasaccharides in the En(a-) cell is not compensated by the appearance of these units in band 3 of En(a-) erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:949330", "title": "Removal of adsorbed elastase from partially digested elastin.", "content": "Bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin that had been partially digested by porcine pancreatic elastase and then thoroughly washed with 0.2 M-NaC1/0.05 M-sodium borate solution continued to release peptide fragments in solution. Complete removal of elastase from the elastin surface required extraction with dilute alkali, a procedure that does not irreversibly inactivate the enzyme or hydrolyse elastin.", "contents": "Removal of adsorbed elastase from partially digested elastin. Bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin that had been partially digested by porcine pancreatic elastase and then thoroughly washed with 0.2 M-NaC1/0.05 M-sodium borate solution continued to release peptide fragments in solution. Complete removal of elastase from the elastin surface required extraction with dilute alkali, a procedure that does not irreversibly inactivate the enzyme or hydrolyse elastin."}
{"id": "PMID:949331", "title": "Modification of brain deoxyribonucleic acid base content with maturation in normal and malnourished rats.", "content": "The mol percentage of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is 2.2 times greater in the adult than in 2-day-old rat brain DNA. The concentration of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine falls in corresponding liver DNA preparations. This normal increase in brain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is abolished in rats placed on an 8%-protein diet 5 days after birth.", "contents": "Modification of brain deoxyribonucleic acid base content with maturation in normal and malnourished rats. The mol percentage of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is 2.2 times greater in the adult than in 2-day-old rat brain DNA. The concentration of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine falls in corresponding liver DNA preparations. This normal increase in brain 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is abolished in rats placed on an 8%-protein diet 5 days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:949332", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase activities in the liver of rabbit foetuses during the haemapoietic period.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase activity did not change with variations of mitotic rate in foetal rabbit haemopoietic tissue, whereas the activity of thymidylate synthetase declined with decrease in cell divisions. Both the activities were normal in the brachydactylia strain, in which a failure in folate metabolism was previously assumed.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase activities in the liver of rabbit foetuses during the haemapoietic period. Dihydrofolate reductase activity did not change with variations of mitotic rate in foetal rabbit haemopoietic tissue, whereas the activity of thymidylate synthetase declined with decrease in cell divisions. Both the activities were normal in the brachydactylia strain, in which a failure in folate metabolism was previously assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:949333", "title": "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by derivatives of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide.", "content": "Cholinesterases are inhibited by 2-fluoro-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide by a mechanism that involves a slow association step followed by a very slow phosphorylation step. No phosphorylation step was observed for the interaction between acetylcholinesterase and 2-S-[2'-(NN-diethylamino)ethyl]thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide.", "contents": "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by derivatives of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide. Cholinesterases are inhibited by 2-fluoro-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide by a mechanism that involves a slow association step followed by a very slow phosphorylation step. No phosphorylation step was observed for the interaction between acetylcholinesterase and 2-S-[2'-(NN-diethylamino)ethyl]thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:949334", "title": "Glucagon-like and insulin-like hormones of the insect neurosecretory system.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complexes of the adult tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta produced both glycogenolysis and hypoglycaemia when injected into the larval form of the same species. Application of specific radioimmuno assays to similar extracts showed also that these gland complexes contain both glucagon-like and insulin-like peptides. Further, the partially purified immunoreactive peptides had the expected biological activities. The former decreased the glycogen content of the fatbody and the latter the circulating trehalose levels in recipient animals. These results suggest the existence of hormones in these invertebrates having both biological and structural similarities to vertebrate insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "Glucagon-like and insulin-like hormones of the insect neurosecretory system. Aqueous extracts of corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complexes of the adult tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta produced both glycogenolysis and hypoglycaemia when injected into the larval form of the same species. Application of specific radioimmuno assays to similar extracts showed also that these gland complexes contain both glucagon-like and insulin-like peptides. Further, the partially purified immunoreactive peptides had the expected biological activities. The former decreased the glycogen content of the fatbody and the latter the circulating trehalose levels in recipient animals. These results suggest the existence of hormones in these invertebrates having both biological and structural similarities to vertebrate insulin and glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:949335", "title": "The inhibition in vivo of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity by triton WR-1339.", "content": "1. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in heart homogenates and in heparin-releasable and non-releasable fractions of isolated perfused rat hearts, after the intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339. 2. In homogenates of hearts from starved, rats, lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.001) 2h after the injection of Triton. This inhibition was restricted exclusively to the heparin-releasable fraction. Maximum inhibition occurred 30 min after the injection and corresponded to about 60% of the lipoprotein lipase activity that could be released from the heart during 30 s perfusion with heparin. 3. Hearts of Triton-treated starved rats were unable to take up and utilize 14C-labelled chylomicron triacylglycerol fatty acids, even though about 40% of heparin-releasable activity remained in the hearts. 4. It is concluded that Triton selectively inhibits the functional lipoprotein lipase, i.e. the enzyme directly involved in the hydrolysis of circulating plasma triacylglycerols. 5. Lipoprotein lipase activities measured in homogenates of soleus muscle of starved rats and adipose tissue of fed rats were decreased by 25 and 39% respectively after Triton injection. It is concluded that, by analogy with the heart, these Triton-inhibitable activities correspond to the functional lipoprotein lipase.", "contents": "The inhibition in vivo of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity by triton WR-1339. 1. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in heart homogenates and in heparin-releasable and non-releasable fractions of isolated perfused rat hearts, after the intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339. 2. In homogenates of hearts from starved, rats, lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.001) 2h after the injection of Triton. This inhibition was restricted exclusively to the heparin-releasable fraction. Maximum inhibition occurred 30 min after the injection and corresponded to about 60% of the lipoprotein lipase activity that could be released from the heart during 30 s perfusion with heparin. 3. Hearts of Triton-treated starved rats were unable to take up and utilize 14C-labelled chylomicron triacylglycerol fatty acids, even though about 40% of heparin-releasable activity remained in the hearts. 4. It is concluded that Triton selectively inhibits the functional lipoprotein lipase, i.e. the enzyme directly involved in the hydrolysis of circulating plasma triacylglycerols. 5. Lipoprotein lipase activities measured in homogenates of soleus muscle of starved rats and adipose tissue of fed rats were decreased by 25 and 39% respectively after Triton injection. It is concluded that, by analogy with the heart, these Triton-inhibitable activities correspond to the functional lipoprotein lipase."}
{"id": "PMID:949336", "title": "Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells.", "content": "Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells were studied by using continuous labelling and pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine. Control experiments with [14C]proline indicated that in continuous labelling the hydroxylation of [14C]proline became linear with time after about 4 min and the secretion of collagen after about 35 min, as reported previously. In similar experiments with [14C]lysine the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxy[14C]lysine became linear at about 4 min, suggesting that these reactions were initiated while the polypeptide chains were growing on the ribosomes. Pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine indicated that after a 5 min pulse-label the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxyl[14C]lysine continued during the chase period for about 20 min. The data suggest that these reactions are continued after the release of complete polypeptide chains into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the reactions are probably not continued after the formation of the triple helix and the movement of the molecules into the Golgi vacuoles.", "contents": "Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells. Hydroxylation of lysine and glycosylation of hydroxylysine during collagen biosynthesis in isolated chick-embryo cartilage cells were studied by using continuous labelling and pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine. Control experiments with [14C]proline indicated that in continuous labelling the hydroxylation of [14C]proline became linear with time after about 4 min and the secretion of collagen after about 35 min, as reported previously. In similar experiments with [14C]lysine the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxy[14C]lysine became linear at about 4 min, suggesting that these reactions were initiated while the polypeptide chains were growing on the ribosomes. Pulse-chase labelling experiments with [14C]lysine indicated that after a 5 min pulse-label the hydroxylation of [14C]lysine and the glycosylations of hydroxyl[14C]lysine continued during the chase period for about 20 min. The data suggest that these reactions are continued after the release of complete polypeptide chains into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the reactions are probably not continued after the formation of the triple helix and the movement of the molecules into the Golgi vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:949337", "title": "Metabolism of L-(U-14C)valine, L-(U-14C)leucine, L-(U-14C)histidine and L-(U-14C) phenylalanine by the isolated perfused lactating guinea-pig mammary gland.", "content": "1. The incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine, L[U-14C]histidine and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine into casein secreted during perfusion of isolated guinea-pig mammary glands was demonstrated. 2. The extent of incorporation of label into casein residues was consistent with their being derived from free amino acids of the perfusate plasma. 3. The mean transit time of the amino acids from perfusate into secreted casein was approx. 100 min. 4. Whereas radioactive histidine and phenylalanine were incorporated solely into milk protein, radioactivity from [U-14C]valine was also transferred to CO2 and to an unidentified plasma component, and from [U-14C]leucine to plasma glutamic acid. 5. Evidence from experiments with [U-14C]phenylalanine suggests that, as in rats, but in contrast with ruminant species, guinea-pig mammary tissue does not possess phenyl alanine hydroxylase activity. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of essential amino acid catabolism in the control of milk-protein synthesis.", "contents": "Metabolism of L-(U-14C)valine, L-(U-14C)leucine, L-(U-14C)histidine and L-(U-14C) phenylalanine by the isolated perfused lactating guinea-pig mammary gland. 1. The incorporation of L-[U-14C]leucine, L[U-14C]histidine and L-[U-14C]phenylalanine into casein secreted during perfusion of isolated guinea-pig mammary glands was demonstrated. 2. The extent of incorporation of label into casein residues was consistent with their being derived from free amino acids of the perfusate plasma. 3. The mean transit time of the amino acids from perfusate into secreted casein was approx. 100 min. 4. Whereas radioactive histidine and phenylalanine were incorporated solely into milk protein, radioactivity from [U-14C]valine was also transferred to CO2 and to an unidentified plasma component, and from [U-14C]leucine to plasma glutamic acid. 5. Evidence from experiments with [U-14C]phenylalanine suggests that, as in rats, but in contrast with ruminant species, guinea-pig mammary tissue does not possess phenyl alanine hydroxylase activity. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of essential amino acid catabolism in the control of milk-protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949338", "title": "A sensitive method for measuring protein turnover based on the measurement of 2-3H-labelled amino acids in protein.", "content": "A method for measuring the rate of protein degradation is described. The method measures the change in 2-3H content of protein with time by racemization of the protein hydrolysate with acetic anhydride. The 3H on C-2 of amino acids is stable in proteins but becomes labile, owing to the action of transaminases, once the amino acids are released by proteolysis. The specific measurement of 2-3H in amino acids largely overcomes problems due to compartmentation and isotope recycling and evidence to support this claim is presented. Values for the half-life of Lemna minor (duckweed) protein determined by the new method are compared with values obtained by other methods.", "contents": "A sensitive method for measuring protein turnover based on the measurement of 2-3H-labelled amino acids in protein. A method for measuring the rate of protein degradation is described. The method measures the change in 2-3H content of protein with time by racemization of the protein hydrolysate with acetic anhydride. The 3H on C-2 of amino acids is stable in proteins but becomes labile, owing to the action of transaminases, once the amino acids are released by proteolysis. The specific measurement of 2-3H in amino acids largely overcomes problems due to compartmentation and isotope recycling and evidence to support this claim is presented. Values for the half-life of Lemna minor (duckweed) protein determined by the new method are compared with values obtained by other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:949339", "title": "Evidence for the lack of deoxyribonucleic acid dark-repair in Halobacterium cutirubrum.", "content": "1. Halobacterium cutirubrum does not perform dark-repair of DNA either after u.v. irradiation or during normal growth. 2. Cultures irradiated with u.v. are readily photoreactivated, but do not recover viability in the dark. 3. No increase in the rate of DNA synthesis is observed in the surviving cells after u.v. irradiation. 4. At early times during normal semiconservative replication, newly incorporated thymidine is found only in the hybrid DNA. 5. It is suggested that these bacteria may be useful in the study of DNA replication and photoreactivation.", "contents": "Evidence for the lack of deoxyribonucleic acid dark-repair in Halobacterium cutirubrum. 1. Halobacterium cutirubrum does not perform dark-repair of DNA either after u.v. irradiation or during normal growth. 2. Cultures irradiated with u.v. are readily photoreactivated, but do not recover viability in the dark. 3. No increase in the rate of DNA synthesis is observed in the surviving cells after u.v. irradiation. 4. At early times during normal semiconservative replication, newly incorporated thymidine is found only in the hybrid DNA. 5. It is suggested that these bacteria may be useful in the study of DNA replication and photoreactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:949340", "title": "Erythrocyte calcium metabolism. Calcium exchange in normal and sickle-cell-anaemia erythrocytes.", "content": "Under exchange conditions (no net increase in calcium), erythrocytes incubated in isoosmotic phosphate-buffered saline have an exchangeable calcium pool comprising about 10% of the total erythrocyte calcium. This pool reaches exchange equilibrium, for either inward-directed or outward-directed transfer of the 45Ca-exchange label, with a half-time of about 20 min. The uptake of Ca2+ requires phosphate, even under hypo-osmotic conditions, where the calcium loading expected as the cells swell is obtained only when phosphate is present. The phosphate requirement is not due to Ca2+ transport as a phosphate salt. This exchangeable-calcium pool is also present in sickle-cell-anemia erythrocytes, and comprises a similar proportion of total cellular calcium.", "contents": "Erythrocyte calcium metabolism. Calcium exchange in normal and sickle-cell-anaemia erythrocytes. Under exchange conditions (no net increase in calcium), erythrocytes incubated in isoosmotic phosphate-buffered saline have an exchangeable calcium pool comprising about 10% of the total erythrocyte calcium. This pool reaches exchange equilibrium, for either inward-directed or outward-directed transfer of the 45Ca-exchange label, with a half-time of about 20 min. The uptake of Ca2+ requires phosphate, even under hypo-osmotic conditions, where the calcium loading expected as the cells swell is obtained only when phosphate is present. The phosphate requirement is not due to Ca2+ transport as a phosphate salt. This exchangeable-calcium pool is also present in sickle-cell-anemia erythrocytes, and comprises a similar proportion of total cellular calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:949341", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis in the perfused liver of adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "1. Fatty acid synthesis, measured in the perfused liver of fed adrenalectomized rats with 3H2O and 14C-labelled precursors, was less than in control sham-operated rats. 2. This defect was more extensive for synthesis of fatty acids incorporated into triacylglycerols than into phospholipids. 3. There was impairment in desaturation and export of newly synthesized fatty acid. 4. Fatty acid synthesis and desaturation were restored to normal rates 5h after treatment with cortisol in vivo. 5. Fatty acid synthesis was seasonally variable, being highest in the winter; the impairment after adrenalectomy was observed in all seasons. 6. In perfusions with oleate (0.7 mM), no further impairment in fatty acid synthesis was discerned in livers from adrenalectomized rats, in which the rate resembled that in control livers. 7. No defect in the incorporation of oleate into glycerides was discerned in livers from adrenalectomized rats. 8. Cortisol exerted no stimulatory effect on fatty acid synthesis when added to perfusion media. 9. The impairment in hepatic lipogenesis, demonstrable after adrenalectomy, shows that adrenal glucocorticoids promote hepatic capacity for fatty acid synthesis de novo, at least in intact non-diabetic rats. It is suggested that this effect is mediated by insulin, perhaps through direct action on the liver.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis in the perfused liver of adrenalectomized rats. 1. Fatty acid synthesis, measured in the perfused liver of fed adrenalectomized rats with 3H2O and 14C-labelled precursors, was less than in control sham-operated rats. 2. This defect was more extensive for synthesis of fatty acids incorporated into triacylglycerols than into phospholipids. 3. There was impairment in desaturation and export of newly synthesized fatty acid. 4. Fatty acid synthesis and desaturation were restored to normal rates 5h after treatment with cortisol in vivo. 5. Fatty acid synthesis was seasonally variable, being highest in the winter; the impairment after adrenalectomy was observed in all seasons. 6. In perfusions with oleate (0.7 mM), no further impairment in fatty acid synthesis was discerned in livers from adrenalectomized rats, in which the rate resembled that in control livers. 7. No defect in the incorporation of oleate into glycerides was discerned in livers from adrenalectomized rats. 8. Cortisol exerted no stimulatory effect on fatty acid synthesis when added to perfusion media. 9. The impairment in hepatic lipogenesis, demonstrable after adrenalectomy, shows that adrenal glucocorticoids promote hepatic capacity for fatty acid synthesis de novo, at least in intact non-diabetic rats. It is suggested that this effect is mediated by insulin, perhaps through direct action on the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:949342", "title": "Lipogenesis from ketone bodies in rat brain. Evidence for conversion of acetoacetate into acetyl-coenzyme A in the cytosol.", "content": "The metabolism of acetoacetate via a proposed cytosolic pathway in brain of 1-week-old rats was investigated. (-)-Hydroxycitrate, an inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, markedly inhibited the incorporation of carbon from labelled glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate into cerebral lipids, but had no effect on the incorporation of labelled acetate and acetoacetate into brain lipids. Similarly, n-butylmalonate and benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate inhibited the incorporation of labelled 3-hydroxybutyrate but not of acetoacetate into cerebral lipids. These inhibitors had no effect on the oxidation to 14CO2 of the labelled substrates used. (-)-Hydroxycitrate decreased the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into cerebral lipids by slices metabolizing either glucose or 3-hydroxybutyrate, but not in the presence of acetoacetate. (-)-Hydroxycitrate also differentially inhibited the incorporation of [2-14C]-leucine and [U-14C]leucine into cerebral lipids. The data show that, although the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA generated in brain mitochondria is largely translocated as citrate from these organelles to the cytosol, a cytosolic pathway exists by which acetoacetate is converted directly into acetyl-COA in this cellular compartment.", "contents": "Lipogenesis from ketone bodies in rat brain. Evidence for conversion of acetoacetate into acetyl-coenzyme A in the cytosol. The metabolism of acetoacetate via a proposed cytosolic pathway in brain of 1-week-old rats was investigated. (-)-Hydroxycitrate, an inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, markedly inhibited the incorporation of carbon from labelled glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate into cerebral lipids, but had no effect on the incorporation of labelled acetate and acetoacetate into brain lipids. Similarly, n-butylmalonate and benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate inhibited the incorporation of labelled 3-hydroxybutyrate but not of acetoacetate into cerebral lipids. These inhibitors had no effect on the oxidation to 14CO2 of the labelled substrates used. (-)-Hydroxycitrate decreased the incorporation of 3H from 3H2O into cerebral lipids by slices metabolizing either glucose or 3-hydroxybutyrate, but not in the presence of acetoacetate. (-)-Hydroxycitrate also differentially inhibited the incorporation of [2-14C]-leucine and [U-14C]leucine into cerebral lipids. The data show that, although the acetyl moiety of acetyl-CoA generated in brain mitochondria is largely translocated as citrate from these organelles to the cytosol, a cytosolic pathway exists by which acetoacetate is converted directly into acetyl-COA in this cellular compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:949343", "title": "Partial isolation and translation in vitro of messenger ribonucleic acid for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (guanosine triphosphate).", "content": "1. mRNA was extracted from the livers of starved rats and incubated in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The presence of newly synthesized phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) was detected by immunoprecipitation with a specific antibody to the enzyme and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The synthesis of the enzyme was dependent on the addition of rat liver RNA, whereas RNA isolated from rat spleen was inactive. If ovalbumin and anti-ovalbumin were used to form the immunoprecipitates, no radioactivity that migrated as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was detected. 3. The optimal concentrations of magnesium acetate and KCl for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase synthesis were determined. 4. When polyribosomal RNA was separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA migrated between 20 and 26 S in keeping with the high mol. wt. of the protein (85 000). 5. The presence of poly(A) in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA was suggested by retention of mRNA activity on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. 6. It was concluded that the cell-free synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase can serve as a bioassay for intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA.", "contents": "Partial isolation and translation in vitro of messenger ribonucleic acid for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (guanosine triphosphate). 1. mRNA was extracted from the livers of starved rats and incubated in a heterologous cell-free protein-synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The presence of newly synthesized phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) was detected by immunoprecipitation with a specific antibody to the enzyme and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The synthesis of the enzyme was dependent on the addition of rat liver RNA, whereas RNA isolated from rat spleen was inactive. If ovalbumin and anti-ovalbumin were used to form the immunoprecipitates, no radioactivity that migrated as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was detected. 3. The optimal concentrations of magnesium acetate and KCl for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase synthesis were determined. 4. When polyribosomal RNA was separated by sucrose-gradient centrifugation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA migrated between 20 and 26 S in keeping with the high mol. wt. of the protein (85 000). 5. The presence of poly(A) in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA was suggested by retention of mRNA activity on oligo(dT)-cellulose columns. 6. It was concluded that the cell-free synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase can serve as a bioassay for intracellular phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:949344", "title": "Enzymic hydrolysis of myelin basic protein and other proteins in central nervous system and lymphoid tissues from normal and demyelinating rats.", "content": "Proteolytic activity of central-nervous-system tissue of the normal rat was examined over the pH range 2-9 with casein, haemoglobin and myelin basic protein as substrates. With casein as a substrate, brain and spinal cord homogenates showed very similar activity profiles with increasing pH, with the main peaks of proteolytic activity at pH 3-4 and 5-6. When haemoglobin was used, one broad main peak of activity from pH 3 to 5 was demonstrated. There was no optimum pH, however, for proteolytic activity with myelin basic protein as a substrate, and considerable hydrolysis were observed from pH 3.5 up to pH8. Proteolytic activity at the various pH values was compared by using homogenates of spinal cords from rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and those from rats injected with Freund's adjuvant alone. The profiles of activity were similar with peaks at pH 3.5 and 5.5 with casein as a substrate, but the specific activity was significantly higher at most pH values in the spinal-cord homogenates from rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Similarly the spinal-cord homogenates from these latter rats contained much more proteolytic activity toward myelin basic protein throughout the pH range than was present in the control spinal cords. Homogenates from lymph nodes of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and from those of the controls contained two to three times as much proteolytic activity as that of the central-nervous-system tissue and had a different proteolytic activity profile form that of the central-nervous system, with higher activity at the neutral than at acid pH. The results are discussed with regard to the probability that inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes may be the cause of the increased proteolytic activity in the central nervous system of animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and that enzymes from these cells possess the capability of digesting myelin basic protein.", "contents": "Enzymic hydrolysis of myelin basic protein and other proteins in central nervous system and lymphoid tissues from normal and demyelinating rats. Proteolytic activity of central-nervous-system tissue of the normal rat was examined over the pH range 2-9 with casein, haemoglobin and myelin basic protein as substrates. With casein as a substrate, brain and spinal cord homogenates showed very similar activity profiles with increasing pH, with the main peaks of proteolytic activity at pH 3-4 and 5-6. When haemoglobin was used, one broad main peak of activity from pH 3 to 5 was demonstrated. There was no optimum pH, however, for proteolytic activity with myelin basic protein as a substrate, and considerable hydrolysis were observed from pH 3.5 up to pH8. Proteolytic activity at the various pH values was compared by using homogenates of spinal cords from rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and those from rats injected with Freund's adjuvant alone. The profiles of activity were similar with peaks at pH 3.5 and 5.5 with casein as a substrate, but the specific activity was significantly higher at most pH values in the spinal-cord homogenates from rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Similarly the spinal-cord homogenates from these latter rats contained much more proteolytic activity toward myelin basic protein throughout the pH range than was present in the control spinal cords. Homogenates from lymph nodes of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and from those of the controls contained two to three times as much proteolytic activity as that of the central-nervous-system tissue and had a different proteolytic activity profile form that of the central-nervous system, with higher activity at the neutral than at acid pH. The results are discussed with regard to the probability that inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes may be the cause of the increased proteolytic activity in the central nervous system of animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and that enzymes from these cells possess the capability of digesting myelin basic protein."}
{"id": "PMID:949345", "title": "The calcium conductance of the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria and the determination of the calcium electrochemical gradient.", "content": "1. A method is described for establishing steady-state conditions of calcium transport across the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria and for determining the current of Ca2+ flowing across the membrane, together with the Ca2+ electrochemical gradient across the native Ca2+ carrier. These parameters were used to quantify the apparent Ca2+ conductance of the native carrier. 2. At 23 degrees C and pH7.0, the apparent Ca2+ conductance of the carrier is close to 1 nmol of Ca2+-min-1-mg of protein-1 mV-1. Proton extrusion by the respiratory chain, rather than the Ca2+ carrier itself, may often be rate-limiting in studies of initial rates of Ca2+ uptake. 3. Under parallel conditions, the endogenous H+ conductance of the membrane is 0.3 nmol of H+-min-1-mg of protein-1-mV-1. 4. Ruthenium Red and La3+ both strongly inhibit the Ca2+ conductance of the carrier, but are without effect on the H+ conductance of the membrane. 5. The apparent Ca2+ conductance of the carrier shows a sigmoidal dependence on the activity of Ca2+ in the medium. At 23 degrees C and pH7.2, half-maximum conductance is obtained at a Ca2+ activity of 4.7 muM. 6. The apparent Ca2+ conductance and the H+ conductance of the inner membrane increase fourfold from 23 degrees to 38 degrees C. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy for Ca2+ transport is 69kJ/mol. The H+ electrochemical gradient maintained in the absence of Ca2+ transport does not vary significantly with temperature. 7. The apparent Ca2+ conductance increases fivefold on increasing the pH of the medium from 6.8 to 8.0. The H+ conductance of the membrane does not vary significantly with pH over this range. 8. Mg2+ has no effect on the apparent Ca2+ conductance when added at concentration up to 1 mM. 9. Results are compared with classical methods of studying Ca2+ transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "The calcium conductance of the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria and the determination of the calcium electrochemical gradient. 1. A method is described for establishing steady-state conditions of calcium transport across the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria and for determining the current of Ca2+ flowing across the membrane, together with the Ca2+ electrochemical gradient across the native Ca2+ carrier. These parameters were used to quantify the apparent Ca2+ conductance of the native carrier. 2. At 23 degrees C and pH7.0, the apparent Ca2+ conductance of the carrier is close to 1 nmol of Ca2+-min-1-mg of protein-1 mV-1. Proton extrusion by the respiratory chain, rather than the Ca2+ carrier itself, may often be rate-limiting in studies of initial rates of Ca2+ uptake. 3. Under parallel conditions, the endogenous H+ conductance of the membrane is 0.3 nmol of H+-min-1-mg of protein-1-mV-1. 4. Ruthenium Red and La3+ both strongly inhibit the Ca2+ conductance of the carrier, but are without effect on the H+ conductance of the membrane. 5. The apparent Ca2+ conductance of the carrier shows a sigmoidal dependence on the activity of Ca2+ in the medium. At 23 degrees C and pH7.2, half-maximum conductance is obtained at a Ca2+ activity of 4.7 muM. 6. The apparent Ca2+ conductance and the H+ conductance of the inner membrane increase fourfold from 23 degrees to 38 degrees C. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy for Ca2+ transport is 69kJ/mol. The H+ electrochemical gradient maintained in the absence of Ca2+ transport does not vary significantly with temperature. 7. The apparent Ca2+ conductance increases fivefold on increasing the pH of the medium from 6.8 to 8.0. The H+ conductance of the membrane does not vary significantly with pH over this range. 8. Mg2+ has no effect on the apparent Ca2+ conductance when added at concentration up to 1 mM. 9. Results are compared with classical methods of studying Ca2+ transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:949346", "title": "A sparing effect of increased plasma fatty acids on muscle and liver glycogen content in the exercising rat.", "content": "Increasing plasma free fatty acids decreased the degree of glycogen depletion, and increased the citrate concentration, in slow-red (soleus) and fast-red (deep portion of vastus lateralis) muscle during exercise (approx. 50% depletion of glycogen, as against 75% in control animals). There was no effect in fast-white muscle (superficial portion of vastus lateralis). Glycogen concentration in the liver decreased by 83% in controls, but only by 23% in animals with increased free fatty acids during exercise. The decreased glycogen depletion may be partly explained by the findings that (a) plasma-insulin concentration was two- to three-fold higher in animals with increased plasma free fatty acids and (b) the exercise-induced increase in plasma glucagon was lessened by increased free fatty acids. Blood glucose was higher in the animals with increased free fatty acids after the exercise. The rats with increased plasma free fatty acids utilized approx. 50% as much carbohydrate as did the controls during the exercise.", "contents": "A sparing effect of increased plasma fatty acids on muscle and liver glycogen content in the exercising rat. Increasing plasma free fatty acids decreased the degree of glycogen depletion, and increased the citrate concentration, in slow-red (soleus) and fast-red (deep portion of vastus lateralis) muscle during exercise (approx. 50% depletion of glycogen, as against 75% in control animals). There was no effect in fast-white muscle (superficial portion of vastus lateralis). Glycogen concentration in the liver decreased by 83% in controls, but only by 23% in animals with increased free fatty acids during exercise. The decreased glycogen depletion may be partly explained by the findings that (a) plasma-insulin concentration was two- to three-fold higher in animals with increased plasma free fatty acids and (b) the exercise-induced increase in plasma glucagon was lessened by increased free fatty acids. Blood glucose was higher in the animals with increased free fatty acids after the exercise. The rats with increased plasma free fatty acids utilized approx. 50% as much carbohydrate as did the controls during the exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:949347", "title": "Measurement of protein turnover in rat liver. Analysis of the complex curve for decay of label in a mixture of proteins.", "content": "The curve for decay of 14C in rat liver protein labelled by injection of NaH14CO3 was analysed to obtain the average turnover rate of mixed liver protein. Three different methods of analysis were used. (1) Unlike decay curves from homogeneous proteins, the curve did not fit a single exponential, but a good fit was obtained with three exponentials. By assuming that the mixture contained three major components with different turnover rates, the calculated value for the average turnover rate (k) was close to 40% per day. (2) k was also calculated from the area under the decay curve, a method which makes no assumptions about the number of proteins in the mixture. This method also gave a value close to 40% per day. (3) It was shown empirically, both by simulation of decay of label in model mixtures of protein and with the decay curve measured in vivo, that k can be calculated from the time taken for the specific radioactivity to fall to 10% of its maximum value. This is an advantage, since the other two methods require the decay curve to be measured over a much longer period of time.", "contents": "Measurement of protein turnover in rat liver. Analysis of the complex curve for decay of label in a mixture of proteins. The curve for decay of 14C in rat liver protein labelled by injection of NaH14CO3 was analysed to obtain the average turnover rate of mixed liver protein. Three different methods of analysis were used. (1) Unlike decay curves from homogeneous proteins, the curve did not fit a single exponential, but a good fit was obtained with three exponentials. By assuming that the mixture contained three major components with different turnover rates, the calculated value for the average turnover rate (k) was close to 40% per day. (2) k was also calculated from the area under the decay curve, a method which makes no assumptions about the number of proteins in the mixture. This method also gave a value close to 40% per day. (3) It was shown empirically, both by simulation of decay of label in model mixtures of protein and with the decay curve measured in vivo, that k can be calculated from the time taken for the specific radioactivity to fall to 10% of its maximum value. This is an advantage, since the other two methods require the decay curve to be measured over a much longer period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:949348", "title": "Effect of phenobarbitone on the nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribonucleic acid in vitro.", "content": "The transport of nucleic acids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a potential site for modification of normal cellular processes by drugs and hormones. In this study the effect of phenobarbitone on nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes was measured in an assay system in vitro. The transport of radioactive ribosomes from isolated rat hepatic nuclei to unlabelled post-microsomal supernatant was measured in rats treated with 80 mg of phenobarbitone/kg body wt. or saline 3h before death. With either treatment, transport was linear with time, and dependent on temperature and the presence of ATP. However, phenobarbitone treatment increased transport of ribonucleoproteins over saline-treated animals nearly twofold. The effect of phenobarbitone was mediated through the cytosol, but was not the result of altered stability of the RNA transported to the cytosol. Cycloheximide (5 mg/kg body wt.) given 3.5 h before death inhibited the stimulation of transport by phenobarbitone. The data indicate that phenobarbitone increased the transport of RNA by stimulating the synthesis of cytosol factors that regulate transport of RNA from the nucleus.", "contents": "Effect of phenobarbitone on the nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribonucleic acid in vitro. The transport of nucleic acids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is a potential site for modification of normal cellular processes by drugs and hormones. In this study the effect of phenobarbitone on nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomes was measured in an assay system in vitro. The transport of radioactive ribosomes from isolated rat hepatic nuclei to unlabelled post-microsomal supernatant was measured in rats treated with 80 mg of phenobarbitone/kg body wt. or saline 3h before death. With either treatment, transport was linear with time, and dependent on temperature and the presence of ATP. However, phenobarbitone treatment increased transport of ribonucleoproteins over saline-treated animals nearly twofold. The effect of phenobarbitone was mediated through the cytosol, but was not the result of altered stability of the RNA transported to the cytosol. Cycloheximide (5 mg/kg body wt.) given 3.5 h before death inhibited the stimulation of transport by phenobarbitone. The data indicate that phenobarbitone increased the transport of RNA by stimulating the synthesis of cytosol factors that regulate transport of RNA from the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:949349", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated intact lamb liver cells. Effects of glucagon and butyrate.", "content": "1. Isolated lamb liver cells were prepared from 24-h-starved animals by venous perfusion of the excised caudate lobe with buffer containing collagenase. On the basis of Trypan-Blue exclusion, rate of O2 uptake, adenine nucleotide content and retention of constitutive enzymes, these cells were judged to be intact. 2. Isolated caudate-lobe liver cells showed rates of gluconeogenesis from 10 mM-propionate and 10 mM-lactate that compared favourably with rates determined in isolated median-lobe cells and with rates determined with the isolated perfused lamb liver. 3. The gluconeogenic potential of substrates tested depended on the lamb's age. Cells prepared from suckling lambs (up to 20 days of age and essentially non-ruminant) showed highest rates from galactose, serine and alanine; those prepared from post-weaned lambs (older than 30 days of age and ruminant) showed highest rates from propionate, lactate and fructose. 4. Gluconeogenic rates from endogeneous precursors, 10 mM-propionate and 10mM-galactose, were linear for 1 h and were both stimulated by 1 muM-glucagon. Provided the endogenous rate of gluconeogenesis remained unchanged after substrate addition, glucagon caused a net stimulation of gluconeogenesis from each of these substrates. 5. Gluconeogenic capacity and glucagon sensitivity were examined in cells maintained in substrate-free oxygenated buffer at 37 degrees, 22 degrees and * degrees C. Even under the best of the three conditions of storage that were tested (i.e. at 22 degrees C in gelatin-containing buffer) deterioration of the lamb cells proceeded rapidly, and loss of glucagon responsiveness preceeded the loss of ability to convert precursor into glucose. 6. n-Butyric acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid at concentrations comparable with those found in lamb portal-vein blood each stimulated gluconeogenesis from 10mM-galactose or 10mM-propionate; gluconeogenesis from galactose was stimulated to the greater extent. 7. The regulatory effects of glucagon and sodium butyrate on lamb liver-cell gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis were compared. Glucagon (1 muM) and 2mM-butyrate accelerated the rate of glucose formation of liver cells of 24h-starved animals from lactate+pyruvate or fructose. Insulin (20nM) decreased both gluconeogenesis and the efficacy of 1 muM-glucagon. For lactate+pyruvate as substrate, the stimulatory effect of butyrate was additive to that of 1muM-glucagon and for both lactate+pyruvate and fructose the stimulatory effect of butyrate was not influenced by 20nM-insulin. In contrast with glucagon, which stimulated the rate of glycogenolysis in cells prepared from fed lambs, butyrate (0.1-20mM) had no effect. 8. It is concluded that glucagon and butyrate stimulate lamb liver-cell gluconeogenesis by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated intact lamb liver cells. Effects of glucagon and butyrate. 1. Isolated lamb liver cells were prepared from 24-h-starved animals by venous perfusion of the excised caudate lobe with buffer containing collagenase. On the basis of Trypan-Blue exclusion, rate of O2 uptake, adenine nucleotide content and retention of constitutive enzymes, these cells were judged to be intact. 2. Isolated caudate-lobe liver cells showed rates of gluconeogenesis from 10 mM-propionate and 10 mM-lactate that compared favourably with rates determined in isolated median-lobe cells and with rates determined with the isolated perfused lamb liver. 3. The gluconeogenic potential of substrates tested depended on the lamb's age. Cells prepared from suckling lambs (up to 20 days of age and essentially non-ruminant) showed highest rates from galactose, serine and alanine; those prepared from post-weaned lambs (older than 30 days of age and ruminant) showed highest rates from propionate, lactate and fructose. 4. Gluconeogenic rates from endogeneous precursors, 10 mM-propionate and 10mM-galactose, were linear for 1 h and were both stimulated by 1 muM-glucagon. Provided the endogenous rate of gluconeogenesis remained unchanged after substrate addition, glucagon caused a net stimulation of gluconeogenesis from each of these substrates. 5. Gluconeogenic capacity and glucagon sensitivity were examined in cells maintained in substrate-free oxygenated buffer at 37 degrees, 22 degrees and * degrees C. Even under the best of the three conditions of storage that were tested (i.e. at 22 degrees C in gelatin-containing buffer) deterioration of the lamb cells proceeded rapidly, and loss of glucagon responsiveness preceeded the loss of ability to convert precursor into glucose. 6. n-Butyric acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid and 3-methylbutanoic acid at concentrations comparable with those found in lamb portal-vein blood each stimulated gluconeogenesis from 10mM-galactose or 10mM-propionate; gluconeogenesis from galactose was stimulated to the greater extent. 7. The regulatory effects of glucagon and sodium butyrate on lamb liver-cell gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis were compared. Glucagon (1 muM) and 2mM-butyrate accelerated the rate of glucose formation of liver cells of 24h-starved animals from lactate+pyruvate or fructose. Insulin (20nM) decreased both gluconeogenesis and the efficacy of 1 muM-glucagon. For lactate+pyruvate as substrate, the stimulatory effect of butyrate was additive to that of 1muM-glucagon and for both lactate+pyruvate and fructose the stimulatory effect of butyrate was not influenced by 20nM-insulin. In contrast with glucagon, which stimulated the rate of glycogenolysis in cells prepared from fed lambs, butyrate (0.1-20mM) had no effect. 8. It is concluded that glucagon and butyrate stimulate lamb liver-cell gluconeogenesis by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:949350", "title": "Inhibition by botulinum toxin of depolarization-evoked release of (14C)acetylcholine from synaptosomes in vitro.", "content": "1. Cerebral-cortex synaptosomes were shown to synthesize (14C)acetylcholine after incubation with (14C)choline, and 25mM-KCl released (14C)acetylcholine (but not (14C)choline) into the medium by a Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-sensitive process. 2. The K+-stimulated release of (14C)acetylcholine was inhibited by more than 80% after preincubation of the synaptosomes with 10(5) mouse lethal doses of botulinum toxin/ml. (14C)choline uptake, (14C)acetylcholine synthesis, intrasynaptosomal K+ and occluded lactate dehydrogenase were unaffected by the toxin. It also failed to prevent the K+-stimulated release of (3H)noradrenaline and (14C)glycine from synaptosomes. 3. Fractionation of hypo-osmotically shocked synaptosomes revealed that more than 75% of the radioactive acetylcholine was in the cytoplasmic compartment, although the vesicle pellet contained more total acetylcholine than the cytoplasmic pool. Consequently the specific radioactivity of acetylcholine in the cytoplasmic pool was almost 5 times that of the vesicles. This distribution was unaffected by preincubation with botulinum toxin. It is concluded that the toxin acts directly on the release of acetylcholine, rather than influencing its storage. 4. After K+-stimulation, toxin-inhibited synaptosomes contained increased amounts of total acetylcholine, which suggests that its rate of synthesis is controlled by depolarization rather than release.", "contents": "Inhibition by botulinum toxin of depolarization-evoked release of (14C)acetylcholine from synaptosomes in vitro. 1. Cerebral-cortex synaptosomes were shown to synthesize (14C)acetylcholine after incubation with (14C)choline, and 25mM-KCl released (14C)acetylcholine (but not (14C)choline) into the medium by a Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-sensitive process. 2. The K+-stimulated release of (14C)acetylcholine was inhibited by more than 80% after preincubation of the synaptosomes with 10(5) mouse lethal doses of botulinum toxin/ml. (14C)choline uptake, (14C)acetylcholine synthesis, intrasynaptosomal K+ and occluded lactate dehydrogenase were unaffected by the toxin. It also failed to prevent the K+-stimulated release of (3H)noradrenaline and (14C)glycine from synaptosomes. 3. Fractionation of hypo-osmotically shocked synaptosomes revealed that more than 75% of the radioactive acetylcholine was in the cytoplasmic compartment, although the vesicle pellet contained more total acetylcholine than the cytoplasmic pool. Consequently the specific radioactivity of acetylcholine in the cytoplasmic pool was almost 5 times that of the vesicles. This distribution was unaffected by preincubation with botulinum toxin. It is concluded that the toxin acts directly on the release of acetylcholine, rather than influencing its storage. 4. After K+-stimulation, toxin-inhibited synaptosomes contained increased amounts of total acetylcholine, which suggests that its rate of synthesis is controlled by depolarization rather than release."}
{"id": "PMID:949351", "title": "Stimulation of peptide elongation by thyroxine.", "content": "This study suggests that thyroxine stimulates peptide elongation in a cell-free rat liver polyribosome system. The thyroxine effect persists in the presence of sufficient aurintricarboxylic acid to prevent polyuridylic acid-stimulated peptide initiation. In addition, thyroxine stimulates elongation of pre-existing polyphenylalanine chains providing conclusive evidence that the effect does not depend on peptide initiation. Thyroxine does not stimulate release of nascent peptides from ribosomes into the supernatant phase of the reaction mixture. Therefore in this protein-synthesis system the thyroxine effect is expected to occur at one or more of the reactions of peptide chain elongation, which include aminoacyl-tRNA binding, peptide bond synthesis and translocation.", "contents": "Stimulation of peptide elongation by thyroxine. This study suggests that thyroxine stimulates peptide elongation in a cell-free rat liver polyribosome system. The thyroxine effect persists in the presence of sufficient aurintricarboxylic acid to prevent polyuridylic acid-stimulated peptide initiation. In addition, thyroxine stimulates elongation of pre-existing polyphenylalanine chains providing conclusive evidence that the effect does not depend on peptide initiation. Thyroxine does not stimulate release of nascent peptides from ribosomes into the supernatant phase of the reaction mixture. Therefore in this protein-synthesis system the thyroxine effect is expected to occur at one or more of the reactions of peptide chain elongation, which include aminoacyl-tRNA binding, peptide bond synthesis and translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:949352", "title": "A new diagnostic test for pancreatic disorders by examination of parotid saliva.", "content": "The parotid saliva test was performed in 146 subjects, including 48 patients with pancreatic disorders, 82 with nonpancreatic disorders and 16 healthy persons. The following results were obtained: 1. The salivary output as well as the maximum bicarbonate concentration and amylase content in the parotid saliva of patients with pancreatic disorders were significantly less than those of patients with nonpancreatic disorders. 2. An abnormal saliva test was found in 83.3% of the patients with the pancreatic disorders. 3. Comparison was made of the parotid saliva test with the pancreozyminsecretin test in regard to diagnostic reliability in 44 subjects, including 22 with pancreatic disorders and 22 with nonpancreatic disorders. The data indicated that, in this series, an abnormal parotid saliva test was 88.6% accurate in diagnosing pancreatic disorders, whereas positive pancreozymin-secretin was only 65.9%.", "contents": "A new diagnostic test for pancreatic disorders by examination of parotid saliva. The parotid saliva test was performed in 146 subjects, including 48 patients with pancreatic disorders, 82 with nonpancreatic disorders and 16 healthy persons. The following results were obtained: 1. The salivary output as well as the maximum bicarbonate concentration and amylase content in the parotid saliva of patients with pancreatic disorders were significantly less than those of patients with nonpancreatic disorders. 2. An abnormal saliva test was found in 83.3% of the patients with the pancreatic disorders. 3. Comparison was made of the parotid saliva test with the pancreozyminsecretin test in regard to diagnostic reliability in 44 subjects, including 22 with pancreatic disorders and 22 with nonpancreatic disorders. The data indicated that, in this series, an abnormal parotid saliva test was 88.6% accurate in diagnosing pancreatic disorders, whereas positive pancreozymin-secretin was only 65.9%."}
{"id": "PMID:949455", "title": "Lichen verrucosus et reticularis of Kaposi (porokeratosis striata of N\u00e9kam): a manifestation of acquired adult toxoplasmosis.", "content": "Three young adults are described with features of lichen verrucosus et reticularis of Kaposi (porokeratosis of N\u00e9kam). Serological evidence of toxoplasmosis (active or recent infection) was found in all three. Marked improvement on appropriate treatment occurred in the one patient who presented evidence of systemic toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "Lichen verrucosus et reticularis of Kaposi (porokeratosis striata of N\u00e9kam): a manifestation of acquired adult toxoplasmosis. Three young adults are described with features of lichen verrucosus et reticularis of Kaposi (porokeratosis of N\u00e9kam). Serological evidence of toxoplasmosis (active or recent infection) was found in all three. Marked improvement on appropriate treatment occurred in the one patient who presented evidence of systemic toxoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:949456", "title": "DNA synthesis and mitosis in uninvolved epidermis of persistent palmoplantar pustulosis.", "content": "Mitotic and DNA synthesizing cell counts have been performed in uninvolved epidermis of twenty-one patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). There was no difference in mitotic counts and DNA synthesis in PPP compared with normal epidermis, but both were significantly lower than those found in the clinically uninvolved epidermis of patients with psoriasis.", "contents": "DNA synthesis and mitosis in uninvolved epidermis of persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Mitotic and DNA synthesizing cell counts have been performed in uninvolved epidermis of twenty-one patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). There was no difference in mitotic counts and DNA synthesis in PPP compared with normal epidermis, but both were significantly lower than those found in the clinically uninvolved epidermis of patients with psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:949457", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lichen planus skin.", "content": "The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for glucose-6-phosphate of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been measured in extracts prepared from biopsies of normal human skin and from both affected and apparently normal skin of patients with lichen planus. No differences of Km were found and starch gel electrophoresis of extracts from lichen planus lesions and normal controls showed similar patterns when stained for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These results do not support the view that lichen planus is an inborn error of metabolism in which the structure of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of skin is affected.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lichen planus skin. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for glucose-6-phosphate of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been measured in extracts prepared from biopsies of normal human skin and from both affected and apparently normal skin of patients with lichen planus. No differences of Km were found and starch gel electrophoresis of extracts from lichen planus lesions and normal controls showed similar patterns when stained for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These results do not support the view that lichen planus is an inborn error of metabolism in which the structure of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of skin is affected."}
{"id": "PMID:949458", "title": "The significance of the local sweat response in assessing the progress of leprosy.", "content": "Serial observations on cutaneous sensation and on sweat response in hypopigmented flat patches of twenty-nine patients with tuberculoid and five with dimorphous leprosy on dapsone therapy were studied over 2 years. Sensation was determined by routine methods, while sweat stimulation was done by intradermal injection of 0-1 ml (0.025 mg) of carbachol (carbaminoylcholine). There was significant improvement in sensation and considerable augmentation of sweat response in the final as compared to the initial tests. The difference in sweat response was statistically significant, suggesting the value of this simple procedure in assessing the progress of leprosy.", "contents": "The significance of the local sweat response in assessing the progress of leprosy. Serial observations on cutaneous sensation and on sweat response in hypopigmented flat patches of twenty-nine patients with tuberculoid and five with dimorphous leprosy on dapsone therapy were studied over 2 years. Sensation was determined by routine methods, while sweat stimulation was done by intradermal injection of 0-1 ml (0.025 mg) of carbachol (carbaminoylcholine). There was significant improvement in sensation and considerable augmentation of sweat response in the final as compared to the initial tests. The difference in sweat response was statistically significant, suggesting the value of this simple procedure in assessing the progress of leprosy."}
{"id": "PMID:949459", "title": "Regression of a hamster melanoma with intralesional Corynebacterium granulosum.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to compare the antitumour effects of intralesionally administered Corynebacterium granulosum, Corynebacterium parvum, BCG and saline on a hamster melanoma. Forty-eight golden hamsters were inoculated subcutaneously with Forthers melanotic melanoma no. 1. Twenty-four animals bore palpable tumours which were excised. No non-excised group animal showed primary tumour regression. In the excised group, the tumours generally recurred at the excision site in the C. parvum, BCG and saline-treated animals. By contrast, the incidence of recurrence was significantly reduced by intralesional injections of C. granulosum.", "contents": "Regression of a hamster melanoma with intralesional Corynebacterium granulosum. The present study was undertaken to compare the antitumour effects of intralesionally administered Corynebacterium granulosum, Corynebacterium parvum, BCG and saline on a hamster melanoma. Forty-eight golden hamsters were inoculated subcutaneously with Forthers melanotic melanoma no. 1. Twenty-four animals bore palpable tumours which were excised. No non-excised group animal showed primary tumour regression. In the excised group, the tumours generally recurred at the excision site in the C. parvum, BCG and saline-treated animals. By contrast, the incidence of recurrence was significantly reduced by intralesional injections of C. granulosum."}
{"id": "PMID:949460", "title": "Accidental kidney biopsies in psoriasis.", "content": "Eight accidental kidney biopsies in psoriatics were obtained together with 429 liver biopsies. None of the biopsies showed signs of renal damage. All patients had severe psoriasis, six had been treated with methotrexate for 1-2-6 years, receiving total dosages from 660 to 1757 g.", "contents": "Accidental kidney biopsies in psoriasis. Eight accidental kidney biopsies in psoriatics were obtained together with 429 liver biopsies. None of the biopsies showed signs of renal damage. All patients had severe psoriasis, six had been treated with methotrexate for 1-2-6 years, receiving total dosages from 660 to 1757 g."}
{"id": "PMID:949461", "title": "The treatment of hypermelanosis with 4-isopropylcatechol.", "content": "Over the past 6 years sixty-eight patients have been treated with 1% or 3% 4-isopropylcatechol (4-IPC). Fifty-four had melasma, the others a variety of disorders of pigmentation. Two-thirds of the patients were significantly improved. Twenty patients had skin irritation due to 4-IPC and four developed an allergic contact dermatitis. One patient developed confetti-like areas of depigmentation in the 4-IPC-treated areas. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that in the 4-IPC-treated areas there was a loss and damage of the melanocytes, but the keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were unaffected. Melanosomal complexes containing many melanosomes were frequently found in the keratinocytes of the 4-IPC-treated negro skin. 4-Isopropylcatechol is a potent depigmenting agent and is of use in the topical therapy of selected patients with hypermelanosis. However, like other substituted phenols and hydroquinone it is irritant to the skin and should be used with caution.", "contents": "The treatment of hypermelanosis with 4-isopropylcatechol. Over the past 6 years sixty-eight patients have been treated with 1% or 3% 4-isopropylcatechol (4-IPC). Fifty-four had melasma, the others a variety of disorders of pigmentation. Two-thirds of the patients were significantly improved. Twenty patients had skin irritation due to 4-IPC and four developed an allergic contact dermatitis. One patient developed confetti-like areas of depigmentation in the 4-IPC-treated areas. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that in the 4-IPC-treated areas there was a loss and damage of the melanocytes, but the keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were unaffected. Melanosomal complexes containing many melanosomes were frequently found in the keratinocytes of the 4-IPC-treated negro skin. 4-Isopropylcatechol is a potent depigmenting agent and is of use in the topical therapy of selected patients with hypermelanosis. However, like other substituted phenols and hydroquinone it is irritant to the skin and should be used with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:949462", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and pemphigus.", "content": "The second case of pemphigus associated with Hodgkin's disease is reported. Circulating pemphigus auto-antibodies were detected in this patient and cell-mediated (T cell) immunity was markedly depressed. It is postulated that this T-cell immunodepression predisposed the patient to the development of pemphigus.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and pemphigus. The second case of pemphigus associated with Hodgkin's disease is reported. Circulating pemphigus auto-antibodies were detected in this patient and cell-mediated (T cell) immunity was markedly depressed. It is postulated that this T-cell immunodepression predisposed the patient to the development of pemphigus."}
{"id": "PMID:949464", "title": "Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestine of sheep.", "content": "1. An isotope tracer method for estimating methane production in sheep is described. 2. The technique was used to estimate methane produced in both the upper and lower digestive tract and to determine the routes by which it was excreted. 3. Four Merino ewes given lucerne chaff (33 g every hour) were used. 4. Total methane production rate was 21 +/- 1-1 (SE) ml/min; production in the rumen accounted for 87 +/- 1-2% of the total production; 95 +/- 1-4% of the methane produced in the rumen was excreted by eructation. 5. Of the methane produced in the lower digestive tract, 89 +/- 2-3% was excreted through the lungs and 11% through the anus.", "contents": "Rates of production of methane in the rumen and large intestine of sheep. 1. An isotope tracer method for estimating methane production in sheep is described. 2. The technique was used to estimate methane produced in both the upper and lower digestive tract and to determine the routes by which it was excreted. 3. Four Merino ewes given lucerne chaff (33 g every hour) were used. 4. Total methane production rate was 21 +/- 1-1 (SE) ml/min; production in the rumen accounted for 87 +/- 1-2% of the total production; 95 +/- 1-4% of the methane produced in the rumen was excreted by eructation. 5. Of the methane produced in the lower digestive tract, 89 +/- 2-3% was excreted through the lungs and 11% through the anus."}
{"id": "PMID:949465", "title": "Studies on the appearance of a hepatic copper-binding protein in normal and zinc-deficient rats.", "content": "1. A study has been made by gel-filtration techniques of the soluble copper- and zinc-binding proteins in rat liver after both intraperitoneal injection of Cu and dietary Cu supplementation. 2. Liver Cu and Zn concentrations increased after injection of Cu, both metals accumulating in the cytosol, mainly in a fraction with an apparent molecular weight of about 12 000. 3. When Zn-deficient rats were injected with Cu, there was little change in liver Zn concentration and the occurence of Cu in the low-molecular-weight form (about 12 000) was more transient. At most periods after injection, Cu accumulated mainly in a fraction with a molecular weight greater than 65 000. 4. When the rats were Cu-loaded by dietary supplementation, virtually no Cu or Zn was found in the low-molecular-weight form in Zn-deficient rats, although they were found in the Zn-supplemented animals. 5. The results suggest that Zn is essential for the accumulation of Cu in this form, but not for Cu to stimulate production of the metal-binding protein by a process requiring active protein protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on the appearance of a hepatic copper-binding protein in normal and zinc-deficient rats. 1. A study has been made by gel-filtration techniques of the soluble copper- and zinc-binding proteins in rat liver after both intraperitoneal injection of Cu and dietary Cu supplementation. 2. Liver Cu and Zn concentrations increased after injection of Cu, both metals accumulating in the cytosol, mainly in a fraction with an apparent molecular weight of about 12 000. 3. When Zn-deficient rats were injected with Cu, there was little change in liver Zn concentration and the occurence of Cu in the low-molecular-weight form (about 12 000) was more transient. At most periods after injection, Cu accumulated mainly in a fraction with a molecular weight greater than 65 000. 4. When the rats were Cu-loaded by dietary supplementation, virtually no Cu or Zn was found in the low-molecular-weight form in Zn-deficient rats, although they were found in the Zn-supplemented animals. 5. The results suggest that Zn is essential for the accumulation of Cu in this form, but not for Cu to stimulate production of the metal-binding protein by a process requiring active protein protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949466", "title": "Diets and living conditions of Asian boys in Coventry with and without signs of rickets.", "content": "1. The diets and living conditions of nin Asian boys with biochemical, and in most instances also radiological, signs of rickets were compared with those of nine other boys who appeared to be normal. The groups were matched according to age, religion, place of father's origin and boy's own place of birth. 2. There were no outstanding differences between the diets of the boys with, and of those without signs of rickets. All had adequate to high calcium intakes. Most of the boys had low intakes of vitamin D, and those withsigns of rickets generally had lower intakes than the normal boys. The food tables used for making the calculations of vitamin D intakes report the amount of the vitamin in the lipid fraction of milk. If it proves to be true that most of the vitamin D activity of milk is in the aqueous fraction, the boys would have been getting considerably more vitamin D than the results suggested, and their average intake may have been about 3-5mug/d. 3. It was not possible to make any quantitative measure of the exposure of the boys to sunlight. All Asian boys studied appeared to have their bodies more completely covered than British or West Indian boys. 4. The problem of why nine boys had signs of rickets and nine had none has not been solved. It is suggested that those with signs of rickets may have had higher requirements for vitamin D than others. When the intake of vitamin D is low and exposure to sunlight is minimal, those with high requirements will be the ones to develop signs of rickets.", "contents": "Diets and living conditions of Asian boys in Coventry with and without signs of rickets. 1. The diets and living conditions of nin Asian boys with biochemical, and in most instances also radiological, signs of rickets were compared with those of nine other boys who appeared to be normal. The groups were matched according to age, religion, place of father's origin and boy's own place of birth. 2. There were no outstanding differences between the diets of the boys with, and of those without signs of rickets. All had adequate to high calcium intakes. Most of the boys had low intakes of vitamin D, and those withsigns of rickets generally had lower intakes than the normal boys. The food tables used for making the calculations of vitamin D intakes report the amount of the vitamin in the lipid fraction of milk. If it proves to be true that most of the vitamin D activity of milk is in the aqueous fraction, the boys would have been getting considerably more vitamin D than the results suggested, and their average intake may have been about 3-5mug/d. 3. It was not possible to make any quantitative measure of the exposure of the boys to sunlight. All Asian boys studied appeared to have their bodies more completely covered than British or West Indian boys. 4. The problem of why nine boys had signs of rickets and nine had none has not been solved. It is suggested that those with signs of rickets may have had higher requirements for vitamin D than others. When the intake of vitamin D is low and exposure to sunlight is minimal, those with high requirements will be the ones to develop signs of rickets."}
{"id": "PMID:949467", "title": "The site of magnesium absorption from the ruminant stomach.", "content": "1. A low-magnesium diet was fed to four sheep, each of which had been surgically prepared with a rumen fistula, a tube into the cranial one-third of the omasum, a tube to the cranial one-third of the abomasum and a re-entrant duodenal cannula. Mg, as gluconate or acate or acetate, was continuously infused for 12-14 d in turn into (1) the caudal duodenal cannula, (2) the abomasum, (3) the omasum, (4) the rumen. A continuous infusion of the chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex (CrEDTA) was maintained to the  rumen. The abomasal effluent which flowed through the cranial duodenal cannula was continually sampled and the flow of Mg calculated from the concentrations of Mg and CrEDTA. Blood and rumen fluid samples were taken and urine and faeces collected during each period of Mg infusion. 2. The Mg infused to either the abomasum or omasum was completely recovered at the duodenum, indicating a lack of net absorption of Mg from these stomach compartments. In contrast, 13-7-18-7 mmol (36-61%) of the Mg infused to the rumen was not recovered at the duodenum which suggested that a substantial net absorption of the infused Mg occurred from the reticulo-rumen. Absorption of Mg caudal to the pylorus was not related to the site of Mg infusion and averaged 3-28 +/- 0-56 (SEM) mmol/d. 3. Compared with the intraruminal infusion, the post-ruminal infusion of Mg was associated with decreased plasma and rumen fluid Mg concentrations, decreased urinary Mg exretion, decreased Mg balance and increased faecal Mg excretion. 4. It is concluded that no significant absorption of Mg occurs from either the omasum or abomasum in sheep and that the reticulo-rumen is the principal site of Mg absorption before the pylorus. Absorption of Mg post-ruminally is insufficient to maintain normal Mg status in the animal.", "contents": "The site of magnesium absorption from the ruminant stomach. 1. A low-magnesium diet was fed to four sheep, each of which had been surgically prepared with a rumen fistula, a tube into the cranial one-third of the omasum, a tube to the cranial one-third of the abomasum and a re-entrant duodenal cannula. Mg, as gluconate or acate or acetate, was continuously infused for 12-14 d in turn into (1) the caudal duodenal cannula, (2) the abomasum, (3) the omasum, (4) the rumen. A continuous infusion of the chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex (CrEDTA) was maintained to the  rumen. The abomasal effluent which flowed through the cranial duodenal cannula was continually sampled and the flow of Mg calculated from the concentrations of Mg and CrEDTA. Blood and rumen fluid samples were taken and urine and faeces collected during each period of Mg infusion. 2. The Mg infused to either the abomasum or omasum was completely recovered at the duodenum, indicating a lack of net absorption of Mg from these stomach compartments. In contrast, 13-7-18-7 mmol (36-61%) of the Mg infused to the rumen was not recovered at the duodenum which suggested that a substantial net absorption of the infused Mg occurred from the reticulo-rumen. Absorption of Mg caudal to the pylorus was not related to the site of Mg infusion and averaged 3-28 +/- 0-56 (SEM) mmol/d. 3. Compared with the intraruminal infusion, the post-ruminal infusion of Mg was associated with decreased plasma and rumen fluid Mg concentrations, decreased urinary Mg exretion, decreased Mg balance and increased faecal Mg excretion. 4. It is concluded that no significant absorption of Mg occurs from either the omasum or abomasum in sheep and that the reticulo-rumen is the principal site of Mg absorption before the pylorus. Absorption of Mg post-ruminally is insufficient to maintain normal Mg status in the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:949468", "title": "Effect of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet on the growth and metabolism of preruminant kids.", "content": "1. Experiments were done using 8-d-old kids to determine the metabolic effect of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet, and the effects of supplementation of this diet with a small amount of glycerol, sodium propionate or glucose. 2. The experimental (carbohydrate-deficient) diets permitted growth nearly equal to that with the control diet (cow's milk). The kids given the experimental diets generally had lower levels of blood glucose than those given the control diet. 3. With all experimental diets there were increases in the concentrations of plasma lipid and total liver lipid and a decrease in the concentration of liver glycogen; supplementation of the carbohydrate-free diet with glycerol, sodium propionate or glucose had no additional effect on these values. 4. The ingestion of cow's milk produced hyperglycaemia 2 h after feeding, while in kids given the carbohydrate-free diet there was no increase in blood glucose level. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in the kids given the carbohydrate-free diet was higher than that in control animals 24 h after feeding, suggesting that the kids given the experimental diet preferentially utilize free fatty acids as an energy source.", "contents": "Effect of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet on the growth and metabolism of preruminant kids. 1. Experiments were done using 8-d-old kids to determine the metabolic effect of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet, and the effects of supplementation of this diet with a small amount of glycerol, sodium propionate or glucose. 2. The experimental (carbohydrate-deficient) diets permitted growth nearly equal to that with the control diet (cow's milk). The kids given the experimental diets generally had lower levels of blood glucose than those given the control diet. 3. With all experimental diets there were increases in the concentrations of plasma lipid and total liver lipid and a decrease in the concentration of liver glycogen; supplementation of the carbohydrate-free diet with glycerol, sodium propionate or glucose had no additional effect on these values. 4. The ingestion of cow's milk produced hyperglycaemia 2 h after feeding, while in kids given the carbohydrate-free diet there was no increase in blood glucose level. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in the kids given the carbohydrate-free diet was higher than that in control animals 24 h after feeding, suggesting that the kids given the experimental diet preferentially utilize free fatty acids as an energy source."}
{"id": "PMID:949469", "title": "The measurement of production rates of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit.", "content": "1. The decrease in specific radioactivity of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) after a single injection of tracer was monitored. The results obtained indicated the occurrence of a first-order process. 2. Regression analysis indicated the high flux of VFA through the caecal pool, equivalent to 30% of the maintenance energy requirement of the animal. 3. Interconversion of VFA was monitored, and results indicated substantial synthesis of butyric acid from acetic acid. 4. Results were obtained from animals on two dietary regimens, and these were compared with results reported for the other species.", "contents": "The measurement of production rates of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of the conscious rabbit. 1. The decrease in specific radioactivity of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) after a single injection of tracer was monitored. The results obtained indicated the occurrence of a first-order process. 2. Regression analysis indicated the high flux of VFA through the caecal pool, equivalent to 30% of the maintenance energy requirement of the animal. 3. Interconversion of VFA was monitored, and results indicated substantial synthesis of butyric acid from acetic acid. 4. Results were obtained from animals on two dietary regimens, and these were compared with results reported for the other species."}
{"id": "PMID:949470", "title": "Amino acid metabolism in the piglet: influence of level of protein and of methionine in the diet on tissue uptake and in vivo oxidation.", "content": "1. 14C-labelled lysine, glutamic acid and methionine were each administered as single infusions through catheters in the jugular veins of pigs between 28 and 42 d old, receiving either a low-protein (LP) (140 g protein/kg), or a high-protein (HP) (200 g protein/kg) diet. The pigs received 40 g diet/kg body-weight per d. 2. L-[U-14C]lysine and L-[U-14C]glutamic acid were both rapidly removed from the plasma; 3 min after completion of the infusion less than 10% of the activity from the [14C]-lysine, and between 10 and 20% of the activity from the [14C]glutamic acid remained in the plasma. 3. In pigs killed 15 min after infusion of either [14C]lysine or [14C]glutamic acid 26% of the activity from the dose of lysine was in the liver of those receiving the LP diet, whereas the corresponding value was only 16% for those which had received the HP diet. The uptake of activity from [14C]glutamic acid by the liver was unaffected by the level of protein in the diet. More activity from [14C]lysine than from [14C]glutamic acid was recovered in the spleen, heart and brain. 4. The recovery of the activity from [14C]lysine as 14CO2 in the 6 h after the infusion of the dose was lower for the pigs on the LP diet (2-7%) than for those on the HP diet (4-8%). The corresponding values for [14C]glutamic acid infusion were 34 and 52% respectively. 5. Supplementing the LP diet with five successive increments of 1-5 g DL-methionine/kg resulted in an increase from 8 to 17% dose in the recovery of activity as 14CO2 from a dose of L-[I-14C]methionine, whereas with the same supplementation of the HP diet the recovery increased from 8 to 24% dose.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism in the piglet: influence of level of protein and of methionine in the diet on tissue uptake and in vivo oxidation. 1. 14C-labelled lysine, glutamic acid and methionine were each administered as single infusions through catheters in the jugular veins of pigs between 28 and 42 d old, receiving either a low-protein (LP) (140 g protein/kg), or a high-protein (HP) (200 g protein/kg) diet. The pigs received 40 g diet/kg body-weight per d. 2. L-[U-14C]lysine and L-[U-14C]glutamic acid were both rapidly removed from the plasma; 3 min after completion of the infusion less than 10% of the activity from the [14C]-lysine, and between 10 and 20% of the activity from the [14C]glutamic acid remained in the plasma. 3. In pigs killed 15 min after infusion of either [14C]lysine or [14C]glutamic acid 26% of the activity from the dose of lysine was in the liver of those receiving the LP diet, whereas the corresponding value was only 16% for those which had received the HP diet. The uptake of activity from [14C]glutamic acid by the liver was unaffected by the level of protein in the diet. More activity from [14C]lysine than from [14C]glutamic acid was recovered in the spleen, heart and brain. 4. The recovery of the activity from [14C]lysine as 14CO2 in the 6 h after the infusion of the dose was lower for the pigs on the LP diet (2-7%) than for those on the HP diet (4-8%). The corresponding values for [14C]glutamic acid infusion were 34 and 52% respectively. 5. Supplementing the LP diet with five successive increments of 1-5 g DL-methionine/kg resulted in an increase from 8 to 17% dose in the recovery of activity as 14CO2 from a dose of L-[I-14C]methionine, whereas with the same supplementation of the HP diet the recovery increased from 8 to 24% dose."}
{"id": "PMID:949471", "title": "Nalpha-acetylfusarinines: isolation, characterization, and properties.", "content": "The isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of a new group of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids are described. These compounds are produced by an unidentified species of Penicillium when grown on iron deficient medium. They are closely related structurally to the fusarinines, whose basic structure contains Ndelta-(cis-5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoyl)-Ndelta-hydroxy-L-ornithine, but the alpha-amino groups in the new compounds are protected by Nalpha acetyl groups. The most complex of the compounds is N,N',N\"-triacetylfusarinine C, or N,N'N\"-triacetylfusigen, a cyclic triester composed of three molecules on Nalpha-acetylfusarinine. The trimer has growth factor activity for Arthrobacter JG-9 about equal to fusarinine C itself. The monohydroxamate, Nalpha-acetylfusarinine, is more active than the trimer. The greater chemical stability of these compounds compared to the unacetylated fusarinines reconciles the utilization of otherwise unstable amino acid esters as iron transport agents.", "contents": "Nalpha-acetylfusarinines: isolation, characterization, and properties. The isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of a new group of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids are described. These compounds are produced by an unidentified species of Penicillium when grown on iron deficient medium. They are closely related structurally to the fusarinines, whose basic structure contains Ndelta-(cis-5-hydroxy-3-methylpent-2-enoyl)-Ndelta-hydroxy-L-ornithine, but the alpha-amino groups in the new compounds are protected by Nalpha acetyl groups. The most complex of the compounds is N,N',N\"-triacetylfusarinine C, or N,N'N\"-triacetylfusigen, a cyclic triester composed of three molecules on Nalpha-acetylfusarinine. The trimer has growth factor activity for Arthrobacter JG-9 about equal to fusarinine C itself. The monohydroxamate, Nalpha-acetylfusarinine, is more active than the trimer. The greater chemical stability of these compounds compared to the unacetylated fusarinines reconciles the utilization of otherwise unstable amino acid esters as iron transport agents."}
{"id": "PMID:949472", "title": "Fungal ornithine esterases: relationship to iron transport.", "content": "Extracts of Fusarium roseum (ATCC 12822) contain an enzyme which hydrolyzes the ornithine ester bonds of fusarinine C, a cyclic trihydroxamic acid produced by this organism. The methyl ester of Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-L-ornithine is also a substrate for the enzyme, and an assay was devised using this substrate. The enzyme exhibits a sharp maximum of activity at pH 7.5 and is extremely temperature sensitive. It is strongly inhibited by HgCl2 and p-chloromercuribenzoate, and it is competitively inhibited by Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-D-ornithine methyl ester (Ki = 0.3mM). Methyl esters of glycine, L-alanine, dinitrophenyl-L-alanine, dinitrophenyl-beta-alanine, and Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-Nalpha-acetyl-L-ornithine are not substrates, although Nepsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine methyl ester is as effective as the ornithine derivative. Nonspecific lipases do not hydrolyze ornithine esters, nor does trypsin. The three ester bonds of fusarinine C are progressively hydrolyzed by the enzyme to eventually yield the monomer, fusarinine. The ferric chelate of fusarinine C is not hydrolyzed. An enzyme from Penicillium sp. was isolated with identical properties toward Nbeta-dinitro-phenyl-L-ornithine methyl ester as substrate. It also hydrolyzes N,N',N\"-triacetylfusarinine C, a cyclic trihydroxamate containing Nalpha-acetylornithine ester bonds, which is produced by this organism. This substrate is hydrolyzed to Nalpha-acetylfusarine. In contrast to the Fusarium enzyme, this enzyme is fully active toward the ferric trihydroxamate chelate. However, replacement of iron by aluminum leads to a completely inactive substrate. Production of the enzyme is severely suppressed by iron in the growth medium. It is proposed that these specific ornithylesterases provide a mechanism of cellular iron release by hydrolysis of the ferric ionophores, and that  an iron-exchange step occurs prior to, and is a prerequisite for, hydrolysis of the ester bonds.", "contents": "Fungal ornithine esterases: relationship to iron transport. Extracts of Fusarium roseum (ATCC 12822) contain an enzyme which hydrolyzes the ornithine ester bonds of fusarinine C, a cyclic trihydroxamic acid produced by this organism. The methyl ester of Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-L-ornithine is also a substrate for the enzyme, and an assay was devised using this substrate. The enzyme exhibits a sharp maximum of activity at pH 7.5 and is extremely temperature sensitive. It is strongly inhibited by HgCl2 and p-chloromercuribenzoate, and it is competitively inhibited by Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-D-ornithine methyl ester (Ki = 0.3mM). Methyl esters of glycine, L-alanine, dinitrophenyl-L-alanine, dinitrophenyl-beta-alanine, and Ndelta-dinitrophenyl-Nalpha-acetyl-L-ornithine are not substrates, although Nepsilon-dinitrophenyl-L-lysine methyl ester is as effective as the ornithine derivative. Nonspecific lipases do not hydrolyze ornithine esters, nor does trypsin. The three ester bonds of fusarinine C are progressively hydrolyzed by the enzyme to eventually yield the monomer, fusarinine. The ferric chelate of fusarinine C is not hydrolyzed. An enzyme from Penicillium sp. was isolated with identical properties toward Nbeta-dinitro-phenyl-L-ornithine methyl ester as substrate. It also hydrolyzes N,N',N\"-triacetylfusarinine C, a cyclic trihydroxamate containing Nalpha-acetylornithine ester bonds, which is produced by this organism. This substrate is hydrolyzed to Nalpha-acetylfusarine. In contrast to the Fusarium enzyme, this enzyme is fully active toward the ferric trihydroxamate chelate. However, replacement of iron by aluminum leads to a completely inactive substrate. Production of the enzyme is severely suppressed by iron in the growth medium. It is proposed that these specific ornithylesterases provide a mechanism of cellular iron release by hydrolysis of the ferric ionophores, and that  an iron-exchange step occurs prior to, and is a prerequisite for, hydrolysis of the ester bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:949473", "title": "Methylation of adenosine in strongly alkaline medium: Preparation and Properties of o'-methyl derivatives of adenosine and N6-methyladenosine.", "content": "In strongly alkaline aqueous medium, 9-substituted adenines, including adenine nucleosides, are relatively resistant to alkylation of the ring nitrogens and the exocyclic amino group. This fact was utilized to obtain the various possible Omicron'-methyl derivatives of adenosine by dimethyl sulfate treatment of the latter in alkaline medium, followed by separation of the products on a Dowex OH-column. In strongly alkaline aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide, several derivatives additionally methylated on the amino group were obtained, including N6,O2'-dimethyladenosine, a component located recently at the 5' terminus of animal cell and viral mRNAs. The latter was also prepared by diazomethane methylation of N6-methyladenosine in the presence of SnCl2. Alkylation in alkaline medium possesses the advantage that the products are not limited to those involving etherification of cis hydroxyls and is applicable to adenine nucleosides with sugar components other than ribose. The properties of the various O'-methylderivatives, including proton magnetic resonance data, are presented in detail.", "contents": "Methylation of adenosine in strongly alkaline medium: Preparation and Properties of o'-methyl derivatives of adenosine and N6-methyladenosine. In strongly alkaline aqueous medium, 9-substituted adenines, including adenine nucleosides, are relatively resistant to alkylation of the ring nitrogens and the exocyclic amino group. This fact was utilized to obtain the various possible Omicron'-methyl derivatives of adenosine by dimethyl sulfate treatment of the latter in alkaline medium, followed by separation of the products on a Dowex OH-column. In strongly alkaline aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide, several derivatives additionally methylated on the amino group were obtained, including N6,O2'-dimethyladenosine, a component located recently at the 5' terminus of animal cell and viral mRNAs. The latter was also prepared by diazomethane methylation of N6-methyladenosine in the presence of SnCl2. Alkylation in alkaline medium possesses the advantage that the products are not limited to those involving etherification of cis hydroxyls and is applicable to adenine nucleosides with sugar components other than ribose. The properties of the various O'-methylderivatives, including proton magnetic resonance data, are presented in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:949474", "title": "Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones: the membrane-associated 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "It has been postulated that 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid is the naphthalenic intermediate in the biosynthesis of menaquinone (vitamin K2) in Escherichia coli to which the octaprenyl side chain is attached to from demethylmenaquinone. In the present work the presence of enzyme, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate to demethylmenaquinone was demonstrated in cell extracts of E. coli. Demethylmenaquinone-9 was formed when the naphthoate was incubated with cell extracts and the synthetic substrate, solanesyl pyrophosphate, in the presence of Triton X-100. Solanesyl monophosphate could not substitute for the pyrophosphate in the reaction. The prenylation of of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate was also studied in a strain of E. coli which accumulates octaprenyl pyrophosphate, the natural precursor of the menaquinone side chain. The octaprenyltransferase was shown to be membrane bound and to require magnesium ions for optimal activity. A menA-mutant of E. coli was found to lack the octaprenyltransferase activity, suggesting that the menA gene is the structural gene for this enzyme. However, this strain had normal levels of 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the analogous prenylation reaction in ubiquinone biosynthesis, providing additional evidence that the two octaprenyltransferases are quite distinct.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones: the membrane-associated 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase of Escherichia coli. It has been postulated that 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid is the naphthalenic intermediate in the biosynthesis of menaquinone (vitamin K2) in Escherichia coli to which the octaprenyl side chain is attached to from demethylmenaquinone. In the present work the presence of enzyme, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase, which catalyzes the conversion of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate to demethylmenaquinone was demonstrated in cell extracts of E. coli. Demethylmenaquinone-9 was formed when the naphthoate was incubated with cell extracts and the synthetic substrate, solanesyl pyrophosphate, in the presence of Triton X-100. Solanesyl monophosphate could not substitute for the pyrophosphate in the reaction. The prenylation of of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate was also studied in a strain of E. coli which accumulates octaprenyl pyrophosphate, the natural precursor of the menaquinone side chain. The octaprenyltransferase was shown to be membrane bound and to require magnesium ions for optimal activity. A menA-mutant of E. coli was found to lack the octaprenyltransferase activity, suggesting that the menA gene is the structural gene for this enzyme. However, this strain had normal levels of 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the analogous prenylation reaction in ubiquinone biosynthesis, providing additional evidence that the two octaprenyltransferases are quite distinct."}
{"id": "PMID:949475", "title": "Microviscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane determined by fluorescent probe measurements.", "content": "The microviscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane was determined by measuring the anisotropy of fluorescence from the  probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The microviscosity ranged from 1.4 P at 40 degreeC to 15 P at O degree C, and no phase transition was observed in this temperature range. Bleaching of rhodopsin in the disk membrane produced no change in the microviscosity within the limits of error of our measurement (not equal to 5%). The presence of retinal in the disk membrane caused string quenching of the probe fluorescence. Removal of retinal from bleached disks produced a threefold increase in total fluorescence intensity and only a 10% drop in fluorescnece anisotropy, suggesting that large lateral gradients in microviscosity do not exist in the disk membrane. Bilayers prepared from extracted disk lipids had a microviscosity which was about one-fourth that of the intact disk membrane, demonstrating that rhodopsin hinders the mobility of the hydrocarbon chains of the disk phospholipids or egg phosphatidylcholine had identical microviscosities despite the much higher degree of unsaturation of the disk phospholipids.", "contents": "Microviscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane determined by fluorescent probe measurements. The microviscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the bovine retinal rod outer segment disk membrane was determined by measuring the anisotropy of fluorescence from the  probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The microviscosity ranged from 1.4 P at 40 degreeC to 15 P at O degree C, and no phase transition was observed in this temperature range. Bleaching of rhodopsin in the disk membrane produced no change in the microviscosity within the limits of error of our measurement (not equal to 5%). The presence of retinal in the disk membrane caused string quenching of the probe fluorescence. Removal of retinal from bleached disks produced a threefold increase in total fluorescence intensity and only a 10% drop in fluorescnece anisotropy, suggesting that large lateral gradients in microviscosity do not exist in the disk membrane. Bilayers prepared from extracted disk lipids had a microviscosity which was about one-fourth that of the intact disk membrane, demonstrating that rhodopsin hinders the mobility of the hydrocarbon chains of the disk phospholipids or egg phosphatidylcholine had identical microviscosities despite the much higher degree of unsaturation of the disk phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:949476", "title": "Adduct of tyrosine and the oncogen 3-acetoxyxanthine.", "content": "A major product of the reaction of L-tyrosine (I) with the activated oncogen 3-acetoxyxanthine (II) at neutral pH has been characterized as 8-xanthinyl-4'-O-tyrosine (III). A similar product is formed with tyrosylglycine. Another major product was the hydantoin of tyrosine. 8-Xanthinyl-4'-O-tyrosine is hydrolyzed in acid to yield tyrosine and uric acid but is stable in base. The synthesis of 8-phenoxyxanthine is also described. A metabolite identical with III in several chromatographic systems was found in the urine of two rats after administration of radioactive 3-hydroxyxanthine. This represented about 0.05% of the urinary radioactivity.", "contents": "Adduct of tyrosine and the oncogen 3-acetoxyxanthine. A major product of the reaction of L-tyrosine (I) with the activated oncogen 3-acetoxyxanthine (II) at neutral pH has been characterized as 8-xanthinyl-4'-O-tyrosine (III). A similar product is formed with tyrosylglycine. Another major product was the hydantoin of tyrosine. 8-Xanthinyl-4'-O-tyrosine is hydrolyzed in acid to yield tyrosine and uric acid but is stable in base. The synthesis of 8-phenoxyxanthine is also described. A metabolite identical with III in several chromatographic systems was found in the urine of two rats after administration of radioactive 3-hydroxyxanthine. This represented about 0.05% of the urinary radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:949477", "title": "Rate of tritium labeling of specific purines in relation to nucleic acid and particularly transfer RNA conformation.", "content": "The kinetics of the incorporation of tritium into the C-8 positions of purine units in nucleic acids has been studied. The polymers investigated include poly(A), poly(A): poly (U) duplex, a double-stranded viral RNA, tRNA, and DNA. In the random coil state, the kinetics of incorporation of tritium into the purine sites of the polymers are identical with those for the corresponding purine mononucleotides. When the nucleic acids are in their native conformations, however, the purine labeling rates are reduced below that expected for the free mononucleotides. The magnitude of the effect is remarkably dependent upon the particular nucleic acid. For example, at 37 degrees C the purines in double-stranded DNA label at a rate two- to threefold slower than the corresponding mononucleotides, but in a double-stranded viral RNA, a 30- to 40-fold effect is found. The data suggest a strong influence of microscopic helix structure on the rate of tritium incorporation. First-order rate constants for the exchange of tritium into specific purine sites in yeast tRNAPhe were also determined. This was done by partially labeling the nucleic acid in tritiated water, and subsequently removing free and loosely bound tritium. Under conditions where exchange-out does not occur, the nucleic acid was digested with specific nucleases; chromatographic separation then enabled specific activities of purines from specific sites to be obtained. The rate constants for these sites show a large variation. They are markedly reduced for those residues occurring in cloverleaf helical sections and, in certain cases, for those known from crystallographic data to be involved in tertiary interactions. As examples of bases that can participate in tertiary interactions, the crystal structures show A14 and G15 in special base-pairing arrangements. Both purines (A14 and G15) occur in single-stranded sections of the cloverleaf; both show markedly reduced C-8 hydrogen-exchange rates. On the other hand, rate constants for bases and regions known to be on the outside of the moleculesuch as the anticodon loop and the 3' terminus\u0101re perturbed the least. In one instance, a base in the dihydrouridine loop believed to be involved in tertiary interactions, according to crystallographic studies, incorporates tritium as if it were relatively unperburbed by the tRNA structure. The structural interactions of this base may be partially or completely broken at 37 degrees C in solution.", "contents": "Rate of tritium labeling of specific purines in relation to nucleic acid and particularly transfer RNA conformation. The kinetics of the incorporation of tritium into the C-8 positions of purine units in nucleic acids has been studied. The polymers investigated include poly(A), poly(A): poly (U) duplex, a double-stranded viral RNA, tRNA, and DNA. In the random coil state, the kinetics of incorporation of tritium into the purine sites of the polymers are identical with those for the corresponding purine mononucleotides. When the nucleic acids are in their native conformations, however, the purine labeling rates are reduced below that expected for the free mononucleotides. The magnitude of the effect is remarkably dependent upon the particular nucleic acid. For example, at 37 degrees C the purines in double-stranded DNA label at a rate two- to threefold slower than the corresponding mononucleotides, but in a double-stranded viral RNA, a 30- to 40-fold effect is found. The data suggest a strong influence of microscopic helix structure on the rate of tritium incorporation. First-order rate constants for the exchange of tritium into specific purine sites in yeast tRNAPhe were also determined. This was done by partially labeling the nucleic acid in tritiated water, and subsequently removing free and loosely bound tritium. Under conditions where exchange-out does not occur, the nucleic acid was digested with specific nucleases; chromatographic separation then enabled specific activities of purines from specific sites to be obtained. The rate constants for these sites show a large variation. They are markedly reduced for those residues occurring in cloverleaf helical sections and, in certain cases, for those known from crystallographic data to be involved in tertiary interactions. As examples of bases that can participate in tertiary interactions, the crystal structures show A14 and G15 in special base-pairing arrangements. Both purines (A14 and G15) occur in single-stranded sections of the cloverleaf; both show markedly reduced C-8 hydrogen-exchange rates. On the other hand, rate constants for bases and regions known to be on the outside of the moleculesuch as the anticodon loop and the 3' terminus\u0101re perturbed the least. In one instance, a base in the dihydrouridine loop believed to be involved in tertiary interactions, according to crystallographic studies, incorporates tritium as if it were relatively unperburbed by the tRNA structure. The structural interactions of this base may be partially or completely broken at 37 degrees C in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:949478", "title": "A new mammalian DNA polymerase with 3' to 5' exonuclease activity: DNA polymerase delta.", "content": "A new species of DNA polymerase has been purified more than 10 000-fold from the cytoplasm of erythroid hyperplastic bone marrow. This DNA polymerase, in contrast to previously described eukaryotic DNA polymerases, is associated with a very active 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. Similar to the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity associated with prokaryotic DNA polymerases, this enzyme catalyzes the removal of 3'-terminal nucleotides from DNA, as well as a template-dependent conversion of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to monophosphates. The exonuclease activity is not separable from the DNA polymerase activity by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or hydroxylapatite, and upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation the two activities cosediment at 7 S or at 11 S depending on the ionic strength. Both exonuclease and polymerase activities have identical rates of heat inactivation and both are equally sensitive to hemin and Rifamycin AF/013, inhibitors of DNA synthesis that act by binding to DNA polymerase and causing its dissociation from its template/primer. These results are consistent with the coexistence of two enzyme activities in a single protein.", "contents": "A new mammalian DNA polymerase with 3' to 5' exonuclease activity: DNA polymerase delta. A new species of DNA polymerase has been purified more than 10 000-fold from the cytoplasm of erythroid hyperplastic bone marrow. This DNA polymerase, in contrast to previously described eukaryotic DNA polymerases, is associated with a very active 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. Similar to the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity associated with prokaryotic DNA polymerases, this enzyme catalyzes the removal of 3'-terminal nucleotides from DNA, as well as a template-dependent conversion of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to monophosphates. The exonuclease activity is not separable from the DNA polymerase activity by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex or hydroxylapatite, and upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation the two activities cosediment at 7 S or at 11 S depending on the ionic strength. Both exonuclease and polymerase activities have identical rates of heat inactivation and both are equally sensitive to hemin and Rifamycin AF/013, inhibitors of DNA synthesis that act by binding to DNA polymerase and causing its dissociation from its template/primer. These results are consistent with the coexistence of two enzyme activities in a single protein."}
{"id": "PMID:949479", "title": "Circular dichroic studies of the DNA and RNA of nucleoli.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) in the 240-300-nm region was used to study the conformation of DNA and RNA complexed with proteins in isolated nucleoli form HeLa cells. Deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease digestion was employed to obtain (1) the individual CD spectra of nucleolar DNA or RNA in complex form with proteins, or in free form; and (2) the experimental CD baseline correction to exclude contributions from nonnucleic acid sources such as light scattering  artifacts and proteins. The CD spectrum of nucleolar DNA in DNA-protein complexes was highly reduced in ellipticity in comparison with protein-free DNA. It showed a positive peak at 283 nm with a molar ellipticity [theta]283 = 1200 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 262 nm. Addition of sodium dodecylsulfate shifted the peak to 276 nm with [theta]276 8000 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 254 nm. The CD spectrum of nucleolar RNA in RNA-protein complexes was also reduced in comparison with protein-free RNA, showing a peak at 269 nm ([theta]269 = 6900 deg cm2 dmol-1), and a crossover at 250 nm. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate shifted the peak to 265 nm with [theta]265 = 18 000 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 246 nm. The low ellipticity of both nucleolar DNA and RNA when complexed with proteins was increased by treatment with sodium chloride, urea, or heparin. This suggests that some ionic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bondings are involved in the nucleic acid-protein interaction in nucleolar chromatin similar to that observed in nuclear chromatin.", "contents": "Circular dichroic studies of the DNA and RNA of nucleoli. Circular dichroism (CD) in the 240-300-nm region was used to study the conformation of DNA and RNA complexed with proteins in isolated nucleoli form HeLa cells. Deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease digestion was employed to obtain (1) the individual CD spectra of nucleolar DNA or RNA in complex form with proteins, or in free form; and (2) the experimental CD baseline correction to exclude contributions from nonnucleic acid sources such as light scattering  artifacts and proteins. The CD spectrum of nucleolar DNA in DNA-protein complexes was highly reduced in ellipticity in comparison with protein-free DNA. It showed a positive peak at 283 nm with a molar ellipticity [theta]283 = 1200 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 262 nm. Addition of sodium dodecylsulfate shifted the peak to 276 nm with [theta]276 8000 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 254 nm. The CD spectrum of nucleolar RNA in RNA-protein complexes was also reduced in comparison with protein-free RNA, showing a peak at 269 nm ([theta]269 = 6900 deg cm2 dmol-1), and a crossover at 250 nm. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate shifted the peak to 265 nm with [theta]265 = 18 000 deg cm2 dmol-1 and a crossover at 246 nm. The low ellipticity of both nucleolar DNA and RNA when complexed with proteins was increased by treatment with sodium chloride, urea, or heparin. This suggests that some ionic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bondings are involved in the nucleic acid-protein interaction in nucleolar chromatin similar to that observed in nuclear chromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:949480", "title": "NH2-terminal extensions on skin collagen from sheep with a genetic defect in conversion of procollagen into collagen.", "content": "A modified form of procollagen was extracted with 10 M urea from the skin of lambs with dermatosparaxis, a disease which is produced by a genetic defect in the conversion of procollagen to collagen. The extracts contained little if any alpha1 and alpha2 chains of normal type I collagen, and instead they contained the larger polypeptides palpha1 and palpha2 together with high polymers. palpha1 was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The polypeptide was shown to be related to alpha1 by its chromatographic behavior, its amino acid composition, and the peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The molecular weight of palpha1 by gel filtration was 112 300 +/- 6300. After digestion of palpha1 with bacterial collagenase, a fragment of about 100 amino acid residues was obtained which was similar in amino acid composition and antigenic activity to a comparable fragment previously obtained from the NH2-terminal region of palpha1 chains from dermatosparaxic cattle. However, after cleavage of palpha1 with cyanogen bromide, a larger NH2-terminal fragment of about 160 amino acid residues was obtained. The larger cyanogen bromide fragment contained 8 residues of hydroxyproline, 12 residues of proline, and 19 residues of glycine not found in the NH2-terminal fragment isolated after digestion with bacterial collagenase. The results indicated that, in addition to containing amino acid sequences similar to those found in globular proteins, the peptide extensions on the NH2-terminal end of the palpha1 chain of procollagen also contain amino acid sequences similar to those found in the triple-helical region of the collagen molecule. The molecular weight of palpha2 by gel filtration was 102 400 +/- 6800. No additional peptide fragment was recovered after digestion of palpha2 with bacterial collagenase.", "contents": "NH2-terminal extensions on skin collagen from sheep with a genetic defect in conversion of procollagen into collagen. A modified form of procollagen was extracted with 10 M urea from the skin of lambs with dermatosparaxis, a disease which is produced by a genetic defect in the conversion of procollagen to collagen. The extracts contained little if any alpha1 and alpha2 chains of normal type I collagen, and instead they contained the larger polypeptides palpha1 and palpha2 together with high polymers. palpha1 was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The polypeptide was shown to be related to alpha1 by its chromatographic behavior, its amino acid composition, and the peptides obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The molecular weight of palpha1 by gel filtration was 112 300 +/- 6300. After digestion of palpha1 with bacterial collagenase, a fragment of about 100 amino acid residues was obtained which was similar in amino acid composition and antigenic activity to a comparable fragment previously obtained from the NH2-terminal region of palpha1 chains from dermatosparaxic cattle. However, after cleavage of palpha1 with cyanogen bromide, a larger NH2-terminal fragment of about 160 amino acid residues was obtained. The larger cyanogen bromide fragment contained 8 residues of hydroxyproline, 12 residues of proline, and 19 residues of glycine not found in the NH2-terminal fragment isolated after digestion with bacterial collagenase. The results indicated that, in addition to containing amino acid sequences similar to those found in globular proteins, the peptide extensions on the NH2-terminal end of the palpha1 chain of procollagen also contain amino acid sequences similar to those found in the triple-helical region of the collagen molecule. The molecular weight of palpha2 by gel filtration was 102 400 +/- 6800. No additional peptide fragment was recovered after digestion of palpha2 with bacterial collagenase."}
{"id": "PMID:949481", "title": "Utilisation of exogenous fatty acids by rat epididymal fat cells in vitro.", "content": "When isolated rat fat cells are incubated with radioactively labelled palmitate the extracellular fatty acid pool is diluted by fatty acids of endogenous origin. Using fat cell concentration as an experimental variable, a simple graphical procedure has been devised to correct for the difficulty such precursor dilution causes in measurement of oxidation and esterification of exogenous fatty acids. After application of such corrections it was calculated that extracellular palmitate was utilised for oxidation with a composite Km of approx. 7 mu M. The composite Km for palmitate esterification was 29 mu M (no other substrates present, albumin included 1t 10 mg/ml).", "contents": "Utilisation of exogenous fatty acids by rat epididymal fat cells in vitro. When isolated rat fat cells are incubated with radioactively labelled palmitate the extracellular fatty acid pool is diluted by fatty acids of endogenous origin. Using fat cell concentration as an experimental variable, a simple graphical procedure has been devised to correct for the difficulty such precursor dilution causes in measurement of oxidation and esterification of exogenous fatty acids. After application of such corrections it was calculated that extracellular palmitate was utilised for oxidation with a composite Km of approx. 7 mu M. The composite Km for palmitate esterification was 29 mu M (no other substrates present, albumin included 1t 10 mg/ml)."}
{"id": "PMID:949482", "title": "Skin surface lipids of the guinea pig.", "content": "Skin surface lipids of the guinea pig were found to contain sterol esters (33%), wax diesters (diacyl alkanediols) (24%), glycerol ether diesters (28%), free fatty alcohols (6%) and free sterols (9%). The sterol esters and diacyl alkanediols contained saturated fatty acids (40 and 67%, respectively) having straight and singly-branched chains and mono-unsaturated acids (60 and 33%,respectively) derived predominantly by delta 9-desaturation of C15 and C16 straight-chain saturated fatty-acid precursors. The 1-O-alkylglycerols and fatty acids from the glycerol ether diesters were both entirely saturated series containing straight, branched and multi-branched chains. Both the free and the esterified sterols consisted principally of cholesterol with a small proportion of lathosterol.", "contents": "Skin surface lipids of the guinea pig. Skin surface lipids of the guinea pig were found to contain sterol esters (33%), wax diesters (diacyl alkanediols) (24%), glycerol ether diesters (28%), free fatty alcohols (6%) and free sterols (9%). The sterol esters and diacyl alkanediols contained saturated fatty acids (40 and 67%, respectively) having straight and singly-branched chains and mono-unsaturated acids (60 and 33%,respectively) derived predominantly by delta 9-desaturation of C15 and C16 straight-chain saturated fatty-acid precursors. The 1-O-alkylglycerols and fatty acids from the glycerol ether diesters were both entirely saturated series containing straight, branched and multi-branched chains. Both the free and the esterified sterols consisted principally of cholesterol with a small proportion of lathosterol."}
{"id": "PMID:949483", "title": "Lipids of Nitrobacter and effects of cultural conditions on fatty acid composition.", "content": "The nitrite-oxidizing autotroph, Nitrobacter was studied with respect to fatty acid composition and lipids. One fatty acid, shown to be cis-11-actadecenoic acid (cis-vaccenic) accounted for almost 96% of the total fatty acids of the extractable lipids of Nitrobacter agilis, Nitrobacter winogradskyi and each of several isolates from Minnesota and Moroccan soils studied. The cis-vaccenic acid was high in all organisms, ranging from 85 to 95% when grown at 27degreesC in the log growth phase, the other major acid was plamitic (16 : 1). All converted ces-vaccenic acid to a 19-carbon cyclopropanecarboxylic acid upon entering the stationary growth phase. The 11-carbon cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was not degraded when stationary phase cells were reinoculated into fresh medium. In N. agilis the levels of cis-vaccenic acid ranged from 86.8% when grown at 33degreesC to 95.6% when grown at 19degreesC. Addition of acetate or casein hydrolyzate to the inorganic medium had virtually no effect on the fatty acid composition of N. agilis, while propionate effected both qualitative and quantitative changes. In all organisms phosphatidylcholine made up a large portion of the extractable lipids. The distribution was phosphatidylcholine, 54%; phosphatidylethanolamine, 23%; phosphatidylglycerol, 10%; and neutral lipids, 11% for N. agilis.", "contents": "Lipids of Nitrobacter and effects of cultural conditions on fatty acid composition. The nitrite-oxidizing autotroph, Nitrobacter was studied with respect to fatty acid composition and lipids. One fatty acid, shown to be cis-11-actadecenoic acid (cis-vaccenic) accounted for almost 96% of the total fatty acids of the extractable lipids of Nitrobacter agilis, Nitrobacter winogradskyi and each of several isolates from Minnesota and Moroccan soils studied. The cis-vaccenic acid was high in all organisms, ranging from 85 to 95% when grown at 27degreesC in the log growth phase, the other major acid was plamitic (16 : 1). All converted ces-vaccenic acid to a 19-carbon cyclopropanecarboxylic acid upon entering the stationary growth phase. The 11-carbon cyclopropanecarboxylic acid was not degraded when stationary phase cells were reinoculated into fresh medium. In N. agilis the levels of cis-vaccenic acid ranged from 86.8% when grown at 33degreesC to 95.6% when grown at 19degreesC. Addition of acetate or casein hydrolyzate to the inorganic medium had virtually no effect on the fatty acid composition of N. agilis, while propionate effected both qualitative and quantitative changes. In all organisms phosphatidylcholine made up a large portion of the extractable lipids. The distribution was phosphatidylcholine, 54%; phosphatidylethanolamine, 23%; phosphatidylglycerol, 10%; and neutral lipids, 11% for N. agilis."}
{"id": "PMID:949484", "title": "Studies on nucleotide diphosphate diacylglycerol specificity of acidic phospholipid biosynthesis in rat liver subcellular fractions.", "content": "(1)Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, uridine diphosphate diacylglycerol, adenosine diphosphate diacylglycerol and guanosine diphosphate diacylglycerol were synthesized chemically and their purity assessed.  The acticity of these compounds in acidic phospholipid synthesis was examined in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes.  (2) Phosphatidylglycerol synthesis in rat liver mitochondria exhibited considerable activity with CDP diacylglycerol (v 7.0 nmol mg-1 h-1).  UDPdiacylglycerol (v 5.4) and ADP diacylglyc erol (v 4.2).  GDP diacylglycerol activity was detectable but very low.  (3) Diphophatidylglycerol formation in mitochondria and phosphatidylinositolsythesis in microsomes exhibited considerable more specificity for CDP diacylglycerol.  However, at high concentrations, measurable diphosphaticylglycerol and phophatidylinositol synthesis was observed with the other liponucleotides.  (4) Although considerable phosphatidylglycerol formation was observed with UDPdiacaylglycerol and ADP diacylglycerol, it is unlikelky that these compounds are of physiologic importance, at least in rat liver, since CTP:phophatidic acid cytidyltransferase in microsomes and mitochondria was shown to be specific for cytidine triphosphate.  The lack of specificity of  phosphatiidylglycerol synthesis for CDP diacylglycerol is currently unexplained but may be of some importance in other tissues or in other organisms.", "contents": "Studies on nucleotide diphosphate diacylglycerol specificity of acidic phospholipid biosynthesis in rat liver subcellular fractions. (1)Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, uridine diphosphate diacylglycerol, adenosine diphosphate diacylglycerol and guanosine diphosphate diacylglycerol were synthesized chemically and their purity assessed.  The acticity of these compounds in acidic phospholipid synthesis was examined in rat liver mitochondria and microsomes.  (2) Phosphatidylglycerol synthesis in rat liver mitochondria exhibited considerable activity with CDP diacylglycerol (v 7.0 nmol mg-1 h-1).  UDPdiacylglycerol (v 5.4) and ADP diacylglyc erol (v 4.2).  GDP diacylglycerol activity was detectable but very low.  (3) Diphophatidylglycerol formation in mitochondria and phosphatidylinositolsythesis in microsomes exhibited considerable more specificity for CDP diacylglycerol.  However, at high concentrations, measurable diphosphaticylglycerol and phophatidylinositol synthesis was observed with the other liponucleotides.  (4) Although considerable phosphatidylglycerol formation was observed with UDPdiacaylglycerol and ADP diacylglycerol, it is unlikelky that these compounds are of physiologic importance, at least in rat liver, since CTP:phophatidic acid cytidyltransferase in microsomes and mitochondria was shown to be specific for cytidine triphosphate.  The lack of specificity of  phosphatiidylglycerol synthesis for CDP diacylglycerol is currently unexplained but may be of some importance in other tissues or in other organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:949485", "title": "Sphingolipid base metabolism. Sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase: identification of ethanolamine 1-phosphate as product.", "content": "Ethanolamine 1-phosphate has been characterized as a product of the action of rat liver microsomal sphinganine 1-phosphate lyase on erythro-sphinganine 1-phosphate. The product was characterized by various forms of chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectral analysis of appropriate derivatives, and by conversion to ethanolamine. The results of detailed studies of the mass spectral fragmentation of the tetra-trimethylsilyl derivative of ethanolamine 1-phosphate are also reported.", "contents": "Sphingolipid base metabolism. Sphinganine-1-phosphate lyase: identification of ethanolamine 1-phosphate as product. Ethanolamine 1-phosphate has been characterized as a product of the action of rat liver microsomal sphinganine 1-phosphate lyase on erythro-sphinganine 1-phosphate. The product was characterized by various forms of chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectral analysis of appropriate derivatives, and by conversion to ethanolamine. The results of detailed studies of the mass spectral fragmentation of the tetra-trimethylsilyl derivative of ethanolamine 1-phosphate are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:949486", "title": "Effect of glutathione peroxidase activity on lipid peroxidation in biological membranes.", "content": "Results are presented indicating that, although glutathione peroxidase activity inhibits lipid peroxidation in membranes, it does not appear to do so by reducing membrane lipid peroxides to lipid alcohols, as has been shown by others to be the case for free fatty acid peroxides in solution. Lipid peroxidation was studied in an enzymic system (microsomal NADPH oxidase) and in a non-enzymic system (mitochondria plus ascorbate). A study of the fatty acids in the phospholipids of microsomes and mitochondria demonstrated that detectable amounts of hydroxy fatty acids were not formed in the membranes when the latter were incubated in the presence of the glutathione peroxidase system even under conditions known to have generated significant levels of lipid peroxides in the membrane. Fatty acid analyses of the microsomal and mitochondrial particles indicated that glutathione peroxidase activity inhibited loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids when these organelles were exposed to peroxidizing conditions. If glutathione peroxidase activity were inhibiting the formation of malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation) by converting peroxide groups to alcohols, the loss of the constitutive polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane should not have been appreciably affected by addition of the peroxidase system. The protective effect cannot be due to quenching of an autocatalytic type of lipid peroxidation (at least in the microsomal system) since it has been established that the microsomal enzyme system (NADPH oxidase) catalyzes a continuous attack on microsomal polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups during the reaction and that the peroxidative process is not autocatalytic in nature. It appears, therefore, that glutathione peroxidase activity must exert its effect on this system by preventing free radical attack on the polyunsaturated membrane lipids in the first place. A possible mechanism for the interruption of a free radical attack on the lipids is proposed.", "contents": "Effect of glutathione peroxidase activity on lipid peroxidation in biological membranes. Results are presented indicating that, although glutathione peroxidase activity inhibits lipid peroxidation in membranes, it does not appear to do so by reducing membrane lipid peroxides to lipid alcohols, as has been shown by others to be the case for free fatty acid peroxides in solution. Lipid peroxidation was studied in an enzymic system (microsomal NADPH oxidase) and in a non-enzymic system (mitochondria plus ascorbate). A study of the fatty acids in the phospholipids of microsomes and mitochondria demonstrated that detectable amounts of hydroxy fatty acids were not formed in the membranes when the latter were incubated in the presence of the glutathione peroxidase system even under conditions known to have generated significant levels of lipid peroxides in the membrane. Fatty acid analyses of the microsomal and mitochondrial particles indicated that glutathione peroxidase activity inhibited loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids when these organelles were exposed to peroxidizing conditions. If glutathione peroxidase activity were inhibiting the formation of malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation) by converting peroxide groups to alcohols, the loss of the constitutive polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane should not have been appreciably affected by addition of the peroxidase system. The protective effect cannot be due to quenching of an autocatalytic type of lipid peroxidation (at least in the microsomal system) since it has been established that the microsomal enzyme system (NADPH oxidase) catalyzes a continuous attack on microsomal polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups during the reaction and that the peroxidative process is not autocatalytic in nature. It appears, therefore, that glutathione peroxidase activity must exert its effect on this system by preventing free radical attack on the polyunsaturated membrane lipids in the first place. A possible mechanism for the interruption of a free radical attack on the lipids is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:949487", "title": "The mechanism for nonspecific lipase from rat pancreas.", "content": "Purified nonspecific lipase from rat pancreas appears to mediate the followin reaction sequence: (2) HE +nB in equilibrium HEBn; (2) HEBn + S inequilibrium HEBnS; (3) HEBnS IN EQUILIBRIUM EBnS' + ROH; (4) EBnS' + h2o vector HEBn + R'COO- + H+, where E equils enzyme, B equils bile salt, and S equils R'COOR. Evidence is presented for the occurrence, sequence and reversibility or irreversibility of the above four reactions. Also discussed are the activation energies for both a \"good\" and a \"poor\" substrate, the correlation between V and subsitituent function (o-) for a series of substituted benzoic acid esters, and the effects of steric hindrance. Studies of the incorporation of label from H2(18)O further detail the hydrolytic mechanism, and the effects of the physical state in which substrate is presented to the enzyme (micelles, emulsion, crude bulk phase, etc.) are discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism for nonspecific lipase from rat pancreas. Purified nonspecific lipase from rat pancreas appears to mediate the followin reaction sequence: (2) HE +nB in equilibrium HEBn; (2) HEBn + S inequilibrium HEBnS; (3) HEBnS IN EQUILIBRIUM EBnS' + ROH; (4) EBnS' + h2o vector HEBn + R'COO- + H+, where E equils enzyme, B equils bile salt, and S equils R'COOR. Evidence is presented for the occurrence, sequence and reversibility or irreversibility of the above four reactions. Also discussed are the activation energies for both a \"good\" and a \"poor\" substrate, the correlation between V and subsitituent function (o-) for a series of substituted benzoic acid esters, and the effects of steric hindrance. Studies of the incorporation of label from H2(18)O further detail the hydrolytic mechanism, and the effects of the physical state in which substrate is presented to the enzyme (micelles, emulsion, crude bulk phase, etc.) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949488", "title": "Interaction of concanavalin A with membrane-bound and solubilized lipoprotein lipase of rat heart.", "content": "Concanavalin A was used to study the configuration of lipoprotein lipase at the surface of capillary endothelium. Incubation of heart homogenates with increasing concentrations of concanavalin A for 5-60 min resulted in inhibition of up to 50% of enzyme activity. The inhibition was related to the concentration of lectin and the time of incubation and was fully reversible by postincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Rat hearts were perfused for 5-60 min and lipoprotein lipase activity determined in postheparin perfusates and in the perfused heart. When the lectin was introduced into the perfusate a significant reduction of heparin-releasable enzyme was found after 30 min of perfusion. The missing enzyme could be recovered by postperfusion with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, but not by addition of the sugar to the perfusate withdrawn from the apparatus. These results suggested binding of lectin to the surface-located enzyme and support for such a binding was obtained by the finding of release of labeled lectin into the perfusate by heparin. Perfusion of hearts with concanavalin A for 60 min resulted also in a fall in nonreleasable lipoprotein lipase. The mechanism of this fall is not due to impairment of enzyme synthesis, as leucine incorporation into protein was not reduced. Since neither perfusion nor postincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside restored enzyme activity, the fall was most probably due to irreversible inhibition. It is concluded that mannose residues of lipoprotein lipase in heart homogenates and at the endothelial surface of heart capillaries are available to interact with a specific lectin. Such an interaction renders the enzyme less releasable by heparin during perfusion and causes a significant inhibition of enzyme activity in homogenates.", "contents": "Interaction of concanavalin A with membrane-bound and solubilized lipoprotein lipase of rat heart. Concanavalin A was used to study the configuration of lipoprotein lipase at the surface of capillary endothelium. Incubation of heart homogenates with increasing concentrations of concanavalin A for 5-60 min resulted in inhibition of up to 50% of enzyme activity. The inhibition was related to the concentration of lectin and the time of incubation and was fully reversible by postincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Rat hearts were perfused for 5-60 min and lipoprotein lipase activity determined in postheparin perfusates and in the perfused heart. When the lectin was introduced into the perfusate a significant reduction of heparin-releasable enzyme was found after 30 min of perfusion. The missing enzyme could be recovered by postperfusion with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, but not by addition of the sugar to the perfusate withdrawn from the apparatus. These results suggested binding of lectin to the surface-located enzyme and support for such a binding was obtained by the finding of release of labeled lectin into the perfusate by heparin. Perfusion of hearts with concanavalin A for 60 min resulted also in a fall in nonreleasable lipoprotein lipase. The mechanism of this fall is not due to impairment of enzyme synthesis, as leucine incorporation into protein was not reduced. Since neither perfusion nor postincubation with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside restored enzyme activity, the fall was most probably due to irreversible inhibition. It is concluded that mannose residues of lipoprotein lipase in heart homogenates and at the endothelial surface of heart capillaries are available to interact with a specific lectin. Such an interaction renders the enzyme less releasable by heparin during perfusion and causes a significant inhibition of enzyme activity in homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:949489", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase and uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol by perfused rat mammary tissue.", "content": "The role of lipoprotein lipase in the uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol from blood was studied in perfused inguinal-abdominal mammary tissue of rats lactating 10-15 days.  Lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissue was reduced, from 0.47 to 0.10 units/g, by removing the anterior pituitary gland from lactating rats 2 days before the experiment. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats took up 12% of the chylomicron triacylglycerol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. About two-thirds of the triacylglycerol taken up was retained as glyceride, and the rest was hydrolyzed and released to the perfusing fluid as fatty acids and glycerol. Autoradiographic studies of perfused tissues of normal lactating rats showed that both the acyl and glycerol moieties derived from chylomicron triacylglycerol were incorporated into milk lipid droplets. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats also took up 15% of the chylomicron cholesterol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. The findings demonstrate that chylomicron cholesterol is taken up with triacylglycerol by lactating mammary tissue, and that uptake of both lipids is markedly suppressed when lipoprotein lipase activity is low, as in tissue of hypophysectomized rats. It is proposed that uptake of triacylglycerol from chylomicrons by mammary tissue requires the action of lipoprotein lipase, while uptake of cholesterol is dependent on reduction of the triacylglycerol core, resulting from action of the enzyme on the core and uptake of lipolytic products by the tissue.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase and uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol by perfused rat mammary tissue. The role of lipoprotein lipase in the uptake of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesterol from blood was studied in perfused inguinal-abdominal mammary tissue of rats lactating 10-15 days.  Lipoprotein lipase activity in the tissue was reduced, from 0.47 to 0.10 units/g, by removing the anterior pituitary gland from lactating rats 2 days before the experiment. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats took up 12% of the chylomicron triacylglycerol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. About two-thirds of the triacylglycerol taken up was retained as glyceride, and the rest was hydrolyzed and released to the perfusing fluid as fatty acids and glycerol. Autoradiographic studies of perfused tissues of normal lactating rats showed that both the acyl and glycerol moieties derived from chylomicron triacylglycerol were incorporated into milk lipid droplets. Perfused mammary tissue of normal lactating rats also took up 15% of the chylomicron cholesterol infused, whereas the tissue of hypophysectomized lactating rats took up less than 1%. The findings demonstrate that chylomicron cholesterol is taken up with triacylglycerol by lactating mammary tissue, and that uptake of both lipids is markedly suppressed when lipoprotein lipase activity is low, as in tissue of hypophysectomized rats. It is proposed that uptake of triacylglycerol from chylomicrons by mammary tissue requires the action of lipoprotein lipase, while uptake of cholesterol is dependent on reduction of the triacylglycerol core, resulting from action of the enzyme on the core and uptake of lipolytic products by the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:949490", "title": "Hydrolysis of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine in vitro by lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C.", "content": "The effects of lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C on chylomicron phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol were studied with rat lymph chylomicrons containing phosphatidylcholine labeled with [14C]oleic acid. Lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk readily hydrolyzed chylomicron phosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidylcholine and fatty acid, and triacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol, fatty acid and glycerol. The rates of hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol increased with enzyme concentration, and both decreased when fatty-acid binding sites on albumin in the incubation medium were limited. The proportion and amount of phosphatidylcholine hydrolyzed was always less than that of triacylglycerol. Analyses of hydrolytic products showed that lipoprotein lipase cleaved the 1-acyl ester bond of phosphatidylcholine. The findings indicate that lipoprotein lipase can account for some of the phospholipase A1 activity found in postheparin plasma. Phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C hydrolyzed chylomicron phosphatidylcholine, greater than 92% in 10 min, but not triacylglycerol. The resultant phosphatidylcholine-deficient chylomicrons, which could be concentrated by ultra-centrifugation and resuspended in incubation medium, were readily depleted of triacylglycerol when incubated with lipoprotein lipase. The findings indicate that phosphatidylcholine can be removed from the surface film of chylomicrons without disrupting the particles or blocking the action of lipoprotein lipase on the core triacylglycerol.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine in vitro by lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. The effects of lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C on chylomicron phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol were studied with rat lymph chylomicrons containing phosphatidylcholine labeled with [14C]oleic acid. Lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk readily hydrolyzed chylomicron phosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidylcholine and fatty acid, and triacylglycerol to monoacylglycerol, fatty acid and glycerol. The rates of hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol increased with enzyme concentration, and both decreased when fatty-acid binding sites on albumin in the incubation medium were limited. The proportion and amount of phosphatidylcholine hydrolyzed was always less than that of triacylglycerol. Analyses of hydrolytic products showed that lipoprotein lipase cleaved the 1-acyl ester bond of phosphatidylcholine. The findings indicate that lipoprotein lipase can account for some of the phospholipase A1 activity found in postheparin plasma. Phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C hydrolyzed chylomicron phosphatidylcholine, greater than 92% in 10 min, but not triacylglycerol. The resultant phosphatidylcholine-deficient chylomicrons, which could be concentrated by ultra-centrifugation and resuspended in incubation medium, were readily depleted of triacylglycerol when incubated with lipoprotein lipase. The findings indicate that phosphatidylcholine can be removed from the surface film of chylomicrons without disrupting the particles or blocking the action of lipoprotein lipase on the core triacylglycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:949491", "title": "Studies on the glycolipids of sheep thymus and of normal and concanavalin A-stimulated sheep peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of sheep thymus and of sheep peripheral lymphocytes were compared. The patterns of both of these major classes of glycolipids were more complex in thymus than in the lymphocytes. The incorporation of radioactivity from D-[1-14C]galactose into the individual glycolipids of control and concanavalin A-stimulated sheep peripheral lymphocytes was also studied. A marked enhancement of incorporation into trihexosylceramide and an alteration of the pattern of incorporation into gangliosides were noted in the mitogen-treated cells. The results suggest that significant alterations of glycolipid composition and metabolism may occur during at least certain stages of lymphocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Studies on the glycolipids of sheep thymus and of normal and concanavalin A-stimulated sheep peripheral lymphocytes. The neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of sheep thymus and of sheep peripheral lymphocytes were compared. The patterns of both of these major classes of glycolipids were more complex in thymus than in the lymphocytes. The incorporation of radioactivity from D-[1-14C]galactose into the individual glycolipids of control and concanavalin A-stimulated sheep peripheral lymphocytes was also studied. A marked enhancement of incorporation into trihexosylceramide and an alteration of the pattern of incorporation into gangliosides were noted in the mitogen-treated cells. The results suggest that significant alterations of glycolipid composition and metabolism may occur during at least certain stages of lymphocyte differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:949492", "title": "Specific reductive metabolism of steroid sulphates in rat liver.", "content": "The reductive metabolism of steroid sulphates and corresponding unconjugated steroids has been investigated in male and female rat liver. Enzyme activities studied were 5alpha-reductase, 5beta-reductase and 3alpha-, 3beta- and 20beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidoreductases in microsomal and soluble cellular fractions. With the exception of microsomal 3alpha-reductase all enzymes were equally or more active using sulphoconjugated substrates than using corresponding unconjugated substrates. 20beta-reduction of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone occurred only with the 21-sulphurylated derivatives. This sulphate-specific 20beta-reductase, which is only present in male rat liver, probably participates in the formation of the sex-specific 20beta-reduced corticosterone metabolites present in bile from male but not from female rats. Sulphoconjugated deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were also better substrates for microsomal 5alpha-reductase and sulphoconjugated 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for microsomal 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase than the corresponding unconjugated analogues. In conclusion, these results indicate that steroid sulphates generally are good substrates for hepatic reducing enzymes; in many cases even better substrates than the unconjugated analogues.", "contents": "Specific reductive metabolism of steroid sulphates in rat liver. The reductive metabolism of steroid sulphates and corresponding unconjugated steroids has been investigated in male and female rat liver. Enzyme activities studied were 5alpha-reductase, 5beta-reductase and 3alpha-, 3beta- and 20beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidoreductases in microsomal and soluble cellular fractions. With the exception of microsomal 3alpha-reductase all enzymes were equally or more active using sulphoconjugated substrates than using corresponding unconjugated substrates. 20beta-reduction of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone occurred only with the 21-sulphurylated derivatives. This sulphate-specific 20beta-reductase, which is only present in male rat liver, probably participates in the formation of the sex-specific 20beta-reduced corticosterone metabolites present in bile from male but not from female rats. Sulphoconjugated deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were also better substrates for microsomal 5alpha-reductase and sulphoconjugated 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone for microsomal 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase than the corresponding unconjugated analogues. In conclusion, these results indicate that steroid sulphates generally are good substrates for hepatic reducing enzymes; in many cases even better substrates than the unconjugated analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:949493", "title": "On the formation of thromboxane B2 and 12l-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12 ho-20:4) in tissues from the guinea pig.", "content": "Homogenates of tissues from the guinea pig were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min and the amounts of thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicostetraenoic acid (12ho-2-:4) formed from endogenous arachidonic acid were determined by multiple-ion analysis. Lung and spleen homogenates produced 7146 +/- 500 ng/g and 3046 +/- 542 ng/g, respectively, of thromboxane B2 and 15 122 +/- 3536 ng/g and 29 516 +/- 1966 ng/g, respectively, of 12ho-20:4. The amounts of both compounds in homogenates of kidney, stomach, liver, heart and whole blood were at least 10-times lower than those found in lung and spleen. 5,8,11,14-Eicostetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibited 12ho-20:4 formation in spleen homogenates whereas indomethacin and arachidonic acid stimulated it.", "contents": "On the formation of thromboxane B2 and 12l-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12 ho-20:4) in tissues from the guinea pig. Homogenates of tissues from the guinea pig were incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min and the amounts of thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicostetraenoic acid (12ho-2-:4) formed from endogenous arachidonic acid were determined by multiple-ion analysis. Lung and spleen homogenates produced 7146 +/- 500 ng/g and 3046 +/- 542 ng/g, respectively, of thromboxane B2 and 15 122 +/- 3536 ng/g and 29 516 +/- 1966 ng/g, respectively, of 12ho-20:4. The amounts of both compounds in homogenates of kidney, stomach, liver, heart and whole blood were at least 10-times lower than those found in lung and spleen. 5,8,11,14-Eicostetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibited 12ho-20:4 formation in spleen homogenates whereas indomethacin and arachidonic acid stimulated it."}
{"id": "PMID:949494", "title": "Purification and properties of the RNA polymerase of an extremely thermophilic bacterium: Thermus aquaticus T2.", "content": "The RNA polymerase of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus T 2 has been purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular weights of the subunits of the enzyme are : 165 000, 130000, 92 000 and 44 000. The in vitro temperature optimum of enzyme activity is around 65 degrees C. The enzyme has a preference towards the homologous template and is strongly inhibited by KCI. Rifampicin inhibits the enzyme only to 50% even at very high concentrations. Heparin inhibits it completely, but only at higher molar excess than in the case of the Escherichia coli enzyme. The enzyme can form heparin-resistant complexes at elevated temperatures on the homologous template, but not on E. coli DNA.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the RNA polymerase of an extremely thermophilic bacterium: Thermus aquaticus T2. The RNA polymerase of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus T 2 has been purified to homogeneity. The apparent molecular weights of the subunits of the enzyme are : 165 000, 130000, 92 000 and 44 000. The in vitro temperature optimum of enzyme activity is around 65 degrees C. The enzyme has a preference towards the homologous template and is strongly inhibited by KCI. Rifampicin inhibits the enzyme only to 50% even at very high concentrations. Heparin inhibits it completely, but only at higher molar excess than in the case of the Escherichia coli enzyme. The enzyme can form heparin-resistant complexes at elevated temperatures on the homologous template, but not on E. coli DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:949495", "title": "Dissociation and reconstitution of the DNA replicase system of HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "The DNA replication system of S-phase HeLa nuclei has been dissociated by cautious extraction at 0 degrees C with 0.25 M NaCl. Replicase activity has been reestablished by recombination of the fractions and reduction of the salt concentration. The reconstituted system, like the starting nuclei, depended on ATP, 4dNTP, MgCl2, the proper ionic strength and the soluble cytoplasmic protein fraction. The activity of the nuclear extract showed a cell cycle dependency and was elevated in the nuclei of cells at the G1 leads to S boundary. In the presence of Mg2+ the major activity of the nuclear extract precipitated during dialysis to reduce the salt concentration; this precipitate exhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity. Chromatography of the active extracts over phosphocellulose separated the replicase supporting factors into three fractions. The major activity eluted in the fraction containing the DNA polymerase alpha activity; the other two active fractions were devoid of polymerase activity. The fraction containing DNA polymerase alpha from the nuclear extracts supported DNA replicase activity in salt-extracted nuclei whereas an equivalent level of DNA polymerase alpha from the cytoplasm was not effective. The data suggest that the DNA polymerase alpha of the salt extracts of S-phase nuclei is either different than the cytoplasmic enzyme or is associated with some essential replicase-supporting factor.", "contents": "Dissociation and reconstitution of the DNA replicase system of HeLa cell nuclei. The DNA replication system of S-phase HeLa nuclei has been dissociated by cautious extraction at 0 degrees C with 0.25 M NaCl. Replicase activity has been reestablished by recombination of the fractions and reduction of the salt concentration. The reconstituted system, like the starting nuclei, depended on ATP, 4dNTP, MgCl2, the proper ionic strength and the soluble cytoplasmic protein fraction. The activity of the nuclear extract showed a cell cycle dependency and was elevated in the nuclei of cells at the G1 leads to S boundary. In the presence of Mg2+ the major activity of the nuclear extract precipitated during dialysis to reduce the salt concentration; this precipitate exhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity. Chromatography of the active extracts over phosphocellulose separated the replicase supporting factors into three fractions. The major activity eluted in the fraction containing the DNA polymerase alpha activity; the other two active fractions were devoid of polymerase activity. The fraction containing DNA polymerase alpha from the nuclear extracts supported DNA replicase activity in salt-extracted nuclei whereas an equivalent level of DNA polymerase alpha from the cytoplasm was not effective. The data suggest that the DNA polymerase alpha of the salt extracts of S-phase nuclei is either different than the cytoplasmic enzyme or is associated with some essential replicase-supporting factor."}
{"id": "PMID:949496", "title": "Arthropod ribosomes. Integrity of ribosomal ribonucleic acids from aphids and water fleas.", "content": "The 28 S aphid rRNA differs from those of the other insects in two points: (1) it lacks the primary nick; (2) it is larger by 0.2 - 106 daltons. The 28 S rRNA from water fleas also, like that from crayfish, is larger than those from comon insects by 0.2 - 106 daltons. These crustacean 28-S rRNAs were shown to contain the primary nick, which is probably not located in the central point. The 18-S rRNAs from aphids and water fleas had molecular weights significantly larger than 0.7 - 106, the common vaalue for the eukaryotic 18 S rRNA. It was was suggested that the 3'-terminal base sequences of these RNAs are different from the common sequences of these RNAs are different from the common sequence proposed for the 18 S rRNAA of eukaryotes. These exceptional characteristics of the rRNAs from the parthenogenetic animals may provide a probe for general functions of the rRNA in the eukaryotic ribosomes.", "contents": "Arthropod ribosomes. Integrity of ribosomal ribonucleic acids from aphids and water fleas. The 28 S aphid rRNA differs from those of the other insects in two points: (1) it lacks the primary nick; (2) it is larger by 0.2 - 106 daltons. The 28 S rRNA from water fleas also, like that from crayfish, is larger than those from comon insects by 0.2 - 106 daltons. These crustacean 28-S rRNAs were shown to contain the primary nick, which is probably not located in the central point. The 18-S rRNAs from aphids and water fleas had molecular weights significantly larger than 0.7 - 106, the common vaalue for the eukaryotic 18 S rRNA. It was was suggested that the 3'-terminal base sequences of these RNAs are different from the common sequences of these RNAs are different from the common sequence proposed for the 18 S rRNAA of eukaryotes. These exceptional characteristics of the rRNAs from the parthenogenetic animals may provide a probe for general functions of the rRNA in the eukaryotic ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:949497", "title": "Molecular orbital calculations on the conformation of phosphodiesters. An extended correlation between the geometry and the conformation of the phosphate group.", "content": "An extension of our previous correlation (C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D (1973) 277, 2257; Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1974) 340, 299) between the geometry of the phosphate group and the conformation of phosphodiesters established by PCILO computations, shows that the probability of gauche-trans or trans-gauche conformations should become appreciable for low values (100-101) of the 33'-P-O5', angle and may even become predominant when the C-O-P angles have also a low value (congruent to 117 degrees). The results agree satisfactorily with available X-ray crystallographic data.", "contents": "Molecular orbital calculations on the conformation of phosphodiesters. An extended correlation between the geometry and the conformation of the phosphate group. An extension of our previous correlation (C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D (1973) 277, 2257; Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1974) 340, 299) between the geometry of the phosphate group and the conformation of phosphodiesters established by PCILO computations, shows that the probability of gauche-trans or trans-gauche conformations should become appreciable for low values (100-101) of the 33'-P-O5', angle and may even become predominant when the C-O-P angles have also a low value (congruent to 117 degrees). The results agree satisfactorily with available X-ray crystallographic data."}
{"id": "PMID:949498", "title": "Studies on adenine and adenosine metabolism by intact human erythrocytes using high performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Adenine and adenosine metabolism has been studied in intact human erythrocytes in vitro using high performance liquid chromatography, isotopic labeling and electrophoresis. Their metabolism to nucleotides was controlled by phosphoribose diphosphate synthesis which was phosphate dependent. Adenosine formed hypoxanthine or IMP depending upon Pi concentration, but adenosine kinase and deaminase activities were not affected by P levels. Free [14C]adenine and [14C]hypoxanthine were found in cellular extracts. Rapid interconversions occurred to give a distribution for ATP : ADP : AMP of 10 : 1 : 0.1. Marked decomposition of ATP to ADP and AMP occurred during incubations in plasma and Earle's media in air on nitrogen, but ATP levels remained stable in phosphate buffers and in the presence of oxygen. At physiological Pi (1 mM) adenosine kinase activity grossly exceeded adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. The latter was approximately 7 fold that of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. These differences decreased with increasing Pi levels. No significant increase in corresponding nucleotides was obtained by incubation with high levels (0.5 mM) of adenine, guanine or guanosine at physiological Ii, ATP increased by 10% independently of the substrate employed and significant amounts of IMP and GTP were formed adenosine and guanosine, respectively. The existence of a bound intracellular pool of ATP is suggested.", "contents": "Studies on adenine and adenosine metabolism by intact human erythrocytes using high performance liquid chromatography. Adenine and adenosine metabolism has been studied in intact human erythrocytes in vitro using high performance liquid chromatography, isotopic labeling and electrophoresis. Their metabolism to nucleotides was controlled by phosphoribose diphosphate synthesis which was phosphate dependent. Adenosine formed hypoxanthine or IMP depending upon Pi concentration, but adenosine kinase and deaminase activities were not affected by P levels. Free [14C]adenine and [14C]hypoxanthine were found in cellular extracts. Rapid interconversions occurred to give a distribution for ATP : ADP : AMP of 10 : 1 : 0.1. Marked decomposition of ATP to ADP and AMP occurred during incubations in plasma and Earle's media in air on nitrogen, but ATP levels remained stable in phosphate buffers and in the presence of oxygen. At physiological Pi (1 mM) adenosine kinase activity grossly exceeded adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. The latter was approximately 7 fold that of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. These differences decreased with increasing Pi levels. No significant increase in corresponding nucleotides was obtained by incubation with high levels (0.5 mM) of adenine, guanine or guanosine at physiological Ii, ATP increased by 10% independently of the substrate employed and significant amounts of IMP and GTP were formed adenosine and guanosine, respectively. The existence of a bound intracellular pool of ATP is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:949499", "title": "Interaction between dermatan sulphate chains. I. Affinity chromatography of copolymeric galactosaminioglycans on dermatan sulphate-substituted agarose.", "content": "(1) Binding of copolymeric as well as homopolymeric galactosaminoblycan to dermatan sulphate-substituted gels has been demonstrated. Materials bound in the presence of 0.15 M NaC1 was eluted with either 1 M urea, 0.5 M guanidine - HC1 or 0.5 M NaC1. Homopolymeric galactosaminoglycans were also displaced by 0.5 M sodium acetate. The interaction was not dependent on divalent cations. (2) Dermatan sulphate has been fractionated into aggregating and nonaggregating species by gel chromatography in the presence of 0.5 M sodium acetate. In the presence of 3.1 M sodium acetate or 0.5 M guanidine - HC1 no aggregation was observed. (3) Crosslinks formed during periodate oxidation at physiological ionic strength have been ascribed to chain-chain interaction. (4) Chondroitin 4-sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin also showed interaction with gels substituted with copolymeric galactosaminoglycans, while chondroitin 6-sulphate, hyaluronate and keratan sulphate did not. (5) Binding of copolymeric galactosaminoglycan chains to dermatan sulphate- or chondroitin sulphate-substituted gels was most pronounced when the copolymeric chains similar proportions of L-iduronic and D-glucuronic acid.", "contents": "Interaction between dermatan sulphate chains. I. Affinity chromatography of copolymeric galactosaminioglycans on dermatan sulphate-substituted agarose. (1) Binding of copolymeric as well as homopolymeric galactosaminoblycan to dermatan sulphate-substituted gels has been demonstrated. Materials bound in the presence of 0.15 M NaC1 was eluted with either 1 M urea, 0.5 M guanidine - HC1 or 0.5 M NaC1. Homopolymeric galactosaminoglycans were also displaced by 0.5 M sodium acetate. The interaction was not dependent on divalent cations. (2) Dermatan sulphate has been fractionated into aggregating and nonaggregating species by gel chromatography in the presence of 0.5 M sodium acetate. In the presence of 3.1 M sodium acetate or 0.5 M guanidine - HC1 no aggregation was observed. (3) Crosslinks formed during periodate oxidation at physiological ionic strength have been ascribed to chain-chain interaction. (4) Chondroitin 4-sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin also showed interaction with gels substituted with copolymeric galactosaminoglycans, while chondroitin 6-sulphate, hyaluronate and keratan sulphate did not. (5) Binding of copolymeric galactosaminoglycan chains to dermatan sulphate- or chondroitin sulphate-substituted gels was most pronounced when the copolymeric chains similar proportions of L-iduronic and D-glucuronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:949501", "title": "Desulphation of heparin by mice and guinea pig leukocytes.", "content": "Leukocytes from mice and guinea pigs were tested for their sulphate-splitting activity on heparin. Mouse macrophages showed the highest degrading activity while mouse neutrophils and lymphocytes showed only a week degrading activity. Mouse macrophages maintained in tissue culture were also found to degrade heparin, the amount of sulphate released increasing with time up to 96 h. Spleen extracts were found to neutralize the anticoagulatory activity of heparin.", "contents": "Desulphation of heparin by mice and guinea pig leukocytes. Leukocytes from mice and guinea pigs were tested for their sulphate-splitting activity on heparin. Mouse macrophages showed the highest degrading activity while mouse neutrophils and lymphocytes showed only a week degrading activity. Mouse macrophages maintained in tissue culture were also found to degrade heparin, the amount of sulphate released increasing with time up to 96 h. Spleen extracts were found to neutralize the anticoagulatory activity of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:949502", "title": "Intracellular localization of arginase in chick kidney.", "content": "Although chickens are uricotelic and do not have significant urea-ornithine cycle in any tissue, the kidneys contain a high concentration of arginase which apparently functions to regulate degradation of dietary arginine. A series of investigations has been made to determine the intracellular localization of this arginase in chicken kidney. Tissue fractionation using sucrose density gradients and differential centrifugation showed as association of arginase activity with certain marker enzymes and with fractions identified as mitochondria by electron microscopy. This is consistent with the localization of the arginase in the mitochondrial matrix of chicken kidney cells. Such a finding has significance in understanding the regulation of arginine degradation in chickens.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of arginase in chick kidney. Although chickens are uricotelic and do not have significant urea-ornithine cycle in any tissue, the kidneys contain a high concentration of arginase which apparently functions to regulate degradation of dietary arginine. A series of investigations has been made to determine the intracellular localization of this arginase in chicken kidney. Tissue fractionation using sucrose density gradients and differential centrifugation showed as association of arginase activity with certain marker enzymes and with fractions identified as mitochondria by electron microscopy. This is consistent with the localization of the arginase in the mitochondrial matrix of chicken kidney cells. Such a finding has significance in understanding the regulation of arginine degradation in chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:949503", "title": "The metabolism of l-[3-3h]lactate by isolated hamster liver cells.", "content": "The rate of tritium removal from L-[3-3H]lactate by hamster liver cells is faster than the analytical rate of lactate utilization, or the rate of 14C disappearance from 6-[U-14C, 3-3H]Llactate decrease. However, addition of low concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 mM) of L-cycloserine, a glutamate pyruvate transaminase inhibitor, nearly equalizes the rates of isotope utilization from L-[3-3H]lactate and L-[U-14C]lactate. The results suggest a very limited rate of recycling of phosphoenolpyruvate back to pyruvate during gluconeogenesis from lactate in fasted hamster liver cells.", "contents": "The metabolism of l-[3-3h]lactate by isolated hamster liver cells. The rate of tritium removal from L-[3-3H]lactate by hamster liver cells is faster than the analytical rate of lactate utilization, or the rate of 14C disappearance from 6-[U-14C, 3-3H]Llactate decrease. However, addition of low concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 mM) of L-cycloserine, a glutamate pyruvate transaminase inhibitor, nearly equalizes the rates of isotope utilization from L-[3-3H]lactate and L-[U-14C]lactate. The results suggest a very limited rate of recycling of phosphoenolpyruvate back to pyruvate during gluconeogenesis from lactate in fasted hamster liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949504", "title": "Occurrence of free creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase in adipose tissue.", "content": "We evaluated brown and white adipose tissues for the presence of creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase activity. In rats 3.6 and 0.4 mumol of total creatine were found per g wet weight of brown and white adipose tissues, respectively. We were able to identify creatine by thin-layer chromatography after a pulse label of [14C]creatine had been given in vivo. Free creatine and phosphocreatine were shown to occur by column chromatography. Of the total creatine of brown adipose tissue, approximately one third to one half were attributable to phosphocreatine. The activity of creatine phosphokinase was demonstrated in both white and brown adipose tissue, the values of the latter prevailing over those of the former by a factor of 200, if based on wet weight, or 50, if expressed as specific enzyme activity. The labeling of total creatine in vivo proceeded much faster in adipose tissue than in skeletal muscle. The results strongly suggest that the energy metabolism of adipose tissue is closely dependent on the presence of creatine. The specific activities of free creatine and phosphocreatine of brown adipose tissue differed strikingly as long as 24 h after radioactive creatine was injected; this difference points to a metabolic or structural compartmentation of creatine.", "contents": "Occurrence of free creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase in adipose tissue. We evaluated brown and white adipose tissues for the presence of creatine, phosphocreatine and creatine phosphokinase activity. In rats 3.6 and 0.4 mumol of total creatine were found per g wet weight of brown and white adipose tissues, respectively. We were able to identify creatine by thin-layer chromatography after a pulse label of [14C]creatine had been given in vivo. Free creatine and phosphocreatine were shown to occur by column chromatography. Of the total creatine of brown adipose tissue, approximately one third to one half were attributable to phosphocreatine. The activity of creatine phosphokinase was demonstrated in both white and brown adipose tissue, the values of the latter prevailing over those of the former by a factor of 200, if based on wet weight, or 50, if expressed as specific enzyme activity. The labeling of total creatine in vivo proceeded much faster in adipose tissue than in skeletal muscle. The results strongly suggest that the energy metabolism of adipose tissue is closely dependent on the presence of creatine. The specific activities of free creatine and phosphocreatine of brown adipose tissue differed strikingly as long as 24 h after radioactive creatine was injected; this difference points to a metabolic or structural compartmentation of creatine."}
{"id": "PMID:949505", "title": "Immunological properties of nerve growth factors.", "content": "Antisera were raised against nerve growth factors isolated from mouse salivary gland and five venoms representative of the three main families of poisonous snakes. Immunochemical cross-reactivity was assessed from the ability of the antisera to inhibit the biological activities of the heterologous antigens. The high and low molecular weight forms of the salivary gland factors were found to be immunologically identical but distinct from the snake venom factors. The snake venom factors, on the other hand, were immunologically closely related to each other but not identical.", "contents": "Immunological properties of nerve growth factors. Antisera were raised against nerve growth factors isolated from mouse salivary gland and five venoms representative of the three main families of poisonous snakes. Immunochemical cross-reactivity was assessed from the ability of the antisera to inhibit the biological activities of the heterologous antigens. The high and low molecular weight forms of the salivary gland factors were found to be immunologically identical but distinct from the snake venom factors. The snake venom factors, on the other hand, were immunologically closely related to each other but not identical."}
{"id": "PMID:949506", "title": "On the sol-gel transition insolutions of kappa-carrageenan.", "content": "The disorder-order transition, which takes place at the gelpoint of k-carrageenan solutions was monitored by optical rotation and light scattering measurements. The coincidence of both sets of experimental data affords good evidence that the sol-gel transition is accompaned by a conformational change. Transition temperatures were observed to be linearly dependent on the logarthm of the salt concentration and this result is explained by the formation of double helices. Heats of gelation were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the enthalpy increases with ionic strength, which was ascribed to the occurrence of a secondary process in which double helices are assembled into larger aggregates.", "contents": "On the sol-gel transition insolutions of kappa-carrageenan. The disorder-order transition, which takes place at the gelpoint of k-carrageenan solutions was monitored by optical rotation and light scattering measurements. The coincidence of both sets of experimental data affords good evidence that the sol-gel transition is accompaned by a conformational change. Transition temperatures were observed to be linearly dependent on the logarthm of the salt concentration and this result is explained by the formation of double helices. Heats of gelation were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the enthalpy increases with ionic strength, which was ascribed to the occurrence of a secondary process in which double helices are assembled into larger aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:949507", "title": "Effect of the CO-2-bicarbonate buffer system on the water and ion contents of rat renal cortical slices.", "content": "(1) Partial replacement of medium chloride by bicarbonate, with pHmaintained constant by addition of CO2, lead to a greater rate of swelling when rat renal corti cal slices were leached in nitrogenated medium at 0--2 degree C. This greater rate of swelling was still present when 1 mM iodoacetate was added to the leaching media. (2) Rat renal cortical slices incubated in oxygenated bicarbonate medium at 25 degree C maintained a slightly greater tissue water content than did slices incubated in phosphate-buffered media. Inclusion of malate in the incubation medium also led to a greater steady-state water content when slices were incubated at 25 degree C in oxygenated media. These results suggest that that particular cell volume which is maintained by metabolism and the double Donnan system is determined at least in part by the nature of the extracellular anions. (3) The rates of net sodium extrusion and of net potassium uptake were not significantly altered by presence of CI2 and bicarbonate in the incubation medium.", "contents": "Effect of the CO-2-bicarbonate buffer system on the water and ion contents of rat renal cortical slices. (1) Partial replacement of medium chloride by bicarbonate, with pHmaintained constant by addition of CO2, lead to a greater rate of swelling when rat renal corti cal slices were leached in nitrogenated medium at 0--2 degree C. This greater rate of swelling was still present when 1 mM iodoacetate was added to the leaching media. (2) Rat renal cortical slices incubated in oxygenated bicarbonate medium at 25 degree C maintained a slightly greater tissue water content than did slices incubated in phosphate-buffered media. Inclusion of malate in the incubation medium also led to a greater steady-state water content when slices were incubated at 25 degree C in oxygenated media. These results suggest that that particular cell volume which is maintained by metabolism and the double Donnan system is determined at least in part by the nature of the extracellular anions. (3) The rates of net sodium extrusion and of net potassium uptake were not significantly altered by presence of CI2 and bicarbonate in the incubation medium."}
{"id": "PMID:949508", "title": "Iron dynamics in the ruminant.", "content": "We have compared the plasma clearance rate of radioactive iron in cows both as ferric chloride and as iron specifically bound to transferrin. We have also repeated the transfusion experiment of Dern et al. (Dern, R.J., Monti A. and Glynn, M.F. (1963) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61,280-291) using goats. The results show that neither non-specificity bound iron (Bates, F.W. and Schlabach, M.R. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3228-3232) nor the iron bound to the two different sites in transferrin (Awai, M., Chipman, B. and Brown, E.B. (1975) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85,769-784) can be identified as distinguishable iron pools by this technique.", "contents": "Iron dynamics in the ruminant. We have compared the plasma clearance rate of radioactive iron in cows both as ferric chloride and as iron specifically bound to transferrin. We have also repeated the transfusion experiment of Dern et al. (Dern, R.J., Monti A. and Glynn, M.F. (1963) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61,280-291) using goats. The results show that neither non-specificity bound iron (Bates, F.W. and Schlabach, M.R. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3228-3232) nor the iron bound to the two different sites in transferrin (Awai, M., Chipman, B. and Brown, E.B. (1975) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85,769-784) can be identified as distinguishable iron pools by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:949509", "title": "Formation in vitro of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate.", "content": "The sulfation of ascorbic acid by an ascorbic acid sulphotransferase was investigated using rat liver and colon homogenates. When Na2 35 SO4 or 3'-phosphoadenylyl [35S]sulfate (P-Ado-P-35S) and ascorbic acid were used as substrates, chromatographic behavior of the reaction products on thin-layer cellulose suggested that ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was formed. With Na2 35SO4 as the source of radioactive sulfate in the assay system, ATP was found to be an obligatory cofactor. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate frofrom Na2 35SO4 into ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was also decreased when ATP sulfurylase inhibitors were added to the system. P-Ado-O35S alone in the assay without ATP was an extemely effective sulfating agent. In addition, liver and colon homogenates from vitamin A deficient and sufficient rats were used in one of the studies. Vitamin A deficiency appeared to have little effect on ascorbic acid 2-sulfate formation.", "contents": "Formation in vitro of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. The sulfation of ascorbic acid by an ascorbic acid sulphotransferase was investigated using rat liver and colon homogenates. When Na2 35 SO4 or 3'-phosphoadenylyl [35S]sulfate (P-Ado-P-35S) and ascorbic acid were used as substrates, chromatographic behavior of the reaction products on thin-layer cellulose suggested that ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was formed. With Na2 35SO4 as the source of radioactive sulfate in the assay system, ATP was found to be an obligatory cofactor. Incorporation of [35S]sulfate frofrom Na2 35SO4 into ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was also decreased when ATP sulfurylase inhibitors were added to the system. P-Ado-O35S alone in the assay without ATP was an extemely effective sulfating agent. In addition, liver and colon homogenates from vitamin A deficient and sufficient rats were used in one of the studies. Vitamin A deficiency appeared to have little effect on ascorbic acid 2-sulfate formation."}
{"id": "PMID:949510", "title": "The actions of avenaciolide and ethanol on glucose metabolism and on related enzyme activities in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "1. The metabolic response of livers to perfusion with ethanol with and without avenaciolide, has been followed by measuring the perfusate levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, ethanol, amino acids, urea and lipid. 2. Analysis of the perfused livers showed changes in the activities of some of the key enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Ethanol perfusion decreased the levels of phosphofructokinase, glucokinase and cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, while avenaciolide lowered pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as well as glucokinase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were unchanged, but the ionophore increased the level of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Ethanol plus avenaciolide showed the same pattern as ethanol alone, together with the decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase found with avenaciolide. 3. Neither ethanol nor avenaciolide had any effect on kexokinase, pyruvate kinase or acetyl-CoA carboxylase. There were small changes in glucose-6-phosphatase and malic enzyme, and a tendency for citrate lyase levels to decline in avenaciolide perfusions.", "contents": "The actions of avenaciolide and ethanol on glucose metabolism and on related enzyme activities in the isolated perfused rat liver. 1. The metabolic response of livers to perfusion with ethanol with and without avenaciolide, has been followed by measuring the perfusate levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, ethanol, amino acids, urea and lipid. 2. Analysis of the perfused livers showed changes in the activities of some of the key enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Ethanol perfusion decreased the levels of phosphofructokinase, glucokinase and cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, while avenaciolide lowered pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as well as glucokinase. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were unchanged, but the ionophore increased the level of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Ethanol plus avenaciolide showed the same pattern as ethanol alone, together with the decrease in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase found with avenaciolide. 3. Neither ethanol nor avenaciolide had any effect on kexokinase, pyruvate kinase or acetyl-CoA carboxylase. There were small changes in glucose-6-phosphatase and malic enzyme, and a tendency for citrate lyase levels to decline in avenaciolide perfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:949514", "title": "Measurement of bone density by gas displacement.", "content": "Small bone volumes, porous and irregular structured objects with volumes 0.05-2 cm3, were measured by differential pressure of displaced air. The differential air pressure was measured by a piezoelectric resistor pressure gauge. The gas-displacement system was used to measure the volumes of 234 bone specimens for calculation of bone density. The operation of the system, calibration, sensitivity, and errors of measurement are described.", "contents": "Measurement of bone density by gas displacement. Small bone volumes, porous and irregular structured objects with volumes 0.05-2 cm3, were measured by differential pressure of displaced air. The differential air pressure was measured by a piezoelectric resistor pressure gauge. The gas-displacement system was used to measure the volumes of 234 bone specimens for calculation of bone density. The operation of the system, calibration, sensitivity, and errors of measurement are described."}
{"id": "PMID:949517", "title": "HL-A antigens in serum from bone marrow harvested for diagnostic purposes.", "content": "Tissue typing employing the lymphocytotoxicity micro-assay was performed by introducing in the system approximately 15% of autologous or homologous ultra-centrifuged blood serum, both of peripheral and bone marrow source. As a rule, the pattern of reactivity was unaffected by peripheral blood serum, whereas the cytotoxicity was nearly always inhibited by autologous bone marrow blood serum or by homologous one from donors sharing the inhibited HL-A specificities with the donors of lymphocytes. These results suggest that at least in these patients HL-A antigens are present in bone marrow blood serum at a concentration which is definitely higher than in peripheral blood.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in serum from bone marrow harvested for diagnostic purposes. Tissue typing employing the lymphocytotoxicity micro-assay was performed by introducing in the system approximately 15% of autologous or homologous ultra-centrifuged blood serum, both of peripheral and bone marrow source. As a rule, the pattern of reactivity was unaffected by peripheral blood serum, whereas the cytotoxicity was nearly always inhibited by autologous bone marrow blood serum or by homologous one from donors sharing the inhibited HL-A specificities with the donors of lymphocytes. These results suggest that at least in these patients HL-A antigens are present in bone marrow blood serum at a concentration which is definitely higher than in peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:949518", "title": "Incorporation of radiophosphate in the inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve during Wallerian degeneration. II. After nerve crush (axonotmesis).", "content": "Plasma inorganic phosphate incorporation into inorganic and organic acid soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve shows, for one week after the operation, parallel increases in both crushed and sectioned nerves. After two weeks the incorporation in the distal part of the crushed nerve shows a progressive return to normal values remaining however significantly increased until the 90th day. These experiments confirm the possibility of an axonal inhibitory control on the Schwann cell metabolism.", "contents": "Incorporation of radiophosphate in the inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve during Wallerian degeneration. II. After nerve crush (axonotmesis). Plasma inorganic phosphate incorporation into inorganic and organic acid soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve shows, for one week after the operation, parallel increases in both crushed and sectioned nerves. After two weeks the incorporation in the distal part of the crushed nerve shows a progressive return to normal values remaining however significantly increased until the 90th day. These experiments confirm the possibility of an axonal inhibitory control on the Schwann cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:949519", "title": "Erythrocyte sedimentation studied by an echographic method.", "content": "The erythrocytes sedimentation can be monitored by an ultrasonic echographic method which is described. It is shown that this technique can give some information on the hematocrit profile in the sedimentation tube.", "contents": "Erythrocyte sedimentation studied by an echographic method. The erythrocytes sedimentation can be monitored by an ultrasonic echographic method which is described. It is shown that this technique can give some information on the hematocrit profile in the sedimentation tube."}
{"id": "PMID:949520", "title": "Urinary pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid in patients with low grade urothelial tumours. Relations between excretion and tumour recurrence.", "content": "The simultaneous 24 hours excretion of pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid in the urine from patients treated for low grade urothelial tumours has been determined and related to tumour recurrence inside of 6 months after the determinations. The results of 53 assays in 39 patients without clinical signs of recurrence at the time of the detrmination showed a high excretion of pseudouridine in 53% and of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in 28.5% of the assays. Recurrences appeared more often after a high urinary pseudouridine (53.5%) than after a low, but the difference was not statistically significant (p more than 0.05) and more often after a low urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid (52.5%) than after a high (p less than 0.01). The highest incidence of recurrence was in patients with a simultaneously high urinary pseudouridine and a low urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid. Seventy per cent of these excretion patterns were from patients, who developed a recurrence before 6 months (p less than 0.002).", "contents": "Urinary pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid in patients with low grade urothelial tumours. Relations between excretion and tumour recurrence. The simultaneous 24 hours excretion of pseudouridine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid in the urine from patients treated for low grade urothelial tumours has been determined and related to tumour recurrence inside of 6 months after the determinations. The results of 53 assays in 39 patients without clinical signs of recurrence at the time of the detrmination showed a high excretion of pseudouridine in 53% and of beta-aminoisobutyric acid in 28.5% of the assays. Recurrences appeared more often after a high urinary pseudouridine (53.5%) than after a low, but the difference was not statistically significant (p more than 0.05) and more often after a low urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid (52.5%) than after a high (p less than 0.01). The highest incidence of recurrence was in patients with a simultaneously high urinary pseudouridine and a low urinary beta-aminoisobutyric acid. Seventy per cent of these excretion patterns were from patients, who developed a recurrence before 6 months (p less than 0.002)."}
{"id": "PMID:949521", "title": "In vivo decomplementation of guinea pigs with cobra venom factor and anti-C3 serum: analysis of the requirement of C3 and C5 for the mediation of endotoxin-induced death.", "content": "Guinea pigs were decomplemented by administration of cobra venom factor and goat anti-C3 serum in order to determine whether endotoxin-induced death could be prevented. The combined use of both reagents resulted in the complete elimination of all serum C3 and C5 hemolytic activity. This yielded, however, a shortened rather than extended longevity following endotoxin challenge. The mixing of endotoxin in vitro or in vivo with serum of animals already partially depleted of C3 resulted in no further activation of this component, further suggesting that the interaction of complement with endotoxins does not relate to mortality in animals following endotoxin challenge. Thus, although it has been demonstrated that complement components aid in the detoxification of endotoxin, the present data show that the C3 and C5 components are not mediators of endotoxin-induced death.", "contents": "In vivo decomplementation of guinea pigs with cobra venom factor and anti-C3 serum: analysis of the requirement of C3 and C5 for the mediation of endotoxin-induced death. Guinea pigs were decomplemented by administration of cobra venom factor and goat anti-C3 serum in order to determine whether endotoxin-induced death could be prevented. The combined use of both reagents resulted in the complete elimination of all serum C3 and C5 hemolytic activity. This yielded, however, a shortened rather than extended longevity following endotoxin challenge. The mixing of endotoxin in vitro or in vivo with serum of animals already partially depleted of C3 resulted in no further activation of this component, further suggesting that the interaction of complement with endotoxins does not relate to mortality in animals following endotoxin challenge. Thus, although it has been demonstrated that complement components aid in the detoxification of endotoxin, the present data show that the C3 and C5 components are not mediators of endotoxin-induced death."}
{"id": "PMID:949522", "title": "The ratio \"circulating red cell volume/lean body mass\" in normal and hypophysectomized rats on paired feeding.", "content": "The ratio \"circulating red cell volume/lean body mass\" was calculated in normal and hypophysectomized male rats put on paired feeding for 90 days after hypophysectomy, and in control rats both at the beginning and the end of this experimental period. Control rats at the onset of the experiment, hypophysectomized rats, and rats on the sub-maintenance level of food consumption did not show a significant difference in their red cell volumes/lean body mass ratios. These values were significantly lower than those of sham hypophysectomized rats allowed to eat ad libitum. These results suggest that the reduction in the feed intake that follows pituitary ablation may play an important role in the genesis of the post-hypophysectomy anemia.", "contents": "The ratio \"circulating red cell volume/lean body mass\" in normal and hypophysectomized rats on paired feeding. The ratio \"circulating red cell volume/lean body mass\" was calculated in normal and hypophysectomized male rats put on paired feeding for 90 days after hypophysectomy, and in control rats both at the beginning and the end of this experimental period. Control rats at the onset of the experiment, hypophysectomized rats, and rats on the sub-maintenance level of food consumption did not show a significant difference in their red cell volumes/lean body mass ratios. These values were significantly lower than those of sham hypophysectomized rats allowed to eat ad libitum. These results suggest that the reduction in the feed intake that follows pituitary ablation may play an important role in the genesis of the post-hypophysectomy anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:949523", "title": "Treatment of rat fibrosarcoma by radiotherapy plus immune adjuvant.", "content": "Combined radiotherapy and nonspecific adjuvant C. parvum or Piromen treatment of rat tumors show improvement over radiotherapy alone. The most effective protocol, resulting in complete remission in 6 of 6 rats was obtained with C. parvum given i.p. in three doses 1 day prior to tumor X-irradiation of three doses of 1500 R each given on days 1, 4, and 8. Animals receiving the same dose schedule without adjuvant had only partial regression of their tumor. Without adjuvant, increasing the dose to 6000 R also resulted in tumor regression, but at the expense of marked necrosis to the leg. One mechanism for the observed results may be stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial system to produce macrophages activated against the tumor. It is also possible that C. parvum causes increased rate of clearance of soluble antigens released as a result of radiation destruction of the tumor, as suggested by Proctor et al (3).", "contents": "Treatment of rat fibrosarcoma by radiotherapy plus immune adjuvant. Combined radiotherapy and nonspecific adjuvant C. parvum or Piromen treatment of rat tumors show improvement over radiotherapy alone. The most effective protocol, resulting in complete remission in 6 of 6 rats was obtained with C. parvum given i.p. in three doses 1 day prior to tumor X-irradiation of three doses of 1500 R each given on days 1, 4, and 8. Animals receiving the same dose schedule without adjuvant had only partial regression of their tumor. Without adjuvant, increasing the dose to 6000 R also resulted in tumor regression, but at the expense of marked necrosis to the leg. One mechanism for the observed results may be stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial system to produce macrophages activated against the tumor. It is also possible that C. parvum causes increased rate of clearance of soluble antigens released as a result of radiation destruction of the tumor, as suggested by Proctor et al (3)."}
{"id": "PMID:949524", "title": "Appraisal of equations for neutral solute flux across porous sieving membranes.", "content": "General transport equations, based on irreversible thermodynamics applied to membranes without regard to their structures, are compared with results based upon specific membrane models. It is pointed out that the range of validity of the general linear transport equations of irreversible thermodynamics may be extremely small, and that attempts to extend the range by thermodynamic considerations have always involved subtle assumptions of a nonthermodynamic nature. Simple membrane models are used as diagnostic tools to pinpoint such assumptions, with particular reference to the often-concealed assumption of membrane homoporosity. It is shown that it is not possible to write an exact equation for solute flux across an inert porous membrane only in terms of the three customary membrane parameters sigma (reflection coefficient), Ps (permeability coefficient), and Lp (hydraulic conductivity), unless the membrane is strictly homoporous. Even in the linear range heteroporosity imposes a hidden condition of delta p greater than delta pi for such a three-parameter description to be valid. Useful results in the nonlinear regime require more detailed information on membrane structure than is contained in just three parameters.", "contents": "Appraisal of equations for neutral solute flux across porous sieving membranes. General transport equations, based on irreversible thermodynamics applied to membranes without regard to their structures, are compared with results based upon specific membrane models. It is pointed out that the range of validity of the general linear transport equations of irreversible thermodynamics may be extremely small, and that attempts to extend the range by thermodynamic considerations have always involved subtle assumptions of a nonthermodynamic nature. Simple membrane models are used as diagnostic tools to pinpoint such assumptions, with particular reference to the often-concealed assumption of membrane homoporosity. It is shown that it is not possible to write an exact equation for solute flux across an inert porous membrane only in terms of the three customary membrane parameters sigma (reflection coefficient), Ps (permeability coefficient), and Lp (hydraulic conductivity), unless the membrane is strictly homoporous. Even in the linear range heteroporosity imposes a hidden condition of delta p greater than delta pi for such a three-parameter description to be valid. Useful results in the nonlinear regime require more detailed information on membrane structure than is contained in just three parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:949525", "title": "Effect of heteroporosity on flux equations for membranes.", "content": "An investigation is made of the possible errors in simple integrated equations for solute flux across both non-sieving and sieving porous membranes that can result from variations in the membrane structure. Detailed structural models are used, beginning with a membrane consisting of a parallel array of pores and progressing to series--parallel combinations of pore segments of various lengths and cross-sectional areas, with internal cross connections among pore segments allowed. It is shown that there are both upper and lower mathematical bounds on the possible variations that can be produced in a curve of solute flux versus volume flow by arbitrary variation in the membrane structure, subject only to certain general conditions. In particular, the flux equation for a homoporous membrane is a lower bound. The maximum deviations from this lower bound for a membrane of arbitrary structure are only moderately large, and require rather extreme pore size distributions; most distributions introduce only small errors. Implications of these results in studies of real membrane structure and in the design of experiments are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of heteroporosity on flux equations for membranes. An investigation is made of the possible errors in simple integrated equations for solute flux across both non-sieving and sieving porous membranes that can result from variations in the membrane structure. Detailed structural models are used, beginning with a membrane consisting of a parallel array of pores and progressing to series--parallel combinations of pore segments of various lengths and cross-sectional areas, with internal cross connections among pore segments allowed. It is shown that there are both upper and lower mathematical bounds on the possible variations that can be produced in a curve of solute flux versus volume flow by arbitrary variation in the membrane structure, subject only to certain general conditions. In particular, the flux equation for a homoporous membrane is a lower bound. The maximum deviations from this lower bound for a membrane of arbitrary structure are only moderately large, and require rather extreme pore size distributions; most distributions introduce only small errors. Implications of these results in studies of real membrane structure and in the design of experiments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949527", "title": "The sedimentation equilibrium of heterogeneously associating systems and mixtures of non-interacting solutes: analysis without determination of molecular weight averages.", "content": "Sedimentation equilibrium is first considered of a system in which a ligand of any size binds to an acceptor at p sites, the experimental result, obtained with either interference or absorption optics, being a distribution of total solute concentration as a function of radial distance. Theory illustrated by a numerical example, is presented which shows that this distribution may be analysed to give the activity of the unbound ligand as a function of total weight concentration. It is shown that this information may be used together with conservation of mass equations written in terms of the initial mixing composition to evaluate the equilibrium constant(s) relevant to the system. Correlation with composition evaluation by use of absorption optics (when possible) is also discussed. The procedure does not involve solution of simultaneous equations which are sums of exponentials nor differentiation of experimental results to obtain apparent weight-average molecular weights. It is general in that it leads to the evaluation of the activity of the species characterized by the smallest M(1-vp) product and, accordingly, is shown to be useful in the analysis of non-interacting as well as of interacting systems.", "contents": "The sedimentation equilibrium of heterogeneously associating systems and mixtures of non-interacting solutes: analysis without determination of molecular weight averages. Sedimentation equilibrium is first considered of a system in which a ligand of any size binds to an acceptor at p sites, the experimental result, obtained with either interference or absorption optics, being a distribution of total solute concentration as a function of radial distance. Theory illustrated by a numerical example, is presented which shows that this distribution may be analysed to give the activity of the unbound ligand as a function of total weight concentration. It is shown that this information may be used together with conservation of mass equations written in terms of the initial mixing composition to evaluate the equilibrium constant(s) relevant to the system. Correlation with composition evaluation by use of absorption optics (when possible) is also discussed. The procedure does not involve solution of simultaneous equations which are sums of exponentials nor differentiation of experimental results to obtain apparent weight-average molecular weights. It is general in that it leads to the evaluation of the activity of the species characterized by the smallest M(1-vp) product and, accordingly, is shown to be useful in the analysis of non-interacting as well as of interacting systems."}
{"id": "PMID:949528", "title": "Thermal membrane potential across charged membranes in NaCl-NH4Cl and LiCl-NH4Cl solutions.", "content": "Measurements of the thermal membrane potential across cation exchange membranes were carried out by using aqueous solutions containing two 1-1 electrolytes, with an anion in common. The same solution was used on both sides of the membrane. In all cases a good linear relationship was observed between the thermal membrane potential delta psi and the temperature difference delta T (in the range delta T = +/- 10 degrees C). Assuming that the activity of one cation is equal to that of another cation in the solutions and the sum of transport numbers of cations is unity, the plot of delta psi/delta T vs logarithmic activity of one cation is linear with a slope of R/F. These experimental results are in agreement with a theory presented previously. From the analysis of thermal membrane potential in mixtures of electrolytes it is obtained that the cross coefficient of cation-cation interaction in membranes is negative and about 6 to 9% of the main coefficient.", "contents": "Thermal membrane potential across charged membranes in NaCl-NH4Cl and LiCl-NH4Cl solutions. Measurements of the thermal membrane potential across cation exchange membranes were carried out by using aqueous solutions containing two 1-1 electrolytes, with an anion in common. The same solution was used on both sides of the membrane. In all cases a good linear relationship was observed between the thermal membrane potential delta psi and the temperature difference delta T (in the range delta T = +/- 10 degrees C). Assuming that the activity of one cation is equal to that of another cation in the solutions and the sum of transport numbers of cations is unity, the plot of delta psi/delta T vs logarithmic activity of one cation is linear with a slope of R/F. These experimental results are in agreement with a theory presented previously. From the analysis of thermal membrane potential in mixtures of electrolytes it is obtained that the cross coefficient of cation-cation interaction in membranes is negative and about 6 to 9% of the main coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:949529", "title": "PMR studies of the self-association of DNA intercalating ellipticine derivatives in aqueous solution.", "content": "In aqueous solution DNA intercalating ellipticine derivatives aggregate in n-mers. The self-association constants K are higher than those of 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-dimethylaminopropyl-amino]-acridine and ethidium bromide. They are of the same order as that of actinomycin D but inferior to that of acridine orange. The increase of the 9-hydroxy-ellipticine constant by addition of sodium chloride shows the importance of anion participation in the mechanism of stacking in accordance with the high energy of self-association. In the stacked n-mers the ellipticine rings are inverted. The geometry shows the importance of the orientation of the quadrupole axis in the intermolecular association of the intercalating drugs.", "contents": "PMR studies of the self-association of DNA intercalating ellipticine derivatives in aqueous solution. In aqueous solution DNA intercalating ellipticine derivatives aggregate in n-mers. The self-association constants K are higher than those of 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-dimethylaminopropyl-amino]-acridine and ethidium bromide. They are of the same order as that of actinomycin D but inferior to that of acridine orange. The increase of the 9-hydroxy-ellipticine constant by addition of sodium chloride shows the importance of anion participation in the mechanism of stacking in accordance with the high energy of self-association. In the stacked n-mers the ellipticine rings are inverted. The geometry shows the importance of the orientation of the quadrupole axis in the intermolecular association of the intercalating drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:949530", "title": "The concentration dependence of the hemoglobin mutual diffusion coefficient.", "content": "Laser correlation spectroscopy was used to measure the mutual diffusion coefficient, D, of human cyanomethemoglobin (Fe+++:CN) at varying protein concentrations. These measurements were made at 20 degrees C in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. For low protein concentrations we find D = (6.43 +/- 0.26) X 10(-7) cm2/s and that there is a near linear decrease from this value at higher concentrations. The linear relation between the diffusion coefficient and protein concentration allows us to deduce the value of the linear frictional volume fraction coefficient, Kf=7.75, and to extrapolate to hemoglobin concentrations equivalent to that in the red blood cell where we estimate D = 4.25 X 10(-7) cm2/s. Various theoretical predictions of the dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient on concentration are tested; we find that the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation can be made to fit our high concentration data if we assume a hard-sphere model and if we include a term involving a hydrodynamic interaction integral.", "contents": "The concentration dependence of the hemoglobin mutual diffusion coefficient. Laser correlation spectroscopy was used to measure the mutual diffusion coefficient, D, of human cyanomethemoglobin (Fe+++:CN) at varying protein concentrations. These measurements were made at 20 degrees C in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. For low protein concentrations we find D = (6.43 +/- 0.26) X 10(-7) cm2/s and that there is a near linear decrease from this value at higher concentrations. The linear relation between the diffusion coefficient and protein concentration allows us to deduce the value of the linear frictional volume fraction coefficient, Kf=7.75, and to extrapolate to hemoglobin concentrations equivalent to that in the red blood cell where we estimate D = 4.25 X 10(-7) cm2/s. Various theoretical predictions of the dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient on concentration are tested; we find that the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation can be made to fit our high concentration data if we assume a hard-sphere model and if we include a term involving a hydrodynamic interaction integral."}
{"id": "PMID:949545", "title": "Decreased nucleotide and serotonin storage associated with defective function in Chediak-Higashi syndrome cattle and human platelets.", "content": "Prolonged mean template bleeding time of 14 min observed in seven cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) prompted the examination of platelet function in these animals. There was no distinguishable difference in concentration of circulating platelets between CHS and control cattle. CHS bovine platelets failed to aggregate in vitro in response to concentrations of acid-soluble collagen which induced aggregation in all normal samples. The primary platelet response to 5 muM ADP was normal in CHS cattle. A markedly decreased amount of serotonin (1.2% of normal) was detected in CHS bovine platelets. Bovine CHS platelet ATP and ADP contents were significantly less than normal, and the ATP/ADP ratios were 5.04 in normal and 29.38 in CHS platelets. Results of these animal investigations prompted a similar study of two patients with CHS. In humans, an increased bleeding time greater than 15 min and an in vitro impaired aggregation response to acid-soluble collagen and 5 muM adrenaline were discovered. Both ATP and ADP were reduced in CHS human platelets, and the ATP/ADP ratio was 3.96, compared to a ratio of 1.52 for platelets of two normal subjects. These findings suggested the presence of a \"storage pool disease\" of CHS platelets.", "contents": "Decreased nucleotide and serotonin storage associated with defective function in Chediak-Higashi syndrome cattle and human platelets. Prolonged mean template bleeding time of 14 min observed in seven cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) prompted the examination of platelet function in these animals. There was no distinguishable difference in concentration of circulating platelets between CHS and control cattle. CHS bovine platelets failed to aggregate in vitro in response to concentrations of acid-soluble collagen which induced aggregation in all normal samples. The primary platelet response to 5 muM ADP was normal in CHS cattle. A markedly decreased amount of serotonin (1.2% of normal) was detected in CHS bovine platelets. Bovine CHS platelet ATP and ADP contents were significantly less than normal, and the ATP/ADP ratios were 5.04 in normal and 29.38 in CHS platelets. Results of these animal investigations prompted a similar study of two patients with CHS. In humans, an increased bleeding time greater than 15 min and an in vitro impaired aggregation response to acid-soluble collagen and 5 muM adrenaline were discovered. Both ATP and ADP were reduced in CHS human platelets, and the ATP/ADP ratio was 3.96, compared to a ratio of 1.52 for platelets of two normal subjects. These findings suggested the presence of a \"storage pool disease\" of CHS platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:949546", "title": "Potassium uptake and release by human blood platelets.", "content": "Thrombin is known to reduce the K+ content of human platelets, but the subcellular origin of the lost K+ is not known. The effect of aggregating agents on K+ release was studied in platelets labeled in plasma by preincubation with 42KCI. Platelets were separated from plasma by gel filtration through Sepharose 2B equilibrated with K+ -free Tyrode's buffer. Platelet K+ was 116nEq/10(8) platelets, of which 23% was found to be extracellular immediately after gel filtration. K+ influx was 65 nEq/10(8) platelets/hr at pH 7.5 and was more rapid at pH 7.9. About 70% of cell K+ exchanged with plasma in 4 hr with first-order kinetics, while a minor fraction of about 30% exchanged with a slower time course. This slowly exchanging fraction of platelet K+ was thought to arise from heterogeneity in the platelet population. Epinephrine and ADP aggregated gel-filtered platelets and released serotonin, but with loss of only 5%-10% of cell K+ and no beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, thrombin released up to 30% of platelet K+, whether aggregation occurred or was prevented by not stirring the cells. The specific activity of K+ released by all aggregating agents was identical to the specific activity of total platelet K+. Thrombin (0.01-0.2 NIH U/ml) released serotonin and also beta-glucuronidase (an enzyme of the alpha-granule), and there was a linear relation between release of K+ and this enzyme (r = 0.88). No lysis of platelets occurred, since lactic dehydrogenase was not detected. Pretreatment of platelets with aspirin in vitro inhibited thrombin-induced release of serotonin but had no effect on the loss of K+ or beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, the ingestion of aspirin by mouth inhibited the release of serotonin, beta-glucuronidase, and K+ by thrombin. The data suggested that the K+ loss induced by thrombin was primarily derived from release of alpha-granules and that these organelles contained about 20% of the total platelet K+ in a freely exchangeable and nonsequestered state.", "contents": "Potassium uptake and release by human blood platelets. Thrombin is known to reduce the K+ content of human platelets, but the subcellular origin of the lost K+ is not known. The effect of aggregating agents on K+ release was studied in platelets labeled in plasma by preincubation with 42KCI. Platelets were separated from plasma by gel filtration through Sepharose 2B equilibrated with K+ -free Tyrode's buffer. Platelet K+ was 116nEq/10(8) platelets, of which 23% was found to be extracellular immediately after gel filtration. K+ influx was 65 nEq/10(8) platelets/hr at pH 7.5 and was more rapid at pH 7.9. About 70% of cell K+ exchanged with plasma in 4 hr with first-order kinetics, while a minor fraction of about 30% exchanged with a slower time course. This slowly exchanging fraction of platelet K+ was thought to arise from heterogeneity in the platelet population. Epinephrine and ADP aggregated gel-filtered platelets and released serotonin, but with loss of only 5%-10% of cell K+ and no beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, thrombin released up to 30% of platelet K+, whether aggregation occurred or was prevented by not stirring the cells. The specific activity of K+ released by all aggregating agents was identical to the specific activity of total platelet K+. Thrombin (0.01-0.2 NIH U/ml) released serotonin and also beta-glucuronidase (an enzyme of the alpha-granule), and there was a linear relation between release of K+ and this enzyme (r = 0.88). No lysis of platelets occurred, since lactic dehydrogenase was not detected. Pretreatment of platelets with aspirin in vitro inhibited thrombin-induced release of serotonin but had no effect on the loss of K+ or beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, the ingestion of aspirin by mouth inhibited the release of serotonin, beta-glucuronidase, and K+ by thrombin. The data suggested that the K+ loss induced by thrombin was primarily derived from release of alpha-granules and that these organelles contained about 20% of the total platelet K+ in a freely exchangeable and nonsequestered state."}
{"id": "PMID:949547", "title": "Phospholipid transfer between plasma and platelets in vitro.", "content": "Washed rabbit platelets were resuspended in plasma in which all of the major phospholipids had been isotopically labeled by injection of 32PO4 into rabbits. At certain time intervals during a 6-hr incubation at 37 degrees C, aliquots were removed from the incubation mixture and the platelets were isolated and subjected to lipid extraction and phospholipid analysis. A continuous rise in platelet non-lipid-bound and lipid-bound radioactivity was observed through-out the incubation period. Two platelet phospholipids, lecithin and lysolecithin, were significantly labeled, whereas little or no labeling of the other phospholipids was found. There was no detectable change in total or individual platelet phospholipid content. At 6 hr, 4% of total platelet phospholipid, 43% of platelet lysolecithin, and 7% of platelet lecithin were labeled. Platelets incubated in plasma from rabbits with diet-induced hyperlipidemia took up and incorporated significantly more label into their phospholipids than did platelets in normal plasma. Labeling of both platelet lysolecithin and lecithin could be due to uptake and metabolism of plasma lysolecithin by platelets. However, labeling of platelet lecithin could at least in part be the result of direct exchange of this phospholipid with the plasma. Uptake and incorporation of endogenous plasma lysolecithin by platelets and, possibly, direct exchanged of platelet lecithin may be important mechanisms in the modification by plasma lipids of platelet membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition and platelet function.", "contents": "Phospholipid transfer between plasma and platelets in vitro. Washed rabbit platelets were resuspended in plasma in which all of the major phospholipids had been isotopically labeled by injection of 32PO4 into rabbits. At certain time intervals during a 6-hr incubation at 37 degrees C, aliquots were removed from the incubation mixture and the platelets were isolated and subjected to lipid extraction and phospholipid analysis. A continuous rise in platelet non-lipid-bound and lipid-bound radioactivity was observed through-out the incubation period. Two platelet phospholipids, lecithin and lysolecithin, were significantly labeled, whereas little or no labeling of the other phospholipids was found. There was no detectable change in total or individual platelet phospholipid content. At 6 hr, 4% of total platelet phospholipid, 43% of platelet lysolecithin, and 7% of platelet lecithin were labeled. Platelets incubated in plasma from rabbits with diet-induced hyperlipidemia took up and incorporated significantly more label into their phospholipids than did platelets in normal plasma. Labeling of both platelet lysolecithin and lecithin could be due to uptake and metabolism of plasma lysolecithin by platelets. However, labeling of platelet lecithin could at least in part be the result of direct exchange of this phospholipid with the plasma. Uptake and incorporation of endogenous plasma lysolecithin by platelets and, possibly, direct exchanged of platelet lecithin may be important mechanisms in the modification by plasma lipids of platelet membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition and platelet function."}
{"id": "PMID:949548", "title": "Spinal cord disease in hereditary spherocytosis: report of two cases with a hypothesized common mechanism for neurologic and red cell abnormalities.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with hereditary spherocytosis developed idiopathic spinal cord dysfunction. This coincidence, combined with similar individual case reports in the older European literature, suggests that abnormalities may exist in constituents common to red cell membranes and nerve tissue. A similar conclusion has been proposed to explain red cell membrane abnormalities in some of the muscular dystrophies.", "contents": "Spinal cord disease in hereditary spherocytosis: report of two cases with a hypothesized common mechanism for neurologic and red cell abnormalities. Two unrelated patients with hereditary spherocytosis developed idiopathic spinal cord dysfunction. This coincidence, combined with similar individual case reports in the older European literature, suggests that abnormalities may exist in constituents common to red cell membranes and nerve tissue. A similar conclusion has been proposed to explain red cell membrane abnormalities in some of the muscular dystrophies."}
{"id": "PMID:949549", "title": "The conformational requirements for the mechanical precipitation of hemoglobin S and other mutants.", "content": "The mechanical stability of human hemoglobin mutants was studied for the specific effects of single and double amino acid substitutions, the ligand state of each chain, and the effect of hybrids between oxy and cyanmet partners on precipitability. It was found that the beta6Glu leads to Val and the beta73 Asp leads to Asn mutations increased the degree of mechanical precipitation in the liganded but not in the deoxy form. When these mutations occurred on the same chain, the effects were approximately additive. Heat labile mutants such as Hb Gun Hill and Hb Leiden exhibited mechanical instability, but probably through a different mechanism, as very little dependence on ligand state was apparent. Studies with valency hybrids of HbS(alpha2 betas2-and-alpha2 betas2 where = cyanmet) revealed that instability was primarily determined by the state of the betas chain, which must be liganded to confer instability on the tetramer. A good agreement between surface activity and mechanical precipitability of these mutants has been found.", "contents": "The conformational requirements for the mechanical precipitation of hemoglobin S and other mutants. The mechanical stability of human hemoglobin mutants was studied for the specific effects of single and double amino acid substitutions, the ligand state of each chain, and the effect of hybrids between oxy and cyanmet partners on precipitability. It was found that the beta6Glu leads to Val and the beta73 Asp leads to Asn mutations increased the degree of mechanical precipitation in the liganded but not in the deoxy form. When these mutations occurred on the same chain, the effects were approximately additive. Heat labile mutants such as Hb Gun Hill and Hb Leiden exhibited mechanical instability, but probably through a different mechanism, as very little dependence on ligand state was apparent. Studies with valency hybrids of HbS(alpha2 betas2-and-alpha2 betas2 where = cyanmet) revealed that instability was primarily determined by the state of the betas chain, which must be liganded to confer instability on the tetramer. A good agreement between surface activity and mechanical precipitability of these mutants has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:949550", "title": "Molecular and cellular effects of antisickling concentrations of alkylureas.", "content": "Alkylureas are capable of inhibiting sickling in vitro and the gelation of solutions of hemoglobin S at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1 M with increasing effectiveness that is directly proportional to the length of the alkyl chain (butyl greater than propyl greater than ethyl greater than methyl). 6The inhibitory effect is independent of pH between 6.5 and 7.5 and is a process driven by entropy. The alkylureas at concentrations of 0.1 M have minimal effects on several erythrocyte functions. Oxygen equilibria, osmotic fragility, reduced glutathione content, and glutathione reductase activity are totally unaffected, while pyruvic kinase activity is decreased only by butylurea by about 20%, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is decreased progressively to a maximum of 30% in direct proportion to the length of the alkyl chain. Alkylureas not only inhibit sickling but are also capable of desickling erythrocytes that have been maintained in the deoxygenated state. They have little effect on several erythrocyte functions at antisickling concentrations, but their toxicity must be evaluated before they can be examined as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of acute episodes in sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Molecular and cellular effects of antisickling concentrations of alkylureas. Alkylureas are capable of inhibiting sickling in vitro and the gelation of solutions of hemoglobin S at concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1 M with increasing effectiveness that is directly proportional to the length of the alkyl chain (butyl greater than propyl greater than ethyl greater than methyl). 6The inhibitory effect is independent of pH between 6.5 and 7.5 and is a process driven by entropy. The alkylureas at concentrations of 0.1 M have minimal effects on several erythrocyte functions. Oxygen equilibria, osmotic fragility, reduced glutathione content, and glutathione reductase activity are totally unaffected, while pyruvic kinase activity is decreased only by butylurea by about 20%, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is decreased progressively to a maximum of 30% in direct proportion to the length of the alkyl chain. Alkylureas not only inhibit sickling but are also capable of desickling erythrocytes that have been maintained in the deoxygenated state. They have little effect on several erythrocyte functions at antisickling concentrations, but their toxicity must be evaluated before they can be examined as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of acute episodes in sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:949551", "title": "A diffusible stimulator of eosinophilopoiesis produced by lymphoid cells as demonstrated with diffusion chambers.", "content": "Previous experiments have indicated that eosinophilopoiesis is stimulated in lymphoid cell-dependent eosinophil responses to certain antigens. In order to study if the potential for this stimulation of eosinophilopoiesis is a function of lymphoid cells and can be expressed on challenge with the eosinophilia-inducing antigen, the diffusion chamber technique for the culture in vivo of murine hemopoietic cells has been modified. A quadrachamber diffusion assembly allows for the simultaneous maintenance in the same host of four cell populations, pairs of which are separated by a cell-impermeable Millipore diffusion membrane of defined porosity. Spleen cells for chambers were from normal mice and mice primed with tetanus toxoid; secondary challenge induces eosinophilia. These spleen cells were placed transfilter from isogeneic bone marrow cells and cultured in vivo for 6 days in normal mice that received tetanus toxoidintraperitoneally following chamber-assembly implant. The marrow cell transfilter from spleen cells of primed-donor origin exhibited significantly greater eosinophilopoiesis than contiguous-chamber marrow transfilter from normal spleen cells. Such stimulated eosinophilopoiesis was independent of total chamber marrow cellularity. The data indicated that antigen-stimulated lymphoid cells may be the source of an eosinophilopoietic factor.", "contents": "A diffusible stimulator of eosinophilopoiesis produced by lymphoid cells as demonstrated with diffusion chambers. Previous experiments have indicated that eosinophilopoiesis is stimulated in lymphoid cell-dependent eosinophil responses to certain antigens. In order to study if the potential for this stimulation of eosinophilopoiesis is a function of lymphoid cells and can be expressed on challenge with the eosinophilia-inducing antigen, the diffusion chamber technique for the culture in vivo of murine hemopoietic cells has been modified. A quadrachamber diffusion assembly allows for the simultaneous maintenance in the same host of four cell populations, pairs of which are separated by a cell-impermeable Millipore diffusion membrane of defined porosity. Spleen cells for chambers were from normal mice and mice primed with tetanus toxoid; secondary challenge induces eosinophilia. These spleen cells were placed transfilter from isogeneic bone marrow cells and cultured in vivo for 6 days in normal mice that received tetanus toxoidintraperitoneally following chamber-assembly implant. The marrow cell transfilter from spleen cells of primed-donor origin exhibited significantly greater eosinophilopoiesis than contiguous-chamber marrow transfilter from normal spleen cells. Such stimulated eosinophilopoiesis was independent of total chamber marrow cellularity. The data indicated that antigen-stimulated lymphoid cells may be the source of an eosinophilopoietic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:949552", "title": "Evidence for early recruitment of granulocyte precursors during high-dose methotrexate infusions in mice.", "content": "The effects of constant exposure to high concentrations of methotrexate in vivo on the committed stem cell (CFU-C) were studied by in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow. Bone marrow samples were obstained from animals receiving a continuous infusion, and were cultured in a methotrexate-free semisolid gel system. The effects of methotrexate infusion on the pluripotent stem cell population (CFU-S) were studied as well. Constant exposure to 10(-5) M methotrexate produced a rapid decrease in total nucleated cells per femur, reaching 35% of control at 12 hr and remaining at approximately this level throughout 48 hr of drug infusion. A decrease in the number of both CFU-C and CFU-S per femur was observed, which paralleled the drop in nucleated cells during the first 24 hr. However, in contrast to an additional drop in the number of CFU-S, an increase of CFU-C number per femur was observed from 24 to 48 hr. These data indicated a self-limited cell kill of nucleated bone marrow cells, and suggested recruitment of CFU-C from the CFU-S pool between 24 and 48 hr of infusion despite continued methotrexate infusion.", "contents": "Evidence for early recruitment of granulocyte precursors during high-dose methotrexate infusions in mice. The effects of constant exposure to high concentrations of methotrexate in vivo on the committed stem cell (CFU-C) were studied by in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow. Bone marrow samples were obstained from animals receiving a continuous infusion, and were cultured in a methotrexate-free semisolid gel system. The effects of methotrexate infusion on the pluripotent stem cell population (CFU-S) were studied as well. Constant exposure to 10(-5) M methotrexate produced a rapid decrease in total nucleated cells per femur, reaching 35% of control at 12 hr and remaining at approximately this level throughout 48 hr of drug infusion. A decrease in the number of both CFU-C and CFU-S per femur was observed, which paralleled the drop in nucleated cells during the first 24 hr. However, in contrast to an additional drop in the number of CFU-S, an increase of CFU-C number per femur was observed from 24 to 48 hr. These data indicated a self-limited cell kill of nucleated bone marrow cells, and suggested recruitment of CFU-C from the CFU-S pool between 24 and 48 hr of infusion despite continued methotrexate infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:949553", "title": "The biochemical basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in normal human and chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) placed in anaerobic chambers reaching pO2's of less than 5 mm Hg fail to generate O2-, iodinate ingested particles, and stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The observation that anaerobic cells are incapable of generating O2- or reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan supports the idea that NBT reduction in phagocytizing PMN is due exclusively to oxygen-dependent O2- generating oxidase which is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, despite their hyperphagocytic capacity.", "contents": "The biochemical basis of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in normal human and chronic granulomatous disease polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) placed in anaerobic chambers reaching pO2's of less than 5 mm Hg fail to generate O2-, iodinate ingested particles, and stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt. The observation that anaerobic cells are incapable of generating O2- or reducing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan supports the idea that NBT reduction in phagocytizing PMN is due exclusively to oxygen-dependent O2- generating oxidase which is deficient in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, despite their hyperphagocytic capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:949554", "title": "In vitro function and post-transfusion survival of granulocytes collected by continuous-flow centrifugation and by filtration leukapheresis.", "content": "The function of granulocytes collected by continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) and by filtration leukapheresis (FL) was studied in vitro, and the post-transfusion recovery and intravascular survival of these cells was studied by autologous transfusion in normal donors. Granulocytes collected by both FL and CFC leukapheresis (CFCL) functioned normally in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium, oxygen consumption, and chemotaxis assays. Bacterial killing was slightly but consistently decreased in FL but not CFCL granulocytes. The post-transfusion recovery of control granulocytes collected by ordinary phlebotomy averaged 52% in eight transfusions, compared with 34% for six CFCL granulocyte concentrates and 16% for six FL concentrates. The intravascular half-times were 3.8 hr for phlebotomy and 3.0 hr for CFCL granulocytes. FL granulocytes had survival curves which were nonlinear and a single half-life could not be calculated. The average half-time 30 min after transfusion was 1.3 hr, and 3 hr after transfusion it was 2.6 hr. Granulocytes collected by FL had a mild impairment of bacterial killing, decreased post-transfusion recovery, and altered intravascular kinetics. None of these abnormalities was found in granulocytes collected by CFCL.", "contents": "In vitro function and post-transfusion survival of granulocytes collected by continuous-flow centrifugation and by filtration leukapheresis. The function of granulocytes collected by continuous-flow centrifugation (CFC) and by filtration leukapheresis (FL) was studied in vitro, and the post-transfusion recovery and intravascular survival of these cells was studied by autologous transfusion in normal donors. Granulocytes collected by both FL and CFC leukapheresis (CFCL) functioned normally in the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium, oxygen consumption, and chemotaxis assays. Bacterial killing was slightly but consistently decreased in FL but not CFCL granulocytes. The post-transfusion recovery of control granulocytes collected by ordinary phlebotomy averaged 52% in eight transfusions, compared with 34% for six CFCL granulocyte concentrates and 16% for six FL concentrates. The intravascular half-times were 3.8 hr for phlebotomy and 3.0 hr for CFCL granulocytes. FL granulocytes had survival curves which were nonlinear and a single half-life could not be calculated. The average half-time 30 min after transfusion was 1.3 hr, and 3 hr after transfusion it was 2.6 hr. Granulocytes collected by FL had a mild impairment of bacterial killing, decreased post-transfusion recovery, and altered intravascular kinetics. None of these abnormalities was found in granulocytes collected by CFCL."}
{"id": "PMID:949556", "title": "Management of health services in the Commonwealth Caribbean.", "content": "Putting aside the very substantial gains made in recent years by health services of the Commonwealth Caribbean, this article reviews the administrative problems faced by those services at the present time. For the most part, these problems appear to have two main sources: weakness of the colonial heritage, and greatly increased popular demands following the attainment of associated or independent status. In general terms, there are a great many current needs. In many cases, for example, it would help to give more attention to identification and delineation of specific health problems, to make more extensive use of planning, to update existing legislation, to establish a better information system, to revise the budget classification system and loosen budgetary controls, to improve supply management, to more thoroughly define areas of official responsibility, to reassert individual responsibility for decision-making, and to streamline administrative channels. All in all, the problems faced by the health services make it imperative to reexamine the possibilities for implementing administrative reforms. It is felt, however, that besides being addressed to current problems, such reforms should be designed to help the health service cope with any new situations that may arise - before such situations can threaten its vital contribution to social and economic well-being.", "contents": "Management of health services in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Putting aside the very substantial gains made in recent years by health services of the Commonwealth Caribbean, this article reviews the administrative problems faced by those services at the present time. For the most part, these problems appear to have two main sources: weakness of the colonial heritage, and greatly increased popular demands following the attainment of associated or independent status. In general terms, there are a great many current needs. In many cases, for example, it would help to give more attention to identification and delineation of specific health problems, to make more extensive use of planning, to update existing legislation, to establish a better information system, to revise the budget classification system and loosen budgetary controls, to improve supply management, to more thoroughly define areas of official responsibility, to reassert individual responsibility for decision-making, and to streamline administrative channels. All in all, the problems faced by the health services make it imperative to reexamine the possibilities for implementing administrative reforms. It is felt, however, that besides being addressed to current problems, such reforms should be designed to help the health service cope with any new situations that may arise - before such situations can threaten its vital contribution to social and economic well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:949557", "title": "Study of the area affected by onchocerciasis in Brazil: survey of local residents.", "content": "An epidemiologic survey encompassing most of Brazil's Federal Territory of Roraima and the northern tip of Amazonas State has been carried out in an effort to define the boundaries and the epidemiologic characteristics of onchocerciasis in Brazil. This article describes results relating to human infections--including discovery of a new focus at Auaris in northern Roraima and analysis of data from tests conducted there and at various other locations. These findings lead the authors to conclude that the three known Brazilian foci represent independent influxes of the disease from neighboring Venezuela, that groups of both Yanomama and Makiritare Indians have been infected, and that various factors (including proximity of these foci and the route for Brazil's Northern Perimeter Highway) indicate the disease could pose a potential danger for other areas of Brazil.", "contents": "Study of the area affected by onchocerciasis in Brazil: survey of local residents. An epidemiologic survey encompassing most of Brazil's Federal Territory of Roraima and the northern tip of Amazonas State has been carried out in an effort to define the boundaries and the epidemiologic characteristics of onchocerciasis in Brazil. This article describes results relating to human infections--including discovery of a new focus at Auaris in northern Roraima and analysis of data from tests conducted there and at various other locations. These findings lead the authors to conclude that the three known Brazilian foci represent independent influxes of the disease from neighboring Venezuela, that groups of both Yanomama and Makiritare Indians have been infected, and that various factors (including proximity of these foci and the route for Brazil's Northern Perimeter Highway) indicate the disease could pose a potential danger for other areas of Brazil."}
{"id": "PMID:949558", "title": "Clinical aspects of human Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Texas.", "content": "The Venezuelan equine encephalitis epidemic which occurred in Texas in 1971 produced a wide range of predominantly mild clinical symptoms. This epidemic, which peaked on 13-14 July, was most intensely felt in the far-south counties of Cameron and Hidalgo. In all, 88 laboratory-confirmed human cases were reported to the U.S. Center for Disease Control by the Texas State Department of Health. The ratio of male to female cases was about two to one. An attack of 20.8 cases per 100,000, observed in both the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups, was higher than attack rates experienced by other age groups and by the population at large. Together, Cameron and Hidalgo counties experienced a much higher overall attack rate (21.7 cases por 100,000) than did affected counties in the Corpus Christi area (4.9 cases per 100,000). Knowledge about when various patients were first exposed points to an incubation period ranging from 27.5 hours to four days. In those 79 cases for which clinical data were available, the most common clinical manifestations were found to be fever, severe headache, myalgia, and chills. Evidence of mild to moderate central nervous system involvement was found in 10 out of 25 children and young people under 17 years of age, and in six out of 54 adults. Two children still had residual paralysis six weeks after onset of illness, but by 10 months these sequelae had disappeared. Seven of the 54 adults, however, still complained of tiring easily a year after onset of illness. Leukopenia, as demonstrated by a count of less rhan 4,500 white blood cells per cubic millimeter, was observed in 75 per cent of the patients examined.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of human Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Texas. The Venezuelan equine encephalitis epidemic which occurred in Texas in 1971 produced a wide range of predominantly mild clinical symptoms. This epidemic, which peaked on 13-14 July, was most intensely felt in the far-south counties of Cameron and Hidalgo. In all, 88 laboratory-confirmed human cases were reported to the U.S. Center for Disease Control by the Texas State Department of Health. The ratio of male to female cases was about two to one. An attack of 20.8 cases per 100,000, observed in both the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups, was higher than attack rates experienced by other age groups and by the population at large. Together, Cameron and Hidalgo counties experienced a much higher overall attack rate (21.7 cases por 100,000) than did affected counties in the Corpus Christi area (4.9 cases per 100,000). Knowledge about when various patients were first exposed points to an incubation period ranging from 27.5 hours to four days. In those 79 cases for which clinical data were available, the most common clinical manifestations were found to be fever, severe headache, myalgia, and chills. Evidence of mild to moderate central nervous system involvement was found in 10 out of 25 children and young people under 17 years of age, and in six out of 54 adults. Two children still had residual paralysis six weeks after onset of illness, but by 10 months these sequelae had disappeared. Seven of the 54 adults, however, still complained of tiring easily a year after onset of illness. Leukopenia, as demonstrated by a count of less rhan 4,500 white blood cells per cubic millimeter, was observed in 75 per cent of the patients examined."}
{"id": "PMID:949567", "title": "Policies of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Philosophy and constraints.", "content": "The Medical Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) organizes and indexes general systems of records for medical research and administration. The main sources of records are the census, registrations of births and of deaths, hospital discharge records, registered cases of cancer and of congenital malformations, surveys by the Social Surveys Division, and samples of records in general practice. Results take the form of regularly published series of statistics and commentaries and of studies in depth, often by scientists in the National Health Service (NHS), and research institutions which are encouraged to use the systems for prospective and retrospective surveys. The surveys are facilitated by the central registry where a note of every death in the country is attached to the relevant record (and the causes of death are available). Recent developments include studies of records of general practitioners; the causes of deaths among immigrants in England and Wales; the fertility, migration, and mortality of a cohort of about 1 percent of the population. The publication policy of OPCS is described.", "contents": "Policies of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Philosophy and constraints. The Medical Division of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) organizes and indexes general systems of records for medical research and administration. The main sources of records are the census, registrations of births and of deaths, hospital discharge records, registered cases of cancer and of congenital malformations, surveys by the Social Surveys Division, and samples of records in general practice. Results take the form of regularly published series of statistics and commentaries and of studies in depth, often by scientists in the National Health Service (NHS), and research institutions which are encouraged to use the systems for prospective and retrospective surveys. The surveys are facilitated by the central registry where a note of every death in the country is attached to the relevant record (and the causes of death are available). Recent developments include studies of records of general practitioners; the causes of deaths among immigrants in England and Wales; the fertility, migration, and mortality of a cohort of about 1 percent of the population. The publication policy of OPCS is described."}
{"id": "PMID:949568", "title": "Malignancy in relatives of patients with coeliac disease.", "content": "A survey of 1329 relatives of 139 patients with coeliac disease demonstrated an overall increase of cancer deaths particularly in women, but this did not quite reach 5 percent significance in men. Evidence is insufficient to determine whether this was due to the occurrence of cancer in relatives with undetected coeliac disease or to the operation of independent factors.", "contents": "Malignancy in relatives of patients with coeliac disease. A survey of 1329 relatives of 139 patients with coeliac disease demonstrated an overall increase of cancer deaths particularly in women, but this did not quite reach 5 percent significance in men. Evidence is insufficient to determine whether this was due to the occurrence of cancer in relatives with undetected coeliac disease or to the operation of independent factors."}
{"id": "PMID:949569", "title": "Seasonal distribution of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura.", "content": "A review of 76 Southampton children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura has confirmed that there is no evidence of a streptococcal aetiology in the majority of cases of this disease. Among these patients the frequency of preceding respiratory infection of all kinds was only 7 percent greater than that in controls. Data on month of admission in four areas of England and Scotland show that the incidence of the disease is lowest in the June-August period. Contrary to previous findings there is no marked peak of incidence in any single month.", "contents": "Seasonal distribution of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. A review of 76 Southampton children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura has confirmed that there is no evidence of a streptococcal aetiology in the majority of cases of this disease. Among these patients the frequency of preceding respiratory infection of all kinds was only 7 percent greater than that in controls. Data on month of admission in four areas of England and Scotland show that the incidence of the disease is lowest in the June-August period. Contrary to previous findings there is no marked peak of incidence in any single month."}
{"id": "PMID:949570", "title": "Twinning and anencephalus occurrence in relation to fetus-fetus interaction.", "content": "The hypothesis proposed by Knox (1970) that an anencephalic fetus arises from a fetus-fetus interaction between two dizygous twins predicts that the twinning rate, the population incidence of anencephalus, and the female proportion of anencephalics in a population should be positively interrelated. These associations were tested using Canadian data during a long period of time and over a large geographical area. The results did not support the hypothesis.", "contents": "Twinning and anencephalus occurrence in relation to fetus-fetus interaction. The hypothesis proposed by Knox (1970) that an anencephalic fetus arises from a fetus-fetus interaction between two dizygous twins predicts that the twinning rate, the population incidence of anencephalus, and the female proportion of anencephalics in a population should be positively interrelated. These associations were tested using Canadian data during a long period of time and over a large geographical area. The results did not support the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949571", "title": "Trace elements in water and congenital malformations of the central nervous system in South Wales.", "content": "The concentrations of 20 trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on representative samples of tap-water collected from 48 local authority areas in South Wales. The associations between twelve trace elements and central nervous system (CNS) malformation rates for the 48 areas were examined. Significant correlations for four trace elements were observed. Of these, Al was positively correlated while for the remaining three-Ca, Ba, and Cu-negative associations were found. Regression analysis of the data suggested that the relationships between Ba and Cu with CNS malformation rates were improtant than those of Al and Ca.", "contents": "Trace elements in water and congenital malformations of the central nervous system in South Wales. The concentrations of 20 trace elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on representative samples of tap-water collected from 48 local authority areas in South Wales. The associations between twelve trace elements and central nervous system (CNS) malformation rates for the 48 areas were examined. Significant correlations for four trace elements were observed. Of these, Al was positively correlated while for the remaining three-Ca, Ba, and Cu-negative associations were found. Regression analysis of the data suggested that the relationships between Ba and Cu with CNS malformation rates were improtant than those of Al and Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:949572", "title": "Maintenance of weight loss in obese subjects.", "content": "The records of a selected group of 215 subjects who had successfully lost surplus weight were followed-up for periods of one to six years. Mean initial weight was 131% of standard (19.5 kg surplus) and the mean time taken to achieve 'goal weight' was 7.05 months (range two to 20 months) at a mean rate of 2.9 kg per month (range 1.85 to 5 kg). Altogether 121 subjects (56.3%) maintained goal weights within plus or minus 2.3 kg of goal; 79 subjects (36.7%) maintained within plus or minus 4.5 kg. At time of examination of the records, 39 subjects (18.8%) had maintained constant weight for more than four years, 22 subjects (10.6%) for three to four years, 65 subjects (31.4%) for two to three years, 58 subjects (28.5%) for one to two years, and 23 subjects (11.1%) for periods of up to one year.", "contents": "Maintenance of weight loss in obese subjects. The records of a selected group of 215 subjects who had successfully lost surplus weight were followed-up for periods of one to six years. Mean initial weight was 131% of standard (19.5 kg surplus) and the mean time taken to achieve 'goal weight' was 7.05 months (range two to 20 months) at a mean rate of 2.9 kg per month (range 1.85 to 5 kg). Altogether 121 subjects (56.3%) maintained goal weights within plus or minus 2.3 kg of goal; 79 subjects (36.7%) maintained within plus or minus 4.5 kg. At time of examination of the records, 39 subjects (18.8%) had maintained constant weight for more than four years, 22 subjects (10.6%) for three to four years, 65 subjects (31.4%) for two to three years, 58 subjects (28.5%) for one to two years, and 23 subjects (11.1%) for periods of up to one year."}
{"id": "PMID:949573", "title": "Incidence and variables contributing to onset of cigarette smoking among secondary school children and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria.", "content": "This paper reports the findings of a survey of smoking habits among secondary schoolchildren and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. Altogether 40% of boys and 8.4% of girls at secondary school, and 72.4% of men and 22.2% of women at medical school were found to smoke. While the smoking habit of the secondary schoolboys was influenced by the smoking habits of their parents and friends, the smoking habit of the secondary schoolgirls and female medical students was mainly influenced by that of their friends. This study provides a baseline against which future studies on smoking habits in developing African countries may be measured, and the results show that health education on cigarette smoking must start in primary and secondary schools.", "contents": "Incidence and variables contributing to onset of cigarette smoking among secondary school children and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. This paper reports the findings of a survey of smoking habits among secondary schoolchildren and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria. Altogether 40% of boys and 8.4% of girls at secondary school, and 72.4% of men and 22.2% of women at medical school were found to smoke. While the smoking habit of the secondary schoolboys was influenced by the smoking habits of their parents and friends, the smoking habit of the secondary schoolgirls and female medical students was mainly influenced by that of their friends. This study provides a baseline against which future studies on smoking habits in developing African countries may be measured, and the results show that health education on cigarette smoking must start in primary and secondary schools."}
{"id": "PMID:949575", "title": "Radiology of acalculous gall-bladder disease - a new sign.", "content": "Radiography of excised gall-bladders, immersed in water, has shown that chronically infected gall-bladders frequently contain fat. This fat can be seen in vivo, and the frequency of the finding was assessed by reviewing 43 patients with acalculous gall-bladder disease. Other radiological signs in the cholecystograms were looked for retrospectively, and their incidence assessed. In 20 cases out of 40, no radiological abnormality was found.", "contents": "Radiology of acalculous gall-bladder disease - a new sign. Radiography of excised gall-bladders, immersed in water, has shown that chronically infected gall-bladders frequently contain fat. This fat can be seen in vivo, and the frequency of the finding was assessed by reviewing 43 patients with acalculous gall-bladder disease. Other radiological signs in the cholecystograms were looked for retrospectively, and their incidence assessed. In 20 cases out of 40, no radiological abnormality was found."}
{"id": "PMID:949576", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of choledochal cyst in pregnancy.", "content": "Two patients are reported with obstructive jaundice in pregnancy. In one of these ultrasonic scanning confirmed a diagnosis of choledochal cyst, and in the other made this diagnosis. Ultrasonic scanning is suggested as the preliminary radiological examination for obstructive jaundice in pregnancy. Any patient with a clinical diagnosis of choledochal cysts should have an ultrasonic scan.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of choledochal cyst in pregnancy. Two patients are reported with obstructive jaundice in pregnancy. In one of these ultrasonic scanning confirmed a diagnosis of choledochal cyst, and in the other made this diagnosis. Ultrasonic scanning is suggested as the preliminary radiological examination for obstructive jaundice in pregnancy. Any patient with a clinical diagnosis of choledochal cysts should have an ultrasonic scan."}
{"id": "PMID:949577", "title": "Analysis of dose, dose-rate and treatment time in the production of injuries by radium treatment for cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A retrospective study has been made of 15 patients who had developed severe complications to the bladder, rectum and ureters after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Comprehensive dose distribution in the pelvis were calculated with computer assistance to visualize how the normal organs had been irradiated. The risk of normal tissue injury was analysed graphically with respect to the maximum radium dose, dose-rate and irradiation time. The two groups of data representing the injured and non-injured organs separate much better in a dose-rate versus dose plot than in a conventional Strandqvist type dose-time plot. This implies that in radium therapy, the dose-rate rather than the treatment time, is the important parameter in modifying the risk of normal tissue injury. Our results show a good separation of injured from non-injured cases only when the maximum values of dose and dose-rate were used. This suggests that clinically significant injury may develop from relatively small regions of high dose and dose-rate. Since the dose-rate varies from point to point in the pelvis (unlike treatment time), comprehensive determinations of dose-rate distributions are required in order to locate the sites of potential injuries.", "contents": "Analysis of dose, dose-rate and treatment time in the production of injuries by radium treatment for cancer of the uterine cervix. A retrospective study has been made of 15 patients who had developed severe complications to the bladder, rectum and ureters after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Comprehensive dose distribution in the pelvis were calculated with computer assistance to visualize how the normal organs had been irradiated. The risk of normal tissue injury was analysed graphically with respect to the maximum radium dose, dose-rate and irradiation time. The two groups of data representing the injured and non-injured organs separate much better in a dose-rate versus dose plot than in a conventional Strandqvist type dose-time plot. This implies that in radium therapy, the dose-rate rather than the treatment time, is the important parameter in modifying the risk of normal tissue injury. Our results show a good separation of injured from non-injured cases only when the maximum values of dose and dose-rate were used. This suggests that clinically significant injury may develop from relatively small regions of high dose and dose-rate. Since the dose-rate varies from point to point in the pelvis (unlike treatment time), comprehensive determinations of dose-rate distributions are required in order to locate the sites of potential injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:949578", "title": "Mathematical derivation of optimal treatment schedules for the radiotherapy of human tumours. Fractionated irradiation of exponentially growing tumours.", "content": "A mathematical model is developed to allow derivation of optimal treatment schedules for the radiotherapy of exponentially-growing tumours. Preliminary calculations based on available data suggest that optimal schedules would (in general) be more protracted than conventional schedules and might achieve a significantly better tumour cell kill without causing excessive damage to normal connective tissue. The model is too simple, and the data inadequate, for the conclusions reached to be used as a guide to clinical practice at present. However, the analysis can be extended to more realistic models which may be of clinical benefit when the appropriate data can be obtained.", "contents": "Mathematical derivation of optimal treatment schedules for the radiotherapy of human tumours. Fractionated irradiation of exponentially growing tumours. A mathematical model is developed to allow derivation of optimal treatment schedules for the radiotherapy of exponentially-growing tumours. Preliminary calculations based on available data suggest that optimal schedules would (in general) be more protracted than conventional schedules and might achieve a significantly better tumour cell kill without causing excessive damage to normal connective tissue. The model is too simple, and the data inadequate, for the conclusions reached to be used as a guide to clinical practice at present. However, the analysis can be extended to more realistic models which may be of clinical benefit when the appropriate data can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:949579", "title": "Pseudo optimization of radiotherapy treatment planning.", "content": "A chain consisting of three computer programs has been developed for treatment planning of external beam radiotherapy without manual intervention. Apart from the data necessary to identify the patient, the institute, etc., the input consists only of the anatomical information indicated on an outline sheet. Firstly, combinations of incidence directions for a two or three-beam set-up are judged by the first program. Then a limited number of these combinations is selected by this program. For every beam of each selected combination a set of wedges and weights is calculated. Next the dose distributions belonging to each combination with wedges and weights are judged by the second program. Finally, the isodose pattern of the dose distribution judged the best is determined by the third program. The judgement of incidence directions is done by coarse score functions corresponding to a set of criteria. The judgement of dose distribution is done by detailed score functions corresponding to another set of criteria. These criteria with their score functions are treated in some detail. The use of the programs in the clinic is discusses and results are shown.", "contents": "Pseudo optimization of radiotherapy treatment planning. A chain consisting of three computer programs has been developed for treatment planning of external beam radiotherapy without manual intervention. Apart from the data necessary to identify the patient, the institute, etc., the input consists only of the anatomical information indicated on an outline sheet. Firstly, combinations of incidence directions for a two or three-beam set-up are judged by the first program. Then a limited number of these combinations is selected by this program. For every beam of each selected combination a set of wedges and weights is calculated. Next the dose distributions belonging to each combination with wedges and weights are judged by the second program. Finally, the isodose pattern of the dose distribution judged the best is determined by the third program. The judgement of incidence directions is done by coarse score functions corresponding to a set of criteria. The judgement of dose distribution is done by detailed score functions corresponding to another set of criteria. These criteria with their score functions are treated in some detail. The use of the programs in the clinic is discusses and results are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:949580", "title": "Change in oxygen enhancement ratio with depth in tissue-equivalent material for a collimated beam of fast neutrons.", "content": "Survival of reproductive capacity of murine leukaemia P-388 cells was assayed in vivo after the cells had been irradiated in vitro under aerobic or hypoxic conditions with collimated beams of X rays or 16 MeV D-Be fast neutrons at various depths in tissue-equivalent phantom material. The response to X-irradiation was the same in the absence of the phantom and at 8-7 cm depth. The response to fast neutrons under aerobic conditions was unchanged from 0 to 23 cm depth within the phantom. However, under hypoxic conditions, the dose-response curve for fast neutrons became significantly steeper with increasing depth in the phantom. The OER decreased from 2-0 in the absence of the phantom to 1-5 at 15 cm deep.", "contents": "Change in oxygen enhancement ratio with depth in tissue-equivalent material for a collimated beam of fast neutrons. Survival of reproductive capacity of murine leukaemia P-388 cells was assayed in vivo after the cells had been irradiated in vitro under aerobic or hypoxic conditions with collimated beams of X rays or 16 MeV D-Be fast neutrons at various depths in tissue-equivalent phantom material. The response to X-irradiation was the same in the absence of the phantom and at 8-7 cm depth. The response to fast neutrons under aerobic conditions was unchanged from 0 to 23 cm depth within the phantom. However, under hypoxic conditions, the dose-response curve for fast neutrons became significantly steeper with increasing depth in the phantom. The OER decreased from 2-0 in the absence of the phantom to 1-5 at 15 cm deep."}
{"id": "PMID:949598", "title": "Role of neocortex in binaural hearing in the cat. II. The 'precedence effect' in sound localization.", "content": "The 'precedence effect' in sound localization refers to the situation in which two speakers, separated in space, emit identical sounds but one speaker leads by a few milliseconds. Normal observers perceive all the sound as originating from the leading speaker. In the present experiment cats were tested before and after unilateral ablation of auditory cortex on how well they could transfer a learned sound loclization response from situations involving unpaired sound sources to those with paired sources. Cats were tested with tone pairs separated by 5 msec and with clicks separated by delays of 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 16 msec. Preoperatively, the cats averaged 98% correct at a delay of 3 msec and 58% correct at 16 msec. Before surgery the probability of an error was independent of which speaker was leading; after surgery cats made significantly more errors when the leading speaker was located opposite the side of the lesion. Considerable individual variability was found with the 3 and 5 msec delay tests; some cats showed no evidence of a cortical deficit while others exhibited initial severe deficits which disappeared with training. At delays of 7-16 msec all cats showed severe directional deficits which were still present after 9 months of retraining. Results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that unilateral lesions disrupt binaural loudness rather than temporal relations.", "contents": "Role of neocortex in binaural hearing in the cat. II. The 'precedence effect' in sound localization. The 'precedence effect' in sound localization refers to the situation in which two speakers, separated in space, emit identical sounds but one speaker leads by a few milliseconds. Normal observers perceive all the sound as originating from the leading speaker. In the present experiment cats were tested before and after unilateral ablation of auditory cortex on how well they could transfer a learned sound loclization response from situations involving unpaired sound sources to those with paired sources. Cats were tested with tone pairs separated by 5 msec and with clicks separated by delays of 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 16 msec. Preoperatively, the cats averaged 98% correct at a delay of 3 msec and 58% correct at 16 msec. Before surgery the probability of an error was independent of which speaker was leading; after surgery cats made significantly more errors when the leading speaker was located opposite the side of the lesion. Considerable individual variability was found with the 3 and 5 msec delay tests; some cats showed no evidence of a cortical deficit while others exhibited initial severe deficits which disappeared with training. At delays of 7-16 msec all cats showed severe directional deficits which were still present after 9 months of retraining. Results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that unilateral lesions disrupt binaural loudness rather than temporal relations."}
{"id": "PMID:949599", "title": "Respiratory frequency as a function of preoptic temperature during sleep.", "content": "The effects on respiratory frequency of preoptic heating during slow-and fast-wave sleep were studied in freely moving cats. During slow-wave sleep, at neutral ambient temperature, the subliminal range of preoptic temperature for thermal polypnea extends to 0.2-0.4 degrees C above control preoptic temperature. During fast-wave sleep, at neutral ambient temperature, the subliminal range of preoptic temperature for thermal polypnea increases beyond 0.9-1.0 degrees C above control preoptic temperature. Moreover, the polypneic response is weak and unstable. The results show the suspension of a precise thermoregulatory control during fast-wave sleep in a homoiothermic species.", "contents": "Respiratory frequency as a function of preoptic temperature during sleep. The effects on respiratory frequency of preoptic heating during slow-and fast-wave sleep were studied in freely moving cats. During slow-wave sleep, at neutral ambient temperature, the subliminal range of preoptic temperature for thermal polypnea extends to 0.2-0.4 degrees C above control preoptic temperature. During fast-wave sleep, at neutral ambient temperature, the subliminal range of preoptic temperature for thermal polypnea increases beyond 0.9-1.0 degrees C above control preoptic temperature. Moreover, the polypneic response is weak and unstable. The results show the suspension of a precise thermoregulatory control during fast-wave sleep in a homoiothermic species."}
{"id": "PMID:949600", "title": "Early and permanent effects of monocular deprivation on pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior in cats.", "content": "Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were studied in a group of cats raised with one eye closed by eyelid suturing 7-10 days after birth. At the age of 8-10 months the animals were forced to use their deprived eye by reversal of eye closure (closing the normal eye and opening the deprived one). Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were tested before as well as after reverse closure, to compare performances of the deprived eye with those of the non-deprived eye. In order to get optimal visuomotor experience, the animals were kept in large playrooms for at least 4h each day. Except for normal tactile placing responses, visually triggered extension responses and uncertain jumping, 2 years after reverse closure all other tests (visually guided reaching, visual cliff behavior, obstacle avoidance, tracking, jumping, and visual blink responses) still showed impairments; the optokinetic nystagmus was asymmetric. In contrast with this partial behavioral recovery, pattern discrimination in a simple nose-push training box requiring no complicated visuomotor coordination was found to be positive. Discriminations of gratings of different orientations, starting 4 weeks after reverse closure, appeared to be normal, in comparison with performance using the non-deprived eye of the same cats tested before reverse closure. Form discrimination was also found to be positive; some monocularly deprived cats required more trails than normal cats in upright vs. reversed solid triangles discrimination, but succeeding form problems were mastered within the same range as found in normal cats. Apparently behavioral defects after monocular deprivation are due to deficiencies in visuomotor control rather than in pattern identification.", "contents": "Early and permanent effects of monocular deprivation on pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior in cats. Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were studied in a group of cats raised with one eye closed by eyelid suturing 7-10 days after birth. At the age of 8-10 months the animals were forced to use their deprived eye by reversal of eye closure (closing the normal eye and opening the deprived one). Visuomotor behavior and pattern discrimination were tested before as well as after reverse closure, to compare performances of the deprived eye with those of the non-deprived eye. In order to get optimal visuomotor experience, the animals were kept in large playrooms for at least 4h each day. Except for normal tactile placing responses, visually triggered extension responses and uncertain jumping, 2 years after reverse closure all other tests (visually guided reaching, visual cliff behavior, obstacle avoidance, tracking, jumping, and visual blink responses) still showed impairments; the optokinetic nystagmus was asymmetric. In contrast with this partial behavioral recovery, pattern discrimination in a simple nose-push training box requiring no complicated visuomotor coordination was found to be positive. Discriminations of gratings of different orientations, starting 4 weeks after reverse closure, appeared to be normal, in comparison with performance using the non-deprived eye of the same cats tested before reverse closure. Form discrimination was also found to be positive; some monocularly deprived cats required more trails than normal cats in upright vs. reversed solid triangles discrimination, but succeeding form problems were mastered within the same range as found in normal cats. Apparently behavioral defects after monocular deprivation are due to deficiencies in visuomotor control rather than in pattern identification."}
{"id": "PMID:949601", "title": "On the structure and function of a neurohemal organ in the eye cavity of Eledone cirrosa (Cephalopoda).", "content": "The subpeduncualte lobe of the octopod brain produces a hormone that is released into the orbit. The hormone was extracted from Eledone cirrosa and assayed on the isolated perfused heart of the same species. It has a remarkable effect on amplitude, beat frequency and blood pressure; compared to equivalent extracts of posterior salivary gland it is about 70 times more effective. The substance is not a biogenic amine.", "contents": "On the structure and function of a neurohemal organ in the eye cavity of Eledone cirrosa (Cephalopoda). The subpeduncualte lobe of the octopod brain produces a hormone that is released into the orbit. The hormone was extracted from Eledone cirrosa and assayed on the isolated perfused heart of the same species. It has a remarkable effect on amplitude, beat frequency and blood pressure; compared to equivalent extracts of posterior salivary gland it is about 70 times more effective. The substance is not a biogenic amine."}
{"id": "PMID:949603", "title": "Polypeptide secretion from the eye of Aplysia californica.", "content": "The possibility of neurosecretory activity by the eye of Aplysia californica has been suggested by morphological findings. An investigation was conducted to determine if evidence for the release of macromolecular material labeled with radioactive amino acids could be obtained. Depolarization of the eye by superfusion with medium containing an elevated potassium concentration resulted in a significant increase of labeled macromolecular material in the superfusate. This potassium-induced release could be blocked by reduction of the calcium concentration in the superfusing medium. The locus of release appears to be the eye proper and not to involve the optic nerve.", "contents": "Polypeptide secretion from the eye of Aplysia californica. The possibility of neurosecretory activity by the eye of Aplysia californica has been suggested by morphological findings. An investigation was conducted to determine if evidence for the release of macromolecular material labeled with radioactive amino acids could be obtained. Depolarization of the eye by superfusion with medium containing an elevated potassium concentration resulted in a significant increase of labeled macromolecular material in the superfusate. This potassium-induced release could be blocked by reduction of the calcium concentration in the superfusing medium. The locus of release appears to be the eye proper and not to involve the optic nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:949604", "title": "Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex.", "content": "Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals, specifically labeled with [3H]5-HT have been counted in light microscope radioautographs from the fronto-parietal neocortex of adult rats, following prolonged superfusions with relatively high concentrations of tracer (10(-5) M or 10(-4) M), and after 15 or 30 days of radioautographic exposure. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that all 5-HT varicosities did not possess the same capacity to accumulate the exogenous amine. Nevertheless, superfusions with 10(-4) M[3H]5-HT provided a sufficient loading of 5-HT boutons to allow their complete detection within any given layer of the neocortex. The labeled varicosities were found to be present within all cortical layers, except layer VI. Their total number was extrapolated to be approximately 1 X 10(6)/cu.mm of cortex. This figure represented a mean incidence of one 5-HT nerve terminal/850-1400 cortical synapses (0.07-0.12%). The intralaminar density of 5-HT innervation increased progressively from layer V to layer I, in a distribution pattern suggestive of unspecific afferents. Based on endogenous 5-HT levels of 346 +/- 32 ng/g for the fronto-parietal neocortex, the mean 5-HT content per varicosity could be estimated to be 0.35 X 10(-3) pg, and the concentration 1900 ng/g wet weight of terminal or 0.2%. In view of their particular ultrastructural features7, ubiquitous repartition and endogenous amine content, 5-HT nerve endings may be considered as capable of exerting a rather widespread influence in the neocortex.", "contents": "Quantitative data on serotonin nerve terminals in adult rat neocortex. Serotonin (5-HT) nerve terminals, specifically labeled with [3H]5-HT have been counted in light microscope radioautographs from the fronto-parietal neocortex of adult rats, following prolonged superfusions with relatively high concentrations of tracer (10(-5) M or 10(-4) M), and after 15 or 30 days of radioautographic exposure. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that all 5-HT varicosities did not possess the same capacity to accumulate the exogenous amine. Nevertheless, superfusions with 10(-4) M[3H]5-HT provided a sufficient loading of 5-HT boutons to allow their complete detection within any given layer of the neocortex. The labeled varicosities were found to be present within all cortical layers, except layer VI. Their total number was extrapolated to be approximately 1 X 10(6)/cu.mm of cortex. This figure represented a mean incidence of one 5-HT nerve terminal/850-1400 cortical synapses (0.07-0.12%). The intralaminar density of 5-HT innervation increased progressively from layer V to layer I, in a distribution pattern suggestive of unspecific afferents. Based on endogenous 5-HT levels of 346 +/- 32 ng/g for the fronto-parietal neocortex, the mean 5-HT content per varicosity could be estimated to be 0.35 X 10(-3) pg, and the concentration 1900 ng/g wet weight of terminal or 0.2%. In view of their particular ultrastructural features7, ubiquitous repartition and endogenous amine content, 5-HT nerve endings may be considered as capable of exerting a rather widespread influence in the neocortex."}
{"id": "PMID:949605", "title": "Selective cell association of catecholamine neurons in brain aggregates in vitro.", "content": "Brain tissues (aggregates) were reconstructed in vitro from dissociated single cell suspensions derived from 12- to 18-day embryonic mouse midbrain containing the substantia nigra. The application of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method to these cell systems allows the visualization and identification of this specific population of developing catecholamine (CA) neurons during their reassembly, differentiation and histogenetic patterning in vitro. CA neurons are unselectively distributed in the initial dissociated cell suspension and in the reaggregating tissue up to 24 h. By 48 h the CA neurons have selectively associated into small clusters which further coalesce into a thick and elongated band along one margin of the aggregate by 96 h. This structure is similar in organization to the morphology exhibited by substantia nigra neurons in situ during their migratory phase in normal development. In addition, the differentiated neurons observed in the later aggregates appear to produce normal processes. Catecholamine analyses show a significant increase in dopamine and noradrenaline levels during the process of differentiation and histogenetic organization in vitro.", "contents": "Selective cell association of catecholamine neurons in brain aggregates in vitro. Brain tissues (aggregates) were reconstructed in vitro from dissociated single cell suspensions derived from 12- to 18-day embryonic mouse midbrain containing the substantia nigra. The application of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method to these cell systems allows the visualization and identification of this specific population of developing catecholamine (CA) neurons during their reassembly, differentiation and histogenetic patterning in vitro. CA neurons are unselectively distributed in the initial dissociated cell suspension and in the reaggregating tissue up to 24 h. By 48 h the CA neurons have selectively associated into small clusters which further coalesce into a thick and elongated band along one margin of the aggregate by 96 h. This structure is similar in organization to the morphology exhibited by substantia nigra neurons in situ during their migratory phase in normal development. In addition, the differentiated neurons observed in the later aggregates appear to produce normal processes. Catecholamine analyses show a significant increase in dopamine and noradrenaline levels during the process of differentiation and histogenetic organization in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:949606", "title": "Interactive effects of brain catecholamines and variations in sexual and non-sexual arousal on copulatory behavior of male rats.", "content": "In pargyline pretreated male rats, an intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine procedure which resulted in subtotal brain catecholamine (CA) depletion produced a mild defict in copulatory behavior followed by rapid recovery. Challenges employed to study the behavioral capacities of these 'recovered' animals revealed: (1) a heightened sensitivity to acute treatment with the CA synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl tyrosine (AMT) as reflected in a reinstatement and exaggeration of the original copulation deficit; (2) a greater dependence on the sexual eliciting properties of the female, since abolishing her soliciting behavior also reinstated and exaggerated the sexual dysfunction; and (3) a pattern of behavioral impairment indicating increased difficulty in both initiating sexual activity and maintaining copulatory performance. Furthermore, in males not copulating after 6-OHDA/AMT treatment, copulation could easily be induced by the simple application of a non-specific activating stimulus. On the basis of these data and parallel findings reported for other behaviors, we have concluded that: (1) both the initiation and maintenance of copulatory behavior in the male rat is the part dependent on normal functioning in one or more of the brain CA-containing systems; and (2) this copulatory deficit is symptomatic of a broader functional impairment reflecting reduced behavioral responsiveness to stimuli that normally elict appetitive or approach responses but not to stimuli requiring more automatic, inhibitory responses.", "contents": "Interactive effects of brain catecholamines and variations in sexual and non-sexual arousal on copulatory behavior of male rats. In pargyline pretreated male rats, an intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine procedure which resulted in subtotal brain catecholamine (CA) depletion produced a mild defict in copulatory behavior followed by rapid recovery. Challenges employed to study the behavioral capacities of these 'recovered' animals revealed: (1) a heightened sensitivity to acute treatment with the CA synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl tyrosine (AMT) as reflected in a reinstatement and exaggeration of the original copulation deficit; (2) a greater dependence on the sexual eliciting properties of the female, since abolishing her soliciting behavior also reinstated and exaggerated the sexual dysfunction; and (3) a pattern of behavioral impairment indicating increased difficulty in both initiating sexual activity and maintaining copulatory performance. Furthermore, in males not copulating after 6-OHDA/AMT treatment, copulation could easily be induced by the simple application of a non-specific activating stimulus. On the basis of these data and parallel findings reported for other behaviors, we have concluded that: (1) both the initiation and maintenance of copulatory behavior in the male rat is the part dependent on normal functioning in one or more of the brain CA-containing systems; and (2) this copulatory deficit is symptomatic of a broader functional impairment reflecting reduced behavioral responsiveness to stimuli that normally elict appetitive or approach responses but not to stimuli requiring more automatic, inhibitory responses."}
{"id": "PMID:949607", "title": "Effects of GABA, glycine, picrotoxin and bicuculline methochloride on rubrospinal neurones in cats.", "content": "A microelectrophoretic study was performed of the actions of GABA and glycine, and of their antagonists on rubrospinal neurones. GABA and glycine depressed antidromic and synaptic potentials, hyperpolarized the cell membrane and increased the membrane conductance. GABA was more effective than glycine. Corticorubral IPSPs and the GABA-induced membrane hyperpolarization could be reversed by intracellular application of hyperpolarizing currents. Picrotoxin and bicuculline methochloride antagonized inhibitory GABA actions and the corticorubral IPSP or the corresponding extracellular positive field potential. The results support the hypothesis that GABA is the transmitter of the corticorubral inhibition in the cat.", "contents": "Effects of GABA, glycine, picrotoxin and bicuculline methochloride on rubrospinal neurones in cats. A microelectrophoretic study was performed of the actions of GABA and glycine, and of their antagonists on rubrospinal neurones. GABA and glycine depressed antidromic and synaptic potentials, hyperpolarized the cell membrane and increased the membrane conductance. GABA was more effective than glycine. Corticorubral IPSPs and the GABA-induced membrane hyperpolarization could be reversed by intracellular application of hyperpolarizing currents. Picrotoxin and bicuculline methochloride antagonized inhibitory GABA actions and the corticorubral IPSP or the corresponding extracellular positive field potential. The results support the hypothesis that GABA is the transmitter of the corticorubral inhibition in the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:949608", "title": "Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. I. Evidence for specific changes in the pattern of protein synthesis.", "content": "The pattern of incorporation of labeled valine into goldfish brain proteins was compared for animals trained in a new swimming skill with controls. Double labeling studies followed by electrophoretic separation of the proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, showed that there was a consistent increase of valine incorporation for the trained animals at 3 band positions on the gels. These alpha, beta, andnu bands correspond to molecular weights of 37,000, 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The protein changes were confined to the brain cytoplasmic fraction, in that they were absent from the brain nuclear, brain synaptosomal, and kidney cytoplasmic proteins. Such protein changes were not obtained for a variety of control behavioral situations. The results suggest that there is higher rate of synthesis of specific proteins in goldfish brain following the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior.", "contents": "Brain metabolism and the acquisition of new behaviors. I. Evidence for specific changes in the pattern of protein synthesis. The pattern of incorporation of labeled valine into goldfish brain proteins was compared for animals trained in a new swimming skill with controls. Double labeling studies followed by electrophoretic separation of the proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, showed that there was a consistent increase of valine incorporation for the trained animals at 3 band positions on the gels. These alpha, beta, andnu bands correspond to molecular weights of 37,000, 32,000 and 26,000 daltons. The protein changes were confined to the brain cytoplasmic fraction, in that they were absent from the brain nuclear, brain synaptosomal, and kidney cytoplasmic proteins. Such protein changes were not obtained for a variety of control behavioral situations. The results suggest that there is higher rate of synthesis of specific proteins in goldfish brain following the acquisition of a new pattern of behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:949609", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate in cholinergic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "Synaptic vesicles have been isolated from the electirc organ of the bony fish Electrophorus electricus using sucrose step gradients and zonal centrifugation. Although the acetylcholine (ACh) content of the Electrophorus electric organ is only 2% of that of Torpedo, ACh and ATP can readily be measured in the peak fractions using the leech microassay and the firefly luciferin luciferase assay respectively. The protein content of the vesicle fraction in experiments with Electrophorus was much higher than with Torpedo, but a possible contamination of this fraction with mitochondrial or cytoplasmic particles could be excluded. The ACh to ATP ratio of 10.8 is close to that found for cholinergic vesicles isolated from Torpedo and also to that of other amine storing granules.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate in cholinergic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus. Synaptic vesicles have been isolated from the electirc organ of the bony fish Electrophorus electricus using sucrose step gradients and zonal centrifugation. Although the acetylcholine (ACh) content of the Electrophorus electric organ is only 2% of that of Torpedo, ACh and ATP can readily be measured in the peak fractions using the leech microassay and the firefly luciferin luciferase assay respectively. The protein content of the vesicle fraction in experiments with Electrophorus was much higher than with Torpedo, but a possible contamination of this fraction with mitochondrial or cytoplasmic particles could be excluded. The ACh to ATP ratio of 10.8 is close to that found for cholinergic vesicles isolated from Torpedo and also to that of other amine storing granules."}
{"id": "PMID:949610", "title": "Release of amino acids from the maturing cobalt-induced epileptic focus.", "content": "A study was made of the release of excitatory, inhibitory and other amino acids from epileptic foci induced in the sensorimotor cortex of rats by cobalt implantation. A new in vivo superfusion method was employed which gives free movement to the animals and allows study over periods of days and weeks. Most amino acids showed maximum release rates during the first 2 or 3 days after surgery. Glutamate showed maximum release rates during days 3-6 when epileptic limb jerks were at a maximum. This pattern was not seen for other physiologically active amino acids.", "contents": "Release of amino acids from the maturing cobalt-induced epileptic focus. A study was made of the release of excitatory, inhibitory and other amino acids from epileptic foci induced in the sensorimotor cortex of rats by cobalt implantation. A new in vivo superfusion method was employed which gives free movement to the animals and allows study over periods of days and weeks. Most amino acids showed maximum release rates during the first 2 or 3 days after surgery. Glutamate showed maximum release rates during days 3-6 when epileptic limb jerks were at a maximum. This pattern was not seen for other physiologically active amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:949627", "title": "Clinico-pathological study of an organized plaque in exudative diabetic maculopathy.", "content": "A clinical and histopathological study of an organized macular plaque in a diabetic with hard exudate plaques showed diabetic microangiopathy, degeneration, proliferation and serious separation of the pigment epithelium, but no evidence of disease of Bruch's membrane or the choriocapillaris. The possible absence of choroidal neovascularization suggests that the fibrous scar originated in the retina and pigment epithelium. This lesion may be a specific response to the development of a plaque of hard exudate at the macula.", "contents": "Clinico-pathological study of an organized plaque in exudative diabetic maculopathy. A clinical and histopathological study of an organized macular plaque in a diabetic with hard exudate plaques showed diabetic microangiopathy, degeneration, proliferation and serious separation of the pigment epithelium, but no evidence of disease of Bruch's membrane or the choriocapillaris. The possible absence of choroidal neovascularization suggests that the fibrous scar originated in the retina and pigment epithelium. This lesion may be a specific response to the development of a plaque of hard exudate at the macula."}
{"id": "PMID:949628", "title": "Results of the carotid and the differential jugular compression tests in normal and glaucomatous patients.", "content": "A carotid compression tonographic test was performed in 53 normal persons and 40 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Fifty normal and 58 glaucomatous patients were investigated by a differential jugular compression test. In the glaucomatous eyes as compared to the normal eyes the volume changes in the eyeball were found to be significantly greater during compression of the common carotid artery and significantly less under the influence of the jugular compression test.", "contents": "Results of the carotid and the differential jugular compression tests in normal and glaucomatous patients. A carotid compression tonographic test was performed in 53 normal persons and 40 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Fifty normal and 58 glaucomatous patients were investigated by a differential jugular compression test. In the glaucomatous eyes as compared to the normal eyes the volume changes in the eyeball were found to be significantly greater during compression of the common carotid artery and significantly less under the influence of the jugular compression test."}
{"id": "PMID:949629", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid with balloon cells a clinicopathologic study of three cases.", "content": "We report the findings on clinicopathologic examination of three patients with balloon cell melanoma of the choroid. Ophthalmoscopically, all three had small, slowly progressive tumors at the posterior pole, with an encircling yellow halo. With fluorescein angiography, the yellow halo showed fluorescence similar to the remainder of the tumor, thus differentiating this substance from lipofuscin pigment, drusen and exudates. Light microscopy demonstrated prominent balloon cells which were most numerous at the tumor margins. These cells showed variable melanin pigmentation and were negative for lipid, acid mucopolysaccharide, and glycogen. Special enzyme studies (lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, beta glucoronidase and aminopeptidase) demonstrated some similarity to melanocytic cells. Electron microscopy revealed premelanosomes and complex melanosomes in the cytoplasm of balloon cells without evidence of significant lipid.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the choroid with balloon cells a clinicopathologic study of three cases. We report the findings on clinicopathologic examination of three patients with balloon cell melanoma of the choroid. Ophthalmoscopically, all three had small, slowly progressive tumors at the posterior pole, with an encircling yellow halo. With fluorescein angiography, the yellow halo showed fluorescence similar to the remainder of the tumor, thus differentiating this substance from lipofuscin pigment, drusen and exudates. Light microscopy demonstrated prominent balloon cells which were most numerous at the tumor margins. These cells showed variable melanin pigmentation and were negative for lipid, acid mucopolysaccharide, and glycogen. Special enzyme studies (lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, beta glucoronidase and aminopeptidase) demonstrated some similarity to melanocytic cells. Electron microscopy revealed premelanosomes and complex melanosomes in the cytoplasm of balloon cells without evidence of significant lipid."}
{"id": "PMID:949630", "title": "[Zona ophthalmica and dendritic keratitis].", "content": "Two cases of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with dendritic keratitis are reported. Virological studies confirmed the double infection with herpes simplex type 1 virus in the corneal lesions and herpes zoster virus in the cutaneous lesions. We suggest the use of the immunoperoxidase test to identify the viral agent mainly because of its rapid and specific results. We are against the use of local steroids in dendritic keratitis unless the etiological agent is proved to be herpes zoster virus and not herpes simplex virus.", "contents": "[Zona ophthalmica and dendritic keratitis]. Two cases of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with dendritic keratitis are reported. Virological studies confirmed the double infection with herpes simplex type 1 virus in the corneal lesions and herpes zoster virus in the cutaneous lesions. We suggest the use of the immunoperoxidase test to identify the viral agent mainly because of its rapid and specific results. We are against the use of local steroids in dendritic keratitis unless the etiological agent is proved to be herpes zoster virus and not herpes simplex virus."}
{"id": "PMID:949631", "title": "An assessment of the generation times of neuronal precursors in the sensory retina and subventricular zone of the newborn rat.", "content": "Generation times and the times for their respective phases were determined for neuronal precursors in the sensory retina and subventricular zone of the brain of newborn CD rats. These regions can be induced to form retinoblastoma and medulloepitheliomas, respectively, following injection of adenovirus-12. Through use of autoradiographic techniques, it was shown that the cell cycle duration in the subventricular zone was almost twice as long as in the sensory retinal layer. The G1 phase durations were found to account for the majority of the time difference.", "contents": "An assessment of the generation times of neuronal precursors in the sensory retina and subventricular zone of the newborn rat. Generation times and the times for their respective phases were determined for neuronal precursors in the sensory retina and subventricular zone of the brain of newborn CD rats. These regions can be induced to form retinoblastoma and medulloepitheliomas, respectively, following injection of adenovirus-12. Through use of autoradiographic techniques, it was shown that the cell cycle duration in the subventricular zone was almost twice as long as in the sensory retinal layer. The G1 phase durations were found to account for the majority of the time difference."}
{"id": "PMID:949632", "title": "Survival of two trematode parasites (Diplostomum spp.) in mammalian eyes and associated pathology.", "content": "Cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum dropped onto the eyes of small unanaesthetized rabbits penetrated through the cornea, crossed the anterior chamber, and entered the lens. After 2-3 weeks they died and became semi-permanent amorphous cataracts. Cercariae remaining in the cornea became the centres of stromal nebulae 0.1-0.2 mm across which remained visible for at least 3 months. Re-exposure produced marked conjunctival inflammation. Parasites applied to the eyes of large adult rabbits or cold-stored enucleated eyes of man entered the cornea but failed to penetrate as far as the anterior chamber. It is suggested that cercariae are unlikely to reach the lens of bathers because of the thickness of the human cornea. However, exposure to infection may result in temporary conjunctival inflammation and more persistant stromal nebulae. Cercariae of the closely related D. adamsi, did not penetrate or develop in the eyes of mammals.", "contents": "Survival of two trematode parasites (Diplostomum spp.) in mammalian eyes and associated pathology. Cercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum dropped onto the eyes of small unanaesthetized rabbits penetrated through the cornea, crossed the anterior chamber, and entered the lens. After 2-3 weeks they died and became semi-permanent amorphous cataracts. Cercariae remaining in the cornea became the centres of stromal nebulae 0.1-0.2 mm across which remained visible for at least 3 months. Re-exposure produced marked conjunctival inflammation. Parasites applied to the eyes of large adult rabbits or cold-stored enucleated eyes of man entered the cornea but failed to penetrate as far as the anterior chamber. It is suggested that cercariae are unlikely to reach the lens of bathers because of the thickness of the human cornea. However, exposure to infection may result in temporary conjunctival inflammation and more persistant stromal nebulae. Cercariae of the closely related D. adamsi, did not penetrate or develop in the eyes of mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:949633", "title": "Chemotactic migration of leucocytes through corneal layers: an in vitro study.", "content": "The ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) to migrate into the different corneal layers in the presence or absence of a chemotactic stimulus was investigated in rabbits. The epithelial and/or endothelial surfaces were damaged in some corneas and in others they were intact. One side of the cornea was kept in contact with a viable population of rabbit PMNs and the other side with a chemotactic agent (zymosan activated human serum). The migration of PMNs into the cornea was traced histologically. The PMNs could not penetrate intact epithelium and Descemet's membrane even under the influence of a chemotactic stimulus. The stroma allowed PMN migration only when the chemotactic agent was present. The endothelium offered no resistance to PMN invasion whether the chemotactic stimulus was present or not.", "contents": "Chemotactic migration of leucocytes through corneal layers: an in vitro study. The ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) to migrate into the different corneal layers in the presence or absence of a chemotactic stimulus was investigated in rabbits. The epithelial and/or endothelial surfaces were damaged in some corneas and in others they were intact. One side of the cornea was kept in contact with a viable population of rabbit PMNs and the other side with a chemotactic agent (zymosan activated human serum). The migration of PMNs into the cornea was traced histologically. The PMNs could not penetrate intact epithelium and Descemet's membrane even under the influence of a chemotactic stimulus. The stroma allowed PMN migration only when the chemotactic agent was present. The endothelium offered no resistance to PMN invasion whether the chemotactic stimulus was present or not."}
{"id": "PMID:949634", "title": "Causes of initial visual loss following blunt ocular injuries: an experimental study.", "content": "We have investigated in anaesthetised pigs the electrical responses of the retina to light after blunt injuries to the eye. Retinograms, cortical visual evoked responses and intraocular pressures were recorded before and after non-perforating mechanical trauma of sufficient severity to produce traumatic retinal opacification. After injury, applanation pressures rose up to 34 mm. Hg above normal, reaching peak values 4 to 12 minutes after trauma and returning to pre-trauma levels after about 45 minutes. These pressure changes were not responsible for the immediate abolition of the B wave of the retinogram or of the cortical visual evoked responses which occurred after trauma, but increases of intraocular pressure modified the recovery pattern of the visual evoked response.", "contents": "Causes of initial visual loss following blunt ocular injuries: an experimental study. We have investigated in anaesthetised pigs the electrical responses of the retina to light after blunt injuries to the eye. Retinograms, cortical visual evoked responses and intraocular pressures were recorded before and after non-perforating mechanical trauma of sufficient severity to produce traumatic retinal opacification. After injury, applanation pressures rose up to 34 mm. Hg above normal, reaching peak values 4 to 12 minutes after trauma and returning to pre-trauma levels after about 45 minutes. These pressure changes were not responsible for the immediate abolition of the B wave of the retinogram or of the cortical visual evoked responses which occurred after trauma, but increases of intraocular pressure modified the recovery pattern of the visual evoked response."}
{"id": "PMID:949635", "title": "Traumatic macular hole.", "content": "A traumatic macular hole has never been seen immediately after the causal accident. We examined a case of macular hole within half an hour of the injury and photographed it within three hours. We comment on the genesis of traumatic macular edema.", "contents": "Traumatic macular hole. A traumatic macular hole has never been seen immediately after the causal accident. We examined a case of macular hole within half an hour of the injury and photographed it within three hours. We comment on the genesis of traumatic macular edema."}
{"id": "PMID:949636", "title": "Orbital amyloidosis.", "content": "A 51-year-old male presented with a chronic asymmetrical ptosis which was variable. Repeated anticholinesterase testing gave equivocal responses. The patient was treated for myasthenia gravis until a mass was detected in the orbit. Although rare, localized orbital amyloidosis should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with ptosis, particularly when the results of anticholinesterase testing are equivocal.", "contents": "Orbital amyloidosis. A 51-year-old male presented with a chronic asymmetrical ptosis which was variable. Repeated anticholinesterase testing gave equivocal responses. The patient was treated for myasthenia gravis until a mass was detected in the orbit. Although rare, localized orbital amyloidosis should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with ptosis, particularly when the results of anticholinesterase testing are equivocal."}
{"id": "PMID:949637", "title": "Amyloidosis of the iris.", "content": "A case of ocular lepromatous leprosy with secondary amyloidosis of the iris is reported.", "contents": "Amyloidosis of the iris. A case of ocular lepromatous leprosy with secondary amyloidosis of the iris is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:949638", "title": "Presumed glial retinal hamartomas in Usher's syndrome.", "content": "The presence of glial hamartomas of the retina and the optic disc in retinitis pigmentosa is discussed. This association is described in a 26 year old white male with Usher's syndrome who had at the posterior pole of each eye a mass which closely resembled the mulberry-like lesions of tuberose sclerosis. Several fine blood vessels were seen on the surface of these masses. The significance of the association of these presumed hamartomas with retinitis pigmentosa is not clear. They might be the result of a focal reactive hyperplasia of the glial cells of the retina.", "contents": "Presumed glial retinal hamartomas in Usher's syndrome. The presence of glial hamartomas of the retina and the optic disc in retinitis pigmentosa is discussed. This association is described in a 26 year old white male with Usher's syndrome who had at the posterior pole of each eye a mass which closely resembled the mulberry-like lesions of tuberose sclerosis. Several fine blood vessels were seen on the surface of these masses. The significance of the association of these presumed hamartomas with retinitis pigmentosa is not clear. They might be the result of a focal reactive hyperplasia of the glial cells of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:949639", "title": "Internal ophthalmoplegia following chickenpox.", "content": "A six year old girl with a six day history of varicella presented with a fixed dilated pupil, paralysis of accomodation and an anterior uveitis in the left eye. The anterior uveitis rapidly resolved but the internal ophthalmoplegia has persisted for fifteen months. Four similar cases are reviewed.", "contents": "Internal ophthalmoplegia following chickenpox. A six year old girl with a six day history of varicella presented with a fixed dilated pupil, paralysis of accomodation and an anterior uveitis in the left eye. The anterior uveitis rapidly resolved but the internal ophthalmoplegia has persisted for fifteen months. Four similar cases are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:949640", "title": "The Stryker turning frame in surgery of posterior displacement of the lens.", "content": "A Stryker turning frame was used during surgical removal of a posterior displaced lens. Its use had the following advantages over other methods: simplified management of the patient under general anaesthesia; constant stability of the eye and transfixing needle during the procedure and the maintenance of sterility in the operating area.", "contents": "The Stryker turning frame in surgery of posterior displacement of the lens. A Stryker turning frame was used during surgical removal of a posterior displaced lens. Its use had the following advantages over other methods: simplified management of the patient under general anaesthesia; constant stability of the eye and transfixing needle during the procedure and the maintenance of sterility in the operating area."}
{"id": "PMID:949642", "title": "Gastrointestinal hormones.", "content": "The availability of pure intestinal hormones and the development of radioimmunoassays for their measurement has expedited research into many aspects of gastrointestinal endocrinology. A complex balance evidently exists between the different intestinal hormones and also the rest of the endocrine system. Polyendocrinopathies have been described, and, so far, two diseases due to intestinal hormone excess (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and the syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria) elucidated. It seems likely that many more gastrointestinal endocrine diseases await discovery.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hormones. The availability of pure intestinal hormones and the development of radioimmunoassays for their measurement has expedited research into many aspects of gastrointestinal endocrinology. A complex balance evidently exists between the different intestinal hormones and also the rest of the endocrine system. Polyendocrinopathies have been described, and, so far, two diseases due to intestinal hormone excess (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and the syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria) elucidated. It seems likely that many more gastrointestinal endocrine diseases await discovery."}
{"id": "PMID:949644", "title": "Effects of ambient and stagnant hypoxia on the mechanical and electrical activity of the canine upper jejunum.", "content": "The effects of ambient and stagnant hypoxia on the mechanical and electrical activity of the upper jejunum were studied in 32 anesthetized dogs. A 50 or 75% reduction in oxygen content of inhaled air produced ambient hypoxia; superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion or thrombin-induced mesenteric thrombosis resulted in stagnant hypoxia. Induction of hypoxia was immediately followed by a transient increase in mechanical activity. A 50% reduction in oxygen content had no other effect. A 75% reduction in oxygen content resulted in a gradual decrease in electrical control activity (ECA) frequency and in the disappearance of electrical response activity (ERA), and in jejunal contractions; however, ECA persisted until cardiac arrest occurred after 30 to 45 minutes of hypoxia. Occlusion of the SMA resulted in a significant decrease in contractile activity but ECA was not affected. Thrombin-induced mesenteric thrombosis produced rapid and irreversible disappearance of both electrical and mechanical activities. Jejunal contractions and ERA are dependent upon an adequate oxygenated blood supply. ECA however, is highly resistant to reduction in oxygen content of perfused blood and continues until perfusion stops.", "contents": "Effects of ambient and stagnant hypoxia on the mechanical and electrical activity of the canine upper jejunum. The effects of ambient and stagnant hypoxia on the mechanical and electrical activity of the upper jejunum were studied in 32 anesthetized dogs. A 50 or 75% reduction in oxygen content of inhaled air produced ambient hypoxia; superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion or thrombin-induced mesenteric thrombosis resulted in stagnant hypoxia. Induction of hypoxia was immediately followed by a transient increase in mechanical activity. A 50% reduction in oxygen content had no other effect. A 75% reduction in oxygen content resulted in a gradual decrease in electrical control activity (ECA) frequency and in the disappearance of electrical response activity (ERA), and in jejunal contractions; however, ECA persisted until cardiac arrest occurred after 30 to 45 minutes of hypoxia. Occlusion of the SMA resulted in a significant decrease in contractile activity but ECA was not affected. Thrombin-induced mesenteric thrombosis produced rapid and irreversible disappearance of both electrical and mechanical activities. Jejunal contractions and ERA are dependent upon an adequate oxygenated blood supply. ECA however, is highly resistant to reduction in oxygen content of perfused blood and continues until perfusion stops."}
{"id": "PMID:949645", "title": "Dexon versus conventional sutures in hernia repair.", "content": "An unselected study of 87 inguinal herniorrhapies was carried out over a 2-year period using polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures in 46 procedures and conventional sutures in the remaining 41. Tissue reaction was the same with both types of suture; however, the incidence of recurrence was lower with the use of conventional sutures. This study has not confirmed the superiority of Dexon sutures reported in other studies.", "contents": "Dexon versus conventional sutures in hernia repair. An unselected study of 87 inguinal herniorrhapies was carried out over a 2-year period using polyglycolic acid (Dexon) sutures in 46 procedures and conventional sutures in the remaining 41. Tissue reaction was the same with both types of suture; however, the incidence of recurrence was lower with the use of conventional sutures. This study has not confirmed the superiority of Dexon sutures reported in other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:949646", "title": "Use of the thermography for the early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis following hip operations.", "content": "Up to 50% of patients suffer from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after major hip surgery. Frequently DVT cannot be diagnosed clinically. To the present, venography alone has been used in these patients, but it is time consuming, necessitates an intravenous dye injection and is not without complications. Now, however, the technique of thermography is available as an additional diagnostic aid. The results of thermography were assessed in 24 patients who had recently undergone major hip operations and compared with those obtained by venography. Thermography did identify DVT in the lower leg veins of patients with no clinical symptoms, but higher obstructions were only diagnosed by venography. Thermography gave one false-positive result later disproven by venography. Thermography has the advantage of being noninvasive and economical; it will become more useful when smaller portable systems are developed.", "contents": "Use of the thermography for the early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis following hip operations. Up to 50% of patients suffer from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after major hip surgery. Frequently DVT cannot be diagnosed clinically. To the present, venography alone has been used in these patients, but it is time consuming, necessitates an intravenous dye injection and is not without complications. Now, however, the technique of thermography is available as an additional diagnostic aid. The results of thermography were assessed in 24 patients who had recently undergone major hip operations and compared with those obtained by venography. Thermography did identify DVT in the lower leg veins of patients with no clinical symptoms, but higher obstructions were only diagnosed by venography. Thermography gave one false-positive result later disproven by venography. Thermography has the advantage of being noninvasive and economical; it will become more useful when smaller portable systems are developed."}
{"id": "PMID:949647", "title": "Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the spleen.", "content": "Diffuse hemangioma of the spleen occurred in a 59-year-old man. The presenting features were a dull ache and heaviness in the left upper quadrant for 3 weeks, severe left-sided pain and fever immediately before hospitalization, and a tender mass in the left upper quadrant. The condition was diagnosed at laparotomy; splenectomy was performed. In this case intrahemangiomatous hemorrhage had occurred, but not rupture of the spleen, which is a potentially lethal complication. Other complications of diffuse splenic hemangioma are thrombosis, infarction, infection with abscess formation, and partial calcification of the vascular spaces. The condition is rare; only 56 cases have been reported.", "contents": "Diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the spleen. Diffuse hemangioma of the spleen occurred in a 59-year-old man. The presenting features were a dull ache and heaviness in the left upper quadrant for 3 weeks, severe left-sided pain and fever immediately before hospitalization, and a tender mass in the left upper quadrant. The condition was diagnosed at laparotomy; splenectomy was performed. In this case intrahemangiomatous hemorrhage had occurred, but not rupture of the spleen, which is a potentially lethal complication. Other complications of diffuse splenic hemangioma are thrombosis, infarction, infection with abscess formation, and partial calcification of the vascular spaces. The condition is rare; only 56 cases have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:949648", "title": "Conservative management of extrauterine pregnancy.", "content": "An abdominal pregnancy in a 28-year-old nulliparous woman with a fertility problem was treated conservatively. The clinical antenatal course was unremarkable. A healthy 2000-g infant was delivered at term by laparotomy. The placenta was removed at the same time. Three years later the patient had a ruptured tubal pregnancy which was treated by salpingectomy. The literature on extrauterine pregnancy is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Conservative management of extrauterine pregnancy. An abdominal pregnancy in a 28-year-old nulliparous woman with a fertility problem was treated conservatively. The clinical antenatal course was unremarkable. A healthy 2000-g infant was delivered at term by laparotomy. The placenta was removed at the same time. Three years later the patient had a ruptured tubal pregnancy which was treated by salpingectomy. The literature on extrauterine pregnancy is reviewed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:949676", "title": "Radiation therapy and Corynebacterium parvum in the treatment of murine tumors.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of local irradiation alone or combined with Corynebacterium parvum (C parvum) treatment has been investigated employing four tumors: a mammary carcinoma (MCa) (nonimmunogenic), a fibrosarcoma (moderately strongly immunogenic), and two squamous cell carcinomas (SCC-2 being weakly and SCC-4 being very weakly or nonimmunogenic). C parvum treatment was started when the isotransplanted tumor growing in the mouse leg was 5 mm in diameter and the local irradiation was administered to 8-mm diameter tumor. Effect of the combined treatment was barely evident with the MCa but strongly present in FSa; up to 60% of mice were cured of FSa by C parvum alone and the response to low radiation dose, e.g., 200 rads, was highly increased. For SCC-2 the TCD50 was approximately 7000 rads and 3000 rads in control and test mice, respectively. Comparable values for SCC-4 were 7700 and approximately 5500 rads. Importantly, for SCC-4 there was a large and highly significant reduction in the proportion of mice that died of metastases to lung but were free of evident tumor at the primary site.", "contents": "Radiation therapy and Corynebacterium parvum in the treatment of murine tumors. The relative effectiveness of local irradiation alone or combined with Corynebacterium parvum (C parvum) treatment has been investigated employing four tumors: a mammary carcinoma (MCa) (nonimmunogenic), a fibrosarcoma (moderately strongly immunogenic), and two squamous cell carcinomas (SCC-2 being weakly and SCC-4 being very weakly or nonimmunogenic). C parvum treatment was started when the isotransplanted tumor growing in the mouse leg was 5 mm in diameter and the local irradiation was administered to 8-mm diameter tumor. Effect of the combined treatment was barely evident with the MCa but strongly present in FSa; up to 60% of mice were cured of FSa by C parvum alone and the response to low radiation dose, e.g., 200 rads, was highly increased. For SCC-2 the TCD50 was approximately 7000 rads and 3000 rads in control and test mice, respectively. Comparable values for SCC-4 were 7700 and approximately 5500 rads. Importantly, for SCC-4 there was a large and highly significant reduction in the proportion of mice that died of metastases to lung but were free of evident tumor at the primary site."}
{"id": "PMID:949677", "title": "The treatment of radiation necrosis with hyperbaric oxygen (OHP).", "content": "Sixty-nine patients with radiation necrosis were received by the authors from January 1, 1969 through August 1, 1975. The patients were categorized according to site of injury. Full treatment protocol is discussed including local wound care, antibiotic coverage, surgical procedures, and the administration of hyperbaric oxygen. Results indicate that the combination of hyperbaric oxygen, properly timed surgery, and antibiotic therapy has resulted in improvement in all cases of radiation necrosis and full healing in most.", "contents": "The treatment of radiation necrosis with hyperbaric oxygen (OHP). Sixty-nine patients with radiation necrosis were received by the authors from January 1, 1969 through August 1, 1975. The patients were categorized according to site of injury. Full treatment protocol is discussed including local wound care, antibiotic coverage, surgical procedures, and the administration of hyperbaric oxygen. Results indicate that the combination of hyperbaric oxygen, properly timed surgery, and antibiotic therapy has resulted in improvement in all cases of radiation necrosis and full healing in most."}
{"id": "PMID:949678", "title": "Results in irradiation of the in situ carcinomas of the vocal cords.", "content": "From 1952 through 1973, 79 patients with the diagnosis of in situ carcinoma and seven with the diagnosis of leukoplakia and/or atypical hyperplasia were treated with irradiation. The staging system was the same as for the invasive squamous carcinomas. The irradiation techniques were also identical to those used for invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The failure rate for the T1 lesions was 11% and 26% for the T2 lesions--in the same range as the failure rates observed for the invasive squamous carcinomas. Only two of the 12 failures were on the initially involved cord. These two facts suggest that most of the failures were not recurrences but were new disease developing on the dysplastic epithelium. There was a delay in the appearance of failure for the in situ carcinomas as compared with that for the invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx. Seventy-six percent of the patients have a normal voice.", "contents": "Results in irradiation of the in situ carcinomas of the vocal cords. From 1952 through 1973, 79 patients with the diagnosis of in situ carcinoma and seven with the diagnosis of leukoplakia and/or atypical hyperplasia were treated with irradiation. The staging system was the same as for the invasive squamous carcinomas. The irradiation techniques were also identical to those used for invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The failure rate for the T1 lesions was 11% and 26% for the T2 lesions--in the same range as the failure rates observed for the invasive squamous carcinomas. Only two of the 12 failures were on the initially involved cord. These two facts suggest that most of the failures were not recurrences but were new disease developing on the dysplastic epithelium. There was a delay in the appearance of failure for the in situ carcinomas as compared with that for the invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx. Seventy-six percent of the patients have a normal voice."}
{"id": "PMID:949679", "title": "Recurrences from malignant parotid salivary gland tumors.", "content": "The clinical course of 130 patients treated for malignant parotid tumors at the three institutions have been reviewed. Fifty-six of these 130 patients developed recurrences following their primary treatment by a surgical procedure. There were a total of 109 recurrences among these 56 patients. The average number of recurrences was two per patient. The average survival from first recurrence was 3.7 years, with the median survival 2 years. The range of survival was 0.5 to 17 years. Once recurrence developed, treatment was by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Of 56 patients with recurrence, 33 are dead and 9 patients are alive with disease. Fourteen patients are alive and well with no evidence of disease. These NED patients had an average number of 1.6 recurrences and a median survival to date of only 3 years. Our study indicates that for the majority of patients who develop recurrence, survival is relatively short and treatment is usually ineffective in three of four patients. The authors conclude that after a surgical procedure for malignant salivary gland tumors, a trial of wide field postoperative radiation therapy to high dose should be considered as part of the initial treatment.", "contents": "Recurrences from malignant parotid salivary gland tumors. The clinical course of 130 patients treated for malignant parotid tumors at the three institutions have been reviewed. Fifty-six of these 130 patients developed recurrences following their primary treatment by a surgical procedure. There were a total of 109 recurrences among these 56 patients. The average number of recurrences was two per patient. The average survival from first recurrence was 3.7 years, with the median survival 2 years. The range of survival was 0.5 to 17 years. Once recurrence developed, treatment was by surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. Of 56 patients with recurrence, 33 are dead and 9 patients are alive with disease. Fourteen patients are alive and well with no evidence of disease. These NED patients had an average number of 1.6 recurrences and a median survival to date of only 3 years. Our study indicates that for the majority of patients who develop recurrence, survival is relatively short and treatment is usually ineffective in three of four patients. The authors conclude that after a surgical procedure for malignant salivary gland tumors, a trial of wide field postoperative radiation therapy to high dose should be considered as part of the initial treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:949680", "title": "Preliminary results of fast neutron teletherapy of metastatic cervical adenopathy.", "content": "Between September 21, 1973 and May 9, 1975, 36 patients with metastatic cervical adenopathy from cancers primarily arising in the pharynx or oral cavity, including six with bilateral cervical involvement, received fast neutron teletherapy at the University of Washington. At the conclusion of treatment, the masses were no longer palpable in nine of 42 (21%) heminecks and were reduced more than 50% in 23 (55%). In 12 patients with partial regression, the masses eventually disappeared, so that in all, 21 heminecks (50%) or 20 patients (56%) were controlled for periods up to 66 weeks. Fixed cervical masses were controlled in 11 of 23 (48%) patients. These results, which must be sustained for longer observation periods, are comparable to results reported in the literature. Treatment was well tolerated; therefore, doses can be raised to study the influence on tumor control.", "contents": "Preliminary results of fast neutron teletherapy of metastatic cervical adenopathy. Between September 21, 1973 and May 9, 1975, 36 patients with metastatic cervical adenopathy from cancers primarily arising in the pharynx or oral cavity, including six with bilateral cervical involvement, received fast neutron teletherapy at the University of Washington. At the conclusion of treatment, the masses were no longer palpable in nine of 42 (21%) heminecks and were reduced more than 50% in 23 (55%). In 12 patients with partial regression, the masses eventually disappeared, so that in all, 21 heminecks (50%) or 20 patients (56%) were controlled for periods up to 66 weeks. Fixed cervical masses were controlled in 11 of 23 (48%) patients. These results, which must be sustained for longer observation periods, are comparable to results reported in the literature. Treatment was well tolerated; therefore, doses can be raised to study the influence on tumor control."}
{"id": "PMID:949681", "title": "Fast neutron radiotherapy for locally advanced pelvic cancer.", "content": "Between March 1973 and May 1975, 82 patients with locally advanced pelvic tumors were treated with 50 MeVdleads to Be neutrons. Seventy-nine have been included for analysis. The clinical material included 51 patients with gynecologic cancers, 15 with colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 13 with prostatic adenocarcinomas. Three treatment approaches have been used: 1) neutrons only--160 rad mu gamma twice weekly, 2) neutron boost following 25 MV photon irradiation--160 rad mu gamma twice weekly, and 3) mixed beam--photons (200 rads) three times weekly and neutrons (65 rad mu gamma) twice weekly. The preliminary results with the mixed beam are superior to those obtained with neutrons only or a neutron boost. However, the cancer and have been treated to slightly higher equivalent doses than those treated with neutrons only. The superior results with the mixed beam may be related to a better volume distribution and/or five-times weekly fractionation.", "contents": "Fast neutron radiotherapy for locally advanced pelvic cancer. Between March 1973 and May 1975, 82 patients with locally advanced pelvic tumors were treated with 50 MeVdleads to Be neutrons. Seventy-nine have been included for analysis. The clinical material included 51 patients with gynecologic cancers, 15 with colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 13 with prostatic adenocarcinomas. Three treatment approaches have been used: 1) neutrons only--160 rad mu gamma twice weekly, 2) neutron boost following 25 MV photon irradiation--160 rad mu gamma twice weekly, and 3) mixed beam--photons (200 rads) three times weekly and neutrons (65 rad mu gamma) twice weekly. The preliminary results with the mixed beam are superior to those obtained with neutrons only or a neutron boost. However, the cancer and have been treated to slightly higher equivalent doses than those treated with neutrons only. The superior results with the mixed beam may be related to a better volume distribution and/or five-times weekly fractionation."}
{"id": "PMID:949682", "title": "Radical irradiation with the split-course technique in carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "The possible advantages of a split-course of irradiation in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and/or inoperable carcinoma of the lung were explored in over 200 cases. The patients were separated into two groups with different prognostic factors: Group A, patients with well-differentiated tumors confined to the lung and mediastinum; and Group B, cases with anaplastic tumors and/or supraclavicular metastases, bone erosion, or superior venal caval syndrome. The treatment consisted of 5500-6000 rads tumor dose in 20 to 24 fractions over a period of 7 to 8 weeks with a rest interval of 2 to 4 weeks in the middle. The 3- and 5-year survival figures, 19% and 16%, respectively, in Group A cases, along with the excellent tolerance, suggest that the split-course approach has definite advantages.", "contents": "Radical irradiation with the split-course technique in carcinoma of the lung. The possible advantages of a split-course of irradiation in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and/or inoperable carcinoma of the lung were explored in over 200 cases. The patients were separated into two groups with different prognostic factors: Group A, patients with well-differentiated tumors confined to the lung and mediastinum; and Group B, cases with anaplastic tumors and/or supraclavicular metastases, bone erosion, or superior venal caval syndrome. The treatment consisted of 5500-6000 rads tumor dose in 20 to 24 fractions over a period of 7 to 8 weeks with a rest interval of 2 to 4 weeks in the middle. The 3- and 5-year survival figures, 19% and 16%, respectively, in Group A cases, along with the excellent tolerance, suggest that the split-course approach has definite advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:949683", "title": "Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of lung. Reappraisal of current management.", "content": "The relative roles of radiotherapy, intensive chemotherapy, and a combination of both were evaluated by an analysis of 157 of 188 patients who were registered at Tumor Registry and the Department of Radiation Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital with a diagnosis of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung between 1968 and 1974. Stage of the tumor was the single most important prognostic factor. Bone marrow involvement was found in 29% of patients studied. For extensive tumor, better survival was obtained by a combination of intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy than with radiotherapy alone. However, no improvement of survival was noted with combination of concomitant or sequential intensive COPP or COP chemotherapy and radiotherapy over that obtained with radiotherapy followed by subsequent chemotherapy for progressive disease in patients with localized tumor. For localized tumor, primary radiotherapy should be given with an intention of local control or cure. Conclusions regarding the proper timing of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in apparently localized small cell anaplastic carcinoma require further prospective evaluation.", "contents": "Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of lung. Reappraisal of current management. The relative roles of radiotherapy, intensive chemotherapy, and a combination of both were evaluated by an analysis of 157 of 188 patients who were registered at Tumor Registry and the Department of Radiation Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital with a diagnosis of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung between 1968 and 1974. Stage of the tumor was the single most important prognostic factor. Bone marrow involvement was found in 29% of patients studied. For extensive tumor, better survival was obtained by a combination of intensive chemotherapy and radiotherapy than with radiotherapy alone. However, no improvement of survival was noted with combination of concomitant or sequential intensive COPP or COP chemotherapy and radiotherapy over that obtained with radiotherapy followed by subsequent chemotherapy for progressive disease in patients with localized tumor. For localized tumor, primary radiotherapy should be given with an intention of local control or cure. Conclusions regarding the proper timing of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in apparently localized small cell anaplastic carcinoma require further prospective evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:949684", "title": "Irradiation for bronchial carcinoma: reasons for failure. I. Analysis of local control as a function of dose, time, and fractionation.", "content": "Radiation therapy is the only potentially curative form of therapy for patients with carcinoma of the lung who are not surgical candidates. Previous studies have evaluated response by evaluating survival. Evaluation of local control of disease is essential if one is to understand and modify therapeutic approaches in an effort to increase survival. Clinical data are presented on 197 patients with primary epithelial tumors of the lung. An analysis of local control data is presented using the concept of nomial standard dose (NSD). If local failure is to occur, it is manifest by 15 months. Survival is affected by the ability or inability to achieve local control. Above a dose of 1450 ret, no correlation between increasing ret dose and increasing local control is observed.", "contents": "Irradiation for bronchial carcinoma: reasons for failure. I. Analysis of local control as a function of dose, time, and fractionation. Radiation therapy is the only potentially curative form of therapy for patients with carcinoma of the lung who are not surgical candidates. Previous studies have evaluated response by evaluating survival. Evaluation of local control of disease is essential if one is to understand and modify therapeutic approaches in an effort to increase survival. Clinical data are presented on 197 patients with primary epithelial tumors of the lung. An analysis of local control data is presented using the concept of nomial standard dose (NSD). If local failure is to occur, it is manifest by 15 months. Survival is affected by the ability or inability to achieve local control. Above a dose of 1450 ret, no correlation between increasing ret dose and increasing local control is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:949685", "title": "Locally recurrent carcinoma of the breast. Results of radiation therapy.", "content": "Local and regional recurrences are frequent problems in breast cancer management. Radiation therapy is effective in producing long term remission. This study evaluates the results of radiation therapy of 215 patients with recurrent disease limited to the chest wall and/or regional lymph node areas. The local results showed complete control in 67% of cases (mean and median durations 32 months and 22 months, respectively), partial control in 24% of cases (mean and median 11 and 8 months, respectively) and no control in the remaining 9%. The radiation dose recommended for the treatment of recurrent mammary carcinoma is 5000 rads in 5 weeks for relatively small lesions. Supplementary local doses of 500-1000 rads in 1 week may be given to bulky lesions as necessary for residual disease. Although local relapse indicates a poor prognosis, it is by no means totally hopeless. Of 215 patients treated 44 (21%) survived 5 years and 10 (5%) survived 10 years following radiation therapy of recurrent disease. There were seven patients, or 3%, who were free of cancer at 5 to 15 years. Radiation therapy was valuable in controlling local lesions, and thus, in improving quality of survival, even in those patients who eventually died of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Locally recurrent carcinoma of the breast. Results of radiation therapy. Local and regional recurrences are frequent problems in breast cancer management. Radiation therapy is effective in producing long term remission. This study evaluates the results of radiation therapy of 215 patients with recurrent disease limited to the chest wall and/or regional lymph node areas. The local results showed complete control in 67% of cases (mean and median durations 32 months and 22 months, respectively), partial control in 24% of cases (mean and median 11 and 8 months, respectively) and no control in the remaining 9%. The radiation dose recommended for the treatment of recurrent mammary carcinoma is 5000 rads in 5 weeks for relatively small lesions. Supplementary local doses of 500-1000 rads in 1 week may be given to bulky lesions as necessary for residual disease. Although local relapse indicates a poor prognosis, it is by no means totally hopeless. Of 215 patients treated 44 (21%) survived 5 years and 10 (5%) survived 10 years following radiation therapy of recurrent disease. There were seven patients, or 3%, who were free of cancer at 5 to 15 years. Radiation therapy was valuable in controlling local lesions, and thus, in improving quality of survival, even in those patients who eventually died of metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949686", "title": "The role of postoperative irradiation in carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Chest wall and regional nodal recurrences, and survival following postmastectomy radiation therapy, were analyzed in 352 patients. Patients with T1 and T2 central and medial breast lesions, negative axillary nodal findings, and no evidence of skin or chest wall extension received irradiation to the peripheral lymphatics alone. There were no chest wall recurrences among these patients. The remainder of the patients, including those with axillary nodal involvement, regardless of the site of the primary breast lesion received irradiation by a three-field technique directed to both chest wall and regional nodes. The chest wall recurrence rate was 1.9% when axillary nodes were negative for metastatic disease, 1.3% when the axillary nodes showed less than 50% positivity, and 14.2% when axillary nodes showed greater than 50% involvement. The overall chest wall recurrence rate was 5.1%. A possible mechanism of chest wall recurrence is discussed. Cumulative 5-year survival for stage I is 76%, for stage II, 79%, and for stage III, 57%. If chemotherapy proves to be effective in controlling distant microscopic disease local control may become an equally critical issue in long-term survival of patients with breast carcinoma.", "contents": "The role of postoperative irradiation in carcinoma of the breast. Chest wall and regional nodal recurrences, and survival following postmastectomy radiation therapy, were analyzed in 352 patients. Patients with T1 and T2 central and medial breast lesions, negative axillary nodal findings, and no evidence of skin or chest wall extension received irradiation to the peripheral lymphatics alone. There were no chest wall recurrences among these patients. The remainder of the patients, including those with axillary nodal involvement, regardless of the site of the primary breast lesion received irradiation by a three-field technique directed to both chest wall and regional nodes. The chest wall recurrence rate was 1.9% when axillary nodes were negative for metastatic disease, 1.3% when the axillary nodes showed less than 50% positivity, and 14.2% when axillary nodes showed greater than 50% involvement. The overall chest wall recurrence rate was 5.1%. A possible mechanism of chest wall recurrence is discussed. Cumulative 5-year survival for stage I is 76%, for stage II, 79%, and for stage III, 57%. If chemotherapy proves to be effective in controlling distant microscopic disease local control may become an equally critical issue in long-term survival of patients with breast carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:949687", "title": "Total body irradiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Relationship between therapeutic response and prognosis.", "content": "There is lack of evidence to date that treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) alters the natural history of disease or influences survival. In the present series, total body irradiation (TBI) produced a range of therapeutic responses among patients with active, progressive CLL. One-third of patients experienced virtually complete clinical and hematologic remissions with the initial course of TBI. These patients did not differ from the less complete responders with respect to age or sex, degree of lymphocytosis in the peripheral blood, incidence of anemia and/or thrombocytopenia, or the frequency of constitutional symptoms. However, the patients with complete remissions noted a return to normal performance status, had fewer serious infections, demonstrated recovery from depressed immunoglobulin levels, and had significantly longer survival. These data indicate that TBI is capable of inducing remissions which modify the course of disease in patients with CLL and that prognosis has a direct correlation with the response to therapy.", "contents": "Total body irradiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Relationship between therapeutic response and prognosis. There is lack of evidence to date that treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) alters the natural history of disease or influences survival. In the present series, total body irradiation (TBI) produced a range of therapeutic responses among patients with active, progressive CLL. One-third of patients experienced virtually complete clinical and hematologic remissions with the initial course of TBI. These patients did not differ from the less complete responders with respect to age or sex, degree of lymphocytosis in the peripheral blood, incidence of anemia and/or thrombocytopenia, or the frequency of constitutional symptoms. However, the patients with complete remissions noted a return to normal performance status, had fewer serious infections, demonstrated recovery from depressed immunoglobulin levels, and had significantly longer survival. These data indicate that TBI is capable of inducing remissions which modify the course of disease in patients with CLL and that prognosis has a direct correlation with the response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:949688", "title": "Adjuvant methotrexate in the radiotherapeutic management of advanced tumors of the head and neck.", "content": "Oral methotrexate (MTX) was administered to a group of 48 patients with advanced head and neck tumors prior to radiation therapy in a nonrandomized manner. A second group of 75 similar patients were randomized to intravenous (i.v.) MTX plus radiation or radiation alone. Three-year survival rates by life table analysis show no significant statistical difference between i.v. MTX plus radiation or radiation alone. Those treated with oral MTX plus radiation have a statistically significant improved survival. The degree of tumor regression in the oral MTX group was correlated with survival. No similar correlation could be found in the intravenous MTX group. The use of either form of MTX correlated with a lower rate of distant metastasis.", "contents": "Adjuvant methotrexate in the radiotherapeutic management of advanced tumors of the head and neck. Oral methotrexate (MTX) was administered to a group of 48 patients with advanced head and neck tumors prior to radiation therapy in a nonrandomized manner. A second group of 75 similar patients were randomized to intravenous (i.v.) MTX plus radiation or radiation alone. Three-year survival rates by life table analysis show no significant statistical difference between i.v. MTX plus radiation or radiation alone. Those treated with oral MTX plus radiation have a statistically significant improved survival. The degree of tumor regression in the oral MTX group was correlated with survival. No similar correlation could be found in the intravenous MTX group. The use of either form of MTX correlated with a lower rate of distant metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:949689", "title": "The treatment of meningiomas in childhood.", "content": "Thirteen cases of meningiomas in the pediatric age group seen at the University of California are reviewed. Four of these patients are alive; one had complete surgical resection of tumor and three had subtotal resection followed by irradiation, with total tumor doses of 4500 to 5500 rads. On the basis of these data, together with our total experience in the treatment of 188 patients with meningiomas, we conclude that patients who have complete surgical resection need no further treatment but patients who have subtotal removal may have recurrences delayed or prevented by the addition of postoperative irradiation to their therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "The treatment of meningiomas in childhood. Thirteen cases of meningiomas in the pediatric age group seen at the University of California are reviewed. Four of these patients are alive; one had complete surgical resection of tumor and three had subtotal resection followed by irradiation, with total tumor doses of 4500 to 5500 rads. On the basis of these data, together with our total experience in the treatment of 188 patients with meningiomas, we conclude that patients who have complete surgical resection need no further treatment but patients who have subtotal removal may have recurrences delayed or prevented by the addition of postoperative irradiation to their therapeutic regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:949690", "title": "Pinealoma. A report of twelve irradiated cases.", "content": "The records of 12 patients with a diagnosis of pinealoma or ectopic pinealoma irradiated at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center between 1961 and 1971 were reviewed. Diagnosis was made clinically and radiographically. Histology is available in three cases. Eight cases were treated with small fields (4 X 4 to 6 X 8 cm), two cases with intermediate, and two with whole brain fields. Doses between 5000 and 6000 rads were given by Cobalt-60 or 33 MeV x-rays. Eight patients (66%) showed no evidence of active disease from 4 to 14 years after irradiation. Of eight patients treated with small fields, seven are free of disease (88%). Of the remainder, 50% are free of disease. One patient subsequently developed cerebrospinal spread. The challenge to the radiotherapist is to identify the more aggressive or extensive lesion with the ultimate aim of achieving cure with the most limited treatment.", "contents": "Pinealoma. A report of twelve irradiated cases. The records of 12 patients with a diagnosis of pinealoma or ectopic pinealoma irradiated at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center between 1961 and 1971 were reviewed. Diagnosis was made clinically and radiographically. Histology is available in three cases. Eight cases were treated with small fields (4 X 4 to 6 X 8 cm), two cases with intermediate, and two with whole brain fields. Doses between 5000 and 6000 rads were given by Cobalt-60 or 33 MeV x-rays. Eight patients (66%) showed no evidence of active disease from 4 to 14 years after irradiation. Of eight patients treated with small fields, seven are free of disease (88%). Of the remainder, 50% are free of disease. One patient subsequently developed cerebrospinal spread. The challenge to the radiotherapist is to identify the more aggressive or extensive lesion with the ultimate aim of achieving cure with the most limited treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:949691", "title": "Computerized (axial) tomography in the serial study of cerebral tumors treated by radiation. A preliminary report.", "content": "The difficulty in evaluating the effectiveness of radiation therapy of primary cerebral tumors is well appreciated. Changes in the tumor size and the presence or absence of edema or necrosis during or following treatment cannot be readily evaluated by present noninterventive roentgenographic methods. At New York University Medical Center, computerized (axial) tomography (CT) has been routinely used both before and after radiation therapy with the aim of assessing, by noninterventive means, tumor response, presence or absence of edema, or necrosis. A selected series of patients is presented with correlation of the clinical findings and CT-scan results both before and after therapy. The significance of these findings and their implications in the management of cerebral tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Computerized (axial) tomography in the serial study of cerebral tumors treated by radiation. A preliminary report. The difficulty in evaluating the effectiveness of radiation therapy of primary cerebral tumors is well appreciated. Changes in the tumor size and the presence or absence of edema or necrosis during or following treatment cannot be readily evaluated by present noninterventive roentgenographic methods. At New York University Medical Center, computerized (axial) tomography (CT) has been routinely used both before and after radiation therapy with the aim of assessing, by noninterventive means, tumor response, presence or absence of edema, or necrosis. A selected series of patients is presented with correlation of the clinical findings and CT-scan results both before and after therapy. The significance of these findings and their implications in the management of cerebral tumors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949692", "title": "Computerized radiation therapy data.", "content": "A computer data system by which data from radiation therapy records are stored, corrected, and up-dated continuously as information becomes available is described. Two main programs are involved. A data storage and retrieval system called TAXIR uses a high-level language similar to English and allows display of information in alphabetic or numerical fashion. The other program, MIDAS, is a statistical package designed to perform multiple statistical analyses on the data accumulated on the former program. Both of these programs utilize a logical syntax permitting easy identification and partition of a data set. In addition, several smaller program have been developed to advance survival information in a rapid and reliable way and to obtain information directly from computerized data available at the University of Michigan Cancer Follow-Up Unit. Programs to obtain life tables or graphs on survival or reactivation of neoplasms have been developed. Stress is placed on the development of a strategy to obtain the maximum accurate information with a minimum input. The development of suitable coding sheets including appropriate diagnoses and tumor classifications is discussed. The importance of keeping a continuous up-to-date flow of information is stressed.", "contents": "Computerized radiation therapy data. A computer data system by which data from radiation therapy records are stored, corrected, and up-dated continuously as information becomes available is described. Two main programs are involved. A data storage and retrieval system called TAXIR uses a high-level language similar to English and allows display of information in alphabetic or numerical fashion. The other program, MIDAS, is a statistical package designed to perform multiple statistical analyses on the data accumulated on the former program. Both of these programs utilize a logical syntax permitting easy identification and partition of a data set. In addition, several smaller program have been developed to advance survival information in a rapid and reliable way and to obtain information directly from computerized data available at the University of Michigan Cancer Follow-Up Unit. Programs to obtain life tables or graphs on survival or reactivation of neoplasms have been developed. Stress is placed on the development of a strategy to obtain the maximum accurate information with a minimum input. The development of suitable coding sheets including appropriate diagnoses and tumor classifications is discussed. The importance of keeping a continuous up-to-date flow of information is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:949693", "title": "Intensive radiotherapy of locally advanced bladder cancer.", "content": "Over a 10-year period, 82 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer were treated by one of two intensive radiotherapy routines. They received either 320 rads/day for 11 consecutive treatment days; or two sets of 320 rads/day for six consecutive treatment days each, with a three-week rest interposed between sets. Side effects were briefly annoying, but quite tolerable. Good quality palliation was obtained. Uncorrected survival rates for the entire series were 48% at 1 year, 20% at 3 years, and 13% at 5 years.", "contents": "Intensive radiotherapy of locally advanced bladder cancer. Over a 10-year period, 82 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer were treated by one of two intensive radiotherapy routines. They received either 320 rads/day for 11 consecutive treatment days; or two sets of 320 rads/day for six consecutive treatment days each, with a three-week rest interposed between sets. Side effects were briefly annoying, but quite tolerable. Good quality palliation was obtained. Uncorrected survival rates for the entire series were 48% at 1 year, 20% at 3 years, and 13% at 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:949694", "title": "Carcinoma of the prostate. Its treatment by a combination of radioactive gold-grain implant and external irradiation.", "content": "Out of 67 patients treated with radiotherapy from 1967 to August 1972, a small group of 17 patients were treated by a combination of radioactive gold grain implant plus external Cobalt-60 teletherapy. The average dose from the implant was 4000 rads, which was supplemented with external irradiation to a total dose of 8000 rads TD. Because of the small number of patients and the short follow-up, no definite conclusions can be drawn at this time. The technique used permits the delivery of a higher total tumor dose of about 8000 rads with relatively low complication rate.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the prostate. Its treatment by a combination of radioactive gold-grain implant and external irradiation. Out of 67 patients treated with radiotherapy from 1967 to August 1972, a small group of 17 patients were treated by a combination of radioactive gold grain implant plus external Cobalt-60 teletherapy. The average dose from the implant was 4000 rads, which was supplemented with external irradiation to a total dose of 8000 rads TD. Because of the small number of patients and the short follow-up, no definite conclusions can be drawn at this time. The technique used permits the delivery of a higher total tumor dose of about 8000 rads with relatively low complication rate."}
{"id": "PMID:949695", "title": "The value of frequent treatment verification films in reducing localization error in the irradiation of complex fields.", "content": "Using treatment verification film to detect geometric miss or localization error (LE), a follow-up analysis of LE for patients treated with extended mantle fields was made for the period 1973-1974. There were 451 treatment verification films for 19 patients reviewed and 67 errors were detected for an error rate of 15%. This rate represented a continued decrease compared to the previous rate of 35% (330 errors for 902 films) during 1969-73. There was a continued reciprocal increase in number of films per patient per course of treatment which was thought, in part, to account for the improvement in technical precision. Reanalysis of localization error by site within the field showed a decrease in rate of error for the axillae from 1969-73 to 1973-1974 and a relative increase in rate of error for the upper abdominal nodes. The decrease in error rate for the axillae was ascribed to increased attention to leaving adequate margin between pulmonary shield and axilla and the increase in error rate for upper abdominal nodes was ascribed to inadequate margin between shield and spine. The relative increase in errors for the upper abdominal nodes correlated with the physicians who made the original decision about margin between spine and shield. Propagation of LE by site has been noted and can be prevented by monitoring treatment fields with verification film and correcting errors as they are noted.", "contents": "The value of frequent treatment verification films in reducing localization error in the irradiation of complex fields. Using treatment verification film to detect geometric miss or localization error (LE), a follow-up analysis of LE for patients treated with extended mantle fields was made for the period 1973-1974. There were 451 treatment verification films for 19 patients reviewed and 67 errors were detected for an error rate of 15%. This rate represented a continued decrease compared to the previous rate of 35% (330 errors for 902 films) during 1969-73. There was a continued reciprocal increase in number of films per patient per course of treatment which was thought, in part, to account for the improvement in technical precision. Reanalysis of localization error by site within the field showed a decrease in rate of error for the axillae from 1969-73 to 1973-1974 and a relative increase in rate of error for the upper abdominal nodes. The decrease in error rate for the axillae was ascribed to increased attention to leaving adequate margin between pulmonary shield and axilla and the increase in error rate for upper abdominal nodes was ascribed to inadequate margin between shield and spine. The relative increase in errors for the upper abdominal nodes correlated with the physicians who made the original decision about margin between spine and shield. Propagation of LE by site has been noted and can be prevented by monitoring treatment fields with verification film and correcting errors as they are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:949696", "title": "Radiation reaction of rat skin. The role of the number of fractions and the overall treatment time.", "content": "Acute skin reactions resulting from orthovoltage x-irradiation were measured in the WAG/Rij rat. A wide range of combination of fraction number and overall time were used in an attempt to determine their relative importance. There appeared to be little effect of prolongation of overall treatment time until periods of over 2 weeks were reached. In treatment periods of 3 weeks and over the stimulation of extensive time-dependent recovery was seen. A model based on cell kill with provision for the stimulation of accelerated proliferation at about 17 days adequately describes the experimental results.", "contents": "Radiation reaction of rat skin. The role of the number of fractions and the overall treatment time. Acute skin reactions resulting from orthovoltage x-irradiation were measured in the WAG/Rij rat. A wide range of combination of fraction number and overall time were used in an attempt to determine their relative importance. There appeared to be little effect of prolongation of overall treatment time until periods of over 2 weeks were reached. In treatment periods of 3 weeks and over the stimulation of extensive time-dependent recovery was seen. A model based on cell kill with provision for the stimulation of accelerated proliferation at about 17 days adequately describes the experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:949697", "title": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of head and neck in children. Correlation of stage, radiation dose, local control, and survival.", "content": "Nineteen consecutive children are analyzed according to clinical stay, radiation dose (NSD), local control, and survival. The majority received 1600 to 1750 rets and courses of actinomycin during their radiation treatments. The favorable sites were the orbit, facial soft tissue, and the larynx. The primary site control rate was 89%, and the metastatic neck control rate was 80%. The 2-year survival was 70%, and the 5-year survival was 67%. Five children are alive and well 12 to 15 years after irradiation. Late sequelae are hypoplasia of the orbit and maxillary sinus.", "contents": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of head and neck in children. Correlation of stage, radiation dose, local control, and survival. Nineteen consecutive children are analyzed according to clinical stay, radiation dose (NSD), local control, and survival. The majority received 1600 to 1750 rets and courses of actinomycin during their radiation treatments. The favorable sites were the orbit, facial soft tissue, and the larynx. The primary site control rate was 89%, and the metastatic neck control rate was 80%. The 2-year survival was 70%, and the 5-year survival was 67%. Five children are alive and well 12 to 15 years after irradiation. Late sequelae are hypoplasia of the orbit and maxillary sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:949698", "title": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children.", "content": "Ten children with lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx were reviewed. Six had regional spread at presentation and four developed distant metastases. Seven patients are alive, six free of disease. The 5-year survival rate was 62.5% of this series. Five patients presented later with endocrine abnormalities probably related to the radiotherapy; these endocrine problems were minimal and responded to therapy.", "contents": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children. Ten children with lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx were reviewed. Six had regional spread at presentation and four developed distant metastases. Seven patients are alive, six free of disease. The 5-year survival rate was 62.5% of this series. Five patients presented later with endocrine abnormalities probably related to the radiotherapy; these endocrine problems were minimal and responded to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:949699", "title": "Abdominal irradiation in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "content": "The incidence of subdiaphragmatic relapses in a group of 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with radiation to lymph-node bearing areas above and below the diaphragm is described. In patients treated with the standard inverted \"Y\" abdominal radiation portals, subdiaphragmatic relapses occurred in 29% of 132 patients. This high local failure rate may be attributed to the exclusion of many of the mesenteric lymph nodes and most of the liver and intestines from the irradiated fields. A safe and apparently effective radiation technique which treats the whole abdomen, used at Stanford in 38 patients since 1973, is described. Full thickness lead blocks protect the right hepatic lobe during the initial 1500-rad whole abdominal treatment (through anterior-posterior opposed fields). Horizontal decubitus (cross-table) lateral fields are then used to bring the para-aortic and mesenteric lymph node radiation doses to 3000 rads, followed by an additional 1400 rads through wide anterior-posterior ports, for a total central abdominal dose of 4400 rads. Dosimetric considerations, anatomic descriptions of subdiaphragmatic lymphatic drainage, complications of treatment, and the initial results of whole abdominal radiation therapy are also presented.", "contents": "Abdominal irradiation in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The incidence of subdiaphragmatic relapses in a group of 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treated with radiation to lymph-node bearing areas above and below the diaphragm is described. In patients treated with the standard inverted \"Y\" abdominal radiation portals, subdiaphragmatic relapses occurred in 29% of 132 patients. This high local failure rate may be attributed to the exclusion of many of the mesenteric lymph nodes and most of the liver and intestines from the irradiated fields. A safe and apparently effective radiation technique which treats the whole abdomen, used at Stanford in 38 patients since 1973, is described. Full thickness lead blocks protect the right hepatic lobe during the initial 1500-rad whole abdominal treatment (through anterior-posterior opposed fields). Horizontal decubitus (cross-table) lateral fields are then used to bring the para-aortic and mesenteric lymph node radiation doses to 3000 rads, followed by an additional 1400 rads through wide anterior-posterior ports, for a total central abdominal dose of 4400 rads. Dosimetric considerations, anatomic descriptions of subdiaphragmatic lymphatic drainage, complications of treatment, and the initial results of whole abdominal radiation therapy are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:949700", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of stage III extent. Is total lymphoid irradiation appropriate treatment?", "content": "Many investigators have regarded Stage III lymphomas as a generalized form of disease and have accordingly recommended systemic treatment programs. Between 1961 and 1973, 68 patients with clinical or pathologic Stage III non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were seen in the Division of Radiation Therapy at Stanford University Medical Center and were treated by high dose (3500 rads or more) total lymphoid radiation therapy only. Of the 17 patients who had a diffuse histologic pattern, the actuarial survival at 5 years was 39%, but only three patients have remained free of disease. In contrast, for the 51 patients who had a nodular histologic pattern, the actuarial survivals at 5 and 10 years were 75% and 65%, respectively. Corresponding relapse-free survivals for patients with nodular lymphomas were 43% and 33%, respectively. Of 28 patients who relapsed with nodular lymphomas, 18 (64%) had relapses confined to lymph nodes; six of these were extensions to previously unirradiated epitrochlear-brachial nodes. Seven of the 18 patients were treated only with further conventional external radiation therapy at the time of their relapses and remain free of disease for additional periods of 2 to 5 years. Hence, 30 of 51 (59%) patients with nodular lymphomas have thus far been controlled by high dose total lymphoid irradiation only. Over 90% of relapses among patients with nodular lymphomas were seen within the first 5 years. The data suggest that high dose conventional radiation therapy to incorporate not only the routine total lymphoid fields but also the epitrochlear, mesenteric, and Waldeyer's ring region has curative potential even in Stage III non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, especially in the nodular group.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of stage III extent. Is total lymphoid irradiation appropriate treatment? Many investigators have regarded Stage III lymphomas as a generalized form of disease and have accordingly recommended systemic treatment programs. Between 1961 and 1973, 68 patients with clinical or pathologic Stage III non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were seen in the Division of Radiation Therapy at Stanford University Medical Center and were treated by high dose (3500 rads or more) total lymphoid radiation therapy only. Of the 17 patients who had a diffuse histologic pattern, the actuarial survival at 5 years was 39%, but only three patients have remained free of disease. In contrast, for the 51 patients who had a nodular histologic pattern, the actuarial survivals at 5 and 10 years were 75% and 65%, respectively. Corresponding relapse-free survivals for patients with nodular lymphomas were 43% and 33%, respectively. Of 28 patients who relapsed with nodular lymphomas, 18 (64%) had relapses confined to lymph nodes; six of these were extensions to previously unirradiated epitrochlear-brachial nodes. Seven of the 18 patients were treated only with further conventional external radiation therapy at the time of their relapses and remain free of disease for additional periods of 2 to 5 years. Hence, 30 of 51 (59%) patients with nodular lymphomas have thus far been controlled by high dose total lymphoid irradiation only. Over 90% of relapses among patients with nodular lymphomas were seen within the first 5 years. The data suggest that high dose conventional radiation therapy to incorporate not only the routine total lymphoid fields but also the epitrochlear, mesenteric, and Waldeyer's ring region has curative potential even in Stage III non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, especially in the nodular group."}
{"id": "PMID:949701", "title": "Mantle irradiation in Hodgkin's disease. An analysis of technique, tumor eradication, and complications.", "content": "Analysis of the treatment and follow-up records of 377 Hodgkin's disease patients who received mantle irradiation but no planned chemotherapy reveals an overall supradiaphragmatic relapse rate of 21%. Complications of treatment included symptomatic pulmonary radiation reaction (20%), pericarditis (13%), Lhermitte's sign (15%), and thyroid dysfunction (13%). The addition of a subcarinal block after 2500 to 3500 rads and the use of the thin lung block technique in selected patients have reduced the incidence of pulmonary and pericardial complications to less than 5% without sacrificing local control. Further modifications in technique and treatment policy are discussed in terms of improving the therapeutic ratio.", "contents": "Mantle irradiation in Hodgkin's disease. An analysis of technique, tumor eradication, and complications. Analysis of the treatment and follow-up records of 377 Hodgkin's disease patients who received mantle irradiation but no planned chemotherapy reveals an overall supradiaphragmatic relapse rate of 21%. Complications of treatment included symptomatic pulmonary radiation reaction (20%), pericarditis (13%), Lhermitte's sign (15%), and thyroid dysfunction (13%). The addition of a subcarinal block after 2500 to 3500 rads and the use of the thin lung block technique in selected patients have reduced the incidence of pulmonary and pericardial complications to less than 5% without sacrificing local control. Further modifications in technique and treatment policy are discussed in terms of improving the therapeutic ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:949702", "title": "Long term remissions with combined modality therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A new treatment program for advanced Hodgkin's disease employing five-drug combination chemotherapy and low dose radiation to the sites of bulk disease (nodal or parenchymal) was designed in 1969. Eighty patients have now been treated, 60 of whom have achieved a complete remission. More significantly, only 5 of the 60 completed responders have relapsed with follow-up from 1-6 years. The cumulative survival at 5 years of patients entering complete remission is 92%. For those patients not sustaining a complete remission, it is 19% at 2 years. This program has resulted in substantially lower relapse rates than previously reported by other investigators, probably because of the administration of radiotherapy in the manner described. Hopefully, a significant number of these patients may be cured of their disease.", "contents": "Long term remissions with combined modality therapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease. A new treatment program for advanced Hodgkin's disease employing five-drug combination chemotherapy and low dose radiation to the sites of bulk disease (nodal or parenchymal) was designed in 1969. Eighty patients have now been treated, 60 of whom have achieved a complete remission. More significantly, only 5 of the 60 completed responders have relapsed with follow-up from 1-6 years. The cumulative survival at 5 years of patients entering complete remission is 92%. For those patients not sustaining a complete remission, it is 19% at 2 years. This program has resulted in substantially lower relapse rates than previously reported by other investigators, probably because of the administration of radiotherapy in the manner described. Hopefully, a significant number of these patients may be cured of their disease."}
{"id": "PMID:949703", "title": "Can pelvic irradiation be omitted in patients with pathologic stages IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease?", "content": "From April 1969 to December 1973, 81 unselected laparotomy-staged IA and IIA patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Mantle and para-aortic fields alone were treated to 3600-4000 rads. Median follow-up was 31 months. There were six relapses including three true recurrences, two extensions, and one extra-nodal dissemination. Relapses were not related to histologic type. There were no pelvic or inguinal extensions. Disease-free survival was 95% in stage IA patients and 86% in stage IIA patients. Only one patient died of disease, with an overall survival of 96%. These results indicate that mantle and para-aortic irradiation is sufficient treatment for pathologic stage I and IIA supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. Such treatment obviates the need for pelvic irradiation or combination chemotherapy without compromising the success of treatment.", "contents": "Can pelvic irradiation be omitted in patients with pathologic stages IA and IIA Hodgkin's disease? From April 1969 to December 1973, 81 unselected laparotomy-staged IA and IIA patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Mantle and para-aortic fields alone were treated to 3600-4000 rads. Median follow-up was 31 months. There were six relapses including three true recurrences, two extensions, and one extra-nodal dissemination. Relapses were not related to histologic type. There were no pelvic or inguinal extensions. Disease-free survival was 95% in stage IA patients and 86% in stage IIA patients. Only one patient died of disease, with an overall survival of 96%. These results indicate that mantle and para-aortic irradiation is sufficient treatment for pathologic stage I and IIA supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. Such treatment obviates the need for pelvic irradiation or combination chemotherapy without compromising the success of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:949704", "title": "Initial relapses in previously treated Hodgkin's disease. I. Results of second treatment.", "content": "Two hundred forty-three consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease who relapsed after an initial course of treatment at the Stanford University Division of Radiation Therapy underwent subsequent systematic evaluation and retreatment. An analysis of the influence of numerous parameters, including sex, histopathology, original stage, relapse site, and original and second therapy, on actuarial survival and on relapse-free survival was undertaken. Most relapses (87%) occurred within 3 years of the initial treatment course. The 5-year relapse-free survival measured from the time of second treatment increased from 14% before to 39% after the introduction of multiple agent chemotherapy (MOPP) for relapsing disease. Patients treated with MOPP chemotherapy for nodal relapses showed increased subsequent relapse-free survival (61%) when compared with patients treated only with radiotherapy for nodal relapses. Based on the combined findings of this analysis, recommendations are made regarding the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease who have suffered a relapse.", "contents": "Initial relapses in previously treated Hodgkin's disease. I. Results of second treatment. Two hundred forty-three consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease who relapsed after an initial course of treatment at the Stanford University Division of Radiation Therapy underwent subsequent systematic evaluation and retreatment. An analysis of the influence of numerous parameters, including sex, histopathology, original stage, relapse site, and original and second therapy, on actuarial survival and on relapse-free survival was undertaken. Most relapses (87%) occurred within 3 years of the initial treatment course. The 5-year relapse-free survival measured from the time of second treatment increased from 14% before to 39% after the introduction of multiple agent chemotherapy (MOPP) for relapsing disease. Patients treated with MOPP chemotherapy for nodal relapses showed increased subsequent relapse-free survival (61%) when compared with patients treated only with radiotherapy for nodal relapses. Based on the combined findings of this analysis, recommendations are made regarding the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease who have suffered a relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:949705", "title": "A preloaded radium needle implant device for maintenance of needle spacing.", "content": "A small stainless steel bar was machined to accept radium needles. The stainless steel bar will hold a rack of two, three, four, or five radium needles in a single plane. The crossing needle may be affixed to the bar so that textbook-like geometry is possible. The stainless steel bar remains in place during the entire implant. Spacing between needles is close to perfect. The time required to insers the implant is reduced compared to free-hand insertions, and less variation in dose is seen on computer-assisted calculations. Two years' experience in the use and development of the radium needle holder will be reviewed.", "contents": "A preloaded radium needle implant device for maintenance of needle spacing. A small stainless steel bar was machined to accept radium needles. The stainless steel bar will hold a rack of two, three, four, or five radium needles in a single plane. The crossing needle may be affixed to the bar so that textbook-like geometry is possible. The stainless steel bar remains in place during the entire implant. Spacing between needles is close to perfect. The time required to insers the implant is reduced compared to free-hand insertions, and less variation in dose is seen on computer-assisted calculations. Two years' experience in the use and development of the radium needle holder will be reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:949706", "title": "Patterns of recurrence following surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty patients with previously untreated large bowel adenocarcinoma were retrospectively evaluated following complete primary resection to determine patterns of recurrence. One hundred and five patients (37%) subsequently developed recurrent disease. Sixty percent (63/105) presented with local recurrence alone, 14% (15/105) with concomitant local recurrence and distant metastases, and 26% (27/105) with distant metastases alone. Ninety-two percent of local recurrences developed in structures contiguous to the operative area of the incision. The degree of tumor anaplasia and depth of tumor penetration into the bowel wall influenced the rate of local recurrence. Through 5 years, local recurrence without clinical evidence of distant metastases was the most common cause of death. Plans for adjuvant radiation therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Patterns of recurrence following surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Two hundred and eighty patients with previously untreated large bowel adenocarcinoma were retrospectively evaluated following complete primary resection to determine patterns of recurrence. One hundred and five patients (37%) subsequently developed recurrent disease. Sixty percent (63/105) presented with local recurrence alone, 14% (15/105) with concomitant local recurrence and distant metastases, and 26% (27/105) with distant metastases alone. Ninety-two percent of local recurrences developed in structures contiguous to the operative area of the incision. The degree of tumor anaplasia and depth of tumor penetration into the bowel wall influenced the rate of local recurrence. Through 5 years, local recurrence without clinical evidence of distant metastases was the most common cause of death. Plans for adjuvant radiation therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949707", "title": "Preoperative radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid.", "content": "Ninety-seven patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid have been treated with high dose (5000-6000 rad) preoperative irradiation from 1960 through 1972 at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. Fifty-seven were initially clinically resectable and 40 were initially inoperable. Forty of the 57 initially clinically resectable patients had \"curative\" resections and are at risk for more than 5 years. An increase in 5-year survival (from 38% to 53%) and an absence of pelvic recurrence have occurred in those patients receiving preoperative irradiation and \"curative\" resection. Four of the 40 initially inoperable patients are alive without tumor. Three of the four survivors had irradiation and surgery; one had irradiation only. An additional four patients had no evidence of tumor at death. Tumor was totally sterilized by irradiation and nine patients and reduced to microfocal extent in an additional three of the 97 patients. Incidence of complications was no greater than has been reported in a surgical series from the same institution.", "contents": "Preoperative radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid. Ninety-seven patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid have been treated with high dose (5000-6000 rad) preoperative irradiation from 1960 through 1972 at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. Fifty-seven were initially clinically resectable and 40 were initially inoperable. Forty of the 57 initially clinically resectable patients had \"curative\" resections and are at risk for more than 5 years. An increase in 5-year survival (from 38% to 53%) and an absence of pelvic recurrence have occurred in those patients receiving preoperative irradiation and \"curative\" resection. Four of the 40 initially inoperable patients are alive without tumor. Three of the four survivors had irradiation and surgery; one had irradiation only. An additional four patients had no evidence of tumor at death. Tumor was totally sterilized by irradiation and nine patients and reduced to microfocal extent in an additional three of the 97 patients. Incidence of complications was no greater than has been reported in a surgical series from the same institution."}
{"id": "PMID:949708", "title": "The long-term effect of radiotherapy on the immune status of patients cured of a gynecologic malignancy.", "content": "The long-term effect of radiotherapy on the immune system were evaluated in 52 patients cured for a gynecologic malignancy from 3 to 15 years. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had no depression in cell-mediated immunity as determined by delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNCB. The absolute lymphocyte count, as well as the circulating immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), were within the normal range. Thus, there were no significant changes in cell-mediated immunity and circulating immunoglobulins several years after radical wide-field radiotherapy.", "contents": "The long-term effect of radiotherapy on the immune status of patients cured of a gynecologic malignancy. The long-term effect of radiotherapy on the immune system were evaluated in 52 patients cured for a gynecologic malignancy from 3 to 15 years. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had no depression in cell-mediated immunity as determined by delayed hypersensitivity reaction to DNCB. The absolute lymphocyte count, as well as the circulating immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), were within the normal range. Thus, there were no significant changes in cell-mediated immunity and circulating immunoglobulins several years after radical wide-field radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:949709", "title": "Soldiers of Saint Agatha: some campaigns against breast cancer. Fourth Wendell G. Scott Memorial Lecture. March 10, 1976.", "content": "There have been real and heartening advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during the past 20 years. A greater proportion of women with breast cancer can now be detected before cancer has metastasized. Some patients with breast cancer can now be cured by systemic chemotherapy. Much of the problem still remains to be researched, but the control of breast cancer can be realistically predicted.", "contents": "Soldiers of Saint Agatha: some campaigns against breast cancer. Fourth Wendell G. Scott Memorial Lecture. March 10, 1976. There have been real and heartening advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer during the past 20 years. A greater proportion of women with breast cancer can now be detected before cancer has metastasized. Some patients with breast cancer can now be cured by systemic chemotherapy. Much of the problem still remains to be researched, but the control of breast cancer can be realistically predicted."}
{"id": "PMID:949710", "title": "Breast adenomas.", "content": "True adenomas of the breast are cellular epithelial lesions, which may be confused with carcinoma and are difficult to classify. We have reviewed 28 adenomas of the breast and have developed specific diagnostic criteria, as well as a classification of breast adenomas based on histologic features. Electron microscopic studies confirm that adenomas have ultrastructural features similar to normal breast epithelium and are not variants of fibroadenomas. The association between lactating adenomas and pregnancy has been confirmed; however, clinicopathologic correlation does not suggest a relationship between adenomas and oral hormonal medication. Although adenomas are benign, this study includes the third reported case of an infiltrating carcinoma associated with a lactating adenoma.", "contents": "Breast adenomas. True adenomas of the breast are cellular epithelial lesions, which may be confused with carcinoma and are difficult to classify. We have reviewed 28 adenomas of the breast and have developed specific diagnostic criteria, as well as a classification of breast adenomas based on histologic features. Electron microscopic studies confirm that adenomas have ultrastructural features similar to normal breast epithelium and are not variants of fibroadenomas. The association between lactating adenomas and pregnancy has been confirmed; however, clinicopathologic correlation does not suggest a relationship between adenomas and oral hormonal medication. Although adenomas are benign, this study includes the third reported case of an infiltrating carcinoma associated with a lactating adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:949711", "title": "Meningeal carcinomatosis.", "content": "An anatomopathologic study of 18 cases of pure meningeal carcinomatosis is presented. In five of these cases, the brain, spinal cord, choroid plexuses, cerebral vessels, and prevertebral soft tissues, including the lumbosacral nerve plexuses and ganglia, were examined microscopically in an attmept to determine the routes of tumor spread. Our results suggest that the malignant cells reach the cerebrospinal leptomeninges via perineural, endoneural, and perivascular lymphatics and sheaths through the intervertebral and possibly cranial foramina. Involvement of the choroid plexuses appears to be secondary to, rather than the avenue for, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, with the tumor cells reaching the choroid plexuses via the perivascular sheaths of choroidal vessels. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis was the only manifestation of metastatic spread beyond regional lymph nodes in about 40% of all reported cases in which this information is available. This implies that radiation or other forms of local therapy to the cerebrospinal leptomeninges may provide an effective means of palliation in many of these cases.", "contents": "Meningeal carcinomatosis. An anatomopathologic study of 18 cases of pure meningeal carcinomatosis is presented. In five of these cases, the brain, spinal cord, choroid plexuses, cerebral vessels, and prevertebral soft tissues, including the lumbosacral nerve plexuses and ganglia, were examined microscopically in an attmept to determine the routes of tumor spread. Our results suggest that the malignant cells reach the cerebrospinal leptomeninges via perineural, endoneural, and perivascular lymphatics and sheaths through the intervertebral and possibly cranial foramina. Involvement of the choroid plexuses appears to be secondary to, rather than the avenue for, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, with the tumor cells reaching the choroid plexuses via the perivascular sheaths of choroidal vessels. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis was the only manifestation of metastatic spread beyond regional lymph nodes in about 40% of all reported cases in which this information is available. This implies that radiation or other forms of local therapy to the cerebrospinal leptomeninges may provide an effective means of palliation in many of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:949712", "title": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. VI. Fibrous tissue tumors (fibroma, fibromatosis, fibrosarcoma).", "content": "In a study of 256 nonepithelial neoplasms involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 23 lesions were classified as fibrous tissue tumors, including four cases of \"fibroma\", six of fibromatosis, and thirteen of fibrosarcoma. The clinical findings associated with these lesions are described, their histologic features illustrated, results of therapy presented and clinicopathologic correlations made. The \"fibromas\" presented a small localized nodules. None recurred after local excision. Fibromatosis, a locally aggressive tumor, does not metastasize, but may cause considerable morbidity or even death due to local infiltration which may be difficult to control surgically. Fibrosarcoma may cause death either by local infiltration or by metastasis, but has a better prognosis than most other sarcomas of this region. We recommend that a large en block resection be performed initially for fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma growing in this area, after the diagnosis has been made by biopsy. In this series, including patients who had more than one operation, recurrent tumor was seen following 10 of 12 limited local excisions performed for fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma, but in only one of 13 patients after a large bloc resection. The problems involved in histologically differentiating fibrous tissue tumors from other lesions are discussed. A patient with the rare syndrome of multicentric fibromatosis with spontaneous regression of lesions is presented.", "contents": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. VI. Fibrous tissue tumors (fibroma, fibromatosis, fibrosarcoma). In a study of 256 nonepithelial neoplasms involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, 23 lesions were classified as fibrous tissue tumors, including four cases of \"fibroma\", six of fibromatosis, and thirteen of fibrosarcoma. The clinical findings associated with these lesions are described, their histologic features illustrated, results of therapy presented and clinicopathologic correlations made. The \"fibromas\" presented a small localized nodules. None recurred after local excision. Fibromatosis, a locally aggressive tumor, does not metastasize, but may cause considerable morbidity or even death due to local infiltration which may be difficult to control surgically. Fibrosarcoma may cause death either by local infiltration or by metastasis, but has a better prognosis than most other sarcomas of this region. We recommend that a large en block resection be performed initially for fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma growing in this area, after the diagnosis has been made by biopsy. In this series, including patients who had more than one operation, recurrent tumor was seen following 10 of 12 limited local excisions performed for fibromatosis and fibrosarcoma, but in only one of 13 patients after a large bloc resection. The problems involved in histologically differentiating fibrous tissue tumors from other lesions are discussed. A patient with the rare syndrome of multicentric fibromatosis with spontaneous regression of lesions is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:949713", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel in association with regional enteritis. Four new cases.", "content": "Four cases of carcinoma of the small bowel following chronic regional enteritis are presented. Search of the medical literature revealed 31 other cases reported up to the present. We must entertain the possibility that chronic regional enteritis may predispose to the development of cancer of the small bowel.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel in association with regional enteritis. Four new cases. Four cases of carcinoma of the small bowel following chronic regional enteritis are presented. Search of the medical literature revealed 31 other cases reported up to the present. We must entertain the possibility that chronic regional enteritis may predispose to the development of cancer of the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:949714", "title": "Carcinoma of the small bowel. A complication of regional enteritis.", "content": "The 35th and 36th cases of adenocarcinoma arising in small bowel affected with regional enteritis are presented. The pathology of all reported cases is reviewed. An association between regional enteritis and carcinoma of the small bowel is suggested.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the small bowel. A complication of regional enteritis. The 35th and 36th cases of adenocarcinoma arising in small bowel affected with regional enteritis are presented. The pathology of all reported cases is reviewed. An association between regional enteritis and carcinoma of the small bowel is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:949715", "title": "Subsite mapping of enzymes: collecting and processing experimental data--a case study of an amylase-malto-oligosaccharide system.", "content": "Two research groups have independently developed the theory and experimental methodology for quantitatively assessing substrate monomer-subsite binding-energies for depolymerases. When the two approaches are applied to the same enzyme-substrate system they yield surprisingly divergent results. This paper outlines the application of the two approaches to an amylase-maltooligosaccharide system and points out the more important areas of disagreement. We show that by proper data-management, the conflicts between the tow laboratories are basically resolved. The complexities of the subsite model demand extensive data-gathering and exacting data-processing and verification that the computed model-parameters can faithfully reproduce the experimental data.", "contents": "Subsite mapping of enzymes: collecting and processing experimental data--a case study of an amylase-malto-oligosaccharide system. Two research groups have independently developed the theory and experimental methodology for quantitatively assessing substrate monomer-subsite binding-energies for depolymerases. When the two approaches are applied to the same enzyme-substrate system they yield surprisingly divergent results. This paper outlines the application of the two approaches to an amylase-maltooligosaccharide system and points out the more important areas of disagreement. We show that by proper data-management, the conflicts between the tow laboratories are basically resolved. The complexities of the subsite model demand extensive data-gathering and exacting data-processing and verification that the computed model-parameters can faithfully reproduce the experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:949716", "title": "Synthesis of beta-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glactopyranosides.", "content": "Reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide with p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside under the usual conditions, followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzylidene group and O-deacylation, gave crystalline p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside has also been accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence.", "contents": "Synthesis of beta-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glactopyranosides. Reaction of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl bromide with p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside under the usual conditions, followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzylidene group and O-deacylation, gave crystalline p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside has also been accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:949718", "title": "Alternation in mitral valve and septal movements in a patient with pulsus alternans.", "content": "In a patient with recent aortic valve replacement, echocardiography, phonocardiography, and external pulse recordings were employed to evaluate a prolonged period of pulsus alternans. Alternation in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, systolic diameter shortening, diastolic ventricular filling, systolic ejection time and diastolic period (A2Q) were seen. In addition, two features were noted which have not been previously reported: (1) Alternation in the timing of mitral valve motion, such that prior to the weak beats, closure of the mitral valve did not occur until 40-70 msec. after the onset of the Q-wave on the ECG. Before the strong beats, however, mitral closure coincided approximately with the Q-wave. (2) Alternation of the movement of the interventricular septum with abnormal or paradoxical movement during weak beats and normal movement during the strong beats. The first observation lends credence to the theory that stretch-tension relationships are important in the maintenance of pulsus alternans in some patients. The paradoxical septal motion during the weak beats may be due either to a discordant right and left ventricular alternans or alternate contractile defection of the septum.", "contents": "Alternation in mitral valve and septal movements in a patient with pulsus alternans. In a patient with recent aortic valve replacement, echocardiography, phonocardiography, and external pulse recordings were employed to evaluate a prolonged period of pulsus alternans. Alternation in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, systolic diameter shortening, diastolic ventricular filling, systolic ejection time and diastolic period (A2Q) were seen. In addition, two features were noted which have not been previously reported: (1) Alternation in the timing of mitral valve motion, such that prior to the weak beats, closure of the mitral valve did not occur until 40-70 msec. after the onset of the Q-wave on the ECG. Before the strong beats, however, mitral closure coincided approximately with the Q-wave. (2) Alternation of the movement of the interventricular septum with abnormal or paradoxical movement during weak beats and normal movement during the strong beats. The first observation lends credence to the theory that stretch-tension relationships are important in the maintenance of pulsus alternans in some patients. The paradoxical septal motion during the weak beats may be due either to a discordant right and left ventricular alternans or alternate contractile defection of the septum."}
{"id": "PMID:949719", "title": "Pulmonary vascular complications in narcotic addicts.", "content": "Perfusion deficits on lung scanning in narcotic addicts are frequently demonstrable. To determine the angiographic and hemodynamic correlates of these deficits, right heart catheterization with selective pulmonary angiography was carried out in 7 addicts with abnormal lung scans, and one with normal scan. Four had angiographic abnormalities corresponding to the regions of perfusion defects on lung scan. These consisted of large vessel cut-offs, intraluminal filling defects and/or considerably reduced vascularity. Three subjects had normal angiograms in the presence of abnormal perfusion scans. One subject had normal angiogram and scan. All eight patients had normal pulmonary artery pressures and calculated pulmonary vascular resistances. This study demonstrates that (1) angiographic abnormalities in larger pulmonary arteries may be found in narcotic addicts with perfusion defects on lung scanning, and (2) these findings may be present without significant hemodynamic alterations.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular complications in narcotic addicts. Perfusion deficits on lung scanning in narcotic addicts are frequently demonstrable. To determine the angiographic and hemodynamic correlates of these deficits, right heart catheterization with selective pulmonary angiography was carried out in 7 addicts with abnormal lung scans, and one with normal scan. Four had angiographic abnormalities corresponding to the regions of perfusion defects on lung scan. These consisted of large vessel cut-offs, intraluminal filling defects and/or considerably reduced vascularity. Three subjects had normal angiograms in the presence of abnormal perfusion scans. One subject had normal angiogram and scan. All eight patients had normal pulmonary artery pressures and calculated pulmonary vascular resistances. This study demonstrates that (1) angiographic abnormalities in larger pulmonary arteries may be found in narcotic addicts with perfusion defects on lung scanning, and (2) these findings may be present without significant hemodynamic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:949725", "title": "Interaction of rabbit sperm and egg. Examination of the same cryofractured specimens with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a \"typical\" homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization.", "contents": "Interaction of rabbit sperm and egg. Examination of the same cryofractured specimens with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Rabbit ova fertilized in vitro were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing and critical-point drying methods and were also embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of a region of interaction between sperm and zona pellucida with scanning electron microscopy reveals the latter to be composed of a complex network of fibers interspersed with numerous pores. Transmission electron microscopy of the same region reveals a \"typical\" homogeneous composition of the zona pellucida. Ultrastructural observations of thin sections passing through the region of sperm-egg interactions or through other regions of the ovum or its investments reveals very little methodological distortion of the various intracellular organelles or matrix. Application of the procedures described provides not only an elucidation of surface detail but also reveals intracellular cytoplasmic information about the same specimen during in vitro fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:949727", "title": "Differential survival of isolated portions of crayfish axons.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies show that transplanted segments of sensory axons of varying lengths degenerate within 7-14 days whereas transplanted segments of crustacean motor axons survive morphologically intact for 20-30 days. The middle portion of an isolated motor axon segment degenerates less rapidly than portions of the same axon located nearer the periphery or nearer the ventral nerve cord. One week after transplantation, glial cells appear to phagocytize sensory axons whereas glial cells around motor axons appear to hypertrophy and to have more rough endoplasmic reticulum. After three weeks, motor axons also appear to be phagocytized by glial cells. These data suggest that the glia surrounding isolated motor axons can change from a supportive to a destructive function, whereas glial cells surrounding severed sensory axons primarily have a destructive function. These and other data also indicate that crustacean motor axons receive significant trophic inputs from their own perikaryon, from post-synaptic contacts, and from adjacent glial cells. The possibility that adjacent healthy cells may supply metabolically deficient cells with needed substances could be a significant adaptive advantage for the evolution of multicellular organisms.", "contents": "Differential survival of isolated portions of crayfish axons. Electron microscopic studies show that transplanted segments of sensory axons of varying lengths degenerate within 7-14 days whereas transplanted segments of crustacean motor axons survive morphologically intact for 20-30 days. The middle portion of an isolated motor axon segment degenerates less rapidly than portions of the same axon located nearer the periphery or nearer the ventral nerve cord. One week after transplantation, glial cells appear to phagocytize sensory axons whereas glial cells around motor axons appear to hypertrophy and to have more rough endoplasmic reticulum. After three weeks, motor axons also appear to be phagocytized by glial cells. These data suggest that the glia surrounding isolated motor axons can change from a supportive to a destructive function, whereas glial cells surrounding severed sensory axons primarily have a destructive function. These and other data also indicate that crustacean motor axons receive significant trophic inputs from their own perikaryon, from post-synaptic contacts, and from adjacent glial cells. The possibility that adjacent healthy cells may supply metabolically deficient cells with needed substances could be a significant adaptive advantage for the evolution of multicellular organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:949726", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the submandibular gland of adult mice by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the submandibular gland of adult male mice by a direct immunocytochemical method using highly purified antibodies against NGF coupled to horseradish peroxidase. In light microscopic sections the reaction product was entirely confined to the cells of the secretory tubules. The acinar part of the gland was free of reaction product. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. Within the cells NGF was localized exclusively in the apical secretory granules. No reaction was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi region or in the granules of the basal part of the cells. This observation favours the assumption that NGF is derived from a precursor molecule and that the precursor is transformed into immunologically active NGF within the secretory granules during their transport from the basal to the apical part of the tubular cells. Stimulation of the submandibular gland with carbachol (2 mg/kg) led to a massive release of the content of the secretory granules, including NGF, into the salivary duct.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the submandibular gland of adult mice by light and electron microscopy. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the submandibular gland of adult male mice by a direct immunocytochemical method using highly purified antibodies against NGF coupled to horseradish peroxidase. In light microscopic sections the reaction product was entirely confined to the cells of the secretory tubules. The acinar part of the gland was free of reaction product. This finding was confirmed by electron microscopy. Within the cells NGF was localized exclusively in the apical secretory granules. No reaction was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi region or in the granules of the basal part of the cells. This observation favours the assumption that NGF is derived from a precursor molecule and that the precursor is transformed into immunologically active NGF within the secretory granules during their transport from the basal to the apical part of the tubular cells. Stimulation of the submandibular gland with carbachol (2 mg/kg) led to a massive release of the content of the secretory granules, including NGF, into the salivary duct."}
{"id": "PMID:949728", "title": "The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus.", "content": "The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl. In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum. The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.", "contents": "The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus. The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl. In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum. The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette."}
{"id": "PMID:949729", "title": "The glial cells of the cerebral ganglia of Helix pomatia L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). II. Uptake of ferritin and 3H-glutamate.", "content": "1. With Helix pomatia intracerebral injections of ferritin were carried out (maximal incubation time: 45 min). First, the marker spreads with time via the enxtracellular space throughout the cerebral ganglia and, secondly, is transported out of the ganglia. Electron microscopical studies showed that all glial cell types take up great amounts of ferritin by endocytosis. The plasmatic glial cells at the periphery incorporate more of the marker than the filamentous glial cells in the centre. No uptake of ferritin by neurons or axons was observed. In vitro studies proved that ferritin can penetrate from the connective tissue capsule into the ganglia only after disruption of the neural lamella and damaging of the peripheral glial processes. 2. 3H-glutamate, a putative transmitter of the CNS of Helix pomatia, was injected into the hemocoel of active snails (incubation times: 15 min, 1h, 6h, 3d). Light microscopical evaluation of radioautographs showed that great quantities of the tracer penetrate into the ganglia. The bulk of it is taken up by glial cells, whereas the neurons exhibit only small amounts of the tracer. The studies with ferritin as well as those with 3H-glutamate indicate that the glial cells of the cerebral ganglia of Helix pomatia act as a \"hemolymph-neuron barrier\". A dominant role of the plasmatic glial cells according to these processes is discussed.", "contents": "The glial cells of the cerebral ganglia of Helix pomatia L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). II. Uptake of ferritin and 3H-glutamate. 1. With Helix pomatia intracerebral injections of ferritin were carried out (maximal incubation time: 45 min). First, the marker spreads with time via the enxtracellular space throughout the cerebral ganglia and, secondly, is transported out of the ganglia. Electron microscopical studies showed that all glial cell types take up great amounts of ferritin by endocytosis. The plasmatic glial cells at the periphery incorporate more of the marker than the filamentous glial cells in the centre. No uptake of ferritin by neurons or axons was observed. In vitro studies proved that ferritin can penetrate from the connective tissue capsule into the ganglia only after disruption of the neural lamella and damaging of the peripheral glial processes. 2. 3H-glutamate, a putative transmitter of the CNS of Helix pomatia, was injected into the hemocoel of active snails (incubation times: 15 min, 1h, 6h, 3d). Light microscopical evaluation of radioautographs showed that great quantities of the tracer penetrate into the ganglia. The bulk of it is taken up by glial cells, whereas the neurons exhibit only small amounts of the tracer. The studies with ferritin as well as those with 3H-glutamate indicate that the glial cells of the cerebral ganglia of Helix pomatia act as a \"hemolymph-neuron barrier\". A dominant role of the plasmatic glial cells according to these processes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949730", "title": "Ultrastructure of the salivary bladder of the nine-banded armadillo.", "content": "The nine-banded armadillo possesses a salivary bladder which is a dilated portion of the main duct of the submandibular gland at its origin. The wall of the bladder is composed of an epithelium, a submucosa and a thick coat of skeletal muscle. The ultrastructure of the epithelium reveals that it is complex and consists of three cell types: 1) principal cells, 2) light cells, and 3) basal cells. The general organization of the epithelium suggests that it is a transporting type of epithelium such as that found in the amphibian and reptilian and reptilian urinary bladders and the mammalian gall bladder. The submucosa is composed primarily of densely-packed collagen fibers. The skeletal muscle is very vascular and richly innervated.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the salivary bladder of the nine-banded armadillo. The nine-banded armadillo possesses a salivary bladder which is a dilated portion of the main duct of the submandibular gland at its origin. The wall of the bladder is composed of an epithelium, a submucosa and a thick coat of skeletal muscle. The ultrastructure of the epithelium reveals that it is complex and consists of three cell types: 1) principal cells, 2) light cells, and 3) basal cells. The general organization of the epithelium suggests that it is a transporting type of epithelium such as that found in the amphibian and reptilian and reptilian urinary bladders and the mammalian gall bladder. The submucosa is composed primarily of densely-packed collagen fibers. The skeletal muscle is very vascular and richly innervated."}
{"id": "PMID:949731", "title": "Innervation of the synovial membrane of the cats joint capsule.", "content": "Results of investigations on the occurrence of nerve fibres and endings in the synovial membrane of the knee and elbow joint in the cat are reported. The stratum synoviale contains only autonomic fibres, running in the adventitia of arteries. Free nerve endings are lacking in the stratum synoviale. Simple Pacinian corpuscles with an inner core are occasionally observed in the border zone between the stratum synoviale and fibrosum. The ultrastructure of these endorgans resembles that of Pacinian corpuscles in the hairless and hairy skin of the cat.", "contents": "Innervation of the synovial membrane of the cats joint capsule. Results of investigations on the occurrence of nerve fibres and endings in the synovial membrane of the knee and elbow joint in the cat are reported. The stratum synoviale contains only autonomic fibres, running in the adventitia of arteries. Free nerve endings are lacking in the stratum synoviale. Simple Pacinian corpuscles with an inner core are occasionally observed in the border zone between the stratum synoviale and fibrosum. The ultrastructure of these endorgans resembles that of Pacinian corpuscles in the hairless and hairy skin of the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:949732", "title": "Morphology, morphometry and electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with bovine Mycoplasma.", "content": "The host-parasite relationship of HeLa M cells artificially infected with a bovine species of Mycoplasma was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The use of morphometry to quantitate some of the findings was explored. The parasites were seen in locations extracellular to the cell surface. The detection of small numbers of organisms by light microscopy was well demonstrated by use of the flurescent antibody technique. Scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent method for revealing the surface details of cell-parasite morphology. Ultra-thin sections showed that the parasites are aligned mostly parallel to the plasma membrane of the host cell but separated by a gap of 10nm. Morphometry indicated an average of 69 organisms per cell surface occupying 1.7% of the surface area. An increase of 26% in diameter of the HeLa cells, possibly as a result of infection, was observed.", "contents": "Morphology, morphometry and electron microscopy of HeLa cells infected with bovine Mycoplasma. The host-parasite relationship of HeLa M cells artificially infected with a bovine species of Mycoplasma was studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The use of morphometry to quantitate some of the findings was explored. The parasites were seen in locations extracellular to the cell surface. The detection of small numbers of organisms by light microscopy was well demonstrated by use of the flurescent antibody technique. Scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent method for revealing the surface details of cell-parasite morphology. Ultra-thin sections showed that the parasites are aligned mostly parallel to the plasma membrane of the host cell but separated by a gap of 10nm. Morphometry indicated an average of 69 organisms per cell surface occupying 1.7% of the surface area. An increase of 26% in diameter of the HeLa cells, possibly as a result of infection, was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:949733", "title": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system in Acipenseridae. V. Ecological-histophysiological analysis of the neurohypophysis of the female sturgeon Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti Brandt during up-stream migration and after spawning.", "content": "Neurohypophyses from sexually mature female sturgeons, Acipenser guldenstadti Brandt, killed before, soon after spawning, and during down-stream migration were studied light and electron microscopically. Ovaries were examined only under a light microscope. A large amount of neurosecretory material (3.5-4.5 arbitrary units) is found in the neurohypophysial \"roots\" during up-stream migration to spawning grounds. Neurosecretory fibres and their terminals are replete with elementary neurosecretory granules. Side by side with the latter some terminals contain single residual granules and few \"synaptic\" vesicles. Soon after spawning the amount of neurosecretory material decreases markedly in most individuals (content up to 1-3 units), and elementary granules are few in the fibres and their terminals. The number of residual granules increases, and \"synaptic\" vesicles are especially numerous. Granulated, disintegrating neurosecretory granules and granule-shadows occur in the preterminal parts of the fibres. The number of pituicytes increases becuase some \"light\" tanycytes seem to migrate from the ependymal into the subependymal layer. The restoration of neurosecretory material (reaching again up to 3.5-4.5 units) occurs within a month after spawning. The number of elementary granules increases in fibres and terminals while that of residual granules and \"synaptic\" vesicles decreases. These changes in the neurohypophysis of females after spawning are due to discharge of great amounts of peptide neurohorsmones into the general circulation after spawning. Spawning is regarded as a \"physiological\" stress for these females.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system in Acipenseridae. V. Ecological-histophysiological analysis of the neurohypophysis of the female sturgeon Acipenser g\u00fcldenst\u00e4dti Brandt during up-stream migration and after spawning. Neurohypophyses from sexually mature female sturgeons, Acipenser guldenstadti Brandt, killed before, soon after spawning, and during down-stream migration were studied light and electron microscopically. Ovaries were examined only under a light microscope. A large amount of neurosecretory material (3.5-4.5 arbitrary units) is found in the neurohypophysial \"roots\" during up-stream migration to spawning grounds. Neurosecretory fibres and their terminals are replete with elementary neurosecretory granules. Side by side with the latter some terminals contain single residual granules and few \"synaptic\" vesicles. Soon after spawning the amount of neurosecretory material decreases markedly in most individuals (content up to 1-3 units), and elementary granules are few in the fibres and their terminals. The number of residual granules increases, and \"synaptic\" vesicles are especially numerous. Granulated, disintegrating neurosecretory granules and granule-shadows occur in the preterminal parts of the fibres. The number of pituicytes increases becuase some \"light\" tanycytes seem to migrate from the ependymal into the subependymal layer. The restoration of neurosecretory material (reaching again up to 3.5-4.5 units) occurs within a month after spawning. The number of elementary granules increases in fibres and terminals while that of residual granules and \"synaptic\" vesicles decreases. These changes in the neurohypophysis of females after spawning are due to discharge of great amounts of peptide neurohorsmones into the general circulation after spawning. Spawning is regarded as a \"physiological\" stress for these females."}
{"id": "PMID:949734", "title": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system in acipenseridae. VI. The proximal neurosecretory contact region.", "content": "The proximal neurosecretory contact region (PCR) of Acipenseridae, a homologue of the tetrapod median eminence, has been studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. It occupies the rostral and chiefly the ventral surfaces of the hypothalamic tuber cinereum. PAF-positive fibres occur in the zone of the preoptico-hypophysial tract but their terminal enlargements are concentrated mainly in the external zone. They make contact with the primary portal capillaries situated in the pia mater. Monoaminergic fibres and terminals with an intense green fluorescence are localized in the same regions. The fibres of some bipolar monoaminergic neurons of the PCR make contact both with the third ventricle and the primary portal capillaries. Three types of granule-containing neurosecretory fibres and terminals have been recognized in the PCR. Fibres of types A1 (d = 120-300 nm) and A2 (D = 100-170 nm) are peptidergic PAR-positive, although some fibres, including some of type A1, belong possibly to PAF-negative type. Monoaminergic type B fibres have granules 80-100 nm in diameter. Neurosecretory terminals and vascular \"endfeet\" of tanycytes make contact with the 70 nm thick outer basement membrane of the primary portal capillaries. Several laminae of thin horizontally oriented tanycyte processes form a boundary between the external zone and the preoptico-hypophysial tract. Few neuroglial cells with pale cytoplasm, numerous lysosomes and lipofuscin granules are seen in this region. It is hypothesized that, as in other vertebrates both peptide hypophysiotropic neurohormones and monoamines are discarged from the PCR into the portal circulation and affect the activity of the glandular cells of the pars distalis.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-hypophysial system in acipenseridae. VI. The proximal neurosecretory contact region. The proximal neurosecretory contact region (PCR) of Acipenseridae, a homologue of the tetrapod median eminence, has been studied by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. It occupies the rostral and chiefly the ventral surfaces of the hypothalamic tuber cinereum. PAF-positive fibres occur in the zone of the preoptico-hypophysial tract but their terminal enlargements are concentrated mainly in the external zone. They make contact with the primary portal capillaries situated in the pia mater. Monoaminergic fibres and terminals with an intense green fluorescence are localized in the same regions. The fibres of some bipolar monoaminergic neurons of the PCR make contact both with the third ventricle and the primary portal capillaries. Three types of granule-containing neurosecretory fibres and terminals have been recognized in the PCR. Fibres of types A1 (d = 120-300 nm) and A2 (D = 100-170 nm) are peptidergic PAR-positive, although some fibres, including some of type A1, belong possibly to PAF-negative type. Monoaminergic type B fibres have granules 80-100 nm in diameter. Neurosecretory terminals and vascular \"endfeet\" of tanycytes make contact with the 70 nm thick outer basement membrane of the primary portal capillaries. Several laminae of thin horizontally oriented tanycyte processes form a boundary between the external zone and the preoptico-hypophysial tract. Few neuroglial cells with pale cytoplasm, numerous lysosomes and lipofuscin granules are seen in this region. It is hypothesized that, as in other vertebrates both peptide hypophysiotropic neurohormones and monoamines are discarged from the PCR into the portal circulation and affect the activity of the glandular cells of the pars distalis."}
{"id": "PMID:949735", "title": "The large pigment cell of the compound eye of the house fly Musca domestica. Fine structure and cytoarchitectural associations.", "content": "The fine structure and cellular associations of the large pigment cells (LPC's) of the compound eye of the house fly were studied with high voltage and conventional electron microscopy. Depending on the sector of the compound eye, the facets are either rectangular or hexagonal. The underside of each facet has indentations exactly aligned with those on top into which inserts an angulated sleeve of LPC's. Under the rectangular lens facet 6 or 8 small compact (in cross section) LPC's join four elongate LPC's. Clusters of compact cells alternate in this ring with elongate ones. Compact cells compress together and become quadrangular (in cross section) several microns below their insertion into the lens and form \"building block\" corners while elongate cells form \"side rails\" for the rectangular type of distal pseudocone enclosure. Beneath hexagonal facets all LPC's are rather elongate with out corner cells. In both facet types LPC's enclose the pseudocone for a longitudinal distance of 4 mum and then are displaced as bordering cells by a sleeve of two corneal pigment cells (CPC's), each of which encloses half of the proximal pseudocone. For the following 6 mum of longitudinal distance these concentric sleeves of CPC's and LPC's form a double layer around the pseudocone. At about 10 mum below lens base the two sleeves separate; LPC's become attenuated and extend cable-like to the basement membrane and CPC's enclose the proximal pseudocone, Semper cells and distal retinula. The junction between lens and LPC's has critical structural value in that (1) this is the sole anchorage to the lens by the lengthy remainder of the ommatidium, and (2) LPC's enclose the semiliquid pseudocone in the most distal portion of the pseudocone. In addition to vertical support, the LPC's send out numerous lateral processes that make structural contact among themselves, with the corneal pigment cells and the photoreceptor cells. The structural features of this array are discussed relative to possible physiological roles.", "contents": "The large pigment cell of the compound eye of the house fly Musca domestica. Fine structure and cytoarchitectural associations. The fine structure and cellular associations of the large pigment cells (LPC's) of the compound eye of the house fly were studied with high voltage and conventional electron microscopy. Depending on the sector of the compound eye, the facets are either rectangular or hexagonal. The underside of each facet has indentations exactly aligned with those on top into which inserts an angulated sleeve of LPC's. Under the rectangular lens facet 6 or 8 small compact (in cross section) LPC's join four elongate LPC's. Clusters of compact cells alternate in this ring with elongate ones. Compact cells compress together and become quadrangular (in cross section) several microns below their insertion into the lens and form \"building block\" corners while elongate cells form \"side rails\" for the rectangular type of distal pseudocone enclosure. Beneath hexagonal facets all LPC's are rather elongate with out corner cells. In both facet types LPC's enclose the pseudocone for a longitudinal distance of 4 mum and then are displaced as bordering cells by a sleeve of two corneal pigment cells (CPC's), each of which encloses half of the proximal pseudocone. For the following 6 mum of longitudinal distance these concentric sleeves of CPC's and LPC's form a double layer around the pseudocone. At about 10 mum below lens base the two sleeves separate; LPC's become attenuated and extend cable-like to the basement membrane and CPC's enclose the proximal pseudocone, Semper cells and distal retinula. The junction between lens and LPC's has critical structural value in that (1) this is the sole anchorage to the lens by the lengthy remainder of the ommatidium, and (2) LPC's enclose the semiliquid pseudocone in the most distal portion of the pseudocone. In addition to vertical support, the LPC's send out numerous lateral processes that make structural contact among themselves, with the corneal pigment cells and the photoreceptor cells. The structural features of this array are discussed relative to possible physiological roles."}
{"id": "PMID:949736", "title": "Multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae in \"C\" cells.", "content": "Multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae were found in \"C\" cells of the adult rat, at interphase. They are considered to be normal constituents of \"C\" cells. Their morphological relation to rough endoplasmic reticulum and their close proximity to mitochondria, Golgi dictyosomes and secretory granules suggest that they may have a role in the secretory activity of this endocrine cells.", "contents": "Multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae in \"C\" cells. Multiple rough endoplasmic cisternae were found in \"C\" cells of the adult rat, at interphase. They are considered to be normal constituents of \"C\" cells. Their morphological relation to rough endoplasmic reticulum and their close proximity to mitochondria, Golgi dictyosomes and secretory granules suggest that they may have a role in the secretory activity of this endocrine cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949737", "title": "Fine structure of baroreceptor terminals in the carotid sinus of guinea pigs and mice.", "content": "A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken on the baroreceptor axon terminals in the carotid sinus of guinea pigs and mice, using serial semithin and thin sections. Together with their enveloping Schwann cells, numerous lanceolate axon terminals are organized into a well-defined discoid end organ, referred to as the 'baroreceptor unit'. Baroreceptor units measure 100 to 150 mum in diameter and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. These end organs represent free branched lanceolate mechanoreceptors of complex type (Andres and von D\u00fcring, 1973) which belong to the main group of stretch receptors. In the guinea pig the lanceolate terminals enter the media and approach the innermost layers near the intima. In the mouse the terminals are seen to spread in the adventitia and along the medio-adventitial border. Only a few of them penetrate the external elastic layer. Species differences concerning the localization and extent of these visceral mechanoreceptors are discussed, as well as the modified architecture of the sinus wall in the receptor area ('elastic segment'). Lanceolate terminals form beaded varicosities which are equipped with finger-like or lamellar exoplasmic protrusions. These projections contain a well-differentiated receptor matrix. They are attached to collagen and elastic fibers. The varicosities include densely packed mitochondria, neurotubules, profiles of axoplasmic reticulum, clear and granular vesicles, and striking accumulations of glycogen particles, lamellated bodies and lysosomes. Four types of varicosities are discerned according to their main axoplasmic components. Various types of these varicosities occur within an individual lanceolate terminal.", "contents": "Fine structure of baroreceptor terminals in the carotid sinus of guinea pigs and mice. A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken on the baroreceptor axon terminals in the carotid sinus of guinea pigs and mice, using serial semithin and thin sections. Together with their enveloping Schwann cells, numerous lanceolate axon terminals are organized into a well-defined discoid end organ, referred to as the 'baroreceptor unit'. Baroreceptor units measure 100 to 150 mum in diameter and are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. These end organs represent free branched lanceolate mechanoreceptors of complex type (Andres and von D\u00fcring, 1973) which belong to the main group of stretch receptors. In the guinea pig the lanceolate terminals enter the media and approach the innermost layers near the intima. In the mouse the terminals are seen to spread in the adventitia and along the medio-adventitial border. Only a few of them penetrate the external elastic layer. Species differences concerning the localization and extent of these visceral mechanoreceptors are discussed, as well as the modified architecture of the sinus wall in the receptor area ('elastic segment'). Lanceolate terminals form beaded varicosities which are equipped with finger-like or lamellar exoplasmic protrusions. These projections contain a well-differentiated receptor matrix. They are attached to collagen and elastic fibers. The varicosities include densely packed mitochondria, neurotubules, profiles of axoplasmic reticulum, clear and granular vesicles, and striking accumulations of glycogen particles, lamellated bodies and lysosomes. Four types of varicosities are discerned according to their main axoplasmic components. Various types of these varicosities occur within an individual lanceolate terminal."}
{"id": "PMID:949738", "title": "Spontaneous heritable changes leading to increased adipose conversion in 3T3 cells.", "content": "When their growth is arrested in culture, susceptible 3T3 fibroblasts differentiate into adipose cells. Different clones form adipose cells with different frequency, depending upon the proportion of susceptible cells they contain. In cultures grown from small inocula, the fat cells appear in clusters formed by colonies of susceptible cells. Study of these clusters indicates the infrequent occurrence of cellular transitions from insusceptible to susceptible state. Beginning with a clone converting to adipose cells with a vary low frequency, it has been possible, by serial selection, to generate subclones which convert with a high frequency. This evolution is due to spontaneous heritable changes affecting susceptibility to the adipose conversion. Presumably, they involve the control of triglyceride synthesis. Early stages of the adipose conversion may be recognized in stained cultures. When triglyceride first begins to accumulate, the highly extended and flattened processes of the cells are probably similar to those of nonfatty cells in the same cultures. As the adipose conversion proceeds, the processes thicken and retract; the cells eventually acquire the rounded shape of the more mature adipose cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous heritable changes leading to increased adipose conversion in 3T3 cells. When their growth is arrested in culture, susceptible 3T3 fibroblasts differentiate into adipose cells. Different clones form adipose cells with different frequency, depending upon the proportion of susceptible cells they contain. In cultures grown from small inocula, the fat cells appear in clusters formed by colonies of susceptible cells. Study of these clusters indicates the infrequent occurrence of cellular transitions from insusceptible to susceptible state. Beginning with a clone converting to adipose cells with a vary low frequency, it has been possible, by serial selection, to generate subclones which convert with a high frequency. This evolution is due to spontaneous heritable changes affecting susceptibility to the adipose conversion. Presumably, they involve the control of triglyceride synthesis. Early stages of the adipose conversion may be recognized in stained cultures. When triglyceride first begins to accumulate, the highly extended and flattened processes of the cells are probably similar to those of nonfatty cells in the same cultures. As the adipose conversion proceeds, the processes thicken and retract; the cells eventually acquire the rounded shape of the more mature adipose cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949739", "title": "The regeneration and division of mouse L-cell karyoplasts.", "content": "A technique for efficient cytochalasin-induced enucleation was used to prepare \"karyoplasts\"--nuclei surrounded by a thin shell of cytoplasm and an outer cell membrane. Methods for estimating the quantity of cytoplasm remaining in karyoplasts indicated that they contained less than 10% of the amount found in whole cells. Procedures for separating karyoplasts from contaminating cytoplasmic fragments and whole cells are also described. Freshly prepared L-cell karyoplasts were unable to adhere to and spread upon a surface. However, after incubation for several days, about 30% of the karyoplasts regained these abilities to some degree. A portion of the regenerating karyoplasts were then observed to divide. These events were confirmed and recorded by time-lapse cinematography. In addition, by culturing karyoplasts under appropriate conditions, clones were isolated.", "contents": "The regeneration and division of mouse L-cell karyoplasts. A technique for efficient cytochalasin-induced enucleation was used to prepare \"karyoplasts\"--nuclei surrounded by a thin shell of cytoplasm and an outer cell membrane. Methods for estimating the quantity of cytoplasm remaining in karyoplasts indicated that they contained less than 10% of the amount found in whole cells. Procedures for separating karyoplasts from contaminating cytoplasmic fragments and whole cells are also described. Freshly prepared L-cell karyoplasts were unable to adhere to and spread upon a surface. However, after incubation for several days, about 30% of the karyoplasts regained these abilities to some degree. A portion of the regenerating karyoplasts were then observed to divide. These events were confirmed and recorded by time-lapse cinematography. In addition, by culturing karyoplasts under appropriate conditions, clones were isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:949740", "title": "Direct induction by estradiol on vitellogenin synthesis in organ cultures of male Xenopus laevis liver.", "content": "Organ cultures of liver from untreated male Xenopus respond to 17 beta-estradiol in the culture medium by synthesizing and secreting the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin. Vitellogenin synthesis, as a primary response, is first detectable on the fourth day of culture, and comprises up to 12% of the protein synthesized on the eighth day. Estradiol is required during the lag period of 4 days. Tissue from male Xenopus injected with 1 mg of estradiol 30 days before the start of culture responds more rapidly and to a greater extent to estradiol in the medium than tissue from uninjected males. During such a secondary response, vitellogenin is first detectable in the medium on the second day of culture, and becomes up to 24% of the protein synthesized on day 6. The rate of amino acid incorporation into total protein also increases in response to estradiol, but the rate of synthesis of albumin decreases rapidly in culture whether or not estradiol is present, in both the primary and secondary responses. A maximal response is seen with 10(-8) M estradiol. Progesterone, testosterone, dexamethasone, and insulin neither induce vitellogenin synthesis in culture nor modify the response to estradiol. DNA synthesis inhibitors do not prevent the response to estradiol in vitro, suggesting that cell division is not required for the initial response leading to vitellogenin synthesis.", "contents": "Direct induction by estradiol on vitellogenin synthesis in organ cultures of male Xenopus laevis liver. Organ cultures of liver from untreated male Xenopus respond to 17 beta-estradiol in the culture medium by synthesizing and secreting the yolk protein precursor vitellogenin. Vitellogenin synthesis, as a primary response, is first detectable on the fourth day of culture, and comprises up to 12% of the protein synthesized on the eighth day. Estradiol is required during the lag period of 4 days. Tissue from male Xenopus injected with 1 mg of estradiol 30 days before the start of culture responds more rapidly and to a greater extent to estradiol in the medium than tissue from uninjected males. During such a secondary response, vitellogenin is first detectable in the medium on the second day of culture, and becomes up to 24% of the protein synthesized on day 6. The rate of amino acid incorporation into total protein also increases in response to estradiol, but the rate of synthesis of albumin decreases rapidly in culture whether or not estradiol is present, in both the primary and secondary responses. A maximal response is seen with 10(-8) M estradiol. Progesterone, testosterone, dexamethasone, and insulin neither induce vitellogenin synthesis in culture nor modify the response to estradiol. DNA synthesis inhibitors do not prevent the response to estradiol in vitro, suggesting that cell division is not required for the initial response leading to vitellogenin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949741", "title": "Location and identification of the genes for adenovirus type 2 early polypeptides.", "content": "Virus-specific RNA was prepared from cells early after adenovirus type 2 infection and fractionated by hybridization to specific fragments of viral DNA. The viral mRNA was used to program cell-free protein synthesis, and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis. The genes for the early polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 44,000, 15,000, 72,000, 15,500, 19,000, and 11,000 daltons were located, respectively, between positions 0-4.1, 4.1-16.7, 58.5-70.7, 75.9-83.4, 89.7-98.6, and 89.7-98.6 of the conventional adenovirus DNA map. The polypeptide of molecular weight 72,000 daltons was shown to be the single-stranded DNA-binding protein described by others. RNAs from three different adeno-transformed cell lines each program the synthesis in vitro of predominantly the 15K polypeptide, as well as variable amounts of the polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 daltons. The genes for these two polypeptides are located in the portion of DNA known to be required for transformation of rodent cells by adenovirus.", "contents": "Location and identification of the genes for adenovirus type 2 early polypeptides. Virus-specific RNA was prepared from cells early after adenovirus type 2 infection and fractionated by hybridization to specific fragments of viral DNA. The viral mRNA was used to program cell-free protein synthesis, and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis. The genes for the early polypeptides of apparent molecular weight 44,000, 15,000, 72,000, 15,500, 19,000, and 11,000 daltons were located, respectively, between positions 0-4.1, 4.1-16.7, 58.5-70.7, 75.9-83.4, 89.7-98.6, and 89.7-98.6 of the conventional adenovirus DNA map. The polypeptide of molecular weight 72,000 daltons was shown to be the single-stranded DNA-binding protein described by others. RNAs from three different adeno-transformed cell lines each program the synthesis in vitro of predominantly the 15K polypeptide, as well as variable amounts of the polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 daltons. The genes for these two polypeptides are located in the portion of DNA known to be required for transformation of rodent cells by adenovirus."}
{"id": "PMID:949742", "title": "Preliminary characterization of the temperature-sensitive defect in DNA replication in a mutant mouse L cell.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive ts A1S9 mouse L cells synthesize DNA apparently normally for 6-8 hr upon incubation at 38.5 degrees C. Thereafter, these cells are able to perform limited polydeoxyribonucleotide chain synthesis at the high temperature, but are unable to convert newly replicated small single-strand segments of DNA (of the order of molecular weight 10(6) daltons) to large molecular weight chromosomal DNA. Data obtained are compatible with a model which suggests that ts A1S9 cells are able to carry out most individual reactions of DNA synthesis at the high temperature, but are temperature-sensitive in a protein which participates in the joining of small DNA segments to make chromosomal DNA strands. When cells are reincubated at a permissive temperature, after the temperature-sensitive lesion has been established, they recover the latter capability several hours before they are able once again to synthesize DNA at normal rates.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of the temperature-sensitive defect in DNA replication in a mutant mouse L cell. Temperature-sensitive ts A1S9 mouse L cells synthesize DNA apparently normally for 6-8 hr upon incubation at 38.5 degrees C. Thereafter, these cells are able to perform limited polydeoxyribonucleotide chain synthesis at the high temperature, but are unable to convert newly replicated small single-strand segments of DNA (of the order of molecular weight 10(6) daltons) to large molecular weight chromosomal DNA. Data obtained are compatible with a model which suggests that ts A1S9 cells are able to carry out most individual reactions of DNA synthesis at the high temperature, but are temperature-sensitive in a protein which participates in the joining of small DNA segments to make chromosomal DNA strands. When cells are reincubated at a permissive temperature, after the temperature-sensitive lesion has been established, they recover the latter capability several hours before they are able once again to synthesize DNA at normal rates."}
{"id": "PMID:949743", "title": "Different lifetimes of reticulocyte messenger RNA.", "content": "About 85-90% of cytoplasmic protein synthesized by young reticulocytes is globin, and about 10% is a polypeptide (I) of molecular weight 64,000 daltons. Maturation of reticulocytes is accompanied by selective reduction in the synthesis of polypeptide I, relative to globin; mature reticulocytes synthesize globin at a high level but make no detectable polypeptide I. Studies in which RNA from young and old reticulocytes was translated in a wheat germ cell-free extract showed that reduction in synthesis of polypeptide I was correlated with a reduction in the amount of translatable mRNA for this protein. Differential destruction of mRNA thus is an important factor in determining the types of proteins made during the final stages of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Different lifetimes of reticulocyte messenger RNA. About 85-90% of cytoplasmic protein synthesized by young reticulocytes is globin, and about 10% is a polypeptide (I) of molecular weight 64,000 daltons. Maturation of reticulocytes is accompanied by selective reduction in the synthesis of polypeptide I, relative to globin; mature reticulocytes synthesize globin at a high level but make no detectable polypeptide I. Studies in which RNA from young and old reticulocytes was translated in a wheat germ cell-free extract showed that reduction in synthesis of polypeptide I was correlated with a reduction in the amount of translatable mRNA for this protein. Differential destruction of mRNA thus is an important factor in determining the types of proteins made during the final stages of erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:949744", "title": "Modifications of mammalian cell surfaces induced by sugars: scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Substitution of galactose, xylose, or mannose for glucose in the growth medium of L cells or the addition of equal concentrations of the alternate sugars to glucose-containing medium results in marked morphologic changes. The changes are revealed by conventional staining for light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. L cells grow indefinitely on combinations of equal concentrations of glucose and galactose, xylose, or mannose. There appear to be no significant differences in growth rate on glucose compared to the combinations of sugars cited. Cells subcultured from glucose to the combinations while undergoing rapid multiplication show marked morphologic changes by light and scanning electron microscopy within 36 hr. Of particular note are the loss of microvilli; flattening of the cells; assumption of polygonal shape; prominence of nuclei and nucleoli; and changes in the structure and distribution of filopodia. Virtually all cells in the population exhibit the changes noted.", "contents": "Modifications of mammalian cell surfaces induced by sugars: scanning electron microscopy. Substitution of galactose, xylose, or mannose for glucose in the growth medium of L cells or the addition of equal concentrations of the alternate sugars to glucose-containing medium results in marked morphologic changes. The changes are revealed by conventional staining for light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. L cells grow indefinitely on combinations of equal concentrations of glucose and galactose, xylose, or mannose. There appear to be no significant differences in growth rate on glucose compared to the combinations of sugars cited. Cells subcultured from glucose to the combinations while undergoing rapid multiplication show marked morphologic changes by light and scanning electron microscopy within 36 hr. Of particular note are the loss of microvilli; flattening of the cells; assumption of polygonal shape; prominence of nuclei and nucleoli; and changes in the structure and distribution of filopodia. Virtually all cells in the population exhibit the changes noted."}
{"id": "PMID:949822", "title": "Tracer studies of cholesterol degradation induced by ionized gases.", "content": "Multiple molecular layers of cholesterol-4-C14 were bombarded in an ultra high vacuum system with various excited molecular, ionic and atomic species derived from oxygen, methane and carbon monoxide. The degradation products were analyzed by thin layer chromatography followed by autoradiography and the decomposition patterns were compared with those obtained from the autoxidation of cholesterol. Bombardment with excited and ionized species derived from both molecular oxygen and carbon monoxide leads to a number of known polar cholesterol oxidation products, similar to those formed during the natural oxidation of cholesterol. In contrast, species derived from methane lead only to the formation of products less polar than cholesterol with none of the established autoxidation products at detectable levels.", "contents": "Tracer studies of cholesterol degradation induced by ionized gases. Multiple molecular layers of cholesterol-4-C14 were bombarded in an ultra high vacuum system with various excited molecular, ionic and atomic species derived from oxygen, methane and carbon monoxide. The degradation products were analyzed by thin layer chromatography followed by autoradiography and the decomposition patterns were compared with those obtained from the autoxidation of cholesterol. Bombardment with excited and ionized species derived from both molecular oxygen and carbon monoxide leads to a number of known polar cholesterol oxidation products, similar to those formed during the natural oxidation of cholesterol. In contrast, species derived from methane lead only to the formation of products less polar than cholesterol with none of the established autoxidation products at detectable levels."}
{"id": "PMID:949824", "title": "Molecular aggregation of the slow reacting hemolytic lysolecithin analog 1-octadecyl-2-benzyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in aqueous solution.", "content": "An attempt has been made to relate the retarded adsoprtion to red cells of the slow reacting hemolytic phosphatide Rac. 1-octadecyl-2-benzyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (benzyl-lysolecithin) to its aggregation status in aqueous solution. Light scattering measurements indicate a critical micelle concentration at 37 degrees of less than 2 X 10(-6) M. The micellar weight as determined by angle dependent light scattering is 6 X 10(7) with about 97 000 molecules per micells. The aggregates, which according to electron-microscopic observations are more similar to lecithin-liposomes than to usual lysolecithin-micelles, undergo a phase transition at 14 degrees from a tightly packed liquid-crystalline state to the more loose structure of a gel phase with increased mobility of the aliphatic chains. The enthalpy of transition is 4.2 kcal/mole. These changes of the micellar structure are reflected in the binding kinetics of benzyl-lysolecithin to red cells in that the binding rate is rather constant below, but strongly increasing above the transition temperature. It is concluded that the unusual micellar structure is responsible for the retarded adsorption of this lysolecithin analog to red cells and that the rate of adsorption is probably determined by the rate of escape of single lysophosphatide molecules from the micelles.", "contents": "Molecular aggregation of the slow reacting hemolytic lysolecithin analog 1-octadecyl-2-benzyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine in aqueous solution. An attempt has been made to relate the retarded adsoprtion to red cells of the slow reacting hemolytic phosphatide Rac. 1-octadecyl-2-benzyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (benzyl-lysolecithin) to its aggregation status in aqueous solution. Light scattering measurements indicate a critical micelle concentration at 37 degrees of less than 2 X 10(-6) M. The micellar weight as determined by angle dependent light scattering is 6 X 10(7) with about 97 000 molecules per micells. The aggregates, which according to electron-microscopic observations are more similar to lecithin-liposomes than to usual lysolecithin-micelles, undergo a phase transition at 14 degrees from a tightly packed liquid-crystalline state to the more loose structure of a gel phase with increased mobility of the aliphatic chains. The enthalpy of transition is 4.2 kcal/mole. These changes of the micellar structure are reflected in the binding kinetics of benzyl-lysolecithin to red cells in that the binding rate is rather constant below, but strongly increasing above the transition temperature. It is concluded that the unusual micellar structure is responsible for the retarded adsorption of this lysolecithin analog to red cells and that the rate of adsorption is probably determined by the rate of escape of single lysophosphatide molecules from the micelles."}
{"id": "PMID:949825", "title": "Synthesis and properties of 35S, 14C and 3H labeled S-alkyl glycerol ethers and derivatives.", "content": "Radioactive S-alkyl glycerol ethers have been synthesized with 35S, 14C and 3H labels as well as 3H/35S double labels. The synthesized compounds were converted to various derivatives which can serve to characterize the S-alkyl glycerol ethers. These included the isopropylidene derivative, oxidation with periodate to the aldehyde followed by reduction with LiAlH4 to the alcohol, and reaction of the alcohol with acetic anhydride to form the acetate derivative. Chemical analysis, IR, NMR, zonal TLC profile scans and GLC showed all the products to be greater than 99% pure. The GLC behavior of the aldehyde and acetate derivatives of both S-alkyl glycerol ethers and O-alkyl glycerol ethers on EGSS-X was compared.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of 35S, 14C and 3H labeled S-alkyl glycerol ethers and derivatives. Radioactive S-alkyl glycerol ethers have been synthesized with 35S, 14C and 3H labels as well as 3H/35S double labels. The synthesized compounds were converted to various derivatives which can serve to characterize the S-alkyl glycerol ethers. These included the isopropylidene derivative, oxidation with periodate to the aldehyde followed by reduction with LiAlH4 to the alcohol, and reaction of the alcohol with acetic anhydride to form the acetate derivative. Chemical analysis, IR, NMR, zonal TLC profile scans and GLC showed all the products to be greater than 99% pure. The GLC behavior of the aldehyde and acetate derivatives of both S-alkyl glycerol ethers and O-alkyl glycerol ethers on EGSS-X was compared."}
{"id": "PMID:949827", "title": "Profile: the Pre-School Playgroups Association--playgroups in the community.", "content": "From 12-19 June, the Pre-School Playgroups Association is holding National Playgroup Week. This week is being celebrated by the PPA's 10,000 members in England and Wales and its sister organizations in Scotland and Ireland. Playgroups came into being 15 years ago and their numbers have mushroomed in the last few years. In this article we look at the contribution a playgroup can make to the community.", "contents": "Profile: the Pre-School Playgroups Association--playgroups in the community. From 12-19 June, the Pre-School Playgroups Association is holding National Playgroup Week. This week is being celebrated by the PPA's 10,000 members in England and Wales and its sister organizations in Scotland and Ireland. Playgroups came into being 15 years ago and their numbers have mushroomed in the last few years. In this article we look at the contribution a playgroup can make to the community."}
{"id": "PMID:949833", "title": "X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity, with X-proline p-nitroanilides as substrates, in normal and pathological human sera.", "content": "X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (no EC no. assigned) activity in normal and pathological human sera was assayed with several newly synthesized X-proline p-nitroanilides as chromogenic substrates. Normal values for 88 healthy subjects (15 to 81 years old), with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as substrate at pH 8.7, were 54.9 +/- 1.5 (SE) (range, 25.7 - 96.0) mumol/min per liter of serum at 37 degrees C. The results suggest that the enzyme activities with all X-proline p-nitroanilides were increased in patients with hepatitis and decreased in patients with gastric cancer. On Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, normal human sera showed a single peak of enzyme activity with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as the substrate, which coincided with the peak with glycylproline beta-naphthylamide but was different from the peaks with leucine beta-naphthylamide. Sera from patients with hepatitis or liver cirrhosis showed an increase in the normal peak and the appearance of another new peak with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as substrate.", "contents": "X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase activity, with X-proline p-nitroanilides as substrates, in normal and pathological human sera. X-Prolyl dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase (no EC no. assigned) activity in normal and pathological human sera was assayed with several newly synthesized X-proline p-nitroanilides as chromogenic substrates. Normal values for 88 healthy subjects (15 to 81 years old), with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as substrate at pH 8.7, were 54.9 +/- 1.5 (SE) (range, 25.7 - 96.0) mumol/min per liter of serum at 37 degrees C. The results suggest that the enzyme activities with all X-proline p-nitroanilides were increased in patients with hepatitis and decreased in patients with gastric cancer. On Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, normal human sera showed a single peak of enzyme activity with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as the substrate, which coincided with the peak with glycylproline beta-naphthylamide but was different from the peaks with leucine beta-naphthylamide. Sera from patients with hepatitis or liver cirrhosis showed an increase in the normal peak and the appearance of another new peak with glycylproline p-nitroanilide as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:949828", "title": "Captured for consideration--using videotape as an aid to the treatment of the disturbed child.", "content": "The use of videotape as a clinical tool to monitor work with children is discussed with reference to a group of three emotionally disturbed children seen weekly in a paediatric assessment and treatment centre. Six particular attributes of videotape are distinguished and illustrated from clinical material: video is a vehicle for discussion; video permits detailed observation; video see things that humans do not; video has a distancing effect; video shares information and video trains in observation and handling techniques. It is suggested that the experience derived from using videotape intensively over a short period can be applied to advantage in other clinical situations.", "contents": "Captured for consideration--using videotape as an aid to the treatment of the disturbed child. The use of videotape as a clinical tool to monitor work with children is discussed with reference to a group of three emotionally disturbed children seen weekly in a paediatric assessment and treatment centre. Six particular attributes of videotape are distinguished and illustrated from clinical material: video is a vehicle for discussion; video permits detailed observation; video see things that humans do not; video has a distancing effect; video shares information and video trains in observation and handling techniques. It is suggested that the experience derived from using videotape intensively over a short period can be applied to advantage in other clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:949834", "title": "Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "We describe the application of immunofixation staining of agarose-gel electrophoretograms in areas where its use in the clinical laboratory is appropriate. Immunofixation electrophoresis consists of an electrophoretic phase followed by a fixation phase in which antiserum is used to precipitate the protein. As long as the antibody is in slight excess or near equivalency, the antigen/antibody complex remains insoluble. The reaction can be detected by visual inspection in indirect light, by protein staining, or by use of antibodies labeled with fluorescein, enzyme, or isotope. In the method described here we primarily have used protein staining (Coomassie Blue) to accentuate the proteins fixed by antisera. All unreacted proteins are removed by pressing with filter paper and saline washing. In the clinical laboratory, this method expedites immunochemical evaluation of samples and may also supplement immunoelectrophoresis. It has been applied successfully in identifying small obscure monoclonal proteins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, biclonal gammopathies, serum monoclonal light chains, and mobility shifts of certain proteins, particularly of the complement series. Immunofixation demonstrates that the protein bands present in spinal fluid from multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients are of the IgG class of immunoglobulins; and non-IgG protein, such as beta and gamma trace proteins, are not detected. We also comment on reverse immunofixation with labeled antigen as a branch of the procedure that allows detection of function of the immunoglobulins separated by electrophoresis.", "contents": "Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. We describe the application of immunofixation staining of agarose-gel electrophoretograms in areas where its use in the clinical laboratory is appropriate. Immunofixation electrophoresis consists of an electrophoretic phase followed by a fixation phase in which antiserum is used to precipitate the protein. As long as the antibody is in slight excess or near equivalency, the antigen/antibody complex remains insoluble. The reaction can be detected by visual inspection in indirect light, by protein staining, or by use of antibodies labeled with fluorescein, enzyme, or isotope. In the method described here we primarily have used protein staining (Coomassie Blue) to accentuate the proteins fixed by antisera. All unreacted proteins are removed by pressing with filter paper and saline washing. In the clinical laboratory, this method expedites immunochemical evaluation of samples and may also supplement immunoelectrophoresis. It has been applied successfully in identifying small obscure monoclonal proteins in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, biclonal gammopathies, serum monoclonal light chains, and mobility shifts of certain proteins, particularly of the complement series. Immunofixation demonstrates that the protein bands present in spinal fluid from multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients are of the IgG class of immunoglobulins; and non-IgG protein, such as beta and gamma trace proteins, are not detected. We also comment on reverse immunofixation with labeled antigen as a branch of the procedure that allows detection of function of the immunoglobulins separated by electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:949835", "title": "Catabolism of plasma enzymes, as studied with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-1 in the rabbit.", "content": "Circulating enzymes may be inactivated in the plasma and the inactive breakdown products may be hydrolyzed in the lumen of the small intestine. Evidence for this mechanism was based upon previous studies with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-5, and here similar studies with radioiodinated lactate dehydrogenase-1 are reported, to determine whether this isoenzyme is similarly catabolized. The pure rabbit enzyme was labeled with 125I by use of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide (the labeled enzyme had 80-85% of the original catalytic activity). After its intravenous injection into rabbits, plasma enzyme activity and radioactivity disappeared during the first 4 h at similar fast rates, apparently because of distribution of the injected enzyme throughout the extracellular fluid. During a second phase (30-h), catalytic activity disappeared significantly faster than radioactivity, suggesting inactivation of the enzyme in either the plasma or a compartment in close proximity to it, or both. Enzyme activity then remained constant while plasma radioactivity continued to decrease at a slower, exponential rate, apparently owing to removal of breakdown products. In no case did tissue radioactivity, studied 6 h after injection, approach that of plasma. We therefore conclude that removal of the enzyme protein or its breakdown products is a passive process. Appreciable radioactivity was detected in the intestinal contents, a finding which suggests that removal via the small intestine is an important route for the removal of inactivated enzyme products from the circulation. Less than 3% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the feces during the first three days; urinary excretion accounted for about 67% during the same period, about 60% of which consisted of radio-iodinated amino-acids, the remainder of iodide. Free mono- and di-iodotyrosines were among the products excreted. These appear to originate from absorption of the products of further breakdown of the enzyme molecule in the intestine.", "contents": "Catabolism of plasma enzymes, as studied with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-1 in the rabbit. Circulating enzymes may be inactivated in the plasma and the inactive breakdown products may be hydrolyzed in the lumen of the small intestine. Evidence for this mechanism was based upon previous studies with 125I-labeled lactate dehydrogenase-5, and here similar studies with radioiodinated lactate dehydrogenase-1 are reported, to determine whether this isoenzyme is similarly catabolized. The pure rabbit enzyme was labeled with 125I by use of lactoperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide (the labeled enzyme had 80-85% of the original catalytic activity). After its intravenous injection into rabbits, plasma enzyme activity and radioactivity disappeared during the first 4 h at similar fast rates, apparently because of distribution of the injected enzyme throughout the extracellular fluid. During a second phase (30-h), catalytic activity disappeared significantly faster than radioactivity, suggesting inactivation of the enzyme in either the plasma or a compartment in close proximity to it, or both. Enzyme activity then remained constant while plasma radioactivity continued to decrease at a slower, exponential rate, apparently owing to removal of breakdown products. In no case did tissue radioactivity, studied 6 h after injection, approach that of plasma. We therefore conclude that removal of the enzyme protein or its breakdown products is a passive process. Appreciable radioactivity was detected in the intestinal contents, a finding which suggests that removal via the small intestine is an important route for the removal of inactivated enzyme products from the circulation. Less than 3% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the feces during the first three days; urinary excretion accounted for about 67% during the same period, about 60% of which consisted of radio-iodinated amino-acids, the remainder of iodide. Free mono- and di-iodotyrosines were among the products excreted. These appear to originate from absorption of the products of further breakdown of the enzyme molecule in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:949836", "title": "Rates of disappearance from plasma of enzymes labeled by coupling with a radioactive lodo-ester.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase-5 and creatine kinase from rabbit muscle were labeled by coupling with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 3-(4'-hydroxy-[3',5'-125I]diiodophenyl)propionate. After purification, the analytical recovery of catalytically-active labeled enzyme averaged 90% for lactate dehydrogenase, 81% for creatine kinase. The labeled enzymes were injected intravenously into rabbits and disappearance from plasma of catalytic activity and radioactivity was measured. The disappearance curves for lactate dehydrogenase-5 differed considerably from those observed with the enzyme labeled by direct iodination. The discrepancy was due to rapid hydrolysis in vivo of the labeled amide-enzyme linkage, because about 50% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the urine as 125I-labeled 3-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-diiodophenyl)propionic acid within 4-8 h of injection. Similar outputs were observed after administration of this acid to rabbits. The free acid was also detected in the urines of rabbits within 4-8 h of the intravenous injection of creatine kinase labeled similarly. We conclude that this method of labeling is unsuitable for preparing radioactive enzymes for study of their catabolism.", "contents": "Rates of disappearance from plasma of enzymes labeled by coupling with a radioactive lodo-ester. Lactate dehydrogenase-5 and creatine kinase from rabbit muscle were labeled by coupling with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 3-(4'-hydroxy-[3',5'-125I]diiodophenyl)propionate. After purification, the analytical recovery of catalytically-active labeled enzyme averaged 90% for lactate dehydrogenase, 81% for creatine kinase. The labeled enzymes were injected intravenously into rabbits and disappearance from plasma of catalytic activity and radioactivity was measured. The disappearance curves for lactate dehydrogenase-5 differed considerably from those observed with the enzyme labeled by direct iodination. The discrepancy was due to rapid hydrolysis in vivo of the labeled amide-enzyme linkage, because about 50% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the urine as 125I-labeled 3-(4'-hydroxy-3',5'-diiodophenyl)propionic acid within 4-8 h of injection. Similar outputs were observed after administration of this acid to rabbits. The free acid was also detected in the urines of rabbits within 4-8 h of the intravenous injection of creatine kinase labeled similarly. We conclude that this method of labeling is unsuitable for preparing radioactive enzymes for study of their catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:949837", "title": "Urinary organic acids in man. I. Normal patterns.", "content": "We studied qualitative pattern of urinary acidic metabolites excreted by normal persons. The results provide a basis on which to compare results for patients with potentially abnormal organic acidurias. A series of urinary polyhydroxy (aldonic and deoxyaldonic) acids has been identified. Most of these compounds have not been previously reported in human urine, except in connection with the present work, and are additional to the previously recognized urinary organic acids, which were also observed. Possible metabolic origins of some of the acids are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Urinary organic acids in man. I. Normal patterns. We studied qualitative pattern of urinary acidic metabolites excreted by normal persons. The results provide a basis on which to compare results for patients with potentially abnormal organic acidurias. A series of urinary polyhydroxy (aldonic and deoxyaldonic) acids has been identified. Most of these compounds have not been previously reported in human urine, except in connection with the present work, and are additional to the previously recognized urinary organic acids, which were also observed. Possible metabolic origins of some of the acids are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949829", "title": "A study of some factors concerned in the schooling of visually handicapped children.", "content": "Sixty children integrated into the fully-sighted school system and 34 children attending partially-sighted schools were assessed. All were using low vision aids. It was found that there was little difference in acuity, parental or school support, but the integrated children tended to be more intelligent and came from a higher socioeconomic group. More children could avoid special schools if given appropriate services at an early age and assessment should be by a multidisciplinary team.", "contents": "A study of some factors concerned in the schooling of visually handicapped children. Sixty children integrated into the fully-sighted school system and 34 children attending partially-sighted schools were assessed. All were using low vision aids. It was found that there was little difference in acuity, parental or school support, but the integrated children tended to be more intelligent and came from a higher socioeconomic group. More children could avoid special schools if given appropriate services at an early age and assessment should be by a multidisciplinary team."}
{"id": "PMID:949838", "title": "Urinary organic acids in man. II. Effects of individual variation and diet on the urinary excretion of acidic metabolites.", "content": "We have assessed individual variations in urinary acidic metabolite excretion and the effects of extreme alterations in dietary composition on these metabolites in selected normal persons who we considered representative of the general ambulant normal population. Extreme dietary alterations produced relatively small changes in the patterns or amounts of metabolite excretion, but large individual within-subject variations were observed. Our results indicate that variation in the ranges of excretion for the normal population mainly depend on individual metabolic variations rather than on dietary factors, and provide a basis for the assessment of the normal ranges determined from population surveys. Our results are discussed in relation to previous studies on the variability of urinary acidic metabolite excretion in man.", "contents": "Urinary organic acids in man. II. Effects of individual variation and diet on the urinary excretion of acidic metabolites. We have assessed individual variations in urinary acidic metabolite excretion and the effects of extreme alterations in dietary composition on these metabolites in selected normal persons who we considered representative of the general ambulant normal population. Extreme dietary alterations produced relatively small changes in the patterns or amounts of metabolite excretion, but large individual within-subject variations were observed. Our results indicate that variation in the ranges of excretion for the normal population mainly depend on individual metabolic variations rather than on dietary factors, and provide a basis for the assessment of the normal ranges determined from population surveys. Our results are discussed in relation to previous studies on the variability of urinary acidic metabolite excretion in man."}
{"id": "PMID:949839", "title": "Urinary organic acids in man. III. Quantitative ranges and patterns of excretion in a normal population.", "content": "We studied the urinary excretion of organic acids by normal human subjects in an ambulant normal population, chosen without conscious bias. Quantitative ranges and frequency distribution patterns of excretion are reported, as a basis on which to compare results obtained for patients whose clinical condition suggests that their excretion values may be abnormal. The quantitative valuse we observed enable the relative significance of different urinary anionic metabolites to be assessed, including the recently identified aldonic and deoxyaldonic acids. The frequency distribution patterns observed are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Urinary organic acids in man. III. Quantitative ranges and patterns of excretion in a normal population. We studied the urinary excretion of organic acids by normal human subjects in an ambulant normal population, chosen without conscious bias. Quantitative ranges and frequency distribution patterns of excretion are reported, as a basis on which to compare results obtained for patients whose clinical condition suggests that their excretion values may be abnormal. The quantitative valuse we observed enable the relative significance of different urinary anionic metabolites to be assessed, including the recently identified aldonic and deoxyaldonic acids. The frequency distribution patterns observed are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:949840", "title": "Addition of triglyceride to serum for use in quality control and reference.", "content": "We describe a simple method in which a water-soluble mixture of triocatanoin and a surfactant, \"Triton X-114,\" are used in preparing solutions of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) in either human serum, solutions of albumin, or water. Analytical recovery added triglyceride was quantitative by two methods. The addition did not affect results of analyses for 18 other commonly measured constitutents of serum. When the triglyceride was added to either lipid-depleted human serum or bovine serum albumin solution and lyophilized, subsequent solutions were clear. The triglyceride/protein preparation was stable in lyophilized form for a year and in reconstituted serum for five days at 5 degrees C. Aquenous solutions appear to be stable indefinitely at room temperature.", "contents": "Addition of triglyceride to serum for use in quality control and reference. We describe a simple method in which a water-soluble mixture of triocatanoin and a surfactant, \"Triton X-114,\" are used in preparing solutions of triglycerides (triacylglycerols) in either human serum, solutions of albumin, or water. Analytical recovery added triglyceride was quantitative by two methods. The addition did not affect results of analyses for 18 other commonly measured constitutents of serum. When the triglyceride was added to either lipid-depleted human serum or bovine serum albumin solution and lyophilized, subsequent solutions were clear. The triglyceride/protein preparation was stable in lyophilized form for a year and in reconstituted serum for five days at 5 degrees C. Aquenous solutions appear to be stable indefinitely at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:949841", "title": "Rapid-flow enthalpimetric determination of urea in serum, with use of an immobilized urease reactor.", "content": "We used a differential thermal detector in conjunction with an immobilized urease reactor to determine urea in serum. Samples (120 mul) are introduced into a flow stream and passed through an \"adiabatic\" column, which is packed with enough insolubilized urease to completely convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Measured temperature changes are directly proportional to the serum urea concentration. Urea in the presence of protein, bilirubin, and hemoglobin can thus be rapidly, simply, and inexpensively measured. Results correlate well with those obtained by the manual diacetyl monoxime and urease/indophenol methods.", "contents": "Rapid-flow enthalpimetric determination of urea in serum, with use of an immobilized urease reactor. We used a differential thermal detector in conjunction with an immobilized urease reactor to determine urea in serum. Samples (120 mul) are introduced into a flow stream and passed through an \"adiabatic\" column, which is packed with enough insolubilized urease to completely convert urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Measured temperature changes are directly proportional to the serum urea concentration. Urea in the presence of protein, bilirubin, and hemoglobin can thus be rapidly, simply, and inexpensively measured. Results correlate well with those obtained by the manual diacetyl monoxime and urease/indophenol methods."}
{"id": "PMID:949842", "title": "Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene concentrations in blood and tissues in cases of fatal overdose.", "content": "Propoxyphene and its major metabolite, norpropoxyphene, have been quantitated in tissue specimens obtained from autopsies of people suspected of dying from propoxyphene overdosage. Gas-chromatographic determination of both propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene is essential because the blood concentration of the parent drug should be about 1.0 mg/liter or greater to attribute a death to the drug. The metabolite concentration in blood may help to establish when the drug was ingested. Concentrations in the blood after high oral therapeutic doses are about 0.3 mg of propoxyphene per liter, and norpropoxyphene concentrations may be as high as 3 mg/liter. Methods of determining propoxyphene are discussed.", "contents": "Propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene concentrations in blood and tissues in cases of fatal overdose. Propoxyphene and its major metabolite, norpropoxyphene, have been quantitated in tissue specimens obtained from autopsies of people suspected of dying from propoxyphene overdosage. Gas-chromatographic determination of both propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene is essential because the blood concentration of the parent drug should be about 1.0 mg/liter or greater to attribute a death to the drug. The metabolite concentration in blood may help to establish when the drug was ingested. Concentrations in the blood after high oral therapeutic doses are about 0.3 mg of propoxyphene per liter, and norpropoxyphene concentrations may be as high as 3 mg/liter. Methods of determining propoxyphene are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949830", "title": "A multi-axial classification for the education of autistic children.", "content": "Following the WHO tri-axial classification of mental disorders, which set out possibilities for differential classification and diagnosis among the syndromes, the present article suggests complementary axes upon which educational therapy can be based in the psychoses of autism and allied disorders. They are offered as a basis of common ground for discussion in multidisciplinary teams.", "contents": "A multi-axial classification for the education of autistic children. Following the WHO tri-axial classification of mental disorders, which set out possibilities for differential classification and diagnosis among the syndromes, the present article suggests complementary axes upon which educational therapy can be based in the psychoses of autism and allied disorders. They are offered as a basis of common ground for discussion in multidisciplinary teams."}
{"id": "PMID:949843", "title": "Micromethod for analysis for chloride in physiological fluids.", "content": "A micromethod for the analysis for chloride, based on the chemical precipitation of silver chloride by radial diffusion through agar gel containing silver nitrate, is described. The method is simple to run, requires little or no instrumentation, and requires only 10 mul of sample. Results by coulometric titration (Buchler Cotlove Chloridometer) correlated well for serum (r = 0.961), urine (r = 0.997), cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.991), and sweat (r = 0.998). Other halide ions or protein do not interfere. Precision studies gave a within-day reproducibility (CV) of 1.3% and a day-to-day variability of 2.1% for a serum sample averaging 115 mmol/liter.", "contents": "Micromethod for analysis for chloride in physiological fluids. A micromethod for the analysis for chloride, based on the chemical precipitation of silver chloride by radial diffusion through agar gel containing silver nitrate, is described. The method is simple to run, requires little or no instrumentation, and requires only 10 mul of sample. Results by coulometric titration (Buchler Cotlove Chloridometer) correlated well for serum (r = 0.961), urine (r = 0.997), cerebrospinal fluid (r = 0.991), and sweat (r = 0.998). Other halide ions or protein do not interfere. Precision studies gave a within-day reproducibility (CV) of 1.3% and a day-to-day variability of 2.1% for a serum sample averaging 115 mmol/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:949844", "title": "Some theory of reference values. II. Comparison of some statistical models of intraindividual variation in blood constituents.", "content": "Three models of intraindividual variation are reviewed, and statistical methods for distinguishing among them are discussed. Application of these methods to short series of observations from healthy individuals indicates that, in the large majority of cases, a strictly homeostatic model is appropriate for such constituents as serum calcium and magnesium. In less closely controlled variables, e.g., serum cholesterol and uric acid, a nonstationary, \"rndom walk\" model appears moresuitable in most cases. A more general autoregressive model, which includes the other models as extreme cases, could be used to describe all degrees of homeostatic control. This model is more complex, however, and requires at least 10 observations to yield estimates of acceptable precision. Moreover, it is sensitive to fluctuations in within-batch analytical variance. When biological variance is small relative to analytical variance, all three models yield essentially the same predicated values. To illustrate their use, these models have been applied to four short individual series of cholesterol observations showing increasing amounts of intrapersonal variation over long periods of time. I suggest that when less than 10 observations over time are available, the strictly homeostatic model and the nonstationary model be used to derive a \"critical range\" for assessing future changes. When longer series are available, the more general model might replace the other two for this purpose, if analytical variation has remained reasonably stable (within +/- 20% of its average value) during the period of observation. Much more experience with the use of all three models in health monitoring programs would be highly desirable.", "contents": "Some theory of reference values. II. Comparison of some statistical models of intraindividual variation in blood constituents. Three models of intraindividual variation are reviewed, and statistical methods for distinguishing among them are discussed. Application of these methods to short series of observations from healthy individuals indicates that, in the large majority of cases, a strictly homeostatic model is appropriate for such constituents as serum calcium and magnesium. In less closely controlled variables, e.g., serum cholesterol and uric acid, a nonstationary, \"rndom walk\" model appears moresuitable in most cases. A more general autoregressive model, which includes the other models as extreme cases, could be used to describe all degrees of homeostatic control. This model is more complex, however, and requires at least 10 observations to yield estimates of acceptable precision. Moreover, it is sensitive to fluctuations in within-batch analytical variance. When biological variance is small relative to analytical variance, all three models yield essentially the same predicated values. To illustrate their use, these models have been applied to four short individual series of cholesterol observations showing increasing amounts of intrapersonal variation over long periods of time. I suggest that when less than 10 observations over time are available, the strictly homeostatic model and the nonstationary model be used to derive a \"critical range\" for assessing future changes. When longer series are available, the more general model might replace the other two for this purpose, if analytical variation has remained reasonably stable (within +/- 20% of its average value) during the period of observation. Much more experience with the use of all three models in health monitoring programs would be highly desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:949845", "title": "Improved method for determining serum protein concentrations in the far ultraviolet.", "content": "We examined the feasibility of measuring absorbance in the far ultraviolet for serum protein determination with a medium-priced, double-beam spectrophotometer. The method has been simplified by using an automatic dilutor to dilute the serum, and a flow-through cell and recorder in conjunction with the spectrophotometer. Because it is only necessary to dilute the serum and determine its absorbance, the procedure is quite rapid. As compared to the biuret reaction, interferences from hemolysis have been about halved. Interferences owing to light scattering by turbid sera have also been appreciably decreased by use of an anionic detegent (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as a serum diluent. Comparisons of the present method to the biuret and Kjeldahl methods indicate that it is relatively accurate, and is practical for routine use.", "contents": "Improved method for determining serum protein concentrations in the far ultraviolet. We examined the feasibility of measuring absorbance in the far ultraviolet for serum protein determination with a medium-priced, double-beam spectrophotometer. The method has been simplified by using an automatic dilutor to dilute the serum, and a flow-through cell and recorder in conjunction with the spectrophotometer. Because it is only necessary to dilute the serum and determine its absorbance, the procedure is quite rapid. As compared to the biuret reaction, interferences from hemolysis have been about halved. Interferences owing to light scattering by turbid sera have also been appreciably decreased by use of an anionic detegent (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as a serum diluent. Comparisons of the present method to the biuret and Kjeldahl methods indicate that it is relatively accurate, and is practical for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:949846", "title": "Analysis of whole blood by neutron activation: a search for a biochemical indicator of neoplasia.", "content": "We determined a total of 13 elements in the whole blood of cancer patients and controls by using instrumental neutron activation analysis. The samples were spotted as whole blood on small filter paper disks, allowed to dry at room temperature, and sealed between two polyethylene disks. They were then irradiated and counted. Eleven elements were determined by this method. Sodium and chlorine were measured by irradiating whole blood in polyethylene vials. Statistical analysis of the data predicts that, with a very hgih probability, cobalt and iron are lower, adn sodium, tantalum, lanthanum and chlorine are higher in the cancer patients than in the normal persons tested. Chromium, zinc, and bromine also show differences between the two groups at a probability exceeding 0.95. Variations are indicated in scandium and cesium also, but are less strongly supported. Hafnium and selenium show no significant differences.", "contents": "Analysis of whole blood by neutron activation: a search for a biochemical indicator of neoplasia. We determined a total of 13 elements in the whole blood of cancer patients and controls by using instrumental neutron activation analysis. The samples were spotted as whole blood on small filter paper disks, allowed to dry at room temperature, and sealed between two polyethylene disks. They were then irradiated and counted. Eleven elements were determined by this method. Sodium and chlorine were measured by irradiating whole blood in polyethylene vials. Statistical analysis of the data predicts that, with a very hgih probability, cobalt and iron are lower, adn sodium, tantalum, lanthanum and chlorine are higher in the cancer patients than in the normal persons tested. Chromium, zinc, and bromine also show differences between the two groups at a probability exceeding 0.95. Variations are indicated in scandium and cesium also, but are less strongly supported. Hafnium and selenium show no significant differences."}
{"id": "PMID:949847", "title": "Competitive enzyme-liked immunoassay with use of soluble enzyme/antibody immune complexes for labeling. I. Measurement of human choriogonadotropin.", "content": "We described the principle of a new enzyme-immunoassay, competitive enzyme-liked immunoassay (CELIA), for quantitative measurement of soluble antigens and haptens. In the assay, binding of antibody to antigen-immunosorbent is competitively inhibited by the free antigen to be measured. The amount of first antibody bound to the immunosorbent is measured by an enzymatic technique in which a heterologous bridging antibody and a soluble antibody/enzyme immune complex are applied in sequence. The soluble complex we used was rabbit antiperoxidase/horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase activity is inversely proportional to the concentration in the original sample of the substance to be assayed. The enzyme-linked reagents are potentially widely applicable to any substance to be measured. To demonstrate the feasibility of CELIA, we report a preliminary study of its application to the measurement of human chloriogonadotropin in serum and urine. The assay described for this hormone has a working range of 1 to 50 int. units per milliliter of sample. The technique obviates the disadvantages associated with measurement and handling of radioisotopes in radioimmunoassays and the only major instrumentation required is a centrifuge and a conventional spectrophotometer.", "contents": "Competitive enzyme-liked immunoassay with use of soluble enzyme/antibody immune complexes for labeling. I. Measurement of human choriogonadotropin. We described the principle of a new enzyme-immunoassay, competitive enzyme-liked immunoassay (CELIA), for quantitative measurement of soluble antigens and haptens. In the assay, binding of antibody to antigen-immunosorbent is competitively inhibited by the free antigen to be measured. The amount of first antibody bound to the immunosorbent is measured by an enzymatic technique in which a heterologous bridging antibody and a soluble antibody/enzyme immune complex are applied in sequence. The soluble complex we used was rabbit antiperoxidase/horseradish peroxidase. Peroxidase activity is inversely proportional to the concentration in the original sample of the substance to be assayed. The enzyme-linked reagents are potentially widely applicable to any substance to be measured. To demonstrate the feasibility of CELIA, we report a preliminary study of its application to the measurement of human chloriogonadotropin in serum and urine. The assay described for this hormone has a working range of 1 to 50 int. units per milliliter of sample. The technique obviates the disadvantages associated with measurement and handling of radioisotopes in radioimmunoassays and the only major instrumentation required is a centrifuge and a conventional spectrophotometer."}
{"id": "PMID:949848", "title": "Measurement of glucose in plasma, with use of immobilized glucose oxidase and peroxidase.", "content": "We describe a novel fluorometric technique for simple, rapid, and economical assay of glucose by use of immobilized glucose oxidase and peroxidase. A cylindrical magnetic stirrer was specially designed to hold the immobilized enzymes firmly and to allow the reaction minzymic transformation quickly. Blood plasma can be assayed directly with no pretreatment. Ascrobic acid, uric acid, and creatinine in concenctrations of 0.25, 0.25, and 0.2 g/liter, respectively, did not interfere. The linearity of the assay was extended to 4.0 g of glucose concentrations. Results by our technique and by the otoluidine or hexokinase methods agreed well. The immobilized enzymes are stable for several months and can be used for several hundred highly accurate and reproducible assays.", "contents": "Measurement of glucose in plasma, with use of immobilized glucose oxidase and peroxidase. We describe a novel fluorometric technique for simple, rapid, and economical assay of glucose by use of immobilized glucose oxidase and peroxidase. A cylindrical magnetic stirrer was specially designed to hold the immobilized enzymes firmly and to allow the reaction minzymic transformation quickly. Blood plasma can be assayed directly with no pretreatment. Ascrobic acid, uric acid, and creatinine in concenctrations of 0.25, 0.25, and 0.2 g/liter, respectively, did not interfere. The linearity of the assay was extended to 4.0 g of glucose concentrations. Results by our technique and by the otoluidine or hexokinase methods agreed well. The immobilized enzymes are stable for several months and can be used for several hundred highly accurate and reproducible assays."}
{"id": "PMID:949849", "title": "Factors influencing results for thyroxine concentration in blood, as measured in paper filter spots in a screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism.", "content": "To reduce the number of false-positives in our screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism, we investigated the effect of age, body weight, and interval between sampling and analysis on results for filter paper spot thyroxine determination. The statistical analysis included an analysis of covariance. The age of the infant did not influence the results, the interval influenced them minimally, but weight did require a correction factor of about 0.16 ng/kg below the mean weight. This correction factor should reduce our false-positives from 0.75% to 0.60%. Furthermore, because all hypothyroid infants had results that fell more than 2.8 SD below the geometric mean, we intend to measure thyrotropin concentrations in the blood eluate of all the spots with a thyroxine concentration below that cut-off point.", "contents": "Factors influencing results for thyroxine concentration in blood, as measured in paper filter spots in a screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism. To reduce the number of false-positives in our screening program for neonatal hypothyroidism, we investigated the effect of age, body weight, and interval between sampling and analysis on results for filter paper spot thyroxine determination. The statistical analysis included an analysis of covariance. The age of the infant did not influence the results, the interval influenced them minimally, but weight did require a correction factor of about 0.16 ng/kg below the mean weight. This correction factor should reduce our false-positives from 0.75% to 0.60%. Furthermore, because all hypothyroid infants had results that fell more than 2.8 SD below the geometric mean, we intend to measure thyrotropin concentrations in the blood eluate of all the spots with a thyroxine concentration below that cut-off point."}
{"id": "PMID:949850", "title": "Improved continuous-flow method for detemination of total serum hexosamines.", "content": "We describe an automated determination of serum hexosamine by the Elson-Morgan reaction, together with reagent modifications that minimiz interference from amino acids and sugars present in acid hydrolysates of sera. We used a novel 15-min autoclave procedure for the acid hydrolysis of sera before analysis to facilitate the detemination as compared to the 4-h hydrolysis used in the conventional manual method. Results correlated well (r = 0.906) with those obtained by the corresponding manual method.", "contents": "Improved continuous-flow method for detemination of total serum hexosamines. We describe an automated determination of serum hexosamine by the Elson-Morgan reaction, together with reagent modifications that minimiz interference from amino acids and sugars present in acid hydrolysates of sera. We used a novel 15-min autoclave procedure for the acid hydrolysis of sera before analysis to facilitate the detemination as compared to the 4-h hydrolysis used in the conventional manual method. Results correlated well (r = 0.906) with those obtained by the corresponding manual method."}
{"id": "PMID:949851", "title": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine: evaluation of a new commercial kit.", "content": "A new triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunoassay kit offers simplicity of method, short incubation time, specificity, and reproducibility. 125I-labeled T3 and unknown serum (or standard) are added to alkaline buffered (pH 12.4) Sephadex G-25 columns; the T3 is freed of proteins with an alkaline buffer wash, antiserum is added, and the columns are incubated at room temperature for 2 h. \"Free\" hormone (i.e., unbound to antiserum) remains on the column after a second wash. The radioactivity on the column is counted and related to the total activity added. The T3 standards produced a straight line on log-logit plot; reactivity of analytical-grade thyroxine was 0.6% on weight basis; and the analytical recovery of T3 added to a T3-free serum was complete. Euthroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid ranges were 0.74-2.64, 2.91-7.52, and 0-1.21 mug/liter, respectively. These values correlated well with both the clinical status of patients and with values obtained by an established radioimmunoassay method. The procedure is simply done; results may be obtained in less than 4 h.", "contents": "Simplified radioimmunoassay for triiodothyronine: evaluation of a new commercial kit. A new triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunoassay kit offers simplicity of method, short incubation time, specificity, and reproducibility. 125I-labeled T3 and unknown serum (or standard) are added to alkaline buffered (pH 12.4) Sephadex G-25 columns; the T3 is freed of proteins with an alkaline buffer wash, antiserum is added, and the columns are incubated at room temperature for 2 h. \"Free\" hormone (i.e., unbound to antiserum) remains on the column after a second wash. The radioactivity on the column is counted and related to the total activity added. The T3 standards produced a straight line on log-logit plot; reactivity of analytical-grade thyroxine was 0.6% on weight basis; and the analytical recovery of T3 added to a T3-free serum was complete. Euthroid, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid ranges were 0.74-2.64, 2.91-7.52, and 0-1.21 mug/liter, respectively. These values correlated well with both the clinical status of patients and with values obtained by an established radioimmunoassay method. The procedure is simply done; results may be obtained in less than 4 h."}
{"id": "PMID:949852", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid in a case of brain damage.", "content": "We present a case of a 11/2-year-old boy with toxic enteritis, consecutive consumption coagulopathy, and sever brain damage. During the acute phase we found high activity of the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid, but not in the serum. Isoenzyme MM could also be found in the spinal fluid (37.9% of the total activity). We conclude that analysis for creatine kinase isoenzymes in spinal fluid is of clinical importance.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid in a case of brain damage. We present a case of a 11/2-year-old boy with toxic enteritis, consecutive consumption coagulopathy, and sever brain damage. During the acute phase we found high activity of the BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid, but not in the serum. Isoenzyme MM could also be found in the spinal fluid (37.9% of the total activity). We conclude that analysis for creatine kinase isoenzymes in spinal fluid is of clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:949858", "title": "A syndrome of generalized elastic fiber deficiency with leprechaunoid features: a distinct genetic disease with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "content": "Three male infants with generalized elastolysis and leprechaunoid features from two related and consanguineous parents of Italian origin died in the first year of life following severe cardio-pulmonary complications. While these children showed a decrease in elastic fibers, no degeneration was noted and histochemical as well as systemic metabolic studies were negative. It is postulated that this disease is a variant of cutis laxa or at least that the absence of granular degeneration of the elastic fibers described by Goltz is a secondary manifestation present only in older children. Prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome is not yet possible since no intracellular or biochemical changes have been identified. In view of the familial occurrence of this syndrome, and the association of specific clinical and pathological findings, we suggest that we are dealing with a distinct hereditary disorder of the connective tissue.", "contents": "A syndrome of generalized elastic fiber deficiency with leprechaunoid features: a distinct genetic disease with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Three male infants with generalized elastolysis and leprechaunoid features from two related and consanguineous parents of Italian origin died in the first year of life following severe cardio-pulmonary complications. While these children showed a decrease in elastic fibers, no degeneration was noted and histochemical as well as systemic metabolic studies were negative. It is postulated that this disease is a variant of cutis laxa or at least that the absence of granular degeneration of the elastic fibers described by Goltz is a secondary manifestation present only in older children. Prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome is not yet possible since no intracellular or biochemical changes have been identified. In view of the familial occurrence of this syndrome, and the association of specific clinical and pathological findings, we suggest that we are dealing with a distinct hereditary disorder of the connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:949859", "title": "A rapid micromethod for prenatal diagnosis of Lesch Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "A method is described which enables prenatal diagnosis of Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency) to be made within 7-10 days. The procedure is based on the direct cultivation of amniotic cells in microtest II plates; the HGPRT reaction is performed in individual wells containing between 500 to 10,000 cells, and is followed by separation of the radioactive reaction products by means of microchromatography on 3 cm x 5 cm PEI plates. This method permits determination of the actual HGPRT enzyme activity of the cell lines.", "contents": "A rapid micromethod for prenatal diagnosis of Lesch Nyhan syndrome. A method is described which enables prenatal diagnosis of Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency) to be made within 7-10 days. The procedure is based on the direct cultivation of amniotic cells in microtest II plates; the HGPRT reaction is performed in individual wells containing between 500 to 10,000 cells, and is followed by separation of the radioactive reaction products by means of microchromatography on 3 cm x 5 cm PEI plates. This method permits determination of the actual HGPRT enzyme activity of the cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:949860", "title": "Frequency of the carrier state for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease among females with lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Carriers for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) share several characteristics: They are mostly females, they reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) poorly in their neutrophils, and, in some cases, they have similar skin lesions. We thus investigated 19 female LE patients for the presence of laboratory findings characteristic of the carrier state for CGD. None of these patients turned out to have the combined abnormality of neutrophil bactericidal activity and neutrophil NBT-reduction that is diagnostic of CGD carrier state in the X-linked form. An increased frequency of CGD carriers among female LE patients thus appear to be unlikely. Why some CGD carriers develop skin lesions typical of LE remains unexplained.", "contents": "Frequency of the carrier state for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease among females with lupus erythematosus. Carriers for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) share several characteristics: They are mostly females, they reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) poorly in their neutrophils, and, in some cases, they have similar skin lesions. We thus investigated 19 female LE patients for the presence of laboratory findings characteristic of the carrier state for CGD. None of these patients turned out to have the combined abnormality of neutrophil bactericidal activity and neutrophil NBT-reduction that is diagnostic of CGD carrier state in the X-linked form. An increased frequency of CGD carriers among female LE patients thus appear to be unlikely. Why some CGD carriers develop skin lesions typical of LE remains unexplained."}
{"id": "PMID:949862", "title": "Partial trisomy 15 in a young girl.", "content": "Severe mental retardation, growth failure, microcephaly, micrognathia, cleft palate, hooked nose, low-set thin flabby ears, pronounced elongated philtrum, and generalized decreased subcutaneous tissue characterized a 5 year 9 month old female with karyotype 47,XX,+15,del(15)(q15).", "contents": "Partial trisomy 15 in a young girl. Severe mental retardation, growth failure, microcephaly, micrognathia, cleft palate, hooked nose, low-set thin flabby ears, pronounced elongated philtrum, and generalized decreased subcutaneous tissue characterized a 5 year 9 month old female with karyotype 47,XX,+15,del(15)(q15)."}
{"id": "PMID:949863", "title": "The myogenic scapulo-peroneal syndrome. Muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred: clinical study and genetics.", "content": "Additional study was carried out of six generations belonging to the K. kindred, which were previously investigated by Oransky (1927). Eighteen members of this kindred were studied. In the early stages of the disease a sharp dissimilarity was observed in the phenotypes in the K. kindred, resulting from different rates of development and varying intensity in the course of the disease, so that it ranges from evident scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy to cases resembling Landouzy-D\u00e9jerine muscular dystrophy. In the later stages of the disease the clinical data on those affected were noted to be very similar. Muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred has been inherited as an autosomal-dominant type for five generations. The penetrance of the gene is almost complete. The expressivity of the gene varies from abortive to severe forms of disease. From the clinical and genetic data available at the present time, is seems that the muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred is one of the varieties (namely, a descending type with a \"jump\") of the facio-scapulo-limb (or facioscapulohumeral) muscular dystrophy. The scapulo-peroneal syndrome could be a long stage in the development of the disorder in some members of the K. kindred. As well as muscular dystrophy, some muscle anomalies have been independently inherited in the K. kindred. Apparently, muscular dystrophy and muscle defects are caused by the non-allele genes; this ensures the independent distribution of these signs among the members of the K. kindred.", "contents": "The myogenic scapulo-peroneal syndrome. Muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred: clinical study and genetics. Additional study was carried out of six generations belonging to the K. kindred, which were previously investigated by Oransky (1927). Eighteen members of this kindred were studied. In the early stages of the disease a sharp dissimilarity was observed in the phenotypes in the K. kindred, resulting from different rates of development and varying intensity in the course of the disease, so that it ranges from evident scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy to cases resembling Landouzy-D\u00e9jerine muscular dystrophy. In the later stages of the disease the clinical data on those affected were noted to be very similar. Muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred has been inherited as an autosomal-dominant type for five generations. The penetrance of the gene is almost complete. The expressivity of the gene varies from abortive to severe forms of disease. From the clinical and genetic data available at the present time, is seems that the muscular dystrophy in the K. kindred is one of the varieties (namely, a descending type with a \"jump\") of the facio-scapulo-limb (or facioscapulohumeral) muscular dystrophy. The scapulo-peroneal syndrome could be a long stage in the development of the disorder in some members of the K. kindred. As well as muscular dystrophy, some muscle anomalies have been independently inherited in the K. kindred. Apparently, muscular dystrophy and muscle defects are caused by the non-allele genes; this ensures the independent distribution of these signs among the members of the K. kindred."}
{"id": "PMID:949865", "title": "Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 19, inv(19) (p13q13) with a note on genetic counseling of pericentric inversion carriers.", "content": "An inmate of a hospital for the mentally retarded was found during a cytogenetic screening programme to have karyotype 46,XY,inv(19)(p13q13)mat. Clinical, cytogenetic and family findings are presented and it is concluded that the chromosomes abnormality was probably not the cause of the patient's retardation. The problem of genetic counseling of inversion carriers is examined in some detail and estimates of risk are given.", "contents": "Familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 19, inv(19) (p13q13) with a note on genetic counseling of pericentric inversion carriers. An inmate of a hospital for the mentally retarded was found during a cytogenetic screening programme to have karyotype 46,XY,inv(19)(p13q13)mat. Clinical, cytogenetic and family findings are presented and it is concluded that the chromosomes abnormality was probably not the cause of the patient's retardation. The problem of genetic counseling of inversion carriers is examined in some detail and estimates of risk are given."}
{"id": "PMID:949867", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation test with liver-specific protein and phytohaemagglutinin in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes from thirty-four untreated patients with various liver diseases were stimulated in a lymphocyte transformation test with liver-specific protein (LSP). Eight of ten patients with chronic active or persistent hepatitis, two of five patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis and six of nineteen patients with acute hepatitis showed a positive in vitro reactivity to LSP. In a control group of twelve persons without evidence of liver disease, eleven gave a negative response to LSP stimulation, whereas one person showed a positive response. Among fourteen patients with chronic hepatitis or non-alcoholic cirrhosis treated with prednisone at the time of the investigation, only one showed reactivity to LSP stimulation. Three patients in this group had previously had a positive reaction before prednisone was given. There was no statistically significant correlation between the reactivity to LSP stimulation and the presence or absence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAg) in serum, or with the biochemical liver parameters. The response to in vitro stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was found to be significantly lower as compared with the control group in eleven patients with alcoholic liver disease and in the patients with acute hepatitis who had HBAg in serum. This decrease in reactivity could apparently not be ascribed to immuno-suppressive factors in the patients' sera.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation test with liver-specific protein and phytohaemagglutinin in patients with liver disease. Lymphocytes from thirty-four untreated patients with various liver diseases were stimulated in a lymphocyte transformation test with liver-specific protein (LSP). Eight of ten patients with chronic active or persistent hepatitis, two of five patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis and six of nineteen patients with acute hepatitis showed a positive in vitro reactivity to LSP. In a control group of twelve persons without evidence of liver disease, eleven gave a negative response to LSP stimulation, whereas one person showed a positive response. Among fourteen patients with chronic hepatitis or non-alcoholic cirrhosis treated with prednisone at the time of the investigation, only one showed reactivity to LSP stimulation. Three patients in this group had previously had a positive reaction before prednisone was given. There was no statistically significant correlation between the reactivity to LSP stimulation and the presence or absence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HBAg) in serum, or with the biochemical liver parameters. The response to in vitro stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was found to be significantly lower as compared with the control group in eleven patients with alcoholic liver disease and in the patients with acute hepatitis who had HBAg in serum. This decrease in reactivity could apparently not be ascribed to immuno-suppressive factors in the patients' sera."}
{"id": "PMID:949868", "title": "Immune complex infusion in the rat. Renal functional and morphological changes.", "content": "Immune complexes were precipitated from pooled goat antisera to human Cohn Fraction II. After washing the complexes were solubilized in antigen excess. When complexes containing 10 mg of antibody were infused into saline-loaded rats an episode of oligoanuria lasting 4-6 hr resulted followed by transient proteinuria. By 24 hr after complex infusion protein excretion had returned to pre-infusion levels. With infusion of 5 mg of antibody similar functional alterations, though of lesser severity, occured. Control animals infused with Cohn fraction II alone in an amount and protein concentration equal to the experimental groups exhibited none of these features. Changes in blood pressure did not occur. Immune complex deposition was not detectable in the glomeruli by immunofluorescence microscopy. A mild microangiopathy affecting mainly interstitial vessels, with some glomerular endothelial cell swelling, was evident on light microscopy. It is suggested that circulating factors resulting from complex infusion rather than glomerular complex localization account for the changes observed.", "contents": "Immune complex infusion in the rat. Renal functional and morphological changes. Immune complexes were precipitated from pooled goat antisera to human Cohn Fraction II. After washing the complexes were solubilized in antigen excess. When complexes containing 10 mg of antibody were infused into saline-loaded rats an episode of oligoanuria lasting 4-6 hr resulted followed by transient proteinuria. By 24 hr after complex infusion protein excretion had returned to pre-infusion levels. With infusion of 5 mg of antibody similar functional alterations, though of lesser severity, occured. Control animals infused with Cohn fraction II alone in an amount and protein concentration equal to the experimental groups exhibited none of these features. Changes in blood pressure did not occur. Immune complex deposition was not detectable in the glomeruli by immunofluorescence microscopy. A mild microangiopathy affecting mainly interstitial vessels, with some glomerular endothelial cell swelling, was evident on light microscopy. It is suggested that circulating factors resulting from complex infusion rather than glomerular complex localization account for the changes observed."}
{"id": "PMID:949869", "title": "The effect of respiratory immunization on cell-mediated immune effector cells of the lung.", "content": "In order to understand the mechanisms of cellular immune injury in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the effect of type of antigen on cell-mediated immunity in guinea-pigs receiving respiratory immunization was studied. Lymphocytes obtained by pulmonary lavage were compared with those from peritoneal exudate following immunization with either a soluble protein, human serum albumin, or a particulate suspension of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. Assays were obtained without mixing cells from these two sources. Statistically significant increases (13-22%) in the number of alveolar rosette-forming cells (RFC) were found in the animals immunized with either antigen, but only the particulate T. vulgaris was also capable of inducing a systemic increase of such cells. That this increase in RFC could be due to specifically reactive lymphocytes was demonstrated by the production of antigen-stimulated macrophage migration inhibition. Some evidence was obtained that indicated that T. vulgaris could act both as a non-specific B-cell stimulant and a specific T-cell activator. The concept of a hypothetical pulmonary 'barrier' is discussed which must be overcome to induce systemic immune responses following respiratory immunization. T. vulgaris must be added to the list of known agents or means for overcoming this 'barrier'.", "contents": "The effect of respiratory immunization on cell-mediated immune effector cells of the lung. In order to understand the mechanisms of cellular immune injury in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the effect of type of antigen on cell-mediated immunity in guinea-pigs receiving respiratory immunization was studied. Lymphocytes obtained by pulmonary lavage were compared with those from peritoneal exudate following immunization with either a soluble protein, human serum albumin, or a particulate suspension of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. Assays were obtained without mixing cells from these two sources. Statistically significant increases (13-22%) in the number of alveolar rosette-forming cells (RFC) were found in the animals immunized with either antigen, but only the particulate T. vulgaris was also capable of inducing a systemic increase of such cells. That this increase in RFC could be due to specifically reactive lymphocytes was demonstrated by the production of antigen-stimulated macrophage migration inhibition. Some evidence was obtained that indicated that T. vulgaris could act both as a non-specific B-cell stimulant and a specific T-cell activator. The concept of a hypothetical pulmonary 'barrier' is discussed which must be overcome to induce systemic immune responses following respiratory immunization. T. vulgaris must be added to the list of known agents or means for overcoming this 'barrier'."}
{"id": "PMID:949870", "title": "Modification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the guinea-pig by cyclophosphamide.", "content": "Pretreatment of guinea-pigs with cyclophosphamide (Cy) (300 mg/kg) 3 days before cutaneous infection with Leishmania enriettii caused an increased intensity of the lesion at the site of infection and an increase in the incidence of widespread metastases. Decreased levels of circulating antibody were found from the first to fourth week after infection. Decreased delayed type hypersensitivity could only be detected beyond 4 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages obtained form guinea-pigs 3 days after Cy pretreatment showed increase rather than decreased ability to phagocytose L. enriettii. Phagocytosis of L. enriettii by peritoneal macrophages obtained from guinea-pigs pretreated with Cy 24 days previously was normal. It is suggested that more attention should be taken of antibody levels during the early phase of infection and that control of infection could be due to a synergism between antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Upset in the balance by suppression of either function might lead to the development of widespread metastatic lesions.", "contents": "Modification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the guinea-pig by cyclophosphamide. Pretreatment of guinea-pigs with cyclophosphamide (Cy) (300 mg/kg) 3 days before cutaneous infection with Leishmania enriettii caused an increased intensity of the lesion at the site of infection and an increase in the incidence of widespread metastases. Decreased levels of circulating antibody were found from the first to fourth week after infection. Decreased delayed type hypersensitivity could only be detected beyond 4 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages obtained form guinea-pigs 3 days after Cy pretreatment showed increase rather than decreased ability to phagocytose L. enriettii. Phagocytosis of L. enriettii by peritoneal macrophages obtained from guinea-pigs pretreated with Cy 24 days previously was normal. It is suggested that more attention should be taken of antibody levels during the early phase of infection and that control of infection could be due to a synergism between antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Upset in the balance by suppression of either function might lead to the development of widespread metastatic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:949871", "title": "Complement activation in patients with Gambian sleeping sickness.", "content": "Low levels of complement components C3, C4 and factor B were found in the sera of most patients with early and advanced Gambian trypanosomiasis. C3 levels increased after treatment with melarsoprol (Mel B). Nearly all patients had high serum IgM levels and a significants correlation was found betwen high serum IgM levels and low serum C3 levels. High concentrations of cryglobulins, which contained IgM and C3, were found in most of sera tested. Formation of large molecular weight IgM complexes may play an important part in producing the low C3 levels found in patients with Gambian sleeping sickness.", "contents": "Complement activation in patients with Gambian sleeping sickness. Low levels of complement components C3, C4 and factor B were found in the sera of most patients with early and advanced Gambian trypanosomiasis. C3 levels increased after treatment with melarsoprol (Mel B). Nearly all patients had high serum IgM levels and a significants correlation was found betwen high serum IgM levels and low serum C3 levels. High concentrations of cryglobulins, which contained IgM and C3, were found in most of sera tested. Formation of large molecular weight IgM complexes may play an important part in producing the low C3 levels found in patients with Gambian sleeping sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:949872", "title": "Antigenic diversity among Onchocerca volvulus in Nigeria, and immunological differences between onchocerciasis in the savanna and forest of Cameroon.", "content": "Onchocerciasis is a remarkably chronic infection and, in West Africa, there are distinct clinical and pathological differences between the disease in the savanna and in the forest. Experiments were carried out to see whether antigenic diversity among Ochocerca volvulus worms might contribute to these features. Extracts of adult worms and or microfilariae were analysed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and showed a remarkable diversity of protein patterns but no consistent savanna/forest or Nigeria/Cameroon differences. Indirect haemagglutination using cross-absorbed sera was used to look for antigenic diversity or identity between different O. volvulus worms. Sera of patients were absorbed with antigens extracted from worms taken from those paitents and then titrated against sheep erythrocytes coated with the same antigens. It was shown that an adult Onchocerca volvulus could be either antigenically identical with, or distinct from, another worm taken from the same patient. In one Nigerian village identity was shown in two instances nad diversity in five. Microfilariae lack some antigens possessed by adult worms. This test has shown consistent savanna/forest differences in worm antigen patterns and antibody responses. In order to explain the pattern of these differences it was necessary to postulate that forest patients possessed antibodies to another worm which had antigens in common with savanna Onchocerca. The relevance of these findings to the pathology and prevention of onchocerciasis is discussed.", "contents": "Antigenic diversity among Onchocerca volvulus in Nigeria, and immunological differences between onchocerciasis in the savanna and forest of Cameroon. Onchocerciasis is a remarkably chronic infection and, in West Africa, there are distinct clinical and pathological differences between the disease in the savanna and in the forest. Experiments were carried out to see whether antigenic diversity among Ochocerca volvulus worms might contribute to these features. Extracts of adult worms and or microfilariae were analysed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and showed a remarkable diversity of protein patterns but no consistent savanna/forest or Nigeria/Cameroon differences. Indirect haemagglutination using cross-absorbed sera was used to look for antigenic diversity or identity between different O. volvulus worms. Sera of patients were absorbed with antigens extracted from worms taken from those paitents and then titrated against sheep erythrocytes coated with the same antigens. It was shown that an adult Onchocerca volvulus could be either antigenically identical with, or distinct from, another worm taken from the same patient. In one Nigerian village identity was shown in two instances nad diversity in five. Microfilariae lack some antigens possessed by adult worms. This test has shown consistent savanna/forest differences in worm antigen patterns and antibody responses. In order to explain the pattern of these differences it was necessary to postulate that forest patients possessed antibodies to another worm which had antigens in common with savanna Onchocerca. The relevance of these findings to the pathology and prevention of onchocerciasis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949873", "title": "Soluble factors in immune sera of mice. I. Specific and non-specific suppressive activity.", "content": "Serum collected from mice 7 days following immunization with heterologous erythrocytes (SRBC, HoRBC) contained potent and specific immunosuppressive activity. When the serum was filtered through a Diaflo UM-10 membrane the activity was recovered in the filtrate, indicating that a factor less than 10,000 Daltons is responsible for it. Filtrates obtained from animals immunized with soluble antigens (BSA, POL) in FCA suppressed the 7S response to SRBC but had no effect on the 19S response. This non-specific suppressive effect on the7S response was also shown by filtrates obtained from sera of animals injected with FCA or other adjuvants (LPS, poly A:U). The 19S response to SRBC was either not affectd (LPS, poly A:U) or actually enhanced. (FCA). The SRBC-induced filtrates markedly suppressed the espression of DH to SRBC.", "contents": "Soluble factors in immune sera of mice. I. Specific and non-specific suppressive activity. Serum collected from mice 7 days following immunization with heterologous erythrocytes (SRBC, HoRBC) contained potent and specific immunosuppressive activity. When the serum was filtered through a Diaflo UM-10 membrane the activity was recovered in the filtrate, indicating that a factor less than 10,000 Daltons is responsible for it. Filtrates obtained from animals immunized with soluble antigens (BSA, POL) in FCA suppressed the 7S response to SRBC but had no effect on the 19S response. This non-specific suppressive effect on the7S response was also shown by filtrates obtained from sera of animals injected with FCA or other adjuvants (LPS, poly A:U). The 19S response to SRBC was either not affectd (LPS, poly A:U) or actually enhanced. (FCA). The SRBC-induced filtrates markedly suppressed the espression of DH to SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:949874", "title": "Treatment of Goodpasture syndrome with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and plasma exchange transfusions.", "content": "Repeated plasm exchanges were performed in a 44-year-old man with Goodpasture syndrome, also treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Improvement was observed within 3 weeks of starting the protocol, and by the 76th week, endogenous creatinine clearance had increased from 30 to 56 ml/min/1.73 M2 and serum albumin from 2.7 to 3.7 g/dl. Prior treatment with immunosuppressive drugs had not significantly influenced circulating antibody levels. But sustained suppression of antibody was achieved after the plasma exchanges were begun, suggesting that physical removal of circulating antibody combined with antiproliferative drug treatment may be a useful way to control undesirable humoral immune responses.", "contents": "Treatment of Goodpasture syndrome with cyclophosphamide, prednisone and plasma exchange transfusions. Repeated plasm exchanges were performed in a 44-year-old man with Goodpasture syndrome, also treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Improvement was observed within 3 weeks of starting the protocol, and by the 76th week, endogenous creatinine clearance had increased from 30 to 56 ml/min/1.73 M2 and serum albumin from 2.7 to 3.7 g/dl. Prior treatment with immunosuppressive drugs had not significantly influenced circulating antibody levels. But sustained suppression of antibody was achieved after the plasma exchanges were begun, suggesting that physical removal of circulating antibody combined with antiproliferative drug treatment may be a useful way to control undesirable humoral immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:949875", "title": "Comparison of allergic aspermatogenesis with that induced by vasectomy. I. In vivo studies in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Groups of male and female guinea-pigs were immunized with homologous epdidymal sperm in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and skin tested at weekly intervals with a heat-treated extract of the sperm or with PPD. In females, the skin response to both antigens was similar to that to any standard protein antigen. In males, the response to sperm extract  varied with the induced auto-immune orchitis, reaching a maximum immediately after testis lesion was most severe and as recovery was beginning (shown histologically): the response to PPD was decreased at 1 week after immunization, but subsequently was similar to that in females. Skin tests on guinea-pigs 8 months after bilateral vasectomy (when both ends of vasa were ligated), showed no evidence of delayed hypersensitivity to sperm, although there was marked histological evidence of reduced spermatognesis, due to back pressure atrophy.", "contents": "Comparison of allergic aspermatogenesis with that induced by vasectomy. I. In vivo studies in the guinea-pig. Groups of male and female guinea-pigs were immunized with homologous epdidymal sperm in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and skin tested at weekly intervals with a heat-treated extract of the sperm or with PPD. In females, the skin response to both antigens was similar to that to any standard protein antigen. In males, the response to sperm extract  varied with the induced auto-immune orchitis, reaching a maximum immediately after testis lesion was most severe and as recovery was beginning (shown histologically): the response to PPD was decreased at 1 week after immunization, but subsequently was similar to that in females. Skin tests on guinea-pigs 8 months after bilateral vasectomy (when both ends of vasa were ligated), showed no evidence of delayed hypersensitivity to sperm, although there was marked histological evidence of reduced spermatognesis, due to back pressure atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:949876", "title": "Accessibility to antibodies of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor are present in the serum of myasthenic patients but one does not know if, in vivo and in situ, they can penetrate the intact neuromuscular junction and block directly the receptor. The present experiments demonstrate that molecules the size of antibodies can reach acetylcholine receptor in situ. The mouse diaphragm with its intact neuromuscular junction was used as a source of acetylcholine receptor. The receptor was revealed either directly by iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin covalently coupled to IgG or indirectly, once labelled with cobra toxin, by iodinated anti-cobra toxin antibodies.", "contents": "Accessibility to antibodies of acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor are present in the serum of myasthenic patients but one does not know if, in vivo and in situ, they can penetrate the intact neuromuscular junction and block directly the receptor. The present experiments demonstrate that molecules the size of antibodies can reach acetylcholine receptor in situ. The mouse diaphragm with its intact neuromuscular junction was used as a source of acetylcholine receptor. The receptor was revealed either directly by iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin covalently coupled to IgG or indirectly, once labelled with cobra toxin, by iodinated anti-cobra toxin antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:949885", "title": "Deaths due to childhood asthma. Are they preventable?", "content": "Seven cases of death in patients with severe asthma are presented. The cause of death in asthmatic children is discussed under the following headings: mucus plugs, insufficient treatment, infection, aspiration, concomitant disease, oversedation, theophylline toxicity, overuse of metered dose pressurized aerosols, inadequate steroid therapy, and sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. The authors conclude that asthmatic deaths are preventable.", "contents": "Deaths due to childhood asthma. Are they preventable? Seven cases of death in patients with severe asthma are presented. The cause of death in asthmatic children is discussed under the following headings: mucus plugs, insufficient treatment, infection, aspiration, concomitant disease, oversedation, theophylline toxicity, overuse of metered dose pressurized aerosols, inadequate steroid therapy, and sudden cardiopulmonary arrest. The authors conclude that asthmatic deaths are preventable."}
{"id": "PMID:949898", "title": "Treatment of neoplasia of the bladder with topical application of a synthetic peptide complex preparation: preliminary results.", "content": "Preliminary results are reported on the endo-vesical use of a complex of synthetic peptides ('Peptichemio') in 15 patients suffering from bladder neoplasia who were judged to be beyond surgery or radiotherapy. The agent was introduced into bladder in 20 mg doses diluted in 50 ml of 5% glucose and retained for approximately 30 minutes. Treatment was repeated every 5 to 7 days. The disappearance of the neoplastic mass in 13% of the cases and its reduction in a further 53% encourage the continued use of the preparation in local regional therapy of bladder neoplasia, and the findings help to establish treatment times and doses. For the moment, the authors recommend increasing the interval between treatments to 10 days or more once the neoplastic mass has been reduced or disappeared.", "contents": "Treatment of neoplasia of the bladder with topical application of a synthetic peptide complex preparation: preliminary results. Preliminary results are reported on the endo-vesical use of a complex of synthetic peptides ('Peptichemio') in 15 patients suffering from bladder neoplasia who were judged to be beyond surgery or radiotherapy. The agent was introduced into bladder in 20 mg doses diluted in 50 ml of 5% glucose and retained for approximately 30 minutes. Treatment was repeated every 5 to 7 days. The disappearance of the neoplastic mass in 13% of the cases and its reduction in a further 53% encourage the continued use of the preparation in local regional therapy of bladder neoplasia, and the findings help to establish treatment times and doses. For the moment, the authors recommend increasing the interval between treatments to 10 days or more once the neoplastic mass has been reduced or disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:949899", "title": "The effects of the sub-chronic administration of an anti-histamine, clemastine, on tests of car driving ability and psychomotor performance.", "content": "A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was carried out in 21 normal volunteers to study the effects of sub-chronic administration of clemastine on car driving ability and psychomotor performance. Subjects were assessed on 5 tests representing various aspects of everyday car driving experience, and on subjective rating scales for mood, sleep, and psychomotor integration. The results showed that repeated doses of 1 mg clemastine b.d. for 3 days had no significant consistent effect on any of the parameters measured.", "contents": "The effects of the sub-chronic administration of an anti-histamine, clemastine, on tests of car driving ability and psychomotor performance. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was carried out in 21 normal volunteers to study the effects of sub-chronic administration of clemastine on car driving ability and psychomotor performance. Subjects were assessed on 5 tests representing various aspects of everyday car driving experience, and on subjective rating scales for mood, sleep, and psychomotor integration. The results showed that repeated doses of 1 mg clemastine b.d. for 3 days had no significant consistent effect on any of the parameters measured."}
{"id": "PMID:949900", "title": "Betamethasone-I7, 2I-dipropionate ointment: an effective topical preparation in lichen ruber planus.", "content": "A clinical evaluation was carried out in 19 patients with lichen ruber planus to assess the effectiveness of 0.05% betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate ointment in the treatment of patients whose lesions had developed resistance to prolonged treatment with 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate ointment. The new steroid ointment was substituted for the previous preparation and applied at the same frequency, once or twice daily, for 2 to 3 weeks. The results at the end of the betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate period were classified as better in 14 (73.7%) and equal in the remaining 5 patients.", "contents": "Betamethasone-I7, 2I-dipropionate ointment: an effective topical preparation in lichen ruber planus. A clinical evaluation was carried out in 19 patients with lichen ruber planus to assess the effectiveness of 0.05% betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate ointment in the treatment of patients whose lesions had developed resistance to prolonged treatment with 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate ointment. The new steroid ointment was substituted for the previous preparation and applied at the same frequency, once or twice daily, for 2 to 3 weeks. The results at the end of the betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate period were classified as better in 14 (73.7%) and equal in the remaining 5 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:949901", "title": "Local treatment of psoriasis of the scalp with clobetasol propionate in alcoholic solution: a comparison of once and twice a day application.", "content": "A clinical evaluation was carried out in 53 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis of the scalp to assess the effectiveness of a 0.05% alcoholic solution of clobetasol propionate. Patients were treated on a non-selective basis with either a once a day or twice a day application. After a 2-weeks' treatment period, the results showed that there was an excellent or good response in 65% of patients treated once a day and in all of the patients on twice daily application of the topical steroid. It is recommended, therefore, that clobetasol propionate should be applied twice daily for the control of severe cases of psoriasis of the scalp.", "contents": "Local treatment of psoriasis of the scalp with clobetasol propionate in alcoholic solution: a comparison of once and twice a day application. A clinical evaluation was carried out in 53 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis of the scalp to assess the effectiveness of a 0.05% alcoholic solution of clobetasol propionate. Patients were treated on a non-selective basis with either a once a day or twice a day application. After a 2-weeks' treatment period, the results showed that there was an excellent or good response in 65% of patients treated once a day and in all of the patients on twice daily application of the topical steroid. It is recommended, therefore, that clobetasol propionate should be applied twice daily for the control of severe cases of psoriasis of the scalp."}
{"id": "PMID:949902", "title": "Treatment of chronic gastric ulcer with gefarnate: a long-term controlled therapeutic trial.", "content": "A long-term controlled therapeutic trial of gefarnate (600 mg daily) in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcer was carried out in 32 patients. Assessment was based on the clinical course and on repeated radiological and endoscopic examinations, which were performed after 3-months' treatment, at the end of the 1-year trial period, and towards the end of a follow-up period of approximately 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years. In men with gastric ulcer, gefarnate proved to be highly effective, with 10 out of the 11 patients who received this treatment showing persistent healing of the ulcer compared with only 4 out of the 11 who were on dummy treatment. In the very small group of women it was not possible to show any difference between treatments. No adverse reactions to gefarnate occurred. These results suggest that gefarnate is a safe and effective treatment for chronic gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic gastric ulcer with gefarnate: a long-term controlled therapeutic trial. A long-term controlled therapeutic trial of gefarnate (600 mg daily) in the treatment of chronic gastric ulcer was carried out in 32 patients. Assessment was based on the clinical course and on repeated radiological and endoscopic examinations, which were performed after 3-months' treatment, at the end of the 1-year trial period, and towards the end of a follow-up period of approximately 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 years. In men with gastric ulcer, gefarnate proved to be highly effective, with 10 out of the 11 patients who received this treatment showing persistent healing of the ulcer compared with only 4 out of the 11 who were on dummy treatment. In the very small group of women it was not possible to show any difference between treatments. No adverse reactions to gefarnate occurred. These results suggest that gefarnate is a safe and effective treatment for chronic gastric ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:949903", "title": "Clinical evaluation of clobetasone butyrate in the treatment of children with atopic eczema, and its effect on plasma corticosteroid levels.", "content": "Studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of clobetasone butyrate in treating eczema and psoriasis, and to determine if the compound had any effect on plasma cortisol levels. In the first trial, 71 children with bilateral symmetrical atopic eczema lesions were treated twice daily for 1 week, on one side with 0.05% clobetasone butyrate cream or ointment and on the other with 0.0125% flurandrenolone cream or ointment. Lesions improved or healed in the majority of the patients. Treatment preference showed a trend in favour of clobetasone butyrate but the difference was not statistically significant. In a second open trial, 29 adults with eczema or psoriasis were treated twice daily with clobetasone butyrate for 1 week: lesions in 10 patients remained static, 12 improved, and 7 were cleared. Plasma corticosteroid levels remained within the normal range at the end of the treatment period.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of clobetasone butyrate in the treatment of children with atopic eczema, and its effect on plasma corticosteroid levels. Studies were carried out to assess the effectiveness of clobetasone butyrate in treating eczema and psoriasis, and to determine if the compound had any effect on plasma cortisol levels. In the first trial, 71 children with bilateral symmetrical atopic eczema lesions were treated twice daily for 1 week, on one side with 0.05% clobetasone butyrate cream or ointment and on the other with 0.0125% flurandrenolone cream or ointment. Lesions improved or healed in the majority of the patients. Treatment preference showed a trend in favour of clobetasone butyrate but the difference was not statistically significant. In a second open trial, 29 adults with eczema or psoriasis were treated twice daily with clobetasone butyrate for 1 week: lesions in 10 patients remained static, 12 improved, and 7 were cleared. Plasma corticosteroid levels remained within the normal range at the end of the treatment period."}
{"id": "PMID:949904", "title": "Pachytene mapping of the male Chinese hamster.", "content": "Minced seminiferous tubules of male Chinese hamsters when treated with a mixture of trypsin (one part) and  McCoy's 5a growth medium with 20% fetal calf serum (nine parts) at 4 degrees C, washed twice with the regular growth medium, incubated at 37 degrees C in growth medium for 4 h, and harvested without Colcemid and hypotonic pretreatments, gave excellent pachytene morphology for studies on chromomere patterns. The Giemsa banding patterns of all somatic metaphase chromosomes except the sex chromosomes of the hamster cells correspond well to the chromomere patterns of meiotic pachytene bivalents.", "contents": "Pachytene mapping of the male Chinese hamster. Minced seminiferous tubules of male Chinese hamsters when treated with a mixture of trypsin (one part) and  McCoy's 5a growth medium with 20% fetal calf serum (nine parts) at 4 degrees C, washed twice with the regular growth medium, incubated at 37 degrees C in growth medium for 4 h, and harvested without Colcemid and hypotonic pretreatments, gave excellent pachytene morphology for studies on chromomere patterns. The Giemsa banding patterns of all somatic metaphase chromosomes except the sex chromosomes of the hamster cells correspond well to the chromomere patterns of meiotic pachytene bivalents."}
{"id": "PMID:949905", "title": "The in vitro isolation and characterization of monosomic sublines derived from a Colcemid-treated Chinese hamster cell population.", "content": "A series of 18 sublines deficient for one or two chromosomes was isolated in vitro from a pseudodiploid Chinese hamster cell population treated appropriately with Colcemid to obtain maximal induction of aneuploidy. Chromosomes 10 and 11 were the most frequently involved and, to a lesser extent, chromosome 9 and the partially deleted 6. Since analysis of chromosome banding patterns did not reveal any evidence of chromosome rearrangement, it was concluded that entire chromosomes were absent, and thus the sublines are presumed to be monosomic. The monosomic state was quickly lost during serial culture, and the 15th passage after isolation, the monosomic cell type accounted for less than 50% of the cell population in over half the sublines. This was due to a shift in chromosome number back to 22, apparently by reacquistion of the absent chromosome, or to the appearance of tetraploidy.", "contents": "The in vitro isolation and characterization of monosomic sublines derived from a Colcemid-treated Chinese hamster cell population. A series of 18 sublines deficient for one or two chromosomes was isolated in vitro from a pseudodiploid Chinese hamster cell population treated appropriately with Colcemid to obtain maximal induction of aneuploidy. Chromosomes 10 and 11 were the most frequently involved and, to a lesser extent, chromosome 9 and the partially deleted 6. Since analysis of chromosome banding patterns did not reveal any evidence of chromosome rearrangement, it was concluded that entire chromosomes were absent, and thus the sublines are presumed to be monosomic. The monosomic state was quickly lost during serial culture, and the 15th passage after isolation, the monosomic cell type accounted for less than 50% of the cell population in over half the sublines. This was due to a shift in chromosome number back to 22, apparently by reacquistion of the absent chromosome, or to the appearance of tetraploidy."}
{"id": "PMID:949906", "title": "Further evidence of X-linkage of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase in the mouse.", "content": "A variant of the HPRT-A9 mouse cell line was fused with wild type diploid mouse bone marrow cells to obtain an HPRT+ line. The unique chromosomal features of the A9 parent, including the presence of a t(X;3) translocation and the absence of normal chromosomes 15,16, 17, 18, and the X, have permitted use of this intraspecific hybrid for chromosome mapping. Back-selection of hybrid cells in 8-azaguanine for loss of HPRT resulted in the loss of the Xchromosome derived from the diploid parent, providing evidence of the X-linkage of the HPRT locus.", "contents": "Further evidence of X-linkage of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase in the mouse. A variant of the HPRT-A9 mouse cell line was fused with wild type diploid mouse bone marrow cells to obtain an HPRT+ line. The unique chromosomal features of the A9 parent, including the presence of a t(X;3) translocation and the absence of normal chromosomes 15,16, 17, 18, and the X, have permitted use of this intraspecific hybrid for chromosome mapping. Back-selection of hybrid cells in 8-azaguanine for loss of HPRT resulted in the loss of the Xchromosome derived from the diploid parent, providing evidence of the X-linkage of the HPRT locus."}
{"id": "PMID:949907", "title": "A mitotically unstable human dicentric Y chromosome in a male pseudohermaphrodite.", "content": "A patient with a mitotically unstable dic(Y)(p11) chromosome is reported. Physical examination revealed a small penis with severe hypospadia, undescended testes, rudimetary vagina, uterus, left fallopian tube, and no stigmata of Turner syndrome. Longitudinal chromosome studies over a four-year period, including blood, skin, foreskin, and testicular tissue, revealed 45,X/46,X,dic(Y)(p11)/46,X,del(dic Y) mosaicism. The proportions of these cells varied in the different tissues, and only 45,X and 46,X,del(dic Y) were major cell lines in testicular tissue. Additional minor cell lines were present mainly in peripheral blood: 47,X,dicY,dicY; 47,X,dicY,del(dicY); and 47,X,del(dicY),del(DICY). Premature disjunction of one of the centromeres in a high percentage of the dicentric Y chromosomes in metaphase was observed by Q- and C-banding. Lymphocytes at anaphase and telophase showed lagging Y chromosomes, fragments, and nondisjunction. These observations indicate a high degree of mitotic instability and thus raise the question of the effect of premature centromeric disjunction on mitotic instability of dicentric chromosomes.", "contents": "A mitotically unstable human dicentric Y chromosome in a male pseudohermaphrodite. A patient with a mitotically unstable dic(Y)(p11) chromosome is reported. Physical examination revealed a small penis with severe hypospadia, undescended testes, rudimetary vagina, uterus, left fallopian tube, and no stigmata of Turner syndrome. Longitudinal chromosome studies over a four-year period, including blood, skin, foreskin, and testicular tissue, revealed 45,X/46,X,dic(Y)(p11)/46,X,del(dic Y) mosaicism. The proportions of these cells varied in the different tissues, and only 45,X and 46,X,del(dic Y) were major cell lines in testicular tissue. Additional minor cell lines were present mainly in peripheral blood: 47,X,dicY,dicY; 47,X,dicY,del(dicY); and 47,X,del(dicY),del(DICY). Premature disjunction of one of the centromeres in a high percentage of the dicentric Y chromosomes in metaphase was observed by Q- and C-banding. Lymphocytes at anaphase and telophase showed lagging Y chromosomes, fragments, and nondisjunction. These observations indicate a high degree of mitotic instability and thus raise the question of the effect of premature centromeric disjunction on mitotic instability of dicentric chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:949909", "title": "Does the T-locus in the mouse include ribosomal DNA?", "content": "The proportion of rDNA in the mouse genome is shown to have no systematic relation to the T-locus genotype, and hybridization in situ with 125I-RNA does not label chromosome 17, which carries the T-locus. Thus rDNA need no longer be taken into account in explaining the unique properties of the alleles at this locus. The number of genes for rRNA precursor averaged 153 per haploid genome, but a large measure of individual variation is suggested.", "contents": "Does the T-locus in the mouse include ribosomal DNA? The proportion of rDNA in the mouse genome is shown to have no systematic relation to the T-locus genotype, and hybridization in situ with 125I-RNA does not label chromosome 17, which carries the T-locus. Thus rDNA need no longer be taken into account in explaining the unique properties of the alleles at this locus. The number of genes for rRNA precursor averaged 153 per haploid genome, but a large measure of individual variation is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:949922", "title": "The relationship of a specific chromosomal region to the development of the acrosome.", "content": "In early spermatids of Urodeles the chromosome segments bearing constitutive heterochromatin are localized in one half of the round nucleus; this region becomes the basal part of the long nucleus of the spermatozoon. The euchromatic chromosome segments extend toward the anterior nuclear pole in a bouquet configuration (Macgregor and Walker, 1973). In the course of spermiohistogenesis, one of the heterochromatic regions (the acrosomal chromocenter) migrates from the basal part to the anterior half of the spermatid nucleus. This heterochromatic block is identical with a species-specific, definite C-band in the karyotype. This relationship between the acrosomal chromocenter and a specific chromosomal C-band was established in Triturus cristatus, T. marmoratus, T. alpestric and Cynops pyrrhogaster. In closely related species this particular C-band lies on similar chromosomes. - While the spermatid nucleus still retains its round shape the acrosomal chromocenter despiralizes into a long heterochromatic thread (acrosomal thread). Precisely at the position of this thread the nucleus evaginates and acquires a pear-like shape. During the elongation of the nuclear protrusion the acrosomal thread remains associated with the anterior end. At termination of spermiogenesis it lies closely below the acrosome in the tip of the spermatozoon. Spontaneous aberrations which affect the acrosomal chromocenter or the thread lead to the development of spermatozoa with defective tips. - Several euchromatic segments, interspersed between the heterchromatic segments, can be recognized in the completely despiralized acrosomal thread. Genes responsible for the morphogenetic activities of both, the acrosomal chromocenter and the acrosomal thread, in the development of the spermtip, might be localized in these interspersed euchromatic segments. The existence in higher vertebrates of an acrosomal chromocenter or an equivalent chromosomal region is discussed.", "contents": "The relationship of a specific chromosomal region to the development of the acrosome. In early spermatids of Urodeles the chromosome segments bearing constitutive heterochromatin are localized in one half of the round nucleus; this region becomes the basal part of the long nucleus of the spermatozoon. The euchromatic chromosome segments extend toward the anterior nuclear pole in a bouquet configuration (Macgregor and Walker, 1973). In the course of spermiohistogenesis, one of the heterochromatic regions (the acrosomal chromocenter) migrates from the basal part to the anterior half of the spermatid nucleus. This heterochromatic block is identical with a species-specific, definite C-band in the karyotype. This relationship between the acrosomal chromocenter and a specific chromosomal C-band was established in Triturus cristatus, T. marmoratus, T. alpestric and Cynops pyrrhogaster. In closely related species this particular C-band lies on similar chromosomes. - While the spermatid nucleus still retains its round shape the acrosomal chromocenter despiralizes into a long heterochromatic thread (acrosomal thread). Precisely at the position of this thread the nucleus evaginates and acquires a pear-like shape. During the elongation of the nuclear protrusion the acrosomal thread remains associated with the anterior end. At termination of spermiogenesis it lies closely below the acrosome in the tip of the spermatozoon. Spontaneous aberrations which affect the acrosomal chromocenter or the thread lead to the development of spermatozoa with defective tips. - Several euchromatic segments, interspersed between the heterchromatic segments, can be recognized in the completely despiralized acrosomal thread. Genes responsible for the morphogenetic activities of both, the acrosomal chromocenter and the acrosomal thread, in the development of the spermtip, might be localized in these interspersed euchromatic segments. The existence in higher vertebrates of an acrosomal chromocenter or an equivalent chromosomal region is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949923", "title": "Meiotic drive for B-chromosomes in the primary oocytes of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Orthopera: Acrididae).", "content": "Using a modified technique which allowed observation of chromosome orientation in the primary oocyte of grasshoppers at the onset of anaphase, it has been possible to establish that the B-chromosomes is distributed preferentially on the egg side of the metaphase plate rather than the polar body side. The frequency of this preferential orientation matches very closely the level of preferential transmission determined from breeding experiments using individuals from the same population. The spindle is asymmetrical in the primary oocyte of this species, and a possible explanation of the meiotic drive is proposed as a result of the conical shape of nucleoplasm surrounding this spindle. The autosomal chiasma frequency of these females is generally lower than comparable males and is increased by the presence of B chromosomes; but the ciasma frequencies of the sexes respond differently to the addition of 1 and 2 B-chromosomes.", "contents": "Meiotic drive for B-chromosomes in the primary oocytes of Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Orthopera: Acrididae). Using a modified technique which allowed observation of chromosome orientation in the primary oocyte of grasshoppers at the onset of anaphase, it has been possible to establish that the B-chromosomes is distributed preferentially on the egg side of the metaphase plate rather than the polar body side. The frequency of this preferential orientation matches very closely the level of preferential transmission determined from breeding experiments using individuals from the same population. The spindle is asymmetrical in the primary oocyte of this species, and a possible explanation of the meiotic drive is proposed as a result of the conical shape of nucleoplasm surrounding this spindle. The autosomal chiasma frequency of these females is generally lower than comparable males and is increased by the presence of B chromosomes; but the ciasma frequencies of the sexes respond differently to the addition of 1 and 2 B-chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:949924", "title": "Cytogenetics of two species of Euceraphis (Homoptera, Aphididae).", "content": "Somatic cell divisions, spermatogenesis, and the prophase stages of primary oocytes, are described for two species of birch aphid, Euceraphis betulae (Koch) and E. punctipennis (Zettersted). Females of E. betulae have two autosome pairs, two pairs of X-chromosomes of different lengths, and two B-chromosomes. Females of E. punctipennis have the same number of X-chromosomes. The sex determination system is X1X2O. E. punctipennis males sometimes have only one B-chromosome. In the spermatogenesis of E. Betulae, pairing of homologous autosomes occurs in early prophase I, but no evidence was found of chiasmata or end-to-end alignment of homologues. Instead, homologues remain closely aligned in parallel as they condense into metaphase, and anaphase I separates the products of pairing in a strictly reductional manner. The two unpaired X-chromosomes and both B-chromosomes are stretched on the anaphase I spindle and all four pass into the larger secondary spermatocyte. The second division is equational. The B-chromosomes thus show accumulation in spermatogenesis, which must be compensated in some way by an elimination mechanism in oogenesis. Meiosis of E. punctipennis is highly anomalous. The two autosomes pair but separate again in early prophase I, then one homologue becomes heterchromatic and is apparently rejected from the late prophase nucleus. A single, equational maturation division follows. In female neiosis I, both species show highly characteristic diplotene figures with multiple chiasmata, the B-chromosomes remaining unpaired. These results are discussed in relation to previous work on aphid cytogenetics.", "contents": "Cytogenetics of two species of Euceraphis (Homoptera, Aphididae). Somatic cell divisions, spermatogenesis, and the prophase stages of primary oocytes, are described for two species of birch aphid, Euceraphis betulae (Koch) and E. punctipennis (Zettersted). Females of E. betulae have two autosome pairs, two pairs of X-chromosomes of different lengths, and two B-chromosomes. Females of E. punctipennis have the same number of X-chromosomes. The sex determination system is X1X2O. E. punctipennis males sometimes have only one B-chromosome. In the spermatogenesis of E. Betulae, pairing of homologous autosomes occurs in early prophase I, but no evidence was found of chiasmata or end-to-end alignment of homologues. Instead, homologues remain closely aligned in parallel as they condense into metaphase, and anaphase I separates the products of pairing in a strictly reductional manner. The two unpaired X-chromosomes and both B-chromosomes are stretched on the anaphase I spindle and all four pass into the larger secondary spermatocyte. The second division is equational. The B-chromosomes thus show accumulation in spermatogenesis, which must be compensated in some way by an elimination mechanism in oogenesis. Meiosis of E. punctipennis is highly anomalous. The two autosomes pair but separate again in early prophase I, then one homologue becomes heterchromatic and is apparently rejected from the late prophase nucleus. A single, equational maturation division follows. In female neiosis I, both species show highly characteristic diplotene figures with multiple chiasmata, the B-chromosomes remaining unpaired. These results are discussed in relation to previous work on aphid cytogenetics."}
{"id": "PMID:949968", "title": "Peroxidase from human cervical mucus. The isolation and characterisation.", "content": "A peroxidase has been isolated from pooled specimens of human cervical mucus. Investigation of substrate and inhibitor specificity, pH optimum, chromatography on Sephadex G-200, disc electrophoresis, ultraviolet absorption spectrum and the effects of temperature and ionic strength variation are described. A study of the steady-state kinetics is reported using hydrogen peroxide and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as substrates and a catalytic mechanism is proposed.", "contents": "Peroxidase from human cervical mucus. The isolation and characterisation. A peroxidase has been isolated from pooled specimens of human cervical mucus. Investigation of substrate and inhibitor specificity, pH optimum, chromatography on Sephadex G-200, disc electrophoresis, ultraviolet absorption spectrum and the effects of temperature and ionic strength variation are described. A study of the steady-state kinetics is reported using hydrogen peroxide and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as substrates and a catalytic mechanism is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:949969", "title": "Characterisation of the lysosomal heterogeneity in Chinese-hamster fibroblasts.", "content": "1. Homogenates of Chinese hamster fibroblasts have been fractionated by analytical centrifugation techniques. Lysosomes have been characterised and identified by the distinctive behaviour of specific marker constituents. 2. The acid hydrolases of hamster fibroblasts were located in two distinct organelles, characterised by differences in their equilibrium densities and rates of sedimentation. The lighter population of lysosomes with a modal density of 1.10 g cm-3, contained glycosidases, nucleases and acid phosphatase. The denser population, with a modal density of 1.15 g cm-3, contained proteases and arylsulphatase B. 3. Acid hydrolases in both populations showed similar degrees of latency and structure-linked sedimentability. 4. The heterophagic activity of hamster fibroblasts was investigated by growing the cells in the presence of [14C]sucrose, [14C]inulin and Triton WR 1339. These compounds are taken up by the cells and appear to be located in the denser population of lysosomes. 5. The low density of the lighter population of lysosomes appears to result from a high content of cholesterol esters and triacylglycerols. It is suggested that the lysosomes may be the site of storage of a considerable proportion of these lipids in cultured hamster cells.", "contents": "Characterisation of the lysosomal heterogeneity in Chinese-hamster fibroblasts. 1. Homogenates of Chinese hamster fibroblasts have been fractionated by analytical centrifugation techniques. Lysosomes have been characterised and identified by the distinctive behaviour of specific marker constituents. 2. The acid hydrolases of hamster fibroblasts were located in two distinct organelles, characterised by differences in their equilibrium densities and rates of sedimentation. The lighter population of lysosomes with a modal density of 1.10 g cm-3, contained glycosidases, nucleases and acid phosphatase. The denser population, with a modal density of 1.15 g cm-3, contained proteases and arylsulphatase B. 3. Acid hydrolases in both populations showed similar degrees of latency and structure-linked sedimentability. 4. The heterophagic activity of hamster fibroblasts was investigated by growing the cells in the presence of [14C]sucrose, [14C]inulin and Triton WR 1339. These compounds are taken up by the cells and appear to be located in the denser population of lysosomes. 5. The low density of the lighter population of lysosomes appears to result from a high content of cholesterol esters and triacylglycerols. It is suggested that the lysosomes may be the site of storage of a considerable proportion of these lipids in cultured hamster cells."}
{"id": "PMID:949970", "title": "The initiation of globin synthesis in differentiating rabbit-bone-marrow erythroid cells.", "content": "At a particular stage of erythropoiesis, the immature erythroid cell commences synthesis of the messenger RNA for globin. Experiments were performed to determine whether this mRNA is immediately translated into globin or whether there is any substantial delay and accumulation of mRNA awaiting a further stage of differentiation. Rabbit bone marrow erythroid cells were separated according to their degree of maturity by velocity sedimentation on a sucrose gradient. Their relative abilities to synthesise globin were measured by radioactive labelling in culture and the relative proportions of globin mRNA in cellular RNA were determined by hybridisation to DNA complementary to globin mRNA. The increasing ability to synthesise globin closely parallelled the concentration of globin mRNA at all stages of differentiation, thus suggesting that there is no significant delay between transcription and translation.", "contents": "The initiation of globin synthesis in differentiating rabbit-bone-marrow erythroid cells. At a particular stage of erythropoiesis, the immature erythroid cell commences synthesis of the messenger RNA for globin. Experiments were performed to determine whether this mRNA is immediately translated into globin or whether there is any substantial delay and accumulation of mRNA awaiting a further stage of differentiation. Rabbit bone marrow erythroid cells were separated according to their degree of maturity by velocity sedimentation on a sucrose gradient. Their relative abilities to synthesise globin were measured by radioactive labelling in culture and the relative proportions of globin mRNA in cellular RNA were determined by hybridisation to DNA complementary to globin mRNA. The increasing ability to synthesise globin closely parallelled the concentration of globin mRNA at all stages of differentiation, thus suggesting that there is no significant delay between transcription and translation."}
{"id": "PMID:949971", "title": "The mechanism of the synthesis of indoleglycerol phosphate catalyzed by tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Steady-state kinetic studies.", "content": "The mechanism of indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis from indole and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate catalyzed by tryptophan synthase has been investigated by steady-state kinetic techniques. The equilibrium constant and the progress curves were measured by use of the difference in absorbance between indole and indoleglycerol phosphate. Stopped-flow measurements show that only the non-hydrated form of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate serves as substrate. The product analogue indolepropanol phosphate was used as an inhibitor to discriminate between possible mechanisms. The data agree well with an ordered addition mechanism with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate adding first. Mechanisms involving random addition of substrates or ordered addition with indole adding first can be excluded because indolepropanol phosphate is a competitive inhibitor only towards glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The high affinity of tryptophan synthase for indoleglycerol phosphate leads to product inhibition even at small extents of reaction. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate combines with the enzyme with an apparent second-order rate constant, which is not diffusion controlled and generates a site with high affinity for indole.", "contents": "The mechanism of the synthesis of indoleglycerol phosphate catalyzed by tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Steady-state kinetic studies. The mechanism of indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis from indole and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate catalyzed by tryptophan synthase has been investigated by steady-state kinetic techniques. The equilibrium constant and the progress curves were measured by use of the difference in absorbance between indole and indoleglycerol phosphate. Stopped-flow measurements show that only the non-hydrated form of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate serves as substrate. The product analogue indolepropanol phosphate was used as an inhibitor to discriminate between possible mechanisms. The data agree well with an ordered addition mechanism with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate adding first. Mechanisms involving random addition of substrates or ordered addition with indole adding first can be excluded because indolepropanol phosphate is a competitive inhibitor only towards glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The high affinity of tryptophan synthase for indoleglycerol phosphate leads to product inhibition even at small extents of reaction. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate combines with the enzyme with an apparent second-order rate constant, which is not diffusion controlled and generates a site with high affinity for indole."}
{"id": "PMID:949972", "title": "Steady-state kinetic studies of the synthesis of indoleglycerol phosphate catalyzed by the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Comparison with the alpha2 beta2-complex.", "content": "For the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase and at constant concentration of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the saturation curves with respect to indole concentration are weakly sigmoidal. This phenomenon can be explained by interaction between indole bound to the effector site established previously and the active center of the monomeric alpha subunit. Kinetic studies of the inhibition of indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis by the analogue indolepropanol phosphate show that the inhibition is competitive with respect to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and non-competitive with respect to indole. Mechanisms with random addition of substrates or ordered addition with indole binding first can therefore be excluded. A quantitative fit of the data has been obtained to an ordered addition mechanism with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate binding first and with a distribution of the enzyme between two states differing in V, governed by the binding of indole to the effector site. The kinetic constants obtained for the alpha subunit have been compared with those of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase. Protein-protein interaction of the alpha subunit with the beta 2 subunit (a) does not alter the catalytic of the indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis, (b) suppresses the substrate activation by indole, and (c) changes the various equilibrium, rate and steady-state constants in the sense of conveying higher substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency to the alpha-subunit. The occurrence of local and gross conformational changes in the tryptophan synthase system is discussed.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetic studies of the synthesis of indoleglycerol phosphate catalyzed by the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Escherichia coli. Comparison with the alpha2 beta2-complex. For the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase and at constant concentration of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate the saturation curves with respect to indole concentration are weakly sigmoidal. This phenomenon can be explained by interaction between indole bound to the effector site established previously and the active center of the monomeric alpha subunit. Kinetic studies of the inhibition of indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis by the analogue indolepropanol phosphate show that the inhibition is competitive with respect to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and non-competitive with respect to indole. Mechanisms with random addition of substrates or ordered addition with indole binding first can therefore be excluded. A quantitative fit of the data has been obtained to an ordered addition mechanism with D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate binding first and with a distribution of the enzyme between two states differing in V, governed by the binding of indole to the effector site. The kinetic constants obtained for the alpha subunit have been compared with those of the alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase. Protein-protein interaction of the alpha subunit with the beta 2 subunit (a) does not alter the catalytic of the indoleglycerol phosphate synthesis, (b) suppresses the substrate activation by indole, and (c) changes the various equilibrium, rate and steady-state constants in the sense of conveying higher substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency to the alpha-subunit. The occurrence of local and gross conformational changes in the tryptophan synthase system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949973", "title": "Interaction of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli with DNA. Effect of temperature and ionic strength on selection of T7 DNA early promoters.", "content": "Factors influencing promoter site selection by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase were investigated using T7 DNA as template. The utilization of the three major early promoters A1, A2 and A3, was followed by processing the RNA transcripts with RNAase III, which generates the three corresponding initiator RNA fragments. The three promoters proved to be functionally distinct. A strong differential effect of temperature and ionic strength on promoter selection was observed. The transition temperature of promoters A1, A2 and A3 was measured directly by preincubating, at different temperatures, RNA polymerase and T7 DNA, with primer-substrate combinations which selected each site independently. The transition temperature of the three sites was markedly different. Promoter A3 was used predominantly at low temperature, whereas A1 or A2 promoters were gradually activated by increasing the temperature. The temperature response curves were strongly dependent upon the salt concentration. On the other hand, challenge experiments with rifampicin or poly (inosinic acid) showed that, once preinitiation complexes are formed by incubating RNA polymerase with DNA at 37 degrees C, the three sites A1, A2 and A3 promote chain initiation with equal efficiency and at the same rate.", "contents": "Interaction of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli with DNA. Effect of temperature and ionic strength on selection of T7 DNA early promoters. Factors influencing promoter site selection by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase were investigated using T7 DNA as template. The utilization of the three major early promoters A1, A2 and A3, was followed by processing the RNA transcripts with RNAase III, which generates the three corresponding initiator RNA fragments. The three promoters proved to be functionally distinct. A strong differential effect of temperature and ionic strength on promoter selection was observed. The transition temperature of promoters A1, A2 and A3 was measured directly by preincubating, at different temperatures, RNA polymerase and T7 DNA, with primer-substrate combinations which selected each site independently. The transition temperature of the three sites was markedly different. Promoter A3 was used predominantly at low temperature, whereas A1 or A2 promoters were gradually activated by increasing the temperature. The temperature response curves were strongly dependent upon the salt concentration. On the other hand, challenge experiments with rifampicin or poly (inosinic acid) showed that, once preinitiation complexes are formed by incubating RNA polymerase with DNA at 37 degrees C, the three sites A1, A2 and A3 promote chain initiation with equal efficiency and at the same rate."}
{"id": "PMID:949974", "title": "Elongation factor 1 from Artemia salina: properties and disaggregation of the enzyme.", "content": "Elongation factor 1 has been purified from undeveloped embryos of Artemia salina. The purified enzyme appears to be an aggregate (molecular weight approximately to 200 000) which on sodium dodecylsulfate gels shows the presence of two major protein bands whose estimated molecular weights are 52 000 and 47 000. Lipid material appears to be associated with the purified protein. In aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes, there is only a limited turnover of the enzyme, but the protein acts catalytically in amino acid polymerization. The enzyme is disaggregated by a partially purified phospholipase C preparation, elastase and under certain conditions, by guanosine nucleotides. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the overall role of elongation faction 1 in aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes.", "contents": "Elongation factor 1 from Artemia salina: properties and disaggregation of the enzyme. Elongation factor 1 has been purified from undeveloped embryos of Artemia salina. The purified enzyme appears to be an aggregate (molecular weight approximately to 200 000) which on sodium dodecylsulfate gels shows the presence of two major protein bands whose estimated molecular weights are 52 000 and 47 000. Lipid material appears to be associated with the purified protein. In aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes, there is only a limited turnover of the enzyme, but the protein acts catalytically in amino acid polymerization. The enzyme is disaggregated by a partially purified phospholipase C preparation, elastase and under certain conditions, by guanosine nucleotides. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to the overall role of elongation faction 1 in aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:949975", "title": "The role of the physical state of lipopolysaccharides in the interaction with complement. High molecular weight as prerequisite for the expression of anti-complementary activity.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides interact with complement only when they are present in a state of high aggregation with a high apparent molecular weight. Lipopolysaccharides in uniform salt forms prepared by electrodialysis and neutralization with different bases exhibited distinct differences in their anticomplementary activity which correlated with differences in their sedimentation coefficients. Conversion of smooth (S) form lipopolysaccharides into the low-molecular-weight triethylamine form completely abolished their anti-complementary activity while conversion into the high-molecular-weight sodium form increased their activity. In contrast, a similar treatment of highly defective Re and Rd rough (R) form lipopolysaccharides had no effect on their ability to interact with complement. Both the triethylamine and sodium forms were strongly anti-complementary despite large differences in their molecular weight. This was found to be due to the property of R lipopolysaccharides to reaggregate into a large-molecular-weight form through absorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ present in the guinea pig serum used as complement source. Defective lipopolysaccharides derived from the Ra and Rb classes showed only negligible anti-complementary activity which did not increase by conversion into salt forms with high molecular weight.", "contents": "The role of the physical state of lipopolysaccharides in the interaction with complement. High molecular weight as prerequisite for the expression of anti-complementary activity. Lipopolysaccharides interact with complement only when they are present in a state of high aggregation with a high apparent molecular weight. Lipopolysaccharides in uniform salt forms prepared by electrodialysis and neutralization with different bases exhibited distinct differences in their anticomplementary activity which correlated with differences in their sedimentation coefficients. Conversion of smooth (S) form lipopolysaccharides into the low-molecular-weight triethylamine form completely abolished their anti-complementary activity while conversion into the high-molecular-weight sodium form increased their activity. In contrast, a similar treatment of highly defective Re and Rd rough (R) form lipopolysaccharides had no effect on their ability to interact with complement. Both the triethylamine and sodium forms were strongly anti-complementary despite large differences in their molecular weight. This was found to be due to the property of R lipopolysaccharides to reaggregate into a large-molecular-weight form through absorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ present in the guinea pig serum used as complement source. Defective lipopolysaccharides derived from the Ra and Rb classes showed only negligible anti-complementary activity which did not increase by conversion into salt forms with high molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:949976", "title": "A comparison between the common type and a rare genetic variant of human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase.", "content": "Human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase is polymorphic in northern Sweden. The genetic variant type has a lower mobility at electrophoresis in alkaline buffer. The enzyme was isolated from erythrocytes from one of the rare homozygotes and its properties compared to those of the common type. The isoelectric point of the variant was higher (4.85) than that of the common type (4.7). Small differences in amino acid composition were found but no definite amino acid substitutions could be pointed out. The molecular weights were equal as judged from electrophoreses in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of dodecylsulphate. The ultraviolet spectra were similar. Parameters related to the active site of the enzyme were very similar; i.e. specific activity and sensitivity to inhibition by cyanide and by H2O2. These parameters, especially the latter two, differ widely between species. Both enzymes were stable for weeks at neutral pH at 37 degrees C, whereas the common type was significantly more stable at pH 4 and pH 11 and also at incubation in neutral buffer at 70 degrees C. It appears that the active site of the variant is conserved whereas the stability of the enzyme is affected.", "contents": "A comparison between the common type and a rare genetic variant of human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase. Human cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase is polymorphic in northern Sweden. The genetic variant type has a lower mobility at electrophoresis in alkaline buffer. The enzyme was isolated from erythrocytes from one of the rare homozygotes and its properties compared to those of the common type. The isoelectric point of the variant was higher (4.85) than that of the common type (4.7). Small differences in amino acid composition were found but no definite amino acid substitutions could be pointed out. The molecular weights were equal as judged from electrophoreses in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of dodecylsulphate. The ultraviolet spectra were similar. Parameters related to the active site of the enzyme were very similar; i.e. specific activity and sensitivity to inhibition by cyanide and by H2O2. These parameters, especially the latter two, differ widely between species. Both enzymes were stable for weeks at neutral pH at 37 degrees C, whereas the common type was significantly more stable at pH 4 and pH 11 and also at incubation in neutral buffer at 70 degrees C. It appears that the active site of the variant is conserved whereas the stability of the enzyme is affected."}
{"id": "PMID:949977", "title": "Unequivalence between hemoglobin subunits. The effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on the absorption spectrum of liganded valency hybrids.", "content": "The effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on the visible absorption spectrum of liganded valency hybrids alphaCO2 beta+H20, alpha+H2ObetaCO2 and alphaCO2beta+CN2, alpha+CN2beta CO2 (where alphaCO, alpha+H2O, alpha+CN and betaCO, beta+H2O, beta+CN represent the alpha and beta chain of hemoglobin, respectively, in their carbon monoxide, aquomet and cyanomet forms) have been examined in an attempt to determine if their alpha and beta chains are equally sensitive to the action of the anion. The difference spectra induced by inositol hexakisphosphate, are different for the two chains. The beta+H2O subunit contributes chiefly to the absorbance changes, rather than alpha+H2O. In contrast, it is the alphaCO chains which is more sensitive to inositol hexakisphosphate than betaCO. The question of whether such a selective response would also occur in aquomethemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin is discussed. Criteria of changes in the quaternary structure of hybrids has been studied by measuring the effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on their ultraviolet absorption spectrum.", "contents": "Unequivalence between hemoglobin subunits. The effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on the absorption spectrum of liganded valency hybrids. The effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on the visible absorption spectrum of liganded valency hybrids alphaCO2 beta+H20, alpha+H2ObetaCO2 and alphaCO2beta+CN2, alpha+CN2beta CO2 (where alphaCO, alpha+H2O, alpha+CN and betaCO, beta+H2O, beta+CN represent the alpha and beta chain of hemoglobin, respectively, in their carbon monoxide, aquomet and cyanomet forms) have been examined in an attempt to determine if their alpha and beta chains are equally sensitive to the action of the anion. The difference spectra induced by inositol hexakisphosphate, are different for the two chains. The beta+H2O subunit contributes chiefly to the absorbance changes, rather than alpha+H2O. In contrast, it is the alphaCO chains which is more sensitive to inositol hexakisphosphate than betaCO. The question of whether such a selective response would also occur in aquomethemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin is discussed. Criteria of changes in the quaternary structure of hybrids has been studied by measuring the effects of inositol hexakisphosphate on their ultraviolet absorption spectrum."}
{"id": "PMID:949978", "title": "Fluorescent guanosine-nucleotide analogs suitable for photoaffinity-labeling experiments.", "content": "The synthesis and properties of strongly fluorescent derivative of inosine and its nucleotides are described. Reaction of 2-chloro-inosinic acid with sodium azide leads to a product bearing the tetrazole ring between position 2 and 3. Methylation at N1 was effected with dimethyl sulfate. The corresponding nucleosides and their 5'-triphosphates were also prepared. Only the non-methylated series is at equilibrium with small concentrations of their azido forms, and can be photolyzed by wavelengths above 300 nm. Both series are strongly fluorescent, their emission and excitation fluorescence spectra, as well as their quantum yields were measured. The nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are able to initiate and sustain polymerization of porcine brain tubulin.", "contents": "Fluorescent guanosine-nucleotide analogs suitable for photoaffinity-labeling experiments. The synthesis and properties of strongly fluorescent derivative of inosine and its nucleotides are described. Reaction of 2-chloro-inosinic acid with sodium azide leads to a product bearing the tetrazole ring between position 2 and 3. Methylation at N1 was effected with dimethyl sulfate. The corresponding nucleosides and their 5'-triphosphates were also prepared. Only the non-methylated series is at equilibrium with small concentrations of their azido forms, and can be photolyzed by wavelengths above 300 nm. Both series are strongly fluorescent, their emission and excitation fluorescence spectra, as well as their quantum yields were measured. The nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are able to initiate and sustain polymerization of porcine brain tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:949979", "title": "Co-operative ionisation of aspartic-acid-158 and histidine-159 in papain. Evidence from 19F nuclear-magnetic-resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy.", "content": "The chemical shift of the single resonance in the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of papain which has been irreversibly inhibited by 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone, exhibits pH-dependence. The fluorescence intensity of this papain derivative shows pH-dependence on two groups which exhibit co-operative ionisation. This co-operative behaviour is probably a function of the probe since the fluorescence intensity of S-ethane-thio-papain is dependent on a single ionisation constant, whereas that of S-(2-hydroxyethane)-thio-papain is dependent on two ionisable groups again acting co-operatively. The 1,1,1-trifluoroketone probe will be hydrated in aqueous solution and would be capable of hydrogen bonding with the protein. The two groups detected are considered to be aspartic-acid-158 and histidine-159. The co-operative ionisation of these groups in substrate hydrolysis is discussed.", "contents": "Co-operative ionisation of aspartic-acid-158 and histidine-159 in papain. Evidence from 19F nuclear-magnetic-resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The chemical shift of the single resonance in the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of papain which has been irreversibly inhibited by 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone, exhibits pH-dependence. The fluorescence intensity of this papain derivative shows pH-dependence on two groups which exhibit co-operative ionisation. This co-operative behaviour is probably a function of the probe since the fluorescence intensity of S-ethane-thio-papain is dependent on a single ionisation constant, whereas that of S-(2-hydroxyethane)-thio-papain is dependent on two ionisable groups again acting co-operatively. The 1,1,1-trifluoroketone probe will be hydrated in aqueous solution and would be capable of hydrogen bonding with the protein. The two groups detected are considered to be aspartic-acid-158 and histidine-159. The co-operative ionisation of these groups in substrate hydrolysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949981", "title": "Wheatgerm hexokinase (LII): fluorimetric measurement of the binding of substrates and products.", "content": "The change in intrinsic fluorescence observed when wheatgerm hexokinase combines with its substrates or products has been investigated. The dissociation constants for the enzyme - ligand complexes have been evaluated and found to be equal to their respective Michaelis constants, and confirm that fructose is the preferred hexose substrate. Both hexoses and nucleotides can bind independently to the enzyme and the data are consistent with previous proposals that conformation changes in the enzyme may accompany the random binding of substrates.", "contents": "Wheatgerm hexokinase (LII): fluorimetric measurement of the binding of substrates and products. The change in intrinsic fluorescence observed when wheatgerm hexokinase combines with its substrates or products has been investigated. The dissociation constants for the enzyme - ligand complexes have been evaluated and found to be equal to their respective Michaelis constants, and confirm that fructose is the preferred hexose substrate. Both hexoses and nucleotides can bind independently to the enzyme and the data are consistent with previous proposals that conformation changes in the enzyme may accompany the random binding of substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:949980", "title": "Comparison of some properties of chromatin non-histone proteins and nuclear sap proteins.", "content": "The properties of rat liver and thymus non-histone and nuclear sap proteins were compared. The distribution of total, labile-bound and 0.35 M NaCl extractable non-histone proteins from one organ on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate is quite similar. On electrophoresis non-labelled and 32P-labelled non-histone and nuclear sap proteins from one organ differ from one another both qualitatively and quantitatively. We did not find an appreciable difference between non-labelled non-histone proteins isolated from liver and thymus. The distribution of 32P-labelled non-histone proteins from various organs differs quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Non-labelled and 32P-labelled nuclear sap proteins from liver and thymus differ significantly. 'Free' nuclear sap proteins and the proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles from thymus nuclei contain a great quantity of identical polypeptides, whereas other polypeptides are specific to each of these protein fractions. Upon incubation of nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP the label is incorporated into all the fractions of nuclear protein. The nuclear proteins are phosphorylated at decreasing rates in the order: labile-bound non-histone proteins greater than firmly bound non-histone proteins greater than 'free' nuclear sap proteins = proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles greater than histones. Nuclear sap and non-histone proteins contain protein kinases capable of phosphorylating both these proteins and histones. Histone phosphorylation is sharply inhibited after addition of DNA, the protein kinases of nuclear sap phosphorylating less effectively the histones complexed with DNA than the non-histone proteins. Both non-histone and nuclear sap proteins contain fractions interacting in vitro with DNA. Denatured DNA binds twice as much 32P-labelled nuclear sap proteins and a little more 32P-labelled non-histone proteins than native DNA. Denatured DNA binds non-histone and nuclear sap proteins much more effectively than native DNA. It was shown by the membrane filter technique that the major part of the nuclear sap and non-histone proteins interacting with native DNA binds to it non-specifically. A certain portion of non-histone and nuclear sap proteins interacts specifically with homologous denatured DNA. The possible role of non-histone and nuclear sap proteins in the regulation of transcription is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of some properties of chromatin non-histone proteins and nuclear sap proteins. The properties of rat liver and thymus non-histone and nuclear sap proteins were compared. The distribution of total, labile-bound and 0.35 M NaCl extractable non-histone proteins from one organ on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate is quite similar. On electrophoresis non-labelled and 32P-labelled non-histone and nuclear sap proteins from one organ differ from one another both qualitatively and quantitatively. We did not find an appreciable difference between non-labelled non-histone proteins isolated from liver and thymus. The distribution of 32P-labelled non-histone proteins from various organs differs quantitatively rather than qualitatively. Non-labelled and 32P-labelled nuclear sap proteins from liver and thymus differ significantly. 'Free' nuclear sap proteins and the proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles from thymus nuclei contain a great quantity of identical polypeptides, whereas other polypeptides are specific to each of these protein fractions. Upon incubation of nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP the label is incorporated into all the fractions of nuclear protein. The nuclear proteins are phosphorylated at decreasing rates in the order: labile-bound non-histone proteins greater than firmly bound non-histone proteins greater than 'free' nuclear sap proteins = proteins of ribonucleoprotein particles greater than histones. Nuclear sap and non-histone proteins contain protein kinases capable of phosphorylating both these proteins and histones. Histone phosphorylation is sharply inhibited after addition of DNA, the protein kinases of nuclear sap phosphorylating less effectively the histones complexed with DNA than the non-histone proteins. Both non-histone and nuclear sap proteins contain fractions interacting in vitro with DNA. Denatured DNA binds twice as much 32P-labelled nuclear sap proteins and a little more 32P-labelled non-histone proteins than native DNA. Denatured DNA binds non-histone and nuclear sap proteins much more effectively than native DNA. It was shown by the membrane filter technique that the major part of the nuclear sap and non-histone proteins interacting with native DNA binds to it non-specifically. A certain portion of non-histone and nuclear sap proteins interacts specifically with homologous denatured DNA. The possible role of non-histone and nuclear sap proteins in the regulation of transcription is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949982", "title": "Studies on the pyridoxal phosphate site in glycogen phosphorylase b.", "content": "It is usually accepted that the adduct formed by reaction of pyridoxal phosphate with amines in aprotic solvents is a good model to stimulate some properties of the pyridoxal phosphate site in glycogen phosphorylase. The chemical structure of this adduct was not very well established. An aldimine structure is supported by the infrared, electronic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra given in this work. Therefore, we conclude that, at neutral pH, the pyridoxal phosphate is bound to the glycogen phosphorylase through a Schiff base structure and embedded in a hydrophobic environment. The polarographic measurements reported in this paper could explain the fact that, at neutral pH, the pyridoxal phosphate can not be reduced onto phosphorylase by NaBH4.", "contents": "Studies on the pyridoxal phosphate site in glycogen phosphorylase b. It is usually accepted that the adduct formed by reaction of pyridoxal phosphate with amines in aprotic solvents is a good model to stimulate some properties of the pyridoxal phosphate site in glycogen phosphorylase. The chemical structure of this adduct was not very well established. An aldimine structure is supported by the infrared, electronic absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra given in this work. Therefore, we conclude that, at neutral pH, the pyridoxal phosphate is bound to the glycogen phosphorylase through a Schiff base structure and embedded in a hydrophobic environment. The polarographic measurements reported in this paper could explain the fact that, at neutral pH, the pyridoxal phosphate can not be reduced onto phosphorylase by NaBH4."}
{"id": "PMID:949983", "title": "AMP analogs: their function in the activation of glycogen phosphorylase b.", "content": "A series of AMP analogs has been selected in order to better understand the structural requirements (a) for the efficient binding of the activator molecule at the correct site on phosphorylase b from rabbit skeletal muscle and (b) for the activation which is observed. Two types of activation are known, according to Black and Wang [J. Biol. Chem. 243, 5892-5898 (1968)]: either a cooperative response with respect to the activator concentration (like the one which is obtained for AMP itself) or a non-cooperative response observed in the case of IMP. It is shown that the 5'-phosphate moiety is absolutely required for the analog to bind at the correct site (adenine or adenosine bind at another enzymic site), and that the free enthalpy, delta G, corresponding to the association process varies in a complex manner with respect to the substitution of the different positions of the AMP molecule. Moreover, the differences delta G (analog) - delta G (AMP) = delta G obtained for two types of substitution separately do not add up to the same energy difference as the one obtained when the two substitutions are made simultaneously on the AMP molecule. It appears that all the mononucleotides which have been tested up to now may be divided into two classes. Class I (AMP class) is characterized, apart from a strong activation, by the following features: (a) one molecule of analog expels two molecules of bound glucose 6-phosphate as it binds on the enzyme; (b) bound analog protects slowly one crucial cysteinyl residue against attack by 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) at 4 degrees C; (c) association of two molecules of dimer is strengthened at 4 degrees C in the presence of the analog. Class II (IMP class) is associated with a weak activation and with the following set of properties: (a) a single molecule of bound glucose 6-phosphate is released as the first molecule of analog binds on the dimer; (b) two slowly reacting cysteinyl residues per subunit are immediately protected against 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) by the binding of the analog at 4 degrees C; (c) the analog dissociates the low amount of tetramer which is present at 4 degrees C in the absence of AMP into two molecules of dimer. These results are discussed according to a plausible scheme of transconformations taking place in glycogen phosphorylase b, a model which has been derived earlier by relaxation studies.", "contents": "AMP analogs: their function in the activation of glycogen phosphorylase b. A series of AMP analogs has been selected in order to better understand the structural requirements (a) for the efficient binding of the activator molecule at the correct site on phosphorylase b from rabbit skeletal muscle and (b) for the activation which is observed. Two types of activation are known, according to Black and Wang [J. Biol. Chem. 243, 5892-5898 (1968)]: either a cooperative response with respect to the activator concentration (like the one which is obtained for AMP itself) or a non-cooperative response observed in the case of IMP. It is shown that the 5'-phosphate moiety is absolutely required for the analog to bind at the correct site (adenine or adenosine bind at another enzymic site), and that the free enthalpy, delta G, corresponding to the association process varies in a complex manner with respect to the substitution of the different positions of the AMP molecule. Moreover, the differences delta G (analog) - delta G (AMP) = delta G obtained for two types of substitution separately do not add up to the same energy difference as the one obtained when the two substitutions are made simultaneously on the AMP molecule. It appears that all the mononucleotides which have been tested up to now may be divided into two classes. Class I (AMP class) is characterized, apart from a strong activation, by the following features: (a) one molecule of analog expels two molecules of bound glucose 6-phosphate as it binds on the enzyme; (b) bound analog protects slowly one crucial cysteinyl residue against attack by 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) at 4 degrees C; (c) association of two molecules of dimer is strengthened at 4 degrees C in the presence of the analog. Class II (IMP class) is associated with a weak activation and with the following set of properties: (a) a single molecule of bound glucose 6-phosphate is released as the first molecule of analog binds on the dimer; (b) two slowly reacting cysteinyl residues per subunit are immediately protected against 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) by the binding of the analog at 4 degrees C; (c) the analog dissociates the low amount of tetramer which is present at 4 degrees C in the absence of AMP into two molecules of dimer. These results are discussed according to a plausible scheme of transconformations taking place in glycogen phosphorylase b, a model which has been derived earlier by relaxation studies."}
{"id": "PMID:949984", "title": "The state of ADP or ATP fixed to the mitochondria by bongkrekate.", "content": "The reported studies are intended to clarify the binding state of ADP fixed to mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate, and thus to discern between the affinity increase and reorientation mechanism proposed for the bongkrekate effect. (a) The composition of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool is not changed under the influence of bongkrekate with and without added nucleotides. (b) The added ADP and ATP fixed by bongkrekate can be identified as AMP, ADP and ATP in the same proportions as in the endogenous pool. (c) The bound nucleotides respond to oxidative phosphorylation or uncoupler stimulated dephosphorylation similar as endogenous nucleotides. It can be concluded that the ADP or ATP fixed under the influence of bongkrekate to the mitochondria are equilibrated with the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool and are active in intramitochondrial phosphate transfer reactions. The results disagree with the affinity increase mechanism but support the reorientation mechanism which postulates that ADP and ATP are trapped in the mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate in the same amount as there are carrier sites available outside before bongkrekate addition.", "contents": "The state of ADP or ATP fixed to the mitochondria by bongkrekate. The reported studies are intended to clarify the binding state of ADP fixed to mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate, and thus to discern between the affinity increase and reorientation mechanism proposed for the bongkrekate effect. (a) The composition of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool is not changed under the influence of bongkrekate with and without added nucleotides. (b) The added ADP and ATP fixed by bongkrekate can be identified as AMP, ADP and ATP in the same proportions as in the endogenous pool. (c) The bound nucleotides respond to oxidative phosphorylation or uncoupler stimulated dephosphorylation similar as endogenous nucleotides. It can be concluded that the ADP or ATP fixed under the influence of bongkrekate to the mitochondria are equilibrated with the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool and are active in intramitochondrial phosphate transfer reactions. The results disagree with the affinity increase mechanism but support the reorientation mechanism which postulates that ADP and ATP are trapped in the mitochondria under the influence of bongkrekate in the same amount as there are carrier sites available outside before bongkrekate addition."}
{"id": "PMID:949985", "title": "Mortality among Parkinson patients treated with L-dopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "Since L-dopa in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor is currently the most effective therapy available for treatment of Parkinson's disease, the authors compare the actual causes of death in a large series of treated Parkinson patients with a normal population and with previous studies. This investigation shows that the mortality of correctly treated Parkinson patients lies within the range of the expected mortality of a group of a normal population comparable in age and sex. The risk of death for a Parkinson patient is therefore no longer higher than for the normal population.", "contents": "Mortality among Parkinson patients treated with L-dopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor. Since L-dopa in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor is currently the most effective therapy available for treatment of Parkinson's disease, the authors compare the actual causes of death in a large series of treated Parkinson patients with a normal population and with previous studies. This investigation shows that the mortality of correctly treated Parkinson patients lies within the range of the expected mortality of a group of a normal population comparable in age and sex. The risk of death for a Parkinson patient is therefore no longer higher than for the normal population."}
{"id": "PMID:949986", "title": "Surgical management of multiple neuraxial ependymomas. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported of a 13-year-old girl who required four operations in 4 years for the removal of multiple spinal, supratentorial and infratentorial ependymoma seedlings, and who remains well 2 1/2 years after the last operation. The place of radiotherapy and surgery are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical management of multiple neuraxial ependymomas. Case report. A case is reported of a 13-year-old girl who required four operations in 4 years for the removal of multiple spinal, supratentorial and infratentorial ependymoma seedlings, and who remains well 2 1/2 years after the last operation. The place of radiotherapy and surgery are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:949987", "title": "Transient neurogenic urinary retention.", "content": "A patient is described who developed painless urinary retention, which resolved spontaneously within 2 weeks. At the onset of his illness neurological examination did not manifest definite abnormalities, but the cerebrospinal fluid contained excess of protein and lymphocytes. Cystonometry was normal throughout the illness.", "contents": "Transient neurogenic urinary retention. A patient is described who developed painless urinary retention, which resolved spontaneously within 2 weeks. At the onset of his illness neurological examination did not manifest definite abnormalities, but the cerebrospinal fluid contained excess of protein and lymphocytes. Cystonometry was normal throughout the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:949988", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosome activities and lymphocyte transformation in multiple sclerosis and some other central nervous system chronic diseases.", "content": "The role of PMNL lysosomes was studied in some lesions of the central nervous system with speical regard to multiple sclerosis patients. The significant decrease of acid hydrolases was observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) peripheral blood PMNL lysosomal granula and, in parallel, the increase of lysosome proteins mitogenic potency. The other lesions of the central nervous system such as apoplexy, brain tumors, brain trauma and epilepsy have not shown the MS-like activities of PMNLs. The role of PMNLs in pathogenesis of MS and in the stimulation of immunocompetent cells is suggested.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosome activities and lymphocyte transformation in multiple sclerosis and some other central nervous system chronic diseases. The role of PMNL lysosomes was studied in some lesions of the central nervous system with speical regard to multiple sclerosis patients. The significant decrease of acid hydrolases was observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) peripheral blood PMNL lysosomal granula and, in parallel, the increase of lysosome proteins mitogenic potency. The other lesions of the central nervous system such as apoplexy, brain tumors, brain trauma and epilepsy have not shown the MS-like activities of PMNLs. The role of PMNLs in pathogenesis of MS and in the stimulation of immunocompetent cells is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:950005", "title": "Ascorbic acid and cholesterol: effect of graded oral intakes on cholesterol conversion to bile acids in guinea-pigs.", "content": "A significant correlation between liver ascorbic acid (AA) and total bile acids or liver bile acids has been established in guinea-pigs by direct determination of the bile acids, confirming an earlier hypothesis. The oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids is dependent on the AA status, but it cannot be further stimulated by AA when the animals are already on an adequate intake of the vitamin. This suggests that AA has a hypocholesterolaemic effect over a limited range of AA status.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and cholesterol: effect of graded oral intakes on cholesterol conversion to bile acids in guinea-pigs. A significant correlation between liver ascorbic acid (AA) and total bile acids or liver bile acids has been established in guinea-pigs by direct determination of the bile acids, confirming an earlier hypothesis. The oxidation of cholesterol to bile acids is dependent on the AA status, but it cannot be further stimulated by AA when the animals are already on an adequate intake of the vitamin. This suggests that AA has a hypocholesterolaemic effect over a limited range of AA status."}
{"id": "PMID:950006", "title": "Affinity chromatography of soluble galactosyltransferases using an easily synthesized N-acetylglucosamine-agarose bead.", "content": "Agarose derivatized wtih phi-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine was used for affinity chromatography for soluble galactosyltransferase from various sources. Moreover, this adsorbant acts as an acceptor for galactose when incubated with prepurified galactosyltransferase.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of soluble galactosyltransferases using an easily synthesized N-acetylglucosamine-agarose bead. Agarose derivatized wtih phi-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosamine was used for affinity chromatography for soluble galactosyltransferase from various sources. Moreover, this adsorbant acts as an acceptor for galactose when incubated with prepurified galactosyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:950007", "title": "Abnormally soluble collagen produced in fibroblasts cultures.", "content": "Abnormally soluble collagen is synthesized in vitro not only by skin fibroblasts of Marfan patients but also by those of patients with Ehlers-Danlos type V and cutis laxa. The excessive solubility of collagen is corrected by the addition to the culture medium of a synthetic flavonoid, (+)- catechin.", "contents": "Abnormally soluble collagen produced in fibroblasts cultures. Abnormally soluble collagen is synthesized in vitro not only by skin fibroblasts of Marfan patients but also by those of patients with Ehlers-Danlos type V and cutis laxa. The excessive solubility of collagen is corrected by the addition to the culture medium of a synthetic flavonoid, (+)- catechin."}
{"id": "PMID:950008", "title": "Heavy metal hydrolysis of polyisoprenoid-phosphate mono- and oligosaccarides.", "content": "Mono- and oligosaccharide derivatives of dolichol phosphate can be hydrolyzed by heavy metal, preferably Zn++ at 100 degrees C or 65 degrees C. The reactions follow first order kinetics. The reaction proceeds through hydrolysis of the sugar phosphate bond.", "contents": "Heavy metal hydrolysis of polyisoprenoid-phosphate mono- and oligosaccarides. Mono- and oligosaccharide derivatives of dolichol phosphate can be hydrolyzed by heavy metal, preferably Zn++ at 100 degrees C or 65 degrees C. The reactions follow first order kinetics. The reaction proceeds through hydrolysis of the sugar phosphate bond."}
{"id": "PMID:950009", "title": "Activation of particle associated rat liver guanine deaminase by lecithin and interferences of lecithin in protein precipitation.", "content": "Guanine deaminase solubilized from the \"light\" mitochondrial fraction of rat liver was activated by lecithin. The activation was proportional to the concentration of lecithin taken in the system. A ratio of 1:1 between the two constituents (protein and lecithin) was at least necessary for complete precipitation.", "contents": "Activation of particle associated rat liver guanine deaminase by lecithin and interferences of lecithin in protein precipitation. Guanine deaminase solubilized from the \"light\" mitochondrial fraction of rat liver was activated by lecithin. The activation was proportional to the concentration of lecithin taken in the system. A ratio of 1:1 between the two constituents (protein and lecithin) was at least necessary for complete precipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:950010", "title": "Ultrastructural changes of the luminal plasma membrane of the transitional epithelium of the rat urinary tract in essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "Rats fed an essential fatty acid deficient diet (EFAD) showed a statistically significant decrease in the thickness and ultrastructural asymmetry of the luminal membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles of transitional epithelium of the urinary tract, due to a marked thinning of the peculiar thick luminal leaflet. These changes were reversed by adding EFA to the diet. This indicates that the unusual EM appearance of urothelial membrane depends on its content in EFA.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes of the luminal plasma membrane of the transitional epithelium of the rat urinary tract in essential fatty acid deficiency. Rats fed an essential fatty acid deficient diet (EFAD) showed a statistically significant decrease in the thickness and ultrastructural asymmetry of the luminal membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles of transitional epithelium of the urinary tract, due to a marked thinning of the peculiar thick luminal leaflet. These changes were reversed by adding EFA to the diet. This indicates that the unusual EM appearance of urothelial membrane depends on its content in EFA."}
{"id": "PMID:950012", "title": "Hybridization in the Mexican and 13-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus mexicanus and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus.", "content": "Evidence of hybridization between the ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. mexicanus is presented on the basis of chromosomal and protein data. The hybrids produced appear to be completely interfertile. Based on the evidence of hybridization and the recent reestablishment of contact between these two species, they are considered to be semispecies.", "contents": "Hybridization in the Mexican and 13-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus mexicanus and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Evidence of hybridization between the ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. mexicanus is presented on the basis of chromosomal and protein data. The hybrids produced appear to be completely interfertile. Based on the evidence of hybridization and the recent reestablishment of contact between these two species, they are considered to be semispecies."}
{"id": "PMID:950014", "title": "Changes in the distensibility of the cat aortic arch induced by noradrenaline.", "content": "In the isolated preparation of the aortic arch of the cat, noradrenaline (NA) reduced at low pre-loads, and increased at high pre-loads, the arterial wall distensibility. For each dose of NA, the changes were directly related to the pressure level in the system.", "contents": "Changes in the distensibility of the cat aortic arch induced by noradrenaline. In the isolated preparation of the aortic arch of the cat, noradrenaline (NA) reduced at low pre-loads, and increased at high pre-loads, the arterial wall distensibility. For each dose of NA, the changes were directly related to the pressure level in the system."}
{"id": "PMID:950015", "title": "Influence of gonadal hormones on the developing amphibian brain: changes in ribonucleic acid, protein and activity levels of acetylcholinesterase on in vivo administration of progesterone.", "content": "The levels of RNA and protein and activity levels of acetylcholinesterase decreased in the brain of developing tadpoles of 13-15-day-old Bufo melanostictus on in vivo administration of progesterone (200 mug/0.1 ml refined peanut oil). These changes suggest decelaration in the activity of the protein-synthetic machinery in progesterone administered animals.", "contents": "Influence of gonadal hormones on the developing amphibian brain: changes in ribonucleic acid, protein and activity levels of acetylcholinesterase on in vivo administration of progesterone. The levels of RNA and protein and activity levels of acetylcholinesterase decreased in the brain of developing tadpoles of 13-15-day-old Bufo melanostictus on in vivo administration of progesterone (200 mug/0.1 ml refined peanut oil). These changes suggest decelaration in the activity of the protein-synthetic machinery in progesterone administered animals."}
{"id": "PMID:950016", "title": "[Sephadex G 100- Separation of the mucicrinic and the mucimitiginic factors from an extract of duodenal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The mucicrin stimulating the hexosamine gastrointestinal secretion and extracted form porcine duodenum, was concentrated in the zone 7 using sephadex G 100. The molecular weight of 4000-5000 corresponds to this zone. An opposite activity was detected in zone 3. The factor from digestive mucous origin being able to diminish the hexosamine gastric secretion and not influencing the arterial pressure was called mucimitigin. The molecular weight of about 35000 corresponds to this factor.", "contents": "[Sephadex G 100- Separation of the mucicrinic and the mucimitiginic factors from an extract of duodenal mucosa (author's transl)]. The mucicrin stimulating the hexosamine gastrointestinal secretion and extracted form porcine duodenum, was concentrated in the zone 7 using sephadex G 100. The molecular weight of 4000-5000 corresponds to this zone. An opposite activity was detected in zone 3. The factor from digestive mucous origin being able to diminish the hexosamine gastric secretion and not influencing the arterial pressure was called mucimitigin. The molecular weight of about 35000 corresponds to this factor."}
{"id": "PMID:950017", "title": "The physiological effects of ionic lanthanum on the insect blood-brain  barrier.", "content": "Lanthanum had a small effect on the barrier, but did not significantly increase its sodium or potassium permeability. There was no effect on nerve conduction unless the barrier was deliberately damaged. The results lend confidence to the use of lanthanum as an extracellular tracer.", "contents": "The physiological effects of ionic lanthanum on the insect blood-brain  barrier. Lanthanum had a small effect on the barrier, but did not significantly increase its sodium or potassium permeability. There was no effect on nerve conduction unless the barrier was deliberately damaged. The results lend confidence to the use of lanthanum as an extracellular tracer."}
{"id": "PMID:950019", "title": "[Reversal of the pressor effect of PGF2alpha in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "In normal rats, prostaglandin F2alpha is a potent vasoconstrictor. The corresponding systemic hypertension is progressively attenuated by tachyphylaxis, revealing a longlasting fall of blood pressure. Tachyphylaxis is accelerated by previous injection of arachidonic acid and bradyskinin. The vasodepressive activity of PGF2alpha is inhibited by indomethacin.", "contents": "[Reversal of the pressor effect of PGF2alpha in the rat (author's transl)]. In normal rats, prostaglandin F2alpha is a potent vasoconstrictor. The corresponding systemic hypertension is progressively attenuated by tachyphylaxis, revealing a longlasting fall of blood pressure. Tachyphylaxis is accelerated by previous injection of arachidonic acid and bradyskinin. The vasodepressive activity of PGF2alpha is inhibited by indomethacin."}
{"id": "PMID:950020", "title": "Ouabain-induced release of extraneuronal catecholamine in the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens.", "content": "It was found that ouabain (10(-5) M) was effective in releasing the extraneuronal catecholamine which was taken up by uptake 2 process in the guinea-pig vas deferens. This result shows that a Na-K ATPase is essential for the storage of catecholamine in the extraneuronal site.", "contents": "Ouabain-induced release of extraneuronal catecholamine in the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens. It was found that ouabain (10(-5) M) was effective in releasing the extraneuronal catecholamine which was taken up by uptake 2 process in the guinea-pig vas deferens. This result shows that a Na-K ATPase is essential for the storage of catecholamine in the extraneuronal site."}
{"id": "PMID:950021", "title": "Extravascular cells within the perisinusoidal space of the avian liver.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of the perisinusoidal space in the avian liver have demonstrated the presence of 2 extravascular cell types--a fat-storing cell and a free mesenchyme cell or histiocyte. This latter cell type is capable of participating in the formation of a bile canaliculus with the hepatic parenchymal cell. The possibility of the fat-storing cell differentiating from the histiocyte is suggested.", "contents": "Extravascular cells within the perisinusoidal space of the avian liver. Ultrastructural studies of the perisinusoidal space in the avian liver have demonstrated the presence of 2 extravascular cell types--a fat-storing cell and a free mesenchyme cell or histiocyte. This latter cell type is capable of participating in the formation of a bile canaliculus with the hepatic parenchymal cell. The possibility of the fat-storing cell differentiating from the histiocyte is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:950022", "title": "Mitochondrial derivation of centrioles in some endocrine adenomas.", "content": "Fine structural studies of various endocrine adenomas indicate that mitochondria may serve as progenitors of centrioles and cilia.", "contents": "Mitochondrial derivation of centrioles in some endocrine adenomas. Fine structural studies of various endocrine adenomas indicate that mitochondria may serve as progenitors of centrioles and cilia."}
{"id": "PMID:950025", "title": "A new substrate for cultures of dissociated primary rat brain.", "content": "Different substrates were used to coat plastic petri dished for the cultivation of dissociated fetal rat brain cells. Only on surfaces which were coated with a mixture of serum and non-reconstituted collagen, did the majority of the inoculated cells attach singly or as aggregates within 24 h. The attachment of the cells was followed by the outgrowth of cellular processes either from single cells or from aggregates in the same time period. This did not occur on collagen or serum treated or on regular plastic dishes. Under the latter conditions a similar outgrowth was observed only after 3-5 days.", "contents": "A new substrate for cultures of dissociated primary rat brain. Different substrates were used to coat plastic petri dished for the cultivation of dissociated fetal rat brain cells. Only on surfaces which were coated with a mixture of serum and non-reconstituted collagen, did the majority of the inoculated cells attach singly or as aggregates within 24 h. The attachment of the cells was followed by the outgrowth of cellular processes either from single cells or from aggregates in the same time period. This did not occur on collagen or serum treated or on regular plastic dishes. Under the latter conditions a similar outgrowth was observed only after 3-5 days."}
{"id": "PMID:950045", "title": "Conservative treatment of endometriosis: the effects of limited surgery and hormonal pseudopregnancy.", "content": "This study compares the effects of limited surgery or hormonal pseudopregnancy, or a combination of these two, upon fertility and the need for subsequent surgery with respect to the extent of the disease at the time of initial diagnosis in patients with endometriosis externa. Of the 61 patients who desired to enhance or preserve reproductive capacity, 20 patients became pregnant, for a pregnancy rate of 33%. The pregnancy rate in all categories, that is, those patients treated with pseudopregnancy, conservative surgery, and combined pseudopregnancy and surgery, was found to be in direct relationship to the initial extent of disease. In such patients, conservative surgery alone seemed to give the best results in the achievement of pregnancy. There seemed to be little difference between pseudopregnancy alone and conservative surgery in regard to the need for subsequent surgery after initial therapy, although there seemed to be a significantly greater chance for the need for subsequent surgery in patients receiving a combination of the two forms of therapy. The need for subsequent surgery after initial therapy in 80 patients increased in direct relationship to the initial extent of disease present, despite the form of therapy used. Fifty-nine other patients with endometriosis, who did not desire to preserve fertility and presented for relief of other symptoms, underwent initial \"radical\" therapy. Forty-six patients underwent complete operation, including removal of uterus, tubes and ovaries, and none required subsequent reoperation. Of the 13 remaining patients, who underwent incomplete surgical removal, leaving one or both ovaries in situ, 11 required subsequent reoperation for recurrent pelvic endometriosis.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of endometriosis: the effects of limited surgery and hormonal pseudopregnancy. This study compares the effects of limited surgery or hormonal pseudopregnancy, or a combination of these two, upon fertility and the need for subsequent surgery with respect to the extent of the disease at the time of initial diagnosis in patients with endometriosis externa. Of the 61 patients who desired to enhance or preserve reproductive capacity, 20 patients became pregnant, for a pregnancy rate of 33%. The pregnancy rate in all categories, that is, those patients treated with pseudopregnancy, conservative surgery, and combined pseudopregnancy and surgery, was found to be in direct relationship to the initial extent of disease. In such patients, conservative surgery alone seemed to give the best results in the achievement of pregnancy. There seemed to be little difference between pseudopregnancy alone and conservative surgery in regard to the need for subsequent surgery after initial therapy, although there seemed to be a significantly greater chance for the need for subsequent surgery in patients receiving a combination of the two forms of therapy. The need for subsequent surgery after initial therapy in 80 patients increased in direct relationship to the initial extent of disease present, despite the form of therapy used. Fifty-nine other patients with endometriosis, who did not desire to preserve fertility and presented for relief of other symptoms, underwent initial \"radical\" therapy. Forty-six patients underwent complete operation, including removal of uterus, tubes and ovaries, and none required subsequent reoperation. Of the 13 remaining patients, who underwent incomplete surgical removal, leaving one or both ovaries in situ, 11 required subsequent reoperation for recurrent pelvic endometriosis."}
{"id": "PMID:950047", "title": "Temporal relationship between basal body temperature nadir and luteinizing hormone surge in normal women.", "content": "Basal body temperature (BBT) as a predictor of ovulation was assessed by examining the temporal relationship between the BBT shift and the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in individual cycles of 27 normal women. For 22 of the subjects, the LH surge occurred on the same day or within one day of the BBT nadir. For the remaining five subjects, the surge fell within 2 days after or 3 days before the nadir. Despite the BBT nadir's close temporal association with the LH surge, daily examination of BBT for the purpose of predicting the day of ovulation during a given cycle is unsatisfactory. By 48 hours following the nadir, when one could usually be certain that temperature elevation had occurred, all subjects had already exhibited the LH surge.", "contents": "Temporal relationship between basal body temperature nadir and luteinizing hormone surge in normal women. Basal body temperature (BBT) as a predictor of ovulation was assessed by examining the temporal relationship between the BBT shift and the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in individual cycles of 27 normal women. For 22 of the subjects, the LH surge occurred on the same day or within one day of the BBT nadir. For the remaining five subjects, the surge fell within 2 days after or 3 days before the nadir. Despite the BBT nadir's close temporal association with the LH surge, daily examination of BBT for the purpose of predicting the day of ovulation during a given cycle is unsatisfactory. By 48 hours following the nadir, when one could usually be certain that temperature elevation had occurred, all subjects had already exhibited the LH surge."}
{"id": "PMID:950046", "title": "Plasma sex steroid and gonadotropin levels in control and silastic vaginal medroxyprogesterone acetate-impregnated ring cycles.", "content": "The concentrations of sex steroid hormones in plasma were determined daily in 14 young adult women, during both a control cycle and a treatment cycle. During the latter a Silastic ring into which 100 or 200 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) had been incorporated was worn intravaginally. During the treatment cycles, plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone remained within the range observed during the early follicular phase. Testosterone and androstenedione levels did not show any cyclic variation during the treatment cycle; however, the mean levels were decreased by about 25% compared with the over-all plasma levels of the control cycle, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone levels were decreased by about 15%. It is concluded that these Provera-containing Silastic intravaginal rings inhibit ovulation and decrease androgen secretion by the ovaries significantly.", "contents": "Plasma sex steroid and gonadotropin levels in control and silastic vaginal medroxyprogesterone acetate-impregnated ring cycles. The concentrations of sex steroid hormones in plasma were determined daily in 14 young adult women, during both a control cycle and a treatment cycle. During the latter a Silastic ring into which 100 or 200 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) had been incorporated was worn intravaginally. During the treatment cycles, plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone remained within the range observed during the early follicular phase. Testosterone and androstenedione levels did not show any cyclic variation during the treatment cycle; however, the mean levels were decreased by about 25% compared with the over-all plasma levels of the control cycle, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone levels were decreased by about 15%. It is concluded that these Provera-containing Silastic intravaginal rings inhibit ovulation and decrease androgen secretion by the ovaries significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:950048", "title": "Retrograde ejaculation: pathophysiologic aspects and report of two successfully treated cases.", "content": "The ejaculatory process consists of two stages. During the first stage the semen is pumped into the posterior urethra and during the second stage the semen is propelled via the urethra through the external meatus. A pathologic second stage may lead to retrograde ejaculation of the semen into the urinary bladder. Attempts to achieve fertility in such patients can be made in two ways; namely through procedures to restore antegrade ejaculation (mainly using alpha-sympathomimetic agents) and procedures to regain viable and fertile sperm from the urinary bladder after sexual intercourse, with subsequent artificial insemination. The latter way of treatment was used in two patients who were referred for infertility and in whom retrograde ejaculation had been diagnosed. Postcoital urinary specimens were obtained by micturition and centrifuged. In one patient the sediment was washed with a nutrient solution; the other patient received alkalizing agents prior to intercourse in order to neutralize the urinary pH. The wives were inseminated on appropriate days and conceived. Both delivered healthy babies after uneventful pregnancies.", "contents": "Retrograde ejaculation: pathophysiologic aspects and report of two successfully treated cases. The ejaculatory process consists of two stages. During the first stage the semen is pumped into the posterior urethra and during the second stage the semen is propelled via the urethra through the external meatus. A pathologic second stage may lead to retrograde ejaculation of the semen into the urinary bladder. Attempts to achieve fertility in such patients can be made in two ways; namely through procedures to restore antegrade ejaculation (mainly using alpha-sympathomimetic agents) and procedures to regain viable and fertile sperm from the urinary bladder after sexual intercourse, with subsequent artificial insemination. The latter way of treatment was used in two patients who were referred for infertility and in whom retrograde ejaculation had been diagnosed. Postcoital urinary specimens were obtained by micturition and centrifuged. In one patient the sediment was washed with a nutrient solution; the other patient received alkalizing agents prior to intercourse in order to neutralize the urinary pH. The wives were inseminated on appropriate days and conceived. Both delivered healthy babies after uneventful pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:950049", "title": "Response of adnexal glands to testosterone stimulation in the normal adult male.", "content": "Normal male volunteers were studied in order to set up a functional exploration test based on administration of testosterone propionate for use on the adnexal glands of the male genital tract. Seminal acid phosphatase and citric acid levels showed no significant variations compared with spontaneous physiologic oscillations. Concentration and total quantity of fructose were considerably reduced. Alkaline phosphatase showed an intermediate pattern with constant values of concentration and decrease of total quantity. The hypothesis is advanced that adnexal glands possess a secretory metabolism with a maximal basal response to androgen stimulation, but with a different mechanism of action: partly adaptable at the level of the prostate and of the \"all or nothing\" type at the level of the vesicles.", "contents": "Response of adnexal glands to testosterone stimulation in the normal adult male. Normal male volunteers were studied in order to set up a functional exploration test based on administration of testosterone propionate for use on the adnexal glands of the male genital tract. Seminal acid phosphatase and citric acid levels showed no significant variations compared with spontaneous physiologic oscillations. Concentration and total quantity of fructose were considerably reduced. Alkaline phosphatase showed an intermediate pattern with constant values of concentration and decrease of total quantity. The hypothesis is advanced that adnexal glands possess a secretory metabolism with a maximal basal response to androgen stimulation, but with a different mechanism of action: partly adaptable at the level of the prostate and of the \"all or nothing\" type at the level of the vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:950050", "title": "Impaired Leydig cell reserve and altered serum androgen binding in the aging male.", "content": "The hormonal profile of the aging male reveals an associated decrease in free testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and increased luteinizing hormone levels. Later events consist of a decrease in total testosterone, stable DHT, and increased follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Although most available information supports the concept of impaired Leydig cell reserve, our study suggests some degree of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The signal for increased androgen binding with age is not clear. There is a great deal of individual variation in the time of onset of these events.", "contents": "Impaired Leydig cell reserve and altered serum androgen binding in the aging male. The hormonal profile of the aging male reveals an associated decrease in free testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and increased luteinizing hormone levels. Later events consist of a decrease in total testosterone, stable DHT, and increased follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels. Although most available information supports the concept of impaired Leydig cell reserve, our study suggests some degree of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The signal for increased androgen binding with age is not clear. There is a great deal of individual variation in the time of onset of these events."}
{"id": "PMID:950051", "title": "Lactate and malate dehydrogenase and alpha-esterases in oligospermia.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase, and alpha-esterase were studied electrophoretically in a total of 99 semen samples obtained from normal, vasectomized, oligospermic, and infertile males. The enzymatic patterns were compared with total sperm count and percentage sperm motility. Lactate dehydrogenase X was absent in semen samples from oligospermic as well as vasectomized males. An extra LDH band (between the second and third LDH bands) was detectable in samples which had a low sperm count but higher motility (80 to 90%). This extra band was absent in samples with higher sperm count regardless of the level of percentage motility, suggesting that the extra band possibly may be related to motility factors of low sperm count but not normal sperm count. The fastest moving alpha-esterase bands were absent in samples from oligospermic or vasectomized males. These bands were also absent in samples from infertile patients having a very low sperm count. It is not clear whether the fast-moving esterase bands are related to sperm count or possible differences in hormonal levels of individuals with low or zero sperm count samples. The patterns of malate dehydrogenase did not differ in individuals with zero, low, or normal sperm count.", "contents": "Lactate and malate dehydrogenase and alpha-esterases in oligospermia. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase, and alpha-esterase were studied electrophoretically in a total of 99 semen samples obtained from normal, vasectomized, oligospermic, and infertile males. The enzymatic patterns were compared with total sperm count and percentage sperm motility. Lactate dehydrogenase X was absent in semen samples from oligospermic as well as vasectomized males. An extra LDH band (between the second and third LDH bands) was detectable in samples which had a low sperm count but higher motility (80 to 90%). This extra band was absent in samples with higher sperm count regardless of the level of percentage motility, suggesting that the extra band possibly may be related to motility factors of low sperm count but not normal sperm count. The fastest moving alpha-esterase bands were absent in samples from oligospermic or vasectomized males. These bands were also absent in samples from infertile patients having a very low sperm count. It is not clear whether the fast-moving esterase bands are related to sperm count or possible differences in hormonal levels of individuals with low or zero sperm count samples. The patterns of malate dehydrogenase did not differ in individuals with zero, low, or normal sperm count."}
{"id": "PMID:950052", "title": "Postcoital luteinizing hormone release in male and female rabbits as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "We have developed a homologous radioimmunoassay for rabbit luteinizing hormone (LH), which was used to measure LH levels in sera of male and female rabbits before and after copulation. The results demonstrated the following: (1) LH concentrations in male and estrogen-primed female rabbits are similar prior to coitus; (2) following coitus, LH levels rise within 3 minutes in both sexes and reach a peak or plateau within 15 minutes; (3) elevated LH concentrations are maintained at a plateau for at least 1 hour in females and then fall toward base line values; (4) an increase in serum LH to 300 ng/ml (10- to 11-fold) or greater is sufficient to cause ovulation and the formation of corpora lutea; and (5) the postcoital rise in LH levels is greater in estrogen-primed females than in nontreated males.", "contents": "Postcoital luteinizing hormone release in male and female rabbits as determined by radioimmunoassay. We have developed a homologous radioimmunoassay for rabbit luteinizing hormone (LH), which was used to measure LH levels in sera of male and female rabbits before and after copulation. The results demonstrated the following: (1) LH concentrations in male and estrogen-primed female rabbits are similar prior to coitus; (2) following coitus, LH levels rise within 3 minutes in both sexes and reach a peak or plateau within 15 minutes; (3) elevated LH concentrations are maintained at a plateau for at least 1 hour in females and then fall toward base line values; (4) an increase in serum LH to 300 ng/ml (10- to 11-fold) or greater is sufficient to cause ovulation and the formation of corpora lutea; and (5) the postcoital rise in LH levels is greater in estrogen-primed females than in nontreated males."}
{"id": "PMID:950053", "title": "In vitro fertilization, culture, and transfer of rabbit ova.", "content": "Ovulated rabbit oocytes were fertilized in vitro in chemically defined media supplemented with bovine serum albumin and either cultured up to the expanding blastocyst stage or transferred to recipients after varying periods of culture. Embryos transferred after up to 72 hours of in vitro culture were born as viable young. Oocytes from young virgin does were superior to oocytes from nonvirgin does for the purpose of in vitro fertilization (54% versus 26% fertilized, P less than 0.01). Capacitated sperm from artificially inseminated capacitators resulted in fertilization rates slightly lower than those from naturally mated does (46% versus 57% fertilized, P less than 0.025). Removal of cumulus and corona cells from oocytes with hyaluronidase and repeated aspiration through a fine pipette resulted in lowered fertilization rates (51% versus 73%, P less than 0.025). Linbro Disposo Tray wells were as good as glass tissue-culture dishes for the in vitro mixing of gametes and were more convenient to use. Modified Ham's F10 medium was used to culture the in vitro-fertilized embryos. However, when a modified Brackett's medium was used instead of modified Ham's F10 for the initial 4-hour period after mixing gametes, more oocytes were fertilized (52% versus 28%, P less than 0.01).", "contents": "In vitro fertilization, culture, and transfer of rabbit ova. Ovulated rabbit oocytes were fertilized in vitro in chemically defined media supplemented with bovine serum albumin and either cultured up to the expanding blastocyst stage or transferred to recipients after varying periods of culture. Embryos transferred after up to 72 hours of in vitro culture were born as viable young. Oocytes from young virgin does were superior to oocytes from nonvirgin does for the purpose of in vitro fertilization (54% versus 26% fertilized, P less than 0.01). Capacitated sperm from artificially inseminated capacitators resulted in fertilization rates slightly lower than those from naturally mated does (46% versus 57% fertilized, P less than 0.025). Removal of cumulus and corona cells from oocytes with hyaluronidase and repeated aspiration through a fine pipette resulted in lowered fertilization rates (51% versus 73%, P less than 0.025). Linbro Disposo Tray wells were as good as glass tissue-culture dishes for the in vitro mixing of gametes and were more convenient to use. Modified Ham's F10 medium was used to culture the in vitro-fertilized embryos. However, when a modified Brackett's medium was used instead of modified Ham's F10 for the initial 4-hour period after mixing gametes, more oocytes were fertilized (52% versus 28%, P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:950069", "title": "Renal and hepatic lysosomal catabolism of luteinizing hormone.", "content": "Following an intravenous injection of tritiated ovine lutenizing hormone (LH) into mature male rats, the liver and kidneys accumulate a significant portion of the non-excreted hormone. The subcellular distribution of total radioactivity in both tissues was found to be similar to that of beta-galactosidase, a lysosomal enzyme marker. Moreover, the subcellular fraction with the highest relative specific activity of beta-galactosidase exhibited the highest degradation rate of endogenous hormone under in vitro conditions. Based on these and other observations, it is concluded that the intracellular catabolism of LH by these tissues is due to lysosomal enzymes. An analysis of the radioactive degradation products produced by a lysosomal-rich subcellular fraction showed the presence of free amino acids and oligopeptides. Thus, the uptake and degradation of the hormone by these tissues appear to occur by endocytosis followed by lysosomal catabolism. This phenomenon may represent a regulatory role in the control of (circulating) hormone concenttrations.", "contents": "Renal and hepatic lysosomal catabolism of luteinizing hormone. Following an intravenous injection of tritiated ovine lutenizing hormone (LH) into mature male rats, the liver and kidneys accumulate a significant portion of the non-excreted hormone. The subcellular distribution of total radioactivity in both tissues was found to be similar to that of beta-galactosidase, a lysosomal enzyme marker. Moreover, the subcellular fraction with the highest relative specific activity of beta-galactosidase exhibited the highest degradation rate of endogenous hormone under in vitro conditions. Based on these and other observations, it is concluded that the intracellular catabolism of LH by these tissues is due to lysosomal enzymes. An analysis of the radioactive degradation products produced by a lysosomal-rich subcellular fraction showed the presence of free amino acids and oligopeptides. Thus, the uptake and degradation of the hormone by these tissues appear to occur by endocytosis followed by lysosomal catabolism. This phenomenon may represent a regulatory role in the control of (circulating) hormone concenttrations."}
{"id": "PMID:950070", "title": "Specificities in the synthesis of a cytoplasmic estrogen-induced uterine protein.", "content": "The earliest known induction by estrogen of a specific uterine protein is that of the induced protein (IP) of Gorski and colleagues, which is demonstrable within 40 min after treatment. We found that this protein is not restricted to the rat; it was detected i  the uterus of prepuberal C3H/eB and SWR mice, 1 h after injection of 4 B5g/rat) and coumestrol (300B5g/rat) and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (5 B5/rat). We found no significant increase in the stimulation of the rate of IP synthesis by estrogen in uteri from either 10- or 20--day-old rats on subsequent treatment with actinomycin D, indicating that there was no superinduction of IP, despite a previous claim.", "contents": "Specificities in the synthesis of a cytoplasmic estrogen-induced uterine protein. The earliest known induction by estrogen of a specific uterine protein is that of the induced protein (IP) of Gorski and colleagues, which is demonstrable within 40 min after treatment. We found that this protein is not restricted to the rat; it was detected i  the uterus of prepuberal C3H/eB and SWR mice, 1 h after injection of 4 B5g/rat) and coumestrol (300B5g/rat) and the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (5 B5/rat). We found no significant increase in the stimulation of the rate of IP synthesis by estrogen in uteri from either 10- or 20--day-old rats on subsequent treatment with actinomycin D, indicating that there was no superinduction of IP, despite a previous claim."}
{"id": "PMID:950076", "title": "Exocrine pancreatic function in man after treatment with oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol.", "content": "The exocrine pancreatic function was studied in humans by performing a secretin-cholecystokinin test before and after treatment with oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol. In the oxytetracycline-treated patients there was a depression of the amylase and lipase outputs in the duodenal secretion, chymotrypsin decreasing only slightly. After treatment with the two antibiotics the calcium secretion was reduced. The other parameters measured in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. The enzyme dissociation observed in the present studies is considered to reflect the onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal experiments, the suggested explanation for the changes in enzyme secretion is an inhibition of protein synthesis in the exocrine pancreas due to oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreatic function in man after treatment with oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. The exocrine pancreatic function was studied in humans by performing a secretin-cholecystokinin test before and after treatment with oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol. In the oxytetracycline-treated patients there was a depression of the amylase and lipase outputs in the duodenal secretion, chymotrypsin decreasing only slightly. After treatment with the two antibiotics the calcium secretion was reduced. The other parameters measured in the duodenal secretion remained essentially unchanged. The enzyme dissociation observed in the present studies is considered to reflect the onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal onset of pancreatic dysfunction due to antibiotic administration. As in the previous animal experiments, the suggested explanation for the changes in enzyme secretion is an inhibition of protein synthesis in the exocrine pancreas due to oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:950077", "title": "Gastric acid secretory responses to graded intravenous doses of histamine in hookworm anemia.", "content": "Dose-response curves for the effect of continuous infusion of histamine on gastric acid secretion were obtained in 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia due to hookworm infection. Each patient was studied with 4 doses (40, 60, 80 and 100 mug/kg/h) of histamine acid phosphate administered for 3 h, on separate days, in random fashion. The acid output increased with the dose of histamine, the maximal acid output was reached in all patients at the dose of 100 mug/kg/h. The dose of histamine when calculated according to body weight correlated well with the maximal acid output; the absolute dose of histamine had no correlation with the maximal acid response. The dose-response curve of stimulated acid output in anemia patients was much flatter than in control patients.", "contents": "Gastric acid secretory responses to graded intravenous doses of histamine in hookworm anemia. Dose-response curves for the effect of continuous infusion of histamine on gastric acid secretion were obtained in 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia due to hookworm infection. Each patient was studied with 4 doses (40, 60, 80 and 100 mug/kg/h) of histamine acid phosphate administered for 3 h, on separate days, in random fashion. The acid output increased with the dose of histamine, the maximal acid output was reached in all patients at the dose of 100 mug/kg/h. The dose of histamine when calculated according to body weight correlated well with the maximal acid output; the absolute dose of histamine had no correlation with the maximal acid response. The dose-response curve of stimulated acid output in anemia patients was much flatter than in control patients."}
{"id": "PMID:950078", "title": "Effect of jejunal resection on the gastric acid secretory response to pentagastrin, histamine and feeding in dogs.", "content": "In dogs with gastric fistulas and denervated pouches from the oxyntic area, the acid secretory responses to a meal and to graded doses of histamine and pentagastrin were measured before and after resection of the upper half of the small bowel. Intestinal resection caused a small but significant increase in submaximal and maximal response from the pouch to histamine and pentagastrin without modification of the ED50. This effect was not observed in the innervated stomach. The response from the pouch to feeding was markedly increased and prolonged. These data indicate that both an increase in stimulation and an increase of the response to this stimulation are responsible for the increased acid secretion observed in the pouch when resected dogs were fed. These effects could be explained by the withdrawal of inhibitors of intestinal origin.", "contents": "Effect of jejunal resection on the gastric acid secretory response to pentagastrin, histamine and feeding in dogs. In dogs with gastric fistulas and denervated pouches from the oxyntic area, the acid secretory responses to a meal and to graded doses of histamine and pentagastrin were measured before and after resection of the upper half of the small bowel. Intestinal resection caused a small but significant increase in submaximal and maximal response from the pouch to histamine and pentagastrin without modification of the ED50. This effect was not observed in the innervated stomach. The response from the pouch to feeding was markedly increased and prolonged. These data indicate that both an increase in stimulation and an increase of the response to this stimulation are responsible for the increased acid secretion observed in the pouch when resected dogs were fed. These effects could be explained by the withdrawal of inhibitors of intestinal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:950079", "title": "Marked increase in serum levels of liver enzymes in patients receiving chenic acid and phenobarbital for gallstone dissolution.", "content": "In a group of 16 patients, receiving chenic acid (20 mg/kg/day) and phenobarbital (60 mg/day) for gallstone dissolution, three patients were observed to develop a marked increase in serum levels of SGOT-SGPT and alkaline phosphatase without associated symptoms. Liver biopsy in one patient showed cellular infiltration with neutrophils and eosinophils, suggestive of a hypersensitivity reaction. Enzyme levels returned to normal, following cessation of chenotherapy, and a second biopsy 3 months later was normal. In that patient a challenge with chenic acid, at 250 mg/day, was again followed by a marked elevation in levels of SGOT-SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. These patients are the first to show marked elevation in liver enzyme levels during chenotherapy; the mechanism and significance are unclear.", "contents": "Marked increase in serum levels of liver enzymes in patients receiving chenic acid and phenobarbital for gallstone dissolution. In a group of 16 patients, receiving chenic acid (20 mg/kg/day) and phenobarbital (60 mg/day) for gallstone dissolution, three patients were observed to develop a marked increase in serum levels of SGOT-SGPT and alkaline phosphatase without associated symptoms. Liver biopsy in one patient showed cellular infiltration with neutrophils and eosinophils, suggestive of a hypersensitivity reaction. Enzyme levels returned to normal, following cessation of chenotherapy, and a second biopsy 3 months later was normal. In that patient a challenge with chenic acid, at 250 mg/day, was again followed by a marked elevation in levels of SGOT-SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. These patients are the first to show marked elevation in liver enzyme levels during chenotherapy; the mechanism and significance are unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:950080", "title": "A rapid method of relating protein to flow in human pancreatic secretions.", "content": "A method of obtaining linear plots of protein-flow data from human pancreatic ductal secretions is described. The protein concentration in pancreatic secretions, when related to flow rates in two individuals, gave similar regression lines, with the correlation coefficients or r = -0.97 and -0.98, respectively, and slopes m = -1.02 and -0.82.", "contents": "A rapid method of relating protein to flow in human pancreatic secretions. A method of obtaining linear plots of protein-flow data from human pancreatic ductal secretions is described. The protein concentration in pancreatic secretions, when related to flow rates in two individuals, gave similar regression lines, with the correlation coefficients or r = -0.97 and -0.98, respectively, and slopes m = -1.02 and -0.82."}
{"id": "PMID:950081", "title": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.", "content": "In subjects with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, an increased percentage of peripheral blood neutrophils reduces the dye nitroblue tetrazolium. This is probably a non-specific index of inflammatory activity. There is no evidence that defective neutrophil function, as measured by this test, contributes to granuloma formation in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "The nitroblue tetrazolium test in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In subjects with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, an increased percentage of peripheral blood neutrophils reduces the dye nitroblue tetrazolium. This is probably a non-specific index of inflammatory activity. There is no evidence that defective neutrophil function, as measured by this test, contributes to granuloma formation in Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:950082", "title": "Gastric reflux measurements during duodenal infusion with saline, acid and fat.", "content": "Duodeno-gastric reflux measured in 18 patients without gastrointestinal complaints showed a wide variation of regurgitation rates. Duodeno-gastric reflux was significantly diminished during duodenal acidification. The effect was more intense and lasted longer after olive oil infused intraduodenally, leading practically to a closed pylorus.", "contents": "Gastric reflux measurements during duodenal infusion with saline, acid and fat. Duodeno-gastric reflux measured in 18 patients without gastrointestinal complaints showed a wide variation of regurgitation rates. Duodeno-gastric reflux was significantly diminished during duodenal acidification. The effect was more intense and lasted longer after olive oil infused intraduodenally, leading practically to a closed pylorus."}
{"id": "PMID:950083", "title": "Influence of hyperglycaemia on maximal gastric secretion in healthy subjects.", "content": "The influence of a single intravenous glucose load on maximal gastric acid secretion in 25 healthy men when stimulated with pentagastrin was studied. Under the influence of hyperglycaemia, a highly significant decrease of maximal acid output was found. Moreover, in the gastric juice an increase of chloride and calcium concentrations was noted. On the other hand, the output of potassium, chloride and magnesium was lowered. The above differences were statistically significant.", "contents": "Influence of hyperglycaemia on maximal gastric secretion in healthy subjects. The influence of a single intravenous glucose load on maximal gastric acid secretion in 25 healthy men when stimulated with pentagastrin was studied. Under the influence of hyperglycaemia, a highly significant decrease of maximal acid output was found. Moreover, in the gastric juice an increase of chloride and calcium concentrations was noted. On the other hand, the output of potassium, chloride and magnesium was lowered. The above differences were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:950084", "title": "Investigation of exocrine pancreatic function by continuous infusion of caerulein and secretin in normal subjects and in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Exocrine pancreatic function has been evaluated in 24 controls and 29 patients with confirmed chronic pancreatitis by continuous infusion (90 min) of synthetic caerulein, 100 ng/kg/h, plus GIH secretin, 1 CU/kg/h. Mean secretory values of the controls were comparable to those obtained by others using maximal doses of secretin and CCK. Unlike the controls, patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis demonstrated a progressive reduction in secretion during infusion. Thus, the comparison of responses for the final 30-min period gave much clearer and more complete discrimination between normal and abnormal pancreatic function than the preceding 30-min period.", "contents": "Investigation of exocrine pancreatic function by continuous infusion of caerulein and secretin in normal subjects and in chronic pancreatitis. Exocrine pancreatic function has been evaluated in 24 controls and 29 patients with confirmed chronic pancreatitis by continuous infusion (90 min) of synthetic caerulein, 100 ng/kg/h, plus GIH secretin, 1 CU/kg/h. Mean secretory values of the controls were comparable to those obtained by others using maximal doses of secretin and CCK. Unlike the controls, patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis demonstrated a progressive reduction in secretion during infusion. Thus, the comparison of responses for the final 30-min period gave much clearer and more complete discrimination between normal and abnormal pancreatic function than the preceding 30-min period."}
{"id": "PMID:950085", "title": "Ulcerative colitus and Crohn's disease of the colon - a comparison of the long term postoperative courses.", "content": "Patients with colitis and ileocolitis of unknown etiology from two previously reported series have been combined and the follow-up studies have been extended to compare the long term postoperative courses of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease of the colon (CDC). The combined and updated series of 176 patients, 99% of whom could be traced, provided a mean postoperative follow-up period for UC of 14 years (5 to 31) and CDC of 13.1 years (5 to 36). There were highly significant associations between generally accepted clinical and distributional features of UC and CDC and microscopic findings generally regarded as reliable for each. However, because of spectrum of features was found in each entity, neither clinical and distributional nor microscopic features alone are sufficient for diagnosis in every case. There were no differences in gross or disease-related mortality in UC and CDC whatever the method of diagnosis. After anastomotic procedures in CDC a recurrence rate of 73% was found. After proctocolectomy the ileostomy revision rate (considering all types of those which required further excision of ileum) was higher in CDC than UC whether the diagnoses were based on microscopic, clinical, or combined criteria, but the differences reached statistical significance only in the comparison of \"clinical UC\", with \"clinical CDC\". Moreover, after the first 2 postoperative years, the risk of having an ileostomy revision in UC and CDC (combined criteria) per patient year follow-up was virtually identical and there were no cases of short bowel syndrome. Differences in the clinical courses of UC and CDC after colectomy and ileostomy are of degree and do not reflect the ultimate course or potential for rehabilitation. Decisions regarding surgical therapy should be made independent of the diagnosis of UC or CDC.", "contents": "Ulcerative colitus and Crohn's disease of the colon - a comparison of the long term postoperative courses. Patients with colitis and ileocolitis of unknown etiology from two previously reported series have been combined and the follow-up studies have been extended to compare the long term postoperative courses of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease of the colon (CDC). The combined and updated series of 176 patients, 99% of whom could be traced, provided a mean postoperative follow-up period for UC of 14 years (5 to 31) and CDC of 13.1 years (5 to 36). There were highly significant associations between generally accepted clinical and distributional features of UC and CDC and microscopic findings generally regarded as reliable for each. However, because of spectrum of features was found in each entity, neither clinical and distributional nor microscopic features alone are sufficient for diagnosis in every case. There were no differences in gross or disease-related mortality in UC and CDC whatever the method of diagnosis. After anastomotic procedures in CDC a recurrence rate of 73% was found. After proctocolectomy the ileostomy revision rate (considering all types of those which required further excision of ileum) was higher in CDC than UC whether the diagnoses were based on microscopic, clinical, or combined criteria, but the differences reached statistical significance only in the comparison of \"clinical UC\", with \"clinical CDC\". Moreover, after the first 2 postoperative years, the risk of having an ileostomy revision in UC and CDC (combined criteria) per patient year follow-up was virtually identical and there were no cases of short bowel syndrome. Differences in the clinical courses of UC and CDC after colectomy and ileostomy are of degree and do not reflect the ultimate course or potential for rehabilitation. Decisions regarding surgical therapy should be made independent of the diagnosis of UC or CDC."}
{"id": "PMID:950086", "title": "Case-control method for seeking evidence of contagion in Crohn's disease.", "content": "All cases of Crohn's disease in the Nottingham area were ascertained and dates and places of domicile and work before and after onset of symptoms were noted. Similar information was taken from matched control subjects and the Pike and Smith (Biometrics 30:263-279, 1974) case control technique for evaluating clustering of patients in time and space was applied. These results do not support the infectious hypothesis.", "contents": "Case-control method for seeking evidence of contagion in Crohn's disease. All cases of Crohn's disease in the Nottingham area were ascertained and dates and places of domicile and work before and after onset of symptoms were noted. Similar information was taken from matched control subjects and the Pike and Smith (Biometrics 30:263-279, 1974) case control technique for evaluating clustering of patients in time and space was applied. These results do not support the infectious hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:950087", "title": "The mechanism of increased renal clearance of amylase in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Amylase isoenzymes, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were measures in 25 normal persons (mean amylase to creatinine clearance ratio 3.0%), 15 patients with acute pancreatitis (mean clearance ratio 9.5%, P less than 0.0001), and 6 patients with hyperamylasemia due to common duct stones (mean clearance ratio 4.1%). Two isoamylases (P1, P2) resembling pancreatic isoenzymes and three isoamylases (S1, S2, S3) resembling salivary isoenzymes appeared regularly in normal serum and urine. Salivary amylases predominated in serum, but pancreatic amylases predominated in urine. This finding is consistent with renal clearance of pancreatic amylases exceeding that of salivary amylases under normal conditions. In patients with pancreatitis or common duct stones, essentially all of the increased amylase activity in serum and urine was due to pancreatic isoamylases (P1 and P2) in their normal proportions. No new or altered amylase isoenzymes were detected. The fraction of pancreatic amylases in the serum or urine was identical for the two diseases. Whereas the difference in amylase to creatinine clearance ratios observed between the two groups of patients is not a function of different amylase isoenzymes presented to the kidney, we conclude that the increased amylase clearance in acute pancreatitis is caused by an alteration of renal transfer of amylase, either at the glomerulus or tubule.", "contents": "The mechanism of increased renal clearance of amylase in acute pancreatitis. Amylase isoenzymes, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were measures in 25 normal persons (mean amylase to creatinine clearance ratio 3.0%), 15 patients with acute pancreatitis (mean clearance ratio 9.5%, P less than 0.0001), and 6 patients with hyperamylasemia due to common duct stones (mean clearance ratio 4.1%). Two isoamylases (P1, P2) resembling pancreatic isoenzymes and three isoamylases (S1, S2, S3) resembling salivary isoenzymes appeared regularly in normal serum and urine. Salivary amylases predominated in serum, but pancreatic amylases predominated in urine. This finding is consistent with renal clearance of pancreatic amylases exceeding that of salivary amylases under normal conditions. In patients with pancreatitis or common duct stones, essentially all of the increased amylase activity in serum and urine was due to pancreatic isoamylases (P1 and P2) in their normal proportions. No new or altered amylase isoenzymes were detected. The fraction of pancreatic amylases in the serum or urine was identical for the two diseases. Whereas the difference in amylase to creatinine clearance ratios observed between the two groups of patients is not a function of different amylase isoenzymes presented to the kidney, we conclude that the increased amylase clearance in acute pancreatitis is caused by an alteration of renal transfer of amylase, either at the glomerulus or tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:950088", "title": "Ion transport changes during calcitonin-induced intestinal secretion in man.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) infused intravenously causes secretion of water and electrolytes in the jejunum of normal human subjects. The present experiments were carried out to learn more about the nature of this intestinal secretory process. During SCT- or synthetic human calcitonin (HCT)-induced intestinal secretion, the following observations were made: (1) There was no change in potential difference; (2) Cl was secreted against an electrochemical gradient; (3) unidirectional Na flux out of the lumen was decreased while the opposite flux was normal; (4) luminal pCO2 fell; (5) addition of glucose to the jejunal contents stimulated Na abdsorption, and this in turn counteracted the secretory effect of calcitonin. These findings suggest that calcitonin induces active Cl secretion and inhibits active Na absorption, and that HCO3 absorption is reduced by virtue of OH secretion; furthermore, jejunal glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated Na absorption are intact during calcitonin-induced secretion. Intravenous infusion of HCT caused intestinal secretion only when blood levels were much higher than occur physiologically; therefore, calcitonin is probably not a mediator of spontaneous variations of intestinal transport in normal people. However, because calcitonin induces secretion in the ileum as well as in the jejunum, hypercalcitonemia (within the range commonly found in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid) could be a cause of severe secretory diarrhea.", "contents": "Ion transport changes during calcitonin-induced intestinal secretion in man. Previous studies have shown that synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) infused intravenously causes secretion of water and electrolytes in the jejunum of normal human subjects. The present experiments were carried out to learn more about the nature of this intestinal secretory process. During SCT- or synthetic human calcitonin (HCT)-induced intestinal secretion, the following observations were made: (1) There was no change in potential difference; (2) Cl was secreted against an electrochemical gradient; (3) unidirectional Na flux out of the lumen was decreased while the opposite flux was normal; (4) luminal pCO2 fell; (5) addition of glucose to the jejunal contents stimulated Na abdsorption, and this in turn counteracted the secretory effect of calcitonin. These findings suggest that calcitonin induces active Cl secretion and inhibits active Na absorption, and that HCO3 absorption is reduced by virtue of OH secretion; furthermore, jejunal glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated Na absorption are intact during calcitonin-induced secretion. Intravenous infusion of HCT caused intestinal secretion only when blood levels were much higher than occur physiologically; therefore, calcitonin is probably not a mediator of spontaneous variations of intestinal transport in normal people. However, because calcitonin induces secretion in the ileum as well as in the jejunum, hypercalcitonemia (within the range commonly found in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid) could be a cause of severe secretory diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:950089", "title": "Inhibition of digoxin absorption by neomycin.", "content": "The effect of the administration of the antibiotic neomycin sulfate on the absorption of digoxin was assessed in crossover studies in normal human volunteers. Doses of neomycin (1 and 3 g) markedly depressed serum digoxin concentrations, the areas under the serum concentration-time curves, and cumulative 6-day urinary digoxin excretion after the oral ingestion of 0.5 mg of the cardiac glycoside in tablet form. Neomycin also prolonged the mean time at which peak serum digoxin levels were attained by 1.7 to 3 hr. The inhibition of digoxin absorption was also seen: (1) when the antibiotic was given 3 or 6 hr before the cardiac glycoside, (2) with digoxin tablets of varying dissolution rate, (3) when digoxin or neomycin solutions were used instead of tablets, and (4) in a patient who had had a total gastrectomy. When neomycin was administered with maintenance doses of digoxin, steady state serum digoxin concentrations were significantly reduced. When neomycin was given after a 9-day period of digitalization, the terminal serum digoxin half-life was not significantly shortened. Single doses of neomycin did not interfere with the extent of absorption of d-xylose. In vitro, neomycin did not affect the movement of digoxin across dialysis membranes, nor did it precipitate digoxin out of human bile or intestinal fluid. Neomycin thus clearly depresses the rate and extent of digoxin absorption in man. The mechanism of this effect remains to be established.", "contents": "Inhibition of digoxin absorption by neomycin. The effect of the administration of the antibiotic neomycin sulfate on the absorption of digoxin was assessed in crossover studies in normal human volunteers. Doses of neomycin (1 and 3 g) markedly depressed serum digoxin concentrations, the areas under the serum concentration-time curves, and cumulative 6-day urinary digoxin excretion after the oral ingestion of 0.5 mg of the cardiac glycoside in tablet form. Neomycin also prolonged the mean time at which peak serum digoxin levels were attained by 1.7 to 3 hr. The inhibition of digoxin absorption was also seen: (1) when the antibiotic was given 3 or 6 hr before the cardiac glycoside, (2) with digoxin tablets of varying dissolution rate, (3) when digoxin or neomycin solutions were used instead of tablets, and (4) in a patient who had had a total gastrectomy. When neomycin was administered with maintenance doses of digoxin, steady state serum digoxin concentrations were significantly reduced. When neomycin was given after a 9-day period of digitalization, the terminal serum digoxin half-life was not significantly shortened. Single doses of neomycin did not interfere with the extent of absorption of d-xylose. In vitro, neomycin did not affect the movement of digoxin across dialysis membranes, nor did it precipitate digoxin out of human bile or intestinal fluid. Neomycin thus clearly depresses the rate and extent of digoxin absorption in man. The mechanism of this effect remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:950090", "title": "The influence of hypercalcemia on basal and cholecystokinin-stimulated pancreatic, gallbladder, and gastric functions in man.", "content": "Hypercalcemia produced in normal volunteers by intravenous infusions of CaCl2 increased outputs of pancreatic enzyme and gastric acid. Further, hypercalcemia enhanced cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction. Our results suggest that hypercalcemia affects pancreatic, gallbladder, and gastric functions as well as their responses to exogenous CCK.", "contents": "The influence of hypercalcemia on basal and cholecystokinin-stimulated pancreatic, gallbladder, and gastric functions in man. Hypercalcemia produced in normal volunteers by intravenous infusions of CaCl2 increased outputs of pancreatic enzyme and gastric acid. Further, hypercalcemia enhanced cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction. Our results suggest that hypercalcemia affects pancreatic, gallbladder, and gastric functions as well as their responses to exogenous CCK."}
{"id": "PMID:950091", "title": "Effect of gastrin on pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying in man.", "content": "This study was designed to assess the effect of unsulfated synthetic human little gastrin (HG-17-I) on pancreatic secretion and gallbladder emptying in man. During continuous gastric and duodenal aspiration, 6 male subjects were given, on different days, either HG-17-I (7, 20, 60, 180 AND 540 PMOL KG-1 HR-1), chlecystokinin (0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 UKg hr-1) or 238 pmol kg-1 (500 ng kg-1) of HG-17-I as a rapid intravenous injection. Trypsin output and bilirubin output increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above basal levels during the infusion of both peptides. During HG-17-I infusion the highest trypsin output (2.08 +/- 0.22 Karmen U per 10 min) and bilirubin output (4.66 +/- 0.61 mg per 10 min) occurred during the 60 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose, whereas highest acid output occurred during the 540 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose. Rapid intravenous injection of HG-17-I produced a prompt and significant rise in trypsin, bilirubin, bicarbonate, and acid outputs. It is concluded that HG-17-I produced significant pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying at doses that are submaximal for acid secretion, suggesting that this may be a physiological effect of gastrin.", "contents": "Effect of gastrin on pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying in man. This study was designed to assess the effect of unsulfated synthetic human little gastrin (HG-17-I) on pancreatic secretion and gallbladder emptying in man. During continuous gastric and duodenal aspiration, 6 male subjects were given, on different days, either HG-17-I (7, 20, 60, 180 AND 540 PMOL KG-1 HR-1), chlecystokinin (0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 UKg hr-1) or 238 pmol kg-1 (500 ng kg-1) of HG-17-I as a rapid intravenous injection. Trypsin output and bilirubin output increased significantly (P less than 0.05) above basal levels during the infusion of both peptides. During HG-17-I infusion the highest trypsin output (2.08 +/- 0.22 Karmen U per 10 min) and bilirubin output (4.66 +/- 0.61 mg per 10 min) occurred during the 60 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose, whereas highest acid output occurred during the 540 pmol kg-1 hr-1 dose. Rapid intravenous injection of HG-17-I produced a prompt and significant rise in trypsin, bilirubin, bicarbonate, and acid outputs. It is concluded that HG-17-I produced significant pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying at doses that are submaximal for acid secretion, suggesting that this may be a physiological effect of gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:950092", "title": "Epithelial cell loss in remaining intestine after small bowel resection in the rat.", "content": "It is known that after small bowel resection, mucosal hyperplasia and increased cell turnover occur in the remaining intestine, particularly the ileum. At the end of their life span, epithelial cells are extruded into the bowel lumen. Comparative estimates of this cell loss may be obtained by collecting the DNA from a perfused gut segment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 50 cm of proximal or distal small intestine or sham operation. One and six months after surgery, 50 cm of the remaining proximal or distal remnant were perfused with saline in vivo and the perfusate DNA was assayed. The DNA recovered from the perfusate of the distal remnant was at least twice as much as that from sham control segments. This was associated with comparable increases in mucosal weight, DNA, and protein concentration per centimeter of distal remnant. No significant changes were found in perfusate DNA recovered from proximal remnants. This correlated with minimal, if any, changes in mucosal weight, DNA, or protein concentration per centimeter of these remnants. Increased desquamation of epithelial cells may reflect the hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa after bowel resection. Recovery of intraluminal DNA may prove useful as an index of intestinal adaptation.", "contents": "Epithelial cell loss in remaining intestine after small bowel resection in the rat. It is known that after small bowel resection, mucosal hyperplasia and increased cell turnover occur in the remaining intestine, particularly the ileum. At the end of their life span, epithelial cells are extruded into the bowel lumen. Comparative estimates of this cell loss may be obtained by collecting the DNA from a perfused gut segment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 50 cm of proximal or distal small intestine or sham operation. One and six months after surgery, 50 cm of the remaining proximal or distal remnant were perfused with saline in vivo and the perfusate DNA was assayed. The DNA recovered from the perfusate of the distal remnant was at least twice as much as that from sham control segments. This was associated with comparable increases in mucosal weight, DNA, and protein concentration per centimeter of distal remnant. No significant changes were found in perfusate DNA recovered from proximal remnants. This correlated with minimal, if any, changes in mucosal weight, DNA, or protein concentration per centimeter of these remnants. Increased desquamation of epithelial cells may reflect the hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa after bowel resection. Recovery of intraluminal DNA may prove useful as an index of intestinal adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:950093", "title": "The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric microcirculation.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric submucosal arterioles using an in vivo microscopy technique. Alteration in diameter of submucosal arterioles, 40 to 90 mu in diameter, in response to infusion of different agents into the celiac axis, was measured in the anesthetized cat. Pentagastrin, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, natural secretin, and histamine produced arteriolar dilation. Only with histamine and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin did this occur with doses that might be considered physiological. Synthetic secretin had no vasodilator activity, suggesting the presence of a contaminating agent in natural secretin. Glucagon had no effect on the submucosal arterioles. In addition, the effect of glucagon on the smaller (10 to 30 mu) terminal and subterminal submucosal arterioles was studied in the rat by in vivo microscopy. Again no effect was observed with glucagon, but norepinephrine in small doses produced vasoconstriction.", "contents": "The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric microcirculation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several gastrointestinal hormones on the gastric submucosal arterioles using an in vivo microscopy technique. Alteration in diameter of submucosal arterioles, 40 to 90 mu in diameter, in response to infusion of different agents into the celiac axis, was measured in the anesthetized cat. Pentagastrin, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, natural secretin, and histamine produced arteriolar dilation. Only with histamine and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin did this occur with doses that might be considered physiological. Synthetic secretin had no vasodilator activity, suggesting the presence of a contaminating agent in natural secretin. Glucagon had no effect on the submucosal arterioles. In addition, the effect of glucagon on the smaller (10 to 30 mu) terminal and subterminal submucosal arterioles was studied in the rat by in vivo microscopy. Again no effect was observed with glucagon, but norepinephrine in small doses produced vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:950094", "title": "A randomized trial of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for bile duct visualization in jaundice.", "content": "Sixty consecutive patients, who were deeply jaundiced or in whom intravenous cholangiography had failed, were randomized to retrograde endoscopic cholangiography or percutaneous transheptic cholangiograhy with the \"skinny\" Chiba needle technique. Twenty-eight patients were assigned to retrograde cholangiography, which succeeded in 17 (65%). Percutaneous cholangiography was successful in 16 (50%) of the remaining 32 patients. When patients in whom the first procedure was unsuccessful were reinvestigated by the alternative technique, retrograde cholangiograms were obtained in 13 (81%) of 16, and percutaneous cholangiograms in 8 (73%) of 11. Thus, one or the other technique was successful in 54 (90%) of 60 patients. When the results were analyzed separately for extrahepatic (29 patients) or intrahepatic (31 patients) cholestasis, percutaneous cholangiography was successful in 95% of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis but in only 25% with intrahepatic cholestasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography successded in 63% of patients with extrahepatic and 76% with intrahepatic causes of cholestasis. Complications occurred only in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholangitis and septicemia occurred in 1 patient after retrograde cholangiography and in 2 after the percutaneous technique. An intraperitoneal bile leak occurred in one other patient after percutaneous cholangiography. Percutaneous cholangiography with the narrow needle is a simple, inexpensive, and reliable method for demonstrating the biliary system and is usually successful when an extrahepatic cause of cholestasis is present. The occurrence of serious complications in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, despite prophylactic antibiotics, makes provision for early surgery mandatory after both techniques.", "contents": "A randomized trial of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for bile duct visualization in jaundice. Sixty consecutive patients, who were deeply jaundiced or in whom intravenous cholangiography had failed, were randomized to retrograde endoscopic cholangiography or percutaneous transheptic cholangiograhy with the \"skinny\" Chiba needle technique. Twenty-eight patients were assigned to retrograde cholangiography, which succeeded in 17 (65%). Percutaneous cholangiography was successful in 16 (50%) of the remaining 32 patients. When patients in whom the first procedure was unsuccessful were reinvestigated by the alternative technique, retrograde cholangiograms were obtained in 13 (81%) of 16, and percutaneous cholangiograms in 8 (73%) of 11. Thus, one or the other technique was successful in 54 (90%) of 60 patients. When the results were analyzed separately for extrahepatic (29 patients) or intrahepatic (31 patients) cholestasis, percutaneous cholangiography was successful in 95% of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis but in only 25% with intrahepatic cholestasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography successded in 63% of patients with extrahepatic and 76% with intrahepatic causes of cholestasis. Complications occurred only in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Cholangitis and septicemia occurred in 1 patient after retrograde cholangiography and in 2 after the percutaneous technique. An intraperitoneal bile leak occurred in one other patient after percutaneous cholangiography. Percutaneous cholangiography with the narrow needle is a simple, inexpensive, and reliable method for demonstrating the biliary system and is usually successful when an extrahepatic cause of cholestasis is present. The occurrence of serious complications in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, despite prophylactic antibiotics, makes provision for early surgery mandatory after both techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:950095", "title": "Responses to treatment can differentiate chronic active liver disease with cholangitic features from the primary biliary cirrhosis syndrome.", "content": "Of 125 patients fulfilling preestablished criteria for severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) and enrolled in a prospective trial of treatment, 15 (12%) presented with morphological features of liver biopsy consistent with the diagnosis of both CALD and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) syndrome. Customary clinical, biochemical, and immunoserological studies failed to distinguish fully between these conditions. By contrast, early response to treatment with prednisone and/or azathioprine identified two different groups of patients. Five patients failed to respond, whereas 10 improved and this was followed by resolution of all clinical, biochemical, and morphological evidence of disease activity. Analysis of the initial chemical findings and cumulative bile duct counts from multiple biopsies correlated failure to respond with biochemical and morphological features more consistent with PBC than CALD. Responses to treatment can therefore be utilized when indicated for differentiating CALD with cholangitic features from PBC.", "contents": "Responses to treatment can differentiate chronic active liver disease with cholangitic features from the primary biliary cirrhosis syndrome. Of 125 patients fulfilling preestablished criteria for severe chronic active liver disease (CALD) and enrolled in a prospective trial of treatment, 15 (12%) presented with morphological features of liver biopsy consistent with the diagnosis of both CALD and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) syndrome. Customary clinical, biochemical, and immunoserological studies failed to distinguish fully between these conditions. By contrast, early response to treatment with prednisone and/or azathioprine identified two different groups of patients. Five patients failed to respond, whereas 10 improved and this was followed by resolution of all clinical, biochemical, and morphological evidence of disease activity. Analysis of the initial chemical findings and cumulative bile duct counts from multiple biopsies correlated failure to respond with biochemical and morphological features more consistent with PBC than CALD. Responses to treatment can therefore be utilized when indicated for differentiating CALD with cholangitic features from PBC."}
{"id": "PMID:950096", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity and inhibition studied with autologous liver cells: observations in chronic active liver disease and the primary biliary cirrhosis syndrome.", "content": "A method is described for determining the cytotoxicity of normal and autologous lymphocytes for 51Cr-labeled isolated parenchymal liver cells in a low aggressor to target cell ratio. Results were compared from patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD), chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), miscellaneous liver diseases, or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In 53% of CALD patients, lymphocytes showed greater cytotoxicity for hepatic cells than did normal allogenic lymphocytes, but in 32% there was significantly less 51Cr release than normal; in the remainder, results were in the normal range. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was greater in patients with disease of short duration and less in those treated with corticosteroids. In untreated CALD, decreased 51Cr release was associated with the presence of plasma factor(s) inhibiting phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from approximately 50% of the patients with PBC exhibited cytotoxicity for hepatic cells but 25% showed less 51Cr release than controls and the remaining patients had results in the normal range. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was also greater during the earlier stage of PBC. In contrast to CALD, decreased 51Cr release was not associated with the presence of plasma factor(s) inhibiting PHA-induced transformation of normal lymphocytes. Our findings support the hypothesis of in vivo lymphocyte-mediated liver cell damage in CALD and PBC, suggesting a potentially important role for lymphocyte suppression in the pathogenesis of both diseases.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity and inhibition studied with autologous liver cells: observations in chronic active liver disease and the primary biliary cirrhosis syndrome. A method is described for determining the cytotoxicity of normal and autologous lymphocytes for 51Cr-labeled isolated parenchymal liver cells in a low aggressor to target cell ratio. Results were compared from patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD), chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), miscellaneous liver diseases, or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In 53% of CALD patients, lymphocytes showed greater cytotoxicity for hepatic cells than did normal allogenic lymphocytes, but in 32% there was significantly less 51Cr release than normal; in the remainder, results were in the normal range. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was greater in patients with disease of short duration and less in those treated with corticosteroids. In untreated CALD, decreased 51Cr release was associated with the presence of plasma factor(s) inhibiting phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced transformation of normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from approximately 50% of the patients with PBC exhibited cytotoxicity for hepatic cells but 25% showed less 51Cr release than controls and the remaining patients had results in the normal range. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was also greater during the earlier stage of PBC. In contrast to CALD, decreased 51Cr release was not associated with the presence of plasma factor(s) inhibiting PHA-induced transformation of normal lymphocytes. Our findings support the hypothesis of in vivo lymphocyte-mediated liver cell damage in CALD and PBC, suggesting a potentially important role for lymphocyte suppression in the pathogenesis of both diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:950097", "title": "Effects of anticopper therapy on hepatocellular mitochondria in patients with Wilson's disease: an ultrastructural and stereological study.", "content": "Liver biopsy specimens from 7 patients with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration), obtained before and after 3 to 5 years of D-penicillamine therapy, were studied by electron microscopy and stereology. The characteristic mitochondrial abnormalities encountered in the hepatocytes of untreated patients were less pronounced or disappeared after treatment in 5 of the 7 patients. Simultaneously, relative mitochondrial volume, surface density of the external mitochondrial membranes, and the number of these profiles per unit area increased, whereas abnormal elevations SGOT and SGPT returned to normal levels.", "contents": "Effects of anticopper therapy on hepatocellular mitochondria in patients with Wilson's disease: an ultrastructural and stereological study. Liver biopsy specimens from 7 patients with Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration), obtained before and after 3 to 5 years of D-penicillamine therapy, were studied by electron microscopy and stereology. The characteristic mitochondrial abnormalities encountered in the hepatocytes of untreated patients were less pronounced or disappeared after treatment in 5 of the 7 patients. Simultaneously, relative mitochondrial volume, surface density of the external mitochondrial membranes, and the number of these profiles per unit area increased, whereas abnormal elevations SGOT and SGPT returned to normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:950098", "title": "The effect of loss of gallbladder function on biliary lipid composition in subjects with cholesterol gallstones.", "content": "The effect on biliary lipid and bile acid composition was assessed during the development of gallbladder nonfunction in 5 subjects with asymptomatic cholesterol cholelithiasis. There was a significant increase in the relative proportion of bile salt but a decrease in that of cholesterol in bile after development of gallbladder nonfunction which persisted after recovery from cholecystectomy. These findings were associated with a decrease in cholesterol crystals in bile sediment and an increase in the proportion of secondary bile acids after cholangiographic evidence of gallbladder nonfunction. Percentage cholesterol saturation of bile reverted to normal after development of gallbladder nonfunction which persisted after recovery from cholecystectomy.", "contents": "The effect of loss of gallbladder function on biliary lipid composition in subjects with cholesterol gallstones. The effect on biliary lipid and bile acid composition was assessed during the development of gallbladder nonfunction in 5 subjects with asymptomatic cholesterol cholelithiasis. There was a significant increase in the relative proportion of bile salt but a decrease in that of cholesterol in bile after development of gallbladder nonfunction which persisted after recovery from cholecystectomy. These findings were associated with a decrease in cholesterol crystals in bile sediment and an increase in the proportion of secondary bile acids after cholangiographic evidence of gallbladder nonfunction. Percentage cholesterol saturation of bile reverted to normal after development of gallbladder nonfunction which persisted after recovery from cholecystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:950099", "title": "The effect of sodium taurocholate on biliary iodipamide excretion in the dog.", "content": "The effect of sodium taurocholate in stepwise increasing infusion rates, 0.3 to 9.6 mumoles per min per kg, on the biliary excretion rate of iodipamide was investigated in 6 dogs (10 experiments) with complete bile diversion under general anesthesia. Iodipamide was administered intravenously with an initial priming dose of 33 mumoles per kg followed by a constant infusion of 1.3 mumoles per min per kg. Although the bile flow continuously increased with an increasing taurocholate dose, the iodipamide excretion rate reached a plateau with a 0.6 mumoles per min per kg of taurcholate infusion, which was 20% higher than with the lowest taurocholate dose. With a taurocholate dose over 2.4 mumoles per min per kg, a significant decrease in the iodipamide rate was found, amounting to 22% of its maximum value with the largest taurocholate dose. The bile iodipamide concentration was already at its maximum with the lowest taurocholate dose, and it decreased with an increasing taurocholate dose. Since the bile iodipamide concentration is probably the most important determinant in clinical cholangiography, low bile salt plasma levels should result in the best radiographic visualization of the biliary tree.", "contents": "The effect of sodium taurocholate on biliary iodipamide excretion in the dog. The effect of sodium taurocholate in stepwise increasing infusion rates, 0.3 to 9.6 mumoles per min per kg, on the biliary excretion rate of iodipamide was investigated in 6 dogs (10 experiments) with complete bile diversion under general anesthesia. Iodipamide was administered intravenously with an initial priming dose of 33 mumoles per kg followed by a constant infusion of 1.3 mumoles per min per kg. Although the bile flow continuously increased with an increasing taurocholate dose, the iodipamide excretion rate reached a plateau with a 0.6 mumoles per min per kg of taurcholate infusion, which was 20% higher than with the lowest taurocholate dose. With a taurocholate dose over 2.4 mumoles per min per kg, a significant decrease in the iodipamide rate was found, amounting to 22% of its maximum value with the largest taurocholate dose. The bile iodipamide concentration was already at its maximum with the lowest taurocholate dose, and it decreased with an increasing taurocholate dose. Since the bile iodipamide concentration is probably the most important determinant in clinical cholangiography, low bile salt plasma levels should result in the best radiographic visualization of the biliary tree."}
{"id": "PMID:950100", "title": "Acute intermittent porphyria with relapsing acute pancreatitis and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt hemolysis.", "content": "A 36-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with a first attack of acute intermittent porphyria. At the same time increased serum levels of amylase and lipase as well as an increased amylase clearance to creatinine clearance ratio were observed, permitting the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The etiology of the latter could not be determined. In addition, elevation of indirect bilirubin without evidence of hemolysis was observed Gilbert's syndrome was suspected. 40 weeks after the first episode, a second attack of identical abdominal pain was noted, with elevation of pancreatic enzymes in the serum. There is evidence that acute intermittent porphyria and acute relapsing pancreatitis may have some etiological connection in this patient.", "contents": "Acute intermittent porphyria with relapsing acute pancreatitis and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt hemolysis. A 36-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with a first attack of acute intermittent porphyria. At the same time increased serum levels of amylase and lipase as well as an increased amylase clearance to creatinine clearance ratio were observed, permitting the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The etiology of the latter could not be determined. In addition, elevation of indirect bilirubin without evidence of hemolysis was observed Gilbert's syndrome was suspected. 40 weeks after the first episode, a second attack of identical abdominal pain was noted, with elevation of pancreatic enzymes in the serum. There is evidence that acute intermittent porphyria and acute relapsing pancreatitis may have some etiological connection in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:950174", "title": "Effect of Amadori-type sugar derivatives of poly-L-lysine of platelet aggregation.", "content": "Fully substituted Amadori-type sugar derivative of Sigma type V-A poly-L-lysine does not induce platelet aggregation, but inhibits 30% of the platelet aggregation induced by collagen.", "contents": "Effect of Amadori-type sugar derivatives of poly-L-lysine of platelet aggregation. Fully substituted Amadori-type sugar derivative of Sigma type V-A poly-L-lysine does not induce platelet aggregation, but inhibits 30% of the platelet aggregation induced by collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:950175", "title": "Further studies of the interaction between ristocetin and fibrinogen.", "content": "Fibrinogen (FG) precipitation by ristocetin is enhanced by lowering the temperature to 4 degrees C. The  precipitate has similar properties to an acquired cryofibrinogen being resolubilised on rewarming to 37 degrees C, and the process of precipitation and resolubilsation can be repeated indefinitely by lowering and raising the temperature. Other plasma proteins are also precipitated by ristocetin, but to a lesser degree than FG. This property appears to have no relation to ristocetin's ability to aggregate platelets in the presence of von Willebrand's factor, since platelet aggregation by ristocetin is inhibited by lowering the temperature.", "contents": "Further studies of the interaction between ristocetin and fibrinogen. Fibrinogen (FG) precipitation by ristocetin is enhanced by lowering the temperature to 4 degrees C. The  precipitate has similar properties to an acquired cryofibrinogen being resolubilised on rewarming to 37 degrees C, and the process of precipitation and resolubilsation can be repeated indefinitely by lowering and raising the temperature. Other plasma proteins are also precipitated by ristocetin, but to a lesser degree than FG. This property appears to have no relation to ristocetin's ability to aggregate platelets in the presence of von Willebrand's factor, since platelet aggregation by ristocetin is inhibited by lowering the temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:950176", "title": "The appearance of schistocytes in the peripheral blood in correlation to the degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation. An experimental study in rats.", "content": "The infusion of thrombin in rats induced a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with haemolysis and schistocytosis. The number of schistocytes was found to be correlated to fibrinogen catabolism, plasma haemoglobin level and to the extent of fibrin deposition in the renal glomeruli in the early phase only. Later, no correlation could be observed, indicating a time-dependent behaviour of schistocytosis. The results suggest that a large number of schistocytes in blood smear is suspicious for DIC. These studies also support the concept that fibrin depositions in the blood vessels could play a role in the production of red cell fragmentation by mechanical destruction.", "contents": "The appearance of schistocytes in the peripheral blood in correlation to the degree of disseminated intravascular coagulation. An experimental study in rats. The infusion of thrombin in rats induced a disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with haemolysis and schistocytosis. The number of schistocytes was found to be correlated to fibrinogen catabolism, plasma haemoglobin level and to the extent of fibrin deposition in the renal glomeruli in the early phase only. Later, no correlation could be observed, indicating a time-dependent behaviour of schistocytosis. The results suggest that a large number of schistocytes in blood smear is suspicious for DIC. These studies also support the concept that fibrin depositions in the blood vessels could play a role in the production of red cell fragmentation by mechanical destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:950177", "title": "Haemostasis in the microvasculature of the rabbit mesentery, effects of some pharmacological agents of current interest in haemostasis and thrombosis.", "content": "A study has been performed to evaluate the effect on haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesenteric microcirculation of some principally different pharmacological substances of current interest in thrombosis research. It seems as if agents which have a potential value in the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis also modify haemostasis in our experimental model.", "contents": "Haemostasis in the microvasculature of the rabbit mesentery, effects of some pharmacological agents of current interest in haemostasis and thrombosis. A study has been performed to evaluate the effect on haemostatic plug formation in the rabbit mesenteric microcirculation of some principally different pharmacological substances of current interest in thrombosis research. It seems as if agents which have a potential value in the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis also modify haemostasis in our experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:950178", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by acetylsalicylic acid and other inhibitors.", "content": "Effects on platelet aggregation were examined of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), indomethacin and a number of other agents including dipyridamole, phenylbutazone and sulfinpyrazone under standardized conditions. The Born turbidometric method of measuring platelet aggregation was used with collagen as the stimulus for aggregation. ASA and indomethacin were shown to be among the most potent inhibitors of aggregation, being active at minimal effective concentrations of 1-3 mug/ml using a 10 min time of pre-incubation with the platelet-rich plasma (degree of aggregation inhibition was time dependent). Most of the other agents tested were also active in vitro and both prostaglandin E1 and adenosine were more potent than ASA or indomethacin. However, these agents were shown not to exert significant inhibitory effects when administered orally to rats (dose 10 and 30 mg/kg). ASA proved to be effective in doses as low as 3 mg/kg, and indomethacin in doses as low as 1 mg/kg orally. The inhibitory effects of ASA on aggregation remained for several days after a single oral dose, whereas the effects of indomethacin disappeared within 24 h.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by acetylsalicylic acid and other inhibitors. Effects on platelet aggregation were examined of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), indomethacin and a number of other agents including dipyridamole, phenylbutazone and sulfinpyrazone under standardized conditions. The Born turbidometric method of measuring platelet aggregation was used with collagen as the stimulus for aggregation. ASA and indomethacin were shown to be among the most potent inhibitors of aggregation, being active at minimal effective concentrations of 1-3 mug/ml using a 10 min time of pre-incubation with the platelet-rich plasma (degree of aggregation inhibition was time dependent). Most of the other agents tested were also active in vitro and both prostaglandin E1 and adenosine were more potent than ASA or indomethacin. However, these agents were shown not to exert significant inhibitory effects when administered orally to rats (dose 10 and 30 mg/kg). ASA proved to be effective in doses as low as 3 mg/kg, and indomethacin in doses as low as 1 mg/kg orally. The inhibitory effects of ASA on aggregation remained for several days after a single oral dose, whereas the effects of indomethacin disappeared within 24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:950179", "title": "National surveillance of vectors and animal reservoirs.", "content": "In carrying out the national surveillance of vectors and animal reservoirs in Czechoslovakia the theory of the natural focus infections has been taken into account. In order to achieve a successful surveillance, besides studying the distribution of vectors and vertebrate hosts, the greatest emphasis has been put on the compilation of important data concerning their ecology, ethology and phenology. The author refers to some of the practical rsults of the national surveillance programme in Czechoslovakia.", "contents": "National surveillance of vectors and animal reservoirs. In carrying out the national surveillance of vectors and animal reservoirs in Czechoslovakia the theory of the natural focus infections has been taken into account. In order to achieve a successful surveillance, besides studying the distribution of vectors and vertebrate hosts, the greatest emphasis has been put on the compilation of important data concerning their ecology, ethology and phenology. The author refers to some of the practical rsults of the national surveillance programme in Czechoslovakia."}
{"id": "PMID:950180", "title": "Leptospiral antibodies in domestic animals in Tyrol.", "content": "Results are presented of a serological examination of 1,547 domestic animals (cattle, pig, sheep, horse, goat, dog, cat) from 9 Tyrolian districts (Austria), performed in order to disclose the incidence of leptospirosis. Completely significant titres were domonstrated by means of the MAL test in the serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni, sorex-jalna, bratislava, sejroe and saxkoebing. In addition, antibodies were confirmed against L. bataviae, L. pomona, L. tarassovi and L. bulgarica, but the titres were insignificant. Of the animals examined, 7.2% gave positive reactions in titres of 1: 800 and above (for dogs and cats 1: 100 and more); positive reactions were obtained from 8.8% of cattle serum, 6.8% of pig-, 1.1% of sheep-, 3.3% of dog-, 18.2% of cat serum. A positive reaction was obtained with the serum of one out of the 9 horses examined, the sera of the two goats examined were negative. he percentage of positivity in animals from the individual districts ranged from 1.0 to 17.0, and variations were found also in the distribution of serotypes in the individual districts. The results indicate that the percentage of positivity in domestic animals from Tyrol decreases as the altitude of the localities increases.", "contents": "Leptospiral antibodies in domestic animals in Tyrol. Results are presented of a serological examination of 1,547 domestic animals (cattle, pig, sheep, horse, goat, dog, cat) from 9 Tyrolian districts (Austria), performed in order to disclose the incidence of leptospirosis. Completely significant titres were domonstrated by means of the MAL test in the serotypes icterohaemorrhagiae or copenhageni, sorex-jalna, bratislava, sejroe and saxkoebing. In addition, antibodies were confirmed against L. bataviae, L. pomona, L. tarassovi and L. bulgarica, but the titres were insignificant. Of the animals examined, 7.2% gave positive reactions in titres of 1: 800 and above (for dogs and cats 1: 100 and more); positive reactions were obtained from 8.8% of cattle serum, 6.8% of pig-, 1.1% of sheep-, 3.3% of dog-, 18.2% of cat serum. A positive reaction was obtained with the serum of one out of the 9 horses examined, the sera of the two goats examined were negative. he percentage of positivity in animals from the individual districts ranged from 1.0 to 17.0, and variations were found also in the distribution of serotypes in the individual districts. The results indicate that the percentage of positivity in domestic animals from Tyrol decreases as the altitude of the localities increases."}
{"id": "PMID:950181", "title": "Circular DNA and cardiolipin in hydrogenosomes, microbody-like organelles of trichomonads.", "content": "Circular molecules of DNA approximately 3 mum in length were revealed by electron microscopy in deproteinized extracts prepared from purified hydrogenosomal fraction of a protozoan Tritrichomonae foetus. This fraction contained also cardiolipin amounting to approximately 14.4% of its total phospholipids, as detected by thin-layer chromatography and quantitative phosphorus measurement. These characteristics extend a number of biochemical properties of hydrogenosome shared also by mitochondria and by prokaryotic cells.", "contents": "Circular DNA and cardiolipin in hydrogenosomes, microbody-like organelles of trichomonads. Circular molecules of DNA approximately 3 mum in length were revealed by electron microscopy in deproteinized extracts prepared from purified hydrogenosomal fraction of a protozoan Tritrichomonae foetus. This fraction contained also cardiolipin amounting to approximately 14.4% of its total phospholipids, as detected by thin-layer chromatography and quantitative phosphorus measurement. These characteristics extend a number of biochemical properties of hydrogenosome shared also by mitochondria and by prokaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:950182", "title": "Polymorphism of larvae of the genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903 (Hymenolepididae).", "content": "The larvae of 12 cestode species of the genus Aploparaksis have been studied. In order to confirm the determination, the definitive hosts, birds, were experimentally infected with 5 species and the intermediate hosts, oligochaetes, with 6 species of cestodes. A great variability was observed in the morphology of tail appendix of cysticercoids belonging to five types of larvae. It is assumed that the polymorphism of larvae of the genus Aploparaksis results from the morphological adaptation to the development under arctic conditions.", "contents": "Polymorphism of larvae of the genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903 (Hymenolepididae). The larvae of 12 cestode species of the genus Aploparaksis have been studied. In order to confirm the determination, the definitive hosts, birds, were experimentally infected with 5 species and the intermediate hosts, oligochaetes, with 6 species of cestodes. A great variability was observed in the morphology of tail appendix of cysticercoids belonging to five types of larvae. It is assumed that the polymorphism of larvae of the genus Aploparaksis results from the morphological adaptation to the development under arctic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:950183", "title": "Studies on species specificity of proteins in Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum.", "content": "The separate identity of A. lumbricoides and A. suum was confirmed by means of the disc electrophoresis method in that differences were established in the protein profile of somatic and ribosomal proteins. In addition differences were found in the representation of lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and in the activity of LDH, SDH, peroxidase, esterase and alkalic phosphatase.", "contents": "Studies on species specificity of proteins in Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum. The separate identity of A. lumbricoides and A. suum was confirmed by means of the disc electrophoresis method in that differences were established in the protein profile of somatic and ribosomal proteins. In addition differences were found in the representation of lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and in the activity of LDH, SDH, peroxidase, esterase and alkalic phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:950184", "title": "Acanthophthirius kolenatii, a new species, and some new records of fur-mites (Acarina: Myobiidae and Labidocarpidae) from Armenia.", "content": "A description of the female of a new species, Acanthophthirius kolenatii sp.n., is given. The species is very closely related to A. poppei (Trouessart, 1895) and A. etheldredae Perkins, 1925 and has been collected from Pipistrellus kuhli (Kuhl) in the Armenian S.S.R. The species Pteracarus pipistrellius pipistrellius (Radford, 1938) and Alabidocarpus calcaratus calcaratus Lawrence, 1952 are recorded from the territory of Armenia for the first time.", "contents": "Acanthophthirius kolenatii, a new species, and some new records of fur-mites (Acarina: Myobiidae and Labidocarpidae) from Armenia. A description of the female of a new species, Acanthophthirius kolenatii sp.n., is given. The species is very closely related to A. poppei (Trouessart, 1895) and A. etheldredae Perkins, 1925 and has been collected from Pipistrellus kuhli (Kuhl) in the Armenian S.S.R. The species Pteracarus pipistrellius pipistrellius (Radford, 1938) and Alabidocarpus calcaratus calcaratus Lawrence, 1952 are recorded from the territory of Armenia for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:950185", "title": "To the knowledge of fauna of synanthropic flies of the Nepal Himalya.", "content": "A material of flies collected in two localities (altitude of 3900 and 4500 m) in the Barun Khola Valley (East Nepal) was studied, representing the early spring aspect of the species composition of flies. Of the total number of 2309 fly specimens 99.3% represented two species of the genus Paregle (P. aterrima, P. sp.); both are autochthonous high altitude hemisynanthrophic forms. The remainining 0.7% represent 9 species, most of which are more or less eurytopic species of palearctic or holoarctic distribution (Calliphora vicina, C. vomitoria, Meoneura flavifacies, Scatophaga stercoraria, Hydrotea hirticeps, Orthellia caesarian, Paregle danieli, Anthomyiidae g. sp. 1, g. sp. 2).", "contents": "To the knowledge of fauna of synanthropic flies of the Nepal Himalya. A material of flies collected in two localities (altitude of 3900 and 4500 m) in the Barun Khola Valley (East Nepal) was studied, representing the early spring aspect of the species composition of flies. Of the total number of 2309 fly specimens 99.3% represented two species of the genus Paregle (P. aterrima, P. sp.); both are autochthonous high altitude hemisynanthrophic forms. The remainining 0.7% represent 9 species, most of which are more or less eurytopic species of palearctic or holoarctic distribution (Calliphora vicina, C. vomitoria, Meoneura flavifacies, Scatophaga stercoraria, Hydrotea hirticeps, Orthellia caesarian, Paregle danieli, Anthomyiidae g. sp. 1, g. sp. 2)."}
{"id": "PMID:950188", "title": "Gyrodactylus konovalovi sp. n. (Gyrodactylidae: Monogenoidea) from Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski.", "content": "A new species of the genus Gyrodactylus, G. konovalovi, from the fins, gills and skin of Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski is described. The specimens were found for the first time in the Mongolian People's Republic by Ergens and Dulmaa (1967) and were erroneously determined as D. macronychus Malmberg, 1957.", "contents": "Gyrodactylus konovalovi sp. n. (Gyrodactylidae: Monogenoidea) from Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski. A new species of the genus Gyrodactylus, G. konovalovi, from the fins, gills and skin of Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski is described. The specimens were found for the first time in the Mongolian People's Republic by Ergens and Dulmaa (1967) and were erroneously determined as D. macronychus Malmberg, 1957."}
{"id": "PMID:950189", "title": "Are the mites of the genus Tarsonemus really parasites of man?", "content": "Mites of the genus Tarsonemus were found in several preparations of human skin samples. It was revealed that the mites got into the preparations from insufficiently cleaned coverslips. Similar previous reports are discussed on this occasion.", "contents": "Are the mites of the genus Tarsonemus really parasites of man? Mites of the genus Tarsonemus were found in several preparations of human skin samples. It was revealed that the mites got into the preparations from insufficiently cleaned coverslips. Similar previous reports are discussed on this occasion."}
{"id": "PMID:950217", "title": "Managing problem behaviors of elderly patients.", "content": "Professional as well as nonprofessional staff who work with the elderly in nursing homes must be reminded repeatedly that most problem behaviors are symptoms of such underlying problems as unresolved conflicts, the loss of normal, appropriate life roles, and the anticipation of illness and death. The author describes how those problems are reflected in such \"senile\" behaviors as incoherence, incontinence, ritualism, and inappropriate sexual behaviors. She believes the concept of personality regression under stress is a useful framework for helping staff understand and manage such behaviors. She illustrates how nonprofessional staff can help patients achieve a more satisfactory adjustment by using certain behavior modification techniques, by roleplaying, and by identifying feelings responsible for porblem behaviors and helping patients ventilate them.", "contents": "Managing problem behaviors of elderly patients. Professional as well as nonprofessional staff who work with the elderly in nursing homes must be reminded repeatedly that most problem behaviors are symptoms of such underlying problems as unresolved conflicts, the loss of normal, appropriate life roles, and the anticipation of illness and death. The author describes how those problems are reflected in such \"senile\" behaviors as incoherence, incontinence, ritualism, and inappropriate sexual behaviors. She believes the concept of personality regression under stress is a useful framework for helping staff understand and manage such behaviors. She illustrates how nonprofessional staff can help patients achieve a more satisfactory adjustment by using certain behavior modification techniques, by roleplaying, and by identifying feelings responsible for porblem behaviors and helping patients ventilate them."}
{"id": "PMID:950218", "title": "The adult development program: an educational approach to the delivery of mental health services.", "content": "The adult development program is an intensive, shortterm program for individuals who want to change their behavior. It is based on an educational model; participants, who are called students, set their own behavior-change goals, and a multidisciplinary staff teach them techniques for reaching those goals. The program curriculum consists of about 20 seminars and workshops, which give the students an opportunity to learn and to practice new behaviors. Students pay fees that vary from $40 to $500 per month depending on the number of classes they take. Approximately 1750 students have participated in the program since it began six years ago.", "contents": "The adult development program: an educational approach to the delivery of mental health services. The adult development program is an intensive, shortterm program for individuals who want to change their behavior. It is based on an educational model; participants, who are called students, set their own behavior-change goals, and a multidisciplinary staff teach them techniques for reaching those goals. The program curriculum consists of about 20 seminars and workshops, which give the students an opportunity to learn and to practice new behaviors. Students pay fees that vary from $40 to $500 per month depending on the number of classes they take. Approximately 1750 students have participated in the program since it began six years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:950219", "title": "Responsibility therapy in community psychiatry.", "content": "The author describes a day treatment program using responsibility therapy, a form of behaviorism based on the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. Mental illness is conceptualized as an addiction or bad habit to be corrected through definition of the client's problems, values, and therapeutic objectives. The program, which is operated by the county, requires high client motivation and the involvement of significant others. About 100 clients enter the program each year; more than half are referrals from the county probation department. A recent study showed that the program is serving the most disabled group of clients as least as effectively as the other county services.", "contents": "Responsibility therapy in community psychiatry. The author describes a day treatment program using responsibility therapy, a form of behaviorism based on the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. Mental illness is conceptualized as an addiction or bad habit to be corrected through definition of the client's problems, values, and therapeutic objectives. The program, which is operated by the county, requires high client motivation and the involvement of significant others. About 100 clients enter the program each year; more than half are referrals from the county probation department. A recent study showed that the program is serving the most disabled group of clients as least as effectively as the other county services."}
{"id": "PMID:950220", "title": "Origins of a Jungian-oriented therapeutic community for schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The author believes that rapid hospital turnover of psychiatric patients and heavy reliance on psychotropic drugs often interfere with recovery, especially for many psychotic patients who need a retreat where they might be helped to heal themselves. He describes the origins and operation of a Jungian-oriented therapeutic community for schizophrenic patients in a Veterans Administration hospital, the community is based parly on his earlier work with therapeutic communities and his belief that clear lines of authority must be maintained as well as his experiences with videotherapy and art therapy. The community relies heavily on art therapy in which patients are encouraged to make abstract paintings of their delusions, visions, hallucinations, dreams, and fantasies and to interpret the paintings themselves.", "contents": "Origins of a Jungian-oriented therapeutic community for schizophrenic patients. The author believes that rapid hospital turnover of psychiatric patients and heavy reliance on psychotropic drugs often interfere with recovery, especially for many psychotic patients who need a retreat where they might be helped to heal themselves. He describes the origins and operation of a Jungian-oriented therapeutic community for schizophrenic patients in a Veterans Administration hospital, the community is based parly on his earlier work with therapeutic communities and his belief that clear lines of authority must be maintained as well as his experiences with videotherapy and art therapy. The community relies heavily on art therapy in which patients are encouraged to make abstract paintings of their delusions, visions, hallucinations, dreams, and fantasies and to interpret the paintings themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:950221", "title": "The development of a program for treating obesity.", "content": "During its first three years of operation a health center in California developed a program for treating obesity. It was originally called a weight-control class and had an educational orientation. The first series of classes lasted 12 weeks and subsequent series lasted six weeks. After four series, attendance had dropped drastically and the class leaders were ready to discontinue the program. Health center staff encouraged them to continue, and during the next series they made several changes that made the program more successful. The program was called a health and weight class and included patients who were not obese. The leaders restricted the class to adult women, drew up a specific diet plan, and set a weight-loss goal of two pounds a week.", "contents": "The development of a program for treating obesity. During its first three years of operation a health center in California developed a program for treating obesity. It was originally called a weight-control class and had an educational orientation. The first series of classes lasted 12 weeks and subsequent series lasted six weeks. After four series, attendance had dropped drastically and the class leaders were ready to discontinue the program. Health center staff encouraged them to continue, and during the next series they made several changes that made the program more successful. The program was called a health and weight class and included patients who were not obese. The leaders restricted the class to adult women, drew up a specific diet plan, and set a weight-loss goal of two pounds a week."}
{"id": "PMID:950222", "title": "Breaking a cycle of hospitalization through the psychiatric house call.", "content": "The authors discuss a case in which family therapy administered in a home setting helped to break a cycle of psychiatric hospitalization that had continued for ten years. Their patient had adopted a persistent behavioral pattern involving protective magic rituals and consultations with spirits as a defense against other problems in her family relationships. With regular visits from the therapists and cooperation from each member of the family, the patient's symptoms were ameliorated and the family situation greatly improved after eight months. The authors believe that because they worked with the entire family as a system, were able to recognize sociocultural factors that had not been dealt with in the patient's hospitalizations, and were able to stimulate communication among family members in a home setting, they were able to see more immediate results and thus were able to break the costly cycle of repeated hospitalizations.", "contents": "Breaking a cycle of hospitalization through the psychiatric house call. The authors discuss a case in which family therapy administered in a home setting helped to break a cycle of psychiatric hospitalization that had continued for ten years. Their patient had adopted a persistent behavioral pattern involving protective magic rituals and consultations with spirits as a defense against other problems in her family relationships. With regular visits from the therapists and cooperation from each member of the family, the patient's symptoms were ameliorated and the family situation greatly improved after eight months. The authors believe that because they worked with the entire family as a system, were able to recognize sociocultural factors that had not been dealt with in the patient's hospitalizations, and were able to stimulate communication among family members in a home setting, they were able to see more immediate results and thus were able to break the costly cycle of repeated hospitalizations."}
{"id": "PMID:950226", "title": "Mental health care and treatment: will health planning make a difference?", "content": "The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 establishes a five-tiered system for health planning that begins with the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and reaches the local level through areawide health systems agencies. The author describes the implications of the law for mental health services, focusing particularly on its impact at the local level. He describes the functions of the health systems agencies, points out limitations in their authority, and emphasizes that cooperation of community organizations and agencies is essential if they are to be effective in improving health and mental health care and treatment.", "contents": "Mental health care and treatment: will health planning make a difference? The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 establishes a five-tiered system for health planning that begins with the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and reaches the local level through areawide health systems agencies. The author describes the implications of the law for mental health services, focusing particularly on its impact at the local level. He describes the functions of the health systems agencies, points out limitations in their authority, and emphasizes that cooperation of community organizations and agencies is essential if they are to be effective in improving health and mental health care and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:950227", "title": "Consumer-professional collaboration for evaluation in neighborhood mental health programs.", "content": "Neighborhood mental health programs are challenged with the scientific and fiscal necessity of evaluating their services. Since most such programs are joint endeavors of neighborhood residents (usually a consumer board) and nonneighborhood professionals, such evaluative efforts require the sanction and collaboration of both groups to be maximally effective. However, the authors point out that collaboration is often strained by lack of trust and conflicts of interest. Study design may fail to consider neighborhood values, with the result that the provision of services is impeded, consumers are frightened or coerced, the role of paraprofessionals is threatened, and the consumer board's responsibilities to the neighborhood are ignored. The authors discuss those four issues and suggest ways of resolving them.", "contents": "Consumer-professional collaboration for evaluation in neighborhood mental health programs. Neighborhood mental health programs are challenged with the scientific and fiscal necessity of evaluating their services. Since most such programs are joint endeavors of neighborhood residents (usually a consumer board) and nonneighborhood professionals, such evaluative efforts require the sanction and collaboration of both groups to be maximally effective. However, the authors point out that collaboration is often strained by lack of trust and conflicts of interest. Study design may fail to consider neighborhood values, with the result that the provision of services is impeded, consumers are frightened or coerced, the role of paraprofessionals is threatened, and the consumer board's responsibilities to the neighborhood are ignored. The authors discuss those four issues and suggest ways of resolving them."}
{"id": "PMID:950228", "title": "A model for interagency cooperation in the provision of mental health services to youths.", "content": "In 1971 the Chedoke-McMaster center initiated an assessment and placement program for emotionally disturbed preadolescents in the Hamilton, Ontario, area. That project was used as the springboard for a cooperative venture with other health and social service agencies dealing with children. At the heart of the collaborative project is a multidisciplinary team, composed of representatives from the various participating agencies, that is responsible for all clinical decision-making regarding the need for impatient assessment and placement in residential treatment programs. The team also participates in the planning for discharge and aftercare. The other two components of the project are a short-term inpatient cottage assessment unit and several long-term residential treatment programs.", "contents": "A model for interagency cooperation in the provision of mental health services to youths. In 1971 the Chedoke-McMaster center initiated an assessment and placement program for emotionally disturbed preadolescents in the Hamilton, Ontario, area. That project was used as the springboard for a cooperative venture with other health and social service agencies dealing with children. At the heart of the collaborative project is a multidisciplinary team, composed of representatives from the various participating agencies, that is responsible for all clinical decision-making regarding the need for impatient assessment and placement in residential treatment programs. The team also participates in the planning for discharge and aftercare. The other two components of the project are a short-term inpatient cottage assessment unit and several long-term residential treatment programs."}
{"id": "PMID:950229", "title": "The parent-therapist program: an innovative approach to treating emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "The authors describe the parent-therapist program, an innovative alternative to residential treatment for emotionally disturbed children. In the program, which is based on the extended family model, couples not only provide a residential milieu for a child placed with them, but also are trained to be therapists who can deal with specific emotional and behavioral problems. The parent-therapists work together in three treatment teams, each consisting of five couples. Education and supervision are ongoing. A total of 27 children have been treated in the program since it got under way in May 1972. Clinical impressions indicate that the children have made substantial gains in developing social and interpersonal skills and in their academic acievement.", "contents": "The parent-therapist program: an innovative approach to treating emotionally disturbed children. The authors describe the parent-therapist program, an innovative alternative to residential treatment for emotionally disturbed children. In the program, which is based on the extended family model, couples not only provide a residential milieu for a child placed with them, but also are trained to be therapists who can deal with specific emotional and behavioral problems. The parent-therapists work together in three treatment teams, each consisting of five couples. Education and supervision are ongoing. A total of 27 children have been treated in the program since it got under way in May 1972. Clinical impressions indicate that the children have made substantial gains in developing social and interpersonal skills and in their academic acievement."}
{"id": "PMID:950230", "title": "The management and mismanagement of a suicidal patient.", "content": "The author begins with the premise that the actions of therapists and hospital staff can contribute to the likelihood that a suicidal patient will eventually take his life. He recounts a case history of a depressed 51-year-old man who was hospitalized following a suicide attempt and delineates eight \"mistakes\" that contributed to the patient's eventual suicide and that are common occurrences in dealing with a suicidal patient. He believes that if more therapists and mental health professionals share mistakes and experiences of this kind with each other, such errors might be minimized or even prevented.", "contents": "The management and mismanagement of a suicidal patient. The author begins with the premise that the actions of therapists and hospital staff can contribute to the likelihood that a suicidal patient will eventually take his life. He recounts a case history of a depressed 51-year-old man who was hospitalized following a suicide attempt and delineates eight \"mistakes\" that contributed to the patient's eventual suicide and that are common occurrences in dealing with a suicidal patient. He believes that if more therapists and mental health professionals share mistakes and experiences of this kind with each other, such errors might be minimized or even prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:950231", "title": "Psychiatric treatment in jail: an experiment in health-care delivery.", "content": "The author discusses the source of referral, psychiatric diagnosis, and treatment of 539 inmates who were referred for psychiatric treatment in two metropolitan jails. Almost one-third of the patients were evaluated within 24 hours of their being booked into jail. Manifestly disordered and violent behavior accounted for 50 per cent of the referrals; almost half the patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic or manic. The author emphasizes the importance of a close working relationship with the custody staff to facilitate identifying inmates who need psychiatric treatment.", "contents": "Psychiatric treatment in jail: an experiment in health-care delivery. The author discusses the source of referral, psychiatric diagnosis, and treatment of 539 inmates who were referred for psychiatric treatment in two metropolitan jails. Almost one-third of the patients were evaluated within 24 hours of their being booked into jail. Manifestly disordered and violent behavior accounted for 50 per cent of the referrals; almost half the patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic or manic. The author emphasizes the importance of a close working relationship with the custody staff to facilitate identifying inmates who need psychiatric treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:950235", "title": "The association of blood groups, ABH secretion, haptoglobins and hemoglobins with filariasis.", "content": "Results on 605 patients and 597 controls carefully matched in relation to sex, age, marital status and profession are reported. A higher frequency of nonsecretors, as well as an excess of B and lack of A2 were observed among the filarial patients. Since these differences do not occur in other series, however, their significance is doubtful.", "contents": "The association of blood groups, ABH secretion, haptoglobins and hemoglobins with filariasis. Results on 605 patients and 597 controls carefully matched in relation to sex, age, marital status and profession are reported. A higher frequency of nonsecretors, as well as an excess of B and lack of A2 were observed among the filarial patients. Since these differences do not occur in other series, however, their significance is doubtful."}
{"id": "PMID:950236", "title": "The occurrence of consanguineous marriages in Hungary.", "content": "The occurrence of first cousin couples was 2.90/00 in Hungary involving three different population samples (about 2,000, 1,000 and 2,000 women after delivery in the capital, two cities, and a city with agricultural characteristics, respectively).", "contents": "The occurrence of consanguineous marriages in Hungary. The occurrence of first cousin couples was 2.90/00 in Hungary involving three different population samples (about 2,000, 1,000 and 2,000 women after delivery in the capital, two cities, and a city with agricultural characteristics, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:950237", "title": "An autosomal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) polymorphism in human saliva.", "content": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) from human saliva has been demonstrated by the zymogram technique. Three phenotypes were found. Family and population studies suggested that these phenotypes are the products of an autosomal locus with two alleles Sgd-1 and Sgd-2.", "contents": "An autosomal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) polymorphism in human saliva. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) from human saliva has been demonstrated by the zymogram technique. Three phenotypes were found. Family and population studies suggested that these phenotypes are the products of an autosomal locus with two alleles Sgd-1 and Sgd-2."}
{"id": "PMID:950238", "title": "Atypical serum cholinesterase in the Netherlands.", "content": "Pseudocholinesterase was examined in 322 samples from unrelated, healthy blood donors. In 14 cases heterozygosity was found, i.e. the frequency of the allele for atypical cholinesterase amounts to 0.022. A comparison is made with other European populations.", "contents": "Atypical serum cholinesterase in the Netherlands. Pseudocholinesterase was examined in 322 samples from unrelated, healthy blood donors. In 14 cases heterozygosity was found, i.e. the frequency of the allele for atypical cholinesterase amounts to 0.022. A comparison is made with other European populations."}
{"id": "PMID:950239", "title": "Inbreeding among some Brahman populations of Tamil Nadu.", "content": "A statewide survey of four endogamous Brahman populations of Tamil Nadu reveals a low level of inbreeding in three of them. In the fourth population, the Thengalai, the level is higher, but not as high as in other social castes. The Tamil Brahmans rank next to the Telugu and the Kanarese Brahmans in this respect. Uncle-niece marriages also occur as in Telugu-speaking populations, and these exceed in the two Ayyangar populations in comparison to the Ayyar. A decline of first-cousin marriages and an increase of uncle-niece marriages are detected in the first two living generations in each population.", "contents": "Inbreeding among some Brahman populations of Tamil Nadu. A statewide survey of four endogamous Brahman populations of Tamil Nadu reveals a low level of inbreeding in three of them. In the fourth population, the Thengalai, the level is higher, but not as high as in other social castes. The Tamil Brahmans rank next to the Telugu and the Kanarese Brahmans in this respect. Uncle-niece marriages also occur as in Telugu-speaking populations, and these exceed in the two Ayyangar populations in comparison to the Ayyar. A decline of first-cousin marriages and an increase of uncle-niece marriages are detected in the first two living generations in each population."}
{"id": "PMID:950240", "title": "Heterogeneity of congenital retinal non-attachment, falciform folds and retinal dysplasia. A guide to genetic counselling.", "content": "The heritable falciform folds and congenital retinal non-attachment reported in the literature are here divided into monosymptomatic and complex types. Of the former, autosomal dominant and recessive disorders are known. The complex types comprise several syndromes, both autosomal recessive and X-linked. Retinal dysplasia is sometimes seen in histological sections from these affections, but it is an unspecific histological reaction, and not a disease sui generis. Attention is drawn to the syndrome with microcephaly, microphthalmia and falciform detachment which, though previously described, has not so far been delineated. It is hypothesized that hydrocephaly and congenital retinal non-attachment with or without microphthalmia and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous constitute yet another 'new' syndrome, mainly seen in females.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of congenital retinal non-attachment, falciform folds and retinal dysplasia. A guide to genetic counselling. The heritable falciform folds and congenital retinal non-attachment reported in the literature are here divided into monosymptomatic and complex types. Of the former, autosomal dominant and recessive disorders are known. The complex types comprise several syndromes, both autosomal recessive and X-linked. Retinal dysplasia is sometimes seen in histological sections from these affections, but it is an unspecific histological reaction, and not a disease sui generis. Attention is drawn to the syndrome with microcephaly, microphthalmia and falciform detachment which, though previously described, has not so far been delineated. It is hypothesized that hydrocephaly and congenital retinal non-attachment with or without microphthalmia and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous constitute yet another 'new' syndrome, mainly seen in females."}
{"id": "PMID:950242", "title": "Saliva acid phosphatases: genetic studies.", "content": "Acid phosphatases from human saliva have been demonstrated by the zymogram technique. Six phenotypes were found. Family and population studies suggested that the phenotypes are the product of two loci, Sap-A with three alleles A, A' and O, and Sap-B with two alleles B and O.", "contents": "Saliva acid phosphatases: genetic studies. Acid phosphatases from human saliva have been demonstrated by the zymogram technique. Six phenotypes were found. Family and population studies suggested that the phenotypes are the product of two loci, Sap-A with three alleles A, A' and O, and Sap-B with two alleles B and O."}
{"id": "PMID:950243", "title": "Gene frequencies and linkage data on EsD in man.", "content": "Gene frequencies of the esterase D system were estimated in a sample of 1,392 unrelated adults living in Copenhagen; the results were EsD1 = 0.896 and EsD2 = 0.104. No genetic linkage could be demonstrated between this system and a series of autosomal makers.", "contents": "Gene frequencies and linkage data on EsD in man. Gene frequencies of the esterase D system were estimated in a sample of 1,392 unrelated adults living in Copenhagen; the results were EsD1 = 0.896 and EsD2 = 0.104. No genetic linkage could be demonstrated between this system and a series of autosomal makers."}
{"id": "PMID:950248", "title": "Separation of six bovine complement components and one inactivator (1, 2).", "content": "Six components (C1, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) of bovine complement and one inactivator (C3 in) could be separated from bovine serum. Bovine C1 was separated by precipitation at low molarity (0.03 M of relative salt concentration) other components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using 0.005 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, as a base for solvents having the relative salt concentration adjusted by addition of NaCl from 0.03 to 0.3 M. The separated bovine complement components could be tested using intermediates formed from sheep erythrocytes, rabbit hemolysin, guinea pig C1 and remaining human complement components. C2, C3 and C4 of bovine origin remained undetected either because of incompatibility with the intermediates used or interference of inhibitors or inactivators.", "contents": "Separation of six bovine complement components and one inactivator (1, 2). Six components (C1, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) of bovine complement and one inactivator (C3 in) could be separated from bovine serum. Bovine C1 was separated by precipitation at low molarity (0.03 M of relative salt concentration) other components by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using 0.005 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, as a base for solvents having the relative salt concentration adjusted by addition of NaCl from 0.03 to 0.3 M. The separated bovine complement components could be tested using intermediates formed from sheep erythrocytes, rabbit hemolysin, guinea pig C1 and remaining human complement components. C2, C3 and C4 of bovine origin remained undetected either because of incompatibility with the intermediates used or interference of inhibitors or inactivators."}
{"id": "PMID:950258", "title": "Cephacetrile--application of pharmacokinetic data to dosage determination.", "content": "This pharmacokinetic investigation was based on the determination of serum and urinary levles of cephacetrile in 50 subjects given single intramuscular or intravenous doses of 0.5 or 1 gm of the antibiotic; 30 normal subjects, 10 patients with renal insufficiency, and 10 patients with chronic nephritis undergoing maintenance haemodialysis were included in this study. In normal subjects, mean serum half-life was 1.09 hours (Ke = 0.6337) after intramuscular injection of 0.5 gm cephacetrile, 1.31 hours (Ke = 0.5276) after intramuscular injection of 1 gm, and 0.89 hours (Ke = 0.7806) after intravenous injection of 1 gm. Absorption half-life was 0.45 hours after intramuscular injection of 1 gm cephacetrile. The urinary elimination of cephacetrile over the first 6 hours after injection was on the average 72.7% of the administered dose. After intravenous injection of 1 gm of the antibiotic, the plasma clearance of cephacetrile was 407 ml/min., and its renal clearance 313 ml/min. A linear correlation was found between the values of overall elimination rate constant (Ke) and creatinine clearance in the subjects under investigation (Ke = 0.0080 + 0.0061 ClCr). The established pharmacokinetic characteristics were used to calculate the maintenance and loading doses as well as the intervals between injections adjusted to creatinine clearance. These data constitute true dosage schemes adapted to the particular case of each patient according to his kidney function.", "contents": "Cephacetrile--application of pharmacokinetic data to dosage determination. This pharmacokinetic investigation was based on the determination of serum and urinary levles of cephacetrile in 50 subjects given single intramuscular or intravenous doses of 0.5 or 1 gm of the antibiotic; 30 normal subjects, 10 patients with renal insufficiency, and 10 patients with chronic nephritis undergoing maintenance haemodialysis were included in this study. In normal subjects, mean serum half-life was 1.09 hours (Ke = 0.6337) after intramuscular injection of 0.5 gm cephacetrile, 1.31 hours (Ke = 0.5276) after intramuscular injection of 1 gm, and 0.89 hours (Ke = 0.7806) after intravenous injection of 1 gm. Absorption half-life was 0.45 hours after intramuscular injection of 1 gm cephacetrile. The urinary elimination of cephacetrile over the first 6 hours after injection was on the average 72.7% of the administered dose. After intravenous injection of 1 gm of the antibiotic, the plasma clearance of cephacetrile was 407 ml/min., and its renal clearance 313 ml/min. A linear correlation was found between the values of overall elimination rate constant (Ke) and creatinine clearance in the subjects under investigation (Ke = 0.0080 + 0.0061 ClCr). The established pharmacokinetic characteristics were used to calculate the maintenance and loading doses as well as the intervals between injections adjusted to creatinine clearance. These data constitute true dosage schemes adapted to the particular case of each patient according to his kidney function."}
{"id": "PMID:950259", "title": "Analgesia, plasma levels, and dosage of propoxyphene.", "content": "It can be shown that both the mean plasma levels observed and the mean analgesic scores (effectiveness) are related to the dose of an orally effective analgesic agent, although wide individual variations exist. Based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of propoxyphene, it can be predicted and confirmed that equilibrium (or steady state) plasma levels will be achieved after about six doses when administered on a q. 6h. schedule. Similar predictions indicate that an initial loading dose of 2 to 2 1/2 times the maintenance dose will produce more promptly plasma levels within or close to the equilibrium levels.", "contents": "Analgesia, plasma levels, and dosage of propoxyphene. It can be shown that both the mean plasma levels observed and the mean analgesic scores (effectiveness) are related to the dose of an orally effective analgesic agent, although wide individual variations exist. Based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of propoxyphene, it can be predicted and confirmed that equilibrium (or steady state) plasma levels will be achieved after about six doses when administered on a q. 6h. schedule. Similar predictions indicate that an initial loading dose of 2 to 2 1/2 times the maintenance dose will produce more promptly plasma levels within or close to the equilibrium levels."}
{"id": "PMID:950260", "title": "Absorption and excretion of a new antidepressive (SQ 10,996) in humans.", "content": "A single oral dose of 10 mg of SQ 10,996-14C was absorbed slowly by 3 normal male volunteers, with peak plasma concentrations achieved 6 hr after ingestion; the plasma half-life was about 38.5 hr. On average, 82.3 +/- 3.5% of the radioactivity present in the 2 hr plasma sample was bound to plasma proteins. These volunteers excreted an average of 31 and 52% of the dose in the urine and feces, respectively. All subjects excreted minor amounts of 14CO2 in the expired air. No unchanged SQ 10,996-14C was found in the urine. Three unidentified metabolites were excreted in urine. SQ 10,996-14C was excreted in the feces only as unchanged drug, suggesting that the drug is incompletely absorbed. The volunteers tolerated the drug well and experienced no adverse effects.", "contents": "Absorption and excretion of a new antidepressive (SQ 10,996) in humans. A single oral dose of 10 mg of SQ 10,996-14C was absorbed slowly by 3 normal male volunteers, with peak plasma concentrations achieved 6 hr after ingestion; the plasma half-life was about 38.5 hr. On average, 82.3 +/- 3.5% of the radioactivity present in the 2 hr plasma sample was bound to plasma proteins. These volunteers excreted an average of 31 and 52% of the dose in the urine and feces, respectively. All subjects excreted minor amounts of 14CO2 in the expired air. No unchanged SQ 10,996-14C was found in the urine. Three unidentified metabolites were excreted in urine. SQ 10,996-14C was excreted in the feces only as unchanged drug, suggesting that the drug is incompletely absorbed. The volunteers tolerated the drug well and experienced no adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:950261", "title": "The frequency of adverse drug reactions as dependent upon age, sex and duration of hospitalization.", "content": "In 1972, 171 (18, 7%) of 914 patients showed evidence of an adverse drug reaction (ADR) in a prospective study of the division of internal medicine in a regional teaching hospital (Zieglerspital, Bern). The following factors correlated positively with frequency of ADR: 1. The duration of hospital stay. 2. The age between 60 and 80 years. 3. Female sex. 4. Previous ADR. The fact that most of the ADR occur within the first three weeks of a hospital stay, combined with point 1, suggests early ADR having some predictive value for duration of hospital stay. Statistical data of type, severity, duration and pathogenesis of ADR are given. The drugs involved are mentioned.", "contents": "The frequency of adverse drug reactions as dependent upon age, sex and duration of hospitalization. In 1972, 171 (18, 7%) of 914 patients showed evidence of an adverse drug reaction (ADR) in a prospective study of the division of internal medicine in a regional teaching hospital (Zieglerspital, Bern). The following factors correlated positively with frequency of ADR: 1. The duration of hospital stay. 2. The age between 60 and 80 years. 3. Female sex. 4. Previous ADR. The fact that most of the ADR occur within the first three weeks of a hospital stay, combined with point 1, suggests early ADR having some predictive value for duration of hospital stay. Statistical data of type, severity, duration and pathogenesis of ADR are given. The drugs involved are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:950262", "title": "EPFFECT OF PROPRanolol on plasma renin level and angiotensin sensitivity in man.", "content": "The effect of 160 mg oral propranolol daily for a week on angiotensin sensitivity and plasma renin activity has been studied in ten patients with Kaplan's test and by determining renin with the radioimmunoassay. Propranolol was found to increase angiotensin activity and to reduce the plasma renin level. The results are compared with the respective effects of other antihypertensive drugs tested under identical conditions.", "contents": "EPFFECT OF PROPRanolol on plasma renin level and angiotensin sensitivity in man. The effect of 160 mg oral propranolol daily for a week on angiotensin sensitivity and plasma renin activity has been studied in ten patients with Kaplan's test and by determining renin with the radioimmunoassay. Propranolol was found to increase angiotensin activity and to reduce the plasma renin level. The results are compared with the respective effects of other antihypertensive drugs tested under identical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:950263", "title": "The antidiuretic action of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in man.", "content": "1. After administration of a new vasopressin analogue (DDAVP), a marked and prolonged antidiuresis occurred in 10 patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus. 2. The antidiuretic effects of single intravenous doses of 0.04--24 mug DDAVP and single intranasal doses of 5--320 mug DDAVP were investigated. Time curves of the antidiuretic responses expressed in changes of urine osmolality (Uosm) and free water clearance per 100 ml GFR (CH2O X 100/GFR) are described. 3. Maximal \"peak\" response was obtained after an intravenous dose of 1 mug within the first 12 hrs (Uosm was 7--800 mOsm/KgH2O). Further increase of dosage resulted only in prolongation of duration of action (up to 48 hrs) and peak (\"plateau\") effect (up to 24 hrs). 4. There was a linear relationship between the log dose and log osmolality of urine collected in the second 12 hours after administration of single intravenous and intranasal doses of DDAVP. 5. Comparison of the effects of 1 mug lysine-vasopressin and 1 mug DDAVP revealed only slight differences in peak effects, but extreme differences in duration of action. 6. It is concluded that in the evaluation of a synthetic vasopressin analogue the maximal antidiuretic ability and the prolongation of action have to be analysed separately.", "contents": "The antidiuretic action of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in man. 1. After administration of a new vasopressin analogue (DDAVP), a marked and prolonged antidiuresis occurred in 10 patients with pituitary diabetes insipidus. 2. The antidiuretic effects of single intravenous doses of 0.04--24 mug DDAVP and single intranasal doses of 5--320 mug DDAVP were investigated. Time curves of the antidiuretic responses expressed in changes of urine osmolality (Uosm) and free water clearance per 100 ml GFR (CH2O X 100/GFR) are described. 3. Maximal \"peak\" response was obtained after an intravenous dose of 1 mug within the first 12 hrs (Uosm was 7--800 mOsm/KgH2O). Further increase of dosage resulted only in prolongation of duration of action (up to 48 hrs) and peak (\"plateau\") effect (up to 24 hrs). 4. There was a linear relationship between the log dose and log osmolality of urine collected in the second 12 hours after administration of single intravenous and intranasal doses of DDAVP. 5. Comparison of the effects of 1 mug lysine-vasopressin and 1 mug DDAVP revealed only slight differences in peak effects, but extreme differences in duration of action. 6. It is concluded that in the evaluation of a synthetic vasopressin analogue the maximal antidiuretic ability and the prolongation of action have to be analysed separately."}
{"id": "PMID:950264", "title": "Significance of daily rhythm for the interpretation of functional diagnostic procedures.", "content": "For the first time, the reaction of the cardiovascular system during day and night in young people was examined. We were mostly interested in the influence of the nervous system and any autonomic mechanism. We examined 20 subjects at 4-hour intervals on the ergometer (active exercise) and on the tilt-table (passive exercise) to find out the rhythm in the circulatory regulation. The test person was kept in vertical position on the tilt-table for 10 minutes. On the ergometer he had to perform a work-load of 100 Watt for 10 minutes. We measured pulse rate and blood pressure; we introduced new terms for the evaluation. \"Orthostatic Index\" and \"Performance Index\" will be further explained. The results were: A minimum in the orthostatic stability around 1 p.m. and 1--5 am, and a performance maximum at 1 p.m. and 5 p.m. Further details will be reported.", "contents": "Significance of daily rhythm for the interpretation of functional diagnostic procedures. For the first time, the reaction of the cardiovascular system during day and night in young people was examined. We were mostly interested in the influence of the nervous system and any autonomic mechanism. We examined 20 subjects at 4-hour intervals on the ergometer (active exercise) and on the tilt-table (passive exercise) to find out the rhythm in the circulatory regulation. The test person was kept in vertical position on the tilt-table for 10 minutes. On the ergometer he had to perform a work-load of 100 Watt for 10 minutes. We measured pulse rate and blood pressure; we introduced new terms for the evaluation. \"Orthostatic Index\" and \"Performance Index\" will be further explained. The results were: A minimum in the orthostatic stability around 1 p.m. and 1--5 am, and a performance maximum at 1 p.m. and 5 p.m. Further details will be reported."}
{"id": "PMID:950265", "title": "Methods of measuring physical fitness.", "content": "Clinical pharmacology is in need of standarized test-methods for guaranteeing objective controls of therapeutic efficacy. In the field of cardiology, test methods had been created for electrocardiographic and special cardiologic examinations by Kaltenbach, Korkmann et al. For objectivating the therapeutic success in hypertension and orthostatic tolerancy, some regimens had been made and published in their journal, according to the test methods of Kirchhoff. This report is to discuss the criteria which show an assessment for the range and the limit of efficacy of functional circles and circular systems determining the efficiency.", "contents": "Methods of measuring physical fitness. Clinical pharmacology is in need of standarized test-methods for guaranteeing objective controls of therapeutic efficacy. In the field of cardiology, test methods had been created for electrocardiographic and special cardiologic examinations by Kaltenbach, Korkmann et al. For objectivating the therapeutic success in hypertension and orthostatic tolerancy, some regimens had been made and published in their journal, according to the test methods of Kirchhoff. This report is to discuss the criteria which show an assessment for the range and the limit of efficacy of functional circles and circular systems determining the efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:950266", "title": "Clinical bioavaiability of nitrofurantoin--a case of bioinequivalence.", "content": "In a crossover study of the bioavailability of marketed nitrofurantoin tablets, there were significant differences in the urinary excretion of nitrofurantoin suggestive of bioavailability problems with this drug. Standard in vitro assessments of dissolution rate and disintegration time were not correlated with bioavailability and failed to detect 3 to 18 fold differences in the amount of nitrofurantoin absorbed. In fact, four lots, made by the same manufacturer had almost identical in vitro measurements (dissolution rate; distinegration time), yet two of these lots were only 6.6 and 26% as available as the reference nitrofurantoin product, and two others were comparatively available. The need for the development of an in vitro - in vivo correlation for control of lot to lot uniformity has clearly been demonstrated for nitrofurantoin. Such correlations must include tests other than those presently required.", "contents": "Clinical bioavaiability of nitrofurantoin--a case of bioinequivalence. In a crossover study of the bioavailability of marketed nitrofurantoin tablets, there were significant differences in the urinary excretion of nitrofurantoin suggestive of bioavailability problems with this drug. Standard in vitro assessments of dissolution rate and disintegration time were not correlated with bioavailability and failed to detect 3 to 18 fold differences in the amount of nitrofurantoin absorbed. In fact, four lots, made by the same manufacturer had almost identical in vitro measurements (dissolution rate; distinegration time), yet two of these lots were only 6.6 and 26% as available as the reference nitrofurantoin product, and two others were comparatively available. The need for the development of an in vitro - in vivo correlation for control of lot to lot uniformity has clearly been demonstrated for nitrofurantoin. Such correlations must include tests other than those presently required."}
{"id": "PMID:950283", "title": "Continuous measurement of vascular diameters via television microscopy.", "content": "In the past 10 years, microcirculation studies have emphasized quantitative measurements of microvascular diameters to characterize in vivo small vessel responses to experimental forcings such as hemorrhage, anesthesia, and hypoxia. We have developed an instrument to obtain continuous diameter measurements of a small artery and vein (40-200 mu) via closed-circuit television microscopy. The outputs are analog voltages proportional to the vessel diameters. Video processing is limited to two image areas termed \"windows,\" which are defined by markers on the monitor and positioned over separate vertically aligned vessels. Each vessel, which appears darker than the surrounding tissue, is located by comparing the video signal to a reference voltage that adapts to changes in the relative contrast within the window. In the presence of a vessel, a ramp voltage is generated, the peak value of which is proportional to the vessel diameter. These peaks are averaged over the 15-video lines of the window and over several video frames to reduce noise sensitivity. In order to accommodate preparation movement such as skeletal muscle contraction, window position and width automatically adapt to changes in vessel position and width. Visual verification of system performance is provided by clamping the video signal to white on that portion of the image which the instrument identifies as vessel.", "contents": "Continuous measurement of vascular diameters via television microscopy. In the past 10 years, microcirculation studies have emphasized quantitative measurements of microvascular diameters to characterize in vivo small vessel responses to experimental forcings such as hemorrhage, anesthesia, and hypoxia. We have developed an instrument to obtain continuous diameter measurements of a small artery and vein (40-200 mu) via closed-circuit television microscopy. The outputs are analog voltages proportional to the vessel diameters. Video processing is limited to two image areas termed \"windows,\" which are defined by markers on the monitor and positioned over separate vertically aligned vessels. Each vessel, which appears darker than the surrounding tissue, is located by comparing the video signal to a reference voltage that adapts to changes in the relative contrast within the window. In the presence of a vessel, a ramp voltage is generated, the peak value of which is proportional to the vessel diameter. These peaks are averaged over the 15-video lines of the window and over several video frames to reduce noise sensitivity. In order to accommodate preparation movement such as skeletal muscle contraction, window position and width automatically adapt to changes in vessel position and width. Visual verification of system performance is provided by clamping the video signal to white on that portion of the image which the instrument identifies as vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:950284", "title": "Time delay effects in the estimation of pulmonary diffusing capacity.", "content": "Steady state estimates of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide require measurement of the uptake and the average partial pressure of CO in the lung. The expired alveolar sample obtained by different experimental methods and/or breathing patterns rarely represents the actural average alveolar partial pressure. This error in choosing the correct alveolar sample arises in the sampling time chosen by the experimental method. The time (TAV) at which the correct alveolar sample (FAV) is obtained occurs one-half of a breathing period after the effective inspiration time. If TAV and the sample time chosen by the experimental method are known then the measured diffusing capacity can be corrected to the actual diffusing capacity.", "contents": "Time delay effects in the estimation of pulmonary diffusing capacity. Steady state estimates of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide require measurement of the uptake and the average partial pressure of CO in the lung. The expired alveolar sample obtained by different experimental methods and/or breathing patterns rarely represents the actural average alveolar partial pressure. This error in choosing the correct alveolar sample arises in the sampling time chosen by the experimental method. The time (TAV) at which the correct alveolar sample (FAV) is obtained occurs one-half of a breathing period after the effective inspiration time. If TAV and the sample time chosen by the experimental method are known then the measured diffusing capacity can be corrected to the actual diffusing capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:950285", "title": "Ultrasonic blood flow measurements: transcutaneous compared with implanted cuff.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken in our laboratory to establish relationships between flow parameters calculated from implanted ultrasonic cuff signals and those obtained with a transcutaneous probe. Analog signals were received from crystals surgically implanted on the right carotid, right femoral, and abdominal aorta of a mature male beagle dog. Near these locations, transcutaneous measurements were made using a prescribed technique. From these ultrasonic signals, the following time dependent flow parameters were calculated: spatial velocities, velocity profiles, diameters, flows, and velocity frequency distributions. Using these measurements, a comparison between the implanted cuff and transcutaneous probe was made. In addition to high reproductibility, results confirm a strong correlation between the two techniques; consequently, the validity of the less traumatic transcutaneous method is substantiated.", "contents": "Ultrasonic blood flow measurements: transcutaneous compared with implanted cuff. Experiments were undertaken in our laboratory to establish relationships between flow parameters calculated from implanted ultrasonic cuff signals and those obtained with a transcutaneous probe. Analog signals were received from crystals surgically implanted on the right carotid, right femoral, and abdominal aorta of a mature male beagle dog. Near these locations, transcutaneous measurements were made using a prescribed technique. From these ultrasonic signals, the following time dependent flow parameters were calculated: spatial velocities, velocity profiles, diameters, flows, and velocity frequency distributions. Using these measurements, a comparison between the implanted cuff and transcutaneous probe was made. In addition to high reproductibility, results confirm a strong correlation between the two techniques; consequently, the validity of the less traumatic transcutaneous method is substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:950301", "title": "[Hemangioperocytoma in the infant. A histogenetic study].", "content": "Two children with hemangiopericytomas are reported-one with a congenital tumor, the second hemangiopericytoma was noticed during the first trimenon. Histologically there was no obvious difference to the hemangiopericytomas in adults. Tumor immaturity should not be seen as a nondifferentiation but as an embryonal immaturity. In analogy to other reticulo-histiocytic proliferations, reticular fibers, shown by silver impregnation, can be demonstrated in both cases. The silver stain should not be over-rated in its diagnostic and prognostic significance.", "contents": "[Hemangioperocytoma in the infant. A histogenetic study]. Two children with hemangiopericytomas are reported-one with a congenital tumor, the second hemangiopericytoma was noticed during the first trimenon. Histologically there was no obvious difference to the hemangiopericytomas in adults. Tumor immaturity should not be seen as a nondifferentiation but as an embryonal immaturity. In analogy to other reticulo-histiocytic proliferations, reticular fibers, shown by silver impregnation, can be demonstrated in both cases. The silver stain should not be over-rated in its diagnostic and prognostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:950302", "title": "[Technical experience with 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy in common psoriasis].", "content": "Photochemotherapy with 8-MOP und UV-A is a modality to treat psoriasis vulgaris successfully. Technical experiences with three types of machines, a horizontal box with Sylvania fluorescent lamps, a stand-up box, and a hand-foot-box with Osram fluorescent lamps are reported. Oral and topical 8-MOP applications are compared for these three types of boxes. Disadvantages of the oral or topical 8-MOP applications are compiled. Oral 8-MOP is superior to the topical treatment in both the stand-up and the horizontal box. The following technical features are discussed: Minimal phototoxic dose, photopigmentation index, radiation-dose, time increments during treatment, maintenance therapy, and UV-A meters.", "contents": "[Technical experience with 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy in common psoriasis]. Photochemotherapy with 8-MOP und UV-A is a modality to treat psoriasis vulgaris successfully. Technical experiences with three types of machines, a horizontal box with Sylvania fluorescent lamps, a stand-up box, and a hand-foot-box with Osram fluorescent lamps are reported. Oral and topical 8-MOP applications are compared for these three types of boxes. Disadvantages of the oral or topical 8-MOP applications are compiled. Oral 8-MOP is superior to the topical treatment in both the stand-up and the horizontal box. The following technical features are discussed: Minimal phototoxic dose, photopigmentation index, radiation-dose, time increments during treatment, maintenance therapy, and UV-A meters."}
{"id": "PMID:950303", "title": "[Ito's syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti achromians)].", "content": "Ito's syndrome is a distinct entity characterized by bilateral systematized linear depigmentations denominated by Ito as \"incontinentia pigmentiachromians\". The syndrome includes a variety of anomalies predominantly affecting the central nervous system, the eyes, and the muscular-skeletal-system. The patient described in this paper was a 26 year old man suffering from a sever scoliosis. This anomaly had not been mentioned in previous case reports.", "contents": "[Ito's syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti achromians)]. Ito's syndrome is a distinct entity characterized by bilateral systematized linear depigmentations denominated by Ito as \"incontinentia pigmentiachromians\". The syndrome includes a variety of anomalies predominantly affecting the central nervous system, the eyes, and the muscular-skeletal-system. The patient described in this paper was a 26 year old man suffering from a sever scoliosis. This anomaly had not been mentioned in previous case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:950304", "title": "[Atypical Kaposi's disease].", "content": "To demonstrate that Kaposi's sarcoma may initially take several different courses, a case is presented and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "[Atypical Kaposi's disease]. To demonstrate that Kaposi's sarcoma may initially take several different courses, a case is presented and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:950314", "title": "Alborixin, a new antibiotic ionophore: isolation, structure, physical and chemical properties.", "content": "Alborixin, a polycyclic polyether ionophorous antibiotic, active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, was isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces albus. The isolation, structure and physiochemical properties of this antibiotic are reported. Some derivatives have been prepared and their structures and properties are also described in this paper.", "contents": "Alborixin, a new antibiotic ionophore: isolation, structure, physical and chemical properties. Alborixin, a polycyclic polyether ionophorous antibiotic, active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, was isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces albus. The isolation, structure and physiochemical properties of this antibiotic are reported. Some derivatives have been prepared and their structures and properties are also described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:950315", "title": "U-43,120; a new antitumor antibiotic. I. Production, biological activity, microbiological assay and taxonomy of the producing microorganism.", "content": "A new antitumor antibiotic, U-43,120 was discovered. It is produced by fermentation of a new species of Streptomyces, designated Streptomyces paulus DIETZ sp. n. Its antimicrobial activity is limited to bacteria. A microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis was developed that can be detect concentrations of 1 approximately 2 mug/ml of the drug in fermentation liquors. U-43,120 was active in vivo against P-388 leukemia in mice.", "contents": "U-43,120; a new antitumor antibiotic. I. Production, biological activity, microbiological assay and taxonomy of the producing microorganism. A new antitumor antibiotic, U-43,120 was discovered. It is produced by fermentation of a new species of Streptomyces, designated Streptomyces paulus DIETZ sp. n. Its antimicrobial activity is limited to bacteria. A microbiological assay with Bacillus subtilis was developed that can be detect concentrations of 1 approximately 2 mug/ml of the drug in fermentation liquors. U-43,120 was active in vivo against P-388 leukemia in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:950316", "title": "Samarosporin, a new peptide antibiotic. I. Fermentation, isolation ahd characterization.", "content": "A new antibiotic, samarosporin, was isolated in a crystalline state from a mycelial extract of a strain of Samarospora species (an ascomycete). Samarosporin is a neutral cyclopeptide and has a molecular formula of C72H111N15O19. Samarosporin shows a broad antimicrobial activity against various test microorganisms.", "contents": "Samarosporin, a new peptide antibiotic. I. Fermentation, isolation ahd characterization. A new antibiotic, samarosporin, was isolated in a crystalline state from a mycelial extract of a strain of Samarospora species (an ascomycete). Samarosporin is a neutral cyclopeptide and has a molecular formula of C72H111N15O19. Samarosporin shows a broad antimicrobial activity against various test microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:950317", "title": "Structure of a new isoflavone from fungi and Streptomyces inhibiting dopa decarboxylase.", "content": "A new dopa decarboxylase inhibiting isoflavone has been isolated from culture filtrates of fungi and streptomyces and shown to be 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone.", "contents": "Structure of a new isoflavone from fungi and Streptomyces inhibiting dopa decarboxylase. A new dopa decarboxylase inhibiting isoflavone has been isolated from culture filtrates of fungi and streptomyces and shown to be 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone."}
{"id": "PMID:950318", "title": "Biosynthesis of formycin. Incorporation and distribution of labeled compounds into formycin.", "content": "1. Two carbons, carbon-2 and one of carbons-3 to -5, of lysine seemed likely to be incorporated into one of carbon of the chromophore moiety of formycin. 2. From the results of radioisotopic studies with glutamate, gamma-amino-n-butyrate or organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, the important role of glutamate in the biosynthesis of formycin was strongly suggested. 3. The incorporation of nitrogen(s) of lysine into three nitrogens, including two nitrogens of pyrazole ring, of formycin was suggested by mass spectroscopy. 4. Ribose was estimated as a direct precursor moiety of formycin, whereas the biosynthesis of ribose was shown to occur via the pathway other than hexose monophosphate shunt or glucuronate pathway. 5. In replacement culture, the salvage synthesis of formycin from its chromophore moiety was not observed and it was also evident that the chromophore moiety or pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin) inhibited the biosynthesis of formycin.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of formycin. Incorporation and distribution of labeled compounds into formycin. 1. Two carbons, carbon-2 and one of carbons-3 to -5, of lysine seemed likely to be incorporated into one of carbon of the chromophore moiety of formycin. 2. From the results of radioisotopic studies with glutamate, gamma-amino-n-butyrate or organic acids related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, the important role of glutamate in the biosynthesis of formycin was strongly suggested. 3. The incorporation of nitrogen(s) of lysine into three nitrogens, including two nitrogens of pyrazole ring, of formycin was suggested by mass spectroscopy. 4. Ribose was estimated as a direct precursor moiety of formycin, whereas the biosynthesis of ribose was shown to occur via the pathway other than hexose monophosphate shunt or glucuronate pathway. 5. In replacement culture, the salvage synthesis of formycin from its chromophore moiety was not observed and it was also evident that the chromophore moiety or pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin) inhibited the biosynthesis of formycin."}
{"id": "PMID:950319", "title": "Formation of 3-methylthioacrylic acid from methionine by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Isolation of a peroxidase.", "content": "Cultures of Streptomyces lincolnensis accumulated 3-methylthioacrylic acid in amounts directly related to the concentration of methionine in the medium. The metabolite was labeled by L-(methyl-14C) but not by DL-(carboxyl-14C) methionine, indicating biosynthesis from the amino acid with loss of the carboxyl group. S. lincolnensis mycelium contained sufficient peroxidase activity to catalyse oxidative decarboxylation of L-methionine to 3-methylthiopropionamide as the initial step of a biosynthetic sequence. The enzyme, partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column ang gel filtration, had a molecular weight of approximately 350,000, a pH optimum of 6.0, with o-dianisidine as electron donor and a Km value of 7.5 x 10(-4) M with respect to hydrogen peroxide. Cultures of S. lincolnensis supplemented with 3-(methyl-14C) methylthiopropionic acid gave labeled 3-methylthioacrylic acid. However, 3-(methyl-14C) methylthiopropionamide did not label the metabolite, suggesting that the first intermediate in the pathway may be the keto acid, which is then oxidatively decarboxylated to 3-methylthiopropionic acid.", "contents": "Formation of 3-methylthioacrylic acid from methionine by Streptomyces lincolnensis. Isolation of a peroxidase. Cultures of Streptomyces lincolnensis accumulated 3-methylthioacrylic acid in amounts directly related to the concentration of methionine in the medium. The metabolite was labeled by L-(methyl-14C) but not by DL-(carboxyl-14C) methionine, indicating biosynthesis from the amino acid with loss of the carboxyl group. S. lincolnensis mycelium contained sufficient peroxidase activity to catalyse oxidative decarboxylation of L-methionine to 3-methylthiopropionamide as the initial step of a biosynthetic sequence. The enzyme, partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column ang gel filtration, had a molecular weight of approximately 350,000, a pH optimum of 6.0, with o-dianisidine as electron donor and a Km value of 7.5 x 10(-4) M with respect to hydrogen peroxide. Cultures of S. lincolnensis supplemented with 3-(methyl-14C) methylthiopropionic acid gave labeled 3-methylthioacrylic acid. However, 3-(methyl-14C) methylthiopropionamide did not label the metabolite, suggesting that the first intermediate in the pathway may be the keto acid, which is then oxidatively decarboxylated to 3-methylthiopropionic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:950320", "title": "CGP 9000: a new orally active, broad-spectrum cephalosporin.", "content": "CGP 9000, (7-[D-2-amino-2-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido]-3-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid), is a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. Its antibacterial activity in vitro (MIC) is similar, but its bactericidal efficacy superior to that of cephalexin and cephradine. Upon oral administration to mice infected with various bacteria, CGP 9000 is, in general, 2 to 7 times more effective than either cephalexin or cephradine.", "contents": "CGP 9000: a new orally active, broad-spectrum cephalosporin. CGP 9000, (7-[D-2-amino-2-(1,4-cyclohexadienyl)-acetamido]-3-methoxy-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid), is a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. Its antibacterial activity in vitro (MIC) is similar, but its bactericidal efficacy superior to that of cephalexin and cephradine. Upon oral administration to mice infected with various bacteria, CGP 9000 is, in general, 2 to 7 times more effective than either cephalexin or cephradine."}
{"id": "PMID:950321", "title": "In vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester.", "content": "The polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AB) and its chemically modified derivative amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were tested for in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii, Spiroplasma citri and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Both polyene macrolide preparations demonstrated anti-mycoplasmal activity. However, AME was mycoplasmacidal toward all three strains of mycoplasma at levels which previous studies have indicated would be permissible for most cell culture systems, whereas the levels of AB required for similar activity would be physiologically intolerable for tissue culture cells. In addition, AME was 100 fold more active than AB toward A. laidlawii, 10 fold more active than AB toward S. citri and demonstrated equivalent activity as AB toward M gallisepticum. The in vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of AME and AB was directly correlated with polyene macrolide antibiotic levels and the number of treated mycoplasma.", "contents": "In vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester. The polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AB) and its chemically modified derivative amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were tested for in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii, Spiroplasma citri and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Both polyene macrolide preparations demonstrated anti-mycoplasmal activity. However, AME was mycoplasmacidal toward all three strains of mycoplasma at levels which previous studies have indicated would be permissible for most cell culture systems, whereas the levels of AB required for similar activity would be physiologically intolerable for tissue culture cells. In addition, AME was 100 fold more active than AB toward A. laidlawii, 10 fold more active than AB toward S. citri and demonstrated equivalent activity as AB toward M gallisepticum. The in vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of AME and AB was directly correlated with polyene macrolide antibiotic levels and the number of treated mycoplasma."}
{"id": "PMID:950335", "title": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. VIII. FMN-H2O2 initiated bioluminescence and the thermodynamics of the elementary steps of the luciferase reaction.", "content": "Bacterial luciferase from Photobacterium phosohoreum was found to produce bioluminescence on reaction with FMN and H2O2 in the presence of aldehyde. This luminescence is presumably produced by the same X1 intermediate as that found in FMNH2-O2 initiated luminescence. From the ratio of the light intensities of the FMN-H2O2 initiated reactions, we calculated the association constant of the reaction, luciferase+FMN+H2O2in equilibriumX1, and estimated its temperature dependence. From these results we calculated the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction, luciferase+FMNH2+O2in equilibriumX1. We found that the free energy level of X1 is only 3.2 kcal below that of fr-e FMN and H2O2. We also estimated the thermodynamic parameters of other steps of the luminescent reaction. The values obtained showed that the formation of X1 from luciferase, FMNH2 and O2 involves a positive entropy change, but the intermediate is in a state stabilized against decomposition. Results also suggest a considerable degree of electronic rearrangement on formation of the excited-state molecule from the X1-aldehyde complex.", "contents": "Studies on luciferase from Photobacterium phosphoreum. VIII. FMN-H2O2 initiated bioluminescence and the thermodynamics of the elementary steps of the luciferase reaction. Bacterial luciferase from Photobacterium phosohoreum was found to produce bioluminescence on reaction with FMN and H2O2 in the presence of aldehyde. This luminescence is presumably produced by the same X1 intermediate as that found in FMNH2-O2 initiated luminescence. From the ratio of the light intensities of the FMN-H2O2 initiated reactions, we calculated the association constant of the reaction, luciferase+FMN+H2O2in equilibriumX1, and estimated its temperature dependence. From these results we calculated the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction, luciferase+FMNH2+O2in equilibriumX1. We found that the free energy level of X1 is only 3.2 kcal below that of fr-e FMN and H2O2. We also estimated the thermodynamic parameters of other steps of the luminescent reaction. The values obtained showed that the formation of X1 from luciferase, FMNH2 and O2 involves a positive entropy change, but the intermediate is in a state stabilized against decomposition. Results also suggest a considerable degree of electronic rearrangement on formation of the excited-state molecule from the X1-aldehyde complex."}
{"id": "PMID:950336", "title": "Thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption of sulfanilamide, phenol, and n-butanol on bio-gel beads.", "content": "The thermodynamic properties of the adsorption of sulfanilamide, phenol and n-butanol on Bio-Gel beads have been studied. Bio-Gel was chosen as the adsorbent as it possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on its surface. Adsorption of the former two adsorbates was found to be exothermic, and the relevant thermodynamic parameters at 20 degrees are in the ranges: deltaH degrees = -2.7 to -5.4 kcal/mole; deltaF degrees = -6.0 to -7.6 kcal/mole; deltaS degrees = +7.7 to +11.6 e.u. In the presence of urea, adsorption of sulfanilamide and phenol was partially disrupted. This, together with the large entropy gain of the process, indicates that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding contribute cooperatively to the adsorption. On the contrary, adsorption of n-butanol, which was not susceptible to urea, was an endothermic process with the parameters, deltaH degrees = +5.8kcal/mole, deltaF degrees = -1.8 kcal/mole, and deltaS = +26.1 E.U. at 20 degrees. These data conform to the thermodynamic properties of hydrophobic bond formation. Finally, possible implications of these data in the structural assembly of lipoprotein molecules are discussed.", "contents": "Thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption of sulfanilamide, phenol, and n-butanol on bio-gel beads. The thermodynamic properties of the adsorption of sulfanilamide, phenol and n-butanol on Bio-Gel beads have been studied. Bio-Gel was chosen as the adsorbent as it possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites on its surface. Adsorption of the former two adsorbates was found to be exothermic, and the relevant thermodynamic parameters at 20 degrees are in the ranges: deltaH degrees = -2.7 to -5.4 kcal/mole; deltaF degrees = -6.0 to -7.6 kcal/mole; deltaS degrees = +7.7 to +11.6 e.u. In the presence of urea, adsorption of sulfanilamide and phenol was partially disrupted. This, together with the large entropy gain of the process, indicates that both hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bonding contribute cooperatively to the adsorption. On the contrary, adsorption of n-butanol, which was not susceptible to urea, was an endothermic process with the parameters, deltaH degrees = +5.8kcal/mole, deltaF degrees = -1.8 kcal/mole, and deltaS = +26.1 E.U. at 20 degrees. These data conform to the thermodynamic properties of hydrophobic bond formation. Finally, possible implications of these data in the structural assembly of lipoprotein molecules are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950337", "title": "Snake venom proteinase inhibitors. III. Isolation of five polypeptide inhibitors from the venoms of Hemachatus haemachatus (Ringhal's corbra) and Naja nivea (Cape cobra) and the complete amino acid sequences of two of them.", "content": "Five proteinase inhibitors which all inhibit the activity of bovine trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] were isolated from African Elapid venoms of Hemachatus haemachatus (HHV, Ringhal's cobra) and Naja nivea (NNV, Cape cobra). All the inhibitors were essentially homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Amino acid analysis and terminal analysis also supported their chemical homogeneities, except for one of the two inhibitors from Hemachatus haemachatus venom. The isolated inhibitors had a molecular weight of about 6,500, consisting of 52 to 57 amino acid residues, and they were all devoid of tryptophan. However, their amino acid compositions differed from each other. One of the three inhibitors isolated from Naja nivea venom, designated NNV inhibitor Ia, was unique, in that 4 half-cystinyl residues per mole fof the polypeptide were present, whereas all the others contained six residues. Of the isolated proteinase inhibitors, the complete amino acid sequences of two major inhibitors were established by manual and automatic Edman degradations and standard enzymatic techniques. Each of the inhibitors, designated HHV inhibitor II and NNV inhibitor II, consisted of 57 amino acid with arginine and glycine at the NH2- and COOH-termini, respectively. Both contained six half-cystines in disulfide linkages, and their overall amino acid sequences were similar, showing 91% homology. The two inhibitors differed in sequence by only five amino acid replacements, Asp-3 to Arg; Tyr-17 to Arg; Leu-25 to Arg; Gln-32 to Glu; and Arg-52 to His, in the 57 residue peptide chain. Comparing the amino acid sequences of these two cobra venom inhibitors with those of Russell's viper venom inhibitor II and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), about 50% homology was found in their sequences. The 6 half-cystinyl residues of these inhibitors were in the same linear positions. Moreover, the regions which are structurally and functionally important in the well-known BPTI molecule were found with extremely high sequence homology in the cobra venom inhibitors. These findings strongly suggest that the cobra venom inhibitors as well as Russell's viper inhibitor II have very similar conformations to that established for BPTI.", "contents": "Snake venom proteinase inhibitors. III. Isolation of five polypeptide inhibitors from the venoms of Hemachatus haemachatus (Ringhal's corbra) and Naja nivea (Cape cobra) and the complete amino acid sequences of two of them. Five proteinase inhibitors which all inhibit the activity of bovine trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4] were isolated from African Elapid venoms of Hemachatus haemachatus (HHV, Ringhal's cobra) and Naja nivea (NNV, Cape cobra). All the inhibitors were essentially homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Amino acid analysis and terminal analysis also supported their chemical homogeneities, except for one of the two inhibitors from Hemachatus haemachatus venom. The isolated inhibitors had a molecular weight of about 6,500, consisting of 52 to 57 amino acid residues, and they were all devoid of tryptophan. However, their amino acid compositions differed from each other. One of the three inhibitors isolated from Naja nivea venom, designated NNV inhibitor Ia, was unique, in that 4 half-cystinyl residues per mole fof the polypeptide were present, whereas all the others contained six residues. Of the isolated proteinase inhibitors, the complete amino acid sequences of two major inhibitors were established by manual and automatic Edman degradations and standard enzymatic techniques. Each of the inhibitors, designated HHV inhibitor II and NNV inhibitor II, consisted of 57 amino acid with arginine and glycine at the NH2- and COOH-termini, respectively. Both contained six half-cystines in disulfide linkages, and their overall amino acid sequences were similar, showing 91% homology. The two inhibitors differed in sequence by only five amino acid replacements, Asp-3 to Arg; Tyr-17 to Arg; Leu-25 to Arg; Gln-32 to Glu; and Arg-52 to His, in the 57 residue peptide chain. Comparing the amino acid sequences of these two cobra venom inhibitors with those of Russell's viper venom inhibitor II and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), about 50% homology was found in their sequences. The 6 half-cystinyl residues of these inhibitors were in the same linear positions. Moreover, the regions which are structurally and functionally important in the well-known BPTI molecule were found with extremely high sequence homology in the cobra venom inhibitors. These findings strongly suggest that the cobra venom inhibitors as well as Russell's viper inhibitor II have very similar conformations to that established for BPTI."}
{"id": "PMID:950338", "title": "Existence of glucosaminyl lactosyl ceramide (amino CTH-I) in human erythrocyte membranes as a possible precursor of blood group-active glycolipids.", "content": "A novel glycolipid containing N-acetylglucosamine (lacto-N-triose II ceramide, Amino CTH-I) was isolated as a minor component from the ceramide trihexoside fraction of human erythrocyte lipids. This glycolipid was purified by column chromatography and preparative high-speed liquid chromatography on Iatrobeads. Its structure was found to be N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta 1-3)galactosyl(beta 1-4)glucosyl-(beta 1-1)ceramide, so it is suggested that it may be a precursor of paragloboside and blood group-active glycolipids.", "contents": "Existence of glucosaminyl lactosyl ceramide (amino CTH-I) in human erythrocyte membranes as a possible precursor of blood group-active glycolipids. A novel glycolipid containing N-acetylglucosamine (lacto-N-triose II ceramide, Amino CTH-I) was isolated as a minor component from the ceramide trihexoside fraction of human erythrocyte lipids. This glycolipid was purified by column chromatography and preparative high-speed liquid chromatography on Iatrobeads. Its structure was found to be N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta 1-3)galactosyl(beta 1-4)glucosyl-(beta 1-1)ceramide, so it is suggested that it may be a precursor of paragloboside and blood group-active glycolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:950339", "title": "Isolation and characterization of acid invertase inhibitor from sweet potato.", "content": "An inhibitor of sweet potato acid invertase [EC 3.2.1.26] was found in fresh sweet potato root tissue, and partially purified. The inhibitor is possibly a thermostable protein with a molecular weight of about 19,500. The inhibitory activity is highly specific to acid invertase. The inhibitor binds to the enzyme reversibly in a non-competitive way, inhibiting the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of acid invertase inhibitor from sweet potato. An inhibitor of sweet potato acid invertase [EC 3.2.1.26] was found in fresh sweet potato root tissue, and partially purified. The inhibitor is possibly a thermostable protein with a molecular weight of about 19,500. The inhibitory activity is highly specific to acid invertase. The inhibitor binds to the enzyme reversibly in a non-competitive way, inhibiting the enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:950340", "title": "Studies on cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. IV. Enzymatic synthesis of 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-sorbose and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-xylose using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase.", "content": "The acceptor specificity of the transglycosylation reaction of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase[EC 2.4.1.19] was investigated using various sugars and sugar alcohols. L-Sorbose, D-xylose, and D-galactose, which contain configurational or structural changes relative to the D-glucopyranose unit at positions other than position 1, were also shown to be efficient acceptors in the transglycosylation reaction of this enzyme. It was shown by chemical and enzymatic methods that this enzyme could transfer glycosyl residues only to the C3-hydroxyl group of L-sorbose and C4-hydroxyl group of D-xylose, producing oligosaccharides terminated by 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-sorbose and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-xylose at the reducing ends, respectively.", "contents": "Studies on cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. IV. Enzymatic synthesis of 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-sorbose and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-xylose using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. The acceptor specificity of the transglycosylation reaction of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase[EC 2.4.1.19] was investigated using various sugars and sugar alcohols. L-Sorbose, D-xylose, and D-galactose, which contain configurational or structural changes relative to the D-glucopyranose unit at positions other than position 1, were also shown to be efficient acceptors in the transglycosylation reaction of this enzyme. It was shown by chemical and enzymatic methods that this enzyme could transfer glycosyl residues only to the C3-hydroxyl group of L-sorbose and C4-hydroxyl group of D-xylose, producing oligosaccharides terminated by 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-sorbose and 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-xylose at the reducing ends, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:950347", "title": "Quantitative microanalysis of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihyrocapsaicin using mass fragmentography.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic method for the quantitative microanalysis of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in the fruits of Capsicum annuum has been developed. The molecular ions at m/e 377, 379 and 365 in the mass spectra were used for monitoring the trimethylsilyl derivatives of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin, respectively. The ratios of the height of each molecular ion to that of an internal standard (cholestane) were linear over the range 5-60 ng. The purification of individual capsaicinoids by high-performance liquid, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography is also described.", "contents": "Quantitative microanalysis of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihyrocapsaicin using mass fragmentography. A mass fragmentographic method for the quantitative microanalysis of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in the fruits of Capsicum annuum has been developed. The molecular ions at m/e 377, 379 and 365 in the mass spectra were used for monitoring the trimethylsilyl derivatives of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin, respectively. The ratios of the height of each molecular ion to that of an internal standard (cholestane) were linear over the range 5-60 ng. The purification of individual capsaicinoids by high-performance liquid, thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:950348", "title": "A highly efficient carboxylic acid analyzer and its application.", "content": "A new highly efficient carboxylic acid analyzer, employed with liquid chromatography and a specific detection method, has been designed for the quantitative analysis of carboxylic acids in foods and biological samples. This apparatus is particularly advanced in terms of its sensitivity and resolution as a result of the extensive modifications to our previous system. The applications of this analyzer to the analyses of juices, beer, human serum and urine are presented.", "contents": "A highly efficient carboxylic acid analyzer and its application. A new highly efficient carboxylic acid analyzer, employed with liquid chromatography and a specific detection method, has been designed for the quantitative analysis of carboxylic acids in foods and biological samples. This apparatus is particularly advanced in terms of its sensitivity and resolution as a result of the extensive modifications to our previous system. The applications of this analyzer to the analyses of juices, beer, human serum and urine are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950349", "title": "Interaction between asymmetric solutes and solvents. Diamides derived from L-valine as stationary phases in gas-liquid partition chromatography.", "content": "The resolution of enantiomers of (+/-)-a-amino acid derivatives on optically active diamides derived from L-valine, R1CONHCH[CH(CH3)2]CONHR2, as gas chromatographic stationary phases was studied. The effects of the structure of R1 and R2 in the stationary phases, the structure of the racemic a-amino acid derivatives, temperature, etc., on the separation factors are reported. In the light of these and related results, a more probable mechanism of resolution is presented.", "contents": "Interaction between asymmetric solutes and solvents. Diamides derived from L-valine as stationary phases in gas-liquid partition chromatography. The resolution of enantiomers of (+/-)-a-amino acid derivatives on optically active diamides derived from L-valine, R1CONHCH[CH(CH3)2]CONHR2, as gas chromatographic stationary phases was studied. The effects of the structure of R1 and R2 in the stationary phases, the structure of the racemic a-amino acid derivatives, temperature, etc., on the separation factors are reported. In the light of these and related results, a more probable mechanism of resolution is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950350", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sulphonamides.", "content": "Simultaneous qualitative analysis of fourteen sulpha drugs and their individual quantitative determinations have been performed by gas-liquid chromatography on solutions of dimethylformamide dialkylacetal derivatives of the drugs in acetone. Linear calibration curves were obtained for each sulpha drug under appropriate conditions. The structures of the above derivatives are assumed to be N1-methyl, N4-acetal sulphonamides, which can be detected with an electron capture detector with highly sensitive response. Columns used were 10% OV-101, 5% XE-60 and 5% OV-225.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of sulphonamides. Simultaneous qualitative analysis of fourteen sulpha drugs and their individual quantitative determinations have been performed by gas-liquid chromatography on solutions of dimethylformamide dialkylacetal derivatives of the drugs in acetone. Linear calibration curves were obtained for each sulpha drug under appropriate conditions. The structures of the above derivatives are assumed to be N1-methyl, N4-acetal sulphonamides, which can be detected with an electron capture detector with highly sensitive response. Columns used were 10% OV-101, 5% XE-60 and 5% OV-225."}
{"id": "PMID:950351", "title": "Quantitative determination of propranolol, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol in brain tissue by electron capture gas chromatography.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of propranolol and two of its active metabolites, 3-(alpha-naphthoxy)-1,2-propanediol (propranolol glycol) and N-des-isopropylpropranolol, in brain tissue of mice is described. Tissues are homogenized in perchloric acid-acetonitrile. Propranolol and its metabolites are isolated from the supernatant by solvent extraction and separated and detected as their trifluoroacetyl derivatives by electron capture gas chromatography. Chemical structures of the derivatives were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The electron capture detector response of all three compounds is high, 0.7-2.0 X 10(-16) moles/sec. Brain levels of 10-250 ng/g can be detected of all three compounds with high specificity and good precision.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of propranolol, propranolol glycol and N-desisopropylpropranolol in brain tissue by electron capture gas chromatography. A method for the quantitative determination of propranolol and two of its active metabolites, 3-(alpha-naphthoxy)-1,2-propanediol (propranolol glycol) and N-des-isopropylpropranolol, in brain tissue of mice is described. Tissues are homogenized in perchloric acid-acetonitrile. Propranolol and its metabolites are isolated from the supernatant by solvent extraction and separated and detected as their trifluoroacetyl derivatives by electron capture gas chromatography. Chemical structures of the derivatives were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The electron capture detector response of all three compounds is high, 0.7-2.0 X 10(-16) moles/sec. Brain levels of 10-250 ng/g can be detected of all three compounds with high specificity and good precision."}
{"id": "PMID:950352", "title": "Determination of the content and purity of ergotamine preparations by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A reversed-phase system of high-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent gradient is described for testing the purity of ergotamine as an active substance and for checking its concentration in pharmaceutical preparations. Because of its good resolution, this system can be used not only for the selective assay of ergotamine but also for the identification and quantitative determination, in the same chromatogram, of seven known isomerization and hydrolysis breakdown products. Simultaneous detection at two different UV wavelengths also makes it possible to measure further breakdown products formed by addition at the 9,10 double bond (lumi-compounds). The advantages of the system lie in the determination of all of the products within ca. 20 min, direct injection of low-dosage injection solutions and sensitive detection of polar breakdown products. The system is reproducible with regard to retention times and quantitative determination. It is suitable as a quality-control method for the routine determination of the content and purity of ergotamine preparations.", "contents": "Determination of the content and purity of ergotamine preparations by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography. A reversed-phase system of high-pressure liquid chromatography with solvent gradient is described for testing the purity of ergotamine as an active substance and for checking its concentration in pharmaceutical preparations. Because of its good resolution, this system can be used not only for the selective assay of ergotamine but also for the identification and quantitative determination, in the same chromatogram, of seven known isomerization and hydrolysis breakdown products. Simultaneous detection at two different UV wavelengths also makes it possible to measure further breakdown products formed by addition at the 9,10 double bond (lumi-compounds). The advantages of the system lie in the determination of all of the products within ca. 20 min, direct injection of low-dosage injection solutions and sensitive detection of polar breakdown products. The system is reproducible with regard to retention times and quantitative determination. It is suitable as a quality-control method for the routine determination of the content and purity of ergotamine preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:950358", "title": "Procedural difficulties in the gas-liquid chromatographic assay of the arylalkylamines.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of 2-phenylethylamine in rat brain tissue is described. The procedure involves initial separation of the amine from homogenates with ion-exchange chromatography, subsequent acetylation of the eluate and extraction of the N-acetylated amine with ethyl acetate. The N-acetyl-2-phenylethylamine derivative is then converted to the pentafluoropropionyl derivative and quantitated with electron capture detection. Difficulties involved with alternative separative procedures and derivative formation are discussed.", "contents": "Procedural difficulties in the gas-liquid chromatographic assay of the arylalkylamines. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of 2-phenylethylamine in rat brain tissue is described. The procedure involves initial separation of the amine from homogenates with ion-exchange chromatography, subsequent acetylation of the eluate and extraction of the N-acetylated amine with ethyl acetate. The N-acetyl-2-phenylethylamine derivative is then converted to the pentafluoropropionyl derivative and quantitated with electron capture detection. Difficulties involved with alternative separative procedures and derivative formation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950359", "title": "Separation and quantitation of some urinary arylalkylamines.", "content": "The arylalkylamines m- and p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine in their unconjugated forms have been identified and quantitated in urine collected from human volunteers. Their excretion levels (mean+/-standard error of the mean in mug/g creatinine) were, respectively, 67 +/- 5, 419 +/- 37, 4.6 +/- 1.2, and 82 +/- 11.", "contents": "Separation and quantitation of some urinary arylalkylamines. The arylalkylamines m- and p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine in their unconjugated forms have been identified and quantitated in urine collected from human volunteers. Their excretion levels (mean+/-standard error of the mean in mug/g creatinine) were, respectively, 67 +/- 5, 419 +/- 37, 4.6 +/- 1.2, and 82 +/- 11."}
{"id": "PMID:950360", "title": "Autotransfer chromatography in the characterization of pyrroles. Chemistry of multiple-spot phenomena.", "content": "A characteristic pattern of five interconverting \"component\" zones is obtained on autotransfer chromatography when pure kryptopyrrole (KP) is adsorbed from aqueous solution onto charcoal and then eluted with methanol. Specific oxidation products (lactams) derived from synthetic KP matched four of the five zones. Zone 1 was obtained directly from the a'-hydroxy-a-lactam. Zone 3 was produced directly by the a'-methoxy-a-lactam, while zones 2 and 5 were formed as a consequence of its acid hydrolysis during equilibration and chromatographic development. The formation of the methoxy lactam itself depended upon the presence of added methanol in the extraction process. In the absence of methanol during extraction only zone 1 (sometimes accompanied by zone 4) was formed.", "contents": "Autotransfer chromatography in the characterization of pyrroles. Chemistry of multiple-spot phenomena. A characteristic pattern of five interconverting \"component\" zones is obtained on autotransfer chromatography when pure kryptopyrrole (KP) is adsorbed from aqueous solution onto charcoal and then eluted with methanol. Specific oxidation products (lactams) derived from synthetic KP matched four of the five zones. Zone 1 was obtained directly from the a'-hydroxy-a-lactam. Zone 3 was produced directly by the a'-methoxy-a-lactam, while zones 2 and 5 were formed as a consequence of its acid hydrolysis during equilibration and chromatographic development. The formation of the methoxy lactam itself depended upon the presence of added methanol in the extraction process. In the absence of methanol during extraction only zone 1 (sometimes accompanied by zone 4) was formed."}
{"id": "PMID:950361", "title": "Cannabis sativa L. (Marijuana). VII. The relative specificity of the RIM test.", "content": "A total of 526 non-marijuana plant samples representing 427 different plant species were subjected to the RIM test (Rutgers Identification for Marijuana test). Although a few samples gave Fast Blue B reactive spots when examined by thin-layer chromatography, the spots could easily be distinguished from the marijuana cannabinoid spots. No plants were found to exhibit false positive results and hence the method is considered to be relatively specific for marijuana.", "contents": "Cannabis sativa L. (Marijuana). VII. The relative specificity of the RIM test. A total of 526 non-marijuana plant samples representing 427 different plant species were subjected to the RIM test (Rutgers Identification for Marijuana test). Although a few samples gave Fast Blue B reactive spots when examined by thin-layer chromatography, the spots could easily be distinguished from the marijuana cannabinoid spots. No plants were found to exhibit false positive results and hence the method is considered to be relatively specific for marijuana."}
{"id": "PMID:950362", "title": "Serum 17 beta-estradiol and estrone levels in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer.", "content": "Serum 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) levels were measured before and 6-8 weeks after ovariectomy in 16 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer, and in 10 postmenopausal women with normal endometrium (preovariectomy only). For E2, no significant difference in the mean baseline (+/-SE) level was found between the tumor (13.5 +/- 1.1 pg/ml) and non-tumor patients (11.7 +/- 1.4 pg/ml). For the same patients, the mean baseline E1 levels of 33.8 +/- 2.4 pg/ml and 28.5 +/- 4.7 pg/ml were also not significantly different. The mean body weight of the tumor patients (141.1 +/- 7.3 lbs.) was similar to the mean weight of the non-tumor subjects (137.5 +/- 6.3 lbs.). This was of importance since both E2 and E1 levels correlated significantly with body weight and excess fat in these postmenopausal women. The circulating estrogen levels did not correlate significantly with the patients' height, age, or years of menopause. In the patients with endometrial cancer the mean E2 (14.1 +/- 1.7 pg/ml) and E1 (39.5 +/- 7.3 pg/ml) levels after ovariectomy were not significantly different from the preoperative concentrations. These data are consistent with the concept that in postmenopausal women most, if not all, circulating estrogen is produced by peripheral conversion of androgens and that this conversion is influenced by obesity. Circulating estrogen levels are not significantly different in postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer compared with women of a similar age and weight who do not have the tumor.", "contents": "Serum 17 beta-estradiol and estrone levels in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. Serum 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) levels were measured before and 6-8 weeks after ovariectomy in 16 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer, and in 10 postmenopausal women with normal endometrium (preovariectomy only). For E2, no significant difference in the mean baseline (+/-SE) level was found between the tumor (13.5 +/- 1.1 pg/ml) and non-tumor patients (11.7 +/- 1.4 pg/ml). For the same patients, the mean baseline E1 levels of 33.8 +/- 2.4 pg/ml and 28.5 +/- 4.7 pg/ml were also not significantly different. The mean body weight of the tumor patients (141.1 +/- 7.3 lbs.) was similar to the mean weight of the non-tumor subjects (137.5 +/- 6.3 lbs.). This was of importance since both E2 and E1 levels correlated significantly with body weight and excess fat in these postmenopausal women. The circulating estrogen levels did not correlate significantly with the patients' height, age, or years of menopause. In the patients with endometrial cancer the mean E2 (14.1 +/- 1.7 pg/ml) and E1 (39.5 +/- 7.3 pg/ml) levels after ovariectomy were not significantly different from the preoperative concentrations. These data are consistent with the concept that in postmenopausal women most, if not all, circulating estrogen is produced by peripheral conversion of androgens and that this conversion is influenced by obesity. Circulating estrogen levels are not significantly different in postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer compared with women of a similar age and weight who do not have the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:950363", "title": "Normal glucagon response to arginine infusion in \"prediabetic\" Pima Indians.", "content": "To determine whether abnormalities in glucagon secretion might precede the onset of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, 32 prediabetic Pima (American) Indians, 27 normal Pima Indians and 34 normal Caucasians received an infusion of arginine monochloride (5 mg/kg/min for 40 minutes) with measurement of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. [Prediabetes is the period between conception and the development of diabetes. In most studies the term is used to characterize patients who on genetic grounds are believed to be at high risk of developing the disease, including the normoglycemic monozygotic co-twin of a diabetic or the normoglycemic offspring of two diabetic parents. The latter definition is used in the present study recognizing that in the final analysis the true prediabetic can be identified only in retrospect after the development of diabetes.] The three groups had similar mean fasting glucagon levels. During arginine infusion, the prediabetic Indians reached a mean maximum glucagon level of 315 +/- 14 pg/ml (mean +/- 1 SEM) compared with 294 +/- 20 pg/ml in the normal Indians and 292 +/- 25 pg/ml in the normal Caucasians. The calculated mean areas above baseline under the glucagon curves were 5704 +/- 324 pg-min/ml in the prediabetics, 5189 +/- 446 pg-min/ml in the normal Indians, and 4239 +/- 613 pg/min/ml in the normal Caucasians. The differences among the groups in these variables were not statistically significant. Thus, arginine induced hyperglucagonemia could not be identified as a characteristic of the prediabetic state in Pima Indians.", "contents": "Normal glucagon response to arginine infusion in \"prediabetic\" Pima Indians. To determine whether abnormalities in glucagon secretion might precede the onset of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus, 32 prediabetic Pima (American) Indians, 27 normal Pima Indians and 34 normal Caucasians received an infusion of arginine monochloride (5 mg/kg/min for 40 minutes) with measurement of glucose, insulin, and glucagon. [Prediabetes is the period between conception and the development of diabetes. In most studies the term is used to characterize patients who on genetic grounds are believed to be at high risk of developing the disease, including the normoglycemic monozygotic co-twin of a diabetic or the normoglycemic offspring of two diabetic parents. The latter definition is used in the present study recognizing that in the final analysis the true prediabetic can be identified only in retrospect after the development of diabetes.] The three groups had similar mean fasting glucagon levels. During arginine infusion, the prediabetic Indians reached a mean maximum glucagon level of 315 +/- 14 pg/ml (mean +/- 1 SEM) compared with 294 +/- 20 pg/ml in the normal Indians and 292 +/- 25 pg/ml in the normal Caucasians. The calculated mean areas above baseline under the glucagon curves were 5704 +/- 324 pg-min/ml in the prediabetics, 5189 +/- 446 pg-min/ml in the normal Indians, and 4239 +/- 613 pg/min/ml in the normal Caucasians. The differences among the groups in these variables were not statistically significant. Thus, arginine induced hyperglucagonemia could not be identified as a characteristic of the prediabetic state in Pima Indians."}
{"id": "PMID:950364", "title": "Dissociation of renin and aldosterone during dehydration: studies in a case of diabetes insipidus and adipsia.", "content": "The regulation of aldosterone was studied in a child with diabetes insipidus and adipsia, associated with holoprosencephaly. Plasma ADH was low and unresponsive to dehydration. Plasma renin concentration ranged from 52 to 1350 ng ml-1 h-1 at various degrees of hydration, and plasma aldosterone ranged from 4.7 to 104 ng/100 ml. Despite these wide ranges, the levels of the two hormones were not correlated. The aldosterone-renin ratio (log.) was inversely related to the plasma sodium concentration, while the plasma renin concentration (log.) was directly related to plasma sodium. Reduced values of both extracellular fluid volume (radiosulphate and sodium spaces) and total exchangeable sodium were measured when plasma sodium was elevated. Sodium depletion at the time when the patient was in a dehydrated state appeared to be caused, at least partly, by defective renal sodium conservation. Thus, in the dehydrated state, the patient showed the following unusual combination of abnormalities: hypernatraemia, sodium depletion, hyperreninaemia, and low to normal plasma aldosterone. The abnormal aldosterone-renin ratio was probably not caused by an intrinsic adrenal abnormality, since high levels of aldosterone were measured as long as a certain degree of hydration had been achieved with or without exogenous ADH, and since plasma cortisol was normal and responsive to exogenous ACTH. The results suggest that the responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to angiotensin may vary with extracellular sodium concentration. The direction of this effect, that is, suppression of aldosterone with increased sodium concentration, is not different from what is observed under experimental conditions, when extra-cellular sodium concentration is raised by infusions of hyperosmolar saline.", "contents": "Dissociation of renin and aldosterone during dehydration: studies in a case of diabetes insipidus and adipsia. The regulation of aldosterone was studied in a child with diabetes insipidus and adipsia, associated with holoprosencephaly. Plasma ADH was low and unresponsive to dehydration. Plasma renin concentration ranged from 52 to 1350 ng ml-1 h-1 at various degrees of hydration, and plasma aldosterone ranged from 4.7 to 104 ng/100 ml. Despite these wide ranges, the levels of the two hormones were not correlated. The aldosterone-renin ratio (log.) was inversely related to the plasma sodium concentration, while the plasma renin concentration (log.) was directly related to plasma sodium. Reduced values of both extracellular fluid volume (radiosulphate and sodium spaces) and total exchangeable sodium were measured when plasma sodium was elevated. Sodium depletion at the time when the patient was in a dehydrated state appeared to be caused, at least partly, by defective renal sodium conservation. Thus, in the dehydrated state, the patient showed the following unusual combination of abnormalities: hypernatraemia, sodium depletion, hyperreninaemia, and low to normal plasma aldosterone. The abnormal aldosterone-renin ratio was probably not caused by an intrinsic adrenal abnormality, since high levels of aldosterone were measured as long as a certain degree of hydration had been achieved with or without exogenous ADH, and since plasma cortisol was normal and responsive to exogenous ACTH. The results suggest that the responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to angiotensin may vary with extracellular sodium concentration. The direction of this effect, that is, suppression of aldosterone with increased sodium concentration, is not different from what is observed under experimental conditions, when extra-cellular sodium concentration is raised by infusions of hyperosmolar saline."}
{"id": "PMID:950365", "title": "Effect of normal and reversed sleep-wake cycles upon nyctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin: evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep.", "content": "The relation of nyctohemeral variation in plasma TSH to sleep-wake cycles was examined in 10 normal young men who had their sleep polygraphically monitored and their blood sampled every 20 min for 24,36, or 48 h periods. Studies of normal sleepwake cycles in which sleep was allowed from the usual bedtime to 0630 h totalled 21 nights (night = 1840-0620 h) and their corresponding 16 days. TSH was measured by a sensitive RIA. On 17 nights, the mean nightly TSH significantly exceeded that of the day's and, on 18 nights, clear nyctohemerally maximal peaks in TSH were seen in the 2100-0100 h interval. Greater amplitude, duration and rhythmic repetition over several nights distinguished 2100-0100 h maxima from a background of persistent briefly episodic release. These nyctohemeral peaks were pre-sleep maxima, as rises uniformly began, and on 15 nights, the peaks occurred prior to the onset of sleep. The peaks clustered within the 30 min just before (12 nights) or after (3 nights) entry into sleep. TSH release then declined across sleep. Other evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep upon TSH release was that sleep began early on the 3 nights without clear 2100-0100 h TSH maxima and that the mean 2100-0100 h TSH peak was significantly reduced when sleep began prior to the usual 2300-0000 h interval and significantly increased when the onset of sleep was delayed or postponed. After a 24 h baseline, 4 men underwent phase-reversal of their sleep-wake cycles for 48 h, in which sleep was shifted to the 1100-1830 h interval. On the first wakeful night of reversal, the 2100-0100 h peak began normally, but, in the absence of sleep, the enhanced TSH release then simply continued across this night, delaying achievement of the nyctohemeral maxima. On the second wakeful night of reversal, the maximum in mean TSH lay in the same 0400-0600 h interval as that of first reversal night, and the mean 2100-0100 h peak was no longer evident. The TSH of the second 24 h of reversal also was significantly reduced, suggestive of a negative feedback effect of enhanced release of the first reversal day. No shift of basal pre-sleep TSH peaks to the 0900-1300 h interval or of sleep-enhanced TSH release was seen during reversal. Thus, despite the persistence of TSH's nyctohemeral rhythmicity across acute sleep-wake reversal, its pattern changed significantly in relation to shifts in sleep. We currently view these results as consistent with the origin of TSH's nyctohemeral rhythmicity in a circadian mechanism whose expression is subject to modulation by the inhibitory influences of feedback and sleep.", "contents": "Effect of normal and reversed sleep-wake cycles upon nyctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin: evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep. The relation of nyctohemeral variation in plasma TSH to sleep-wake cycles was examined in 10 normal young men who had their sleep polygraphically monitored and their blood sampled every 20 min for 24,36, or 48 h periods. Studies of normal sleepwake cycles in which sleep was allowed from the usual bedtime to 0630 h totalled 21 nights (night = 1840-0620 h) and their corresponding 16 days. TSH was measured by a sensitive RIA. On 17 nights, the mean nightly TSH significantly exceeded that of the day's and, on 18 nights, clear nyctohemerally maximal peaks in TSH were seen in the 2100-0100 h interval. Greater amplitude, duration and rhythmic repetition over several nights distinguished 2100-0100 h maxima from a background of persistent briefly episodic release. These nyctohemeral peaks were pre-sleep maxima, as rises uniformly began, and on 15 nights, the peaks occurred prior to the onset of sleep. The peaks clustered within the 30 min just before (12 nights) or after (3 nights) entry into sleep. TSH release then declined across sleep. Other evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep upon TSH release was that sleep began early on the 3 nights without clear 2100-0100 h TSH maxima and that the mean 2100-0100 h TSH peak was significantly reduced when sleep began prior to the usual 2300-0000 h interval and significantly increased when the onset of sleep was delayed or postponed. After a 24 h baseline, 4 men underwent phase-reversal of their sleep-wake cycles for 48 h, in which sleep was shifted to the 1100-1830 h interval. On the first wakeful night of reversal, the 2100-0100 h peak began normally, but, in the absence of sleep, the enhanced TSH release then simply continued across this night, delaying achievement of the nyctohemeral maxima. On the second wakeful night of reversal, the maximum in mean TSH lay in the same 0400-0600 h interval as that of first reversal night, and the mean 2100-0100 h peak was no longer evident. The TSH of the second 24 h of reversal also was significantly reduced, suggestive of a negative feedback effect of enhanced release of the first reversal day. No shift of basal pre-sleep TSH peaks to the 0900-1300 h interval or of sleep-enhanced TSH release was seen during reversal. Thus, despite the persistence of TSH's nyctohemeral rhythmicity across acute sleep-wake reversal, its pattern changed significantly in relation to shifts in sleep. We currently view these results as consistent with the origin of TSH's nyctohemeral rhythmicity in a circadian mechanism whose expression is subject to modulation by the inhibitory influences of feedback and sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:950366", "title": "The effects of ovarian wedge resection on circulating gonadotropin and ovarian steroid levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "Serum gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels were measured daily before and up to 35 days after surgery in 8 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) undergoing ovarian wedge resection (WR). To serve as controls, similar assessments were made in 5 women having hysterectomies for non-ovarian disease during the early follicular phases of their cycles. Preoperatively, LH but not FHS, estrone (E1) but not estradiol 17 beta (E2), and both androstenedione (delta) and testosterone (T) levels were higher in the PCO patients than in the normal women. In the PCO patients, surgery had no discernible effect on FSH levels. In the 5 PCO patients who apparently ovulated after WR, LH levels did not fluctuate significantly until the midcycle LH peaks occurred 13-25 days after surgery. In the 3 patients who did not ovulate, there was a transient fall of LH, which reached a nadir on the sixteenth postoperative day and then returned to preoperative levels. In the total PCO group there was a significant fall of E1 (P less than 0.05) and a decrease of E2, which reached nadirs on the third postoperative day. Preovulatory rises of both E1 and E2 were seen only in patients who ovulated following WR. For the androgens, significant decreases (P less than 0.05) of both T and delta were seen during the first 3 days after WR. These were followed by steady increases of both androgens back to preoperative levels. Delta levels remained elevated while T concentrations fell again and were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) at the end of the sampling period than preoperatively. This pattern was seen whether the patients did or did not ovulate. Except for a small transitory fall of androgens, surgery had no discernible effect on the circulating levels of any of the hormones in the control subjects. These results show that in PCO patients, ovarian WR is followed by a profound, temporary reduction of ovarian delta secretion and a persistent reduction of T secretion. Smaller, but significant, decreases of estrogen production were also observed. The mechanism responsible for ovulation following WR appears to be local (intra-ovarian) rather than central since the alterations in ovarian hormone secretion had no discernible effect on circulating gonadotropin levels prior to the onset of midcycle surges.", "contents": "The effects of ovarian wedge resection on circulating gonadotropin and ovarian steroid levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Serum gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels were measured daily before and up to 35 days after surgery in 8 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) undergoing ovarian wedge resection (WR). To serve as controls, similar assessments were made in 5 women having hysterectomies for non-ovarian disease during the early follicular phases of their cycles. Preoperatively, LH but not FHS, estrone (E1) but not estradiol 17 beta (E2), and both androstenedione (delta) and testosterone (T) levels were higher in the PCO patients than in the normal women. In the PCO patients, surgery had no discernible effect on FSH levels. In the 5 PCO patients who apparently ovulated after WR, LH levels did not fluctuate significantly until the midcycle LH peaks occurred 13-25 days after surgery. In the 3 patients who did not ovulate, there was a transient fall of LH, which reached a nadir on the sixteenth postoperative day and then returned to preoperative levels. In the total PCO group there was a significant fall of E1 (P less than 0.05) and a decrease of E2, which reached nadirs on the third postoperative day. Preovulatory rises of both E1 and E2 were seen only in patients who ovulated following WR. For the androgens, significant decreases (P less than 0.05) of both T and delta were seen during the first 3 days after WR. These were followed by steady increases of both androgens back to preoperative levels. Delta levels remained elevated while T concentrations fell again and were significantly lower (P less than 0.005) at the end of the sampling period than preoperatively. This pattern was seen whether the patients did or did not ovulate. Except for a small transitory fall of androgens, surgery had no discernible effect on the circulating levels of any of the hormones in the control subjects. These results show that in PCO patients, ovarian WR is followed by a profound, temporary reduction of ovarian delta secretion and a persistent reduction of T secretion. Smaller, but significant, decreases of estrogen production were also observed. The mechanism responsible for ovulation following WR appears to be local (intra-ovarian) rather than central since the alterations in ovarian hormone secretion had no discernible effect on circulating gonadotropin levels prior to the onset of midcycle surges."}
{"id": "PMID:950367", "title": "Inhibitory effect of an ergoline derivative, methergoline, on growth hormone and prolactin levels in acromegalic patients.", "content": "Plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured in twelve acromegalic patients after acute administration of an ergoline derivative (methergoline) which has been proposed as a specific serotoninergic blocking agent. The administration of methergoline (4 mg p.o.) was followed by a significant decrease in plasma GH and PRL concentrations. The administration to the same subjects of CB 154 (2.5 mg p.o.), a known stimulator of dopaminergic receptors, led to results almost superimposable to those obtained with methergoline although the suppressive effect of CB 154 on GH and PRL levels was more sustained. Also on the ground of results obtained in these patients with the use of cyproheptadine, phentolamine, or pimozide, we have concluded that methergoline inhibition of GH and PRL release is, in acromegalic patients, most probably due to a dopaminergic mechanism of action.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of an ergoline derivative, methergoline, on growth hormone and prolactin levels in acromegalic patients. Plasma levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were measured in twelve acromegalic patients after acute administration of an ergoline derivative (methergoline) which has been proposed as a specific serotoninergic blocking agent. The administration of methergoline (4 mg p.o.) was followed by a significant decrease in plasma GH and PRL concentrations. The administration to the same subjects of CB 154 (2.5 mg p.o.), a known stimulator of dopaminergic receptors, led to results almost superimposable to those obtained with methergoline although the suppressive effect of CB 154 on GH and PRL levels was more sustained. Also on the ground of results obtained in these patients with the use of cyproheptadine, phentolamine, or pimozide, we have concluded that methergoline inhibition of GH and PRL release is, in acromegalic patients, most probably due to a dopaminergic mechanism of action."}
{"id": "PMID:950368", "title": "Evidence for higher proportion of \"little\" growth hormone with increased radioreceptor activity in acromegalic plasma.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone (GH) from both normal and acromegalic patients comprises multiple immunoreactive components that can be separated by G-100 Sephadex gel filtration and measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and radioreceptor assay (RRA). The higher molecular weight immunoreactive components, from both normal and acromegalic subjects, have a lower RRA/RIA than does the lower molecular weight \"little\" GH component. The \"little\" GH component comprises a higher proportion of the total immunoreactive GH in acromegalic plasma than in normal plasma whether the data are expressed only in terms of the \"big\" and \"little\" components (89 vs. 71%), or as a function of total immunoreactive GH (76 vs. 55%), or whether the plasma is obtained in the basal or stimulated state for the acromegalic patients. When the RRA/RIA x 100 is determined for the isolated \"little\" component, the acromegalic has a significantly greater ratio than the normal (110 vs. 75%). We conclude that acromegalic plasma contains a higher proportion of the more radioreceptor active \"little\" GH component than does the normal and, in addition, that the \"little\" component from the acromegalic is more radioreceptor-active than the normal.", "contents": "Evidence for higher proportion of \"little\" growth hormone with increased radioreceptor activity in acromegalic plasma. Plasma growth hormone (GH) from both normal and acromegalic patients comprises multiple immunoreactive components that can be separated by G-100 Sephadex gel filtration and measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and radioreceptor assay (RRA). The higher molecular weight immunoreactive components, from both normal and acromegalic subjects, have a lower RRA/RIA than does the lower molecular weight \"little\" GH component. The \"little\" GH component comprises a higher proportion of the total immunoreactive GH in acromegalic plasma than in normal plasma whether the data are expressed only in terms of the \"big\" and \"little\" components (89 vs. 71%), or as a function of total immunoreactive GH (76 vs. 55%), or whether the plasma is obtained in the basal or stimulated state for the acromegalic patients. When the RRA/RIA x 100 is determined for the isolated \"little\" component, the acromegalic has a significantly greater ratio than the normal (110 vs. 75%). We conclude that acromegalic plasma contains a higher proportion of the more radioreceptor active \"little\" GH component than does the normal and, in addition, that the \"little\" component from the acromegalic is more radioreceptor-active than the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:950369", "title": "The fate of 17 beta-estradiol in the plasma of premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with cancer.", "content": "The patterns of radioactive estrogen metabolities in the plasma of patients with a variety of malignancies were determined after the injection of physiological amounts of 17 beta-estradiol-6,7-3H or of estrone-6,7-3H. The metabolites were separated and isolated from the plasma by the following procedures: a) alumina chromatography, b) modified Brown procedure, and c) gas liquid chromatography. This study showed that the conjugated state of the estrogens varied with the subjects's age. There was a dramatic decrease in the relative quantity of the plasma free estrogens which are converted to sulfates as the age of the patient increased. This change was noted just prior to menopause, suggesting that there are alterations in the conjugation of plasma estrogens which are detectable before clinical menopause.", "contents": "The fate of 17 beta-estradiol in the plasma of premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with cancer. The patterns of radioactive estrogen metabolities in the plasma of patients with a variety of malignancies were determined after the injection of physiological amounts of 17 beta-estradiol-6,7-3H or of estrone-6,7-3H. The metabolites were separated and isolated from the plasma by the following procedures: a) alumina chromatography, b) modified Brown procedure, and c) gas liquid chromatography. This study showed that the conjugated state of the estrogens varied with the subjects's age. There was a dramatic decrease in the relative quantity of the plasma free estrogens which are converted to sulfates as the age of the patient increased. This change was noted just prior to menopause, suggesting that there are alterations in the conjugation of plasma estrogens which are detectable before clinical menopause."}
{"id": "PMID:950370", "title": "Unconjugated cortisol in human amniotic fluid: relationship to lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "A specific and thoroughly validated competitive protein binding radioassay has been developed for the measurement of unconjugated cortisol in human amniotic fluid. Cortisol levels rose throughout normal gestation from 8.6 +/- 0.8 ng/ml at less than 20 weeks to 19.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml at 30-40 weeks. Levels were significantly higher in amniotic fluid samples having mature lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios (greater than 2), and good correlation with individual cortisol values was obtained (r = 0.79; P less than 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that cortisol plays a role in fetal lung maturation.", "contents": "Unconjugated cortisol in human amniotic fluid: relationship to lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio. A specific and thoroughly validated competitive protein binding radioassay has been developed for the measurement of unconjugated cortisol in human amniotic fluid. Cortisol levels rose throughout normal gestation from 8.6 +/- 0.8 ng/ml at less than 20 weeks to 19.8 +/- 1.5 ng/ml at 30-40 weeks. Levels were significantly higher in amniotic fluid samples having mature lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratios (greater than 2), and good correlation with individual cortisol values was obtained (r = 0.79; P less than 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that cortisol plays a role in fetal lung maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:950372", "title": "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Methods are described for the measurement of the estradiol-binding capacity of TeBG and of the free, TeBG-bound, and non-specifically protein-bound fractions of plasma estradiol. Each determination used undiluted plasma at 37 C, and a total volume of less than 2.0 ml of plasma was required to complete all the assays. The measurement of the per cent of free estradiol was affected by changes in plasma dilution. The measurement of the other fractions of estradiol was not influenced by changes in either the dilution or the volume of plasma. The distribution of plasma estradiol was determined daily throughout 5 individual menstrual cycles. The per cent of free, the per cent of TeBG-bound, and the TeBG binding capacity of estradiol remained constant throughout the cycle with mean values of 2.21 +/- 0.04% (SE), 38.4 +/- 0.7%, and 16.6 +/- 0.43 ng/ml, respectively. The mean association constant of TeBG for estradiol was 6.58 +/- 0.25 x 10(7)M-1. The concentration of the free and non-specifically protein-bound fractions of estradiol paralleled the total plasma concentration of estradiol. The results show that biologic events related to normal cyclic changes of plasma estradiol may be attributed to fluctuations in the free estradiol and to estradiol which is bound with low affinity to non-specific plasma proteins.", "contents": "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle. Methods are described for the measurement of the estradiol-binding capacity of TeBG and of the free, TeBG-bound, and non-specifically protein-bound fractions of plasma estradiol. Each determination used undiluted plasma at 37 C, and a total volume of less than 2.0 ml of plasma was required to complete all the assays. The measurement of the per cent of free estradiol was affected by changes in plasma dilution. The measurement of the other fractions of estradiol was not influenced by changes in either the dilution or the volume of plasma. The distribution of plasma estradiol was determined daily throughout 5 individual menstrual cycles. The per cent of free, the per cent of TeBG-bound, and the TeBG binding capacity of estradiol remained constant throughout the cycle with mean values of 2.21 +/- 0.04% (SE), 38.4 +/- 0.7%, and 16.6 +/- 0.43 ng/ml, respectively. The mean association constant of TeBG for estradiol was 6.58 +/- 0.25 x 10(7)M-1. The concentration of the free and non-specifically protein-bound fractions of estradiol paralleled the total plasma concentration of estradiol. The results show that biologic events related to normal cyclic changes of plasma estradiol may be attributed to fluctuations in the free estradiol and to estradiol which is bound with low affinity to non-specific plasma proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:950371", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of occult parathyroid hyperplasia by calcium infusion in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2a.", "content": "Hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2) comprises medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and bilateral pheochromocytoma; the syndrome includes two major variants, MEN 2a (normal appearance, parathyroid disease common) and MEN 2b (mucosal neuromas, Marfanoid habitus, parathyroid disease rate). Patients with MEN 2a may be normocalcemic, with normal basal serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, yet have parathyroid hyperplasia discovered during thyroid surgery. In an attempt to predict the presence of this occult parathyroid hyperplasia, we performed calcium infusion (15 mg Ca++/kg/4 hours) in six patients with MEN 2a, seven patients with MEN 2b, and eight normal subjects. iPTH was measured in samples taken at one hour intervals during the infusion with a sensitive radioimmunoassay (antiserum GP 1M [Arnaud]). The iPTH values (expressed as per cent of the basal value) in the normal, MEN 2a, and MEN 2b groups at the fourth hour were 38.0 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SE), 79.2 +/- 7.2%, and 47.8 +/- 5.2%. These iPTH values for patients with MEN 2a were significantly different from normal (P less than 0.001) and from those of the patients with MEN 2b (P less than 0.001). All MEN 2a patients had parathyroid hyperplasia at cervical exploration; parathyroid histology in the MEN 2b patients was normal. Failure of iPTH suppressibility in the MEN 2a patients was not due either to the plasma calcitonin or to achieved serum calcium concentrations. The normal iPTH suppressibility in MEN 2b is consistent with the concept that the parathyroid disease in MEN 2a is genetically determined, and not secondary to MTC and high plasma calcitonin concentration. Calcium infusion combined with the measurement of serum iPTH levels may detect occult parathyroid hyperplasia in patients with MEN 2a, normocalcemia, and normal basal iPTH values. The identification and follow-up of similar patients should establish the natural history of this unusual parathyroid disease.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of occult parathyroid hyperplasia by calcium infusion in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2a. Hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 (MEN 2) comprises medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and bilateral pheochromocytoma; the syndrome includes two major variants, MEN 2a (normal appearance, parathyroid disease common) and MEN 2b (mucosal neuromas, Marfanoid habitus, parathyroid disease rate). Patients with MEN 2a may be normocalcemic, with normal basal serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, yet have parathyroid hyperplasia discovered during thyroid surgery. In an attempt to predict the presence of this occult parathyroid hyperplasia, we performed calcium infusion (15 mg Ca++/kg/4 hours) in six patients with MEN 2a, seven patients with MEN 2b, and eight normal subjects. iPTH was measured in samples taken at one hour intervals during the infusion with a sensitive radioimmunoassay (antiserum GP 1M [Arnaud]). The iPTH values (expressed as per cent of the basal value) in the normal, MEN 2a, and MEN 2b groups at the fourth hour were 38.0 +/- 3.8% (mean +/- SE), 79.2 +/- 7.2%, and 47.8 +/- 5.2%. These iPTH values for patients with MEN 2a were significantly different from normal (P less than 0.001) and from those of the patients with MEN 2b (P less than 0.001). All MEN 2a patients had parathyroid hyperplasia at cervical exploration; parathyroid histology in the MEN 2b patients was normal. Failure of iPTH suppressibility in the MEN 2a patients was not due either to the plasma calcitonin or to achieved serum calcium concentrations. The normal iPTH suppressibility in MEN 2b is consistent with the concept that the parathyroid disease in MEN 2a is genetically determined, and not secondary to MTC and high plasma calcitonin concentration. Calcium infusion combined with the measurement of serum iPTH levels may detect occult parathyroid hyperplasia in patients with MEN 2a, normocalcemia, and normal basal iPTH values. The identification and follow-up of similar patients should establish the natural history of this unusual parathyroid disease."}
{"id": "PMID:950373", "title": "Dissociation of plasma renin activity and aldosterone in essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) were measured in 401 and 98 patients, respectively, with mild essential hypertension after overnight recumbency and on a 135 mmol/day sodium diet. The mean PRA values declined with each increasing decade of age, whereas the mean PA concentrations did not, and those PRA and PA values determined simultaneously were not correlated, suggesting that PA concentrations are inappropriately elevated relative to the PRA in patients with essential hypertension in the older decades of age.", "contents": "Dissociation of plasma renin activity and aldosterone in essential hypertension. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA) were measured in 401 and 98 patients, respectively, with mild essential hypertension after overnight recumbency and on a 135 mmol/day sodium diet. The mean PRA values declined with each increasing decade of age, whereas the mean PA concentrations did not, and those PRA and PA values determined simultaneously were not correlated, suggesting that PA concentrations are inappropriately elevated relative to the PRA in patients with essential hypertension in the older decades of age."}
{"id": "PMID:950374", "title": "Circadian rhythm of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man.", "content": "Four healthy men were given an insulin tolerance test (0.1 IU/kg BW) six times in different days at the following clock hours: 0400 h, 0800h, 1200 h, 1600 h, 2000 h, and 2400 h, in random order. Four days separated two consecutive tests. The glucose disappearance rate (K value) was calculated for each test between 5 min and 25 min after iv injection of insulin. The statistical evaluation by Cosinor test showed a statistically significant circadian rhythm for the hypoglycemic action of exogenous insulin with a peak at 1030 h (95% condifence limits: 0830 to 1430 h).", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. Four healthy men were given an insulin tolerance test (0.1 IU/kg BW) six times in different days at the following clock hours: 0400 h, 0800h, 1200 h, 1600 h, 2000 h, and 2400 h, in random order. Four days separated two consecutive tests. The glucose disappearance rate (K value) was calculated for each test between 5 min and 25 min after iv injection of insulin. The statistical evaluation by Cosinor test showed a statistically significant circadian rhythm for the hypoglycemic action of exogenous insulin with a peak at 1030 h (95% condifence limits: 0830 to 1430 h)."}
{"id": "PMID:950375", "title": "Bromocriptine increases plasma estradiol-17 beta concentration in amenorrhea patients with normal serum prolactin.", "content": "In a series of 23 patients bromocriptine increased the plasma estradiol-17 beta level from 44.0 +/- 9.5 (mean +/- SE) to 144.1 +/- 31.8 pg/ml after 3 - 5 weeks' treatment (p less than 0.01). In normoprolactinemic patients (N = 12) the level increased from 59.6 +/- 16.3 to 186.5 +/- 50.5 pg/ml (p less than 0.05), and in hyperprolactinemic patients (N = 11) the corresponding values were 27.0 +/- 6.2 and 97.8 +/- 34.6 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). Bromocriptine treatment did not significantly alter the FSH and LH levels. The results suggest that bromocriptine treatment induces endocrine recovery also in patients whose clinical findings give no indication of prolactin suppression.", "contents": "Bromocriptine increases plasma estradiol-17 beta concentration in amenorrhea patients with normal serum prolactin. In a series of 23 patients bromocriptine increased the plasma estradiol-17 beta level from 44.0 +/- 9.5 (mean +/- SE) to 144.1 +/- 31.8 pg/ml after 3 - 5 weeks' treatment (p less than 0.01). In normoprolactinemic patients (N = 12) the level increased from 59.6 +/- 16.3 to 186.5 +/- 50.5 pg/ml (p less than 0.05), and in hyperprolactinemic patients (N = 11) the corresponding values were 27.0 +/- 6.2 and 97.8 +/- 34.6 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). Bromocriptine treatment did not significantly alter the FSH and LH levels. The results suggest that bromocriptine treatment induces endocrine recovery also in patients whose clinical findings give no indication of prolactin suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:950376", "title": "Significance of urinary isolates of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae.", "content": "Of 16,347 urine cultures submitted to the hospital laboratory, 68 (0.4%) specimens from 50 patients yielded greater than 10(4) coagulase-negative staphylococci/ml in pure culture. A total of 62 of 63 organisms available for study were staphylococci: 45 Staphylococcus epidermidis (predominantly subgroup 1), 15 Staphylococcus saprophyticus (subgroup 3), and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-one patients had \"probable\" urine infections. Eight patients had two or more positive urine cultures, and all isolates from the same patients were identical (by morphology, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolytic pattern). Nine (75%) of the 12 isolates of S. saprophyticus, which were novobiocin resistant and nonhemolytic on the synergistic hemolysis test, were from patients with probable urinary infection. Eight were young women with acute symptoms and pyuria. Differences in the glucose and mannitol fermentation tests with different media may lead to difficulties in identification. Novobiocin resistance cannot be relied upon to differentiate isolates of S. saprophyticus from S. epidermidis.", "contents": "Significance of urinary isolates of coagulase-negative Micrococcaceae. Of 16,347 urine cultures submitted to the hospital laboratory, 68 (0.4%) specimens from 50 patients yielded greater than 10(4) coagulase-negative staphylococci/ml in pure culture. A total of 62 of 63 organisms available for study were staphylococci: 45 Staphylococcus epidermidis (predominantly subgroup 1), 15 Staphylococcus saprophyticus (subgroup 3), and 2 Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-one patients had \"probable\" urine infections. Eight patients had two or more positive urine cultures, and all isolates from the same patients were identical (by morphology, antibiotic susceptibility, and hemolytic pattern). Nine (75%) of the 12 isolates of S. saprophyticus, which were novobiocin resistant and nonhemolytic on the synergistic hemolysis test, were from patients with probable urinary infection. Eight were young women with acute symptoms and pyuria. Differences in the glucose and mannitol fermentation tests with different media may lead to difficulties in identification. Novobiocin resistance cannot be relied upon to differentiate isolates of S. saprophyticus from S. epidermidis."}
{"id": "PMID:950377", "title": "Differential quantitation of surface and subsurface bacteria of normal skin by the combined use of the cotton swab and the scrub methods.", "content": "By testing adjacent sites on the hypothenar eminence of the palm, enriched with bacteria by massaging the forehead, we found that the numbers of bacteria recovered from the skin surface by a wet cotton swab in 30 s were not significantly different from the numbers obtained by a brisk scrubbing with a blunted Teflon policeman for 120 s. This was true of aerobes (gram-positive cocci) and anaerobes (propionibacteria). If the same site on the palm was swabbed two times for 15 s each time, 67 to 94% of the total recovered bacteria were obtained on the first swab. Differential localization of bacteria into surface and subsurface populations was accomplished by first swabbing a test skin site to assay the surface flora and then scrubbing the same site to test for subsurface organisms. On the palm the swab yielded more aerobes and anaerobes than did the subsequent scrub. On the forehead the scrub yielded three to eight times as many anaerobes as the preceding swab. In some tests gram-positive cocci were distributed on the forehead like propionibacteria (large excess in scrub specimen); in other tests their numbers were similar in the swab and scrub specimens or there was a large excess in the swab specimen. These results indicate that there was no substantial subsurface flora on the palm. On the forehead propionibacteria were predominantly in deeper locations in all tests; gram-positive cocci were variable: in some test sites they were largely at the surface, whereas at other sites a predominance of cocci was in subsurface locations.", "contents": "Differential quantitation of surface and subsurface bacteria of normal skin by the combined use of the cotton swab and the scrub methods. By testing adjacent sites on the hypothenar eminence of the palm, enriched with bacteria by massaging the forehead, we found that the numbers of bacteria recovered from the skin surface by a wet cotton swab in 30 s were not significantly different from the numbers obtained by a brisk scrubbing with a blunted Teflon policeman for 120 s. This was true of aerobes (gram-positive cocci) and anaerobes (propionibacteria). If the same site on the palm was swabbed two times for 15 s each time, 67 to 94% of the total recovered bacteria were obtained on the first swab. Differential localization of bacteria into surface and subsurface populations was accomplished by first swabbing a test skin site to assay the surface flora and then scrubbing the same site to test for subsurface organisms. On the palm the swab yielded more aerobes and anaerobes than did the subsequent scrub. On the forehead the scrub yielded three to eight times as many anaerobes as the preceding swab. In some tests gram-positive cocci were distributed on the forehead like propionibacteria (large excess in scrub specimen); in other tests their numbers were similar in the swab and scrub specimens or there was a large excess in the swab specimen. These results indicate that there was no substantial subsurface flora on the palm. On the forehead propionibacteria were predominantly in deeper locations in all tests; gram-positive cocci were variable: in some test sites they were largely at the surface, whereas at other sites a predominance of cocci was in subsurface locations."}
{"id": "PMID:950378", "title": "Serogrouping of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis by the agglutination test.", "content": "The agglutination technique was used to establish a serological classification scheme for 98 strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis isolated from clinical specimens and normal human feces. Absorbed antisera were prepared to seven strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis. These seven absorbed antisera were species as well as subspecies specific and provided the basis of the serological classification scheme. This scheme was composed of 21 serogroups; seven of these serogroups contained only one group component. There was a total of 45 serological patterns. This serological scheme may be used for the serological classification of strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis and to study the epidemiology of this organism.", "contents": "Serogrouping of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis by the agglutination test. The agglutination technique was used to establish a serological classification scheme for 98 strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis isolated from clinical specimens and normal human feces. Absorbed antisera were prepared to seven strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis. These seven absorbed antisera were species as well as subspecies specific and provided the basis of the serological classification scheme. This scheme was composed of 21 serogroups; seven of these serogroups contained only one group component. There was a total of 45 serological patterns. This serological scheme may be used for the serological classification of strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis and to study the epidemiology of this organism."}
{"id": "PMID:950379", "title": "Differential agar medium (A7) for identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (human T mycoplasmas) in primary cultures of clinical material.", "content": "A differential agar medium for the identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum in primary cultures of clinical specimens is described. The differential medium (no. A7) is specific for the identification of U. urealyticum and other members of the genus Ureaplasma. Large-colony, classical Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species and Proteus L colonies are unreactive on this differential medium. The medium incorporates the biochemical principle of the direct spot test for urease in colonies of Ureaplasma and contains added urea and a sensitive indicator of ammonia, manganous sulfate. Ureaplasma colonies on this medium are identified as dark golden-brown or rich deep-brown colonies, in sharp contrast to the light background of the medium, when viewed by direct transmitted illumination under the low power of the microscope.", "contents": "Differential agar medium (A7) for identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (human T mycoplasmas) in primary cultures of clinical material. A differential agar medium for the identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum in primary cultures of clinical specimens is described. The differential medium (no. A7) is specific for the identification of U. urealyticum and other members of the genus Ureaplasma. Large-colony, classical Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species and Proteus L colonies are unreactive on this differential medium. The medium incorporates the biochemical principle of the direct spot test for urease in colonies of Ureaplasma and contains added urea and a sensitive indicator of ammonia, manganous sulfate. Ureaplasma colonies on this medium are identified as dark golden-brown or rich deep-brown colonies, in sharp contrast to the light background of the medium, when viewed by direct transmitted illumination under the low power of the microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:950380", "title": "Large-scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated and purified from plasma by two simple steps of purification. In the first step the antigen was purified 24-fold by polyethylene glycol precipitation. An additional 10-fold purification was achieved by batchwise adsorption to hydroxylapatite and subsequent elution with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer.", "contents": "Large-scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis B surface antigen was concentrated and purified from plasma by two simple steps of purification. In the first step the antigen was purified 24-fold by polyethylene glycol precipitation. An additional 10-fold purification was achieved by batchwise adsorption to hydroxylapatite and subsequent elution with 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer."}
{"id": "PMID:950381", "title": "Long-chain fatty acids of Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii.", "content": "A number of strains purporting to belong to the species Sporothrix schenckii were examined for their fatty acid content. The majority of the strains were isolated from cases of sporotrichosis. Two strains were reputedly saprophytic. In all cases except the two saprophytic ones the major fatty acid was a C18 diene. Considerable amounts of palmitic acid and C18 monoene were found in all strains.", "contents": "Long-chain fatty acids of Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenckii. A number of strains purporting to belong to the species Sporothrix schenckii were examined for their fatty acid content. The majority of the strains were isolated from cases of sporotrichosis. Two strains were reputedly saprophytic. In all cases except the two saprophytic ones the major fatty acid was a C18 diene. Considerable amounts of palmitic acid and C18 monoene were found in all strains."}
{"id": "PMID:950383", "title": "The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex.", "content": "Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments have been used to demonstrate the origin and terminal distribution of commissural fibers in the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of the rat. The commissural fibers originate from pyramidal cells of all layers, but predominantly from layers III and V. The fibers terminate in a series of approximately vertical bands. In each of these there are concentrations of terminals extending from the inner portion of the molecular layer to the deep portion of layer III as well as in the superficial part of layer V, and in layer VI. Discrete vertical bands of cortex are reciprocally connected across the midline to give both the origin and terminal regions of the projection a patchy or \"columnar\" appearance. The commissural fibers arise from and terminate in areas of the cortex that lie between and alongside the aggregations of granule cells that distinguish SI of the rat. No commissural fibers terminate within the aggregations of layer IV cells themselves but the more superficial terminal ramifications may come to overlie these aggregations. A heterotopic projection to the contralateral second somatosensory cortex has been observed and is similar in form to the homotopic projection to SI. Many commissural fibers have crossed the midline in the corpus callosum by the day of birth but lie in the underlying white matter and do not enter the cortical plate until at least the third postnatal day. During the first postnatal week these fibers grow somewhat diffusely into the maturing cortex and their topographic and laminar pattern of distribution attains its adult characteristics by the end of the first week. Commissural axons, thus, arise from immature cells but the maturation of cell form seems to precede the ingrowth of these axons and the acquisition of commissural synapses.", "contents": "The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex. Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments have been used to demonstrate the origin and terminal distribution of commissural fibers in the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of the rat. The commissural fibers originate from pyramidal cells of all layers, but predominantly from layers III and V. The fibers terminate in a series of approximately vertical bands. In each of these there are concentrations of terminals extending from the inner portion of the molecular layer to the deep portion of layer III as well as in the superficial part of layer V, and in layer VI. Discrete vertical bands of cortex are reciprocally connected across the midline to give both the origin and terminal regions of the projection a patchy or \"columnar\" appearance. The commissural fibers arise from and terminate in areas of the cortex that lie between and alongside the aggregations of granule cells that distinguish SI of the rat. No commissural fibers terminate within the aggregations of layer IV cells themselves but the more superficial terminal ramifications may come to overlie these aggregations. A heterotopic projection to the contralateral second somatosensory cortex has been observed and is similar in form to the homotopic projection to SI. Many commissural fibers have crossed the midline in the corpus callosum by the day of birth but lie in the underlying white matter and do not enter the cortical plate until at least the third postnatal day. During the first postnatal week these fibers grow somewhat diffusely into the maturing cortex and their topographic and laminar pattern of distribution attains its adult characteristics by the end of the first week. Commissural axons, thus, arise from immature cells but the maturation of cell form seems to precede the ingrowth of these axons and the acquisition of commissural synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:950384", "title": "The effect of age on the reversibility of cellular atrophy in the LGN of the cat following monocular deprivation: a test of two hypotheses about cell growth.", "content": "Monocular closure soon after birth is known to reduce the growth of the deprived cells in the LGN provided that there are competing cells with normal input. When the closed eye was opened and the open eye closed after three of six weeks of monocular closure, the originally deprived cells in the LGN were able to recover their normal size. However, it was found that after 14 weeks of monocular closure there was no recovery. The ability of the initially closed eye to excite cells in the visual cortex is known to depend on the age when eye closure is reversed in a similar manner. Thus the growth of cells in the LGN is correlated with the possession of effective synapses upon cortical cells. This result is compatible with the possession of effective synapses upon cortical cells. This result is compatible with the hypothesis that competition occurs at the cortical level. It is argued that the alternative hypothesis of competition within the LGN predicts reversibility at any age. In some kittens, the closed eye was opened and the opposite optic nerve crushed. Some evidence was then found of structural recovery even after 14 weeks of deprivation. The hypothesis of cortical competition predicts functional recovery in such kittens, but this remains to be tested.", "contents": "The effect of age on the reversibility of cellular atrophy in the LGN of the cat following monocular deprivation: a test of two hypotheses about cell growth. Monocular closure soon after birth is known to reduce the growth of the deprived cells in the LGN provided that there are competing cells with normal input. When the closed eye was opened and the open eye closed after three of six weeks of monocular closure, the originally deprived cells in the LGN were able to recover their normal size. However, it was found that after 14 weeks of monocular closure there was no recovery. The ability of the initially closed eye to excite cells in the visual cortex is known to depend on the age when eye closure is reversed in a similar manner. Thus the growth of cells in the LGN is correlated with the possession of effective synapses upon cortical cells. This result is compatible with the possession of effective synapses upon cortical cells. This result is compatible with the hypothesis that competition occurs at the cortical level. It is argued that the alternative hypothesis of competition within the LGN predicts reversibility at any age. In some kittens, the closed eye was opened and the opposite optic nerve crushed. Some evidence was then found of structural recovery even after 14 weeks of deprivation. The hypothesis of cortical competition predicts functional recovery in such kittens, but this remains to be tested."}
{"id": "PMID:950385", "title": "Light and electron microscopy of the ground squirrel retina: functional considerations.", "content": "Light and electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated ground squirrel retinas have revealed a range of morphological subtypes of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. There are at least seven subtypes of bipolar cells. Those subtypes in which the somata were high (sclerad) in the inner nuclear layer (3 subtypes) had axon terminals low (vitread) in the inner plexiform layer, and those with somata low in the inner nuclear layer (4 subtypes) had axon terminals high in the inner plexiform layer. The bipolar subtypes with high axon terminals made flat contacts with receptor cells, whereas all but one of the bipolar subtypes with low axon terminals made ribbon-related contacts with receptor cells. There are at least five subtypes of amacrine cells. The two subtypes which the Golgi method revealed most frequently were a broad-field, unistratified neuron with a dendritic spread in excess of 1,000 mum and a narrow-field, diffuse neuron with a dendritic spread of about 30 mum. The broad-field, unistratified cell had the lowest proportion of amacrine vs. bipolar cell synaptic input of the amacrine subtypes (43%), whereas the narrow-field, diffuse cell had one of the greatest proportions of amacrine cell input (96%). There are at least 15 subtypes of ganglion cells. The proportion of synaptic inputs to these cells ranged from 21% to 100% amacrine cell synapses. An attempt has been made to relate this new knowledge of retinal circuitry to the physiological output of the ganglion cells.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy of the ground squirrel retina: functional considerations. Light and electron microscopy of Golgi-impregnated ground squirrel retinas have revealed a range of morphological subtypes of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. There are at least seven subtypes of bipolar cells. Those subtypes in which the somata were high (sclerad) in the inner nuclear layer (3 subtypes) had axon terminals low (vitread) in the inner plexiform layer, and those with somata low in the inner nuclear layer (4 subtypes) had axon terminals high in the inner plexiform layer. The bipolar subtypes with high axon terminals made flat contacts with receptor cells, whereas all but one of the bipolar subtypes with low axon terminals made ribbon-related contacts with receptor cells. There are at least five subtypes of amacrine cells. The two subtypes which the Golgi method revealed most frequently were a broad-field, unistratified neuron with a dendritic spread in excess of 1,000 mum and a narrow-field, diffuse neuron with a dendritic spread of about 30 mum. The broad-field, unistratified cell had the lowest proportion of amacrine vs. bipolar cell synaptic input of the amacrine subtypes (43%), whereas the narrow-field, diffuse cell had one of the greatest proportions of amacrine cell input (96%). There are at least 15 subtypes of ganglion cells. The proportion of synaptic inputs to these cells ranged from 21% to 100% amacrine cell synapses. An attempt has been made to relate this new knowledge of retinal circuitry to the physiological output of the ganglion cells."}
{"id": "PMID:950386", "title": "Polarization of the avian retina. Ocular transplantation studies.", "content": "The optic fiber layer of the avian retina, as seen in flat mounts, contains morphological markers of vertical and horizontal polarity. Optic vesicles were rotated in chick embryos prior to the appearance of the optic fiber layer. Later, the optic fiber pattern was examined to determin if its polarity was inverted, or upright or if its right-left asymmetry changed. Large grafts showed no tendency toward axial realignment, regardless of the stage of operation. Moderate size grafts became realigned mainly by derotation. In this process the vertical axis of the graft showed a greater tendency to derotate than the horizontal axis. Thus, left-to-right transplants, when performed prior to embryonic stage 12, developed as left retinas with normally aligned vertical axes, regardless of the degree of operative rotation. Small grafts mainly showed cross-axial regulation, as opposed to derotation; the polarity of the horizontal axis became fixed prior to the vertical axis. The equatorial zone of the optic vesicle, which lies about midway between the distal tip of the vesicle and the midline of the embryo, was included in moderate size, but not in small grafts. This zone appears critical in the transfer of morphological information to the developing retina.", "contents": "Polarization of the avian retina. Ocular transplantation studies. The optic fiber layer of the avian retina, as seen in flat mounts, contains morphological markers of vertical and horizontal polarity. Optic vesicles were rotated in chick embryos prior to the appearance of the optic fiber layer. Later, the optic fiber pattern was examined to determin if its polarity was inverted, or upright or if its right-left asymmetry changed. Large grafts showed no tendency toward axial realignment, regardless of the stage of operation. Moderate size grafts became realigned mainly by derotation. In this process the vertical axis of the graft showed a greater tendency to derotate than the horizontal axis. Thus, left-to-right transplants, when performed prior to embryonic stage 12, developed as left retinas with normally aligned vertical axes, regardless of the degree of operative rotation. Small grafts mainly showed cross-axial regulation, as opposed to derotation; the polarity of the horizontal axis became fixed prior to the vertical axis. The equatorial zone of the optic vesicle, which lies about midway between the distal tip of the vesicle and the midline of the embryo, was included in moderate size, but not in small grafts. This zone appears critical in the transfer of morphological information to the developing retina."}
{"id": "PMID:950387", "title": "Alterations in receptive field properties of superior colliculus cells produced by visual cortex ablation in infant and adult cats.", "content": "To determine if functional alterations in the superior colliculus might account for recovery of visual behaviors following visual cortex removal in infant cats, the receptive field characteristics of single units in the superior colliculus of cats whose visual cortex was removed within the first week of life were compared with those of cats which sustained visual cortex lesions in adulthood and with those of normal cats. In the normal superior colliculus, 90% of all cells responded to moving stimuli irrespective of shape or orientation. Sixty-four percent of these units were directionally selective, responding well to movement in one direction but poorly or not at all to movement in the opposite direction. Ninety percent of units were binocular, the vast majority of these responding equally to stimulation of either eye or showing only slight preference for stimulation of the contralateral eye. Responses to stationary flashes of light were observed in only 33% of all visually activated cells in the normal superior colliculus. After visual cortex ablation in adult cats, only six percent of movement sensitive cells were directionally selective. Binocular preference was shifted following adult visual cortex lesions such that sixty percent of all cells responded exclusively or predominantly to stimulation of the contralateral eye. Seventy-one percent of all visually responsive units responded to stationary lights flashed on or off within their receptive field boundaries. Lesions limited primarily to area 17 had the same effect as larger lesions of visual cortex. Infant visual cortex lesions resulted in receptive field alterations similar to those observed after adult ablation. Only fifteen percent of motion sensitive units were directionally selective. Seventy-one percent responded exclusively or predominantly to stimulation of the contralateral eye. Seventy-six percent of visually responsive cells were activated by stationary light. Lesions largely confined to area 17 produced the same alterations as more extensive lesions of visual cortex. Thus, no evidence was found that the superior colliculus is involved in the functional reorganization presumed to occur following visual cortex ablation in infant cats. Recovery of visual behaviors following neonatal injury may therefore not involve alterations in the receptive fields of single cells.", "contents": "Alterations in receptive field properties of superior colliculus cells produced by visual cortex ablation in infant and adult cats. To determine if functional alterations in the superior colliculus might account for recovery of visual behaviors following visual cortex removal in infant cats, the receptive field characteristics of single units in the superior colliculus of cats whose visual cortex was removed within the first week of life were compared with those of cats which sustained visual cortex lesions in adulthood and with those of normal cats. In the normal superior colliculus, 90% of all cells responded to moving stimuli irrespective of shape or orientation. Sixty-four percent of these units were directionally selective, responding well to movement in one direction but poorly or not at all to movement in the opposite direction. Ninety percent of units were binocular, the vast majority of these responding equally to stimulation of either eye or showing only slight preference for stimulation of the contralateral eye. Responses to stationary flashes of light were observed in only 33% of all visually activated cells in the normal superior colliculus. After visual cortex ablation in adult cats, only six percent of movement sensitive cells were directionally selective. Binocular preference was shifted following adult visual cortex lesions such that sixty percent of all cells responded exclusively or predominantly to stimulation of the contralateral eye. Seventy-one percent of all visually responsive units responded to stationary lights flashed on or off within their receptive field boundaries. Lesions limited primarily to area 17 had the same effect as larger lesions of visual cortex. Infant visual cortex lesions resulted in receptive field alterations similar to those observed after adult ablation. Only fifteen percent of motion sensitive units were directionally selective. Seventy-one percent responded exclusively or predominantly to stimulation of the contralateral eye. Seventy-six percent of visually responsive cells were activated by stationary light. Lesions largely confined to area 17 produced the same alterations as more extensive lesions of visual cortex. Thus, no evidence was found that the superior colliculus is involved in the functional reorganization presumed to occur following visual cortex ablation in infant cats. Recovery of visual behaviors following neonatal injury may therefore not involve alterations in the receptive fields of single cells."}
{"id": "PMID:950388", "title": "Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of cats. An anatomical study with the horseradish peroxidase technique.", "content": "The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to label cortical neurons which give origin to descending projections to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in kittens and adult cats. HRP was injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the dorsal medulla at, or rostral to, the level of the obex, and, in most cases, retrogradely transported HRP was visualized in cortical neurons by incubation of serial 40 mum coronal or sagittal frozen sections. In the remaining cases, 1 mm coronal or sagittal slabs through the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere were cut and incubated en bloc, and embedded in celloidin for sectioning (40 mum). HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortical projections to the DCN were layer V pyramidal cells whose largest diameter ranged from 20 to 45 mum: no \"giant\" cells were labelled. The cells appeared concentration in the fore-and hindlimb regions of the sensorimotor cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the second somatosensory area contralateral to the injected side. Labelled neurons were especially numerous in the upper bank of the cruciate sulcus and in the medial wall of the posterior sigmoid gyrus which respectively form parts of areas 4 and 3a (Hassler and Muhs-Clement, '64). The number of labelled neurons progressively diminished in the first somatosensory area proper (areas 3b, 1 and 2). Ipsilaterally, fewer labelled neurons were present, mainly in areas 4 and 3a. These results are in genral agreement with previous anatomcial and electrophysiological studies. It is suggested that previous results based upon lesions or electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in cats have failed to reveal adequately the cortical regions containing the bulk of the cells projectng to the DCN, since these regions have escaped selective experimental manipulation due to their relative inaccessibility.", "contents": "Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of cats. An anatomical study with the horseradish peroxidase technique. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to label cortical neurons which give origin to descending projections to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in kittens and adult cats. HRP was injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the dorsal medulla at, or rostral to, the level of the obex, and, in most cases, retrogradely transported HRP was visualized in cortical neurons by incubation of serial 40 mum coronal or sagittal frozen sections. In the remaining cases, 1 mm coronal or sagittal slabs through the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere were cut and incubated en bloc, and embedded in celloidin for sectioning (40 mum). HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortical projections to the DCN were layer V pyramidal cells whose largest diameter ranged from 20 to 45 mum: no \"giant\" cells were labelled. The cells appeared concentration in the fore-and hindlimb regions of the sensorimotor cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the second somatosensory area contralateral to the injected side. Labelled neurons were especially numerous in the upper bank of the cruciate sulcus and in the medial wall of the posterior sigmoid gyrus which respectively form parts of areas 4 and 3a (Hassler and Muhs-Clement, '64). The number of labelled neurons progressively diminished in the first somatosensory area proper (areas 3b, 1 and 2). Ipsilaterally, fewer labelled neurons were present, mainly in areas 4 and 3a. These results are in genral agreement with previous anatomcial and electrophysiological studies. It is suggested that previous results based upon lesions or electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in cats have failed to reveal adequately the cortical regions containing the bulk of the cells projectng to the DCN, since these regions have escaped selective experimental manipulation due to their relative inaccessibility."}
{"id": "PMID:950389", "title": "Modification of the pigeon's visual startle reaction by the sensory environment.", "content": "A series of seven experiments related amplitude and latency of the pigeon's startle response, elicited by an intense visual stimulus, to antecedent auditory and visual events in the sensory environment. The data indicated that (a) within broad limits the amplitude of the reflex is a positive function of the intensity of the sensory background prevailing at the time of startle elicitation, (b) a change in the sensory environment occurring 15-2,000 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus inhibits the amplitude of the response, and (c) a change in the sensory environment less than 10 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus reduces the latency of the response. These findings are consistent with previous research on acoustic elicited startle in the rat. The overall configuration of the results suggests that a pathway including the reticulospinal tract and the bulbopontine reticular nuclei could be the major mediator of startle. In these terms, latency-reduction effects would occur because of partial activation of this pathway, amplitude inhibition would occur because of cerebellar influence, and amplitude facilitation would reflect cerebral or striatal influences.", "contents": "Modification of the pigeon's visual startle reaction by the sensory environment. A series of seven experiments related amplitude and latency of the pigeon's startle response, elicited by an intense visual stimulus, to antecedent auditory and visual events in the sensory environment. The data indicated that (a) within broad limits the amplitude of the reflex is a positive function of the intensity of the sensory background prevailing at the time of startle elicitation, (b) a change in the sensory environment occurring 15-2,000 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus inhibits the amplitude of the response, and (c) a change in the sensory environment less than 10 msec prior to the startle-eliciting stimulus reduces the latency of the response. These findings are consistent with previous research on acoustic elicited startle in the rat. The overall configuration of the results suggests that a pathway including the reticulospinal tract and the bulbopontine reticular nuclei could be the major mediator of startle. In these terms, latency-reduction effects would occur because of partial activation of this pathway, amplitude inhibition would occur because of cerebellar influence, and amplitude facilitation would reflect cerebral or striatal influences."}
{"id": "PMID:950390", "title": "Ontogeny of defensive reactions in Norway rats.", "content": "Young rats of several ages were presented with stimuli (a caged domestic cat, a footshock, and a suddenly moving object) known to be aversive to adults and disruptive of behavior in mature animals. Twenty-day-old rats were relatively unaffected by these events, while rats aged 30 days and older tended to reduce their locomotion and freeze upon the presentation of these cues. These data are consistent with Bolles' hypothesis that shock-elicited responses are innate defensive reactions. We also suggest that the inefficient passive avoidance learning in juvenile rats may result from their deficit in shock-induced freezing.", "contents": "Ontogeny of defensive reactions in Norway rats. Young rats of several ages were presented with stimuli (a caged domestic cat, a footshock, and a suddenly moving object) known to be aversive to adults and disruptive of behavior in mature animals. Twenty-day-old rats were relatively unaffected by these events, while rats aged 30 days and older tended to reduce their locomotion and freeze upon the presentation of these cues. These data are consistent with Bolles' hypothesis that shock-elicited responses are innate defensive reactions. We also suggest that the inefficient passive avoidance learning in juvenile rats may result from their deficit in shock-induced freezing."}
{"id": "PMID:950391", "title": "Influence of physostigmine upon consolidation of memory in mice.", "content": "The influence of physostigmine upon the consolidation process was investigated in a series of four experiments. Male mice of a DBA/2J strain were trained to escape shock in a Y-maze. In Experiment 1, physostigmine (.4 mg/kg, ip) impaired a previously learned task 2 days after initial learning but improved performance 11 days after initial learning. In experiments 2 and 3, it was determined that the impairment of memory found on Day 3 was transitory and no longer evident once the drug was no longer active in an animal's system. The findings of Experiment 4, in which the Day 12 facilitory effect was examined, were essentially the same as those of Experiments 2 and 3. The results of the experimentation tend to support an inhibitory or motivational hypothesis rather than a consolidation hypothesis.", "contents": "Influence of physostigmine upon consolidation of memory in mice. The influence of physostigmine upon the consolidation process was investigated in a series of four experiments. Male mice of a DBA/2J strain were trained to escape shock in a Y-maze. In Experiment 1, physostigmine (.4 mg/kg, ip) impaired a previously learned task 2 days after initial learning but improved performance 11 days after initial learning. In experiments 2 and 3, it was determined that the impairment of memory found on Day 3 was transitory and no longer evident once the drug was no longer active in an animal's system. The findings of Experiment 4, in which the Day 12 facilitory effect was examined, were essentially the same as those of Experiments 2 and 3. The results of the experimentation tend to support an inhibitory or motivational hypothesis rather than a consolidation hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:950392", "title": "Effects of lesions of the gustatory necortex on taste aversion learning in the rat.", "content": "Normal rats and rats with lesions of the gustatory neocortex (GN) were compared for their ability to learn aversions to taste cues paired with toxicosis. When the taste presentation was followed immediately by toxicosis, normal rats and rats with lesions of the posterior (visual) neocortex learned aversions to sucrose, sodium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, and hydrochloric acid solutions. Rats with GN lesions learned aversions to all solutions except sucrose. In preference tests, all solutions were shown to be discriminable from water by both normal rats and rats with GN lesions. Under conditions in which a 6-hr delay separated taste presentation and toxicosis, normal rats again learned specific aversions to all four solutions, but rats with GN lesions failed to learn specific aversions to sucrose, sodium chloride, and hydrochloric acid solutions. It was shown that the ability of rats with GN lesions to learn aversions to sucrose and quinine depended on stimulus concentration; and it was proposed that the data could be accounted for by postulating a change in the threshold for taste-illness associations following GN lesions.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of the gustatory necortex on taste aversion learning in the rat. Normal rats and rats with lesions of the gustatory neocortex (GN) were compared for their ability to learn aversions to taste cues paired with toxicosis. When the taste presentation was followed immediately by toxicosis, normal rats and rats with lesions of the posterior (visual) neocortex learned aversions to sucrose, sodium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, and hydrochloric acid solutions. Rats with GN lesions learned aversions to all solutions except sucrose. In preference tests, all solutions were shown to be discriminable from water by both normal rats and rats with GN lesions. Under conditions in which a 6-hr delay separated taste presentation and toxicosis, normal rats again learned specific aversions to all four solutions, but rats with GN lesions failed to learn specific aversions to sucrose, sodium chloride, and hydrochloric acid solutions. It was shown that the ability of rats with GN lesions to learn aversions to sucrose and quinine depended on stimulus concentration; and it was proposed that the data could be accounted for by postulating a change in the threshold for taste-illness associations following GN lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:950393", "title": "Conditioned taste aversions and neophobia in rats with hippocampal lesions.", "content": "In the first experiment extensive hippocampal lesions retarded, but did not prohibit, the conditioning of a strong taste aversion to physiological saline (the conditioned stimulus; CS) when illness (the unconditioned stimulus; UCS) was induced by injecting rats with apomorphine 15 min following ingestion of the saline. In the second experiment hippocampal lesions reduced the aversiveness of novelty in a drinking fluid for the thirsty rat. It was suggested that the mild impairment of taste aversion learning in the rats with hippocampal lesions was not the result of destruction of mnemonic mechanisms that serve to span the long CS-UCS interval but rather that the reduced intensity of the aversion resulted from a lesion-altered neophobic disposition that weakened the saliency of the novel flavor CS.", "contents": "Conditioned taste aversions and neophobia in rats with hippocampal lesions. In the first experiment extensive hippocampal lesions retarded, but did not prohibit, the conditioning of a strong taste aversion to physiological saline (the conditioned stimulus; CS) when illness (the unconditioned stimulus; UCS) was induced by injecting rats with apomorphine 15 min following ingestion of the saline. In the second experiment hippocampal lesions reduced the aversiveness of novelty in a drinking fluid for the thirsty rat. It was suggested that the mild impairment of taste aversion learning in the rats with hippocampal lesions was not the result of destruction of mnemonic mechanisms that serve to span the long CS-UCS interval but rather that the reduced intensity of the aversion resulted from a lesion-altered neophobic disposition that weakened the saliency of the novel flavor CS."}
{"id": "PMID:950394", "title": "Cued DRL training: effects on the permanence of lesion-induced overresponding.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree to which lesions in the septum and other anatomically related structures result in the presence and/or permanence of an overresponding symptom on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL 20 sec) schedule. Animals were given 15 days of training to determine the presence or absence of overresponding. Then, animals that overresponded were divided into two groups, with one receiving 15 days of cued DRL training and 15 days of regular DRL training while the other received 30 days of regular DRL training. Overresponding occurred following lesions in septum, hippocampus, medialis dorsalis, and ventral thalamus pars dorsalis. While in effect, cued DRL facilitated performance in controls and in operated animals but did not facilitate performance following its removal in septals. Although the hippocampals continued to overrespond with extended training on a regular DRL schedule, exposure to the cued DRL allowed hippocampals to reduce responding and increase the frequency of obtained reinforcements. Lesions in medialis dorsalis and ventral thalamus led to an overresponding that disappeared with prolonged regular DRL training. Finally, it was shown that the cued DRL training actually functioned as a time-out from DRL training. The variations in the permanence of the overresponding symptom according to lesion locus preclude the identification of the lesion-induced dysfunction based solely on the presence or absence of overresponding.", "contents": "Cued DRL training: effects on the permanence of lesion-induced overresponding. The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree to which lesions in the septum and other anatomically related structures result in the presence and/or permanence of an overresponding symptom on a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL 20 sec) schedule. Animals were given 15 days of training to determine the presence or absence of overresponding. Then, animals that overresponded were divided into two groups, with one receiving 15 days of cued DRL training and 15 days of regular DRL training while the other received 30 days of regular DRL training. Overresponding occurred following lesions in septum, hippocampus, medialis dorsalis, and ventral thalamus pars dorsalis. While in effect, cued DRL facilitated performance in controls and in operated animals but did not facilitate performance following its removal in septals. Although the hippocampals continued to overrespond with extended training on a regular DRL schedule, exposure to the cued DRL allowed hippocampals to reduce responding and increase the frequency of obtained reinforcements. Lesions in medialis dorsalis and ventral thalamus led to an overresponding that disappeared with prolonged regular DRL training. Finally, it was shown that the cued DRL training actually functioned as a time-out from DRL training. The variations in the permanence of the overresponding symptom according to lesion locus preclude the identification of the lesion-induced dysfunction based solely on the presence or absence of overresponding."}
{"id": "PMID:950395", "title": "Facilitation and nonfacilitation of active avoidance behavior of rats with septal lesions in the shuttle box and running wheel.", "content": "It was hypothesized that facilitation of avoidance performance of rats with septal lesions occurs only in tasks that punish responses having the same topography as the avoidance response, such as intertrial responses, or tasks that have aversive consequences for making the avoidance response, such as a brightly illuminated safe compartment. Twenty-eight male rats were trained in two shuttle box tasks, and 24 were trained in two running-wheel avoidance tasks under conditions of punishment or nonpunishment of intertrial responses. Rats with septal lesions performed better than control rats in both the shuttle box and the wheel tasks when intertrial responses were punished. When intertrial responding was not punished, experimental and control groups did not differ in avoidance performance. Avoidance performance of punished and unpunished rats with septal lesions did not differ from each other or from unpunished control rats in either wheel or shuttle box tasks. These results were discussed in the context of the species-specific defense reaction (SSDR) avoidance theory of Bolles. It was suggested that septal lesions interfere with the suppression of ineffective SSDRs.", "contents": "Facilitation and nonfacilitation of active avoidance behavior of rats with septal lesions in the shuttle box and running wheel. It was hypothesized that facilitation of avoidance performance of rats with septal lesions occurs only in tasks that punish responses having the same topography as the avoidance response, such as intertrial responses, or tasks that have aversive consequences for making the avoidance response, such as a brightly illuminated safe compartment. Twenty-eight male rats were trained in two shuttle box tasks, and 24 were trained in two running-wheel avoidance tasks under conditions of punishment or nonpunishment of intertrial responses. Rats with septal lesions performed better than control rats in both the shuttle box and the wheel tasks when intertrial responses were punished. When intertrial responding was not punished, experimental and control groups did not differ in avoidance performance. Avoidance performance of punished and unpunished rats with septal lesions did not differ from each other or from unpunished control rats in either wheel or shuttle box tasks. These results were discussed in the context of the species-specific defense reaction (SSDR) avoidance theory of Bolles. It was suggested that septal lesions interfere with the suppression of ineffective SSDRs."}
{"id": "PMID:950396", "title": "Mechanisms for enhanced feeding in the cold in rats.", "content": "The effect of environmental cold upon feeding, food-motivated behavior, and gastric clearance of food was studied in rats. Rats ate liquid diet in either a 5 degrees C or 22 degrees C ambient temperature (TA) following (a) 24-hr food deprivation at TA of either 5 or 22 degrees C, or (b) 0- or 48-hr food deprivation at TA 22 degrees C. Rats ate more at 5 degrees C than at 22 degrees C regardless of the ambient temperature during deprivation. Rats increased feeding in the cold by increasing meal frequency but not meal size. Cold (5 degrees C) TA also enhanced the urge to eat. Rats bar pressed for food more often in the cold TA on a variable interval 30-sec schedule when gastric clearance of food was prevented by a pyloric noose and when food cleared from the stomach normally. Also, quinine adulteration of food suppressed food intake only in the 22 degrees C TA. Cold (5 degrees C) TA enhanced gastric clearance of liquid food within 20 min of ingestion. These results support the view that the peripheral sensation of cold is an adequate stimulus for feeding and that cold TA can stimulate feeding directly by increasing the urge to eat and indirectly, secondary to increased gastric clearance.", "contents": "Mechanisms for enhanced feeding in the cold in rats. The effect of environmental cold upon feeding, food-motivated behavior, and gastric clearance of food was studied in rats. Rats ate liquid diet in either a 5 degrees C or 22 degrees C ambient temperature (TA) following (a) 24-hr food deprivation at TA of either 5 or 22 degrees C, or (b) 0- or 48-hr food deprivation at TA 22 degrees C. Rats ate more at 5 degrees C than at 22 degrees C regardless of the ambient temperature during deprivation. Rats increased feeding in the cold by increasing meal frequency but not meal size. Cold (5 degrees C) TA also enhanced the urge to eat. Rats bar pressed for food more often in the cold TA on a variable interval 30-sec schedule when gastric clearance of food was prevented by a pyloric noose and when food cleared from the stomach normally. Also, quinine adulteration of food suppressed food intake only in the 22 degrees C TA. Cold (5 degrees C) TA enhanced gastric clearance of liquid food within 20 min of ingestion. These results support the view that the peripheral sensation of cold is an adequate stimulus for feeding and that cold TA can stimulate feeding directly by increasing the urge to eat and indirectly, secondary to increased gastric clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:950397", "title": "Response to lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids.", "content": "Essential amino acids most limiting for milk production and/or secretion of milk protein were determined in five trials involving infusion of amino acids into the abomasum of lactating Holstein cows. Cows were fed corn-based rations containing 10.7 to 11.5% crude protein (dry matter basis) which exceeded standard allowances for energy. All trials were Latin-square designs with 9-day periods. The abomasal infusion of methionine had no effect on secretion of milk, milk protein, or milk fat. Lysine infusion resulted in 16% of the total response in yield of milk protein that was obtained with either the 10 essential amino acids or sodium caseinate while infusion of lysine and methionine together accounted for 43% of the total response. This suggested that lysine and methionine were first and second limiting, or co-limiting, for secretion of milk protein when rations consisting primarily of corn, corn silage, and alfalfa-grass hay were fed. The primary effect was on content of milk protein rather than milk yield. In general, amino acid infusions had no effect on feed intake, milk fat, and nonprotein nitrogen content of milk. Little change occurred in concentrations in plasma of other amino acids when lysine and methionine were infused together. When concentrations were lowered, indicating increased protein synthesis, changes were too small to be statistically significant.", "contents": "Response to lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids. Essential amino acids most limiting for milk production and/or secretion of milk protein were determined in five trials involving infusion of amino acids into the abomasum of lactating Holstein cows. Cows were fed corn-based rations containing 10.7 to 11.5% crude protein (dry matter basis) which exceeded standard allowances for energy. All trials were Latin-square designs with 9-day periods. The abomasal infusion of methionine had no effect on secretion of milk, milk protein, or milk fat. Lysine infusion resulted in 16% of the total response in yield of milk protein that was obtained with either the 10 essential amino acids or sodium caseinate while infusion of lysine and methionine together accounted for 43% of the total response. This suggested that lysine and methionine were first and second limiting, or co-limiting, for secretion of milk protein when rations consisting primarily of corn, corn silage, and alfalfa-grass hay were fed. The primary effect was on content of milk protein rather than milk yield. In general, amino acid infusions had no effect on feed intake, milk fat, and nonprotein nitrogen content of milk. Little change occurred in concentrations in plasma of other amino acids when lysine and methionine were infused together. When concentrations were lowered, indicating increased protein synthesis, changes were too small to be statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:950398", "title": "Nutritive value of potato-based silages for dairy bulls.", "content": "Diet acceptability, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen and energy partition were measured in growing Holstein bulls to compare corn silage with three potato-based silages which consisted of (fresh basis): 1) 50% potatoes, 20% hay; 2) 60% potatoes, 20% hay, 20% whole oats; 3) 50% potatoes, 25% hay, 25% whole oats. The 50% potato 50% hay silage dry matter was consumed at 3.0% of body weight per day which was greater than for any of the other three silages. Consequently, daily consumption of each nutrient was generally higher for this silage even though it was lower in content of many nutritional components. Except for ether extract, the digestion coefficients for the 50% potato 50% hay silage were higher than for the other three silages. The addition of whole oats to the potato-based silage tended to depress apparent digestibility of the nutritional components below those for corn silage. Both nitrogen and energy utilization were higher for the 50% potato 50% hay silage than for any of the other three experimental silages. Efficiency of use of absorbed nitrogen was higher for the oat-containing potato-based silages than for corn silage while the oat-containing silages were comparable to corn silage in energy efficiency. The 50% potato 50% hay silage was equal or superior to corn silage in dry matter intake, overall overall digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance for growing Holstein bulls.", "contents": "Nutritive value of potato-based silages for dairy bulls. Diet acceptability, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen and energy partition were measured in growing Holstein bulls to compare corn silage with three potato-based silages which consisted of (fresh basis): 1) 50% potatoes, 20% hay; 2) 60% potatoes, 20% hay, 20% whole oats; 3) 50% potatoes, 25% hay, 25% whole oats. The 50% potato 50% hay silage dry matter was consumed at 3.0% of body weight per day which was greater than for any of the other three silages. Consequently, daily consumption of each nutrient was generally higher for this silage even though it was lower in content of many nutritional components. Except for ether extract, the digestion coefficients for the 50% potato 50% hay silage were higher than for the other three silages. The addition of whole oats to the potato-based silage tended to depress apparent digestibility of the nutritional components below those for corn silage. Both nitrogen and energy utilization were higher for the 50% potato 50% hay silage than for any of the other three experimental silages. Efficiency of use of absorbed nitrogen was higher for the oat-containing potato-based silages than for corn silage while the oat-containing silages were comparable to corn silage in energy efficiency. The 50% potato 50% hay silage was equal or superior to corn silage in dry matter intake, overall overall digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance for growing Holstein bulls."}
{"id": "PMID:950399", "title": "Plasma lipids, ketone bodies, and glucose concentrations in calves fed high- and low-fat milk replacers.", "content": "Twenty-four 5-day-old male calves were fed twice daily milk replacers containing either 5% (low-fat) or 25% (high-fat) lard. Plasma lipids, blood glucose, and ketone bodies were determined in jugular blood before feeding and every hour during 8 h after feeding. The high-fat diet caused in the 1st h after feeding a sharp increase of triglycerides and phospholipids followed by a sharp decrease; these two increased slowly during the following 5 h. Within the first 2 h after feeding, there was an increase of cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids. With the low-fat diet, triglycerides and cholesterol esters showed a small increase during the 4 h following meal whereas phospholipids, free cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids were not affected significantly. With both diets, blood glucose reached a maximum of 110 mg/100ml 1 h after feeding; ketone bodies were not altered significantly. With the high-fat diet, lipid digestion would occur in two phases; firstly, part of the fat would be lipolyzed quickly by pregastric esterase before clot formation in the abomasum; secondly, the rest of the lipids, slowly released by progressive lysis of the coagulum would be digested under the action of gastric and pancreatic lipases. The first phase did not occur with the low-fat diet.", "contents": "Plasma lipids, ketone bodies, and glucose concentrations in calves fed high- and low-fat milk replacers. Twenty-four 5-day-old male calves were fed twice daily milk replacers containing either 5% (low-fat) or 25% (high-fat) lard. Plasma lipids, blood glucose, and ketone bodies were determined in jugular blood before feeding and every hour during 8 h after feeding. The high-fat diet caused in the 1st h after feeding a sharp increase of triglycerides and phospholipids followed by a sharp decrease; these two increased slowly during the following 5 h. Within the first 2 h after feeding, there was an increase of cholesterol esters, free cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids. With the low-fat diet, triglycerides and cholesterol esters showed a small increase during the 4 h following meal whereas phospholipids, free cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids were not affected significantly. With both diets, blood glucose reached a maximum of 110 mg/100ml 1 h after feeding; ketone bodies were not altered significantly. With the high-fat diet, lipid digestion would occur in two phases; firstly, part of the fat would be lipolyzed quickly by pregastric esterase before clot formation in the abomasum; secondly, the rest of the lipids, slowly released by progressive lysis of the coagulum would be digested under the action of gastric and pancreatic lipases. The first phase did not occur with the low-fat diet."}
{"id": "PMID:950400", "title": "Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves.", "content": "Passive immunity in neonatal calves is influenced by environment. Placing newly born Holstein calves (108 head) in three different housing environments (shade, cooled shade, hutch) during hot weather produced differences in body temperature, serum cortocosteroids, immunoglobulin IgG1 concentrations, and mortality. Experimental design permitted examination of effects due to treatments, time, differences in colostrum, and climatic environment in an analysis of variance. Calves exposed to the hotter, less desirable environment responded by having a higher mortality, higher serum corticosteroid concentration, and lower serum immunoglobulin IgG1 at 2 and 10 days after birth. All of these were correlated. Calves that died had serum immunoglobulin IgG1 falling below the mean for all experimental calves.", "contents": "Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves. Passive immunity in neonatal calves is influenced by environment. Placing newly born Holstein calves (108 head) in three different housing environments (shade, cooled shade, hutch) during hot weather produced differences in body temperature, serum cortocosteroids, immunoglobulin IgG1 concentrations, and mortality. Experimental design permitted examination of effects due to treatments, time, differences in colostrum, and climatic environment in an analysis of variance. Calves exposed to the hotter, less desirable environment responded by having a higher mortality, higher serum corticosteroid concentration, and lower serum immunoglobulin IgG1 at 2 and 10 days after birth. All of these were correlated. Calves that died had serum immunoglobulin IgG1 falling below the mean for all experimental calves."}
{"id": "PMID:950401", "title": "Synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production in vitro.", "content": "Growth of a mixed ruminal population taken from a sheep on a protein-free (all urea) purified diet was estimated by an in vitro fermentation technique including precipitation of microbial protein by trichloracetic acid. Volatile fatty acid production in vitro was determined, and the associated a denosine triphosphate was estimated as moles volatile fatty acids X 2.4. On this basis, the quantity of microbial protein synthesized per mole of adenosine triphosphate increased at higher microbial growth rates.", "contents": "Synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production in vitro. Growth of a mixed ruminal population taken from a sheep on a protein-free (all urea) purified diet was estimated by an in vitro fermentation technique including precipitation of microbial protein by trichloracetic acid. Volatile fatty acid production in vitro was determined, and the associated a denosine triphosphate was estimated as moles volatile fatty acids X 2.4. On this basis, the quantity of microbial protein synthesized per mole of adenosine triphosphate increased at higher microbial growth rates."}
{"id": "PMID:950445", "title": "Changes in neurologia and myelination in the white matter of aging mice.", "content": "Changes with age were investigated in the anterior and posterior limbs of the anterior commissure of the brains of 5-mo-old and 18 mo-old mice. In the 18-mo-old animals the total number of glia was reduced by 40% in both limbs. All types of glia were reduced in numbers, the astrocytes being most affected. Ultrastructural changes were also most obvious in astrocytes. There was no significant change in the number of axons, percentage myelination, axonal diameter (myelinated or unmyelinated) nor in the mean number of myelin lamellae in either limb in the 18-mo-old animals. The percentage of redundant myelin sheaths, however, increased significantly in 18-mo-old animals.", "contents": "Changes in neurologia and myelination in the white matter of aging mice. Changes with age were investigated in the anterior and posterior limbs of the anterior commissure of the brains of 5-mo-old and 18 mo-old mice. In the 18-mo-old animals the total number of glia was reduced by 40% in both limbs. All types of glia were reduced in numbers, the astrocytes being most affected. Ultrastructural changes were also most obvious in astrocytes. There was no significant change in the number of axons, percentage myelination, axonal diameter (myelinated or unmyelinated) nor in the mean number of myelin lamellae in either limb in the 18-mo-old animals. The percentage of redundant myelin sheaths, however, increased significantly in 18-mo-old animals."}
{"id": "PMID:950446", "title": "Fatty marrow in the vertebrae. A parameter for hematopoietic activity in the aged.", "content": "Fatty alteration of bone marrow was analyzed in upper lumbar vertebrae obtained from 94 autopsies. Of these, 85 were from individuals over 60 years of age. Fatty marrows were classified grossly into three groups: Group I, a massive type, Group II, a moderate or less significant type; Group III, a nonfatty type. Fatty marrows of Groups I and II were found most frequently in the older subjects. They were not observed (0/9) below 60 years of age, but were present in 42% (5/12) in the 6th decade, 61% (23/38) in the 7th decade, 76% (25/33) in the 8th decade, and 100% (2/2) in the 9th decade. This may relate to a decreasing volume of a reservoir stem cell compartment for blood cell generation. Since the vertebral marrow is the last reserve site for hematopoietic activity, the volume of fatty marrow in the vertebrae may be used as a parameter for the estimation of hematopoietic activity in the entire skeletal system in the aged.", "contents": "Fatty marrow in the vertebrae. A parameter for hematopoietic activity in the aged. Fatty alteration of bone marrow was analyzed in upper lumbar vertebrae obtained from 94 autopsies. Of these, 85 were from individuals over 60 years of age. Fatty marrows were classified grossly into three groups: Group I, a massive type, Group II, a moderate or less significant type; Group III, a nonfatty type. Fatty marrows of Groups I and II were found most frequently in the older subjects. They were not observed (0/9) below 60 years of age, but were present in 42% (5/12) in the 6th decade, 61% (23/38) in the 7th decade, 76% (25/33) in the 8th decade, and 100% (2/2) in the 9th decade. This may relate to a decreasing volume of a reservoir stem cell compartment for blood cell generation. Since the vertebral marrow is the last reserve site for hematopoietic activity, the volume of fatty marrow in the vertebrae may be used as a parameter for the estimation of hematopoietic activity in the entire skeletal system in the aged."}
{"id": "PMID:950447", "title": "Age-related decrement in hearing for speech. Sampling and longitudinal studies.", "content": "A 10-year study was conducted in which 282 adults in age decades of 20 through 80 were tested in a comprehensive battery of tasks requiring the perception of speech under a variety of conditions in which the speech signal was degraded. The original results were plotted to reveal the differences in performance of the population samples of each decade. In follow-up studies, after 3 years and again after 7 years, samples of the original subject population were retested. The results of the first, stratified sampling and of the longitudinal studies are compared. The two most apparent trends are: (1) the perception of degraded (distorted and competed) speech undergoes a noticeable decline beginning with the 5th decade of life, and (2) the decline is sharply steeper in the 7th decade.", "contents": "Age-related decrement in hearing for speech. Sampling and longitudinal studies. A 10-year study was conducted in which 282 adults in age decades of 20 through 80 were tested in a comprehensive battery of tasks requiring the perception of speech under a variety of conditions in which the speech signal was degraded. The original results were plotted to reveal the differences in performance of the population samples of each decade. In follow-up studies, after 3 years and again after 7 years, samples of the original subject population were retested. The results of the first, stratified sampling and of the longitudinal studies are compared. The two most apparent trends are: (1) the perception of degraded (distorted and competed) speech undergoes a noticeable decline beginning with the 5th decade of life, and (2) the decline is sharply steeper in the 7th decade."}
{"id": "PMID:950448", "title": "A relationship between functional age and health status in female subjects.", "content": "A multiple regression equation was used to predict age from seven clinical variables in 1080 apparently well female subjects. A multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0.77 was achieved by five of the variables: timed forced expiratory volume, systolic blood pressure, plasma urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of selection by medical questionnaire responses and other objective criteria, 9% of the subjects were nonsmokers and healthier than the rest. These selected subjects showed a significant reduction in preducted age. Within this group, subjective perception of health was associated with differences in predicted age: poor health with an increase and good health with a decrease in functional age. This study of functional age was based on the healthiest segment of the population in order to minimize the effect of overt pathological processes on the aging rate. An association has been demonstrated between health impairment and predicted age as a measure of the aging rate.", "contents": "A relationship between functional age and health status in female subjects. A multiple regression equation was used to predict age from seven clinical variables in 1080 apparently well female subjects. A multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0.77 was achieved by five of the variables: timed forced expiratory volume, systolic blood pressure, plasma urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of selection by medical questionnaire responses and other objective criteria, 9% of the subjects were nonsmokers and healthier than the rest. These selected subjects showed a significant reduction in preducted age. Within this group, subjective perception of health was associated with differences in predicted age: poor health with an increase and good health with a decrease in functional age. This study of functional age was based on the healthiest segment of the population in order to minimize the effect of overt pathological processes on the aging rate. An association has been demonstrated between health impairment and predicted age as a measure of the aging rate."}
{"id": "PMID:950449", "title": "Effects of age and frequency of stimulus repetitions on two-choice reaction time.", "content": "Binary choice-reaction times for 123 males, 25-79 years of age, were obtained in a sequence of discrete trials in which the proportion of occasions that the same stimulus was presented twice in succession varied from .25, .50, and .75 or from .75, .50, and .25 over successive thirds of the sequence. Stimulus alternations were responded to more rapidly than stimulus repetitions by subjects in all age groups, especially in trial blocks with .75 alterations. The absolute differences in mean reaction time to stimulus alterations and repetitions increased with age. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reaction times are affected both by pre-existing expectations for stimulus alternations as well as expectations for stimulus alternations or repetitions developed during the course of the experiment. Mean response latency as well as between- and within-subject variability in performance increased with age. Analyses of frequency distributions of the reaction times indicated that the psychomotor component of reaction time increases with age while the decision-making component becomes more variable.", "contents": "Effects of age and frequency of stimulus repetitions on two-choice reaction time. Binary choice-reaction times for 123 males, 25-79 years of age, were obtained in a sequence of discrete trials in which the proportion of occasions that the same stimulus was presented twice in succession varied from .25, .50, and .75 or from .75, .50, and .25 over successive thirds of the sequence. Stimulus alternations were responded to more rapidly than stimulus repetitions by subjects in all age groups, especially in trial blocks with .75 alterations. The absolute differences in mean reaction time to stimulus alterations and repetitions increased with age. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that reaction times are affected both by pre-existing expectations for stimulus alternations as well as expectations for stimulus alternations or repetitions developed during the course of the experiment. Mean response latency as well as between- and within-subject variability in performance increased with age. Analyses of frequency distributions of the reaction times indicated that the psychomotor component of reaction time increases with age while the decision-making component becomes more variable."}
{"id": "PMID:950450", "title": "Age differences in personality structure: a cluster analytic approach.", "content": "A cluster analytic approach was used to determine possible age differences in the structure of personality as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Subjects were 969 adult male volunteers, originally divided into three groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 54, and 55 to 82. Two familiar dimensions of personality, Anxiety-Adjustment and Introversion-Extraversion, were found to be cross sectionally stable. A third cluster dimension, interpreted as openness to experience, showed age-related differences. Young subjects showed openness to feelings; middle-aged subjects showed openness to ideas; and old subjects showed a balanced openness to both feelings and ideas. Repartitioning of the sample into two groups (ages 25 to 43 and 44 to 82), and three groups (25 to 39, 40 to 47, and 48 to 82) confirmed these age differences in the third cluster. The interpretation of the third cluster is discussed in terms of Jung's concepts of psychological functions.", "contents": "Age differences in personality structure: a cluster analytic approach. A cluster analytic approach was used to determine possible age differences in the structure of personality as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Subjects were 969 adult male volunteers, originally divided into three groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 54, and 55 to 82. Two familiar dimensions of personality, Anxiety-Adjustment and Introversion-Extraversion, were found to be cross sectionally stable. A third cluster dimension, interpreted as openness to experience, showed age-related differences. Young subjects showed openness to feelings; middle-aged subjects showed openness to ideas; and old subjects showed a balanced openness to both feelings and ideas. Repartitioning of the sample into two groups (ages 25 to 43 and 44 to 82), and three groups (25 to 39, 40 to 47, and 48 to 82) confirmed these age differences in the third cluster. The interpretation of the third cluster is discussed in terms of Jung's concepts of psychological functions."}
{"id": "PMID:950451", "title": "Cautiousness in adulthood as a function of age and instructions.", "content": "Forty-eight younger (average CA = 21.71, SD = 3.58) and older (average CA = 69.31, SD = 3.84) males participated in a vocabulary task involving varying degrees of risk under neutral, supportive, and challenging instructions. The results indicated that older adults were more cautious than younger adults. Moreover, they selected tasks at which they would have higher probabilities of success; relative to their younger counterparts, they were less likely to raise their level of aspiration following success. No effect of instructions on cautiousness was found for either age group. The results were interpreted as indicative of the significant age differences in the achievement motivational dispositions of the groups. The findings suggest that older adults choose relatively easy tasks as a means of protecting themselves from engaging in self-evaluation of important ability dimensions.", "contents": "Cautiousness in adulthood as a function of age and instructions. Forty-eight younger (average CA = 21.71, SD = 3.58) and older (average CA = 69.31, SD = 3.84) males participated in a vocabulary task involving varying degrees of risk under neutral, supportive, and challenging instructions. The results indicated that older adults were more cautious than younger adults. Moreover, they selected tasks at which they would have higher probabilities of success; relative to their younger counterparts, they were less likely to raise their level of aspiration following success. No effect of instructions on cautiousness was found for either age group. The results were interpreted as indicative of the significant age differences in the achievement motivational dispositions of the groups. The findings suggest that older adults choose relatively easy tasks as a means of protecting themselves from engaging in self-evaluation of important ability dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:950452", "title": "Age differences in humor comprehension and appreciation in old age.", "content": "Ninety-six subjects in three age groups (50-59, 60-69, 70-79) who resided at home were tested on their appreciation and comprehension of 12 conservation and 12 nonconservation jokes. The conservation jokes depended on the Piagetian concepts of conservation of mass, weight, and volume for their comprehension. Cognitive ability of the subjects on the three conservation tasks was also tested. Appreciation increased with age and comprehension decreased with age for both types of jokes. The ability to conserve volume declined with age. Among conservers of volume, appreciation of conservation of volume jokes increased with age; among nonconservers, it tended to decrease. The study provided some support to the hypothesis that the cognitive perceptual theory of humor applies in old age as it does in childhood, with appreciation depending on a match between ability level and the cognitive demand of the joke.", "contents": "Age differences in humor comprehension and appreciation in old age. Ninety-six subjects in three age groups (50-59, 60-69, 70-79) who resided at home were tested on their appreciation and comprehension of 12 conservation and 12 nonconservation jokes. The conservation jokes depended on the Piagetian concepts of conservation of mass, weight, and volume for their comprehension. Cognitive ability of the subjects on the three conservation tasks was also tested. Appreciation increased with age and comprehension decreased with age for both types of jokes. The ability to conserve volume declined with age. Among conservers of volume, appreciation of conservation of volume jokes increased with age; among nonconservers, it tended to decrease. The study provided some support to the hypothesis that the cognitive perceptual theory of humor applies in old age as it does in childhood, with appreciation depending on a match between ability level and the cognitive demand of the joke."}
{"id": "PMID:950453", "title": "A seven-year follow-up of intelligence test scores of foster grandparents.", "content": "After 7 years, a group of originally nonemployed poverty-level older people (over 60) who had been employed as foster grandparents were retested with the WAIS. Four WAIS subtests - Vocabulary Similarities, Digit Span, and Block Design - were employed. Of the original group of 39, complete data were available for 28; 18 of these were still working on the project, and the other 10 had dropped out. Dropouts as a group tested lower originally and also showed more deterioration in functional health ratings over time. For the total group of 32 foster grandparents, three subtest scores showed stability over the 7 years. Only Digit Span showed a statistically significant drop. Neither age nor the initial level of health or WAIS scores was related to test-score changes over time.", "contents": "A seven-year follow-up of intelligence test scores of foster grandparents. After 7 years, a group of originally nonemployed poverty-level older people (over 60) who had been employed as foster grandparents were retested with the WAIS. Four WAIS subtests - Vocabulary Similarities, Digit Span, and Block Design - were employed. Of the original group of 39, complete data were available for 28; 18 of these were still working on the project, and the other 10 had dropped out. Dropouts as a group tested lower originally and also showed more deterioration in functional health ratings over time. For the total group of 32 foster grandparents, three subtest scores showed stability over the 7 years. Only Digit Span showed a statistically significant drop. Neither age nor the initial level of health or WAIS scores was related to test-score changes over time."}
{"id": "PMID:950454", "title": "Attitudes toward aging and towards the needs of older people.", "content": "In order to explore the underlying dimensionality of beliefs about aging, two sets of opinion statements (one dealing with general attitudes toward aging and the other with programmatic issues) were factor analyzed for two age groups: persons under 60 (N = 290) and persons 60 and older (N = 181). For the first set of social-psychological belief statements, a common factor structure was found for the two age groups. For the second set of programmatic statements, there was some communality between age groups, but most of the items loading on the factors tended to be age-specific. The belief structure of the older group was generally more complex and variegated than was the case with the younger group. Except where the items were personal relevance, positive and negative items tended to load on separate, unipolar factors.", "contents": "Attitudes toward aging and towards the needs of older people. In order to explore the underlying dimensionality of beliefs about aging, two sets of opinion statements (one dealing with general attitudes toward aging and the other with programmatic issues) were factor analyzed for two age groups: persons under 60 (N = 290) and persons 60 and older (N = 181). For the first set of social-psychological belief statements, a common factor structure was found for the two age groups. For the second set of programmatic statements, there was some communality between age groups, but most of the items loading on the factors tended to be age-specific. The belief structure of the older group was generally more complex and variegated than was the case with the younger group. Except where the items were personal relevance, positive and negative items tended to load on separate, unipolar factors."}
{"id": "PMID:950455", "title": "Predicting the dimensions of life satisfaction.", "content": "Taking multidimensional life satisfaction as the basic premise of this study, a four-equation multiple regression model was constructed for its prediction. The set of regressors included some conventional biographical characteristics, a number of activity variables, and three indicators of retirement experience. A stepwise regression estimation method was adopted. Results indicated that the pattern of regressor influence varied greatly between equations, providing fairly specific evidence on a number of previously espoused hypotheses. In particular, the Activity perspective on aging was found to be important in the prediction of over-all affect or mood tone, but of little relevance for the other dimensions of life satisfaction, and a modicum of support for the Disengagement perspective was observed.", "contents": "Predicting the dimensions of life satisfaction. Taking multidimensional life satisfaction as the basic premise of this study, a four-equation multiple regression model was constructed for its prediction. The set of regressors included some conventional biographical characteristics, a number of activity variables, and three indicators of retirement experience. A stepwise regression estimation method was adopted. Results indicated that the pattern of regressor influence varied greatly between equations, providing fairly specific evidence on a number of previously espoused hypotheses. In particular, the Activity perspective on aging was found to be important in the prediction of over-all affect or mood tone, but of little relevance for the other dimensions of life satisfaction, and a modicum of support for the Disengagement perspective was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:950456", "title": "Expectancy theory prediction of the preference to remain employed or to retire.", "content": "Vroom's (1964) expectancy theory model was used to predict older workers' choices between continued employment or immediate retirement. It was hypothesized that a person's preference for one of the two alternatives would be a function of the differences between the instrumentality of employment and the instrumentality of retirement for the attainment of outcomes, multiplied by the valence of each outcome, summed over outcomes. To test this, 290 Israeli male workers, aged 57 to 64, were interviewed. Measures included: preference for employment or retirement; valences of 35 outcomes; perceived instrumentalities of employment and retirement. The results supported the hypothesis (R = .40; p less than .01). It is suggested that further research along these lines could equip organizations with a tool for assisting older employees in the transition to retirement or for encouraging those who are still capable of making a significant contribution to remain employed.", "contents": "Expectancy theory prediction of the preference to remain employed or to retire. Vroom's (1964) expectancy theory model was used to predict older workers' choices between continued employment or immediate retirement. It was hypothesized that a person's preference for one of the two alternatives would be a function of the differences between the instrumentality of employment and the instrumentality of retirement for the attainment of outcomes, multiplied by the valence of each outcome, summed over outcomes. To test this, 290 Israeli male workers, aged 57 to 64, were interviewed. Measures included: preference for employment or retirement; valences of 35 outcomes; perceived instrumentalities of employment and retirement. The results supported the hypothesis (R = .40; p less than .01). It is suggested that further research along these lines could equip organizations with a tool for assisting older employees in the transition to retirement or for encouraging those who are still capable of making a significant contribution to remain employed."}
{"id": "PMID:950457", "title": "Inpatient care or outplacement: which is better for the psychiatric medically infirm patient?", "content": "Eighty-four geriatirc ward patients were randomly assigned to groups targeted for outplacement planning or inpatient care. During the following year, half of the former were placed in community settings while nearly all of the latter remained in the hospital. Neither the physical health, level of self-care, or psychiatric condition ratings of the two groups changed differentially over that time. However, the mean Morale Inventory score of the outplacement sample improved while that of the in-patient group remained static. Additional analyses were run between three groups - outplacement planning subjects who were released, those who were not released, and inpatient planning men who were not released. These results confirmed those of the first analyses; the only significant difference appeared on the Morale Inventory, the patients who left showing more improvement than the other two groups. The results argue for an increased emphasis on outplacement programs among geriatric patients.", "contents": "Inpatient care or outplacement: which is better for the psychiatric medically infirm patient? Eighty-four geriatirc ward patients were randomly assigned to groups targeted for outplacement planning or inpatient care. During the following year, half of the former were placed in community settings while nearly all of the latter remained in the hospital. Neither the physical health, level of self-care, or psychiatric condition ratings of the two groups changed differentially over that time. However, the mean Morale Inventory score of the outplacement sample improved while that of the in-patient group remained static. Additional analyses were run between three groups - outplacement planning subjects who were released, those who were not released, and inpatient planning men who were not released. These results confirmed those of the first analyses; the only significant difference appeared on the Morale Inventory, the patients who left showing more improvement than the other two groups. The results argue for an increased emphasis on outplacement programs among geriatric patients."}
{"id": "PMID:950458", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of extraperoxisomal catalase. I. Sheep liver.", "content": "In sheep hepatocytes catalase activity was demonstrated both within peroxisomes and within the cytosol. In the cytosol the catalase reaction product is contiguous to the plasma membrane and surrounds the nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. This is the first cytochemical demonstration of guine extraperoxisomal catalase. No catalase reaction product was seen in the cytosol of nonparenchymal cells. To demonstrate catalase, both glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde fixation were used, followed by a diaminobenzidine technique modified from Novikoff and Goldfischer. Control reactions were performed to distinguish catalase reaction product from adsorption of oxidized diaminobenzidine and from precipitate due to oxidase-, peroxidase- or heat-stable peroxidatic activities. The results were evaluated in the light and electron microscopes.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of extraperoxisomal catalase. I. Sheep liver. In sheep hepatocytes catalase activity was demonstrated both within peroxisomes and within the cytosol. In the cytosol the catalase reaction product is contiguous to the plasma membrane and surrounds the nuclei, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cisternae, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. This is the first cytochemical demonstration of guine extraperoxisomal catalase. No catalase reaction product was seen in the cytosol of nonparenchymal cells. To demonstrate catalase, both glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde fixation were used, followed by a diaminobenzidine technique modified from Novikoff and Goldfischer. Control reactions were performed to distinguish catalase reaction product from adsorption of oxidized diaminobenzidine and from precipitate due to oxidase-, peroxidase- or heat-stable peroxidatic activities. The results were evaluated in the light and electron microscopes."}
{"id": "PMID:950460", "title": "Induction of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in human macrophages by soluble lymphocyte products.", "content": "Autoradiography and light microscopy were used to study the effects of lymphocyte culture supernatants, prepared under a variety of conditions, on the course of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Supernatants prepared by incubating lymphocytes of dye test- (DT) positive subjects with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA), lymphocytes of DT/negative subjects with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), or both populations of lymphocytes with concanavalin A (Con A) were capable of activating macrophages to inhibit or kill intracellular T. gondii. Supernatants prepared with the homologous antigen (TLA) to the target organism appeared more active in conferring resistance to infection with T. gondii on macrophages than those prepared with a heterologous antigen (SK-SD) or mitogen (Con A). The number of lymphocytes was critical in preparing active supernatants. These results suggest that soluble lymphocyte mediators can activate human macrophages in vitro to inhibit or kill T. gondii.", "contents": "Induction of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in human macrophages by soluble lymphocyte products. Autoradiography and light microscopy were used to study the effects of lymphocyte culture supernatants, prepared under a variety of conditions, on the course of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Supernatants prepared by incubating lymphocytes of dye test- (DT) positive subjects with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA), lymphocytes of DT/negative subjects with streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), or both populations of lymphocytes with concanavalin A (Con A) were capable of activating macrophages to inhibit or kill intracellular T. gondii. Supernatants prepared with the homologous antigen (TLA) to the target organism appeared more active in conferring resistance to infection with T. gondii on macrophages than those prepared with a heterologous antigen (SK-SD) or mitogen (Con A). The number of lymphocytes was critical in preparing active supernatants. These results suggest that soluble lymphocyte mediators can activate human macrophages in vitro to inhibit or kill T. gondii."}
{"id": "PMID:950461", "title": "Purification of native properdin by reversed affinity chromatography and its activation by proteolytic enzymes.", "content": "A highly purified preparation of human properdin (P) has been obtained in a simple two-step procedure utilizing reversed application of the technique of affinity chromatography. The method involved precipitation of properdin from human serum and subsequent passage through an immunoadsorbent column of Sepharose anti-RP globulin which bound the contaminating proteins. The immunochemical properties of the isolated properdin (P) was found to be different from those of activated properdin (P). P was shown to be a 6.1S, beta2 globulin with a mean subunit m.w. of 57,900. P on the other hand was a 5.1S protein with gamma2 mobility and a subunit m.w. of 53,000 daltons. Double diffusion analysis using anti-P revealed a reaction of identity between P and P. However, when the reaction was developed with anti-P, a reaction of partial identity was obtained and the precipitin line of P was seen to spur over the line developed with P. Mild treatment with plasmin or trypsin converted P to P. Unlike P, P was ineffective in triggering the activation of the Properdin System in RP unless trace amounts of zymosan were added. Under these conditions P was found to be converted to P. The results indicate that properdin is present in fresh serum in a precursor form and its activation to P involves a limited proteolytic cleavage of the molecule.", "contents": "Purification of native properdin by reversed affinity chromatography and its activation by proteolytic enzymes. A highly purified preparation of human properdin (P) has been obtained in a simple two-step procedure utilizing reversed application of the technique of affinity chromatography. The method involved precipitation of properdin from human serum and subsequent passage through an immunoadsorbent column of Sepharose anti-RP globulin which bound the contaminating proteins. The immunochemical properties of the isolated properdin (P) was found to be different from those of activated properdin (P). P was shown to be a 6.1S, beta2 globulin with a mean subunit m.w. of 57,900. P on the other hand was a 5.1S protein with gamma2 mobility and a subunit m.w. of 53,000 daltons. Double diffusion analysis using anti-P revealed a reaction of identity between P and P. However, when the reaction was developed with anti-P, a reaction of partial identity was obtained and the precipitin line of P was seen to spur over the line developed with P. Mild treatment with plasmin or trypsin converted P to P. Unlike P, P was ineffective in triggering the activation of the Properdin System in RP unless trace amounts of zymosan were added. Under these conditions P was found to be converted to P. The results indicate that properdin is present in fresh serum in a precursor form and its activation to P involves a limited proteolytic cleavage of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:950462", "title": "Control of Fc and C3 receptors on myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "An experimental system has been developed to study in cloned lines of cells the control of Fc and C3 receptors by different compounds. The cells used were clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells and the compounds used were the protein MGI2 (macrophage and granulocyte inducer) in serum from mice injected with bacterial endotoxin and the steroid inducer (SI) dexamethasone. Eight clones were isolated which could be divided into three groups. One group (MGI+SI+) was induced to form EA and EAC rosettes by MGI and only EAC rosettes by SI, the second group (MGI-SI+) was not inducible by MGI but was induced by SI to form EA or EA and EAC rosettes, and the third group (MGI-SI-) was not inducible for EA or EAC by MGI or SI. There were two types of MGI+SI+ clones, one type (D+) could be induced by MGI to differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes, and the other type (D-) could not be induced to differentiate to mature cells. The MGI-SI+ and MGI-SI- clones were all D-. The results indicate that there are different cellular sites for MGI and SI and that induction of EA and EAC rosettes did not seem to be mediated by cyclic AMP. Experiments with specifically bound 3H-BSA-anti-BSA complexes have indicated that there was an increase in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell following induction by MGI or SI, and there were differences in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell in different clones. These clones also showed differences in the shape of the curve for the number of EA rosette-forming cells obtained with erythrocytes coated with decreasing concentrations of antibody. The results suggest that such curves and those obtained with EAC rosettes can be used to determine the relative abundance of EA and EAC receptors on rosette-forming cells. EA rosettes on the myeloid leukemic cells, like those on normal macrophages and granulocytes, were specifically inhibited by IgG2a and by the Fc but not the Fab fragment of IgG. The EAC rosettes were inhibited by destroying the C3 component of complement. The different clones maintained their specific properties for at least 6 months in culture. The present system should, therefore, also be useful for studies on the genetic control of the regulation of Fc and C3 receptors.", "contents": "Control of Fc and C3 receptors on myeloid leukemic cells. An experimental system has been developed to study in cloned lines of cells the control of Fc and C3 receptors by different compounds. The cells used were clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells and the compounds used were the protein MGI2 (macrophage and granulocyte inducer) in serum from mice injected with bacterial endotoxin and the steroid inducer (SI) dexamethasone. Eight clones were isolated which could be divided into three groups. One group (MGI+SI+) was induced to form EA and EAC rosettes by MGI and only EAC rosettes by SI, the second group (MGI-SI+) was not inducible by MGI but was induced by SI to form EA or EA and EAC rosettes, and the third group (MGI-SI-) was not inducible for EA or EAC by MGI or SI. There were two types of MGI+SI+ clones, one type (D+) could be induced by MGI to differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes, and the other type (D-) could not be induced to differentiate to mature cells. The MGI-SI+ and MGI-SI- clones were all D-. The results indicate that there are different cellular sites for MGI and SI and that induction of EA and EAC rosettes did not seem to be mediated by cyclic AMP. Experiments with specifically bound 3H-BSA-anti-BSA complexes have indicated that there was an increase in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell following induction by MGI or SI, and there were differences in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell in different clones. These clones also showed differences in the shape of the curve for the number of EA rosette-forming cells obtained with erythrocytes coated with decreasing concentrations of antibody. The results suggest that such curves and those obtained with EAC rosettes can be used to determine the relative abundance of EA and EAC receptors on rosette-forming cells. EA rosettes on the myeloid leukemic cells, like those on normal macrophages and granulocytes, were specifically inhibited by IgG2a and by the Fc but not the Fab fragment of IgG. The EAC rosettes were inhibited by destroying the C3 component of complement. The different clones maintained their specific properties for at least 6 months in culture. The present system should, therefore, also be useful for studies on the genetic control of the regulation of Fc and C3 receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:950463", "title": "Immunoglobulin binding by mouse intestinal epithelial cell receptors.", "content": "The IgG receptors involved in transporting maternal antibodies to the blood stream of the young mouse were studied by feeding internally labeled mouse myeloma proteins and enzymatically generated specific fragments of these proteins. The data obtained from competition experiments showed the following: 1) intestinal receptors have a single specificity which is directed against IgG Fc determinants; 2) IgG subclass proteins differ in their affinities for the receptors and thus have similar but not identical Fc recognition sites; 3) the order of affinities of the IgG subclass proteins for the receptors correlates with the relative concentrations of the four subclass proteins in mouse milk; and 4) several subfractions of the Fc fragment were inactive in binding to the receptors. In many of their properties the intestinal receptors resemble the Fc receptors on other cell types, but they are apparently unique in their ability to bind tightly non-aggregated IgG molecules.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin binding by mouse intestinal epithelial cell receptors. The IgG receptors involved in transporting maternal antibodies to the blood stream of the young mouse were studied by feeding internally labeled mouse myeloma proteins and enzymatically generated specific fragments of these proteins. The data obtained from competition experiments showed the following: 1) intestinal receptors have a single specificity which is directed against IgG Fc determinants; 2) IgG subclass proteins differ in their affinities for the receptors and thus have similar but not identical Fc recognition sites; 3) the order of affinities of the IgG subclass proteins for the receptors correlates with the relative concentrations of the four subclass proteins in mouse milk; and 4) several subfractions of the Fc fragment were inactive in binding to the receptors. In many of their properties the intestinal receptors resemble the Fc receptors on other cell types, but they are apparently unique in their ability to bind tightly non-aggregated IgG molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:950464", "title": "Strain-, age-, and tumor-dependent distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in thymocytes of mice.", "content": "The distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) peak I and peak II in thymuses and peripheral lymphoid tissues was examined in a variety of mouse strains in relation to tumor burden and age. TdT peak I was found to be present in all strains at comparable levels, which did not change with age. TdT peak II levels were also comparable for the strains examined at 1 week of age. In contrast to peak I, however, in NIH Swiss and AKR mice, peak II activity decreased rapidly at 2 weeks of age and by 6 weeks of age less than 2% of the initial activity remained. In C57BL/6 mice there was a similar loss of peak II activity with age although this change started at about 4 months of age and by 8 months of age approximately 15% of the initial activity remained. These changes did not appear to be due to the presence of an inhibitor. Leukemic C57BL/6 and AKR mice were also examined for TdT. Both strains characteristically had TdT peak I in peripheral lymphoid tissues infiltrated with transformed thymocytes. AKR mice had only TdT peak I in the thymus, whereas C57BL/6 thymuses had both peak I and II at levels comparable to age-matched controls. No aberrant distribution of TdT was observed in a spontaneous reticulum cell sarcoma or Rauscher MuLV-induced erythroblastosis.", "contents": "Strain-, age-, and tumor-dependent distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in thymocytes of mice. The distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) peak I and peak II in thymuses and peripheral lymphoid tissues was examined in a variety of mouse strains in relation to tumor burden and age. TdT peak I was found to be present in all strains at comparable levels, which did not change with age. TdT peak II levels were also comparable for the strains examined at 1 week of age. In contrast to peak I, however, in NIH Swiss and AKR mice, peak II activity decreased rapidly at 2 weeks of age and by 6 weeks of age less than 2% of the initial activity remained. In C57BL/6 mice there was a similar loss of peak II activity with age although this change started at about 4 months of age and by 8 months of age approximately 15% of the initial activity remained. These changes did not appear to be due to the presence of an inhibitor. Leukemic C57BL/6 and AKR mice were also examined for TdT. Both strains characteristically had TdT peak I in peripheral lymphoid tissues infiltrated with transformed thymocytes. AKR mice had only TdT peak I in the thymus, whereas C57BL/6 thymuses had both peak I and II at levels comparable to age-matched controls. No aberrant distribution of TdT was observed in a spontaneous reticulum cell sarcoma or Rauscher MuLV-induced erythroblastosis."}
{"id": "PMID:950465", "title": "C3 requirements for formation of alternative pathway C5 convertase.", "content": "Although alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases both have active proteolytic sites dependent on the same protein, Bb, the quantitative requirements for the expression of these activities are sufficiently different to permit their delineation in terms of B input an cell-bound C3b. That the labile component of each active site is Bb was established by their parallel decay rates, regeneration of the original specificities with B in the presence of D, and stabilization of each convertase by C3NeF. The evidence that the spatial relationships of Bb and C3b on the cell surface for C3 and C5 convertase activities are distinct is based not only upon the decay and regeneration of each original convertase but more so upon their interconversion. C3 convertase is converted to C5 convertase by interaction with additional C3 whereas C5 convertase reverts to a C3 convertase by treatment with C3 INA. The capacity of C3 INA treatment to abolish C5 convertase sites without affecting C3 convertase sites indicates the existence of two functional species of C3b, one of which is protected in the C3bBb complex whereas the other is exposed.", "contents": "C3 requirements for formation of alternative pathway C5 convertase. Although alternative pathway C3 and C5 convertases both have active proteolytic sites dependent on the same protein, Bb, the quantitative requirements for the expression of these activities are sufficiently different to permit their delineation in terms of B input an cell-bound C3b. That the labile component of each active site is Bb was established by their parallel decay rates, regeneration of the original specificities with B in the presence of D, and stabilization of each convertase by C3NeF. The evidence that the spatial relationships of Bb and C3b on the cell surface for C3 and C5 convertase activities are distinct is based not only upon the decay and regeneration of each original convertase but more so upon their interconversion. C3 convertase is converted to C5 convertase by interaction with additional C3 whereas C5 convertase reverts to a C3 convertase by treatment with C3 INA. The capacity of C3 INA treatment to abolish C5 convertase sites without affecting C3 convertase sites indicates the existence of two functional species of C3b, one of which is protected in the C3bBb complex whereas the other is exposed."}
{"id": "PMID:950466", "title": "Altered lymphocyte functions in rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. II. Suppressor cells.", "content": "Spleens from tumor-bearing rats contained a population of adherent cells that suppressed lymphocyte responses to Con A and LPS and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). By use of various fractionation procedures, Ig+ cells, T cells, and null cells were excluded as candidates for the suppressor cell activity. Procedures that removed macrophages abolished the suppressive activity whereas those procedures that enriched for or involved direct addition of macrophages resulted in augmented suppression. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the suppressor elements in spleens of tumor-bearing rats were macrophages.", "contents": "Altered lymphocyte functions in rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. II. Suppressor cells. Spleens from tumor-bearing rats contained a population of adherent cells that suppressed lymphocyte responses to Con A and LPS and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). By use of various fractionation procedures, Ig+ cells, T cells, and null cells were excluded as candidates for the suppressor cell activity. Procedures that removed macrophages abolished the suppressive activity whereas those procedures that enriched for or involved direct addition of macrophages resulted in augmented suppression. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the suppressor elements in spleens of tumor-bearing rats were macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:950467", "title": "In vitro activation of mouse macrophages by rat lymphocyte mediators.", "content": "Macrophage-activating factors (MAF)3 were released by presensitized rat lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with the appropriate antigens. Different supernatants of presensitized rat lymphocytes specifically stimulated in vitro with several different mouse, dog, and rat tumor or normal cells were capable of rendering normal rat and mouse macrophages nonspecifically cytotoxic in vitro to their respective syngeneic tumor cells. The release of active mediators by rat lymphocytes sensitized in vivo was dependent upon immunologically specific recognition of an antigen in vitro. When rat lymphocytes were incubated in vitro with antigens unrelated to the in vivo sensitizing antigens, no release of MAF occurred. Once rat MAF was released, it activated both syngeneic (rat) and xenogeneic (mouse) macrophages to kill tumor cells in vitro. These activated marcophages destroyed all syngeneic tumor targets. Such cytotoxicity was obtained even when the cells used to elicit release of MAF were totally unrelated to the target tumor cells. The data thus demonstrated that MAF can cross strain and even species specificities and can activate macrophages to kill tumors in a nonspecific manner. The cytotoxicity mediated by in vitro activated mouse macrophages decreased with time once the macrophages were removed from MAF; and by 7 days postactivation, the macrophages were not cytotoxic. However, when incubated again with MAF, significant reactivation was observed. This suggested that activation of macrophages in vivo may be a continuous process of lymphocyte-macrophage interaction.", "contents": "In vitro activation of mouse macrophages by rat lymphocyte mediators. Macrophage-activating factors (MAF)3 were released by presensitized rat lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with the appropriate antigens. Different supernatants of presensitized rat lymphocytes specifically stimulated in vitro with several different mouse, dog, and rat tumor or normal cells were capable of rendering normal rat and mouse macrophages nonspecifically cytotoxic in vitro to their respective syngeneic tumor cells. The release of active mediators by rat lymphocytes sensitized in vivo was dependent upon immunologically specific recognition of an antigen in vitro. When rat lymphocytes were incubated in vitro with antigens unrelated to the in vivo sensitizing antigens, no release of MAF occurred. Once rat MAF was released, it activated both syngeneic (rat) and xenogeneic (mouse) macrophages to kill tumor cells in vitro. These activated marcophages destroyed all syngeneic tumor targets. Such cytotoxicity was obtained even when the cells used to elicit release of MAF were totally unrelated to the target tumor cells. The data thus demonstrated that MAF can cross strain and even species specificities and can activate macrophages to kill tumors in a nonspecific manner. The cytotoxicity mediated by in vitro activated mouse macrophages decreased with time once the macrophages were removed from MAF; and by 7 days postactivation, the macrophages were not cytotoxic. However, when incubated again with MAF, significant reactivation was observed. This suggested that activation of macrophages in vivo may be a continuous process of lymphocyte-macrophage interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:950468", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin was developed that detects thymopoietin concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml. A critical point in development of the radioimmunossay was preparation of 125I-labeled thymopoietin by the Bolton-Hunter method, since direct iodination of tyrosyl residues impaired the immunoreactivity of thymopoietin.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin. A radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin was developed that detects thymopoietin concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml. A critical point in development of the radioimmunossay was preparation of 125I-labeled thymopoietin by the Bolton-Hunter method, since direct iodination of tyrosyl residues impaired the immunoreactivity of thymopoietin."}
{"id": "PMID:950488", "title": "Mammalian epidermal protein synthesis: initiation factors.", "content": "There is a deficiency of initiation in protein-synthesizing systems prepared from mammalian epidermis. These systems do not respond to inhibitors of initiation although they remain sensitive to elongation inhibitors and exogenous ribonuclease. In spite of this deficiency of initiation, active protein factors which support initiation reactions are present in the potassium chloride extract of mammalian epidermal ribosomes. A factor corresponding to the reticulocyte factor IF-MP has been isolated. An inhibitor of initiation is also present in the epidermal KCl wash.", "contents": "Mammalian epidermal protein synthesis: initiation factors. There is a deficiency of initiation in protein-synthesizing systems prepared from mammalian epidermis. These systems do not respond to inhibitors of initiation although they remain sensitive to elongation inhibitors and exogenous ribonuclease. In spite of this deficiency of initiation, active protein factors which support initiation reactions are present in the potassium chloride extract of mammalian epidermal ribosomes. A factor corresponding to the reticulocyte factor IF-MP has been isolated. An inhibitor of initiation is also present in the epidermal KCl wash."}
{"id": "PMID:950489", "title": "The synthesis of specific proteins in adult mouse epidermis during phases of proliferation and differentiation induced by the tumor promoter TPA, and in basal and differentiating layers of neonatal mouse epidermis.", "content": "Mouse epidermis can be induced to undergo sequential waves of proliferation and keratinization by treatment with the tumor promoter TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate). This model system offers a unique possibility to study the synthesis of differentiation-specific proteins in the epidermis. During these studies it could be shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that several previously undetected proteins appear in the epidermis during the phase of differentiation. These have been fractionated according to solubility in 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, or 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 2.6. Of the soluble proteins, a band of approximate molecular weight 13,500 (band 1) appears early during the differentiative phase (24 hr after treatment with TPA). Another previously undetected protein of approximate molecular weight 27,000 (band 2) appears in the soluble fraction after 48 hr, at a time when many of the typical manifestations of increased keratinization can be observed. Both of these soluble proteins, although not detectable in normal adult mouse epidermis, are shown to be present in newborn mouse epidermis, which demonstrates histologically a well-developed layer of keratinizing and cornified cells. In addition, by separation of neonatal and TPA-treated adult mouse epidermis into \"basal\" and \"cornified\" layers, it could be demonstrated that these two proteins are localized exclusively in the upper layer of the epidermis.", "contents": "The synthesis of specific proteins in adult mouse epidermis during phases of proliferation and differentiation induced by the tumor promoter TPA, and in basal and differentiating layers of neonatal mouse epidermis. Mouse epidermis can be induced to undergo sequential waves of proliferation and keratinization by treatment with the tumor promoter TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate). This model system offers a unique possibility to study the synthesis of differentiation-specific proteins in the epidermis. During these studies it could be shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that several previously undetected proteins appear in the epidermis during the phase of differentiation. These have been fractionated according to solubility in 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, or 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 2.6. Of the soluble proteins, a band of approximate molecular weight 13,500 (band 1) appears early during the differentiative phase (24 hr after treatment with TPA). Another previously undetected protein of approximate molecular weight 27,000 (band 2) appears in the soluble fraction after 48 hr, at a time when many of the typical manifestations of increased keratinization can be observed. Both of these soluble proteins, although not detectable in normal adult mouse epidermis, are shown to be present in newborn mouse epidermis, which demonstrates histologically a well-developed layer of keratinizing and cornified cells. In addition, by separation of neonatal and TPA-treated adult mouse epidermis into \"basal\" and \"cornified\" layers, it could be demonstrated that these two proteins are localized exclusively in the upper layer of the epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:950490", "title": "Production of epidermal acantholysis in normal human skin in vitro by the IgG fraction from pemphigus serum.", "content": "Normal human skin was maintained in organ cultures for several days in Ham's F-10 medium with good preservation of the epidermal cells. When the partially purified IgG fraction from the pooled sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceous was added to this culture system, after 24 hr some evidence of epidermal acantholysis was seen. By 72 hr, extensive suprabasilar epidermal acantholysis had occurred in which the acantholytic cells were indistinguishable histologically from the acantholytic cells in biopsies from skin lesions of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. In the control cultures (i.e., F-10 medium or F-10 medium + normal human serum IgG), none of these changes was seen. Direct immunofluorescent staining of these explants using fluorescein-labeled goat antihuman IgG showed that by 6 hr binding of the pemphigus IgG had occurred in the intercellular cement substance of the epidermis. The staining intensity was maximal by 18 to 20 hr. When the pemphigus serum was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, three major IgG-containing peaks (presumably IgG) were eluted which bound to the epidermoid intercellular substance and caused acantholysis in culture. The complement system did not play a role in the antibody-induced acantholysis since complement was not included in this system and heating the reconstituted F-10 + pemphigus IgG for 1 hr at 58 degrees C did not destroy the acantholytic activity. Autoradiographic experiments showed that after about 2 days in culture the rates of incorporation of RNA and protein precursors in the suprabasilar cells in the presence of pemphigus IgG were reduced to less than 10% of the normal IgG controls, whereas these synthetic activities of the basal cells were only slightly affected. These observations lead to the proposal that it is the interaction of the pemphigus autoantibody(s) with the suprabasilar epidermal cell which initiates and possibly substains the process(es) of acantholysis.", "contents": "Production of epidermal acantholysis in normal human skin in vitro by the IgG fraction from pemphigus serum. Normal human skin was maintained in organ cultures for several days in Ham's F-10 medium with good preservation of the epidermal cells. When the partially purified IgG fraction from the pooled sera of patients with pemphigus vulgaris or pemphigus foliaceous was added to this culture system, after 24 hr some evidence of epidermal acantholysis was seen. By 72 hr, extensive suprabasilar epidermal acantholysis had occurred in which the acantholytic cells were indistinguishable histologically from the acantholytic cells in biopsies from skin lesions of patients with pemphigus vulgaris. In the control cultures (i.e., F-10 medium or F-10 medium + normal human serum IgG), none of these changes was seen. Direct immunofluorescent staining of these explants using fluorescein-labeled goat antihuman IgG showed that by 6 hr binding of the pemphigus IgG had occurred in the intercellular cement substance of the epidermis. The staining intensity was maximal by 18 to 20 hr. When the pemphigus serum was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, three major IgG-containing peaks (presumably IgG) were eluted which bound to the epidermoid intercellular substance and caused acantholysis in culture. The complement system did not play a role in the antibody-induced acantholysis since complement was not included in this system and heating the reconstituted F-10 + pemphigus IgG for 1 hr at 58 degrees C did not destroy the acantholytic activity. Autoradiographic experiments showed that after about 2 days in culture the rates of incorporation of RNA and protein precursors in the suprabasilar cells in the presence of pemphigus IgG were reduced to less than 10% of the normal IgG controls, whereas these synthetic activities of the basal cells were only slightly affected. These observations lead to the proposal that it is the interaction of the pemphigus autoantibody(s) with the suprabasilar epidermal cell which initiates and possibly substains the process(es) of acantholysis."}
{"id": "PMID:950491", "title": "Effect of pigment on photomediated production of thymine dimers in cultured melanoma cells.", "content": "It was the aim of these studies to determine whether the presence of intracellular melanin quantitatively alters the rate of production of thymine dimers in DNA of irradiated cells in culture. Pigmented and nonpigmented Cloudman mouse melanoma cells were selected assuming that the two cell lines differ primarily in their content of melanin pigment. Cells were cultivated in tritiated thymine in order to label their DNA and were then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (260 nm, 500-2000 ergs/mm2). Neither cell line survived these doses of irradiation. DNA was extracted immediately following irradiation and was subjected to acid hydrolysis. The presence of thymine dimers was determined by two-dimensional paper chromatography. The percent of labeled thymine recovered as thymine dimer was calculated and was found to be a linear function of UV dose for both cell lines. The rate of formation of dimers in the nonpigmented cells was nearly twice that in the pigmented cells. These data demonstrate the photoprotective property of intracellular melanin in shielding isolated cells from one type of photomediated injury to DNA.", "contents": "Effect of pigment on photomediated production of thymine dimers in cultured melanoma cells. It was the aim of these studies to determine whether the presence of intracellular melanin quantitatively alters the rate of production of thymine dimers in DNA of irradiated cells in culture. Pigmented and nonpigmented Cloudman mouse melanoma cells were selected assuming that the two cell lines differ primarily in their content of melanin pigment. Cells were cultivated in tritiated thymine in order to label their DNA and were then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (260 nm, 500-2000 ergs/mm2). Neither cell line survived these doses of irradiation. DNA was extracted immediately following irradiation and was subjected to acid hydrolysis. The presence of thymine dimers was determined by two-dimensional paper chromatography. The percent of labeled thymine recovered as thymine dimer was calculated and was found to be a linear function of UV dose for both cell lines. The rate of formation of dimers in the nonpigmented cells was nearly twice that in the pigmented cells. These data demonstrate the photoprotective property of intracellular melanin in shielding isolated cells from one type of photomediated injury to DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:950492", "title": "Skin flora maps: a tool in the study of cutaneous ecology.", "content": "We sampled 162 and 175 skin sites, respectively, of a patient with severe atopic dermatitis and of a healthy subject, and constructed maps of the two individuals depicting the density and distribution of aerobic cutaneous flora over the entire body. All isolates of Micrococcaceae were biotyped. Neither the density nor the kinds of microorganisms were homogeneously arrayed. Instead, the separate types of flora were skewed in distribution, tended to segregate on large anatomical regions, and inhabited overlapping territories. No two sites were exactly alike in their carriage of microorganisms. Many of the apparently normal skin sites of the eczema patient carried high numbers of Staphylococcus aureus, which often was the dominant organism. Skin flora maps are seen as a potentially useful tool, especially in studying the dynamics of cutaneous microbial populations.", "contents": "Skin flora maps: a tool in the study of cutaneous ecology. We sampled 162 and 175 skin sites, respectively, of a patient with severe atopic dermatitis and of a healthy subject, and constructed maps of the two individuals depicting the density and distribution of aerobic cutaneous flora over the entire body. All isolates of Micrococcaceae were biotyped. Neither the density nor the kinds of microorganisms were homogeneously arrayed. Instead, the separate types of flora were skewed in distribution, tended to segregate on large anatomical regions, and inhabited overlapping territories. No two sites were exactly alike in their carriage of microorganisms. Many of the apparently normal skin sites of the eczema patient carried high numbers of Staphylococcus aureus, which often was the dominant organism. Skin flora maps are seen as a potentially useful tool, especially in studying the dynamics of cutaneous microbial populations."}
{"id": "PMID:950493", "title": "Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in human skin surface lipids.", "content": "Methyl esters of the fatty acids obtained by saponification of human skin surface lipids were subjected to thin-layer chromatography on silica gel-silver nitrate revealing the presence of trans-monounsaturated components constituting approximately 0.3% of the total fatty acids. The positions of unsaturation in the 18-carbon trans-unsaturated acids in 2 subjects resembled those present in the corresponding acids from margarine, although this was not a component of the diet of one of the subjects. Dietary origin is possible for these components, which could also arise from bacterial action in the pilosebaceous follicle.", "contents": "Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in human skin surface lipids. Methyl esters of the fatty acids obtained by saponification of human skin surface lipids were subjected to thin-layer chromatography on silica gel-silver nitrate revealing the presence of trans-monounsaturated components constituting approximately 0.3% of the total fatty acids. The positions of unsaturation in the 18-carbon trans-unsaturated acids in 2 subjects resembled those present in the corresponding acids from margarine, although this was not a component of the diet of one of the subjects. Dietary origin is possible for these components, which could also arise from bacterial action in the pilosebaceous follicle."}
{"id": "PMID:950494", "title": "Calcium and sulfur location in human nail.", "content": "Analytical electron microscopy was performed in order to elucidate the importance of calcium and sulfur to the hardness of nails. The free surfaces adsorb a considerable quantity of calcium from the environment. It is suggested that such adsorption occurs due to ion exchange. This concept is supported by the fact that the distribution of sulfur does not vary over the nail cross-section. Analytical electron microscopy offers unique possibilities of elemental distribution analysis in tissue fragments or sections from keratinized tissues.", "contents": "Calcium and sulfur location in human nail. Analytical electron microscopy was performed in order to elucidate the importance of calcium and sulfur to the hardness of nails. The free surfaces adsorb a considerable quantity of calcium from the environment. It is suggested that such adsorption occurs due to ion exchange. This concept is supported by the fact that the distribution of sulfur does not vary over the nail cross-section. Analytical electron microscopy offers unique possibilities of elemental distribution analysis in tissue fragments or sections from keratinized tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:950495", "title": "Characterization of bile acid methyl ester acetate derivatives using gas-liquid chromatography, electron impact, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "content": "The gas-liquid chromatographic retention times on 0.5% SP-525 for 48 bile acids and related compounds as their methyl ester acetate derivatives are given. Ion tables for electron impact spectra have been compiled that permit direct access to ion structures for any given ion mass. Chemical ionization yields highly simplified mass spectra with two or three ions predominating for each compound. When the relative retention times of bile acids as their methyl ester acetates are combined with selective ion monitoring techniques in chemical ionization mass spectrometry, the retention time and ion mass number form a coordinate system which can be a powerful tool in the characterization of bile acid mixtures.", "contents": "Characterization of bile acid methyl ester acetate derivatives using gas-liquid chromatography, electron impact, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The gas-liquid chromatographic retention times on 0.5% SP-525 for 48 bile acids and related compounds as their methyl ester acetate derivatives are given. Ion tables for electron impact spectra have been compiled that permit direct access to ion structures for any given ion mass. Chemical ionization yields highly simplified mass spectra with two or three ions predominating for each compound. When the relative retention times of bile acids as their methyl ester acetates are combined with selective ion monitoring techniques in chemical ionization mass spectrometry, the retention time and ion mass number form a coordinate system which can be a powerful tool in the characterization of bile acid mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:950496", "title": "Effects of insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine on the plasma membrane of the white adipose cell: a freeze-fracture study.", "content": "A quantitative study of the adipocyte plasma membrane under the influence of lipipolytic or lipogenic hormones has been carried out by freeze-fracture. The number of plasma membrane invaginations (so-called pinocytosis) and of intramembranous particles was evaluated. Under the influence of either insulin, glucogon, or epinephrine, the membrane invaginations were significantly increased with respect to control adipocytes. Insulin was shown to increase the number of intramembranous particles of the plasma membrane whereas glucagon or epinephrine had an opposite effect. These data point to a hormonal modulation of the fine-structural organization of the adipocyte plasma membrane.", "contents": "Effects of insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine on the plasma membrane of the white adipose cell: a freeze-fracture study. A quantitative study of the adipocyte plasma membrane under the influence of lipipolytic or lipogenic hormones has been carried out by freeze-fracture. The number of plasma membrane invaginations (so-called pinocytosis) and of intramembranous particles was evaluated. Under the influence of either insulin, glucogon, or epinephrine, the membrane invaginations were significantly increased with respect to control adipocytes. Insulin was shown to increase the number of intramembranous particles of the plasma membrane whereas glucagon or epinephrine had an opposite effect. These data point to a hormonal modulation of the fine-structural organization of the adipocyte plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:950497", "title": "The use of [7alpha-3H]- and [7alpha, 7beta-3H]cholesterol in the enzymic assay of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase.", "content": "A tritium release method is described for following the enzymic conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Incubations of rat liver subcellular preparations (containing microsomes) with [7alpha-3H]cholesterol or [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol release the labeled hydrogen in the 7alpha position as 3H2O which, after counting, allows for the determination of the fraction of exogenous cholesterol converted to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. These findings document those recently reported by Van Cantfort, Renson, and Gielen (1975. Eur J. Biochem. 55:23). Analysis of incubation mixtures containing both [4-14C]cholesterol and either [7alpha-3H] or [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol demonstrate that one atom of hydrogen (from the 7alpha position) is incorporated into H2O for every molecule of exogenous cholesterol that is converted to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. In the case of [7alpha-3H]cholesterol no label is retained by the product. With [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol, one atom is released as 3H2O and one is retained by the product in the 7beta position. Microsomal incubations with [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol were performed, followed by the acetylation of the steroid fractions with [14C]acetic anhydride. If intermixing of exogenous with endogenous cholesterol were complete during the enzymic reaction, one would expect the 3H: 14C ratio of the isolated cholesterol acetate to be four times that observed in the 7alpha-acetoxycholesterol acetate. Average values of 4.23 in one series and 4.03 in a second series indicate that intermixing was sufficiently complete to use the tritium release method as an indicator of mass conversion.", "contents": "The use of [7alpha-3H]- and [7alpha, 7beta-3H]cholesterol in the enzymic assay of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. A tritium release method is described for following the enzymic conversion of cholesterol to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. Incubations of rat liver subcellular preparations (containing microsomes) with [7alpha-3H]cholesterol or [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol release the labeled hydrogen in the 7alpha position as 3H2O which, after counting, allows for the determination of the fraction of exogenous cholesterol converted to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. These findings document those recently reported by Van Cantfort, Renson, and Gielen (1975. Eur J. Biochem. 55:23). Analysis of incubation mixtures containing both [4-14C]cholesterol and either [7alpha-3H] or [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol demonstrate that one atom of hydrogen (from the 7alpha position) is incorporated into H2O for every molecule of exogenous cholesterol that is converted to 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. In the case of [7alpha-3H]cholesterol no label is retained by the product. With [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol, one atom is released as 3H2O and one is retained by the product in the 7beta position. Microsomal incubations with [7alpha,7beta-3H]cholesterol were performed, followed by the acetylation of the steroid fractions with [14C]acetic anhydride. If intermixing of exogenous with endogenous cholesterol were complete during the enzymic reaction, one would expect the 3H: 14C ratio of the isolated cholesterol acetate to be four times that observed in the 7alpha-acetoxycholesterol acetate. Average values of 4.23 in one series and 4.03 in a second series indicate that intermixing was sufficiently complete to use the tritium release method as an indicator of mass conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:950498", "title": "Hepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol in ascorbate-deficient and ascorbate-supplemented guinea pigs.", "content": "Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was assayed in liver microsomes from guinea pigs supplemented with ascorbate and from guinea pigs in a state of ascorbate deficiency. A mass fragmentographic method was used by which the 7alpha-hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol could be measured. The 7alpha-hydroxylation was markedly reduced in the ascorbate-deficient animals as compared to animals treated with ascorbate. Addition of ascorbate to the incubations did not increase this activity. 11- and 12-Hydroxylation of laurate as well as 25- and 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol were not significantly affected by the ascorbate status of animals. In the presence of excess NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and a phospholipid, partially purified cytochrome P-450 from the microsomal fraction of liver of an ascorbate-deficient guinea pig had a much lower capacity to 7alpha-hydroxylate [4-14C]cholesterol than a corresponding system containing cytochrome P-450 from liver of an ascorbate-supplemented guinea pig. It is suggested that ascorbate affects the synthesis or breakdown of the 7alpha-hydroxylating system, in particular the cytochrome P-450 component.", "contents": "Hepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol in ascorbate-deficient and ascorbate-supplemented guinea pigs. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity was assayed in liver microsomes from guinea pigs supplemented with ascorbate and from guinea pigs in a state of ascorbate deficiency. A mass fragmentographic method was used by which the 7alpha-hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol could be measured. The 7alpha-hydroxylation was markedly reduced in the ascorbate-deficient animals as compared to animals treated with ascorbate. Addition of ascorbate to the incubations did not increase this activity. 11- and 12-Hydroxylation of laurate as well as 25- and 26-hydroxylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol were not significantly affected by the ascorbate status of animals. In the presence of excess NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and a phospholipid, partially purified cytochrome P-450 from the microsomal fraction of liver of an ascorbate-deficient guinea pig had a much lower capacity to 7alpha-hydroxylate [4-14C]cholesterol than a corresponding system containing cytochrome P-450 from liver of an ascorbate-supplemented guinea pig. It is suggested that ascorbate affects the synthesis or breakdown of the 7alpha-hydroxylating system, in particular the cytochrome P-450 component."}
{"id": "PMID:950499", "title": "On the heterogeneity of the mitochondrial C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase system.", "content": "Mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation of exogenous cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol was studied. 26-Hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol was measured by mass fragmentography. NADPH and isocitrate stimulated 26-hydroxylation of endogenous as well as exogenous cholesterol. 26-Hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol was linear with time for 15 min, whereas that of exogenous cholesterol was linear with time for at least 40 min. This finding indicates that the fractions of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol that were 26-hydroxylated did not equilibrate. Mg2+ stimulated isocitrate- and NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation of exogenous cholesterol but inhibited in the case of endogenous cholesterol. Ca2+ stimulated NADPH-dependent and inhibited isocitrate-dependent 26-hydroxylation of both exogenous and endogenous cholesterol. It is suggested that the differing effect of Mg2+ on the 26-hydroxylation of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol is related to transfer of the steroid to the enzyme. Isocitrate- and NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation of exogenous 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol differed from that of exogenous cholesterol in response to Mg2+ and Ca2+. 26-Hydrocylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol was stimulated by Mg2+ in low concentrations but inhibited by Mg2+ and Ca2+ in high concentrations. Mg2+ had the same influence on the 26-hydroxylation of three dioxygenated C27-steroids known to be intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis. The results are not only compatible with heterogeneity of the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylase system but also with differences in the transport of cholesterol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol to the enzyme. The finding of a differing effect of Mg2+ on 26-hydroxylation of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol seems to favor differences in transport rather than heterogeneity of the 26-hydroxylase as an explanation of the results.", "contents": "On the heterogeneity of the mitochondrial C27-steroid 26-hydroxylase system. Mitochondrial 26-hydroxylation of exogenous cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol was studied. 26-Hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol was measured by mass fragmentography. NADPH and isocitrate stimulated 26-hydroxylation of endogenous as well as exogenous cholesterol. 26-Hydroxylation of endogenous cholesterol was linear with time for 15 min, whereas that of exogenous cholesterol was linear with time for at least 40 min. This finding indicates that the fractions of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol that were 26-hydroxylated did not equilibrate. Mg2+ stimulated isocitrate- and NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation of exogenous cholesterol but inhibited in the case of endogenous cholesterol. Ca2+ stimulated NADPH-dependent and inhibited isocitrate-dependent 26-hydroxylation of both exogenous and endogenous cholesterol. It is suggested that the differing effect of Mg2+ on the 26-hydroxylation of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol is related to transfer of the steroid to the enzyme. Isocitrate- and NADPH-dependent 26-hydroxylation of exogenous 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol differed from that of exogenous cholesterol in response to Mg2+ and Ca2+. 26-Hydrocylation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol was stimulated by Mg2+ in low concentrations but inhibited by Mg2+ and Ca2+ in high concentrations. Mg2+ had the same influence on the 26-hydroxylation of three dioxygenated C27-steroids known to be intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis. The results are not only compatible with heterogeneity of the mitochondrial 26-hydroxylase system but also with differences in the transport of cholesterol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol to the enzyme. The finding of a differing effect of Mg2+ on 26-hydroxylation of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol seems to favor differences in transport rather than heterogeneity of the 26-hydroxylase as an explanation of the results."}
{"id": "PMID:950500", "title": "Composition of the neutral lipids of bovine meilbomian secretions.", "content": "Lipids secreted form the bovine meibomian glands were assigned to following classes: cholesteryl esters (A) (fatty acyl chain lengths from 15 to 27 carbon atoms), 41%; wax esters, 29%; triacylglycerols, 10%; and cholesteryl ester (B) (fatty acyl chain lengths from 14 to 18 carbons), 15%. The remaining 5% consisted of cholesterol, fatty acids, and highly polar material. Analysis of the lipids showed that only the cholesteryl esters (A) contained fatty acyl chains greater than or equal to C20:0. One third of the fatty acyl chains of the wax esters and the cholesteryl esters (B) was iC15:0. The fatty alcohol moieties of the wax esters were found to be branched chain, C23:0-C27:0. A computer-based programmable gas-liquid chromatographic procedure using 10% apolar 10C on Gas Chrom Q could be used to distinguish both iso and anteiso fatty alcohols and esters of fatty acids.", "contents": "Composition of the neutral lipids of bovine meilbomian secretions. Lipids secreted form the bovine meibomian glands were assigned to following classes: cholesteryl esters (A) (fatty acyl chain lengths from 15 to 27 carbon atoms), 41%; wax esters, 29%; triacylglycerols, 10%; and cholesteryl ester (B) (fatty acyl chain lengths from 14 to 18 carbons), 15%. The remaining 5% consisted of cholesterol, fatty acids, and highly polar material. Analysis of the lipids showed that only the cholesteryl esters (A) contained fatty acyl chains greater than or equal to C20:0. One third of the fatty acyl chains of the wax esters and the cholesteryl esters (B) was iC15:0. The fatty alcohol moieties of the wax esters were found to be branched chain, C23:0-C27:0. A computer-based programmable gas-liquid chromatographic procedure using 10% apolar 10C on Gas Chrom Q could be used to distinguish both iso and anteiso fatty alcohols and esters of fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:950501", "title": "Bile acids. LI. Formation of 12alpha-hydroxyl derivatives and companions from 5 alpha-sterols by rabbit liver microsomes.", "content": "A comparison of the activity of rabbit liver microsomes fortified with 0.1 mM NADPH to promote 12alpha-hydroxylation over 60 minutes with appropriate sterols provided the following relative order of activities: kalpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol, 100; 7alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-cholestane-3one, 76; 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, 64; 5alpha-cholestane-3-3beta, 7alpha-diol, 26; allochendoexycholate, 22. If the more polar products formation. Investigation by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the nature of these more polar products derived form 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol showed that a series of tetrols was dormed; i.e., 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25-tetrol as the major product and lesser amounts of 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23tetrols. No significant amount of 26-hydroxylated product was formed.", "contents": "Bile acids. LI. Formation of 12alpha-hydroxyl derivatives and companions from 5 alpha-sterols by rabbit liver microsomes. A comparison of the activity of rabbit liver microsomes fortified with 0.1 mM NADPH to promote 12alpha-hydroxylation over 60 minutes with appropriate sterols provided the following relative order of activities: kalpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol, 100; 7alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-cholestane-3one, 76; 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, 64; 5alpha-cholestane-3-3beta, 7alpha-diol, 26; allochendoexycholate, 22. If the more polar products formation. Investigation by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the nature of these more polar products derived form 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha-diol showed that a series of tetrols was dormed; i.e., 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 25-tetrol as the major product and lesser amounts of 5alpha-cholestane-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 24- and 3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha, 23tetrols. No significant amount of 26-hydroxylated product was formed."}
{"id": "PMID:950502", "title": "The effect of high sugar intake on the esterification of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "Rat liver microsomes were used as an enzyme source to study dietary-induced changes in the rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate esterification. Rats were fed (1) 75% glucose or fructose diets for various time intervals, or (2) fed a fractose diet for six days and then a chow diet. Both the glucose and fructose diets produced a 2--3-fold increase in total and neutral glycerolipid formation from dihydroxyacetone phosphate measured in the presence of ATP, palmitate, CoA, and NADH. The increased rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate esterification and a simultaneous rise in serum triglyceride level in rats fed fructose was rapidly reversed when chow was substituted for the fructose. The results indicate that an increased rate of dihyroxyacetone phosphate esterification may contribute to the acceleration of endogenous glycerolipid biosynthesis noted under these dietary conditions.", "contents": "The effect of high sugar intake on the esterification of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by rat liver microsomes. Rat liver microsomes were used as an enzyme source to study dietary-induced changes in the rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate esterification. Rats were fed (1) 75% glucose or fructose diets for various time intervals, or (2) fed a fractose diet for six days and then a chow diet. Both the glucose and fructose diets produced a 2--3-fold increase in total and neutral glycerolipid formation from dihydroxyacetone phosphate measured in the presence of ATP, palmitate, CoA, and NADH. The increased rate of dihydroxyacetone phosphate esterification and a simultaneous rise in serum triglyceride level in rats fed fructose was rapidly reversed when chow was substituted for the fructose. The results indicate that an increased rate of dihyroxyacetone phosphate esterification may contribute to the acceleration of endogenous glycerolipid biosynthesis noted under these dietary conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:950503", "title": "Chylomicron protein content and the rate of lipoprotein lipase activity.", "content": "Chylomicrons isolated form rat intestinal lymph were incubated with plasma. Protein transfer to chylomicrons, reaction rate with purified lipoprotein lipase, and content of lipase cofactor were determined. While the overall protein content of chylomicrons was increased 3--4-fold, and the content of lipase cofactor increase 4-fold, reaction velocity of the activated particles with lipoprotein lipase was increased only 1.3-fold. Maximal rate of hydrolysis was achieved in the presence of much smaller quantities of activator than the lipoprotein particles were capable of binding, and chylomicrons were fully activated for triclyceride hydrolysis in the presence of only 10% plasma for triglyceride concentrations of up to 3 mg/ml. Cofactor protein was not rate-limiting for hydrolysis of triglyceride from chylomicrons. These results are discussed in the light of recent concepts of the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity.", "contents": "Chylomicron protein content and the rate of lipoprotein lipase activity. Chylomicrons isolated form rat intestinal lymph were incubated with plasma. Protein transfer to chylomicrons, reaction rate with purified lipoprotein lipase, and content of lipase cofactor were determined. While the overall protein content of chylomicrons was increased 3--4-fold, and the content of lipase cofactor increase 4-fold, reaction velocity of the activated particles with lipoprotein lipase was increased only 1.3-fold. Maximal rate of hydrolysis was achieved in the presence of much smaller quantities of activator than the lipoprotein particles were capable of binding, and chylomicrons were fully activated for triclyceride hydrolysis in the presence of only 10% plasma for triglyceride concentrations of up to 3 mg/ml. Cofactor protein was not rate-limiting for hydrolysis of triglyceride from chylomicrons. These results are discussed in the light of recent concepts of the regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:950504", "title": "Studies on the substrate specificity and inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis with methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid.", "content": "Seven radioactive methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid, in which a methyl branch was located at carbon 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, were used as substrates to study their enzymatic conversion into homologues of prostaglandin E1 by microsomes from bovine vesicular glands. The products of this reaction were partially characterized. When the methyl branch was moved towards position 13, the site of sterospecific hydrogen removal by prostaglandin synthetase, the rate of prostaglandin formation decline rapidly. When a methyl branch was a position 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, the rates of prostaglandin formation were less than 25% of that from eicosa-8, 11, 14-etienoic acid. However, when a methyl branch was at positions 2 or 5, these isomers were converted to prostaglandins at least 50% as rapidly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic was converted to prostaglandins. The apparent Km and Vmax values for eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid were respectively 224 muM and 4.62 nmoles/min/mg protein. Kinetic data suggest that the enzyme converted eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid to prostaglandins 3.6 times faster than the 5-methyl branched isomer, although the enzyme bound the branched isomer twice as firmly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid. The concentration-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin formation from eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid by the 13-methyl branched isomer was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Studies on the substrate specificity and inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis with methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid. Seven radioactive methyl branched isomers of eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid, in which a methyl branch was located at carbon 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, were used as substrates to study their enzymatic conversion into homologues of prostaglandin E1 by microsomes from bovine vesicular glands. The products of this reaction were partially characterized. When the methyl branch was moved towards position 13, the site of sterospecific hydrogen removal by prostaglandin synthetase, the rate of prostaglandin formation decline rapidly. When a methyl branch was a position 10, 13, 17, 18, or 19, the rates of prostaglandin formation were less than 25% of that from eicosa-8, 11, 14-etienoic acid. However, when a methyl branch was at positions 2 or 5, these isomers were converted to prostaglandins at least 50% as rapidly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic was converted to prostaglandins. The apparent Km and Vmax values for eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid were respectively 224 muM and 4.62 nmoles/min/mg protein. Kinetic data suggest that the enzyme converted eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid to prostaglandins 3.6 times faster than the 5-methyl branched isomer, although the enzyme bound the branched isomer twice as firmly as eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid. The concentration-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin formation from eicosa-8, 11, 14-trienoic acid by the 13-methyl branched isomer was also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:950505", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatography of ethyl ester artifacts formed during the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters.", "content": "Ethanol is typically used as a stabilizer in chloroform. Failure to remove this ethanol from the chloroform used in the extraction of lipids leads subsequently to the formation of ethyl ester artifacts during the preparation of methyl esters by a commonly employed transesterification procedure. Depending on the conditions and phases used during gas-liquid chromatography, the ethyl esters may be resolved from the corresponding methyl esters. The resulting chromatograms contain extraneous peaks and may be incorrectly identified.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatography of ethyl ester artifacts formed during the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters. Ethanol is typically used as a stabilizer in chloroform. Failure to remove this ethanol from the chloroform used in the extraction of lipids leads subsequently to the formation of ethyl ester artifacts during the preparation of methyl esters by a commonly employed transesterification procedure. Depending on the conditions and phases used during gas-liquid chromatography, the ethyl esters may be resolved from the corresponding methyl esters. The resulting chromatograms contain extraneous peaks and may be incorrectly identified."}
{"id": "PMID:950524", "title": "Effect of ionic environment on the release of human placental lactogen in vitro.", "content": "Short-term incubation of human placental tissue in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffered media with various concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ showed a graded response in human placental lactogen (HPL) release at different Ca2+ concentrations, but no effect at increased K+ concentration. Media with high Ca2+ caused an inhibition of release, while Ca2+-free media caused a stimulation in HPL release. High concentrations of Mg2+ inhibited release minimally, while Ba2+ had no effect. There was no change in HPL release of HPL but the significance of this effect is unknown. These results suggest that Ca2+ is not required for HPL secretion from placental tissue. It seems that HPL secretion in vitro does not follow the usual pattern where a physiological stimulus or high K+ concentration causes inward movement of calcium which couples stimulation to secretion.", "contents": "Effect of ionic environment on the release of human placental lactogen in vitro. Short-term incubation of human placental tissue in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffered media with various concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ showed a graded response in human placental lactogen (HPL) release at different Ca2+ concentrations, but no effect at increased K+ concentration. Media with high Ca2+ caused an inhibition of release, while Ca2+-free media caused a stimulation in HPL release. High concentrations of Mg2+ inhibited release minimally, while Ba2+ had no effect. There was no change in HPL release of HPL but the significance of this effect is unknown. These results suggest that Ca2+ is not required for HPL secretion from placental tissue. It seems that HPL secretion in vitro does not follow the usual pattern where a physiological stimulus or high K+ concentration causes inward movement of calcium which couples stimulation to secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:950526", "title": "Pituitary and plasma levels of gonadotrophins in foetal and newborn male and female rats.", "content": "Levels of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum, pituitary and placental tissues of male and female foetal and newborn rats. No gonadotrophins were detected in placental tissues or amniotic fluid. In the male, pituitary FSH and LH were first detected on day 17 of gestation. Gonadotrophins could not be detected in any female tissues until birth. In male foetuses the highest levels of both LH and FSH in the circulation were found on day 16 of foetal life; subsequently the levels decreased dramatically.", "contents": "Pituitary and plasma levels of gonadotrophins in foetal and newborn male and female rats. Levels of LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum, pituitary and placental tissues of male and female foetal and newborn rats. No gonadotrophins were detected in placental tissues or amniotic fluid. In the male, pituitary FSH and LH were first detected on day 17 of gestation. Gonadotrophins could not be detected in any female tissues until birth. In male foetuses the highest levels of both LH and FSH in the circulation were found on day 16 of foetal life; subsequently the levels decreased dramatically."}
{"id": "PMID:950529", "title": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on oxytocin release and on milk ejection in lactating rats.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) on milk ejection and on oxytocin release during suckling for one or two periods of 30 min was studied in lactating rats. Doses of PGF2 alpha (20 or 40 phi g) were injected i.p. 15 min before the suckling period. Control rats were injected with physiological saline. An inhibition of milk ejection proportional to the dose of drug administered was obtained. A normal milk ejection response was induced with a small dose of oxytocin injected immediately before nursing to mothers treated with PGF2 alpha, indicating that the blocking effect was not due to a lack of mammary gland response. Two groups of mothers were injected with 40 phi g PGF2 alpha 2 and 4 h respectively before suckling. In both groups milk ejection was partially but significantly inhibited. In rats pre-treated with sodium pentobarbitone (3-5 mg/100 g body wt) to prevent the release of oxytocin induced by suckling, PGF2 alpha (10 or 20 phi g) did not modify the inhibition of milk ejection indicating that PGF2 alpha does not have milk-ejecting activity. The administration of oxytocin to anaesthetized rats, immediately before a second suckling period, induced a normal milk-ejection response while in the rats treated with PGF2 alpha, oxytocin was less effective. The results indicate that PGF2 alpha inhibited milk ejection by a central block on oxytocin release and that the lipid is not able to mimic peripherally the milk-ejecting activity of oxytocin.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on oxytocin release and on milk ejection in lactating rats. The effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) on milk ejection and on oxytocin release during suckling for one or two periods of 30 min was studied in lactating rats. Doses of PGF2 alpha (20 or 40 phi g) were injected i.p. 15 min before the suckling period. Control rats were injected with physiological saline. An inhibition of milk ejection proportional to the dose of drug administered was obtained. A normal milk ejection response was induced with a small dose of oxytocin injected immediately before nursing to mothers treated with PGF2 alpha, indicating that the blocking effect was not due to a lack of mammary gland response. Two groups of mothers were injected with 40 phi g PGF2 alpha 2 and 4 h respectively before suckling. In both groups milk ejection was partially but significantly inhibited. In rats pre-treated with sodium pentobarbitone (3-5 mg/100 g body wt) to prevent the release of oxytocin induced by suckling, PGF2 alpha (10 or 20 phi g) did not modify the inhibition of milk ejection indicating that PGF2 alpha does not have milk-ejecting activity. The administration of oxytocin to anaesthetized rats, immediately before a second suckling period, induced a normal milk-ejection response while in the rats treated with PGF2 alpha, oxytocin was less effective. The results indicate that PGF2 alpha inhibited milk ejection by a central block on oxytocin release and that the lipid is not able to mimic peripherally the milk-ejecting activity of oxytocin."}
{"id": "PMID:950532", "title": "Distribution of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha within the foetoplacental unit throughout human pregnancy.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha have been measured by radioimmunoassay in portions of cord, placenta, amnion, chorion, decidua and myometrium. The samples were obtained at defined periods of pregnancy, and the results have been compared with those obtained from the analyses of endometrial and myometrial tissue removed from women during the secretory phase of a menstrual cycle. The results showed that during pregnancy the mean concentration of prostaglandin E2 was higher (27-518%) than the corresponding value for prostaglandin F2 alpha in all tissues. At term the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (ng/100 mg wet weight of tissue, mean +/- S.D.) was higher in the umbilical cord (5-54 +/- 0-88), decidua (4-02 +/- 1-78) and myometrium (4-19 +/- 1-06), than in the amnion (2-25 +/- 1-27), chorion (1-64 \"/- 0-63) or placenta (1-04 +/- 0-25). During labour there was a significant rise (P less than 0.0005, Student's 't' test) in the concentration in decidua (10-76 +/- 4-45), and to a lesser extent (P less than 0-05) in the myometrium (5-84 +/- 2-65) and amnion (4-77 +/- 2-51). The overall concentration in decidua during the first trimester (3-09 +/- 1-02) was significantly lower (P less than 0-005) than in endometrial tissue(16-82 +/- 10-13). The concentration was lower in myometrial tissue from non-pregnant subjects (2-90 +/- 2-21), than in the corresponding tissue removed at term (4-19 +/- 1-06) or during labour 5-84 +/- 2-65). The results for prostaglandin F2 alpha showed a similar pattern, but the values were significantly lower in the umbilical cord, and the percentage changes in concentration in the decidua and myometrium were of a higher magnitude.", "contents": "Distribution of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha within the foetoplacental unit throughout human pregnancy. The concentrations of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha have been measured by radioimmunoassay in portions of cord, placenta, amnion, chorion, decidua and myometrium. The samples were obtained at defined periods of pregnancy, and the results have been compared with those obtained from the analyses of endometrial and myometrial tissue removed from women during the secretory phase of a menstrual cycle. The results showed that during pregnancy the mean concentration of prostaglandin E2 was higher (27-518%) than the corresponding value for prostaglandin F2 alpha in all tissues. At term the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (ng/100 mg wet weight of tissue, mean +/- S.D.) was higher in the umbilical cord (5-54 +/- 0-88), decidua (4-02 +/- 1-78) and myometrium (4-19 +/- 1-06), than in the amnion (2-25 +/- 1-27), chorion (1-64 \"/- 0-63) or placenta (1-04 +/- 0-25). During labour there was a significant rise (P less than 0.0005, Student's 't' test) in the concentration in decidua (10-76 +/- 4-45), and to a lesser extent (P less than 0-05) in the myometrium (5-84 +/- 2-65) and amnion (4-77 +/- 2-51). The overall concentration in decidua during the first trimester (3-09 +/- 1-02) was significantly lower (P less than 0-005) than in endometrial tissue(16-82 +/- 10-13). The concentration was lower in myometrial tissue from non-pregnant subjects (2-90 +/- 2-21), than in the corresponding tissue removed at term (4-19 +/- 1-06) or during labour 5-84 +/- 2-65). The results for prostaglandin F2 alpha showed a similar pattern, but the values were significantly lower in the umbilical cord, and the percentage changes in concentration in the decidua and myometrium were of a higher magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:950533", "title": "Role of the thyroid gland in regulation of metabolic rate in an air-breathing siluroid fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).", "content": "Studies on cyclic activity of the thyroid and seasonal variations in oxygen consumption (VO2) under experimental conditions in which surfacing was either allowed or prevented were made in H. fossilis to try to establish a relationship between these measures and to ascertain the possible role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate. A good correlation was found between the activity of the thyroid and VO2 in this species. This finding was further confirmed by the administration of L-thyroxine or thiouracil to this fish. The thyroxine-and thiouracil-treated animals showed significantly higher (P less than 0-05) and lower (P less than 0-01) rates of VO2 respectively, thus indicating the probable role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate.", "contents": "Role of the thyroid gland in regulation of metabolic rate in an air-breathing siluroid fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Studies on cyclic activity of the thyroid and seasonal variations in oxygen consumption (VO2) under experimental conditions in which surfacing was either allowed or prevented were made in H. fossilis to try to establish a relationship between these measures and to ascertain the possible role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate. A good correlation was found between the activity of the thyroid and VO2 in this species. This finding was further confirmed by the administration of L-thyroxine or thiouracil to this fish. The thyroxine-and thiouracil-treated animals showed significantly higher (P less than 0-05) and lower (P less than 0-01) rates of VO2 respectively, thus indicating the probable role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate."}
{"id": "PMID:950534", "title": "Changes in the weight of the adrenal glands and in the concentration of plasma corticosterone in perinatal rats after prenatal treatment with oestadiol benzoate.", "content": "On day 20 of gestation, foetal rats received a subcutaneous injection of 0-01 mg oestradiol benzoate dissolved in 0-05 ml sesame oil; foetuses in other litters were given sesame oil alone. Autopsy was performed on day 22 of gestation, at delivery or at various times after birth. Gravimetric and histological observations of the adrenals from oestradiol-treated, oil-treated and intact litter-mate control foetal and neonatal rats were performed together with determination of plasma corticosterone concentrations. Activity of 3 phi-ol dehydrogenase was also examined histochemically in the adrenals from these animals. The results indicated that oestradiol benzoate when given prenatally prevented the neonatal decline of adrenal weight and adrenocortical cell size. In normal or oil-treated rats, plasma corticosterone concentration was greatly increased during delivery and 2 h after birth, declining up to 12 h after birth. Oestradiol benzoate prevented this perinatal increase and suppressed the activity of 3 phi-ol dehydrogenase in the perinatal adrenal cortices.", "contents": "Changes in the weight of the adrenal glands and in the concentration of plasma corticosterone in perinatal rats after prenatal treatment with oestadiol benzoate. On day 20 of gestation, foetal rats received a subcutaneous injection of 0-01 mg oestradiol benzoate dissolved in 0-05 ml sesame oil; foetuses in other litters were given sesame oil alone. Autopsy was performed on day 22 of gestation, at delivery or at various times after birth. Gravimetric and histological observations of the adrenals from oestradiol-treated, oil-treated and intact litter-mate control foetal and neonatal rats were performed together with determination of plasma corticosterone concentrations. Activity of 3 phi-ol dehydrogenase was also examined histochemically in the adrenals from these animals. The results indicated that oestradiol benzoate when given prenatally prevented the neonatal decline of adrenal weight and adrenocortical cell size. In normal or oil-treated rats, plasma corticosterone concentration was greatly increased during delivery and 2 h after birth, declining up to 12 h after birth. Oestradiol benzoate prevented this perinatal increase and suppressed the activity of 3 phi-ol dehydrogenase in the perinatal adrenal cortices."}
{"id": "PMID:950536", "title": "Bilateral adrenalectomy of lambs in utero: effects on maternal hormone levels at induced parturition.", "content": "Progesterone, 17 alpha, 20 alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, androstenedione, total unconjugated oestrogen and oestrone sulphate have been measured by radioimmunoassays in maternal utero-ovarian venous, maternal peripheral venous and/or foetal posterior vena caval plasma from six sheep bearing bilaterally adrenalectomized lambs, in which premature parturition was induced by administration of glucocorticoid. Three of the ewes were overiectomized, and in one of these three animals the foetal testes were also excised, at the time of foetal adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy was judged to be complete on the basis of plasma cortisol levels in the neonatal lambs, and by examination of the site of ablation at necropsy. In all cases foetal administration of glucocorticoid led to the onset of labour, and lambing, and in all animals the hormonal changes preceding parturition were indistinguishable (either qualitatively or quantitatively) from the changes observed in animals carrying intact lambs. Since therapy with glucocorticoid alone successfully compensates for ablation of the foetal adrenal cortex, it is suggested that glucocorticoid is the only adrenal product required to cause parturition, and that foetal adrenal secretion of androgens may be unnecessary.", "contents": "Bilateral adrenalectomy of lambs in utero: effects on maternal hormone levels at induced parturition. Progesterone, 17 alpha, 20 alpha-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one, androstenedione, total unconjugated oestrogen and oestrone sulphate have been measured by radioimmunoassays in maternal utero-ovarian venous, maternal peripheral venous and/or foetal posterior vena caval plasma from six sheep bearing bilaterally adrenalectomized lambs, in which premature parturition was induced by administration of glucocorticoid. Three of the ewes were overiectomized, and in one of these three animals the foetal testes were also excised, at the time of foetal adrenalectomy. Adrenalectomy was judged to be complete on the basis of plasma cortisol levels in the neonatal lambs, and by examination of the site of ablation at necropsy. In all cases foetal administration of glucocorticoid led to the onset of labour, and lambing, and in all animals the hormonal changes preceding parturition were indistinguishable (either qualitatively or quantitatively) from the changes observed in animals carrying intact lambs. Since therapy with glucocorticoid alone successfully compensates for ablation of the foetal adrenal cortex, it is suggested that glucocorticoid is the only adrenal product required to cause parturition, and that foetal adrenal secretion of androgens may be unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:950551", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of the 'rhodochrous' complex and allied taxa.", "content": "The degree of binding was determined between DNA preparations from gordonae and rhodochrous strains and uracil-labelled DNA from five reference strains, Nocardia asteroides NK20, N. pellegrino PII, Gordona bronchialis TI, G. terrae T5 and rhodochrous strain R90. Most of the rhodochrous and pellegrino strains fell into one of two genetically homogeneous taxa. The nucleotide sequence homology data also suggested that G. bronchialis, G. rubra, and more equivocally G. terrae, formed distinct species. However, the values for DNA relatedness between these species, and between then and the rhodochrous homology groups, were comparatively low. Only a small degree of nucleotide sequence homology was found between the N. asteroides reference system and the rest of the taxa studied. The nucleotide composition of the DNA preparations from 29 of the 30 test strains fell between 63 and 69 mol% guanine plus cytosine.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of the 'rhodochrous' complex and allied taxa. The degree of binding was determined between DNA preparations from gordonae and rhodochrous strains and uracil-labelled DNA from five reference strains, Nocardia asteroides NK20, N. pellegrino PII, Gordona bronchialis TI, G. terrae T5 and rhodochrous strain R90. Most of the rhodochrous and pellegrino strains fell into one of two genetically homogeneous taxa. The nucleotide sequence homology data also suggested that G. bronchialis, G. rubra, and more equivocally G. terrae, formed distinct species. However, the values for DNA relatedness between these species, and between then and the rhodochrous homology groups, were comparatively low. Only a small degree of nucleotide sequence homology was found between the N. asteroides reference system and the rest of the taxa studied. The nucleotide composition of the DNA preparations from 29 of the 30 test strains fell between 63 and 69 mol% guanine plus cytosine."}
{"id": "PMID:950552", "title": "Defined bacterial populations in the rumens of gnotobiotic lambs.", "content": "Five gnotobiotic lambs were fed on sterile diets until they were killed at 13 to 21 weeks of age. They were dosed orally with different combinations of 11 species of rumen bacteria. The biochemical reactions of each of the bacteria inoculated had been determined in pure culture in vitro, and they were chosen to perform the main reactions known to be associated with digestion in the normal mature rumen. Two of the bacteria could not be reisolated, but the remainder had established readily in the rumen, forming stable, mixed, defined populations. The total numbers of bacteria in the rumen, and the viable counts of most of the individual species were comparable to those of normal sheep. The concentration of volatile fatty acids was lower, however, and in four of the lambs there was a higher proportion of butyric acid and a lower proportion of propionic acid than in normal sheep. Cellulolytic, ureolytic, and methanogenic activities appeared to be taking place and lactate-utilizing bacteria appeared to reverse the accumulation of lactate which resulted from the activity of lactate-producing bacteria. Some of the bacteria also established at high levels in the caecum.", "contents": "Defined bacterial populations in the rumens of gnotobiotic lambs. Five gnotobiotic lambs were fed on sterile diets until they were killed at 13 to 21 weeks of age. They were dosed orally with different combinations of 11 species of rumen bacteria. The biochemical reactions of each of the bacteria inoculated had been determined in pure culture in vitro, and they were chosen to perform the main reactions known to be associated with digestion in the normal mature rumen. Two of the bacteria could not be reisolated, but the remainder had established readily in the rumen, forming stable, mixed, defined populations. The total numbers of bacteria in the rumen, and the viable counts of most of the individual species were comparable to those of normal sheep. The concentration of volatile fatty acids was lower, however, and in four of the lambs there was a higher proportion of butyric acid and a lower proportion of propionic acid than in normal sheep. Cellulolytic, ureolytic, and methanogenic activities appeared to be taking place and lactate-utilizing bacteria appeared to reverse the accumulation of lactate which resulted from the activity of lactate-producing bacteria. Some of the bacteria also established at high levels in the caecum."}
{"id": "PMID:950553", "title": "Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to unsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "Some unsaturated fatty acids were found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Their effectiveness was related both to the degree of unsaturation and to the configuration of the molecule about the double bonds. Both linoleic acid and linolenic acid increased the proportion of plasmid-negative bacteria in a growing culture of bacteria containing a penicillinase plasmid. This was not due to a 'curing' effect of the fatty acids but was the result of greater sensitivity of the growth of bacteria containing penicillinase plasmid to inhibition by the unsaturated fatty acids. The presence of a plasmid conferring resistance to tetracycline, however, did not make the bacterium more sensitive to inhibition by linoleic or linolenic acids.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to unsaturated fatty acids. Some unsaturated fatty acids were found to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Their effectiveness was related both to the degree of unsaturation and to the configuration of the molecule about the double bonds. Both linoleic acid and linolenic acid increased the proportion of plasmid-negative bacteria in a growing culture of bacteria containing a penicillinase plasmid. This was not due to a 'curing' effect of the fatty acids but was the result of greater sensitivity of the growth of bacteria containing penicillinase plasmid to inhibition by the unsaturated fatty acids. The presence of a plasmid conferring resistance to tetracycline, however, did not make the bacterium more sensitive to inhibition by linoleic or linolenic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:950554", "title": "Metabolism of methanol by Rhodopseudomonas acidophila.", "content": "Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050, grown anaerobically in the light on methanol, contained a methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase which could be coupled to phenazine methosulphate; an NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase which required GSH for activity; and an NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase. The specific activities of these enzymes varied in a non-coordinate manner when the organism was grown on different alcohols, formate or succinate. The affinity of the phenazine methosulphate linked methanol dehydrogenase for methanol was increased 10-fold if the cell-free extract was prepared and assayed in the absence of oxygen. Pulse-labelling experiments with [14C5methanol and [14C]bicarbonate indicated that fixation of carbon dioxide occurred via the ribulose diphosphate cycle and C3 + CO 2 fixation reaction(s). No evidence was obtained for operation of a reduced C1 fixation sequence. This conclusion was borne out by the enzyme content of cell-free extracts of the organism.", "contents": "Metabolism of methanol by Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050, grown anaerobically in the light on methanol, contained a methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenase which could be coupled to phenazine methosulphate; an NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase which required GSH for activity; and an NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase. The specific activities of these enzymes varied in a non-coordinate manner when the organism was grown on different alcohols, formate or succinate. The affinity of the phenazine methosulphate linked methanol dehydrogenase for methanol was increased 10-fold if the cell-free extract was prepared and assayed in the absence of oxygen. Pulse-labelling experiments with [14C5methanol and [14C]bicarbonate indicated that fixation of carbon dioxide occurred via the ribulose diphosphate cycle and C3 + CO 2 fixation reaction(s). No evidence was obtained for operation of a reduced C1 fixation sequence. This conclusion was borne out by the enzyme content of cell-free extracts of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:950555", "title": "Influence of dilution rate on enzymes of intermediary metabolism in two freshwater bacteria grown in continuous culture.", "content": "Two freshwater bacteria, a Pseudomonas sp. and a Spirillum sp., were grown in continuous culture under steady-state conditions in L-lactate-, succinate-, ammonium- or phosphate-limited media. In Pseudomonas sp., NAD-independent and NAD-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenases, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities increased up to 10-fold as the dilution rate (D) was decreased from 0.5 to 0.02 h-1, regardless of whether the growth-limiting nutrient was carbon, ammonium or phosphate. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were not influenced by D, and NADH oxidase activity increased with D. Spirillum sp. gave different results in some respects, but it also exhibited an increase in the activity of several enzymes at low D values. Such increases may emanate from release of catabolite repression, and catabolite repressors for the five enzymes in Pseudomonas sp. showing such increases are probably compounds of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. It is likely that increased enzyme syntheses in low D cultures represent the normal physiological state for bacteria in aquatic environments where growth occurs slowly under nutrient limitations. Such increases probably permit a more effective utilization of nutrients present at sub-saturating concentrations.", "contents": "Influence of dilution rate on enzymes of intermediary metabolism in two freshwater bacteria grown in continuous culture. Two freshwater bacteria, a Pseudomonas sp. and a Spirillum sp., were grown in continuous culture under steady-state conditions in L-lactate-, succinate-, ammonium- or phosphate-limited media. In Pseudomonas sp., NAD-independent and NAD-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenases, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities increased up to 10-fold as the dilution rate (D) was decreased from 0.5 to 0.02 h-1, regardless of whether the growth-limiting nutrient was carbon, ammonium or phosphate. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities were not influenced by D, and NADH oxidase activity increased with D. Spirillum sp. gave different results in some respects, but it also exhibited an increase in the activity of several enzymes at low D values. Such increases may emanate from release of catabolite repression, and catabolite repressors for the five enzymes in Pseudomonas sp. showing such increases are probably compounds of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. It is likely that increased enzyme syntheses in low D cultures represent the normal physiological state for bacteria in aquatic environments where growth occurs slowly under nutrient limitations. Such increases probably permit a more effective utilization of nutrients present at sub-saturating concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:950556", "title": "Divalent cations in the envelope of a psychrophilic Achromobacter.", "content": "The function of Ca2+ in a psychrophilic Achromobacter, previously found to bind large amounts of these ions to its envelope, has been studied. Bacteria suspended in media of low ionic content showed decreases in wet weight, dry weight and growth capacity, and increases in light scattering and in the release of u.v.-absorbing substances into the medium. The permeability barrier to Ca2+ was also damaged, and there was a release of radioactivity from bacteria labelled with 45Ca2+. These events occurred at the optimum growth temperature, and took place at increased rates at higher temperatures. Damage was prevented to about the same extent by 0.1 mM-CaC12, BaC12 or MgC12 and by 10 mM-NaC1, KC1 or LiC1. Ion competition experiments showed that Ca2+ was preferentially taken up and retained in comparison with Ba2+, Mg2+ and Na+, in that order. Isolated envelopes gave similar results. The dry weight of envelopes was reduced by 35% when they were suspended in water at 40 degrees C. It is clear that the function of certain envelope components in Achromobacter is highly dependent on divalent cations; and that both the integrity of the permeability barrier and the stability of the envelope are affected at low ion concentrations.", "contents": "Divalent cations in the envelope of a psychrophilic Achromobacter. The function of Ca2+ in a psychrophilic Achromobacter, previously found to bind large amounts of these ions to its envelope, has been studied. Bacteria suspended in media of low ionic content showed decreases in wet weight, dry weight and growth capacity, and increases in light scattering and in the release of u.v.-absorbing substances into the medium. The permeability barrier to Ca2+ was also damaged, and there was a release of radioactivity from bacteria labelled with 45Ca2+. These events occurred at the optimum growth temperature, and took place at increased rates at higher temperatures. Damage was prevented to about the same extent by 0.1 mM-CaC12, BaC12 or MgC12 and by 10 mM-NaC1, KC1 or LiC1. Ion competition experiments showed that Ca2+ was preferentially taken up and retained in comparison with Ba2+, Mg2+ and Na+, in that order. Isolated envelopes gave similar results. The dry weight of envelopes was reduced by 35% when they were suspended in water at 40 degrees C. It is clear that the function of certain envelope components in Achromobacter is highly dependent on divalent cations; and that both the integrity of the permeability barrier and the stability of the envelope are affected at low ion concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:950557", "title": "Effect of growth temperature and culture age on the lipid composition of Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba).", "content": "The relative amounts of the major phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine) and fatty acids in Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) varied with growth temperature and between exponential and stationary phases of growth.", "contents": "Effect of growth temperature and culture age on the lipid composition of Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba). The relative amounts of the major phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine) and fatty acids in Vibrio cholerae 569B (Inaba) varied with growth temperature and between exponential and stationary phases of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:950558", "title": "Effect of growth temperature on the cryopreservation of prototheca.", "content": "The temperature at which Prototheca spp. were grown determined their response to freezing to -196 degrees C and subsequent thawing. Cells cultured at 35 degrees C were the most sensitive to freezing injury; at lower growth temperatures, resistance to freezing damage was seen. At all culture temperatures examined, the freezing tolerance varied with the age of the culture.", "contents": "Effect of growth temperature on the cryopreservation of prototheca. The temperature at which Prototheca spp. were grown determined their response to freezing to -196 degrees C and subsequent thawing. Cells cultured at 35 degrees C were the most sensitive to freezing injury; at lower growth temperatures, resistance to freezing damage was seen. At all culture temperatures examined, the freezing tolerance varied with the age of the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:950559", "title": "The induction of interferon by temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus: its relationship to double-stranded RNA synthesis and cytopathic effect.", "content": "Sindbis virus strain AR339 induces interferon by 3 h after infection at 39 degrees C and by 8 h after infection at 30 degrees C. The time course of interferon induction between 4 and 9 h after infection at the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) was measured for 24 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants, all of which induced interferon by 16 h after infection. Mutants showing total RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C greater than 10% of the wild-type level induced interferon with kinetics similar to the wild-type. Of those mutants showing 1 to 10% of the wild-type level of RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, four induced interferon with kinetics similar to the wild type, whereas six showed a lag in induction. Nine mutants, showing 0 to 5% of the wild-type level of RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, and the wild type, were examined for single and double-stranded RNA synthesis at 30 and 39 degrees C, using a combination of lithium chloride precipitation and CF11 cellulose chromatography. Six of these mutants showed a lag in interferon induction at 30 degrees C, while three showed no lag. For all nine mutants, double-stranded RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C was undetectable, although easily detectable for the wild type. Both the wild type and the mutants synthesized double-stranded RNA at 30 degrees C. For all mutants, time of interferon induction at 39 degrees C was correlated with c.p.e. as measured by trypan blue uptake 30 h after infection. The mutant F104, showing undetectable RNA synthesis and a long lag in interferon induction at 39 degrees C, was examined for interferon induction in a temperature shift system. Only 1/2 h at 30 degrees C, before a shift to 39 degrees C, was required for interferon to be induced with wil-type kinetics, and this was correlated with an increased c.p.e. 30 h after infection. Increased RNA synthesis and infectious virus production were detectable at 30 degrees C after an initial hour at 30 degrees C. It is concluded that, for interferon to be induced with normal kinetics, early virus functions are required, but that normal levels of double-stranded RNA synthesis are not necessary. The events which lead to interferon induction also lead to visible c.p.e.", "contents": "The induction of interferon by temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus: its relationship to double-stranded RNA synthesis and cytopathic effect. Sindbis virus strain AR339 induces interferon by 3 h after infection at 39 degrees C and by 8 h after infection at 30 degrees C. The time course of interferon induction between 4 and 9 h after infection at the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) was measured for 24 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants, all of which induced interferon by 16 h after infection. Mutants showing total RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C greater than 10% of the wild-type level induced interferon with kinetics similar to the wild-type. Of those mutants showing 1 to 10% of the wild-type level of RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, four induced interferon with kinetics similar to the wild type, whereas six showed a lag in induction. Nine mutants, showing 0 to 5% of the wild-type level of RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C, and the wild type, were examined for single and double-stranded RNA synthesis at 30 and 39 degrees C, using a combination of lithium chloride precipitation and CF11 cellulose chromatography. Six of these mutants showed a lag in interferon induction at 30 degrees C, while three showed no lag. For all nine mutants, double-stranded RNA synthesis at 39 degrees C was undetectable, although easily detectable for the wild type. Both the wild type and the mutants synthesized double-stranded RNA at 30 degrees C. For all mutants, time of interferon induction at 39 degrees C was correlated with c.p.e. as measured by trypan blue uptake 30 h after infection. The mutant F104, showing undetectable RNA synthesis and a long lag in interferon induction at 39 degrees C, was examined for interferon induction in a temperature shift system. Only 1/2 h at 30 degrees C, before a shift to 39 degrees C, was required for interferon to be induced with wil-type kinetics, and this was correlated with an increased c.p.e. 30 h after infection. Increased RNA synthesis and infectious virus production were detectable at 30 degrees C after an initial hour at 30 degrees C. It is concluded that, for interferon to be induced with normal kinetics, early virus functions are required, but that normal levels of double-stranded RNA synthesis are not necessary. The events which lead to interferon induction also lead to visible c.p.e."}
{"id": "PMID:950560", "title": "Adenovirus protein maturation at 42 degrees C.", "content": "Incubation of adenovirus type 2 infected cells at 42 degrees C resulted in an inhibition of assembly of virus particles although all the major viral structural polypeptides and virus-induced cellular polypeptides so far identified were detected by electrophoretic analysis. Selective high salt-acid-urea extraction of low mol. wt. polypeptides revealed the absence of protein VII at 42 degrees C whereas precursor polypeptide P-VII and core protein V were found. Pulse-chase and temperature shift experiments indicated that cleavage of P-VII into VII was a reversible thermosensitive process, requiring de novo protein synthesis after shift-down to 37 degrees C. Virus particles assembled at 37 degrees C after transfer from 42 to 37 degrees C contained both viral DNA and polypeptides pre-labelled during the eclipse phase at 42 degrees C, including core protein VII.", "contents": "Adenovirus protein maturation at 42 degrees C. Incubation of adenovirus type 2 infected cells at 42 degrees C resulted in an inhibition of assembly of virus particles although all the major viral structural polypeptides and virus-induced cellular polypeptides so far identified were detected by electrophoretic analysis. Selective high salt-acid-urea extraction of low mol. wt. polypeptides revealed the absence of protein VII at 42 degrees C whereas precursor polypeptide P-VII and core protein V were found. Pulse-chase and temperature shift experiments indicated that cleavage of P-VII into VII was a reversible thermosensitive process, requiring de novo protein synthesis after shift-down to 37 degrees C. Virus particles assembled at 37 degrees C after transfer from 42 to 37 degrees C contained both viral DNA and polypeptides pre-labelled during the eclipse phase at 42 degrees C, including core protein VII."}
{"id": "PMID:950562", "title": "Malignant melanoma and the central nervous system. A guide for classification based on the clinical findings.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases diagnosed as having malignant melanoma affecting the central nervous system have been studied. In 20 patients the tumours represented secondary spread from elsewhere, but there were six who had a primary melanoma either of the spinal cord, leptomeninges, or brain. Confusion exists in the literature about how to differentiate primary from secondary tumours but this suggests several clinical factors which may indicate that the lesion is probably a primary one. This method of categorizing the cases is supported by the differences in duration of symptoms and survival times for each group and a simple classification can therefore be proposed.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma and the central nervous system. A guide for classification based on the clinical findings. Twenty-seven cases diagnosed as having malignant melanoma affecting the central nervous system have been studied. In 20 patients the tumours represented secondary spread from elsewhere, but there were six who had a primary melanoma either of the spinal cord, leptomeninges, or brain. Confusion exists in the literature about how to differentiate primary from secondary tumours but this suggests several clinical factors which may indicate that the lesion is probably a primary one. This method of categorizing the cases is supported by the differences in duration of symptoms and survival times for each group and a simple classification can therefore be proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:950563", "title": "Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma producing proptosis.", "content": "A case is reported of a primary rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in the right subfrontal region of a 16 year old girl. The patient suffered from dull frontal headache and proptosis for three months before hospitalization. The circumscribed and demarcated neoplasm involved the dura mater, and invaded the frontal sinus and roof of the orbit on the same side. The pathogenesis of the tumour is thought to be related to aberrant differentiation of unstable mesenchyme. A suggestion is made that the \"medullomyoblastoma\" should be classified as a type of neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin.", "contents": "Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma producing proptosis. A case is reported of a primary rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in the right subfrontal region of a 16 year old girl. The patient suffered from dull frontal headache and proptosis for three months before hospitalization. The circumscribed and demarcated neoplasm involved the dura mater, and invaded the frontal sinus and roof of the orbit on the same side. The pathogenesis of the tumour is thought to be related to aberrant differentiation of unstable mesenchyme. A suggestion is made that the \"medullomyoblastoma\" should be classified as a type of neoplasm of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:950564", "title": "A damping factor in human voluntary contraction.", "content": "Experiments on patients with Parkinsonism showed that the damping factor was lowered, so that, a tension stimulus being without supraspinal effect, oscillation occurred.", "contents": "A damping factor in human voluntary contraction. Experiments on patients with Parkinsonism showed that the damping factor was lowered, so that, a tension stimulus being without supraspinal effect, oscillation occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:950565", "title": "Conduction velocity in the proximal segments of a motor nerve in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Conduction velocity from spinal cord to axilla (estimated using the F wave) has been compared with conduction velocity from axilla to wrist (measured in the conventional manner) in the motor fibres of the ulnar nerve in 17 controls subjects and in 11 patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). In the patients with GBS the conduction velocity was, in general reduced to a similar extent in both the proximal and the distal portions of the motor fibres, suggesting that the disease process is usually diffuse. In two patients, however, the conduction velocity in the proximal segment was disproportionally reduced and in one of these the conduction velocity in the distal segment was normal. It is concluded that the estimation of conduction velocity in the proximal segments of motor nerves may be of value in the assessment of patients with GBS.", "contents": "Conduction velocity in the proximal segments of a motor nerve in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Conduction velocity from spinal cord to axilla (estimated using the F wave) has been compared with conduction velocity from axilla to wrist (measured in the conventional manner) in the motor fibres of the ulnar nerve in 17 controls subjects and in 11 patients with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). In the patients with GBS the conduction velocity was, in general reduced to a similar extent in both the proximal and the distal portions of the motor fibres, suggesting that the disease process is usually diffuse. In two patients, however, the conduction velocity in the proximal segment was disproportionally reduced and in one of these the conduction velocity in the distal segment was normal. It is concluded that the estimation of conduction velocity in the proximal segments of motor nerves may be of value in the assessment of patients with GBS."}
{"id": "PMID:950566", "title": "Functional relationships between myotatic reflex arcs of the lower limb in man: investigation by excitability curves.", "content": "In 30 normal subjects, the influence of the reflex activation of one myotatic reflex arc on the excitability of other myotatic reflex arcs of the lower limb has been investigated using excitability curves. Soleus, quadriceps, and short biceps tendon reflexes as well as H reflex at two different intensities (liminal and H max/2) were used either as conditioning or as conditioned responses. The reflex activation of the soleus muscle has opposite effects on antagonistic muscle groups of the thigh: facilitation of the quadriceps myotatic arc and inhibition of the short biceps myotatic reflex arc. Conversely, activation of both quadriceps and short biceps muscles leads to a marked and long lasting (+/- 5000 ms) inhibition of the soleus myotatic reflex arc. The differences of functional organization between proximal and distal myotatic reflex arcs are emphasized and the role of the afferent impulses secondary to the conditioning muscular contraction is discussed.", "contents": "Functional relationships between myotatic reflex arcs of the lower limb in man: investigation by excitability curves. In 30 normal subjects, the influence of the reflex activation of one myotatic reflex arc on the excitability of other myotatic reflex arcs of the lower limb has been investigated using excitability curves. Soleus, quadriceps, and short biceps tendon reflexes as well as H reflex at two different intensities (liminal and H max/2) were used either as conditioning or as conditioned responses. The reflex activation of the soleus muscle has opposite effects on antagonistic muscle groups of the thigh: facilitation of the quadriceps myotatic arc and inhibition of the short biceps myotatic reflex arc. Conversely, activation of both quadriceps and short biceps muscles leads to a marked and long lasting (+/- 5000 ms) inhibition of the soleus myotatic reflex arc. The differences of functional organization between proximal and distal myotatic reflex arcs are emphasized and the role of the afferent impulses secondary to the conditioning muscular contraction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950567", "title": "Longitudinal sliding of the median nerve during movements of the upper limb.", "content": "An incidental finding during recordings from the median nerve was that the nerve trunk slides longitudinally in its bed when the limb is moved. The amount of movement has been measured in 19 subjects. The observations are discussed with reference to the pathology of entrapment neuropathies and it is suggested that, where longitudinal movement of a peripheral nerve is restricted, continual trauma results from normal movements of the limb.", "contents": "Longitudinal sliding of the median nerve during movements of the upper limb. An incidental finding during recordings from the median nerve was that the nerve trunk slides longitudinally in its bed when the limb is moved. The amount of movement has been measured in 19 subjects. The observations are discussed with reference to the pathology of entrapment neuropathies and it is suggested that, where longitudinal movement of a peripheral nerve is restricted, continual trauma results from normal movements of the limb."}
{"id": "PMID:950568", "title": "Neurological associations of chronic heart block.", "content": "A large group of patients with chronic heart block was studied for evidence of neurological disorder. Six out of 892 patients were found who had neuromuscular disease related to the conduction disturbance. In four patients, cardiac involvement appeared selectively to affect the conducting tissues. Three of these patients had a scapuloperoneal syndrome, the fourth, the oculocraniosomatic syndrome. In the remaining two patients, one with limb girdle dystrophy and the other with dystrophia myotonica, cardiomyopathy was present in addition to the conduction disturbance.", "contents": "Neurological associations of chronic heart block. A large group of patients with chronic heart block was studied for evidence of neurological disorder. Six out of 892 patients were found who had neuromuscular disease related to the conduction disturbance. In four patients, cardiac involvement appeared selectively to affect the conducting tissues. Three of these patients had a scapuloperoneal syndrome, the fourth, the oculocraniosomatic syndrome. In the remaining two patients, one with limb girdle dystrophy and the other with dystrophia myotonica, cardiomyopathy was present in addition to the conduction disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:950569", "title": "Neurological aspects of sinoatrial heart block.", "content": "The symptoms of 100 patients with chronic cardiac sinoatrial disorder were analysed. The most common presenting features were syncope in 34 cases and dizziness in 22 cases. Over three-quarters of the patients had cerebral ischaemic symptoms at some stage of the disease. Diagnostic difficulties are often encountered and are illustrated by two case histories. Although sinoatrial disorder has been described in association with neuromuscular diseases, only one such example was found in this series. The patient had a limb girdle dystrophy with cardiomyopathy and diffuse disease of the cardiac conducting system. Muscle biopsy samples taken from 11 patients with idiopathic sinoatrial disorder were normal showing no evidence of subclinical muscular disease.", "contents": "Neurological aspects of sinoatrial heart block. The symptoms of 100 patients with chronic cardiac sinoatrial disorder were analysed. The most common presenting features were syncope in 34 cases and dizziness in 22 cases. Over three-quarters of the patients had cerebral ischaemic symptoms at some stage of the disease. Diagnostic difficulties are often encountered and are illustrated by two case histories. Although sinoatrial disorder has been described in association with neuromuscular diseases, only one such example was found in this series. The patient had a limb girdle dystrophy with cardiomyopathy and diffuse disease of the cardiac conducting system. Muscle biopsy samples taken from 11 patients with idiopathic sinoatrial disorder were normal showing no evidence of subclinical muscular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:950570", "title": "Neurological applications of surface-recorded electrocochleography.", "content": "A new outpatient technique, involving the recording of auditory-evoked responses from scalp electrodes, is described. Responses are obtained from the cochlea, cochlear nerve, and auditory brain stem nuclei. The effects of various disorders on these responses are illustrated and the procedure is assessed as a diagnostic technique.", "contents": "Neurological applications of surface-recorded electrocochleography. A new outpatient technique, involving the recording of auditory-evoked responses from scalp electrodes, is described. Responses are obtained from the cochlea, cochlear nerve, and auditory brain stem nuclei. The effects of various disorders on these responses are illustrated and the procedure is assessed as a diagnostic technique."}
{"id": "PMID:950571", "title": "Wechsler Memory Scale performance and its relationship to brain damage after severe closed head injury.", "content": "Eighty-two patients with severe head injury were tested on the Wechsler Memory Scale and compared with 34 normal subjects. Head injured patients had severe memory difficulties, particularly on Logical Memory and Associate Learning. Severity of head injury (post-traumatic amnesia duration) was related to poor memory, as was increasing age, but both persisting neurological signs, including dysphasia, and skull fracture were not.", "contents": "Wechsler Memory Scale performance and its relationship to brain damage after severe closed head injury. Eighty-two patients with severe head injury were tested on the Wechsler Memory Scale and compared with 34 normal subjects. Head injured patients had severe memory difficulties, particularly on Logical Memory and Associate Learning. Severity of head injury (post-traumatic amnesia duration) was related to poor memory, as was increasing age, but both persisting neurological signs, including dysphasia, and skull fracture were not."}
{"id": "PMID:950572", "title": "Plasma lactate in anterior horn cell disease.", "content": "This communication reports biochemical findings in 7 patients with anterior horn cell disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by evidence of denervation in the EMG and mukle biopsy with normal motor conduction velocities. In 4 of these patients, upper extremities were involved in a symmetrical fashion. In 1, the upper and lower extremities were involved in a symmetrical fashion. In the other 2, one upper or lower extremity were respectively involved in isolation. Pyramidal tract signs were evident in 2 patients of this group. Seventh cranial nerve and 12th cranial nerve involvement were seen in 2 patients. None of the patients manifested 8th cranial nerve dysfunction. All of these 7 patients showed elevation of raised fasting plasma lactate, with normal plasma citrate and plasma pyruvate values. This is in contrast to the altered citrate and pyruvate levels described by other workers in other cases of anterior horn cell disease. The significant biochemical relationship are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma lactate in anterior horn cell disease. This communication reports biochemical findings in 7 patients with anterior horn cell disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by evidence of denervation in the EMG and mukle biopsy with normal motor conduction velocities. In 4 of these patients, upper extremities were involved in a symmetrical fashion. In 1, the upper and lower extremities were involved in a symmetrical fashion. In the other 2, one upper or lower extremity were respectively involved in isolation. Pyramidal tract signs were evident in 2 patients of this group. Seventh cranial nerve and 12th cranial nerve involvement were seen in 2 patients. None of the patients manifested 8th cranial nerve dysfunction. All of these 7 patients showed elevation of raised fasting plasma lactate, with normal plasma citrate and plasma pyruvate values. This is in contrast to the altered citrate and pyruvate levels described by other workers in other cases of anterior horn cell disease. The significant biochemical relationship are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950573", "title": "Effect of an inapparent viral encephalitis on the levels of lysosomal glycosidases in mouse brain.", "content": "The changes in the activity of several lysosomal glycosidases of mouse brain which occured during an inapparent infection with the A774 strain (avirulent) of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) have been related to the histopathological and viral changes caused by the disease. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were significantly elevated between post-inoculation day 7 and 28. Lesions characteristic of encephalitis were also observed between these times. Histochemical and biochemical of encephalitis were also observed between these times. Histochemical and biochemical observations showed that not all areas of brain were affected equally; the cerebellum, parts of the mid-brain and the spinal cord showed the most sevre biochemical and histochemical changes, whilst histopathological lesions were more evenly distributed. The biochemical results have been related to the histological, histochemical and virological findings and the production of glycosidases from 2 or more cellcular types has been postulated.", "contents": "Effect of an inapparent viral encephalitis on the levels of lysosomal glycosidases in mouse brain. The changes in the activity of several lysosomal glycosidases of mouse brain which occured during an inapparent infection with the A774 strain (avirulent) of Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) have been related to the histopathological and viral changes caused by the disease. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase were significantly elevated between post-inoculation day 7 and 28. Lesions characteristic of encephalitis were also observed between these times. Histochemical and biochemical of encephalitis were also observed between these times. Histochemical and biochemical observations showed that not all areas of brain were affected equally; the cerebellum, parts of the mid-brain and the spinal cord showed the most sevre biochemical and histochemical changes, whilst histopathological lesions were more evenly distributed. The biochemical results have been related to the histological, histochemical and virological findings and the production of glycosidases from 2 or more cellcular types has been postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:950575", "title": "The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. A study based on the death certificates of 421 patients.", "content": "The mortality and prevalence of ALS in the various countries of Finland was studied. The work was based on death certificates derived from a 10-year period from 1963 to 1972, and altogether 421 cases were found. The mean duration of the disease was 2.7 years, and the mean age at death was 61.2 years. The average annual mortality rate was 0.91 per 100,000. The male to female ratio was 0.87 to 1, males outnumbered females only in age groups under 65. Some clustering of the cases seems to be taking place in the south-eastern part of the country. The rural to urban distribution of the patients' places of birth and domiciles did not differ markedly from that of thw whole population. After ALS itself pneumonia was the most common direct cause of death. Of other significant conditions coded in the death certificates schizophrenia and cancer did not occur more often than could be expected by chance. No evidence of inheritance of the disease was found.", "contents": "The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. A study based on the death certificates of 421 patients. The mortality and prevalence of ALS in the various countries of Finland was studied. The work was based on death certificates derived from a 10-year period from 1963 to 1972, and altogether 421 cases were found. The mean duration of the disease was 2.7 years, and the mean age at death was 61.2 years. The average annual mortality rate was 0.91 per 100,000. The male to female ratio was 0.87 to 1, males outnumbered females only in age groups under 65. Some clustering of the cases seems to be taking place in the south-eastern part of the country. The rural to urban distribution of the patients' places of birth and domiciles did not differ markedly from that of thw whole population. After ALS itself pneumonia was the most common direct cause of death. Of other significant conditions coded in the death certificates schizophrenia and cancer did not occur more often than could be expected by chance. No evidence of inheritance of the disease was found."}
{"id": "PMID:950576", "title": "Central pontine myelinolysis. An ultrastructural and elemental study.", "content": "Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) has been classified as a unique disease of myelin with a peculiar localization in the central pons. Although its etiology and pathogenesis are unknown, some have compared its histopathology to that of multiple sclerosis. Ultrastructural studies of suitably preserved tissue have been lacking. We have recently studied 3 cases of CPM, selectively immunostaining 2 cases and examining the fine structure and elemental composition of the third case obtained shortly after death. IgG could not be demonstrated within or around the lesions. The findings of an increased Na/K ratio and of intramyelinic vocuoles at the periphery of the lesion sjggest that the pathogenesis of CPM might include a phase of intramyelinic edema with subsequent rupture of the distended myelin sheaths. An increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier might represent a complicating factor. The spheroids in our case are primarily reactive in type and do not support pior light-microscopic interpretations of concomitant neuroaxonal dystrophy. The unexplained presence of tin within the lesion indicates a need for further study of this element in CPM.", "contents": "Central pontine myelinolysis. An ultrastructural and elemental study. Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) has been classified as a unique disease of myelin with a peculiar localization in the central pons. Although its etiology and pathogenesis are unknown, some have compared its histopathology to that of multiple sclerosis. Ultrastructural studies of suitably preserved tissue have been lacking. We have recently studied 3 cases of CPM, selectively immunostaining 2 cases and examining the fine structure and elemental composition of the third case obtained shortly after death. IgG could not be demonstrated within or around the lesions. The findings of an increased Na/K ratio and of intramyelinic vocuoles at the periphery of the lesion sjggest that the pathogenesis of CPM might include a phase of intramyelinic edema with subsequent rupture of the distended myelin sheaths. An increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier might represent a complicating factor. The spheroids in our case are primarily reactive in type and do not support pior light-microscopic interpretations of concomitant neuroaxonal dystrophy. The unexplained presence of tin within the lesion indicates a need for further study of this element in CPM."}
{"id": "PMID:950577", "title": "International collaborative study of the spinal muscular atrophies. Part 1. Analysis of clinical and laboratory data.", "content": "There is considerable variation in age of onset, though in over three-quarters of cases onset is before 4 years of age. A febrile episode, often of viral origin, may be present at the time of onset and might possibly be of aetiological significance, perhaps by precipitating the disease in a genetically predisposed individual. Reduced fetal movements and floopiness at birth are present in about one third of those cases where the onset is in early childhood. It would seem that when the onset is before 4 years of age, and particularly if the child has never been able to sit without support, the prognosis is much worse than in cases where the onset is after the age of 4 years. The proximal limb muscles are predominantly affected and muscle tone is usually reduced but pseudohypertrophy is uncommon. Rarely are the cranial nerves affected. Muscle fasiculations are present in about half the cases. Almost 10% of cases appear to be mentally retarded. With regard to the EMG findings, spontaneous activity, reduced full effort pattern increased potential amplitude and duration and increased motor unit territory appear to be the most reliable diagnostic criteria. Routine histological evidence of neurogenic atrophy seems to be a more reliable diagnostic criterion than muscle histochemistry. However, this may be only reflect the way in which the data were selected, that is, from cases where a muscle biopsy showed evidence of neurogenic atrophy on routine histology. Finally the serum level of creatine kinase is rarely very high and in more than half the cases it is normal. The CSF chemistry is always normal.", "contents": "International collaborative study of the spinal muscular atrophies. Part 1. Analysis of clinical and laboratory data. There is considerable variation in age of onset, though in over three-quarters of cases onset is before 4 years of age. A febrile episode, often of viral origin, may be present at the time of onset and might possibly be of aetiological significance, perhaps by precipitating the disease in a genetically predisposed individual. Reduced fetal movements and floopiness at birth are present in about one third of those cases where the onset is in early childhood. It would seem that when the onset is before 4 years of age, and particularly if the child has never been able to sit without support, the prognosis is much worse than in cases where the onset is after the age of 4 years. The proximal limb muscles are predominantly affected and muscle tone is usually reduced but pseudohypertrophy is uncommon. Rarely are the cranial nerves affected. Muscle fasiculations are present in about half the cases. Almost 10% of cases appear to be mentally retarded. With regard to the EMG findings, spontaneous activity, reduced full effort pattern increased potential amplitude and duration and increased motor unit territory appear to be the most reliable diagnostic criteria. Routine histological evidence of neurogenic atrophy seems to be a more reliable diagnostic criterion than muscle histochemistry. However, this may be only reflect the way in which the data were selected, that is, from cases where a muscle biopsy showed evidence of neurogenic atrophy on routine histology. Finally the serum level of creatine kinase is rarely very high and in more than half the cases it is normal. The CSF chemistry is always normal."}
{"id": "PMID:950578", "title": "Vascular leakage in the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, studied with horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was found to pass from ganglionic blood vessels into the extracellular space of dorsal root and Vth nerve ganglia within 2 min of intravenous injection in the rat. By 5 min, the tracer had penetrated into perineuronal and periaxonal spaces. A brisk macrophage response occured, and these cells rapidly engulfed the tracer so that it has almost completely disappeared from the extracellular space 2-3 hr. Fenestrated blood vessels, with and without diaphragms were seen within ganglia. On the basis of the pattern of tracer distribution following post-fixation perfusion of HRP, it was concluded that the fenestrations and endothelial intercellular clefts were probably the most important route of tracer leakage. Because of the foreign and possibly toxic nature of the tracer, its movements and fate may not parallel that of normally extravasated proteins.", "contents": "Vascular leakage in the dorsal root ganglia of the rat, studied with horseradish peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was found to pass from ganglionic blood vessels into the extracellular space of dorsal root and Vth nerve ganglia within 2 min of intravenous injection in the rat. By 5 min, the tracer had penetrated into perineuronal and periaxonal spaces. A brisk macrophage response occured, and these cells rapidly engulfed the tracer so that it has almost completely disappeared from the extracellular space 2-3 hr. Fenestrated blood vessels, with and without diaphragms were seen within ganglia. On the basis of the pattern of tracer distribution following post-fixation perfusion of HRP, it was concluded that the fenestrations and endothelial intercellular clefts were probably the most important route of tracer leakage. Because of the foreign and possibly toxic nature of the tracer, its movements and fate may not parallel that of normally extravasated proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:950594", "title": "Kinetics of active sodium transport in rat proximal tubules and its variation by cardiac glycosides at zero net volume and ion fluxes. Evidence for a multisite sodium transport system.", "content": "1. Transepithelial Na concentration difference, deltaCNa, across proximal tubules of rat kidney was measured at varying intraluminal Na concentrations (CNainfinity) under conditions of zero net volume and Na flux. Simultaneous stopped-flow intratubular and artificial peritubular capillary perfusion techniques were used together with intratubular raffinose to achieve zero net fluxes. Under these conditions in rat proximal tubules, deltaCNa represents active transport, JactNa, factored by permeability, PNa, plus an electrical factor depending on transepithelial potential difference. 2. The relationship between CNainfinity and deltaCNa appeared sigmoidal with saturation being reached when intratubular Na was above 80 m-mole/kg. In the presence of ouabain (10(-2)M) and scilliroside (10(-3)M) the relationship remained the same. The maximum deltaCNa was reduced by approximately 50% by cardiac glycoside inhibition whereas the half-saturation constant was essentially unchanged. These changes from the control represent simple non-competitive inhibition by the cardiac glycosides. 3. Absence  of potential difference (p.d.) measurements precludes exact description of the relation between true active transport and substrate concentration but much evidence indicates that the apparently sigmoid relation in the presence and absence of cardiac glycoside inhibition, would be retained if correction of deltaCNa values were possible. Such results could then be explained if there are at least three or more sites for Na on the pump system, of which at least two are not cardiac glycoside sensitive. They would also unequivocally exclude the presence of a single-site single-pump system or the simple algebraic addition of two such units since the kinetic curves for both would be hyperbolic rather than sigmoidal.", "contents": "Kinetics of active sodium transport in rat proximal tubules and its variation by cardiac glycosides at zero net volume and ion fluxes. Evidence for a multisite sodium transport system. 1. Transepithelial Na concentration difference, deltaCNa, across proximal tubules of rat kidney was measured at varying intraluminal Na concentrations (CNainfinity) under conditions of zero net volume and Na flux. Simultaneous stopped-flow intratubular and artificial peritubular capillary perfusion techniques were used together with intratubular raffinose to achieve zero net fluxes. Under these conditions in rat proximal tubules, deltaCNa represents active transport, JactNa, factored by permeability, PNa, plus an electrical factor depending on transepithelial potential difference. 2. The relationship between CNainfinity and deltaCNa appeared sigmoidal with saturation being reached when intratubular Na was above 80 m-mole/kg. In the presence of ouabain (10(-2)M) and scilliroside (10(-3)M) the relationship remained the same. The maximum deltaCNa was reduced by approximately 50% by cardiac glycoside inhibition whereas the half-saturation constant was essentially unchanged. These changes from the control represent simple non-competitive inhibition by the cardiac glycosides. 3. Absence  of potential difference (p.d.) measurements precludes exact description of the relation between true active transport and substrate concentration but much evidence indicates that the apparently sigmoid relation in the presence and absence of cardiac glycoside inhibition, would be retained if correction of deltaCNa values were possible. Such results could then be explained if there are at least three or more sites for Na on the pump system, of which at least two are not cardiac glycoside sensitive. They would also unequivocally exclude the presence of a single-site single-pump system or the simple algebraic addition of two such units since the kinetic curves for both would be hyperbolic rather than sigmoidal."}
{"id": "PMID:950595", "title": "Extravascular albumin in bone tissue.", "content": "1. The amount of albumin in extravascular tissue fluid in bone, kidney, intestine, skin and muscle and in plasma of young rabbits has been measured by radial immunodiffusion. 2. The majority of extravascular albumin in kidney, intestine, skin and muscle is exchangeable with plasma albumin, whereas in bone, only the proportion which is in tissue fluid is readily exchangeable; the remaining fraction in calcified matrix is more permanently fixed. 3. About 27% of the albumin in young bone is in tissue fluid, about 57% in calcified matrix and about 16% is intravascular. The total amount of extravascular albumin per unit mass of bone is similar to that found in soft tissues. 4. The volume of intravascular plasma in tissues was determined in two ways: from 51Cr-erythrocyte radioactivity and the venous haematocrit and from the '5 min 125I-fibrinogen space'. 5. The rate of egress of albumin from blood vessels has been estimated from the initial slope of the ratio of extravascular radioactivity in the tissue to plasma radioactivity plotted against time after injection of 125I-albumin. 6. The rate of clearance of the albumin in extravascular tissue fluid in bone is approximately once every hour. This is more rapid than in skin and muscle, comparable with intestine and less rapid than in kidney. 7. The amount of albumin incorporated into calcified matrix of bone per day is calculated to be less than 0-5% of the total albumin passing through the tissue fluid of bone per day.", "contents": "Extravascular albumin in bone tissue. 1. The amount of albumin in extravascular tissue fluid in bone, kidney, intestine, skin and muscle and in plasma of young rabbits has been measured by radial immunodiffusion. 2. The majority of extravascular albumin in kidney, intestine, skin and muscle is exchangeable with plasma albumin, whereas in bone, only the proportion which is in tissue fluid is readily exchangeable; the remaining fraction in calcified matrix is more permanently fixed. 3. About 27% of the albumin in young bone is in tissue fluid, about 57% in calcified matrix and about 16% is intravascular. The total amount of extravascular albumin per unit mass of bone is similar to that found in soft tissues. 4. The volume of intravascular plasma in tissues was determined in two ways: from 51Cr-erythrocyte radioactivity and the venous haematocrit and from the '5 min 125I-fibrinogen space'. 5. The rate of egress of albumin from blood vessels has been estimated from the initial slope of the ratio of extravascular radioactivity in the tissue to plasma radioactivity plotted against time after injection of 125I-albumin. 6. The rate of clearance of the albumin in extravascular tissue fluid in bone is approximately once every hour. This is more rapid than in skin and muscle, comparable with intestine and less rapid than in kidney. 7. The amount of albumin incorporated into calcified matrix of bone per day is calculated to be less than 0-5% of the total albumin passing through the tissue fluid of bone per day."}
{"id": "PMID:950596", "title": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic acinar cells: inhibitory effects of calcium removal and manganese addition on pancreozymin-induced amylase release.", "content": "The role of Ca ions in stimulus-secretion coupling has been analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. 2. The omission of [Ca2+]O diminished but did not abolish the release of amylase in response to continuous stimulation with 5 m-u. pancreozymin (Pz)/ml. The addition of Mn2+ (1-0 mM) to this Ca-deficient environment abolished the residual release of amylase. This was followed by a complete recovery of amylase output when the control [Ca2+]O was reestablished. 3. The addition of Mn2+ (1-0 mM) to the extracellular environment containing 2-5 mM-Ca2+ reversibly inhibited the Pz-induced release of amylase. 4. A kinetic scheme based on competition of Ca and Mn at a carrier in the acinar cell membrane could quantitatively explain the effects of Ca and Mn upon the Pz-induced amylase release. 5. These results support the view that the Ca2+ influx into the acinar cells is the major contributor to the rise in [Ca2+]i which, in turn, mediates the processes in the stimulus-secretion coupling in the exocrine pancreas, and suggest that the mode of Ca influx is a facilitated diffusion.", "contents": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in pancreatic acinar cells: inhibitory effects of calcium removal and manganese addition on pancreozymin-induced amylase release. The role of Ca ions in stimulus-secretion coupling has been analysed in the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. 2. The omission of [Ca2+]O diminished but did not abolish the release of amylase in response to continuous stimulation with 5 m-u. pancreozymin (Pz)/ml. The addition of Mn2+ (1-0 mM) to this Ca-deficient environment abolished the residual release of amylase. This was followed by a complete recovery of amylase output when the control [Ca2+]O was reestablished. 3. The addition of Mn2+ (1-0 mM) to the extracellular environment containing 2-5 mM-Ca2+ reversibly inhibited the Pz-induced release of amylase. 4. A kinetic scheme based on competition of Ca and Mn at a carrier in the acinar cell membrane could quantitatively explain the effects of Ca and Mn upon the Pz-induced amylase release. 5. These results support the view that the Ca2+ influx into the acinar cells is the major contributor to the rise in [Ca2+]i which, in turn, mediates the processes in the stimulus-secretion coupling in the exocrine pancreas, and suggest that the mode of Ca influx is a facilitated diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:950597", "title": "Excitation of phasically firing hypothalamic supraoptic neurones by carotid occlusion in rats.", "content": "1. The activity of supraoptic neurones has been recorded extracellularly during bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in anaesthetized rats. 2. Experiments in lactating rats showed that occlusion liberated sufficient amounts of neurohypophysial hormones to cause a rise in intramammary pressure 15-25 s after the onset of occlusion. 3. Ninety-one percent of the phasic neurones (defined as those showing bursts of activity alternating with periods of silence) were activated by carotid occlusion less than 10 s after the onset of occlusion. Most randomly firing neurones were inhibited or were unaffected. 4. The activation of phasic neurones is unlikely to be just a nonspecific effect, because in the same animals, phasic neurones were excited whilst random neurones were not. 5. Moreover, in phasic neurones, statistical analysis shows (a) that the intervals during which an occlusion was performed were significantly shorter than the intervals between spontaneously occurring bursts, and (b) that this activation was followed by a period of reduced firing probability. 6. The results are discussed with reference to the correlation of supraoptic neuronal activity with hormone release. The possibility is considered of relating the tendency of some supraoptic neurones to fire in bursts with the secretion of vasopressin.", "contents": "Excitation of phasically firing hypothalamic supraoptic neurones by carotid occlusion in rats. 1. The activity of supraoptic neurones has been recorded extracellularly during bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in anaesthetized rats. 2. Experiments in lactating rats showed that occlusion liberated sufficient amounts of neurohypophysial hormones to cause a rise in intramammary pressure 15-25 s after the onset of occlusion. 3. Ninety-one percent of the phasic neurones (defined as those showing bursts of activity alternating with periods of silence) were activated by carotid occlusion less than 10 s after the onset of occlusion. Most randomly firing neurones were inhibited or were unaffected. 4. The activation of phasic neurones is unlikely to be just a nonspecific effect, because in the same animals, phasic neurones were excited whilst random neurones were not. 5. Moreover, in phasic neurones, statistical analysis shows (a) that the intervals during which an occlusion was performed were significantly shorter than the intervals between spontaneously occurring bursts, and (b) that this activation was followed by a period of reduced firing probability. 6. The results are discussed with reference to the correlation of supraoptic neuronal activity with hormone release. The possibility is considered of relating the tendency of some supraoptic neurones to fire in bursts with the secretion of vasopressin."}
{"id": "PMID:950598", "title": "Dual role for potassium in Balanus photoreceptor: antagonist of calcium and suppression of light-induced current.", "content": "1. The mechanism of reduction and final abolition of the depolarizing receptor potential of Balanus eburneus photoreceptors in K+-free saline was examined with electro-physiological techniques including voltage-clamp and ion specific electrodes. 2. An extended exposure to K+-free saline reduces the transient peak and the steady phases of the depolarizing receptor potential by approximately equal amounts. The process can be reversed in normal saline although the wave form of the response is often more rectangular upon recovery. Restoration of K+ induces a transient hyperpolarization of the resting membrane for several minutes. 3. The depolarizing receptor potential can also be restored in K+-free solution by reducing the Ca2+ concentration. This saline depolarizes the resting membrane, and the wave form of the depolarizing receptor potential assumes a rectangular configuration. 4. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that an extended exposure to K+-free saline produced an extreme reduction of the inward light-induced current (LIC), but no detectable change in the membrane potential at which the current reverses sign. Membrane conductance in darkness showed little change. Reduction of the Ca2+ concentration from 20 to 0-2 mM in K+-free restored the current and produced a negative 8-10 mV shift in the zero current potential. There was also a significant decrease in membrane conductance in darkness. 5. Current-voltage relations of the membrane in K+-free, low Ca2+, or K+-free low Ca2+ salines were somewhat dependent upon the order the salines were presented. 6. Low Ca2+ saline (0-2 mM) by itself produced a -5 mV shift in the zero-current potential. Removing K+ in low Ca2+ produced an additional shift (-5 mV) in the zero-current potential.", "contents": "Dual role for potassium in Balanus photoreceptor: antagonist of calcium and suppression of light-induced current. 1. The mechanism of reduction and final abolition of the depolarizing receptor potential of Balanus eburneus photoreceptors in K+-free saline was examined with electro-physiological techniques including voltage-clamp and ion specific electrodes. 2. An extended exposure to K+-free saline reduces the transient peak and the steady phases of the depolarizing receptor potential by approximately equal amounts. The process can be reversed in normal saline although the wave form of the response is often more rectangular upon recovery. Restoration of K+ induces a transient hyperpolarization of the resting membrane for several minutes. 3. The depolarizing receptor potential can also be restored in K+-free solution by reducing the Ca2+ concentration. This saline depolarizes the resting membrane, and the wave form of the depolarizing receptor potential assumes a rectangular configuration. 4. Voltage-clamp experiments revealed that an extended exposure to K+-free saline produced an extreme reduction of the inward light-induced current (LIC), but no detectable change in the membrane potential at which the current reverses sign. Membrane conductance in darkness showed little change. Reduction of the Ca2+ concentration from 20 to 0-2 mM in K+-free restored the current and produced a negative 8-10 mV shift in the zero current potential. There was also a significant decrease in membrane conductance in darkness. 5. Current-voltage relations of the membrane in K+-free, low Ca2+, or K+-free low Ca2+ salines were somewhat dependent upon the order the salines were presented. 6. Low Ca2+ saline (0-2 mM) by itself produced a -5 mV shift in the zero-current potential. Removing K+ in low Ca2+ produced an additional shift (-5 mV) in the zero-current potential."}
{"id": "PMID:950599", "title": "Electrical properties of the rod syncytium in the retina of the turtle.", "content": "1. Intracellular responses were recorded from rods in isolated eye-cups of the snapping turtle. Chelydra serpentina. Responses to flashes of small (less than 100 mum diameter) and large (1000 mum diameter) spots of 500 nm light were studied. 2. Responses produced by small and large diameter spots which delivered less than 0-3 photons mum-2 had the same shape. The responses produced by large spots were, however, nearly ten times greater in amplitude. The difference in amplitude is termed enhancement. 3. Perfusing an eye-cup with a Co2+-containing medium blocked synaptic transmission from receptors to horizontal cells but did not affect the responses of rods. 4. The membrane conductance of a single rod, estimated by three independent methods, was approximately 1-2 X 10(-9) MHo. 5. Enhancement can be predicted by a mathematical model which treats rods as an electrical syncytium. The space coefficient describing the spread of current is approximately 65 mum indicating that the coupling conductance between rods was relatively high. 6. When the intensity of a small spot was increased from 0-3 photons mum-2 up to 6 photons mum-2, the shape of the response was unchanged. When the intensity of a large spot was increased to more than 0-3 photons mum-2, the voltage during the recovery phase was decreased. This decrease is termed disenhancement. 7. The voltages produced by bright, large and small diameter spots which delivered the same quantity of light to the impaled rod were compared. The voltage produced by a large diameter spot became for a short period during the recovery phase less than the voltage produced by a small diameter spot. This observation indicates that the response to a large spot included during recovery an active process which is not apparent in the response to a small spot.", "contents": "Electrical properties of the rod syncytium in the retina of the turtle. 1. Intracellular responses were recorded from rods in isolated eye-cups of the snapping turtle. Chelydra serpentina. Responses to flashes of small (less than 100 mum diameter) and large (1000 mum diameter) spots of 500 nm light were studied. 2. Responses produced by small and large diameter spots which delivered less than 0-3 photons mum-2 had the same shape. The responses produced by large spots were, however, nearly ten times greater in amplitude. The difference in amplitude is termed enhancement. 3. Perfusing an eye-cup with a Co2+-containing medium blocked synaptic transmission from receptors to horizontal cells but did not affect the responses of rods. 4. The membrane conductance of a single rod, estimated by three independent methods, was approximately 1-2 X 10(-9) MHo. 5. Enhancement can be predicted by a mathematical model which treats rods as an electrical syncytium. The space coefficient describing the spread of current is approximately 65 mum indicating that the coupling conductance between rods was relatively high. 6. When the intensity of a small spot was increased from 0-3 photons mum-2 up to 6 photons mum-2, the shape of the response was unchanged. When the intensity of a large spot was increased to more than 0-3 photons mum-2, the voltage during the recovery phase was decreased. This decrease is termed disenhancement. 7. The voltages produced by bright, large and small diameter spots which delivered the same quantity of light to the impaled rod were compared. The voltage produced by a large diameter spot became for a short period during the recovery phase less than the voltage produced by a small diameter spot. This observation indicates that the response to a large spot included during recovery an active process which is not apparent in the response to a small spot."}
{"id": "PMID:950600", "title": "A study of the vascular and acid-secretory responses of the rat gastric mucosa to histamine.", "content": "1. The effects of histamine on gastric mucosal blood flow in the presence and absence of gastric acid secretion were studied in the rat. 2. Histamine, in doses greater than those required to stimulate maximal acid secretion, caused a small increase in mucosal blood flow per unit acid output. 3. When acid secretion was inhibited by methyl analogues of prostaglandin E2, histamine reduced arterial blood pressure and gave a dose dependent rise in mucosal blood flow. 4. When acid secretion was inhibited by the histamine H2-receptor antagonists, burimamide and metiamide, histamine still increased mucosal blood flow. 5. The use of H1-receptor antagonists to inhibit the histamine-induced hyperaemia was made difficult by their vasodilator actions. 6. The selective histamine H2-receptor agonist, 4-methyl histamine, had no effect on arterial blood pressure in doses which stimulated acid secretion. The increase in mucosal blood flow which accompanied the stimulation of acid secretion was inhibited by the anti-secretory prostaglandins and H2-receptor antagonists. 7. The selective histamine H1-receptor agonist, 2-pyridyl ethylamine, had no effect on acid output but increased resting mucosal blood flow. 8. These results suggest that histamine H2-receptors, primarily concerned with acid secretion, and H1-receptors concerned with vasodilatation are both present in the rat gastric mucosa.", "contents": "A study of the vascular and acid-secretory responses of the rat gastric mucosa to histamine. 1. The effects of histamine on gastric mucosal blood flow in the presence and absence of gastric acid secretion were studied in the rat. 2. Histamine, in doses greater than those required to stimulate maximal acid secretion, caused a small increase in mucosal blood flow per unit acid output. 3. When acid secretion was inhibited by methyl analogues of prostaglandin E2, histamine reduced arterial blood pressure and gave a dose dependent rise in mucosal blood flow. 4. When acid secretion was inhibited by the histamine H2-receptor antagonists, burimamide and metiamide, histamine still increased mucosal blood flow. 5. The use of H1-receptor antagonists to inhibit the histamine-induced hyperaemia was made difficult by their vasodilator actions. 6. The selective histamine H2-receptor agonist, 4-methyl histamine, had no effect on arterial blood pressure in doses which stimulated acid secretion. The increase in mucosal blood flow which accompanied the stimulation of acid secretion was inhibited by the anti-secretory prostaglandins and H2-receptor antagonists. 7. The selective histamine H1-receptor agonist, 2-pyridyl ethylamine, had no effect on acid output but increased resting mucosal blood flow. 8. These results suggest that histamine H2-receptors, primarily concerned with acid secretion, and H1-receptors concerned with vasodilatation are both present in the rat gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:950601", "title": "Histamine metabolism of the guinea-pig gastric mucosa.", "content": "1. The mobilization of gastric mucosal histamine as reflected by changes in formation and content has been studied in guinea-pigs on feeding and after injections of pentagastrin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. Re-feeding fasting guinea-pigs as well as injections of pentagastrin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose raised the rate of mucosal histamine formation; pentagastrin induced a fourfold rise. 3. Some properties of the enzyme catalysing the formation of histamine were examined. The results indicated that this enzyme is histidine decarboxylase, L-histidine carboxy-lyase, E.C. 4.1.1. 22. 4. The enzyme imidazole-N-methyl transferase, E.C. 2.1.1.8, which carries out methylation of the imidazole ring to yield 1-methyl-4-(beta-aminoethyl)imidazole (methylhistamine), was found in high amounts in the mucosa. The enzyme did not change upon stimulation of the mucosa. 5. The metabolism of histamine within the gastric mucosa is discussed in relationship to a suggested role of the amine in exciting acid secretion.", "contents": "Histamine metabolism of the guinea-pig gastric mucosa. 1. The mobilization of gastric mucosal histamine as reflected by changes in formation and content has been studied in guinea-pigs on feeding and after injections of pentagastrin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose. 2. Re-feeding fasting guinea-pigs as well as injections of pentagastrin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose raised the rate of mucosal histamine formation; pentagastrin induced a fourfold rise. 3. Some properties of the enzyme catalysing the formation of histamine were examined. The results indicated that this enzyme is histidine decarboxylase, L-histidine carboxy-lyase, E.C. 4.1.1. 22. 4. The enzyme imidazole-N-methyl transferase, E.C. 2.1.1.8, which carries out methylation of the imidazole ring to yield 1-methyl-4-(beta-aminoethyl)imidazole (methylhistamine), was found in high amounts in the mucosa. The enzyme did not change upon stimulation of the mucosa. 5. The metabolism of histamine within the gastric mucosa is discussed in relationship to a suggested role of the amine in exciting acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:950602", "title": "Subcellular localization of the heparin-neutralizing factor in blood platelets.", "content": "1. The distribution of the heparin-neutralizing factor (platelet factor 4, PF4) in subcellular organelles of blood platelets of rabbits and man was investigated. 2. In both species the organelles storing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT storage organelles) contained only trivial amounts of PF4. 3. In contrast, the content of PF4 was highest in the subcellular fractions rich in alpha-granules. 4. In conclusion, PF4 is probably localized in the alpha-granules and therefore the platelets contain at least two types of organelles (5-HT organelles and alpha-granules) capable of releasing their contents in response to the same stimuli, such as exposure to collagen, thrombin, etc.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of the heparin-neutralizing factor in blood platelets. 1. The distribution of the heparin-neutralizing factor (platelet factor 4, PF4) in subcellular organelles of blood platelets of rabbits and man was investigated. 2. In both species the organelles storing 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT storage organelles) contained only trivial amounts of PF4. 3. In contrast, the content of PF4 was highest in the subcellular fractions rich in alpha-granules. 4. In conclusion, PF4 is probably localized in the alpha-granules and therefore the platelets contain at least two types of organelles (5-HT organelles and alpha-granules) capable of releasing their contents in response to the same stimuli, such as exposure to collagen, thrombin, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:950603", "title": "Mechanisms underlying recurrent inhibition in the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the urinary bladder.", "content": "1. In cats with the sacral dorsal roots cut on one side electrical stimulation (15-40 c/s) of the central end of the transected ipsilateral pelvic nerve depressed spontaneous bladder contractions. The depression was abolished by transecting the ipsilateral sacral ventral roots. 2. Electrical stimulation of acutely or chronically transected ('deafferented') sacral ventral roots depressed spontaneous bladder contractions and the firing of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurones innervating the bladder. The depression of neuronal firing occurred ipsilateral and contralateral to the point of stimulation, but only occurred with stimulation of sacral roots containing preganglionic axons and only with stimulation of sacral roots containing preganglionic axons and only at intensities of stimulation (0-7-4V) above the threshold for activation of these axons. 3. The inhibitory responses were not abolished by strychnine administered by micro-electrophoresis to preganglionic neurones, but were blocked by the intravenous administration of strychnine. 4. The firing of preganglionic neurones elicited by micro-electrophoretic administration of an excitant amino acid (DL-homocysteic acid) was not depressed by stimulation of the ventral roots. 5. It is concluded that the inhibition of the sacral outflow to the bladder by stimulation of sacral ventral roots is related to antidromic activation of vesical preganglionic axons. Collaterals of these axons must excite inhibitory interneurones which in turn depress transmission at a site on the micturition reflex pathway prior to the preganglionic neurones.", "contents": "Mechanisms underlying recurrent inhibition in the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the urinary bladder. 1. In cats with the sacral dorsal roots cut on one side electrical stimulation (15-40 c/s) of the central end of the transected ipsilateral pelvic nerve depressed spontaneous bladder contractions. The depression was abolished by transecting the ipsilateral sacral ventral roots. 2. Electrical stimulation of acutely or chronically transected ('deafferented') sacral ventral roots depressed spontaneous bladder contractions and the firing of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurones innervating the bladder. The depression of neuronal firing occurred ipsilateral and contralateral to the point of stimulation, but only occurred with stimulation of sacral roots containing preganglionic axons and only with stimulation of sacral roots containing preganglionic axons and only at intensities of stimulation (0-7-4V) above the threshold for activation of these axons. 3. The inhibitory responses were not abolished by strychnine administered by micro-electrophoresis to preganglionic neurones, but were blocked by the intravenous administration of strychnine. 4. The firing of preganglionic neurones elicited by micro-electrophoretic administration of an excitant amino acid (DL-homocysteic acid) was not depressed by stimulation of the ventral roots. 5. It is concluded that the inhibition of the sacral outflow to the bladder by stimulation of sacral ventral roots is related to antidromic activation of vesical preganglionic axons. Collaterals of these axons must excite inhibitory interneurones which in turn depress transmission at a site on the micturition reflex pathway prior to the preganglionic neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:950604", "title": "Activation of the contractile mechanism in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis.", "content": "1. The electrical and mechanical responses of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis to acetylcholine (ACh), high [K]O or the removal of external Ca were examined under a variety of conditions. 2. ACh (10(-6)--10(-3)M) produced contracture tensions larger than those produced by high [K]O (30-300 mM) for a given amount of depolarization. In Ca-free solution, the rate of decline of ACh-contractures was much smaller than that of K contractures, though both ACh- and K-contractures eventually disappeared. 3. 5-HT (10(-4)M) of procaine (1 mM) markedly reduced the height of ACh-contractures, but had little or no effect on K-contractures. The height of K contractures was markedly decreased by Mn ions (20 mM) or low pH (4-5), while ACh-contractures remained unaffected. 4. Partial replacement of [Na]o by choline (30-100 mM) reduced both ACh-induced depolarization and contracture tension, whereas K-contractures remained unchanged even after total replacement of [Na]o by choline. 5. ACh could produce little or no tension when applied during the relaxation phase of K-contractures, while high [K]o produced the maximal contracture tension when applied during the relaxation phase of ACh-contractures. 6. Following the removal of external Ca from solutions containing less than 10 mM-Mg, the ABRM showed a marked tension development associated with repetitive electrical activity superimposed on a gradual decline of membrane potential. 7. These results suggest that ACh-contractures are mainly due to the release of intracellularly stored Ca, while K-contractures are mainly associated with the inward movement of external Ca.", "contents": "Activation of the contractile mechanism in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis. 1. The electrical and mechanical responses of the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis to acetylcholine (ACh), high [K]O or the removal of external Ca were examined under a variety of conditions. 2. ACh (10(-6)--10(-3)M) produced contracture tensions larger than those produced by high [K]O (30-300 mM) for a given amount of depolarization. In Ca-free solution, the rate of decline of ACh-contractures was much smaller than that of K contractures, though both ACh- and K-contractures eventually disappeared. 3. 5-HT (10(-4)M) of procaine (1 mM) markedly reduced the height of ACh-contractures, but had little or no effect on K-contractures. The height of K contractures was markedly decreased by Mn ions (20 mM) or low pH (4-5), while ACh-contractures remained unaffected. 4. Partial replacement of [Na]o by choline (30-100 mM) reduced both ACh-induced depolarization and contracture tension, whereas K-contractures remained unchanged even after total replacement of [Na]o by choline. 5. ACh could produce little or no tension when applied during the relaxation phase of K-contractures, while high [K]o produced the maximal contracture tension when applied during the relaxation phase of ACh-contractures. 6. Following the removal of external Ca from solutions containing less than 10 mM-Mg, the ABRM showed a marked tension development associated with repetitive electrical activity superimposed on a gradual decline of membrane potential. 7. These results suggest that ACh-contractures are mainly due to the release of intracellularly stored Ca, while K-contractures are mainly associated with the inward movement of external Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:950605", "title": "Localization of calcium-accumulating structures in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis and their role in the regulation of active and catch contractions.", "content": "1. The localization of Ca-accumulating structures in the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis and their role in the contraction-relaxation cycle were studied by fixing the ABRM at rest or during various phases of mechanical activity with a 1% osmium tetroxide solution containing 2% potassium pyroantimonate. 2. In the resting ABRM, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate was observed at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, the vesicles and the mitochondria. 3. Electron X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca in the precipitate, indicating that the precipitate provides a valid measure for Ca localization. 4. In the ABRM fixed at the peak of mechanical response to the Ca-removal or to acetylcholine, the precipitate was found to be diffusely distributed in the myoplasm in the form of a number of particles. At the completion of spontaneous relaxation, the precipitate was again seen at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. 5. During the catch state, the precipitate was found to be re-accumulated in the peripheral structures with a corresponding decrease of the precipitate in the myoplasm. 6. These results not only provide evidence for the involvement of the Ca-accumulating structures in the contraction-relaxation cycle in the ABRM, but also suggest that the transition from active to catch contractions is related to a decrease in myoplasmic free Ca ion concentration.", "contents": "Localization of calcium-accumulating structures in the anterior byssal retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis and their role in the regulation of active and catch contractions. 1. The localization of Ca-accumulating structures in the anterior byssal retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis and their role in the contraction-relaxation cycle were studied by fixing the ABRM at rest or during various phases of mechanical activity with a 1% osmium tetroxide solution containing 2% potassium pyroantimonate. 2. In the resting ABRM, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate was observed at the inner surface of the plasma membrane, the vesicles and the mitochondria. 3. Electron X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca in the precipitate, indicating that the precipitate provides a valid measure for Ca localization. 4. In the ABRM fixed at the peak of mechanical response to the Ca-removal or to acetylcholine, the precipitate was found to be diffusely distributed in the myoplasm in the form of a number of particles. At the completion of spontaneous relaxation, the precipitate was again seen at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. 5. During the catch state, the precipitate was found to be re-accumulated in the peripheral structures with a corresponding decrease of the precipitate in the myoplasm. 6. These results not only provide evidence for the involvement of the Ca-accumulating structures in the contraction-relaxation cycle in the ABRM, but also suggest that the transition from active to catch contractions is related to a decrease in myoplasmic free Ca ion concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:950606", "title": "Antagonism by antipyretics of the hyperthermic effect of a prostaglandin precursor, sodium arachidonate, in the cat.", "content": "1. Injection of sodium arachidonate (100-400 mug) into lateral cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized cats caused shivering and rapid development of dose-related hyperthermic responses. Unless arachidonate is hyperthermogenic per se, this indicates that in vivo formation of prostaglandins, or perhaps an endoperoxide intermediate, can cause hyperthermia. 2. Tolerance gradually developed when arachidonate was administered repeatedly at intervals of 1-7 days. Examination of the brains of several tolerant animals revealed in each case marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles which apparently accounted for the diminished response to arachidonate. 3. Sodium salicylate (40, 160 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized arachidonate but only after a 3-4 hr latent period. 4. Paracetamol (10, 40 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced the hyperthermic effect of arachidonate but a dose of 40 mg/kg antagonized centrally administered bacterial endotoxin more effectively than it did arachidonate. 5. Indomethacin (40 mug/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced arachidonate-induced hyperthermia in only one of two studies. This reduction was comparable to the hypothermic effect of indomethacin in afebrile animals and was attributed to a non-specific action on thermoregulatory function rather than to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin antagonized endotoxin and leucocytic pyrogen to a greater degree than it did arachidonate. 6. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of the antipyretics in blocking hyperthermic responses to pyrogens and to sodium arachidonate indicates that, if prostaglandins do mediate pyrogen-induced fever, these antipyretics exert their primary at a step before prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Antagonism by antipyretics of the hyperthermic effect of a prostaglandin precursor, sodium arachidonate, in the cat. 1. Injection of sodium arachidonate (100-400 mug) into lateral cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized cats caused shivering and rapid development of dose-related hyperthermic responses. Unless arachidonate is hyperthermogenic per se, this indicates that in vivo formation of prostaglandins, or perhaps an endoperoxide intermediate, can cause hyperthermia. 2. Tolerance gradually developed when arachidonate was administered repeatedly at intervals of 1-7 days. Examination of the brains of several tolerant animals revealed in each case marked enlargement of the lateral ventricles which apparently accounted for the diminished response to arachidonate. 3. Sodium salicylate (40, 160 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized arachidonate but only after a 3-4 hr latent period. 4. Paracetamol (10, 40 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced the hyperthermic effect of arachidonate but a dose of 40 mg/kg antagonized centrally administered bacterial endotoxin more effectively than it did arachidonate. 5. Indomethacin (40 mug/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced arachidonate-induced hyperthermia in only one of two studies. This reduction was comparable to the hypothermic effect of indomethacin in afebrile animals and was attributed to a non-specific action on thermoregulatory function rather than to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Indomethacin antagonized endotoxin and leucocytic pyrogen to a greater degree than it did arachidonate. 6. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of the antipyretics in blocking hyperthermic responses to pyrogens and to sodium arachidonate indicates that, if prostaglandins do mediate pyrogen-induced fever, these antipyretics exert their primary at a step before prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:950607", "title": "Progress of topographic regulation of the visual projection in the halved optic tectum of adult goldfish.", "content": "1. The patterns of re-established visual projections on to the rostral half-tectum are studied following excision of the caudal tectum at various intervals after section of either the contralateral optic nerve or the ipsilateral optic tract in adult goldfish. 2. The pattern of a newly restored retinotectal projection depends on the duration of the post-operative period given to the halved tectum before it is re-innervated by regenrating optic fibres from the retina. 3. When the duration is such that regenerating optic fibres invade the denervated rostral half-tectum at about 40 days or longer after excision of the caudal tectum, the remaining half-tectum is able to accommodate incoming optic fibres not only from the appropriate temporal hemi-retina but also from the foreign nasal hemiretina in an orderly compressed topographic pattern. 4. If the surgical operations are timed so that the halved tectum receive regenerating optic fibres earlier than 33 days after excision of the caudal tectum, the halved tectum initially accommodates only those optic fibres originating from the temporal half of the retina at this early stage. 5. This normal (uncompressed) pattern of the newly regenerated visual projection, however, eventually changes into an orderly compressed pattern at a later period. Post-operative dark-deprivation of the operated fish has no significant effect on the temporal transition. 6. The temporal transition from an initially normal pattern into an orderly compressed pattern may reflect the time course of progressive and systematic changes involved in topographic regulation of the halved tectum into a whole.", "contents": "Progress of topographic regulation of the visual projection in the halved optic tectum of adult goldfish. 1. The patterns of re-established visual projections on to the rostral half-tectum are studied following excision of the caudal tectum at various intervals after section of either the contralateral optic nerve or the ipsilateral optic tract in adult goldfish. 2. The pattern of a newly restored retinotectal projection depends on the duration of the post-operative period given to the halved tectum before it is re-innervated by regenrating optic fibres from the retina. 3. When the duration is such that regenerating optic fibres invade the denervated rostral half-tectum at about 40 days or longer after excision of the caudal tectum, the remaining half-tectum is able to accommodate incoming optic fibres not only from the appropriate temporal hemi-retina but also from the foreign nasal hemiretina in an orderly compressed topographic pattern. 4. If the surgical operations are timed so that the halved tectum receive regenerating optic fibres earlier than 33 days after excision of the caudal tectum, the halved tectum initially accommodates only those optic fibres originating from the temporal half of the retina at this early stage. 5. This normal (uncompressed) pattern of the newly regenerated visual projection, however, eventually changes into an orderly compressed pattern at a later period. Post-operative dark-deprivation of the operated fish has no significant effect on the temporal transition. 6. The temporal transition from an initially normal pattern into an orderly compressed pattern may reflect the time course of progressive and systematic changes involved in topographic regulation of the halved tectum into a whole."}
{"id": "PMID:950608", "title": "Effect of bombesin and related peptides on the release and action of intestinal hormones on pancreatic secretion.", "content": "1. Pancreatic volume flow as well as bicarbonate and protein secretion from pancreatic fistulas have been measured in response to i.v. infusion of graded doses of bombesin and related peptides containing the COOH-terminal fragment of the bombesin molecule in conscious dogs with intact antrum and in anaesthetized animals with antrectomy, or antrectomy and enterectomy. 2. Bombesin and related peptides given to conscious dogs produced a potent and dose-dependent increase in pancreatic protein output reaching a maximum equal to that induced by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) as well as a small rise in bicarbonate output attaining a peak amounting to about 10% of that evoked by secretin. The serum gastrin level rose progressively during the infusion of bombesin to reach a peak with the highest dose of peptide. 3. Bombesin infused i.v. in anaesthetized animals with resected antrum also evoked a marked increase in pancreatic protein secretion without significant changes in the serum gastrin level. Following the removal of the antrum and small intestine, bombesin failed to show any stimulation of the pancreatic secretion or any change in the serum gastrin level. It is concluded that the strong stimulatory action of bombesin and related peptides on pancreatic secretion cannot be entirely ascribed to the release of gastrin but might be attributed at least in part to the release of intestinal hormones, particularly CCK. 4. Atropine and the growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH), which were shown to inhibit the release of CCK induced by duodenal perfusion of an amino acid mixture, also caused the inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion by bombesin but failed to affect the pancreatic response to OP-CCK. The results indicate that bombesin releases, in addition to gastrin, CCK from the gut by a mechanism largely dependent upon cholingeric innervation.", "contents": "Effect of bombesin and related peptides on the release and action of intestinal hormones on pancreatic secretion. 1. Pancreatic volume flow as well as bicarbonate and protein secretion from pancreatic fistulas have been measured in response to i.v. infusion of graded doses of bombesin and related peptides containing the COOH-terminal fragment of the bombesin molecule in conscious dogs with intact antrum and in anaesthetized animals with antrectomy, or antrectomy and enterectomy. 2. Bombesin and related peptides given to conscious dogs produced a potent and dose-dependent increase in pancreatic protein output reaching a maximum equal to that induced by the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (OP-CCK) as well as a small rise in bicarbonate output attaining a peak amounting to about 10% of that evoked by secretin. The serum gastrin level rose progressively during the infusion of bombesin to reach a peak with the highest dose of peptide. 3. Bombesin infused i.v. in anaesthetized animals with resected antrum also evoked a marked increase in pancreatic protein secretion without significant changes in the serum gastrin level. Following the removal of the antrum and small intestine, bombesin failed to show any stimulation of the pancreatic secretion or any change in the serum gastrin level. It is concluded that the strong stimulatory action of bombesin and related peptides on pancreatic secretion cannot be entirely ascribed to the release of gastrin but might be attributed at least in part to the release of intestinal hormones, particularly CCK. 4. Atropine and the growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (GH-RIH), which were shown to inhibit the release of CCK induced by duodenal perfusion of an amino acid mixture, also caused the inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion by bombesin but failed to affect the pancreatic response to OP-CCK. The results indicate that bombesin releases, in addition to gastrin, CCK from the gut by a mechanism largely dependent upon cholingeric innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:950609", "title": "Effects of various ambient temperatures and of heating and cooling the hypothalamus and cervical spinal cord on antidiuretic hormone secretion and urinary osmolality in pigs.", "content": "1. Plasma ADH concentration, urinary and plasma osmolality and haematocrit were measured in young pigs placed in cold, thermoneutral, warm and hot ambient temperatures. In some experiments a thermode placed in the hypothalamus or over the cervical spinal cord was heated or cooled at various ambient temperatures. 2. Plasma ADH concentration remained at a low level (0-5--5 muu. ml.-1) over 2 hr or 3 hr periods when the pigs were in cold, thermoneutral or warm ambient temperatures. A hot environment, which caused a marked rise in the pigs' rectal temperature, was associated with a large rise in plasma ADH level. 3. The rise in plasma ADH level which occurred during an increase in body temperature was consistently and completely suppressed by simultaneous cooling of the thermode in the pre-optic region to 5 to 10 degrees C. When the thermode was in the region of the supraoptic nucleus the rise in ADH was only partly suppressed, and when it was over the cervical cord it was only sometimes suppressed. 4. Cooling the thermodes in any position at a cold or thermoneutral ambient temperature, or heating them at a thermoneutral or warm ambient temperature, caused no consistent change in ADH. 5. A diuresis, with a urinary flow-rate of at most 1 ml. min-1 and minimal urinary osmolality of 53 m-osmole kg-1, was observed on only three occasions, twice during cooling of a thermode in the hypothalamus and once after the end of a period when the thermode was heated. In each case, the plasma ADH was less than 2 muu. ml.-1. 6. A slight rise of haematocrit in cold ambient conditions and a slight fall in the warm were observed. Otherwise changes in haematocrit were trivial, and a shift of water between vascular system and interstitium could not be invoked to account for changes in ADH levels. Observed variation of plasma osmolality was also slight.", "contents": "Effects of various ambient temperatures and of heating and cooling the hypothalamus and cervical spinal cord on antidiuretic hormone secretion and urinary osmolality in pigs. 1. Plasma ADH concentration, urinary and plasma osmolality and haematocrit were measured in young pigs placed in cold, thermoneutral, warm and hot ambient temperatures. In some experiments a thermode placed in the hypothalamus or over the cervical spinal cord was heated or cooled at various ambient temperatures. 2. Plasma ADH concentration remained at a low level (0-5--5 muu. ml.-1) over 2 hr or 3 hr periods when the pigs were in cold, thermoneutral or warm ambient temperatures. A hot environment, which caused a marked rise in the pigs' rectal temperature, was associated with a large rise in plasma ADH level. 3. The rise in plasma ADH level which occurred during an increase in body temperature was consistently and completely suppressed by simultaneous cooling of the thermode in the pre-optic region to 5 to 10 degrees C. When the thermode was in the region of the supraoptic nucleus the rise in ADH was only partly suppressed, and when it was over the cervical cord it was only sometimes suppressed. 4. Cooling the thermodes in any position at a cold or thermoneutral ambient temperature, or heating them at a thermoneutral or warm ambient temperature, caused no consistent change in ADH. 5. A diuresis, with a urinary flow-rate of at most 1 ml. min-1 and minimal urinary osmolality of 53 m-osmole kg-1, was observed on only three occasions, twice during cooling of a thermode in the hypothalamus and once after the end of a period when the thermode was heated. In each case, the plasma ADH was less than 2 muu. ml.-1. 6. A slight rise of haematocrit in cold ambient conditions and a slight fall in the warm were observed. Otherwise changes in haematocrit were trivial, and a shift of water between vascular system and interstitium could not be invoked to account for changes in ADH levels. Observed variation of plasma osmolality was also slight."}
{"id": "PMID:950610", "title": "Action of sympathetic nerves of inner and outer muscle of sheep carotid artery, and effect of pressure on nerve distribution.", "content": "1. The direction of torsion produced during active shortening of helical strips of sheep carotid arteries was measured to assess whether inner or outer muscle was contracting. 2. Noradrenaline contracted inner (non-innervated) muscle in lower concentrations than were needed to contract outer (innervated) muscle, even with desipramine present to prevent uptake of noradrenaline by the nerves and with enough cyanide present to rise the normally low O2 tension of inner muscle to that of outer muscle. 3. Activation of sympathetic nerves in the outer part of the artery by nicotine caused almost evenly balanced contraction of both parts of the wall, with slight bias to outer contraction. 4. Moderate external constriction of the artery in vivo for 10-17 days, in order to raise pressure throughout the wall to intraluminal pressure, made the entire wall nerve-free. 5. The results provide evidence that the nerves can induce substantial activation of inner muscle, which is highly sensitive to noradrenaline, and that the absence of nerves from inner muscle can be explained by the high pressure there.", "contents": "Action of sympathetic nerves of inner and outer muscle of sheep carotid artery, and effect of pressure on nerve distribution. 1. The direction of torsion produced during active shortening of helical strips of sheep carotid arteries was measured to assess whether inner or outer muscle was contracting. 2. Noradrenaline contracted inner (non-innervated) muscle in lower concentrations than were needed to contract outer (innervated) muscle, even with desipramine present to prevent uptake of noradrenaline by the nerves and with enough cyanide present to rise the normally low O2 tension of inner muscle to that of outer muscle. 3. Activation of sympathetic nerves in the outer part of the artery by nicotine caused almost evenly balanced contraction of both parts of the wall, with slight bias to outer contraction. 4. Moderate external constriction of the artery in vivo for 10-17 days, in order to raise pressure throughout the wall to intraluminal pressure, made the entire wall nerve-free. 5. The results provide evidence that the nerves can induce substantial activation of inner muscle, which is highly sensitive to noradrenaline, and that the absence of nerves from inner muscle can be explained by the high pressure there."}
{"id": "PMID:950611", "title": "The nature of the pi1 colour mechanism of W.S. Stiles.", "content": "The ppi1 colour mechanism was isolated by means of Stile's auxiliary field technique: that it is pi1 which is isolated is proven by both test and field action spectra. 2. The fundamental mechanisms of human trichromatic colour vision must satisfy Grassman's law of additivity. The hypothesis that pi1 is one of the three fundamentals is tested by experiments in which pairs (u1, u2) of monochromatic adapting fields are mixed 3. When two fields with wave-lengths in the neighbourhood of its primary mode (mu1, mu2 less than or equal to 500 nm) are combined, pi1 is field-additive, consistent with the hypothesis that this portion of the pi1 action spectrum is that of the short-wave-length-sensitive photoreceptors. 4. When a short-wave-length adaptation field (mu1 less than or equal to 500 nm) is mixed with a longer wave-length field (mu2 greater than or equal 550 nm) i1 is strongly non-additive. This result proves that the long-wave-length portion of the pi1 field spectrum is generated at least in part by a signal originating in the long- or middle-wave-length sensitive cones. 5. Analysis of the additivity failures supports a model of pi1 in which the signal to be detected is generated in the short-wave-length cones, and must pass serially through two gain stages: the gain in the first stage is controlled by the short-wave-length cones alone; the gain in the second stage is controlled by a signal originating in the middle, or long-wave-length cones, or both.", "contents": "The nature of the pi1 colour mechanism of W.S. Stiles. The ppi1 colour mechanism was isolated by means of Stile's auxiliary field technique: that it is pi1 which is isolated is proven by both test and field action spectra. 2. The fundamental mechanisms of human trichromatic colour vision must satisfy Grassman's law of additivity. The hypothesis that pi1 is one of the three fundamentals is tested by experiments in which pairs (u1, u2) of monochromatic adapting fields are mixed 3. When two fields with wave-lengths in the neighbourhood of its primary mode (mu1, mu2 less than or equal to 500 nm) are combined, pi1 is field-additive, consistent with the hypothesis that this portion of the pi1 action spectrum is that of the short-wave-length-sensitive photoreceptors. 4. When a short-wave-length adaptation field (mu1 less than or equal to 500 nm) is mixed with a longer wave-length field (mu2 greater than or equal 550 nm) i1 is strongly non-additive. This result proves that the long-wave-length portion of the pi1 field spectrum is generated at least in part by a signal originating in the long- or middle-wave-length sensitive cones. 5. Analysis of the additivity failures supports a model of pi1 in which the signal to be detected is generated in the short-wave-length cones, and must pass serially through two gain stages: the gain in the first stage is controlled by the short-wave-length cones alone; the gain in the second stage is controlled by a signal originating in the middle, or long-wave-length cones, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:950612", "title": "Thermoregulation in rabbits during fever.", "content": "1. We have studied the effect of fever on the efficacy of the thermoregulatory control system in conscious rabbits. 2. The control system was challenged by a series of systemic thermal loads produced by the intravenous infusion of hot or cold isotonic solutions. The time integral of the consequent upward or downward displacement of brain temperature was used as an index of the response of the control system. Steady-state fever was induced by intravenous infusion of plasma containing leucocyte pyrogen. 3. With cold loads there was a linear relation between load and response. The regression coefficients were not significantly changed by fever in any of the six rabbits. Wth hot loads given to afebrile rabbits the regression of response on load was generally not statistically significant, but the responses were not demonstrably greater in the febrile state. 4. We were not able to demonstrate impairment in the capacity of the febrile animal to compensate for systemic thermal loads.", "contents": "Thermoregulation in rabbits during fever. 1. We have studied the effect of fever on the efficacy of the thermoregulatory control system in conscious rabbits. 2. The control system was challenged by a series of systemic thermal loads produced by the intravenous infusion of hot or cold isotonic solutions. The time integral of the consequent upward or downward displacement of brain temperature was used as an index of the response of the control system. Steady-state fever was induced by intravenous infusion of plasma containing leucocyte pyrogen. 3. With cold loads there was a linear relation between load and response. The regression coefficients were not significantly changed by fever in any of the six rabbits. Wth hot loads given to afebrile rabbits the regression of response on load was generally not statistically significant, but the responses were not demonstrably greater in the febrile state. 4. We were not able to demonstrate impairment in the capacity of the febrile animal to compensate for systemic thermal loads."}
{"id": "PMID:950613", "title": "Desensitization to gamma-aminobutyric acid in crustacean muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Desensitization to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated in crab muscle fibres by measurements to conductance changes induced by the drug. 2. In standard solutions (containing 34 mM-Ca2+), complete desensitization occurred in the presence of 5 X 10(-4) M-GABA. In Ca2+-free solutions, however, only partial (70-80%) desensitization was observed after the application of the same concentration of GABA. 3. Complete recovery of the membrane sensitivity to GABA was achieved after less than 60 min of continuous washout with standard solution. Only partial (10%) recovery was observed after 1 hr of washout with Ca2+-free solution. 4. The results support the 'receptor hypothesis' of desensitization which assumes transformation of the receptor from an effective to refractory state, as opposed to the 'ionophore hypothesis' which assumes direct inactivation of the synaptic current. 5. The possible mechanism by which Ca ions effect desensitization is discussed in terms of the 'cyclic model' of Katz & Thesleff (1957).", "contents": "Desensitization to gamma-aminobutyric acid in crustacean muscle fibres. 1. Desensitization to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was demonstrated in crab muscle fibres by measurements to conductance changes induced by the drug. 2. In standard solutions (containing 34 mM-Ca2+), complete desensitization occurred in the presence of 5 X 10(-4) M-GABA. In Ca2+-free solutions, however, only partial (70-80%) desensitization was observed after the application of the same concentration of GABA. 3. Complete recovery of the membrane sensitivity to GABA was achieved after less than 60 min of continuous washout with standard solution. Only partial (10%) recovery was observed after 1 hr of washout with Ca2+-free solution. 4. The results support the 'receptor hypothesis' of desensitization which assumes transformation of the receptor from an effective to refractory state, as opposed to the 'ionophore hypothesis' which assumes direct inactivation of the synaptic current. 5. The possible mechanism by which Ca ions effect desensitization is discussed in terms of the 'cyclic model' of Katz & Thesleff (1957)."}
{"id": "PMID:950614", "title": "[Cineangiography in adult mitral valve disease. 41 cases of comparison of anatomical with radiological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "During the course of their preoperative assessment, 41 patients with severe mitral valve disease underwent left ventricular cineangiography, AP and lateral at rapid speed (100 images per second). This gave a particularly precise anatomical and physiopathological inventory of the lesions, as was confirmed by preoperative findings. The presence of mitral stenosis was confirmed in all cases and an indication of its degree in the majority.", "contents": "[Cineangiography in adult mitral valve disease. 41 cases of comparison of anatomical with radiological findings (author's transl)]. During the course of their preoperative assessment, 41 patients with severe mitral valve disease underwent left ventricular cineangiography, AP and lateral at rapid speed (100 images per second). This gave a particularly precise anatomical and physiopathological inventory of the lesions, as was confirmed by preoperative findings. The presence of mitral stenosis was confirmed in all cases and an indication of its degree in the majority."}
{"id": "PMID:950615", "title": "[Sub-adventitial traumatic rupture of the left renal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of two cases of sub-adventitial traumatic rupture of the left renal artery, as well as data from the literature, the authors indicate the relative poverty of clinical signs of traumatic rupture of the renal arteries. They stress the value of early intravenous pyelography in lumbar trauma, with immediate arteriography in the presence of a non-functioning kidney, making conservative surgery possible.", "contents": "[Sub-adventitial traumatic rupture of the left renal artery (author's transl)]. On the basis of two cases of sub-adventitial traumatic rupture of the left renal artery, as well as data from the literature, the authors indicate the relative poverty of clinical signs of traumatic rupture of the renal arteries. They stress the value of early intravenous pyelography in lumbar trauma, with immediate arteriography in the presence of a non-functioning kidney, making conservative surgery possible."}
{"id": "PMID:950616", "title": "[The contribution of nephro-urotomography in the diagnosis of unilateral non-functioning kidney in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney is achieved by angiographic or retrograde techniques. Pyelography indicates only that organ is non-functioning. 71 patients were explored by nephro-urotomography carried out using high doses of contrast medium (2 cm3/kg) with rapid injection (10cm3/sec.) and repeated tomographic sections taken during the first minute after injection. These tomographic sections, three in number, made it possible to study the three phases of the nephrogram: cortical nephrography, cortico-medullary nephrography and tubular nephrography. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of this technique in the aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral non-functioning kidney. In the majority of cases it is possible to suspect the vascular or neoplasic origin of the non-functioning kidney. Obstructive non-functioning kidneys have two distinct nephrographic appearances. Pelvic and retroperitoneal obstructions are visualised chiefly during the phase of cortical nephrography, which shows marked parenchymatous atrophy with the presence of rounded intrarenal lacunae. By contrast, obstruction secondary to pyelo-ureteral junction syndrome results in total destruction of the parenchyma. The phenomenon of total corporeal opacification plays a major role in the visualisation of the fibrous speta which form the limits of the pseudocystic pockets. In these patients, the contribution of study of early nephrograms is less evident. Bacillary non-functioning kidneys have an analogous appearance characterised by the particular frequency of abnormal opacities, calcified ormastic. Thus the aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney may be obtained in the majority of cases. This permits more judicious selection of those cases requiring angiography or retrograde exploration necessary to pre-operative assessment.", "contents": "[The contribution of nephro-urotomography in the diagnosis of unilateral non-functioning kidney in the adult (author's transl)]. The aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney is achieved by angiographic or retrograde techniques. Pyelography indicates only that organ is non-functioning. 71 patients were explored by nephro-urotomography carried out using high doses of contrast medium (2 cm3/kg) with rapid injection (10cm3/sec.) and repeated tomographic sections taken during the first minute after injection. These tomographic sections, three in number, made it possible to study the three phases of the nephrogram: cortical nephrography, cortico-medullary nephrography and tubular nephrography. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of this technique in the aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral non-functioning kidney. In the majority of cases it is possible to suspect the vascular or neoplasic origin of the non-functioning kidney. Obstructive non-functioning kidneys have two distinct nephrographic appearances. Pelvic and retroperitoneal obstructions are visualised chiefly during the phase of cortical nephrography, which shows marked parenchymatous atrophy with the presence of rounded intrarenal lacunae. By contrast, obstruction secondary to pyelo-ureteral junction syndrome results in total destruction of the parenchyma. The phenomenon of total corporeal opacification plays a major role in the visualisation of the fibrous speta which form the limits of the pseudocystic pockets. In these patients, the contribution of study of early nephrograms is less evident. Bacillary non-functioning kidneys have an analogous appearance characterised by the particular frequency of abnormal opacities, calcified ormastic. Thus the aetiological diagnosis of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney may be obtained in the majority of cases. This permits more judicious selection of those cases requiring angiography or retrograde exploration necessary to pre-operative assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:950617", "title": "[Hepatic echo-angiostructure: echo-anatomical study of the intraparenchymatous canal structures (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepatic echo-angiostructure: echo-anatomical study of the intraparenchymatous canal With a suitable technique (real time, grey scale) hepatic ultrasonography is able to display intraglandular ductal elements: portal veinous network, supra-hepatic veinous network, and, if enlarged intrahepatic biliary tree. A careful echoanatomic study is necessary to identify the enlarged biliary network in case of obstructive jaundice; such a study is also necessary not to confuse normal ductal structures, insufficiently displayed, with pathological reflections - a rather frequent hazard with conventionnal techniques.", "contents": "[Hepatic echo-angiostructure: echo-anatomical study of the intraparenchymatous canal structures (author's transl)]. Hepatic echo-angiostructure: echo-anatomical study of the intraparenchymatous canal With a suitable technique (real time, grey scale) hepatic ultrasonography is able to display intraglandular ductal elements: portal veinous network, supra-hepatic veinous network, and, if enlarged intrahepatic biliary tree. A careful echoanatomic study is necessary to identify the enlarged biliary network in case of obstructive jaundice; such a study is also necessary not to confuse normal ductal structures, insufficiently displayed, with pathological reflections - a rather frequent hazard with conventionnal techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:950618", "title": "[Radio-electrogastro-enterographic correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "Recording of the electro-gastro-enterogram (E.G.E.G.) and the simultaneous taking of a 70 mm ampliphotography series shows the high degree of correlation between E.G.E.G. and peristaltis, with characteristic waves for each part of the digestive tract, both in the normal condition as well as in certain pathological states. The future and role of the E.G.E.G. appear very promising, on the one hand by virtue of its simplicity and secondly because of the information it is capable of providing from a functional viewpoint. In no case, however, can it replace the precise nature of radiological images.", "contents": "[Radio-electrogastro-enterographic correlations (author's transl)]. Recording of the electro-gastro-enterogram (E.G.E.G.) and the simultaneous taking of a 70 mm ampliphotography series shows the high degree of correlation between E.G.E.G. and peristaltis, with characteristic waves for each part of the digestive tract, both in the normal condition as well as in certain pathological states. The future and role of the E.G.E.G. appear very promising, on the one hand by virtue of its simplicity and secondly because of the information it is capable of providing from a functional viewpoint. In no case, however, can it replace the precise nature of radiological images."}
{"id": "PMID:950619", "title": "[Critical analysis of the arteriography of primary malignant tumors of the bones, on the occasion of 19 unedited cases].", "content": "From the analysis of a series of 62 unedited cases of arteriography of osseous tumors including 19 primary malignant tumors, it was confirmed that the majority of angiographic signs described as being characteristic of malignant tumors of the bones are not significant. They are found in benign tumors and in ordinary inflammatory phenomena: several cases of osteoid osteoma, myeloplax tumor or simply of osseous reconstruction permit one to make criticisms. On the other hand, one must endeavour to demonstrate, by means of a technique whose main elements are recalled, vascular abnormalities which are the only typical ones and which furthermore are found in \"silent\" tumors such as chondrosarcomas or fibrosarcomas. These vascular abnormalities are given in detail, and several examples of them are given.", "contents": "[Critical analysis of the arteriography of primary malignant tumors of the bones, on the occasion of 19 unedited cases]. From the analysis of a series of 62 unedited cases of arteriography of osseous tumors including 19 primary malignant tumors, it was confirmed that the majority of angiographic signs described as being characteristic of malignant tumors of the bones are not significant. They are found in benign tumors and in ordinary inflammatory phenomena: several cases of osteoid osteoma, myeloplax tumor or simply of osseous reconstruction permit one to make criticisms. On the other hand, one must endeavour to demonstrate, by means of a technique whose main elements are recalled, vascular abnormalities which are the only typical ones and which furthermore are found in \"silent\" tumors such as chondrosarcomas or fibrosarcomas. These vascular abnormalities are given in detail, and several examples of them are given."}
{"id": "PMID:950620", "title": "[Irradiation in radiodiagnosis: recent possibilities of decreasing the doses (author's transl)].", "content": "Depending on the film used, the new super-fast re-enforcing screens enable a four to six fold reduction in diagnosis cutaneous irradiation. This diagnosis irradiation which remains rather considerable under classical techniques, is frequently injustly neglected: the distribution of this new type of material seems desireable. On the contrary, the use of xeroradiography leads to an irradiation which is three times greater than in conventional techniques and fifteen times greater than in these new techniques: xeroradiography must therefore be reserved for very specific problems.", "contents": "[Irradiation in radiodiagnosis: recent possibilities of decreasing the doses (author's transl)]. Depending on the film used, the new super-fast re-enforcing screens enable a four to six fold reduction in diagnosis cutaneous irradiation. This diagnosis irradiation which remains rather considerable under classical techniques, is frequently injustly neglected: the distribution of this new type of material seems desireable. On the contrary, the use of xeroradiography leads to an irradiation which is three times greater than in conventional techniques and fifteen times greater than in these new techniques: xeroradiography must therefore be reserved for very specific problems."}
{"id": "PMID:950621", "title": "[A rare tumour of the right hypochondrium in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "Pancreatic pathology in the child is rare and usually limited to necrotic or traumatic pseudo-cysts. The authors report a case of multicystic dysplasis localised in the pancreas in a one-year old infant. The preoperative diagnosis of a traumatic cyst was made in error as the result of the discovery of a fracture of the skull. At operation, the \"tumour\" was seen to be a multicystic mass within the duodenal loop but pediculated under the inferior surface of the pancreas. Histological examination confirmed its dysplasic nature. The presence, as a result of vascular compression, together with the post-operative resolution of hypertension lend further originality to this case.", "contents": "[A rare tumour of the right hypochondrium in the child (author's transl)]. Pancreatic pathology in the child is rare and usually limited to necrotic or traumatic pseudo-cysts. The authors report a case of multicystic dysplasis localised in the pancreas in a one-year old infant. The preoperative diagnosis of a traumatic cyst was made in error as the result of the discovery of a fracture of the skull. At operation, the \"tumour\" was seen to be a multicystic mass within the duodenal loop but pediculated under the inferior surface of the pancreas. Histological examination confirmed its dysplasic nature. The presence, as a result of vascular compression, together with the post-operative resolution of hypertension lend further originality to this case."}
{"id": "PMID:950623", "title": "[Simultaneous discovery of osteopetrosis in a mother and fetus on the occasion of radiopelvimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "On the occasion of radiopelvimetry, requested for suspected narrowed pelvis, osteopetrosis was discovered simultaneously in the mother and fetus. At birth, the child was perfectly normal and subsequently showed no clinical or laboratory disorder apart from diffuse osseous condensation. The genetic enquiry proved difficult owing to the family situation and up to this day it is not complete and definitively stopped. Although the beginning of the osseous disorders starts in the fetus on an average at the 4th to 5th month of pregnancy, Albers-Schonberg disease is exceptionally diagnosed during the parenatal period. In fact, the incidence of osteopetrosis in the population remains low and on the other hand prenatal radiological examinations are sparingly requested for specific clinical indications. It is the simultaneous discovery of the condition in the mother and the fetus which makes this case a novel one. The discovery of the fetal involvement does not permit prediction concerning progress towards a benign or malignant form.", "contents": "[Simultaneous discovery of osteopetrosis in a mother and fetus on the occasion of radiopelvimetry (author's transl)]. On the occasion of radiopelvimetry, requested for suspected narrowed pelvis, osteopetrosis was discovered simultaneously in the mother and fetus. At birth, the child was perfectly normal and subsequently showed no clinical or laboratory disorder apart from diffuse osseous condensation. The genetic enquiry proved difficult owing to the family situation and up to this day it is not complete and definitively stopped. Although the beginning of the osseous disorders starts in the fetus on an average at the 4th to 5th month of pregnancy, Albers-Schonberg disease is exceptionally diagnosed during the parenatal period. In fact, the incidence of osteopetrosis in the population remains low and on the other hand prenatal radiological examinations are sparingly requested for specific clinical indications. It is the simultaneous discovery of the condition in the mother and the fetus which makes this case a novel one. The discovery of the fetal involvement does not permit prediction concerning progress towards a benign or malignant form."}
{"id": "PMID:950626", "title": "Neutrophil and rheumatoid factor-Immunoglobulin G insoluble complex interactions: phagocytosis and sequelae.", "content": "Studies utilizing 51CrCl3 labelled human immunoglobulin G have demonstrated a quantitative, time-related increase in the uptake of insoluble rheumatoid factor-immunoglobulin G complexes by human neutrophils. A burst of hexose monophosphate shunt activity occurs when these complexes are phagocytized by neutrophils as evidenced by the increased oxidation of glucose-l-14C to 14CO2. Metabolic and electron micrographic studies suggest that a heat stable serum factor is needed for maximum complex uptake and shunt activity. Phagocytosis of complexes did not affect the adherence of neutrophils to nylon fiber columns, but did not produce selective release of lysosomal enzymes. This study has delineated in an in vitro system, functional and metabolic sequelae of neutrophil phagocytosis of insoluble rheumatoid factor-immunoglobulin G complexes, which may be important components of the inflammation occurring in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Neutrophil and rheumatoid factor-Immunoglobulin G insoluble complex interactions: phagocytosis and sequelae. Studies utilizing 51CrCl3 labelled human immunoglobulin G have demonstrated a quantitative, time-related increase in the uptake of insoluble rheumatoid factor-immunoglobulin G complexes by human neutrophils. A burst of hexose monophosphate shunt activity occurs when these complexes are phagocytized by neutrophils as evidenced by the increased oxidation of glucose-l-14C to 14CO2. Metabolic and electron micrographic studies suggest that a heat stable serum factor is needed for maximum complex uptake and shunt activity. Phagocytosis of complexes did not affect the adherence of neutrophils to nylon fiber columns, but did not produce selective release of lysosomal enzymes. This study has delineated in an in vitro system, functional and metabolic sequelae of neutrophil phagocytosis of insoluble rheumatoid factor-immunoglobulin G complexes, which may be important components of the inflammation occurring in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:950627", "title": "Impaired blastogenic response of lymphocytes from synovial fluid and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated a markedly diminished blastogenic response to both phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogens, when compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The blastogenic response to rheumatoid peripheral blood lymphocytes to both mitogens was also depressed, when compared to the response of normal lymphocytes, but the difference was less marked and was within limits which could be accounted for by recent salicylate therapy. Lymphocytes of both peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid patients showed a delayed response to PHA (five days to achieve maximum thymidine incorporation vs four days for normals).", "contents": "Impaired blastogenic response of lymphocytes from synovial fluid and peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Synovial fluid lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated a markedly diminished blastogenic response to both phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogens, when compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The blastogenic response to rheumatoid peripheral blood lymphocytes to both mitogens was also depressed, when compared to the response of normal lymphocytes, but the difference was less marked and was within limits which could be accounted for by recent salicylate therapy. Lymphocytes of both peripheral blood and synovial fluid of rheumatoid patients showed a delayed response to PHA (five days to achieve maximum thymidine incorporation vs four days for normals)."}
{"id": "PMID:950628", "title": "Septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid disease: a still underdiagnosed complication.", "content": "Eight cases of septic arthritis occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. The difficulty in diagnosis of this condition is due in part to a failure of these patients to respond normally to infection. Consequently patients often present late in the course of their septic episode and treatment is often delayed. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the infection is stressed by the high mortality rate in this group of patients. Many factors operate to encourage infection in rheumatoid arthritis and the current concepts of the problem are reviewed.", "contents": "Septic arthritis in patients with rheumatoid disease: a still underdiagnosed complication. Eight cases of septic arthritis occurring in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. The difficulty in diagnosis of this condition is due in part to a failure of these patients to respond normally to infection. Consequently patients often present late in the course of their septic episode and treatment is often delayed. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the infection is stressed by the high mortality rate in this group of patients. Many factors operate to encourage infection in rheumatoid arthritis and the current concepts of the problem are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:950629", "title": "Demonstration of articular effusions and popliteal cysts with ultrasound.", "content": "Echography has been employed in 10 patients with knee effusions and in two patients with Baker's cysts. In all instances, echography clearly identified the effusions. In four patients, the presence of connective tissue septa were also shown. This technique appears to be preferred to arthrography or the intra-articular injection of isotopes. Nevertheless, echography provides only \"morphologic\" information which complements other methods of investigation.", "contents": "Demonstration of articular effusions and popliteal cysts with ultrasound. Echography has been employed in 10 patients with knee effusions and in two patients with Baker's cysts. In all instances, echography clearly identified the effusions. In four patients, the presence of connective tissue septa were also shown. This technique appears to be preferred to arthrography or the intra-articular injection of isotopes. Nevertheless, echography provides only \"morphologic\" information which complements other methods of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:950630", "title": "Azathioprine in the treatment of chronic polyarthritis: longterm results and adverse effects in 25 patients.", "content": "Azathioprine was administered to 25 patients with severe, progressive polyarthritis in a mean dose of 1.4 mg/kg daily. Synovitis improved in 12 patients. Psoriasis and vasculitis were also ameliorated. The therapeutic response did not correlate with dose, concomitant steroid therapy or leukopenia, the latter occurring in nine patients. Carcinoma developed in two patients, after four and nine months of treatment respectively. Low dose azathioprine therapy may be useful in the management of some patients with refractory polyarthritis, but the unsettled issue of oncogenesis requires further investigation.", "contents": "Azathioprine in the treatment of chronic polyarthritis: longterm results and adverse effects in 25 patients. Azathioprine was administered to 25 patients with severe, progressive polyarthritis in a mean dose of 1.4 mg/kg daily. Synovitis improved in 12 patients. Psoriasis and vasculitis were also ameliorated. The therapeutic response did not correlate with dose, concomitant steroid therapy or leukopenia, the latter occurring in nine patients. Carcinoma developed in two patients, after four and nine months of treatment respectively. Low dose azathioprine therapy may be useful in the management of some patients with refractory polyarthritis, but the unsettled issue of oncogenesis requires further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:950631", "title": "Immunopathology of penicillamine-induced glomerular disease.", "content": "Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed heavy proteinuria after five to 12 months of treatment with D-penicillamine. Light microscopy of renal biopsy samples showed minimal glomerular capillary wall thickening and mesangial matrix increase, or no departure from normal. Electron microscopy, however, revealed subepithelial electron-dense deposits, fusion of epithelial cell foot processes, and evidence of mesangial cell hyperactivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated granular capillary wall deposits of IgG and C3. The findings were similar to those in early membranous glomerulonephritis, differences being observed however in the results of staining for the early-acting complement components C1q and C4. It is tentatively concluded that complement was activated by the classical pathway.", "contents": "Immunopathology of penicillamine-induced glomerular disease. Four patients with rheumatoid arthritis developed heavy proteinuria after five to 12 months of treatment with D-penicillamine. Light microscopy of renal biopsy samples showed minimal glomerular capillary wall thickening and mesangial matrix increase, or no departure from normal. Electron microscopy, however, revealed subepithelial electron-dense deposits, fusion of epithelial cell foot processes, and evidence of mesangial cell hyperactivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated granular capillary wall deposits of IgG and C3. The findings were similar to those in early membranous glomerulonephritis, differences being observed however in the results of staining for the early-acting complement components C1q and C4. It is tentatively concluded that complement was activated by the classical pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:950632", "title": "Evaluation of a clinic education program for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A group education program was developed for clinic patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Teaching methods used included the Arthritis Foundation's handbook, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and a lecture by a rheumatologist. The 20 patients in the study were given a multiple choice test before and after the teaching program to determine their knowledge of arthritis. Results showed group education to be an effective teaching device. It was demonstrated that patients learned from reading the handbook alone, but the combination of reading and lecture was found to be a more effective method. Correlation studies showed that prior to group education, patients had a significant knowledge of their disease which was related to native intelligence, formal education, and socio-economic status, but not to duration of disease or length of clinic attendance. This suggests that future patient education experiments should include a pre-instruction test to document prior knowledge.", "contents": "Evaluation of a clinic education program for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A group education program was developed for clinic patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Teaching methods used included the Arthritis Foundation's handbook, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and a lecture by a rheumatologist. The 20 patients in the study were given a multiple choice test before and after the teaching program to determine their knowledge of arthritis. Results showed group education to be an effective teaching device. It was demonstrated that patients learned from reading the handbook alone, but the combination of reading and lecture was found to be a more effective method. Correlation studies showed that prior to group education, patients had a significant knowledge of their disease which was related to native intelligence, formal education, and socio-economic status, but not to duration of disease or length of clinic attendance. This suggests that future patient education experiments should include a pre-instruction test to document prior knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:950633", "title": "The effect of levamisole on adjuvant arthritis in the rat.", "content": "Levamisole (LEV), an immunostimulatory agent, was studied for its effect on adjuvant disease of the rat. The drug was administered continuously according to three schedules: (a) seven days prior to immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); (b) simultaneously with CFA; or (c) 14 days after CFA. Control animals received CFA alone, LEV alone, or were sham treated with saline. Three weekly evaluations were made, recording the general condition, weight curves, joint scores, and volume of hind paws. Whole body radiographs were made at the end of six weeks. In all experimental groups, LEV accentuated the severity of the disease as compared to animals receiving CFA alone. Within the experimental groups, an increased severity was observed with earlier administration of LEV, although the day of disease onset was not altered. Spinal involvement was less severe with each consecutive administration of LEV. These findings suggest that LEV is effective not only in restoring an impaired cellular immune response, but also in enhancing an already activated system. It seems however, that for this stimulation the timetable of LEV administration is crucial, and that continuous therapy may result in a loss of efficiency.", "contents": "The effect of levamisole on adjuvant arthritis in the rat. Levamisole (LEV), an immunostimulatory agent, was studied for its effect on adjuvant disease of the rat. The drug was administered continuously according to three schedules: (a) seven days prior to immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA); (b) simultaneously with CFA; or (c) 14 days after CFA. Control animals received CFA alone, LEV alone, or were sham treated with saline. Three weekly evaluations were made, recording the general condition, weight curves, joint scores, and volume of hind paws. Whole body radiographs were made at the end of six weeks. In all experimental groups, LEV accentuated the severity of the disease as compared to animals receiving CFA alone. Within the experimental groups, an increased severity was observed with earlier administration of LEV, although the day of disease onset was not altered. Spinal involvement was less severe with each consecutive administration of LEV. These findings suggest that LEV is effective not only in restoring an impaired cellular immune response, but also in enhancing an already activated system. It seems however, that for this stimulation the timetable of LEV administration is crucial, and that continuous therapy may result in a loss of efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:950634", "title": "The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in North American Indians.", "content": "The annual incidence (AI) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was determined in 75 highly inbred North American Indian tribes, a total of approximately 800,000 people, during the fiscal years 1971-1975. Seventy-two of the Indian tribes had an AI of SLE which was of similar magnitude to previously published studies from Sweden, Rochester (Minn.), Alabama, New York City, and San Francisco. However, Three tribes, the Crow, Arapahoe, and Sioux Indians, had a markedly elevated AI of SLE. These three tribes share common historical, geographic, and cultural characteristics. Further, they all reside in the northern half of the United States, in states that do not receive intense sun exposure, thereby eliminating photosensitivity as a major determinant of this increased prevalence. Finally, the AI of SLE in the Sioux Indians was highest for \"full-blooded\" members and lowest for genetic admixtures.", "contents": "The incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in North American Indians. The annual incidence (AI) of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was determined in 75 highly inbred North American Indian tribes, a total of approximately 800,000 people, during the fiscal years 1971-1975. Seventy-two of the Indian tribes had an AI of SLE which was of similar magnitude to previously published studies from Sweden, Rochester (Minn.), Alabama, New York City, and San Francisco. However, Three tribes, the Crow, Arapahoe, and Sioux Indians, had a markedly elevated AI of SLE. These three tribes share common historical, geographic, and cultural characteristics. Further, they all reside in the northern half of the United States, in states that do not receive intense sun exposure, thereby eliminating photosensitivity as a major determinant of this increased prevalence. Finally, the AI of SLE in the Sioux Indians was highest for \"full-blooded\" members and lowest for genetic admixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:950635", "title": "Symptomatic Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Twelve of 25 patients with mixed connective tissue disease complained of xerostomia and/or ocular symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In addition to the clinical features of mixed connective tissue disease, all 12 patients had high titers of antibody to the ribonuclease-sensitive component of the extractable nuclear antigen. Eight patients had both clinical xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, one had keratoconjunctivitis sicca and salivary gland enlargement, while there had xerostomia but no ocular complaints. Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome was confirmed in all 12 patients by means of Schirmer's tests, Rose Bengal staining tests, salivary gland scintiscans, radionuclide excretion studies in saliva, parotid sialographies, and lip biopsies. At least three of these tests were abnormal in all patients.", "contents": "Symptomatic Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in mixed connective tissue disease. Twelve of 25 patients with mixed connective tissue disease complained of xerostomia and/or ocular symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In addition to the clinical features of mixed connective tissue disease, all 12 patients had high titers of antibody to the ribonuclease-sensitive component of the extractable nuclear antigen. Eight patients had both clinical xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, one had keratoconjunctivitis sicca and salivary gland enlargement, while there had xerostomia but no ocular complaints. Sj\u00f6rgren's syndrome was confirmed in all 12 patients by means of Schirmer's tests, Rose Bengal staining tests, salivary gland scintiscans, radionuclide excretion studies in saliva, parotid sialographies, and lip biopsies. At least three of these tests were abnormal in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:950636", "title": "Lack of association of HLA B27 with radiographic sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "In 89 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, only one out of 11 patients with radiographic sacroiliitis was found to possess the HLA B27 antigen, while three out of four patients with ankylosing spondylitis were B27 positive. This suggests that sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease may not always be a precursor of ankylosing spondylitis.", "contents": "Lack of association of HLA B27 with radiographic sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease. In 89 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, only one out of 11 patients with radiographic sacroiliitis was found to possess the HLA B27 antigen, while three out of four patients with ankylosing spondylitis were B27 positive. This suggests that sacroiliitis in inflammatory bowel disease may not always be a precursor of ankylosing spondylitis."}
{"id": "PMID:950637", "title": "The effect of allopurinol on oxypurine excretion in xanthinuria.", "content": "In a patient with xanthine urolithiasis secondary to hereditary xanthinuria (xanthine oxidase deficiency), allopurinol administration resulted in a 20 per cent increase in oxypurine excretion and an elevation of the urinary xanthine/hypoxanthine ratio from 4.08 to 6.53. The rise in this ratio suggests that residual xanthine oxidase activity may have been present. It is possible that the excessive re-utilization of hypoxanthine and xanthine in this disease prevents the allopurinol-induced inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis that is seen in normal subjects.", "contents": "The effect of allopurinol on oxypurine excretion in xanthinuria. In a patient with xanthine urolithiasis secondary to hereditary xanthinuria (xanthine oxidase deficiency), allopurinol administration resulted in a 20 per cent increase in oxypurine excretion and an elevation of the urinary xanthine/hypoxanthine ratio from 4.08 to 6.53. The rise in this ratio suggests that residual xanthine oxidase activity may have been present. It is possible that the excessive re-utilization of hypoxanthine and xanthine in this disease prevents the allopurinol-induced inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis that is seen in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:950638", "title": "35S and 3H-proline incorporation in rats deficient in essential fatty acids.", "content": "The effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on connective tissue metabolism were studied in rats deficient in EFA and prostaglandins (PG). In chronic EFA deficiency, 3H-proline fixation, a measure of protein synthesis, was markedly reduced in the stomach, liver, adrenal, kidney, spleen, heart, and small intestine. Collagen rich tissues, such as lung, aorta, and cartilage also demonstrated reduced 3H-proline incorporation. 35S uptake, a measure of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, was inhibited in the lung, kidney, spleen, aorta, small intestine, and cartilage. Shorter periods of EFA deficiency resulted in similar diminished 35S incorporation. However, corn oil supplements largely corrected these metabolic defects. PGE1 injections stimulated 35S uptake in the mucus secreting tissues of the stomach and intestine. Comments are presented suggesting that the anti-PG actions of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs contribute to ulcer formation during drug therapy.", "contents": "35S and 3H-proline incorporation in rats deficient in essential fatty acids. The effects of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on connective tissue metabolism were studied in rats deficient in EFA and prostaglandins (PG). In chronic EFA deficiency, 3H-proline fixation, a measure of protein synthesis, was markedly reduced in the stomach, liver, adrenal, kidney, spleen, heart, and small intestine. Collagen rich tissues, such as lung, aorta, and cartilage also demonstrated reduced 3H-proline incorporation. 35S uptake, a measure of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, was inhibited in the lung, kidney, spleen, aorta, small intestine, and cartilage. Shorter periods of EFA deficiency resulted in similar diminished 35S incorporation. However, corn oil supplements largely corrected these metabolic defects. PGE1 injections stimulated 35S uptake in the mucus secreting tissues of the stomach and intestine. Comments are presented suggesting that the anti-PG actions of steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs contribute to ulcer formation during drug therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:950639", "title": "Pattern recognition. Classification of therapeutic agents according to pharmacophores.", "content": "One of the preprocessing methods used in pattern recognition-factor analysis-is shown to be well suited to the derivation of structure-activity relationships. Applications of the procedure developed are illustrated using sets of compounds which are of accepted therapeutic utility.", "contents": "Pattern recognition. Classification of therapeutic agents according to pharmacophores. One of the preprocessing methods used in pattern recognition-factor analysis-is shown to be well suited to the derivation of structure-activity relationships. Applications of the procedure developed are illustrated using sets of compounds which are of accepted therapeutic utility."}
{"id": "PMID:950640", "title": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships among steroids. Investigations of the use of steric parameters.", "content": "The importance of steric factors in quantitative structure-activity relationships involving steroid hormones is discussed.  a variety of steric parameters, such as parachlor, molecular volume, van der Waals volume, and including difference and squared steric terms, is explored in an attempt to find preferred forms for such expressions. Improved correlations for 6-substituted 16-methylene-17alpha-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione derivatives were found in which activity is related to pi and a squared or difference steric factor. The activity of 9alpha-substituted cortisols correlates well with sigma I and a simple steric factor, provided that the 9alpha-hydroxylated compound is excluded from the series.", "contents": "Quantitative structure-activity relationships among steroids. Investigations of the use of steric parameters. The importance of steric factors in quantitative structure-activity relationships involving steroid hormones is discussed.  a variety of steric parameters, such as parachlor, molecular volume, van der Waals volume, and including difference and squared steric terms, is explored in an attempt to find preferred forms for such expressions. Improved correlations for 6-substituted 16-methylene-17alpha-acetoxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione derivatives were found in which activity is related to pi and a squared or difference steric factor. The activity of 9alpha-substituted cortisols correlates well with sigma I and a simple steric factor, provided that the 9alpha-hydroxylated compound is excluded from the series."}
{"id": "PMID:950641", "title": "Synthesis and structure-toxicity relationships of three new stable analogues of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3.", "content": "In order to develop and study inhibitors of neuromuscular function which act presynaptically, three stable analogues of acetyl-seco-hemicholinum-3 (AcHC-3,2) were prepared. These analogues have 2-ethoxyethyltrimethylammonium, 4-oxopentyltrimethylammonium, and n-pentyltrimethylammonium moieties substituted for the 2-acetylethyltrimethylammonium (acetylcholine) moieties of AcHC-3 (2) to form the ether 2, ketone 4, and alkane 5 analoggues of AcHC-3 (2). Although AcHC-3 (2) has been shown to undergo deesterification rapidly in basic solutions and slowly at pH 7.4, it has been found to be stable in H2O or D2O under slightly acidic conditions. All of the analogues are stable for extended time under both slightly acidic conditions and at pH 7.4 in H2O or D3O. It has been found that 2 reacts with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase within seconds in H2O at pH7.4. However, deesterification of 2 with subsequent cyclization to the hemiacetal form of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3, 1) is prevented at pH 7.4, possibly by an irreversible binding of 2 to the enzyme. The analogues 3-5, however, do not react under identical conditions. Mouse toxicity studies (LD50) indicate that 2 is approximately as toxic as HC-3 (1), whereas 3, 4, and 5 are 14.2, 23.8, and 43.1 times less toxic, respectively. The toxic effects of 3-5, like 1 and 2, are antagonized by choline but not by neostigmine in mice. Structure-activity relationships of 2-5 are discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and structure-toxicity relationships of three new stable analogues of acetyl-seco-hemicholinium-3. In order to develop and study inhibitors of neuromuscular function which act presynaptically, three stable analogues of acetyl-seco-hemicholinum-3 (AcHC-3,2) were prepared. These analogues have 2-ethoxyethyltrimethylammonium, 4-oxopentyltrimethylammonium, and n-pentyltrimethylammonium moieties substituted for the 2-acetylethyltrimethylammonium (acetylcholine) moieties of AcHC-3 (2) to form the ether 2, ketone 4, and alkane 5 analoggues of AcHC-3 (2). Although AcHC-3 (2) has been shown to undergo deesterification rapidly in basic solutions and slowly at pH 7.4, it has been found to be stable in H2O or D2O under slightly acidic conditions. All of the analogues are stable for extended time under both slightly acidic conditions and at pH 7.4 in H2O or D3O. It has been found that 2 reacts with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase within seconds in H2O at pH7.4. However, deesterification of 2 with subsequent cyclization to the hemiacetal form of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3, 1) is prevented at pH 7.4, possibly by an irreversible binding of 2 to the enzyme. The analogues 3-5, however, do not react under identical conditions. Mouse toxicity studies (LD50) indicate that 2 is approximately as toxic as HC-3 (1), whereas 3, 4, and 5 are 14.2, 23.8, and 43.1 times less toxic, respectively. The toxic effects of 3-5, like 1 and 2, are antagonized by choline but not by neostigmine in mice. Structure-activity relationships of 2-5 are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950643", "title": "Synthesis and some properties and antitumor effects of the actinomycin lactam analog, (di(1-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic))actinomycin D1.", "content": "A lactam analog of actinomycin D (AMD) has been synthesized as a potential antitumor chemotherapeutic agent. Both L-threonine residues were replaced by L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid. Starting with Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid methyl ester hydrochloride the linear intermediate Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-(tert-butyloxycarbonylsarcosyl-L-N-methylvalyl)-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionyl-D-valyl-L-proline p-nitrophenyl ester was prepared by conventional methods of peptide synthesis in solution. Selective cleavage of the Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl group and lactam formation afforded the desired cyclic pentapeptide derivative. The chromophore precursor, Nalpha-(2-nitro-3-benzyloxy-4-methylbenzoyl) substituent, was introduced via its symmetric anhydride. Catalytic reduction followed by ferricyanide-mediated phenoxazinone formation provided the lactam analog, [di(1'-L-alpha,beta-diaminopionic acid)]actinomycin D ([Dpr1]2-AMD). Its binding to natural and synthetic DNA and that of an analogous L-threo-alpha,beta-diaminobutyric acid containing lactam ([Dbu1]2-AMD) compared with the binding of AMD (in which the peptides are in lactone form) was studied by circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopy. The visible and uv CD spectra of free AMD differed from those of the free lactam analogs, indicating that the asymmetric environment of the pentapeptide rings in the region of the chromophore differs in free actinomycin lactone and lactams. In the presence of calf thymus DNA, PM2 DNA, and the synthetic d(A-T)-like copolymers containing 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), poly[d(DAP-T)], and poly[d(DAP-A-T)], the rotational strengths of the optically active transitions in the visible region of the actinomycins increased, and the CD spectra in the presence of the various DNA duplexes were qualitatively similar. The CD spectra of bound actinomycin lactams resembled the spectrum of bound AMD. This suggests that the lactone and lactam actinomycins acquire a similar environment when bound to DNA. [Dpr1]2-AMD was less cytotoxic than AMD in antibacterial assays but exhibited somewhat higher toxicity in mice than AMD. At optimal dose levels the lactam analog had little or no antitumor activity in three murine tumor systems.", "contents": "Synthesis and some properties and antitumor effects of the actinomycin lactam analog, (di(1-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic))actinomycin D1. A lactam analog of actinomycin D (AMD) has been synthesized as a potential antitumor chemotherapeutic agent. Both L-threonine residues were replaced by L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid. Starting with Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid methyl ester hydrochloride the linear intermediate Nalpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-Nbeta-(tert-butyloxycarbonylsarcosyl-L-N-methylvalyl)-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionyl-D-valyl-L-proline p-nitrophenyl ester was prepared by conventional methods of peptide synthesis in solution. Selective cleavage of the Nbeta-tert-butyloxycarbonyl group and lactam formation afforded the desired cyclic pentapeptide derivative. The chromophore precursor, Nalpha-(2-nitro-3-benzyloxy-4-methylbenzoyl) substituent, was introduced via its symmetric anhydride. Catalytic reduction followed by ferricyanide-mediated phenoxazinone formation provided the lactam analog, [di(1'-L-alpha,beta-diaminopionic acid)]actinomycin D ([Dpr1]2-AMD). Its binding to natural and synthetic DNA and that of an analogous L-threo-alpha,beta-diaminobutyric acid containing lactam ([Dbu1]2-AMD) compared with the binding of AMD (in which the peptides are in lactone form) was studied by circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopy. The visible and uv CD spectra of free AMD differed from those of the free lactam analogs, indicating that the asymmetric environment of the pentapeptide rings in the region of the chromophore differs in free actinomycin lactone and lactams. In the presence of calf thymus DNA, PM2 DNA, and the synthetic d(A-T)-like copolymers containing 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), poly[d(DAP-T)], and poly[d(DAP-A-T)], the rotational strengths of the optically active transitions in the visible region of the actinomycins increased, and the CD spectra in the presence of the various DNA duplexes were qualitatively similar. The CD spectra of bound actinomycin lactams resembled the spectrum of bound AMD. This suggests that the lactone and lactam actinomycins acquire a similar environment when bound to DNA. [Dpr1]2-AMD was less cytotoxic than AMD in antibacterial assays but exhibited somewhat higher toxicity in mice than AMD. At optimal dose levels the lactam analog had little or no antitumor activity in three murine tumor systems."}
{"id": "PMID:950644", "title": "Potential antitumor agents. 17. 9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts.", "content": "9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts result from reaction of substituted anilines and 9-chloro-10-methylacridinium salts in turn prepared from the 10-methyl-9(10H)-acridones and SOCl2 or POCl3. Antileukemic (L1210) activities of the quaternary salts were uniformly depressed compared to their unquaternized counterparts. If drug-solvent partition properties (log P) of the cations were considered, log P-activity relationships were similar for both base and quaternary salt series. Substituent effects on antitumor activity were similar in both series.", "contents": "Potential antitumor agents. 17. 9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts. 9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts result from reaction of substituted anilines and 9-chloro-10-methylacridinium salts in turn prepared from the 10-methyl-9(10H)-acridones and SOCl2 or POCl3. Antileukemic (L1210) activities of the quaternary salts were uniformly depressed compared to their unquaternized counterparts. If drug-solvent partition properties (log P) of the cations were considered, log P-activity relationships were similar for both base and quaternary salt series. Substituent effects on antitumor activity were similar in both series."}
{"id": "PMID:950645", "title": "1-Halobenzyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acids. A new class of antispermatogenic agents.", "content": "The synthesis of a series of halogenated 1-benzylindazole-3-carboxylic acids and related derivatives is described. These compounds were studied for their effect on testicular weight and on the inhibition of spermatogenesis. Many of the derivatives, but in particular 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (11), 1-(2,4-dibromobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (13), 1-(4-chloro-2-methylbenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (27), and their glycerol esters, showed potent antispermatogenic activity.", "contents": "1-Halobenzyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acids. A new class of antispermatogenic agents. The synthesis of a series of halogenated 1-benzylindazole-3-carboxylic acids and related derivatives is described. These compounds were studied for their effect on testicular weight and on the inhibition of spermatogenesis. Many of the derivatives, but in particular 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (11), 1-(2,4-dibromobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (13), 1-(4-chloro-2-methylbenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid (27), and their glycerol esters, showed potent antispermatogenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:950646", "title": "(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 3. ((2-Nitro-1-alkenyl)aryloxy)acetic acids.", "content": "A series of [(2-nitro-1-alkenyl)aryloxy]acetic acids was synthesized and tested in dogs for saluretic and diuretic activity. A number of these compounds exhibit a high order of activity on iv or po administration; representative of these is (E)-[2,3-dichloro-4-(2-nitropropenyl)phenoxy]acetic acid (5). The most highly active compounds are qualitatively similar in action to [2,3-dichloro-4-(2-methylenebutyryl)phenoxylacetic acid  (ethacrynic acid) in causing a prompt increase in the excretion of water and of sodium and chloride ions in approximately equimolar amounts but are three to five times as potent. Potassium ion excretion is increased  but less markedly than sodium excretion.", "contents": "(Vinylaryloxy)acetic acids. A new class of diuretic agents. 3. ((2-Nitro-1-alkenyl)aryloxy)acetic acids. A series of [(2-nitro-1-alkenyl)aryloxy]acetic acids was synthesized and tested in dogs for saluretic and diuretic activity. A number of these compounds exhibit a high order of activity on iv or po administration; representative of these is (E)-[2,3-dichloro-4-(2-nitropropenyl)phenoxy]acetic acid (5). The most highly active compounds are qualitatively similar in action to [2,3-dichloro-4-(2-methylenebutyryl)phenoxylacetic acid  (ethacrynic acid) in causing a prompt increase in the excretion of water and of sodium and chloride ions in approximately equimolar amounts but are three to five times as potent. Potassium ion excretion is increased  but less markedly than sodium excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:950647", "title": "Cycloalkanoindoles. 1. Syntheses and antiinflammatory actions of some acidic tetrahydrocarbazoles, cyclopentindoles, and cycloheptindoles.", "content": "A novel series of acidic cycloalkanoindoles comprising tetrahydrocarbazole-, cyclopentindole-, and cycloheptindole-1-acetic acids has been synthesized via the Fischer indolization between a phenylhydrazine and a 1-alkyl-2-oxocycloalkaneacetic acid ester. These compounds were evaluated, orally, for their capacities to decrease estabished adjuvant arthritis in rats. The most active compound of the series was 1-ethyl-8-n-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-acetic acid (AY-24 873),which had an ED50 of 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/kg. AY-24 873 was also studied orally in rats for its effect on the acute inflammatory response in the carrageenin paw edema test. It was found that AY-24 873 was about ten times more active against the chromic than against the acute models of inflammation used.", "contents": "Cycloalkanoindoles. 1. Syntheses and antiinflammatory actions of some acidic tetrahydrocarbazoles, cyclopentindoles, and cycloheptindoles. A novel series of acidic cycloalkanoindoles comprising tetrahydrocarbazole-, cyclopentindole-, and cycloheptindole-1-acetic acids has been synthesized via the Fischer indolization between a phenylhydrazine and a 1-alkyl-2-oxocycloalkaneacetic acid ester. These compounds were evaluated, orally, for their capacities to decrease estabished adjuvant arthritis in rats. The most active compound of the series was 1-ethyl-8-n-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-acetic acid (AY-24 873),which had an ED50 of 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/kg. AY-24 873 was also studied orally in rats for its effect on the acute inflammatory response in the carrageenin paw edema test. It was found that AY-24 873 was about ten times more active against the chromic than against the acute models of inflammation used."}
{"id": "PMID:950648", "title": "Cycloalkanoindoles. 2. 1-Alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines and related compounds. Potential antidepressants.", "content": "The synthesis is described of a series of cycloalkanoindoles, comprising tetrahydrocarbazoles, a cyclopentindole, and a cycloheptindole, all bearing an ethanamine side chain at position 1. The acute toxicities of these compounds were evaluated, as well as their potential antidepressant properties, using tests based on the prevention of ptosis induced by reserpine and tetrabenazine. 9-Ethyl-N,N1-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamine (AY-24 614) was found to be the most potent analogue, having an ED50 of 0.12 mg/kg ip in preventing reserpine-induced ptosis in mice and an ED50 at 3.3 mg/kg ip in preventing tetrabenazine-induced ptosis in rats.", "contents": "Cycloalkanoindoles. 2. 1-Alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines and related compounds. Potential antidepressants. The synthesis is described of a series of cycloalkanoindoles, comprising tetrahydrocarbazoles, a cyclopentindole, and a cycloheptindole, all bearing an ethanamine side chain at position 1. The acute toxicities of these compounds were evaluated, as well as their potential antidepressant properties, using tests based on the prevention of ptosis induced by reserpine and tetrabenazine. 9-Ethyl-N,N1-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamine (AY-24 614) was found to be the most potent analogue, having an ED50 of 0.12 mg/kg ip in preventing reserpine-induced ptosis in mice and an ED50 at 3.3 mg/kg ip in preventing tetrabenazine-induced ptosis in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:950649", "title": "Biologically oriented organic sulfur chemistry. 14. Antiinflammatory properties of some aryl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones.", "content": "To extend earlier work, to examine the possibility that certain sulfoxides might serve as counterparts of amines in receptor-site interactions, and to add to the little information available about sulfoxides in medicinal chemistry, sulfoxides were prepared of the general structure XArS(O)C6H4(CHR)nCO2H, together with the sulfides and some of the sulfones. The products were evaluated as antiinflammatory agents by carrageenan-edema inhibition and uv-erythema inhibition. Four of the compounds had activity roughly comparable to aspirin or phenylbutazone in one or the other of these assays (2a-c, 3b). Sulfoxides did not seem especially promising as a class and usually were less active than the corresponding sulfides. The two most interesting compounds in these assays, o-(phenylthio)phenylacetic acid (2b) and its sulfoxide 3b, had no significant activity in adjuvant arthritis. Hydrogen-bonding effects are indicated in certain of the acids by their absence in the corresponding esters.", "contents": "Biologically oriented organic sulfur chemistry. 14. Antiinflammatory properties of some aryl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. To extend earlier work, to examine the possibility that certain sulfoxides might serve as counterparts of amines in receptor-site interactions, and to add to the little information available about sulfoxides in medicinal chemistry, sulfoxides were prepared of the general structure XArS(O)C6H4(CHR)nCO2H, together with the sulfides and some of the sulfones. The products were evaluated as antiinflammatory agents by carrageenan-edema inhibition and uv-erythema inhibition. Four of the compounds had activity roughly comparable to aspirin or phenylbutazone in one or the other of these assays (2a-c, 3b). Sulfoxides did not seem especially promising as a class and usually were less active than the corresponding sulfides. The two most interesting compounds in these assays, o-(phenylthio)phenylacetic acid (2b) and its sulfoxide 3b, had no significant activity in adjuvant arthritis. Hydrogen-bonding effects are indicated in certain of the acids by their absence in the corresponding esters."}
{"id": "PMID:950650", "title": "Synthesis of aziridinylallylaminophosphine oxides and sulfides as potential adjuvant cancer chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Bis (1-aziridinyl)(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)phosphine sulfide, an active anticancer agent with low hematopoietic toxicity in animals and man, was recommended several years ago for breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy as an alternate drug to thiotepa. This hope had led to the syntheses of aziridinylallylaminophosphine oxides or sulfides (compounds I-XVII) in our laboratories. The resurgent interest in this area of cancer chemotherapy encouraged us to report our synthetic work as well as their evaluation as both anticancer agents and insect chemosterilants. Based on observed antitumor activity in animals, low chemosterilant activity in female species (insects and rats), and histochemical observation of tissue toxicity in rat testes but not in ovaries, these new agents are of potential interest to the breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy program.", "contents": "Synthesis of aziridinylallylaminophosphine oxides and sulfides as potential adjuvant cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Bis (1-aziridinyl)(hexahydro-1H-azepin-1-yl)phosphine sulfide, an active anticancer agent with low hematopoietic toxicity in animals and man, was recommended several years ago for breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy as an alternate drug to thiotepa. This hope had led to the syntheses of aziridinylallylaminophosphine oxides or sulfides (compounds I-XVII) in our laboratories. The resurgent interest in this area of cancer chemotherapy encouraged us to report our synthetic work as well as their evaluation as both anticancer agents and insect chemosterilants. Based on observed antitumor activity in animals, low chemosterilant activity in female species (insects and rats), and histochemical observation of tissue toxicity in rat testes but not in ovaries, these new agents are of potential interest to the breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy program."}
{"id": "PMID:950651", "title": "Synthesis and properties of 2-S-(N,N-dialkylamino)ethyl)thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide and of the corresponding quaternary derivatives as potential nontoxic antiglaucoma agents.", "content": "A new series of cyclic organophosphorus esters, 2-S-[2'-N,N-dialkylamino)ethyl]thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide and their quaternary derivatives, was synthesized and studied as potential antiglaucoma agents. Thes compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7)at a bimoecular rate constant (ki) in the range of 10(3)-10(4) M-1 min-1. Values of the affinity (K) and phosphorylation (k') rate constants for this enzyme indicate that k' is responsible for the relatively low values of ki as compared with similar data for the open-chain analogues, O,O-diethyl phosphorothiolates (10(6) M-1 min-1). The mammalian toxicity of the new compounds in terms of acute LD50 values in mice is 1-3 x 10(3) less than that of phospholine, an open-chain analogue. In an initial clinical trial, one member of the new series (alkyl = C2H5) caused a significant decrease of intraocular pressure in aphakic glaucoma, while phospholine proved to be ineffective.", "contents": "Synthesis and properties of 2-S-(N,N-dialkylamino)ethyl)thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide and of the corresponding quaternary derivatives as potential nontoxic antiglaucoma agents. A new series of cyclic organophosphorus esters, 2-S-[2'-N,N-dialkylamino)ethyl]thio-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide and their quaternary derivatives, was synthesized and studied as potential antiglaucoma agents. Thes compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.7)at a bimoecular rate constant (ki) in the range of 10(3)-10(4) M-1 min-1. Values of the affinity (K) and phosphorylation (k') rate constants for this enzyme indicate that k' is responsible for the relatively low values of ki as compared with similar data for the open-chain analogues, O,O-diethyl phosphorothiolates (10(6) M-1 min-1). The mammalian toxicity of the new compounds in terms of acute LD50 values in mice is 1-3 x 10(3) less than that of phospholine, an open-chain analogue. In an initial clinical trial, one member of the new series (alkyl = C2H5) caused a significant decrease of intraocular pressure in aphakic glaucoma, while phospholine proved to be ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:950652", "title": "Benzodipyran derivatives with antiallergic activity.", "content": "The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a number of benzodipyrandicarboxylic acids are described. Antiallergic activity of the compounds was determined using the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the rat. The structural requirements for activity in the PCA screen are discussed. In this test system the linear benzodipyrans are more active than their angular analogues.", "contents": "Benzodipyran derivatives with antiallergic activity. The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a number of benzodipyrandicarboxylic acids are described. Antiallergic activity of the compounds was determined using the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the rat. The structural requirements for activity in the PCA screen are discussed. In this test system the linear benzodipyrans are more active than their angular analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:950653", "title": "Esters of N-tert-butylarterenol. Long-acting new bronchodilators with reduced cardiac effects.", "content": "The preparation of various esters of N-tert-butylarterenol is described. Esterification of the phenolic OH groups has increased bioavailability, prolonged bronchodilation, and reduced tachycardia. The substitution of aromatic esters compared with simple aliphatic esters improved markedly these pharmacological properties. Of a number of esters tested, compound 45 (bitolterol) demonstrated the most favorable pharmacological properties as a bronchodilator. Its long duration of action and significant bronchodilator-cardiovascular separation are briefly described.", "contents": "Esters of N-tert-butylarterenol. Long-acting new bronchodilators with reduced cardiac effects. The preparation of various esters of N-tert-butylarterenol is described. Esterification of the phenolic OH groups has increased bioavailability, prolonged bronchodilation, and reduced tachycardia. The substitution of aromatic esters compared with simple aliphatic esters improved markedly these pharmacological properties. Of a number of esters tested, compound 45 (bitolterol) demonstrated the most favorable pharmacological properties as a bronchodilator. Its long duration of action and significant bronchodilator-cardiovascular separation are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:950654", "title": "Synthesis of 1- and 2-substituted indazoles as anthelmintic agents.", "content": "Selective synthesis of 1- and 2-acyl-, alkoxycarbonyl-, and carbamoylindazoles are described. Spectroscopic data which were the basis for structural assignments are presented. These compounds, particularly methyl 2H-indazole-2-carboxylate and N-heptyl-N-methyl-2H-indazole-2-carboxamide, lack the spectrum of anthelmintic activity of the benzimidazole and benzotriazole anthelmintics to which they are structurally related.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1- and 2-substituted indazoles as anthelmintic agents. Selective synthesis of 1- and 2-acyl-, alkoxycarbonyl-, and carbamoylindazoles are described. Spectroscopic data which were the basis for structural assignments are presented. These compounds, particularly methyl 2H-indazole-2-carboxylate and N-heptyl-N-methyl-2H-indazole-2-carboxamide, lack the spectrum of anthelmintic activity of the benzimidazole and benzotriazole anthelmintics to which they are structurally related."}
{"id": "PMID:950655", "title": "Synthesis of 1-(4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide.", "content": "The synthesis of 1-(4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (3) is described. The acid-catalyzed fusion procedure with 3-cyano-1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-4-thio-D-ribofuranose provided 3-cyano-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole (2) which was converted with NH4OH to 3. In contrast to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (1), the 4'-thio nucleoside 3 did not exhibt significant antiviral activity in vitro.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-(4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. The synthesis of 1-(4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (3) is described. The acid-catalyzed fusion procedure with 3-cyano-1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-4-thio-D-ribofuranose provided 3-cyano-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-4-thio-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole (2) which was converted with NH4OH to 3. In contrast to 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (1), the 4'-thio nucleoside 3 did not exhibt significant antiviral activity in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:950656", "title": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin.", "content": "Deamino[4-threonine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dTDAVP), deamino[8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dDAVP), [8-D-arginine[vasopressin (DAVP), and deamino-arginine-vasopressin (dAVP) were synthesized by the solid-phase method and tested for their biological activities. dTDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 793+/-95 units/mg and undetectable vasporessor activity, less than 0.02unit/mg. The antidiuretic-pressor (A/P) ratio of dTDAVP is greater than 39 000. dDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 1200+/-126 units/mg and a vasopressor potency of 0.39+/-0.02; its A/P ratio is thus 3000. DAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 253+/-44 units/mg, a vasopressor potency of 1.1+/-0.04 units/mg, and an A/P ratio of 240. The A/P ratios of dDAVP and DAVP are much higher than those originally reported. dAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 1745+/-385 units/mg, a vasopressor potency of 346+/-13, and an A/P ratio of 5; values are in general agreement with those in the literature. Threonine subsitution has thus brought about a significant enhancement in antidiuretic specificity, a finding entirely consistent with earlier observations that enhancement of lipophilicity at position 4 alone or in combination in arginine-vasopressin can lead to enhanced antidiuretic specificity.", "contents": "Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of deamino(4-threonine,8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino(8-D-arginine)vasopressin, highly potent and specific antidiuretic peptides, and (8-D-arginine)vasopressin and deamino-arginine-vasopressin. Deamino[4-threonine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dTDAVP), deamino[8-D-arginine]vasopressin (dDAVP), [8-D-arginine[vasopressin (DAVP), and deamino-arginine-vasopressin (dAVP) were synthesized by the solid-phase method and tested for their biological activities. dTDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 793+/-95 units/mg and undetectable vasporessor activity, less than 0.02unit/mg. The antidiuretic-pressor (A/P) ratio of dTDAVP is greater than 39 000. dDAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 1200+/-126 units/mg and a vasopressor potency of 0.39+/-0.02; its A/P ratio is thus 3000. DAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 253+/-44 units/mg, a vasopressor potency of 1.1+/-0.04 units/mg, and an A/P ratio of 240. The A/P ratios of dDAVP and DAVP are much higher than those originally reported. dAVP has an antidiuretic potency of 1745+/-385 units/mg, a vasopressor potency of 346+/-13, and an A/P ratio of 5; values are in general agreement with those in the literature. Threonine subsitution has thus brought about a significant enhancement in antidiuretic specificity, a finding entirely consistent with earlier observations that enhancement of lipophilicity at position 4 alone or in combination in arginine-vasopressin can lead to enhanced antidiuretic specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:950657", "title": "Effect of chain length on critical micelle formation and protein binding of quaternary ammonium compounds.", "content": "The micelle formation tendency (log 1/CMC)) of a series of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium compounds is shown to be linearly dependent on the alky chain length, indicating no curling of the side chain up to C19. Protein binding of these charged molecules on the primary binding site for sulfaethiodole is shown to be parabolically dependent on the chain length with an optimal chain length around C16.", "contents": "Effect of chain length on critical micelle formation and protein binding of quaternary ammonium compounds. The micelle formation tendency (log 1/CMC)) of a series of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium compounds is shown to be linearly dependent on the alky chain length, indicating no curling of the side chain up to C19. Protein binding of these charged molecules on the primary binding site for sulfaethiodole is shown to be parabolically dependent on the chain length with an optimal chain length around C16."}
{"id": "PMID:950659", "title": "2-Azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane analogues of the prodine analgetics.", "content": "The synthesis and analgetic activity of analogues of prodine-type analgetics in which the conformation of the piperidine ring is restricted in the boat form using the 2-azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane nucleus are reported. One of these analogues, 2-methyl-6-trans-phenyl-6-cis-propionoxy-2-azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane (3), showed significant analgetic activity (ED50 equals 3.1 mg/kg).", "contents": "2-Azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane analogues of the prodine analgetics. The synthesis and analgetic activity of analogues of prodine-type analgetics in which the conformation of the piperidine ring is restricted in the boat form using the 2-azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane nucleus are reported. One of these analogues, 2-methyl-6-trans-phenyl-6-cis-propionoxy-2-azabicyclo (2.2.2)octane (3), showed significant analgetic activity (ED50 equals 3.1 mg/kg)."}
{"id": "PMID:950660", "title": "Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P.", "content": "Substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) and the C-terminal partial sequences down to the tripeptide were synthesized by a solid-phase method. These peptides were assayed for vasodilator, spasmogenic, and venoconstrictor properties using three preparations, viz. the hind limb blood flow of the dog, isolated guinea pig ileum, and the isolated rabbit ear vein. The tripeptide and tetrapeptide possessed weak vasodilator properties only but no activity was detected on the other less sensitive preparations. The pentapeptide produced appreciable spasmogenic and vasoactive effects. Sequences of six or more C-terminal amino acids were able to elicity activity at comparable doses to that of the parent endecapeptide; however, the activity did not increase regularly with the chain length. In each assay preparation the octapeptide was the most potent peptide. It was twice as potent as substance P on a molar basis in the guinea pig ileum but the enhancement of activity beyond that of substance P was less pronounced in the vascular preparations.", "contents": "Biological activity of C-terminal partial sequences of substance P. Substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2) and the C-terminal partial sequences down to the tripeptide were synthesized by a solid-phase method. These peptides were assayed for vasodilator, spasmogenic, and venoconstrictor properties using three preparations, viz. the hind limb blood flow of the dog, isolated guinea pig ileum, and the isolated rabbit ear vein. The tripeptide and tetrapeptide possessed weak vasodilator properties only but no activity was detected on the other less sensitive preparations. The pentapeptide produced appreciable spasmogenic and vasoactive effects. Sequences of six or more C-terminal amino acids were able to elicity activity at comparable doses to that of the parent endecapeptide; however, the activity did not increase regularly with the chain length. In each assay preparation the octapeptide was the most potent peptide. It was twice as potent as substance P on a molar basis in the guinea pig ileum but the enhancement of activity beyond that of substance P was less pronounced in the vascular preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:950678", "title": "Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit.", "content": "Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following. 1. Anatomical studies indicate that the major midbrain areas to which this circuit projects are : 1) ventral tegmental area; 2) interpeduncular area; and 3) periaqueductal gray areas; and these same areas project back to the limbic system. There are projections to these regions from the cerebellar nuclei, as indicated by terminal degeneration studies which show that cerebellar nuclei connect, mostly by fine fibers, with a continuum of cells located on either side of the midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain. Observations that the cerebellum also projects to the locus ceruleus (NA system) and VTA (DA system) indicate that cerebellar influences can also reach the limbic areas via the catecholamine fiber bundles. 2. Electrophysiological studies indicate that vermiam and fastigial stimulation induce evoked responses in the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septum, with latencies to the peak of first wave ranging from 4 to 8 msec and to the second wave of 16-29 msec. Citations from the physiological literature indicate that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, especially the vermis, can modify a wide range of responses which involve functional activities of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. 3. Studies on electrically induced afterdischarges in the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala indicate that cerebellar stimulation can shorten the duration of or terminate the afterdischarges, and the site of lowest threshold is the midline cortex. Focal cooling of the vermis promotes prolongation of the afterdischarges as does pretreatment of animals with 6-OH dopamine. Chemical lesions in the catecholamine system induced by 6-OH dopamine reduce the effectiveness of the cerebellar stimulation, as do lesions of nucleus fastigii. These data are interpreted to indicate that the cerebellum can exert a tonic suppressor (inhibitory?) influence on substructures within the Papez Circuit. 4. Citations from animal behavioral studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum can induce responses such as arousal, predatory attack, and feeding which mimic those obtained by amygdaloid stimulation. Fastigial stimulation can produce drowsiness and EEG changes which resemble the sleep patterns resulting from stimulation of the ventral amygdala.", "contents": "Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit. Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following. 1. Anatomical studies indicate that the major midbrain areas to which this circuit projects are : 1) ventral tegmental area; 2) interpeduncular area; and 3) periaqueductal gray areas; and these same areas project back to the limbic system. There are projections to these regions from the cerebellar nuclei, as indicated by terminal degeneration studies which show that cerebellar nuclei connect, mostly by fine fibers, with a continuum of cells located on either side of the midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain. Observations that the cerebellum also projects to the locus ceruleus (NA system) and VTA (DA system) indicate that cerebellar influences can also reach the limbic areas via the catecholamine fiber bundles. 2. Electrophysiological studies indicate that vermiam and fastigial stimulation induce evoked responses in the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septum, with latencies to the peak of first wave ranging from 4 to 8 msec and to the second wave of 16-29 msec. Citations from the physiological literature indicate that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, especially the vermis, can modify a wide range of responses which involve functional activities of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. 3. Studies on electrically induced afterdischarges in the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala indicate that cerebellar stimulation can shorten the duration of or terminate the afterdischarges, and the site of lowest threshold is the midline cortex. Focal cooling of the vermis promotes prolongation of the afterdischarges as does pretreatment of animals with 6-OH dopamine. Chemical lesions in the catecholamine system induced by 6-OH dopamine reduce the effectiveness of the cerebellar stimulation, as do lesions of nucleus fastigii. These data are interpreted to indicate that the cerebellum can exert a tonic suppressor (inhibitory?) influence on substructures within the Papez Circuit. 4. Citations from animal behavioral studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum can induce responses such as arousal, predatory attack, and feeding which mimic those obtained by amygdaloid stimulation. Fastigial stimulation can produce drowsiness and EEG changes which resemble the sleep patterns resulting from stimulation of the ventral amygdala."}
{"id": "PMID:950679", "title": "Behavioral effects and binding affinities of two stereoisomeric psychotomimetic glycolates.", "content": "A comparison was made of the behavioral effects in cats of the dextro and levo isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), using a special computer-controlled program. Such psychophysical parameters as rate of response and tendency to use the left or right paw for lever pressing were used primarily to evaluate drug efficacy. The drug did not alter auditory threshold or the percentage of errors in lever pressing. The l-isomer was found to be at least 100 times as potent as the d-isomer, the effects of both being qualitatively similar. After a single dose of 5 mug/Kg of 1-QB, the cats' performance did not return to normal until 5-7 days later. Pretreatment of the cats with a dose of 2 mg/Kg of atropine, an antimuscarinic agent, did not prevent the behavioral effects of 1-QB. The binding affinity of two isomers for synaptic membranes and phosphatidyl serine was identical.", "contents": "Behavioral effects and binding affinities of two stereoisomeric psychotomimetic glycolates. A comparison was made of the behavioral effects in cats of the dextro and levo isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), using a special computer-controlled program. Such psychophysical parameters as rate of response and tendency to use the left or right paw for lever pressing were used primarily to evaluate drug efficacy. The drug did not alter auditory threshold or the percentage of errors in lever pressing. The l-isomer was found to be at least 100 times as potent as the d-isomer, the effects of both being qualitatively similar. After a single dose of 5 mug/Kg of 1-QB, the cats' performance did not return to normal until 5-7 days later. Pretreatment of the cats with a dose of 2 mg/Kg of atropine, an antimuscarinic agent, did not prevent the behavioral effects of 1-QB. The binding affinity of two isomers for synaptic membranes and phosphatidyl serine was identical."}
{"id": "PMID:950680", "title": "Origin of endocrine-metabolic changes in the weanling rat ventromedial syndrome.", "content": "Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN) in the weanling rat without injury to the median eminence results in a series of somatic, endocrine, and metabolic changes that are characterized by normal food and water intake but decreased linear growth, normal body weight but increased carcass fat and reduced carcass protein, lean body mass, and water. The endocrine alterations comprise hyperinsulinemia in the face of normoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia and reduced growth hormone levels. The metabolic changes include greater oxidation of glucose and incorporation into lipid and reduced palmitate oxidation but increased incorporation into lipid. Weanling rats with VMN lesions are normophagic in absolute terms, relative to body weight and per metabolic unit, but their nocturnal feeding and weight gain cycles are disrupted and their locomotor activity is reduced. The VMN are involved in the long-term control of feeding - as in the mature rat - as shown by intragastric preloading studies and dietary density manipulation, glucose preference tests and intraperitoneal injections with glucose. Hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia are present four days after the VMN operation in the presence of subnormal food intake and plasma glucose levels. Manipulations of the fat content of the diet revealed that the hyperlipidemia is of both endogenous and exogenous origin and that lipoprotein lipase is increased; a 48-hour fast reduced the hyperlipidemia to control levels, however. This suggests that weanling VMN rat tissue may have an impaired ability to take up circulating lipid. An increased incorporation of glycerol into lipid may be due to induction of glycerokinase by hyperinsulinemia. Adipose tissue of weanling VMN rats showed glycerokinase by hyperinsulinemia. Adipose tissue of weanling VMN rats showed neither depressed lipolysis nor diminished lipolytic activity per milligram of tissue protein. Glucose oxidation and incorporation into adipose tissue is increased in several tissues in vitro and there is enhanced glucose disappearance from plasma and incorporation into tissue lipids in vivo. These changes develop within a short time after lesion production and persist at least partially up to six months: glucose utilization in liver increases already four hours after the operation whereas it takes 72 hours to commence in adipose tissue. Insulin resistance is not apparent either in vivo or in vitro. The decreased growth hormone levels are not critical to the metabolic changes, nor is the hyperinsulinemia totally necessary. The metabolic changes also appear on several different types of diet and persist with fasting. The latter does not reduce insulin sensitivity of VMN rat tissues, wheras it does so in normal rats. Mature rats developed the same metabolic changes even in the absence of hyperphagia. The metabolic alterations can be blocked by pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids, but are enhanced by the administration of estrogen...", "contents": "Origin of endocrine-metabolic changes in the weanling rat ventromedial syndrome. Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN) in the weanling rat without injury to the median eminence results in a series of somatic, endocrine, and metabolic changes that are characterized by normal food and water intake but decreased linear growth, normal body weight but increased carcass fat and reduced carcass protein, lean body mass, and water. The endocrine alterations comprise hyperinsulinemia in the face of normoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia and reduced growth hormone levels. The metabolic changes include greater oxidation of glucose and incorporation into lipid and reduced palmitate oxidation but increased incorporation into lipid. Weanling rats with VMN lesions are normophagic in absolute terms, relative to body weight and per metabolic unit, but their nocturnal feeding and weight gain cycles are disrupted and their locomotor activity is reduced. The VMN are involved in the long-term control of feeding - as in the mature rat - as shown by intragastric preloading studies and dietary density manipulation, glucose preference tests and intraperitoneal injections with glucose. Hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia are present four days after the VMN operation in the presence of subnormal food intake and plasma glucose levels. Manipulations of the fat content of the diet revealed that the hyperlipidemia is of both endogenous and exogenous origin and that lipoprotein lipase is increased; a 48-hour fast reduced the hyperlipidemia to control levels, however. This suggests that weanling VMN rat tissue may have an impaired ability to take up circulating lipid. An increased incorporation of glycerol into lipid may be due to induction of glycerokinase by hyperinsulinemia. Adipose tissue of weanling VMN rats showed glycerokinase by hyperinsulinemia. Adipose tissue of weanling VMN rats showed neither depressed lipolysis nor diminished lipolytic activity per milligram of tissue protein. Glucose oxidation and incorporation into adipose tissue is increased in several tissues in vitro and there is enhanced glucose disappearance from plasma and incorporation into tissue lipids in vivo. These changes develop within a short time after lesion production and persist at least partially up to six months: glucose utilization in liver increases already four hours after the operation whereas it takes 72 hours to commence in adipose tissue. Insulin resistance is not apparent either in vivo or in vitro. The decreased growth hormone levels are not critical to the metabolic changes, nor is the hyperinsulinemia totally necessary. The metabolic changes also appear on several different types of diet and persist with fasting. The latter does not reduce insulin sensitivity of VMN rat tissues, wheras it does so in normal rats. Mature rats developed the same metabolic changes even in the absence of hyperphagia. The metabolic alterations can be blocked by pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids, but are enhanced by the administration of estrogen..."}
{"id": "PMID:950681", "title": "Liver function tests and electrophoretic pattern of serum protein in hepatic amoebiasis.", "content": "The liver function tests and the electrophoretic pattern of serum protein in a series of 11 patients admitted to Bernhard Nocht Institut with hepatic amoebiasis were reviewed. A constant pattern of hypoalbuminaemia and elevated alpha2 globulins were demonstrated in all patients. LDH enzyme levels were raised in all cases admitted with amoebic liver abscess. The pathogenesis of these disturbances was discussed.", "contents": "Liver function tests and electrophoretic pattern of serum protein in hepatic amoebiasis. The liver function tests and the electrophoretic pattern of serum protein in a series of 11 patients admitted to Bernhard Nocht Institut with hepatic amoebiasis were reviewed. A constant pattern of hypoalbuminaemia and elevated alpha2 globulins were demonstrated in all patients. LDH enzyme levels were raised in all cases admitted with amoebic liver abscess. The pathogenesis of these disturbances was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950682", "title": "Parasitology survey in northern Sumatra, Indonesia.", "content": "A parasitology survey was conducted in five villages in North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 3,207 blood smears, 2,066 stool specimens and 969 sera were examined. Sixty (1.9%) inhabitants had malaria (Plasmodium vivax 41, P. falciparum 19), and 20 had Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. The most common intestinal helminths were Trichuris trichiura (87%), Ascaris lumbricoides (75%) and hookworm (58%). Other helminths found in low numbers were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia sp., Fasciolid, Dicrocoeliid and Echinostoma sp. eggs. Entamoeba coli (25%) was the most common intestinal protozoa followed by Endolimax nana (8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (1%) and Chilomastix mesnili (1%). The amoeba prevalence rate was 31 per cent. Testing of sera for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the indirect haemagglutination test demonstrated positive reactors in 13 per cent and nine per cent of the population respectively. The greatest number of seropositives for Toxoplasma gondii was at elevations of sea level to five meters and the lowest number at elevations of 5OO-1,000 meters.", "contents": "Parasitology survey in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. A parasitology survey was conducted in five villages in North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 3,207 blood smears, 2,066 stool specimens and 969 sera were examined. Sixty (1.9%) inhabitants had malaria (Plasmodium vivax 41, P. falciparum 19), and 20 had Brugia malayi microfilaraemia. The most common intestinal helminths were Trichuris trichiura (87%), Ascaris lumbricoides (75%) and hookworm (58%). Other helminths found in low numbers were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia sp., Fasciolid, Dicrocoeliid and Echinostoma sp. eggs. Entamoeba coli (25%) was the most common intestinal protozoa followed by Endolimax nana (8%), Entamoeba histolytica (7%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Iodamoeba b\u00fctschlii (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (1%) and Chilomastix mesnili (1%). The amoeba prevalence rate was 31 per cent. Testing of sera for Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the indirect haemagglutination test demonstrated positive reactors in 13 per cent and nine per cent of the population respectively. The greatest number of seropositives for Toxoplasma gondii was at elevations of sea level to five meters and the lowest number at elevations of 5OO-1,000 meters."}
{"id": "PMID:950683", "title": "Some aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.", "content": "One hundred and sixty nine out of 310 outpatients of Riyadh's hospitals and 104 out of 209 inhabitants from El Kharj showed Leishmania bodies in smears obtained by puncture of indurated edge of sores. Collection of sand flies yielded P. papatasi, Paraphlebotomus caucasicus and S. squamipleuris. The results were discussed.", "contents": "Some aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia. One hundred and sixty nine out of 310 outpatients of Riyadh's hospitals and 104 out of 209 inhabitants from El Kharj showed Leishmania bodies in smears obtained by puncture of indurated edge of sores. Collection of sand flies yielded P. papatasi, Paraphlebotomus caucasicus and S. squamipleuris. The results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950684", "title": "Reovirus-specific polypeptides: analysis using discontinuous gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The electrophoretic analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in infected cells using a discontinuous gel system has allowed the resolution of additional viral-specific polypeptides, including one large-sized gamma3 and two (or possibly three) medium-sized (mu3, mu4, mu5(?)) species. The proteins designated mu0, sigma1, and sigma2 based on electrophoretic mobility in gel systems containing phosphate-urea correspond to mu4, sigma2, and sigma1, respectively, when analyzed in systems containing Tris-glycine. It is likely that protein modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) are responsible for at least some of these differences.", "contents": "Reovirus-specific polypeptides: analysis using discontinuous gel electrophoresis. The electrophoretic analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in infected cells using a discontinuous gel system has allowed the resolution of additional viral-specific polypeptides, including one large-sized gamma3 and two (or possibly three) medium-sized (mu3, mu4, mu5(?)) species. The proteins designated mu0, sigma1, and sigma2 based on electrophoretic mobility in gel systems containing phosphate-urea correspond to mu4, sigma2, and sigma1, respectively, when analyzed in systems containing Tris-glycine. It is likely that protein modifications (phosphorylation and glycosylation) are responsible for at least some of these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:950685", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: evidence for aberrant mu 1 and mu 2 polypeptide species.", "content": "An analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants under permissive and nonpermissive conditions revealed the presence of (i) all the known viral polypeptides and (ii) aberrant migration of the mu 1 and mu 2 polypeptides in four groups of mutants.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: evidence for aberrant mu 1 and mu 2 polypeptide species. An analysis of reovirus-specific polypeptides in cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants under permissive and nonpermissive conditions revealed the presence of (i) all the known viral polypeptides and (ii) aberrant migration of the mu 1 and mu 2 polypeptides in four groups of mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:950686", "title": "Detection of adenovirus type 2-induced early polypeptides using cycloheximide pretreatment to enhance viral protein synthesis.", "content": "(35S) methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized by adenovirus type 2-infected cells have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Cycloheximide (CH) was added to infected cultures to accumulate early viral mRNA relative to host cell mRNA. This allowed viral proteins to be synthesized in increased amounts relative to host proteins after removal of CH and pulse-labeling with (35S)methionine. During the labeling period arabinosyl cytosine was added to prevent the synthesis of late viral proteins. This procedure facilitated the detection of six early viral-induced polypeptides, designated EP1 through EP6 (early protein), with apparent molecular weights of 75,000 (75K), 42K, 21K, 18K, 15K, and 11K. Supportive data were obtained by coelectrophoresis of (35S)- and (3H)methionine-labeled polypeptides from infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Three of these early polypeptides have not been previously reported. CH pretreatment enhanced the rates of synthesis of EP4 and EP6 20- to 30-fold and enhanced that of the others approximately twofold. The maximal rates of synthesis of the virus-induced proteins varied, in a different manner, with time postinfection and CH pretreatment. Since CH pretreatment appears to increase the levels of early viral proteins, it may be a useful procedure to assist their isolation and functional characterization.", "contents": "Detection of adenovirus type 2-induced early polypeptides using cycloheximide pretreatment to enhance viral protein synthesis. (35S) methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized by adenovirus type 2-infected cells have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Cycloheximide (CH) was added to infected cultures to accumulate early viral mRNA relative to host cell mRNA. This allowed viral proteins to be synthesized in increased amounts relative to host proteins after removal of CH and pulse-labeling with (35S)methionine. During the labeling period arabinosyl cytosine was added to prevent the synthesis of late viral proteins. This procedure facilitated the detection of six early viral-induced polypeptides, designated EP1 through EP6 (early protein), with apparent molecular weights of 75,000 (75K), 42K, 21K, 18K, 15K, and 11K. Supportive data were obtained by coelectrophoresis of (35S)- and (3H)methionine-labeled polypeptides from infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Three of these early polypeptides have not been previously reported. CH pretreatment enhanced the rates of synthesis of EP4 and EP6 20- to 30-fold and enhanced that of the others approximately twofold. The maximal rates of synthesis of the virus-induced proteins varied, in a different manner, with time postinfection and CH pretreatment. Since CH pretreatment appears to increase the levels of early viral proteins, it may be a useful procedure to assist their isolation and functional characterization."}
{"id": "PMID:950687", "title": "Hybridization of mRNA from adenovirus-transformed cells to segments of the adenovirus genome.", "content": "Cytoplasmic viral-specific RNA from the 8617 line of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) transformed rat cells was hybridized to DNA fragments derived either by Eco-RI or Sma-I restriction endonucleases. Three discrete classes of viral RNA (26S, 20S, and 15S) were detected by hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA with the fragment, and all of these RNA molecules also hybridized to the much smaller Sma-E fragment of Ad2 DNA. Poly (A)-containing RNA (exposed to 90% formamide) contained only the 20S and 15S mRNA species, suggesting that the 26S RNA might be an aggregated species. Viral RNA of the same size derived from the same regions of the genome has not been detected in lytically infected cells, suggesting some change in the pattern of transcription or RNA processing of the Ad2 DNA in the integrated state.", "contents": "Hybridization of mRNA from adenovirus-transformed cells to segments of the adenovirus genome. Cytoplasmic viral-specific RNA from the 8617 line of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) transformed rat cells was hybridized to DNA fragments derived either by Eco-RI or Sma-I restriction endonucleases. Three discrete classes of viral RNA (26S, 20S, and 15S) were detected by hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA with the fragment, and all of these RNA molecules also hybridized to the much smaller Sma-E fragment of Ad2 DNA. Poly (A)-containing RNA (exposed to 90% formamide) contained only the 20S and 15S mRNA species, suggesting that the 26S RNA might be an aggregated species. Viral RNA of the same size derived from the same regions of the genome has not been detected in lytically infected cells, suggesting some change in the pattern of transcription or RNA processing of the Ad2 DNA in the integrated state."}
{"id": "PMID:950688", "title": "Adenovirus type 12-specific RNA sequences during productive infection of KB cells.", "content": "The complementary strands of adenovirus type 12 DNA were separated, and virus-specific RNA was analyzed by saturation hybridization in solution. Late during infection whole cell RNA hybridized to 75% of the light (1) strand and 15% of the heavy (H) strand, whereas cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to 65% of the 1 strand and 15% of the h strand. Late nuclear RNA hybridized to about 90% of the 1 strand and at least 36% of the h strand. Double-stranded RNA was isolated from infected cells late after infection, which annealed to greater than 30% of each of the two complementary DNA strands. Early whole cell RNA hybridized to 45 to 50% of the 1 strand and 15% of the h strand, whereas early cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to about 15% of each of the complementary strands. All early cytoplasmic sequences were present in the cytoplasm at late times.", "contents": "Adenovirus type 12-specific RNA sequences during productive infection of KB cells. The complementary strands of adenovirus type 12 DNA were separated, and virus-specific RNA was analyzed by saturation hybridization in solution. Late during infection whole cell RNA hybridized to 75% of the light (1) strand and 15% of the heavy (H) strand, whereas cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to 65% of the 1 strand and 15% of the h strand. Late nuclear RNA hybridized to about 90% of the 1 strand and at least 36% of the h strand. Double-stranded RNA was isolated from infected cells late after infection, which annealed to greater than 30% of each of the two complementary DNA strands. Early whole cell RNA hybridized to 45 to 50% of the 1 strand and 15% of the h strand, whereas early cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to about 15% of each of the complementary strands. All early cytoplasmic sequences were present in the cytoplasm at late times."}
{"id": "PMID:950689", "title": "Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type2.", "content": "Fourteen temperature-sensitive mutants of human adenovirus type2, which differed in their plaquing efficiencies at at the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude, were isolated. These mutants, which could be assigned to seven complementation groups, were tested for their capacity to synthesize adenovirus DNA at the nonpermissive temperature. Three mutants in three different complementation groups proved deficient in viral DNA synthesis. The DNA-negative mutant H2ts206 complemented the DNA-negative mutants H5ts36 and H5ts125, whereas mutant H2ts201 complemented H5ts36 only. Among the DNA-negative mutants, H2ts206 synthesized the smallest amount of viral DNA at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 C). Data obtained in temperature shift experiments indicated that a very early function was involved in temperature sensitivity. In keeping with this observation, early virus-specific mRNA was not detected in cells infected with H2ts206 and maintained at  39.5 C. Prolonged (52 h) incubation of cells infected with H2ts206 at the nonpermissive temperature led to the synthesis of a high-molecular-weight form of viral DNA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of adenovirus type2. Fourteen temperature-sensitive mutants of human adenovirus type2, which differed in their plaquing efficiencies at at the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude, were isolated. These mutants, which could be assigned to seven complementation groups, were tested for their capacity to synthesize adenovirus DNA at the nonpermissive temperature. Three mutants in three different complementation groups proved deficient in viral DNA synthesis. The DNA-negative mutant H2ts206 complemented the DNA-negative mutants H5ts36 and H5ts125, whereas mutant H2ts201 complemented H5ts36 only. Among the DNA-negative mutants, H2ts206 synthesized the smallest amount of viral DNA at the nonpermissive temperature (39.5 C). Data obtained in temperature shift experiments indicated that a very early function was involved in temperature sensitivity. In keeping with this observation, early virus-specific mRNA was not detected in cells infected with H2ts206 and maintained at  39.5 C. Prolonged (52 h) incubation of cells infected with H2ts206 at the nonpermissive temperature led to the synthesis of a high-molecular-weight form of viral DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:950690", "title": "Characterization of adenovirus type 2 transcriptional complexes isolated from infected HeLa cell nuclei.", "content": "HeLa cell nuclei, isolated 17 h after infection with human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), were treated with 200 mM ammonium sulfate. The extract (S200 fraction) contained 50 to 70% of the nonintegrated Ad2 DNA, which was in the form of nucleoprotein complexes. These complexes contained native, intact Ad2 DNA (with the exception of replicative intermediates) and could be partially purified and resolved by velocity gradient centrifugation. Using high-salt (200 mM ammonium sulfate) incubation conditions, more than 95% of the nuclear RNA polymerase activity belonged to class B. About 45% of the class B enzyme molecules bound to DNA in the nuclei (those \"engaged\" in RNA synthesis) were released from the nuclei in the form of Ad2 transcriptional complexes by treatment with 200 mM ammonium sulfate. At least 90% of the RNA synthesized in high salt in the nuclei or in the S200 fraction was Ad2 specific, and essentially all of this RNA was complementary to the l strand of Ad2 DNA. These findings are compatible with what is known about Ad2-specific RNA synthesis in vivo. The analysis of the RNA synthesized from partially purified transcriptional complexes supports the contention that its transcription is almost entirely asymmetric, and that the asymmetry observed in vivo is not a consequence of the rapid degradation of h-strand transcripts. The RNA synthesized in vitro in the absence of detectable RNase activity sedimented with a maximum size of 35 to 40S. Less than 5% of the nuclear or the S200 fraction RNA polymerase activity was class C when assayed under non-reinitiating conditions. Although much of the RNA synthesized by the class C enzyme was Ad2 specific, 5.5S virus-associated RNA was not the predominant product. The isolation of Ad2 DNA transcriptional complexes provides an attractive system for further characterizing the Ad2 DNA template used for transcription and for studying the regulation of the expression of the Ad2 genome during the productive infection cycle.", "contents": "Characterization of adenovirus type 2 transcriptional complexes isolated from infected HeLa cell nuclei. HeLa cell nuclei, isolated 17 h after infection with human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2), were treated with 200 mM ammonium sulfate. The extract (S200 fraction) contained 50 to 70% of the nonintegrated Ad2 DNA, which was in the form of nucleoprotein complexes. These complexes contained native, intact Ad2 DNA (with the exception of replicative intermediates) and could be partially purified and resolved by velocity gradient centrifugation. Using high-salt (200 mM ammonium sulfate) incubation conditions, more than 95% of the nuclear RNA polymerase activity belonged to class B. About 45% of the class B enzyme molecules bound to DNA in the nuclei (those \"engaged\" in RNA synthesis) were released from the nuclei in the form of Ad2 transcriptional complexes by treatment with 200 mM ammonium sulfate. At least 90% of the RNA synthesized in high salt in the nuclei or in the S200 fraction was Ad2 specific, and essentially all of this RNA was complementary to the l strand of Ad2 DNA. These findings are compatible with what is known about Ad2-specific RNA synthesis in vivo. The analysis of the RNA synthesized from partially purified transcriptional complexes supports the contention that its transcription is almost entirely asymmetric, and that the asymmetry observed in vivo is not a consequence of the rapid degradation of h-strand transcripts. The RNA synthesized in vitro in the absence of detectable RNase activity sedimented with a maximum size of 35 to 40S. Less than 5% of the nuclear or the S200 fraction RNA polymerase activity was class C when assayed under non-reinitiating conditions. Although much of the RNA synthesized by the class C enzyme was Ad2 specific, 5.5S virus-associated RNA was not the predominant product. The isolation of Ad2 DNA transcriptional complexes provides an attractive system for further characterizing the Ad2 DNA template used for transcription and for studying the regulation of the expression of the Ad2 genome during the productive infection cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:950692", "title": "Oral methylene blue and the dissolution of renal calculi.", "content": "Oral methylene blue therapy was not effective in dissolving non-obstructive renal calculi in 26 patients but it may prevent new stone formation in patients with metabolically active urolithiasis. The use of methylene blue therapy in combination with other regimens having different mechanisms of stone inhibition is recommended to further improve results.", "contents": "Oral methylene blue and the dissolution of renal calculi. Oral methylene blue therapy was not effective in dissolving non-obstructive renal calculi in 26 patients but it may prevent new stone formation in patients with metabolically active urolithiasis. The use of methylene blue therapy in combination with other regimens having different mechanisms of stone inhibition is recommended to further improve results."}
{"id": "PMID:950693", "title": "Operative nephroscopy.", "content": "Renal endoscopy has been made possible, practical and safe by technical advances in instrumentation. Operative nephroscopy has become a uniquely valuable adjunct to stone operations, especially for caliceal calculi, but does not permit the surgeon to dispense with operative x-rays. Furthermore, it has extended our horizons in the management of intrarenal hematuria and of low grade tumors of the renal collecting system. We suggest that the rigid right-angled nephroscope in use today be referred to as the Leadbetter nephroscope in recognition of that pioneer's original conception for its design.", "contents": "Operative nephroscopy. Renal endoscopy has been made possible, practical and safe by technical advances in instrumentation. Operative nephroscopy has become a uniquely valuable adjunct to stone operations, especially for caliceal calculi, but does not permit the surgeon to dispense with operative x-rays. Furthermore, it has extended our horizons in the management of intrarenal hematuria and of low grade tumors of the renal collecting system. We suggest that the rigid right-angled nephroscope in use today be referred to as the Leadbetter nephroscope in recognition of that pioneer's original conception for its design."}
{"id": "PMID:950694", "title": "Adult ureteral ectopia.", "content": "We report on 6 women with ureteral ectopia to emphasize the need for careful endoscopic examination in evaluating the entity. The clinical histories are unusual in that 1 of the 6 patients had classical symptoms of urinary incontinence. A discussion of the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral ectopia in such patients is presented.", "contents": "Adult ureteral ectopia. We report on 6 women with ureteral ectopia to emphasize the need for careful endoscopic examination in evaluating the entity. The clinical histories are unusual in that 1 of the 6 patients had classical symptoms of urinary incontinence. A discussion of the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral ectopia in such patients is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950695", "title": "Spontaneous urinary extravasation.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of 12 patients with spontaneous non-traumatic urinary extravasation are described. It is important to distinguish extravasation of the fornical backflow type from that owing to frank rupture of the diseased renal pelvis. Most cases of the former variety are caused by calculous ureteral obstruction and can be managed conservatively. Surgical intervention is indicated for the latter variety (frank rupture) and is based on the requirements imposed by the patient's clinical condition, the persistence of obstruction or extravasation, or the presence of complications of extravasation such as urinoma or abscess.", "contents": "Spontaneous urinary extravasation. The diagnosis and management of 12 patients with spontaneous non-traumatic urinary extravasation are described. It is important to distinguish extravasation of the fornical backflow type from that owing to frank rupture of the diseased renal pelvis. Most cases of the former variety are caused by calculous ureteral obstruction and can be managed conservatively. Surgical intervention is indicated for the latter variety (frank rupture) and is based on the requirements imposed by the patient's clinical condition, the persistence of obstruction or extravasation, or the presence of complications of extravasation such as urinoma or abscess."}
{"id": "PMID:950696", "title": "Flexible fiberoscopy of urinary conduits.", "content": "During the last 2 years 7 patients with intestinal urinary conduits, exhibiting symptoms of gross hematuria and ureteral stricture or other difficulty with the conduit, were examined with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes. The entire lumen of the intestinal conduit, all urinary-intestinal anastomoses and the bladder of 1 patient were visualized successfully. Retrograde pyelography was performed on 2 patients. In 4 of 7 patients we were able to demonstrate abnormalities that were not demonstrable by any other method.", "contents": "Flexible fiberoscopy of urinary conduits. During the last 2 years 7 patients with intestinal urinary conduits, exhibiting symptoms of gross hematuria and ureteral stricture or other difficulty with the conduit, were examined with flexible fiberoptic endoscopes. The entire lumen of the intestinal conduit, all urinary-intestinal anastomoses and the bladder of 1 patient were visualized successfully. Retrograde pyelography was performed on 2 patients. In 4 of 7 patients we were able to demonstrate abnormalities that were not demonstrable by any other method."}
{"id": "PMID:950697", "title": "Further observations on self-catheterization.", "content": "A non-sterile technique of intermittent self-catheterization was used for 218 patients with an inability to void in a normal fashion because of obstructive uropathy, decompensated detrusor or neurogenic bladder. Marked improvement was noted in urinary continence, urinary infection, renal function, bladder emptying and, perhaps most important, the mental and emotional status of the patient and/or parents. The extremely low incidence of complications and its therapeutic efficacy clearly make clean, intermittent self-catheterization an outstanding weapon in the urological armamentarium and a most persuasive reminder that host resistance is still the primary factor in the occurrence of infection.", "contents": "Further observations on self-catheterization. A non-sterile technique of intermittent self-catheterization was used for 218 patients with an inability to void in a normal fashion because of obstructive uropathy, decompensated detrusor or neurogenic bladder. Marked improvement was noted in urinary continence, urinary infection, renal function, bladder emptying and, perhaps most important, the mental and emotional status of the patient and/or parents. The extremely low incidence of complications and its therapeutic efficacy clearly make clean, intermittent self-catheterization an outstanding weapon in the urological armamentarium and a most persuasive reminder that host resistance is still the primary factor in the occurrence of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:950698", "title": "Adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation and blockade of the human bladder base.", "content": "The response of muscle strips from the human anterior and posterior bladder base to autonomic stimulation and blockade was studied. The human bladder base, like that of the dog, possesses an abundance of cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptor sites. Neuropharmacologically, the musculature of the anterior base is similar to that of the posterior base (trigone plus detrusor musculature).", "contents": "Adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation and blockade of the human bladder base. The response of muscle strips from the human anterior and posterior bladder base to autonomic stimulation and blockade was studied. The human bladder base, like that of the dog, possesses an abundance of cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptor sites. Neuropharmacologically, the musculature of the anterior base is similar to that of the posterior base (trigone plus detrusor musculature)."}
{"id": "PMID:950699", "title": "Treatment of rupture of the bladder.", "content": "Herein we review our 6-year experience with operative and non-operative treatment of bladder ruptures. Many ruptured bladders with extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal extravasation of urine can be treated without an operation and with less patient morbidity.", "contents": "Treatment of rupture of the bladder. Herein we review our 6-year experience with operative and non-operative treatment of bladder ruptures. Many ruptured bladders with extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal extravasation of urine can be treated without an operation and with less patient morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:950700", "title": "Vesicoureteral reflux following transurethral resection of bladder tumors.", "content": "Vesicoureteral reflux after transurethral resection of bladder tumors is a significant complication (19 per cent incidence in the present series). Although most patients with such reflux suffer no apparent ill effects renal destruction occurs in some. Other implications are discussed and the obligation for recognition of the reflux when it exists is emphasized. A simple technique for routine diagnosis is suggested.", "contents": "Vesicoureteral reflux following transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Vesicoureteral reflux after transurethral resection of bladder tumors is a significant complication (19 per cent incidence in the present series). Although most patients with such reflux suffer no apparent ill effects renal destruction occurs in some. Other implications are discussed and the obligation for recognition of the reflux when it exists is emphasized. A simple technique for routine diagnosis is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:950701", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the female urethra.", "content": "The clinical and morphological features in 81 cases of carcinoma of the female urethra were reviewed. The over-all 5 and 10-year survival rate for the entire group was 32 per cent. Survival expectations for patients with squamous carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were similar when analyzed according to stage and all cell types appeared to respond equally to irradiation. Prognosis was related directly to the clinical stage of the disease. A plea is made for more accurate assessment of the disease status. The high incidence of local recurrence noted for all forms of single modality therapy (46 to 64 per cent) suggests the need for clinical trials with combination preoperative irradiation followed by definitive surgical procedures.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the female urethra. The clinical and morphological features in 81 cases of carcinoma of the female urethra were reviewed. The over-all 5 and 10-year survival rate for the entire group was 32 per cent. Survival expectations for patients with squamous carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were similar when analyzed according to stage and all cell types appeared to respond equally to irradiation. Prognosis was related directly to the clinical stage of the disease. A plea is made for more accurate assessment of the disease status. The high incidence of local recurrence noted for all forms of single modality therapy (46 to 64 per cent) suggests the need for clinical trials with combination preoperative irradiation followed by definitive surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:950702", "title": "Psychological screening of impotent men.", "content": "Rapid advances in methods of treating sexual impotence have produced concomitant demands for more specific diagnosis and determination of prognosis. Herein are presented guide lines for a rapid screening procedure that has diagnostic and prognostic utility. Use of 2 decisional rules for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, an easily administered and scored psychological test, can provide assistance to the urologic surgeon in determining the suitability of a candidate for a corrective operation. Case histories illustrate the value of this test in making treatment recommendations and assessing prognosis.", "contents": "Psychological screening of impotent men. Rapid advances in methods of treating sexual impotence have produced concomitant demands for more specific diagnosis and determination of prognosis. Herein are presented guide lines for a rapid screening procedure that has diagnostic and prognostic utility. Use of 2 decisional rules for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, an easily administered and scored psychological test, can provide assistance to the urologic surgeon in determining the suitability of a candidate for a corrective operation. Case histories illustrate the value of this test in making treatment recommendations and assessing prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:950703", "title": "Paratesticular sarcomas: review of management.", "content": "Two patients with paratesticular sarcomas (1 leiomyosarcoma and 1 liposarcoma) are described, making the total number of cases reported 206. A review of the diagnosis and a critical analysis of the therapeutic approaches are presented.", "contents": "Paratesticular sarcomas: review of management. Two patients with paratesticular sarcomas (1 leiomyosarcoma and 1 liposarcoma) are described, making the total number of cases reported 206. A review of the diagnosis and a critical analysis of the therapeutic approaches are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950704", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in transurethral prostatectomy.", "content": "In a prospective randomized study involving 90 uninfected patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy it was found that routine postoperative use of prophylactic cephalosporins had no beneficial effect on the incidence of fever, hospital stay or major complications. Patients receiving cephalosporins had a significantly lower incidence of postoperative bacteriuria immediately after catheter removal and 1 month postoperatively.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in transurethral prostatectomy. In a prospective randomized study involving 90 uninfected patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy it was found that routine postoperative use of prophylactic cephalosporins had no beneficial effect on the incidence of fever, hospital stay or major complications. Patients receiving cephalosporins had a significantly lower incidence of postoperative bacteriuria immediately after catheter removal and 1 month postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:950705", "title": "Radiotherapy in the management of stage C carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "A small number of patients with limited stage C carcinoma of the prostate have been treated with combined interstitial and external beam radiotherapy with gratifying results. Whereas more patients will have to be followed for at least 10 to 15 years to completely evaluate this modality of treatment, the results continue to encourage us in its use.", "contents": "Radiotherapy in the management of stage C carcinoma of the prostate. A small number of patients with limited stage C carcinoma of the prostate have been treated with combined interstitial and external beam radiotherapy with gratifying results. Whereas more patients will have to be followed for at least 10 to 15 years to completely evaluate this modality of treatment, the results continue to encourage us in its use."}
{"id": "PMID:950706", "title": "The continued evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The response and duration of survival were evaluated for patients with stage D relapsing prostatic cancer who were randomized to cyclophosphamide (cytoxan), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or standard therapy, or to subsequent chemotherapies. The chemotherapies on initial randomization were superior to the standard therapy in the number of responders and duration of response. Survival was longer for responders (stable or partial regression) on chemotherapy by comparison to responders (stable only) on standard therapy. The survival for patients receiving initial and crossover chemotherapy was significantly improved for patients who responded to therapy. Chemotherapy of advanced relapsing stage D prostatic cancer is more beneficially treated by specific chemotherapy as shown in this randomized study.", "contents": "The continued evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. The response and duration of survival were evaluated for patients with stage D relapsing prostatic cancer who were randomized to cyclophosphamide (cytoxan), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or standard therapy, or to subsequent chemotherapies. The chemotherapies on initial randomization were superior to the standard therapy in the number of responders and duration of response. Survival was longer for responders (stable or partial regression) on chemotherapy by comparison to responders (stable only) on standard therapy. The survival for patients receiving initial and crossover chemotherapy was significantly improved for patients who responded to therapy. Chemotherapy of advanced relapsing stage D prostatic cancer is more beneficially treated by specific chemotherapy as shown in this randomized study."}
{"id": "PMID:950707", "title": "Current clotting concepts in urology.", "content": "A modern outline of the physiology of coagulation, a simple approach to the use of laboratory investigation for patients with possible clotting disorders in unexplained hematuria and several illustrative cases are presented. The diagnosis and management of localized fibrinolysis in the genitourinary tract and intravascular coagulation as possible causes of post-prostatectomy hemorrhage are discussed. A minimum of a platelet count, fibrinogen assay and, if possible, measurement of fibrinogen-related antigens should be obtained before administration of epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "contents": "Current clotting concepts in urology. A modern outline of the physiology of coagulation, a simple approach to the use of laboratory investigation for patients with possible clotting disorders in unexplained hematuria and several illustrative cases are presented. The diagnosis and management of localized fibrinolysis in the genitourinary tract and intravascular coagulation as possible causes of post-prostatectomy hemorrhage are discussed. A minimum of a platelet count, fibrinogen assay and, if possible, measurement of fibrinogen-related antigens should be obtained before administration of epsilon aminocaproic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:950708", "title": "Electrosurgery burns and the urologist.", "content": "Investigations into the problems associated with electrosurgery machines have concentrated on protecting the patient from radio frequency burns. While protection of the patient is essential an equally serious and dangerous situation exists in protecting the surgeon, particularly the urologist during transurethral resection of the prostate. The 2 subtle causes of burns to the surgeon are reviewed--capacitive coupling and grounding paths that include the surgeon. Protection of the surgeon as well as the patient depends upon an awareness of the peculiar mating of high frequency current and the grounded environment of the operating room.", "contents": "Electrosurgery burns and the urologist. Investigations into the problems associated with electrosurgery machines have concentrated on protecting the patient from radio frequency burns. While protection of the patient is essential an equally serious and dangerous situation exists in protecting the surgeon, particularly the urologist during transurethral resection of the prostate. The 2 subtle causes of burns to the surgeon are reviewed--capacitive coupling and grounding paths that include the surgeon. Protection of the surgeon as well as the patient depends upon an awareness of the peculiar mating of high frequency current and the grounded environment of the operating room."}
{"id": "PMID:950711", "title": "Informed consent: recent changes in the law.", "content": "Physicians have the legal duty to disclose all risks and consequences of a proposed procedure. This duty must be understood as a reversal of previous legal doctrine. Disclosure is adequate only when a patient has enough information from that disclosure to decide for himself which way he wants to go and what treatment he wants to choose from among the options available to him. Relevance of disclosure, not fullness, is the criterion of sufficiency. The idea that the doctor or the profession knows best what the patient should do has been rejected as a legal standard in the District of Columbia, California, New York, Wisconsin, Kansas and Rhode Island. It is expected that more states will follow this trend. The informed part of the doctrine of informed consent is only the tip of an iceberg of social change.", "contents": "Informed consent: recent changes in the law. Physicians have the legal duty to disclose all risks and consequences of a proposed procedure. This duty must be understood as a reversal of previous legal doctrine. Disclosure is adequate only when a patient has enough information from that disclosure to decide for himself which way he wants to go and what treatment he wants to choose from among the options available to him. Relevance of disclosure, not fullness, is the criterion of sufficiency. The idea that the doctor or the profession knows best what the patient should do has been rejected as a legal standard in the District of Columbia, California, New York, Wisconsin, Kansas and Rhode Island. It is expected that more states will follow this trend. The informed part of the doctrine of informed consent is only the tip of an iceberg of social change."}
{"id": "PMID:950712", "title": "Postural detrusor hyperreflexia.", "content": "Postural changes in bladder function have been documented previously only in female incontinent patients without evidence of neurologic or urologic disease. In our study the syndrome of postural hyperreflexia is described in patients of both sexes having a variety of neurological disorders. The investigations showed impaired function of supraspinal control of the sacral micturition center.", "contents": "Postural detrusor hyperreflexia. Postural changes in bladder function have been documented previously only in female incontinent patients without evidence of neurologic or urologic disease. In our study the syndrome of postural hyperreflexia is described in patients of both sexes having a variety of neurological disorders. The investigations showed impaired function of supraspinal control of the sacral micturition center."}
{"id": "PMID:950713", "title": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood.", "content": "We report the tenth case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, which is a rare cause of supperative proliferative pseudo tumor in children. The disease is more segmental in the child than in the adult and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal masses. Early recognition and conservative operation can result in a permanent cure.", "contents": "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood. We report the tenth case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, which is a rare cause of supperative proliferative pseudo tumor in children. The disease is more segmental in the child than in the adult and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of renal masses. Early recognition and conservative operation can result in a permanent cure."}
{"id": "PMID:950714", "title": "Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma producing renal artery stenosis.", "content": "A case of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma on the left side in relation to the left renal pedicle, producing renal artery stenosis, is described because of its rarity, and diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The pheochromocytoma was excised and the kidney was preserved.", "contents": "Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma producing renal artery stenosis. A case of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma on the left side in relation to the left renal pedicle, producing renal artery stenosis, is described because of its rarity, and diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The pheochromocytoma was excised and the kidney was preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:950715", "title": "Multilocular kidney disease: unusual angiographic appearance.", "content": "A case of multilocular kidney disease is presented and the unusual appearance of tumor vessels is emphasized. The occasional coexistence of multicystic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma in adults also is mentioned.", "contents": "Multilocular kidney disease: unusual angiographic appearance. A case of multilocular kidney disease is presented and the unusual appearance of tumor vessels is emphasized. The occasional coexistence of multicystic kidney disease and renal cell carcinoma in adults also is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:950716", "title": "Downward displacement of the left kidney caused by ectopic ovarian cyst developing in the subphrenic region.", "content": "A rare case of downward displacement of the left kidney caused by marked development of an ectopic ovarian cyst in the left subphrenic region is presented. Exact diagnosis could not be made preoperatively but a satisfactory result was obtained by removal of the cyst. Histological diagnosis of the tumor was serous cystadenoma arising from the left ovary.", "contents": "Downward displacement of the left kidney caused by ectopic ovarian cyst developing in the subphrenic region. A rare case of downward displacement of the left kidney caused by marked development of an ectopic ovarian cyst in the left subphrenic region is presented. Exact diagnosis could not be made preoperatively but a satisfactory result was obtained by removal of the cyst. Histological diagnosis of the tumor was serous cystadenoma arising from the left ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:950718", "title": "Venous infarction of the testis owing to vena caval thrombosis.", "content": "A 37-year-old man presented with what appeared to be acute epididymitis but was later found to be venous infarction of the testis owing to vena caval thrombosis.", "contents": "Venous infarction of the testis owing to vena caval thrombosis. A 37-year-old man presented with what appeared to be acute epididymitis but was later found to be venous infarction of the testis owing to vena caval thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:950728", "title": "Study of hemodynamic changes with oxygen inhalation in VSD associated with pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative pulmonary hemodynamic changes were studied in 28 cases with ventricular septal defect, in whom pulmonary-systemic blood pressure ratio was more than 70%. Pp/Ps decreased and Qp/Qs increased in majority of cases and Rp/Rs decreased in all cases after 100% oxygen inhalation. In survivors, Rp/Rs decreased to under 0.5 and Qp/Qs increased to more than 2.0 after oxygen inhalation or radical operation. In nonsurvivors, Rp/Rs decreased but stayed over 0.5, and Qp/Qs increased but stayed under 2.0. It is emphasized that when Rp/Rs falls down to under 0.5 after oxygen inhalation, it will be an enough indication for operation even pulmonary hypertension is so advanced in the ventricular septal defect.", "contents": "Study of hemodynamic changes with oxygen inhalation in VSD associated with pulmonary hypertension. Pre- and postoperative pulmonary hemodynamic changes were studied in 28 cases with ventricular septal defect, in whom pulmonary-systemic blood pressure ratio was more than 70%. Pp/Ps decreased and Qp/Qs increased in majority of cases and Rp/Rs decreased in all cases after 100% oxygen inhalation. In survivors, Rp/Rs decreased to under 0.5 and Qp/Qs increased to more than 2.0 after oxygen inhalation or radical operation. In nonsurvivors, Rp/Rs decreased but stayed over 0.5, and Qp/Qs increased but stayed under 2.0. It is emphasized that when Rp/Rs falls down to under 0.5 after oxygen inhalation, it will be an enough indication for operation even pulmonary hypertension is so advanced in the ventricular septal defect."}
{"id": "PMID:950729", "title": "Surgical indications and results for congenital cardiac anomalies associated with left to right shunt and severe pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Prior to 1970, 35 patients of VSD with Pp/Ps of 0.8 or more were subjected to primary closure of the defect, resulting in 11 operative deaths. Since 1971, however, the surgical results have been much improved and 29 such patients were operated on without death. It has been considered the optimal time of elective closure of VSD with severe pulmonary hypertension is at the age of 1 to 3 years, however, if decrease in apical diastolic rumble and heart size are found, earlier operation less than one year of age is to be scheduled. Surgical indications and results of PDA, PDA with VSD, and ASD associated with severe pulmonary hypertension were also discussed.", "contents": "Surgical indications and results for congenital cardiac anomalies associated with left to right shunt and severe pulmonary hypertension. Prior to 1970, 35 patients of VSD with Pp/Ps of 0.8 or more were subjected to primary closure of the defect, resulting in 11 operative deaths. Since 1971, however, the surgical results have been much improved and 29 such patients were operated on without death. It has been considered the optimal time of elective closure of VSD with severe pulmonary hypertension is at the age of 1 to 3 years, however, if decrease in apical diastolic rumble and heart size are found, earlier operation less than one year of age is to be scheduled. Surgical indications and results of PDA, PDA with VSD, and ASD associated with severe pulmonary hypertension were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950731", "title": "The early and late effects of surgical closure of ventricular septal defects on pulmonary vascular dynamics.", "content": "In sixty patients who underwent closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), cardiac catheterizations were performed before and late after surgery together with pressure measurements immediately after closure of the VSD during surgery. Pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAm), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure to systemic arterial systolic pressure ratio (Pp/Ps), and pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) were measured and calculated. The patients were classified into 5 groups according to the preoperative Rp/Rs and Qp/Qs as was reported by Nakada: Group A: Rp/Rs less than 0.15, Qp/Qs larger than or equal to 1.8, Group B: Rp/Rs less than 0.15, Qp/Qs less than 1.8, Group C: 0.15 less than or equal to Rp/Rs less than 0.50, Group D: 0.50 less than or equal to Rp/Rs less than 0.85, Group E: 0.85 less than or equal to Rp/Rs. These groups were further divided into 3 groups respectively according to age at operation (less than or equal to 2 years, 3 or 4 years, 5 years less than or equal to). The averages of PAm, Pp/Ps, and Rp/Rs were within the normal range in Group A and B patients (normal pulmonary vascular resistance groups) irrespective to the age at operation  except the average of PAm before surgery. In Group C, D and E patients (elevated pulmonary vascular resistance group), these variables decreased immediately after closure of VSD, and further decreases were noted at the time of late catheterization. These variables, however, did not completely normalize even at that time. Among the patients operated upon at 2 years of age or less, the averages of these variables normalized immediately after closure of the VSD. When operated upon at 3 or 4 years of age, these variables decreased but did not normalize immediately after closure of the VSD and were found to be within the normal range at the time of late catheterization. When operated upon at 5 years of age or more, these variables decreased immediately after closure of the VSD, and further decrease was found at the time of late catheterization but mostly remained in the abnormal range even at this time. From the data obtained herein, the factors producing the pulmonary vascular resistances in respective age groups were discussed. The closure of VSD in patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance is recommended at the latest 4 years of age and preferably at 2 years of age or less, in order to obtain normal pulmonary circulatory dynamics after surgery.", "contents": "The early and late effects of surgical closure of ventricular septal defects on pulmonary vascular dynamics. In sixty patients who underwent closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), cardiac catheterizations were performed before and late after surgery together with pressure measurements immediately after closure of the VSD during surgery. Pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAm), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure to systemic arterial systolic pressure ratio (Pp/Ps), and pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic vascular resistance ratio (Rp/Rs) were measured and calculated. The patients were classified into 5 groups according to the preoperative Rp/Rs and Qp/Qs as was reported by Nakada: Group A: Rp/Rs less than 0.15, Qp/Qs larger than or equal to 1.8, Group B: Rp/Rs less than 0.15, Qp/Qs less than 1.8, Group C: 0.15 less than or equal to Rp/Rs less than 0.50, Group D: 0.50 less than or equal to Rp/Rs less than 0.85, Group E: 0.85 less than or equal to Rp/Rs. These groups were further divided into 3 groups respectively according to age at operation (less than or equal to 2 years, 3 or 4 years, 5 years less than or equal to). The averages of PAm, Pp/Ps, and Rp/Rs were within the normal range in Group A and B patients (normal pulmonary vascular resistance groups) irrespective to the age at operation  except the average of PAm before surgery. In Group C, D and E patients (elevated pulmonary vascular resistance group), these variables decreased immediately after closure of VSD, and further decreases were noted at the time of late catheterization. These variables, however, did not completely normalize even at that time. Among the patients operated upon at 2 years of age or less, the averages of these variables normalized immediately after closure of the VSD. When operated upon at 3 or 4 years of age, these variables decreased but did not normalize immediately after closure of the VSD and were found to be within the normal range at the time of late catheterization. When operated upon at 5 years of age or more, these variables decreased immediately after closure of the VSD, and further decrease was found at the time of late catheterization but mostly remained in the abnormal range even at this time. From the data obtained herein, the factors producing the pulmonary vascular resistances in respective age groups were discussed. The closure of VSD in patients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance is recommended at the latest 4 years of age and preferably at 2 years of age or less, in order to obtain normal pulmonary circulatory dynamics after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:950733", "title": "The operability of patient with pulmonary hypertension judged from hemodynamic changes before and after surgery.", "content": "1) In congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension, the place for surgical correction still remains even with almost systemic PA pressure if R to L shunt ratio on lung scintigram is lower than 25%. 2) The patient with pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease younger than 3 years of age has wider acceptability for surgery compared to older patient. 3) In patients with mitral valvular disease, surgical correction seems to be indicated irrespective of PA pressure, if their preoperative U/L are lower than 2.4.", "contents": "The operability of patient with pulmonary hypertension judged from hemodynamic changes before and after surgery. 1) In congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension, the place for surgical correction still remains even with almost systemic PA pressure if R to L shunt ratio on lung scintigram is lower than 25%. 2) The patient with pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease younger than 3 years of age has wider acceptability for surgery compared to older patient. 3) In patients with mitral valvular disease, surgical correction seems to be indicated irrespective of PA pressure, if their preoperative U/L are lower than 2.4."}
{"id": "PMID:950734", "title": "Cardiac lymph and contractility of the heart.", "content": "The transport mechanism of cardiac lymph with reference to the contractility of the heart was studied experimentally using a dye technique. An augmentation of cardiac contractility with or without hypoxia of the heart equally accelerated the transportation of cardiac lymph. The short staining time of the \"cardiac node\" correlated well to the augmented contractility of the heart and the long to the decreased contractility. Similar result was obtained in the dogs with surgical block and pacing at a rate of 100/min. This experiment suggests the importance of dynamical observation of cardiac lymph.", "contents": "Cardiac lymph and contractility of the heart. The transport mechanism of cardiac lymph with reference to the contractility of the heart was studied experimentally using a dye technique. An augmentation of cardiac contractility with or without hypoxia of the heart equally accelerated the transportation of cardiac lymph. The short staining time of the \"cardiac node\" correlated well to the augmented contractility of the heart and the long to the decreased contractility. Similar result was obtained in the dogs with surgical block and pacing at a rate of 100/min. This experiment suggests the importance of dynamical observation of cardiac lymph."}
{"id": "PMID:950741", "title": "[Evaluation of the contractile function of the right ventricle in patients with mitral-tricuspid valve defect].", "content": "A comparative analysis is presented of the Sonnenblick contractility index, end-diastolic and systolic pressure in the right ventricle, cardiac index in 76 patients with mitral-tricuspid disease and with a mitral disease alone. Higher figures of the contractility index of the right ventricle were obtained in patients with an organic tricuspid defect with a predominance of insufficiency, than in those with mitral insufficiency and relative tricuspid insufficiency. The contractility index of the right ventricle decreases along with an increasing stenosis of the right venous ostium. The study has demonstrated that the patients with mitral-tricuspid defects tend to display a less distinct inotropic reaction to Digoxin as compared with those having a mitral defect alone.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the contractile function of the right ventricle in patients with mitral-tricuspid valve defect]. A comparative analysis is presented of the Sonnenblick contractility index, end-diastolic and systolic pressure in the right ventricle, cardiac index in 76 patients with mitral-tricuspid disease and with a mitral disease alone. Higher figures of the contractility index of the right ventricle were obtained in patients with an organic tricuspid defect with a predominance of insufficiency, than in those with mitral insufficiency and relative tricuspid insufficiency. The contractility index of the right ventricle decreases along with an increasing stenosis of the right venous ostium. The study has demonstrated that the patients with mitral-tricuspid defects tend to display a less distinct inotropic reaction to Digoxin as compared with those having a mitral defect alone."}
{"id": "PMID:950750", "title": "[Certain aspects of the pathogenesis and prophylactic treatment of hypertensive crises].", "content": "The paper analyses the results of a study of the clinical peculiarities of the course of essential hypertension with crises, of the changes in the functional state of the central nervous system, and of some neuro-humoral systems of the human body. In most of the patients tending to develope frequent crises distinct changes were noted in the EEG that indicate dysfunction of the hypothalamic zone and of the reticular formation of the brain stem, their clinical course being characterized by significant astheno-neurotic disorders with autonomous dysfunction and cerebral angiodistonic disturbances. For the prevention of crises it is essential to conduct a pathogenetically substantiated and highly differentiated systematic therapy, as well as special measures aimed at increasing the endurance of the central nervous system, improving the circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, decreasing tnd hypothalamic structures of the brain, and correcting the dishormonal disorders.", "contents": "[Certain aspects of the pathogenesis and prophylactic treatment of hypertensive crises]. The paper analyses the results of a study of the clinical peculiarities of the course of essential hypertension with crises, of the changes in the functional state of the central nervous system, and of some neuro-humoral systems of the human body. In most of the patients tending to develope frequent crises distinct changes were noted in the EEG that indicate dysfunction of the hypothalamic zone and of the reticular formation of the brain stem, their clinical course being characterized by significant astheno-neurotic disorders with autonomous dysfunction and cerebral angiodistonic disturbances. For the prevention of crises it is essential to conduct a pathogenetically substantiated and highly differentiated systematic therapy, as well as special measures aimed at increasing the endurance of the central nervous system, improving the circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, decreasing tnd hypothalamic structures of the brain, and correcting the dishormonal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:950751", "title": "[Reconstructive operations in surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The experience of 313 reconstructive operations performed in 289 patients with renovascular hypertension is analysed. The importance of choosing the surgical procedure with due regard of the etiology and extent of the pathological process is emphasized. The most effective and frequently employed reconstructive procedures consisted in the author's original technique of transaortic endarterectomy (232 operations), resection of the renal artery with reimplantation of the ostium into the aorta (19 operations), renal artery resection with an end-to-end anastomosis (23 operations). In cases of bilateral lesions of the renal arteries two-stage procedures are recommended, spaced 3-4 months apart. Reconstructive interventions on the single renal artery are described.", "contents": "[Reconstructive operations in surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension]. The experience of 313 reconstructive operations performed in 289 patients with renovascular hypertension is analysed. The importance of choosing the surgical procedure with due regard of the etiology and extent of the pathological process is emphasized. The most effective and frequently employed reconstructive procedures consisted in the author's original technique of transaortic endarterectomy (232 operations), resection of the renal artery with reimplantation of the ostium into the aorta (19 operations), renal artery resection with an end-to-end anastomosis (23 operations). In cases of bilateral lesions of the renal arteries two-stage procedures are recommended, spaced 3-4 months apart. Reconstructive interventions on the single renal artery are described."}
{"id": "PMID:950752", "title": "[Diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of arterial hypertension of endocrine-adrenal origin].", "content": "Surgery was undertaken in 149 patients with tumours or hyperplasia of the adrenal glands accompanied by high arterial hypertension, not infrequently of a malignant nature. An analysis is presented of some auxiliary methods of clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytomas (69 cases) and aldosteromas (56 cases). Data on the methods of topical diagnosis are presented, among which the authors believe tomography of the adrenals conducted against the background of pneumoretroperitoneum, and selective phlebography of the adrenals to be the best techniques. The immediate results of surgery for this grave form of hypertension are reported. The late results of the hypotensive effect of surgery are analysed in all 149 operated cases, the follow-up period ranging from 2 to 15 years.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of arterial hypertension of endocrine-adrenal origin]. Surgery was undertaken in 149 patients with tumours or hyperplasia of the adrenal glands accompanied by high arterial hypertension, not infrequently of a malignant nature. An analysis is presented of some auxiliary methods of clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytomas (69 cases) and aldosteromas (56 cases). Data on the methods of topical diagnosis are presented, among which the authors believe tomography of the adrenals conducted against the background of pneumoretroperitoneum, and selective phlebography of the adrenals to be the best techniques. The immediate results of surgery for this grave form of hypertension are reported. The late results of the hypotensive effect of surgery are analysed in all 149 operated cases, the follow-up period ranging from 2 to 15 years."}
{"id": "PMID:950754", "title": "[Method of quantitative evaluation of the reactivity of the microvessels to vasoactive substances in patients with hypertensive disease].", "content": "A method developed by the authors is described that consists in a quantitative test for the evaluation of the reactivity of the microvessels judging by the degree of changes in the resorption speed of isotopes from a tissue depot. In patients with essential hypertension an increased vascular reactivity was revealed with reference to angiotensin, noradrenalin and serotonin, as well as an increased duration of the effect of angiotensin. The highest vascular reactivity was noted in patients with stage II hypertension who have retained a hyperkinetic type of circulation.", "contents": "[Method of quantitative evaluation of the reactivity of the microvessels to vasoactive substances in patients with hypertensive disease]. A method developed by the authors is described that consists in a quantitative test for the evaluation of the reactivity of the microvessels judging by the degree of changes in the resorption speed of isotopes from a tissue depot. In patients with essential hypertension an increased vascular reactivity was revealed with reference to angiotensin, noradrenalin and serotonin, as well as an increased duration of the effect of angiotensin. The highest vascular reactivity was noted in patients with stage II hypertension who have retained a hyperkinetic type of circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:950756", "title": "[Effect of physical exercises on certain indicators of lipid metabolism in patients with hypertensive disease and renal hypertension].", "content": "The effect of physical exercises was studied with reference to the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins, as well as catecholamines and lactic acid in 130 patients with essential and renal hypertension. The control group included 12 normal individuals. The physical exercises were conducted on a bicycle ergometer with a step-wise growth of the load by 150-300 kgm per each 4 min. The value of the maximal tolerated physical load was determined. It was decreasing parallel the progress of the disease. The conducted investigations demonstrated the presence of an inverse relationship between the initial blood level of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol, on the one hand, and the value of physical load and capacity for work, on the other. The changes in the lipid metabolism parameters are distinctly connected with the activity of catecholamines and lactate concentration.", "contents": "[Effect of physical exercises on certain indicators of lipid metabolism in patients with hypertensive disease and renal hypertension]. The effect of physical exercises was studied with reference to the content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins, as well as catecholamines and lactic acid in 130 patients with essential and renal hypertension. The control group included 12 normal individuals. The physical exercises were conducted on a bicycle ergometer with a step-wise growth of the load by 150-300 kgm per each 4 min. The value of the maximal tolerated physical load was determined. It was decreasing parallel the progress of the disease. The conducted investigations demonstrated the presence of an inverse relationship between the initial blood level of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol, on the one hand, and the value of physical load and capacity for work, on the other. The changes in the lipid metabolism parameters are distinctly connected with the activity of catecholamines and lactate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:950757", "title": "[Analysis of the reserve capacity of the myocardium in patients with hypertensive disease and its importance for disability evaluation].", "content": "The paper presents an analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination (poly- and apex-cardiography) of 156 patients with essential hypertension (Stages I, I-II and II, according to L.I. Fogelson's classification) and of 40 normal individuals, that was undertaken to study the functional state and the reserves of the left ventricular myocardium. The disorders in the functional state and the reduction of the reserve capacity were shown to progress along with the stage of the disease. The clinical and labour prognosis of the patients with essential hypertension depend on the character of its course, stage of the disease, degree of functional disorders and reserve capacity of the myocardium, as well as on the profession and labour conditions. The employment of a broad complex of cardiological diagnostic techniques at rest and following dosaged bicycle ergometric load helps to determine the clinical and labour prognosis with greater precision and more objectively, and to solve the problems of timely employment of hypertensive patients.", "contents": "[Analysis of the reserve capacity of the myocardium in patients with hypertensive disease and its importance for disability evaluation]. The paper presents an analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination (poly- and apex-cardiography) of 156 patients with essential hypertension (Stages I, I-II and II, according to L.I. Fogelson's classification) and of 40 normal individuals, that was undertaken to study the functional state and the reserves of the left ventricular myocardium. The disorders in the functional state and the reduction of the reserve capacity were shown to progress along with the stage of the disease. The clinical and labour prognosis of the patients with essential hypertension depend on the character of its course, stage of the disease, degree of functional disorders and reserve capacity of the myocardium, as well as on the profession and labour conditions. The employment of a broad complex of cardiological diagnostic techniques at rest and following dosaged bicycle ergometric load helps to determine the clinical and labour prognosis with greater precision and more objectively, and to solve the problems of timely employment of hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:950758", "title": "[Porto-caval transposition and the course of vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The study concerns the effect of angiotensin II when infused into the systemic and portal blood flow upon the general and renal haemodynamics in normal dogs and in hypertensive animals, as well as the effect of the operation of porto-caval transposition upon the course of renovascular hypertension. When peptide is infused, at a rate that causes a moderate pressor effect, into the systemic blood flow of normal animals, an antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effect is obtained, in hypertensive animals--an increase of diuresis, natriuresis and a less distinct pressor effect are obtained. When angiotensin II is infused into the portal flow, a less distinct pressor and renal effect is seen in animals with renovascular hypertension. The operation of porto-caval transposition of the vessels results in a hypotensive effect in the animals with renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "[Porto-caval transposition and the course of vasorenal hypertension]. The study concerns the effect of angiotensin II when infused into the systemic and portal blood flow upon the general and renal haemodynamics in normal dogs and in hypertensive animals, as well as the effect of the operation of porto-caval transposition upon the course of renovascular hypertension. When peptide is infused, at a rate that causes a moderate pressor effect, into the systemic blood flow of normal animals, an antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effect is obtained, in hypertensive animals--an increase of diuresis, natriuresis and a less distinct pressor effect are obtained. When angiotensin II is infused into the portal flow, a less distinct pressor and renal effect is seen in animals with renovascular hypertension. The operation of porto-caval transposition of the vessels results in a hypotensive effect in the animals with renovascular hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:950759", "title": "[Renal prostaglandins in DOCA-sodium chloride-induced hypertension in rats].", "content": "The changes in arterial pressure, sodium excretion, diuresis, and content of renal prostaglandins were studied in rats with COD-salt hypertension. The administration of DOC to rats with unilateral nephrectomy resulted in more distinct hypertension than in those with both kidneys preserved. Arterial pressure elevation was accompanied by a gradual reduction of renal prostaglandins concentration, the removal of one kidney causing an earlier and more distinct reduction of their content. Unilateral nephrectomy (without DOC administration) resulted in a reduction of prostaglandins concentration in the remaining kidney, but their total content in the medullar layer of this kidney practically did not change.", "contents": "[Renal prostaglandins in DOCA-sodium chloride-induced hypertension in rats]. The changes in arterial pressure, sodium excretion, diuresis, and content of renal prostaglandins were studied in rats with COD-salt hypertension. The administration of DOC to rats with unilateral nephrectomy resulted in more distinct hypertension than in those with both kidneys preserved. Arterial pressure elevation was accompanied by a gradual reduction of renal prostaglandins concentration, the removal of one kidney causing an earlier and more distinct reduction of their content. Unilateral nephrectomy (without DOC administration) resulted in a reduction of prostaglandins concentration in the remaining kidney, but their total content in the medullar layer of this kidney practically did not change."}
{"id": "PMID:950760", "title": "[Cytochrome system of myocardial mitochondria in patients with mitral valve insufficiency].", "content": "The content of cytochromes in the mytochondria of the papillary muscles and auricles of the left atria was studied by means of differentiated spectrophotometry in patients operated on for mitral valve insufficiency. A significant reduction of all cytochromes was noted in the papillary muscles of the left ventricle that depended on the stage of circulatory insufficiency. In cases of a protracted course of the disease a tendency towards a reduction in the content of all cytochromes, especially the a + a3 cytochrome, was noted in the papillary muscle. When the content of cytochromes in the myocardium was reduced, the number of cardiac complications in the postoperative period was much higher. A moderately expressed activity of the rheumatic process had no significant effect upon the content of cytochromes in the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Cytochrome system of myocardial mitochondria in patients with mitral valve insufficiency]. The content of cytochromes in the mytochondria of the papillary muscles and auricles of the left atria was studied by means of differentiated spectrophotometry in patients operated on for mitral valve insufficiency. A significant reduction of all cytochromes was noted in the papillary muscles of the left ventricle that depended on the stage of circulatory insufficiency. In cases of a protracted course of the disease a tendency towards a reduction in the content of all cytochromes, especially the a + a3 cytochrome, was noted in the papillary muscle. When the content of cytochromes in the myocardium was reduced, the number of cardiac complications in the postoperative period was much higher. A moderately expressed activity of the rheumatic process had no significant effect upon the content of cytochromes in the heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:950761", "title": "[Changes of catecholamine content in the myocardium in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "Experimental thyrotoxicosis was induced in rats and rabbits. The content of catecholamines was significantly decreasing in the myocardium of rabbits in the presence of severe thyroidine-induced toxicosis. The noradrenaline concentration was especially low in the ventricles. The histochemical examination of the myocardium of rats revealed a reduction of catecholamines fluorescence, which indicates a decrease in their amount in the adrenergic structures.", "contents": "[Changes of catecholamine content in the myocardium in thyrotoxicosis]. Experimental thyrotoxicosis was induced in rats and rabbits. The content of catecholamines was significantly decreasing in the myocardium of rabbits in the presence of severe thyroidine-induced toxicosis. The noradrenaline concentration was especially low in the ventricles. The histochemical examination of the myocardium of rats revealed a reduction of catecholamines fluorescence, which indicates a decrease in their amount in the adrenergic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:950787", "title": "Method: melodic intonation therapy for aphasia.", "content": "Melodic intonation therapy (MIT), a method developed to assist the adult aphasic regain verbal communication, is presented with step-by-step procedures and suggestions. Also described is the type of patient for whom the technique appears most successful.", "contents": "Method: melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT), a method developed to assist the adult aphasic regain verbal communication, is presented with step-by-step procedures and suggestions. Also described is the type of patient for whom the technique appears most successful."}
{"id": "PMID:950789", "title": "Utilization of an interrogative model to evaluate mothers' use and children's comprehension of question forms.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of utilizing Leach's interrogation model as a means for analyzing question types used by mothers and their children's responses to various interrogative forms. Data analyzed consisted of language samples obtained from three preschool children and their mothers during mother-child interactions plus each child's responses to a 90-item probe containing questions representing the 15 question forms delineated by the model. The interrogation model was an effective and reliable tool in the analysis of data. The question forms most frequently used by the mothers were (1) wh- interrogative nominal segment, (2) auxiliary + no infinitive, and (3) tag questions. All three subjects displayed similarities of performance in response to wh- interrogative nominal segment and auxiliary + no infinitive questions. Two of the subjects appeared capable of appropriately answering all of the question forms tested during the interrogative probe. Similarities of performance during the mother-child interaction and the interrogative probe were found to exist for two of the three subjects in certain categories. A high percentage of the questions posed by the mothers during the mother-child interactions were of forms which their children consistently answered appropriately during the interrogative probe.", "contents": "Utilization of an interrogative model to evaluate mothers' use and children's comprehension of question forms. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of utilizing Leach's interrogation model as a means for analyzing question types used by mothers and their children's responses to various interrogative forms. Data analyzed consisted of language samples obtained from three preschool children and their mothers during mother-child interactions plus each child's responses to a 90-item probe containing questions representing the 15 question forms delineated by the model. The interrogation model was an effective and reliable tool in the analysis of data. The question forms most frequently used by the mothers were (1) wh- interrogative nominal segment, (2) auxiliary + no infinitive, and (3) tag questions. All three subjects displayed similarities of performance in response to wh- interrogative nominal segment and auxiliary + no infinitive questions. Two of the subjects appeared capable of appropriately answering all of the question forms tested during the interrogative probe. Similarities of performance during the mother-child interaction and the interrogative probe were found to exist for two of the three subjects in certain categories. A high percentage of the questions posed by the mothers during the mother-child interactions were of forms which their children consistently answered appropriately during the interrogative probe."}
{"id": "PMID:950790", "title": "Effects of stimulus presentation and instructions on pure-tone thresholds and false-alarm responses.", "content": "The effects of three instructional sets (conventional Carhart-Jerger, strict, and lax) and of two stimulus presentation methods (continuous tones, pulsed tones) on pure-tone thresholds and false-alarm responses were determined for 20 male subjects. False alarms were tallied during hearing measurement periods and during 30-second time-out periods totaling nine minutes of time-out per subject. Results showed that 50% of the subjects made false-alarm responses to some extent at 250, 1000, and 4000 Hz. Instructions and stimulus mode, along with frequency, affected the number of false alarms, but thresholds under the experimental conditions were unchanged. It is suggested that a method for assessing and controlling false alarms is an important clinical consideration.", "contents": "Effects of stimulus presentation and instructions on pure-tone thresholds and false-alarm responses. The effects of three instructional sets (conventional Carhart-Jerger, strict, and lax) and of two stimulus presentation methods (continuous tones, pulsed tones) on pure-tone thresholds and false-alarm responses were determined for 20 male subjects. False alarms were tallied during hearing measurement periods and during 30-second time-out periods totaling nine minutes of time-out per subject. Results showed that 50% of the subjects made false-alarm responses to some extent at 250, 1000, and 4000 Hz. Instructions and stimulus mode, along with frequency, affected the number of false alarms, but thresholds under the experimental conditions were unchanged. It is suggested that a method for assessing and controlling false alarms is an important clinical consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:950791", "title": "Spectrographic comparison of two types of spastic dysphonia.", "content": "A spectrographic comparison of the voices of two patients with spastic dysphonia demonstrated differences in vocal characteristics. The voice of one patient was characterized by intermittent breathiness which appeared spectrographically as a breakdown in formant structure or as the addition of fricative fill superimposed upon resonance bars. The voice of the second patient was characterized by strain-strangle phonation which appeared spectrographically as widely and irregularly spaced vertical striations. The contrasting vocal characteristics of the two patients are compatible with the viewpoint that there may be two types of spastic dysphonia.", "contents": "Spectrographic comparison of two types of spastic dysphonia. A spectrographic comparison of the voices of two patients with spastic dysphonia demonstrated differences in vocal characteristics. The voice of one patient was characterized by intermittent breathiness which appeared spectrographically as a breakdown in formant structure or as the addition of fricative fill superimposed upon resonance bars. The voice of the second patient was characterized by strain-strangle phonation which appeared spectrographically as widely and irregularly spaced vertical striations. The contrasting vocal characteristics of the two patients are compatible with the viewpoint that there may be two types of spastic dysphonia."}
{"id": "PMID:950792", "title": "A tangibly reinforced speech reception threshold procedure for use with small children.", "content": "Forty normal-hearing children between 17 and 56 months were tested using a new method for determining speech reception thresholds. The words employed were names for parts of a device that was in the form of a colorful clown. The device automatically rewarded the child with a small piece of candy each time he pressed the part of the clown that had been announced through the sound field system of a speech audiometer. Results showed that operant conditioning speech audiometry using tangible reinforcers is feasible for small children. Both boys and girls can be tested accurately by this method down to age two and one-half years.", "contents": "A tangibly reinforced speech reception threshold procedure for use with small children. Forty normal-hearing children between 17 and 56 months were tested using a new method for determining speech reception thresholds. The words employed were names for parts of a device that was in the form of a colorful clown. The device automatically rewarded the child with a small piece of candy each time he pressed the part of the clown that had been announced through the sound field system of a speech audiometer. Results showed that operant conditioning speech audiometry using tangible reinforcers is feasible for small children. Both boys and girls can be tested accurately by this method down to age two and one-half years."}
{"id": "PMID:950793", "title": "Sign language acquisition in a mute autistic boy.", "content": "A mute autistic boy learned to communicate extensively through American Sign Language. Over a six-month period he produced many spontaneous signs and sign combinations, and analyses of child's sign combinations indicated the presence of a full range of semantic relations. Further evidence of conceptual progress was provided by the child's increased score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. In addition, parents' and teacher's reports indicated that the child's social behavior improved. The extent of the boy's linguistic progress and associated improvement in social behavior markedly exceeds that usually reported for mute autistic children.", "contents": "Sign language acquisition in a mute autistic boy. A mute autistic boy learned to communicate extensively through American Sign Language. Over a six-month period he produced many spontaneous signs and sign combinations, and analyses of child's sign combinations indicated the presence of a full range of semantic relations. Further evidence of conceptual progress was provided by the child's increased score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. In addition, parents' and teacher's reports indicated that the child's social behavior improved. The extent of the boy's linguistic progress and associated improvement in social behavior markedly exceeds that usually reported for mute autistic children."}
{"id": "PMID:950794", "title": "Communication problems in hearing children of deaf parents.", "content": "Fifty-two children who had deaf parents and were thought to have normal hearing were evaluated for speech, hearing, and language problems. Standardized tests, audiological evaluations, and informal conversation and play techniques were used. Of the 52 children of deaf parents, less than half were considered to be developing speech and language normally and 12% had previously undiagnosed hearing loss. The prevalence of speech and language problems and hearing losses is higher in this population than in the population at large. The children appeared to be using two systems to communicate, one with hearing people and one with the deaf. Of the children having some speech and language difficulty, approximately half had problems that were not associated with other known physiological or environmental factors that might affect speech and language. Although there were no children of intelligible mothers who had speech and language problems, there were children developing normally who had parents whose speech intelligibility was poor. Contrary to indications in the literature, speech and language problems did not disappear after the children entered school. A large number of school-age children as well as preschoolers appeared to be having speech and language problems. The amount of time spent with hearing adults during the preschool years or the presence of older normal-hearing and -speaking siblings did not seem related to speech and language difficulty. However, when an elder sibling had speech and language difficulty, the younger siblings tended to have similar problems. The relationship between sign and oral language development is ambiguous, but there is no indication that the use of sign language deters oral language development. In view of the high incidence of communication problems in this population, annual audiological evaluations and counseling of deaf parents concerning aspects of hearing loss and normal language development are recommended. The problems encountered in providing therapy are discussed.", "contents": "Communication problems in hearing children of deaf parents. Fifty-two children who had deaf parents and were thought to have normal hearing were evaluated for speech, hearing, and language problems. Standardized tests, audiological evaluations, and informal conversation and play techniques were used. Of the 52 children of deaf parents, less than half were considered to be developing speech and language normally and 12% had previously undiagnosed hearing loss. The prevalence of speech and language problems and hearing losses is higher in this population than in the population at large. The children appeared to be using two systems to communicate, one with hearing people and one with the deaf. Of the children having some speech and language difficulty, approximately half had problems that were not associated with other known physiological or environmental factors that might affect speech and language. Although there were no children of intelligible mothers who had speech and language problems, there were children developing normally who had parents whose speech intelligibility was poor. Contrary to indications in the literature, speech and language problems did not disappear after the children entered school. A large number of school-age children as well as preschoolers appeared to be having speech and language problems. The amount of time spent with hearing adults during the preschool years or the presence of older normal-hearing and -speaking siblings did not seem related to speech and language difficulty. However, when an elder sibling had speech and language difficulty, the younger siblings tended to have similar problems. The relationship between sign and oral language development is ambiguous, but there is no indication that the use of sign language deters oral language development. In view of the high incidence of communication problems in this population, annual audiological evaluations and counseling of deaf parents concerning aspects of hearing loss and normal language development are recommended. The problems encountered in providing therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950795", "title": "Generalization and articulation instruction.", "content": "Three young children were taught correct articulation of an error phoneme on a program administered by their mothers in their homes. During the course of the treatment program each child was periodically brought into the speech clinic where the generalization of correct articulation learned in the home treatment setting could be measured in a series of four settings which differed from the treatment setting in varying degrees. Stimulus words which had not been taught during the home articulation program were also included in generalization testing. The results indicated (1) that correct articulation generalized to a high extent to the nontreatment settings investigated; and (2) that responses to new stimulus words were less adequate than responses to words which had received previous training. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Generalization and articulation instruction. Three young children were taught correct articulation of an error phoneme on a program administered by their mothers in their homes. During the course of the treatment program each child was periodically brought into the speech clinic where the generalization of correct articulation learned in the home treatment setting could be measured in a series of four settings which differed from the treatment setting in varying degrees. Stimulus words which had not been taught during the home articulation program were also included in generalization testing. The results indicated (1) that correct articulation generalized to a high extent to the nontreatment settings investigated; and (2) that responses to new stimulus words were less adequate than responses to words which had received previous training. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950796", "title": "Auditory dysfunction accompanying noise-induced hearing loss.", "content": "Two groups of 16 young male subjects with normal low- and midfrequency hearing were compared on a series of audiometric measures. One group was composed of subjects with 12- to 24-month histories of noise exposure and hearing loss at 4000 Hz greater than 40 dB; the other group was composed of normal-hearing subjects with no history of unusual noise exposure. On fixed-frequency Bekesy audiometry at 2000 Hz, 12 of the noise-exposed subjects demonstrated separation of 5 dB or more between pulsed- and continuous-tone tracings; similar separation occurred for only one of the non-noise-exposed subjects. Significant between-group differences also occurred on three tests of speech discrimination: PB-50 word lists and CID W-22 lists presented with two forms of competing noise.", "contents": "Auditory dysfunction accompanying noise-induced hearing loss. Two groups of 16 young male subjects with normal low- and midfrequency hearing were compared on a series of audiometric measures. One group was composed of subjects with 12- to 24-month histories of noise exposure and hearing loss at 4000 Hz greater than 40 dB; the other group was composed of normal-hearing subjects with no history of unusual noise exposure. On fixed-frequency Bekesy audiometry at 2000 Hz, 12 of the noise-exposed subjects demonstrated separation of 5 dB or more between pulsed- and continuous-tone tracings; similar separation occurred for only one of the non-noise-exposed subjects. Significant between-group differences also occurred on three tests of speech discrimination: PB-50 word lists and CID W-22 lists presented with two forms of competing noise."}
{"id": "PMID:950797", "title": "Assessment of velar and lateral wall movement by oral telescope and radiographic examination in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy and in normal subjects.", "content": "Thirty-one patients referred to the Craniofacial Anomalies Clinic for speech evaluation were evaluated by endoscopy and cineradiographic examination (lateral and submentovertical projection). Movement of the velar and lateral walls was examined by both procedures in order to determine the accuracy of the endoscopy in assessing velopharyngeal movement. Cineradiography confirmed endoscopic observation in a large percentage of patients. In a second study, lateral wall motion was assessed in 20 cleft palate patients with repaired hard and soft palate but with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Four categories of closure defined in a previous study on normal subjects were used to classify lateral wall movement in the cleft palate patients. Mesial lateral motion past the sides of the velum during phonation occurred less frequently in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy than in persons with normal strucutres. The absence of lateral wall motion was observed more often in the cleft palate patients, although in over half of these patients the lateral walls moved mesially and filled Rosenmuller's fossa (lateral recesses). Degree of lateral wall movement, which varies among cleft palate patients, should be estimated before construction of a prosthesis or pharyngeal flap in order to determine whether occlusion of the lateral gutters will occur during phonation.", "contents": "Assessment of velar and lateral wall movement by oral telescope and radiographic examination in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy and in normal subjects. Thirty-one patients referred to the Craniofacial Anomalies Clinic for speech evaluation were evaluated by endoscopy and cineradiographic examination (lateral and submentovertical projection). Movement of the velar and lateral walls was examined by both procedures in order to determine the accuracy of the endoscopy in assessing velopharyngeal movement. Cineradiography confirmed endoscopic observation in a large percentage of patients. In a second study, lateral wall motion was assessed in 20 cleft palate patients with repaired hard and soft palate but with velopharyngeal inadequacy. Four categories of closure defined in a previous study on normal subjects were used to classify lateral wall movement in the cleft palate patients. Mesial lateral motion past the sides of the velum during phonation occurred less frequently in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy than in persons with normal strucutres. The absence of lateral wall motion was observed more often in the cleft palate patients, although in over half of these patients the lateral walls moved mesially and filled Rosenmuller's fossa (lateral recesses). Degree of lateral wall movement, which varies among cleft palate patients, should be estimated before construction of a prosthesis or pharyngeal flap in order to determine whether occlusion of the lateral gutters will occur during phonation."}
{"id": "PMID:950798", "title": "Identification, evaluation, therapy, and follow-up for children with vocal nodules in a public school setting.", "content": "This paper describes procedures used by speech and otorhinolaryngology specialists in the Independent School District of Carrollton and Farmers Branch, Texas, to identify, evaluate, treat, and follow up children with voice disorders and presents some initial findings resulting from the use of these procedures. In the identification process, 34 children were found to have vocal nodules, of which 31 children received treatment and underwent appropriate follow-up. After two months of voice therapy, 21 (68%) of the children exhibited reduced nodule size and seven (23%) exhibited normal larynges. Following six months of therapy, 26 (84%) children exhibited reduced nodule size, and 20 (65%) had normal larynges.", "contents": "Identification, evaluation, therapy, and follow-up for children with vocal nodules in a public school setting. This paper describes procedures used by speech and otorhinolaryngology specialists in the Independent School District of Carrollton and Farmers Branch, Texas, to identify, evaluate, treat, and follow up children with voice disorders and presents some initial findings resulting from the use of these procedures. In the identification process, 34 children were found to have vocal nodules, of which 31 children received treatment and underwent appropriate follow-up. After two months of voice therapy, 21 (68%) of the children exhibited reduced nodule size and seven (23%) exhibited normal larynges. Following six months of therapy, 26 (84%) children exhibited reduced nodule size, and 20 (65%) had normal larynges."}
{"id": "PMID:950799", "title": "Shaping behavior in voice therapy.", "content": "This study demonstrates the process of learning and shaping of behavior which occurs during a program of therapy for individuals with hyperfunctional hoarse voice quality. First a therapy program delineating the techniques and criteria to be used was written. The program was presented during 16 individual half-hour sessions over an eight-week period to three clients known to have vocal nodules. The clients' responses were charted at various points from audiotape recordings of each therapy session using a modification of the Boone-Prescott analysis system, to obtain data to demonstrate the learning processes. It was concluded that: (1) the client's behaviors in this vocal rehabilitation program reflected a learning process; (2) facilitating techniques were used to modify or shape behavior through successive approximations to the terminal goal; (3) self-evaluation is an important factor needed to bring about successful changes in behavior; (4) analysis of client's behaviors in relation to the learning process can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of the facilitating techniques; and (5) from such evaluation intraclient and interclient program changes are derived hopefully resulting in a greater success rate and maximum benefits from time spent in therapy.", "contents": "Shaping behavior in voice therapy. This study demonstrates the process of learning and shaping of behavior which occurs during a program of therapy for individuals with hyperfunctional hoarse voice quality. First a therapy program delineating the techniques and criteria to be used was written. The program was presented during 16 individual half-hour sessions over an eight-week period to three clients known to have vocal nodules. The clients' responses were charted at various points from audiotape recordings of each therapy session using a modification of the Boone-Prescott analysis system, to obtain data to demonstrate the learning processes. It was concluded that: (1) the client's behaviors in this vocal rehabilitation program reflected a learning process; (2) facilitating techniques were used to modify or shape behavior through successive approximations to the terminal goal; (3) self-evaluation is an important factor needed to bring about successful changes in behavior; (4) analysis of client's behaviors in relation to the learning process can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of the facilitating techniques; and (5) from such evaluation intraclient and interclient program changes are derived hopefully resulting in a greater success rate and maximum benefits from time spent in therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:950801", "title": "Progressive lupus glomerulonephritis. Treatment with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "We report a prospective randomized study of 39 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive glomerulonephritis who were assigned to treatment groups that received either prednisone alone or prednisone and cyclophosphamide combined. They received treatment for 6 months and were then followed up for an additional 18 months. No difference in outcome was seen in the two groups at the end of 6 months. Among patients followed up for an average of 24 months, fewer individuals showed later renal progression among those treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone than among the group treated with prednisone alone.", "contents": "Progressive lupus glomerulonephritis. Treatment with prednisone and combined prednisone and cyclophosphamide. We report a prospective randomized study of 39 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive glomerulonephritis who were assigned to treatment groups that received either prednisone alone or prednisone and cyclophosphamide combined. They received treatment for 6 months and were then followed up for an additional 18 months. No difference in outcome was seen in the two groups at the end of 6 months. Among patients followed up for an average of 24 months, fewer individuals showed later renal progression among those treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone than among the group treated with prednisone alone."}
{"id": "PMID:950802", "title": "Hypocomplementemic ear effusion in relapsing polychondritis.", "content": "In a case of relapsing polychondritis it was possible to aspirate a collection of subcutaneous fluid from the patient's involved ear. A determination of total hemolytic complement activity of this fluid was low, suggesting that activation of the complement system may have occurred in the course of the patient's disease and might be related to the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "contents": "Hypocomplementemic ear effusion in relapsing polychondritis. In a case of relapsing polychondritis it was possible to aspirate a collection of subcutaneous fluid from the patient's involved ear. A determination of total hemolytic complement activity of this fluid was low, suggesting that activation of the complement system may have occurred in the course of the patient's disease and might be related to the pathogenesis of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:950803", "title": "Ultrasound evaluation of the popliteal space. Comparison with arthrography and physical examination.", "content": "Ultrasound scanning techniques were used to examine the popliteal space in 102 knees. In 30 of 34 knees in which arthrograms were also obtained, the information obtained from both tests was the same. In two instances in which there were different results, the presence of palpable popliteal cysts was confirmed by ultrasound scans but not by arthrography, and in two other cases, small asymptomatic cysts were seen on arthrograms but not on ultrasound scans. In the 68 other knees, ultrasound scans were helpful in the differential diagnosis of popliteal cysts, popliteal artery aneurysms, thrombophlebitis, and a solid poplitieal mass. The results indicate that ultrasound scanning is a valuable, rapid, safe, accurate technique in evaluating patients with symptoms or findings related to the popliteal space.", "contents": "Ultrasound evaluation of the popliteal space. Comparison with arthrography and physical examination. Ultrasound scanning techniques were used to examine the popliteal space in 102 knees. In 30 of 34 knees in which arthrograms were also obtained, the information obtained from both tests was the same. In two instances in which there were different results, the presence of palpable popliteal cysts was confirmed by ultrasound scans but not by arthrography, and in two other cases, small asymptomatic cysts were seen on arthrograms but not on ultrasound scans. In the 68 other knees, ultrasound scans were helpful in the differential diagnosis of popliteal cysts, popliteal artery aneurysms, thrombophlebitis, and a solid poplitieal mass. The results indicate that ultrasound scanning is a valuable, rapid, safe, accurate technique in evaluating patients with symptoms or findings related to the popliteal space."}
{"id": "PMID:950804", "title": "Skip lesions in temporal arteritis.", "content": "Although isolated foci of arteritis (\"skip lesions\") are presumed to occur in temporal arteritis, there is little documentation of their existence or significance. We have identified skip lesions in 17 of 60 patients (28%) with temporal arteritis, based on a retrospective and prospective examination of temporal artery biopsy specimens. By examining more than 6,000 serial sections of arteries from patients with skip lesions, we have found foci or arteritis as short as 330 mu in length in an otherwise normal biopsy specimen. Our study emphasizes the need to biopsy long segments of artery, to examine multiple histologic sections, and to perform a contralateral temporal artery biopsy when frozen-section examination of the first side is normal.", "contents": "Skip lesions in temporal arteritis. Although isolated foci of arteritis (\"skip lesions\") are presumed to occur in temporal arteritis, there is little documentation of their existence or significance. We have identified skip lesions in 17 of 60 patients (28%) with temporal arteritis, based on a retrospective and prospective examination of temporal artery biopsy specimens. By examining more than 6,000 serial sections of arteries from patients with skip lesions, we have found foci or arteritis as short as 330 mu in length in an otherwise normal biopsy specimen. Our study emphasizes the need to biopsy long segments of artery, to examine multiple histologic sections, and to perform a contralateral temporal artery biopsy when frozen-section examination of the first side is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:950805", "title": "Joint imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica.", "content": "Technetium pertechnetate joint scintigrams were abnormal in 24 of 25 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, in all 16 with rheumatoid arthritis, in 4 of 13 with nonarticular rheumatism, but in none of 26 control patients. Abnormal uptake in polymyalgia patients was commonest in shoulders and was less likely to be symmetric than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in whom distal joint abnormalities predominated. The pattern of abnormal uptake in polymyalgia rheumatica was not different in those with biopsy-proved giant cell arteritis. Correlation between symptoms and abnormal scintigrams was 72%, and abnormal uptake was present in 81% of joints of patients having physical abnormalities. Biopsy showed lymphocytic synovitis in the knee of one patient. After treatment the number of abnormal joints declined. These findings suggest that synovitis is common in polymyalgia rheumatica, and that it may account for some or most of the symptoms in this condition.", "contents": "Joint imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica. Technetium pertechnetate joint scintigrams were abnormal in 24 of 25 patients with polymyalgia rheumatica, in all 16 with rheumatoid arthritis, in 4 of 13 with nonarticular rheumatism, but in none of 26 control patients. Abnormal uptake in polymyalgia patients was commonest in shoulders and was less likely to be symmetric than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in whom distal joint abnormalities predominated. The pattern of abnormal uptake in polymyalgia rheumatica was not different in those with biopsy-proved giant cell arteritis. Correlation between symptoms and abnormal scintigrams was 72%, and abnormal uptake was present in 81% of joints of patients having physical abnormalities. Biopsy showed lymphocytic synovitis in the knee of one patient. After treatment the number of abnormal joints declined. These findings suggest that synovitis is common in polymyalgia rheumatica, and that it may account for some or most of the symptoms in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:950806", "title": "Assessment of ambulatory care: application of the tracer methodology.", "content": "Utilizing a tracer method in the assessment of care was investigated in a large pediatric clinic. A set of tracers were selected and agreement was obtained concerning the relevance of care criteria by at least 80 per cent of the facility physicians. One tracer, iron-deficiency anemia, was studied using two nonphysician abstractors to review a sample of 100 patient records with hemoglobins of 11.0 gm/100 ml or less. Results were compared with an implicit review by a panel of physicians. In 52 patients, the low hemoglobin level was not recognized. Only 25 patients proceeded through the care levels of evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Poor compliance was found with the approved criteria. Weighted scores of the explicit tracer method were closely related to ratings by the implicit reviewers. Utilizing tracer assessment with nonphysician abstractors demonstrated remediable deficiencies in health care services.", "contents": "Assessment of ambulatory care: application of the tracer methodology. Utilizing a tracer method in the assessment of care was investigated in a large pediatric clinic. A set of tracers were selected and agreement was obtained concerning the relevance of care criteria by at least 80 per cent of the facility physicians. One tracer, iron-deficiency anemia, was studied using two nonphysician abstractors to review a sample of 100 patient records with hemoglobins of 11.0 gm/100 ml or less. Results were compared with an implicit review by a panel of physicians. In 52 patients, the low hemoglobin level was not recognized. Only 25 patients proceeded through the care levels of evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Poor compliance was found with the approved criteria. Weighted scores of the explicit tracer method were closely related to ratings by the implicit reviewers. Utilizing tracer assessment with nonphysician abstractors demonstrated remediable deficiencies in health care services."}
{"id": "PMID:950807", "title": "The staging concept--an approach to the assessment of outcome of ambulatory care.", "content": "The paper describes a method to evaluate patient care. The technique is based on the staging concept. Its basic premise is that the seriousness of a patient's condition at some point in the treatment process is a good indicator of the outcome of the previous parts of the process. Data were collected for 5,000 patients who had been admitted to a sample of hospitals in two California cities with a primary diagnosis matching one of the diseases for which staging criteria had been developed. The results indicate that the staging technique can be used to distinguish between the outcomes of ambulatory care received by different population groups.", "contents": "The staging concept--an approach to the assessment of outcome of ambulatory care. The paper describes a method to evaluate patient care. The technique is based on the staging concept. Its basic premise is that the seriousness of a patient's condition at some point in the treatment process is a good indicator of the outcome of the previous parts of the process. Data were collected for 5,000 patients who had been admitted to a sample of hospitals in two California cities with a primary diagnosis matching one of the diseases for which staging criteria had been developed. The results indicate that the staging technique can be used to distinguish between the outcomes of ambulatory care received by different population groups."}
{"id": "PMID:950808", "title": "Quality assurance of ambulatory child health care opinions of practicing physicians about proposed criteria.", "content": "This paper reports the opinions of a representative sample of 1,329 physicians providing primary care regarding criteria developed by the Joint Committee on Quality Assurance for evaluation of ambulatory child health care. Areas of care were health supervision (in four age ranges), tonsillopharyngitis, bronchial asthma, and urinary infection. The criteria had been previously appraised by 452 \"experts\"--academicians and practitioners. Physicians rated criteria for relevance to health outcome, and desirability for use in peer review. They also stated whether they usually performed and recorded each item and gave reasons for not recording. Agreement between the pediatricians and other physicians of the sample and the \"experts\" was close regarding relevance to health outcome, but many fewer criteria were recommended for peer review by the sample. A significant number of respondents said they performed but did not record many of the criteria. Documentation of only abnormal findings was the main reason given for not recording. Criteria dealing with developmental or behavioral assessment or with counseling were rated lower in all categories than more easily measured items.", "contents": "Quality assurance of ambulatory child health care opinions of practicing physicians about proposed criteria. This paper reports the opinions of a representative sample of 1,329 physicians providing primary care regarding criteria developed by the Joint Committee on Quality Assurance for evaluation of ambulatory child health care. Areas of care were health supervision (in four age ranges), tonsillopharyngitis, bronchial asthma, and urinary infection. The criteria had been previously appraised by 452 \"experts\"--academicians and practitioners. Physicians rated criteria for relevance to health outcome, and desirability for use in peer review. They also stated whether they usually performed and recorded each item and gave reasons for not recording. Agreement between the pediatricians and other physicians of the sample and the \"experts\" was close regarding relevance to health outcome, but many fewer criteria were recommended for peer review by the sample. A significant number of respondents said they performed but did not record many of the criteria. Documentation of only abnormal findings was the main reason given for not recording. Criteria dealing with developmental or behavioral assessment or with counseling were rated lower in all categories than more easily measured items."}
{"id": "PMID:950809", "title": "The reliability and application of clinical judgment in evaluating the use of hospital beds.", "content": "A technique is described which circumvents the difficulty in obtaining reliable judgments by clinicians on cases of inappropriate use of hospital beds. By application of the Delphi method of measuring group expert opinion, convergence was achieved in the estimate, by four physicians, of the total number of bed days wasted on a medical ward during a period of two weeks. Cases of possible misutilization were identified by the author and a second study was designed to measure the effect on the physicans' behavior of her presence on the ward (Hawthorne effect). It is suggested that review of cases of misutilization by the Delphi method could be used in the continuing education of physicians.", "contents": "The reliability and application of clinical judgment in evaluating the use of hospital beds. A technique is described which circumvents the difficulty in obtaining reliable judgments by clinicians on cases of inappropriate use of hospital beds. By application of the Delphi method of measuring group expert opinion, convergence was achieved in the estimate, by four physicians, of the total number of bed days wasted on a medical ward during a period of two weeks. Cases of possible misutilization were identified by the author and a second study was designed to measure the effect on the physicans' behavior of her presence on the ward (Hawthorne effect). It is suggested that review of cases of misutilization by the Delphi method could be used in the continuing education of physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:950810", "title": "The feasibility of an outcome approach to quality assurance--a report from one HMO.", "content": "Recent federal legislation has contained the stipulation that participating health maintenance organizations (HMOs) include a quality assurance program which stresses health outcomes. This provision was ostensibly directed at correcting alleged abuses in HMOs serving the urban poor. One version of the outcome method was employed for an 18-month period at an urban HMO caring for 2,000 Medicaid subscribers. The program involved comparing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes for clinical conditions relevant to the study population with ideal standards established by the HMO. Three conditions were selected: contraception, depression, and hypertension. The results revealed widespread underdiagnosis (44-74%) in each condition and unacceptable therapeutic outcomes in two. Data collection was hampered by shifts in geography and financial eligibility among the denominator population and low response rates (38-63%) to telephone and mail surveys. Applying the general project guidelines to specific conditions proved considerably more difficult than anticipated. Further refinement of this approach to quality assessment must occur before its widespread use is feasible. Its effectiveness in improving quality remains to be seen. This experience raises doubts regarding the wisdom of legislating a specific outcome approach to quality assessment before feasibility and effectiveness have been demonstrated in organized health settings.", "contents": "The feasibility of an outcome approach to quality assurance--a report from one HMO. Recent federal legislation has contained the stipulation that participating health maintenance organizations (HMOs) include a quality assurance program which stresses health outcomes. This provision was ostensibly directed at correcting alleged abuses in HMOs serving the urban poor. One version of the outcome method was employed for an 18-month period at an urban HMO caring for 2,000 Medicaid subscribers. The program involved comparing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes for clinical conditions relevant to the study population with ideal standards established by the HMO. Three conditions were selected: contraception, depression, and hypertension. The results revealed widespread underdiagnosis (44-74%) in each condition and unacceptable therapeutic outcomes in two. Data collection was hampered by shifts in geography and financial eligibility among the denominator population and low response rates (38-63%) to telephone and mail surveys. Applying the general project guidelines to specific conditions proved considerably more difficult than anticipated. Further refinement of this approach to quality assessment must occur before its widespread use is feasible. Its effectiveness in improving quality remains to be seen. This experience raises doubts regarding the wisdom of legislating a specific outcome approach to quality assessment before feasibility and effectiveness have been demonstrated in organized health settings."}
{"id": "PMID:950811", "title": "The sickness impact profile: validation of a health status measure.", "content": "The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a measure of health status, is being developed as an outcome measure of health care. A preliminary study of the validity of the SIP was conducted on a sample of 278 subjects who were grouped into four subsamples differing in kind and severity of sickness. Selfassessment of health status, clinician assessment of health status, and other measures of dysfunction were used as criteria. SIP scores discriminated among subsamples, and correlations between criterion measures and SIP scores provided evidence for the validity of the SIP. Differences among the correlations obtained for each criterion measure with SIP score are discussed in terms of the need for the development of criterion measures that can be expected to differentially relate to the constructs inherent in the SIP.", "contents": "The sickness impact profile: validation of a health status measure. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a measure of health status, is being developed as an outcome measure of health care. A preliminary study of the validity of the SIP was conducted on a sample of 278 subjects who were grouped into four subsamples differing in kind and severity of sickness. Selfassessment of health status, clinician assessment of health status, and other measures of dysfunction were used as criteria. SIP scores discriminated among subsamples, and correlations between criterion measures and SIP scores provided evidence for the validity of the SIP. Differences among the correlations obtained for each criterion measure with SIP score are discussed in terms of the need for the development of criterion measures that can be expected to differentially relate to the constructs inherent in the SIP."}
{"id": "PMID:950812", "title": "A strategy for redesigning the medical record for quality assurance.", "content": "The medical record should be viewed as an instrument to facilitate and demonstrate the achievement of explicit health care goals. Current systems do not accomplish this. Our examination of the traditional record suggests that modifications of the record should be based on the principles of information system design theory. Necessary modifications include changes which prompt the monitoring of the outcome parameters of a patient's illness, encourage the analysis of the patient's outcome, and facilitate adaptive (corrective) actions. We have termed those data elements which describe the achievement of patient-specific, problem-specific objectives as the \"minimum care assurance data set.\" To designers of computerized medical information systems, this approach provides a rationale for selecting which data to place in computer storage from the myriad of detail in the traditional paper record.", "contents": "A strategy for redesigning the medical record for quality assurance. The medical record should be viewed as an instrument to facilitate and demonstrate the achievement of explicit health care goals. Current systems do not accomplish this. Our examination of the traditional record suggests that modifications of the record should be based on the principles of information system design theory. Necessary modifications include changes which prompt the monitoring of the outcome parameters of a patient's illness, encourage the analysis of the patient's outcome, and facilitate adaptive (corrective) actions. We have termed those data elements which describe the achievement of patient-specific, problem-specific objectives as the \"minimum care assurance data set.\" To designers of computerized medical information systems, this approach provides a rationale for selecting which data to place in computer storage from the myriad of detail in the traditional paper record."}
{"id": "PMID:950854", "title": "Adenomatous tumors of the middle ear and mastoid.", "content": "Three cases of middle ear and mastoid neoplasms are reported as \"adenomatous tumors\" since in their search of the literature the authors did not find any previously described lesions with a similar histologic appearance and benign biologic behavior. Microscopically, all three tumors are similarly composed of solid cords and nests of closely-packed small cells having an epithelial appearance. Two distinct cell types are present: cuboidal cells, arranged in a rudimentary gland-like pattern, and angular cells forming irregular nests with no distinct pattern. All three tumors developed in patients in their 20's, over a period of months with minimal symptoms; yet in all of the lesions the tympanic membrane was intact at the time of initial examination. None of the neoplasms was diagnosed preoperatively, and, once removed, all three tumors were pathologic enigmas and therapeutic problems in view of the initial and subsequent consultant pathologic opinions; nevertheless, total local excision with preservation of the tympanic membrane would appear to be safe treatment in these cases. The term \"adenomatous tumor\" is applied to these three neoplasms because: 1. a true glandular epithelial origin warranting the term adenoma or adenocarcinoma cannot be proven; and 2. the biologic behavior and prognosis is not necessarily reflected by the histologic appearance. A more specific term reflecting the origin and behavior of these tumors does not appear possible without the study of further cases.", "contents": "Adenomatous tumors of the middle ear and mastoid. Three cases of middle ear and mastoid neoplasms are reported as \"adenomatous tumors\" since in their search of the literature the authors did not find any previously described lesions with a similar histologic appearance and benign biologic behavior. Microscopically, all three tumors are similarly composed of solid cords and nests of closely-packed small cells having an epithelial appearance. Two distinct cell types are present: cuboidal cells, arranged in a rudimentary gland-like pattern, and angular cells forming irregular nests with no distinct pattern. All three tumors developed in patients in their 20's, over a period of months with minimal symptoms; yet in all of the lesions the tympanic membrane was intact at the time of initial examination. None of the neoplasms was diagnosed preoperatively, and, once removed, all three tumors were pathologic enigmas and therapeutic problems in view of the initial and subsequent consultant pathologic opinions; nevertheless, total local excision with preservation of the tympanic membrane would appear to be safe treatment in these cases. The term \"adenomatous tumor\" is applied to these three neoplasms because: 1. a true glandular epithelial origin warranting the term adenoma or adenocarcinoma cannot be proven; and 2. the biologic behavior and prognosis is not necessarily reflected by the histologic appearance. A more specific term reflecting the origin and behavior of these tumors does not appear possible without the study of further cases."}
{"id": "PMID:950855", "title": "Metastatic disease of the temporal bone.", "content": "This paper discusses metastatic disease of the temporal bone, and illustrates its discussion with a case history. The incidence, signs, symptoms, and treatment generally recorded are discussed. The histopathology of such lesions, as well as a documentation of those organ systems most likely to provide temporal bone metastatic spread, is noted. As the primary neoplasias of the temporal bone, metastatic disease may coexist with or mimic chronic otitis media. It is the wary surgeon who carefully analyzed his patient, the history, the intensity of recognizing neoplasia with or without associated chronic otitis media.", "contents": "Metastatic disease of the temporal bone. This paper discusses metastatic disease of the temporal bone, and illustrates its discussion with a case history. The incidence, signs, symptoms, and treatment generally recorded are discussed. The histopathology of such lesions, as well as a documentation of those organ systems most likely to provide temporal bone metastatic spread, is noted. As the primary neoplasias of the temporal bone, metastatic disease may coexist with or mimic chronic otitis media. It is the wary surgeon who carefully analyzed his patient, the history, the intensity of recognizing neoplasia with or without associated chronic otitis media."}
{"id": "PMID:950856", "title": "Meningiomas of the temporal bone.", "content": "Meningiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otologic tumors arising from the middle ear and mastoid. It is generally recognized that meningiomas may invade the temporal bone via direct extension from the intracranial space (secondary). It is not generally recognized that meningiomas can develop initially in the middle ear cleft (primary). Representative cases of primary and secondary meningiomas of the temporal bone are described and clinical aspects of diagnosis surgical management are discussed. In order to assess the pathogenesis of meningiomas of the temporal bone, histological studies were done on 200 temporal bone specimens. In certain specimens, ectopic arachnoid granulations, from which primary meningiomas may originate, were identified and described, according to location. One specimen was most unusual in that it contained ectopic glial as well as arachnoidal tissue.", "contents": "Meningiomas of the temporal bone. Meningiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otologic tumors arising from the middle ear and mastoid. It is generally recognized that meningiomas may invade the temporal bone via direct extension from the intracranial space (secondary). It is not generally recognized that meningiomas can develop initially in the middle ear cleft (primary). Representative cases of primary and secondary meningiomas of the temporal bone are described and clinical aspects of diagnosis surgical management are discussed. In order to assess the pathogenesis of meningiomas of the temporal bone, histological studies were done on 200 temporal bone specimens. In certain specimens, ectopic arachnoid granulations, from which primary meningiomas may originate, were identified and described, according to location. One specimen was most unusual in that it contained ectopic glial as well as arachnoidal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:950857", "title": "Malignancies of the ear.", "content": "Cancer of the ear is an uncommon occurrence and rarely diagnosed early it its development. Routine biopsy of all granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the ear is essential to early diagnosis. Polytomography is an aid in documenting the extent of the disease in bone. The surgical anatomy of the region of the ear imposes special disadvantages upon any type of surgical technique employed and supervoltage irradiation given. Temporal bone resection and its modifications, combined with irradiation, enhance the cure rate in the advanced cases and add significantly to the local control of this disease. A review of 273 cases is presented.", "contents": "Malignancies of the ear. Cancer of the ear is an uncommon occurrence and rarely diagnosed early it its development. Routine biopsy of all granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the ear is essential to early diagnosis. Polytomography is an aid in documenting the extent of the disease in bone. The surgical anatomy of the region of the ear imposes special disadvantages upon any type of surgical technique employed and supervoltage irradiation given. Temporal bone resection and its modifications, combined with irradiation, enhance the cure rate in the advanced cases and add significantly to the local control of this disease. A review of 273 cases is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950858", "title": "The human external auditory canal, secretory system--an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Human external auditory canal skin, with a special emphasis on the secretory system, was studied by light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. Two types of secretory glands were observed: modified apocrine (ceruminous) and sebaceous. The sebaceous secretory cellere homogeneous; on the other hand, modified apocrine secretory cells contained heterogeneous secretory granules. They were ither dark granules or light granules. Evidence to support both the apocrine as well as the eccrine mode of secretion was noted in the modified apocrine gland. This finding is partly in agreement with early reports based on light microscopy with suggested only an apocrine mode and data based on transmission electron microscopy which showed only the eccrine mode. Significance of the secretion by the external ear canal and its role in a local immune defense system is discussed.", "contents": "The human external auditory canal, secretory system--an ultrastructural study. Human external auditory canal skin, with a special emphasis on the secretory system, was studied by light, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy. Two types of secretory glands were observed: modified apocrine (ceruminous) and sebaceous. The sebaceous secretory cellere homogeneous; on the other hand, modified apocrine secretory cells contained heterogeneous secretory granules. They were ither dark granules or light granules. Evidence to support both the apocrine as well as the eccrine mode of secretion was noted in the modified apocrine gland. This finding is partly in agreement with early reports based on light microscopy with suggested only an apocrine mode and data based on transmission electron microscopy which showed only the eccrine mode. Significance of the secretion by the external ear canal and its role in a local immune defense system is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:950859", "title": "The use of homograft stapes.", "content": "Homograft stapes were used for ossicular reconstruction in 43 ears over a three-year period. The average hearing improvement was 7.9 db. These cases were divided into groups: those with an intact posterior canal wall and those with an open mastoid cavity. The latter group fared better, with an average improvement of 15 db. Fourteen of the 43 ears were subsequently re-explored. Satisfactory bony union between the homograft stapes and recipient footplate was found in eight cases, four cases showed poor bony union, and bony resorption of the homograft had occurred in two patiemise for reconstruction of the ear with a loss of the stapes arch, especially in the presence of an open mastoid cavity and thus a shallow middle ear.", "contents": "The use of homograft stapes. Homograft stapes were used for ossicular reconstruction in 43 ears over a three-year period. The average hearing improvement was 7.9 db. These cases were divided into groups: those with an intact posterior canal wall and those with an open mastoid cavity. The latter group fared better, with an average improvement of 15 db. Fourteen of the 43 ears were subsequently re-explored. Satisfactory bony union between the homograft stapes and recipient footplate was found in eight cases, four cases showed poor bony union, and bony resorption of the homograft had occurred in two patiemise for reconstruction of the ear with a loss of the stapes arch, especially in the presence of an open mastoid cavity and thus a shallow middle ear."}
{"id": "PMID:950860", "title": "Epitympanic malleus fixation: correction without disrupting the ossicular chain.", "content": "The preoperative diagnosis of malleus fixation can be made consistently with a pneumatic otoscope. Nontympanosclerotic epitympanic malleus fixation, for the most part, has been corrected by disrupting the ossicular chain and then reconstructing the sound-conducting mechanism. Once the diagnosis of malleus fixation is established, the surgical approach should be modified to cope with the fixed malleus. A wide, inferiorly based tympanotomy flap affords ample access to the epitympanum and permits definitive resolution of the associated conductive hearing loss. Atticotomy and discreet osteotomy can free the fixed malleus and preserve continuity of the osscular chain in over 90 percent of the patients with this syndrome. Experience for 46 patients having bony epitympanic malleus fixation, both congenital and acquired, was examined in concluding that the anatomical continuity of the ossicular chain can and should be maintained in most patients. The residual air-bone gap is less with an intact, though modified, ossicular chain than it is with a chain that has been reconstructed.", "contents": "Epitympanic malleus fixation: correction without disrupting the ossicular chain. The preoperative diagnosis of malleus fixation can be made consistently with a pneumatic otoscope. Nontympanosclerotic epitympanic malleus fixation, for the most part, has been corrected by disrupting the ossicular chain and then reconstructing the sound-conducting mechanism. Once the diagnosis of malleus fixation is established, the surgical approach should be modified to cope with the fixed malleus. A wide, inferiorly based tympanotomy flap affords ample access to the epitympanum and permits definitive resolution of the associated conductive hearing loss. Atticotomy and discreet osteotomy can free the fixed malleus and preserve continuity of the osscular chain in over 90 percent of the patients with this syndrome. Experience for 46 patients having bony epitympanic malleus fixation, both congenital and acquired, was examined in concluding that the anatomical continuity of the ossicular chain can and should be maintained in most patients. The residual air-bone gap is less with an intact, though modified, ossicular chain than it is with a chain that has been reconstructed."}
{"id": "PMID:950861", "title": "The role of aminopeptidases in inflammatory and neoplastic tissues.", "content": "The role of leucine andalanine aminopeptidases is stidued in three different biologic systems: experimental wound healing in the rat, experimental carrageenan induced intraderman granulomas in the rat, and human laryngeal carcinomas. The wound healing experiments indicate that the proliferating granulation tissue has high quantities of aminopeptidases activity which is residing primarily intracellularly in granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells fibroblasts, and new budding vessels. The quantititave levels of tissue aminopeptidases correlate positively with the degree of cellularity of the wound and fibroblastic activity. Some aminopeptidases (isoenzymes) are secreted or released by the fibroblasts in be blood serum. Starch gel electrophoretic analysis demonstrates thses with different concentrations and migration rates. Two are probably released or secreted into the serum, and th third is membranous bound in the cytoplasm (lysosomal). The carrageenan intradermal granuloma demonstrates a different inflammatory reaction which is rich in macrophages and produces a different pattern of aminopeptidases activity. Macrophages produce a high tissue level of aminopeptidase activity which is intracellular bound and not readily leached out into the serum. Gel electrophoresis studies of aminopeptidases produced by the granuloma demonstrate that the tissue bound enzyme is the main component. In addition, there appears to be a mechanism, which is not understood, for specific induction or activation of lysosomal proteolytic and carbohydrase enzymes. This mechanism is dependent on the nature of composition of the injuring agent. Laryngeal carcinomas demonstrate high tissue homogenate levels and normal serum levels of aminopeptidase activities. These enzymes are located in the tumor stroma. They are not directly related to tumor invasiveness but to the degree of stromal proliferation. The tumor stroma behaves as though it were a non-healing wound constantly secreted proteolytic enzymes (aminopeptidases). A major problem that needs to be resolved is to find the operating mechanism by which malignant cells interact with their constantly proliferating fibroblastic stroma.", "contents": "The role of aminopeptidases in inflammatory and neoplastic tissues. The role of leucine andalanine aminopeptidases is stidued in three different biologic systems: experimental wound healing in the rat, experimental carrageenan induced intraderman granulomas in the rat, and human laryngeal carcinomas. The wound healing experiments indicate that the proliferating granulation tissue has high quantities of aminopeptidases activity which is residing primarily intracellularly in granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells fibroblasts, and new budding vessels. The quantititave levels of tissue aminopeptidases correlate positively with the degree of cellularity of the wound and fibroblastic activity. Some aminopeptidases (isoenzymes) are secreted or released by the fibroblasts in be blood serum. Starch gel electrophoretic analysis demonstrates thses with different concentrations and migration rates. Two are probably released or secreted into the serum, and th third is membranous bound in the cytoplasm (lysosomal). The carrageenan intradermal granuloma demonstrates a different inflammatory reaction which is rich in macrophages and produces a different pattern of aminopeptidases activity. Macrophages produce a high tissue level of aminopeptidase activity which is intracellular bound and not readily leached out into the serum. Gel electrophoresis studies of aminopeptidases produced by the granuloma demonstrate that the tissue bound enzyme is the main component. In addition, there appears to be a mechanism, which is not understood, for specific induction or activation of lysosomal proteolytic and carbohydrase enzymes. This mechanism is dependent on the nature of composition of the injuring agent. Laryngeal carcinomas demonstrate high tissue homogenate levels and normal serum levels of aminopeptidase activities. These enzymes are located in the tumor stroma. They are not directly related to tumor invasiveness but to the degree of stromal proliferation. The tumor stroma behaves as though it were a non-healing wound constantly secreted proteolytic enzymes (aminopeptidases). A major problem that needs to be resolved is to find the operating mechanism by which malignant cells interact with their constantly proliferating fibroblastic stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:950862", "title": "Isolated laryngeal lymphoma.", "content": "Isolated laryngeal lymphoma is a rare occurrence. We found a total of 14 previously reported cases. These plus ouradditional case are reviewed in order to make recommendations for diagnosis, therapy,a nd follow-up. Histologic classification and clinical staging of lymphomas have limited usefulness, because the tumor can change cell type during the clinical course of the disease. Once histologic proof of the tumor exists, adequate evaluation consists of physical examination to detect adenopathy elsewhere, bone marrow biopsy, urinalysis, blood uric acid levels, liver biopsy, and liver and kidney function tests. The search must continue in the chest by X-ray, the retroperitoneal nodes by lymphangiography and the abdomonal visera by contrast radiography. Radiation therapy is the best initial treatment for isolated laryngeal lymphoma. If the tumor does not respond to irradiation, then operation to remove the lesion is required. This tumor has a tendency to recur at distant sites many years later. As with all cancer patients life-long follow-up is required.", "contents": "Isolated laryngeal lymphoma. Isolated laryngeal lymphoma is a rare occurrence. We found a total of 14 previously reported cases. These plus ouradditional case are reviewed in order to make recommendations for diagnosis, therapy,a nd follow-up. Histologic classification and clinical staging of lymphomas have limited usefulness, because the tumor can change cell type during the clinical course of the disease. Once histologic proof of the tumor exists, adequate evaluation consists of physical examination to detect adenopathy elsewhere, bone marrow biopsy, urinalysis, blood uric acid levels, liver biopsy, and liver and kidney function tests. The search must continue in the chest by X-ray, the retroperitoneal nodes by lymphangiography and the abdomonal visera by contrast radiography. Radiation therapy is the best initial treatment for isolated laryngeal lymphoma. If the tumor does not respond to irradiation, then operation to remove the lesion is required. This tumor has a tendency to recur at distant sites many years later. As with all cancer patients life-long follow-up is required."}
{"id": "PMID:950863", "title": "Cervical hibernoma.", "content": "The hibernoma is a rare neoplasm derived from vestigal remnants of brown fat left from early embryologic development. Review of the world literature reveals only 40 cases to which we are adding a report of a tumor arising in the posterior cervical triangle of a 20-year-old man. The distribution, histology and cytochemistry of brown fat and the hibernoma are discussed, and evidence supporting its histogensis is presented.", "contents": "Cervical hibernoma. The hibernoma is a rare neoplasm derived from vestigal remnants of brown fat left from early embryologic development. Review of the world literature reveals only 40 cases to which we are adding a report of a tumor arising in the posterior cervical triangle of a 20-year-old man. The distribution, histology and cytochemistry of brown fat and the hibernoma are discussed, and evidence supporting its histogensis is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:950865", "title": "Observations on the biochemical effects of transfusion of citrate-phosphate-dextrose stored blood in man.", "content": "Preliminary data on the biochemical effects of the transfusion of three units of CPD blood in man is presented. Free (ionized) calcium was found to decrease approximately two minutes following initiation of the transfusion of CPD stored blood at a rate of 50 ml/min. Due to mixing problems, arterial and not venous specimens were found necessary to monitor accurately the severity of these decreases. Parathyroid hormone in the peripheral blood was found to increase two to four minutes after the initiation of transfusion. Decreases in blood pressure were observed during transfusion. The blood pressure recovered when the transfusion was stopped and did not decrease any further after restarting the transfusion, were found out not to increase or decrease consistently, and only modest changes in plasma potassium were observed.", "contents": "Observations on the biochemical effects of transfusion of citrate-phosphate-dextrose stored blood in man. Preliminary data on the biochemical effects of the transfusion of three units of CPD blood in man is presented. Free (ionized) calcium was found to decrease approximately two minutes following initiation of the transfusion of CPD stored blood at a rate of 50 ml/min. Due to mixing problems, arterial and not venous specimens were found necessary to monitor accurately the severity of these decreases. Parathyroid hormone in the peripheral blood was found to increase two to four minutes after the initiation of transfusion. Decreases in blood pressure were observed during transfusion. The blood pressure recovered when the transfusion was stopped and did not decrease any further after restarting the transfusion, were found out not to increase or decrease consistently, and only modest changes in plasma potassium were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:950936", "title": "Management of phenylketonuria: South Australian experience of 13 cases.", "content": "The management and present status of 13 children with phenylketonuria detected on the fifth day of life, who have been treated by diet thereafter for five to eight years, are discussed. In all 10 cases in which there has been continuous adequate dietary control of blood phenylalanine levels, the physical, social and mental development of the children has been normal. In some of these cases there is an unexplained discrepancy between the verbal and performance IQ scores. The present policy is to continue restricting the diet indefinitely, relaxation being permitted conditionally only after the age of seven years.", "contents": "Management of phenylketonuria: South Australian experience of 13 cases. The management and present status of 13 children with phenylketonuria detected on the fifth day of life, who have been treated by diet thereafter for five to eight years, are discussed. In all 10 cases in which there has been continuous adequate dietary control of blood phenylalanine levels, the physical, social and mental development of the children has been normal. In some of these cases there is an unexplained discrepancy between the verbal and performance IQ scores. The present policy is to continue restricting the diet indefinitely, relaxation being permitted conditionally only after the age of seven years."}
{"id": "PMID:950937", "title": "Painful ophthalmoplegia following treated squamous carcinoma of the forehead. Orbital apex involvement from centripetal spread via the supraorbital nerve.", "content": "Intraneural and perineural spread of squamous carcinoma from the face to the cranial cavity is an important cause of delayed cranial nerve palsies after local excision of a skin tumour. As exemplified in reports of two cases, signs of this type of centripetal spread of squamous cell tumour along the branches and trunk of the supraorbital nerve are (i) severe unremitting orbital and forehead pain with associated hypoaesthesia, (ii) palpable or radiological evidence of thickening of the nerve at the supraorbital notch and (iii) evolution of ophthalmoplegia, blindness, and sensory loss in the first division of the trigeminal nerve. Appearance of severe supraorbital neuralgia months or years after excision of a skin tumour from the forehead should alert the clinician to extension of tumour cells along the supraorbital nerve. This may enable him to institute timely treatment before a complete orbital apex syndrome has developed.", "contents": "Painful ophthalmoplegia following treated squamous carcinoma of the forehead. Orbital apex involvement from centripetal spread via the supraorbital nerve. Intraneural and perineural spread of squamous carcinoma from the face to the cranial cavity is an important cause of delayed cranial nerve palsies after local excision of a skin tumour. As exemplified in reports of two cases, signs of this type of centripetal spread of squamous cell tumour along the branches and trunk of the supraorbital nerve are (i) severe unremitting orbital and forehead pain with associated hypoaesthesia, (ii) palpable or radiological evidence of thickening of the nerve at the supraorbital notch and (iii) evolution of ophthalmoplegia, blindness, and sensory loss in the first division of the trigeminal nerve. Appearance of severe supraorbital neuralgia months or years after excision of a skin tumour from the forehead should alert the clinician to extension of tumour cells along the supraorbital nerve. This may enable him to institute timely treatment before a complete orbital apex syndrome has developed."}
{"id": "PMID:950938", "title": "Vesico-ureteric reflux.", "content": "There is increasing awareness that vesico-ureteric reflux is associated with the occurrence of renal scars. The influence of infection in scar formation is unclear. The way in which corrective surgery may prevent scar development in selected patients is gradually becoming apparent. It would seem probable that surgical correction of vesico-ureteric reflux is indicated only in infants and young children with gross vesico-ureteric reflux.", "contents": "Vesico-ureteric reflux. There is increasing awareness that vesico-ureteric reflux is associated with the occurrence of renal scars. The influence of infection in scar formation is unclear. The way in which corrective surgery may prevent scar development in selected patients is gradually becoming apparent. It would seem probable that surgical correction of vesico-ureteric reflux is indicated only in infants and young children with gross vesico-ureteric reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:950939", "title": "Social work and general practice: a review article.", "content": "Closer collaboration with social workers may be a means of enabling the general practitioner to deal with the psychosocial problems expressed in his practice. Emerging interest on the part of general practitioners in exploring the potential contribution of the social worker to patient care is accompanied by some anxiety and ambivalence. Reports of collaborative projects have come mainly from the United Kingdom, and although these offer some guidelines, it is imperative that any policy proposals for the development of closer general practitioner-social worker collaboration in Australia be grounded in an Australian data base.", "contents": "Social work and general practice: a review article. Closer collaboration with social workers may be a means of enabling the general practitioner to deal with the psychosocial problems expressed in his practice. Emerging interest on the part of general practitioners in exploring the potential contribution of the social worker to patient care is accompanied by some anxiety and ambivalence. Reports of collaborative projects have come mainly from the United Kingdom, and although these offer some guidelines, it is imperative that any policy proposals for the development of closer general practitioner-social worker collaboration in Australia be grounded in an Australian data base."}
{"id": "PMID:950941", "title": "General practice and professional coordination.", "content": "In a satellite city in South Australia, 17 miles from Adelaide, a controlled experiment in which a social worker from a local community agency has been placed in a four-man practice is demonstrating one way in which new forms of professional coordination can evolve out of already existing services. Through daily face-to-face contact, doctors, and social worker, as well as other surgery staff members, are learning ways of cooperating in unravelling the many mixed medical and psychosocial problems that present in a general practice setting. There are indications that community response to the innovation is positive because the doctors develop an assurance in making referrals, and people see the service as an extension of a known service in an already familiar setting.", "contents": "General practice and professional coordination. In a satellite city in South Australia, 17 miles from Adelaide, a controlled experiment in which a social worker from a local community agency has been placed in a four-man practice is demonstrating one way in which new forms of professional coordination can evolve out of already existing services. Through daily face-to-face contact, doctors, and social worker, as well as other surgery staff members, are learning ways of cooperating in unravelling the many mixed medical and psychosocial problems that present in a general practice setting. There are indications that community response to the innovation is positive because the doctors develop an assurance in making referrals, and people see the service as an extension of a known service in an already familiar setting."}
{"id": "PMID:950942", "title": "The general practice and social work. Report on a trial.", "content": "This report describes the experience of a social work student placement of 10 weeks' duration in a two-man general practice in Perth, Western Australia. The student was completing the final year of the degree of Master of Social Work at the University of Western Australia, and this was the student's third and final practical assignment. In particular, the report describes the means of referral, the nature and size of the social work service on the doctor-patient relationship.", "contents": "The general practice and social work. Report on a trial. This report describes the experience of a social work student placement of 10 weeks' duration in a two-man general practice in Perth, Western Australia. The student was completing the final year of the degree of Master of Social Work at the University of Western Australia, and this was the student's third and final practical assignment. In particular, the report describes the means of referral, the nature and size of the social work service on the doctor-patient relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:950947", "title": "[Alteration of coronary blood flow after injection of a contrast medium (author's transl)].", "content": "The injection of with different, energetic separable radioactive isotope labelled particles in the same coronary artery before and short after the injection of a contrast medium reveals in many cases variable scintigraphic pictures. The temporary vasodilatation caused by the contrast medium produces in presence of a coronary stenosis a disturbance of the regional blood flow. Thereby we find in the poststenotic myocardial area a transient ischemia, bringing about a decrease of the activity at the scintigram. As this transient ischemia is only demonstrable with a hemodynamic effective stenosis, in such cases a good effect of coronary surgery can be expected. On the other hand, in the presence of effective stenoses in all three coronary branches, in the double-scintigram alterations of the perfusion can be missed, showing the same scintigraphic picture as with normal coronary arteries.", "contents": "[Alteration of coronary blood flow after injection of a contrast medium (author's transl)]. The injection of with different, energetic separable radioactive isotope labelled particles in the same coronary artery before and short after the injection of a contrast medium reveals in many cases variable scintigraphic pictures. The temporary vasodilatation caused by the contrast medium produces in presence of a coronary stenosis a disturbance of the regional blood flow. Thereby we find in the poststenotic myocardial area a transient ischemia, bringing about a decrease of the activity at the scintigram. As this transient ischemia is only demonstrable with a hemodynamic effective stenosis, in such cases a good effect of coronary surgery can be expected. On the other hand, in the presence of effective stenoses in all three coronary branches, in the double-scintigram alterations of the perfusion can be missed, showing the same scintigraphic picture as with normal coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:950948", "title": "[Mendelson's syndrome in coronary care units (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the case of a patient resuscitated after cardiac arrest attention is brought to the occurring of Mendelson's syndrome in coronary care units. Aspiration pneumonitis following inhalation of acid gastric contents is little known outside of anesthesia, but is likely to occur more frequent than its diagnosis is made. A considerable black number is to be expected, mostly because of the danger that the aspiration itself has not been registered and the pulmonary edema setting in after a latency of several hours is regarded as sequela of the underlying heart disease. But this misunderstanding can have deleterious effects, because therapy has to consider a hypovolemia caused by the fluid loss into the lungs. Therefore pathogenesis and therapy of the lung edema in Mendelson's syndrome are carefully delineated. In patients surviving the acute stage of the disease, further prognosis is favorable: late sequelae have so far not been observed.", "contents": "[Mendelson's syndrome in coronary care units (author's transl)]. By means of the case of a patient resuscitated after cardiac arrest attention is brought to the occurring of Mendelson's syndrome in coronary care units. Aspiration pneumonitis following inhalation of acid gastric contents is little known outside of anesthesia, but is likely to occur more frequent than its diagnosis is made. A considerable black number is to be expected, mostly because of the danger that the aspiration itself has not been registered and the pulmonary edema setting in after a latency of several hours is regarded as sequela of the underlying heart disease. But this misunderstanding can have deleterious effects, because therapy has to consider a hypovolemia caused by the fluid loss into the lungs. Therefore pathogenesis and therapy of the lung edema in Mendelson's syndrome are carefully delineated. In patients surviving the acute stage of the disease, further prognosis is favorable: late sequelae have so far not been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:950953", "title": "Metabolism of caffeine to nucleic acid precursors in mammalian cells.", "content": "Caffeine is rapidly metabolized in human and mouse cells in culture by de-methylation: within 1-3 h of exposure to millimolar concentrations of labeled caffeine, more than 90% of the pool consists of labeled products of metabolism and less than 10% is still caffeine. The methyl groups seem to be transferred and used in the de novo synthesis of thymine, guanine, and adenine to nucleic acids. Normal fibroblasts, Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts, xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts, HeLa cells, wild type mouse cells, and adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase-deficient mouse cells all seem to metabolize caffeine similarly.", "contents": "Metabolism of caffeine to nucleic acid precursors in mammalian cells. Caffeine is rapidly metabolized in human and mouse cells in culture by de-methylation: within 1-3 h of exposure to millimolar concentrations of labeled caffeine, more than 90% of the pool consists of labeled products of metabolism and less than 10% is still caffeine. The methyl groups seem to be transferred and used in the de novo synthesis of thymine, guanine, and adenine to nucleic acids. Normal fibroblasts, Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts, xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts, HeLa cells, wild type mouse cells, and adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase-deficient mouse cells all seem to metabolize caffeine similarly."}
{"id": "PMID:950955", "title": "The isolation and preliminary characterisation of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Mutant clones of human diploid fibroblasts deficient in the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) were selected by their ability to grow in medium containing the cytotoxic purine analogue, 6-thioguanine (6TG). The optimal condtions for mutant selection were 6TG concentrations between 1 and 5 mug ml1 and cell plating densities approximately 10(3) cells cm-2. Nine spontaneous and four radiation-induced 6TG-resistant mutants had less than 2% of the parental strain HGPRT activity and were unable to grow in medium containing azaserine. These mutants were phenotypically stable during greater than 25 population doublings in non-selective medium and five mutants that were examined showed no gross change from the normal human karyotype. Evidence is presented to show that 6TG is a better selective agent than 8-aza-guanine (8AG) for HGPRT-deficient mutants of human diploid fibroblasts.", "contents": "The isolation and preliminary characterisation of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants of human diploid fibroblasts. Mutant clones of human diploid fibroblasts deficient in the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) were selected by their ability to grow in medium containing the cytotoxic purine analogue, 6-thioguanine (6TG). The optimal condtions for mutant selection were 6TG concentrations between 1 and 5 mug ml1 and cell plating densities approximately 10(3) cells cm-2. Nine spontaneous and four radiation-induced 6TG-resistant mutants had less than 2% of the parental strain HGPRT activity and were unable to grow in medium containing azaserine. These mutants were phenotypically stable during greater than 25 population doublings in non-selective medium and five mutants that were examined showed no gross change from the normal human karyotype. Evidence is presented to show that 6TG is a better selective agent than 8-aza-guanine (8AG) for HGPRT-deficient mutants of human diploid fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:950956", "title": "Radiation-induced DNA scissions and their rejoining in testicular cells of mouse.", "content": "The radiosensitivity of DNA molecules in testicular cells from adult male mice in situ was 0.22 single-strand breks per 10(12) daltons of DNA per rad. This was significantly lower than the 0.6-0.7 for liver and thymus DNA, and was most likely attributable to a hypoxic condition of testicular cells in situ. Although a majority of the single-strand scissions was quickly rejoined, a significant extent of breaks remained without further rejoining. The presence of remaining breaks was demonstrated not only after 3-6 h of post-irradiation time, but also after irradiation at low dose rates. The remaining breaks might be a slow and/or non-reparable DNA damage.", "contents": "Radiation-induced DNA scissions and their rejoining in testicular cells of mouse. The radiosensitivity of DNA molecules in testicular cells from adult male mice in situ was 0.22 single-strand breks per 10(12) daltons of DNA per rad. This was significantly lower than the 0.6-0.7 for liver and thymus DNA, and was most likely attributable to a hypoxic condition of testicular cells in situ. Although a majority of the single-strand scissions was quickly rejoined, a significant extent of breaks remained without further rejoining. The presence of remaining breaks was demonstrated not only after 3-6 h of post-irradiation time, but also after irradiation at low dose rates. The remaining breaks might be a slow and/or non-reparable DNA damage."}
{"id": "PMID:950957", "title": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Four patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and chronic active hepatitis were treated with human leukocyte interferon. Three of them had consistently elevated levels of circulating Dane-particle markers, including Dane-particle-associated DNA polymerase activity, hepatitis B core antigen and Dane-particle-associated DNA. Parenteral interferon administration at a dosage between 6.0 X 10(3) and 17 X 10(4) U per kilogram per day was associated with a rapid and reproducible fall in all Dane-particle markers in the three patients. The suppressive effect was transient when the interferon was given for 10 days or less but appeared to be more permanent when administration was prolonged for a month or more. In addition, long-term interferon therapy was associated with a marked fall in hepatitis B surface antigen in two of three patients and a disappearance of e antigen in two of two patients. Interferon may be useful in limiting carrier infectivity or eradicating chronic infection.", "contents": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic active hepatitis. Four patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and chronic active hepatitis were treated with human leukocyte interferon. Three of them had consistently elevated levels of circulating Dane-particle markers, including Dane-particle-associated DNA polymerase activity, hepatitis B core antigen and Dane-particle-associated DNA. Parenteral interferon administration at a dosage between 6.0 X 10(3) and 17 X 10(4) U per kilogram per day was associated with a rapid and reproducible fall in all Dane-particle markers in the three patients. The suppressive effect was transient when the interferon was given for 10 days or less but appeared to be more permanent when administration was prolonged for a month or more. In addition, long-term interferon therapy was associated with a marked fall in hepatitis B surface antigen in two of three patients and a disappearance of e antigen in two of two patients. Interferon may be useful in limiting carrier infectivity or eradicating chronic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:950958", "title": "Differential characteristics of the electrocardiogram in early repolarization and acute pericarditis.", "content": "Electrocardiographic mimicry necessitates differentiation between acute pericarditis and early repolarization. Among 96 persons, limb-lead RST deviations occurred in all 48 with pericarditis, but only 27 with early repolarization. RS-T vectors (A RS-T) in pericarditis tended to be horizontal (25 patients) and left of the T vector, A T (28 patients); in early repolarization, A RS-T was vertical in 15 subjects and right of A T (20 subjects); P less than or equal to 0.01. RS-T depression in Lead V1 was more common in pericarditis (14 vs. two); isoelectric RS-T in Lead V6 was more common in early repolarization (10 vs. one); P less than or equal to 0.01. PR segment deviations occurred in both limb and precordial leads in pericarditis; in early repolarization they were confined to either lead group. Thus, R-ST deviations in both limb and precordial leads with horizontal A RS-T to left of A T and RS-T depression in Lead V1 favor pericarditis; vertical A RS-T and isoelectric RS-T in Lead V6 favor early repolarization.", "contents": "Differential characteristics of the electrocardiogram in early repolarization and acute pericarditis. Electrocardiographic mimicry necessitates differentiation between acute pericarditis and early repolarization. Among 96 persons, limb-lead RST deviations occurred in all 48 with pericarditis, but only 27 with early repolarization. RS-T vectors (A RS-T) in pericarditis tended to be horizontal (25 patients) and left of the T vector, A T (28 patients); in early repolarization, A RS-T was vertical in 15 subjects and right of A T (20 subjects); P less than or equal to 0.01. RS-T depression in Lead V1 was more common in pericarditis (14 vs. two); isoelectric RS-T in Lead V6 was more common in early repolarization (10 vs. one); P less than or equal to 0.01. PR segment deviations occurred in both limb and precordial leads in pericarditis; in early repolarization they were confined to either lead group. Thus, R-ST deviations in both limb and precordial leads with horizontal A RS-T to left of A T and RS-T depression in Lead V1 favor pericarditis; vertical A RS-T and isoelectric RS-T in Lead V6 favor early repolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:950959", "title": "Closure of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis constricts the ductus arteriosus in fetal lambs in utero. We administered the inhibitors, aspirin or indomethacin to 18 premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus, and assessed the effects clinically and by echocardiography (left atrial/aortic-root ratio). After aspirin (20 mg per kilogram, every six hours for four doses) the ductus closed permanently in one infant within 24 hours; in another, constriction occurred with clinical improvement, and the third did not respond. In five infants given 0.3 mg per kilogram of indomethacin, complete closure occurred within one day; two of them, who received three doses had an elevated serum creatinine for one week. In one infant the ductus reopened, requiring a second dose of indomethacin 11 days after the first. Ten infants received 0.1 mg per kilogram of indomethacin, and closure occurred within 24 to 30 hours in eight. One had a soft murmur for four days, and one did not respond to two doses of indomethacin. A murmur reappeared after three to seven days in three infants but only one required further treatment. In infants receiving a single dose of 0.3 mg per kilogram, or one or more doses of 0.1 mg per kilogram, renal function was unaltered.", "contents": "Closure of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis constricts the ductus arteriosus in fetal lambs in utero. We administered the inhibitors, aspirin or indomethacin to 18 premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus, and assessed the effects clinically and by echocardiography (left atrial/aortic-root ratio). After aspirin (20 mg per kilogram, every six hours for four doses) the ductus closed permanently in one infant within 24 hours; in another, constriction occurred with clinical improvement, and the third did not respond. In five infants given 0.3 mg per kilogram of indomethacin, complete closure occurred within one day; two of them, who received three doses had an elevated serum creatinine for one week. In one infant the ductus reopened, requiring a second dose of indomethacin 11 days after the first. Ten infants received 0.1 mg per kilogram of indomethacin, and closure occurred within 24 to 30 hours in eight. One had a soft murmur for four days, and one did not respond to two doses of indomethacin. A murmur reappeared after three to seven days in three infants but only one required further treatment. In infants receiving a single dose of 0.3 mg per kilogram, or one or more doses of 0.1 mg per kilogram, renal function was unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:950972", "title": "Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events.", "content": "We studied the effects of cigarette smoking, sham smoking and smoking during adrenergic blockade in 10 subjects to determine whether smoking released the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, as well as the adrenomedullary hormone epinephrine, and whether smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic changes were mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Smoking-associated increments in mean (+/- S.E.M.) plasma norepinephrine (227 +/- 23 to 324 +/- 39 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.01) and epinephrine (44 +/- to 113 +/- 27 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.05) were demonstrated. Smoking-associated increments in pulse rate, blood pressure, blood glycerol and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio were prevented by adrenergic blockade; increments in plasma growth hormone and cortisol were not. Since significant smoking-associated increments, in pulse rate, blood pressure and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio, preceded measurable increments in plasma catecholamine concentrations, but were adrenergically mediated, these changes should be attributed to norepinephrine released locally from adrenergic axon terminals within the tissues rather than to increments in circulating catecholamines.", "contents": "Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events. We studied the effects of cigarette smoking, sham smoking and smoking during adrenergic blockade in 10 subjects to determine whether smoking released the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, as well as the adrenomedullary hormone epinephrine, and whether smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic changes were mediated through adrenergic mechanisms. Smoking-associated increments in mean (+/- S.E.M.) plasma norepinephrine (227 +/- 23 to 324 +/- 39 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.01) and epinephrine (44 +/- to 113 +/- 27 pg per milliliter, P less than 0.05) were demonstrated. Smoking-associated increments in pulse rate, blood pressure, blood glycerol and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio were prevented by adrenergic blockade; increments in plasma growth hormone and cortisol were not. Since significant smoking-associated increments, in pulse rate, blood pressure and blood lactate/pyruvate ratio, preceded measurable increments in plasma catecholamine concentrations, but were adrenergically mediated, these changes should be attributed to norepinephrine released locally from adrenergic axon terminals within the tissues rather than to increments in circulating catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:950973", "title": "Hepatic fibrinogen deposits in pre-eclampsia. Immunofluorescent evidence.", "content": "To investigate if fibrin (or fibrinogen), immunoglobulins and complement were present in the liver of patients with toxemia of pregnancy, we performed immunofluorescence studies on needle biopsies of pre-eclamptic women. Fibrin (or fibrinogen) outlining the hepatic sinusoids was found in all 12 cases; in two of them there were also large nodular deposits of fibrin (or fibrinogen) and to a lesser extent of IgG, IgM and C3 in areas of necrosis. Immunofluorescence study of 13 control liver biopsies, six from pregnant women, was negative. Our findings suggest that the factors involved in glomerular and hepatic injury are similar. To explain the predominant involvement of liver and kidney, we propose that in these organs, the vasospasm characteristic of toxemia is more severe; this enhanced severity, in the presence of a systemic yet mild blood hypercoagulability, would create adequate local conditions for the precipitation of fibrin-fibrinogen.", "contents": "Hepatic fibrinogen deposits in pre-eclampsia. Immunofluorescent evidence. To investigate if fibrin (or fibrinogen), immunoglobulins and complement were present in the liver of patients with toxemia of pregnancy, we performed immunofluorescence studies on needle biopsies of pre-eclamptic women. Fibrin (or fibrinogen) outlining the hepatic sinusoids was found in all 12 cases; in two of them there were also large nodular deposits of fibrin (or fibrinogen) and to a lesser extent of IgG, IgM and C3 in areas of necrosis. Immunofluorescence study of 13 control liver biopsies, six from pregnant women, was negative. Our findings suggest that the factors involved in glomerular and hepatic injury are similar. To explain the predominant involvement of liver and kidney, we propose that in these organs, the vasospasm characteristic of toxemia is more severe; this enhanced severity, in the presence of a systemic yet mild blood hypercoagulability, would create adequate local conditions for the precipitation of fibrin-fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:950974", "title": "Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether feeding farm animals antibiotics in feed caused changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of farm dwellers and their neighbors. Chickens were fed tetracycline-supplemented feed (tet-feed), and, as expected, within one week their intestinal flora contained almost entirely tetracycline-resistant organisms. Increased numbers of resistant intestinal bacteria also appeared, but more slowly, in farm members, but not their neighbors. Within five and six months, 31.3 per cent of weekly fecal samples from farm dwellers contained greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant bacteria as compared to 6.8 per cent of the samples from the neighbors (P less than 0.001). Seven of the 11 farm members, but only three of the 24 neighbors, had two or more fecal samples containing greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant coliforms (P less than 0.01). These resistant bacteria contained transferable plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistances. Selective pressure by tet-feed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens extends to human beings in contact with chickens and the feed.", "contents": "Changes in intestinal flora of farm personnel after introduction of a tetracycline-supplemented feed on a farm. A prospective study was undertaken to determine whether feeding farm animals antibiotics in feed caused changes in the intestinal bacterial flora of farm dwellers and their neighbors. Chickens were fed tetracycline-supplemented feed (tet-feed), and, as expected, within one week their intestinal flora contained almost entirely tetracycline-resistant organisms. Increased numbers of resistant intestinal bacteria also appeared, but more slowly, in farm members, but not their neighbors. Within five and six months, 31.3 per cent of weekly fecal samples from farm dwellers contained greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant bacteria as compared to 6.8 per cent of the samples from the neighbors (P less than 0.001). Seven of the 11 farm members, but only three of the 24 neighbors, had two or more fecal samples containing greater than 80 per cent tetracycline-resistant coliforms (P less than 0.01). These resistant bacteria contained transferable plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistances. Selective pressure by tet-feed for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens extends to human beings in contact with chickens and the feed."}
{"id": "PMID:950986", "title": "[Gas chromatographic study of odor and flavor components of dry wine].", "content": "6, 12 and 18 months after bottling, 1 sample of the primary wine, 2 samples of tank-fermented sparkling wines (taken at different production phases, i.e., during and after the second fermentation) and 3 samples of bottle-fermented raw champagne were analysed for aroma and flavour components. The samples were extracted with ether-pentane (2:1) and analysed by gas chromatography. 21 components were detected, 9 of which were identified (isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isopentanol, heptanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanol, isooctanol). There were marked qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample and the sparkling wines sample taken during the main phase of the tank-fermenting process. This is essentially attributable to the fermenting activities of the yeasts. On the contrary, the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample agreed in quality with those of the sparkling wines sample taken at the end of tank-fermentation. It is concluded from these findings that greater amounts of new components do not form during the second fermentation. On the other hand, aroma and flavour components already present in the primary wine came to the fore by the quantitative increase of certain bouquet components. The comparison of the samples of bottle-fermented sparkling wines revealed, irrespective of slight changes, a clear-cut developmental trend. During the aging process, the contents of isopentanol and of a still unidentified component decreased, whereas those of isobutanol, isopropanol, heptanol and a still unidentified component increased markedly. It is stated that differences in the fermenting process manifest themselves mainly by the ratios of the components. The bouquet components were almost similar for both fermenting processes.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic study of odor and flavor components of dry wine]. 6, 12 and 18 months after bottling, 1 sample of the primary wine, 2 samples of tank-fermented sparkling wines (taken at different production phases, i.e., during and after the second fermentation) and 3 samples of bottle-fermented raw champagne were analysed for aroma and flavour components. The samples were extracted with ether-pentane (2:1) and analysed by gas chromatography. 21 components were detected, 9 of which were identified (isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isopentanol, heptanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanol, isooctanol). There were marked qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample and the sparkling wines sample taken during the main phase of the tank-fermenting process. This is essentially attributable to the fermenting activities of the yeasts. On the contrary, the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample agreed in quality with those of the sparkling wines sample taken at the end of tank-fermentation. It is concluded from these findings that greater amounts of new components do not form during the second fermentation. On the other hand, aroma and flavour components already present in the primary wine came to the fore by the quantitative increase of certain bouquet components. The comparison of the samples of bottle-fermented sparkling wines revealed, irrespective of slight changes, a clear-cut developmental trend. During the aging process, the contents of isopentanol and of a still unidentified component decreased, whereas those of isobutanol, isopropanol, heptanol and a still unidentified component increased markedly. It is stated that differences in the fermenting process manifest themselves mainly by the ratios of the components. The bouquet components were almost similar for both fermenting processes."}
{"id": "PMID:950987", "title": "[Effect of blanching, freezing and sterilization on protein and amino acid content of green peas].", "content": "On the basis of the two years investigations carried on the green pea (var. Delis 11 fold), it was confirmed that blanching and freezing decrease the content of albumen and amino acids. The sterilizing belongs to the most drastic process. It was also confirmed that methionine limits the content of albumen.", "contents": "[Effect of blanching, freezing and sterilization on protein and amino acid content of green peas]. On the basis of the two years investigations carried on the green pea (var. Delis 11 fold), it was confirmed that blanching and freezing decrease the content of albumen and amino acids. The sterilizing belongs to the most drastic process. It was also confirmed that methionine limits the content of albumen."}
{"id": "PMID:950988", "title": "[Substantiation of the concept of \"freshness\" with fodder rye and wheat as examples].", "content": "In moderately or severely damaged fodder rye and wheat, the catalase test and the acidity determination are suited for corroborating the results of the organoleptic examination; But it must be emphasized that organoleptic tests cannot be replaced by the determination of chemical parameters. The present studies indicate that the substantiation of freshness by means of chemical parameters is limited in case of light or moderate deterioration.", "contents": "[Substantiation of the concept of \"freshness\" with fodder rye and wheat as examples]. In moderately or severely damaged fodder rye and wheat, the catalase test and the acidity determination are suited for corroborating the results of the organoleptic examination; But it must be emphasized that organoleptic tests cannot be replaced by the determination of chemical parameters. The present studies indicate that the substantiation of freshness by means of chemical parameters is limited in case of light or moderate deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:950989", "title": "[Swelling properties and structural stability of spun protein fibers].", "content": "With spun protein fibers of casein and a mixture of casein and vegetable proteins results in a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate an increased diameter of the protein fibers. The determination of this change makes possible an examination of the swellability and stability of the structure of protein fibers.", "contents": "[Swelling properties and structural stability of spun protein fibers]. With spun protein fibers of casein and a mixture of casein and vegetable proteins results in a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate an increased diameter of the protein fibers. The determination of this change makes possible an examination of the swellability and stability of the structure of protein fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:950990", "title": "[Value of the \"amylose number\" in determination of starch damage].", "content": "The author demonstrated column and paper chromatographically that no or very little amylose is extracted when using HAMPEL's method for the colorimetric determination of starch damage (\"amylose number\"). The actually extracted substances are mainly other starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution. Further starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution are extracted by rewashing with the different components of HAMPEL's solvent mixture. The most distinct results were obtained with distilled water. It is suggested to rewash the filter residue with distilled water to extract all the damaged starch and to use the combined extracts for the determination. In consideration of the fact that HAMPEL's solvent mixture extracts not only amylose from the damaged starch, the term of \"amylose number\" should be rejected and replaced by the term of formamide ammonium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FAS) method or formamide sodium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FNS) method.", "contents": "[Value of the \"amylose number\" in determination of starch damage]. The author demonstrated column and paper chromatographically that no or very little amylose is extracted when using HAMPEL's method for the colorimetric determination of starch damage (\"amylose number\"). The actually extracted substances are mainly other starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution. Further starch components which form a violet colour on addition of a dilute iodine solution are extracted by rewashing with the different components of HAMPEL's solvent mixture. The most distinct results were obtained with distilled water. It is suggested to rewash the filter residue with distilled water to extract all the damaged starch and to use the combined extracts for the determination. In consideration of the fact that HAMPEL's solvent mixture extracts not only amylose from the damaged starch, the term of \"amylose number\" should be rejected and replaced by the term of formamide ammonium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FAS) method or formamide sodium sulphate sulphosalicylic acid (FNS) method."}
{"id": "PMID:950991", "title": "[Analysis of thiabendazole in citrus fruits and bananas].", "content": "With regard to routine analyses in market control, the authors recommend two methods (according to the expected amounts of active principle) for the determination of thiabendazole residues on citrus fruits and bananas. The ultraviolet spectrophotometric method is preferable in determining thiabendazole contents of more than 1 p.p.m., if the cleaning operations described are respected. For the detection of thiabendazole and for the determination of amounts of less than 1 p.p.m. (the tolerance limit being 0.2 p.p.m. for pomes, berries, stone fruits, kernel fruits and also for potatoes) the thin-layer chromatographic method seems likewise to be suited (also in considering that it is semi-quantitative by nature); especially since the spectrophotometric method yields values by 0.2 p.p.m. too high (due to the measurement of residual absorption of vegetable constituents). The authors are of opinion that such an error must be considered to be too high for contents lower than 1 p.p.m.", "contents": "[Analysis of thiabendazole in citrus fruits and bananas]. With regard to routine analyses in market control, the authors recommend two methods (according to the expected amounts of active principle) for the determination of thiabendazole residues on citrus fruits and bananas. The ultraviolet spectrophotometric method is preferable in determining thiabendazole contents of more than 1 p.p.m., if the cleaning operations described are respected. For the detection of thiabendazole and for the determination of amounts of less than 1 p.p.m. (the tolerance limit being 0.2 p.p.m. for pomes, berries, stone fruits, kernel fruits and also for potatoes) the thin-layer chromatographic method seems likewise to be suited (also in considering that it is semi-quantitative by nature); especially since the spectrophotometric method yields values by 0.2 p.p.m. too high (due to the measurement of residual absorption of vegetable constituents). The authors are of opinion that such an error must be considered to be too high for contents lower than 1 p.p.m."}
{"id": "PMID:950992", "title": "[Changes in the nutritive physiological value of proteins modified by dialdehyde starch].", "content": "The reaction of dialdehyde starch with the proteins of certain model protein texturates produces changes in the nutrition physiological quality of the proteins. Under the experimental conditions chosen, these changes were barely or not at all detectable by amino-acid analysis. On using the technique of aminoacid liberation under in vitro conditions, these changes were evidenced only for lysine and arginine. The determination of the lysine availability, however, testifies to a reversible or irreversible change of lysine which reduces significantly the PER values (animal experiments) of protein texturates treated with 100% oxidized dialdehyde starch. The differences between the NPU values were but insignificant. In spite of the detectable change in protein quality, the quality of the model protein texturates tested still satisfies the criteria for proteins with a composition which is favourable from the viewpoint of nutrition physiology.", "contents": "[Changes in the nutritive physiological value of proteins modified by dialdehyde starch]. The reaction of dialdehyde starch with the proteins of certain model protein texturates produces changes in the nutrition physiological quality of the proteins. Under the experimental conditions chosen, these changes were barely or not at all detectable by amino-acid analysis. On using the technique of aminoacid liberation under in vitro conditions, these changes were evidenced only for lysine and arginine. The determination of the lysine availability, however, testifies to a reversible or irreversible change of lysine which reduces significantly the PER values (animal experiments) of protein texturates treated with 100% oxidized dialdehyde starch. The differences between the NPU values were but insignificant. In spite of the detectable change in protein quality, the quality of the model protein texturates tested still satisfies the criteria for proteins with a composition which is favourable from the viewpoint of nutrition physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:950993", "title": "Eimeria leuckarti infection in foals.", "content": "This is the first report on Eimeria leuckarti infection in foals in Japan. Seven Thoroughbred or Angloarabian foals 2 to 7 months of age raised in the Hidaka district, Hokkaido, were infected with E. leuckarti. They died of severe alterations caused by the larval migration of Strongylus vulgaris, and were examined over a period from 1970 to 1973. Protozoa of this species were observed in the small intestine in all the foals. They were found mostly in vacuoles of the cytoplasm of monoclear cells in the lamina propria at or near the tip of villi. Various stages of gametocytes, oocysts, and microgametocytes were found. In infected cells the nucleus was markedly enlarged, but the cellular response was very slight to the parasite.", "contents": "Eimeria leuckarti infection in foals. This is the first report on Eimeria leuckarti infection in foals in Japan. Seven Thoroughbred or Angloarabian foals 2 to 7 months of age raised in the Hidaka district, Hokkaido, were infected with E. leuckarti. They died of severe alterations caused by the larval migration of Strongylus vulgaris, and were examined over a period from 1970 to 1973. Protozoa of this species were observed in the small intestine in all the foals. They were found mostly in vacuoles of the cytoplasm of monoclear cells in the lamina propria at or near the tip of villi. Various stages of gametocytes, oocysts, and microgametocytes were found. In infected cells the nucleus was markedly enlarged, but the cellular response was very slight to the parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:951012", "title": "Optimum dialysate calcium concentration during maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "A dialysate calcium concentration of 7 mg/100 ml is optimal for hemodialysis. Provided plasma phosphate concentrations are maintained within the normal range and provided that thrice weekly dialysis is employed, this concentration of calcium in the dialysate restores plasma-ionized calcium level to normal, provides sufficient calcium during dialysis to offset loss of calcium in the stool, and prevents loss of calcium from bone. Several clinical trials indicate that it reduces the risk of progressive secondary hyperparathyroidism. Normalization of plasma calcium and phosphate levels reduces (but does not eliminate) the risk of metastatic calcification.", "contents": "Optimum dialysate calcium concentration during maintenance hemodialysis. A dialysate calcium concentration of 7 mg/100 ml is optimal for hemodialysis. Provided plasma phosphate concentrations are maintained within the normal range and provided that thrice weekly dialysis is employed, this concentration of calcium in the dialysate restores plasma-ionized calcium level to normal, provides sufficient calcium during dialysis to offset loss of calcium in the stool, and prevents loss of calcium from bone. Several clinical trials indicate that it reduces the risk of progressive secondary hyperparathyroidism. Normalization of plasma calcium and phosphate levels reduces (but does not eliminate) the risk of metastatic calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:951013", "title": "The influence of age on the renal response to water deprivation in man.", "content": "Alterations in urine concentrating ability with age were examined in 98 active community-dwelling volunteers (aged 20-79 years) who were free from evidence of diseases known to adversely affect renal function. There was a significant decrease in urine osmolality reached after 12 h dehydration with advancing age, which could not be correlated with the age-related decline in creatinine clearance. A significant age-related diminution in the ability to conserve solute was also observed. This inability to conserve solute may result in diminished medullary tonicity and impaired urinary concentrating ability.", "contents": "The influence of age on the renal response to water deprivation in man. Alterations in urine concentrating ability with age were examined in 98 active community-dwelling volunteers (aged 20-79 years) who were free from evidence of diseases known to adversely affect renal function. There was a significant decrease in urine osmolality reached after 12 h dehydration with advancing age, which could not be correlated with the age-related decline in creatinine clearance. A significant age-related diminution in the ability to conserve solute was also observed. This inability to conserve solute may result in diminished medullary tonicity and impaired urinary concentrating ability."}
{"id": "PMID:951014", "title": "The effect of indomethacin on kidney function and plasma renin activity in man.", "content": "125Iothalamate and 131I-hippuran clearances, sodium excretion and plasma renin activity (PRA) before and during indomethacin administration in an oral dose of 3 x 50 mg/day were studied in volunteers with a normal or reduced kidney function, as well on non-sodium-restricted as on sodium-restricted diet. Indomethacin induced a temporary sodium and water retention and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. It also lowered PRA. The latter phenomenon did not depend on sodium retention and was present within 2 h after an oral dose of 50 mg. The results may be explained by indomethacin-induced inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of indomethacin on kidney function and plasma renin activity in man. 125Iothalamate and 131I-hippuran clearances, sodium excretion and plasma renin activity (PRA) before and during indomethacin administration in an oral dose of 3 x 50 mg/day were studied in volunteers with a normal or reduced kidney function, as well on non-sodium-restricted as on sodium-restricted diet. Indomethacin induced a temporary sodium and water retention and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. It also lowered PRA. The latter phenomenon did not depend on sodium retention and was present within 2 h after an oral dose of 50 mg. The results may be explained by indomethacin-induced inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:951015", "title": "Effects of digitonin on mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions from renal cortex.", "content": "Digitonin was studied as a means of purifying mitochondrial fractions which were contaminated by lysosmes and other membranous structures. At concentrations which did not cause loss of mitochondrial enzymes, digitonin released into the supernatant significant amounts of marker enzymes for lysosomes, plasma membranes, and other cytoplasmic organelles. Acid glycosidases followed differing patterns of release that may reflect the heterogenous organization of the lysosomal enzyme-membrane complex. While there are limitations to the digitonin method, studies of certain aspects of mitochondrial function may benefit from the digitonin pretreatment step.", "contents": "Effects of digitonin on mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions from renal cortex. Digitonin was studied as a means of purifying mitochondrial fractions which were contaminated by lysosmes and other membranous structures. At concentrations which did not cause loss of mitochondrial enzymes, digitonin released into the supernatant significant amounts of marker enzymes for lysosomes, plasma membranes, and other cytoplasmic organelles. Acid glycosidases followed differing patterns of release that may reflect the heterogenous organization of the lysosomal enzyme-membrane complex. While there are limitations to the digitonin method, studies of certain aspects of mitochondrial function may benefit from the digitonin pretreatment step."}
{"id": "PMID:951016", "title": "Renal failure following gentamicin in combination with clindamycin.", "content": "Acute renal failure (ARF) occurred concomitantly with the administration of gentamicin in combination with clindamycin in three patients in whom no other known predisposing cause of ARF could be demonstrated. The evidence for combined nephrotoxicity consisted of the temporal relationship between administration of the antibiotics and the development of ARF, and the prompt improvement in renal function upon cessation of therapy. Complete or partial recovery of renal function occured in all patients. Renal function should be carefully monitored in patients receiving this antibiotic combination.", "contents": "Renal failure following gentamicin in combination with clindamycin. Acute renal failure (ARF) occurred concomitantly with the administration of gentamicin in combination with clindamycin in three patients in whom no other known predisposing cause of ARF could be demonstrated. The evidence for combined nephrotoxicity consisted of the temporal relationship between administration of the antibiotics and the development of ARF, and the prompt improvement in renal function upon cessation of therapy. Complete or partial recovery of renal function occured in all patients. Renal function should be carefully monitored in patients receiving this antibiotic combination."}
{"id": "PMID:951017", "title": "Occurrence of renovascular hypertension in two sisters.", "content": "Renovascular hypertension in two sisters, aged 22 and 20, respectively, has been described. Renal artery stenoses were observed unilaterally in the elder patient and bilaterally in the younger one. In both patients, the functional significance of unilateral stenosis of the renal artery was documented by the renal vein renin ratio between the affected side and the contralateral or less affected side. High blood pressure and elevated plasma renin activity have been normalized with a unilateral revascularization in the elder patient, and with the treatment of propranolol in the younger one. The histological examination of the stenotic renal artery in the elder patient showed a finding comparable to the perimedial fibroplasia in Harrison and McCormack's classification of idiopathic fibromuscular stenosis.", "contents": "Occurrence of renovascular hypertension in two sisters. Renovascular hypertension in two sisters, aged 22 and 20, respectively, has been described. Renal artery stenoses were observed unilaterally in the elder patient and bilaterally in the younger one. In both patients, the functional significance of unilateral stenosis of the renal artery was documented by the renal vein renin ratio between the affected side and the contralateral or less affected side. High blood pressure and elevated plasma renin activity have been normalized with a unilateral revascularization in the elder patient, and with the treatment of propranolol in the younger one. The histological examination of the stenotic renal artery in the elder patient showed a finding comparable to the perimedial fibroplasia in Harrison and McCormack's classification of idiopathic fibromuscular stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951035", "title": "[Clinical problems of neural lesions in the phase of rehabilitation. Their significance and importance in final success of rehabilitation therapy].", "content": "The frequency and significance of associated diseases and clinical problems in patients with nerve injuries in the recovery stage was statistically assessed. A variety of clinical situations are observed in practically all such patients. Half of the symptoms and diseases encountered relate to the nervous system and cardiocirculatory apparatus, while there is also a high incidence of skeletal muscle and urinary affections. The significance of these signs as far as rehabilitation is concerned can be seen in the fact that psychological and micturition disturbances are observed, along with muscle hypertonia, fibromyositis, cystitis and arthrosis. These form the more common obstacles to the regular execution of a rehabilitation programme, whereas no such significance is possessed by such serious diseases as valvular cardiopathy, hypertension and neoplasia of the neuraxis.", "contents": "[Clinical problems of neural lesions in the phase of rehabilitation. Their significance and importance in final success of rehabilitation therapy]. The frequency and significance of associated diseases and clinical problems in patients with nerve injuries in the recovery stage was statistically assessed. A variety of clinical situations are observed in practically all such patients. Half of the symptoms and diseases encountered relate to the nervous system and cardiocirculatory apparatus, while there is also a high incidence of skeletal muscle and urinary affections. The significance of these signs as far as rehabilitation is concerned can be seen in the fact that psychological and micturition disturbances are observed, along with muscle hypertonia, fibromyositis, cystitis and arthrosis. These form the more common obstacles to the regular execution of a rehabilitation programme, whereas no such significance is possessed by such serious diseases as valvular cardiopathy, hypertension and neoplasia of the neuraxis."}
{"id": "PMID:951036", "title": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology. Diagnosis of coronary insufficiency: methods and evaluated parameters].", "content": "The historical development of the stress-test in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency has been examined from the first observations about 1930 regarding changes in the repolarization phase during effort in coronary patients, up to modern tests with the ergometer bicycle and treadmill. Starting from the consideration that Master's Test is still the most commonly used in clinical practice, the limitations of tests of this type are highlighted and the discussion also covers the techniques and parameters now considered of greatest importance in cardiopathy diagnosis and evaluated by means of modern maximal stress tests. The results of a first period of work involving tests using the treadmill are reported. The methodology is discussed and the symptoms or ECG data that had suggested the test be used are related to the patient's origin (out-patient or hospitalized) and with the test's positivity or negativity. The high incidence of unstable ST syndrome, especially in the female sex, is also stressed. If this is not thoroughly investigated functionally (hyperventilation, Valsalva, etc.) it could be the cause of a large number of false positives. The lack of danger in the maximal stress test, even in cardiopaths, is confirmed together with the extreme ease with which nearly all patients manage to perform the test on the treadmill. Stress is also laid on the fact that the stress test is functional, unlike coronarography which is purely morphological, and the two examinations are thus complementary in the diversity of information they provide.", "contents": "[Ergometric tests in cardiology. Diagnosis of coronary insufficiency: methods and evaluated parameters]. The historical development of the stress-test in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency has been examined from the first observations about 1930 regarding changes in the repolarization phase during effort in coronary patients, up to modern tests with the ergometer bicycle and treadmill. Starting from the consideration that Master's Test is still the most commonly used in clinical practice, the limitations of tests of this type are highlighted and the discussion also covers the techniques and parameters now considered of greatest importance in cardiopathy diagnosis and evaluated by means of modern maximal stress tests. The results of a first period of work involving tests using the treadmill are reported. The methodology is discussed and the symptoms or ECG data that had suggested the test be used are related to the patient's origin (out-patient or hospitalized) and with the test's positivity or negativity. The high incidence of unstable ST syndrome, especially in the female sex, is also stressed. If this is not thoroughly investigated functionally (hyperventilation, Valsalva, etc.) it could be the cause of a large number of false positives. The lack of danger in the maximal stress test, even in cardiopaths, is confirmed together with the extreme ease with which nearly all patients manage to perform the test on the treadmill. Stress is also laid on the fact that the stress test is functional, unlike coronarography which is purely morphological, and the two examinations are thus complementary in the diversity of information they provide."}
{"id": "PMID:951037", "title": "[Benign muscular dystrophy with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and congenital cataract].", "content": "A syndrome characterized by benig muscular dystrophy, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, congenital cataract and normal karyotype is reported. A similar condition was described by Bass\u00f6e. The patient's family tree revealed a number of isolated cases presenting some component of the syndrome, suggesting that this is connected with a recessive autosomic gene, probably with pleiotropic effect. The muscular disorder was absent in most of the other family members and its clinical signs were probably favoured by the low plasma level of testosterone with consequent reduced myotrophic action. The simultaneous presence of congenital cataract links the syndrome on the one hand to Steinert's myotonic dystrophy, although there were no clinical or electromyographic signs of myotonia, and on the other to other hereditary or familial neuroectodermal syndromes, compared to which it presents specific differential traits.", "contents": "[Benign muscular dystrophy with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and congenital cataract]. A syndrome characterized by benig muscular dystrophy, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, congenital cataract and normal karyotype is reported. A similar condition was described by Bass\u00f6e. The patient's family tree revealed a number of isolated cases presenting some component of the syndrome, suggesting that this is connected with a recessive autosomic gene, probably with pleiotropic effect. The muscular disorder was absent in most of the other family members and its clinical signs were probably favoured by the low plasma level of testosterone with consequent reduced myotrophic action. The simultaneous presence of congenital cataract links the syndrome on the one hand to Steinert's myotonic dystrophy, although there were no clinical or electromyographic signs of myotonia, and on the other to other hereditary or familial neuroectodermal syndromes, compared to which it presents specific differential traits."}
{"id": "PMID:951038", "title": "[Treatment of obesity with chorionic gonadotropins. Relations between obesity, dyslipidemia and arthero-arteriosclerosis].", "content": "A long account of the many factors responsible form atherosclerosis (dysmetabolism, physical, genetic and familial factors, immunobiological features, diet) is followed by an assessment of obesity as a main risk factor in the local pathology of atherosclerosis. Results obtained in the treatment of obesity with chorionic gonadotropin and a 500 calorie standard diet are presented. These were highly satisfactory with respect to weight loss, tolerance, and marked improvement (or even normalisation) of blood lipid values, which were initially pathological in many cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of obesity with chorionic gonadotropins. Relations between obesity, dyslipidemia and arthero-arteriosclerosis]. A long account of the many factors responsible form atherosclerosis (dysmetabolism, physical, genetic and familial factors, immunobiological features, diet) is followed by an assessment of obesity as a main risk factor in the local pathology of atherosclerosis. Results obtained in the treatment of obesity with chorionic gonadotropin and a 500 calorie standard diet are presented. These were highly satisfactory with respect to weight loss, tolerance, and marked improvement (or even normalisation) of blood lipid values, which were initially pathological in many cases."}
{"id": "PMID:951039", "title": "[Geriatric department].", "content": "The medicolegal, health and organisational aspects of the department introduced by law into the Italian hospital structure are examined. A comparison is made with the proposals made in the single national contract for hospital workers. An account is given of the Senior Citizen's Department set up at Trieste, in the light of the city's demographic and socioeconomic situation.", "contents": "[Geriatric department]. The medicolegal, health and organisational aspects of the department introduced by law into the Italian hospital structure are examined. A comparison is made with the proposals made in the single national contract for hospital workers. An account is given of the Senior Citizen's Department set up at Trieste, in the light of the city's demographic and socioeconomic situation."}
{"id": "PMID:951040", "title": "[Importance of atrial rhythm disease in geriatrics].", "content": "13 patients aged between 69 and 85 suffering from atrial rhythm disease were examined. Special attention was paid to the relationships between this syndrome and acute cerebral vascular pathology. The series shows the high frequency in arrhythmic atrial disease of episodes of incipient loss of consciousness or authentic syncopal phenomena. Fully 11 patients were subjected.....ed to definitive endocardial stimulation owing to the intensity of the symptomatology. On the basis of these observations, stress is laid on the importance of atrial rhythm disease as a cause of acute cerebral ischaemia in the elderly subject", "contents": "[Importance of atrial rhythm disease in geriatrics]. 13 patients aged between 69 and 85 suffering from atrial rhythm disease were examined. Special attention was paid to the relationships between this syndrome and acute cerebral vascular pathology. The series shows the high frequency in arrhythmic atrial disease of episodes of incipient loss of consciousness or authentic syncopal phenomena. Fully 11 patients were subjected.....ed to definitive endocardial stimulation owing to the intensity of the symptomatology. On the basis of these observations, stress is laid on the importance of atrial rhythm disease as a cause of acute cerebral ischaemia in the elderly subject"}
{"id": "PMID:951041", "title": "[Thoracic diseases with predominant abdominal symptomatology].", "content": "Common and uncommon diseases whose symptom picture includes signs that may lead to an incorrect diagnosis are examined. Questions of this kind are obviously important in both medicine and emergency surgery, since incorrect diagnosis may involve either delay in the commencement of suitable treatment or the taking of what may even be dangerous therapeutic measures. Instances of heart and lung disease frequetly marked by abdominal symptomatologies are presented: bronchopulmonitis of various aetiologies, myocardial infarct, rhythm disturbances. In addition to the more atypical signs, such as epigastric pain in infarct and right hypochondriac pain in right basal bronchopulmonitis, manifestations such as vomiting, diarrhoea, diffuse abdominal pains and intestinal occlusion must be borne in mnd in establishing the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[Thoracic diseases with predominant abdominal symptomatology]. Common and uncommon diseases whose symptom picture includes signs that may lead to an incorrect diagnosis are examined. Questions of this kind are obviously important in both medicine and emergency surgery, since incorrect diagnosis may involve either delay in the commencement of suitable treatment or the taking of what may even be dangerous therapeutic measures. Instances of heart and lung disease frequetly marked by abdominal symptomatologies are presented: bronchopulmonitis of various aetiologies, myocardial infarct, rhythm disturbances. In addition to the more atypical signs, such as epigastric pain in infarct and right hypochondriac pain in right basal bronchopulmonitis, manifestations such as vomiting, diarrhoea, diffuse abdominal pains and intestinal occlusion must be borne in mnd in establishing the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951042", "title": "[Contribution of the mechanocardiography to the study of obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy].", "content": "Kinetocardiography, ECG and radiography, were compared as ways of obtaining early diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale in two series of patients (81 in all) with chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy. Kinetocardiography proved markedly superior in this respect. It revealed right ventricular pressure overload in a higher percentage of cases and at an earlier stage, i.e. when PAP values were little above normal resting values, of even when their increase appeared only during physical effort.", "contents": "[Contribution of the mechanocardiography to the study of obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy]. Kinetocardiography, ECG and radiography, were compared as ways of obtaining early diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale in two series of patients (81 in all) with chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy. Kinetocardiography proved markedly superior in this respect. It revealed right ventricular pressure overload in a higher percentage of cases and at an earlier stage, i.e. when PAP values were little above normal resting values, of even when their increase appeared only during physical effort."}
{"id": "PMID:951047", "title": "[Case of crural ulcer during polycythemia vera].", "content": "A case of polycythaemia vera, in which a crural ulcer appeared numerous years after the onset of the disease, is reported. The absence of important angioneurological lesions and the signs at cutaneous lesion level of capillary dilatation, suggest that crural ulcer is a complication of polycythaemia. Aetiopathogenetic aspects are also discussed.", "contents": "[Case of crural ulcer during polycythemia vera]. A case of polycythaemia vera, in which a crural ulcer appeared numerous years after the onset of the disease, is reported. The absence of important angioneurological lesions and the signs at cutaneous lesion level of capillary dilatation, suggest that crural ulcer is a complication of polycythaemia. Aetiopathogenetic aspects are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951048", "title": "[Plasma insulin and GH during oral glucose load in liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Blood sugar, insulin and GH values were examined in two groups of cirrhosis of the liver patients, with and without ascites, after the administration of 100 g glucose per os. No significant differences between the two groups were observed. Insulin values were higher than those in the controls, with a pattern similar to that noted in subjects with chemical diabetes. GH values were higher than in normal subjects and secretion was not suppressed.", "contents": "[Plasma insulin and GH during oral glucose load in liver cirrhosis]. Blood sugar, insulin and GH values were examined in two groups of cirrhosis of the liver patients, with and without ascites, after the administration of 100 g glucose per os. No significant differences between the two groups were observed. Insulin values were higher than those in the controls, with a pattern similar to that noted in subjects with chemical diabetes. GH values were higher than in normal subjects and secretion was not suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:951049", "title": "[Clinical effects of a clonidine-chlorthalidone combination in the treatment of arterial hypertension].", "content": "Clonidine (0.075-0.225 mg/day) and chlorthalidone (0.15-0.45 mg/day) were associated in the management of 23 cases of arterial hypertension of varying nature and gravity. A significant and satisfactory decrease in pressure was accompanied by reduced cardiac frequency. Diuresis, body weight and the main biohumoral indices were not significantly affected. The mechanism of action of the two drugs is explained and the reason why success was obtained with their combination in less-than-normal doses is discussed.", "contents": "[Clinical effects of a clonidine-chlorthalidone combination in the treatment of arterial hypertension]. Clonidine (0.075-0.225 mg/day) and chlorthalidone (0.15-0.45 mg/day) were associated in the management of 23 cases of arterial hypertension of varying nature and gravity. A significant and satisfactory decrease in pressure was accompanied by reduced cardiac frequency. Diuresis, body weight and the main biohumoral indices were not significantly affected. The mechanism of action of the two drugs is explained and the reason why success was obtained with their combination in less-than-normal doses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951050", "title": "[Initial results in the treatment with short-term dialysis].", "content": "Results observed during short-period dialysis management lasting 8 months in 80 patients are presented. There was no significant change in blood chemistry and clinical pictures, through intra- and interdialytic well-being improved. Six, out of 33 patients and to be transferred from 12 hr per week to more prolonged treatment periods due to the rapid onset of sub-dialysis symptoms. No patients receiving 15 hr per week required such a change. The reasons for failure in these six subjects are discussed, together with the indications for a choice of 12 or 15 hr periods.", "contents": "[Initial results in the treatment with short-term dialysis]. Results observed during short-period dialysis management lasting 8 months in 80 patients are presented. There was no significant change in blood chemistry and clinical pictures, through intra- and interdialytic well-being improved. Six, out of 33 patients and to be transferred from 12 hr per week to more prolonged treatment periods due to the rapid onset of sub-dialysis symptoms. No patients receiving 15 hr per week required such a change. The reasons for failure in these six subjects are discussed, together with the indications for a choice of 12 or 15 hr periods."}
{"id": "PMID:951051", "title": "[Hemato-tissue eosinophilia in a case of ulcerative rectocolitis].", "content": "A case of ulcerous rectocolitis presenting a remarkable haematic and tissue eosinophilia, both rectal and gastric, is described. After therapy, the eosinphil complement decreased in the blood but not in the colic mucosa. It is suggested that eosinphilia is not a particular characteristic of ulcerous colitis, but the expression of an inidvidual reaction to an inflammatory stimulus.", "contents": "[Hemato-tissue eosinophilia in a case of ulcerative rectocolitis]. A case of ulcerous rectocolitis presenting a remarkable haematic and tissue eosinophilia, both rectal and gastric, is described. After therapy, the eosinphil complement decreased in the blood but not in the colic mucosa. It is suggested that eosinphilia is not a particular characteristic of ulcerous colitis, but the expression of an inidvidual reaction to an inflammatory stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:951052", "title": "[Use of RIA (radioimmunoassay) technics in the identification of narcotics in biological fluids].", "content": "Radioimmunoassay has been compared with extraction thin-layer chromatography and gas-chromatography for the detection of morphine and barbiturate in urine. Radioimmunoassay has been found to be the most sensitive and rapid method and its use in large scale screening and forensic toxicology is considered.", "contents": "[Use of RIA (radioimmunoassay) technics in the identification of narcotics in biological fluids]. Radioimmunoassay has been compared with extraction thin-layer chromatography and gas-chromatography for the detection of morphine and barbiturate in urine. Radioimmunoassay has been found to be the most sensitive and rapid method and its use in large scale screening and forensic toxicology is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:951131", "title": "Epidemiology of hyaline membrane disease in the United States: analysis of national mortality statistics.", "content": "National mortality statistics for hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were examined in this study for the years 1968 to 1973. Detailed data were obtained by computer analysis of magnetic tapes from the National Center for Health Statistics. During the six-year interval, HMD/RDS was determined to be the underlying cause of death in 54,064 infants or 9,010 +/- 560 (mean +/- SD) infants per year. Analysis of individual death certificates for 1968 revealed the disease to a major contributing factor in another 24%. Thus, it may be estimated that HMD  was involved in the demise of nearly 12,000 neonates  per year over this period. This amounts to approximately 20% of all neonatal deaths. On the basis of mortality rates, a trend toward an increased incidence of fatal HMD/RDS was established from 1968 to 1973. Deaths tend to cluster in the summer months and January-February represent the lowest months of recorded fatalities. Analysis of the age at death, reflecting time course of the disease, revealed idential patterns for 1968 to 1970. The number of deaths was found to decline exponentially between the first and fourth 24-hour periods so that 92% of all deaths occurred by 4 days of age. Boys contributed more prominently to the death totals than girls with ratios from 1.62 to 1.76. Examination of mortality rates by race suggested that black permatures have a lower incidence of fatal HMD/RDS. In addition to nationwide figures, those of individual states were compared for three years. Generally, HMD/RDS mortality rates correlated with overall neonatal mortality statistics. Exceptions were observed, however, such as Illinois where low rates for the former coexist with relatively high neonatal death rates. These data respresent the first national mortality statistics for HMD and may prove useful in planning and providing intensive neonatal care.", "contents": "Epidemiology of hyaline membrane disease in the United States: analysis of national mortality statistics. National mortality statistics for hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were examined in this study for the years 1968 to 1973. Detailed data were obtained by computer analysis of magnetic tapes from the National Center for Health Statistics. During the six-year interval, HMD/RDS was determined to be the underlying cause of death in 54,064 infants or 9,010 +/- 560 (mean +/- SD) infants per year. Analysis of individual death certificates for 1968 revealed the disease to a major contributing factor in another 24%. Thus, it may be estimated that HMD  was involved in the demise of nearly 12,000 neonates  per year over this period. This amounts to approximately 20% of all neonatal deaths. On the basis of mortality rates, a trend toward an increased incidence of fatal HMD/RDS was established from 1968 to 1973. Deaths tend to cluster in the summer months and January-February represent the lowest months of recorded fatalities. Analysis of the age at death, reflecting time course of the disease, revealed idential patterns for 1968 to 1970. The number of deaths was found to decline exponentially between the first and fourth 24-hour periods so that 92% of all deaths occurred by 4 days of age. Boys contributed more prominently to the death totals than girls with ratios from 1.62 to 1.76. Examination of mortality rates by race suggested that black permatures have a lower incidence of fatal HMD/RDS. In addition to nationwide figures, those of individual states were compared for three years. Generally, HMD/RDS mortality rates correlated with overall neonatal mortality statistics. Exceptions were observed, however, such as Illinois where low rates for the former coexist with relatively high neonatal death rates. These data respresent the first national mortality statistics for HMD and may prove useful in planning and providing intensive neonatal care."}
{"id": "PMID:951132", "title": "The role of acidosis at birth in the development of hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that intarpartum acidosis has a role in the etiology of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), blood was collected from the umbilical artery (UA) at birth from 110 premature infants and analyzed for hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), PCO2, standard bicarbonate, and lactic acid. The infants were followed until a definite diagnosis was made of HMD (33 infants), type II respiratory distress syndrome (16 infants) or the absence of respiratory distress (61 infants). In general, infants with HMD were more premature and had lower Apgar scores than nondistressed infants; however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in any acid-base measurement. Only in those patients of 32 to 37 weeks' gestational age was it possible to detect a significant increase in UA [H+] in infants with HMD compared to those without respiratory distress. There was evidence that the reduced Apgar score of infants with HMD may be due to immaturity and abnormal pulmonary function secondary to lung disease. It is concluded that acidosis at birth is not a factor in the development of HMD except possibly in more mature infants.", "contents": "The role of acidosis at birth in the development of hyaline membrane disease. To test the hypothesis that intarpartum acidosis has a role in the etiology of hyaline membrane disease (HMD), blood was collected from the umbilical artery (UA) at birth from 110 premature infants and analyzed for hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), PCO2, standard bicarbonate, and lactic acid. The infants were followed until a definite diagnosis was made of HMD (33 infants), type II respiratory distress syndrome (16 infants) or the absence of respiratory distress (61 infants). In general, infants with HMD were more premature and had lower Apgar scores than nondistressed infants; however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in any acid-base measurement. Only in those patients of 32 to 37 weeks' gestational age was it possible to detect a significant increase in UA [H+] in infants with HMD compared to those without respiratory distress. There was evidence that the reduced Apgar score of infants with HMD may be due to immaturity and abnormal pulmonary function secondary to lung disease. It is concluded that acidosis at birth is not a factor in the development of HMD except possibly in more mature infants."}
{"id": "PMID:951133", "title": "Persistence of fetal cardiopulmonary circulation: one manifestation of transient tachypnea of the newborn.", "content": "Five cyanotic newborn infants underwent cardiac catheterization between 8 and 36 hours of age with a tentative diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease. All had normal cardiovascular anatomy. Cyanosis was the result of persistence of fetal cardiopulmonary circulation with right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus. In all infants, cyanosis resolved spontaneously and the infants survived without sequelae. Admission chest roentgenograms of all infants showed marked hyperinflation of the lungs. Except for severe hypoxemia, the clinical presentation, chest films, and course of illness of these infants were consistent with transient tachypnea of the newborn. It is proposed that an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, due to hyperinflation of the lungs, was the mechanism which reopened the fetal cardiopulmonary circulatory channels and produced hypoxemia, and that these infants suffered from a rare manifestation of a usually benign newborn respiratory condition. Further, given these pathophysiologic mechanisms, the use of continuous transpulmonary pressure gradients in the management of such infants would be contraindicated.", "contents": "Persistence of fetal cardiopulmonary circulation: one manifestation of transient tachypnea of the newborn. Five cyanotic newborn infants underwent cardiac catheterization between 8 and 36 hours of age with a tentative diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease. All had normal cardiovascular anatomy. Cyanosis was the result of persistence of fetal cardiopulmonary circulation with right-to-left shunting across the ductus arteriosus. In all infants, cyanosis resolved spontaneously and the infants survived without sequelae. Admission chest roentgenograms of all infants showed marked hyperinflation of the lungs. Except for severe hypoxemia, the clinical presentation, chest films, and course of illness of these infants were consistent with transient tachypnea of the newborn. It is proposed that an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, due to hyperinflation of the lungs, was the mechanism which reopened the fetal cardiopulmonary circulatory channels and produced hypoxemia, and that these infants suffered from a rare manifestation of a usually benign newborn respiratory condition. Further, given these pathophysiologic mechanisms, the use of continuous transpulmonary pressure gradients in the management of such infants would be contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:951134", "title": "Tympanometric detection of middle ear effusion in infants and young children.", "content": "Tympanometry, a test of middle ear status new to clinical pediatrics, was carried out on 280 subjects, 10 days through 5 years of age. The tympanograms obtained were compared with otoscopic findings and, in 107 of the subjects, with findings at myringotomy. Seven distinct tympanometric curve types were identified and defined, based on their degree of correlation with the presence or absence of middle ear effusion. In subjects 7 months of age and older, curves suggesting normal (high) tympanic membrane compliance in combination with atmospheric or near-atmospheric middle ear air pressure were rarely associated with effusion. Conversely, curves suggesting low tympanic membrane compliance were highly correlated with the presence of effusion. Curves suggesting intermediate compliance or reduced middle ear air pressure were also correlated with effusion, but the degree of correlation was dependent on the shape of the curve. In infants less than 7 months of age, many of the ears with effusion had \"normal\" tympanograms, presumably because external auditory canal walls in such infants tend to be highly distensible. Tympanometry is a simple, rapid, atraumatic, valid, and objective test, easily administered by paraprofessional personnel. Its use can result in improved detection of middle ear effusion and other middle ear abnormalities, and also appears to promote improvement in diagnostic acumen.", "contents": "Tympanometric detection of middle ear effusion in infants and young children. Tympanometry, a test of middle ear status new to clinical pediatrics, was carried out on 280 subjects, 10 days through 5 years of age. The tympanograms obtained were compared with otoscopic findings and, in 107 of the subjects, with findings at myringotomy. Seven distinct tympanometric curve types were identified and defined, based on their degree of correlation with the presence or absence of middle ear effusion. In subjects 7 months of age and older, curves suggesting normal (high) tympanic membrane compliance in combination with atmospheric or near-atmospheric middle ear air pressure were rarely associated with effusion. Conversely, curves suggesting low tympanic membrane compliance were highly correlated with the presence of effusion. Curves suggesting intermediate compliance or reduced middle ear air pressure were also correlated with effusion, but the degree of correlation was dependent on the shape of the curve. In infants less than 7 months of age, many of the ears with effusion had \"normal\" tympanograms, presumably because external auditory canal walls in such infants tend to be highly distensible. Tympanometry is a simple, rapid, atraumatic, valid, and objective test, easily administered by paraprofessional personnel. Its use can result in improved detection of middle ear effusion and other middle ear abnormalities, and also appears to promote improvement in diagnostic acumen."}
{"id": "PMID:951135", "title": "Cholesterol among children of men with myocardial infarction.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol levels were obtained on 90 children of 39 men with premature myocardial infarction and 86 children of 39 healthy men. The mean cholesterol among children of affected men (195.1 mg/100 ml) was higher than among children of healthy men (176.6 mg/100 ml) (P equal to .009). Higher mean levels were demonstrable at each of nine age groups from 1 to 21 years(P equal to .004). Levels greater than 230 mg/100 ml were found in 16.7% of children of affected fathers and 4.7% of children of healthy fathers, a ratio of 3.6 to 1 (P equal to .01). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that elevated childhood cholesterol level offers a mechanism whereby family history predicts coronary disease. A dip in cholesterol during adolescence, a finding that varies with population studied, was demonstratable among children of both affected healthy men.", "contents": "Cholesterol among children of men with myocardial infarction. Plasma cholesterol levels were obtained on 90 children of 39 men with premature myocardial infarction and 86 children of 39 healthy men. The mean cholesterol among children of affected men (195.1 mg/100 ml) was higher than among children of healthy men (176.6 mg/100 ml) (P equal to .009). Higher mean levels were demonstrable at each of nine age groups from 1 to 21 years(P equal to .004). Levels greater than 230 mg/100 ml were found in 16.7% of children of affected fathers and 4.7% of children of healthy fathers, a ratio of 3.6 to 1 (P equal to .01). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that elevated childhood cholesterol level offers a mechanism whereby family history predicts coronary disease. A dip in cholesterol during adolescence, a finding that varies with population studied, was demonstratable among children of both affected healthy men."}
{"id": "PMID:951136", "title": "The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate.", "content": "The presence of various types of birthmarks was determined in 1,058 newborn infants under 72 hours of age. Of these, 79.5% were white, 6.2% were black, 11.2% were ladinos, and 2.6% were Asiatic. Mongol spots were present in 9.6% of the white babies, 95.5% of the black babies, 81% of the Asiatic babies, and 70.1% of ladino infants. Pigmented lesions were present in 42 (4%) of the infants. Biopsies obtained in 34 (3.2%) revealed that only one-third (11) of these were melanocytic nevi. Salmon patches were present in 40.3% of the infants, recognizable early strawberry marks in 2.6%, and port-wine strains in 0.3%. In addition to birthmarks, it was determined that 30.3% of the 508 babies examined at one of the two hospitals had toxic erythema of the newborn.", "contents": "The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. The presence of various types of birthmarks was determined in 1,058 newborn infants under 72 hours of age. Of these, 79.5% were white, 6.2% were black, 11.2% were ladinos, and 2.6% were Asiatic. Mongol spots were present in 9.6% of the white babies, 95.5% of the black babies, 81% of the Asiatic babies, and 70.1% of ladino infants. Pigmented lesions were present in 42 (4%) of the infants. Biopsies obtained in 34 (3.2%) revealed that only one-third (11) of these were melanocytic nevi. Salmon patches were present in 40.3% of the infants, recognizable early strawberry marks in 2.6%, and port-wine strains in 0.3%. In addition to birthmarks, it was determined that 30.3% of the 508 babies examined at one of the two hospitals had toxic erythema of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:951137", "title": "Predicting accident frequency in children.", "content": "The concept of \"accident proneness\" is frequently discussed and rarely documented. We predicted that children who take more risks as judged by their behavior in gym class, or who have more stressful life changes as determined by their score on a Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ), would be more likely to injure themselves. 103 junior high school boys were rated for these factors, and then followed for injuries by weekly telephone calls for five months. Boys having high SRRQ scores had significantly more accidents than those with low scores; risk-taking levels were not predictive. In this study, children undergoing stressful changes in their lives were more susceptible to accidents.", "contents": "Predicting accident frequency in children. The concept of \"accident proneness\" is frequently discussed and rarely documented. We predicted that children who take more risks as judged by their behavior in gym class, or who have more stressful life changes as determined by their score on a Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ), would be more likely to injure themselves. 103 junior high school boys were rated for these factors, and then followed for injuries by weekly telephone calls for five months. Boys having high SRRQ scores had significantly more accidents than those with low scores; risk-taking levels were not predictive. In this study, children undergoing stressful changes in their lives were more susceptible to accidents."}
{"id": "PMID:951138", "title": "Postoperative trifascicular block complicating tetralogy of fallot repair.", "content": "Transient and residual conduction defects, including early and late complete heart block, are not uncommon in children following the intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The case of a young girl is described, in whom early, transient complete heart block was found to be due to trifascicular damage. Through serial electrophysiological studies, gradual improvement in the conducting system was documented, although residual trifascicular damage remained. It is believed that all children with evidence of residual trifascicular damage are subject to possibly fatal bradyarrhythmias due to late postoperative complete heart block.", "contents": "Postoperative trifascicular block complicating tetralogy of fallot repair. Transient and residual conduction defects, including early and late complete heart block, are not uncommon in children following the intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The case of a young girl is described, in whom early, transient complete heart block was found to be due to trifascicular damage. Through serial electrophysiological studies, gradual improvement in the conducting system was documented, although residual trifascicular damage remained. It is believed that all children with evidence of residual trifascicular damage are subject to possibly fatal bradyarrhythmias due to late postoperative complete heart block."}
{"id": "PMID:951139", "title": "Syndrome of intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis and cardiovascular malformations.", "content": "Peripheral pulmonary stenosis with or without intracardiac disease is described in 14 patients with intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis. Cardiovascular malformations were not present among a large group of patients with extrahepatic biliary dysgenesis. This association of intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis and vascular malformations is postulated to be a specific malformation syndrome resulting most probably from intrauterine infection. The cardiovascular disease is usually mild. The liver dysfunction varies in severity, and is accompanied by a notable hyperlipoproteinemia with secondary xanthomata which can be ameliorated by long-term treatment with cholestyramine resin and/or vegetable oil supplements.", "contents": "Syndrome of intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis and cardiovascular malformations. Peripheral pulmonary stenosis with or without intracardiac disease is described in 14 patients with intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis. Cardiovascular malformations were not present among a large group of patients with extrahepatic biliary dysgenesis. This association of intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis and vascular malformations is postulated to be a specific malformation syndrome resulting most probably from intrauterine infection. The cardiovascular disease is usually mild. The liver dysfunction varies in severity, and is accompanied by a notable hyperlipoproteinemia with secondary xanthomata which can be ameliorated by long-term treatment with cholestyramine resin and/or vegetable oil supplements."}
{"id": "PMID:951140", "title": "Effects of acutely increasing systemic vascular resistance on oxygen tension in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Effects of phenylephrine hydrochloride on the degree of hypoxia were studied in six cyanotic patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Baseline aortic and right atrial oxygen saturations, blood gas tensions, pH, and indicator-dilution curves were obtained under stable conditions. Phenylephrine was infused while systemic arterial pressure was monitored continuously. Aortic and right atrial blood samples were measured at each 10 mm Hg systolic pressure increment and decrement and analyzed for pH, PO2, PCO2, and oxygen saturation. A 40 mm Hg peak systolic aortic pressure rise was the arbitrary end point for phenylephrine infusion and the indicator-dilution curve repeated. Aortic oxygen tensions rose in all from 4 to 28 mm Hg (mean, 14 mm Hg). The net right-to-left shunt decreased from 10% to 40% (mean, 25%) with phenylephrine infusion as compared to the shunt under basal conditions. The presumed mechanism related to the increase in systemic vascular resistance relative to right ventricular outflow obstruction with resultant augmentation of pulmonary blood flow. It is concluded that acutely raising systemic vascular resistance in patients with tetralogy of Fallot using phenylephrine infusion has a beneficial effect on systemic arterial oxygen level and might be the medical treatment of choice for protracted hypoxic spells.", "contents": "Effects of acutely increasing systemic vascular resistance on oxygen tension in tetralogy of Fallot. Effects of phenylephrine hydrochloride on the degree of hypoxia were studied in six cyanotic patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Baseline aortic and right atrial oxygen saturations, blood gas tensions, pH, and indicator-dilution curves were obtained under stable conditions. Phenylephrine was infused while systemic arterial pressure was monitored continuously. Aortic and right atrial blood samples were measured at each 10 mm Hg systolic pressure increment and decrement and analyzed for pH, PO2, PCO2, and oxygen saturation. A 40 mm Hg peak systolic aortic pressure rise was the arbitrary end point for phenylephrine infusion and the indicator-dilution curve repeated. Aortic oxygen tensions rose in all from 4 to 28 mm Hg (mean, 14 mm Hg). The net right-to-left shunt decreased from 10% to 40% (mean, 25%) with phenylephrine infusion as compared to the shunt under basal conditions. The presumed mechanism related to the increase in systemic vascular resistance relative to right ventricular outflow obstruction with resultant augmentation of pulmonary blood flow. It is concluded that acutely raising systemic vascular resistance in patients with tetralogy of Fallot using phenylephrine infusion has a beneficial effect on systemic arterial oxygen level and might be the medical treatment of choice for protracted hypoxic spells."}
{"id": "PMID:951141", "title": "Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis masking as abdominal crises in sickle cell disease.", "content": "A case of sickle cell (HbSS) disease is presented in a patient with a history of recurrent admissions for abdominal pain, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests. Although he was believed to have a sickle cell abdominal crisis, his abdominal X-ray films revealed three calcified stones. Each of these stones progressively passed through the common duct and into the duodenum while awaiting surgery. He has been followed for two years since his cholecystectomy without further hospitalizations. This case led to the investigation of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease to dispel the following misconceptions. Some physicians and pediatricians believe that (1) cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are uncommon in sickle cell disease; (2) the complications of gallstones are not significant; (3) the operative risk in patients with sickle cell disease is high; (4) these patients with HbSS disease do not live long enough to get into trouble with gallstones. A review of the literature on cholelithiasis and HbSS disease presents adequate evidence to cause us to urge investigation of the gallbladder in all patients with HbSS disease and abdominal crises, and cholecystectomy as an elective procedure should stones be present.", "contents": "Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis masking as abdominal crises in sickle cell disease. A case of sickle cell (HbSS) disease is presented in a patient with a history of recurrent admissions for abdominal pain, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests. Although he was believed to have a sickle cell abdominal crisis, his abdominal X-ray films revealed three calcified stones. Each of these stones progressively passed through the common duct and into the duodenum while awaiting surgery. He has been followed for two years since his cholecystectomy without further hospitalizations. This case led to the investigation of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease to dispel the following misconceptions. Some physicians and pediatricians believe that (1) cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are uncommon in sickle cell disease; (2) the complications of gallstones are not significant; (3) the operative risk in patients with sickle cell disease is high; (4) these patients with HbSS disease do not live long enough to get into trouble with gallstones. A review of the literature on cholelithiasis and HbSS disease presents adequate evidence to cause us to urge investigation of the gallbladder in all patients with HbSS disease and abdominal crises, and cholecystectomy as an elective procedure should stones be present."}
{"id": "PMID:951142", "title": "A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine.", "content": "Based on statistical analysis of data in 186 children, a formula was derived which allows accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from plasma creatinine and body lenght (GFR(ml/min/1.73 sq m) = 0.55 length (cm)/Per (mg/dl). Its application to clearance data in a separate group of 223 children reveals excellent agreement with GFR estimated by the Ccr (r = .935) or Cin (r = .905). This formula should be useful for adjusting dosages of drugs excreted by the kidney and detecting significant changes in renal function.", "contents": "A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Based on statistical analysis of data in 186 children, a formula was derived which allows accurate estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from plasma creatinine and body lenght (GFR(ml/min/1.73 sq m) = 0.55 length (cm)/Per (mg/dl). Its application to clearance data in a separate group of 223 children reveals excellent agreement with GFR estimated by the Ccr (r = .935) or Cin (r = .905). This formula should be useful for adjusting dosages of drugs excreted by the kidney and detecting significant changes in renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:951143", "title": "Gastrin concentration in plasma of the neonate at birth and after the first feeding.", "content": "Plasma gastrin was determined simultaneously in 19 newborn infants and their respective mothers shortly after birth and in ten neonates before and after the first feeding. The gastrin concentrations in the umbilical vein plasma of the newborn infants were significantly higher than in the peripheral vein plasma of their mothers. The values were statistically not different from those obtained in the neonates before the first feeding. There was an increase in gastrin concentrations after the first feeding. From these results it is suggested that gastrin is produced in the neonate independently from the mother. It is already secreted after the first feeding. Experiments in rats showed that 125I-gastrin is not transported through the placenta. From these findings we assume that most likely the gastrin measured in plasma of newborn infants is of neonatal origin.", "contents": "Gastrin concentration in plasma of the neonate at birth and after the first feeding. Plasma gastrin was determined simultaneously in 19 newborn infants and their respective mothers shortly after birth and in ten neonates before and after the first feeding. The gastrin concentrations in the umbilical vein plasma of the newborn infants were significantly higher than in the peripheral vein plasma of their mothers. The values were statistically not different from those obtained in the neonates before the first feeding. There was an increase in gastrin concentrations after the first feeding. From these results it is suggested that gastrin is produced in the neonate independently from the mother. It is already secreted after the first feeding. Experiments in rats showed that 125I-gastrin is not transported through the placenta. From these findings we assume that most likely the gastrin measured in plasma of newborn infants is of neonatal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:951144", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in a 10-year-old boy.", "content": "An unusual incidence of a duodenal leiomyosarcoma in a 10-year-old boy is presented. The corrected diagnosis was made after a 27-month course of occult gastrointestinal bleeding, vague abdominal complaints, and anemia. Gastrointestinal radiography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were useful in localizing the lesion. The tumor was removed at exploratory surgery by simple excision. On frozen section, the tumor was thought to be benign, but fixed microscopic histological sections revealed a well-differentiated, malignant smooth muscle tumor. The presentation of this tumor in a child is compared to previously reported cases in adults, and the biological and clinical characteristics of malignant smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in a 10-year-old boy. An unusual incidence of a duodenal leiomyosarcoma in a 10-year-old boy is presented. The corrected diagnosis was made after a 27-month course of occult gastrointestinal bleeding, vague abdominal complaints, and anemia. Gastrointestinal radiography and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were useful in localizing the lesion. The tumor was removed at exploratory surgery by simple excision. On frozen section, the tumor was thought to be benign, but fixed microscopic histological sections revealed a well-differentiated, malignant smooth muscle tumor. The presentation of this tumor in a child is compared to previously reported cases in adults, and the biological and clinical characteristics of malignant smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:951145", "title": "Serum cholesterol levels in American (Pima) Indian children and adolescents.", "content": "Serum cholesterol levels from birth to adulthood in a population of North American (Pima) Indians are described and compared to those of Caucasian populations. Cholesterol levels at birth (mean +/- SEM, 87 +/- 2.6 mg/100 ml) were similar in Pimas and Caucasians, but levels in Pimas from 5 to 16 years (148 +/- 4.6 mg/100 ml) were 20 to 30 mg/100 ml lower than among most white populations. The levels showed little rise with age from 5 to 16, then rose significantly in both sexes from ages 17 to 25. Cholesterol levels in adult Pimas (190 +/- 1.5 mg/100 ml) were up to 50 to 60 mg/100 ml lower than in American whites, and showed little increase after age 25. Two cohorts of children followed prospectively for six years indicated that the prevalence data reflect sequential changes in the population. Cholesterol levels of those subjects were significantly correlated at the first and last examinations. The Pima, in contrast to Caucasian American populations, have relatively low levels of serum cholesterol and low rates of coronary heart disease, but evidence of a causal relationship with the latter remains to be established.", "contents": "Serum cholesterol levels in American (Pima) Indian children and adolescents. Serum cholesterol levels from birth to adulthood in a population of North American (Pima) Indians are described and compared to those of Caucasian populations. Cholesterol levels at birth (mean +/- SEM, 87 +/- 2.6 mg/100 ml) were similar in Pimas and Caucasians, but levels in Pimas from 5 to 16 years (148 +/- 4.6 mg/100 ml) were 20 to 30 mg/100 ml lower than among most white populations. The levels showed little rise with age from 5 to 16, then rose significantly in both sexes from ages 17 to 25. Cholesterol levels in adult Pimas (190 +/- 1.5 mg/100 ml) were up to 50 to 60 mg/100 ml lower than in American whites, and showed little increase after age 25. Two cohorts of children followed prospectively for six years indicated that the prevalence data reflect sequential changes in the population. Cholesterol levels of those subjects were significantly correlated at the first and last examinations. The Pima, in contrast to Caucasian American populations, have relatively low levels of serum cholesterol and low rates of coronary heart disease, but evidence of a causal relationship with the latter remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:951146", "title": "Heart rate and blood pressure in black newborns and in white newborns.", "content": "Sixty-one full-term, appropriate-weight black newborns had higher heart rates, replicating a racial heart rate difference, but did not differ significantly in systolic blood pressure from 71 white newborns. Systolic blood pressure in the newborn is related both to the total number of feedings from birth and to the total fluid intake.", "contents": "Heart rate and blood pressure in black newborns and in white newborns. Sixty-one full-term, appropriate-weight black newborns had higher heart rates, replicating a racial heart rate difference, but did not differ significantly in systolic blood pressure from 71 white newborns. Systolic blood pressure in the newborn is related both to the total number of feedings from birth and to the total fluid intake."}
{"id": "PMID:951148", "title": "Accidental quinidine poisoning in two children.", "content": "Two cases of acute accidental quinidine poisioning in two children are presented. Both cases are characterized by the same ECG abnormalities consisting of rhythm disorders and AV and intraventricular conduction defects. It is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the electrophysiologic cardiac effects of quinidine and the ECG abnormalities observed. Both patients were successfully treated by continuous intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution and lidocaine.", "contents": "Accidental quinidine poisoning in two children. Two cases of acute accidental quinidine poisioning in two children are presented. Both cases are characterized by the same ECG abnormalities consisting of rhythm disorders and AV and intraventricular conduction defects. It is suggested that there is a causal relationship between the electrophysiologic cardiac effects of quinidine and the ECG abnormalities observed. Both patients were successfully treated by continuous intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution and lidocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:951161", "title": "Binocular-disparity-dependent upper-lower hemifield anisotropy and left-right hemifield isotropy as revealed by dynamic random-dot stereograms.", "content": "Dynamic random-dot stereograms devoid of all monocular depth cues were used to measure the limits of temporal and spatial resolution in the center of the visual field. The temporal durations for detecting a small, briefly presented test square of different binocular disparity than the surround varied as a function of its location and binocular disparity. The test squares presented in the upper hemifield were detectable at consistently shorter durations than those presented in the lower hemifield for a surround disparity which was uncrossed relative to the fixation marker. For crossed surround disparity this preference reversed, resulting in a superiority of the lower hemifield. The anisotropy diminished for zero surround disparity. No such anisotropy was found when left and right visual hemifields were compared. It was also shown that this upper-lower temporal anisotropy (and left-right isotropy) is paralleled by a similar disparity-dependent upper-lower anistropy (and left-right isotropy) in spatial resolution. Introduction of monocular clues into the stereograms tended to eliminate the anisotropies. This implies that the anisotropies reflect the spatiotemporal properties and distribution of binocular disparity detectors in the human cortex and result in a tilted surface that pivots around the horizontal midline in the space of binocular depth perception.", "contents": "Binocular-disparity-dependent upper-lower hemifield anisotropy and left-right hemifield isotropy as revealed by dynamic random-dot stereograms. Dynamic random-dot stereograms devoid of all monocular depth cues were used to measure the limits of temporal and spatial resolution in the center of the visual field. The temporal durations for detecting a small, briefly presented test square of different binocular disparity than the surround varied as a function of its location and binocular disparity. The test squares presented in the upper hemifield were detectable at consistently shorter durations than those presented in the lower hemifield for a surround disparity which was uncrossed relative to the fixation marker. For crossed surround disparity this preference reversed, resulting in a superiority of the lower hemifield. The anisotropy diminished for zero surround disparity. No such anisotropy was found when left and right visual hemifields were compared. It was also shown that this upper-lower temporal anisotropy (and left-right isotropy) is paralleled by a similar disparity-dependent upper-lower anistropy (and left-right isotropy) in spatial resolution. Introduction of monocular clues into the stereograms tended to eliminate the anisotropies. This implies that the anisotropies reflect the spatiotemporal properties and distribution of binocular disparity detectors in the human cortex and result in a tilted surface that pivots around the horizontal midline in the space of binocular depth perception."}
{"id": "PMID:951162", "title": "Psychophysical measurement of cortical color mechanisms not sensitive to spatial frequency.", "content": "Virus and Haapasalo report that the Blakemore and Sutton apparent spatial-frequency shift is not color specific. Also supposedly demonstrated is a McCollough effect that is not possible to spatial frequency. It is suggested that inadequate test procedures and a confusion between retinal and cortical adaptation negate these results.", "contents": "Psychophysical measurement of cortical color mechanisms not sensitive to spatial frequency. Virus and Haapasalo report that the Blakemore and Sutton apparent spatial-frequency shift is not color specific. Also supposedly demonstrated is a McCollough effect that is not possible to spatial frequency. It is suggested that inadequate test procedures and a confusion between retinal and cortical adaptation negate these results."}
{"id": "PMID:951163", "title": "How many tastes are there for low concentration \"sweet\" and \"sour\" stimuli? - Threshold implications.", "content": "Ascending series of solutions of sucrose, glucose, and citric acid were tasted and detection and recognition thresholds were noted; subjects were also required to determine the number of taste sensations that occurred and their sequence of occurrence. It was found that subjects varied in their reports of the number of taste changes and hence potential criteria for detection and recognition. Even among those subjects who reported the same number of criteria there was little consistency as to which were actually chosen for detection and recognition. Some subjects even used an intensity change rather than a quality change to signal a threshold. They criterion can thus be seen to be a potential variable in threshold measurement, and criterion-free measures of sensitivity are recommended. Taste quality descriptions were also studied and a high proportion of novel descriptions was noted; it was hypothesised that this was due to the fact that subjects were not primed with traditional descriptive terms during the instructions.", "contents": "How many tastes are there for low concentration \"sweet\" and \"sour\" stimuli? - Threshold implications. Ascending series of solutions of sucrose, glucose, and citric acid were tasted and detection and recognition thresholds were noted; subjects were also required to determine the number of taste sensations that occurred and their sequence of occurrence. It was found that subjects varied in their reports of the number of taste changes and hence potential criteria for detection and recognition. Even among those subjects who reported the same number of criteria there was little consistency as to which were actually chosen for detection and recognition. Some subjects even used an intensity change rather than a quality change to signal a threshold. They criterion can thus be seen to be a potential variable in threshold measurement, and criterion-free measures of sensitivity are recommended. Taste quality descriptions were also studied and a high proportion of novel descriptions was noted; it was hypothesised that this was due to the fact that subjects were not primed with traditional descriptive terms during the instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:951164", "title": "Coordination of auditory and visual space in newborn human infants.", "content": "Two experiments are reported which demonstrate that the newborn human infant can make eye movements which are spatially coordinated with the locus of a sound. The results suggest that there may be an innate coordination of auditory and visual-motor space.", "contents": "Coordination of auditory and visual space in newborn human infants. Two experiments are reported which demonstrate that the newborn human infant can make eye movements which are spatially coordinated with the locus of a sound. The results suggest that there may be an innate coordination of auditory and visual-motor space."}
{"id": "PMID:951165", "title": "Dominance of touch by vision: generalization of the hypothesis to a tactually experienced population.", "content": "It is now held that in conditions where there is conflicting sensory information vision dominates touch. The present study was designed to place boundary conditions on the generality of the hypothesis by comparing the performance of tactually experienced subjects - potters - with university students on a form-perception task in which a square was optically distorted so as to appear rectangular. Subjects examined the square haptically and visually, and matched it by touch or vision. Although potters were more accurate than students when not permitted vision, tactual judgements of both were dominated by vision when they were presented with conflicting information. In a supplementary study longer, more active exploration and emphasis on the necessity of matching by touch had no differential effect. In a third study it was found that a range effect produced by the comparison stimuli could explain the lesser accuracy of the students when they were making haptic judgements. The generality of the hypothesis that vision dominates touch is strengthened by our failure to refute it.", "contents": "Dominance of touch by vision: generalization of the hypothesis to a tactually experienced population. It is now held that in conditions where there is conflicting sensory information vision dominates touch. The present study was designed to place boundary conditions on the generality of the hypothesis by comparing the performance of tactually experienced subjects - potters - with university students on a form-perception task in which a square was optically distorted so as to appear rectangular. Subjects examined the square haptically and visually, and matched it by touch or vision. Although potters were more accurate than students when not permitted vision, tactual judgements of both were dominated by vision when they were presented with conflicting information. In a supplementary study longer, more active exploration and emphasis on the necessity of matching by touch had no differential effect. In a third study it was found that a range effect produced by the comparison stimuli could explain the lesser accuracy of the students when they were making haptic judgements. The generality of the hypothesis that vision dominates touch is strengthened by our failure to refute it."}
{"id": "PMID:951166", "title": "The visual perception of accelerated motion.", "content": "The present research is an investigation of how changes in the rate of motion are percieved. Five separate experiments were performed with the use of filmed stimulus material and a variety of response measures, including both categorical judgments and reporduction techniques. It was found that (a) the smaller the ratio of terminal to initial velocity, the less frequent the judgments of acceleration or deceleration, (b) deceleration was significantly easier to perceive than acceleration, (c) the perception of acceleration was facilitated when the velocity of a lead-in segment was the same as the velocity at onset of motion, (d) a short tunnel centered in the motion path facilitated the perception of acceleration and deceleration, and (e) instantaneous changes in velocity were much more easily perceived than gradual changes. A one-event model for the perception of motion change in which there is a continuous interplay between earlier, later, and interpolated motion segments is favored over a two-event model in which earlier and later segments of velocity are compared.", "contents": "The visual perception of accelerated motion. The present research is an investigation of how changes in the rate of motion are percieved. Five separate experiments were performed with the use of filmed stimulus material and a variety of response measures, including both categorical judgments and reporduction techniques. It was found that (a) the smaller the ratio of terminal to initial velocity, the less frequent the judgments of acceleration or deceleration, (b) deceleration was significantly easier to perceive than acceleration, (c) the perception of acceleration was facilitated when the velocity of a lead-in segment was the same as the velocity at onset of motion, (d) a short tunnel centered in the motion path facilitated the perception of acceleration and deceleration, and (e) instantaneous changes in velocity were much more easily perceived than gradual changes. A one-event model for the perception of motion change in which there is a continuous interplay between earlier, later, and interpolated motion segments is favored over a two-event model in which earlier and later segments of velocity are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:951167", "title": "Pulfrich effect and the filling in of apparent motion.", "content": "In the stroboscopic version of the Pulfrich effect a filter is able to induce depth shifts in a target as if the latter were moving continuously, rather than merely occupying a series of discrete positions. This was examined in a further series of experiments, in which a visual alignment technique was used to measure the perceived visual direction of an apparently moving target in intervals between its presentations. Results showed that the target has approximately the visual direction that it would have if it were moving continuously. This \"filling in\" of apparent motion was shown to occur before the level of stereopsis. The possible influence of tracking eye movements is discussed.", "contents": "Pulfrich effect and the filling in of apparent motion. In the stroboscopic version of the Pulfrich effect a filter is able to induce depth shifts in a target as if the latter were moving continuously, rather than merely occupying a series of discrete positions. This was examined in a further series of experiments, in which a visual alignment technique was used to measure the perceived visual direction of an apparently moving target in intervals between its presentations. Results showed that the target has approximately the visual direction that it would have if it were moving continuously. This \"filling in\" of apparent motion was shown to occur before the level of stereopsis. The possible influence of tracking eye movements is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951168", "title": "A dynamic Ponzo illusion: induced direction of rotation in depth.", "content": "Observers viewed parallel projections of a five-rung gate rotating in depth about its vertical center rung and judged the direction of apparent rotation. The background of a Ponzo illusion superimposed upon these parallel motion projections affected the direction of apparent rotation, with that end of the gate approaching the apex of the background appearing to recede from the viewer. This result is consistent with the thesis that the static Ponzo illusion is, at least in part, an illusion of depth.", "contents": "A dynamic Ponzo illusion: induced direction of rotation in depth. Observers viewed parallel projections of a five-rung gate rotating in depth about its vertical center rung and judged the direction of apparent rotation. The background of a Ponzo illusion superimposed upon these parallel motion projections affected the direction of apparent rotation, with that end of the gate approaching the apex of the background appearing to recede from the viewer. This result is consistent with the thesis that the static Ponzo illusion is, at least in part, an illusion of depth."}
{"id": "PMID:951169", "title": "Grouping of multiple ambiguous contours: towards an understanding of surface perception.", "content": "Coplanar lines of different orientations rotating in depth and viewed in parallel projection may appear to rotate in different directions and reverse independently of each other, or they may appear coplanar and all reverse together. The frequency of the latter \"grouped\" appearance for lines with an orientation range of 30 degrees was a function of the number of lines in a given space. Grouping was greater for lines converging to an implicit vanishing point and for lines with collinear edges regardless of their orientations. Line length, and by inference, interline separation also had effect of the nature of the response.", "contents": "Grouping of multiple ambiguous contours: towards an understanding of surface perception. Coplanar lines of different orientations rotating in depth and viewed in parallel projection may appear to rotate in different directions and reverse independently of each other, or they may appear coplanar and all reverse together. The frequency of the latter \"grouped\" appearance for lines with an orientation range of 30 degrees was a function of the number of lines in a given space. Grouping was greater for lines converging to an implicit vanishing point and for lines with collinear edges regardless of their orientations. Line length, and by inference, interline separation also had effect of the nature of the response."}
{"id": "PMID:951170", "title": "Word length and visual-noise texture in backward masking.", "content": "Visual-noise masks composed of randomly scattered letter fragments disrupt the recognition of briefly viewed letter arrays when the masks are presented immediately after these arrays. According to the feature-similarity assumption, maximal disruption should occur when the target letters and the letter fragments comprising the mask share a common stroke width. This assumption was disconfirmed in the present experiment. Two-, four-, and six-letter arrays, whose stroke width subtended a visual angle of 3-8', were viewed tachistoscopically in conjunction with visual-noise masks whose letter fragments subtended visual angles of 1-2', 1-9', 3-8', 6-6', or 9-7'. The most effective mask for all three letter-array lengths was the one composed of letter fragments subtending 6-6'. The results, together with those of previous experiments, are accounted for in terms of a neural line-detecting mechansim.", "contents": "Word length and visual-noise texture in backward masking. Visual-noise masks composed of randomly scattered letter fragments disrupt the recognition of briefly viewed letter arrays when the masks are presented immediately after these arrays. According to the feature-similarity assumption, maximal disruption should occur when the target letters and the letter fragments comprising the mask share a common stroke width. This assumption was disconfirmed in the present experiment. Two-, four-, and six-letter arrays, whose stroke width subtended a visual angle of 3-8', were viewed tachistoscopically in conjunction with visual-noise masks whose letter fragments subtended visual angles of 1-2', 1-9', 3-8', 6-6', or 9-7'. The most effective mask for all three letter-array lengths was the one composed of letter fragments subtending 6-6'. The results, together with those of previous experiments, are accounted for in terms of a neural line-detecting mechansim."}
{"id": "PMID:951171", "title": "Implicit labelling and readiness for pronunciation during the perceptual process.", "content": "The authors assume that during the visual perception of labelable objects there occurs an implicit labelling which gives rise to a readiness for pronunciation, and that the two phenomena are involved in stimulus processing. In order to test these assumptions, the duration of eye fixation on drawing representing familiar objects was measured. The data show that on an average this duration was longer when the name for the object required four or five syllables to pronounce than when it required only one syllable. This syllable effect was observed in various experimental conditions where possible effects of other variables could be controlled. The effect obtained irrespective of whether or not the subjects were allowed to see the drawings before the experiment, and of whether or not they were allowed to go through the list of names for the objects.", "contents": "Implicit labelling and readiness for pronunciation during the perceptual process. The authors assume that during the visual perception of labelable objects there occurs an implicit labelling which gives rise to a readiness for pronunciation, and that the two phenomena are involved in stimulus processing. In order to test these assumptions, the duration of eye fixation on drawing representing familiar objects was measured. The data show that on an average this duration was longer when the name for the object required four or five syllables to pronounce than when it required only one syllable. This syllable effect was observed in various experimental conditions where possible effects of other variables could be controlled. The effect obtained irrespective of whether or not the subjects were allowed to see the drawings before the experiment, and of whether or not they were allowed to go through the list of names for the objects."}
{"id": "PMID:951172", "title": "Influence of selection difficulty on the time required for icon formation.", "content": "By increasing the number of display items and the physical similarity between the target and the irreveland items it was possible to vary the difficulty of target selection in a visual-search task. The results showed that the accuracy with which the target was located declined as target selection became more difficult. On the other hand, estimates of the cumulative probability and the probability distributions of times necessary to form the icon indicated that these times were not influenced by changes in the difficulty of the task. The latter result supports Neisser's suggestion that the information processing carried out during the first stage analysis can be attributed to the action of a distinct cognitive mechanism.", "contents": "Influence of selection difficulty on the time required for icon formation. By increasing the number of display items and the physical similarity between the target and the irreveland items it was possible to vary the difficulty of target selection in a visual-search task. The results showed that the accuracy with which the target was located declined as target selection became more difficult. On the other hand, estimates of the cumulative probability and the probability distributions of times necessary to form the icon indicated that these times were not influenced by changes in the difficulty of the task. The latter result supports Neisser's suggestion that the information processing carried out during the first stage analysis can be attributed to the action of a distinct cognitive mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:951173", "title": "A possible hybrid mechanism for modification of visual direction associated with eye movements - the paralyzed-eye experiment reconsidered.", "content": "Previous work on the paralyzed-eye experiment concerning visual direction can be interpreted by a hybrid mechanism: outflow control of gamma motor fibers determines whether or not muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle length.", "contents": "A possible hybrid mechanism for modification of visual direction associated with eye movements - the paralyzed-eye experiment reconsidered. Previous work on the paralyzed-eye experiment concerning visual direction can be interpreted by a hybrid mechanism: outflow control of gamma motor fibers determines whether or not muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle length."}
{"id": "PMID:951174", "title": "Aristotelianism, Newtonianism and the physics of the layman.", "content": "Written and visual surveys were administered in order to assess people's models of the phsyical world. A comparison was made between scientific theories and the layman's philosophy of nature on the one hand, and between people's conceptions and perceptions on the other hand. The findings suggest that there are discrepancies on both levels: people do not conceive the world as physicists do, and their conceptions are different from their perception.", "contents": "Aristotelianism, Newtonianism and the physics of the layman. Written and visual surveys were administered in order to assess people's models of the phsyical world. A comparison was made between scientific theories and the layman's philosophy of nature on the one hand, and between people's conceptions and perceptions on the other hand. The findings suggest that there are discrepancies on both levels: people do not conceive the world as physicists do, and their conceptions are different from their perception."}
{"id": "PMID:951180", "title": "[A case of great instability of the hemoglobin: hemoglobin bic\u00eatre (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new variant of unstable hemoglobin: hemoglobin Bic\u00eatre, responsible for a severe hemolytic anemia in a young girl. This hemoglobin is characterized by the replacement of distal histidine (beta63 (E7)) by a proline, causing the molecule to be very unstable and very readily oxidized.", "contents": "[A case of great instability of the hemoglobin: hemoglobin bic\u00eatre (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new variant of unstable hemoglobin: hemoglobin Bic\u00eatre, responsible for a severe hemolytic anemia in a young girl. This hemoglobin is characterized by the replacement of distal histidine (beta63 (E7)) by a proline, causing the molecule to be very unstable and very readily oxidized."}
{"id": "PMID:951181", "title": "[Acute or subacute myelofibrosis].", "content": "Nine patients were selected according to the following criteria: 1. Hematological findings consistent with the diagnosis of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), except for an excess of blasts in the blood and bone marrow; 2. No previous (silent) phase of MMM. 3. No PH1 chromosome, and 4. No identifiable cause of secondary myelofibrosis. These patients had either an acute or subacute myelofibrosis. The onset of such symptoms as fever, bone pain, hemorrhage and mild splenomegaly was rapid. Terminal acute leukemia or more often progressive bone marrow biopsy showing myelofibrosis with persistence of differentiated myeloid tissue, particularly megacaryocytes. Isotopic studies (59Fe and 51Cr) showed splenic erythroid metaplasia, poor bone marrow 59Fe uptake and increased peripheral red blood cell destruction. This study confirms that malignant myelosclerosis is a well-defined syndrome which must be distinguished from: a) Acute transformation of typical agnogenic myeloid metaplasia even though it was previously undiagnosed (4 cases of MMM illustrating this possibility have been reported); b) Acute myeloblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis; and c) Myelofibrosis secondary to lymphomatous or carcinomatous bone-marrow invasion (2 cases with acute myelofibrosis appearing long after appropriate treatment have been reported).", "contents": "[Acute or subacute myelofibrosis]. Nine patients were selected according to the following criteria: 1. Hematological findings consistent with the diagnosis of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), except for an excess of blasts in the blood and bone marrow; 2. No previous (silent) phase of MMM. 3. No PH1 chromosome, and 4. No identifiable cause of secondary myelofibrosis. These patients had either an acute or subacute myelofibrosis. The onset of such symptoms as fever, bone pain, hemorrhage and mild splenomegaly was rapid. Terminal acute leukemia or more often progressive bone marrow biopsy showing myelofibrosis with persistence of differentiated myeloid tissue, particularly megacaryocytes. Isotopic studies (59Fe and 51Cr) showed splenic erythroid metaplasia, poor bone marrow 59Fe uptake and increased peripheral red blood cell destruction. This study confirms that malignant myelosclerosis is a well-defined syndrome which must be distinguished from: a) Acute transformation of typical agnogenic myeloid metaplasia even though it was previously undiagnosed (4 cases of MMM illustrating this possibility have been reported); b) Acute myeloblastic leukemia with myelofibrosis; and c) Myelofibrosis secondary to lymphomatous or carcinomatous bone-marrow invasion (2 cases with acute myelofibrosis appearing long after appropriate treatment have been reported)."}
{"id": "PMID:951182", "title": "Inhibitory activity in human marrow plasma directed against mouse marrow cell proliferation: reduced in subjects with decreased granulopoiesis.", "content": "Human venous plasma is known to contain a lipoprotein-inhibitor of mouse marrow cell growth which we have found does not have cell type-specificity, in that it inhibits mouse lymphoma cell as well as marrow cell colony formation in vitro. Following its removal by CHCl3, we have identified residual inhibitory activity which reduces the growth of mouse marrow cells but not lymphoma cells. This inhibitory activity was found to be present in marrow and to much lesser extent in peripheral venous plasma obtained from subjects without disturbances in granulopoiesis. It was markedly reduced in subjects with disorders in which normal granulopoiesis was reduced, such as acute leukemia. The deficiency of this inhibitory activity in the marrow plasma of subjects with leukemia and related disorders may be due to a reduction in the cells from which it is derived (e.g. normal neutrophils or stromal cells), although further studies will be required to verify its presence and to determine its source and physiological role in granulopoiesis in man.", "contents": "Inhibitory activity in human marrow plasma directed against mouse marrow cell proliferation: reduced in subjects with decreased granulopoiesis. Human venous plasma is known to contain a lipoprotein-inhibitor of mouse marrow cell growth which we have found does not have cell type-specificity, in that it inhibits mouse lymphoma cell as well as marrow cell colony formation in vitro. Following its removal by CHCl3, we have identified residual inhibitory activity which reduces the growth of mouse marrow cells but not lymphoma cells. This inhibitory activity was found to be present in marrow and to much lesser extent in peripheral venous plasma obtained from subjects without disturbances in granulopoiesis. It was markedly reduced in subjects with disorders in which normal granulopoiesis was reduced, such as acute leukemia. The deficiency of this inhibitory activity in the marrow plasma of subjects with leukemia and related disorders may be due to a reduction in the cells from which it is derived (e.g. normal neutrophils or stromal cells), although further studies will be required to verify its presence and to determine its source and physiological role in granulopoiesis in man."}
{"id": "PMID:951183", "title": "[Comparison of the metabolism of 2 injectable iron preparations (sorbitol iron and polymaltose iron) with the metabolism of transferrin and hemoglobin iron].", "content": "Iron distribution in the different organs and chemical compartments of the rat has been studied after intravenous injection of 59Fe-sorbitol (Jectofer-Astra) and 59Fe-polymaltose (Fer Hausmann Lucien) and compared with the metabolism of 59Fe bound to transferrin and to hemoglobin. Both parenteral iron preparations are utilized more slowly than Iron-transferrin. The speed of red cell incorporation of 59Fe from sorbitol is similar to the hemoglobin iron utilization (half incorporation in red cells: 4 to 5 days). Iron polymaltose is much more slowly utilized (half incorporation in the red cells: 13 to 15 days). One third of the 59Fe from sorbitol is eliminated in urine, the remaining iron being taken up to 60% by the liver and to 30% by the bone marrow. It is very quickly catabolized, since as early as the first hour after injection most of the 59Fe is bound to polymaltose till the 14th day. Between the third and fourth week 25% of the 59Fe from polymaltose is found in hemosiderin. These metabolic differences are also found in man: 59Fe from iron sorbitol is found in urine after injection, is mobilized by desferrioxamine after six days, and eliminated through dialysis membranes. On the other hand the 59Fe from polymaltose is slowly but completely utilized and not mobilized by desferrioxamine in the first week after injection. The data give the indications for use and the pharmacokinetics of two forms of parenteral iron and oral preparations in the treatment of iron deficiency.", "contents": "[Comparison of the metabolism of 2 injectable iron preparations (sorbitol iron and polymaltose iron) with the metabolism of transferrin and hemoglobin iron]. Iron distribution in the different organs and chemical compartments of the rat has been studied after intravenous injection of 59Fe-sorbitol (Jectofer-Astra) and 59Fe-polymaltose (Fer Hausmann Lucien) and compared with the metabolism of 59Fe bound to transferrin and to hemoglobin. Both parenteral iron preparations are utilized more slowly than Iron-transferrin. The speed of red cell incorporation of 59Fe from sorbitol is similar to the hemoglobin iron utilization (half incorporation in red cells: 4 to 5 days). Iron polymaltose is much more slowly utilized (half incorporation in the red cells: 13 to 15 days). One third of the 59Fe from sorbitol is eliminated in urine, the remaining iron being taken up to 60% by the liver and to 30% by the bone marrow. It is very quickly catabolized, since as early as the first hour after injection most of the 59Fe is bound to polymaltose till the 14th day. Between the third and fourth week 25% of the 59Fe from polymaltose is found in hemosiderin. These metabolic differences are also found in man: 59Fe from iron sorbitol is found in urine after injection, is mobilized by desferrioxamine after six days, and eliminated through dialysis membranes. On the other hand the 59Fe from polymaltose is slowly but completely utilized and not mobilized by desferrioxamine in the first week after injection. The data give the indications for use and the pharmacokinetics of two forms of parenteral iron and oral preparations in the treatment of iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:951304", "title": "The effects of antipyretics on metabolic processes in rat liver mitochondria. Part II. The action of sodium salicylate, and pyrazolones on oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate.", "content": "The effect of sodium salicylate (SS), phenazone (Ph), and amiphenazone (APh) on the uptake of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by the rat liver mitochondria was studied in vitro. The investigated antipyretics inhibited the uptake of alpha-KG in the state 3 of respiration, and significantly increased it in state 4. This results and those of the preceding paper show that alpha-KG taken up by the mitochondrial preparations in respiratory state 4 is not utilized in the oxidative processes of the respiratory chain.", "contents": "The effects of antipyretics on metabolic processes in rat liver mitochondria. Part II. The action of sodium salicylate, and pyrazolones on oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate. The effect of sodium salicylate (SS), phenazone (Ph), and amiphenazone (APh) on the uptake of alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) by the rat liver mitochondria was studied in vitro. The investigated antipyretics inhibited the uptake of alpha-KG in the state 3 of respiration, and significantly increased it in state 4. This results and those of the preceding paper show that alpha-KG taken up by the mitochondrial preparations in respiratory state 4 is not utilized in the oxidative processes of the respiratory chain."}
{"id": "PMID:951305", "title": "Histofluorescence studies on the effect of 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145) on serotonin neurons in midbrain raphe nuclei.", "content": "1,3-Dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145), a dopamine system stimulating agent, given at doses of 10-40 mg/kg ip, 2-5 hr before sacrifice, depressed the intensity of serotonin fluorescence in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei. Spiroperidol, 2 mg/kg ip, given 5 min before D-145, prevented the depression of serotonin fluorescence in the dorsal raphe nucleus (NDR), but not in the other groups of serotonin midbrain neurons. The results suggest a functional interaction between dopaminergic neurons and serotoninergic neurons in NDR.", "contents": "Histofluorescence studies on the effect of 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145) on serotonin neurons in midbrain raphe nuclei. 1,3-Dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145), a dopamine system stimulating agent, given at doses of 10-40 mg/kg ip, 2-5 hr before sacrifice, depressed the intensity of serotonin fluorescence in the rat midbrain raphe nuclei. Spiroperidol, 2 mg/kg ip, given 5 min before D-145, prevented the depression of serotonin fluorescence in the dorsal raphe nucleus (NDR), but not in the other groups of serotonin midbrain neurons. The results suggest a functional interaction between dopaminergic neurons and serotoninergic neurons in NDR."}
{"id": "PMID:951306", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of a phthalide derivative containing methoxy groups.", "content": "4,6-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphthalide 2 was obtained on three routes: by selective demethylation of 4,5,6-trimethoxyphthalide and by the action of formaldehyde on either syringic acid or acetylsyringic acid. Pharmacological tests carried out on rats showed that the product significantly increased bile excretion, its activity being five times higher than those of dehydrocholic acid.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of a phthalide derivative containing methoxy groups. 4,6-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxyphthalide 2 was obtained on three routes: by selective demethylation of 4,5,6-trimethoxyphthalide and by the action of formaldehyde on either syringic acid or acetylsyringic acid. Pharmacological tests carried out on rats showed that the product significantly increased bile excretion, its activity being five times higher than those of dehydrocholic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:951307", "title": "Butyrophenones and brain serotonin metaboism.", "content": "The influence of butyrophenone derivatives on the level of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in various regions of brain of normal and pargyline-treated rats was investigated. The result indicate that all butyrophenone derivatives used decrease serotonin utilization in rat brain stem while they have smaller influence on this process in the other rat brain regions examined.", "contents": "Butyrophenones and brain serotonin metaboism. The influence of butyrophenone derivatives on the level of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in various regions of brain of normal and pargyline-treated rats was investigated. The result indicate that all butyrophenone derivatives used decrease serotonin utilization in rat brain stem while they have smaller influence on this process in the other rat brain regions examined."}
{"id": "PMID:951308", "title": "The influence of 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145) on catecholaminergic neurons of the rat brain, Histofluorescence studies.", "content": "The effect of a compound stimulating central dopaminergic structures, 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145), on the intensity of fluorescence in catecholaminergic nerve endings in some regions of the rat brain, mainly in the striatum and hypothalamus, was investigated with the modificated histofluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp. D-145 (20 mg/kg), 2-3 hr after the administration depressed the intensity of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence in caudate-putamen (CP) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH). A blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors with spiperone (SPIRO, 2 mg/kg, 5 min before D-145) abolished the D-145 effect in PVH, thus indicating an indirect effect of D-145 on PVH, via a dopaminergic system. D-145 potentiated the depression of CA fluorescence produced by alpha-methyl-tyrosine methyl ester (H 44/68), 250 mg/kg ip. High doses of the CA synthesis inhibitor (2 X 400 mg/kg ip) prevented the developing of stimulation produced by D-145. These data indicate that the action of D-145 on DA receptors is indirect, via endogenous DA.", "contents": "The influence of 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145) on catecholaminergic neurons of the rat brain, Histofluorescence studies. The effect of a compound stimulating central dopaminergic structures, 1,3-dimethyl-5-adamantanamine (D-145), on the intensity of fluorescence in catecholaminergic nerve endings in some regions of the rat brain, mainly in the striatum and hypothalamus, was investigated with the modificated histofluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp. D-145 (20 mg/kg), 2-3 hr after the administration depressed the intensity of catecholamine (CA) fluorescence in caudate-putamen (CP) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH). A blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors with spiperone (SPIRO, 2 mg/kg, 5 min before D-145) abolished the D-145 effect in PVH, thus indicating an indirect effect of D-145 on PVH, via a dopaminergic system. D-145 potentiated the depression of CA fluorescence produced by alpha-methyl-tyrosine methyl ester (H 44/68), 250 mg/kg ip. High doses of the CA synthesis inhibitor (2 X 400 mg/kg ip) prevented the developing of stimulation produced by D-145. These data indicate that the action of D-145 on DA receptors is indirect, via endogenous DA."}
{"id": "PMID:951309", "title": "The effect on cortical mirror foci produced by ouabain of gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and haloperidol injected into the rabbit caudate nucleus.", "content": "Epileptiform activity is inhibited by injection of dopamine, and potentiated by injections of haloperidol into the caudate nucleus. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) initially potentiates, and shortly after that inhibits the epileptoform activity in the cortex. The authors discuss a possibility of combined treatment of seizure states with dopamine-mimetic and GABA-mimetic agents.", "contents": "The effect on cortical mirror foci produced by ouabain of gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine and haloperidol injected into the rabbit caudate nucleus. Epileptiform activity is inhibited by injection of dopamine, and potentiated by injections of haloperidol into the caudate nucleus. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) initially potentiates, and shortly after that inhibits the epileptoform activity in the cortex. The authors discuss a possibility of combined treatment of seizure states with dopamine-mimetic and GABA-mimetic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:951310", "title": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part V. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-(beta-aminoethoxy)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "In the reaction of 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine with sodium beta-aminoethanolates a mixture of nitriles 1 and imidoesters 2 is formed in relation depending on the reaction conditions. Compounds 1 and 2 with H2S and triethylamine give thioamides 3, which were converted into amides 4 and amidoximes 5. Alkaline hydrolysis of the derivatives of 6-(beta-aminoethoxy)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid of type 1,2,3 and 5 gave 6-ethoxypyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. The highest antituberculous activity (62-5-125 mug/cm3) showed thioamides 3a and 3b.", "contents": "Studies on pyrazine derivatives. Part V. Synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of some 6-(beta-aminoethoxy)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acids. In the reaction of 2-cyano-6-chloropyrazine with sodium beta-aminoethanolates a mixture of nitriles 1 and imidoesters 2 is formed in relation depending on the reaction conditions. Compounds 1 and 2 with H2S and triethylamine give thioamides 3, which were converted into amides 4 and amidoximes 5. Alkaline hydrolysis of the derivatives of 6-(beta-aminoethoxy)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid of type 1,2,3 and 5 gave 6-ethoxypyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. The highest antituberculous activity (62-5-125 mug/cm3) showed thioamides 3a and 3b."}
{"id": "PMID:951311", "title": "Investigation on cyclic guanidine derivatives. Part III. Synthesis and properties of 2-piperidino and 2-homopiperidino-tetrahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione derivatives.", "content": "A series of 2-piperidino-(1a-k) and 2-homopiperidino-(2a-k)-tetrahydropyrimidine-4,6-diones was synthesized. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis and UV spectra. Compounds 1a, 1j, 2a and 2k showed the antidepressant activity.", "contents": "Investigation on cyclic guanidine derivatives. Part III. Synthesis and properties of 2-piperidino and 2-homopiperidino-tetrahydropyrimidine-4,6-dione derivatives. A series of 2-piperidino-(1a-k) and 2-homopiperidino-(2a-k)-tetrahydropyrimidine-4,6-diones was synthesized. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis and UV spectra. Compounds 1a, 1j, 2a and 2k showed the antidepressant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:951343", "title": "Physical activities: teaming up patients and programs.", "content": "Physical activities programs are suggested for the average deconditioned individual over 35 years of age. They involve noncontact, noncompetitive aerobic activities which require minimal expense. Their purpose is to delay to some degree the progression of the degenerative diseases associated with aging and inactivity. The best activities are walking, running, bicycling, or other exercise in which a sustained cardiac rate of 70% of the individual's work capacity is achieved.", "contents": "Physical activities: teaming up patients and programs. Physical activities programs are suggested for the average deconditioned individual over 35 years of age. They involve noncontact, noncompetitive aerobic activities which require minimal expense. Their purpose is to delay to some degree the progression of the degenerative diseases associated with aging and inactivity. The best activities are walking, running, bicycling, or other exercise in which a sustained cardiac rate of 70% of the individual's work capacity is achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:951346", "title": "[Physiopathological concept of chronic cor pulmonale].", "content": "The chronic cor pulmonale is not a disease but a syndrome. The peripheral arterial gasometry is essential for the etiological diagnosis and consequently for treatment, as enabling to differentiate between CCP by alveolar hypoventilation and CCP by alveolar hyperventilation. The distinction is all the more important that with an identical hypoxia, acidosis increases the average pressure of the pulmonary artery and alkalosis decreases it.", "contents": "[Physiopathological concept of chronic cor pulmonale]. The chronic cor pulmonale is not a disease but a syndrome. The peripheral arterial gasometry is essential for the etiological diagnosis and consequently for treatment, as enabling to differentiate between CCP by alveolar hypoventilation and CCP by alveolar hyperventilation. The distinction is all the more important that with an identical hypoxia, acidosis increases the average pressure of the pulmonary artery and alkalosis decreases it."}
{"id": "PMID:951347", "title": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (apropos of one case)].", "content": "Suspected to be a syndrome rather than an authentic clinical entity, the \"desquamative interstitial pneumonia\" (DIP) exhibits typical anatomo-pathological aspects of intra-alveolar proliferation of granular pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, leaving the alveolar interstitium unaffected. In absence of superinfection, it remains almost free of fibrous or inflammatory manifestations. The association of DIP to 4 other fundamental histological varieties of diseases of the pulmonary interstitium (UIP, BIP, LIP, GIP) is at the origin of Liebow's classification. The clinical individualization of these entities is still questioned.", "contents": "[Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (apropos of one case)]. Suspected to be a syndrome rather than an authentic clinical entity, the \"desquamative interstitial pneumonia\" (DIP) exhibits typical anatomo-pathological aspects of intra-alveolar proliferation of granular pneumocytes, type II pneumocytes, leaving the alveolar interstitium unaffected. In absence of superinfection, it remains almost free of fibrous or inflammatory manifestations. The association of DIP to 4 other fundamental histological varieties of diseases of the pulmonary interstitium (UIP, BIP, LIP, GIP) is at the origin of Liebow's classification. The clinical individualization of these entities is still questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:951348", "title": "[A case of Wegener's syndrome with a long evolution].", "content": "Presentation of a case of Wegener syndrome with two remarkable atypisms: multiple visceral localizations and evolution lasting over 17 years without any chemotherapy. Discussion of these abnormalities, particularly of the importance, in this slow evolution, of an early exeresis of the granuloma in the upper airways.", "contents": "[A case of Wegener's syndrome with a long evolution]. Presentation of a case of Wegener syndrome with two remarkable atypisms: multiple visceral localizations and evolution lasting over 17 years without any chemotherapy. Discussion of these abnormalities, particularly of the importance, in this slow evolution, of an early exeresis of the granuloma in the upper airways."}
{"id": "PMID:951349", "title": "[Stability and variation of the maximal ventilation and maximal expiratory volume ratios].", "content": "The level of stability of the ratio (alpha coefficient) of maximal ventilation (MBC) over maximal expiratory volume per second (FEV1) was continued statistically for its practical value in estimating the respiratory functional incapacity. Three observations were made: --the mean value of the alpha coefficient=MBC/FEV1 is independent of the sex, age, size or weight in the normal subject; alpha was slightly higher than that found from theoretical values of MBC (CECA) and FEV1 (BALDWIN and COURNAND); --the alpha coefficient varied with the vital capacity (VC) and with FEV1; --there was a particularly simple relation between alpha and VC: alpha decreased from 38 to 30 when VC increased from 1 to 6 litres.", "contents": "[Stability and variation of the maximal ventilation and maximal expiratory volume ratios]. The level of stability of the ratio (alpha coefficient) of maximal ventilation (MBC) over maximal expiratory volume per second (FEV1) was continued statistically for its practical value in estimating the respiratory functional incapacity. Three observations were made: --the mean value of the alpha coefficient=MBC/FEV1 is independent of the sex, age, size or weight in the normal subject; alpha was slightly higher than that found from theoretical values of MBC (CECA) and FEV1 (BALDWIN and COURNAND); --the alpha coefficient varied with the vital capacity (VC) and with FEV1; --there was a particularly simple relation between alpha and VC: alpha decreased from 38 to 30 when VC increased from 1 to 6 litres."}
{"id": "PMID:951350", "title": "[Chronic pulmonary heart disease and its risk factors among a worker population in Teheran].", "content": "Because of the high frequency of chronic cor pulmonale in workers admitted to the cardiology department of the Khazaneh Hospital in Teheran, we studied the clinical aspect and the risk factors of this disease in 66 male patients. The average age of patients was 56.1 years and they often had a long history of bronchitis isolated or associated with emphysema. The ECG analysis showed that most abnormalities were localized on the QRST wave. Tobacco and a polluted working environment were the factors most frequently met in our patients. The opium habit probably acted as a risk factor for chronic bronchopneumopathy, but further studies are necessary to ascertain the fact.", "contents": "[Chronic pulmonary heart disease and its risk factors among a worker population in Teheran]. Because of the high frequency of chronic cor pulmonale in workers admitted to the cardiology department of the Khazaneh Hospital in Teheran, we studied the clinical aspect and the risk factors of this disease in 66 male patients. The average age of patients was 56.1 years and they often had a long history of bronchitis isolated or associated with emphysema. The ECG analysis showed that most abnormalities were localized on the QRST wave. Tobacco and a polluted working environment were the factors most frequently met in our patients. The opium habit probably acted as a risk factor for chronic bronchopneumopathy, but further studies are necessary to ascertain the fact."}
{"id": "PMID:951351", "title": "[Effects of citidine diphosphocholine (citicholine) and phospholipids on the elastic properties of the lung and on the physico-chemical properties of the irrigation liquid].", "content": "The effect of citidin-diphosphocholine and of phospholipids treatments on the elastic properties as well as on the washing liquid physical-chemical properties of rat lungs is studied. Significant increase of the compliance and decrease of the tendency to collapse of the airways are observed after treatment with citidin-diphosphocholine.", "contents": "[Effects of citidine diphosphocholine (citicholine) and phospholipids on the elastic properties of the lung and on the physico-chemical properties of the irrigation liquid]. The effect of citidin-diphosphocholine and of phospholipids treatments on the elastic properties as well as on the washing liquid physical-chemical properties of rat lungs is studied. Significant increase of the compliance and decrease of the tendency to collapse of the airways are observed after treatment with citidin-diphosphocholine."}
{"id": "PMID:951352", "title": "[Blood immunoglobulin deficiencies during bronchial asthma in the adult].", "content": "The study of serous immunoglobulins of 500 asthmatic patients enabled the authors to discover a deficit in one of the Ig in 93 cases (18.6%), mainly in cases of intrinsic allergic asthma with an important or dominant infectious character, or microbial asthma. It concerned partial shortages of usually only one Ig in each patient, mostly the IgG. The importance of these deficits is discussed, particularly in the origin of bacterial sensitivity of these asthmas and in the genesis of atopy. The problem of IgG reagins is also discussed. Practical deductions drawn form these findings are envisaged.", "contents": "[Blood immunoglobulin deficiencies during bronchial asthma in the adult]. The study of serous immunoglobulins of 500 asthmatic patients enabled the authors to discover a deficit in one of the Ig in 93 cases (18.6%), mainly in cases of intrinsic allergic asthma with an important or dominant infectious character, or microbial asthma. It concerned partial shortages of usually only one Ig in each patient, mostly the IgG. The importance of these deficits is discussed, particularly in the origin of bacterial sensitivity of these asthmas and in the genesis of atopy. The problem of IgG reagins is also discussed. Practical deductions drawn form these findings are envisaged."}
{"id": "PMID:951353", "title": "[Value of pulmonary hemodynamic exploration during muscular exercise in chronic bronchitis?].", "content": "The value of pulmonary haemodynamic tests during physical exercise in chronic bronchitis was shown by the comparison of two groups of patients. In the first group (n=24) the PAP during exercise is lower than 30 torr. In the second it was over 30 torr. The PAP at rest was always lower than 20 torr. The load was 40 to 50 watts, i.e. an average O2 consumption of 500-600 ml.mm-1 m-2. The cardiac output doubled on average in exercise. Both groups varied markedly in their PAP at rest: 13.6 +/- 1.7 torr for the first group and 15.8 +/- 2.4 for the second (p less than 0.001). In fact differences in pressure during exercise (I=25.0 +/- 3.4 torr; II=39.6 +/- 7.4 torr, p less than 0.001) could be explained mainly by the differences of pulmonary vascular resistances (I=0.91 +/- 0.37; II=1.47 +/- 0.61, p less than 0.005): they tended to fall during effort in the first group and increased slightly in the second; and by the much higher increase in the pulmonary \"capillary\" pressure during exercise in the second group (I=12.5 +/- 4.4 torr; II=19.7 +/- 72 torr, p less than 0.001). The cardiac output during rest and exercise was equal in both groups. The haemo-dynamic \"recovery delay\" was much higher in the second group. The spirographic shortage was on the whole identical in both groups. PaO2 on average was higher in group I (p less than 0.05) where it improved during exercise (p less than 0.01). The PaO2 of the second group did improve during exercise. The haemodynamic differences were concomitant with the differences in gas exchanges during effort, of well known prognostic significance. As the \"foretelling\" of PAP in effort from the PAP at rest was quite poor, it appeared that haemodynamic test in effort has a real value in contributing efficiently to the differenciation of the degree in severeness. The threshold of 30 torr for PAP in exercise (and for the load mentioned above) seemed a good discriminating factor.", "contents": "[Value of pulmonary hemodynamic exploration during muscular exercise in chronic bronchitis?]. The value of pulmonary haemodynamic tests during physical exercise in chronic bronchitis was shown by the comparison of two groups of patients. In the first group (n=24) the PAP during exercise is lower than 30 torr. In the second it was over 30 torr. The PAP at rest was always lower than 20 torr. The load was 40 to 50 watts, i.e. an average O2 consumption of 500-600 ml.mm-1 m-2. The cardiac output doubled on average in exercise. Both groups varied markedly in their PAP at rest: 13.6 +/- 1.7 torr for the first group and 15.8 +/- 2.4 for the second (p less than 0.001). In fact differences in pressure during exercise (I=25.0 +/- 3.4 torr; II=39.6 +/- 7.4 torr, p less than 0.001) could be explained mainly by the differences of pulmonary vascular resistances (I=0.91 +/- 0.37; II=1.47 +/- 0.61, p less than 0.005): they tended to fall during effort in the first group and increased slightly in the second; and by the much higher increase in the pulmonary \"capillary\" pressure during exercise in the second group (I=12.5 +/- 4.4 torr; II=19.7 +/- 72 torr, p less than 0.001). The cardiac output during rest and exercise was equal in both groups. The haemo-dynamic \"recovery delay\" was much higher in the second group. The spirographic shortage was on the whole identical in both groups. PaO2 on average was higher in group I (p less than 0.05) where it improved during exercise (p less than 0.01). The PaO2 of the second group did improve during exercise. The haemodynamic differences were concomitant with the differences in gas exchanges during effort, of well known prognostic significance. As the \"foretelling\" of PAP in effort from the PAP at rest was quite poor, it appeared that haemodynamic test in effort has a real value in contributing efficiently to the differenciation of the degree in severeness. The threshold of 30 torr for PAP in exercise (and for the load mentioned above) seemed a good discriminating factor."}
{"id": "PMID:951354", "title": "Safety evaluation of gentian violet for breeder chickens.", "content": "Four treatment levels (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 x the recommended use level) of a gentian violet premix (Dye-Gen) were compared with non-medicated controls for breeder chickens during a 168-day study. There were no treatment effects up to and including 10 x the recommended use level on: average daily feed consumption, feed/dozen eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, or mortality. Fertility was higher for the birds receiving 2.5 x the recommended use level than for the non-medicated controls. Egg production was higher (P less than .05) for the non-medicated controls and 10x groups than for the birds receiving the gentian violet premix at 2.5 x the recommended use level. Semen of breeder males was observed for % abnormal sperm, % dead sperm, % motility, vigor, and semen volume. There was no treatment effect on any of the semen characteristics evaluated. It can be concluded from these data that the gentian violet premix is safe for breeder chickens under the conditions of this study.", "contents": "Safety evaluation of gentian violet for breeder chickens. Four treatment levels (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 x the recommended use level) of a gentian violet premix (Dye-Gen) were compared with non-medicated controls for breeder chickens during a 168-day study. There were no treatment effects up to and including 10 x the recommended use level on: average daily feed consumption, feed/dozen eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, or mortality. Fertility was higher for the birds receiving 2.5 x the recommended use level than for the non-medicated controls. Egg production was higher (P less than .05) for the non-medicated controls and 10x groups than for the birds receiving the gentian violet premix at 2.5 x the recommended use level. Semen of breeder males was observed for % abnormal sperm, % dead sperm, % motility, vigor, and semen volume. There was no treatment effect on any of the semen characteristics evaluated. It can be concluded from these data that the gentian violet premix is safe for breeder chickens under the conditions of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:951355", "title": "Mineral metabolism in chicks on high dietary pyridoxine and magnesium.", "content": "The effect of high dietary pyridoxine and magnesium on tissue electrolytes was studied in day-old broiler-type male chicks. There were 15 treatments of 875, 1375 and 1875 mg. magnesium/kg. diet and pyridoxine at 1, 4, 31, 301, 3001 mg./kg. diet in a 3 x 5 factorial block design. The sodium concentration of the liver decreased linearly with increasing dietary magnesium concentration expressed as log 10. In the kidney, no such effect was observed. The response of sodium concentration in these two tissues to increasing dietary pyridoxine, also expressed as log 10, was curvilinear, decreasing to minimum concentrations at pyridoxine intakes estimated to be equal to 40 mg./kg. of diet for the liver and 50 for the kidney and thereafter increasing. Potassium concentration of the liver exhibited opposite trends to those for sodium concentration but the responses to dietary magnesium were not consistent at each dietary pyridoxine concentration. Kidney potassium content followed essentially opposite trends to those of sodium. Kidney calcium decreased with increases in either dietary magnesium or pyridoxine, but the decreases were not consistent. The magnesium content of the kidney tended to increase with increases in dietary magnesium. Dietary pyridoxine resulted in a curvilinear response only in those chicks fed the 1875 mg. diet, decreasing to a minimum value at a pyridoxine intake of 26 mg., and increasing at higher pyridoxine dietary concentrations. No significant effects on sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the heart were observed. It was speculated that the maximum potassium retention estimated to occur in the livers of birds consuming a diet containing 48 mg. pyridoxine/kg. diet might be due to increased glycogen turnover or increased phosphorylase activity.", "contents": "Mineral metabolism in chicks on high dietary pyridoxine and magnesium. The effect of high dietary pyridoxine and magnesium on tissue electrolytes was studied in day-old broiler-type male chicks. There were 15 treatments of 875, 1375 and 1875 mg. magnesium/kg. diet and pyridoxine at 1, 4, 31, 301, 3001 mg./kg. diet in a 3 x 5 factorial block design. The sodium concentration of the liver decreased linearly with increasing dietary magnesium concentration expressed as log 10. In the kidney, no such effect was observed. The response of sodium concentration in these two tissues to increasing dietary pyridoxine, also expressed as log 10, was curvilinear, decreasing to minimum concentrations at pyridoxine intakes estimated to be equal to 40 mg./kg. of diet for the liver and 50 for the kidney and thereafter increasing. Potassium concentration of the liver exhibited opposite trends to those for sodium concentration but the responses to dietary magnesium were not consistent at each dietary pyridoxine concentration. Kidney potassium content followed essentially opposite trends to those of sodium. Kidney calcium decreased with increases in either dietary magnesium or pyridoxine, but the decreases were not consistent. The magnesium content of the kidney tended to increase with increases in dietary magnesium. Dietary pyridoxine resulted in a curvilinear response only in those chicks fed the 1875 mg. diet, decreasing to a minimum value at a pyridoxine intake of 26 mg., and increasing at higher pyridoxine dietary concentrations. No significant effects on sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the heart were observed. It was speculated that the maximum potassium retention estimated to occur in the livers of birds consuming a diet containing 48 mg. pyridoxine/kg. diet might be due to increased glycogen turnover or increased phosphorylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:951356", "title": "Infected feather follicles in cage reared broilers.", "content": "A high incidence of feather follicle infection was observed in broilers reared in cages with wood slat floors. The incidence of feather follicle infection  was significantly higher for males than for females within cage-reared broilers at 59 days of age. Male broilers at 50 days of age had a significantly lower incidence of the feather follicle condition than hatch mates at 59 days of age. Intact feather follicles were removed from freshly killed cage-reared birds and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examination of infected follicles revealed surface detail about the lesions. Removal of the encrustations covering the infected follicles revealed numerous cocci type bacteria at the base of the follicle. Infected and non-infected follicles were also examined by conventional histological techniques. Gram positive cocci were observed at the base of the infected follicles.", "contents": "Infected feather follicles in cage reared broilers. A high incidence of feather follicle infection was observed in broilers reared in cages with wood slat floors. The incidence of feather follicle infection  was significantly higher for males than for females within cage-reared broilers at 59 days of age. Male broilers at 50 days of age had a significantly lower incidence of the feather follicle condition than hatch mates at 59 days of age. Intact feather follicles were removed from freshly killed cage-reared birds and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examination of infected follicles revealed surface detail about the lesions. Removal of the encrustations covering the infected follicles revealed numerous cocci type bacteria at the base of the follicle. Infected and non-infected follicles were also examined by conventional histological techniques. Gram positive cocci were observed at the base of the infected follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:951357", "title": "Effect of photoperiod upon age and maintenance of sexual development in female Coturnix coturnix japonica.", "content": "Coturnix kept in a 14L:10D photoperiod from hatch began to lay their first eggs at a mean age of 42.8 days (range 38-55). Approximately 2/3 of Coturnix held from hatch in  photoperiods of 6L:16D light were laying at 165 days of age. Mean age at first egg was 112.7 days (range 68-162 days) in 8L:16D and 130.8 days (range 117-158 days) in 6L:18D photoperiod. Coturnix transferred from a non-stimulatory (8L:16D) photoperiod to a stimulatory one (14L:10D or 24L) begun laying in 15-20 days if less than 140 days old, and in about 5 days if greater than 140 days old, when trasferred. Birds which has spontaneously begun to lay in an 8L:16D photoperiod did not stop laying when the photoperiod was reduced to 6L:18D. Those which began laying under 14L:10D photoperiod ceased laying in about 15 days if 89 or fewer days old when switched to 8L:16D, or in about 6 days if 140 or more days old. Those switched from 14L:10D to 6L:18D ceased laying in about 13 days when 76 days old, and 7 days when 89 days old.", "contents": "Effect of photoperiod upon age and maintenance of sexual development in female Coturnix coturnix japonica. Coturnix kept in a 14L:10D photoperiod from hatch began to lay their first eggs at a mean age of 42.8 days (range 38-55). Approximately 2/3 of Coturnix held from hatch in  photoperiods of 6L:16D light were laying at 165 days of age. Mean age at first egg was 112.7 days (range 68-162 days) in 8L:16D and 130.8 days (range 117-158 days) in 6L:18D photoperiod. Coturnix transferred from a non-stimulatory (8L:16D) photoperiod to a stimulatory one (14L:10D or 24L) begun laying in 15-20 days if less than 140 days old, and in about 5 days if greater than 140 days old, when trasferred. Birds which has spontaneously begun to lay in an 8L:16D photoperiod did not stop laying when the photoperiod was reduced to 6L:18D. Those which began laying under 14L:10D photoperiod ceased laying in about 15 days if 89 or fewer days old when switched to 8L:16D, or in about 6 days if 140 or more days old. Those switched from 14L:10D to 6L:18D ceased laying in about 13 days when 76 days old, and 7 days when 89 days old."}
{"id": "PMID:951358", "title": "Plasma LH progesterone concentrations in the turkey hen during the ovulatory cycle.", "content": "Progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measuured in the plasma of Large White turkey hens at frequent intervals during the ovulatory cycle and during the periods when ovulations did not occur. The hormones were quantitated at the beginning and the end of the reproductive season to follow the change in patterns and concentrations of these hormones. Radioimmunoassay procedures were used to assay both hormones. Both progesterone and LH reached a peak amount at about 8 to 2 hours before ovulation. At no time did the progesterone peak precede that of LH. On the other hand, the peak of progesterone was observed to last somewhat longer than the LH peak. Progesterone and LH concentrations demonstrated no peak during the non-ovulatory periods. The patterns of both hormones at the end of the reproductive season was about the same as at the beginning of the season, but with lower concentrations.", "contents": "Plasma LH progesterone concentrations in the turkey hen during the ovulatory cycle. Progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measuured in the plasma of Large White turkey hens at frequent intervals during the ovulatory cycle and during the periods when ovulations did not occur. The hormones were quantitated at the beginning and the end of the reproductive season to follow the change in patterns and concentrations of these hormones. Radioimmunoassay procedures were used to assay both hormones. Both progesterone and LH reached a peak amount at about 8 to 2 hours before ovulation. At no time did the progesterone peak precede that of LH. On the other hand, the peak of progesterone was observed to last somewhat longer than the LH peak. Progesterone and LH concentrations demonstrated no peak during the non-ovulatory periods. The patterns of both hormones at the end of the reproductive season was about the same as at the beginning of the season, but with lower concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:951359", "title": "Genetic parameters of organ and body weights in the Japanese quail.", "content": "Heritability values were estimated for the weights of various internal organs and correlations among the organ weights were calculated using 279 male and 305 female birds of Japanese quail. The organs measured were heart, lungs, liver, gizzard, intestines, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, gonads, oviduct, muscles, and bones; total body weight was also recorded. The heritabilities for these internal organs ranged from 78 percent for bones to 17 percent for intestines, and showed no marked differences between male and female groups. In total body and muscle weight, however, males had higher heritabilities than females; male birds had larger genetic variances of these traits than females. Total body weight and muscle weight were stronly correlated both phenotypically and genetically. Correlations among other organs were generally low.", "contents": "Genetic parameters of organ and body weights in the Japanese quail. Heritability values were estimated for the weights of various internal organs and correlations among the organ weights were calculated using 279 male and 305 female birds of Japanese quail. The organs measured were heart, lungs, liver, gizzard, intestines, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, gonads, oviduct, muscles, and bones; total body weight was also recorded. The heritabilities for these internal organs ranged from 78 percent for bones to 17 percent for intestines, and showed no marked differences between male and female groups. In total body and muscle weight, however, males had higher heritabilities than females; male birds had larger genetic variances of these traits than females. Total body weight and muscle weight were stronly correlated both phenotypically and genetically. Correlations among other organs were generally low."}
{"id": "PMID:951360", "title": "Efficacy of intratracheal administration of Newcastle disease vaccine in day-old chicks.", "content": "Groups of day-old chicks with varying levels of parental antibody were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (B1 strain) with a commercially available device which simultaneously debeaks the chick and emits a fine spray of vaccine into its trachea. Some groups were also vaccinated (B1 or Lasota strain) with a commercially available vaccine sprayer at 9 days, 14 days, or 9 and 25 days of age. Response to vaccine was evaluated once each week during the experimental period of approximately 8 weeks HI titers were determined and 10 chicks were challenged with the Texas GB strain of Newcastle disease virus. In chicks with low to moderate levels of maternal antibody a satisfactory antibody response was attained by vaccination at 1 day of age, and in most cases resistance to challenge was evident by 3 weeks of age. Intratracheal vaccination of chicks with extremely high levels of maternal antibody had a minimal antibody response. All groups of chicks spray vaccinated at 9, 14, or 9 and 25 days of age showed a marked increase in antibody titer regardless of whether they had been vaccinated at 1 day of age.", "contents": "Efficacy of intratracheal administration of Newcastle disease vaccine in day-old chicks. Groups of day-old chicks with varying levels of parental antibody were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (B1 strain) with a commercially available device which simultaneously debeaks the chick and emits a fine spray of vaccine into its trachea. Some groups were also vaccinated (B1 or Lasota strain) with a commercially available vaccine sprayer at 9 days, 14 days, or 9 and 25 days of age. Response to vaccine was evaluated once each week during the experimental period of approximately 8 weeks HI titers were determined and 10 chicks were challenged with the Texas GB strain of Newcastle disease virus. In chicks with low to moderate levels of maternal antibody a satisfactory antibody response was attained by vaccination at 1 day of age, and in most cases resistance to challenge was evident by 3 weeks of age. Intratracheal vaccination of chicks with extremely high levels of maternal antibody had a minimal antibody response. All groups of chicks spray vaccinated at 9, 14, or 9 and 25 days of age showed a marked increase in antibody titer regardless of whether they had been vaccinated at 1 day of age."}
{"id": "PMID:951361", "title": "Effect of citrinin, a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium citrinum, on laying hens and young broiler chicks.", "content": "Citrinin fed to mature laying hens at levels of 0, 50, and 250 mug/g. of diet for three weeks had no effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production, egg weight or egg shell quality. A moderate diarrhea occurring about three days after feeding 250 mug. citrinin/g. of diet was observed. However, the diarrhea subsided once the birds were returned to a normal diet. Young broiler chicks were fed a diet containing either 0, 62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mug. citrinin/g. of diet from hatching to three weeks of age. Body weight was decreased by the 500 mug/g. level whereas all levels of citrinin resulted in enlarged kidneys and an improvement in feed conversion when compared to control values. There was also a slight dose-related increase in liver size. The 250 and 500 mug./g. levels resulted in a dose-related increase in water consumption accompanied by an acute diarrhea. Dietary citrinin had no effect on serum protein, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, calcium, potassium and sodium concentrations or packed cell volume.", "contents": "Effect of citrinin, a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium citrinum, on laying hens and young broiler chicks. Citrinin fed to mature laying hens at levels of 0, 50, and 250 mug/g. of diet for three weeks had no effect on body weight, feed consumption, egg production, egg weight or egg shell quality. A moderate diarrhea occurring about three days after feeding 250 mug. citrinin/g. of diet was observed. However, the diarrhea subsided once the birds were returned to a normal diet. Young broiler chicks were fed a diet containing either 0, 62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mug. citrinin/g. of diet from hatching to three weeks of age. Body weight was decreased by the 500 mug/g. level whereas all levels of citrinin resulted in enlarged kidneys and an improvement in feed conversion when compared to control values. There was also a slight dose-related increase in liver size. The 250 and 500 mug./g. levels resulted in a dose-related increase in water consumption accompanied by an acute diarrhea. Dietary citrinin had no effect on serum protein, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, calcium, potassium and sodium concentrations or packed cell volume."}
{"id": "PMID:951362", "title": "Increased bone strength in coop-reared broilers provided flouridated water.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using fluoride to mitigate bone fragility (osteoporosis) that develops in cage-reared broilers. The treatments consisted of adding sodium fluoride to the drinking water at the levels of 100, 150, 200, and 200 p.p.m. of fluoride in the four experiments, respectively. Birds were transferred from starting batteries at four weeks of age into six coops. Birds in three coops served as controls; birds in the other three coops were provided the fluoridated water ad libitum from four to eight weeks of age. No significant differences were observed in the final body weights between treated and control birds in the four experiments. The percentage of bone ash was usually greater from the treated birds than from the controls. These differences were significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) in the 150 and 200 p.p.m. treatments. At all levels of fluoridation, the strengths of humeri were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased. However, at the lowest level of fluoridation, 100 p.p.m., the increase was significant only in the females. Tibia strength was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased only at the 200 p.p.m. level. The increase in bone strength from fluoridation may be sufficiently great enough to result in a decrease in the incidence of bone breakage during the processing of coop-reared boilers.", "contents": "Increased bone strength in coop-reared broilers provided flouridated water. Four experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using fluoride to mitigate bone fragility (osteoporosis) that develops in cage-reared broilers. The treatments consisted of adding sodium fluoride to the drinking water at the levels of 100, 150, 200, and 200 p.p.m. of fluoride in the four experiments, respectively. Birds were transferred from starting batteries at four weeks of age into six coops. Birds in three coops served as controls; birds in the other three coops were provided the fluoridated water ad libitum from four to eight weeks of age. No significant differences were observed in the final body weights between treated and control birds in the four experiments. The percentage of bone ash was usually greater from the treated birds than from the controls. These differences were significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) in the 150 and 200 p.p.m. treatments. At all levels of fluoridation, the strengths of humeri were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) increased. However, at the lowest level of fluoridation, 100 p.p.m., the increase was significant only in the females. Tibia strength was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased only at the 200 p.p.m. level. The increase in bone strength from fluoridation may be sufficiently great enough to result in a decrease in the incidence of bone breakage during the processing of coop-reared boilers."}
{"id": "PMID:951363", "title": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake.", "content": "The effects of androgen on the ejaculatory groove region (EGA) of the drake were investigated. Testosterone propionate was injected into the juvenile male duckling and prepuberal castrate male. The EGR developed as a result of androgen administration, showed the characteristic appearance of EGR of adult drakes. The oozing of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) was observed 9 to 12 days after injection and the characteristics of the fluid were similar to those of normal drakes. Some secondary sexual organs, that is, the penis, vas deferens and vascular body were also developed by androgen injection to the same extent as those of normal drakes. Castration of adult drakes resulted in the involution of the secondary sexual organs including the EGR and the volume of EGR-fluid decreased with the lapse of days and no oozing of the fluid was observed one month after castration. In view of these results and the function of EGR, the EGR should be considered an accessory reproductive organ of the drake.", "contents": "Studies on the accessory reproductive organs in the drake. The effects of androgen on the ejaculatory groove region (EGA) of the drake were investigated. Testosterone propionate was injected into the juvenile male duckling and prepuberal castrate male. The EGR developed as a result of androgen administration, showed the characteristic appearance of EGR of adult drakes. The oozing of the fluid from the ejaculatory groove region (EGR-fluid) was observed 9 to 12 days after injection and the characteristics of the fluid were similar to those of normal drakes. Some secondary sexual organs, that is, the penis, vas deferens and vascular body were also developed by androgen injection to the same extent as those of normal drakes. Castration of adult drakes resulted in the involution of the secondary sexual organs including the EGR and the volume of EGR-fluid decreased with the lapse of days and no oozing of the fluid was observed one month after castration. In view of these results and the function of EGR, the EGR should be considered an accessory reproductive organ of the drake."}
{"id": "PMID:951364", "title": "Effect of semen dose, frequency of insemination, age and productivity of the male on duration and levels of fertility and hatachability in the turkey.", "content": "In 3 separate trials, duration and levels of fertility and hatchability were studied in 3 groups of Broad Breasted White turkey hens inseminated on 1, 2 or 3 successive days with 0.030 ml. semen. In the first test, hens in a fourth group were given a single insemination of 0.090 ml. semen. and those in the fifth group received 2 inseminations of 0.045 ml. The semen used in Trial 1, was obtained from males producing different levels of semen, and in Trials 2 and 3 the semen was from males of different age groups. Neither age of the male nor level of semen production appreciably affected duration or levels of fertility in turkey hens. However, duration and level of fertility were slightly better in hens given 2 or 3 inseminations of 0.03 ml. or 2 inseminations of 0.045 ml. of semen on successive days than in comparable hens given a single insemination of 0.030 ml. or 0.090 ml. semen. Hatchability was significantly higher (p = less than .05) in hens inseminated twice with doses of 0.030 ml. as compared with hens inseminated 1 or 3 times with doses of 0.030 ml. In 1 of 2 test years, hatchability in hens inseminated with semen from young males was from 7 to 12 percent greater than for comparable hens inseminated with semen from old males. Semen concentration and percent of normal sperm was generally higher in young males (39 wk.) as compared to older males (89 wk.).", "contents": "Effect of semen dose, frequency of insemination, age and productivity of the male on duration and levels of fertility and hatachability in the turkey. In 3 separate trials, duration and levels of fertility and hatchability were studied in 3 groups of Broad Breasted White turkey hens inseminated on 1, 2 or 3 successive days with 0.030 ml. semen. In the first test, hens in a fourth group were given a single insemination of 0.090 ml. semen. and those in the fifth group received 2 inseminations of 0.045 ml. The semen used in Trial 1, was obtained from males producing different levels of semen, and in Trials 2 and 3 the semen was from males of different age groups. Neither age of the male nor level of semen production appreciably affected duration or levels of fertility in turkey hens. However, duration and level of fertility were slightly better in hens given 2 or 3 inseminations of 0.03 ml. or 2 inseminations of 0.045 ml. of semen on successive days than in comparable hens given a single insemination of 0.030 ml. or 0.090 ml. semen. Hatchability was significantly higher (p = less than .05) in hens inseminated twice with doses of 0.030 ml. as compared with hens inseminated 1 or 3 times with doses of 0.030 ml. In 1 of 2 test years, hatchability in hens inseminated with semen from young males was from 7 to 12 percent greater than for comparable hens inseminated with semen from old males. Semen concentration and percent of normal sperm was generally higher in young males (39 wk.) as compared to older males (89 wk.)."}
{"id": "PMID:951365", "title": "A comparison of the daily energy needs of the normal and dwarf broiler breeder hen.", "content": "Feeding trials were conducted to determine optimum daily calorie intake needs for broiler breeder hens of normal and dwarf (dw) genetic lines. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age with limited feed intake and placed on one of five series of energy intakes. Series 3 represented a composite of energy intakes suggested by major broiler breeders with Series 1 and 2 representing a slower rate of energy increase and Series 4 and 5 representing more rapid rates. It was found that energy intakes suggested by a composite of the recommendations by the major breeders resulted in performance equal or superior to that of other groups tested. Using prediction equations the maximum daily needs for energy for normal sized hens was 422 M.E. kcal./day, with 418 mg./day of lysine and 380 mg./day of methionine.", "contents": "A comparison of the daily energy needs of the normal and dwarf broiler breeder hen. Feeding trials were conducted to determine optimum daily calorie intake needs for broiler breeder hens of normal and dwarf (dw) genetic lines. Pullets were grown to 24 weeks of age with limited feed intake and placed on one of five series of energy intakes. Series 3 represented a composite of energy intakes suggested by major broiler breeders with Series 1 and 2 representing a slower rate of energy increase and Series 4 and 5 representing more rapid rates. It was found that energy intakes suggested by a composite of the recommendations by the major breeders resulted in performance equal or superior to that of other groups tested. Using prediction equations the maximum daily needs for energy for normal sized hens was 422 M.E. kcal./day, with 418 mg./day of lysine and 380 mg./day of methionine."}
{"id": "PMID:951366", "title": "Lysine needs of rapidly growing turkeys from 12-22 weeks of age.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys to investigate the lysine requirement from 12 to 22 weeks of age. Six pens of 20 turkeys were fed each of the experimental diets. In experiment 1, a basal diet containing wheat, meat meal, cottonseed meal and distillers dried grains with solubles was supplemented with four levels of L-lysine. Lysine at 4.27% of protein and 2.31 g./mcal. of metabolizable energy from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 1.83 g. from 20 to 22 weeks of age was inadequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency (16-22 weeks). Supplementing the diet with lysine from soybean meal gave performance equivalent to synthetic lysine, indicating that it was fully available. Performance of turkeys fed a diet containing 88% triticale from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 72% from 20 to 22 weeks of age was equivalent to that of turkeys fed a more complex ration with an equivalent level of lysine. In experiment 2, Large White male turkeys were fed a basal diet composed largely of triticale and soybean meal from 12 to 20 weeks of age with different levels of added lysine. From 12 to 16 weeks of age, 3.11 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.9% of protein) was adequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency. From 16-20 weeks of age 2.36 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.3% of protein) was adequate for optimum performance. Although the estimated requirement from 16 to 20 weeks of age based on the two experiments differs (perhaps because of differences in lysine availability), the results suggest that the current N.R.C. recommendation may be higher than necessary.", "contents": "Lysine needs of rapidly growing turkeys from 12-22 weeks of age. Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys to investigate the lysine requirement from 12 to 22 weeks of age. Six pens of 20 turkeys were fed each of the experimental diets. In experiment 1, a basal diet containing wheat, meat meal, cottonseed meal and distillers dried grains with solubles was supplemented with four levels of L-lysine. Lysine at 4.27% of protein and 2.31 g./mcal. of metabolizable energy from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 1.83 g. from 20 to 22 weeks of age was inadequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency (16-22 weeks). Supplementing the diet with lysine from soybean meal gave performance equivalent to synthetic lysine, indicating that it was fully available. Performance of turkeys fed a diet containing 88% triticale from 16 to 20 weeks of age, and 72% from 20 to 22 weeks of age was equivalent to that of turkeys fed a more complex ration with an equivalent level of lysine. In experiment 2, Large White male turkeys were fed a basal diet composed largely of triticale and soybean meal from 12 to 20 weeks of age with different levels of added lysine. From 12 to 16 weeks of age, 3.11 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.9% of protein) was adequate for optimum growth and feed efficiency. From 16-20 weeks of age 2.36 g. lysine/mcal. of M.E. (4.3% of protein) was adequate for optimum performance. Although the estimated requirement from 16 to 20 weeks of age based on the two experiments differs (perhaps because of differences in lysine availability), the results suggest that the current N.R.C. recommendation may be higher than necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:951367", "title": "Studies on the sodium requirement of growing Japanese quail.", "content": "The response of Japanese quail, fed a purified diet, to dietary increments of sodium chloride was studied. Birds fed the basal diet (0.042-0.051% sodium) displayed poor growth, high mortality, depressed plasma sodium levels, elevated blood hematocrit and increased relative adrenal gland weights. Growth plateaued and the other parameters reached normal values at a total dietary sodium level of approximately 0.10 percent.", "contents": "Studies on the sodium requirement of growing Japanese quail. The response of Japanese quail, fed a purified diet, to dietary increments of sodium chloride was studied. Birds fed the basal diet (0.042-0.051% sodium) displayed poor growth, high mortality, depressed plasma sodium levels, elevated blood hematocrit and increased relative adrenal gland weights. Growth plateaued and the other parameters reached normal values at a total dietary sodium level of approximately 0.10 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:951368", "title": "Methionine requirement of developing turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age to estimate the methionine requirement for optimum growth rate and feed efficiency. The first experiment was conducted with five pens of 22 turkeys per treatment when the mean minimum temperature was 17.2 C and the maximum 32.2 C. The second experiment was conducted with four groups of 14 turkeys per pen when the mean minimum temperature was 1.4 C and the maximum 12.4 C. Initial body weight and rate of gain in the first experiment was lower than that in Experiment 2. Maximum growth and feed efficiency in Experiment 1 were obtained with a methionine level between 1.32 and 1.41 g./mcal. of M.E. and in Experiment 2 between 1.27 and 1.43 g. Adding 0.1% l-cystine to the basal diet in Experiment 2 failed to improve growth or feed efficiency significantly. The estimated requirement for methionine in these experiments agrees with the present estimate of the National Research Council.", "contents": "Methionine requirement of developing turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age. Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age to estimate the methionine requirement for optimum growth rate and feed efficiency. The first experiment was conducted with five pens of 22 turkeys per treatment when the mean minimum temperature was 17.2 C and the maximum 32.2 C. The second experiment was conducted with four groups of 14 turkeys per pen when the mean minimum temperature was 1.4 C and the maximum 12.4 C. Initial body weight and rate of gain in the first experiment was lower than that in Experiment 2. Maximum growth and feed efficiency in Experiment 1 were obtained with a methionine level between 1.32 and 1.41 g./mcal. of M.E. and in Experiment 2 between 1.27 and 1.43 g. Adding 0.1% l-cystine to the basal diet in Experiment 2 failed to improve growth or feed efficiency significantly. The estimated requirement for methionine in these experiments agrees with the present estimate of the National Research Council."}
{"id": "PMID:951369", "title": "Effect of selenium and mercury on survival of chick embryos.", "content": "Factorial experiments were arranged in a completely randomized or randomized block design. The factors included: selenium and day of injection; mercury and day of injection; selenium and mercury; and selenium, mercury and day of injection. Each treatment factor consisted of several levels, selenium ranged from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.05 p.p.m., mercury from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.30 p.p.m. and injection was performed on day-3, 9, and 15 of incubation. Babcock-300, and White Leghorn x New Hampshire cross eggs were obtained from 13-15 month old hens. Mercury was injected into the air cell at 4 or 24 hours after selenium injection. Analysis of variance on arcsine transformed data showed that selenium significantly decreased  survival at all 3 injection times (P less than 0.01). Survival was significantly greater with increasing age at injection (P less than 0.01). Survival of embryos significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) with increasing levels of mercury from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.20 p.p.m. injected into eggs on day-3 of incubation. Survival of embryos injected at later stages was less than that of controls but not significantly less. Injection of low levels of selenium, 0.01 p.p.m. or 0.02 p.p.m., to mercury treated eggs tended to improve the survival of embryos as compared to treatment with mercury alone, although individual differences were not significant. At higher levels, selenium accentuated the toxicity of mercury.", "contents": "Effect of selenium and mercury on survival of chick embryos. Factorial experiments were arranged in a completely randomized or randomized block design. The factors included: selenium and day of injection; mercury and day of injection; selenium and mercury; and selenium, mercury and day of injection. Each treatment factor consisted of several levels, selenium ranged from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.05 p.p.m., mercury from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.30 p.p.m. and injection was performed on day-3, 9, and 15 of incubation. Babcock-300, and White Leghorn x New Hampshire cross eggs were obtained from 13-15 month old hens. Mercury was injected into the air cell at 4 or 24 hours after selenium injection. Analysis of variance on arcsine transformed data showed that selenium significantly decreased  survival at all 3 injection times (P less than 0.01). Survival was significantly greater with increasing age at injection (P less than 0.01). Survival of embryos significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) with increasing levels of mercury from 0.00 p.p.m. to 0.20 p.p.m. injected into eggs on day-3 of incubation. Survival of embryos injected at later stages was less than that of controls but not significantly less. Injection of low levels of selenium, 0.01 p.p.m. or 0.02 p.p.m., to mercury treated eggs tended to improve the survival of embryos as compared to treatment with mercury alone, although individual differences were not significant. At higher levels, selenium accentuated the toxicity of mercury."}
{"id": "PMID:951370", "title": "Effects of high environmental temperatures on cecal coccidiosis.", "content": "Maintenance of broiler or White Leghorn cockerels in a high temperature (32 C.), high humidity (90%) environment for six days following artificial infection with Eimeria tenella significantly reduced coccidiosis severity as compared to birds similarly infected and maintained in an ambient environment averaging 24.5 C., and 62% humidity. Disease severity was determined by lesion scores, fecal scores, and hematocrit readings. The heavier broiler stock maintained body temperatures of 0.7-1.6 C. higher than those birds kept at ambient temperatures for the entire six days. Body temperatures of heat-treated Leghorn cockerels were 0.9 C. higher during the first 48 hours post-inoculation (P.I.), but similar to ambient temperature controls for the last four days. Elevated body temperatures during the first two days following inoculation impaired the survival and development of some parasites while shorter periods (24 hours) of heat treatment did not affect parasite survival.", "contents": "Effects of high environmental temperatures on cecal coccidiosis. Maintenance of broiler or White Leghorn cockerels in a high temperature (32 C.), high humidity (90%) environment for six days following artificial infection with Eimeria tenella significantly reduced coccidiosis severity as compared to birds similarly infected and maintained in an ambient environment averaging 24.5 C., and 62% humidity. Disease severity was determined by lesion scores, fecal scores, and hematocrit readings. The heavier broiler stock maintained body temperatures of 0.7-1.6 C. higher than those birds kept at ambient temperatures for the entire six days. Body temperatures of heat-treated Leghorn cockerels were 0.9 C. higher during the first 48 hours post-inoculation (P.I.), but similar to ambient temperature controls for the last four days. Elevated body temperatures during the first two days following inoculation impaired the survival and development of some parasites while shorter periods (24 hours) of heat treatment did not affect parasite survival."}
{"id": "PMID:951371", "title": "Coccidiosis: effects of high environmental temperatures on anticoccidial protection.", "content": "In a series of nine experiments birds subjected to heat-stress showed decreases of 9 to 61 percent in feed intake. In only one of these experiments, involving E. acervulina and monensin, was there sufficient reduction of anticoccidial intake to partially nullify effects of drug protection. In this case, a 40 percent decrease in monensin intake resulted in significantly higher lesion scores (1.9 vs. 1.0) (P less than or equal to 0.05) in birds maintained at 32 C. for days 1 to 7 postinfection (P.I.) compared to controls maintained at 20C. No other failures due to heat stress occurred with this anticoccidial in three other trials with E. acervulina or or five trials involving E. tenella infection. In one experiment E. tenella coccidiosis (lesion scores 0.7 vs. 1.1) was more severe in the cool environment than in birds under heat-stress from 2 to 7 days P.I. Similarly, less severe lesions of E tenella (0.4 vs. 0.8) occurred during heat-stress (32 C) than in controls maintained at 11 C. in zoalene-fed and unmedicated control birds. No differences in lesion scores occurred in birds in hot versus cool room environments in two experiments involving sulfaquinoxaline or one with robenidene and E. tenella infection. E tenella lesions inunmedicated controls were significantly more severe in the cool than the hot environment in one experiment. Results from these experiments suggest that decreases in feed and anticoccidial intake during heat-stress could seldom be the cause of coccidiosis breaks under field conditions.", "contents": "Coccidiosis: effects of high environmental temperatures on anticoccidial protection. In a series of nine experiments birds subjected to heat-stress showed decreases of 9 to 61 percent in feed intake. In only one of these experiments, involving E. acervulina and monensin, was there sufficient reduction of anticoccidial intake to partially nullify effects of drug protection. In this case, a 40 percent decrease in monensin intake resulted in significantly higher lesion scores (1.9 vs. 1.0) (P less than or equal to 0.05) in birds maintained at 32 C. for days 1 to 7 postinfection (P.I.) compared to controls maintained at 20C. No other failures due to heat stress occurred with this anticoccidial in three other trials with E. acervulina or or five trials involving E. tenella infection. In one experiment E. tenella coccidiosis (lesion scores 0.7 vs. 1.1) was more severe in the cool environment than in birds under heat-stress from 2 to 7 days P.I. Similarly, less severe lesions of E tenella (0.4 vs. 0.8) occurred during heat-stress (32 C) than in controls maintained at 11 C. in zoalene-fed and unmedicated control birds. No differences in lesion scores occurred in birds in hot versus cool room environments in two experiments involving sulfaquinoxaline or one with robenidene and E. tenella infection. E tenella lesions inunmedicated controls were significantly more severe in the cool than the hot environment in one experiment. Results from these experiments suggest that decreases in feed and anticoccidial intake during heat-stress could seldom be the cause of coccidiosis breaks under field conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:951372", "title": "Effects of early cyclophosphamide treatment on lymphoid organs and its immune response in ducks.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide treatment of newly hatched White Pekin ducks significantly reduced the weight of their lymphoid organs and almost completely eliminated the formation of bursal lymphoid follicles at one week of age. There after the thymus and spleen of these ducks completely recovered in weight at 7 weeks of age. The bursa, however, retained its light weight and morphological defects, such as the absence of lymphoid follicles. The specific antibody producing-capability to Salmonella pullorum was also eliminated. The total dosage of cyclophosphamide was smaller than that employed in chickens, which makes effective chemical bursectomy in ducks possible.", "contents": "Effects of early cyclophosphamide treatment on lymphoid organs and its immune response in ducks. Cyclophosphamide treatment of newly hatched White Pekin ducks significantly reduced the weight of their lymphoid organs and almost completely eliminated the formation of bursal lymphoid follicles at one week of age. There after the thymus and spleen of these ducks completely recovered in weight at 7 weeks of age. The bursa, however, retained its light weight and morphological defects, such as the absence of lymphoid follicles. The specific antibody producing-capability to Salmonella pullorum was also eliminated. The total dosage of cyclophosphamide was smaller than that employed in chickens, which makes effective chemical bursectomy in ducks possible."}
{"id": "PMID:951373", "title": "Sexual maturation and productivity of Japanese quail fed graded concentrations of mercuric chloride.", "content": "Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) were fed 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 p.p.m. Hg as mercuric chloride (HgCl2) from the time of hatching up to the age of 1 year. None of the birds manifested any gross signs of mercury poisioning. Food consumption, growth rate, and weight maintenance were unaffected. Initial oviposition tended to occur at a younger age as dietary mercuric chloride increased, e.g., the median age at which egg laying began among hens fed 32 p.p.m. Hg was 6 days younger than for controls. The average rate of egg production was positively related to the concentration of mercuric chloride with the most pronounced differences between treatments occurring among young (less than 9-week-old) hens. Beyond 9 weeks of age production was more uniform among the treatments, but even after 1 year hens on 32 p.p.m. Hg were laying an average of 13.5% more eggs than controls. Rate of egg fertilization was generally depressed for all Hg-treatments above 4 p.p.m. Hatchability of fertilized eggs and eggshell thickness appeared unaffected by mercuric chloride.", "contents": "Sexual maturation and productivity of Japanese quail fed graded concentrations of mercuric chloride. Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) were fed 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 p.p.m. Hg as mercuric chloride (HgCl2) from the time of hatching up to the age of 1 year. None of the birds manifested any gross signs of mercury poisioning. Food consumption, growth rate, and weight maintenance were unaffected. Initial oviposition tended to occur at a younger age as dietary mercuric chloride increased, e.g., the median age at which egg laying began among hens fed 32 p.p.m. Hg was 6 days younger than for controls. The average rate of egg production was positively related to the concentration of mercuric chloride with the most pronounced differences between treatments occurring among young (less than 9-week-old) hens. Beyond 9 weeks of age production was more uniform among the treatments, but even after 1 year hens on 32 p.p.m. Hg were laying an average of 13.5% more eggs than controls. Rate of egg fertilization was generally depressed for all Hg-treatments above 4 p.p.m. Hatchability of fertilized eggs and eggshell thickness appeared unaffected by mercuric chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:951374", "title": "Total fatty acid composition of duck fatty tissues.", "content": "Total lipids extracted from duck fatty tissues were fractionated on thin layer plates into polar lipids and neutral lipids. Neutral lipids were similarly fractionated into their components. Fatty acid methyl esters from total lipids were fractionated by gas-liquid-chromatography. Results indicated that duck fatty tissues are mostly formed by neutral lipids and that triglycerides comprise the vast majority of neutral lipids. Results also indicated that the major fatty acids in duck lipids are: oleic greater than linoleic greater than stearic greater than palmitoleic. About 73% of all fatty acids present belong to the C-18 series. The unsaturation level for duck lipids is about 73%.", "contents": "Total fatty acid composition of duck fatty tissues. Total lipids extracted from duck fatty tissues were fractionated on thin layer plates into polar lipids and neutral lipids. Neutral lipids were similarly fractionated into their components. Fatty acid methyl esters from total lipids were fractionated by gas-liquid-chromatography. Results indicated that duck fatty tissues are mostly formed by neutral lipids and that triglycerides comprise the vast majority of neutral lipids. Results also indicated that the major fatty acids in duck lipids are: oleic greater than linoleic greater than stearic greater than palmitoleic. About 73% of all fatty acids present belong to the C-18 series. The unsaturation level for duck lipids is about 73%."}
{"id": "PMID:951375", "title": "Relation between methionine and inorganic sulphate in broiler rations.", "content": "In two experiments with 0-5 weeks old broiler chicks in battery-cages, it was examined whether the requirements for sulphur-containing amino acids in the ration could be reduced by addition of inorganic sulphate. The basal diet was a high energy practical-type broiler ration. The mineral mix included in this diet did not contain sulphates. The basal diet contained 0.73% methionine + cystine. By addition of synthetic methionine, experimental rations with 0.78, 0.82, 0.92 and 1.02% methionine + cystine, respectively, were obtained. The addition of methionine to the basal ration effected significant effects on weight gain (maximum 6-7% at 5 weeks of age) and on feed conversion (maximum 7-8% at 5 weeks of age). The addition of 0.1% Na2 SO4 (=0.068% inorganic sulphate) to the basal and the methionine supplemented diets resulted in an overall increase in weight gain at 5 weeks of age of 0.9% and a reduction in feed conversion of 1.2%; both effects were significant (P less than .05). However, the size of this effect proved to be independent on the contents of sulphur-containing amino acids in the ration. This indicates a small deficiency of the basal ration for inorganic sulphate.", "contents": "Relation between methionine and inorganic sulphate in broiler rations. In two experiments with 0-5 weeks old broiler chicks in battery-cages, it was examined whether the requirements for sulphur-containing amino acids in the ration could be reduced by addition of inorganic sulphate. The basal diet was a high energy practical-type broiler ration. The mineral mix included in this diet did not contain sulphates. The basal diet contained 0.73% methionine + cystine. By addition of synthetic methionine, experimental rations with 0.78, 0.82, 0.92 and 1.02% methionine + cystine, respectively, were obtained. The addition of methionine to the basal ration effected significant effects on weight gain (maximum 6-7% at 5 weeks of age) and on feed conversion (maximum 7-8% at 5 weeks of age). The addition of 0.1% Na2 SO4 (=0.068% inorganic sulphate) to the basal and the methionine supplemented diets resulted in an overall increase in weight gain at 5 weeks of age of 0.9% and a reduction in feed conversion of 1.2%; both effects were significant (P less than .05). However, the size of this effect proved to be independent on the contents of sulphur-containing amino acids in the ration. This indicates a small deficiency of the basal ration for inorganic sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:951376", "title": "Plasma steroid tendency, social environment and Eimeria necatrix infection.", "content": "Chickens from a line selected for high levels of plasma corticosterone when housed in an environment faciliating considerable social interaction were more resistant to Eimeria necatrix infection than those from a line selected for low levels of plasma corticosterone housed in an environment that minimized social interaction. Individuals in the high steroid group had a more active phagocytic defense and fewer schizonts than those in the low steroid group.", "contents": "Plasma steroid tendency, social environment and Eimeria necatrix infection. Chickens from a line selected for high levels of plasma corticosterone when housed in an environment faciliating considerable social interaction were more resistant to Eimeria necatrix infection than those from a line selected for low levels of plasma corticosterone housed in an environment that minimized social interaction. Individuals in the high steroid group had a more active phagocytic defense and fewer schizonts than those in the low steroid group."}
{"id": "PMID:951377", "title": "Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 11. Ovulation and oviposition patterns.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to study oviposition patterns and ovarian activity at various physiological ages in S15 and S16 generation pullets from lines selected bidirectionally for high (HWS) and low (LWS) juvenile body weight. The fixed periods of lay for random samples of pullets from the date of first egg were 20, 40, 60, and 80 days in the first experiment and 40, 80, 120, and 160 days in the second experiment. HWS pullets matured significantly earlier than LWS pullets in both generations. The frequency and the percentage hen-day production (%HDP) of defective eggs were significantly greater in the HWS than LWS line in both generations. Delayed sexual maturity did not significantly change the pattern of defective egg production for a fixed period of lay. In the HWS line the %HDP of defective eggs progressively increased until about 40 days of lay and tended to decline thereafter, while in the LWS line the percentage decreased from 20 to 40 days and then stabilized. The frequency of normal unbroken eggs to 80 days of production did not differ among lines either in the S15 or S16 generation. When measurements were extended to 160 days of lay in the S16 generation HWS pullets produced significantly more normal eggs than LWS pullets. Possible effects of ovarian activity on the egg production pattern during the laying cycle are discussed. There was a significantly higher incidence of internal laying and atrecia of the growing follicles in the HWS than in the LWS pullets. Ovarian activity, evidenced by the  number of developing and ruptured follicles, was significantly greater in the HWS than the LWS line, as was the incidence of ova developing in pairs. Product moment correlations and multiple regressions among the measurements of ovarian activity were calculated within lines. In the HWS line, 62.5% of the variation in %HDP of defective eggs could be accounted for by the %HDP of normal eggs and the number of developing follicles while in the LWS line these variables accounted for only 7.29% of the variation in %HDP of defective eggs.", "contents": "Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 11. Ovulation and oviposition patterns. Two experiments were conducted to study oviposition patterns and ovarian activity at various physiological ages in S15 and S16 generation pullets from lines selected bidirectionally for high (HWS) and low (LWS) juvenile body weight. The fixed periods of lay for random samples of pullets from the date of first egg were 20, 40, 60, and 80 days in the first experiment and 40, 80, 120, and 160 days in the second experiment. HWS pullets matured significantly earlier than LWS pullets in both generations. The frequency and the percentage hen-day production (%HDP) of defective eggs were significantly greater in the HWS than LWS line in both generations. Delayed sexual maturity did not significantly change the pattern of defective egg production for a fixed period of lay. In the HWS line the %HDP of defective eggs progressively increased until about 40 days of lay and tended to decline thereafter, while in the LWS line the percentage decreased from 20 to 40 days and then stabilized. The frequency of normal unbroken eggs to 80 days of production did not differ among lines either in the S15 or S16 generation. When measurements were extended to 160 days of lay in the S16 generation HWS pullets produced significantly more normal eggs than LWS pullets. Possible effects of ovarian activity on the egg production pattern during the laying cycle are discussed. There was a significantly higher incidence of internal laying and atrecia of the growing follicles in the HWS than in the LWS pullets. Ovarian activity, evidenced by the  number of developing and ruptured follicles, was significantly greater in the HWS than the LWS line, as was the incidence of ova developing in pairs. Product moment correlations and multiple regressions among the measurements of ovarian activity were calculated within lines. In the HWS line, 62.5% of the variation in %HDP of defective eggs could be accounted for by the %HDP of normal eggs and the number of developing follicles while in the LWS line these variables accounted for only 7.29% of the variation in %HDP of defective eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:951378", "title": "Growth of broilers and quail fed Fusarium (Gibberella zeae)-infected corn and zearalenone (F-2).", "content": "There were no effects in commercial broilers after the long term ingesting of Fusarium-infected corn supplying 1, 10, and 30 p.p.m. zearalenone (F-2) in diets. Average gain and feed conversion were similar in all treatment groups. In the first feeding trial the average body weights were higher for males than for females, but the differences were not significant. Purified F-2, 30 P.P.M., was fed to broilers and no chronic effects were observed. Differences in mean body weights, between dietary treatments in the two Japanese quail lines were small and not significant after 4 weeks on diets containing 0, 10, and 25 p.p.m. F-2 from Fusarium infected corn.", "contents": "Growth of broilers and quail fed Fusarium (Gibberella zeae)-infected corn and zearalenone (F-2). There were no effects in commercial broilers after the long term ingesting of Fusarium-infected corn supplying 1, 10, and 30 p.p.m. zearalenone (F-2) in diets. Average gain and feed conversion were similar in all treatment groups. In the first feeding trial the average body weights were higher for males than for females, but the differences were not significant. Purified F-2, 30 P.P.M., was fed to broilers and no chronic effects were observed. Differences in mean body weights, between dietary treatments in the two Japanese quail lines were small and not significant after 4 weeks on diets containing 0, 10, and 25 p.p.m. F-2 from Fusarium infected corn."}
{"id": "PMID:951379", "title": "Pesticide residues in eggs and chicks from laying hens fed low levels of several chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.", "content": "Eighty-four Single-Comb While Leghorn laying hens housed individually in laying cages were fed rations containing less than 0.1 p.p.m. of dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor and mirex individually or in combination for 7 days and in combination for 15 weeks. DDT residues in egg yolk reached 0.043 p.p.m. by 7 days when fed in combination with the other pesticides. None of the residues were above FDA action level at 7 days and all had declined to below trace levels by 8 weeks after termination of pesticide feeding. Residues in eggs from hens fed all four pesticides for 15 weeks increased steadily for the first few weeks and then reached a plateau or increased only slightly until pesticide feeding was terminated. By the end of the 5th week of pesticide feeding all pesticides except DDT had exceeded FDA action levels for pesticides in eggs. DDT residues reached a level of 0.139 p.p.m. by 8 weeks and did not increase thereafter. Traces of the pesticides were still present 24 weeks after termination of pesticide feeding. The pesticides tested did not affect fertility of hatchability of eggs collected during the 14th and 15th weeks of pesticide feeding. Total carcass fat of chicks hatched from these eggs had 0.024 p.p.m. dieldrin, .049 p.p.m. DDT, .001 p.p.m. heptachlor epoxide and, 0.47 mirex at 1 day of age.", "contents": "Pesticide residues in eggs and chicks from laying hens fed low levels of several chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Eighty-four Single-Comb While Leghorn laying hens housed individually in laying cages were fed rations containing less than 0.1 p.p.m. of dieldrin, DDT, heptachlor and mirex individually or in combination for 7 days and in combination for 15 weeks. DDT residues in egg yolk reached 0.043 p.p.m. by 7 days when fed in combination with the other pesticides. None of the residues were above FDA action level at 7 days and all had declined to below trace levels by 8 weeks after termination of pesticide feeding. Residues in eggs from hens fed all four pesticides for 15 weeks increased steadily for the first few weeks and then reached a plateau or increased only slightly until pesticide feeding was terminated. By the end of the 5th week of pesticide feeding all pesticides except DDT had exceeded FDA action levels for pesticides in eggs. DDT residues reached a level of 0.139 p.p.m. by 8 weeks and did not increase thereafter. Traces of the pesticides were still present 24 weeks after termination of pesticide feeding. The pesticides tested did not affect fertility of hatchability of eggs collected during the 14th and 15th weeks of pesticide feeding. Total carcass fat of chicks hatched from these eggs had 0.024 p.p.m. dieldrin, .049 p.p.m. DDT, .001 p.p.m. heptachlor epoxide and, 0.47 mirex at 1 day of age."}
{"id": "PMID:951380", "title": "Mortality and production characteristics of laying chickens fed high- and low-erucic acid rapeseed oils.", "content": "Laying pullets were fed a diet supplemented with three percent of either high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil or low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil for 39 weeks. Egg production for the period was 78.8 and 80.1% by the birds fed the respective oils. Average egg weights were 56.8 and 58.7 g. respectively. Gains in body weight, liver weight and adrenal gland weight were similar with the two types of oil fed. Feed consumption was similar for the two groups of birds. The efficiency of utilization of the diet containing HEAR oil was accordingly lower than that of the diet containing LEAR oil. In the birds fed HEAR and LEAR oil respectively mortality attributed to metabolic disorders of the reproductive system, liver, and kidney was 3.3% and 1.2%. Mortality from other causes in the birds fed the two oils was 3.2 and 3.8% of the original populations.", "contents": "Mortality and production characteristics of laying chickens fed high- and low-erucic acid rapeseed oils. Laying pullets were fed a diet supplemented with three percent of either high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil or low-erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil for 39 weeks. Egg production for the period was 78.8 and 80.1% by the birds fed the respective oils. Average egg weights were 56.8 and 58.7 g. respectively. Gains in body weight, liver weight and adrenal gland weight were similar with the two types of oil fed. Feed consumption was similar for the two groups of birds. The efficiency of utilization of the diet containing HEAR oil was accordingly lower than that of the diet containing LEAR oil. In the birds fed HEAR and LEAR oil respectively mortality attributed to metabolic disorders of the reproductive system, liver, and kidney was 3.3% and 1.2%. Mortality from other causes in the birds fed the two oils was 3.2 and 3.8% of the original populations."}
{"id": "PMID:951381", "title": "Energy requirement of roosters as influenced by environmental temperature, dietary energy and age.", "content": "Little information is available on the energy requirement of roosters. The voluntary energy intake is reported for roosters exposed to environmental temperatures of 23, 30 or 37 degrees C. while fed one of three diets differing in energy level. There was a reduction in the energy intake as the environmental temperature increased. The data indicated that the energy requirement was reduced somewhat as the birds get older than 9-10 months of age.", "contents": "Energy requirement of roosters as influenced by environmental temperature, dietary energy and age. Little information is available on the energy requirement of roosters. The voluntary energy intake is reported for roosters exposed to environmental temperatures of 23, 30 or 37 degrees C. while fed one of three diets differing in energy level. There was a reduction in the energy intake as the environmental temperature increased. The data indicated that the energy requirement was reduced somewhat as the birds get older than 9-10 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:951382", "title": "Amino acid supplementation of low protein turkey starting rations.", "content": "Turkey poults fed rations containing 22.1% protein had a much slower rate of growth when compared with poults receiving a ration containing 29.8% protein. Methionine supplementation had no effect on body weight and mortality to 18 days of age. Supplementation of the 22.1% protein diet with lysine (0.2%) significantly improved growth rate over the unsupplemented 22.1% protein diet. The addition of methionine to the 22.1% protein diet supplemented with lysine (0.2%) produced slight additional response in body weight; however the drop in mortality was much more dramatic as increments of methionine were added to the 22.1% protein diet supplemented with lysine (0.2%).", "contents": "Amino acid supplementation of low protein turkey starting rations. Turkey poults fed rations containing 22.1% protein had a much slower rate of growth when compared with poults receiving a ration containing 29.8% protein. Methionine supplementation had no effect on body weight and mortality to 18 days of age. Supplementation of the 22.1% protein diet with lysine (0.2%) significantly improved growth rate over the unsupplemented 22.1% protein diet. The addition of methionine to the 22.1% protein diet supplemented with lysine (0.2%) produced slight additional response in body weight; however the drop in mortality was much more dramatic as increments of methionine were added to the 22.1% protein diet supplemented with lysine (0.2%)."}
{"id": "PMID:951383", "title": "Amino acid supplementation of turkey breeder rations.", "content": "Beltsville Small White turkey hens (60) were randomized into four groups of 15 hens each, weighed and placed in individual laying cages. Immediately after lighting to initiate production, they were placed on a practical type turkey breeder diet calculated to contain 18.26% protein, 2893 Cal. M.E./kg., 3.13% Ca, 0.80% available P, 1.04% arginine, 0.86% lysine, 0.50% methionine & cystine and 0.24% tryptophane. Amino acids were added to this diet as follows: (1) none; (2) 0.1% lysine; (3) 0.05% methionine and (4) 0.1% lysine & 0.05% methionine. Lysine (0.1%) had no effect on reproductive performance when added to the basal ration or to the ration containing additional methionine. Methionine addition (0.05%) improved production significantly (P less than or equal to .005), improved feed efficiency, and increased egg size.", "contents": "Amino acid supplementation of turkey breeder rations. Beltsville Small White turkey hens (60) were randomized into four groups of 15 hens each, weighed and placed in individual laying cages. Immediately after lighting to initiate production, they were placed on a practical type turkey breeder diet calculated to contain 18.26% protein, 2893 Cal. M.E./kg., 3.13% Ca, 0.80% available P, 1.04% arginine, 0.86% lysine, 0.50% methionine & cystine and 0.24% tryptophane. Amino acids were added to this diet as follows: (1) none; (2) 0.1% lysine; (3) 0.05% methionine and (4) 0.1% lysine & 0.05% methionine. Lysine (0.1%) had no effect on reproductive performance when added to the basal ration or to the ration containing additional methionine. Methionine addition (0.05%) improved production significantly (P less than or equal to .005), improved feed efficiency, and increased egg size."}
{"id": "PMID:951384", "title": "The effect of the duration of starvation of the assay bird on true metabolizable energy values.", "content": "An experiment was made with adult, S.C.W.L. roosters to measure the effect of the duration of the starvation period, prior to force feeding, on the true metabolizable energy (T.M.E.) value of a laying hen diet. Lengthening the starvation period from 24 to 96 hr., by 24 hr. intervals, had no significant effect on the T.M.E. value. The excretion of metabolic fecal + endogenous urinary energy per day tended to decrease with the duration of starvation. It is therefore, essential that the duration of the starvation period is identical for control and force fed birds. It is also essential that the duration of the experimental period is identical for both groups of birds.", "contents": "The effect of the duration of starvation of the assay bird on true metabolizable energy values. An experiment was made with adult, S.C.W.L. roosters to measure the effect of the duration of the starvation period, prior to force feeding, on the true metabolizable energy (T.M.E.) value of a laying hen diet. Lengthening the starvation period from 24 to 96 hr., by 24 hr. intervals, had no significant effect on the T.M.E. value. The excretion of metabolic fecal + endogenous urinary energy per day tended to decrease with the duration of starvation. It is therefore, essential that the duration of the starvation period is identical for control and force fed birds. It is also essential that the duration of the experimental period is identical for both groups of birds."}
{"id": "PMID:951385", "title": "Partial replacement of chicken semen by turkey semen in artificial insemination of chickens.", "content": "Chicken semen undiluted, diluted with a diluent containing fructose and/or mixed with turkey semen was used to inseminate Leghorn hens. In two of three experiments there was an improvement in fertility from insemination by mixed semen as compared to semen diluted to the same extent with the diluent.", "contents": "Partial replacement of chicken semen by turkey semen in artificial insemination of chickens. Chicken semen undiluted, diluted with a diluent containing fructose and/or mixed with turkey semen was used to inseminate Leghorn hens. In two of three experiments there was an improvement in fertility from insemination by mixed semen as compared to semen diluted to the same extent with the diluent."}
{"id": "PMID:951386", "title": "The management of infertility.", "content": "Infertility remains a difficult clinical problem but with only a small amount of effort most clinics can improve facilities and streamline investigations. Lack of continuity remains one of the most trying problems for both patient and clinician. Reasonable time limits limits must be placed on investigations and the idea of adoption should be introduced at the appropriate time. Future developments may gradually help to eradicate the problem.", "contents": "The management of infertility. Infertility remains a difficult clinical problem but with only a small amount of effort most clinics can improve facilities and streamline investigations. Lack of continuity remains one of the most trying problems for both patient and clinician. Reasonable time limits limits must be placed on investigations and the idea of adoption should be introduced at the appropriate time. Future developments may gradually help to eradicate the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:951388", "title": "Forensic gynaecology.", "content": "To put a patient at ease is always important, but this is especially so when making an examination following a sexual offence. The place of examination is important. The choice can be a police station, a hospital or your own consulting-room. If at all possible, your own consulting-room is best. Always explain exactly what you are doing and for what reason. This is reassuring to the patient. Take the specimens systematically. Number and label them carefully before handing them over to the police officer. Notes taken at the time of your examination can be used when giving evidence in court. Therefore legible notes are invaluable. I have also found it useful to have a photostat of my statement as a witness. The police will provide this on request. Note-taking is particularly important in cases in which there are special difficulties. Examinations following sexual assault involve attending court to give evidence. By no means all the examinations made will lead to court cases. Often the accused cannot be found, sometimes the woman drops the allegation, or the Director of Public Prosecutions does not recommend the case to come for trial. Since the Criminal Justice Act 1967 it has been possible in all criminal proceedings to admit a written statement as evidence just as if it had been given orally. This statement must be signed by the witness, who will be liable to prosecution if he has stated in it anything that he knew to be false or did not believe to be true. A copy is served on the opposing side and if they make no objection it can be used by the defence in evidence. In other words, your presence in court is necessary only if some point needs to be made clear by cross-examination. I should like to see long-term follow up of rape victims. At present there is none that I know of, but at least some immediate reassurance and explanation can be given to the patient, together with treatment and recommendations for further care if necessary.", "contents": "Forensic gynaecology. To put a patient at ease is always important, but this is especially so when making an examination following a sexual offence. The place of examination is important. The choice can be a police station, a hospital or your own consulting-room. If at all possible, your own consulting-room is best. Always explain exactly what you are doing and for what reason. This is reassuring to the patient. Take the specimens systematically. Number and label them carefully before handing them over to the police officer. Notes taken at the time of your examination can be used when giving evidence in court. Therefore legible notes are invaluable. I have also found it useful to have a photostat of my statement as a witness. The police will provide this on request. Note-taking is particularly important in cases in which there are special difficulties. Examinations following sexual assault involve attending court to give evidence. By no means all the examinations made will lead to court cases. Often the accused cannot be found, sometimes the woman drops the allegation, or the Director of Public Prosecutions does not recommend the case to come for trial. Since the Criminal Justice Act 1967 it has been possible in all criminal proceedings to admit a written statement as evidence just as if it had been given orally. This statement must be signed by the witness, who will be liable to prosecution if he has stated in it anything that he knew to be false or did not believe to be true. A copy is served on the opposing side and if they make no objection it can be used by the defence in evidence. In other words, your presence in court is necessary only if some point needs to be made clear by cross-examination. I should like to see long-term follow up of rape victims. At present there is none that I know of, but at least some immediate reassurance and explanation can be given to the patient, together with treatment and recommendations for further care if necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:951390", "title": "Drug-induced deafness and its treatment.", "content": "A comprehensive review is presented of the ototoxic effects of drugs which may damage hearing. These have been classified in tabular form together with the recommended dose, method of administration, and ill-effects upon the inner ear. Special emphasis is laid upon the hazard of prescribing such drugs in certain conditions, including in particular the presence of renal or hepatic insufficiency, and the importance of laboratory assessment of new antibiotics for ototoxicity before undertaking clinical trials.", "contents": "Drug-induced deafness and its treatment. A comprehensive review is presented of the ototoxic effects of drugs which may damage hearing. These have been classified in tabular form together with the recommended dose, method of administration, and ill-effects upon the inner ear. Special emphasis is laid upon the hazard of prescribing such drugs in certain conditions, including in particular the presence of renal or hepatic insufficiency, and the importance of laboratory assessment of new antibiotics for ototoxicity before undertaking clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:951401", "title": "Improved method for the purification of biologically active transcobalamin II.", "content": "Transcobalamin II (TC II) was purified about 300,000-fold from Cohn fraction III using a modification of the procedure described by Allen and Majerus (J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7709-7717 (1972)). The simplified method incorporated isoelectric precipitation of the TC II into the purification scheme which permitted the elimination of two column chromatographic steps originally reported by the above workers. The final preparation had 26.7 mug of vitamin B12 (B12) bound per mg of protein and an A280/A361 ratio of 2.05, both of which are in good agreement with the reported values. The purified TC II was biologically active with respect to its ability to facilitate penetration of B12 into HeLa cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "Improved method for the purification of biologically active transcobalamin II. Transcobalamin II (TC II) was purified about 300,000-fold from Cohn fraction III using a modification of the procedure described by Allen and Majerus (J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7709-7717 (1972)). The simplified method incorporated isoelectric precipitation of the TC II into the purification scheme which permitted the elimination of two column chromatographic steps originally reported by the above workers. The final preparation had 26.7 mug of vitamin B12 (B12) bound per mg of protein and an A280/A361 ratio of 2.05, both of which are in good agreement with the reported values. The purified TC II was biologically active with respect to its ability to facilitate penetration of B12 into HeLa cells in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:951427", "title": "Effect of CNS depressants and stimulants on latency for the appearance of copulatory response in the female rat.", "content": "Diethyl ether anesthesia, sodium hexobarbital (20 mg/kg), diphenylhydantoin (50 mg/kg), strychnine (1 mg/kg) and picrotoxin (1-0.25 mg/kg) effectively induced the copulatory response (lordotic behavior) in estradiol benzoate treated ovariectomized rats although no progesterone was given. As none of the tested compounds were effective in replacing progesterone in adrenalectomized animals, adrenal secretion is likely to be implicated in the lordosis activating effect of these compounds. The lordosis response appeared faster after the CNS stimulants than after treatment with the CNS depressants. The influence of diethylether anesthesia, strychnine (0.5 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) on the latency for the appearance of the lordosis response after IV injection of isopregnenone was studied in estradiol benzoate treated ovariectomized females. A 10 min ether anesthesia delayed the onset of the lordosis response in adrenal intact as well as adrenalectomized animals. Anesthesia given after receptivity had been fully established suppressed the responses for a short period (10-30 min) after the narcosis. The delay of the appearance of the first lordosis response after IV injection of isopregnone exceeded this period. Strychnine but not picrotoxin significantly shortened the latency to the onset of the female copulatory response. It is concluded that the lordotic activating action of progesterone or steroids with progesteronelike ability released from an endogenous source or given IV is influenced by compounds which exert a depressant or stimulant effect on neuronal activity. The total response obtained is not changed but the appearance of the response is prolonged by CNS depressants and shortened by certain CNS stimulants.", "contents": "Effect of CNS depressants and stimulants on latency for the appearance of copulatory response in the female rat. Diethyl ether anesthesia, sodium hexobarbital (20 mg/kg), diphenylhydantoin (50 mg/kg), strychnine (1 mg/kg) and picrotoxin (1-0.25 mg/kg) effectively induced the copulatory response (lordotic behavior) in estradiol benzoate treated ovariectomized rats although no progesterone was given. As none of the tested compounds were effective in replacing progesterone in adrenalectomized animals, adrenal secretion is likely to be implicated in the lordosis activating effect of these compounds. The lordosis response appeared faster after the CNS stimulants than after treatment with the CNS depressants. The influence of diethylether anesthesia, strychnine (0.5 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) on the latency for the appearance of the lordosis response after IV injection of isopregnenone was studied in estradiol benzoate treated ovariectomized females. A 10 min ether anesthesia delayed the onset of the lordosis response in adrenal intact as well as adrenalectomized animals. Anesthesia given after receptivity had been fully established suppressed the responses for a short period (10-30 min) after the narcosis. The delay of the appearance of the first lordosis response after IV injection of isopregnone exceeded this period. Strychnine but not picrotoxin significantly shortened the latency to the onset of the female copulatory response. It is concluded that the lordotic activating action of progesterone or steroids with progesteronelike ability released from an endogenous source or given IV is influenced by compounds which exert a depressant or stimulant effect on neuronal activity. The total response obtained is not changed but the appearance of the response is prolonged by CNS depressants and shortened by certain CNS stimulants."}
{"id": "PMID:951428", "title": "Time dependent effects produced in chicks after prenatal injection of methylmercury.", "content": "Methylmercury dicyandiamide (0.05 to 10 mg/kg eff) injected into the volk sac of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation produced a dose related decrease in the percentage of chicks hatched (90-57% of control). With dosage fixed at 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg egg and injections made on Days 0, 7 or 14 of incubation, hatches were 90, 68 and 75%, respectively, for the low dose and 63, 13 and 18% for the high dose. In contrast to results obtained from chicks hatched from eggs injected on Day 0 of incubation, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.5 or 5.0 mg MMD/kg on Day 7 or 14 were not different from controls in a detour learning situation. Administration of 14-C methylmercury revealed maximal brain radiolabel in embryos injected on Day 0 to be 10% that seen with eggs injected on Day 7 but twice that seen with eggs injected on Day 14. We tentatively conclude that a period of maximal sensitivity to the behavior effects exists prior to Day 7 and that the mechanisms of embryolethality is different from that producing the functional deficits.", "contents": "Time dependent effects produced in chicks after prenatal injection of methylmercury. Methylmercury dicyandiamide (0.05 to 10 mg/kg eff) injected into the volk sac of fertilized chicken eggs prior to incubation produced a dose related decrease in the percentage of chicks hatched (90-57% of control). With dosage fixed at 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg egg and injections made on Days 0, 7 or 14 of incubation, hatches were 90, 68 and 75%, respectively, for the low dose and 63, 13 and 18% for the high dose. In contrast to results obtained from chicks hatched from eggs injected on Day 0 of incubation, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 0.5 or 5.0 mg MMD/kg on Day 7 or 14 were not different from controls in a detour learning situation. Administration of 14-C methylmercury revealed maximal brain radiolabel in embryos injected on Day 0 to be 10% that seen with eggs injected on Day 7 but twice that seen with eggs injected on Day 14. We tentatively conclude that a period of maximal sensitivity to the behavior effects exists prior to Day 7 and that the mechanisms of embryolethality is different from that producing the functional deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:951429", "title": "Is actinomycin D suitable for the investigation of memory processes?", "content": "The influence of Actinomycin D (AMD) applied intrahippocampally at doses of 1-6 mug/animal, on the acquisition and retention of a shock-motivated brightness discrimination was studied on rats in a semiautomatic Y-maze. The injection of AMD 4 hr prior to training did not influence the acquisition, but causes, dose-dependent, a retention loss in relearning 24 hr after training. Twenty-eight hr after AMD application, naive rats exhibited a deterioration of acquisition performance increasing equally with the dose. At the same time, both circumscribed necroses in the hippocampus and signs of a general intoxication were observed. Considering the described pro- and retroactive effects, it is concluded that the use of the inhibitor AMD in learning experiments is not suitable to provide reliable evidence of the specific importance of the cerebral RNA synthesis for memory consolidation.", "contents": "Is actinomycin D suitable for the investigation of memory processes? The influence of Actinomycin D (AMD) applied intrahippocampally at doses of 1-6 mug/animal, on the acquisition and retention of a shock-motivated brightness discrimination was studied on rats in a semiautomatic Y-maze. The injection of AMD 4 hr prior to training did not influence the acquisition, but causes, dose-dependent, a retention loss in relearning 24 hr after training. Twenty-eight hr after AMD application, naive rats exhibited a deterioration of acquisition performance increasing equally with the dose. At the same time, both circumscribed necroses in the hippocampus and signs of a general intoxication were observed. Considering the described pro- and retroactive effects, it is concluded that the use of the inhibitor AMD in learning experiments is not suitable to provide reliable evidence of the specific importance of the cerebral RNA synthesis for memory consolidation."}
{"id": "PMID:951430", "title": "The significance of dopamine, versus other catecholamines, for L-dopa induced facilitation of sexual behavior in the castrated male rat.", "content": "The effects of a wide dose range of L-DOPA on male rat sexual behavior were investigated. The animals were castrated as adults and supplied with small amounts of testosterone propionate. It was found that doses of L-DOPA up to 2.5 mg/kg facilitated, while higher doses inhibited, sexual behavior in animals pretreated with pargyline, 20 mg/kg, + MK486, 50 mg/kg. The effects of L-DOPA on sexual behavior were not restricted to the copulatory act, but included elements preceding the copulatory act as well. Most of the facilitatory effects of L-DOPA 2.5 mg/kg were prevented by the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide; 0.10 mg/kg. It is concluded that dopamine is the catecholamine of major importance in mediating the L-DOPA induced facilitation of sexual behavior in the castrated male rat. However, some elements of the copulatory act appear to be modified by noradrenaline and/or adrenaline as well.", "contents": "The significance of dopamine, versus other catecholamines, for L-dopa induced facilitation of sexual behavior in the castrated male rat. The effects of a wide dose range of L-DOPA on male rat sexual behavior were investigated. The animals were castrated as adults and supplied with small amounts of testosterone propionate. It was found that doses of L-DOPA up to 2.5 mg/kg facilitated, while higher doses inhibited, sexual behavior in animals pretreated with pargyline, 20 mg/kg, + MK486, 50 mg/kg. The effects of L-DOPA on sexual behavior were not restricted to the copulatory act, but included elements preceding the copulatory act as well. Most of the facilitatory effects of L-DOPA 2.5 mg/kg were prevented by the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide; 0.10 mg/kg. It is concluded that dopamine is the catecholamine of major importance in mediating the L-DOPA induced facilitation of sexual behavior in the castrated male rat. However, some elements of the copulatory act appear to be modified by noradrenaline and/or adrenaline as well."}
{"id": "PMID:951431", "title": "Selection of C3 alcohols by high and low ethanol selecting mouse strains and the effects on open field activity.", "content": "Mice of the high-ethanol selecting C57BL/6j strain consume significantly larger amounts of 10% solution of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol than the low-ethanol selecting DBA/2j strain. Both strains uniformly avoid a 10% solution of 1,3-propanediol and 2-propanol. Open field activity was tested 30 min after an IP injection of 3 different equimolar doses of each alcohol. An increase in activity was produced in the DBA/2j strain by high (0.003 ml/mg) and middle (0.0015 ml/lg) doses of 1,2-propanediol and by a low dose (0.0005 ml/mg) of 2-propanol. The C57BL/6j strain were unaffected by these doses. High doses of 2-propanol produced sleep in both strains with the DBA/2j strain sleeping significantly longer, and 1,3-propanediol produced depression in both strains. Death resulted in all animals following injections at the high (0.002 mg/gm) and medium (0.001 ml/gm) doses of 1-propanol while the low dose (0.0005 ml/gm) produced slight depression.", "contents": "Selection of C3 alcohols by high and low ethanol selecting mouse strains and the effects on open field activity. Mice of the high-ethanol selecting C57BL/6j strain consume significantly larger amounts of 10% solution of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol than the low-ethanol selecting DBA/2j strain. Both strains uniformly avoid a 10% solution of 1,3-propanediol and 2-propanol. Open field activity was tested 30 min after an IP injection of 3 different equimolar doses of each alcohol. An increase in activity was produced in the DBA/2j strain by high (0.003 ml/mg) and middle (0.0015 ml/lg) doses of 1,2-propanediol and by a low dose (0.0005 ml/mg) of 2-propanol. The C57BL/6j strain were unaffected by these doses. High doses of 2-propanol produced sleep in both strains with the DBA/2j strain sleeping significantly longer, and 1,3-propanediol produced depression in both strains. Death resulted in all animals following injections at the high (0.002 mg/gm) and medium (0.001 ml/gm) doses of 1-propanol while the low dose (0.0005 ml/gm) produced slight depression."}
{"id": "PMID:951432", "title": "Reduction by propranolol of raised urinary output of MHPG in hyperactive rats.", "content": "Prolonged isolation of rats resulted in hyperactivity in the open field and a significant increase in 24 hr urinary excretion of MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol). Exploratory activity of group-housed rats in open field was not associated with raised MHPG excretion, compared with that of rats remaining in home cages. Exposure of group-housed rats to 4 degrees C for 2 hr also increased urinary excretion of MHPG. Pretreatment of isolated rats with dl-, d-propranolol or practolol abolished hyperactivity of isolated rats and reduced MHPG output in these rats and in rats exposed to cold. dl-Propranolol did not reduce activity of group-housed rats in open field or their urinary excretion of MHPG. It is suggested that propranolol may have a selective inhibitory effect on stress-induced increases in noradrenaline turnover.", "contents": "Reduction by propranolol of raised urinary output of MHPG in hyperactive rats. Prolonged isolation of rats resulted in hyperactivity in the open field and a significant increase in 24 hr urinary excretion of MHPG (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol). Exploratory activity of group-housed rats in open field was not associated with raised MHPG excretion, compared with that of rats remaining in home cages. Exposure of group-housed rats to 4 degrees C for 2 hr also increased urinary excretion of MHPG. Pretreatment of isolated rats with dl-, d-propranolol or practolol abolished hyperactivity of isolated rats and reduced MHPG output in these rats and in rats exposed to cold. dl-Propranolol did not reduce activity of group-housed rats in open field or their urinary excretion of MHPG. It is suggested that propranolol may have a selective inhibitory effect on stress-induced increases in noradrenaline turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:951433", "title": "Differential actions of d- and 1-amphetamine on the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine in rat brain.", "content": "Approximately equieffective doses of d- and l-amphetamine, using suppression of operant fixed-ratio responding for food reinforcement as the determinant of potency, were compared for their ability to alter the disposition of the major and minor metabolites of NE in push-pull perfusates from rat brain lateral ventricle. While 3 mg d-amphetamine/kg and 6 mg l-amphetamine/kg both increased total 3H and the relative amounts of the minor metabolites 3H-normetanephrine and 3H-dihydroxymandelic acid, only 1-amphetamine caused a significant increase in the major 3H-NE metabolite, methoxyhydroxyphenylethylene-glycol. The data is discussed in relation to the abilities of the isomers of amphetamine to stereoselectively interact with noradrenergic neurons at doses that produce similar effects upon operant behavior.", "contents": "Differential actions of d- and 1-amphetamine on the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine in rat brain. Approximately equieffective doses of d- and l-amphetamine, using suppression of operant fixed-ratio responding for food reinforcement as the determinant of potency, were compared for their ability to alter the disposition of the major and minor metabolites of NE in push-pull perfusates from rat brain lateral ventricle. While 3 mg d-amphetamine/kg and 6 mg l-amphetamine/kg both increased total 3H and the relative amounts of the minor metabolites 3H-normetanephrine and 3H-dihydroxymandelic acid, only 1-amphetamine caused a significant increase in the major 3H-NE metabolite, methoxyhydroxyphenylethylene-glycol. The data is discussed in relation to the abilities of the isomers of amphetamine to stereoselectively interact with noradrenergic neurons at doses that produce similar effects upon operant behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:951434", "title": "Dopamine efflux from the brain stem of the rat during feeding, drinking and lever-pressing for food.", "content": "To determine whether endogenous dopamine (DA) is involved in the control of feeding and drinking, the cerebral activity of 14C-DA was examined in the rat while the animal consumed food or water. A push-pull guide tube was implanted above sites either adjacent to the third ventricle, the anterior hypothalamus or the substantia nigra in each of 41 rats. After the endogenous stores of DA at specific sites were labelled by a microinjection of 0.5 to 2.0 muCi of 14C-DA, an artificial CSF was perfused at half-hour intervals at a rate of 20-23 mul/min in these sites in the food deprived rat. After a 14C-washout curve of radioactivity in the perfusate was derived for successive control samples, the food-deprived rat was offered food or water which was ingested during the course of one or more perfusions. As the rat consumed food, 14C-DA was released in some experiments from circumscribed sites in the nucleus reuniens and the zona incerta. The efflux of 14C-DA from certain sites in the circumscribed sites in the nucleus reuniens and the zona incerta. The efflux of 14C-DA from certain sites in the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamus as well as from the substantia nigra also was enhanced as the rat depressed a lever to obtain food pellets. Since 14C-DA was also released from the zona incerta, perifornical hypothalamus, and into the third ventricle as the rat drank water, these results suggest that dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem play some part in the motor component of ingestive behavior rather than feeding per se.", "contents": "Dopamine efflux from the brain stem of the rat during feeding, drinking and lever-pressing for food. To determine whether endogenous dopamine (DA) is involved in the control of feeding and drinking, the cerebral activity of 14C-DA was examined in the rat while the animal consumed food or water. A push-pull guide tube was implanted above sites either adjacent to the third ventricle, the anterior hypothalamus or the substantia nigra in each of 41 rats. After the endogenous stores of DA at specific sites were labelled by a microinjection of 0.5 to 2.0 muCi of 14C-DA, an artificial CSF was perfused at half-hour intervals at a rate of 20-23 mul/min in these sites in the food deprived rat. After a 14C-washout curve of radioactivity in the perfusate was derived for successive control samples, the food-deprived rat was offered food or water which was ingested during the course of one or more perfusions. As the rat consumed food, 14C-DA was released in some experiments from circumscribed sites in the nucleus reuniens and the zona incerta. The efflux of 14C-DA from certain sites in the circumscribed sites in the nucleus reuniens and the zona incerta. The efflux of 14C-DA from certain sites in the ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamus as well as from the substantia nigra also was enhanced as the rat depressed a lever to obtain food pellets. Since 14C-DA was also released from the zona incerta, perifornical hypothalamus, and into the third ventricle as the rat drank water, these results suggest that dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem play some part in the motor component of ingestive behavior rather than feeding per se."}
{"id": "PMID:951435", "title": "Modulation of the aversive qualities of shock through a central inhibitory cholinergic system in the rat.", "content": "Evidence has been supplied which suggests that a central inhibitory cholingeric (i.e., muscarinic) system may be involved in modulating the aversive qualities of electric shock in the rat. Central cholinergic stimulation via the administration of pilocarpine or arecoline the threshold for grid shock, while central acting anticholinergics (i.e., scopolamine and atropine) produced decrements in the threshold. Peripheral acting anticholinergics (e.g., methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) were less potent than central acting drugs given in equivalent doses, while peripheral cholinergic stimulants (i.e., neostigmine, carbachol) were inactive. In addition, only the central acting stimulant pilocarpine, and not carbachol, was able to block the decrements noted in response to scopolamine hydrobromide administration. Finally, only arecoline, and not nicotine, was able to elevate the aversive threshold indicating that muscarinic receptor sites are probably involved in mediating the effects of central cholinergic stimulants.", "contents": "Modulation of the aversive qualities of shock through a central inhibitory cholinergic system in the rat. Evidence has been supplied which suggests that a central inhibitory cholingeric (i.e., muscarinic) system may be involved in modulating the aversive qualities of electric shock in the rat. Central cholinergic stimulation via the administration of pilocarpine or arecoline the threshold for grid shock, while central acting anticholinergics (i.e., scopolamine and atropine) produced decrements in the threshold. Peripheral acting anticholinergics (e.g., methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) were less potent than central acting drugs given in equivalent doses, while peripheral cholinergic stimulants (i.e., neostigmine, carbachol) were inactive. In addition, only the central acting stimulant pilocarpine, and not carbachol, was able to block the decrements noted in response to scopolamine hydrobromide administration. Finally, only arecoline, and not nicotine, was able to elevate the aversive threshold indicating that muscarinic receptor sites are probably involved in mediating the effects of central cholinergic stimulants."}
{"id": "PMID:951436", "title": "Comparative effects of various naturally occurring cannabinoids on food, sucrose and water consumption by rats.", "content": "The effects of intraperitoneally injected detla9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) were compared to d-amphetamine sulfate (d-AMP) on food and water consumption and intake of two different concentrations of sucrose solutions. Three groups of rats were given the following dietary regimens within a 6-hr feed period day: 1 - water and dry food; 2 - water, dry food and five percent sucrose solution; 3 - water, dry food and 20% sucrose solution. Food and water consumption were dramatically reduced by each test drug at feeding periods immediately following and in some instances up to 4 days after dosing in all 3 groups. However, sucrose consumption was much less affected by each cannabinoid, inidcating a preference for sweet calories, whereas d-AMP had an equal anorexic action on both food and sucrose consumption. These data suggest for the first time in rats that a preference for sweet calories occurs during an overall anorexic effect of THC, CBN and CBD.", "contents": "Comparative effects of various naturally occurring cannabinoids on food, sucrose and water consumption by rats. The effects of intraperitoneally injected detla9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) were compared to d-amphetamine sulfate (d-AMP) on food and water consumption and intake of two different concentrations of sucrose solutions. Three groups of rats were given the following dietary regimens within a 6-hr feed period day: 1 - water and dry food; 2 - water, dry food and five percent sucrose solution; 3 - water, dry food and 20% sucrose solution. Food and water consumption were dramatically reduced by each test drug at feeding periods immediately following and in some instances up to 4 days after dosing in all 3 groups. However, sucrose consumption was much less affected by each cannabinoid, inidcating a preference for sweet calories, whereas d-AMP had an equal anorexic action on both food and sucrose consumption. These data suggest for the first time in rats that a preference for sweet calories occurs during an overall anorexic effect of THC, CBN and CBD."}
{"id": "PMID:951437", "title": "Apomorphine self-injection is not affected by alpha-methylparatyrosine treatment: support for dopaminergic reward.", "content": "Pretreatment with AMPT at doses which markedly altered the self-injection or amphetamine did not affect the self-injection of apomorphine. These data support the idea that the self-injection of apomorphine is produced via the direct activation of dopamine receptors rather than by the release of either norepinephrine or dopamine.", "contents": "Apomorphine self-injection is not affected by alpha-methylparatyrosine treatment: support for dopaminergic reward. Pretreatment with AMPT at doses which markedly altered the self-injection or amphetamine did not affect the self-injection of apomorphine. These data support the idea that the self-injection of apomorphine is produced via the direct activation of dopamine receptors rather than by the release of either norepinephrine or dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:951438", "title": "Intravenous infusion system for chronic drug administration in unrestrained rats.", "content": "This paper describes a system for long-term intravenous infusion studies in relatively unrestrained rats. It has the advantage of allowing continual 24 hr studies to be run without the problems of having the infusion cable tangle or interfere with the normal activity of the rats, and most of the components are either easily made or readily available from commercial sources. The apparatus itself incorporates the features of several reported chronic infusion systems using modifications to produce a feed-through swivel and infusion cable which can be adapted to a wide range of experimental chambers. In addition, a skull implant is described which minimizes the restraining features inherent in harnesses and provides a secure link between the rat and the infusion cable. The implant mates directly with the infusion cable and is readily detachable. The entire system is inexpensive and requires a minimum of construction.", "contents": "Intravenous infusion system for chronic drug administration in unrestrained rats. This paper describes a system for long-term intravenous infusion studies in relatively unrestrained rats. It has the advantage of allowing continual 24 hr studies to be run without the problems of having the infusion cable tangle or interfere with the normal activity of the rats, and most of the components are either easily made or readily available from commercial sources. The apparatus itself incorporates the features of several reported chronic infusion systems using modifications to produce a feed-through swivel and infusion cable which can be adapted to a wide range of experimental chambers. In addition, a skull implant is described which minimizes the restraining features inherent in harnesses and provides a secure link between the rat and the infusion cable. The implant mates directly with the infusion cable and is readily detachable. The entire system is inexpensive and requires a minimum of construction."}
{"id": "PMID:951439", "title": "Effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment on circadian running in the rat.", "content": "Although adrenalectomy resulted in a marked decrease in total wheel running activity in male rats, the circadian rhythm of the running was not altered. Contrary to what has been previously observed in animals with intact adrenal glands, administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to adrenalectomized animals resulted in an immediate increase in the amount of running with no effect on the circadian distribution of running. It was concluded that the adrenal axis had an influence  on an animal's ability to express running behavior, but the adrenal axis had no influence on the neural control of the circadian rhythm of running.", "contents": "Effect of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone treatment on circadian running in the rat. Although adrenalectomy resulted in a marked decrease in total wheel running activity in male rats, the circadian rhythm of the running was not altered. Contrary to what has been previously observed in animals with intact adrenal glands, administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to adrenalectomized animals resulted in an immediate increase in the amount of running with no effect on the circadian distribution of running. It was concluded that the adrenal axis had an influence  on an animal's ability to express running behavior, but the adrenal axis had no influence on the neural control of the circadian rhythm of running."}
{"id": "PMID:951440", "title": "Betel quid and reaction time.", "content": "Fifteen male Yapese students participated in an experiment to see if the betel quid (betel nut, piper leaf, and calcium hydroxide) has overt effects on simple reaction time latencies. The data indicate that the entire quid produces discernible behavioral effects that are manifested in a relatively short time period following quid ingestion. Reaction time latencies lengthened following quid ingestion during the first 20 reaction time trials or within an apparent initial 5 minute interval.", "contents": "Betel quid and reaction time. Fifteen male Yapese students participated in an experiment to see if the betel quid (betel nut, piper leaf, and calcium hydroxide) has overt effects on simple reaction time latencies. The data indicate that the entire quid produces discernible behavioral effects that are manifested in a relatively short time period following quid ingestion. Reaction time latencies lengthened following quid ingestion during the first 20 reaction time trials or within an apparent initial 5 minute interval."}
{"id": "PMID:951441", "title": "Drug pretreatment effects in drug induced taste aversions: effects of dose and duration of pretreatment.", "content": "The effectiveness of a dose of 3.0 mg/kg methamphetamine in inducing a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin was found to be reduced by chronic pretreatment with the same dose of the drug. The degree of attenuation of the aversive properties of the drug was found to be directly proportional to the duration of pretreatment, a pretreatment regime of 9 or more daily injections completely abolishing the aversive properties of the drug. However, such a regime was only slightly effective in attenuating the aversive properties of a higher dose of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) and failed to attenuate the aversive properties of a number of other drugs (p-chloramphetamine at 5.0 mg/kg, fenfluramine at 5.0 mg/kg and morphine at 20 mg/kg). Interpretations of these data are considered and it is suggested that the most parsimonious explanation of the effectiveness of chronic drug pretreatment in attenuating the aversive properties of a drug is that the effect is due to the development of tolerance to the drug administered.", "contents": "Drug pretreatment effects in drug induced taste aversions: effects of dose and duration of pretreatment. The effectiveness of a dose of 3.0 mg/kg methamphetamine in inducing a conditioned taste aversion to saccharin was found to be reduced by chronic pretreatment with the same dose of the drug. The degree of attenuation of the aversive properties of the drug was found to be directly proportional to the duration of pretreatment, a pretreatment regime of 9 or more daily injections completely abolishing the aversive properties of the drug. However, such a regime was only slightly effective in attenuating the aversive properties of a higher dose of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) and failed to attenuate the aversive properties of a number of other drugs (p-chloramphetamine at 5.0 mg/kg, fenfluramine at 5.0 mg/kg and morphine at 20 mg/kg). Interpretations of these data are considered and it is suggested that the most parsimonious explanation of the effectiveness of chronic drug pretreatment in attenuating the aversive properties of a drug is that the effect is due to the development of tolerance to the drug administered."}
{"id": "PMID:951453", "title": "Effects of prenatal alcohol consumption on open-field behaviour and alcohol preference in rats.", "content": "Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol. Control mothers were fed on lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation and rearing) in an open-field test. Further, pups whose mothers were exposed to ethanol consumed significantly more ethanol in a preference test, compared to control offspring.", "contents": "Effects of prenatal alcohol consumption on open-field behaviour and alcohol preference in rats. Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol. Control mothers were fed on lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation and rearing) in an open-field test. Further, pups whose mothers were exposed to ethanol consumed significantly more ethanol in a preference test, compared to control offspring."}
{"id": "PMID:951454", "title": "Theoretical and methodological considerations on drug discrimination learning.", "content": "A method is described which allows the assessment of discriminative stimulus properties of drugs, and the ability of amphetamine (0.16 mg/kg s.c.), chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg p.o.), desipramine (5 mg/kg s.c.), and haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg s.c.) to produce a discriminative stimulus complex (DSC) is evidenced. The method is found to yield clear-cut data that are specifically related to drug discrimination learning without being possibly confounded by state dependent effects. In addition, the experimental procedure is designed so as to provide an appropriate measurement of operant response modulating drug effects.", "contents": "Theoretical and methodological considerations on drug discrimination learning. A method is described which allows the assessment of discriminative stimulus properties of drugs, and the ability of amphetamine (0.16 mg/kg s.c.), chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg p.o.), desipramine (5 mg/kg s.c.), and haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg s.c.) to produce a discriminative stimulus complex (DSC) is evidenced. The method is found to yield clear-cut data that are specifically related to drug discrimination learning without being possibly confounded by state dependent effects. In addition, the experimental procedure is designed so as to provide an appropriate measurement of operant response modulating drug effects."}
{"id": "PMID:951455", "title": "Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase activity in affective disorders.", "content": "Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in patients with affective disorders and in their relatives. The groups studied had wide distributions of values for plasma DBH activity. No significant difference of plasma DBH activity was found between unipolar and bipolar patients, nor between patients given lithium or placebo. Exercise on a treadmill at 40 degrees or 10 degrees C elicited a different pattern of response for plasma DBH activity in three patients as compared to control subjects. In familial studies we found the values of plasma DBH activity to be almost identical in monozygotic twin pairs and quite similar in dizygotic twin pairs. All pairs, however, were discordant for affective illness. There was also a marked similarity of plasma DBH activity in 15 pairs of the same sex sibs discordant for affective illness. These studies suggest that the resting level of plasma DBH activity is not related to affective illness but is genetically determined.", "contents": "Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase activity in affective disorders. Plasma dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in patients with affective disorders and in their relatives. The groups studied had wide distributions of values for plasma DBH activity. No significant difference of plasma DBH activity was found between unipolar and bipolar patients, nor between patients given lithium or placebo. Exercise on a treadmill at 40 degrees or 10 degrees C elicited a different pattern of response for plasma DBH activity in three patients as compared to control subjects. In familial studies we found the values of plasma DBH activity to be almost identical in monozygotic twin pairs and quite similar in dizygotic twin pairs. All pairs, however, were discordant for affective illness. There was also a marked similarity of plasma DBH activity in 15 pairs of the same sex sibs discordant for affective illness. These studies suggest that the resting level of plasma DBH activity is not related to affective illness but is genetically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:951456", "title": "An integrated approach for the evaluation of psychotropic drug in man. I. Studies on amphetamine. Relationship between drug levels and psychophysiological measurements.", "content": "Following an integrated approach based on the contemporary recording of drug plasma levels, central (CNS) and peripheral responses and performance tests, the effects of two different amphetamine formulations were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Interesting relationships were observed between amphetamine initial rate of entry into the blood stream and both incidence of side effects (S.E.) and rise in arterial blood pressure. Minimal thresholds for CNS (5 ng/ml) and peripheral (20 ng/ml) effects could also be determined. It appeared also that the personality of the subject may have some bearing on both incidence of side effects and performance. The described methodology seems valuable in valuating psychotropic drug effects in man through a comprehensive integrated approach.", "contents": "An integrated approach for the evaluation of psychotropic drug in man. I. Studies on amphetamine. Relationship between drug levels and psychophysiological measurements. Following an integrated approach based on the contemporary recording of drug plasma levels, central (CNS) and peripheral responses and performance tests, the effects of two different amphetamine formulations were evaluated in healthy volunteers. Interesting relationships were observed between amphetamine initial rate of entry into the blood stream and both incidence of side effects (S.E.) and rise in arterial blood pressure. Minimal thresholds for CNS (5 ng/ml) and peripheral (20 ng/ml) effects could also be determined. It appeared also that the personality of the subject may have some bearing on both incidence of side effects and performance. The described methodology seems valuable in valuating psychotropic drug effects in man through a comprehensive integrated approach."}
{"id": "PMID:951457", "title": "Comparison of the effects of morphine, pentazocine, cyclazocine and amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained to press a lever in order to stimulate their hypothalamus through a chronically implanted electrode. Dose-response curves were determined for the effects of morphine (0.3-10 mg/kg), pentazocine (1.0-30 mg/kg), cyclazocine (0.03-30 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) on responding for intracranial stimulation, and then were redetermined in the presence of one or two doses of naloxone. The three analgesics produced only dose-related decreases in responding with the following relative potencies: cyclazocine greater than morphine greater than pentazocine. The well-documented rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation were observed at 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg of the drug; decreases in responding at 3.0 mg/kg were associated with stereotyped behavior. Naloxone, which had no effect of its own on self-stimulation, increased the dose of the analgesics required to depress response rate in a manner consistent with a competitive antagonism. In contrast, response rates at all doses of d-amphetamine tested in the presence of naloxone. Thus, the interaction between naloxone and d-amphetamine is qualitatively different from the one between naloxone and the analgesics. This finding extends to intracranial self-stimulation the generality of a previous report of interactions between d-amphetamine and naloxone on behavior in the rat.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of morphine, pentazocine, cyclazocine and amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. Rats were trained to press a lever in order to stimulate their hypothalamus through a chronically implanted electrode. Dose-response curves were determined for the effects of morphine (0.3-10 mg/kg), pentazocine (1.0-30 mg/kg), cyclazocine (0.03-30 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) on responding for intracranial stimulation, and then were redetermined in the presence of one or two doses of naloxone. The three analgesics produced only dose-related decreases in responding with the following relative potencies: cyclazocine greater than morphine greater than pentazocine. The well-documented rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation were observed at 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg of the drug; decreases in responding at 3.0 mg/kg were associated with stereotyped behavior. Naloxone, which had no effect of its own on self-stimulation, increased the dose of the analgesics required to depress response rate in a manner consistent with a competitive antagonism. In contrast, response rates at all doses of d-amphetamine tested in the presence of naloxone. Thus, the interaction between naloxone and d-amphetamine is qualitatively different from the one between naloxone and the analgesics. This finding extends to intracranial self-stimulation the generality of a previous report of interactions between d-amphetamine and naloxone on behavior in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:951458", "title": "Methamphetamine self-administration in the cat.", "content": "A procedure for studing intravenous drug self-administration in the cat is described. Ten cats were given 24-h access to methamphetamine reinforcement (0.04 mg/kg/inj). The subjects maintained a significantly higher response rate for drug reinforcement than for saline. The pattern of self-administration over days alternated between periods of high and low drug intake. Six additional cats were used to study the effect of dose per injection on methamphetamine self-administration under conditions of limited access. When methamphetamine was subtituted at various doses per infusion in animals maintained on cocaine reinforcement, response rate was shown to be an inverted U-shaped function of dose. These studies demonstrate that methamphetamine is a reinforcer in the cat and its patterns of intake under conditions of 24-h and limited access resemble other species.", "contents": "Methamphetamine self-administration in the cat. A procedure for studing intravenous drug self-administration in the cat is described. Ten cats were given 24-h access to methamphetamine reinforcement (0.04 mg/kg/inj). The subjects maintained a significantly higher response rate for drug reinforcement than for saline. The pattern of self-administration over days alternated between periods of high and low drug intake. Six additional cats were used to study the effect of dose per injection on methamphetamine self-administration under conditions of limited access. When methamphetamine was subtituted at various doses per infusion in animals maintained on cocaine reinforcement, response rate was shown to be an inverted U-shaped function of dose. These studies demonstrate that methamphetamine is a reinforcer in the cat and its patterns of intake under conditions of 24-h and limited access resemble other species."}
{"id": "PMID:951459", "title": "Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, ethanol, and amphetamine as discriminative stimuli-generalization tests with other drugs.", "content": "Three groups of rats (A, B, C) were trained in a T-maze discriminate between drug-and control solution-induced internal discriminative stimuli. The drugs used to induce discriminative stimuli were: delta 9-THC, 5.0 mg/kg (Group A); ethanol, 1.2 g/kg (Group B), and amphetamine, 1.0 mg/kg(Group C). After discrimination acquisition several drugs were tested for generalization in each group. Group A was tested with delta 8-THC, CBD, CBN, ethanol, pentobarbital,chlorpromazine, amphetamine, and apomorphine; only delta8-THC and CBN induced delta9-THC-like responses. Group B was tested with delta 9-THC, delta 8-THC, CBD, CBN, pentobarbital, and amphetamine; pentobarbital induced ethanol-like response. Group C was tested with delta 9-THC, apomorphine, and ethanol; delta 9-THC and apomorphine elicited amphetamine-like responses.", "contents": "Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, ethanol, and amphetamine as discriminative stimuli-generalization tests with other drugs. Three groups of rats (A, B, C) were trained in a T-maze discriminate between drug-and control solution-induced internal discriminative stimuli. The drugs used to induce discriminative stimuli were: delta 9-THC, 5.0 mg/kg (Group A); ethanol, 1.2 g/kg (Group B), and amphetamine, 1.0 mg/kg(Group C). After discrimination acquisition several drugs were tested for generalization in each group. Group A was tested with delta 8-THC, CBD, CBN, ethanol, pentobarbital,chlorpromazine, amphetamine, and apomorphine; only delta8-THC and CBN induced delta9-THC-like responses. Group B was tested with delta 9-THC, delta 8-THC, CBD, CBN, pentobarbital, and amphetamine; pentobarbital induced ethanol-like response. Group C was tested with delta 9-THC, apomorphine, and ethanol; delta 9-THC and apomorphine elicited amphetamine-like responses."}
{"id": "PMID:951460", "title": "The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and LSD on the acquisition of an active avoidance response in the rat.", "content": "The course of active avoidance learning of rats in a symmetrical Y-maze under the influence of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg of delta 9-THC i.p., and 5, 20, and mug/kg of LSD was investigated. Delta-THC in a dosage of 1 mg/kg had no effect on avoidance learning. Three to a lesser extent 9 mg/kg produced more rapid learning with a significantly better performance. Learning under delta 9-THC proved to be state-dependent. The withdrawal of delta 9-THC caused a decrease in the avoidance rate, which was dependent on the dosage. Upon renewal of the THC doses, the animals reattained their earlier preformance. In the course of the experiment there was rapid tolerance development, especially of the sedative properties of THC. LSD retarded the rate of acquisition of the active avoidance response. Whereas the control animals displayed over 80% successful active avoidance from the 14th session onwards, this was achieved by the LSD groups only after the 20th session. However, in contrast to the control group the LSD animals were able to increase their avoidance rate to over 90%, and this was maintained to the end of the experiment (a total of 24 sessions with LSD). The sudden withdrawal of LSD produced a fall in avoidance rate, which was dependent on the pervious training dosage; as with delta 9-THC state-dependent learning can also be assumed for LSD.", "contents": "The effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and LSD on the acquisition of an active avoidance response in the rat. The course of active avoidance learning of rats in a symmetrical Y-maze under the influence of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg of delta 9-THC i.p., and 5, 20, and mug/kg of LSD was investigated. Delta-THC in a dosage of 1 mg/kg had no effect on avoidance learning. Three to a lesser extent 9 mg/kg produced more rapid learning with a significantly better performance. Learning under delta 9-THC proved to be state-dependent. The withdrawal of delta 9-THC caused a decrease in the avoidance rate, which was dependent on the dosage. Upon renewal of the THC doses, the animals reattained their earlier preformance. In the course of the experiment there was rapid tolerance development, especially of the sedative properties of THC. LSD retarded the rate of acquisition of the active avoidance response. Whereas the control animals displayed over 80% successful active avoidance from the 14th session onwards, this was achieved by the LSD groups only after the 20th session. However, in contrast to the control group the LSD animals were able to increase their avoidance rate to over 90%, and this was maintained to the end of the experiment (a total of 24 sessions with LSD). The sudden withdrawal of LSD produced a fall in avoidance rate, which was dependent on the pervious training dosage; as with delta 9-THC state-dependent learning can also be assumed for LSD."}
{"id": "PMID:951461", "title": "Differential behavioral responses of male and female adult rats treated with five psychotropic drugs in the neonatal stage.", "content": "Male and female rats received during infancy either handling or injections of saline, phenobarbital, haloperidol, diazepam, chlorpromazine, and amphetamine. On reaching adulthood, the behavior of these animals was measured in an open-field arena and in a Lashley III maze. Saline injections per se affected the behavior of males but were unable to change that of females. The drugs provoked increased ambulation and/or decreased defecation of males in the open field, whereas with the females the opposite was observed, that is, a decreased ambulation and/or an increased defecation. Consequently, the early drug treatments abolished the sexual differences normally observed in ambulation and defecation of rats. Four of the 5 drugs tested deteriorated the maze performance of both male and female rats.", "contents": "Differential behavioral responses of male and female adult rats treated with five psychotropic drugs in the neonatal stage. Male and female rats received during infancy either handling or injections of saline, phenobarbital, haloperidol, diazepam, chlorpromazine, and amphetamine. On reaching adulthood, the behavior of these animals was measured in an open-field arena and in a Lashley III maze. Saline injections per se affected the behavior of males but were unable to change that of females. The drugs provoked increased ambulation and/or decreased defecation of males in the open field, whereas with the females the opposite was observed, that is, a decreased ambulation and/or an increased defecation. Consequently, the early drug treatments abolished the sexual differences normally observed in ambulation and defecation of rats. Four of the 5 drugs tested deteriorated the maze performance of both male and female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:951462", "title": "Effect of physostigmine on Y-maze discrimination retention in the rat.", "content": "A series of experiments was designed to assess the effect of physostigmine on the retention of an appetitively-reinforced Y-maze discrimination. The results supported in part the model of cholinergic involvement in long-term memory as proposed by Deutsch, in that physostigmine respectively impaired and enhanced well-remembered and poorly-remembered responses. However a modification of the model was presented to accommodate futher findings that variations in both dose-level of administered physostigmine and initial leraning ability influenced subsequent retention, depending on the training-testing interval.", "contents": "Effect of physostigmine on Y-maze discrimination retention in the rat. A series of experiments was designed to assess the effect of physostigmine on the retention of an appetitively-reinforced Y-maze discrimination. The results supported in part the model of cholinergic involvement in long-term memory as proposed by Deutsch, in that physostigmine respectively impaired and enhanced well-remembered and poorly-remembered responses. However a modification of the model was presented to accommodate futher findings that variations in both dose-level of administered physostigmine and initial leraning ability influenced subsequent retention, depending on the training-testing interval."}
{"id": "PMID:951463", "title": "Electrophysiological effects of triiodothyronine and propranolol.", "content": "The effects of triiodothyronine (T3), T3 combined with propranolol, and propranolol alone on somatosensory evoked responses (SER) and EEG were studied in 2 groups each of 6 male volunteer subjects. The following results were obtained: (1) T3 increased SER amplitude during the first 100 ms after stimulus. (2) Addition of propranolol eliminated the SER amplitude increase resulting from T3 administration. (3) Neither T3 nor T3 plus propranolol significantly altered the mean level or the temporal variability of EEG amplitude and frequency. (4) There were no significant effects of propranolol alone on SER and EEG measures.", "contents": "Electrophysiological effects of triiodothyronine and propranolol. The effects of triiodothyronine (T3), T3 combined with propranolol, and propranolol alone on somatosensory evoked responses (SER) and EEG were studied in 2 groups each of 6 male volunteer subjects. The following results were obtained: (1) T3 increased SER amplitude during the first 100 ms after stimulus. (2) Addition of propranolol eliminated the SER amplitude increase resulting from T3 administration. (3) Neither T3 nor T3 plus propranolol significantly altered the mean level or the temporal variability of EEG amplitude and frequency. (4) There were no significant effects of propranolol alone on SER and EEG measures."}
{"id": "PMID:951464", "title": "The relationship between acetylator status and inhibition of monoamine oxidase, excretion of free drug and antidepressant response in depressed patients on phenelzine.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that phenelzine is metabolized by polymorphic acetylation and that its effects are dependent on acetylator status. 30 depressed inpatients were given a 3-week course of phenelzine 30 mg t.i.d. The antidepressant effect, the degree of inhibition of monoamine oxidase and the amount of free phenelzine excreted in the urine were all significantly greater in slow acetylators than in fast. These findings strongly support the hypothesis.", "contents": "The relationship between acetylator status and inhibition of monoamine oxidase, excretion of free drug and antidepressant response in depressed patients on phenelzine. This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that phenelzine is metabolized by polymorphic acetylation and that its effects are dependent on acetylator status. 30 depressed inpatients were given a 3-week course of phenelzine 30 mg t.i.d. The antidepressant effect, the degree of inhibition of monoamine oxidase and the amount of free phenelzine excreted in the urine were all significantly greater in slow acetylators than in fast. These findings strongly support the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:951465", "title": "The effects of high doses of oxprenolol and of propranolol on pursuit rotor performance, reaction time and critical flicker frequency.", "content": "The effects of oral oxprenolol (320 mg) or propranolol (240 or 320 mg) and of diazepam (5 mg) or lorazepam (2 mg) on pursuit rotor performance, reaction time and critical flicker frequency were investigated in healthy subjects in 3 separate studies. A 240-mg dose of propranolol significantly impaired pursuit rotor performance but not 320 mg of propranolol or oxprenolol. Both beta-adrenoceptor blockers did not affect reaction time or critical flicker frequency. Diazepam impaired pursuit rotor performance and reaction time, but not critical flicker frequency. Lorazepam generally impaired all three parameters. The findings suggest that it is possible for beta-adrenoceptor blockers to depress skeletal muscle activity without having a central effect, as shown by impairment of CNS function tests which rely also on muscle coordination but not of those relying only on central activity. These results also show that single oral doses of oxprenolol or propranolol, as high as 320 mg, do not have central effects, and support the belief that small anxiolytic doses of these blockers exert their actions through peripheral blockade of beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "The effects of high doses of oxprenolol and of propranolol on pursuit rotor performance, reaction time and critical flicker frequency. The effects of oral oxprenolol (320 mg) or propranolol (240 or 320 mg) and of diazepam (5 mg) or lorazepam (2 mg) on pursuit rotor performance, reaction time and critical flicker frequency were investigated in healthy subjects in 3 separate studies. A 240-mg dose of propranolol significantly impaired pursuit rotor performance but not 320 mg of propranolol or oxprenolol. Both beta-adrenoceptor blockers did not affect reaction time or critical flicker frequency. Diazepam impaired pursuit rotor performance and reaction time, but not critical flicker frequency. Lorazepam generally impaired all three parameters. The findings suggest that it is possible for beta-adrenoceptor blockers to depress skeletal muscle activity without having a central effect, as shown by impairment of CNS function tests which rely also on muscle coordination but not of those relying only on central activity. These results also show that single oral doses of oxprenolol or propranolol, as high as 320 mg, do not have central effects, and support the belief that small anxiolytic doses of these blockers exert their actions through peripheral blockade of beta-adrenoceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:951466", "title": "Rate-dependent effect of amphetamine in rats: extension to between-subjects effect.", "content": "Following either variable-interval or fixed-interval training. 20 rats received both 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg of amphetamine. For both schedules, amphetamine decrease response rates of high-rate subjects and increased those of low-rate subjects. Within-subject analysis of fixed-interval rates revealed the same rate-dependent effect. It is suggested that the between-subject and within-subject effects may have the same basis.", "contents": "Rate-dependent effect of amphetamine in rats: extension to between-subjects effect. Following either variable-interval or fixed-interval training. 20 rats received both 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg of amphetamine. For both schedules, amphetamine decrease response rates of high-rate subjects and increased those of low-rate subjects. Within-subject analysis of fixed-interval rates revealed the same rate-dependent effect. It is suggested that the between-subject and within-subject effects may have the same basis."}
{"id": "PMID:951467", "title": "Acute effects of morphine and chlorpromazine on the acquisition of shuttle box conditioned avoidance response.", "content": "Morphine sulfate, 0.25-24.0 mg/kg, or chlorpromazine hydrochloride, 0.0625-4.0mg/kg were administered subcutaneously to naive rats 30 min prior to the start of massed-trials conditioned avoidance response (CAR) testing. The graded doses of both drugs were applied in each of three CAR task difficulty levels created by manipulation of the duration of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, intertrial interval and shock intensity. Chlorpromazine, in a dose-related manner, caused a decrement in CAR acquisition in all tasks. Morphine, in comparison, produced a biphasic dose response. For a given task difficulty, low doses of morphine enhanced acquisition, whereas higher doses inhibited acquisition. With increasing task difficulty, relatively larger doses of morphine were required to inhibit or facilitate acquisition of CAR. These results emphasize the need to consider not only drug dosage levels, but also the interaction of task difficulty in the application of drugs in learning paradigms.", "contents": "Acute effects of morphine and chlorpromazine on the acquisition of shuttle box conditioned avoidance response. Morphine sulfate, 0.25-24.0 mg/kg, or chlorpromazine hydrochloride, 0.0625-4.0mg/kg were administered subcutaneously to naive rats 30 min prior to the start of massed-trials conditioned avoidance response (CAR) testing. The graded doses of both drugs were applied in each of three CAR task difficulty levels created by manipulation of the duration of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, intertrial interval and shock intensity. Chlorpromazine, in a dose-related manner, caused a decrement in CAR acquisition in all tasks. Morphine, in comparison, produced a biphasic dose response. For a given task difficulty, low doses of morphine enhanced acquisition, whereas higher doses inhibited acquisition. With increasing task difficulty, relatively larger doses of morphine were required to inhibit or facilitate acquisition of CAR. These results emphasize the need to consider not only drug dosage levels, but also the interaction of task difficulty in the application of drugs in learning paradigms."}
{"id": "PMID:951502", "title": "Developing quality assurance programs in radiation therapy for technologists.", "content": "In every radiation therapy department, quality assurance procedures performed on treatment units are a necessary portion of the department's daily routine. Technologists, given the necessary information and instruction, can perform these procedures under the auspices of the medical physicist.", "contents": "Developing quality assurance programs in radiation therapy for technologists. In every radiation therapy department, quality assurance procedures performed on treatment units are a necessary portion of the department's daily routine. Technologists, given the necessary information and instruction, can perform these procedures under the auspices of the medical physicist."}
{"id": "PMID:951501", "title": "Predicting clinical performance of radiologic technology students.", "content": "The lack of scientific studies on predictive criteria for evaluating the clinical potential of students in radiologic technology led to the current study. Students during a ten-year period was subjected to the ACT examinations. These scores were subsequently compared with the students' scores on the examination of The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, high school grade point average and earned high-school grades in pertinent subjects to see if any predictive factors were evidenced. The result showed correlation of some of these factors with the Registry score of sufficient statistical significance to warrant using them as part of the process for selecting students for radiologic technology programs.", "contents": "Predicting clinical performance of radiologic technology students. The lack of scientific studies on predictive criteria for evaluating the clinical potential of students in radiologic technology led to the current study. Students during a ten-year period was subjected to the ACT examinations. These scores were subsequently compared with the students' scores on the examination of The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, high school grade point average and earned high-school grades in pertinent subjects to see if any predictive factors were evidenced. The result showed correlation of some of these factors with the Registry score of sufficient statistical significance to warrant using them as part of the process for selecting students for radiologic technology programs."}
{"id": "PMID:951514", "title": "Ultrastructure of Babesia major in the tick Haemaphysalis punctata.", "content": "Haemaphysalis punctata ticks were infected with Babesia major by allowing them to feed on an infected splenectomised calf. Heavily infected ticks were dissected and the guts and the ovaries were processed to study the ultrastructure of B major in these organs. The morphology of the parasites in the gut and the ovary was identical. It was shown that the parasite contained a reduced form of an apical complex consisting of characteristic organelles such as the polar ring, rhoptries, micronemes and microtubules. A primitive conoid was situated at the anterior end of the parasite and consisted of delicate helical rings. The occurrence of these organelles confirmed the inclusion of this parasite in the subphylum Apicomplexa.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Babesia major in the tick Haemaphysalis punctata. Haemaphysalis punctata ticks were infected with Babesia major by allowing them to feed on an infected splenectomised calf. Heavily infected ticks were dissected and the guts and the ovaries were processed to study the ultrastructure of B major in these organs. The morphology of the parasites in the gut and the ovary was identical. It was shown that the parasite contained a reduced form of an apical complex consisting of characteristic organelles such as the polar ring, rhoptries, micronemes and microtubules. A primitive conoid was situated at the anterior end of the parasite and consisted of delicate helical rings. The occurrence of these organelles confirmed the inclusion of this parasite in the subphylum Apicomplexa."}
{"id": "PMID:951503", "title": "Management by commitment: theoretical personnel management.", "content": "The commitment to quality patient care is an untapped motivational resource. A theory, Management by Commitment, can assist in the development of this resource to its fullest potential. The end result is a renewed dedication to quality patient care, as well as an improved working relationship between the manager and his subordinates.", "contents": "Management by commitment: theoretical personnel management. The commitment to quality patient care is an untapped motivational resource. A theory, Management by Commitment, can assist in the development of this resource to its fullest potential. The end result is a renewed dedication to quality patient care, as well as an improved working relationship between the manager and his subordinates."}
{"id": "PMID:951515", "title": "The composition of ruminal and abomasal fluid from catheterised fetal sheep during the last 50 days of pregnancy.", "content": "A catheterisation technique for obtaining fluid samples from the rumen and abomasum of fetal sheep between 90 and 140 days gestation is described. The osmolalities and sodium concentrations were higher and the potassium concentrations lower in the ruminal and abomasal fluids than in amniotic fluid, and the mean pH of the amniotic, ruminal and abomasal fluids was 7.0.", "contents": "The composition of ruminal and abomasal fluid from catheterised fetal sheep during the last 50 days of pregnancy. A catheterisation technique for obtaining fluid samples from the rumen and abomasum of fetal sheep between 90 and 140 days gestation is described. The osmolalities and sodium concentrations were higher and the potassium concentrations lower in the ruminal and abomasal fluids than in amniotic fluid, and the mean pH of the amniotic, ruminal and abomasal fluids was 7.0."}
{"id": "PMID:951504", "title": "Tomographic technique for visualization of the cruciate ligaments in double contrast arthrography.", "content": "Double contrast arthrography of the knee is the method of choice for visualization of the menisci, while the single positive contrast technique is the preferred method for evaluation of the cruciate ligaments. A technique is described which combines the advantages of these two methods. Following radiography of the menisci, an essentially single positive contrast study of the cruciate ligaments is obtained by positioning the patient in the lateral recumbent position with the knee flexed to about 90degree. The positive contrast medium in this position fills the joint cavity beyond its mid-point and surrounds the cruciate ligaments. Tomographic studies of the midline of the knee joint, made in this position with a polytome unit, demonstrate the cruciate ligaments to best advantage.", "contents": "Tomographic technique for visualization of the cruciate ligaments in double contrast arthrography. Double contrast arthrography of the knee is the method of choice for visualization of the menisci, while the single positive contrast technique is the preferred method for evaluation of the cruciate ligaments. A technique is described which combines the advantages of these two methods. Following radiography of the menisci, an essentially single positive contrast study of the cruciate ligaments is obtained by positioning the patient in the lateral recumbent position with the knee flexed to about 90degree. The positive contrast medium in this position fills the joint cavity beyond its mid-point and surrounds the cruciate ligaments. Tomographic studies of the midline of the knee joint, made in this position with a polytome unit, demonstrate the cruciate ligaments to best advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:951516", "title": "Plasma thyroxine concentrations in ewes and their fetuses during the last six weeks of pregnancy.", "content": "Changes in plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations were followed in 27 fetal sheep after surgical implantation of catheters. Fourteen days were required before stable concentrations of T4 were achieved, whether surgery was performed between 90 and 96 days or 109 and 120 days gestation. Twenty-three fetuses were followed to birth, and during the last four days the T4 concentrations showed no change in 11 fetuses and a significant decrease in the other 12. Birth occurred between 142 and 157 days gestation in both groups. There was a significant rise in T4 concentration during labour in all 23 fetuses. There were large differences among the plasma T4 concentrations of individual ewes which were not related to ambient temperature.", "contents": "Plasma thyroxine concentrations in ewes and their fetuses during the last six weeks of pregnancy. Changes in plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations were followed in 27 fetal sheep after surgical implantation of catheters. Fourteen days were required before stable concentrations of T4 were achieved, whether surgery was performed between 90 and 96 days or 109 and 120 days gestation. Twenty-three fetuses were followed to birth, and during the last four days the T4 concentrations showed no change in 11 fetuses and a significant decrease in the other 12. Birth occurred between 142 and 157 days gestation in both groups. There was a significant rise in T4 concentration during labour in all 23 fetuses. There were large differences among the plasma T4 concentrations of individual ewes which were not related to ambient temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:951517", "title": "Effect of pyrantel tartrate on the third stage larvae of Ascaridia galli.", "content": "Oral administration of solutions of pyrantel tartrate at 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/kg body weight gave 43.9, 82.1, 92.8 and 99.1 per cent efficacy respecively. None of the chicks given 100 and 125 mg/kg body weight showed any sign of toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of pyrantel tartrate on the third stage larvae of Ascaridia galli. Oral administration of solutions of pyrantel tartrate at 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg/kg body weight gave 43.9, 82.1, 92.8 and 99.1 per cent efficacy respecively. None of the chicks given 100 and 125 mg/kg body weight showed any sign of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:951518", "title": "Observations on two strains of bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus in tissue culture.", "content": "Two cell-free strains of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus were examined by fluorescent antibody staining and for cytopathogenicity in secondary bovine thyroid (BTh) and secondary bovine kidney cell cultures, and in a bovine embryo lung cell line. The hartebeest-derived strain (K30) induced syncytia and intra-nuclear inclusions in all three systems, whereas the widebeest-derived strain (WC11) induced intra-nuclear inclusions in all systems, but syncytia in only BTh cells. Fluorescent antibody staining detected virus in tissue culture at least 24 h before the appearance of cytopathic effect.", "contents": "Observations on two strains of bovine malignant catarrhal fever virus in tissue culture. Two cell-free strains of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus were examined by fluorescent antibody staining and for cytopathogenicity in secondary bovine thyroid (BTh) and secondary bovine kidney cell cultures, and in a bovine embryo lung cell line. The hartebeest-derived strain (K30) induced syncytia and intra-nuclear inclusions in all three systems, whereas the widebeest-derived strain (WC11) induced intra-nuclear inclusions in all systems, but syncytia in only BTh cells. Fluorescent antibody staining detected virus in tissue culture at least 24 h before the appearance of cytopathic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:951519", "title": "Plasma volume measurements in sheep using Evans' blue and continuous blood sampling.", "content": "After intravenous injection of 0.3-0.4 mg Evans' blue/kg liveweight in sheep, blood was collected continuously for 10 min into 10 tubes. Calculations using the dye concentrations in the plasma collected between 3 and 10 min gave values of plasma volume in close agreement with those obtained by intravascular dilution of labelled macromolecules. The dye has no adverse effects on carcase quality and can be used in standard holding pens.", "contents": "Plasma volume measurements in sheep using Evans' blue and continuous blood sampling. After intravenous injection of 0.3-0.4 mg Evans' blue/kg liveweight in sheep, blood was collected continuously for 10 min into 10 tubes. Calculations using the dye concentrations in the plasma collected between 3 and 10 min gave values of plasma volume in close agreement with those obtained by intravascular dilution of labelled macromolecules. The dye has no adverse effects on carcase quality and can be used in standard holding pens."}
{"id": "PMID:951520", "title": "Antibody to porcine, feline and rat parvoviruses in various animal species.", "content": "Porcine, feline and rat parvoviruses were shown to be antigenically distinct. Specific antibody to feline and rat parvoviruses was shown in a high proportion of porcine sera, and to the porcine parvovirus in sera from cattle, sheep, cats, guinea-pigs, mice and rats, but not from horse, dog, rabbit, chicken or human.", "contents": "Antibody to porcine, feline and rat parvoviruses in various animal species. Porcine, feline and rat parvoviruses were shown to be antigenically distinct. Specific antibody to feline and rat parvoviruses was shown in a high proportion of porcine sera, and to the porcine parvovirus in sera from cattle, sheep, cats, guinea-pigs, mice and rats, but not from horse, dog, rabbit, chicken or human."}
{"id": "PMID:951521", "title": "Are changes in serum N-acetylhexosaminidase level associated with uterine involution in the cow?", "content": "A peak in the level of serum N-acetylhexosaminidase immediately after parturition in three cows coincided in time with uterine involution.", "contents": "Are changes in serum N-acetylhexosaminidase level associated with uterine involution in the cow? A peak in the level of serum N-acetylhexosaminidase immediately after parturition in three cows coincided in time with uterine involution."}
{"id": "PMID:951522", "title": "Aggregation and anticomplementary activity of an antigen used in the complement fixation test for Johne's disease.", "content": "Exhaustive lipid extraction of the Johne's bacilli before preparing the Maltaner-Wadsworth antigen removed both the anticomplementary activity of the preparation and its ability to fix complement. Gel filtration temporarily removed anticomplementary activity but tended to reduce the antigenic activity of the extract. Sonication significantly reduced the anticomplementary activity of the antigen without affecting its capacity to fix complement but the effects were only temporary. It is suggested that the antigen exists as micelles which gradually aggregate and re-arrange thereby exposing anticomplementary sites hitherto masked in the dispersed micelles.", "contents": "Aggregation and anticomplementary activity of an antigen used in the complement fixation test for Johne's disease. Exhaustive lipid extraction of the Johne's bacilli before preparing the Maltaner-Wadsworth antigen removed both the anticomplementary activity of the preparation and its ability to fix complement. Gel filtration temporarily removed anticomplementary activity but tended to reduce the antigenic activity of the extract. Sonication significantly reduced the anticomplementary activity of the antigen without affecting its capacity to fix complement but the effects were only temporary. It is suggested that the antigen exists as micelles which gradually aggregate and re-arrange thereby exposing anticomplementary sites hitherto masked in the dispersed micelles."}
{"id": "PMID:951523", "title": "Serum calcium fractions in sheep treated with Solanum malacoxylon.", "content": "Sheep treated with a single dose of an extract of the dried leaves of Solanum malacoxylon (SM) at the rate of 0-2 g of leaves per kg liveweight produced a pronounced hypercalcaemia (49 per cent, P less than 0-005) after 24 h, which persisted for at least six days. The ultra-filtrable fraction of the serum calcium rose to approximately the same extent as the protein-bound calcium. This finding is consistent with osteosclerosis and parathyroid atrophy found to occur in cases of experimental SM intoxication. At the dose level given serum inorganic phosphorus was not significantly increased and packed cell volume, serum proteins and ceruloplasmin concentrations remained constant.", "contents": "Serum calcium fractions in sheep treated with Solanum malacoxylon. Sheep treated with a single dose of an extract of the dried leaves of Solanum malacoxylon (SM) at the rate of 0-2 g of leaves per kg liveweight produced a pronounced hypercalcaemia (49 per cent, P less than 0-005) after 24 h, which persisted for at least six days. The ultra-filtrable fraction of the serum calcium rose to approximately the same extent as the protein-bound calcium. This finding is consistent with osteosclerosis and parathyroid atrophy found to occur in cases of experimental SM intoxication. At the dose level given serum inorganic phosphorus was not significantly increased and packed cell volume, serum proteins and ceruloplasmin concentrations remained constant."}
{"id": "PMID:951524", "title": "An additive effect of cold exposure and hypoxia on pulmonary artery pressure in sheep.", "content": "When shorn sheep were exposed to cold (3 degrees C) pulmonary artery pressure (PPA) increased by 24 per cent. When they were caused to breathe an air mixture containing only 11 per cent oxygen there was a similar rise in PPA (27 per cent). During simultaneous exposure to 3 degrees C and low oxygen tension, the rise in PPA was greater than the sum of the two separate treatments (61 per cent). These results indicate the possible significance of cold exposure in the occurrence of high mountain sickness.", "contents": "An additive effect of cold exposure and hypoxia on pulmonary artery pressure in sheep. When shorn sheep were exposed to cold (3 degrees C) pulmonary artery pressure (PPA) increased by 24 per cent. When they were caused to breathe an air mixture containing only 11 per cent oxygen there was a similar rise in PPA (27 per cent). During simultaneous exposure to 3 degrees C and low oxygen tension, the rise in PPA was greater than the sum of the two separate treatments (61 per cent). These results indicate the possible significance of cold exposure in the occurrence of high mountain sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:951525", "title": "Neuropathology of experimental swine vesicular disease in pigs.", "content": "A total of 26 young pigs were inoculated intracerebrally, intravenously or intradermally with the UKG27/72 strain of SVD virus, grown in tissue culture, and killed two, four, eight or 16 days after exposure. Overt nervous symptoms were seen only in pigs inoculated intracerebrally, but all pigs of all groups showed a non-suppurative meningitis and panencephalomyelitis principally affecting the mid- and fore-brain. Ganglioneuritis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in perineuronal amphicytes were found to be the most consistently useful characters for distinguishing SVD from other virus encephalitides of pigs. Spinal radiculitis was a feature of the early stages of CNS involvement and lesions were found also in the optic nerve, retina and cornea.", "contents": "Neuropathology of experimental swine vesicular disease in pigs. A total of 26 young pigs were inoculated intracerebrally, intravenously or intradermally with the UKG27/72 strain of SVD virus, grown in tissue culture, and killed two, four, eight or 16 days after exposure. Overt nervous symptoms were seen only in pigs inoculated intracerebrally, but all pigs of all groups showed a non-suppurative meningitis and panencephalomyelitis principally affecting the mid- and fore-brain. Ganglioneuritis with intranuclear inclusion bodies in perineuronal amphicytes were found to be the most consistently useful characters for distinguishing SVD from other virus encephalitides of pigs. Spinal radiculitis was a feature of the early stages of CNS involvement and lesions were found also in the optic nerve, retina and cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:951526", "title": "Histological observations on the developing intestine of the bovine fetus.", "content": "Histological changes in the samll intestine of 36 bovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the villi and intestinal glands. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was observed in a fetus estimated to be 30 days old. Crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn were noted at 110 days of fetal life. In late gestation and at birth the mucosal structure was fully mature.", "contents": "Histological observations on the developing intestine of the bovine fetus. Histological changes in the samll intestine of 36 bovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the villi and intestinal glands. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was observed in a fetus estimated to be 30 days old. Crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn were noted at 110 days of fetal life. In late gestation and at birth the mucosal structure was fully mature."}
{"id": "PMID:951527", "title": "A comparison of the virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and one strain of Mycoplasma gallinarum in chicks, turkey poults, tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs.", "content": "The virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (S6 of low broth passage, S6 of high broth passage and A514) and of one strain of M gallinarum was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks, turkey poults, chick embryo tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs. One strain of M gallisepticum, S6, of low passage, caused high mortality in newly hatched chicks, and turkey poults, high embryo mortality, and rapid suppression of ciliary activity in tracheal organ cultures. The other strains of M gallisepticum and M gallinarum had relatively less effect. In view of its greater sensitivity, chick embryo mortality is preferable to tracheal organ culture for assessing the virulence of experimental strains of M gallisepticum.", "contents": "A comparison of the virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and one strain of Mycoplasma gallinarum in chicks, turkey poults, tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs. The virulence of three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (S6 of low broth passage, S6 of high broth passage and A514) and of one strain of M gallinarum was investigated in specific pathogen free chicks, turkey poults, chick embryo tracheal organ cultures and embryonated fowl eggs. One strain of M gallisepticum, S6, of low passage, caused high mortality in newly hatched chicks, and turkey poults, high embryo mortality, and rapid suppression of ciliary activity in tracheal organ cultures. The other strains of M gallisepticum and M gallinarum had relatively less effect. In view of its greater sensitivity, chick embryo mortality is preferable to tracheal organ culture for assessing the virulence of experimental strains of M gallisepticum."}
{"id": "PMID:951528", "title": "Plasma and organ counts of 3H in normal or immune mice and sheep injected with 3H-epsilon-dinitrophenyl-lysine.", "content": "Mice and sheep with circulating antibody to dinitrophenol (Dnp) retained injected 3H-epsilon-Dnp-lysine in their circulation for three and seven days respectively. In normal mice and sheep the 1 h post injection counts of 3H/g of kidney were higher than those per ml of plasma. In immune mice, plasma 3H counts were always higher than kidney counts, whereas at 1 h in immune sheep, plasma and kidney counts were similar. Liver, spleen and lung counts were also made in some experiments. Increased 3h counts could be demonstrated in mice treated passively with sheep anti-Dnp serum and then given 3h-epsilon-Dnp-lysine. The fast gamma-globulin of sheep antiserum is mainly responsible for retention of hapten in mouse plasma.", "contents": "Plasma and organ counts of 3H in normal or immune mice and sheep injected with 3H-epsilon-dinitrophenyl-lysine. Mice and sheep with circulating antibody to dinitrophenol (Dnp) retained injected 3H-epsilon-Dnp-lysine in their circulation for three and seven days respectively. In normal mice and sheep the 1 h post injection counts of 3H/g of kidney were higher than those per ml of plasma. In immune mice, plasma 3H counts were always higher than kidney counts, whereas at 1 h in immune sheep, plasma and kidney counts were similar. Liver, spleen and lung counts were also made in some experiments. Increased 3h counts could be demonstrated in mice treated passively with sheep anti-Dnp serum and then given 3h-epsilon-Dnp-lysine. The fast gamma-globulin of sheep antiserum is mainly responsible for retention of hapten in mouse plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:951529", "title": "Observations on the effects of weaning in the young pig. Clinical and histopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology.", "content": "A study of the effects of abrupt weaning on the very young pig showed that the samll intestine undergoes an acute inflammatory response and a reduction in plasma cell population by weaning day +7 or +8, in the absence of severe scours and abnormal proliferation by intestinal coliform bacteria. It is suggested that these changes may be common progenitors of nutritional and bacterial scours, and that they are due in part to increased metabolic activity of the \"normal\" microflora.", "contents": "Observations on the effects of weaning in the young pig. Clinical and histopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology. A study of the effects of abrupt weaning on the very young pig showed that the samll intestine undergoes an acute inflammatory response and a reduction in plasma cell population by weaning day +7 or +8, in the absence of severe scours and abnormal proliferation by intestinal coliform bacteria. It is suggested that these changes may be common progenitors of nutritional and bacterial scours, and that they are due in part to increased metabolic activity of the \"normal\" microflora."}
{"id": "PMID:951530", "title": "Preliminary results using metabolites and in vitro grown larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta to immunise lambs against oral challenge.", "content": "An attempt was made to immunise lambs by the intra-muscular injection of concentrated metabolites obtained from the in vitro culture of Ostertagia circumcincta, by the oral administration of lyophilised metabolites or by the subcutaneous injection of living third, fourth and fifth stage worms grown in vitro. Protection appeared to have been elicited by each treatment as the worm burdens, the lengths of the worms and the faecal worm egg counts in the immunised lambs were less than those of the control lambs.", "contents": "Preliminary results using metabolites and in vitro grown larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta to immunise lambs against oral challenge. An attempt was made to immunise lambs by the intra-muscular injection of concentrated metabolites obtained from the in vitro culture of Ostertagia circumcincta, by the oral administration of lyophilised metabolites or by the subcutaneous injection of living third, fourth and fifth stage worms grown in vitro. Protection appeared to have been elicited by each treatment as the worm burdens, the lengths of the worms and the faecal worm egg counts in the immunised lambs were less than those of the control lambs."}
{"id": "PMID:951531", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the liver, kidney and myocardium in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in the fowl.", "content": "In birds with the fatty liver and kidney syndrome large lipid droplets measuring up to 4 mum in diameter were observed in increased numbers in liver, kidney and heart muscle, particularly in the livers and the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) of the kidneys. In the hepatocytes and the PCT a much smaller type of lipid particle (LP) was also observed, both intracellularly within the cisternae of the Golgi-ER system and outside the plasma membranes in the space between neighbouring parenchymal cells, within the space of Disse and among the basal processes of the PCT. The origin of these LP is discussed.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the liver, kidney and myocardium in the fatty liver and kidney syndrome in the fowl. In birds with the fatty liver and kidney syndrome large lipid droplets measuring up to 4 mum in diameter were observed in increased numbers in liver, kidney and heart muscle, particularly in the livers and the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) of the kidneys. In the hepatocytes and the PCT a much smaller type of lipid particle (LP) was also observed, both intracellularly within the cisternae of the Golgi-ER system and outside the plasma membranes in the space between neighbouring parenchymal cells, within the space of Disse and among the basal processes of the PCT. The origin of these LP is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951532", "title": "The effects of exposure to warm environments on bovine plasma lipid composition.", "content": "The concentrations of total fatty acids and free cholesterol in the plasma of Ayrshire calves decreased following, but not during, short-term exposure to heat. Lower concentrations of total fatty acids and free cholesterol were maintained on prolonged heat exposure. Blood and plasma volumes were little affected by either short-term or prolonged heat exposure. Haematocrit rose during short-term heat stress and on prolonged heat exposure there was a decrease in erythrocyte fragility.", "contents": "The effects of exposure to warm environments on bovine plasma lipid composition. The concentrations of total fatty acids and free cholesterol in the plasma of Ayrshire calves decreased following, but not during, short-term exposure to heat. Lower concentrations of total fatty acids and free cholesterol were maintained on prolonged heat exposure. Blood and plasma volumes were little affected by either short-term or prolonged heat exposure. Haematocrit rose during short-term heat stress and on prolonged heat exposure there was a decrease in erythrocyte fragility."}
{"id": "PMID:951533", "title": "Fractionation of fowl immunoglobulins.", "content": "Serum, Na2SO4-precipitated serum immunoglobulins and bile from 12-week-old fowls, and serum from day-old chicks, were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and ultracentrifugation through 10-40 per cent sucrose gradients. Elution of IgM, IgG, IgA and albumin was monitored by examination of fractions in agar gel diffusion against antisera specific to these proteins. Serum and bile from 12-week-old fowls contained IgM and IgA in two molecular sizes and a single molecular size of IgG. Day-old chick serum contained IgM estimated to be 7S, a polymerised form of IgG in addition to the normal 7S component, and a small molecular weight protein antigenically related to IgA. Most of the albumin in bile was of lower molecular weight than serum albumin, while heavy forms of albumin were detected in ultracentrifugation of bile and day-old chick serum.", "contents": "Fractionation of fowl immunoglobulins. Serum, Na2SO4-precipitated serum immunoglobulins and bile from 12-week-old fowls, and serum from day-old chicks, were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and ultracentrifugation through 10-40 per cent sucrose gradients. Elution of IgM, IgG, IgA and albumin was monitored by examination of fractions in agar gel diffusion against antisera specific to these proteins. Serum and bile from 12-week-old fowls contained IgM and IgA in two molecular sizes and a single molecular size of IgG. Day-old chick serum contained IgM estimated to be 7S, a polymerised form of IgG in addition to the normal 7S component, and a small molecular weight protein antigenically related to IgA. Most of the albumin in bile was of lower molecular weight than serum albumin, while heavy forms of albumin were detected in ultracentrifugation of bile and day-old chick serum."}
{"id": "PMID:951534", "title": "Studies on ventilation of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodilia: Reptilia).", "content": "The ventilatory mechanics of freely moving Caiman crocodilus were studied by cinefluorescopy and electromyography. The buccal oscillations serve only to flush the internal nares in olfaction. Ventilations are coincident with abdominal oscillations. The larynx ordinarily lies adpressed to the internal nares so that the posterior buccal chamber is excluded from the path of air flow during ventilation and does not contribute to respiratory dead space. The pulmonary pressures may be variably polyphasic and the tracheal flows diphasic. Exhalation involves an anterior shift of the liver by action of the transverse abdominal muscles, while inhalation proceeds due to contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle pulling the liver caudad. The various costal muscles facilitate air flow by shifting the position of the ribs. They also play a role in fixation of the flexible rib cage so that it resists the aspirating and compressing actions of the hepatic piston. The pattern of muscular activity shifts as the trunk is immersed; expiration becomes passive and inspiration requires increased muscular effort. The ribs, instead of changing position with each breath are comparatively fixed by the costal muscles, while changes in the volume of the pleural cavity are caused almost exclusively by movements of the hepatic piston.", "contents": "Studies on ventilation of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodilia: Reptilia). The ventilatory mechanics of freely moving Caiman crocodilus were studied by cinefluorescopy and electromyography. The buccal oscillations serve only to flush the internal nares in olfaction. Ventilations are coincident with abdominal oscillations. The larynx ordinarily lies adpressed to the internal nares so that the posterior buccal chamber is excluded from the path of air flow during ventilation and does not contribute to respiratory dead space. The pulmonary pressures may be variably polyphasic and the tracheal flows diphasic. Exhalation involves an anterior shift of the liver by action of the transverse abdominal muscles, while inhalation proceeds due to contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle pulling the liver caudad. The various costal muscles facilitate air flow by shifting the position of the ribs. They also play a role in fixation of the flexible rib cage so that it resists the aspirating and compressing actions of the hepatic piston. The pattern of muscular activity shifts as the trunk is immersed; expiration becomes passive and inspiration requires increased muscular effort. The ribs, instead of changing position with each breath are comparatively fixed by the costal muscles, while changes in the volume of the pleural cavity are caused almost exclusively by movements of the hepatic piston."}
{"id": "PMID:951535", "title": "Estimation of blood gas contents from expired air under normal and pathologic conditions.", "content": "Methods of estimating arterial-venous O2 content difference, mixed venous CO2 content and tension, and average arterial CO2 content are presented. They are based on the continuous gas analysis of expired air during a prolonged expiration. The influence of CO2 storage in lung tissue and certain pathophysiologic conditions on the accuracy of these methods was systematically investigated with a comprehensive multi-chamber computer simulation of the lung. For normal levels of CO2 storage capacity, satisfactory estimates of arterial-venous O2 content difference are feasible for differences less than 8 volumes percent; with high levels of CO2 storage capacity, large errors can occur. Storage of CO2 in lung tissue causes large errors in the estimates of mixed venous CO2 content and tension, and average arterial CO2 content; reliable estimates do not appear to be feasible from analysis of expired gas. Simulated pathophysiologic conditions of interstitial pulmonary edema or atelectasis also introduce large errors. This analysis delineates the theoretic limitations of an estimation technique in clinical applications where acute respiratory dysfunctions occur.", "contents": "Estimation of blood gas contents from expired air under normal and pathologic conditions. Methods of estimating arterial-venous O2 content difference, mixed venous CO2 content and tension, and average arterial CO2 content are presented. They are based on the continuous gas analysis of expired air during a prolonged expiration. The influence of CO2 storage in lung tissue and certain pathophysiologic conditions on the accuracy of these methods was systematically investigated with a comprehensive multi-chamber computer simulation of the lung. For normal levels of CO2 storage capacity, satisfactory estimates of arterial-venous O2 content difference are feasible for differences less than 8 volumes percent; with high levels of CO2 storage capacity, large errors can occur. Storage of CO2 in lung tissue causes large errors in the estimates of mixed venous CO2 content and tension, and average arterial CO2 content; reliable estimates do not appear to be feasible from analysis of expired gas. Simulated pathophysiologic conditions of interstitial pulmonary edema or atelectasis also introduce large errors. This analysis delineates the theoretic limitations of an estimation technique in clinical applications where acute respiratory dysfunctions occur."}
{"id": "PMID:951536", "title": "A technique for study of lung function in birds by blocking the primary bronchus.", "content": "The technique described allows in vivo placement of a blocking balloon in the avian primary bronchus between the origins of the two sets of secondary bronchi, the medioventrals and mediodorsals. With caudal air sacs cannulated the animal may then be ventilated with a constant flow of gas passing entirely through the gas-exchanging parabronchi. This technique has been found useful particularly in studies of pulmonary gas exchange in birds.", "contents": "A technique for study of lung function in birds by blocking the primary bronchus. The technique described allows in vivo placement of a blocking balloon in the avian primary bronchus between the origins of the two sets of secondary bronchi, the medioventrals and mediodorsals. With caudal air sacs cannulated the animal may then be ventilated with a constant flow of gas passing entirely through the gas-exchanging parabronchi. This technique has been found useful particularly in studies of pulmonary gas exchange in birds."}
{"id": "PMID:951537", "title": "Effects of CO2 on pulmonary air flow resistance in the duck.", "content": "Effects of CO2 on pulmonary smooth muscle were assessed by measuring the air flow resistance of secondary bronchi and parabronchi in ducks unidirectionally ventilated with a constant gas flow through the parabronchial lung, the bypass of the primary bronchus being occluded by a blocking catheter. Pressure differences across the blocking balloon (deltaP), corresponding to the pressure drop in the gas flowing through the mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi (MD and MV) and parabronchi, were measured at flow rates (V) varied from 0.5 to 3 L-min-1 and at CO2 concentrations of ventilating gas (FICO2) varied from 0 to 10%. 1) deltaP increased more than linearly with V. The resulting flow resistance R(= deltaP/V) averaged 43 and 95 cm H2O-L-1-sec at V = 0.5 and 3 L-min-1, respectively. 2) Step changes in FICO2 at constant V were followed within 0.5 to 5 sec by changes in R. 3) Lowering FICO2 from 5% resulted in marked increases in R, the value at FICO2 = 0% being more than twice the average value at 5%. Raising FICO2 from 5% up to 10% was followed by only slight changes in R. 4) Vagotomy did not consistently change R at any level of CO2; it did, however, slightly increase the delay time for changes in R on step changes of FICO2. 5)The medioventral secondary bronchi and their orifices into the primary bronchus appeared to be mainly responsible for the resistance measured and its changes with CO2. The resistance offered by the parabronchi appeared to be much smaller and much less dependent on CO2. The results suggest importance of lung gas CO2 in aerodynamic valving of respiratory flow in avian lungs during normal breathing and particularly during thermal panting to prevent alkalosis.", "contents": "Effects of CO2 on pulmonary air flow resistance in the duck. Effects of CO2 on pulmonary smooth muscle were assessed by measuring the air flow resistance of secondary bronchi and parabronchi in ducks unidirectionally ventilated with a constant gas flow through the parabronchial lung, the bypass of the primary bronchus being occluded by a blocking catheter. Pressure differences across the blocking balloon (deltaP), corresponding to the pressure drop in the gas flowing through the mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi (MD and MV) and parabronchi, were measured at flow rates (V) varied from 0.5 to 3 L-min-1 and at CO2 concentrations of ventilating gas (FICO2) varied from 0 to 10%. 1) deltaP increased more than linearly with V. The resulting flow resistance R(= deltaP/V) averaged 43 and 95 cm H2O-L-1-sec at V = 0.5 and 3 L-min-1, respectively. 2) Step changes in FICO2 at constant V were followed within 0.5 to 5 sec by changes in R. 3) Lowering FICO2 from 5% resulted in marked increases in R, the value at FICO2 = 0% being more than twice the average value at 5%. Raising FICO2 from 5% up to 10% was followed by only slight changes in R. 4) Vagotomy did not consistently change R at any level of CO2; it did, however, slightly increase the delay time for changes in R on step changes of FICO2. 5)The medioventral secondary bronchi and their orifices into the primary bronchus appeared to be mainly responsible for the resistance measured and its changes with CO2. The resistance offered by the parabronchi appeared to be much smaller and much less dependent on CO2. The results suggest importance of lung gas CO2 in aerodynamic valving of respiratory flow in avian lungs during normal breathing and particularly during thermal panting to prevent alkalosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951538", "title": "Diameter, length and branching ratios in the bronchial tree.", "content": "This paper is concerned with morphology and pattern of branching in the bronchial tree and their interrelationships. Branching ratio (Rb), diameter ratio (Rd), and length ratio (R1) are the factors by which the number of branches, mean diameter and mean length increase in successive orders of branching. An analysis based on the concept of minimum work suggests that ideally Rd = R1/3 b, whilst geometric considerations suggest that R1 = R1/3 b. Thus Rd = R1. These theoretical results are compared with those obtained from measuring one human and six dog bronchial tree casts. Values obtained from the human lung are in close agreement with the predicted values, whilst in the dog lungs the agreement, though less good, is still close. Rb is determined antenatally, the reason for its particular value being unknown. Diameter and length of branches may be modelled postnatally by growth in a manner which ensures that Rd = R1 - R1/3 b.", "contents": "Diameter, length and branching ratios in the bronchial tree. This paper is concerned with morphology and pattern of branching in the bronchial tree and their interrelationships. Branching ratio (Rb), diameter ratio (Rd), and length ratio (R1) are the factors by which the number of branches, mean diameter and mean length increase in successive orders of branching. An analysis based on the concept of minimum work suggests that ideally Rd = R1/3 b, whilst geometric considerations suggest that R1 = R1/3 b. Thus Rd = R1. These theoretical results are compared with those obtained from measuring one human and six dog bronchial tree casts. Values obtained from the human lung are in close agreement with the predicted values, whilst in the dog lungs the agreement, though less good, is still close. Rb is determined antenatally, the reason for its particular value being unknown. Diameter and length of branches may be modelled postnatally by growth in a manner which ensures that Rd = R1 - R1/3 b."}
{"id": "PMID:951539", "title": "Respiratory surface area as a factor controlling the standard rate of O2 consumption of aquatic salamanders.", "content": "The standard rate of O2 consumption of various aquatic lunged salamanders is compared for animals breathing water only and for animals breathing both air and water. When submerged and prevented from surfacing in air-equilibrated water, most species studied were capable of survival for periods of at least two weeks. The animals that were allowed to respire bimodally exhibited an increased rate of O2 consumption relative to their submerged counterparts who were denied the use of pulmonary respiration. The standard rate of oxygen consumption is submerged and air-and-water-breathing Siren lacertina was determined over a large range of body size. The rate of the bimodally breathing animals was higher than that of the submerged animals, and the difference increased with increasing body size. These data suggest that it is the oxygen transport capacity of these animals that at least partially regulates the standard rate of O2 consumption rather than all such control being exerted at the cellular level.", "contents": "Respiratory surface area as a factor controlling the standard rate of O2 consumption of aquatic salamanders. The standard rate of O2 consumption of various aquatic lunged salamanders is compared for animals breathing water only and for animals breathing both air and water. When submerged and prevented from surfacing in air-equilibrated water, most species studied were capable of survival for periods of at least two weeks. The animals that were allowed to respire bimodally exhibited an increased rate of O2 consumption relative to their submerged counterparts who were denied the use of pulmonary respiration. The standard rate of oxygen consumption is submerged and air-and-water-breathing Siren lacertina was determined over a large range of body size. The rate of the bimodally breathing animals was higher than that of the submerged animals, and the difference increased with increasing body size. These data suggest that it is the oxygen transport capacity of these animals that at least partially regulates the standard rate of O2 consumption rather than all such control being exerted at the cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:951540", "title": "Ventilation and respiratory evaporation in the flying crow, Corvus ossifragus.", "content": "Tidal volume (VT), respiration frequency (f) and respiratory evaporation (mre) were measured in the passeriform fish crow, Corvus ossifragus (mass 0.28 kg), during steady state, horizontal, wind-tunnel flight, at air speeds of 7.4-11.0 m-sec-1 and air temperatures (TA) of 12-28 degrees C. Ventilation (V1) of the respiratory system was calculated as f-VT. All parameters were independent of speed. Respiration frequency was independent of TA. VT and V1 were independent of TA below 23 degrees C, but above 23 degrees C increased linearly, as did mre. Oxygen extraction (E), the fraction of available oxygen removed from respiratory system air, was calculated using oxygen consumption data (VO2) reported previously, and VI. E was independent of TA below 23 degrees C, where mean E, similar to that in crows resting at 20 degrees C, was substantially higher than in resting mammals of the same mass. E decreased at higher TA, reflecting hyperventilation accompanying elevated mre. mre accounted for the loss of only 17% of total metabolic heat production (Hp), as calculated from VO2, with a partial efficiency of 25%. Thus most heat loss must follow cutaneous evaporative, or nonevaporative routes.", "contents": "Ventilation and respiratory evaporation in the flying crow, Corvus ossifragus. Tidal volume (VT), respiration frequency (f) and respiratory evaporation (mre) were measured in the passeriform fish crow, Corvus ossifragus (mass 0.28 kg), during steady state, horizontal, wind-tunnel flight, at air speeds of 7.4-11.0 m-sec-1 and air temperatures (TA) of 12-28 degrees C. Ventilation (V1) of the respiratory system was calculated as f-VT. All parameters were independent of speed. Respiration frequency was independent of TA. VT and V1 were independent of TA below 23 degrees C, but above 23 degrees C increased linearly, as did mre. Oxygen extraction (E), the fraction of available oxygen removed from respiratory system air, was calculated using oxygen consumption data (VO2) reported previously, and VI. E was independent of TA below 23 degrees C, where mean E, similar to that in crows resting at 20 degrees C, was substantially higher than in resting mammals of the same mass. E decreased at higher TA, reflecting hyperventilation accompanying elevated mre. mre accounted for the loss of only 17% of total metabolic heat production (Hp), as calculated from VO2, with a partial efficiency of 25%. Thus most heat loss must follow cutaneous evaporative, or nonevaporative routes."}
{"id": "PMID:951541", "title": "Ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation and intravenous infusion of hypercapnic blood.", "content": "The ventilatory responses to intravenous infusion of hypercapnic blood (equilibrated with 80% CO2: 20% O2) and inhaled CO2 (1.5-2.0% CO2) have been compared in anaesthetized rabbits. A control infusion of blood equilibrated with 4% CO2: 21% O2 produced no change in V, PaCO2 or PaO2. The ventilatory response to a given rise in PaCO2, deltaV - (delta PaCO2)-1, was greater during infusion of hypercapnic blood (69 +/- 33 ml-min-1-mm Hg-1, mean +/- SD) than during CO2 inhalation (28 +/- 16 ml-min-1-min Hg-1, P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the rates at which the final levels of ventilation were reached during inhalation of CO2 or infusion of hypercapnic blood. It is suggested that the difference between the responses may be accounted for by differences in the pattern of PaCO2 oscillations in the two situations.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation and intravenous infusion of hypercapnic blood. The ventilatory responses to intravenous infusion of hypercapnic blood (equilibrated with 80% CO2: 20% O2) and inhaled CO2 (1.5-2.0% CO2) have been compared in anaesthetized rabbits. A control infusion of blood equilibrated with 4% CO2: 21% O2 produced no change in V, PaCO2 or PaO2. The ventilatory response to a given rise in PaCO2, deltaV - (delta PaCO2)-1, was greater during infusion of hypercapnic blood (69 +/- 33 ml-min-1-mm Hg-1, mean +/- SD) than during CO2 inhalation (28 +/- 16 ml-min-1-min Hg-1, P less than 0.01). There was no difference between the rates at which the final levels of ventilation were reached during inhalation of CO2 or infusion of hypercapnic blood. It is suggested that the difference between the responses may be accounted for by differences in the pattern of PaCO2 oscillations in the two situations."}
{"id": "PMID:951542", "title": "Expiratory effects of brief carotid sinus nerve and carotid body stimulations.", "content": "The expiratory response, measured directly as ventilatory volume and as internal intercostal or abdominal muscle EMG activity, to brief intermittent electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve or chemical stimulation of the carotid body was determined in anesthetized cats. Stimuli given during expiration had a specific expiratory effect, manifested by increased expiratory duration, increased activity of expiratory muscles and increased depth of expiration. The later in expiration the stimulus was exhibited, the greater all effects became. Vagal section had no effect on the response and the duration of response persisted after spinal cord section at C7-T1. It is concluded that expiratory stimulations have effects on expiration similar to those on inspiration from stimulations given during inspiration. It is concluded that the mechanism operates at a brain stem level. However, because the latency of the response is much longer than the inspiratory response to the same stimuli, the pathway must be different.", "contents": "Expiratory effects of brief carotid sinus nerve and carotid body stimulations. The expiratory response, measured directly as ventilatory volume and as internal intercostal or abdominal muscle EMG activity, to brief intermittent electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve or chemical stimulation of the carotid body was determined in anesthetized cats. Stimuli given during expiration had a specific expiratory effect, manifested by increased expiratory duration, increased activity of expiratory muscles and increased depth of expiration. The later in expiration the stimulus was exhibited, the greater all effects became. Vagal section had no effect on the response and the duration of response persisted after spinal cord section at C7-T1. It is concluded that expiratory stimulations have effects on expiration similar to those on inspiration from stimulations given during inspiration. It is concluded that the mechanism operates at a brain stem level. However, because the latency of the response is much longer than the inspiratory response to the same stimuli, the pathway must be different."}
{"id": "PMID:951556", "title": "[Differences found in serum serotonin between a group of normal and subjects of obese patients following intravenous tolbutamide administration].", "content": "We have studied the effect of the i.v. administration of 1 g tolbutamide upon glycemia, insulinemia and serotoninemia in normal subjects and obese patients. We have seen an elevation of the last two variables in direct relationship with the previous blood sugar levels. The baseline serotonin level in obese people is higher than in normals, but the tolbutamide induced elevation is of a lesser magnitude. We believe this fact is due to the competitive action of insulin, as our obese patients have shown to have a \"hyperinsulinism\" with \"disinsulinism\".", "contents": "[Differences found in serum serotonin between a group of normal and subjects of obese patients following intravenous tolbutamide administration]. We have studied the effect of the i.v. administration of 1 g tolbutamide upon glycemia, insulinemia and serotoninemia in normal subjects and obese patients. We have seen an elevation of the last two variables in direct relationship with the previous blood sugar levels. The baseline serotonin level in obese people is higher than in normals, but the tolbutamide induced elevation is of a lesser magnitude. We believe this fact is due to the competitive action of insulin, as our obese patients have shown to have a \"hyperinsulinism\" with \"disinsulinism\"."}
{"id": "PMID:951557", "title": "[Dynamics of growth hormone secretion in patients with primary hypothyroidism, before and after treatment with thyroideal hormones].", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in a group of alut controls and a series of patients with primary hypothyroidism before and after treatment with thyroid hormones. Intravenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia was the stimulus used (0,1 UI/kg body weight). It is concluded that in primary hypothyroidism, GH secretion is almost absent due to relative inactivity of the somatotropic cells and/or lack of GH-RH. This decreased secretory response becomes rapidly normal after treatment with physiological doses of thyroid hormones.", "contents": "[Dynamics of growth hormone secretion in patients with primary hypothyroidism, before and after treatment with thyroideal hormones]. Growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in a group of alut controls and a series of patients with primary hypothyroidism before and after treatment with thyroid hormones. Intravenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia was the stimulus used (0,1 UI/kg body weight). It is concluded that in primary hypothyroidism, GH secretion is almost absent due to relative inactivity of the somatotropic cells and/or lack of GH-RH. This decreased secretory response becomes rapidly normal after treatment with physiological doses of thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:951558", "title": "[Effect of the thyroid in the development of intestinal hydroxylases].", "content": "The authors studied the saccharidase levels in the intestines of rats during the perinatal period. Sucrase and maltase values increase with advancing time, while lactase values decrease also age-dependently. The thyroid gland has a decisive role in the intestinal maturation of fats. In an assessment of circulating blood thyroxin levels, the authors found that the amount of thyroxin at birth is practically undetectable (less than 0,05 mug/100 ml expressed in iodine), rapidly increasing up to adult levels (3,8 mug/100 ml) 22 days after birth.", "contents": "[Effect of the thyroid in the development of intestinal hydroxylases]. The authors studied the saccharidase levels in the intestines of rats during the perinatal period. Sucrase and maltase values increase with advancing time, while lactase values decrease also age-dependently. The thyroid gland has a decisive role in the intestinal maturation of fats. In an assessment of circulating blood thyroxin levels, the authors found that the amount of thyroxin at birth is practically undetectable (less than 0,05 mug/100 ml expressed in iodine), rapidly increasing up to adult levels (3,8 mug/100 ml) 22 days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:951576", "title": "A comparison of mice in rebound-thrombocytosis with platelet-hypertransfused mice for the assay of thrombopoietin.", "content": "Rebound-thrombocytosis and platelet hypertransfusions were compared as methods of preparing assay animals for the measurement of thrombopoietin (TSF). In immunothrombocythaemic mice, the amount of 35S incorporation into the platelet mass after injections of a standard dose of TSF was related to the length of time after rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS) injection. After 2 platelet transfusions, however, there was no decrease in 35S incorporation values of mice with time after injections of control or TSF-containing substances. When platelet counts were made 3 days after the last platelet transfusion, the counts decreased with the number of transfusions. Mice in rebound-thrombocytosis were responsive to TSF as evidenced by higher platelet counts (P less than 0.05) and increased 35S incorporation into platelets (P less than 0.005), whereas mice made thrombocytotic by platelet transfusions were not. Assuming that increased platelet counts induced by the different techniques affect assay mice only by inhibiting blood cell production by haematopoietic cells, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that sensitivity to TSF depends upon the proliferative state of the megakaryocytic precursor population.", "contents": "A comparison of mice in rebound-thrombocytosis with platelet-hypertransfused mice for the assay of thrombopoietin. Rebound-thrombocytosis and platelet hypertransfusions were compared as methods of preparing assay animals for the measurement of thrombopoietin (TSF). In immunothrombocythaemic mice, the amount of 35S incorporation into the platelet mass after injections of a standard dose of TSF was related to the length of time after rabbit anti-mouse platelet serum (RAMPS) injection. After 2 platelet transfusions, however, there was no decrease in 35S incorporation values of mice with time after injections of control or TSF-containing substances. When platelet counts were made 3 days after the last platelet transfusion, the counts decreased with the number of transfusions. Mice in rebound-thrombocytosis were responsive to TSF as evidenced by higher platelet counts (P less than 0.05) and increased 35S incorporation into platelets (P less than 0.005), whereas mice made thrombocytotic by platelet transfusions were not. Assuming that increased platelet counts induced by the different techniques affect assay mice only by inhibiting blood cell production by haematopoietic cells, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that sensitivity to TSF depends upon the proliferative state of the megakaryocytic precursor population."}
{"id": "PMID:951577", "title": "Immunosuppressive treatment in haemophiliacs with inhibitors to factor VIII and factor IX.", "content": "9 patients with severe haemophilia A and inhibitors (inhibitor levels between 0.1 to 5.8 U/ml) and 3 patients with severe haemophilia B and inhibitors (inhibitor levels between 0.1 to 11 U/ml) were treated on a total of 16 and 13 occasions, respectively, with a large dose of antigen (factor VIII or factor IX) and cyclophosphamide (10-15 mg/kg b.w. i.v. initially and then 2-3 mg/kg b.w. orally for 7-10 days) in connection with severe bleeding and surgery. All the patients had proved not to respond to treatment with factor VIII or factor IX concentrate alone, and all except one had shown strong secondary antibody increases. In 6 of the patients with haemophilia A the treatment (11 occasions) had a satisfactory haemostatic effect and even permitted neurosurgery without bleeding complications. The inhibitor level remained at zero for 5-10 days, after which it gradually began to return towards its original level. In these cases it was possible to give factor VIII in amounts which neutralised the inhibitor and afterwards raised the factor VIII initially to at least 50%. In the 3 patients with haemophilia B treatment (13 occasions) was successful except on one occasion, and surgery was performed without abnormal bleeding. The factor IX level was initially raised to at least 50% except in the one failure. The inhibitor level remained at zero for 12 days to 3 months, after which it gradually rose towards its original level. One patient was treated on 8 occasions.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive treatment in haemophiliacs with inhibitors to factor VIII and factor IX. 9 patients with severe haemophilia A and inhibitors (inhibitor levels between 0.1 to 5.8 U/ml) and 3 patients with severe haemophilia B and inhibitors (inhibitor levels between 0.1 to 11 U/ml) were treated on a total of 16 and 13 occasions, respectively, with a large dose of antigen (factor VIII or factor IX) and cyclophosphamide (10-15 mg/kg b.w. i.v. initially and then 2-3 mg/kg b.w. orally for 7-10 days) in connection with severe bleeding and surgery. All the patients had proved not to respond to treatment with factor VIII or factor IX concentrate alone, and all except one had shown strong secondary antibody increases. In 6 of the patients with haemophilia A the treatment (11 occasions) had a satisfactory haemostatic effect and even permitted neurosurgery without bleeding complications. The inhibitor level remained at zero for 5-10 days, after which it gradually began to return towards its original level. In these cases it was possible to give factor VIII in amounts which neutralised the inhibitor and afterwards raised the factor VIII initially to at least 50%. In the 3 patients with haemophilia B treatment (13 occasions) was successful except on one occasion, and surgery was performed without abnormal bleeding. The factor IX level was initially raised to at least 50% except in the one failure. The inhibitor level remained at zero for 12 days to 3 months, after which it gradually rose towards its original level. One patient was treated on 8 occasions."}
{"id": "PMID:951578", "title": "Streptokinase resistance test in a group of Mediterranean people and its possible variations as regards sex and age.", "content": "A streptokinase resistance test (SK-RT) was studied on a group of people from the Mediterranean coast of Spain. It was found that 87.5% of the studied population required a dose of 250,000 U or less to obtain an adequate neutralization of the circulating antibodies. In none of the cases was the required dose higher than 500,000 U. The average dose was of 132,969 U (SD = 102,269). No significant differences were found between the dose required for men and that required for women. A significantly inferior dose to the average was, however, required for people over 50 years old (x = 112,280, SD = 100,459).", "contents": "Streptokinase resistance test in a group of Mediterranean people and its possible variations as regards sex and age. A streptokinase resistance test (SK-RT) was studied on a group of people from the Mediterranean coast of Spain. It was found that 87.5% of the studied population required a dose of 250,000 U or less to obtain an adequate neutralization of the circulating antibodies. In none of the cases was the required dose higher than 500,000 U. The average dose was of 132,969 U (SD = 102,269). No significant differences were found between the dose required for men and that required for women. A significantly inferior dose to the average was, however, required for people over 50 years old (x = 112,280, SD = 100,459)."}
{"id": "PMID:951579", "title": "IgG1 subclass restriction of oligoclonal IgG from cerebrospinal fluids and brain extracts in patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides.", "content": "Oligoclonal-IgG-containing cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides were studied for IgG subclass distribution by immunoelectrophoretic and hemagglutination inhibition methods. The immunoelectrophoretic results indicated the presence of electrophoretically restricted IgG1 proteins in a number of CSF, compatible with an association between this IgG subclass and oligoclonal IgG proteins. The combined results indicated a greater dominance of IgG1 over other IgG subclass proteins in CSF than in matching sera. Similar results were obtained in experiments with brain extracts from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The results differed from those obtained with normal CSF, where the distribution of IgG subclasses resembled that of the matching sera. It is concluded that the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF and brain in the patients studied belong mainly to the IgG1 subclass.", "contents": "IgG1 subclass restriction of oligoclonal IgG from cerebrospinal fluids and brain extracts in patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides. Oligoclonal-IgG-containing cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides were studied for IgG subclass distribution by immunoelectrophoretic and hemagglutination inhibition methods. The immunoelectrophoretic results indicated the presence of electrophoretically restricted IgG1 proteins in a number of CSF, compatible with an association between this IgG subclass and oligoclonal IgG proteins. The combined results indicated a greater dominance of IgG1 over other IgG subclass proteins in CSF than in matching sera. Similar results were obtained in experiments with brain extracts from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The results differed from those obtained with normal CSF, where the distribution of IgG subclasses resembled that of the matching sera. It is concluded that the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF and brain in the patients studied belong mainly to the IgG1 subclass."}
{"id": "PMID:951580", "title": "Complement receptors in human renal glomeruli.", "content": "Glomeruli in Cryostat sections of foetal and adult renal tissues adsorbed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibody and human or mouse complement (EAC). Activated complement was essential for the reaction to occur. The receptor had specificity for the C3b fragment of C3 and is probably of protein or glycoprotein nature. Complement receptors in glomeruli may explain the deposition of complement components or complement-containing complexes in immune-complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Complement receptors in human renal glomeruli. Glomeruli in Cryostat sections of foetal and adult renal tissues adsorbed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with IgM antibody and human or mouse complement (EAC). Activated complement was essential for the reaction to occur. The receptor had specificity for the C3b fragment of C3 and is probably of protein or glycoprotein nature. Complement receptors in glomeruli may explain the deposition of complement components or complement-containing complexes in immune-complex glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:951581", "title": "Experiences with various types of mitral valve prostheses.", "content": "During the period 1967-1973, four different types of mitral valve prostheses were used by the same surgical group. Altogether 139 patients are included in this study. With the exception of the surgical approach, the operative technique was the same in all groups. The total mortality varied from 17% in the group receiving the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve to 40% in the Beall valve group. Thrombo-embolic complications were responsible for three deaths in the Beall and one death in the Lillehei-Nakib group. All patients had been on the adequate anticoagulant therapy. At follow-up, 40 to 77% of the patients had improved functional class, the best results being obtained in the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley group. The diastolic gradients across the prosthetic valves varied from 9 to 4 mmHg at rest. Again, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve gave the most favourable result. The results and significance of the various parameters are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Experiences with various types of mitral valve prostheses. During the period 1967-1973, four different types of mitral valve prostheses were used by the same surgical group. Altogether 139 patients are included in this study. With the exception of the surgical approach, the operative technique was the same in all groups. The total mortality varied from 17% in the group receiving the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve to 40% in the Beall valve group. Thrombo-embolic complications were responsible for three deaths in the Beall and one death in the Lillehei-Nakib group. All patients had been on the adequate anticoagulant therapy. At follow-up, 40 to 77% of the patients had improved functional class, the best results being obtained in the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley group. The diastolic gradients across the prosthetic valves varied from 9 to 4 mmHg at rest. Again, the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve gave the most favourable result. The results and significance of the various parameters are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951582", "title": "Experimental evaluation of mechanical haemolysis with Starr-Edwards, Kay-Shiley and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves.", "content": "Mechanical cell damage was studied in vitro with three types of prostheses: Starr-Edwards, Kay-Shiley and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves. Mechanical cell damage was found to be closely related to the flow characteristics in the prosthesis. Considering valves of similar orifice diameter, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves produced the lowest rate of haemolysis. This is due to the improved haemodynamic characteristics of the valve which resulted from the laminar type of flow. With Starr-Edwards valves, smaller sizes produced unacceptably high rates of haemolysis. Increasing the mean forward flow across the valve resulted in a disproportionate rise in the energy loss and the rate of haemolysis when compared with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves of similar annulus diameters.", "contents": "Experimental evaluation of mechanical haemolysis with Starr-Edwards, Kay-Shiley and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves. Mechanical cell damage was studied in vitro with three types of prostheses: Starr-Edwards, Kay-Shiley and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves. Mechanical cell damage was found to be closely related to the flow characteristics in the prosthesis. Considering valves of similar orifice diameter, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves produced the lowest rate of haemolysis. This is due to the improved haemodynamic characteristics of the valve which resulted from the laminar type of flow. With Starr-Edwards valves, smaller sizes produced unacceptably high rates of haemolysis. Increasing the mean forward flow across the valve resulted in a disproportionate rise in the energy loss and the rate of haemolysis when compared with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves of similar annulus diameters."}
{"id": "PMID:951583", "title": "The Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Technical considerations.", "content": "Among the late complications described after Mustard's procedure, obstructions of the pulmonar veins. SVC or IVC have been the most serious ones. We consider that these complications are mostly related to the size and shape of the baffle and also to the way in which it is sutured into place. No such complications have hitherto been encountered in our patients. We feel that the technique described may help in the standardization of the Mustard procedure as well as tailoring of the baffle. Thereby this procedure is more easily reproduced and the frequency of late complications possibly reduced.", "contents": "The Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Technical considerations. Among the late complications described after Mustard's procedure, obstructions of the pulmonar veins. SVC or IVC have been the most serious ones. We consider that these complications are mostly related to the size and shape of the baffle and also to the way in which it is sutured into place. No such complications have hitherto been encountered in our patients. We feel that the technique described may help in the standardization of the Mustard procedure as well as tailoring of the baffle. Thereby this procedure is more easily reproduced and the frequency of late complications possibly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:951584", "title": "Total correction of Fallot's tetralogy.", "content": "Eighty-six patients with Fallot's tetralogy underwent total correction; 80% of them were less than 15 years old. Twenty-five patients were operated upon with primary intracardiac repair, while 61 had undergone some form of palliative heart surgery previously. A patch of woven Dacron was used in the outflow tract reconstruction in 9 cases. The total mortality was 28%, 11 of the 23 deaths were presumed to be caused by low cardiac output, arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. The 62 patients surviving surgery have continuously had a good result and are without disability. The reasons for the relatively high mortality in this series, as well as the controversy concerning the one-stage or the two-stage approach for repair of Fallot's tetralogy, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Total correction of Fallot's tetralogy. Eighty-six patients with Fallot's tetralogy underwent total correction; 80% of them were less than 15 years old. Twenty-five patients were operated upon with primary intracardiac repair, while 61 had undergone some form of palliative heart surgery previously. A patch of woven Dacron was used in the outflow tract reconstruction in 9 cases. The total mortality was 28%, 11 of the 23 deaths were presumed to be caused by low cardiac output, arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. The 62 patients surviving surgery have continuously had a good result and are without disability. The reasons for the relatively high mortality in this series, as well as the controversy concerning the one-stage or the two-stage approach for repair of Fallot's tetralogy, are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951585", "title": "Congenital left ventricular apical aneurysm.", "content": "An aneurysm of the left ventricular apex was accidently discovered on chest X-ray in an otherwise healthy 3 1/2-year-old-girl. Pre-operatively performed heart catheterization and cin\u00e9-angiography were followed by successful surgical removal of the aneurysm. Microscopic examination showed that the three layers of the myocardium were present, although it was degenerated by fibrosis. This case belongs to the fibrous type of aneurysm, which is the most rare type, not associated with other developmental defects, usually asymptomatic until there is rupture and sudden death, or the condition is accidentally discovered on chest X-ray and treated surgically.", "contents": "Congenital left ventricular apical aneurysm. An aneurysm of the left ventricular apex was accidently discovered on chest X-ray in an otherwise healthy 3 1/2-year-old-girl. Pre-operatively performed heart catheterization and cin\u00e9-angiography were followed by successful surgical removal of the aneurysm. Microscopic examination showed that the three layers of the myocardium were present, although it was degenerated by fibrosis. This case belongs to the fibrous type of aneurysm, which is the most rare type, not associated with other developmental defects, usually asymptomatic until there is rupture and sudden death, or the condition is accidentally discovered on chest X-ray and treated surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:951586", "title": "Patch grafts or tubular grafts in the repair of coarctation of the aorta. A follow-up study.", "content": "The occurrence of aneurysms after repair of aortic coarctation with patch graft and tubular graft techniques was studied. In the patch graft group, 3 out of 6 re-investigated patients developed aneurysms; 2 of them after several years. It is suggested that the causes of aneurysms originate from mechanical factors. In the tubular graft group, 2 out of 18 patients developed aneurysms. In this group, the aneurysms seemed to be due to infection.", "contents": "Patch grafts or tubular grafts in the repair of coarctation of the aorta. A follow-up study. The occurrence of aneurysms after repair of aortic coarctation with patch graft and tubular graft techniques was studied. In the patch graft group, 3 out of 6 re-investigated patients developed aneurysms; 2 of them after several years. It is suggested that the causes of aneurysms originate from mechanical factors. In the tubular graft group, 2 out of 18 patients developed aneurysms. In this group, the aneurysms seemed to be due to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:951587", "title": "Long-term observation of cardiac arrhythmias during and after cardiac surgery. II. Congenital heart disease.", "content": "Twelve arrhythmias that occurred in conjunction with surgery for congenital heart disease were studied in a group of 38 randomly selected patients. Halothane was used for anaesthesia and procaine-magnesium-aspartate solution for cardiac arrest. Registration and analysis of rhythm disturbances were carried out at 10 different time points, spaced narrowly in the intra- and early postoperative phases, then more widely up to the 96th hour of observation. Arrhythmic incidence per case and occurrence per case and phase are given, thereby also allowing an account of transient arrhythmias. The peak occurrence of intra-operative rhythm disturbances was found at about the time of aortic cross-clamping and release (ischaemia and halothane effect). A decline in arrhythmic incidence in the 1st-6th post-bypass hours was followed by a 2nd peak in the 6th-23rd postoperative hours (electrolyte and acid-base disturbances and/or a digitalis effect). All 12 arrhythmia types of the cardiopulmonary bypass group, as well as the separately considered ventricular arrhythmias of the first \"arrhythmia peak\", did not reveal any significant relation to: patients' age, total anaesthesia time, total surgery time and total bypass time. It is recognized that any comparative evaluation of operative arrhythmias, and especially a study of the causes and development of \"surgically induced\" A-V block, is problematic.", "contents": "Long-term observation of cardiac arrhythmias during and after cardiac surgery. II. Congenital heart disease. Twelve arrhythmias that occurred in conjunction with surgery for congenital heart disease were studied in a group of 38 randomly selected patients. Halothane was used for anaesthesia and procaine-magnesium-aspartate solution for cardiac arrest. Registration and analysis of rhythm disturbances were carried out at 10 different time points, spaced narrowly in the intra- and early postoperative phases, then more widely up to the 96th hour of observation. Arrhythmic incidence per case and occurrence per case and phase are given, thereby also allowing an account of transient arrhythmias. The peak occurrence of intra-operative rhythm disturbances was found at about the time of aortic cross-clamping and release (ischaemia and halothane effect). A decline in arrhythmic incidence in the 1st-6th post-bypass hours was followed by a 2nd peak in the 6th-23rd postoperative hours (electrolyte and acid-base disturbances and/or a digitalis effect). All 12 arrhythmia types of the cardiopulmonary bypass group, as well as the separately considered ventricular arrhythmias of the first \"arrhythmia peak\", did not reveal any significant relation to: patients' age, total anaesthesia time, total surgery time and total bypass time. It is recognized that any comparative evaluation of operative arrhythmias, and especially a study of the causes and development of \"surgically induced\" A-V block, is problematic."}
{"id": "PMID:951588", "title": "Efflux of enzymes in right duct lymph and serum after coronary perfusion and ischaemic arrest.", "content": "Right lymphatic duct was cannulated in 40 patients operated upon with cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia, 30-32 degrees C. The diagnoses were aortic valve disease in 20 cases and mitral valve disease in 20 cases. The operative procedure was valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in 36 cases, fascia lata prosthesis in 1 case and plastic procedure in 3 cases. Coronary perfusion was used in 19 cases, ischaemic arrest in 10 cases and ischaemic arrest continued by coronary perfusion on the fibrillating heart in 11 cases. Frequent enzyme analyses were performed in lymph and serum for GOT, GPT, CPK and LDH before, during and after bypass. A statistically significant higher efflux of enzymes after bypass was found in the group of patients with ischaemic arrest continued by coronary perfusion as compared with coronary perfusion or ischaemic arrest. No difference was found between patients operated upon with coronary perfusion and those with ischaemic arrest. It is concluded that ischaemic arrest should not be followed by extended coronary perfusion on a fibrillating heart. Ischaemic arrest seems to have certain advantages over continuous coronary perfusion in selected cases.", "contents": "Efflux of enzymes in right duct lymph and serum after coronary perfusion and ischaemic arrest. Right lymphatic duct was cannulated in 40 patients operated upon with cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia, 30-32 degrees C. The diagnoses were aortic valve disease in 20 cases and mitral valve disease in 20 cases. The operative procedure was valve replacement with a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis in 36 cases, fascia lata prosthesis in 1 case and plastic procedure in 3 cases. Coronary perfusion was used in 19 cases, ischaemic arrest in 10 cases and ischaemic arrest continued by coronary perfusion on the fibrillating heart in 11 cases. Frequent enzyme analyses were performed in lymph and serum for GOT, GPT, CPK and LDH before, during and after bypass. A statistically significant higher efflux of enzymes after bypass was found in the group of patients with ischaemic arrest continued by coronary perfusion as compared with coronary perfusion or ischaemic arrest. No difference was found between patients operated upon with coronary perfusion and those with ischaemic arrest. It is concluded that ischaemic arrest should not be followed by extended coronary perfusion on a fibrillating heart. Ischaemic arrest seems to have certain advantages over continuous coronary perfusion in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:951589", "title": "Cardiopulmonary function during and after prolonged extracorporeal circulation with membrane oxygenators in dogs.", "content": "Prolonged veno-arterial partial extracorporeal circulation using membrane oxygenator was performed in 19 alert dogs. Investigations of alterations in the corpuscular elements of the blood during the perfusion showed 89 mg% as the highest value of free haemoglobin. A significant decrease in the platelet count during the first two hours of bypass to a value of about 100 000/mm3 was found. Measurements of lung and heart functions did not reveal any significant differences between the baseline values and those obtained after 24 hours' bypass and again after three months' observation. Microscopic examination of the lungs and hearts only showed moderate focal alveolar oedema in the dogs killed immediately after 24 hours' bypass. These alterations could be explained as a consequence of the extracorporeal circulation. No changes were found at the microscopic examination of the lungs and hearts three months later. By haemodilution technique, the dogs suffered from severe universal oedema after a few hours of bypass and the perfusion time in these experiments did not exceed 13 hours. The observation that 24 hours of partial veno-arterial bypass using membrane oxygenators in healthy dogs causes only minor changes in heart and lung function and in lung histology might explain the possibility of using such oxygenators in prolonged perfusions.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary function during and after prolonged extracorporeal circulation with membrane oxygenators in dogs. Prolonged veno-arterial partial extracorporeal circulation using membrane oxygenator was performed in 19 alert dogs. Investigations of alterations in the corpuscular elements of the blood during the perfusion showed 89 mg% as the highest value of free haemoglobin. A significant decrease in the platelet count during the first two hours of bypass to a value of about 100 000/mm3 was found. Measurements of lung and heart functions did not reveal any significant differences between the baseline values and those obtained after 24 hours' bypass and again after three months' observation. Microscopic examination of the lungs and hearts only showed moderate focal alveolar oedema in the dogs killed immediately after 24 hours' bypass. These alterations could be explained as a consequence of the extracorporeal circulation. No changes were found at the microscopic examination of the lungs and hearts three months later. By haemodilution technique, the dogs suffered from severe universal oedema after a few hours of bypass and the perfusion time in these experiments did not exceed 13 hours. The observation that 24 hours of partial veno-arterial bypass using membrane oxygenators in healthy dogs causes only minor changes in heart and lung function and in lung histology might explain the possibility of using such oxygenators in prolonged perfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:951590", "title": "Death during pneumonectomy from endobronchial tumour embolus. A case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which the patient died during pneumonectomy from endobronchial embolus of a tumour resulting in obstruction of the main bronchus of the normal lung. It is believed that the complication might have been prevented by the use of a double-lumen endobronchial tube. If generally employed, this precaution would also lessen the risk of intra-operative spread of smaller tumour emboli that may cause implantation metastases.", "contents": "Death during pneumonectomy from endobronchial tumour embolus. A case report. A case is reported in which the patient died during pneumonectomy from endobronchial embolus of a tumour resulting in obstruction of the main bronchus of the normal lung. It is believed that the complication might have been prevented by the use of a double-lumen endobronchial tube. If generally employed, this precaution would also lessen the risk of intra-operative spread of smaller tumour emboli that may cause implantation metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:951591", "title": "Surgical treatment of \"tuberculoma\". A follow-up examination of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resected on suspicion of tumour.", "content": "On suspicion of tumour, thoracotomy was performed in 91 patients, who proved to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Short-term antituberculous chemotherapy was given pre-operatively in 66 cases. The 89 surviving patients received antituberculous chemotherapy after operation, and were examined one year after its termination. No signs of dissemination or other tuberculous manifestations were found, whether pre-operative therapy had been given or not.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of \"tuberculoma\". A follow-up examination of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resected on suspicion of tumour. On suspicion of tumour, thoracotomy was performed in 91 patients, who proved to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Short-term antituberculous chemotherapy was given pre-operatively in 66 cases. The 89 surviving patients received antituberculous chemotherapy after operation, and were examined one year after its termination. No signs of dissemination or other tuberculous manifestations were found, whether pre-operative therapy had been given or not."}
{"id": "PMID:951592", "title": "Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Thymectomy was performed on 31 patients with myasthenia gravis. Four of them had thymoma, 17 hyperplasia and 9 had normal thymic histology on microscopy. Discontinuation of anticholinergic medication together with tracheostomy, artificial ventilation and intensive observation were essential in the postoperative management. All the patients survived operation and were discharged from hospital. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were in remission or improved after an average follow-up of 2.5 years. If the patients with thymoma were excluded, 74% were improved and, if only the patients with thymic hyperplasia were included in the series, 89% were improved after thymectomy. The severity of disease and duration of symptoms pre-operatively seemed to be of minor importance for the results of operation, since good results were obtained also in patients with a long history and in clinical classes III and IV. Two patients developed tracheal stenosis as a complication of intubation with a tracheostomy tube. Tracheal resection was performed in one of them and endobronchial removal of granulation tissue producing the stenosis in the other. Both recovered uneventfully. One patient, who was asymptomatic and without medication for myasthenia, died suddenly of acute cerebral bleeding 3 years after thymectomy.", "contents": "Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Thymectomy was performed on 31 patients with myasthenia gravis. Four of them had thymoma, 17 hyperplasia and 9 had normal thymic histology on microscopy. Discontinuation of anticholinergic medication together with tracheostomy, artificial ventilation and intensive observation were essential in the postoperative management. All the patients survived operation and were discharged from hospital. Sixty-eight per cent of the patients were in remission or improved after an average follow-up of 2.5 years. If the patients with thymoma were excluded, 74% were improved and, if only the patients with thymic hyperplasia were included in the series, 89% were improved after thymectomy. The severity of disease and duration of symptoms pre-operatively seemed to be of minor importance for the results of operation, since good results were obtained also in patients with a long history and in clinical classes III and IV. Two patients developed tracheal stenosis as a complication of intubation with a tracheostomy tube. Tracheal resection was performed in one of them and endobronchial removal of granulation tissue producing the stenosis in the other. Both recovered uneventfully. One patient, who was asymptomatic and without medication for myasthenia, died suddenly of acute cerebral bleeding 3 years after thymectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:951613", "title": "The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs by means of the transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound method.", "content": "The transcutaneous ultrasonic flow velocity meter was employed in 120 limbs in which the presence of deep vein thrombosis was suspected. In 115 of these limbs confirmation of the ultrasound findings was obtained by venography or 125I-fibrinogen scanning, or both. The overall accuracy rate of the ultrasonic method was 90%, with a 3% false positive and a 7% false negative incidence. It is concluded that the transcutaneous ultrasound technique provides a reliable, rapidly available, non-invasive method to confirm the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis.", "contents": "The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs by means of the transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound method. The transcutaneous ultrasonic flow velocity meter was employed in 120 limbs in which the presence of deep vein thrombosis was suspected. In 115 of these limbs confirmation of the ultrasound findings was obtained by venography or 125I-fibrinogen scanning, or both. The overall accuracy rate of the ultrasonic method was 90%, with a 3% false positive and a 7% false negative incidence. It is concluded that the transcutaneous ultrasound technique provides a reliable, rapidly available, non-invasive method to confirm the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951614", "title": "Infants of very low birthweight: a follow-up study.", "content": "The survival, growth and neurodevelopmental status of a group of non-White infants of very low birthweight, who were managed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Groote Schuur Hospital, is reported. The effect of certain high-risk perinatal factors on this status is assessed.", "contents": "Infants of very low birthweight: a follow-up study. The survival, growth and neurodevelopmental status of a group of non-White infants of very low birthweight, who were managed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Groote Schuur Hospital, is reported. The effect of certain high-risk perinatal factors on this status is assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:951615", "title": "The repair of vesicovaginal fistulae by means of omental slings and grafts.", "content": "The treatment of 19 consecutive cases of vesicovaginal fistulae, 16 of which were caused by obstructed labour, is described. The fistulae were treated with omental grafts and slings and the results and advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "The repair of vesicovaginal fistulae by means of omental slings and grafts. The treatment of 19 consecutive cases of vesicovaginal fistulae, 16 of which were caused by obstructed labour, is described. The fistulae were treated with omental grafts and slings and the results and advantages of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951616", "title": "Cervical spinal cord injury without evidence of fracture or dislocation. An assessment of the radiological features.", "content": "An analysis of plain X-ray films, tomography and myelography in 30 patients with proven cervical spinal cord injury, whose X-ray films were negative, has been performed. Features considered were the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal, associated cervical spondylosis, soft tissue changes, mobility studies and the value in cases of cervical injury of two recently described radiological signs. The only consistent feature in the majority of patients was a large posterior osteophytic spur in the lower cervical spine. No other radiological feature was found to be of particular value in diagnosis.", "contents": "Cervical spinal cord injury without evidence of fracture or dislocation. An assessment of the radiological features. An analysis of plain X-ray films, tomography and myelography in 30 patients with proven cervical spinal cord injury, whose X-ray films were negative, has been performed. Features considered were the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal, associated cervical spondylosis, soft tissue changes, mobility studies and the value in cases of cervical injury of two recently described radiological signs. The only consistent feature in the majority of patients was a large posterior osteophytic spur in the lower cervical spine. No other radiological feature was found to be of particular value in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951617", "title": "The pattern of acceptance by Blacks of family planning facilities in relation to socio-economic status.", "content": "Two factors which are said to increase the acceptability of family planning in a developing country are, firstly, the ready availability of the facilities and, secondly, the raising of the socio-economic level of the community. This survey reports the effects on family planning of increasing socio-economic status on the one hand, and of urbanisation without an associated increase in the socio-economic level on the other. It is concluded that, although socio-economic status has some effect on family planning, it has a greater effect on the survival rate of children. Urbanisation, however, with family planning facilities more readily available, exerts a stronger influence upon the acceptance of family planning than socio-economic status.", "contents": "The pattern of acceptance by Blacks of family planning facilities in relation to socio-economic status. Two factors which are said to increase the acceptability of family planning in a developing country are, firstly, the ready availability of the facilities and, secondly, the raising of the socio-economic level of the community. This survey reports the effects on family planning of increasing socio-economic status on the one hand, and of urbanisation without an associated increase in the socio-economic level on the other. It is concluded that, although socio-economic status has some effect on family planning, it has a greater effect on the survival rate of children. Urbanisation, however, with family planning facilities more readily available, exerts a stronger influence upon the acceptance of family planning than socio-economic status."}
{"id": "PMID:951618", "title": "[The Tugela-Vaal state water scheme as a bilharzia risk].", "content": "The Tugela-Vaal River water scheme constitutes a possible source for the introduction of bilharziasis into an area where the disease is at present not endemic. A survey was made of the snail species in the area encompassed by the scheme. Although Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (a host of Schistosoma species responsible for urinary bilharziasis) was found in the proposed source area of the water scheme, it is not possible at this stage to determine with certainty whether this host will be introduced over the Drakensberg escarpment into the Orange Free State. However, this is a distinct possibility, and it is discussed in relation to ecological factors.", "contents": "[The Tugela-Vaal state water scheme as a bilharzia risk]. The Tugela-Vaal River water scheme constitutes a possible source for the introduction of bilharziasis into an area where the disease is at present not endemic. A survey was made of the snail species in the area encompassed by the scheme. Although Bulinus (Physopsis) africanus (a host of Schistosoma species responsible for urinary bilharziasis) was found in the proposed source area of the water scheme, it is not possible at this stage to determine with certainty whether this host will be introduced over the Drakensberg escarpment into the Orange Free State. However, this is a distinct possibility, and it is discussed in relation to ecological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:951619", "title": "Cholesterol-rich synovial effusions.", "content": "The occurrence of cholesterol-rich synovial fluids in 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis is described. These fluids are rare, and are readily mistaken for pus. Their origins are discussed in relation to chronic inflammation.", "contents": "Cholesterol-rich synovial effusions. The occurrence of cholesterol-rich synovial fluids in 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis is described. These fluids are rare, and are readily mistaken for pus. Their origins are discussed in relation to chronic inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:951626", "title": "An unusual experience of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.", "content": "Fifty-three patients with neonatal necrotising enterocolitis, who were seen over a 1-year period, were reviewed with regard to weight, gestational age, type of feed and incidence of exchange transfusion. These babies were larger and more mature than those in whom this disease is usually described. A significantly smaller number of babies with necrotising enterocolitis than control babies were breast-fed. A high positive association with exchange transfusion was noted.", "contents": "An unusual experience of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Fifty-three patients with neonatal necrotising enterocolitis, who were seen over a 1-year period, were reviewed with regard to weight, gestational age, type of feed and incidence of exchange transfusion. These babies were larger and more mature than those in whom this disease is usually described. A significantly smaller number of babies with necrotising enterocolitis than control babies were breast-fed. A high positive association with exchange transfusion was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:951627", "title": "A trial of oral oxamniquine in the treatment of Schistosoma infection in children.", "content": "Oral oxamniquine 800 mg/m2 body surface area/day in divided doses for 2 days, was given to 57 children with schistosomal infections. Haematological and biochemical tests suggest that this drug is safe, even in the presence of significant liver enlargement. Parasitological investigations in 32 children who were followed up for 1 month indicate that oxamniquine is effective in the treatment of S. mansoni infection, but that it has little effect on S. haematobium infection.", "contents": "A trial of oral oxamniquine in the treatment of Schistosoma infection in children. Oral oxamniquine 800 mg/m2 body surface area/day in divided doses for 2 days, was given to 57 children with schistosomal infections. Haematological and biochemical tests suggest that this drug is safe, even in the presence of significant liver enlargement. Parasitological investigations in 32 children who were followed up for 1 month indicate that oxamniquine is effective in the treatment of S. mansoni infection, but that it has little effect on S. haematobium infection."}
{"id": "PMID:951628", "title": "Control of pet animals.", "content": "Pet animals play an important and valuable role in human society, but irresponsible ownership has created problems of surplus animals, threats to health, pollution, nuisance, cruelty and neglect. Urgent and drastic action is required to deal with the situation, and the measures proposed include the appointment of dog wardens, limitation of numbers, enclosure and leash laws, and subsidised spay clinics.", "contents": "Control of pet animals. Pet animals play an important and valuable role in human society, but irresponsible ownership has created problems of surplus animals, threats to health, pollution, nuisance, cruelty and neglect. Urgent and drastic action is required to deal with the situation, and the measures proposed include the appointment of dog wardens, limitation of numbers, enclosure and leash laws, and subsidised spay clinics."}
{"id": "PMID:951629", "title": "Phenolphthalein poisoning: a case report.", "content": "A case of severe poisoning due to the ingestion of phenolphthalein in the form of a patent medication, is described.", "contents": "Phenolphthalein poisoning: a case report. A case of severe poisoning due to the ingestion of phenolphthalein in the form of a patent medication, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:951630", "title": "Long tube implants in the management of glaucoma.", "content": "The design, surgical insertion and results of a plastic draining implant for severe glaucoma are reported. The need for pharmacological control of bleb inflammation is stressed and the favourable long-term outlook for patients with such implants is discussed.", "contents": "Long tube implants in the management of glaucoma. The design, surgical insertion and results of a plastic draining implant for severe glaucoma are reported. The need for pharmacological control of bleb inflammation is stressed and the favourable long-term outlook for patients with such implants is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951632", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation: a 22-year angiographic follow-up.", "content": "A case is reported of an unoperated giant arteriovenous malformation with a progressive deterioration ending in a severe dementia and invalidism. Angiographic documentation is over a 22 year interval. The presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed. It is concluded that early surgical intervention should have a primary role in the management of giant arteriovenous malformation.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation: a 22-year angiographic follow-up. A case is reported of an unoperated giant arteriovenous malformation with a progressive deterioration ending in a severe dementia and invalidism. Angiographic documentation is over a 22 year interval. The presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this disease are discussed. It is concluded that early surgical intervention should have a primary role in the management of giant arteriovenous malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:951634", "title": "Radiation necrosis of the brain following radiotherapy of extracerebral neoplasms.", "content": "Two patients developed necrosis of the brain 12-32 months subsequent to irradiation of extracerebral tumors. The pathology and probably pathogenesis are discussed. Craniotomy with excision of necrotic brain may be lifesaving.", "contents": "Radiation necrosis of the brain following radiotherapy of extracerebral neoplasms. Two patients developed necrosis of the brain 12-32 months subsequent to irradiation of extracerebral tumors. The pathology and probably pathogenesis are discussed. Craniotomy with excision of necrotic brain may be lifesaving."}
{"id": "PMID:951635", "title": "Failure of computerized axial tomography to demonstrate a chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "A chronic subdural hematoma may present in a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan with the same density as normal brain tissue. The presence of a lesion may be suggested only by its mass effect. The lack of contrast enhancement or edema may help to differentiate a chronic subdural hematoma for a neoplasm or a cerebrovascular accident.", "contents": "Failure of computerized axial tomography to demonstrate a chronic subdural hematoma. A chronic subdural hematoma may present in a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan with the same density as normal brain tissue. The presence of a lesion may be suggested only by its mass effect. The lack of contrast enhancement or edema may help to differentiate a chronic subdural hematoma for a neoplasm or a cerebrovascular accident."}
{"id": "PMID:951636", "title": "Association of brain tumor and intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "A case of association of meningioma and four intracranial arterial aneurysms including one giant aneurysm is reported, and the available literature reviewed. The operative mortality of patients with coexistence of brain tumor and cerebral aneurysm is very high (40%). When the aneurysms are multiple, eight out of ten patients expired after operation. Association of a giant aneurysm and brain tumor is exceedingly rare. The present case seems to be the fifth reported case.", "contents": "Association of brain tumor and intracranial aneurysms. A case of association of meningioma and four intracranial arterial aneurysms including one giant aneurysm is reported, and the available literature reviewed. The operative mortality of patients with coexistence of brain tumor and cerebral aneurysm is very high (40%). When the aneurysms are multiple, eight out of ten patients expired after operation. Association of a giant aneurysm and brain tumor is exceedingly rare. The present case seems to be the fifth reported case."}
{"id": "PMID:951637", "title": "Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe closed head injury without mass lesions.", "content": "Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored continuously for up to two weeks in 40 patients with severe closed head injury with no angiographic evidence of mass lesion. Two-thirds of these patients had normal pressure. The results indicated that there is a lack of correlation between clinical presentation and ICP. Reliable prognostic factors include clinical evidence of brain stem dysfunction and age, but not intracranial pressure. From the data we have concluded that the clinical value of ICP monitoring in this type of head injury is uncertain.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe closed head injury without mass lesions. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored continuously for up to two weeks in 40 patients with severe closed head injury with no angiographic evidence of mass lesion. Two-thirds of these patients had normal pressure. The results indicated that there is a lack of correlation between clinical presentation and ICP. Reliable prognostic factors include clinical evidence of brain stem dysfunction and age, but not intracranial pressure. From the data we have concluded that the clinical value of ICP monitoring in this type of head injury is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:951638", "title": "Association of middle cerebral artery anomalies with saccular aneurysms and Moyamoya disease.", "content": "Two cases are reported in which accessory middle cerebral arteries were associated with stenoses around the internal carotid artery bifurcation, aneurysms and collateral vascularization similar to Moyamoya disease. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "Association of middle cerebral artery anomalies with saccular aneurysms and Moyamoya disease. Two cases are reported in which accessory middle cerebral arteries were associated with stenoses around the internal carotid artery bifurcation, aneurysms and collateral vascularization similar to Moyamoya disease. The findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951639", "title": "Cerebral hematomas.", "content": "One hundred patients with primary cerebral hemorrhage were studied to evaluate previously established guidelines for surgical treatment. Sixty two patients were not operated upon and 38 were. The mortality in the 100 cases was 51%. It appears that the mortality can be lowered if a careful selection of surgical cases is made.", "contents": "Cerebral hematomas. One hundred patients with primary cerebral hemorrhage were studied to evaluate previously established guidelines for surgical treatment. Sixty two patients were not operated upon and 38 were. The mortality in the 100 cases was 51%. It appears that the mortality can be lowered if a careful selection of surgical cases is made."}
{"id": "PMID:951643", "title": "Cerebral emboli from intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Cerebral vasospasm has been implicated as the major pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for the cerebral ischemia and infarction that sometimes follows the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Two cases are reported in which aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries were the source of emboli resulting in infarctions. Embolic phenomena should be considered as a possible cause of the morbidity associated with intracranial aneurysms.", "contents": "Cerebral emboli from intracranial aneurysms. Cerebral vasospasm has been implicated as the major pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for the cerebral ischemia and infarction that sometimes follows the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Two cases are reported in which aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries were the source of emboli resulting in infarctions. Embolic phenomena should be considered as a possible cause of the morbidity associated with intracranial aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:951644", "title": "Local cooling in spinal cord injury.", "content": "Eight patients with acute spinal cord injury at different levels were treated by local cooling. Early laminectomy was performed and the subdural space was irrigated with saline at 5degreesC for about two hours. In addition to this treatment, five patients, after closure of the operative wound, received local epidural cooling that was prolonged for a few days. All patients before treatment had a complete loss of function of the spinal cord below the injured segment. Four of these regained some sensory and motor functions and two were able to walk. Somatosensory cortical evoked responses were consistent with the results obtained, thus demonstrating their prognostic value. The clinical application of local spinal cord hypothermia in order to minimize the catastrophic effects of spinal cord trauma is discussed. The results obtained in these eight patients agree with the several experimental observations and seem to justify the application of this procedure to human beings.", "contents": "Local cooling in spinal cord injury. Eight patients with acute spinal cord injury at different levels were treated by local cooling. Early laminectomy was performed and the subdural space was irrigated with saline at 5degreesC for about two hours. In addition to this treatment, five patients, after closure of the operative wound, received local epidural cooling that was prolonged for a few days. All patients before treatment had a complete loss of function of the spinal cord below the injured segment. Four of these regained some sensory and motor functions and two were able to walk. Somatosensory cortical evoked responses were consistent with the results obtained, thus demonstrating their prognostic value. The clinical application of local spinal cord hypothermia in order to minimize the catastrophic effects of spinal cord trauma is discussed. The results obtained in these eight patients agree with the several experimental observations and seem to justify the application of this procedure to human beings."}
{"id": "PMID:951645", "title": "Spontaneous closure of a dural arteriovenous malformation.", "content": "A case in which closure of an arteriovenous malformation involving the dura mater occurred spontaneously is presented. The anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical symptomatology of such lesions are reviewed. Possible mechanisms of spontaneous closure of intracranial arteriovenous malformations are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous closure of a dural arteriovenous malformation. A case in which closure of an arteriovenous malformation involving the dura mater occurred spontaneously is presented. The anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical symptomatology of such lesions are reviewed. Possible mechanisms of spontaneous closure of intracranial arteriovenous malformations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951646", "title": "Microsurgical vascular bypass for occlusive cerebrovascular disease; review of 100 cases.", "content": "This is a report on a series of 100 consecutive patients who had undergone microvascular arterial bypass surgery as an aid in the treatment of occlusive ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The results to date are encouraging in cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) with significant hemodynamic vascular lesions previously considered inaccessible or inoperable by conventional vascular surgical techniques. The permanent morbidity rate is low. The operative mortality rate is acceptable. Postoperative patency rates of the surgical bypass remain high. In analyzing the cases presenting with TIA, the total incidence postoperatively to stroke is 6% in the series to date. The average postoperative follow-up is 20 months.", "contents": "Microsurgical vascular bypass for occlusive cerebrovascular disease; review of 100 cases. This is a report on a series of 100 consecutive patients who had undergone microvascular arterial bypass surgery as an aid in the treatment of occlusive ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The results to date are encouraging in cases of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) with significant hemodynamic vascular lesions previously considered inaccessible or inoperable by conventional vascular surgical techniques. The permanent morbidity rate is low. The operative mortality rate is acceptable. Postoperative patency rates of the surgical bypass remain high. In analyzing the cases presenting with TIA, the total incidence postoperatively to stroke is 6% in the series to date. The average postoperative follow-up is 20 months."}
{"id": "PMID:951647", "title": "Hemangiomas of the internal auditory canal.", "content": "Three patients who presented with symptoms and signs of acoustic tumors are described: one of them had an arteriovenous malformation and the other two had cavernous hemangiomas. The common feature in all these patients was the presence of marked facial weakness with or without fasciculations and a complete loss of hearing in the presence of a small tumor. The cerebrospinal fluid protein was normal in these patients. Polytomography and Pantopaque cisternograms were used to make the diagnosis. Since these lesions are circumscribed, they are suitable for removal using microneurosurgical techniques.", "contents": "Hemangiomas of the internal auditory canal. Three patients who presented with symptoms and signs of acoustic tumors are described: one of them had an arteriovenous malformation and the other two had cavernous hemangiomas. The common feature in all these patients was the presence of marked facial weakness with or without fasciculations and a complete loss of hearing in the presence of a small tumor. The cerebrospinal fluid protein was normal in these patients. Polytomography and Pantopaque cisternograms were used to make the diagnosis. Since these lesions are circumscribed, they are suitable for removal using microneurosurgical techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:951648", "title": "Candidosis: the most common postmortem cerebral mycosis in an endemic fungal area.", "content": "To determine the recent postmortem character of cerebral mycoses, 1,752 consecutive complete autopsies done in the endemic fungal area of central Kentucky from 1964 through 1973 were reviewed. Fourteen patients (0.8%) had histologically confirmed fungal infections in the brain. The most prevalent fungus was Candida spp. which was observed in six patients. Cryptococcosis was recognized in three patients; histoplasmosis in two; zygomycosis in two; and blastomycosis in one. In every patient these fungi were also seen in tissues outside the central nervous system and were identified microbiologically in nine. Unlike the pathogenic yeasts, Candida spp. and the zygomycetes produced intracerebral lesions without any significant meningeal reactions. Cerebral candidosis was recognized only at autopsy in patients compromised by previous multiple antibiotic therapy for gram-negative infections. On the other hand, immunosuppression was associated more commonly with the non-candidal fungal infections. An experimental model for systemic candidosis in adult Sprague-Dawley rats likewise demonstrated its difficult antemorten recognition even with cerebral lesions. Although clinical consequences from candidemia seem often inapparent, the associated intracerebral lesions may further compromise the altered host. Their frequency and significance remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "Candidosis: the most common postmortem cerebral mycosis in an endemic fungal area. To determine the recent postmortem character of cerebral mycoses, 1,752 consecutive complete autopsies done in the endemic fungal area of central Kentucky from 1964 through 1973 were reviewed. Fourteen patients (0.8%) had histologically confirmed fungal infections in the brain. The most prevalent fungus was Candida spp. which was observed in six patients. Cryptococcosis was recognized in three patients; histoplasmosis in two; zygomycosis in two; and blastomycosis in one. In every patient these fungi were also seen in tissues outside the central nervous system and were identified microbiologically in nine. Unlike the pathogenic yeasts, Candida spp. and the zygomycetes produced intracerebral lesions without any significant meningeal reactions. Cerebral candidosis was recognized only at autopsy in patients compromised by previous multiple antibiotic therapy for gram-negative infections. On the other hand, immunosuppression was associated more commonly with the non-candidal fungal infections. An experimental model for systemic candidosis in adult Sprague-Dawley rats likewise demonstrated its difficult antemorten recognition even with cerebral lesions. Although clinical consequences from candidemia seem often inapparent, the associated intracerebral lesions may further compromise the altered host. Their frequency and significance remain to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:951649", "title": "Spinal cysticercosis.", "content": "Cysticercosis of the spinal cord is rare. A case is reported in a 40-year-old Hindu. Compression of the spinal cord by the cyst which was located in the arachnoid membrane resulted in a paraplegia. Removal of the cyst resulted in marked improvement.", "contents": "Spinal cysticercosis. Cysticercosis of the spinal cord is rare. A case is reported in a 40-year-old Hindu. Compression of the spinal cord by the cyst which was located in the arachnoid membrane resulted in a paraplegia. Removal of the cyst resulted in marked improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:951652", "title": "Use of air bubble illuminator as an adjunct for surgery in the sitting position.", "content": "The use and construction of a simple device to illuminate air bubbles in an intravenous tubing connected to the right atrial catheter when air embolism is suspected is described. This had been effective in clearly demonstrating even small air bubbles in more than 25 cases.", "contents": "Use of air bubble illuminator as an adjunct for surgery in the sitting position. The use and construction of a simple device to illuminate air bubbles in an intravenous tubing connected to the right atrial catheter when air embolism is suspected is described. This had been effective in clearly demonstrating even small air bubbles in more than 25 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:951655", "title": "Cerebral arterial spasm. Part 8: The treatment of delayed cerebral arterial spasm in human beings.", "content": "Three patients who had neurological deficits from delayed cerebral arterial spasm following rupture of posterior communicating artery aneurysms were treated with continuous, simultaneous, intravenous injections of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. The results were determined by cerebral angiography before and after treatment. A dramatic increase in the cross-sectional area of the large cerebral arteries was found after treatment. The clinical implications of this treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral arterial spasm. Part 8: The treatment of delayed cerebral arterial spasm in human beings. Three patients who had neurological deficits from delayed cerebral arterial spasm following rupture of posterior communicating artery aneurysms were treated with continuous, simultaneous, intravenous injections of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. The results were determined by cerebral angiography before and after treatment. A dramatic increase in the cross-sectional area of the large cerebral arteries was found after treatment. The clinical implications of this treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951657", "title": "Microsurgical pterional approach to aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation.", "content": "The authors describe a microsurgical frontolateral pterional approach to aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation. Results of surgery in 38 patients are presented.", "contents": "Microsurgical pterional approach to aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation. The authors describe a microsurgical frontolateral pterional approach to aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation. Results of surgery in 38 patients are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:951658", "title": "Intra-aneurysmal pressure difference in human saccular aneurysms.", "content": "Intra-aneurysmal pressure and piezometric head differences with respect to common carotid values have been recorded by unidirectional and differential transducers in two patients undergoing craniotomy for aneurysms of the anterior communicating and middle cerebral arteries. Recordings were taken under normal systemic arterial pressure during temporary occlusion of the common carotid artery, during intra operative carotid arteriography and under controlled arterial hypotension. Predominance of the common carotid pressure head and piezometric head over the aneurysmal value was found in the two cases.", "contents": "Intra-aneurysmal pressure difference in human saccular aneurysms. Intra-aneurysmal pressure and piezometric head differences with respect to common carotid values have been recorded by unidirectional and differential transducers in two patients undergoing craniotomy for aneurysms of the anterior communicating and middle cerebral arteries. Recordings were taken under normal systemic arterial pressure during temporary occlusion of the common carotid artery, during intra operative carotid arteriography and under controlled arterial hypotension. Predominance of the common carotid pressure head and piezometric head over the aneurysmal value was found in the two cases."}
{"id": "PMID:951659", "title": "Decompressive craniectomy for the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome.", "content": "Report of the successful use of a decompressive craniectomy for the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome with increased intracranial pressure. The patient had failed to respond to all medical management.", "contents": "Decompressive craniectomy for the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome. Report of the successful use of a decompressive craniectomy for the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome with increased intracranial pressure. The patient had failed to respond to all medical management."}
{"id": "PMID:951697", "title": "[Dynamics of calcium metabolism in lactating cows when the calcium content of the rations is reduced (author's transl)].", "content": "From twenty-eight balance trials and supplementary findings on the state of health, milk production, body weight and composition of the bone, blood, saliva, milk, urine and faeces it is concluded that four cows of the Dutch-Friesian breed can conveniently live and produce for seven and, including the preliminary period, for sixteen months on a ration consisting of straw, potatoes and concentrates having an average calcium content (including calcium in drinking water) of 0.22 per cent (varying from 0.17 to 0.25 per cent) in the dry matter. There was found to be an inverse relationship between the calcium content of the ration and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient of calcium ranged from 28.7 to 83.8 per cent when the calcium content of the ration varied from 0.44 to 0.17 per cent. For sixteen months, the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the ration varied from 0.4 to 0.8. Bone biopsy was successfully performed using a universal drill.", "contents": "[Dynamics of calcium metabolism in lactating cows when the calcium content of the rations is reduced (author's transl)]. From twenty-eight balance trials and supplementary findings on the state of health, milk production, body weight and composition of the bone, blood, saliva, milk, urine and faeces it is concluded that four cows of the Dutch-Friesian breed can conveniently live and produce for seven and, including the preliminary period, for sixteen months on a ration consisting of straw, potatoes and concentrates having an average calcium content (including calcium in drinking water) of 0.22 per cent (varying from 0.17 to 0.25 per cent) in the dry matter. There was found to be an inverse relationship between the calcium content of the ration and the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient of calcium ranged from 28.7 to 83.8 per cent when the calcium content of the ration varied from 0.44 to 0.17 per cent. For sixteen months, the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the ration varied from 0.4 to 0.8. Bone biopsy was successfully performed using a universal drill."}
{"id": "PMID:951698", "title": "[A case of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in six-week-old broilers (author's transl)].", "content": "An outbreak of fowl cholera in a broiler-house with 6,000 six-week-old broilers is reported. The birds were affected with respiratory disease when they were four weeks old. Eight days after recovery, at an age of six weeks, 50 per cent of the birds were severly ill. The birds were reluctant to move and unable to drink. Four hundred birds died in one day. Post-mortem examination revealed marked swelling of the kidney and arthritis of all the hocks and knee joints in all fifteen birds studied. Pure cultures of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from all joints, the heart, the liver and the kidney. Treatment with chloramphenicol resulted in recovery of the birds which were slaughtered under the supervision of the Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Netherlands. The disease was not observed in the two other broiler-houses on the same farm, which housed 11,000 and 12,500 broilers of the same age. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "[A case of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) in six-week-old broilers (author's transl)]. An outbreak of fowl cholera in a broiler-house with 6,000 six-week-old broilers is reported. The birds were affected with respiratory disease when they were four weeks old. Eight days after recovery, at an age of six weeks, 50 per cent of the birds were severly ill. The birds were reluctant to move and unable to drink. Four hundred birds died in one day. Post-mortem examination revealed marked swelling of the kidney and arthritis of all the hocks and knee joints in all fifteen birds studied. Pure cultures of Pasteurella multocida were isolated from all joints, the heart, the liver and the kidney. Treatment with chloramphenicol resulted in recovery of the birds which were slaughtered under the supervision of the Veterinary Services of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the Netherlands. The disease was not observed in the two other broiler-houses on the same farm, which housed 11,000 and 12,500 broilers of the same age. The findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951699", "title": "[Second examination in meat inspection (author's transl)].", "content": "A second examination at the expense of the party adjudged to be in error is based on Section 13 of the Meat Inspection Act in the Netherlands, which has been elaborated in Sections 51 and 51a of the Meat Inspection Order. The procedure to be adopted by the second veterinary-surgeon inspector, however, has not been stipulated. The need for clear instructions is stressed. The present paper was designed to promote objectivity and uniformity in second inspections to provide legal security for the owner of the slaughtered animal as well as for the first veterinary-surgeon inspector.", "contents": "[Second examination in meat inspection (author's transl)]. A second examination at the expense of the party adjudged to be in error is based on Section 13 of the Meat Inspection Act in the Netherlands, which has been elaborated in Sections 51 and 51a of the Meat Inspection Order. The procedure to be adopted by the second veterinary-surgeon inspector, however, has not been stipulated. The need for clear instructions is stressed. The present paper was designed to promote objectivity and uniformity in second inspections to provide legal security for the owner of the slaughtered animal as well as for the first veterinary-surgeon inspector."}
{"id": "PMID:951700", "title": "Effects of combined use of droperidol with pentazocine and with fentanyl on pulmonary hemodynamics.", "content": "The effects of droperidol combined with pentazocine and with fentanyl on the pulmonary hemodynamics were investigated in intact dogs anesthetized with urethanechloralose, and the results were compared with those of each analgesic alone. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary driving pressure remained almost unchanged after droperidol and pentazocine. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly, and pulmonary vascular compliance and its radium tended to increase. These results indicate that droperidol counteracts the vasoconstrictive action of pentazocine on the pulmonary hemodynamics. On the contrary, almost all the parameters of the pulmonary hemodynamics after droperidol and fentanyl changed to similar directions to those after fentanyl alone. Droperidol seemed not to modify but to exaggerate the pulmonary circulatory effects of fentanyl.", "contents": "Effects of combined use of droperidol with pentazocine and with fentanyl on pulmonary hemodynamics. The effects of droperidol combined with pentazocine and with fentanyl on the pulmonary hemodynamics were investigated in intact dogs anesthetized with urethanechloralose, and the results were compared with those of each analgesic alone. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary driving pressure remained almost unchanged after droperidol and pentazocine. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly, and pulmonary vascular compliance and its radium tended to increase. These results indicate that droperidol counteracts the vasoconstrictive action of pentazocine on the pulmonary hemodynamics. On the contrary, almost all the parameters of the pulmonary hemodynamics after droperidol and fentanyl changed to similar directions to those after fentanyl alone. Droperidol seemed not to modify but to exaggerate the pulmonary circulatory effects of fentanyl."}
{"id": "PMID:951701", "title": "Positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effects induced by potassium chloride in the isolated canine atrium.", "content": "The effects of potassium chloride on inotropic and chronotropic activity were investigated in five isolated canine atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and perfused with arterial blood from the carotid artery of the heparinized support dog. Potassium chloride administered into the cannulated sinus node artery in a dose range of 100 mug-1 mg produced a dose-related negative inotropic and a positive chronotropic effect. These effects were not influenced by treatment with either atropine or propranolol. From these results, it is concluded that potassium had a direct negative effect on atrial contractility and a direct positive effect on atrial rate.", "contents": "Positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effects induced by potassium chloride in the isolated canine atrium. The effects of potassium chloride on inotropic and chronotropic activity were investigated in five isolated canine atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and perfused with arterial blood from the carotid artery of the heparinized support dog. Potassium chloride administered into the cannulated sinus node artery in a dose range of 100 mug-1 mg produced a dose-related negative inotropic and a positive chronotropic effect. These effects were not influenced by treatment with either atropine or propranolol. From these results, it is concluded that potassium had a direct negative effect on atrial contractility and a direct positive effect on atrial rate."}
{"id": "PMID:951702", "title": "Significance of Laur\u00e9n's classification in chemotherapy of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The effects of anticancer agents were studied on the basis of survival rates following surgery for gastric carcinomas in different histologic types of Laur\u00e9n's classification. It was revealed that Laur\u00e9n's classification would provide an index to the use of anticancer agents to a certain extent. Anticancer agents were effective against diffuse gastric carcinoma, and should therefore be intensively used for treatment of this malignancy. For female patients with diffuse gastric carcinoma, careful selection of adequate anticancer agents is highly necessary. Anticancer agents were less effective against intestinal-type carcinoma, and it would therefore be necessary to use anticancer agents on the aged male patients with this malignancy by taking his age and side effects of the agents into consideration.", "contents": "Significance of Laur\u00e9n's classification in chemotherapy of gastric carcinoma. The effects of anticancer agents were studied on the basis of survival rates following surgery for gastric carcinomas in different histologic types of Laur\u00e9n's classification. It was revealed that Laur\u00e9n's classification would provide an index to the use of anticancer agents to a certain extent. Anticancer agents were effective against diffuse gastric carcinoma, and should therefore be intensively used for treatment of this malignancy. For female patients with diffuse gastric carcinoma, careful selection of adequate anticancer agents is highly necessary. Anticancer agents were less effective against intestinal-type carcinoma, and it would therefore be necessary to use anticancer agents on the aged male patients with this malignancy by taking his age and side effects of the agents into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:951703", "title": "Comparative studies on dysplasia of esophageal epithelium in four prefectures of Japan (Miyagi, Nara, Wakayama and Aomori) with reference to risk of carcinoma.", "content": "Distal two-thirds of the esophagus without macroscopically detectable malignant lesions from a total of 248 autopsy cases were examined for epithelial dysplasia on histological sections from serial blocks. The autopsy specimens had been obtained from Miyagi. Nara and Wakayama prefectures known for high incidence of esophageal carcinoma in Japan, and Aomori prefecture where the incidence of the disease is low. Epithelial dysplasia was classified into mild, moderate, and severe including carcinoma in situ according to the grade of epithelial atypism. Of 248 cases 91 (36.7%) had epithelial dysplasia and 30 (12.1%) had moderate and severe dysplasia. In one of the cases of severe dysplasia, in situ carcinoma was diagnosed. Lesions of dysplasia of the resected specimen were displayed in a diagram for the distribution of the abnormal epithelium. Cases of higher grade dysplasia tended more extensive in area and were slightly dominant in the distal third of the esophagus. Possible relationships of dysplasia with long-standing irritation to the esophagus and with precancerous lesions were discussed.", "contents": "Comparative studies on dysplasia of esophageal epithelium in four prefectures of Japan (Miyagi, Nara, Wakayama and Aomori) with reference to risk of carcinoma. Distal two-thirds of the esophagus without macroscopically detectable malignant lesions from a total of 248 autopsy cases were examined for epithelial dysplasia on histological sections from serial blocks. The autopsy specimens had been obtained from Miyagi. Nara and Wakayama prefectures known for high incidence of esophageal carcinoma in Japan, and Aomori prefecture where the incidence of the disease is low. Epithelial dysplasia was classified into mild, moderate, and severe including carcinoma in situ according to the grade of epithelial atypism. Of 248 cases 91 (36.7%) had epithelial dysplasia and 30 (12.1%) had moderate and severe dysplasia. In one of the cases of severe dysplasia, in situ carcinoma was diagnosed. Lesions of dysplasia of the resected specimen were displayed in a diagram for the distribution of the abnormal epithelium. Cases of higher grade dysplasia tended more extensive in area and were slightly dominant in the distal third of the esophagus. Possible relationships of dysplasia with long-standing irritation to the esophagus and with precancerous lesions were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951704", "title": "Pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 8.", "content": "Chromosome studies of an infant with multiple malformations were made by means of the trypsin-Giemsa banding as well as conventional Giemsa staining methods. The propositus showed 46, XY +3, -C, and it was indicated that the abnormal metacentric chromosome was induced by the pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 8, in which chromosomal breakage had occurred most likely at the bands 8p23 and 8q23. The probable formula of the inversion is 46, XY, inv (8) (p23q23). Karyotypic analyses of the parents revealed no abnormalities, and the inversion therefore occurred spontaneously. Clinical features of the porpositus are postulated to be caused by a loss of very small portions of the chromosomal material with the occurrence of the pericentric inversion.", "contents": "Pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 8. Chromosome studies of an infant with multiple malformations were made by means of the trypsin-Giemsa banding as well as conventional Giemsa staining methods. The propositus showed 46, XY +3, -C, and it was indicated that the abnormal metacentric chromosome was induced by the pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 8, in which chromosomal breakage had occurred most likely at the bands 8p23 and 8q23. The probable formula of the inversion is 46, XY, inv (8) (p23q23). Karyotypic analyses of the parents revealed no abnormalities, and the inversion therefore occurred spontaneously. Clinical features of the porpositus are postulated to be caused by a loss of very small portions of the chromosomal material with the occurrence of the pericentric inversion."}
{"id": "PMID:951705", "title": "Effect of immunization with an allogeneic tumor on the growth of primary methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in rats.", "content": "Making use of common antigenicity among allogeneic tumors, the immunotherapy against primary 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA)-induced sarcomas in rats was attempted. At the time when MCA-induced sarcomas reached approximately 1 cm in diameter, allogeneic Usubuchi sarcoma cells were injected 5 times into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. In most cases, inhibitory effect on the growth of the tumor was observed in the early period, but none of 29 cases treated resulted in final regression. Twenty-nine non-treated cases showed uniformly progressive growth from the beginning. This result seems to indicate the possibility of using allogeneic tumor(s) for the immunotherapy against human cancer.", "contents": "Effect of immunization with an allogeneic tumor on the growth of primary methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in rats. Making use of common antigenicity among allogeneic tumors, the immunotherapy against primary 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA)-induced sarcomas in rats was attempted. At the time when MCA-induced sarcomas reached approximately 1 cm in diameter, allogeneic Usubuchi sarcoma cells were injected 5 times into the subcutaneous tissue of rats. In most cases, inhibitory effect on the growth of the tumor was observed in the early period, but none of 29 cases treated resulted in final regression. Twenty-nine non-treated cases showed uniformly progressive growth from the beginning. This result seems to indicate the possibility of using allogeneic tumor(s) for the immunotherapy against human cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:951706", "title": "Production of spontaneous diabetic rats by repetition of selective breeding.", "content": "This study was conducted under a working hypothesis that the repeating of selective breeding of normal rats with a slight impairment of glucose tolerance would produce spontaneous diabetes rats. This is the second report, 18 rats were selected by an oral glucose tolerance test from 211 normal Wistar rats obtained from an experimental animal farm. By the breeding 162 F1 rats were obtained. By the selective breeding in this way, 204 F2, 174 F3 and 215 F4 rats were obtained. The mean glucose tolerance curve became more diabetic with the increasing number of generations. The percentage of cases of a positive test for urine sugar during the glucose tolerance test increases with the number of generation. The results indicate the possibility of production of spontaneous diabetes from normal rats by the repetition of the selective breeding.", "contents": "Production of spontaneous diabetic rats by repetition of selective breeding. This study was conducted under a working hypothesis that the repeating of selective breeding of normal rats with a slight impairment of glucose tolerance would produce spontaneous diabetes rats. This is the second report, 18 rats were selected by an oral glucose tolerance test from 211 normal Wistar rats obtained from an experimental animal farm. By the breeding 162 F1 rats were obtained. By the selective breeding in this way, 204 F2, 174 F3 and 215 F4 rats were obtained. The mean glucose tolerance curve became more diabetic with the increasing number of generations. The percentage of cases of a positive test for urine sugar during the glucose tolerance test increases with the number of generation. The results indicate the possibility of production of spontaneous diabetes from normal rats by the repetition of the selective breeding."}
{"id": "PMID:951707", "title": "Morphometric studies on the rat liver in biliary obstruction.", "content": "The common bile ducts of the Wistar rats were ligated and severed, and liver biopsies were done weekly for 7 postoperative weeks. Light and electron microscopic specimens were prepared for the morphometric studies. The volume ratio of the hepatic parenchyma decline with the lapse of time after bile duct ligation. However, elevated mean sectional area of the nucleus, increased mitotic index and unchanged estimated weight of the hepatic parenchyma after biliary obstruction suggested that lost hepatocytes were compensated by regeneration. Mitochondrial swelling and curling of the cristae were noted in biliary obstruction in general. Moreover, both the number and volume ratio of the mitochondria were increased corresponding to the duration of biliary obstruction. These changes were interpreted as an adaptation process to mitochondrial dysfunction.", "contents": "Morphometric studies on the rat liver in biliary obstruction. The common bile ducts of the Wistar rats were ligated and severed, and liver biopsies were done weekly for 7 postoperative weeks. Light and electron microscopic specimens were prepared for the morphometric studies. The volume ratio of the hepatic parenchyma decline with the lapse of time after bile duct ligation. However, elevated mean sectional area of the nucleus, increased mitotic index and unchanged estimated weight of the hepatic parenchyma after biliary obstruction suggested that lost hepatocytes were compensated by regeneration. Mitochondrial swelling and curling of the cristae were noted in biliary obstruction in general. Moreover, both the number and volume ratio of the mitochondria were increased corresponding to the duration of biliary obstruction. These changes were interpreted as an adaptation process to mitochondrial dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:951708", "title": "Increased peroxidase activity in Pendred's syndrome with hypothyroidism.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy with goiter and bilateral nerve deafness had a 46% discharge of radioiodine after thiocyanate administration. He was clinically euthyroid. Although the serum total T4 was low (2.4 mug/100 ml) and TSH was significantly high (181 muU/ml), the serum total T3 was normal (152 ng/100ml). It was considered that the increased release of TSH by the feedback mechanism in response to the low T4 resulted in a quite normal level of serum T3. The thyroid gland demonstrated a low stable iodine content, an increase in MIT/DIT ration and a decrease in iodothyronine. The thyroglobulin behaved normally in Sephadex G-200 chromatography and immunoreaction. Thyroid tissue exhibited increased peroxidase activity as measured by I3 formation. Increased peroxidase activity may be related to the observed increase in serum level of TSH.", "contents": "Increased peroxidase activity in Pendred's syndrome with hypothyroidism. An 8-year-old boy with goiter and bilateral nerve deafness had a 46% discharge of radioiodine after thiocyanate administration. He was clinically euthyroid. Although the serum total T4 was low (2.4 mug/100 ml) and TSH was significantly high (181 muU/ml), the serum total T3 was normal (152 ng/100ml). It was considered that the increased release of TSH by the feedback mechanism in response to the low T4 resulted in a quite normal level of serum T3. The thyroid gland demonstrated a low stable iodine content, an increase in MIT/DIT ration and a decrease in iodothyronine. The thyroglobulin behaved normally in Sephadex G-200 chromatography and immunoreaction. Thyroid tissue exhibited increased peroxidase activity as measured by I3 formation. Increased peroxidase activity may be related to the observed increase in serum level of TSH."}
{"id": "PMID:951709", "title": "Natural history of diabetes mellitus with special reference to age of onset and vascular complications.", "content": "Age and sex distribution of diabetics, seasonal incidence of diabetes, grade of hyperglycemia, frequency of vascular complications and daily living conditions were studied of 2771 diabetic patients experienced at five clinics. The cases consisted of 1587 male and 1184 female diabetics. The distribution of age of diabetes onset revealed that males predominate among diabetics but females predominate among child diabetics, and that the precentage of child was extremely low. This pattern was emphasized as characteristic of Japanese diabetic population. Distribution of fasting blood sugar at the diagnosis of diabetes was compared among the age groups of diabetes-onset and the results showed that percentage of the value exceeding 300 mg/100 ml was highest in the under 10 year-onset cases and decreased with age. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy and of ischemic ECG changes was analysed from the view point of age of diabetes onset and also the duration of the disease. The frequency of the retinopathy at the diabetes-onset was zero in the under 10 year-onset cases, 4.2% in the 10s-onset cases and increased with age. The longer the duration of the disease the higher the frequency of the retinopathy was. This increase along with the duration was most remarkable in the 10s- and 20s-onset cases and less remarkable in the 30s-onset cases. The retinopathy was significantly more frequent in female diabetics. Daily of the patients were studied by a questionnaire and the analysis of 1022 cases with diabetes of more than three years revealed that cases of patients working uneventfully and/or feeling fit were most frequent among the 30s- or 40s-onset cases and that cases of bed-disability were frequent among the cases whose diabetes was found in their twenties or younger. This study showed that the prognosis of the patients is quite different according to whether their diabetes occurred before of after 30 years of age.", "contents": "Natural history of diabetes mellitus with special reference to age of onset and vascular complications. Age and sex distribution of diabetics, seasonal incidence of diabetes, grade of hyperglycemia, frequency of vascular complications and daily living conditions were studied of 2771 diabetic patients experienced at five clinics. The cases consisted of 1587 male and 1184 female diabetics. The distribution of age of diabetes onset revealed that males predominate among diabetics but females predominate among child diabetics, and that the precentage of child was extremely low. This pattern was emphasized as characteristic of Japanese diabetic population. Distribution of fasting blood sugar at the diagnosis of diabetes was compared among the age groups of diabetes-onset and the results showed that percentage of the value exceeding 300 mg/100 ml was highest in the under 10 year-onset cases and decreased with age. The frequency of diabetic retinopathy and of ischemic ECG changes was analysed from the view point of age of diabetes onset and also the duration of the disease. The frequency of the retinopathy at the diabetes-onset was zero in the under 10 year-onset cases, 4.2% in the 10s-onset cases and increased with age. The longer the duration of the disease the higher the frequency of the retinopathy was. This increase along with the duration was most remarkable in the 10s- and 20s-onset cases and less remarkable in the 30s-onset cases. The retinopathy was significantly more frequent in female diabetics. Daily of the patients were studied by a questionnaire and the analysis of 1022 cases with diabetes of more than three years revealed that cases of patients working uneventfully and/or feeling fit were most frequent among the 30s- or 40s-onset cases and that cases of bed-disability were frequent among the cases whose diabetes was found in their twenties or younger. This study showed that the prognosis of the patients is quite different according to whether their diabetes occurred before of after 30 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:951710", "title": "Optic nerve innervation of so-called interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate body.", "content": "In urethane-anesthetized rats, neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve (ON) with bursts of spikes were searched for in the region of the thalamic reticular nucleus close to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGBd). These neurons were identical with those which had been presumed to be inhibitory internerons (I-cells) of LGBd. Conduction velocityes of ON fibers innervating I-cells were determined by measuring differences in response latency between stimulations of two separate sites along the contralateral ON. The velocity ranged from 1.9 to 7.3 m/sec with an average of 4.6 m/sec, indicating that among the three groups of ON fibers with different velocities, only the slowest group is involved in activation of I-Cells. Calculation of synaptic delays revealed that one group of I-cells was excited monosynaptically and another, disynaptically. Experiments on rats with the visual cortex chronically ablated provided evidence that the disynaptically excited I-cells received ON impulses via axon collaterals of principal cells of LGBd. The region  of the thalamic reticular nucleus containing I-cells was found to receive inputs not only from the contralateral but also from ipsilateral ON.", "contents": "Optic nerve innervation of so-called interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate body. In urethane-anesthetized rats, neurons responding to electrical stimulation of the optic nerve (ON) with bursts of spikes were searched for in the region of the thalamic reticular nucleus close to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGBd). These neurons were identical with those which had been presumed to be inhibitory internerons (I-cells) of LGBd. Conduction velocityes of ON fibers innervating I-cells were determined by measuring differences in response latency between stimulations of two separate sites along the contralateral ON. The velocity ranged from 1.9 to 7.3 m/sec with an average of 4.6 m/sec, indicating that among the three groups of ON fibers with different velocities, only the slowest group is involved in activation of I-Cells. Calculation of synaptic delays revealed that one group of I-cells was excited monosynaptically and another, disynaptically. Experiments on rats with the visual cortex chronically ablated provided evidence that the disynaptically excited I-cells received ON impulses via axon collaterals of principal cells of LGBd. The region  of the thalamic reticular nucleus containing I-cells was found to receive inputs not only from the contralateral but also from ipsilateral ON."}
{"id": "PMID:951711", "title": "Atrophie blanche examined with thermography.", "content": "Atrophie blanche developed in a 25-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus is reported. A thermographic examination was applied to estimate skin temperature, and the temperature was low on areas where lesions were distributed.", "contents": "Atrophie blanche examined with thermography. Atrophie blanche developed in a 25-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus is reported. A thermographic examination was applied to estimate skin temperature, and the temperature was low on areas where lesions were distributed."}
{"id": "PMID:951712", "title": "Errors of parameters of distribution functions for spherical bodies stochastically estimated on a random test plane.", "content": "The parameters of some distribution functions for the radius of spherical bodies randomly dispersed in a three-dimensional space can be estimated on a random test plane of unit surface area. In this estimation the set of measured Nao, delta and (delta2) or that of Nlambdao, lambda and (lambda2) is used. They are number of circles, arithmetical mean and secondary moment of circle diameters or number of chords delivered by intersection of a test line of unit length with circles, arithmetical mean and secondary moment of chord length, respectively. Provided that the region of measurement is sufficiently large, intraregional errors of these quantities expressed as the squares of coefficient of variation C are approximately: [C(Nao)]omega2=1/Nao, [C(delta)omega2=(32/3pi2)(Q3/Q2(2))(1/Nao) and [C(delta2)]omega2=(6/5)(Q5/Q3(2))(1/Nao); [C(Nlambdao)]omega2=1/MNlambdao, [C(lambda)]omega2=(9/8)(Q4Q2/Q3(2))(1/MNlambdao) and [C(lambda2)]omega2=(4/3)(Q6Q2/Q4(2))(1/MNlambdao). In these expressions Qn is a quotient defined by (Dn)/Dn, D and n being sphere diameter and a positive integer, respectively. The first three expressions may be used in these forms as the errors for the total region containing spheres. In the second three expressions M is the number of random test lines of unit length. When M is small, they can stand for the errors of the total region. In the case of large M, however, interregional errors or errors of sampling have to be added to them. The geometrical parameter of a distribution function of D is estimated from (delta2)/delta2 or (lambda2)/lambda2. The error of this ratio W is given by: [C(W)]2=[C(X2)-2C(X)]2, where X stands for delta or lambda.", "contents": "Errors of parameters of distribution functions for spherical bodies stochastically estimated on a random test plane. The parameters of some distribution functions for the radius of spherical bodies randomly dispersed in a three-dimensional space can be estimated on a random test plane of unit surface area. In this estimation the set of measured Nao, delta and (delta2) or that of Nlambdao, lambda and (lambda2) is used. They are number of circles, arithmetical mean and secondary moment of circle diameters or number of chords delivered by intersection of a test line of unit length with circles, arithmetical mean and secondary moment of chord length, respectively. Provided that the region of measurement is sufficiently large, intraregional errors of these quantities expressed as the squares of coefficient of variation C are approximately: [C(Nao)]omega2=1/Nao, [C(delta)omega2=(32/3pi2)(Q3/Q2(2))(1/Nao) and [C(delta2)]omega2=(6/5)(Q5/Q3(2))(1/Nao); [C(Nlambdao)]omega2=1/MNlambdao, [C(lambda)]omega2=(9/8)(Q4Q2/Q3(2))(1/MNlambdao) and [C(lambda2)]omega2=(4/3)(Q6Q2/Q4(2))(1/MNlambdao). In these expressions Qn is a quotient defined by (Dn)/Dn, D and n being sphere diameter and a positive integer, respectively. The first three expressions may be used in these forms as the errors for the total region containing spheres. In the second three expressions M is the number of random test lines of unit length. When M is small, they can stand for the errors of the total region. In the case of large M, however, interregional errors or errors of sampling have to be added to them. The geometrical parameter of a distribution function of D is estimated from (delta2)/delta2 or (lambda2)/lambda2. The error of this ratio W is given by: [C(W)]2=[C(X2)-2C(X)]2, where X stands for delta or lambda."}
{"id": "PMID:951713", "title": "Errors of parameters of distribution functions for spherical bodies stochastically estimated with parallel test lines of regular and narrow intervals.", "content": "The parameters of some distribution functions for the radius of spherical bodies randomly dispersed in a three-dimensional space can be estimated with a grating of parallel test lines of regular intervals superposed on a test plane of unit surface area. The interval of the test lines is set narrower than the mean diameter of the circles on the test plane. The errors of number Nlambdao of chords per test line of unit length, arithmetical mean lambda and secondary moment (lambda2) of the length of individual chords are: [C(Nlambdao)*]2=(4/9pi)(Q3/Q2(2))(1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+(4/pi)(lambda/Nlambdao), [C(lambda)*]2=(pi/4)[(32/3pi2) - 1](1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+[(4/pi)-(3pi/8)(Q2(2)/Q3)](lambda/Nlambdao) and [C(lambda2)*]2 = (1024/2025pi)(Q5Q3/Q4(2))(1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+4[(4/pi)-(3pi/8)(Q2(2)/Q3)](lambda/Nlambdao). The first and second terms of the right sides of these expressions represent intraregional and interregional errors, respectively; * denotes the error for the total region; M is the expectation of the number of test lines of unit length covering the test plane; and Qn a quotient (Dn)/Dn of sphere diameter D, n being a positive integer. Intraregional errors are inversely proportional to M2 with the grating, while they are inversely proportional only to M with random test lines. The use of regularly arranged test lines is consequently effective in minimizing intraregional errors.", "contents": "Errors of parameters of distribution functions for spherical bodies stochastically estimated with parallel test lines of regular and narrow intervals. The parameters of some distribution functions for the radius of spherical bodies randomly dispersed in a three-dimensional space can be estimated with a grating of parallel test lines of regular intervals superposed on a test plane of unit surface area. The interval of the test lines is set narrower than the mean diameter of the circles on the test plane. The errors of number Nlambdao of chords per test line of unit length, arithmetical mean lambda and secondary moment (lambda2) of the length of individual chords are: [C(Nlambdao)*]2=(4/9pi)(Q3/Q2(2))(1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+(4/pi)(lambda/Nlambdao), [C(lambda)*]2=(pi/4)[(32/3pi2) - 1](1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+[(4/pi)-(3pi/8)(Q2(2)/Q3)](lambda/Nlambdao) and [C(lambda2)*]2 = (1024/2025pi)(Q5Q3/Q4(2))(1/M2lambdaNlambdao)+4[(4/pi)-(3pi/8)(Q2(2)/Q3)](lambda/Nlambdao). The first and second terms of the right sides of these expressions represent intraregional and interregional errors, respectively; * denotes the error for the total region; M is the expectation of the number of test lines of unit length covering the test plane; and Qn a quotient (Dn)/Dn of sphere diameter D, n being a positive integer. Intraregional errors are inversely proportional to M2 with the grating, while they are inversely proportional only to M with random test lines. The use of regularly arranged test lines is consequently effective in minimizing intraregional errors."}
{"id": "PMID:951714", "title": "[Radiosensitivity of malignant melanoma].", "content": "Based on case histories of 67 patients with malignant melanomas (14 primary tumors and 53 metastases to the lymph nodes) who underwent sole irradiation, the correlation between the total dose needed for a local healing and the period of treatment has been investigated. It appeared that excessively high doses are not necessary for healing. A dose of about 5500 rd in 35 days is regarded as sufficient. In long-term treatment, however, the total dose has to be increased more than, for example, with squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "[Radiosensitivity of malignant melanoma]. Based on case histories of 67 patients with malignant melanomas (14 primary tumors and 53 metastases to the lymph nodes) who underwent sole irradiation, the correlation between the total dose needed for a local healing and the period of treatment has been investigated. It appeared that excessively high doses are not necessary for healing. A dose of about 5500 rd in 35 days is regarded as sufficient. In long-term treatment, however, the total dose has to be increased more than, for example, with squamous cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:951715", "title": "[Radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis following systemic irradiation of thoracic lymph nodes in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "146 of 226 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease were submitted to a high voltage therapy in the chest using the method of single fields. In order to be in a position to judge the appearance and the development of a modification of the pulmonary parenchyma induced by radiations, the authors evaluated the data of 69 patients who could be checked up in relatively small intervals during at least one year after the radiotherapy. Dilatations of interpleural and hilar lymphomas or pulmonary infiltrates have to be considered as one of the most important causes of atypical pneumonia and fibrosis induced by radiation. 12 patients out of 35 (i.e. 35,3%) with intrathoracic lymphomatosis granulomatosa presented atypical pneumonias which mostly were not very serious, and four patients (i.e. 11,8%) had fibroses. If the mediastine was irradiated systematically for the purpose of prophylaxis, no pulmonary reaction was observed that could be demonstrated by means of X-rays.", "contents": "[Radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis following systemic irradiation of thoracic lymph nodes in Hodgkin's disease]. 146 of 226 patients suffering from Hodgkin's disease were submitted to a high voltage therapy in the chest using the method of single fields. In order to be in a position to judge the appearance and the development of a modification of the pulmonary parenchyma induced by radiations, the authors evaluated the data of 69 patients who could be checked up in relatively small intervals during at least one year after the radiotherapy. Dilatations of interpleural and hilar lymphomas or pulmonary infiltrates have to be considered as one of the most important causes of atypical pneumonia and fibrosis induced by radiation. 12 patients out of 35 (i.e. 35,3%) with intrathoracic lymphomatosis granulomatosa presented atypical pneumonias which mostly were not very serious, and four patients (i.e. 11,8%) had fibroses. If the mediastine was irradiated systematically for the purpose of prophylaxis, no pulmonary reaction was observed that could be demonstrated by means of X-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:951716", "title": "[Late recurrences in Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy].", "content": "1. From 1950 to 1970, 92 patients with Hodgkin's disease stage I and II were treated by irradiation at the Universit\u00e4ts-Strahlenklinik Marburg. Staging was performed without diagnostic laparotomy. More than a third might be staged wrong. 2. The over-all survival rates for both, stage I and II, are 65% after five years, 40% after ten years. 15% of the patients are expected to be cured. 3. Three late recurrences after 12 or 13 years are contradictory to the definition of cure in Hodgkin's disease, as a ten years lasting relapse-free interval after primary treatment. In two further cases lymphogranulomatosis developed 7 and 12 years after operation and irradiation of mediastinal tumors, which were histologically classified as lymphadenitis and polymorphcellular sarcoma, but here and there showed the features of lymphogranulomatosis. Two further cases of lymphogranulomatosis were seen with extraordinary long remissions of 11 and 17 years. 4. On the understanding that the primary tumor disease had been cured, we can look at the recurrences as at second tumor disease. Then a tumor-disposition in these patients must be discussed. 5. The occurrence of the prognostically advantageous histologic type of nodular sclerosis, the age of the patients between 27 and 37 years at the first manifestation of the disorder, and the tolerance of peripheral localisation of the tumor disease lead to the conclusion that histologic type and course show the ratio between tumor disease and immunologic situation of the patient. Probably, the histologic features might be the expression of this situation.", "contents": "[Late recurrences in Hodgkin's disease following radiotherapy]. 1. From 1950 to 1970, 92 patients with Hodgkin's disease stage I and II were treated by irradiation at the Universit\u00e4ts-Strahlenklinik Marburg. Staging was performed without diagnostic laparotomy. More than a third might be staged wrong. 2. The over-all survival rates for both, stage I and II, are 65% after five years, 40% after ten years. 15% of the patients are expected to be cured. 3. Three late recurrences after 12 or 13 years are contradictory to the definition of cure in Hodgkin's disease, as a ten years lasting relapse-free interval after primary treatment. In two further cases lymphogranulomatosis developed 7 and 12 years after operation and irradiation of mediastinal tumors, which were histologically classified as lymphadenitis and polymorphcellular sarcoma, but here and there showed the features of lymphogranulomatosis. Two further cases of lymphogranulomatosis were seen with extraordinary long remissions of 11 and 17 years. 4. On the understanding that the primary tumor disease had been cured, we can look at the recurrences as at second tumor disease. Then a tumor-disposition in these patients must be discussed. 5. The occurrence of the prognostically advantageous histologic type of nodular sclerosis, the age of the patients between 27 and 37 years at the first manifestation of the disorder, and the tolerance of peripheral localisation of the tumor disease lead to the conclusion that histologic type and course show the ratio between tumor disease and immunologic situation of the patient. Probably, the histologic features might be the expression of this situation."}
{"id": "PMID:951717", "title": "[Extracorporeal blood irradiation using telecesium apparatus. II. Morphological studies in patients with chronic lymphadenosis].", "content": "The second communication of our experiences with extracorporeal blood irradiation comprises a systematical investigation of the conditions in blood picture and, in one case, of the morphological findings within lymph node punctures, during long-term treatment of two selected patients with a rather different course of the disease. One of the cases showed a typical pattern of chronic lymphadenosis which was to be influenced fairly well; the other case revealed an aggressive tendency with only a feeble response to extracorporeal blood irradiation. By means of toluidine blue staining, until now being used for the verification of nucleoli and their different shapes only in experimentations on animals, a good correlation of the nucleole analysis in the peripheral blood picture and in the lymph node biopsies with the clinical progress of the disease has been observed. Thus, this simple cytological method combined with customary clinical examinations may serve as a criterion for the judgement on the course of the disease and on the therapeutic success.", "contents": "[Extracorporeal blood irradiation using telecesium apparatus. II. Morphological studies in patients with chronic lymphadenosis]. The second communication of our experiences with extracorporeal blood irradiation comprises a systematical investigation of the conditions in blood picture and, in one case, of the morphological findings within lymph node punctures, during long-term treatment of two selected patients with a rather different course of the disease. One of the cases showed a typical pattern of chronic lymphadenosis which was to be influenced fairly well; the other case revealed an aggressive tendency with only a feeble response to extracorporeal blood irradiation. By means of toluidine blue staining, until now being used for the verification of nucleoli and their different shapes only in experimentations on animals, a good correlation of the nucleole analysis in the peripheral blood picture and in the lymph node biopsies with the clinical progress of the disease has been observed. Thus, this simple cytological method combined with customary clinical examinations may serve as a criterion for the judgement on the course of the disease and on the therapeutic success."}
{"id": "PMID:951718", "title": "[Results of combined drug and radiotherapy in bronchial carcinoma].", "content": "90 out of 191 patients with bronchial carcinomas were treated exclusively with telecobalt (focal dose ofer 4,500 rad), 78 patients were given an additional treatment with Proresid, and 23 patients were additionally treated with 5-fluorouracil under so-called synchronization conditions. As far as the Proresid is concerned, the combination with the chemotherapy did not bring about an amelioration of the survival rates compared to the results of the radiotherapy alone. The survival rate of the patients treated with cobalt 60 and with 5-fluorouracil even showed a considerable decrease, so that the described combination therapies are not longer used in our institute.", "contents": "[Results of combined drug and radiotherapy in bronchial carcinoma]. 90 out of 191 patients with bronchial carcinomas were treated exclusively with telecobalt (focal dose ofer 4,500 rad), 78 patients were given an additional treatment with Proresid, and 23 patients were additionally treated with 5-fluorouracil under so-called synchronization conditions. As far as the Proresid is concerned, the combination with the chemotherapy did not bring about an amelioration of the survival rates compared to the results of the radiotherapy alone. The survival rate of the patients treated with cobalt 60 and with 5-fluorouracil even showed a considerable decrease, so that the described combination therapies are not longer used in our institute."}
{"id": "PMID:951719", "title": "Radionuclide scanning of the spleen. Technical modification, normal variants and dimensions.", "content": "In order to cut down the time needed for the preparation of the thermally damaged erythrocytes, the effect of heat was combined with the use of a higher concentration of ACD. Heating of the 51Cr tagged red cells was performed in a water bath, at 50 degrees C for 15 minutes, in the presence of ACD in the ratio of one ml ACD for every 3 ml blood. Using this technique, the obtained splenic scans in 20 normal individuals were excellent in quality. In the posterior view, the spleen was oval with an oblique long axis in 65% of the cases and transverse long axis in another 15%. In the remaining 20% the spleen was globular. The average measurements of the spleen were 10.5 X 7,1 cm, with a circumference of 29.8 cm. By planimetry, the surface area of the spleen averaged (59 +/- 12.4) cm2 (Mean +/- 1 S.D.) In the lateral projection, the surface area of the splenic scan was larger by an average of 40% than the picture obtained through the posterior approach in all the six examined subjects.", "contents": "Radionuclide scanning of the spleen. Technical modification, normal variants and dimensions. In order to cut down the time needed for the preparation of the thermally damaged erythrocytes, the effect of heat was combined with the use of a higher concentration of ACD. Heating of the 51Cr tagged red cells was performed in a water bath, at 50 degrees C for 15 minutes, in the presence of ACD in the ratio of one ml ACD for every 3 ml blood. Using this technique, the obtained splenic scans in 20 normal individuals were excellent in quality. In the posterior view, the spleen was oval with an oblique long axis in 65% of the cases and transverse long axis in another 15%. In the remaining 20% the spleen was globular. The average measurements of the spleen were 10.5 X 7,1 cm, with a circumference of 29.8 cm. By planimetry, the surface area of the spleen averaged (59 +/- 12.4) cm2 (Mean +/- 1 S.D.) In the lateral projection, the surface area of the splenic scan was larger by an average of 40% than the picture obtained through the posterior approach in all the six examined subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:951720", "title": "Thermoluminescence dosimetry in clinical radiation dose measurements.", "content": "A simple method using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) to measure the doses where large shaped fields are used as mantle, breast and chest wall will be described. Measurements of doses in the gastrointestinal tract while treating nasopharynx, postcricoid and upper third of esophagus as well as in the rectum while treating cervix with intracavitary radium will be also discussed.", "contents": "Thermoluminescence dosimetry in clinical radiation dose measurements. A simple method using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) to measure the doses where large shaped fields are used as mantle, breast and chest wall will be described. Measurements of doses in the gastrointestinal tract while treating nasopharynx, postcricoid and upper third of esophagus as well as in the rectum while treating cervix with intracavitary radium will be also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951721", "title": "Water (electrolyte) balance after abdominal therapeutic treatment.", "content": "Total body water, plasma volume and Na space have been studied in 34 patients receiving external radiotherapy on the pelvic region. Determinations were made on the same patients before, and half-way treatment; in a few cases, some determinations were also repeated after the end of treatment. The results failed to show any appreciable modification of the different parameters studied.", "contents": "Water (electrolyte) balance after abdominal therapeutic treatment. Total body water, plasma volume and Na space have been studied in 34 patients receiving external radiotherapy on the pelvic region. Determinations were made on the same patients before, and half-way treatment; in a few cases, some determinations were also repeated after the end of treatment. The results failed to show any appreciable modification of the different parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:951722", "title": "Effect of low dose x-irradiation on the succinate dehydrogenase activity of guinea pig, rat and mouse tissues.", "content": "The histochemical changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were investigated in pectoralis major muscle of guinea pig, rat and mouse after low level X-irradiation (72 R and 240 R) and compared with control animals. Biochemical studies were carried out on liver, kidney, muscle (pectoralis major), adrenal and spleen of these animals after low dose local X-irradiation and compared with control animals. Changes in SDH activity were studied up to 72-h post-irradiation, which shows that low dose local X-irradiation leads to increased enzymic activity. The increase in enzymic activity was remarkable in mouse tissues as compared with guinea pig and rat. Adrenals of all the three animals showed significant activation after all the doses of radiation studied. The significance of these results, with special reference to oxidative metabolism, has been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of low dose x-irradiation on the succinate dehydrogenase activity of guinea pig, rat and mouse tissues. The histochemical changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were investigated in pectoralis major muscle of guinea pig, rat and mouse after low level X-irradiation (72 R and 240 R) and compared with control animals. Biochemical studies were carried out on liver, kidney, muscle (pectoralis major), adrenal and spleen of these animals after low dose local X-irradiation and compared with control animals. Changes in SDH activity were studied up to 72-h post-irradiation, which shows that low dose local X-irradiation leads to increased enzymic activity. The increase in enzymic activity was remarkable in mouse tissues as compared with guinea pig and rat. Adrenals of all the three animals showed significant activation after all the doses of radiation studied. The significance of these results, with special reference to oxidative metabolism, has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951723", "title": "[Healing results of pseudomucinous ovarian carcinoma depending on therapy].", "content": "A report is given on 57 patients with pseudomucinous ovarian carcinomas. The prognosis of the disease depends on two decisive factors, if the FIGO stages are not taken into consideration: 1. the operation which should be executed as radically as possible, 2. the intraperitoneal instillation of radiogold which shall be repeated two times. The following therapeutic results were realized under this treatment: a five-year survival rate of 76,9% and a ten-year survival rate of 72.7%. There were no serious side-effects of the radiogold therapy since the introduction of routine peritoneographies before instillation of 198Au.", "contents": "[Healing results of pseudomucinous ovarian carcinoma depending on therapy]. A report is given on 57 patients with pseudomucinous ovarian carcinomas. The prognosis of the disease depends on two decisive factors, if the FIGO stages are not taken into consideration: 1. the operation which should be executed as radically as possible, 2. the intraperitoneal instillation of radiogold which shall be repeated two times. The following therapeutic results were realized under this treatment: a five-year survival rate of 76,9% and a ten-year survival rate of 72.7%. There were no serious side-effects of the radiogold therapy since the introduction of routine peritoneographies before instillation of 198Au."}
{"id": "PMID:951724", "title": "Use of a low-ionic-strength medium in manual tests for antibody detection.", "content": "The present observations confirm the value of suspending red blood cells in a low-ionic-strength medium in the first stage of the indirect antiglobulin test; that is, during the period of incubation with antibody-containing serum. The main advantage of this procedure is to shorten the time of incubation. In this respect a low-ionic-strength medium appears to be superior to albumin as a suspending medium for the red blood cells. A further advantage is to increase the uptake of certain antibodies; this effect was pronounced with selected Rh antibodies believed to be of low affinity.", "contents": "Use of a low-ionic-strength medium in manual tests for antibody detection. The present observations confirm the value of suspending red blood cells in a low-ionic-strength medium in the first stage of the indirect antiglobulin test; that is, during the period of incubation with antibody-containing serum. The main advantage of this procedure is to shorten the time of incubation. In this respect a low-ionic-strength medium appears to be superior to albumin as a suspending medium for the red blood cells. A further advantage is to increase the uptake of certain antibodies; this effect was pronounced with selected Rh antibodies believed to be of low affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:951727", "title": "Frozen autologous platelets in the supportive care of patients with leukemia.", "content": "Multiple units of platelet concentrate obtained by intensive plateletpheresis of patients with leukemia in remission were pooled and frozen using 4 to 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide and retransfused during periods of thrombocytopenia. Plateletpheresis was well tolerated by all donors and an average platelet yield per unit of 0.99 X 10(11) (n = 155) was obtained. The results of 107 transfusions to 36 patients are presented. An average of 32.4 per cent of the platelets were lost during the freeze-thaw process. Freezing loss was lowest at a freezing rate of one degree C per minute, at a lower final concentration of platelets, and when polyolefin bags were used. The mean corrected posttransfusion count increment was 6,400/mul (range 600-19,000 xm2/10(11) platelets transfused). In vivo results did not correlate with freezing rate but were statistically significantly better at lower platelet (approximately 0.16 X 10(11) platelets/10 ml) concentrations. Eleven patients, including some who were refractory to random donor platelets were supported entirely with autologous platelets during reinduction therapy for leukemia. When administered prophylactically the autologous platelets seemed to prevent hemorrhage during periods of thromobocytopenia although in most patients bleeding times were not corrected posttransfusion. This study demonstrates that frozen autologous platelets can be used in the supportive care of thrombocytopenic patients. Further technical improvements are necessary before platelet freezing becomes practical for widespread use.", "contents": "Frozen autologous platelets in the supportive care of patients with leukemia. Multiple units of platelet concentrate obtained by intensive plateletpheresis of patients with leukemia in remission were pooled and frozen using 4 to 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide and retransfused during periods of thrombocytopenia. Plateletpheresis was well tolerated by all donors and an average platelet yield per unit of 0.99 X 10(11) (n = 155) was obtained. The results of 107 transfusions to 36 patients are presented. An average of 32.4 per cent of the platelets were lost during the freeze-thaw process. Freezing loss was lowest at a freezing rate of one degree C per minute, at a lower final concentration of platelets, and when polyolefin bags were used. The mean corrected posttransfusion count increment was 6,400/mul (range 600-19,000 xm2/10(11) platelets transfused). In vivo results did not correlate with freezing rate but were statistically significantly better at lower platelet (approximately 0.16 X 10(11) platelets/10 ml) concentrations. Eleven patients, including some who were refractory to random donor platelets were supported entirely with autologous platelets during reinduction therapy for leukemia. When administered prophylactically the autologous platelets seemed to prevent hemorrhage during periods of thromobocytopenia although in most patients bleeding times were not corrected posttransfusion. This study demonstrates that frozen autologous platelets can be used in the supportive care of thrombocytopenic patients. Further technical improvements are necessary before platelet freezing becomes practical for widespread use."}
{"id": "PMID:951725", "title": "The significance of red cell bound complement components in development of standards and quality assurance for the anti-complement components of antiglobulin sera.", "content": "Human red blood cells, sensitized with complement in vivo and by a variety of methods in vitro, (e.g. blood group antibody, low ionic strength, alternate pathway), were tested with a battery of anti-complement sera (anti-C3, -C3c, -C3d, -C4, -C4c). Red blood cells could be prepared by relatively simple methods to yield cells sensitized with C3 and C4, C3 but not C4, C4 but no C3, C3d with no C3c and C4d with no C4c. These cells are suitable for standarization and quality assurance of antiglobulin sera (AGS). Anti-C3d is necessary for optimal detection of sensitization of red blood cells by complement in vivo by the direct anti-globulin test (DAT). Anti-C3d may also be optimal for the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) especially if incubation periods greater than one hour are employed. Potent anti-C4 and anti-C3 antisera made in the authors' laboratory resulted in numerous weakly positive antiglobulin tests when testing red blood cells from refrigerated clots (especially anti-C4) but red blood cells from refrigerated anticoagulated segments gave negative results. When red blood cells were incubated in normal serum at room temperature (as in the room temperature phase of a compatibility test), some positive results were again obtained with the potent anti-C4 and anti-C3 antisera. However, one commercial antiglobulin serum containing anti-complement antibodies that were at least as potent as any other commercial antiglobulin serum gave uniformly negative results under the above conditions. Anti-C4 antibodies may be omitted from anti-globulin sera without decreasing the efficacy of such antisera to be used in compatibility testing. Thus, positive results in the compatibility test due to detection of clinically insignificant cold antibodies in the IAT by the anti-complement antibodies in AGS, may be avoided if anti-C4 is omitted or is in low concentration and if the concentration of anti-C3d is carefully standardized. A higher concentration of anti-C3d could be used for compatibility tests if red blood cells from anticoagulated segments were used instead of those from clots and if a separate tube were used for the IAT at 37 C rather than using one tube for both room temperature and 37 C incubations.", "contents": "The significance of red cell bound complement components in development of standards and quality assurance for the anti-complement components of antiglobulin sera. Human red blood cells, sensitized with complement in vivo and by a variety of methods in vitro, (e.g. blood group antibody, low ionic strength, alternate pathway), were tested with a battery of anti-complement sera (anti-C3, -C3c, -C3d, -C4, -C4c). Red blood cells could be prepared by relatively simple methods to yield cells sensitized with C3 and C4, C3 but not C4, C4 but no C3, C3d with no C3c and C4d with no C4c. These cells are suitable for standarization and quality assurance of antiglobulin sera (AGS). Anti-C3d is necessary for optimal detection of sensitization of red blood cells by complement in vivo by the direct anti-globulin test (DAT). Anti-C3d may also be optimal for the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) especially if incubation periods greater than one hour are employed. Potent anti-C4 and anti-C3 antisera made in the authors' laboratory resulted in numerous weakly positive antiglobulin tests when testing red blood cells from refrigerated clots (especially anti-C4) but red blood cells from refrigerated anticoagulated segments gave negative results. When red blood cells were incubated in normal serum at room temperature (as in the room temperature phase of a compatibility test), some positive results were again obtained with the potent anti-C4 and anti-C3 antisera. However, one commercial antiglobulin serum containing anti-complement antibodies that were at least as potent as any other commercial antiglobulin serum gave uniformly negative results under the above conditions. Anti-C4 antibodies may be omitted from anti-globulin sera without decreasing the efficacy of such antisera to be used in compatibility testing. Thus, positive results in the compatibility test due to detection of clinically insignificant cold antibodies in the IAT by the anti-complement antibodies in AGS, may be avoided if anti-C4 is omitted or is in low concentration and if the concentration of anti-C3d is carefully standardized. A higher concentration of anti-C3d could be used for compatibility tests if red blood cells from anticoagulated segments were used instead of those from clots and if a separate tube were used for the IAT at 37 C rather than using one tube for both room temperature and 37 C incubations."}
{"id": "PMID:951728", "title": "Ultrastructural damage of leukocytes procured by the Leukopak: vulnerability of leukocytes to mechanical injury.", "content": "Because of the often observed undesired effects in patients transfused with leukocytes collected by continuous filtration leukapheresis (CFL), we have investigated the morphology of these cells in the hope that such studies may help evaluate their in vivo functions. Aliquots of CFL samples, procured by the Fenwal Leukopak and taken before and after tapping the filters, were examined. Leukocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation served as controls and were used to demonstrate the vulnerability of these cells to mechanical injury. The morphology of leukocytes harvested by filtration leukapheresis was markedly altered, ranging from formation of cytoplasmic projections and vacuoles to disintegration of entire cells. The severe changes were only observed in samples collected after the filters were tapped. The number of cells involved varied from donor to donor. In some cases more than half of the examined leukocytes showed signs of damage. Dextran sedimentation leukocytes retained their normal ultrastructure. However, substantial injuries were inflicted on dextran sedimentation collected leukocytes following brief periods of vortexing. Our results indicate that leukocytes are quite vulnerable to mechanical injury, and the major cause of damage found in Leukopak-isolated leukocytes is the tapping of the filters. The toxic reactions in some recipients transfused with Leukopak-collected leukocyte preparations may result from materials released from disrupted leukocytes. We believe that the employment of the continuous filtration to procure leukocytes with the present procedure should be reviewed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural damage of leukocytes procured by the Leukopak: vulnerability of leukocytes to mechanical injury. Because of the often observed undesired effects in patients transfused with leukocytes collected by continuous filtration leukapheresis (CFL), we have investigated the morphology of these cells in the hope that such studies may help evaluate their in vivo functions. Aliquots of CFL samples, procured by the Fenwal Leukopak and taken before and after tapping the filters, were examined. Leukocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation served as controls and were used to demonstrate the vulnerability of these cells to mechanical injury. The morphology of leukocytes harvested by filtration leukapheresis was markedly altered, ranging from formation of cytoplasmic projections and vacuoles to disintegration of entire cells. The severe changes were only observed in samples collected after the filters were tapped. The number of cells involved varied from donor to donor. In some cases more than half of the examined leukocytes showed signs of damage. Dextran sedimentation leukocytes retained their normal ultrastructure. However, substantial injuries were inflicted on dextran sedimentation collected leukocytes following brief periods of vortexing. Our results indicate that leukocytes are quite vulnerable to mechanical injury, and the major cause of damage found in Leukopak-isolated leukocytes is the tapping of the filters. The toxic reactions in some recipients transfused with Leukopak-collected leukocyte preparations may result from materials released from disrupted leukocytes. We believe that the employment of the continuous filtration to procure leukocytes with the present procedure should be reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:951726", "title": "Statewide support of thrombocytopenic patients with ABO matched single donor platelets.", "content": "Use of ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelet units obtained from single donors by pheresis, using the Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator, has a lowered hepatitis risk, and possibly delays the onset of the refractory state. Pheresis also offers a method of obtaining HLA matched platelets for the already refractory patient. A mean of 4.2 X 10(11) platelets are collected in about 1 1/2 hours. ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelets produced corrected increments of more than 2500/mm3 per 7 X 10(10) platelets infused in 67 per cent of transfusions to nonselected recipients. The procedure is simple, safe, and requires little time. It is a worthwhile large-scale program for a regional blood center to undertake in order to provide optimal therapy for thrombocytopenic patients.", "contents": "Statewide support of thrombocytopenic patients with ABO matched single donor platelets. Use of ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelet units obtained from single donors by pheresis, using the Haemonetics 30 Cell Separator, has a lowered hepatitis risk, and possibly delays the onset of the refractory state. Pheresis also offers a method of obtaining HLA matched platelets for the already refractory patient. A mean of 4.2 X 10(11) platelets are collected in about 1 1/2 hours. ABO matched, HLA nonmatched platelets produced corrected increments of more than 2500/mm3 per 7 X 10(10) platelets infused in 67 per cent of transfusions to nonselected recipients. The procedure is simple, safe, and requires little time. It is a worthwhile large-scale program for a regional blood center to undertake in order to provide optimal therapy for thrombocytopenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:951729", "title": "Preparation of antihemophilic factor from indated plasma.", "content": "Four large-scale batches of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF, factor VIII) were prepared from plasma derived from 4 to 6-day-old blood applying a method developed for preparation of AHF from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF product was 6 to 9-fold concentrated over plasma with 7 to 10-fold purification and a recovery of 100 to 140 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma. In terms of purity and yield, this is about half that of AHF obtained from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF concentrate was free of detectable thrombin and plasmin and the solubility of the dry product was comparable to that of the product derived from fresh plasma but the hemoglobin content was slightly increased. After further fractionation with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000), a highly soluble AHF product 100-fold purified, and 30-fold concentrated, was obtained with 60% factor VIII recovery, which corresponds to a final yield of 60 to 85 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma.", "contents": "Preparation of antihemophilic factor from indated plasma. Four large-scale batches of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF, factor VIII) were prepared from plasma derived from 4 to 6-day-old blood applying a method developed for preparation of AHF from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF product was 6 to 9-fold concentrated over plasma with 7 to 10-fold purification and a recovery of 100 to 140 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma. In terms of purity and yield, this is about half that of AHF obtained from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF concentrate was free of detectable thrombin and plasmin and the solubility of the dry product was comparable to that of the product derived from fresh plasma but the hemoglobin content was slightly increased. After further fractionation with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000), a highly soluble AHF product 100-fold purified, and 30-fold concentrated, was obtained with 60% factor VIII recovery, which corresponds to a final yield of 60 to 85 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:951731", "title": "Additional studies concerning the metabolism of packed erythrocytes in CPD adenine.", "content": "Studies concerning the relationship between glucose level, hematocrit to which cells were packed (within three hours of initial collection) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were undertaken in CPD supplemented with adenine (0.25 mM final concentration). It was found that apparently adequate ATP levels could be maintained in 90 per cent hematocrit packed units at 42 days only if glucose was present in amounts 1.5 times or greater than that provided by CPD. Less tight packing of the units to 70 and 80 per cent hematocrit maintained ATP at greater than 50 per cent of the initial level for a full 42 days of storage when 1.25 times the usual glucose concentration was present in the initial anticoagulant. No difference in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or pH was found in any of the modified media under study.", "contents": "Additional studies concerning the metabolism of packed erythrocytes in CPD adenine. Studies concerning the relationship between glucose level, hematocrit to which cells were packed (within three hours of initial collection) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were undertaken in CPD supplemented with adenine (0.25 mM final concentration). It was found that apparently adequate ATP levels could be maintained in 90 per cent hematocrit packed units at 42 days only if glucose was present in amounts 1.5 times or greater than that provided by CPD. Less tight packing of the units to 70 and 80 per cent hematocrit maintained ATP at greater than 50 per cent of the initial level for a full 42 days of storage when 1.25 times the usual glucose concentration was present in the initial anticoagulant. No difference in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or pH was found in any of the modified media under study."}
{"id": "PMID:951732", "title": "Delayed overt hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-U antibody.", "content": "A patient is described who developed a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, 11 days posttransfusion, caused by anti-U. This case illustrates the difficulty that can occur in distinguishing a delayed transfusion reaction from autoimmune hemolytic disease when the antibody involved is directed against a high incidence blood group antigen.", "contents": "Delayed overt hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-U antibody. A patient is described who developed a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, 11 days posttransfusion, caused by anti-U. This case illustrates the difficulty that can occur in distinguishing a delayed transfusion reaction from autoimmune hemolytic disease when the antibody involved is directed against a high incidence blood group antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:951730", "title": "Anti-Rd (Radin) following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood.", "content": "Anti-Rd (Radin) was first described in association with five cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn. The authors report an anti-Rd that was demonstrated following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood. The antibody appears to be of the IgG immunoglobulin class and increased in titer following the transfusion.", "contents": "Anti-Rd (Radin) following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood. Anti-Rd (Radin) was first described in association with five cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn. The authors report an anti-Rd that was demonstrated following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood. The antibody appears to be of the IgG immunoglobulin class and increased in titer following the transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:951734", "title": "A walking blood donor program for seriously ill premature infants.", "content": "Premature infants with hyaline membrane disease and related disorders are frequently hypovolemic. Furthermore, they frequently require repeated phlebotomies for laboratory evaluation of electrolytes, pH, oxygen tension, and other parameters. Adequate care of such infants is aided by small transfusions of heparinized blood. The walking donor program at the Sacramento Medical Center premature nursery furnishes these transfusions without exposing the infants to the hazards of receiving blood from many different donors. The program is described in detail, and the shortcomings of some of the alternative programs are pointed out.", "contents": "A walking blood donor program for seriously ill premature infants. Premature infants with hyaline membrane disease and related disorders are frequently hypovolemic. Furthermore, they frequently require repeated phlebotomies for laboratory evaluation of electrolytes, pH, oxygen tension, and other parameters. Adequate care of such infants is aided by small transfusions of heparinized blood. The walking donor program at the Sacramento Medical Center premature nursery furnishes these transfusions without exposing the infants to the hazards of receiving blood from many different donors. The program is described in detail, and the shortcomings of some of the alternative programs are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:951738", "title": "[Morphochemical differentiation of neurons of the lateral geniculate body of the rabbit brain following early visual deprivation].", "content": "To study the propertes of the external geniculate body neuron's protein concentration and protein content were measured cytophotometrically in the cytoplasm of the above neurons in normal and visual deprivided animals 2.5 months after the birth. The results obtained suggest the increasing of protein concentration and protein content in the cytoplasm of neurons and the decreasing of protein concentration in surrounding structures. These changes varied depending on the neuron volume during the deprivation. It is supposed, that some groups of neurons exist in the external geniculate body with different degrees of specificity in respect to vision impulsation. Mechanisms of a possible rearrangement of the neuron metabolism in the external geniculate body during the deprivation are discussed.", "contents": "[Morphochemical differentiation of neurons of the lateral geniculate body of the rabbit brain following early visual deprivation]. To study the propertes of the external geniculate body neuron's protein concentration and protein content were measured cytophotometrically in the cytoplasm of the above neurons in normal and visual deprivided animals 2.5 months after the birth. The results obtained suggest the increasing of protein concentration and protein content in the cytoplasm of neurons and the decreasing of protein concentration in surrounding structures. These changes varied depending on the neuron volume during the deprivation. It is supposed, that some groups of neurons exist in the external geniculate body with different degrees of specificity in respect to vision impulsation. Mechanisms of a possible rearrangement of the neuron metabolism in the external geniculate body during the deprivation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951739", "title": "[Loosely bound proteins and membrane ultrastructure of erythrocyte ghosts].", "content": "The loosely bound erythrocyte ghost proteins, extracted by distilled water, 5 mM EDTA, tris-HCI buffer at pH 8.5, veronal-acetate buffer at pH 8.5 and by a 1.5% solution of acetic acid, were studied electrophoretically using a polyacrilamid gel with 0.1% sodium docecyl sulphate. 20% proteins with m.v.12 000-120 000 polypeptid chains were released from ghosts transferred from phosphate buffer to distilled water. 5 mM EDTA extracts, in addition, a m. w. 215000 protein. The increase of the negative change brought about the extraction of proteins of the molecular weight equal to 12 000-250 000. After extraction of 12% or more loosely bound proteins the reduction of membrane-attached materials was seen with the electron microscope. Shifts of pH from 6.3 to 7.4 and the treatment with 5mM EDTA resulted in reduction of the premembrane material, ghosts sticking together after the latter procedure.", "contents": "[Loosely bound proteins and membrane ultrastructure of erythrocyte ghosts]. The loosely bound erythrocyte ghost proteins, extracted by distilled water, 5 mM EDTA, tris-HCI buffer at pH 8.5, veronal-acetate buffer at pH 8.5 and by a 1.5% solution of acetic acid, were studied electrophoretically using a polyacrilamid gel with 0.1% sodium docecyl sulphate. 20% proteins with m.v.12 000-120 000 polypeptid chains were released from ghosts transferred from phosphate buffer to distilled water. 5 mM EDTA extracts, in addition, a m. w. 215000 protein. The increase of the negative change brought about the extraction of proteins of the molecular weight equal to 12 000-250 000. After extraction of 12% or more loosely bound proteins the reduction of membrane-attached materials was seen with the electron microscope. Shifts of pH from 6.3 to 7.4 and the treatment with 5mM EDTA resulted in reduction of the premembrane material, ghosts sticking together after the latter procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:951735", "title": "Optimizing recovery of platelets in platelet rich plasma by the simplex strategy.", "content": "A Simplex is an empirical, geometric feedback strategy which progressively programs a series of experiments according to the results of the preceeding experiments. It leads to definition of conditions which maximize or minimize the result of experiments in two or more variables. When applied to study a laboratory method it dictates simultaneous variation of the conditions of an experiment, differing from the usual approach in which variables are altered sequentially and arbitrarily. A two variable Simplex (force and duration of centrifugation) has been applied to maximize platelet recovery in platelet rich plasma (PRP). The technique of Simplex is described. Maximal recovery of platelets in PRP was reached by centrifugation at 2160 X g for 2.7 minutes. To confirm the correctness of this result, platelet concentrates were prepared from PRP's separated by three different methods: 1) conditions determined by Simplex, 2) American National Red Cross recommended method (2820 X g for two minutes), and 3) Canadian Red Cross recommended method (995 X g for nine minutes). Mean recovery of 78 per cent was obtained by Simplex, significantly higher than 61 per cent with the American National Red Cross method (p greater than .005) and higher than 69 per cent with the Canadian Red Cross method. Simplex strategy is recommended as a simple, powerful technique for determining optimal experimental or laboratory conditions.", "contents": "Optimizing recovery of platelets in platelet rich plasma by the simplex strategy. A Simplex is an empirical, geometric feedback strategy which progressively programs a series of experiments according to the results of the preceeding experiments. It leads to definition of conditions which maximize or minimize the result of experiments in two or more variables. When applied to study a laboratory method it dictates simultaneous variation of the conditions of an experiment, differing from the usual approach in which variables are altered sequentially and arbitrarily. A two variable Simplex (force and duration of centrifugation) has been applied to maximize platelet recovery in platelet rich plasma (PRP). The technique of Simplex is described. Maximal recovery of platelets in PRP was reached by centrifugation at 2160 X g for 2.7 minutes. To confirm the correctness of this result, platelet concentrates were prepared from PRP's separated by three different methods: 1) conditions determined by Simplex, 2) American National Red Cross recommended method (2820 X g for two minutes), and 3) Canadian Red Cross recommended method (995 X g for nine minutes). Mean recovery of 78 per cent was obtained by Simplex, significantly higher than 61 per cent with the American National Red Cross method (p greater than .005) and higher than 69 per cent with the Canadian Red Cross method. Simplex strategy is recommended as a simple, powerful technique for determining optimal experimental or laboratory conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:951740", "title": "[Comparison of the electrical and isotope characteristics of ionic transport through bilateral phospholipid membranes].", "content": "Simultaneous measurements of electrochemical characteristics and tracer  fluxes have been made using large spherical bilayer lipid membranes (1-2 cm2 area). The results obtained show the predominant contribution of electrically silent chloride molecules to the fluxes through unmodified membranes. In cases of valinomycin modified (valinomycin concentration=10(-7)M) membranes (in 0.1 M solutions of KCl, RbCl and CsCl) the fluxes are determined exclusively by cations. The membrane permeability for 22Na, in 0.1 NaCl solution, does not depend on the valinomycin concentration. The selectivity sequences obtained by electrochemical and tracer methods are compared and discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of the electrical and isotope characteristics of ionic transport through bilateral phospholipid membranes]. Simultaneous measurements of electrochemical characteristics and tracer  fluxes have been made using large spherical bilayer lipid membranes (1-2 cm2 area). The results obtained show the predominant contribution of electrically silent chloride molecules to the fluxes through unmodified membranes. In cases of valinomycin modified (valinomycin concentration=10(-7)M) membranes (in 0.1 M solutions of KCl, RbCl and CsCl) the fluxes are determined exclusively by cations. The membrane permeability for 22Na, in 0.1 NaCl solution, does not depend on the valinomycin concentration. The selectivity sequences obtained by electrochemical and tracer methods are compared and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951741", "title": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. III. Change in the membrane potential during prolonged muscle incubation in saccharose-sulfate media containing 2.5 or 75 mM of potassium].", "content": "At the external potassium concentration 2.5 mM, The value Em--Ek diminishes, but at 75 mM it increases, although the potassium fluxes are nearly balanced and nosignificant changes in internal potassium occur. The contribution of other ions to the electrogenesis is examined. An attempt is made to describe the movement of these ions by the Goldman equations. The permeability coeficients should have been much higher than potassium coefficient, and besides it should be admitted that the coefficients and the internal activity of ions discussed may vary with time.", "contents": "[The \"anomalous\" relationship between the concentration of potassium in the medium and the membrane potential of muscle fibers with a decreased intracellular potassium concentration. III. Change in the membrane potential during prolonged muscle incubation in saccharose-sulfate media containing 2.5 or 75 mM of potassium]. At the external potassium concentration 2.5 mM, The value Em--Ek diminishes, but at 75 mM it increases, although the potassium fluxes are nearly balanced and nosignificant changes in internal potassium occur. The contribution of other ions to the electrogenesis is examined. An attempt is made to describe the movement of these ions by the Goldman equations. The permeability coeficients should have been much higher than potassium coefficient, and besides it should be admitted that the coefficients and the internal activity of ions discussed may vary with time."}
{"id": "PMID:951742", "title": "[Bone marrow cells of mice immunized with different rabies vaccines].", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow cells of mice after inoculated differently with viral vaccines (fixed rabies virus, antirabic vaccine with the remainder virulence and fully inactivated with ultraviolet light antirabic vaccine) showed that all the vaccines, except the fully inactivated one, caused temporary damages of chromosomes interfering with the process of the first mitotic divisions after the beginning of immunization. The live fixed rabies virus caused a secondary, more significant increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations at later periods of investigation (30-60 days after starting the experiments). The fluorescent antibody technique detected the specific fixed rabies virus antigen in the bone marrow cells of immunized animals within 3-90 days.", "contents": "[Bone marrow cells of mice immunized with different rabies vaccines]. Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow cells of mice after inoculated differently with viral vaccines (fixed rabies virus, antirabic vaccine with the remainder virulence and fully inactivated with ultraviolet light antirabic vaccine) showed that all the vaccines, except the fully inactivated one, caused temporary damages of chromosomes interfering with the process of the first mitotic divisions after the beginning of immunization. The live fixed rabies virus caused a secondary, more significant increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations at later periods of investigation (30-60 days after starting the experiments). The fluorescent antibody technique detected the specific fixed rabies virus antigen in the bone marrow cells of immunized animals within 3-90 days."}
{"id": "PMID:951737", "title": "The maximum surgical blood order schedule and surgical blood use in the United States.", "content": "The outdating of units of blood can be reduced by decreasing the amount of time they spend in an assigned or crossmatched status. This reduction can be achieved in a hospital by establishing a maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) which reduces the excessive number of units of blood crossmatched preoperatively for patients undergoing elective surgery. The various steps which occurred in the development of a MSBOS in a large general hospital are detailed and the projected reduction in the number of crossmatched units which can be achieved with the MSBOS is illustrated. illustrated. The projected number of units of blood transfused to patients during their hospitalization for 50 common primary surgical procedures in the United States during 1974 is presented as a basis for defining maximum blood orders for each procedure.", "contents": "The maximum surgical blood order schedule and surgical blood use in the United States. The outdating of units of blood can be reduced by decreasing the amount of time they spend in an assigned or crossmatched status. This reduction can be achieved in a hospital by establishing a maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) which reduces the excessive number of units of blood crossmatched preoperatively for patients undergoing elective surgery. The various steps which occurred in the development of a MSBOS in a large general hospital are detailed and the projected reduction in the number of crossmatched units which can be achieved with the MSBOS is illustrated. illustrated. The projected number of units of blood transfused to patients during their hospitalization for 50 common primary surgical procedures in the United States during 1974 is presented as a basis for defining maximum blood orders for each procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:951736", "title": "Motivation of voluntary plasmapheresis donors.", "content": "A totally voluntary plasmapheresis program recruits 900 individual donors per year at a cancer institute, where 500 to 900 units of platelets are transfused each month. Staff and donors use a film and brochures to recruit donors from the local community. Television and radio spots, with donor recognition pins, certificates, receptions, and picnics are utilized. Donor motivation was studied by use of: 1) California Psychological Inventory--measures a variety of \"normal\" personality traits; 2) Study of values--measures theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, religious values; 3) Internal-External Control Scale--measures degree to which a person blames self vs. external events for what happens to him; 4) Faith in People Scale--measures individual's confidence in his fellow man; 5) Anomia Scale--measure of feelings of self-to-others alienation; 6) Mach IV Scale--measure of persons tendency to manipulate others; and 7) Biographical Data Form. Results are presented for 25 male donor subjects studied, as they compare with normative data for the scales used. Donors appeared to have the same traits as do the general population, but appeared lower in Machiavellianism than non-plasmapheresis donors. Prospective study plans include additional subjects to provide appropriate control groups.", "contents": "Motivation of voluntary plasmapheresis donors. A totally voluntary plasmapheresis program recruits 900 individual donors per year at a cancer institute, where 500 to 900 units of platelets are transfused each month. Staff and donors use a film and brochures to recruit donors from the local community. Television and radio spots, with donor recognition pins, certificates, receptions, and picnics are utilized. Donor motivation was studied by use of: 1) California Psychological Inventory--measures a variety of \"normal\" personality traits; 2) Study of values--measures theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, religious values; 3) Internal-External Control Scale--measures degree to which a person blames self vs. external events for what happens to him; 4) Faith in People Scale--measures individual's confidence in his fellow man; 5) Anomia Scale--measure of feelings of self-to-others alienation; 6) Mach IV Scale--measure of persons tendency to manipulate others; and 7) Biographical Data Form. Results are presented for 25 male donor subjects studied, as they compare with normative data for the scales used. Donors appeared to have the same traits as do the general population, but appeared lower in Machiavellianism than non-plasmapheresis donors. Prospective study plans include additional subjects to provide appropriate control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:951746", "title": "[The effect of cycloheximide on DNA replication. II. Antibiotic resistance following L cell treatment with hydroxyurea].", "content": "DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is closely associated with protein synthesis. When protein synthesis is specifically inhibited, DNA synthesis stops quickly too. No precise knowledge has been so far available concerning the reasons of this coupling. The data presented confirm an earlier established for Chlorella fact that the inhibition of DNA synthesis in L-cells, due to a several hours treatment with hidroxyurea, results in a consequent stability of DNA synthesis in these cells to a protein synthesis inhibitor--cyclohexamide.", "contents": "[The effect of cycloheximide on DNA replication. II. Antibiotic resistance following L cell treatment with hydroxyurea]. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is closely associated with protein synthesis. When protein synthesis is specifically inhibited, DNA synthesis stops quickly too. No precise knowledge has been so far available concerning the reasons of this coupling. The data presented confirm an earlier established for Chlorella fact that the inhibition of DNA synthesis in L-cells, due to a several hours treatment with hidroxyurea, results in a consequent stability of DNA synthesis in these cells to a protein synthesis inhibitor--cyclohexamide."}
{"id": "PMID:951748", "title": "[Ultrastructural organization and distribution of synapses of different size of the neurosecretory cells of the carp preoptic nucleus].", "content": "With electron microscope two types of synaptic buttons (SB) are found on the nuerosecretory cells (NSC) in the nucleus preopticus of the mature carp. SB type I contain dense core vesicles and synaptic vesicles, whereas SB type II have only the latter. SB type II is considered to be functionally more active. The density of SB on the NSC body surface varied inversely proportionally to the NSC size, being in average 1.7+/-0.2 on the section of one small NSC in the ventral part of the nucleus preopticus, and 1.0+/-0.1 on the section of a large one in the dorsal part (P less than 0.05). In large NSC type II SB are found more frequent than in small NSC, the synaptic apparatus of NSC in the dorsal part of the nucleus preopticus is in a more active stage, than of NSP in the ventral part. The structural organization of the complex SB-NSC of large cells is more complicated compared to that of small cells. The large cells are supposed to be more differentiated and functionally more active. The synapses of NSC of the nucleus preopticus of the carp are supposed to belong usually to axons of monaminergic neurons.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural organization and distribution of synapses of different size of the neurosecretory cells of the carp preoptic nucleus]. With electron microscope two types of synaptic buttons (SB) are found on the nuerosecretory cells (NSC) in the nucleus preopticus of the mature carp. SB type I contain dense core vesicles and synaptic vesicles, whereas SB type II have only the latter. SB type II is considered to be functionally more active. The density of SB on the NSC body surface varied inversely proportionally to the NSC size, being in average 1.7+/-0.2 on the section of one small NSC in the ventral part of the nucleus preopticus, and 1.0+/-0.1 on the section of a large one in the dorsal part (P less than 0.05). In large NSC type II SB are found more frequent than in small NSC, the synaptic apparatus of NSC in the dorsal part of the nucleus preopticus is in a more active stage, than of NSP in the ventral part. The structural organization of the complex SB-NSC of large cells is more complicated compared to that of small cells. The large cells are supposed to be more differentiated and functionally more active. The synapses of NSC of the nucleus preopticus of the carp are supposed to belong usually to axons of monaminergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:951749", "title": "[Lipid droplets and their possible pathways of origin in rat pituicytes].", "content": "Callan's hypothesis of the constant movement of the chromomere DNA axis was checked with the method of 3H-uridine radioautography. The hypothesis was not corroborated as the RNA synthesis proceeded in chromomeres of lampbrush chromosomes on the stationary axis with formation of transcriptional units. Data on localization and count of transcriptional units are discussed with regard to structural and functional organization of chromomere in meiotic chromosomes of eukaryotes.", "contents": "[Lipid droplets and their possible pathways of origin in rat pituicytes]. Callan's hypothesis of the constant movement of the chromomere DNA axis was checked with the method of 3H-uridine radioautography. The hypothesis was not corroborated as the RNA synthesis proceeded in chromomeres of lampbrush chromosomes on the stationary axis with formation of transcriptional units. Data on localization and count of transcriptional units are discussed with regard to structural and functional organization of chromomere in meiotic chromosomes of eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:951750", "title": "[The effect of vitamin E and rancid fish liver oil on the spinal cord motoneurons of white rats].", "content": "Using the \"August\" white rats, the influence of alpha-tocoferol (5 mg dose per day per animal) and of its antagonist--rancid fish oil (5% ratio in the food) on the cytophysiological properties of motoneurones was studied. Tocoferol caused a functional exhaustion of motoneurones. The rancid fish liver oil caused abnormalities in the specific function of motoneurones. Vitamin E administered after castration brought about further removal of changes, evoked by castration, whereas the rancid fish liver oil introduced after castration was seen to enhance distrophical lesions.", "contents": "[The effect of vitamin E and rancid fish liver oil on the spinal cord motoneurons of white rats]. Using the \"August\" white rats, the influence of alpha-tocoferol (5 mg dose per day per animal) and of its antagonist--rancid fish oil (5% ratio in the food) on the cytophysiological properties of motoneurones was studied. Tocoferol caused a functional exhaustion of motoneurones. The rancid fish liver oil caused abnormalities in the specific function of motoneurones. Vitamin E administered after castration brought about further removal of changes, evoked by castration, whereas the rancid fish liver oil introduced after castration was seen to enhance distrophical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:951751", "title": "[In vivo and in vitro cytospectrophotometric studies of DNA in the cells of human neuroectrodermal brain tumors].", "content": "A rather distinct correlation in the content and distribution of DNA with the grade of malignancy was estabilished for the following series: normal astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, typical astrocyfomas and oligodendrogliomas atypical astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. For glioblastomas this correlation is impaired, because the polymorphic variant of glioblastoma is characterized by particularly great disturbances in the content and distribution of DNA in the form of polyploidy and aneuploidy which, in this case, reflects not only the grade of malignancy, but also a pronounced polymorphism of tumour cells. The content of DNA in rapidly growing malignant tumours is not only an expressions of real deviation to the side of polyploidy and the mitotic cycle. In neuroectodermal tumours growing in the condition of cell culture, the similar regularity was observed, although the phenomena of aneuploidy were more distinctly expressed in the majority of tumours.", "contents": "[In vivo and in vitro cytospectrophotometric studies of DNA in the cells of human neuroectrodermal brain tumors]. A rather distinct correlation in the content and distribution of DNA with the grade of malignancy was estabilished for the following series: normal astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, typical astrocyfomas and oligodendrogliomas atypical astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. For glioblastomas this correlation is impaired, because the polymorphic variant of glioblastoma is characterized by particularly great disturbances in the content and distribution of DNA in the form of polyploidy and aneuploidy which, in this case, reflects not only the grade of malignancy, but also a pronounced polymorphism of tumour cells. The content of DNA in rapidly growing malignant tumours is not only an expressions of real deviation to the side of polyploidy and the mitotic cycle. In neuroectodermal tumours growing in the condition of cell culture, the similar regularity was observed, although the phenomena of aneuploidy were more distinctly expressed in the majority of tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:951752", "title": "[A cytophotometric study of granules forming in frog erythrocytes during incubation in solutions of neutral red and novocaine].", "content": "Granules arising in the cytoplasm of Rana temporaria erythrocytes incubated in solutions containing either a stain (neutral red) or an alcaloid (novocaini) were studied cytophotometrically. The stuff concentrations in the granules were estimated under various conditions of incubations. The stuff concentrations in the granules appeared to be dozens- or hundreds--fold higher than in the incubation solutions. The average concentration in the granules did not depend either on the initial concentration of the stuff solution, or on the incubation time or on the volume of the incubation solution. The stuff concentration in the granule decreases with the increase in the granule size.", "contents": "[A cytophotometric study of granules forming in frog erythrocytes during incubation in solutions of neutral red and novocaine]. Granules arising in the cytoplasm of Rana temporaria erythrocytes incubated in solutions containing either a stain (neutral red) or an alcaloid (novocaini) were studied cytophotometrically. The stuff concentrations in the granules were estimated under various conditions of incubations. The stuff concentrations in the granules appeared to be dozens- or hundreds--fold higher than in the incubation solutions. The average concentration in the granules did not depend either on the initial concentration of the stuff solution, or on the incubation time or on the volume of the incubation solution. The stuff concentration in the granule decreases with the increase in the granule size."}
{"id": "PMID:951753", "title": "[Physiologic regeneration of corneal epithelium following exposure to constant magnetic fields of super-high intensity].", "content": "The mitotic index of mouse corneal epithelium was studied during and after 0.5-- 24 hours exposures to 9.9-39.4 kilooersteds constant magnetic fields. It was shown that 0.5, 1 and 3 hours exposures to a 39.4 kilooersteds constant magnetic field  inhibited the mitotic activity whereas 8 and 24 hours exposures caused its stimulation. The value and rate of mitotic index alterations decrease with a decrease of field strength. No changes were found in the frequency of aberrant mitoses or in the number of cells per one field of microscopic vison.", "contents": "[Physiologic regeneration of corneal epithelium following exposure to constant magnetic fields of super-high intensity]. The mitotic index of mouse corneal epithelium was studied during and after 0.5-- 24 hours exposures to 9.9-39.4 kilooersteds constant magnetic fields. It was shown that 0.5, 1 and 3 hours exposures to a 39.4 kilooersteds constant magnetic field  inhibited the mitotic activity whereas 8 and 24 hours exposures caused its stimulation. The value and rate of mitotic index alterations decrease with a decrease of field strength. No changes were found in the frequency of aberrant mitoses or in the number of cells per one field of microscopic vison."}
{"id": "PMID:951754", "title": "[An electron microscopic study of the interaction of polarized neoplastic fibroblasts of the L line with the substrate in tissue culture].", "content": "Neoplastic fibroblasts of L strain were studied 24 hours after attachment to the solid artifical substrate. The cells were oriented on sections perpendicular to the substrate plane. Transformed fibroblasts moved forward 24 hours after attachment, being polarized. The main difference between normal fibroblasts studied earlier and the transformed ones was observed in the area of the spread lamellar cytoplasm on the front edge of the cell. In this place in malignant cells, a diminition of size and number of bundles of microfilaments and zones of close junction with the substrate was seen. These elements lie close to each other in normal cells, and far from each other in malignant ones. Another difference between normal and transformed cells is that the latter have many microvilli in the lower part of the surface of lamellar cytoplasm. Ultrastructural differences between normal neoplasmic cells observed in this work may be the cause of the behaviour of neoplastic cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "[An electron microscopic study of the interaction of polarized neoplastic fibroblasts of the L line with the substrate in tissue culture]. Neoplastic fibroblasts of L strain were studied 24 hours after attachment to the solid artifical substrate. The cells were oriented on sections perpendicular to the substrate plane. Transformed fibroblasts moved forward 24 hours after attachment, being polarized. The main difference between normal fibroblasts studied earlier and the transformed ones was observed in the area of the spread lamellar cytoplasm on the front edge of the cell. In this place in malignant cells, a diminition of size and number of bundles of microfilaments and zones of close junction with the substrate was seen. These elements lie close to each other in normal cells, and far from each other in malignant ones. Another difference between normal and transformed cells is that the latter have many microvilli in the lower part of the surface of lamellar cytoplasm. Ultrastructural differences between normal neoplasmic cells observed in this work may be the cause of the behaviour of neoplastic cells in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:951755", "title": "[A quantitative histochemical study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme kinetics in the thyroid gland, kidney and small intestine of white rats].", "content": "Microphotometric determination of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in morphological structures of rat thyroid gland, kidney and small intestine were performed, using different concentration of L-levamisol and temperature-dependent enzyme inactivation. It was concluded that he constant of inhibition and degree of thermostability are closely connected with heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme pattern in the organ.", "contents": "[A quantitative histochemical study of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme kinetics in the thyroid gland, kidney and small intestine of white rats]. Microphotometric determination of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in morphological structures of rat thyroid gland, kidney and small intestine were performed, using different concentration of L-levamisol and temperature-dependent enzyme inactivation. It was concluded that he constant of inhibition and degree of thermostability are closely connected with heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme pattern in the organ."}
{"id": "PMID:951756", "title": "[Late replicating human X-chromosome in the early S-period].", "content": "The early S-period in cultured human lymphocytes was studied using the premature chromosome condensation technique. In the lymphocytes, isolated from females but not from males, one uncondensed G1-chromosome was detected among \"pulverized\" chromosomes which remained unlabeled with H3-thymidine. This chromosome is regarded as an inactivated X-chromosome. The data obtained are in agreement with the phenomenon of the delayed onset of DNA replication in the inactivated X-chromosomes.", "contents": "[Late replicating human X-chromosome in the early S-period]. The early S-period in cultured human lymphocytes was studied using the premature chromosome condensation technique. In the lymphocytes, isolated from females but not from males, one uncondensed G1-chromosome was detected among \"pulverized\" chromosomes which remained unlabeled with H3-thymidine. This chromosome is regarded as an inactivated X-chromosome. The data obtained are in agreement with the phenomenon of the delayed onset of DNA replication in the inactivated X-chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:951757", "title": "[Restoration of ability to proliferate and produce mitogenic factor by human lymphocytes in a serum-free medium following their purification].", "content": "The response of purified and \"non-purified\" human blood lymphocytes to phytoheamagglutinin (PHA) and their capacity to produce mitogenic factor upon PHA-stimulation in protein-free and serum-containing culture medium were investigated. Non-purified lymphocytes lost the capacity to react to the stimulation with PHA and to produce the mitogenic factor in protein-free culture medium. Purification of lymphocytes on the density gradient or passing them through a column made them resume their response to PHA and their capacity to produce the mitogenic factor in protein-free medium. It is assumed that the inhibition of the response to PHA in protein-free culture medium may be caused by polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "contents": "[Restoration of ability to proliferate and produce mitogenic factor by human lymphocytes in a serum-free medium following their purification]. The response of purified and \"non-purified\" human blood lymphocytes to phytoheamagglutinin (PHA) and their capacity to produce mitogenic factor upon PHA-stimulation in protein-free and serum-containing culture medium were investigated. Non-purified lymphocytes lost the capacity to react to the stimulation with PHA and to produce the mitogenic factor in protein-free culture medium. Purification of lymphocytes on the density gradient or passing them through a column made them resume their response to PHA and their capacity to produce the mitogenic factor in protein-free medium. It is assumed that the inhibition of the response to PHA in protein-free culture medium may be caused by polymorphonuclear leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:951820", "title": "Alterations of the human vestibulo-ocular reflex in a simulated dive at 62 ATA.", "content": "In an attempt to investigate some aspects of the high pressure nervous syndrome, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain was measured in two professional divers undergoing a simulated dive at 62 ATA. The aquanauts in a seated position were rotated sinusoidally around the vertical axis at a frequency of about 0.3 Hz over a 20 degrees range. Tests were performed at regular intervals prior to, during, and after the compression/decompression period. The rotations were applied either in total darkness or with a visual target rotating with the chair or with a target fixed to the chair-supporting frame. An infrared photoelectric system monitored eye movements. The results showed no spontaneous nystagmus, but two definite changes in VOR gain: (1) a slight but significant increase related to pressure increase, which may be due to an increase of the vestibular system excitability or a decrease of the cerebellar inhibition exerted upon the vestibular nuclei, and (2) an intermittently appearing increase (VOR gain between 1 and 1.3) during brief periods. The latter finding, not related to pressure, was interpreted as the expression of an underwater-adapted mode that may developed in professional divers submitted to the intensive use of magnifying diving-optical systems.", "contents": "Alterations of the human vestibulo-ocular reflex in a simulated dive at 62 ATA. In an attempt to investigate some aspects of the high pressure nervous syndrome, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain was measured in two professional divers undergoing a simulated dive at 62 ATA. The aquanauts in a seated position were rotated sinusoidally around the vertical axis at a frequency of about 0.3 Hz over a 20 degrees range. Tests were performed at regular intervals prior to, during, and after the compression/decompression period. The rotations were applied either in total darkness or with a visual target rotating with the chair or with a target fixed to the chair-supporting frame. An infrared photoelectric system monitored eye movements. The results showed no spontaneous nystagmus, but two definite changes in VOR gain: (1) a slight but significant increase related to pressure increase, which may be due to an increase of the vestibular system excitability or a decrease of the cerebellar inhibition exerted upon the vestibular nuclei, and (2) an intermittently appearing increase (VOR gain between 1 and 1.3) during brief periods. The latter finding, not related to pressure, was interpreted as the expression of an underwater-adapted mode that may developed in professional divers submitted to the intensive use of magnifying diving-optical systems."}
{"id": "PMID:951821", "title": "A fluorocarbon emulsion with a high solubility for CO2.", "content": "A stable emulsion can be prepared by subjecting a mixture of 30% (by volume) FC-80 fluorocarbon; a 0.3-M THAM solution titrated to pH 7.4 with HCl; and 0.04 g F68 Pluronic surfactant per milliliter FC-80 to ultrasonic energy. The emulsion has a density of 1.24 g/ml; and absolute viscosity of 2.4 centipoise; and an approximate fluorocarbon-droplet diameter of 3mu. The approximate CO2 content of the emulsion at partial pressures ranging from 30 to 60 mm Hg is 132 ml (STPD)/liter + (5.5 X PCO2). The O2 content in ml (STPD)/liter equals 0.213 X PO2 (mm Hg).", "contents": "A fluorocarbon emulsion with a high solubility for CO2. A stable emulsion can be prepared by subjecting a mixture of 30% (by volume) FC-80 fluorocarbon; a 0.3-M THAM solution titrated to pH 7.4 with HCl; and 0.04 g F68 Pluronic surfactant per milliliter FC-80 to ultrasonic energy. The emulsion has a density of 1.24 g/ml; and absolute viscosity of 2.4 centipoise; and an approximate fluorocarbon-droplet diameter of 3mu. The approximate CO2 content of the emulsion at partial pressures ranging from 30 to 60 mm Hg is 132 ml (STPD)/liter + (5.5 X PCO2). The O2 content in ml (STPD)/liter equals 0.213 X PO2 (mm Hg)."}
{"id": "PMID:951822", "title": "Gas phase separation during decompression in man: ultrasound monitoring.", "content": "During two dive series, one to 132 fsw and one to 210 fsw, Doppler ultrasonic bubble detectors were used to monitor venous gas bubbles in divers during decompression and for 30 min thereafter. Various decompression schedules were used. Bubble scores were evaluated by independent listerners to tape recordings in a blind manner. A significant increase in bubble scores throughout the stages of decompression and postdecompression was demonstrated as well as a statistically significant relationship between bubble score and decompression sickness. A reduction in mean bubble score was found in divers who made an additional deep decompression stop that was unrelated to the extension of the decompression time. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Gas phase separation during decompression in man: ultrasound monitoring. During two dive series, one to 132 fsw and one to 210 fsw, Doppler ultrasonic bubble detectors were used to monitor venous gas bubbles in divers during decompression and for 30 min thereafter. Various decompression schedules were used. Bubble scores were evaluated by independent listerners to tape recordings in a blind manner. A significant increase in bubble scores throughout the stages of decompression and postdecompression was demonstrated as well as a statistically significant relationship between bubble score and decompression sickness. A reduction in mean bubble score was found in divers who made an additional deep decompression stop that was unrelated to the extension of the decompression time. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:951823", "title": "Effects of a hyperbaric environment on respiratory and monoamine oxidase activities.", "content": "The effects of a prolonged hyperbaric environment (21 ATA He-O2, 200 +/- 30 mm Hg O2, 32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) were investigated on the respiratory activity of rat liver homogenates and the activity of monoamine oxidase in isolated rat-liver preparations. Exposure to a hyperbaric environment for 84 days caused selective in vitro inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate, D-isocitrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate by rat-liver homogenates. The addition of NAD to the reaction mixture decreased the degree of such an inhibition. No effects on the in vitro activity of liver monoamine oxidase and its inhibition by pheniprazine were observed during exposure of animals to a prolonged high-pressure environment.", "contents": "Effects of a hyperbaric environment on respiratory and monoamine oxidase activities. The effects of a prolonged hyperbaric environment (21 ATA He-O2, 200 +/- 30 mm Hg O2, 32.5 +/- 1 degrees C) were investigated on the respiratory activity of rat liver homogenates and the activity of monoamine oxidase in isolated rat-liver preparations. Exposure to a hyperbaric environment for 84 days caused selective in vitro inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate, D-isocitrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate by rat-liver homogenates. The addition of NAD to the reaction mixture decreased the degree of such an inhibition. No effects on the in vitro activity of liver monoamine oxidase and its inhibition by pheniprazine were observed during exposure of animals to a prolonged high-pressure environment."}
{"id": "PMID:951824", "title": "Alteration of high pressure nervous syndrome in rats by alteration of colonic temperature.", "content": "The components of the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) have been clearly described previously. Animal studies of HPNS, however, have been characterized by nonstandardized definitions of the various HPNS parameters, based on visual observations. Where EEG's have been used in HPNS studies, the frequent occurrence of movement-induced artifact has made much of the data difficult to interpret. Because of these limitations, efforts to clarify the influence of environmental variables on the syndrome have led to varying results, especially with respect to the influence of temperature. The technique used in this study consistently yielded artifact-free EEGs from unanesthetized, moving rats during simulated heliox dives. Typical seizure patterns in the EEG recordings were combined with clinical seizure activity to define HPNS convulsion-threshold pressure (Pc). By manipulating body temperature artificially, three groups of rats were investigated--hypothermic, euthermic, and hyperthermic animals. An inverse relationship between body temperature and HPNS convulsion-threshold pressure was demonstrated.", "contents": "Alteration of high pressure nervous syndrome in rats by alteration of colonic temperature. The components of the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) have been clearly described previously. Animal studies of HPNS, however, have been characterized by nonstandardized definitions of the various HPNS parameters, based on visual observations. Where EEG's have been used in HPNS studies, the frequent occurrence of movement-induced artifact has made much of the data difficult to interpret. Because of these limitations, efforts to clarify the influence of environmental variables on the syndrome have led to varying results, especially with respect to the influence of temperature. The technique used in this study consistently yielded artifact-free EEGs from unanesthetized, moving rats during simulated heliox dives. Typical seizure patterns in the EEG recordings were combined with clinical seizure activity to define HPNS convulsion-threshold pressure (Pc). By manipulating body temperature artificially, three groups of rats were investigated--hypothermic, euthermic, and hyperthermic animals. An inverse relationship between body temperature and HPNS convulsion-threshold pressure was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:951825", "title": "The effect of high pressure on the hemolysis of red blood cells.", "content": "Investigations into the effects of pressure on the hypotonic hemolysis of human erythrocytes show that pressures up to 130 atm (1700 psi) do not potentiate the hemolysis as has previously been suggested. Furthermore, such pressures do not remove the protection against hypotonic hemolysis conferred by the presence of general anesthetics to more than a negligible extent.", "contents": "The effect of high pressure on the hemolysis of red blood cells. Investigations into the effects of pressure on the hypotonic hemolysis of human erythrocytes show that pressures up to 130 atm (1700 psi) do not potentiate the hemolysis as has previously been suggested. Furthermore, such pressures do not remove the protection against hypotonic hemolysis conferred by the presence of general anesthetics to more than a negligible extent."}
{"id": "PMID:951826", "title": "Effects of nicotinic acid on plasma volume loss of experimental dysbarism.", "content": "Two groups of dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were subjected to compression of 60 psig for 60 min and decompressed at the rate of 10 psi/min without staging. Plasma volume was measured in each group by I131-tagged albumin dilution technique prior to compression, 10 min and 60 min after decompression. One group of animals received no other treatment and the other group received 15 mg/kg of body weight of nicotinic acid by intravenous injection immediately prior to compression and an additional 7.5 mg/kg of body weight of nicotinic acid 30 min after decompression. Both the untreated and the nicotinic acid-treated animals lost significant plasma volume at both the 10- and 60-min postdecompression measurements. Nicotinic acid-treated animals lost significantly less plasma.", "contents": "Effects of nicotinic acid on plasma volume loss of experimental dysbarism. Two groups of dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were subjected to compression of 60 psig for 60 min and decompressed at the rate of 10 psi/min without staging. Plasma volume was measured in each group by I131-tagged albumin dilution technique prior to compression, 10 min and 60 min after decompression. One group of animals received no other treatment and the other group received 15 mg/kg of body weight of nicotinic acid by intravenous injection immediately prior to compression and an additional 7.5 mg/kg of body weight of nicotinic acid 30 min after decompression. Both the untreated and the nicotinic acid-treated animals lost significant plasma volume at both the 10- and 60-min postdecompression measurements. Nicotinic acid-treated animals lost significantly less plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:951827", "title": "Dysbaric osteonecrosis in mice.", "content": "The histopathology of dysbaric osteonecrosis and the influence of the number of exposures, compression rate, and obesity on the incidence and latency of the lesion were studied in 438 mice (2505 bones were examined). The animals were subjected to 75 psig air pressure for 2-6 hours (single or multiple exposures). Compression was rapid or stage. Decompression was safe. Osteonecrosis developed in the epiphysis of the tibia and/or femur in 34.1% of obese and in 5.8% of thin animals after a latent period of 2 to at least 12 months. It was concluded that: 1. dysbaric osteonecrosis appears to be independent of decompression sickness; 2. in obese mice the incidence is higher and the latent period shorter; 3. multiple exposures result in higher incidence and earlier lesions than single exposure; 4. the incidence is lower with stage than with rapid compression; 5. the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis may involve several factors (circulatory impairment by extravascular or intravascular bubbles, emboli, thrombi, vasoactive substances, gas-induced osmosis, autoimmunity) acting in concert or in sequence.", "contents": "Dysbaric osteonecrosis in mice. The histopathology of dysbaric osteonecrosis and the influence of the number of exposures, compression rate, and obesity on the incidence and latency of the lesion were studied in 438 mice (2505 bones were examined). The animals were subjected to 75 psig air pressure for 2-6 hours (single or multiple exposures). Compression was rapid or stage. Decompression was safe. Osteonecrosis developed in the epiphysis of the tibia and/or femur in 34.1% of obese and in 5.8% of thin animals after a latent period of 2 to at least 12 months. It was concluded that: 1. dysbaric osteonecrosis appears to be independent of decompression sickness; 2. in obese mice the incidence is higher and the latent period shorter; 3. multiple exposures result in higher incidence and earlier lesions than single exposure; 4. the incidence is lower with stage than with rapid compression; 5. the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis may involve several factors (circulatory impairment by extravascular or intravascular bubbles, emboli, thrombi, vasoactive substances, gas-induced osmosis, autoimmunity) acting in concert or in sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:951828", "title": "Changes in rat respiratory behavior under varying PCO2 levels and argon content in hyperbaric Ar-O2-CO2 atmospheres.", "content": "An anesthetized rat preparation has been used for breathing studies in hyperbaric Ar-O2-CO2 atmospheres in which total saturation pressure was varied in the range 1-19.1 ATA and PCO2 was set at levels of 0.0, 0.05 or 0.10 ATA. The variables monitored were respiration rate and an isotonic measure of diaphragm-twitch amplitude during contracture/relaxation (twitch index). The results indicate that: (1) hyperbaric Ar-O2 atmospheres are able to maintain the animal in stable condition for several hours; (2) elevation in PCO2 level produces enhancements in respiration rate and twitch index that are markedly dependent on the PAr level; (3) successive increases in PAr are able to lower progressively the effects on both breathing parameters produced by either 0.05 or 0.10 ATA of CO2, with full abolition of both effects of inhaled CO2 in the PAr range 14-19 ATA; and (4) the intrinsic ability of hyperbaric argon to abolish respiratory enhancement by CO2 is greater than that of hyperbaric helium. These results have been discussed in terms of possible CNS loci at which hyperbaric argon (or helium) is able to antagonize centrally induced effects from dissolved molecular species derived from inspired CO2, and in relation to the broader task of control of excitatory/inhibitory centers of the CNS during diving by manipulation of the partial pressures of diluent components of breathing-gas mixtures.", "contents": "Changes in rat respiratory behavior under varying PCO2 levels and argon content in hyperbaric Ar-O2-CO2 atmospheres. An anesthetized rat preparation has been used for breathing studies in hyperbaric Ar-O2-CO2 atmospheres in which total saturation pressure was varied in the range 1-19.1 ATA and PCO2 was set at levels of 0.0, 0.05 or 0.10 ATA. The variables monitored were respiration rate and an isotonic measure of diaphragm-twitch amplitude during contracture/relaxation (twitch index). The results indicate that: (1) hyperbaric Ar-O2 atmospheres are able to maintain the animal in stable condition for several hours; (2) elevation in PCO2 level produces enhancements in respiration rate and twitch index that are markedly dependent on the PAr level; (3) successive increases in PAr are able to lower progressively the effects on both breathing parameters produced by either 0.05 or 0.10 ATA of CO2, with full abolition of both effects of inhaled CO2 in the PAr range 14-19 ATA; and (4) the intrinsic ability of hyperbaric argon to abolish respiratory enhancement by CO2 is greater than that of hyperbaric helium. These results have been discussed in terms of possible CNS loci at which hyperbaric argon (or helium) is able to antagonize centrally induced effects from dissolved molecular species derived from inspired CO2, and in relation to the broader task of control of excitatory/inhibitory centers of the CNS during diving by manipulation of the partial pressures of diluent components of breathing-gas mixtures."}
{"id": "PMID:951829", "title": "Exercise tolerance at 4 and 6 ATA.", "content": "Seven normal male subjects performed 5-min bicycle exercise ranging from 50-100% maximum oxygen uptake at 4 ATA and three were also studied at 6 ATA. At all pressures, the subjects breathed 0.2 ATA O2 plus nitrogen. All subjects were able to perform maximum work at all pressures. No pressure-dependent variations in heart rate, O2 uptake, or CO2 output were noted. At both 4 and 6 ATA, ventilation was decreased at exercise levels greater than 80% maximum O2 uptake. The magnitude of the decrease was not great, however, and signified only minor CO2 retention. In some instances exercise ventilation closely approached the 15-S maximum breathing capacity and these subjects noted severe dyspnea, possibly due to dynamic compression of large airways. In three subjects, respiratory frequency was measured as well as minute ventilation; this relationship did not change with depth. Subjects performing heavy exercise at 6 ATA noted disturbances of consciousness, presumably due to N2 narcosis.", "contents": "Exercise tolerance at 4 and 6 ATA. Seven normal male subjects performed 5-min bicycle exercise ranging from 50-100% maximum oxygen uptake at 4 ATA and three were also studied at 6 ATA. At all pressures, the subjects breathed 0.2 ATA O2 plus nitrogen. All subjects were able to perform maximum work at all pressures. No pressure-dependent variations in heart rate, O2 uptake, or CO2 output were noted. At both 4 and 6 ATA, ventilation was decreased at exercise levels greater than 80% maximum O2 uptake. The magnitude of the decrease was not great, however, and signified only minor CO2 retention. In some instances exercise ventilation closely approached the 15-S maximum breathing capacity and these subjects noted severe dyspnea, possibly due to dynamic compression of large airways. In three subjects, respiratory frequency was measured as well as minute ventilation; this relationship did not change with depth. Subjects performing heavy exercise at 6 ATA noted disturbances of consciousness, presumably due to N2 narcosis."}
{"id": "PMID:951830", "title": "Kinetics of fibrinogen and platelet adherence to biomaterials.", "content": "The initial task was to establish a conceptually and materially simple test procedure that could quantitate and evaluate the thrombogenic potential of a biomaterial surface. Since the primary events of thrombus formation on prosthetic surfaces are believed to involve the deposition of a plasma protein monolayer followed by platelet adhesion to its fibrinogen component, it seemed reasonable to focus on the binding kinetics of fibrinogen and platelets to a commonly used biomaterial. Employing solutions of 125I-fibrinogen in buffered saline, the adsorption characteristics of several types of biomedical tubing could be compared, and the competition and exchange among plasma proteins at surface binding sites of PVC were evaluated. Human platelets with 51Cr were found to adhere to PVC surfaces proportional to surface fibrinogen concentration, but only in the presence of plasma; the circulation of labelled platelets in buffered saline only resulted in significant adherence to the native surface, while surface fibrinogen was inhibitory. Physiological concentrations of albumin were the most effective in preventing both fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adherence. The most important consequence of this work, perhaps, is the many avenues of future experimentation discovered from this methodological approach, not only in the thrombogenic evaluation of a specific biomedical surface, but also in the delineation of thrombogenic sequelae in general.", "contents": "Kinetics of fibrinogen and platelet adherence to biomaterials. The initial task was to establish a conceptually and materially simple test procedure that could quantitate and evaluate the thrombogenic potential of a biomaterial surface. Since the primary events of thrombus formation on prosthetic surfaces are believed to involve the deposition of a plasma protein monolayer followed by platelet adhesion to its fibrinogen component, it seemed reasonable to focus on the binding kinetics of fibrinogen and platelets to a commonly used biomaterial. Employing solutions of 125I-fibrinogen in buffered saline, the adsorption characteristics of several types of biomedical tubing could be compared, and the competition and exchange among plasma proteins at surface binding sites of PVC were evaluated. Human platelets with 51Cr were found to adhere to PVC surfaces proportional to surface fibrinogen concentration, but only in the presence of plasma; the circulation of labelled platelets in buffered saline only resulted in significant adherence to the native surface, while surface fibrinogen was inhibitory. Physiological concentrations of albumin were the most effective in preventing both fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adherence. The most important consequence of this work, perhaps, is the many avenues of future experimentation discovered from this methodological approach, not only in the thrombogenic evaluation of a specific biomedical surface, but also in the delineation of thrombogenic sequelae in general."}
{"id": "PMID:951835", "title": "Tin-protein binding kinetics in normal and uremic plasma and its effect on dialysis fluxes.", "content": "A high affinity of plasma protein for tin has been demonstrated by ultrafiltration studies. At physiologic concentrations, UF/P remained below 1%, consistent with more than 99% binding. Binding of tin was nearly complete despite a decrease in plasma protein concentration to 3.5 Gm% and an increase in plasma tin by 80 mg/L. This binding inhibits efflux of tin from plasma during dialysis while influx occurs readily. This may be a mechanism for accumulation of tin in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. A mechanism for tin chelation could be clinically beneficial in the syndrome of dialysis dementia.", "contents": "Tin-protein binding kinetics in normal and uremic plasma and its effect on dialysis fluxes. A high affinity of plasma protein for tin has been demonstrated by ultrafiltration studies. At physiologic concentrations, UF/P remained below 1%, consistent with more than 99% binding. Binding of tin was nearly complete despite a decrease in plasma protein concentration to 3.5 Gm% and an increase in plasma tin by 80 mg/L. This binding inhibits efflux of tin from plasma during dialysis while influx occurs readily. This may be a mechanism for accumulation of tin in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. A mechanism for tin chelation could be clinically beneficial in the syndrome of dialysis dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:951837", "title": "Essential amino acid metabolism in maintenance dialysis patients.", "content": "Oral and I.V. administration of a mixture of essential amino acids to normal and dialysis patients revealed: 1. First pass metabolism (FPM) occurred for all administered amino acids in both normal and dialysis patients, and was variable in both populations. however, FPM appeared lower for phenylalanine and higher for methionine in the dialysis group. 2. Net metabolic clearance rate was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) for leucine, isoleucine, threonine and phenylalanine, and tended to be lower for valine and lysine in the dialysis group. 3. With the exception of phenylalanine and valine the apparent volume of distribution did not differ between normals and maintenance dialysis patients. 4. These studies indicate the existence of a variety of significant abnormalities in the metabolism of specific essential amino acids, and suggests a defect in muscle metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in maintenance dialysis patients.", "contents": "Essential amino acid metabolism in maintenance dialysis patients. Oral and I.V. administration of a mixture of essential amino acids to normal and dialysis patients revealed: 1. First pass metabolism (FPM) occurred for all administered amino acids in both normal and dialysis patients, and was variable in both populations. however, FPM appeared lower for phenylalanine and higher for methionine in the dialysis group. 2. Net metabolic clearance rate was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) for leucine, isoleucine, threonine and phenylalanine, and tended to be lower for valine and lysine in the dialysis group. 3. With the exception of phenylalanine and valine the apparent volume of distribution did not differ between normals and maintenance dialysis patients. 4. These studies indicate the existence of a variety of significant abnormalities in the metabolism of specific essential amino acids, and suggests a defect in muscle metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in maintenance dialysis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:951840", "title": "A new method for analysis of the adsorbed plasma protein layer on biomaterial surfaces.", "content": "The composition and dynamics of the protein film adsorbed onto surfaces from blood plasma remains unknown to biomaterials development. In situ radioiodination followed by elution and electrophoretic analysis has been demonstrated as a sensitive and versatile technique for analysis of these films. Iodine-125I was incorporated into protein using iodine monochloride. After film washing, and elution with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), proteins were subject to SDS gel electrophoresis for MW determination. Disulfide bond reduction with dithiothreitol was also employed to detect the presence of protein subunits. Fibrinogen, albumin and IgG were readily identified when adsorbed from a single protein solution onto teflon or silicone rubber. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein layer adsorbed from plasma revealed a complex pattern of up to 8 iodinated protein species. Iodinated protein with electrophoretic behavior consistent with fibrinogen and albumin was always found after plasma exposure, but proteins of apparent MW 7-10,000; 12,000; 25,000 and others remain unidentified. Adsorbed protein patterns varied with plasma source, type of material, and time of plasma exposure.", "contents": "A new method for analysis of the adsorbed plasma protein layer on biomaterial surfaces. The composition and dynamics of the protein film adsorbed onto surfaces from blood plasma remains unknown to biomaterials development. In situ radioiodination followed by elution and electrophoretic analysis has been demonstrated as a sensitive and versatile technique for analysis of these films. Iodine-125I was incorporated into protein using iodine monochloride. After film washing, and elution with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), proteins were subject to SDS gel electrophoresis for MW determination. Disulfide bond reduction with dithiothreitol was also employed to detect the presence of protein subunits. Fibrinogen, albumin and IgG were readily identified when adsorbed from a single protein solution onto teflon or silicone rubber. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein layer adsorbed from plasma revealed a complex pattern of up to 8 iodinated protein species. Iodinated protein with electrophoretic behavior consistent with fibrinogen and albumin was always found after plasma exposure, but proteins of apparent MW 7-10,000; 12,000; 25,000 and others remain unidentified. Adsorbed protein patterns varied with plasma source, type of material, and time of plasma exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:951842", "title": "Deposition of platelets and fibrin on chemically modifide collagen hollow fibers.", "content": "A new technique was devised for interaction studies between human blood and chemically modified amorphous collagen surfaces. Blood is drawn directly from an antecubital vein, through saline-filled collagen hollow fibers, at either constant flow for varying time or constant time at varying flow. Platelets and fibrin were deposited more rapidly and in greater numbers on methylated surfaces and more slowly and to a lesser extent on succinylated surfaces than on native surfaces. Increasing blood flow was associated with increased fibrin formation. Adherent platelets spread over 3-8 mu of methylated surface, but retained a spherical shape (1-2 mu) on succinylated and native surfaces. Thus, charge modification of collagen significantly alters platelet adhesion, subsequent platelet morphology, and fibrin deposition. Methylated surfaces are thrombogenic and succinylated ones are relatively thrombo-resistant.", "contents": "Deposition of platelets and fibrin on chemically modifide collagen hollow fibers. A new technique was devised for interaction studies between human blood and chemically modified amorphous collagen surfaces. Blood is drawn directly from an antecubital vein, through saline-filled collagen hollow fibers, at either constant flow for varying time or constant time at varying flow. Platelets and fibrin were deposited more rapidly and in greater numbers on methylated surfaces and more slowly and to a lesser extent on succinylated surfaces than on native surfaces. Increasing blood flow was associated with increased fibrin formation. Adherent platelets spread over 3-8 mu of methylated surface, but retained a spherical shape (1-2 mu) on succinylated and native surfaces. Thus, charge modification of collagen significantly alters platelet adhesion, subsequent platelet morphology, and fibrin deposition. Methylated surfaces are thrombogenic and succinylated ones are relatively thrombo-resistant."}
{"id": "PMID:951844", "title": "Platelets, foreign surfaces, and heparin.", "content": "These studies clearly indicate that heparin has 2 antagonistic effects in this platelet-foreign surface interaction; it acts directly on platelets to increase retention, while acting on the foreign surface to reduce platelet retention, perhaps by competing for cationic sites. This study also suggests that it is unlikely that heparin bonding confers reduced surface thrombogenicity by virtue of the ability to leach off that surface and that further studies in heparin bonding or other surface modification should consider the antiplatelet effect which can easily be studied in vitro.", "contents": "Platelets, foreign surfaces, and heparin. These studies clearly indicate that heparin has 2 antagonistic effects in this platelet-foreign surface interaction; it acts directly on platelets to increase retention, while acting on the foreign surface to reduce platelet retention, perhaps by competing for cationic sites. This study also suggests that it is unlikely that heparin bonding confers reduced surface thrombogenicity by virtue of the ability to leach off that surface and that further studies in heparin bonding or other surface modification should consider the antiplatelet effect which can easily be studied in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:951845", "title": "An intrathoracic solenoid drive system for chronic left ventricular bypass.", "content": "The performance of an implantable Left Ventricular Assist System (LVAS), utilizing an advanced solenoid energy converter, has been extensively studied in vivo. For optimum system efficiency, reliability and responsiveness, the energy converter and blood pump are integrated into a single compact unit, which is implanted intrathoracically in an 80 Kg calf. The MK19 LVAS is battery operated and controlled by a miniature analog computer and is completely self-regulating. The maximum hemodynamic power provided by this circulatory assist system is 4 watts with cardiac outputs up to 10 L/min and a total system efficiency of 30%. LVAS function has been studied in a series of 19 calf experiments progressing through acute, model and chronic evaluations. Development of the implantation protocols and hemodynamic characterization were achieved in a series of 8 acute experiments. Long-term studies were conducted for periods up to 43 days in a series, including 2 control experiments using non-functional models and 9 functional LVAS chronic experiments. Aortic, left ventricular and left atrial pressures, pulmonary artery flow and pump outflow were monitored with chronically implanted transducers. A dedicated minicomputer provided real-time hemodynamic analysis and continuous surveillance of physiologic and LVAS parameters. In acute studies and in the immediate post-operative period of chronic experiments, synchronous LVAS operation reduced peak LV pressures to 30 mm Hg with cardiac outputs of 5 to 7 L/min. In chronic studies, with recovery of normal LV function, long-term synchronous operation was maintained, without capture of the total cardiac output and with significantly reduced ventricular unloading.", "contents": "An intrathoracic solenoid drive system for chronic left ventricular bypass. The performance of an implantable Left Ventricular Assist System (LVAS), utilizing an advanced solenoid energy converter, has been extensively studied in vivo. For optimum system efficiency, reliability and responsiveness, the energy converter and blood pump are integrated into a single compact unit, which is implanted intrathoracically in an 80 Kg calf. The MK19 LVAS is battery operated and controlled by a miniature analog computer and is completely self-regulating. The maximum hemodynamic power provided by this circulatory assist system is 4 watts with cardiac outputs up to 10 L/min and a total system efficiency of 30%. LVAS function has been studied in a series of 19 calf experiments progressing through acute, model and chronic evaluations. Development of the implantation protocols and hemodynamic characterization were achieved in a series of 8 acute experiments. Long-term studies were conducted for periods up to 43 days in a series, including 2 control experiments using non-functional models and 9 functional LVAS chronic experiments. Aortic, left ventricular and left atrial pressures, pulmonary artery flow and pump outflow were monitored with chronically implanted transducers. A dedicated minicomputer provided real-time hemodynamic analysis and continuous surveillance of physiologic and LVAS parameters. In acute studies and in the immediate post-operative period of chronic experiments, synchronous LVAS operation reduced peak LV pressures to 30 mm Hg with cardiac outputs of 5 to 7 L/min. In chronic studies, with recovery of normal LV function, long-term synchronous operation was maintained, without capture of the total cardiac output and with significantly reduced ventricular unloading."}
{"id": "PMID:951848", "title": "Creation of double-outlet left ventricles for left ventricular outflow obstructions: initial clinical results in six patients.", "content": "Operations for supravalvular, valvular, and subvalvular stenoses are frequently complicated by aortic insufficiency, recurrence, or aortic valve prosthetic malfunction. Without surgery, increasing left ventricular pressures, myocardial hypertrophy, congestive failure, and sudden death are common. Following an extended series of bovine experiments, we have created double-outlet left ventricles in 6 patients. All but one had been operated on previously for combined supravalvular, valvular, or subvalvular aortic stenosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. All left ventricular-ascending aortic gradients were markedly decreased and the deranged left ventricular physiologic indices returned toward normal following operation and discharge from the hospital. None of these patients is receiving Coumadin, and none has exhibited any deleterious effects from the fractionation of left ventricular output, cephalad and caudad. Our current prosthesis is a composite consisting of a special LTI carbon inlet tube with a left ventricular apical sewing ring and graft extension anastomosed to a Hancock prosthesis of appropriate size. The procedure is simple, reproducible, effective, and has much to recommend. Special conduits are now being fabricated for future use. In certain instances, this approach may have advantages over conventional primary aortic valvotomy in infants or valve replacement in adults.", "contents": "Creation of double-outlet left ventricles for left ventricular outflow obstructions: initial clinical results in six patients. Operations for supravalvular, valvular, and subvalvular stenoses are frequently complicated by aortic insufficiency, recurrence, or aortic valve prosthetic malfunction. Without surgery, increasing left ventricular pressures, myocardial hypertrophy, congestive failure, and sudden death are common. Following an extended series of bovine experiments, we have created double-outlet left ventricles in 6 patients. All but one had been operated on previously for combined supravalvular, valvular, or subvalvular aortic stenosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. All left ventricular-ascending aortic gradients were markedly decreased and the deranged left ventricular physiologic indices returned toward normal following operation and discharge from the hospital. None of these patients is receiving Coumadin, and none has exhibited any deleterious effects from the fractionation of left ventricular output, cephalad and caudad. Our current prosthesis is a composite consisting of a special LTI carbon inlet tube with a left ventricular apical sewing ring and graft extension anastomosed to a Hancock prosthesis of appropriate size. The procedure is simple, reproducible, effective, and has much to recommend. Special conduits are now being fabricated for future use. In certain instances, this approach may have advantages over conventional primary aortic valvotomy in infants or valve replacement in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:951849", "title": "The in vitro assessment of left ventricular flow patterns on the closure of a new mitral valve \"bioprosthesis\".", "content": "A new pulse duplication system, which we feel closely simulates not only the geometry but the pressure and flow phenomena in the left heart under phasic conditions, has been developed. A new mitral valve replacement, in a truncated cone or frustum configuration is being evaluated, utilizing this test facility. Flow patterns around the mitral valve appear to close the leaflets well prior to the onset of gradient reversal across the orifice.", "contents": "The in vitro assessment of left ventricular flow patterns on the closure of a new mitral valve \"bioprosthesis\". A new pulse duplication system, which we feel closely simulates not only the geometry but the pressure and flow phenomena in the left heart under phasic conditions, has been developed. A new mitral valve replacement, in a truncated cone or frustum configuration is being evaluated, utilizing this test facility. Flow patterns around the mitral valve appear to close the leaflets well prior to the onset of gradient reversal across the orifice."}
{"id": "PMID:951850", "title": "Automatic control of the artificial heart.", "content": "An automatic control system has been developed to balance and control the output of an artificial heart. The system consisted of 2 linked negative feedback loops. The left ventricle was controlled by a Servo-Stroke Optimizer, which insured complete filling and full stroke operation of the left pump with each beat and changed the beat rate in accord with changes in aortic pressure. The right ventricle was controlled by a Servo-Variable Systolic Duration unit, which changed the stroke of the right ventricle to maintain the left atrial pressure within a preset band. In the initial animal studies, control pressures (aortic and left atrial pressure) were obtained from implanted transducers. More recently, a method has been devised whereby the control pressures were obtained from specific points on the left air line pressure wave, obviating the need for implanted transducers. The control system has been evaluated in a mock circulatory loop and in 9 calves with implanted artificial hearts. The system has provided balance of the 2 implanted ventricles and changes in flow rate in response to changes in peripheral resistance. The need for an operator to make manual adjustment to the power units has been considerably reduced. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the function of the control system in animals performing moderate-to-maximal exercise. Furthermore, the ultimate benefits of full stroke operation vs fill limited mode operation remain to be delineated.", "contents": "Automatic control of the artificial heart. An automatic control system has been developed to balance and control the output of an artificial heart. The system consisted of 2 linked negative feedback loops. The left ventricle was controlled by a Servo-Stroke Optimizer, which insured complete filling and full stroke operation of the left pump with each beat and changed the beat rate in accord with changes in aortic pressure. The right ventricle was controlled by a Servo-Variable Systolic Duration unit, which changed the stroke of the right ventricle to maintain the left atrial pressure within a preset band. In the initial animal studies, control pressures (aortic and left atrial pressure) were obtained from implanted transducers. More recently, a method has been devised whereby the control pressures were obtained from specific points on the left air line pressure wave, obviating the need for implanted transducers. The control system has been evaluated in a mock circulatory loop and in 9 calves with implanted artificial hearts. The system has provided balance of the 2 implanted ventricles and changes in flow rate in response to changes in peripheral resistance. The need for an operator to make manual adjustment to the power units has been considerably reduced. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the function of the control system in animals performing moderate-to-maximal exercise. Furthermore, the ultimate benefits of full stroke operation vs fill limited mode operation remain to be delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:951851", "title": "Transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) without an auxiliary ventricle.", "content": "A simple transapical left ventricular bypass system employing a roller pump, transapical LV withdrawal catheter, and outflow filter for continuous blood filtration, has been developed and evaluated in unanesthetized sheep for periods beyond 2 wks. The system provides continuous partial LV bypass and is capable of totally maintaining the circulation in the presence of a vasodilator or when total bypass is desired. Blood damage is minimal and blood transfusions have not been required. The transapical withdrawal catheter has been left in the LV apex beyond 4 mos and demonstrates thrombus formation and myocardial histological changes which suggest this catheter should be removed after pumping or long-term anticoagulation provided.", "contents": "Transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) without an auxiliary ventricle. A simple transapical left ventricular bypass system employing a roller pump, transapical LV withdrawal catheter, and outflow filter for continuous blood filtration, has been developed and evaluated in unanesthetized sheep for periods beyond 2 wks. The system provides continuous partial LV bypass and is capable of totally maintaining the circulation in the presence of a vasodilator or when total bypass is desired. Blood damage is minimal and blood transfusions have not been required. The transapical withdrawal catheter has been left in the LV apex beyond 4 mos and demonstrates thrombus formation and myocardial histological changes which suggest this catheter should be removed after pumping or long-term anticoagulation provided."}
{"id": "PMID:951854", "title": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) subcutaneous arteriovenous conduit: an improved vascular access for chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "The early results with 84 PTFE grafts used as subcutaneous A-V conduits for vascular access in 72 patients requiring chronic hemodialysis have been quite promising. Initial follow-up has revealed that these grafts functioned at least as well as the bovine heterograft, and the complications seen within the 2 groups being somewhat similar. Should the complications and rate of complications with PTFE be no greater than those seen with the bovine heterograft, then its availability, ease of handling and significant decrease in cost would make the PTFE graft a significant improvement as a means of creating vascular access for chronic hemodialysis.", "contents": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) subcutaneous arteriovenous conduit: an improved vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. The early results with 84 PTFE grafts used as subcutaneous A-V conduits for vascular access in 72 patients requiring chronic hemodialysis have been quite promising. Initial follow-up has revealed that these grafts functioned at least as well as the bovine heterograft, and the complications seen within the 2 groups being somewhat similar. Should the complications and rate of complications with PTFE be no greater than those seen with the bovine heterograft, then its availability, ease of handling and significant decrease in cost would make the PTFE graft a significant improvement as a means of creating vascular access for chronic hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:951856", "title": "Initial approach to blood access for the chronic hemodialysis patient--the bovine heterograft.", "content": "Experience with the modified bovine heterograft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis in 79 grafts in 73 patients over an 18 mo period is analyzed. An immediate (30 day) patency rate of 97.5%, and a 12 mo cumulative patency rate of 73.9% was observed. Early and late complication rates were acceptably low, despite early usage in 80% of cases. It is concluded that the bovine fistula provides an acceptable blood access route for the initial approach to the patient in urgent need of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Initial approach to blood access for the chronic hemodialysis patient--the bovine heterograft. Experience with the modified bovine heterograft arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis in 79 grafts in 73 patients over an 18 mo period is analyzed. An immediate (30 day) patency rate of 97.5%, and a 12 mo cumulative patency rate of 73.9% was observed. Early and late complication rates were acceptably low, despite early usage in 80% of cases. It is concluded that the bovine fistula provides an acceptable blood access route for the initial approach to the patient in urgent need of hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:951857", "title": "An upper arm A-V fistula for hemodialysis patients with distal access failures.", "content": "The technique of creating an upper arm side-to-side A-V fistula in patients with forearm vascular access failures has been described. The procedure has been used extensively in patients in Japan with a high degree of success. The limited U.S. experience has confirmed that the procedure results in trouble-free, reliable vascular access. It is proposed as an alternative approach for patients with forearm access failures.", "contents": "An upper arm A-V fistula for hemodialysis patients with distal access failures. The technique of creating an upper arm side-to-side A-V fistula in patients with forearm vascular access failures has been described. The procedure has been used extensively in patients in Japan with a high degree of success. The limited U.S. experience has confirmed that the procedure results in trouble-free, reliable vascular access. It is proposed as an alternative approach for patients with forearm access failures."}
{"id": "PMID:951858", "title": "A reassessment of the prognosis of diabetic patients treated by chronic hemodialysis (CHD).", "content": "Our early results in 25 diabetics treated by CHD prior to 1972, compared to results in a further 66 diabetics starting CHD since 1972, show an improvement in survival related to a reduction in deaths from myocardial infarction and sepsis. There has been a reduction in complications requiring hospital admission, related to a lower incidence of sepsis. Access survival has been markedly improved since the introduction of the bovine fistula.", "contents": "A reassessment of the prognosis of diabetic patients treated by chronic hemodialysis (CHD). Our early results in 25 diabetics treated by CHD prior to 1972, compared to results in a further 66 diabetics starting CHD since 1972, show an improvement in survival related to a reduction in deaths from myocardial infarction and sepsis. There has been a reduction in complications requiring hospital admission, related to a lower incidence of sepsis. Access survival has been markedly improved since the introduction of the bovine fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:951859", "title": "Metabolic changes in diabetic uremic patients on hemodialysis.", "content": "By studying the metabolic values of a nondiabetic and diabetic uremic population we demonstrated the following: 1. Insulin is higher in diabetic than nondiabetic uremic patients. A slight arteriovenous difference across the dialyzer membrane suggests that insulin is dialyzable in small amounts in man. 2. C-peptides are highest in nondiabetics, lower in maturity onset diabetics, and lowest in juvenile diabetics. 3. Growth hormone is higher in diabetics than nondiabetics, decreased in both groups during hemodialysis, and returns to pre-dialysis levels 2 hrs after the completion of dialysis treatment. 4. Plasma triglycerides are elevated in both popualtions during the fasting state anddrop during hemodialysis, rising slowly towards the end of hemodialysis. 5. The majority of diabetics on hemodialysis have low renin levels and do not respond to volume reduction. In the high renin diabetics and high and low renin nondiabetics the plasma renin levels rise in response to volume reduction during hemodialysis. Renin is not dialyzable in man. 6. Thyroid function tests show that diabetic and nondiabetic patients have measurements in the low normal range. Our results reveal significant information concerning metabolic changes which take place in diabetic and nondiabetic uremic patients on hemodialysis and helps to characterize these populations. This report may have implications in better understanding the nature of the problems encountered in these populations and in their management (Table III).", "contents": "Metabolic changes in diabetic uremic patients on hemodialysis. By studying the metabolic values of a nondiabetic and diabetic uremic population we demonstrated the following: 1. Insulin is higher in diabetic than nondiabetic uremic patients. A slight arteriovenous difference across the dialyzer membrane suggests that insulin is dialyzable in small amounts in man. 2. C-peptides are highest in nondiabetics, lower in maturity onset diabetics, and lowest in juvenile diabetics. 3. Growth hormone is higher in diabetics than nondiabetics, decreased in both groups during hemodialysis, and returns to pre-dialysis levels 2 hrs after the completion of dialysis treatment. 4. Plasma triglycerides are elevated in both popualtions during the fasting state anddrop during hemodialysis, rising slowly towards the end of hemodialysis. 5. The majority of diabetics on hemodialysis have low renin levels and do not respond to volume reduction. In the high renin diabetics and high and low renin nondiabetics the plasma renin levels rise in response to volume reduction during hemodialysis. Renin is not dialyzable in man. 6. Thyroid function tests show that diabetic and nondiabetic patients have measurements in the low normal range. Our results reveal significant information concerning metabolic changes which take place in diabetic and nondiabetic uremic patients on hemodialysis and helps to characterize these populations. This report may have implications in better understanding the nature of the problems encountered in these populations and in their management (Table III)."}
{"id": "PMID:951861", "title": "The adsorption of sympathomimetic agents by activated carbon hemoperfusion.", "content": "Sympathomimetic agents with mixed and pure alpha and beta adrenergic activity are adsorbed by coconut shell activated carbon from blood, sufficiently rapidly to markedly reduce the activity of these agents. The results of this study suggest that the site of injection of sympathomimetic agents being considered for correcting hypotension during activated carbon hemoperfusion be selected to permit systemic mixing before circulation into the adsorption device.", "contents": "The adsorption of sympathomimetic agents by activated carbon hemoperfusion. Sympathomimetic agents with mixed and pure alpha and beta adrenergic activity are adsorbed by coconut shell activated carbon from blood, sufficiently rapidly to markedly reduce the activity of these agents. The results of this study suggest that the site of injection of sympathomimetic agents being considered for correcting hypotension during activated carbon hemoperfusion be selected to permit systemic mixing before circulation into the adsorption device."}
{"id": "PMID:951862", "title": "Medical nephrectomy. The use of metallic salts for the control of massive proteinuria in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with intractable massive proteinuria and uremia were followed and treated with standard mecial therapy and dialysis. After a period of study and demonstration of clinical deterioration both patients were given solutions containing sodium mercaptomerin. Within days there was a decline in urine protein excretion and a variable increase in serum protein concentration. The patients demonstrated an increase in blood pressure, which made hemodialysis treatment possible. No deleterious effects from the mercury salts were noted. These observations suggest that in selected cases nephrotoxic agents may be of value in decreasing massive proteinuria, and improving protein homeostasis in uremic patients. Table I: Possible advantages of medical nephrectomy. 1. Reversal of hypotension and shock 2. Ability to perform hemodialysis 3. No anesthesia or surgical risk 4. No angiography related complications 5. Preservation of endocrine function of kidney. Possible advantages of medical nephrectomy (Table I), are: 1) Correction of proteinuria and hypotension; 2) Ability to perform hemodialysis; 3) No anesthesia or surgical risk; 4) No angiography related complications; and 5) Preservation of remaining endocrine function of the kidney, including erythropoietic and vitamin D action. The ideal agent should be non-toxic to other organs and produce selective renal ablation. Obviously mercury is not the ideal agent, although in these cases it did not produce observable side effects. It appears that this agent should be used with caution and only in patients with irreversible renal failure.", "contents": "Medical nephrectomy. The use of metallic salts for the control of massive proteinuria in the nephrotic syndrome. Two patients with intractable massive proteinuria and uremia were followed and treated with standard mecial therapy and dialysis. After a period of study and demonstration of clinical deterioration both patients were given solutions containing sodium mercaptomerin. Within days there was a decline in urine protein excretion and a variable increase in serum protein concentration. The patients demonstrated an increase in blood pressure, which made hemodialysis treatment possible. No deleterious effects from the mercury salts were noted. These observations suggest that in selected cases nephrotoxic agents may be of value in decreasing massive proteinuria, and improving protein homeostasis in uremic patients. Table I: Possible advantages of medical nephrectomy. 1. Reversal of hypotension and shock 2. Ability to perform hemodialysis 3. No anesthesia or surgical risk 4. No angiography related complications 5. Preservation of endocrine function of kidney. Possible advantages of medical nephrectomy (Table I), are: 1) Correction of proteinuria and hypotension; 2) Ability to perform hemodialysis; 3) No anesthesia or surgical risk; 4) No angiography related complications; and 5) Preservation of remaining endocrine function of the kidney, including erythropoietic and vitamin D action. The ideal agent should be non-toxic to other organs and produce selective renal ablation. Obviously mercury is not the ideal agent, although in these cases it did not produce observable side effects. It appears that this agent should be used with caution and only in patients with irreversible renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:951863", "title": "Carbenicillin inactivation of aminoglycosides in patients with severe renal failure.", "content": "Carbenicillin appears to produce clinically important inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics in patients with severe renal failure. If combination carbenicillin/aminoglycoside therapy is used in patients with severe renal failure, the dose of carbenicillin must be adjusted to renal function and serum levels of both drugs should be monitored. Even with therapeutic serum carbenicillin levels (100-200 mug/ml), large doses of aminoglycosides may be required to achieve therapeutic serum levels and this may increase the risk of toxicity.", "contents": "Carbenicillin inactivation of aminoglycosides in patients with severe renal failure. Carbenicillin appears to produce clinically important inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics in patients with severe renal failure. If combination carbenicillin/aminoglycoside therapy is used in patients with severe renal failure, the dose of carbenicillin must be adjusted to renal function and serum levels of both drugs should be monitored. Even with therapeutic serum carbenicillin levels (100-200 mug/ml), large doses of aminoglycosides may be required to achieve therapeutic serum levels and this may increase the risk of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:951865", "title": "A comparison of three ventricles used for left ventricular bypass in the calf.", "content": "Long-term synchronized left ventricular bypass has been performed in calves using pneumatically powered pumps having a smooth lining fabricated of segmented polyurethane. Three different pump designs have been employed: a) sac pump, b) longitudinal tethered sac pump, and c) transverse tethered sac pump. Sizeable thrombi occurred in the apex of the sac and longitudinal tethered sac pumps. In the transverse tethered sac pumps, a considerably smaller thrombus was seen only at the flexion point on the inlet side of the pump. Thrombi occurred in areas of low flow velocity and were not prevented by anticoagulation or surface coating techniques. This study indicates the importance of ventricle design in the development of thrombus free pumps and suggests modifications to the present pumps to reduce or eliminate thrombus formation.", "contents": "A comparison of three ventricles used for left ventricular bypass in the calf. Long-term synchronized left ventricular bypass has been performed in calves using pneumatically powered pumps having a smooth lining fabricated of segmented polyurethane. Three different pump designs have been employed: a) sac pump, b) longitudinal tethered sac pump, and c) transverse tethered sac pump. Sizeable thrombi occurred in the apex of the sac and longitudinal tethered sac pumps. In the transverse tethered sac pumps, a considerably smaller thrombus was seen only at the flexion point on the inlet side of the pump. Thrombi occurred in areas of low flow velocity and were not prevented by anticoagulation or surface coating techniques. This study indicates the importance of ventricle design in the development of thrombus free pumps and suggests modifications to the present pumps to reduce or eliminate thrombus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:951866", "title": "New methods for the in vitro investigations of the flow patterns in artificial hearts.", "content": "With the 3 applied methods one can investigate and obtain most of the interesting aspects of the flow within blood pumps: an integral picture of the flow, the development and position of stagnation flow, the time course of the velocity in points of special interest, the turbulence, and an integral picture of the mean boundary layer flow. The measurements have shown that the flow in the blood pumps is turbulent, the turbulence can be considered harmless, because its intensity is much weaker than that of a valve; there is a correspondence between the hotfilm method and the dye-washout method, and that there is a correspondence between the dye-washout method and the in vivo clot formation. Pumps, which have been designed according to these measurements, have been implanted in a series of calves. The pumps now have a smooth continuous inner surface and usually show no thrombus formation at all (anticoagulants are used) at the postmortem. Some animals do very well, such as the one in Figure 16 during his daily walk of 500 M on the treadmill. The animal is in its 45th day of survival and remains well to date.", "contents": "New methods for the in vitro investigations of the flow patterns in artificial hearts. With the 3 applied methods one can investigate and obtain most of the interesting aspects of the flow within blood pumps: an integral picture of the flow, the development and position of stagnation flow, the time course of the velocity in points of special interest, the turbulence, and an integral picture of the mean boundary layer flow. The measurements have shown that the flow in the blood pumps is turbulent, the turbulence can be considered harmless, because its intensity is much weaker than that of a valve; there is a correspondence between the hotfilm method and the dye-washout method, and that there is a correspondence between the dye-washout method and the in vivo clot formation. Pumps, which have been designed according to these measurements, have been implanted in a series of calves. The pumps now have a smooth continuous inner surface and usually show no thrombus formation at all (anticoagulants are used) at the postmortem. Some animals do very well, such as the one in Figure 16 during his daily walk of 500 M on the treadmill. The animal is in its 45th day of survival and remains well to date."}
{"id": "PMID:951867", "title": "Saving the aortic and pulmonary artery valves with total heart replacement.", "content": "The natural aortic and pulmonary artery valves can be saved with excision of the ventricles and inflow valves. These valves remain functional and unaltered with implantation of an artificial heart, when pumped for 96 and 122 days. The capacity of the artificial heart to meet the physiological needs of the animal, during exercise and body growth, over 3 and 4 mos has been documented. All of the parameters monitored in 2 experiments for 3 mos (and continuing) and 4 mos clearly demonstrates the efficacy of meeting the cardiac needs with an artificial heart.", "contents": "Saving the aortic and pulmonary artery valves with total heart replacement. The natural aortic and pulmonary artery valves can be saved with excision of the ventricles and inflow valves. These valves remain functional and unaltered with implantation of an artificial heart, when pumped for 96 and 122 days. The capacity of the artificial heart to meet the physiological needs of the animal, during exercise and body growth, over 3 and 4 mos has been documented. All of the parameters monitored in 2 experiments for 3 mos (and continuing) and 4 mos clearly demonstrates the efficacy of meeting the cardiac needs with an artificial heart."}
{"id": "PMID:951868", "title": "Chronic evaluations of ventricular ejection phase dynamics during abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) pumping in the awake, unanesthetized calf.", "content": "In 1974, between 2 and 8% of the 50,000 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery in this country succumbed in the early post-operative period from left ventricular failure, despite various methods of pharmacologic and/or mechanical support. Our laboratories have concentrated on the development, modification, evaluation, and validation of an abdominally positioned left ventricular assist device which has the potential of reducing these mortalities. Continuous testing in animals, for periods exceeding 2 mos, satisfied reliability, durability and longevity requirements. The cumulative results of these investigations were reviewed at the National Heart and Lung Institute on August 21, 1975. Authorization for clinical trials of the device according to specific criteria and protocols46 was approved on November 1, 1975. The ALVAD is now in the early stages of clinical testing. The results of the current experiments demonstrate that ventricular outflow impedance and prosthetic inflow impedance are the major determinants of left ventricular assist device hemodynamic effectiveness. By markedly reducing outflow impedance, the ALVAD profoundly lowers ventricular pressure-work and oxygen demands while simultaneously increasing ventricular performance and maintaining or augmenting systemic perfusion. Moreover, our studies indicate that improved device designs (intended for intermediate and long-term implantation) and maximal performance can be achieved by focusing on these central determinants.", "contents": "Chronic evaluations of ventricular ejection phase dynamics during abdominal left ventricular assist device (ALVAD) pumping in the awake, unanesthetized calf. In 1974, between 2 and 8% of the 50,000 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery in this country succumbed in the early post-operative period from left ventricular failure, despite various methods of pharmacologic and/or mechanical support. Our laboratories have concentrated on the development, modification, evaluation, and validation of an abdominally positioned left ventricular assist device which has the potential of reducing these mortalities. Continuous testing in animals, for periods exceeding 2 mos, satisfied reliability, durability and longevity requirements. The cumulative results of these investigations were reviewed at the National Heart and Lung Institute on August 21, 1975. Authorization for clinical trials of the device according to specific criteria and protocols46 was approved on November 1, 1975. The ALVAD is now in the early stages of clinical testing. The results of the current experiments demonstrate that ventricular outflow impedance and prosthetic inflow impedance are the major determinants of left ventricular assist device hemodynamic effectiveness. By markedly reducing outflow impedance, the ALVAD profoundly lowers ventricular pressure-work and oxygen demands while simultaneously increasing ventricular performance and maintaining or augmenting systemic perfusion. Moreover, our studies indicate that improved device designs (intended for intermediate and long-term implantation) and maximal performance can be achieved by focusing on these central determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:951870", "title": "Thermodynamics of native protein/foreign surface interactions. IV. Calorimetric and microelectrophoretic study of human fibrinogen sorption onto glass and LTI-carbon.", "content": "1. According to a working hypothesis put forward in the previous papers of this series2-4, the initial phases of native blood/foreign surface interactions have been considered within the framework of a physicochemical model of contact activation at the molecular level. The salient features of this hypothesis are: a) the arrival and adsorption of native plasma proteins on a contact surface overwhelmingly precedes that of the cellular blood components; b) the interaction energy that arises between a particular foreign surface and native plasma proteins settling on it, is a characteristic quantity depending upon the effective surface molecular structure as well as the nature of the proteins; c) the \"intensity\" of native protein/foreign surface interactions can be treated in terms of thermodynamic quantities since these energy terms are independent of the type of forces acting between protein and surface; and d) depending upon the degree to which the adsorption of a native protein is thermodynamically favored by enthalpy and/or entropy factors, the interaction energy can be utilized to induce conformational changes of varying degree in the sorbed protein. 2. Using glass and low temperature isotropic (LTI) carbon adsorbents, i.e., a known procoagulant and a relevant biomaterial, respectively, the adsorption properties and the potential surface-induced conformational changes of high-purity native human fibrinogen (clottability greater than or equal to 92%) were studied, at 25 degrees C, by 3 independent methods. In all of the experiments performed, a) both adsorbents were employed in the form of particles less than or equal to 1.0 mu representing specific surface areas of 9.85 M2/Gm and 27.7 (nominal) M2/Gm for the glass and LTI-carbon powders, respectively, and b) the fibrinogen was absorbed from a standaridized buffer (pH = 7.2, ionic strength 0.05) using the same fixed surface area/protein solution volume ratio with a given adsorbent. 3. The 25 degrees C adsorption isotherms of fibrinogen obtained for both the glass and LTI-carbon powder adsorbents are not amenable to Langmuir type analysis but indicate multilayer sorption with a possible change in binding mechanism after the completion of the first sorbed monolayer. The adsorptivities attained at first monolayer coverage were slightly greater on glass (approximately 0.76 mug/cm2) than on LTI-carbon (approximately 0.52 mug/cm2). 4. Using a custom-built, thermistorized, isothermal-jacketed microcalorimeter routinely capable of resolving temperature changes of 0.00001 degrees C in 100 ml of aqueous sample volume, the \"intensity\" of interaction between fibrinogen and each of the microparticulate adsorbents was studied by the direct measurement of the net overall enthalpy changes, hI(SLP)25 arising as a result of protein adsorption. From these values, the net heat of protein sorption has been determined...", "contents": "Thermodynamics of native protein/foreign surface interactions. IV. Calorimetric and microelectrophoretic study of human fibrinogen sorption onto glass and LTI-carbon. 1. According to a working hypothesis put forward in the previous papers of this series2-4, the initial phases of native blood/foreign surface interactions have been considered within the framework of a physicochemical model of contact activation at the molecular level. The salient features of this hypothesis are: a) the arrival and adsorption of native plasma proteins on a contact surface overwhelmingly precedes that of the cellular blood components; b) the interaction energy that arises between a particular foreign surface and native plasma proteins settling on it, is a characteristic quantity depending upon the effective surface molecular structure as well as the nature of the proteins; c) the \"intensity\" of native protein/foreign surface interactions can be treated in terms of thermodynamic quantities since these energy terms are independent of the type of forces acting between protein and surface; and d) depending upon the degree to which the adsorption of a native protein is thermodynamically favored by enthalpy and/or entropy factors, the interaction energy can be utilized to induce conformational changes of varying degree in the sorbed protein. 2. Using glass and low temperature isotropic (LTI) carbon adsorbents, i.e., a known procoagulant and a relevant biomaterial, respectively, the adsorption properties and the potential surface-induced conformational changes of high-purity native human fibrinogen (clottability greater than or equal to 92%) were studied, at 25 degrees C, by 3 independent methods. In all of the experiments performed, a) both adsorbents were employed in the form of particles less than or equal to 1.0 mu representing specific surface areas of 9.85 M2/Gm and 27.7 (nominal) M2/Gm for the glass and LTI-carbon powders, respectively, and b) the fibrinogen was absorbed from a standaridized buffer (pH = 7.2, ionic strength 0.05) using the same fixed surface area/protein solution volume ratio with a given adsorbent. 3. The 25 degrees C adsorption isotherms of fibrinogen obtained for both the glass and LTI-carbon powder adsorbents are not amenable to Langmuir type analysis but indicate multilayer sorption with a possible change in binding mechanism after the completion of the first sorbed monolayer. The adsorptivities attained at first monolayer coverage were slightly greater on glass (approximately 0.76 mug/cm2) than on LTI-carbon (approximately 0.52 mug/cm2). 4. Using a custom-built, thermistorized, isothermal-jacketed microcalorimeter routinely capable of resolving temperature changes of 0.00001 degrees C in 100 ml of aqueous sample volume, the \"intensity\" of interaction between fibrinogen and each of the microparticulate adsorbents was studied by the direct measurement of the net overall enthalpy changes, hI(SLP)25 arising as a result of protein adsorption. From these values, the net heat of protein sorption has been determined..."}
{"id": "PMID:951872", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of blood compatible surfaces. Part I. Dynamic tube test applied to heparinized surfaces.", "content": "A 3 yr study has shown that this test procedure can monitor subtle differences in surface chemistry with a high degree of reproducibility. Based on the present studies, the test appears to be a valid screening tool for examining materials in a dynamic flow situation without the need for animal sacrifice often associated with blood testing. Also, due to the small amount of blood required, numerous samples can be run on the same animal which is extremely advantageous when comparing treatment methods. In addition, the simplicity of the test should make it easily adaptable to most blood testing laboratories.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of blood compatible surfaces. Part I. Dynamic tube test applied to heparinized surfaces. A 3 yr study has shown that this test procedure can monitor subtle differences in surface chemistry with a high degree of reproducibility. Based on the present studies, the test appears to be a valid screening tool for examining materials in a dynamic flow situation without the need for animal sacrifice often associated with blood testing. Also, due to the small amount of blood required, numerous samples can be run on the same animal which is extremely advantageous when comparing treatment methods. In addition, the simplicity of the test should make it easily adaptable to most blood testing laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:951873", "title": "The intravascular magnetic suspension of a test device for in vivo hemocompatibility evaluation of biomaterials.", "content": "To advance hemocompatibility evaluation techniques, a new in vivo method has been developed for the dynamic testing of candidate biomaterials in suitably-sized experimental animals. One of the salient features this method is that the material to be evaluated constitutes the blood contact surface of a slender body of revolution which is coaxially suspended in a large canine vessel by electromagnetic forces only. The insertion site of the specimen is distal and downstream to the test region, reducing the influence of thrombotic tissue substances. These experimental conditions also insure that the only chronically exposed foreign surface is that of the test material, whose interactions with blood components are not affected by contact with the vessel intima. As demonstrated in simulated Circulation Model experiments, macroscopic thromboembolic phenomena induced by the test material can be continuously monitored. Preliminary in vivo trials have verified the validity of the underlying principles; the feasibility of the required surgical techniques, and the adequate performance of the suspension system.", "contents": "The intravascular magnetic suspension of a test device for in vivo hemocompatibility evaluation of biomaterials. To advance hemocompatibility evaluation techniques, a new in vivo method has been developed for the dynamic testing of candidate biomaterials in suitably-sized experimental animals. One of the salient features this method is that the material to be evaluated constitutes the blood contact surface of a slender body of revolution which is coaxially suspended in a large canine vessel by electromagnetic forces only. The insertion site of the specimen is distal and downstream to the test region, reducing the influence of thrombotic tissue substances. These experimental conditions also insure that the only chronically exposed foreign surface is that of the test material, whose interactions with blood components are not affected by contact with the vessel intima. As demonstrated in simulated Circulation Model experiments, macroscopic thromboembolic phenomena induced by the test material can be continuously monitored. Preliminary in vivo trials have verified the validity of the underlying principles; the feasibility of the required surgical techniques, and the adequate performance of the suspension system."}
{"id": "PMID:951878", "title": "Treatment of bone disease in patients on chronic hemodialysis with dihydrotachysterol.", "content": "Nine out of 24 patients on chronic hemodialysis were found to have biochemical, radiologic and bone biopsy evidence of moderate to severe bone disease. Two patients had bone pain and muscle weakness, 2 had pseudofractures, and one patient had a pathologic fracture of the neck of the femur. Eight patients were treated with dihydrotachysterol (D.H.T.), 0.25 to 0.37 mg/day initially. Four patients required doses between 0.5 and 1.0 mg daily. The alkaline phosphatase decreased in all patients, returning to normal in 6 patients. The symptoms of bone pain and muscle weakness resolved, and the pseudofractures healed. Repeat bone biopsies were performed in 6 patients 12 mos or more after treatment with D.H.T. The osteoid area fell from 29.6 +/- 22.8 to 11.5 +/- 7.5% (p less than 0.025). Resorptive surface decreased in all patients. D.H.T., in doses of up to 1.0 mg/day, is effective in the treatment of both the osteitis fibrosa and the osteomalacic component of bone disease in patients on hemodialysis.", "contents": "Treatment of bone disease in patients on chronic hemodialysis with dihydrotachysterol. Nine out of 24 patients on chronic hemodialysis were found to have biochemical, radiologic and bone biopsy evidence of moderate to severe bone disease. Two patients had bone pain and muscle weakness, 2 had pseudofractures, and one patient had a pathologic fracture of the neck of the femur. Eight patients were treated with dihydrotachysterol (D.H.T.), 0.25 to 0.37 mg/day initially. Four patients required doses between 0.5 and 1.0 mg daily. The alkaline phosphatase decreased in all patients, returning to normal in 6 patients. The symptoms of bone pain and muscle weakness resolved, and the pseudofractures healed. Repeat bone biopsies were performed in 6 patients 12 mos or more after treatment with D.H.T. The osteoid area fell from 29.6 +/- 22.8 to 11.5 +/- 7.5% (p less than 0.025). Resorptive surface decreased in all patients. D.H.T., in doses of up to 1.0 mg/day, is effective in the treatment of both the osteitis fibrosa and the osteomalacic component of bone disease in patients on hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:951881", "title": "Measurement of the transmittance coefficient spectrum of Cuprophan and RP69 membranes: applications to middle molecule removal via ultrafiltration.", "content": "The transmittance coefficients of Cuprophan PT-150 and Rhone-Poulenc AN69 have been defined over a broad MW range. The results can be completely characterized by a simple Gaussian distribution employing 2 parameters, the selectivity and the mean molecular diameter. The selectivities of the membranes studies are identical. The mean MW at 50% cutoff for Cuprophan and RP69 are 2,500 and 11,500, respectively. A membrane model illustrating a semi-empirical correlation between permeability and transmittance has been developed.", "contents": "Measurement of the transmittance coefficient spectrum of Cuprophan and RP69 membranes: applications to middle molecule removal via ultrafiltration. The transmittance coefficients of Cuprophan PT-150 and Rhone-Poulenc AN69 have been defined over a broad MW range. The results can be completely characterized by a simple Gaussian distribution employing 2 parameters, the selectivity and the mean molecular diameter. The selectivities of the membranes studies are identical. The mean MW at 50% cutoff for Cuprophan and RP69 are 2,500 and 11,500, respectively. A membrane model illustrating a semi-empirical correlation between permeability and transmittance has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:951885", "title": "Successful use of a totally heparin grafted hemodialysis system in sheep.", "content": "A total of 33 totally heparin-grafted dialysis systems using HFAK Cordis Dow Models 3 and 4 have been compared to a total of 23 nongrafted systems. The comparison of deltap, flow rate, FBVL and macroscopic inspection showed highly significant differences in favor of the heparin-grafted systems. The antithrombogenic performance of the totally heparin-grafted systems is mainly due to a small leakage of heparin during the experiments. A minimum of 1.35 X 10(-8) Gm/cm2/min of heparin is sufficient to prevent clotting at the blood-polymer interface.", "contents": "Successful use of a totally heparin grafted hemodialysis system in sheep. A total of 33 totally heparin-grafted dialysis systems using HFAK Cordis Dow Models 3 and 4 have been compared to a total of 23 nongrafted systems. The comparison of deltap, flow rate, FBVL and macroscopic inspection showed highly significant differences in favor of the heparin-grafted systems. The antithrombogenic performance of the totally heparin-grafted systems is mainly due to a small leakage of heparin during the experiments. A minimum of 1.35 X 10(-8) Gm/cm2/min of heparin is sufficient to prevent clotting at the blood-polymer interface."}
{"id": "PMID:951886", "title": "Endothelial-cell development: pressure-flow phenomena.", "content": "Scanning electron micrographs showed directional orientation and cytoplasmic changes in the seeded cells after 21 days of perfusion. From this evidence it is theorized that human fibroblasts, exposed to physiological pressures and flows, exhibit morphological characteristics similar to arterial endothelial cells. Conceivably, cells other than fibroblasts (i.e., multipotential cells) would show the same response to these pressure and flow conditions.", "contents": "Endothelial-cell development: pressure-flow phenomena. Scanning electron micrographs showed directional orientation and cytoplasmic changes in the seeded cells after 21 days of perfusion. From this evidence it is theorized that human fibroblasts, exposed to physiological pressures and flows, exhibit morphological characteristics similar to arterial endothelial cells. Conceivably, cells other than fibroblasts (i.e., multipotential cells) would show the same response to these pressure and flow conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:951891", "title": "Treatment of digitalis intoxication by charcoal hemoperfusion (CHP).", "content": "In the present communication, we demonstrate the removal of digoxin both in vitro and in vivo from digoxin intoxicated dogs by use of hemoperfusion over activated charcoal. In vitro drug removal was 33 ml/min at mean blood flow rates of 160 ml/min. By 30 mins of in vitro perfusion 51% of drug was removed from the reservoir and by 2 1/2 hrs 83%. In vivo clearance in dogs was 55 ml/min at blood flow rates of 150 ml/min. In view of the poor success that has been encountered in the treatment of digoxin intoxication with other modalities, charcoal hemoperfusion may represent an effective method of rapid digoxin removal from blood.", "contents": "Treatment of digitalis intoxication by charcoal hemoperfusion (CHP). In the present communication, we demonstrate the removal of digoxin both in vitro and in vivo from digoxin intoxicated dogs by use of hemoperfusion over activated charcoal. In vitro drug removal was 33 ml/min at mean blood flow rates of 160 ml/min. By 30 mins of in vitro perfusion 51% of drug was removed from the reservoir and by 2 1/2 hrs 83%. In vivo clearance in dogs was 55 ml/min at blood flow rates of 150 ml/min. In view of the poor success that has been encountered in the treatment of digoxin intoxication with other modalities, charcoal hemoperfusion may represent an effective method of rapid digoxin removal from blood."}
{"id": "PMID:951895", "title": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary support in infancy.", "content": "We have used prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the treatment of 13 moribund infants (including 9 neonates), with 4 survivors (3 neonates). Successfully treated cases include post-operative cardiac failure, infant respiratory distress syndrome, massive meconium aspiration, and persistent fetal circulation. All cases have been managed with veno-arterial bypass at flow rates of 80-100 cc/Kg/min. Carotid cannulation for arterial access and careful control of heparin anticoagulation based on whole blood activated clotting time are among the techniques which have contributed to this success. Progressive pulmonary or cardiac failure has been the major problem in older infants, intracranial bleeding is the major problem in neonates. Both of these problems could be minimized by instituting ECMO earlier in the clinical course, but this awaits development of reliable early predictors of mortality.", "contents": "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary support in infancy. We have used prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the treatment of 13 moribund infants (including 9 neonates), with 4 survivors (3 neonates). Successfully treated cases include post-operative cardiac failure, infant respiratory distress syndrome, massive meconium aspiration, and persistent fetal circulation. All cases have been managed with veno-arterial bypass at flow rates of 80-100 cc/Kg/min. Carotid cannulation for arterial access and careful control of heparin anticoagulation based on whole blood activated clotting time are among the techniques which have contributed to this success. Progressive pulmonary or cardiac failure has been the major problem in older infants, intracranial bleeding is the major problem in neonates. Both of these problems could be minimized by instituting ECMO earlier in the clinical course, but this awaits development of reliable early predictors of mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:951896", "title": "The hypertension of long-term hemodialysis patients: studies with an angiotensin II antagonist (P113).", "content": "1. A P113 Saralasin infusion test was performed in 10 patients on long-term regular hemodialysis. Six patients were considered to have hypertension resistant to dialysis treatment and 4 had their arterial pressure controlled by dialysis. 2. Five out of 6 resistant and 3 out of 4 responsive patients had a positive response to Saralasin associated with a normalization of diastolic arterial pressure. 3. The value of the Saralasin infusion test to pre-select the patients for bilateral nephrectomy is discussed and it is felt that a negative test may be of more value in encouraging more aggressive ultrafiltration in hypertension apparently resistant to dialysis therapy.", "contents": "The hypertension of long-term hemodialysis patients: studies with an angiotensin II antagonist (P113). 1. A P113 Saralasin infusion test was performed in 10 patients on long-term regular hemodialysis. Six patients were considered to have hypertension resistant to dialysis treatment and 4 had their arterial pressure controlled by dialysis. 2. Five out of 6 resistant and 3 out of 4 responsive patients had a positive response to Saralasin associated with a normalization of diastolic arterial pressure. 3. The value of the Saralasin infusion test to pre-select the patients for bilateral nephrectomy is discussed and it is felt that a negative test may be of more value in encouraging more aggressive ultrafiltration in hypertension apparently resistant to dialysis therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:951899", "title": "[Disease of operated stomach as an aftereffect of resection without sufficient indications and surgical errors].", "content": "Poor issues in the most cases concerned were due to gastric resection either not adeqately indicated of performed with technical shortcomings. It is quite possible to reduce considerably the number of poor late results if the resection is performed on strict indications with proper accomplished of its technical details.", "contents": "[Disease of operated stomach as an aftereffect of resection without sufficient indications and surgical errors]. Poor issues in the most cases concerned were due to gastric resection either not adeqately indicated of performed with technical shortcomings. It is quite possible to reduce considerably the number of poor late results if the resection is performed on strict indications with proper accomplished of its technical details."}
{"id": "PMID:951906", "title": "[Reutilization of the right-side approach in commissurotomy in recurrent mitral stenosis].", "content": "Based on histotopographic studies of heart specimens taken from patients died after commissurotomy with a right-side approach, and the experience with eleven mitral commissurotomies using an access via the interatrial septum repeatedly, it is concluded that a close mitral commissurotomy for reccurrent mitral stenosis with the repeat use of a right-side approach seems to be anatomically grounded and easy to be performed from the point of view of the operative technic. This intervention should be accomplished in patients with recurrent mitral stenosis, previously operated upon with a right-side access. The opportunities of reused right-side approach offer prerequisites for its wider application in primary commissurotomy.", "contents": "[Reutilization of the right-side approach in commissurotomy in recurrent mitral stenosis]. Based on histotopographic studies of heart specimens taken from patients died after commissurotomy with a right-side approach, and the experience with eleven mitral commissurotomies using an access via the interatrial septum repeatedly, it is concluded that a close mitral commissurotomy for reccurrent mitral stenosis with the repeat use of a right-side approach seems to be anatomically grounded and easy to be performed from the point of view of the operative technic. This intervention should be accomplished in patients with recurrent mitral stenosis, previously operated upon with a right-side access. The opportunities of reused right-side approach offer prerequisites for its wider application in primary commissurotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:951907", "title": "[Use of pleural obturator after pneumonectomy].", "content": "The authors suggested and employed in 34 patients a balloon-devise, that is inflated in the pleural cavity following a removal of the lung. This lessens plasma and hemorrhages, thus contributing to the prophylaxis of postoperative empyemas.", "contents": "[Use of pleural obturator after pneumonectomy]. The authors suggested and employed in 34 patients a balloon-devise, that is inflated in the pleural cavity following a removal of the lung. This lessens plasma and hemorrhages, thus contributing to the prophylaxis of postoperative empyemas."}
{"id": "PMID:951908", "title": "[Results of treatment of perforated peptic ulcer by the method of primary gastric resection].", "content": "Under observation were 315 patients subjected to primary gastric resection for perforated ulcer. Twelve patients died. Late results were followed up in 171 patients. Good issues were noted in 74.3 per cent, satisfactory--in 23.4 per cent and poor--in 2.3 per cent.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of perforated peptic ulcer by the method of primary gastric resection]. Under observation were 315 patients subjected to primary gastric resection for perforated ulcer. Twelve patients died. Late results were followed up in 171 patients. Good issues were noted in 74.3 per cent, satisfactory--in 23.4 per cent and poor--in 2.3 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:951909", "title": "[Does afferent loop syndrome exist?].", "content": "It is the author's opinion that diagnosis of the \"adducent loop syndrome\" is unlikely to be correct in patients subjected to Billroth-II gastrectomy. As evidence by the author's observations pains in the right subcostal space, bile vomiting following the gastric resection are mostly due to diseases of the pancreas, bile outflow passages and liver.", "contents": "[Does afferent loop syndrome exist?]. It is the author's opinion that diagnosis of the \"adducent loop syndrome\" is unlikely to be correct in patients subjected to Billroth-II gastrectomy. As evidence by the author's observations pains in the right subcostal space, bile vomiting following the gastric resection are mostly due to diseases of the pancreas, bile outflow passages and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:951910", "title": "[Postoperative complications and mortality in acute intestinal obstruction].", "content": "496 case reports of patients operated upon for various kinds of intestinal obstruction were analysed. Complications were studied in 202 (40.6%) patients. 93 patients died (19.7%). Peritonitis remains to be the main cause of death postoperatively (49.5 per cent to all lethal issues).", "contents": "[Postoperative complications and mortality in acute intestinal obstruction]. 496 case reports of patients operated upon for various kinds of intestinal obstruction were analysed. Complications were studied in 202 (40.6%) patients. 93 patients died (19.7%). Peritonitis remains to be the main cause of death postoperatively (49.5 per cent to all lethal issues)."}
{"id": "PMID:951912", "title": "[Surgical treatment of injuries of the posterior portion of the pelvic ring].", "content": "The technic of surgical treatment of pelvic fractures, elaborated by the author, is described. Totally, 30 patients were operated upon. Late results were studied in 26 patients. In 24 of them a complete recovery was observed, in 2--the capacity for work was found to be reduced.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of injuries of the posterior portion of the pelvic ring]. The technic of surgical treatment of pelvic fractures, elaborated by the author, is described. Totally, 30 patients were operated upon. Late results were studied in 26 patients. In 24 of them a complete recovery was observed, in 2--the capacity for work was found to be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:951913", "title": "[Ways of reduction of mortality in femoral neck fractures].", "content": "267 patients with fractures of the femoral neck were observed by the authors. A total mortality was 16.1%. In patients with medial fractures--12.2%, in trochanteric fractures--20.3%. Among patients operated upon during the first two days the mortaliity made 8.5%.", "contents": "[Ways of reduction of mortality in femoral neck fractures]. 267 patients with fractures of the femoral neck were observed by the authors. A total mortality was 16.1%. In patients with medial fractures--12.2%, in trochanteric fractures--20.3%. Among patients operated upon during the first two days the mortaliity made 8.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:951921", "title": "[Use of subnarcotic concentrations of methoxyflurane in children with burns].", "content": "A test is described, that makes it possible to determine changes likely to occur in the content of blood sugar after operations in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Use of subnarcotic concentrations of methoxyflurane in children with burns]. A test is described, that makes it possible to determine changes likely to occur in the content of blood sugar after operations in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:951923", "title": "Estimation of the developmental age of the ovine fetus and lamb.", "content": "Fifty-six fetuses and 33 lambs were obtained from a flock of ewes at set gestational intervals between 50 to 180 days after conception. The fetuses and lambs were killed, disected and the sizes and weights of a wide range of skeletal and soft tissues were measured. Five morphological parameters emerged as most suitable for the determination of normal foetal developmental age. By plotting the mean value and ninety-five per cent tolerance limits, the rates of growth and the variability of each parameter were studied. Crown-anus length is useful for determining fetal developmental age from 50 to 100 days gestation; brain weight, long bone length and the number of appendicular ossification centres can be used to determine fetal development age from 50 days gestation until term.", "contents": "Estimation of the developmental age of the ovine fetus and lamb. Fifty-six fetuses and 33 lambs were obtained from a flock of ewes at set gestational intervals between 50 to 180 days after conception. The fetuses and lambs were killed, disected and the sizes and weights of a wide range of skeletal and soft tissues were measured. Five morphological parameters emerged as most suitable for the determination of normal foetal developmental age. By plotting the mean value and ninety-five per cent tolerance limits, the rates of growth and the variability of each parameter were studied. Crown-anus length is useful for determining fetal developmental age from 50 to 100 days gestation; brain weight, long bone length and the number of appendicular ossification centres can be used to determine fetal development age from 50 days gestation until term."}
{"id": "PMID:951925", "title": "An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Indian elephants (Ellphas maximus).", "content": "Type O virus has been isolated from a natural outbreak of foot-and-mouth in Indian elephant. The history, symptoms and epizootology of this disease in these animals have also been described.", "contents": "An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Indian elephants (Ellphas maximus). Type O virus has been isolated from a natural outbreak of foot-and-mouth in Indian elephant. The history, symptoms and epizootology of this disease in these animals have also been described."}
{"id": "PMID:951927", "title": "[Thin-layer chromatographic demonstration of the herbicide zenkor].", "content": "Established were the thin-layer chromatography conditions for the demonstration of the herbicide Zenkor as a pure substance and a preparation. Comparative experiments were carried out applying Thomson and Stanley's thin-layer chromatography conditions and the authors' personal ones. Most adequate proved to be the following conditions: sorbent-Kieselgel 60F 254 (Merck); solvent -- chloroform: 1,4-dioxan (9:1); developer -- ultraviolet light (authors' technique). Essential with this method is the preliminary (prior to apply the pure substances on the thin-layer chromatographic plaque) moving of the plaque in the indicated mobile phase (authors' technique). Under these thin-layer chromatography conditions work is made feasible and the method is fast and simple, achieving high sensitivity -- 0.5 mug Zenkor.", "contents": "[Thin-layer chromatographic demonstration of the herbicide zenkor]. Established were the thin-layer chromatography conditions for the demonstration of the herbicide Zenkor as a pure substance and a preparation. Comparative experiments were carried out applying Thomson and Stanley's thin-layer chromatography conditions and the authors' personal ones. Most adequate proved to be the following conditions: sorbent-Kieselgel 60F 254 (Merck); solvent -- chloroform: 1,4-dioxan (9:1); developer -- ultraviolet light (authors' technique). Essential with this method is the preliminary (prior to apply the pure substances on the thin-layer chromatographic plaque) moving of the plaque in the indicated mobile phase (authors' technique). Under these thin-layer chromatography conditions work is made feasible and the method is fast and simple, achieving high sensitivity -- 0.5 mug Zenkor."}
{"id": "PMID:951928", "title": "[Enzootic dermonecrosis in chickens].", "content": "An enzootic of necrotic dermatosis in hen layers was described. The changes consisted in that they had constant localization and demarkated sites on the skin between the back and the neck. The disease was observed on a farm for 5000 layers in the course of two consecutive years. All birds contracted the disease and in the first year they recovered the 10 months; in second year they recovered for three months. Each bird showed symptoms for 3 weeks. The skin lesions resulted in cicatrization. The etiologic agent (a Pasteurella-like organism) was isolated from the necrotic foci. It proved pathogenic for albino mice and manifested biochemical activity and morphology characteristic of Pasteurella multocida. The disease was successfully reproduced with a broth culture applied on a scarified skin of test birds. Histopathologically, the spontaneous lesions proved undistinguishable from the experimental ones and represented coagulation necrosis of the epidermis, derm, and subcutis. It is supposed that the constant localization was due to the porte d'entrer of the infection, associated with the bad habit of picage on the neck as demonstrated on a large scale by the birds of the infected flock. This is characteristic of some lines of the White Leghorn breed.", "contents": "[Enzootic dermonecrosis in chickens]. An enzootic of necrotic dermatosis in hen layers was described. The changes consisted in that they had constant localization and demarkated sites on the skin between the back and the neck. The disease was observed on a farm for 5000 layers in the course of two consecutive years. All birds contracted the disease and in the first year they recovered the 10 months; in second year they recovered for three months. Each bird showed symptoms for 3 weeks. The skin lesions resulted in cicatrization. The etiologic agent (a Pasteurella-like organism) was isolated from the necrotic foci. It proved pathogenic for albino mice and manifested biochemical activity and morphology characteristic of Pasteurella multocida. The disease was successfully reproduced with a broth culture applied on a scarified skin of test birds. Histopathologically, the spontaneous lesions proved undistinguishable from the experimental ones and represented coagulation necrosis of the epidermis, derm, and subcutis. It is supposed that the constant localization was due to the porte d'entrer of the infection, associated with the bad habit of picage on the neck as demonstrated on a large scale by the birds of the infected flock. This is characteristic of some lines of the White Leghorn breed."}
{"id": "PMID:951929", "title": "[Adenovirus typing and distribution in swine].", "content": "Adenoviruses isolated from pigs (RO-KL; SA3; RO; and R10) and the prototypic strain Compton 25R, belonging to the 1st serologic group, are responsible for the formation of intranuclear bodies of the Cowdry-A type, while the virus Ad5 strain (isolated from humans) cause the formation of another variant of nuclear inclusions of the Cowdry-B type known as Central mass. All virus strains propagate in primary cell cultures of pig kidney and calf and rabbit kidney, calf testis, and in the stable cell line PK-15, showing negligible variations. Resistance and stability experiments have demonstrated that the investigated strains posses physico-chemical and morphologic properties that are characteristic of the adenoviruses. The virus strain isolated in Bulgaria, and the strains isolated in Hungary can be classified in the IVth serologic group of swine adenoviruses. The study of serum samples taken in different regions of Bulgaria and Hungary in order to establish adenovirus antibodies have revealed that in about 20.5 per cent of the swine sera in Hungary, and in 19 per cent, on an average, of the sera taken in Bulgaria there are adenovirus antibodies.", "contents": "[Adenovirus typing and distribution in swine]. Adenoviruses isolated from pigs (RO-KL; SA3; RO; and R10) and the prototypic strain Compton 25R, belonging to the 1st serologic group, are responsible for the formation of intranuclear bodies of the Cowdry-A type, while the virus Ad5 strain (isolated from humans) cause the formation of another variant of nuclear inclusions of the Cowdry-B type known as Central mass. All virus strains propagate in primary cell cultures of pig kidney and calf and rabbit kidney, calf testis, and in the stable cell line PK-15, showing negligible variations. Resistance and stability experiments have demonstrated that the investigated strains posses physico-chemical and morphologic properties that are characteristic of the adenoviruses. The virus strain isolated in Bulgaria, and the strains isolated in Hungary can be classified in the IVth serologic group of swine adenoviruses. The study of serum samples taken in different regions of Bulgaria and Hungary in order to establish adenovirus antibodies have revealed that in about 20.5 per cent of the swine sera in Hungary, and in 19 per cent, on an average, of the sera taken in Bulgaria there are adenovirus antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:951930", "title": "[Effect of some trace elements on Heterakis gallinarum invasion].", "content": "It was found that sodium chloride at the rate of 0.5 per cent in the mixtures lowers by 25 times the survival of the Heterakis helminths in birds, prevents the manifestation of verminous typhlitis, alters the ratio between the female and the male worms in favour of the latter, contributes to the increase in body weight and rises the level of the total protein in the blood serum, and changes the protein spectrum raising the level of globulins. Positive results at a lower size were established in feeding cobaltinitrite and soduim selenite to birds. Last ranked the effects produced with the offer of zinc sulfate. The admixture of sodium chloride at the rate of 0.5 per cent of birds is suggested both from the standpoint of Heterakis control and prophylaxis and from the point of view of pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Effect of some trace elements on Heterakis gallinarum invasion]. It was found that sodium chloride at the rate of 0.5 per cent in the mixtures lowers by 25 times the survival of the Heterakis helminths in birds, prevents the manifestation of verminous typhlitis, alters the ratio between the female and the male worms in favour of the latter, contributes to the increase in body weight and rises the level of the total protein in the blood serum, and changes the protein spectrum raising the level of globulins. Positive results at a lower size were established in feeding cobaltinitrite and soduim selenite to birds. Last ranked the effects produced with the offer of zinc sulfate. The admixture of sodium chloride at the rate of 0.5 per cent of birds is suggested both from the standpoint of Heterakis control and prophylaxis and from the point of view of pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:951931", "title": "[Hygienic studies of frozen ocean fish].", "content": "Studied were batches of frozen ocean mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis, Mitchill) during storage in a central base and in shops. The evaluation of the fish was made on the basis of organoleptic data, pH values, volatile bases, trimethylamin, volatile fatty acids, the amount of tissue fluids after Kietzmann, luminescence of musculature after Wittfogel, and through microbiologic study of the skin and musculature. It was found that the fish had been frozen in the fishing boats in a very good status. Great variations in the storage temperature are admitted in the central base, no correlation being established between the term of storage and the quantity of the product. The conditions for the preservation of the frozen fish in the shops where fish is especially sold are unappropriate--they contribute to the fast deterioration of the quality and the microbial status of the product.", "contents": "[Hygienic studies of frozen ocean fish]. Studied were batches of frozen ocean mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis, Mitchill) during storage in a central base and in shops. The evaluation of the fish was made on the basis of organoleptic data, pH values, volatile bases, trimethylamin, volatile fatty acids, the amount of tissue fluids after Kietzmann, luminescence of musculature after Wittfogel, and through microbiologic study of the skin and musculature. It was found that the fish had been frozen in the fishing boats in a very good status. Great variations in the storage temperature are admitted in the central base, no correlation being established between the term of storage and the quantity of the product. The conditions for the preservation of the frozen fish in the shops where fish is especially sold are unappropriate--they contribute to the fast deterioration of the quality and the microbial status of the product."}
{"id": "PMID:951932", "title": "[Organoleptic changes in beef and pork fats following gamma-ray irradiation].", "content": "Studied were bovine and swine fats that had been treated with gamma-rays at the rates of 0.10 to 2.00 Mrad, in the presence of oxygen and in an atmosphere containing no oxygen as well as under storage conditions at 2 to 4degreesC, and -- 18 and up to --20degreesC, for 45 and 90 days, respectively. When doses of 0.25 Mrad were used no changes in the organoleptic properties were observed. Fats that were treated at the rate of more than 0.25 Mrad in the presence of oxygen assumed 'side' smell and taste. If irradiation was carried out in the absence of oxygen no such deviations from the normal taste and odor were noted--at rates of up to 0.70 Mrad for the swine fats, and at rates of more than 0.50 Mrad for the bovine fats. Destruction of the yellow pigment in the bovine fats was observed at treatment with doses higher than 0.70 Mrad. The changes in the organoleptic properties corresponded to the changes taking place with the peroxides, the water soluble fatty acids, and the epihydrinaldehyde. Changes in the organoleptic properties (odor and taste) in the bovine fats took place at lower doses of iradiation than in the swine fats.", "contents": "[Organoleptic changes in beef and pork fats following gamma-ray irradiation]. Studied were bovine and swine fats that had been treated with gamma-rays at the rates of 0.10 to 2.00 Mrad, in the presence of oxygen and in an atmosphere containing no oxygen as well as under storage conditions at 2 to 4degreesC, and -- 18 and up to --20degreesC, for 45 and 90 days, respectively. When doses of 0.25 Mrad were used no changes in the organoleptic properties were observed. Fats that were treated at the rate of more than 0.25 Mrad in the presence of oxygen assumed 'side' smell and taste. If irradiation was carried out in the absence of oxygen no such deviations from the normal taste and odor were noted--at rates of up to 0.70 Mrad for the swine fats, and at rates of more than 0.50 Mrad for the bovine fats. Destruction of the yellow pigment in the bovine fats was observed at treatment with doses higher than 0.70 Mrad. The changes in the organoleptic properties corresponded to the changes taking place with the peroxides, the water soluble fatty acids, and the epihydrinaldehyde. Changes in the organoleptic properties (odor and taste) in the bovine fats took place at lower doses of iradiation than in the swine fats."}
{"id": "PMID:951933", "title": "[Determination of tin in food products using pyrocatechol violet].", "content": "Some incorrect points are referred to of Part II of Bulgarian State Standard 6853-74 \"Canned fruits, vegetables, meat, and meat-and-vegetables. Determining the content of stannum with the use of pyrocatecholviolet\" rendering difficult the analytic process and leading to false results. Another method for the evaluation of the stannum content making use of pyrocatecholviolet has been applied instead as suggested by the International Federation of Chemists. It makes feasible the determination of even small amounts of stannum (0-30 mug) which are usually encountered in the food products. A mathematic and statistical processing of the results obtained has been made.", "contents": "[Determination of tin in food products using pyrocatechol violet]. Some incorrect points are referred to of Part II of Bulgarian State Standard 6853-74 \"Canned fruits, vegetables, meat, and meat-and-vegetables. Determining the content of stannum with the use of pyrocatecholviolet\" rendering difficult the analytic process and leading to false results. Another method for the evaluation of the stannum content making use of pyrocatecholviolet has been applied instead as suggested by the International Federation of Chemists. It makes feasible the determination of even small amounts of stannum (0-30 mug) which are usually encountered in the food products. A mathematic and statistical processing of the results obtained has been made."}
{"id": "PMID:951934", "title": "[Comparative diagnostic studies of epididymitis in rams caused by Brucella ovis].", "content": "Semen samples taken from 21 rams with pronounced pathologic changes were studied in a complex way to establish the etiology contributing to the deterioration of the semen quality. The complement-fixation test was applied with blood serum and semen plasma along with the microscopic study of the semen for the excretion of Brucella ovis organisms and a clinical examination. The following results were obtained: 1. The semen plasma of 90.5 per cent of the rams was positive for Brucella ovis. A total of 80.9 per cent were CFT-positive, and the same per cent of the animals were positive for the excretion of Brucella ovis organisms with the semen. The three diagnostic methods give equally positive results in 84.2 per cent of the cases. 2. The clinical examination revealed gross lesions in the genital apparatus in 33.3 per cent of the investigated animals, which coincided with the results obtained through the above-mentioned three methods in 85.9 per cent of the cases. 3. The simultaneous application of the blood serum and semen CFT, the bacteriologic investigation of the semen, and the clinical examination makes it possible to establish the etiology responsible for the defective spermogram of the rams studied.", "contents": "[Comparative diagnostic studies of epididymitis in rams caused by Brucella ovis]. Semen samples taken from 21 rams with pronounced pathologic changes were studied in a complex way to establish the etiology contributing to the deterioration of the semen quality. The complement-fixation test was applied with blood serum and semen plasma along with the microscopic study of the semen for the excretion of Brucella ovis organisms and a clinical examination. The following results were obtained: 1. The semen plasma of 90.5 per cent of the rams was positive for Brucella ovis. A total of 80.9 per cent were CFT-positive, and the same per cent of the animals were positive for the excretion of Brucella ovis organisms with the semen. The three diagnostic methods give equally positive results in 84.2 per cent of the cases. 2. The clinical examination revealed gross lesions in the genital apparatus in 33.3 per cent of the investigated animals, which coincided with the results obtained through the above-mentioned three methods in 85.9 per cent of the cases. 3. The simultaneous application of the blood serum and semen CFT, the bacteriologic investigation of the semen, and the clinical examination makes it possible to establish the etiology responsible for the defective spermogram of the rams studied."}
{"id": "PMID:951935", "title": "[Clinical and endocrinological studies of the puerperium in cows].", "content": "A total of 85 cows were used to study the clinical course of the involution processes in the genital tract following calving. According to the season of calving the animals were divided into two groups: 1st group consisting of 29 cows whose calving and puerperium had taken place during the spring/summer period; IInd group of 56 cows with which these processes were observed in the autumn/winter period. Seven cows of each group were subjected to endocrinologic studies for the evaluation of the pituitary gonadotropic hormones (FSH, and LH) in the blood plasma, applying Brown's method and Parlow's method, respectively. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The intensity of the involution processes in the sexual apparatus of cows depends on the season. In the spring/summer period they usually last 34.3 days, and in the autumn and winter -- 37.5 days. 2. Fast involution of the uterus has been observed during the first two weeks after calving. This process is considerably delayed during the third week. 3. The yellow body regresses in the course of 14 days following calving. Up to the 35th day this has been established only im 3.5 per cent of the cows. Clinically, follicles in the ovaries are established as early as the 15th day after calving. 4. The FSH and LH level in the blood plasma during the first days after calving has been low -- 73.7 mg/% for FSH, and 7.04 mg/% for LH, both showing a rising trend. The peak values have been established between the 15th and 40th, and the 22nd and 28th day, respectively.", "contents": "[Clinical and endocrinological studies of the puerperium in cows]. A total of 85 cows were used to study the clinical course of the involution processes in the genital tract following calving. According to the season of calving the animals were divided into two groups: 1st group consisting of 29 cows whose calving and puerperium had taken place during the spring/summer period; IInd group of 56 cows with which these processes were observed in the autumn/winter period. Seven cows of each group were subjected to endocrinologic studies for the evaluation of the pituitary gonadotropic hormones (FSH, and LH) in the blood plasma, applying Brown's method and Parlow's method, respectively. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The intensity of the involution processes in the sexual apparatus of cows depends on the season. In the spring/summer period they usually last 34.3 days, and in the autumn and winter -- 37.5 days. 2. Fast involution of the uterus has been observed during the first two weeks after calving. This process is considerably delayed during the third week. 3. The yellow body regresses in the course of 14 days following calving. Up to the 35th day this has been established only im 3.5 per cent of the cows. Clinically, follicles in the ovaries are established as early as the 15th day after calving. 4. The FSH and LH level in the blood plasma during the first days after calving has been low -- 73.7 mg/% for FSH, and 7.04 mg/% for LH, both showing a rising trend. The peak values have been established between the 15th and 40th, and the 22nd and 28th day, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:951948", "title": "[Artificial embolization of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms via the vertebro-basilar system].", "content": "Data are presented on artificial embolization of arterio-venous aneurysms of the brain via the vertebro-basilar system in 12 patients. In one case the embolization was performed by way of vertebral artery catheterization through the axillary artery, in the remaining II cases--through the femoral artery. The embolization was carried out with the aid of polystyrene balls, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, numbering 8 to 40. In some cases the needed direction of the emboli movement was achieved by applying a magnetic field. No complications were encountered in the embolization via the vertebral system.", "contents": "[Artificial embolization of cerebral arteriovenous aneurysms via the vertebro-basilar system]. Data are presented on artificial embolization of arterio-venous aneurysms of the brain via the vertebro-basilar system in 12 patients. In one case the embolization was performed by way of vertebral artery catheterization through the axillary artery, in the remaining II cases--through the femoral artery. The embolization was carried out with the aid of polystyrene balls, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, numbering 8 to 40. In some cases the needed direction of the emboli movement was achieved by applying a magnetic field. No complications were encountered in the embolization via the vertebral system."}
{"id": "PMID:951949", "title": "[Changes in total hemodynamics of central genesis following removal of basal meningiomas].", "content": "The removal of basal intracranial meningiomas in 54 patients, even under general anesthesia with neuro-autonomous blocking, was accompanied by cardiovascular reactions caused by both reflex effects and direct excitation of brain stem structures. These reactions were always of a pressor nature only. Postoperatively, the vascular reactions were also of a pressor nature and presented themselves as components of either a non-specific stress response or a developing diencephalo-catabolic syndrome. Taking into account that the leading cause of the vascular disorders in stress responses and the diencephalo-catabolic syndrome is the irritative process in the brain stem structures, it is important for the prevention and management of these disorders to suppress by pharmacological means the irritation of the median formations with simultaneous blood replacement and conduction of maintenance cardiac therapy.", "contents": "[Changes in total hemodynamics of central genesis following removal of basal meningiomas]. The removal of basal intracranial meningiomas in 54 patients, even under general anesthesia with neuro-autonomous blocking, was accompanied by cardiovascular reactions caused by both reflex effects and direct excitation of brain stem structures. These reactions were always of a pressor nature only. Postoperatively, the vascular reactions were also of a pressor nature and presented themselves as components of either a non-specific stress response or a developing diencephalo-catabolic syndrome. Taking into account that the leading cause of the vascular disorders in stress responses and the diencephalo-catabolic syndrome is the irritative process in the brain stem structures, it is important for the prevention and management of these disorders to suppress by pharmacological means the irritation of the median formations with simultaneous blood replacement and conduction of maintenance cardiac therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:951950", "title": "[Total and cranio-cerebral hypothermia in patients subjected to surgery for brain tumors].", "content": "The paper is based on the authors' personal experience in the employment of general and craniocerebral hypothermia in 90 patients operated on for brain tumours. The most rational level of hypothermia is that of 30-31 degrees C body temperature. Craniocerebral hypothermia induced by the \"Holod-2F\" apparatus permits to reduce the cortical temperature to 26-28 degrees C, maintaining that of the body within 30-32 degrees C. Such temperature gradient permits to avoid the danger of ventricular fibrillation. In the majority of cases, surgery under craniocerebral hypothermia is free of brain oedema. The postoperative course is also free of brain oedema and pneumonia. Tabulated statistical processing presents the data on the speed and degree of cooling in different parts of the body with reference to the age and body weight of the patient, to the method of cooling, and to the temperature of the cooling fluid.", "contents": "[Total and cranio-cerebral hypothermia in patients subjected to surgery for brain tumors]. The paper is based on the authors' personal experience in the employment of general and craniocerebral hypothermia in 90 patients operated on for brain tumours. The most rational level of hypothermia is that of 30-31 degrees C body temperature. Craniocerebral hypothermia induced by the \"Holod-2F\" apparatus permits to reduce the cortical temperature to 26-28 degrees C, maintaining that of the body within 30-32 degrees C. Such temperature gradient permits to avoid the danger of ventricular fibrillation. In the majority of cases, surgery under craniocerebral hypothermia is free of brain oedema. The postoperative course is also free of brain oedema and pneumonia. Tabulated statistical processing presents the data on the speed and degree of cooling in different parts of the body with reference to the age and body weight of the patient, to the method of cooling, and to the temperature of the cooling fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:951952", "title": "[Radioisotope encephaloscintigraphy in the diagnosis of acoustic nerve neurinomas].", "content": "The results of the employment of radiopharmaceuticals in a group of patients with acoustic neurinomas for diagnostic purposes are described. High diagnostic efficacy of the method of radioisotope encephaloscintigraphy is emphasized, the method permitting to obtain extended diagnostic information. An important advantage of the method consists in its safety and absence of contraindicaions.", "contents": "[Radioisotope encephaloscintigraphy in the diagnosis of acoustic nerve neurinomas]. The results of the employment of radiopharmaceuticals in a group of patients with acoustic neurinomas for diagnostic purposes are described. High diagnostic efficacy of the method of radioisotope encephaloscintigraphy is emphasized, the method permitting to obtain extended diagnostic information. An important advantage of the method consists in its safety and absence of contraindicaions."}
{"id": "PMID:951954", "title": "[Dynamics of spinal cord motor neuron excitability in epileptic patients following surgical elimination of seizures].", "content": "H-reflex testing in epileptics with frequent seizures reveals both an increase and decrease of the activity of the spinal cord motoneurons. A surgical removal of the epileptogenic focus and the disappearance of seizures is followed by a significant elevation of the H-reflex induction threshold, which may be a reflection of the compensatory process. The dynamics of the stimulation EMG data pertains to the H-reflex alone, and is not true in case of the tendon reflexes. In this connection a dystony of the supraspinal regulation of the alpha- and gamma-motoneurons is suggested in epilepsy with a prevailing involvement of the alpha-cells.", "contents": "[Dynamics of spinal cord motor neuron excitability in epileptic patients following surgical elimination of seizures]. H-reflex testing in epileptics with frequent seizures reveals both an increase and decrease of the activity of the spinal cord motoneurons. A surgical removal of the epileptogenic focus and the disappearance of seizures is followed by a significant elevation of the H-reflex induction threshold, which may be a reflection of the compensatory process. The dynamics of the stimulation EMG data pertains to the H-reflex alone, and is not true in case of the tendon reflexes. In this connection a dystony of the supraspinal regulation of the alpha- and gamma-motoneurons is suggested in epilepsy with a prevailing involvement of the alpha-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:951955", "title": "[X-ray anatomy of the superior cerebellar artery (1)].", "content": "The anatomic and angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery were studied in 50 macro-preparations of the cerebellum and in 100 normal angiogrammes. The authors distinguish five angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery, and emphasize the necessity of their differentiation for proper identification of its branches in interpreting the angiogrammes. Quantitative characteristics is given to the segments of the superior cerebellar artery and their angles, which permits a more precise assessment of the displacement of the superior cerebellar artery.", "contents": "[X-ray anatomy of the superior cerebellar artery (1)]. The anatomic and angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery were studied in 50 macro-preparations of the cerebellum and in 100 normal angiogrammes. The authors distinguish five angiographic variants of the superior cerebellar artery, and emphasize the necessity of their differentiation for proper identification of its branches in interpreting the angiogrammes. Quantitative characteristics is given to the segments of the superior cerebellar artery and their angles, which permits a more precise assessment of the displacement of the superior cerebellar artery."}
{"id": "PMID:951953", "title": "[Assessment of the severity of grave cranio-cerebral injury and its outcome according to the state of energy metabolism in the brain].", "content": "A dynamic study of the arteriovenous oxygen and lactic acid content difference, as well as a study of the CSF content of the lactic acid in patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma permitted to evaluate the severity of the pathological process and the results of its treatment. A growing production of lactic acid by the brain and its progressive accumulation in the CSF to a high level as 45-50 mg%, and a sharp dissociation between the increasing lactate level in the CSF and its growing concentration in the venous blood flowing from the brain is a prognostic sign of an unfavourable course and outcome of the disease.", "contents": "[Assessment of the severity of grave cranio-cerebral injury and its outcome according to the state of energy metabolism in the brain]. A dynamic study of the arteriovenous oxygen and lactic acid content difference, as well as a study of the CSF content of the lactic acid in patients with a severe craniocerebral trauma permitted to evaluate the severity of the pathological process and the results of its treatment. A growing production of lactic acid by the brain and its progressive accumulation in the CSF to a high level as 45-50 mg%, and a sharp dissociation between the increasing lactate level in the CSF and its growing concentration in the venous blood flowing from the brain is a prognostic sign of an unfavourable course and outcome of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:951959", "title": "[The dynamics of accumulation of trans-isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in the organs and tissues of animals and their use by the organism].", "content": "Tests were conducted with two groups of growing albino rats kept on a ration with hydrogenated fat containing 62 and 26 per cent of non-saturated fatty acids transisomers. The latter were found to accumulate in the lipids of the animal organs and tissues reaching their maximum level by the 4th week of the experiments. On switching the rats to a ration containing no transisomers their exponential fall in the lipids of the organs and tissues was recorded. From these investigations it follows that the non-saturated fatty acids transisomers taken up by the organism together with edible fats become involved in metabolic processes and are utilized by the organism alongside with other fatty acids.", "contents": "[The dynamics of accumulation of trans-isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in the organs and tissues of animals and their use by the organism]. Tests were conducted with two groups of growing albino rats kept on a ration with hydrogenated fat containing 62 and 26 per cent of non-saturated fatty acids transisomers. The latter were found to accumulate in the lipids of the animal organs and tissues reaching their maximum level by the 4th week of the experiments. On switching the rats to a ration containing no transisomers their exponential fall in the lipids of the organs and tissues was recorded. From these investigations it follows that the non-saturated fatty acids transisomers taken up by the organism together with edible fats become involved in metabolic processes and are utilized by the organism alongside with other fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:951956", "title": "[Sequelae of diathermocoagulation of cerebellar arteries and veins in normal rabbits and rabbits sensitized to brain antigen].", "content": "Electrocauterization of an artery or a vein on the surface of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum may cause no focal changes in the bed of the occluded vessel, or result in varying severity and extension of lesion of the posterior cerebellar lobe. In occluding an artery a focus of complete necrosis or oedema is formed in its bed, while in occluding avein a focus of oedema is formed that may be accompanied by erythrocytic extravasation. In the group of animals sensitized with brain antigens a tendency towards oedema enhancement, and a vascular permeability increase is noted, neuronal changes are more frequent at a distance from the occluded vessel's basin. However, the importance of sensitization is, as a rule, masked by individual peculiarities of the collateral supply or venous return in the bed of the occluded vessel.", "contents": "[Sequelae of diathermocoagulation of cerebellar arteries and veins in normal rabbits and rabbits sensitized to brain antigen]. Electrocauterization of an artery or a vein on the surface of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum may cause no focal changes in the bed of the occluded vessel, or result in varying severity and extension of lesion of the posterior cerebellar lobe. In occluding an artery a focus of complete necrosis or oedema is formed in its bed, while in occluding avein a focus of oedema is formed that may be accompanied by erythrocytic extravasation. In the group of animals sensitized with brain antigens a tendency towards oedema enhancement, and a vascular permeability increase is noted, neuronal changes are more frequent at a distance from the occluded vessel's basin. However, the importance of sensitization is, as a rule, masked by individual peculiarities of the collateral supply or venous return in the bed of the occluded vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:951960", "title": "[The effect of pectin and cellulose on the metabolism of lipids and complex carbohydrates under experimental conditions].", "content": "Experiments conducted with albino rats have evidenced that under the effect of an atherogenic ration the level of lipids and cholesterol in the blood plasma and hepatic tissue and of sillac acids in the blood plasma increased. In the aortic intima the content of acid mucopolysaccharides was rising, this being attended by a concurrent swelling of the main interstitial substance and of the collagen fibers in the subendothelial layer. An addition of apple pectin or of cellulose to the atherogenic ration deferred the development of the mentioned changes.", "contents": "[The effect of pectin and cellulose on the metabolism of lipids and complex carbohydrates under experimental conditions]. Experiments conducted with albino rats have evidenced that under the effect of an atherogenic ration the level of lipids and cholesterol in the blood plasma and hepatic tissue and of sillac acids in the blood plasma increased. In the aortic intima the content of acid mucopolysaccharides was rising, this being attended by a concurrent swelling of the main interstitial substance and of the collagen fibers in the subendothelial layer. An addition of apple pectin or of cellulose to the atherogenic ration deferred the development of the mentioned changes."}
{"id": "PMID:951961", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the subcellular membranes of hepatocytes during the early periods of starvation].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the membranes of subcellular structures of the liver in rats were studied with the help of electron microscopy at early periods (48 hours) of fasting. In the hepatocytes of fasting animals the authors found a disrupted structure of the nuclear membranes (an increased lumen between membranes and enlargement of pores) and of mitochondria (changed shape and a significant diminution in the number of cristae) along with vacuolization and degranulation of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. At the same time, the hepatocytes demonstrated a drastic hypertrophy of the GERL zone characterized by a rising number of the Golgi apparatus dictyosomata, of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum cysterns and of primary lysosomes. All this was accompanied by a sharp intensification of the processes of autophagy, finding its expression in a significantly increased numbers of secondary lysosomes of the autophagic type. Emphasis is laid upon the fact that while the revealed ultrastructural changes in the cellular and mitochondrial membranes, as well as in the endoplasmatic reticulum may with high degree of probability, be interpreted as manifestations indicative of functional disorders occurring in these organelles, the hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, a rise in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes and their activation appear as an adaptation reaction of the cell to conditions created by the organism switching over to a forced endogenous alimentation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the subcellular membranes of hepatocytes during the early periods of starvation]. Ultrastructural changes in the membranes of subcellular structures of the liver in rats were studied with the help of electron microscopy at early periods (48 hours) of fasting. In the hepatocytes of fasting animals the authors found a disrupted structure of the nuclear membranes (an increased lumen between membranes and enlargement of pores) and of mitochondria (changed shape and a significant diminution in the number of cristae) along with vacuolization and degranulation of the rough endoplasmatic reticulum. At the same time, the hepatocytes demonstrated a drastic hypertrophy of the GERL zone characterized by a rising number of the Golgi apparatus dictyosomata, of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum cysterns and of primary lysosomes. All this was accompanied by a sharp intensification of the processes of autophagy, finding its expression in a significantly increased numbers of secondary lysosomes of the autophagic type. Emphasis is laid upon the fact that while the revealed ultrastructural changes in the cellular and mitochondrial membranes, as well as in the endoplasmatic reticulum may with high degree of probability, be interpreted as manifestations indicative of functional disorders occurring in these organelles, the hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus, a rise in the number of primary and secondary lysosomes and their activation appear as an adaptation reaction of the cell to conditions created by the organism switching over to a forced endogenous alimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:951962", "title": "[Assessment of the protein quota in the ration of patients with the nephrotic syndrome according to balance studies].", "content": "From data derived from equilibrium investigations in patients with the nephrotic syndrome a negative nitrous balance which indicates the presence of a chronic protein deficiency developing in the organism of these patients was revealed. Observations showed that an increased quota of protein in the ration of patients with the nephrotic syndrome is quite justifiable. The quantity of protein comprising 1.5--2 g per kg of the patient's body weight per day, of which 3/4 is protein of animal origin, is optimal for this category of patients. Possible improvement of the protein supply in patients with the nephrotic syndrome is largely determined also by the qualitative composition of the protein in the ration.", "contents": "[Assessment of the protein quota in the ration of patients with the nephrotic syndrome according to balance studies]. From data derived from equilibrium investigations in patients with the nephrotic syndrome a negative nitrous balance which indicates the presence of a chronic protein deficiency developing in the organism of these patients was revealed. Observations showed that an increased quota of protein in the ration of patients with the nephrotic syndrome is quite justifiable. The quantity of protein comprising 1.5--2 g per kg of the patient's body weight per day, of which 3/4 is protein of animal origin, is optimal for this category of patients. Possible improvement of the protein supply in patients with the nephrotic syndrome is largely determined also by the qualitative composition of the protein in the ration."}
{"id": "PMID:951964", "title": "[The morphofunctional state of the gastric stump in patients with the dumping syndrome and its significance for the formulation of diet therapy].", "content": "In 42 patients with the dumping syndrome. the mucosa of the resected gastric stump was examined histologically. Bioptic materials were obtained by applying fibrobiopsy and aspiration biopsy under roentgenological control. The great majority of the  examined demonstrated some or other degree of the glandular atrophy attended by a fall of the secretary function. In spite of a considerable time lapsed since gastric resection the gastric glands remained intact and the secretary function of the stump continued to be normal. According to the authors the severity of the dumping syndrome does not depend on the nature of morphological changes in the gastric stump mucosa. A sizable proportion of the examined patients demonstrated various changes in the motor function of the stump, more often an accelerated evacuation. The listed changes in the morphological-functional condition of the gastric stump were given due consideration in compiling a dietary pattern for patients with the dumping syndrome.", "contents": "[The morphofunctional state of the gastric stump in patients with the dumping syndrome and its significance for the formulation of diet therapy]. In 42 patients with the dumping syndrome. the mucosa of the resected gastric stump was examined histologically. Bioptic materials were obtained by applying fibrobiopsy and aspiration biopsy under roentgenological control. The great majority of the  examined demonstrated some or other degree of the glandular atrophy attended by a fall of the secretary function. In spite of a considerable time lapsed since gastric resection the gastric glands remained intact and the secretary function of the stump continued to be normal. According to the authors the severity of the dumping syndrome does not depend on the nature of morphological changes in the gastric stump mucosa. A sizable proportion of the examined patients demonstrated various changes in the motor function of the stump, more often an accelerated evacuation. The listed changes in the morphological-functional condition of the gastric stump were given due consideration in compiling a dietary pattern for patients with the dumping syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:951963", "title": "[Absorption of essential amino acids in patients with chronic enteritis].", "content": "Continuous perfusion was applied in studying the absorption of essential amino acids in the duodenum and the proximal part of the jejunum in healthy persons and in patients with chronic enteritis of the land ii degrees of severity. All the patients demonstrated a reduced rate of absorption. The degree of the absorption derangement increased parallel with the severity of the affection. In the duodenum the absorption proceeded slower than in the upper portion of the jejunum.", "contents": "[Absorption of essential amino acids in patients with chronic enteritis]. Continuous perfusion was applied in studying the absorption of essential amino acids in the duodenum and the proximal part of the jejunum in healthy persons and in patients with chronic enteritis of the land ii degrees of severity. All the patients demonstrated a reduced rate of absorption. The degree of the absorption derangement increased parallel with the severity of the affection. In the duodenum the absorption proceeded slower than in the upper portion of the jejunum."}
{"id": "PMID:951966", "title": "[An objective index of quality and prognostication of the storage time for cod liver oil].", "content": "Through a series of tests an objective indicator of the degree of the cod oil oxidation-the content of aldehydes reacting with benzidine-has been established. Mathematic processing of experimental data helped determine the limits of the aldehydes content in the oil of different quality, while the maximum permissible standards were fixed following biological tests carried out by the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR. These data and investigations into the quality of the oil during its preparation and subsequent storage under different conditions formed a background to be establishing maximum permissible content of aldehydes in the half-finished and final products. Through experiments there were found the increment of aldehydes and the fall of the A-vitamin activity over a storage period of one month in large bottles of 9 1 capacity at temperatures of 10+/-2 and 20+/-2 degrees. The available data enabled it to deduce a formula for fixing approximate storage periods for medicinal oil both on shipment from the production site and at the time of control checking of its quality. The maximum permissible content of aldehydes in the medicinal oil and the method of establishing storage time are recommended to be included into the corresponding intem of the state standards-GOST, or in the pharmacopeia.", "contents": "[An objective index of quality and prognostication of the storage time for cod liver oil]. Through a series of tests an objective indicator of the degree of the cod oil oxidation-the content of aldehydes reacting with benzidine-has been established. Mathematic processing of experimental data helped determine the limits of the aldehydes content in the oil of different quality, while the maximum permissible standards were fixed following biological tests carried out by the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR. These data and investigations into the quality of the oil during its preparation and subsequent storage under different conditions formed a background to be establishing maximum permissible content of aldehydes in the half-finished and final products. Through experiments there were found the increment of aldehydes and the fall of the A-vitamin activity over a storage period of one month in large bottles of 9 1 capacity at temperatures of 10+/-2 and 20+/-2 degrees. The available data enabled it to deduce a formula for fixing approximate storage periods for medicinal oil both on shipment from the production site and at the time of control checking of its quality. The maximum permissible content of aldehydes in the medicinal oil and the method of establishing storage time are recommended to be included into the corresponding intem of the state standards-GOST, or in the pharmacopeia."}
{"id": "PMID:951965", "title": "[A laboratory study of the possibility of benzpyrene penetration into wheat germ using different means of drying the products of combustion].", "content": "Possible accumulation of benzpyrene in wheat grain during its drying by means of a heat-carrying agent (air diluted combustion products) containing this carcinogen was studied in a laboratory set-up. With benzpyrene contained in the heat-carrier in an amount of 0.12 gamma/m3 this carcinogen was amassing in the grain with all conditions and methods of drying under study. An increased benzpyrene content in the grain by comparison with the background one was noted under optimal conditions of drying in a solid layer, boiling layer and in a suspended state by as much as 23, 11 and 3 times respectively. On the basis of these and literature data a conclusion is drawn that grain may be dried in suspended state (recirculation dryers) under definite, parctically realizable conditions without accumulation of benzpyrene therein.", "contents": "[A laboratory study of the possibility of benzpyrene penetration into wheat germ using different means of drying the products of combustion]. Possible accumulation of benzpyrene in wheat grain during its drying by means of a heat-carrying agent (air diluted combustion products) containing this carcinogen was studied in a laboratory set-up. With benzpyrene contained in the heat-carrier in an amount of 0.12 gamma/m3 this carcinogen was amassing in the grain with all conditions and methods of drying under study. An increased benzpyrene content in the grain by comparison with the background one was noted under optimal conditions of drying in a solid layer, boiling layer and in a suspended state by as much as 23, 11 and 3 times respectively. On the basis of these and literature data a conclusion is drawn that grain may be dried in suspended state (recirculation dryers) under definite, parctically realizable conditions without accumulation of benzpyrene therein."}
{"id": "PMID:951967", "title": "[The effect of malnutrition during the early period of postnatal ontogenesis on the amylolytic and invertase activity of the small intestinal mucous membrane of growing rats].", "content": "Acute experiments demonstrated that undernourishment caused during the first half of the lactation period of development (8 days of life) by keeping 16 young ones per each lactating female-rat or by 16-hour long weaning of rattlings from their mothers results in a drastic reduction of both specific amylolytic and invertase activity in different sections of the small intestine and in that of the latter's weight. This phenomenon becomes apparent not only at the time of undernourishment, but also during a fairly long period following putting the animals on an ordinary dietary regimen.", "contents": "[The effect of malnutrition during the early period of postnatal ontogenesis on the amylolytic and invertase activity of the small intestinal mucous membrane of growing rats]. Acute experiments demonstrated that undernourishment caused during the first half of the lactation period of development (8 days of life) by keeping 16 young ones per each lactating female-rat or by 16-hour long weaning of rattlings from their mothers results in a drastic reduction of both specific amylolytic and invertase activity in different sections of the small intestine and in that of the latter's weight. This phenomenon becomes apparent not only at the time of undernourishment, but also during a fairly long period following putting the animals on an ordinary dietary regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:951972", "title": "Incidence of viral hepatitis after administration of factor IX concentrates.", "content": "A high frequency of viral hepatitis has been reported after treatment with the human factor IX concentrate 'Konyne'. Clinical trials with 'Konyne' and a similar factor IX concentrate, called 'Preconativ', was started in Sweden 1969. During the first 2 years, 26 patients were treated with either one or both preparations. Nine patients developed viral hepatitis within 6 months after treatment. 'Preconativ' alone was introduced on the Swedish market in 1971. During the period 1971-1974, another 26 hemophiliacs were treated but only two cases of hepatitis have occurred. Selection of donors and screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in donor blood used for the manufacturing of 'Preconativ', might be contributing factors to this low hepatitis incidence.", "contents": "Incidence of viral hepatitis after administration of factor IX concentrates. A high frequency of viral hepatitis has been reported after treatment with the human factor IX concentrate 'Konyne'. Clinical trials with 'Konyne' and a similar factor IX concentrate, called 'Preconativ', was started in Sweden 1969. During the first 2 years, 26 patients were treated with either one or both preparations. Nine patients developed viral hepatitis within 6 months after treatment. 'Preconativ' alone was introduced on the Swedish market in 1971. During the period 1971-1974, another 26 hemophiliacs were treated but only two cases of hepatitis have occurred. Selection of donors and screening for hepatitis B surface antigen in donor blood used for the manufacturing of 'Preconativ', might be contributing factors to this low hepatitis incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:951968", "title": "[Sources of information for terminology in the area of nutritional science].", "content": "In response to inquiries that reached the group of information at the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR sources of information for terminology in the science of nutrition were educed. The paper brings forward the results of this work, viz. information on manuals, terminological and parallel glossaries, standards and other publications carrying information on terminology in the said and related sciences. The paper covers sources published during the past 15 years in Russian, English, German and French.", "contents": "[Sources of information for terminology in the area of nutritional science]. In response to inquiries that reached the group of information at the Institute of Nutrition of the AMS of the USSR sources of information for terminology in the science of nutrition were educed. The paper brings forward the results of this work, viz. information on manuals, terminological and parallel glossaries, standards and other publications carrying information on terminology in the said and related sciences. The paper covers sources published during the past 15 years in Russian, English, German and French."}
{"id": "PMID:951976", "title": "Detection of hepatitis B antigen in blood donors by radioimmunoassay and three reverse passive haemagglutination techniques.", "content": "In a comparative study 5,569 sera from voluntary donors were tested simultaneously for hepatitis B antigen by three reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) techniques (Auscell, Hepanosticon, Hepatest) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Ausria II). Among the three RPHA methods, no significnat differences could be found as far as sensitivity is concerned. The percentage of positive sera detected by these RPHA methods varies from 0.43 to 0.56%. Eleven sera were detactable only by Ausria II. Except for two, all these sera had low counts per minute in the RIA.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis B antigen in blood donors by radioimmunoassay and three reverse passive haemagglutination techniques. In a comparative study 5,569 sera from voluntary donors were tested simultaneously for hepatitis B antigen by three reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) techniques (Auscell, Hepanosticon, Hepatest) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Ausria II). Among the three RPHA methods, no significnat differences could be found as far as sensitivity is concerned. The percentage of positive sera detected by these RPHA methods varies from 0.43 to 0.56%. Eleven sera were detactable only by Ausria II. Except for two, all these sera had low counts per minute in the RIA."}
{"id": "PMID:951977", "title": "Influence of counting statistics on borderline detection of hepatitis B antigen by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The detection of hepatitis B antigen by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique is by now well established, particularly where transfusions are concerned. However, it would appear that the use of systematic procedures leading to positive detection, such as the \"cutoff\" method (mean counts per minute of the negative controls multiplied by a coefficient of 2.1), are open to criticism if elementary precautions concerning the time span and the statistical accuracy of radioactivity counting are not taken. The method may even prove inaccurate in a certain number of borderline cases studies in relation to plasma and different sera, especially if subjected to a single screening process over a large number of samples analyzed by computer. These deficiencies can be avoided by correcting the positive coefficient in relation to the mean counts per minute of negative controls, the statistical accuracy (relative standard deviation) and the distribution of counting times.", "contents": "Influence of counting statistics on borderline detection of hepatitis B antigen by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The detection of hepatitis B antigen by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique is by now well established, particularly where transfusions are concerned. However, it would appear that the use of systematic procedures leading to positive detection, such as the \"cutoff\" method (mean counts per minute of the negative controls multiplied by a coefficient of 2.1), are open to criticism if elementary precautions concerning the time span and the statistical accuracy of radioactivity counting are not taken. The method may even prove inaccurate in a certain number of borderline cases studies in relation to plasma and different sera, especially if subjected to a single screening process over a large number of samples analyzed by computer. These deficiencies can be avoided by correcting the positive coefficient in relation to the mean counts per minute of negative controls, the statistical accuracy (relative standard deviation) and the distribution of counting times."}
{"id": "PMID:952032", "title": "[Controlled study of an abbreviated form of the Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Adults (HAWIE, Dahl's WIP) in a heterogenous clinical group].", "content": "The \"reduzierte Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr psychiatrische Kranke (WIP)\" by Dahl, a short form of the German version (HAWIE) of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, comprising the subtests Information, Similarities, Picture Completion and Block Design was applied in a replication study to a heterogeneous group of 420 mental patients. Results show a sufficiently high level of agreement (multiple correlation) between the present test and the HAWIE-IQ. With this result and a sample independence of the correlation, two of the requirements of board clinical application of the WIP are met. On the other hand Dahl's assumption that the WIP represents the optimal (quadruple)combination of subtests of the full scale was not confirmed. Criticisms of the WIP in the literature are discussed. On the basis of previous studies and the present investigations it is held that the WIP is a useful contribution to measurement of general ability in a clinical setting.", "contents": "[Controlled study of an abbreviated form of the Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Adults (HAWIE, Dahl's WIP) in a heterogenous clinical group]. The \"reduzierte Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr psychiatrische Kranke (WIP)\" by Dahl, a short form of the German version (HAWIE) of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, comprising the subtests Information, Similarities, Picture Completion and Block Design was applied in a replication study to a heterogeneous group of 420 mental patients. Results show a sufficiently high level of agreement (multiple correlation) between the present test and the HAWIE-IQ. With this result and a sample independence of the correlation, two of the requirements of board clinical application of the WIP are met. On the other hand Dahl's assumption that the WIP represents the optimal (quadruple)combination of subtests of the full scale was not confirmed. Criticisms of the WIP in the literature are discussed. On the basis of previous studies and the present investigations it is held that the WIP is a useful contribution to measurement of general ability in a clinical setting."}
{"id": "PMID:952033", "title": "[\"Behavior-analytical\" treatment in severely defective schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The troublesome symptoms of the seriously defective schizophrenics depend sometimes upon their unexpected sensitive experiences, which are not reported verbally and are guessed merely through the precise observations of the behaviour. By the treatment of the disturbances so found, the troublesome symptoms disappear. As an example of this \"behaviour-analytical treatment\" an old, defective schizophrenic with incontinence and negativism was introduced in this report, whose background suggested an intensive mysophobia, and was treated successfully. Some forsaken inmates of the asylums might be helped in this way.", "contents": "[\"Behavior-analytical\" treatment in severely defective schizophrenic patients]. The troublesome symptoms of the seriously defective schizophrenics depend sometimes upon their unexpected sensitive experiences, which are not reported verbally and are guessed merely through the precise observations of the behaviour. By the treatment of the disturbances so found, the troublesome symptoms disappear. As an example of this \"behaviour-analytical treatment\" an old, defective schizophrenic with incontinence and negativism was introduced in this report, whose background suggested an intensive mysophobia, and was treated successfully. Some forsaken inmates of the asylums might be helped in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:952034", "title": "[Psychoanalysis and group dynamics as a method of socialization].", "content": "The troublesome symptoms of the seriously defective schizophrenics depend sometimes upon their unexpected sensitive experiences, which are not reported verbally and are guessed merely through the precise observations of the behaviour. By the treatment of the disturbances so found, the troublesome symptoms disappear. As an example of this \"behaviour-analytical treatment\" an old, defective schizophrenic with incontinence and negativism was introduced in this report, whose background suggested an intensive mysophobia, and was treated successfully. Some forsaken inmates of the asylums might be helped in this way.", "contents": "[Psychoanalysis and group dynamics as a method of socialization]. The troublesome symptoms of the seriously defective schizophrenics depend sometimes upon their unexpected sensitive experiences, which are not reported verbally and are guessed merely through the precise observations of the behaviour. By the treatment of the disturbances so found, the troublesome symptoms disappear. As an example of this \"behaviour-analytical treatment\" an old, defective schizophrenic with incontinence and negativism was introduced in this report, whose background suggested an intensive mysophobia, and was treated successfully. Some forsaken inmates of the asylums might be helped in this way."}
{"id": "PMID:952035", "title": "[Remarks on configuration frequency analysis].", "content": "The \"Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse\" (KFA) is a method proposed by Lienert to detect syndromes. Using examples we criticize the definition of a syndrome used for a KFA, and we thus criticize the interpretation of the results of a KFA. Furthermore, we describe briefly a backward selection procedure of multiplicative models for contingency tables. This procedure may be used to find simple patterns of association for several symptoms.", "contents": "[Remarks on configuration frequency analysis]. The \"Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse\" (KFA) is a method proposed by Lienert to detect syndromes. Using examples we criticize the definition of a syndrome used for a KFA, and we thus criticize the interpretation of the results of a KFA. Furthermore, we describe briefly a backward selection procedure of multiplicative models for contingency tables. This procedure may be used to find simple patterns of association for several symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:952036", "title": "[Situation definition and its significance for diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation].", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic proceeding involves usually that physician/psychologist became the subject and patient/client the object in a rational process. - Exactly this can cause disturbances of this process, especially in cases of psychosomatic diseases and emotional disturbances. It will be considered (a) whether a more flexible relationship between physican/psychologist and patient/client can be established, (b) whether reflection of the concordance (or discordance) in \"defining the situation\" leed to new aspects of physicans/psychologists proceeding. (c) Implications for training, methods, therapy and rehabilation will be discussed.", "contents": "[Situation definition and its significance for diagnosis, therapy, and rehabilitation]. Diagnostic and therapeutic proceeding involves usually that physician/psychologist became the subject and patient/client the object in a rational process. - Exactly this can cause disturbances of this process, especially in cases of psychosomatic diseases and emotional disturbances. It will be considered (a) whether a more flexible relationship between physican/psychologist and patient/client can be established, (b) whether reflection of the concordance (or discordance) in \"defining the situation\" leed to new aspects of physicans/psychologists proceeding. (c) Implications for training, methods, therapy and rehabilation will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952038", "title": "[Subjective stress and childhood memories in patients with essential hypertension].", "content": "A group of essential hypertension patients (n equals 168) and a group of unselected controls (n equals 302) completed a questionaire constructed to measure perceived threat and rating-scales to judge the emotional atmosphere of personal childhood experiences. The patients do not regard their present life-situations as more threatening than the controls and they report more pleasant childhood memories than the controls. These results contradict those obtained in previous work which may be due to the relative lack of emphasis placed on coping variables in the present study.", "contents": "[Subjective stress and childhood memories in patients with essential hypertension]. A group of essential hypertension patients (n equals 168) and a group of unselected controls (n equals 302) completed a questionaire constructed to measure perceived threat and rating-scales to judge the emotional atmosphere of personal childhood experiences. The patients do not regard their present life-situations as more threatening than the controls and they report more pleasant childhood memories than the controls. These results contradict those obtained in previous work which may be due to the relative lack of emphasis placed on coping variables in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:952039", "title": "Long term evaluation of allogenic veins as arterial grafts.", "content": "Ten pairs of mongrel dogs had bilateral femoral artery reconstruction using the femoral veins from the other of each pair. Four grafts failed in the first two weeks and 16 grafts failed in pairs within two to four weeks of each other up to 15 months. Five dogs died with patent grafts between 15 and 42 months and five dogs were sacrificed at 42 months with patent grafts. Aneurysmal degeneration did not occur. Normal architecture of the vein was destroyed by fibrous replacement, but a few smooth muscle cells and adventitial elastic fibers persisted. Gross and microscopic mural thrombi were present in half the grafts indicating continued endothelial instability at 42 months. Osseous metaplasia was found in five grafts. Allogenic vein is an acceptable substitute when autogenous vein is lacking for femorotibial bypass and urgent femoropopliteal bypass.", "contents": "Long term evaluation of allogenic veins as arterial grafts. Ten pairs of mongrel dogs had bilateral femoral artery reconstruction using the femoral veins from the other of each pair. Four grafts failed in the first two weeks and 16 grafts failed in pairs within two to four weeks of each other up to 15 months. Five dogs died with patent grafts between 15 and 42 months and five dogs were sacrificed at 42 months with patent grafts. Aneurysmal degeneration did not occur. Normal architecture of the vein was destroyed by fibrous replacement, but a few smooth muscle cells and adventitial elastic fibers persisted. Gross and microscopic mural thrombi were present in half the grafts indicating continued endothelial instability at 42 months. Osseous metaplasia was found in five grafts. Allogenic vein is an acceptable substitute when autogenous vein is lacking for femorotibial bypass and urgent femoropopliteal bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:952041", "title": "Pulmonary artery dissection and rupture in Eisenmenger's syndrome.", "content": "A patient with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Eisenmenger's syndrome) associated with aortic coarctation with follow-up for 19 years, and with rupture of an aneurysmatic pulmonary artery is described. An incident of extreme fright with a possible transient systemic hypertension may have precipitated the dissection of the pulmonary arterial intima and the rupture.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery dissection and rupture in Eisenmenger's syndrome. A patient with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Eisenmenger's syndrome) associated with aortic coarctation with follow-up for 19 years, and with rupture of an aneurysmatic pulmonary artery is described. An incident of extreme fright with a possible transient systemic hypertension may have precipitated the dissection of the pulmonary arterial intima and the rupture."}
{"id": "PMID:952042", "title": "Popliteal aneurysms.", "content": "Eighty-six popliteal aneurysms in 52 patients have become limb threatening. Popliteal aneurysms should be sought for and when found elective replacement should be considered.", "contents": "Popliteal aneurysms. Eighty-six popliteal aneurysms in 52 patients have become limb threatening. Popliteal aneurysms should be sought for and when found elective replacement should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:952044", "title": "Reconstruction of the cardiac valves with autologous tissue.", "content": "A rather long and extensive experience with tissue reconstruction in patients with mitral valve disease, and a much less extensive one with oartic lesions, has convinced us of the superiority of the presented techniques of reconstruction, and of the preferability of fascia lata over all other tissues so far tried for this purpose. Despite an early increment of shrinkage of the order of about 30% of each linear measurement, late studies of fascia lata removed from reconstructed valves after several years (over five) indicate no loss of cellularity and no measurable loss of tissue strength or flexibility. Late calcification was not observed in any of our baboons, although it appears to be a consistent development in dogs. It has been seen in only one patient (after four years) to date. It is now believed that we can offer prolonged clinical benefit approaching actural \"cure\" to many of the younger patients who otherwise would have no recourse but to prosthetic palliation. It is true that recently Willen, Dubiel and Johansson (50, 51), Gersbach and Wegmann (52), and Senning and Rothlin (53) have demonstrated that repetitive deposits of fibrin upon the surfaces of fascia lata implanted within the cardiovascular chambers lead to progressive encapsulation with organizing connective tissue (scar). At some time period following surgery, closer to 10 years than to 5, degeneration of the fascia takes place, presumably due to \"strangulation\" by the organized exudate which interrupts the \"normal\" mechanism of its nutrition which is based upon diffusion from the flowing blood. The recent contributions of Sullivan, Harken and Gorlin (54), Weily and Genton (55), and Harker and Slicter (56) to our understanding of the role of the platelets in initiating such fibrinous deposition now provide us with a way to prevent such late degeneration of valves made of fascia lata. The regular administration of platelet dispersing agents (aspirin, Persantin, or inderol) in ordinary therapeutic dosage would seem to be completely protective. Undoubtedly, anticoagulant therapy would be equally effective. However, the permanent maintenance of a proper level of \"anti-coagulation\" such as is usually deemed necessary following implantation of a prosthetic heart valve is a heavy psychological and biological burden for a patient to bear. Many such individuals live precariously between the risks of thromboembolism and the risks of hemorrhage. Thromboembolism really only represents a farther point along the spectrum of the readiness of fibrin accumulation following initial platelet aggregation and deposition. Since frank thromboembolism appears \"never\" to follow intracardiac implantation of fascia lata, it would seem that platelet dispersive therapy sould suffice in such cases.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the cardiac valves with autologous tissue. A rather long and extensive experience with tissue reconstruction in patients with mitral valve disease, and a much less extensive one with oartic lesions, has convinced us of the superiority of the presented techniques of reconstruction, and of the preferability of fascia lata over all other tissues so far tried for this purpose. Despite an early increment of shrinkage of the order of about 30% of each linear measurement, late studies of fascia lata removed from reconstructed valves after several years (over five) indicate no loss of cellularity and no measurable loss of tissue strength or flexibility. Late calcification was not observed in any of our baboons, although it appears to be a consistent development in dogs. It has been seen in only one patient (after four years) to date. It is now believed that we can offer prolonged clinical benefit approaching actural \"cure\" to many of the younger patients who otherwise would have no recourse but to prosthetic palliation. It is true that recently Willen, Dubiel and Johansson (50, 51), Gersbach and Wegmann (52), and Senning and Rothlin (53) have demonstrated that repetitive deposits of fibrin upon the surfaces of fascia lata implanted within the cardiovascular chambers lead to progressive encapsulation with organizing connective tissue (scar). At some time period following surgery, closer to 10 years than to 5, degeneration of the fascia takes place, presumably due to \"strangulation\" by the organized exudate which interrupts the \"normal\" mechanism of its nutrition which is based upon diffusion from the flowing blood. The recent contributions of Sullivan, Harken and Gorlin (54), Weily and Genton (55), and Harker and Slicter (56) to our understanding of the role of the platelets in initiating such fibrinous deposition now provide us with a way to prevent such late degeneration of valves made of fascia lata. The regular administration of platelet dispersing agents (aspirin, Persantin, or inderol) in ordinary therapeutic dosage would seem to be completely protective. Undoubtedly, anticoagulant therapy would be equally effective. However, the permanent maintenance of a proper level of \"anti-coagulation\" such as is usually deemed necessary following implantation of a prosthetic heart valve is a heavy psychological and biological burden for a patient to bear. Many such individuals live precariously between the risks of thromboembolism and the risks of hemorrhage. Thromboembolism really only represents a farther point along the spectrum of the readiness of fibrin accumulation following initial platelet aggregation and deposition. Since frank thromboembolism appears \"never\" to follow intracardiac implantation of fascia lata, it would seem that platelet dispersive therapy sould suffice in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:952090", "title": "[Immunopathology and pathogenesis of chronic erysipelas polyarthritis of swine].", "content": "Several immuno-pathological aspects of polyarthritis following experimental infection with erysipelas in pigs were studied for two years. Aseptic and specifically pathogenfree animals were infected subcutaneously and intravenously-intraarticularly with living erysipeals bacteria (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) of serotype B. After an initial febrile phase a progressive polyarthritis and disco-spondylitis developed. Some animals also developed thrombo-endocarditis. Hypergammaglobulinemia and high titers of specific antibodies were observed during the whole experimental period. Antiglobulin factors, however, were not detected in the serum or the synovium. In some animals collagen antibodies were demonstrated in synovial tissue. Bacterial examination of the synovium showed that erysipelas bacteria were present in arthritic joints for months. Living erysipelas bacteria were isolated 24 months after the experimental infection from synovial tissue of two pigs. The polyarthritis was characterised by exudates rich in fibrin, villous proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage erosions, and peri-articular fibrosis. IgG and specific erysipelas antibodies were demonstrated in plasma cells from synovial tissue by immuno-histological methods. The findings emphasize the morphological resemblance of the erysipelas induced chronic polyarthritis in pigs to human rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Immunopathology and pathogenesis of chronic erysipelas polyarthritis of swine]. Several immuno-pathological aspects of polyarthritis following experimental infection with erysipelas in pigs were studied for two years. Aseptic and specifically pathogenfree animals were infected subcutaneously and intravenously-intraarticularly with living erysipeals bacteria (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) of serotype B. After an initial febrile phase a progressive polyarthritis and disco-spondylitis developed. Some animals also developed thrombo-endocarditis. Hypergammaglobulinemia and high titers of specific antibodies were observed during the whole experimental period. Antiglobulin factors, however, were not detected in the serum or the synovium. In some animals collagen antibodies were demonstrated in synovial tissue. Bacterial examination of the synovium showed that erysipelas bacteria were present in arthritic joints for months. Living erysipelas bacteria were isolated 24 months after the experimental infection from synovial tissue of two pigs. The polyarthritis was characterised by exudates rich in fibrin, villous proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage erosions, and peri-articular fibrosis. IgG and specific erysipelas antibodies were demonstrated in plasma cells from synovial tissue by immuno-histological methods. The findings emphasize the morphological resemblance of the erysipelas induced chronic polyarthritis in pigs to human rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:952105", "title": "[Postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolism. Present position.(author's transl)].", "content": "Only anti-coagulators and aggregation-stoppers may be said to be the medicamental prophylaxis of thromboembolism. The Cumarin-Indandion group is burdened with continuous laboratory controls. Contraindications excluding a general prophylaxis for this group as well as for Heparin and ASS exist. Infukoll, which is virtually always applicable, has the disadvantage that it has to be infused. Heparin- and Dextranspreparations however can already be used preoperatively, which means that a further decline of the coagulation complications can be expected.", "contents": "[Postoperative prophylaxis of thromboembolism. Present position.(author's transl)]. Only anti-coagulators and aggregation-stoppers may be said to be the medicamental prophylaxis of thromboembolism. The Cumarin-Indandion group is burdened with continuous laboratory controls. Contraindications excluding a general prophylaxis for this group as well as for Heparin and ASS exist. Infukoll, which is virtually always applicable, has the disadvantage that it has to be infused. Heparin- and Dextranspreparations however can already be used preoperatively, which means that a further decline of the coagulation complications can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:952106", "title": "[Does Raynaud's disease really exist? (author's transl)].", "content": "In a follow-up study of 35 patients with Raynaud's disease attacks of multilocalized vascular disorders were detected in every case, which made the different etiologic definitions of this disease doubtful. We beleive, that a further improvement of our diagnostic facilities, such as pharmacoangiography, will contribute to finding-morphologic disorders in every case of Raynaud's attacks.", "contents": "[Does Raynaud's disease really exist? (author's transl)]. In a follow-up study of 35 patients with Raynaud's disease attacks of multilocalized vascular disorders were detected in every case, which made the different etiologic definitions of this disease doubtful. We beleive, that a further improvement of our diagnostic facilities, such as pharmacoangiography, will contribute to finding-morphologic disorders in every case of Raynaud's attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:952107", "title": "[Cardiac pacemaker therapy. Experiences at the Surgical University Clinic Duesseldorf 1961 up to 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of pacemaker technology, indications, and the surgical techniques of implantation are shortly reviewed. The surgical group reports about clinical experiences with 3273 operative procedures using cardiac pacemakers of different manufactors from 1961 until 1974. The last period of pacemaker therapy (1970-1974) is specifically analyzed. A differentiation of the operative procedures was carried out: 804 new implantations, 818 exchange and 239 revision operations. A series of possible complications is listed up. The analysis of 100 patients (1973/1974) with a complicated course demonstrates definitely that most of the resulting problems of this very important method of medical management are caused by the surgical procedure and by the leads.", "contents": "[Cardiac pacemaker therapy. Experiences at the Surgical University Clinic Duesseldorf 1961 up to 1974 (author's transl)]. The development of pacemaker technology, indications, and the surgical techniques of implantation are shortly reviewed. The surgical group reports about clinical experiences with 3273 operative procedures using cardiac pacemakers of different manufactors from 1961 until 1974. The last period of pacemaker therapy (1970-1974) is specifically analyzed. A differentiation of the operative procedures was carried out: 804 new implantations, 818 exchange and 239 revision operations. A series of possible complications is listed up. The analysis of 100 patients (1973/1974) with a complicated course demonstrates definitely that most of the resulting problems of this very important method of medical management are caused by the surgical procedure and by the leads."}
{"id": "PMID:952108", "title": "[Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "10 myasthenia patients were treated surgically during a four year period, 1970 TO 1973. Thymectomy was only resorted to in the most severe cases of the disease. A sternum splitting incision was preferred. Postoperative diffculties were usually avoided by routine use of a volume-controlled respirator. Oro-tracheal intubation was preferred to tracheostomy in order to avoid infection. In 9 patients it was possible to reduce the daily dose of medicine. Clinical improvement, sometimes delayed, occurred in 8 patients. All the patients had been incapacitated preoperatively but in 6 cases they were able to return to work. The mortality rate was nil. There was one case of postoperative pneumonia and one delayed sternal union.", "contents": "[Thymectomy in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. 10 myasthenia patients were treated surgically during a four year period, 1970 TO 1973. Thymectomy was only resorted to in the most severe cases of the disease. A sternum splitting incision was preferred. Postoperative diffculties were usually avoided by routine use of a volume-controlled respirator. Oro-tracheal intubation was preferred to tracheostomy in order to avoid infection. In 9 patients it was possible to reduce the daily dose of medicine. Clinical improvement, sometimes delayed, occurred in 8 patients. All the patients had been incapacitated preoperatively but in 6 cases they were able to return to work. The mortality rate was nil. There was one case of postoperative pneumonia and one delayed sternal union."}
{"id": "PMID:952109", "title": "[ Intermittent, longterm polychemotherapy in combination with radical operation of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A preliminary evaluation of a randomized, prospective clinical study of combined polychemotherapy in bronchial carcinoma is presented. The comparison of survival-curves shows a positive tendency in favor of the treatment and justifies the continuation and extension of the study. The data presented are based on the findings of 106 patients who underwent radical surgical operations due to bronchial carcinoma and of 114 patients as a comparison who in addition received aftertreatment with high doses of cytostatics applied intermittently. The importance of the influence of the clinical symptoms on the prognosis and on the effect of the Chemotherapy is emphasized.", "contents": "[ Intermittent, longterm polychemotherapy in combination with radical operation of bronchial carcinoma (author's transl)]. A preliminary evaluation of a randomized, prospective clinical study of combined polychemotherapy in bronchial carcinoma is presented. The comparison of survival-curves shows a positive tendency in favor of the treatment and justifies the continuation and extension of the study. The data presented are based on the findings of 106 patients who underwent radical surgical operations due to bronchial carcinoma and of 114 patients as a comparison who in addition received aftertreatment with high doses of cytostatics applied intermittently. The importance of the influence of the clinical symptoms on the prognosis and on the effect of the Chemotherapy is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:952113", "title": "[Local cold injuries; symptoms and therapy].", "content": "Etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical picture of local frost-injuries are described. By aid of literature, and by proper experiences in 49 patients, who had been treated at the University-Hospital of Innsbruck during the year of 1966 to 1973, therapy of local frost-injuries is discussed. Moreover the advantage of surgical therapy on the sympathicus over conservative treatment is pointed out.", "contents": "[Local cold injuries; symptoms and therapy]. Etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical picture of local frost-injuries are described. By aid of literature, and by proper experiences in 49 patients, who had been treated at the University-Hospital of Innsbruck during the year of 1966 to 1973, therapy of local frost-injuries is discussed. Moreover the advantage of surgical therapy on the sympathicus over conservative treatment is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:952114", "title": "[Pyogenic infections of the hand].", "content": "Thanks to modern antibacterial methods pyogenic infections of the hand, including their complications, will have a favourable prognosis. The experiences of many decades have proved that the principles of treatment worked out by Kanavel [6] and Zur Verth [12] are still valid, and that local processes require immediate surgical intervention. Individual and detailed proceedings are explained giving up-to-date therapeutical directions and improved incisions. The aim of all actions is to preserve the function of the hand.", "contents": "[Pyogenic infections of the hand]. Thanks to modern antibacterial methods pyogenic infections of the hand, including their complications, will have a favourable prognosis. The experiences of many decades have proved that the principles of treatment worked out by Kanavel [6] and Zur Verth [12] are still valid, and that local processes require immediate surgical intervention. Individual and detailed proceedings are explained giving up-to-date therapeutical directions and improved incisions. The aim of all actions is to preserve the function of the hand."}
{"id": "PMID:952115", "title": "[Accurate reconstruction of traumatic bony contour defects of periobital area with prefabricated silastic].", "content": "The silicone inlay method of prefabricating subcutaneous and bony implants for congenital and acquired defects of the maxillofacial area was used in 25 cases. Heat vulcanized Silastic 372 or 373 was used, and seems to be satisfactory. The method is presented as a useful addition to the surgical restoration of subcutaneous and bony defects, particularly complex contours of the periorbital area when autogenous tissue is unavailable. Complications seem to be less common when the implant is immobile and secured to bone. The method is evolving, and modifications can and should be made in the technique.", "contents": "[Accurate reconstruction of traumatic bony contour defects of periobital area with prefabricated silastic]. The silicone inlay method of prefabricating subcutaneous and bony implants for congenital and acquired defects of the maxillofacial area was used in 25 cases. Heat vulcanized Silastic 372 or 373 was used, and seems to be satisfactory. The method is presented as a useful addition to the surgical restoration of subcutaneous and bony defects, particularly complex contours of the periorbital area when autogenous tissue is unavailable. Complications seem to be less common when the implant is immobile and secured to bone. The method is evolving, and modifications can and should be made in the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:952116", "title": "[Delayed rupture of the spleen].", "content": "From 1964 to 1974 14 patients affected with a delayed rupture of the spleen, were operated in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Mainz. 12 of these 14 patients had a polytrauma. Head-, brain- and thorax injuries were prevalent. Because of the risk of a delayed spleen rupture each blunt trauma has to be  hospitalized and observed under clinical conditions. In unconscious patients and in all doubtful cases a peritoneal lavage should be done. If a spleen rupture is caused by an intraabdominal bleeding, Splenectomy is the therapy of choice as further complications can be avoided by this measure.", "contents": "[Delayed rupture of the spleen]. From 1964 to 1974 14 patients affected with a delayed rupture of the spleen, were operated in the Surgical Clinic of the University of Mainz. 12 of these 14 patients had a polytrauma. Head-, brain- and thorax injuries were prevalent. Because of the risk of a delayed spleen rupture each blunt trauma has to be  hospitalized and observed under clinical conditions. In unconscious patients and in all doubtful cases a peritoneal lavage should be done. If a spleen rupture is caused by an intraabdominal bleeding, Splenectomy is the therapy of choice as further complications can be avoided by this measure."}
{"id": "PMID:952117", "title": "[Paralysis of the accessory nerve following operations in the lateral triangle of the neck].", "content": "In the last 3 years we had to express our opinion on 11 cases which after operations in the neck resulted in a paralysis of the N. accessorius. In 8 cases we had to state a fault of the operating surgeon. More exactness is apparently required in the operations.", "contents": "[Paralysis of the accessory nerve following operations in the lateral triangle of the neck]. In the last 3 years we had to express our opinion on 11 cases which after operations in the neck resulted in a paralysis of the N. accessorius. In 8 cases we had to state a fault of the operating surgeon. More exactness is apparently required in the operations."}
{"id": "PMID:952123", "title": "[Osteomyelitis, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of antibiotics at the treatment of osteomyelitis resulted in a rise of the permanent successful treatment rate. This is especially true for the acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, to a certain extent also for the chronic exogenous one, at which even today the antibiotical therapy is not as important as a surgical intervention. Under consideration of the generally accepted therapeutical principles the special importance of a much individualized treatment adjusted to the clinical picture and disease stage is pointed out. The advantages and disadvantages of an application of antibiotics at the osteomyelitis are mentioned and we try to explain the reasons for occasional therapy failures. A special chapter is devoted to the methods of filling and sterilization of the osteomyelitis bone hollows. Our own experiences with an operative combination process are reported.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis, therapy and prognosis (author's transl)]. The application of antibiotics at the treatment of osteomyelitis resulted in a rise of the permanent successful treatment rate. This is especially true for the acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, to a certain extent also for the chronic exogenous one, at which even today the antibiotical therapy is not as important as a surgical intervention. Under consideration of the generally accepted therapeutical principles the special importance of a much individualized treatment adjusted to the clinical picture and disease stage is pointed out. The advantages and disadvantages of an application of antibiotics at the osteomyelitis are mentioned and we try to explain the reasons for occasional therapy failures. A special chapter is devoted to the methods of filling and sterilization of the osteomyelitis bone hollows. Our own experiences with an operative combination process are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:952129", "title": "[Problems in diagnosis and therapy of malignant genital tumors in childhood].", "content": "After description of 4 cases of mesenchymal malignant tumors in childhood diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed. The late diagnosis is an essential problem. Surgical treatment is difficult and therefore a speciality of gynecology.", "contents": "[Problems in diagnosis and therapy of malignant genital tumors in childhood]. After description of 4 cases of mesenchymal malignant tumors in childhood diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed. The late diagnosis is an essential problem. Surgical treatment is difficult and therefore a speciality of gynecology."}
{"id": "PMID:952130", "title": "[Clinical picture of gonadal dysgenesis in the children's and adolescents' consulting hours].", "content": "Report on 34 patients with gonodal dysgenesis and chromosomal aberrations ranging in age from 4 to 28 years. The observation time amount to five years on the average. 23 urological examinations revealed 12 kidney malformations (=52,2 percent). Special pathological x-ray findings on hands and writs were significantly more frequent in Turner's disease than in normal population. In T.S. the average value of conspicicous dactyloscopic findings was about 3,0 patient, (in family members it was 0,9 test person). In the most of all cases the psychological examination resulted in dependence and less of contact. Sexuell inclinations are denied. The hormonal substitution was carried out with \"Mestranol\" or with \"Sequenz-Ovosiston\".", "contents": "[Clinical picture of gonadal dysgenesis in the children's and adolescents' consulting hours]. Report on 34 patients with gonodal dysgenesis and chromosomal aberrations ranging in age from 4 to 28 years. The observation time amount to five years on the average. 23 urological examinations revealed 12 kidney malformations (=52,2 percent). Special pathological x-ray findings on hands and writs were significantly more frequent in Turner's disease than in normal population. In T.S. the average value of conspicicous dactyloscopic findings was about 3,0 patient, (in family members it was 0,9 test person). In the most of all cases the psychological examination resulted in dependence and less of contact. Sexuell inclinations are denied. The hormonal substitution was carried out with \"Mestranol\" or with \"Sequenz-Ovosiston\"."}
{"id": "PMID:952131", "title": "[Problems of premedication in pediatric gynecologic consultation hours].", "content": "It is reported about the behavior of 300 children, which were examined and treated gynecological after premedication, which was performed with Elroguil, Faustan, Lepinal, Myocuran, Sinophebin liqu. The sedative effect was not good in all cases. A premedication is not generally indicated, but in some of the cases the situation of examination is better.", "contents": "[Problems of premedication in pediatric gynecologic consultation hours]. It is reported about the behavior of 300 children, which were examined and treated gynecological after premedication, which was performed with Elroguil, Faustan, Lepinal, Myocuran, Sinophebin liqu. The sedative effect was not good in all cases. A premedication is not generally indicated, but in some of the cases the situation of examination is better."}
{"id": "PMID:952132", "title": "[Extragenital diseases in geriatric-gynecological surgical cases].", "content": "Of the surgical cases accumulated in 18 departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology in West Berlin from 1960 through 1969 6662 major procedures were performed on women of at least 60 years of age. In 282 cases (4,2%) surgery was carried out for primarily extragenital gynecological disorders: 119 malignant tumors, 16 benign tumors, and 147 other diseases of extragenital orgin. The postoperative mortality of these patients (89 deaths; 29,8%) was markedly higher than that observed for the whole group (7,7%). This difference may have been caused by the greater extensiveness of the underlying disease in the former group as well as the unsatisfactory utilization of preoperative diagnostic procedures found in some instances. The cooperation with surgeons prior to and during surgery may still be improved upon. In 98 patients (1,5%) operative procedures for additional surgical disorders were performed simultaneously. Especially in those cases where additional appendectomies were carried out, it appears that total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy might have been the treatment of choice for the underlying disease.", "contents": "[Extragenital diseases in geriatric-gynecological surgical cases]. Of the surgical cases accumulated in 18 departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology in West Berlin from 1960 through 1969 6662 major procedures were performed on women of at least 60 years of age. In 282 cases (4,2%) surgery was carried out for primarily extragenital gynecological disorders: 119 malignant tumors, 16 benign tumors, and 147 other diseases of extragenital orgin. The postoperative mortality of these patients (89 deaths; 29,8%) was markedly higher than that observed for the whole group (7,7%). This difference may have been caused by the greater extensiveness of the underlying disease in the former group as well as the unsatisfactory utilization of preoperative diagnostic procedures found in some instances. The cooperation with surgeons prior to and during surgery may still be improved upon. In 98 patients (1,5%) operative procedures for additional surgical disorders were performed simultaneously. Especially in those cases where additional appendectomies were carried out, it appears that total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy might have been the treatment of choice for the underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:952133", "title": "[Experiences with Ketalar anesthesia in gynecological and obstetrical operations].", "content": "The authors' experience with Ketalar anaesthesia applied in 483 cases has been described. The effect of the narcotic on the cardiovascular system, respiration and acid-base household is analysed in details. As stated by the authors, the narcotic is well applicable in obstetrical and gynecological small operations. By appropriate preparation the occurence of side effects can be reduced. With Shirodkar operations increase of the uterine tonus can be prevented by protective premedication. Ketalar is not recommended for the introduction of anaesthesia in cases of Caesarean section as it may increase the incidence of neonatal asphyxia.", "contents": "[Experiences with Ketalar anesthesia in gynecological and obstetrical operations]. The authors' experience with Ketalar anaesthesia applied in 483 cases has been described. The effect of the narcotic on the cardiovascular system, respiration and acid-base household is analysed in details. As stated by the authors, the narcotic is well applicable in obstetrical and gynecological small operations. By appropriate preparation the occurence of side effects can be reduced. With Shirodkar operations increase of the uterine tonus can be prevented by protective premedication. Ketalar is not recommended for the introduction of anaesthesia in cases of Caesarean section as it may increase the incidence of neonatal asphyxia."}
{"id": "PMID:952134", "title": "[Changes in the serum lipoprotein spectrum after gynecologic operations especially after castration].", "content": "The authors have studied the changes of serum lipoproteins spectrum after various operations in 50 women. They found different changes that can be explicated with operation stress, bleeding or fasting. After the interventions with bilateral ovarectomy they found a dyslipoproteinema with an early and rapid increase of low density lipoproteins.", "contents": "[Changes in the serum lipoprotein spectrum after gynecologic operations especially after castration]. The authors have studied the changes of serum lipoproteins spectrum after various operations in 50 women. They found different changes that can be explicated with operation stress, bleeding or fasting. After the interventions with bilateral ovarectomy they found a dyslipoproteinema with an early and rapid increase of low density lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:952135", "title": "[25 years without reactions to a grown-in laparitimy gauze].", "content": "We report the remarkable history of a case with intraperitoneal retention of a gauze sponge, left in place for 24 years without any symptoms. The foreign body was removed in a selective operation after being detected by routine gynecologic examination. The rare and unusually fortunate course is discussed.", "contents": "[25 years without reactions to a grown-in laparitimy gauze]. We report the remarkable history of a case with intraperitoneal retention of a gauze sponge, left in place for 24 years without any symptoms. The foreign body was removed in a selective operation after being detected by routine gynecologic examination. The rare and unusually fortunate course is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952136", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of descensus and urinary incontinence by means of selective abdomino-vaginal technic].", "content": "On 155 patients with vaginal descensus and urinary stress incontinence an vaginal-anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (Kelly)- or abdomino-vaginal operation--vaginal hysterectomie combined with colporrhaphy (Kelly) and Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-had been performed regarding the lateral Cystorethrogram. The combined operation increased from 12,9% to 55,9%. The results with 13,9% recurrent stress incontinence are encouraging considering the results of severe vaginal operation with 20,4% recurrent stress incontinence. A good plastic result was obtained in 96,2% of the patients.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of descensus and urinary incontinence by means of selective abdomino-vaginal technic]. On 155 patients with vaginal descensus and urinary stress incontinence an vaginal-anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (Kelly)- or abdomino-vaginal operation--vaginal hysterectomie combined with colporrhaphy (Kelly) and Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz-had been performed regarding the lateral Cystorethrogram. The combined operation increased from 12,9% to 55,9%. The results with 13,9% recurrent stress incontinence are encouraging considering the results of severe vaginal operation with 20,4% recurrent stress incontinence. A good plastic result was obtained in 96,2% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:952137", "title": "[Conservative treatment of descensus and genital prolapse by means of pessaries from permanent-soft plastic].", "content": "Clinical experience with soft synthetic pessary in the conservative treatment of genital prolapse is discussed. No local inflammation or laceration of the vagina, or cervix was seen.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of descensus and genital prolapse by means of pessaries from permanent-soft plastic]. Clinical experience with soft synthetic pessary in the conservative treatment of genital prolapse is discussed. No local inflammation or laceration of the vagina, or cervix was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:952138", "title": "[Influence of ethinyl estradiol sulfonate on the decreased urinary bladder tonus in the menopause].", "content": "In 40 women with hypotonic urinary bladder the influence of 17alpha-Athinyl-3-isopropyl-sulfonyloxy-Ostradiol (Athinyl\u00f6stradiol) (3 X 15 mug/die without weekend) was examined concerning the intravesical pressure; The cystotonometry has been done just before as well in intervalls of 2 months during half year's period of treatment. The authors used the fill-up-cystotonometry of Hartl. The intra-vesical pressure rose significantly by the influence of Athinyl\u00f6stradiolsulfonat after 2 months treatment already. In comparison to the hypotonic value before treatment there was an average normotonic urinary bladder after application of Athinyl\u00f6stradiolsulfonat past 4 and 6 months. Incidence on clinical relevance of these results.", "contents": "[Influence of ethinyl estradiol sulfonate on the decreased urinary bladder tonus in the menopause]. In 40 women with hypotonic urinary bladder the influence of 17alpha-Athinyl-3-isopropyl-sulfonyloxy-Ostradiol (Athinyl\u00f6stradiol) (3 X 15 mug/die without weekend) was examined concerning the intravesical pressure; The cystotonometry has been done just before as well in intervalls of 2 months during half year's period of treatment. The authors used the fill-up-cystotonometry of Hartl. The intra-vesical pressure rose significantly by the influence of Athinyl\u00f6stradiolsulfonat after 2 months treatment already. In comparison to the hypotonic value before treatment there was an average normotonic urinary bladder after application of Athinyl\u00f6stradiolsulfonat past 4 and 6 months. Incidence on clinical relevance of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:952139", "title": "[Semiquantitative evaluation of isotope nephrograms in long-term continuous intake of contraceptive steroids].", "content": "The renal function of a total of 137 women without renal diseases taking contraceptive steroids continuously but for different periods of time (up to a maximum of 8 years) was investigated by isotope nephrography. Checking is done by using the semiquantitative evaluation prameters according to Zum Winkel. The results show that the application of hormonal contraceptives does not induce significant changes of renal function in the isotope nephrogram.", "contents": "[Semiquantitative evaluation of isotope nephrograms in long-term continuous intake of contraceptive steroids]. The renal function of a total of 137 women without renal diseases taking contraceptive steroids continuously but for different periods of time (up to a maximum of 8 years) was investigated by isotope nephrography. Checking is done by using the semiquantitative evaluation prameters according to Zum Winkel. The results show that the application of hormonal contraceptives does not induce significant changes of renal function in the isotope nephrogram."}
{"id": "PMID:952140", "title": "[Isotope nephrography in the 2d half of pregnancy].", "content": "166 Women were investigated after 26 weeks of pregnancy, divided into 4 groups (normal pregnancy, after urinary tract infection, with cystopyelitis and with toxemia). Renography is a very sensitive method. Only 6,6% women had bilateraly normal function. Unilateral pathology was detected more often on the right side (17,6% versus 2,9%) and the damage was on the right side also more intensive (30% versus 8%), and present as early as in the 7. to 8. month of pregnancy. The damage of the secretion phase of the renogram in pregnancy is mostly sequal of the disturbed drainage following compression of the ureter trough varicosal veins and the pregnant uterus.", "contents": "[Isotope nephrography in the 2d half of pregnancy]. 166 Women were investigated after 26 weeks of pregnancy, divided into 4 groups (normal pregnancy, after urinary tract infection, with cystopyelitis and with toxemia). Renography is a very sensitive method. Only 6,6% women had bilateraly normal function. Unilateral pathology was detected more often on the right side (17,6% versus 2,9%) and the damage was on the right side also more intensive (30% versus 8%), and present as early as in the 7. to 8. month of pregnancy. The damage of the secretion phase of the renogram in pregnancy is mostly sequal of the disturbed drainage following compression of the ureter trough varicosal veins and the pregnant uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:952141", "title": "[Isotope nephrography in pregnancy].", "content": "Emptying disturbances demonstrated by the isotope nephrogram are frequent during pregnancy. For the obstetrician, however, they have only importance, if he can differenciate between changes only due to pregnancy and disturbances with a genuine pathological value. On hand of mean - value curves of radio - nephrograms for each of 50 cases of healthy pregnant women at different ages of pregnancy we try to make a specific judgement of the curves by the introduction of a so-called \"Drain-rate A\" and attempt to classify the disturbances occurring during normal pregnancy under the term \"Gravidity-ING\" in order to distinguish them from those with a pathological value.", "contents": "[Isotope nephrography in pregnancy]. Emptying disturbances demonstrated by the isotope nephrogram are frequent during pregnancy. For the obstetrician, however, they have only importance, if he can differenciate between changes only due to pregnancy and disturbances with a genuine pathological value. On hand of mean - value curves of radio - nephrograms for each of 50 cases of healthy pregnant women at different ages of pregnancy we try to make a specific judgement of the curves by the introduction of a so-called \"Drain-rate A\" and attempt to classify the disturbances occurring during normal pregnancy under the term \"Gravidity-ING\" in order to distinguish them from those with a pathological value."}
{"id": "PMID:952144", "title": "[Tissue microcirculation in patients with reflex neurodystrophic syndromes of cervical osteochondrosis].", "content": "In 62 normals and 70 patients with reflex vertebrogenic syndromes the authors studied tissue clearance (the time of resorbtion--50% and 80% isotope, the mean rate of elimination in percentage) by radioisotope indications. The study determined as well the informative value of radiogramm indices. The data reveal distinct disorders of tissue microcirculation in the affected areas. It was also possible to establish a correlation between the capillarotissue metabolism and the duration of the disease, duration of the exacerbation, stage of the disease and some other factors. The authors followed the development of microcirculation in the process of treatment. The obtained results indicate the diagnostical significance of the method of radioisotope indication and the possibility of its application for the prognosis of the disease and evaluation of treatment methods of reflex neurodystrophical syndromes of cervical osteochondrosis.", "contents": "[Tissue microcirculation in patients with reflex neurodystrophic syndromes of cervical osteochondrosis]. In 62 normals and 70 patients with reflex vertebrogenic syndromes the authors studied tissue clearance (the time of resorbtion--50% and 80% isotope, the mean rate of elimination in percentage) by radioisotope indications. The study determined as well the informative value of radiogramm indices. The data reveal distinct disorders of tissue microcirculation in the affected areas. It was also possible to establish a correlation between the capillarotissue metabolism and the duration of the disease, duration of the exacerbation, stage of the disease and some other factors. The authors followed the development of microcirculation in the process of treatment. The obtained results indicate the diagnostical significance of the method of radioisotope indication and the possibility of its application for the prognosis of the disease and evaluation of treatment methods of reflex neurodystrophical syndromes of cervical osteochondrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:952145", "title": "[Somatosensory evoked brain potentials in discogenic compressions of the lumbosacral roots].", "content": "In 16 patients with discogenic lumbar-sacral radiculitis the author studied somato-sensory evoked potentials from the vertex area in response to electric stimulation of the peripheral nerves corresponding to the affected radicle on the side of the compression and on the intact side. It was established that in discogenic compressions of the radicles there is an expressed drop in the amplitude of early components of evoked potentials II1, H1, especially if the compression leads to disturbances of tacticle, double-range and deep sensitivity. The degree of changes in evoked potentials corresponds to the severity of the compression and may serve as one of the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of conservative therapy and determination of indications to surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Somatosensory evoked brain potentials in discogenic compressions of the lumbosacral roots]. In 16 patients with discogenic lumbar-sacral radiculitis the author studied somato-sensory evoked potentials from the vertex area in response to electric stimulation of the peripheral nerves corresponding to the affected radicle on the side of the compression and on the intact side. It was established that in discogenic compressions of the radicles there is an expressed drop in the amplitude of early components of evoked potentials II1, H1, especially if the compression leads to disturbances of tacticle, double-range and deep sensitivity. The degree of changes in evoked potentials corresponds to the severity of the compression and may serve as one of the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of conservative therapy and determination of indications to surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:952146", "title": "[Neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve].", "content": "On the basis of clinical observations of 314 patients with neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve and a number of studies conducted on them (EEG, REG, tomography of the intraorbital canal, a morphological study on neurovascular fascicli removed during the operation of neurotomy and etc.) the authors discuss some problems of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "[Neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve]. On the basis of clinical observations of 314 patients with neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve and a number of studies conducted on them (EEG, REG, tomography of the intraorbital canal, a morphological study on neurovascular fascicli removed during the operation of neurotomy and etc.) the authors discuss some problems of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:952147", "title": "[Pterygopalatine ganglion syndrome].", "content": "An examination of 75 patients with the syndrome of pterygopalatine ganglian established that in out-patient practice such disorders are frequently incorrectly diagnosed. As a rule the disorder is seen at young and middle age after general infections and local inflammatory processes. Acute and subacute development is expressed more frequently in a neuralogical form of the disease while the chronic development corresponds more commonly to a neurotic affection of the ganglion. Clinical criteria in the diagnosis of the pterygopalatine ganglion syndrome are pain attacks with a certain localization and its irraidiation, accompanied by vegetative vascular and secretory changes of a parasympathical character. An important sign in the differential diagnosis is an arrest of the attack by a cocainization of the mucous in certain parts of the middle nasal passage.", "contents": "[Pterygopalatine ganglion syndrome]. An examination of 75 patients with the syndrome of pterygopalatine ganglian established that in out-patient practice such disorders are frequently incorrectly diagnosed. As a rule the disorder is seen at young and middle age after general infections and local inflammatory processes. Acute and subacute development is expressed more frequently in a neuralogical form of the disease while the chronic development corresponds more commonly to a neurotic affection of the ganglion. Clinical criteria in the diagnosis of the pterygopalatine ganglion syndrome are pain attacks with a certain localization and its irraidiation, accompanied by vegetative vascular and secretory changes of a parasympathical character. An important sign in the differential diagnosis is an arrest of the attack by a cocainization of the mucous in certain parts of the middle nasal passage."}
{"id": "PMID:952148", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of electrophysiologic studies in patients with peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve].", "content": "An analysis of the period and degree of restitution of the functions of mimical muscles in peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve depending upon changes of the motor and reflectory responses of the orbicular muscle of the eye, the type of changes in the main curves of electroexcitation and the development of all these changes during the first 3 weeks of the disease served as a basis for the determination of an early diagnosis and the level of facial nerve lesions. The study revealed an increase of the latent period of motor and reflex responses of the orbicular eye muscles testifies to disturbances of the myeline structures of the facial nerve. The authors suggest that a low electroexcitability of the stem of the facial nerve is associated not so much with the axonal degeneration, as with the process of demyelinization.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of electrophysiologic studies in patients with peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve]. An analysis of the period and degree of restitution of the functions of mimical muscles in peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve depending upon changes of the motor and reflectory responses of the orbicular muscle of the eye, the type of changes in the main curves of electroexcitation and the development of all these changes during the first 3 weeks of the disease served as a basis for the determination of an early diagnosis and the level of facial nerve lesions. The study revealed an increase of the latent period of motor and reflex responses of the orbicular eye muscles testifies to disturbances of the myeline structures of the facial nerve. The authors suggest that a low electroexcitability of the stem of the facial nerve is associated not so much with the axonal degeneration, as with the process of demyelinization."}
{"id": "PMID:952149", "title": "[Skin temperature and the hot water test in the diagnosis of injuries to the median, ulnar and tibial nerves].", "content": "In 289 patients with a complete anatomical interruption of the median, ulnar and tibial nerves from 1 month to 2 years following the trauma the author determined the skin temperature in the autonomous zone and in the one of a maximum drop of sensibility. Anesthesia, a temperature drop on the average from 1.4 +/- 0.5--2.2 +/-0.5 degrees C, the absence of skin folds and a pinck color in thermal tests clarify the diagnosis of a complete anatomical interruption of the median or ulnar nerve. In lesions of both nerves, especially in combination with lesions of the arteries, the skin temperature is lower than that in an isolated damage of one of the neves. In most of the patients with an interruption of the tibial nerve the skin temperature in the autonomous zone is higher and there are no skin folds in the autonomous zones in thermal tests. Skin temperature measurements and thermal tests are simple objective methods in the diagnosis of nerve lesions.", "contents": "[Skin temperature and the hot water test in the diagnosis of injuries to the median, ulnar and tibial nerves]. In 289 patients with a complete anatomical interruption of the median, ulnar and tibial nerves from 1 month to 2 years following the trauma the author determined the skin temperature in the autonomous zone and in the one of a maximum drop of sensibility. Anesthesia, a temperature drop on the average from 1.4 +/- 0.5--2.2 +/-0.5 degrees C, the absence of skin folds and a pinck color in thermal tests clarify the diagnosis of a complete anatomical interruption of the median or ulnar nerve. In lesions of both nerves, especially in combination with lesions of the arteries, the skin temperature is lower than that in an isolated damage of one of the neves. In most of the patients with an interruption of the tibial nerve the skin temperature in the autonomous zone is higher and there are no skin folds in the autonomous zones in thermal tests. Skin temperature measurements and thermal tests are simple objective methods in the diagnosis of nerve lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:952151", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of electrocortical responses to rhythmic and solitary photic stimuli in patients with hepato-portal encephalopathy].", "content": "In order to clarify some diagnostical criteria of latent hepato-portal encephalopathy in 57 patients with intrahepatic forms of portal hypertension the authors studied the character of driving response in photorhythmical stimulation. In 9 patients the development of evoked potentials depending upon the significance of the stimula was studied as well. The studies confirmed the prognostical significance of a slowing down the mean frequency of rhythms in the EEG in relation to the development of acute encephalopathy and a certain tendency to the shift in the spectrum of driving responses to low frequency and a worsening of driving responses in slowing down the medium rhythm frequency of EEG. In patients with changed resting activity in the Background EEG there was a drop in the amplitude of late components of evoked potentials.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of electrocortical responses to rhythmic and solitary photic stimuli in patients with hepato-portal encephalopathy]. In order to clarify some diagnostical criteria of latent hepato-portal encephalopathy in 57 patients with intrahepatic forms of portal hypertension the authors studied the character of driving response in photorhythmical stimulation. In 9 patients the development of evoked potentials depending upon the significance of the stimula was studied as well. The studies confirmed the prognostical significance of a slowing down the mean frequency of rhythms in the EEG in relation to the development of acute encephalopathy and a certain tendency to the shift in the spectrum of driving responses to low frequency and a worsening of driving responses in slowing down the medium rhythm frequency of EEG. In patients with changed resting activity in the Background EEG there was a drop in the amplitude of late components of evoked potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:952152", "title": "[Composition of cerebrospinal fluid protein in children with nervous system diseases according to disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel].", "content": "The author studied the fractional content of proteins in the CSF in 105 children with different disorders of the nervous system and 35 children of a control group (aged 2-13 years) with the aid of disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The proteins of the CSF were studied in encephalitis, polyradiculoneuritis, cerebral arachnoiditis, brain tumors and epilepsy. The content of total proteins in the CSF in 42% of the studied children did not differ significantly from the usual age norm. More distinct changes were found in proteinogramms of the CSF where 14 protein fractions were singled out. It was established that a change in the content of separate fractions, their intercorrelation depended on the character of the pathological process.", "contents": "[Composition of cerebrospinal fluid protein in children with nervous system diseases according to disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel]. The author studied the fractional content of proteins in the CSF in 105 children with different disorders of the nervous system and 35 children of a control group (aged 2-13 years) with the aid of disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The proteins of the CSF were studied in encephalitis, polyradiculoneuritis, cerebral arachnoiditis, brain tumors and epilepsy. The content of total proteins in the CSF in 42% of the studied children did not differ significantly from the usual age norm. More distinct changes were found in proteinogramms of the CSF where 14 protein fractions were singled out. It was established that a change in the content of separate fractions, their intercorrelation depended on the character of the pathological process."}
{"id": "PMID:952153", "title": "[Use of acupuncture in lumbosacral radiculitis].", "content": "The author gives a comparative assessment of the results of treatment of the Krasnodar Worsted Cloth Combine workers with sacro-lumbar radiculitis. The comparative study was concerned with generally used methods and acupunctures in out-patient conditions. It was possible to establish some criteria of the effectiveness of acupuncture therapy. According to the data of the author there was a significant improvement in the group of patient who received only acupuntures (87.2%) and somewhat less (70.2%) in the group treated with the conventional methods.", "contents": "[Use of acupuncture in lumbosacral radiculitis]. The author gives a comparative assessment of the results of treatment of the Krasnodar Worsted Cloth Combine workers with sacro-lumbar radiculitis. The comparative study was concerned with generally used methods and acupunctures in out-patient conditions. It was possible to establish some criteria of the effectiveness of acupuncture therapy. According to the data of the author there was a significant improvement in the group of patient who received only acupuntures (87.2%) and somewhat less (70.2%) in the group treated with the conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:952156", "title": "[Results of remote follow-up of depressive psychoses at the involutional age].", "content": "The author performed follow-up studies of 82 female patients with the onset of the disease at 55-64 years and diagnosed as involutional depression. Subsequently the disease acquired an attack-like character. An analysis of the development and repeated attacks permitted the author to consider most of the cases as late schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses, while the remaining part of the cases as organic and reactive disorders. A retrospective analysis demonstrates that in the majority of the cases behind an expressed pathoplastical age-specific features even during the first admission there may be seen signs of a schizophrenic process. Taking this into consideration a correct evaluation of the premanifest period may facilitate a more correct diagnosis. Long-term catamnestical observations revealed the existence of a relatively small group of singular psychoses, which according to their clinical characteristics should be considered as special age-specific disorders.", "contents": "[Results of remote follow-up of depressive psychoses at the involutional age]. The author performed follow-up studies of 82 female patients with the onset of the disease at 55-64 years and diagnosed as involutional depression. Subsequently the disease acquired an attack-like character. An analysis of the development and repeated attacks permitted the author to consider most of the cases as late schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses, while the remaining part of the cases as organic and reactive disorders. A retrospective analysis demonstrates that in the majority of the cases behind an expressed pathoplastical age-specific features even during the first admission there may be seen signs of a schizophrenic process. Taking this into consideration a correct evaluation of the premanifest period may facilitate a more correct diagnosis. Long-term catamnestical observations revealed the existence of a relatively small group of singular psychoses, which according to their clinical characteristics should be considered as special age-specific disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:952163", "title": "Characterization of charge isomers of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Evidence for intracellular differences.", "content": "Three electrophoretic components of phosphoglycerate kinase have been isolated from baker's yeast. The isoionic point of the major component is 7.18 at 10 degrees C. Corresponding values for the minor ones are 6.91 and 7.48, respectively. There is a difference of one charge-unit between the isomers 1 and 2, and between the isomers 2 and 3. The release of component 3 from the yeast cells appears in contrast to the isomers 1 and 2 to be promoted by an organic solvent, thus suggesting this component to be bound to the cell-membrane. The amino-terminal amino acid residue appears to be N-acetylated serine in each of the three cases. The carboxyl-terminal ends seem to be identical also with -(Ala, Leu, Val, Lys)- Ala-Lys as the ultimate sequence. From the circular dichroism spectra the contents of alpha-helix and beta-structure were estimated to 15 and 40-50%, respectively. Factors have been determined for transformation and comparison of the specific activities as determined under the various conditions used at different laboratories.", "contents": "Characterization of charge isomers of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Evidence for intracellular differences. Three electrophoretic components of phosphoglycerate kinase have been isolated from baker's yeast. The isoionic point of the major component is 7.18 at 10 degrees C. Corresponding values for the minor ones are 6.91 and 7.48, respectively. There is a difference of one charge-unit between the isomers 1 and 2, and between the isomers 2 and 3. The release of component 3 from the yeast cells appears in contrast to the isomers 1 and 2 to be promoted by an organic solvent, thus suggesting this component to be bound to the cell-membrane. The amino-terminal amino acid residue appears to be N-acetylated serine in each of the three cases. The carboxyl-terminal ends seem to be identical also with -(Ala, Leu, Val, Lys)- Ala-Lys as the ultimate sequence. From the circular dichroism spectra the contents of alpha-helix and beta-structure were estimated to 15 and 40-50%, respectively. Factors have been determined for transformation and comparison of the specific activities as determined under the various conditions used at different laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:952164", "title": "Preparation of porcine pancreatic lipase free of co-lipase activity.", "content": "Porcine pancreatic lipase LB was purified and released from co-lipase activity by reduction with beta-mercaptoethanol in the presence of guanidine chloride. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the enzyme is presented. The following physical constants were measured or calculated: Molecular weight 52 000, sedimentation coefficient (s degrees 20, w) 4.0 S, diffusion coefficient (D degrees 20, w) 6.7 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1. Stokes' radius (r) 30.3 A, partial specific volume (v) 0.72 cm3 g-1, frictional ratio (f/f0) 1.23 and isoelectric point (pI) 5.18.", "contents": "Preparation of porcine pancreatic lipase free of co-lipase activity. Porcine pancreatic lipase LB was purified and released from co-lipase activity by reduction with beta-mercaptoethanol in the presence of guanidine chloride. The amino acid and carbohydrate composition of the enzyme is presented. The following physical constants were measured or calculated: Molecular weight 52 000, sedimentation coefficient (s degrees 20, w) 4.0 S, diffusion coefficient (D degrees 20, w) 6.7 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1. Stokes' radius (r) 30.3 A, partial specific volume (v) 0.72 cm3 g-1, frictional ratio (f/f0) 1.23 and isoelectric point (pI) 5.18."}
{"id": "PMID:952166", "title": "The influence of borate and calcium on the gel formation of a sulfated polysaccharide from Ulva lactuca.", "content": "The water-soluble, sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Ulva lactuca, forms a soft gel when dialysed against sea-water, provided the polysaccharide concentration is 1% or higher and the pH above 7.5. The components of sea-water needed for this gel formation are boric acid and calcium ions. At concentration normally found in sea-water, neither borate nor calcium ions alone produce a gel. It is assumed that the gel formation involves the formation of borate-polysaccharide complexes leading to intermolecular linkages which are stabilized by calcium ions in an unknown manner. This assumption is supported by experiments with extraction of this polysaccharide from the dry seaweed and by the results obtained with the isolated polysaccharide. Agreement between these experiments leads to the conclusion that the sulfated polysaccharide (in vivo) most probably occurs as a gel stabilized by the borate and calcium ions in sea-water.", "contents": "The influence of borate and calcium on the gel formation of a sulfated polysaccharide from Ulva lactuca. The water-soluble, sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Ulva lactuca, forms a soft gel when dialysed against sea-water, provided the polysaccharide concentration is 1% or higher and the pH above 7.5. The components of sea-water needed for this gel formation are boric acid and calcium ions. At concentration normally found in sea-water, neither borate nor calcium ions alone produce a gel. It is assumed that the gel formation involves the formation of borate-polysaccharide complexes leading to intermolecular linkages which are stabilized by calcium ions in an unknown manner. This assumption is supported by experiments with extraction of this polysaccharide from the dry seaweed and by the results obtained with the isolated polysaccharide. Agreement between these experiments leads to the conclusion that the sulfated polysaccharide (in vivo) most probably occurs as a gel stabilized by the borate and calcium ions in sea-water."}
{"id": "PMID:952191", "title": "Antagonistic compensation as a function of reduced weight bearing.", "content": "The principle of antagonistic compensation was presented by RIESENFELD in 1966 to explain the relative shortening and broadening of hypofunctional bones. Few studies have concerned themselves with this phenomenon, even though the causative agent(s) have not been delineated. In this study, RIESENFELD induced the hypofunction by complete unilateral bilateral forelimb amputation. The resulting hypofunctional condition may be attributed to the lack of muscle function or to the lack of weight bearing or both in combination. In the present study weight bearing was eliminated in such a manner as to preserve muscle functioning. This was accomplished by two techniques: (1) unilateral forearm amputation and (2) unilateral humeral resection. Statistically significant differences in interindividual scapular length and breadth as well as humeral and ulnar lengths are reported. In all cases, the bones of the operated side were shorter than those of the unoperated side and the scapular breadth of the unoperated side was relatively greater. This confirms the hypothesis that weight bearing is, at least, partially responsible for the morphological changes induced by hypofunction and described by the principle of antagonistic compensation. However, as the reduction in length was of a lesser magnitude than that reported by RIESENFELD, the input of muscle function cannot be ignored. Rather, as both muscle functioning and weight bearing induce compressive force on long bones (including the scapula), both may serve to initiate the observed morphological changes through the vehicle of reduced compression.", "contents": "Antagonistic compensation as a function of reduced weight bearing. The principle of antagonistic compensation was presented by RIESENFELD in 1966 to explain the relative shortening and broadening of hypofunctional bones. Few studies have concerned themselves with this phenomenon, even though the causative agent(s) have not been delineated. In this study, RIESENFELD induced the hypofunction by complete unilateral bilateral forelimb amputation. The resulting hypofunctional condition may be attributed to the lack of muscle function or to the lack of weight bearing or both in combination. In the present study weight bearing was eliminated in such a manner as to preserve muscle functioning. This was accomplished by two techniques: (1) unilateral forearm amputation and (2) unilateral humeral resection. Statistically significant differences in interindividual scapular length and breadth as well as humeral and ulnar lengths are reported. In all cases, the bones of the operated side were shorter than those of the unoperated side and the scapular breadth of the unoperated side was relatively greater. This confirms the hypothesis that weight bearing is, at least, partially responsible for the morphological changes induced by hypofunction and described by the principle of antagonistic compensation. However, as the reduction in length was of a lesser magnitude than that reported by RIESENFELD, the input of muscle function cannot be ignored. Rather, as both muscle functioning and weight bearing induce compressive force on long bones (including the scapula), both may serve to initiate the observed morphological changes through the vehicle of reduced compression."}
{"id": "PMID:952192", "title": "Study on the fibre arrangement of the dorsal nerve root and its cellular constituents in the mouse fetus.", "content": "The fibre arrangement of the dorsal nerve root was studied in the mouse fetus during early stages of development and was found to consist of two bundles at their exit from the dorsal root ganglion. This separate arrangement of the fibres could be traced along the course of the dorsal nerve root as far as the pial ring. Moreover, neurolemmal cells and neuroblasts were found dispersed along the whole course of the dorsal nerve root. Aggregations of neuroblasts surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule along the dorsal nerve root near the dorsal root ganglia were described as intermediate ganglia.", "contents": "Study on the fibre arrangement of the dorsal nerve root and its cellular constituents in the mouse fetus. The fibre arrangement of the dorsal nerve root was studied in the mouse fetus during early stages of development and was found to consist of two bundles at their exit from the dorsal root ganglion. This separate arrangement of the fibres could be traced along the course of the dorsal nerve root as far as the pial ring. Moreover, neurolemmal cells and neuroblasts were found dispersed along the whole course of the dorsal nerve root. Aggregations of neuroblasts surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule along the dorsal nerve root near the dorsal root ganglia were described as intermediate ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:952193", "title": "Isolation of single osteons and osteon lamellae.", "content": "Single human osteons were isolated by propagating fractures along their natural boundaries. Furthermore, decalcified osteons were mechanically manipulated to expose their interlamellar interfaces, making possible the study of collagen fibers by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Isolation of single osteons of a wide range of lengths, as described in this paper, makes possible for the first time the study of their mechanical properties in all possible modes. SEM studies of exposed lamellar interfaces reveal that collagen fiber orientations are more complex than previously suggested and suggest further studies in an effort to solve past controversies on collagen fiber orientations in human bone.", "contents": "Isolation of single osteons and osteon lamellae. Single human osteons were isolated by propagating fractures along their natural boundaries. Furthermore, decalcified osteons were mechanically manipulated to expose their interlamellar interfaces, making possible the study of collagen fibers by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Isolation of single osteons of a wide range of lengths, as described in this paper, makes possible for the first time the study of their mechanical properties in all possible modes. SEM studies of exposed lamellar interfaces reveal that collagen fiber orientations are more complex than previously suggested and suggest further studies in an effort to solve past controversies on collagen fiber orientations in human bone."}
{"id": "PMID:952194", "title": "Cholinesterase activity in some human lymphatic organs.", "content": "(1) Cholinesterase activity was investigated in some human lymphatic organs (palatine tonsil, 'normal' spleen, 'bilharzial' spleen, thymus, lymph node and appendix) using GOMORI'S modification of KOELLE and FRIEDENWALD'S thiocholine iodide method, hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide. (a) Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases seemed to be different enzymes; but when they have the same pattern of activity, the latter generally offers a weaker reaction. (b) All the lymphatic follicles of the tonsil, those found in the cortex of the cervical lymph nodes as well as those present in the appendix, were stainable with both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. (c) Acetylcholinesterase activity was not demonstrated in the Malpighian bodies of the 'normal' spleen, but the reaction was strongly present in the blood vessels (including the central arterioles) as well as in the capsule and the different components of the trabecular system. (d) In 'bilharzial' splenomegaly a relatively strong activity started to appear in the Malpighian corpuscles, manifested as a brownish precipitate in their centres. Also some patchy positive areas began to make their appearance in the tissue of the red pulp and had a particular arrangement around the Malpighian corpuscules, in such a way as to 'wall them off' from the tissue of the red pulp. (e) In the thymus no acetylcholinesterase activity was encountered, except in Hassal's corpuscles and in the trabeculae between the thymic lobules. (2) The data obtained in this work were discussed in relation to previous works in other laboratories and it seems that a species difference exists. (3) Cholinesterases may be present in the lymphatic tissue in order to get rid of some potentially toxic esters resulting from the necrobiotic phenomena accompanying the high mitotic activity found especially in the germinal centres of the lymphoid follicles. (4) There are many unanswered questions about the coexistence of the phosphatases and cholinesterases in the same places; their concomitant association in the lymphatic tissue may represent a special case within the framework of a more general mechanism.", "contents": "Cholinesterase activity in some human lymphatic organs. (1) Cholinesterase activity was investigated in some human lymphatic organs (palatine tonsil, 'normal' spleen, 'bilharzial' spleen, thymus, lymph node and appendix) using GOMORI'S modification of KOELLE and FRIEDENWALD'S thiocholine iodide method, hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine iodide. (a) Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases seemed to be different enzymes; but when they have the same pattern of activity, the latter generally offers a weaker reaction. (b) All the lymphatic follicles of the tonsil, those found in the cortex of the cervical lymph nodes as well as those present in the appendix, were stainable with both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. (c) Acetylcholinesterase activity was not demonstrated in the Malpighian bodies of the 'normal' spleen, but the reaction was strongly present in the blood vessels (including the central arterioles) as well as in the capsule and the different components of the trabecular system. (d) In 'bilharzial' splenomegaly a relatively strong activity started to appear in the Malpighian corpuscles, manifested as a brownish precipitate in their centres. Also some patchy positive areas began to make their appearance in the tissue of the red pulp and had a particular arrangement around the Malpighian corpuscules, in such a way as to 'wall them off' from the tissue of the red pulp. (e) In the thymus no acetylcholinesterase activity was encountered, except in Hassal's corpuscles and in the trabeculae between the thymic lobules. (2) The data obtained in this work were discussed in relation to previous works in other laboratories and it seems that a species difference exists. (3) Cholinesterases may be present in the lymphatic tissue in order to get rid of some potentially toxic esters resulting from the necrobiotic phenomena accompanying the high mitotic activity found especially in the germinal centres of the lymphoid follicles. (4) There are many unanswered questions about the coexistence of the phosphatases and cholinesterases in the same places; their concomitant association in the lymphatic tissue may represent a special case within the framework of a more general mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:952195", "title": "Degeneration in the adult rat spinal cord following systemic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Light-microscopic study.", "content": "3 and 5 days following intravenous injection of 6-OHDA (100 mg/kg) in adult rats, the Nauta technique demonstrated sparse axon degeneration in laminae V, VII, IX and X of Rexed in the mid-thoracic spinal cord and also in the lateral and ventral white columns. This showed that in adult rats 6-OHDA may pass the blood-brain barrier at the level of the spinal cord. An unexpected finding was the absence of degeneration in the laminae dorsal to lamina V, where noradrenergic nerve terminals are known to occur.", "contents": "Degeneration in the adult rat spinal cord following systemic treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. Light-microscopic study. 3 and 5 days following intravenous injection of 6-OHDA (100 mg/kg) in adult rats, the Nauta technique demonstrated sparse axon degeneration in laminae V, VII, IX and X of Rexed in the mid-thoracic spinal cord and also in the lateral and ventral white columns. This showed that in adult rats 6-OHDA may pass the blood-brain barrier at the level of the spinal cord. An unexpected finding was the absence of degeneration in the laminae dorsal to lamina V, where noradrenergic nerve terminals are known to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:952196", "title": "Pregnancy and progeny in rats treated with prostaglandin A.", "content": "The effects of long-acting prostaglandin A1 upon pregnancy and fetal development were investigated in Long-Evans rats. The animals were treated by the intrauterine route either on gestational day 14 with 25 mug PGA1 or with 50 mug on day 17 of gestation. The incidence of fetal resorptions was significantly increased compared to the controls following treatment on gestational day 17. A significantly high incidence of nonspecific malformations was also induced in the offspring as a result of the treatment. There were no significant differences between experimental and control fetal and placental weights. The total protein content of fetal liver following treatment with PGA1 was not significantly reduced. Microscopic examination of placentas showed a consistent decrease in the thickness of the decidua basalis following treatment with 25 mug PGA1 on day 14 of gestation. The ovaries and umbilical cords showed no changes. In addition, treatment of rats daily with 200 mug PGA1, administered subcutaneously, on gestational days 9-12 or 12-15 did not affect the development of the conceptuses.", "contents": "Pregnancy and progeny in rats treated with prostaglandin A. The effects of long-acting prostaglandin A1 upon pregnancy and fetal development were investigated in Long-Evans rats. The animals were treated by the intrauterine route either on gestational day 14 with 25 mug PGA1 or with 50 mug on day 17 of gestation. The incidence of fetal resorptions was significantly increased compared to the controls following treatment on gestational day 17. A significantly high incidence of nonspecific malformations was also induced in the offspring as a result of the treatment. There were no significant differences between experimental and control fetal and placental weights. The total protein content of fetal liver following treatment with PGA1 was not significantly reduced. Microscopic examination of placentas showed a consistent decrease in the thickness of the decidua basalis following treatment with 25 mug PGA1 on day 14 of gestation. The ovaries and umbilical cords showed no changes. In addition, treatment of rats daily with 200 mug PGA1, administered subcutaneously, on gestational days 9-12 or 12-15 did not affect the development of the conceptuses."}
{"id": "PMID:952197", "title": "Mechanism of action of alpha-chlorhydrin on the testes and caput epididymidis of rat, gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), bat and mouse.", "content": "Chronic administration of alpha-chlorhydrin caused lesions of rat, gerbil and bat testicles selectively. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogenic elements. alpha-Chlorhydrin did not produce lesion of the caput epididymidis. Sloughing of the epithelial lining did not occur. No obstruction of the lumen of the epididymal duct was seen. The growth of androgen-dependent organs, i.e. seminal vesicles, epididymis and levator ani muscles was suppressed. alpha-Chlorhydrin caused no response directly on the epididymides. Subcutaneous or oral administration of alpha-chlorhydrin for a period of 3-5 weeks caused no response in the testes and epididymides of the mouse.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of alpha-chlorhydrin on the testes and caput epididymidis of rat, gerbil (Meriones hurrianae), bat and mouse. Chronic administration of alpha-chlorhydrin caused lesions of rat, gerbil and bat testicles selectively. The seminiferous epithelium became systematically depleted of spermatogenic elements. alpha-Chlorhydrin did not produce lesion of the caput epididymidis. Sloughing of the epithelial lining did not occur. No obstruction of the lumen of the epididymal duct was seen. The growth of androgen-dependent organs, i.e. seminal vesicles, epididymis and levator ani muscles was suppressed. alpha-Chlorhydrin caused no response directly on the epididymides. Subcutaneous or oral administration of alpha-chlorhydrin for a period of 3-5 weeks caused no response in the testes and epididymides of the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:952198", "title": "Effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA concentration of neurons as demonstrated by azure B staining.", "content": "Malononitrile dimer was administered to mice by single or by chronic (40 day) injections. The concentration of RNA in neurons of the brain was determined on histological sections by means of azure B staining. The nucleolus and Nissl substance of the several types of large neurons studied had a significantly higher concentration of RNA in the drug-injected than in the control animals.", "contents": "Effect of malononitrile dimer on RNA concentration of neurons as demonstrated by azure B staining. Malononitrile dimer was administered to mice by single or by chronic (40 day) injections. The concentration of RNA in neurons of the brain was determined on histological sections by means of azure B staining. The nucleolus and Nissl substance of the several types of large neurons studied had a significantly higher concentration of RNA in the drug-injected than in the control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:952199", "title": "[Histoautoradiography of the DNA in trophoblast giant cells of the mouse placenta. A contribution to the problem of metabolic DNA].", "content": "The trophoblast giant cells of the mouse placenta are mitotically inactive. Nucleolar RNA synthesis is apparently at a standstill. The high nuclear DNA contents of these cells shown by 3H-thymidine marking is conceived by us to be a synthesis of metabolic nuclear DNA. Thus protein synthesis in trophoblast giant cells has been taken over by a metabolic DNA.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiography of the DNA in trophoblast giant cells of the mouse placenta. A contribution to the problem of metabolic DNA]. The trophoblast giant cells of the mouse placenta are mitotically inactive. Nucleolar RNA synthesis is apparently at a standstill. The high nuclear DNA contents of these cells shown by 3H-thymidine marking is conceived by us to be a synthesis of metabolic nuclear DNA. Thus protein synthesis in trophoblast giant cells has been taken over by a metabolic DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:952200", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure of vallate, foliate and fungiform taste buds of golden Syrian hamster.", "content": "A fine-structure study of the hamster fungiform, foliate and vallate taste buds was undertaken for comparative purposes. All three taste bud types shared in common composition of the dark cells, light cells, basal cells, nerve fibers and nerve endings and undifferentiated peripheral cells, but morphological difference existed among them. The foliate and vallate taste buds were quite similar in their ultrastructural morphology. Their dark cells displayed long apical necks, long apical microvilli, apical osmiophilic secretory granules and an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dark cells of the fungiform taste buds, however, showed no neck formation and lacked apical osmiophilic granules. They had short apical microvilli and relatively scant rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was no difference in the fine structure features of the light cells, basal cells and neural elements of different types of taste buds. Both light and dark cells were much more readily distinguishable in foliate and vallate buds than in fungiform buds at both light-and electron-microscopic levels. Foliate and vallate buds demonstrated homogeneous dense substance within the taste pores while fungiform pores were frequently empty. It is speculated that the differences in taste bud morphology may be due to their different lingual locations and/or may be a reflection of the differences in the inductive influences from different nerves. Furthermore, structural differences may be responsible for varying thresholds to different taste modalities.", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure of vallate, foliate and fungiform taste buds of golden Syrian hamster. A fine-structure study of the hamster fungiform, foliate and vallate taste buds was undertaken for comparative purposes. All three taste bud types shared in common composition of the dark cells, light cells, basal cells, nerve fibers and nerve endings and undifferentiated peripheral cells, but morphological difference existed among them. The foliate and vallate taste buds were quite similar in their ultrastructural morphology. Their dark cells displayed long apical necks, long apical microvilli, apical osmiophilic secretory granules and an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dark cells of the fungiform taste buds, however, showed no neck formation and lacked apical osmiophilic granules. They had short apical microvilli and relatively scant rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was no difference in the fine structure features of the light cells, basal cells and neural elements of different types of taste buds. Both light and dark cells were much more readily distinguishable in foliate and vallate buds than in fungiform buds at both light-and electron-microscopic levels. Foliate and vallate buds demonstrated homogeneous dense substance within the taste pores while fungiform pores were frequently empty. It is speculated that the differences in taste bud morphology may be due to their different lingual locations and/or may be a reflection of the differences in the inductive influences from different nerves. Furthermore, structural differences may be responsible for varying thresholds to different taste modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:952201", "title": "Embryonic and postnatal growth of rat and mouse. IV. Prenatal growth of organs and tissues: age determination, and general growth pattern.", "content": "(1) Data on the embryonic growth of several organs and of many different types of tissue in the mouse and rat are presented. (2) The concept developmental age is introduced, because it leads to an age estimate that is better correlated with the developmental stage. (3) The general growth pattern of the organs and tissues studied agrees with that found for the whole animal, consisting of phases with exponential growth separated by breaks. In the majority of the organs the breaks occur at the same time as in the whole animal. (4) The decrease in the growth rate at the end of phase E II is definitely smaller in the majority of the organs than in the whole animal. (5) Breaks occurring at other times than those found in the whole animal seem to take place in a few organs, and in the mouse at the embryonic age of about 17 days in a large number of organs.", "contents": "Embryonic and postnatal growth of rat and mouse. IV. Prenatal growth of organs and tissues: age determination, and general growth pattern. (1) Data on the embryonic growth of several organs and of many different types of tissue in the mouse and rat are presented. (2) The concept developmental age is introduced, because it leads to an age estimate that is better correlated with the developmental stage. (3) The general growth pattern of the organs and tissues studied agrees with that found for the whole animal, consisting of phases with exponential growth separated by breaks. In the majority of the organs the breaks occur at the same time as in the whole animal. (4) The decrease in the growth rate at the end of phase E II is definitely smaller in the majority of the organs than in the whole animal. (5) Breaks occurring at other times than those found in the whole animal seem to take place in a few organs, and in the mouse at the embryonic age of about 17 days in a large number of organs."}
{"id": "PMID:952202", "title": "So-called \"vascular headache of the migraine type\": one or more nosological entities?", "content": "The dispute about whether migraine and cluster headache are one disorder--the \"unified theory\"--or two facets of a spectrum of \"vascular headache\" has not yet been settled. The author discusses various clinical features that unite or divide migraine and cluster headache in this respect: so-called \"mixed forms\" of vascular headache, corneal indentation pulse amplitudes, partial Horner's syndrome and possible aberrations in histamine metabolism. Evidence is presented showing that there may exist subunits of cluster headache, such as chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (C.P.H.) and a hitherto unreported type that co-exists with recurring bouts of retrobulbar neuritis and a partial factor XII deficiency.", "contents": "So-called \"vascular headache of the migraine type\": one or more nosological entities? The dispute about whether migraine and cluster headache are one disorder--the \"unified theory\"--or two facets of a spectrum of \"vascular headache\" has not yet been settled. The author discusses various clinical features that unite or divide migraine and cluster headache in this respect: so-called \"mixed forms\" of vascular headache, corneal indentation pulse amplitudes, partial Horner's syndrome and possible aberrations in histamine metabolism. Evidence is presented showing that there may exist subunits of cluster headache, such as chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (C.P.H.) and a hitherto unreported type that co-exists with recurring bouts of retrobulbar neuritis and a partial factor XII deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:952203", "title": "A new standardized and effective method of inducing paralysis without administration of exogenous hormone in patients with familial periodic paralysis.", "content": "A prolonged glucose loading test is described. When used in five patients with familial periodic paralysis it brought them into a state of massive hypopotassaemic paralysis at the first attempt, without the use of exogenous hormone. Three normal persons were subjected to the same glucose loading without exhibiting hypopotassaemia or muscular weakness. There were no essential differences in serum glucose levels between the two groups of individuals. The efficacy of previous methods of inducing paralysis, hormonal as well as non-hormonal, is reviewed, and the advantages of this new method are pointed out.", "contents": "A new standardized and effective method of inducing paralysis without administration of exogenous hormone in patients with familial periodic paralysis. A prolonged glucose loading test is described. When used in five patients with familial periodic paralysis it brought them into a state of massive hypopotassaemic paralysis at the first attempt, without the use of exogenous hormone. Three normal persons were subjected to the same glucose loading without exhibiting hypopotassaemia or muscular weakness. There were no essential differences in serum glucose levels between the two groups of individuals. The efficacy of previous methods of inducing paralysis, hormonal as well as non-hormonal, is reviewed, and the advantages of this new method are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:952204", "title": "Diagnostic possibilities for the nuchal evoked potential.", "content": "As a response to stimulation of the arm nerves an evoked potential can be recorded in the posterior neck region in man. This nuchal evoked potential (NEP) was recorded in three selected patients with A) cervical rib, B) syringomyelia, and C) prolapse of cervical intervertebral disc. Patients A and C had low-amplitudic NEPs with increased latencies when the affected side was stimulated and \"normal\" NEPs when the unaffected side was stimulated. Patient B had grossly abnormal, polyphasic NEPs (regardless of the side stimulated) but the simultaneously recorded somatosensory evoked potential was \"normal\". No systematic differences in the parameters of the NEP due to different recording locations on the neck could be observed.", "contents": "Diagnostic possibilities for the nuchal evoked potential. As a response to stimulation of the arm nerves an evoked potential can be recorded in the posterior neck region in man. This nuchal evoked potential (NEP) was recorded in three selected patients with A) cervical rib, B) syringomyelia, and C) prolapse of cervical intervertebral disc. Patients A and C had low-amplitudic NEPs with increased latencies when the affected side was stimulated and \"normal\" NEPs when the unaffected side was stimulated. Patient B had grossly abnormal, polyphasic NEPs (regardless of the side stimulated) but the simultaneously recorded somatosensory evoked potential was \"normal\". No systematic differences in the parameters of the NEP due to different recording locations on the neck could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:952205", "title": "A possible association between migraine and post-operative epilepsy in patients with intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "There are various overlaps between migraine and epilepsy and another is suggested here in patients who develop seizures following surgery for intracranial aneurysm. Of a group of 37 who had this complication, three with a personal history of migraine and three with a family history of the disorder all developed post-operative seizures.", "contents": "A possible association between migraine and post-operative epilepsy in patients with intracranial aneurysm. There are various overlaps between migraine and epilepsy and another is suggested here in patients who develop seizures following surgery for intracranial aneurysm. Of a group of 37 who had this complication, three with a personal history of migraine and three with a family history of the disorder all developed post-operative seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:952210", "title": "The effects of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling. A biomechanical and quantitative histological study.", "content": "The effect of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling was studied using two types of plates with considerable differences in stiffness. The plated bones were subjected to bioengineering quantitative histological, and cortical thickness studies after 9 and 12 months. The biomechanical results, together with the quantitative histological measurements of the macroscopic architecture, showed that tissue characteristics of the plated bones were similar. However, because of the larger cortical area, the less regidly plated femora can sustain significantly higher loads and energy before failure. Cortical thickness measurements also showed that rigid plate immobilization results in thinning of the cortex of the underlying bone. The experimental results suggest that cortical bone remodels according to functional stress demands, and the osteoporosis secondary to rigid plate protection is consequent to thinking of its cortex.", "contents": "The effects of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling. A biomechanical and quantitative histological study. The effect of rigidity of internal fixation plates on long bone remodeling was studied using two types of plates with considerable differences in stiffness. The plated bones were subjected to bioengineering quantitative histological, and cortical thickness studies after 9 and 12 months. The biomechanical results, together with the quantitative histological measurements of the macroscopic architecture, showed that tissue characteristics of the plated bones were similar. However, because of the larger cortical area, the less regidly plated femora can sustain significantly higher loads and energy before failure. Cortical thickness measurements also showed that rigid plate immobilization results in thinning of the cortex of the underlying bone. The experimental results suggest that cortical bone remodels according to functional stress demands, and the osteoporosis secondary to rigid plate protection is consequent to thinking of its cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:952211", "title": "The influence of freezing on the maximum torque capacity of long bones. An experimental study on dogs.", "content": "The strength of bone has often been measured in previously frozen samples and the freezing and thawing effect on the strength properties has been considered negligible. By means of a specially constructed torsion machine and a new method for rixing the test bone into the machine, previously frozen bones have been compared to fresh controls. The previously frozen samples were significantly weaker, with an average difference of -- 4.6 per cent.", "contents": "The influence of freezing on the maximum torque capacity of long bones. An experimental study on dogs. The strength of bone has often been measured in previously frozen samples and the freezing and thawing effect on the strength properties has been considered negligible. By means of a specially constructed torsion machine and a new method for rixing the test bone into the machine, previously frozen bones have been compared to fresh controls. The previously frozen samples were significantly weaker, with an average difference of -- 4.6 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:952212", "title": "Experimental measurement of maximum torque capacity of long bones.", "content": "By means of a new method with high precision (error 3.1 percent), the maximum torque capacity of an entire long bone from an experimental animal was measured under standardized conditions within 10 minutes after sacrifice of the animal.", "contents": "Experimental measurement of maximum torque capacity of long bones. By means of a new method with high precision (error 3.1 percent), the maximum torque capacity of an entire long bone from an experimental animal was measured under standardized conditions within 10 minutes after sacrifice of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:952213", "title": "The values of some plasma components during the early phases of fracture healing in man.", "content": "A study of plasma components during the early phases of fracture healing in man showed no specific changes except a change of C-reactive protein to positive and a slight but non-significant increase of the plasma hydroxyproline.", "contents": "The values of some plasma components during the early phases of fracture healing in man. A study of plasma components during the early phases of fracture healing in man showed no specific changes except a change of C-reactive protein to positive and a slight but non-significant increase of the plasma hydroxyproline."}
{"id": "PMID:952214", "title": "The penetration of lincomycin into normal human bone. Determination of penetration into compact bone, spongy bone and bone marrow.", "content": "The penetration of lincomycin into normal bone was studied in 10 patients with fracture of the neck of the femur, a separate determination being made of the lincomycin concentration in serum, bone marrow, spongy bone and compact bone. The concentration of lincomycin in bone marrow was found to be at the same level as that in the serum. The concentration in spongy bone amounted in most cases to 50 to 75 percent of the concentration in the serum, whereas the concentration in compact bone varied from 0 to 15 percent of that in the serum.", "contents": "The penetration of lincomycin into normal human bone. Determination of penetration into compact bone, spongy bone and bone marrow. The penetration of lincomycin into normal bone was studied in 10 patients with fracture of the neck of the femur, a separate determination being made of the lincomycin concentration in serum, bone marrow, spongy bone and compact bone. The concentration of lincomycin in bone marrow was found to be at the same level as that in the serum. The concentration in spongy bone amounted in most cases to 50 to 75 percent of the concentration in the serum, whereas the concentration in compact bone varied from 0 to 15 percent of that in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:952215", "title": "Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by transplantation of autogenous omentum with microvascular anastomosis. A preliminary report.", "content": "Free omental transplantation with vascular anastomosis was attempted in three clinical cases as a new method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. The bone cavity produced by debridement was completely eliminated by the transplanted omentum. Furthermore, the omentum, because of its biological characteristics, formed good vascular anastomoses with the adjacent bone tissue. Although sufficient time has not yet elapsed to prove the existence of healthy bone regeneration and therefore, further evaluation for a longer period is necessary, this therapeutic method would seem to have considerable potential in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by transplantation of autogenous omentum with microvascular anastomosis. A preliminary report. Free omental transplantation with vascular anastomosis was attempted in three clinical cases as a new method of treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. The bone cavity produced by debridement was completely eliminated by the transplanted omentum. Furthermore, the omentum, because of its biological characteristics, formed good vascular anastomoses with the adjacent bone tissue. Although sufficient time has not yet elapsed to prove the existence of healthy bone regeneration and therefore, further evaluation for a longer period is necessary, this therapeutic method would seem to have considerable potential in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:952216", "title": "Correction with growth following diaphyseal forearm fracture.", "content": "In 25 children with fracture of the shafts of the forearm an average angulation deformity of 20 degrees was recorded when the fracture had healed. At follow-up, which took place after the cessation of growth, and angulation deformity was reduced by half; there was, however, a large individual variation. Both severe and less severe deformities were found to be corrected. Correction was more likely in younger children than in older children, though again there were exceptions to this rule. The most common dysfunction recorded was a decreased pronation-supination. This was not very closely correlated with angular deformity.", "contents": "Correction with growth following diaphyseal forearm fracture. In 25 children with fracture of the shafts of the forearm an average angulation deformity of 20 degrees was recorded when the fracture had healed. At follow-up, which took place after the cessation of growth, and angulation deformity was reduced by half; there was, however, a large individual variation. Both severe and less severe deformities were found to be corrected. Correction was more likely in younger children than in older children, though again there were exceptions to this rule. The most common dysfunction recorded was a decreased pronation-supination. This was not very closely correlated with angular deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:952217", "title": "Posterior interosseous nerve paralysis caused by fibrous band compression at the supinator muscle. A report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases are reported of paralysis of the posterior interosseous nerve, caused by compression of the nerve between the Arcade of Frohse and the two heads of the supinator muscle. All four cases were treated by decompression with excellent results.", "contents": "Posterior interosseous nerve paralysis caused by fibrous band compression at the supinator muscle. A report of four cases. Four cases are reported of paralysis of the posterior interosseous nerve, caused by compression of the nerve between the Arcade of Frohse and the two heads of the supinator muscle. All four cases were treated by decompression with excellent results."}
{"id": "PMID:952218", "title": "Surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation.", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 17 patients with complete acrominoclavicular dislocation are presented. The operative procedure described is technically easy, gives good results, has few complications which often follow operations using metallic fixation devices. A second operation to remove fixation devices is avoided.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation. The results of surgical treatment of 17 patients with complete acrominoclavicular dislocation are presented. The operative procedure described is technically easy, gives good results, has few complications which often follow operations using metallic fixation devices. A second operation to remove fixation devices is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:952219", "title": "Ring total hip replacement in osteoarthrosis.", "content": "A follow-up is given of the results of 40 arthroplasties with the non-cemented, vitallium-to-vitallium bearing Ring total hip prosthesis in 37 patients with osteoarthrosis. Operative indication was an intolerably painful and stiff joint. The surgery was performed by two specialists in orthopaedics. Point scors according to a modification of merle d'Aubign\u00e9's classification showed excellent or at least good results in 52.5 per cent, and fair results in 27.5 per cent of the operations. One prosthesis was removed because of deep infection. The mortality rate was zero. In 20 per cent the total score was between 0 and 7, signifying little or no improvement. Loosening was the main problem even although it was in many cases well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "Ring total hip replacement in osteoarthrosis. A follow-up is given of the results of 40 arthroplasties with the non-cemented, vitallium-to-vitallium bearing Ring total hip prosthesis in 37 patients with osteoarthrosis. Operative indication was an intolerably painful and stiff joint. The surgery was performed by two specialists in orthopaedics. Point scors according to a modification of merle d'Aubign\u00e9's classification showed excellent or at least good results in 52.5 per cent, and fair results in 27.5 per cent of the operations. One prosthesis was removed because of deep infection. The mortality rate was zero. In 20 per cent the total score was between 0 and 7, signifying little or no improvement. Loosening was the main problem even although it was in many cases well tolerated by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:952220", "title": "False aneurysm of the external iliac artery following hip endoprosthesis.", "content": "A false aneurysm developed from the external iliac artery within the pelvic cavity following total hip surgery when methylmethacrylate cement had been used to fix the cup. The aneurysm was probably caused by a cement spicule which had entered the pelvis and had come into contact with the external iliar artery.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the external iliac artery following hip endoprosthesis. A false aneurysm developed from the external iliac artery within the pelvic cavity following total hip surgery when methylmethacrylate cement had been used to fix the cup. The aneurysm was probably caused by a cement spicule which had entered the pelvis and had come into contact with the external iliar artery."}
{"id": "PMID:952221", "title": "Girdlestone's operation: a follow-up study.", "content": "A study was made of 43 patients (48 hips) operated for diseases of the hip using Girdlestone's method. The follow-up time ranged from 2.5 to 13 years. For assessment of the post-operative results the following parameters were taken into consideration: pain, range of movement, gait and the patient's opinion. These were studied separately and in relation to the type of disease, the patient's age, and the time which had elapsed since the operation. Pain decreased in a considerable number of patients and range of movement and gait improved. The patients were generally in favor of the operation, and felt it had had a beneficial effect on their condition.", "contents": "Girdlestone's operation: a follow-up study. A study was made of 43 patients (48 hips) operated for diseases of the hip using Girdlestone's method. The follow-up time ranged from 2.5 to 13 years. For assessment of the post-operative results the following parameters were taken into consideration: pain, range of movement, gait and the patient's opinion. These were studied separately and in relation to the type of disease, the patient's age, and the time which had elapsed since the operation. Pain decreased in a considerable number of patients and range of movement and gait improved. The patients were generally in favor of the operation, and felt it had had a beneficial effect on their condition."}
{"id": "PMID:952222", "title": "Lower extremity amputations in the county of Aalborg 1961-1971. Population study and follow-up.", "content": "All lower extremities amputations in the county of Aalborg, Denmark, during the period 1961-1971 were analysed. During this 10-year period the amputation rate did not increase. Those requiring amputation were predominantly arteriosclerotics followed by diabetics. The diabetics underwent amputation 3 years younger on average than the arteriosclerotics, but it was more often possible to preserve the knee in diabetics. There was a far higher rate of successful prosthetic fitting among patients in whom the knee had been preserved. Despite a high mortality, also beyond the first postoperative months, prosthetic fitting was of such psychological and social value, that every effort should be made to amr homes. This was the most positive finding in the present study.", "contents": "Lower extremity amputations in the county of Aalborg 1961-1971. Population study and follow-up. All lower extremities amputations in the county of Aalborg, Denmark, during the period 1961-1971 were analysed. During this 10-year period the amputation rate did not increase. Those requiring amputation were predominantly arteriosclerotics followed by diabetics. The diabetics underwent amputation 3 years younger on average than the arteriosclerotics, but it was more often possible to preserve the knee in diabetics. There was a far higher rate of successful prosthetic fitting among patients in whom the knee had been preserved. Despite a high mortality, also beyond the first postoperative months, prosthetic fitting was of such psychological and social value, that every effort should be made to amr homes. This was the most positive finding in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:952223", "title": "Stress radiographical measurement of the anteroposterior, medial and lateral stability of the knee joint.", "content": "A hydraulically operated machine for applying well-defined forces to the knee joint is described. The measurement of anteroposterior as well as lateral and medial stability in the knee joint is based upon roentgenograms exposed while the forces are being exerted on the patient. The advantage of the radiological measuring method over methods using external measurements is the elimination of inaccuracies due to displacements of the soft tissues of the limb. The accuracy was evaluated by test/retest examination of 50 healthy subjects. The radiographs were measured at random after cessation of examinations in the gonylaxometer. The accuracy is +/- 1.2 nm for medial/lateral, +/- 2.4 nm for drawer sign. Diagnostically the difference between the two knees must exceed 2.0 nm (collateral instability) or 3.1 nm (drawer) to exceed standard values. The standard values for the different ligament laxities are given. The applied force to be used for evaluation of medial/lateral stability is recommended to be 9 kg, and for anteroposterior stability between 20 and 30 kg.", "contents": "Stress radiographical measurement of the anteroposterior, medial and lateral stability of the knee joint. A hydraulically operated machine for applying well-defined forces to the knee joint is described. The measurement of anteroposterior as well as lateral and medial stability in the knee joint is based upon roentgenograms exposed while the forces are being exerted on the patient. The advantage of the radiological measuring method over methods using external measurements is the elimination of inaccuracies due to displacements of the soft tissues of the limb. The accuracy was evaluated by test/retest examination of 50 healthy subjects. The radiographs were measured at random after cessation of examinations in the gonylaxometer. The accuracy is +/- 1.2 nm for medial/lateral, +/- 2.4 nm for drawer sign. Diagnostically the difference between the two knees must exceed 2.0 nm (collateral instability) or 3.1 nm (drawer) to exceed standard values. The standard values for the different ligament laxities are given. The applied force to be used for evaluation of medial/lateral stability is recommended to be 9 kg, and for anteroposterior stability between 20 and 30 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:952224", "title": "The subchondral bone in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. A histological and microradiographical study.", "content": "Specimens of the joint surfaces of the tibia from patients with OA and RA were exposed were examined for bone mineralization, bone formation, osteoid tissue and bone resorption. Judging from the appearance of the osteoblasts in OA the sclerotic changes are  mainly focal with relatively little osteogenesis. No osteoclasia was seen in the sclerotic areas. Breakdown of the mineralized cartilage is followed by the development of cysts with highly cellular connective tissue with high osteoblastic activity and osteoclasia. Osteoid tissue is relatively sparse. The changes in RA are more diffuse with a more active osteoblastic activity and widespread zones of osteoid tissue as well as resorption by osteoclasts. It appears as if the increased uptake of 85Sr in OA is more dependent on the occurrence of relatively inert osteosclerosis than on a rapid turnover of the bone tissue.", "contents": "The subchondral bone in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. A histological and microradiographical study. Specimens of the joint surfaces of the tibia from patients with OA and RA were exposed were examined for bone mineralization, bone formation, osteoid tissue and bone resorption. Judging from the appearance of the osteoblasts in OA the sclerotic changes are  mainly focal with relatively little osteogenesis. No osteoclasia was seen in the sclerotic areas. Breakdown of the mineralized cartilage is followed by the development of cysts with highly cellular connective tissue with high osteoblastic activity and osteoclasia. Osteoid tissue is relatively sparse. The changes in RA are more diffuse with a more active osteoblastic activity and widespread zones of osteoid tissue as well as resorption by osteoclasts. It appears as if the increased uptake of 85Sr in OA is more dependent on the occurrence of relatively inert osteosclerosis than on a rapid turnover of the bone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:952225", "title": "Segmental tibial shaft fractures.", "content": "A series of 54 cases with multiple fractures of the tibia is reported. Sixty-eight per cent of the group were pedestrians hit by a car. Fifty-two per cent were open fractures. Osteosynthesis was performed in 33 cases, whereas 21 were treated conservatively. Plate osteosynthesis was accomplished in 23 cases, seven had intramedullary nailing, and two were treated by Hoffman's external fixation device. Only one patient sustained a severe complication, viz., deep wound infection and osteomyelitis; however, even this infection was transient. All fractures healed except those sustained by two patients who died within 3 months; these deaths were, however, without any causal relationship to the osteosynthesis. One patient had a traumatic vascular lesion concomitant with the fracture, and his leg was amputated 3 days after the injury. Another patient had his leg amputated 1 year after his accident, in this case also because of injury to the vessels and nerves. It was concluded from the present series that segmental or multiple tibial shaft fractures do not entail more complications nor do they exhibit a slower rate of union than simple tibial shaft fractures if the treatssue injury.", "contents": "Segmental tibial shaft fractures. A series of 54 cases with multiple fractures of the tibia is reported. Sixty-eight per cent of the group were pedestrians hit by a car. Fifty-two per cent were open fractures. Osteosynthesis was performed in 33 cases, whereas 21 were treated conservatively. Plate osteosynthesis was accomplished in 23 cases, seven had intramedullary nailing, and two were treated by Hoffman's external fixation device. Only one patient sustained a severe complication, viz., deep wound infection and osteomyelitis; however, even this infection was transient. All fractures healed except those sustained by two patients who died within 3 months; these deaths were, however, without any causal relationship to the osteosynthesis. One patient had a traumatic vascular lesion concomitant with the fracture, and his leg was amputated 3 days after the injury. Another patient had his leg amputated 1 year after his accident, in this case also because of injury to the vessels and nerves. It was concluded from the present series that segmental or multiple tibial shaft fractures do not entail more complications nor do they exhibit a slower rate of union than simple tibial shaft fractures if the treatssue injury."}
{"id": "PMID:952226", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the talus.", "content": "Aneurysmal bone cysts localized in the talus are extremely rare. Such a case is described and the histological findings are analysed in relation to those in aneurysmal cysts in general. The pathomechanism of the lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the talus. Aneurysmal bone cysts localized in the talus are extremely rare. Such a case is described and the histological findings are analysed in relation to those in aneurysmal cysts in general. The pathomechanism of the lesions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952230", "title": "Psychiatric disorder in children with birth anomalies. A retrospective follow-up study.", "content": "A group of 273 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 19 years, who had been treated for a congenital malformation during their 1st month of life, were studied using psychiatric interviews with the child and at least one of his parents. The child was also given a Wechsler intelligence test. The rate of psychopathological disturbance was as high as 49% (the classification used included organic brain disorder and mental retardation). Developmental deviations, psychoneurotic disorder and reactive disorder were the commonest types of disturbance (in 18, 17, and 11% respectively). Eleven percent were suffering from organic brain disorder and 8% had an IQ of no more than 50. The malformed children were compared with 509 children from the general population in terms of behaviour disturbance as rated by their teacher. Approximately one child in five in both groups presented behaviour problems, and behaviour was labelled as antisocial in 10% of children in both groups. The two groups of children did not differ significantly in regard to the family's social class, annual income, father's educational background, or the number of children in the family, but the parents of the malformed children had recieved psychiatric treatment more often than the control group parents.", "contents": "Psychiatric disorder in children with birth anomalies. A retrospective follow-up study. A group of 273 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 19 years, who had been treated for a congenital malformation during their 1st month of life, were studied using psychiatric interviews with the child and at least one of his parents. The child was also given a Wechsler intelligence test. The rate of psychopathological disturbance was as high as 49% (the classification used included organic brain disorder and mental retardation). Developmental deviations, psychoneurotic disorder and reactive disorder were the commonest types of disturbance (in 18, 17, and 11% respectively). Eleven percent were suffering from organic brain disorder and 8% had an IQ of no more than 50. The malformed children were compared with 509 children from the general population in terms of behaviour disturbance as rated by their teacher. Approximately one child in five in both groups presented behaviour problems, and behaviour was labelled as antisocial in 10% of children in both groups. The two groups of children did not differ significantly in regard to the family's social class, annual income, father's educational background, or the number of children in the family, but the parents of the malformed children had recieved psychiatric treatment more often than the control group parents."}
{"id": "PMID:952231", "title": "Specific reading retardation, hyperactive child syndrome, and juvenile delinquency.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to ascertain the extent to which a specific reading retardation leads to criminal development in adolescent and to what factors such development is due in these cases. For this purpose, 224 adolescents with a specific reading retardation were investigated. A relatively large number of these (12.1%) were prone to criminality between the ages of 15 and 20 years, whereas the severity of the specific reading retardation did not seem to contribute to this propensity. Symptoms of hyperactivity, on the other hand, seemed to contribute to criminal behaviour.", "contents": "Specific reading retardation, hyperactive child syndrome, and juvenile delinquency. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the extent to which a specific reading retardation leads to criminal development in adolescent and to what factors such development is due in these cases. For this purpose, 224 adolescents with a specific reading retardation were investigated. A relatively large number of these (12.1%) were prone to criminality between the ages of 15 and 20 years, whereas the severity of the specific reading retardation did not seem to contribute to this propensity. Symptoms of hyperactivity, on the other hand, seemed to contribute to criminal behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:952232", "title": "Psychic disorders among pre-school children in a geographically delimited area of Aarhus county, Denmark.", "content": "A study was undertaken concerning prevalence of psychic disorders among 175-5 to 6-year-old, pre-school children randomly selected from the general population in the municipality of Aarhus and the island Sams\u00f8 of Aarhus County, Denmark. Deviant behaviour was arbitrarily defined, with a symptom considered aberrant if it occurred in 10% or less of the children studied. Mental health of the children was assessed by (a) the number of deviant symptoms, (b) opinions of the parents and (c) the personal assessment of the author, who interviewed all the families. Thirty-five probands (20%) showed good adjustment, 113 (65%) were coping well with only minor symptoms, and 27 children (15%) were poorly adjusted. A high prevalence of psychosomatic, behavioural, and emotional symptoms was observed, some of them more frequently among boys than girls. No significant difference was found between urban and rural children. The need for psychiatric help even among supposedly normal, pre-school children is discussed and emphasized.", "contents": "Psychic disorders among pre-school children in a geographically delimited area of Aarhus county, Denmark. A study was undertaken concerning prevalence of psychic disorders among 175-5 to 6-year-old, pre-school children randomly selected from the general population in the municipality of Aarhus and the island Sams\u00f8 of Aarhus County, Denmark. Deviant behaviour was arbitrarily defined, with a symptom considered aberrant if it occurred in 10% or less of the children studied. Mental health of the children was assessed by (a) the number of deviant symptoms, (b) opinions of the parents and (c) the personal assessment of the author, who interviewed all the families. Thirty-five probands (20%) showed good adjustment, 113 (65%) were coping well with only minor symptoms, and 27 children (15%) were poorly adjusted. A high prevalence of psychosomatic, behavioural, and emotional symptoms was observed, some of them more frequently among boys than girls. No significant difference was found between urban and rural children. The need for psychiatric help even among supposedly normal, pre-school children is discussed and emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:952233", "title": "Severe mental retardation among children in the county of Arhus, Denmark. A community study on prevalence and provision of service.", "content": "An epidemiological census investigation on severe mental retardation among children under 15 years were carried out on July 1, 1970, in the community of Aarhus. Case finding procedures are described in detail. One hundred and seventy-one severely retarded children were found in total population of 233,162 with 50,667 children under 15 years. The age-specific prevalence rate was 3.38 per 1,000. About 20% of the severely retarded children are not registered in the Danish National Mental Retardation Service when they reached school age. One third of the children are under residental care, but only half of these are in subnormality hospitals while the other half reside in waiting homes. Among 64% living at home, two thirds receive day-care or training. Comparisons are made especially with two other prevalence surveys, one covering the same area, and the other identical in methods.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation among children in the county of Arhus, Denmark. A community study on prevalence and provision of service. An epidemiological census investigation on severe mental retardation among children under 15 years were carried out on July 1, 1970, in the community of Aarhus. Case finding procedures are described in detail. One hundred and seventy-one severely retarded children were found in total population of 233,162 with 50,667 children under 15 years. The age-specific prevalence rate was 3.38 per 1,000. About 20% of the severely retarded children are not registered in the Danish National Mental Retardation Service when they reached school age. One third of the children are under residental care, but only half of these are in subnormality hospitals while the other half reside in waiting homes. Among 64% living at home, two thirds receive day-care or training. Comparisons are made especially with two other prevalence surveys, one covering the same area, and the other identical in methods."}
{"id": "PMID:952234", "title": "Electrophoresis of platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase is an important enzyme in the catabolism of biogenic amines and can be measured in human platelets. Platelet MAO has been reported to be reduced in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients, though other reports are contradictory. The present study evaluated the possibility that qualitative genetic enzyme abnormalities of MAO could be responsible for the different enzyme activities of platelet MAO in different populations. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of platelet MAO from 10 manic-depressive, 12 schizophrenic, and 11 normal individuals did not reveal any genetic mutant forms.", "contents": "Electrophoresis of platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness. Monoamine oxidase is an important enzyme in the catabolism of biogenic amines and can be measured in human platelets. Platelet MAO has been reported to be reduced in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients, though other reports are contradictory. The present study evaluated the possibility that qualitative genetic enzyme abnormalities of MAO could be responsible for the different enzyme activities of platelet MAO in different populations. However, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of platelet MAO from 10 manic-depressive, 12 schizophrenic, and 11 normal individuals did not reveal any genetic mutant forms."}
{"id": "PMID:952235", "title": "Investigation of the orthostatic reaction after intravenous administration of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and inimpramine-N-oxide.", "content": "Three age- and sex-matched groups of 10 patients were treated intravenously with imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine-N-oxide respectively, in increasing doses from 25 mg to 150-175 mg given as single daily infusions during 1 hour. No systemic changes of heart frequency and blood pressure were found during the infusions in spite of the high dosage of tricyclic antidepressants given such a short period as 1 hour. The patients were examined regarding orthostatic reactions as well as ECG changes before, after 4-5 infusions and after 8-10 infusions. There were more orthostatic abnormalities and ECG changes in the patients treated with imipramine than in those treated with imipramine-N-oxide and there were practically no changes in the chlorimipramine group. However, no statistically significant orthostatic changes were found.", "contents": "Investigation of the orthostatic reaction after intravenous administration of imipramine, chlorimipramine, and inimpramine-N-oxide. Three age- and sex-matched groups of 10 patients were treated intravenously with imipramine, chlorimipramine, and imipramine-N-oxide respectively, in increasing doses from 25 mg to 150-175 mg given as single daily infusions during 1 hour. No systemic changes of heart frequency and blood pressure were found during the infusions in spite of the high dosage of tricyclic antidepressants given such a short period as 1 hour. The patients were examined regarding orthostatic reactions as well as ECG changes before, after 4-5 infusions and after 8-10 infusions. There were more orthostatic abnormalities and ECG changes in the patients treated with imipramine than in those treated with imipramine-N-oxide and there were practically no changes in the chlorimipramine group. However, no statistically significant orthostatic changes were found."}
{"id": "PMID:952242", "title": "Pneumatonographic studies on normal and glaucomatus eyes.", "content": "A new methodological approach, embodied in the pneumatonograph, has been used to study the intraocular pressure, intraocular pulse and aqueous humor dynamics of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Comparative measurements of intraocular pressure in seated subjects by the Goldmann instrument and the pneumatonograph indicate close agreement over a wide range of pressures. On changing from the sitting to the supine position, it has been found by pneumatonometry that there is a significant increase of intraocular pressure in all eyes. In glaucomatous eyes, this postural response ranged up to as high as 12 mm Hg. Comparison of Schiotz and pneumatonometric pressure measurements on supine patients showed that the Schoitz values are significantly lower. This discrepancy of the values is in keeping with recent studies indicative that the Schiotz calibration is in error by 3-6 mm Hg. The coefficient of outflow facility was measured by a procedure of applanation tonography employing pressure-volume relations for the living human eye. The range of values found for normal eyes was significantly different from those of glaucoma eyes. It is concluded that pneumatonography is a useful method for improving the effectiveness of glaucoma diagnosis and clinical management.", "contents": "Pneumatonographic studies on normal and glaucomatus eyes. A new methodological approach, embodied in the pneumatonograph, has been used to study the intraocular pressure, intraocular pulse and aqueous humor dynamics of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Comparative measurements of intraocular pressure in seated subjects by the Goldmann instrument and the pneumatonograph indicate close agreement over a wide range of pressures. On changing from the sitting to the supine position, it has been found by pneumatonometry that there is a significant increase of intraocular pressure in all eyes. In glaucomatous eyes, this postural response ranged up to as high as 12 mm Hg. Comparison of Schiotz and pneumatonometric pressure measurements on supine patients showed that the Schoitz values are significantly lower. This discrepancy of the values is in keeping with recent studies indicative that the Schiotz calibration is in error by 3-6 mm Hg. The coefficient of outflow facility was measured by a procedure of applanation tonography employing pressure-volume relations for the living human eye. The range of values found for normal eyes was significantly different from those of glaucoma eyes. It is concluded that pneumatonography is a useful method for improving the effectiveness of glaucoma diagnosis and clinical management."}
{"id": "PMID:952243", "title": "New aspects of contact lenses in ophthalmology.", "content": "The introduction of the hydrophilic contact lens has been a significant advance in ophthalmology for the correction of ametropia, as well as for the therapy of corneal disease. The number of potential contact lens candidates has been greatly expanded by the introduction of both spin-cast and lathe-cut lenses composed of a variety of individual hydrophilic polymers. Myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, aphakia and moderate astigmatism can be corrected with a reasonable degree of success with the present lenses. Even in keratoconus hydrophilic lenses offer a nonsurgical alternative, especially when combined with spectacle overcorrection. The introduction of hydrophilic bandages in the treatment of corneal disease has been an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of the ophthalmologist. When properly applied, these lenses can provide subjective relief of pain while serving to protect the damaged cornea from the traumatic action of the lids and desiccating effects of the atmosphere. The hydrophilic material is permeable to many topically instilled medications and tends to prolong the contact time of the drugs with the corneal surface. Proper fitting of the bandage lenses can eliminate superficial corneal irregularities and, thus, improve the visual acuity while treatment progresses. Medical indications for the use of this therapy include bullous keratopathy, dry eye syndromes, chemical burns, exposure keratitis, and neurotropic keratitis. A number of recurrent erosions and ulcerations have also responded to this form of therapy. Surgical indications include lacerations, postoperative lamellar and penetrating keratoplasty, and keratectomies. One of the most promising applications concerns their use in the postoperative management of alkaline burns. Best results have been obtained by constant wear of the bandage lens, with topical administration of steroids, antibiotics, and saline solution (hypotonic or hypertonic) as indicated. The possible deleterious effects of standard ocular medication containing preservatives has been overstated. Patients receiving medications without preservatives must be placed on prophylactic antibiotics to avoid secondary infection. In many cases, the therapeutic efficacy is closely related to the diameter and curvature of the bandage lens as well as the inherent physical properties of the polymers. With meticulous fitting and close observation complications have been minimal. In many instances the results have been dramatic, but even if unsuccessful the method provides a safe and relatively simple nonsurgical alternative in the treatment of severe corneal disease. Just as with older modalities, the ultimate success or failure depends upon the intrinsic nature of the disease process as well as reasonable therapeutic application based on a knowledge of the mechanics involved.", "contents": "New aspects of contact lenses in ophthalmology. The introduction of the hydrophilic contact lens has been a significant advance in ophthalmology for the correction of ametropia, as well as for the therapy of corneal disease. The number of potential contact lens candidates has been greatly expanded by the introduction of both spin-cast and lathe-cut lenses composed of a variety of individual hydrophilic polymers. Myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, aphakia and moderate astigmatism can be corrected with a reasonable degree of success with the present lenses. Even in keratoconus hydrophilic lenses offer a nonsurgical alternative, especially when combined with spectacle overcorrection. The introduction of hydrophilic bandages in the treatment of corneal disease has been an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium of the ophthalmologist. When properly applied, these lenses can provide subjective relief of pain while serving to protect the damaged cornea from the traumatic action of the lids and desiccating effects of the atmosphere. The hydrophilic material is permeable to many topically instilled medications and tends to prolong the contact time of the drugs with the corneal surface. Proper fitting of the bandage lenses can eliminate superficial corneal irregularities and, thus, improve the visual acuity while treatment progresses. Medical indications for the use of this therapy include bullous keratopathy, dry eye syndromes, chemical burns, exposure keratitis, and neurotropic keratitis. A number of recurrent erosions and ulcerations have also responded to this form of therapy. Surgical indications include lacerations, postoperative lamellar and penetrating keratoplasty, and keratectomies. One of the most promising applications concerns their use in the postoperative management of alkaline burns. Best results have been obtained by constant wear of the bandage lens, with topical administration of steroids, antibiotics, and saline solution (hypotonic or hypertonic) as indicated. The possible deleterious effects of standard ocular medication containing preservatives has been overstated. Patients receiving medications without preservatives must be placed on prophylactic antibiotics to avoid secondary infection. In many cases, the therapeutic efficacy is closely related to the diameter and curvature of the bandage lens as well as the inherent physical properties of the polymers. With meticulous fitting and close observation complications have been minimal. In many instances the results have been dramatic, but even if unsuccessful the method provides a safe and relatively simple nonsurgical alternative in the treatment of severe corneal disease. Just as with older modalities, the ultimate success or failure depends upon the intrinsic nature of the disease process as well as reasonable therapeutic application based on a knowledge of the mechanics involved."}
{"id": "PMID:952244", "title": "[Fluorescent angiography of the papillary region in glaucoma].", "content": "The results of fluorescent angiography show that the main blood supply to the papilla comes from the ciliary circulation in the region of the lamina cribrosa, generally from the posterior ciliary arteries and less frequently from Zinn's corona, in the prelaminar region, to a considerable extent from the peripapillary choroid membrane and in the retrolaminar part also from the recurrent branches of the peripapillary choroid membrane. It also emerges that the vascular supply of the papilla in this region is arranged by segments, which explains, for example, the formation of nerve-fibre bundle defects in glaucoma. Papillary irrigation and the peripapillary choroid membrane are extremely sensitive to an increase in intra-ocular pressure. All these results provide a good basis for the assumption that, in glaucoma, the main factor producing restriction of the field of vision and excavations of the papilla is defective irrigation of the papillary vessels, originating in the choroid membrane, with chronic ischemia of the papilla. Our own studies lead us to suspect that disturbances of irrigation can precede functional disorders. For several reasons, fluorescence angiography is ill-suited to routine diagnosis. In general, however, this method does underline the significance of disturbances of papillary irrigation in the origin of glaucoma damage.", "contents": "[Fluorescent angiography of the papillary region in glaucoma]. The results of fluorescent angiography show that the main blood supply to the papilla comes from the ciliary circulation in the region of the lamina cribrosa, generally from the posterior ciliary arteries and less frequently from Zinn's corona, in the prelaminar region, to a considerable extent from the peripapillary choroid membrane and in the retrolaminar part also from the recurrent branches of the peripapillary choroid membrane. It also emerges that the vascular supply of the papilla in this region is arranged by segments, which explains, for example, the formation of nerve-fibre bundle defects in glaucoma. Papillary irrigation and the peripapillary choroid membrane are extremely sensitive to an increase in intra-ocular pressure. All these results provide a good basis for the assumption that, in glaucoma, the main factor producing restriction of the field of vision and excavations of the papilla is defective irrigation of the papillary vessels, originating in the choroid membrane, with chronic ischemia of the papilla. Our own studies lead us to suspect that disturbances of irrigation can precede functional disorders. For several reasons, fluorescence angiography is ill-suited to routine diagnosis. In general, however, this method does underline the significance of disturbances of papillary irrigation in the origin of glaucoma damage."}
{"id": "PMID:952245", "title": "Use of inverted telescopic corrections incorporating soft contact lenses in the (partial) correction of aniseikonia in cases of unilateral aphakia.", "content": "Soft contact lenses have been successfully adapted to inverted telescope units used to restore effective binocularity to selected unilateral aphakic patients. Techniques for adapting such units to the patient have been outlined and results have been reviewed. Differences between hard and soft contact lens techniques have been contrasted. The practitioner is encouraged to utilize these methods when binocularity would be a clear advantage to the patient with unilateral aphakia. The author hopes to adapt these techniques to the treatment of infants and young children in the future.", "contents": "Use of inverted telescopic corrections incorporating soft contact lenses in the (partial) correction of aniseikonia in cases of unilateral aphakia. Soft contact lenses have been successfully adapted to inverted telescope units used to restore effective binocularity to selected unilateral aphakic patients. Techniques for adapting such units to the patient have been outlined and results have been reviewed. Differences between hard and soft contact lens techniques have been contrasted. The practitioner is encouraged to utilize these methods when binocularity would be a clear advantage to the patient with unilateral aphakia. The author hopes to adapt these techniques to the treatment of infants and young children in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:952246", "title": "[Intra-ocular optics and contact lens correction in unilateral aphakia].", "content": "After an explanation of intra-ocular optics, the first results of combined contact lens correction in 42 patients are reported. As opposed to the conventional type of contact lens treatment in monolateral aphakia, this method has four main advantages: 1. It enables practically identical sight in both eyes, thus providing the necessary conditions for binocular vision both at a distance and close-up. 2. The recovery of sensomotor haptics in both eyes prevents squinting, even in the case of incipient cataract of the other eye. 3. Premature lens extraction in the second eye can be postponed and delay in lens extraction in the first affected eye can be avoided. 4. In cases where dioptric aniseikonia is very marked, as in myopia, a bilateral spectacle-contact lens combination enables tolerable binocular vision to be achieved even without an aniseikonic lens. Our findings indicate that the conventional contact-lens correction of monolateral aphakia is never satisfactory in cases with a moderate to high degree of myopia and in all refraction defects in young patients. Echometry, objective measurement of aniseikonia and combined contact lens correction helps most of these patients to regain binocular vision, both close-up and at a distance. In practice, rules of thumb and principles can be established. Even without the aid of echometry and objective aniseikonic measurement, Rule 1 enables us to prescribe combined contact lens correction for 80% of all presbyopic patients, thus enabling them to regain comfortable binocular vision. We all know that monolateral aphakia is, unfortunately, no triumph of ophthalmological science, but rather a serious eye defect that we must correct as best we can. Conventional contact lens correction, delay in operation for cataract of the first affected eye, as well as premature operation of the second eye are, in many cases, of as little help to our patients as monolateral cataract spectacles, with occlusion of the healthy eye with normal or dark glass. In contrast, combined contact lens correction in many cases of monolateral aphakia enables the patient to regain binocular vision.", "contents": "[Intra-ocular optics and contact lens correction in unilateral aphakia]. After an explanation of intra-ocular optics, the first results of combined contact lens correction in 42 patients are reported. As opposed to the conventional type of contact lens treatment in monolateral aphakia, this method has four main advantages: 1. It enables practically identical sight in both eyes, thus providing the necessary conditions for binocular vision both at a distance and close-up. 2. The recovery of sensomotor haptics in both eyes prevents squinting, even in the case of incipient cataract of the other eye. 3. Premature lens extraction in the second eye can be postponed and delay in lens extraction in the first affected eye can be avoided. 4. In cases where dioptric aniseikonia is very marked, as in myopia, a bilateral spectacle-contact lens combination enables tolerable binocular vision to be achieved even without an aniseikonic lens. Our findings indicate that the conventional contact-lens correction of monolateral aphakia is never satisfactory in cases with a moderate to high degree of myopia and in all refraction defects in young patients. Echometry, objective measurement of aniseikonia and combined contact lens correction helps most of these patients to regain binocular vision, both close-up and at a distance. In practice, rules of thumb and principles can be established. Even without the aid of echometry and objective aniseikonic measurement, Rule 1 enables us to prescribe combined contact lens correction for 80% of all presbyopic patients, thus enabling them to regain comfortable binocular vision. We all know that monolateral aphakia is, unfortunately, no triumph of ophthalmological science, but rather a serious eye defect that we must correct as best we can. Conventional contact lens correction, delay in operation for cataract of the first affected eye, as well as premature operation of the second eye are, in many cases, of as little help to our patients as monolateral cataract spectacles, with occlusion of the healthy eye with normal or dark glass. In contrast, combined contact lens correction in many cases of monolateral aphakia enables the patient to regain binocular vision."}
{"id": "PMID:952258", "title": "Frequent or complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects: a clinical study of 25 cases.", "content": "During 18 months, 25 asymptomatic apparently healthy subjects were consecutively studied because of electrocardiographic discovery of frequent (more than 3 beats/min) or complex (multiform, alternating or repetitive patterns) ventricular ectopy of unknown cause. History, physical examination, laboratory data, chest roentgenogram, vectorcardiogram, exercise testing, echocardiogram, His bundle electrogram and cardiac catheterization procedures were performed to detect cardiac abnormalities. Ventricular ectopy was studied with maximal exercise testing, 24 hour Holter recordings and antiarrhythmic drug regimens. The duration of ventricular ectopy ranged from 1 to 30 years (mean 6). Eighteen subjects had an apparently normal cardiac status, and seven had mild or suspected abnormalities. Ventricular ectopy was of predominantly right ventricular origin in 19 of 25 subjects, and disappeared during maximal exercise in 21 of 23 subjects. Characteristic frequent (mean 559 beats/hour) and complex (bigeminal, trigerminal or ventricular couplet) ectopic beats were consistently present in all subjects during a 24 hour diurnal cycle. Antiarrhythmic drug regimens were generally ineffective. Our data suggest that a clinical syndrome of frequent complex ventricular ectopy can occur in apparently healthy subjects. The etiology and natural history of this syndrome are undefined.", "contents": "Frequent or complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects: a clinical study of 25 cases. During 18 months, 25 asymptomatic apparently healthy subjects were consecutively studied because of electrocardiographic discovery of frequent (more than 3 beats/min) or complex (multiform, alternating or repetitive patterns) ventricular ectopy of unknown cause. History, physical examination, laboratory data, chest roentgenogram, vectorcardiogram, exercise testing, echocardiogram, His bundle electrogram and cardiac catheterization procedures were performed to detect cardiac abnormalities. Ventricular ectopy was studied with maximal exercise testing, 24 hour Holter recordings and antiarrhythmic drug regimens. The duration of ventricular ectopy ranged from 1 to 30 years (mean 6). Eighteen subjects had an apparently normal cardiac status, and seven had mild or suspected abnormalities. Ventricular ectopy was of predominantly right ventricular origin in 19 of 25 subjects, and disappeared during maximal exercise in 21 of 23 subjects. Characteristic frequent (mean 559 beats/hour) and complex (bigeminal, trigerminal or ventricular couplet) ectopic beats were consistently present in all subjects during a 24 hour diurnal cycle. Antiarrhythmic drug regimens were generally ineffective. Our data suggest that a clinical syndrome of frequent complex ventricular ectopy can occur in apparently healthy subjects. The etiology and natural history of this syndrome are undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:952259", "title": "Sinus bradycardia and atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were studied to determine the relation of sinus bradycardia and atrial fibrillation. In seven patients the sinus rate was less than 40 beats/min and sinus nodal disease was considered a cause of the periods of bradycardia. Ventricular fibrillation of functional cardiac arrest was documented in four instances. Twenty-six patients demonstrated a type A and seven a type B WPW pattern during periods of sinus rhythm. Male patients predominated. The average age was 38.5 years among patients with a type A pattern compared with 25.3 years among those with a type B pattern. The shortest R-R cycle length in this group was 130 msec during a period of atrial fibrillation. Five thousand serial microscopic sections were studied in one patient who demonstrated ventricular fibrillation. Three anomalous pathways were located in this patient with the widest tract, 380 mu, containing about 400 muscle cells. Most of the sinoatrial node was replaced by collagen elastic fibers, and there was widespread destruction of the atria with a marked increase in fibrous connective tissue. Ventricular fibrillation or functional cardiac arrest is not a rare arrhythmia in patients with atrial fibrillation associated with the WPW syndrome and may be responsible for sudden death in patients with these arrhythmias. Hence, precise electrophysiologic studies and pharmacologic or surgical management, or both, are suggested to prevent sudden death in patients with short refractory periods associated with atrial fibrillation and the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Sinus bradycardia and atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Thirty-three patients with atrial fibrillation associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were studied to determine the relation of sinus bradycardia and atrial fibrillation. In seven patients the sinus rate was less than 40 beats/min and sinus nodal disease was considered a cause of the periods of bradycardia. Ventricular fibrillation of functional cardiac arrest was documented in four instances. Twenty-six patients demonstrated a type A and seven a type B WPW pattern during periods of sinus rhythm. Male patients predominated. The average age was 38.5 years among patients with a type A pattern compared with 25.3 years among those with a type B pattern. The shortest R-R cycle length in this group was 130 msec during a period of atrial fibrillation. Five thousand serial microscopic sections were studied in one patient who demonstrated ventricular fibrillation. Three anomalous pathways were located in this patient with the widest tract, 380 mu, containing about 400 muscle cells. Most of the sinoatrial node was replaced by collagen elastic fibers, and there was widespread destruction of the atria with a marked increase in fibrous connective tissue. Ventricular fibrillation or functional cardiac arrest is not a rare arrhythmia in patients with atrial fibrillation associated with the WPW syndrome and may be responsible for sudden death in patients with these arrhythmias. Hence, precise electrophysiologic studies and pharmacologic or surgical management, or both, are suggested to prevent sudden death in patients with short refractory periods associated with atrial fibrillation and the WPW syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:952260", "title": "Association of ostium secundum atrial septal defects with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "Severe prolapse of the mitral valve leaflets was seen at left ventricular angiography in 16 of 92 patients with a secundum type atrial septal defect studied prospectively from 1970 to 1974. The patients were aged 15 to 69 years; angioplasty or mitral valve replacement was carried out in nine. In 9 of 122 patients aged 15 to 55 years who were operated on for closure of a secundum type atrial septal defect between 1956 and 1969, mitral regurgitation due to prolapse but with intact chordae tendineae was seen at operation. In three of these patients chordal rupture was seen at a second operation 2 to 6 years later. The outlook in the syndrome of mitral valve prolapse may be less benign than is usually believed.", "contents": "Association of ostium secundum atrial septal defects with mitral valve prolapse. Severe prolapse of the mitral valve leaflets was seen at left ventricular angiography in 16 of 92 patients with a secundum type atrial septal defect studied prospectively from 1970 to 1974. The patients were aged 15 to 69 years; angioplasty or mitral valve replacement was carried out in nine. In 9 of 122 patients aged 15 to 55 years who were operated on for closure of a secundum type atrial septal defect between 1956 and 1969, mitral regurgitation due to prolapse but with intact chordae tendineae was seen at operation. In three of these patients chordal rupture was seen at a second operation 2 to 6 years later. The outlook in the syndrome of mitral valve prolapse may be less benign than is usually believed."}
{"id": "PMID:952261", "title": "Ventricular monophasic action potential changes associated with neurogenic T wave abnormalities and isoproterenol administration in dogs.", "content": "Changes in the duration of monophasic action potentials on the anterior and posterior walls of the dog ventricle were correlated with changes in T wave polarity and duration of the Q-T interval after (1) left stellate ganglion transection, (2) right stellate ganglion stimulation, and (3) administration of isoproterenol before or after these procedures. Left stellate ganglion transection and right stellate ganglion stimulation produced similar changes in T wave polarity, but the former prolonged and the latter shortened the Q-T interval. All procedures changed the duration of the monophasic action potential and the Q-T interval in the same direction. The reversal of T wave polarity induced by left stellate ganglion transection, right stellate ganglion stimulation or administration of isoproterenol after left stellate ganglion transection was associated with an average change of 13 to 17 msec in the difference between the monophasic action potential durations on the anterior and posterior ventricular walls. Isoproterenol restored to normal the neurogenic T wave abnormalities produced by left stellate ganglion transection and right stellate ganglion stimulation. The drug shortened the previously prolonged monophasic action potential more than the normal monophasic action potential, and the normal monophasic action potential more than the previously shortened monophasic action potential. This study confirms that the T wave is a sensitive indicator of relatively small changes (less than 20 msec) in the sequence of ventricular repolarization and explains the mechanism by which isoproterenol \"normalizes\" the primary T wave abnormalities.", "contents": "Ventricular monophasic action potential changes associated with neurogenic T wave abnormalities and isoproterenol administration in dogs. Changes in the duration of monophasic action potentials on the anterior and posterior walls of the dog ventricle were correlated with changes in T wave polarity and duration of the Q-T interval after (1) left stellate ganglion transection, (2) right stellate ganglion stimulation, and (3) administration of isoproterenol before or after these procedures. Left stellate ganglion transection and right stellate ganglion stimulation produced similar changes in T wave polarity, but the former prolonged and the latter shortened the Q-T interval. All procedures changed the duration of the monophasic action potential and the Q-T interval in the same direction. The reversal of T wave polarity induced by left stellate ganglion transection, right stellate ganglion stimulation or administration of isoproterenol after left stellate ganglion transection was associated with an average change of 13 to 17 msec in the difference between the monophasic action potential durations on the anterior and posterior ventricular walls. Isoproterenol restored to normal the neurogenic T wave abnormalities produced by left stellate ganglion transection and right stellate ganglion stimulation. The drug shortened the previously prolonged monophasic action potential more than the normal monophasic action potential, and the normal monophasic action potential more than the previously shortened monophasic action potential. This study confirms that the T wave is a sensitive indicator of relatively small changes (less than 20 msec) in the sequence of ventricular repolarization and explains the mechanism by which isoproterenol \"normalizes\" the primary T wave abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:952262", "title": "Effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "The effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was studied with programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 15 patients. All 15 patients had circus movement tachycardias; 7 also had atrial fibrillation. Programmed electrical stimulation was performed before and after 14 days of oral administration of amiodarone. The effective refractory period of the accessory pathway lengthened in an atrioventricular direction in all patients and in a ventriculoatrial direction in eight patients. The effective refractory period of the atrium and ventricle lengthened in 14 and 12 patients, respectively. After administration of amiodarone, circus movement tachycardia could no longer be initiated in five patients. The zone of tachycardia narrowed in four patients, did not change in two and increased in seven. The effect of amiodarone on initiation of circus movement tachycardia could be related to differences in effect of the drug and in the mechanism of tachycardia in individual patients. In all patients in whom tachycardias could still be initiated after treatment with amiodarone the heart rate during tachycardia was slower than before treatment. This slowing was caused by a decrease in conduction velocity of the circulatory wave in different parts of the tachycardia circuit. The effect of amiodarone in prolonging the refractory period of the accessory pathway makes this drug especially useful in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The effect of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was studied with programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in 15 patients. All 15 patients had circus movement tachycardias; 7 also had atrial fibrillation. Programmed electrical stimulation was performed before and after 14 days of oral administration of amiodarone. The effective refractory period of the accessory pathway lengthened in an atrioventricular direction in all patients and in a ventriculoatrial direction in eight patients. The effective refractory period of the atrium and ventricle lengthened in 14 and 12 patients, respectively. After administration of amiodarone, circus movement tachycardia could no longer be initiated in five patients. The zone of tachycardia narrowed in four patients, did not change in two and increased in seven. The effect of amiodarone on initiation of circus movement tachycardia could be related to differences in effect of the drug and in the mechanism of tachycardia in individual patients. In all patients in whom tachycardias could still be initiated after treatment with amiodarone the heart rate during tachycardia was slower than before treatment. This slowing was caused by a decrease in conduction velocity of the circulatory wave in different parts of the tachycardia circuit. The effect of amiodarone in prolonging the refractory period of the accessory pathway makes this drug especially useful in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation."}
{"id": "PMID:952263", "title": "Patient-initiated rapid atrial pacing to manage supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Patient-controlled rapid atrial pacing was used to manage 12 cases of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia refractory to drug therapy. The pacing system consists of an implanted receiver-lead system and an external patient-activated transmitter. In each case, brief periods (5 to 20 seconds) of rapid atrial pacing were effective in terminating the supraventricular tachycardia and resulted in a return to normal sinus rhythm. In three patients, occasional transient episodes of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation preceded a spontaneous return to normal sinus rhythm. The pacing system was removed in one patient 13 months postoperatively because of persistent pericarditis; one patient died of an unrelated cerebral hemorrhage 13 months postoperatively. Successful management of supraventricular tachycardia has been maintained in the 10 remaining patients for 15 to 36 months (average 26.4). In more than 6,000 patient applications of rapid atrial pacing, there has been only one failure to convert the tachycardia. Successful application of permanent rapid atrial pacing requires (1) prescreening of patients with temporary external rapid atrial pacing to verify susceptibility to conversion of supraventricular tachycardia and absence of anomalous conduction pathways that may permit conduction of rapid pacing rates to the ventricles, and (2) assessment of the patient's ability to use the transmitter properly.", "contents": "Patient-initiated rapid atrial pacing to manage supraventricular tachycardia. Patient-controlled rapid atrial pacing was used to manage 12 cases of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia refractory to drug therapy. The pacing system consists of an implanted receiver-lead system and an external patient-activated transmitter. In each case, brief periods (5 to 20 seconds) of rapid atrial pacing were effective in terminating the supraventricular tachycardia and resulted in a return to normal sinus rhythm. In three patients, occasional transient episodes of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation preceded a spontaneous return to normal sinus rhythm. The pacing system was removed in one patient 13 months postoperatively because of persistent pericarditis; one patient died of an unrelated cerebral hemorrhage 13 months postoperatively. Successful management of supraventricular tachycardia has been maintained in the 10 remaining patients for 15 to 36 months (average 26.4). In more than 6,000 patient applications of rapid atrial pacing, there has been only one failure to convert the tachycardia. Successful application of permanent rapid atrial pacing requires (1) prescreening of patients with temporary external rapid atrial pacing to verify susceptibility to conversion of supraventricular tachycardia and absence of anomalous conduction pathways that may permit conduction of rapid pacing rates to the ventricles, and (2) assessment of the patient's ability to use the transmitter properly."}
{"id": "PMID:952264", "title": "Permanent pacing in patients with transient trifascicular block during acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Patients with acute myocardial infarction and transient complete atrioventricular (A-V) block in association with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock have a high incidence rate of late sudden death presumably due to recurrent A-V block. Over a 5 year period, 18 patients demonstrated right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock and had transient complete block during an acute myocardial infarction and survived to hospital discharge. Of six patients who did not have permanent pacing, five died suddenly (one was lost to follow-up) with a mean survival time of 2.4 months after hospital discharge. Twelve subsequent patients received permanent demand pacemakers and had a significantly improved prognosis with a mean survival time of 18 months (P less than 0.001). Six patients were still alive at an average follow-up time of 20 months. Prophylactic permanent pacing significantly improves the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in this select subgroup of patients.", "contents": "Permanent pacing in patients with transient trifascicular block during acute myocardial infarction. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and transient complete atrioventricular (A-V) block in association with right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock have a high incidence rate of late sudden death presumably due to recurrent A-V block. Over a 5 year period, 18 patients demonstrated right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock and had transient complete block during an acute myocardial infarction and survived to hospital discharge. Of six patients who did not have permanent pacing, five died suddenly (one was lost to follow-up) with a mean survival time of 2.4 months after hospital discharge. Twelve subsequent patients received permanent demand pacemakers and had a significantly improved prognosis with a mean survival time of 18 months (P less than 0.001). Six patients were still alive at an average follow-up time of 20 months. Prophylactic permanent pacing significantly improves the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in this select subgroup of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:952265", "title": "Fetal and infant death, twinning and cardiac malformations in families of 2,000 children with and 500 without cardiac defects.", "content": "Analysis of family data on 2,000 children with a congenital cardiac malformation of unknown origin and 500 with an innocent murmur showed the incidence of twinning in probands, siblings and parents to be the same as in the general population. The mothers in the two groups of probands had the same incidence of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. There was a small increase in infant mortality in siblings of probands with a cardiac malformation, but this could be accounted for by the increased incidence of cardiac malformations. The latter occurred in 1.4 percent of all siblings and in 1.7 percent of later born siblings. Complete concordance for malformation type occurred in 31 percent of affected siblings and 46 percent of affected parents, and partial concordance occurred in an additional 21 and 8 percent, respectively. Combined direct and indirect observations and calculations indicate that the risk of recurrent cardiac malformations is 1.4 to 3 percent in families in which one child was born with a cardiac malformation of unknown origin; no significant difference was evident for the various cardiac malformations.", "contents": "Fetal and infant death, twinning and cardiac malformations in families of 2,000 children with and 500 without cardiac defects. Analysis of family data on 2,000 children with a congenital cardiac malformation of unknown origin and 500 with an innocent murmur showed the incidence of twinning in probands, siblings and parents to be the same as in the general population. The mothers in the two groups of probands had the same incidence of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. There was a small increase in infant mortality in siblings of probands with a cardiac malformation, but this could be accounted for by the increased incidence of cardiac malformations. The latter occurred in 1.4 percent of all siblings and in 1.7 percent of later born siblings. Complete concordance for malformation type occurred in 31 percent of affected siblings and 46 percent of affected parents, and partial concordance occurred in an additional 21 and 8 percent, respectively. Combined direct and indirect observations and calculations indicate that the risk of recurrent cardiac malformations is 1.4 to 3 percent in families in which one child was born with a cardiac malformation of unknown origin; no significant difference was evident for the various cardiac malformations."}
{"id": "PMID:952266", "title": "Postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease.", "content": "Complete and unselected data concerning the postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease are presented for the first time. This study was based on 2,365 autopsies performed at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, in the 9 years from 1966 through 1974. Of these, 586 autopsies (25 percent) revealed congenital heart disease--238 performed in medically treated patients (41 percent) and 348 in surgically treated patients (59 percent). Tetralogy of Fallot, including cases with pulmonary outflow tract atresia and other associated malformations, was the congenital heart disease most often encountered in the postoperative autopsy series (88 cases, 25 percent of that series). D-transposition of the great arteries, including cases with other associated anomalies, was second (54 cases, 15.5 percent). Early death (hospital mortality) accounted for 320 (92 percent) of the 348 surgical cases; late death occurred in 28 patients (8 percent). Causes of late postoperative death included arrhythmias, excessively small ventricular septal defect with tricuspid atresia, massive hemoptysis, rupture of the pulmonary artery, cyanotic spell, congestive heart failure and infection. Prophylactic penicillin is recommended for patients with the asplenia syndrome because of their probably enhanced vulnerability to fulmfulminating septicemia by encapsulated bacteria such as the pneumococcus. Completeness and lack of selection in reporting data are essential in the interests of perspective and comparability of findings.", "contents": "Postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease. Complete and unselected data concerning the postoperative pathology of congenital heart disease are presented for the first time. This study was based on 2,365 autopsies performed at the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, in the 9 years from 1966 through 1974. Of these, 586 autopsies (25 percent) revealed congenital heart disease--238 performed in medically treated patients (41 percent) and 348 in surgically treated patients (59 percent). Tetralogy of Fallot, including cases with pulmonary outflow tract atresia and other associated malformations, was the congenital heart disease most often encountered in the postoperative autopsy series (88 cases, 25 percent of that series). D-transposition of the great arteries, including cases with other associated anomalies, was second (54 cases, 15.5 percent). Early death (hospital mortality) accounted for 320 (92 percent) of the 348 surgical cases; late death occurred in 28 patients (8 percent). Causes of late postoperative death included arrhythmias, excessively small ventricular septal defect with tricuspid atresia, massive hemoptysis, rupture of the pulmonary artery, cyanotic spell, congestive heart failure and infection. Prophylactic penicillin is recommended for patients with the asplenia syndrome because of their probably enhanced vulnerability to fulmfulminating septicemia by encapsulated bacteria such as the pneumococcus. Completeness and lack of selection in reporting data are essential in the interests of perspective and comparability of findings."}
{"id": "PMID:952267", "title": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma: a clinicopathologic and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Cardiac rhabdomyomas are rare tumors of infancy. In a series of 36 patients 78 percent were under 1 year of age, and only one patient was over age 15 years. Ninety percent of the rhabdomyomas were multiple and occurred with nearly equal frequency in the right and left ventricles. Although reportedly infrequent in the atria, rhabdomyomas involved either one or both atria in 30 percent of patients. In 50 percent of patients at least one of the tumor masses was intracavitary and obstructed 50 percent or more of one of the cardiac chambers or valve orifices. Symptoms referable to obstruction of intracardiac blood flow were present in nine patients, none of whom had tuberous sclerosis, and all of whom would appear to have been good surgical candidates. Histologically the rhabdomyomas were composed of classic \"spider cells\". Electron microscopic studies revealed scattered bundles of myofibrils ringing these cells and radiating toward the center; glycogen was present both free in the cytoplasm and within mitochondria. Distinct intercellular junctions resembling intercalated discs with well defined desmosomes and nexuses were present. Many of the cells contained leptofibrils, arranged either peripherally or in spiraled clusters in the center of the cell. Rhabdomyomas derive from cardiac muscle cells and appear to represent hamartomas rather than true tumors.", "contents": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma: a clinicopathologic and electron microscopic study. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are rare tumors of infancy. In a series of 36 patients 78 percent were under 1 year of age, and only one patient was over age 15 years. Ninety percent of the rhabdomyomas were multiple and occurred with nearly equal frequency in the right and left ventricles. Although reportedly infrequent in the atria, rhabdomyomas involved either one or both atria in 30 percent of patients. In 50 percent of patients at least one of the tumor masses was intracavitary and obstructed 50 percent or more of one of the cardiac chambers or valve orifices. Symptoms referable to obstruction of intracardiac blood flow were present in nine patients, none of whom had tuberous sclerosis, and all of whom would appear to have been good surgical candidates. Histologically the rhabdomyomas were composed of classic \"spider cells\". Electron microscopic studies revealed scattered bundles of myofibrils ringing these cells and radiating toward the center; glycogen was present both free in the cytoplasm and within mitochondria. Distinct intercellular junctions resembling intercalated discs with well defined desmosomes and nexuses were present. Many of the cells contained leptofibrils, arranged either peripherally or in spiraled clusters in the center of the cell. Rhabdomyomas derive from cardiac muscle cells and appear to represent hamartomas rather than true tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:952268", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital unilateral pulmonary arterial stenosis with contralateral pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "This report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a 48 year old patient with congenital right pulmonary arterial ostial stenosis, no intra- or extracardiac shunts and systemic levels of pressure in the main and left pulmonary artery with pulmonary vascular obstruction in the left lung. Operation consisted of a bypass graft of 10 mm woven Dacron from the main pulmonary artery to the distal right pulmonary artery producing an immediate 50 percent reduction in mean left pulmonary arterial pressure. Late postoperative evaluation revealed equal perfusion of both lungs, maintenance of the reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and improvement from New York Heart Association functional class IV to class I.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital unilateral pulmonary arterial stenosis with contralateral pulmonary hypertension. This report describes the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a 48 year old patient with congenital right pulmonary arterial ostial stenosis, no intra- or extracardiac shunts and systemic levels of pressure in the main and left pulmonary artery with pulmonary vascular obstruction in the left lung. Operation consisted of a bypass graft of 10 mm woven Dacron from the main pulmonary artery to the distal right pulmonary artery producing an immediate 50 percent reduction in mean left pulmonary arterial pressure. Late postoperative evaluation revealed equal perfusion of both lungs, maintenance of the reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and improvement from New York Heart Association functional class IV to class I."}
{"id": "PMID:952269", "title": "Masked abnormal drainage of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium.", "content": "A 6 year old boy with a large atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and unrecognized anomalous insertion of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium had cyanosis after closure of the atrial defect. Repeat study revealed direct drainage of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium with moderate arterial oxygen desaturation. At repeat operation an unusual positioning of the inferior vena cava was seen. After reopening of the atrial defect, the pulmonary venous and systemic venous drainage anomalies were identified. A Dacron patch was inserted so as to divert flow to the proper atrium. Repeat catheterization 3 months after operation revealed a normal heart with no obstruction; arterial oxygen saturation was normal. The child has continued to do well 3 years after operation.", "contents": "Masked abnormal drainage of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium. A 6 year old boy with a large atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and unrecognized anomalous insertion of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium had cyanosis after closure of the atrial defect. Repeat study revealed direct drainage of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium with moderate arterial oxygen desaturation. At repeat operation an unusual positioning of the inferior vena cava was seen. After reopening of the atrial defect, the pulmonary venous and systemic venous drainage anomalies were identified. A Dacron patch was inserted so as to divert flow to the proper atrium. Repeat catheterization 3 months after operation revealed a normal heart with no obstruction; arterial oxygen saturation was normal. The child has continued to do well 3 years after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:952270", "title": "Aneurysm of the atrial septum in tricuspid atresia: diagnosis during life and therapy.", "content": "Massive aneurysmal dilatation of the foramen ovale was diagnosed angiocardiographically in a patient with tricuspid atresia. The angiographic findings are distinct for this condition, and the pathogenesis appears to be related to a restrictive atrial communication in the patient with obligatory right to left shunting at atrial level. The anatomic potential for atrial restriction in the patient with tricuspid or pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum and diminutive right ventricle necessitates balloon atrial septostomy at the initial diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In the patient with aneurysmal dilatation of the foramen ovale, satisfactory decompression may be achieved by Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy, open atrial septectomy, or, possibly, balloon septostomy.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the atrial septum in tricuspid atresia: diagnosis during life and therapy. Massive aneurysmal dilatation of the foramen ovale was diagnosed angiocardiographically in a patient with tricuspid atresia. The angiographic findings are distinct for this condition, and the pathogenesis appears to be related to a restrictive atrial communication in the patient with obligatory right to left shunting at atrial level. The anatomic potential for atrial restriction in the patient with tricuspid or pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum and diminutive right ventricle necessitates balloon atrial septostomy at the initial diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In the patient with aneurysmal dilatation of the foramen ovale, satisfactory decompression may be achieved by Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy, open atrial septectomy, or, possibly, balloon septostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:952273", "title": "Esophageal dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with scleroderma.", "content": "The relationship of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) to the degree of esophageal motility dysfunction was evaluated in 12 patients with scleroderma. Motility abnormalities of the smooth muscle esophagus were quantitated using a motility index (MI). MI of the scleroderma patients differed significantly from controls. No relationship was noted between the extent of motility abnormality and the duration or severity of the RP. A nearly uniform finding was the absence of coordinated esophageal peristalsis, occurring regardless of the duration or severity of the RP. The study demonstrates that it is not possible to predict the degree of esophageal motility dysfunction in scleroderma based on RP alone. The disease may have two different and independent pathogenetic components. One component is closely linked to RP and involves impairment of neuromuscular electrical transmission. The other component (independent of RP) involves progressive loss of muscle strength in the distal esophagus and in the lower esophageal sphincter.", "contents": "Esophageal dysfunction and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with scleroderma. The relationship of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) to the degree of esophageal motility dysfunction was evaluated in 12 patients with scleroderma. Motility abnormalities of the smooth muscle esophagus were quantitated using a motility index (MI). MI of the scleroderma patients differed significantly from controls. No relationship was noted between the extent of motility abnormality and the duration or severity of the RP. A nearly uniform finding was the absence of coordinated esophageal peristalsis, occurring regardless of the duration or severity of the RP. The study demonstrates that it is not possible to predict the degree of esophageal motility dysfunction in scleroderma based on RP alone. The disease may have two different and independent pathogenetic components. One component is closely linked to RP and involves impairment of neuromuscular electrical transmission. The other component (independent of RP) involves progressive loss of muscle strength in the distal esophagus and in the lower esophageal sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:952274", "title": "The behavior of mucopolysaccharide in the pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "In order to study whether or not mucosubstance increases occur in the pancreatic juice of patients with chronic pancreatitis, hexosamine was measured in duodenal aspirates during the secretin phase (S-40) following pancreozymin-secretin stimulation in 16 normal subjects, 37 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 6 patients with alcoholism, 13 patients with gallstones, and 11 patients with peptic ulcer. The hexosamine concentrations in the pancreatic secretions showed a negative correlation with the bicarbonate concentrations and volume output. Rises in hexosamine concentration were seen in alcoholism and chronic pancreatitis, especially in alcoholic pancreatitis. This is probably intimately related with the repeated ingestion of large amounts of alcohol over long periods of time. Since high hexosamine values are noted in the relapsing type of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, increases in viscosity due to mucosubstance increases in the pancreatic juice are probably related with the recurrence of acute attacks accompanying ductal stenosis or obstruction.", "contents": "The behavior of mucopolysaccharide in the pancreatic juice in chronic pancreatitis. In order to study whether or not mucosubstance increases occur in the pancreatic juice of patients with chronic pancreatitis, hexosamine was measured in duodenal aspirates during the secretin phase (S-40) following pancreozymin-secretin stimulation in 16 normal subjects, 37 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 6 patients with alcoholism, 13 patients with gallstones, and 11 patients with peptic ulcer. The hexosamine concentrations in the pancreatic secretions showed a negative correlation with the bicarbonate concentrations and volume output. Rises in hexosamine concentration were seen in alcoholism and chronic pancreatitis, especially in alcoholic pancreatitis. This is probably intimately related with the repeated ingestion of large amounts of alcohol over long periods of time. Since high hexosamine values are noted in the relapsing type of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, increases in viscosity due to mucosubstance increases in the pancreatic juice are probably related with the recurrence of acute attacks accompanying ductal stenosis or obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:952275", "title": "A bioptic study of gastrointestinal mucosa in cholera patients during an epidemic in southern Italy.", "content": "A histological biopsy study of gastric and jejunal mucosa of eight acute cholera patients during an epidemic in Southern Italy was carried out. The study demonstrated in all patients an intact epithelial lining of gastric and jejunal mucosa, a moderate degenerative process of enterocytes, presence of inflammatory lesions manifested by edema, vascular congestion, mononuclear cell infiltrate of lamina propria, and discharge of goblet-cells mucus. These changes reverted to normal in a few days. The authors emphasize that, contrary to cholera patients of Asiatic areas in whom an underlying chronic spruelike enteropathy is very common, the histological picture observed in Western patients may be considered more specific since Vibrio cholerae acts upon a normal intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "A bioptic study of gastrointestinal mucosa in cholera patients during an epidemic in southern Italy. A histological biopsy study of gastric and jejunal mucosa of eight acute cholera patients during an epidemic in Southern Italy was carried out. The study demonstrated in all patients an intact epithelial lining of gastric and jejunal mucosa, a moderate degenerative process of enterocytes, presence of inflammatory lesions manifested by edema, vascular congestion, mononuclear cell infiltrate of lamina propria, and discharge of goblet-cells mucus. These changes reverted to normal in a few days. The authors emphasize that, contrary to cholera patients of Asiatic areas in whom an underlying chronic spruelike enteropathy is very common, the histological picture observed in Western patients may be considered more specific since Vibrio cholerae acts upon a normal intestinal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:952276", "title": "Motility of the large intestine of piebald-lethal mice.", "content": "In normal siblings of piebald mice, artificial fecal pellets were propelled by peristaltic activity through the large intestine in vitro and were expelled at the anal end. Peristalsis was blocked by lidocaine. Artificial fecal pellets were propelled in the dilated region of the megacolon, but were not propelled in the terminal hypoganglionic segment of the intestine of piebald mice. Retropulsion of artificial fecal pellets occurred in vitro in normal bowel obstructed by a ligature, in the bowel of piebald mice with a narrowed terminal segment, and in the intestine of mice with imperforate anus. The results indicate that the distended portion of the colon of piebald mice is capable of coordinated peristalsis and that accumulation of feces and megacolon are secondary to the terminal obstruction that results from absence of coordinated propulsive activity in the hypoganglionic terminal segment. Reverse peristalsis may be a general response to a distal obstruction.", "contents": "Motility of the large intestine of piebald-lethal mice. In normal siblings of piebald mice, artificial fecal pellets were propelled by peristaltic activity through the large intestine in vitro and were expelled at the anal end. Peristalsis was blocked by lidocaine. Artificial fecal pellets were propelled in the dilated region of the megacolon, but were not propelled in the terminal hypoganglionic segment of the intestine of piebald mice. Retropulsion of artificial fecal pellets occurred in vitro in normal bowel obstructed by a ligature, in the bowel of piebald mice with a narrowed terminal segment, and in the intestine of mice with imperforate anus. The results indicate that the distended portion of the colon of piebald mice is capable of coordinated peristalsis and that accumulation of feces and megacolon are secondary to the terminal obstruction that results from absence of coordinated propulsive activity in the hypoganglionic terminal segment. Reverse peristalsis may be a general response to a distal obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:952277", "title": "Similar sensitivities of pancreatic and biliary secretion to cholecystokinin plus secretin infusion.", "content": "The differing sensitivities of the gallbladder and pancreas to graded doses of CCK have been claimed as important in normal digestive events. As both secretin and CCK are thought to be released in response to normal feeding, we have reexamined the sensitivities of the gallbladder and pancreas to graded increases of CCK with a constant secretin background. Under such conditions the increase in output of pancreatic trypsin and bile salt occurred simultaneously, the dose-response curves being almost superimposable. Thus, under conditions more closely approaching normal postcibal events, the previously described differing sensitivities of the pancreas and gallbladder were not observed.", "contents": "Similar sensitivities of pancreatic and biliary secretion to cholecystokinin plus secretin infusion. The differing sensitivities of the gallbladder and pancreas to graded doses of CCK have been claimed as important in normal digestive events. As both secretin and CCK are thought to be released in response to normal feeding, we have reexamined the sensitivities of the gallbladder and pancreas to graded increases of CCK with a constant secretin background. Under such conditions the increase in output of pancreatic trypsin and bile salt occurred simultaneously, the dose-response curves being almost superimposable. Thus, under conditions more closely approaching normal postcibal events, the previously described differing sensitivities of the pancreas and gallbladder were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:952279", "title": "The effect of magnesium sulfate infusion on acid secretion and on serum gastrin concentration in a patient with gastrinoma.", "content": "A patient with documented ZE syndrome responded to intravenous magnesium infusion by increased gastric acid output and increased serum gastrin concentration. A patient with acid hypersecretion but no gastrinoma had no substantial alteration in acid output or serum gastrin concentration following magnesium administration. This suggests that magnesium caused gastrin to be released from a gastrinoma.", "contents": "The effect of magnesium sulfate infusion on acid secretion and on serum gastrin concentration in a patient with gastrinoma. A patient with documented ZE syndrome responded to intravenous magnesium infusion by increased gastric acid output and increased serum gastrin concentration. A patient with acid hypersecretion but no gastrinoma had no substantial alteration in acid output or serum gastrin concentration following magnesium administration. This suggests that magnesium caused gastrin to be released from a gastrinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:952280", "title": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by blood drawing from an indwelling venous needle.", "content": "To investigate a possible inhibitory effect of blood drawing through an indwelling forearm vein needle on gastric acid secretion, 11 subjects were studied on four occasions each. The first session was for adapting the subject to the 3-hr collection of gastric juice. In 7 subjects the second through fourth sessions gave three conditions in balanced order: (1) an indwelling forearm vein needle and the withdrawal of 5 or 10 cc of blood every 20 min, (2) only a nonfunctional \"dummy\" needle implanted subcutaneously in the forearm skin, and (3) the control condition with no needle. In four additional subjects the sessions were identical except that condition (1) involved an indwelling forearm vein needle kept open by a slow infusion of saline solution and no blood was drawn. Phenol red recovery from an initial intragastric injection was measured in all. Results showed that blood drawing, but not saline infusion or venipuncture per se, inhibited gastric acid output.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by blood drawing from an indwelling venous needle. To investigate a possible inhibitory effect of blood drawing through an indwelling forearm vein needle on gastric acid secretion, 11 subjects were studied on four occasions each. The first session was for adapting the subject to the 3-hr collection of gastric juice. In 7 subjects the second through fourth sessions gave three conditions in balanced order: (1) an indwelling forearm vein needle and the withdrawal of 5 or 10 cc of blood every 20 min, (2) only a nonfunctional \"dummy\" needle implanted subcutaneously in the forearm skin, and (3) the control condition with no needle. In four additional subjects the sessions were identical except that condition (1) involved an indwelling forearm vein needle kept open by a slow infusion of saline solution and no blood was drawn. Phenol red recovery from an initial intragastric injection was measured in all. Results showed that blood drawing, but not saline infusion or venipuncture per se, inhibited gastric acid output."}
{"id": "PMID:952282", "title": "Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: relation to blood pressure, race and urinary electrolytes.", "content": "Biochemical alterations that have been correlated with elevated blood pressure have not received extensive epidemiologic study because of the technical difficulties involved. Because the excretion of urinary kallikrein is reduced significantly in adult hypertensives, we have studied urinary kallikrein in a cohort of children in whom familial aggregation of blood pressure has been demonstrated. Casual specimens of urine were obtained in household surveys, and urinary concentration of kallikrein was determined in 601 children aged 5-18 years. The children were from 163 families, whose members also had their blood pressures measured. Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration was found by analysis of variance (F=3.45, p less than 0.001) even in these casual specimens and was demonstrable for black and white children analyzed separately. Urinary kallikrein concentration was significantly lower in black children than in white children (p less than 0.001) and was positively correlated with urinary creatinine and urinary potassium and inversely related to urinary sodium concentrations. Urinary kallikrein concentration also was being altered by season (being lowest in the summer) and by time of day (being highest in the morning). Families with the lowest mean kallikrein concentrations tended to have higher blood pressures than did families with the highest mean kallikrein concentrations, although the effect is small and subject to many variables.", "contents": "Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: relation to blood pressure, race and urinary electrolytes. Biochemical alterations that have been correlated with elevated blood pressure have not received extensive epidemiologic study because of the technical difficulties involved. Because the excretion of urinary kallikrein is reduced significantly in adult hypertensives, we have studied urinary kallikrein in a cohort of children in whom familial aggregation of blood pressure has been demonstrated. Casual specimens of urine were obtained in household surveys, and urinary concentration of kallikrein was determined in 601 children aged 5-18 years. The children were from 163 families, whose members also had their blood pressures measured. Familial aggregation of urinary kallikrein concentration was found by analysis of variance (F=3.45, p less than 0.001) even in these casual specimens and was demonstrable for black and white children analyzed separately. Urinary kallikrein concentration was significantly lower in black children than in white children (p less than 0.001) and was positively correlated with urinary creatinine and urinary potassium and inversely related to urinary sodium concentrations. Urinary kallikrein concentration also was being altered by season (being lowest in the summer) and by time of day (being highest in the morning). Families with the lowest mean kallikrein concentrations tended to have higher blood pressures than did families with the highest mean kallikrein concentrations, although the effect is small and subject to many variables."}
{"id": "PMID:952283", "title": "The Yugoslavia cardiovascular disease study. II. Factors in the incidence of coronary heart disease.", "content": "In a 7-year follow-up of 11,121 Yugoslav men first examined in 1964-1965 when they were 35-62 years old, it was found that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was one-fourth that of a comparable Framingham (USA) group. Incidence in rural men was only 59% of urban men. In both urban and rural groups, men with higher blood pressures had greater CHD incidence, and cigarette smoking was also associated with greater incidence. In the urban but not the rural groups serum cholesterol and weight/height were also CHD risk factors. Levels of serum cholesterol and weight were lower in urban Yugoslavia than Framingham and lowest in rural Yugoslavia. At the same levels of these characteristics Framingham incidence was 3 times that in Yugoslavia. At the very low rural levels of weight and blood pressure CHD incidence was the same in urban as rural Yugoslav groups.", "contents": "The Yugoslavia cardiovascular disease study. II. Factors in the incidence of coronary heart disease. In a 7-year follow-up of 11,121 Yugoslav men first examined in 1964-1965 when they were 35-62 years old, it was found that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was one-fourth that of a comparable Framingham (USA) group. Incidence in rural men was only 59% of urban men. In both urban and rural groups, men with higher blood pressures had greater CHD incidence, and cigarette smoking was also associated with greater incidence. In the urban but not the rural groups serum cholesterol and weight/height were also CHD risk factors. Levels of serum cholesterol and weight were lower in urban Yugoslavia than Framingham and lowest in rural Yugoslavia. At the same levels of these characteristics Framingham incidence was 3 times that in Yugoslavia. At the very low rural levels of weight and blood pressure CHD incidence was the same in urban as rural Yugoslav groups."}
{"id": "PMID:952284", "title": "Underreporting of cancer in medical surveys: a source of systematic error in cancer research.", "content": "Systematic errors occur in the reports of disease frequency derived from health surveys based on questionnaire interviews. Five hundred and thirty-three persons with clinically and histologically confirmed disease in a case-control study of cancer were interviewed in their homes by carefully trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire interview schedule. Comparisons of the information obtained by interview about past history of cancer with cancer registry and hospital medical record information about the same people revealed serious underestimates of correct frequency and wide variation in the rates of correct reporting. The findings reported here and elsewhere add support to an essential requirement in medical survey research: the completeness and accuracy of responses in health interview surveys must be verified and the methods of verification must be reported before the results can be interpreted with confidence.", "contents": "Underreporting of cancer in medical surveys: a source of systematic error in cancer research. Systematic errors occur in the reports of disease frequency derived from health surveys based on questionnaire interviews. Five hundred and thirty-three persons with clinically and histologically confirmed disease in a case-control study of cancer were interviewed in their homes by carefully trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire interview schedule. Comparisons of the information obtained by interview about past history of cancer with cancer registry and hospital medical record information about the same people revealed serious underestimates of correct frequency and wide variation in the rates of correct reporting. The findings reported here and elsewhere add support to an essential requirement in medical survey research: the completeness and accuracy of responses in health interview surveys must be verified and the methods of verification must be reported before the results can be interpreted with confidence."}
{"id": "PMID:952285", "title": "Life events and subsequent illness.", "content": "The objective was to examine for relationships between stress, as measured by life events, and hospitalization or death during the following 6 to 12 months, using a case-control design. As part of the Community Mental Epidemiology Program, life events data for the preceding year were gathered on a random sample of the population at two sites, and health data for the interval between interviews were collected at follow-up. A case is defined as anyone becoming ill and being hospitalized or dying during the interval between interviews. Each case was individually matched by several variables to a control who had neither been sick nor hospitalized. There were no significant demographic differences between cases and control in either site or between sites. When life events were examined by various scoring methods, there were no differences between cases and controls. This finding is important since most longitudinal studies that have shown a positive relationship between life events and subsequent illness have had methodologic limitations or have been based on healthy, young, male populations who generally did not become seriously ill during the study period. The results of this study plus the lack of generalizability of previous findings and their somewhat conflicting results raise serious questions about the etiologic relationship of life events to subsequent illness.", "contents": "Life events and subsequent illness. The objective was to examine for relationships between stress, as measured by life events, and hospitalization or death during the following 6 to 12 months, using a case-control design. As part of the Community Mental Epidemiology Program, life events data for the preceding year were gathered on a random sample of the population at two sites, and health data for the interval between interviews were collected at follow-up. A case is defined as anyone becoming ill and being hospitalized or dying during the interval between interviews. Each case was individually matched by several variables to a control who had neither been sick nor hospitalized. There were no significant demographic differences between cases and control in either site or between sites. When life events were examined by various scoring methods, there were no differences between cases and controls. This finding is important since most longitudinal studies that have shown a positive relationship between life events and subsequent illness have had methodologic limitations or have been based on healthy, young, male populations who generally did not become seriously ill during the study period. The results of this study plus the lack of generalizability of previous findings and their somewhat conflicting results raise serious questions about the etiologic relationship of life events to subsequent illness."}
{"id": "PMID:952286", "title": "Providencia stuartii, a hospital pathogen: potential factors for its emergence and transmission.", "content": "The emergence of Providencia stuartii as a hospital pathogen in a burn unit was demonstrated by routine infection surveillance. The organism was initially recognized in a burn wound and subsequently in urine or sputum. Compared to controls, those patients harboring P. stuartii were similar in age and percentage of body surface burned and were more likely to have been in one of the two burn unit rooms, (p less than 0.02). Infection with P. stuartii was independent of duration in the Intensive Care Unit or Burn Unit, and of number of visits to hydrotherapy or operating rooms (OR). Once patients were colonized with P. stuartii they had greater morbidity than non-colonized patients as evidenced by longer stays in the unit and increased visits to the OR for debridement. P. stuartii was isolated from air samples (5/14) more commonly than from the hands of personnel. In vitro tests suggested that extensive use of parenteral gentamicin and replacement of the antibacterial topical cream sulfamylon by silver sulfadiazine favored the emergence of P. stuartii over Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the predominant colonizing organism.", "contents": "Providencia stuartii, a hospital pathogen: potential factors for its emergence and transmission. The emergence of Providencia stuartii as a hospital pathogen in a burn unit was demonstrated by routine infection surveillance. The organism was initially recognized in a burn wound and subsequently in urine or sputum. Compared to controls, those patients harboring P. stuartii were similar in age and percentage of body surface burned and were more likely to have been in one of the two burn unit rooms, (p less than 0.02). Infection with P. stuartii was independent of duration in the Intensive Care Unit or Burn Unit, and of number of visits to hydrotherapy or operating rooms (OR). Once patients were colonized with P. stuartii they had greater morbidity than non-colonized patients as evidenced by longer stays in the unit and increased visits to the OR for debridement. P. stuartii was isolated from air samples (5/14) more commonly than from the hands of personnel. In vitro tests suggested that extensive use of parenteral gentamicin and replacement of the antibacterial topical cream sulfamylon by silver sulfadiazine favored the emergence of P. stuartii over Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the predominant colonizing organism."}
{"id": "PMID:952287", "title": "Three tests for randomness of attack of social groups during an epidemic.", "content": "It is suggested that investigation of the attack of social units can be more illuminating of an epidemic process than the usual study of secondary attack rates of individuals. Three tests for detecting non-random differences in the occurrence of a disease between two groups of social units are presented. In each method the number of units attacked (X) in one of two groups of units is considered, rather than the number of individuals attacked. The tests are: (a) to use the Monte Carlo method, computer simulation of the epidemic process, to obtain an empirical distribution to which the observed value of X is compared; (b) to obtain the exact distribution of X; (c) to standardize X and compare it to the standard normal distribution. The three approaches are compared using data obtained from an epidemic of variola minor in two schools and the differences between the results are trivial. However, for large samples the only feasible approach is the Monte Carlo method.", "contents": "Three tests for randomness of attack of social groups during an epidemic. It is suggested that investigation of the attack of social units can be more illuminating of an epidemic process than the usual study of secondary attack rates of individuals. Three tests for detecting non-random differences in the occurrence of a disease between two groups of social units are presented. In each method the number of units attacked (X) in one of two groups of units is considered, rather than the number of individuals attacked. The tests are: (a) to use the Monte Carlo method, computer simulation of the epidemic process, to obtain an empirical distribution to which the observed value of X is compared; (b) to obtain the exact distribution of X; (c) to standardize X and compare it to the standard normal distribution. The three approaches are compared using data obtained from an epidemic of variola minor in two schools and the differences between the results are trivial. However, for large samples the only feasible approach is the Monte Carlo method."}
{"id": "PMID:952290", "title": "The mechanism of increase in total lung capacity during acute asthma.", "content": "In order to investigate the mechanism underlying the increased total lung capacity (TLC) observed during an acute asthmatic attack, we measured respiratory mechanics in a specially trained, exercise-induced, asthmatic. During the acute attack his TLC (determined plethysmographically) increased from 7.8 to 9.2 liters. The static pressure-volume curve of the lung shifted to the left and expiratory compliance increased from 0.24 to 0.55 liter/cm H2O. There was a parallel shift of the static pressure-volume curve of the chest wall resulting in an increase in the outward recoil of this structure. The maximum inspiratory pressure-volume curve of the total respiratory system was shifted so that the inspiratory muscles were able to generate greater pressures at any given lung volume during the attack. The findings indicate that the increase in TLC during acute bronchospasm results from the combination of loss of lung recoil, increased outward recoil of the chest wall and increased strength of contraction of the inspiratory muscles.", "contents": "The mechanism of increase in total lung capacity during acute asthma. In order to investigate the mechanism underlying the increased total lung capacity (TLC) observed during an acute asthmatic attack, we measured respiratory mechanics in a specially trained, exercise-induced, asthmatic. During the acute attack his TLC (determined plethysmographically) increased from 7.8 to 9.2 liters. The static pressure-volume curve of the lung shifted to the left and expiratory compliance increased from 0.24 to 0.55 liter/cm H2O. There was a parallel shift of the static pressure-volume curve of the chest wall resulting in an increase in the outward recoil of this structure. The maximum inspiratory pressure-volume curve of the total respiratory system was shifted so that the inspiratory muscles were able to generate greater pressures at any given lung volume during the attack. The findings indicate that the increase in TLC during acute bronchospasm results from the combination of loss of lung recoil, increased outward recoil of the chest wall and increased strength of contraction of the inspiratory muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:952291", "title": "Neurologic involvement in seven patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Of 25 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease seen in five years at the Mayo Clinic, seven had central nervous system involvement. The mean interval from onset of Beh\u00e7et's disease to central nervous system involvement was 1.3 years, and the mean period of observation thereafter was 3.8 years. All patients had headache and fever during or preceding exacerbations of the central nervous system disease, and all had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (white cell counts ranged from 6 to 490/mm3) with predominant lymphocytosis. The mean cerebrospinal fluid protein level was 55 mg/dl, and gamma globulin was less than 15 per cent in six patients. Results of cerebrospinal fluid, lesional and serologic studies for bacterial, fungal and viral agents were negative. Clinical findings included corticospinal tract disease (five patients), cerebellar ataxia (four patients), pseudobulbar palsy (three patients) and transient ocular palsies (three patients). All these occurred in concert with the systemic phases, especially aphthosis. Corticosteroid therapy was used in six patients, cyclophosphamide therapy in two and azathioprine therapy in two. The neurologic manifestations tended to recur when dosages of the drugs were lowered and established central nervous system damage could not be reversed. The case histories suggest that steroids, when used promptly and in sufficient dosage (up to 60 mg prednisone), are effective in reducing or preventing progression of central nervous system disease. Three patients died, one from Pneumocystis carinii infection, one from neurologic disease and another from presumed myocardial infarction. The central nervous system involvement in Beh\u00e7et's disease should be diagnosed earlier, and it can be if attention is given to other systemic criteria, that is, aphthous stomatitis, aphthous genital lesions, cutaneous vasculitis, uveitis and synovitis.", "contents": "Neurologic involvement in seven patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Of 25 patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease seen in five years at the Mayo Clinic, seven had central nervous system involvement. The mean interval from onset of Beh\u00e7et's disease to central nervous system involvement was 1.3 years, and the mean period of observation thereafter was 3.8 years. All patients had headache and fever during or preceding exacerbations of the central nervous system disease, and all had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (white cell counts ranged from 6 to 490/mm3) with predominant lymphocytosis. The mean cerebrospinal fluid protein level was 55 mg/dl, and gamma globulin was less than 15 per cent in six patients. Results of cerebrospinal fluid, lesional and serologic studies for bacterial, fungal and viral agents were negative. Clinical findings included corticospinal tract disease (five patients), cerebellar ataxia (four patients), pseudobulbar palsy (three patients) and transient ocular palsies (three patients). All these occurred in concert with the systemic phases, especially aphthosis. Corticosteroid therapy was used in six patients, cyclophosphamide therapy in two and azathioprine therapy in two. The neurologic manifestations tended to recur when dosages of the drugs were lowered and established central nervous system damage could not be reversed. The case histories suggest that steroids, when used promptly and in sufficient dosage (up to 60 mg prednisone), are effective in reducing or preventing progression of central nervous system disease. Three patients died, one from Pneumocystis carinii infection, one from neurologic disease and another from presumed myocardial infarction. The central nervous system involvement in Beh\u00e7et's disease should be diagnosed earlier, and it can be if attention is given to other systemic criteria, that is, aphthous stomatitis, aphthous genital lesions, cutaneous vasculitis, uveitis and synovitis."}
{"id": "PMID:952292", "title": "Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. Effect of antithrombin III deficiency on platelet function.", "content": "Antithrombin III (AT III) is the main physiologic inhibitor of thrombin, and activated factors X and IX as well. Normal levels of AT III appear to be necessary to maintain blood fluidity and to prevent thrombosis. Four families with AT III deficiency and recurrent venous thromboembolism have been reported on. We present an additional family with AT III deficiency and a high incidence of thromboembolism. AT III levels were determined by both a functional and an immunologic assay. Results of platelet function tests, not previously reported in persons with AT III deficiency, were found to be normal. Following gel filtration, the platelets were very sensitive to thrombin. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation appears to be dependent on a balance between the amount of thrombin and AT III present.", "contents": "Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency. Effect of antithrombin III deficiency on platelet function. Antithrombin III (AT III) is the main physiologic inhibitor of thrombin, and activated factors X and IX as well. Normal levels of AT III appear to be necessary to maintain blood fluidity and to prevent thrombosis. Four families with AT III deficiency and recurrent venous thromboembolism have been reported on. We present an additional family with AT III deficiency and a high incidence of thromboembolism. AT III levels were determined by both a functional and an immunologic assay. Results of platelet function tests, not previously reported in persons with AT III deficiency, were found to be normal. Following gel filtration, the platelets were very sensitive to thrombin. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation appears to be dependent on a balance between the amount of thrombin and AT III present."}
{"id": "PMID:952293", "title": "Irreversible acute renal failure in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "In five adult patients (aged 44 to 74 years) with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, irreversible acute renal failure developed. Prior renal disease, associated systemic illness or occlusion of major renal vasculature was not present. All patients continued to excrete large amounts of proteins (8.6 to 15 g/24 hours) despite a minimal glomerular filtration rate and severe oliguria. One patient died after five months without recovering renal function. Four patients have required hemodialysis for a period of 12 to 58 months. The failure to recover renal function could not be explained by the light microscopic findings. It is suggested that the irreversibility of the renal failure may be related to either permanent alterations in renal blood flow or ultrastructural changes, or to both. Clinically, adult patients in whom acute renal failure develops during the course of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome seem to have a grave prognosis. Protracted oliguria or irreversible renal failure can be expected to occur.", "contents": "Irreversible acute renal failure in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In five adult patients (aged 44 to 74 years) with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, irreversible acute renal failure developed. Prior renal disease, associated systemic illness or occlusion of major renal vasculature was not present. All patients continued to excrete large amounts of proteins (8.6 to 15 g/24 hours) despite a minimal glomerular filtration rate and severe oliguria. One patient died after five months without recovering renal function. Four patients have required hemodialysis for a period of 12 to 58 months. The failure to recover renal function could not be explained by the light microscopic findings. It is suggested that the irreversibility of the renal failure may be related to either permanent alterations in renal blood flow or ultrastructural changes, or to both. Clinically, adult patients in whom acute renal failure develops during the course of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome seem to have a grave prognosis. Protracted oliguria or irreversible renal failure can be expected to occur."}
{"id": "PMID:952294", "title": "Comparative effects of lidocaine and procainamide on acutely impaired hemodynamics.", "content": "Controversy exists regarding the relative safety of intravenously administered lidocaine and procainamide to patients with acutely impaired hemodynamics. Accordingly, their effects were studied in 15 such patients, 14 with acute myocardial infarction and one with cardiomyopathy and severe congestive heart failure. All had elevated levels of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (greater than 15 mm Hg) and/or low cardiac index (less than 2.5 liters/min/m2). Patients were given lidocaine, a 100 mg bolus followed by a 3 mg/min infusion and, after at least a 30 minute recovery period, procainamide, a 100 mg bolus over 2 minutes followed by a 20 mg/min infusion for 20 to 25 minutes. Hemodynamic measurements were compared early and late in the infusion of each drug. Small, clinically insignificant differences were observed in the hemodynamic responses to the drugs, and no clinically significant deterioration occurred with either. Conventional therapeutic doses of intravenous procainamide can be administered by this regimen, to patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiac failure or low cardiac output, without producing deleterious hemodynamic effects.", "contents": "Comparative effects of lidocaine and procainamide on acutely impaired hemodynamics. Controversy exists regarding the relative safety of intravenously administered lidocaine and procainamide to patients with acutely impaired hemodynamics. Accordingly, their effects were studied in 15 such patients, 14 with acute myocardial infarction and one with cardiomyopathy and severe congestive heart failure. All had elevated levels of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (greater than 15 mm Hg) and/or low cardiac index (less than 2.5 liters/min/m2). Patients were given lidocaine, a 100 mg bolus followed by a 3 mg/min infusion and, after at least a 30 minute recovery period, procainamide, a 100 mg bolus over 2 minutes followed by a 20 mg/min infusion for 20 to 25 minutes. Hemodynamic measurements were compared early and late in the infusion of each drug. Small, clinically insignificant differences were observed in the hemodynamic responses to the drugs, and no clinically significant deterioration occurred with either. Conventional therapeutic doses of intravenous procainamide can be administered by this regimen, to patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiac failure or low cardiac output, without producing deleterious hemodynamic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:952296", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of fungal vegetations in Candida parasilopsis endocarditis.", "content": "A case of primary Candida parasilopsis endocarditis in a heroin addict involving the aortic valve is presented. Abnormal echoes in the aortic root during diastole and in the aortic valve during systole and diastole produced by fungal vegetations were found. The demonstration of fungal vegetations by echocardiography in the absence of positive blood cultures and systemic embolization is a useful diagnostic tool which should be utilized when fungal endocarditis is suspected.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of fungal vegetations in Candida parasilopsis endocarditis. A case of primary Candida parasilopsis endocarditis in a heroin addict involving the aortic valve is presented. Abnormal echoes in the aortic root during diastole and in the aortic valve during systole and diastole produced by fungal vegetations were found. The demonstration of fungal vegetations by echocardiography in the absence of positive blood cultures and systemic embolization is a useful diagnostic tool which should be utilized when fungal endocarditis is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:952297", "title": "Tuberculous arthritis: A report of two cases with review of biopsy and synovial fluid findings.", "content": "Two cases of tuberculous arthritis with synovial fluid findings are presented, and the major series with culture results and synovial fluid analyses are reviewed. Synovial fluid cultures are positive for tuberculosis in almost 80 per cent of proved cases. Specimens obtained by open synovial biopsy are positive by histology or culture in over 90 per cent of proved cases. Little experience with closed needle biopsy has been published. About one-fifth of the patients with tuberculous arthritis will have a positive synovial fluid acid-fast smear for tubercle bacilli. The tuberculous synovial effusion invariably has an elevated protein level, fair to poor mucin clot formation and usually a low joint fluid sugar level. The synovial fluid white cell count is usually in the range of 10,000 to 20,000 cells/mm3, but it varies widely. Most fluids exhibited a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The importance of bacteriologic or histologic study of the synovial fluid and membrane in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. In general, this disease is different from tuberculous involvement of serous membranes both in the frequency of positive cultures and in the difference in cellular response.", "contents": "Tuberculous arthritis: A report of two cases with review of biopsy and synovial fluid findings. Two cases of tuberculous arthritis with synovial fluid findings are presented, and the major series with culture results and synovial fluid analyses are reviewed. Synovial fluid cultures are positive for tuberculosis in almost 80 per cent of proved cases. Specimens obtained by open synovial biopsy are positive by histology or culture in over 90 per cent of proved cases. Little experience with closed needle biopsy has been published. About one-fifth of the patients with tuberculous arthritis will have a positive synovial fluid acid-fast smear for tubercle bacilli. The tuberculous synovial effusion invariably has an elevated protein level, fair to poor mucin clot formation and usually a low joint fluid sugar level. The synovial fluid white cell count is usually in the range of 10,000 to 20,000 cells/mm3, but it varies widely. Most fluids exhibited a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The importance of bacteriologic or histologic study of the synovial fluid and membrane in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. In general, this disease is different from tuberculous involvement of serous membranes both in the frequency of positive cultures and in the difference in cellular response."}
{"id": "PMID:952298", "title": "Therapy for disseminated coccidioidomycosis with transfer factor from a related donor.", "content": "A 17 year old caucasian woman in whom disseminated coccidioidomycosis developed with culture positive meningitis during her third trimester of pregnancy was treated with amphotericin B and subsequently with transfer factor prepared from her father's peripheral lymphocytes. Clinical response and in vivo and in vitro immunologic data indicated that this transfer factor afforded a significant contribution to her survival whereas previous therapy with transfer factor from an unrelated donor provided only transient immunologic reactivity. This experience suggests that transfer factor prepared from a related donor with positive responses to C. immitis may be more efficacious than that prepared from an unrelated donor.", "contents": "Therapy for disseminated coccidioidomycosis with transfer factor from a related donor. A 17 year old caucasian woman in whom disseminated coccidioidomycosis developed with culture positive meningitis during her third trimester of pregnancy was treated with amphotericin B and subsequently with transfer factor prepared from her father's peripheral lymphocytes. Clinical response and in vivo and in vitro immunologic data indicated that this transfer factor afforded a significant contribution to her survival whereas previous therapy with transfer factor from an unrelated donor provided only transient immunologic reactivity. This experience suggests that transfer factor prepared from a related donor with positive responses to C. immitis may be more efficacious than that prepared from an unrelated donor."}
{"id": "PMID:952299", "title": "Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Granular deposition of IgM at the dermal-epidermal junction.", "content": "A patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity, manifested by fever, lymphadenopathy and a severe erythematous, morbilliform, maculopapular rash was studied. On immunofluorescent staining of the patient's skin, heavy granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) were found at the dermal-epidermal junction. Transformation of the patient's lymphocytes could not be effected by a variety of combinations of allopurinol, allopurinol metabolites and serum. These data suggested that the hypersensitivity reaction caused by allopurinol had immune complex deposition as the central feature in pathogenesis. The predominance of IgM may provide a distinctive feature from the deposits generally seen in systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Granular deposition of IgM at the dermal-epidermal junction. A patient with allopurinol hypersensitivity, manifested by fever, lymphadenopathy and a severe erythematous, morbilliform, maculopapular rash was studied. On immunofluorescent staining of the patient's skin, heavy granular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM) were found at the dermal-epidermal junction. Transformation of the patient's lymphocytes could not be effected by a variety of combinations of allopurinol, allopurinol metabolites and serum. These data suggested that the hypersensitivity reaction caused by allopurinol had immune complex deposition as the central feature in pathogenesis. The predominance of IgM may provide a distinctive feature from the deposits generally seen in systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:952300", "title": "Potencies of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Oral contraceptives are combinations of estrogens and progestogens or, in the case of the mini-pills, progestogens alone. With specific test procedures in laboratory animals or human subjects, it is possible to assign potency evaluations to the components relative to the progestational, estrogenic, or antiestrogenic activities of the progestogen or to the estrogenic potencies of the estrogenic component. It might even be possible to quantify the synergistic effects of the estrogen on the progestational agent. Unfortunately, however, it is impossible now to amalgamate such assay results into single estimates of the potencies of the combinations (either the combination products per se or the combination tablets of sequential products). For example, an over-all estrogenic potency of a combination preparation would involve the integration of contributions form the estrogen itself plus the estrogenic products of metabolism of the progestogen minus the antagonistic effect of the progestational agent, if any. These factors cannot now be quantified independently, much less merged into a single figure of clinical significance. Further, even if it were possible to produce such an estimate, it is unlikely that the evaluation would be meaningful in relation to any putative side effect or adverse reaction, i.e., the alleged thrombogenic effects of oral contraceptives cannot currently be related directly to any measure of potency that will allow prediction of these clinical conditions from laboratory models. Any evaluation of the potential of a given contraceptive to produce a specific side effect will depend upon data generated with specific regard to that adverse reaction and the individual product in question.", "contents": "Potencies of oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives are combinations of estrogens and progestogens or, in the case of the mini-pills, progestogens alone. With specific test procedures in laboratory animals or human subjects, it is possible to assign potency evaluations to the components relative to the progestational, estrogenic, or antiestrogenic activities of the progestogen or to the estrogenic potencies of the estrogenic component. It might even be possible to quantify the synergistic effects of the estrogen on the progestational agent. Unfortunately, however, it is impossible now to amalgamate such assay results into single estimates of the potencies of the combinations (either the combination products per se or the combination tablets of sequential products). For example, an over-all estrogenic potency of a combination preparation would involve the integration of contributions form the estrogen itself plus the estrogenic products of metabolism of the progestogen minus the antagonistic effect of the progestational agent, if any. These factors cannot now be quantified independently, much less merged into a single figure of clinical significance. Further, even if it were possible to produce such an estimate, it is unlikely that the evaluation would be meaningful in relation to any putative side effect or adverse reaction, i.e., the alleged thrombogenic effects of oral contraceptives cannot currently be related directly to any measure of potency that will allow prediction of these clinical conditions from laboratory models. Any evaluation of the potential of a given contraceptive to produce a specific side effect will depend upon data generated with specific regard to that adverse reaction and the individual product in question."}
{"id": "PMID:952301", "title": "Cyclic changes of cervical mucus enzymes related to the time of ovulation. I. Alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The concentration of alkaline phosphatase in cervical mucus was serially determined during a menstrual cycle in five normal ovulatory women and correlated with the time of ovulation as monitored by the basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum lutenizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estradiol. The activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly at midcycle just prior to the LH surge and began to rise after ovulation. Self-detection of cervical mucus alkaline phosphatase may provide a practical method of ovulation prediction.", "contents": "Cyclic changes of cervical mucus enzymes related to the time of ovulation. I. Alkaline phosphatase. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase in cervical mucus was serially determined during a menstrual cycle in five normal ovulatory women and correlated with the time of ovulation as monitored by the basal body temperature and radioimmunoassay of serum lutenizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estradiol. The activity of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly at midcycle just prior to the LH surge and began to rise after ovulation. Self-detection of cervical mucus alkaline phosphatase may provide a practical method of ovulation prediction."}
{"id": "PMID:952302", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on nutrients. III. Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid.", "content": "The interactions of oral contraceptive agents (OCA's) with vitamins were studied in a large population of women. In the upper socioeconomic groups, higher incidences of abnormal clinical signs related to vitamin deficiencies were seen in OCA users than in the control subjects. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and red cell and serum folate were lower in subjects using OCA's in the upper socioeconomic group as compared to levels in the control subjects. Reduction in erythrocyte glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (EGOT) activity and elevation in the EGOT-stimulation test were observed in subjects using OCA's in both upper and lower socioeconomic groups. These observations suggest a relatively deficient state with respect to vitamins B6 and folic acid in OCA users. No significant effect on serum vitamin B12 was observed as a result of OCA administration.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on nutrients. III. Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. The interactions of oral contraceptive agents (OCA's) with vitamins were studied in a large population of women. In the upper socioeconomic groups, higher incidences of abnormal clinical signs related to vitamin deficiencies were seen in OCA users than in the control subjects. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and red cell and serum folate were lower in subjects using OCA's in the upper socioeconomic group as compared to levels in the control subjects. Reduction in erythrocyte glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (EGOT) activity and elevation in the EGOT-stimulation test were observed in subjects using OCA's in both upper and lower socioeconomic groups. These observations suggest a relatively deficient state with respect to vitamins B6 and folic acid in OCA users. No significant effect on serum vitamin B12 was observed as a result of OCA administration."}
{"id": "PMID:952303", "title": "Endometrial suction biopsy: appraisal of a new instrument.", "content": "With the use of a completely self-contained, pre-evacuated, and disposable suction apparatus, endometrial suction biopsy was performed in 250 patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding or for an infertility evaluation. The instrument's components and performance features are described, as well as the distribution of tissue diagnoses. Biopsy provided tissue sufficient for diagnosis in 90 per cent of cases where tissue was obtained. In the postmenopausal subgroup, hyperplastic transformation was seen in 28/71 (39 per cent) women, and occult adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in another nine (12 per cent). Over-all instrument performance was very good.", "contents": "Endometrial suction biopsy: appraisal of a new instrument. With the use of a completely self-contained, pre-evacuated, and disposable suction apparatus, endometrial suction biopsy was performed in 250 patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding or for an infertility evaluation. The instrument's components and performance features are described, as well as the distribution of tissue diagnoses. Biopsy provided tissue sufficient for diagnosis in 90 per cent of cases where tissue was obtained. In the postmenopausal subgroup, hyperplastic transformation was seen in 28/71 (39 per cent) women, and occult adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in another nine (12 per cent). Over-all instrument performance was very good."}
{"id": "PMID:952304", "title": "Endocrine-metabolic response to acute starvation in human gestation.", "content": "During a 72 hour fast in pregnant women, significant decrements in the maternal plasma glucose concentrations, accompanied by a significant increase in the plasma placental lactogen (hPL) concentration, occur. At the same time, utilization of glucogenic amino acids, principally alanine, takes place. The mean postprandial glucose concentration in pregnancy is significantly lower than that of comparable nonpregnant women (70.5 +/- 1.7 versus 79.5 +/- 1.3 mg. per 100 ml., p less than 0.001). There appears to be a significant sparing effect on the maternal plasma glucose concentration during acute fasting which may be mediated through hPL. Concentrations of amniotic fluid and fetal plasma glucose from women undergoing fasting decrease in a manner parallel to that of the mother. Fasting provokes a mean rise in plasma hPL of 33.2 per cent over basal levels. This rise is still evident 72 hours after refeeding, after which it gradually returns to pretest concentrations. The infusion of alanine or arginine to pregnant women at the end of the fast produced increments in the peripheral maternal glucose concentration. The response was much greater with alanine than with arginine, demonstrating the increased gluconeogenic potential of this amino acid. The increment in human growth hormone (hGH) following alanine infusion was significantly greater than that observed after arginine administration. Hypoaminoacidemia was present in nonpregnant and pregnant women in response to fasting, but the decline was greater in pregnancy. Acute fasting in the first half of gestation appears to produce significant alterations in carbohydrate metabolism evidenced by profound hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hypoaminoacidemia. This maternal deficit can be reflected in fetal substrate concentrations. The effect of these changes on fetal growth and development is speculative at this time.", "contents": "Endocrine-metabolic response to acute starvation in human gestation. During a 72 hour fast in pregnant women, significant decrements in the maternal plasma glucose concentrations, accompanied by a significant increase in the plasma placental lactogen (hPL) concentration, occur. At the same time, utilization of glucogenic amino acids, principally alanine, takes place. The mean postprandial glucose concentration in pregnancy is significantly lower than that of comparable nonpregnant women (70.5 +/- 1.7 versus 79.5 +/- 1.3 mg. per 100 ml., p less than 0.001). There appears to be a significant sparing effect on the maternal plasma glucose concentration during acute fasting which may be mediated through hPL. Concentrations of amniotic fluid and fetal plasma glucose from women undergoing fasting decrease in a manner parallel to that of the mother. Fasting provokes a mean rise in plasma hPL of 33.2 per cent over basal levels. This rise is still evident 72 hours after refeeding, after which it gradually returns to pretest concentrations. The infusion of alanine or arginine to pregnant women at the end of the fast produced increments in the peripheral maternal glucose concentration. The response was much greater with alanine than with arginine, demonstrating the increased gluconeogenic potential of this amino acid. The increment in human growth hormone (hGH) following alanine infusion was significantly greater than that observed after arginine administration. Hypoaminoacidemia was present in nonpregnant and pregnant women in response to fasting, but the decline was greater in pregnancy. Acute fasting in the first half of gestation appears to produce significant alterations in carbohydrate metabolism evidenced by profound hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and hypoaminoacidemia. This maternal deficit can be reflected in fetal substrate concentrations. The effect of these changes on fetal growth and development is speculative at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:952305", "title": "Fluctuation of fetal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia.", "content": "A reduction of morbidity and mortality rates in homozygous sickle-cell patients was found in those with high fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels. This factor would lead one to believe that an adequate amount of this substance would be protective to a patient with this hemoglobinopathy. This study utilizing pregnant and nongravid females, as well as males, followed for long periods of time indicates that the HbF level fluctuates with crisis. Some patients had low HbF levels with many crises and others had high amounts of HbF with no crises. However, many patients with high levels on one occasion demonstrated a decrease in HbF levels when crisis occurred. More importantly, no patient had high levels of HbF during a crisis although the amount was elevated before and after the episodes. The possible explanation and ramifications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Fluctuation of fetal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia. A reduction of morbidity and mortality rates in homozygous sickle-cell patients was found in those with high fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels. This factor would lead one to believe that an adequate amount of this substance would be protective to a patient with this hemoglobinopathy. This study utilizing pregnant and nongravid females, as well as males, followed for long periods of time indicates that the HbF level fluctuates with crisis. Some patients had low HbF levels with many crises and others had high amounts of HbF with no crises. However, many patients with high levels on one occasion demonstrated a decrease in HbF levels when crisis occurred. More importantly, no patient had high levels of HbF during a crisis although the amount was elevated before and after the episodes. The possible explanation and ramifications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952306", "title": "Actions of the uterine relaxant, fenoterol, on uteroplacental hemodynamics in human subjects.", "content": "The action of fenoterol, a uterine relaxant of the adrenergic beta-mimetic group of drugs, has been investigated on placental, myometrial, and cardiac blood pools. 113mIndium was injected intravenously and the blood pools were measured by recording gamma activity externally. In eight cases with oxytocin-induced labor, fenoterol inhibited the typical blood pool changes of labor, i.e., contraction-synchronized decrease of placental and myometrial blood pools with increase in cardiac blood pool. Furthermore, fenoterol produced an increase in placental and myometrial pools with corresponding decrease of cardiac blood pool. These changes were observed consistently. In four other cases, of which three had spontaneous labor, similar effects were observed. The possible mechanisms of hemodynamic action of fenoterol, with reference to uterine relaxation, are discussed.", "contents": "Actions of the uterine relaxant, fenoterol, on uteroplacental hemodynamics in human subjects. The action of fenoterol, a uterine relaxant of the adrenergic beta-mimetic group of drugs, has been investigated on placental, myometrial, and cardiac blood pools. 113mIndium was injected intravenously and the blood pools were measured by recording gamma activity externally. In eight cases with oxytocin-induced labor, fenoterol inhibited the typical blood pool changes of labor, i.e., contraction-synchronized decrease of placental and myometrial blood pools with increase in cardiac blood pool. Furthermore, fenoterol produced an increase in placental and myometrial pools with corresponding decrease of cardiac blood pool. These changes were observed consistently. In four other cases, of which three had spontaneous labor, similar effects were observed. The possible mechanisms of hemodynamic action of fenoterol, with reference to uterine relaxation, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952307", "title": "Ultrastructural observations of the human uterine smooth muscle cells during gestation.", "content": "At term pregnancy, the myometrium consists of bundles of smooth muscle cells bound together by varying amounts of connective tissue. Each bundle contains both dark and light muscle cells. During uterine contractions it is believed that the smooth muscle cells become darker, decrease in volume, and exhibit changes in diameter. This is accompanied by widening of the interspaces and by a decrease in the areas of cellular contact. Between contractions, there are more light cells which become arranged closer to each other and exhibit large areas of interdigitation. The significance of these observations in the mechanism of uterine contraction and retraction is discussed. Cell believed to be modified smooth muscle cells occupy the myoendometrial junction and the decidua basalis. They are irregular in shape, poor in myofilament content, and rich in other cytoplasmic organelles and form a loosely arranged layer of cells between the myometrium and the trophoblast. The possible functional significance of these cells is also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations of the human uterine smooth muscle cells during gestation. At term pregnancy, the myometrium consists of bundles of smooth muscle cells bound together by varying amounts of connective tissue. Each bundle contains both dark and light muscle cells. During uterine contractions it is believed that the smooth muscle cells become darker, decrease in volume, and exhibit changes in diameter. This is accompanied by widening of the interspaces and by a decrease in the areas of cellular contact. Between contractions, there are more light cells which become arranged closer to each other and exhibit large areas of interdigitation. The significance of these observations in the mechanism of uterine contraction and retraction is discussed. Cell believed to be modified smooth muscle cells occupy the myoendometrial junction and the decidua basalis. They are irregular in shape, poor in myofilament content, and rich in other cytoplasmic organelles and form a loosely arranged layer of cells between the myometrium and the trophoblast. The possible functional significance of these cells is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952308", "title": "Instantaneous fetal heart rate monitoring by electromagnetic methods.", "content": "Fetal magnetocardiography (FMCG) is a new complementary external method for accurate antepartal FHR recording. Because of the low magnetic noise level required it is not yet suitable for routine hospital use. Fifty-six simultaneous FMCG and external FECG measurements were made in order to compare these methods for instantaneous FHR recording. The error of the FHR value obtained with the instrumentation described is less than 1 per cent. Our results show that FMCG can be used for FHR processing from week 30 of gestation until term. Thirty-five of the measurements were done during this period. From these, a readable FHR curve was obtained in 21 cases with FMCG and in 12 cases with external FECG. The maternal complexes were always present in the FECG, but in only 15 of the recorded FMCG's.", "contents": "Instantaneous fetal heart rate monitoring by electromagnetic methods. Fetal magnetocardiography (FMCG) is a new complementary external method for accurate antepartal FHR recording. Because of the low magnetic noise level required it is not yet suitable for routine hospital use. Fifty-six simultaneous FMCG and external FECG measurements were made in order to compare these methods for instantaneous FHR recording. The error of the FHR value obtained with the instrumentation described is less than 1 per cent. Our results show that FMCG can be used for FHR processing from week 30 of gestation until term. Thirty-five of the measurements were done during this period. From these, a readable FHR curve was obtained in 21 cases with FMCG and in 12 cases with external FECG. The maternal complexes were always present in the FECG, but in only 15 of the recorded FMCG's."}
{"id": "PMID:952309", "title": "Evaluation of the accuracy of a new ultrasonic fetal heart rate monitor.", "content": "An indirect Doppler fetal monitoring system has been developed and validated by computer comparison of simultaneous fetal heart rate (FHR) with Doppler and scalp ECG of high-risk patients during labor. The difference in measurement of FHR averaged 0.3 b.p.m., and 93 per cent of the Doppler FHR measures were within 10 b.p.m. of the ECG FHR. If interinstrument difference is discounted, 96 per cent were within 10 b.p.m. All types of decelerations and variability were well approximated. Doppler FHR from the instrument described may be relied upon as valid clinical information and may be obtained from over 90 per cent of labor patients with 93 per cent accuracy.", "contents": "Evaluation of the accuracy of a new ultrasonic fetal heart rate monitor. An indirect Doppler fetal monitoring system has been developed and validated by computer comparison of simultaneous fetal heart rate (FHR) with Doppler and scalp ECG of high-risk patients during labor. The difference in measurement of FHR averaged 0.3 b.p.m., and 93 per cent of the Doppler FHR measures were within 10 b.p.m. of the ECG FHR. If interinstrument difference is discounted, 96 per cent were within 10 b.p.m. All types of decelerations and variability were well approximated. Doppler FHR from the instrument described may be relied upon as valid clinical information and may be obtained from over 90 per cent of labor patients with 93 per cent accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:952322", "title": "Sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula complicating diverticular disease of the colon.", "content": "A sixty-six year old diabetic male had a draining sinus tract from the lateral portion of a fourteen year old left herniorrhaphy scar. The diagnosis of sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula was confirmed by a sinogram and the patient was treated in one stage with left hemicolectomy and resection of the fistula site from the dome of the bladder. To our knowledge this is the first report of a sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula.", "contents": "Sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula complicating diverticular disease of the colon. A sixty-six year old diabetic male had a draining sinus tract from the lateral portion of a fourteen year old left herniorrhaphy scar. The diagnosis of sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula was confirmed by a sinogram and the patient was treated in one stage with left hemicolectomy and resection of the fistula site from the dome of the bladder. To our knowledge this is the first report of a sigmoidovesicocutaneous fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:952323", "title": "Femoral neuropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy.", "content": "A twenty-six year old white male on long-term sodium warfarin (Coumadin therapy for recurrent thrombophlebitis had sudden onset of severe groin pain, right iliac hematoma, and a femoral nerve palsy. A review of the twelve previously reported cases of this hemorrhagic complication indicates that immediate surgical decompression may be necessary to prevent residual disability.", "contents": "Femoral neuropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy. A twenty-six year old white male on long-term sodium warfarin (Coumadin therapy for recurrent thrombophlebitis had sudden onset of severe groin pain, right iliac hematoma, and a femoral nerve palsy. A review of the twelve previously reported cases of this hemorrhagic complication indicates that immediate surgical decompression may be necessary to prevent residual disability."}
{"id": "PMID:952324", "title": "Superficial lymph node infarction.", "content": "A case of spontaneous superficial lymph node infarction points up the rarity of the lesion as well as the necessity to include its consideration in the differential diagnosis of groin masses.", "contents": "Superficial lymph node infarction. A case of spontaneous superficial lymph node infarction points up the rarity of the lesion as well as the necessity to include its consideration in the differential diagnosis of groin masses."}
{"id": "PMID:952325", "title": "Clinical significance of pancreatic ascites.", "content": "Recurrence of pancreatic ascites in a patient after two courses of peritoneal lavage suggested pancreatic ductal disruption as the etiolgy, and this was confirmed at operation. Peritoneal lavage in two other patients with pancreatic ascites without ductal disruption or cysts was associated with resolution ascites. The use of peritoneal lavage in patients with acute or chronic pancreatic ascites may guide the selection of those requiring early surgical treatment.", "contents": "Clinical significance of pancreatic ascites. Recurrence of pancreatic ascites in a patient after two courses of peritoneal lavage suggested pancreatic ductal disruption as the etiolgy, and this was confirmed at operation. Peritoneal lavage in two other patients with pancreatic ascites without ductal disruption or cysts was associated with resolution ascites. The use of peritoneal lavage in patients with acute or chronic pancreatic ascites may guide the selection of those requiring early surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:952326", "title": "A \"Bikini\" incision for appendectomy.", "content": "An incision is described for adaptation to the young female requiring an appendectomy. The incision is designed to allow the use of brief bathing suits and to preserve the normal contoured appearance of teh abdominal wall.", "contents": "A \"Bikini\" incision for appendectomy. An incision is described for adaptation to the young female requiring an appendectomy. The incision is designed to allow the use of brief bathing suits and to preserve the normal contoured appearance of teh abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:952327", "title": "Repair of extensor tendon injuries of the hand.", "content": "We have presented methods for treating extensor tendon injuries from the interphalangeal joint to the wrist and the musculotendinous junction in the forearm. Early and proper splinting in the treatment of extensor tendon injuries is more important than a specific method of surgical repair. We emphasize the need for prolonged splinting, up to eight weeks in distal injuries. Immobilizing the finger in full extension or hyperextension is necessary at the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Correct splinting is mandatory in any method of treatment. Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism is difficult and the results are unpredictable.", "contents": "Repair of extensor tendon injuries of the hand. We have presented methods for treating extensor tendon injuries from the interphalangeal joint to the wrist and the musculotendinous junction in the forearm. Early and proper splinting in the treatment of extensor tendon injuries is more important than a specific method of surgical repair. We emphasize the need for prolonged splinting, up to eight weeks in distal injuries. Immobilizing the finger in full extension or hyperextension is necessary at the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Correct splinting is mandatory in any method of treatment. Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism is difficult and the results are unpredictable."}
{"id": "PMID:952330", "title": "Use of the stapler in skin closure.", "content": "The AutoSuture skin stapling instrument reduces operating room time and provides adequate skin closure for a wide variety of plastic surgical procedures.", "contents": "Use of the stapler in skin closure. The AutoSuture skin stapling instrument reduces operating room time and provides adequate skin closure for a wide variety of plastic surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:952331", "title": "Long-term results from use of fascia lata as arterial graft.", "content": "Of twenty-four dogs, fifteen survived up to two years after aortic replacement with fresh fascial graft. Surviving dogs underwent hemodynamic study and cineaortography. Histology of the graft was examined after the dogs were sacrificed. Length of the graft used is an important factor for both dog survival and graft hemodynamics. The shorter the aortic segment replaced the better the chances for long-term graft patency.", "contents": "Long-term results from use of fascia lata as arterial graft. Of twenty-four dogs, fifteen survived up to two years after aortic replacement with fresh fascial graft. Surviving dogs underwent hemodynamic study and cineaortography. Histology of the graft was examined after the dogs were sacrificed. Length of the graft used is an important factor for both dog survival and graft hemodynamics. The shorter the aortic segment replaced the better the chances for long-term graft patency."}
{"id": "PMID:952332", "title": "Gallbladder disease in children and adolescents.", "content": "Seventy-nine patients, twenty years old or younger, with cholecystitis underwent cholecystectomy during a five year period at Santa Rosa Medical Center. There was a considerable delay in diagnosis in many cases. Etiologic factors differed with race and age; however, the disease appears to be quite similar in adolescents and adults. Hemolytic disease was present in all five blacks but in none of the remaining seventy-four patients. Patients younger than ten years of age are more likely to have congenital anomalies or infectious etiologies for the gallbladder disease. Cholecystectomy was associated with minimal morbidity and no mortality in this series. Cholecystitis should be considered early in the child or adolescent with unexplained abdominal pain, and oral cholecystograms proved to be a safe and reliable method of diagnosis.", "contents": "Gallbladder disease in children and adolescents. Seventy-nine patients, twenty years old or younger, with cholecystitis underwent cholecystectomy during a five year period at Santa Rosa Medical Center. There was a considerable delay in diagnosis in many cases. Etiologic factors differed with race and age; however, the disease appears to be quite similar in adolescents and adults. Hemolytic disease was present in all five blacks but in none of the remaining seventy-four patients. Patients younger than ten years of age are more likely to have congenital anomalies or infectious etiologies for the gallbladder disease. Cholecystectomy was associated with minimal morbidity and no mortality in this series. Cholecystitis should be considered early in the child or adolescent with unexplained abdominal pain, and oral cholecystograms proved to be a safe and reliable method of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:952333", "title": "Abdominal pain of unknown etiology.", "content": "The influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms, and exploratory laparotomy on prognosis of adult patients with abdominal pain of unknown etiology was assessed in a retrospective review. Patients with incomplete diagnostic evaluation were excluded. Of the sixty-four patients studied, forty-six were female. Lack of improvement of symptoms in the follow-up period was 67% in females and 22% in males (p less than 0.05). Younger patients tended to have higher improvement rates. Of the patients whose duration of symptoms was less than fourteen days, 65% were improved and 25% were subsequently diagnosed, as compared with 14 and 9%, respectively, of those whose symptoms had been present for more than ninety days (p less than 0.05). Laparotomy did not influence rate of improvement and established a diagnosis in only one of twenty-three patients explored. It is concluded that few of these patients are likely to benefit from laparotomy, especially adult females whose symptoms have been present for more than three months.", "contents": "Abdominal pain of unknown etiology. The influence of age, sex, duration of symptoms, and exploratory laparotomy on prognosis of adult patients with abdominal pain of unknown etiology was assessed in a retrospective review. Patients with incomplete diagnostic evaluation were excluded. Of the sixty-four patients studied, forty-six were female. Lack of improvement of symptoms in the follow-up period was 67% in females and 22% in males (p less than 0.05). Younger patients tended to have higher improvement rates. Of the patients whose duration of symptoms was less than fourteen days, 65% were improved and 25% were subsequently diagnosed, as compared with 14 and 9%, respectively, of those whose symptoms had been present for more than ninety days (p less than 0.05). Laparotomy did not influence rate of improvement and established a diagnosis in only one of twenty-three patients explored. It is concluded that few of these patients are likely to benefit from laparotomy, especially adult females whose symptoms have been present for more than three months."}
{"id": "PMID:952334", "title": "Late precancerous changes and carcinoma of the gastric stump after Billroth I resection.", "content": "Carcinoma of the gastric remnant after resection for benign ulcers is regarded as a rare complication after Billroth I resection. In seventy-four patients reexamined by gastroscopy and multiple biopsies ten to twenty-two years after gastric resection four cases of cancer of the gastric stump were diagnosed and the patients operated on. Another eight patients had regenerative polyps and one patient had a tubular adenoma. The histologic findings in gastroscopic biopsy specimens from the gastric stoma and fundus are compared. Possible precancerous changes and etiologic aspects are discussed briefly. Repeated gastroscopy is recommended starting about ten years after gastric resection for benign ulcers.", "contents": "Late precancerous changes and carcinoma of the gastric stump after Billroth I resection. Carcinoma of the gastric remnant after resection for benign ulcers is regarded as a rare complication after Billroth I resection. In seventy-four patients reexamined by gastroscopy and multiple biopsies ten to twenty-two years after gastric resection four cases of cancer of the gastric stump were diagnosed and the patients operated on. Another eight patients had regenerative polyps and one patient had a tubular adenoma. The histologic findings in gastroscopic biopsy specimens from the gastric stoma and fundus are compared. Possible precancerous changes and etiologic aspects are discussed briefly. Repeated gastroscopy is recommended starting about ten years after gastric resection for benign ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:952335", "title": "Ambulatory inguinal hernia repair compared with short-stay surgery.", "content": "Two groups of patients operated on for inguinal hernia, one outpatient group and one inpatient group, are compared with respect to subjective distress and immediate postoperative complications. The groups were chosen at random and matched for sex and age. A large number of those who received treatment as outpatients suffered marked distress during the first postoperative days. Some form of intermediary or light nursing should be tried out for the outpatients so that if necessary they can stay the night after operation at the hospital. The number of postoperative complications was equal in the two groups. With suitable patient selection and with a small number of reserve places in a light-care ward, the majority of inguinal hernia operations can be performed on outpatients, resulting in a considerable economic saving and shorter waiting time.", "contents": "Ambulatory inguinal hernia repair compared with short-stay surgery. Two groups of patients operated on for inguinal hernia, one outpatient group and one inpatient group, are compared with respect to subjective distress and immediate postoperative complications. The groups were chosen at random and matched for sex and age. A large number of those who received treatment as outpatients suffered marked distress during the first postoperative days. Some form of intermediary or light nursing should be tried out for the outpatients so that if necessary they can stay the night after operation at the hospital. The number of postoperative complications was equal in the two groups. With suitable patient selection and with a small number of reserve places in a light-care ward, the majority of inguinal hernia operations can be performed on outpatients, resulting in a considerable economic saving and shorter waiting time."}
{"id": "PMID:952336", "title": "Diaphragmatic hernia as a long-term complication of stab wounds of the chest.", "content": "The suggestion that early exploratory operation be performed in all patients with stab wounds of the left lower chest in whom the diaphragm is likely to be injured is examined in detail. The incidence of stabs in this situation is reported on an analysis of 1,000 consecutive cases of stab wounds of the chest. Thirteen cases of diaphragmatic hernia as a long-term complication of stab wounds of the chest are discussed.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic hernia as a long-term complication of stab wounds of the chest. The suggestion that early exploratory operation be performed in all patients with stab wounds of the left lower chest in whom the diaphragm is likely to be injured is examined in detail. The incidence of stabs in this situation is reported on an analysis of 1,000 consecutive cases of stab wounds of the chest. Thirteen cases of diaphragmatic hernia as a long-term complication of stab wounds of the chest are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952338", "title": "Frey's syndrome after parotid surgery.", "content": "The operative records of seventy-one patients who had parotid surgery carried out in the ten year period from 1964 to 1973 were reviewed. Forty-one (67%) of the operations were suprafacial parotidectomies. Of the fifty patients who agreed to reassessment in a special clinic, seventeen had a noticeable degree of Frey's syndrome, and of these fourteen were submitted to further investigations. Minor's test in these fourteen patients showed the greater auricular nerve to be involved in six patients, the ariculotemporal nerve in four, and both nerves in two. The results in two patients were inconclusive. Because the starch test reveals only the distribution of the gustatory sweating, a useful adjunct is described for investigating Frey's syndrome. By blocking of the contralateral greater auricular nerve in the neck and mapping out of the anesthetized area, its sensory distribution is demonstrated. We conclude that it is manifestly unwise to avulse the auriculotemporal nerve if the sweating occurs in the distribution of the greater auricular nerve.", "contents": "Frey's syndrome after parotid surgery. The operative records of seventy-one patients who had parotid surgery carried out in the ten year period from 1964 to 1973 were reviewed. Forty-one (67%) of the operations were suprafacial parotidectomies. Of the fifty patients who agreed to reassessment in a special clinic, seventeen had a noticeable degree of Frey's syndrome, and of these fourteen were submitted to further investigations. Minor's test in these fourteen patients showed the greater auricular nerve to be involved in six patients, the ariculotemporal nerve in four, and both nerves in two. The results in two patients were inconclusive. Because the starch test reveals only the distribution of the gustatory sweating, a useful adjunct is described for investigating Frey's syndrome. By blocking of the contralateral greater auricular nerve in the neck and mapping out of the anesthetized area, its sensory distribution is demonstrated. We conclude that it is manifestly unwise to avulse the auriculotemporal nerve if the sweating occurs in the distribution of the greater auricular nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:952339", "title": "Treatment of cholecystitis: cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy?", "content": "Nine hundred ninety-two consecutive patients with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are reported on. In Finland, these diseases seem to affect women more often than men as only 18% in the present series were men. The frequency of these diseases increases with advancing age and reaches its peak in patients sixty to sixty-five years of age. Therapy always consisted of cholecystectomy. The incidence of minor technical complications varied from 1.1% in group I to 4.5% in group III (6.1% in group IIB). Postoperative nonfatal complications varied from 2.0% in group I to 5.2% in group III (8.1% in group IIB). The age-adjusted duration of postoperative hospitalization was about eight days (in group IIB, nine days. In groups I and II one patient died whereas in group III two died. The mortality varied from 0.2% in group I to 0.6% in group III (1.2% in group IIB). The overall mortality for this series was 0.5%. On the basis of this analysis and the good results, I have concluded that cholecystectomy is the preferred therapy for cholecystitis at all stages when all coexisting diseases and water and elctrolyte imbalances have been treated.", "contents": "Treatment of cholecystitis: cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy? Nine hundred ninety-two consecutive patients with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are reported on. In Finland, these diseases seem to affect women more often than men as only 18% in the present series were men. The frequency of these diseases increases with advancing age and reaches its peak in patients sixty to sixty-five years of age. Therapy always consisted of cholecystectomy. The incidence of minor technical complications varied from 1.1% in group I to 4.5% in group III (6.1% in group IIB). Postoperative nonfatal complications varied from 2.0% in group I to 5.2% in group III (8.1% in group IIB). The age-adjusted duration of postoperative hospitalization was about eight days (in group IIB, nine days. In groups I and II one patient died whereas in group III two died. The mortality varied from 0.2% in group I to 0.6% in group III (1.2% in group IIB). The overall mortality for this series was 0.5%. On the basis of this analysis and the good results, I have concluded that cholecystectomy is the preferred therapy for cholecystitis at all stages when all coexisting diseases and water and elctrolyte imbalances have been treated."}
{"id": "PMID:952340", "title": "Factors influencing patency of femoropopliteal artery bypass grafts.", "content": "An analysis of 276 femoropopliteal bypass procedures performed in 264 patients at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center over the past two decades showed a direct relationship of graft patency to preoperative popliteal artery runoff. Fuctional results were better than patency results. Sympathectomy and anticoagulation did not improve graft patency. The risk of amputation is outweighed by the benefits of restoration of blood flow to the ischemic extremity by a byass procedure.", "contents": "Factors influencing patency of femoropopliteal artery bypass grafts. An analysis of 276 femoropopliteal bypass procedures performed in 264 patients at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center over the past two decades showed a direct relationship of graft patency to preoperative popliteal artery runoff. Fuctional results were better than patency results. Sympathectomy and anticoagulation did not improve graft patency. The risk of amputation is outweighed by the benefits of restoration of blood flow to the ischemic extremity by a byass procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:952341", "title": "Villous adenoma of the duodenum. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of villous adenoma of the duodenum, with focal in situ carcinomatous changes, has been described with a review of forty-two other case reports from the world literature. Occult bleeding, resulting in anemia, and vague obstructive symptoms appear to be the most common presenting findings. The average age was 56.4 years, which was seven years younger than the average age for villous tumors of the colon. Adequate radiologic studies should establish the diagnosis preoperatively. These tumors obtain relatively large size before causing significant symptoms. Approximately one third showed carcinomatous changes, and approximately one half of these were in situ changes. Local segmental resection for duodenal villous tumors is desirable when possible. However, in areas where this is not feasible, local mucosal excision is acceptable for benign tumors and for those with in situ carcinoma. If invasive carcinoma is found in the excised specimen, pancreatoduodenectomy is recommended. Insufficient evidence is available to adequately evaluate survival for malignant villous tumors of the duodenum, but the available data suggest that the survival after treatment of malignant villous tumors is comparable to other malignant lesions originating in the duodenum.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the duodenum. A case report and review of the literature. A case of villous adenoma of the duodenum, with focal in situ carcinomatous changes, has been described with a review of forty-two other case reports from the world literature. Occult bleeding, resulting in anemia, and vague obstructive symptoms appear to be the most common presenting findings. The average age was 56.4 years, which was seven years younger than the average age for villous tumors of the colon. Adequate radiologic studies should establish the diagnosis preoperatively. These tumors obtain relatively large size before causing significant symptoms. Approximately one third showed carcinomatous changes, and approximately one half of these were in situ changes. Local segmental resection for duodenal villous tumors is desirable when possible. However, in areas where this is not feasible, local mucosal excision is acceptable for benign tumors and for those with in situ carcinoma. If invasive carcinoma is found in the excised specimen, pancreatoduodenectomy is recommended. Insufficient evidence is available to adequately evaluate survival for malignant villous tumors of the duodenum, but the available data suggest that the survival after treatment of malignant villous tumors is comparable to other malignant lesions originating in the duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:952343", "title": "The practicality of the Congo Red test, or is your vagotomy complete?", "content": "The use of Congo Red testing for adequacy of vagotomy in a variety of clinical situations is described. Its intraoperative use is presented for the first time, thus allowing the surgeon immediate documentation of the completeness of his vagotomy and hopefully averting incomplete vagotomy, the single most common cause of ulcer recurrence after vagotomy-pyloroplasty.", "contents": "The practicality of the Congo Red test, or is your vagotomy complete? The use of Congo Red testing for adequacy of vagotomy in a variety of clinical situations is described. Its intraoperative use is presented for the first time, thus allowing the surgeon immediate documentation of the completeness of his vagotomy and hopefully averting incomplete vagotomy, the single most common cause of ulcer recurrence after vagotomy-pyloroplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:952344", "title": "Prevention of complications after liver trauma.", "content": "Treatment of 681 cases of liver trauma during the past ten years at the San Francisco General Hospital was reviewed. The mortality was 14.7 per cent and the morbidity rate 18.9 per cent. The complications relating specifically to liver injury were bleeding subphrenic or subhepatic abscesses, intrahepatic abscess, biliary fistula, and liver failure. These complications and the recommended management of the liver injury are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of complications after liver trauma. Treatment of 681 cases of liver trauma during the past ten years at the San Francisco General Hospital was reviewed. The mortality was 14.7 per cent and the morbidity rate 18.9 per cent. The complications relating specifically to liver injury were bleeding subphrenic or subhepatic abscesses, intrahepatic abscess, biliary fistula, and liver failure. These complications and the recommended management of the liver injury are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952345", "title": "Lower extremity atheromatous embolization.", "content": "Eleven patients with lower extremity atheromatous microembolization are described. The diagnostic feature of sudden, often repetitive, episodes of focal ischemia, patent major arteries of the legs, and arteriographic demonstration of nonocclusive atheromas of the proximal arterial tree are characteristic. Successful removal of the causative lesion in these patients has prevented further ischemic episodes.", "contents": "Lower extremity atheromatous embolization. Eleven patients with lower extremity atheromatous microembolization are described. The diagnostic feature of sudden, often repetitive, episodes of focal ischemia, patent major arteries of the legs, and arteriographic demonstration of nonocclusive atheromas of the proximal arterial tree are characteristic. Successful removal of the causative lesion in these patients has prevented further ischemic episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:952346", "title": "The natural history of Meckel's Diverticulum and its relation to incidental removal. A study of 202 cases of diseased Meckel's Diverticulum found in King County, Washington, over a fifteen year period.", "content": "To determine the natural history of Meckel's diverticulum, 202 case records of proved disease of Meckel's diverticulum were retrieved, covering a fifteen year period, from all the hospitals of King County, Washington (population, 1,143,800). Using the figure of 2 per cent incidence of Meckel's diverticulum, we calculated that a Meckel's diverticulum has a 4.2 per cent likelihood of causing disease during a lifetime, decreasing to zero with old age. Using previously published mortality and morbidity figures, we calculated that to save one patient's life from the complications of Meckel's diverticulum, it would be necessary to remove approximately 800 asymptomatic Meckel's diverticula. This would be likely to incur a significant amount of postoperative morbidity from postoperative intestinal obstruction and infection. We suggest that the prophylactic removal of Meckel's diverticulum is rarely, if ever, justified.", "contents": "The natural history of Meckel's Diverticulum and its relation to incidental removal. A study of 202 cases of diseased Meckel's Diverticulum found in King County, Washington, over a fifteen year period. To determine the natural history of Meckel's diverticulum, 202 case records of proved disease of Meckel's diverticulum were retrieved, covering a fifteen year period, from all the hospitals of King County, Washington (population, 1,143,800). Using the figure of 2 per cent incidence of Meckel's diverticulum, we calculated that a Meckel's diverticulum has a 4.2 per cent likelihood of causing disease during a lifetime, decreasing to zero with old age. Using previously published mortality and morbidity figures, we calculated that to save one patient's life from the complications of Meckel's diverticulum, it would be necessary to remove approximately 800 asymptomatic Meckel's diverticula. This would be likely to incur a significant amount of postoperative morbidity from postoperative intestinal obstruction and infection. We suggest that the prophylactic removal of Meckel's diverticulum is rarely, if ever, justified."}
{"id": "PMID:952347", "title": "Operative endoscopy in the management of biliary tract neoplasms.", "content": "Operative endoscopy of the biliary system has been employed with ever increasing frequency at the UCLA Hospital during the last three years. In addition to its established value with respect to disclosing unsuspected stones in the bile ducts, choledochoscopy has been of great value in terms of more accurate diagnosis and staging of periampullary and bile duct neoplasms. It has been observed that many biliary tract carcinomas are multicentric in origin and that cholangiography is not adequate to identify small intrahepatic ductal lesions. More than one cell type of bile duct carcinoma may be present in the same patient. Choledochoscopy should be used in addition to the conventional criteria for resectability in all patients with ductal or periampullary carcinoma. Use of this technic will spare some patients needless radical procedures and should improve long-term cure rates by identifying those patients with truly localized disease for curative resections.", "contents": "Operative endoscopy in the management of biliary tract neoplasms. Operative endoscopy of the biliary system has been employed with ever increasing frequency at the UCLA Hospital during the last three years. In addition to its established value with respect to disclosing unsuspected stones in the bile ducts, choledochoscopy has been of great value in terms of more accurate diagnosis and staging of periampullary and bile duct neoplasms. It has been observed that many biliary tract carcinomas are multicentric in origin and that cholangiography is not adequate to identify small intrahepatic ductal lesions. More than one cell type of bile duct carcinoma may be present in the same patient. Choledochoscopy should be used in addition to the conventional criteria for resectability in all patients with ductal or periampullary carcinoma. Use of this technic will spare some patients needless radical procedures and should improve long-term cure rates by identifying those patients with truly localized disease for curative resections."}
{"id": "PMID:952348", "title": "Intimal injury from arterial clamps.", "content": "Preliminary experimental data have been presented indicating that intimal injury of some degree is a virtually constant finding at the site of application of any arterial occluding clamp. These injuries vary from intimal distortion to complete fracture into the media of the vessel. The degree of injury appears directly proportional to the amount of pressure exerted through a given clamp. Atherosclerotic arteries are particularly subject to severe degrees of intimal injury. Preliminary observations suggest that heparin is not helpful in preventing platelet aggregation and initial thrombus formation at intimal injury sites. The problem of anticoagulation at such injury sites is being studied further.", "contents": "Intimal injury from arterial clamps. Preliminary experimental data have been presented indicating that intimal injury of some degree is a virtually constant finding at the site of application of any arterial occluding clamp. These injuries vary from intimal distortion to complete fracture into the media of the vessel. The degree of injury appears directly proportional to the amount of pressure exerted through a given clamp. Atherosclerotic arteries are particularly subject to severe degrees of intimal injury. Preliminary observations suggest that heparin is not helpful in preventing platelet aggregation and initial thrombus formation at intimal injury sites. The problem of anticoagulation at such injury sites is being studied further."}
{"id": "PMID:952349", "title": "An evaluation of the Mobin-Uddin umbrella in the prevention of pulmonary thromboembolism.", "content": "A vena caval umbrella was implanted in twenty-eight patients for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Eighteen of these patients were catastrophically ill at the time of reimplantation. Thirteen patients died after implantation, one from a recurrent pulmonary embolus originating in the vena cava. There have been two additional recurrent nonfatal emboli. Three of the thirteen long-term survivors had significant lower extremity edema. Our experience and that of others indicates that the inferior vena caval umbrella is comparable to other methods of incomplete interruption in terms of effectiveness, morbidity, and mortality. Its unique technical advantage is the simplicity of insertion in severely ill patients in whom abdominal surgery is undesirable.", "contents": "An evaluation of the Mobin-Uddin umbrella in the prevention of pulmonary thromboembolism. A vena caval umbrella was implanted in twenty-eight patients for the prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Eighteen of these patients were catastrophically ill at the time of reimplantation. Thirteen patients died after implantation, one from a recurrent pulmonary embolus originating in the vena cava. There have been two additional recurrent nonfatal emboli. Three of the thirteen long-term survivors had significant lower extremity edema. Our experience and that of others indicates that the inferior vena caval umbrella is comparable to other methods of incomplete interruption in terms of effectiveness, morbidity, and mortality. Its unique technical advantage is the simplicity of insertion in severely ill patients in whom abdominal surgery is undesirable."}
{"id": "PMID:952350", "title": "The computer as an unbiased medical investigator. Experience on an active surgical service.", "content": "An adaptable on-line computer system for entry, retrieval, and analysis of medical discharge summaries has been developed and applied in the Trauma Service of a busy city hospital. Each summary occupied 5 to 10 minutes of the physician's time and compared favorably in cost to the standard dictated summary. While the average dictated summary contained 15 +/- 7 relevant facts, the machine-generated summaries were found to have 53 +/- 20 relevant facts. The summaries are well organized, easily comprehensible, and a duplicate copy can be obtained at any time by using the patient's name or number for identification. To date, 495 discharge summaries have been entered and reside in the memory of the computer. Statistical analysis from the data base is done by the computer, thus eliminating human prejudice. It provides facility for rapid and accurate retrospective studies as well as pattern-of-care and individual case review.", "contents": "The computer as an unbiased medical investigator. Experience on an active surgical service. An adaptable on-line computer system for entry, retrieval, and analysis of medical discharge summaries has been developed and applied in the Trauma Service of a busy city hospital. Each summary occupied 5 to 10 minutes of the physician's time and compared favorably in cost to the standard dictated summary. While the average dictated summary contained 15 +/- 7 relevant facts, the machine-generated summaries were found to have 53 +/- 20 relevant facts. The summaries are well organized, easily comprehensible, and a duplicate copy can be obtained at any time by using the patient's name or number for identification. To date, 495 discharge summaries have been entered and reside in the memory of the computer. Statistical analysis from the data base is done by the computer, thus eliminating human prejudice. It provides facility for rapid and accurate retrospective studies as well as pattern-of-care and individual case review."}
{"id": "PMID:952351", "title": "Staging of Hodgkin's disease: a surgical perspective.", "content": "Staging laparotomy, consisting of splenectomy and biopsies of liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, is a very useful adjunct in the workup of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. In this series of 400 patients, 1.0 per cent required reoperations for complication, 3.7 per cent had major complications, and 14.0 per cent had minor complications from the operation. Further evidence of Hodgkin's disease was discovered in 42.0 per cent of the cases and a change from the clinical to the pathologic stage occurred in 27.5 per cent of these cases. The surgeon's task in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant diseases is to document and mark the areas of involvement so that accurate and appropriate therapy can be given, while morbidity and mortality are minimized.", "contents": "Staging of Hodgkin's disease: a surgical perspective. Staging laparotomy, consisting of splenectomy and biopsies of liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, is a very useful adjunct in the workup of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. In this series of 400 patients, 1.0 per cent required reoperations for complication, 3.7 per cent had major complications, and 14.0 per cent had minor complications from the operation. Further evidence of Hodgkin's disease was discovered in 42.0 per cent of the cases and a change from the clinical to the pathologic stage occurred in 27.5 per cent of these cases. The surgeon's task in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant diseases is to document and mark the areas of involvement so that accurate and appropriate therapy can be given, while morbidity and mortality are minimized."}
{"id": "PMID:952352", "title": "Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "With the advent of automated equipment for blood chemistry determinations, many patients are presenting with asymptomatic or \"biochemical\" hyperparathyroidism. In the present series, of 136 patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism, fifty-three were considered asymptomatic. In fifty-one patients, parathyroid pathologic conditions were found; in one patient, it is probable that an adenoma had been missed, and in the other, it is presumed that an error in diagnosis was made. We recommend that surgical exploration be considered as an acceptable alternative to watchful waiting for patients with asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. With the advent of automated equipment for blood chemistry determinations, many patients are presenting with asymptomatic or \"biochemical\" hyperparathyroidism. In the present series, of 136 patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism, fifty-three were considered asymptomatic. In fifty-one patients, parathyroid pathologic conditions were found; in one patient, it is probable that an adenoma had been missed, and in the other, it is presumed that an error in diagnosis was made. We recommend that surgical exploration be considered as an acceptable alternative to watchful waiting for patients with asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:952353", "title": "Evaluation of recurrent duodenal ulcer after vagotomy-pyloroplasty.", "content": "Seventy-five antrectomies were performed for recurrent duodenal ulcer after 1,515 vagotomy and drainage procedures. Eighty-four per cent of proved recurrences at reoperation were associated with positive acid secretory tests. Seventy-eight per cent of recurrences occurred in patients with intact vagal trunks. Incomplete vagotomy is implicated as the cause of recurrence.", "contents": "Evaluation of recurrent duodenal ulcer after vagotomy-pyloroplasty. Seventy-five antrectomies were performed for recurrent duodenal ulcer after 1,515 vagotomy and drainage procedures. Eighty-four per cent of proved recurrences at reoperation were associated with positive acid secretory tests. Seventy-eight per cent of recurrences occurred in patients with intact vagal trunks. Incomplete vagotomy is implicated as the cause of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:952354", "title": "Injuries to the phrenic nerve resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis with special reference to stretch trauma.", "content": "Traumatic interruption of the phrenic nerve causing diaphragmatic paralysis occurs much more commonly than realized. Patients present with symptoms referable to the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular systems as a result of anatomic displacement of the respective organ (eventration). Symptoms often occur shortly after the injury but may be delayed for many years; consequently, prolonged follow-up of these patients is essential. If patients are symptomatic after trauma, judicious observation is dictated, since many will experience gradual return of normal diaphragmatic function over the succeeding six to twelve months. In those who remain significantly symptomatic, thoracotomy and imbrication of the eventration is a simple and effective surgical procedure.", "contents": "Injuries to the phrenic nerve resulting in diaphragmatic paralysis with special reference to stretch trauma. Traumatic interruption of the phrenic nerve causing diaphragmatic paralysis occurs much more commonly than realized. Patients present with symptoms referable to the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular systems as a result of anatomic displacement of the respective organ (eventration). Symptoms often occur shortly after the injury but may be delayed for many years; consequently, prolonged follow-up of these patients is essential. If patients are symptomatic after trauma, judicious observation is dictated, since many will experience gradual return of normal diaphragmatic function over the succeeding six to twelve months. In those who remain significantly symptomatic, thoracotomy and imbrication of the eventration is a simple and effective surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:952355", "title": "Mucoid degeneration of the mitral valve. Clinical review, surgical management, and results.", "content": "Forty-four patients exhibiting myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve were reviewed. The clinical features, pathologic findings of the valve excised, surgical treatment, and results are presented. The complexity of the clinical pathologic findings are discussed. Despite the technical difficulties encountered in the surgical treatment of myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, the long-term surgical results are excellent.", "contents": "Mucoid degeneration of the mitral valve. Clinical review, surgical management, and results. Forty-four patients exhibiting myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve were reviewed. The clinical features, pathologic findings of the valve excised, surgical treatment, and results are presented. The complexity of the clinical pathologic findings are discussed. Despite the technical difficulties encountered in the surgical treatment of myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, the long-term surgical results are excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:952356", "title": "Compound fractures of the pelvis.", "content": "A retrospective study of sixteen patients with pelvic fractures compounded through the perineum, rectum, or vagina showed a mortality of 50 per cent. The cause of death in seven of the eight patients was sepsis and multisystem failure. The initial surgical management of these patients must include complete diversion of the fecal stream so that pelvic and systemic sepsis may be prevented.", "contents": "Compound fractures of the pelvis. A retrospective study of sixteen patients with pelvic fractures compounded through the perineum, rectum, or vagina showed a mortality of 50 per cent. The cause of death in seven of the eight patients was sepsis and multisystem failure. The initial surgical management of these patients must include complete diversion of the fecal stream so that pelvic and systemic sepsis may be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:952357", "title": "Alkaline reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy.", "content": "Esophagoduodenostomy and loop esophagojejunostomy with or without enteroenterostomy may not be the optimal reconstructive procedures after total gastrectomy because of esophagitis and dumping. More effective esophagointestinal anastomoses have been described [1,3,4,8,9,12]. We have had good success using a Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy with and without a jejunal pouch after total gastrectomy for the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and agree that a jejunal pouch associated with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy as described by Hunt and Lawrence is an excellent reconstructive procedure [1,13]. Several reports using this type of procedure have emphasized the absence of alkaline reflux esophagitis and the ability of their patients to maintain ideal weight [1,2,8].", "contents": "Alkaline reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy. Esophagoduodenostomy and loop esophagojejunostomy with or without enteroenterostomy may not be the optimal reconstructive procedures after total gastrectomy because of esophagitis and dumping. More effective esophagointestinal anastomoses have been described [1,3,4,8,9,12]. We have had good success using a Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy with and without a jejunal pouch after total gastrectomy for the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and agree that a jejunal pouch associated with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy as described by Hunt and Lawrence is an excellent reconstructive procedure [1,13]. Several reports using this type of procedure have emphasized the absence of alkaline reflux esophagitis and the ability of their patients to maintain ideal weight [1,2,8]."}
{"id": "PMID:952415", "title": "The role of varicocele in male fertility.", "content": "In summary, seventeen infertile men with varicocele in whom no other cause for infertility could be identified, were studied before and following varicocele repair. Morphologic alterations were the most common abnormality noted in the seminal fluid with all subjects demonstrating increased numbers of tapered or amorphous spermatozoa. Ligation of the varicocele resulted in improvement in one or more of the seminal fluid abnormalities in thirteen of the seventeen patients. Seven patients achieved a pregnancy. No single seminal fluid parameter was identified which was of predictive value in determining those subjects who would demonstrate improvement following varicocele repair.", "contents": "The role of varicocele in male fertility. In summary, seventeen infertile men with varicocele in whom no other cause for infertility could be identified, were studied before and following varicocele repair. Morphologic alterations were the most common abnormality noted in the seminal fluid with all subjects demonstrating increased numbers of tapered or amorphous spermatozoa. Ligation of the varicocele resulted in improvement in one or more of the seminal fluid abnormalities in thirteen of the seventeen patients. Seven patients achieved a pregnancy. No single seminal fluid parameter was identified which was of predictive value in determining those subjects who would demonstrate improvement following varicocele repair."}
{"id": "PMID:952416", "title": "Selective retrograde venography of the internal spermatic vein: a conclusive approach to the diagnosis of varicocele.", "content": "Selective retrograde catheterisation of the left internal spermatic vein at its orifice in the renal vein was carried out in 25 patients suspected of varicocele. When contrast medium is injected, the patients with varicocele, standing in the erect position, present a retrograde filling of the varicose spermatic vein, in contrast to the absence of such reflux in normal men. The venography is indicated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and it is the only available, non-surgical technique to prove the existence of a disturbed venous flow in the testicular region.", "contents": "Selective retrograde venography of the internal spermatic vein: a conclusive approach to the diagnosis of varicocele. Selective retrograde catheterisation of the left internal spermatic vein at its orifice in the renal vein was carried out in 25 patients suspected of varicocele. When contrast medium is injected, the patients with varicocele, standing in the erect position, present a retrograde filling of the varicose spermatic vein, in contrast to the absence of such reflux in normal men. The venography is indicated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and it is the only available, non-surgical technique to prove the existence of a disturbed venous flow in the testicular region."}
{"id": "PMID:952417", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity of epididymal contents in boars with normal or reduced spermatogenesis.", "content": "The alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in testicular fluid and in epididymal plasma from caput and cauda epididymidis in boars with normal sperm production  and in boars in which the number of spermatozoa passing from the testis to the epididymidis was reduced. The testicular fluid and the epididymal plasma from caput epididymidis contained low amounts of alkaline phosphatase in comparison with epididymal plasma from the cauda. This applies to both groups of boars e.g. boars with normal as well as with totally lacking or lowered sperm production. As no fluid resorption takes place between caput and cauda the distal part of the epididymidis must be the main production site for alkaline phosphatase. The production there is not related to the presence of spermatozoa in the duct. In the caput, on the other hand, it seems that the level of alkaline phosphatase in some way is influenced by the sperm supply to the duct.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity of epididymal contents in boars with normal or reduced spermatogenesis. The alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in testicular fluid and in epididymal plasma from caput and cauda epididymidis in boars with normal sperm production  and in boars in which the number of spermatozoa passing from the testis to the epididymidis was reduced. The testicular fluid and the epididymal plasma from caput epididymidis contained low amounts of alkaline phosphatase in comparison with epididymal plasma from the cauda. This applies to both groups of boars e.g. boars with normal as well as with totally lacking or lowered sperm production. As no fluid resorption takes place between caput and cauda the distal part of the epididymidis must be the main production site for alkaline phosphatase. The production there is not related to the presence of spermatozoa in the duct. In the caput, on the other hand, it seems that the level of alkaline phosphatase in some way is influenced by the sperm supply to the duct."}
{"id": "PMID:952418", "title": "The fatty acid composition of the major phosphoglycerides of ram and human spermatozoa.", "content": "The major individual phosphoglycerides of ram spermatozoa have specific fatty acid compositions, whereas human spermatozoan phosphoglycerides contain a similar pattern of fatty acids. The difference in the polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio of the spermatozoan phosphoglycerides between the two species were associated with the very high polyunsaturated fatty acid content of ram spermatozoan plasmalogens. The major unsaturated fatty acid of ram spermatozoa phospholipids, docosahexaenoic acid, was concentrated in the choline phosphoglycerides, whereas the chief saturates of ram and human spermatozoa, and docosahexaenoic acid in the latter, were largely located in the choline and ethanolamine diacylphosphoglycerides.", "contents": "The fatty acid composition of the major phosphoglycerides of ram and human spermatozoa. The major individual phosphoglycerides of ram spermatozoa have specific fatty acid compositions, whereas human spermatozoan phosphoglycerides contain a similar pattern of fatty acids. The difference in the polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio of the spermatozoan phosphoglycerides between the two species were associated with the very high polyunsaturated fatty acid content of ram spermatozoan plasmalogens. The major unsaturated fatty acid of ram spermatozoa phospholipids, docosahexaenoic acid, was concentrated in the choline phosphoglycerides, whereas the chief saturates of ram and human spermatozoa, and docosahexaenoic acid in the latter, were largely located in the choline and ethanolamine diacylphosphoglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:952419", "title": "Vasectomy: a long-term study of its effects on testicular endocrine function in man.", "content": "Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (L.H.) and follicle stimulating (F.S.H.) were measured before operation in 39 males, aged 26 to 53 years with 2 to 5 children, seeking vasectomy for contraceptive purposes. These measurements were repeated at 3 and 12 months after vasectomy. Levels of L.H. at 12 months were significantly higher than pre-vasectomy levels, suggesting some degree of decreased Leydig cell function. However, testosterone and F.S.H. levels were similar at the three sampling times. Continuing yearly measurements for at least 5 years are planned.", "contents": "Vasectomy: a long-term study of its effects on testicular endocrine function in man. Plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (L.H.) and follicle stimulating (F.S.H.) were measured before operation in 39 males, aged 26 to 53 years with 2 to 5 children, seeking vasectomy for contraceptive purposes. These measurements were repeated at 3 and 12 months after vasectomy. Levels of L.H. at 12 months were significantly higher than pre-vasectomy levels, suggesting some degree of decreased Leydig cell function. However, testosterone and F.S.H. levels were similar at the three sampling times. Continuing yearly measurements for at least 5 years are planned."}
{"id": "PMID:952420", "title": "Two esterases common to seminal plasma, other external secretions and leucocytes in man.", "content": "Two esterases previously identified in seminal plasma, on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility, immunogenicity and sensitivity to organophosphorus esters were detected in various human external secretions and leucocyte extracts. alpha-Esterase was found to be abundant in urine and milk whereas this enzyme occurred in a low concentration in seminal plasma, leucocyte extract, cervical  mucus and sweat. The concentration of betagamma-esterase was high in seminal plasma and leucocyte extract. The enzyme was present in small amounts in urine, milk, gastric juice, saliva, sputum, tears, cervical mucus and sweat.", "contents": "Two esterases common to seminal plasma, other external secretions and leucocytes in man. Two esterases previously identified in seminal plasma, on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility, immunogenicity and sensitivity to organophosphorus esters were detected in various human external secretions and leucocyte extracts. alpha-Esterase was found to be abundant in urine and milk whereas this enzyme occurred in a low concentration in seminal plasma, leucocyte extract, cervical  mucus and sweat. The concentration of betagamma-esterase was high in seminal plasma and leucocyte extract. The enzyme was present in small amounts in urine, milk, gastric juice, saliva, sputum, tears, cervical mucus and sweat."}
{"id": "PMID:952427", "title": "Aeroallergens in Bangkok, Thailand.", "content": "A survey of atmospheric pollens and molds, by Durham's gravity method, was made in Bangkok, Thailand from January, 1972, to December, 1974. The pollens and mold spores were counted daily. Grass pollen was found throughout the year, with a peak from November through February. Weed and tree pollens were found in low counts. Fungal spores of the class Fungi Imperfecti was predominant, with Hormodendrum the most common. Helminthosporium, Alternaria, smut, Fusarium and rust were found in that quantitative order.", "contents": "Aeroallergens in Bangkok, Thailand. A survey of atmospheric pollens and molds, by Durham's gravity method, was made in Bangkok, Thailand from January, 1972, to December, 1974. The pollens and mold spores were counted daily. Grass pollen was found throughout the year, with a peak from November through February. Weed and tree pollens were found in low counts. Fungal spores of the class Fungi Imperfecti was predominant, with Hormodendrum the most common. Helminthosporium, Alternaria, smut, Fusarium and rust were found in that quantitative order."}
{"id": "PMID:952431", "title": "Lack of interference in skin tests by histamine in food extracts.", "content": "Because histamine occurs naturally in some food products, quantitative analysis of the histamine content of extracts of food used for skin testing seemed desirable to determine its effect in the production of positive reactions. Up to 200 nanograms of histamine per milliliter were found in some food extracts. When the extracts are diluted to 1:100 and 1:1000 W/V for skin testing the amount of histamine which would be injected in a intradermal skin test is one-thousandth of the amount required to produce a significant wheal. Therefore the histamine content of the foods analyzed is too small to be of practical concern and not enough to give nonspecific wheal reactions in intradermal tests using extracts of 1/1000 or 1/100 W/V concentrations. Nonspecific reactions in skin tests are probably most often due to use of food extracts of unnecessarily high concentration.", "contents": "Lack of interference in skin tests by histamine in food extracts. Because histamine occurs naturally in some food products, quantitative analysis of the histamine content of extracts of food used for skin testing seemed desirable to determine its effect in the production of positive reactions. Up to 200 nanograms of histamine per milliliter were found in some food extracts. When the extracts are diluted to 1:100 and 1:1000 W/V for skin testing the amount of histamine which would be injected in a intradermal skin test is one-thousandth of the amount required to produce a significant wheal. Therefore the histamine content of the foods analyzed is too small to be of practical concern and not enough to give nonspecific wheal reactions in intradermal tests using extracts of 1/1000 or 1/100 W/V concentrations. Nonspecific reactions in skin tests are probably most often due to use of food extracts of unnecessarily high concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:952433", "title": "[Affective-cognitive structure and psychosis. New perspectives of the study of hallucination experience with psychodysleptics].", "content": "This paper comparates classic experimental \"model psychosis\" psychodysleptic induced and psychotic adverse reactions to psychodysleptic habitude or episodic use as clinically observed. Biochemical, neurophisiological and psychopathological back-ground of psychodysleptic states and clinical data are discussed in the aiming to investigate and explain interaction between cognitif and affectif destructuration in spreading off a psychotic crises. A multidisciplinary approach provides new insight about destructuration processes in exogenous or endogenous psychoses and about mental developmental in child.", "contents": "[Affective-cognitive structure and psychosis. New perspectives of the study of hallucination experience with psychodysleptics]. This paper comparates classic experimental \"model psychosis\" psychodysleptic induced and psychotic adverse reactions to psychodysleptic habitude or episodic use as clinically observed. Biochemical, neurophisiological and psychopathological back-ground of psychodysleptic states and clinical data are discussed in the aiming to investigate and explain interaction between cognitif and affectif destructuration in spreading off a psychotic crises. A multidisciplinary approach provides new insight about destructuration processes in exogenous or endogenous psychoses and about mental developmental in child."}
{"id": "PMID:952434", "title": "[Psychotic manifestations complicating surgical operation in the ocular region].", "content": "The authors report ten observations as well as the results of an investigation conducted by ophtalmologists and psychiatrists with intention of better understanding clinical, physiological and psychological problems, provoked by occurance of complications stemming from psychoses which are the result of ophtamological complications. They conclude that it is necessary to form accurate distinctions with regard to the total manifestations of the malady \"black patch delirium\". They emphasize the fact that its manifestations are not an appanage of the aged ; they especially insist upon not only the role of visual disorientation but also of the social factors which are united with restrictions, beyond those of motor, control and biological imvalances. With regard to etiopathology they acknowledge a need for a combination of organogenic and psychodynamic models to account for each case ; a certain number of communal points can be found : subjects (declined in physical and metal capacities), there is a rapid weaking of the external comportment, resulting in an imptiness, which must be compensated for by a fantasy life or some other physiopathological mecanisms.", "contents": "[Psychotic manifestations complicating surgical operation in the ocular region]. The authors report ten observations as well as the results of an investigation conducted by ophtalmologists and psychiatrists with intention of better understanding clinical, physiological and psychological problems, provoked by occurance of complications stemming from psychoses which are the result of ophtamological complications. They conclude that it is necessary to form accurate distinctions with regard to the total manifestations of the malady \"black patch delirium\". They emphasize the fact that its manifestations are not an appanage of the aged ; they especially insist upon not only the role of visual disorientation but also of the social factors which are united with restrictions, beyond those of motor, control and biological imvalances. With regard to etiopathology they acknowledge a need for a combination of organogenic and psychodynamic models to account for each case ; a certain number of communal points can be found : subjects (declined in physical and metal capacities), there is a rapid weaking of the external comportment, resulting in an imptiness, which must be compensated for by a fantasy life or some other physiopathological mecanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:952439", "title": "Temperature relationships in Mycobacterium kansasii: correlation between heat inactivation of protein synthesis and thermal death.", "content": "The temperature relationships of Mycobacterium kansasii were investigated. The optimal temperature of growth of these bacteria was between 37 and 38 degrees C, and their thermal death point was about 70 degrees. The temperature characteristic of growth of M. kansasii was about 23,400 cal.mole-1. Experiments on the effect of temperature on protein synthesis showed that the temperature and time relationships required to complete and irreversibly inactivate protein synthesis correlated with thermal death. Judged from the data obtained, it was hypothesized that the initial cause of thermal death in the bacteria might be the heat inactivation of the protein synthetic machinery of the cells.", "contents": "Temperature relationships in Mycobacterium kansasii: correlation between heat inactivation of protein synthesis and thermal death. The temperature relationships of Mycobacterium kansasii were investigated. The optimal temperature of growth of these bacteria was between 37 and 38 degrees C, and their thermal death point was about 70 degrees. The temperature characteristic of growth of M. kansasii was about 23,400 cal.mole-1. Experiments on the effect of temperature on protein synthesis showed that the temperature and time relationships required to complete and irreversibly inactivate protein synthesis correlated with thermal death. Judged from the data obtained, it was hypothesized that the initial cause of thermal death in the bacteria might be the heat inactivation of the protein synthetic machinery of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:952440", "title": "[Lysine and arginine requirement of \"Ustilago cynodontis\" 4001 yeast-like cells. I. --Growth in the presence and in the absence of lysine (author's transl)].", "content": "For optimal growth, the yeast-like cells of Ustilago cynodontis 4001 (originating from the mycelium 4001 prototroph forms) require the presence of both arginine and lysine. However, in the absence of lysine, growth does occur, but two exponential growth phases can then be observed: a pseudo-lag phase during which the growth rate is slow, and a second, true exponential phase. The initial OD of the culture and the arginine concentration of the medium do not appear to affect the duration of the pseudo-lag phase. The arginine concentration does, however, affect the growth yield. Upon addition of lysine to the culture medium, the period of the pseudo-lag phase is reduced and the growth rate increased. The pseudo-lag phase can be completely suppressed by the addition of adequate amounts of lysine. In the presence of lysine and in the absence of arginine, cells are not capable of multiplication. Addition of arginine initiates growth; whether or not a lag phase occurs depends on the quantity of arginine added. The successive inoculation of cells into lysine-free medium leads to suppression of the pseudo-lag phase but only after three or four passages. Therefore it does not seem that there is selection of cells which do not require lysine during the pseudo-lag phase. It is shown that it is not the modification of the culture medium which suppresses the lysine requirement: the cells which are put to grow in the supernatant of a culture in which a pseudo-lag phase had taken place behave in the same way that when they are inoculated in a new medium. The modification of the cell metabolism itself is discussed.", "contents": "[Lysine and arginine requirement of \"Ustilago cynodontis\" 4001 yeast-like cells. I. --Growth in the presence and in the absence of lysine (author's transl)]. For optimal growth, the yeast-like cells of Ustilago cynodontis 4001 (originating from the mycelium 4001 prototroph forms) require the presence of both arginine and lysine. However, in the absence of lysine, growth does occur, but two exponential growth phases can then be observed: a pseudo-lag phase during which the growth rate is slow, and a second, true exponential phase. The initial OD of the culture and the arginine concentration of the medium do not appear to affect the duration of the pseudo-lag phase. The arginine concentration does, however, affect the growth yield. Upon addition of lysine to the culture medium, the period of the pseudo-lag phase is reduced and the growth rate increased. The pseudo-lag phase can be completely suppressed by the addition of adequate amounts of lysine. In the presence of lysine and in the absence of arginine, cells are not capable of multiplication. Addition of arginine initiates growth; whether or not a lag phase occurs depends on the quantity of arginine added. The successive inoculation of cells into lysine-free medium leads to suppression of the pseudo-lag phase but only after three or four passages. Therefore it does not seem that there is selection of cells which do not require lysine during the pseudo-lag phase. It is shown that it is not the modification of the culture medium which suppresses the lysine requirement: the cells which are put to grow in the supernatant of a culture in which a pseudo-lag phase had taken place behave in the same way that when they are inoculated in a new medium. The modification of the cell metabolism itself is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:952441", "title": "Salmonella and Arizona from snakes in the Judean desert (1974-1975).", "content": "Ninety-four (77.7%) of the 121 snakes captured during the years 1974-1975 in the Judean desert were found to carry Salmonella and/or Arizona organism. Sixty-six snakes (54.4%) harboured only one serotype. From 19 animals (15.7%) both Salmonella and Arizona organisms were isolated. From 9 snakes (7.5%) 2 or 3 serotypes of Arizona were isolated. Only 27 snakes (22,3%) harboured no detectable Salmonella nor Arizona in their intestinal contents.", "contents": "Salmonella and Arizona from snakes in the Judean desert (1974-1975). Ninety-four (77.7%) of the 121 snakes captured during the years 1974-1975 in the Judean desert were found to carry Salmonella and/or Arizona organism. Sixty-six snakes (54.4%) harboured only one serotype. From 19 animals (15.7%) both Salmonella and Arizona organisms were isolated. From 9 snakes (7.5%) 2 or 3 serotypes of Arizona were isolated. Only 27 snakes (22,3%) harboured no detectable Salmonella nor Arizona in their intestinal contents."}
{"id": "PMID:952442", "title": "Organic amendments and control of foot rot of Piper betle caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina.", "content": "Experiments have been performed to control foot rot of Piper betle by organic amendments and antagonists in soil. Soil amended with corn straw gave best control. Corn straw supplemented with nitrogen (NH4NO3) gave still better control. The effect of different antagonists growing on corn-straw and til (Sesamum indicum) oil cake amendments showed that Trichoderma viride gave best control. Aspergillus terreus failed to control the disease although it showed great antifungal activity under controlled condition in Petri dishes.", "contents": "Organic amendments and control of foot rot of Piper betle caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. piperina. Experiments have been performed to control foot rot of Piper betle by organic amendments and antagonists in soil. Soil amended with corn straw gave best control. Corn straw supplemented with nitrogen (NH4NO3) gave still better control. The effect of different antagonists growing on corn-straw and til (Sesamum indicum) oil cake amendments showed that Trichoderma viride gave best control. Aspergillus terreus failed to control the disease although it showed great antifungal activity under controlled condition in Petri dishes."}
{"id": "PMID:952444", "title": "Natural resistance of an African rodent Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis to rabies infection.", "content": "Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, the multimammate mouse, proved resistant to the intracerebral and peripheral infection with rabies virus of serotype 1, which is found world-wide. It is, however, fully susceptible to the other serotypes of this virus group, which to-date have only been found on the African continent. Resistance develops between the third and twenty-first day after birth. In the brain of the resistant animal the inoculated virus multiplies to a low degree and the animal does not develop a fatal disease.", "contents": "Natural resistance of an African rodent Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis to rabies infection. Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, the multimammate mouse, proved resistant to the intracerebral and peripheral infection with rabies virus of serotype 1, which is found world-wide. It is, however, fully susceptible to the other serotypes of this virus group, which to-date have only been found on the African continent. Resistance develops between the third and twenty-first day after birth. In the brain of the resistant animal the inoculated virus multiplies to a low degree and the animal does not develop a fatal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:952445", "title": "[The dehydrogenation of butandiol by \"vibrio parahaemolyticus\" and other vibrios (author's transl)].", "content": "The butandiol dehydrogenase was examined in 64 vibrios isolated in Togo 1970/71. This enzyme was found in all of the not halophilic strains and in the species Vibrio alginolyticus, whereas the species V. parahaemolyticus exhibited as well dehydrating as not dehydrating strains. The butandiol dehydrogenase could be a good marker for epidemiologic analysis in characterizing V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from different sources, especially if no antisera are available.", "contents": "[The dehydrogenation of butandiol by \"vibrio parahaemolyticus\" and other vibrios (author's transl)]. The butandiol dehydrogenase was examined in 64 vibrios isolated in Togo 1970/71. This enzyme was found in all of the not halophilic strains and in the species Vibrio alginolyticus, whereas the species V. parahaemolyticus exhibited as well dehydrating as not dehydrating strains. The butandiol dehydrogenase could be a good marker for epidemiologic analysis in characterizing V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from different sources, especially if no antisera are available."}
{"id": "PMID:952446", "title": "[Sclerosis of esophageal varices. Results of 10 years experience].", "content": "Before they give their results, the authors, whose experience of sclerosis of oesophageal varices under the oesophagoscope has so far involved 157 patients, deal specifically with the problems facing the anaesthetist and resuscitator when this technique is used, tolerance of the product injected and possible accidents. Firstly, they point out the unsuitability of the patients referred to them by their medical or surgical colleagues. By implication therefore, treatment should only be undertaken with the assistance of a team of experienced resuscitators and every precaution taken to mitigate the effects of possible accidents to these patients who are particularly at risk. These cases are mainly characterized by serious haemorrhages (seven cases described, one resulting in death). Oesophageal injury is, on the other hand, the exception where trained personnel are involved (2 minor mucosal tears out of more than 800 oesophagoscopies). Finally, secondary parietal oesophageal necrosis occurs. Quininaemia assessment after injection of quinine-urea confirms that the product is being efficiently eliminated. Overall results reveal a survival rate of 61 p. 100 after more than a year and 20 p. 100 after more than than three years. These figures underline the limitations of therapeutic possibilities and the serious prognosis for this result of portal hypertension. This leads the authors to express a wish that the procedure should be used as a measure to prevent haemorrhage as soon as the presence of varices is realized. On the other hand, they reject on practical grounds emergency sclerosis of oesophageal varices, as a direct heamostatic method, since, according to their statistics, this almost invariably results in failure.", "contents": "[Sclerosis of esophageal varices. Results of 10 years experience]. Before they give their results, the authors, whose experience of sclerosis of oesophageal varices under the oesophagoscope has so far involved 157 patients, deal specifically with the problems facing the anaesthetist and resuscitator when this technique is used, tolerance of the product injected and possible accidents. Firstly, they point out the unsuitability of the patients referred to them by their medical or surgical colleagues. By implication therefore, treatment should only be undertaken with the assistance of a team of experienced resuscitators and every precaution taken to mitigate the effects of possible accidents to these patients who are particularly at risk. These cases are mainly characterized by serious haemorrhages (seven cases described, one resulting in death). Oesophageal injury is, on the other hand, the exception where trained personnel are involved (2 minor mucosal tears out of more than 800 oesophagoscopies). Finally, secondary parietal oesophageal necrosis occurs. Quininaemia assessment after injection of quinine-urea confirms that the product is being efficiently eliminated. Overall results reveal a survival rate of 61 p. 100 after more than a year and 20 p. 100 after more than than three years. These figures underline the limitations of therapeutic possibilities and the serious prognosis for this result of portal hypertension. This leads the authors to express a wish that the procedure should be used as a measure to prevent haemorrhage as soon as the presence of varices is realized. On the other hand, they reject on practical grounds emergency sclerosis of oesophageal varices, as a direct heamostatic method, since, according to their statistics, this almost invariably results in failure."}
{"id": "PMID:952447", "title": "[Cranio-mandibular eosinophilic granuloma starting in the lung].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a young man with a worsening general condition who was found to be suffering from bilateral pulmonary infiltration. Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed after clinical and radiological investigation and specific antituberculous treatment was instituted. When the patient later complained of headaches, he was found to have cranial and mandibular lacunae which were treated surgically. Pathological examination showed this to be a case of eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "[Cranio-mandibular eosinophilic granuloma starting in the lung]. The authors describe the case of a young man with a worsening general condition who was found to be suffering from bilateral pulmonary infiltration. Pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed after clinical and radiological investigation and specific antituberculous treatment was instituted. When the patient later complained of headaches, he was found to have cranial and mandibular lacunae which were treated surgically. Pathological examination showed this to be a case of eosinophilic granuloma."}